text:
Talk:Viet Minh

Untitled
I thought that the Vietminh recieved support from the Soviet Union, not the Americans. The Americans supported the French due to the fear of Communism and the domino theory.
 * First the Americans helped the Việt Minh, but then betray them after WWII. --Ionius Mundus 00:23, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

This part of the article is referring to the period during WWII prior to the start of the Vietnam War. Note that the dates referenced are in 1941, long before the start of the Vietnam War. Fib0nacc11 (talk) 04:32, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

Elections
There is evidence that the Communist faction wes using fear and intimidation to coerce people to vote for them. I am not sure fair elections could be held if the threat of violence was a factor.
 * That "evidence" is incorrect. The Việt Minh were widely supported, especially after beating the French imperialists. --Ionius Mundus 00:23, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Would you be so kind as to provide a link, as I would be very interested in that? Ydirbut 03:00, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

_____________________________________________________________

Go to August Revolution and then to French version of both "Viet Minh" and "August Revolution" closely linked.

Takima 22:25, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

army organization
this article is obviously pro-Viet Minh oriented but whatever this is not my concern for the moment, i'd like to create a kind of Viet Minh army or Viet Minh organization article. it would present the military organization with division, regiments names, a weapon list could come later as well like done in the korean war article. the pupose is to present the viet minh organization like the bo doi dia phung, the role of the coolies etc. Cliché Online 13:19, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

this article need to redirect to "Việt Minh". 96.229.179.106 (talk) 07:24, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Inaccurate Description
I strongly disagree with the description of the Viet Minh as a "communist revolutionary national liberation movement." To call it "communist revolutionary" is misleading--the Viet Minh was a coalition movement made up of different nationalist elements. While many of the leaders were members of the Communist party, the goal of the movement was national liberation, a cause that unified various disparate nationalist groups under the same banner. To call it a communist revolutionary movement would be to disregard the organizational brilliance of the movement, not to mention the efforts of intellectuals, Catholics, peasants, bourgeois, and other anti-French sympathizers that participated in this movement. Flaneuse78 (talk) 11:29, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Response : Flaneuse78 - I've changed the article to reflect this, before I had read about your concern with the line "communist revolutionary national...", I didn't like it either. However please put in your two cents, your paragraph sounds pretty good TwinqleTwinqle (talk) 09:08, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Re-education Camps
Something should be mentioned about the re-education camps, conducted by the Viet Minh (around 1954 - 60s I believe). Refer to http://www.anapi.asso.fr/en_Prisoners-of-the-Vietminh_25.htm. twinqletwinqle (talk) 14:45, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

True History of Viet Minh
I can no longer find my sources regarding the fact that FDR had laid the foundation of insuring that all of France's former colonies, especially in Indo-China were given over to Soviet authority as part of the hegemony of the New World Order that the U.S., the U.K. and the U.S.S.R. were to form. The Viet Minh were a creation of the U.S. govt. and would never had been able to become the fighting force that they became without the support of the degenerate FDR who trusted the Soviets without question. FDR disliked the French and considered them a nation of losers who had no right existing but only have done so because of the lost lives of millions of non-French people who have fought wars for them in order to achieve colonies and to act as some kind of buffer for Germany's power dating back to the end of the 19th century. Also, it's well known that Hồ Chí Minh was a creation of the U.S. govt. and eventually became the rallying figure for a Communist dominated Southeast Asia. Once again, the U.S. creating an enemy, much like Israel created Hamas in order to ruin the P.L.O in hopes that students of Hamas would turn their focus to studying the Koran and leave a struggle for a Palestinian state with no supporters. Big mistake.

This would become standard policy of the U.S. to create enemies where none existed before our involvement.

Does anyone have any of those sources available to add to the fact that the U.S. was complicit in aiding the Communist Vietnamese and the Viet Minh in general? MattFoley Motivational Speaker (talk) 09:33, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Ho Chi Minh is just ho chi minh ,not who product In 1919 he asked for Vietnam's independence in the treaty of versailes. Indochina communist party establishment in 1930.Viet Minh establishment in 1941 but just in 1945 america cooperate with viet minh14:16, 3 November 2023 (UTC)14.244.118.237 (talk)

"South Japan" ?!
Currently the intro section says the Vietminh began in South Japan. That can't be right, but the link given as a reference is broken, and I don't want to change it because I'm not sure where it was actually founded (I assume that's supposed to be "South Vietnam"). Can somebody with a good source fix this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.165.108.189 (talk) 03:01, 18 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It was founded at Pac Bo, in North Vietnam, near the Chinese-Vietnamese border. --SheenShin (talk) 22:18, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

Diacritical markings
Here I am again looking up something about Vietnam and finding those annoying diacritical markings. This is the English Wikipedia; if the bias for preserving Vietnamese ethnicity with marks totally foreign to English must prevail, please at least give me the option of a button that allows me to turn them off on my own screen. Yopienso (talk) 18:25, 16 November 2012 (UTC)
 * If you want to complain, get in line, senora. DHN (talk) 19:20, 16 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Been there, done that. Yopienso (talk) 20:08, 16 November 2012 (UTC)

Formation of Pathet Lao
Hello, all,

Influence of the Viet Minh on the formation and activities of the Pathet Lao should be covered in this article.

Georgejdorner (talk) 16:11, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

What is the ICP?
First paragraph refers to ICP, but no explanation of it — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.136.29.223 (talk) 09:26, 17 November 2015 (UTC)

please contact
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.107.248.173 (talk) 13:28, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Viet Minh. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050512031344/http://www.vpac-usa.org/flag/The%20National%20Flag%20of%20VN.pdf to http://www.vpac-usa.org/flag/The%20National%20Flag%20of%20VN.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:36, 23 March 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 5 September 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved. ErikHaugen (talk | contribs) 19:35, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

Viet Minh → Việt Minh – the pre-1955 movement against the French is now given the correct ệ in English books. Ben Kiernan Viet Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present 2017 Page 381 "Estimates suggest that by late July the Việt Minh had enlisted or recruited possibly 150,000 people in Tonkin, 20,000 in Annam, and 10,000 in Cochinchina.". Also WP:CONSISTENCY with the vast majority of en.wp pre-Vietnam War articles. (Not consistent obviously with the later Viet Cong which is a 1960s US name not real Vietnamese name of the NLF). In ictu oculi (talk) 09:39, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. Wikipedia is an online, Unicode-based reference work that need not reflect archaic typographical limitations.  See also WP:DGUIDE: Reasons.  —  AjaxSmack  03:15, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Oppose - Finding it with the "correct" diacritics in a few books doesn't mean that it's the most common form. Most reliable English-language sources (i.e. Britannica) don't use it. Academicoffee71 (talk) 22:45, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. No need to stick to outdated typography. (I can still remember when the state institution I used to work for finally managed to go from ALLCAPS in their database to normal ASCII and then finally being able to use diacritics) Agathoclea (talk) 15:01, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.
 * Just for the record the 'oppose' there Academicoffee71 is a Bobby Martnen/Genealogizer sock. Would have struck through but already closed. In ictu oculi (talk) 19:59, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * It's permissible to strike anyway; the refactoring rule that permits one to strike another editor's comment is a higher-grade permission than tweaking formatting in a hatted thread. >;-)   — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  23:33, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

Sep 2017 move decision was defective and needs to be revisited
The above decision of Sep 2017 was done with minimal consensus, apparently 2 people, and is based on flawed reasoning. The question at hand is not whether or not Wikipedia has the technological capability to present Unicode. The fundamental issue is this:

 * What is the appropriate spelling to use when people are having a discussion in English on this topic?

The root of this becomes whether or not it is appropriate to use letters which are outside of the English language when having a discussion in English about the Viet Minh. Not only what is appropriate, but what is the more common method for doing so, and which is the method that is most appropriate for Wikipedia here to do so. And that is en.Wikipedia, specifically.

So this is not a technology question. Everyone is perfectly clear that we can do this. The question is whether it is proper to do so. Here is an example of one case where it is clearly proper:
 * Blue Öyster Cult

It is a US band, yet it is spelled using a vowel form found in the German language, not in English. But because this is the standard they set and the standard they were addressed by through their fan base and reviewers, etc, it serves as an exemplary case where it is fully appropriate for the English language Wikipedia to go outside of the Roman alphabet character set for the title of that article. Countless reliable references can be cited to support this decision.

Now in the case for the Viet Minh/Việt_Minh, to support the September 2017 decision, the proper way to have done that would have been to show how reliable English language sources spell the name of this organization, and whether or not they go outside of the Roman alphabet character set to print their name.

It is clear to me that this entire question is in need of being revisited, and this time use this proper criteria to base the decision. The deficiency was not so much that it was based on the positive vote of 2 people. This is not a democratic decision. It could be only one person voting one way, and if that person is outnumbered by votes going the other way, that is not the proper way to make this decision. All that one person need do to show that their position is the proper one is to have a weighting of the English language sources, and that we here will follow what these sources do. That would be the primary consideration.

The bottom line here is that the September 2017 decision was defective. This issue needs to be revisited. Please note that I have thus far withheld my own opinion on the outcome regarding the decision that was made. This call to revisit the decision is based on the defective criteria used to arrive at the outcome, and not necessarily in the outcome itself. I myself would be fine with me staying out of the new process in going back through the weighting of sources, etc. I am content with this role of simply pointing out that it needs to be done over. This time using proper criteria.

One more point to make here is that the question was raised on Sep5, and the issue was marked as closed on Sep15. 10 days and 10 hours strikes me as horribly rushed. If a robust outcome is desired ...one that can withstand the test of time, then it would seem prudent to keep the process open for significantly longer than 10 days. While 10 months might be excessively long, it would seem to me to be desirable to err on the side of being too long versus too short. And in seeing what was posted the day after it got closed, it is apparent that something very strange had happened here. -- Lexi sioz (talk) 10:06, 8 July 2019 (UTC)

Replacing citation of The Pentagon Papers from books from Beacon Press with Wikisource
The article cites The Pentagon Papers three times, and Wikisource already has s:United States – Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967: A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense available for the Pentagon Papers and that is more accessible than the book published by Beacon Press. If someone has a copy of Beacon Press's book, I suggest that he use the page number to find the referenced part and replace the citation with Wikisource reference. --Happyseeu (talk) 04:57, 2 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I do not believe that Wikisource is regarded as a reliable source, because the content is added by users - but I could be wrong about that. Beyond My Ken (talk) 05:30, 2 September 2019 (UTC)
 * A quick look at WP:Reliable sources noticeboard seems to indicate that Wikisource is not regarded as a reliable source. See this, for example. Beyond My Ken (talk) 05:34, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 5 August 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved (closed by non-admin page mover)  Megan Barris   (Lets talk📧)  06:17, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

Việt Minh → Viet Minh – Per WP:UE. Previous RM to the current title was contested, but not actually reviewed - only one source was given, despite Google Ngrams showing the anglicised version being used about 10x more than the Vietnamese equivalent. Also makes this consistent with Viet Cong. ItsPugle (please use  on reply) 06:31, 5 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support Rreagan007 (talk) 08:16, 5 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per UE and UCN. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 08:33, 5 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. Absolutely no need to complicate things given this is the common name in pretty much every English-language source. -- Necrothesp (talk) 10:49, 5 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose unlike Viet Cong which is an English made up name, Việt Minh is a real Vietnamese name and en.wp uses full spelling in all Latin-alphabet fonts, including Slovak, Maltese and Vietnamese. This is a font issue. It may cause heads to explode as "foreign", but guess what it is foreign, and a quality MOS book on the Vietnam history will give the full font on Vietnamese names and terms in order to aid reading. In ictu oculi (talk) 09:23, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * if you don't mind, I'm curious. Why this article and not Lech Wałęsa? How is that different? Or the Rhône? Why single out a Vietnamese term? In ictu oculi (talk) 09:29, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hey! While I understand that is an anglicisation of the Vietnamese proper noun, the English Wikipedia's established Naming Conventions have already resolved that we use the most commonly referred to name in reliable English sources. This has nothing to do with the title being "foreign", but simply is from established convention (also note that we do have other articles under their "native" name: Göttingen etc, because they're commonly referred to in literature by that name). And to answer your question about why I've 'singled out' this article, I'm not purposefully, I just saw what I think is room for improvement, and have put forward that suggestion. ItsPugle (please use  on reply) 11:32, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The thing is ItsPugle that you haven't provided any justification for removing the full font. You've cited WP:UE which says nothing about fonts. You've found that most books don't have full font, which Wikipedia does. Something you would also find for Lech Wałęsa. So I ask again, why have you singled out this article? We had a damaging and disruptive attempt by a dozen editors about 10 years ago, some of them socks, to remove full fonts from en.wp, and it resulted in the status quo consensus - full fonts in all articles - being retained. A cursory look at your edit interests (which is allowed, had to check that this wasn't a Kauffner sock) indicates no involvement in Vietnam articles, with respect you seem to be contributing more to Queensland pages. So why make an issue of Polish fonts, etc? The whole of the Wikipedia article corpus uses full fonts in all Latin alphabet languages, why this article rather than a bulk move of 100,000 articles? In ictu oculi (talk) 07:20, 7 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The anglicisation policy directly says, and I quote, - that is my justification. As per the Google Ngrams link in my requested move message, you'll find that the anglicised term, "Viet Minh", is used significantly more often than the Vietnamese alternative. I don't know why you think, and nor have I ever suggested such - the existence of non-Latin characters doesn't mean that we should use them against policy, and in this case, the majority of reliable sources. On sock puppetry, it would be inappropriate for me to comment on other user's behaviour when I haven't been involved (or even was editing Wikipedia then). In reference to your exploration of my editing history, I don't really see how that's relevant to this move request - just because I have a history of editing Australian articles doesn't mean that I'm unable to edit others outside that scope. In terms of your "what about xyz" concern, to directly address your examples of those two articles, Google Ngrams shows that Lech Wałęsa and Rhône, the native terminology, is used more in English-language sources than their anglicised equivalents. ItsPugle (please use  on reply) 09:02, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Support per nom and ngrams. Note that I double-checked a few scholarly dead-tree books I own and they too use "Viet Minh".  SnowFire (talk) 08:41, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

.. disappointing, can people really not tell the difference between "spelling" Florence vs Firenze, and "fonts" Lech Walesa vs Lech Wałęsa? In ictu oculi (talk) 08:18, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , I acted on consensus above, I was never involved.If you want a review of the move, the relevant notice board is open, you can also request another move, Regards Megan Barris   (Lets talk📧)  08:25, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm sure it was a good faith non-admin close, despite none of the guidelines cited saying what the above Supports claimed, but I fear you've inadvertently reopened a damaging war from 10 years ago. The rest of the Vietnam articles are already targeted. And based on a decade ago maybe Poland articles after that. In ictu oculi (talk) 13:51, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * In ictu oculi: A little less alarmism would be appreciated. This isn't Kauffner reborn, and you should "blame"/credit the other participants in the discussions, not the closer here.  My intuition is that for the very prominent Vietnamese terms that are well-known in English, the English version will be used (Hanoi, not Hà Nội, similar to uncontroversial examples like Tokyo vs. Tōkyō), and for everything else the Vietnamese version will be used.  Viet Minh is merely prominent enough in English literature to have the style "Viet Minh" with no diacritics be the default, but I doubt there will be some massive change-over, nor would I personally support a massive switch of everything, despite thinking that Viet Minh should be switched.  SnowFire (talk) 18:59, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * . Seconded. I actually usually advocate using the name as it appears in its native language unless it is far, far more commonly seen in English-language sources in another version. This is the case with Viet Minh. It is not the case with your other two examples, Lech Wałęsa and Rhône, both of which are frequently seen in their native forms. Viet Minh, however, almost always appears without the diacritics. -- Necrothesp (talk) 22:03, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm not blaming the non-admin closer at all.  but a multiple move against a bag of VN bios has in fact also been launched. So we'll see if my Kauffner reborn worry is unfounded or not. In ictu oculi (talk) 21:00, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * If you have a qualm with my editorial efforts, drop me a message on my talk page or, if you deem in necessary, report me on the ANI. Otherwise, the consensus for this article has already been achieved and actioned upon. If you seriously think there was an oversight, request a move review, or wait a few months and propose a reversed move - there's no benefit right now in grousing about stuff here. ItsPugle (please use  on reply) 22:52, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Addition of "Communist"
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh&diff=prev&oldid=971300429 Adding local short description: "Communist Vietnamese independence movement between 1941 and 1951", overriding Wikidata description "National independence coalition 1941->51." (Shortdesc helper) undothank I'm not 100% clear how adding "Communist" here benefits the article? In ictu oculi (talk) 07:27, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I mean, the entirety of the Viet Minh's leadership were communists (many of which were trained by the Comintern), and communism was the main ideologies of the movement alongside independence and nationalism. This is particularly important because the Viet Minh's use of guerrilla warfare relied on the support of rural agricultural workers, and the idea of agricultural communes and joint ownership of agricultural infrastructure (instead of it being owned by the French and being inaccessible to most) was the only reason why the movement was able to garnish the support of farmers. The ideological basis, communist nationalism, is also the central action of the Viet Minh, and as such should be represented in the short description. Many reliable sources present this as such: Encyclopedia Britannica, ThoughtCo, Infoplease, Dictionary.com, BBC, NSA, US Department of State Office of the Historian. ItsPugle (please use  on reply) 10:47, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

Removed material from self-published source
I just removed the material apparently cited in " Now We Can All Go Home" by Oren Hays, page 157. See Diff. The work is published by Lulu.com, which is considered one of of the biggest self-publishing houses. Ltncanada (talk) 00:23, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Viet Minh


text:
Talk:Apollo 7

Picture of the crew with Edens, Hope and Haney is reversed
The picture is reversed. Compare to the original linked in the media summary (the source file from which this was extracted.) Also note that men's clothing buttons left-over-right, not right-over-left. In the image their suits appear buttoned right-over-left. (Asking someone good at changing pictures to fix this. Thanks!)--MirelesJ (talk) 05:12, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

Exaggeration
Subtitle "Mutiny" in space has been described as "exaggerated". Is there anything to it? --Mortense (talk) 10:13, 26 July 2016 (UTC)
 * One user on another website described it as exaggerated. Yes, it can probably be worded more neutrally, but I won't lose sleep if it is left as-is. I mean, they flat out refused to follow NASA's instructions. — Huntster (t @ c) 16:46, 26 July 2016 (UTC)

This "Munity" is ridiculous as the final authority on any flight is the one in the commanders seat. It's his mission and his life. The people at mission control are there to advise and assist. If the commander decides to ignore the controller's judgement he should be expected to explain his actions. Also he should not be surprised if it effects future assignments. That said if a crewman disobeyed the commanders orders then that would be "mutiny".Corumplex (talk) 17:50, 2 March 2019 (UTC)

No mention of the cold-turkey nicotine withdrawal of those crew who were smokers & its effect on the "mutiny". This was mentioned in some books covering the flight108.28.184.79 (talk) 02:20, 29 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Can you let me know which books and page numbers? I have or can access most books on the Apollo program. Wehwalt (talk) 12:20, 29 April 2023 (UTC)

Compared to what happened on Skylab getting testy with Houston barely rates. Was "mutiny" a contemporaneous description or did wiki editors add it?141.156.187.235 (talk) 06:22, 17 July 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Apollo 7. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081012111046/http://www.astronautix.com/flights/apollo7.htm to http://www.astronautix.com/flights/apollo7.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090609153256/https://mira.hq.nasa.gov/history/ws/hdmshrc/all/main/DDD/17969.PDF to https://mira.hq.nasa.gov/history/ws/hdmshrc/all/main/DDD/17969.PDF

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:18, 8 November 2017 (UTC)

Pre-launch incident
An incident described in this NASA document may be relevant to this article and fit for inclusion.  Kees08  (Talk)   20:19, 9 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Can you please give a summary, or proposed language? thanks. Randy Kryn (talk) 21:05, 9 January 2019 (UTC)
 * The basic summary is they spilled propellant on the vehicle, which caused a several week delay. I can give a stab at it later, just found it while researching for work.  Kees08  (Talk)   22:59, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

Conflict section
Sorry for swooping in after the FAC here, but just read this and wanted to note two things about the section. First, it comes off as a little unbalanced toward the astronauts, since it's only quoting them, not the ground people, and the ground perspective is communicated through the astronauts saying "this is what they thought of us". This is somewhat remedied by the aftermath section, which has more of their perspective, so some rearranging and an added quote from someone on ground would probably be enough. Second, regarding the particular question of whether or not the crew ended up wearing their helmets during reentry, the prose does not make that clear. Regards, {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 11:22, 28 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I've added something. Let me know if you think more is needed.--Wehwalt (talk) 12:47, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

No such thing as "Apollo 2" (unless an informal usage was made in the sources...?)
I've struck all four invocations of "Apollo 2" which were in the article, as officially there was no such thing—a topic which has previously been taken up by JustinTime55 in the talk pages for AS-201, AS-202 and AS-203.

Having said that, the surrounding sources and language make clear that a second earth orbital test flight was planned at some point, which might make "Apollo 2" a natural (informal) usage among the actors as things were being done at the time. Perhaps more precise citation could warrant adding mention of "Apollo 2" back, but it would need qualification IMO about how things changed, especially around the Apollo 1 disaster (where the label Apollo 1 was itself an after-the-fact commemoration). We have here a fairly recent FA (thanks to the good efforts of Wehwalt among others) and so it needs to be held to FA standards on these sorts of details. Do the surrounding sources/memoirs explicitly speak of "Apollo 2"? If so, I think we might add the phrase back, but with qualification. MinnesotanUser (talk) 06:47, 15 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Certainly the sources speak of it or it would not be in there. See here (Cunningham's book) and here (Stafford). See also Shayler's book here. I will restore language such as "dubbed Apollo 2" because of course it would have been AS-205 until it flew. I also disagree with your change of description of the CAPCOM from "the person in Mission Control" responsible for spacecraft communications to "people". There was, on Apollo 7, only one CAPCOM at a time. He did not work 24 hours a day so there were multiple CAPCOMs but I think the reader is smart enough to figure that out.--Wehwalt (talk) 13:40, 15 March 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Apollo 7


text:
George Wardrope

George Calvin Wardrope (November 2, 1899 – January 1, 1980) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He served as a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1951 to 1967. He was a member of cabinet in the governments of Leslie Frost and John Robarts.

Background
He was born in Montreal, the son of John W. Wardrope and educated at the University of Toronto. Wardrope operated an insurance and real estate agency in Port Arthur. He was also president of the Steep Rock Lumber Company and served on the city council for Port Arthur. In 1947, he married Blanche Mabel Senbolt.

Politics
Wardrope was an unsuccessful candidate for the federal seat in 1935 and the provincial seat in 1948. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Progressive Conservative for the northern Ontario riding of Port Arthur in the 1951 provincial election. In December 1958, he was appointed to cabinet as Minister of Reform Institutions.

He was a candidate in the 1961 Progressive Conservative leadership convention, placing last with 45 votes. He was subsequently appointed to the Cabinet by the new Premier of Ontario, John Robarts as Minister of Mines. He held this position until he was defeated in the 1967 election by radio broadcaster Ron Knight. Knight defeated him by 810 votes.

Wardrope attempted to win a seat in the House of Commons of Canada in the 1968 federal election, but was defeated in the riding of Thunder Bay. He placed third behind Liberal Keith Penner and the New Democratic Party candidate.

In 1969 he was elected to serve on the first City Council of the new city of Thunder Bay, which took office on January 1, 1970.

title: George Wardrope


text:
Sage Hill School

Sage Hill School is an independent co-educational college preparatory school for day students in grades 9-12, and is located in Newport Coast, California. The school first opened in September 2000 with a freshman and sophomore class of 120 students.

 * Average class size is 14 students
 * Offers more than 30 AP, accelerated and post-AP classes
 * Student to College Counselor ratio is 34:1
 * 21 interscholastic sports totaling 42 teams at all levels of competition
 * 30,000-square-foot Studio features the Kazu Fukuda Black Box Theater
 * The Lisa Argyros & Family Science Center houses teaching and learning space for biology, chemistry and physics as well as interdisciplinary study of science and long-term research.
 * Accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges since 2003. Sage Hill is also accredited by the California Association of Independent Schools (CAIS).

Sage Hill Middle School
In 2023, Sage Hill School announced its plan to be the first 7-12 independent school in Orange County. With a projected opening date for grades 7 and 8 in August 2026, Sage Hill shared it would accept applications for the inaugural 7th and 8th grade classes during the 2025-2026 school year.

The Newport Beach Planning Commission unanimously voted to approve the development of Sage Hill’s middle school on December 7, 2023. This action allows for construction of the three-story middle school building and increased Sage Hill’s maximum student enrollment from 600 to 750 students.

Following a nationwide search, Dr. Joseph Moody was named as the founding Director of Middle School effective July 1, 2024.

title: Sage Hill School


text:
Bob Lutz (businessman)

Robert Anthony Lutz (born February 12, 1932) is a Swiss-American automotive executive. He served as a top leader of all of the United States Big Three automobile manufacturers, having been in succession executive vice president (and board member) of Ford Motor Company, president and then vice chairman (and board member) of Chrysler Corporation, and vice chairman of General Motors.

Early life
Lutz was born in Zürich, Switzerland, the son of Margaret and Robert Harry Lutz. His father was a vice chairman of Credit Suisse. Lutz emigrated from Switzerland to the United States aged seven, spending time in Scarsdale, New York, becoming a U.S. citizen in 1943, and returned to Switzerland in 1947 to attend school in Lausanne. He is fluent in English, French, and German. He has modest fluency in Italian.

Lutz received a bachelor's degree in production management in 1961, followed by an MBA with a concentration in marketing with highest honors in 1962, both from the University of California, Berkeley. He earned the latter when he was flying in the United States Marine Corps Reserve's 4th Marine Aircraft Wing and supporting two of four young daughters by selling vacuum cleaners in Walnut Creek, California. He also received an honorary Doctorate of Law from Boston University in 1985, and an honorary degree of Doctor of Management from Kettering University in 2003. He is a trustee of the Marine Corps University Foundation and the Marine Military Academy.

Professional career
After leaving the Marines, Lutz spent eight years with GM Opel in Europe before joining BMW serving as executive vice president of sales at BMW for three years. He takes some credit in the development of the BMW 3 Series as well as their Motorsport division.

Lutz was also an executive vice president at Ford Motor Company. At Ford of Europe, he led the creation of the Ford Escort III, and Ford Sierra, and upon returning to the US in 1985, initiated development of the original Ford Explorer, and was a member of Ford's board of directors. He was a frequent internal political rival of eventual Ford CEO Red Poling.

Lutz became head of Chrysler Corporation's Global Product Development, including the successful Dodge Viper and LH series cars. Former Chrysler chairman and CEO Lee Iacocca, who helped steer the company back to profitability after receiving loans from private banks backed by the U.S. Government in 1979, said he should have picked Lutz as his successor rather than Bob Eaton upon Iacocca's retirement at the end of 1992, but at the time Iacocca and Lutz were not getting along. Eaton was responsible for the sale of Chrysler to Daimler-Benz in 1998 which Daimler ended up backing out of in 2007 when it sold Chrysler to Cerberus Capital Management. Referring to the job performance of Eaton, Iacocca claimed that Lutz "would eat him for lunch".

While at General Motors, Lutz championed the import of the Holden Monaro to the United States as the Pontiac GTO. Other cars such as the Cadillac Sixteen Concept; Saturn Sky and Pontiac Solstice; Pontiac G8; Chevrolet Malibu; Cadillac CTS; Buick Enclave; Cadillac Converj Concept; Cadillac CTS Coupe Concept; Chevrolet Camaro; Chevy Beat, Groove and Trax Concept Studies; and 2010 Buick Lacrosse, Chevrolet Equinox, and Cadillac SRX are said to be Lutz initiatives. Lutz has also emphasized a need to produce fuel efficient vehicles, backing the 2010 Chevrolet Volt.

Lutz maintained the "Fastlane" blog hosted at GM Blogs.

In 2008, Lutz said that "the electrification of the automobile is inevitable".

On February 9, 2009, GM announced that Lutz would step down on April 1, 2009, from his position as vice chairman of Global Product Development, to take an advisory role. He was to retire from GM at the end of 2009. Lutz said that one reason for his decision was the increasing regulatory climate in Washington that would force GM to produce what federal regulators wanted, rather than what customers wanted. Lutz has expressed skepticism on the issue of global warming.

During a July 10, 2009, press conference, GM stated that Lutz would remain at GM as vice chairman responsible for all creative elements of products and customer relationships and that his role as vice chairman of Global Product Development would be assumed April 1, 2009, by Thomas G. Stephens, then executive vice president of Global Powertrain and Global Quality. Lutz, Stephens, and design chief Ed Welburn would work together to guide all creative aspects of design. Lutz would also lead the effort to better guide GM's brands, and the automaker's marketing, advertising, and communications teams would report to Lutz in an effort to develop a more consistent message and results. Lutz would report directly to Fritz Henderson, and be part of the newly formed executive committee. Lutz retired from General Motors May 2, 2010.

Lutz is currently head of the consulting firm Lutz Communications. He is also chairman of The New Common School Foundation, a member of the board of trustees for the U.S. Marine Corps University Foundation, and vice chairman of the board of trustees for the Marine Military Academy in Harlingen, Texas. He joined the Transonic Combustion, Inc. board of directors on May 24, 2010.

On August 6, 2012, The NanoSteel Company, a nano-structured steel materials designer, announced an investment by GM Ventures in the company. On October 10, 2012, NanoSteel announced the appointment of Bob Lutz to its board of directors. The Providence, RI-based company said that it "has achieved a significant breakthrough in the development of nano-structured sheet steel with exceptional strength and ductility" for the automotive industry.

In 2015, Lutz was honored with an Edison Achievement Award for his commitment to innovation throughout his career.

In late-2017 Lutz wrote an article for Automotive News predicting upheaval within the car manufacturing industry, anticipating large-scale fleet ownership, removal of dealerships and an eventual ban on human driving of vehicles for transport.

Chronology of career & positions

 * United States Marine Corps, active duty Naval Aviator 1954 to 1959; flew with the Marine Corps Reserve's 4th Marine Aircraft Wing until 1965.
 * General Motors—Lutz began his automotive career at GM in September 1963, where he held senior leadership positions in Europe until December 1971.
 * BMW—1971 to 1974, executive vice president of Global Sales and Marketing at BMW in Munich, and a member of that company's board of management.
 * Ford—1974 to 1986, where his last position was executive vice president of truck operations. He also served as chairman of Ford of Europe and as executive vice president of Ford International Operations (1982–86), as well as a member, Ford board of directors (1982–86).
 * Executive at Chrysler Corporation—1986 to 1998. Lutz began his service with Chrysler in 1986 as executive vice president and was shortly thereafter elected to the Chrysler Corporation board. Lutz led all of Chrysler's automotive activities, including sales, marketing, product development, manufacturing, and procurement and supply. Lutz also served as president and chief operating officer, responsible for Chrysler's car and truck operations worldwide.
 * CEO of Exide—1998 to 2002. Lutz was chairman and chief executive officer of Exide Technologies. He served as chairman until his resignation on May 17, 2002, and as a member of Exide's board of directors until May 5, 2004.
 * General Motors 2001 to 2010. Lutz rejoined GM on September 1, 2001, as vice chairman of Product Development. On November 13, 2001, he was named chairman of GM North America and served in that capacity until April 4, 2005, when he assumed responsibility for Global Product Development. He also served as President of GM Europe on an interim basis from March to June 2004. On April 1, 2009, Lutz was named vice chairman/senior advisor providing strategic input into GM's Global Design and Key Product initiatives, a position he held until retirement at the end of 2009. He agreed to join the new GM at his current position. On July 23, 2009, he was appointed vice chairman, marketing and communications, and on December 4, 2009, named vice chairman, special advisor design and global product development. On May 1, 2010, Lutz retired from GM; but was retained again by GM in September 2011.
 * Lutz Communications 2010 to present. Founder and head of Lutz Communication, which he describes as "a universal business consulting firm with an emphasis on businesses in motion."
 * VIA Motors 2011 to present. Joined as chairman of the board.
 * VLF Automotive 2013 to present. Founded the company alongside Gilbert Villereal.

Personal life
Lutz is known as a collector of classic automobiles and military jets. Among other aircraft, he owned and piloted an Aero L-39 Albatros (an advanced Czechoslovakian jet fighter trainer) and an MD-500 helicopter. Further, he maintained a collection of motorcycles that included a Suzuki Hayabusa, a BMW K1200RS, a BMW K1200S, a BMW R1100S, a BMW K-1 and a BMW HP2 Sport.

Bob Lutz is married to Terri (Smith) Lutz and both reside at their home in Ann Arbor, MI; along with their adoptive four-legged family; which includes, two pigs, one dog and three cats (inside); along with Rowan (horse) and Cassie (rescue donkey) outside.

Children: (first marriage) four daughters: Jacqueline Lutz-Geiger {Greg Geiger}, Caroline Lutz-Mannelli, Catherine Lutz-Houlden {Tom Houlden}, Alexandra (Lutz) Bernardi {Andrew Bernardi}.

His younger brother Mark A. Lutz is a retired economics professor.

Lutz was featured in the 2007 coffee table book published by Motorbooks International [(The Quarto Group]), "Motor City Dream Garages." Chapter 2, "Maximum Bob's Car Park," features Lutz's car collection near Ann Arbor, Michigan. Rex Roy, of Detroit, is the book's author.

Lutz was interviewed in the 2011 documentary, Revenge of the Electric Car.

In 2012, Lutz reconfirmed his denial of the scientific consensus on climate change during an interview by Bill Maher.

title: Bob Lutz (businessman)


text: User talk:67.114.221.252

title: User talk:67.114.221.252


text:
Away in a Manger

"Away in a Manger" is a Christmas carol first published in the late nineteenth century and used widely throughout the English-speaking world. In Britain, it is one of the most popular carols; a 1996 Gallup Poll ranked it joint second. Although it was long claimed to be the work of German religious reformer Martin Luther, the carol is now thought to be wholly American in origin. The two most common musical settings are by William J. Kirkpatrick (1895) and James Ramsey Murray (1887).

Words

The popularity of the carol has led to many variants in the words, which are discussed in detail below. The following are taken from Kirkpatrick (1895):

"Away in a manger, no crib for a bed, The little Lord Jesus laid down his sweet head. The stars in the bright sky looked down where he lay, The little Lord Jesus asleep on the hay.

The cattle are lowing, the baby awakes, But little Lord Jesus, no crying he makes. I love thee, Lord Jesus! look down from the sky, And stay by my cradle till morning is nigh.

Be near me, Lord Jesus; I ask thee to stay Close by me forever, and love me I pray. Bless all the dear children in thy tender care, And take us to heaven to live with thee there."

Variants
Almost every line in the carol has recorded variants. The most significant include the following:
 * Verse 1, line 1: The earliest sources have "no crib for his bed". "No crib for a bed" is found in Murray (1887).
 * Verse 1, line 2: The earliest sources have "lay down his sweet head." "Laid" is first found in "Little Children's Book" (1885) – see lie/lay distinction.
 * Verse 1, line 2: Some sources, from as early as 1900, have "his wee head" instead of "his sweet head."
 * Verse 1, line 3: The earliest sources have "[t]he stars in the sky looked down where he lay", leading to this line having only ten syllables as opposed to the eleven of the other lines of the verse (unless "looked" is pronounced as two syllables, as is done in some musical settings). Herbert (1891) substituted "stars in the heaven", and Gabriel (1892) "stars in the heavens" to regularize the meter. Kirkpatrick (1895) may have been the first to use "stars in the bright sky".
 * Verse 1, line 4: The earliest sources have "asleep in the hay."  Murray (1887) changes this to "on the hay."
 * Verse 2, line 1: The earliest sources have "the poor baby wakes". "The baby awakes" is found in Herbert (1891).
 * Verse 2, line 3: Some sources have "look down from on high".
 * Verse 2, line 4: This line has a multitude of variants:
 * "And stay by my crib watching my lullaby" (Christian Cynosure, 1882)
 * "And stay by my crib to watch lullaby" (Seamen's Magazine, 1883)
 * "And stay by my cradle to watch lullaby" (Murray, 1887)
 * "And watch by me always, and ever be nigh" (1890)
 * "And stay by my cradle till morning is nigh" (Herbert, 1891)
 * "And watch o'er my bed while in slumber I lie" (1893)
 * "And stay by my side until morning is nigh" (1905)
 * Verse 3 is absent from the earliest publications. It first appears in Gabriel's Vineyard Songs (1892).
 * Verse 3, line 4: Instead of "take us to heaven", one popular variant found from 1899 has "fit us for heaven".

First and second verses
The origin of the words is obscure. An early appearance was on 2 March 1882, in the "Childrens' Corner" section of the anti-Masonic journal The Christian Cynosure. Under the heading "Luther's Cradle Song", an anonymous author contributed the first two verses, writing: "The following hymn, composed by Martin Luther for his children, is still sung by many of the German mothers to their little ones."

A near-identical article appeared in the November 1883 issue of The Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend.

Another early version was published in Little Pilgrim Songs, a book of Christian music for young children, whose preface is dated 10 November 1883. Little Pilgrim Songs includes a similar claim that the song was written "by Martin Luther for his own children".

An article in the May 1884 issue of The Myrtle, a periodical of the Universalist Publishing House in Boston, also included the carol, stating: "Martin Luther, the great German reformer, who was born four hundred years ago the 10th of next November, composed the following hymn for his children; and it is still sung by many German mothers to their little ones." All four sources include almost-identical text of the first two verses, with no music. Little Pilgrim Songs and The Myrtle both suggest the melody of Home! Sweet Home!

Third verse
The third stanza, "Be near me, Lord Jesus", is absent from the known early sources. Its first known appearance was in Gabriel's Vineyard Songs (1892), where it was set to a melody by Charles H. Gabriel (simply marked "C"). Gabriel credited the entire text to Luther and gave it the title "Cradle Song". Decades later, a story was published attributing the third verse to John T. MacFarland:

"Bishop William F. Anderson has given the story of the writing of the third stanza:

When I was Secretary of the Board of Education, 1904–08, I wanted to use 'Away in a manger', which I found with the designation 'Martin Luther's Cradle Song', in the Children's Day program one year. It had but two stanzas, 1 and 2. Dr. John T. McFarland, then Secretary of our Board of Sunday Schools, was my near neighbor in his office at 150 Fifth Avenue (New York). I asked him to write a third stanza. He went to his office and within an hour brought me the third stanza beginning, 'Be near me, Lord Jesus, I ask Thee to stay.' I used it, which was the first time it was ever published. I am pleased to see that it is now being used very widely. The honor of it belongs to that great and good man, Dr. John T. McFarland."

Since this story dates the composition of the stanza to 1904–1908, over a decade after its first known appearance, Hill judges that "the 1892 publication [of Gabriel's Vineyard Songs] renders the Bishop's story suspect, and additional evidence must be found before McFarland can be safely credited with the writing of the third stanza." It has been suggested that Gabriel may have written the third stanza himself and attributed it to Luther.

Popularity
By Christmas of 1883, "Luther's Cradle Song" was already being performed as a recitation as part of a Sunday School celebration in a church in Nashville. The early popularity of the hymn may also be reflected in a report (published in 1885, but covering the year 1884) from an American mission in Maharashtra, India, stating: "[t]he hymns and cradle songs learned in the school, are often sung at home. One woman said that 'Hush my dear', and 'Mother mine', were heard all day in their alley, and now more lately, Luther's cradle hymn, 'Away in a manger, no cot for his bed', has a place with them and is a favorite." By 1891, Hill writes, "the carol was sweeping the country [the United States]", with at least four musical settings published that year.

Spurious attribution to Luther
The great majority of early publications ascribe the words to German Protestant reformer Martin Luther. Many go so far as to title the carol "Luther's Cradle Song" or "Luther's Cradle Hymn", to describe the English words as having been translated from Luther, or to speak of its alleged popularity in Germany. The claim of Luther's authorship continued to be made well into the 20th century, but it is now rejected as spurious for the following reasons:

 * No text in Luther's known writings corresponds to the carol.
 * No German text for the carol has been found from earlier than 1934, more than 50 years after the first English publication. That German text reads awkwardly, and appears to be a result of a translation from the English original.
 * The unadorned narrative style of the carol is atypical of Luther, who, Hill states, "could never throw off his role of educator and doctrinarian."
 * When some earlier 19th-century sources do mention a carol written by Luther for his son Hans, they are referring to a different text: "Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her".

Richard Hill, in a comprehensive study of the carol written in 1945, suggested that "Away in a Manger" might have originated in "a little play for children to act or a story about Luther celebrating Christmas with his children", likely connected with the 400th anniversary of the reformer's birth in 1883.

"Mueller"
The most popular musical setting in the United States is commonly known as "Mueller". The melody was first published, under the title "Luther's Cradle Hymn", by James R. Murray in his collection Dainty Songs for Little Lads and Lasses (1887).

Murray included a claim that the hymn was "[c]omposed by Martin Luther for his children". Hill writes: "Wherever he got the ideas expressed in the heading, Mr. Murray made one serious tactical mistake in saying that Luther 'composed' the hymn, and then placing only his own initials where the composer's name is normally given. As a consequence, his fellow compilers of song books apparently supposed that all he had done was to arrange the accompaniment."

As a result of this "tactical mistake", Murray's melody appeared, without credit, in several subsequent publications. By 1914, the melody was attributed to "Carl Mueller", and this attribution was repeated several times in other publications. The identity of "Carl Mueller" is unknown, but the tune is widely known as "Mueller" as a result.

"Cradle Song"
The standard melody in Britain, Ireland and Canada is "Cradle Song". The tune, written by the American composer William J. Kirkpatrick, was first published as part of the collection Around the World with Christmas (1895), a "Christmas Exercise" for schools featuring material representing various countries: "Away in a Manger" was included, under the title "Luther's Cradle Hymn", as a representative of "The German Fatherland".

Kirkpatrick's melody was later published in numerous hymnbooks, and was the setting that, in Hill's words, "first carried the words beyond the confines of the United States", being included in collections such as Carey Bonner's Sunday School Hymnary (1905). It remains the most popular musical setting of "Away in a Manger" outside the United States.

Other musical settings
In his article "Not So Far Away in a Manger; Forty-One Settings of an American Carol", published in the Music Library Association Notes (second series) III, no. 1, for December 1945, Richard Hill treated 41 of the nearly 200 different musical settings of this text.

The first music mentioned in connection with "Away in a Manger" was a pre-existing composition: Home! Sweet Home! (also known as "There's No Place Like Home"). This was suggested as a musical setting in Little Pilgrim Songs (1883) and The Myrtle (1884), and continued to be mentioned as an appropriate melody for decades to come. A musical arrangement was published in the early 1920s.

The first known musical setting specifically published with the words appeared in an Evangelical Lutheran Sunday School collection, Little Children's Book for Schools and Families (1885; preface dated Christmas 1884), where it simply bore the title "Away in a Manger". It was set to a tune called "St. Kilda", credited to J.E. Clark. The tune, according to Hill, "gives every appearance of being a standard melody used elsewhere for other hymns", but Hill adds that "no information on J. E. Clark or any other printing of his tune, previous or later, has been located." This publication is also notable for refraining from attributing the carol to Luther.

The melody by John Bunyan Herbert (first published in 1891), is identified by Hill as among the most popular. Like Murray's, Herbert's setting was often republished without credit to the original composer, with the melody sometimes even being misattributed to Luther himself.

Charles H. Gabriel, already mentioned as being the first to publish the third verse in 1892, is also notable for having published more different musical arrangements of the hymn than any other known composer. His 1896 setting, reprinted in many different collections, is based on his 1892 melody but adds a chorus at the end of each verse, with the word "asleep" sung antiphonally.

Another popular arrangement, found at least as early as 1897, sets the words to Jonathan E. Spilman's 1838 melody "Flow Gently, Sweet Afton". Hill, writing in 1941, found Spilman's musical setting to be the second-most published, after Murray's.

An arrangement dating from 1911 sets the words to an "old Normandy Carol". This melody was subsequently published in Carols for Choirs, arranged by Reginald Jacques.

An arrangement by Christopher Erskine combines the two most popular tunes for the hymn, from Kirkpatrick and Murray. Erskine's arrangement was first performed in 1996 at the annual pair of joint Carol Services in Manuka, Canberra, sung by the choirs of St Paul's Church (Anglican) and St Christopher's Cathedral (Roman Catholic). In this version, the Kirkpatrick setting is sung by one choir, and the Murray setting by the other choir, alternating through the first two verses. Both settings are sung together for the third verse.

title: Away in a Manger


text:
The Mystery at Lilac Inn

The Mystery at Lilac Inn is the fourth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1930 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. Mildred Wirt Benson was the ghostwriter of the 1930 edition.

In 1961, Harriet Stratemeyer Adams extensively revised the novel, creating a completely different story. The original omitted the lead characters from much of the action, the titular inn was only a place where a crime was committed with minor investigatory follow-up, and a domestic help sub-plot was out-of-place in 1961. Ethnic slurs and opinions were removed.

1930 edition
The story involves Nancy Drew helping her friend Emily Crandall find out who stole her heirloom jewels. Emily's guardian, Mrs. Jane Willoughby, unwisely removes them from a safe deposit box and carries them with her while lunching at Lilac Inn, only to have her handbag stolen while the diners are distracted by a car crash. In the meantime, Nancy must hire a temporary maid in the absence of Mrs. Gruen, her housekeeper. Nancy uncovers the thief, Mary Mason, one of the applicants for the position, on the staff at Lilac Inn. Nancy finds the hideout of the crooks, but is caught. She is bound and gagged and left aboard the gang's sinking cabin cruiser to die, but is rescued by the river patrol. In the end, Nancy captures the jewel thief, exonerates the guardian, and returns her orphaned friend's fortune to her.

1961 edition
Nancy Drew and her friend Helen are visiting Lilac Inn, recently renovated for Nancy’s friend, Emily Willoughby’s, wedding. Nancy discovers that an impersonator is forging her signature to rack up bills back in River Heights. Emily tells her that there have been sightings of apparitions in the lilac grove. Stood up for a scuba date with Emily’s best man, Nancy is attacked while solo diving. Emily's inheritance is stolen during a blackout. Nancy experiences an explosion and cabin fire, an attack by the ghostly woman in the grove, and repeated negative interactions with inn staffer Maud Potter. Nancy impersonates the apparition only to come face to face with it, who looks just like Nancy. The ”apparition“ is revealed to be an actress looking for money at Lilac Inn and revenge on Nancy’s father for putting her in jail. Like in the original, Nancy is captured by the gang, this time left tied up aboard a damaged submarine, but is again rescued by the harbor patrol.

Racism
The novel was extensively revised in 1961, partially due to elements of racism in the original novel. In the 1930 edition, Nancy uses racial stereotyping to describe potential replacement housekeepers whom she has rejected (they are black, Irish, and Scottish, respectively). Mary Mason, the antagonist, is described as an "impudent," "dark-complexioned" girl that Nancy only realizes is involved in the crime after seeing her at an exclusive, upscale dress shop that Nancy frequents, where she comments "Surely a girl in her circumstances cannot afford to buy dresses at such a place as this."

Artwork
The book was printed with a navy jacket and four glossy illustrations, all by artist Russell H. Tandy.

In 1950, the cover art was updated with work by artist Bill Gillies. The text was completely rewritten by Harriet Stratemeyer Adams in 1961. The cover art was changed again to reflect the new story, this time by artist Rudy Nappi, and internal plain paper illustrations were added. Only the first two printings of this volume were available in a dust jacket. The book's text and artwork remained the same when the publisher switched to picture-cover illustrated binding editions in 1962.

R.H. Tandy illustrated Nancy spying on the criminals in the original cover art, along with a frontispiece and three internal illustrations showing various elements of the story. He updated the frontispiece in 1943. In 1950, the dust jacket art was changed to show an updated version of Nancy with the crooks behind her. This art was not retained for the story revision in 1961, as the scene is eliminated by a completely different story. Rudy Nappi illustrates a ghostly picture of two girls illuminated by glowing lights in the cuff of their long-sleeved gowns. (The 1961 cover art appears to feature both Nancy, facing, and a mysterious dark-haired girl. In actuality, Nancy has her back to the reader, and is the dark-haired girl in the foreground; the other girl is actually Nancy's impostor.)

Adaptations
The 12th installment in the Nancy Drew point-and-click adventure game series by Her Interactive, named Nancy Drew: Secret of the Old Clock, is loosely based on the novel and also incorporate elements from The Secret of the Old Clock, The Hidden Staircase, and The Bungalow Mystery.

In the Nancy Drew television series, The Lilac Inn was renovated by Tiffany Hudson before her death.

title: The Mystery at Lilac Inn


text:
John B. Hamilton

John Brown Hamilton (December 1, 1847 – December 24, 1898) was an American physician and soldier. He was appointed the second Surgeon General of the United States from 1879 to 1891.

Early years
Hamilton was born on at Otter Creek Township, Jersey County, Illinois, near the present town of Otterville. He was educated at the Hamilton School, operated by his family, and apprenticed at age 16 to physician Joseph O. Hamilton. The following year (1864), Hamilton enlisted in G Company, 61st Illinois Regiment, of which his father, Reverend Benjamin B. Hamilton, was chaplain. After the close of the Civil War, he attended Rush Medical College in Chicago (1869, MD) and entered private practice.

Marine Hospital Service (MHS)
Hamilton's wartime experiences exerted their influence, drawing him from private medical practice into a commission as an Assistant Surgeon in the United States Army (1874) and after he resigned from the Army, into the Regular Corps of the Marine Hospital Service (MHS). In 1876, the 24-year-old Hamilton sat for the first examination for entrance into MHS, passed with flying colors, and was commissioned as an Assistant Surgeon on Oct 21, 1876. His talent in public health practice revealed itself early, during an 1877 assignment to the Boston Marine Hospital at Chelsea, Massachusetts. Changing land use in the area had blocked hospital sewage from draining properly, causing unexpected outbreaks of infectious disease among patients. Hamilton resolved the crisis successfully by directing a renovation of the facility's drainage and sewage systems.

Surgeon General
On April 3, 1879, Hamilton was appointed Supervising Surgeon General, succeeding fellow Army veteran and Chicagoan Dr. John Woodworth, the first Supervising Surgeon. Woodworth had died in office, amidst a political battle with the fledgling American Public Health Association and its allies in the United States Congress over the possibility that a new National Board of Health would supersede the newly revamped MHS (1871).

That MHS outlived the National Board of Health and emerged in the 1890s reinvigorated is a testament to Hamilton's skills as a political negotiator as well as a bureaucrat. Under his tenure, MHS gained authorities to establish a national quarantine on sea and land (interstate), formal recognition of merit-based requirements for a Commissioned Corps of medical officers, and a new laboratory devoted to bacteriology, the newest public health science of the day.

Development of quarantine policy
Two national epidemics framed Hamilton's tenure: the yellow fever epidemic of 1878 that raged along the Mississippi River Valley and the Asiatic cholera epidemic of 1892, which hit New York City with particular ferocity. Sanitary cordons, or quarantine, were the primary response to yellow fever, to block the progress of disease believed to be conveyed not only on boats and foot traffic but also now by railroad. Instituting quarantines, however, meant Federal intervention into what was widely held to be state police powers and met resistance in the southeastern United States where the issue of yellow fever, and its impact on trade, were most critical.

Advocates of a National Board of Health, including Army Surgeon John Shaw Billings, were spurred to action by the insufficient funding allotted to the Quarantine Act of 1878. Over the following four years, Hamilton would press Billings at every turn, in a protracted, ultimately successful effort to regain authorities and recognition of MHS as the central Federal public health agency. When Billings began publishing MHS's Bulletin under the Board's auspices, Hamilton countered by persuading Congress to fund new Marine Hospitals in locations like Sitka, Alaska, to strengthen collaboration with the Revenue Cutter Service (predecessor to the United States Coast Guard).

The Board distributed grants-in-aid to state and territorial health departments for what were called "inland quarantines" but had a mixed record in regulating the uses to which grants were put and made political enemies when it attempted to quell yellow fever by means of a quarantine station on Ship Island, near New Orleans.

While the Board struggled with clumsy administrative mechanisms, Hamilton demonstrated how MHS's relationships with customs inspectors and the Revenue Cutter Service enabled a quick and effective quarantine response to smallpox aboard a Mississippi River steamboat at Fort Benton, Montana Territory (May 1882), and how MHS blocked yellow fever in Mexico from entry into Brownsville, Texas by means of a sanitary cordon hastily assembled around the region. Congress recognized Hamilton's leadership and in 1882 and 1883 awarded MHS a $100,000 fund for investigating epidemics, monies that had been slated for the Board. When Billings and his colleagues attempted to revive the idea of a National Board as a new Bureau of Health within the Department of the Interior, Hamilton announced that during August 1887 MHS had established a Hygienic Laboratory (predecessor to the National Institutes of Health), where Dr. Joseph J. Kinyoun and his staff were applying the new science of bacteriology to examine cholera. In the end, the National Board of Health lost both funding and support from Congress, which gave the Board's enlarged authorities, and its quarantine stations, to MHS.

Issues surrounding the practice of quarantine drove Hamilton's work in public health. It was no coincidence that the Hygienic Laboratory began in an attic at Staten Island's Marine Hospital, near Ellis Island, the single busiest port of entry for immigrants during this period. Earlier on, Hamilton had established a Marine Hospital on Bedloe's Island, future site of the Statue of Liberty. Although MHS would not receive formal authority to issue domestic quarantines until 1893, Hamilton and his staff worked with the Congress to advance incremental changes toward a national policy. Maritime quarantine legislation (Act of August 1, 1888) strengthened the Act of 1878, adding new Federal quarantine stations along the East and West coasts; March 1891 legislation made medical inspection of immigrants part of MHS's duties; and interstate quarantine legislation (Act of March 27, 1890) gave MHS authority to establish quarantines against epidemic cholera, yellow fever, smallpox, and plague. On the request of his successor, Surgeon General Walter Wyman, Hamilton also returned to New York during the 1892 cholera pandemic, to set up a quarantine camp at Sandy Hook (Camp Low).

Administrative reforms
Hamilton made limited progress with the Congress realizing Woodworth's reform plans to set MHS on sound fiscal and professional moorings. The Shipping Act of June 26, 1884 replaced the hospital tax charged to merchant seamen in favor of financing health services by means of a tonnage tax on foreign ships landing in domestic ports, supplemented by deficiency appropriations. And after Hamilton issued regulations specifying competitive examinations for entrance into a corps of medical officers, the Congress formally authorized the Commissioned Corps with the Act of January 4, 1889.

He was not able, however, to win an equal footing for MHS's Commissioned Corps with the salaries and ranks accorded to military medical officers and as a result, resigned his post as Surgeon General on June 1, 1891.

Personal life
Hamilton was recommissioned as a Surgeon and assigned to Chicago's Marine Hospital. Hamilton led a full professional life, serving as a Professor of Surgery at his alma mater, Rush Medical College, and as editor of the new Journal of the American Medical Association (1893–1898).

Hamilton was a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States by right of his father's service as a chaplain in the Civil War. He originally joined the Order as a companion of the second class, a status reserved for the eldest sons of veteran companions of the Order and succeeded his father as a companion of the first class upon his father's death.

Rather than accept an assignment to San Francisco, Hamilton resigned from MHS on November 13, 1896, and accepted the position of Superintendent of the Northern Illinois State Hospital for the Insane in Elgin, Illinois. He would end his days at the hospital, dying there on December 24, 1898.

title: John B. Hamilton


text:
Oregon Route 211

Oregon Route 211 is a state highway which runs through part of the northeastern portion of Oregon's Willamette Valley. Its northeastern terminus is its intersection with U.S. Route 26 in Sandy, a small town on the outskirts of the Portland metro area. It runs south and west, through farmland and forest, to its southwestern terminus with OR 99E in Woodburn. After its intersection with OR 99E, a short segment (about 2 miles) of Oregon Route 214 connects OR 211 with Interstate 5.

A segment (about 5.5 miles) of OR 211 north of Estacada is shared with OR 224.

OR 211 comprises the Eagle Creek-Sandy Highway No. 172 (see Oregon highways and routes), part of the Clackamas Highway No. 171 (over the concurrency with OR 224), and the Woodburn-Estacada Highway No. 161.

title: Oregon Route 211


text:
Talk:Divine wind

I don't see how this can ever be anything other than a duplicate of the kamikaze page. I think it should be deleted and re-directed to that page.Grant65 (Talk) 04:53, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Divine wind


text: Category:Australian aviators

title: Category:Australian aviators


text: User talk:210.50.172.82

title: User talk:210.50.172.82


text:
Zōjō-ji

Zōjō-ji (増上寺) is a Jōdo-shū Buddhist temple in Tokyo, Japan. It is the main temple of the Jōdo-shū ("Pure Land") Chinzei sect of Buddhism in the Kantō region,. Its mountain name is San'en-zan  (三縁山).

Zōjō-ji is notable for its relationship with the Tokugawa clan, the rulers of Japan during the Edo period, with six of the Tokugawa shōguns being buried in the Taitoku-in Mausoleum in the temple grounds. Also, the temple's Sangedatsumon (main gate) is the oldest wooden building in Tokyo, dating from 1622. The original buildings, temples, mausoleums and the cathedral were destroyed by fire, natural disasters or air raids during World War II.

It is located in the Shiba neighborhood of Minato. The Shiba Park is built around the temple, with the Tokyo Tower standing beside it. In 2015 a Treasure Gallery was opened on the underground level of the Daiden (great hall), and it currently houses paintings of Kanō Kazunobu and a model of the Taitoku-in Mausoleum.

The temple remains active "as the main temple of Jodo shu and the central nembutsu seminary for priests and novices."

History
Shūei (宗叡, 809-884), a disciple of Kūkai, founded a temple named Kōmyō-ji (光明寺) at Kaizuka (貝塚, present-day Kōjimachi in Chiyoda, Tokyo); it is said to have been the forerunner of Zōjō-ji. In 1393, during the Muromachi period, the temple, under its abbot Yūyo Shōsō, converted from Shingon to the Jōdo school. Shōsō is thus regarded as the founder of Zōjō-ji.

Together with Kan'ei-ji, during the Edo period Zōjō-ji was the Tokugawa's family temple. Tokugawa Ieyasu had the temple moved, first to Hibiya, then in 1590, at the time of expansion of Edo Castle, to its present location.

With the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate, the grounds took on the character of a public park. The temple was badly damaged in World War II, but still retains the air of a major temple.

Architecture
At its peak the temple grounds had more than 120 buildings, but following the decline of Buddhism during the Meiji period (1868-1912), most of them burned during the Bombing of Tokyo in World War II. Reconstruction began after the war, with the Daiden (great hall) being rebuilt in 1974.

Sangedatsumon
The 21 meter (69 foot) two-storied main gate, Sangedatsumon (三解脱門) was constructed in 1622, and it is therefore the oldest wooden building in Tokyo. The temple's only original structure to survive the Second World War, it has been designated an Important Cultural Property.

"San" (三) means "three", and "Gedatsu" (解脱) means "Moksha". If someone passes through the gate, he can free himself from three passions (貪 Ton; "greed", 瞋 Shin; "hatred", 癡 Chi; "foolishness").

On the upper floor are enshrined an image of Gautama Buddha flanked by two attendants, and statues of the Sixteen Arhats.

Mausoleum of Tokugawa Shōguns
Six of the 15 Tokugawa shōguns are buried at Zōjō-ji. The Taitoku-in Mausoleum of Hidetada (and the monument to his wife Sūgen'in), Ienobu, and Ietsugu had been designated National Treasures of Japan, but were burned in World War II. At present, parts of two of their graves have the distinction of being Important Cultural Properties of Japan. Additional graves are located in the cemetery behind the Great Hall. Parts of the former grounds of the temple are now occupied by a park and two hotels. Tokugawa Iemochi also Iemochi's wife, Kazu-no-Miya Chikako also buried in Zozo-ji.

Sentai Kosodate Jizō (Unborn Children Garden)
In one particular garden at the cemetery, rows of stone statues of children represent unborn children, including miscarried, aborted, and stillborn children. Parents can choose a statue in the garden and decorate it with small clothing and toys. Usually the statues are accompanied by a small gift for Jizō, the guardian of unborn children, to ensure that they are brought to the afterlife. Occasionally stones are piled by the statue; this is meant to ease the journey to the afterlife.

Other structures

 * Daiden (Great Hall) 1974
 * Ankokuden
 * Sutra Repository
 * Treasures Gallery
 * Bell Tower
 * Enko Daishi Hall
 * Koshoden

Access
There is no admission fee for visitors to enter the temple complex. For the Treasure Gallery museum the access fee is (, 700 yen).

The entrance is at a 10-minute walk from Hamamatsucho Station on the JR Yamanote and Keihin-Tōhoku Lines, a 6-minute walk from Daimon Station on the Toei Asakusa and Toei Oedo Lines, a 3-minute walk from Onarimon and Shibakoen Stations on the Toei Mita Line, and about 500 meters from the Shibakoen exit of the Shuto Expressway.

While not immediately obvious, the temple grounds are somewhat wheelchair-accessible if entering from the side street instead of the main gate.

Annual events

 * Hatsumōde (New Year's visit) January
 * Kurohonzon Prayer Ceremony, 15 January
 * Setsubun Tsuina-shiki / Nehan Ceremony (Nirvana Day) February
 * Spring Higan Ceremony, March
 * Gyoki Ceremony / Buddha's Birthday (Flower Festival) April
 * Kurohonzon Prayer Ceremony, 15 May
 * O-bon / Kaisan-ki / Bon Odori, July
 * Peace Prayer Ceremony, August
 * Autumn Higan Ceremony / Takigi Noh, September
 * Kurohonzon Prayer Ceremony, 15 September
 * Juya Hoyo (Ten Nights of Prayer) November
 * Jodo Ceremony (Bodhi Day) / Butsumyo Ceremony / Joya no Kane (New Year's Eve Bell Ringing) December

Monthly events

 * Sutra copying, 14th (except July and August)
 * Betsuji Nembutsu, 24th

Popular culture
Zōjō-ji was depicted multiple times in the art work of the Shin hanga artist Kawase Hasui during the 1920s and 30s. It was also shown in several ukiyo-e prints by Hiroshige, in particular twice in his famous One Hundred Famous Views of Edo series from 1856–1858.

title: Zōjō-ji


text: Category:Indian actors

title: Category:Indian actors


text:
File:PearlJam-LiveOnTwoLegs.jpg

Pearl Jam - Live on Two Legs album cover

Fair use rationale
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It is a low resolution copy of a CD album cover.
 * 2) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD album in any way.
 * 3) Copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist, Pearl Jam.

title: File:PearlJam-LiveOnTwoLegs.jpg


text:
Adam Acres

Adam Holland Acres (May 11, 1878 – April 20, 1955) was an Ontario politician. He was a Conservative and then Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1923 to 1948. He represented the riding of Carleton.

Background
He was born in March Township, Ontario, Carleton County, Ontario, the son of George H. Acres. In 1900, he married Almena Waterson. His farm was situated on Britannia Bay on the Ottawa River.

Politics
Acres served as reeve for the township from 1913 to 1916.

He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Conservative Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) representing Carleton in 1923.

Acres was a candidate in the 1936 Conservative leadership convention placing sixth. He continued to sit in the legislature as a Tory backbencher until the 1948 Ontario election, when he retired from politics.

title: Adam Acres


text: Category:Australian inventors

title: Category:Australian inventors


text:
William Ernest Hocking

William Ernest Hocking (August 10, 1873 – June 12, 1966) was an American idealist philosopher at Harvard University. He continued the work of his philosophical teacher Josiah Royce (the founder of American idealism) in revising idealism to integrate and fit into empiricism, naturalism and pragmatism. He said that metaphysics has to make inductions from experience: "That which does not work is not true." His major field of study was the philosophy of religion, but his 22 books included discussions of philosophy and human rights, world politics, freedom of the press, the philosophical psychology of human nature; education; and more. In 1958 he served as president of the Metaphysical Society of America. He led a highly influential study of missions in mainline Protestant churches in 1932. His "Laymen's Inquiry" recommended a greater emphasis on education and social welfare, transfer of power to local groups, less reliance on evangelizing and conversion, and a much more respectful appreciation for local religions.

Early life and education
William Ernest Hocking was born in 1873 to William Hocking (1839–1903) and Julia Pratt (1848–1936) in Cleveland, Ohio. He was of Cornish American heritage. He attended public schools through high school. He worked first as a mapmaker, illustrator and printer's devil, before entering Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts in 1894, where he intended to be an engineer. Reading William James' work The Principles of Psychology made him decide to go to Harvard to study philosophy, but he first worked for four years as a teacher and high school principal to earn the money for his studies.

In 1899 he entered Harvard, where he also studied with Josiah Royce in philosophy, earning his master's degree in 1901. From 1902 to 1903 he studied in Germany, at Göttingen, where he was the first American to study with Edmund Husserl, and in Berlin and Heidelberg. He returned to Harvard and completed his PhD in 1904.

Career
Hocking began teaching as an instructor in comparative religion at Andover Theological Seminary. In 1906 he and his wife moved to the West Coast, where he joined the philosophy faculty at the University of California, Berkeley, under George Howison. In 1908 he was called to Yale, where he served as an assistant professor and published his first major work, The Meaning of God in Human Experience (1912).

In 1914 Hocking returned to Harvard, where he eventually became Alford Professor of Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy and Civil Polity. During World War I, in 1917 he was among the first American civil engineers to reach the front in France. In 1918 he was appointed as an inspector of "war issues" courses in army training camps. His experience led him to write his second book, about morale. Returning to Harvard after the war, Hocking made the rest of his career there. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1921. From 1920 to the late-1930s, Hocking was a regular lecturer at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, where he lectured on "Morale," "Psychology," and "Leadership." Influenced by his visit to China, Hocking published a characteristically open minded study of the twelfth-century Chinese philosopher Zhu Xi. He argued that Zhu Xi's thought was "scientific," which not all European philosophers could claim, and therefore had something to teach westerners about democracy.

In 1936, Hocking was invited to give the Hibbert Lectures at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England. These reflected his thinking about the relation of Christianity to other world religions, as he had begun to support a universal religion. According to a review in TIME of the book containing his lectures, Hocking thought the important elements were

"a belief in obligation, in a source of things which is good, in some kind of permanence for what is real in selfhood, and in the human aspect of deity.' He pins his hope more on the common people throughout the world than on the theologians, finds in them a 'universal sense of the presence of God, and the intuition of the direction in which the will of God lies."

Hocking was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1943. That same year, he retired to Madison, New Hampshire and lived there until his death 23 years later.

Study of missions
In 1930–1932, he led the Commission of Appraisal, which studied the foreign mission work of six Protestant denominations in India, Burma, China, and Japan. Protestant missionaries had been doing evangelistic work in Asia since the nineteenth century, but several groups noted falling donations and nationalistic resistance, suggesting that changes might be needed.

The commission's report, entitled Re-Thinking Missions: A Laymen's Inquiry after One Hundred Years (1932) and known as the "Hocking report," reflected changing ideas about the role of western missionaries in other cultures, and generated fierce debate. Commission members traveled to Asian cities to meet missionaries and local people. While in China, Hocking consulted with Pearl S. Buck, who was developing a similar critique of missions and who later threw her support behind the commission's report. The Commission recommended a greater emphasis on education and welfare, transfer of power to local groups, less reliance on evangelizing, with respectful appreciation for local religions. A recommended related goal was the transition of local leadership and institutions. The commission also recommended reorganization in the US to coordinate and focus missionary efforts by creating a single organization for Protestant missions.

Philosophical work
In political philosophy, Hocking claimed that liberalism must be superseded by a new form of individualism in which the principle is: "every man shall be a whole man." He believed that humans have only one natural right: "an individual should develop the powers that are in him." The most important freedom is "the freedom to perfect one's freedom." He considered Christianity to be a great agent in the making of world civilization. But he believed that no dogma was the route to religious knowledge; rather, it is developed in the context of individual human experience.

He followed many German philosophers of his time, who were very influential. While studying in Germany, he had attended lectures by Wilhelm Dilthey, Paul Natorp, Edmund Husserl, Wilhelm Windelband and Heinrich Rickert. A staunch defender of idealism in the United States, Hocking was critical to thought about its meaning for "religion," "history" or the "superpersonal." In many regards he agreed with Wilhelm Luetgert, a German critic of idealism; however, he did not abandon his position. Hocking believed nothing that "could be" was ultimately irrational. He declared that there was no unknowable in "what was."

Negative pragmatism
Perhaps Hocking's most important contribution to philosophy is "negative pragmatism," which means that what "works" pragmatically might or might not be true, but what does not work must be false. As Sahakian and Sahakian state, "... if an idea does not work, then it cannot possibly be true, for the reason that the truth always works ...". Not only is this a criterion of truth, but it is a definition. It stipulates that truth is a constant – "truth always works". The Sahakian analysis indicates that what we may think is true might be only an illusion – "what appears to be working may or may not be true". As an example, to say that the sun is rising or setting, though seemingly true visually, is false because the appearance is due to the motion of the earth, not the sun moving up or down in relation to the earth. This illusion caused ancients to falsely believe in a geocentric universe rather than the currently accepted heliocentric view.

Hocking's criterion was corroborated in the mid-20th century by Richard Feynman, a physicist who won the Nobel Prize. Feynman states that anything described as true "... could never be proved right, because tomorrow's experiment might succeed in proving wrong what you thought was right ..." and, "... if it disagrees with experiment, it is wrong." Finally, Sahakian and Sahakian note inadequacies and limited application to all of the other criteria of truth they present, but they do not denigrate negative pragmatism. To find an inadequacy in any criterion is to invoke negative pragmatism. To denote a failure in any criterion is to show how it "disagrees with experiment" (Feynman) and/or "does not work" (Hocking). By this means, they use negative pragmatism as the de facto criterion by which all other criteria are judged.

Marriage and family
Hocking married Agnes O'Reilly on June 28, 1905. She was the Irish-American daughter of the journalist and poet John Boyle O'Reilly and his wife Mary Murphy, also a journalist. They had three children: Richard (1906–2001), Hester (1909–1998) and Joan (1911–2000). After they returned to Cambridge, Agnes Hocking started an open-air school at their home, which she developed as the Shady Hill School. It continues near Harvard Square.

Richard became a professor of philosophy and his daughter Hester became affiliated with the St Augustine movement for civil rights and in April 1964 Hester along with three other woman (including Mary Parkman Peabody the mother of then Massachusetts governor Endicott Peabody) were arrested for protesting in a segregated lunch bar in the town, the event made front-page news at the time. Joan's husband Edward A. Kracke Jr. was a historian of China.

Final years and death
In 1955 Hocking's wife of 50 years Agnes died at the age of 78, Hocking published his final book The Coming World Civilisation in 1956.

On June 12, 1966, Hocking died at his farm in Madison, New Hampshire aged 92. He was survived by his three children and eight grandchildren.

Cultural references
William Hocking's life, work, his predecessors, his colleagues, and especially his surviving personal library, West Wind, is the inspiration for John Kaag's American Philosophy: A Love Story.

Selected works

 * 1912, The Meaning of God in Human Experience, online text at Internet Archive. The book went through 14 editions.
 * 1918, Morale and Its Enemies, online text at Internet Archive
 * 1926, Man and the State, Yale University Press
 * 1929, Types of Philosophy, (NY: Charles Scribner and Sons). This book went through three editions.
 * 1932, William Ernest Hocking, Re-Thinking Missions: A Laymen's Inquiry After One Hundred Years (report of Commission of Appraisal), online electronic text at Internet Archive
 * 1938, Living Religions and a World Faith, publication of his 1936 Hibbert Lectures at Oxford and Cambridge in England.
 * 1956, The Coming World Civilisation, which Hocking described as "a conspectus of a life's thought," was still in print in the 1980s.

title: William Ernest Hocking


text:
Arthur Ellis (Canadian politician)

Arthur Ellis (February 28, 1890 – October 19, 1964) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He was mayor of Ottawa from 1928 until 1929.

He was born in Ottawa, the son of Ottawa mayor James A. Dent Ellis. Arthur Ellis studied at Osgoode Hall, was called to the Ontario bar in 1913 and set up practice in Ottawa. He served on the Ottawa school board in 1916 and 1917 before being elected to Ottawa city council where he served as an alderman in 1920 and then on the Board of Control for six years beginning in 1921. After two terms as mayor of Ottawa, he was elected in the 1929 provincial election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, representing Ottawa South for the Conservative Party.

He was rumoured to be in line to become Provincial Treasurer but was consigned to the backbench when Joseph Monteith defied pundits by retaining his seat in the legislature in the 1929 election. After the Ontario Liberal Party under Mitchell Hepburn took power in the 1934 provincial election Ellis moved to the Opposition bench where he achieved prominence as finance critic.

On November 25, 1935, he struck and killed a pedestrian on Highway 15 north of Kingston, Ontario and was charged with criminal negligence. He was acquitted in 1936, but the notoriety of the incident hurt his chances as a candidate in the Ontario Conservative leadership convention, held several weeks after the trial, in which he placed seventh with ten votes.

He remained in the legislature until 1937 when he retired from politics.

In 1940, as the result of a separate incident, Ellis was convicted of driving while drunk and sentenced to 30 days in jail. He had been charged after he hit a traffic cop's motorcycle, failed to stop, and hit a parked car following a chase. An open bottle of wine was found in the front seat of Ellis' car.

title: Arthur Ellis (Canadian politician)


text:
Judy Erola

Judith Erola, née Jacobson, (born January 16, 1934) is a former Canadian politician who represented the riding of Nickel Belt in the House of Commons of Canada from 1980 to 1984. She was a member of the Liberal Party.

Broadcasting career
Born in Sudbury, Ontario, Erola worked as a radio and television broadcaster in Sudbury. At CKSO-TV, she made history as the first woman employed by a Canadian television station as a weather reporter, and also presented segments on fashion. She later became an account executive for CHNO, and married Voito (Vic) Erola, the owner of a marina on Lake Panache, in 1955.

Politics
Following the death of her husband Vic in 1977, Erola decided to pursue a career in politics. She ran in the 1979 election as the Liberal candidate in Nickel Belt, losing to incumbent New Democrat John Rodriguez. Her campaign in that year was marked in part by a stumble when her election brochure called for "nationalization of farmland usage policies"; challenged in a radio interview to clarify her position given that the Liberal Party was generally opposed to nationalization, she clarified that the word was a typographical error whose intended meaning was rationalization.

Erola defeated Rodriguez in the 1980 election. She faced some controversy during and after the election campaign, both for characterizing Rodriguez as a Marxist in her election literature and for a telephone message targeted to housewives, which appeared to suggest that electing a woman to the House of Commons was more important than having representation for labour issues, a position which starkly divided the city in the still-lingering aftermath of the devastating 1978 Inco strike.

She served in the Cabinet of Canada for the entirety of her term as a federal Member of Parliament, despite an early perception that her caucus colleague Doug Frith was more likely to be chosen as the Sudbury area's representative in cabinet. Over the course of her career, she served as Minister of State for Mines, Minister responsible for the Status of Women, Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs and Minister of State for Social Development.

Shortly after being named to cabinet, Erola resigned her position as director and treasurer of the marina company, in compliance with federal conflict of interest regulations for cabinet ministers.

Ministry of Mines
As Minister of Mines, her first significant piece of legislation was a change to the Canada Labour Code, placing federally-regulated mines in Ontario under the stricter provincial health and safety laws by adopting the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act as federal law. The issue had long been championed in particular by uranium miners in Elliot Lake after a number of incidents in which workers had requested exemption under the provincial law from unsafe duties for which the federal law did not offer protection, but the workers criticized the process Erola used as an ineffective one that was likely to be challenged in the courts by mining companies. The change also permitted women, who had previously been barred from working underground in mines by federal regulation even though the provincial law permitted them, to work underground for the first time.

In June 1980, Erola faced criticism for using a government flight to transport colleagues from Ottawa to Sudbury to attend a testimonial dinner for former Liberal MP James Jerome.

During the 1981 provincial election, allegations surfaced that the Liberals and the Progressive Conservatives had entered into a tacit agreement in 1980, under which the PCs ran an intentionally weak campaign in Nickel Belt to help Erola defeat Rodriguez, purportedly in exchange for the Liberals similarly throwing the Sudbury riding in 1981 to help Jim Gordon defeat incumbent NDP MPP Bud Germa; the allegations surfaced after the Liberals mounted a stronger campaign for the provincial seat than the PCs were expecting, and Liberal organizers denied that there was any mutual agreement.

Erola strongly supported the development of a mining equipment manufacturing industry in Canada as a bulwark against machinery shortages, and made special efforts to reassure mining companies that they would not be the target of a policy similar to the controversial National Energy Program. In June 1981, she announced a policy under which the federal government would give a $400 grant as an incentive to owners of propane-fuelled vehicles.

In 1982, she worked with Frith and Nickel Belt MPP Floyd Laughren to prevent significant layoffs by Inco Limited in the Sudbury area. She also instituted a task force within the ministry to examine potential solutions to the economic difficulties faced by mining communities when the local mining industry reduced staff or closed down.

Status of Women
In September 1981, Erola was given the position of Minister responsible for the Status of Women alongside her existing duties as Minister of Mines. She was the first woman to be named to that position, which had previously been held by Lloyd Axworthy.

In this role, she fought to protect Section Twenty-eight of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, a section of the then-proposed Constitution Act, 1982 which guaranteed the gender equality rights of men and women, against attempts by some provinces to quash the provision. She also supported efforts to improve maternity leave pay for women, attempts to toughen federal laws against domestic violence, reforms to the Indian Act which would improve the rights of indigenous women marrying non-indigenous men, reforms to the organizational structure of the National Action Committee on the Status of Women, and stricter policies against the use of gender stereotypes in government communications.

In October 1982, Erola also became the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet's priorities and planning committee, which debates and decides on the direction of government policy.

Consumer and Corporate Affairs
In August 1983, Erola was shuffled out of the Ministry of Mines and was named Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs. She immediately pledged to place a greater emphasis on consumer issues than her predecessor André Ouellet, who had sometimes been criticized for giving those issues short shrift.

In this role, some of her most public political battles involved the resistance of some organizations to the continued implementation of the metric system. She also proposed, but later abandoned, legislation to limit corporate mergers in newspaper publishing.

After Pierre Trudeau's retirement as Prime Minister, Erola continued to serve as Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs in the cabinet of John Turner. However, in the 1984 election, which saw the governing Liberals reduced to just 40 seats, Erola was defeated by Rodriguez.

Post-political career
In 1987, Erola became president of the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Association of Canada, a position she held until her retirement in 1998. She was succeeded in that role by Murray Elston, a former Member of Provincial Parliament in Ontario.

She was an ex officio delegate to the 2006 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election.

She has served on the board of Equal Voice, an organization which seeks to assist Canadian women in running for political office.

title: Judy Erola