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Yi Jianlian

Yi Jianlian (born October 27, 1984) is a Chinese former professional basketball player who last played for the Guangdong Southern Tigers of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). He also played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Milwaukee Bucks, the New Jersey Nets, the Washington Wizards, and the Dallas Mavericks.

Yi joined the Guangdong Southern Tigers for the 2002–03 CBA season, and subsequently won the CBA Rookie of the Year award. In his first five years with Guangdong, the team won three CBA titles. In the 2007 NBA draft, he was selected by the Milwaukee Bucks with the sixth overall pick. Initially, Yi declined to sign with Milwaukee for several months before agreeing to a contract with them in August 2007. He later played for three other NBA teams until returning to the Guangdong Southern Tigers in 2012.

Yi also played for the Chinese national team, having represented his country at the Olympics in 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016, as well as the 2006 and 2010 FIBA World Championships. Yi played in the 2004 Olympics.

Early life
As a child, Yi's parents did not allow him to join a sports school, which is designed for children predicted to be future professional athletes. However, a sports school's basketball coach who noticed Yi's potential in playing street basketball persuaded Yi's family to allow him to train professionally. Hoping to sign Yi to an endorsement deal, Adidas invited him to attend the company's ABCD Camp in New Jersey in 2002, where he competed against all-American high school players.

Age controversy
In 2004, Yi was listed as being born in 1984 during the Four Nation Tournament, but Chinese officials said that it was probably a typographical error. Two years later, Fran Blinebury of The Houston Chronicle reported that Yi told Shane Battier he was 24 years old in an exhibition game before the 2006 FIBA World Championship, but the story was refuted by both Yi and Battier. Yi is not the first Chinese basketball player to come under scrutiny for age discrepancy, as former NBA player Wang Zhizhi had been listed as being born in both 1977 and 1979. In 2006, a senior Chinese official admitted that past youth squads had included players above the permitted age.

In 2007 and 2008, Yi's date of birth was further scrutinized as being October 27, 1984, including a Chinese reporter discovering a high school enrollment form from 1997 that listed Yi as being born on October 27, 1984.

Guangdong Southern Tigers (2002–2007)
After returning to China in 2002, Yi signed a professional contract with Chinese Basketball Association side Guangdong Southern Tigers and averaged 3.5 points and 1.9 rebounds per game in his first season. He also averaged 7.3 points and 7.3 rebounds per game in four games during the playoffs, and won the Rookie of the Year award. Yi was featured in Time's August 2003 article titled "The Next Yao Ming". In each of his next three seasons, Yi led Guangdong to the CBA championship and he was awarded the CBA Finals Most Valuable Player honor in 2006. In Yi's final season in the Chinese Basketball Association before he entered the 2007 NBA draft, he averaged a career-high 24.9 points and 11.5 rebounds per game, but his team lost to the Bayi Rockets in the playoff finals.

Milwaukee Bucks (2007–2008)
Yi was not expected to enter the NBA draft until 2009 because the Chinese Basketball Association ruled that players are not allowed to leave for foreign leagues until they turned 22. In early 2006, however, Yi announced that he would enter the 2006 NBA draft although he eventually decided to withdraw, saying he was "not good enough to compete in the NBA and needed more experience." Later that year, the Guangdong Southern Tigers announced that Yi would enter the 2007 NBA draft.

Yi chose Dan Fegan as his agent to represent him in the NBA draft and flew to Los Angeles to participate in pre-NBA draft camps. Before the draft, Yi was predicted by many to be picked anywhere from third to twelfth. On June 28, 2007, Yi was selected by the Milwaukee Bucks with the sixth overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft, despite Fegan warning the Milwaukee Bucks not to pick Yi and not allowing them to be one of the teams invited to Yi's pre-draft private workouts in Los Angeles. Fegan did not want Milwaukee to select Yi because the city of Milwaukee did not have a large Asian-American community. However, Milwaukee's general manager Larry Harris said they had only drafted the best player available to them. Yi and Sun Yue together marked the first time in NBA draft history where two Chinese-born players were selected in the same draft, which was a feat that would not be repeated again until 2016.

After the draft, Milwaukee attempted to convince Yi to sign with the team and on July 2, 2007, the owner of the Bucks franchise, Herb Kohl, wrote a letter to Yi and his representatives, hoping to persuade Yi to sign with the team. Three days later, head coach Larry Krystkowiak and Harris met with Yi, attempting to influence him to play for Milwaukee; however, Yi's representatives requested that the team trade Yi to another team with a city that had a large Chinese presence. Chinese officials also required that any team Yi played for would have to give him sufficient playing time for him to improve for the 2008 Summer Olympics. Kohl made a special trip to Hong Kong to appeal to Yi personally and he assured Chinese officials that Yi would have sufficient playing time. On August 29, 2007, the Milwaukee Bucks and Yi agreed to a standard, multi-year rookie contract. Yi was named to Milwaukee's starting lineup by head coach Larry Krystkowiak in place of Charlie Villanueva to begin the 2007–08 season. He recorded nine points and three rebounds in a debut loss to the Orlando Magic. He played his first home game in Milwaukee three days later and scored 16 points while grabbing eight rebounds in a 78–72 win over the Chicago Bulls. The game was also Yi's first game to be televised nationally in China, where it was watched by an estimated 100 million viewers. Yao Ming praised Yi's play in his first few games, saying, "If you compare us in our third NBA games, you will see that Yi's statistics are far better than mine."

On November 9, 2007, Yi played against Yao Ming for the first time when the Houston Rockets hosted Milwaukee in a 104–88 loss. Yi recorded 19 points and nine rebounds, including two three-pointers, while Yao recorded 28 points and nine rebounds. The game between the two was watched by over 200 million people in China, making it one of the most-watched games in NBA history. After the game, Yao called Yi's talent "unbelievable" and Tracy McGrady said that Yi had a "tremendous upside in this league". Del Harris, the former head coach of the Chinese national basketball team, also described Yi as the "most athletic seven-footer in the NBA."

Yi was named the NBA Rookie of the Month for December 2007 after averaging 12.1 points and 6.6 rebounds per game that month, while scoring a career-high 29 points on 14-of-17 shooting in a win over the Charlotte Bobcats on December 22. On January 30, 2008, he was selected for the rookie team in the Rookie Challenge at the 2008 NBA All-Star Game. On February 2, 2008, Yi faced Yao for the second time when Milwaukee played at home against Houston, which Krystkowiak dubbed the "Chinese Super Bowl." However, both players struggled during Houston's 91–83 victory over Milwaukee. Yao scored 12 points while Yi injured his shoulder during the game, finishing with just six points.

On April 2, 2008, it was announced that Yi would miss the rest of the season with a knee injury. Having already missed eight games with other injuries, Yi managed 66 out of a possible 82 games in his rookie season, averaging 8.6 points and 5.2 rebounds per game. One of Milwaukee's assistant coaches, Brian James, later said that "the injuries he had bothered him more than people realized, and he couldn't play through them."

New Jersey Nets (2008–2010)
On June 26, 2008, Yi was traded by the Milwaukee Bucks along with Bobby Simmons to the New Jersey Nets in exchange for Richard Jefferson. New Jersey's team president Rod Thorn said that "we feel strongly he's going to be a real good player," and the team's chief executive Brett Yormark said "it opens up a truly new fan base for us." Yi stated that he didn't expect to be traded, but that it was "an honor to join the Nets."

Through his first 37 games with New Jersey, Yi averaged 10.5 points and 6.2 rebounds per game while shooting 39% from behind the three-point line, which was well above his average from the previous season. But on January 9, 2009, Yi broke the pinkie on his right hand and was expected to miss four to six weeks. Thorn called it "lousy timing" because "he'd been playing well," but Yi said "(I'll) just take my time. I'll come back." In voting for the 2009 NBA All-Star Game, Yi finished third in total votes for forwards in the Eastern Conference, ahead of players such as Paul Pierce and Chris Bosh.

Yi made his return from injury after the 2009 NBA All-Star Game in a loss to the Houston Rockets on February 17, 2009. However, after averaging only six points on 36% shooting after his return, Yi was removed from the team's starting lineup. His final averages for the season were 8.6 points and 5.3 rebounds per game, as well as a 38% shooting accuracy from the field and 34% on three-point field goals. After New Jersey finished the season outside of the playoffs, Yi's agent Dan Fegan suggested New Jersey played better when Yi played more minutes and took more shots, and asks "who's accountable?" New Jersey's head coach Lawrence Frank said that "you have to be patient. He's only 21", and Yi assessed his season by saying he was "still too much up and down."

In the 2009–10 season, Yi returned to the starting lineup for New Jersey. Starting in every game he played but one, Yi suffered several injuries during the season which made him miss 30 games. He sprained his medial collateral ligament on November 4, 2009, had a laceration on his upper lip on December 8, 2009, and sprained his left ankle on 8 March 2010. His final averages for the season were 12 points and 7.2 rebounds per game, as well as 40% shooting accuracy from the field and 37% on three-point field goals.

Washington Wizards (2010–2011)
On June 29, 2010, Yi was traded to the Washington Wizards along with $3 million in cash considerations for Quinton Ross. Yi ended the 2010–11 season averaging 5.6 points and 3.9 rebounds per game. Washington had until June 30, 2011 to extend Yi's contract but decided not to do so.

Return to the Tigers (2011)
During the 2011 NBA lockout, Yi signed a one-year contract to return to the Guangdong Southern Tigers. Unlike most NBA players who went to the Chinese Basketball Association during that time, he received an option to return to the NBA once the lockout had been resolved.

Dallas Mavericks (2012)
On January 6, 2012, Yi signed with the Dallas Mavericks to a one-year contract after starting the season with the Guangdong Southern Tigers. He was immediately assigned to Dallas' D-League affiliate team, the Texas Legends. Yi benefited from the new collective bargaining agreement rules which allowed players with more than two years of NBA experience to be assigned to the D-League with the players' consent. On January 9, 2012, after playing two games for the Texas Legends, averaging 23 points and 12 rebounds per game, he was recalled by Dallas. The team faced the Oklahoma City Thunder in the playoffs and in game 3 of the playoff series, Yi played in his first NBA playoffs game, where he scored two points for the team in five minutes.

Third stint in Guangdong (2012–2023)
Yi re-joined the Guangdong Southern Tigers for the 2012–13 CBA season and went on to win a fourth championship that season.

On August 22, 2016, Yi signed a one-year, $8 million contract with the Los Angeles Lakers, returning to the NBA for the first time since 2012. Lakers head coach Luke Walton considered Yi to be the team's best-shooting big man during the preseason, but did not provide Yi with much of a role. Yi averaged 3.0 points and 2.5 rebounds in 10.7 minutes per game over six contests with the Lakers during the preseason. Feeling he would have better opportunities elsewhere, Yi requested a release from the Lakers prior to the start of the regular season. The Lakers waived him on October 24, 2016.

In October 2016, Yi returned to Guangdong after spending training camp with the Los Angeles Lakers.

On August 15, 2020, Yi helped the Guangdong Southern Tigers in winning their 10th CBA championship after a 123–115 win in game 3 of the CBA Finals over the Liaoning Flying Leopards, but Yi had suffered a ruptured Achilles tendon during the game and was expected to miss a major part of 2020–21 CBA season due to rehabilitation.

The 2022–23 CBA season was Yi's final basketball season where he made the decision to retire on August 30, 2023. He wrote on Sina Weibo: "Time flies; in the blink of an eye, basketball has been by my side for 21 years. After much contemplation, I have made the decision to officially bring my basketball career to a close. I will cherish the memories of the past while continuing to move forward, embracing new chapters in my life. Goodbye, my beloved basketball."

National team career
Yi's first major international experience came at the 2003 FIBA Under-19 World Championship in which he averaged 18.9 points and 11.5 rebounds per game. He made his debut with the Chinese national basketball team during the 2004 Summer Olympics and averaged 6 points and 6 rebounds per game at the 2006 FIBA World Championship. His performance impressed coaches on the Chinese national team as well as the coaches from other countries.

In 2008, Yi was once again selected to play for the Chinese national team at the 2008 Summer Olympics. In China's first two group stage matches, Yi scored 9 and 4 points, respectively, and China lost both their games against the United States and Spain. But in a win against Angola, Yi recorded a double-double, and in a win against Germany, Yi recorded 9 points and 11 rebounds, and hit the crucial shot with 28 seconds left to help China advance to the quarter-finals. However, Lithuania ended China's run by beating them 94–68, as Yi scored 11 points for his side.

Yi, along with former NBA player Sun Yue, was a member of the Chinese national team that played at the 2009 FIBA Asia Championship and the 2011 FIBA Asia Championship. Yi was named the most valuable player of the 2011 FIBA Asia Championship, averaging 16.6 points and 10.8 rebounds per game. Yi also played for the Chinese national team during the 2012 Summer Olympics, ranking first in rebounds per game with 10.2 per game and ranking second in blocks with 2.2 per game. He also played at the 2016 Summer Olympics. During 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup. Yi was still the leader on the Chinese national team, averaging 17.8 points, 7.8 rebounds and 1.2 assists. In the match with Nigeria, he displayed the best performance for the national team in recent years. Yi got 27 points and a player efficiency of 26.

Personal life
Yi is fluent in both Mandarin and his native tongue of Cantonese. He was ranked fourth on Forbes' China Celebrity 100 in income and popularity in 2008. In 2008, Yi donated 100,000 yuan to support the 2008 Sichuan earthquake victims and also participated in the 2008 Summer Olympics' torch relay by carrying the torch during the Hainan leg of the relay.

title: Yi Jianlian


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West Gate Freeway

The West Gate Freeway is a major freeway in Melbourne, the busiest urban freeway and the busiest road in Australia, carrying upwards of 200,000 vehicles per day. It links Geelong (via the Princes Freeway) and Melbourne's western suburbs to central Melbourne and beyond. It is also a link between Melbourne and the west and linking industrial and residential areas west of the Yarra River with the city and port areas. The West Gate Bridge is a part of the freeway.

It is a fully managed freeway with a complete 'Freeway Management System' that is dynamically linked and adaptive to the entire M1 corridor. This includes the 2008 re-design of a substantial section. Overall, the freeway has between 4-6 lanes in each direction, with a maximum of 12 lanes at one point in its width.

Route
The West Gate Freeway officially begins at the West Gate Interchange in Laverton North, with ramps to and from the Western Ring Road, Princes Freeway and Princes Highway (Geelong Road) and heads east as an eight-lane dual-carriageway, crossing the Yarra River over the West Gate bridge, through Port Melbourne, and then becomes elevated for its remaining length, with access ramps to Melbourne's central business district. Eastward beyond the Kings Way and Power Street exits is the CityLink's Southern Link, connecting onwards through Melbourne's south-eastern suburbs through the Burnley and Domain Tunnels.

Standard travel time on the West Gate Freeway in both directions, is 12 minutes: 5 minutes between the Western Ring Road and Williamstown Road, and 7 minutes between Williamstown Road and Kings Way.

The usual peak period travel time, is between 16–27 minutes; however, in times of extreme congestion or traffic accidents, the travel time can well exceed 40 minutes.

History
The Country Roads Board (later VicRoads) was authorised by the government in December 1961 for a study to gather engineering and economic data for the provisioning of a toll crossing of the Lower Yarra River, from Salmon Street in Port Melbourne to the Princes Highway in the vicinity of Kororoit Creek, a distance of 5.25 miles. Investigations included details of bores down to 8,000 feet and soil tests (completed on 29 June 1962), selective drilling and sampling in critical areas, and traffic studies, and at the time both a tunnel under and a bridge over the river were mooted. In February 1966, the Board was appointed as the design and construction authority for the Lower Yarra Crossing Project; the State government authorised the construction of a tolled bridge over the Yarra with eight lanes.

Construction began on the first section of the Lower Yarra Freeway in the late 1960s and was open to traffic by 1971, stretching from the Princes Highway just south of the intersection with Little Boundary Road in Laverton North (later enlarged and named the West Gate Interchange) eastwards to Melbourne/Williamstown Roads just west of the mouth of the Yarra. At the time, the only way to cross the Yarra west of the CBD was via a ferry crossing (the Yarra River punt service), which naturally saw far heavier demands once the Lower Yarra Freeway was officially opened.

The West Gate Bridge across the Yarra had started construction not too long before the opening of the freeway and, although delayed, when finally completed in 1978 allowed the freeway to extend over the river and directly into the CBD's south-western corner (via Rogers and Lorimer Streets). The freeway's name was changed to the West Gate Freeway to commemorate its opening, but the freeway also attracted tolls from anyone using the bridge (between Melbourne/Williamstown Road and Rogers Street) between 16 November 1978 and 17 November 1985. The toll plaza was located on the city side of the bridge where the service stations are now located. National Route 1 – previously designated along Geelong Road (Princes Highway West) and through the CBD via Smithfield and Flemington Roads and King Street – was altered to use the freeway instead and rejoin Kings Way via Rogers, Lorimer and Clarendon Streets. As a result of the diverted traffic over the West Gate Bridge, the Yarra River punt service closed in 1979.

Due to the extra traffic the West Gate Freeway was attracting—and due to the safety concerns of having excess traffic filter through connector streets in South Melbourne—the freeway was first extended to Johnson Street (today Montague Street) in 1985, and then finally to Kings Way above the Grant Street intersection using elevated carriageways; the eastbound carriageway opened in 1987, and the westbound carriageway opened nearly a year later in 1988. Expansion of the original two lane freeway on the western side of the bridge to three lanes each way was carried out in 1991, and expansion to four lanes followed in 2000. With the subsequent completion of the Western Ring Road joining the West Gate Interchange to the freeway's west and CityLink to the freeway's east, it also funnels traffic from northern and western suburbs around Melbourne, acting as a bypass freeway.

The Lower Yarra Freeway was signed Freeway Route 82 upon opening in 1971, joined by National Route 1 when the West Gate Bridge opened in 1978, and both were extended onto new sections of the West Gate Freeway as they opened during the 1980s; Freeway Route 82 was eventually removed in 1988. Tourist Route 2 also runs along the freeway from the Melbourne/Williamstown Road interchange in Spotswood and the Montague Street interchange in Port Melbourne. With Victoria's conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in the late 1990s, the freeway's National Route 1 designation began conversion to M1 in late 1996, and was completed in 1997.

The passing of the Road Management Act 2004 granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2007, VicRoads re-declared this road as West Gate Freeway (Freeway #1820), from the Princes Freeway at Laverton North and ending at the ramps to Kings Way and Power Street in Southbank.

The original Lower Yarra Freeway was officially designated in the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan as the F9 Freeway corridor.

Timeline of construction

 * 1971 – Lower Yarra Freeway, initial 4 mi opened from Princes Highway to Williamstown Road on 7 April 1971, originally 3 lanes in each direction, at a cost of $14 million.
 * 1978 – West Gate Bridge, opened 15 November 1978, by the Premier, the Hon. R J Hamer ED, MP; with freeway extension from the bridge to Rogers Street
 * 1985 – Tolls removed from West Gate Bridge, 17 November 1985
 * 1985 – Extended 1.5km from Rogers Street to Johnson Street, opened December 1985
 * 1987 – Extended 2.1km from Johnson Street to Kings Way, single carriageway eastbound, opened December 1987
 * 1988 – Extended 2.1km from Johnson Street to Kings Way, single carriageway westbound, opened October 1988; total cost for both carriageways to Kings Way/Power Street $185 million
 * 1991 – Widening to three lanes in both directions between Princes Highway and Millers Road. (this possibly conflicts with information given in CRB's 58th Annual Report, which states the freeway opened with three lanes in each direction in 1971, whilst omitting that the third lane only existed between Millers Road and Williamstown Road ).
 * 2000 – Widening to four lanes in both directions between the West Gate Bridge and Laverton.

2008–11 upgrade
Traffic volumes on the West Gate Freeway have grown steadily since opening, carrying up to 180,000 vehicles every day. Congestion frequently occurs at the Montague Street and Bolte Bridge interchanges due to conflicting traffic movements on and off the freeway. On 1 May 2008 the Minister for Roads and Ports Tim Pallas announced design details for the West Gate Freeway improvements, to assist in maintaining rapidly growing volume capacity and to reduce congestion.

They are:
 * a full freeway management system, made up of Ramp Metering (Signalling), Lane Use Management Signs (overhead lane availability / variable speed zones), electronic on-road message signs, arterial road message signs, CCTV cameras and a suite of freeway traffic algorithms and software with data stations, thousands of sensors and a core server at the VicRoads TMC.
 * the addition of a new elevated road structure joining the outbound Kings Way on-ramp to the Freeway
 * new traffic ramps over Montague Street
 * an additional dedicated exit ramp from the Bolte Bridge to the Freeway
 * widening of the freeway between Todd Road and Montague Street
 * redesign of the Montague Street interchange.

These works help reduce merging and weaving movements at key points on the freeway, leading to a smoother traffic flow and improved driver safety. As part of the works the Montague Street on-ramp city bound had been closed for approximately 18 months to enable the new one to be built.

Early works on the West Gate Freeway, including geo-technical investigations and service proving, commenced in late 2007. In early 2008 construction works started on the freeway widening, specifically in the South Melbourne area. New traffic lanes and ramps have been completed and opened in different stages with the total project eventually completed and opened to traffic in June 2011. The project was awarded the 2011 Australian Construction Achievement Award.

Future tolls
When West Gate Tunnel opens to traffic in 2025, heavy commercial vehicles will be tolled on the section of the West Gate Freeway between Millers Road and Hyde Street. These tolls also automatically cover the use of West Gate Tunnel and its connector roads to the city, or the new Hyde Street on and off-road ramps, without incurring additional tolls. The freeway tolls will still be charged to heavy vehicles not using tunnel or Hyde Street ramps, such as entering or exiting at Williamstown Road or using the West Gate Bridge.

Other vehicles will not be tolled on the West Gate Freeway unless accessing the West Gate Tunnel or Hyde Street ramps.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: West Gate Freeway


text:
Rosemberg Pabón

Rosemberg Pabón Pabón (born January 1, 1947) is a Colombian political scientist who served as the Director of the National Administrative Department of Solidary Economy (DanSocial). A former leader of the M-19 guerrilla movement, he commanded the 1980 Dominican Embassy siege in Bogotá. After the Government reached a peace deal with the M-19, Pabón returned to the country, re-entered society and entered politics, first as a Delegate to the National Constituent Assembly in 1991, then as Mayor of Yumbo from 1998 to 2000, and as Senator for Congress in 2003 and 2004.

Exile in Cuba and demobilization
Pabón lived in exile in Cuba, after the siege, remaining a member of the M-19. He returned to Colombia in 1984, and participated in the siege of the city of Yumbo. He returned to civilian life after M-19 signed a peace treaty with the Colombian government in March 1990.

Mayor of Yumbo
In 1997, Pabón successfully ran for Mayor of the Municipality of Yumbo as a M-19 candidate for the 1998-2000 period. His first concern as Mayor was to dissipate the public sector strike that had taken place under the administration of the previous mayor Carlos Alberto Moreno Herrera.

In 2000, Rosemberg resigned as Mayor of Yumbo to stand for as a candidate in the nearby elections for Mayor of Santiago de Cali. He temporarily stepped down leaving Abraham Rubio Quiroga as interim Mayor of Yumbo before the next elections, and was finally replaced by Alba Leticia Chávez Jiménez. His run for Mayor of Cali, however, proved unsuccessful, losing to John Maro Rodríguez Flórez.

His administration was criticized for misuse of the public coffers, leaving a COP$5,200 million of deficit and impeding the pay of thousands of public sector employees.

Senator
In 2002, Pabón ran for the Senate of Colombia as third in line from the Alternative Way Senate list of Antonio Navarro Wolff, another former M-19 member, however Navarro's list only managed to get enough votes for two seats. In 2004, Pabón replaced Navarro in the Senate from July 20 to November 1, an opportunity that repeated itself again from July 22 to October 22, 2003 when he replaced Gerardo Antonio Jumi Tapias.

During his time as Senator, Pabón voted in favor of proposed legislation that would have legalized recognition of same-sex unions in Colombia, however the proposed law that had the backing of prominent liberal senators like Piedad Córdoba could not amount the necessary votes to pass.

In 2005, Pabón left the Independent Democratic Pole, a left leaning coalition party which he himself had help found, among other reasons, Pabón was a strong supporter of the conservative leaning President Álvaro Uribe Vélez and believed that the Pole was taking "leftist radicalism of the maoist and procuban era." In 2006, Pabón once again ran for Senate this time trying to align himself more to the centre-right by joining the ranks of the political party Citizens' Convergence, this time around however proved more unsuccessful than before as Pabón was not able to get enough conservative votes and alienated his strong liberal base.

Director of DanSocial
On August 1, 2006, President Uribe named Pabón to head the National Administrative Department of Solidarity Economy, also known as DanSocial., the state agency in charge of formulating and developing policy on matters of solidarity economy. The agency was dissolved November 2, 2011.

title: Rosemberg Pabón


text:
Talk:Shao Piaoping

Untitled
no problem.. i can't write either but... can you type chinese? i would be grateful if you would pls type out the original texts in chinese for me.. just for the 4 titles

and i guess it's time to *STOP* putting in new stuff as well. lots of works to be done.. major clean up and editing... rewording... etc thx

i am sorry for making you feel "odd", in fact, this is my own translation from chinese. because of my relatively poor english language, i won't mind if you change it thx~

0101SOht))))))))))

would you mind letting me know the topics(under Contribution to Journalism)in Chinese so maybe some of us can make better translation? cos ...

''reforming the style and practice of newspaper; combating censorship; positioning the characteristics of reporters; setting the objectivity of newspaper.''

sound really odd(and Chinese-like) and i have no idea as to what they should be thx!!

ps)thx for adding the reference list guys :) --0101LAIsy 04:53, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

hi, everyone. coz i got a technical problem before, can't edit it successfully, so im so late to come here, sorry :P but im still dunno how to upload the images successfully. i tried it several times in this afternoon. im told its successfully uploaded, but i can't see anything wht i hv posted....how come??? >< can anyone help me out??? thats the image of Jingbao. thanks

--

i am a freshmen 0101SOht and start to work on this project now. i am facing great difficulties on translating chinese words to english. the first one is "申報". please post the words if anyone find that translation version. -- hey guys and hello to classmates from JMSC0101~ I am just starting this entry and hopefully can put in more information eventually.. need all of you to help out. ^__^ btw...219.79.36.7 was me too=.="""

hi there sorry to around late, (indeed I had written two sentences in the second day after the project title was released, but had forgotten to log in...stupid me...)had sooooo much to do last week. It looks like here's not much to write about Shao, is there? Seems to be the case that we have to work extra hard. Let's do it together!

hi this is 0101LAIsy again@@~ good to see you here... i was wondering where all our teammates were:p ahh...I thought I started this page... did wikipedia deleted your sentences because you didn't log in? that sucks.... >_< btw i think it isn't that hard to find info about Shao... i just searched on the internet and saw a few good ones@_@ we just gotta work hard to put things together. add oil^O^

Hello! i am sindy! nice to meet you all! hope we can try our best in this wikipedia!

"In order to promote the revolutionary journalism, Shao widely spread patriotism and democracy all around China."

Hi I am just wondering what these sentences mean..? I can't really understand them and they sound very "Chinese" to me....is this my problem only or something else? pls help to clarify this.

also... should we try to put things into catagories? im thinking about this but not quite sure how sould we do this thx all

oh.. you cannot understand this setence .. maybe this's my problem ..sorry what i mean is during Shao's time in Beijing, due to the new cultural movement, Shao wanted to spread out the ideas of patriotism and democracy so as to improve jounralism in a revolution way. actually, this sounds a bit complicated. if you relly find it hard to understand,you can amend or simply delete it.thz!

concerning the categories, i have the same idea.. i read some other articles, as if they divide the article into the topics, like, biography, contribution to journalism, etc.... oh.. can we do this in similar way?

hi~ thx for explaining.. now it's much more clear:) if you can, would u mind typing out your meaning in Chinese so that maybe I or somebody else can make some changes to the sentences? I just wanna make sure I get what you mean. let's add oil^O^

hi people. i;m 0101LUIkwN, i've written some really simple stuff here ages ago, thanx for all the new things added. is there anything else we can add on? should distribute our labour and make this a better page than any other ones? i'm not good with computers, but i'll try my best to find as much info on shao as i can.

Hi this is 0101CHINsy(well, feel like a prisoner with a number). Can anyone help me to add the Chinese names of a certain newspapers back? Some terms also need to be linked. I'm totally helpless in learning how to do the job. Someone please kindly help with that. Thank you. One other thing is, does anyone have any suggestions on whether the part on politics should be shorten or not, or whether sub-headings should be added.

Hi, concerning the part of politics, i think if the article can focus more on the shao's participation in communist party, it will be perfect.. coz he was dead coz of this.. but it is just my personal opinion. it may not be good.... thankz!

which link do you wanna add? just put [ [ and then put  ] ] (without the spaces in between [ [ and ] ]) and it will automatically link to the right page... very simple^_^ and just let me know what chinese words you wanna add.... i guess many of us can do that too^^~ Good stuff added here... way to go guys!!

hi, I am kevin, I am so sorry that I came so late. I am looking some materials and pictures for this topic.I will uplaod it later.

hey you all... for the part "Contribution to journalism", there are a couple things that i don't understand....

what are the four categories? is somebody gonna write more on those four? i am thinking that this is a little too much.

also... dont you guys think that "positioning the characteristics of reporters" and "setting the objectivity of newspaper" sound kinda weird? they look very Chinese... I have no idea what they mean. can somebody clarify or just change them altogether? thx! 0101LAIsy 05:19, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Wow.... we also need some *major*clean up done

WAY TOO MUCH info
... things repreating themselves.

after the clean up, do you guys wanna add a reference list? or a timeline? people, let's work together >.</ 0101LAIsy 05:56, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Formatting
Here's a tip: you can sign your name by typing   ~. Thanks. Also see How to edit a page. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 04:56, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)

Editing Time Now!
Hey Folks, there is too much chinglish (Chinese sounding English) going on here. its time to edit edit edit. consider organizing your first paragraph like Chen Duxiu's page. the first paragraph right now really gets in the way of the second paragraph, which is really your lead paragraph, and even that really need further rewriting. (JMSC0101 TA - Li) Lfcho 14:59, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shao Piaoping


text: User:Georingo~enwiki

title: User:Georingo~enwiki


text:
Talk:Sahlqvist formula

's' v. 'ae'
As for "formulae" vs. "formulas": the -s plural currently wins about 2:1 on Wikipedia, according to a quick Google search. Looking at related articles, logic, propositional logic, first-order logic, symbolic logic, mathematical logic, and Kripke semantics use -s, modal logic and intuitionistic logic use -e. I don't mind either, but at least we shouldn't have both variants in one short article, for minimal consistency. -- EJ 11:04, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Well that sounds fair enough, but I can't read "formulas" without wincing. Is there a style guide that lasy these things down anywhere?  Failing that, I suppose I'll have to try and get used to it, if that is possible...  Charles Stewart 12:15, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I've looked, the rule seems to be "be consistent with what is already there", so it looks like I must adjust... Charles Stewart 12:27, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Examples
This may just be me being ignorant, but would it be useful to include examples of Sahlqvist formulae and (especially) formulae that aren't Sahlqvist formulae. Just from a quick look at the article, I can't come up with an example that wouldn't be a Sahlqvist formula. VoluntarySlave 07:33, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Added three, the article could probably do with more laying out of the syntactic condition. --- Charles Stewart 15:04, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sahlqvist formula


text:
AFN Iraq

AFN Iraq was the American Forces Network of radio stations within Iraq. The network, nicknamed Freedom Radio, broadcast news, information, and entertainment programs, including adult contemporary music. Its mission was to "sustain and improve the morale and readiness" of U.S. forces in Iraq.

The first song played live on AFN was "Freedom" by Paul McCartney.

FM Transmitters
The network includes the following transmitter sites and their power, if known (status as of October 2008):

 * 93.3 MHz
 * Baghdad (FOB Union III) — Transmitter Under Construction
 * Fallujah (Camp Baharia)
 * Al Taqaddum Airbase (TQ)
 * 101.1 MHz
 * Tikrit (COB Speicher)
 * 104.5 MHz
 * Baquba (FOB Warhorse) — Transmitter Under Construction
 * 105.1 MHz
 * Mosul (Camp Diamondback/FOB Marez) — 1 kW
 * 107.3 MHz
 * Al Asad Airbase
 * Balad (LSA Anaconda) — 250 W
 * Nasiriyah (Tallil Air Base) — 200 W
 * Qayyarah West Airfield (Q-WEST) — 250 W
 * Ramadi (FOB Blue Diamond)
 * Samarra (FOB Brassfield-Mora)
 * Camp Taji
 * Tall Afar (FOB Sykes)
 * Umm Qasr (Camp Bucca)
 * 107.7 MHz
 * Baghdad (Camp Slayer) — 1 kW

History
The 222nd Broadcast Operations Detachment, a United States Army Reserve unit, from Los Angeles, California took control of AFN Radio & Television in August 2003. The 222nd Broadcast Operations Detachment was relieved by the 209th Broadcast Operations Detachment (USAR) from Rome, Georgia, in August 2004. In August 2005 the 206th Broadcast Operations Detachment (USAR), from Dallas, Texas relieved the 209th Broadcast Operations Detachment. In August 2006 the 356th Operations Detachment (USAR), from Ft. Meade, Maryland, relieved the 206th Broadcast Operations Detachment. In August 2007, the US Air Force assumed control of AFN Iraq until February 2009. In March 2009, the 222nd Broadcast Operations Detachment (USAR), from Los Angeles, Calif. assumed control of the station. In March 2010, the 209th Broadcast Operations Detachment (USAR) from Rome, Georgia again assumed command of AFN-I. 2004- T-shirts sold through area AAFES outlets, depicted CH46 helicopters flying over a herd of camels, on a dark blue heavy weight 100% cotton T. "More 'Raq, less Taq" was the wording. A very popular item at the time.

Television
Freedom Journal Iraq was produced by the electronic news gathering (ENG) team of the American Forces Network-Iraq, five times a week until 2009. The 10-minute newscast was produced Monday through Friday and uploaded via satellite to the Pentagon Channel in Washington D.C. Originally, the program was produced weekly.

The newscast was awarded 1st and 2nd place Keith L. Ware Broadcast Journalism Awards in 2005 for best Army Television Newscast while being produced by the 206th Broadcast Operations Detachment.

Broadcast journalists have traveled the entire theater of operations in support of Freedom Journal Iraq, from Kuwait to Turkey. Although not designated combat camera correspondents, a few broadcast journalists have been awarded the Combat Action Badge for their duty serving at American Forces Network-Iraq.

Freestyle Iraq is produced by AFN-Iraq. Created by members of the 222nd BOD, Freestyle Iraq is a production that highlights service members in their "off" time. The show won 2nd place in the 2010 Keith L. Ware awards.

The 206th BOD resumed control of AFN Iraq in December 2010. The 206th was the last unit to man the TV-radio station. September 30, 2011, was the last day on the air for Freedom Radio. The last song played was "Courtesy of the Red, White, & Blue (The Angry American)" by country singer Toby Keith, and the last piece of audio ever heard on the station was Porky Pig's famous "That's all Folks!" exclamation.

title: AFN Iraq


text:
Regional Railways

Regional Railways was one of the three passenger sectors of British Rail created in 1982 that existed until 1997, two years after Privatisation of British Rail. The sector was originally called Provincial.

Regional Railways was the most subsidised (per passenger km) of the three sectors. Upon formation, its costs were four times its revenue.

The sector was broken up into eight franchises during the privatisation of British Rail and ceased to exist on 31 March 1997.

Formation
Upon sectorisation in 1982, three passenger sectors were created: InterCity, operating principal express services; London & South East (renamed Network SouthEast in 1986) operating commuter services in the London area, and Provincial (renamed Regional Railways in 1989) responsible for all other passenger services. In the metropolitan counties, local services were managed by the Passenger Transport Executives.

Services
Regional Railways inherited a diverse range of routes, comprising both express and local services. Expresses mainly ran to non-principal destinations or on less popular routes, such as Birmingham or Liverpool to Norwich, or Liverpool to Scarborough, and were chiefly operated by older locomotives and second-hand InterCity coaches. Later these services were operated by Sprinter units – mainly British Rail Class 158 on express services. There were also the internal Scottish Region local services and expresses, the latter including the Edinburgh-Glasgow push-pull service.

Local services ran on both main lines and branch lines and were often operated by first generation diesel multiple units dating back to the 1950s. Longer distance trains were often formed of older coaches and locomotives of British Rail Class 31, British Rail Class 40, and British Rail Class 45, which were of similar vintage.

Development of new rolling stock
In the early 1980s, large numbers of diesel multiple unit (DMU) and locomotive-hauled coaches were found to contain asbestos. Removing this would be a considerable cost and generating no extra revenue, which, coupled with the increasingly unreliable old locomotives and DMUs, prompted BR to look for a new generation of diesel multiple units.

The prototype British Rail Class 210, in service on a trial basis since 1981, were considered too expensive to be put into production, so BR looked elsewhere for new designs.

Pacer (train)
The first, Pacers, used bus technology from the Leyland National, in classes numbered in the 14X range. Not long after introduction to service, large numbers of them suffered from a number of technical problems, particularly with their gearboxes. In Cornwall it was found that their long wheelbase caused intolerable squealing noises and high tyre wear on tight curves, and they quickly had to be replaced by the old DMUs. The solution lay elsewhere, although, after much modification, the Pacers eventually proved themselves in traffic.

Sprinters
BR needed something midway between the Pacers and the British Rail Class 210s. In 1984/1985, two experimental DMU designs were put into service: the British Rail Engineering Limited built British Rail Class 150 and Metro-Cammell built British Rail Class 151. Both of these used hydraulic transmission and were less bus-like than the Pacers. After trials, British Rail Class 150 was selected for production, entering service from 1987. Reliability was much improved by the new units, with depot visits being reduced from two or three times a week to fortnightly.

The late 1980s and early 1990s also saw the development of secondary express services that complemented the mainline InterCity (British Rail) routes. British Rail Class 155 and British Rail Class 156 Sprinters were developed to replace locomotive-hauled trains on these services, their interiors being designed with longer distance journeys in mind. Key Scottish and Trans-Pennine routes were upgraded with new British Rail Class 158 Express Sprinters, while a network of 'Alphaline' services was introduced elsewhere in the country. By the end of the 1980s, passenger numbers had increased and costs had been reduced to two-and-a-half times revenue.

Electrification
The British Rail Class 323 electric multiple units were built by Hunslet Transportation Projects and Holec Ridderkerk between 1992 and 1995, although mock-ups and prototypes were built and tested in 1990 and 1991. Forty-three 3-car units were built for inner-suburban services in and around Birmingham and Manchester, including the Cross-City Line in the Birmingham area and services to the new Manchester Airport railway station.

Livery
Initially, many vehicles carried standard British Rail blue livery.

From 1986, Provincial adopted a version of the prototype Class 150 livery: aircraft blue over white, with a light blue stripe at waist level. All new units, plus a few existing ones, such as selected Class 304 EMUs, received it. Some units and coaches received the livery with either ScotRail or Regional Railways branding.

The British Rail Class 158s, introduced in 1989, appeared in Express livery: dark grey window surrounds over light grey, with light and dark blue stripes at waist level. This colour scheme was also applied to some British Rail Class 156 units around privatisation.

The British Rail Class 323 EMUs introduced in 1994 appeared in the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive (Centro) livery for the West Midlands-based sets, and the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive (GMPTE) livery for Manchester-based sets.

After privatisation, many vehicles continued to carry the basic RR colour scheme but with the addition of different branding, e.g. Central Trains.

The final British railway vehicle to carry Regional Railways livery was a British Rail Class 153, which was repainted in July 2008 into East Midlands Trains livery.

Split for privatisation
As part of the process of privatisation between 1994 and 1997, Regional Railways was split into several different shadow train operating units, which later became independent train operating companies:

title: Regional Railways


text:
Macassar oil

Macassar oil is an oil that was originally compounded from Macassar ebony oil that was used primarily by Western European men throughout the 1800s and early 1900s as a hair conditioner to groom and style the hair.

It was popularised by Alexander Rowland (1747–1823), a celebrated London barber. It was then not uncommon for barbers to make their own hair preparations and around 1793 Rowland began offering Rowland's Macassar Oil. Within two decades it had become hugely popular and was aggressively advertised with extravagant claims of its effectiveness, becoming one of the first nationally advertised products.

The words Macassar Oil were registered as a trademark by A. Rowland & Sons in 1888. Rowland's son (also named Alexander) later stated that a relative living in the island of Celebes in the Dutch East Indies had helped in procurement of the basic ingredient.

Although it was originally made with Macassar ebony oil (known as kayu hitam where it is still used in Indonesia), due to the difficulty of obtaining it, as a result of the decline in the availability of the tree (as the result of being overharvested for lumber), it was increasingly made with vegetable oils, such as coconut, palm or Kusum oil, combined with fragrant oils such as ylang-ylang.

Macassar oil was so named because it was reputed to have been manufactured from ingredients purchased in the port of Makassar in the Dutch East Indies. The poet Byron facetiously called it "thine incomparable oil, Macassar" in the first canto of Don Juan, and Lewis Carroll also mentions "Rowland's Macassar Oil" in the poem "Haddocks' Eyes" from Through the Looking-Glass.

Due to the tendency for the oil to transfer from the user's hair to the back of his chair, the antimacassar was developed. This is a small washable cloth (crocheted, embroidered or mass-produced), placed over the back of a chair to protect the upholstery.

title: Macassar oil


text:
Talk:Comprachicos

Comment
What categorization should we apply to this intriguing, but disturbingly bizar, topic? Crime seems obvious, but I suspect there's more to this topic from a historic/psychological/entertainment/.. view.

Perkeo, the Dwarf from Heidelberg
Victor Hugo mentioned in "The Man Who Laughs":

''Doctor Conquest, member of the Amen Street College, and judicial visitor of the chemists' shops of London, wrote a book in Latin on this pseudo-surgery, the processes of which he describes. If we are to believe Justus of Carrickfergus, the inventor of this branch of surgery was a monk named Avonmore--an Irish word signifying Great River. The dwarf of the Elector Palatine, Perkeo, whose effigy--or ghost--springs from a magical box in the cave of Heidelberg, was a remarkable specimen of this science, very varied in its applications. It fashioned beings the law of whose existence was hideously simple: it permitted them to suffer, and commanded them to amuse.''

Could this information about Perkeo's physical condition be confirmed anywhere else? Unfortunatelly I can't read German to research in loco. Stella.

Is this for real?
From the content of the article, it sounds more like legend.

All the marks of Victorian fablery
From what I have read of this topic, this has all of the basic marks of Victorian fablery - association with Gypsies and China are clear red flags, mostly because any idiot born in the 19th century who had a tall tale to tell would immediately ascribe it to one or both of the two, being classic exotic outsider groups. Add to the fact that the practice is aimed at children, and you've got a textbook baseless horror story.

I would understand if this article were treated as if its concept had the same factual legitimacy as, say, blood libel stories. And a treatment of comprachinos in legend and literature would be fine. But as it stands, the majority of this article concerns a legend, plain and simple, and treats it as fact.

I find the fact that this article was written, edited, and rewritten by no fewer than a dozen different people over the course of close to a full year to be mind-boggling. Even a passing knowledge of medicine or cultural history could tell you the anecdotes presented as fact are risibly impossible, and clearly fabricated anyway; that it's taken until June 1 for anyone to even question whether or not it is real is astounding.

Suggest someone with more of an interest in the topic rewrite it as a discussion of comprachicos in literary culture, instead of treating them as a historical fact.

This is still happening
I don't know why this page says it's a myth. It's very common even today for gypsies to mutilate children so they can be sent to beg for money on the street. This can be confirmed by the police in Slovakia and Romania where gypsies have been arrested for this

 * Ah, so obviously it's true. ∴ Therefore | talk 02:58, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

Can someone clear up that last paragraph?
I have no idea what's going on there--I'm guessing it's talking about Ayn Rand (since that was mentioned in the peer review), but I haven't read any of her writing so it just seems to have flown in out of nowhere. It could probably also benefit from a "The term in other works" header as well. --140.103.97.225 09:58, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

This is real
Disfiguring in child beggars happens for real. I saw myself a person with so twisted legs (soles of feet facing upwards) that the could no way grow natural. I'm not sure if this happened for a child, or when he was adult, actively or by preventing proper care. But it is not a myth.

Here is example of a link from China daily: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/chinagate/doc/2004-03/01/content_310589.htm And another: http://www.adb.org/media/Articles/2002/417_Disability_Poverty/

Sure it could have happened naturally, if you count malnutrition or some kind of childhood injury as natural. The previous revision of the article proposed a broad spectrum of events corraborated only by folklore. Upon examination of those articles, neither posits the existence of any groups that deliberately alter the growth or bone structure or what have you of youths, but rather discusses the problem of the disabled becoming homeless or dependent on begging (quite common in underdeveloped societies, including industrial Britain and the US). I would approve of a revision or reconstruction of the article in the event good, solid evidence could be provided for the practice happening, but until it is, the article is more factual and valuable in exploring it as folklore. ACK-47 01:18, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Both articles do mention explicitly deliberate disfigurement. You haven't read them carefully before responding.--91.148.159.4 (talk) 16:14, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

The disfigurement sounds very much like a severe case of club foot. This is a genetic defect, "natural" if you will, and can only be corrected by multiple surgeries, preferably at an early age. It can be assumed a child born to poor parents would not have the funds to undergo such surgeries. Anonymous 01:33, 18 December 2007 (EST)

What would actually happen
What would actually happen if you kept a creature permanently encased so it couldn't grow in the natural way? Didn't any of the pit of despair lot ever try it out? --Sam Blanning(talk) 22:11, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Contradiction
The Man Who Laughs says that Victor Hugo coined the term in his novel The Man Who Laughs, but this article says the term is older. Some sources would be nice. —Ruakh TALK 23:01, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Some suggestions for a refocus
This article seems to focus on the ridiculous at the expense of the facts. If Victor Hugo is the main source for the conception, we should focus on what he says, and not exaggerate it. For instance, he says clearly that "the Comprachicos had nothing in common with the Gypsies." Also, the quote about China is irrelevant, since he is specifically not describing the Comprachicos at this point. If there are no objections, I will substitute this quote from the previous paragraph: "The Comprachicos worked on man as the Chinese work on trees. A sort of fantastic stunted thing left their hands; it was ridiculous and wonderful. They could touch up a little being with such skill that its father could not have recognized it. Sometimes they left the spine straight and remade the face. Children destined for tumblers had their joints dislocated in a masterly manner; thus gymnasts were made. Not only did the Comprachicos take away his face from the child; they also took away his memory. At least, they took away all they could of it; the child had no consciousness of the mutilation to which he had been subjected. Of burnings by sulphur and incisions by the iron he remembered nothing. The Comprachicos deadened the little patient by means of a stupefying powder which was thought to be magical and which suppressed all pain." Again, if Hugo is the source for most of the legends surrounding this, and if we focus on that, we can provide sources for most of the statements tagged. –Sarregouset (talk) 13:09, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

Fortean Times notes
"rabbits with five paws, horned rats, hares with hairy spurs, double-tailed snakes and calves with two heads. Then the idea struck him to use humans for his grotesque art, with dire consequences: "In 1854 at Troyes he tried to grow the wings of a swan on the back of a two-year old child, but he was tried and convicted to a prison sentence of five years for doing so.""

"the idea arose within him to mutilate himself and to grow a cockscomb on his forehead"

""Unless I am mistaken, this Femorus never existed outside the imagination of the reporters of l'Evenement".[ 3] If a hoax or canard, then what contemporary trend caused such an outré tale to be published? Was there some murky but genuine circumstance of which it was an echo?"

"Although Hans Gross has been for many years engaged in tracing to their sources the accounts occasionally seen in the newspapers of London, Paris, and Rome, of children stolen or purchased and then artificially deformed for the purpose of begging, he has found none of them authenticated by evidence. He gives it as his belief that some such newspaper account is the basis of this romance of Hugo's".

"Hugo had pointed to his sources in his book, and even in a conversation to a friend. Yet, when after much searching the crucial source was located, a 17th century German professor of Oriental languages at the Academy of Tübingen, nothing pertaining to the Comprachicos was found in his works. The report concluded that, although the Comprachicos may have been Hugo's fancy, there was plenty of evidence in various historical records to demonstrate that similar bands had existed, observing: "And so the history of an obsolete phase of human society gives evidence of the artificial production of teratological cases and that, too, before the days of experimental teratology"

"Another notable feature of newspapers following the publication of Hugo's literary romance was the inclusion of regular reports of a novel phenomenon -- that of the cripple factories, unholy laboratories where, it was said, children were maimed, mutilated and reconfigured into grotesque and monstrous forms. In 1872, newspapers in France and the United States told of an establishment in London, "an old house, situated in a secluded alley in Highgate""

"A French traveller in Spain commented in 1883: "Let's now stop for a moment and consider the abundance and variety of the cripples in Valencia, the thousands, cripples, blind, twisted, hunchbacked and the rest. There must be a cripple factory in Valencia""

Orchastrattor (talk) 03:25, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comprachicos


text:
Antimacassar

An antimacassar is a small cloth placed over the backs or arms of chairs, or the head or cushions of a sofa, to prevent soiling of the permanent fabric underneath. The name also refers to the cloth flap 'collar' on a sailor's shirt or top, used to keep macassar oil off the uniform.

Macassar oil was an unguent for the hair commonly used by men in the early 19th century and reputed to have been manufactured from ingredients purchased in the port of Makassar in the Dutch East Indies. The poet Byron called it "thine incomparable oil, Macassar". The fashion for oiled hair became so widespread in the Victorian and the Edwardian period that housewives began to cover the arms and backs of their chairs with washable cloths to prevent the fabric coverings from being soiled. Around 1850, these started to be known as antimacassars. They were also installed in theatres from 1865.

They came to have elaborate patterns, often in matching sets for the various items of parlor furniture; they were either made at home using a variety of techniques such as crochet or tatting or purchased. The original antimacassars were usually made of stiff white crochet-work. Still, in the third quarter of the 19th century, they became simpler and softer, usually fabric embroidered with a simple pattern in wool or silk.

By the beginning of the 20th century, antimacassars had become so associated in people's minds with the Victorian period that the word briefly became a figurative term for it. For example, antimacassars are suggestive of old-fashioned, Victorian-era women in Rebecca West's novel The Return of the Soldier.

Antimacassars are also used on the seat headrests of commercial passenger transport vehicles, such as trains, buses and, especially, aircraft, to prevent the transmission of hair dressings and conditions between passengers, simplify maintenance, and extend the life of fabrics.

title: Antimacassar


text:
Computer experiment

A computer experiment or simulation experiment is an experiment used to study a computer simulation, also referred to as an in silico system. This area includes computational physics, computational chemistry, computational biology and other similar disciplines.

Background
Computer simulations are constructed to emulate a physical system. Because these are meant to replicate some aspect of a system in detail, they often do not yield an analytic solution. Therefore, methods such as discrete event simulation or finite element solvers are used. A computer model is used to make inferences about the system it replicates. For example, climate models are often used because experimentation on an earth sized object is impossible.

Objectives
Computer experiments have been employed with many purposes in mind. Some of those include:
 * Uncertainty quantification: Characterize the uncertainty present in a computer simulation arising from unknowns during the computer simulation's construction.
 * Inverse problems: Discover the underlying properties of the system from the physical data.
 * Bias correction: Use physical data to correct for bias in the simulation.
 * Data assimilation: Combine multiple simulations and physical data sources into a complete predictive model.
 * Systems design: Find inputs that result in optimal system performance measures.

Computer simulation modeling
Modeling of computer experiments typically uses a Bayesian framework. Bayesian statistics is an interpretation of the field of statistics where all evidence about the true state of the world is explicitly expressed in the form of probabilities. In the realm of computer experiments, the Bayesian interpretation would imply we must form a prior distribution that represents our prior belief on the structure of the computer model. The use of this philosophy for computer experiments started in the 1980s and is nicely summarized by Sacks et al. (1989). While the Bayesian approach is widely used, frequentist approaches have been recently discussed.

The basic idea of this framework is to model the computer simulation as an unknown function of a set of inputs. The computer simulation is implemented as a piece of computer code that can be evaluated to produce a collection of outputs. Examples of inputs to these simulations are coefficients in the underlying model, initial conditions and forcing functions. It is natural to see the simulation as a deterministic function that maps these inputs into a collection of outputs. On the basis of seeing our simulator this way, it is common to refer to the collection of inputs as $$x$$, the computer simulation itself as $$f$$, and the resulting output as $$f(x)$$. Both $$x$$ and $$f(x)$$ are vector quantities, and they can be very large collections of values, often indexed by space, or by time, or by both space and time.

Although $$f(\cdot)$$ is known in principle, in practice this is not the case. Many simulators comprise tens of thousands of lines of high-level computer code, which is not accessible to intuition. For some simulations, such as climate models, evaluation of the output for a single set of inputs can require millions of computer hours.

Gaussian process prior
The typical model for a computer code output is a Gaussian process. For notational simplicity, assume $$ f(x) $$ is a scalar. Owing to the Bayesian framework, we fix our belief that the function $$f$$ follows a Gaussian process, $$f \sim \operatorname{GP}(m(\cdot),C(\cdot,\cdot)),$$ where $$ m$$ is the mean function and $$ C $$ is the covariance function. Popular mean functions are low order polynomials and a popular covariance function is Matern covariance, which includes both the exponential ($$ \nu = 1/2 $$) and Gaussian covariances (as $$ \nu \rightarrow \infty $$).

Design of computer experiments
The design of computer experiments has considerable differences from design of experiments for parametric models. Since a Gaussian process prior has an infinite dimensional representation, the concepts of A and D criteria (see Optimal design), which focus on reducing the error in the parameters, cannot be used. Replications would also be wasteful in cases when the computer simulation has no error. Criteria that are used to determine a good experimental design include integrated mean squared prediction error and distance based criteria.

Popular strategies for design include latin hypercube sampling and low discrepancy sequences.

Problems with massive sample sizes
Unlike physical experiments, it is common for computer experiments to have thousands of different input combinations. Because the standard inference requires matrix inversion of a square matrix of the size of the number of samples ($$n$$), the cost grows on the $$ \mathcal{O} (n^3) $$. Matrix inversion of large, dense matrices can also cause numerical inaccuracies. Currently, this problem is solved by greedy decision tree techniques, allowing effective computations for unlimited dimensionality and sample size patent WO2013055257A1, or avoided by using approximation methods, e.g..

title: Computer experiment


text:
Talk:Elizabeth (biblical figure)

Untitled
This article should be merged with Elisabeth (biblical person). Andres 11:15, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"My God is oath"
"My God is oath" doesn't sound quite right. —Preceding unsigned comment added by PiCo (talk • contribs) 06:56, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

God is good> —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.49.11.174 (talk • contribs) 17:32, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * According to Next Bible, Elisabet means "oath of God". That sounds a lot more grammatical. Sander123 11:18, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

from Pink: Muslims know Elizabeth as Yashbi` I think that this is spelled ياشبع in Arabic (ya alif shin ba `ayn), but I am not sure. This is different than the Christian Arabic name for her. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.112.51.45 (talk) 18:37, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Hebrew speaker here. If the name is 'Elisheva' then it means 'My God [is an] oath' (the verb 'to be' is implicit in the present tense), however if it is 'Elishava' then it becomes 'My God has sworn'. Both are written identically.

Islamic view of Elizabeth
As discussed in Women in the Qur'ān, traditions, and interpretation By Barbara Freyer Stowasser page 68. Aquib (talk) 02:31, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

Wrong St. Elizabeth image?
An IP editor has noted at Editor Assistance Requests that the image showing a statute of St. Elizabeth in Superior, Wisconsin,, is actually a statue of St.Elizabeth of Hungary, who is a 13th Century saint unrelated to the biblical St. Elizabeth. I think the IP editor is right (the roses being shown in the statue's cloak seems to correspond with Elizabeth of Hungary's miracle of the roses and I am unaware of the biblical St. Elizabeth being associated with roses; it could alternatively be a statue of St. Elizabeth of Portugal, who is also associated with the same story about roses, see Miracle of the roses.) I'm insufficiently certain to remove the image, but I'm leaving this note here and at the Commons talk page for the image for someone else to sort out. Regards, TransporterMan  ( TALK ) 17:46, 27 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I was the editor who originally uploaded this photo. And after some careful consideration and research, I agree that the statue is most likely depicting St.Elizabeth of Hungary. I propose that I should move the image to the gallery section of that article, and remove it from this article. If anyone has any thoughts or comments before I do so, please share any thoughts on the matter. Thanks. Billertl (talk) 19:21, 28 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Hail Mary
The article quotes Elizabeth greeting Mary with the words: "Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the child you will bear!"(NIV) However, Elizabeth's greeting, has for centuries dating at least back to Aquinas, formed a significant part of the prayer, Hail Mary, coming right after the angel's greeting. Nowhere will you find, "blessed is the child you will bear!" Because of its relation to the well known prayer, I switched the phrase to that found in the KJ21 (as well as others). Manannan67 (talk) 01:23, 11 January 2021 (UTC)

She is Cousin of Mary
Elizabeth is cousin of Mary according to King James Version. Jumark27 (talk) 10:41, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Any more accurate translation than a 17th-century mistranslation which often incudes strange paraphrases?:

 * "The King James Version contains several alleged mistranslations, especially in the Old Testament where the knowledge of Hebrew and cognate languages was uncertain at the time. Among the most commonly cited errors is in the Hebrew of Job and Deuteronomy, where רְאֵם with the probable meaning of "wild-ox, aurochs", is translated in the KJV as "unicorn"; following in this the Vulgate unicornis and several medieval rabbinic commentators. The translators of the KJV note the alternative rendering, "rhinocerots" [sic] in the margin at Isaiah 34:7. On a similar note Martin Luther's German translation had also relied on the Latin Vulgate on this point, consistently translating רְאֵם using the German word for unicorn, Einhorn. Otherwise, the translators are accused on several occasions to have mistakenly interpreted a Hebrew descriptive phrase as a proper name (or vice versa); as at 2 Samuel 1:18 where 'the Book of Jasher' סֵפֶר הַיׇּשׇׁר properly refers not to a work by an author of that name, but should rather be rendered as "the Book of the Upright" (which was proposed as an alternative reading in a marginal note to the KJV text)." Dimadick (talk) 14:15, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elizabeth (biblical figure)


text:
Talk:Foreign relations of Argentina

Comments
Money-laundering center? What a lie, there aren't even stable banks in Argentina.

 * True a few years ago. There are now. And money laundry is not done through banks. There are some very old, stable illegal businesses in Argentina that every authority is well aware of. --Pablo D. Flores 19:48, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sadly, Pablo is right. Money-laundring became rampant in the 1990's, now I'd like to think it has decreased, though. There are sadly many examples of this being done through "legitimate" bussinesses. *cough* *cough* --Lobizón 01:47, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

It depends on what "stable" means, actually the banking system itself is quite robust and has to comply with anti-money laudering legislation. What is bad in Argentina is how economy as a whole is handled. Regards, DPdH (talk) 00:20, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

¿POV?
"supporting the U.S. campaign to improve human rights in Cuba"

Wether you believe it is like that or not, you can't affirm that the United States is campaigning for improving human rights in Cuba in a neutral encyclopedia. It is evident that the only thing the U.S. has on Cuba are political concerns. Apart from that, the U.S. has the Guantánamo base in Cuba, where human rights are all but taken into account.

 * The last part is a tu quoque ("you too") fallacy. Any country can improve things abroad while leaving their own businesses unattended. Anyway, the whole article was very POV when it came to the US (what else would you expect from a CIA report?) so I tried to fix that. Now that the page is more or less in shape, however...

... it needs much more detail (for example, recent history of the relationship with Brazil, past wars, a list of litigious points with Chile, etc.). --Pablo D. Flores 19:48, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

clean up
The article is clean enough, although some earlier history will be welcome Jor70 12:06, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Uruguay Relations
Should the confilict about those paper factories between Argentina and Uruguay be mentioned in the article? Seems their relations have been pretty tense recently. --HJV 23:15, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

In my opinion, the ongoing paper factory dispute is crucial for illustrating how Kirschner's domestic populism at times leads him to adopt contentious foreign policy positions. Lol, I would sign my name but can't find the tilda on these Argentine keyboards.

Restructure Article?
I would favor a section on Menem's Presidency, that of De La Rua and the 2001-2002 crisis, and then another section on Kirschner.
 * A first one before Menem would be needed too.- (Jor70 22:35, 16 May 2006 (UTC))

 * I believe the article should start with the Colonial era, describe the foreign relationships during the 1800s, specially that with the United Kingdom, and then the modern era, with United States of America and other gobal main powers. Of course, the last military government could have its own section, though it shouldn't overlap too much with other articles such as Dirty War and Falklands War. Policies of the recent governments of Alfonsin, Menem, etc, could be squeezed in one section, perhaps two, carefully not overlaping (too much) with the Crisis article. I wouldn't go too deep on ever 'event' but more in the general position. Mariano (t/c) 09:55, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Headline text
How do Argentines view afro Americans in United States? How do they view relationships out side their race? What do they think about marriage and family outside their culture. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.188.36.130 (talk) 17:12, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Importance of "Argentina-Mongolia relations"?
Hi, I believe that the section Argentina-Mongolia relations is irrelevant and should be removed. Rationale: Argentina has diplomatic relations with heaps of countries (actually I believe "all" countries, but don't have a verifiable source, yet) and there are no specific sections for all them. Only relevant issues in Argentina's foreign relations should have a section of their own. If nobody reasonably opposes my proposal, I'll remove the mentioned section (and will cite the appropriate wikipolicy supporting that action!). Kind regards, DPdH (talk) 23:58, 22 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Do it, it sounds to me like a  man bites dog  kind of article inclusion.Brutaldeluxe (talk) 00:03, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Way too random. Noble-savage (talk) 01:30, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Jor70 was faster than me, and already deleted that section. 8) Cheers, DPdH (talk)

full trust of the Chilean political class
Is there any closer reference to add to this paragraph ? most seems to be from 1990s. --Jor70 (talk) 00:19, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Proposed WikiProject - Bilateral relations
There is now a upstart WikiProject to establish a concensus about WP's International bilateral relations articles, including "X-Y (country) relations" articles, at Centralized discussion/Bilateral international relations. Interested parties should add their names at WikiProject International relations/Bilateral relations task force if they wish to play a part in the discussions or have an Interest in this going forward. Thank you for your attention. CaribDigita (talk) 23:18, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

Merging graph and external links to this page
I would like to merge much of the large graph into a subsection of this graph. this is the result of comprimise between editors at WikiProject International relations/Bilateral relations task force. Any objections from those who regularly edit here? Ikip (talk) 17:47, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
 * List of diplomatic missions of Argentina

malvinas or falklands in this article
As per these 2 recent changes by user 2.99.80.248: has this been discussed before on this talk page? Has consensus on this been previously reached? Cheers, Azylber (talk) 10:11, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Argentina&oldid=498474803
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Argentina&oldid=498475091

 * The system used is "Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas)". See the guideline Falkland Islands Cambalachero (talk) 13:51, 20 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Fantastic. Thank you! Azylber (talk) 14:26, 20 June 2012 (UTC)

Argentine gov't public opinion and foreign policy
I have the impression that right now, though I think the government is maybe moderate, argentine public opinion right now - especially the younger generation - is very heavily against, even hostile to, not only the english, but also the west in general, particularly EEUU (united states). does this public opinion has it influenced the last elections and will influence future ones?
 * however, I also think that argentines do not seem to like venezuela as well either (maybe because the mestizo population).

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Add citations
I'm working on an assignment for a class I'm in, and as part of that class, I had to look at a wikipedia article in the area of US-Latin relations. I noticed this article makes heavy use of Wiki citations, but neglects to cite a reputable outside source at least once a paragraph. That's something that should be addressed.

Jgriffith19 (talk) 16:20, 30 January 2017 (UTC)

History Page Organization
The history section could use some cleanup on the organization front, and it perhaps would benefit from more detail on policy passed by the government at the time.

Jgriffith19 (talk) 16:25, 30 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Nicaragua not on map
Anyone know why Nicaragua is gray on the map? The table shows normal relations between the two. --161.185.160.224 (talk) 14:45, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Foreign relations of Argentina


text:
File:Pardubice-Green-Tower.jpg

View of the Green Tower, Pardubice, CZ

Photo taken on September 3, 2004 by Fix.

title: File:Pardubice-Green-Tower.jpg


text:
LMR

LMR may refer to:

 * Lamar (Amtrak station), Colorado, United States; Amtrak station code LMR
 * Land mobile radio system
 * Last Mountain Railway in Canada
 * LeFrak-Moelis Records
 * Leominster railway station, England; National Rail station code LMR
 * Liverpool and Manchester Railway
 * London Midland Region
 * Longmoor Military Railway
 * Longitudinal magnetic recording
 * Lower Mississippi River
 * Late Move Reductions
 * Levin Minnemann Rudess, an album

title: LMR