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Janez Janša

Ivan Janša (born 17 September 1958), baptized and best known as Janez Janša, is a Slovenian politician who served three times as a prime minister of Slovenia, a position he had held from 2004 to 2008, from 2012 to 2013, and from 2020 to 2022. Since 1993, Janša has led the Slovenian Democratic Party, which has emerged as the pre-eminent Slovenian conservative party. Janša lost his fourth bid for prime minister in April 2022, his party defeated by the Freedom Movement party.

Janša served as Minister of Defence from 1990 to 1994, a post he had also held during the Slovenian War of Independence. Janša served as prime minister from 2004 to 2008, and again became prime minister in 2012, following an early election in December 2011. On 27 February 2013, Janša's second government was ousted in a vote of non-confidence. In June 2013, Janša was sentenced to two years in prison on corruption charges. The ruling was confirmed by Slovenia's higher court in April 2014, but after the Constitutional Court of Slovenia ordered a retrial for procedural reasons, the case later expired. Despite his party winning a plurality of votes in the 2018 Slovenian parliamentary election, Janša was initially passed over as a prime minister candidate as most parties refused to join a Janša-led government because of Janša's extremist views. After spending years in opposition, Janša was selected as prime minister-designate in March 2020 following the resignation of prime minister Marjan Šarec. His third term as a prime minister ended on 13 May 2022.

A communist in his youth, Janša's political stance has drifted rightward during the course of his political career, from a liberal, pro-democracy dissident under communist rule, to a social democrat politician, and to a right-wing hardliner. Janša was described as a far-right leader by The Independent and by Foreign Policy in 2020. His style of politics has been compared to Donald Trump. He has been dubbed a "MAGA-style populist" by NPR, "the Slovenian Trump" by Der Spiegel, and "mini-Trump" by Deutsche Welle. Following the 2020 United States presidential election, Janša declared Trump the winner, and proceeded to tweet a series of conspiracy theories about the election. Janša is a close ally of Hungary's prime minister Viktor Orbán.

Youth and education
Janša was born to a Roman Catholic working-class family of Grosuplje. He was called Janez (a version of the name Ivan; both are John in English) since childhood. His father was a member of the Slovene Home Guard from Dobrova near Ljubljana who had escaped communist retaliation due to his young age.

Janša graduated from the Faculty of Sociology, Political Science, and Journalism of the University of Ljubljana with a degree in Defence Studies in 1982, and became employed in the Defence Secretariate of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia.

In 1975, aged 17, Janša joined the League of Communists, and became one of the leaders of its youth wing. He became president of the Committee for Basic People's Defence and Social Self-Protection of the League of the Socialist Youth of Slovenia (ZSMS). Janša was expelled from the party in 1983 after breaking with Yugoslav military orthodoxy by criticizing the system of people's self-defense from a radical left perspective. Janša appealed his ouster, but his appeal was denied. Despite the ejection, Janša touted his work in the party in a resume while applying for a job as newspaper editor in 1985.

Dissident
In 1983, Janša wrote the first of his dissident articles about the nature of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). In the late 1980s, as Slovenia was introducing democratic reforms and gradually lifting restrictions on freedom of speech, Janša wrote several articles criticising the Yugoslav People's Army in Mladina magazine (published by the League of Socialist Youth of Slovenia ). As a result, his re-election as president of the Committee was blocked in 1984, and in 1985 his passport was withdrawn. During this period, Janša and his associates were held under closer watch by the Yugoslav secret police. Janša was also barred from gaining employment in any state institution or state-owned company. Between 1985 and 1986, he made over 250 job applications without success despite meeting all qualifications. He was also unable to publish articles. During this period he earned his living writing computer programs and as a chance mountaineering guide.

Liberalization in the succeeding years allowed him to get work as secretary of the Journal for the Criticism of Science in 1986, and, a year later, to again begin publishing in Mladina. His Mladina articles consisted of critical opinion columns and articles on the topic of democracy and national sovereignty.

In the mid-1980s, Janša was employed in the Slovenian software company Mikrohit; in the years 1986 and 1987, Janša founded, together with his friend Igor Omerza (later high-ranking politician of the Slovenian Democratic Union and the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia), his own software company Mikro Ada.

He became involved in the pacifist movement, and emerged as an important activist in the network of civil society organizations in Slovenia. By the mid-1980s, he was one of the most prominent activist of the Slovenian pacifist movement. Janša also became active in the nascent environmental movement.

Rapprochement with the Socialist Youth movement

In 1987, Janša was approached by the family of the late politician Stane Kavčič, who had been the most important exponent of the reformist fraction in the Slovenian Communist Party in the late 1960s, and prime minister of Slovenia between 1967 and 1972; he was asked to edit the manuscript of Kavčič's diaries. Janša edited the volume together with Igor Bavčar. The publication of the book was part of the political project of Niko Kavčič, former banker and prominent member of the reformist wing of the Communist Party, to establish a new Slovenian left wing political formation that would challenge the hardliners within the Communist Party.

In the spring of 1988, Janša ran for president of the League of the Socialist Youth of Slovenia, a semi-independent youth organization of the Communist Party, which had been open, since 1986, also to non-party members. In his program, Janša proposed that the organization become independent of the Communist Party and transform itself into an association of all youth and civic associations; he also proposed that it rename itself the "League of Youth Organizations and Movements", and that it assume the role of the main civil society platform in Slovenia. During that time, he also participated in the public discussions on the constitutional changes of Yugoslav and Slovenian constitution.

Arrest and trial
On 31 May 1988, Janša was arrested on suspicion of possessing a classified Yugoslav military document uncovered during a search on the premises of a company where Janša was employed (a staff sergeant of the Yugoslav Army, Ivan Borštner, was arrested the same day on suspicion of leaking the document to Mladina). Along with two Mladina journalists, they were tried by a military court on charges of exposing military secrets, and given prison sentences. Janša's trial was conducted in camera, with no legal representation for the accused, and in Serbo-Croatian (the official language of the Yugoslav Army) rather than in Slovene.

Janša was sentenced to 18 months imprisonment, initially at Dob, but, following public outcry, he was transferred to the open prison in Ig. The case became known as the JBTZ affair and triggered mass protests against the government, and accelerated the process of democratization, known as the Slovenian Spring. The Committee for the Defence of Human Rights was formed following Janša's arrest, which became the largest grassroots civil society organization in Slovenia, gaining over 100,000 members within weeks.

Janša later accused Milan Kučan, the then-leader of SR Slovenia, of having accepted the Yugoslav Army's request for the arrest. Kučan, under pressure from the Yugoslav federal authorities, did in fact acquiesce to the searches that led to the subsequent arrests. Niko Kavčič, who was at that time considered Janša's political mentor, believed the arrest was organized by the hardliners within the Slovenian Communist Party who were angered by the publication of Stane Kavčič's diaries and wanted to prevent the formation of an alternative reformist movement.

The philosopher Slavoj Žižek, who at the time also worked as a columnist for Mladina, suggested that Janša was arrested because of his critical articles on the Yugoslav Army, and because the army wanted to prevent his election as president of the League of the Socialist Youth of Slovenia. As a consequence of his arrest, he could not run for the position; nevertheless, the leadership of the organization decided to carry on with the elections despite Janša's arrest. In June 1988, Jožef Školč was elected as president of the League instead of Janša.

As a protest against the League of the Socialist Youth of Slovenia's decision not to postpone the elections, Janša's broke all relations with the organization. Janša was released after serving about six months of sentence, and became editor-in-chief of the Slovene political weekly magazine Demokracija (Democracy) shortly after his release, a position he held until May 1990, having been elected to parliament the previous month.

1990–1994: Foray into politics, Minister of Defence

In 1989, Janša was involved in the founding of one of the first opposition parties in Slovenia, the Slovenian Democratic Union (SDZ) and became its first vice-president, and later president of the Party Council. Following the first free elections in May 1990 he became the Minister of Defence in Lojze Peterle's cabinet, a position he held during the Slovenian war for independence in June and July 1991. Together with the Minister of Interior Igor Bavčar, Janša was the main organizer of Slovenia's strategy against the Yugoslav People's Army.

In 1992, when the Slovenian Democratic Union broke into a liberal and a conservative wing, the leaders of the liberal fraction wanted to propose Janša as the compromise president of the party, but he refused the offer. After the party's final breakdown, he joined the Social Democratic Party of Slovenia (now called Slovenian Democratic Party) and remained Defence Minister in the center-left coalition government of Janez Drnovšek until March 1994. In May 1993, he was elected president of the Social Democratic Party of Slovenia, a position he has held ever since.

Controversies and dismissal from ministerial post
Janša has been accused of having abused his position as defense minister to consolidate political power, engaging in arms trafficking to arm combatants in the Yugoslav Wars in violation of a United Nations arms embargo,   and blackmailing prominent individuals, including politicians, businesspeople, journalists, and cultural and literary figures, by threatening to make public information (to which he was privy to in his ministerial role) regarding their previously undisclosed involvement with the former communist secret police.

In 1994, Janez Janša was dismissed by Prime Minister Janez Drnovšek from his role as Defence Minister because of his involvement in the Depala Vas affair (which centered around an incident in which military personnel arrested and mistreated a civilian off-duty undercover police associate that was attempting to obtain classified documents about the Ministry of Defence). SDS subsequently left the Drnovšek government as a result. The dismissal prompted protests by Janša's supporters and there were founded fears inside the government that Janša, backed by the nascent military, may refuse to relinquish power. A 2003 Mladina article alleged that Slovenia's military's special unit (MORiS) was in 1994 performing military exercises intended to prepare the force to carry out a military coup d'état. The police force was at the same time covertly preparing to secure the state and prevent a military takeover. In a press conference shortly prior to the article's publication, Janša pointed to documents detailing these police plans to secure state institutions to argue that a coup was in fact afoot against his Ministry. In a 1999 interview with Delo, Janša commented on the events of 1994, saying: "I held immense power in my hands. [...] And in 1994, when they were deposing me, there was a lot of suggestions that we not accept this removal. I could have done that. But I didn't." In 1995, Janša was charged for alleged illegal arms trafficking, but the case was never brought to trial.

1994–2004: In opposition
In 1996 parliamentary elections Janša's party's vote share rose significantly, from around 3.5% in the previous election to over 16%, becoming the third largest political party in the parliament and mounting an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to form a governing coalition. SDS largely remained in opposition for until 2004 years, save for a brief period in 2000 when it entered a short-lived centre-right government led by Andrej Bajuk,

During his time in opposition, Janša supported the government's efforts for the integration into EU and NATO. Between 2002 and 2004, he re-established cordial relations with now-President Drnovšek: in 2003, Drnovšek headed a round table on Slovenia's future based on Janša's recommendations.

Criticism as extremist
During this time, Janša was frequently accused of political extremism and radical discourse. Janša's former friend and fellow dissident Spomenka Hribar argues that his campaigns seem like conspiracy theories, and emphasize emotion, especially patriotic fervor, over rationality. The post-Marxist sociologist Rudi Rizman describes Janša's rhetoric as radical populism, close to demagoguery. The notion of "Udbo-Mafija", a term coined by the architect Edo Ravnikar to denote the illegitimate structural connections between the post-communist elites, is particularly prevalent in Janša's thought. Most critics agree that Janša is similar to other European radical right-wing populist leaders. Janša's rhetoric is nationalist and xenophobic, including verbal attacks against foreigners, especially from the other former-Yugoslav states, and "communists". Hribar considers these elements a form of extreme nationalism and chauvinism; to her, his irredentist claims towards Croatia seem obvious neo-fascism.

The sociologist Frane Adam instead explains Janša as the product of culture wars between the old communist elites and the hitherto disenfranchised elites of the right wing. The writer Drago Jančar similarly interprets the animosity against Janša as unjustified reactions of a culture unused to conservative political discourse.

Ahead of the 2004 electoral campaign, Janša turned towards moderation, tempering his radical language and attacks against alleged communists. Still, some critics continued to point out nationalistic rhetoric against immigrants.

2004–2008: First term as Prime Minister

Janša was prime minister of Slovenia for the first time from November 2004 to November 2008. During the term characterized by over-enthusiasm after joining EU, between 2005 and 2008 the Slovenian banks have seen loan-deposit ratio veering out of control, over-borrowing from foreign banks and then over-crediting private sector, leading to its unsustainable growth.

It was also for the first time after 1992 that the president and the prime minister had represented opposing political factions for more than a few months. The relationship between Drnovšek and the government quickly became tense. After the landslide victory of the opposition candidate Danilo Türk in the 2007 presidential election, Janša filed a Motion of Confidence in the government on 15 November 2007, stating that the opposition's criticism was interfering with the government's work during Slovenia's presidency over the European Union. The government won the vote, held on 19 November, with 51 votes supporting it and 33 opposing it.

In the beginning of December 2011, several clips of the recordings of closed sessions of the Government of Slovenia during the term of Janez Janša were published on the video-sharing website YouTube.

Allegations were made against Janez Janša that he tried to subordinate Slovenian media. On 1 September 2008, some three weeks before the Slovenian parliamentary elections, allegations were made in Finnish TV in a documentary broadcast by the Finnish national broadcasting company YLE that Janša had received bribes from the Finnish defense company Patria (73.2% of which is the property of the Finnish government) in the so-called Patria case. Janša rejected all accusations as a media conspiracy concocted by left-wing Slovenian journalists, and demanded YLE to provide evidence or to retract the story. Janša's naming of individual journalists, including some of those behind the 2007 Petition Against Political Pressure on Slovenian Journalists, and the perceived use of diplomatic channels in an attempt to coerce the Finnish government into interfering with YLE editorial policy, drew criticism from media freedom organizations, such as the International Press Institute and European branch of International Federation of Journalists whose representative, Aidan White, IFJ general secretary, said "The (Janša's) government is distorting the facts, failing to tell Slovenians the truth and trying to pull the wool over the eyes of the European public about its attitude to media".

2008–2011: In opposition
In the November 2008 parliamentary election, Janša's party placed second. Janša was replaced as prime minister by Borut Pahor, leader of Social Democrats.

In December 2011 Janša's party won the second place in the Slovenian parliamentary elections. Since the prime minister-designate of the first-placed party, Positive Slovenia, Zoran Janković failed to secure himself enough votes in the National Assembly, and Danilo Türk, the President of Slovenia, declined to propose Janša as prime minister because Janša had been charged in the Patria bribery case, Janša was proposed as prime minister by the coalition of the parties SDS, SLS, DeSUS, NSi, and the newly formed Gregor Virant's Civic List on 25 January 2012. On 28 January he became prime minister-designate. His cabinet was confirmed on 10 February, and Janša became the new prime minister with a handover from Pahor on the same day. On 13 February the President received the new Government and wished them luck. Both parties agreed that good cooperation is crucial for success.

2012–2013: Second term as Prime Minister

During his second term as prime minister, which lasted only one year, Janez Janša responded to the weakening of Slovenian economy during the global economic crisis and European sovereign-debt crisis with opening up old ideological fronts against liberal media, and against public sector – especially educational and cultural sectors, accusing them of being under influence of members of old regime (called Udbomafia and "Uncles from Behind the Scenes" (In Slovene: "strici iz ozadja") ) and against everyone who doubted that austerity measures forced upon Slovenia are right ones.

Slovenian political elites faced the 2012–2013 Slovenian protests demanding their resignation.

In January 2013, the 2012–2013 Investigation Report on the parliamentary parties' leaders by Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia revealed that Janez Janša and Zoran Janković systematically and repeatedly violated the law by failing to properly report their assets. It revealed his purchase of one of the real-estate was indirectly co-funded by a construction firm, a major government contractor. It showed that his use of funds in the amount of at least 200.000 EUR, coming from unknown origin, exceeded both his income and savings.

Immediately after the release of the report, Civic List issued an ultimatum to Janša's party to find another party member to serve as a new PM. Since Janša was ignoring the report and his party didn't offer any replacement for him, all three coalition parties and their leaders left the government within weeks and were subjected to ad hominem attacks by Janez Janša who accused the SLS's leader Radovan Žerjav of being "the worst (economics) minister in history of Slovenia", while the leader of the Civic List Gregor Virant has been mocked by Janša as engaging in "virantovanje" (a word game on kurentovanje, a Slovenian carnival festival). On 27 February 2013, Janša's government fell, following a vote of no confidence over allegations of corruption and an unpopular austerity programme in the midst of the country's recession. Gregor Virant welcomed the outcome of the vote, stating that it will enable Slovenia to move forward, either to form a new government or to call for an early election. Janša took over Ministry of Finance on 1 February.

2013–2018: Return to opposition, court trial and imprisonment
Following the fall of his government, Janša decided not to resume his position as a member of the National Assembly. Instead, he decided to work for his party (SDS), write books, lecture at international institutes and help as a counsellor.

On 5 June 2013, the District Court in Ljubljana ruled that Janša and two others had sought about €2m in commission from a Finnish firm, Patria, to help it win a military supply contract in 2006 (Patria case). Janša was sentenced to two years while Tone Krkovič and Ivan Črnkovič, his co-defendants, were each sentenced to 22 months in prison. All three were also fined €37,000 each. Janša has denied the accusations, claiming the whole process is politically motivated. The following day, the Minister of Justice, Senko Pličanič, emphasised that the court ruling was not yet binding and therefore Janša was still presumed innocent.

Several hundred supporters had rallied outside the court to protest the ruling, while another group of people welcomed the outcome. In his first response, Janša stated he will fight with all available legal and political means to overturn the ruling at the superior court. He has also drawn parallels to the politically motivated JBTZ trial, where he was sentenced to prison 25 years ago. Members of SDS, NSi and SLS, the opposition parties, condemned the ruling. The coalition mostly abstained from comments. Borut Pahor, the President of Slovenia, stressed that the authority of the court should be respected, regardless of personal opinions. The ruling was welcomed by the members of the Protest movement and Goran Klemenčič of the Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia, who stated that the fight against corruption in Slovenia must continue.

Imprisonment and release

After the Constitutional Court of Slovenia with the majority of votes dismissed Janša's appeal due to him not having exhausted every other legal means available to him, on 20 June 2014 Janša started serving his prison term in Dob Prison, the largest Slovene prison. He was escorted there by about 3,000 supporters. The influential German centre-right wing newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung reported the following day that the domestic Slovene and the international law experts recognised large violations of Janša's rights in the court case. The case is to be reviewed by the Supreme Court, but this does not postpone the execution of the sentence that started just three weeks before the parliamentary election. Former constitutional judges criticised the decision of the Constitutional Court for being based on formalities instead of on the content, and commented that a large legal inconsistency in the process was discovered only in front of the Constitutional Court and that it will prevent the Supreme Court from not overturning the judgement. On 12 December 2014 Janša was temporarily released from the prison pending the review of the case by the Constitutional Court. The conviction was unanimously overturned by the Constitutional Court on 23 April 2015.

2018–2020: Elections, from opposition to government
In the early election on 3 June 2018, Janez Janša was re-elected as a deputy. He was elected in the electoral district of Grosuplje and received 7,020 votes or 39.3%, the largest share of all candidates in the country. The Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS) won the election by receiving 24.92% of votes and gaining 25 seats out of 90 in the National Assembly.

2020–2022: Third term as Prime Minister

Following the resignation of Marjan Šarec as prime minister, Janša was elected as prime minister-designate on 3 March 2020, to form the 14th Government of Slovenia. He was sworn in on 13 March 2020.

On 4 November 2020, the day after the United States presidential election, Janša congratulated Donald Trump on his alleged reelection; he remained the only world leader to have done so when news organizations instead called the election for Joe Biden on 7 November.

Janša described the Fall of Kabul to the Taliban in August 2021 as "the greatest defeat for NATO in history".

After the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, on 15 March 2022, together with Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki, Deputy Prime Minister Jarosław Kaczyński and Czech Prime Minister Petr Fiala, Janša went to Kyiv to meet with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. The visit was aimed at supporting Ukraine's independence.

Janša's third term as a prime minister ended on 13 May 2022. He was officially succeeded by Robert Golob on 1 June 2022.

Balkan non-papers
In April 2021, two documents, named the Balkan non-papers, which called for the "peaceful dissolution" of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the annexation of parts of Montenegro and North Macedonia into a Greater Serbia and Greater Croatia, as well as the unification of Albania and Kosovo, was said to have been created or distributed by Janša. The story of the non-papers was broken down by Bosnian web portal politicki.ba on 12 April 2021. The document's plans and ideas were heavily criticized and reacted to by many political leaders from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, Slovenia and as well as by politicians from the European Union and Russia, including Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov and the European Commission's Vice-President and EU's High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Josep Borrell.

Upon the non-papers being sent by Janša, Bosnian Presidency member Šefik Džaferović sent a letter of concern to European Council President Charles Michel. After hearing news about the document, Janša spoke in a telephone call with Džaferović, stating that "there is no non-paper regarding border changes in the Western Balkans" and adding that he supports "the territorial integrity of Bosnia and Herzegovina."

Janšism

Janšism (Slovenian: Janšizem) has been defined as "the political orientation developed and advocated by Janez Janša".

Tino Mamić, writing in Domovina, a conservative publication, writes that Janša's politics are not unique enough to warrant coining a neologism to describe them, and that the term is being used with the intent of discrediting Janez Janša.

Use during 2020 anti-government protests
The term has been used in slogans during the 2020 Slovenian protests to express opposition to the Third Janša Government. Police launched criminal investigations against several protesters after they displayed the slogan "Death to Janšism, freedom to the people" (word play on the Yugoslav Partisan slogan "Death to fascism, freedom to the people") after Janša had lodged criminal complaints against the protesters, however, the office of the district prosecutor did not recognise the slogans as a death threat against Janša or his supporters (as Janša had claimed). Instead, it determined that the phrase was intended to express opposition to the politics of Janša and/or his political party. In response to the decision, Janša addressed a letter to the state prosecutor general in which he admonished the prosecutor by threatening "you will be held personally responsible for any possible casualty of these organised death threats". The State Prosecutorial Council labelled the letter as unacceptable political pressure of the highest representative of the executive branch upon the state prosecutor general.

Controversies

Janša has served as the leader of SDS ever since 1993 without a single other contender for the post. Party members are extremely loyal to Janša; it has been noted that the party appears to resemble a cult, with numerous past members claiming that Janša leads the party in an authoritarian manner and that no dissent is tolerated. SDS MEP Romana Jordan Cizelj was reportedly the only one within the party leadership to openly voice her doubts about Janša's continued leadership of the party whilst serving a prison sentence for corruption. Jordan Cizelj was subsequently not allowed to run for re-election as MEP on the SDS ticket as punishment for her disloyalty to Janša.

Janša is known as a prolific Twitter user, earning him the nickname Marshal Twitto (a reference to the honorary military title of (Marshal) Josip Broz Tito ),     Janša tends to be pugnacious in his interactions on the site, with one commentator describing him as "[...] using social media to insult journalists, political opponents, the general public, and anybody who does not agree with him", and The New York Times describing him as "[...] setting the benchmark for intemperate social media messaging by a national leader". He has also been known to proactively block people he dislikes on the site (including journalists and random users who had never interacted with him on the site). Janša has been sued for defamation after labeling a journalist a "washed-up prostitute" in a tweet. The case is to be litigated before the Constitutional Court. A 2020 analysis of Janša's more than 64.000 Twitter followers revealed that 73.3% were fake accounts. That year, Janša announced the administrator of his Twitter user profile would remove fake accounts. Janša's large number of fake Twitter followers has been noted in the media for years. Janša was also a Parler user, inviting his Twitter followers to join him on the site in an English-language tweet. Janša followed several controversial far-right figures and conspiracy theorists on the site.

During a public spat with Janša, lawyer Lucija Ušaj Šikovec, a former SDS member and deputy leader of a newly formed far-right Homeland League party,  accused Janša of controlling the party as an SDS satellite through its leader. After Janša accused her of leaving SDS because it didn't meet her demand to stand as the party's candidate for the 2019 European Parliament election, Ušaj accused him of lying and released a screen capture of a conversation between her and Janša in which he requested that "they" should astroturf an anti-immigration protest on the day that parliament was to discuss an SDS proposal for a referendum on immigration, explaining that "protests are effective if the action comes from below and appears to be a spontaneous uprising". Such a protest did in fact take place and was attended by some 200-250 people, among them the future leader of the Homeland League. Ušaj Šikovec threatened to release more compromising messages from Janša if he did not recant the statement.

Accusations of plagiarism
The largest and most notable Roman Catholic newspaper Družina and Janša have both claimed that the very few individuals who managed to survive the Kočevski Rog massacre included Janša's father, although the story of the actual survivor France Dejak, which was told in 1989 for the first time in Mladina, was re-told in details as if it has been experienced by Janša's father.

In 2008, it was reported by the newspaper Mladina that Janez Janša copied a speech by Tony Blair, the prime minister of the United Kingdom. It was used in 2006 for the ceremony on the 15th anniversary of the Slovenian declaration of independence. His office responded with the claim that it was not copied but similar to Blair's speech, and that this were only a few phrases often used for such occasions. A few of these sentences were proclaimed the Spade of the Year by the newspaper Večer in 2006; the award is given annually to the best publicly expressed thought in Slovenia.

Personal life
Janša is an active mountaineer, golfer, footballer, skier and snowboarder.

Janša had a long-term relationship with Silva Predalič, and they had two children, a son and a daughter.

Since July 2009, Janša has been married to Urška Bačovnik (MD) from Velenje. The two had been dating since 2006. In August 2011, their son Črtomir was born. Their second son, Jakob, was born in August 2013.

Author
Janša has published several books, the two of which are Premiki ("Manoeuvres", published in 1992 and subsequently translated into English under the title "The Making of the Slovenian State") and Okopi ("Barricades", 1994), in which he exposes his personal views on the problems of Slovenia's transition from communism to a parliamentary democracy. In both books, but particularly in Okopi, Janša criticized the then president of Slovenia Milan Kučan of interfering in daily politics using the informal influence he had gained as the last chairman of the Communist Party of Slovenia. He published a second edition of the same book: Dvajset let pozneje Okopi with some additional documents and personal views.
 * Podružbljanje varnosti in obrambe ('The Socialization of Security and Defence', editor); Ljubljana: Republiška konferenca ZSMS, 1984.
 * Stane Kavčič, Dnevnik in spomini ('The Memoirs of Stane Kavčič', co-edited with Igor Bavčar); Ljubljana: ČKZ, 1988.
 * Na svoji strani ('On One's Own Side', collection of articles); Ljubljana: ČKZ, 1988.
 * Premiki: nastajanje in obramba slovenske države 1988–1992; Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1992. English translation: The Making of the Slovenian State, 1988–1992: the Collapse of Yugoslavia; Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1994.
 * Okopi: pot slovenske države 1991–1994 ('Trenches: the Evolution of the Slovenian State, 1991–1994'); Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1994.
 * Sedem let pozneje ('Seven Years Later'). Ljubljana: Založba Karantanija, 1994.
 * Osem let pozneje ('Eight Years Later', co-authored with Ivan Borštner and David Tasić); Ljubljana: Založba Karantanija, 1995.
 * Dvajset let pozneje, Okopi II ('Twenty Years Later, Trenches II'). Ljubljana: Založba Mladinska knjiga, 2014.
 * White panther : the first book of The kingdom of Noric. London: IndieBooks, 2018.

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SystemC

SystemC is a set of C++ classes and macros which provide an event-driven simulation interface (see also discrete event simulation). These facilities enable a designer to simulate concurrent processes, each described using plain C++ syntax. SystemC processes can communicate in a simulated real-time environment, using signals of all the datatypes offered by C++, some additional ones offered by the SystemC library, as well as user defined. In certain respects, SystemC deliberately mimics the hardware description languages VHDL and Verilog, but is more aptly described as a system-level modeling language.

SystemC is applied to system-level modeling, architectural exploration, performance modeling, software development, functional verification, and high-level synthesis. SystemC is often associated with electronic system-level (ESL) design, and with transaction-level modeling (TLM).

Language specification
SystemC is defined and promoted by the Open SystemC Initiative (OSCI — now Accellera), and has been approved by the IEEE Standards Association as IEEE 1666-2011 - the SystemC Language Reference Manual (LRM). The LRM provides the definitive statement of the semantics of SystemC. OSCI also provide an open-source proof-of-concept simulator (sometimes incorrectly referred to as the reference simulator), which can be downloaded from the OSCI website. Although it was the intent of OSCI that commercial vendors and academia could create original software compliant to IEEE 1666, in practice most SystemC implementations have been at least partly based on the OSCI proof-of-concept simulator.

Compared to HDLs
SystemC has semantic similarities to VHDL and Verilog, but may be said to have a syntactical overhead compared to these when used as a hardware description language. On the other hand, it offers a greater range of expression, similar to object-oriented design partitioning and template classes. Although strictly a C++ class library, SystemC is sometimes viewed as being a language in its own right. Source code can be compiled with the SystemC library (which includes a simulation kernel) to give an executable. The performance of the OSCI open-source implementation is typically worse than commercial VHDL/Verilog simulators when used for register transfer level simulation.

Versions
SystemC version 1 included common hardware-description language features such as structural hierarchy and connectivity, clock-cycle accuracy, delta cycles, four-valued logic (0, 1, X, Z), and bus-resolution functions.

SystemC version 2 onward focused on communication abstraction, transaction-level modeling, and virtual-platform modeling. It also added abstract ports, dynamic processes, and timed event notifications.

Modules
SystemC has a notion of a container class called a module. This is a hierarchical entity that can have other modules or processes contained in it.

Modules are the basic building blocks of a SystemC design hierarchy. A SystemC model usually consists of several modules which communicate via ports. The modules can be thought of as a building block of SystemC.

Ports
Ports allow communication from inside a module to the outside (usually to other modules) via channels.

Signals
SystemC supports resolved and unresolved signals. Resolved signals can have more than one driver (a bus) while unresolved signals can have only one driver.

Exports
Modules have ports through which they connect to other modules. SystemC supports single-direction and bidirectional ports.

Exports incorporate channels and allow communication from inside a module to the outside (usually to other modules).

Processes
Processes are used to describe functionality. Processes are contained inside modules. SystemC provides three different process abstractions to be used by hardware and software designers. Processes are the main computation elements. They are concurrent.

Channels
Channels are the communication elements of SystemC. They can be either simple wires or complex communication mechanisms like FIFOs or bus channels.

Elementary channels:
 * signal: the equivalent of a wire
 * buffer
 * fifo
 * mutex
 * semaphore

Interfaces
Ports use interfaces to communicate with channels.

Events
Events allow synchronization between processes and must be defined during initialization.

Data types
SystemC introduces several data types which support the modeling of hardware.

Extended standard types:
 * sc_int     n-bit signed integer
 * sc_uint     n-bit unsigned integer
 * sc_bigint   n-bit signed integer for n > 64
 * sc_biguint  n-bit unsigned integer for n > 64

Logic types:
 * sc_bit        2-valued single bit
 * sc_logic      4-valued single bit
 * sc_bv       vector of length n of sc_bit
 * sc_lv       vector of length n of sc_logic

Fixed point types:
 * sc_fixed<>    templated signed fixed point
 * sc_ufixed<>   templated unsigned fixed point
 * sc_fix        untemplated signed fixed point
 * sc_ufix       untemplated unsigned fixed point

History

 * 1999-09-27 Open SystemC Initiative announced
 * 2000-03-01 SystemC V0.91 released
 * 2000-03-28 SystemC V1.0 released
 * 2001-02-01 SystemC V2.0 specification and V1.2 Beta source code released
 * 2003-06-03 SystemC 2.0.1 LRM (language reference manual) released
 * 2005-06-06 SystemC 2.1 LRM and TLM 1.0 transaction-level modeling standard released
 * 2005-12-12 IEEE approves the IEEE 1666–2005 standard for SystemC
 * 2007-04-13 SystemC v2.2 released
 * 2008-06-09 TLM-2.0.0 library released
 * 2009-07-27 TLM-2.0 LRM released, accompanied by TLM-2.0.1 library
 * 2010-03-08 SystemC AMS extensions 1.0 LRM released
 * 2011-11-10 IEEE approves the IEEE 1666–2011 standard for SystemC
 * 2016-04-06 IEEE approves the IEEE 1666.1–2016 standard for SystemC AMS
 * 2023-06-05 IEEE approves the IEEE 1666–2023 standard

SystemC traces its origins to work on Scenic programming language described in a DAC 1997 paper.

ARM Ltd., CoWare, Synopsys and CynApps teamed up to develop SystemC (CynApps later became Forte Design Systems) to launch it first draft version in 1999. The chief competitor at the time was SpecC another C based open source package developed by UC Irvine personnel and some Japanese companies.

In June 2000, a standards group known as the Open SystemC Initiative was formed to provide an industry neutral organization to host SystemC activities and to allow Synopsys' largest competitors, Cadence and Mentor Graphics, democratic representation in SystemC development.

Example code
Example code of an adder:

Power and energy estimation in SystemC
The power and energy estimation can be accomplished in SystemC by means of simulations. Powersim is a SystemC class library aimed to the calculation of power and energy consumption of hardware described at system level. To this end, C++ operators are monitored and different energy models can be used for each SystemC data type. Simulations with Powersim do not require any change in the application source code.

title: SystemC


text:
Pavel Kolobkov

Pavel Anatolyevich Kolobkov (Павел Анатольевич Колобков; born 22 September 1969) is a Russian (and formerly Soviet) retired épée fencer. He won one gold, two silver and three bronze medals at five Olympic Games from 1988 to 2004. Kolobkov served as Russia's representative to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) until 2015 when WADA declared the Russian Anti-Doping Agency to be non-compliant, and he was barred from serving as a representative to WADA. He served as the Russian Minister of Sport from 2016 to 2020, when he was dismissed from the position by President Putin. He also previously served as the Russian Deputy Minister of Sport as well as the Russian Deputy Minister of Sport, Tourism and Youth Policy.

Early years
Kolobkov was born in Moscow. In his career he won 27 individual and team medals between Olympic Games, World and European Championships. He was appointed as a Russian Deputy Minister of Sport, Tourism and Youth Policy on 8 October 2010 by Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin. He was appointed as the head of the Russian 2012 London Summer Olympics delegation on 9 August 2011. On 18 June 2012, he was appointed as the Russian Deputy Minister of Sports. He was appointed as a Class 3 State Advisor of the Russian Federation on 7 October 2013.

World Anti-Doping Agency representative
Kolobkov also served as Russia's representative to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). He unsuccessfully denied WADA's finding that Russia was falsifying laboratory doping data, and was criticized by Russia's top athletes for endangering their careers. After Russia was accused of doping, Kolobkov provided WADA with fresh data, but it only revealed further manipulation.

His last meeting with the organization was on 18 November 2015, when WADA declared the Russian Anti-Doping Agency to be non-compliant. As a result, he lost his position as a representative to WADA in January 2016, and was barred from serving on the organization's Foundation Board.

WADA also ended up barring Russia from the Olympics and other international competition for four years for its doping. Jonathan Taylor, a British lawyer who wrote the report proposing the sanctions, which were approved unanimously by the WADA’s board, said of Kolbokov: "“I don’t know if he is corrupt or incompetent.”

Russian Minister of Sport
He was appointed as a Class 2 State Advisor of the Russian Federation on 11 August 2016. On 19 October, he was appointed as the Russian Minister of Sport.

On 15 January 2020, he lost his job, as he was dismissed and replaced as Russian Sports Minister by President Putin.

Gazprom Neft official
In March 2020, Kolobkov was appointed as a board member and the deputy chief executive officer for Federal Government Relations by Gazprom Neft.

Achievements

 * Olympic Games
 * Gold medal.svg Épée individual (2000)
 * Silver medal.svg Épée individual (1992) and Épée team (1996)
 * Bronze medal.svg Épée individual (2004) and Épée team (1988, 1992)

 * World Championships
 * Gold medal world centered-2.svg Épée individual (1993, 1994, 2002, 2005) and Épée team (2003)
 * Silver medal world centered-2.svg Épée individual (1997) and Épée team (2002)
 * Bronze medal world centered-2.svg Épée individual (1989, 1999) and Épée team (1988)

 * European Championships
 * Gold medal europe.svg Épée individual (1996, 2000)
 * Silver medal europe.svg Épée individual (2002, 2003, 2005) and Épée team (2006)
 * Bronze medal europe.svg Épée individual (1999, 2001, 2004, 2006) and Épée team (1998)

 * Fencing World Cup
 * Simple gold cup.svg Épée (1999)

Awards and honors

 * Order of Honour – Awarded on 19 April 2001
 * Awarded the honorary rank of colonel by the Russian Armed Forces on 20 November 2004.
 * Merited Master of Sports – Received in 1992
 * Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 1st and 2nd class
 * Russian Federation Presidential Certificate of Honour

title: Pavel Kolobkov


text:
Talk:Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art

Need to add counter examples to balance POV
Interesting expansion of the article, but I think we have introduced some significant POV problems.

The critisim of Nordgren, whilst quite possibly justified, should be balanced by some counter explanations. For example the pre-publicity programme before opening, may have been justified on the basis that no one in the art world is likely to know that Gateshead even existed, so it was important to raise the profile in order to be able to put on the initial exhibitions. (or maybe not - that's just an example). -- Solipsist 12:09, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The bias of this article is questionable, and seems to dwell on the negative aspects of the BALTIC. It would be useful to show that the BALTIC is strongly supported by the local community, and is one of many programs that is designed to heighten and promote culture in and of the North-East of England, a neglected area of Britain in reference to media attention. -- —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.39.20.236 (talk • contribs) 00:38, 14 October 2005.

This article's recent revisions have taken it from being just-about-neutral to almost attacking.

For instance, the paragraph beginning 'BALTIC has attracted frequent controversy and criticism for its management since before its opening' is almost entirely rehashing the next paragraph, except with some extra rumours and uninformed statements coming in. The references to Chris Burden seem to not understand the idea of showing an artists work, and are from a BBC documentary that was agressively against the Baltic gallery. Also, it would help if the events alluded to in recent history were given links, so that a clearer picture can be drawn from non-partisan sources.

Contemporary art in Britain is constantly under attack from conservative forces, despite being a recognised force for improvement and regeneration. This article is turning into another example of the small-minded nature of this conservatism, but failing to mention almost anything ground-braking about the Baltic - largest art gallery outside London? Groundbraking educational program? The collaboration with Northumbria universities courses? The online archieve? Sune Norgren's post-Baltic career as head of his countries National Gallery? It's not always grim oop north.

Mind you, tracing back the IP addresses on this article reveals that some of the critiscm is done by Middlesbrough council employees. Perhaps now that Middlesbrough has its own contempory art gallery, their focus will be diverted. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 217.42.96.196 (talk • contribs) 17:05, 17 September 2006.

 * The article changed significantly since Dec. 2007, I've removed the NPOV template, please use or better yet  for statements and detail issues here. This will help address them quickly. - RoyBoy 04:13, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

The "Trouble at t'Mill - Meltdown at Newcastle's Baltic?" external link points to domain http://www.state-of-art.org which appears to be no longer available. Dillthedog (talk) 11:26, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

Opportunities for local artists
Move from article page;
 * It has attracted many contemporary, and controversial, artists. Critics of Baltic's programme of art have said that it provides few genuine oppertunities for local artists while in the media shows an image of being benificial to the local art scene. In a token attempt to appease these critics Baltic has participated in one poorly curated show of local art, which still celebrated artist who had allready achived notoritey within the art world and neglected emerging artists who could do with the publicity.

This may be true, but it is the sort of comment that ought to be externally referenced. I also not sure whether it is in the BALTIC's remit to promote local artists. For example the Tate Britain is supposed to collect significant British art, but I don't think it needs to promote local London artists. - Solipsist 20:22 3 October 2006 (UTC) The Baltic makes the point that 'The BALTIC programme ranges from blockbuster exhibitions to innovative new work and projects created by artists working within the local community.' They have very little local involvement. That reference to the Tate is false. The Baltic is co-funded by the local council rather than the national government. The Baltic does not have a collection, it exists to show exhibitions, the vast majority of these are non-local, the involvement of the local community, either as artists or as a topic is limited, nearly zero. As a person who has seen most of the Baltic's exhibitions local involvement is minimal, for a gallery who takes up the vast majority of local council art funding which could be spent developing local artists it is a lapse. As the Baltic is a premier gallery for contemporary art in the North-east the exclusion of local artists is a serious problem. There is a perceived elitism to the running of the gallery as it is concerns the local community; most of the staff are not local; the facilities (new media, darkroom, library, etc.) are there for the staff and not open to the community. Due to the lack of opportunity for local artists, and facilities open to them this is a shame. Morethanape (talk) 23:43, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

Advertising?
I have added the point of view warning, because some parts of the article appear to have been written in the style of promotional material and some of it sounds like a CV. Also, what's happened to the wikilinks that were present in this revision? Bob talk 10:40, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Following Bob's comments. I apologise if the current text (30 May 07) reads like promotional material. It was placed on the site by BALTIC in an attempt to have factually correct information on the site. This was in reaction to incorrect versions of BALTIC history being uploaded. BALTIC wish to be honest about the origins of this text as it is not our intention to mislead any readers. BALTIC Media Office.

The current entry is now a puff piece and does not stand up well as an article. The stories linked with the poor management at the centre are well recorded in the external links but the Baltic's press office recent entry is not sourced.212.85.13.113 13:04, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

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Missing recent events
The article has a long section on the 2002 opening of the centre, paragraphs on three exhibits up to 2007, and not much on its recent history. How about mentioning: —David Eppstein (talk) 06:05, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Its covid-related closure from November 2020 to May 2021?
 * The first major retrospective of Judy Chicago in Britain, 2019
 * Its international award for emerging artists

 * this isn't formally a part of the GA review, but I would have similar comments in the GA review, so feel free to add this kind of material. I know expansions during a GA review are sometimes frowned upon, but don't worry about that! Ganesha811 (talk) 21:10, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art


text: Category:Icelandic actors

title: Category:Icelandic actors


text: Category:Hungarian actors

title: Category:Hungarian actors


text:
User talk:DagHjermann

Welcome to Wikipedia and thanks for constructive inputs in the article on Atlantic cod. I have a small comment I would like you to consider, please see my discussion on cannibalism at Talk:Atlantic_cod Arnejohs 12:13, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:DagHjermann


text:
Talk:Savage Club

Copyright approval
The original copy posted was not a copyright violation, as I wrote it myself for the Savage Club!

Many thanks

Paul Grier webmaster@savageclub.com

Princeton University
Students at Princeton University in the U.S. apparently sought to establish a "branch" of a London club on their campus, and I recall that it was the Savage Club. Is this completely without foundation? --Editing 18:28, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

WP:FOOD Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Restaurants or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. You can find the related request for tagging here -- TinucherianBot (talk) 11:03, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Leeds Savage Club
There was also a club in Leeds from 1898 to 1912. There are artifacts in the Leeds Museum. www.templeworksleeds.com resurrection of the Savage Club

Chemical Engineer (talk) 16:31, 14 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Savage Club


text:
Alec Coryton

Air Chief Marshal Sir William Alec Coryton, (16 February 1895 – 20 October 1981) was a senior Royal Air Force (RAF) commander in World War II. He was considered by his peers as one of the RAF's most capable group commanders.

Early life and First World War
Coryton was born at Pentillie Castle in Cornwall on 16 February 1895. He was commissioned as an officer in the British Army's Rifle Brigade (Special Reserve) during World War I. In 1918 he was transferred to the Royal Flying Corps (RAF) as a lieutenant. When the RFC became the Royal Air Force, he resigned his army commission and became an officer of the Royal Air Force.

RAF career
From 1925 to 1928, Coryton was Officer Commanding 16 Squadron, based at Old Sarum, Wiltshire, operating the Bristol F.2 Fighter in the tactical reconnaissance role.

In 1938 Coryton was made Director of Operations (Overseas) at the Air Ministry. He held this post until April 1942, when he was assigned Air Officer Commanding No. 5 Group RAF. While there he presided over the introduction of the Avro Lancaster into service. In February 1943 Coryton was relieved and replaced by Ralph Cochrane. Air Vice Marshal Don Bennett asserted that Coryton was sacked by Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris for refusing to send a force of 24 of his Lancasters in poor weather conditions on a sneak raid to Berlin. Coryton was moved to the Air Staff at the Air Ministry, where he served as Assistant Chief of Air Staff (Operations). On 25 August 1944 Coryton was made Commander, RAF Third Tactical Air Force, which was renamed RAF in Bengal & Burma on 4 December 1944 with Coryton remaining in command.

Ten days later he was made Assistant Air Commander, Eastern Air Command, a position he held until May 1945.

About 15 October 1945, he handed over his duties in Burma and became Controller of Research and Development at the Ministry of Aircraft Production. The next year he transferred to the Ministry of Supply as Controller of Supplies (Air).

Coryton retired from the RAF in 1951, but remained at the Ministry of Supply in a civilian capacity. He died on 20 October 1981 at Langton Matravers, Dorset.

title: Alec Coryton


text: Category:Finnish actors

title: Category:Finnish actors


text: Category:South Korean actors

title: Category:South Korean actors


text:
Talk:Great Court, Trinity College, Cambridge

Trinity Great Court run
The article refers to the video tape of the Coe/Cram run. Could someone put it on youtube and let us know the link?

Many thanks

Brian Sacks

Briansacks 19:19, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

What about Eric Liddle I'm sure (according to "Chariates of Fire") that he did the run Ochib (talk)

Air Density
The article specifies that the striking speed of the bells is affected by air density (the photo link is dead, btw), but it fails to mention that the same is true regarding the running speed of the athlete, with less dense air producing less resistance and therefore a faster achievable speed (however, he has to do so on less oxygen due to his pulmonary capacity remaining largely fixed). I do not know to what extent each effect compensates for the other, though. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.27.131.128 (talk) 15:34, 20 August 2011 (UTC)

King's Gate
A guide once told me that the King's Gate, used to stand a couple of feet further into the courtyard. When the other sides of the Great Court were complete, the college wanted to move the gate back a little, in order to make the court square. However to do this they needed to move it onto a couple a feet of St John's College land.... and this is why the clock strikes the hour twice — once for Trinity and once for John's.

Is this story true? If so, does anyone know what year the gate was moved. -- Solipsist 12:22, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

It is true. King Edward's Gate (the one with the clock) was part of the buildings of King's Hall, and located approximately where the sundial is now. When Nevile created Great Court, he moved the gate to its present location. The gate was moved in 1599-1600.

The story about St John's College land is false - King's Hall (one of the two colleges that was merged into Trinity) was located to the north of the old gate. Some of the King's Hall buildings still survive as King's Hostel.

For maps of Trinity before / after Great Court was built, see http://homepage.ntlworld.com/pbolchover/trinity/ -- Bluap 10:06, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The story I've been told about the clock striking twice is something to do with some decree that said there could only be a certain number of bells in that part of Cambridge - Trinity already had one but installed a second to stop St. John's getting one, hence the hour strikes twice. How true that is I don't know. Alaeangelorum 18:10, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

The story I've been told about the clock striking twice is that St John's took Trinity to court because the bell was too loud. The ruling in favour of St John's was that Trinity must install a quieter bell. Trinity did, but did not remove the loud bell. Given that St John's could just have gone back to court, this is probably apocryphal. Neil Dodgson 21:05, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Dimensions of Great Court and other "facts"
As "Keeper of the Clock" in Trinity I am interested in the facts being correct.

Firstly, the distance around the cobbles is 341m. I have measured this myself. The perimeter of the grass will be much less than this, but this figure is of no importance. The "exact dimensions" given (South - 87.8m, West - 105.2m, North - 78.3m, East  - 99.4m) are incorrect. Better figures are (measured around the cobbles) South - 82.5m, West - 99.9m, North - 69.4m, East  - 88.9m

Secondly, there is no change in the route taken by competitors around the court. The Great Court Run is only a true run if run on the flagstones. Competitors, such as Dobin, cannot claim to have completed the Run. A video of part of Dobin's run can be found at http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/video/GtCtRun2007b.wmv where he can be seen running on the cobbles.

Thirdly, the duration of the striking of twelve depends on the meteorological conditions of the day in question. On a cold, dry, high-pressure day the bells strike more slowly than on a warm, humid low-pressure day. The difference is as much as 15% which is 6 seconds out of the "normal" 43 seconds. For typical October days (the official run takes place in October) the likely difference is more mear +/- 1 second. Moreover, depending on when the clock has last been wound, the duration of the strike varies. This is because the wire rope that drives the strike winds around a drum on more than one layer. If the rope is on the second layer the strike runs about 5% faster. This does not normally affect the official run.

Hugh Hunt, Keeper of the Clock, Trinity College, Cambridge

Hughhunt (talk) 21:41, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the info. The RCHME report on Trinity College gives the dimensions as "273 ft. by 325 ft. average".  This corresponds to 89.6m by 106.6m, but presumably refers to the outer perimeter of the court. Peter Sager's book gives 370m for the length of the Great Court Run (and says that you can save 15m by running on the cobbles) – the original German addition is dated 2003, before the distances were put on Wikipedia (but those figures might have been on the net somewhere else).  The college website gives 341m as the length of the run, which is presumably based on the measurements that you made.  Bluap (talk) 00:11, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

There's an image of Great Court at http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~hemh/TCGtCt.jpg and using for scale the accurate measurement of 341m along the line shown I have estimated the distance around the grass (on the cobbles) as 299m (more than 12% shorter). You can see how much can be gained by cutting the SW and NW corners and the video shows Dobin cutting the NW corner.

For completeness I estimate the distance around the outside, along the walls, to be about 367m.

Hughhunt (talk) 16:19, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Dubious
Appears only to be based on anecdotal evidence. Contact college to confirm? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.184.8 (talk) 18:18, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

Duration of clock striking twelve
I've just added data measured (automatically) over 2018-2020 of the duration of the Great Court Run bells. Perhaps this stuff needs its own page? Or is it OK here? I've been Keeper of the Clock since 2004 and have been measuring all sorts of things as accurately as I can. Trinity Clock Monitoring  This strike duration data is definitive, I'd say, for the time being. No doubt future generations of Clock Keepers will meddle with things, as every generation does, and the timings will change. Perhaps I'll measure this all again in a few years time. Hughhunt (talk) 12:35, 19 September 2022 (UTC)


text: Category:Swiss actors

title: Category:Swiss actors


text:
Chitosan

Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed β-(1→4)-linked  D -glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl- D -glucosamine (acetylated unit). It is made by treating the chitin shells of shrimp and other crustaceans with an alkaline substance, such as sodium hydroxide.

Chitosan has a number of commercial and possible biomedical uses. It can be used in agriculture as a seed treatment and biopesticide, helping plants to fight off fungal infections. In winemaking, it can be used as a fining agent, also helping to prevent spoilage. In industry, it can be used in a self-healing polyurethane paint coating. In medicine, it is useful in bandages to reduce bleeding and as an antibacterial agent; it can also be used to help deliver drugs through the skin.

Manufacture and properties

Chitosan is produced commercially by deacetylation of chitin, which is the structural element in the exoskeleton of crustaceans (such as crabs and shrimp) and cell walls of fungi. The degree of deacetylation (%) can be determined by NMR spectroscopy and the degree of deacetylation in commercially available chitosan ranges from 60 to 100%. On average, the molecular weight of commercially produced chitosan is 3800–20,000 daltons. A common method for obtaining chitosan is the deacetylation of chitin using sodium hydroxide in excess as a reagent and water as a solvent. The reaction follows first-order kinetics though it occurs in two steps; the activation energy barrier for the first stage is estimated at 48.8 kJ·mol−1 at 25–120 °C and is higher than the barrier to the second stage.

The amino group in chitosan has a pKb value of ~6.5, which leads to significant protonation in neutral solution, increasing with increased acidity (decreased pH) and the %DA-value. This makes chitosan water-soluble and a bioadhesive which readily binds to negatively charged surfaces  such as mucosal membranes. Also, chitosan can effectively bind to other surface via hydrophobic interaction and/or cation-π interaction (chitosan as a cation source) in aqueous solution. The free amine groups on chitosan chains can make crosslinked polymeric networks with dicarboxylic acids to improve chitosan's mechanical properties. Chitosan enhances the transport of polar drugs across epithelial surfaces, and is biocompatible and biodegradable. However, it is not approved by the FDA for drug delivery. Purified quantities of chitosan are available for biomedical applications.

Nanofibrils have been made using chitin and chitosan.

Agricultural and horticultural use
The agricultural and horticultural uses for chitosan, primarily for plant defense and yield increase, are based on how this glucosamine polymer influences the biochemistry and molecular biology of the plant cell. The cellular targets are the plasma membrane and nuclear chromatin. Subsequent changes occur in cell membranes, chromatin, DNA, calcium, MAP kinase, oxidative burst, reactive oxygen species, callose pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, and phytoalexins.

Chitosan was first registered as an active ingredient (licensed for sale) in 1986.

Natural biocontrol and elicitor
In agriculture, chitosan is typically used as a natural seed treatment and plant growth enhancer, and as an ecologically friendly biopesticide substance that boosts the innate ability of plants to defend themselves against fungal infections. The natural biocontrol active ingredients, chitin/chitosan, are found in the shells of crustaceans, such as lobsters, crabs, and shrimp, and many other organisms, including insects and fungi. It is one of the most abundant biodegradable materials in the world.

Degraded molecules of chitin/chitosan exist in soil and water. Chitosan applications for plants and crops are regulated in the USA by the EPA, and the USDA National Organic Program regulates its use on organic certified farms and crops. EPA-approved, biodegradable chitosan products are allowed for use outdoors and indoors on plants and crops grown commercially and by consumers.

In the European Union and United Kingdom, chitosan is registered as a "basic substance" for use as a biological fungicide and bactericide on a wide range of crops.

The natural biocontrol ability of chitosan should not be confused with the effects of fertilizers or pesticides upon plants or the environment. Chitosan active biopesticides represent a new tier of cost-effective biological control of crops for agriculture and horticulture. The biocontrol mode of action of chitosan elicits natural innate defense responses within plant to resist insects, pathogens, and soil-borne diseases when applied to foliage or the soil. Chitosan increases photosynthesis, promotes and enhances plant growth, stimulates nutrient uptake, increases germination and sprouting, and boosts plant vigor. When used as a seed treatment or seed coating on cotton, corn, seed potatoes, soybeans, sugar beets, tomatoes, wheat, and many other seeds, it elicits an innate immunity response in developing roots which destroys parasitic cyst nematodes without harming beneficial nematodes and organisms.

Agricultural applications of chitosan can reduce environmental stress due to drought and soil deficiencies, strengthen seed vitality, improve stand quality, increase yields, and reduce fruit decay of vegetables, fruits and citrus crops. Horticultural application of chitosan increases blooms and extends the life of cut flowers and Christmas trees. The US Forest Service has conducted research on chitosan to control pathogens in pine trees and increase resin pitch outflow which resists pine beetle infestation. Chitosan has a rich history of being researched for applications in agriculture and horticulture dating back to the 1980s. By 1989, chitosan salt solutions were applied to crops for improved freeze protection or to crop seed for seed priming. Shortly thereafter, chitosan salt received the first ever biopesticide label from the EPA, then followed by other intellectual property applications.

Chitosan has been used to protect plants in space, as well, exemplified by NASA's experiment to protect adzuki beans grown aboard the space shuttle and Mir space station in 1997 (see photo left). NASA results revealed chitosan induces increased growth (biomass) and pathogen resistance due to elevated levels of β-(1→3)-glucanase enzymes within plant cells. NASA confirmed chitosan elicits the same effect in plants on earth.

In 2008, the EPA approved natural broad-spectrum elicitor status for an ultralow molecular active ingredient of 0.25% chitosan. A natural chitosan elicitor solution for agriculture and horticultural uses was granted an amended label for foliar and irrigation applications by the EPA in 2009. Given its low potential for toxicity and abundance in the natural environment, chitosan does not harm people, pets, wildlife, or the environment when used according to label directions. Chitosan blends do not work against bark beetles when put on a tree's leaves or in its soil.

Filtration
Chitosan can be used in hydrology as a part of a filtration process. Chitosan causes the fine sediment particles to bind together, and is subsequently removed with the sediment during sand filtration. It also removes heavy minerals, dyes, and oils from the water. As an additive in water filtration, chitosan combined with sand filtration removes up to 99% of turbidity. Chitosan is among the biological adsorbents used for heavy metals removal without negative environmental impacts.

In combination with bentonite, gelatin, silica gel, isinglass, or other fining agents, it is used to clarify wine, mead, and beer. Added late in the brewing process, chitosan improves flocculation, and removes yeast cells, fruit particles, and other detritus that cause hazy wine.

Winemaking and fungal source chitosan
Chitosan has a long history for use as a fining agent in winemaking. Fungal source chitosan has shown an increase in settling activity, reduction of oxidized polyphenolics in juice and wine, chelation and removal of copper (post-racking) and control of the spoilage yeast Brettanomyces. These products and uses are approved for European use by the EU and OIV standards.

Wound management
Chitosan-based wound dressings have been widely explored for a variety of acute and chronic wounds. Chitosan has the ability to adhere to fibrinogen, which produces increased platelet adhesion, causing clotting of blood and hemostasis. Chitosan hemostatic agents are salts made from mixing chitosan with an organic acid (such as succinic or lactic acid). Chitosan may have other properties conducive to wound healing, including antibacterial and antifungal activity, which remain under preliminary research.

Chitosan is used within some wound dressings to decrease bleeding. Upon contact with blood, the bandage becomes sticky, effectively sealing the laceration. Chitosan hydrogel-based wound dressings have also been found useful as burn dressings, and for the treatment of chronic diabetic wounds and hydrofluoric acid burns.

Chitosan-containing wound dressings received approval for medical use in the United States in 2003.

Temperature-sensitive hydrogels
Chitosan is dissolved in dilute organic acid solutions but is insoluble in high concentrations of hydrogen ions at pH 6.5 and is precipitated as a gel-like compound. Chitosan is positively charged by amine groups, making it suitable for binding to negatively charged molecules. However, it has disadvantages such as low mechanical strength and low-temperature response rate; it must be combined with other gelling agents to improve its properties. Using glycerolphosphate salts (possessing a single anionic head) without chemical modification or cross-linking, the pH-dependent gelation properties can be converted to temperature-sensitive gelation properties. In the year 2000, Chenite was the first to design the temperature-sensitive chitosan hydrogels drug delivery system using chitosan and β-glycerol phosphate. This new system can remain in the liquid state at room temperature, while becoming gel with increasing temperature above the physiological temperature (37 °C). Phosphate salts cause a particular behaviour in chitosan solutions, thereby allowing these solutions to remain soluble in the physiological pH range (pH   7), and they will be gel only at body temperature. When the liquid solution of chitosan-glycerol phosphate, containing the drug, enters the body through a syringe injection, it becomes a water-insoluble gel at 37 °C. The entrapped drug particles between the hydrogel chains will be gradually released.

Research
Chitosan and derivatives have been explored in the development of nanomaterials, bioadhesives, wound dressing materials, improved drug delivery systems, enteric coatings, and in medical devices.

Bioprinting

Bioinspired materials, a manufacturing concept inspired by natural nacre, shrimp carapace, or insect cuticles,  has led to development of bioprinting methods to manufacture large scale consumer objects using chitosan. This method is based on replicating the molecular arrangement of chitosan from natural materials into fabrication methods, such as injection molding or mold casting. Once discarded, chitosan-constructed objects are biodegradable and non-toxic. The method is used to engineer and bioprint human organs or tissues.

Pigmented chitosan objects can be recycled, with the option of reintroducing or discarding the dye at each recycling step, enabling reuse of the polymer independently of colorants. Unlike other plant-based bioplastics (e.g. cellulose, starch), the main natural sources of chitosan come from marine environments and do not compete for land or other human resources.

3D Bioprinting of tissue engineering scaffolds for creating artificial tissues and organs is another application where chitosan has gained popularity. Chitosan has high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antimicrobial, hemostatic, wound healing and immunomodulatory activities which make it suitable for making artificial tissues.

Weight loss
Chitosan is marketed in a tablet form as a "fat binder". Although the effect of chitosan on lowering cholesterol and body weight has been evaluated, the effect appears to have no or low clinical importance. Reviews from 2016 and 2008 found there was no significant effect, and no justification for overweight people to use chitosan supplements. In 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a public advisory about supplement retailers who made exaggerated claims concerning the supposed weight loss benefit of various products.

Biodegradable antimicrobial food packaging
Microbial contamination of food products accelerates the deterioration process and increases the risk of foodborne illness caused by potentially life-threatening pathogens. Ordinarily, food contamination originates superficially, requiring surface treatment and packaging as crucial factors to assure food quality and safety. Biodegradable chitosan films have potential for preserving various food products, retaining their firmness and restricting weight loss due to dehydration. In addition, composite biodegradable films containing chitosan and antimicrobial agents are in development as safe alternatives to preserve food products.

Battery electrolyte
Chitosan is being investigated as an electrolyte for rechargeable batteries with good performance and low environmental impact due to rapid biodegradability, leaving recycleable zinc. The electrolyte has excellent physical stability up to 50 °C, electrochemical stability up to 2 V with zinc electrodes, and accommodates redox reactions involved in the Zn-MnO2 alkaline system. results were promising, but the battery needed testing on a larger scale and under actual use conditions.

title: Chitosan


text:
User:Supercoop

 * 1) include
 * 2) define true (1==1)
 * 3) define false (1==0)

int main(void) { printf "Hello World from Wikipedia\n"; return(true); }

Links

 * my edit count ~1361 edits | 500th 1000th article edit
 * my contributions - largest part are from the wiki projects like WikiProject Wiki Syntax
 * my first logged in contribution (14:20, July 1, 2004) not really great edit, never anymore of the less, it was a start.
 * Not really a link but my User ID is 83248. Maybe I can make-up some spooky connection to the number or something.
 * Edit summary - for the longest time I didn't know that a /* */ in the summary is considered a blank edit.
 * If you need to discuss something off the books then just email me.

Pet peeve
Here's a list of my hates in articles on wikipedia.
 * It should be noted - why should it be noted instead of read?
 * Click here - what if I am using Lynx and why must I click anyway...
 * See below - maybe I don't want to!
 * Sentence with - is something is.
 * Metric System: Metrification_of_US_articles and misues of units be it meters or hogsheds.
 * Evil tags - I have never read an Encyclopedia that introduced an article by claiming it is under constant vandalism or may be a spoiler as the intro
 * Due to the fact - vs a infact, antifact or pseudofact causing the fact?
 * Images in articles placed to the left - Yeah, I like to have all Text and the left with images on the right. I don't expect a great following on this one though.
 * Excessive detail boogie man - I believe that Wikipedia is lacking in quality detail. At this point, People should focus on stubs rather then rather deleting information.

Articles Started
And may have a tinny bit of success.
 * Telecom Corridor
 * Root cellar
 * Jennifer Berry
 * Apache tears
 * Gary D. Forsee
 * Catawba worm
 * Tinker Air Force Base
 * Black Mesa Mountain
 * Cynodon dactylon
 * Techniscope

TODO

 * Folk Music footer update
 * folk-rock -> folk rock & wiki folk-rock
 * Pop-folk -> folk pop
 * folk-punk
 * moved folk pop to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Whatlinkshere/Folk-pop need to update the links.
 * need to moved pop folk to folk pop
 * Blues-rock
 * samba-rock

title: User:Supercoop


text:
Vedalen

Vedalen is a small valley in eastern Norway. It is located in the municipality of Hol in Buskerud county. It is situated 7 km outside the town of Geilo. There are approximately 25 cottages in the valley. Vedalen is a pastoral valley situated by the river Vedalsvatnet. The valley contains a number of small lakes which are suitable for fishing.

title: Vedalen


text:
Talk:Edward Zander

Untitled
It is really difficult to find any specifics about this man. Most likely because his only fame came in the business news and has been related usually to Sun or Motorola. I'd like to find out some more personal details like his DOB and middle name and maybe his family situation. --12.30.148.30 12:28, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC) I'd also like that, and how he rose to such a high position.

Fair use rationale for Image:EdwardJZander.jpg
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:53, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Edward Zander


text:
Privilege separation

In computer programming and computer security, privilege separation is one software-based technique for implementing the principle of least privilege. With privilege separation, a program is divided into parts which are limited to the specific privileges they require in order to perform a specific task. This is used to mitigate the potential damage of a computer security vulnerability.

A common method to implement privilege separation is to have a computer program fork into two processes. The main program drops privileges, and the smaller program keeps privileges in order to perform a certain task. The two halves then communicate via a socket pair. Thus, any successful attack against the larger program will gain minimal access, even though the pair of programs will be capable of performing privileged operations.

Privilege separation is traditionally accomplished by distinguishing a real user ID/group ID from the effective user ID/group ID, using the setuid(2)/setgid(2) and related system calls, which were specified by POSIX. If these are incorrectly positioned, gaps can allow widespread network penetration.

Many network service daemons have to do a specific privileged operation such as open a raw socket or an Internet socket in the well known ports range. Administrative utilities can require particular privileges at run-time as well. Such software tends to separate privileges by revoking them completely after the critical section is done, and change the user it runs under to some unprivileged account after so doing. This action is known as dropping root under Unix-like operating systems. The unprivileged part is usually run under the "nobody" user or an equivalent separate user account.

Privilege separation can also be done by splitting functionality of a single program into multiple smaller programs, and then assigning the extended privileges to particular parts using file system permissions. That way the different programs have to communicate with each other through the operating system, so the scope of the potential vulnerabilities is limited (since a crash in the less privileged part cannot be exploited to gain privileges, merely to cause a denial-of-service attack).

Separation of privileges is one of the major OpenBSD security features. The implementation of Postfix was focused on implementing comprehensive privilege separation. Another email server software designed with privilege separation and security in mind is Dovecot. Solaris implements a separate set of functions for privilege bracketing.

title: Privilege separation


text:
Province of Cremona

The province of Cremona (provincia di Cremona; Cremunés: pruvìncia de Cremùna; ; Casalasco-Viadanese: pruvìncia ad Cramòna) is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital city is Cremona.

The province occupies the central section of Padana Plain, so the whole territory is flat, without any mountains or hills, crossed by several rivers, such as the Serio and Adda, and artificial canals, most of which are used for irrigation.

The river Po, which is the longest Italian river, is the natural boundary with the adjoining province of Piacenza, while the Oglio separates the province from Brescia.

History
Lombardy has been inhabited since ancient times and Stone Age and Bronze Age rock drawings and artefacts have been found there. From the fifth century BC, Gallic tribes invaded and settled in the region, building several cities (including Milan) and ruling the land as far as the Adriatic Sea. From the third century BC the Romans expanded their sphere of influence into the area, and in 194 BC, the whole of what is now Lombardy, became a Roman province called Gallia Cisalpina. The Romans overwhelmed the previous civilisations and Lombardy became one of the richest and best-developed areas in Italy. It was here in 313 AD that the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great issued the famous Edict of Milan that gave freedom of religion to all people in the Roman Empire.

Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, Lombardy was invaded by successive waves of tribes, the last of which was the Germanic Lombards in the late sixth century. Stability followed until 774, when the Frankish king Charlemagne conquered the area and annexed the Kingdom of the Lombards (most of northern and central Italy) to his empire.

Geography
The province of Cremona is a long, relatively narrow part of the Padana Plain in northern Italy, the outline of which is circumscribed by rivers. The province is orientated from northwest to southeast. To the west of the province lies the Province of Lodi, to the northwest lies the Province of Milan, to the north lies the Province of Bergamo, to the east lies the Province of Brescia, and to the southeast lies the Province of Mantua. The region of Emilia-Romagna lies to the south, Cremona abutting onto the Province of Reggio Emilia, the Province of Parma and the Province of Piacenza.

Several rivers flow across the Lombardy Plain to join the Po which runs along the southern border of the province. The Adda separates Cremona from the province of Lodi and the Oglio provides the border with the province of Mantua. Other rivers in the north of the province include the Serio and the Tormo, and the Mella makes up a short stretch of the border with the province of Brescia. These rivers are linked by a network of canals which have been in place since at least the sixteenth century and are largely used for irrigation. The Muzza Canal takes its water from the river Adda and irrigates the land between that river and the river Ticino, converting the plain into a fertile area with rich meadows and productive agricultural land.

The total area of the province is 600 mi2. Although the province is essentially flat, there are some undulations in the surface formed by the varying courses of the rivers over the millennia. For historical reasons, the province is subdivided into four rural districts, centred on Crema, Soresina, Cremona and Casalmaggiore. In the north, some watercourses emerge from the ground in the "line of springs", a phenomenon of the northern Lombardy Plain, where melt-water from the Alps flows underground through porous gravelly soils before being forced to the surface when it reaches impervious, clayey ground.

The climate is largely uniform throughout the province. The annual rainfall is about 750 mm with October and November being the wettest months and February and July being the driest. The average temperature is 1.7 °C in January and 24.3 °C in July. There is often fog in winter, especially near the rivers.

Government

The Province of Cremona is an administrative body of intermediate level between a municipality (comune) and Lombardy region.

The three main functions devolved to the province of Cremona are:
 * local planning and zoning;
 * provision of local police and fire services;
 * transportation regulation (car registration, maintenance of local roads, etc.).

As an administrative institution, the province of Cremona has its own elected bodies. From 1948 to 1995 the President of the province of Cremona was chosen by the members of the Provincial Council, elected every five years by citizens. From 1995 to 2014, under provisions of the 1993 local administration reform, the President of the Province was chosen by popular election, originally every four, then every five years.

In a 2005 ruling of the European Court of Justice, the comune of Cingia de' Botti's award of a concession contract for public gas distribution services was criticised, as the contract had been awarded to a company called Padania without a competitive procurement process, contrary to EU regulations. Padania was a public-sector company owned by the province and most of the provincial comunes, including Cingia de’ Botti, but also open, at least to some degree, to private part-ownership.

On 3 April 2014, the Italian Chamber of Deputies gave its final approval to the Law n.56/2014 which involved the transformation of the Italian provinces into "institutional bodies of second level". According to the 2014 reform, each province is headed by a President (or Commissioner) assisted by a legislative body, the Provincial Council, and an executive body, the Provincial Executive. President (Commissioner) and members of Council are elected together by mayors and city councilors of each municipality of the province respectively every four and two years. The Executive is chaired by the President (Commissioner) who appoint others members, called assessori. Since 2015, the President (Commissioner) and other members of the Council do not receive a salary.

In each province, there is also a Prefect (prefetto), a representative of the central government who heads an agency called prefettura-ufficio territoriale del governo. The Questor (questore) is the head of State's Police (Polizia di Stato) in the province and his office is called questura. There is also a province's police force depending from local government, called provincial police (polizia provinciale).

This is a list of the Presidents of the Province since 1948:
 * Notes

Economy and culture
The principal economic resources of the province of Cremona are agricultural. Rice is grown with the help of water drawn from canals. Other crops include maize (corn), locally called Melegot and barley and to a lesser extent, soya and sugar beet. Grapes are cultivated and wine produced, and there is also a silk industry. The farms in the province are some of the most productive in the country. Other industries are quite developed, mostly in the northern zone, near Crema, where there are textiles, chemical, and mechanical factories.

Beef and dairy cattle are kept in the province. The beef serves as an ingredient for local dishes, and milk from the dairy cows is used to create traditional cheeses as well as producing butter and cream. The area is famous for its food specialities, such as nougat (Italian: torrone) and mustard. It is unclear exactly where torrone originated, but the recipe used in Cremona is the best known.

The city of Cremona has a strong musical tradition. The cathedral, built in the twelfth century, provided a focus for musical activity and by the sixteenth century, the town was the musical centre of the region. Even now it attracts people to hear performances by ensembles and attend the many festivals. The Renaissance composer Marc'Antonio Ingegneri taught here, his most illustrious pupil being Claudio Monteverdi. The composer Pierre-Francisque Caroubel was born here and later moved to Wolfenbüttel in Germany to collaborate with Michael Praetorius. The town became renowned for the violins and other musical instruments that were made here (many members of the Stradivari, Amati, Guarneri and Bergonzi families of luthiers were all prominent citizens of Cremona), and was also well known for its concert bands. A band school was started here in 1864 under the auspices of the composer Amilcare Ponchielli. The "traditional violin craftsmanship in Cremona" was declared an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2012.

Municipalities
Here is a list of the most populated municipalities of the province.

Municipal government
Here is a list of the municipal government in cities and towns with more than 15,000 inhabitants:

Quality of life
According to the European Environment Agency, in 2020 Cremona was the Italian province with the highest number of deaths caused by fine particulate matter PM 2.5 (between 150 and 200 deaths per 100,000 residents). As of 2023, it was the fourth most polluted city in Europe and the first in Italy.

title: Province of Cremona