text:
Ivana Trump

Ivana Marie Trump (' Zelníčková''', ; February 20, 1949 – July 14, 2022) was a Czech-American businesswoman, socialite, and model. She lived in Canada in the 1970s, before relocating to the United States and marrying Donald Trump in 1977. She held key managerial positions in The Trump Organization, as vice president of interior design, as CEO and president of Trump's Castle casino resort, and as manager of the Plaza Hotel.

Ivana and Donald Trump were prominent figures in New York society throughout the 1980s. The couple's divorce, granted in 1990, was the subject of extensive media coverage. Following the divorce, she developed her own lines of clothing, fashion jewelry, and beauty products which were sold on QVC UK and the Home Shopping Network. She wrote an advice column for Globe called "Ask Ivana" from 1995 through 2010, and published several books, including works of fiction, self-help, and the autobiography Raising Trump.

Early life and education
Ivana Marie Zelníčková was born on February 20, 1949, in Gottwaldov, Czechoslovakia (now Zlín, Czech Republic), the daughter of Miloš Zelníček and Marie Zelníčková (née Francová). She was raised in a Catholic household. Her father was an electrical engineer and her mother worked as a telephone operator. Her father encouraged his daughter's skiing abilities, a practice she began at age four. After developing skills as a skier, Ivana joined the junior national ski team, which offered her opportunities to travel beyond the Soviet-era communist boundaries of what was then the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. She attended Charles University in Prague and earned a master's degree in physical education in 1972. In 1970, Ivana appeared on Czechoslovak Television in the children's television series Pan Tau.

In 1988, Trump told journalists that she was selected as an alternate on the Czechoslovak ski team during the 1972 Winter Olympics, specializing in downhill and slalom. The following year, Petr Pomezný, Secretary General of the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee, denied the claim and stated that, despite searching extensively, no record could be found of her involvement. In 2021, Snopes reported that Czechoslovakia had not sent women alpine skiers to the 1972 Winter Olympics.

Emigration to Canada
In 1971, Zelníčková married Alfred Winklmayr, an Austrian ski instructor and her platonic friend, in order to obtain Austrian citizenship. The marriage granted her the freedom to leave Czechoslovakia without defection so she could retain the right to return to visit her parents. As Ivana Winklmayr, she received her Austrian passport in March 1972. The following year, she obtained an absentee divorce from Alfred Winklmayr in Los Angeles, California, where he had moved to teach skiing.

Zelníčková was romantically involved with the lyricist and playwright George (Jiři) Staidl who was killed in a car accident in 1973. After Staidl's death, Zelníčková moved to Canada where she lived with George (Jiři) Syrovatka whom she had dated since 1967; Syrovatka had defected to Canada in 1971 and owned a ski boutique in Montreal. She claimed at the time to be married to Syrovatka, though the two never wed. Zelníčková worked as a ski instructor while living in Canada. She lived in Montreal for two years where she continued to improve her English via night courses at McGill University. Working as a model, Zelníčková told the Montreal Gazette in 1975 that she considered modelling to be a job, rather than a career. Her modelling clients included Eaton's department store and the fashion designer Auckie Sanft, along with promotional work for the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.

Marriage to Donald Trump
Ivana was in New York City with a group of models in 1976 when she met Donald Trump. On April 9, 1977, the couple married at Marble Collegiate Church in a wedding officiated by Norman Vincent Peale. They became tabloid figures in New York society during the 1980s and worked together on several large projects, including the Trump Tower on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, the renovation of the Grand Hyatt Hotel in New York City, and the construction of the Trump Taj Mahal Casino Resort in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

During the marriage, Ivana and Donald had three children: Donald Jr. (born 1977), Ivana (Ivanka) Marie (born 1981), and Eric (born 1984). Donald Jr. learned to speak fluent Czech (with the help of his maternal grandfather), while Ivanka gained only a basic understanding of her mother's native tongue, and Eric was not exposed to the language since, by the time of his birth, his grandparents were comfortable using English.

A reviewer of the 2018 Netflix documentary miniseries on Donald, Trump: An American Dream, described Ivana as a "charismatic workaholic, a career woman, an equal", and a life partner deliberately chosen by Trump to "work beside him and challenge him."

The Trumps' troubled marriage became the subject of public interest over the Christmas holiday in 1989 when—on vacation in Aspen, Colorado—they were observed fighting after Ivana encountered Donald's mistress Marla Maples. The Chicago Tribune reported that by February 1990, Donald had locked Ivana out of her office at the Plaza Hotel, and a legal battle ensued over the legitimacy of the four prenuptial agreements the pair had successively negotiated over the years.

In October 1990, Ivana's 63-year-old father, Miloš Zelníček, died suddenly from a heart attack. According to The Guardian, her father was an informer for Czechoslovakia's Státní bezpečnost (StB) intelligence service who relayed information from his daughter, including a correct prediction that George H. W. Bush would win the 1988 presidential election. Despite their marital troubles and pending divorce, Donald stood at her side at her father's funeral in Zlín held in November 1990.

The Trumps' divorce proceedings received worldwide publicity. Front-page coverage appeared in New York tabloid newspapers for eleven days in a row, and the story was the subject of Liz Smith's entire news coverage for three months. In a deposition relating to their divorce, Ivana accused Donald of rape. In Harry Hurt III's book Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald J. Trump, she confirmed that she had "felt violated". However, in a statement provided by Donald and his lawyers, she said that she had used the word "rape", but she did not "want [her] words to be interpreted in a literal or criminal sense." The uncontested divorce was granted in December 1990 on the grounds of cruel and inhumane treatment by Donald. Ivana had to sign a non-disclosure agreement as a condition of the divorce settlement, and she was required to seek Donald's permission before publicly discussing their marriage. The New York Times reported in 1991 that Ivana's divorce settlement included $14 million, a 45-room Connecticut mansion, an apartment in the Trump Plaza, and the use of Mar-a-Lago for one month a year.

Career
During her marriage to Donald, Ivana took on major roles in The Trump Organization, working as a senior executive for seven years, including executive vice president for interior design. She led the interior design of Trump Tower with its signature pink marble. Ivana was appointed CEO and president of the Trump Castle Hotel and Casino in Atlantic City, later becoming the manager of the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan.

Business ventures
Soon after the divorce, Ivana developed lines of clothing, fashion jewelry, and beauty products which have been sold through television shopping channels, including the Home Shopping Network and QVC London. In 1995, she presided over the House of Ivana, a fashion and fragrance company with a showroom located on Park Avenue in New York.

In 1998, she pursued business interests in Croatia (a vacation destination her parents frequently visited), which included the purchase of 33% of the nation's second largest daily newspaper, Polo+10.

The Ivana-branded Bentley Bay development in Miami, Florida, filed for bankruptcy in 2004. The following year, she was involved in several proposed condominium projects, including the never-built Ivana Las Vegas.

In 2010, she sued Finnish fashion company Ivana Helsinki, accusing it of selling women's clothing that incorporated her name without permission.

Writing
Trump wrote several books, including For Love Alone (1992), Free to Love, (1993) and a self-help book called The Best Is Yet to Come: Coping with Divorce and Enjoying Life Again (1995). Trump wrote an advice column about love and life for Globe, titled Ask Ivana, from June 1995 through January 2010.

In February 1999, Trump launched her own lifestyle magazine titled Ivana's Living in Style. She contributed an advice column for Divorce Magazine in 2001.

Trump released an autobiography, Raising Trump, in 2017. It covered her own upbringing and the early years of raising her children with Donald.

Media appearances

Ivana and Donald made several appearances together on television programs including The Oprah Winfrey Show in April 1988, followed by the BBC's Wogan in May 1988. After her divorce from Donald, Ivana was interviewed by Barbara Walters for ABC's 20/20. In 1991, Donald cut off her alimony payments after the interview and announced his intention to sue Ivana for monetary damages. She returned to The Oprah Winfrey Show in 1992 with the message, "I will not let men dominate me anymore."

Trump had a cameo role in the Hollywood film The First Wives Club (1996) with the line, "Ladies, you have to be strong and independent. And remember: don't get mad, get everything." She was the host of a reality TV special titled Ivana Young Man, which aired on Oxygen Network in 2006. In the reality dating program, she helped a wealthy, middle-aged woman find a younger partner. In 2010, Trump appeared in UK television series, Celebrity Big Brother 7, which she placed 7th.

Personal life
Ivana Trump was married four times. Her first marriage, to Alfred Winklmayr, was for the goal of securing Austrian nationality.

Ivana was married to Donald from 1977 to 1990, and they had three children, Donald Jr. in 1977, Ivanka in 1981, and Eric in 1984. She became a naturalized United States citizen in 1988.

Trump married Italian entrepreneur and international businessman Riccardo Mazzucchelli in November 1995. They divorced in 1997. That same year, she filed a $15 million breach of contract suit against Mazzucchelli for violating the confidentiality clause in their prenuptial agreement, while Mazzucchelli sued Ivana and her ex-husband Donald in a British court for libel. The suit was later settled under undisclosed terms.

In the summer of 1997, she began dating Italian aristocrat Count Roffredo Gaetani dell'Aquila d'Aragona Lovatelli. Their relationship continued until his death in 2005.

Trump dated Italian actor and model Rossano Rubicondi for six years before they married on April 12, 2008. The marriage to Rubicondi, 36, was the fourth for Ivana, who was 23 years his senior at the age of 59. The couple's $3 million wedding for 400 guests was hosted by ex-husband Donald at Mar-a-Lago with daughter Ivanka as her maid of honor. The wedding was officiated by Ivana Trump's ex-sister-in-law Judge Maryanne Trump Barry. Although Ivana and Rubicondi divorced less than a year later, their on-again, off-again relationship continued until 2019, when Ivana announced they had once again "called it quits". Rubicondi died on October 29, 2021, at the age of 49, reportedly from melanoma.

Trump had 10 grandchildren. In the late 2010s, she reportedly split her time between New York City, Miami, and Saint-Tropez. She stated she was fluent in Czech, English, German, French, and Russian.

FBI inquiry
On February 14, 1989, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) headquarters in Washington, D.C., recommended a preliminary inquiry into Trump's connections to Czechoslovakia based on information from a confidential source. The inquiry was initiated by the FBI New York Field Office the following week, and is reported to have spanned at least two years. In March 2023, it was revealed that Ivana was investigated by the FBI's counterintelligence division into allegations connected to her native Czechoslovakia.

Death
On July 14, 2022, aged 73, Trump died of blunt impact injuries to the torso after falling down stairs at her home on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Her ex-husband, former U.S. president Donald Trump and their three children, alongside a number of politicians and celebrities, posted condolences on social media. Her funeral was held on July 20 at the Church of St. Vincent Ferrer, a Roman Catholic church near her home. Ivana was buried at the Trump National Golf Club Bedminster in Bedminster, New Jersey.

Ivana left behind an estate worth $34 million. In her will, the majority of her assets were to be divided among Donald Jr., Ivanka, and Eric. Other beneficiaries include personal friend Evelyne Galet and the family's former nanny, Dorothy Curry.

Films and television

 * She was portrayed by Katheryn Winnick in the 2005 television film Trump Unauthorized.
 * She will be played by Maria Bakalova in upcoming film The Apprentice

Awards and honors

 * Czech Republic: She was awarded Medal of Merit by President of the Czech Republic Miloš Zeman on 28 October 2022.

Cited sources

 * Paperback title: The Greatest Show on Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention.

title: Ivana Trump


text:
File talk:Usenet posts containing the word Wikipedia.png

The code

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gnuplot <<_EOF_ || exit 1

 * 1) June 2003 2

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:A Trick of the Tail

Tone
This article as written is basically a big, unsourced album review. Someone with more knowledge of the album might consider making this more neutral in tone, or at least find citations to back up the many opinions in it. --cholmes75 (chit chat) 16:58, 23 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I've cut out all of the review-style comments. A lot of deleted text but I don't think Wikipedia is the right place for most of it. JamminBen 11:30, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Possible improvements
Perhaps this article could be improved by writing about the music or other interesting facts rather than whether the album "surprised" people or got good reviews. For instance:
 * Dance on a Volcano features an unusual time signature - it's either 7/8 or it alternates between 7/8 and 4/4 - I think?
 * Squonk verses are largely based around a few chords with the same bass note
 * A piano-only version of Mad Man Moon can be found on Genesis for two grand pianos - bizarre really as the track is mostly piano anyway
 * Los Endos is the only instrumental track on the album, featuring bits of Dance on a Volcano and Squonk - Added this
 * Some of the album is about mythical creatures, e.g. Squonk, A Trick of the Tail
 * This is also the first album where the tracks are credited to specific band members. Previous albums listed the music as being written by Genesis; albums from Genesis (Shapes) onwards were written by Banks/Collins/Rutherford, except for Calling All Stations - Added this
 * The line-up for this album produced Wind and Wuthering and Match of the Day (EP) - and Seconds Out (I think?) - but that was all. It might be worth starting here for citations because I'm sure I've read various people saying that this line-up was the best - usually they choose one of the two albums in this period, but there is sometimes a side-reference made to the line-up

I've deliberately put these points on the talk page because right now I have time to write them but not enough time to organise them into something coherent. Also I wanted to see if anyone else had an opinion on HOW to make the article better, i.e. what to write about.

I hope this is useful. JamminBen 05:10, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know if you'll see this nearly 3 years later Ben ...

 * * Dance on a Volcano is indeed largely in 7/8 according to the published score that I have. Not unusual for Genesis, but a characteristic that is often noted.  The intro is in 3/2, 3/4, 4/4 x 2 bars, 3/4, 7/8 x 3, 3/4, 7/8 for the rest of the song (apart from 7 bars of 4/4 before 'On your left ...').
 * * Credits - I think the article must have been edited since you added this as while the credits are shown, the point about this being a change is not. I think its a noteworthy fact that I feel inclined to put back in.
 * * I think you're right about the band line-up except for additional musicians on the live album, not so sure about production on that or the EP.

 * Gandru (talk) 12:40, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

Track links
Links were recently added for Squonk and Ripples. Squonk links to a page with info about the mythical creature rather than the track; this seems irrelevant in the context of this article. Ripples leads to a brief description of the track that doesn't stand too well as a separate article. I say this because I wouldn't expect every track to have its own page. Thoughts? JamminBen 09:48, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Setlist
i just added a setlist from the 1976 tour, and it was deleted. why?

i think its is very relevant information about the album and its following. If W&W has a setlist, why can't Trick? 64.56.225.204 (talk) 03:44, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Remastered section
Is this section really informative/necessary? I have tidied it up in line with wp:album but I think that it might be summed up in the sentence "The remastered version of the album had slightly different track timings". Thoughts? Best Witchwooder (talk) 07:54, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Your Own Special Way/It's Yourself single
Having actually read the It's Yourself arcticle I see that it should appear as a B-side to singles for both this album and Wind & Wuthering and will revert/edit accordingly! Gandru (talk) 13:08, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

Dance on a Volcano article?
Can someone please tell me why the most epic song on the album, Dance on a Volcano, is the only track on the album with no article written for it? DOAV is an incredible song with easily the most powerful opening of any Genesis song, it's a marvellous album opener, and of course it was one of the band's most played songs live (it was also requested by a hell of a lot of crowd members in the 2007 tour if you watch the live show, with some of them holding up boards reading "WE WANT DANCE ON A VOLCANO"). DOAV is a part of Genesis history - it's the first recorded song without Gabriel on vocals, many Genesis documentaries have the song in the background, and Banks himself said that it was one of their best songs on the songbook. Can someone please write an article for this song? If not, why does it not merit an article compared to the other seven songs on it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.82.210.211 (talk) 08:05, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

Squonk
Under "squonk" is the remaster, which should have it's own section as it covers the whole album instead of the one song.

Squonk
Under "squonk" is the remaster, which should have it's own section as it covers the whole album instead of the one song. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.28.211.201 (talk) 01:17, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150506190533/http://shop.genesis-music.com/trick-of-the-tail-cd-dvd.html to http://shop.genesis-music.com/trick-of-the-tail-cd-dvd.html

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Question about A Trick of the Tail
At the end of the second paragraph of the Songs section the last sentence currently is: "The title track was inspired by Banks reading William Golding's The Inheritors and described an alien visiting Earth and the reaction to it.[17]" I found this confusing for a couple of reasons. First, the wording seems awkward and ungrammatical. I think the meaning with correct grammar (my change in caps) would be: "The title track was inspired by Banks reading William Golding's The Inheritors and DESCRIBES an alien visiting Earth and the reaction to it." Although, I think that is still kind of awkward and would write it differently. But I followed the link to the book and the book is not about aliens visiting Earth it's about Neanderthals describing homo sapiens and a contrast of the simplicity of the Neandertals (it's written from their point of view mostly) and how they view the more sophisticated humans as some sort of God. But more confusing is that it seems to me the song is clearly not about an alien visiting Earth but a being who lives on Earth but in an alternate dimension or something. At the end the alien (the beast) convinces some humans to free him so he can take them to his City of Gold and they travel there and the humans think they see the city but then both the city and the beast are gone. I know the interpretation of songs is not at all a science, it's what makes great songs great is we all bring our own interpretation, but that the song is not about an alien but a beast from another species on Earth (which is more consistent with the book as well) seems pretty undeniable to me. But I don't have the biography that is stated as a reference. Perhaps that was the original idea but then they wrote it differently as the song progressed? Anyway, just thought I would mention it, this is a great article and I enjoyed reading it, this is one of my favorite albums of all time. If no one reacts I'm going to at least change the sentence to be grammatical and word it differently. I won't change the actual content unless I get the book and check the reference which I won't have time to do for quite a while. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 02:13, 27 August 2018 (UTC)
 * The source says, "based on William Golding's book The Inheritors, it told of an alien's arrival in a modern city and the reaction he receives.". Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  10:41, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

Title track background
The source used, Bowler & Dray p. 120 says "based on William Golding's book The Inheritors, it told of an alien's arrival in a modern city and the reaction he receives". If you want to challenge this, the onus is on you to supply a better source. See the verifiability policy for more information. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  09:10, 18 February 2019 (UTC)
 * First, just because there is a reference doesn't guarantee that the reference actually supports what the editor claims it does. Second, it's not the job of an editor to just be a robot and regurgitate everything in any source, even if that source meets the basic criteria for a good reference. Books, articles, etc. say things that are wrong. If you look at the article on Wikipedia about the book The Inheritors it is clearly NOT about "an alien visiting earth" it's about (to quote the first sentence of the plot summary): "...an imaginative reconstruction of the life of a band of Neanderthals." The Neanderthals aren't like what anthropologists believe they actually were but rather are described as a quasi-magical race with powers such as telepathy. Some of them are stolen by the "new people" who are meant to be homo sapiens. That's also actually much more consistent with the song itself which is also not about an alien from another planet but rather about someone from a lost race of mythical creatures who eventually finds his way back to his own people. I don't have the Bowler & Dray book but I'll take your word that it actually says that. In which case either the book is wrong (I've read many books about rock bands and musicians that said things that were clearly wrong) or possibly Banks was remembering wrong when he talked to the author (which I doubt). Anyway, I don't care enough to track down the book or other books about Genesis and I don't think it meets the criteria for any tags so I'm not "challenging" in any of those senses, I'm leaving it as it is. But I'm documenting it here because if I was one of the editors who spent a significant amount of time on this article I would want to follow this up: double check the source and see if there are other sources where Banks talks about the song. --MadScientistX11 (talk) 16:57, 18 February 2019 (UTC)
 * That does not mean you can replace it with something that is unsourced, which is what people are doing. Where is your source? You need to cite it. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  16:50, 19 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I haven't replaced anything. Check the history page for this article. I haven't edited this page at all. I realize you need good sources. My point is (to reiterate since apparently I wasn't clear the first time) that I'll take your word that the source says that but (as another editor, as in someone who is not me, there are tools to check IP addresses that would verify that, I NEVER edit without logging in and I only have one active Wikipedia account) said on the history of their edit that was reverted "if your source says that then it's wrong". And to also reiterate: THE GOLDING BOOK IS NOT ABOUT AN ALIEN VISITING EARTH! So if the editors who maintain this page care about accurate information someone should address it but I have a pile of books to read on other topics that (as much as I like Genesis) are a lot more interesting so I don't have the time to track down other sources. But there is clearly a wrong statement in the article as it now stands and if people care about quality articles someone should fix it.  --MadScientistX11 (talk) 15:16, 20 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I mean "you" in the general sense, not "you" specifically, and I have changed the prose to something else that shouldn't cause this dispute. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  17:30, 20 February 2019 (UTC)

Background
Please justify your changes here. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  20:19, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

"Ripples..."
The song was clearly inspired by the poem "Blue Girls" by John Crowe Ransom; in fact the first line is: "Blue girls come in every size, some are wise and some otherwise, they got pretty blue eyes". Both the song and poem are about the transience of youthful beauty.

The only sources that I could find to verify this probably aren't considered "reliable" by WP standards; otherwise, I'd add this myself to the article. E.g.:

--136.56.52.157 (talk) 21:58, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:A Trick of the Tail


text:
Cardiovascular centre

The cardiovascular centre is a part of the human brain which regulates heart rate through the nervous and endocrine systems. It is considered one of the vital centres of the medulla oblongata.

Structure
The cardiovascular centre, or cardiovascular center, is part of the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. Normally, the heart beats without nervous control. In some situations, such as exercise, and major trauma, the cardiovascular centre is responsible for altering heart rate. It also mediates respiratory sinus arrhythmia.

Function
The cardiovascular centre responds to a variety of types of sensory information, such as:
 * change of blood pH, detected by central chemoreceptors.
 * change of blood pH, detected by peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic bodies and in the carotid bodies.
 * change of blood pressure, detected by arterial baroreceptors in the aortic arch and the carotid sinuses.
 * various other inputs from the hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebral cortex.

The cardiovascular centre affects changes to the heart rate by sending a nerve impulse to the cardiac pacemaker via two sets of nerves:
 * sympathetic fibres, part of the autonomic nervous system, to make heart rate faster.
 * the vagus nerve, part of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, to lower heart rate.

The cardiovascular centre also increases the stroke volume of the heart (that is, the amount of blood it pumps). These two changes help to regulate the cardiac output, so that a sufficient amount of blood reaches tissues. This function is so significant to normal functioning of the circulatory system that the cardiovascular centre is considered a vital centre of the medulla oblongata.

Hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine can affect the cardiovascular centre and cause it to increase the rate of impulses sent to the sinoatrial node, resulting in faster and stronger cardiac muscle contraction. This increases heart rate.

Clinical significance
Many anaesthetics depress the activity of the cardiovascular center. Phencyclidine may be a useful anaesthetic because it does not impact the cardiovascular center. This also contrasts phencyclidine from many other recreational drugs.

title: Cardiovascular centre


text:
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 * 1) !/bin/sh

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set nox2tics

set size .75,.67

set title "${TITLE}" set xlabel " " set ylabel "${YLABEL}" set grid ytics noxtics set logscale y set key left

set terminal png color small set output '${FILE}'

plot '${TMP}' using 3 title '.org' with lines 1 \ , '' using 4 title '.com' with lines 3 \ , '' using 5 title 'total' with lines 4 \

_EOF_


text:
Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement

The Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (Movimiento Liberal Republicano Nacionalista, MOLIRENA) is a centre-right conservative-liberal political party in Panama.

History
The MOLIRENA was founded on October 21, 1981, by the now-defunct Third Nationalist Party, National Patriotic Coalition, National Liberation Movement and factions that had earlier split off from the National Liberal Party and Republican Party. This party evolved as part of an alliance of traditional, oligarchy-controlled, and primarily conservative organizations that opposed both the government and the military.

According to a Soviet Union news article published in 1988:

The MOLIRENA was aptly called a 'patchwork quilt' by local journalists. The characteristic feature of the party was the link of the agrarian oligarchy with the commercial bourgeoisie, i.e. a union of the most conservative segments of the country. The names of members of MOLIRENA leaders César Arrocha Graell, Guillermo Arias, and Rene Crespo, who, as members of the government before 1968, took part in the appropriation of almost a billion dollars from the state treasury, were mentioned in the local press in connection with former 'merits.'

In 1984, the party was part of the Democratic Opposition Alliance (ADO), which lost the presidential and legislative elections following suspected widespread fraud by the military.

During 1987, the party became increasingly involved in confrontations with the government. They openly campaigned—with strikes and street demonstrations, which were violently suppressed—to effect the resignation and removal of General Manuel Noriega, who was accused of drug trafficking, electoral fraud, corruption, and murder.

In May 1989, the MOLIRENA was again part of the Democratic Alliance of Civic Opposition (DAOC) coalition, which supported the presidential candidacy of Guillermo Endara of the Arnulfista Party, after the official ratification of the results following the US military invasion in December. Guillermo Ford became Second Vice-president of the Republic (1989–1994). During this term, Alonso Fernandez Guardia was president of the National Assembly (1991).

For the 1994 Panamanian general election, the party was the main component of the Alliance for Change '94, with MOLIRENA's Rubén Dario Carles as the coalition's presidential candidate. He received 171,192 votes (16.05%) and came in fourth.

In 1999, the MOLIRENA was allied with the Union for Panama (ADP) and its candidate Mireya Moscoso.

In 2004, the MOLIRENA was allied with the Vision of the Country (ADP) and its candidate José Miguel Alemán. The party won 8.6% of the popular vote and 4 out of 78 seats.

In 2009, it was allied with the Alliance for Change (ADP) and its candidate Ricardo Martinelli.

In 2014, the MOLIRENA allied with the Democratic Change party, and its candidate Jose Domingo Arias, but ultimately lost the election. Afterward, the MOLIRENA's president, Sergio Gonzalez Ruiz, resigned from his post and the presidency fell to San Miguelito legislator Francisco Aleman.

PARLACEN elections
The amount of seats allocated for the PARLACEN is based on the vote share obtained by each party in the presidential election.

title: Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement


text:
File talk:Google News stories mentioning Wikipedia.png

The code

 * 1) !/bin/sh

TITLE="Google News stories mentioning Wikipedia" FILE=`echo "$TITLE" | sed 's/\ /_/g'`.png

TMP="_gpdata_$$" trap "/bin/rm -f ${TMP} ; exit" 0

sed    's/^[   ]*// s/,/ /g s/Jan /January / s/Feb /February / s/Mar /March / s/Apr /April / s/Jun /June / s/Jul /July / s/Aug /August / s/Sep /September / s/Oct /October / s/Nov /November / s/Dec /December / s/[    ][       ]*/ /g /^[    ]*$/d' "${1:-googlenews.dat}"  > ${TMP}

gnuplot <<_EOF_ || exit 1

set size .67,.5 set pointsize .5

set title "${TITLE}" set xlabel " " set ylabel "Stories" set grid ytics noxtics
 * 1) set logscale y
 * 2) set yrange [0:100]

set terminal png color small set output '${FILE}'

set xtics (    "Jun\n2003\n" 0, \                "Jul" 1, \                "Aug" 2, \                "Sep" 3, \                "Oct" 4, \                "Nov" 5, \                "Dec" 6, \                "Jan\n2004\n" 7, \                "Feb" 8, \                "Mar" 9, \                "Apr" 10, \                "May" 11, \                "Jun" 12, \                "Jul" 13, \                "Aug" 14, \                "Sep" 15)

plot '${TMP}' using 3 title '' with lines \ ,  using 3 title  with points 3 \

_EOF_


text:
Weather Prediction Center

The Weather Prediction Center (WPC), located in College Park, Maryland, is one of nine service centers under the umbrella of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), a part of the National Weather Service (NWS), which in turn is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the U.S. Government. Until March 5, 2013 the Weather Prediction Center was known as the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC). The Weather Prediction Center serves as a center for quantitative precipitation forecasting, medium range forecasting (three to eight days), and the interpretation of numerical weather prediction computer models.

The Weather Prediction Center issues storm summaries on storm systems bringing significant rainfall and snowfall to portions of the United States. They also forecast precipitation amounts for the lower 48 United States for systems expected to impact the country over the next seven days. Advisories are also issued for tropical cyclones which have moved inland, weakened to tropical depression strength, and are no longer the responsibility of the National Hurricane Center. The Weather Prediction Center also acts as the backup office to the National Hurricane Center in the event of a complete communications failure.

Long range climatological forecasts are produced by the Climate Prediction Center (CPC), a branch of the National Weather Service. These include 8–14 day outlooks, monthly outlooks, and seasonal outlooks.

History
From the early days of organized weather collection in the United States, a central facility was used to gather and disseminate data. Originally, this task occupied a single room within the United States Army Signal Service in Washington, D.C. Reports were collected via telegraph and general forecasts were made for the country.

While WPC's roots lie deep in the past, the organization can be most directly traced to the formation of the Analysis Center by Circular Letter 39-42, signed by Weather Bureau Director Francis W. Reichelderfer on March 5, 1942. Operations began on March 16, 1942, with the unit collocated with the Weather Bureau Central Office at 24th and M Streets NW in Washington, D.C. Initially the unit was sometimes referred to as the Master Analysis Center.

In 1947, the Analysis Center was combined with the Air Force Master Analysis Center and the Navy Weather Central to create the Weather Bureau-Air Force-Navy (WBAN) Analysis Center. Their operations commenced on June 16, 1947, at 24th and M Streets NW. By early 1950 the WBAN Analysis Center consisted of 150 employees. Medium range forecasting was done nationally to 54 hours in the future. Charts and maps were created at this facility for national distribution.

In July 1954, the Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit (JNWPU) was created to test out numerical weather prediction (NWP) techniques by computer. This unit co-located with the WBAN analysis center to form the National Weather Analysis Center, which was located in Suitland, Maryland. When the two units merged, the name changed to the National Meteorological Center (NMC) in January 1958. When the JNWPU dissolved in 1961, NMC became an independent organization from Global Weather Central and Fleet Numerical Weather Central. Research and computer processing abilities increased over the years, which allowed for the first global forecast model to run by June 1966. By January 1975, much of the facility, minus the computers, moved to the World Weather Building, located in nearby Camp Springs, Maryland.

NMC changed its name to NCEP, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction on October 1, 1995. The Hydrometeorological Prediction Center became a subunit of NCEP, as did a number of other national centers such as the Climate Prediction Center (CPC), Environmental Modeling Center (EMC), National Hurricane Center (NHC), Ocean Prediction Center (OPC), Storm Prediction Center (SPC), Aviation Weather Center (AWC), NCEP Central Operations, and the Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC). During August 2012, HPC moved to a new building, the National Center for Weather and Climate Prediction (NCWCP), in College Park, Maryland. On March 5, 2013, HPC changed its name to the Weather Prediction Center.

Mission
The mission of the WPC is to provide forecast, guidance, and analysis products and services to support the daily public forecasting activities of the NWS and its customers, and to provide tailored support to other government agencies in emergency and special situations.

Quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPF)
The QPF desks prepare and issue forecasts of accumulating (quantitative) precipitation, heavy rain, heavy snow, and highlights areas with the potential for flash flooding, with forecasts valid over the following five days. These products are sent to the National Weather Service forecast offices and are available on the Internet for public use. Heavy snow forecast products, in association with the short-range public forecast products (described below), serve as a coordinating mechanism for the national winter storm watch and warning program.

One desk of the National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS) is co-located with the WPC QPF desks, which together form the National Precipitation Prediction Unit (NPPU). NESDIS meteorologists prepare estimates of rainfall and current trends based on satellite data, and this information is used by the Day 1 QPF forecaster to help create individual 6-hourly forecasts that cover the next 12 hours. With access to WSR-88D/Doppler weather radar data, satellite estimates, and NCEP model forecast data as well as current weather observations and WPC analyses, the forecaster has the latest data for use in preparation of short-range precipitation forecasts. Meteorological reasoning discussions are regularly written and issued with the forecast packages to explain and support the forecast.

Winter weather forecasts
The WPC Winter Weather Desk issues heavy snow and icing forecast products, which support the NWS winter weather watch/warning/outlook program. These forecasts are for the contiguous United States (CONUS) and issued from September 15 to May 15 each cold season. Graphical forecasts are issued twice daily at 0900 UTC and 2100 UTC (4AM/PM EST respectively), although updates may be warranted by rapidly changing conditions.

The Winter Weather Desk issues probabilistic heavy snow and icing guidance products for the next three days. The forecasts represent the probability that freezing rain or combined snow/sleet accumulations will meet specific criteria within a 24-hour period. These products are issued in probabilistic form to better represent the forecast uncertainty associated with a particular event. The Winter Weather Desk produces a heavy snow and icing discussion that provides the meteorological reasoning for the 24-hour probabilistic heavy snow and icing guidance graphics. This text message is used by internal and external clients including NWS field offices, Department of Homeland Security, FEMA, the White House, Department of Commerce, FAA, and the general meteorological community (private sector and the media).

Graphical short term forecasts
The short range forecasters are responsible for preparing forecasts for the time period of 6 through 60 hours. These products are issued twice daily using guidance from the NWS's Global Forecast System (GFS) and North American Mesoscale Model (NAM), as well as guidance from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the United Kingdom's Met Office (UKMET), the Meteorological Service of Canada, including ensembles. Coordination with the surface analysis, model diagnostics, quantitative precipitation, winter weather, and tropical forecast desks is performed during the short range forecast process to maintain internal consistency. The short range forecast products include surface pressure patterns, circulation centers and fronts for 6–60 hours, and a depiction of the types and extent of precipitation that are forecast at the valid time of the chart. In addition, discussions are written on each shift and issued with the forecast packages that highlight the meteorological reasoning behind the forecasts and significant weather across the continental United States.

Medium range forecasts
Medium range forecasters are responsible for preparing forecasts for three to seven days into the future. Surface pressure forecasts are issued three times per day, with temperature and probability of precipitation products issued twice per day, using guidance from the NWS medium range forecast model (GFS) as well as models from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF), the United Kingdom's Meteorology Office (UKMET), Canadian model, the Navy NOGAPS model, and ensemble guidance from the GFS, ECMWF, Canadian, and North American Ensemble Forecast System (NAEFS).

The medium range forecast products include surface pressure patterns, circulation centers and fronts, daily maximum and minimum temperatures and anomalies, probability of precipitation in 12-hour increments, total 5-day precipitation accumulation for the next five days, and 500 hPa (mb) height forecasts for days 3–7. In addition, a narrative is issued for each set of forecasts highlighting forecast reasoning and significant weather over the Continental United States. Separate forecasts, similar to the 5-day mean products, are prepared for Hawaii.

Alaska medium range forecasts
The Alaska medium range forecasters review the latest deterministic and ensemble model guidance (similar to how the broader medium range forecasts are created) in an effort to compose the most likely forecast for Alaska and surrounding areas valid from four to eight days into the future.

The Alaska medium range discussion, 500 hPa height graphics, and surface fronts and pressures graphics for days 4–8 are issued once per day, year-round. Additionally, gridded guidance for the forecast period is issued for the following fields: maximum/minimum temperature grids, twelve-hour probability of precipitation grids, as well as derived dewpoint temperature, cloud cover, precipitation type, and wind speed/direction grids at a 5 km horizontal resolution.

Model diagnostics and interpretation
The purpose of the WPC Model Diagnostic Discussion is to provide objective information and subjective interpretation concerning the current runs of the NCEP short range numerical models. The WPC model diagnostic meteorologist prepares the Model Diagnostic Discussion twice per day in two parts, corresponding to the 0000 UTC and 1200 UTC model runs. This narrative consists of three sections: an evaluation of the initialization of the NAM and GFS, a review of model trends and biases, and a description of model differences and preferences. The meteorologist reviews how the suite of models from the latest forecast cycle differ from each other in their forecasts of significant features, and makes a preference based upon all relevant current information.

Surface analysis
The WPC Surface Analysis is part of the NWS Unified Surface Analysis and a collaborative effort with the Ocean Prediction Center, the National Hurricane Center, and the Honolulu Weather Forecast Office. The WPC focuses on the synoptic and mesoscale features over North America, primarily north of 31N. The surface analysis is a manual analysis of surface fronts and pressure over North America and adjacent oceans performed every three hours. The analysis utilizes a variety of weather data in addition to observations of surface weather conditions, such as upper air observations, global satellite imagery, Doppler weather radar, and model mass fields to ensure that the product is meteorologically consistent.

Tropical cyclone forecast duties
The WPC is the official backup center to the National Hurricane Center (NHC). In this capacity, the WPC is responsible for issuing all tropical cyclone products, including discussions, graphics and watches and warnings that would normally be issued by the NHC for any tropical system in the Atlantic Ocean, if NHC is unable to so.

During the tropical weather season which runs from May 15 – November 30, the WPC has several other routine duties pertaining to tropical weather forecasting. Through 2008, WPC provided track forecast guidance to the NHC whenever there is a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Ocean basin west of 60W longitude. As required, this guidance is provided to the NHC four times daily for use in the tropical cyclone package issued by the NHC at 0300 UTC, 0900 UTC, 1500 UTC and 2100 UTC. The WPC participates in the Hurricane Hotline call with the NHC and other forecast offices and government agencies at 1700 UTC for tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean basin west of 60W longitude. Also, points for days 6 and 7 for existing tropical cyclones east of 140W longitude, and days 3–7 to possible future tropical cyclones, are coordinated between the medium range pressures desk and NHC each day at 1700 UTC during the hurricane season. This coordination call began between the Extended Forecast Section and the Miami Hurricane Warning Office prior to 1959.

Within the WPC tropical program, the lead forecaster on shift, who prepares the day 1 QPF, is to provide the rainfall statement for tropical cyclones that are expected to make landfall. This statement is included in the Public Advisory issued by the NHC, and is a forecast of expected rainfall amounts that will occur with the tropical cyclone.

Finally, the WPC surface analysis desk has the responsibility for issuing Public Advisories whenever a tropical cyclone has made landfall in the U.S. or adjacent parts of Mexico, has weakened below tropical storm status (i.e. to a tropical depression or post-tropical cyclone or low) and is not expected to re-emerge over water as a tropical cyclone, yet the system is still capable of producing flooding type rains. This WPC Public Advisory will continue to be issued until the flooding rainfall threat is over. The advisory will contain information on how much rainfall has occurred with a particular tropical system, and will also include forecast information on the remnants of the system. This responsibility has been held by the center since 1973.

Short-term forecasts (mesoscale discussions)
Short-term forecasts are made at the meteorological watch (metwatch) desk. It issues mesoscale precipitation discussions (MPDs) as flash flood guidance for NWS forecast offices (NWSFOs), NWS River Forecast Centers (RFCs), the media, emergency managers, and other users. MPDs contain technical discussions concerning heavy rainfall events and expected impacts on flash flooding. They are ideally issued 1–6 hours preceding an event, include graphical descriptions of the details and the area covered. Their size typically is about half the size of Kansas. There are three headlines ordered by severity: "flash flooding likely", "flash flooding possible", or "flash flooding unlikely". Mesoscale discussions (MDs) once were issued by the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) for both convective (MCDs) and precipitation (MPDs) events but WPC now covers this heavy rainfall function.

International desks
The International desks have a variety of responsibilities, primarily the training of foreign visitors in the use of Numerical Weather Prediction products. The International desk routinely hosts visitors from Central and South America and the Caribbean. Visiting meteorologists train, and also generate forecasts for their own national centers, and assist WPC forecasters with QPF related to tropical cyclones in Central America and the Caribbean.

title: Weather Prediction Center


text:
Cincinnati Observatory

The Cincinnati Observatory, known locally as Mt. Lookout Observatory, is located in Cincinnati, Ohio (United States) on top of Mount Lookout. It consists of two observatory buildings housing an 11-inch (28 cm) and 16 inch (41 cm) aperture refracting telescope. It is the oldest professional observatory in the United States. It was a key facility for astronomical research and education at the University of Cincinnati and currently operates as a 19th-century observatory. There are regular viewings through both historical telescopes as well as tours and additional programs. The observatory also has an extensive outreach program, providing astronomical education for the Ohio/Kentucky/Indiana region.

The Cincinnati Observatory is a contributing property to the Observatory Historic District.

History

Cincinnati Observatory was built by Ormsby M. Mitchel at the peak of Mount Ida, a hill that overlooks downtown Cincinnati. Nicholas Longworth donated 4 acre of land for the purpose. The Holy Cross Monastery and Chapel stands today at the site. The cornerstone was laid on November 9, 1843, and presiding over the occasion was former President John Quincy Adams, with an introduction by Judge Jacob Burnet. At 77 years old, it was to be his last public speech, and Mount Ida was renamed to Mount Adams in his honor.

The Merz refractor was the biggest telescope in the United States in the early 1840s.

In 1871, the Observatory came under the control of the University of Cincinnati and in 1873 it was transferred from Mt. Adams to Mt. Lookout in order to escape the smoke and dirt of the city, where it remains today. The ground on which it stands was given to the city by John Kilgour in 1872. A smaller structure, the Mitchel Building, holds the original telescope taken from the Mount Adams observatory. The 1873 building was built by the firm of Cincinnati architect Samuel Hannaford. From 1884 to 1930 the director of the Observatory was Jermain G. Porter. In 1998 the Observatory was declared a National Historic Landmark.

The asteroid 1373 Cincinnati was named to honor the staff of the observatory.

Instruments

 * The 1845 Merz und Mahler 11 inch refractor – Housed in the "Mitchel Building". May be the oldest continually used telescope in the world. It is currently used for public education programs.
 * The 1904 Alvan Clark & Sons 16 inch refractor – Housed in the "Herget Building". Used in public education programs and graduate research.

title: Cincinnati Observatory


text:
Category:Leukotriene pathway inhibitors

Leukotriene pathway inhibitors - presently only zileuton as member - used in asthma

title: Category:Leukotriene pathway inhibitors


text:
7 mm caliber

This is a list of firearm cartridges which have bullets in the 7.00 to 7.99 mm caliber range.

 * Length refers to the cartridge case length.
 * OAL refers to the overall length of the cartridge.

All measurements are in mm (in).

title: 7 mm caliber


text: File talk:Daily page requests for wikipedia.org (linear scale) to October 2004.png


text:
Terra (company)

Terra was a Spanish Internet multinational company owned by Telefónica. It was headquartered in Spain and had offices in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, the United States and Peru. Part of the Telefónica Group (the former Spanish public telephone monopoly), Terra operated as a web portal or Internet access provider in the United States, Spain and 16 Latin American countries. It was founded in 1999 as Terra Networks, S.A., a publicly traded company with Telefónica as its main shareholder. All outstanding shares were purchased by Telefónica in 2017, making Terra a wholly owned subsidiary.

History
Terra was founded in 1999 as Terra Networks, S.A. by Juan Villalonga, Telefónica's president between 1996 and 2000, and grew in size through the acquisitions of several local startups in Spain and the main Latin American markets: Olé (Spain), ZAZ (Brazil), Mexico, Gauchonet, Donde (Argentina) and Chevere (Venezuela).

Terra has created several digital portals, like Invertia, a successful finance portal, and Educaterra (e-learning). It also has had or has stakes in other Internet ventures: Uno-e (online banking), Rumbo (travel, in partnership with Amadeus), Atrea (real estate, in partnership with Spanish bank BBVA), and more.

In November 1999, still during the period known as the "Internet bubble", Terra had a high-profile IPO both in the U.S. and Spain, and its shares skyrocketed. After that, the price fell sharply until it reached 2.75 euros in October 2004. This process sparked a lot of public controversy in Spain, where thousands of small investors acquired shares of Terra during the boom.

During 2003 and 2004 Terra expanded aggressively into the paid content business, mainly in Spain, Brazil, and Chile, launching ventures with Disney and Spanish football clubs Real Madrid and FC Barcelona. It also started several entertainment services, including an online multiplayer gaming platform (Terra Games) and a digital music service (Terra Música Premium) similar to Apple Computer's iTunes.

Terra and Lycos
In April 2000, Terra acquired Lycos, a U.S. portal, in a stock swap valued at US$12.5 billion. By that time, Lycos was the third most visited portal in the U.S., and had a strong presence in key European and Asian markets. Lycos CEO Bob Davis was moved to the position of CEO of the combined company, from where he stepped down in January 2001, being replaced by then Chairman Joaquim Agut.

Part of the deal was also German media giant Bertelsmann, owner of a stake in Lycos Europe. In exchange for keeping the control over Lycos Europe, Bertelsmann agreed to spend US$1 billion worth in advertising at Terra Lycos through a five-year period. That spending was crucial for Terra to survive the times of the Internet crash, when several Latin American-based Internet companies like Quepasa, Starmedia or El Sitio lost cash up to the point of filing for bankruptcy or being taken over by bigger companies.

In 2003 Bertelsmann executed an option to get itself out of the agreement, transferring to Terra's parent company Telefónica the obligation to keep the ad spending. Soon after that, Telefónica decided to get more control over Terra and launched an offer for shares of Terra still floating on the stock market. Although it granted Telefónica control over more than 70% of Terra's stock, the move was not successful enough to let Telefónica take Terra out of the public, as was allegedly its objective.

In October 2004, following Telefónica's decision to re-focus their businesses, Terra sold Lycos to South Korean Internet portal company Daum Communications for US$105 million. Kim Faura was Terra's last chairman. Joaquim Agut was the previous one, and now he is chairman of Endemol.

Telefonica take-over
In February 2005, Telefónica announced its intention of taking full control of Terra by giving Telefónica shares in exchange for Terra's remaining shares in the stock market. After this plan was approved by both Telefónica and Terra shareholders meetings, Terra's shares were finally excluded from the market on July 15, 2005.

Terra Networks S.A. was then merged into Telefónica, S.A. and, therefore, disappeared from a legal point of view. A small portion of the former corporate headquarters became "Terra Networks Asociadas, S.L.U." (a new company) and local Terra operations (and assets) were transferred to local fixed-line Telefónica companies.

Terra.com
In the early 2000s, Terra was the largest Latin American online media company, ranked as the 31st most popular Internet destination in the world. The website primarily provided entertainment, news and sports to approximately 100 million monthly visitors, Terra was named as one of the most innovative company in the music area by Fast Company in 2011.

It has offices in cities such as São Paulo and Porto Alegre, Brazil.

title: Terra (company)


text: Talk:Occupational noise

title: Talk:Occupational noise


text:
Saurashtra language

Saurashtra (Saurashtra script:, Tamil script: சௌராட்டிர மொழி, Devanagari script: सौराष्ट्र भाषा) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken primarily by the Saurashtrians of Southern India who migrated from the Lata region of present-day Gujarat to south of Vindhyas in the Middle Ages.

Saurashtra, an offshoot of Sauraseni Prakrit, once spoken in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat, is now chiefly spoken in various places of Tamil Nadu and are mostly concentrated in Madurai, Thanjavur and Salem Districts.

The language has its own script of the same name, but is also written in the Tamil, Telugu, and Devanagari scripts. The Saurashtra script is of Brahmic origin, although its exact derivation is not known. Unlike most of the surrounding Dravidian languages, Saurashtra is Indo-European. There is some debate amongst speakers of the Saurashtra language as to which script is best suited to the language. Census of India places the language under Gujarati. Official figures show the number of speakers as 247,702 (2011 census).

Classification
Saurashtra belongs to the western branch of the Indo-Aryan languages, a dominant language family of the Indian subcontinent. It is part of the greater Indo-European language family. It is also classified as being part of a Gujaratic languages that, alongside Saurashtra includes the languages like Gujarati (see SIL Ethnologue).

Etymology
According to the oral legends of the Saurashtra people, they migrated to South India from the Saurashtra region of modern-day Gujarat; however, scholars believe this account lacks historical basis, and that the Saurashtrans actually migrated from the area of Mandsaur.

The name "Saurashtra" itself is from Sanskrit सौराष्ट्र, the vṛddhi form of सुराष्ट्र , derived from सु + राष्ट्र. Thus the name literally means "(of/from) a good country."

History
The oldest available inscriptions in Saurashtra are found in Mandasaur, which is a city in the Malwa region (present day Madhya Pradesh). The language is the modern living and active form of ancient Sauraseni Prakrit. However, it also shows some similarities with Maharashtri Prakrit, the ancestor of Marathi and Konkani.

Saurashtra was once commonly spoken in the coastal areas of Mahi and Tapti rivers, which extends throughout the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh and Saurashtra region of southern Gujarat. It was also spoken by the people living along Konkan region, which extends throughout the western coasts of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka.

Saurashtra is a amalgamation of various present day Indo-Aryan languages like Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati and the older dialects of Rajasthani and Sindhi. However, the current spoken form of Saurashtra is mixed with the Dravidian languages like Kannada, Telugu and Tamil and it might have originated in 16th or early 17th century.

Geographical distribution
Speakers of the Saurashtra language, known as Saurashtrians, maintain a predominant presence in Madurai, Thanjavur, Salem, Dindigul, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli, Kanchipuram, Ramanathapuram, Kanyakumari, Chennai, Tiruvannamalai and Vellore Districts of Tamil Nadu. They are also present in significant numbers in Tirupati of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

Dialects
In the course of migration, Saurashtrians moved in groups and settled in different regions of South India and that caused a slight dialect variation between each group and is noticeable by a Saurashtrian speaker when interacting with another group. Saurashtra language has two dialects, which are broadly similar, with slight variations.

The two dialects are:

 * 1) Northern Saurashtra
 * 2) Southern Saurashtra

However, there are numerous variations and dialects of the Saurashtra language. The different dialects can be based on the location within northern and southern parts of Tamil Nadu. Those are Madurai, Thanjavur, Salem, Tirunelveli and Kanchipuram dialects and Tirupati dialect of Andhra Pradesh.

Phonology
The phoneme inventory of Saurashtra is similar to that of many other Indo-Aryan languages, especially that of the Konkani language. An IPA chart of all contrastive sounds in Saurashtra is provided below.

Saurashtra script

Saurashtra for most of the part had been an oral language lacking any script of its own. Around the 17th to 18th centuries some attempted to write it in Telugu script. Around 19th century a script was invented. There were attempts to revitalize the script in the latter half of the 19th century, ignoring most of the complex conjunct characters.

The Saurashtra script is an abugida, that is, each letter represents a consonant+vowel syllable. There are thirty-four such letters. An unmarked letter represents a syllable with the inherent vowel [a]; letters can be marked with one of eleven vowel diacritics to represent a syllable with a different vowel. Vowel diacritics are attached to the top right corner of a base letter or written alongside it. There are also twelve letters for writing independent vowels (i.e. word-initial vowels). The four vocalic liquid letters r, ru, l and lu behave in the same way as vowels, so are often included in the vowel class.

Early Saurashtra texts use a number of complex conjunct forms for writing consonant clusters. However, when the script was restructured in the 1880s these were abandoned in favour of a virama diacritic, which silences the inherent vowel of the first consonant in a cluster.

The script uses a letter called upakshara, a dependent consonant sign which attaches nasals and liquids to aspirate them. That is, the letter m with upakshara attached represents [mha]. An aspirated nasal or liquid which is followed by a vowel other than [a] is written with the vowel diacritic attached to the upakshara, not to the base letter. Some analyses of the script classify aspirated nasal and liquids as a separate set of single discrete letters divided into two parts.

There is a script-specific set of numbers 0–9, some of which closely resemble Devanagari digits. The widely attested Indic punctuation marks danda and double danda are used to mark the end of a sentence or clause. Latin comma, full stop and question mark symbols are also used.

The letter order of Saurashtra script is similar to other Brahmic scripts. The letters are vowels, consonants, and the compound letters which are formed essentially by adding a vowel sound to a consonant.

Devanagari script
Recently, the Saurashtrian community has largely switched to the use of the Devanagari script. The alphabet chart containing vowels, consonants and the compound letters in Devanagari script are as follows:

Loanwords
The language itself is more similar to modern day Gujarati and Marathi as both originated from Prakrit. However, in the course of migration to South India, the language was influenced by Dravidian Languages such as Telugu and Kannada and accumulated words from those language in its vocabulary as loanwords.

Literature
The literature of Saurashtra is not as large as the literature of other literary languages such as Sanskrit, Tamil, Kannada, and Telugu. The earliest available Saurashtra literature that survives to this date is the Saurashtra translation of the great Sanskrit epic of Ramayana. It was written by Venkatasoori Swamigal (1800 AD), a Sanskrit scholar and disciple of Venkataramana Bhagavathar who lived in Ayyampettai of Thanjavur district.

Other important literary works in Saurashtra are:

 * Bhagavad Gita (Bhagavat Giito) 1953 AD – written by T.R.Padmanabhaiyer
 * Tirukkural (Saurashtra Thirukural Payiram—Pitika Pragaranam) 1980 AD – translated by Sankhu Ram
 * Mahabharata (Paandavun Khetho) 2013 AD – written by Kasin Anantham
 * Silappatikaram 2018 AD – translated by S.D.Gnaneswaran

Besides Tirukkural, Sankhu Ram has done many literary works in Saurashtra like Gnanamritha Geetham, Shiddhashrama Prabhaavam and so on. The first Saurashtra dictionary was brought out by T.M. Rama Rai, the author of Vachana Ramayana, in 1908. It was printed in Saurashtra script and was in the form of slokas. Apart from these he is also credited for Niti Sambu and Natanagopala Nayaki Swami's Kirthanas.

The Sahitya Akademi Award is given to authors writing in the Saurashtra language since 2007. A former Sanskrit Professor of Sourashtra College in Madurai, T.R. Damodaran won the award for his book Jiva Sabda Kosam, a compilation of 1,333 Saurashtra words with English and Tamil meanings. However, Saroja Sundararajan, was also awarded for Yogendran Monnum Singaru Latun (in Tamil, 'Yogendra Thalaivarkalin Manathiley Ezhuntha Azhagiya Alaigal'), a rendition of works of Adi Sankara's Soundaryalahiri, Kanagadhara stotra and Mahishasuramarthini stotra, Natana Gopala Nayagi Swami's 'Mooschi Deshad,' 'Subramanian Mahatmiyam' and songs of Sai Baba.

title: Saurashtra language


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mpbot

Mpbot
Mpbot was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was a consensus to delete the article.

Originally up for cleanup, IMHO this is a non-notable IRC bot, getting only 374 hits on Google, most of which are wikimirrors, none are reviews. --Jill St. Crux 16:54, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Not notable software. --Improv 17:54, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable MarkS 20:14, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mpbot


text:
Wind & Wuthering

Wind & Wuthering is the eighth studio album by English progressive rock band Genesis. It was released on 17 December 1976 on Charisma Records and is their last studio album to feature guitarist Steve Hackett. Following the success of their 1976 tour to support their previous album A Trick of the Tail, the group relocated to Hilvarenbeek in the Netherlands to record a follow-up album, their first recorded outside the UK. Writing and recording caused internal friction, as Hackett felt some of his contributions were dropped in favour of material by keyboardist Tony Banks.

The album received a positive response from critics and contributed to the band's growing popularity in the US. It reached No. 7 in the UK and No. 26 in the US and sold steadily, eventually reaching Gold certification by the British Phonographic Institute and the Recording Industry Association of America. The single "Your Own Special Way" was the band's first charting single in the US, reaching. The band's 1977 tour, their last with Hackett, was their first with Chester Thompson hired as their live drummer. Three tracks left off the album were released during this time as an extended play, Spot the Pigeon. The album was reissued with a new stereo and 5.1 surround sound mix in 2007.

Background and production
By mid-1976, Genesis had survived the departure of original frontman Peter Gabriel, with drummer Phil Collins taking over lead vocals, and produced the critically and commercially successful album A Trick of the Tail and supporting tour. When they started work on a new album, keyboardist Tony Banks recalled a considerable amount of music had been written before the recording stage. Bassist and rhythm guitarist Mike Rutherford said it took an estimated six weeks to write the album. He pointed out the band wished to distance themselves from writing songs that were inspired by fantasy, something that their past albums "were full of". They wanted to write songs that they enjoyed, rather than having to please all the fans.

Hackett requested time to do another solo album before recording Wind & Wuthering, but was denied. He suggested ideas like dividing the song credits evenly so all four members had an equal number of songs on the album and bringing in outside musicians, which received a cold reception from the other members. He found himself arguing with the band as he felt his ideas were rejected in favour of material that Banks, in particular, had put forward. Having already released his first solo album, Voyage of the Acolyte, Hackett requested the band use more of his musical ideas on Wind & Wuthering. Banks ended up with six writing credits on the album's nine tracks, more than any other member. Collins spoke of Hackett's request: "We just wanted to use what we agreed was the strongest material, irrespective of who wrote it". He later said he did like Hackett's songs, but just thought Banks won the popular vote with the band. Hackett was not interested in writing shorter and simpler songs, and felt "the wackiness was being toned down".

Recording began in September 1976 with producer David Hentschel at Relight Studios in Hilvarenbeek, Netherlands, the first time Genesis recorded an album outside of the UK. The band learned that they could keep as much as 25 percent more of their earnings if they recorded an album overseas. Rutherford found the idea attractive, for the location offered fewer distractions. The band recorded quickly, and finished the basic tracks for the album in twelve days. Further work on the album was completed in October at Trident Studios in London; the album was mixed there in three weeks.

Collins explained that the album's title derives from a combination of the early working titles of "Unquiet Slumbers for the Sleepers..." and "...In That Quiet Earth", respectively. The first was named because of its "wind-like evocations"; the second as it has "a bit of a corny mood" like Emily Brontë's novel Wuthering Heights did. The songs took their titles from the last sentence in the novel. The "Wind" also has links to "The House of the Four Winds", a piece guitarist Steve Hackett wrote that became the bridge on "Eleventh Earl of Mar", plus the wind alluded to on "Your Own Special Way". Banks suggested the album's title which received some initial doubts from management "because it isn't zap-pow enough."

The album's sleeve was designed and illustrated by Colin Elgie and Hipgnosis. Upon hearing the album's title Elgie liked its visual title and immediately thought of Heathcliff, a prominent character from Wuthering Heights, and English moorland. He had remembered a scene from the Middle Ages film The War Lord (1965) which featured Charlton Heston standing beside a tree and the birds in it take flight. The cover is a watercolour by Elgie which took around three weeks to complete. He looked back on his design and wished to use "a hint more colour, less monochromatic".

Side one
"Eleventh Earl of Mar" refers to the historical figure of John Erskine, Earl of Mar, a Scottish Jacobite. Its working title was "Scottish". The first line of the song, "The sun had been up for a couple of hours", is the opening line of the novel The Flight of the Heron by D. K. Broster. Rutherford, who wrote the song's lyrics, got the idea after reading a "history book about a failed Scottish rising ... around 1715". Hackett wrote the music and lyrics to the song's bridge, which was originally a section of a different song.

"One for the Vine" was a track that Banks wrote during the writing sessions for A Trick of the Tail. He spent a year working on the song until he "got it right". His aim was to piece together a variety of instrumental parts into a complete song without repeating a section. The lyrics, which came after Banks had arranged the track, are a musical fantasy about a man who had been declared a Christ-like religious figure, and was forced to lead people into battle, while the music featured a variety of styles. In the end, he becomes the prophet that he himself did not believe in, and becomes disillusioned. Banks was inspired by the science fiction novel Phoenix in Obsidian (1970) by Michael Moorcock. The song became a live favourite, and regularly featured in the band's setlist for several years.

"Your Own Special Way" is an acoustic ballad written by Rutherford in open tuning, which includes a previously unused instrumental piece in the middle. He later said it was easier to join bits of individual songs together than write a single cohesive short piece.

Collins picked "Wot Gorilla?" as one of his favourite Genesis tracks as it brought in his influences of jazz fusion and Weather Report. Rutherford said its main theme is from the middle instrumental section from "One for the Vine", and that Collins suggested to play it in a "fast, jazzy rhythm" that built on the success of "Los Endos" from the previous album. Hackett was less enthusiastic and initially declared it "a very inferior instrumental", but later said it was "good rhythmically, but underdeveloped harmonically". Collins rearranged the piece with his big band project in the 1990s, and would play the drum pattern to see if his kick pedal was correctly adjusted.

Side two
"All in a Mouse's Night" is a comical tale inspired by Tom and Jerry. Banks wrote the lyrics with a cartoon-like feel. The song started out what Rutherford called "an involved epic" until the group abandoned this idea and approached it in a different way.

"Blood on the Rooftops" is a song concerning "the tedium and repetitiveness of television news and the overall mocking disgust that must sometimes accompany watching the news happen". The music to its chorus was written by Collins with Hackett writing the music to the verses, the song's lyrics and its classical guitar introduction. According to Hackett, the song was a love song originally. He explained, "When I heard the other lyrics on the album, there was a bit of a romantic tinge anyway, so I decided to go right the other way and make it as cynical as possible." It also addresses some political issues, which Genesis had previously stayed away from. Banks and Rutherford both claimed it was Hackett's best song as a member of the group.

"Unquiet Slumbers for the Sleepers..." and "...In That Quiet Earth" are two linked instrumental tracks. The first one was based on a bass pedals sequence by Rutherford with Hackett adding other chords with the guitar; the second one has two sections, with the first one based on a chord sequence by Hackett and second on a riff by Rutherford, then the other members added improvisations and variations on them. The titles refer to the last paragraph of the novel which inspired the album's title – Wuthering Heights, by Emily Brontë, which Banks had spotted in the book and thought the first title suited its mellow atmosphere. The tracks were written so that the band could showcase their instrumental talents, and stretch their musical skills as well as the songwriting.

"Afterglow" is a straightforward and concise love song, and an important development in the group's career, as it proved to them they could write short songs that they still liked. In contrast to the amount of time it took Banks to develop "One for the Vine", he wrote "Afterglow" "just about in the time it took to play it". Banks said the song "is about a reaction to a disaster and the realisation of what's important to you, in a slightly cataclysmic way [... I] made the chorus the essence of what the person is actually thinking". The ending features Collins' layered vocals. A few days after he wrote it, he came to the sudden realisation that its melody resembles that of "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas", which led to him playing it back and concluding "it wasn't the same". A Moog Taurus, a foot-operated analog synthesiser, was used to create a drone effect. It was a staple on Genesis tours for over ten years.

Unreleased material
The group rehearsed Hackett's "Please Don't Touch" for Wind & Wuthering, but decided not to record it after Collins felt he "couldn't get behind" the song. The group picked "Wot Gorilla?" in its place. Hackett later recorded the song for his solo album of the same name.

In May 1977, Genesis released the extended play Spot the Pigeon, containing three songs recorded during the Wind & Wuthering sessions but left off the final track selection–"Match of the Day", "Pigeons", and "Inside and Out". The first two are shorter, more commercial songs; the latter was left off because Collins said it was too long, did not "quite fit" with the overall sound of the album, and that insufficient space remained for it. He said the group considered including the EP of the extra tracks with the album, but decided against it as songs "tend to get lost" with the listener that way. "Inside and Out" remained a favourite of Hackett's, who felt it was stronger than some material that ended up on the album. Spot the Pigeon reached No. 14 in the UK.

Release
Wind & Wuthering was released in the UK on 17 December 1976. Genesis biographer Armando Gallo claimed that the album had sold 100,000 copies in its first week, which should have equated to the album entering the UK chart at number one, but its release around the Christmas period meant that some record shops were unable to complete their returns for the chart data. The album reached No. 7 on the UK Albums Chart. In the US, the album peaked at No. 26 on the Billboard 200. By April 1977, the album had sold roughly 150,000 copies there. "Your Own Special Way" was released as a single in the U.S. that reached No. 62 on the Billboard singles chart, the band's first charting single with Collins as lead vocalist. In February 1977, the album was certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry.

Critical reception
When recording finished, Banks expressed some concern that the album would be too "heavy" and "difficult" for people on their first listen, but he knew fans would give the material a chance. He noted the three tracks recorded during the album's sessions that were ultimately left off were "quite simple" and this meant the album had a heavier and more adventurous theme overall. Hackett and Banks have named it as one of their favourite of all Genesis records.

Wind & Wuthering turned out to be favourable with several critics at the time of release. In a positive review for Record Mirror, David Brown opened with "The grey misty, autumn cover gives away the mood of this album, with its mellow tones and airy songs". He believed the band's new following after the success of A Trick of the Tail would not be disappointed. He thought the album is "remarkably well-paced – the music flows ... in an almost undisturbed stream ... subtle instrumentals cleverly link the songs together". Barbara Sharone reported her various positive impressions of Wind & Wuthering through multiple sessions listening to the album for Sounds. Her thoughts include "too much to digest on one listening", "less immediate but more substantial" than A Trick of the Tail, and "the band now seem relaxed and confident to be themselves". As the review progresses, she comments that "One for the Vine" is "Genesis' finest moment". Rolling Stone gave the album a positive review, praising Genesis for being more experimental and steeped in conventional rock than their progressive rock contemporaries. They made particular note of "Your Own Special Way", calling it "a first-rate pop song". Wind & Wuthering was included in Billboard magazine's Top Album Picks feature, noting "Genesis has grown into one of the premiere art-rock bands to come out of England and its fans will not be disappointed with the latest offering ... sometimes the music and the words are brilliant". Stephen Lavers for National RockStar named the album the best from Genesis at the time of its release and their most ambitious work since The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway. Circus magazine described the album as "flawless" with "the most mature orchestration to date" from the band. Bruce Malamut for Crawdaddy! said the "Unquiet Slumbers" suite was "majestic" with its "colourful sound textures".

The album continued to receive praise from retrospective critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album a retrospective rating of four stars out of five on AllMusic. "Eleventh Earl of Mar" and "One for the Vine" were selected as the album's two "Track Picks". He made note of "Your Own Special Way", calling it "the poppiest tune the group had cut and also the first that could qualify as a love song" and summarised the album as "a standard Genesis record" that finds the band "working the same English eccentric ground that was the group's stock in trade since Trespass". Andy Fyfe, writing for 'Q', named "One for the Vine" as one of Genesis' "moments of impressive songwriting".

Tour

Following the album's release, Genesis embarked on a world tour covering Europe, North America, and their first dates in South America. The tour marked the first time Chester Thompson was hired as their touring drummer; Thompson replaced Bill Bruford who played drums on the A Trick of the Tail tour. Bruford was critical of his stint with Genesis as he had no musical input, and consequently, had started rehearsing with John Wetton and Rick Wakeman. Collins had become a fan of Frank Zappa's Roxy and Elsewhere album, which featured Thompson as one of two drummers, and consequently asked him to join the touring band without an audition.

The band concentrated their stage set with an elaborate lighting display, and their own patented computer-controlled laser light system. The tour received enthusiastic responses from crowds. Collins recognised a growth in the size of their audience in some cities they visited in the US. The tour began on 1 January 1977 with a sold-out UK leg, beginning with three nights at London's Rainbow Theatre where over 80,000 applications were made for the 8,000 available tickets. On 31 January, the live film Genesis In Concert premiered at the ABC Cinema, Shaftesbury Avenue with Princess Anne and Captain Mark Phillips in the audience.

The North American leg saw Genesis play their first show at several larger venues, including Madison Square Garden in New York City and the Los Angeles Forum. Their concerts in Brazil were attended by over 150,000 people, with a proposed 100,000-person gig cancelled for fear of rioting. Each band member was accompanied by an armed bodyguard during their stay. By the middle of the tour, Hackett had become frustrated with the band, having lost interest in touring and wanted to make a solo record. After the tour finished, and partway through mixing the live album Seconds Out, he decided to quit Genesis.

Reissues
Wind & Wuthering was first reissued on CD in 1985 by Charisma Records. A remastered CD followed in 1994 by Virgin and Atlantic Records. In 2007, the album was released in a new stereo and 5.1 surround sound mix individually and as part of the Genesis 1976–1982 studio album box set engineered by Nick Davis and Tony Cousins.

Personnel
Taken from the sleeve notes:

Genesis
 * Phil Collins – vocals, drums, cymbals, percussion
 * Steve Hackett – electric guitars, nylon classical guitar, 12 string guitar, kalimba, autoharp
 * Mike Rutherford – 4, 6, and 8 string bass guitars, electric and 12 string acoustic guitars, bass pedals, backing vocals
 * Tony Banks – Steinway grand piano, ARP 2600 synthesizer, ARP Pro Soloist synthesizer, Hammond organ, Mellotron, Roland RS-202 string synthesizer, Fender Rhodes electric piano, 12 string guitar, backing vocals

Production
 * David Hentschel – production, engineer
 * Genesis – arrangement, production
 * Pierre Geoffroy Chateau – assistant engineer
 * Nick "Cod" Bradford – assistant engineer
 * Hipgnosis and Colin Elgie – sleeve design
 * Tex (Nibs) Read, Andy Mackrill, Paul Padun – equipment

Recorded at Relight Studios, Hilvarenbeek, Netherlands. Remixed at Trident Studios, London

title: Wind & Wuthering


text:
User:Dewet

I take an interest in articles specifically related to this part of the world. My first edit and article here under my username was made in September 2004. According to Interiot's tool, my 1000th edit was just a bit of housekeeping, my 2000th edit was starting Karen Zoid. I've been active on the Afrikaans Wikipedia since at least July 2004, where I'm an administrator. You may or may not be interested in my contributed image gallery or to-do list. I try to remove spam on Wikipedia as I come across it.

This page has been vandalised      times.

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title: User:Dewet


text: File:Genesis - Seconds Out.jpg

title: File:Genesis - Seconds Out.jpg


text:
Ralph Nelson Elliott

Ralph Nelson Elliott (28 July 1871 – 15 January 1948) was an American accountant and author whose study of stock market data led him to develop the Wave Principle, a description of the cyclical nature of trader psychology and a form of technical analysis. It identifies trends and reversals in financial markets. These cyclical patterns in price movements are known among practitioners of the method as Elliott waves.

Personal life and career
Elliott was born in Marysville, Kansas, and later moved to San Antonio, Texas. He entered the accounting field in the mid-1890s and worked primarily in executive positions for railroad companies in Central America and Mexico. In 1903, Elliott married Mary Elizabeth Fitzpatrick (1869–1941), who accompanied him during his extended time working as an expatriate in Mexico. Civil unrest there brought the couple back to the United States and eventually to a residence in New York City, where Elliott started a successful consulting business. In 1924, the United States Department of State appointed Elliott to the post of Chief Accountant for Nicaragua, which was under American control at the time. Not long afterward, Elliott wrote two books based on his professional experiences: Tea Room and Cafeteria Management and The Future of Latin America.

Elliott Wave Principle
In the early 1930s, Elliott began a systematic study of seventy-five years of stock market data, including index charts with increments ranging from yearly to half-hourly prices. In August 1938, he detailed his results by publishing his third book in collaboration with Charles J. Collins, entitled The Wave Principle. Elliott stated that, while stock market prices may appear random and unpredictable, they actually follow predictable, natural laws, and can be measured and forecast using Fibonacci numbers. Soon after the publication of The Wave Principle, Financial World magazine commissioned Elliott to write twelve articles under the book title, describing his method of market forecasting.

In the early 1940s, Elliott expanded the theory to apply to all collective human behavior. His final major work was his most comprehensive: Nature's Law –The Secret of the Universe published in June, 1946, two years before he died.

In the years after Elliott's death, other practitioners, including Charles Collins, Hamilton Bolton, Richard Russell, and A.J. Frost continued to use the wave principle and provide forecasts to investors. Glenn Neely published Elliott Waves in Motion in 1988 and Mastering Elliott Wave in 1990 using Elliott Wave theory to present an objective approach to market forecasting called Neowave theory. Neely's Neowave theory is an expansion of Elliott Wave principles years after Elliott's death, including new patterns discovered with: Neutral triangle, Diametric formation, Symmetrical formation, Extracting triangle, 3rd-Extension terminal with 5th failure, and Reverse alternation. Robert Prechter found out about Elliott's work while he was working as a market technician at Merrill Lynch, and used it as a basis for the book Elliott Wave Principle, coauthored with Frost in 1978.

title: Ralph Nelson Elliott


text:
User talk:0101WONGcy

'''Mao Dun (July 4, 1896–March 27, 1981), whose real name and courtesy name was Chen Dehong (沈德鴻)and Yanbing (雁冰)respectively, was one of the greatest Chinese writers of the 20th century. His achievements were based on the education he had received when he was young, by his parents and schools. That equipped him with the necessary language skills and knowledge about literature.'''

Mao Dun's parents father Chen Yongxi (沈永錫)designed the cirriculum for his son, who was only five years old at that time. Books like 'Character class chart knowledge' (《字課圖識》)and 'Geography song slightly'(《地理歌略》) were chosen. In the meantime, Mao Dun's mother Zhen Aizhu (陳愛珠)became his first enlightening teacher.

In 1904, Mao Dun was admitted to the first modern primary school of his hometown. He acquired outstanding result and thus was able to be taught in the town's higher quality primary school which was famous for putting emphasis on Chinese and English.In an exmination, the examiner commented on Mao Dun's script with a sentence, '12 year old young child, can make this language, not says motherland nobody'. There were other similar comments about Mao Dun's brilliance when he was still a primary school boy.

While Mao Dun was studying in secondary school, extensive reading and strict writing skills training filled his life. He finished reading 'Illustrios Definite orders'(《昭明文選》), 'Shi Shuo Xin Yu'(《世說新語》) and a large number of novels. The thirst for Chinese classics knowledge continued when Mao Dun entered matrication in Beida. Moreover, he read a lot of English originals.

Master over languages, both Chinese and English, as well as knowledge in Chinese and Western literature were provided to Mao Dun by the fifteen years' education he received since he was five years old. These abilities prepared him for showing up in the limelight of the chinese journalist and literary arena.

title: User talk:0101WONGcy


text:
Talk:Joutseno

Untitled
I'd note that this stinks of POV... but that's one pretty lake, that. -- Kizor 16:58, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The point of view of the first paragraph is atrocious
Whoever wrote it should have their Wikipedia privileges revoked. --Agamemnon2 (talk) 21:08, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

 * ^this user is no longer active, but it shouldn't be so atrocious anymore Kapulakone (talk) 12:43, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

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