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Internet Protocol television

Internet Protocol television (IPTV), also called TV over broadband, is the service delivery of television over Internet Protocol (IP) networks. Usually sold and run by a telecom provider, it consists of broadcast live television that is streamed over the Internet (multicast) — in contrast to delivery through traditional terrestrial, satellite, and cable transmission formats — as well as video on demand services for watching or replaying content (unicast).

IPTV broadcasts started gaining usage during the 2000s alongside the rising use of broadband-based internet connections. It is often provided bundled with internet access services by ISPs to subscribers and runs in a closed network. IPTV normally requires the use of a set-top box, which receives the encoded television content in the MPEG transport stream via IP multicast, and converts the packets to be watched on a TV set or other kind of display. It is distinct from over-the-top (OTT) services, which are based on a direct one-to-one transmission mechanism.

IPTV methods have been standardised by organisations such as ETSI. IPTV has found success in some regions: for example in Western Europe in 2015, pay IPTV users overtook pay satellite TV users. IPTV is also used for media delivery around corporate and private networks.

Definition
Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams over IP networks, MPEG transport streams over IP networks and a number of proprietary systems. One official definition approved by the International Telecommunication Union focus group on IPTV (ITU-T FG IPTV) is:

"IPTV is defined as multimedia services such as television/video/audio/text/graphics/data delivered over IP-based networks managed to provide the required level of quality of service and experience, security, interactivity and reliability."

Another definition of IPTV, relating to the telecommunications industry, is the one given by Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) IPTV Exploratory Group in 2005:

"IPTV is defined as the secure and reliable delivery to subscribers of entertainment video and related services. These services may include, for example, Live TV, Video On Demand (VOD) and Interactive TV (iTV). These services are delivered across an access agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio, video and control signals. In contrast to video over the public Internet, with IPTV deployments, network security and performance are tightly managed to ensure a superior entertainment experience, resulting in a compelling business environment for content providers, advertisers and customers alike."

History
Up until the early 1990s, it was not thought possible that a television programme could be squeezed into the limited telecommunication bandwidth of a copper telephone cable to provide a video-on-demand (VOD) television service of acceptable quality, as the required bandwidth of a digital television signal was around 200Mbit/s, which was 2,000 times greater than the bandwidth of a speech signal over a copper telephone wire. VOD services were only made possible as a result of two major technological developments: motion-compensated DCT video compression and asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) data transmission. Motion-compensated DCT algorithms for video coding standards include the H.26x formats from 1988 onwards and the MPEG formats from 1991 onwards. Motion-compensated DCT video compression significantly reduced the amount of bandwidth required for a television signal, while at the same time ADSL increased the bandwidth of data that could be sent over a copper telephone wire. ADSL increased the bandwidth of a telephone line from around 0.1Mbit/s to 2Mbit/s, while DCT compression reduced the required bandwidth of a digital television signal from around 200Mbit/s down to about 2Mbit/s. The combination of DCT and ADSL technologies made it possible to practically implement VOD services at around 2Mbit/s bandwidth in the 1990s.

The term IPTV first appeared in 1995 with the founding of Precept Software by Judith Estrin and Bill Carrico. Precept developed an Internet video product named IP/TV. IP/TV was an Mbone compatible Windows and Unix-based application that transmitted single and multi-source audio and video traffic, ranging from low to DVD quality, using both unicast and IP multicast Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) and Real time control protocol (RTCP). The software was written primarily by Steve Casner, Karl Auerbach, and Cha Chee Kuan. Precept was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998. Cisco retains the IP/TV trademark.

Telecommunications company US West (later Qwest) launched an IPTV service called TeleChoice in Phoenix, Arizona in 1998 using VDSL technology, becoming the first company in the United States to provide digital television over telephone lines. The service was shut down in 2008.

Internet radio company AudioNet started the first continuous live webcasts with content from WFAA-TV in January 1998 and KCTU-LP on 10 January 1998.

Kingston Communications, a regional telecommunications operator in the UK, launched Kingston Interactive Television (KIT), an IPTV over digital subscriber line (DSL) service in September 1999. The operator added additional VOD service in October 2001 with Yes TV, a VOD content provider. Kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP VOD over ADSL as a commercial service. The service became the reference for various changes to UK Government regulations and policy on IPTV. In 2006, the KIT service was discontinued, subscribers having declined from a peak of 10,000 to 4,000.

In 1999, NBTel (now known as Bell Aliant) was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol television over DSL in Canada using the Alcatel 7350 DSLAM and middleware created by iMagic TV (owned by NBTel's parent company Bruncor ). The service was marketed under the brand VibeVision in New Brunswick, and later expanded into Nova Scotia in early 2000 after the formation of Aliant. iMagic TV was later sold to Alcatel.

In 2002, Sasktel was the second in Canada to commercially deploy IPTV over DSL, using the Lucent Stinger DSL platform.

In 2005, SureWest Communications was the first North American company to offer high-definition television (HDTV) channels over an IPTV service.

In 2005, Bredbandsbolaget launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in Sweden. As of January 2009, they are not the biggest provider any longer; TeliaSonera, who launched their service later, now has more customers.

In 2007, TPG launched their IPTV service in Australia after a limited beta. By 2010, iiNet and Telstra launched IPTV services in conjunction to internet plans.

In 2008, Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) launched IPTV under the brand name of PTCL Smart TV in Pakistan. This service is available in 150 major cities of the country offering 140 live channels.

In 2010, CenturyLink – after acquiring Embarq (2009) and Qwest (2010) – entered five U.S. markets with an IPTV service called Prism. This was after successful test marketing in Florida. Later in 2010, Bell Canada (a major division, if not the largest division of BCE) announced it would begin offering residential and business/commercial customers in Montreal, Quebec and Toronto, Ontario IPTV over a number of different modalities, including fibre to the home, fibre to the node and DSL. This flavour of IPTV would be packaged with other services and branded as "Bell Fibe," providing Canadian customers with everything from local analogue trunk connectivity (POTS), to DSL and fibre Internet to TV service via IPTV. Bell further announced in the September 13th (2010) press release it would begin deploying fiber optic Ethernet to homes in Montreal and Toronto. Bell has since continued to install fiber optic Ethernet to homes (fibre to the home) across Ontario and Quebec, Bell Canada's two largest customer territories. Bell was very successful with the deployment of the Bell Fibe product offering. Many customers in Ontario and Quebec switched from legacy (coaxial) cable companies to Bell's Fibe product because of Bell's marketing around IPTV and their at-home wireless PVR offering. Bell's wireless PVR would permit customers to place a TV anywhere they wanted - as long as they had a power outlet. Bell Fibe TV commercials would show young families watching TV outside on the couch with large 70+ inch LCDs and their Bell Fibe wireless PVR.

In Brazil, since at least 2012, Vivo has been offering the service Vivo TV Fibra in 200+ cities where it has FTTH coverage (4Q 2020 data). Since at least 2018, Oi has also been offering IPTV under its FTTH service "Oi Fibra". Also, several regional FTTH providers also offer IPTV along with FTTH internet services.

In 2016, Korean Central Television (KCTV) introduced the set-top box called Manbang, reportedly providing video-on-demand services in North Korea via quasi-internet protocol television (IPTV). Manbang allows viewers to watch five different TV channels in real-time, and find political information regarding the Supreme Leader and Juche ideology, and read articles from state-run news organizations.

Residential
The global IPTV market was expected to grow from 28 million subscribers at US$12 billion revenue in 2009 to 83 million and US$38 billion in 2013. Europe and Asia are the leading territories in terms of the overall number of subscribers. But in terms of service revenues, Europe and North America generate a larger share of global revenue, due to very low average revenue per user (ARPU) in China and India, the fastest growing (and ultimately, the biggest markets) is Asia. Services also launched in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Pakistan, Canada, Croatia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, North Macedonia, Poland, Mongolia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, the Netherlands, Georgia, Greece, Denmark, Finland, Estonia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Latvia, Turkey, Colombia, Chile and Uzbekistan. The United Kingdom launched IPTV early and after a slow initial growth, in February 2009 BT announced that it had reached 398,000 subscribers to its BT Vision service. A free IPTV service by the public broadcasters was launched in 2024 named Freely. Claro has launched their own IPTV service called "Claro TV". This service is available in several countries in which they operate, such as Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua. IPTV is just beginning to grow in Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America, and now it is growing in South Asian countries such as Sri Lanka, Nepal Pakistan and India. but significant plans exist in countries such as Russia. Kazakhstan introduced its own IPTV services by the national provider Kazakhtelecom JSC and content integrator Alacast under the "iD TV" brand in two major cities Astana and Almaty in 2009 and is about to go nationwide starting 2010. Australian ISP iiNet launched Australia's first IPTV with Fetch TV.

In India, IPTV was launched by MTNL, BSNL and Jio in New Delhi, Mumbai and Punjab. APSFL is another IPTV provider in the state of Andhra Pradesh.

In Nepal, IPTV was first launched by NEW IT VENTURE CORPORATION called Net TV Nepal, the service can be accessed through its app, web app and Set-top boxes provided by local ISPs, another IPTV was started by Nepal Telecom called WOW Time in 2016 which can be accessed through its app.

In Sri Lanka, IPTV was launched by Sri Lanka Telecom (operated by SLT VisionCom) in 2008, under the brand name of PEO TV. This service is available throughout the country. Dialog TV has been available through the service since 2018.

In Pakistan, IPTV was launched by PTCL in 2008, under the brand name of PTCL Smart TV. This service is available in 150 major cities of the country.

In the Philippines, PLDT offers Cignal IPTV services as an add-on in certain ADSL and fiber optic plans.

In Malaysia, various companies have attempted to launch IPTV services since 2005. Failed PayTV provider MiTV attempted to use an IPTV-over-UHF service but the service failed to take off. HyppTV was supposed to use an IPTV-based system, but not true IPTV as it does not provide a set-top box and requires users to view channels using a computer. True IPTV providers available in the country at the moment are Fine TV and DETV. In Q2 2010, Telekom Malaysia launched IPTV services through their fibre to the home product Unifi in select areas. In April 2010, Astro began testing IPTV services on TIME dotCom Berhad's high-speed fibre to the home optical fibre network. In December 2010, Astro began trials with customers in high-rise condominium buildings around the Mont Kiara area. In April 2011, Astro commercially launched its IPTV services under the tag line "The One and Only Line You'll Ever Need", a triple play offering in conjunction with TIME dotCom Berhad that provides all the Astro programming via IPTV, together with voice telephone services and broadband Internet access all through the same fibre optic connection into the customer's home. In 2020, Astro launched "Plug-and-Play", which uses Unicast technology for streaming TV.

In Turkey, TTNET launched IPTV services under the name IPtivibu in 2010. It was available in pilot areas in the cities of Istanbul, İzmir and Ankara. As of 2011, IPTV service is launched as a large-scale commercial service and widely available across the country under the trademark "Tivibu EV". Superonline plans to provide IPTV under the different name "WebTV" in 2011. Türk Telekom started building the fibre optic substructure for IPTV in late 2007.

Commercial and corporate
IPTV has been widely used since around 2002 to distribute television and audio-visual (AV) media around businesses and commercial sites, whether as live TV channels or Video on Demand (VOD). Examples of types of commercial users include airports, schools, offices, hotels, and sports stadiums, to name just a few.

Hotel television systems are the in-suite television content presented in hotel rooms, other hotel environments and in the hospitality industry for in-room entertainment, as well as hospitals, assisted living, senior care and nursing homes. These services may be free for the guest or paid, depending on the service and the individual hotel's or hotel chain's policy. Generally, these services are controlled by using the remote control.

Elements
An IPTV head-end is a place where live TV channels and AV sources are encoded, encrypted, and delivered as IP multicast streams. Meanwhile, a Video on Demand (VOD) platform stores on-demand video assets and serves them as IP unicast streams when a user requests them. Sometimes, the VOD platform is located within the IPTV head-end. An interactive portal allows users to navigate within the different IPTV services, such as the VOD catalogue. A delivery network is a packet-switched network that carries IP packets, including unicast and multicast streams. Endpoints refer to user equipment that can request, decode, and deliver IPTV streams for display to the user. This can include computers, mobile devices, and set-top boxes. At a residential IPTV user's home, the home TV gateway is the piece of equipment that terminates the access link from the delivery network. Lastly, the user set-top box is the piece of endpoint equipment that decodes and decrypts TV and VOD streams for display on the TV screen.

Architecture of a video server network
Depending on the network architecture of the service provider, there are two main types of video server architecture that can be considered for IPTV deployment: centralised and distributed.

The centralised architecture model is a relatively simple and easy-to-manage solution. Because all media content is stored in centralised servers, it does not require a comprehensive content distribution system. Centralised architecture is generally good for a network that provides relatively small VOD service deployment, has adequate core and edge bandwidth or has an efficient content delivery network (CDN).

A distributed architecture has bandwidth usage advantages and inherent system management features that are essential for managing a larger server network. Distributed architecture requires intelligent and sophisticated content distribution technologies to augment effective delivery of multimedia content over the service provider's network.

Residential IPTV home networks
In many cases, the residential gateway that provides connectivity with the Internet access network is not located close to the IPTV set-top box. This scenario becomes very common as service providers start to offer service packages with multiple set-top boxes per subscriber.

Networking technologies that take advantage of existing home wiring (such as power lines, phone lines or coaxial cables) or of wireless hardware have become common solutions for this problem, although fragmentation in the wired home networking market has limited somewhat the growth in this market.

In December 2008, ITU-T adopted Recommendation G.hn (also known as G.9960), which is a next-generation home networking standard that specifies a common PHY/MAC that can operate over any home wiring (power lines, phone lines or coaxial cables).

Groups such as the Multimedia over Coax Alliance, HomePlug Powerline Alliance, Home Phoneline Networking Alliance, and Quasar Alliance (Plastic Optical Fibre) each advocate their own technologies.

Telecomms IMS architecture
There is a growing standardisation effort on the use of the 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) as an architecture for supporting IPTV services in telecommunications carrier networks. Both ITU-T and ETSI are working on so-called "IMS-based IPTV" standards (see e.g. ETSI TS 182 027 ). Carriers will be able to offer both voice and IPTV services over the same core infrastructure and the implementation of services combining conventional TV services with telephony features (e.g. caller ID on the TV screen) will become straightforward.

Protocols
IPTV supports both live TV as well as stored video-on-demand. Playback requires a device connected to either a fixed or wireless IP network in the form of a standalone personal computer, smartphone, touch screen tablet, game console, connected TV or set-top box. Content is compressed by Video and audio codecs and then encapsulated in MPEG transport stream or Real-time Transport Protocol or other packets. IP multicasting allows for live data to be sent to multiple receivers using a single multicast group address.

In standards-based IPTV systems, the primary underlying protocols used are:
 * Service-provider-based streaming:
 * IGMP for subscribing to a live multicast stream (TV channel) and for changing from one live multicast stream to another (TV channel change). IP multicast operates within LANs (including VLANs) and across WANs also. IP multicast is usually routed in the network core by Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM), setting up correct distribution of multicast streams (TV channels) from their source all the way to the customers who wants to view them, duplicating received packets as needed. On-demand content uses a negotiated unicast connection. Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) over User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or the lower overhead H.222 transport stream over Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) are generally the preferred methods of encapsulation.
 * Web-based unicast only live and VOD streaming:
 * Adobe Flash Player prefers RTMP over TCP with setup and control via either AMF or XML or JSON transactions.
 * Apple iOS uses HLS adaptive bitrate streaming over HTTP with setup and control via an embedded M3U playlist file.
 * Microsoft Silverlight uses smooth streaming (adaptive bitrate streaming) over HTTP.
 * Web-based multicast live and unicast VOD streaming:
 * The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) recommends RTP over UDP or TCP transports with setup and control using RTSP over TCP.
 * Connected TVs, game consoles, set-top boxes and network personal video recorders:
 * Local network content uses UPnP AV for unicast via HTTP over TCP or for multicast live RTP over UDP.
 * Web-based content is provided through either inline Web plug-ins or a television broadcast-based application that uses a middleware language such as MHEG-5 that triggers an event such as loading an inline Web browser using an Adobe Flash Player plug-in.

Local IPTV, as used by businesses for audio visual AV distribution on their company networks is typically based on a mixture of:
 * 1) Conventional TV reception equipment and IPTV encoders
 * 2) TV gateways that receive live Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) MPEG transport streams (channels) from terrestrial aerials, satellite dishes, or cable feeds and convert them into IP streams

Via satellite
Although IPTV and conventional satellite TV distribution have been seen as complementary technologies, they are likely to be increasingly used together in hybrid IPTV networks. IPTV is largely neutral to the transmission medium, and IP traffic is already routinely carried by satellite for Internet backbone trunking and corporate VSAT networks.

The copper twisted pair cabling that forms the last mile of the telephone and broadband network in many countries is not able to provide a sizeable proportion of the population with an IPTV service that matches even existing terrestrial or satellite digital TV distribution. For a competitive multi-channel TV service, a connection speed of 20 Mbit/s is likely to be required, but unavailable to most potential customers. The increasing popularity of high-definition television increases connection speed requirements or limits IPTV service quality and connection eligibility even further.

However, satellites are capable of delivering in excess of 100 Gbit/s via multi-spot beam technologies, making satellite a clear emerging technology for implementing IPTV networks. Satellite distribution can be included in an IPTV network architecture in several ways. The simplest to implement is an IPTV-direct to home (DTH) architecture, in which hybrid DVB-broadband set-top boxes in subscriber homes integrate satellite and IP reception to give additional bandwidth with return channel capabilities. In such a system, many live TV channels may be multicast via satellite and supplemented with stored video-on-demand transmission via the broadband connection. Arqiva’s Satellite Media Solutions Division suggests "IPTV works best in a hybrid format. For example, you would use broadband to receive some content and satellite to receive other, such as live channels".

Hybrid IPTV
Hybrid IPTV refers to the combination of traditional broadcast TV services and video delivered over either managed IP networks or the public Internet. It is an increasing trend in both the consumer and pay TV markets.

The growth of Hybrid IPTV is driven by two major factors. Since the emergence of online video aggregation sites, like YouTube and Vimeo in the mid-2000s, traditional pay TV operators have come under increasing pressure to provide their subscribers with a means of viewing Internet-based video on their televisions. At the same time, specialist IP-based operators have looked for ways to offer analogue and digital terrestrial services to their operations, without adding either additional cost or complexity to their transmission operations. Bandwidth is a valuable asset for operators, so many have looked for alternative ways to deliver these new services without investing in additional network infrastructures.

A hybrid set-top allows content from a range of sources, including terrestrial broadcast, satellite, and cable, to be brought together with video delivered over the Internet via an Ethernet connection on the device. This enables television viewers to access a greater variety of content on their TV sets, without the need for a separate box for each service. Hybrid IPTV set-top boxes may also enable users to access a range of advanced interactive services, such as VOD, catch-up TV, as well as Internet applications, including video telephony, surveillance, gaming, shopping, e-government accessed via a television set.

From a pay-TV operator's perspective, a hybrid IPTV set-top box gives them greater long-term flexibility to deploy new services and applications as and when consumers require, most often without the need to upgrade equipment or for a technician to visit and reconfigure or swap out the device. This reduces the cost of launching new services, increases speed to market and limits disruption for consumers.

The Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) consortium of industry companies the establishment of an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast and broadband digital TV and multimedia applications with a single user interface. These trends led to the development of Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV set-top boxes that included both a broadcast tuner and an Internet connection – usually via an Ethernet port. The first commercially available hybrid IPTV set-top box was developed by Advanced Digital Broadcast, a developer of digital television hardware and software, in 2005. The platform was developed for Spanish pay TV operator Telefonica, and used as part of its Movistar TV service, launched to subscribers at the end of 2005.

An alternative approach is the IPTV version of the Headend in the Sky cable TV solution. Here, multiple TV channels are distributed via satellite to the ISP or IPTV provider's point of presence (POP) for IP-encapsulated distribution to individual subscribers as required by each subscriber. This can provide a huge selection of channels to subscribers without overburdening incoming Internet to the POP, and enables an IPTV service to be offered to small or remote operators outside the reach of terrestrial high-speed WAN connection. An example is a network combining fibre and satellite distribution via an SES New Skies satellite of 95 channels to Latin America and the Caribbean, operated by IPTV Americas.

Advantages
The Internet protocol-based platform offers significant advantages, including the ability to integrate television with other IP-based services like high-speed Internet access and VoIP.

A switched IP network also allows for the delivery of significantly more content and functionality. In a typical TV or satellite network, using broadcast video technology, all the content constantly flows downstream to each customer, and the customer switches the content at the set-top box. The customer can select from as many choices as the telecomms, cable or satellite company can stuff into the pipe flowing into the home. A switched IP network works differently. Content remains in the network, and only the content the customer selects is sent into the customer's home. That frees up bandwidth, and the customer's choice is less restricted by the size of the pipe into the home.

Interactivity
An IP-based platform also allows significant opportunities to make the TV viewing experience more interactive and personalised. The provider may, for example, include an interactive programme guide that allows viewers to search for content by title or actor's name, or a picture-in-picture functionality that allows them to channel surf without leaving the programme they're watching. Viewers may be able to look up a player's stats while watching a sports game or control the camera angle. They also may be able to access photos or music from their PC on their television, use a wireless phone to schedule a recording of their favourite show, or even adjust parental controls so their child can watch a documentary for a school report, while they're away from home.

A feedback channel from the viewer to the provider is required for this interactivity. Terrestrial, satellite, and some cable networks for television do not feature a feedback channel and thus don't allow interactivity. However, interactivity with those networks can be possible by combining TV networks with data networks such as the Internet or a mobile communication network.

Video on demand
IPTV technology is used for video on demand (VOD), which permits a customer to browse an online programme or film catalogue, to watch trailers and to then select a program. The playout of the selected item starts nearly instantaneously on the customer's TV or PC.

Technically, when the customer selects the program, a point-to-point unicast connection is set up between the customer's decoder (set-top box or PC) and the delivering streaming server. The signalling for the trick mode functionality (pause, slow-motion, wind/rewind etc.) may be communicated using, for instance, RTSP.

In an attempt to avoid content piracy, the VOD content is usually encrypted and digital rights management may be applied. A film that is chosen, for example, may be playable for 24 hours following payment, after which time it becomes unavailable.

IPTV-based converged services
Another advantage is the opportunity for integration and convergence. This opportunity is amplified when using IMS-based solutions. Converged services implies interaction of existing services in a seamless manner to create new value-added services. One example is on-screen caller ID, getting caller ID on a TV, and the ability to handle the call (send it to voice mail, etc.). IP-based services help to provide consumers anytime and anywhere access to content over their televisions, PCs, and mobile device, and to integrate services and content to tie them together. Within businesses and institutions, IPTV eliminates the need to run a parallel infrastructure to deliver live and stored video services.

Limitations
IPTV is sensitive to packet loss and delays. An IPTV channel has a minimum bandwidth requirement. Some systems are able to adapt to lower available bandwidth by reducing picture quality.

Although a few countries have very high-speed broadband-enabled populations, in other countries legacy networks struggle to provide 3–5 Mbit/s and so simultaneous use of IPTV, VOIP and Internet access may not be viable. The last-mile delivery for IPTV usually has a bandwidth restriction that only allows a small number of simultaneous TV channel streams – typically from one to three – to be delivered.

Latency
The network delay inherent in the use of satellite Internet access is often held up as a reason why satellites cannot be successfully used for IPTV. In practice, however, delay is not an important factor for IPTV, since it is a service that does not require real-time transmission, as is the case with telephony or videoconferencing services. It is the delay of response to requests to change channel, display an EPG, etc. that most affects customers’ perceived quality of service.

Existing video transmission systems of both analogue and digital formats already introduce known quantifiable delays. Existing DVB TV channels that simulcast by both terrestrial and satellite transmissions experience the same 0.25-second delay difference between the two services with no detrimental effect, and it goes unnoticed by viewers.

Bandwidth requirements

Digital video is a sequence of digital images, called frames, each made up of pixels or picture elements. Three bytes are typically used to represent the colour of the high quality image.

Movies use 24 frames per second, North America television uses approximately 30 frames per second where the Europe television frame rate is 25 frames per second. Each digital video has dimensions width and height; SDTV is pixels, HDTV uses up to  pixels.

For checking the bandwidth requirements, you need to dimension your IPTV service, such as defining number of SD and HD TV channels, number of planned subscribers, VOD and nPVR concurrency. Based on these, you can calculate required bandwidth on each DSL line, in access network and in core IP network.

Privacy implications
Due to limitations in bandwidth, an IPTV channel is delivered to the user one at a time. Changing a channel requires requesting the head-end server to provide a different broadcast stream, much like VOD. This could enable the service provider to accurately track each and every programme watched and the duration of watching for each viewer. In conjunction with regulatory differences between IPTV and cable TV, this tracking could pose a threat to privacy according to critics. For IP multicast scenarios, since a particular multicast group (TV channel) needs to be requested before it can be viewed, the same privacy concerns apply.

Vendors
Some major telecoms vendors are active in this space, notably Accenture (Accenture Video Solution), Alcatel-Lucent (sometimes working with Movistar TV), Ericsson (notably since acquiring Tandberg Television), Huawei, NEC, PTCL Smart TV, Sri Lanka Telecom, Thomson, and ZTE, as are some IT houses, led by Microsoft. Miami-based AlphaOTT, Tokyo-based The New Media Group, Malaysian-based Select-TV, Oslo/Norway-based SnapTV, and California-based UTStarcom, Inc. also offer end-to-end networking infrastructure for IPTV-based services, and Hong Kong-based BNS Ltd. provides turnkey open platform IPTV technology solutions. Others include Movistar TV and PCCW.

Google Fiber offers an IPTV service in various US cities which includes up to 1 Gigabit-speed internet and over 290 channels depending on package via the fibre optic network being built out in Kansas City Kansas and Kansas City Missouri.

Many of these IPTV solution vendors participated in the biennial Multiservice Switching Forum Interoperability 2008 (GMI) event which was coordinated by the MultiService Forum (MSF) at five sites worldwide from 20 to 31 October 2008. Test equipment vendors including Netrounds, Codenomicon, Empirix, Ixia, Mu Dynamics, and Spirent joined solution vendors such as the companies listed above in one of the largest IPTV proving grounds ever deployed.

Service bundling
For residential users, IPTV is often provided in conjunction with VOD and may be bundled with Internet services such as Internet access and voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telecommunications services. Commercial bundling of IPTV, VoIP and Internet access is sometimes referred to in marketing as triple play service. When these three are offered with cellular service, the combined service may be referred to as quadruple play.

Regulation
Historically, cable TV operators have been regulated differently from telecommunication operators. As IPTV allows TV and VOD to be transmitted over the Internet, new regulatory issues arise. Professor Eli M. Noam highlights in his report "TV or Not TV: Three Screens, One Regulation?" some of the key challenges with sector-specific regulation that is becoming obsolete due to convergence in this field.

title: Internet Protocol television


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Robb Nen

Robb Allen Nen (born November 28, 1969) is an American former Major League Baseball right-handed relief pitcher. He spent most of his career as a closer. He is the son of former major league first baseman Dick Nen. He currently works in the Giants' front office as a special assistant to General Manager Farhan Zaidi.

Nen pitched for the Florida Marlins (1993–97); in 1997, Nen won the World Series championship with the Marlins. He also played with the San Francisco Giants (1998–2002), with whom he was a three-time All-Star and played in the 2002 World Series, and the Texas Rangers (1993).

Nen has 314 career saves with the Marlins (1993–1997; 108 saves) and Giants (1998–2002; 206 saves). He was 8th overall in career saves when he retired, and stands 25th overall as of September 13, 2023.

High school
He attended Los Alamitos High School and played varsity baseball with future UCLA Bruins outfielder Rob Katzaroff and future Giants Gold Glove-winning first baseman J. T. Snow. Nen played mostly at third base, and also did some pitching. He skipped college and went directly to the minor leagues.

Major League career
Nen was selected by the Rangers as a pitcher in the 32nd round of the 1987 MLB draft. The Rangers promoted him to their Major League roster in 1993. His partial season with the Rangers was marred by injuries and subpar results on the mound, resulting in a 6.35 earned run average.

On July 17 of his first year, the Rangers traded Nen and pitcher Kurt Miller to the Florida Marlins for Cris Carpenter. Nen started one game for his new team and finished the 1993 season with a disappointing 7.02 ERA. The following season, the Marlins moved him to the bullpen in an effort to reduce the frequency of his arm injuries. Nen flourished in his new role and became the Marlins' new closer that year. He finished the strike-shortened 1994 season with 15 saves and a 2.95 ERA. Nen would continue to be a dominating closer for the Marlins, racking up a total of 108 saves and establishing himself as one of the elite closers of the 1990s. During the 1997 postseason, Nen pitched in eight games, including two saves in the World Series, as well as $1 2/3$ innings of scoreless relief in the 9th and 10th innings of Game 7 while the Marlins came back in the last inning, and subsequently won the World Series in the bottom of the 11th. Throughout the 1997 playoffs, Florida didn't lose a single game in which Nen made an appearance.

In a controversial move, the Marlins held a "fire sale" in which they traded away most of their high-caliber players in favor of gaining prospects and utilizing many of their minor league players, all while keeping their team payroll low. On November 18, 1997, Nen was traded to the Giants for Mike Villano, Joe Fontenot and Mick Pageler.

Nen was expected to fill in the closer role, a role recently vacated by Rod Beck, who left via free agency to the Chicago Cubs. If Beck had set the bar high for a San Francisco closer (199 saves in his 7-year tenure with the Giants), Nen would raise the bar. His first year yielded 40 saves with a 1.52 ERA and 110 strikeouts in $88 2/3$ innings. As a Giant, Nen was selected to three All-Star Games (1998, 1999, 2002) and finished 4th in voting for the 2000 National League Cy Young Award and 12th in the NL MVP voting (the award went to teammate Jeff Kent), both high honors for a closer. The following year, Nen led the National League with 45 saves. The 9th inning was affectionately renamed the "Nenth" by fans.

The Giants, the National League wild card team, and the Anaheim Angels, the American League wild card team, played a seven-game series in which Nen earned two saves. Behind the pitching of starter Russ Ortiz, the Giants appeared to be cruising to an easy 5–0 victory in the critical Game 6 of 2002 World Series and their first World Series title since 1954 (when they were still the New York Giants). In the seventh inning, however, Ortiz ran into trouble and was relieved by Felix Rodríguez. Rodriguez then gave up a three-run home run to the Angels' Scott Spiezio.

The Angels tacked on another run in the eighth with a lead-off home run by Darin Erstad. After two more runners reached base safely in the eighth, Nen came in to relieve Tim Worrell and try to protect what was now a shaky one-run Giants lead. But Nen was unable to shut down the Angels' surge and gave up a two-run double to eventual series MVP Troy Glaus, which put the Angels ahead by one run. They hung on to win the game, and won the series following a win the next day. Nen pitched with full awareness that he was likely jeopardizing his career and remains admired by Giants' fans for his self-sacrifice. It was, in fact, his final appearance. The eight save opportunities (with seven saved) in one postseason is a record, tied in 2015 by Jeurys Familia; the seven saves ties the mark with five other pitchers (John Wetteland, Troy Percival, Brad Lidge, Koji Uehara and Greg Holland).

During the next two seasons, Nen spent time rehabilitating from three surgeries for a torn rotator cuff that he had aggravated during the middle of the 2002 season. The tear went through 40 to 75% of his right shoulder. When his contract with the Giants ended after the 2004 season, Nen filed for free agency but was not picked up by any team.

On February 20, 2005, Nen formally announced his retirement. He is the all-time saves leader for the Giants with 206 saves. His locker was maintained throughout the 2003 and 2004 seasons as he last left it and was formally retired in 2005, but his jersey continued to hang in the locker room both at home and on the road. He would have a day dedicated to him in San Francisco at their home park (known at the time as SBC Park) on July 9 of that year; he noted at the time of his retirement that he had no regrets for how his career ended.

Pitching style
Nen was known for an unusual delivery in which he tapped his toe on the ground before releasing the ball. His signature pitch, a slider, was nicknamed "The Terminator" with a velocity of up to 92 mph. In addition to the slider, Nen had a fastball that reached the upper 90s. A splitter rounded out Nen's pitching arsenal.

Post MLB career
Nen joined the Giants' baseball operations department as an instructor on both the major and minor league levels, while also advising general manager Brian Sabean on an as-needed basis.

Honors
In a ceremony before their July 9, 2005 game against the St. Louis Cardinals, the Giants honored Nen with a plaque commemorating his 300th career save. The plaque is now located on the public walkway behind the right-field wall of Oracle Park, not far from McCovey Cove.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Robb Nen


text:
1940 in Ireland

Events from the year 1940 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Douglas Hyde
 * Taoiseach: Éamon de Valera (FF)
 * Tánaiste: Seán T. O'Kelly (FF)
 * Minister for Finance: Seán T. O'Kelly (FF)
 * Chief Justice: Timothy Sullivan
 * Dáil: 10th
 * Seanad: 3rd

Events

 * January – The Irish Naval Service acquired the first of its six motor torpedo boats, the M1.
 * 3 January – Tomás Óg Mac Curtain shot and mortally wounded Detective Garda Síochána John Roche in Cork city centre. He had been disarmed by Garda Pat Malone in 1935. He was spared the death penalty in view of his father's history.
 * 17 January – The Enid (Captain Wibe) of neutral Norway sailing from Steinkjer to Dublin, 10 miles north of Shetland, went to assist SS Polzella which had been torpedoed by German submarine U-25 which then shelled and sank Enid.
 * 7 February – The Munster (Captain R. Paisley) was mined and sunk in the Irish Sea while entering Liverpool.
 * 9 February – The case State (Burke) v. Lennon in the Supreme Court of Ireland, confirmed that internment without trial under the Offences against the State Act 1939 was unconstitutional. The government had to enact the Offences Against the State (Amendment) Act, 1940 to reinstate the provisions.
 * 3 March
 * Flooding of Poulaphouca Reservoir was begun by damming the River Liffey at Poulaphouca as part of the Electricity Supply Board project to build Ireland's second hydroelectricity generating station, together with an improved water supply for Dublin.
 * The British Cato (Captain Richard Martin) sailing from Dublin to Bristol, struck a mine 2½ miles west of Nash Point: 13 died, 2 survived.
 * 9 March – The trawler Leukos was sunk by gunfire from German submarine GS U-38 (1938), northwest of Tory Island – 11 died. (She may have moved between the surfacing U-boat and English trawlers, in the hope that the Irish tricolour would protect her while the English escaped.)
 * 10 March – The City of Bremen rescued 33 crew of the Amor (Dutch) in the North Sea.
 * 29 March – Fire destroyed the roof and upper rooms of St. Patrick's College, Maynooth.
 * 20–24 April – Plan Kathleen, an Irish Republican Army (IRA) plan for a Nazi German invasion of Northern Ireland, was presented to the Abwehr (German military-intelligence service).
 * April – Two men died on hunger strike for political status in Mountjoy Jail, Dublin.
 * 4 May – Operation Mainau: German agent Hermann Görtz parachuted into Ireland to make contact with the IRA.
 * 24 May – The first secret meeting to formulate 'Plan W' – joint action in the event of a Nazi invasion of Ireland – was held between Irish officials and the British military in London.
 * 27 May
 * The Churchill war ministry in London agreed to seek co-operation from Taoiseach Éamon de Valera and the creation of an All-Ireland Council during "the present emergency" (World WarII).
 * The Uruguay of neutral Argentina, sailing from Rosario to Limerick with 6,000 tons of maize, sank with scuttling charges by German submarine GS U-37 (1938) 160 miles from Cape Villano: 15 died, 13 survived.
 * 10 June – The Violando N Goulandris of neutral (at this time) Greece sailing from Santa Fe, Argentina to Waterford with a cargo of wheat was torpedoed by German submarine GS U-48 (1939) off Cape Finisterre: 6 died, 22 survived.
 * 12 June – German submarine GS U-38 (1938) landed a German spy, Karl Simon, in Dingle. He was promptly arrested and interned for the duration of the war.
 * 19 June – The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies was established.
 * 23 June – Minister Frank Aiken encouraged everyone to store food and water and to prepare a shelter in case of a direct hit.
 * 2 July – The British-owned SS Arandora Star, carrying civilian internees and prisoners of war of Italian and German origin from Liverpool to Canada, was torpedoed and sunk by GS U-47 (1938) off northwest Ireland with the loss of around 865 lives.
 * 4 July – Taoiseach Éamon de Valera announced that the policy of neutrality adopted the previous September would not be reversed.
 * 7 July – Operation Lobster I: Three German agents were infiltrated into Ireland.
 * 11 July – The Moyalla rescued twenty survivors from the British Athellaird off Cape Clear Island.
 * 15 July
 * The City of Limerick (Captain R. Ferguson) was bombed by aircraft and sank in the Bay of Biscay, 700 miles west of Ushant – two died.
 * Republican Frank Ryan was released by the authorities of Francoist Spain from Burgos prison into the hands of the German Abwehr.
 * 20 July – The City of Waterford (Captain T. Freehill) was shelled by submarine in North Atlantic, but escaped.
 * 30 July – The Kyleclare rescued 52 survivors from the British Clan Menzies off the County Mayo coast.
 * 1 August – The collier Kerry Head was bombed off Kinsale; she survived this attack (but see 22 October).
 * 8 August
 * Operation Dove: Republicans Seán Russell and Frank Ryan embarked from Nazi Germany on German submarine U-65 for infiltration into Ireland, but Russell fell ill and died on the passage, and the operation was abandoned.
 * Operation Green (Unternehmen Grün), a proposed German invasion of the south of Ireland, was presented to Nazi German High Command as a diversion for Operation Sea Lion, the invasion of Britain planned at this time.
 * 10 August – The British armed merchantman HMS Transylvania (F56) was torpedoed off Malin Head by GS U-56 (1938).
 * 15 August – The Meath (Captain T. MacFariane) was mined and sunk off the South Stack, Holy Island, Anglesey; the crew was rescued by a local fishing trawler but 700 cattle were lost.
 * 16 August – The Loch Ryan (Captain J. Nolan) was bombed off Land's End, but survived.
 * 24 August – The City of Waterford (Captain T. Freehill) was bombed in Irish Sea but survived.
 * 26 August – Five German bombs were dropped on County Wexford in a daylight raid. One hit the Shelbourne Co-operative Creamery in Campile, killing three women.
 * 27 August – The Lanahrone rescued 18 survivors from the British Goathland off the County Kerry coast.
 * 4 September
 * The Luimneach (Captain E. Jones) was sunk by gunfire from German submarine GS U-46 (1938) in the Bay of Biscay.
 * The Edenvale (Captain N. Gillespie) was machine-gunned by German plane off Waterford coast.
 * 27 September – The Manchester Brigade was torpedoed off the Aran Islands.
 * 3 October – The German news agency announced that the German government was willing to pay compensation for dropping bombs on Dublin.
 * 22 October – The Kerry Head (Captain C. Drummond) was bombed again: all twelve hands were lost, in full view of watchers on Cape Clear Island.
 * 26–28 October – RMS Empress of Britain (1930), serving as a troopship under the British flag, was bombed, torpedoed and sunk off the Donegal coast with the loss of 45 lives. At 42,348 GRT she was the war's largest merchant ship loss.
 * 7 November – Éamon de Valera, speaking in response to Winston Churchill's statement, said that there could be no question of handing over Irish ports for use by British forces while Britain retained control of Northern Ireland.
 * 11 November – The Ardmore (Captain T. Ford) struck a mine off the Saltee Islands – 24 died.
 * 22 November – The "Murder of Marlhill' took place in Knockgraffon near New Inn, County Tipperary.
 * 24 November – James Craig, the first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, died suddenly. He had been the longest continually serving Prime Minister in Europe.
 * 19 December – Lightship tender Isolda (Captain A. Bestic) was sunk by German bombers within sight of Carnsore Point: six were killed, seven wounded.
 * 20 December – This evening, two German bombs fell on Sandycove in Dublin, injuring three, and a third bomb fell near Carrickmacross in County Monaghan.
 * 21 December – The Innisfallen (Captain G. Firth) hit a mine off the Wirral Peninsula near New Brighton, Merseyside while leaving Liverpool and sank; four died.
 * 27 December – John McQuaid was consecrated as Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland, an office he held for more than thirty years.

Arts and literature

 * 10 June – Christine Longford's historical play Lord Edward was premiered at the Gate Theatre, Dublin.
 * 5 August – George Shiels' play The Rugged Path was premiered at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin.
 * 4 October – Brian O'Nolan's first "Cruiskeen Lawn" humorous column was published in The Irish Times; from the second column he used the pseudonym 'Myles na gCopaleen'. The original columns were composed in Irish. He continued writing the column until his death in 1966.
 * October – The Bell, a liberal monthly magazine of literature and social comment, was established in Dublin by Peadar O'Donnell under the editorship of Seán Ó Faoláin.
 * Seán Ó Faoláin published his travelogue An Irish Journey and novel Come Back to Erin.
 * Cecil Day-Lewis published Poems in Wartime and his translation of The Georgics of Virgil.
 * Louis MacNeice's poetry collection The Last Ditch (including "The Coming of War" sequence) was published by Cuala Press in Dublin.
 * Ewart Milne's poetry collection Letter from Ireland was published in Dublin.

Association football

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: St James' Gate

 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: Shamrock Rovers 3–0 Sligo Rovers.

Golf

 * The Irish Open was not played due to The Emergency.

Births

 * 25 January – Philip Boyce, Roman Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Raphoe.
 * 26 January – Séamus Hegarty, bishop of the Diocese of Raphoe, later bishop of the Diocese of Derry (died 2019).
 * 2 February – Brendan Daly, Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) and Cabinet Minister, Senator (died 2023).
 * 9 February – Seamus Deane, poet and novelist (died 2021).
 * 1 March – Nuala O'Faolain, journalist and writer (died 2008).
 * 22 March – Johnny Fullam, association footballer (died 2015).
 * 27 March – Lorcan Allen, farmer and Fianna Fáil party TD for Wexford.
 * 12 April – Dermot Fitzpatrick, Fianna Fáil TD (died 2022).
 * 13 April – Frank O'Neill, association footballer.
 * 20 April – Alfie Linehan, cricketer (died 2019).
 * 23 April – Timothy Carroll, Roman Catholic bishop serving as Apostolic Vicar in the titular see of Tipasa in Mauretania.
 * 28 April – Danny Doyle, folk singer (died 2019).
 * 11 May – Mary Henry, member of the Seanad (1993–2007) representing Dublin University, and medical doctor.
 * 15 May – Proinsias De Rossa, leader of the Workers' Party and Democratic Left, government minister and an Member of the European Parliament.
 * 21 May – Ronan O'Rahilly, media entrepreneur (died 2020).
 * 28 May – Maeve Binchy, novelist and columnist (died 2012).
 * 29 May – Donal Murray, Bishop of Limerick.
 * 6 June
 * Willie John McBride, international rugby player.
 * Michael Smith, Roman Catholic Bishop of Meath.
 * 19 June – Brendan Ingle, boxing trainer (died 2018).
 * 24 June – Adrian FitzGerald, 24th Knight of Kerry.
 * 26 July – Tom Enright, Fine Gael party politician.
 * 29 August – Dessie O'Halloran, singer (died 2019).
 * 12 September – Des Foley, Gaelic footballer and hurler and Fianna Fáil party TD (died 1995).
 * 19 October – Michael Gambon, actor (died 2023).
 * 1 November – Michael Collins, Fianna Fáil party TD (died 2022).
 * 6 November – Johnny Giles, association footballer and broadcaster.
 * 17 November – Luke Kelly, folk singer, member of The Dubliners (died 1984).
 * 29 November – Seán Cannon, folk musician.
 * 1 December – Brendan Toal, Fine Gael party TD.
 * Full dates unknown
 * Mick Carley, Gaelic footballer (died 2019).
 * Séamus Cleere, Kilkenny hurler.
 * Martin Coogan, Kilkenny hurler.
 * Phil Flynn, vice-president of the Sinn Féin party, businessman.
 * Nan Joyce, Irish Travellers' rights activist. (died 2018)
 * John Keogh, association footballer.
 * Mick Murphy, Tipperary hurler (died 2018).

Deaths

 * 2 January – William Harrington, cricketer (born 1869).
 * 24 January – John Doogan, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1881 at Laing's Nek, South Africa (born 1853).
 * 9 February – Edward Joseph Byrne, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin (born 1872).
 * 6 April – Samuel Shumack, farmer and author in Australia (born 1850).
 * 3 June – Dan Lane, hurler (Aghabullogue, Cork) (born 1861).
 * 17 June – Mark F. Ryan, nationalist and author (born 1844).
 * 21 July – John Brunskill, cricketer (born 1875).
 * 22 July – Peter Maher, boxer (born 1869).
 * 14 August – Seán Russell, Irish republican and a chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army (born 1893).
 * 21 September – Mick O'Brien, association footballer and manager (born 1893).
 * 24 November – James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon, first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (born 1871).

title: 1940 in Ireland


text:
1939 in Ireland

Events from the year 1939 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Douglas Hyde
 * Taoiseach: Éamon de Valera (Fianna Fáil)
 * Tánaiste: Seán T. O'Kelly (FF)
 * Minister for Finance:
 * Seán MacEntee (FF) (until 16 September 1939)
 * Seán T. O'Kelly (FF) (from 16 September 1939)
 * Chief Justice: Timothy Sullivan
 * Dáil: 10th
 * Seanad: 3rd

Events

 * 11 January – The Congress of the Irish National Teachers' Organisation in Galway called on the Government to abolish the ban on married women teachers.
 * 12 February – The Department of External Affairs announced that it recognised the government of Francisco Franco in Spain.
 * February – In his Lenten pastoral, Bishop Daniel Mageean referred to "A Protestant Parliament for a Protestant People".
 * 12 March – Taoiseach Éamon de Valera attended the coronation of Pope Pius XII in Rome.
 * 16 March – Éamon de Valera was greeted by Benito Mussolini in Rome and a luncheon was held in his honour.
 * 22 March – Irish neutrality was discussed during a Dáil debate on defence estimates. The Government considered the implications for the export market to Britain if a neutral stand was taken.
 * 30 March – The Treason Bill passed its fifth and final stage in Dáil Éireann.
 * 9 April – The Gaelic Athletic Association voted to keep the name of the President, Douglas Hyde, off its list of patrons. The situation arose when Hyde attended an international soccer game.
 * 15 April – Boxer Jack Doyle married Mexican film actress Movita Castaneda in a civil ceremony in Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
 * 17 April – The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, Lord Craigavon, dismissed as cowardly the Irish Government's position of neutrality.
 * 19 April – In a speech to Seanad Éireann (the Senate) Taoiseach Éamon de Valera referred to the dropping of all references to the King and Great Britain from new Irish passports.
 * 30 April – The 1939 New York World's Fair opened with an Ireland pavilion designed by Michael Scott.
 * 4 May – The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland announced that conscription would not be extended to Northern Ireland.
 * 18 May – The Earl of Iveagh presented the Government with his townhouse in Dublin.
 * 2 June – The Treason Act 1939 became law: a sentence of death could be passed on anyone convicted of "levying war against the State."
 * 29 June – Clann na Talmhan, the National Agricultural Party, was founded in Athenry.
 * 1 July – The Irish Red Cross Society was established.
 * 1 September – A state of emergency was declared by the Government when Germany invaded Poland.
 * 2 September – Taoiseach Éamon de Valera told the Dáil that Ireland will remain neutral in the European War.
 * 3 September
 * The Emergency Powers Act 1939 came into force as Britain and France declared war on Nazi Germany.
 * The Marine and Coastwatching Service was set up.
 * British liner SS Athenia (1922) became the first civilian casualty of the war when she was torpedoed and sunk by German submarine GS U-30 (1936) between Rockall and Tory Island; the Knut Nelson (Norway) landed 450 of the survivors in Galway.
 * 18 September – John F. Kennedy flew from Foynes, County Limerick for his first transatlantic flight, to Port Washington, New York, after helping with arrangements for survivors of the SS Athenia.
 * 9 September – Billed as "The Last Race in Europe" until after World War II, the Irish Motor Racing Club held its Phoenix Park Race; this included motorcycle and car races.
 * 11 September – The Irish-flagged tanker Inverliffey was shelled and sunk by the Nazi submarine, GS U-38 (1938). The U-boat towed the lifeboats away from the blazing oil.
 * 13 September – The Minister for Supplies, Seán Lemass, introduced petrol rationing.
 * 6 October – Austrian theoretical physicist Erwin Schrödinger took up residence in Dublin at the invitation of Éamon de Valera.
 * 30 October – More than two dozen air-raid sirens, acquired by Dublin Corporation, were tested across Dublin.
 * November – The teenage Brendan Behan, at this time a member of the Irish Republican Army, was arrested in Liverpool for possession of explosives.
 * December – The Supreme Court of Ireland declared the detention without trial of Irish Republican Army members to be illegal.
 * 10 December – The German Nazi propaganda radio station Irland-Redaktion began broadcasting to Ireland in the Irish language.
 * 23 December – A million rounds of ammunition were stolen from the national arsenal at the Phoenix Park by the Irish Republican Army.

Arts and literature

 * 31 January – Lord Longford began a series of Chekhov productions at the Gate Theatre in Dublin with The Cherry Orchard.
 * February – English novelist T. H. White settled at Doolistown in County Meath; he lived in Ireland until 1946.
 * 13 March – Flann O'Brien's At Swim-Two-Birds was published in London.
 * 4 May – James Joyce's Finnegans Wake was published complete in London.
 * 18 May – Louis MacNeice's Autumn Journal: a poem was published in London.
 * July – W. B. Yeats' Last Poems and Two Plays were published posthumously in London.
 * 10 October – Robert Collis's play Marrowbone Lane was premiered at the Gate Theatre, Dublin, starring Wilfrid Brambell.
 * Autumn
 * English painters Kenneth Hall and his lover Basil Rakoczi of The White Stag group moved from London to Ireland.
 * English novelist Ethel Mannin settled in Connemara.
 * English-born Irish composer Elizabeth Maconchy returned to Ireland from England, living in Dublin for a brief period, during which she composed her Fifth String Quartet.
 * Peig Sayers' stories and anecdotes about life on Great Blasket Island are published as Maċtnaṁ seana-ṁná in Dublin.

Football

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: Shamrock Rovers

 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: Shelbourne 1–1, 1–0 Sligo Rovers. English footballer, Dixie Dean played in the final for Rovers.

Golf

 * Irish Open was won by Arthur Lees (England).

Births

 * 7 January – Tom Kiernan, rugby player and coach.
 * 25 January – Dermot Clifford, Roman Catholic Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly.
 * 2 February – Desmond O'Malley, politician, TD (1968–2002) and leader of the Progressive Democrats (1985-1993) (died 2021).
 * 19 February – Ted Carroll, Kilkenny hurler (died 1995).
 * 25 March – Tom Fitzgerald, Fianna Fáil Senator.
 * 1 April – Joe Jacob, Fianna Fáil TD and Minister of State.
 * 11 April – Joe Burke, accordionist (died 2021).
 * 13 April – Seamus Heaney, poet (died 2013).
 * 24 April – Joe McCartin, Member of the European Parliament, Senator.
 * 3 May – Ken Hope, cricketer.
 * 9 May – Pádraig Flynn, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister and European Commissioner.
 * 19 May – John Sheahan, violinist, folk musician and composer, with The Dubliners.
 * 29 May – Mary Banotti, Fine Gael politician.
 * 25 June – Garech Browne, patron of the arts (died 2018).
 * 5 July – Hugh Byrne (died 2023).
 * 11 July – Mick Brown, football scout.
 * 16 August – Seán Brady, Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland.
 * 21 August – Ray McLoughlin, international rugby player.
 * 5 September – Mark Killilea Jnr, Fianna Fáil TD and Member of the European Parliament.
 * 10 September – Edward Plunkett, 20th Baron of Dunsany, artist.
 * 12 September – Patrick Harrington, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lodwar in Kenya.
 * 11 October – Austin Currie, founder-member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party and Fine Gael TD (died 2021).
 * 16 October – Joe Dolan, singer (died 2007).
 * 27 October – Thady Wyndham-Quin, 7th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, peer.
 * October – Frank Columb, writer.
 * 2 November – John Buckley, Bishop of Cork and Ross (1997 – ).
 * November – Ollie Conmy, international soccer player.
 * 16 December – Barney McKenna, musician.
 * Full date unknown
 * Michael Coady, poet, short story writer, local historian, genealogist, photographer, journalist and musician (died 2024).
 * Paddy FitzGerald, Cork hurler.
 * Alice Hanratty, painter and printmaker.
 * Paddy Moran, Kilkenny hurler.
 * Denis Murphy, Cork hurler.
 * Éamonn O'Doherty, sculptor (died 2011).

Deaths

 * 28 January – W. B. Yeats, poet and dramatist, in France (born 1865).
 * 2 February – Amanda McKittrick Ros, novelist and poet (born 1860).
 * 9 May – Mary Williams, previously Mary, Lady Heath, aviator, athlete and writer (born 1896).
 * 9 June – Owen Moore, actor (born 1886).
 * 28 June – James Charles Dowdall, businessman and independent member of the 1922 Seanad (born 1873).
 * 19 July – John Cassidy, sculptor and painter (born 1860).
 * 20 August – Edward Bulfin, British general during World War I (born 1862).
 * 8 September – Maurice George Moore, soldier and independent member of the 1922 Seanad (born 1854).
 * 15 September – William MacCarthy-Morrogh, cricketer (born 1870).
 * 20 September – Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin, astronomer (born 1865).
 * 10 November – Charlotte Despard, suffragist, novelist and Sinn Féin activist (born 1844).
 * 14 December – Samuel Lombard Brown, independent member of 1922 Seanad and barrister (born 1858).

title: 1939 in Ireland


text:
1938 in Ireland

Events from the year 1938 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George VI
 * President: Douglas Hyde (from 25 June 1938)
 * Taoiseach: Éamon de Valera (Fianna Fáil)
 * Tánaiste: Seán T. O'Kelly (FF)
 * Minister for Finance: Seán MacEntee (FF)
 * Chief Justice: Timothy Sullivan
 * Dáil:
 * 9th (until 27 May 1938)
 * 10th (from 30 June 1938)
 * Seanad:
 * 2nd (from 27 April 1938 until 22 July 1938)
 * 3rd (from 7 September 1938)

Events

 * 17 January – The Ford Motor Company in Cork City produced its 25,000th car.
 * 13 April – The Department of Local Government & Public Health reported that cases of typhoid and diphtheria had reduced; however, infant deaths had increased.
 * 25 April – An Anglo-Irish Trade Agreement, signed between Ireland and the United Kingdom in London, settled the Anglo-Irish Trade War and agreed to the Royal Navy abandoning the British sovereign bases at the Irish Treaty Ports in return for a payment of £10 million.
 * 4 May – In the 1938 presidential election, Douglas Hyde was elected unopposed and was inaugurated on June 25 as Ireland's first president.
 * 10 May – The Government made an order converting the "Saorstát pound" to the "Irish pound" as part of new constitutional reforms.
 * 24 May – The new Anti-Partition Party took eight seats in a Unionist-controlled Londonderry Corporation.
 * 17 June – 1938 Irish general election: The Fianna Fáil party led by Éamon de Valera retained power, winning the first overall majority in the history of the State.
 * 30 June – 10th Dáil
 * 7 July – The American ambassador to Britain, Joseph Kennedy, father of the future US president John, accompanied by his wife, Rose and eldest son, Joseph Jr., arrived in Dublin to receive an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland. During his two-day visit, the ambassador met President Douglas Hyde, Taoiseach and Minister for External Affairs Éamon de Valera, Lord Mayor of Dublin Alfie Byrne, and the Papal Nuncio Paschal Robinson. He visited the Book of Kells and the National Museum, and attended a state banquet in his honour at Dublin Castle.
 * 11 July–3 October – Military installations at the Treaty Ports in the Republic (Berehaven, Spike Island at Cobh, and Lough Swilly) were handed over from British control to the Government of Ireland, under the terms of the Anglo-Irish Trade Agreement.
 * 8 August – Dublin Corporation purchased 16 sets of traffic lights.
 * 21 August – The £50,000 Cusack Stand with a capacity of 20,000 seats officially opened at Gaelic Athletic Association headquarters in Croke Park.
 * 12 September – Éamon de Valera was elected President of the Assembly of the League of Nations in Geneva.
 * 13 November – President Douglas Hyde attended an Ireland versus Poland friendly football match at Dalymount Park in Dublin, accompanied by Taoiseach Éamon de Valera, the Minister for Posts and Telegraphs, Oscar Traynor, and Attorney General Paddy Lynch. Association football being an English game, this provoked a public outcry from nationalist sporting quarters which resulted in Hyde being removed as patron of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), and shunned. He was not reinstated by the GAA before his death, in July 1949. The Taoiseach and Minister who attended this Irish 3–2 victory were not patrons of the GAA and thus were not sanctioned by that organisation.

Arts and literature

 * 19 August – W. B. Yeats' drama Purgatory premiered at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin.
 * Samuel Beckett published his novel Murphy.
 * Cecil Day-Lewis published Overtures to Death, and Other Poems.
 * Oliver St. John Gogarty published his poetry Others to Adorn, with a preface by W. B. Yeats.
 * Louis MacNeice published I Crossed the Minch and his poetry The Earth Compels.
 * Artist Colin Middleton first exhibited at the Royal Hibernian Academy.
 * Ewart Milne published his poetry Forty North Fifty West, with woodcuts by Cecil Salkeld.
 * Kate O'Brien published her novel Pray for the Wanderer.
 * W. B. Yeats published New Poems, including "Lapis Lazuli".

International results

 * 18 May – Czechoslovakia 2–2 Ireland.
 * 22 May – Poland 6–0 Ireland.
 * 18 September – Ireland 4–0 Switzerland.
 * 13 November – Ireland 3–2 Poland.

Domestic results

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: Shamrock Rovers

 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: St James' Gate 2–1 Dundalk

Golf

 * Irish Open was won by Bobby Locke (South Africa).

Births

 * 4 January – Jim Norton, character actor.
 * 30 January – Mick Lanigan, Fianna Fáil Senator.
 * 2 February
 * John Moriarty, writer and philosopher (died 2007).
 * Detta O'Cathain, Baroness O'Cathain, businesswoman and Conservative politician in Britain (died 2021).
 * 27 March – Owen Dudley Edwards, historian and writer.
 * 4 April – Declan Mulligan, rock guitarist.
 * 29 April – Ray MacSharry, Tánaiste, Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD), Cabinet Minister and European Commissioner.
 * 2 May – Douglas Goodwin, cricketer.
 * 13 May – Patrick Dineen, cricketer.
 * 15 June – Mary Turner, trade unionist in Britain (died 2017).
 * 2 July – John McDonnell, head coach for the University of Arkansas Razorbacks track team. (died 2021)
 * 15 July – Andy McEvoy, association football player (died 1994).
 * July – Seán Ó Cionnaith, Workers' Party politician (died 2003).
 * 1 August – Paddy Moloney, traditional musician with The Chieftains (died 2021).
 * 3 August – Terry Wogan, RTÉ and BBC broadcaster (died 2016).
 * 5 October – Frank Patterson, tenor (died 2000).
 * 16 October – Gerry Collins, Fianna Fáil TD for Limerick West, Cabinet Minister and Member of the European Parliament.
 * 29 October – John Kirby, Roman Catholic Bishop of Clonfert.
 * 31 October – Anne Buttimer, geographer (died 2017).
 * 12 December – Dick Dowling, Fine Gael TD for Carlow–Kilkenny (died 2024)
 * 28 December – Frank Kelly, actor (died 2016).

Full date unknown

 * John Behan, sculptor.
 * Gerald Davis, artist (died 2005).
 * Pa Dillon, Kilkenny hurler (died 2013).
 * Jim Lane, Irish republican and socialist.
 * Úna O'Connor, camogie player (died 2020).

Deaths

 * 24 February – Thomas Gann, doctor, archaeologist and writer (born 1867).
 * 3 June – John Flanagan, three-time Olympic gold medalist in the hammer throw (born 1873).
 * 27 July – Tom Crean, Antarctic explorer and publican (born 1877).
 * 4 August – William Moxley, representative from Illinois' 6th congressional district (born 1851).
 * 8 September – Robert Henry Woods, Irish Unionist MP (born 1865).
 * 21 October – Sir John Purser Griffith, member of the Seanad.
 * 7 November – James Murray Irwin, British Army doctor (born 1858).
 * 12 December – James McNeill, politician and second Governor-General of the Irish Free State (born 1869).

title: 1938 in Ireland


text:
Category:2010 Winter Olympics

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:2010 Winter Olympics


text:
1937 in Ireland

Events from the year 1937 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President of the Executive Council: Éamon de Valera (FF) (until 29 December)
 * Taoiseach: Éamon de Valera (FF) (from 29 December)
 * Vice-President of the Executive Council: Seán T. O'Kelly (FF) (until 29 December)
 * Tánaiste: Seán T. O'Kelly (FF) (from 29 December)
 * Minister for Finance: Seán MacEntee (FF)
 * Chief Justice: Timothy Sullivan
 * Dáil:
 * 8th (until 14 June 1937)
 * 9th (from 21 July 1937)

Events

 * 22 January – the National Council of Women of Ireland is agitating for the formation of a women's police force.
 * 8 April – all political parties and Church leaders gather at the Mansion House, Dublin to pay tribute to the Chief Rabbi, Dr. Yitzhak Herzog, who is leaving to take up the new post of Chief Rabbi of the British Mandate of Palestine.
 * 6–27 February – Battle of Jarama (Spanish Civil War): The Connolly Column and other Irish volunteers take part.
 * 14 April – the Minister for Finance, Seán MacEntee, delivers his budget. He reduces the costs of butter, sugar and tea.
 * 30 April – Éamon de Valera introduces the new Constitution of Ireland. It recognises the institution of marriage and the family and prohibits divorce, as well as recognising the special position of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland. It also recognises Judaism and other minority faiths. Although drafted in English, the Irish translation, made initially by Mícheál Ó Gríobhtha, will have legal priority.
 * 11 May – the Constitution Bill receives its second reading in Dáil Éireann. Éamon de Valera dismisses claims that the Constitution provided for a dictatorship.
 * 13 May – a bronze statue of King George II of Great Britain on St Stephen's Green, Dublin, is blown to pieces.
 * 25 May – an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland proposing membership of the British Commonwealth is rejected.
 * 8 June – Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937 passed by the Oireachtas retrospectively abolishing the office of Governor-General of the Irish Free State (most of whose powers have been removed under the Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936) and providing for a pension for the last office-holder, who was Domhnall Ua Buachalla.
 * 14 June – the Draft Constitution is passed in the Dáil by 62 votes to 48. The Eighth Dáil is also dissolved and a general election is called.
 * 30 June – Éamon de Valera winds up an election tour with a huge rally on College Green, Dublin.
 * 1 July – Fianna Fáil wins the general election. The plebiscite on the Constitution of Ireland is passed by 56.5% of voters.
 * 5 July – Éamon de Valera and Seán Lemass inspect the flying boat Caledonia before its survey flight across the Atlantic Ocean.
 * 28 July – The Irish Republican Army unsuccessfully attempts the assassination by bomb of King George VI of the United Kingdom, in Belfast.
 * 26 August – The Irish Times newspaper publishes its 25,000th edition in Dublin.
 * 27 August – Dublin's first automatic traffic lights come into operation at the junction of Merrion Square and Clare Street.
 * 16 September – 10 young County Mayo potato harvesters are killed in a bothy fire at Kirkintilloch in Scotland.
 * 12 October – Kathleen Clarke (widow of Tom Clarke) addresses the Fianna Fáil Ardfheis, telling the party that it is moving away from its original values of republicanism.
 * 10 November – the text of a new bill providing a seal of office for the president of Ireland is introduced in Dáil Éireann.
 * 6 December – the seal of the president of Ireland is photographed for archive purposes.
 * 11 December – the Kelly Line steamer Annagher sinks at Ballymacormick Point with the loss of nine crew and only one survivor.
 * 29 December – the new Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann) comes into force. The Irish Free State becomes known as "Ireland" (or Éire in the Irish language), and Éamon de Valera becomes its first Taoiseach (prime minister). A Presidential Commission (made up the Chief Justice, the Speaker of Dáil Éireann, and the President of the High Court) assumes the powers of the new presidency, pending the election of the first President of Ireland in June 1938. A 21-gun salute is fired from the Royal Hospital Kilmainham and the tricolour flag of Ireland flies over all public buildings.

Arts and literature

 * April – writers Elizabeth Bowen and Seán Ó Faoláin first meet, in London.
 * 29 September – French playwright Antonin Artaud is expelled from Ireland.
 * Samuel Beckett leaves Ireland to settle in Paris.
 * The national radio station, Radio Athlone, is renamed Radio Éireann.
 * Norah Hoult publishes her novel Coming from the Fair.
 * Robert Lloyd Praeger publishes his memoir The Way That I Went: An Irishman in Ireland.

Football

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: Sligo Rovers
 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: Waterford 2–1 St James' Gate

Gaelic Athletic Association

 * All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
 * Winners: Kerry 4–4 v Cavan 1–7 (played at Croke Park, Dublin)
 * All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
 * Winners: Tipperary 3–11 v Kilkenny 0–3 (played at Fitzgerald Stadium, Killarney)

Golf

 * Irish Open is won by Bert Gadd (England).

Births

 * 4 January – Mick O'Connell, Kerry Gaelic footballer.
 * 22 February – Theo Dunne, footballer (died 2023).
 * 2 April – Theo Foley, footballer (died 2020).
 * 27 April – Robin Eames, Church of Ireland Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh from 1986 to 2006.
 * 20 May – Benjamin Guinness, 3rd Earl of Iveagh, hereditary peer and Seanad member (died 1992).
 * 31 May – Mary O'Rourke, Fianna Fáil TD and Cabinet Minister.
 * 1 June – Rosaleen Linehan, actress.
 * 3 June – Ray Brady, soccer player.
 * 20 June – Jim Townsend, Labour politician and Seanad member (died 2021)
 * 13 July – Ollie Walsh, Kilkenny hurler (died 1996).
 * 19 August – Niall Andrews, Fianna Fáil TD and MEP (died 2006).
 * 8 September – Joe Carolan, footballer (d. 2018).
 * 26 September – Seán Fallon, Fianna Fáil politician, Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann from 1992 until his death (died 1995).
 * October – Richard Johnton, President of the High Court.
 * 24 November – Dónall Farmer, actor (died 2018).
 * 15 December – Rodney Bernstein, cricketer.
 * 25 December – Noel Furlong, businessman and poker player.

Deaths

 * 31 January – Samuel Edgar, cricketer (born 1913).
 * 3 February – Thomas Moles, Ulster Unionist MP (born 1871).
 * 19 February – Leonard Molloy, soldier, doctor, M.P. (born 1861).
 * 27 February – Charles Donnelly, poet, killed at the Jarama Front, Spanish Civil War (born 1914).
 * 7 March – Tomás Ó Criomhthain, writer and fisherman (born 1856).
 * 1 May – Herbert Hughes, musicologist, composer and critic (born 1882).
 * 27 June – Arthur Douglas, cricketer and rugby player (born 1902).
 * 14 July – Thomas Myles, surgeon, Home Ruler, involved in importation of arms for the Irish Volunteers in 1914 (born 1857).
 * 5 September – Peter Daly, republican soldier, died of wounds received at Battle of Belchite (Spanish Civil War) (born 1903 in Liverpool).
 * 5 November – Jack McAuliffe, boxer (born 1886).
 * 23 November – Con Collins, Sinn Féin MP (born 1881).

title: 1937 in Ireland


text: Category:1985 in Canada

title: Category:1985 in Canada


text:
1936 in Ireland

Events from the year 1936 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * Governor-General: Domhnall Ua Buachalla (until 11 December)
 * President of the Executive Council: Éamon de Valera (FF)
 * Vice-President of the Executive Council: Seán T. O'Kelly (FF)
 * Minister for Finance: Seán MacEntee (FF)
 * Chief Justice:
 * Hugh Kennedy (until 1 December 1936)
 * Timothy Sullivan (from 1 December 1936)
 * Dáil: 8th

Events

 * 9 February – Brian de Valera, third son of Éamon de Valera, dies in a riding accident, aged 21.
 * 5 March – five hundred delegates attend the Fine Gael Árd-Feis in Dublin. W. T. Cosgrave is once again nominated as its president.
 * 4 April – a dispute between two unions over who makes coffins results in the coffin of an abandoned infant being turned away from Glasnevin Cemetery.
 * 27 May – Aer Lingus makes its first flight. The five-seater plane, Iolar, travels from Baldonnel Aerodrome to Bristol.
 * 28 May – the Dáil passes a motion abolishing the Senate of the Irish Free State.
 * 20 June – the Irish Republican Army is (again) declared an illegal organisation by the government.
 * 6 September – the new Roman Catholic Christ the King Cathedral, Mullingar, is dedicated.
 * 20 November – General Eoin O'Duffy leads six hundred men in his Bandera to fight for Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War.
 * December – first Irish socialist volunteers in the Spanish Civil War (including the Connolly Column) leave the Irish ports to fight for the Republican faction, initially on the Córdoba front.
 * 11 December – the Oireachtas of the Irish Free State passes the Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936, removing most powers from the office of Governor-General of the Irish Free State with the intention of abolishing the post.
 * 12 December – the Oireachtas's Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936 is signed into law, assenting to the abdication of Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (and passing of the throne to George VI) and restricting the power of the monarch in relation to Ireland to international affairs.

Arts and literature

 * Elizabeth Bowen publishes her novel The House in Paris.
 * Austin Clarke publishes his second novel The Singing-Men at Cashel; like the first, it is prohibited in Ireland by the Censorship of Publications Board.
 * Teresa Deevy's play Katie Roche premieres.
 * James Joyce publishes his Collected Poems.
 * Patrick Kavanagh publishes Ploughman, and Other Poems.
 * Harry Kernoff paints In Davy's Parlour Snug: Self portrait with Davy Byrne and Martin Murphy.
 * Cecil Day-Lewis publishes his poetry Noah and the Waters.
 * Lord Longford founds the Longford Players.
 * Louis MacNeice publishes his translation of The Agamemnon of Aeschylus.
 * Seán Ó Faoláin publishes his novel Bird Alone; it is prohibited in Ireland by the Censorship of Publications Board.
 * Peig Sayers publishes her autobiography Peig.
 * George Shiels' plays The Passing Day and The Jailbird are first produced.
 * W. B. Yeats delivers broadcast lectures on the BBC (continuing into 1937), makes recordings of his own verse and edits The Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892-1935.
 * Literary magazine Ireland Today, edited by Frank O'Connor, begins publication (June 1936 – March 1938).
 * The Dawn is released; directed by Tom Cooper, it is the first sound film made in Ireland by an Irish company.

Football

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: Bohemians
 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: Shamrock Rovers 2–1 Cork

Golf

 * Irish Open is won by Reg Whitcombe (England).

Births

 * 6 January – Syd Cheatle, playwright and novelist.
 * 30 January – Howard Kilroy, businessman (died 2019).
 * 2 February
 * Fergal O'Hanlon, Irish Republican Army member (killed 1957 with Seán South attacking the Royal Ulster Constabulary barracks in Brookeborough).
 * Tony Ryan, businessman and philanthropist, founder of Guinness Peat Aviation and a founder of Ryanair (died 2007).
 * 12 February – Monica Barnes, Fine Gael Teachta Dála.
 * 17 February – Joe Haverty, soccer player.
 * 18 February – Ciarán Bourke, musician, an original member of The Dubliners (died 1988).
 * 3 March – Christopher Jones, Bishop of Elphin (1994– ).
 * 11 March – Pat Brady, soccer player.
 * 14 March – Vincent Brady, Fianna Fáil politician, Government Chief Whip and Minister for Defence.
 * 15 March – David Andrews, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister and Chairman of the Irish Red Cross.
 * 22 March – Patsy Dorgan, footballer (Blackburn Rovers, Cork Hibernians, Cork Celtic) (died 2021).
 * 1 April – Gerry O'Sullivan, Labour Party (Ireland) TD, Minister of State and Lord Mayor of Cork (died 1994).
 * 7 April – Mick McGrath, soccer player and manager.
 * 17 April – Brendan Kennelly, poet and novelist (died 2021)
 * 19 April – Séamus Pattison, Labour Party TD and Ceann Comhairle (died 2018).
 * 1 May – Colm Hilliard, Fianna Fáil TD (died 2002).
 * 7 May – Tony O'Reilly, rugby player and businessman (died 2024).
 * 8 May – Michael O'Leary, Tánaiste and Labour Party leader (died 2006).
 * 6 June – William Murphy, Bishop of Kerry (1995– ).
 * 8 June – Michael O'Leary, leader of the Labour Party, Tánaiste and Cabinet Minister.
 * 9 June – Mick O'Dwyer, Gaelic footballer and manager.
 * 15 June – Gerry Culliton, rugby player (died 2012).
 * 1 July – Gerard Brady, senior Fianna Fáil politician, Minister for Education (died 2020).
 * 5 July – Brendan Halligan, economist and Labour Party politician (died 2020).
 * 6 July – Dave Allen, comedian (died 2005).
 * 9 July – Bobby Molloy, Fianna Fáil/Progressive Democrats TD and Cabinet Minister (died 2016).
 * 13 August – James Moriarty, Bishop of the Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin.
 * 23 August – Godfrey Graham, cricketer.
 * 1 September – Jim Kemmy, Labour Party and Democratic Socialist Party TD (died 1997).
 * 15 September – Máirín Quill, Progressive Democrats TD.
 * 18 September – Big Tom (McBride), country singer and musician (died 2018).
 * 24 September – John Magee SPS, Bishop of Cloyne (1987– ), private secretary to Pope John Paul II.
 * 27 September – Barry Cogan, Fianna Fáil TD and Senator.
 * 5 October – Brian Hannon, Bishop of Clogher (Church of Ireland) from 1986 to 2001 (died 2022).
 * 10 October – Dickie Rock, singer and songwriter.
 * 21 October – William Parsons, 7th Earl of Rosse, peer.
 * 27 November – Feargal Quinn, businessman, founder of Superquinn, independent member of Seanad Éireann (died 2019).
 * 12 December – Noel Sheridan, actor, artist, Director National College of Art and Design (1979–2003).
 * 16 December – Jim Fitzsimons, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister and MEP.
 * Full date unknown
 * Brian Bourke, artist.
 * Patrick Masterson, writer and Professor (Emeritus), University College Dublin.
 * Mattie McDonagh, Gaelic footballer with Galway (died 2005).

Deaths

 * 10 January – William Kenny, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1914 near Ypres, Belgium (born 1880).
 * 20 January – George V of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (born 1865).
 * 26 January – Francis O'Neill, police officer in America and collector of Irish traditional music (born 1848).
 * February – Harry Corley, cricketer (born 1878).
 * 20 March – Justin Huntly McCarthy, politician and author (born 1859).
 * 24 March – Henry Boyle Townshend Somerville, Royal Navy Hydrographic Surveyor, murdered by Irish Republican Army (born 1863).
 * 6 June – Eamonn Duggan, solicitor, nationalist, member 1st Dáil (Pro Treaty), representing South Meath, Minister for Home Affairs (1922) (born 1874).
 * 14 July – William Cosgrove, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1915 at the Battle of Gallipoli, Turkey (born 1888).
 * 14 July – Patrick Hogan, Sinn Féin and Cumann na nGaedheal TD (born 1891).
 * 22 July – Sir Osmond Esmonde, 12th Baronet, diplomat and politician (born 1896).
 * 29 July – Frank Gavan Duffy, fourth Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia (born 1852).
 * 6 August – Margaretta Eagar, nurse for the four daughters of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra and memoirist (born 1863).
 * 8 September – John Sweetman, politician, a founder of Sinn Féin and second President of the party in 1908 (born 1844).
 * 27 October – William Morgan Jellett, Irish Unionist MP in the Parliament of the United Kingdom (born 1857).
 * 30 November – Jimmy Elwood, footballer (born 1901).
 * 1 December – Hugh Kennedy, only Attorney-General of Southern Ireland, first Attorney-General of the Irish Free State and first Chief Justice of the Irish Free State (born 1879).
 * December – Tommy Wood, soldier in the International Brigades, fatally wounded in Battle of Lopera (Spanish Civil War) (born c. 1919).

title: 1936 in Ireland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sharia in the Bible

Sharia in the Bible
I have no idea, but it was listed on vfd through a red link, and it looks messy and probably inherently POV, but might merit inclusion or redirection somewhere. Dunc|☺ 20:10, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. All religious traditions have laws and codes of behavior, with much in common. Sharia by definition is Islamic, and this is nonsensical, despite the points in common: nothing salvageable to merge. — Bill 21:04, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Original research. The author's argument is that "nomos" gets translated as "Law" in English Bibles, but in Arabic Bibles it's translated as "sharia," and therefore "sharia" is a concept that goes beyond Islam.  Ok.  Let's perform the translation: "law is common to all the Abrahamic religions."  Yes, it is.  However, "Sharia" in English is used specifically to refer to a code of Islamic justice, and it's not therefore part of the other religions. Geogre 21:39, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. see Talk:Sharia in the Bible for some context. regards, High on a tree 14:43, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. Fire Star 20:22, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Probably propaganda to make Sharia acceptable.
 * Delete. Original research. - Ta bu shi da yu 10:58, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect and mention, if it can be verified and attributed, the belief that the sharia is equivalent to "the Law" as described in the Old and New Testaments. —No-One Jones (m) 11:06, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
1935 in Ireland

Events from the year 1935 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * Governor-General: Domhnall Ua Buachalla
 * President of the Executive Council: Éamon de Valera (FF)
 * Vice-President of the Executive Council: Seán T. O'Kelly (FF)
 * Minister for Finance: Seán MacEntee (FF)
 * Chief Justice: Hugh Kennedy
 * Dáil: 8th

Events

 * 3 January – an Anglo-Irish Coal-Cattle Pact is signed between the governments of Britain and the Irish Free State.
 * 20 January – forty men from the Connemara Gaeltacht travel to County Meath to inspect the area which is to be settled by residents of the Gaeltacht.
 * 27 January – relics and souvenirs of the 1916 Easter Rising arrive at the National Museum.
 * 19 February – workmen unearth a statue of Jesus during excavations for road making in County Clare.
 * 28 February – the Criminal Law Amendment Act deals with various sexual offences. Section 17 explicitly makes the import or sale of contraceptive devices illegal.
 * 3 March – in his Lenten pastoral the Thomas O'Doherty, Bishop of Galway, denounces immodest dress and vulgar films. Membership of Trinity College Dublin is still forbidden for Catholics and membership of the IRA and Communist organizations remain mortal sins.
 * 20 March – after seventeen days of a bus strike, the army intervenes at the request of the Minister for Industry and Commerce by providing lorries for transport.
 * 26 March – 72 republicans are arrested and held at the Bridewell Garda Station.
 * 1 April – the National Athletics and Cycling Association is suspended from the International Amateur Athletic Federation for refusing to confine its activities to the Free State side of the border.
 * 12 April – eleven families from the Connemara Gaeltacht arrive in County Meath to set up the Ráth Cairn Gaeltacht.
 * 14 July – five people are killed and seventy injured as a result of sectarian rioting in Belfast.
 * 26 October – Edward Carson, Baron Carson, the Dublin-born Unionist leader and barrister, is buried in Belfast.
 * 9 November – Arranmore boat tragedy: 19 of 20 onboard are killed when a yawl runs aground on the crossing from Burtonport.
 * 7 December – a bad day for Irish sport: the Ireland national rugby union team is beaten by New Zealand and the Irish soccer team is beaten by the Netherlands.
 * 16 December – Foynes in County Limerick is chosen to be the European terminal of a transatlantic flying boat air service.
 * Undated
 * In the first major investigation into political corruption in Ireland since the formation of the Free State, the "Wicklow Gold Inquiry" clears Seán Lemass (Minister for Industry and Commerce) of wrongdoing in the grant of mining licences in County Wicklow to Fianna Fáil politicians.
 * William Magner begins commercial cider production in Clonmel, County Tipperary.

Arts and literature

 * 2 April – First meeting of the Irish Folklore Commission, set up by the government under the direction of Séamus Ó Duilearga to study and collect information on folklore and traditions.
 * 12 August – Seán O'Casey's play The Silver Tassie, set in World War I and premièred in 1929 in London, is first performed at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, where it proves controversial.
 * 23 September – The fourth Theatre Royal opens in Dublin.
 * Samuel Beckett publishes his poetry Echo's Bones and Other Precipitates.
 * Sinéad de Valera produces her play Cluichidhe na Gaedhilge.
 * Oliver St. John Gogarty publishes his first prose work, As I Was Going Down Sackville Street: A Phantasy in Fact.
 * Norah Hoult publishes her novel Holy Ireland.
 * Louis MacNeice publishes his Poems.
 * W. B. Yeats publishes his poetry A Full Moon in March.

Football

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: Dolphins
 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: Bohemians 4–3 Dundalk

Golf

 * Irish Open is won by Ernest Whitcombe (England).

Births

 * 11 January – Colm O'Reilly, Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise (1983– ).
 * 16 January – William Walsh, Bishop of Killaloe (1994– ).
 * 9 February – Liam Kavanagh, Labour Party Teachta Dála representing Wicklow, Member of the European Parliament.
 * 18 February – – Ciarán Bourke, singer (d. 1988)
 * 20 February – Bríd Rodgers, Social Democratic and Labour Party MLA and Minister.
 * 21 February – Brian Mullooly, Fianna Fáil politician, twice Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann.
 * 23 February – Tom Murphy, playwright (died 2018).
 * 4 March – Don Davern, Fianna Fáil TD for Tipperary South 1965–1968 (died 1968).
 * 6 March – Ronnie Delany, athlete.
 * 1 April – Billy Whelan, footballer (died 1958).
 * 22 April – Tim Pat Coogan, historian and broadcaster.
 * 25 April – John Boland, Roman Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Savannah, Georgia.
 * 15 May – Barry Desmond, Labour Party TD, Cabinet Minister and MEP.
 * 16 June – Peter Rice, structural engineer (died 1992).
 * 18 June – Jimmy Brohan, Cork hurler.
 * July – Arthur Ryan, businessman (died 2019).
 * 11 July – Oliver Napier, Northern Irish politician (died 2011)
 * 20 July – Hugh Coveney, Fine Gael TD and Cabinet Minister, yachtsman (died 1998).
 * 4 August – Michael J. Noonan, Fianna Fáil TD and Cabinet Minister.
 * 13 August – Brendan Comiskey, Roman Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Ferns.
 * 16 September – Charles McDonald, Fine Gael politician, Cathaoirleach (chair) of Seanad Éireann 1981–1982.
 * 29 September – Ian Lewis, cricketer (died 2004).
 * 16 October – Fred Tiedt, boxer (died 1999).
 * 27 November – Johnny Byrne, writer and script editor (died 2008).
 * 4 December – Noel Peyton, soccer player.
 * 8 December – Michael Woods, Fianna Fáil TD for Dublin North-East and Cabinet Minister.
 * Full date unknown
 * Pauline Bewick, artist (born in England).
 * Eddie Fullerton, Sinn Féin councillor (killed by the Ulster Defence Association 1991).
 * Pádraig Ó Snodaigh, Irish language activist, poet, writer and publisher.
 * Bob Quinn, filmmaker, writer and photographer.

Deaths

 * 23 March – Robert Browne, Roman Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Cloyne (born 1844).
 * 8 April – Patrick Joseph Sullivan, mayor of Casper, Wyoming and Republican member of the United States Senate from Wyoming (born 1865).
 * 17 July – George William Russell ('Æ'), critic, poet, essayist, artist and economist (born 1867).
 * 22 July – William Mulholland, water service engineer in Southern California (born 1855).
 * 9 August – James Buchanan, 1st Baron Woolavington, businessman and philanthropist (born 1849).
 * 15 September – Sir Thomas Esmonde, 11th Baronet, peer, MP and Seanad member (born 1862).
 * 22 October – Edward Carson, Baron Carson, Unionist leader, barrister and judge (born 1854).

title: 1935 in Ireland