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USS S-38

USS S-38 (SS-143) was a S-class submarine of the United States Navy.

Construction and commissioning
S-38′s keel was laid down on 15 January 1919 by the Union Iron Works in San Francisco, California. She was launched on 17 June 1919, sponsored by Mrs. Grace M. Collins, and commissioned on 11 May 1923.

Service history
Fitted out at Mare Island, S-38 joined Submarine Division 17 (SubDiv 17) at San Pedro, California, on 24 May and immediately began preparations for a cruise to the Aleutian Islands. On 9 June, she moved north with submarine tenders USS Beaver (AS-5), USS Ortolan (AM-45), and three other S-boats. On 21 June, they reached Dutch Harbor, whence the boats conducted evaluation tests and exercises for the next three and a half weeks. On 16 July, the force put into Anchorage, Alaska.

On 17 July, while performing routine maintenance on S-38's motors, a crewman removed a valve cover, creating an opening to sea below the boat's waterline, flooding the motor room. The submarine was alongside her tender, USS Ortolan (AM-45), and no personnel were injured. She was easily raised, but the motors were crippled. Temporary repairs took until 23 July, when the boat was taken in tow by Ortolan.

Asiatic Fleet
S-38 reached Mare Island on 1 August, remained there for repairs and alterations until April 1924, then returned to San Pedro, whence she conducted local exercises into the summer. In August, she prepared for duty with the Asiatic Fleet, and, in mid-September she headed west across the Pacific. She stood into Manila Bay on 4 November 1924 and, for the next 17 years, operated out of Cavite, with annual summer deployments to the China coast. Division operations occupied Asiatic Fleet submarines during most of the period; but, as civil war intensified on the mainland, submarine schedules became more varied. Annual deployments and regular exercises of the boats as a division were shortened in length, while exercises and patrols of individual boats were increased in number, duration, and range. During these operations, the submarines cruised off the Philippines, along the Indo-China coast, and into the Netherlands East Indies.

World War II
In June 1940, S-38 completed her last cruise to China; and, from then into the fall of 1941, she conducted exercises, including joint Army-Navy war games, and practice war patrols in the waters off Luzon and neighboring islands. On 8 December 1941 (7 December east of the International Date Line), the attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into World War II, and S-38 departed Manila Bay on her first war patrol.

1941
Initially assigned to patrol in Verde Island Passage, she shifted to the west coast of Mindoro on 9 December. On 11 December, S-38 mistakenly torpedoed and sank Norwegian freighter Hydra II west of Mindoro's Cape Calavite. On 12 December, she moved into the Cape Calavite area and, on the night of 19/20 December, set a course toward the Luzon coast. The following night, she put into Camens Cove; repaired damage caused by an explosion of pressure built up in the port engine lube oil cooler; and, with dawn on 21 December, resumed her patrol.

Receiving orders to penetrate shallow, hazard-filled Lingayen Gulf and attack hostile shipping, she entered the gulf just before dawn on 22 December. At 06:45, she sighted an enemy convoy of four transports, escorted by two destroyers. Waiting for the range to drop to a very short 1000 yd, at 07:10, she fired four bow tubes — all misses. As she reloaded, the enemy destroyers closed in, pinging, but no depth charges came. At 07:58, she launched two torpedoes at an anchored enemy cargo ship. Less than a minute later, the 5445-ton Hayo Maru blew up. Enemy destroyers again closed the submarine, and she went "deep", to 80 ft, and lay doggo as depth charges rained, none close. From 08:04 to 09:30, the S-boat ran silent, using evasive tactics. At 09:30, she grounded on the muddy bottom; she remained there most of the day, destroyers, joined by small boats, continuing to search, without success. At 21:30, the hunted submarine began efforts to clear by backing. During the maneuvering, her port propeller was damaged; but, by 22:01, she was free and underway for the Hundred Islands area on the western side of the gulf. S-38 surfaced to change the air and charge batteries, then dove at dawn, remaining on the bottom all the next day, giving her crew a rest.

S-38 remained undetected through 23 December; on 24 December, she moved to the southern section of the gulf where she closed a formation of six large auxiliaries just prior to 11:30. At 11:52, there was a huge explosion on her port side, evidently a patrol plane's bomb. She went deeper. Between 12:06 and 12:08, eight more exploded around her. At 12:09, she stopped all motors and sank to the bottom in 180 feet of water. The depth charging continued, but the explosions were more distant. At 12:30, the submarine began to move again. At 12:45, the enemy hunters again located her and resumed depth charging. S-38 again settled to the bottom. The depth charging continued until after 13:00. The search continued until after 18:00.

At 18:42, the submarine got underway, heading back to the Hundred Islands area. At 22:35, she surfaced to recharge her batteries. Five minutes later, her improperly-vented after battery exploded. At 23:04, she went ahead on her starboard engine, making her way out of Lingayen Gulf.

Soon after 02:00 on 25 December, she sighted two enemy destroyers, but remained undetected. At 03:46, however, she sighted a third, which sighted her. S-38 submerged. The destroyer closed the submarine's last surface position and, at 03:50, commenced depth charging. From then until after 09:00, the submarine evaded the destroyer, using her one quiet propeller. She then grounded on a steep bank at 85 ft. For the next two hours, the destroyer circled. S-38 slid down to 200 ft, used her motor to bring herself up, then repeated the maneuver. The destroyer moved off and, at 12:35, the S-boat got underway for Manila. An hour later, she grounded, but only briefly; and, at 21:45 on 26 December she entered the outer minefield at the entrance to Manila Bay.

1942
Cavite had now become untenable, and S-38 was ordered to Soerabaja and after repairs S-38 was to operate with other Allied forces attempting to stem the Japanese thrust into the East Indies. On 14 January 1942, the submarine arrived at the Dutch base on the north coast of Java. On 15 January, the ABDA Command was officially established. On 24 January, the Japanese reached Balikpapan. On 25 January, S-38, hurriedly repaired, departed Soerabaja to patrol in Makassar Strait off Balikpapan.

During the next two weeks, S-38 underwent two severe depth charge attacks. On 7 February, she penetrated close to Balikpapan to examine shipping in the harbor, activity along the coast road, and new defenses in the area. On 8 February, she resumed offensive operations, but poor weather hindered success. On 9 February, the Japanese moved on Makassar City, and S-38 was ordered to patrol off Cape William on the Celebes side of the strait, where she remained until 12 February.

Then ordered back to Soerabaja the submarine arrived at her Javanese base on 16 February. Six days later, she again put to sea. Moving east, she patrolled initially off Meinderts Reef, off the northeast coast of Java; then headed north to round the eastern end of Madoera Island en route to Bawean Island. On 26 February, she shelled Japanese facilities at Sangkapura; then patrolled between Bawean and the western approach to Soerabaja. On 28 February, she picked up 58 survivors from destroyer HMS Electra (H27), sunk the day before at the Battle of the Java Sea; and, on 1 March, transferred the British sailors to a surface ship in Madoera Strait. She then resumed her hunt for Japanese shipping which had put the enemy ashore at Batavia, Indramajoe, and Rembang, the latter the last large oil center in the Netherlands East Indies and only 110 mi from Soerabaja.

On the morning of 2 March, S-38 fired four torpedoes at a Japanese light cruiser and two at a destroyer, believing he damaged the cruiser, perhaps sank it. In fact, the torpedoes had missed light cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Kinu. S-38 then waited on the bottom as destroyers searched for her. In mid-afternoon, she moved out of the immediate area. That evening, she unsuccessfully attacked another enemy warship and, although damaged, survived another hunt by hiding beneath a halocline. On 3 March, she was ordered to western Australia.

S-38 transited the whirlpool and rapids area at the lower end of Lombok Strait on 5 March. On 13 March she arrived at Fremantle; and, at the end of the month, proceeded to Brisbane to join other Asiatic Fleet S-boats in forming the nucleus of TF 42 and to prepare for operations in the New Guinea-Bismarck Archipelago-Solomon Islands area.

During March and April, enemy air raids against Port Moresby intensified in preparation to move into Papua from northeast New Guinea. On 28 April, S-38 cleared Moreton Bay and headed north to patrol the Papuan coast. In mid-May, she shifted to Jomard Passage, where she remained, unable to communicate with Brisbane, until the night of 18 May. She then set a course for the Queensland coast. On 20 May, she passed debris believed to be a result of the Battle of the Coral Sea, and that night she successfully transmitted a message to Brisbane. On 24 May, she returned to Moreton Bay.

A month-long repair and test period followed during which cells damaged in the battery explosion on her first war patrol were finally replaced. On 24 June, she again stood down the Brisbane River, cleared Moreton Bay, and entered the Coral Sea bound for the Solomons. On 29 June, she entered her assigned patrol area and headed for the passage between the Russell Islands and Guadalcanal. On 30 June, she was standing down Lunga Roads, and, on 1 July, she arrived off Tulagi where she closed her first target of the patrol. Detected as she prepared to fire, she evaded a depth-charging destroyer and gradually gained sea room. The depth charging, however, aggravated problems of old age and corrosion. Depth control became difficult as leaks developed in an auxiliary tank and in the motor room bilges. The leaks in the latter worsened as she moved out of the immediate area and resulted in a stream of air bubbles which led to aerial detection two hours after she had left the destroyer behind. Thereafter, mechanical problems multiplied; and S-38, unable to remain effective on her station, set a course for Brisbane, arriving on 7 July.

For the better part of the next 20 days, S-38 underwent intensive, round-the-clock repairs at the Queensland Government Dry Dock, and, on 28 July, she again headed out across the Coral Sea. On 4 August, she entered her assigned area, New Britain-New Ireland, and commenced patrolling along the Rabaul-New Guinea traffic lanes. By 6 August, she had moved eastward along the New Britain coast, crossed the shipping lanes at the southern entrance to St. George's Channel, and closed the coast of New Ireland. On 7 August, she shifted her search for Japanese shipping further seaward and within hours sighted several targets; but distance, lack of speed and maneuverability, and mechanical breakdowns precluded successful attacks. This was later the main Japanese attack force for the Battle of Savo Island. On 8 August, however, approximately eight miles south of Cape St. George, she sighted a transport escorted by a destroyer and approaching so as to pass close ahead. At 23:09, S-38 rigged for depth charging and prepared to fire. At 23:24, she fired two torpedoes at the transport. Less than a minute later, both exploded on target. The 5628-ton Meiyo Maru went dead in the water. S-38 commenced evasive tactics. At 23:30, the destroyer dropped its first depth charge. At 23:32, Meiyo Maru began breaking up (the second of just two ships confirmed sunk by S-38 ) and, at 23:39, S-38 headed south.

The sunken transport's escort continued searching but, by 01:45 on 9 August, S-38 had moved out of the area and all sounds of the search had faded behind her. On the night of 9/10 August, the S-boat returned to the traffic lanes eight miles (15 km) off the southwest coast of New Ireland, where she continued her hunting until 12 August. She then moved westward returning to the southeastern coast of New Britain to attempt to intercept traffic between Rabaul and New Guinea. On 15 August, she headed for Australia and reached Brisbane a week later.

Fleet submarines were now ranging the Pacific, and the S-boats were being ordered back to the United States for modernization overhauls. On 21 September, S-38, carrying only four torpedoes to avoid depleting the supply at Brisbane, departed Australia for the United States. Ordered to reconnoiter several of the Gilbert Islands en route, she fueled and took on lube oil and provisions at Nouméa on 25 and 26 September, then moved toward the Gilberts. On 30 September, she altered her course and headed for Anuda in the Santa Cruz Islands where she transferred an acute appendicitis case to a Navy PBY Catalina on 1 October; then resumed her original mission. On 5 October, she was in the Gilberts and two days later was off Tarawa where she attempted to sink a tanker as it emerged from the lagoon. The "fish", however, exploded on the reef and S-38 was forced to clear the area as the Japanese sent both aerial and surface antisubmarine forces into the action. By midnight, the submarine was patrolling the Makin-Tarawa traffic lane, and, on 10 October, she completed her reconnaissance mission at Makin and headed for Pearl Harbor.

1943–1944
From Hawaii, S-38 went to San Diego, California, arriving on 6 November. Overhaul followed. Her engines, motors, and all auxiliary equipment were removed and completely overhauled; the superstructure was modified to reduce her silhouette, air conditioning and new radar, sound, and radio equipment were installed, and a four-inch (102 mm)/fifty caliber gun replaced her three-inch. On 13 April 1943, she completed overhaul; and, on 15 April, she sailed west.

The next day, S-38 began suffering mechanical breakdowns again, and, on 29 April, she arrived at Pearl Harbor. Repairs took her into June. Tests followed and, on 26 June, she again moved west to the Marshall Islands where she conducted her last war patrol which, although scoreless and plagued by mechanical failures, was successful in gaining photographs of Japanese activity on future target islands.

On 22 July, S-38 set a course for the New Hebrides; and, on 27 July, she arrived at Espiritu Santo to commence antisubmarine warfare training duties. With only two interruptions, she remained in the New Hebrides-New Caledonia area on that duty into the summer of 1944. At 10:17 on 16 August 1944, a U.S. Navy TBM Avenger torpedo bomber from the escort carrier USS White Plains (CVE-66) mistook S-38 for a Japanese submarine about 12 nmi ahead of the White Plains task unit while S-38 was conducting antisubmarine warfare exercises near Espiritu Santo with two SBD Dauntless dive bombers and the yard patrol boat USS YP-414. The TBM dropped two 300 lb depth charges as S-38 crash-dived. The first depth charge detonated close aboard as S-38 passed 38 ft, causing S-38 to lose all power temporarily. S-38 claimed that the second exploded as she resurfaced, while the TBM pilot reported that it did not detonate.

On 27 August 1944, S-38 departed Espiritu Santo for California; and, on 7 September, she arrived at San Diego. The following month, she was ordered inactivated.

Fate
S-38 was decommissioned on 14 December 1944, struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 20 January 1945, and expended as a target by aerial bombing on 20 February 1945.

Awards

 * Yangtze Service Medal ribbon.svg Yangtze Service Medal
 * China Service Medal ribbon.svg China Service Medal
 * American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg American Defense Service Medal
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three battle stars
 * World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War II Victory Medal

In popular culture
The S-38 is the subject of an episode of the syndicated television anthology series, The Silent Service, which aired in the United States during the 1957–1958 season.

title: USS S-38


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Talk:The Great Terror (book)

Historians' assessments of Conquest
Various people (usually anonymous) keep wanting to edit this article to the effect that recent historians have revised Conquest's estimates of the death toll under Stalin downwards. This may be so, but it cannot be made as an unsupported assertion. Names, publications and quotations must be cited for this claim to be established. On the other hand, as noted above, some Russian writers have revised Conquest's estimates upwards. The broader point, however, is whether a reevaluation of the history of the 1930s in the light of evidence now available in the Soviet archives in some way validates the attacks on Conquest's reputation by Soviet apologists both in the 1960s and today. Of course it does not. For a writer with no access to archival sources in the Soviet Union, Conquest did a brilliant job of reconstructing the events of the 1930s. Even if it turns out that his overall estimates were too high or (as seems more likely) too low, that is in no way a reflection on Conquest's status as a historian. Adam 11:24, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree. Unless another source mentioned this book directly, it should not be used. My very best wishes (talk) 01:57, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

Challenge to Evil
I really have to say something in response to the semi-literate nonsense-undated and unsigned-that appears above. Conquest's work is a brilliant condemation of the horrors of Stalinism and the moral abdication-or blindness-of a whole generation of Western intellectuals. The only criticism I have is that he sees Stalin, perhaps, as uniquely malevolent, when Lenin, Trotsky and the rest of the Bolshevik gangsters were in every way as bad. "One death", Stalin said, "is a tragedy; a million death's is a statistic". The truth of course, as anyone with any moral sense understands, is that a million deaths is a million tragedies. To try to argue that a lesser figure somehow makes the crime less heinous betrays the true rottenness at the heart of all Marxist thought. White Guard 01:15, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I removed my post as I do not wish to go into deeper discussion.Neetzach 15:16, 9 September 2006 (CEST)

 * The above comment by White Guard is in reply to the comment I have reposted below. I was curious and had to go hunting for it so stick it back here for interest. It is bad netiquette to delete comments or edit other's comments.... Just noticed this is from 2006, sod it, I'll repost anyway.--Lead holder (talk) 16:54, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Analysis of the Soviet archives
 * The interesting thing about this matter is that everyone was looking forward to analyse Soviet archives but later when the actual numbers were known, noone ever spoke about it. The facts presented in American Historical Review in article called "Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years:A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence" by J. ARCH GETTY, GABOR T. RITTERSPORN, and VIKTOR N. ZEMSKOV, show that the number is far lower then Conquest's estimates. Another, interesting thing that you can find about Conquest is that he worked for Information Research Department. Why is that important? According to the Guardian article from Friday, January 27, 1978, and Observer article from January 29 the same year, IRD is Foreign Office's department to spread anti-communist propaganda. Those sources also reveal the connection of Conquest and CIA in regards of his works.Neetzach.

Loss of a great anecdote
Letter from Mr Conquest. "...the "I told you so, etc." comment was actually made, and attributed to me, by the ever-inventive Kingsley [Amis]."

Well, it don't get more definitive than that. Darn. Always liked that one ;-) Hmmm. Maybe we can fit it in on the KA page? Cheers, Pete Tillman (talk) 00:55, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

A slight 'false' in article
this line could be a problem.

"Some Communists continue to deny the claims made in The Great Terror, despite their vindication by Russian and other historians (as in the writings of Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev, Dmitri Volkogonov, and the Black Book of Communism) following the fall of the Soviet Union and the opening of the Soviet archives. In an attempt to discredit Conquest's work, Communist writers accuse him of relying on "Nazi collaborators, émigrés, and the CIA," and characterize his work with British intelligence and the Foreign Office as "production of anti-Soviet propaganda.""

1. Soviet archives gives a nuber far lower than Conquest's propsed numbers. 2. Both Yakolev and Volkogonov's views are anti-soviet, and in especial, Yakolev's view greatly differs from majority of Russian scholars.

I propose to change the line into this:

"Some Communists continue to deny the claims made in The Great Terror, and accuses him of relying on Nazi collaborators, émigrés, and the CIA," and characterize his work with British intelligence and the Foreign Office as "production of anti-Soviet propaganda."

However, some Russian, and other historians, such as Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev, and Dmitri Volkogonov, agrees on Conquest's views."

If anyone has a better proposal, please fix this part instead of me.

If there is no reply for a week, I'll change the part myself.

Where is article?
Is disappearded ip address. why? I miss article! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 211.207.65.136 (talk) 02:38, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

Criticism section
The criticism section consists mainly of Conquest's responses and very little of actual criticism, which is in abundance. This ought to be cleared up. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.56.241.224 (talk) 20:19, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

moved from my talk page
Can you clarify what exactly you didn’t like about my addition on Great Terror book by Robert Conquest? He is a proven propaganda talking head and not historian. He did admit that he relies on gossips and not on documented facts in his "research" Antidyatel (talk) 09:26, 5 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Not "proven", but an opinion. He wrote his books based on information at the time. Because the Soviets heavily doctored their history, no wonder some of his conclusion were mistaken. In later books he admitted mistakes. In my books, it is called "proper scholarsip". Again, because Soviets thoroughly falsified historicl records, he had to analyze "word of mouth". The fact that he readily admits this is also a mark of true scholarship. - üser:Altenmann >t 14:09, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Your addition into the article is your personal conclusion about Conquests's qualities based on the references cited, which constitutes "original research". Therefore it was reverted. A wikipedian can and must add conclusions about Conquest found in reliable sources, with proper attribution of the authorsip. - üser:Altenmann >t 14:09, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

I strongly disagree with you. His books formed the basis for anti-Stalin campaign. It was propaganda not historical analysis. And as nicely put in the Guardian article that i linked, COnquest was "fertilizing" the minds towards that goal. In all the thousands pages of his "research" the main source is Khruschev's speech of 1956. In none of the books, to my knowledge, he was kind to provide the whole, not so long, transcript of the speech. Anyone who reads it would understand the quality of the arguments and petty lying by Khruschev and thus, through that speech as total rubbish. Just the phrase of "Stalin controlled armies using globes" was striking enough. Also in the speech Khruschev was not complaining about persecution of common folk, he participated in those himself. He only complained that fellow communists were persecuted. Anyone who reads what those persecuted communists actually did, while they were in power, would find their treatment as too mild. Conquest doesn't tell you about it. Assuming connection of Conquest and George Orwell one can easily make the conclusion of why the term Great Terror was created. Animal Farm was only 50% about horrible Stalin was, the other 50% was whitewashing of Trotsky. Similarly Great Terror is just hush down the much more repulsive policies of Trotsky during Red Terror. With his gossip based analysis Conquest created the mythology that nobody needs to doubt anymore. That is why Appelbaum and Beevor just refer to COnquest and don't need to prove any of their claims. What was the problem for Conquest to refer to League of Nations 1948 report about the famine in USSR. That was the first time the 5 million as a rough estimate was presented. The difference, the methodology of getting that number is clearly explained there and also all the aspects of the famine were explained, particularly the important one is the numbers for cattle and pigs. And all the information is taken from open sources from USSR government, even more from Stalin's speech itself. Nothing was hidden. No need to rely on word of mouth. And all those documents were available to Conquest. He could also directly quote from Stalin speeches and articles that were available to him. Most of the events were given interpretation from the other side. Even if Conquest disagreed with interpretation he would provide both sides of the story, if he was an honest historian. But he was a propaganda shill, not interested in facts but in winning propaganda war. Nothing admirable is in his scholarship. The sources that I provided are reliable and not disputed. It was not just based on my opinion. His work in propaganda department of Foreign Office is a fact. His admission that he relied on gossip is also a fact. And most importantly he did rely on gossips - IT IS A FACT. And you should not censor it, if I understand the guidelines of wikipedia correctly. I'm fine to tone down my despise of his character but these facts should be included about him and his Great Terror book.

Similar to him there is Russian writer Radzinski, who was forced to admit that his book Stalin is not a history book but a history inspired novel, although when he was selling his book he was selling it as historical analysis. He was caught due to claims or references to archives. What are surprise it was when just one concerned citizen requested in all possible archives about which documents Radzinski was shown, and it appeared that citizen Radzinski never visited even one archive? This kind of historians should be exposed and shamed publicly.

Antidyatel (talk) 06:59, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

This is why wikipedia sucks. white male liberals are the only ones who edit and approve things on this site. hardly an unbiased "encyclopedia" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.185.38.232 (talk) 10:58, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Great Terror (book)


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Bat and trap

Bat and trap is an English bat-and-ball pub game. It is still played in Kent, and occasionally in Brighton. By the late 20th century it was usually only played on Good Friday in Brighton, on the park called The Level, which has an adjacent pub called The Bat and Ball, whose sign depicts the game. Brighton & Hove City Council started a Bat and Trap club based at The Level in 2013, as part of the Activities Plan associated with a £2.2m Heritage Lottery Fund and Big Lottery Fund-funded restoration of the park.

The game is played between two teams of up to eight players. At any one time, one team is batting and the other is bowling. The game involves placing a heavy solid-rubber ball, similar to a lacrosse ball, on one end of a "trap", which is a low wooden box 22 in long, 5 inches wide, and 5 in high, on top of which is a simple see-saw mechanism. Each player in turn on the batting side hits the opposite end of the see-saw lever (the "striker") with his or her bat, so as to propel the ball into the air, and then, using the same bat, attempts to hit the ball between two 7 ft high posts situated 21 yd away and 13 ft apart at the other end of the playing area, or "pitch".

The bowling side stand behind and between the posts. If any of them catches the ball before it hits the ground the batsman is out. The batsman is also out if he or she fails to hit the ball between the posts at a height not exceeding 7 ft. After each successful hit, one fielder (the one whose turn it is to bowl next), returns the ball to the batting end by hurling, tossing, or bowling it back towards the trap, attached to the front of which is a 5 in square target, or "wicket", hinged at the bottom. If the bowler hits the wicket with the ball so as to knock it flat, the batsman is "bowled out". If the bowler does not succeed, the batsman scores one run and continues to play. Once all the members of the first batting team are out, the batting and bowling teams change places and the game continues until all players on both sides have batted.

American version
In the American rules of bat and trap, there are several differences in the equipment and game mechanics as well as the layout of the pitch. Each team is limited to 4 players. The trap is 6 inches by 6 inches, and it has a yellow background with a black "X" mark across the front. The posts are 1–2 feet high. There are two additional lines, one of which extends across the field at a right angle 10 yards in front of the trap; this line is the "foul line". Balls put into play must not touch the ground prior to hitting this line or the batter is called out. In addition, there is an additional line 5 yards behind the posts; this line is known as the "back line", and fair hit balls that cross the line, either before touching a fielder or after, or on the ground or in the air but below the imaginary line demarcating the fair zone, score 4 runs for the batting side. This is known as a "four", and the fielding team does not have the opportunity to roll out the batter following a four. Since the posts are only 1–2 feet, the top of the fair hit zone is demarcated by an imaginary line running from the top of the tallest fielding player's head. Batted balls that travel above this imaginary line are automatically out.

title: Bat and trap


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Warner Chilcott

Warner Chilcott (formerly Galen) was a company in the pharmaceutical industry based in Rockaway, New Jersey. It was primarily focused on women's healthcare and dermatology. On October 1, 2013, the company was acquired by Actavis (now Allergan).

Galen
In 1968, Sir Allen McClay founded Galen, a sales and marketing organization focused on branded pharmaceutical products in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.

In 1997, the company listed its shares on the London Stock Exchange and the Irish Stock Exchange.

Warner Chilcott
Warner Chilcott was the generic drug business of Warner–Lambert.

In 1996, it was sold to Nale Laboratories P.L.C.

In 2004, the company was acquired by several private equity firms. In 2006, it became a public company via an initial public offering.

Merger of Galen and Warner Chilcott
In 2000, Galen acquired Warner Chilcott and listed its American depositary receipts on NASDAQ.

In 2004, the company changed its name from Galen to Warner Chilcott.

Post-merger
In August 2004, the company prevailed in a patent case by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries related to Sarafem (Fluoxetine). On May 19, 2006, the company received approval from the Food and Drug Administration for Sarafem.

On October 30, 2009, the company acquired the prescription drug business of Procter & Gamble for $3.1 billion.

On October 1, 2013, the company was acquired by Actavis (now Allergan).

title: Warner Chilcott


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Cantina

A cantina is a type of bar common in Latin America and Spain. The word is similar in etymology to "canteen", and is derived from the Italian word for a cellar, winery, or vault. In Italy, the word cantina refers to a room below the ground level where wine and other products such as salami are stored.

As cantine it was used to refer to the shop of a sutler, an army camp follower.

Spain
In Spain, a cantina is a bar located in a train station or any establishment located at or near a workplace where food and drinks are served.

Cantina was one of the foreign words that entered in from Renaissance Italy. During the 16th century, the Spanish Empire included large holdings in Italy. Luis de Bávia wrote in his Tercera y Cuarta Parte de la Historia Pontifical y Católica (1621): "Perdiéndose en las cantinas y lugares baxos [sic] gran número de mercaderías..." ("Losing itself in the cantinas and places of ill repute a large quantity of merchandise...").

The cantina features in one of the sonnets of Francisco de Quevedo (1580-1645). This is a quatrain from that sonnet:

"Esta cantina revestida en faz; esta vendimia en hábito soez; este pellejo, que, con media nuez,' queda con una cuba taz a taz.

This wine-cellar covered with a face; This wine-harvest [clad] in filthy habit; This wine-skin, which, with just a sip, Is happy to exchange it for a [whole] vat."

Mexico

In rural Mexico, a cantina traditionally is a kind of bar frequented by males for drinking alcohol and eating botanas (appetizers). Some cantinas are also known for being places where people gather to play dominoes, cards or other table games. Cantinas can often be distinguished by signs that expressly prohibit entrance to women and minors, as opposed to a club, salon de bailar (dance hall), or salon de mariachi (typified by the Salon Tenampa, at the Plaza Garibaldi in Mexico City) which are intended for socializing between the sexes. Also, some cantinas explicitly prohibit entrance to dogs and men in police or military uniform. Some of the traditional restrictions on entry to cantinas are beginning to fade away. However, in many areas it is still viewed as scandalous for proper ladies to be seen visiting a genuine cantina.

Angola
Specifically In the musseques (Rural Areas) a cantina traditionally is a corner shop or bar frequented by the locals where they drink alcohol and eat petiscos (appetizers). Some cantinas in Angola are places where people gather to dance or play games.

United States
A cantina in the U.S. is simply a tavern with a Southwestern or Mexican motif that serves traditional alcoholic Mexican drinks. In the 1890s, cantina entered American English from the Spanish language in the Southwest United States with the meaning of "bar room, saloon".

Other
The term cantina entered the French language circa 1710.

title: Cantina


text:
User talk:Niklas a

Great my own page at Wikipedia, if there only was something to say about me :P

---

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that any one can edit! Find something that can be improved, either in content, grammar or formatting, then fix it. Don't be afraid. Be bold!. If you do something wrong, there is always someone who will clean up the mess.

Here are some links that you may find helpful:
 * Be bold!
 * Introduction
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Simplified Ruleset
 * Wikiquette, the Wikipedian etiquette
 * Contributing to Wikipedia
 * The Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style

Here are also some tips that you might find useful:
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes ( ~ )
 * Create a User page so that others can know you
 * Add yourself to the New user log and the list of Wikipedians
 * Go to the Community_Portal when you want to do some useful work.
 * The Help_Desk is a good place to ask questions

Finally, fell free to leave me a message on my talk page when you need help!

Exir Kamalabadi(Talk)(contribs) 13:23, July 10, 2005 (UTC)

Handoff
Heehee, thanks for appreciating my work on that article both before and after your edits. (Sometimes, when I see comments on my talk page, I start to worry...) Thanks for the expansion work. :) - KeithTyler 22:23, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Niklas a


text:
Naked Eyes

Naked Eyes are an English new wave duo that rose to prominence in the early 1980s. The band had four US top 40 singles.

The group's first hit, "Always Something There to Remind Me", is a cover of the Burt Bacharach/Hal David standard. The band had subsequent hits with more of their own compositions: "Promises, Promises", "When the Lights Go Out", and "(What) In the Name of Love".

History
Naked Eyes was formed by Pete Byrne and Rob Fisher. The two had formerly been part of a band called Neon, with future members of Tears for Fears.

The debut album Burning Bridges was produced by Tony Mansfield, along with the follow-up album Fuel for the Fire, which also featured two titles produced by Arthur Baker. Their second and third singles, "Promises, Promises" (the 12" mix of which features vocals from Madonna) and "When the Lights Go Out", were also hit singles in the United States.

Following the release of the band's second album, Byrne moved to California. He performed on Stevie Wonder's "Part-Time Lover", sang backgrounds with Rita Coolidge and Princess Stephanie, and wrote and produced for the Olsen twins. Fisher also explored other projects, doing sessions in London and forming Climie Fisher with Simon Climie.

The group never toured due to the technical difficulties of recreating their studio sound in concert.

Rob Fisher died on 25 August 1999, age 42, following surgery for bowel cancer.

Byrne released a solo album The Real Illusion in 2001, which featured some of the last tracks he wrote with Fisher for a proposed third Naked Eyes album. In 2005, Byrne put a band together to play Naked Eyes shows, and has been touring regularly since. In 2007, Naked Eyes released Fumbling with the Covers, an acoustic album which consisted of covers of Bob Dylan, The Beatles and Elvis Costello, among others, along with the Naked Eyes hits.

In the summer of 2008, Naked Eyes completed a US tour along with Belinda Carlisle, ABC and the Human League. Naked Eyes did a US tour with the Go-Go's, Scandal and the Motels in 2014 and has been touring each summer since; Naked Eyes' 2020 tour was postponed to 2021 due to COVID-19 related restrictions.

On 8 June 2021, Naked Eyes released its latest album, Disguise the Limit.

In 2024, Naked Eyes toured as part of the Abducted by the 80's tour across the US and Canada with fellow 80's acts Wang Chung, Men Without Hats, and The Motels.

Studio albums

 * Burning Bridges (1983) US #32, AUS #88 (self-titled in the US & Canada, with modified track listing and different cover artwork)
 * Fuel for the Fire (1984) US #83
 * Fumbling with the Covers (2007)
 * Disguise the Limit (2021)

Compilation albums

 * The Best of Naked Eyes (1991)
 * Promises, Promises (The Very Best of Naked Eyes) (1994)
 * Naked Eyes / Spandau Ballet – Back 2 Back Hits (1998)
 * Everything and More (2002)

Music videos

 * "Always Something There to Remind Me" (1982)
 * "Promises, Promises" (1983)
 * "Voices in My Head" (1983)
 * "When the Lights Go Out" (1983)
 * "(What) In the Name of Love" (1984)
 * "Cry Baby Cry" (2007)

title: Naked Eyes


text:
Talk:Michael Durant

Questions
Who held Durant prisonner ? Haw was he liberated ? Ericd 21:14, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Updates
Hi. Made a very minor, but one to two years overdue update to page: they have six kids now. Also tried to find template to site his webpage, where it mentions the number of children in his bio, but could not find it. -Genevieve — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.214.30.91 (talk) 06:53, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I added his official web page. There's not too much there, but it seemed relevant. I also found his speakers' bureau page here, if that's of any interest. (Google, as always, is a friend.) --VAcharon 06:16, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 19:01, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Questions

 * After 11 days imprisonment, and pretended to be seriously wounded, how did he survive and how did he recover so remarkably quick?
 * Was he really shot down, or was it a pilot's fault?
 * Why did the Somali kill his comrades, but not him? What did he know, or what was his pledge?
 * There was an Al-Qaeda connection (missing GPS found in Afghanistan), has Durant still connections to the Taleban? --84.141.21.40 (talk) 20:49, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

He was injured and it took him years to recover, it was not quick. An RPG blew off his tail rotor and that would be fair from pilot error. The somalies were tring to kill him before he was taken as a political prisoner. The GPS did not belong to him the name on it was G. Gordon, and it turn out to have been lost during the Afghanistan war. Also Wiki is not a place to slander people.--216.211.112.103 (talk) 18:22, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

Captivity
Why is the article now saying he was released after five days in captivity? I thought it was eleven days before he was released. - annonymous 6/09/2010 4:43 AM —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.71.222.102 (talk) 08:43, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Michael Durant. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071126083736/http://www.au.af.mil/au/goe/eagle_bios/2005/durant_2005.html to http://www.au.af.mil/au/goe/eagle_bios/2005/durant_2005.html

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Sister's alleged sexual abuse
@Wmmoody: I have removed his sister's alleged sexual abuse as WP:UNDUE in a biography about Durant. He is not responsible for his father's alleged crimes. It also is not encyclopedic or neutral to say he "turned on his sister" (diff) or that he "changed his story" (diff), and we must avoid using such language.

On the claim he denied his father's abuse, after he said in a letter that his father committed the abuse, (based on this), an article from the Alabama Political Reporter from today has Durant's response: During his radio interview on Thursday, Durant recounted confronting his father and his father’s confession. But he said the AP stories misconstrued his statements, leading people to believe that he was publicly questioning his sister when he was recounting earlier conversations held before his father confessed. This story, based on a misunderstanding by an AP publication, is not fit for an encyclopedia. If this is to be re-added, it should first gain consensus on this talk page (per WP:ONUS). Thanks, Solipsism 101 (talk) 15:55, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Durant


text:
User:ArunBurn

CONTRIBUTIONS: -Nappy Roots

title: User:ArunBurn


text: User talk:62.24.76.46

title: User talk:62.24.76.46


text:
Atherton Tableland

The Atherton Tableland is a fertile plateau, which is part of the Great Dividing Range in Queensland, Australia. It has very deep, rich basaltic soils and the main industry is agriculture. The principal river flowing across the plateau is the Barron River, which was dammed to form the irrigation reservoir named Lake Tinaroo. Unlike many other rural areas, the Tablelands is experiencing a significant growth in population.

Physiography
This area is a distinct physiographic section of the larger North Queensland Highlands province, which in turn is part of the larger East Australian Cordillera physiographic division. South of the Tablelands is the Bellenden Ker Range.

Geological history
Around 100 million years ago, the eastern edge of the Australian continent extended much further to the east, before tectonic forces fractured the eastern margin, pulling it apart. At the same time, slowly rising mantle material caused a doming up of the continental crust. As the eastern part of the continent broke away, it gradually sank below sea level. Since that time, the uplifted western portion has been slowly eroding westwards, creating the abrupt Great Escarpment, which separates the coastal plain to the east from the uplifted tablelands to the west.

Between 4 million to less than 10,000 years ago, a series of volcanic eruptions occurred over the Atherton Tableland. The oldest eruptions created large, gently sloping 'shield volcanoes' that produced extensive basalt flows. These flows filled the pre-existing valleys, producing a relatively flat tableland surface, instead of the more dissected landscape that existed previously. Around one million years ago, the style of eruption changed. The lavas became more gas-charged, throwing fragmented lava into the air, which built the numerous, small scoria cones such as the Seven Sisters, near Yungaburra. Some of the rising magma interacted with groundwater, producing violent eruptions that led to the formation of maar volcanoes, such as Lake Eacham and Lake Barrine. Although all the volcanoes in the Atherton Basalt Province are regarded as being extinct and volcanism has been waning over time, given the relatively recent activity, it is possible that further eruptions could occur in the future.

History
The Atherton Tableland has a long history of Indigenous occupation. Aspects of traditional Aboriginal land use and culture have been documented from the period of first contact to present. Aboriginal people with ties to the region seek to maintain their culture today, despite a long period of forced removal from their lands following European occupation in the late 19th-early 20th century.

Yidinji (also known as Yidinj, Yidiny, and Idindji) is a local Australian Aboriginal language. Its traditional region is within the local government areas of Cairns Region and Tablelands Region, in such localities as Cairns, Gordonvale, and the Mulgrave River, and the southern part of the Atherton Tableland including Atherton and Kairi.

Dyirbal (also known as Djirbal) is a language of Far North Queensland, particularly the area around Tully and Tully River Catchment extending to the Atherton Tablelands. The Dyirbal language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of Cassowary Coast Regional Council and Tablelands Regional Council.

The first European exploration of this area, was undertaken in 1875 by James Venture Mulligan. Mulligan and his party were led by Aboriginal guides. Mulligan was prospecting for gold, but instead found tin. In 1879, John Atherton and his party settled with their cattle near the town which now bears his name. Atherton Creek is also named after John Atherton.

The town of Herberton was established on 19 April 1880 by John Newell to exploit the tin find, and mining began on 9 May. Later that year, Herberton had a population of 300 men and 27 women. At its apogee, Herberton was the richest tin mining field in Australia, and was home to 17 pubs, 2 local newspapers and a brewery.

In the late 19th century, the Mulligan Highway was built through the hills from Herberton and passed through what is now Main Street, Atherton, before continuing down to Port Douglas. This road was used by the coaches of Cobb and Co to access Western Queensland.

In the Second World War, Australian troops were camped around the district prior to being sent to the front and then again on their return. Many soldiers were interred at the war cemetery in Atherton.

Industry
The construction of a dray road through the Tableland brought a secondary rush of settlement after the mining rush, this time timber cutters. Redcedar cutters camps were at Rocky Creek, Prior Pocket, Oonda Swamp (Carrington) & Ziggenbein's Pocket. Tree species used for the timber industry include red cedar, kauri, maple, black bean, walnut, white beech and red tulip oak.

As part of the mining and timber booms a large population of Chinese-Australians moved into the Atherton Tableland region. In addition to mining and timber, the Chinese population took up agriculture. They grew fruit and vegetable crops and were some of the first to grow maize in north Queensland. As the community grew they also built a temple to worship at, the Hou Wang Temple. The temple remains standing today and was added to the Queensland State Heritage Register in 1992.

Agriculture is now the largest industry in the Tablelands Regional Council area. Crops grown in and around Atherton include banana, sugarcane, corn/maize, avocados, strawberries, macadamia nuts and mangoes and citrus. Tobacco was also grown until October 2006 when it was ended by a Government buyout. Dairying, grazing and poultry are also present on the Tableland. Dairying was once the backbone of local industry in the region, with hundreds of dairy farms dotting the landscape. The deregulation of the dairy industry in 2000 is blamed for the decline.

Tourism
Tourism is the second largest economic driver of the Atherton Tablelands economy, with Tinaroo Dam and extensive trail network being the focal point.

Towns
Atherton and Mareeba are the largest towns in the area. Herberton, Kairi, Kuranda, Malanda, Millaa Millaa, Tinaroo, Tolga, Yungaburra, Chillagoe, Walkamin and Ravenshoe are also located on the Atherton Tablelands.

Environment
The tableland contains several small remnants of the rainforest which once covered it, many of which are now protected in national parks. It is classified by BirdLife International as one of Australia's Important Bird Areas, supporting over 1% of the world population of the sarus crane and a significant population of the bush stone-curlew. Twelve species of birds are endemic to this area and the mountain ranges immediately south: Atherton scrubwren, Bower's shrikethrush, bridled honeyeater, chowchilla, fernwren, golden bowerbird, grey-headed robin, Macleay's honeyeater, mountain thornbill, pied monarch, tooth-billed bowerbird and Victoria's riflebird.

Places of interest

 * Lake Barrine
 * Lake Eacham
 * Curtain Fig Tree near Yungaburra.
 * Undara Volcanic National Park
 * Hann Tableland National Park
 * Mount Hypipamee Crater and Dinner Falls
 * Herberton, Queensland
 * Kuranda
 * Chillagoe
 * Mareeba
 * Atherton

Notable people

 * Comedian Sam Campbell was born in Atherton Tableland

title: Atherton Tableland


text:
Talk:Tri-

Transwiki entry redirected to tri; Sanskrit etymology and use in chemical element naming added to Wiktionary entry. User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 22:57, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Strange news
Contrary to what this article, as well as the articles for the numerical prefixes Greek numerical prefixes and Latin numerical prefixes and 3 (number) say, tri- words can pretty much be either Latin or Greek, and tre- words are not very common in English. Any comments on any improvements to these pages?? 66.245.127.59 21:16, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tri-


text:
Talk:Tricorn Centre

As I said on Talk:Tricorn when I rewrote it, I'd appreciate someone from Pompey to clean up this article - I've never even been there. Most of this article is my one from Tricorn, although I've added anything additional that Tricon Centre had to say. Kiand 21:18, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Logo
Could someone who can upload images upload the really cool Tricorn logo? It's on a few of the linked pages. Thanx 68.39.174.150 07:33, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Tricorn did not house the first Virgin megastore. The first one opened in Oxford street in 1979. The Portsmouth one opened about 2 years later in an area previously used by "FineWare".

Stalagmites or stalactites?

 * ...in some sections, there were small stalagmites beginning to grow off ledges.

Typically, a growth that would be described as "growing off a ledge" would be a stalactite hanging off and growing downward, rather than a stalagmite growing upward from the floor or ground. Could someone confirm which was growing from/on these ledges, and adjust appropriately? -- John Owens (talk) 22:11, 2005 August 19 (UTC)

Flats
Apparently, there were "designer" flats in the Tricorn. I have not been able to find much information on them, let alone a single picture. Apparently they were not occupied for long because they got damp and had various other problems.

 * There were flats there, I don't know about 'designer' though! They were pretty small, and never occupied because of the damp, had the windows not been boarded up when I was there I bet the views must have been amazing.  From what I remember, there was a block of about eight, two per floor.  I don't know if there was another block elsewhere in the complex, but that's the one I remember exploring.  --82.31.48.100 (talk) 19:35, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

 * The flats were nothing special. Odd little layout with the lounge wrapped around the kitchen, but other than that they were standard-fair 1960's concrete flats, with all the benefits and issues therein.  The tower of flats is actually one of the more popular photos that exist of the Tricorn.. it's the photo with the name sign at the bottom, some very green concrete above, and then very obvious boarded up windows above.  With a little more care in the construction of these they could have been quite nice, but the access walkways were open to the weather (like all the walkways really) the lift was miniscule, the stairways cramped and the damp issues horrendous. 89.241.193.24 (talk) 18:46, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

citations/linkage
i think the following need to be linked/cited, because they're simple statements of challangable fact and also they're interesting, and the kind of thing people might want to look up more:

1/ voted 3rd ugliest building 2/ voted most hated building 3/ grew stalagtites

so, you know, if anyone agrees and isn't as lazy as me :D

gotta love the wiki method --Dak (talk) 03:28, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

There seems to be a lot of dead links on the page Gitfinger (talk) 13:50, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

I love the way that, after all the bellyaching and finally tearing down the Tricorn, what have they replaced it with? A surface level carpark! Oh how original! About as inventive and original as the blinkered twats who opposed the thing from the outset. Sheep. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.210.158.49 (talk) 19:00, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

Absolutely agree. I actually liked the Tricorn, and went their often when I was growing up in the 1970s. I never really saw it as being more ugly than any of the blocks of flats in the Portsmouth/Havant area. Even the oh so wonderful Cascades shopping centre is little more than a box when viewed from outside. You'd think that after demolishing the thing, something attractive would have been put in its place (or at least SOME of the land could have been used for it....a landscaped garden perhaps? Fountain?  But no....a car park.  OK, you've made your point - you hate the 60s, you want to go back to the 50s and live in luddite heaven.  Enjoy your carpark guys. / Stan Pomeray, 20/3/14  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.225.149.5 (talk) 10:01, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

I was in Portsmouth yesterday for the first time in about 15 years. To be honest the demolition of the Tricorn has done nothing to make the place any more attractive. The "Cascades" shopping centre which was built in 1989 over what used to be Portsmout's open street market area looks old and tired, there is an abundance of "pound shops" and the like, and where the Tricorn once stood all that has been put in its place is a surface level car park. I could understand it if something like a cinema had been build on the site. What a hole. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.107.150.190 (talk) 11:57, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

Daleks?
I am misremembering or did the Tricorn feature in Dr. Who as the City of the Daleks on Skyro? Certainly can'tseem to see an online source for that currently. Thanks. Djm-leighpark (talk) 17:20, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tricorn Centre


text:
Ilex vomitoria

Ilex vomitoria, commonly known as yaupon or yaupon holly, is a species of holly that is native to southeastern North America. The word yaupon was derived from the Catawban yą́pą, from yą- tree + pą leaf. Another common name, cassina, was borrowed from Timucua (despite this, it usually refers to Ilex cassine). The Latin name comes from an observation by early Europeans that the ingestion of the plant was followed by vomiting in certain ceremonies.

The plant was traditionally used by Native Americans and Euro-American colonists to make an infusion containing caffeine and theobromine. This drink went by different names, such as cassina, beloved drink or white drink among natives and "Carolina Tea", or "South Seas Tea" among colonists. It is only one of two known plants endemic to North America that produce caffeine. The other (containing 80% less) is Ilex cassine, commonly known as dahoon holly. Recently, the plant has begun to be harvested for making commercial tea once again in the United States.

Yaupon is also widely used for landscaping in its native range.

Description
Yaupon holly is an evergreen shrub or small tree reaching 5–9 m tall, with smooth, light gray bark and slender, hairy shoots. The leaf arrangement is alternate, with leaves ovate to elliptical and a rounded apex with crenate or coarsely serrated margin, 1–4.5 cm long and 1–2 cm broad, glossy dark green above, slightly paler below. The flowers are 5–5.5 mm diameter, with a white four-lobed corolla. The fruit is a small round, shiny, and red (occasionally yellow) drupe 4–6 mm diameter containing four pits, which are dispersed by birds eating the fruit. The species may be distinguished from the similar Ilex cassine by its smaller leaves with a rounded, not acute apex.

Habitat and range
I. vomitoria occurs in the United States from the Eastern Shore of Virginia south to Florida and west to Oklahoma and Texas. A disjunct population occurs in the Mexican state of Chiapas. It generally occurs in coastal areas in well-drained sandy soils, and can be found on the upper edges of brackish and salt marshes, sandy hammocks, coastal sand dunes, inner-dune depressions, sandhills, maritime forests, nontidal forested wetlands, well-drained forests and pine flatwoods.

Ecology
The fruit are an important food for many birds, including Florida duck, American black duck, mourning dove, ruffed grouse, bobwhite quail, wild turkey, northern flicker, sapsuckers, cedar waxwing, eastern bluebird, American robin, gray catbird, northern mockingbird, and white-throated sparrow. Mammals that eat the fruit include nine-banded armadillo, American black bear, gray fox, raccoon and skunks. The foliage and twigs are browsed by white-tailed deer.

Human consumption
Some Native American tribes brew the leaves and stems to create an herbal tea, commonly called black drink. Historically the ceremonial consumption often included vomiting, and Europeans deduced that yaupon caused it (hence the Latin name - Ilex vomitoria). The active ingredients, like those of the related yerba mate and guayusa plants, are caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline; the vomiting may have resulted from the great quantities in which they drank the beverage, coupled with fasting.

Native Americans may have also used the infusion as a laxative. Ilex vomitoria usage by colonists for tea making and for medicinal uses in the Carolinas is documented by the early 18th century. In the English-speaking colonies, it was known variously as cassina, yaupon tea, Indian tea, Carolina tea, and Appalachian tea. Recently, the process of drying the leaves for consumption has been adopted by modern Americans, and yaupon is now commercially available.

Ornamental
Ilex vomitoria is a common landscape plant in the Southeastern United States. The most common cultivars are slow-growing shrubs popular for their dense, evergreen foliage and their adaptability to pruning into hedges of various shapes. These include:
 * 'Folsom Weeping' – weeping cultivar
 * 'Grey's Littleleaf'/'Grey's Weeping' – weeping cultivar
 * 'Nana'/'Compacta' – dwarf female clone usually remaining below 1 m in height.
 * 'Pride of Houston' – female clone similar to type but featuring improvements in form, fruiting, and foliage.
 * 'Schilling's Dwarf'/'Stokes Dwarf' – dwarf male clone that grows no more than 0.6 m tall and 1.2 m wide.
 * 'Will Fleming' – male clone featuring a columnar growth habit.
 * 'Pendula' – "weeping" variety. Has the highest caffeine content.

title: Ilex vomitoria


text:
Kazimierz Siemienowicz

Kazimierz Siemienowicz (Casimirus Siemienowicz, Kazimieras Simonavičius; born c. 1600 – c. 1651) was a general of artillery, gunsmith, military engineer, and one of pioneers of rocketry. Born in the Raseiniai region of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, he served in the armies of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, the ruler of the Dutch Republic. No portrait or detailed biography of him has survived and much of his life is a subject of dispute.

After contributing his expertise to several battles, Siemienowicz published Artis Magnae Artilleriae in 1650. This treatise, which discusses rocketry and pyrotechnics, remained a standard work in those fields for two centuries.

Lithuanian school
Lithuanian literature asserts that he was born near Raseiniai in Samogitia. The family, who was relatively poor, bore the Ostoja Coat of Arms with military service traditions in the Grand Duchy. In a book dedication, he refers to himself as an "Eques Lithuanus" (Lithuanian nobleman). Siemenowicz was educated in the Academy of Vilnius.

Polish school
The Polish school describes his identity simply as member of the szlachta (i.e., nobility in the Commonwealth) from Grand Duchy. Some sources use the term "Polish," others describe him as "Lithuanian". Those terms should be understood in proper context: "Polish" means "of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"; "Lithuanian" from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a federal part of the Commonwealth. Polish historian professor Tadeusz Marian Nowak described Siemienowicz as a Polonized Lithuanian nobleman. Polish historians for the most part accept that he used the Ostoja Coat of Arms and that he was an alumnus of the Academy of Vilnius.

Belarusian school
The Belarusian school asserts that he was born in the vicinity of Dubrowna in the Viciebsk land, to a family of minor Ruthenian princes (knyaz) of Siemienowicz, who possessed the small tracts of land in that part of the Belarusian Dnieper-land (Падняпроўе) in the 14th–17th centuries. Some examples of lexicography used by K. Siemienowicz support this interpretation.

There are no records of families with the surname Siemienowicz having the right to bear the Ostoja coat of arms and it is possible that Siemienowicz acquired the right to use the image of Ostoja in his book to facilitate its circulation.

Military career
As Siemienowicz wrote, he was fascinated by artillery since childhood, and he studied many sciences to increase his knowledge (mathematics, mechanics, hydraulics, architecture, optics, tactics). In 1632–1634 he took part in the Smolensk War, in the Siege of Belaya under Mikołaj Abramowicz (who in 1640 became the first Lithuanian General of Artillery). It is possible that in 1644 he took part in the Battle of Ochmatów.

He spent some time in the Netherlands, where he was sent by the King Władysław IV Vasa to serve in the army of Duke Frederick Henry of Orange during the war with Spain; he participated in the Siege of Hulst in 1645. In 1646 he returned to Poland when Władysław created the Polish artillery corps and gathered specialists from Europe, planning a war with Ottoman Empire. He served as an engineering expert in the fields of artillery and rocketry in the royal artillery forces. From 1648 he served as Second in Command of the Polish Royal Artillery.

In late 1648 the newly elected king John II Casimir Vasa, who had no plans for the war with Ottomans, advised him to return to the Netherlands and publish his studies there. There are rumors that in 1649 Siemienowicz became embroiled in a conflict with General of the Artillery Krzysztof Arciszewski over a bureaucratic matter; around 1649 he decided to leave the Commonwealth and work on his book in Amsterdam.

Stance on poison gas
Siemienowicz considered the use of poison gases dishonorable. In his work, he wrote:"'and most of all, they shall not construct any poisoned globes, nor other sorts of pyrobolic inventions, in which he shall introduce no poison whatsoever, besides which, they shall never employ them for the ruin and destruction of men, because the first inventors of our art thought such actions as unjust among themselves as unworthy of a man of heart and a real soldier''."

Use of biowarfare
In a historically early instance of biowarfare, Siemienowicz sponsored the firing of artillery containing the saliva of rabid dogs during a 1650 battle. While the success of this experiment is unknown, it demonstrated an educated guess about the disease's communicability that was not confirmed until the 18th century. It was popular in ancient warfare to catapult a deadly disease by using an infected cadaver or its parts to the enemy. One of the most notable examples was Genghis Khan's war against besieged Chinese cities, where he catapulted dead bodies infected with plague into cities.

Artis Magnae Artilleriae

In 1650 Siemienowicz published a notable work, Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima (Great Art of Artillery, the First Part). Its name implies a second part, and it is rumored that he wrote its manuscript before his death. It is also rumored that he was killed by members of the metallurgy/gunsmith/pyrotechnics guilds, who were opposed to him publishing a book about their secrets, and that they hid or destroyed the manuscript of the second part. Guilds aggressively protecting their production secrets was widespread in these times, as we can see from James Stirling having to flee Venice in 1725 for fear of being assassinated after finding out a trade secret of the glassmakers of Venice. Siemienowicz disparaged what he saw as a culture of secrecy based on "canting Alchymists of the times Past...they dealed in nothing but Smoke, yet arrogantly took upon them to be Professors of so noble and excellent an art as Chymistry."

Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima was first printed in Amsterdam in 1650, was translated to French in 1651, German in 1676, English and Dutch in 1729, and Polish in 1963.

In the first part of his work he wrote that the second one would contain the "universal pyrotechnic invention, containing all of our current knowledge." According to his short description, this invention was supposed to greatly ease all measurements and calculations.

For over two centuries this work was used in Europe as a basic artillery manual / handbook. Its pyrotechnic formulations were used for over a century. The book provided the standard designs for creating rockets, fireballs, and other pyrotechnic devices. It discussed for the first time the idea of applying a reactive technique to artillery (rocket artillery). It contains a large chapter on caliber, construction, production and properties of rockets for both military and civil purposes, including multistage rockets, batteries of rockets, and rockets with delta wing stabilisers (instead of the common guiding rods). It was the first book in the world to systematically present knowledge about the development of multistage rockets and rocket artillery.

title: Kazimierz Siemienowicz


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Chilton Foliat

Chilton Foliat is a village and civil parish on the River Kennet in Wiltshire, England. The parish is in the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It is on the county boundary with West Berkshire and is about 1.5 mi northwest of the Berkshire market town of Hungerford.

The village is on the B4192 Hungerford-Swindon road, which was the A419 until 1977, when it was redesignated after the opening of the M4 motorway. The parish includes the hamlets of Straight Soley and Crooked Soley.

History
The ancient parish of Chilton Foliat straddled the Wiltshire/Berkshire border. In 1895 the Berkshire portion, including the village of Leverton and the Chilton Lodge estate, was transferred to Hungerford civil parish.

Chilton Aircraft, a small manufacturer in the 1930s and 1940s, had its factory within the Chilton Lodge estate.

From the estate of Lady Ward at Chilton Foliat, in 1942 U.S Army paratroopers trained with their British counterparts and deployed to combat in North Africa.

Religious sites
The Church of England parish church of Saint Mary dates from c. 1300. Restoration by Benjamin Ferrey in 1845 included the addition of a south aisle. The church was designated as Grade II* listed in 1966.

The churchyard has an early 19th-century mausoleum to the Pearse family, designed by William Pilkington and described by Pevsner as "heaviest Grecian".

The church was the location of the 2008 memorial service for Gerald Ward, godfather to Prince Harry; the service was attended by the Prince with the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall.

A Wesleyan Methodist chapel was built in 1796, enlarged in 1932 and closed in 1988. The building is now a private house.

Notable buildings
Houses in the village include Vine Cottage, from the late 17th century. The Old Rectory, close to the church, is from the mid 18th century. Bridge House carries a date of 1766 but incorporates earlier work.

The gateway leading to Chilton Lodge, and part of its parkland, are within the parish. The house itself, built in 1800 and Grade II* listed, is now in West Berkshire. It replaced an earlier house on the Wiltshire side of the county boundary, which was demolished. Chilton Park Farm, a house in neo-Georgian style, was built on that site in 1940; nearby is an early 18th-century barn. The Chilton estate is owned by Sarah Scrope, heiress to Sir John and Lady Ward.

Littlecote House, a Grade I listed country house completed in 1592, now a hotel and leisure centre, is 1 mi upstream on the other site of the Kennet in Ramsbury parish. Part of its estate is in Chilton Foliat parish.

Notable residents
Littlecote House was the seat of Sir Ernest Salter Wills, 3rd Baronet of Hazelwood, a member of the Wills tobacco family dynasty.

Auberon Waugh lived at the Old Rectory from 1964 to 1971.

Max Hastings, journalist, historian and author, lives here.

Amenities
The village has a public house, the Wheatsheaf (in an early 19th-century thatched house) and a village hall (dating from 1895).

A Church of England primary school serves Chilton Foliat and nearby villages. A National School opened in 1835, and in 1847 moved to the north side of the main street. In 1970 the school moved to a new building at Stag Hill.

Much of the Kennet floodplain within the parish has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), owing to the presence of the rare Desmoulin's whorl snail. An area of watermeadow southwest of the village, Chilton Foliat Meadows, is also an SSSI for its diverse flora and variety of birds.

Television appearances
The 1987 BBC Television programme The Victorian Kitchen Garden, featuring head gardener Harry Dodson (1919–2005), was filmed at Chilton Lodge which lies between Chilton Foliat and the Berkshire hamlet of Leverton.

Chilton Foliat is referred to in the 2001 HBO series Band of Brothers as the location where Captain Herbert Sobel was sent to train non-combat military support personnel who needed paratrooper training.

title: Chilton Foliat


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Leatherneck (disambiguation)

Leatherneck is a military slang term for a member of the United States Marine Corps.

Leatherneck may also refer to:

In military uses

 * Leatherneck Magazine, a magazine for current and former members of the U.S. Marine Corps
 * Camp Leatherneck, a U.S. Marine Corps base in Afghanistan
 * The Leatherneck, the post newspaper of the Marine Corps Institute
 * Lou Diamond (1890–1951), USMC Master Gunnery Sergeant, nicknamed "Mr. Leatherneck"

Fictional characters

 * Leatherneck (G.I. Joe), a fictional character from the G.I. Joe universe

Film
(Chronological)
 * The Leatherneck, a 1929 film nominated for an Academy Award for Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay)
 * Leathernecking, a 1930 film by Edward F. Cline
 * Flying Leathernecks, a 1951 film by Nicholas Ray
 * Leathernecks, the English title of the 1989 Italian film Colli di cuoio

Games

 * Leatherneck, 1988 game for Amiga and Atari ST computers by MicroDeal
 * Leatherneck, an expansion module for Battle Hymn, the Japanese-theatre version of the wargame Ambush!
 * Leathernecks are a Cult-affiliated enemy in the 2018 retro-styled FPS DUSK

Music

 * "Leatherneck", a song by Every Time I Die from The Big Dirty
 * "Leatherneck", a song by Paul Revere & the Raiders

In sports

 * Western Illinois Leathernecks, the sports teams of Western Illinois University

title: Leatherneck (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Josiahpugh

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title: User talk:Josiahpugh