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Dragon (Dragonriders of Pern)

The Dragons of Pern are a fictional race created by Anne McCaffrey as an integral part of the science fiction world depicted in her Dragonriders of Pern novels.

In creating the Pern setting, McCaffrey set out to subvert the clichés associated with dragons in European folklore and in modern fantasy fiction. Pernese dragons are similar to traditional European dragons in the fact that they can breathe fire and resemble great lizards or dinosaurs with wings, but the resemblance ends there. Unlike most dragons in previous Western literature, Pernese dragons are entirely friendly to humanity. Furthermore, they are not magical at all. Instead, they are a heavily genetically modified species based on one of Pern's native life-forms, the fire-lizard.

History
In Dragonsdawn, the race was intentionally engineered to fight Thread, a deadly mycorrhizoid spore that devours all organic matter that it touches, after it first caught the human colonists on Pern unawares with devastating results. Geneticist Kitti Ping Yung designed the dragons by manipulating the genetic code of the indigenous fire-lizards that had been acquired as pets by the colonists. The dragons were named after their resemblance to European dragons from the legends of old Earth. Later genetic manipulation by Ping's granddaughter, Wind Blossom, also resulted in the watch-whers, ungainly, nocturnal creatures who bore a slight resemblance to dragons. The later novels, set during the Third Pass, have shown the watch-whers are more useful than commonly thought in the novels set in the First Pass. On Pern, time is measured in "Turns", or years, and "Passes", which are about fifty Turns long, and occur when a planet named the "Red Star" is close enough to Pern for Thread to traverse space between the Red Star and Pern. Thread only falls during Passes. Periods between Passes, when the Red Star's orbit takes it away from Pern, are referred to as "Intervals"; usually lasting about two hundred Turns. In the novels, "Long Intervals", of about four hundred and fifty Turns, have occurred twice. These Long Intervals have led the inhabitants of Pern to believe that Thread will never return.

Physiology
Dragons are described as carnivorous, oviparous, warm-blooded creatures. Like all of Pern's native large fauna, they have six limbs – four feet and two wings. Their blood, referred to as ichor, is copper-based and green in color. Their head and general body type is described by McCaffrey as being similar in shape to those of horses. On their heads they have small headknobs, similar to those of giraffes, and no visible ears. They have multifaceted eyes that change color depending on the dragon's mood. Unlike the dragons of Terran legend, they have a smooth hide rather than scales; the texture of their skin is described as being reminiscent of suede with a spicy, sweet scent when clean. They are described as having forked tail ends with a defecation opening between the forks; however, most artistic renderings depict their tails as having spade-shaped tips. The dragons usually get from one place to another by utilizing a teleportation process known as "going between".

Kitti Ping designed the dragons to gradually increase in size with every generation until they reached pre-programmed final dimensions. The dragons of the first Hatchings were not much bigger than horses. By the Sixth Pass (1500 years later) they had reached their programmed size and remained at that size until a single isolated dragon population suffered severe inbreeding, resulting in much larger beasts. In the Ninth Pass, in which most of the novels have been set, the largest Pernese dragon on record, Ramoth, hatched. According to the novel All the Weyrs of Pern, these dragons were roughly three times the size of the largest first-generation dragons. Ramoth's great size is often attributed to mutation and the genetic isolation of Benden Weyr for over 400 years (or Turns). Ramoth, at full length, was forty-five meters long. However, The Dragon Lover's Guide to Pern is erroneous on this point and Anne has said herself on multiple occasions that her dragons are measured in feet not meters. Ramoth is intended by the author to be 45 feet long. As referenced in this quote from the 1979 Documentary series "Time Out of Mind - Episode 4: Anne McCaffrey" available on YouTube. "...well you'd want to catch a parasite that just burrowed and fed on any living thing, before it hit the ground and there was your rationale for dragons. But you couldn't have small dragons you'd have to have big ones so I decided 35-40ft that seems an economical size." In All the Weyrs of Pern, AIVAS, an artificial intelligence still in operation after all this time, notes that all of the primary Benden dragons, Ramoth, Mnementh and Canth, are notably larger than Kitti Ping's specified end-size of the dragon species. Newly hatched dragons are the size of very large dogs or small ponies, and reach their full size after eighteen months. Because young dragons grow so fast, their riders must regularly apply oil to their hides to prevent the skin from cracking or drying out.

Dragons, like their fire-lizard ancestors, can breathe fire by chewing a phosphine-bearing rock, called "firestone" in the novels, which reacts with an acid in a special "second stomach" organ. This forms a volatile gas that can be exhaled at will and ignites upon contact with air. The flame is used to burn Thread from the sky before it reaches the ground. However, the chewed firestone must be expelled from the body after it is used up, for the dragons cannot digest it.

Psychic abilities
Despite their relatively low intelligence, fire-lizards communicate through a form of weak telepathy. They also imprint on the first individual who feeds them after they hatch, creating a telepathic bond with them; the Pernese call this phenomenon "Impression". In creating dragons, Kitti Ping intensified the creatures' telepathy, greatly increased their intelligence, and gave them a strong instinctive drive to Impress to a human. Upon hatching, each dragonet chooses one of the humans present (usually) and Impresses to that person; from that moment on, the pair are in a constant state of telepathic contact for as long as they both live. Dragons also use telepathy to communicate with each other and with fire-lizards. They are capable of speaking telepathically to humans besides their own riders, but not all of them will do so except under unusual circumstances.

Dragons and fire-lizards can also teleport. They do this by briefly entering a hyperspace dimension known as between. Both humans and dragons experience between as an extremely cold, sensory-deprived, black void. After spending no more than eight seconds in between, the dragon or fire-lizard can re-emerge anywhere on Pern, along with any passengers or cargo they carried. This ability is explained as having evolved in fire-lizards as a defense against Thread; not only does it allow them to quickly escape from Threadfall, but the intense cold of between kills any Thread that has already burrowed into them. If a dragon attempts to teleport without a clear mental image of the place where they intend to reappear, they may simply fail to emerge from between and thus, be gone forever.

Going between allows dragons to travel through time as well as space, as long as they have a clear picture of what a particular place looked like (or will look like) at the desired time. However, the practice is highly dangerous to both dragon and rider and is severely restricted. Existing in two places at once for extended periods of time, or in close proximity, causes severe weakness and psychological disturbance for humans but not for dragons, the effects of which are discussed in several novels. In addition, while teleporting through space always takes the same amount of time, when a dragon travels through time, the amount of time they spend in between increases depending on how far away in time the destination is. Thus, traveling to remote times poses severe dangers from hypothermia and oxygen deprivation. In the first Pern novel, Dragonflight, Lessa passes out after having travelled back more than four hundred Turns.

The Dragonlover's Guide to Pern states that dragons defecate while between. This idea originated with a statement by Anne McCaffrey herself, in answer to a fan's question about the subject at a con. However, McCaffrey may have been joking when she first said this. As the idea has never been referenced in any of the Pern novels (in fact, defecation was mentioned only a few times in all of the books ever written in the Pern series), it cannot be considered definitively canonical. The Skies of Pern references the use of dragon dung as a repellent against the large felines inhabiting the southern continent.

Dragons are also capable of telekinesis, though this ability is unknown and used in an unconscious manner (to augment flight) until it is discovered as a conscious ability by the green dragon Zaranth and her rider Tai in the Thirty-first Turn of the Ninth Pass. It is speculated that the undersized wings were intentionally created in the dragons by Kitti Ping to reduce the surface area of a dragon that is exposed to possible Thread injury, and that the telekinetic abilities were intended to make up for the loss of wingsail. It is said in many books that a dragon can carry whatever it thinks it can carry. This is likely an extension of the telekinesis, mentally "lifting" the extra load. This is the most likely explanation for the great loads that dragons sometimes carry during emergencies.

Psychology
Unlike their fire-lizard ancestors, dragons are fully sentient. They can communicate fluently in human language (although only telepathically), and have personalities and opinions distinct from those of their riders. However, their intelligence does seem to be somewhat lower than that of the average human. In particular, their long-term memory is severely limited.

Dragons' telepathic communication is usually limited to contact with their rider and with other dragons, however a dragon sometimes communicates well with a person with whom their rider has close emotional ties. They do understand spoken human language and occasionally reply telepathically to people whom they choose to speak.

As a safeguard against the possible damage that could be caused by such powerful creatures, Ping engineered dragons to be profoundly psychologically dependent on their riders. Any dragonet that fails to Impress to a human shortly after hatching will die. If a dragon's rider dies, the dragon immediately suicides by going between without a destination. The only exception is when the rider of a queen dragon dies while the queen is gravid; the dragon waits just long enough to lay her eggs and see them hatch before disappearing between. (Humans who lose their dragons typically commit suicide as well. However, some do survive, although the experience leaves profound psychological trauma.)

Ping also designed the dragons to be fairly calm in temperament. They never fight one another, unless two queens come into estrus at the same time. They are also not dangerous to humans except shortly after hatching, when it is common for confused and frightened dragonets to maul or even kill humans hoping to Impress.

When a dragon hatches, they announce their names to their new riders upon Impression. Pernese dragons' names always end in -th. A watch-wher's name will end in "sk".

Colors
On canon Pern, barring rare mutations, female dragons and fire-lizards are always either green or gold in color, while males are blue, brown or bronze.

 * Gold dragons, also called queens, are the largest dragons (40–45 feet or meters long) and the only fertile females. Gold dragons are by far the rarest dragons on Pern, at just less than one percent of the population. They are dominant over all other colors; any non-gold dragon will invariably obey a queen's orders, even against the wishes of its own rider. Queens are incapable of digesting firestone and producing flame (see below); however, they do fight Thread – they fly in the lowest wing, with their riders armed with specially-designed flamethrowers to flame any Thread missed by the wings flying above. An egg that is going to hatch a gold dragon is notable: It is gold-colored and larger than other eggs. A gold dragon will always Impress a heterosexual female and are believed by most Weyrfolk to prefer young women who were not raised in the Weyr.
 * Bronze dragons are the largest males (35–45 feet or meters long), although they are generally significantly smaller than the queens. Bronzes account for about five percent of all dragons. They are almost always the ones to mate with queens, as the smaller colors generally lack the stamina to chase and catch the gold dragons when they rise to mate. Due to the 5-1 bronze/gold ratio and the infrequency of gold mating flights, they often mate with greens (the losers of a gold flight almost always seek a green for their needs), but their size often puts them at a disadvantage in chasing the agile, smaller females. The senior bronze of a Weyr is determined through which bronze wins the mating flight of the senior gold. In canon Pern, the rider of a bronze dragon is always a heterosexual male.
 * Brown dragons are the next largest color (30–40 feet or meters long). About fifteen percent of all dragons are brown. They may occasionally mate with queens, although this is rare, and becomes even more rare as the dragons increase in size; by Ramoth's time in the Ninth Pass it is unheard of. All brown riders in the Pern novels are men; most are heterosexual, but bisexual or "masculine" homosexual brown riders are not rare.
 * Blue dragons are the smallest males (24–30 feet or meters long) and make up about a third (thirty percent) of all dragons on Pern. They are nearly as agile as greens, but unlike the greens, they often have enough stamina to last for an entire Threadfall. They mate only with greens, as they are simply too small to keep up with a massive queen over a long mating flight. There are few prominent blue dragons or blue riders in the books. Some assume the position of teaching the new riders after their Impression. Canon blue riders are typically homosexual or bisexual, though some are heterosexual. In interviews, McCaffrey stated that homosexual women may be able to Impress a blue dragon. In the later books written with her son, Todd McCaffrey, blue Tazith is ridden by Xhinna, the first female weyrleader and the first female rider of a blue dragon.
 * Green dragons are the smallest normal color (20–24 feet or meters long), and make up about half of all dragons on Pern (fifty percent). They are female, but unlike the queens, they are infertile—due to the chronic use of firestone—and can produce flame. They are extremely valuable in Threadfall because of their agility, but they lack the stamina to last an entire Fall and generally fly in two or three shifts. Originally, greens Impressed only girls; however, after various natural disasters and plagues decimated Pern's population, women were needed to help repopulate the planet. Since going between during pregnancy can induce miscarriage and because removing pregnant riders from the Wings reduced the effectiveness of the Wings, it became impractical to present large numbers of women as candidates for Impression. Thus, green dragons began Impressing homosexual boys; by the time of the end of the Second Pass, female green riders were becoming rare. By the time of Moreta in the Sixth Pass, female green riders were entirely forgotten, although greens gradually begin Impressing to women again in the Ninth Pass. Females of any sexual orientation may Impress green.
 * There is only one white dragon mentioned anywhere in the Pern novels: Ruth, whose rider is Lord Jaxom of Ruatha Hold. He is not an albino, as his hide contains very faint patches of all the normal dragon colors. Ruth's egg would not have hatched if Jaxom had not forced it open and released the dragonet from a thick membrane sac; thus, it seems likely that white coloration in dragons is normally a lethal mutation. Although his parents are the largest queen, Ramoth, and largest bronze, Mnementh, in the history of Pern, Ruth is smaller than even a normal green dragon in his time; he is only slightly larger than the largest dragons of the first generation. While his exact length is never specifically mentioned in the books, it does state that he stands higher than a runnerbeast (horse) at the shoulder, extrapolations suggest that he might be 18 feet or meters long. He is male or neuter (undetermined), and assumed sterile, with no urge to mate. Ruth also has the unusual ability to intuitively orient himself in time.

The larger a color is, the less common it is. For instance, there are more blues than browns, and there are more browns than bronzes. Half the dragon population is female, with green dragons being roughly fifty percent of the population and golds being one percent or slightly less.

Riding a larger color of dragon confers higher social status in Pern's extremely hierarchical society, color rankings following the dragons' own strict instinctual hierarchical organization based on fire-lizard structures. Perhaps as a result of this, it is commonly believed that the larger colors are more intelligent, although recent novels imply that this may not be true.

The Pernese believe that chewing firestone makes female dragons sterile; they therefore refuse to allow queens to use it. Greens, on the other hand, are so common that if they produced offspring it would quickly lead to overpopulation. They always chew firestone, and because of their numbers and agility they are vital to any Thread-fighting force. However, Dragonsdawn suggests that Kitti Ping—possibly motivated by old-fashioned ideas about gender roles—deliberately engineered greens to be infertile and gold dragons to be incapable of producing flame in order to protect the gold dragons, the only reproductively fertile females, from the dangers of Thread fighting.

Mating
Both gold and green dragons experience a periodic mating urge. During a Pass a gold dragon will rise roughly once per Turn, and more often at the beginning of a Pass, yet less often towards the end of a Pass. During an Interval a gold dragon may rise to mate only once every four or five Turns. Greens will rise to mate three or four times a Turn, whether this increases or decreases depending on whether or not it is a Pass is unknown. Greens will mate with any male, usually blues or browns. As they are smaller and have less stamina, a green mating flight is much shorter than a gold one.

When a female comes into estrus, interested males compete to catch her in a mating flight. Usually, the female chooses the male who impresses her the most with his skill in the flight, although inexperienced females may be caught before making their choice. The pair actually mate in midair; thus, the higher they get during the flight, the longer their mating can last. The Pernese commonly believe that longer matings result in larger clutches. For this reason, queen riders are strongly encouraged to restrain their dragons from eating heavily just before a flight, instructing them to drink blood instead for a quick burst of energy.

Effects on rider sexuality
Due to the intense psychic bond between rider and dragon, dragonriders are overcome by the powerful emotions and sensations associated with mating flights. The riders of the mating pair engage in sex themselves, to varying degrees unaware of what they are doing. This contributes to a much looser attitude toward sexuality in general among dragonriders than in the rest of Pernese society.

For much of Pern's history, all green riders were male. During these periods, all green mating flights resulted in homosexual intercourse between the riders of the dragons involved. This homosexual intercourse is accepted in the Weyr as being separate from the rider's sexual orientation unless the rider has shown otherwise. Mating flight sex between two riders, one of whom is not the other's chosen partner (known as a weyrmate) is not considered to be "cheating". It is understood within the Weyr that sex during mating flights is not optional for the rider. Anne McCaffrey stated that "The dragon decides, the rider complies." Dragons do not usually consider the orientation of their riders when considering what female they wish to chase, or, for a female dragon, what male dragon might catch her. A primary example of this behavior is between Weyrleader T'gellan, Weyrwoman Talina, and green rider Mirrim. T'gellan and Mirrim are weyrmates, but T'gellan's bronze dragon must mate with Weyrwoman Talina's gold dragon at least yearly in order for T'gellan to maintain his position as Weyrleader. Mirrim, known to be an extremely acerbic and temperamental rider, shows no jealousy or other problem with her weyrmate's regular sexual contact with Talina.

Effects on non-rider sexuality
Both green and gold dragons broadcast their sexual feelings on a wide band during mating flights. Weyrfolk tend to become somewhat inured to this and therefore can hold their sexual reactions until an appropriate place and time. However, flights are usually not over the Weyr itself and sometimes the flight path of the mating flight brings the mating dragons over Holds or Farmholds where the average people occasionally find themselves engaged in unexpected activities. This is especially common among young teens working out in the fields who react to the sudden, unexpected and overwhelming urges with potentially embarrassing results.

Riders of the losing dragons usually seek sexual relief after the intense flight; if they do not have a chosen partner they may seek the comfort of any willing and available partner of their sexual orientation. The weyrfolk tend to happily accommodate these riders, especially if they have been affected by the flight's sexual urgency. This is one of the major reasons for the Weyr's reputation for being sexually very open.

Fandom considerations
Anne McCaffrey has stated in a number of documents and interviews that dragonets use pheromones to determine the sexual orientation of the humans to whom they Impress. According to these statements, greens Impress only to women or to "effeminate" homosexual men. Blues Impress primarily to homosexual or bisexual men with "masculine" temperaments, or possibly to masculine or lesbian women; browns similarly Impress primarily to heterosexual men, but sometimes to bisexual men. Bronzes and golds Impress exclusively to heterosexual men and heterosexual women, respectively.

However, these ideas have never been made explicit in the books (although it is clear, at least, that most male green and blue riders are homosexual). Many members of online Pern fandom find McCaffrey's ideas about sexuality highly questionable for a number of reasons, both scientific and ethical. (Most infamously, she claimed in an interview that science has proven that being the receptive partner in anal sex triggers a hormonal change that will make a previously heterosexual man become homosexual and effeminate. Thus, she argues, even if a male green rider were originally heterosexual, he would not stay that way.) In later interviews McCaffrey claims that green dragons merely pick up on psychological clues from homosexual boys before they themselves know that they are homosexual. "A green Hatchling is unlikely to be impressed (pun intended) by a heterosexual boy." - Anne McCaffrey 1998 on The Kitchen Table BB.

Pern-based roleplaying games thus sometimes ignore McCaffrey's restrictions on who can Impress to a given color of dragon. MUDs and fanzine-based clubs often ignore everything except the basic rule that only women Impress gold and only men Impress bronze; PBEM games are more likely to accept the restrictions on sexual orientation. Most clubs post their policy on canon strictness. While some accept more liberal thoughts on color/gender/sexual orientation matches, many are very strict on this issue.

For the purposes of roleplaying games, McCaffrey has also officially allowed females (masculine lesbians) to ride browns or blues, though she insists that this could never happen on her (canon) Pern.

Also in fandom, if a rider has strong objections to sex with someone involved in a mating flight or the writer has objections to writing a homosexual encounter or object to their character being involved in a sexual encounter with a person other than their "significant other," they may sequester themselves with a more acceptable partner during the flight. This idea is called "Stand-Ins" and based on a concept McCaffrey introduced in Dragonseye/Red Star Rising, in which a female green rider objects to the idea of a specific bronze rider winning her green's mating flight. However, this concept is not seen in other books and clearly does not exist in the Ninth Pass, as several problems arise regarding green and gold riders who object to the random nature of mating flights and end up raped by the male winner of the flight (most notably in Skies of Pern).

Significance
As the primary line of defense against the Thread, dragons are a requirement for the survival and prosperity of humans and other land life on Pern. However, the great beasts require a good deal of maintenance, to the degree of requiring a large part of Pernese infrastructure—especially cattle farming—to be centered around their upkeep. This has been known to cause resentment among those doing the supporting, especially in times when Thread is not falling.

Significant Pernese Dragons

 * Ramoth (gold), ridden by Ninth Pass Benden Weyrwoman Lessa. Ramoth is the largest dragon in Pern's history, and together with Lessa rediscovers the lost knowledge that dragons are capable of time travel. She is described as having a beautiful mental voice in the short story The Girl Who Heard Dragons.
 * Mnementh (bronze), ridden by Ninth Pass Benden Weyrleader F'lar. Although significantly smaller than Ramoth, Mnementh is the largest bronze in the history of Pern. He is described as having a deep, rich mental voice.
 * Canth (brown), ridden by F'nor of Benden Weyr (F'lar's half-brother) during the Ninth Pass. He and F'nor make the first known attempt by the Pernese to teleport to the surface of another planet. Canth is also unusually large for his color – large enough to rival a small bronze in size – and is the first brown in centuries to attempt participation in a queen's mating flight.
 * Ruth (white), ridden by Lord Jaxom of Ruatha Hold, during the Ninth Pass. Ruth is the only known white dragon in Pern's history, and the only dragon to be ridden by a reigning Lord Holder. He has a much higher intelligence compared to that of many other dragons, and always knows when as well as where he is in time and space.
 * Orlith (gold), ridden by Sixth Pass Fort Weyrwoman Moreta, who is one of the most famous dragonriders of Pernese history. Moreta's deeds are celebrated in the well-known song "The Ballad of Moreta's Ride."
 * Faranth (gold), ridden by First Pass Fort Weyrwoman Sorka Hanrahan; Faranth is not the first queen to hatch, mate or lay eggs (she was actually one of the last of her clutch) but she is the first Senior Gold, ridden by the first Weyrwoman. By later Passes, her status is confused with being the first gold in existence. Although Pern has no real religious beliefs, Faranth comes to occupy ambiguous status in later Pernese culture; "by the egg of Faranth" is a common oath.
 * Path (green), ridden by Mirrim of Benden Weyr during the Ninth Pass. Path is the first green in several centuries to Impress to a female rider, picking Mirrim when she was not a Candidate.
 * Zaranth (green), ridden by Tai of Monaco Bay after the ending of the Ninth Pass. Zaranth is the first Pernese dragon to consciously use telekinesis and communicate this ability to other dragons.
 * Golanth (bronze), ridden by F'lessan, son of Lessa and F'lar at the end of the Ninth Pass. F'lessan and Golanth are the first to create a Weyrhold -specifically Honshū Weyrhold- where dragons and their riders can live in smaller groups once Thread no longer falls on Pern, without relying on tithes.

title: Dragon (Dragonriders of Pern)


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Concepción, Paraguay

Concepción is a city and district in northern Paraguay and capital of the Concepción Department. It lies next to the Paraguay River.

Founded by a Spanish Governor, named Agustín Fernado de Pinedo, the town prospered in the early years of the 20th century, as a centre for the north of the country, exploiting the new wealth of the Gran Chaco, and a river port. The town was also a centre for the Paraguayan Civil War of 1947. The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Concepción en Paraguay.

Transportation
Route 5 "Gral. Bernardino Caballero" connects the city with Pedro Juan Caballero and Asunción.

Climate

Concepción has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw) with abundant annual precipitation, although possessing a highly prominent summer peak. Summers are very hot, rainy, and often oppressively humid. Severe thunderstorms are very common in the summer and have the capability to dump copious amounts of rainfall in a short period of time, along with destructively high winds and occasional hail. Winter is much drier and considerably cooler, with near drought-like conditions often prevailing. Concepción is also located in very close proximity to the Tropic of Capricorn, with the latitudinal line lying just south of the city.

Consular representation
Brazil has a Vice-consulate in Concepción.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Concepción, Paraguay


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ibtn

Ibtn was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Internet-speak, which apparently hasn't spread far beyond the forum where it originated. Doesn't even deserve a mention in the 1337speak article. — David Remahl 17:46, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete David Remahl 17:46, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, IMHO. ROFL! IITTMBB. AIWFCIMTFT. QWERTYUIOP. - DavidWBrooks 17:52, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * IBITDOTA (I believe in the deletion of this article), for reasons above --Ianb 18:40, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Net.neologism. Bad title, too (it's an initialism, so it should be all-caps)   — Gwalla | Talk 19:50, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * IBTSBD. - KeithTyler 21:39, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * d3133t this. --Improv 19:42, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ibtn


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Madhouse (1990 film)

Madhouse is a 1990 American black comedy film starring Kirstie Alley and John Larroquette. Written and directed by Tom Ropelewski, it was produced by Leslie Dixon and released by Orion Pictures.

Plot
Stockbroker Mark Bannister and his TV reporter/anchorwoman wife Jessie are a yuppie couple with an idyllic California life. It is interrupted when Mark's cousin Fred, and his pregnant wife Bernice fly in from New Jersey. The first days are chaotic thanks to Bernice's cat Scruffy. Mark gives them $300 to spend in the city, but his alone time with Jessie is interrupted when her gold-digger sister Claudia arrives after a fight with her rich Middle Eastern husband Kaddir, whom she divorces after he cancels her credit cards. Fred and Bernice's visit, meant to last only five days, is extended when Bernice falls on the way to the car. She is instructed by her doctor, Dr. Penix, to stay put until the baby is born.

At a bar, Mark motivates Fred to quit being Bernice's pet. However, Fred takes the message too far and leaves "to find himself." Meanwhile, Mark's next door neighbor and carpenter Dale builds a machine to keep Bernice comfortable in bed all day. Bernice constantly insists on being waited on hand and foot and demands funerals and burials for Scruffy, who dies multiple times but comes back each time. Claudia's son Jonathan also comes to live with them. Jessie tries getting Dale to seduce Claudia. However, Mark and Jessie inadvertently burn down Dale's villa. Since it cannot be rebuilt for three months, Dale and his two teens, delinquent son C.K. and phone-obsessed daughter Katy, move in, and Mark and Jessie are forced to take them in to avoid an arson lawsuit. Meanwhile, Mark helps Jonathan get a job as a mailroom clerk at his office.

Days later, chaos persists, and Mark and Jessie are essentially forced out of their own home. When Mark fails to show up for work, his friend and colleague Wes finds the couple outside living like hippies. Wes motivates Mark to resist a little longer; he is on the verge of closing a deal for his boss, Bob Grindle. At work, Mark gets a box from Bogota containing cocaine—sent to him but requested by Jonathan. Grindle tells Mark to sell a set of stocks due to a scandal, but Mark forgets to before leaving work with the cocaine. Fred returns, having grown a mustache and acquiring a baby elephant. Police arrive at the house and find Scruffy ODing on cocaine; they destroy the Bannister house during the drug bust, which Jessie's TV station televises. Seeing it, the overstressed Jessie bursts into a mental breakdown on live TV. Pushed to their limit and facing ruin and imminent charges, Mark and Jessie decide to abandon the house to their guests and leave town to start new lives.

The next day, returning to salvage what they can, Mark and Jessie hear a recording from Dr. Penix stating that Bernice was actually never pregnant, and their last shred of sanity dissolves. Enraged, Jessie catapults Bernice from her bed to the backyard and forces her to confess to knowing of this. She then ruins Claudia's expensive clothes to force her out, while Mark terrorizes Dale with an electric saw until he and his kids leave. Lastly, Jessie puts fireworks in Jonathan's cocaine bag, which explodes as he tries to flee in Dale's (loaner) Lotus. Mark and Jessie then threaten to torch their own house to keep their visitors away for good. The police arrive and apologize, stating that their only evidence—Scruffy—disappeared, and that they will pay for all damages incurred. Grindle arrives and, believing Mark meant to keep the stocks, declares that he amassed a small fortune when the scandal was found to be false. He offers Mark some of the profit and a promotion. Claudia takes the opportunity to seduce Grindle, and Dale flirts with one of the officers, much to C.K's chagrin. Scruffy returns from the police-station evidence room, but is determined to stay with Mark and Jessie. Bernice and Fred depart, with Fred taking more control than before. Jessie and Mark are about to get cozy, but first Mark smashes their ever-malfunctioning toilet with a sledgehammer.

Jessie's furious on-air outburst earns her her own TV show, and she and Mark move into a three-bedroom house in Malibu and live happily ever after, until their parents came to visit.

Cast

 * John Larroquette as Mark Bannister
 * Kirstie Alley as Jessie Bannister
 * Alison La Placa as Claudia, Jessie's sister
 * John Diehl as Fred Bannister, Mark's cousin
 * Jessica Lundy as Bernice Bannister, Fred's wife
 * Bradley Gregg as Jonathan, Claudia's son
 * Dennis Miller as Wes, Mark's colleague
 * Robert Ginty as Dale, the Bannister's neighbor
 * Wayne Tippit as Mr. Grindle, Mark's boss
 * Paul Eiding as Stark
 * Michael Zand as the voice of Kaddir, Claudia's husband
 * Aeryk Egan as C.K., Dale's son
 * Deborah Otto as Katy

Production
The film was written and directed by Tom Ropelewski, and produced by Leslie Dixon. The cinematographer was Denis Lewiston.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 0% based on reviews from 6 critics. Roger Ebert gave it 2 out of 4 stars. The Los Angeles Times gave it a negative review and People magazine did as well.

title: Madhouse (1990 film)


text:
File:MEHVE - Nausicaa of the valley of the winds.jpg

The file was originally found on a fan website. This picture most probably fall into the 'fair use' of the united states.

Fair use ratioanle
This image is believed to be fair use in Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, History of anime, Hayao Miyazaki and Science fiction because:
 * It illustrates educational articles about or discussing the entity that the image represents.
 * It provides an illustration of the main characters and is to be used solely for exposition and criticism.
 * It is a low resolution image, and thus not suitable for production of counterfeit goods.
 * The image is not used in such a way that a reader would be confused into believing that the article is written or authorized by the owner of the image.
 * It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.
 * It represents an important milestone in the history of anime and science fiction in general


text: Template:Nissan Z-cars

title: Template:Nissan Z-cars


text:
Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay

Pedro Juan Caballero is a Paraguayan city in the Amambay Department of which it is the capital. The city lies on the border with the Brazilian city of Ponta Porã in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and is known as a centre for cheap electronic and consumer goods, and also as a centre for drug smuggling. This city is the highest city in Paraguay at 670 m (2201 ft) above sea level and is named after Pedro Juan Caballero. Pedro Juan Caballero counts with the Dr. Augusto Roberto Fuster International Airport and the country's most modern shopping centre, the Shopping Dubai, which cost US$30million.

The Blue Lagoon Amambay Hotel & Residential Complex is located in the city, the hotel is modernly structured and Paraguay.com considered it a First World condominium. The city is home to the Club Sportivo 2 de Mayo, counting with the Monumental Río Parapití which was used for the 1999 Copa América and is Paraguay's fifth biggest football stadium.

History
Pedro Juan Caballero originated around a small lake. The city based its economy initially on the processing of yerba mate (it is located in the south end of the herds of Tacurupyta, that, after the War of the Triple Alliance, were almost totally passed into the hands of Brazil) and the forest exploitation. On December 1, 1899, a police station was built, near the Punta Porá Lagoon, a date that is considered to be that of the creation of the city. Some scholars, however, consider that the correct date of foundation is August 30, 1901. In 1899, merchant Don Jorge Casaccia, owner of large tracts of land, plantations and an import-export company founded at the end of the War of the Triple Alliance, a large shareholder of "La Industrial Paraguaya" and the "Mercantile Bank", ceded to the government a land for the settlement of the population, according to SA Cardona.

The first house was built in 1894, owned by Don Jose Tapia Ortiz, although it actually settled in a place called "Portera", a year after the foundation of Ponta Porã. But as early as 1893, Don Pablino Ramirez had settled with his wagons and footpaths on the shores of Lake Punta Porá, making it difficult to known for sure who was the first "official" Pedrojuanino. Pedro Juan Caballero was founded on December 1, 1900. On December 13, 1901, the first peace court was created, with José Ramón Giménez as the first judge. On December 29, 1905, the Junta Económico Administrativa was created to carry out activities very similar to those of the present communes and municipalities.

Don Rufino Spika Henry was the first president. On July 10, 1945, the city of Pedro Juan Caballero was designated capital of the department of Amambay XIII. In the second half of the 20th century, the city had a rapid commercial development, being nowadays not only a border trade city with Brazil, but also a tourist city and host of international events.

Population
The district of Pedro Juan Caballero has a total of 114,917 inhabitants according to the census conducted by the General Directorate of Statistics, Surveys and Censuses in 2002; of this total 77,504 inhabitants are in the urban area of the district, the rest of the population are in the rural area. It is the most populated city in the northern part of the country.

Government
There is a prison in the city.

Education
The district has a total of 31 secondary schools and high schools. Among the private ones, the best known are: The Parochial Rosenstiel School, of the Redemptorist Missionaries; Santa María de los Ángeles School, of the Franciscan Education Sisters of Cristo Rey; the Ebenezer College and the Baptist School. Among the nationals, the best known is the Dr. Raúl Peña Regional Education Center and the Cerro Corá National School of Commerce.

It is the headquarters of universities such as the subsidiaries of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences of the National University of Asunción; private universities such as the Universidad Sudamericana, Columbia University, UniNorte, the Catholic University "Nuestra Señora de la Asunción", Polytechnic and Artistic University of Paraguay, Universidad del Pacífico, Intercontinental University, American University, Technological University, La Serrana University, Three University Borders, San Carlos University, San Lorenzo University, National University of Villa Rica del Espíritu Santo, among others.

Climate
The climate of Pedro Juan Caballero is classified as humid subtropical climate (Cfa), according to the Köppen climate classification), which borders on a Tropical monsoon (Am). The average annual temperature is 21 C. The annual average of precipitations is abundant, with 1650 mm approximately.

Summers are hot, with a January average of 25 C. The high humidity usually becomes suffocating to heat. The winter is mild, with an average July temperature of 18 C. Temperatures below 0 C or above 36 C are rarely encountered.

Transportation
Route 5 "Gral. Bernardino Caballero" connects the city with Concepción and Asunción.

Consular representation
Brazil has a Consulate in Pedro Juan Caballero.

title: Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay


text:
Humaitá

Humaitá is a town and district on the Paraguay River in southern Paraguay. During the Paraguayan War, it served as the main Paraguayan stronghold from 1866 until its fall in August 1868. Up to 24,000 troops were housed there at one point. It served as the de facto residence of the Paraguayan government until March 1868.

Being 275km south of Asunción, this is a Paraguayan city that has a great historical and cultural heritage with portions of the old fortifications, including some large earthworks, still visible. It also possesses the remains of a Jesuit church dating from the 18th century.

Toponymy
Humaitá comes from the Guaraní words "yma" (meaning ancient) and "itá" (meaning stone).

Geography
The predominant geography in the zone is a sheet of low areas, of whitish land, without prominent waviness. Due to the proximity of the Paraguay River, the increase of the waves overwhelms the whole bordering zone, therefore the geopolitical importance that the city had in the past.

Climate
The climate is subtropical, with temperatures reaching -2 °C in winter and 40 °C in the summer.

History
The remains of the old fortress of Humaitá are located on the left side of the Paraguay River, approximately 430 km to the south of Asunción. During the Paraguayan War (1864–1870) this fortress was important because it controlled river access to the capital, Asunción.

The defenses of Humaitá were begun by Carlos Antonio López (1790–1862). The ruins of the church and possibly the town museum are the only remains of the installation.

Economy
The inhabitants fish, raise cattle, and practice small-scale agriculture.

Local crafts include vases, gauntlets, pictures in burlap, and articles made from vegetable sponges. Carpets, tapestries, tablecloths, and crocheted apparel are also produced.

Transportation
Humaitá may be reached via Route 1 from Asunción, after reaching San Ignacio, take the detour to Pilar. Humaitá also may be reached through the new Villeta–Alberdi–Pilar Route

One may also take the bus from Asunción to Pilar and transfer to an interurban bus that serves Humaitá.

Patrimony
The city has a rich historical patrimony. Humaitá was more involved than any other city in the Paraguayan War. The Paraguayan army used this city to contain the invasion by the Alliance. By the end of the war, the city had been wrecked by the invading troops.

The Cuartel de López, a museum in Francisco Solano López's former barracks, has three rooms where bullets, cannons, stirrups, spurs, swords, and other battlefield relics are displayed.

Tourism
Many tourists visit Humaitá. Students from all over Paraguay come to view the vestiges of the Paraguayan War, as do Uruguayan, Brazilian, Paraguayan and Argentine military men and civilians from throughout America and Europe.
 * Ruins of Humaitá. Only a few vestiges survived bombardment by enemy cannons during the war. One of these was San Carlos Borromeo's church. Carlos Antonio López ordered its construction.  It was inaugurated on January 1, 1861. At the time, it was considered one of the most beautiful in the  Americas.
 * Itapunta
 * Curupayty
 * Estero Bellaco

Hotels in the city include the Municipal Hotel, with Italianate architecture, constructed at the end of the 19th century. Many historians believe that Stroessner stayed there during the 1947 revolution.

Restaurants
A restaurant called The Terrace is located in the middle of the town square.

Fishing
Due to its location on the Paraguay River, Humaitá is also a popular place to fish. Fish such as Mandi'i, catfish, piranha, armado, duck, dorado, surubí, and pacú provide the main income of fishermen. Milanese surubí is a popular dish in local restaurants.

Twin towns
Humaitá is twinned with:
 * 🇦🇷 Malbrán, Argentina

title: Humaitá


text:
Manuel Piñeiro

Manuel Piñeiro Losada (14 March 1933 - 11 March 1998), also known as Commander Barbarroja (es: "red beard") was a Cuban political and military figure, a leader of the Cuban Revolution, and, between 1961 and 1964, the first head of the Dirección General de Inteligencia of Cuba. Under Piñeiro, the DGI supported armed struggles in Latin America, helping radical leftist guerrilla groups in the region. Between 1964 and 1968, Piñeiro acted as the Deputy Minister of the Interior of Cuba, during this time he was in charge of the state security apparatus. A Soviet reorganization of the DGI forced Piñeiro out of his position, and he was placed in charge of the DGI's Latin American affairs division.

Biography
Manuel Piñeiro Losada was born on 14 March 1933 in Matanzas, Cuba. His family, who had immigrated to Cuba from the Spanish region of Galicia, was relatively prosperous—his father was a Bacardi executive. After participating in the student protests against the 10 March 1952 coup d'état which brought dictator Fulgencio Batista to power, Piñeiro's family sent him to study business management at Columbia University in New York. There, he met his first wife, Lorna Burdsall, whom he married in 1955. While studying in the United States, Piñeiro began to oppose the social, racial, and political discrimination he saw there and felt the need to return to Cuba. He returned in 1955 and became a founder of the 26th of July Movement.

Soon after returning to Cuba, Piñiero was arrested by Batista's security agencies because of his underground political activities. After his release, he continued his clandestine activities in Havana. He discovered that he was under police surveillance, and decided that it was better to leave for the Eastern Sierra Maestra mountain range and join the guerrillas headed by Fidel Castro. After the Cuban Revolution, Piñiero was appointed Deputy Minister of the Interior and the head of the Technical Viceministerio, the body that would be later responsible for gathering intelligence and developing strategies to expand communism in Latin America. In 1997, Piñeiro announced his retirement, resigning from all active government positions. He began to write and edit books about his experience in the Cuban Revolution.

Piñeiro died in a car accident on March 11, 1998. He was on his way home after receiving a tribute commemorating the creation of the Eastern Front.

Role in the Cuban Revolution
In March 1958, he was recognized for his merits and was personally chosen by Fidel Castro to be the officer tasked with integrating the recently created Eastern Front II "Frank País", under the command of Fidel's younger brother, Raúl.

During that time, he held several meetings with members of the Batistas' Cuban Army. Subsequently, he was appointed Chief of Personnel and Inspection, a position that included responsibilities for the Intelligence Service and the recently created Policía Rebelde, which was a predecessor of Castro's Revolutionary Police.

During the battle for Santiago de Cuba, he was promoted to Commander of the Cuban Revolution. After the triumph of the Revolution, he was appointed "Chief of the Military Plaza" in Santiago de Cuba, the second largest city in the country.

It is at this time that his face is caught by photographic cameras for the first time, showing his red beard and revealing the reason of the nickname given to him by the rebel troops.

He was then transferred to Havana, where he served various functions in the creation of the intelligence agencies and security of the new Castro regime. During the Bay of Pigs Invasion, Piñeiro was deputy to Ramiro Valdés Menéndez, head of G-2 (Seguridad del Estado, or state security).

On June 6, 1961, he was appointed Deputy Minister of the Interior and head of the so-called Technical Viceministerio, the body that would be later responsible for gathering intelligence and developing strategies to expand communism in Latin America.

In 1965, he was appointed to the Central Committee of the Cuban Communist Party, a post he held until 1997.

That same year in Havana, he received the visit of Markus Wolf, director of the East German secret police (the Stasi). Wolf, whose real identity would only be known to the Western intelligence services in 1979, had gone to Cuba to advise the socialist government how to set up the new General Intelligence Directorate on the island.

In early 1975, Piñeiro was head of the "Américas Department" of the Cuban Communist Party's Central Committee.

In 1997, he resigned all his active government positions and started to write and edit books dedicated to a retrospective analysis of the Cuban Revolution.

title: Manuel Piñeiro


text:
Talk:Wang Hsing-ching

term in English
Does anyone know the English of 文化大學實業計畫研究所博士班?? As I can't find any way of this term in English.

Research
I'm finding it really difficult to search for info! Anyone have any suggestions?

I entered his Chinese pen name 南方朔 into www.baidu.com (like chinese google) Baidu came up with 11,000 hits. take a look. don't forget to sign off with messages with your linked login name. JMSC0101 TA-- Li

Atttn: 0101WONGwsc

I am just wondering if you can put up the source to Wang's talk "How to build a mass media with "taste"?". Thanks!

-- [0101CHEUNGwl]

We can also try to look for his books in the library for analyzing his approach in writing and commenting on current affairs. Work hard!

-- [0101LEUNGsf]

Please time sign off with your login name and time stamp by entering putting Lfcho 03:13, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC) in front of your login name. Lfcho 03:13, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)lfcho

Grid takes up too much room
Hey folks, though i like the book cover display idea, the grid with chinese title, english title, pinying, publishing date is taking up way too much room and a waste of valuable space. (JMSC0101 TA - Li) Lfcho 17:00, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Category
According to the article, this individual was educated in Taiwan and has predominantly written for the Taiwanese media. There is no reference to an active career in China. Thus, currently the "Taiwanese journalist" category is used. Shawnc 12:22, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:NanRTHK.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 15:40, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wang Hsing-ching


text:
Filadelfia

Filadelfia is the capital of Boquerón Department in the Gran Chaco of western Paraguay. It is the centre of the Fernheim Colony. The city lies about 450 km northwest of the capital Asunción. With a population of about 20,000, it is the largest town in the 400 kilometer (250 mile) radius, and accounts for almost a third of the departmental population.

History
Filadelfia was founded in 1930 by Russian Mennonites who fled from the Soviet Union. Filadelfia lay near the front of the Chaco War, but was little affected. It became divided in the Second World War, with some of the original German colonists supporting Germany and later being expelled.

Filadelfia has developed into an important cattle herding settlement.

Infrastructure
Today the town is home to a museum, a library, a radio station and a hospital. The museum displays objects from the town's Mennonite past, such as Russian overcoats, as well as the local wildlife, such as stuffed armadillos, anteaters, and toads. The colony's villages lie around Filadelfia, as do several native reserves, home to much of the area's native population, from the Chulupí, Lengua, Toba-Pilaga, Sanapaná and Ayoreo groups. A modern supermarket is located in the centre of the town, which is the last place to get groceries before heading farther out into the Chaco. Most of the town's potable water supply is drawn from underground cisterns, being replenished by intermittent rainfall; the underground water is too salty to drink. A small commemorative park known as Parque Trebol lies about 5 km to the east of town. It now serves as a place for visitors to camp for the night.

Transportation
The newly asphalted highway, PY09, from Asunción continues past Filadelfia for another 70 km and runs out at the military checkpoint Mariscal Estigarribia. From this point onwards, the road to the border town fort General Eugenio A. Garay with Bolivia is almost impassable.

Notable people

 * A distinguished Russian Mennonite writer and historian living in Filadelfia was Peter P. Klassen.
 * Former Canadian Minister of Public Safety Vic Toews was born in Filadelfia in 1952.

title: Filadelfia


text: User talk:66.89.66.69

title: User talk:66.89.66.69


text:
Maxwell Grant

Maxwell Grant was a pen name used by the authors of The Shadow pulp magazine stories from the 1930s to 1960s.

Street & Smith, the publishers of The Shadow, hired author Walter B. Gibson to create and write the series based on popular interest in the character who was first used as a radio narrator. However, Gibson was asked to use a pen name. The pen name was used primarily so numerous authors could write the stories without confusing readers. Another factor was how Gibson, also a nonfiction writer, wanted to use a pen name for his fiction. He adopted the pen name Maxwell Grant, taking the name from two stage magic dealers he knew: Maxwell Holden and U.F. Grant.

Gibson wrote the vast majority of Shadow stories, usually two short novels per month for The Shadow magazine. Four authors besides Gibson have used the Maxwell Grant pen name: Theodore Tinsley, who wrote 27 Shadow stories between 1936 and 1943; Lester Dent, who wrote one story, The Golden Vulture, in 1938; Bruce Elliott, who wrote 15 Shadow stories between 1946 and 1948; and Dennis Lynds, who wrote nine Shadow paperback novels between 1964 and 1967.

The comic book series The Shadow: Year One, published by Dynamite Entertainment, features a character by the name of "Maxwell Grant". The character is a journalist, who uncovers the identity of the Shadow. However, rather than exposing him, Grant offers to chronicle his adventures.

title: Maxwell Grant


text:
Lycoming College

Lycoming College is a private liberal arts college in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1812, Lycoming College is affiliated with the United Methodist Church but operates as an independent institution. Through its history, it has been an academy, seminary, junior college, and four-year college.

History
Lycoming College traces its roots to 1812 and the founding of the "Williamsport Academy for the Education of Youth in English and other languages, in the useful arts, science and literature". Eight spirited citizens secured the charter for the school and founded the academy to improve the educational opportunities of the community. Attendance was by subscription, although a state grant ensured that a number of underprivileged children would be taught free of charge. The academy was for boys but accepted girls in the 1830s. It was one of the early academics in Pennsylvania which placed it on the frontier of academy-based education in the state.

By 1847, Williamsport had a public school system in place. Benjamin H. Crever, a Methodist preacher based in Milton, heard the academy was for sale. Upon his recommendation, the Baltimore Conference purchased the school, which opened in the fall of 1848 as the Williamsport Dickinson Seminary, a preparatory school for Dickinson College, another Methodist school.

Rev. Crever is considered to be the founder of Lycoming College, as he was the one to transition the high school into its collegiate beginnings. After turning the Williamsport Academy into an institution of higher learning, Crever moved on to serve as a chaplain in the Civil War and founded a total of four schools. Only Lycoming College remains as his educational legacy.

In 1921, John W. Long became the ninth president of the school. A pastor at St. Paul's Methodist Church in State College and founder of the Wesley Foundation at Pennsylvania State College, now Penn State University, he had pastoral experience and working with students. He became president of three institutions without moving. He transformed Williamsport Dickinson Seminary into Williamsport Dickinson Seminary and Junior College in 1929. It was the first private junior college in the state and another frontier in higher education in America.

In 1947, the school became Lycoming College, a four-year school. The college adopted the name "Lycoming" in 1948, a Native American word for a nearby stream which means "sandy stream" and the name of the county. These changes came with substantial support from the college's board of trustees and the local community. In 1949, the college conferred its first baccalaureate degrees.

James E. Douthat became the 14th president in 1989. Under his leadership, the college's enrollment grew by 27 percent and its endowment and other funds under management increased from $17 million to more than $185 million. Since his arrival, the campus had been involved in a strategic planning process to continually evaluate student needs and adapt the College's programs to those needs. Under his leadership, the college saw the establishment and implementation of a new faculty governance structure, a major capital campaign to build the endowment, improved facilities, and the adoption of a revised curriculum for the college that responds to changing skill set needs.

Kent C. Trachte became Lycoming's 15th president in 2013. He has continued many of the important themes of his predecessor, including working closely with the board of trustees and the faculty. He launched a new long-range planning effort, many of its goals achieved. The college is now into another long-range planning era. He presided over the completion of the Lynn Science Center, generated interest in and led the construction of the Krapf Gateway Center as the new entrance of the campus, and the construction of a new music practice building slated to open in the fall of 2022. He has led the college in a new campus-community project to revitalize the Old Town section of Williamsport and he has led the college in a major effort to open its doors to students more representative of a diverse American society.

Rankings
Lycoming was ranked 107th among "National Liberal Arts Colleges" in 2024 U.S. News & World Report, and 29th in Social Mobility. It is listed as a "Best College" in The Princeton Review's Best 387 Colleges for 2021 and 61st by Washington Monthly in 2020.

Academics
Lycoming College confers both Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in more than 43 major fields of study offered and more than 66 minors.

Interdisciplinary program
With the Lycoming College interdisciplinary program, students have the opportunity to design their own programs of study. By combining courses from more than one department, students become active participants in creating their own majors with support from faculty advisor(s) and a panel of faculty members from each of the sponsoring departments.

Special academic programs
The Lycoming Scholars Program is a special program designed to meet the needs and aspirations of highly motivated students of superior intellectual ability. Lycoming Scholars participate in special, semester-long, interdisciplinary seminars on topics chosen by the faculty and students on the Scholars Council.

Pre-professional programs including pre-law, pre-med, pre-vet, and pre-ministry provide students with advisors who ensure students take the right courses to prepare for graduate school and success in these professions.

Lycoming's MBA 4-1 agreement with the Saunders College Business at Rochester Institute of Technology allows students to opt out of some graduate-level courses, saving on tuition costs and completing their MBA in one calendar year.

An engineering 3-2 partnership with the prestigious Watson School of Engineering at Binghamton University allows students to spend their first three years building foundational knowledge at Lycoming and a final two years completing an electrical or industrial engineering degree at Binghamton.

Campus
Lycoming College rests on a 42-acre campus in north central Pennsylvania. Most buildings have been constructed since 1950 in a pre-Georgian style, and many have been refurbished since. The most recently constructed buildings include the Lynn Science Center (2015), adjacently connected to the Heim Science Center and holding the Detwiler Planetarium, and the Krapf Gateway Center (2019) which houses the Office of Admissions, Office of Alumni and Advancement, the Center for Enhanced Academic Experiences, and the Outdoor Leadership and Education program. Lycoming's academic facilities include Wendle Hall, the Academic Center, Fine Arts Building, Communications Building, Heim Science Center, Clarke Chapel, Mary Lindsay Welch Honors Hall, and the Lynn Science Center.

Unique facilities include the Detwiler Planetarium, Mary L. Welch Theatre, Snowden Library, the Sylk Digital Arts Laboratory, an electronic music studio, a radio station, and a greenhouse.

Athletic facilities include Lamade Gymnasium, the Keiper Recreation Center, and an outdoor intramural field. The 12-acre Shangraw Athletic Complex lies a few blocks north of the main campus with football and softball fields as well as the UPMC Field for soccer and lacrosse.

The Lycoming College Art Gallery is located at 25 West Fourth Street in downtown Williamsport. Additionally, the Lycoming Biology Field Station Inc., a nonprofit corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of Lycoming College, sits on 116 acres of land just 15 minutes from campus, which is frequently used by the biology department and the Clean Water Institute.

Athletics
Today, Lycoming fields men's and women's teams in basketball, cross country, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, and tennis, men's teams in baseball, football, golf, and wrestling, and women's teams in field hockey, softball, and volleyball. Lycoming was a member in the Middle Atlantic Conferences, with the baseball, basketball, field hockey, lacrosse, soccer, tennis, golf, softball, and volleyball teams competing in the MAC Freedom, but the athletic department accepted an invitation to move 18 of its 19 sports to the Landmark Conference, starting in 2023-24.

The Warriors have won 43 Middle Atlantic Conference titles, with football and wrestling winning 15 each, men's basketball six, men's soccer three, women's swimming and volleyball two, and men's tennis and softball one.

Lycoming College celebrated its 125th year of varsity athletics in 2015, as a baseball team was first formed at Dickinson Seminary in 1890. In 1952, Lycoming, recently becoming an established four-year college, was invited to join the Middle Atlantic Conference.

The football team had a period where it was one of the most competitive in Division III football, as College Football Hall of Fame head coach Frank Girardi won 257 games from 1972 to 2007, which still ranks 16th all-time in NCAA history. He led the Warriors to the national title game in 1990 and 1997 and the semifinals in 1996.

Residential living
Lycoming College is a residential campus that requires students to live in campus housing, with a few exceptions including local students who are able to commute from home. The college offers numerous housing options, including eight residence halls: Skeath, Asbury, East, Wesley, Rich, Williams, Crever, and Forest, as well as the Douthat Commons student apartments and several College-owned apartments. They can also choose to live in several different College-owned apartment buildings adjacent to campus.

Dining options include Wertz Dining Hall open seven days a week for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Café 1812 and the Gateway Café offer breakfast and lunch five days a week, and Jack's Corner offers a late night bite to eat. The college serves its own Warrior Coffee through Lycoming's Warrior Coffee Project, an interdisciplinary program that collaborates with people of the El Naranjito region in the Dominican Republic. The academic buildings with computer labs and printers are open to students 24/7.

Students at Lycoming enjoy the long-established on-campus traditions the college offers. This includes Thanksgiving dinner served family-style by faculty and staff and a Late Night Breakfast served by faculty and staff during finals week.

Notable alumni

 * David G. Argall '80 – Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1984–2009), Pennsylvania State Senate (2009 to present)
 * Larry A. Barretta '87 – Arena Football League player
 * Joseph McCrum Belford (1868) – United States House of Representatives (1897–1899) from New York
 * P. Kevin Brobson '92 - Pennsylvania Supreme Court Judge
 * Edgar T. Collins, 1890, U.S. Army major general
 * Deirdre P. Connelly '83 – Pharmaceuticals executive, Forbes 2009 list of World's 100 Most Powerful Women
 * David Albaugh De Armond (1865) – United States House of Representatives (1891–1909) from Missouri
 * Thomas W. Dempsey '52 – Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1987–2000); recipient of 2001 Angela R. Kyte Outstanding Alumnus Award
 * Gene L. Dodaro '73 – Comptroller General of the United States since 2008
 * Robert W. Edgar '65 – President and CEO of Common Cause, a nonpartisan government watchdog organization
 * Rusty E. Fricke '87 – Arena Football League player
 * Ismael Gaspar-Martins '66 - Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, The Republic of Angola
 * Milton E. Graff – Major League Baseball player (1957–1958) for the Kansas City Athletics
 * Carl Grivner '75 - CEO of Colt Technologies
 * Ruth E. (Perry) Hodge '58 – Retired archivist, U.S. Army and Pennsylvania State Archives, and author, Guide to African American Resources at the Pennsylvania State Archives (Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8927-1087-4)
 * James Hall Huling (1861) – United States House of Representatives (1895 to 1897) from West Virginia
 * John C. Jopson '76 – Film and music video director
 * Alexander Brown Mackie (1915) – Co-founder of Brown Mackie College
 * Tom A. Marino '85 – U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district
 * Casey Martindale '17 - Emmy-winning documentary film editor
 * Henry Clay McCormick (1861) – United States House of Representatives (1887–1891) from Pennsylvania
 * Alexander McDonald (1849) – United States Senate (1868–1871) from Arkansas
 * James Monroe Miller (1875) – United States House of Representatives (1899–1911) from Kansas
 * Rafael Moreno Valle Rosas '91 – Governor of the Mexican state of Puebla
 * Peter D. Onorati '75 – Veteran actor
 * James H. Osmer (1858) – United States House of Representatives (1879–1881) from Pennsylvania
 * Harry F. Perretta '78 – Head Women's Basketball Coach at Villanova University, Inducted to Lycoming Athletic Hall of Fame in 2007
 * Charles Emory Patton (1878) – United States House of Representatives (1911–1915) from Pennsylvania
 * Robert Fleming Rich (1903) – United States House of Representatives (1945–1951) from Pennsylvania
 * Milton George Urner (1856) – United States House of Representatives (1879–1883) from Maryland
 * Thomas I. Vanaskie '75 – United States circuit judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
 * Tom H. Woodruff Jr. '80 – Oscar-winning special effects supervisor
 * Gene Yaw '70 – Pennsylvania State Senator representing the 23rd Senatorial District
 * Dick (Robert) Yuengling '66 - fifth-generation owner of D.G. Yuengling & Son, turned his family's struggling brewery into one of America's largest beer makers, recipient of 2016 Dr. James E. Douthat Outstanding Achievement Award

title: Lycoming College


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Les Houches

Les Houches (Arpitan: Les Ouches or Les Oucies) is an alpine commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Southeastern France. It is located just west of Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, in the larger canton of Le Mont-Blanc.

Overview
Les Houches, located 6 kilometres from Chamonix, is a ski resort with a domain which extends from an altitude of 950 metres up to 1900 metres. Long descents through tree-lined slopes are combined with impressive views of the Mont Blanc massif and the Chamonix valley.

Les Houches is twinned with the Russian villages of Sochi and Krasnaya-Polyana and was chosen by the International Olympic Committee to assist in the organization of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games.

Les Houches is the starting- and finishing-point of the popular Tour du Mont Blanc, a 7- to 10-day walk around the base of the Mont-Blanc Massif which takes in France, Italy, and Switzerland.

Les Houches has four railway stations (Taconnaz, Les Houches, Viaduc Sainte-Marie, and Vaudagne) on the Saint-Gervais–Vallorcine railway and the section from Les Houches to Servos holds the world record gradient for an adhesion railway at a 9% gradient over a distance of 2000 m.

On average, Les Houches experiences 136.4 days per year with a minimum temperature below 0 C, 16.0 days per year with a minimum temperature below -10 C, 33.1 days per year with a maximum temperature below 0 C, and 5.7 days per year with a maximum temperature above 30 C. The record high temperature was 35.4 C on July 11, 2023, while the record low temperature was -22.1 C on February 5, 2012.

Skiing
The Les Houches pistes are regularly used for international events, most notably the 'Kandahar' run, which is used annually for the Men's Downhill World Cup Ski Championships. Les Houches provides a training ground for the French National Ski Team and the Ski Club of Great Britain. The skiing area consists of one international black run, 12 red runs, five blue runs, and four green runs as well as cross-country trails and two snow parks. It is served by 1 cable car (Bellevue), 1 gondola lift (Prarion), 8 chair lifts (all four-person), 3 drag lifts, a rope pull and a moving carpet, as well as two further drag lifts in the "Le Tourchet" village-centre ski area.

Extensive artificial snow coverage is provided by a new network of 67 snow canons covering 19 hectares. There are nursery slopes at Le Tourchet in the centre of the village itself, a Jardin du Neige for very young children skiers next to Lac de Chavants, and a new nursery area at the top of the Prarion lift.

École de Physique des Houches
The village is home to a famous physics summer school (the École de Physique des Houches), founded by Cécile DeWitt-Morette. It has been attended by two dozen Nobel prize laureates, either as teachers or as students before they received their prizes. Additionally, the Les Houches Accords, which are important in high energy physics, were written here.

Coupeau and La Flatière
Opposite Les Houches (across the River Arve, but forming part of the commune) is the small village of Coupeau. A circuitous road climbs high through the village and leads for some three miles all the way up to the foot of its own mountain, l'Aiguillette, at the foot of which lies another small village, La Flatière, well known across the valley for its panoramic views, and a little Christian hermitage. From here many paths wander through the mountains. One scenic path leads to an old sheepfold, called Chailloux. Coupeau has sun all year round, whereas Les Houches for the most part, remains in the shade in the winter. At the heart of the village of Coupeau is the Merlet animal park, which draws many visitors each year. Here visitors can see llamas as well as local types of deer, rams, and marmots. Below the animal park, a four-storey high statue of Jesus Christ overlooks the valley, its right arm outstretched as if greeting newcomers entering the valley below.

Sister town

 * 🇷🇺 Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi, Russia

Notable people

 * Itamar Biran (born 1998) - Israeli Olympic alpine ski racer, lives and trains in Les Houches.
 * Professor Jean Delumeau, historian, stays frequently in Les Houches, where he practises mountaineering.
 * Catherine Destivelle, mountaineer.
 * Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Nobel Prize for Physics, came to study and teach at the Physics School of Les Houches (l'École de Physique des Houches).
 * Marie Paradis (1778-1839), the first woman to climb Mont Blanc (in July 1808).

Sights and attractions

 * The Bellevue chair lift (entered service in 1936)
 * The Statue of Jesus Christ (inaugurated 19 August 1934)
 * The Musée Montagnard, housed in an 18th-century building, which has as its theme of the traditional mountain habitat

title: Les Houches


text: Category:Firearm sights

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Talk:Shifu

Disciple Ceremonies
I am doing research on kungfu disciple ceremonies, but have not found any pages describing the traditional ceremony, the steps, and the purpose/meaning behind each one. If anyone can direct me to a website that can provide a detailed description of the ceremony, I'd greatly appreciate it. If they are really keen, they can transcribe it over to Wikipedia :) JJJ 20:41, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Becoming a Master
Hi everyone, how do I go about requesting a page to be written? I am looking for some insights on a concrete definition of a 'kungfu master', and how does one become a master. Has anyone come across such documents or can write about it? My curiousity arises from the frustration that anyone these days claim to be a 'master', but I believe only a fraction of those deserve to have that title. What are the qualifications and is there a governing body that certifies masters? JJJ 20:37, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I realize your message is some years old, but I hope I can help. You've pointed out the crux of the issue, though.  Some martial arts have governing bodies that may have standards for who is called "master," while others do not.  Meanwhile, "kung fu" is itself an extremely broad term; in the English-speaking world, it typically means any Chinese martial art.  But again, the problem becomes that anyone can call themselves "master so-and-so," and there's not necessarily any underlying qualifications or regulation there.  So there is no formal or objective definition.  this name is also in use  23:26, 22 August 2015 (UTC)

I realize it is difficult to translate Mandarin and Cantonese into English. However, I don't believe a kung fu shifu/sifu to truly mean "master". A more correct translation is "teacher and father". Although more are using it as a translation, I don't believe that makes it right. I think we should attempt to make translations as correct as possible. Therefore, I'd like to propose the removal of "master" in the kung fu sense of the term shifu/sifu. AdamWilliss (talk) 16:36, 16 December 2021 (UTC)

Mandarin vs. Cantonese
I removed the following:
 * Google returns 18 thousand hits for the Mandarin spelling of shifu, but returns 124 thousand hits for the Cantonese spelling of sifu.

This information belongs here, on the talk page. ✏ Sverdrup 18:12, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I was just trying to imply sifu is overwhelming more common than shifu at least on the Internet. Kowloonese 18:21, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * And thats simply because the English google has always favoured places who use the language more often, if that was not obvious by now. At least 1.25 million people on earth know what "shifu" is. How many would know what is Sifu? I would propose switching all these martial arts terms to their Mandarin equivalents.--Huaiwei 10:50, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There are probably much much more Chinese-speaking people identifying 點心 as Dian Xin rather than Dim Sum.. :-) — Instantnood 17:32, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * That its true. Perhaps we should rename that one as well, wont you agree? ;)--Huaiwei 29 June 2005 05:09 (UTC)
 * Be bold then. ;-) — Instantnood June 29, 2005 07:35 (UTC)
 * Haha. I love your sense of humour. --Huaiwei 29 June 2005 07:46 (UTC)
 * Well, I'd say Shifu is less popular in the English world, and that's no doubt. -- Jerry Crimson Mann 29 June 2005 11:54 (UTC)
 * It depends on what you want to do here. If this is a translation of a Chinese encyclopedia, then the spelling and contents should be based on how Chinese people write English in China.  However, if this is an English encyclopedia, then the contents and spellings should be based on how people in the English speaking world use the term outside of China.  The word "Sifu" is used widely in Chinatown, not "shifu"!  How the word 師父 is used or pronounced in China is relevant ONLY in China, not in the US or in Britain or other English speaking worlds.  The argument about Dim Sum is an good example.  Dim Sum has already become a English word, it has its unique meaning and usage in English speaking countries.  The word Dim Sum was derived from 點心, but it is no longer the same word.  In the US, Dim Sum means Hong Kong Style 點心, not necessarily the wider definition of "dian xin".  Trying to write about "Dian Xin" in an article titled Dim Sum is inappropriate at least in this edition of wikipedia.  I grew up in Hong Kong and I am a Chinese American. My Chinese side understands what is in your mind, but my American side disagrees with what you try to do here.  Perhaps no one can blame you when you have no idea which word is an English word derived from Chinese verses which word is just a transliteration of a Chinese word.  The former has become part of English language with its own etymology and history and may or may not mean exactly the same thing as its origin.  I propose that this article should be about what "Sifu" means in English speaking countries, not what 師父 or shifu means in China.  Kowloonese June 30, 2005 00:32 (UTC)
 * I want to point out that the majority of Chinese immigrants in English speaking worlds were from Southern China. Mandarin speaking Chinese immigrants did not come out until China opens its emmigration doors in the late 1970s or 1980s.  Since Hong Kong was a British colony, Hong Kong emmigrants had very strong Cantonese influence in the English usage on Chinese terminologies especially in all the British commonwealth countries such as Canada, Australia etc.  The fact that there are more Mandarin speaking people in the world does not change the Cantonese influence that has already become part of the English language.  It is not about which has more, it is about what got in first!!! Kowloonese June 30, 2005 00:49 (UTC)
 * 1/18/08 (dont really know how to add to this page so im just editing this post...hope thats ok)
 * shifu, to the best of my knowledge most correlates to the word "master" in English not "teacher"; it is important to differentiate between the two. English word wise, all "teachers" teach, yet not all masters do. While you can call all teachers a master it would be incorrect to assume that all carpenters teach. There is not a duel relationship. Also I believe shifu has been used in china the same way "comrade" was by the USSR. **Remember when a word gets translated the translator cannot but impose their own beliefs gathered from their experience of the world. A translator that has only experienced the word "shifu" in relation to martial arts where masters of martial arts often do teach, can foreseeably come to the conclusion that it has the same literal meaning as that of the English word "teacher". A martial arts master is simply a master who teaches, hence the confusion.**
 * -jake
 * "Your American side"? This isn't the "American" Wikipedia. I can understand that Dianxin is any kind of snack in Chinese and that Dim Sun is something specific in English, but Shifu is not a dish. It's a foreign concept, which doesn't exist in English. Sifu doesn't have a different meaning in English. Customs change. Some years ago, there was hardly anyone referring to the capital as Beijing. Shifu is becoming more known due to Kung Fu Panda. There is an upcoming third movie. --2.245.238.184 (talk) 18:37, 9 June 2015 (UTC)

Other related terms
Are there terms for younger sister or older sister? In Korean wuxia or Korean translations of wuxia, the words samae and sajeo are sometimes used. Kjoonlee 06:25, 2004 Dec 6 (UTC)
 * Yes there are. — Instantnood June 29, 2005 07:35 (UTC)
 * Well, what are they?
 * Sijia and simui for older and younger sister, respectively. Siku for an aunt. Siku nai nai for an aunt a further generation up. Simo is the sifu's wife. Sichut is anyone a generation lower than oneself. --Fire Star 00:20, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

English
Just curious, was the language in this article always this awkward? I fixed some of it, I wonder why it wasn't fixed earlier. -- Natalinasmpf 17:26, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I wrote the bulk of the original article in awkward English because English is not my native language. I am glad that you copyedited out all the awkward parts.  That is the beauty of wikipedia, I provided the contents and you rewrote it in better form.  Thanks for the collaboration. Kowloonese June 30, 2005 00:57 (UTC)

Slang
I suppose it's the the same characters for that meaning. It's 師傅... :-) — Instantnood 18:06, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually are 師父 and 師傅 different? For Kung Fu or other martial arts it's always the former. For the slang usage it's usually the latter. — Instantnood 18:41, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * I see both 師傅 and 師父 are referring to "master (worker)" in my dictionary. Additionally, the word one would also refer to a monk or nun. -- Jerry Crimson Mann 18:49, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC).
 * Are 師父 and 師傅 having the same meaning? They usually serve different meanings don't they? — Instantnood June 29, 2005 07:35 (UTC)
 * According to Wiktionary 傅 and 父 do not have the same meaning. 傅 does not mean father. — Instantnood June 29, 2005 15:16 (UTC)
 * Well, Chinese characters cannot be examined individually in this case. In fact, 師父 is the corruption of 師傅, probably influenced by the word Simo (Sifu's wife). The latter one should be more appropriate in a sense. -- Jerry Crimson Mann 05:43, June 30, 2005  (UTC)
 * Logical.. but in current usage the two are serving different meanings, aren't they? Nobody would call a taxi driver 師父.. or no 徒弟 would call her/his kung fu master 師傳. — Instantnood June 30, 2005 09:12 (UTC)
 * I agree. Half of the broader sense of 師傅 is actually off topic here.  The other half which means the same as 師父 is okay.  Actually 傅 means teacher.
 * 如《禮記．文王世子》所載：立太傅、少傅以養之，欲其知父子君臣之道也. 太傅審父子之道以示之，少傅奉世子以觀太傅之德行，而審喻之. 太傅在前，少傅在後，入則有保，出則有師，是以教喻而德成也. 師也者，教之以事而喻諸德者也；保也者，慎其身以輔翼之，而歸諸道者也.
 * According ancient literature, 師 and 傅 were different rank of officials in charge of educating the crown prince in some Chinese dynasty. Modern usage of 師傅 more are for the "skilled master" sense than the "teacher" sense.  On the other hand, 師父 is only used in the teacher sense. Kowloonese June 30, 2005 20:21 (UTC)
 * What I recognised is like in contemporary usage the meanings of 師父 and 師傅 only overlap partially. — Instantnood July 6, 2005 08:22 (UTC)

 * I am a native Chinese and quite new here. But here's what I know about these two phrases in morden Mandarin: you never call you teacher in school 师父 or 师傅, but simply 老师. Even in pre-PRC times, as far as my literature readings show, one would not call his teacher in school 师父 or 师傅; they would use again 老师 or a more contemporarily popular 先生. What i came across in ancient writen Chinese is that they addressed their teacher of education as mainly 师. I think I'm making things complicated. My apology and I will put it as follows: 1. 师父 refers to those who teaches you other things than literary education. He may be a craftsman, a monk (like how Monkey King addresses Xuanzang), or a man from any walks of life. 2. 师傅 may not necessarily refers to a teacher. In fact, many Chinese like me distinguish 师父 and 师傅 quite sharply. I would only use 师傅 when I address some craftsmen or drivers who possess a certain kind of skill and live on it. 3.I am almost 100% sure your teacher in school would get annoyed if you wrote a letter, addressing him/her 师父 or 师傅, though the former can be comparatively less annoying. There's a strong tradition among Chinese intellectuals that they be distinguished from those who labour to live. Not a good one though. Chrisliu (talk) 18:57, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for pointing this out. Please feel free to amend the article to reflect the specifics of northern usage. If you know of a good Mandarin dictionary or grammar that mentions this, listing it (or them) as a reference would be very helpful. --Bradeos Graphon Βραδέως Γράφων (talk) 18:23, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Redundancy
Gweipo, Gweimui and Gweijai are all included in the Gweilo artcle. I don't think it's necessary to open new articles for Sigung, Sibak, Sisok, Sihing and Sidai — it's just superfluous. -- Jerry Crimson Mann 30 June 2005 05:43 (UTC)
 * You are suggesting that they be merged into one page?--Huaiwei 30 June 2005 08:53 (UTC)
 * Very likely... =.= -- Jerry Crimson Mann 1 July 2005 14:13 (UTC)
 * I created these separate pages expecting someone will fill in more contents to make each worth its own article. I feel that these martial arts school relationships can have much more meaningful contents than just Gweilo, Gweipo, Gweimui and Gweijai.  Your examples are just variations of the same name given to foreign according to their gender, age etc.  However, Sifu, Sigong etc. can be very complex and when you merge them all into one article, it may be very easy to mix up.  For example, Sibak and sisok ("school uncles") are genderless, e.g.  "school sisters" of your "school father" are called "school uncles", not "school aunts".  However, Sihing and Sidai (school brothers) is named different from Simoi (school sisters).  I have no objection if you can merge them neatly without mixing up the family structure. Kowloonese July 1, 2005 22:22 (UTC)
 * I think they should all be merged either here, or to a Chinese martial arts school article. 76.66.194.58 (talk) 12:01, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

 * These have been merged here. 76.66.198.171 (talk) 13:49, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * These have now been unmerged. You can not just merge articles as you see fit, they have to be proposed with a merge tag, etc. And you circumvented the proposed deletion process by doing that, which clearly stated they had until the 4th.  Likewise, the tags called for deletion, expansion, or soft redirects to the Wiktionary entries.  That material is totally out of place here. --Marty Goldberg (talk) 18:15, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Do you know how PROD works? PROD says that if you can fix by merging, go ahead and do it. Which I did. See the discussion above here, where it says that this article may be appropriate place to merge them. 76.66.198.171 (talk) 08:52, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The discussion was from 2005, and no consensus was demonstrated for merging as per Kowloonese's last statement on the matter.  Its completely out of place to throw all those terms in this article, it would be more appropriate in a general article on Chinese terminology.  Either way, once it was moved to Wiktionary, the proper course is a soft link redirect to the wiktionary page.  I'm quite familiar with how things work here, I've been editing here since June of 2005. And watch the attitude, lest the conversation start to violate WP:Civil. --Marty Goldberg (talk) 15:44, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

wiktionary
can someone writeup wiktionary entries for these terms? 76.66.198.171 (talk) 13:54, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * If you bothered to actually read the tags at the top of the pages before you did your merges, they already were copied to Wiktionary. The process calls for a soft redirect to those pages, not to here. --Marty Goldberg (talk) 18:27, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * If you bothered to check I had them transferred (I dicted them) to Wiktionary. AT WIKTIONARY, transwikied articles need to be fixed into proper wiktionary ENTRIES. Aside from that, there are terms on this article which weren't transwikied. 76.66.198.171 (talk) 08:53, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Watch the sarcasm, it violates WP:Civil. And I see you're using multiple ip's, I would advise registering for an account, as it makes it easier for the regulars to know they're addressing a single person.  When the pages were moved to Wiktionary, the process then became:
 * Expand it beyond a dictionary article and remove this notice.
 * Tag it for deletion.
 * Replace it by a soft redirect.
 * Not merge it to this article against consensus. If you had wanted to merge the articles, the correct action would have been to post merge tags first on all the articles and direct people to the old discussion here.  I appreciate what you're trying to do, but I think at this point the soft redirect to Wiktionary pages are the proper way to go. --Marty Goldberg (talk) 15:52, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

In Popular Culture
Would the fact that Shifu was the name of a featured character in some Stargate episodes (wiki entry as reference) warrant a popular culture mention? --MikeZ (talk) 12:41, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

"Identical"?
The article states: Sifu (Cantonese Chinese) or shifu (Mandarin Chinese) (or shih-fu) is the identical pronunciation of two Chinese terms… "Sifu" and "shifu" aren't "identical" pronunciations, one's pronounced "sifu" and the other's pronounced "shifu". In fact the word "or" says that they're different. So are they "identical" (both sifu or both shifu) or not? 213.122.148.133 (talk) 00:09, 9 January 2014 (UTC)
 * According to Google translate, they are shīfu and shīfù so in combination there is no ambiguity either. The article could do with pinyin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.10.249.211 (talk) 15:39, 7 March 2015 (UTC)

Female variant
The article lacks a mentioning of the femail variant (Si Mu); maybe a link to a different article, or at least a small paragraph explaining this. The master's wife should be distinguished from the a female master. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alfe (talk • contribs) 08:42, 29 April 2014 (UTC)
 * No, females are also Shifu. You just coined a word mixing Mandarin and Cantonese, very wrong. --2.245.238.184 (talk) 18:13, 9 June 2015 (UTC)

Vietnamese
The Vietnamese article Sư phụ is the equivalent... at vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/sư phụ...

We'll leave this to someone else to add under See also, if desired...

(We're a Vietnamese family... we read the article!)

Best from deep rural northern Thailand,

Ken & Thu Huong & Carlton Phuong Minh

KenThuHuong (talk) 14:16, 26 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shifu


text: Category:Pistol and rifle cartridges

title: Category:Pistol and rifle cartridges