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Infinite Ryvius

Infinite Ryvius (無限のリヴァイアス) is a 26 episode science fiction drama series produced by Sunrise.

The character and mecha designs in Ryvius were created by Hisashi Hirai, who later went on to act as the character designer for Gundam SEED.

The series is also noted for its music, a blend of western R&B/hip-hop music with J-pop vocals. This is evident in the opening song, "dis–", performed by bilingual Japanese-American singer Mika Arisaka. Most of the vocal songs were composed by M.I.D. and the thematic background instrumentals by Katsuhisa Hattori.

The anime was originally licensed by Bandai Entertainment in North America before it went out of print in 2012. Following the 2012 closure of Bandai Entertainment, Sunrise announced at Otakon 2013 that Sentai Filmworks has rescued Infinite Ryvius, along with a handful of other former BEI titles.

A two volume manga adaptation was released concurrently with the series in 1999–2000, and was then published in English in 2004. A parody spin-off original net animation (ONA) series Infinite Ryvius: Illusion, was released in 2000.

Plot
In the year AD 2225, mankind has spread from Earth to inhabit nearly all the planets or nearby moons in colonies and settlements. Space travel has grown and improved to the point of being commonplace. For the inhabitants of the solar system, an astronaut career isn't out of the question, and one of the schools set up to train future space voyagers is the Liebe Delta, a space station positioned somewhere in Earth's orbit. This growth is despite the mysterious phenomenon known as the Geduld, a sea of plasma that suddenly erupted from the sun along the Earth's orbital plane in AD 2137. Stretching from the sun to the edge of the solar system, this area of high temperatures and gravity pressures has never been explained.

Kouji Aiba is a sixteen-year-old boy who packed his bags and left his home on Earth for the Liebe Delta and the training to obtain his Level 2 piloting license. He journeys to the space station accompanied by his childhood friend Aoi Housen, whom Kouji discovers to his chagrin has enrolled in the Liebe Delta's flight attendant program. En route to the spaceport Aoi gives Kouji the additional unwelcome news that his younger brother Yuki, is also to attend the Liebe Delta. The brothers will be in the same flight class together.

The students and teaching staff on the Liebe Delta are like those at any other school, normal and concerned with their own affairs and classes. They even have a vacation period, known as the Dive Break, when the space station ventures near the Geduld for system maintenance. Out of approximately 1000 students, about 500 stayd for the break. Unknown to all, the space station is sabotaged in the middle of a routine dive and the majority of the staff are gassed and rendered unconscious, free falling into the depths of the Geduld Sea, where the resulting gravity pressures could crush the station and kill all aboard. The remaining adults, all instructors, sacrifice their lives in an act that they believe will save the majority of students on board. When their heroic actions prove unsuccessful and the Liebe Delta hangs on the verge of collapsing, a mysterious ship named RYVIUS, hidden within the Liebe Delta activates itself and surfaces from the Geduld Sea. The RYVIUS rescues the students remaining aboard the Lieve Delta.

Stranded in space, with humanity's governments forsaking them, and with anger, agitation, and fear setting in within the ship, Kouji tries his best to maintain a semblance of order and peace in a time of crisis. However, as he grapples with conflicts such as fighting his own brother Yuki, navigating his feelings for the beautiful Uranian aristocrat Fina S. Shinozaki, attempting to avoid Aoi, and witnessing the strange apparition of a girl in pink wandering the halls, the question arises: will Kouji be able to help guide the RYVIUS to safety, or will he risk losing all that is dear to him in the process?

Vaia ships
The Vaia ships are said to be crucial to mankind's survival despite the effect it has on those who are exposed to it for long enough, which results in major mental breakdown, as seen with the Blue Impulse's captain after losing the battle with the Ryvius.

It was mentioned that there were six Vaia ships, which took several hundred thousand trained astronauts entering into the Geduld to capture, formulate, and secure vaias for the ships. This was made known for the purpose of protecting humanity from another Geduld phenomenon, as the gravitational warping effects of the vital guarders could easily block the advancing Geduld phenomenon. The main setting of the rest of the series after the destruction of the Liebe Delta, and the target of the Orbital Security Bureau, so much so that they've justified destroying Hyperion with the Blue Impulse's Vital Guarder to try and destroy them. The Ryvius is one of two Vaia ships whose Sphixs have been manifested, but is also the only one with a humanized one, Neya. The other ship is basically stripped of any humanity but the desire to kill Neya. Vital Guarder - Einvalt, A large humanoid like mecha deployed from the lift ship housed in the front of the Ryvius, has the power to control gravitational forces in much the same way as the others, but has a much stronger localized control of gravity waves it creates (especially from its hands.)
 * BLACK Ryvius (Referred to as the "Brattica" by those who seek to take it.)

BLUE Impulse The first Vaia ship to be a technical casualty to the Ryvius, after using its vital guarder to destroy Hyperion. The Ryvius detached its barge cannon and with the vital guarder in hand, turned the tides of the battle in the Ryvius's favor. Impulse is no longer known after this battle, possibly decommissioned due to the loss of its vital guarder. Vital Guarder - Verticular Drill, A powerful vital guarder capable of plowing through large masses using a strong gravitational field projected around the main drill arm, which spins with tremendous force. Was used to destroy Hyperion, which established another of its attacks, by using any sized chunks surrounding it the Verticular Drill could capture these objects in its field and fire them.

CRIMSON Dicastia Piloted exclusively by aged women. The Dicastia boasts the greatest output of gravitational force, using smaller pods wired together. Dicastia was the first ship to score casualties on the Ryvius by firing on it while trapped in the entrapment field. Vital Guarder - Eysfina, the pod chain system used to generate an entrapping gravity field. Used as a means to detain their target in order to safely enter firing range.

GREY Gespenst Conrad Vicuss's Vaia ship most akin to the Ryvius, also possessing a comparable and somewhat humanoid vital guarder, but fuzed to a large fixture system at its arms and legs. It is only upon seeing Neya and recognizing her form as that of his deceased daughter that he realizes what grave wrongs he has committed. The Gespenst is capable of forming blades from gravitational forces to cut through the targets that it closes in on. It also has the ability to merge with existing 'vaia squids' to amplify its mass and gravity control and power, much to Stein's dismay, as he cannot stand to see anything that defies scientific logic. Vital Guarder - Geist, a humanoid body fixed vital guarder with tremendous gravitational force power, estimated by Stein's numbers of being at least twice as powerful as the Ryvius. These observations were more or less proven when the Geist merged with a number of Vaia squids around it, significantly boosting its attack power. Geist continued to destroy parts of the Ryvius's vital guarder, until it separated from the large ball of mass it created around itself, and began a powerful supercharge of energy. In one final ramming attack, the Geist was annihilated, along with the Einvalt, while everyone in the lift ship is safe.

After a maddeningly fierce battle, and the loss of his vital guarder, his final words after once again being face to face with Neya, were: "Attention all hands. The Ryvius is piloted by children, I want them rescued!" before killing himself with a gun, proof that he had understood the situation on board the Ryvius during most of his pursuit of it. (He had earlier stated that the student's pleas for rescue must be a trick). This marks the end of the war between the Orbital Security Bureau and the crew of the Ryvius.

Themes and symbols
Infinite Ryvius is a complex series with many underlying themes and symbolisms. Responsibility - The only adult characters aboard the Ryvius are written out of the story at an early stage and throughout the series the characters are regularly forced to take responsibility for difficult decisions in the absence of adult guidance. Loss of innocence - The burden of responsibility and the many traditionally adult situations the children face bring about the premature loss of innocence. Politics - Throughout the series the political power structure aboard the ship shifts and changes and acts as a microcosm of real-world politics.

Episodes

 * Some of the titles given by the series' North American distributor, Bandai Entertainment, differ from the literal translations; the Bandai-given titles appear in parentheses where applicable.

 * Sere 1: A Time That Should Come (きたるべきとき)
 * Sere 2: Unnecessary Things (よけいなこと)
 * Sere 3: Crossing the Ocean (うなばらをこえて)
 * Sere 4: Ring Of Ryvius (リヴァイアスのわ)
 * Sere 5: A Small Settlement (ちいさなまとまり)
 * Sere 6: My Moment (ぼくのせつな)
 * Sere 7: The Changing Times (かわりゆくとき)
 * Sere 8: We Didn't Know Anything (なにもしらなかった)
 * Sere 9: Vital Guarder (ヴァイタル・ガーダー)
 * Sere 10: Even if it's Unbelievable (しんじられなくても)
 * Sere 11: After the Festival (まつりのあと)
 * Sere 12: Whereabouts of the Future (みらいのありか)
 * Sere 13: We Can Only Touch Each Other (ふれあうことしか)
 * Sere 14: Overly Conscious (いしきしすぎ)
 * Sere 15: As if We Were Set Adrift (ながされるままに)
 * Sere 16: Distorted World (ゆがむせかい)
 * Sere 17: Free Order (じゆうのちつじょ)
 * Sere 18: We Didn't Understand (わかりあえない)
 * Sere 19: Smiling With You (えがおできみと)
 * Sere 20: Things You Can't Give Up (ゆずれないもの)
 * Sere 21: We Don't Need Tomorrow (あしたなんかいらない)
 * Sere 22: For the Sake of Surviving (いきのこるために)
 * Sere 23: The Torn-Off Past (ちぎれたかこ)
 * Sere 24: Kōji Aiba (あいばこうじ)
 * Sere 25: For the Sake Of Being Myself (おれであるために)
 * Sere 26: Tomorrow (あした)

Manga
A companion manga was released in Japan in 1999-2000. Created by Shinsuke Kurihashi, and released by MediaWorks Publishing, the manga details the voyage of the Ryvius from the character viewpoints of Aoi Housen, and to a lesser extent, her roommates Kozue Izumi and Reiko Ichikawa. This is in contrast to the anime, which had been seen through the eyes of the Aiba brothers, Ikumi Oze, and other mostly male characters. As such, the manga does not follow the anime "to the letter", but provides episodes and plotlines previously unseen.

The English-language rights to the Ryvius manga were acquired by ComicsOne, and the first volume of the English version, covering the anime episodes 1-13, was released in October 2004. The second and final volume, covering the remainder of the series, was expected to be released in January 2005. After ComicsOne was taken over by DrMaster, Volume 2 of the Infinite Ryvius manga was delayed. It was finally released under the new DrMaster label in May 2005.

Soundtracks
Infinite Ryvius Original Soundtrack 1
 * VICL-60485
 * Release Date: 16 December 1999
 * 1) "Dis (Club Mix version)" by Mika Arisaka
 * 2) "Nani mo Shiranakutemo (なにもしらなくても)
 * 3) "Boku no Setsuna" (ぼくのせつな)
 * 4) "Revise Us"
 * 5) "Nowhere"
 * 6) "Mishiranu Mono" (みしらぬもの)
 * 7) "Kokoro no Sukima" (こころのすきま)
 * 8) "Kuzureyuku Mono" (くずれゆくもの)
 * 9) "Easy Living"
 * 10) "Kobore Ochite" (こぼれおちて)
 * 11) "Yume o Sugitemo (Remix version)" (夢を過ぎても) by Mika Arisaka
 * 12) "Communication"
 * 13) "Almost Blue"
 * 14) "Ikinobiru Kanata" (いきのびるかなた)
 * 15) "Faint Hope"
 * 16) "Maemuki ni" (まえむきに)
 * 17) "Cool!"
 * 18) "Dis (English version)" by Mika Arisaka
 * 19) "Yume o Sugitemo" (夢を過ぎても) by Mika Arisaka
 * 20) "Dis" (Instrumental)
 * 21) "Yume o Sugitemo" (夢を過ぎても) (Instrumental)

Infinite RYVIUS Original Soundtrack 2
 * VICL-60486
 * Release Date: 1 March 2000
 * 1) harakunaru sasayaki (Distancing Whisper)
 * 2) nani mo shiranakutemo (Unaware of Anything)
 * 3) toge (Thorn; performed by Mika Arisaka)
 * 4) mukai aumono (Face To Face)
 * 5) genjitsuto no haza made (Until Reality Shows Its Face)
 * 6) kokoro no kakera (Fragments of the Heart)
 * 7) itoshi sa no nakade (Into Beauty)
 * 8) hayaru kokoro (Thriving Heart)
 * 9) utsutsu narumono (Taking Revenge)
 * 10) tawamurete (Flirting)
 * 11) mitsumete (Watching)
 * 12) shijirarerumono wa (Of Disbelief)
 * 13) yume o sugitemo (Even After Dreaming)
 * 14) mirai e no ippo (A Step Towards the Future)
 * 15) aragaenumama
 * 16) sasurai tsuzukete (Continued Wandering)
 * 17) tsumugareta fuan (Spun Anxiety)
 * 18) ketsui to koudou to (Decision and Action)
 * 19) todoketai kokoro (Undeliverable Heart)
 * 20) shinkirou no you ni (Like A Mirage)
 * 21) ashita ga arukara (Because There Will Be Tomorrow)
 * 22) yamikara no hohoemi (Smile From The Shadows)
 * 23) shiritakatakoto (Things I Wanted to Know)
 * 24) yume o sugimoto (Even After Dreaming; performed by Mika Arisaka)
 * 25) todoketai kokoro (Undeliverable Heart; Reggae Phil Mix)
 * 26) H (Mega Mix)

Infinite RYVIUS Original Soundtrack 3
 * VICL-60487
 * Release Date: 23 March 2000
 * 1) M.I.D. ANTHEM
 * 2) DIS~ (Song Bird Mix; performed by Mika Arisaka)
 * 3) BLUE WRECKAGE (performed by Noriko)
 * 4) CODE-026
 * 5) aoi tori no yukue (performed by Mika Arisaka)
 * 6) menterae
 * 7) GOING (performed by Kaori)
 * 8) JUST (Interlude)
 * 9) THE NEPHILIMS (performed by Afrika Bambaataa)
 * 10) kanashiki hyouryuu (performed by DJ MA$A)
 * 11) SEE THE LIGHT (performed by Smooth Bee and his family)
 * 12) tobira (performed by DJ MA$A)
 * 13) GENERATION WAR
 * 14) ENVIOUS
 * 15) DIS~ (Terra Mix; performed by Mika Arisaka)

Reception
In 2000, Infinite Ryvius won an award for Best TV Animation at the fifth animation Kobe.

title: Infinite Ryvius


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Talk:Wei wei

Hello 0101Mak! Do you know that this page needs to be merged with another WeiWei? Today the tutor said she will only recognised the other one as the "true" one. Please try to merge this one to the other. We've to work together as a team!

Wishes, 0101HUNGmm

Hello, guys!

Do you know how to make a external links? I would like to make one but failed to do so! Please help me!

0101Hmm

 * See External links for various useful info, but basically:

 * Put description here

 * For example:

 * Google search engine

 * becomes

 * Google search engine

 * —Stormie 09:25, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks a lot for your help

Hello, i just found that there is another page about wei wei in wikipedia. However, the name is a bit different, If u search " Wei Wei" instead of "wei wei", then u will be linked to that page. I think we have to merge 2 pages together in order to go on. Unfortunately, i don't really know how to merge 2 pages, So, could anyone help???

 * Hi,
 * as i said on the other article's talk page, merging is pretty easy - we just have to settle on one of the two articles (I think Wei Wei is the correct spelling, so we should use that one), then make sure all information is in that article. Then we can redirect the other article there (which means that if anyone searches for "Wei wei" he will automatically be redirected to "Wei Wei"), and the merge is finished :)
 * -- Ferkelparade π 11:07, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I now redirected this article to Wei Wei as it seems there was nothing here that was not already covered there -- Ferkelparade π 12:42, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Wei wei


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Talk:Radio Paradise

about streams in Radio Paradise
in his post in Radio Paradise forum (Mar 17, 2006 - 7:38am) BillG wrote: "The Real links are just .ram files which point RealPlayer to our MP3 streams. Same deal with the 128k Windows Media link - it just points to the MP3 stream (the 20k WMA is the only true WMA stream we have)". Funny. http://www.radioparadise.com/content.php?name=Forums&file=showtopic&p=1170915

RE: streams
I knew about that (actually i learned it from that from the same forum post ;) ), but i haven't figured out a way to express that in understandable english without it getting too complicated for the average reader who might not be interested in audio codecs versus container formats. It's a funny inaccuracy indeed, if someone knows how to correct it without expanding the streaming format-section of the article with half a page by doing so, an edit would be welcome...

RE: notability
Ryz 07:58, 14 September 2006 (UTC) Not sure what the requirements are however radioparadise is pioneer in the field both in its broadcasted formats as in its funding setup through donations and proceeds from on-line purchases. Essentially it's a non-commercial radio station, as opposed to regular radio stations that are largely influenced by major record labels. To some extent the same applies to the eclectic nature of the music that's broadcasted, which defies easy categorisation, as is more common nowadays with so-called formats in specialized radiostations/satellite channels. There are several newspapers articles that refer to it with some of the points made above. Any additional tips on notability would be welcomed.

The other radio paradises
Radio Paradise has also the name of an offshore radio station off the Netherlands. 2.221.93.93 (talk) 23:00, 14 November 2015 (UTC)

It is also the name of a radio station outside of Atlanta, GA, US, broadcasting over the air at 105.1 FM.

title: Talk:Radio Paradise


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Christof Koch

Christof Koch (born November 13, 1956) is a German-American neurophysiologist and computational neuroscientist best known for his work on the neural basis of consciousness. He was the president and chief scientist of the Allen Institute for Brain Science in Seattle. He remains at the Institute as a Meritorious Investigator. He is also the Chief Scientist of the Tiny Blue Dot Foundation in Santa Monica, that funds research meant to alleviate suffering, anxiety and other forms of distress in all people.

From 1986 until 2013, he was a professor at the California Institute of Technology.

Early life and education
Koch was born in the Midwestern United States, and subsequently was raised in the Netherlands, Germany, Canada, and Morocco. Koch is the son of German parents; his father was a diplomat, as is his older brother Michael. He was raised as a Roman Catholic and attended a Jesuit high school in Morocco. His interest in consciousness commenced as a child when he decided that consciousness must apply to all animals, not only to humans.

He received a PhD in sciences for his works in the field of nonlinear information processing from the Max Planck Institute in Tübingen, Germany, in 1982.

Koch worked for four years at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at MIT before joining, in 1986, the newly started Computation and Neural Systems PhD program at the California Institute of Technology.

Career
Koch has authored more than 350 scientific papers and six books about how computers and neurons process information.

In 1986, Koch and Shimon Ullman proposed the idea of a visual saliency map in the primate visual system. Subsequently, his then PhD-student, Laurent Itti, and Koch developed a popular suite of visual saliency algorithms.

For over two decades, Koch and his students have carried out detailed biophysical simulations of the electrical properties of neuronal tissue, from simulating the details of the action potential propagation along axons and dendrites to the synthesis of the local field potential and the EEG from the electrical activity of large populations of excitable neurons.

Since the early 1990s, Koch has argued that identifying the mechanistic basis of consciousness is a scientifically tractable problem, and has been influential in arguing that consciousness can be approached using the modern tools of neurobiology. He and his student Nao Tsuchiya invented continuous flash suppression, an efficient psychophysical masking technique for rendering images invisible for many seconds. They have used this technique to argue that selective attention and consciousness are distinct phenomena, with distinct biological functions and mechanisms.

Koch's primary collaborator in the endeavor of locating the neural correlates of consciousness was the molecular biologist turned neuroscientist, Francis Crick, starting with their first paper in 1990 and their last one, that Crick edited on the day of his death, July 24, 2004, on the relationship between the claustrum, a mysterious anatomical structure situated underneath the insular cortex, and consciousness.

Over the last decade, Koch has worked closely with the psychiatrist and neuroscientist Giulio Tononi. Koch advocates for a modern variant of panpsychism, the ancient philosophical belief that some form of consciousness can be found in all things. Tononi's Integrated Information Theory (IIT) of consciousness differs from classical panpsychism in that it only ascribes consciousness to things with some degree of irreducible cause-effect power, which could include the internet "Thus, its sheer number of components exceeds that of any one human brain. Whether or not the Internet today feels like something to itself is completely speculative. Still, it is certainly conceivable." but does not include "a bunch of disconnected neurons in a dish, a heap of sand, a galaxy of stars or a black hole," and by providing an analytical and empirically accessible framework for understanding experience and its mechanistic origins. He and Tononi claim that IIT is able to solve the problem in conceiving how one mind can be composed of an aggregate of "smaller" minds, known as the combination problem.

Koch writes a popular column, Consciousness Redux, for Scientific American Mind on scientific and popular topics pertaining to consciousness.

Koch co-founded the Methods in Computational Neuroscience summer course at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole in 1988, the Neuromorphic Engineering summer school in Telluride, Colorado in 1994 and the Dynamic Brain summer course at the Friday Harbor Laboratories on San Juan Island in 2014. All three summer schools continue to be taught.

In early 2011, Koch became the chief scientist and the president of the Allen Institute for Brain Science, leading their ten-year project concerning high-throughput large-scale cortical coding. The mission is to understand the computations that lead from photons to behavior by observing and modeling the physical transformations of signals in the visual brain of behaving mice. The project seeks to catalogue all the building blocks (ca. 100 distinct cell types) of the then visual cortical regions and associated structures (thalamus, colliculus) and their dynamics. The scientists seek to know what the animal sees, how it thinks, and how it decides. They seek to map out the murine mind in a quantitative manner. The Allen Institute currently employs about 300 scientists, engineers, technologists and supporting personnel. The first eight years of this ten-year endeavor to build brain observatories were funded by a donation more than $500 million by Microsoft founder and philanthropist Paul G. Allen.

Koch is a proponent of the idea that consciousness is a fundamental property of complex nervous networks. In 2014, he published a short discussion work, In which I argue that consciousness is a fundamental property of complex things, where he introduced the concept that consciousness is a fundamental property of networked entities, and therefore cannot be derived from anything else, since it is a simple substance.

In 2023, Koch lost a 25-year bet to philosopher David Chalmers. Koch bet that the neural underpinnings of consciousness will be well-understood by 2023, while Chalmers bet the contrary. Upon losing, Koch gifted Chalmers a case of fine wine.

Personal life
Koch is a vegetarian, a bicyclist, and an experienced rock climber.

Books

 * Methods in Neuronal Modeling: From Ions to Networks, The MIT Press, (1998), ISBN 0-262-11231-0
 * Biophysics of Computation: Information Processing in Single Neurons, Oxford Press, (1999), ISBN 0-19-518199-9
 * The Quest for Consciousness: a Neurobiological Approach, Roberts and Co., (2004), ISBN 0-9747077-0-8
 * Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist, The MIT Press, (2012), ISBN 978-0-262-01749-7
 * The Feeling of Life Itself - Why Consciousness is Widespread but Can't be Computed, The MIT Press, (2019), ISBN 9780262042819
 * Then I am Myself the World - What Consciousness is and How to Expand It, Basic Books, (2024), ISBN 9781541602809

title: Christof Koch


text: Category:Churches in Germany

title: Category:Churches in Germany


text:
Resettlement of the Jews in England

The resettlement of the Jews in England was an informal arrangement during the Commonwealth of England in the mid-1650s, which allowed Jews to practice their faith openly. It forms a prominent part of the history of the Jews in England. It happened directly after two events. Firstly a prominent rabbi Menasseh ben Israel came to the country from the Netherlands to make the case for Jewish resettlement, and secondly a Spanish New Christian (a supposedly converted Jew, who secretly practised his religion) merchant Antonio Robles requested that he be classified as a Jew rather than Spaniard during the war between England and Spain.

Historians have disagreed about the reasons behind the resettlement, particularly regarding Oliver Cromwell's motives, but the move is generally seen as a part of a current of religious and intellectual thought moving towards liberty of conscience, encompassing philosemitic millenarianism and Hebraicism, as well as political and trade interests favouring Jewish presence in England. The schools of thought that led to the resettlement of the Jews in England is the most heavily studied subject of Anglo-Jewish history in the period before the eighteenth century.

Background
In 1290, King Edward I of England had issued an edict expelling all Jews from England. However the English Reformation, which started in the 1530s, brought a number of changes that benefited Jews in the long term. Doctrines and rituals of the Roman Catholic church that insulted Jews were eliminated, especially those that emphasised their role in the death of Jesus. Further anti-Catholicism, with the Pope as antichrist, came to replace antisemitism. The period of the English Civil Wars and Interregnum, were marked by both widespread millennial beliefs and a beginning of religious toleration. Significantly, millenarianism in England often had a strong Hebraist character, that emphasised the study of Hebrew and Judaism. This was sometimes extended by certain individuals to claim the English as the descendants of the Ten lost tribes of Israel, with Cromwell himself numbering amongst the supporters of this idea.

After both the Alhambra Decree of 1492, which expelled Jews from Spain in 1492, and similar measures in Portugal in 1496, some converso traders (Jewish converts to Christianity, who often practised Judaism in secret, sometimes also known as New Christians or derogatively as Marranos) settled in London and Bristol. The small community was largely linked by trade to Antwerp, and was expelled altogether in 1609. It was with London’s growing importance as a trading city that Jews from the Netherlands began to settle in the country once more from the 1630s. It is from this first that the current Jewish population of the UK has grown.

Religious toleration and liberty of conscience
The 1640s and 1650s in England were marked by intense debates about religious tolerance, marked by speeches and tracts by radical puritans and dissenters who called for liberty of conscience. This extreme diversity of opinion about religious toleration was sorted into 12 schools of thought in the seminal study of the period by W.K. Jordan. John Coffey uses a simpler three-point schema: anti-tolerationists, conservative tolerationists, and radical tolerationists, pointing out that although the latter were in a minority, they formed an important part of the debate. Nonetheless it is important to remember that although figures such as William Walwyn, Henry Vane, John Milton, and others made powerful apologia for religious toleration, their frame of reference was theological, rather than secular in nature and they were not calling for religious pluralism as is understood today. The early and mid Seventeenth century was also marked by a rise in Hebraism, the study of Jewish scriptures, which were often used to discuss political issues such as the existence of a monarchy or republic, and religious toleration. This debate used Jewish sources to justify its conclusions. The most prominent scholar in the field was the MP and jurist John Selden, whose thought was influenced by Thomas Erastus and Grotius. Selden proposed minimal government intervention on matters of religion, a view he modelled on the Hebrew Commonwealth. He in turn influenced similar approaches in John Milton (whose plea for freedom of the press, the Areopagitica (1644), directly named him), Thomas Hobbes and James Harrington (the latter of whom proposed settling Jews in Ireland in his book The Commonwealth of Oceana).

Overall the strongest political group of the 1640s and 50s, the English Puritans, had a negative view of toleration, seeing it as a concession to evil and heresy. It was often associated with tolerating the heresies of Arminianism, the philosophy of free will and free thought, and Socinianism, a doctrine of Anti-trinitarianism. But despite this Puritan hostility to toleration, England did see a certain religious laissez-faire emerge (for instance, the Rump Parliament repealed the recusancy laws in 1650). This was partly due to the impossibility of stopping religious free expression, but it also became a part of the cause of the new model army. The doctrinal policies of the protectorate were largely conservative. However, this Puritan train of thought could also point towards liberty of conscience. For Congregationalists, truth lay in the spirit rather than institutions. Like the Platonists, they searched for internal unity amidst external diversity. Further, Puritans valued conscience, which could be neither forced nor tested, over ritual and ceremony. So rather than toleration, the key debate among key figures in the Protectorate revolved around liberty of conscience. For Blair Worden, Cromwell’s religious policy was rooted in a search for union of believers, rather than toleration of differing beliefs, and religious persecution was the largest obstacle to this union. However, liberty of conscience extended only to "God's peculiar" and not heretics (such as Quakers, Socinians, and Ranters).

There was a great increase of religious freedom and the ecclesiastical diversity in Cromwellian England. This marked a revolutionary change and led to increasing toleration in the years after the interregnum ended. On the one hand, the loosely Calvinist Cromwell allowed the punishment of men such as the Unitarian John Biddle and the Quaker James Nayler, and accepted the restrictions on religious tolerance found in the Humble Petition and Advice of 1657. But on the other hand, his entourage included men who wanted more liberty of belief than he allowed. These non-sectarian ‘merciful men’ or politiques, who wanted to understand and tolerate beliefs different to their own, included Bulstrode Whitelocke, Matthew Hale, and Sir Charles Worsley.

Millenarian 'admissionists'
The toleration of Jews was largely borne by the hope of converting them to Christianity. Leonard Busher was one of the first to call for the readmission of the Jews to England and the toleration of their faith in 1616. Lawyer and MP, Henry Finch and the scholar Joseph Mede both wrote of the benefits of the conversion of the Jews in the 1620s. The Scottish minister John Wemyss advocated readmitting Jews to Christian lands with a view to converting them in the 1630s. So, by the 1640s, the imminent conversion of the Jews was a widespread belief among Puritans. Indeed during that decade the Christians who were most liberal towards Jews are also those who were most committed to their conversion. A number of these ‘admissionists’ were close to Cromwell, including John Sadler, John Dury, and Hugh Peter. Other notable readmissionists include exiled Royalist cleric Thomas Barlow and the Dissenter Henry Jessey. The Fifth Monarchy Men were another example of Puritan millenarians who saw the readmission of the Jews as hastening the kingdom of Christ. The exiled Royalist Sir Edward Nicholas is one of the few admissionists who did not seem interested in conversion. By contrast, the anti-admissionists were often animated by the belief that it would be difficult or impossible to convert the Jews. William Prynne’s anti-Semitic pamphlet A Short Demurrer, which was printed on the eve of the Whitehall Conference, and the pamphlet Anglo-Judaeus or The History of the Jews Whilst Here in England by W.H. both doubt that the Jews would be converted once in England. Many millenarians at the time emphasised the chosen role of England in God’s plan, and this was often accompanied by the identification the Jews as the true Israel of the Bible. Indeed, they saw the Jews as a superior group, sharing some characteristics with the chosen nation of England. This belief was rooted in the literal interpretation of the Biblical primacy of the Jews found in the writings of Thomas Brightman. This meant that if the Jews were specially favoured by God, the English must listen to their appeals for help. These philo-semitic figures, who also believed in the restoration of the Jews to the Holy Land, included Jeremiah Burroughs, Peter Bulkeley (whose father had given Brightman’s funeral sermon), John Fenwicke, and John Cotton.

1649 to 1654: First steps towards resettlement
The original petition for readmission was submitted by Johanna and Ebenezer Cartwright, two English baptists living in Amsterdam, to Thomas Fairfax’s Council of War in January 1649. As well as asking that Jews be allowed to live in England, their petition also expressed the wish that the Jews "shall come to know the Emanuell" and that they be transported to the "Land promised to their fore-fathers". It can be seen as a distillation of the Judeo-centric trends of Puritan thought that had developed over the previous century since John Bale (1495–1563). However, the petition was sent the day before the high court was established to try Charles I, so in the ensuing turmoil the Cartwrights never received an answer. The following year Amsterdam-based Rabbi and diplomat Menasseh Ben Israel wrote in his book Hope of Israel of the necessity of the Jews being "spread out to the ends of the earth" (Daniel 12:7) before they could be redeemed. The book was originally published in Dutch and Latin in 1650, and then in English (dedicated to Parliament and the Council of State) in 1652. In 1651 Ben Israel met Oliver St John and his envoys on their mission to secure an Anglo-Dutch coalition. The English were impressed by learning and manner, and advised him to formally apply for Jewish readmission to England.

In 1653, at Oliver St John’s suggestion, Cromwell issued an official directive to authorise, "Menasseh ben Israel, a rabbi of the Jewish nation, well respected for his learning and good affection to the State, to come from Amsterdam to these parts." Fearing local anti-English opinion so soon after war, ben Israel turned down the invitation. But by the middle of the decade, Cromwell was taking advice from Marrano trader Simon de Caceres. At de Caceres' suggestion, Cromwell dispatched Marrano physician Abraham de Mercado and his son Raphael to Barbados (which a few years previously had already started admitting Jews escaping from the Portuguese reconquest of Dutch Brazil), where he explored the possibility of Jews setting in Jamaica. There they would be offered full civil rights and even land grants.

There is some difference of opinion as to Oliver Cromwell’s opinions regarding the readmission of the Jews. It has been pointed out that he held many of the same hopes regarding the readmission and conversion of the Jews as the millenarians. Paul Rycaut, later ambassador to the port of Smyrna recalled the Whitehall Conference, "When they all met, he (Cromwell) ordered the Jews to speak for themselves. After that he turned to the clergy, who inveigled much against the Jews as a cruel and cursed people. Cromwell in his answer to the Clergy called them ‘Men of God’ and desired to be informed by the whether it was not their opinion that the Jews were one day to be called into the Church? He then desired to know whether it was not every Christian man’s duty to forward that good end all he could?… was it not then our duty… to encourage them to settle ere where they could be taught the thuth…[sic]" It has also been pointed out that Cromwell held more practical beliefs. Cromwell believed that Jews could be used as skilled purveyors of foreign intelligence (which would assist his territorial ambitions). Further, toleration of Protestant sects made political sense for Cromwell as it prevented disorder and promoted harmony. He justified the readmission of the Jews using this same tolerant approach, as well as believing that it would improve trade (he saw the Jews as an important part of Amsterdam’s financial success).

Competition with the Dutch for trade and the increasingly protectionist commercial policy that led to the Navigation Act in October 1651 made Oliver Cromwell want to attract the rich Jews of Amsterdam to London so that they might transfer their important trade interests with the Spanish Main from the Netherlands to England. The mission of Oliver St John to Amsterdam, though failing to establish a coalition between English and Dutch commercial interests as an alternative to the Navigation Act, had negotiated with Menasseh Ben Israel and the Amsterdam community. A pass was granted to Menasseh to enter England, but he was unable to use it because of the First Anglo-Dutch War, which lasted from 1652 to 1654.

1655 and 1656: Informal resettlement achieved
The years 1655 and 1656 were to prove decisive in the history of the resettlement of the Jews in England. The first of these was the visit of Menasseh ben Israel and the second was the case of the Marrano trader Antonio Rodrigues Robles.

Menasseh Ben Israel's petition
Menasseh ben Israel’s son Samuel had arrived in England accompanied by trader David Dormido in 1653 to investigate the possibility of the resettlement of the Jews. In May 1655, he was sent back to Amsterdam in order to try to convince his father to visit England. The rabbi came to England in September 1655 with three other local rabbis, where they were lodged as guests of Cromwell. There he printed his "humble address" to Cromwell. (When ben Israel began his stay in London it is reckoned that there were about 20 New Christian families living in the city.) As a consequence, a national conference was summoned at Whitehall in the early part of December, which included some of the most eminent lawyers, clergymen, and merchants in the country. The lawyers declared no opposition to the Jews' residing in England, but both the clergymen and merchants were opposed to readmission, leading Cromwell to stop the discussion to prevent an adverse decision. Nonetheless, some change to official policy must have occurred, because the diarist John Evelyn wrote in his diary on 14 December, "Now were the Jews admitted". Ben Israel stayed in England until September 1657, during which time he met and engaged with a number of influential people. Although he did not achieve a legal ruling on the resettlement of the Jews, his presence gave prominent Englishmen a positive impression of learning and virtue among Jews.

The Robles case
Early in the following year (1656), the question came to a practical issue through the declaration of war against Spain, which resulted in the arrest of Antonio Rodrigues Robles, one of the community of Iberian New Christians who traded between London and the Canary Islands. Robles petitioned for the return of his seized property on account of his being ‘of the Hebrew nation’ rather than Spanish. At the same time six leading members of the New Christian community petitioned Cromwell for permission to gather to worship and acquire a burial ground. Although no formal permission was granted, some assurances must have been given because in the summer Menasseh asked for the Torah scroll to be sent over from Amsterdam, and in the autumn Moses Athias moved from Hamburg to act as religious preceptor. By December 1656 they had rented a house for use as a synagogue, and services began in January of 1657. In February of 1657 the new community, represented by Antonio Fernandez Carvajal and Simon de Caceres, acquired land near Mile End for use as a Synagogue. Historian Todd Endelman makes the point that it is unlikely this activity could have happened without Cromwell’s permission that they could live as professing Jews. The informal nature of the resettlement also meant the forces ranged against it had no target and never united to form any significant opposition. Further, at a later date it meant there were no restrictive laws to repeal when Jews wanted fuller citizenship rights. By the end of the decade the number of Jewish families had risen to thirty five. In 1657 Solomon Dormido, a nephew of Menasseh Ben Israel, was admitted to the Royal Exchange as a duly licensed broker of the City of London, without taking the usual oath involving a statement of faith in Christianity (when he was finally sworn in in 1668, the oath was changed for him). Carvajal had previously been granted letters of denization for himself and his son, which guaranteed certain rights of citizenship.

Debating the return of the Jews
During the years 1655–56 the question of the return of Jews to England was fought in a pamphlet war. Conservative opponents including William Prynne opposed the return while the Quaker Margaret Fell was in favour. Christian supporters believed the conversion of Jews was a sign of the end times and the readmission to England was a step towards that goal.

This method of debate had the advantage of not raising anti-Semitic feelings too strongly; and it likewise enabled Charles II, on his Restoration in 1660, to avoid taking any action on the petition of the merchants of London asking him to revoke Cromwell's concession. He had been assisted during his exile by several Jews of royalist sympathies, such as Andrea Mendes da Costa (Chamberlain of Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II), Antonio Mendes (the physician brother of Andrea, who had cured Catherine of erysipelas while in Portugal) and Augustine Coronel-Chacon. In 1664 a further attempt was made by the Earl of Berkshire and Paul Ricaut to bring about the expulsion of the Jews, but the King-in-Council assured the latter of the continuance of former favour. Similar appeals to prejudice were made in 1673, when Jews, for meeting in Duke's Place for a religious service, were indicted on a charge of rioting, and in 1685, when thirty-seven were arrested on the Royal Exchange; but the proceedings in both cases were put a stop to by direction of the Privy Council. The status of the Jews was still very indeterminate, with the Attorney-General declaring that they resided in England only under an implied licence. As a matter of fact, the majority of them were still legally aliens and liable to all the disabilities that condition carried with it.

Help from and to Jews abroad
William III is reported to have been assisted in his ascent to the English throne by a loan of 2,000,000 guilders from Francisco Lopes Suasso (1614–1685) (of the well-known Lopes Suasso family), later made first Baron d'Avernas le Gras by Charles II of Spain. William did not interfere when in 1689 some of the chief Jewish merchants of London were forced to pay the duty levied on the goods of aliens, but he refused a petition from Jamaica to expel the Jews. William's reign brought about a closer connection between the predominantly Sephardic communities of London and Amsterdam; this aided in the transfer of the European finance centre from the Dutch capital to the English capital. Over this time a small German Ashkenazi community had arrived and established their own synagogue in 1692, but they were of little mercantile consequence, and did not figure in the relations between the established Jewish community and the government. One of the rabbi was Solomon Ayllon.

Early in the eighteenth century the Jewish community of London comprised representatives of the chief Jewish financiers in northern Europe; these included the Mendez da Costa, Abudiente (later known as Gideon and Eardley), Salvador, Lopez, Fonseca, and Seixas families. The utility of these prominent Jewish merchants and financiers was widely recognised. Marlborough in particular made great use of the services of Sir Solomon de Medina, and indeed was publicly charged with taking an annual subvention from him. The early merchants of the resettlement are estimated to have brought with them a capital of £1,500,000 into the country; this amount is estimated to have increased to £5,000,000 by the middle of the 18th century.

As early as 1723 an act of Parliament allowed Jews holding land to omit the words "on the true faith of a Christian", when registering their title. Only once more would this allowance be made in the passage of the Plantation Act 1740, but more significantly the act allowed Jews who had or would have resided in British America for seven years to become naturalised British subjects.

Shortly afterwards a similar bill was introduced into the Irish Parliament, where it passed the Commons in 1745 and 1746, but failed to pass the Lords in 1747; it was ultimately dropped. Meanwhile, during the Jacobite rising of 1745 the Jews had shown particular loyalty to the government. Their chief financier, Samson Gideon, had strengthened the stock market, and several of the younger members had volunteered in the corps raised to defend London.

In popular culture
The meeting between Menasseh Ben Israel and Oliver Cromwell was painted by Solomon Alexander Hart in 1873 and bought by Sir Francis Goldsmid. The historical figure of Menasseh Ben Israel and the admission of Sephardic Jews from the Netherlands into England are featured in the novel, "The Weight of Ink," by Rachel Kadish (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017.).

title: Resettlement of the Jews in England


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Hermann Iseke

Dr. Hermann Iseke (9 March 1856 in Holungen, Province of Saxony – 14 January 1907 in South West Africa, now Namibia) was a German minister in military service.

Education
He was born on 9 March 1856 in Holungen, in the Prussian Province of Saxony, where he attended the elementary school at that time. He received his first Latin instruction from the Kaplan (chaplain) at that time Andreas Raabe, a well-known language researcher. From 1867 to 1873 he attended a gymnasium in Heiligenstadt and Mühlhausen where in 1874, he successfully passed out. Subsequently, he began studying jurisprudence at the Universities of Würzburg (1873–74), Leipzig (1874–75), Göttingen (1876–78) and Greifswald (1878). Here, he made the first legal state examination, attained a doctorate in Jena to the Dr. jur. and worked as a junior lawyer in Duderstadt and Künzelsau. He then decided upon a change of direction, went to cathedrals and studied philosophy and Germanistik (1879–1880). In 1880, he attended Freiburg, Breslau, now Wrocław and Münster for theology.

Career
In 1892, he joined the military welfare service. As a military minister, he worked in the garrisons of Metz, Hanover and Mühlhausen and in Alsace, later went on a punitive expedition to China from 1900 to 1902, and then he visited the western states of North America. Later he worked again as a military minister in Kassel and Saarbrücken before 1905. In 1907 he went to the Southern Africa area. The unhealthy climate was a big strain and it was hard for an otherwise strong man to cope with the environment. Dr. Hermann Iseke died on 14 January 1907 in Southwest Africa, present-day Namibia, of malaria. His body was transferred in the summer of 1907 to his hometown, Holungen.

Poet
Dr. Hermann Iseke not only work as a pastoral minister (Seelsorger), but also as a poet. These seals gave him an honorary title of: Dichter des Eichsfeldes = poets of Eichsfeld. Probably in the year 1902, he wrote in Eichsfeld admitted Eichsfelder Sang, but this was not his only work. Beside many smaller poems he wrote two larger documents (Der lieben heiligen Elisabeth won Thüringen and under the pseudonym Bernadus Amerikanus out of Eichsfeld in history and legend").

Honors
The city of Heiligenstadt designated a road after himself, in his place of birth, Holungen is honoured Gedenkstein was established and the association for local history carries his name, the Dr. Hermann Iseke Holungen.#

title: Hermann Iseke


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Drownproofing

Drownproofing is a method for surviving in water disaster scenarios without sinking or drowning. It is also famous as a class once required at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

History
Drownproofing was developed by swimming coach Fred Lanoue, known to students as Crankshaft because of his limping gait. It was first taught in 1940. His method was so successful that it gained national recognition, and Georgia Tech soon made it a requirement for graduation, until 1988. The US Navy also took interest, and adopted it as part of their standard training. It is claimed that during Lanoue's time teaching at Tech from 1936 to 1964, he taught drownproofing to some 20,000 students.

Once they had mastered the Drownproofing technique, students learned to stay afloat with their wrists and ankles bound, swim 50 yd underwater, and retrieve diving rings from the bottom of the pool using their teeth. Lanoue published a book called Drownproofing, a New Technique for Water Safety in 1963. Georgia Tech dropped the course from its curriculum in 1988, as part of a downsizing of its physical education and athletics department.

Drownproofing has been for many years widely taught to recruits in the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Coast Guard.

Reagh "Doc" Wetmore, swimming coach at Boston University, shared Fred Lanoue's enthusiasm for Drownproofing and continued to teach the technique until his retirement at the end of 2005.

Technique
In Drownproofing terminology, the great majority of people are "floaters". That is to say that, with the lungs fully inflated (or say at total lung capacity), they have slightly less specific gravity than water and will not start to sink until they exhale. An average floater has 3 – of positive buoyancy in fresh water. "Sinkers" can also benefit from a modified technique, but will find it more difficult to learn and will probably need specialised coaching.

In the Drownproofing survival technique, the subject floats in a relaxed, near-vertical posture, with the top of the head just above the surface. Using the arms or legs to exert a downward pressure, the subject raises himself sufficiently so that the mouth is above the surface and a breath is taken, before dropping back into the relaxed float. This is done several times a minute (typically between 5 and 10), depending upon the needs of the individual. It is important to keep the lungs fully inflated for the maximum possible time and to exhale and inhale rapidly when a breath is taken. The technique is easy to learn and does not require arduous training or a high standard of physical fitness. With practice, it is possible to remain afloat in this way for a long time with minimal effort. Lanoue taught his students to perform the technique with hands and feet tied, thus demonstrating that it is possible to survive even when injured or otherwise disabled.

Criticism
The main criticism of Drownproofing is that, with the body almost totally immersed, heat loss will be greater than with vigorous swimming or treading water, with the consequent earlier onset of hypothermia. But other sources suggest that heat loss is increased by vigorous action, because it displaces relatively warmer water that is trapped by the subject's clothing. In any cold water situation, the main objective should be to get out of the water and find shelter and dry clothing. In any case, Drownproofing should never be regarded as a substitute for the normal safety precautions recommended for any water activity.

The effects of heat loss can be reduced by using the Heat Escape Lessening Posture (H.E.L.P). The Heat Escape Lessening Posture was designed for use with a Personal Flotation Device. Essentially the person grabs their knees to reduce the surface area exposed to the water and centralize body heat. It can be adapted and used as part of the drownproofing technique but is far more challenging due to the physical exertion required to hold your body in this shape, and the near impossibility of keeping your legs pressed to your torso while your hands are bound behind your back.

title: Drownproofing


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Chuck Daly

Charles Jerome Daly (July 20, 1930 – May 9, 2009) was an American basketball head coach. He led the Detroit Pistons to two consecutive National Basketball Association (NBA) championships in 1989 and 1990—during the team's "Bad Boys" era—and the 1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team ("The Dream Team") to the gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

Daly is a two-time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductee, being inducted in 1994 for his individual coaching career, and in 2010 was posthumously inducted as the head coach of the "Dream Team". The Chuck Daly Lifetime Achievement Award is named after him.

Early life
Born in Kane, Pennsylvania, to Earl and Geraldine Daly on July 20, 1930, Daly attended Kane Area High School. He matriculated at St. Bonaventure University for one year before transferring to Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated in 1952. After serving two years in the military, he began his basketball coaching career in 1955 at Punxsutawney Area High School in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania.

College career
After compiling a 111–70 record in eight seasons at Punxsutawney High School, Daly moved on to the college level in 1963 as an assistant coach under Vic Bubas at Duke University. During his six seasons at Duke, the Blue Devils won the Atlantic Coast Conference championship and advanced to the Final Four, both in 1964 and 1966. Daly then replaced Bob Cousy as head coach at Boston College in 1969. The Eagles recorded an 11–13 record in Daly's first year at the school, and improved to 15–11 in 1971.

Daly became the head coach at the University of Pennsylvania in 1971, succeeding Dick Harter. Penn won 20 or more games and captured the Ivy League title in each of its first four seasons with Daly at the helm. The most successful campaign was his first in 1972, when the Quakers recorded a 25–3 record overall (13–1 in their conference), and advanced to the NCAA East Regional Final, eventually losing to North Carolina. An additional significant success for Daly was in 1979, when all five starters on Pennsylvania's Final Four team had initially been recruited by Daly. His overall record after six seasons at Penn was 125–38 (74–10 within the Ivy League).

NBA and national team career
In 1978, Daly joined the NBA's Philadelphia 76ers as an assistant coach. During the 1981 season, the Cleveland Cavaliers hired him as the third head coach that season, but he was fired with a 9–32 record before the season ended. He then returned to the 76ers as a broadcaster until he was hired in 1983 by the Detroit Pistons. The Pistons, a franchise that had not recorded back-to-back winning seasons since the mid-1950s, made the NBA playoffs each year Daly was head coach (1983–1992), and reached the NBA finals three times, winning two consecutive NBA championships in 1989 and 1990. While serving as the Pistons coach, Daly was also a color commentator for TBS's NBA Playoff coverage. Daly was named head coach of the U.S. Dream Team that won the gold medal at the 1992 Olympics, before moving his NBA career onto the New Jersey Nets for the 1992–93 season. Daly stayed with the Nets for two seasons, before resigning over frustration over the immaturity of some of the players on his team.

Daly again took up a role as color commentator for TNT's NBA coverage during the mid-1990s. Daly rejected an offer to coach the New York Knicks over the summer of 1995 after deciding he was not ready for the NBA coaching grind. He would return to coaching with the Orlando Magic at the beginning of the 1997–98 season. Daly stayed two seasons with the Magic and then retired permanently.

Death
Daly was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in March 2009 and died on May 9, 2009, at the age of 78. He is buried at Riverside Memorial Park in Tequesta, Florida.

title: Chuck Daly


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File:Thap deltastate1.jpg

A capture from the show Delta State, better one coming soon.

title: File:Thap deltastate1.jpg


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William S. Benson

William Shepherd Benson (September 25, 1855 – May 20, 1932) was an admiral in the United States Navy and the first chief of naval operations (CNO), holding the post throughout World War I.

Early life and career
Born in Bibb County, Georgia, Benson graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1877. His early years of sea duty included a cruise around the world in USS Dolphin (PG-24) during the 1880s. He was also active in coast survey and hydrographic duties, was an instructor at the Naval Academy, commanded the cruiser USS Albany (CL-23), and served as a flag aide, in addition to other assignments.

Senior assignments
In 1909, Benson was promoted to captain and became chief of staff of the United States Pacific Fleet. In 1911, Benson became the first commanding officer of the battleship USS Utah (BB-31). He was commandant of the Philadelphia Navy Yard in 1913–15.

Chief of Naval Operations
In May 1915, Benson was promoted to the rank of rear admiral and became the Navy's first CNO, functionally replacing Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske, the last aide for naval operations.

Benson was heavily involved in defining the functions of the new CNO position and strengthening the navy during a period marked by internal Navy Department tensions, US interventions in the Caribbean and Central America, and World War I. Promoted to the rank of admiral in 1916, his responsibilities greatly expanded when the United States entered World War I in April 1917. Over the next year and a half, he oversaw a huge expansion of the navy, the extension of its operations to European waters, and the transportation of the United States Army's American Expeditionary Forces to France. After the November 1918 armistice, he was an active participant in the lengthy peace negotiations held in France.

Aviation
In World War I, the Navy explored aviation, both land- and carrier-based, but the navy nearly abolished aviation in 1919, when Benson could not "conceive of any use the fleet will ever have for aviation," and he secretly tried to abolish the Navy's Aviation Division. Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, though, reversed the decision because he believed naval aviation might someday be "the principal factor" at sea with missions to bomb enemy warships, scout enemy fleets, map mine fields, and escort convoys. Grudgingly allowing it a minor mission, the navy slowly built up its aviation arm. Naval aviation later proved to be the decisive advantage for the United States Navy that ensured victory during World War II and the duration of the Cold War, and it remains today as the centerpiece of the combat striking arms of the United States Navy.

Retirement
Benson retired from the naval service in September 1919. Over the next decade, he was active in the leadership of the United States Shipping Board. He served as the first president of the Army Navy Country Club in Arlington, Virginia, from 1925 to 1932.

Admiral William S. Benson died in Washington, DC, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Section 3, Lot 1873-B.

Benson's mother, Catherine Brewer Benson, was the first woman to receive a degree from Georgia Female College (now Wesleyan College). His son, Commodore Howard H. J. Benson, also a career navy officer, received the Navy Cross and Legion of Merit.

Namesakes
USS Benson (DD-421) was named for the admiral and was the lead ship of her class, the Benson-class destroyer; USS Admiral W. S. Benson (AP-120) was also named in his honor and was the lead ship of her class, the Admiral W. S. Benson-class transport.

The one-block-long street named Benson Street in Charleston, South Carolina was named in his honor.

title: William S. Benson


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Sonnenstein

Sonnenstein can refer to:

 * Sonnenstein, Austria, a mountain in Austria.
 * Sonnenstein Castle, a castle in Saxony, Germany.
 * Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centre, a Nazi killing facility at Sonnenstein Castle
 * Sonnenstein (Ohm Hills), a hill in Thuringia, Germany.
 * Sonnenstein, Thuringia, a municipality in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Sonnenstein


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Almonte, Ontario

Almonte is a former mill town in Lanark County, in the eastern portion of Ontario, Canada. Formerly a separate municipality, Almonte is a ward of the town of Mississippi Mills, which was created on January 1, 1998, by the merging of Almonte with Ramsay and Pakenham townships. Almonte is 46 km south-west of downtown Ottawa. Its population as recorded in the 2016 Canadian Census was 5,039.

European settlement
Almonte's first European-bred settler was David Shepherd, who in 1818 was given 200 acre by the Crown to build and operate a mill. The site became known as Shepherd's Falls. That name was never official, however, and Shepherd sold his patent after his mill burned down. The patent's buyer, Daniel Shipman, rebuilt the mill and the settlement became known as Shipman's Mills by about 1821.

Most of Shipman's Mills' early settlers were Scottish and later Irish. A textile town almost from the start, by 1850 it was the home of seven busy woollen mills. It was one of the leading centres in Canada West for the manufacture of woollen cloth. The construction of a railway line to Brockville stimulated the economic growth of Almonte. During this time of rapid expansion, the town changed its name from Shipman's Mills to Ramsayville, and then to Waterford.

In 1869, Almonte was a village with a population of 2,000 on the Mississippi River in the Township of Ramsay, County of Lanark. It was a station of the Brockville and Ottawa Railway. By the 1870 the town had thirty stores and forty other businesses. Almonte was incorporated as a village in 1871, and was incorporated as a town in 1880.

On 10 September 1909 the town suffered a major fire, which destroyed several buildings on the main street and caused $75,000 worth of damage.

Origin of the name Almonte
When, in 1855, the newly-created Canadian post office pointed out there was already a Waterford in Canada West, the town needed another name change.

Relations between the United States and Great Britain had been antagonistic since the Revolutionary War and later the War of 1812. Border wars between Mexico and the United States in the 1830s increased this antagonism. Mexican general Juan Almonte had fought honourably in these latter wars, and by 1853 he had become Mexico's ambassador to the United States.

In the ensuing climate of Canadian mistrust of American territorial ambitions, General Almonte's name would have been well known to Waterford's citizens. Though there is no decisive evidence as to the final motive for the name change, it appears likely that Waterford saw Almonte as a "principled David fighting a Goliath interested in swallowing up all North America."

The proposed name change was accepted by the Combined Counties of Lanark and Renfrew in June 1855, although the post office did not record the new name until 1859. Whenever the name may have been formally accepted, it led to Almonte being the only community in Ontario, and likely Canada, to be named for a Mexican general.

Almonte train wreck, 1942
Almonte was the site of one of the worst rail disasters in Canadian history. On December 27, 1942, a troop train rear-ended a passenger train standing in the local railway station. Thirty-nine people were killed and more than 150 were injured. A local genealogy page provides photos and a contemporary newspaper report of the wreck.

Present day
After the last textile mill closed in the early 1980s, Almonte no longer had a dominant industry. It has since turned its attention towards tourism. It offers museums and several historical spots, such as the home of James Naismith, the inventor of basketball, and the Mississippi Valley Textile Museum.

Almonte retains much of its 19th-century architecture. The former Almonte post office, designed in 1889 by Thomas Fuller (the architect of the Parliament Buildings), and the Rosamond Woollen Mill, the largest 19th-century textile mill in Canada, are both designated as National Historic Sites of Canada.

Almonte has a skate park and a splash pad which are open to the public, beside the arena.

April 4, 2023, Almonte was named the best small town in the Ottawa area as determined by local radio station CHEZ 106.1, "Biggs & Barr Show's March Madness of Small Towns." A celebratory event is planned for Saturday, April 29th in downtown Almonte where a trophy will be presented to the Mayor of Mississippi Mills.

Movie locations
Movies have been filmed partially or entirely in Almonte in recent years, including several Christmas movies. The New York Times said of the town that "with its mix of 19th-century historic buildings and a ’50s diner, Almonte in Ontario has been the go-to location for holiday movies set in Vermont, Alaska and even Milwaukee."

Almonte featured in a 2022 episode of Murdoch Mysteries, though the episode was not actually filmed in Almonte.

Festivals
Almonte is home to several festivals and events, including the North Lanark Highland Games, Naismith 3-on-3 Basketball Festival, Almonte Celtfest and Busfusion.

North Lanark Highland Games
The North Lanark Highland Games have been held annually in Almonte since 1982.

The Games feature traditional Highland sports and entertainment, and bring in about 6,000 visitors each summer.

Almonte Celtfest
The Almonte Celtfest has been held annually in Almonte's Gemmill Park since 1997. The festival's goal is to "celebrate and promote the Celtic heritage of the Ottawa Valley through music and dance."

Puppets Up!
The popular Puppets Up! festival, which shut down in 2017 after a 12-year run, was revived in August 2022. Noreen Young is the festival's creative director.

Schools
Almonte has three elementary schools:
 * R. Tait McKenzie Public School
 * Naismith Memorial Public School
 * Holy Name of Mary Catholic School

Almonte and District High School serves the town of Almonte and much of the surrounding rural area. The Almonte campus of the T.R. Leger School provides adult education and literacy classes.

Notable people

 * Robert Tait McKenzie, Canadian Physician, soldier (physiotherapy), sculptor
 * Perianne Jones, Olympic athlete
 * James Naismith, inventor of basketball
 * Noreen Young, puppeteer and television producer

Mississippi River
The Mississippi River which runs through Almonte has no connection with the U.S. river of the same name.

title: Almonte, Ontario


text:
Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753

The Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753 was an Act of Parliament (26 Geo. 2. c. 26) which allowed Jews resident in Britain to become naturalised by application to Parliament. It received royal assent on 7 July 1753 but was repealed in 1754 (27 Geo. 2. c. 1) due to widespread opposition to its provisions.

History
During the Jacobite rising of 1745, the Jews had shown particular loyalty to the government. Their chief financier, Sampson Gideon, had strengthened the stock market, and several of the younger members had volunteered in the corps raised to defend London. Possibly as a reward, Henry Pelham in 1753 brought in the Jew Bill of 1753, which allowed Jews to become naturalised by application to Parliament. It passed the Lords without much opposition, but on being brought down to the House of Commons, the Tories made protest against what they deemed an "abandonment of Christianity." The Whigs, however, persisted in carrying out at least one part of their general policy of religious toleration, and the bill was passed and received royal assent (26 Geo. 2. c. 26). The public reacted with an enormous outburst of antisemitism, and the Bill was repealed in the next sitting of Parliament, in 1754.

Horace Walpole, a contemporary observer, said that the Act removed "such absurd distinctions, as stigmatized and shackled a body of the most loyal, commercial and wealthy subjects of the kingdom"; the affair demonstrated that "the age, enlightened as it is called, was still enslaved to the grossest and most vulgar prejudices". The political economist Josiah Tucker defended the Act in A Letter to A Friend Concerning Naturalizations (1753), where he pointed to the economic benefits of granting naturalisation to Jewish people:

"As to the Bill itself, it only empowers rich Foreigners to purchase Lands, and to carry on a free and extensive Commerce, by importing all Sorts of Merchandise and Raw Materials, allowed by Law to be imported, for the Employment of our own People, and then Exporting the Surplus of the Produce, Labour, and Manufactures of our own Country, upon cheaper and better Terms than is done at present. This is all the Hurt that such a Bill can do."

German Jews
While the Sephardim chiefly congregated in London as the centre of international commerce, Jews immigrating from Germany and Poland settled for the most part in the seaports of the south and west, such as Falmouth, Plymouth, Liverpool, Bristol, etc., as pawnbrokers and small dealers. From these centres it became their custom to send out hawkers every Monday with packs to the neighbouring villages, whereby connections were made with some of the inland towns, where they began to settle, such as Canterbury, Chatham, Cambridge, Manchester, and Birmingham. Traders of this type, while not of such prominence as the larger merchants of the capital, came in closer contact with ordinary English people and may have helped to allay some of the prejudice which had been manifested so strongly in 1753.

title: Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753


text:
Calvary Cemetery (Seattle)

Calvary Cemetery is a Roman Catholic cemetery in Seattle, Washington, United States, located in the Ravenna/Bryant neighborhood. Dedicated on December 1, 1889, it is situated on the southwest slope of a hill overlooking University Village, about a mile (1.6 km) northeast of the University of Washington. It is owned and operated by the Archdiocese of Seattle.

Covering an area of 40 acre, the square-shaped cemetery is bounded on the north by N.E. 55th Street, on the east by 35th Avenue N.E., on the south by N.E. 50th Street, and on the west by 30th Avenue N.E.

Around 40,000 people are buried in its grounds, including:
 * Vivian E. Albertson, Bellevue School District director from 1982 to 1990
 * Dave Beck, former president of the Teamsters
 * "Tioga George" Burns, baseball player, the American League's most valuable player in 1926.
 * John Cherberg, lieutenant governor for 32 years, UW football player and head coach
 * Raymond E. Davis, Medal of Honor recipient in 1905
 * Hec Edmundson, basketball and track coach at the University of Washington
 * Walter Galbraith, former president of Galbraith and Co. and director of Washington Mutual
 * Tubby Graves, baseball head coach at UW
 * Michael J. "Moose" Heney, Alaskan railroad builder
 * Al Hostak, middleweight boxer
 * Jacob Nist, founder of Queen City Manufacturing Company, now the Seattle-Tacoma Box Company
 * Edward Nordhoff, founder of The Bon Marché department store chain
 * William Piggott, founder of Paccar
 * Albert Rosellini, former governor

Additionally, priests of the Archdiocese of Seattle and clergy from a number of religious orders are buried at the cemetery. There is one British Commonwealth war grave, of a Canadian Army soldier of World War I.

title: Calvary Cemetery (Seattle)


text:
Talk:Jungle gym

Original Jungle Gym
By my reading of the sources, it seems ambiguous as to whether or not the still-standing prototype is the second prototype constructed (as this wiki entry says) or the original protoype, improved. Anyone have any thoughts about this or more info? Herr Lip (talk) 22:27, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

Origin
The Winnetka Historical Society article I just posted is an interesting source on the invention of the jungle gym. Further expansion could include the following research: -- Rbellin|Talk 06:32, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) find the complete paper from which that web page is drawn
 * 2) find (and photograph!) the first jungle gym, which the article says resides at Crow Island School in Winnetka, Illinois
 * 5 years later... (I love the timeframes in this place!) There's a huge photograph at, and 2 tiny photographs at . I haven't found any creativecommons images yet though... Maybe someone in Category:Wikipedians in Illinois can help? I'll ask at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Illinois. :) -- Quiddity (talk) 21:12, 4 April 2010 (UTC)

Monkey Bars
By my understanding, "monkey bars" refers to a very specific playground structure, whereas "jungle gym" is more generic. "Monkey bars" is essentially a ladder-like structure laid flat and elevated several feet off the ground (perhaps 6 or so) which children use by swinging from rung to rung with their hands, much like a monkey swinging from branches. A jungle gym, on the other hand, is pretty much any climbing structure. Is this distinction a regional thing? The part about the two terms being synonyms should be deleted if no one can support this, or clarified at very least.

 * We always used the terms interchangeably. It's possible that it's regional, but I never heard the term "monkey bars" applied to the overhead ladder, only to the jungle gym. Now, looking it up,  Webster's says monkey bars is "3-D framework of horizontal and vertical bars from which children can hang and swing"; jungle gym is "a structure of vertical and horizontal bars for use by children at play".  Now, those 2 sound the same to me, although the phrasing's not quite identical--which makes me wonder why it's NOT identical (except that someone has to proofread those 225000 definitions :-).) It does note that Junglegym was originally a 1923 trademark, so it seems likely to me that Junglegym was a trademarked name for a variety of monkey bars--although the latter dates from 1955, so who knows what the generic name was before that!  Elf | Talk 17:38, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Webster's? Really? Monkey Bars and Jungle Gyms are two complete different things. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.241.240.42 (talk) 22:33, 22 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Webster's is not an international authority, but Wikipedia is directed at an international audience. Growing up in Australia (in the 70s) these two things were completely distinct.  Monkey bars only ever referred to the horizontal ladder-like structure.  Jungle gym was the more elaborate 3-D framework like that shown in the top right picture.  ☸ Moilleadóir ☎ 07:27, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I have lived all my life in Derbyshire in the UK and as far as I am aware, Jungle Gyms are normally called "climbing frames" here. I have only ever heard it called "Jungle Gym" in US tv shows/films. "Monkey Bars" seems to normally refer to the overhead bars (i.e. horizontal ladder). Zeb 14:44, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed. "Monkey bars" refer specifically to the horizontal ladder necessitating locomotion like a monkey, whereas the "jungle gym" is as described by Moilleadoir. Boneyard90 (talk) 19:41, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Re-raising this issue - completely agreed. I have lived in several places all around the U.S., and in my experience, "monkey bars" always refers only to the horizontal ladder-like structure. "Jungle gym" refers to the bigger piece(s) of equipment, which may or may not include monkey bars. 23:25, 29 August 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2620:0:1002:A:1994:8809:DA74:B951 (talk)

Article tone
The "Varities" section reads like a pamphlet for parents or educators - would like to see more clear, viewpoint-neutral descriptions of the different types of jungle gyms and where they are used 24.193.54.240 (talk) 02:01, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

Unnessecary stuff
"Founded in 1994, the Dutch company named: ‘Jungle Gym B.V.’ captured its leading market position by offering a broad line of unique play sets, such as: Villa, Mansion, Castle, Palace etc. which all correspond to the safety guidelines: EN-71 & 8 for domestic and family use. In 1999 Jungle Gym consolidated its market position by introducing its patented connection brackets."

Can anyone tell me the relevance of this piece of work, besides advertising? I've taken it off. slowesttooth —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.245.110.10 (talk) 03:43, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Clarification
Under 'safety' it says there should be at least 12 inches of woodchips: can this be clarified slightly - area (beyond the piece of equipment), depth or what? Jackiespeel (talk) 09:16, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Space nets and geodesic domes
According to this page, space nets were invented Conrad Roland in 1971. I'm not sure who invented the geodesic domes, but Buckminster Fuller is credited for popularizing dome architecture in the 1950s, while Walther Bauersfeld used the geodesic design to build planetariums in the 1920s. Those were massive structures, however. I've seen a patent for a dome-like climbing structure, but it is not geodesic. I've also seen a patent for geodesic designs incorporated into climbing structures, but it is not a dome. -- leuce (talk) 07:57, 27 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jungle gym


text:
Trondenes Church

Trondenes Church (Trondenes kirke) is the northernmost medieval stone church of Norway and the world's northernmost surviving medieval building. It is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Harstad Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located on the northern edge of the town of Harstad. It is the main church for the Trondenes parish which is part of the Trondenes prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland. The white, stone church was built in a long church style around the year 1435 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 300 people.

Though frequently referred to as a 13th-century church, dating based on dendrochronology places its completion shortly after 1434. Compared to the other ten north Norwegian medieval stone churches, Trondenes Church is well preserved, the exterior condition still close to the original state. The nave is 22.6 m long and the chancel is 13.5 m, making it one of the largest medieval churches of rural Norway. In the late Medieval period, Trondenes served as the main church centre of Northern Norway.

The church is best known for its rich decorations, including three gothic triptychs, one of which was earlier attributed to the German Hanseatic artist Bernt Notke, although modern art historians now doubt the attribution. The baroque pulpit is equipped with an hourglass to allow the minister to time long sermons. The organ dates from the late 18th century. In the choir section, one can see remnants of medieval frescoes.

History
The present church is presumably the third church on the site, the first stave church was likely built on the site during the 11th century, followed by another building in the 12th century. The second church was fortified with stone walls and ramparts, remnants of which can still be seen around the church today. The present stone church was built around the year 1435. The church bells once hung from a turret but, as the turret has long since been demolished, the bells now ring from a small tower in the graveyard.

In 1814, this church served as an election church (valgkirke). Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway. This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year.

title: Trondenes Church