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Mario Kart DS

Mario Kart DS is a 2005 kart racing video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It was released in November 2005 in North America, Europe, and Australia, and on December 8, 2005, in Japan. The game was re-released for the Wii U's Virtual Console in North America and PAL regions in April 2015 and in Japan in May 2016. The game is the fifth main entry in the Mario Kart series, and the first to be playable via the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection online service. Like other games in the series, Mario Kart DS features characters from the Mario series and pits them against each other as they race in karts on tracks based on locations in the Mario series.

The game received critical acclaim and was praised for its graphics and gameplay as well as its Battle and Versus mode but was criticized for its repetitive single-player mode. Mario Kart DS received several awards, including Editors' Choice Awards from GameSpot and IGN, G-Phoria's Best Handheld Game award, and IGN's Best Racing/Driving Game.

Mario Kart DS was the best-selling game in its first month of release and held that position the following month. Overall, Mario Kart DS is the third best-selling game for the Nintendo DS as of March 2016 and the third best-selling Mario Kart game, behind Mario Kart 8 Deluxe and Mario Kart Wii, with 23.6 million units sold worldwide.

Gameplay
Mario Kart DS is a racing game in which the player, as a Mario franchise character, races in a kart against seven other characters. Each course features item boxes that the player can drive through to receive a randomly selected item. Some items allow the player to attack other racers to slow them down, while other items can be used to speed up their own kart to pass other racers more easily.

The game features a base roster of the eight playable characters from Mario Kart 64 and Mario Kart: Super Circuit, along with four unlockable characters Daisy, Dry Bones, Waluigi, and R.O.B. for a total of 12. Each character has three unique karts to choose from, each of which vary in attributes such as top speed, acceleration, and handling.

The game features five single-player game modes: Grand Prix, Time Trial, Versus, Battle, and Mission. The Grand Prix and Versus modes require the player to choose an engine class from among 50cc, 100cc, and 150cc. The classes serve as difficulty levels—the higher the engine class, the faster all karts go. In addition, a Mirror mode can be unlocked, in which karts use 150cc engines and tracks are horizontally flipped. The game features 32 courses across eight cups, half of which contain tracks from previous Mario Kart games (known as Retro Grand Prix).

The game also features a multiplayer mode, in which eight players race each other using the DS Download Play feature for consoles without a cartridge or a multi-card wireless LAN connection. This version has limited courses available, and players with no cartridges play as Shy Guy, a character unavailable in normal play.

Until its discontinuation on May 20, 2014, Mario Kart DS supported online play via the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, in which up to 4 players could play together.

Development
Nintendo announced on May 11, 2004, that they planned to release a Mario Kart game for the Nintendo DS, releasing some gameplay video footage at the same time. The company offered the game for the public to play for the first time at the 2005 Game Developers Conference, where the game's wireless feature was also showcased. Mario Kart DS was produced by Hideki Konno. The game runs at a consistent 60 frames per second and uses full 3D characters and environments.

Mario Kart DS is the first Mario Kart iteration to support online play. Konno remarked that although both Mario Kart DS and the Halo series feature online play, he noted that most of the people who use the feature in Halo games were "hardcore gamers". With Mario Kart DS, Konno wanted "everyone to go online, and the technology and time is right for that to happen". As the Mario Kart game for the Nintendo DS, the developers tested several features that took advantage of the device's bottom touchscreen. They considered letting players place items anywhere on the track instead of just behind their kart. However, the developers found it too confusing because the game already had too many distractions, making it difficult to control where to place items while racing.

In an interview, Konno noted that tracks from previous Mario Kart games were included in Mario Kart DS so that players who played the original Super Mario Kart on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System would feel more familiar with the DS iteration of the series.

Reception
Mario Kart DS was released by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS in North America on November 14, 2005, in Australia on November 17, 2005, in Europe in November 2005, and in Japan on December 8, 2005. Nintendo later revealed that Mario Kart DS would also be sold bundled with a new red-colored Nintendo DS starting on November 28, 2005, along with "a checkered-flag wrist strap, and racing-inspired decals to customize new red handheld". The game was released to critical acclaim; it holds an aggregated score of 91% on Metacritic. Praise focused on the game's graphics and gameplay, while criticism targeted its repetitive single-player mode. Mario Kart DS received Editors' Choice awards from GameSpot and IGN. The game was nominated by GameSpot for several Best of 2005 awards, including Best Multiplayer Game, Best Driving Game, and Best DS Game, winning the lattermost. The game received G-Phoria's Best Handheld Game award. IGN gave the game the awards for Best Racing/Driving Game. During the 9th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Mario Kart DS in the categories of "Racing Game of the Year" and "Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay".

Several reviews praised the game for living up to the standards set by its predecessors. Finding the game's online shortcomings annoying, GameSpy still believed that the single-player mode and local wireless gameplay more than made up for them. Nintendo World Report noticed that "the best features of past Mario Kart games are back" and work well with the new features in Mario Kart DS, calling the result "the most impressive game to ever hit the Nintendo DS and also the best game in the Mario Kart series". X-Play shared this sentiment, and remarked that the game shattered all of its expectations, making it the "best kart racing game ever released—handheld or otherwise". GameZone also believed that Mario Kart DS "lives up to its legacy" with its inventive courses, "stellar" multiplayer, and "more replay value than any other racer in its class". Alejandro K. Brown of CBS News appreciated the game's unique use of Nintendo DS features, such as its microphone and wireless connectivity. GamesRadar named Mario Kart DS the best DS game of all time, beating out Pokémon Black and White (2nd) and Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars (3rd).

Finding it hard to imagine how Nintendo could make a Mario Kart game better than Mario Kart DS, IGN lauded Mario Kart DS's gameplay and depth in its design. GameSpot called the game a "significant step forward" for the Mario Kart series, partly because it is the first in the series to feature online play. Game Revolution remarked that the game "goes the distance" with its single-player and multiplayer modes. 1Up.com complimented the "surprisingly compelling package", describing it as a "portable racing game on par with anything ever to appear on a console". Video game magazine GamePro was pleased with the variety of racers, courses, modes, and multiplayer options offered, toting the game as a "must play" for any Nintendo fan and a requisite for any Nintendo DS owner to purchase. Computer and Video Games described Mario Kart DS as the "most complete" Mario Kart game, despite a few graphical shortcomings. Eurogamer enjoyed the game's multiplayer mode, calling it "genuinely practical to play with other people". British publication GamesTM criticized the game for being simply a "polishing of the Mario Kart concept and little else".

The game was the first for the Nintendo DS to take advantage of the console's Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection feature. By the end of its debut week in the United States, 112,000 people purchased the game, of which 52,000 of them had logged onto Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection to play against other people over the Internet. Mario Kart DS was the best-selling handheld game in its debut month of November 2005 in the United States. It was the 10th best-selling game of 2008, and the best-selling Nintendo DS game of that year. In Japan, the game sold 224,411 copies in its first week. Mario Kart DS sold 3,112,363 units as of July 2008, and 3,224,996 copies as of January 2009, making it the sixth best-selling game for the Nintendo DS since the console's release. In the United States, it sold 910,000 copies and earned $31 million by August 2006. During the period between January 2000 and August 2006, it was the 23rd highest-selling game launched for the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, or PlayStation Portable in that country. In 2009, Official Nintendo Magazine ranked the game 26th on a list of greatest Nintendo games. As of March 2016, Mario Kart DS has sold 23.6 million units worldwide.

title: Mario Kart DS


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Multiply Your Vote

Multiply Your Vote
Orphaned article that is litle more than an advert for a political organisation. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 15:39, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Ordinarily, I have a very low bar for political organizations. But their Alexa rank is 3.2 million, their name gets 186 Google hits (few of which seemed relevant), and they're completely unfamiliar to me, a political junkie of the first order. Delete. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 17:19, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: An ad. Just an ad.  I'll be happy if my vote is just added. Multiplying it is wishful thinking. Geogre 17:45, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. advt. -R. S. Shaw 00:34, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)
 * Yup, delete. We've got enough obscure political websites as it is. RadicalSubversiv E 00:41, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Multiply my delete vote, please! jni 13:03, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. More than ad, so keep the more, and delete the ad. anthony (see warning) 21:39, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Nordenham

Nordenham is a town in the Wesermarsch district, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located at the mouth (on the west bank) of the Weser river on the Butjadingen peninsula on the coast of the North Sea. The seaport city of Bremerhaven is located on the other side (east bank) of the river. The Midgard-seaport in Nordenham is the largest private-owned harbor in Germany.

Geographical location
Nordenham is located on the West Bank of the Weser River across from Bremerhaven along the river's mouth at the North Sea, north of the cities of Bremen and Oldenburg. The local environment is mainly marshland, specifically Marsch oder Schwemmland.

Boroughs
Nordenham is composed of 35 districts, each with a long history as a separate community: Abbehausen, Abbehauser Groden, Abbehauser Hörne, Abbehauserwisch, Atens, Atenserfeld, Blexen, Blexersande, Blexerwurp, Bulterweg, Butterburg, Einswarden, Ellwürden, Enjebuhr, Esenshamm, Esenshammer Altendeich, Esenshammer Oberdeich, Esenshammergroden, Friedrich-August-Hütte, Grebswarden, Großensiel, Havendorf, Heering, Hoffe, Kloster, Moorseersand, Oberdeich, Phiesewarden, Rahden, Sarve, Schockumerdeich, Schweewarden, Schütting, Tettens, Treuenfeld, and Volkers. Two nearby islands are also part of the town: Langlütjen I und Langlütjen II.

History
Nordenham evolved from the town of Atens due to the efforts by merchant Wilhelm Müller who traded cattle and sheep to England in the late 19th century. Some of the oldest parts of the modern town area are the old villages or Wurtendörfer (roughly translated as 'terp villages') Blexen, Einswarden and Atens. Bishop Willehad, the Northumbrian-born missionary of the Frisians, died in Blexen in the year 789, which is also commonly accepted to be Blexen's year of foundation. In 1407, the Vredeborch or Friedeburg (to be translated as "peace castle") was erected by the Hanseatic city of Bremen, a castle (although it was probably more a kind of large fortified house) to protect interests against the rebellious inhabitants, the Rüstringer Frisians. The stronghold was destroyed in 1425 and it is possible that the site was later used by a monastery. Nordenham's town founder Wilhelm Müller later built his farm house and a restaurant on the same site. In 1959 those were demolished and the still existing community hall was built there. The town hall was built in 1953 and moved into by the local authority in January 1954.

Between 1499 and 1514, the area was conquered by the County of Oldenburg and in 1813 by the French emperor Napoleon, whose army shot ten local inhabitants at the church in Blexen.

On May 1, 1908 Nordenham was granted 2nd class town rights and since 1955 Nordenham is an independent town in the Wesermarsch district.

Due to government industrialisation programs in the 1960s and 1970s, various industries opened plants in Nordenham. Among others, the main industries are a nuclear power plant near Esenshamm, which politically belongs to the neighbouring borough of Stadland, airplane construction (Premium AEROTEC) and chemical industry. On the Butjadingen peninsula outside Nordenham people do dairy farming or work in the tourism industry.

Twin towns – sister cities
Nordenham is twinned with:
 * Peterlee, England, United Kingdom (1981)
 * 🇵🇱 Świnoujście, Poland (1992)
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, France (2011)

Transport
Due to the town's location, transport connections are below par. There is a ferry to Bremerhaven at Blexen, though it has suffered from steady declines in passenger numbers ever since the Weser tunnel some 10 km south of Nordenham opened. The town is connected to the regional road network by Bundesstraße 212 which intersects with Bundesstraße 437 near the Weser tunnel, offering connections to the A 27 and A 28 motorways.

Nordenham can be reached by RegionalExpress trains; Nordenham railway station sees hourly trains to Bremen. Nordenham has been integrated into the Bremen S-Bahn network since its opening in 2010.

Economy
A large part of the population of the town - approximately 4,500 persons - is employed in industrial companies including Prysmian, Norddeutsche Seekabelwerke (NSW), Premium Aerotec, Rhenus Midgard, Kronos Titan, Xstrata and NKT Cables

Notable people

 * Klaus Dede (1935–2018), journalist and writer
 * Roy Horn (1944–2020), German-American magician and entertainer, member of Siegfried & Roy
 * Jürgen Rieger (1946–2009), lawyer and politician (NPD)
 * Ina Korter (born 1955), politician (Greens) and member of the Landtag
 * Tolga Ciğerci (born 1992), footballer, played over 230 games
 * Tolcay Ciğerci (born 1995), footballer, played over 180 games

title: Nordenham


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Cordell Jackson

Cordell Jackson (née Miller; July 15, 1923 – October 14, 2004) was an American guitarist thought to be the first woman to produce, engineer, arrange and promote music on her own rock and roll music label.

Early life
She was born Cordell Miller in Pontotoc, Mississippi, where her father led a string band, the Pontotoc Ridge Runners. As a child she learned guitar, piano, harmonica and double bass, and soon began performing in her father's band and on radio in Tupelo. In 1943, she graduated from high school and married William Jackson. The couple settled in Memphis, Tennessee, where Jackson worked as a riveter, joined the Fisher Air Craft Band, and wrote songs. After installing recording equipment in her home in 1947, she recorded demo records for Sam Phillips before he set up Sun Records.

Career
Jackson founded the Moon Records label in Memphis in 1956, and released her first single "Beboppers Christmas" under the label in the same year. Unable to break into the Sun label's stable of male artists, she received the advice and assistance of RCA Records' Chet Atkins in forming this new label to release her music. She began releasing and promoting on the label singles she recorded in her home studio, serving as engineer, producer and arranger. The artists recorded included her and a small family of early rock and roll, rockabilly, and country music performers she recruited from several Southern states, such as Allen Page, Earl Patterson, and Johnny Tate. In addition to running Moon Records, Jackson worked various day jobs throughout the 1960s and 1970s, including as an interior decorator, D.J., and printer.

Tav Falco's Panther Burns and Alex Chilton helped create new interest in her career in the 1980s when they began covering some of her Moon label's old singles such as "Dateless Night", a song she originally wrote in the 1950s for Florida artist Allen Page. Jackson then began playing occasional shows in the 1980s with her signature red Hagstrom electric guitar in Memphis, Hoboken, New York, and Chicago nightclubs. Although she typically performed as a solo artist, she was occasionally supported by other bands, including the A-Bones. She recorded new material on her label with Memphis musicians Colonel Robert Morris and Bob Holden, becoming known as a "rock-and-roll granny" solo guitar instrumentalist. She appeared in 1991 and 1992 on national talk shows like Late Night with David Letterman and in a Budweiser commercial duelling with rockabilly artist Brian Setzer on guitar. Jackson also produced a contemporary Christian radio show, Let's Keep the Family Together America.

In the late 1990s, Jackson co-wrote and played with rockabilly icon Colonel Robert Morris in Memphis. Colonel Robert also helped edit the book based on her life and career. She appeared as "Bathroom Lady" in the 1992 The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag, and as an extra in Great Balls of Fire!

Her Moon Records label was the oldest continuously operating label in Memphis at the time of her death in 2004. The 50s Rock on the Moon of Memphis, Tennessee + an Oddity, a compilation album of the label's 1950s singles, was released on vinyl in the early 1980s and was later sold on compact disc until her death in 2004. The original 1950s vinyl singles compiled on that album have been displayed at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. She also released video singles through her label in the 1990s, including "Football Widow" and filmmaker Dan Rose's production of "The Split." Her marketing of her own video singles, as opposed to marketing them in multiple-song video collections, is reputed to be another first in her innovative lifetime of doing things her own way, bucking the trends of standard industry practice.

Jackson's only solo full-length album to date, Cordell Jackson — Live in Chicago was released by Pravda Records in 1997. Information and memorabilia about Jackson is included in the Memphis Rock N' Soul Museum in Memphis, as well as the National Museum of American History.

Death
Jackson died of pancreatic cancer in Memphis on October 14, 2004, aged 81.

Singles

 * Cordell Jackson
 * "Rock And Roll Christmas" / "Beboppers' Christmas" - Moon Records G80W-6407/8 - (1956)
 * Cordell Jackson and her Guitar
 * "Football Widow" / "I'm at Home Again (In the Memories of My Mind)" Moon Records EP-311 - (1983)
 * "Rockin' Rollin' Eyes" / "Memphis Drag" - Sympathy for the Record Industry SFTRI 50 - (1990)

EPs

 * Cordell Jackson
 * The Split - Moon Records MR 333 - (1980s)
 *  Knockin' Sixty - Moon EP-312 - (1983)
 * Various artist compilations
 * Moon Records of Memphis, Tennessee - Moon - EP-1001 - (198?)

Albums

 * Cordell Jackson
 * Live in Chicago - Bughouse 3 - (1997)
 * Various artists compilations
 * The 50s Rock On The Moon of Memphis, Tennessee + an Oddity - Moon Records LP-MR 3010 - (1979) (Moon compilation LP, rereleased later on CD, United States, 1981* Rock And Roll Christmas (Jan/Star Club compilation, Sweden, 1989)
 * Rock On The Moon (Redita compilation, the Netherlands)
 * Living in a State of Love. (Memphis Music Community, 1990s)
 * Rockabilly Xmas. (Buffalo Bop compilation, Germany, 2000)
 *  Past, Present and Future. (Inside Sounds, 2003)

Song sample

 * Moon Discography Containing mp3 of Jackson's 1956 Moon Single "Rock and Roll Christmas"
 * Johnny Tate: "Bop With Me Baby" / "Keeping Your Memories" / "Kind And Gentle '57" Cleveland Rock-n-Roll Hall Of Fame

Musical references

 * "'J' Artists & Songs." Rockabilly Hall of Fame website. Accessed May 3, 2005.
 * Gordon, Terry (2004). "Cordell Jackson." Rockin' Country Style Artist Discography. Accessed May 3, 2005.
 * Gordon, Terry (2004). "Moon." Rockin' Country Style Artist Discography. Accessed May 3, 2005.
 * Hanas, Jim (August 4, 1997). "Cordell Jackson — Live in Chicago." Weekly Wire. Accessed May 3, 2005.
 * Hoppula, Peter (1998–2005). "Moon Records Discography"; "Post-Productions of Moon Records/Cordell Jackson." Wang Dang Dula! Accessed May 3, 2005.

title: Cordell Jackson


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Category:Homelessness

Articles relating to homelessness, living in housing that is below the minimum standard or lacks secure tenure. People can be categorized as homeless if they are: living on the streets (primary homelessness); moving between temporary shelters, including houses of friends, family and emergency accommodation (secondary homelessness); living in private boarding houses without a private bathroom and/or security of tenure (tertiary homelessness).

title: Category:Homelessness


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Talk:Child abduction

VfD I
from VfD:

It's not an article, but a bunch of quotes from different people. Timo Honkasalo 15:43, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Transfer to wikiquote, then delete.-PlasmaDragon 16:25, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Transfer to Wikiquote with some pruning, then delete. --Sparky the Seventh Chaos 19:11, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Anthony has redirected it to Child stealing. RickK 23:07, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as redirect. Transwiki if you want. anthony (see warning) 21:38, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

VfD II
Second vfd of child stealing is at Votes for deletion/Child stealing. Consensus was to move to its more common name, child abduction. Dunc|☺ 15:45, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Hidden Agenda
Two IP addresses: 61.193.213.106 and 61.45.80.227 have been updating this article with an obvious agenda.

"The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is an international treaty and legal mechanism to recover children abducted to another country by one parent or family member. The United States signed this into law in 1988. Japan is the only G7 nation not have signed this treaty into law, and Japanese law makes this country a haven for Japanese nationals who have removed their children from another country. As of December 24th 2005, Interpol has outstanding warrants for two Japanese nationals, the most recent addition being Wood, Ayako, who abducted her son and daughter from Canada to Japan in 2004. The children's father, Murray Wood, a Canadian national, presently has his case for the return of his children to Canada and his care before the Japanese Supreme Court. Interpol fugitive listing here: http://www.interpol.int/public/Data/Wanted/Notices/Data/2005/47/2005_23547.asp  	+  	The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is an international treaty and legal mechanism to recover children abducted to another country by one parent or family member. The United States signed this into law in 1988. Japan is the only G7 nation not have signed this treaty into law. - 		 - 	Mr Wood has the full support of the Canadian court which have ruled that the children be returned to their habitual place of abode, as they were born and raised in Canada until their abduction. This Canadian ruling has not been recognized by the Japanese family court and Japanese high court as having any relevance to Japanese citizens. Mr Wood's case is one of many such instances of Japan ignoring internationally agreed tenets of human rights in regard to child abduction, both cross-border and domestically. More examples and stories of such abductions can be found here: http://www.frij.net/m/index.asp Link goes to Father's Rights in Japan website. This link to Children's Rights Network of Japan http://www.CRNJapan.com/en/ Murray Wood's personal website detailing his attempts to reclaim his children through the Japanese legal system: http://public.sd38.bc.ca:8004/~MWood/"

I've removed all details of the spicific case as Wikipedia is not a soap box. I have kept the top part of the first paragraph as it is information that is true and usefull. Random Player 04:13, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * While WP is not a soapbox. Mr Wood has gained considerable support in Japan for this issue, and there are several independent third-party sources that discuss his case. I would like to ask interested editors to have a look at two articles from my magazine which discuss Mr Wood's case in more detail. I would like to ask if editors think it appropraite to create a section in this page for Japan-related abductions. Feature Think of the Children Follow-up Remember the Children. -- Sparkzilla talk! 10:41, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Statistics
I think this article could use some statistics on the numbers of abductions done by non-custodial parents and relatives versus people unknown to the child. This is really a very important aspect of this. --DanielCD 14:47, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Belgium Embassy Girls
I think this topic also doesn't belong in this encyclopedic article (same as the complaint on the Japanese abduction). I've re-written it nonetheless, waiting for consensus. The article states the situation was "participarly complicated"; however, the stated facts don't appear all that complicated at all --other than that the case dealt with a non-Hague country (which is a frequent occurrence) and that "the girls fled to the Belgium embassy" and a resolution had to be mediated by the Iranian ambassador. I know of at least three other cases that are at least as complicated, none of which deserve discussion on this article page. Ronels  talk  19:58, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Japan is the only G7 country
I have seen some soapboxing by someone related to "Japan Children's Rights Network" in other articles. In an article about North Korea's abduction of Japanese citizen, someone from JCRN tried to argue that situation is similar to theirs. Considering that some abductees are killed by North Korea, I found the argument quite offesive but I guess when one is flustrated with system, they tend to make bizzare argument. Anway, I assume quite few countries, including developed countries hasn't signed up for it. Use of G7 is an attempt to single out Japan to bring attention to their cause, which directly violate soaxbox ban of this site. I will delete reference to Japan unless someone reference it to verified source. Vapour

Spamlink
I'm hoping a regular editor on this page will check the external link labeled "Federal Resources on Missing and Exploited Children" and either remove it, or reply here to say it is ok. See asiaing.com. Johnuniq (talk) 05:04, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

New page on "Parental Child Abduction" proposed
Today I made my first Wikipedia contribution (see: “Mary Marshall Dyer” adds). Since I am a wiki novice, I would hope that a more experienced contributor might be interested in assisting me in starting a new “Parental Child Abduction” page.

I have copious materials to add dealing with the phenomenon from the 18th century to present; regarding cases, law, public perception and the important aspect of popular culture representations). While my contributions would be based on “original research,” I can resolve the “original research” protocol issue by discussing on the new Wikipedia page only materials referenced in primary documentation (usually newspaper articles 18th century - present) currently available online (in text format).

A Wikipedia page would be important because there is, at present only one published source on the history of parental child abduction and it is wildly inaccurate, yet influential. --RKS182 (talk) 18:47, 1 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm currently working on International parental abduction in Japan. IPA in Japan" article is a orphaned article at the moment. I came here because I was looking for a parent article to link. I would prefer if there is a separate article titled "parental abduction" or "international parental abduction". I prefer to write about international difference in family law, conflict of doctrine regarding child welfare (primary carer doctrine v.s. shared parenting), woman freeing from (alleged) abuse, international diplomacy, father's right movements in various countries, etc." Surely, parental abduction is not same as kidnapping by stranger. Many countries still consider it as civil(tort) rather than criminal case. Vapour (talk) 21:47, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Why is discussion of Internet chat rooms relevant?
The section "Child abduction for rape and sexual exploitation" is dominated by discussion of the risks of children being exposed to inappropriate sexual conversations on the Internet. No sources linking this to the topic of the article are given. Is this stuff relevant? (Except, I suppose, if this article is really about 'worried parents') 76.17.122.160 (talk) 06:25, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

needs disambiguate between by family by strangers
I suggest change in order of sections. The more frequent familial parental abduction should come first. Within the other second section of criminal abductions by strangers, perhaps reorder the subsections from bad to worst... (extortion, illegal adoption, trafficking, murder.) Article needs more references and work. There should be a disambiguation page. Both categories are crimes. But one within family law, the other criminal law... Yohananw (talk) 21:55, 2 July 2011 (UTC)

Keep the internet a safe place for children?
What does that really mean? Is the internet in fact safe for children or adults? It sounds more like a meaningless advert for these organizations and MySpace than a factual, encyclopedic statement. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.0.146.80 (talk) 01:46, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

Saboteurs causing proliferation and disorganisation of similar articles?
This article could almost be re-titled as 'Child abduction in the USA' - it is very USA-centric, with an inconsistent heading hierarchy.

I note that the resolution for VfD 2 above was that 'Child abduction' is a more standard term than 'Child-selling' - I agree, but note that the quality of the Child-selling article is much better.

Generally, there is a very disappointing fragmentation of Child-abduction issues into various articles, with very uneven coverage of countries. E.g. there is a separate article for Child trafficking in India, and a few details by country in Child laundering & Child-selling, but a lot of essential info is missing. This is particularly disappointing, given that, e.g. China is now using a DNA database in a start to rectify decades of abductions, but finding this info on WP seems hard. Given the horrific plight of victims, I suggest that WP could be doing far more to organise this info, and perhaps assist co-ordinating translation into relevant languages.

Given that this is the poorest organisation of info I have seen on WP despite the importance of the topics, I suggest experienced Wikipedians consider whether we have a cock-up or a conspiracy. Normally I would suggest Hanlon's razor, but, as an Australian, I know how terrible mistakes were compounded by attempting to wall-paper over them, e.g. Australian cock-ups / conspiracies include: It would be terrible if WPians allow saboteurs from various govts / authorities to wallpaper over past mistakes at the expense of the speediest discontinuance / rectification of child abduction. But hopefully the current mess is just poor organisation that can be rectified by experienced Boldness. AntiCensorious (talk) 05:01, 2 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Stolen Generations
 * Home Children
 * Forgotten Australians
 * Good concern and it's possible to find out, but mainly I think you're describing a failure to add good information (including sourcing). Wikipedia is a work in progress and it has many gaps, probably millions (as it has millions of articles). If you want to investigate whether good information was deleted, go to the View History link at the top of any article. Up to 500 past revisions of an article will be listed on one history page, there may be more history pages linked at the bottom going back to the article's creation, and you can choose any two revisions on one history page and, with a click of a button, compare them, with highlighting of differences. If you find something interesting, you can repeat the process for a smaller number of revisions and trace a problem to a particular editor. But in general it's probably more efficient to add information that you know of, assume that in a subject as controversial as these that most information will be challenged unless adequately sourced, and keep the pages on your watchlist so you can monitor subsequent edits. If the information you want to add was previously added and then deleted, go to that article's talk page, discuss your proposed addition, and develop a consensus. Nick Levinson (talk) 14:59, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

"800k"
The source isn't terrible: they work with the DOJ. All the same, that figure is over a decade out of date and needs replacing from the current FBI figures which are lower. See here. — Llywelyn II   03:19, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Child abduction
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Child abduction's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

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"Theft"
Is there a source for the use of the term "child theft"? It seems totally inappropriate to me, considering it implies one can own a child, a concept wholly repugnant to modern sensibilities all over the world since the abolition of slavery. Hairy Dude (talk) 13:09, 26 August 2017 (UTC)

Neonatal, perinatal, prenatal, embryonic...gamete?

 * Neonatal "infant abduction" and prenatal fetal abduction are the earliest ages of child abduction as defined by a viable child through the age of majority. In addition, "embryo theft" and even "oocyte misappropriation" in reproductive medical settings have been legally construed as child abduction.[3][4][5]

I added this paragraph on rarer earliest age categories.-Yohananw (talk) 19:14, 29 August 2017 (UTC)

Smuggling
Would the issue of child smuggling be worth an article? This would have some overlap but also include non-abduction cases by legal guardians who emigrate/immigrate illegally. ScratchMarshall (talk) 20:40, 21 June 2018 (UTC)

A new section on this page about religion motivated child abduction
Proposal to add the section mentioned in the title. Examples would be.. .. the stolen generation in Australia .. boarding schools in North America .. the dalay lama in Asia (abducted at 5 years old) Wallby (talk) 18:28, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Child abduction


text:
Sigma-additive set function

In mathematics, an additive set function is a function $\mu$ mapping sets to numbers, with the property that its value on a union of two disjoint sets equals the sum of its values on these sets, namely, $\mu(A \cup B) = \mu(A) + \mu(B).$  If this additivity property holds for any two sets, then it also holds for any finite number of sets, namely, the function value on the union of k disjoint sets (where k is a finite number) equals the sum of its values on the sets. Therefore, an additive set function is also called a finitely additive set function (the terms are equivalent). However, a finitely additive set function might not have the additivity property for a union of an infinite number of sets. A σ-additive set function is a function that has the additivity property even for countably infinite many sets, that is, $\mu\left(\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty A_n\right) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \mu(A_n).$

Additivity and sigma-additivity are particularly important properties of measures. They are abstractions of how intuitive properties of size (length, area, volume) of a set sum when considering multiple objects. Additivity is a weaker condition than σ-additivity; that is, σ-additivity implies additivity.

The term modular set function is equivalent to additive set function; see modularity below.

Additive (or finitely additive) set functions
Let $$\mu$$ be a set function defined on an algebra of sets $$\scriptstyle\mathcal{A}$$ with values in $$[-\infty, \infty]$$ (see the extended real number line). The function $$\mu$$ is called ' or ', if whenever $$A$$ and $$B$$ are disjoint sets in $$\scriptstyle\mathcal{A},$$ then $$\mu(A \cup B) = \mu(A) + \mu(B).$$ A consequence of this is that an additive function cannot take both $$- \infty$$ and $$+ \infty$$ as values, for the expression $$\infty - \infty$$ is undefined.

One can prove by mathematical induction that an additive function satisfies $$\mu\left(\bigcup_{n=1}^N A_n\right)=\sum_{n=1}^N \mu\left(A_n\right)$$ for any $$A_1, A_2, \ldots, A_N$$ disjoint sets in $\mathcal{A}.$

σ-additive set functions
Suppose that $$\scriptstyle\mathcal{A}$$ is a σ-algebra. If for every sequence $$A_1, A_2, \ldots, A_n, \ldots$$ of pairwise disjoint sets in $$\scriptstyle\mathcal{A},$$ $$\mu\left(\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty A_n\right) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \mu(A_n),$$ holds then $$\mu$$ is said to be or. Every 𝜎-additive function is additive but not vice versa, as shown below.

τ-additive set functions
Suppose that in addition to a sigma algebra $\mathcal{A},$ we have a topology $$\tau.$$ If for every directed family of measurable open sets $\mathcal{G} \subseteq \mathcal{A} \cap \tau,$ $$\mu\left(\bigcup \mathcal{G} \right) = \sup_{G\in\mathcal{G}} \mu(G),$$ we say that $$\mu$$ is $$\tau$$-additive. In particular, if $$\mu$$ is inner regular (with respect to compact sets) then it is τ-additive.

Properties
Useful properties of an additive set function $$\mu$$ include the following.

Value of empty set
Either $$\mu(\varnothing) = 0,$$ or $$\mu$$ assigns $$\infty$$ to all sets in its domain, or $$\mu$$ assigns $$- \infty$$ to all sets in its domain. Proof: additivity implies that for every set $$A,$$ $$\mu(A) = \mu(A \cup \varnothing) = \mu(A) + \mu( \varnothing).$$ If $$\mu(\varnothing) \neq 0,$$ then this equality can be satisfied only by plus or minus infinity.

Monotonicity
If $$\mu$$ is non-negative and $$A \subseteq B$$ then $$\mu(A) \leq \mu(B).$$ That is, $$\mu$$ is a . Similarly, If $$\mu$$ is non-positive and $$A \subseteq B$$ then $$\mu(A) \geq \mu(B).$$

Modularity
A set function $$\mu$$ on a family of sets $$\mathcal{S}$$ is called a  and a Valuation (geometry) if whenever $$A,$$ $$B,$$ $$A\cup B,$$ and $$A\cap B$$ are elements of $$\mathcal{S},$$ then $$ \phi(A\cup B)+ \phi(A\cap B) = \phi(A) + \phi(B)$$ The above property is called  and the argument below proves that additivity implies modularity.

Given $$A$$ and $$B,$$ $$\mu(A \cup B) + \mu(A \cap B) = \mu(A) + \mu(B).$$ Proof: write $$A = (A \cap B) \cup (A \setminus B)$$ and $$B = (A \cap B) \cup (B \setminus A)$$ and $$A \cup B = (A \cap B) \cup (A \setminus B) \cup (B \setminus A),$$ where all sets in the union are disjoint. Additivity implies that both sides of the equality equal $$\mu(A \setminus B) + \mu(B \setminus A) + 2\mu(A \cap B).$$

However, the related properties of submodularity and subadditivity are not equivalent to each other.

Note that modularity has a different and unrelated meaning in the context of complex functions; see modular form.

Set difference
If $$A \subseteq B$$ and $$\mu(B) - \mu(A)$$ is defined, then $$\mu(B \setminus A) = \mu(B) - \mu(A).$$

Examples
An example of a 𝜎-additive function is the function $$\mu$$ defined over the power set of the real numbers, such that $$\mu (A)= \begin{cases} 1 & \mbox{ if } 0 \in A \\ 0 & \mbox{ if } 0 \notin A. \end{cases}$$

If $$A_1, A_2, \ldots, A_n, \ldots$$ is a sequence of disjoint sets of real numbers, then either none of the sets contains 0, or precisely one of them does. In either case, the equality $$\mu\left(\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty A_n\right) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \mu(A_n)$$ holds.

See measure and signed measure for more examples of 𝜎-additive functions.

A charge is defined to be a finitely additive set function that maps $$\varnothing$$ to $$0.$$ (Cf. ba space for information about bounded charges, where we say a charge is bounded to mean its range is a bounded subset of R.)

An additive function which is not σ-additive
An example of an additive function which is not σ-additive is obtained by considering $$\mu$$, defined over the Lebesgue sets of the real numbers $$\R$$ by the formula $$\mu(A) = \lim_{k\to\infty} \frac{1}{k} \cdot \lambda(A \cap (0,k)),$$ where $$\lambda$$ denotes the Lebesgue measure and $$\lim$$ the Banach limit. It satisfies $$0 \leq \mu(A) \leq 1$$ and if $$\sup A < \infty$$ then $$\mu(A) = 0.$$

One can check that this function is additive by using the linearity of the limit. That this function is not σ-additive follows by considering the sequence of disjoint sets $$A_n = [n,n + 1)$$ for $$n = 0, 1, 2, \ldots$$ The union of these sets is the positive reals, and $$\mu$$ applied to the union is then one, while $$\mu$$ applied to any of the individual sets is zero, so the sum of $$\mu(A_n)$$is also zero, which proves the counterexample.

Generalizations
One may define additive functions with values in any additive monoid (for example any group or more commonly a vector space). For sigma-additivity, one needs in addition that the concept of limit of a sequence be defined on that set. For example, spectral measures are sigma-additive functions with values in a Banach algebra. Another example, also from quantum mechanics, is the positive operator-valued measure.

title: Sigma-additive set function


text:
Wave Race: Blue Storm

Wave Race: Blue Storm (ウェーブレース ブルーストーム) is a jetski racing video game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube in late 2001. It is the sequel to the 1996 Nintendo 64 game Wave Race 64, and the third in the series that started with the 1992 Game Boy game Wave Race.

Championship mode
Players begin by selecting a character to use for the entire championship. Following this, the player is shown the courses on which they can race and a weather forecast for each day of the circuit. The more difficult the circuit, the more races (and thus days) the player must complete. Players can select the order in which they wish to race the courses. This decision can be affected by aforementioned forecast. If players find a certain course to be more difficult when it is raining, they can elect to play that course on a day which is forecast to be sunny.

After the selection of a course, gameplay begins. Players begin in a field of eight racers. Position at the beginning of a race is determined by your finish in the previous race, e.g. a player finishing third in one race will begin in the third position before the starting line of the following race. In the first race, players begin in eighth. As the player waits for the race to begin, a stoplight changes from red to yellow to green, indicating the start of the race. For pressing the accelerator exactly as the light turns green, the player will receive a turbo, which can be activated at the player's whim and which significantly boosts the speed of the player's craft for a short time.

The player then begins to navigate the course. In every course, buoys are set up in two colors: red and yellow. Red buoys are supposed to be passed on the right; yellow buoys on the left. Passing buoys correctly builds up the player's turbo meter. Other than the method mentioned above, which only works at the very beginning of a race, turbos can only be acquired by correctly navigating five of these buoys or by performing a stunt. Each stunt, unlike each buoy, fills from one-fifth to three-fifths of the meter depending on the stunt. Incorrectly passing a buoy results in the loss of any built-up turbo stages. This leads to some degree of strategy. For example, a player might build up a turbo, then use it to cut off a buoy placed in an awkward manner, or one off a distance to the side, thus eliminating much of the time that would have been used to get to and correctly pass that buoy.

There are other, smaller red buoys which mark the boundaries of each course. Staying outside of them for too long results in a disqualification.

During the race, the player is often bombarded (depending on weather conditions) with waves and rain which can force an inexperienced player off-course, or into obstacles or other riders. Successful navigation of these waves is essential. This is where the game's uniqueness in the genre comes to light. Waves are completely random and are affected by the weather, making for a different experience from that of most other games in the racing genre, such as the PlayStation 2's Splashdown. Every race consists of three laps. Often during a race, shortcuts will be revealed as the player passes each lap. Spotting these shortcuts as they appear can be essential to victory.

At the end of each race, the player is awarded points proportional to the place in which they finished. A player needs a certain point total at the end of each race in order to advance to the next day. If this total is not reached, the player must begin the circuit again.

Victory comes when the player finishes first, second, or third overall in total points at the end of the circuit. For the expert circuit, the player must finish first for all weather conditions in time attack mode.

Other modes

 * Time Attack: The player selects an unlocked course and races alone. The object is not to win, but rather to finish in as fast a time as possible.
 * Stunt Mode: The goal of this mode is to achieve high scores by performing stunts that are performed by executing certain button combinations. Stunts can also be executed in any other mode, and can be used to build up one's turbo meter.
 * Multiplayer: For up to four players. Championship Mode and Stunt Mode may be played in this fashion.
 * Free Roam: Allows the player to roam freely through any unlocked course, with no time limit or other racers.

Characters
There are eight characters in Blue Storm, three of them from the previous game, two newcomers, and some of the rest from 1080° Snowboarding. Each character is rated on a scale of 1–6 in five different categories which affect that character's performance, with six being the best. Each character also has his or her own crew chief, which is nothing more than a voice offering encouragement and advice to the player:
 * Ryota Hayami (age: 23 from Japan) is the most balanced character, good for beginners and experts alike. Ryota Hayami is also a returning character from Wave Race 64. Akari Hayami is his younger sister.
 * David Mariner (age: 37 from the USA) has high top speed and a strong grip, but is very difficult to maneuver and has slow acceleration. He is best for experienced players. He is also a returning character from Wave Race 64
 * Akari Hayami (age: 21 from Japan) has a low top speed and a weak grip, but high acceleration and maneuvering, making her recommended for beginners. She was not originally from Wave Race 64, but rather from 1080° Snowboarding. Ryota Hayami is her older brother.
 * Nigel Carver (age: 28 from Great Britain) is one of the heavier character, but he is easy enough to control.
 * Ayumi Stewart (age: 26 from the USA) is a fairly balanced character, good for beginners to experts. She is also a returning character from Wave Race 64.
 * Rob Haywood (age: 24 from the USA) is a heavy character, similar to David Mariner in terms of strengths and weaknesses, best for the more experienced players. He was originally from 1080° Snowboarding.
 * Ricky Winterborn (age: 18 from Canada) is similar to Akari Hayami, but more stunt-oriented. He was originally from 1080° Snowboarding.
 * Serena Del Mar (age: 19 from Brazil) is not particularly heavy, but she is challenging enough to control and is more directed towards advanced players.

Reception
Blue Storm received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. The game was praised for its water effects, weather effects, and physics. The weather effects in the game, most people agreed, were outstanding. They caused wave height to vary and often came on slowly, or would let up surprisingly in the middle of a race. The weather also affected course layout, adding to the game's variety. Physics in the game were unmatched by any other water-based game at the time. Waves that varied in height and intensity, wakes from other riders and more all attributed to the overall feel of the game and was usually mentioned as one of the games positives.

Most negative criticism centered around a few factors: difficulty, graphics, and similarity to Wave Race 64. The difficulty of the game was mostly due to the controls, which were more twitchy and required a delicate touch on the control stick and proper use of the GameCube controller's L and R buttons. The control system in Wave Race 64, by contrast, was slower and smoother and as a result, less demanding. Graphically, the game was flagged for having decidedly low poly visuals, with uninspired art and character design. Some of Wave Race: Blue Storm's courses were criticized for being copies or re-designs of courses from Wave Race 64, and as such, the game felt overly-familiar. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of one eight, one nine, one eight, and one seven for a total of 32 out of 40.

Blue Storm sold 62,003 units in Japan, and was the third best selling launch title for the GameCube in North America, behind Luigi's Mansion and Star Wars Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader.

The game won the award for "Best In-Game Water" at GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2001 Awards, and was nominated for the "Best Driving Game" award, which went to Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec.

title: Wave Race: Blue Storm


text: Category:Hudspeth County, Texas

title: Category:Hudspeth County, Texas


text:
Crockenhill

Crockenhill is a village in the Sevenoaks District of West Kent, England.

The hamlet of Skeet Hill falls within the Crockenhill boundary and Skeet Hill Lane in Orpington is in the South East region of England. The postcode is within the Crockenhill and Well Hill ward/electoral division, which is in the constituency of Orpington. Skeet Hill Lane, Orpington, BR6 7QA.

Etymology
Crockenhill is from Old English hyll "hill". "Crocken" comes from the Old English 'crundel' meaning a 'chalk-pit, quarry' with 'hyll' as a 'hill'; therefore a 'quarry on the hill'.(kentpast.co.uk) There is also a village named Crockham Hill near Westerham.

Buildings
The main church in the village is the grade-II listed All Souls Church, built in 1851 by the architect Edwin Nash.

Skeet Hill Farm. Skeet Hill House. On the corner with Dalton’s Road. The house was built as a Dower House for Lullingstone Castle, and is said to be 400 years old Bought by Brady Boys Club in Whitechapel in 1943 and used by generations of east end Jewish children.

Sport and leisure
Crockenhill has one Non-League football clubs: Crockenhill F.C. play in the Kent Invicta Football League at level 10 of the English football league system.

Sadeh Farm Founded by Talia Chain, Sadeh is the UK’s Jewish community farm. Inspired by her fellowship experience at Adamah, a Jewish farm – based program in upstate New York, Talia saw the need for a British equivalent. Under her leadership it has evolved into an inclusive environmental community contextualised within the principles of Jewish ethics and culture. Skeet Hill Farm is based in Orpington and falls into the Crockenhill boundary.

Rail
The nearest National Rail station is Swanley, located 1 mile away.

Buses
Crockenhill is served by Arriva Kent Thameside route 477 to Dartford via Swanley & to Orpington.

Nearby areas
Crockenhill borders Swanley to the north and north east, Eynsford to the east and south east, Well Hill to the south, Orpington to the south west and St Mary Cray, Derry Downs and Kevington to the west and north west.The Skeet Hill area of Orpington is in both Orpington & Crockenhill.

title: Crockenhill


text:
List of first black Major League Baseball players

The baseball color line excluded players of Black African descent from Major League Baseball and its affiliated Minor Leagues until 1947 (with a few notable exceptions in the 19th century before the line was firmly established).

Before 1885 at least three African-American men played in the major leagues: William Edward White, whose light skin color allowed him pass as white, played one game for the Providence Grays in 1879; Moses Fleetwood Walker, an openly Black man who played for the Toledo Blue Stockings of the American Association between May 1 and September 4, 1884; and his brother, Weldy Walker, who played five games with the Toledo club between July 15 and August 6, 1884. Baseball officials essentially drew the color line against Fleetwood Walker. African-Americans had been excluded from major league baseball since 1884 and from white professional minor league teams since 1889. Following the 1891 season, the Ansonia Cuban Giants, a team composed of African-American players, were expelled from the Connecticut State League, the last white minor league to have a Black team.

The Brooklyn Dodgers broke the 63-year color line when they started future Hall of Famer Jackie Robinson at first base on Opening Day, April 15, 1947. The Boston Red Sox were the last team to break the line, when they inserted Pumpsie Green as an eighth-inning pinch runner in a July 21, 1959 game at Chicago.

Overall
Below is a list of the first 20 Black players in Major League Baseball since Moses Fleetwood Walker's last major league appearance.

 * Note: Johnny Wright was the second Black player signed to a contract by the Dodgers, and was on the roster of the 1946 Montreal Royals at the same time as Jackie Robinson, but never played in the Major Leagues.

By team

 * Teams are listed by franchise; i.e., teams that relocated to a new city after already breaking the color line are not listed a second time.
 * Expansion teams that joined the National and American Leagues after 1961 have been integrated from their first game and are not listed.

* Major League Baseball recognizes Curt Roberts as the Pirates' first Black player; however, Carlos Bernier of Puerto Rico, also a Black man, debuted on April 22, 1953.

‡ Thompson and Irvin broke in with the Giants during the same game on July 8, 1949. Thompson was the starting third baseman, and Irvin pinch hit in the eighth.


text: Category:Military technology

title: Category:Military technology


text:
Enns (town)

Enns is a town in the Austrian state of Upper Austria on the river Enns, which forms the border with the state of Lower Austria.

Enns was one of the first places in Austria to receive town rights. Its charter dates to 22 April 1212; the document is displayed at the local museum. The date is also depicted on the municipal tower, the landmark of Enns.

Geography
Enns extends for 7.5 km from north to south and 8.6 km from west to east. Its total area is 34.3 km², of which 12.8% are covered with forest, and 64.1% are used for agriculture.

The municipality can be subdivided into the districts of Einsiedl, Enghagen, Enghagen am Tabor, Enns, Ental, Erlengraben, Hiesendorf, Kottingrat, Kristein, Kronau, Lorch, Moos, Rabenberg and Volkersdorf.

History
The first settlements in the area of the mouth of the Enns river to the Danube date back to 4,000 years ago. Celts settled the land around 400 BC. Their kingdom of Noricum was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 15 BC and was designated as a Roman province under the reign of Emperor Claudius in AD 45.

In the second and third century, the Roman camp of Lauriacum, in which up to 6,000 soldiers were stationed, was located on the site of modern Enns. The adjacent settlement (today: Lorch) received the privileges of a municipium in 212 from Emperor Caracalla. At that time about 30,000 people lived here. During the Diocletian Persecution of Christians, a commander of the Roman army, Saint Florian, died as a martyr at Lauriacum on 4 May 304, when he was drowned in the Enns river. Only nine years later, the Emperor Constantine I proclaimed religious tolerance with the Edict of Milan. About 370, an Early Christian basilica was built on the remains of a Jupiter temple and Lauriacum was the see of a bishop until 488. The present Basilica of St. Lawrence at Lorch was built in 1344 on the foundations of the old church

About 900, the Enisiburg fortress, later Ennsegg Castle, was built on the Georgenberg hill to serve as a protective fortress against Magyar invasions. The surrounding settlement prospered from the 12th century onwards, when Ottokar II, Margrave of Styria established a market here. In 1186 the Georgenberg Pact was signed, an inheritance contract between Ottokar IV, Duke of Styria, who lacked a male heir, and the Babenberg duke of Austria, Leopold V. Following the death of Ottokar IV in 1192, his Duchy of Styria — then significantly bigger than the contemporary state, reaching from present day Slovenia to Upper Austria — fell to the House of Babenberg. Thus, Enns became Austrian.

As Leopold VI, Duke of Austria, endowed Enns with town privileges in 1212, it is now considered Austria's oldest town (apart from the Roman municipal status). The landmark of Enns, the belfry (municipal tower) on the Main Square, was erected between 1564 and 1568 as a bell tower, watch and clock tower during the reign of emperor Maximilian II.

Municipal council
The municipal council consists of 37 members. Since the 2003 elections, party representation on the council has been as follows:
 * 21 Social Democratic Party of Austria
 * 12 Austrian People's Party
 * 3 Austrian Green Party
 * 1 Freedom Party of Austria

The current mayor is Christian Deleja-Hotko, a Social Democrat.

Population
In 1991, Enns had 10,192 inhabitants according to the census. The number grew to 10,639 in the census of 2001.

title: Enns (town)


text:
Talk:Tamagotchi Connection

Untitled
And a note to all editors of this page, especially IPs: Please don't put codes or cheats on this page. This is a Wikipedia article. Go to Tamatalk or somewhere if you want to post cheats. Thank you. Wikiert T S C 16:07, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

from VfD:

Unless this can be changed to make it into something other than an advertisement, I vote we delete. Deb 15:52, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It's an ad. (Pet rocks could play with each other, too, you know, and they were great at defending you in a fight.)  Geogre 22:46, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. adv. -R. S. Shaw 00:32, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert. jni 13:01, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Tamagotchi. [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 05:22, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect. At most this should be an expansion of the existing reference to Tamagotchi Plus under Tamagotchi. Jxan3000 10:52, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect. RaD Man 06:36, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Redirect to "List of Tamagotchi releases
I will redirect this page to "List of Tamagotchi releases" and cut and paste the info to that page as well. Tama-Wama-Cally! 23:44, 23 May 2007 (UTC) Done. Tama-Wama-Cally! 23:46, 23 May 2007 (UTC) end moved discussion

Tamagotchi Connection (uk: Tamagotchi connexion) from Bandai is a Tamagotchi that uses infra-red technology to connect and make friends with other Tamagotchi owners and was first released in 2004, 8 years after the first Tamagotchi. The Tamagotchi can make friends with other Tamagotchis and can: Tamagotchi Connection has 6 levels of friendship that can be viewed in the Friends List:
 * play games
 * give presents
 * have tama-babies.
 * Aquaintance (one smiley-face)
 * Buddy (two smiley-faces)
 * Friend (three smiley-faces)
 * Good friend (four smiley-faces)
 * Best friend (two love-hearts, two smiley-faces, during connection they may kiss)
 * Partner (four love-hearts, during connection they will kiss and may have tamababies)

If Tamagotchi Connection cannot find a partner to have tamababies with, a matchmaker will come, allowing you to have a tamababy with a computer-controlled Tamagotchi character. Depending on the version of Tamagotchi Connection, your Tamagotchi will do different things.

Note: If Tamagotchi Connections are different versions, they can still connect. The Tamagotchi will transform into a mystery character, known as Nazotchi (translation: secret tamagotchi), during connection. The rules for Tamagotchi Connection V1 will apply.

Tamagotchi Connection V1 (2004) Connection Options

 * balloon popping game: first one to pop their balloon wins.
 * eating game: first one to eat all their food wins.
 * giving a present: one Tamagotchi will give another Tamagotchi a present that it can eat, play with or respond to.

Tamagotchi Connection V2 (2005) Connection Options
1 - Ver 2: Game
 * eating game: first one to eat all their food wins.
 * balloon popping game: first one to pop their balloon wins.
 * tug-of-war: first one to pull their opponent across the line wins.
 * running game: first one to reach the goal wins.

2 - Ver 2: Present
 * One Tamagotchi can wrap a present that the other Tamagotchi can eat or play with.
 * If no present is wrapped, one Tamagotchi will give the other Tamagotchi a present that it can respond to.

3 - Ver 1 See Tamagotchi Connection V1 Connection options for more details.

Tamagotchi Connection V3 (2006) Connection Options
1 - Ver 3: Game

In Ver 3 Game, Tamagotchis play for a certain amount of "Gotchi" points, ranging from 30p to 300p. Also, the older the Tamagotchi gets, the more games it an play.
 * Flag game: the Tamagotchi that gets the most correct flag waves wins.
 * Ball game: the Tamagotchi that can balance on the ball for the most time wins.
 * Block game: the Tamagotchi that builds the straightest tower wins.
 * Race-Car game: the Tamagotchi race-car that reaches the goal first wins.

2 - Ver 3: Present

In Ver 3 Present, when the tamagotchis are old enough, they may look at something together, eg. flowers. When they love each other, they even kiss. For more details, see Ver 2 Present.

3 - Ver 3: Visit

In Ver 3 Visit, one Tamagotchi goes to another Tamagotchi's screen. and visits it.
 * See-saws: Tamagotchis play on a see-saw for a little while.
 * Ball: Tamagotchis take turns headbutting a ball.
 * Singing: Tamagotchis sing to each other. Note- This doesn't make any sound.
 * Music: Tamagotchis play music to each other and dance. Note- This makes sound.

4 - Others

See Tamagotchi Connection V1 Connection Options for more details.

Tamagotchi Connection V4 (2007) Connection Options
1 - Ver 4: Game

In Ver 4 game, Tamagotchis play for a certain amount of "Gotchi" points, ranging from 200p to 1000p. Also, the older the Tamagotchi gets, the more games it an play.
 * Flag game: the Tamagotchi that gets the most flag waves correct wins.
 * Soccer: the Tamagotchi that shoots the most goals wins.
 * Block game: the Tamagotchi with the straightest tower wins.
 * Hovercraft game: the Tamagotchi hovercraft that reaches the goal first wins.

2 - Ver 4: Present

See Ver 3 Present for details.

3 - Ver 4: Visit See Ver 3 Visit for more details.
 * Phone: Tamagotchis talk to each other on the phone.

4 - Others

See Tamagotchi Connection V1 Connection Options for details.

5 - Work

Note: Though this option is on the connection/communicatin list, it doesn't use infra-red communication. Depending on the age of the Tamagotchi, on this command it will do different things: Every 24 hours, the Tamagotchi will go to work and it's boss will give it it's salary, ranging from 500 points to 800 points.
 * Baby: Nothing.
 * Toddler: Preschool. The Tamagotchi automatically interacts with the preschool teacher.
 * Teenager: School. The Tamagotchi can choose out of 3 teachers - Mr Turtlepedia, the Flower Teacher and Mr Canvas. The tamagotchi then has to pick a gift that it thinks might have a secret item in it. If it picks the right one, the Tamagotchi's life points increase. If it doesn't, a mess drops on the Tamagotchi's head.
 * Adult: Tamagotchi chooses a job. The Tamagotchi will do a different thing depending on what job it has.

6 - PC

Note: Though this option is on the connection/communication list, it doesn't use infra-red communication. This option is needed to visit the V4 online world of Tamagotchi Town The Tamagotchi goes off the screen and a Log-In Password is provided. At Tamagotchi Town, you enter the password and Tamagotchi Town appears on-screen. On Tamagotchi Town, you can do many things, such as:

 * shop for items and food (up to 10)
 * earn "Gotchi" points (up to 9990)
 * earn souvenirs
 * travel to different countries
 * go to preschool
 * go to school
 * go to work
 * play games
 * visit previous tamagotchis
 * ... and much more.

Also, in the bottom-right corner of the screen will be a picture of your Tamagotchi character, in colour.

Shop Codes
I thought the bit about the passwords made the article sound like a cheat site. The introductory part to it should be rephrased more formally. Wikiert (talk) 13:38, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Tamagotchi Connection. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070516230242/http://www.tamagotchi.com:80/ to http://www.tamagotchi.com

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 14:51, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tamagotchi Connection


text:
Enns

Enns or ENNS may refer to:

 * Enns (town), Upper Austria, Austria
 * Enns (river), a southern tributary of the Danube River
 * Enns (surname)
 * Enns-class river monitor, two ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy
 * European Neural Network Society (ENNS)

title: Enns


text:
John Howard Davies

John Howard Davies (9 March 1939 – 22 August 2011) was an English director, producer and former child actor. He became famous for appearing in the title role of David Lean's film adaptation of Oliver Twist (1948). After joining the BBC as a production assistant in 1966, Davies became a hugely influential television director and producer, specialising in comedy.

Davies played a key role in British television comedy across four decades, working variously as the commissioning producer, producer or director on many of the most successful comedy shows of the era, including The World of Beachcomber, Steptoe and Son, All Gas and Gaiters, The Benny Hill Show, Monty Python's Flying Circus, The Goodies, Fawlty Towers, The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin, Not the Nine O'Clock News, Only Fools and Horses, Yes Minister, Blackadder and Mr. Bean. Davies was the producer of all four series of the hit BBC sitcom The Good Life, and was also responsible for ending Benny Hill's television career in the late 1980s.

Biography
Davies was born on 9 March 1939 in Paddington, London, the son of Jack Davies, a film critic and prolific scriptwriter for mainly Gainsborough and Elstree studios, and the novelist Dorothy Davies.

Davies was a noted target shooter, competing in fullbore target rifle and 300 metre rifle disciplines. He appeared in the final of HM the Queen's Prize in 1994, and represented Wales at the first Commonwealth Shooting Championships in New Delhi, where he claimed a silver medal in the 300 m rifle three positions team event. He competed for Wales in the MacKinnon match 16 times, serving as Team Captain in 1994 and 1995.

Child actor
Known to his friends as JHD, his credits as a child actor include the title role at the age of nine in David Lean's production Oliver Twist (1948), followed by The Rocking Horse Winner (1949), Tom Brown's Schooldays (1951) and a few episodes of the TV series William Tell (1958).

After a basic education at Haileybury School, he gained further education in Grenoble, France, followed by national service in the Navy.

Adult career
After being discharged from the Navy, Davies worked in the City of London financial sector, and then as a carpet salesman. He relocated to Melbourne, Australia, where he returned to acting and met his first wife, Leonie, when they both appeared in The Sound of Music. He was stage manager for The Sound of Music for two years touring Australia and New Zealand.

He is best known for his adult career as a director and producer of several highly successful British sitcoms. Returning to the UK, Davies became a BBC production assistant during 1966, and was promoted to producer in 1968. During this early period, Davies worked on sketch shows such as The World of Beachcomber (1968); he produced and directed the first four episodes of Monty Python's Flying Circus (1969) (as well as defending the series against its detractors within the BBC), as well as the first two seasons of The Goodies (1970–72), including the classic "Kitten Kong" episode, which won the Silver Rose of Montreux Eurovision TV award. Davies directed a young Anthony Hopkins in the first episode of the Biography series, and also worked on All Gas and Gaiters (1969–70) and the seventh series of Steptoe and Son in 1972.

He briefly left the BBC to become managing director of EMI Television Productions in 1973, but soon returned to the corporation. Davies produced and directed the first series of Fawlty Towers (1975). Casting Prunella Scales as Sybil Fawlty was Davies' idea. The actress originally sought turned down the part. He is also credited with the idea of having the comedic changes to the lettering on the hotel sign in each episode, as well as the slapstick device of having Basil hit Manuel on the head with a spoon. Davies additionally served as producer for The Good Life (1975–78).

He was the BBC's Head of Comedy from 1977 to 1982, before joining Thames Television in 1985. Thames was then an ITV contractor, for which Davies was head of Light Entertainment from 1988. During the last role, he was cited by the popular press as the man who fired comedian Benny Hill when the company decided not to renew his contract after a connection lasting 20 years. He told Hill's biographer Mark Lewisohn, "It's very dangerous to have a show on ITV that doesn't appeal to women, because they hold the purse strings, in a sense."

Davies subsequently produced No Job for a Lady (1990–1992) and Mr. Bean (1990), before returning to the BBC later in the 1990s. His final work was overseeing the Easter Special of The Vicar of Dibley in 1996.

Death
Davies died from cancer on 22 August 2011 at his home in Blewbury, Oxfordshire.

title: John Howard Davies


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Detling

Detling is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Maidstone in Kent, England. The parish is located on the slope of the North Downs, 4 mi north east of Maidstone, and on the Pilgrims' Way.

History and features
The Cock Horse Inn was used to stable additional horses when required to take heavily laden coaches and wagons on the steep route up Detling Hill. The village is now bypassed by the A249 road, which opened in 1962. Jade's Crossing, a footbridge to the west of the village, opened in 2002 after a local resident, Jade Hobbs, was killed trying to cross the road.

The Grade I listed village church is dedicated to Martin of Tours.

The former airfield at the top of the hill was a Royal Navy Air Station during World War One, and an RAF station during World War Two. It was bombed by the Luftwaffe several times, with considerable loss of life. Its original area has been divided with some of the original hardstandings being used in a light industrial units area, part of the airfield is now farm land, and a significant part used by the Kent Showground – which hosts a number of annual events, such as the Kent County Show and the Detling Summer Conference, an event for evangelical Christians. A memorial in Detling Village commemorates the service personnel from the airfield. See RAF Detling for more details.

The village is also home to a Tudor gateway that has stood since the time of Henry VIII.

Detling Cricket Club have a ground on the Pilgrims' Way. They play on Saturdays and Sundays during the summer and hold practice sessions on Tuesday evenings. The team plays in the Kent Village League.

title: Detling


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Gull-wing door

In the automotive industry, a gull-wing door, also known as a falcon-wing door or an up-door, is a car door that is hinged at the roof rather than the side, as pioneered by Mercedes-Benz 300 SL and was designed by a Maxwell James Harris, first as a race car in 1952 (W194), and then as a production sports car in 1954.

Opening upwards, the doors evoke the image of a seagull's wings. In French, they are portes papillon (butterfly doors). The papillon door was designed by Jean Bugatti for the 1939 Type 64, 14 years before Mercedes-Benz produced its similar, famous 300 SL gullwing door. The papillon door is a precursor to the gullwing door, and is slightly different in its architecture, but is often overlooked when discussing gull-wing design. Conventional car doors are typically hinged at the front-facing edge of the door, with the door swinging outward horizontally.

Apart from the Mercedes-Benz 300 SL of the mid-1950s, Mercedes-Benz SLS and the experimental Mercedes-Benz C111 of the early 1970s, the best-known examples of road-cars with gull-wing doors are the Bricklin SV-1 from the 1970s, the DMC DeLorean from the 1980s, and the Tesla Model X of the 2010s. Gull-wing doors have also been used in aircraft designs, such as the four-seat single-engine Socata TB series built in France.

Practical considerations
The design is a very practical one in a tight urban parking space. When properly designed and counterbalanced, they require little side-clearance to open (about 27.5 cm or 11" in the DeLorean ) and allow much better entrance/egress than conventional doors. The most obvious downside to having gull-wing doors is that, were the car to roll over and come to rest on its roof, exit by the doors would be impossible, requiring a large windscreen opening to escape. The Mercedes SLS solved this problem by fitting explosive bolts in the hinges, that would blow up if the car rolled over, causing the door to fall off altogether.

The Volvo YCC, a concept car designed by and for women, had gull-wing doors as part of its design. Gull-wing doors make it easier to lift a bag to store it behind the driver's seat, increase visibility over the driver's shoulder, and make it easier to get in and out of the car.

The Tesla Model X, introduced in 2015, has double-hinged gull-wing doors, called falcon-wing doors by Tesla. The Model X has several design considerations to make the doors more practical. Being double-hinged allows them to open with less clearance (horizontal and vertical) than would otherwise be required. The vehicle also has sensors to determine ceiling height and the presence of potential obstacles and to determine how the hinges will operate to open the doors and avoid obstacles, if possible.

Design challenges
Gull-wing doors have a somewhat questionable reputation because of early examples like the Mercedes and the Bricklin. The 300 SL needed the door design, as its tubular frame race car chassis design had a very high door sill, which in combination with a low roof would make a standard door opening very low and small. The Mercedes engineers solved the problem by also opening a part of the roof. The Bricklin was a more conventionally sized door but the actuation system was problematic in day-to-day use and led to unreliable operation until an aftermarket air-door upgrade was installed in all Bricklins. In addition, there was some concern that in making the doors as light as possible they wouldn't provide adequate protection in side-impact accidents. There was, however, no indication that this concern was justified.

The DeLorean solved these problems by using a patented cryogenically set stainless steel torsion bar spring (manufactured by Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation) to partially counterbalance a full-sized door, and then added a gas-pressurized (pneumatic) strut similar to those found in hatchback cars. The combination of the torsion spring and strut provided the correct torque variation necessary to offset the variable torque of the door, as it opened through a rotational angle of about 80 degrees. The torsion bar is most important in the first foot of movement from the bottom, where the geometry of the strut is pointed at the hinge and therefore at a mechanical disadvantage. As the spring relaxes through the door's rotation open, the strut gains a better moment arm and gradually takes over the effort. A correctly balanced door opens fully on its own by simply activating the door latch from the interior, exterior, or from an aftermarket wireless release.

Other disadvantages of the system were not so easy to address. For example, the gull-wing design makes creating a convertible version of the car harder, as the hinges would be removed with the roof, and standard doors would be needed for the convertible. Mercedes did so when replacing the gullwing coupe altogether with the 300SL roadster in 1958. It was never a concern for DeLorean, since no convertible version was ever planned.

It also makes sealing the car against water leaks and snow intrusion more difficult because of the shape and movement path of the door itself.

List of automobiles
The following is a (partial) list of production and kit automobiles with gull-wing doors:

Production cars

 * Apollo Intensa Emozione
 * Aston Martin Valkyrie
 * Autozam AZ-1 (Suzuki Cara)
 * Bricklin SV-1
 * Bristol Fighter
 * DMC DeLorean
 * De Tomaso Mangusta (engine compartment)
 * Gumpert Apollo
 * Hofstetter Turbo
 * Isdera Commendatore 112i
 * Melkus RS 1000
 * Melkus RS 2000
 * Mercedes-Benz 300SL
 * Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG
 * Pagani Huayra
 * Porsche 906
 * (NSU) Thurner RS
 * Tesla Model X (rear passenger doors only)
 * HiPhi X (part of the rear passenger doors only)
 * Quant E
 * Quant F
 * Bugatti Atlantic Type 64

Kit cars
Gullwing doors are common in kit cars and many were made that are not included on this list.

 * AMT Piranha
 * Bradley GTII
 * Dare DZ
 * Eagle SS Mk1
 * Elite Enterprises Laser 917, inspired by the Porsche 917
 * Embeesea Charger
 * Fiberfab Aztec 7, an American replica of the Italian Alfa Romeo Carabo concept car.
 * Fiberfab Caribee/Banshee
 * Innes Lee Scorpion K19
 * Pelland Sports
 * Replicar Cursor
 * RPB GT
 * Burton Car Company hardtop
 * Siva S160 Spyder

Aircraft

 * Cessna 350
 * Diamond DA62
 * Socata TB
 * Beriev Be-103
 * Stoddard-Hamilton Glasair II
 * Dornier Seastar

title: Gull-wing door


text: User talk:65.24.90.91

title: User talk:65.24.90.91


text:
Pilgrims' Way

The Pilgrims' Way (also Pilgrim's Way or Pilgrims Way) is the historical route supposedly taken by pilgrims from Winchester in Hampshire, England, to the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury in Kent. This name, of comparatively recent coinage, is applied to a pre-existing ancient trackway dated by archaeological finds to 600–450 BC, but probably in existence since the Stone Age. The prehistoric route followed the "natural causeway" east to west on the southern slopes of the North Downs.

The course was dictated by the natural geography: it took advantage of the contours, avoided the sticky clay of the land below but also the thinner, overlying "clay with flints" of the summits. In places a coexisting ridgeway and terrace way can be identified; the route followed would have varied with the season, but it would not drop below the upper line of cultivation. The trackway ran the entire length of the North Downs, leading to and from Folkestone: the pilgrims would have had to turn away from it, north along the valley of the Great Stour near Chilham, to reach Canterbury.

History
The prehistoric trackway extended further than the present Way, providing a link from the narrowest part of the English Channel to the important religious complexes of Avebury and Stonehenge, in Wiltshire, where it is known as the Harroway. The way then existed as "broad and ill-defined corridors of movement up to half a mile wide" and not as a single, well-defined track. The route was still followed as an artery for through traffic in Roman times, a period of continuous use of more than 3000 years.

From Thomas Becket's canonization in 1173, until the dissolution of the monasteries in 1538, his shrine at Canterbury became the most important in the country, indeed "after Rome...the chief shrine in Christendom", and it drew pilgrims from far and wide. Winchester, apart from being an ecclesiastical centre in its own right (the shrine of St Swithin), was an important regional focus and an aggregation point for travellers arriving through the seaports on the south coast. It is "widely accepted" that this was the route taken by Henry II on his pilgrimage of atonement for the death of Bishop Thomas, from France to Canterbury in July 1174, although this has been disputed and some evidence points to his having taken a route via London. Travellers from Winchester to Canterbury naturally used the ancient way, as it was the direct route, and research by local historians has provided much by way of detail—sometimes embellished—of the pilgrims' journeys. The numbers making their way to Canterbury by this route were not recorded, but the estimate by the Kentish historian William Coles Finch that it carried more than 100,000 pilgrims a year is surely an exaggeration; a more prosaic estimate—extrapolated from the records of pilgrims' offerings at the shrine—contends an annual figure closer to 1,000. A separate (and more reliably attested) route to Canterbury from London was by way of Watling Street, as followed by the storytellers in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer.

Conversely, the concept of a single route called the Pilgrims' Way could be no older than the Victorian Ordnance Survey map of Surrey, whose surveyor, Edward Renouard James, published a pamphlet in 1871 entitled Notes on the Pilgrims' Way in West Surrey. While acknowledging that the route was "little studied" and that "very many persons in the neighbourhood had not been aware of it", he nonetheless caused the name to be inserted on the Ordnance Survey map, giving official sanction to his conjecture. Romantic writers such as Hilaire Belloc were eager to follow this up and they succeeded in creating "a fable of...modern origin" to explain the existence of the Way. In fact, the route as shown on modern maps is not only unsuitable for the mass movement of travellers but has also left few traces of their activity. The official history of the Ordnance Survey acknowledges the "enduring archaeological blunder", blaming the enthusiasm for history of the then Director, General Sir Henry James. However, F. C. Elliston-Erwood, a Kentish historian, notes that tithe records dating from before 1815 use the well established name "Pilgrims' Way" to reference and locate pieces of land. Earlier still, surviving thirteenth century documents show a "Pilgrim Road" by the walls of Thornham Castle, Kent, on what is today considered the route.

The Pilgrims' Way is at the centre of the Powell and Pressburger film A Canterbury Tale, with the camera panning along a map of the route at the start of the film.

Route

Anyone walking the 'Pilgrims Way' from Winchester would have started along the Roman road east following the route through New Alresford, Four Marks, Alton and Bentley to Farnham. This roughly follows the modern A31.

The ancient main streets of towns along the route from Farnham (where the old trackway converges with the pilgrims' route) through Guildford, Dorking and Reigate align west to east, strongly suggesting that this was the most important route that passed through them. On modern Ordnance Survey maps, part of the route is shown running east from Farnham via the heights by Guildford Castle, then north of the village of Shere, north of Dorking, Reigate, Merstham, Chaldon, Godstone, Limpsfield and Westerham, through Otford, Kemsing and Wrotham, north of Trottiscliffe, towards Cuxton (where it crossed the River Medway). South of Rochester, the Pilgrims' Way travels through the villages of Burham, Boxley, Detling and continuing in a south-east direction to the north of the villages of Harrietsham and Lenham. The route continues south-east along the top of the Downs past Charing, to Wye and then turns north to follow the valley of the Great Stour through Chilham and on to Canterbury.

Along some stretches the pilgrims' route left the ancient trackway to encompass religious sites, examples being Pewley Down, near Guildford, where the later way passed St Martha's Hill and St Catherine's chantry chapel, some 500 metres to the south. At Reigate the thirteenth-century chapel of St Thomas and a hospice were built for the pilgrims' use, although they were not on the route. Boxley Abbey, with its revered Rood of Grace, was another recognised detour.

National Trail
The North Downs Way National Trail parallels the old Pilgrims' Way between Farnham and Canterbury. Much of the traditional route of the Pilgrims' Way is now part of the modern road network and the Ramblers have previously advised walkers wishing to follow it to use St. Swithun's Way between Winchester and Farnham and the North Downs Way between Farnham and Canterbury as an alternative.

The route also links with the South Downs Way at Winchester.

title: Pilgrims' Way


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User:Hammurabi~enwiki

What a surprise! A user has the same name as his book.

I recommend to have a look to my homepage where I present "Der Codex Hammurapi" ( The German version of the code ).

In this book with 800 pages you will see the code with cuneiform signs in the original Old Babylonian and the Neo Assyrian version created with graphic program. Furthermore you can find all signs ( Neo Assyrians too ! ) with their meaning(s), Sumerograms, determinatives, grammar, transliteration, -kription, time tables, tables with the development of writing and much more!

The English version of the book will come out late in the year 2004!

title: User:Hammurabi~enwiki