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Thomas Church (landscape architect)

Thomas Dolliver Church (April 27, 1902 – August 30, 1978) was a 20th century landscape architect based in California. He is a nationally recognized as one of the pioneer landscape designers of Modernism in garden landscape design known as the 'California Style'. His design studio was in San Francisco from 1933 to 1977.

History
Thomas Church was born in Boston, and raised in California, in Ojai and Oakland.

He received his B.A. degree in Landscape Architecture from the College of Agriculture at the University of California, Berkeley in 1922. He then attended the Harvard Graduate School of Design, where he received his master's degree in City Planning and Landscape Architecture in 1926.

After graduating, Church spent six months at the American Academy in Rome on a Harvard awarded Sheldon Traveling Scholarship. He also traveled throughout Europe, and while in France became friends with Catherine Bauer, with whom he would later teach at Berkeley. He studied Italian Renaissance gardens, and Moorish and Iberian Renaissance Spanish gardens, observing their responses to a climate so similar the Mediterranean climate in California. On returning from Europe he worked in a city planning office on the East Coast (1927–1928), then he taught at Ohio State University (1928–1930).

He returned to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1930, and was a Special Lecturer in the UC Berkeley Department of Landscape Architecture for the remainder of that year. He also went into private practice in 1930 to design the Pasatiempo Estates in the Santa Cruz area, with Second Bay Tradition style architect William Wurster. A 1937 trip was made to Finland, where seeing new modernist works and site planning by Alvar Aalto was influential to his design evolution.

He moved to San Francisco in 1932 and established his practice in The city. Church opened his own design studio in 1933, at 402 Jackson Street in San Francisco. He continued to practice there until his retirement in 1977. His own distinctive garden and residence were on Hyde Street, in the Russian Hill, San Francisco district.

Church was a longtime contributor to Architectural Forum, House Beautiful, and Sunset magazines, bringing his design ideas with examples to his design peers and the public.

In 1951 Church was awarded the Fine Arts Medal, for Landscape Architecture, by the American Institute of Architects. In 1973, Church was elected to the National Academy of Design, as an Associate Academician. He was also awarded the Rome Prize for his work in landscape architecture by the American Academy in Rome.

Design innovation

When Church started practicing, the Neoclassical style was still the predominant landscape design style. Thomas' design education at UC Berkeley and Harvard, along with his travels to gardens in Europe, gave him ample training in Classical and Renaissance garden traditions. However, Church is renowned as a pioneer in American landscape architect for introducing the Modernist architecture and art movements into landscape design. After WW II, other designers added to what later became known as the "California Style" of gardens. Some of them apprenticed in his design studio, including Robert Royston and Lawrence Halprin.

Church outlined four principles for his design process in his 1955 book ''Gardens Are For People." They are:
 * Unity — the consideration of the design as a whole, integrating the house and its gardens with a free flow between them.
 * Function — the relation of the outdoor recreational and social areas to their interior counterparts, and of the outdoor service areas to the household's needs, to please and serve the people who live in them.
 * Simplicity — upon which rests the aesthetic and economic success of the design.
 * Scale — relating the different design parts, features, and areas to one another, to create a whole an integrated landscape design.

Church used the Modernist design principles for freedom of elements, such as the forms of spaces and features, and a sense of movement. When possible, he favored creating multiple viewpoints, instead of a traditional single axis. "A garden should have no beginning and no end," he wrote in Gardens Are for People, "and should be pleasing when seen from any angle, not only from the house." He could also use historicist design principles when the site called for it, such as the formal lines of the Memorial Courtyard (1965) beside the San Francisco Opera House.

Another design element Church is renowned for is the "outdoor room," creating sub-areas for outdoor living as distinct places within the whole landscape. They were different than those of Italian Renaissance gardens with a separation of house and garden, his outdoor rooms interacted with the house, with a free flow between the two

"Tommy represented freedom from 'decorating' a house," said former Sunset editor Walter Doty, shortly before Church's death. "Landscaping had meant gussying up structures that weren't worth it. Tommy was a 'behavioral' landscaper . . . gardens to live in were more important."

Works
The majority of Church's work was residential, and he reportedly designed over 2,000 private gardens in California and 24 other states. Notable residential works include the now iconic landscape design of El Novillero (Donnell Gardens) for the Donnell Residence (1947–1948), overlooking the winding salt marshes of the North Bay in Sonoma County, California. Others include the Mrs. Clinton Walker House in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, and the Bloedel Reserve and Lakewold Gardens in Washington state.

He also worked on a number of larger non-residential landscape commissions. He worked on campus master plans for UC Berkeley, Stanford University, UC Santa Cruz, Harvey Mudd College, Woodside Priory School, and the Wascana Centre in Saskatchewan. He designed the grounds of the Embassy of the United States, Havana, the General Motors Research Laboratory in Detroit (1949–1953), the Des Moines Art Center, the Hotel El Panama in Panama City, the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, and Parkmerced (1941–1951) in southwestern San Francisco.

He was the landscape design consultant to Stanford University for 30 years, beginning in the late 1940s. He served on the Stanford Architectural Advisory Council from 1960 to 1978, that President J.E. Wallace Sterling created. "Church was trying to put a layer of continuity around the original buildings and the new (ones), he was working on a (campus) landscape that was meant to tie all this together."

Death
Thomas Church died on August 30, 1978, at the age of 76, in Russian Hill, San Francisco.

Legacy
Thomas Church had a long, distinguished, and productive career with over 4,000 projects, as a Landscape Architect. He also wrote several influential and popular landscape design books, including Gardens Are for People (1955) and Your Private World: A Study of Intimate Gardens (1969).

The Post-war Modernist garden design style, first in California and soon influential across the United States, was created and developed by a small group of landscape designers, of which Thomas Church was the "first founder." The subsequent founders and practitioners of the Modern California Landscape include Garrett Eckbo, Robert Royston, James C. Rose, and Dan Kiley.

title: Thomas Church (landscape architect)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bob Taylor

Robert Taylor (computer scientist)

from VfD:

Looks like vanity to me. Might be notable, but I tend to doubt it. -R. fiend 16:32, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * keep (tentative), not vanity, poor stub, is connected with the founding of ARPANET, quick reference for further research . Somewhere I have a book with more info. --Ianb 17:16, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * This info appears to have been taken directly from [here]. But a significant figure, certainly. Keep Average Earthman 11:03, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. Notable. Mikkalai 02:31, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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A Death in the Family (comics)

"A Death in the Family" is a 1988 storyline in the American comic book Batman, published by DC Comics. It was written by Jim Starlin and penciled by Jim Aparo, with cover art by Mike Mignola. Serialized in Batman #426–429 from August to November 1988, "A Death in the Family" is considered one of the most important Batman stories for featuring the death of his sidekick Robin at the hands of his archenemy, the Joker.

Jason Todd, the second character to assume the Robin persona, was introduced in 1983 to replace Dick Grayson, who was unavailable for use at the time. Jason became unpopular among readers after 1986, as writers began to characterize him as rebellious and impulsive. Editor Dennis O'Neil was considering having Jason revamped or written out of Batman when he recalled a 1982 Saturday Night Live sketch in which Eddie Murphy encouraged viewers to call the show if they wanted him to boil a lobster on air. Inspired to orchestrate a similar stunt, DC set up a 900 number voting system to allow fans to decide Jason's fate.

"A Death in the Family" begins when Batman relieves Jason of his crime-fighting duties. Jason travels to the Middle East to find his biological mother, but is kidnapped and tortured by the Joker. Batman #427 ends with the Joker blowing Jason up in a warehouse. Starlin and Aparo prepared two versions of the following issue: one that would be published if readers voted to have Jason survive, and another if he was to be killed. A narrow majority voted in favor of the latter, and Batman #428 features Batman discovering Jason's lifeless body in the warehouse ruins. The storyline ends when Batman and Superman stop the Joker from killing the United Nations General Assembly.

The story was controversial and widely publicized; despite Jason's unpopularity, DC faced backlash for the decision to kill one of its most iconic characters. Jason's demise had a lasting effect on Batman stories, with Batman's failure to save him pushing the comic book mythos in a darker direction. Tim Drake succeeded Jason as Robin in 1989, and Jason was resurrected as the Red Hood in the "Under the Hood" (2004–2006) storyline. "A Death in the Family" remains a popular story among readers and has been reprinted in trade paperback form since its initial publication. Plot elements have been incorporated into Batman films, television series, and video games. An animated interactive film adaptation, Batman: Death in the Family, was released in 2020.

Background
Robin, the adolescent sidekick of the DC Comics superhero Batman, first appeared in Detective Comics #38 in April 1940. He was introduced by Bob Kane, Bill Finger, and Jerry Robinson to give Batman a companion and increase his appeal to children. The original Robin, Dick Grayson, made regular appearances in Batman publications from 1940 until the early 1980s, when Marv Wolfman and George Pérez began including him in the New Teen Titans comics. As this made Dick unavailable to the Batman comics, Batman writer Gerry Conway and artist Don Newton introduced Jason Todd in Batman #357 (March 1983). Wolfman and Pérez had Dick set aside the Robin identity and become the independent superhero Nightwing in Teen Titans, while Jason became Robin in the Batman family of comics.

Originally, Jason's origin story was virtually identical to Dick's; like Dick, Jason was depicted as the son of circus acrobats, who became Batman's sidekick after his parents were murdered. Dennis O'Neil, who wrote Batman and Detective Comics throughout the 1970s and became the Batman group editor in 1986, said that Conway and Newton "[weren't] worried about creating a new character. I think they thought, 'We've got to have a Robin in the series so let's go with the tried and true. This Robin has worked for so many years, so let's do him again. Following the Crisis on Infinite Earths (1985–1986) crossover event, which rebooted the DC Universe, Batman writer Max Allan Collins was asked to reintroduce Jason. Batman #408 (June 1987) began a four-issue story by Collins and artist Chris Warner that reimagined Jason as a street delinquent whom Batman attempts to reform.

The revamped Jason was unpopular among readers, who disliked his rebellious, impulsive nature. A scene in Batman #424 (June 1988) in which Jason seemingly breaks Batman's no-killing rule and lies about it was particularly controversial. After Collins quit over creative differences, writer Jim Starlin and penciler Jim Aparo took over Batman. Starlin disliked Robin, as he found the concept of a crimefighter using a child as a sidekick ridiculous. He initially avoided featuring Jason, but began to use him at the request of O'Neil. Starlin "decided to play on that dislike" in his stories. By 1988, the Batman creative team knew Jason presented a problem that needed to be resolved.

Development

O'Neil decided that Jason either needed another personality revamp or to be written out of Batman. Around that time, DC was planning to publish a comic promoting HIV/AIDS education, and requested that writers submit suggestions for characters to kill off from AIDS. Starlin, who had advocated killing Robin when he began writing Batman, filled the suggestion box with proposals to kill off Jason, but DC staff rejected the idea after realizing all the papers had Starlin's handwriting. However, DC president Jenette Kahn wanted to address Jason's unpopularity. O'Neil and Kahn attended an editorial retreat, where O'Neil recalled a 1982 Saturday Night Live sketch in which Eddie Murphy encouraged viewers to call one of two 900 numbers if they wanted him to boil a lobster on air. The sketch garnered widespread publicity and nearly 500,000 viewers called in. O'Neil proposed a similar stunt involving one of the DC characters, which Kahn found intriguing.

O'Neil decided that Jason was "the logical candidate to be in peril", as he was unpopular and placing him in such a situation would have massive ramifications. He said: "We didn't want to waste it on anything minor. Whether Firestorm's boots should be red or yellow ... This had to be important. Life or death stuff". Kahn added that they wanted to allow fans to have input in what to do with Jason, rather than "autocratically" writing him out and replacing him. The idea of having fans call to influence the creative process was a novel concept at the time, and DC's sales and marketing vice president Bruce Bristow described setting up the numbers as the most difficult part of the project. Sales manager John Pope began calling AT&T to secure the two 900 numbers on October 1, 1987; it took him until March 1988 to reserve them.

Six months after Starlin proposed killing Jason, O'Neil asked him to start working on a potential story. Starlin decided to have the Joker murder Jason, inspired by The Dark Knight Returns (1986), a limited series by Frank Miller that featured Batman retiring after the Joker kills Robin. Starlin wrote scripts for a six-issue story, and the decision was made to combine the first four across two issues to speed up the story because fans were participating. Aparo, inker Mike DeCarlo, and colorist Adrienne Roy provided the art, and assistant editor Dan Raspler suggested Mike Mignola as the storyline's cover artist. Batman #427 features Batman arriving at a warehouse where Jason is imprisoned just as it explodes. On the back cover, an advertisement featured Batman carrying a severely wounded Jason. Readers were warned that Jason could die of his injuries, but that they could "prevent it with a telephone call". Two 900 numbers were given: one (1-(900) 720–2660) which would let Robin live, and another (1-(900) 720–2666) which would cause him to die. The numbers were activated for 35 hours in the United States and Canada from 9:00a.m. Eastern Standard Time on September 15, 1988.

Starlin and the artists prepared two versions of Batman #428, depending on the outcome. As O'Neil stated: "It really could have gone either way. We prepared two choices of balloons. We had alternate panels. We had everything set up so that the two outcomes could be accomplished with a minimum of changes. We prepared for either situation". Raspler explained that Aparo prepared three alternate pages and several panels with static images that could be easily rearranged. O'Neil voted to let Jason live, as he felt killing the character would complicate his job as an editor, and Starlin was unable to vote because he was in Mexico at the time. O'Neil and Raspler checked the results every 90 minutes. DC executive editor and vice president Dick Giordano expected readers to vote in favor of Jason's survival; O'Neil believed they would vote for his death to see if DC would follow through.

The poll received 10,614 votes and 5,343 voted for Jason's death over 5,271 for his survival—a margin of just 72 votes. Although Kahn dispelled rumors that the process was rigged in favor of Jason's demise, O'Neil said it was possible many votes favoring Jason's death came from a single person. He recalled hearing that "a lawyer programmed his Macintosh to dial the killing number every few minutes", but had no evidence. O'Neil canceled a party he planned to throw once the verdict was in and decided to keep the result secret until Batman #428 was shipped. O'Neil did not tell his wife, Starlin, or Aparo. Starlin had expected Jason to die but was surprised by how close the vote was. Production director Bob Rozakis supervised Roy as she finished coloring, and then had Steve Bove take the "real" Batman #428 to finish it in the secrecy of his basement.

Publication
"A Death in the Family" was published when Batman was surging in popularity. Following the success of The Dark Knight Returns and the "Year One" (1987) storyline, monthly sales for Batman were at their highest level since the early 1970s, and Tim Burton's Batman (1989) feature film was in production. DC announced "A Death in the Family" shortly after the release of the critically acclaimed graphic novel Batman: The Killing Joke in 1988; according to author Chris Sims, the Batman letter column immediately "broke out into debate" over whether Jason should live or die.

Batman #426, the first issue of "A Death in the Family", was released on August 23, 1988, and Batman #427, the second, was released two weeks later, on September 6. Fans voted to determine Jason's fate between September 15 and 16, and Batman #428, which featured Jason's death, was released on October 18. The storyline concluded with Batman #429, on November 29. The last two issues contained a guest appearance from Superman.

After the first three issues of "A Death in the Family" sold out, DC compiled the storyline into a trade paperback in time for the 1988 Christmas shopping season. The collection, Batman: A Death in the Family, shipped on December 5, less than a week after Batman #429. A 2009 hardcover reprint included Wolfman, Pérez, and Aparo's 1989 sequel storyline, "A Lonely Place of Dying", which introduced Jason's successor Tim Drake. A hardcover deluxe edition was published in April 2021.

For many years, the version of Batman #428 in which Jason lives remained unpublished, though the pages remained housed in DC's archives in Burbank, California. Batman Annual #25, published in March 2006, used one of the alternate pages Aparo had prepared; some panels were released by Les Daniels in his book Batman: The Complete History (1999) and by Polygon journalist Susana Polo in 2020. In March 2020, the DC Daily web show unveiled all of the pages to the public for the first time, and the artwork was published in the 2021 deluxe edition. A physical fauxsimile issue of the alternate pages, including the original advertisements and letters column, was published on December 12, 2023.

Synopsis
While eavesdropping on a child pornography ring and awaiting police backup in Gotham City, Jason Todd (Robin) ignores Batman's orders and attacks the criminals. Batman chastises Jason and asks if he considers crimefighting a game; Jason replies that life is a game. At Wayne Manor, Batman decides Jason is emotionally unstable and relieves him of his duties as Robin; an enraged Jason storms off. Meanwhile, the Joker escapes from Arkham Asylum. Batman discovers that he has obtained a nuclear weapon and plans to sell it to terrorists, and tracks him to war-torn Lebanon.

Walking through his old neighborhood, Jason meets a friend of his late parents, who gives him his father's old documents. Jason discovers that his mother's name on his birth certificate is blotted out. Her first initial is "S", not "C" as in Catherine Todd, the woman he knew as his mother. Jason concludes that Catherine was his stepmother and decides to search for his biological mother. He uses the Batcomputer to track three possible individuals to the Middle East and Africa. Jason travels to Lebanon, where he and Batman reunite. The two foil an attempt by terrorists to destroy Tel Aviv using the nuclear missile purchased from the Joker. Batman agrees to help Jason find his mother, and Jason interrogates his first suspect, Mossad agent Sharmin Rosen. His next suspect, Batman's old acquaintance Lady Shiva, says she is not Jason's mother after she is administered a truth serum by the duo.

Batman and Jason travel to Ethiopia and confirm that Jason's mother is Sheila Haywood, an aid worker; Jason has an emotional reunion with her. However, the Joker discovers that Sheila had performed illegal surgeries on teenagers in Gotham and has been blacklisted as a medical practitioner. He blackmails her into giving him the medical supplies her agency has stockpiled in a warehouse. He sells them on the black market and stocks the warehouse with Joker venom, which will kill thousands of people. Jason witnesses the Joker blackmail Sheila, so he reveals his identity as Robin to her and offers to help. Shelia rebuffs him, as she has been embezzling from the aid agency; in an attempt to cover this up, she hands Jason over to the Joker. The Joker beats Jason with a crowbar and restrains him and Sheila in the warehouse with a time bomb. Jason throws himself on the bomb to protect Sheila as the warehouse explodes. Batman arrives too late to save them, and Jason and Sheila die from their injuries.

Traumatized, Batman takes Jason and Sheila's remains to Gotham and holds a burial with Alfred Pennyworth, Commissioner James Gordon, and Barbara Gordon. Batman blames himself for Jason's death and resolves to carry on alone, rejecting Alfred's suggestion to involve Dick Grayson, the first Robin. Ayatollah Khomeini approaches the Joker and offers him a role in the Iranian government. The Joker leaves a warehouse containing the corpses of his henchmen and the address of the UN Headquarters for Batman. As Batman waits outside the UN building, Superman appears and tries to convince Batman to leave. The Joker is Iran's representative to the UN and will be giving a speech on the floor of the General Assembly, and any confrontation between Batman and him could start a diplomatic incident.

During his speech, the Joker attempts to poison the chamber with Joker venom, but Superman intercepts it. Batman pursues the Joker onto a helicopter sent by his sponsors. During the resulting struggle, one of the Joker's henchmen opens fire with a machine gun and shoots the pilot, crashing the helicopter into the sea. Superman saves Batman, but the Joker disappears. Batman laments that everything between him and the Joker ends unresolved.

Initial
The first three chapters of "A Death in the Family" sold out quickly, and according to Starlin, the storyline was DC's bestselling comic of 1988. The storyline drew coverage in news outlets including USA Today, Reuters, and the Deseret News. Many reports did not mention that Jason was not the original Robin. As an editor at Marvel Comics, O'Neil had received angry mail from fans when characters such as Phoenix and Elektra were killed, so he was prepared for reader backlash to Jason's death. However, "A Death in the Family" created much more controversy, as Robin was one of DC's most iconic characters and the Marvel deaths had occurred during a period of recession in comics.

O'Neil spent the days following Batman #428's publication "doing nothing but talking on the radio. I thought it would get us some ink here and there and maybe a couple of radio interviews. I had no idea—nor did anyone else—it would have the effect it did". After three days, Peggy May, DC's publicity manager, ordered O'Neil to stop talking to the media. She also barred anyone from discussing the story on television. Though initially confused, O'Neil came to appreciate May's order because he did not want the public to see him as "the guy who killed Robin". Assistant editor Dan Raspler was chastised by DC's then-executive vice president Paul Levitz for referring to "A Death in the Family" as a "stunt" in an interview.

Jason's death divided fans at the time. Many readers celebrated, some hoping it meant that Dick could become Robin again. Others lamented how bloodthirsty comic book readers were. O'Neil and the Batman team received hate mail and angry phone calls; according to O'Neil, the calls ranged from You bastard', to tearful grandmothers saying, 'My grandchild loved Robin and I don't know what to tell him. Frank Miller was critical, calling the story "the most cynical thing [DC] has ever done ... fans can call in to put the axe to a little boy's head. To me the whole killing of Robin thing was probably the ugliest thing I've seen in comics". NPR cultural critic Glen Weldon found the criticism ironic, as it was Miller who came up with the idea of the Joker killing Jason in The Dark Knight Returns.

Retrospective
Critics have agreed with the decision to kill Jason in retrospect. Sims wrote that killing Jason was "unquestionably the right decision" and made for a far better story. He opined that allowing the Joker to defeat Batman enhanced both characters: the Joker became "a deadly threat... whose actions have lasting consequences", while Batman had "a motivating loss at a time when new readers were coming in". Hilary Goldstein of IGN and Jamie Hailstone of Den of Geek praised the story's handling of Jason's death for its emotion and portraying the dangers of superheroics.

Retrospective reviewers have faulted "A Death in the Family" for its plot. Hailstone described "A Death in the Family" as "the ultimate 80s epic": "brasher than Top Gun, louder than Hulk Hogan and more implausible than The A-Team". Both Hailstone and Goldstein found the plot hard to believe, and Hailstone said that it veers into nonsense when the Joker is appointed as an ambassador. Charles Prefore, writing for Screen Rant, said the story "can't decide if it wants to be fun or dark"; while Jason's torture and death at the hands of the Joker is quite somber, elements like the "globetrotting nature of the story" and the Joker becoming an ambassador for Iran are evocative of the goofy Silver Age of Comic Books. Prefore said the story's grim moments, which caused "A Death in the Family" to gain a reputation as one of the darkest Batman stories, overshadow the rest of its outlandishness.

"A Death in the Family" remains a popular story among readers, and despite their reservations over the plot, critics still deemed it worth reading. Hailstone called the story a "guilty pleasure" that, while not as groundbreaking as "Year One" or Batman: Son of the Demon (1987), was entertaining nonetheless, and Prefore summarized it as "a good read if you don't mind all the strangeness". Publications ranking it among the best Batman stories include IGN and Complex in 2014, and GamesRadar+ and Screen Rant in 2021. Sean T. Collins of Rolling Stone ranked it among the 15 Batman stories he considered "essential" to understanding the character, praising Aparo's art and how Starlin characterizes the Joker.

Analysis
Despite Robin's status as one of the most famous sidekicks in comic book history, there has been little literary analysis of "A Death in the Family". According to literary critic Kwasu Tembo, it is generally only discussed "as either a case study within a broader discussion of Batman's ethics, or as a case study of DC's editorial decisions and socio-historical engagement with its readership". The story's message is that Batman cannot save everyone, and it portrays Jason as a tragic figure whose sympathetic journey ends in death. Tembo contended that the death leaves the reader to ponder Jason's nature as "Batman's greatest failure, as an orphan betrayed, and/or as a careless and overzealous lost boy who reaped what he had so impulsively and thoughtlessly sown".

Tembo theorized that Jason's death, as voted for by readers, "can be more thoroughly understood as a complex form of scapegoating", comparable to a public execution. Jason was unpopular because he struggled to live up to the standard of his predecessor Dick, which made him a "bad" Robin. This created jealousy among readers, who concluded that Jason was unfit to be Robin. Citing René Girard's theory of mimetic desire, Tembo wrote that O'Neil's decision to let fans determine Jason's fate created a "mimetic crisis" because readers "could now not only influence [Jason's] existence in the story world, but in being given this power, compete against him". Readers instead saw themselves as more fit to be Batman's partner; by voting to kill Jason, they thought they were helping Batman. Tembo noted the closeness of the vote indicated fans may not have despised Jason as much as commonly believed. Fans who voted to save Jason may have voted to preserve the classic status quo, or because they found the Joker murdering a child during an emotional period in his life unsettling.

Depiction of the Middle East and Islam
Written in the aftermath of the Iran–Contra affair, "A Death in the Family" reflects American attitudes towards the Middle East in the 1980s, and has been criticized for its unnuanced depiction of U.S. relations with that part of the world, and the racial caricatures with which it depicted Iranian culture. Starlin writes Batman as speaking Farsi, the Persian language, in Beirut (where Arabic is actually the commonly spoken language), and the Joker dons a traditional Arab headdress and robes as the Iranian ambassador, although Iran is not an Arab country. Inverse described the Joker's alliance with Khomeini as "the culmination of an embarrassing series of storytelling gaffs that flattens the complexities of Middle Eastern turmoil into a homogenous caricature of racial stereotypes".

Several writers have described the portrayal of Arab terrorists as Islamophobic. They are depicted as anti-American, anti-Israel fanatics who seek to violently take over the Western world. They are referred to as "bandits-in-bedsheets" and depicted as unshaved and always holding weapons, while Jamal, the terrorist leader, is overweight and perpetually sneering. In a 1991 study of Arab terrorist depictions in comic books, Jack Shaheen wrote that "A Death in the Family" conflates Arabs, Muslims and terrorists, and equates them to the Joker, an insane supervillain. Jehanzeb Dar and Shaheen cited the Joker's speech to the General Assembly as a particularly egregious example of Islamophobia in "A Death in the Family". Before he attempts to poison the chamber, the Joker gloats:

"I am proud to speak for the great Islamic Republic of Iran. That country's current leaders and I have a lot in common. Insanity and a great love of FISH. But unfortunately we share a mutual problem. We get NO RESPECT. Everyone thinks of Iran as the home of the TERRORIST ZEALOT! They say even worse things about ME, would you believe? We've both suffered unkind ABUSE AND BELITTLEMENT! WELL, WE AREN'T GOING TO TAKE IT ANYMORE!! You'll no longer be allowed to kick us around. In fact, you aren't going to be able to kick ANYONE around ever again!"

Dar described the Joker's speech as blatant Islamophobia disguised as humor. Shaheen and Dar argued "A Death in the Family" promotes the idea of "Them vs. Us", pitting the Arab and Western worlds against each other as diametrically opposed in values. Dar concluded that "[Starlin]'s and [DC]'s disregard for cultural, religious, and political accuracy simply points to a crude and racist generalization: Arabs, Iranians, and Muslims are all the 'same' and 'hate' the West".

Furthermore, when undercover in Beirut in Batman #426, Bruce Wayne muses "This is not a safe place for an American... That's why I'm traveling under a phony Northern Irish passport," implicitly linking the conflict in Northern Ireland with the conflict in Lebanon, and in spite of the fact there is no such thing as a "Northern Irish passport" (persons born in Northern Ireland are entitled to an Irish or British passport, or both).

Legacy
"A Death in the Family" was part of the American comic book industry's trend towards "grim and gritty" comics in the late 1980s, and is remembered as one of DC's most controversial storylines. Chris Snellgrove of Looper described the scenes depicting Jason's torture and death—with the Joker covered in his blood— as "one of the most disturbing moments in the publisher's long history". DC editors took the lessons they learned from the controversy and used media coverage for publicity when killing off major characters in the future, such as Superman in "The Death of Superman" (1992–1993).

Although "A Death in the Family" sold well, it harmed Starlin's standing at DC. DC's licensing department was infuriated over the death because of the amount of merchandise—such as lunchboxes and pajamas—that bore Robin's likeness. According to Starlin, "everybody got mad, and they needed somebody to blame—so I got blamed". Work quickly declined for him, and within six months he departed DC and returned to Marvel Comics, where he wrote The Infinity Gauntlet (1991).

Effect on future stories
"A Death in the Family" is regarded as one of the most important Batman comics for its effect on future Batman stories. The story altered the DC Universe: instead of killing anonymous bystanders, the Joker murdered a core character in the Batman fiction. Alongside The Killing Joke (which featured Barbara Gordon, Batgirl, being shot in the stomach and paralyzed) and the success of the 1989 Batman film, "A Death in the Family" pushed the Batman mythos in a darker direction. It portrayed Batman as more violent and emotional following Jason's death, and for the next decade of comic book canon, he was haunted by his failure to save him. Conway felt that the storyline allowed for "the entrance of the real 'Dark Knight', the idea of Batman as the pitiless enforcer of Gotham". When the DC Universe continuity was rebooted during DC's 2011 New 52 initiative, the events of "A Death in the Family" were left intact because DC editors deemed it too important.

Jason was likely to be replaced as Robin regardless of his survival. O'Neil wanted to wait a year for a successor, but DC management demanded a new Robin immediately. O'Neil and Wolfman began developing the character of Tim Drake, who debuted in the 1989 storyline "A Lonely Place of Dying" by Wolfman, Pérez, and Aparo. O'Neil arranged for a nuanced introduction that explained why Batman would need a new sidekick after Jason's death, and Tim was designed to appeal to both Jason's fans and detractors. Tim proved popular and starred in several limited series and a 1993–2009 ongoing series, until he was replaced by Damian Wayne in 2009. Damian shared Jason's willingness to go against Batman's wishes and use lethal force; Grant Morrison and Frazer Irving's Batman and Robin #13 (2010) featured a scene in which Damian beat the Joker with a crowbar, paralleling Jason's murder.

Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, Jason's death was one of the few comic book deaths that remained unreversed. Unlike traditional comic book deaths, Jason's was intended to stay permanent; at the time of "A Death in the Familys publication, O'Neil said that "it would be a really sleazy stunt to bring him back". A popular aphorism among comic book fans was that in comics, no characters stayed dead except Bucky Barnes, Uncle Ben, and Jason. Jason's revival was first teased in the "Hush" (2002–2003) storyline by Jeph Loeb and Jim Lee, which features Clayface impersonating an undead Jason to taunt Batman. After writer Judd Winick read "Hush", he wondered why DC never revived Jason. Winick and artist Doug Mahnke's 2004–2006 storyline "Under the Hood" revived him as the murderous vigilante Red Hood; the in-universe explanation for Jason's revival was that he was restored to life after Superboy-Prime punched the wall of a pocket dimension. Jason eventually re-joined Batman's supporting cast as an "on-again, off-again ally", and starred in the series Red Hood and the Outlaws (2011–2021). Despite his resurrection, in 2020 journalist Susana Polo noted Jason was still most famous for dying in "A Death in the Family".

In other media
Bruce Timm and Paul Dini considered adapting "A Death in the Family" for Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), but decided it was too violent. Instead, they omitted the Jason character and incorporated some of his characteristics in Drake when the series was rebranded as The New Batman Adventures (1997–1999). The story was eventually adapted in the comic book sequel Batman: The Adventures Continue (2020), written by Dini and Alan Burnett and penciled by Ty Templeton. In the Adventures Continue adaptation, the Joker and Harley Quinn kidnap Jason, and the Joker beats him with a crowbar with intent to kill him. Harley objects to killing a child and finds Batman, who arrives as the warehouse is engulfed in flames due to hydrogen tanks. A wounded Jason begs for Batman to kill the Joker, but Batman instead tries to save him; Jason attempts to stop Batman but knocks over more hydrogen tanks, causing the explosion and his apparent death.

Elements from "A Death in the Family" were incorporated in the 2010 DC Universe Animated Original Movies film Batman: Under the Red Hood, an adaptation of "Under the Hood" directed by Brandon Vietti. In the film, Ra's al Ghul (Jason Isaacs) hires the Joker (John DiMaggio) to distract Batman (Bruce Greenwood) and Jason (Jensen Ackles) while he destroys Europe's financial districts. They follow the Joker to Bosnia, where he kills Jason in similar fashion to "A Death in the Family". An interactive film adaptation, Batman: Death in the Family, was released in 2020. The film is a sequel to Under the Red Hood, Vietti again directing. The cast of Red Hood returned to reprise their roles, with the exception of Vincent Martella, who replaced Ackles. Similar to the voting system from the comic, the film allows viewers to determine if Jason lives or dies, leading to different scenarios that see him become Red Hood, Hush, or Red Robin.

"A Death in the Family" is referenced in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), a shared universe of superhero films based on DC characters. Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) features a damaged Robin suit on display in the Batcave, while Suicide Squad (2016) reveals that Harley Quinn (Margot Robbie) helped the Joker (Jared Leto) murder him. Zack Snyder's Justice League (the 2021 director's cut of Justice League (2017)) features a scene in which the Joker mocks Batman (Ben Affleck) for Robin's death. Though Warner Bros. and Suicide Squad director David Ayer stated that the dead Robin was Jason, Batman v Superman director Zack Snyder later said he had intended it to be Dick, unlike "A Death in the Family". Snyder had planned to explore Robin's death in detail in his Justice League sequels before their cancellation. Before the release of Zack Snyder's Justice League, Snyder proposed a comic book prequel to Batman v Superman that depicted Robin's death, but DC turned it down.

In "Emperor Joker", a 2010 episode of Batman: The Brave and the Bold (2008–2011), a fourth wall-breaking Bat-Mite (Paul Reubens) references "A Death in the Family" and the 900 number, and Batman is briefly seen cradling a dead Robin. Jason's portrayal in the video game Batman: Arkham Knight (2015) was inspired by "A Death in the Family". The DC Universe and HBO Max streaming television series Titans (2018–2023) features Jason as a central character portrayed by Curran Walters. After the second season episode "Deathstroke" (2019) ended on a cliffhanger with Deathstroke (Esai Morales) attempting to kill Jason, DC Universe held a poll in which fans could vote to determine Jason's fate. The poll was only intended as a reference to "A Death in the Family" and had no effect on the series, but elements from "A Death in the Family" were incorporated in the third season of Titans, which premiered in 2021.

title: A Death in the Family (comics)


text:
Rural delivery service

Rural delivery service refers to services for the delivery of mail to rural areas.

In many countries, rural mail delivery follows different rules and practices from that in urban areas. For example, in some areas rural delivery may require homeowners to travel to a centralized mail delivery depot or a community mailbox rather than being directly served by a door-to-door mail carrier; and even if direct door-to-door delivery is offered, houses still may even not have their own unique mailing addresses at all, but an entire road instead may be assigned a single common address, such as a rural route number.

Examples include Rural Free Delivery in the United States, the rural route system in Canada, and the Rural Mail Box addressing system in Australia.

Because of the differences in the handling and delivery of mail in rural areas, rural letter carriers often follow different regulatory standards than urban postal workers; for example, rural postal delivery workers may not be required to wear a uniform and may be allowed to use their own vehicles rather than driving a postal truck. In Canada, rural letter carriers were for many years not considered employees of Canada Post but private contractors.

title: Rural delivery service


text:
Talk:Rfd

see also Talk:Vfd

Redirection
Just like in case of Vfd, I believe that this should link to Redirects for deletion. If needed, the link to RFD disambiguation page can be placed there. (At the moment, the RFD page is useless anyway.) -- Mike Rosoft 19:43, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * It can cause confusion amongst those who are looking for some other rfd or Rfd. There is no link on the Redirects for deletion page indicating where the disambiguation page is. And since Redirects - for - deletion are three words, RFD could equally be expected as the acronym, or RD for that matter, dropping the less important for. RfD also suffers from this problem, though I agree that it is much less likely that that would be not for Redirects...' 132.205.15.4

title: Talk:Rfd


text: User talk:63.233.229.46

title: User talk:63.233.229.46


text:
Talk:Boothwyn, Pennsylvania

What is the exact status of this place? Pennsylvania is divided into cities, townships, and boroughs, no? john k 19:44, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Boothwyn, Pennsylvania


text:
User:FilthMasterFlex

HEY TYLER IT'S PAUL THANKS FOR CREATING THE NSCL ARTICLE IN 2006 YO Impasse 06:31, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

title: User:FilthMasterFlex


text:
Lutheran school

A Lutheran school is a school associated with Lutheranism. They were common amongst Lutherans who migrated to the United States and Australia from Germany and Scandinavia.

Australia
The first Lutheran school in Australia opened in 1839. At 2013, there were twenty-seven Lutheran-run primary and secondary schools in Queensland, thirty-three in South Australia and sixteen in Victoria, with a much smaller number in each of the other states and territories. The body overseeing these is Lutheran Education Australia, which has a branch in each State.

There has been a very significant growth in Australian Lutheran school enrolments over the twenty-five years and particularly in the decade up tp 2011. As of August 2011, 37 313 Australian children attended Lutheran schools, with another 3 600 in early childhood centres. At this time, there were 3 249 teachers employed at Lutheran schools around Australia.

United States
When the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) was founded in 1847, this tradition of Lutheran education was continued. The synod was started by twelve churches that operated a total of nineteen schools. Several of the churches operated a number of schools in the rural countryside so that students would not have to walk too far to school each day.

For the most part, Lutheran schools are operated by individual congregations. Some schools are operated by groups of congregations, or associations. The schools are autonomous in that they hire their own teachers, select their own curriculum, and set their own fees. In the past most of the costs were paid by the operating congregations. With the economic situation that exists today more and more of the operating funds come from tuition and fees.

The LCMS operates the largest Protestant school system in the United States. As of the 2017-18 school year, the LCMS operates 1,127 Early Childhood Centers, 778 elementary schools, and 87 high schools. The LCMS also operates ten universities and two seminaries. These schools educate more than 180,000 students and are taught by almost 22,000 teachers. Lutheran schools operated by the LCMS also exist in Hong Kong, mainland China, and Vietnam.

The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS) currently operates 393 early childhood education centers (largely preschools), 304 elementary schools, and 29 high schools. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) operates 1,573 early childhood programs, 296 elementary schools, and 14 high schools as of December 31, 2018.

In 2011, Valparaiso University recorded 140 Lutheran high schools in operation of various denominations.

title: Lutheran school


text:
Talk:Fail Safe (1964 film)

Untitled comments
The 1964 film version had the misfortune to be released shortly after Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, which shares many obvious plot similarities with Fail-Safe, but adds black humour and satire to the mix. It proved not as successful in the theatres as it might have been.

Ummm ... it refers to which movie -- Strangelove or Fail-Safe? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.37.19.100 (talk • contribs) 11:51, 27 September 2004.

 * The above comments some months ago by this anon. Andrewa 17:23, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Professor Groteschele (played by Walter Matthau in the 1964 movie), who is loosely based on Henry Kissinger, suggests the United States follow this accidental attack with a full-scale attack to force the Soviets to surrender.

According to [Herman_Kahn] the character is based on Herman Kahn, not Kissenger. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Nmueller (talk • contribs) 12:42, 28 April 2005.
 * That's what I was wondering too. Kissinger was relatively unknown in 1962 (when the book was written) whereas Kahn published On Thermonuclear War in 1960. The character in the book has many similarities with Kissinger, though (German immigrant at about the same time, worked in de-Nazification activities after the war, studied in a notable history professor who was an advisor to presidents, etc.), many more than Kahn. I know that Burdick and Wheeler claim to have based their work on real people, so maybe they did consider Kissinger, even if he wasn't well known? (Kahn is mentioned in the book directly as someone Grotheschele knew). I don't know, but it's interesting to ponder... I haven't seen the movie, mind you, but I have read the book. --Fastfission 19:51, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

The 2000 TV version used B-1 Lancer bombers.

I don't remember the details, but the TV movie was set in the 60's -- long before the Lancer.

All in all this article is highly suspect. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Nmueller (talk • contribs) 12:46, 28 April 2005.

 * Please sign your posts on talk pages, User:Nmueller, use four tildes ~.

 * Agree this article needs a lot of work, but there's a lot of good content there too. The disambiguation section at the top should be split off to failsafe (disambiguation) for a start. Andrewa 17:23, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree too, the page had this bogus claim on it that Nuclear Launch Subs got their instructions from some kind of LongWave Morse Code!! HUH? This sounded so crazy... i checked my memory banks for the movie Crimson Tide with Hackman and Denzel and remembered that at the end ... there was a Producer's note that the President had changed the keys on all the subs and instead they would use blue lasers from Satellites, which can penetrate Water to a great depth, and are more secure than radio signals. There have been articles on fool-proof laser-encryption networks .. getting out of the lab and into the real world... [recently].  This promises to help Computing become Truly Secure in the Future. Maxon1311 13:37 30-JUN-2005 (EDT).

 * this bogus claim on it that Nuclear Launch Subs got their instructions from some kind of LongWave Morse Code Are you alluding to very low frequency or extremely low frequency communications? David.Monniaux 14:54, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Nuclear submarines first receive their instructions by long-wave radio, which can penetrate seawater. However, they can't receive detailed instructions. They do receive an warning message by VLF, and then proceed to a depth where they can receive the messages by laser. I've been following Naval communications for years on this. GABaker 5 June 2006 (UTC).

A question about the 2000 TV movie
At the very end of the movie, shortly before dropping the bomb, the pilot appears to inject himself with something. What? Why? Or did I misinterpret what I saw? Barnabypage 21:03, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

- Don't know what exactly he injected himself with, but my guess is cyanide because he kills himself. My guess is that he did it so that he would not have to live with what he did. Remember, he told his men that dropping the bomb on NY was his responsibility so that no one else could be blamed.

--This also happened in the 1960s movie. GABaker 17:25 9 April 2006 [UTC]

--- The book is more specific about it. In it, he winds up dropping the bomb, more or less, right on top of his wife and children. He simply couldn't live with himself afterwards! 71.233.230.223 (talk) 06:20, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

"Fail-safe" used as a term
This claim was once the article's last sentence: "The term "fail-safe" has entered common speech based on the plot of the movie; it means to allow some sort of modest retaliation, or even perform it yourself, to avoid a greater escalation of hostilities."

I have removed it, because it is unsourced, and contradicts my own understanding of the word (confirmed by a peek at Dictionary.com). Fail-safe, in everyday speech, seems to mean exactly what it's original "engineering use" would suggest: A measure intended to mitigate total failure in the event of an unexpected malfunction or unintended circumstance. This meaning has little to do with "retaliation". Xoloz 02:47, 2 December 2005 (UTC)#

 * i.e. a piece of equipment should fail into a safe condition. Which means that the film's title is probably a wry joke; the system fails deadly. -Ashley Pomeroy 01:24, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

'Fail safe' originally comes from railways (US 'railroads') in the 19th century. If the rod or wire controlling a semaphore signal broke, the signal would automatically drop to show 'danger' (with the red rather than green lens over the light) and stop oncoming trains. In the film, the idea is that US bombers on a pre-alert will fly to their 'fail-safe' points and orbit there, and will not proceed unless given a positive order to attack. The bombers are then mistakenly given the order and we see the captain of one aircraft open his sealed envelope to reveal a big card reading 'Moscow'. Kubrick's Dr Strangelove is far more realistic in that the primary and secondary targets are pre-assigned and all the bombers need is the go-code. Fail Safe shows an obsolete procedure, high-level penetration by supersonic B-58s, which was no longer possible in 1964 due to Soviet missile defences. In fact B-58s had been re-roled for subsonic low-level penetration, and in that flight regime they would not have the fuel endurance to reach Moscow from the nearest NATO bases, so they were tasked to attack defensive installations which were a bit closer, enabling B-52s to strike Moscow with Hound Dog stand-off missiles. Khamba Tendal (talk) 19:07, 7 March 2016 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Fail safe moviep.jpg
Image:Fail safe moviep.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:38, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

American bomber planes are deployed to meet the potential threat
American fighert planes are deployed to meet the potential threat. Strategic bombers are dispersed... George O'Connor (talk) 09:14, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

SSB _is_ easily jammed!
I am strongly tempted to wipe out the entire section about the radio jamming inaccuracy! The only difference between SSB and AM voice is that you need a bit over twice as much power - all other things being equal - to make a given channel or range unusable. Not really a big technical hurdle. EAMs can be sent on several channels at high power, but the fact that SSB is used hardly changes anything! If anyone seconds this, I'll do the delete. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Spamhog (talk • contribs) 16:22, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

Agreed--maybe the writer mean single-sideband spread-spectrum, which is more difficult to jam. Dkazdan (talk) 17:32, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

B-52, not B-58's, right?
The article says:
 * "However, due to a technical failure, the attack code of "CAP 811" (rather than the recall order) is transmitted to Group Six, which consists of six Vindicator supersonic bombers (see B-58 Hustler as used for stand-in aircraft in the movie: Dr. Strangelove)."

Didn't Dr. Strangelove use only a B-52 mockup, and no B-58's? – Wdfarmer (talk) 10:01, 19 July 2009 (UTC)
 * You've got two different movies here- Dr. Stranglove... was set in a B-52 base and had them attacking the Soviet Union while Fail Safe had fictional "Vindicators" that were actually B-58 Hustlers in drag. LOL FWiW Bzuk (talk) 16:09, 19 July 2009 (UTC).
 * That's my point. Why does this article say "see B-58 Hustler as used for stand-in aircraft in the movie: Dr. Strangelove" if no B-58's were used in Dr. Strangelove? – Wdfarmer (talk) 01:51, 20 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Corrected although the note about the B-58 is in two places (a bit repetitive but is important as a production note). FWiW Bzuk (talk) 11:25, 20 July 2009 (UTC).

Right Techie1964 (talk) 21:42, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

Whose wife was in New York City?
I recall the film's ending as a newspaper showing the President's wife was in NYC, not Blackie's. However, I'm not sure enough of that to correct what is listed in the article. Can anyone else confirm my suspicion? Jhugart (talk) 15:47, 23 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Perhaps there was such a mention of the President's wife also being there, but I think the article is still correct about Black's wife and kids being there. At one point, the President asks Black something like, "Are Katie and the kids in New York today?"  When Black replies that they are, the President then says something like, "I may be asking an awful lot of you."

 * Black is a general, not Secret Service, nor a personal aide to the President or anything like that. So there's no reason the President should expect Black to know the First Lady's location better than the President himself would know.  So I'm pretty sure the President was inquiring about Black's wife at that point, not about his own.  Further, I think I recall the film's opening scene had established Black's wife's name as Katie and that their family lived in New York, with Black having started that day by flying from there down to Washington.  63.110.89.212 (talk) 21:01, 5 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Both the first lady and General Black's wife/family are in New York 98.118.94.78 (talk) 02:00, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

Enlarging the plot
There is no problem in adding more details in the plot section, bearing in mind, that there are typically recommended size limits to be considered. Increasing the plot section recently by a three-fold measure, was likely a place to consider some pruning of the new submissions. The plot also should not elaborate on film devices, but these can become part of the lede statement or production section. 16:36, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

Who was sued?
The section about the plagiarism lawsuit is unclear as to whether the film's producers were sued by the writer of Red Alert or the authors of the novel. 68.146.52.234 (talk) 11:33, 12 May 2015 (UTC)

Abraham '59
Saw a reference that Harvey Wheeler had said he'd written the original version of the story in 1956, eventually published as Abraham '59. Found this article where he does so. Also relates to the lawsuit section. Relevant section; "My original Dissent “Christmas fantasy” was based on the biblical Abraham. God made Abraham’s salvation depend on his willingness to sacrifice his own son. “Abraham ‘58” I titled the story when the mailings started in 1957. It appeared as “Abraham ’59” by F. B. Aiken. In real life I study the work of the 17th century philosopher who signed himself “F. Bacon.” F.B. Aiken made me a good pen name. It got the lead cover listing of the Winter 1959 Dissent : “Abraham ’59 – a Nuclear Fantasy,” by F.B. Aiken. Bud Burdick was given a copy but he had forgotten. ''The late Martin Gang (Gang, Tyre, Rudin & Brown) was our lawyer. He had assigned to us a very bright and personable young attorney, Frank Wells – later to become President of Disney. When the law suit struck, and without telling any of the others, I called Frank for an appointment - “got something to show you.” The upscale Hollywood law offices of Gang, Tyre, Rudin & Brown were quietly sedate. After being seated across from Frank’s desk I handed him the Dissent issue. He was puzzled. I pointed out the Aiken article. Still puzzlement. “Aiken is my pen name,” I explained. “Oh,....so..?” “Yes, this is the first version of Fail-Safe, but I actually wrote the story in 1956 and tried for two years to publish it everywhere.” Frank scanned “Abraham” quickly. A big grin spread across his face. He picked up the magazine and ran through the offices waving it and yelling “We won!... we won!” And we did, handsomely.'' ''A noisy five-way conference phone call was held: Burdick in Japan, our film agent, Ziggie Zigler in Pasadena, Martin Gang in Hollywood, Max Youngstein in New York, and me in Santa Barbara. I argued we should press a counter-suit against Columbia, Kubrick and Peter George, author of Red Alert - he’d been fiction editor at more than one of the U.S. magazines I’d sent “Abraham ‘58"! But the bad phone connections made argument impossible. A suit would tie up our film, and Youngstein’s account was hemorrhaging. I agreed to a settlement. Columbia Pictures took over the film contract and made the picture just like Youngstein wanted. F.B. Aiken and “Abraham ‘59” figure prominently in our settlement contract with Columbia.''"219.88.68.195 (talk) 01:43, 29 June 2015 (UTC)

Hyphen?
I'd like to put forward the suggestion that the title page of this Wikipedia article (and within the article) be changed from Fail Safe, to Fail-Safe. The title card during the film's opening has a hyphen between the two words. The original novel also has a hyphen (as per its Wikipedia page).

(Though I do note that the film's original trailer has no hyphen, and neither does some of the film posters of the time)

--Rhettrospective (talk) 12:35, 13 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I too noticed that the film itself was inconsistent with the hyphen. The term should have one, or be a single word, but for some reason, the film production was ambiguous about it. I sometimes wonder if the image of the plane in the poster is meant to be the hyphen. Note that IMDb hyphenates its entry for the film. Eric talk 12:54, 13 January 2017 (UTC)

 * I noticed that as well on the poster, and one could consider that to represent a hyphen.

The film title itself is hyphenated in the opening credit, so I suspect it should be added. Problem is, I can't see where in the Edit tab one actually changes the heading of the wikipedia page --Rhettrospective (talk) 12:25, 14 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Renaming an article is done by moving the page. See WP:Move. It might be good to get some input from other editors first. Eric talk 16:56, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

"Plagiarism"
The article says "Fail Safe so closely resembled Red Alert that George filed a plagiarism lawsuit", citing LoBrutto, p. 242. The use of "plagiarism" is consistent with what LoBrutto says (although LoBrutto suggests it was Kubrick, not George, who sued; but the passive voice makes it hard to be certain): "A plagiarism suit was launched against Youngstein's ECA, Burdick, Wheeler, their publisher McGraw-Hill, and Curtis Publishing, which serialized Fail-Safe."

The only problem is, plagiarism isn't (and wasn't in 1963) grounds for suit. Plagiarism is the academic offense of using someone else's words or ideas without giving proper credit, passing them off as one's own. What was undoubtedly filed here was a copyright infringement suit. An act can be both copyright infringement and plagiarism, but only the copyright infringement is actionable. (For example, copy ideas without giving credit: plagiarism, an academic no-no, but completely legal; copy a chapter or two of someone else's work, but being upfront that someone else is the author: no plagiarism, but actionable copyright infringement; copy a plot of a novel: plagiarism, if no credit is given, and maybe copyright infringement, depending on the scope of protection and exactly what was used, but only the copyright infringement aspect is actionable.)

So do we replicate LoBrutto's error, and incorrectly say it was a suit for "plagiarism"; or do we correct it to "copyright infringement" and possibly going astray of WP:OR? TJRC (talk) 19:22, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Never mind; after a moment's reflection, the solution was obvious; find better sources that get it right and edit accordingly, sidestepping the OR issue. TJRC (talk) 19:33, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

Russian general?
The voice actor who played the Russian general (Kornilev?) is not listed. 47.200.80.102 (talk) 13:37, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fail Safe (1964 film)


text:
Onsala Space Observatory

Onsala Space Observatory (OSO), the Swedish National Facility for Radio Astronomy, provides scientists with equipment to study the Earth and the rest of the Universe. The observatory operates two radio telescopes in Onsala, 45 km south of Gothenburg, and takes part in several international projects. Examples of activities:
 * The 20 and 25 m telescopes in Onsala: Studies of the birth and death of stars, and of molecules in the Milky Way and other galaxies.
 * LOFAR station: The Swedish station in the international radio telescope LOFAR is located at the observatory.
 * VLBI: Telescopes in different countries are linked together for better resolution ("sharper images").
 * ALMA, e-VLBI, Herschel Space Observatory, SKA: Developing and using new radio astronomical facilities.
 * APEX: Radio telescope in Chile for sub-millimetre waves. Research about everything from planets to the structure of the Universe.
 * Odin: Satellite for studies of, e.g., the Earth's atmosphere and molecular clouds in the Milky Way.
 * Space geodesy: Radio telescopes (VLBI) and satellites (GPS) are used to measure movements in Earth's crust and water vapour in the atmosphere.
 * Receiver development: Laboratories for development of sensitive radio receivers.
 * Event Horizon Telescope: A project to create a large telescope array for observing the immediate environment of the Milky Way's supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*, et.c.

Onsala Space Observatory was founded in 1949 by professor Olof Rydbeck. The observatory is hosted by Department of Earth and Space Science at Chalmers University of Technology, and is operated on behalf of the Swedish Research Council.

25-metre telescope
The 25.6 m diameter, polar mount decimeter-wave telescope in Onsala is equipped with receivers for frequencies up to 7 GHz. It is used for astronomical VLBI observations. It is also operated as a single dish for studies of molecular clouds in the Galaxy. The telescope was built in 1963.

20-metre telescope

The 20 m diameter millimetre wave telescope in Onsala is equipped with receivers for frequencies up to 116 GHz. It is used for observations of millimetre wave emission from molecules in comets, circumstellar envelopes, and the interstellar medium in the Galaxy and in extragalactic objects. The telescope is enclosed in a radome of diameter 30 m.

It is also used for astronomical VLBI observations of star forming regions, radio stars, and active galactic nuclei, and for geodetic VLBI observations to study e.g. crustal dynamics and polar motion. The telescope was built in 1975-76 and upgraded in 1992.

It is also used, as part of the European and worldwide networks, for astronomical Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations of star forming regions, radio stars, and active galactic nuclei, and for geodetic VLBI observations to study e.g. crustal dynamics and polar motion.

Receivers
The telescope is equipped with the following receivers:

LOFAR station

The Swedish station in the international radio telescope LOFAR is located at Onsala Space Observatory. It was completed in 2011.

Nordic ALMA node
The Onsala Space Observatory currently hosts the Nordic ALMA node, which is part of the European ALMA regional centre (ARC). The Nordic ALMA node provides face-to-face support for any astronomer that wants to use the ALMA telescope and primarily supports the Nordic scientific community.

title: Onsala Space Observatory


text: User talk:68.174.151.155

title: User talk:68.174.151.155


text:
Centre for Talented Youth Ireland

The Centre for Talented Youth Ireland (CTYI) is a programme for students of high academic ability between the ages of six and seventeen in Ireland.

There are sibling projects around the world, most notably the CTY programme at Johns Hopkins University, the original model for CTY Ireland. CTY students are eligible to participate in CTY's summer sessions for older students. CTY was founded in 1992, with its first summer programme running in 1993, and is based at Dublin City University in Glasnevin, Dublin 9. The centre offers various courses for gifted students as well as conducting research and promoting the needs of the talented in Ireland.

Currently, it caters for 5,000 students a year. Its current director is Colm O'Reilly.

Eligibility
Eligibility for CTYI's programmes is based on scores in the School and College Ability Test. Students who score within the top 5th percentile are eligible for the top tier of CTY programmes, and those who score within the top 10th percentile are eligible for a second tier, CAT, while students who score within the top 15th percentile are eligible for a third tier, the Summer Scholars programme.

CTYI also allows for bright and motivated students to partake in courses such as correspondence courses, and scholarships can be attained for EUE or the secondary school summer programme. Students can also attend on a psychologist's recommendation.

Primary school programmes
Saturday courses are offered for primary school students at various colleges and institutes of technology around Ireland throughout the year. There are courses for both the 6–7 age group and the 8–13 group. DCU also run classes on Wednesday afternoons.

Secondary school programmes
A summer programme for 12–17 year-olds (1st – 5th year) as part of CAT or CTY runs only at DCU premises. These courses give students the opportunity to study college-style and college-level courses intensively for three weeks in the summer in one of two sessions, each of which lasts three weeks.

Because of the Irish financial situation in the mid-2000s, fewer people were able to afford the cost of the programme, especially after the Government cut CTYI's funding in 2009. Since, students can now attend both sessions of the course, and the age bracket has been increased to include children up to age seventeen.

Some of the students at the summer programme come from overseas, mostly from continental countries such as Spain, Portugal, and Italy. Owing to the intensive nature of the programme, a substantial proportion of the 190–250 students who attend each session are residential, living in student accommodation for the duration of the course. However, students can also commute, attending the course as the residential students do but going home at the end of the day and returning in the morning.

In 2018, the following courses were offered:

 * Biomedical Engineering
 * Clinical Psychology
 * Child Psychology
 * Computer Gaming
 * Game Theory
 * International Relations
 * Japanese Language and Culture
 * Law
 * Medicine
 * Neuroscience
 * Novel Writing
 * Robotics
 * Theoretical Physics
 * Maths Experience
 * Computer Animation
 * Criminology
 * Film Studies
 * Genetics & Cell Biology
 * Marine Biology
 * Philosophy
 * Sci-Fi & Fantasy Writing
 * Sports Science
 * Radio, TV, & Digital Communications
 * Moot Court

The CAT (for children in the 85th to 95th percentile) version of the programme ends after two weeks and so has a slightly different course matter.

Weekdays in the summer programme are highly structured, with lectures from 9am to 3pm, with a lunch break. Activities take place from 3.15pm to 5pm, supervised by the residential assistants (RAs), while from 5pm and 6:30pm students have dinner and are required to attend a meeting with their RA group. 6:30pm to 8:30pm is taken up by the study period, which is supervised by the teaching assistant, and social time takes place between 8:30pm and 10pm, with lights-out at 10.30pm.

On weekends, social activities such as discos, shopping trips, visits to the cinema, excursions to various interesting sights in Ireland and talent shows are organised.

Early University Entrance
EUE is a programme for Transition Year students in secondary school. Like the summer programme, it runs on a DCU campus, with students covering two modules (equivalent to what a first year college student in DCU would study) over a semester, one day a week each week (usually Fridays). In 2018, subjects included Law & Politics, Business, Engineering, and Psychology. EUE is open to CAT- and CTY-qualifying students.

Other courses
The centre runs correspondence courses throughout the year for 12- to 16-year-olds and also for Transition Year students who do not have to fulfil any aptitude test requirements. Courses include or have included Writing By Mail, Journalism, Psychology, Philosophy, Legal Studies, and Science of Tomorrow. There are also correspondence courses for younger students (8–13) in computing-related subjects and Writing By Mail.

Permanent
Dr. Colm O'Reilly – Director

Dr. Catriona Ledwith – Assistant Director

Dr. Leeanne Hinch – Academic Coordinator

Dr. Orla Dunne – Residential Coordinator

Ms. Lynne Mooney – Young Student Manager

Ms. Linda Murphy – Post-Primary Manager

Ms. Ruth Lally- Post-Primary Administrator

Ms. Cathy Woods – Early University Entrance Administrator

Ms. Hazel Skinner - Early University Entrance Administrator

Contract staff
As the on-site programmes available for students are part-time and/or short-term, most of the staff associated with these programmes are contracted for a set period of time. Residential staff are hired for either 3 or 6 weeks (summer programme only) while academic staff are hired for 3 weeks, 6 weeks, or on a part-time basis during the year (e.g. an eight-week Saturday course).

Assistant Residential Coordinators (ARCs)
These staff (usually 2, 1 male and 1 female) are responsible for the care of the students at CTYI during the 12–17 summer courses. They live in the residences with the students and are the highest-ranking staff members when the Residential Coordinator is absent (e.g., at night). They are in charge of the RAs also. ARCs are often ex-RAs, who return to hold a higher point of authority. An ARC may hold the position for a number of years running, e.g. former ARC Mary Heslin held the position for 4 years running.

Residential Assistants (RAs)
RAs are responsible for the care their RA group (normally a group of 18–22 students) and they report to the ARCs. Any residential students will bring up issues with their RAs. They may also act as mentors to the students if they are having problems settling in. Typically there is a mix between former CTYI students and those who have not attended the programme.

Instructors
Instructors are generally professionals or postgraduate students who are willing to give up 3 weeks of a year to work with CTYI's students. They are hired on the basis of specialist knowledge in a particular field and a rapport with young people. Some are former CTYI students and/or have worked on the programme as RAs or TAs. In the past they have included lecturers at DCU, but stricter regulations within the university now prohibit DCU staff from taking on 'a second contract'.

Teaching Assistant (TA)
A TA's primary function is to assist the instructor during class time and supervision and assisting students during study period.

Coordinator
On the part-time programmes during the year, additional administrative staff are hired to co-ordinate Saturday programmes.

Funding cut, 2009
It was announced in the post-crash 2009 Irish budget that the government would not continue directly contributing to CTYI funding. Up to 2008, the Department of Education had been providing the course with a grant of €97,000. The move to withdraw funding was criticised by CTYI staff but a spokesperson for the Department of Education said that "the resources available for next year meant that difficult choices had to be made and the abolition of the grant to the Centre for Talented Youth was one of those tough decisions." The government had previously planned to allow CTYI to become a national mandate.

title: Centre for Talented Youth Ireland


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Charles Bridgeman

Charles Bridgeman (1690–1738) was an English garden designer who helped pioneer the naturalistic landscape style. Although he was a key figure in the transition of English garden design from the Anglo-Dutch formality of patterned parterres and avenues to a freer style that incorporated formal, structural and wilderness elements, Bridgeman's innovations in English landscape architecture have been somewhat eclipsed by the work of his more famous successors, William Kent and Lancelot "Capability" Brown.

Career
Little is recorded of the early life of Charles Bridgeman. He was born in 1690 and raised in modest circumstances. His father was a gardener who is reported to have worked at Wimpole Hall in Cambridgeshire for the Earl of Oxford. The younger Bridgeman entered the landscaping profession by working for the Brompton Park Nursery. By 1714 he had begun working with Henry Wise, with whom he later shared the title of Chief Gardener for the royal gardens (Strong, 1992, 39). Bridgeman married Sarah Mist in 1717.

An early proponent of a less-structured garden design, Bridgeman was a pioneer in the landscape style that spread throughout much of Europe in the 18th century and came to be known as the jardin anglais. A contemporary of Bridgeman's, Horace Walpole, describing his colleague's design style in his essay On Modern Gardening, wrote: "though he still adhered much to strait walks with high clipt hedges, they were only his great lines; the rest he diversified by wilderness, and with loose groves of oak, though still within surrounding hedges" (Amherst, 1896, p. 249). Bridgeman’s approach to landscaping can be summarised in three terms: formal, transitional and progressive. His landscapes displayed formal elements such as parterres, avenues, geometrically shaped lakes and pools, and kitchen gardens. Transitional elements in his designs included lawns, amphitheatres, garden buildings and statues, winding paths through wooded areas to viewing points and the use of ha-has; these features are some of the progressive ideas he helped bring into favour.

Bridgeman made a name for himself among the artisans of the day with his often dramatic redesigns of the estate gardens belonging to wealthy English nobles. He laid out the extravagant garden of Lord Cobham at Stowe, which compiled temples, pillars, finely carved stone statues, summer houses, and a miniature replica of an Egyptian pyramid (Amherst, 1896, p. 251). This was perhaps most his most renowned work. English essayist and poet Alexander Pope wrote of Bridgeman's creations at Stowe as being the "work to wonder at" (Batey, et al., 1990, p. 168).

Bridgeman participated in the design of a garden at Rousham House in Oxfordshire that included cascades, fountains, square pools, an outdoor theatre, and a wilderness area that could be viewed from a vantage point within the main garden. Batey and Lambert (1990, p. 156) wrote of this garden: "at Rousham the views out into the countryside are as important as those in the garden". Other estate gardens Bridgeman had a hand in planning include Claremont, Cassiobury Park, Cliveden, Chiswick House, Kew Gardens, Wimpole Hall, Briggens House in Essex, and Amesbury Abbey in Wiltshire.

However, Bridgeman perhaps remains best known for his tenure as Royal Gardener for Queen Anne and Prince George of Denmark. He was promoted to this position, which he held for ten years, upon the retirement of his mentor, Henry Wise. As Royal Gardener, Bridgeman tended – and in many cases, redesigned – the royal gardens at Windsor, Kensington Palace, Hampton Court, St. James's Park and Hyde Park.

title: Charles Bridgeman


text:
Category:Eschatology

Note that eschatology is a branch of theology. For articles unrelated to theology, see for example Category:Future, Category:Doomsday scenarios and Category:Physical cosmology.

title: Category:Eschatology


text:
Tadeusz Kotarbiński

Tadeusz Marian Kotarbiński (31 March 1886 – 3 October 1981) was a Polish philosopher, logician and ethicist.

A pupil of Kazimierz Twardowski, he was one of the most representative figures of the Lwów–Warsaw School, and a member of the Polish Academy of Learning (PAU) as well as the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN). He developed philosophical theory called reism (reizm) and an ethical system called independent ethics. Kotarbiński also contributed significantly to the development of praxeology.

Henryk Greniewski and Kazimierz Pasenkiewicz were doctoral students under Kotarbiński.

Life
Tadeusz Kotarbiński was born on 31 March 1886 in Warsaw, then Congress Poland, Russian Empire, into an artist's family. His father, Miłosz Kotarbiński, was a painter his mother, Ewa Koskowska, was a pianist and composer. His uncles were Józef Kotarbiński, an important figure in Polish theater circles, and Wilhelm Kotarbiński, a talented painter. Expelled from secondary school in 1905 for participating in a strike, Kotarbiński managed to graduate two years later. He studied first as an unenrolled student at Jagiellonian University in Kraków, attending mostly lectures on mathematics and physics; then architecture in Lviv and Darmstadt, to finally settle for studies in philosophy and classical philology at the University of Lviv. His professors were some of the most esteemed philosophers, logicians and mathematicians of his time: Kazimierz Twardowski, Jan Łukasiewicz, Władysław Witwicki and philologist Stanisław Witkowski. He received his PhD with the thesis Utilitarianism in the Ethics of Mill and Spencer in 1912.

After graduation, he taught classical languages at Warsaw's Mikołaj Rey Gymnasium (secondary school). In 1918 he began a lecturing career in philosophy at Warsaw University; from 1929 to 1930 he was dean of humanities. In the interwar period, Kotarbiński was involved in social affairs. He actively fought against anti-semitism, ultranationalism and clericalism. He wrote mainly for the monthly "Racjonalista", an organ of the Polish Association of Freethinkers. During the persecution of students of Jewish origin at Polish universities, when right-wing organizations tried to designate separate sectors in lecture halls for non-Polish students, he jointly joined their protest, during which he conducted his lectures while standing. He was an opponent of the ghetto benches introduced at the University of Warsaw in 1937. In his activities, close to the left-wing and socialist groups, he was a member of the Polish Teachers' Union, being in the years 1937–1939 president of the Higher School Section.

After World War II, along with other eminent men of learning, he helped create a state university in Łódź. In 1945 Kotarbiński became the first rector of the University of Łódź, holding this post until 1949 while simultaneously working at the University of Warsaw. His model of work became a benchmark for future generations of scholars at the University of Łódź.

Reism
Reism is a pansomatism (from Greek: πᾶν 'all' + σῶμα 'body') ontology as well as semantic theory developed by Kotarbiński and most extensively exposed in his major work: Elements of the Theory of Knowledge, Formal Logic and Methodology of the Sciences, first published in 1929. Kotarbiński was the creator of the term reism, a word derived from Latin res 'thing'.

Ontological reism
Kotarbiński's ontological reism approach assumes that the only things that exist, and thus the only ontological category to be used, are individual, concrete objects (or bodies) in opposition to doctrines allowing for the existence of such categories as universals, states of affairs, properties, relations, sets, classes, mental constructs, etc.

Semantic reism
In its semantic formulation, Kotarbiński postulated that meaningful sentences have to contain so-called genuine names (referring to concrete objects) as opposed to abstract objects' names or non-genuine names (onomatoids). He also distinguished onomatoids from empty names, which he considered to be reistic. Sentences with onomatoids only were in his view meaningless, whereas those with empty names meaningful.

Reism has been anticipated by philosophers preceding Kotarbiński (Leibniz, Brentano and his pupils and earlier nominalists and materialists), but it was Kotarbiński who developed it to the complete, systematic exposition and gave it its name.

In 1958 in Philosophical Studies 4(7) Kotarbiński published Developmental Stages of Concretism, an essay in which he discussed the construction and evolution of his theory starting from the early concretism or nominalism, passing through seven stages of re-elaboration and finally culminating in pansomatism. Kotarbiński used terms: reism, pansomatism and concretism as equivalents to some extent throughout his works.

Praxeology
Kotarbiński was the most prominent representative and promoter of the science of efficient action, called praxeology. Scholars consider Kotarbiński's works in praxeology as the most systematic exposition of the foundations of this young science, particularly in his Traktat o dobrej robocie (A Treatise on Good Work) and, to some extent, his earlier publication called Szkice praktyczne (Essays on Practice).

Kotarbiński posited that praxeology is a science that is broader than the science of work as it contains philosophical elaboration of the concept of action, especially in the context of human work process, including the recommendations and general solutions for human activities in different fields. His position is considered partially descriptive in the sense that its aim is to understand relevant features of actions, but that the classifications it produces have normative objectives. Kotarbiński's contribution to the understanding of the nature of action is considered foundational for action theory (philosophy)

Three years after publishing A Treatise on Good Work, Kotarbiński persuaded the Polish Academy of Sciences to establish a Laboratory for General Questions of Work Organization (Pracownia Ogólnych Problemów Organizacji Pracy), later upgraded into a Department of Praxeology. Starting in 1962, it published a periodical, Materiały Prakseologiczne (Praxeological Papers), later renamed Prakseologia (Praxeology).

Works

 * Szkice praktyczne (Practical Sketches, 1913)
 * Elementy teorii poznania, logiki formalnej i metodologii nauk. Lvov Ossolineum (1929); second revised edition 1961
 * Traktat o dobrej robocie (1955); English translation: Praxiology. An Introduction to the Science of Efficient Action, New York: Pergamon Press, 1965.
 * Sprawność i błąd (Efficiency and Error, 1956)
 * Fazy rozwojowe konkretyzmu (= Studia Filozoficzne 4.7, 1958)
 * Medytacje o życiu godziwym (Meditations about Decent Life, 1966)
 * Leçons sur l'histoire de la logique. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France 1964. Original Polish edition 1957.
 * Gnosiology. The Scientific Approach to the Theory of Knowledge. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1966 (English translation of Elementy by O. Wojtasiewicz).
 * Écrits sur l'éthique (1935–1987), Hermann, Paris, 2017.

title: Tadeusz Kotarbiński