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D'Arcy Wentworth

D'Arcy Wentworth (14 February 1762 – 7 July 1827) was an Irish-Australian surgeon and the first paying passenger to arrive in the new colony of New South Wales. He served under the first seven governors of the Colony, and from 1810 to 1821, he was "great assistant" to Governor Lachlan Macquarie. Wentworth led a campaign for the rights and recognition of emancipists and for trial by jury.

Early life
D'Arcy Wentworth was born in Portadown, County Armagh, Ireland, the sixth child and fourth son of Martha and D'Arcy Wentworth. His family had left Yorkshire for safe haven in Ireland after the execution of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, in 1641. In 1778, aged sixteen, D'Arcy was apprenticed to Alexander Patton, a surgeon-apothecary, in nearby Tandragee. In 1782, he joined the Irish Volunteers, one of the local regiments formed during the American Revolutionary War, to defend Ireland against invasion from France; his commission as a junior officer was signed by George III. In May 1785, having completed a seven-year apprenticeship, D'Arcy left Ireland. He was seeking an appointment with the East India Company, and as the training of Irish surgeons was not recognised in England, it was necessary to go to London to gain accreditation.

Life in England
Wentworth sailed on the mailboat from Donaghadee to Portpatrick in Scotland. First he went to South Yorkshire, as the guest of his cousin, William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam, at "Wentworth Woodhouse". It was the beginning of a lifelong friendship. Fitzwilliam gave D'Arcy encouragement and advice. He attended Whig party gatherings and race meetings at York, Doncaster and Wakefield with Fitzwilliam, who introduced him to the societies of York and London, their up and coming lawyers, young politicians and aspiring bureaucrats.

On 1 December 1785, Wentworth went before the Court of Examiners of the Company of Surgeons in London. He qualified as a "Mate to Indiamen", eligible to work with the East India Company, once he had twelve months practical experience "walking the wards" in one of London's large charity hospitals. Wentworth accepted the invitation of Percivall Pott, one of his examiners, to "walk the wards" of St Bartholomew's, Smithfield under his direction. He attended lectures by other prominent physicians including John Hunter, and dissections held in the Company of Surgeons' anatomy theatre at the Old Bailey.

Wentworth waited in vain for a position to become available in the East India Company. Warren Hastings had brought peace to India, and the company had an oversupply of surgeons. Wentworth supported himself in London by mastering the art of card playing, gambling at card tables in several inns and coffee houses, but he found many of those who lost to him would simply refuse to pay.

Eventually, Wentworth pursued a number of prominent players who had defaulted on their debts. Chief Magistrate and novelist Henry Fielding described gambling as "the School in which most Highwaymen of great Eminence have been bred." Wentworth was arraigned before the Courts four times for highway robbery, but never convicted. On each occasion his defaulter either failed to appear to prosecute him, found himself unable to positively identify D'Arcy Wentworth, or sought only to name and shame him.

In March 1787, Fitzwilliam's patronage secured Wentworth a direction from the Home Office, to leave without delay for Portsmouth, where the First Fleet was making ready to sail to Botany Bay. He was to seek out John White, Principal Surgeon, on the Charlotte, who could advise him of any vacancies for assistant surgeons on the Fleet. D'Arcy learnt that to become a naval surgeon would require further accreditation from the Company of Surgeons. He returned to his studies, and on 5 July 1787, examined a second time by the Court of Examiners he qualified as an Assistant Surgeon, Second Mate, Third Rate.

Arrival in the Colony of New South Wales
On 17 January 1790, Wentworth left England on the Second Fleet on board the Neptune, the most notorious of the convict transports. The neglect and ill treatment of her convicts resulted in the deaths of one hundred and forty-seven men and eleven women, over 30% of the convicts she transported. Wentworth was on board as a passenger; he had no influence, no position on the ship and no employment arranged in the Colony. He arrived in Sydney on 26 June 1790, and spent his first five weeks assisting the local surgeons to care for the newly arrived convicts.

The Colony was short of food, strict rationing had been in place for three months. Five weeks after the Neptune arrived, to avoid a worsening disaster, Governor Arthur Phillip sent nearly 200 convicts and their superintendents to Norfolk Island on the Surprize, en route to China. Wentworth went with them, "to act as an assistant to the surgeon there, being reputed to have the necessary requisites for such a situation"''. ''

Wentworth disembarked at Norfolk Island on 16 August 1790. The Commandant, Lieut. Governor Philip Gidley King appointed him as an unpaid Assistant Surgeon. On the island, he became friends with Captain John Hunter, whose vessel, HMS Sirius, had been wrecked on a sunken reef off the island five months earlier. Hunter and most of his crew were stranded on Norfolk Island for nearly a year, awaiting a vessel to return them to Sydney.

In December 1791, King appointed Wentworth to a second position on Norfolk Island, Superintendent of Convicts, responsible for overseeing up to 150 convict labourers on building projects, land clearing and farm work. In June 1793, Earl Fitzwilliam offered him a lifeline; he appointed his London lawyer, Charles Cookney, Wentworth's agent, making it possible for him to become an early trader in the Colony.

Land Grants and Later Subdivisions
By the time of his death in 1827, D'Arcy Wentworth had acquired around 22,000 acres of land.

The estate Darcyville was later subdivided as the “Toongabbee Subdivision”. Section 2 of this subdivision includes area along Wentworth Avenue to the North of the Railway line was made available for sale in 1886.

Street Names and Suburbs
Wentworth Avenue is named in honour of D’Arcy Wentworth and his family who held land the parcel of land known as Darcyville in the area. The avenue is parallel to the railway line and extends from Bridge Road, Westmead, New South Wales to Toongabbie railway station, passing through the suburbs of Wentworthville, New South Wales and Pendle Hill, New South Wales.

Public life
During his thirty-seven years in New South Wales, D'Arcy Wentworth served under the first seven governors of the Colony.

The second governor, Captain John Hunter, gave Wentworth permission to leave Norfolk Island, and he arrived back in Sydney on 5 March 1796. He had worked without a break for six years on the island. He received £40 a year as Superintendent of Convicts, but had not been paid for his work as Assistant Surgeon. His applications for leave and requests for his position to be regularised had been ignored. In London, Earl Fitzwilliam pursued the matter of payment for his service as Assistant Surgeon, and in 1798, as a result of his efforts, Wentworth was paid arrears of £160, for six years work.

Soon after Wentworth's return, Hunter appointed him to Sydney Cove Hospital as an Assistant Surgeon, replacing Samuel Leeds, who had disqualified himself though drunkenness. In Sydney, Hunter allowed several people, including Wentworth, to act as traders, in an attempt to break the power of the Rum Corps officers through competition, and to lower the price of commodities. On 11 May 1799, he appointed Wentworth Assistant Surgeon at Parramatta, in charge of the hospital there, replacing James Mileham, who was later court martialled for refusing to attend the settlers, free people, and others.

Wentworth took up duty at Parramatta Hospital, "two long sheds, built in the form of a tent, and thatched... capable of holding two hundred patients." "It was large and clean with a large vegetable garden attached to it." A week later, on 16 May 1799, Hunter granted him a fourteen year lease over six acres and twenty roods at Parramatta, on a knoll overlooking the river. Wentworth planted a dozen young Norfolk Island pines along the ridge line, and built a comfortable two storey house, that he named "Wentworth Woodhouse". John Price, surgeon on the Minerva, visited him there, he described it as "charmingly situated and, as John Milton says, 'Bosom'd high in tufted trees'."

Governor Philip Gidley King, RN, 28 September 1800 to 12 August 1806
Wentworth had been friendly with Philip Gidley King on Norfolk Island. On 15 April 1800, King returned to Sydney from London with a dormant commission, to act as governor in the case of the death or during the absence of Captain John Hunter. During Hunter's final five months in the Colony, Wentworth provided friendship, assistance and undivided loyalty. His support rankled King. Wentworth had been friendly with Philip Gidley King on Norfolk Island, but when King took over as governor, he curtailed Wentworth's trading, impounded his trading stock and sent him back to Norfolk Island. John Grant, an emancipist, commented, "Governor King hates Hunter's friends."

Captain William Bligh, RN, 13 August 1806 to 26 January 1808
Captain William Bligh, who succeeded King, had D'Arcy Wentworth court martialled for disrespect, the result of conflicting instructions given by the Governor. As a consequence of Bligh's belligerence, Wentworth supported Major George Johnston and John Macarthur in the Rum Rebellion on 26 January 1808, that overthrew the Governor and placed him under house arrest.

Major-General Lachlan Macquarie, CB, 1 January 1810 to 1 December 1821
Lachlan Macquarie came ashore in Sydney on 1 January 1810. On 7 January he issued a Government and General Order declaring all official appointments made since Bligh's arrest null and void. On 20 February 1810, he ordered that D'Arcy Wentworth remain as Principal Surgeon, pending instructions from London. Macquarie recommended his appointment in his first despatch.

Under Governor Macquarie, D'Arcy Wentworth found great recognition. From the outset Macquarie respected his judgement, he placed new and heavy responsibilities on his shoulders, and Wentworth responded with absolute loyalty and diligence. Macquarie found him "indefagitable in his Exertions and Assiduity". The two men, both over six feet tall, were the same age, forty-seven, born a fortnight apart in 1762. They shared their generation's belief in the principles of the Enlightenment. They recognized that reason, science, and an exchange of ideas, knowledge and experience were necessary to progress the Colony and to achieve Macquarie's vision for a more harmonious and inclusive society.

On 31 March 1810, Macquarie appointed Wentworth Treasurer of the Colonial Police Fund, the consolidated revenue fund of the Colony. He was effectively the Treasurer of the Colony, responsible for receiving revenue raised from government activities, including three-quarters of all customs duties, fees collected at the port and town of Sydney, licensing fees from markets, inns, hotels and breweries, and the licences "recently issued to publicans for vending spirituous liquors".

On 7 April 1810, Macquarie made Wentworth a Commissioner of the new turnpike road to be built from Sydney to Parramatta and the Hawkesbury. On 17 May 1810, the Governor appointed Wentworth one of two Justices of the Peace. On 11 August 1810, D'Arcy Wentworth was made a member of the Court of Civil Jurisdiction.

On 6 October 1810, Macquarie announced Sydney was to have a single effective police force. He appointed D'Arcy Wentworth Chief Magistrate and Superintendent of Police.

In 1814, Macquarie set up the Native Institute for the Education of Indigenous Children, and appointed D'Arcy Wentworth to the committee of management. Wentworth had the respect and trust of the Aboriginal people in Sydney, they could take their grievances to him as Police Magistrate and could look to him for support and redress.

The Rum Hospital
One of Wentworth's achievements was the construction of new hospital for Sydney. In 1806, Governor Bligh reported the wooden hospital at Dawes Point, that arrived on the Second Fleet, was "rotten and decayed, not worth rep'g", and the other hospitals were in "a ruinous state". Macquarie confirmed this in his first despatch to London: "there will be an absolute necessity for building a new general hospital as soon as possible". It was necessary to provide "a proper place of reception, and more secure detention of the sick, and of moving it to a more airy and retired situation in the town". Without waiting for a reply, within two months the Governor had called for tenders.

Macquarie signed the contract for construction of a new hospital on 6 November 1810, with a consortium of businessmen – Garnham Blaxcell and Alexander Riley, later joined by D'Arcy Wentworth. They would receive convict labour and a monopoly on rum imports, from which they expected to recoup the cost of the building and gain considerable profits. The contract allowed them an exclusive right to import 45,000 (later increased to 60,000) gallons of rum to sell, with the excise collected, paid into the Colonial Fund. Their projected profit on the building of the hospital did not eventuate, as a result of many unforeseen problems and the cost of the remedial work required. On its completion in 1816, convict patients were transferred to the new hospital, known as the "Rum Hospital".

Wentworth made lifelong friends among his fellow surgeons and colleagues in the Colony, but he remained detached from its social castes and allegiances. Historian James Auchmuty commented that "despite his general popularity, comparative wealth and powerful connexions at home, Wentworth mixed little in non-official social life," observing, "the liberal views imbibed in the Ireland of his youth," which had "resulted in more than usual sympathy with the convict population," and "the circumstances of his personal life in the Colony prevented him from fully sharing in the social round."

Bank of New South Wales
The Colony of New South Wales was established without any cash. Coinage brought to the Colony leaked out rapidly, mainly on ships that called with necessities, clothes, food, and knick knacks. As a result there was insufficient coinage to permit normal business transactions, forcing the population to rely on local promissary notes and rum.

On 30 April 1810, Macquarie wrote to Lord Castlereagh: "there is one circumstance to which I beg your Lordship's most serious attention, as on it seems to hinge much of the future prosperity of this colony. In consequence of there being neither gold nor silver coins of any denomination, nor any legal currency, as a substitute for specie in the colony, the people have been in some degree forced on the expedient of issuing and receiving notes of hand to supply the place of real money, and this petty banking has thrown open a door to frauds and impositions of a most grievous nature to the country at large…At present the agricultural and commercial pursuits of the territory are very much impeded and obstructed by the want of some adequately secured circulating medium."

Under D'Arcy Wentworth, the Colonial Fund had a quasi-bank role, printing and issuing bank notes to people who had claims on the Fund. Wentworth had the Sydney Gazette print books of notes, labelled Police Fund, with four different Sterling values: two shillings and sixpence, five shillings, ten shillings and one pound. To protect against forgery, he had a Latin quotation from Cicero with a decorative border printed on the reverse side, and he signed each note. They circulated throughout the Colony, helping to overcome the shortage of small change.

The idea of establishing a bank was raised in March 1810, but it wasn't until November 1816 that a meeting was held to discuss the proposal. In February 1817, the Bank of New South Wales was established; Macquarie gave it a Charter as a joint stock company, providing its directors with limited liability. The first directors were: D'Arcy Wentworth, John Harris, Robert Jenkins, Thomas Wylde, Alexander Riley, William Redfern and John Thomas Campbell. Campbell, Macquarie's secretary, was elected the bank's first president; D'Arcy Wentworth was elected president in 1825. The new bank facilitated financial transactions and encouraged commerce; it helped bring to an end the Colony's dependence on rum as money, and the need for dubious promissary notes. The bank received deposits from the Colonial Fund, previously held by Wentworth.

Macquarie and the Emancipists
In his third despatch to London, written on Easter Monday 1810, Macquarie reported on what he saw was the Colony's most pressing problem: "I was very much surprised and Concerned, on my Arrival here, at the extraordinary and illiberal Policy I found had been adopted by all the Persons who had preceded me in Office, respecting those Men who had been originally sent out to this Country as Convicts, but who, by long Habits of Industry and total Reformation of Manners, had not only become respectable, but by Many Degrees the most Useful Members of the Community. Those persons have never been Countenanced or received into Society."

"I have nevertheless, taken upon my self to adopt a new Line of Conduct, Conceiving that Emancipation, when united with Rectitude and long-tried good Conduct, should lead a Man back to that Rank in Society which he had forfeited, and do away, in as far as the Case will admit, All Retrospect of former bad Conduct. This appears to me to be the greatest inducement that Can be held out towards the Reformation of Manners of the establishment, and I think it is Consistent with the gracious and humane Intentions of His Majesty and His Ministers."

Macquarie welcomed the emancipists into society, he appointed them to positions in the public sector, reversing the previous policy towards former convicts. Most likely D'Arcy Wentworth had advocated on their behalf, for Macquarie had assumed he was an emancipist. He listed for Castlereagh the men who gave the most liberal assistance to government and conducted themselves with the greatest propriety, whom he had: "admitted to my table","'namely Mr D'Arcy Wentworth, principal Surgeon; Mr William Redfern, Assistant Surgeon; Mr Andrew Thompson, an opulent Farmer and Proprietor of Land; and Mr Simeon Lord, an opulent Merchant.'," On 26 July 1811, Lord Liverpool acknowledged the principles Macquarie had outlined.

The Governor resolutely pursued his new Line of Conduct, championing emancipists of good conduct, raising them into key positions of authority and to a new rank in society. His approach startled and dismayed the Exclusives and wealthier free settlers, and met immediate opposition within the barracks, from the officers of the 73rd Regiment, sent to the Colony to replace the discredited Rum Corps. The most vigorous opponents of the Governor's new inclusiveness were the clergy and judiciary. They worked to frustrate and denigrate his progress, and complained noisily to London. They petitioned Members of Parliament, the Colonial Office and influential spokesmen within their own hierarchies, belaboring them with an increasing stream of grievances and gossip. D'Arcy, working close to Macquarie, became an easy target for much of the venom directed towards the Governor.

In London, Opposition support for their campaign spurred the Secretary of State, Earl Bathurst, to propose in April 1817: "the appointment of commissioners who shall forthwith proceed to the settlement with full powers to investigate all the complaints which have been made, both with respect to the treatment of convicts, and the general administration of the government."

John Thomas Bigge & his Report
Nearly two years later, on 19 January 1819, John Thomas Bigge was appointed Commissioner of Inquiry, with a private instruction from Earl Bathurst to end Macquarie's dream of an inclusive society in the Colony.

Bigge did not attack Macquarie directly in his report, tabled in Parliament in 1822 and 1823, though he maligned him to the authorities in London. In his attempt to discredit Macquarie, Bigge's report took aim at those closest to the Governor. He attacked D'Arcy Wentworth in particular, personally and professionally, and others who supported Macquarie's policy of a more inclusive society, including William Redfern and J.T. Campbell, the Governor's Secretary.

In May 1818, D'Arcy Wentworth had submitted his resignation as Principal Surgeon. Macquarie recommended that William Redfern, his Assistant Surgeon, an emancipist, replace him. Bigge opposed his appointment. On 23 October 1819, three weeks after James Bowman, Wentworth's replacement, arrived with Commissioner Bigge, he retired as Principal Surgeon. He had served 29 years as a surgeon in New South Wales, ten of those as Principal Surgeon.

In March 1820, Wentworth resigned as Superintendent of Police, and six months later, he resigned as Treasurer of the Police Fund. A few months later, on 26 March 1821, Wentworth's replacement William Minchin died. Macquarie persuaded him to return as Superintendent of Police and Treasurer of the Colonial Revenue, writing to Earl Bathurst, "there was no-one else in the Colony capable of performing the duties". D'Arcy agreed to his request.

On 31 January 1822, his sixtieth birthday, Macquarie invited D'Arcy and other close friends to celebrate. At day break on 12 February 1822, with his wife Elizabeth and son Lachlan, he passed through an "immense concourse" to the harbour, filled with "a great gathering of launches, barges, cutters, pinnaces and wherries", and went aboard the Surry, for the voyage home.

Major-General Sir Thomas Brisbane, CB, 1 December 1821 to 1 December 1825
D'Arcy Wentworth continued to serve and advise Macquarie's successor, Governor Thomas Brisbane. He remained Treasurer of the Colonial Revenue until the arrival of his replacement, William Balcombe, in April 1824. Brisbane recommended him as chairman of the Court of Quarter Sessions, and he was elected by his brother magistrates in November 1824, but he declined, reluctant to implement the more punitive regime recommended by Bigge, and to be responsible for ensuring his fellow magistrates did likewise. He served as Superintendent of Police until Captain Francis Rossi arrived to replace him on 19 May 1825, when he retired altogether from public life. The Bench of Magistrates publicly thanked him on his retirement, stating they "echoed the Public voice", and were "indebted to his superior information in dispensing Justice".

As a public official, Wentworth's capacity to advocate openly for reform had been constrained. Free of the obligations of public office, he was free to give his full support to the emancipist cause, to enter political debate, and to work with his son William Charles, as an advocate for an independent constitution for the Colony. In October he made a formal request to Brisbane, with two Parramatta magistrates, for "respectable" emancipists to be added to the lists of jurors. Brisbane sent their petition to Earl Bathurst for his attention.

In May 1825, Governor Brisbane was recalled. On 26 October 1825, D'Arcy Wentworth presented an Address of Farewell to him on behalf of the Emancipists. He arranged the Official Farewell Dinner for the Governor, with one hundred guests, at the Woolpack Inn in Parramatta on 7 November 1825. D'Arcy sat beside the Governor at the dinner, but he was ill and he retired early.

His son William proposed the toasts, to the King, to Governor Thomas Brisbane, to the prosperity of Australia and to the memory of Governor Phillip. In solemn silence they toasted the memory of Governor Macquarie. Then they charged their glasses and drank to the health of D'Arcy Wentworth. William returned thanks on his behalf, acknowledging he was proud to be the son of such a worthy man, proud that the community possessed this "upright and zealous friend of liberty".

At his farewell dinner, Governor Brisbane, in defiance of the Exclusives and the Bigge Report, recognised the importance and significance of the Emancipists, and he undertook to champion their cause with the British Government.

Lieut. General Sir Ralph Darling, GCH, 19 December 1825 to 21 October 1831
Governor Ralph Darling arrived in Sydney on 17 December 1825, to actively implement the socially destructive policies recommended in the Bigge Report. Darling's policies made life more punitive for the convicts and more onerous for the soldiers. Emancipists and convicts were now excluded from Government employment. Freed convicts who had been given pardons by the Crown were now dealt with by the courts as convicts without status; emancipists and descendants of convicts were excluded from Government House.

Under Darling, no longer an officer of the Crown, D'Arcy Wentworth was free to promote the cause of the Emancipists and trial by jury, and he became their figure head and leader. The press came under pressure for its criticism of the Governor and government policies. D'Arcy initially led the protagonists supporting freedom of the press, a fully elected representative government for the Colony, and no taxation without representation. Amongst the leading agitators were The Australian newspaper and its proprietors: two barristers, Robert Wardell and William Charles Wentworth, D'Arcy Wentworth's son. Following Darling's persecution of two soldiers, Sudds and Thompson in November 1826, that resulted in the death of Sudds, The Australian pressed for the recall of Governor Darling. William Wentworth became the voice for representative government for the Colony and for Governor Darling's recall.

Private life
On board the convict transport Neptune Wentworth entered a relationship with a convict girl, Catherine Crowley. She remained his partner in the Colony until her death at Parramatta in January 1800. Their son William Charles Wentworth was born at sea on the Surprize, standing off Norfolk Island in a violent storm on 13 August 1790; a daughter, Martha, died at four months, during an outbreak of fever carried by the Third Fleet; two more sons followed: Dorset (D'Arcy) born in 1793, and Matthew (John) in 1795.

After Catherine's death, D'Arcy and his sons moved to Sydney; in 1801, two convicts were assigned to him; one, Catherine Melling, lived in and cared for his three sons, aged ten, seven and six. A year later, after she left to be married, Maria Ainsley, an emancipist and widow, took her place and brought her own young son to live with them. Maria became a mother figure to D'Arcy's three sons, and they loved her. In 1807, Fitzwilliam, appalled by reports of Bligh's behaviour towards D'Arcy Wentworth, applied to Viscount Castlereagh, Secretary of State for the Colonies, for him to be given leave of absence to return to London. Fitzwilliam wrote again the following year, to inform Castlereagh that Wentworth had been: "suspended from the duties of his office & consequently from its emoluments, this devoted man is retained a prisoner in the Colony."

Bligh named D'Arcy Wentworth as one of the twelve ringleaders of the Rum Rebellion, declaring them to be in a state of mutiny and rebellion He wanted them arrested and charged with treason. He forbad them leaving the Colony under any circumstances, proclaiming that ships' masters would take them, at their peril.

In late July 1808, Wentworth finally received permission from Lord Castlereagh to leave the Colony, allowing him to return to England, but it had come too late. Bligh was under house arrest in Government House, his rage undiminished, and plans were under way for him to return to England. All those involved in the Rum Rebellion anticipated harsh repercussions. Wentworth knew Bligh's anger would be directed at him; he believed he would be arrested and charged with treason when he arrived in England. He expected no leniency. He resolved to remain in the Colony and see out the storm from a safe distance. He replied, "I am under the painful necessity of declining to avail myself of the leave granted me, until the result be known."

One evening in 1810, a young woman, Ann Lawes, came to D'Arcy's house in Sydney seeking medical attention. She was weeping, she had been cruelly beaten by her husband and was afraid to return home, even to her own child. D'Arcy took pity on her, he gave her shelter for the night and next morning returned her to the house of her employer, William Gore, the Provost Marshall. Ann Lawes, a free woman, had come to the Colony in 1806 with the Gore family, as nanny and governess to his four children. They travelled with Governor Bligh on the Lady Sinclair.

After the Rum Rebellion on 26 January 1806, Gore was arrested and imprisoned; his wife, Ann and the children were evicted and on 29 February his effects sold at auction. During this period of uncertainty Ann Lawes had married James Macneal.

When Wentworth returned Ann to the Gore's house, he asked about her situation. Gore, reinstated by Macquarie, told him Ann's husband was violent and had threatened to murder her. D'Arcy offered her temporary shelter and she remained with him; they had eight children, the last born after his father's death: George Wentworth (1810–1851), Martha Wentworth (1813–1847), Sophia Wentworth (1816–1878), Robert Charles Wentworth (1818), Charles John Wentworth (1819–1854), Mary-Ann Wentworth (1820–1870), Katherine Wentworth (1825–1898), D'Arcy Charles Wentworth (1828–1866).

Wentworth's hopes for a quiet retirement were disrupted by the arrival of Commissioner Bigge, who asserted his authority over the Governor, attacking him and his administration. Wentworth was called to attend Macquarie, as stress and despair affected his health.

In 1821, Wentworth leased "Wentworth Woodhouse" in Parramatta and moved to his farm "Home Bush". By 1823, he had acquired 17,000 acres of land, using it to produce meat for the Colony as he had done on Norfolk Island. In the early 1800s, he bought a prize stallion named Hector, imported from India, from Arthur Wellesley, later Duke of Wellington. When Hector arrived, there were fewer than three hundred horses in the Colony, by 1821, there were more than four thousand.

With his prize sire, Wentworth bred carriage horses and racehorses, Hector was the great foundation sire of Australian Cavalry horses known as Walers, from New South Wales. The first exports of Walers, as light cavalry horses, began in 1816. In the First World War around one hundred and sixty thousand Walers were sent overseas; between 1861 and 1931 almost half a million were exported.

Death
In the winter of 1827, a severe strain of influenza swept through the Colony. On Saturday, 7 July 1827, a cold winter morning, D'Arcy Wentworth died of pneumonia at "Home Bush".

On Monday 9 July, despite dreadful weather and the risk of influenza, a funeral procession more than a mile long, with forty carriages and more than fifty men on horseback, accompanied his hearse on its journey to Parramatta. D'Arcy Wentworth was buried there, in St John's cemetery. The inscription on his tomb reads: "an honest man, the noblest work of God". He left two mature sons, William Charles and D'Arcy, children of Catherine Crowley, and seven children with Mary Ann Lawes, three sons and four daughters; their fourth son was born in 1828. Wentworth named her in his will as: "my dear friend Ann Lawes the mother of seven of my children". After his funeral the mourners gathered at Hannah Walker's Red Cow Inn at Parramatta, to salute his life and drink a toast to his memory.

The Monitor described D'Arcy Wentworth as "a lover of liberty on whom the people could rely, the natural protector of the people's rights. He was a lover of freedom; a constant and steady friend to the people; a kind and liberal master; a just and humane magistrate; a steady friend".

The Australian noted his reputation as a doctor and as a magistrate: "'As a medical practitioner, Mr Wentworth was distinguished for his tenderness with which he treated his patients of every degree, and that class of unfortunate persons whom the charge of General Hospital placed so extensively under his care. He was peculiarly skilful in treating the diseases of children… As an able, upright and impartial Magistrate, Mr Wentworth's merits were well remembered by all classes of the community'."

The Sydney Gazette acknowledged Wentworth had "studiously devoted the best part of his eventful life to the service of its public, he was loyal from principle, and indefatigable in his public career; a Patriot in whom were blended the political virtues of loyalty and independence".

Recognition and legacy
The Sydney suburbs of Wentworthville and Wentworth Point, the New South Wales town, Wentworth, the federal electorate of Wentworth, more than sixty avenues, drives, places, roads, streets and ways in Sydney, and more than twenty in both Melbourne and Brisbane, are named Wentworth, in honour of D'Arcy and his son, William Charles. Darcy Street (formerly D'Arcy Street), within Parramatta, was named for D'Arcy Wentworth. Woodhouse Lane, also within Parramatta, was named after the two storey house, "Wentworth Woodhouse", he built nearby. In 1824, explorer Hamilton Hume named an imposing peak in the Victorian Central Highlands, Mount Wentworth, after D'Arcy Wentworth. In 1836, Sir Thomas Mitchell noting that Port Philip was visible from the summit, renamed it Mount Macedon.

title: D'Arcy Wentworth


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Mezzastris

Mezzastris (Mezastris, Mezzastri) was the family name of two Umbrian painters who worked in the Foligno area.

 * Pier Antonio Mezzastris (or Pierantonio) was the more famous, and the one usually meant when no first name is indicated
 * Bernardino Mezzastris (or Belardino), possibly the son of the preceding, was a lesser known painter

title: Mezzastris


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Dixon's factorization method

In number theory, Dixon's factorization method (also Dixon's random squares method or Dixon's algorithm) is a general-purpose integer factorization algorithm; it is the prototypical factor base method. Unlike for other factor base methods, its run-time bound comes with a rigorous proof that does not rely on conjectures about the smoothness properties of the values taken by a polynomial.

The algorithm was designed by John D. Dixon, a mathematician at Carleton University, and was published in 1981.

Basic idea
Dixon's method is based on finding a congruence of squares modulo the integer N which is intended to factor. Fermat's factorization method finds such a congruence by selecting random or pseudo-random x values and hoping that the integer x2 mod N is a perfect square (in the integers):

 * $$x^2\equiv y^2\quad(\hbox{mod }N),\qquad x\not\equiv\pm y\quad(\hbox{mod }N).$$

For example, if, (by starting at 292, the first number greater than $\sqrt{N}$ and counting up) the 5052 mod 84923 is 256, the square of 16. So (505 − 16)(505 + 16) = 0 mod 84923. Computing the greatest common divisor of 505 − 16 and N using Euclid's algorithm gives 163, which is a factor of N.

In practice, selecting random x values will take an impractically long time to find a congruence of squares, since there are only $\sqrt{N}$ squares less than N.

Dixon's method replaces the condition "is the square of an integer" with the much weaker one "has only small prime factors"; for example, there are 292 squares smaller than 84923; 662 numbers smaller than 84923 whose prime factors are only 2,3,5 or 7; and 4767 whose prime factors are all less than 30. (Such numbers are called B-smooth with respect to some bound B.)

If there are many numbers $$a_1 \ldots a_n$$ whose squares can be factorized as $$a_i^2 \mod N = \prod_{j=1}^m b_j^{e_{ij}}$$ for a fixed set $$b_1 \ldots b_m$$ of small primes, linear algebra modulo 2 on the matrix $$e_{ij}$$ will give a subset of the $$a_i$$ whose squares combine to a product of small primes to an even power — that is, a subset of the $$a_i$$ whose squares multiply to the square of a (hopefully different) number mod N.

Method
Suppose the composite number N is being factored. Bound B is chosen, and the factor base is identified (which is called P), the set of all primes less than or equal to B. Next, positive integers z are sought such that z2 mod N is B-smooth. Therefore we can write, for suitable exponents ai,

 * $$z^2 \text{ mod } N = \prod_{p_i\in P} p_i^{a_i}$$

When enough of these relations have been generated (it is generally sufficient that the number of relations be a few more than the size of P), the methods of linear algebra, such as Gaussian elimination, can be used to multiply together these various relations in such a way that the exponents of the primes on the right-hand side are all even:

 * $${z_1^2 z_2^2 \cdots z_k^2 \equiv \prod_{p_i\in P} p_i^{a_{i,1}+a_{i,2}+\cdots+a_{i,k}}\ \pmod{N}\quad (\text{where } a_{i,1}+a_{i,2}+\cdots+a_{i,k} \equiv 0\pmod{2}) }$$

This yields a congruence of squares of the form a2 ≡ b2 (mod N), which can be turned into a factorization of N, This factorization might turn out to be trivial (i.e. ), which can only happen if a ≡ ±b (mod N), in which case another try must be made with a different combination of relations; but if a nontrivial pair of factors of N is reached, the algorithm terminates.

Pseudocode
input: positive integer $N$ output: non-trivial factor of $N$ Choose bound $B$ Let $P := \{p_1, p_2, \ldots, p_k\}$ be all primes $\leq B$  repeat for $i=1$ to $k+1$  do Choose $0<z_i<N$ such that $z_i^2 \text{ mod } N$  is $B$ -smooth Let $a_i := \{a_{i1}, a_{i2}, \ldots, a_{ik}\}$ such that $z_i^2 \text{ mod } N = \prod_{p_j \in P} p_j^{a_{ij}}$ end for Find non-empty $T \subseteq \{1, 2, \ldots, k+1\}$ such that $\sum_{i \in T} a_i \equiv \vec{0} \pmod{2}$ Let $x := \left(\prod_{i \in T} z_i\right) \text{ mod } N$         $y := \left(\prod_{p_j \in P} p_j^{\left(\sum_{i \in T} a_{ij}\right)/2} \right) \text{ mod } N$  while $x \equiv \pm y \pmod{N}$ return $\gcd(x+y, N)$

Example
This example will try to factor N = 84923 using bound B = 7. The factor base is then P = {2, 3, 5, 7}. A search can be made for integers between $$\left\lceil\sqrt{84923} \right\rceil = 292$$ and N whose squares mod N are B-smooth. Suppose that two of the numbers found are 513 and 537:

 * $$513^2 \mod 84923 = 8400 = 2^4 \cdot 3 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 7$$

 * $$537^2 \mod 84923 = 33600 = 2^6 \cdot 3 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 7$$

So

 * $$(513 \cdot 537)^2 \mod 84923 = 2^{10} \cdot 3^2 \cdot 5^4 \cdot 7^2 \mod 84923$$

Then

$$ \begin{align} & {} (513 \cdot 537)^2 \mod 84923 \\ & = (275481)^2 \mod 84923 \\ & = (84923 \cdot 3 + 20712)^2 \mod 84923 \\ & =(84923 \cdot 3)^2 + 2\cdot(84923\cdot 3 \cdot 20712) + 20712^2 \mod 84923 \\ & = 0 + 0 + 20712^2 \mod 84923 \end{align} $$

That is, $$20712^2 \mod 84923 = (2^5 \cdot 3 \cdot 5^2 \cdot 7)^2 \mod 84923 = 16800^2 \mod 84923.$$

The resulting factorization is 84923 = gcd(20712 − 16800, 84923) × gcd(20712 + 16800, 84923) = 163 × 521.

Optimizations
The quadratic sieve is an optimization of Dixon's method. It selects values of x close to the square root of N such that x2 modulo N is small, thereby largely increasing the chance of obtaining a smooth number.

Other ways to optimize Dixon's method include using a better algorithm to solve the matrix equation, taking advantage of the sparsity of the matrix: a number z cannot have more than $$\log_2 z$$ factors, so each row of the matrix is almost all zeros. In practice, the block Lanczos algorithm is often used. Also, the size of the factor base must be chosen carefully: if it is too small, it will be difficult to find numbers that factorize completely over it, and if it is too large, more relations will have to be collected.

A more sophisticated analysis, using the approximation that a number has all its prime factors less than $$N^{1/a}$$ with probability about $$a^{-a}$$ (an approximation to the Dickman–de Bruijn function), indicates that choosing too small a factor base is much worse than too large, and that the ideal factor base size is some power of $$\exp\left(\sqrt{\log N \log \log N}\right)$$.

The optimal complexity of Dixon's method is
 * $$O\left(\exp\left(2 \sqrt 2 \sqrt{\log n \log \log n}\right)\right)$$

in big-O notation, or
 * $$L_n [1/2, 2 \sqrt 2]$$

in L-notation.

title: Dixon's factorization method


text:
Neuropsychological assessment

History of neuropsychological assessment
The attempts to derive the links between the damage to specific brain areas and problems in behaviour are known throughout the history for 3 millennia. However, the first systematic neuropsychological assessment and a battery of the behavioural tasks to investigate specific aspects of behavioural regulation was developed by Alexander Luria in 1942-1948. Luria was working with big samples of brain-injured Russian soldiers during and after the second World War. Among many insights from Luria's rehabilitation practice and observations, was the fundamental discovery of the involvement of frontal lobes of the cortex in plasticity, initiation, planning and organization of behaviour. His Go/no-go task, which was one of the tasks screening for the frontal lobe damage, "count by 7", hands-clutching, clock-drawing task, drawing of repeatitive patterns, word associations and categories recall and others became standard components of neuropsychological assessment and mental status screening. Considering the originality and multiplicity of neuropsychological components offered by Alexander Luria, he is recognized as a father of neuropsychological assessment. Alexander Luria's neuropsychological battery was adapted in the United States in the form of Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery in 1970s. Then the tasks used in this battery were borrowed in more modern neuropsychological batteries and in the Mini–mental state examination test for screening of demenia.

Neuropsychological assessment was traditionally carried out to assess the extent of impairment to a particular skill and to attempt to determine the area of the brain which may have been damaged following brain injury or neurological illness. With the advent of neuroimaging techniques, location of space-occupying lesions can now be more accurately determined through this method, so the focus has now moved on to the assessment of cognition and behaviour, including examining the effects of any brain injury or neuropathological process that a person may have experienced.

A core part of neuropsychological assessment is the administration of neuropsychological tests for the formal assessment of cognitive function, though neuropsychological testing is more than the administration and scoring of tests and screening tools. It is essential that neuropsychological assessment also include an evaluation of the person's mental status. This is especially true in assessment of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. Aspects of cognitive functioning that are assessed typically include orientation, new-learning/memory, intelligence, language, visuoperception, and executive function. However, clinical neuropsychological assessment is more than this and also focuses on a person's psychological, personal, interpersonal and wider contextual circumstances.

Assessment may be carried out for a variety of reasons, such as:
 * Clinical evaluation, to understand the pattern of cognitive strengths as well as any difficulties a person may have, and to aid decision making for use in a medical or rehabilitation environment.
 * Scientific investigation, to examine a hypothesis about the structure and function of cognition to be tested, or to provide information that allows experimental testing to be seen in context of a wider cognitive profile.
 * Medico-legal assessment, to be used in a court of law as evidence in a legal claim or criminal investigation.

Miller outlined three broad goals of neuropsychological assessment. Firstly, diagnosis, to determine the nature of the underlying problem. Secondly, to understand the nature of any brain injury or resulting cognitive problem (see neurocognitive deficit) and its impact on the individual, as a means of devising a rehabilitation programme or offering advice as to an individual's ability to carry out certain tasks (for example, fitness to drive, or returning to work). And lastly, assessments may be undertaken to measure change in functioning over time, such as to determine the consequences of a surgical procedure or the impact of a rehabilitation programme over time.

Diagnosis of a neuropsychological disorder
Certain types of damage to the brain will cause behavioral and cognitive difficulties. Psychologists can start screening for these problems by using either one of the following techniques or all of these combined:

History taking
This includes gathering medical history of the patient and their family, presence or absence of developmental milestones, psychosocial history, and character, severity, and progress of any history of complaints. The psychologist can then gauge how to treat the patient and determine if there are any historical determinants for his or her behavior.

Interviewing
Psychologists use structured interviews in order to determine what kind of neurological problem the patient might be experiencing. There are a number of specific interviews, including the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, Neuropsychological Impairment Scale, Patient's Assessment of Own Functioning, and Structured Interview for the Diagnosis of Dementia.

Test-taking
Scores on standardized tests of adequate predictive validity predictor well current and/or future problems. Standardized tests allow psychologists to compare a person's results with other people's because it has the same components and is given in the same way. It is therefore representative of the person's's behavior and cognition. The results of a standardized test are only part of the jigsaw. Further, multidisciplinary investigations (e.g. neuroimaging, neurological) are typically needed to officially diagnose a brain-injured patient.

Intelligence testing
Testing one's intelligence can also give a clue to whether there is a problem in the brain-behavior connection. The Wechsler Scales are the tests most often used to determine level of intelligence. The variety of scales available, the nature of the tasks, as well as a wide gap in verbal and performance scores can give clues to whether there is a learning disability or damage to a certain area of the brain.

Testing other areas
Other areas are also tested when a patient goes through neuropsychological assessment. These can include sensory perception, motor functions, attention, memory, auditory and visual processing, language, problem solving, planning, organization, speed of processing, and many others. Neuropsychological assessment can test many areas of cognitive and executive functioning to determine whether a patient's difficulty in function and behavior has a neuropsychological basis.

Information gathered from assessment
Tsatsanis and Volkmar believe that assessment can provide unique information about the type of disorder a patient has which allows the psychologist to come up with a treatment plan. Neuropsychological assessment can clarify the nature of the disorder and determine the cognitive functioning associated with a disorder. Assessment can also allow the psychologist to understand the developmental progress of the disorder in order to predict future problems and come up with a successful treatment package. Different assessments can also determine if a patient will be at risk for a particular disorder. However, assessing a patient at one time is not enough to go ahead and continue treatment because of the changes in behavior that can occur frequently. A patient must be retested multiple times in order to make sure that the current treatment is still the right treatment. For neuropsychological assessments, researchers discover the different areas of the brain that is damaged based on the cognitive and behavioral aspects of the patient.

Benefits of assessment
The most beneficial factor of neuropsychological assessment is that is provides an accurate diagnosis of the disorder for the patient when it is unclear to the psychologist what exactly he/she has. This allows for accurate treatment later on in the process because treatment is driven by the exact symptoms of the disorder and how a specific patient may react to different treatments. The assessment allows the psychologist and patient to understand the severity of the deficit and to allow better decision-making by both parties. It is also helpful in understanding deteriorating diseases because the patient can be assessed multiple times to see how the disorder is progressing.

One area where neuropsychological assessments can be beneficial is in forensic cases where the defendant's competency is being questioned due to possible brain injury or damage. A neuropsychological assessment may show brain damage when neuroimaging has failed. It can also determine whether the individual is faking a disorder (malingering) in order to attain a lesser sentence.

Most neuropsychological testing can be completed in 6 to 12 hours or less. This time, however, does not include the role of the psychologist interpreting the data, scoring the test, making formulations, and writing a formal report.

Qualifications for conducting assessments
Neuropsychological assessments are usually conducted by doctoral-level (Ph.D., Psy.D.) psychologists trained in neuropsychology, known as clinical neuropsychologists. The definition and scope of a clinical neuropsychologist is outlined in the widely accepted Houston Conference Guidelines. They will usually have postdoctoral training in neuropsychology, neuroanatomy, and brain function. Most will be licensed and practicing psychologists in their particular field. Recent developments in the field allow for highly trained individuals such as psychometrists to administer selected instruments, though determinations regarding testing results remain the responsibility of the doctor.

title: Neuropsychological assessment


text:
Provisional Government of the Irish Republic

In the Easter Rising in Dublin on 24 April 1916, the Proclamation of the Irish Republic read by Padraig Pearse was headed and signed as being issued by the 'Provisional Government of the Irish Republic'. The Rising lasted five days and, despite controlling only a few strategic sites, transformed the political picture in Ireland and began a chain of events that led to Independence for the Irish Free State six years later.

It is probable that all the leaders of the Rising expected to be defeated, and in a very short time. The object of their action was to strike the first blow in the struggle for freedom, rather than actually to establish a republic, with institutions, policies and government. The establishment of a Provisional government, therefore, was symbolic rather than practical. In contrast with the Dáil government of 1919–1922, which had a cabinet, a police force and a courts system, or the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State, the Provisional Government of April 1916 does not appear ever to have operated as such.

Members of the Provisional Government
The Proclamation was signed "on Behalf of the Provisional Government" by seven men, whose names were printed as follows:

Since no manuscript of the Proclamation exists, there are no holograph signatures. The seven signed “on behalf of” the Provisional Government, but it is generally accepted that they were themselves the government. However, there is no evidence that there were any designated responsibilities for any of the seven. It is not obvious in what order they signed. The signatures are commonly read from left to right and top to bottom, but they could just as easily be read from top to bottom on the left and then on the right. This would put Pearse in third place, after Clarke and Mac Diarmada, the original organisers of the Rising. Connolly, as leader of the Irish Citizen Army, would come after him. These four (plus Plunkett) were in the GPO Headquarters during the Rising, and military orders were issued by all four. Even the identity of the head of government is not altogether clear-cut. In all probability, such distinctions were unimportant to the leaders of the Rising, and in the lead-up to Easter 1916, and during Easter Week itself, all their energies were devoted to the military campaign. With their deaths in the first two weeks of May 1916 the first government of the Irish Republic came to an end.

Pearse is generally believed to have been the leader of the rebels, and therefore assumed to have been the Head of Government and President of the Republic, and is described as the "first President of the Irish Republic" by historian Tim Pat Coogan. However Kathleen Clarke, the widow of Tom Clarke, maintained that, by inviting Clarke to sign first, the other signatories acknowledged him as first President of the Republic, and said that Clarke confirmed that interpretation to her. On the 50th anniversary ceremonies in 1966, Mrs Clarke said in an interview that Pearse had "wanted to grab what was due to others . . . surely Pearse should have been satisfied with the honour of Commander-in-Chief when he knew as much about commanding as my dog … I had not intended raising the issue in public but I shall be forced to come out very strongly in public if the powers that be attempt to declare Pearse as President". Clarke's son, however, accepted that Pearse and not his father had been President of the Irish Republic.


text:
Talk:Ormonde Castle

Untitled
Having spent half an hour trying to tidy and clean this page up, I now realise the original was a direct copy of. Have altered it slightly. Moved paragraphs around and changed adjectives, but it may still be too much of a copy, maybe it needs deleting. Will move the page to its correct spelling! Giano 13:13, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi I am going to move the redirect to this page to start an article Ormond Castle, Avoch, Black Isle, Scotland. An historic property belonging to the Morays, then the Douglases. will add dabs on both pages. Brendandh 15:46, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ormonde Castle


text:
Talk:D'Arcy Wentworth

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- KenWalker | Talk 07:49, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi Ken, Can someone please review the 'Private Life' section, in particular about Jane Austen as I can find no source to support this. Roy Scherer (talk) 23:11, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

Uh... what happened to my previous discussion?! - Ta bu shi da yu 13:13, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, didn't notice I'd made a typo! - Ta bu shi da yu 13:14, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hello, our family are Wentworths. Still here in Portadown, I’d love to hear from yous. Simmamon (talk) 06:06, 28 October 2018 (UTC)

Wentworths family.
If anybody reads this. My name is Steve Sinnamon. My grandmother died a few years back, and it was there at the funeral I found out why Wentworth is still to this day a traditional family name being passed down with every generation. My 7 year old nephew is named Seth Wentworth Sinnamon, my brother is named Gary, Wentworth Sinnamon and my uncle is simply Wentworth Sinnamon and so on and so on. Our family are still here in Portadown. If any of my Australian family ever sees this please get in touch. It Would be wonderful to hear from yous. The tradition of keeping the Wentworth name was silly to me as a kid, But having grown up and now learned the story and history I’m so pleased, and proud that the name lives on after what is around 300 years!! Our relatives must have been something special! My email address is sinny1977@gmail.com Simmamon (talk) 06:02, 28 October 2018 (UTC)

Jane Austen fiction/conspiracy posting
It appears that the ISBN for the book listed as a reference for the Jane Austen portions of the article is malformed (? I'm not an expert at this, but it doesn't work on most of the sites I tried) but is intended to reference this book: https://www.worldcat.org/title/jane-austen-darcy-wentworth-vol-1-folly-is-not-always-folly/oclc/968703249&referer=brief_results The cited webpage appears to be by the same author as the book, and both contain a great deal of content that falls well outside of mainstream Jane Austen scholarship. In good faith, I'm inclined to believe that both sources are intended as fiction and that someone mistakenly cited them here as fact. At any rate, the sources don't seem to fall under Wikipedia's criteria for reliable sources, especially since all the information in question comes from the same source with no peer review, and runs counter to the mainstream. Unfortunately I'm unable to attest to any of the rest of the article, which very well may have similar problems.

The article states that D'arcy and Jane were married at Gretna Green in September 1789. What documentary evidence is there for this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Plerdsus (talk • contribs) 05:44, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

 * That Austen content is obvious fiction. I'm moving it here, as it is entertaining but can't stay in the article.  There may be some fact in it but I am not making an effort to determine what it may be.  Zaslav (talk) 03:47, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

In September 1789, D'Arcy Wentworth and Jane Austen, invited by Earl Fitzwilliam, attended a huge garden party at Wentworth Woodhouse in honour of the Prince of Wales. After the event, the couple left for Scotland, where they were married under Scottish law, that unlike England, did not require parental consent or the posting of marriage banns. After their return to London at the end of October, Wentworth was arrested and held at Newgate on suspicion of highway robbery. Tried and released on 9 December 1789, three days later he went to Portsmouth to arrange their passage to New South Wales on the Neptune.

Jane and D'Arcy spent Christmas with her family at Steventon, in Hampshire. Reverend Austen agreed to legalise their Scottish marriage, to marry them under English law, by special license. When James, his eldest son, arrived home from Oxford and reported what he had read in the London papers about Wentworth's trial, Reverend Austen changed his mind. He convinced Jane her relationship with D'Arcy would damage her family's reputation and the future prospects of her five brothers. He persuaded her to remain at home. Her family closed ranks around her, she remained confined within their orbit.

Neither Jane Austen nor D'Arcy Wentworth ever remarried. He remained the fixed star in her firmament and the inspiration for much of her writing. She named him Mr Darcy, Fitzwilliam Darcy, in Pride and Prejudice, the story of their meeting and romance; John Willoughby in Sense and Sensibility, where she told of her breakdown and grief when he had disappeared from her life; and Captain Wentworth, in Persuasion, where she imagined his return to England and to her.

D’Arcy Wentworth sailed from Portsmouth on 17 January 1790. The day before, her brother Henry reflected his family’s anger in a piece he wrote for The Loiterer, at Oxford. He applauded:"the world for getting rid of its superfluous inhabitants, both Poets & Pickpockets Prudes & Prostitutes, in short all those who have too much cunning or too little money…shipped off with the very first cargo of Convicts to Botany Bay"

Following Jane's rejection, on board the convict transport Neptune Wentworth entered a relationship with a convict girl, Catherine Crowley. She remained his partner in the Colony until her death at Parramatta in January 1800. Their son William Charles was born at sea on the Surprize, standing off Norfolk Island in a violent storm on 13 August 1790; a daughter, Martha, died at four months, during an outbreak of fever carried by the Third Fleet; two more sons followed, D’Arcy, born in 1793, and John in 1795.

D’Arcy Wentworth made numerous attempts to return to England from Norfolk Island and from Sydney. In September 1800, he entrusted a letter to Governor Hunter, returning to England, to deliver to his wife in Hampshire. On 13 October 1801, Captain John Hunter delivered the letter to Jane Austen in Bath, opening a correspondence between the couple that continued until her death in 1817. In 1802, Wentworth sent his two eldest sons, William and D’Arcy, to school in England, intending to follow as soon as he was able. In 1805, from Norfolk Island, banished by Governor King, he sent his youngest son John, to join them.

In 1807, Fitzwilliam, appalled by reports of Bligh’s behaviour towards D’Arcy Wentworth, applied to Viscount Castlereagh, Secretary of State for the Colonies, for him to be given leave of absence to return to London. Fitzwilliam wrote again the following year, to inform Castlereagh that Wentworth had been: suspended from the duties of his office & consequently from its emoluments, this devoted man is retained a prisoner in the Colony.

Bligh named D’Arcy Wentworth as one of the twelve ringleaders of the Rum Rebellion, declaring them to be in a state of mutiny and rebellion He wanted them arrested and charged with treason. he forbad them leaving the Colony under any circumstances, proclaiming that ships’ masters would take them, at their peril.

In late July 1808, Wentworth finally received permission from Lord Castlereagh to leave the Colony, allowing him to return to England, but it had come too late. Bligh was under house arrest in Government House, his rage undiminished, and plans were under way for him to return to England. All those involved in the Rum Rebellion anticipated harsh repercussions. Wentworth knew Bligh’s anger would be directed at him; he believed he would be arrested and charged with treason when he arrived in England. He expected no leniency. He replied, I am under the painful necessity of declining to avail myself of the leave granted me, until the result be known. He wrote to his wife, telling her the approval for his leave had been given, but with great regret he had decided not to apply to return to England at this time. He resolved to remain in the Colony and see out the storm from a safe distance.

In 1809, after eight years of correspondence, their long held hopes of being reunited had come to nothing. Jane Austen moved to Chawton Cottage that year, determined to devote herself to writing. From 1811, she sent her husband a copy of each of her novels as they were published. At the end of April 1818, he received a parcel of books, not addressed by her hand. Opening Persuasion, he read that Jane was now mouldering in the grave, it was devastating news. Reading her story of his imagined return to her, he recognized her anger, her frustration and despair.

Wentworth entered a period of grief and dark reflection: he lost his energy, he was tired, his health began to trouble him. He decided to withdraw from his commitments. On 5 May 1818, after a conversation with Macquarie, he submitted his resignation as Principal Surgeon. By July 1820, he had resigned from all his public offices, other than a weekly attendance on the bench at Parramatta.

Wentworth’s hopes for a quiet retirement were disrupted by the arrival of Commissioner Bigge, who asserted his authority over the Governor, attacking him and his administration. Wentworth was called to attend Macquarie, as stress and despair affected his health.

In 1821, Wentworth leased Wentworth Woodhouse in Parramatta, and moved to live at his farm Home Bush. By 1823, he had acquired 17,000 acres of land, that he used to produce meat for the Colony just as he had done on Norfolk Island. In the early 1800s, he had bought a prize stallion named Hector, imported from India, from Arthur Wellesley, later Duke of Wellington. When Hector arrived, there were fewer than three hundred horses in the Colony, by 1821, there were more than four thousand. With his prize sire, Wentworth bred carriage horses and racehorses, Hector was the great foundation sire of Australian Cavalry horses known as Walers, for New South Wales. The first exports of Walers, as light cavalry horses, began in 1816. In the First World War around one hundred and sixty thousand Walers were sent overseas, between 1861 and 1931 almost half a million were exported.

Vandalism on this site
May I suggest those who persistently vandalise this site and authors of the fiction/conspiracy posts read the sources listed in the references. They can be found on Amazon and in a range of libraries, national, university and local, around the UK, in other English-speaking countries and non-English ones such as Japan and Brazil. DetachedPeices (talk) 13:17, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

A word to the vandals
"Anybody who has the temerity to write about Jane Austen is aware of two facts: first, that of all the great writers she is the most difficult to catch in the act of greatness; second, that there are twenty-five elderly gentlemen living in the neighbourhood of London who resent any slight upon her genius as if it were an insult to the chastity of their aunts." Virginia Woolf, "Jane Austen at Sixty," Nation and Athenaeum, 34, 1923, page 433-4. DetachedPeices (talk) 13:26, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

This needs a major cleanup
Quite apart from all the Austen-related edit warring, this article needs a major general cleanup. The prose is bordering on purple in places, there is a lot of irrelevant content that has nothing to do with Wentworth (e.g. the first three paragraphs of the Governor Darling section don't have anything to do with him at all), and to be quite honest the bits about his relationship with Macquarie read more like fanfiction than an encyclopedia. Wentworth was an interesting character who ought to have a good article about him, but this ain't it. 81.174.149.183 (talk) 14:44, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

 * My I suggest to the cabal that routinely deletes sections of this article that they read the sources referenced in the footnotes before declaring them and the article unreliable. DetachedPeices (talk) 10:17, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I've read it. It's nonsense. 81.174.149.183 (talk) 19:03, 24 February 2024 (UTC)
 * What is the 'it" you have read 81.174.149.183? DetachedPeices (talk) 04:56, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * To be honest it looks as though the entire section on Wentworth's public life in Australia could do with pruning - about half of it seems to be irrelevant to Wentworth! Caeciliusinhorto-public (talk) 09:07, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:D'Arcy Wentworth


text:
Ormond Castle

Ormond Castle, also known as Avoch Castle, was a powerful stronghold, overlooking the village of Avoch, on the Black Isle, in the former county of Ross and Cromarty, now part of Highland, Scotland. It controlled a prominent position overlooking the Moray Firth and critical to the sea access to Inverness.

Origins
The castle dates from the late 12th century and was rebuilt as a strong rectangular fortress with square corner towers (in the Norman style) between 1200 and 1214 by William the Lion as a royal fortress.

De Moravia
By the thirteenth century, the castle was in the hands of the de Moravias of Petty and was where they ruled their vast tracts of land across Moray. Andrew de Moravia mustered the men of Moray to join King John Balliol at Ormond Castle following his dishonour in front of Edward I of England, at the outset of Wars of Scottish Independence.

Sir Andrew Murray died here in 1338.

Douglas
The heiress to the de Moravias of Petty was Joanna of Bothwell, in 1362 she married Archibald the Grim, Lord of Galloway and later 3rd Earl of Douglas who claimed her estates and titles de jure uxoris (by right of marriage). Ormond Castle was the caput of the Barony of Ormonde, and was created into an Earldom in 1445 for Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormonde, third son of James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas. Following the fall of the Black Douglases after the Battle of Arkinholm in 1455 and the execution of the earl, his properties, like those of his brothers, was forfeit. Ormond Castle was taken by the crown and regranted to George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus. Angus, the "Red Douglas", was a kinsman and enemy of the Black Douglases, and became the new power from that mighty house. The title of Earl of Ormonde was recreated for the elder son of the 1st Marquess of Douglas in 1651, but became extinct upon the death of Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Ormonde in 1715, who died of wounds following the Battle of Sheriffmuir.

Munro
From 1560 to 1568 the castle was owned by David Chalmers, Lord Ormond, but his support of Mary Queen of Scots forced him into exile in 1568 and he was forced to sell the castle and the adjacent estates of Suddie and Avoch.

In 1568 Ormond Castle and the lands of Suddie in Avoch were acquired under feu from the Earls of Angus and Ormonde, by Andrew Munro, 5th of Milntown, also known as Andrew Munro of Newmore during his father's lifetime.

Cromwell
Ormond Castle was destroyed in the 1650s by Oliver Cromwell, in order for him to build his fortress at Inverness. Only ruins of the castle remain today.

title: Ormond Castle


text:
Talk:Ormond Castle

External links modified
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title: Talk:Ormond Castle


text:
Talk:Eye contact

Comments
Added attention notice for the following reasons:
 * Needs serious reorganisation: Specifically, The Trivia & Miscellaneous is too trivial and too miscellaneous, the Spiritual and the Biological may be better as two discrete sections, and the entire page is lacking "flow".
 * Needs to cite sources: Lines like "Scientific experiments have been done" are unencyclopedic, and much of the article can benefit from some citations. ClockworkTroll 13:16, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * This page does need lots of work. I'll give it a push by eliminating the "scientific experiments" paragraph that the two others here have mentioned previously.  The various comments regarding emotions associated with eye contact may not fully reflect a NPOV.  Much of what has been written is simply a culture-biased perception, evidenced by the fact that staring in some countries (e.g. China) is not considered to be rude. AED 08:20, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

THIS ARTICLE NEEDS TO BE WRITTEN BY A SCIENTIST, NOT A HOBBYIST (to improve cohesion, basic facts, neutrality and ENGLISH). This is an extremely ineloquent and biased article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.94.6.28 (talk) 01:52, 19 October 2006

 * Please, assume good faith and avoid name-calling.Emmett5 03:59, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

What scientific experiments?
The author(s) mentions "scientific experiments" regarding the subject, but no dates, names, or URLs are given. Does anyone know what experiments this article could be refering to? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Cog05 (talk • contribs) 23:56, 31 March 2005 (UTC).

Possibly Useful Articles on Eye Contact
-Devin20:26, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * this and this (eye contact with autistic children)
 * (sunglasses that detect eye contact)
 * this and this (eye contact in the classroom)
 * (eye contact concerning infants)
 *
 * (non-verbal communication with eye contact)
 * (aspergersyndrome and eyecontact)
 * (eye contact and videoconfrences)
 * (eye contact and job interviews)

 * — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.81.44.54 (talk) 17:36, 27 April 2006

Yo yo yo, some info on eye contact (in the context of flirting) here: http://www.sirc.org/publik/flirt.html Might clear some issues up. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 83.141.64.28 (talk • contribs) 18:15, 14 April 2006 (UTC).

 * Should We Insist on Eye Contact with People who have Autism Spectrum Disorders, IRCA Articles, Access Autism
 * -- Wavelength (talk) 17:28, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

Plagiarism
Chunks of this appear to have been lifted word for word from the Nonverbal Dictionary http://members.aol.com/nonverbal3/eyecon.htm. In the section "Intimidation and Status" from "rarely" onwards exactly matches Usage section in nonverbal disctionary. Section on "Instinctive behavior" is lifted from Primatology I in Nonverbal Dictionary with very minor editing (mostly to erronously distinguish us from primates). On a side note the dictionary is fully referenced so it could be used to source citations for this article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 87.81.44.54 (talk • contribs) 17:36, 27 April 2006 (UTC).

 * Thanks for the note. I reviewed that link and removed all the text from this article that was copied from it. -AED 05:01, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

article name change to :"Human eye contact"
I suggest this Since it clearly talks of nothing else but the phsycological implications of such an act. -- Procrastinating@ talk2me 21:39, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Give that there can be eye contact between non-human species, or between humans and non-human species, I would leave it alone. -AED 22:57, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * of course there is, there's probably even between different species. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 161.76.99.106 (talk • contribs) 00:59, 23 May 2006 (UTC).

Certainly between untrained dogs and in animal-human interactions, direct eye contact is always interpreted as aggression. It might be useful to find a verifiable citation on this and include it. It is potentially life-saving hint- Looking a wild animal or strange dog directly in the eye will be perceived as by them as a threat. Cuvtixo 18:47, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

Animal behavior
Someone just added a short paragraph about animal behavior. This takes care of the worries about whether the article should be renamed "Human eye contact", but it raises other concerns. I tagged both sentences in the new paragraph with but just supplying references won't be enough. There are so many animals on the planet, it seems cheap to just refer to only two purposes for eye contact - it must be a fairly complex subject. Humans use eye contact for not only those two reasons, but many others. Also, I wonder why we are talking only about primatologists. Dogs and cats use eye contact, and primatologists are not concerned with such species. Cbdorsett 07:32, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Apparently the animal behavior section has been deleted. It is not really complex subject and its not "cheap" to refer to the only two purposes- especially if little/no published research has been done. Humans are a very unique in certain behaviors, and it may be subtleties of eye contact are as unique as spoken communicative language. Dogs and cats can be trained to make eye contact, but this controversial and the effects are not well understood. Looking an unfamiliar dog, or bear or any other animal in the eyes is very dangerous. In fact looking people in the eye in unfamiliar cultures is also inadviseable Cuvtixo 18:58, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

Variations in Eye Contact
There really ought to be a little addendum on how different neurological disorders can affect eye contact from person to person, for the sake of being thorough. The link to WrongPlanet is a good start, but there needs to be something in the article that pertains to the link for the link to make any sort of sense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cellogirl42 (talk • contribs) 23:05, 7 August 2007

Autistic Children and their Difficulty with eye contact
This entire section is without any citations or supportive evidence. It really needs some. Bluebec (talk) 01:27, 24 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I removed the section suggesting that lack of eye contact is an early sign of autism in 3 week olds- the citation was poor and it is not a claim that can be backed up by research. I will see if I can add more pertinent information about eye contact and autism (I believe there was a study suggesting eye contact as an early diagnostic tool in older infants/toddlers).  CelticLabyrinth (talk) 07:02, 9 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Good removal. The source actually did not claim at all that eye contact in 3 week olds is an early sign of autism.  Lova Falk     talk   10:11, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

This may sound like an incredibly stupid question
What is it called when your eyeballs actually touch? ✍ (talk) 03:40, 14 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Because the eyeball is usually contained within the eye socket and shielded by the eyelid, I'm guessing that it's usually called "impossible".--99.251.239.89 (talk) 01:07, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

Not impossible... it's actually kinda fun and oh... where did I learn this? Conan o'brien touched eyeballs with one of his guests... it was awesome. I don't know the name for it though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.220.248.100 (talk) 16:30, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

Lucas Da Silva Alexandre?
What is the relevance of this line?: "Lucas Da Silva Alexandre was the first to fully understand how to master eye contact."

No citation or explanation of any kind. Delete? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.161.254.85 (talk) 12:23, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

Which eye? The nose? Forehead? Mouth?
As someone who is not good with eye contact, I need to know where people look at each other when "in" eye contact. Since we tend to focus on a single point, it is hard to look into both of someone's eyes at the same time, so it would appear that people are really looking at a single point on the face. Possible options: In close proximity I would assume people are looking at the bridge of the nose, or one of the eyes. DMahalko (talk) 22:43, 26 November 2010 (UTC)
 * left eye of other person
 * right eye of other person
 * left eyebrow of other person
 * right eyebrow of other person
 * bridge of nose of other person
 * point between eyebrows of other person
 * tip of nose of other person

I was wondering the very same thing! What is eye contact, specifically? I polled over 500 people, and 2/3rds said it was alternating between eyes, while 1/3rd said it was looking between their eyes, which were the only two options I'd accounted for. Some people told me it was something else entirely, such as looking at just one eye (some specifying the "dominant" eye), or going slightly bosseyed to look between their eyes or look at both at once. And all this time I'd assumed it meant looking between people's eyes. So maybe some clarification about what eye contact actually is would be useful. ZoeB (talk) 08:44, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

Lying
In many western cultures, avoiding eye contact is often seen as evidence that someone is lying. Is this actually true? If it is, shouldn't it be in the article? If it isn't, shouldn't the fact it's believed to be true be in the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.6.96.22 (talk) 17:58, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

The Conclusion section
I have removed the "conclusion" section. No encyclopedic article can have really have a "conclusion" on its subject; this is not a research paper or a dissertation, which give opinions. However, I did not delete the contents, but only moved them to other sections. Davidmjeong926 (talk) 14:47, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

Educational assignment
I have decided to edit this article for Psych 2410A at King's University College 2012 Eedmiston (talk) 21:14, 4 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I've reworded your addition to be specific to the study. - M0rphzone (talk) 22:58, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

Cops
What gives police officers away in a roomful of people is their habit of looking too intently and too carefully at others (Joe Navarro, FBI special agent, personal communication, August 2001). 176.228.51.29 (talk) 06:09, 16 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eye contact


text:
User:Lucky Juice

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