text:
Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975)

Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975) is the first compilation album by the American rock band the Eagles, released by Asylum Records on February 17, 1976. It contains a selection of songs from the band's first four albums, which were released from 1972 to 1975. On the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, the album reached number one, where it stayed for five weeks.

The album has the distinction of being the first album to receive a Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) platinum certification, which was introduced in 1976 to recognize albums that ship at least one million copies in the United States. It was ranked number four on Billboard's year-end album chart for 1976, and has spent a total of 422 weeks on the Billboard 200 (as of September 2023). The RIAA has certified the album 38 times platinum, indicating sales of 38 million copies in America alone, which would make Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975) the best-selling album of the 20th century in the United States (it was surpassed in platinum certifications by Michael Jackson's Thriller after Jackson's death in 2009, but regained the title in August 2018). In 2017, the album was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Background
Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975) comprises nine singles released between 1972 and 1975, plus the album track "Desperado". All of the singles except "Tequila Sunrise" had charted in the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100, and five had reached the top ten. "One of These Nights" and "Best of My Love" had both topped the chart.

Irving Azoff, the manager of the Eagles, said: "We decided it was time to put out the first greatest-hits because we had enough hits." According to Don Felder, however, none of the band members had any say in the decision to release the compilation album, which they complained was "nothing more than a ploy by the record company to sell product without having to pay additional production costs". Don Henley was unhappy that songs like "Tequila Sunrise" and "Desperado" were lifted out of the context of the original album in a way that he thought was detrimental to the nature, quality, and meaning of the music. He said: "All the record company was worried about were their quarterly reports. They didn't give a shit whether the greatest hits album was good or not, they just wanted product." Despite being unhappy with the album's release, the band nevertheless reasoned that it gave them more time to work on the Hotel California album, which was released later in 1976.

Artwork
The cover of the album is an image of a piece of art created by artist Boyd Elder (aka "El Chingadero"), whose work was also used for the cover of One of These Nights. The piece consists of a painted plastic cast of an eagle skull against a light-blue background made of silver mylar. The bumpy appearance of the background gave rise to a myth that it was covered in cocaine powder that the band snorted after the photo shoot. The band chose not to debunk that myth, though Glenn Frey reportedly also noticed the resemblance and told Elder that the background reminded him of "a field of blow" (a slang term for cocaine). The artist was paid $5,000 for his work on the cover.

As with One of These Nights, the original vinyl editions of Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975) featured messages printed onto the inner dead wax. In this case, "Happy New Year, Glyn" and "With Love from Bill" appear on sides one and two, respectively.

Critical reception
William Ruhlmann of AllMusic said the songs in the compilation are melodic, immediately engaging, and lyrically consistent, so, "unlike the albums from which they come, these songs make up a collection consistent in mood and identity, which may help explain why Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975) works so much better than the band's previous discs and practically makes them redundant. No wonder it was such a big hit out of the box".

In a 1978 poll of 50 rock critics and DJs organized by Paul Gambaccini, the album was ranked number 141. It was voted by the public as the sixth best compilation album in the 1994 edition of All Time Top 1000 Albums.

Commercial performance
Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975) debuted at number four on the U.S. Billboard 200 album chart and reached number one the following week, where it stayed for five weeks. It ranked number four on Billboard's year-end album chart for 1976, and has spent a total of 239 weeks on the Billboard 200 (as of August 2018). Of its 465 weeks on the Billboard Top Pop Catalog Albums chart, the album has spent 15 non-consecutive weeks at number one.

The album has the distinction of being the first album to receive the RIAA's platinum certification, which was introduced in 1976 to recognize albums that ship one million copies in the United States. It received its first platinum certification a week after its release (on February 24, 1976), was certified 12 times platinum in August 1990, 14 times platinum in 1993, and 22 times platinum in 1995. On November 10, 1999, the album became the best-selling album of the 20th century in the United States when it was certified 26 times platinum. In a 2001 radio interview, Randy Meisner said neither he nor Bernie Leadon were notified of the 1999 certification, "so we had to call and we finally received it." The album was certified 29 times platinum on January 30, 2006, and, in August 2018, it was certified 38 times platinum under a new system that tallies album and track sales as well as streams, surpassing Michael Jackson's Thriller (certified 34 times platinum) to again become the highest-certified album by the RIAA.

There is skepticism of the album's RIAA certifications. The additional certifications it received in 1995 indicate it had sold eight million units since 1993, but, per Nielsen SoundScan, it sold fewer than a million copies during that period, as well as just over five (rather than 17) million copies from 1991 (when SoundScan began tracking) to 2006,  and 6.4 million album-equivalent units from 1991 to February 2020 (again, far fewer than the certifications credit). In 2018, Sony Music CEO Rob Stringer stated the album only sold 2.3 million units from 2006 to 2018, yet it received certifications for nine million additional units. Warner Music, which distributed Their Greatest Hits, claimed the figure came from newly discovered sales dating back to 1976, but a representative from Michael Jackson's estate noted sales audits are usually restricted to three years and said, "The notion that they can go back 10, 15, 20 or 30 years and find units that were never counted before is absurd, they reviewed these records before. Why didn't they find those uncounted records then?"

Worldwide, the album has sold over 45 million copies as of 2020, making it the best-selling greatest hits album, and the third best-selling album, of all time.

Personnel
Eagles
 * Glenn Frey – guitars, vocals; piano
 * Bernie Leadon – guitars, backing vocals; banjo, pedal steel, mandolin
 * Randy Meisner – bass guitar, vocals
 * Don Henley – drums, vocals
 * Don Felder – guitars, organ on "Lyin' Eyes", "Already Gone", "One of These Nights", and "Take It to the Limit"

Production

 * Glyn Johns – producer
 * Bill Szymczyk – producer
 * Jim Ed Norman – string arrangements
 * Allan Blazek – engineer
 * Michael Braunstein – engineer
 * Howard Kilgour – engineer
 * Ed Mashal – engineer
 * Michael Verdick – engineer
 * Don Wood – engineer
 * Henry Diltz – art direction, design
 * Glen Christensen – art direction, design
 * Boyd Elder – art direction, design
 * Irving Azoff – direction
 * Steve Hoffman – digital remastering
 * Ted Jensen – digital remastering

title: Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975)


text:
Eurojust

The European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation (Eurojust) is an agency of the European Union (EU) dealing with judicial co-operation in criminal matters among agencies of the member states. It is seated in The Hague, Netherlands. Established in 2002, it was created to improve handling of serious cross-border and organised crime by stimulating investigative and prosecutorial co-ordination.

Eurojust is composed of a college formed of 27 national members—experienced judges, prosecutors, or police officers of equivalent competence from each EU member state. The terms and duties of the members are defined by the state that appoints them. Eurojust also co-operates with third states and other EU bodies such as the European Judicial Network, Europol and the OLAF.

History
Eurojust was established as a result of a decision that the European Council of Tampere (15-16 October 1999) made to set up a permanent judicial co-operation unit in order to improve the fight against serious crime. The Treaty of Nice amended the Treaty on the European Union to include a reference to Eurojust. On 14 December 2000, a precursor organization called Pro-Eurojust was created by the Council of the European Union to permit prosecutors to test the Eurojust processes. It began operating in Brussels on 1 March 2001. The terrorist attacks in the U.S. in September of that year demonstrated strongly the need for international cooperation, speeding the development of Eurojust, which was then established in February 2002 by Council Decision 2002/187/JHA. The new organization settled in The Hague on 29 April 2003.

Since its establishment, Eurojust has focused heavily on forging international co-operation agreements and building international contact points, including the basing at Eurojust of several liaison prosecutors (Norway, Switzerland, Montenegro and the United States). In addition to these four nations, it has co-operation agreements with Europol, OLAF, CEPOL, the European Judicial Training Network, UNODC, Iber-RED, Croatia (before it entered the European Union on 1 July 2013, thus joining EUROJUST), Iceland, and North Macedonia.

The New Council Decision on the Strengthening of Eurojust was signed in July 2008 to enhance Eurojust's cooperation with partners and third States and to generally strengthen its operational capabilities.

Council Decision 2002/187/JHA was completely relaced with Regulation (EU) 2018/1727 which entered into force on the twentieth day following the publication in the Official Journal of the European Union on the 21.11.2018.

Types of crimes and offences
According to the Eurojust Decision, Eurojust may act when two or more Member states are affected crimes in which Europol is entitled to act, including organised crime, terrorism and other forms of serious crime (unlawful drug trafficking, illegal moneylaundering activities, crime connected with nuclear and radioactive substances, illegal immigrant smuggling, trafficking in human beings, motor vehicle crime, murder, grievous bodily injury, illicit trade in human organs and tissue, kidnapping, illegal restraint and hostage taking, racism and xenophobia, organised robbery, illicit trafficking in cultural goods, including antiquities and works of art, swindling and fraud, racketeering and extortion, counterfeiting and product piracy, forgery of administrative documents and trafficking therein, forgery of money and means of payment, computer crime, corruption, illicit trafficking in arms, ammunition and explosives, illicit trafficking in endangered animal species, illicit trafficking in endangered plant species and varieties, environmental crime, illicit trafficking in hormonal substances and other growth promoters). It may also act on other types of crime if they are committed together with one of the above or if it is requested by a member state. In 2010, about 10% of the cases handled by Eurojust fell into this category.

Eurojust's primary focus are on crimes that represent a "special threat" to citizens, such as terrorism, drug trafficking, trafficking in human beings, cybercrime, fraud, corruption, money laundering and other economic crime.

Tasks
Eurojust is not empowered to investigate or prosecute crimes, but instead works to coordinate investigations and prosecutions between the EU Member States when dealing with cross-border crime. They may also assist investigations and prosecutions between a requesting Member State and a non-Member State where a co-operation agreement exists or where there is special need.

Eurojust's tasks may vary depending on whether it is acting a college or through national members. Among other tasks, Eurojust may:
 * Ask competent authorities in Member States to investigate or prosecute specific acts, accept that one Member State may be the better jurisdiction for investigation or prosecution, co-ordinate with other Member States, set up a joint investigation team, or supply information to Eurojust;
 * Ensure that Member States communicate with one another about relevant investigations and prosecutions;
 * Assist Member States in ensuring co-ordination or improving co-operation;
 * Co-operate and consult with the European Judicial Network.
 * Assist Europol, particularly by providing opinions based on Europol analyses (as a College);
 * Supply logistical support such as assistance for translation, interpretation and the organisation of co-ordination meetings (as a College).
 * Ask authorities of Member States to take special investigative measures or other measures justified for investigation or prosecution (through national members);
 * Assist investigations and prosecutions concerning the competent authorities of only one Member State, where the European Union itself or a non-Member State are involved (through national members with agreement of the College).

As Eurojust is tasked with facilitating the execution of letters rogatory and extradition requests, it also may act on European Arrest Warrants (EAW). When more than one EAW exists for one individual, Eurojust may advise the judicial authority that executes the EAW which should take priority and may also facilitate communication between the judicial authorities involved. It is also the body to which member states may report delays in execution of EAWs of the reason for such delay. In 2010, a total of 280 cases concerning the execution of EAWs were registered at Eurojust, amounting to almost 20 per cent of all cases.

Eurojust may also take part in a joint investigation team (JIT) or, on request of a member state, help establish one and/or assist in managing one administratively or by securing funding. Such teams are created on the agreement of two or more involved parties for a specific purpose and limited time to carry out criminal investigations in one or more of the member states involved. JITs were established on the belief that cross-state teams of investigators and judicial authorities with clear legal authority and defined roles would improve the fight against organised crime.

Caseload
Eurojust has handled an increasingly heavy caseload since its creation. In 2002, it was contacted in 202 cases. In 2016, member states sought assistance with 2,306 new cases. The majority cases involve two member states; in 2010, one-fifth of the cases involved three or more countries. Eurojust also organised 249 co-ordination meetings between representatives of national authorities and EU bodies in 2016.

Administration
The College of Eurojust is supported by the administration. As head of the Eurojust administration, the Administrative Director is responsible for the day-to-day management of Eurojust, including budget and staff management. The administrative organisation is composed of units, services and secretariats: the Accounting Office, Budget, Finance and Procurement Unit, College Secretariat, Corporate Communications Office, Data Protection Service, Events and Logistics Office, Human Resources Unit, Information Management Unit, Institutional Affairs Office, Legal Affairs Office, Operations Unit, Planning, Programming & Reporting Office and Security, Facility & General Services.

Future developments
The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union addresses several changes to Eurojust. Article 85 extends its scope to including serious crime not only affecting two or more member states, but also requiring prosecution on a common basis. The new wording of the Treaty mentions that by means of regulations adopted in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, the European Parliament and the Council shall determine Eurojust's structure, operation, field of action and tasks, which may include initiating criminal investigations or proposing the initiation of prosecutions, coordinating such investigations and prosecutions and strengthening judicial co-operation. Article 86 provides for the possibility of establishing a European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) from Eurojust in order to combat crimes affecting the financial interests of the Union. The EPPO may be established by the Council, according to a special legislative procedure, acting unanimously and after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament. The Treaty provides also for the possibility to create it by enhanced co-operation established by at least nine Member States.

The Stockholm Programme refers several times to the role of Eurojust. In particular, it states that “in the field of judicial co-operation, the European Council emphasises the need for Member States and Eurojust to implement thoroughly Council Decision 2009/426/JHA of 16 December 2008 on the strengthening of Eurojust, which, together with the Lisbon Treaty, offers an opportunity for the further development of Eurojust in the coming years, including in relation to initiation of investigations and resolving conflicts of competence. On the basis of an assessment of the implementation of this instrument, new possibilities could be considered in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Treaty, including giving further powers to the Eurojust national members, reinforcement of the powers of the College of Eurojust or the setting-up of a European Public Prosecutor”.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eurojust


text:
Talk:Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975)

Article Title
shouldn't the title be "Eagles: Their Greatest Hits"? Mapetite526 20:34, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Two Things
1) I agree it should be Eagles: Their Greatest Hits like the above user said. 2) The High Voltage link should link to either High Voltage (Austrailian Version) or High Voltage (English [or American, I forget which] Version) instead of high voltage like it does now.

 * Agree. The band's name is Eagles and not  The Eagles as they are almost always called.  Doesn't seem to bother them much, though.  In fact, I could swear of I've seen interviews where Frey and Henley have themselves referred to the group "The Eagles.":::PainMan (talk) 22:56, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

Might just mean that the band is called THE Eagles then huh? If the band is calling itself that.--124.40.63.122 (talk) 09:55, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

3rd top seller.
Worldwide this album is third behind AC/DC's "Back In Black"'s 42 Million in sales. Should be stated as such. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.145.40.116 (talk) 22:35, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

On the Back in Black page it says IT is the second best selling album of all time. And now this page says THIS one is.....which one is it???--124.40.63.122 (talk) 09:53, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

rewrite, additional info, trivia tags
Did minor rewrite (improving diction, etc) of intro and summary chart. Added information (e.g. that the album's sold 29M copies to date) as well as RIAA cite. (Nice to know the RIAA's good for something other than suing 12 yr olds and dead people.)

Changed "Genre" in the chart to "Classic Rock" (added cite) as that is how they are generally pigeon-hold today and the radio stations their music is most frequently heard upon. Though we used to call those stations "AOR", they're now called "Classic Rock".

Has it been certified Triple Diamond yet? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.103.112.80 (talk) 14:44, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

Added tags to several sections that should be written as paragraphs in order to conform to standard wikipedical (yeah, it's a word) format.

PainMan (talk) 22:53, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

I Want "A" Class On This Page...
My recent edits should give the backbone to a higher ranked article class, here. More educated editors, please expound on this. And please note this is one of the best-selling albums in history, and deserves the (citable) prose to improve the page. Mind you, I'm quite biased knowing that I've significantly helped here, but let's get it to "A" class, people! Let's just do it... Doc9871 (talk) 06:50, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

Tied with Thriller?
That the RIAA now lists Thriller above this album suggests that Thriller is the #1 selling album in the US. While both have reached 29 times platinum, it is unlikely that the two albums have sold exactly the same amount of units causing a tie. However, this is what the article currently states. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Brettpam (talk • contribs) 01:50, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

 * The problem is that the methodology for determining the number of sales of an album makes it difficult to determine exact numbers for these things. The methodology has changed over the years, while SoundScan uses direct data from sales, it has only been in use since 1991; sales records before 1991 were "sketchy" at best, so it is actually impossible to count, reliably, down to the exact number of albums each has sold.  They are sold "about" the same number of albums, both hitting 29x platinum, which is as precise as we can get.  Yes, if we could actually count every sale of each album, we could declare one to be the absolute winner, but it is quite impossible to be that accurate, especially for older albums.  -- Jayron  32  02:07, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

 * There is a cite (Entertainment Weekly, Rolling Stone or Billboard, I think) from years ago, listing weekly sales of albums that have steady sales outside of the Billboard 200, and Their Greatest Hits was Number One, outselling Thriller by 10's of 1,000's. Unless Michael Jackson's death altered that equation, it is easy to conclude that the two would have ended up in a tie at some point. MMetro (talk) 13:08, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Adding General Information About Album!
Me and a partner of mine feel this article is lacking the amount of comprehensive information needed to fulfill its potential. One possible thing we will be adding in is the history behind how the album came together. We hope this will help the article grow. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Prototype1364 (talk • contribs) 15:31, 7 November 2012 (UTC)

Edit source of the article
I have a private message about my editing, so okay, the problem the new "edit'of this wikipedia page don't have half the quotes of the Reuters articles; and have cancelled half of the information, if someones have a problem with the articles, feel free to discuss that in the talk section; the reuters articles take soundscan like a comparaison, in fact there are a big difference between the information of RIAA (shipment) and Soundscan, far more that usual; see the top 100 from Soundcan (since 1991): keep in mind that during this period, according RIAA, their Greatest Hits 17 millions albums have been sold in shipment in USA:

http://trinitrent.com/2013/07/best-selling-albums-of-the-soundscan-era/

You can see, The Greatest Hits is not in this list; so less than 6 millions albums solds; so I edit back again my part of the wikipedia page, to reflet the works and the articles of the source.

http://www.reuters.com/article/us-jackson-billboard-idUSTRE56I2B820090719 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Croscos77 (talk • contribs) 16:35, 28 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Please don't use the same wording as the source, or your contribution will be removed as a copyright violation. Instead, you must summarize the source with your own wording. Also, don't create a controversy where the source has none. Binksternet (talk) 17:14, 28 July 2016 (UTC)

Okay, sorry I was not aware of the copyright aspect of the wikipedia articles...about the word controverse, maybe "controverse" was a little too hard, but in this article, the critic and the accusation is very present (see how they present the RIAA/sales difference and the irony behind the lack of explanation), specially in the context of this album, supposed to be the best selling album of the 20th century in the USA; there are always some difference between sales and shipment (not very important), but nothing close to this level (numbers near divided by 10)...to present the numbers just like that in your editing; with the lack of explanation; could be disturbing imho for someones not used to read about these numbers (difference between sales/shipment); Wikipedia is supposed to be accessible for new readers; but that just my point of view, I will don't change this edit; the numbers is here, it's the most important.

Thank you Sir, for your patience, and sorry for the misunderstanding. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Croscos77 (talk • contribs) 18:57, 28 July 2016 (UTC)

 * While the completely unsupported term "controversy" was rightly removed from the article, what remains are several disparate facts with no context or meaning. This supposed controversy is based on ignorance of what RIAA certifications represent or don't represent. The first misconception is that intermittent certifications represent a running tally of an album's sales—that is not the case, especially for pre-platinum and pre-multi-platinum releases where documentation of decades-old sales are difficult or even impossible to locate. In this case, the 12x platinum certification in 1990 may not have represented all sales to date. And the additional 10 million units certified in 1995 doesn't necessarily represent sales since 1990, they could have come from any point in the album's history. As for the first question posed in the Reuters article—why no multi-platinum award until 1990? That's easy. The multi-platinum award wasn't instituted until 1984, by which time the Eagles were a defunct group who were pursuing successful solo careers. There would have been no incentive for anyone to apply for awards at that point. So why 1990? By then the CD boom was under way and record companies were getting a big boost from catalog sales and there was renewed marketing interest in "evergreen" artists such as the Beatles, the Eagles, Led Zeppelin and Pink Floyd, all of whom got their first multi-platinum awards for their classic albums in 1990-91. Why 1995? The Eagles had reunited and were on their first tour since 1979 and it was time to tout their greatest hits. These awards are, after all, primarily marketing tools. The unusual certification history of Their Greatest Hits can be witnessed with other albums or artists. For instance, assuming a "running tally" would indicate that Led Zeppelin IV sold one million copies over a six month period then sold one million more over the next six years. The Elvis Presley catalog is another example of certifications coming at various points in time decades after the sales occurred. Elvis' total album certifications went from 102 million in 2002 to 117.5 million in 2004. Did he sell 15.5 million albums in 2002-04? Of course not. Did he sell 49 million albums from 1999 to 2011 as the certification level indicates? No, most of these sales occurred long ago, they are only recently being documented and the awards applied for. Other classic albums would also probably be very close to Thriller and Their Greatest Hits except that it appears that the Beatles, Led Zeppelin and Pink Floyd have essentially dropped out of the platinum race, leaving their most popular albums with certifications that are 10, 15, even 18 years old now.

 * Also, any suggestion that the Eagles, the RIAA, or Gelfand, Rennert & Feldman, LLP have engaged in fraud would be a fairly serious allegation and poses significant BLP issues and should not be the subject of idle speculation on Wikipedia. I hope this clears up the misunderstanding about this supposed controversy. Piriczki (talk) 21:14, 29 July 2016 (UTC)

 * No it's not, that don't explain the extreme difference between Soundscan and RIAA for the period of 91-99 (or after) for this album, you can't compare the total multiples albums of Elvis with this situations; we talk about 10 times differences for just one album (and unlike what you say it's not the same case for the others artists), if RIAA have the proof of their numbers, they should have given a long time ago, and that don't necessary mean there are a "fraud", if Warner music make 29 millions of Albums in shipment, well that their problems, the RIAA can't deny that, because unlike Soundscan, they don't follow the real sales; it's not their job; I can give another examples, in 1984 the albums Thriller have sold 20 millions albums (from various sources) in less of 2 years; but after that, according the RIAA, just 1 million between 84 to 90; and a very weak 7 millions albums during the 18 years after that....well imho it's clear CBS/Sony don't want give the real sales to the RIAA, my point is that the RIAA is very dependant to these big music record company, and can't be a good mesure for the sales of an album with a big controversial difference like in the case for this Eagles album.Croscos77 (talk) 22:35, 29 July 2016 (UTC)

 * State the actual wholesale sales of Thriller and Their Greatest Hits, citing reliable sources, otherwise take your opinions elsewhere, Wikipedia is not a forum. Piriczki (talk) 00:45, 30 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975)


text:
Henry III of Nassau-Breda

Count Henry III of Nassau-Dillenburg-Dietz (12 January 1483 – 14 September 1538), Lord (from 1530 Baron) of Breda, Lord of the Lek, of Dietz, etc. was a count of the House of Nassau.

He was born in Siegen, the son of Count John V of Nassau-Dillenburg and Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg. His younger brother was William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen (the father of William the Silent).

Career
In 1499 Henry's uncle, count Engelbert II, invited Henry to the Burgundian Netherlands as his heir. He travelled with Philip the Handsome to Castile in 1501-1503. Upon the death of his uncle in 1504 Henry inherited the Nassau possessions in the Netherlands, including the wealthy lordship of Breda in the duchy of Brabant. The next year he was chosen a knight of the Golden Fleece. He again travelled to Spain in 1505-1506. He became a close confidant of the young Charles V as well as his Chamberlain (1510), becoming his Upper Chamberlain upon the death of William of Croÿ-Chièvres in 1521. The good relations between Charles and Henry is evident in the fact that Charles did not name a new Upper Chamberlain after Henry's death. Henry was named Grand Huntsman of Brabant, a position at court he held until the end of his life.

In 1519 he was part of the delegation that had Charles chosen king of the Romans. He was also prominently present at Charles' coronation to Emperor in Bologna in 1530. He was a member of the Privy Council of Charles since 1515 and of the Privy Council of Archduchess Margaret of Austria between 1525-1526. He temporarily served as Stadtholder of the conquered parts of Guelders and was Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland between 1515 and 1521. Henry was again in Spain between 1522 and 1530 (accompanying Charles) and in 1533-1534 (with his wife and son).

Military commander
Henry served as an important military commander in the Netherlands, defending Brabant from Guelders in 1508. He was Captain General in the war with Guelders between 1511 and 1513, and fought with Maximilian of Austria against France until 1514, participating in the battle of Guinegate (1513). He again commanded the armies against Guelders and France between 1516 and 1521, defeating the Black Band, which was in the employ of Charles of Guelders, in 1518 and defeating Robert van der Marck, Lord of Sedan in 1521. He also repelled Francis I of France, who invaded Hainaut that same year. Subsequently, Henry conquered Tournai.

Beliefs
Although Henry, who attended the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, was at first not averse to Martin Luther and his teachings, he later followed Charles' example and remained a staunch Catholic. He didn't approve of the choice of his brother William, who did become a Lutheran, but remained supportive of him throughout his life. He was very impressed with the Renaissance and especially its arts, examples of which he encountered on his journeys to Spain and Italy. For example, he commissioned Italian architect Tomasso Vincidor da Bologna to completely rebuild his castle at Breda in a renaissance style in 1536, one of the first of such buildings north of the Alps. However, his interests seem to have been superficial. Desiderius Erasmus only considered him a "platonic friend of science".

Family life and death
Henry married three times:
 * On 3 August 1503 Henry III married firstly Françoise Louise of Savoy (° bef. 1486 - † 17 September 1511). They had no children.
 * In May 1515 Henry III married secondly Claudia of Châlon (° 1498 – † 31 May 1521). They had one son, René of Châlon (° 5 February 1519 - † 18 July 1544), who became prince of Orange in 1530 on the death of Claudia's brother Philibert.
 * On 26 June 1524 Henry III married thirdly Mencia de Mendoza y Fonseca (° 30 November 1508 – † 4 January 1554). They had one son, born in March 1527, who lived only a few hours.

Henry had no further legitimate children, although he is known to have had some illegitimate offspring, amongst them Alexis of Nassau-Corroy and Isabelle of Nassau, both legitimised after the death of their father, and both had an impressive descendance. One of his descendants is Philippe François de Berghes, 1st Prince of Grimberghen.

His third marriage to Mencia de Mendoza y Fonseca was mainly encouraged by Charles V, as part of his plan to make the nobility of Spain and the Low Countries mix. Henry was however never really liked by the Spaniards, who regarded him as a loud and barbarian German parvenu. Upon his death, in Breda, in 1538 he was succeeded by his only son, but René was himself slain in battle only a few years later in 1544. Henry lies buried beneath the grave monument he had erected for his uncle Engelbert in the Grote kerk at Breda.

title: Henry III of Nassau-Breda


text: Category:Simca vehicles

title: Category:Simca vehicles


text:
Harry Gibbs

Sir Harry Talbot Gibbs (7 February 1917   – 25 June 2005) was Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1981 to 1987 after serving as a member of the High Court between 1970 and 1981. He was known as one of Australia's leading federalist judges although he presided over the High Court when decisions such as Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen in 1982 and Commonwealth v Tasmania expanded the powers of the Commonwealth at the expense of the states. Gibbs dissented from the majority verdict in both cases. On 3 August 2012, the Supreme Court of Queensland Library opened the Sir Harry Gibbs Legal Heritage Centre. It is the only legal heritage museum of its kind in Queensland and features a permanent exhibition dedicated to the life and legacy of Sir Harry Gibbs.

Early career (1917–1970)
Harry Talbot Gibbs was educated at the Ipswich Grammar School and later at Emmanuel College at the University of Queensland, where he was President of the University of Queensland Union. He graduated from the latter with a Bachelor of Arts with honours in 1937 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1939. The same year he was admitted to the bar, but his legal career was interrupted by World War II and he served in the Australian Military Forces from 1942 to 1945 and in the Second Australian Imperial Force in Papua New Guinea, attaining the rank of Captain. He married Muriel Dunn in 1944 and the couple had three daughters and a son (Barbara, Mary, Margaret and Harry). His younger brother Wylie Gibbs was a federal Liberal MP in the 1960s.

While stationed in Papua New Guinea, Gibbs developed an interest in its legal system and was awarded a Master of Laws based on his research. He returned to the practice of law following the war and was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1957, while also lecturing in law at the University of Queensland.

Gibbs served as a judge on the Supreme Court of Queensland from 8 June 1961 until 24 June 1967. He was the first law graduate of the University of Queensland to join that Court. In 1963, Gibbs was appointed Chair of the Supreme Court of Queensland Library Committee and held the position until 1967.

In 1967 Gibbs was appointed to the Federal Court of Bankruptcy and the ACT Supreme Court. He was appointed as a judge at a relatively early age of 44 due to his reputation at the bar. During his service, he was appointed as a Royal Commissioner in the National Hotel Royal Commission following allegations that the hotel was the centre of a network of vice including a call girl ring with support of senior members of the Queensland Police Force. Gibbs found that the allegations were not correct. Critics such as Evan Whitton and Richard Ackland claim that Gibbs inappropriately followed the hearsay rules, excluding a great deal of evidence despite the fact that Royal Commissioners are not bound to follow such rules. He also chaired a committee of inquiry into the expansion of the Australian sugar industry.

High Court Justice (1970–1981)
In 1970, Gibbs joined the High Court of Australia replacing Sir Frank Kitto. During his early years on the Court, there was high turnover of judges, with Sir Victor Windeyer retiring in 1972, Sir William Owen dying in 1972, Sir Cyril Walsh dying in 1973 and Sir Douglas Menzies dying in 1974. As a result of this high turnover, Gibbs rapidly became second in seniority behind Sir Garfield Barwick.

Gibbs' first significant case was Strickland v Rocla Concrete Pipes Ltd in 1971, a landmark trade practices case which significantly expanded the powers of the Commonwealth under section 51(xx) of the Constitution, the corporations power. He was in the minority.

In the Curran case decided in 1974, Gibbs was part of the majority ruling in favour of the legality of a tax minimisation scheme. As a result of the proliferation of similar schemes, John Howard as Treasurer introduced retrospective legislation which was subsequently passed by the parliament.

The AAP Case in 1975, examined the nature of the appropriations power in section 81 of the Constitution and the incidental power in section 51(xxxix) of the Constitution. The Appropriation Act (Number 1) provided for certain sums to be appropriated to the Australian Assistance Plan to enable grants to be made to Regional Councils for Social Development. The Victorian Government disputed the powers of the Commonwealth to legislate for such purposes. In his dissenting judgement, Justice Gibbs held that the words of Section 61 "make it clear that the Executive cannot act in respect of a matter which falls entirely outside the legislative competence of the Commonwealth".

Gibbs was part of a 6:1 majority in the DOGS Case in 1981, which found that the Commonwealth could provide financial assistance to non-Government schools.

Chief Justice of the High Court (1981–1987)
In 1981, Gibbs was appointed Chief Justice after the retirement of Sir Garfield Barwick. The first notable case to come before his court was Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen, decided in 1982. This case upheld the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 with a majority of the Court finding that the external affairs power allowed the Commonwealth to pass such legislation as a consequence of Australia's obligations under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Gibbs dissented, finding that the Commonwealth might have such powers only in relationships with other nations and only if the treaty arranged with other nations was "international in character".

The external affairs power was expanded further in the case of Commonwealth v Tasmania in 1983 known as the Tasmanian Dams case. The High Court upheld the World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983 passed by the Commonwealth Parliament to stop the Government of Tasmania from building a dam on the Franklin River which had been nominated for World Heritage Site status. The majority of the court found that the external affairs power enabled the Commonwealth Parliament to pass such legislation under the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Gibbs again dissented, finding that the use of the external affairs power should be limited by the status of Australia as a federation and if the Commonwealth was granted too much power under section 51 of the Australian Constitution, it would upset the "Federal balance".

The latter part of Gibbs' tenure as Chief Justice was dominated by allegations of impropriety against Lionel Murphy, a fellow justice of the High Court. The Age newspaper published transcriptions of conversations between Murphy and NSW solicitor Morgan Ryan, alleging an improper relationship between the two men in February 1984. Two Senate Committees were established to look into the matter along with the Stewart Royal Commission in NSW to look into the tapes. A lengthy court case ensued resulting in Murphy's acquittal.

When the Stewart Royal Commission published a secret volume of conversations between Murphy and Ryan, Gibbs insisted on reading the Royal Commission Report and advised Lionel Bowen, the Commonwealth Attorney-General, that some justices intended making public their reluctance to sit with Murphy in 1986.

Lionel Bowen set up a Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry consisting of three retired judges in 1986 to inquire into the claims. However, this commission was soon abandoned as Murphy advised that he had inoperable cancer. Against Gibbs' strong advice, Murphy sat for a week as a Justice before his death in 1986.

Gibbs left the High Court of Australia upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70. He was widely regarded as a healer after Sir Garfield Barwick's controversial stint as Chief Justice. He also had an international reputation, with Lord Denning stating "I would rank him as one of the greatest of your chief justices, rivalling even Sir Owen Dixon."

Retirement (1987–2005)
After his retirement from the High Court, Gibbs continued to serve in several important roles. In 1987 he was 'Judge-in-Residence' at the University of Queensland. He was the Chairman of the Parliamentary Judges Commission in 1989 resulting from the removal of Justice Angelo Vasta from the Queensland Supreme Court. He was Vice-President of the Kiribati Court of Appeal between 1988 and 1999 and the Review of Commonwealth Criminal Law between 1987 and 1991. As well, he chaired the Inquiry into Community Needs and High Voltage Transmission Development Commission.

In the early 1990s Gibbs was intimately involved with the foundation of Australians for Constitutional Monarchy (ACM), an organisation whose aim is to defend Australia's constitutional monarchy. As a founder of the movement he was both a signatory of the ACM charter and a member of its Foundation Council. His beliefs about the role of The Crown in Australian society saw him campaign for the NO case in the 1999 constitutional referendum.

Gibbs' activism in this area was not limited to the ACM. In 1992 he accepted the role of President of the Samuel Griffith Society. Here he set the tone of the society when he presented a paper entitled "Re-Writing the Constitution".

Gibbs' death was announced only after his cremation had taken place, in Sydney on 28 June 2005. At his funeral the eulogy was delivered by his former Associate, David Jackson QC. He had, before his death, forbidden the convening of a state funeral in his honour.

Honours
Harry Gibbs was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) on 22 September 1970.

In 1972, he was made a Privy Counsellor and sat on the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council thirteen times.

On 3 April 1981, he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG).

In the Queen's Birthday Honours of 1987, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC).

Judicial decisions

 * Dr Max Spry, The Executive Power of the Commonwealth: its Scope and Limits Parliament of Australia Parliamentary Library Research Paper 28 of 1995-96
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20051106111647/http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/legcon_ctte/completed_inquiries/pre1996/treaty/report/c05.htm Senate Legal and Constitutional Committee Trick or Treaty ? Commonwealth Power to Make and Implement Treaties Chapter 5
 * Opinion piece by Gerard Henderson on Blacks' case Sydney Morning Herald 13 July 2004
 * Evan Whitton, The Cartel: Lawyers and their Nine Magic Tricks ISBN 0-646-34887-6 page 53

Other

 * The Crown and the High Court - Celebrating the 100th birthday of the High Court of Australia; a speech by Sir Harry Gibbs given at the New South Wales Parliament House.
 * Recollections of Sir Harry Gibbs; a speech by Justice Michael Kirby

title: Harry Gibbs


text:
Shorne

Shorne is a village and civil parish in the borough of Gravesham in Kent, England. The parish lies 3 miles east of Gravesend. Most of the land is well-drained but its marshes, the Shorne Marshes reach down to the Thames Estuary and are an SSSI amid the North Kent Marshes on the Hoo Peninsula proper.

History
Shorne Barrow (or tumulus) and Randalls Wood Barrow are indications of Stone Age occupation.

Randall Manor was a 14th-century manor, the remains of which are in Shorne Woods Country Park.

Demographics
According to the census results for 2001 there were 2,485 people in 1,028 households in the Parish of Shorne. Of those residents between the ages of 16 and 74, 60% had a higher qualification (at level 2 to 5) and 86% of the dwellings were owner occupied. The population of Shorne Parish at the 2011 census was 2487 residents in 1033 households.[2]

Transport
In April 2017, it was announced that the government choice for the Lower Thames Crossing was for a tunnel under the Thames between East Tilbury and Shorne.

Places of interest
Much of upper Shorne is a conservation area with thirteen listed buildings and many others of interest. These include:

Pipes Place is in Forge Lane almost opposite Little St, Katherines. A local magistrate, Richard Parker lived on the site in 1642. Jarvis Maplesden the grandson of a local tanner purchased the house early in the 18th century along with twenty acres of land, which included St. Katharine's Chapel. Several generations of the Maplesden family lived in the house and there are gravestones bearing the Maplesden name still in the churchyard. The Maplesden family is responsible for its present build and design in the Georgian style. In about 1870, George Arnold, Mayor of Gravesend, bought and restored the ruined chapel.

title: Shorne


text:
Gina Tognoni

Gina Tognoni (born November 28, 1973) is an American actress, best known for her work with American daytime soap operas. Her most notable performances include Kelly Cramer on One Life to Live, Dinah Marler on Guiding Light and Phyllis Summers on The Young and the Restless.

Career
Tognoni is known for her roles on daytime television soap operas. In 1995, she made her soap debut as Kelly Cramer in ABC's One Life to Live. She appeared on the show until 2001. In April 2001, it was announced that Tognoni, after six years with the show, had decided not to renew her contract with the series. Tognoni returned to daytime television as Dinah Marler on CBS's Guiding Light in July 2004, and won her first Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2006 for her work on the show. In 2007, she was nominated again in the same category but lost to Genie Francis. She won her second Emmy in 2008, becoming only the second actress to be a repeat winner in the Supporting Actress category. In 2009, after CBS canceled Guiding Light, Tognoni returned to her role as Kelly Cramer on One Life to Live. Also it was reported that Tognoni was in talks with several soaps for her post-Guiding Light gig. Following the April 2011 cancelation of One Life to Live and All My Children, it was announced that Tognoni and co-star Tom Degnan, who was portraying Joey Buchanan at the time, would exit the series before its January 2012 finale. In addition to her career on soaps, Tognoni had guest-starring roles in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and The Sopranos, and co-starred in a number of television shows and independent films.

On May 22, 2014, it was announced that Tognoni was cast as Phyllis Summers in CBS's The Young and the Restless, replacing Michelle Stafford. Tognoni made her debut on August 11, 2014. At the 42nd Daytime Emmy Awards in 2015, Tognoni was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress for her role as Phyllis Summers. At the 44th Daytime Emmy Awards in 2017, she was again nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress for which she won. On March 30, 2019, it was announced that Tognoni would be leaving The Young and the Restless, following the decision to fire her while in contract and return Stafford to the role. Tognoni's last appearance in the role aired on June 7, 2019.

Personal life
Tognoni was born in St. Louis, Missouri. She won Miss Rhode Island Teen USA in 1991 and Miss Rhode Island Teen All-American in 1993. Tognoni became engaged to Joseph Chiarello on November 21, 2007. She was introduced to him by her co-star Beth Ehlers. The two were married May 16, 2009.

title: Gina Tognoni


text:
RailCorp

Rail Corporation New South Wales (RailCorp) was an agency of the State of New South Wales, Australia established under the Transport Administration Act 1988 in 2004. It was a division under the control of Transport for NSW since the latter's establishment in 2011. RailCorp was converted into a state-owned corporation and renamed Transport Asset Holding Entity (TAHE) on 1 July 2020.

Until its conversion to TAHE, RailCorp held rail property assets, rolling stock and rail infrastructure in the Sydney metropolitan area and limited country locations in the state and it makes these assets available to Sydney Trains and NSW TrainLink for their operations. It also managed the NSW Government's contract with the Airport Link Company. At the time of conversion to TAHE, the acting chief executive of RailCorp was Sydney Trains chief executive Howard Collins.

Additionally, until 2013, RailCorp also formerly operated passenger train services in New South Wales under the brand CityRail, and maintained rail infrastructure within the New South Wales Metropolitan Rail Area. From July 2013, operation and maintenance functions were transferred to the newly created Sydney Trains and NSW Trains agencies, which were also subsidiaries of RailCorp, leaving RailCorp as the legal owner of a portfolio of $28.6 billion of railway property, mostly within the metropolitan area. In July 2017, Sydney Trains and NSW Trains ceased to be subsidiaries of RailCorp and became standalone independent agencies.

History
In January 2004, after much criticism and public perceptions of blame shifting between units of the State Rail Authority for operational failings, RailCorp was formed taking over the passenger train operations of CityRail and CountryLink, and responsibility for maintaining the greater metropolitan network from the Rail Infrastructure Corporation.

Initially governed by a Board of Directors as a State-owned corporation, changes to the resulted in RailCorp ceasing to be a state-owned corporation and becoming a NSW statutory authority on 1 January 2009. Further changes to the resulted in abolition of the Board effective 1 July 2010 and the repositioning of RailCorp as an agency of Transport NSW. This was followed by further structural changes under the Transport Legislation Amendment Act 2011, which saw Transport NSW replaced by Transport for NSW, which was established as a controlled entity of the Department of Transport, with Rail Corporation New South Wales a controlled entity of Transport for NSW. RailCorp reports to the Minister for Transport.

Restructure
In May 2012 the Minister for Transport announced a restructure of RailCorp from July 2013 that would:
 * establish Sydney Trains to operate services in the Sydney Metropolitan area bounded by Berowra, Richmond, Emu Plains, Macarthur and Waterfall
 * establish NSW TrainLink to operate all other passenger services including those of CountryLink
 * transfer capital projects and planning functions to Transport for NSW
 * establish Transport Cleaning Services, a specialist division responsible for train cleaning
 * establish a customer service division
 * reduce RailCorp's function to asset owner
 * offer voluntary redundancies to 750 management and support staff

The restructure resulted in Sydney Trains and NSW Trains, which were subsidiaries of RailCorp, operating railway passenger services in New South Wales under the Sydney Trains and NSW TrainLink brands. While being subsidiaries of Railcorp, Sydney Trains and NSW Trains were not controlled entities of RailCorp, but were instead controlled by Transport for NSW. Due to the restructure, CityRail and CountryLink were also abolished. In July 2017, Sydney Trains and NSW Trains ceased to be subsidiaries of RailCorp and became standalone and independent agencies of Transport for NSW.

Transition into the Transport Asset Holding Entity
RailCorp was converted into a state-owned corporation and renamed Transport Asset Holding Entity (TAHE) on 1 July 2020. The new entity would continue to own assets on behalf of Transport for NSW. The Residual Transport Corporation (RTC), which was formed in July 2017, would then own assets not suitable for TAHE ownership.

Corruption investigation
In 2007 and 2008, RailCorp was investigated by the Independent Commission Against Corruption. In a series of seven reports released during 2008, the ICAC reported that more than $21 million in improper contracts and deals through the procurement of services in just three years. In June 2009, RailCorp terminated the contract of Vicki Coleman, its chief information officer, and it was claimed that she was at the centre of claims of dishonesty and corruption.

The ICAC recommended charges against 33 people; yet by April 2012, only eight people had faced the courts. Those that received custodial sentences included Allan Michael Blackstock (4½ years) and Renea Hughes (3½ years). Youssef (Joe) Madrajat was directed to undertake community service. Further charges are expected to be laid on others, and several are still waiting for the outcome of criminal proceedings.

Emergency response
RailCorp maintains a statewide Emergency Response Unit. The function of this unit is to attend incidents, such as derailments. Formerly known as the State Rail Fire Service, the unit is based in Sydney and respond to emergency incidents involving the rail network including automatic fire alarms within the underground and nearby stations. The unit also undertakes cross-training with Fire and Rescue NSW. The unit is currently equipped with a number of vehicles including Mercedes and International pumpers and a specialist rapid rail response unit which is able to travel via the road and rail network for rescue operations. The unit's motto is Semper Paratus, translated from Latin to mean Always Ready.

title: RailCorp


text:
Talk:Vedic mathematics (book)

Links
I am adding two external links to this page 1) On the History of Vedic Maths and 2) Slide Shows and Video Tutorials on Vedic Maths. This is the second time I am doing it as it was previously removed by Tom Harrisson. We dicussed it on his discussion page and he asked me to post it here too.I hope the links are acceptable to all as they go about promoting the subject in detail. Also Tutorials are no where to be found and they are not promotional just cause they have the website URL there.The history gives the exact source of the vedic math sutras which has not been given earlier. I think this is pathbreaking.

IF someone is removing them please provide the valid reason here. It would be wisely appreciated. Thanks.

Slide Shows and Video Tutorials on Vedic Maths] [History of Vedic Maths-Sources of Sutras]

Incorrect equations
Some equations on this page are incorrect.

Removed commentary
I removed some commentary that had been interspersed with the article text. You can read it here: Such commentary is perfectly okay, if it contributes toward the improvement of the article, but it should be placed here on the talk page. [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 19:57, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Credit to Indian mathematics
It is strange that there is so much more doubt thrown on the progresses of the Ancient Indian Civilization then towards any other on the planet. We do not doubt that the Egyptions actually built the pyramids nor do we doubt that the Greeks came up with equations to measure the angles of a triangle.

This is so much so that there is even a Conspiracy Theory that Indians are trying to take credit for their own mathematics system. I find it shocking that a lot of the Lokayatran Science [meaning layman, non-spiritual, material] of the Vedic period is being misrepresented here on wikipedia as a Hindu Fundamentalist doctrine when these have nothing to do with either religion or politics.

We don't see every bit of Arabian culture on Wikipedia being identified with terrorism do we? We don't see every bit of English culture on Wikipedia being identified with imperialism do we? Why is this so with Indian culture?

Especially since it is a culture whose foundations have always been non-violence and tolerance. There is a lot of misrepresentation being done outside the Hindu community defining the community for them. We have seen this in Wendy Donigers books on Hindu mythology where she gives Freudian analysis to a culture that comes from an entirely different perspective to suspicians given to any Indian who writes about anything good in their own culture.

Don't fear dear math student, no one is trying to convert you into a religion. Like Judaism, there is no conversion here. A little mathematics isn't going to make you turn into an Indian, feel safe.

 * Hmm, you didn't sign or date your rant, but anyway... It's one thing to give credit where credit is due, especially when unbiased references are supplied.  I don't see anybody denying the role that Ancient India had in the history of mathematics.  However over the last few years I've seen LOTS of the math pages on Wikipedia having been raped by somebody trying to relate every math topic back to India in some form.  Some India zealots apparently want to re-write history.  As for "Vedic Mathematics", while I suppose the topic is worthy of a Wikipedia page, there's nothing all that spectacular about it.  WillieBlues (talk) 19:42, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

Origins of Vedic Science
What many have failed to notice is that mathematics played a large part in the ancient Indian culture. Panini's Sanskrit grammar texts are based on the principles of algebra and what we would today call semiotics. Aryabatta and Charvaka were examples of two ancient philosophers who emphasised that this material world is the only world and that we should only believe that which we can observe and analyze. A term given to this thought is called Lokayatra or "layman" school which is entirely materialistic.

Mathematical formulas are in the Vedas for the building of architecture and the designing of Yantras which are very complex. The verses are also mathematical based so they can be memorized. A logic system called Nyaya - literaly "not this" - encourages doubt and skeptism. It is an analyitic system based on logic, proof and observation in much the same way as the scientific method is in the west.

Vedic mathematics is quite well known many south Indians of the previous generation as they had a much more complete text of the Arthaveda in Tamil. Written Tamil carved into wood slabs is much older than written Sanskrit texts though the later is usually credited as the source. This is where much of what is called Vedic mathematics originated from.

It has been questioned if the Arthaveda - along with maybe 11 other lesser known Vedas - are actually part of the original Vedas. This is mostly due to the translations into local dialects being the only known or existing source, yet this does not question the age in which these works were made nor that they were indegous to India as they all were.

Decimal Fractions
The western method of dividing a circle is in degrees where 360 measures the full continuum. This was derived from the ancient Greeks. India had an independent method of measuring a circle which was to have the full continuum measure 1. This meant that the angles would be broken into decimal fractions as apposed to degrees. It was introduced into modern mathematics in the west as radions and is not widely used. The division of circles and angles was very important in the designing of yantras and the building of architecture for the ancient Hindus. So to say that the decimal system did not exist in Indian mathematics already discredits your article by showing that a thorough and rigorous attitude has not been done even in your elementary research that would give you the authority to write on this topic.

 * Repeated from my talk page where you made a similar comment. You seem to be saying that ancient Indian mathematicians measured angles as a fraction of a circle.  That implies neither radians nor decimal fractions. If you look at the article on Decimal, you will see that it says
 * "c. 598–670 Brahmagupta – decimal integers, negative integers, and zero"
 * "c. 920–980 Abu'l Hasan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Al-Uqlidisi – first direct treatment of decimal fractions"
 * So to be clear, this is not an attempt to put European mathematics first. Are you saying that this is wrong and that the Vedas, more than a thousand years before the latter of these dates, used decimal fractions directly?   That would be news indeed and well worth clarifying.  "Vedic mathematics" does deal with decimal fractions directly: see Vedic_mathematics for an example.   --Henrygb 23:37, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Verbose
I find the reluctance of some members of the community to accept that Vedic mathematics is a system of useful shortcuts in mental arithmetic to be quite shocking. Personally I do find the politics quite irrelevant - for whatever reason, these shortcuts in this form are labelled 'Vedic' whether or not there is historic justification for that. Just like Pythagoras' Theorem is named after Pythagoras. On that point, Vedic mathematics IS a system of useful shortcuts, but at the moment it is laid out in a completely unwieldy and useless fashion -- it was originally cobbled together from some rather verbose sources and hasn't ever been rewritten in a sensible manner. I would be interested to see more of a summary version of this article. Any objections to a rewrite? --Mysteronald 23:55, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * If you're interested in doing a rewrite, go for it — I'd like to see the information in here presented in a more approachable way. Of course, the political aspects, including the name issue, are still relevant to the article, even though they're less interesting than the mathematics of it. Factitious 06:14, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't mind listing the shortcuts and describing why they work. The neatest one I have seen is how to square a multiple of 5 by multiplying the higher digit by the next number and following the result by 25.  For example
 * 752=5625 since 7×8=56
 * or more verbosely
 * (x×10+5)2=x×(x+1)×100+25 because (a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2.
 * But I do mind if we remove the suggestion that critics think the shortcuts were a 20th century compilation and that the shortcuts are not a substitute for conventional mathematics teaching. --Henrygb 23:57, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Article name change
"Vedic mathematics" exists as a section of the main article Indian mathematics, which already talks about Atharvaveda and others. Propose a name change for the article from Vedic mathematics - to something like Vedic mathematics system by Shri Bharati Krishna Tirtha or Mental calculation system of Vedic mathematics. --ΜιĿːtalk 08:16, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Intend to move this article to a more descriptive name (because of above) in about a weeks time. Suggestions are welcome for/in addition to the two mentioned options. --ΜιĿːtalk 11:33, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that the name is extremely confusing. Since nobody protested, I moved it to Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha's Vedic mathematics. Unfortunately, I've no idea how to call the author, but the name "Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha" (more precisely, Swami Bhārāti Kŗşņa Tīrtha) is used in Jagadguru Swami Sri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji Maharaja so I assume it's not too bad. I'm happy to move it again if a better name is found. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 01:16, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Title of this article should revert to Vedic Mathematics .Because this name is so long and confusing to a novice Wikipedian-Anoopan (talk) 08:01, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Hinduism
I suggest that this article to be moved under Veda / Hinduism (Hinduism is not a religion, it is a culture - a way of life)

Gurudatt 08:40, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * There is nothing Hindu or Vedic about this. It is modern arithmetic short-cuts, nothing more and nothing less --Henrygb 23:39, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Article merge
I've noted that while islam portal has a 'societal section' zone, there is no such thing for hinduism portal. I propose such a thing is introduced, along with merging this article into a 'mathematics in hinduism' article which will include information pertaining to sulva sutra etc..

Confusing narrative
Am I the only one who has trouble following the narrative in this article? —Frungi 23:08, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

No, you are not. I even printed the article and still find it hard to follow.

Part of the problem may be that all the sutras and subsutras are not covered in the narrative. The subsutra "For 7 the multiplicand is 143" sounds interesting but no mention of it is made in the narrative.

Another part of the problem for me is that I have learned many of the tricks that were discussed in the narrative during the past forty years. "All from nine and the last from ten" was obvious to me when I learned long division 50 years ago and was presented formally in my CRC Handbook of Mathmatics, 1965 edition, in the discussion of a co-logarithm of a given logarithm.

A third part of the problem is that the subject is treated as mathematics when the narrative addresses only tricks for mental arithmatic. No one I have known who is good at mental arithmatic, including people from India, have mentioned Tirthaji. JimCubb 00:59, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The narrative came before the list of sutras. As far as I am concerned the whole thing is largely a waste of time, and I would rather see the critics' views in the introduction (including the fact they don't think it is mathematics).  1/7=0.142857... implying that multiplying by 0.143 is roughly the same as dividing by 7, so my guess is that is supposed to be more mystic wisdom (143=11*13 and multiplying by 11 is another sutra so perhaps that is another short cut) - but this is just a guess. --Henrygb 03:29, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Another problem with this article is that it feels like its been written for someone who knows this math because I have no idea what a sutra is. I know, I look it up! 68.6.230.65 04:38, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

I removed an advertisement that was located here.
I don't know what else (if anything) needs to be done, but I accidentally hit enter when I did it and left a blank line on the changelog. The ad removal is what happened in that blank entry. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Roman à clef (talk • contribs) 09:23, 14 January 2007 (UTC).

broken wiki link in first paragraph
The first paragraph links to Jagadguru Swami Sri Bharati Krsna Tirthaji Maharaja (which appears red, and sends you to an 'edit' page). The see also section links to Jagadguru Swami Sri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji Maharaja which is a real page, and a very similar name. Was thinking it may be a typo, but not sure (difference is in the 5th name, first is 'Krsna' second is 'Krishna'). -opello 20:43, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Both spellings are acceptable, but 'Krishna' is more common in English than Krsna. —Aetheling 20:48, 15 May 2007 (UTC).

All of mathematics?
The article states:
 * ''Vedic mathematics is a system of mathematics consisting of a list of 16 basic sutras, or aphorisms, that allegedly encompass all mathematics.

If that's true, then why is there no discussion about how Vedic math covers anything beyond arithmetic and basic algebra, such as complex numbers, probability theory, statistics, set theory, non-euclidean geometry, topology, non-standard analysis, measure theory, and all the other areas of math? — Loadmaster 22:45, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Possibly misleading explanations
The sutras tend to be explained by the citation of specific examples, rather than general cases. This is probably fine as long as the general cases are understood, but certain of the explanations seem to apply only to the examples given, while disregarding general cases.

For instance, in the section on 'All from nine and the last from ten,' examples illustrating the corollary regarding squares reads:
 * ''For instance, in computing the square of 9 we go through the following steps:

 *   1. The nearest power of 10 to 9 is 10. Therefore, let us take 10 as our base.
 *   2. Since 9 is 1 less than 10, decrease it still further to 8. This is the left side of our answer.
 *   3. On the right hand side put the square of the deficiency, which is 1². Hence, the square of nine is 81.

 * Similarly, 8² = 64, 7² = 49.

... which is all well and good for 9, 8 and 7. But what about 6? Using this algorithm, we would determine the leftmost digit of our answer to be $$6 - (10 - 6) = 2$$, and the rightmost "digit" of our answer to be $$4^2 = 16$$. ........... well if the first digit is 2 and the second digit is 16 then surely you just carry the 1 from the 16 over to the preceding digit to get the correct answer 36? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.101.72.195 (talk) 18:07, 16 May 2011 (UTC)

Now, of course, $$6^2 = 36$$, which would be $$2 \times 10 + 4^2$$, so we might say the procedure holds for all $$n : 0 < n < 10$$ provided the algorithm is altered so that we multiply the figure known as the "left side" by 10 and add it to the figure called the "right side."

The formula is really something like $$10 [n - (10 - n)] + (10 - n)^2 = n^2$$, $$\forall n \in \mathbb{N} : 0 < n < 10$$.

Now, I would like to honor these sutras, because I find them beautiful and useful. But I'm hesitant, because I don't want to be culturally disrespectful. Would it be OK to include stricter definitions, or at least more general algorithms? Rangergordon (talk) 10:11, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Why is title not Vedic mathematics?
Shouldn't the title be "Vedic mathematics" since there's no other Vedic math it's being differentiated from? There are other articles about historical Indian mathematics, but this is the only "Vedic" one, as the article seems to indicate that Bharati coined the term. The current lengthy title with honorific smacks of fanboyism, and doesn't seem to add anything to the article. I submit it be changed to simply "Vedic mathematics." MatthewVanitas (talk) 03:25, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * See for the history. I don't like the current title either, but I think simply calling it "Vedic mathematics" is also not good. The mathematics described in Indian mathematics is sometimes called "Vedic mathematics". Furthermore, I think it's iffy to call the mathematics described in this article "Vedic mathematics", because the name is rather controversial (see second paragraph of the article). -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 06:09, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia has a guideline about use of titles in names of articles about people, so I'll make that change right now. Note that the corresponding Wikipedia article about the person already follows the guideline. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk) 02:12, 20 July 2010 (UTC)

Removal of 1 External Link
I would like to suggest removal of "Genius Vedic Mathematics:" – article by Dr. Raji Reddy Enlighten Foundation (NGO), 5 November 2008."Italic text When I went to the website link I didnt see any article as mentioned or even a proper website. Its a website with no information pertaining to Vedic Mathematics.I don't think its useful in my opinion.Others are invited to comment on this and take a decision whether this should be there in the main article which gives a detailed view of Vedic Mathematics. Thanks —Preceding unsigned comment added by 14.96.180.87 (talk) 21:41, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

I just deleted this link. It was completely an advertisement. If anyone wants to add the link please let us know the reason why you are adding this link — Preceding unsigned comment added by Erudite79 (talk • contribs) 19:35, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Should this article be deleted?
I think it should, unless someone with at least a copy of the book and functioning brain can edit it into some sort of sensible description, rather than advocacy. I tried to edit it, and soon found it impossible. I mean, the list of "Sixteen sutras" contains 19 items, some little ditties in quotation marks, some not actually translated from Sanskrit yet; the "Editor's list"[?] also includes "13 subsutras" which comprise 14 items, variously quoted ditties, noun phrases followed by full stops, etc., and one is a prepositional phrase ("By mere observation") followed by a comma. We spot that one "subsutra", viz. "For 7 the multiplicand is 143" is simply an observation that 1000/7 is (very roughly) 143. This is a hodge-podge of calculating tricks, not anything that could be called mathematics.

Imaginatorium (talk) 14:04, 25 December 2012 (UTC)

Just to let you know that I have a massive paper on the Unified Theorem, and Vedic Zero concept which the Vedic people have not advanceed to be published in a few days at a International mathematics research journal.

The Vedic zero is a -1 offset zero. I do not have time or inclination to do so, but if there is any one interested in the Vedic zero and the new publication coming up , plerase E mail me at Hope9900@frontier.com. I am only interested in the Vedic Zero, I am not interested in talk of greatness of the Vedic People who are as great as any.I am part Vedic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.50.46.98 (talk) 21:55, 20 March 2013 (UTC)

VEDIC MATHEMATICS
WHAT IS VEDIC MATHEMATICS — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.116.87.162 (talk) 18:53, 2 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vedic mathematics (book)


text:
Second Partition of Poland

The 1793 Second Partition of Poland was the second of three partitions (or partial annexations) that ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. The second partition occurred in the aftermath of the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and the Targowica Confederation of 1792, and was approved by its territorial beneficiaries, the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The division was ratified by the coerced Polish parliament (Sejm) in 1793 (see the Grodno Sejm) in a short-lived attempt to prevent the inevitable complete annexation of Poland, the Third Partition.

Background
By 1790, on the political front, the Commonwealth had deteriorated into such a helpless condition that it was forced into an alliance with its enemy, Prussia. The Polish-Prussian Pact of 1790 was signed, giving false hope that the Commonwealth might have at last found an ally that would shield it while it reformed itself. The May Constitution of 1791 enfranchised the bourgeoisie, established the separation of the three branches of government, and eliminated the abuses of the Repnin Sejm. Those reforms prompted aggressive actions on the part of its neighbours, wary of the potential renaissance of the Commonwealth. The Empress Catherine II was angered; arguing that Poland had fallen prey to the radical Jacobinism then at high tide in France, Russian forces invaded the Commonwealth in 1792.

During the Polish–Russian War of 1792 in Defense of the Constitution, the Polish forces supporting the Constitution fought against the Imperial Russian Army, invited by the pro-Russian alliance of Polish magnates, known as the Targowica Confederation. The conservative nobility (see also, szlachta) believed that the Russians would help them restore their Golden Liberty. Abandoned by their Prussian allies, the badly outnumbered Polish pro-Constitution forces fought under Prince Józef Poniatowski a defensive war with some measure of success, but were ordered to abandon their efforts by their supreme commander, King Stanisław August Poniatowski. The King decided to join the Targowica Confederation, as demanded by the Russians.

Russia invaded Poland to ensure the defeat of the Polish reforms, with no overt goal of another partition (it viewed Poland as its protectorate, and saw little need to give up chunks of Poland to other countries). Frederick William II of Prussia, however, saw those events as an opportunity to strengthen his country. Frederick demanded from Catherine that for his country's abandoning Poland as a close ally, for Prussian participation in the War of the First Coalition against revolutionary France, because Russia had encouraged Prussian participation, and because Prussia had recently suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Valmy, Prussia should be compensated – preferably with parts of the Polish territory. Russia soon decided to accept the Prussian offer.

Partition treaty

On 23 January 1793, Prussia signed a treaty with Russia, agreeing that Polish reforms would be revoked and both countries would receive broad swaths of Commonwealth territory. Russian and Prussian troops took control of the territories they claimed, with Russian troops already present, and Prussian troops meeting only limited resistance. In 1793, deputies to the Grodno Sejm, the last Sejm of the Commonwealth, in the presence of Russian forces, agreed to the Russian and Prussian territorial demands. The Grodno Sejm became infamous not only as the last sejm of the Commonwealth, but because its deputies had been bribed and coerced by the Russians (Russia and Prussia wanted legal sanction from Poland for their demands).

Imperial Russia annexed 250000 km2, while Prussia took 58000 km2. The Commonwealth lost about 307,000 km2, being reduced to 215,000 km2.

Russian Partition
Russia received the Kiev Voivodeship, Bracław Voivodeship, Podole Voivodeship and Minsk Voivodeship, and parts of the Vilnius Voivodeship, Nowogródek Voivodeship, Brest Litovsk Voivodeship and the Volhynian Voivodeship. This was accepted by the Grodno Sejm on 22 July. Russia reorganized its newly acquired territories into Minsk Viceroyalty and Izyaslav Viceroyalty (which in 1795 was split into Podolian and Volhynian Viceroyalties).

Prussian Partition
Prussia received the cities of Gdańsk (Danzig) and Toruń (Thorn), and Gniezno Voivodeship, Poznań Voivodeship, Sieradz Voivodeship, Kalisz Voivodeship, Płock Voivodeship, Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship, Inowrocław Voivodeship, Dobrzyń Land, and parts of the Kraków Voivodeship, Rawa Voivodeship and Masovian Voivodeship. This was accepted by the Grodno Sejm on 23 September or 25 September (sources vary). Prussia organized its newly acquired territories into South Prussia.

The Commonwealth lost about 5 million people; only about 4 million people remained in the Polish–Lithuanian lands.

What was left of the Commonwealth was a small buffer state with a puppet king, and Russian garrisons keeping an eye on the reduced army.

Aftermath
Targowica confederates, who did not expect another partition, and the king, Stanisław August Poniatowski, who joined them near the end, both lost much prestige and support. The reformers, on the other hand, were attracting increasing support. In March 1794 the Kościuszko Uprising began. The defeat of the Uprising in November that year resulted in the final Third Partition of Poland, ending the existence of the Commonwealth.

title: Second Partition of Poland


text:
Eternal Rest

Eternal Rest or Requiem aeternam is a Western Christian prayer asking God:

(1) to hasten the progression of the souls of the faithful departed in Purgatory to their place in Heaven (in Catholicism)

(2) to rest in the love of God the souls of the faithful departed in Paradise until the resurrection of the dead and Last Judgement (in Catholicism, Lutheranism, Anglicanism and Methodism)

The prayer is cited from 2 Esdras (4 Esdras Vulgate):

Therefore, I say to you, O nations that hear and understand, “Wait for your shepherd; he will give you everlasting rest, because he who will come at the end of the age is close at hand. Be ready for the rewards of the kingdom, because perpetual light will shine on you forevermore. -2 Esdras 2:34-35 NRSV

Theology
This Catholic doctrine is found in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 1030-1032:"All who die in God's grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, are indeed assured of their eternal salvation; but after death they undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven. The Church gives the name Purgatory to this final purification of the elect, which is entirely different from the punishment of the damned...From the beginning the Church has honoured the memory of the dead and offered prayers in suffrage for them, above all the Eucharistic sacrifice, so that, thus purified, they may attain the beatific vision of God. The Church also commends almsgiving, indulgences, and works of penance undertaken on behalf of the dead."

The Lutheran cleric Richard Futrell wrote that "The historic practice within the Lutheran Church had prayers for the dead in their Prayer of the Church. For example, if we were to look at a typical Lutheran service during Luther’s lifetime, we would find in the Prayer of the Church not only intercessions, special prayers, and the Lord’s Prayer, which are still typical today in Lutheran worship, but also prayers for the dead." For those who have died, Martin Luther declared that 'I regard it as no sin to pray with free devotion in this or some similar fashion: Dear God, if this soul is in a condition accessible to mercy, be thou gracious to it. (Luther’s Works, Volume 37)

The United Methodist Church teaches the "truth of intercessory prayer for the dead" and that "prayer for the dead has been a widespread practice throughout Christian history [and] is a profound act of love addressed to a God of love".

Latin
The Latin text in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church is:

℣. Requiem æternam dona ei (eis), Domine

℟. Et lux perpetua luceat ei (eis):

℣. Requiescat (-ant) in pace.

℟. Amen.

English
The translation used by English-speaking Catholics is:

 * ℣. Eternal rest, grant unto him/her (them), O ,
 * ℟. And let perpetual light shine upon him/her (them).
 * ℣. May he/she (they) rest in peace.
 * ℟. Amen.

The translation used by English-speaking Lutherans is:

 * ℣. Rest eternal grant him/her, O ;
 * ℟. and let light perpetual shine upon him/her.
 * ℣. May he/she rest in peace.
 * ℟. Amen.

The translation used by English-speaking Anglicans is:

 * ℣. Rest eternal grant unto them, O :
 * ℟. and let light perpetual shine upon them.
 * ℣. May they rest in peace.
 * ℟. Amen.

A variation of the prayer said by American Methodist clergy during A Service of Death and Resurrection is:

Eternal God,

we praise you for the great company of all those

who have finished their course in faith

and now rest from their labor.

We praise you for those dear to us

whom we name in our hearts before you.

Especially we praise you for Name,

whom you have graciously received into your presence.

To all of these, grant your peace.

Let perpetual light shine upon them;

and help us so to believe where we have not seen,

that your presence may lead us through our years,

and bring us at last with them

into the joy of your home

not made with hands but eternal in the heavens;

through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.

Indulgence
In the Catholic Church there was an indulgence of 300 days for each performance. The indulgence can also be made in favor of the souls in Purgatory.

title: Eternal Rest


text: User talk:70.25.9.66

title: User talk:70.25.9.66


text:
Doubled die

Doubled die (also known as hub doubling) is a term in numismatics used to refer to a duplication of design elements on a working die created due to a misalignment of the die or hub during the hubbing process. Strength of the doubling can vary from very slight and isolated to extreme and widespread. The exact cause of the doubling can also vary, which is why a class system was created to outline the known and hypothesized causes.

Doubled die varieties, when noticeable to the naked eye or occur in a popular coin series, are extremely popular with collectors and can be worth a large premium over the same coin without the doubling. The most popular doubled die variety would be the 1955 US cent doubled die which typically sells for over $1000 at auction.

This term is commonly misspelled "double die."

Classes of doubled dies
Doubled dies are created when the hub imprints an additional, misaligned image onto a die. The many ways this misalignment of images can occur have been arranged into eight classes. This class system was created when United States mints used a multiple-squeeze hubbing method, meaning the working dies were intentionally hubbed multiple times to transfer a complete image. Many mints worldwide, including the United States, have since transitioned to a single-squeeze method, expecting the elimination of this hubbing error as only one hubbing is needed. However, the frequency of doubled dies actually increased with the new method. These new single-squeeze doubled dies have slightly different characteristics than ones from the previous method, leading to different opinions on whether the class system has to be revised or not. Some believe the single-squeeze doubled dies still fit in the existing system while others added a new ninth class for single-squeeze doubled dies.

 * Class 1, Rotated
 * A class I doubled die results when the die receives an additional hubbing that is misaligned in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction.

 * Class 2, Distorted
 * A class 2 doubled die results when the hub's design moves toward the rim between hubbings.

 * Class 3, Design
 * A class 3 doubled die results when a hub bearing a different design stamps a die bearing another design.

 * Class 4, Offset
 * A class 4 doubled die results when the die receives an additional hubbing that is misaligned in an offset direction.

 * Class 5, Pivoted
 * A class 5 doubled die results when the die receives an additional hubbing that was misaligned via rotation with a pivot point near the rim.

 * Class 6, Distended
 * A class 6 doubled die results when the die receives an additional hubbing from a hub that was distended.

 * Class 7, Modified
 * A class 7 doubled die results when the hub is modified between the die's hubbings (e.g., a design element was chiseled off).

 * Class 8, Tilted
 * A class 8 doubled die results when a die and/or hub is tilted during a hubbing.

United States Coinage
Doubled dies are a result of the way in which in the United States Mint's dies are created. Before 1997, die pairs (hammer die and anvil die) were made by hubs that contained the raised design elements that were intended to appear on the coin. The blank dies were heated (to soften them) and then were pressed against the hubs to transfer the design from the hub to the working dies. One impression was not enough in every case to transfer the design elements from the hub to the die, so multiple impressions were required to transfer enough of the design. For this reason, after the first impression was made, the die was reheated and prepared for a second impression. The mint workers would use guides to align the hub and the working die perfectly to prevent overlapping, or a doubled die. It is when mint workers failed to align dies properly during this process that doubled dies were produced. In many instances three to four impressions were required, which could but rarely led to tripled and quadrupled dies.

Modern coining methods have vastly reduced the frequency of these varieties due to the use of a single squeeze hubbing method during die creation, but doubled dies in modern United States coinage are still occurring. With the new die making process, implemented after 1996, dies only required one impression of the hub to transfer all of the design from the hub to the die. But it has been discovered that the pressure created is so great, that some dies tend to slightly rotate during this process.

Modern doubled dies in American coinage are being discovered mainly in Lincoln cents. The 2004 Peace Reverse Nickel shows doubling in the date, motto, designer initials and eyelid of Thomas Jefferson. The 2005 Bison Reverse Nickel, shows slight doubling in the word "Liberty" and in other devices of the coin.

title: Doubled die


text: User talk:67.64.73.245

title: User talk:67.64.73.245


text: User talk:65.10.76.241

title: User talk:65.10.76.241


text: Category:Channel access methods

title: Category:Channel access methods


text:
Samuel Charles Blackwell

Samuel Charles Blackwell (1823–1901) was a British-born American abolitionist.

Biography
Blackwell was born in England, the son of Bristol sugar refiner Samuel Blackwell (c. 1790–August 7, 1838) and Hannah Lane, who moved their family of eight children to the United States in 1832. They first lived in New York City, and later in New Jersey. Samuel Blackwell senior, an anti-slavery campaigner and Congregationalist who wanted his daughters educated as well as his sons, passed his interest in social reform on to his children. In 1838, the year he died, the family was living in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Samuel Charles Blackwell's wife was Antoinette Brown, the first woman ordained in a recognized church in the United States, and prominent speaker in the Abolitionism and Women's Rights Movements. Blackwell was also an abolitionist and was, like his wife, a Unitarian. He married Brown at her home in Henrietta, New York in 1856. At that time, Blackwell was in the hardware business and also invested in real estate. The couple next lived in New York City and then for many years in New Jersey. Blackwell helped care for their children (seven, of whom two died young), each of them given the "double" name Brown Blackwell.

His brother, Henry B. Blackwell, was the husband of Lucy Stone, a friend of Antoinette Brown at Oberlin College. (Stone was an noted abolitionist and worker for women's suffrage.) His sisters included Elizabeth Blackwell, the first women to receive an MD in United States and the first to practice medicine, and Emily Blackwell, the third female graduate of a U.S. medical school, as well as writer/biographer Sarah Ellen Blackwell, and Anna Blackwell, who translated George Sand and Alan Kardec.

title: Samuel Charles Blackwell


text: User talk:210.0.177.84

title: User talk:210.0.177.84