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Ash Wednesday bushfires

The Ash Wednesday bushfires, known in South Australia as Ash Wednesday II, were a series of bushfires that occurred in south-eastern Australia in 1983 on 16 February, the Christian holy day Ash Wednesday. Within twelve hours, more than 180 fires fanned by hot winds of up to 110 km/h caused widespread destruction across the states of Victoria and South Australia. Years of severe drought and extreme weather combined to create one of Australia's worst fire days in a century. The fires were the deadliest bushfire in Australian history until the Black Saturday bushfires in 2009.

75 people died as a result of the fires; 47 in Victoria, and 28 in South Australia. This included 14 Country Fire Authority and three Country Fire Service volunteer firefighters. Many fatalities were as a result of firestorm conditions caused by a sudden and violent wind change in the evening which rapidly changed the direction and size of the fire front. The speed and ferocity of the flames, aided by abundant fuels and a landscape immersed in smoke, made fire suppression and containment impossible. In many cases, residents fended for themselves as fires broke communications, cut off escape routes and severed electricity and water supplies. Up to 8,000 people were evacuated in Victoria at the height of the crisis and a state of disaster was declared for the first time in South Australia's history.

A 2001 report found Ash Wednesday to be one of Australia's worst fires. More than 3,700 buildings were destroyed or damaged and 2,545 individuals and families lost their homes. Livestock losses were very high, with more than 340,000 sheep, 18,000 cattle and numerous native animals either dead or later destroyed. A total of 4,540 insurance claims were paid totalling A$176 million with a total estimated cost of well over A$400 million (1983 values) for both states, equivalent to A$1.3 billion in 2007. The emergency saw the largest number of volunteers called to duty from across Australia at the same time—an estimated 130,000 firefighters, defence force personnel, relief workers and support crews.

1980 South Australian bushfires
On Ash Wednesday in 1980 (20 February) during a virtually rainless summer after a very wet spring in 1979, bushfires swept through the Adelaide Hills in South Australia, destroying 51 houses. These fires were referred to as "Ash Wednesday" until the 1983 fires, which became notorious nationwide.

El Niño
As 1982 came to a close, large areas of eastern Australia lay devastated by a prolonged drought thought to be caused by the El Niño climatic cycle. In many places, rainfall over winter and spring had been as little as half the previous record low in a record dating back to the 1870s and severe water restrictions were imposed in Melbourne in November. On 24 November, the earliest Total Fire Ban in forty years was proclaimed in Victoria. By February 1983, summer rainfall for Victoria was up to 75% less than in previous years. The first week of February was punctuated by intense heat, with record-high temperatures experienced on 1 and 8 February. This combination further destabilised an already volatile fire situation in the forested upland areas surrounding the Victorian and South Australian capitals of Melbourne and Adelaide.

Early fire season
Victorian Government firefighting agencies employed extra staff and organised for extra equipment and aircraft to be ready for firefighting over the summer. The first big bushfire occurred on 25 November 1982 and was followed by large fires on 3 and 13 December 1982. Even before 16 February, fires were already causing destruction in Victoria. An ongoing fire near Cann River in the state's east had been burning uncontrolled for almost a month. Prior to that, a major bushfire on 8 January had taken hold north of Bacchus Marsh in the Wombat State Forest where two Forest Commission workers lost their lives defending Greendale. On 1 February 1983, a fire burnt the north face of Mount Macedon and areas of state forest. Fifty houses were destroyed. These fires were already creating a strain on firefighting resources. In the 1982/83 season, 3500 fires were reported to the Country Fire Authority in Victoria alone.

Dust storm
On 8 February, Melbourne was enveloped by a giant dust storm. The dust cloud was over 300 metres high and 500 kilometres long and was composed of an estimated 50,000 tonnes of topsoil from the drought-ravaged Wimmera and Mallee areas of north-west Victoria. Leading a dry cool change and preceded by record temperatures, the dust storm cut visibility in Melbourne to 100 metres, creating near darkness for almost an hour.

There was also a dust storm in Adelaide on the day of the bushfires.

Events of 16 February
Wednesday 16 February dawned as another unrelentingly hot, dry day. The weather early on Ash Wednesday was complex and did not signify how the day would develop. A front separated hot, dry air coming in from the interior to the north, from cooler air moving eastwards from the Southern Ocean. Ahead of the front were hot, turbulent, gale-force northerly winds. Temperatures around Melbourne and Adelaide quickly rose above 43 C, with winds gusting up to 100 km/h and relative humidity plunging to as low as 6 per cent. From mid-morning, McArthur's fire danger index was in excess of 100 in several places in Victoria and South Australia. It would be one of the worst fire weather days in south-east Australia since the disastrous Black Friday bushfires in 1939.

The first fire was reported at 11:30 am at McLaren Flat, south of Adelaide. Within hours, multiple reports of breaking fires quickly began to deluge Victoria's and South Australia's emergency services. In Victoria alone, 180 fires were reported, eight of which became major fires. At one stage, the entire Melbourne metropolitan area was encircled by an arc of fire. Property loss began early in the afternoon, particularly in the Adelaide Hills, east of Adelaide and the Dandenong Ranges, east of Melbourne.

Murray Nicoll, a journalist from radio station 5DN and resident of the Adelaide Hills, reported live from his local area where five people died: "At the moment, I'm watching my house burn down. I'm sitting out on the road in front of my own house where I've lived for 13 or 14 years and it's going down in front of me. And the flames are in the roof and—Oh, God damn it. It's just beyond belief—my own house. And everything around it is black. There are fires burning all around me. All around me. And the front section of my house is blazing. The roof has fallen in. My water tanks are useless. There is absolutely nothing I can do about it."

Mount Lofty Summit Road is lined by a number of historic mansions, like Eurilla, Carminow and Mount Lofty House. The flames roared up the tower of Carminow like a chimney, destroying everything, including the gardens. Next door at Eurilla, Kym and Julie Bonython lost all of their worldly possessions, including antiques, paintings and Kym Bonython's extensive jazz record collection. He saved only his favourite motorbike. At this time, this part of the Adelaide Hills was still not connected to the mains water supply, so all of the houses had only petrol-powered pumps and rainwater tanks. "The petrol in the emergency pump just vaporised with the heat" said Kym Bonython. "We could do nothing except watch the place burn". Across the road at Pine Lodge (formerly the Mt Lofty Tea Rooms), the resident rolled out the property's fire hose, connected it to the working diesel pump, only to find that embers were already burning numerous holes in the hose, rendering it useless. Down the road at Mount Lofty House, Mr and Mrs James Morgan lost $150,000 worth of furniture and artwork, which they had moved into the huge house only a fortnight before the fires, when they purchased the property.

At 3:15 pm on Wednesday, Mr and Mrs Morgan went to pick up their children from the local school and kindergarten. "Three quarters of an hour later the roof was burning", said Mr Morgan. Flames across the road and road blocks prevented the family from returning to the house, until it was burnt to the ground. "It's worth nothing now", said Mr Morgan. All of these houses have since been restored and are privately owned. Mount Lofty House has since been turned into a boutique hotel. St Michael's House, a mansion converted to an Anglican theological college and priory in the 1940s, was also burnt in the fires, but not restored and the whole site has since been cleared, leaving only the ruins of the gate house.

More than 60 per cent of the houses lost in South Australia were in the Mount Lofty Ranges. Of the 26 people who died in South Australia, 12 were in metropolitan areas, including four in the Adelaide suburb of Greenhill.

Wind change
The most disastrous factor in the Ash Wednesday fires occurred just before nightfall when a fierce and dry wind change swept across South Australia and Victoria. This abruptly changed the direction and dramatically increased the intensity of the fires. The long corridors of flame that had been driven all day by the strong northerly were suddenly hit by gale-force south-westerly winds and became enormous fire fronts, many kilometres wide, with wind reportedly moving faster than 110 km/h.

The near-cyclonic strength of the wind change created an unstoppable firestorm that produced tornado-like fire whirls and fireballs of eucalyptus gas measuring over three metres across. Survivors reported that the roar of the fire front was similar to that of a jet engine, though multiplied fifty, a hundred times. The change in temperature and air pressure was so savage that houses were seen exploding before fire could touch them. A resident of Aireys Inlet, on Victoria's western coast, was quoted:

"It was just this bloody great force. It wasn't fire by itself. It wasn't just the wind. It was something different to that ... a monster."

Unusual phenomena arising from the extreme conditions were reported. One survivor was startled to see a burning mattress hurtling through the air. Others noted road surfaces that bubbled and caught fire. CSIRO experts later reported that, from evidence of melted metal, the heat of the fires after the change rose to 2000 C, exceeding that recorded during the Allied bombing of Dresden in World War II. In fact, the Ash Wednesday fires were measured at around 60,000 kilowatts of heat energy per metre, leading to similarities with the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.

Whole townships were obliterated in minutes. In the Dandenong Ranges, the villages of Cockatoo and Upper Beaconsfield were devastated, with twelve volunteer firefighters losing their lives after being trapped by a wall of flame when the wind change struck, while parts of Belgrave Heights (where this fire started) and Belgrave South suffered large areas of property loss.

Most of Macedon and much of historic Mount Macedon to the north-west of Melbourne was razed, including many heritage-listed 19th-century mansions and famed gardens.

A fire that started in Deans Marsh raced into the Otway Forest. When the wind change happen the fire formed a huge front and headed for the coast. Burning all night, the morning after Ash Wednesday, first light revealed the devastation of the popular coastal towns along the Great Ocean Road such as Aireys Inlet, Anglesea and Lorne resembled barren moonscapes. The fire on the coast had been so intense that firefighters were forced to abandon all control efforts and let it burn until it reached the ocean, destroying everything in its path. Residents were forced down to the water edge of beaches in the areas to escape the flames.

In Victoria, over 16,000 firefighters combatted the blaze, including staff and works crews from the Forests Commission Victoria, National Park Service, and volunteers from the Country Fire Authority and State Emergency Service. Also involved were over 1,000 Victoria Police, 500 Australian Defence Force personnel and hundreds of local residents. A variety of equipment was used, including 400 vehicles (fire-trucks, water tankers and dozers), 11 helicopters and 14 fixed wing aircraft.

The total land area burnt was approximately 2100 km2 in Victoria and 2080 km2 in South Australia. The summer bushfires of 1982/1983 razed approximately 5200 km2.

Aftermath
Many of the Victorian fires were thought to have been caused by sparks between short-circuiting power lines, and tree branches connecting with power lines. A systematic review of fire safety was undertaken; areas under high-tension pylons were cleared and local domestic lines considered to be at risk were replaced with insulated three-phase supply lines.

In South Australia, an inquest into the fires found that the communication systems used by the Country Fire Service were inadequate and, as a result, the government radio network was installed, although this did not happen until almost 20 years later. Improvements in weather forecasting, with particular reference to wind changes and fronts, was undertaken by the Bureau of Meteorology. An emergency disaster plan, known as Displan, was also legislated. Many of the lessons learned in building better homes for fire survival, bush management and emergency response efficiency in analysis of the fires conducted by the CSIRO were to prove vital in later crises, including the 1994 Eastern seaboard and 2003 Canberra fire outbreaks.

A study was conducted into the 32 fatalities (excluding firefighters) that occurred in Victoria. It revealed that 25 were outside their homes, several of whom died in vehicles while attempting to escape the conflagration. It was found that delaying evacuation until the last minute was a common failing.

Legacy
Until the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires, Ash Wednesday had the highest-recorded death toll for a bushfire disaster, with 75 deaths. For the next quarter century, Ash Wednesday was used as the measure for all bushfire emergencies in Australia; though since 2009, that has supplemented by the lessons learned from Black Saturday. It remains well known as one of the worst natural disasters in Australia's history.

Many psychological studies were undertaken in the months and years after the fire and found that the events left many in the affected communities with the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder, even 20 years after the disaster in 2003.

The lasting impact of Ash Wednesday was highlighted in 2008, when its 25th anniversary received much public and media attention. Commemoration sites have been set up in areas that were hit worst by the fires, with museums hosting exhibits inviting survivors to tell their stories.

title: Ash Wednesday bushfires


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Okeechobee station (Metrorail)

Okeechobee station is a Metrorail station in Hialeah, Florida. The station is located at the intersection of West 20th Street and Okeechobee Road (US 27), one block south of the Hialeah Expressway (SR 934). It opened to passenger service on May 19, 1985, and was previously the northwestern terminus of the Metrorail system until Palmetto station opened in 2003.

Station layout
The station has two tracks and an island platform, with parking underneath the tracks on either side of the station.

Places of interest

 * Hialeah and Hialeah Gardens
 * Medley
 * Miami Springs
 * Miami-Dade Warehouse District

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Okeechobee station (Metrorail)


text: Category:Amphibious assault ships

title: Category:Amphibious assault ships


text:
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1566

United Nations Security Council resolution 1566, adopted unanimously on 8 October 2004, after reaffirming resolutions 1267 (1999), 1373 (2001) and 1540 (2004), the Council condemned terrorism as a serious threat to peace and strengthened anti-terrorism legislation.

Resolution
Condemning terrorism as one of the most serious threats to peace and security, the council called on countries to prosecute or extradite anyone supporting terrorist acts or participating in the planning of such schemes. Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, it set up a working group to consider recommendations on measures to be imposed against "individuals, groups or entities involved in or associated with terrorist activities" not already identified by its Al-Qaeda and Taliban sanctions committee. There was concern at the increasing number of victims of terrorist attacks, including children.

Some approaches to be studied included "more effective procedures considered to be appropriate for bringing them to justice through prosecution or extradition," freezing financial assets, travel restrictions and arms embargoes.

The text called on countries to prevent and punish "criminal acts, including against civilians, committed with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury, or taking of hostages, with the purpose to provoke a state of terror in the general public or in a group of persons or particular persons, intimidate a population or compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act." Such acts were "under no circumstances justifiable by considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or other similar nature," according to the council.

The resolution also asked the working group to consider the possibility of establishing an international compensation fund for victims of terrorist acts and their families, which might be financed through voluntary contributions generated in part from assets seized from terrorist organizations, their members and sponsors. Furthermore, the Secretary-General Kofi Annan was requested to make the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate operation as soon as possible.

Adoption
Ambassador Andrey I. Denisov of Russia – which sponsored the resolution along with the People's Republic of China, France, Germany, Romania, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States – stressed there was a need to improve the legal and other operational instruments to combat terrorism and terrorist organizations that are expert at changing their tactics depending on the situation. "We are convinced that the resolution further strengthens the essential coordinating role of the United Nations in the international campaign against the terrorist threat," he said.

Ambassador Emyr Jones Parry of the United Kingdom, which held the council's rotating presidency in October 2004, said that the 15-member body "reaffirmed their view that terrorism in all its forms and manifestations constitutes one of the most serious threats to international peace and security, and that any acts of terrorism are criminal and unjustifiable, regardless of their motivation, whenever and by whomsoever committed." Ambassador Jones Parry also said that text reaffirmed the UN's central role in the fight against terrorism as well as the council's determination "to stand together in confronting the scourge of terrorism."

U.S. Ambassador John Danforth said root causes in no way justified terrorism. "The resolution which we have adopted states very simply that the deliberate massacre of innocents is never justifiable in any cause – never." He added that "Some claim that exploding bombs in the midst of children is in the service of God," but that such an act "is the ultimate blasphemy."

The resolution came days after terrorist attacks in Pakistan, Egypt, and the beheading of a British hostage Kenneth Bigley in Iraq, all of which were considered the work of Al-Qaeda. It was also the culmination of anti-terrorism diplomatic efforts by Russia following the Beslan school massacre.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Setq

Setq
There's no real need to describe this or any other Common Lisp special form in such detail. Where would it all stop? Wikipedia isn't a programmers reference. --Goblin 02:19, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd think Wikipedia could do without all of the Reference Manual things; there are zillions of man pages online, and they're simply not necessary here. rm, printf, and such just seem a waste of infinite space. Delete. --jpgordon {gab} 02:57, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This definately goes too far. Belongs to whatever Wiki it is that has textbooks. Wyllium 03:10, 2004 Oct 9 (UTC)
 * B-b-but setq is vital to my life! (But no one else's. Delete.) --Aponar Kestrel (talk) 07:42, 2004 Oct 9 (UTC)

 * Transwiki to wikisource wikibooks. (and for all other lisp statements too) Kim Bruning 10:01, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Do you mean Wikibooks? Or is this not original? — siro  χ  o
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a lisp reference manual. --Improv 19:16, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Transiwiki to Wikibooks. — siro  χ  o  20:40, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

Keep! Keep! Keep! How can I liveth without thee, O my holy SETQ, and thy Schemeish cousin set! And how many a beginning Lisp programmer have been a bit confused by thy implementation as a macro, rather than a normal function, for that is the only way thou canst automatically QUOTE thy argument???? --137.111.13.34 10:39, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. We cannot list every common function in every common programming language — We also have a C standard library category with strcpy, strcat, strlen functions in it so far. There are other Lisp function name articles that might be deleted at the same time — cons, Car (function), and cdr.  If someone wants to make a list of all these and put them all in for deletion at the same time then they will get my vote. --Jll 13:54, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Goblin says Wikipedia isn't a programmers reference but I say Wikipedia should be about the totality of the human experience. Since programming is something humans do, I see no reason to exclude it Cabalamat 21:41, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful, informative, significant. There are a lot of bizarre details about Lisp, but setq is on the right side of the line. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:17, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. setq, car, cdr, and cons are pretty significant constructs in all Lisp dialects. Everyone who does functional programming (> 100000 people at least) or has done in past 30 years (even more people) knows what they are, but might benefit from reading a quick overview from Wikipedia. The really obscure functions no one uses don't deserve articles, but the one's that illustrate a certain programming paradigm should be included. jni 05:43, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment - Isn't setq just the Lisp version of "=" in other computer languages.   I could be persuaded to keep cons, car and cdr as they are unique concepts to Lisp.  But they need to be understood together (along with cadr, cdar etc. and the IBM 704) so should redirect to a single article somewhere. Like you I feel a line needs to be drawn somewhere but I would put setq on the other side of it. And the article assumes that the reader knows Lisp anyway. Otherwise they might struggle with the examples (setq a (1+ b) b (1+ a) c (+ a b)). And (let ((x (list 10 20 30))) (symbol-macrolet ((y (car x)) (z (cadr x))) = no chance. Being told that "If any var refers to a binding made by symbol-macrolet, then that var is treated as if setf (not setq) had been used." doesn't really help --Jll 13:22, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment But we have an article about = (which fails to mention the usage in computing though), so why not an article about setq? I agree with you in that the examples are not suitable for an introduction. In fact, they have been copied verbatim from Common Lisp specs here. There is a potential copyvio, because the License does not seem to be compatible with requirements for Wikipedia: Permission to make partial copies is expressly NOT granted ... Permission to make modified copies is expressly NOT granted. I have added a copyvio tag into the article. In summary, I believe this to be a valid topic for Wikipedia, because some encyclopedia about functional programming would almost certainly include setq, but I agree with others that the current implementation of this article is lacking, requiring a near-complete rewrite. jni 07:01, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. This is legitimate information.  --209.94.128.82 18:21, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Setq


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Alifa Rifaat

Fatimah Rifaat (June 5, 1930 – January 1996), better known by her pen name Alifa Rifaat (أليفة رفعت), was an Egyptian author whose controversial short stories are renowned for their depictions of the dynamics of female sexuality, relationships, and loss in rural Egyptian culture. While taking on such controversial subjects, Fatimah Rifaat's protagonists remained religiously faithful with passive feelings towards their fate. Her stories did not attempt to undermine the patriarchal system; rather they were used to depict the problems inherent in a patriarchal society when men do not adhere to their religious teachings that advocate for the kind treatment of women. Fatimah Rifaat used the pseudonym Alifa to prevent embarrassment on the part of her family due to the themes of her stories and her writing career.

Life
Fatma Abdullah Rifaat was born on June 5, 1930, in Cairo, Egypt. Her father was an architect and her mother was a housewife. Her family boasted that their roots are said to extend back to Umar ibn al-Khattab, a companion and advisor to the prophet Muhammad. She was raised in provincial Egypt and spent most of her life there. Subsequently, rural Egypt became the setting for most of her stories. Her active interest in writing began at age nine when she wrote a poem expressing the despair in her village. For this she was met with punishment by her family due to the poem's subject matter. Fatimah attended Misr al-Jadidah Primary school and The Cultural Center for Women for her intermediate education. She also attended the British Institute in Cairo from 1946 to 1949 where she studied English. When Alifa Rifaat expressed interest in continuing her education by enrolling in the College of Fine Arts in Egypt her father instead arranged for her to marry her cousin, a police officer.

For the first few years of their marriage, her husband allowed her to write and publish stories under her pseudonym despite the common idea of writing being a purely masculine field in Egyptian culture. She published her stories from 1955 until 1960 when she chose to stop after facing pressure from her husband to end her writing career. During this nearly 14-year period of literary silence Alifa Rifaat pursued the study of literature, astronomy, and history. Despite her attempts at preoccupation through these means Alifa Rifaat remained frustrated at her inability to express herself and the societal issues she faced as a woman through literary means.

In 1973, after facing a serious illness, Alifa's husband allowed her once more to write and publish her work. She continued on to publish a collection of short stories and two novels beginning with the short story "My World of the Unknown," for which she gained initial popularity.

Alifa Rifaat's husband died in 1979. Although she travelled across provincial Egypt in accordance with her husband's transfers for work she never left Egypt until after his death. She continued on to make the [hajj], the sacred pilgrimage to Mecca, in 1981 and travelled to multiple European and Arab states including England, Turkey, Germany, Morocco, and Austria.

Throughout her life Fatimah Rifaat became a member of the Federation of Egyptian Writers, the Short-Story Club, and the Dar al-Udaba (Egypt). She also attended the First International Women's Book Fair (London, England) in 1984 where she spoke about the rights of women in Islam and the topic of polygamy. In 1984 Fatimah Rifaat received the Excellency Award from the Modern Literature Assembly.

Fatimah Rifaat Died at the age of 65 in January 1996. She left behind three sons and a body of over 100 works that have been translated into multiple languages and have been produced for television. Some of her works have also been read on BBC.

Literary themes and translations
Alifa Rifaat wrote in Arabic throughout her literary career. Her style, though focusing more on romance in the beginning of her career, later shifted to social critique after she met translator Denys John-Davies. Denys also persuaded her to write in a more colloquial style of Arabic, which although being a more accessible form of writing to the Egyptian population, was also during this period a less desired form of writing than the formal style. Her novels and short stories have been translated into multiple languages including English, German, Dutch, and Swedish. The most popular English translation of her work is of her collection of short stories, Distant View of a Minaret and Other Short Stories, which is translated by Denys Johnson-Davies.

Fatimah Rifaat, unlike the prominent Egyptian Feminist Nawal El Saadawi, focused her writing on women in traditional Islamic roles. In her autobiography Fatimah describes her father's lack of affection towards her as a possible root of her exploration of the needs and desires of men in terms of women. She continues on to relate that through her life she found that "all men seek is pleasure. For that reason I cry out for complete and complementary love in all my writings." Fatimah also expresses in her autobiography the need for men and women to only participate in intercourse when they are in a serene state, so that orgasm can be achieved, which she believes acts to strengthen faith in God.

Fatimah Rifaat's writing centers upon the silent plight of women in a patriarchal Muslim society. Her stories mainly take place in provincial Egypt. These stories handle themes such as sex, death, marriage, masturbation, clitoridectomy, love, teenage pregnancy, widowhood, and loss along with other controversial topics. During this time period a woman was considered a purely sexual being, and the allowance of freedom of her sexuality was feared to result in fitna, or societal chaos. Although Alifa Rifaat strove to express through writing the sexual repression of women, her stories and her life were conducted in an orthodox Muslim manner and she did not advocate the rise of women against patriarchy. Most of Rifaat's female protagonists take a resigned or begrudgingly accepting stance towards the hardships they face in life. For Fatimah Rifaat, patriarchy is merely a fact of life and acceptable under Quranic terms, however it is the opposite and in some instances even the same gender's lack of observance towards religious teachings that acts as the catalyst to many of the protagonists’ problems. In her stories many of the sexual encounters take place during the characters' marriage and there is no instance of extra-marital male-female relationships as this would be considered purely sinful under the practice of Islam.

Some of Fatimah Rifaat's most popular stories include "Distant View of a Minaret," "Bahiyya’s Eyes," and "My World of the Unknown."

Distant View of a Minaret
Distant View of a Minaret opens with a husband and wife performing the act of intercourse. The story is told from the wife's point of view and it is quickly revealed that during this interaction she is both uninterested and feels estranged from her husband. She recalls how in the past she attempted to express her desire for sexual satisfaction to her husband which was met in return with denial and anger. At some point during the act she becomes aware of the call to prayer. Afterwards she performs necessary ablutions and her prayers, a ritual with which she feels more in touch with than with her own relationship with her husband. She then peers out the window to look at a minaret in Cairo, recounting how there used to be a view of multiple minarets before new buildings blocked them out. The husband then suffers from a heart attack while still in bed and dies. In the end the protagonist is dully surprised at how calm she has remained during and after her husband's death. This story conveys the passive female sexual role as pushed by selfish male domination of the sexual relationship in marriage. The lone minaret likely represents the solitude that the female protagonist experiences having resigned to this role.

Bahiyya’s Eyes
Bahiyya’s Eyes is told from the perspective of the aged Bahiyya speaking to her daughter after visiting a doctor about her loss of sight. She tells her daughter that although the doctor's diagnosis attributes her loss of sight to natural causes and tells her she can be treated with medication she knows that it is instead due to all of the tears she has cried because of her life as a woman. Bahiyya then recounts her childhood, her clitoridectomy by the women of her village, her widowhood and the hardships of raising children as a single mother. This story tackles the issue of suppression of female sexuality through recounting the events of Bahiyya's childhood. She continues on to lament the position of women in society and the upholding of this low status by members of both genders. Bahiyya is also a name for Egypt.

My World of the Unknown
My World of the Unknown centers on a woman who enters into a sexual awakening with the aid of a jinni in the form of a snake. When the woman and her husband move into a house the wife discovers a female jinni in the form of a snake who teaches her the height of sexual pleasure. The woman remains with the snake despite her confusion until her husband kills a snake in the yard, violating the code of the jinni, at which point the female jinni leaves.

This story deals with the issue of feminine pleasure. Although the wife does have an affair with the jinni, since the creature is female it is not considered adultery.

List of collective works

 * 1) "Eve Returns to Adam" (1975) Arabic  -series of romances largely devoid of social critique.
 * 2) "Who Can Man Be?" (1981) Arabic  – proved to be very controversial and was not sold in most Egyptian stores.
 * 3) "The Prayer of Love" (1983) Arabic.
 * 4) Distant View of a Minaret and Other Stories (1983) English translation.
 * 5) "On a Long Winter’s Night" (1980) Arabic.
 * 6) The Pharaoh’s Jewel (1991) Arabic- historical novel.
 * 7) A House in the Land of the Dead (Unfinished) Arabic.

Tribute
On June 5, 2021, Google celebrated her 91st birthday with a Google Doodle.

title: Alifa Rifaat


text:
George Zweig

George Zweig (born May 30, 1937) is an American physicist of Jewish origin. He was trained as a particle physicist under Richard Feynman. He introduced, independently of Murray Gell-Mann, the quark model (although he named it "aces"). He later turned his attention to neurobiology. He has worked as a research scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and in  the financial services industry.

Early life and education
Zweig was born on May 30, 1937 in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, into a Jewish family. His father was a structural engineer. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1959, with a bachelor's degree in mathematics, having taken numerous physics courses as electives. He earned a PhD degree in theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology in 1964.

Career
Zweig proposed the existence of quarks at CERN, independently of Murray Gell-Mann, shortly after defending his PhD dissertation. Zweig dubbed them "aces", after the four playing cards, because he speculated there were four of them (on the basis of the four extant leptons known at the time). The introduction of the concept of quarks provided a cornerstone for particle physics.

Like Gell-Mann, he realized that several important properties of particles such as baryons (e.g., protons and neutrons)  could be explained by treating them as triplets of other constituent particles, with fractional baryon number and electric charge. Unlike Gell-Mann, Zweig was partly led to his picture of the quark model by the peculiarly attenuated decays of the $φ$ meson to $ρ π$, a feature codified by what is now known as the OZI Rule, the "Z" in which stands for "Zweig". In subsequent technical terminology, ultimately Gell-Mann's quarks were closer to "current quarks", while Zweig's to "constituent quarks".

Gell-Mann received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1969, for his overall contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions; at that time, quark theory had not become fully accepted, and was not specifically mentioned in the official citation of the prize. In 1977 Richard Feynman nominated both Zweig, and Gell-Mann again, for the Nobel prize, but the nomination failed.

Zweig later turned to research on hearing and neurobiology, and studied the transduction of sound into nerve impulses in the cochlea of the human ear, and how the brain maps sound onto the spatial dimensions of the cerebral cortex. In 1975, while studying the ear, he introduced a version of the continuous wavelet transform, the cochlear transform.

In 2003, Zweig joined the quantitative hedge fund Renaissance Technologies, founded by the former Cold War code breaker James Simons. He left the firm in 2010. Once his four-year confidentiality agreement with Renaissance Technologies expired, the 78-year-old Zweig returned to Wall Street and co-founded a quantitative hedge fund, called Signition, with two younger partners. They began trading in 2015.

Awards and honors

 * MacArthur Prize Fellowship (1981)
 * National Academy of Sciences (1996)
 * Sakurai Prize (2015)

title: George Zweig


text:
Talk:Polycarbonate

Which synthesis route is used?
The chemistry section describes one (transterification synthesis) route (or a set of routes?). The synthesis section describes another process using phosgen. Which route is used for industrial production? If both routes are used, to what extent and for which purposes are the different paths used? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.227.15.253 (talk) 13:47, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

Improper Source
The section Polycarbonate gives as a source the web page http://www.greenhouse-coverings.usgr.com/polycarbonate.html. Unfortunately this source appears to be derived from Wikipedia(!), with many typos and misspellings added -- this external page is obviously not the original source, nor is it very credible. Please, would an expert look into this and either (a) find and credit the primary source, or (b) change the link to say "citation needed". -- 64.106.73.251 (talk) 00:01, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I think it's legit. If you look at the wayback of the weblink, the first time the page was saved was May 10, 2004 (link). Here's the diff of this page before May 10. Obviously the reference existed first. What it might mean is the website was copied, bad spelling and all. Wizard191 (talk) 01:58, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I've deleted the text - the "greenhouse-coverings" page is talking about polycarbonate resistance to cleaning products etc., not about food safety! Being resistant to a chemical is not the same thing as being food safe! 78.105.234.140 (talk) 16:17, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

On the "Chemical compatibility" list, there's no mention of nitric acid - the reason I'm here is because of a discussion about that and eye protection. I'm thinking it's not safe, but I don't know. I'd suggest it's important enough to add to the list by someone who truly knows. Jjdon (talk) 19:13, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

content moved from lexan
I'm trimming content in the lexan article that belongs here. I'll collect it on this talk page for possible integration into this article.

intended to replace traditional glass and Plexiglas where the need for strength and impact resistance justifies its higher cost.

Properties
Lexan is similar to polymethyl methacrylate (Plexiglas/Lucite/Perspex) and is commonly described as acrylic in appearance, but is far more durable, often to the point of being described as "bulletproof", depending on the thickness of the sample and the type of weapon used.

Lexan may leach bisphenol A, a chemical that some studies linked to cancer. These studies indicate exposure to low levels of BPA causes a range of serious health effects in laboratory animals. An expert panel of 12 scientists has found that there is "some concern that exposure to the chemical bisphenol A in utero causes neural and behavioral effects," according to the draft report prepared by The National Toxicology Program (NTP) Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction. For the general adult population, the expert panel found a "negligible concern for adverse reproductive effects following exposures."

Comment: In the  it states "In July 2014 the FDA stated that BPA in food contact applications is safe at the current levels occurring in foods." ~kwilliam98  Kwilliam98

Usage
Lexan is used in the aerospace industry for aircraft canopies, windscreens and other windows, but can be found in household items, such as bottles, compact discs, and DVDs. Perhaps the most visible Lexan consumer products were the previous versions of the Apple iBook and iPod — their white plastic is Lexan. It also is used by Nalgene for their 1-liter wide mouth water bottle, popular with hikers and mountaineers. Lexan is also used by other water bottle manufacturers.

Lexan is also used in:
 * The visors for the helmets on the Apollo space program
 * Automotive headlight covers to prevent small rocks and stones from breaking headlights bulbs
 * Racing cars to replace heavier (and breakable) glass windshields and windows
 * Greenhouses for covering
 * The Flexdex skateboards "Clear" models
 * Radio-controlled car bodies
 * Motorcycle goggles and Visors
 * Pseudo-brass knuckles
 * Air hockey pucks
 * Hockey rink glass
 * Nike Bauer Supreme One90 and Supreme One70 ice hockey skates (specifically, the TUUK Lightspeed 2 blade holders)
 * Some guitar picks
 * An alternative for brass mouthpieces in brass musical instruments.
 * All New York City Subway cars, from R110A to newer cars such as R160B feature Lexan as a defense against vandalism.
 * The jars for Blendtec blenders
 * Riot shields and the visors of Riot helmets
 * The visor in some fencing masks, and in many industrial safety shields and masks
 * Cosmic ray detectors as stacks of 1/4 mil sheets
 * Doors for Pods in WWE Elimination Chamber
 * A surfacing for features in terrain parks at ski and snowboard resorts
 * Headstock coverings on certain acoustic guitars (Taylor Baby as an example)
 * The electronics module/housing of the Synchronar digital watch is made from lexan
 * Contact Lenses
 * Rubik's Cube stickers
 * As wall panels in machine guarding and paint booths for assembly lines
 * Aerodynamic fairings for bicycles — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.161.241.158 (talk) 22:25, 9 November 2013 (UTC)

Lexan in popular culture

 * Lexan is often used in the TV show MythBusters to protect the show's hosts and crew from any explosions.
 * Many of the clear containers used in the show Good Eats are Lexan containers.

Anyone who wants to help figure out what of this should be added to this article please go ahead.Ccrrccrr (talk) 00:54, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

Separate article about Bisphenol A polycarbonate?
I think this article should "spawn" an article about Bisphenol A polycarbonate. It even has its own CASNo: 25037-45-0 (http://www.commonchemistry.org/ChemicalDetail.aspx?ref=25037-45-0. Albmont (talk) 12:26, 30 December 2009 (UTC)
 * It would be WP:UNDUE since that's the most common form of polycarbonate, maybe you should create an article about non-Bisphenol A polycarbonate.--Nutriveg (talk) 13:16, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Polycarbonate vs CR-39
This article claims that CR-39 is a polycarbonate that is used primarily in optics. However, the article on CR-39 specifically states that CR-39 "should not be confused with polycarbonate". Given that the chemical formulae are different and that PC is a thermoplastic while CR-39 is a thermoset, it seems that the apparent misconception that they are both the same should be removed from this article. Any polymer or organic chemists care to confirm? --Michael Daly (talk) 21:29, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

 * You are right that CR-30 is not polycarbonate: . Wizard191 (talk) 12:24, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

Macrolon
Why does a search for the term "Macrolon" redirect to this page when there's no mention of the term here at all? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.160.142.106 (talk) 13:14, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Most-likely because its a misspelling of the trade name Makrolon. Wizard191 (talk) 15:31, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

Coefficient of Friction
I believe it's incorrect to list coefficient of friction as a standalone mechanical property. Coefficient of friction is a measure of friction between two objects (the CoF article lists it as a "system property"). The only way I think a standalone value would make sense is if it's a polycarb-on-polycarb value (and it should be noted as such if that IS the case). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.189.191.14 (talk) 15:21, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

Micro crack after assembly process.
Hi, i having a problem that still not resolve up to today. I hope some one can help me. In my production line, i did use polycarbonate as filter body. The problem that i facing is, after assembly with two material (both is PC) with polyurethene (PU) sealing and leave inside oven with 75degree C for 3hours i found there is micro crack on the PC material.

Hope some one can consult me. You can reach me at this email : tan@applemedicalplastics.com

Many thanks, Ricky Tan — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.52.42.123 (talk) 14:49, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

Who Invented Polycarbonate?
The only reason I read the article is to find out some basic history about polycarbonate such as who invented it and why. Someone should fill that in to make it a good article.23.16.152.103 (talk) 12:54, 2 September 2012 (UTC)BeeCier
 * Article on Lexan says: "Dr. Hermann Schnell of Bayer in Germany invented the polycarbonate resin in 1953, just one week before chemist Dr. Daniel Fox of GE independently made the same discovery while working on a wire coating."
 * Will look forward to find a good reference and add it to this article. Thank you. ···V ani s che nu「m/Talk」 14:19, 2 September 2012 (UTC)
 * A section on history had been included by Materialscientist. (Sorry, I didn't see it; it was added while I was writing the above) ···V ani s che nu「m/Talk」 16:34, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

Specialty polycarbonate plastics
Hello, I would want the article to touch the following subjects: high temperatures and scratch resistance. I found out just a while ago that there are polycarbonate plastics called high temperature polycarbonate (a recent development?) that withstands higher temperatures. Therefore some information in the article about temperatures is incomplete, the melting temperature for example is somewhat a half-truth if there are polycarbonate plastics that do not melt at the temperature given in the article. Polycarbonate is soft as evidenced by easily scratched CDs and DVDs. In eyeglasses for example, ''polycarbonate lenses need a scratch-resistant coating to prevent surface scratches. Today's modern scratch-resistant coatings can make the surface of polycarbonate lenses nearly as hard as glass to protect against scratches.''ref What are these coatings used in eyeglass lenses? --91.157.12.243 (talk) 13:51, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

 * @91.157.12.243 For posterity, CR-39 used in eyeglass lenses is not actually polycarbonate, even though it's called that by most people. 75.108.252.146 (talk) 14:49, 8 January 2023 (UTC)

Niche applications and comments
Ram nareshji (talk) 10:09, 30 November 2012 (UTC) please mention under applications of polycarbonate i.e it is used in graphic cards also source:http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/geforce-gtx-690-benchmark,3193.html

I have seen >PC< marked with the 10 Δ Resin code - obviously unofficial.Charlieb000 (talk) 21:33, 25 October 2013 (UTC)

Addition of environmental impacts section
I will be creating an environmental impacts section to the polycarbonate page for a class.

Dmccrimmon (talk) 02:48, 27 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. Please be mindful of Wikipedian preference for WP:SECONDARY sources = reviews and books, not journal references.  And if you cite sources related to human health WP:MEDRS, an absolute requirement for such secondary sources. And  Wikipedia is not a vehicle for US information and US-focused impacts.  --Smokefoot (talk) 02:59, 27 November 2014 (UTC)
 * That last is sort of a snarky comment and template, considering that the 3 biggest global producers of polycarbonate are Germany, Saudi Arabia, and southeast Asia.  S  B Harris 04:38, 27 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Well it was not intended to be snarky. The content that this editor wrote was focused on US and referred to EPA as if it is universally authoritative and recognized.  Anyway, I thought that the content added by Dmccrimmon was such that we should include it incrementally, after discussions (sans snark).  Thanks for keeping us on our toes. --Smokefoot (talk) 14:45, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

Recycled Polycarbonate
Polycarbonate can now be recycled and re-used to create a new type of polycarbonate known as BORG polycarbonateItalic text. It has comparable specifications and properties as the original product, but it is environmentally conscious - Borg polycarbonate — Preceding unsigned comment added by Steves55 (talk • contribs) 11:24, 11 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not an advocacy group, so the fact that the material is "is environmentally conscious" is irrelevant to the project.--Smokefoot (talk) 14:40, 11 November 2017 (UTC)

3D Printing ?
Many plastics can, but can polycarbonate be used for 3D printing ? If so, this should be mentioned, and if not, why not ? Would an expert please add this information ? Darkman101 (talk) 04:04, 14 October 2019 (UTC)

Erroneous implication in the introduction
The last sentence in the paragraph on its productions says: "The diphenyl carbonate was derived in part from carbon monoxide, this route being greener than the phosgene method." But in what respect is it greener? This sentences seems to imply dipehenyl carbonate is greener not just because it is less dangerous and toxic, but because it uses recycled carbon monoxide. But this ignores the fact that Phosgene is also produced from carbon monoxide. 2600:1700:38E0:A040:38C8:36E:659D:95BF (talk) 15:31, 3 November 2021 (UTC)A
 * Good catch. I removed the sentence as it is dubious and not supported by the citation.Sandcherry (talk) 14:42, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

A small oddity in Applications->Data Storage
For some reason, a mention of films is there... despite it not really making sense in that section.

This oddity was introduced during a refactoring of the Applications section by @Smokefoot in edit 380413644 back in 2010, where it was moved from Niche applications.

Also, anyone know of a template to link to a specific, old edit.

--FavoritoHJS (talk) 00:23, 12 May 2023 (UTC)

Applications
I don't have sources at hand for this but I'm an engineer and I know what things are made of so I will just say some stuff:

The section on mobile phones is kind of misleading. It's talking about it as though it was introduced recently and replaces glass phone backs, etc. This is bunk! PC was a very popular material for phones going back years and years; if I recall correctly BlackBerries (and many of the phones of that general type) had their frame made of some sort of ABS/PC alloy. Most cell phones prior to the smartphone age had plastic frames, and a lot of the times that plastic was polycarbonate. If you go back to the early 2000s/90s, that is when you start seeing more ABS. In general it went from ABS to PC to aluminum.

In general, the way polymers used for consumer products tend to work is like this: first they are exotic materials, "engineering polymers", used only in industrial and scientific applications, then in fancy high-end consumer equipment, then they become more commonly used for more things, and then they become commodity polymers. This is what happened with ABS between the 80s and 90s, and with polycarbonate between the 00s to now.

Anyway, someone should fix all these "applications" sections to better reflect what these polymers are used for and what they're good for. Lots of people will be designing good parts if we write our articles well! And lots of people will be designing shitty parts if we don't -- yecch. jp×g🗯 22:01, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polycarbonate


text:
Mount Stuart

Mount Stuart is a mountain in the Cascade Range, in the U.S. state of Washington. It is the second highest non-volcanic peak in the state, after Bonanza Peak and seventh-highest overall. Mount Stuart is the highest peak in the Stuart Range, and it is located in the central part of the Washington Cascades, south of Stevens Pass and east of Snoqualmie Pass in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness.

Name
Mount Stuart was given its name by George B. McClellan in September 1853 in honor of his oldest and best friend, "the late Capt. Jas. [Jimmie] Stuart of the Rifles—a gallant soldier & accomplished gentleman." Stuart had died of an arrow wound on June 18, 1851, following a skirmish with Native Americans at the base of the Siskiyou Mountains in southwest Oregon.

Topography
Mount Stuart is more notable for its local relief than for its absolute elevation. For example, the south face rises 5000 ft in just 2 mi. The northeast and northwest sides of the mountain exhibit similar steep relief. Due to its location away from higher peaks, Mount Stuart has a topographic prominence of 5354 ft, making it the sixth most prominent in the state. The rock of Mount Stuart is rugged due to the extensive jointing of the granite. The north slopes of the mountain shelter three glaciers - Stuart, Ice Cliff and Sherpa Glaciers from west to east.

Climbing history
It is not known for sure who made the first ascent of Mount Stuart. According to Fred Beckey: "Claude Rusk... was told by Frank Bryant of Yakima about finding a stick at the summit bearing the name `Angus McPherson—1873.' A. H. Sylvester, who climbed to the summit in 1897 and 1899 for triangulation, believed the first ascent was made by Frank Tweedy and Richard Goode during the Northern Pacific land survey." Tweedy (after whom Tweedy's pussypaws is named) climbed Mount Stuart on August 5, 1883, and two days later again with Goode (after whom Goode Mountain is named). They did not report finding evidence of an earlier ascent. Since the easiest route is not too technical, an earlier Native American ascent is also a possibility.

The standard route is the Cascadian Couloir up the southeast flank of the mountain, which ascends to a false summit just southeast of the main summit, and finishes along a short ridge. The route involves scrambling and often steep snow. Far more technical climbs are available on the complex north face and other aspects of the mountain.

title: Mount Stuart


text: Talk:Mount Stuart

title: Talk:Mount Stuart


text:
Chris Pierce

Chris Pierce is an American singer, songwriter, producer, multi-instrumentalist, radio host, educator, public speaker, wine producer and officiant born and based in California.

Early life
Pierce is from Pasadena, California. He grew up singing in church and playing in bands from an early age and listened to classic soul, rhythm and blues, jazz, gospel and rock and roll recordings. When he was 15 he was diagnosed with otosclerosis which caused him to lose significant hearing. A surgery helped him regain 70% of his hearing in his right year. In his teenage years, he pursued acting and singing in local theater presentations and appeared on notable television shows such as Kids Incorporated, Big Break hosted by Natalie Cole, Star Search and Half and Half.

While still in high school, Pierce began playing gigs with Grammy-nominated rock musician Jon Butcher. After high school he received a scholarship to study jazz at USC. At 19 years old he performed on a US tour with Sonia Dada and later continued on to Moscow, Russia. After touring with Sonia Dada, Pierce came home to Southern California to work on his degree in jazz studies at USC. In 2005, Pierce met Seal at a house party and later joined him as his opening act on a world tour. Pierce says, "I kinda got discovered by him... That opened up a bunch of different things."

Career
For over 3 decades Pierce has been recording and doing independent road tours. He has opened for Neil Young, B.B. King, Seal, Rodrigo y Gabriela, Jill Scott, Aaron Neville, Colbie Caillat, Al Green, Jamie Cullum, Toots & The Maytals, and Robert Cray. In 2021, Chris Pierce's cover of "No One" by Alicia Keys was featured on the ABC television series A Million Little Things and the single was released by Hollywood Records. Chris Pierce also co-wrote the hit song "We Can Always Come Back To This" which was featured 3 times on the NBC drama This Is Us. The song peaked at #1 on the Billboard Blues Chart and #12 on iTunes's Top 100.

His songs have also been featured in film and television like Crash, Brothers and Sisters, In Plain Sight, True Blood, Eli Stone, What About Brian, Lincoln Heights, Army Wives, North Shore, Half and Half, Dawson's Creek, Sister Act, Great Plains and The Long Shots starring Ice Cube. His single "Are You Beautiful" has been used in a national Banana Republic ad campaign.

Reception
Critic Paul Saitowitz of The Press-Enterprise has compared Pierce's voice to Ray Charles, writing that it "fluctuates from delicate falsettos to shrieks reminiscent of Ray Charles". In a concert review, the San Antonio Express-News wrote that he has "one of the most powerful voices going."

Chris Pierce's 2021 album, American Silence, garnered critical acclaim from NPR, SiriusXM, The Bluegrass Situation, Acoustic Guitar, No Depression, Rolling Stone, Americana UK and more for its strong racial justice themes. NPR's Robin Hilton said, "I haven't been so deeply, deeply moved by just a person and their guitar like this in a long time.” Rolling Stone wrote, "American Silence is the sound of everyone who's hungry for change, steadying themselves and marching toward a common goal." No Depression noted the timelines of the album's release around the worldwide racial justice uprisings: "Chris Pierce's American Silence is one of those albums that truly feels like a lifetime in the making."

Additionally, his song "Keep On Keeping On" was chosen as KCRW's "Today's Top Tune" and he appeared on KCRW's "Morning Becomes Eclectic" with Nic Harcourt, who selected Pierce's album, Walking on The Earth, as "Best Album of July 2008."

Personal life
Pierce currently resides in California. He married actress Tara Buck in 2012.

Discography

 * Let All Who Will (2023)
 * American Silence (2021)
 * You've Got To Feel It! (2017)
 * ''Reverend Tall Tree' (2015)
 * When the Hustle Comes to a Stop (2012)
 * I Can Hear You (2011)
 * Chris Pierce Live at the Hotel Cafe (2009)
 * Walking on the Earth (2007)
 * Static Trampoline (2005)
 * Intimate Moments (2004)
 * Liberation Vol. 1 (2002)

title: Chris Pierce


text:
User talk:Etu

Wikiphilately
Et tu, Etu? ;)

Your stamp catalogue idea is very interesting. That is, however, a huge undertaking. I do not think we could set up a coherent catalogue numbering system due simply to the nature of wikis -- anyone could come in at any time and change my numbering scheme, so that any numerical reference could become obsolete at any time. (It's bad enough with Scott et al. reordering numbers every couple of years...) However, we could have cross-references to all the standard catalogues. It could be quite useful to have a wiki where I could search for France, Yvert number what-have-you, and find out what Scott and Minkus call the stamp. As far as images go, we are safe in the U.S. with stamps before 1923, as regarless of original copyright status they are now in the public domain. I think the E.U. situation is similar.

So long as we do not order the catalogue by any one company's scheme, we can cite the various catalogue numbers without violating copyright -- people routinely cite them all the time in publications (indeed, that's the purpose of having the numbers, no?). I'm not sure how to key the wiki catalogue, though...

(See also my comments at User_talk:Stan_Shebs.) —Tkinias 02:08, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I have been developing some ideas already some years - nothing concrete though. You could identify a stamp pretty generally as a definitive/series/value and commemorative/year/serie/order# (and dozens of exceptions). The thing what you may be missing is the feeling how many stamps there are "in between" two stamps; something that is quite easy to estimate with sequential numbering. However, if we have a computer database, it is easy to calculate something like this. Actually, the interesting possibility of this kind of database is that it is possible to automatically generate album pages based on your preferences. In fact, I once made a prototype on this kind of system and it worked well (but it was very elementary compared what it could be). --Etu 02:29, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The problems I anticipate with numbering are twofold: First, endless revert-wars over whether a given colour variety (for example) is a distinct stamp or not -- is this #212A, #212a, #213, or too insignificant to catalogue? Second, there are designs which are used over very long periods of time, and cataloguers differ as to whether they constitute one long series (thus numbered in one block) or several related series (thus numbered in several disjoint blocks).  It occurs to me, though, that a novel approach would be assigning a number on a strictly chronological basis without any attempt to keep series together (since the wiki software can group issues by series or by any other criteria we want).  This would give us something like France 1898.01.20.0.05 for a hypothetical 5 centime issue of 20 January 1898. This wouldn't help arguments about varieties, though... —Tkinias 02:45, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

It just so happens that I have something like this already, and have solved many of the problems that WPID and others ran into. Part of my strategy has been to avoid numbering entirely, although it will probably have to be introduced in some form to deal with merges of input from multiple people. Check out Wikistamp for my proposal (and note the lack of reaction since I posted it three months ago, ahem.) Stan 05:19, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Etu


text:
User:Shadow Hog

I suppose now'd be as good a time as ever to make a profile.

Yeah, this is Shadow Hog. You may know me from various places, such as Sonic HQ's fora (where I happen to mod), GameFAQs/Spot (albeit rather rarely, considering the quality of topics there), or the Homestar Runner Wiki (where you possibly got redirected from) and so forth.

I'm a big video game fan, particularly of Sega and Nintendo games. My favorite game series would have to be Sonic the Hedgehog, Mega Man, Super Mario and The Legend of Zelda - all fairly common titles, though I've dabbled in tons of games the average gamer probably knows nothing about. (Clockwork Knight 2, anyone?)

I'm definitely a HUGE Homestar Runner fan. The sheer quotability of the thing is insane, and the humor's great too. Homsar pwns.

And that's all I'm going to write for now. In conclusion, go away. There's much more interesting things out there than my profile, trust me.

In conclusion:

$$It > \int_5^{95} 2x\,dx$$

title: User:Shadow Hog


text:
User talk:Ralphmerridew

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

A tag has been placed on Jane Doe (television movie series), requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. If you plan to expand the article, you can request that administrators wait a while for you to add contextual material. To do this, affix the template   to the page and state your intention on the article's talk page. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this.  L w a r f   Talk! 13:46, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ralphmerridew


text:
Karen Walker (Will & Grace)

Karen Walker (née Delaney; previously St. Croix, Popeil, and Finster) is a fictional character on the American television sitcom Will & Grace, portrayed by Megan Mullally. Although Karen was originally conceived as a supporting character role for Will & Grace, her escapades became a more prominent part of the show due to the popularity of the character with the audience. She was a multi-millionaire thanks to her marriage to Stanley Walker (an unseen character), until it was discovered that all of his money was loaned after their divorce in the series finale. However, at the end of the series, she regains this status.

The 2017 revival of the series retconned that revelation as one of Karen's daydreams; she is still rich and still married to Stan. However, in the tenth season, Karen and Stan go through another divorce after she is caught cheating on him with his friend, a government agent by the name of Malcolm Widmark (Alec Baldwin), and she struggles with her loneliness and erratic emotions.

Karen has been described by Grace Adler (Debra Messing) as "a spoiled, shrill, gold-digging socialite who would sooner chew off her own foot than do an honest day's work." She is also a promiscuous alcoholic/drug addict with an often tenuous grip on reality and very few morals. She’s best friends with Will Truman’s (Eric McCormack) equally narcissistic friend Jack McFarland (Sean Hayes). After Mullally spoke her lines in her normal speaking voice in the pilot, she increased her delivery in pitch in subsequent episodes until her distinct nasal voice became one of the character's trademarks. In 2010, Karen Walker was ranked No. 23 on the TV Guide Network special 25 Greatest TV Characters of All Time.

Early years
Karen Delaney was born on January 12, 1959 (which is revealed in the show's season 8). Karen had a difficult childhood, thanks in part to her unstable relationship with her mother, Lois Whitley (Suzanne Pleshette), a con artist who incorporated her young daughter into her schemes. Karen has made many references in the show to her education and her maiden name, Delaney, which suggest she is of Irish-American background.

Although she tries to keep her age a secret, Jack revealed that she was 42 in 2001, meaning she was born in January 1959. She has been married four times – her first husband's surname was St. Croix, her second husband was named Popeil (a reference to the American culinary businessman/entrepreneur Ron Popeil), her third was Stan Walker (married since 1995), and she was married for less than a day to Lyle Finster (John Cleese) in May 2004. As of the end of the series, she is still married to Stanley (see below), who has two children of his own, Olivia and Mason. She has intimated an illicit relationship with Ronald Reagan. Karen also goes under the alias "Anastasia Beaverhausen" ("Anastasia as in Russian royalty, Beaverhausen as in ... where the beaver live") and also once used the alias Pilar Palabundar to "beat up businessmen for cash in Chinatown." Fans of the Beaverhausen have created several interesting social media profiles, further fictionalizing both the alias character Anastasia and creating relatives. One of the more prominent iterations is Alexander Beaverhausen, who is a photographer in Dallas. Living a luxury life in Dallas but has strayed away from Anastasia.

Another alias was Lupita, used when she had an affair with a hotel janitor while trying to pass as a maid using Rosario's uniform. Her real name may not, in fact, be Karen, as she changes her name from time to time to "throw off the Feds." Her mother refers to her as "Kiki", which was her childhood nickname. She has made more than one reference to attending Sarah Lawrence College. She is noted also for her shrill, squeaky voice; in one episode in the third season, Karen inhales helium from a balloon, only for the gas to have absolutely no effect on her voice. She is also noted for her addiction to alcohol and prescription drugs.

Karen seems to have had a background in acting (including a performance in a soft-core adult film as a naughty maid); however, she vowed never to act again after her part as a bank teller in the TV show Mama's Family was cut. (Her one line was: "Would you like that in fives, tens, or fifteens?" delivered in a Southern accent). She has also spoken of a two-episode character arc in Dynasty.

Karen tends to have trouble separating stories she has read, seen, or heard about with her actual life. On one occasion she explains that she loves her family and then recites the story of Heidi, claiming it as her own. Another situation involves Karen's fear of elevators: she and Jack are walking up the stairs of a skyscraper because she refuses to use the elevator. Jack asks her why she's afraid of elevators, and she recounts the opening scene of the movie Speed (1994). She has also described the events of Norma Rae (1979) and To Sir, with Love (1967) as her own life experiences.

Connection to other characters
To entertain herself, Karen takes a job as personal assistant to interior designer Grace Adler. Though she rarely accomplishes any work, she keeps the job because it keeps her "away from Stan and the kids", as she once told an intern. Karen actually quits Grace Adler Designs twice. First, when Grace found Karen in a dominatrix film and Karen was horribly embarrassed, and second, when Karen does a design job all on her own and Grace takes credit for it. In the first instance, Karen returned to the company at the end of the episode because Grace gave her 49 copies of the film (Grace keeps one—totaling 50) so "no one would have to see the tape again." The second time, Karen returned in the next episode. She becomes Jack's assistant at "Out TV", but she gets fired because she and Jack couldn't keep a professional relationship, and she then returned to Grace like "nothing ever happened", even though she remarks, "I missed you".

Despite her incompetence, Grace never fires her because of the business benefits from Karen's social contacts; Karen also pays for Grace's health insurance and Christmas bonus. For a long time, Karen never cashed any of the paychecks she was given because, being rich, she didn't need to; also, Karen and Grace had made a deal that, in exchange for not cashing the checks, Karen was not required to actually do any work. Instead, she kept them in a shoe box on her desk because she thought they were "pretty little blue pieces of paper." In one episode, when Stan cuts down on her extravagant spending habits, she cashes all her paychecks at once, nearly bankrupting Grace. Karen gives the money back to Grace in the end.

Karen and Grace are very close friends, despite Karen's constant criticisms and insults regarding Grace's clothing choices and personal life (often dismissing Grace's wardrobe with the comment "Honey, what is this? What's going on here?" What are we trying to say?"). Karen and Grace's best friend Will Truman initially dislike each other, but they gradually become friends as well. Through Grace, she also meets Jack McFarland, and they become inseparable best friends.

Karen's home life
For the first few seasons of the show, Karen lives with husband Stan Walker. Karen met Stan Walker in 1985, brushing off three simultaneous relationships (with Martina Navratilova, Sultan Habibi Shoshani Padush Al-Kabir, and a man named Clayton) to be with him, only to learn that Stan was married. After going through two other marriages, she finally got together with Stan 10 years later. At some point before this, she also agreed to appear in the fetishistic simply film Next to Godliness, a dominatrix flick. Stan is an obese man who was credited with keeping Taco Bell and Pizza Hut in business, and who has worn a toupee since his teens.

Stan was a mostly unseen character during the show's run, despite being mentioned in many episodes. His hands and legs were shown in the episode "New Will City" but his face never was shown. His two children by his first wife, Mason (whom Karen calls "the fat one") and Olivia ("the girl"), were often left in Karen's incompetent care.

In the fourth season, Stan is jailed for tax evasion and tells Karen to date other men. She cannot bring herself to do so until she meets rich bachelor Lionel Banks (Rip Torn), but just as their affair begins, Stan is released from jail. However, after Karen catches Stan with his mistress, Lorraine Finster (Minnie Driver), a cafeteria worker at the prison, the couple separate and Karen moves into the Palace hotel. After beginning divorce proceedings at the end of the fifth season, Stan dies suddenly. Despite cruelly mocking him for years, Karen is genuinely saddened by his death.

During season six, Karen pursues romantic liaisons and eventually marries Lyle Finster (John Cleese), Lorraine's father. However, after 20 minutes of marriage, she asks for a divorce upon realizing that Lyle puts his own needs ahead of hers.

Karen becomes the head of Walker, Inc. upon Stan's death. However, at the end of season seven, it is revealed that Stan faked his death and had actually been in hiding. Karen begins dating Malcolm (Alec Baldwin), a government agent who had helped Stan go underground. However, she ultimately reconciles with Stan, and Malcolm leaves on a government mission to Sri Lanka. But later in the eighth season, Karen and Stan experience significant marital difficulties. They finally choose to divorce, only for Karen to learn in season eight's finale that his money is borrowed, so she is now broke.

Karen then pressures Jack into a relationship with Beverley Leslie (played by Leslie Jordan), who is wealthy enough to support Jack—and in turn keep Karen in the extravagant lifestyle to which she is accustomed. Though he is not attracted to Beverley, Jack goes ahead with the scheme because Karen had financially supported him for the whole of their relationship. Karen realizes that she is doing to Jack what her mother did to her, and tells him that she cares more about his happiness than the money. Beverley, who had been in the bathroom, then comes out to an empty bedroom, looks for Jack on the outside balcony and, being 4'11 and 100 lbs., is swept to his death by a gust of wind. Beverley had left his $100 million estate to Jack. He happily becomes the provider in his relationship with Karen, which has otherwise not changed. The series finale shows that—until at least 2028—Karen, Jack, and Rosario share an extravagant penthouse apartment together, and, thanks to plastic surgery, Karen appears to have not aged a day.

When the series was revived in 2017, however, the events of the finale were written off as one of Karen's drug-induced hallucinations. In this continuity, Karen is still married to Stan and still independently wealthy, and has become a member of First Lady Melania Trump's inner circle.

However, in the final two episodes of season 9, it is revealed that Karen and Malcolm go on a rendezvous trip every year. By this point, Malcolm is very tired of having to hide from Stan and pressures Karen into deciding between him and Stan. Though she is reluctant to change their situation and despite both of them being tempted to give in to each other, Karen decides to stay with Stan and she and Malcolm share an awkward goodbye. In the beginning of season 10, Malcolm confesses the affair to Stan in hopes of starting a relationship with Karen again, but when Karen finds out about this, she slaps Malcolm and tells him to leave her alone for good. Karen is then served divorce papers from Stan, and in the next few episodes is seen struggling with her emotions and loneliness. Later in the season, Malcolm reappears at Karen's and Grace's office, hoping to win Karen back, but she is still angry at him and Grace is forced to be a mediator between them. Grace manages to convince Karen to forgive Malcolm and they decide to take things slow. However, when she feels that Malcolm is not putting as much effort into their relationship as she is, she confides her troubles to a lesbian named Nikki (Samira Wiley) who tells her she needs someone to take care of her. They then become lovers and Karen begins to question changing her sexuality. Ultimately in the season 10 finale, she announces herself as straight and breaks things off with Nikki, after realizing how lost she has become since her divorce from Stan.

In the series finale, Stan asks her to take him back, and she realizes that she still loves him. At his direction, she goes to the observation deck of the Statue of Liberty, where they had their first date, but he does not show up. Just as she is about to leave, however, Stan arrives on a helicopter and sends down a note asking her to marry him again. She says yes, and boards the helicopter. That night, she is with Will, Grace, and Jack as Grace goes into labor, and accompanies them to the hospital.

Rosario
Karen is very close to her maid Rosario Salazar (Shelley Morrison), whom she met and hired in 1985. Although the duo often bicker and fight, it is only part of the bond they share. In the beginning of the series, it seems that Rosario didn't speak much English, and Karen has a hard time communicating with her. Karen's way of giving Rosario orders is to add the letter "o" to the end of every word she says (e.g., "Enougho with the April Fresho. *hangs up the phone* Right now she's calling me a bitcho"). In another example of miscommunication, Karen ends phone calls with Rosario by saying "hola", which means "hello" in Spanish and not "goodbye". When Rosario is first seen on-camera at the end of the first season, it is revealed that she speaks English fluently and that Karen is merely being patronizing. In a later season, we see Karen forced to live in an apartment block she owns in Spanish Harlem as punishment for failing to bring the building to code. She is seen in this episode screeching at a child in the street in fluent Spanish. In the final episode of the first season, Karen arranges for Rosario to marry Jack so she can get a Green Card.

Karen and Rosario have a love-hate relationship: They have frequent, volatile arguments that end with them embracing each other and emotionally declaring their affection for each other. Rosario affectionately calls Karen "mami" from time to time, when they're not trading insults. The only low points occur when Karen loses Rosario in a bet to her nemesis Beverley Leslie and when Karen fires Rosario after discovering she had hidden the truth about Stan being alive. In "Saving Grace, Again (2)" it is suggested that Karen uses Rosario as a horse or at least treats her like one because she asks Jack if "winter white is a good color for Rosario's saddlebag" and in "Cheatin' Trouble Blues", after climbing up numerous flights of stairs, said, "Well, if I'd known we were gonna do all this walking, I would've saddled up Rosario, like when we go to Greece!"

In the 2017 revived series, Rosario dies of a heart attack. Karen keeps up an uncaring façade for days afterward, even as she arranges a funeral for her, as well as the quinceañera she never had. She loses her nerve and flees the funeral before it starts, drowning her sorrows at a nearby bar. However, she does bid Rosario a quietly emotional goodbye when she is alone with the casket, and tells her she was her best friend, and that she loves her, tearfully declaring "te amo mami".

Gin
Karen has a sister named Gin, played by Bernadette Peters. According to Gin, Karen rigged a floorboard during a game of Twister so she would fall through, hurt herself, and end her career in dance. Gin always mentions how one of her legs is now shorter than the other due to the incident. Later, Gin admits she rigged the floorboard as a cry for attention.

Lois Whitley
Lois, played by Suzanne Pleshette, is Karen's mother who appears in the episode "Someone Old, Someplace New". Jack is making a movie called The Mystery of Karen Walker and while making the movie he meets Lois. At the end of the episode Karen and Lois see each other for the first time in many years. Karen says "I told you I never wanted to see you again." It is later revealed that Lois made a living as a con artist during Karen's childhood and adolescence, implicating Karen in many of her schemes. As a result of this unconventional upbringing, Karen decided to distance herself from her mother, presumably in an attempt to lead a more stable life. However, the fruit does not fall far from the tree, as Karen's long, colorful history of multiple marriages and desire to "throw the feds off" proves. They forgive each other in the next episode, "Something Borrowed, Someone's Due", but Lois wants to do one last job: conning an elderly shut-in out of his fortune. Karen would appear to be a down-on-her-luck daughter who is so "slow" that she was a cheerleader who never stopped clapping. While doing this Karen makes Lois sign a paper saying she will never pull another con with Karen again, and Karen notarizes it; she reveals that she is a legal notary from a Chicago job they once pulled. The job fails when the old man's daughter gets a restraining order against Lois; then Lois and Karen make amends.

Other rivals
Karen's arch rivals include, but are not limited to, Beverley Leslie (Leslie Jordan), Lorraine Finster (Minnie Driver), Anita Bryant, Candice Bergen (who is also Karen's best friend, referring to running into her at a restaurant as "a nightmare-slash-delightful"), and Marlo Thomas (Karen hates her, but likes her husband, Phil Donahue). Further enemies include Scott Woolley (Jeff Goldblum), whom she jilted in high school; Candace "Candy" Pruitt (Christine Ebersole), who once said that Karen's voice sounded "like someone strangling an old macaw"; and Helena Barnes (Joan Collins), a famous interior designer. Karen often openly insults or ridicules her enemies, while simultaneously thinking of them as her friends. Karen has a tendency to stumble upon becoming aware of her physical proximity to certain rivals. The most notable occurrence of this physical reaction occurs during her encounters with Beverley Leslie.

Personality
With other staff and help, Karen is deliberately patronizing, referring to them solely by their title both in conversation and to their faces: "Driver", "Butler", "Private Detective", "Pharmacist", "Back-Up Pharmacist", et cetera, and even refers to Will as "Lawyer" on occasion. She does this even when they are doing other jobs ("Cook sometimes cleans, Cleaner sometimes cooks, Driver sometimes provides an alibi ..."). This rude tone is not just limited to her employees, as she looks down on or openly mocks most people she meets, even her friends. Karen is often cruel to her staff at home, training them to run when she enters a room. Other times, she berates them, but somehow this comes across as an act of affection.

While being patronizing and condescending most of the time, Karen also seems to respect those that won't back down from her. When she first meets Rosario, she bickers with her after Rosario told her that no one wants to hear her whining, only to say she likes Rosario and tells her she wants her to work for her. On another occasion, she asks Ben Ducette's assistant Mrs. Freeman to pop a stamp on a letter and put it into the mail for her, only to receive a very icy look in return without touching the envelope or replying to her. After an uncomfortable pause for Will and Ben, Karen takes back the envelope and genuinely tells her she likes her.

Sometimes Karen unintentionally reveals to her friends a softer side. In one such incident, Karen's husband has an apparent heart attack. Karen discovers that her friends have placed a bet to see who can get her to cry first, so she punishes each of them by leading them on to think she might break down in their presence. In the end, it is revealed that it was not a heart attack but rather acute angina. She then has an emotional breakdown over the incident, during which Grace stumbles in and consoles her. Another episode sees Karen and Jack in her mansion with her refusing to let him enter 'the forbidden room'. When Jack finally gains access he discovers it is a nursery which Karen had prepared during a pregnancy scare in an earlier season. Although she agrees to change the room into a liquor storage room, she quickly changes her mind and the audience sees her stony façade crumble.

In one episode, Jack accidentally gives away her favorite shoes to charity, and she rushes to buy them back, only to find that a poor woman is about to buy them. Karen gives the woman $500 for the shoes and admonishes Jack not to tell anyone.

Sexuality and gender
Karen frequently implies that she's attracted to other women, and has hinted that she has slept with members of the same sex. She makes frequent references to Grace being secretly attracted to her, and once considered marrying Martina Navratilova during the 1980s. During the original series, she has made advances towards multiple women, including one woman named Diane who seemed open to the idea. In the 10th season, she enters a lesbian relationship with a woman named Nikki (Samira Wiley), but ends it upon realizing that she is not really a lesbian, but is simply feeling lost. In the first episode of season 11, Karen mentions to Will that she considers herself pansexual, despite deciding that she was straight in the season 10 finale.

After Will and Grace
Walker's persona has appeared in advertisements for The Megan Mullally Show, which debuted in September 2006 and canceled in January 2007. In one of the advertisements, "Karen" asks Mullally to take her along, and in another, Karen tries to pass for Mullally at a meeting with studio executives until she is caught by Mullally and they begin to physically struggle with each other. Mullally once again donned a Walker persona in an episode of The Megan Mullally Show which featured Andy Dick. In September 2016, just over a decade after the Will & Grace series finale had first aired, Mullally appeared in a 10-minute Will & Grace webisode as Karen, alongside Eric McCormack (Will), Debra Messing (Grace), Sean Hayes (Jack), and Shelley Morrison (Rosario). In the webisode, Karen announces that she is going to vote for Donald Trump in the presidential election, much to the chagrin of the other characters.

Karen: The Musical
In 2009, Mullally announced that she was developing a Broadway musical entitled Karen: The Musical, which was to be the "return of Karen Walker". However, when the project was brought up during a 2013 interview, Mullally revealed that it had been abandoned after she lost the rights to the Karen Walker character.

title: Karen Walker (Will & Grace)


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Adelaide/Interchanges

Provisional List of interchanges in Adelaide:

 * Tea Tree Plaza Interchange
 * Paradise Interchange
 * Klemzig Interchange
 * Salisbury Interchange
 * Noarlunga Centre Interchange
 * Mawson Interchange
 * Elizabeth Interchange
 * Smithfield Interchange


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List of Mazda model codes

This list of Mazda model codes describes following model codes which have been used by Mazda since the 1980s.

Naming scheme
The company's model codes form the fourth and fifth characters of the VIN on post-1981 vehicles. The first character is a letter representing the model family, while the second is a sequential letter for subsequent models. For example, the Mazda N family used by the Mazda Miata started at NA and was updated in 1998 to NB and in 2006 to NC. The 2016 and newer MX-5s are designated ND.

Mazda generally starts car model codes at the letter "A", but van and truck variants often get different names, usually starting at "V".

Note: The US-built Mazda6 and Tribute do not use the Mazda model code in the VIN; in its place is an AutoAlliance code. Instead of the model code letter, position four in the VIN specifies the vehicle's safety systems, and position five specifies the marque, due to being built in a multi-brand facility.

Old VINs
Prior to 1981, Mazda used a different VIN format and model code naming scheme. The model families were given two characters, and the model a third, based on their names.

The following pre-1981 model groups are known:
 * M1 - Familia
 * S1 - Capella/Savanna
 * SA2 - Savanna/RX-7
 * LA - Luce
 * CD - Cosmo
 * PA1/PA2 - Proceed

The next digit of the VIN specified the engine:
 * 0 - 10A/10B
 * 2 - 12A/12B
 * 3 - 13A/13B

title: List of Mazda model codes


text:
PACOM

PACOM may refer to:

 * United States Pacific Command
 * Pan-African Congress of Mathematicians

title: PACOM


text:
Cessna 180 Skywagon

The Cessna 180 Skywagon is a four- or six-seat, fixed conventional gear general aviation airplane which was produced between 1953 and 1981. Though the design is no longer in production, many of these aircraft are still in use as personal aircraft and in utility roles such as bush flying.

Development

Cessna introduced the heavier and more powerful 180 as a complement to the Cessna 170. It eventually came to be known as the Skywagon, with the name appearing in promotional material by 1973.

The prototype Cessna 180, N41697, first flew on May 26, 1952. Cessna engineering test pilot William D. Thompson was at the controls.

In all its versions, 6,193 Cessna 180s were manufactured. In 1956, a tricycle gear version of this design was introduced as the Cessna 182, which came to bear the name Skylane. Additionally, in 1960, Cessna introduced a heavier, more powerful sibling to the 180, the conventional gear Cessna 185. For a time, all three versions of the design were in production.

Design
The airframe of the 180 is all-metal, constructed of aluminum alloy. The fuselage is a semi-monocoque structure, with exterior skin sheets riveted to formers and longerons. The strut-braced wings, likewise, are constructed of exterior skin sheets riveted to spars and ribs. The landing gear of the 180 is in a conventional arrangement, with main gear legs made of spring steel, and a steerable tailwheel mounted on a hollow tapered steel tube.

Cessna 180s produced between 1953 and 1963 have two side windows, while 1964 to 1981 models feature three side windows, as they use the same fuselage as the Cessna 185. 180s can be equipped with floats and skis.

Record flight

The Cessna 180 gained recognition as the aircraft chosen by Geraldine Mock, the first woman pilot to successfully fly around the world. The flight was made in 1964 in her 1953 model, the Spirit of Columbus (N1538C), as chronicled in her book Three-Eight Charlie. The Cessna factory obtained the aircraft and kept it at the Pawnee (Wichita, Kansas) manufacturing plant after the epic flight, suspended from the ceiling over one of the manufacturing lines. It is currently on display at the National Air and Space Museum.

Variants
Cessna has historically used model years similar to U.S. auto manufacturers, with sales of new models typically starting a few months prior to the actual calendar year.
 * 180
 * Introduced for the 1953 model year with four seats, all-metal construction, a 225 hp Continental O-470-A engine driving a constant-speed propeller, a squared vertical tail (as opposed to previous types' rounded tails), "Para-Lift" flaps, spring steel landing gear with a steerable tail wheel, and a gross weight of 2550 lb. The 1954 model year introduced a 225 hp O-470-J engine and interior refinements.  1956 introduced a 230 hp O-470-K engine with a new air intake duct.  Certified on 23 December 1952.  641 (1953), 620 (1954), 891 (1955), and 512 (1956) built.

 * 180A
 * Introduced for the 1957 model year with revised instrument panel, improved tailwheel steering, a new parking break, and an increased gross weight of 2650 lb. Certified on 17 December 1956.  694 total built; 444 (1957) and 250 (1958).

 * 1959 model year with a redesigned instrument panel. Certified on 22 August 1958.  306 built.
 * 1959 model year with a redesigned instrument panel. Certified on 22 August 1958.  306 built.

 * 1960 model year with a revised cowling with a new front-mounted intake filter. Powered by a 230 hp Continental O-470-K (also certified for the O-470-L or O-470-R).  Certified on 8 July 1959.  251 built.
 * 1960 model year with a revised cowling with a new front-mounted intake filter. Powered by a 230 hp Continental O-470-K (also certified for the O-470-L or O-470-R).  Certified on 8 July 1959.  251 built.

 * 180D
 * 1961 model year with a 230 hp Continental O-470-L engine (also certified for the O-470-R) and a redesigned instrument panel. Certified on 14 June 1960. 152 built.

 * 180E
 * 1962 model year with a 230 hp Continental O-470-R engine (also certified for the O-470-L), redesigned 65 gal fuel tanks or optional 84 gal tanks, and new wingtips. Certified on 21 September 1961.  112 built.

 * 180F
 * 1963 model year with an interior refinements, including semi-reclining seats, new rudder pedals, and instrument panel lighting controls. Certified on 25 June 1962.  129 built.

 * 180G
 * 1964 model year with the larger fuselage (minus the firewall), wings, and landing gear of the Model 185, an alternator, and provisions for an extra utility seat, bringing total capacity to six people. Gross weight was increased to 2800 lb.  These changes made the 180 largely identical to the 185, with the smaller dorsal fairing of the former being the primary external difference between the two models.  Certified on 19 July 1963.  133 built.

 * 180H
 * Introduced for the 1965 model year with the firewall of the 185, a redesigned instrument panel, and an improved fuel strainer. The 1966 model year featured improved door latches.  1967 introduced a pointed propeller spinner, increased stowage area, an Aeroflash rotating beacon, and an optional door on the left side.  1968 introduced new seat belts and stowable rudder pedals on the right side.  1970 introduced new wingtips and an optional external cargo pack with a capacity of 300 lb.  Certified on 17 June 1964.  839 total built; 162 (1965), 167 (1966), 101 (1967), 118 (1968), 110 (1969), 72 (1970), 46 (1971), and 63 (1972) built.

 * Introduced for the 1973 model year with a new "Camber-Lift" wing with a redesigned leading edge, a revised instrument panel, and nose-mounted landing/taxi lights. The 1974 model year introduced optional cabin door bubble windows for improved downward visibility.  1975 introduced a 230 hp Continental O-470-S engine.  Certified on 13 October 1972.  100 (1973), 116 (1974), 120 (1975), and 150 (1976).
 * Introduced for the 1973 model year with a new "Camber-Lift" wing with a redesigned leading edge, a revised instrument panel, and nose-mounted landing/taxi lights. The 1974 model year introduced optional cabin door bubble windows for improved downward visibility.  1975 introduced a 230 hp Continental O-470-S engine.  Certified on 13 October 1972.  100 (1973), 116 (1974), 120 (1975), and 150 (1976).

 * Introduced for the 1977 model year with a 230 hp Continental O-470-U engine for which AVGAS 100 or 100LL is specified (previous engines were designed for AVGAS 80, formerly called 80/87), a strengthened tailwheel, and rearranged flight instruments in a "T" configuration. The 1978 model year introduced the Skywagon II with a preferred options package.  All subsequent model years featured only minor changes.  Certified on 19 August 1976.  433 total built; 135 (1977), 95 (1978), 115 (1979), 52 (1980), and 36 (1981).
 * Introduced for the 1977 model year with a 230 hp Continental O-470-U engine for which AVGAS 100 or 100LL is specified (previous engines were designed for AVGAS 80, formerly called 80/87), a strengthened tailwheel, and rearranged flight instruments in a "T" configuration. The 1978 model year introduced the Skywagon II with a preferred options package.  All subsequent model years featured only minor changes.  Certified on 19 August 1976.  433 total built; 135 (1977), 95 (1978), 115 (1979), 52 (1980), and 36 (1981).

Military variants

 * U-17C
 * Eight 180E and nine 180H aircraft acquired by the United States military for export.

Civil
The Cessna 180 is popular with air charter companies and is operated by private individuals and companies.

Military
Guatemalan Air Force
 * Royal Australian Air Force
 * Australian Army Aviation
 * Union of Burma Air Force
 * Public Force of Costa Rica
 * Salvadoran Air Force
 * Public Force of Costa Rica
 * Salvadoran Air Force
 * Salvadoran Air Force
 * Honduran Air Force
 * Indonesian Air Force
 * Israeli Air Force
 * Khmer Republic
 * Khmer Air Force
 * Nicaraguan Air Force
 * $\phi$
 * Philippine Air Force
 * Nicaraguan Air Force
 * $\phi$
 * Philippine Air Force
 * Philippine Air Force

title: Cessna 180 Skywagon


text: User talk:Dawson L

title: User talk:Dawson L


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Hialeah station (Metrorail)

Hialeah station is a Metrorail rapid transit station in Hialeah, Florida. The station is located at the intersection of East First Avenue and 21st Street (SR 934), just south of Hialeah Park Race Track. It was opened to service May 19, 1985.

Station layout
The station has two tracks and an island platform, with parking underneath the tracks on either side of the station.

Places of interest

 * Hialeah
 * Hialeah Park Race Track

title: Hialeah station (Metrorail)