text:
Talk:Cyril Ramaphosa

Merge 2020 Phala Phala Robbery
Notable event, but it doesn't really warrant a standalone article. The page is short and unlikely to be substantially expanded anytime soon. Cyril Ramaphosa is not overly long and difficult to navigate, so it wouldn't hurt to incorporate any content from 2022 Phala Phala Robbery. Mooonswimmer 17:53, 8 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Support merge. The other controversy in Ramaphosa's article has a separate page, but it's an event of a completely different nature and scale. This is only "news" because Ramaphosa didn't report the theft to police and now someone else is making a big deal out of it. It can be covered sufficiently in the Ramaphosa article without adding undue length to the page. Schazjmd   (talk)  20:56, 8 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Keep, The severity of this article is much worse than expected, especially when opposing parties are asking the president to step down and allegations of Money laundering are being laid against the President. This controversy would add a lot of undue length to this page TapticInfo (talk) 06:53, 10 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Support merge In its current form it should be merged. If it expands drastically over time it can be split out in future, but there's no certainty yet that it will do so. Greenman (talk) 19:18, 10 June 2022 (UTC) Oppose Merge The changes since June more than warrant it remaining a separate article. Greenman (talk) 11:54, 4 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Merge: The robbery article:
 * 1) concernes, before all, the person of R., only he was robbed,
 * 2) consists of very few lines.
 * If, however, there comes much more about it to public knowledge, PPR can be made into it's own article again.
 * Steue (talk) 04:19, 11 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Comment: Another article on the same topic has been created: Farmgate (scandal). I noted on its talk page that it duplicates the subject of 2020 Phala Phala Robbery. Schazjmd   (talk)  17:08, 15 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Keep For two reasons. One is the seriousness of this incident and the extent to which it has already been covered in the media suggests to me that it will likely expand further, also also strongly indicates to me that the event does warrant a standalone article at this point. This is partly reflected by the moniker "Farmgate" coined and often cited in the media to refer to it. The second is that the Ramaphosa article is already quite long so creating a forked article for this subject will keep the Ramaphosa article at a reasonable length.--Discott (talk) 10:00, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * On an important side note, it is obvious to me that at the very least the Farmgate (scandal) and 2022 Phala Phala Robbery articles need to be merged. We would just need to figure out the most commonly known name for the incident to merge the articles under. I must admit that I was not aware of the 2022 Phala Phala Robbery article at the time that I created the Farmgate article.--Discott (talk) 11:18, 18 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose merge. When this discussion was started on the 8th of June, the 2020 Phala Phala Robbery was a new, stub-class article with only a lede. At that stage, it would've been logical to merge it to Ramaphosa's article, however, since then, the article has been drastically expanded. Also, more of the robbery has come to public knowledge, opposition parties have called for a parliamentary probe into the robbery, etc. The robbery has become a huge political scandal in SA, like what Partygate became in the UK. Basically, it can now be be its own standalone article. What should be done is that the Farmgate (scandal) article written by should be merged into the article about the robbery or vice-versa. Best,  Lefcentreright  Discuss  12:19, 1 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Support merge Guptagate and Nkandlagate both don't have their own pages, which were greater in scale. Farmgate (scandal) and 2022 Phala Phala Robbery should be merged at the very least. Maqdisi (talk) 16:07, 14 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose merge per Discott and Lefcentreright's reasoning. The articles are getting very lengthy and there's no sign the scandal is going away. CR's article will also keep getting longer so worth keeping it trim where possible. Also agree strongly on the Farmgate (scandal) and 2022 Phala Phala Robbery merger – on the name of the merged article, I think the most common descriptor at this point is just "Phala Phala", which is not ideal. "Phala Phala robbery scandal"? Jlalbion (talk) 21:13, 23 September 2022 (UTC)
 * In your responses above, you indicated that you may change your mind to support a separate page if the article expands drastically or if much more comes to public knowledge. Have Leftcentrerights's assertions swayed you that this has happened? Felix QW (talk) 10:23, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

 * @ Felix QW,

 * I wrote my opinion before [Lefcentreright] his/hers;

 * and I'm not keeping up to date on this issue.

 * As I wrote above: If things have changed, which they seem to have done, as I read above, it's perfectly OK with me to seperate the two topics.

 * Ping welcome, Steue (talk) 01:49, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

Pronunciation of his name?
I guess, from "Phala phala", it is soft, like "Philadelphia", but I'm uncertain, because. e.g. in the Italian language, also in Indian transcriptions of names, an "h" (behind) indicates "hard". Ping welcome, Steue (talk) 04:29, 11 June 2022 (UTC)

 * It's a hard "p" in both Ramaphosa and Phala Phala – the "h" indicates it's aspirated. Acceptable variations of both can be heard e.g. here and here. Jlalbion (talk) 21:24, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot, Jlalbion, and especially for the ping.
 * Steue (talk) 23:04, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

@Jlalbion I Just listened to both videos. To me these "p"s sound pretty normal. So, why are these "p"s hardened ? or: How would a soft "p" sound? What is more often in this language?

Ping welcome, Steue (talk) 23:42, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Quite right, I just meant hard as in (1) distinguished to what you called the soft ("f") sound of "ph" in "Philadelphia" and (2) aspirated. Full warning that I don't know a lot about linguistics! But whereas in English the consonant "p" might be aspirated or not depending on the word, in many (most? all?) Southern African languages, "ph" is always an aspirated "p" (like in "pat") and "p" is always unaspirated (like in "split"). Generally if you get the subsequent vowel sound right, you'll aspirate the "ph" automatically, and anyway if you pronounced it "Ramaposa" nobody would bat an eye. Jlalbion (talk) 10:26, 24 September 2022 (UTC)

@Jlalbion Thanks. In my (first) language (German) and in English I'm not aware of such (to me) tiny differences (which do exist in South African). But sometimes (when I study a sound in [IPA]) I do become aware that there are tiny differences in my language of which I have not been aware before.

Ping welcome, Steue (talk) 02:01, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

Presidency (2018–present), Domestic Policy, Paragraph 4 - Citation 93
New to Wikipedia editing.

"He has said that the state having the power to seize property for no compensation will encourage economic growth."

I don't understand the reference cited in this paragraph, number 93. It does not cite any source which supports the statement. The statement should be removed if it cannot be supported by a source. Migy007 (talk) 09:32, 16 October 2022 (UTC)
 * When you find something that is unreferenced, one approach is to try searching to see whether there are sources that support it. Having done so, I see that several news outlets at the time referred to this, such as:
 * So, I've added that as a reference. Klbrain (talk) 05:40, 7 November 2022 (UTC)
 * So, I've added that as a reference. Klbrain (talk) 05:40, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

Link to Constitutional Assembly in Rise in ANC (1990-1996) section
"Following the first fully democratic elections in 1994, he became a Member of Parliament (MP) and was elected the chairperson of its Constitutional Assembly on 24 May 1994, a central role in Mandela's Government of National Unity."

The link for Constitutional Assembly is just the generic article, and not the article for the South African Constitutional Assembly from 1994. I believe this is a mistake and should be ammended. Thanks. --190.202.63.122 (talk) 16:28, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

Infobox Image
Seeking consensus on using infobox image. I prefer the second image because of higher resolution. JoshuaJ28 (talk) 02:55, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Of these two options, I'd also choose the second due to it's higher resolution CeltBrowne (talk) 09:39, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cyril Ramaphosa


text:
USS Pogy (SS-266)

USS Pogy (SS-266), a Gato-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the pogy, or menhaden. She was credited with sinking 16 ships totaling 62,633 gross register tons during World War II.

Construction and commissioning
Pogy (SS–266) was laid down 15 September 1941 by the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co., Manitowoc, Wisc., launched 23 June 1942; sponsored by Mrs. Julius A. Furer; and commissioned 10 January 1943. Pogy temporarily decommissioned 1 February for a Mississippi River cruise on a river barge to New Orleans, LA, and recommissioned upon her arrival 12 February.

First war patrol, April – June 1943
After fitting out, trial runs, and training, Pogy arrived Pearl Harbor 5 April 1943. On 15 April she set out for her patrol area along the eastern coast of Honshū, making her first contact 1 May. Her periscope attack on a convoy of five ships with one escort sank ex-gunboat Keishin Maru, and damaged a small cargo ship. Upon surfacing that night, Pogy attacked a destroyer with three torpedoes, but was unable to observe the results. The next day she destroyed a large sampan by gunfire. On 9 May while making a submerged attack on a convoy of four cargo ships, a bomb close astern forced Pogy to retire. On 11 May, she sank a 100-ton sampan by gunfire. Two torpedo hits sank a small cargo ship 26 May, and on 5 June Pogy retired to Midway.

Second war patrol, June – August 1943
She departed Midway on her second war patrol 26 June. Throughout July she covered the Empire-Truk main communication and supply line. While patrolling submerged east of the Pulap Islands 5 July, she attacked two cargo ships with torpedoes, damaging the leading 3,000-ton cargo ship by one hit.

Pogy sighted an aircraft ferry steaming for Truk, and sank the 7,497-ton Mongamigawa Maru and her valuable cargo 1 August. The submarine then departed the area, stopping at Johnston Island for fuel on the 14th, and arriving at Pearl Harbor two days later for refit.

Third and fourth war patrols, September – December 1943
Pogy departed Pearl Harbor 9 September for her third war patrol, in the Palau area. On 28 September she sighted a five ship convoy. After a two-day chase and one unsuccessful attack, she scored two torpedo hits on the largest cargo ship of the convoy, Maebashi Maru, sinking 7,000 more tons of enemy shipping. On 6 October Pogy fired and missed with 4 torpedoes at Nichiei Maru. On 26 October Pogy returned to Pearl Harbor.

The submarine sailed for her patrol area again in the Palau Islands on 25 November. En route, on 7 December, she sighted a large cargo ship and a submarine tender escorted by a destroyer. In the ensuing attack three torpedoes hit and sank the 6,081-ton submarine tender, and one hit the cargo ship, before Pogy went deep to sit out an attack of 22 depth charges. She surfaced in the darkness to find the cargo ship dead in the water with the destroyer circling her. Pogy launched two torpedoes, both hits.

On 13 December Pogy sank 3,821-ton transport Fukkai Maru leaving Palau loaded with troops. The angry escort dropped 27 depth charges during the counter-attack, the three closest charges causing damage which forced Pogy to return to Midway on 22 December.

Fifth war patrol, February – March 1944
On 5 February 1944 Pogy departed Midway on her fifth war patrol for an anti-shipping sweep of the Formosa area. During the morning of 10 February, she spotted a convoy in Bashi Channel, off the southern tip of Formosa, guarded by three Japanese destroyers. Pogy attacked with five torpedoes, sinking the JAPANESE DESTROYER Minekaze and 5,500-ton passenger-cargo ship Malta Maru, and damaging another cargo ship.

Pogy then headed north up the east coast of Taiwan and, on 20 February, caught a convoy on the Tropic of Cancer. She sank the 5,154-ton cargo ship Taizin Maru with two torpedoes and the 3,610-ton cargo ship Nanyo Maru with one. Three days later in Ryukyu waters, Pogy sank another cargo ship, before heading for Pearl Harbor, arriving 8 March 1944.

Sixth war patrol, April – June 1944
On 7 April 1944 she departed on her sixth patrol, southeast of Japan. The night of 28–29 April, Pogy sighted and sank the Japanese submarine JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-183. She then attacked and sank a cargo ship on 5 May, and a medium cargo ship on 13 May.

Three days later Pogy sank a 20-ton sampan by gunfire, and captured five of her crew. On 20 May, Pogy destroyed a small trawler and arrived back in Pearl Harbor 29 May. She departed Pearl Harbor 1 June for a West Coast navy yard overhaul, arriving at Hunter's Point Naval Shipyard, San Francisco. 8 June. Pogy left for Pearl Harbor 17 September.

Seventh and eighth war patrols, October 1944 – February 1945
After a training period, she got underway 13 October for her seventh war patrol, in the Ryukyu (Nansei) islands and waters south of Japan, but made no contacts before returning to Midway 2 December.

On 27 December Pogy sailed on her eighth patrol in the Bonin and Volcano Islands. On 14 January 1945 she made an unsuccessful torpedo attack on a convoy of three cargo ships. No other opportunity to attack presented itself during the patrol, and the ship returned to Midway 11 February.

Ninth war patrol, March – May 1945
On 12 March 1945 Pogy got underway for her ninth patrol in the area south of Tokyo Bay. On 19 April 1945, she was on lifeguard duty in the Pacific Ocean southeast of Honshu, Japan, at 32.98333°N, 139.96667°W when a United States Army Air Forces B-24 Liberator mistakenly strafed her and dropped a bomb which detonated as she passed through a depth of 30 ft while submerging. The strafing inflicted minor but extensive damage on Pogy, but she suffered no casualties and was able to remain on patrol. On 29 April Pogy rescued ten Army aviators from the downed B-29 Superfortress The Queen Bee, and got underway for Saipan to transfer them. On 6 May she departed Saipan for Pearl Harbor arriving 15 May for refit.

Tenth war patrol, July – August 1945
On 2 July Pogy departed Pearl Harbor for the Sea of Japan on her tenth and final war patrol. She made a run under the minefields and patrolled in the "Emperor's private ocean" until V-J Day. Hunting was better on this patrol. On 27 July Pogy sank a large cargo ship with two torpedoes, damaged a 10,000-ton tanker on 2 August, and on 5 August destroyed the 2,200-ton cargo ship Kotohirasan Maru. She returned to Midway 21 August with her World War II career completed.

Postwar
Pogy departed Midway 5 September for Panama and then the East Coast of the United States. She arrived New York 3 October.

Decommissioning and disposal
Pogy was placed out of commission in the US Atlantic Reserve Fleet 20 July 1946 at Naval Submarine Base New London in New London, Connecticut. She was struck from the Navy List 1 September 1958 and sold 1 May 1959.

Honors and awards
Pogy received eight battle stars for service in World War II.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS Pogy (SS-266)


text:
Ilya Ulyanov

Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov (Илья Николаевич Ульянов; 31 July 1831 – 24 January 1886) was a Russian public figure in the field of public education. He was the father of revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, who became a Bolshevik leader and founder of the Soviet Union, and Aleksandr Ulyanov, who was executed for his attempt to assassinate Tsar Alexander III in 1886.

Life
Ilya Ulyanov was born in Astrakhan. His father was Nikolai Vasilievich Ulyanov (or Ulyanin; 1765–1838), a port-city tailor and a former serf of possible Chuvash, Mordvinian, Russian or Kalmyk descent, who came from Sergachsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Governorate. He received his freedom from a landowner, Stepan Mikhailovich Brekhov. Ilya's mother, Anna Alexeyevna Smirnova (1793–1871), was half-Kalmyk, half-Russian and the daughter of city-dweller Alexei Lukyanovich Smirnov, a son of Lukyan Smirnov. Nikolai married 30-year-old Anna in 1823. Ilya had three sisters and a brother.

Ulyanov graduated from Kazan University's Department of Physics and Mathematics in 1854. In the 1850s and 1860s, he taught mathematics and physics at Penza Institute for the Dvoryane, and later at a gymnasium and a school for women in Nizhny Novgorod. Around that time, he married Maria Alexandrovna Blank. While at Penza, Ulyanov conducted meteorological observations, the basis on which he would write several scientific works.

In 1869, Ulyanov was appointed inspector of public schools in the Simbirsk guberniya (in 1874-1886 he was their director). In 1882, Ulyanov was promoted to the rank of Active State Councillor, which gave him a privilege of hereditary nobility and accompanied by the award of the Order of Saint Vladimir, 3rd Class. Ulyanov was a well-educated man with excellent organizational and teaching skills. Some Soviet historians believed that his pedagogical views had been formed under the influence of the revolutionary ideas of Nikolai Chernyshevsky and Nikolai Dobrolyubov. Ulyanov contributed immensely to the elaboration of the theory and practice of elementary education. He was an advocate of equal rights for education regardless of gender, nationality and social status. Others, such as Tony Cliff, dispute this image (arguing that this was a posthumous Stalinist attempt to improve the reputation of Lenin's family), saying in his biography of Lenin, 'Nikolaevich's standing in the Ministry of Education, and his steady rise up the hierarchical ladder, somehow do not fit the image of a revolutionary, or even a radical.' In 1871, Ulyanov opened the first Chuvash school in Simbirsk, which would later be transformed into Chuvash teacher's seminar. He also established national schools for Mordvins and Tatars. Furthermore, Ulyanov organized and presided over many teachers' congresses and other similar events.

In 1886, Ulyanov died of a brain hemorrhage while in Simbirsk, which was later renamed Ulyanovsk in honor of his son.

Family

 * Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, married 1863. Eight children, out of which two died as infants.
 * Anna (1864–1935)
 * Aleksandr (1866–1887)
 * Olga (1868–1869)
 * Vladimir (1870–1924)
 * Olga (1871–1891)
 * Nikolai (1873–1873)
 * Dmitri (1874–1943)
 * Maria (1878–1937)

title: Ilya Ulyanov


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/International caps lock day

International caps lock day was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was

International caps lock day
Obscure "holiday". Gets only about 55 Google hits. --Diberri | Talk 18:40, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * DELETE: was going to go for save, but read teh website. Too stupid to be worth it, and people who talk in caps are just ANNOYING.
 * DELETE: NON-NOTABLE, PROBABLE JOKE. Geogre 18:59, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * SAVE: FAILURE TO CELEBRATE HOLIDAY INVALIDATES THIS VFD, SILLY DIBERRI -SYCOCOWZ
 * delete. nothing worth saving or mentioning here.  postdlf 19:04, 22 oct 2004 (utc)
 * Neutral: WHAT'S WRONG? YOU DELETE PEOPLE ARE ALL SPOILSPORTS. On a more serious note, I have to agree with Darksun, R. Fiend and Cynical. -Neronix
 * THE ONLY HOLIDAY OFFICIALLY SUPPORTED BY AOL INSTANT MESSENGER. BUT DELETE. Darksun 20:11, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * A meagre 55 google hits makes me think this isn't widespread enough to be encyclopediac, particularly for an online phenomena, which usually garner 10x the google hits a comparable offline phenomena would. By tomorrow everyone will have forgotten this. Delete. -R. fiend 20:17, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Google is not the allmighty god. Google does _not_ know everything. Just ask Radman about this way of importance-o-metre. ;) A neutral MadenMann...
 * SAVE: THE ONLY CRITERIA FOR NON-GOVERNMENTAL HOLIDAYS TO EXIST IS THAT PEOPLE CELEBRATE THEM. Dekaritae 20:24, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * What is your evidence that any significant number of people do observe it? [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 23:55, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * KEEP Whether its a serious article or not, its a valid criticism of 'capslock shouting'. And just because Google doesn't have it (is this the same Google that lets you pay for a high ranking? I think so) doesn't make it incorrect. Most of the people who are obssessive enough to come up with an event like this don't bother making their pages 'google-friendly' anyway.--Cynical 20:19, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, but anyone can start a holiday like this. There are hundreds of them, celebrated by a small group of people, sometimes just a dozen or less. Some of these recently invented holidays like International Talk Like a Pirate Day and Wintereenmas are notable, but this isn't. Darksun 20:25, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pointless and annoying, not wikipedia material. - Tezkah | Talk
 * DELETE -- AMUSING BUT NOT NOTABLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT THE "BIG BOOK OF JOKES". -- The Anome 20:59, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * SAVE - It may not be worthy of an encyclopedia article yet, but these things need to gain popularity somehow. - Irrelevant
 * An encyclopedia is not the place to promote something that wants to become notable. It's a repository for things that are already notable. Bearcat 23:38, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstain. Although this is clearly a joke, and is even categorized as such in the article, there are vague and not-so-vague references to this "CAPS LOCK DAY" dating back to 1996 on Usenet.  --Radman1 21:05, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * KEEP. THIS IS A VERY VALID HOLIDAY, THIS HOLIDAY CERTAINLY EXISTS.  --G3pro 22:38, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I HEREBY PROCLAIM INTERNATIONAL DELETE DAY. I have to say, I'm really annoyed by this recent trend of proclaiming insignificant holidays devoted to whatever stupid thing some goof with too much time on their hands thinks would be m4d k00l to devote a holiday to. (And yes, I do mean International Talk Like a Pirate Day.) Oh, and the website is bloody terrible, too. Bearcat 23:35, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * And how, exactly, would that differ from any other day on Wikipedia? ;-) Radman1 23:37, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Indrian 23:40, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity (article acknowledges it is the personal creation of a person who does not appear to be notable). Advertising. (Most obvious purpose is to publicize a website). Unless someone provides evidence that the day is actually observed by an official body the size of a city or larger, or evidence of genuine widespread use, this article should be deleted. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 23:53, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * delete Wolfman 01:29, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * THIS ARTICLE HAVE NO CHANCE TO SURVIVE MAKE YOUR TIME
 * Delete. -Sean Curtin 01:44, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * D sOMETHING SEEMS VERY *very* WRONG HERE, PERHAPS i JUST NEED SOME MORE pEACEFUL sLEEP. Chris 02:13, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * dELETE. sOMEHOW, SLEEP SOUNDS GOOD RIGHT ABOUT NOW.  aLL THIS SHOUTING IS GIVING ME A HEADACHE. - lUCKY 6.9 02:53, 23 oCT 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete.  —Lowellian (talk)   03:28, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I waited until after midnight (here in the eastern U.S.) so that I could cast my vote in normal casing with a clear conscience. JamesMLane 04:08, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 07:06, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Concur with Aranel, merge with Caps lock. Gamaliel 19:18, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * KEEP jtackmanThere's no real reason to delete this, people do celebrate this :)
 * KEEP, ditto. — Bill 14:03, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * DELETE -- BUT MOVE TO WP:BJAODN. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (hopefully!)]] 14:30, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * dELETE. aLL HOLIDAYS ARE MADE UP, BUT THIS ONE IS TOO OBSCURE TO BE ENCYCLOPEDIC. aS A SIDE NOTE, i AM HAPPY TO SEE THAT WE ALL HAVE A SENSE OF HUMOUR. hURRAH! --Improv 16:25, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * DELETE. UNLIKE INTERNATIONAL TALK LIKE A PIRATE DAY, MOLE DAY, AND PI DAY, THIS ONE HAS UTTERLY FAILED TO CATCH ON. FISHAL
 * Delete. A brief mention in Caps lock would preserve the information that is worth keeping. Also all this shouting is giving me a headache. [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 18:51, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree with Aranel/Sarah.  —msh210]] 18:57, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Your headache will be worse on October 23rd, which is International Animated GIFS Day! [[Image:Ironyalert.gif]]
 * Delete. Isn't there some sort of page for obscure recently invented holidays?  And if not, why not? - Lifefeed 19:17, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * KEEP, i SEE SOME POTENTIAL OF ACTUALLY BECOMING ENCYCLOPEDIC, AND THEREFORE DO NOT FEEL COMFORTABLE DELETING THIS. — siro  χ  o  22:39, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * kEEP. wE SHOULD EXPAND THIS ARTICLE, TOO. --Lst27 22:48, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * DELETE. IT IS WAY TOO OBSCURE. NeoJustin 23:36 Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * KEEP - since when were Google hit tallies and obscurity bellweathers for deleting Wikipedia pages? Neuropedia 00:10, 2004 Oct 24 (UTC)
 * Probably since "neologism" and "not notable" were, if not before. Chris 01:22, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- WOT 21:54, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Joke/promo. Wile E. Heresiarch 18:45, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * kEEP. GRider 22:37, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete trivia. Isomorphic 16:41, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep because I say so...[[User:BrokenSegue|BrokenSegue]]
 * Delete not notable Ziggurat 21:27, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge to obscure holidays Key45 21:31, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep I am becoming somewhat disturbed at the level of deletionism occurring for what I think are worthy articles. There little, if any, harm in keeping interesting and esoteric material on Wikipedia.  If you do not want to know about this topic then you do not search for it.  However, if it is kept it will be here for people who do want to know about it.  Also be careful you do not suffer from Academic Standards Disease :o) --ShaunMacPherson 18:44, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep but merge and redirect to obscure holidays, which I agree with Key45 should be created anyway to eliminate clutter. Interesting in an odd way, and it may grow. Suntiger 20:43, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm changing my vote to keep but only if we do Key45 idea of putting it into an obscure holidays page. I would cross out my other vote up above but I don't know how to. NeoJustin 03:00 Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * One alternative is to keep a separate article on this holiday; a different alternative is to make this title a redirect to obscure holidays. I'm not clear which one you prefer.  To strike out a prior comment, precede it with and follow it with . JamesMLane 03:56, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Tajikistan national football team

The Tajikistan national football team represents Tajikistan in international football and is controlled by the Tajikistan Football Federation, the governing body for football in Tajikistan. Tajikistan's home ground is the Pamir Stadium in Dushanbe.

History
Tajikistan played its first official game on 11 April 1994 in Tashkent as part of a regional tournament. It lost that game against Kazakhstan 0–1. The first official competition the team entered was the qualifiers for the 1996 AFC Asian Cup, when it was seeded in the 3-team Group 8 with Uzbekistan and Bahrain. Bahrain later withdrew, leaving Tajikistan to a play-off against their Middle Asian neighbors. Tajikistan won the first game 4–0, and were beaten in the away game 0–5 after extra time. It did not enter a World Cup qualifying tournament until the 1998 FIFA World Cup edition, recording 4 victories in its preliminary group stage including a 5–0 triumph over Turkmenistan, and losing only to China, which placed it second behind its eastern neighbors, and out of the tournament.

Following Tajikistan's 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign, coach Mubin Ergashev and his staff were relieved of their duties.

Tajikistan were drawn into a 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification group with the Philippines, Yemen and Nepal. Following defeat to the Philippines on 27 March 2018, confirming Tajikistan's failure to qualify for the Asian Cup, manager Khakim Fuzailov resigned.

After failing to have a direct spot for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup, Tajikistan hired Croatian manager Petar Šegrt, and Tajikistan took part in the third round of the 2023 AFC Asian Cup qualification, joining with Myanmar, Kyrgyzstan, and Singapore. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, the third round was played in a single round-robin group format with a centralised host, which Tajikistan's group saw its neighbour Kyrgyzstan hosting it. Tajikistan defeated Myanmar (4–0) and Singapore (1–0), before holding neighbour Kyrgyzstan to a goalless draw, topping the group and, after failing in 5 previous attempts, Tajikistan was able to qualify to its first-ever AFC Asian Cup and a major tournament in 2023. Tajikistan was invited to the 2022 King's Cup in Thailand held in September 2022 where Tajikistan defeated Trinidad and Tobago 2–1 and sees them advanced to the final defeating Malaysia in the penalty shootout winning their second international trophy.

In the 2023 AFC Asian Cup, Tajikistan reached the quarter-finals for the first time in their history after losing 1-0 to the eventual runner-up Jordan due to a 66th minute own goal from Vahdat Hanonov.

Kit
In September 2017, Tajikistan's kit was supplied by Chinese sporting apparel company Li-Ning.

Coaching history

 * Caretaker managers are listed in italics.

 * 🇹🇯 Sharif Nazarov (1992–1994)
 * 🇹🇯 Vladimir Ghulamhaydarov (1994–1995)
 * 🇹🇯 Abdulla Muradov (1996)
 * 🇹🇯 Zair Babayev (1997–1998)
 * 🇹🇯 Sharif Nazarov (1999)
 * 🇹🇯 Salahiddin Ghafurov (2000–2002)
 * 🇹🇯 Sharif Nazarov (2003)
 * 🇹🇯 Zair Babayev (2004)
 * 🇹🇯 Sharif Nazarov (2004–2006)
 * 🇹🇯 Mahmadjan Habibullayev (2007)
 * 🇹🇯 Pulad Qadirov (2008–2011)
 * 🇹🇯 Alimjan Rafiqov (2011–2012)
 * 🇧🇦 Kemal Alispahić (2012)
 * 🇷🇸 Nikola Kavazović (2012–2013)
 * 🇹🇯 Mubin Ergashev (2013)
 * 🇷🇺🇹🇯 Muhsin Muhammadiyev (2013–2015)
 * 🇹🇯 Mubin Ergashev (2015–2016)
 * 🇹🇯 Hakim Fuzaylov (2016–2018)
 * 🇹🇯 Alisher Tuhtayev (2018)
 * 🇺🇿 Usmon Toshev (2018–2021)
 * 🇹🇯 Mubin Ergashev (2021)
 * 🇭🇷 Petar Šegrt (2022–2024)
 * Gela Shekiladze (2024–present)

Current squad
The following 23 players were called for Tajikistan's 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against 🇯🇴 jordan and 🇵🇰 pakistan on 6 & 11 June.''

Caps and goals updated as of 11 June 2024, after the match against 🇵🇰 pakistan.

Recent call ups
The following players have been called up during the past 12 months.

INJ Withdrew due to injury

RET Retired

WTH Withdrawn

Records

 * Players in bold are still active with Tajikistan.

Asian Games

 * Football at the Asian Games has been an under-23 tournament since 2002.

RCD Cup/ECO Cup

 * 1993: Third place

Other tournaments

 * 1997 West Asian Games: Fourth Place
 * 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games: Group Stage
 * 2019 Intercontinental Cup (India): Runners-up
 * 2022 King's Cup: Champions
 * 2023 Merdeka Tournament: Champions

title: Tajikistan national football team


text:
User talk:Achitnis

Archives:  1

PESIT page
I actually found out who did the vandalism at the PESIT page today and confronted him. We had a heated argument and he maintains that some of his points are true. He wants me to start a "Criticism" section where all the points are mentioned in a proper manner and I agreed to this. What do you think? Munim2020 (talk) 21:18, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for your reply. I think I will drop the idea. No way to provide citations. Munim2020 (talk) 17:54, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Glimpse of Artcile on Katrina Kaif
I have edited the introductory passage in the article Katrina Kaif. I have done it with utmost care, keeping in mind the harsh criticism showered upon me.

I want to you to give your valuable opinion, regarding my version of the edition and about further changes needed. This is just like a sample and preview.

I will proceed in a truthful way, if I have your consent.

- User: Tejas.B

Article: Katrina Kaif
I have decided to edit the article on Katrina Kaif, following the lines of articles on Rani Mukerji, Preity Zinta, Kareena Kapoor etc.

You have given me a glimpse of my mistakes in the previous edition regarding the same article, and I'll try to make the article in a very encyclopediac and appealing manner.

I will include suitable references and reviews by Taran Adarsh of indiaFM, rediff and indiaglitz, like in the articles mentioned above.

Hope you guide me proficiently. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tejas.B (talk • contribs) 05:15, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

- User: Tejas.B —Preceding comment was added at 05:16, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:SimputerLogo.gif)
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 * This has been fixed, the logo has been linked and is no longer orphaned. Achitnis 12:51, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Katrina Kaif
Thank you for your valuable suggestions on the article Katrina Kaif, which I edited upto a large extent. I hope it remains encyclopediac to the maximum possible extent.

- User: Tejas.B

Katrina Kaif
I've dropped a note at User talk:202.41.205.71. Will block the IP if vandalism continues. utcursch | talk 09:36, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The image page (Image:Katrina.jpg) says that it's actually a fair use screenshot from a computer/video game (see Katrina (Ultima)). utcursch | talk 09:48, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
 * You're right. I've reverted to earlier version. utcursch | talk 09:59, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

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Non-free use disputed for Image:HaraldWelte.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:HaraldWelte.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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 * This has been addressed by uploading a CC licensed picture with correct license information. Achitnis 14:47, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Phenom rc2005.jpg
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 * This has been addressed by uploading a CC licensed picture with correct license information. Achitnis 14:48, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SimputerLogo.gif
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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 * This has been addressed by providing fair-usage rationale (source). Achitnis 14:49, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:FIC-neo1973.png)
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:HaraldWelte.jpg)
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Katrina Kaif
I've protected the article from anons and newly-registered users for sometime. Since I'm not always online, you can request page protection at WP:RfPP -- the action will be taken much faster. utcursch | talk 03:38, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Phenom NLS2003.jpg
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Phenom Unbound cover.jpg
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Phenom Unbound-header.jpg
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WikiProject Germany Invitation
--Zeitgespenst (talk) 07:02, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Please don't add disambiguation hatnotes to articles whose titles are unambiguous. Searches don't direct users to these pages (they are directed to a disambiguation page) so they aren't in need of help to find other similarly-named articles. Thanks. - Dudesleeper /  Talk 09:38, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

 * A brief description of each article is given on the disambiguation page. I'm not sure how the "wrong" article could be selected. On the off chance it was, there's that handy back button on our browers. - Dudesleeper /  Talk 17:44, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The two music group/band articles should be offshoots from another disambiguation. Either way, there was no defining reason to add a hatnote to every Phenom article, which was my initial gripe. - Dudesleeper /  Talk 18:22, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Phenom (band)
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Phenom (band), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Omarcheeseboro (talk) 18:27, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Phenom (band)
I have nominated Phenom (band), an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Phenom (band). Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Omarcheeseboro (talk) 12:42, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

Hi Atul, What could be done about users who just keep nominating articles for deletion?
ChiragPatnaik is one such user I noticed, He was once on a spree to delete all Podcast related pages, Podbharti was saved but the Indicast page was deleted. Noticed that Kamla Bhatt's page was also nominated by him but saved. Is there nothing that we can do about user who have more faith in destruction that creation?--Debashish (talk) 11:25, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (File:Mundu IM.gif)
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This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 12:36, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

Hello Sir
Being a renown computer scientist, this fellow computer science/business undergraduate asks you your advice? Which major would you recommend? Finance or Economics? I would like to learn how to invest and multiply, specially within the reals of the stock market. I also love to travel. Is there anything you can recommend me? And sorry for posting such a random question. Have a good day! --DarkKunai (talk) 03:53, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

WP Bangalore Meetup
Following the Mailing list discussion that we had, here's a call for an informal meetup of Bangalore Wikipedians soon. Please see Meetup/Bangalore/Bangalore3 --  Tinu  Cherian  - 10:11, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

WikMeetup Bangalore 3
WikMeetup Bangalore is scheduled for Sunday, 5 July, 2009 4:30 PM - 6:00 PM and I have emailed you with more details. Please ping me if you require any more information. Hoping to meet you on the meetup day. Take care --  Tinu  Cherian  - 08:53, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject India Newsletter, Volume IV, Issue 2 – July 2009
To stop receiving this newsletter, or to receive it in a different format, please list yourself in the appropriate section here. Delivered automatically by --  Tinu  Cherian BOT  - 14:24, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Wikipedia WikMeetup Bangalore 8
WikMeetup 8 Bangalore is scheduled for Sunday, 20 Dec, 2009 3:00 PM - 5:30 PM. Please ping me if you require any more information. Hoping to meet you on the meetup day. Take care --  Tinu  Cherian  - 11:32, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Mundu IM palmos screenshot.gif
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Orphaned non-free image File:Phenom NLS2003.jpg
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Phenom

 * The comment you left on my talk page was hostile. Please don't try to teach me the right way to edit Wikipedia, friend, I've been on Wikipedia a while. There is no OWNERSHIP of articles. Relax. Read OWNER.
 * There is no reason for someone who wants an edit to the article to ask your kind permission before doing so, just because you created the article or whatever. My edits to the article were good faith. A mess of original research is hardly the right way to keep a good article. The question is - do you want an article or an advertisement?
 * Since you appear to have problems, the whole history section is pretty much OR, not a single citation and pretty much filled with "opinions". Wikipedia is not a forum to air your personal opinions.
 * I'll assume good faith and give you time to fix the article if you would like. Please add citations and remove the advertising. Dontmentionit (talk) 09:48, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Firstly,, you don't need for the band to be active for the article to drip advertising. Surely lines like "the group went on to perform at shows and competitions several times each month, and developed quite a winning streak." without citations represent advertisement or at the very minimum a non-neutral POV. That's like saying "Obama was quite the brilliant guy in school winning many contests". Secondly, there are no talk page archives to look at. Citations requests are a seperate issue, I may as well put a citations tag on the entire history segment, which was my main problem with the article. Not only is it unencyclopedic, it is also lacking in NPOV and citations. What's more, it is fancruft. Since you have intervened, Do provide citations for the History section and cut the original research and cruft. Dontmentionit (talk) 15:15, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

WikiProject India Newsletter Volume V, Issue no. 1 - (June 2010)
This newsletter is automatically delivered by --  Tinu  Cherian BOT  - 17:30, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

WikiProject India Newsletter Volume V, Issue no. 2 - November 2010
This newsletter is automatically delivered by User:Od Mishehu AWB, operated by עוד מישהו Od Mishehu 08:57, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

Wikimedia Stories Project
Hello,

My name is Victor Grigas, and I'm a storyteller at the Wikimedia foundation. We're telling stories of Wikipedia users, editors, donors, programmers and staff to paint a picture of who uses Wikipedia - for the 2011 fundraiser.

I am in the process of planning a trip to India to gather stories from Indian Wikipedians in face-to-face interviews (possibly on video).

My primary goal is to conduct 15-20 interviews, and hopefully enough of my interviews will make compelling stories that will effectively solicit donations from the public. These stories may also be used for other communication purposes by the foundation.

I found your userpage on a list of prolific Wikipedians and thought I’d reach out to you. Prolific editing is always a good story to tell!

If you are interested in participating, please contact me via my email:

vgrigas@wikimedia.org

Thank you for your time!

Victor

About me: I have been a Wikipedia editor since 2005. My userpage can be found here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Victorgrigas

File:Ashish Gulhati.gif listed for deletion
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Orphaned non-free media (File:Phenom NLS2003.jpg)
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Orphaned non-free media (File:Phenom Unbound-header.jpg)
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RIP Atul Chitnis
You will be missed and remembered. May your soul rest in peace --  Tinu  Cherian  - 10:13, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Achitnis


text: User talk:204.109.64.2

title: User talk:204.109.64.2


text:
Fried ice cream

Fried ice cream or tempura ice cream is a dessert made of a scoop of ice cream that is frozen hard, then breaded or coated in a batter before being quickly deep-fried, creating a warm, crispy shell around the still-cold ice cream. It is common in Chinese, Japanese, and Mexican cuisine.

Origin
There are conflicting stories about the dessert's origin. Some claim that it was first served during the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, where the ice cream sundae was also invented. Though in 1894, a Philadelphia company was given credit for its invention describing: "A small, solid [cake] of the ice cream is enveloped in a thin sheet of pie crust and then dipped into boiling lard or butter to cook the outside to a crisp. Served immediately, the ice cream is found to be as solidly frozen as it was first prepared." A third claim, beginning in the 1960s, proposes that fried ice cream was invented in a process similar to Japanese tempura.

It may be derived in part from Baked Alaska, originating in the 18th century, which puts ice cream under a quickly broiled meringue.

Preparation
The dessert is commonly made by taking a scoop of ice cream frozen well below the temperature at which ice cream is generally kept, possibly coating it in raw egg, rolling it in cornflakes or cookie crumbs, and briefly deep frying it. The extremely low temperature of the ice cream prevents it from melting while being fried.

It may be sprinkled with cinnamon and sugar and a touch of peppermint, though whipped cream or honey may be used as well.

Associations with national cuisines
In the United States, fried ice cream has been associated with Asian cuisine, appearing in reviews of Chinese, Japanese, and Polynesian restaurants in the "Dining Out" section of the New York Times in the 1970s. It also came to be associated with Mexican cuisine, in large part due to national chain Chi-Chi's adopting a fried ice cream made with tortillas and cinnamon as its "signature dessert" when it opened in 1975.

In Australia, fried ice cream is strongly associated with Asian cuisine and particularly Australian Chinese cuisine. It is frequently served with caramel sauce.

title: Fried ice cream


text:
Category:Silicate minerals

The largest group of minerals by far are the silicates, which are composed largely of silicon and oxygen, with the addition of ions such as aluminium, magnesium, iron and calcium. Some important rock-forming silicates include the feldspars, quartz, olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, garnets and micas.

title: Category:Silicate minerals


text:
Talk:Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance

Regarding the removal of this section:

''The Japanese release reportedly allows the player to unlock a polygonal demo featuring Arsenal Gear crashing into the coast of Manhattan after completing the Snake Tales. It was apparently disabled from the localized releases. This is probably related to Konami's modifications of the game following September the 11th, 2001. The original script required for Arsenal Gear to extensively damage Manhattan on screen; in the finished game, there is a simple fade from Arsenal Gear approaching Manhattan to Raiden and Solidus falling from Arsenal onto a rooftop, already deep inside the city. Snippets of the sequence in prodution are available on The Document of Metal Gear Solid 2.''

The Japanese version of Substance does not contain this sequence (unlockable or otherwise). None of the versions do.

In fact, as far as I know, this sequence was never even fully modeled, although planned and storyboarded. It is an interesting aspect of MGS2 and Substance, though; maybe it can be edited/corrected and put back into the article.

--138.238.96.32 18:43, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Cheers for the explaination. Also, I mentioned that snippets could be seen in The Document. In fact, I don't think you could, although you can see it in passing in the "Making of Metal Gear Solid 2" documentary which comes with the European version. Hopefully someone can confirm this. It's definately in one of the two as a model of Arsenal in the midst of a fairly crude (incomplete) model of Manhattan.Sockatume 20:06, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I have the Document of MGS2, and have seen that model. Still, the sequence was not released as fully modeled and isn't in any of the MGS2 or Substance versions.  Apparently there are stills of it (not just the model shown in the Document) in Konami guidebooks or artbooks.  I'm not 100% sure about that, though.
 * --138.238.96.32 12:23, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I've got The Art of Metal Gear Solid 2 and there definately aren't any stills from the sequence in there. Sockatume 15:31, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Meryl
I doubt anyone will see this but if they do could we try and get a picture of the PS2 Meryl for this page. (The Bread 04:18, 5 April 2006 (UTC))

title: Talk:Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hoatan

Hoatan
According to Google, this is a proper name, a Vietnamese hamlet, and an era of sand dune formation in New Zealand, but not a small Native American subgroup of lower Ontario. Searches elsewhere turn up similar results, making me believe very strongly that this is a hoax. Delete. —No-One Jones (m) 18:44, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Joke/prank/hoax. Geogre 18:57, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Then blank, and write the article about what it is. Keep. The Recycling Troll 21:18, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Patent nonsense. ("Lower Ontario"? I live in Ontario and I don't know what that means!) I'm speedying. If someone wants to create a legitimate article about the legitimate meanings of hoatan, they can do it just as easily from a redlink as from an existing article. Bearcat 23:26, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hoatan


text:
User:Klipper~enwiki

Here's my article on Cyrillish:

=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=

Cyrillish is a new form of written-English, developed by Klipper, meant to be more simplistic than the conventional form of written-English. Cyrillish is a mixture of Cyrillic and Latin characters to cover all the sounds of English. Cyrillish is completely phonetical,

All the characters in Cyrillish look the same capital as they do lower-case, but when lower-case, they appear to be of a smaller font size.

When making an exclamation, or a question, insert the appropriate sings both at the beginning and ending of the sentence. Example:

CИPИЛИШ ÁЛФUБET (Cyrillish Alphabet)

A: ah – all

Á: aa – ant

Ä: ay - ache

Б: beh – book

D: dah – dial

E: eh – energy

Ё: ee – feed

Ф: ef – food

Г: gah - good

Ж: zha - garage

Х: hah – happy

И: ick – click

Ѝ: ike – like

J: jah – jam

K: kah – kick

R: chah – choice

Л: ell – lilly

M: em – mommy

H: en – nothing

O: oh – oats

Ó: ow – outer

Ҧ: peh – pepper

P: err – error

C: ess – suspicious

Ш: shah – shush

Э: thee – theatre

T: teh – tattoo

U: um – undo

Ü: ooh – coupon

B: vah – verry

W: woo – winner

Y: yo – yellow

З: zah – crazy

Z: zing - crossing

CUM CИPИЛИШ (Some Cyrillish)

XEЛO, MЍ HÄM ИЗ БOPИC. – Hello, my name is Boris.

И ÁM ФPUM Э ҦЛÁHET EPЭ. – I am from the planet Earth.

Э MOCT TEKHOЛAJИKЛЁ-ÁDBÁHCD CҦЁШЁЗ AH Э ÓTP CPФEC UB EPЭ, AP XYÜMÁHЗ. – The most technologically-advanced species on the outer surface of Earth, are Humans.

!AЛ YOP БÄC AP БЁЛAHГ TÜ UC! – ALL YOUR BASE ARE BELONG TO US!

?!XEЛO!? ?ИC EHЁWUN ЭEP? - Hello!? Is anyone there?

title: User:Klipper~enwiki


text: User talk:65.93.59.243

title: User talk:65.93.59.243


text:
Talk:The Master (Doctor Who)

Laser Screwdriver x 2
Why are there two entries for the laser screwdriver. The first dosent have as much detail so the second should be kept. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.39.72.210 (talk • contribs) 12:32, 24 June 2007

Audio section - recap the plots?
Should the Audio Plays section focus only on the Master's Big Finish appearances without any plot details (e.g. Derek Jacobi reprised his role in 2017 for The War Master series.) or should we also go into detail about the Master's role in the plot (e.g. Derek Jacobi reprised his role in 2017 for The War Master series in which the Master is depicted going on missions for the Time Lords to...etc. etc.)?

From a real-world perspective, only the fact that the Master appeared matters...but some people favor using the section to explain what happened to the Master in that release.

Certainly the section as it currently exists should be trimmed down (do we really need a full breakdown of what happened in The Two Masters trilogy and Ravenous 4?). My suggestion would be a compromise of explaining how the Master comes into the plot and where they end up - that is, the biographical information - without all the machinations therein.

So The Two Masters would be something like:

"To mark forty-five years since the Master's first appearance, Big Finish released a trilogy of stories focusing on the character in 2016. And You Will Obey Me featured Geoffrey Beevers as the Master encountering the Fifth Doctor. Vampire of the Mind pits the Sixth Doctor against Alexander MacQueen's incarnation. In both stories, the two Masters are characterised very differently from their previous appearances. This is explained in the final story of the trilogy - The Two Masters - where it is explained that the two swapped bodies after the MacQueen Master went back in time and caused the event that turned the Beevers Master into his emaciated corpse form. Over the course of the story, the two Masters are put back into their rightful bodies and the timeline is restored by the Seventh Doctor."

Rather than explaining the plot details of all three stories and going to excruciating detail about The Cult of the Heretic and the anomaly cage and Jemima.

By contrast, we don't explain the plot of every Missy story but focus on where it affects the biographical information on the Master (e.g. The Lumiat is essentially a new incarnation, so we talk about her).

What do we think? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.79.244.40 (talk • contribs)
 * That seems fine. DonQuixote (talk) 14:01, 14 September 2020 (UTC)

Doctor Who annual source
Apparently the Doctor Who annual confirmed that the Dhawan Master comes after Missy, which means (presumably) that it is at the very very least not certain that she was killed by the Simm Master. (Maybe she was indeed killed and was revived but obviously we don't know exactly what happened), so I think there should be a change in wording for the end of the Missy portion of the article to reference this ambiguity. Comrade TruthTeller (talk) 13:17, 24 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Apparently? Sorry if you are unsure I am not sure its enough to even warrant discussion.Slatersteven (talk) 13:22, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

"Too long" templates
I have a few ideas of how the "too long" templates could be handled.

I think the easiest way would be to spin off the "history" section into its own article. This would also mean that it could be split up either by Doctor/Season or by media type

Otherwise one small way would be to remove the non-Master actors names from that section. I know that this is the MOS for plot summaries for movies etc. Contrawwftw (talk) 11:28, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

New section for all the actors?
Should there be a section e.g. a table, that lists all the actors chronologically for all the media types? Contrawwftw (talk) 11:29, 15 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Hiya. It's been a few days since your last edit. I've restored a few things to the status quo. Feel free to continue your restructuring of this page when you get the chance. DonQuixote (talk) 11:42, 19 July 2021 (UTC)

"The Master"
The page for The Doctor names him "the Doctor", capitalising only the latter word across the page. Yet "The Master" page capitalises the "The" throughout the page. Is there a good reason for this discrepancy? ButterCashier (talk) 07:53, 24 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Articles (the, a, an) should not be capitalised unless they begin a sentence. This is the general rule for written English. – Dyolf87 (talk) 10:05, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * the Doctor is often referred to as 'Doctor', and not 'The Doctor', and it is mentioned that they chose the name 'Doctor' when they left Gallifrey. The Master on the other hand is only referred to as Master once or twice, at least in the reboot. This is almost certainly because he appears far less frequently, and thus is almost always third person. While in the pursuit of consistency, we should either keep the article on both, or drop it, The Master is far better known by his articled name. Sebimus (talk) 16:04, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Master (Doctor Who)


text:
User:Ropable

Personal information
My name is Ashley Felton, and I live in Perth, Western Australia. I've worked in the waste management division of a local government authority for a number of years, and have recently undertaken a technical advisory role with regards to contaminated waste disposal in the region.

I'm married, with two furry canine children.

Category:Waste managers

title: User:Ropable


text:
1860s in Western fashion

1860s fashion in European and European-influenced countries is characterized by extremely full-skirted women's fashions relying on crinolines and hoops and the emergence of "alternative fashions" under the influence of the Artistic Dress movement.

In men's fashion, the three-piece ditto suit of sack coat, waistcoat, and trousers in the same fabric emerged as a novelty.

Colors
Mauveine Aniline dyes (first chemical dyes) were discovered in 1856 and were quickly utilized to make use of fashionable colors to fabrics. The first ones were mauve and bright purple. In 1860, two fashionable brilliant pink aniline dyes were named after battles in Italy's fight for independence: magenta, named after the Italian town of Magenta, Lombardy, and the similar solferino, named after Solferino. Magenta was popularized in England by the Duchess of Sutherland after she was appealed to by the Spitalfields silk weavers.

Gowns
By the early 1860s, skirts had reached their ultimate width. After about 1862 the silhouette of the crinoline changed and rather than being bell-shaped it was now flatter at the front and projected out more behind. This large area was largely occupied by all manner of decoration. Puffs and strips could cover much of the skirt. There could be so many flounces that the material of the skirt itself was hardly visible. Lace again became popular and was used all over the dress. Any part of the dress could also be embroidered in silver or gold. This massive construct of a dress required gauze lining to stiffen it, as well as multiple starched petticoats. Even the clothes women would ride horses in received these sorts of embellishments.

Day dresses featured wide pagoda sleeves worn over undersleeves or engageantes. High necklines with lace or tatted collars or chemisettes completed the demure daytime look.

Gowns had low necklines and short sleeves, and were worn with short gloves or lace or crocheted fingerless mitts. The voluminous skirts were supported by hoops, petticoats, and or crinolines. The use of hoops was not as common until 1856, prior supporting the skirts with layers of starched petticoats. Large crinolines were probably reserved for special occasions.

Skirts were now assembled of shaped panels, since gathering a straight length of fabric could not provide the width required at the hem without unwanted bulk at the waist; this spelled the end of the brief fashion for border-printed dress fabrics.

Heavy silks in solid colors became fashionable for both day and evening wear, and a skirt might be made with two bodices, one long-sleeved and high necked for afternoon wear and one short-sleeved and low-necked for evening. The bodices themselves were often triangular, and featured a two-piece front with a closure and a three-piece back construction.

As the decade progressed, sleeves narrowed, and the circular hoops of the 1850s decreased in size at the front and sides and increased at the back. Looped up overskirts revealed matching or contrasting underskirts, a look that would reach its ultimate expression the next two decades with the rise of the bustle. Waistlines rose briefly at the end of the decade.

Fashions were adopted more slowly in America than in Europe. It was not uncommon for fashion plates to appear in American women's magazines a year or more after they appeared in Paris or London.

Long coats were impractical with the very full skirts, and the common outer garments were square shawls folded on the diagonal to make a triangle and fitted or unfitted hip-length or knee-length jackets.

Three-quarter-length capes (with or without sleeves) were also worn.

For walking, jackets were accompanied by floor-length skirts that could be looped or drawn up by means of tapes over a shorter petticoat.

Undergarments
As skirts became narrower and flatter in front, more emphasis was placed on the waist and hips. A corset was therefore used to help mold the body to the desired shape. This was achieved by making the corsets longer than before, and by constructing them from separate shaped pieces of fabric. To increase rigidity, they were reinforced with many strips of whalebone, cording, or pieces of leather. As well as making corsets more constricting, this heavy structure helped prevent them from riding up, or from wrinkling at the waist. Steam-molding also helped create a curvaceous contour. Developed by Edwin Izod in the late 1860s, the procedure involved placing a corset, wet with starch, on a steam heated copper torso form until it dried into shape. While tight lacing continued to be a hotly debated topic among moralists and physicians, most extreme descriptions came from male sexual fantasies.

The crinoline or hooped petticoat had grown to its maximum dimensions by 1860. As huge skirts began to fall from favor, around 1864, the shape of the crinoline began to change. Rather than being dome-shaped, the front and sides began to contract, leaving volume only at the back. The "American" cage, a hooped petticoat partially covered in fabric, came in bright colors made possible by the new aniline dyes. This was followed by a hybrid of the bustle and crinoline sometimes called a "crinolette". The cage structure was still attached around the waist and extended down to the ground, but only extended down the back of the wearer's legs. The crinolette itself was quickly superseded by the true bustle, which was sufficient for supporting the drapery and train at the back of the skirt. Under the corset, a chemise was worn. A chemise is typically short sleeve and knee length made of linen or cotton. The chemise and stockings worn were meant to soak up any perspiration and protecting the outer clothing. Due to the many layers of dress, the women of the southern elite would take short naps to rest from wearing their large dress and escape the harsh southern heat and the constraining whalebone corsets.

Military and political influences
The Garibaldi shirt or "Garibaldi jacket" was popularized by Empress Eugénie of France in 1860. These bright red woolen garments featured black embroidery or braid and military details. Following a visit by the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi to England in 1863, the shirt became all the rage there. In America, the early years of the Civil War also saw increased popularity of military-influenced styles such as Zouave jackets. These new styles were worn over a waist (blouse) or chemisette and a skirt with a belt at the natural waistline. Women's fashion overall was highly influenced by the reigning Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

Rise of haute couture
The Englishman Charles Frederick Worth had established his first fashion house in Paris in 1858. He was the first couturier, a dressmaker considered an artist, and his ability to dictate design in the 1860s led to the dominance of Parisian haute couture for the next hundred years.

Artistic dress
The followers of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and other artistic reformers objected to the elaborately trimmed confections of high fashion with their emphasis on rigid corsets and hoops as both ugly and dishonest. An "anti-fashion" for Artistic dress spread in the 1860s in literary and artistic circles, and remained an undercurrent for the rest of the century. The style was characterised by "medieval" influences such as juliette sleeves, the soft colors of vegetable dyes, narrow skirts, and simple ornamentation with hand embroidery. Material used in the southern American elite were silk, velvet, muslin and fine lawn.

Hairstyles and headgear
Hair was worn parted in the middle and smoothed, waved, or poofed over the ears, then braided or "turned up" and pinned into a roll or low bun at the back of the neck. Such styling was usually maintained by the use of hair oils and pomades. Styled hair was often further confined in decorative hairnets, especially by younger women. (NOTE: Although many modern reenactors refer to this garment as a "snood", it is not a period term for this article of clothing; snoods were something else entirely.) These hairnets were frequently made of very fine material to match the wearer's natural hair color, but occasionally more elaborate versions were made of thin strips of velvet or chenille (sometimes decorated with beads). Whether plain or resplendent, many hairnets were edged with ruchings of ribbon that would serve to adorn the crown of the wearer's head.

Fashion bonnets for outdoor wear had small brims that revealed the face. Earlier bonnets of the decade had lower brims. However, by mid-century Spoon Bonnets, which featured increasingly high brims and more elaborate trimmings, became the vogue. Bonnets were made specifically to accessorize a dress. Other less common variants, such as the Marie Stuart Bonnet, with its heart-shaped brim, and the fanchon bonnet, with its very short brim and back curtain, made appearances in the realm of fashionable headwear.

Bonnets could be made of a variety of materials. Bonnets formed from buckram and wire and covered with fashion fabric were very popular. During the warmer seasons, bonnets made of straw, woven horsehair, or gathered net were also seen. Heavier materials like velvet were favored for winter bonnets, though quilted winter hoods were much more practical and warm.

Trimmings varied according to the changing styles and whims of the individual wearer, but most bonnets of the period followed some general rules with regards to form. Rows of gathered net lining the brim was a fashion carry-over from the decade before, and a decorative curtain (also referred to as a "bavolet") appeared on most bonnets in order to shade the wearer's neck and accommodate for the low hairstyles. Another standard of 1860s bonnets is bonnet ties. There were often two sets, a thin pair of "utility ties" to take the strain of tying the bonnet, and another set of wide ties of silk or another fancy material. These rich ties were tied below the chin in a bow or left untied to show off the beautiful print or material.

Bonnets fell out of fashion over the decade in favor of small hats.

Style gallery 1860–1864

 * Gowns from around 1860 with full skirts held out by crinolines
 * Gowns from the early 1860s.
 * Italian woman wears a gray striped jacket with turned-back pagoda sleeves trimmed in contrasting fabric and a matching skirt. Her blouse sleeves or engageantes are full over her lower arms, 1861.
 * 1862 portrait of Jenny Lind depicts her in a white gown with a wide lace collar. Her hair is parted in the center, rolled or "turned up" at the sides, and decorated with flowers.
 * Vienna fashion plate, showing male and female attire.
 * Carte de visite of Sara Forbes Bonetta, in a dark silk dress.
 * Artistic dress has romantic, vaguely medieval lines with a slight train, and is worn without a corset or hoops. This young girl wears her hair down. 1862.
 * Zouave jacket in bright red with ball fringe and braid trim is waist length and cutaway in front, 1864.
 * Fashion plate of 1864 shows the fashionable braided Zouave-style cutaway jacket worn with a shirtwaist (blouse), skirt, and wide belt. The lady on the right wears a knee-length velvet coat.

Style gallery 1865–1866

 * Emilia Włodkowska wears a bronze-colored satin gown with bands of trim on the skirt, 1865.
 * Clara Barton wears a typical American hairstyle of 1865–66.
 * Countess Karoly wears her hair in a net or snood. Her hat is tipped forward over her forehead, and is trimmed with ostrich plumes, 1865.
 * Ellinor Guthrie wears a black satin dress trimmed with passementerie, 1865.
 * English shot (changeable) silk taffeta morning dress is trimmed with silk satin and machine-made lace, c. 1865. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, M.2007.211.942a-b.
 * Emilie Menzel wears her hair in a net snood. Her morning dress has a pointed waist and slightly puffed, long sleeves, 1866.

Style gallery 1867–1869

 * Riding habits of 1867 feature short to hip-length jackets and trailing petticoats for riding sidesaddle.
 * Fashions of May 1868. Paris designs for May 1868. Relatively understated but showing developing back detail.
 * Margherita of Savoy-Genoa wears an outdoor walking costume consisting of a loose jacket and matching skirt. The skirt is drawn up for ease of walking over an ankle-length underskirt or petticoat and hoops. She wears a bowler-like hat wrapped in a scarf or veil. Latter half 1860s.
 * Fashions of 1869 show a high waist and an elliptical skirt. Draped styles suggest a separate underskirt or petticoat. Jackets are knee-length.
 * Fashions from The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, 1869, show the beginnings of the bustle: high-waisted skirts are looped up over underskirts. Hats are worn tipped forward over the forehead, and short gloves are worn with long, tight sleeves.

Caricature gallery
The crinoline style gave wide scope to satirists, and many cartoons and comic odes to the crinoline appeared.

 * Il y a encore une place, satire on traveling in a train compartment, ca 1860.
 * 1860, Caricature of men being "squeezed" by women's expansive crinolines, ca 1860.
 * 1862,  A fashionably dressed woman tells off her maid for wearing a crinoline hoop, unaware that she looks just as ridiculous in hers, 1862.

Men's fashion
Men's fashion saw continuous changes from the previous decade.

Shirts of linen or cotton featured high upstanding or turnover collars, and neckties grew wider and were tied in a bow or looped into a loose knot and fastened with a stickpin. Heavy padded and fitted frock coats (in French redingotes), now usually single-breasted and knee length, were worn for business occasions, over waistcoats or vests with lapels and notched collars. Waistcoats were generally cut straight across the front and had lapels.

Notably the familiar 'four-in-hand' tie ubiquitous in the modern three-piece suit emerged as a popular style in this decade. Detachable collars, invented in 1827, were widely the norm for men.

The loosely fitted, mid-thigh length sack coat continued to slowly displace the frock coat for less-formal business occasions, and was often sported for hollidays and informal day-to-day events. the decade is recognized for the emergence of the popularity of the modern suit formed by a sack coat with matching trousers and waistcoats, though the sack coat previously dated to the 1840s.

The slightly cutaway morning coat was still worn for formal day occasions. The most formal evening dress remained a dark tail coat and trousers, with a white cravat; this costume was well on its way to crystallizing into the modern "white tie and tails". While during the first half of the decade the waist was long, after 1865 the waist became shorter, with pockets in the pleats.

Full-length trousers were worn, generally of a contrasting fabric. Costumes consisting of a coat, waistcoat and trousers of the same fabric (called a "ditto suit") remained a novelty at this time. In domestic settings, the sack coat or a lounge jacket could be worn with a waistcoat and trousers of the same fabric. This form of ditto suit, referred to as a lounge suit in the United Kingdom was generally made of wool, with baggy tailoring. However, the lounge suit was not considered appropriate for public settings until the 1870s.

Overcoats had wide lapels and deep cuffs, and often featured contrasting velvet collars.

Top hats briefly became the very tall "stovepipe" shape, but a variety of other hat shapes were popular. During this time, the bowler hat gained popularity as an informal hat. This new type of hat was normally made of felt, black for most of the year or brown for the summer months.

In 1865 hatmaker John B. Stetson invented the Boss of the Plains hat. It gained immediate success in the Old West among cowboys and settlers, due to its practicality. It had a vaguely round ribbon-lined crown and a wide brim, originally straight but soon becoming stylized into the iconic rim of the typical cowboy hat. Its dense felt could be rugged enough to carry water.

Style gallery

 * 1) Eduard de Stoeckl wears a frock coat over a waistcoat with a low front and lapels. He wears a patterned tie. 1855–65.
 * Manet's unidentified man wears a tie secured with a jewel at the neck, a shawl-collared waistcoat, and a contrasting coat, 1860.
 * 1) George Augustus Sala wears an overcoat with black velvet collar, wide lapels, and deep cuffs over a frock coat, waistcoat, and tweed trousers. He wears leather gloves and carries a top hat. c. 1860–65.
 * 2) William Curtis Noyes wears an overcoat with very wide lapels, wide cuffs, a contrasting (probably velvet) collar, and braid trim over a frock coat, waistcoat, and trousers which appear to be made of matching fabric. The ends of his large necktie are loosely looped and secured with a stickpin, and then tucked into his waistcoat. 1855–65.
 * 3) John Tyler wears a cravat tied in a floppy bow. His coat has wide lapels and contrasting waistcoat have wide lapels, 1860–62.
 * 4) Wilhelm Taubert wears a dark necktie tied in a bow and slightly winged collar. German, 1862.
 * 5) Thomas D'Arcy McGee wears a dark double-breasted frock coat over a high-buttoned single-breasted waistcoat and trousers., 1868.
 * 6) Robert E. Lee (center) wears a jacket with matching trousers and waistcoat. He wears a four-in-hand knot black necktie and holds a boss-of-the-plains style straw hat in his hand. August 1869.
 * Note: Photographs from the Library of Congress's Brady-Handy collection are collectively dated 1855–1865. Where possible, tighter dates have been applied based on known facts about the sitters. See Mathew Brady.

Children's fashion
Both boys and girls wore skirts from the time they could walk until they reached age 5 or 6. Very small girls wore their skirts just below knee-length over pantalettes. Skirts became very gradually longer as girls grew up until they reached ankle length at coming-out (in their later teens, usually 16-18). Older girls wore hoops to hold out their skirts. Young girls wore washable pinafores over their dresses for work and play to keep them clean, as typified by the eponymous heroine of Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel, and her Alice in Wonderland dress.

Boys wore simple jackets and trousers.

title: 1860s in Western fashion


text: User talk:151.198.226.201

title: User talk:151.198.226.201


text:
Approximation theory

In mathematics, approximation theory is concerned with how functions can best be approximated with simpler functions, and with quantitatively characterizing the errors introduced thereby. What is meant by best and simpler will depend on the application.

A closely related topic is the approximation of functions by generalized Fourier series, that is, approximations based upon summation of a series of terms based upon orthogonal polynomials.

One problem of particular interest is that of approximating a function in a computer mathematical library, using operations that can be performed on the computer or calculator (e.g. addition and multiplication), such that the result is as close to the actual function as possible. This is typically done with polynomial or rational (ratio of polynomials) approximations.

The objective is to make the approximation as close as possible to the actual function, typically with an accuracy close to that of the underlying computer's floating point arithmetic. This is accomplished by using a polynomial of high degree, and/or narrowing the domain over which the polynomial has to approximate the function. Narrowing the domain can often be done through the use of various addition or scaling formulas for the function being approximated. Modern mathematical libraries often reduce the domain into many tiny segments and use a low-degree polynomial for each segment.

Optimal polynomials
Once the domain (typically an interval) and degree of the polynomial are chosen, the polynomial itself is chosen in such a way as to minimize the worst-case error. That is, the goal is to minimize the maximum value of $$\mid P(x) - f(x)\mid$$, where P(x) is the approximating polynomial, f(x) is the actual function, and x varies over the chosen interval. For well-behaved functions, there exists an N th -degree polynomial that will lead to an error curve that oscillates back and forth between $$+\varepsilon$$ and $$-\varepsilon$$ a total of N+2 times, giving a worst-case error of $$\varepsilon$$. It is seen that there exists an N th -degree polynomial that can interpolate N+1 points in a curve. That such a polynomial is always optimal is asserted by the equioscillation theorem. It is possible to make contrived functions f(x) for which no such polynomial exists, but these occur rarely in practice.

For example, the graphs shown to the right show the error in approximating log(x) and exp(x) for N = 4. The red curves, for the optimal polynomial, are level, that is, they oscillate between $$+\varepsilon$$ and $$-\varepsilon$$ exactly. In each case, the number of extrema is N+2, that is, 6. Two of the extrema are at the end points of the interval, at the left and right edges of the graphs.

To prove this is true in general, suppose P is a polynomial of degree N having the property described, that is, it gives rise to an error function that has N + 2 extrema, of alternating signs and equal magnitudes. The red graph to the right shows what this error function might look like for N = 4. Suppose Q(x) (whose error function is shown in blue to the right) is another N-degree polynomial that is a better approximation to f than P. In particular, Q is closer to f than P for each value xi where an extreme of P−f occurs, so
 * $$|Q(x_i)-f(x_i)|<|P(x_i)-f(x_i)|.$$

When a maximum of P−f occurs at xi, then
 * $$Q(x_i)-f(x_i)\le|Q(x_i)-f(x_i)|<|P(x_i)-f(x_i)|=P(x_i)-f(x_i),$$

And when a minimum of P−f occurs at xi, then
 * $$f(x_i)-Q(x_i)\le|Q(x_i)-f(x_i)|<|P(x_i)-f(x_i)|=f(x_i)-P(x_i).$$

So, as can be seen in the graph, [P(x) − f(x)] − [Q(x) − f(x)] must alternate in sign for the N + 2 values of xi. But [P(x) − f(x)] − [Q(x) − f(x)] reduces to P(x) − Q(x) which is a polynomial of degree N. This function changes sign at least N+1 times so, by the Intermediate value theorem, it has N+1 zeroes, which is impossible for a polynomial of degree N.

Chebyshev approximation
One can obtain polynomials very close to the optimal one by expanding the given function in terms of Chebyshev polynomials and then cutting off the expansion at the desired degree. This is similar to the Fourier analysis of the function, using the Chebyshev polynomials instead of the usual trigonometric functions.

If one calculates the coefficients in the Chebyshev expansion for a function:

 * $$f(x) \sim \sum_{i=0}^\infty c_i T_i(x)$$

and then cuts off the series after the $$T_N$$ term, one gets an N th -degree polynomial approximating f(x).

The reason this polynomial is nearly optimal is that, for functions with rapidly converging power series, if the series is cut off after some term, the total error arising from the cutoff is close to the first term after the cutoff. That is, the first term after the cutoff dominates all later terms. The same is true if the expansion is in terms of bucking polynomials. If a Chebyshev expansion is cut off after $$T_N$$, the error will take a form close to a multiple of $$T_{N+1}$$. The Chebyshev polynomials have the property that they are level – they oscillate between +1 and −1 in the interval [−1, 1]. $$T_{N+1}$$ has N+2 level extrema. This means that the error between f(x) and its Chebyshev expansion out to $$T_N$$ is close to a level function with N+2 extrema, so it is close to the optimal N th -degree polynomial.

In the graphs above, the blue error function is sometimes better than (inside of) the red function, but sometimes worse, meaning that it is not quite the optimal polynomial. The discrepancy is less serious for the exp function, which has an extremely rapidly converging power series, than for the log function.

Chebyshev approximation is the basis for Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature, a numerical integration technique.

Remez's algorithm
The Remez algorithm (sometimes spelled Remes) is used to produce an optimal polynomial P(x) approximating a given function f(x) over a given interval. It is an iterative algorithm that converges to a polynomial that has an error function with N+2 level extrema. By the theorem above, that polynomial is optimal.

Remez's algorithm uses the fact that one can construct an N th -degree polynomial that leads to level and alternating error values, given N+2 test points.

Given N+2 test points $$x_1$$, $$x_2$$, ... $$x_{N+2}$$ (where $$x_1$$ and $$x_{N+2}$$ are presumably the end points of the interval of approximation), these equations need to be solved:

 * $$\begin{align}

P(x_1) - f(x_1) &= +\varepsilon \\ P(x_2) - f(x_2) &= -\varepsilon \\ P(x_3) - f(x_3) &= +\varepsilon \\ &\ \ \vdots \\ P(x_{N+2}) - f(x_{N+2}) &= \pm\varepsilon. \end{align}$$

The right-hand sides alternate in sign.

That is,

 * $$\begin{align}

P_0 + P_1 x_1 + P_2 x_1^2 + P_3 x_1^3 + \dots + P_N x_1^N - f(x_1) &= +\varepsilon \\ P_0 + P_1 x_2 + P_2 x_2^2 + P_3 x_2^3 + \dots + P_N x_2^N - f(x_2) &= -\varepsilon \\ &\ \ \vdots \end{align}$$

Since $$x_1$$, ..., $$x_{N+2}$$ were given, all of their powers are known, and $$f(x_1)$$, ..., $$f(x_{N+2})$$ are also known. That means that the above equations are just N+2 linear equations in the N+2 variables $$P_0$$, $$P_1$$, ..., $$P_N$$, and $$\varepsilon$$. Given the test points $$x_1$$, ..., $$x_{N+2}$$, one can solve this system to get the polynomial P and the number $$\varepsilon$$.

The graph below shows an example of this, producing a fourth-degree polynomial approximating $$e^x$$ over [−1, 1]. The test points were set at −1, −0.7, −0.1, +0.4, +0.9, and 1. Those values are shown in green. The resultant value of $$\varepsilon$$ is 4.43 × 10−4

The error graph does indeed take on the values $$\pm \varepsilon$$ at the six test points, including the end points, but that those points are not extrema. If the four interior test points had been extrema (that is, the function P(x)f(x) had maxima or minima there), the polynomial would be optimal.

The second step of Remez's algorithm consists of moving the test points to the approximate locations where the error function had its actual local maxima or minima. For example, one can tell from looking at the graph that the point at −0.1 should have been at about −0.28. The way to do this in the algorithm is to use a single round of Newton's method. Since one knows the first and second derivatives of P(x) − f(x), one can calculate approximately how far a test point has to be moved so that the derivative will be zero.

Calculating the derivatives of a polynomial is straightforward. One must also be able to calculate the first and second derivatives of f(x). Remez's algorithm requires an ability to calculate $$f(x)\,$$, $$f'(x)\,$$, and $$f''(x)\,$$ to extremely high precision. The entire algorithm must be carried out to higher precision than the desired precision of the result.

After moving the test points, the linear equation part is repeated, getting a new polynomial, and Newton's method is used again to move the test points again. This sequence is continued until the result converges to the desired accuracy. The algorithm converges very rapidly. Convergence is quadratic for well-behaved functions—if the test points are within $$10^{-15}$$ of the correct result, they will be approximately within $$10^{-30}$$ of the correct result after the next round.

Remez's algorithm is typically started by choosing the extrema of the Chebyshev polynomial $$T_{N+1}$$ as the initial points, since the final error function will be similar to that polynomial.

Main journals

 * Journal of Approximation Theory
 * Constructive Approximation
 * East Journal on Approximations

title: Approximation theory