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Solomon Grundy (character)

Solomon Grundy (Cyrus Gold) is a supervillain and occasional antihero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He was originally depicted as a murder victim brought back to life as a corporeal revenant or zombie, though subsequent versions of the character have occasionally depicted a different origin. His name is taken from the 19th century nursery rhyme "Solomon Grundy".

Grundy was introduced as an enemy of comic book hero Alan Scott (the original Green Lantern), but has since become a prominent enemy for a number of superheroes such as Superman, Batman, and other members of the Justice League. As a revenant whose backstory often involves coming back to life after being deposited in the swamp, later writers have also given him ties to Swamp Thing, one of DC's horror-fantasy heroes.

Solomon Grundy appeared in the DC Animated Universe, where he first became an antihero. The character made his live-action debut as Cyrus Gold in the second season of the Arrowverse series Arrow, and Butch Gilzean on Fox's television series Gotham. Solomon Grundy also appeared in CGI form in the first and second seasons of the television series Stargirl for DC Universe and The CW network.

Publication history
Created by Alfred Bester, he first appeared in All-American Comics #61 (October 1944).

Grundy is the focus of one of the four Faces of Evil one-shots that explore the aftermath of Final Crisis, written by Scott Kolins and Geoff Johns, with art by Shane Davis. It is the introduction to a seven part mini-series featuring the character.

Earth-Two version's history
In the late 19th century, a wealthy merchant named Cyrus Gold is murdered and his body is disposed of in Slaughter Swamp, near Gotham City. Fifty years later, the corpse is reanimated as a huge shambling figure (composed partly of the swamp matter that has accumulated around the body over the decades) with almost no memory of its past life. Gold murders two escaped criminals who are hiding out in the marsh and steals their clothes. He shows up in a hobo camp. When asked about his name, one of the few things he can recall is that he was "born on a Monday". One of the men at the camp mentions the nursery rhyme character Solomon Grundy (who was born on a Monday), and Gold adopts the moniker. Strong, vicious, and nearly mindless, Solomon Grundy falls into a life of crime—or perhaps returns to one, as his scattered residual memories may indicate—attracting the attention of the Green Lantern, Alan Scott. Grundy proves to be a difficult opponent, unkillable (since he is already dead) and with an inherent resistance to Scott's powers (which cannot affect wood, a substance of which Grundy's reassembled body is now largely composed). He apparently kills Green Lantern, who gives off a green flash. Liking this flash, Grundy commits murders hoping to see the flash again. However, the first fight ends when, engaging in fisticuffs with the monster because of the ineffectiveness of his ring, Green Lantern hurls Grundy under a train.

A criminal scientist calling himself the Baron of York kills his brother and takes over his gang, stating to them that he knows where to find the body of Solomon Grundy. Once the body is found, the Baron of York injects Grundy with concentrated chlorophyll upon knowing his background. The side effect turns Solomon Grundy into a plant. When the Baron of York bluffs about him being worshipped and served, Solomon Grundy kills the Baron of York and takes over his gang. While noting that Solomon Grundy is more invulnerable to his ring due to the chlorophyll, Green Lantern chases after Solomon Grundy until he becomes exhausted in the petrified forest in Arizona. Using his ring, Green Lantern traps Grundy in a green plasma bubble for a time.

A freak weather occurrence releases Solomon Grundy from his prison. Making his way across country, Grundy heads for the headquarters of the Justice Society of America. Green Lantern arrives early for the meeting and when the other members arrive, they find their headquarters smashed to pieces and Green Lantern missing from the ranks. Johnny turns on the radio, which blares the warning that Solomon Grundy is on the loose; the members believe, based on a large, muddy footprint on the floor, that Grundy got to HQ and took Green Lantern. The radio continues its report, listing cities where Grundy was seen, so each member picks a city and heads for it to try to find Green Lantern while Wonder Woman stays behind. The scene now shifts back to the moment at JSA HQ where Green Lantern had opened the door. To his surprise, Doiby Dickles walks in, and informs him that Grundy has freed himself and is on the loose. Green Lantern leaves immediately, hoping to find Grundy before any of the JSA members are hurt going after him. Minutes later, Grundy arrives at JSA HQ, and, not finding the Lantern there, he smashes the place up, then leaves. Green Lantern and Doiby use a special radio-like device Alan Scott had developed that is attuned to the mental wavelengths of Grundy himself; Green Lantern calculates the path of Grundy and announces over the radio in JSA HQ where Grundy will strike. When Green Lantern and Grundy meet, Grundy rips a tree out by its roots and smashes it into the Lantern. Green Lantern fights back with his power ring and fists until both men fall into a nearby stream and over a small waterfall. The Lantern is severely dazed and tries to ward off Grundy with his ring, but he is much too weak. Grundy grabs Green Lantern by the throat and begins to squeeze the life out of him, holding his head underwater. However, Hawkman strikes Grundy with his mace, and Doctor Mid-Nite revives the Lantern. A combined attack brings down Grundy, and Green Lantern deposits Grundy on a distant, lifeless planet.

A battle soon commences when Grundy's body gravitates towards young astronomer Dick Cashmere as he learns to ride light waves, resulting in his assuming Cashmere's identity for a time while leaving the real one bound and gagged, though the Society finds him soon after. In this incarnation, he gains intelligence, which he subsequently loses when Green Lantern defeats and buries Grundy in 1947.

At this point, Grundy is freed and enlisted along with several other supervillains by the time-traveling criminal Per Degaton in his second appearance, who has traveled to 1941 to capture the Justice Society of America on the day of the attack on timeline, hoping to change history and take over the world. Grundy encounters Green Lantern, Flash, and Wonder Woman in Echo Park, whom Grundy knows from 1947. Grundy bests the costumed trio, and is summoned by a mysterious voice to deliver them or "pay the penalty". The All-Star Squadron comes to their rescue, and Grundy is the last villain to be transported back. He is thrust back to the Moon, where he remains for over two decades, as this timeline is erased once Degaton is defeated.

After many years, Grundy is knocked loose from his planet prison and returns to Earth to battle Green Lantern, Hourman, and Doctor Fate. At this point, he has temporary mastery over all wooden objects. Solomon Grundy is imprisoned orbiting the Earth in a stronger bubble created by the combined powers of Green Lantern and Doctor Fate.

Grundy was once pulled to Earth-One and substituted for the superstrong Blockbuster due to a machine that was accidentally pulling the Earths together in warp-space and substituting people. During this event, he had absorbed some of Doctor Fate's magic, is stronger than before, and is even able to telekinetically lift Flash into the air. He hates Green Lantern so much he thinks everyone he sees is Green Lantern. He is imprisoned inside a mountain by Earth-One Green Lantern after being lifted up by Earth-One Hawkman and dazed by blows from all the heroes, but when the machine is turned off he is substituted for Blockbuster on Earth-Two and renews the attack, defeating numerous heroes. However, the JSA and JLA went to battle an Anti-Matter being that was threatening both Earths in Warp-Space after being summoned by Doctor Fate, who had sensed the threat due to the Spectre. As the heroes return, they find Green Lantern had placed Grundy and Blockbuster together to occupy them, and the two have knocked the hate out of each other. Grundy is then taken back to his Earth by the Justice Society.

In his next appearance, Solomon Grundy battles the combined might of both the Justice Society, and later their counterparts the Justice League, nearly to a standstill at Slaughter Swamp, when he develops an affection for a lost alien child who has accidentally been sent to Earth-2 and is dying due to separation from his pet. Having absorbed magic from Doctor Fate and Green Lantern, Grundy is easily able to defeat the combined might of Superman, Flash, Earth-Two Hawkman, Earth-One Hawkman, and Green Lantern, until he is defeated by both Green Lanterns and sealed in Slaughter Swamp. The alien child is finally reunited with his pet and sent back to his own dimension.

While imprisoned, Grundy incorrectly deduces that the second Green Lantern's Earth must contain a second Solomon Grundy and crosses over from his Slaughter Swamp prison on Earth-Two to Earth-One where he overpowers that Earth's Superman before being tricked and stranded on the moon.

Solomon Grundy briefly works with the Injustice Society when the Fiddler retrieves Grundy from the moon of Earth-One to attack the JSA. The two defeat Hawkman and Wildcat before Grundy is thrown into a cooling volcano by Power Girl and Superman.

Grundy goes on to afflict Green Lantern and his teammates, including the Huntress who is the first female for whom he develops an affection. After Solomon Grundy is rescued from a glacier by Alan Scott's daughter, Jade, Grundy becomes loyal to her and, for a while, is an ally of Infinity, Inc. Eventually, this affectionate relationship turns tragic as the villainous Marcie Cooper, a.k.a. Harlequin of the Dummy's Injustice Unlimited, uses her illusion powers to disguise herself as Jade. Harlequin manipulates Grundy to attack the members of Infinity Inc., one by one. She convinces him to press the unconscious Mister Bones' bare hand against Skyman; since Bones's skin constantly exudes a cyanide-based compound, this quickly leads to Skyman's death. Once Grundy found out that Marcie had duped him, he savagely beat her within an inch of her life. This is the beginning of the end for Infinity Inc., and for Grundy's quasi-heroic career.

Earth-One version's history
When Earth-Two's Solomon Grundy visited Earth-One, he left behind some residual cells in the sewers. The Earth-One Solomon Grundy is born when Parasite uses an enhanced crystal to metabolically hasten the growth of residual cells which becomes a new, much more bestial version. During a clash with Superman, it is determined that his might is too much for the Man of Steel, so Superman flies the monster to an alien world inhospitable to all save the hardiest life as the zombie propels himself through the air mimicking his one-time adversary.

This version repeatedly plagues Superman for years until during an encounter wherein multiple Grundys are spawned, Superman and the Swamp Thing both encounter the clones. Soon, Superman obtains a compound from S.T.A.R. Labs which causes the Grundys to become inert, in effect killing the seemingly unkillable man-thing. Swamp Thing attempts to cry out for Superman to stop as he believes Grundy to meet the definition of life, but Swamp Thing is unable to express this due to physical difficulty in speaking. This version of Grundy returns one final time, without explanation, leading a gang in the Earth-One Gotham City. He is apparently destroyed yet again when Batman tricks the creature into a blast furnace, where it is apparently consumed by the flames.

This version of Grundy was retroactively erased from history after the revamping of Superman in Crisis on Infinite Earths.

Post-Crisis
The Post-Crisis version of Solomon Grundy has a similar history to his Earth-Two counterpart and debuts during the "Batman: The Long Halloween" storyline. Grundy and a newly disfigured Harvey Dent strike up an odd friendship after Dent escapes the slaughterhouse to plot his revenge on Carmine Falcone. Grundy also appears earlier in the story while Batman pursues one of the suspects who bombed Dent's house into the sewers during Thanksgiving. Grundy attacks both of them, but Batman drives him off by blinding him with a shot of mace. In the feature-length animated film adaptation of The Long Halloween Part One, Batman gently persuades Grundy to cease hostilities toward the bomber and allow Batman to assume custody, removing the undesirable intruder and resuming Grundy's status quo of relative tranquility, successfully appealing to Grundy's simple desire for peace, quiet and solitude in his humble sewer lair. Later as a somewhat humorous twist, Batman provides Solomon Grundy with a Thanksgiving dinner.

After Infinity, Inc. disbands, Solomon Grundy loses his loyalty towards Jade. A clash with Alan Scott and Jade in the pages of Green Lantern Corps Quarterly ends with Grundy turning into a statue of petrified wood. The heroes believe the threat of Grundy to have ended once and for all, but they are mistaken.

Shortly thereafter, Grundy reappears in Gotham in the pages of Batman: Shadow of the Bat, battling Batman once again and killing the female descendant of one of the killers of Cyrus Gold.

Grundy's next major appearance is in Starman, lurking in Opal City's sewers. Jack Knight befriends Grundy, who has become innocent and childlike. Grundy also becomes friends with previous Starman Mikaal Tomas, and dies while sacrificing himself to save Jack Knight from being crushed by a collapsing building. When Grundy appears again, he has returned to his malicious persona; the joint efforts of Jack Knight, Batman, Alan Scott, and The Floronic Man are needed to stop him.

The origins of Grundy's resurrection come from the fact that the Parliament of Trees, a high council of Plant Elementals, tried to turn him into the newest Plant Elemental. However, the process was missing one vital piece: fire, as a Plant Elemental cannot be fully created unless it died in flames. Since Grundy's death did not involve fire at all, the process is not complete, and he becomes a sort of half-functional Plant Elemental. Grundy has been seemingly destroyed on several occasions, only to rise from the swamp again in a new incarnation. Each version of Grundy has been somewhat different from the last, depending on the medium used to dispatch him (and the drawing style of the current artist. The original Grundy, for example, had prominent front teeth). Some have been truly evil; some much less so. Some versions are more mindless than others; some are moderately intelligent, recalling the literate, well-spoken monster of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.

Grundy hides out for a time in the Arrowcave, the long-abandoned former headquarters of Green Arrow. While searching for artifacts of his former life, Oliver and his former ward, Roy "Arsenal" Harper, stumble onto Grundy's new hideout. The story, accurately and humorously entitled "Grundy No Like Arrows in the Face!", is found in Green Arrow (vol. 3) #18. Green Arrow notes that this version seems much more violent, and manages to kill him by choking him with the string to his broken bow (despite the fact that Grundy does not have a heartbeat, functional veins, or need to breathe). In Green Arrow (vol. 3) #53, "Solomon's Revenge", Green Arrow helps Dr. Chrissie Cavendish, a S.T.A.R. Labs employee, who claims she is the great-great-granddaughter of the man the monster spawned from, to find and cure him. Her cure warps her into a monster much worse than Grundy. Green Arrow subdues the new monster, and leaves Grundy be. It is not known if Grundy is still using this building.

In the first issue of Grant Morrison's Seven Soldiers of Victory, Issue #0 of the same name, one of the Seven Unknown Men of Slaughter Swamp recounts the death of the miserly pedophile, Cyrus Gold, killed at the hands of an enraged mob, but also mentions that Gold could just as easily have been the innocent victim of a misunderstanding, as Slaughter Swamp is a point in space where time means nothing. In the final issue, the same Unknown Man punishes another of his group – the Eighth Man, Zor – by dressing him in Cyrus Gold's clothing and leaving him for the mob to find, implying that Zor – an extremely vain character, notable for attempting several times to overthrow the Universe and for having defeated The Spectre – would later become the first Solomon Grundy.

Grundy is manipulated by Gorilla Grodd via mind control into attacking Batman and Superman for President Luthor for the bounty of one billion dollars in Superman/Batman. Batman is able to stop Grundy.

While no specifics are given during the "Infinite Crisis" storyline, Solomon Grundy is also coerced into joining the Secret Society of Super Villains. He participates in the final strike against the Secret Six. Ragdoll II encounters Grundy in a doorway. Ragdoll's scarred face relates to Grundy, and Grundy goes on to turn against the Secret Society. The aftermath of that battle is inconclusive, but Grundy evidently survives, as he was last seen in a murky swamp in JSA Classified. In it, he is convinced by Icicle to help Wizard, who is in trouble.

After helping Icicle free Johnny Sorrow from Prometheus' cosmic key, Grundy stays with the newly formed Injustice Society.

Solomon Grundy is seen fighting against the Blood Pack in the Battle of Metropolis, until he is vaporized by Superboy-Prime's heat vision, which apparently kills the Blood Pack and destroys Grundy's current incarnation.

In Brad Meltzer's Justice League of America, Grundy is reborn with intelligence after being killed in the Battle of Metropolis. He is revealed to be the mastermind behind the abduction of Red Tornado's robot body (it is revealed he gained this intelligence when he was reborn after being burned by Prime). Grundy expresses a desire to stop his cycle of dying and being reborn and so it appears he enlists the help of Professor Ivo to build him an Amazo body to live in forever. The Red Tornado kills Grundy with F5 tornado winds, ripping him apart.

He later appears in the Salvation Run mini-series as one of the villains exiled to another planet. He is killed during a battle with Parademons. His body, awaiting its inevitable resurrection, is left behind when the villains leave the Hell Planet. However, when the villains exit, Grundy's hand trembles, accompanied with a groaning sound.

In the one-shot Faces of Evil: Solomon Grundy (March 2009) by Geoff Johns and Scott Kolins, Cyrus Gold returns to life in Slaughter Swamp, as he was prior to becoming Grundy. He returns to Gotham City, but is shot by police after attacking a charity worker. In the police morgue, he transforms into Solomon Grundy. Grundy is once more an unintelligent monster, repeating the opening line of the nursery rhyme. A week later, having retreated to the sewers, he has a fight with Killer Croc. At the end of the fight, exhausted, he reverts to Cyrus Gold again. He finds himself in front of his own grave, where the Phantom Stranger tells him he has seven days to undo his curse, as "There is an unholy night coming, as black as the dead's blood. And it's best if Solomon Grundy was not around for it" (a reference to the upcoming Blackest Night storyline). Alan Scott serves as his reluctant guide, as the story continues in the Solomon Grundy miniseries.

In the countdown to Blackest Night, Cyrus Gold was given one week to discover the truth of who murdered him, so he could repent for all of his sins and gain absolution. Alan Scott and the Phantom Stranger were given as his guides throughout the week, while Etrigan was trying to take him to Hell. Gold had a habit of getting killed. No matter how much damage was done to his body, he resurrected as a complete Solomon Grundy, driven to kill. Eventually it is revealed that Gold committed suicide, meaning he forced the curse of Solomon Grundy on himself. The end of the series' run shows Grundy reanimated as a Black Lantern, and Cyrus Gold in hell. Grundy then tracks down and attacks Bizarro, using a past friendship they had to stir up the creature's emotions. Bizarro eventually defeats Grundy by flying him into the sun, which completely incinerates him, and the black ring.

DC Rebirth
The Prime-Earth Solomon Grundy is introduced in DC Rebirth. His appearance resembles that of his pre-Flashpoint depictions. Solomon Grundy was briefly seen fighting Arkillo of the Sinestro Corps and Saint Walker of the Blue Lantern Corps.

Solomon Grundy is pursued by Batman in Gotham City before the former incapacitates him. Grundy recites the Solomon Grundy nursery rhyme while being pursued before Batman finished it for him when he defeats Grundy.

During "The War of Jokes and Riddles" arc, Solomon Grundy is among the villains on Joker's side in his war against Riddler.

The sorceress Selena created a mindless clone of Solomon Grundy from his DNA sample to serve as the muscle for the Fatal Five and fought Supergirl.

In a flashback, Solomon Grundy is among the villains that protected Ingrid Karlsson during a riot at Arkham Asylum. Before Ingrid was killed by an inmate using a rogue Batarang despite the villains getting her away from the riot, she gave birth to Astrid Arkham who would later become Arkham Knight.

During "The New Golden Age" as seen in 1941, Doctor Fate and Salem the Witch Girl come across Mister Miracle fighting Solomon Grundy while his Justice Society Dark teammates Zatara and Diamond Jack are having a spat. After Solomon Grundy is chained up, Mister Miracle suggests to Doctor Fate and Salem the Witch Girl that they should go apprehend Bride of Grundy. When Huntress and Power Girl talk about expanding the Justice Society, Huntress mentions that her erased timeline had redeemed villains in it. If they end up going down that path, Huntress suggests that they should start with trying to get Solomon Grundy to join the Justice Society. Green Lantern, Huntress, Stargirl, Doctor Fate, Batman, and Salem the Witch Girl confront Solomon Grundy. After Doctor Fate tried to reason with Solomon Grundy, Salem the Witch Girl tried to use a Limbo Town spell to regress Solomon Grundy back to Cyrus Gold only for her Limbo Town curse to reduce him to a skeleton. Following Doctor Fate's attempt to get Salem the Witch Girl into Limbo Town which resulted in her fleeing, Doctor Fate receives a vision of Solomon Grundy quoting "Save Grundy".

Powers and abilities
Solomon Grundy has superhuman strength and stamina. His strength is roughly on par with Kryptonians. He is virtually indestructible and immortal thanks to the elemental energy that imbues his form with pseudo-life. He is nearly invulnerable to physical, magical, and energy attacks and he is not affected by fire or low temperatures. He has proven highly resistant to the effects of the original Green Lantern's power ring (which is attributed to his part-plant essence; originally because he had absorbed plant matter from the swamp, and later because he was a partial "plant elemental" like Swamp Thing).

Grundy possesses a healing factor. While he has occasionally been destroyed, he has always returned to life sooner or later, though often with different personalities and powers.

Amalgam Comics
The Skulk is a hero of the Amalgam Universe. He is an amalgamation of Solomon Grundy and Hulk.

Bruce Banner was a scientist working with gamma rays. He was testing his gamma bomb out in the desert, but a tall figure walked out into the testing area. When Banner went out see who it was, the man turned out to be Solomon Grundy. The bomb went off fusing Grundy and Banner together. When Banner gets angry, he becomes Grundy. The creature chose a new name calling itself Skulk.

Anti-Matter Earth Post-Crisis version
Solomon Grundy had a counterpart on the Crime Syndicate of America's Earth called Sir Solomon Grundy who was a member of Quizmaster's Justice Underground. Sir Solomon Grundy is a distinguished, poised mountain of a man. During an aerial bombardment of Dover, he is blasted to life out of the rock from the white cliffs. Sir Solomon appears to be identical in physical appearance to the mainstream Solomon Grundy with the exception of a trimmed mustache and a small goatee. In keeping with his educated personality, Sir Solomon dresses himself as a 19th-century Englishman would, and speaks accordingly. His super-strength and invulnerability made him a formidable hero, until Ultraman renders him inert on a Saturday.

Earth 2
In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Solomon Grundy is once again a villain for Alan Scott. First appearing in Earth 2 #3, Grundy personifies "The Grey" life-destroying forces and opposes "The Green" forces that choose Alan Scott as their champion. He attacks Washington DC to get Alan's attention. Flash, Hawkgirl, and Green Lantern fight him, but Atom brings him down temporarily by jumping onto him at giant size. The battle continues until Scott once again exiles Grundy to the moon where neither he nor the "Grey" can do any damage.

Eventually, Grundy's origin was revealed in a flashback. Grundy was a slaughterhouse worker in 1898, his wife Pinney Grundy was raped by his callous foreman Henry Pittance and she killed herself on the job. When Henry made the workers feed the body to the crocodiles, Grundy snapped, killed Henry, and everyone else in the slaughterhouse, then committed suicide while reciting the "Solomon Grundy" nursery rhyme he would often sing to his infant son. Apparently, something happened immediately afterwards. In the present, Solomon Grundy somehow returned to Earth, went on a decaying rampage, and fought members of the World Army where he was briefly dissolved. He then reformed his body and continued to go after Alan Scott.

When it came to his next encounter with Solomon Grundy, Alan was reunited with Sam Zhao who has become an avatar for the White. Following their brief fight with Solomon Grundy, the Parliaments ended their feud where they instructed Alan, Sam, Grundy, the Clear's avatar Azathoth, and the Red's Yolanda Montez to work together to combat the invasion from Apokolips.

When Apokolips starts to approach Earth 2, the Parliaments advise their representatives to join forces and fight this threat. While in Earth's orbit, Solomon Grundy, Azathoth, and Sam Zhao sacrifice their lives so that Alan Scott can receive their combined Parliament abilities to stop Apokolips from destroying Earth 2.

Emperor Joker
During the Emperor Joker storyline where the Joker warped reality, Solomon Grundy was the warden of Arkham Asylum.

Flashpoint
In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint event, Solomon Grundy was invited by Lt. Matthew Shrieve to be the new member of the Creature Commandos, but Solomon Grundy then betrays him, killing his family. It is revealed that Solomon Grundy had been working by General Sam Lane who is responsible for the deaths of Miranda's family.

Huntress' Future
In a possible future seen in "The New Golden Age", Solomon Grundy was seen as a member of Huntress' makeshift Justice Society of America lineup 15 years from the present. When Per Degaton attacks, he rots Solomon Grundy. After Per Degaton was defeated in the present, this version of Solomon Grundy and the associated timeline were erased.

JLA/Avengers
In the JLA/Avengers crossover, Grundy is among the villains enthralled by Krona to defend his stronghold. He is shown being defeated by Thor.

Justice Riders
In the Justice Riders reality, Solomon Grundy is featured as a normal human. His entire gang was put down by Kid Baltimore with a single bullet each except for Grundy who took two.

The Grundymen
In Grant Morrison's Seven Soldiers series, the Witch-People of Limbotown (who are descended from the immortal Melmoth) bury their dead, and later dig them up, at which point they become animate and are used as slave labor. These zombies are called "Grundies" or "Grundymen", and resemble Solomon Grundy. It has also been established that the Spawn of Frankenstein is partly animated by the immortal blood of Melmoth, making him a Grundyman.

In Cullen Bunn's Sorcerer Kings storyline in Superman/Batman, The Creeper leads an army of Grundymen in a battle with Batman, Superman, and vampire Nina Skorzeny.

Live-action

 * Solomon Grundy appears in Legends of the Superheroes, portrayed by Mickey Morton. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom.
 * Solomon Grundy makes a cameo appearance in the Smallville episode "Prophecy", portrayed by John DeSantis. This version is a member of Toyman's Marionette Ventures.
 * Cyrus Gold appears in the second season of Arrow, portrayed by Graham Shiels. This version goes by the alias of The Acolyte and is a member of Brother Blood's Church of Blood who was injected with "Mirakuru" serum in an attempt to replicate the process that granted Slade Wilson his abilities, gaining superhuman strength and endurance in the process. After attacking Queen Consolidated's Applied Sciences division to steal a centrifuge for Blood's plans, Gold eventually battles the Arrow, who kills him.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in Gotham, portrayed by Drew Powell. This version was born Cyrus Gold and is initially known as Butch Gilzean, a mob enforcer working for Fish Mooney. Throughout the first three seasons, he is employed by Oswald Cobblepot, Tabitha Galavan, and Barbara Kean until Kean kills Gilzean during the third season finale for attempting to betray her. In the fourth season, the corrupt administrators of the hospital where Gilzean's body ended up dump him in Slaughter Swamp, where chemical waste from the Indian Hill facility transforms him into a pale, zombie-like creature with regenerative capabilities and superhuman strength. Suffering amnesia, he adopts the name "Solomon Grundy" after hearing a group of people playing a record of the nursery rhyme and is recruited by Edward Nygma to serve as his enforcer until Galavan jogs Gilzean's memory. Gilzean later allies with Cobblepot, who promises to help make him human again before killing him to emotionally cripple Galavan as revenge for her killing his mother years prior.
 * Solomon Grundy makes non-speaking appearances in Stargirl via CGI. Throughout the first season, he serves as an enforcer for the Injustice Society of America (ISA), taking part in their attack on the Justice Society of America (JSA)'s headquarters and killing Hourman and his wife before they could interfere with the ISA's plans years prior to the series while being kept in a reinforced cell underneath The American Dream's corporate headquarters to keep him under control. In the present, Hourman's son Rick Tyler takes up his father's mantle to seek revenge on Grundy, but ultimately spares him in the first season finale under the condition that the latter never returns. In the second season, Grundy returns, breaking into restaurants for food. To avoid further incidents, Rick leaves food for him in the forest, leading to Grundy seeing him as a friend. Grundy later assists Rick and Stargirl's JSA in fighting Eclipso, only to be killed in battle. Afterward, Rick buries Grundy, though Shade assures the former that the latter will eventually come back to life. By the series finale, Grundy was resurrected and joined the JSA.

Animation

 * Solomon Grundy appears in Challenge of the Superfriends, voiced by Jimmy Weldon. This version is a member of Lex Luthor's Legion of Doom who speaks broken English in a Southern accent and was revived by energy from a monolith.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in the Super Friends episode "Revenge of Doom", voiced again by Jimmy Weldon. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom.
 * Solomon Grundy makes a cameo appearance in the South Park episode "Krazy Kripples" as a member of a Legion of Doom-esque parody group led by Christopher Reeve.
 * Solomon Grundy makes a cameo appearance in the Family Guy episode "It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One" as a member of the Legion of Doom.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU):
 * Grundy first appears in Justice League, voiced by Mark Hamill. This version was a mobster from the 1920s who was resurrected as a monster and seeks his lost soul without being aware of it. Initially appearing as a member of Lex Luthor and Aresia's Injustice Gangs, Grundy eventually becomes a hero after befriending Hawkgirl and sacrificing himself to help her and Doctor Fate stop the bloodthirsty Thanagarian deity Ichthultu.
 * Grundy returns in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Wake the Dead", voiced by Bruce Timm. After being possessed and resurrected with amnesia by an unnamed demon summoned by three young amateur sorcerers, Grundy battles Amazo and the Justice League before partially regaining his memory and allowing Hawkgirl to kill him off-screen.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in The Batman episode "Grundy's Night", voiced by Kevin Grevioux. This version was created by the working-class citizens of 19th-century Gotham City to wreak havoc on the rich landowners that polluted the local lake with industrial waste and converted it into Gotham Swamp. Ever since, local legend states that Grundy would rise again on a Halloween night with a total lunar eclipse to seek revenge on the landowners' descendants. In his initial appearance, Grundy was revealed to actually be Clayface using the legend to further his goals. The comic book spin-off reveals that Grundy is a real person however.
 * A character partially based on Solomon Grundy called "Racist Frankenstein" appears in Minoriteam as a member of White Shadow.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Diedrich Bader. This version is a crime lord who is mostly unintelligible due to his mouth being stitched shut, though his right-hand man Weasel is capable of understanding and translating for him.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in the Robot Chicken DC Comics Special. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom who was actually born on a Tuesday, with his real name being Solomon Gruesday as a result.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in the "Super Best Friends Forever" segment of DC Nation Shorts, voiced by Keith Ferguson. This version is initially reluctant to fight girls.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in DC Super Friends, voiced by Richard Epcar.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in Justice League Action, voiced by Fred Tatasciore. In his most notable appearance in the episode "Zombie King", he obtains the Star of the Dead, a gem that allows him to summon zombies who can further zombify anyone exposed to their gases, only to be defeated by Swamp Thing, Batman, and Zatanna.
 * Solomon Grundy makes non-speaking cameo appearances in Harley Quinn and Kite Man: Hell Yeah! as a member of the Legion of Doom.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in the DC Super Hero Girls (2019) two-part episode "#NightmareInGotham", voiced again by Fred Tatasciore.

Film

 * Solomon Grundy appears in Superman/Batman: Public Enemies, voiced by an uncredited Corey Burton.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem, voiced again by Fred Tatasciore.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in Justice League vs. Teen Titans, voiced by an uncredited Rick D. Wasserman. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom.
 * An alternate reality incarnation of Cyrus Gold appears in Batman: Gotham by Gaslight, voiced by David Forseth.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in Lego DC Batman: Family Matters, voiced again by Fred Tatasciore.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in films set in the Tomorrowverse:
 * Grundy is introduced in Batman: The Long Halloween, voiced again by Fred Tatasciore. This version is only capable of reciting his nursery rhyme and inspired Harvey Dent to become Two-Face.
 * Grundy appears in Legion of Super-Heroes, voiced by Darin De Paul.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in Catwoman: Hunted, voiced by Steve Blum. This version is a member of Leviathan.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse, voiced again by Fred Tatasciore. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too!, voiced again by Fred Tatasciore.
 * Solomon Grundy makes a non-speaking appearance in Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths – Part Two.

Video games

 * Solomon Grundy appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by David Jennison. This version is a thrall of Poison Ivy.
 * Solomon Grundy appears as a playable character in Injustice: Gods Among Us, voiced again by Fred Tatasciore. In an alternate reality, he is brainwashed into becoming a member of High Councilor Superman's Regime.
 * Solomon Grundy appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * Solomon Grundy appears as a playable character in Infinite Crisis, voiced again by Fred Tatasciore.
 * Solomon Grundy appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced again by Fred Tatasciore.
 * Solomon Grundy makes a cameo appearance as a non-player character (NPC) in Injustice 2 via the Arkham Asylum stage.
 * Solomon Grundy appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced again by Fred Tatasciore. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom.

Batman: Arkham
Solomon Grundy appears as a boss in the Batman: Arkham franchise, voiced by Fred Tatasciore.
 * First appearing in Batman: Arkham City, this version was a merchant who was murdered and had his body dumped in Slaughter Swamp, which was later discovered to be a Lazarus Pit. After being exposed to a strange thunderstorm, the Pit resurrected him as a nigh-immortal zombie-like monster. He temporarily became part of a traveling circus before being found by Ra's al Ghul, who realized the swamp's true nature and took him to Wonder City. Seeking to understand the Pit's power, Ra's repeatedly murdered Grundy until Wonder City was eventually shut down and Gotham City built over it, with the Iceberg Lounge being built over Grundy's prison. After the Penguin finds him, he uses Grundy to kill traitorous underlings and attempt to kill Batman, who eventually defeats Grundy.
 * Grundy appears in Batman: Arkham City Lockdown and Batman: Arkham Origins Blackgate.

Music

 * The Crash Test Dummies references Solomon Grundy in "Superman's Song", which came about because lead singer Brad Roberts could not think of a supervillain whose name rhymed with "money".
 * An underground rap album, Colton Grundy: The Undying, featured a temporary redux of rapper Blaze Ya Dead Homie's identity. The album describes the story of an immortal casket-maker by the name of Solomon who jumped into a freezing river, awakened in the 1990s, transformed into Blaze, and eventually into the eponymous Colton Grundy.
 * A band named after Solomon Grundy was formed in the late 1980s as a side project of the Screaming Trees, with Van Conner being featured as the lead singer on their self-titled New Alliance Records release.
 * Brownsville rapper Sean Price has a track titled "Solomon Grundy" on his album Mic Tyson.

Miscellaneous

 * Solomon Grundy appears in The Batman Strikes! #19.
 * A hologram of Solomon Grundy appears in DC Super Friends: The Joker's Playhouse.
 * The DCAU incarnation of Solomon Grundy appears in Superman Beyond #4. As of the future setting of DCAU series Batman Beyond, Grundy has become a powerful crime boss called Mr. Stone operating out of the Vanity nightclub in Metropolis, who later receives nanotechnology from Lex Luthor's daughter, Lucinda Luthor.
 * The Arrow incarnation of Cyrus Gold appears in the tie-in novel Arrow: Vengeance, in which it is revealed that he and Sebastian Blood knew each other from a young age and studied under preacher and the Church of Blood's founder, Father Roger Trigon. Later in life, Gold succeeded Trigon as preacher and head of the Zandia Orphanage.
 * The Injustice incarnation of Solomon Grundy appears in the Injustice: Gods Among Us prequel comic. He is initially incarcerated in Arkham Asylum before Superman eventually tasks Lex Luthor with brainwashing Grundy to make him serve Superman's Regime.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in Batman '66 #23. This version was a wealthy Olympic wrestler who Marsha, Queen of Diamonds seduced into becoming her loyal servant, but forgot about him. Freezing to death over the winter, Marsha's Aunt Hilda reanimates him and sends him on a rampage until Batman and Robin subdue him long enough for the police to arrive.
 * Solomon Grundy appears in DC Super Hero Girls (2015), voiced again by Fred Tatasciore.
 * Several clones of the Batman: Arkham incarnation of Solomon Grundy appear in the Batman: Arkham Knight prequel comic. Naming them after the days of the week, Calendar Man creates them to help him kill Batman.

title: Solomon Grundy (character)


text:
Edge Hill railway station

Edge Hill railway station is a railway station that serves the district of Edge Hill, Liverpool, England and is one of the oldest railway stations in the world.

There have been two stations of that name. The first stood a short distance south-west of the present station and its remains are still visible, although the site is not open to the public.

Edge Hill is the first station after departure from. The station, and all trains serving it, are operated by Northern Trains. Avanti West Coast, East Midlands Railway, TransPennine Express and West Midlands Trains services pass through the station, although, they are non stop.

Early history
The first station opened on 15 September 1830 as part of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. It was located in a 22 yd wide by 68 yd long, 40 ft deep sandstone cutting, with three tunnels at the west end.

The largest bore, in the centre, was the 2250 yd Wapping Tunnel, a long downwards incline leading to Wapping Dock and the world's first tunnel to be bored under a metropolis. The tunnel was worked by an endless rope running down the centre of one track and back along the other, the goods wagons descended by gravity, but were hauled up by the stationary steam engine. During the summer of 1829, prior to the tunnel opening for traffic, it became a popular subterranean promenade. It was whitewashed and lit by gas at intervals. On the 1 August alone, some three thousand people walked its length.

The tunnel to the north of the central bore was much shorter and inclined upwards, leading to the passenger terminal at Crown Street and a coal depot. Here the trains descended by gravity to Edge Hill station and were wound up into Crown Street.

The southern tunnel was originally a short length leading nowhere and used as a storage shed: its chief purpose was to create a symmetrical appearance. In 1832 it was cleared out and used as engine shed during the winters; later it became the wagon repairing shop until 1845 or 1846 when it was extended and expanded to provide two additional tracks into the Crown Street coal depot.

At the opposite end of the station area were two engine houses in the form of towers on either side of the line, which was spanned at this point by the famous Moorish Arch. The arch was decorative with two battlemented towers and decorated masonry forming a grand and impressive entrance to Liverpool. But the arch was also functional and served as a bridge connecting the two engine houses across the deep cutting.

There were engine sheds and workshops cut into the rock either side of the station area, others were fitted up as passengers' waiting rooms and offices, there being no room in the cutting for ordinary buildings.

The engines were supplied with steam from return-flue boilers, two on each side of the tracks in the cutting walls. The smoke was channelled down rock cut flues to tall chimneys – known as the 'Pillars of Hercules' – situated either side of the tunnel entrances. A steam connecting pipe was installed in 1832 enabling either set of boilers to be used for either engine, at the same time a pedestrian subway was installed so that staff could move between the engine houses without having to move through the operating railway.

The station area was mainly used for the marshalling of trains and the coupling and uncoupling of locomotives, but first class passengers could also join the trains here, conveyed by horse-drawn carriages from Dale Street in the city centre.

In 2022, the site was listed as a scheduled monument by Historic England.

The new station
As early as May 1831 the directors had concluded that Crown Street station was too far removed from the centre of Liverpool so they commissioned a survey to be made with a view to finding a way of bringing the railway into the town. George Stephenson produced a plan in June 1831 to provide a line, mainly in a tunnel, from Edge Hill to the cattle market at Haymarket. Liverpool Common Council approved the scheme subject to it being restricted to passengers only and plans were drawn up in October 1831 for submission to Parliament. The Bill received Royal Assent on 23 May 1832, tenders were let and work started in 1833.

Parliament had forbidden locomotives to run through tunnels and the railway had therefore to build stationary engines at the top of the incline up from Lime Street. The decision to extend the railway to Lime Street station required the construction of a new station at Edge Hill, situated to the north of the old station so that it was on the new line at the tunnel portal. Plans were approved in December 1834, and a contract for the construction of the new station and engine houses was let in March 1835. The new station was about 500 ft by 100 ft in area with stone platforms with all the station buildings set back from the platform edges.

Trains descended to Lime Street by gravity under the control of two brakesmen riding in an open brake waggon, being rope-hauled by a winding engine back up to Edge Hill. This system, constructed by Mather, Dixon and Company under the direction of John Grantham, ended in 1870.

The new Edge Hill station was opened in 1836 and has been in continuous use ever since.

Sidings to the north of the station (sometimes called Exhibition Road after the adjacent thoroughfare leading to the exhibition hall) served as a terminus for excursionists visiting the 1886 "Shipperies" and 1887 Royal Jubilee Exhibitions.

The venue on Edge Lane had its own sidings to the south, including access to the building itself, for delivery of exhibits and removal of materials when the site closed.

Layout
Facing west there are two tunnels visible from the platforms. The northernmost tunnel is the Waterloo Tunnel, and the southern tunnel leads to. The station consists of two island platforms, each with an original building dating from 1836. This makes it one of the world's oldest passenger railway station still in use, although the former Liverpool Road station in Manchester is the oldest surviving station building. Art exhibitions are held on the approach road to the Southern island platform. An arts centre called Metal now occupies part of the building on the Manchester-bound platform.

Around 400 yards from the station in the Manchester direction is a key junction, where the Merseytravel City lines separate into two: one goes towards Mossley Hill (serving the southern Liverpool-Manchester line and the West Coast Main Line) and the other towards Wavertree Technology Park (serving the Wigan and Manchester Victoria lines). The Canada Dock Branch line runs through the station towards Bootle Oriel Road. There is also a carriage servicing depot just to the east of the junction on the line towards Mossley Hill which is used by Alstom to maintain train operator Virgin West Coast's Pendolino fleet.

The station buildings are Grade II listed. Network Rail applied for planning permission in November 2016 to update the ticket desk and counter to make it more accessible to passengers with disabilities.

The ticket office (on the northern island platform) is staffed throughout the day (05:30–00:10, Monday–Saturday). Whilst electronic ticket machines are present, in January 2021 customer information screens were installed and commissioned providing customers with train running information for all four platforms (which are linked by a subway). The buildings on platforms 3 and 4 are no longer in use by the railway, but are used by Metal Culture for Art studios. Step-free access is available to platforms 1 and 2 only, as the subway to the other platforms has stairs.

Services
Edge Hill lies on both routes of the Liverpool to Manchester Line from Liverpool Lime Street. On Mondays to Saturdays, there is an hourly service on the northern branch to Manchester Airport via Manchester Piccadilly and an hourly service on the southern branch to Manchester Oxford Road via Warrington Central, and a half-hourly service to Wigan North Western via St Helens Central, with 4 trains per hour westbound to Liverpool Lime Street. There is no Sunday service.

Points of interest
Edge Hill is a haven for rail enthusiasts. There is a large freight yard operated by EWS, which mostly sees Class 60 locomotives, as a change from that company's more ubiquitous Class 66s. The yards are also home to a number of track maintenance units, some of which have not been moved for two decades.

In 2009 arts organisation Metal completed a major renovation of the Engine House, Boiler Room and Accumulator Tower at Edge Hill Station, after successfully raising capital funding from Kensington Regeneration, Merseytravel, Northern Rail, Railway Heritage Trust and Network Rail. This included works by Al and Al, entitled XXX: Get Off At Edge Hill.

Accidents and Incidents

 * 8 March 1906, shunt horse driver John Short, was injured after wagons being pulled by horses detached, catching him between the horses and the wagons.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Edge Hill railway station


text:
Talk:Peter and the Wolf

Prokofiev
This page says Prokofiev returned to Russia in 1933 but the Prokofiev page says 1936. It needs to be harmonised.
 * I think what the page means is that Prokofiev had written the song in 1936, after he had returned to Russia in 1933.-PlasmaDragon 22:15, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

story
What is the story? Shouldn't we provide a summary of what the story is about? --69.216.131.46 01:13, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Done. Hope you like it. --Pjt56 17:05, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

I think, though, that the story as described features the new, tamer ending (the wolf goes to the zoo.) Didn't the original version have the huntsmen kill the wolf? Emcurt3 03:07, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Citation needed
How do we know that Prokofiev's tongue was in his cheek? The location of his tongue (i.e. his intent when composing, especially if ironic) is hard to verify and probably a bit a matter of opinion. If there is a source that says what his intent was, I would like it to be cited.-PlasmaDragon 04:07, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Since it seems like nobody could find a citation, I have now removed the statement in question.-PlasmaDragon 20:01, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Clean-up
The Related works section recently received additions that were lazily put into a list. This section should be restructured so that each topic reads as a paragraph, or broken into sub-sections for each topic. —scarecroe 19:20, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Clarinet range
I have heard before that the lowest note in the cat's part cannot be played on a normal Bb Clarinet, though a quick Googling only shows an apparent mirror of an earlier version of this page. Perhaps this could be verified and added... 62.101.102.226 15:34, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I can't really speak to the orchestral specifics or notability of your claim, although some narrators mention the clarinet being in a low register during the introduction to the instruments/animals. For example, Basil Rathbone in his 1941 recording  Muaddib (talk) 17:07, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

Notable recordings
Two more recordings were just added to the list of Notable Recordings. If the name of the section is to stay, each entry needs to be sourced as to why it's notable. If folks are just going to keep adding their favorite recordings, "Notable" should be dropped with the intention of making that section a Discography. —scarecroe 14:41, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Fixed reference to Arthur Fiedler. Link was pointing to Arthur Fielder, a cricketer instead of the Boston Pops conductor.JoeyJoeJoe70 (talk) 02:46, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

I have a recording in Russian, Vera Maretskaya, narrator, Nikolai Golovanov conducting the State Symphony of the USSR. 7 12" 78 rpm sides, USSR 014385/91, from 1947. These are both notable figures in the Russian theatrical and musical arts.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Recordmaven (talk • contribs) 15:32, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

Peter the Pioneer Scout
Is there a reference for Peter being a scout? It's not apparent from English translations of the narration that I've seen, e.g. http://library.thinkquest.org/C005400/musi/prokofievpnw.html Kingofaustria (talk) 09:16, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

New commercial
Does anyone know what's the new commercial using an excerpt from this piece? Willi Gers07 (talk) 20:19, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

Another Boy, another Wolf
The story is in sharp contrast with that of The Boy Who Cried Wolf. The lying, cowardly shepherd boy is such a contrast to the brave and truthful Peter. Das Baz, aka Erudil 02:24, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Original Language
It would be very nice to discuss the original language. This article currently only mentions an English translation. Maybe talk about other language translations as well? I am not familiar with the citation guidelines to know whether this is appropriate, but it would be nice if there were citations for each notable recording. Programmerq (talk) 07:07, 30 May 2012 (UTC)
 * This is the English Wikipedia, so I assume that narrations in other languages are not very notable. The interested reader will find them by visiting the various interwiki links of this article. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 12:02, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

Copyright law
This article has a copyright law section. Per my copyright knowledge, this won't be in the public domain until 2031, and it was only 2012 when the section took place. Any faulty info here?? Georgia guy (talk) 16:06, 4 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not quite sure what your question is. As I understand it, Peter and the Wolf will enter the public domain in the United States indeed in 2031, 95 years after its publication in 1936, and in 2024 in Russia, 70 years after Prokofiev's death in 1953. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 09:31, 5 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The copyright law section of the article is near the bottom of the article. Please see it. It appears to be saying that foreign works entered the public domain. If Peter and the Wolf is one of these, the article is inconsistent with the way we understand copyright expiration. Georgia guy (talk) 13:07, 5 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm aware of the section Peter and the Wolf in the article. It says that, among many other foreign works, Peter and the Wolf had been in the public domain in the United States but had its copyright restored in January 2012 through Golan v. Holder which confirmed the legality of the 1994 Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA). URAA demanded that signatories of the Berne Convention were compelled to apply copyright in their countries for works which were under copyright in the works' country of origin, even if they were not previously under copyright in the signatories' countries. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 05:00, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
 * When and why did it enter the public domain early?? The way I understand copyright, it's not supposed to enter the public domain until 2031, as it says in this section of the talk page. Georgia guy (talk) 12:53, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure why, but according to all the comments during Golan v. Holder, including the judgement itself, it must have. From reading the article about the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, I assume it was PD in the US because there was no copyright agreement between the USSR and the US and/or because of a failure to comply with various copyright formalities. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 13:32, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

ITV adaptation
Hi, In ocassion of the UEFA Euro 2012 the British television network ITV adopts the music for its transmissions intros. www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQ6lF0yENq0 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nekko09 (talk • contribs) 20:39, 3 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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English translations
Is there one main translation into English, or many? Who have been the main translators of this from original Russian? If there have been many versions in English, have they mostly been derived from each other?-71.174.183.90 (talk) 13:46, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Samples
It's great that someone has put samples up of each instrument, but honestly they all sound like they're played on a school keyboard and sound really terrible. Could someone find samples of the actual instruments? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C4:AA7C:1501:A034:9BA0:A46C:8848 (talk) 18:48, 3 April 2019 (UTC)

Moscow Philharmonic
The text says the first performance was 1936 with the Moscow Phil but the Moscow Phil page says it was founded in 1951.

Any clarification ? Brian 86.189.249.133 (talk) 21:45, 23 April 2019 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:07, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Peter and the Wolf - Bird.mid
 * Peter and the Wolf - Cat.mid
 * Peter and the Wolf - Duck.mid
 * Peter and the Wolf - Grandfather.mid
 * Peter and the Wolf - Hunters.mid
 * Peter and the Wolf - Peter.mid
 * Peter and the Wolf - Wolf.mid

title: Talk:Peter and the Wolf


text:
User:Luthien.tinuviel

Hmmmm... making a profile???

Later... I promise! =)

title: User:Luthien.tinuviel


text: Category:American dancers

title: Category:American dancers


text: Category:Group processes

title: Category:Group processes


text: Category:Dancers by nationality

title: Category:Dancers by nationality


text: Category:American choreographers

title: Category:American choreographers


text: Category:Choreographers by nationality

title: Category:Choreographers by nationality


text:
User:Chris j wood

I'm Chris Wood.

Food for thought
Occasionally I come across an article I have only a vague and uncertain memory of editing. That just happened to me with the article Ordnance Survey National Grid. Trawling through its history, I discovered I had indeed edited it, in October 2004!. So I've passed my first decade of editing WP without even noticing. - 18:12, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

title: User:Chris j wood


text: Category:Harry Chapin albums

title: Category:Harry Chapin albums


text: Category:British surgeons

title: Category:British surgeons


text: Category:Surgeons by nationality

title: Category:Surgeons by nationality


text:
Ready Rock C

Clarence Holmes, better known as Ready Rock C, is an American hip hop record producer, beatboxer, and rapper. He is best known for his early career with Will Smith and DJ Jazzy Jeff (Jeffrey Townes), then known as DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince. According to Holmes, he left the group in 1990 because Smith "wanted the spotlight all to himself."

Holmes sued Smith and Townes in 1999, claiming he was owed one-third of the group's profits. The case was dismissed because the statute of limitations had expired.

title: Ready Rock C


text: Category:British naturalists

title: Category:British naturalists


text: Category:Naturalists by nationality

title: Category:Naturalists by nationality


text: Category:Jean-Michel Jarre albums

title: Category:Jean-Michel Jarre albums


text:
Category:Physicians by nationality

This category lists physicians by nationality, based on the American English usage of the term to mean any medical doctor.

Note that in many Commonwealth countries, and in Ireland and Hong Kong, "physician" has a more specialised meaning, and the general term is "doctor" or "medical doctor". Hence Category:British medical doctors, not "British physicians".

title: Category:Physicians by nationality


text:
Category:Scottish people by occupation

 * (Not all of the British occupational categories have been subdivided yet, and there are more articles about Scottish people in the British people by occupation categories.)

title: Category:Scottish people by occupation


text:
Category:Learning

Learning is the process of acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences based on instruction.

title: Category:Learning


text:
Talk:John Abernethy

This should prolly be split into 2 articles? (If for no other reason than categorization) — Bill 21:55, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Yep. Portmanteau articles are no longer fashionable. :-) Stan 00:40, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Abernethy


text:
Talk:Body cavity

old question
which body cavity affords the least protection to its internal structures? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.192.66.238 (talk • contribs)
 * Acoelom. The fluid filled cavities (coelom and pseudocoel) won't crush under pressure and act as shock absorbers. TheLimbicOne 13:31, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Merges
Finished merge. TheLimbicOne 11:30, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I haven't yet chased down and killed redirects, but I will tommorrow. TheLimbicOne 11:30, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Finished now. TheLimbicOne 16:58, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

In addition to cleaning up this article, I'd like to merge the suggested articles into here. Reasons: An article on body cavities should include a definition and details about the major types of body cavities:
 * coelom
 * pseudocoel
 * no coelom (ie: the acoelomate animals)

Anyone object or have comments? TheLimbicOne 03:03, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

split
The point of my merges is to make this an article about the major body cavities of all animals. Therefore, after the merge, I'd like to split this out into its own article (assuming there's not already an article it would fit into). TheLimbicOne 03:12, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * My take is that this article should have a brief section on humans and that if there's too much information for this article, the spillover can go into Human body cavity. See WP:Summary Style.  I can't believe I just referred to something spilling into a human body cavity. Dave (talk) 23:09, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Suspect info, needs sources
These relatively obscure details are important to evolutionary theory. It is presumed that the bilateria evolved from a single common ancestor, and that the division between protostomes and deuterostomes represents an early step in that evolution. Since fossil evidence from that remote period is fragmentary and not always helpful, the analysis of animal development provides additional clues to the evolution of multi-celled animals. The origin of the coelom is unknown. It has been proposed that it developed within a group of organisms known as acoelomates via some members of another group known as "pseudocoelomates". Alternatively, it is thought that the coelom may have evolved from gastric pouches ("stomachs" sort of) in cnidarians.
 * I deleted the previous pargraph from the original article. While performing a merge/re-write I found a source (columbia university press encyclopedia) that supports this info. I put it back into the re-written article, but I shortened it to a bulleted list. TheLimbicOne 13:27, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Evolution
Please strengthen the evolution information in this article. TheLimbicOne 13:29, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

"Fluids do not compress" is just not true. I'm not really a wikieditor, though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Elewton (talk • contribs)

My review
I don't know much about comparative anatomy, but here's my take on the article: I have to go to dinner now. If you want any more advice, let me know. Dave (talk) 23:22, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Since some people may type in the various terms that redirect here (e.g. the old taxonomic names) the lead to the article should explain that these are no longer used and point to articles (e.g. nematoda) that are relevant.
 * 2) I'll see what I can do about clearing this up, but taxonomy is not my strong suit. Some books (like my biology text, starr in the references) say that nematoda is no longer a taxonomic group, but I still see it used. For another example, homonid sometimes only includes humans and our ancestors (my biology text again) and sometimes includes the other great apes (wikipedia and wikispecies). That's very frustrating to me. --TheLimbicOne 11:47, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Ideally, facts would be sourced individually with some kind of footnotes. See WP:CITE
 * 4) The only fact that wasn't printed in all of my reference material was the fact I cited about the support of one evolutionary theory over another. That's why I chose not to cite more often. --TheLimbicOne 11:47, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) The human section as currently written could probably be expanded to all mammals (though it's possible that some cavities have been developed or lost in some lineages, I sort of doubt it.) and it might be interesting to write about what cavities other vertebrates have.
 * 6) I agree on this one. --TheLimbicOne 11:47, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 7) I'd point out somewhere early in the article that sometimes when people say "body cavity," they mean "abdominal body cavity," as in "body cavity searches." I'd put the searches in a "see also" section or something.
 * 8) I think I'll add a section heading called "other uses" and discuss the layman use of the word body cavity. On the same note, is my first statement of the broadest definition accurate? --TheLimbicOne 11:47, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 9) The article is not yet comprehensive, though it looks better than before TLO got started on it. For now, I'd focus on adding text to supplement the lists, in particular with regard to evolution and development of the cavity in various lineages (or perhaps just in our lineage).
 * 10) If there are publicly available pictures (try CDC.gov, NIH.gov, and certain .edu sites), they should be added. If not, you might want to draw one or two and post them yourself.

Splitting off Human cavities into separate article
I don't see anything in that section unique to humans. THB 13:20, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Acoelomate
I think that Acoelomate should be in a separate article. --Meldor (talk) 14:26, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Spelling
Is Dorssal spelled correctly in the Human Body Cavities image? Shouldn't that be Dorsal? If so, can the image be corrected? Anomalocaris (talk) 20:11, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Disadvantages of Acoelomates
The Body cavity section states: "Fluids do not compress, while the tissue surrounding the organs of these animals will compress." as a disadvantage.

Surely this is incorrect (tissues, made up of cells, are primarily water so do not compress either). Would a more general statement such as "organs contained within a fluid filled compartment have greater protection from outside forces than those that are not due to the cushioning effect of the surrounding liquid" would be more accurate? - Zephyris Talk 23:22, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

Current Image
Why is it a picture of a female? I don't have anything against women, but it is quite non-standard and something you would be much less likely to see in a textbook. Traditionally general diagrams of humans are males, partially because in many cases a male diagram is applicable to females, but not vice versa (think breasts/ovaries = distortion). While I am not trying to make a sexist point here, I believe the original author probably was. Because apparently societal equality can be measured by how many body diagrams are female. It's not the most important thing in the world, but if an equally suitable male diagram arises, it might be preferable to use it. 219.90.191.24 (talk) 14:32, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't understand any of the arguments you're making here. What do you mean "non-standard"? It's certainly not against any standards that apply to Wikipedia. Also, I have no idea what you mean when you say "a male diagram is applicable to females, but not vice versa". If a female is a "distortion" of a male, then a male is equally a "distortion" of a female. I agree with you that it's silly to prefer female images or examples because they supposedly make something less sexist, but it's equally silly to prefer male images. There's no reason to prefer either one over the other. —Keenan Pepper 03:53, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

between what, now?

 * However, the term usually refers to the space located between an animal’s outer covering (epidermis), and the outer lining of the gut cavity, where internal organs develop.

Come again? Between the epidermis and the outer lining of the gut cavity I'd expect to find dermis and muscle, not a cavity. —Tamfang (talk) 08:48, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

 * @Tamfang The body cavity is what contains and develops the dermis and muscles. ☽ Snoteleks  ☾ 15:20, 14 January 2023 (UTC)

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What even is this article?
This one's a mess. The article for body cavity exclusively talks about mammal and human body cavities as if they're two different things. Then it briefly mentions the coelom. Where are all the other types of body cavities? Where is the haemocoel from insects and molluscs??? Why does it talk about the human coelom like it's different from the rest of vertebrate coeloms? ☽ Snoteleks  ☾ 15:20, 14 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Snoteleks There is an Other animals Coelom section. And perhaps you could make some helpful edits?--Iztwoz (talk) 17:13, 14 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Body cavity


text: Category:Mexican actors

title: Category:Mexican actors


text:
Alamannia

Alamannia, or Alemania, was the kingdom established and inhabited by the Alemanni, a Germanic tribal confederation that had broken through the Roman limes in 213.

The Alemanni expanded from the Main River basin during the 3rd century and raided Roman provinces and settled on the left bank of the Rhine River from the 4th century.

Ruled by independent tribal kings during the 4th and the 5th centuries, Alamannia lost its independence in the late 5th century and became a duchy of the Frankish Empire in the 6th century. As the Holy Roman Empire started to form under King Conrad I of East Francia (reigning 911 to 918), the territory of Alamannia became the Duchy of Swabia in 915. Scribes often used the term Suebia interchangeably with Alamannia in the 10th to the 12th centuries.

The territory of Alamannia as it existed from the 7th to 9th centuries centred on Lake Constance and included the High Rhine, the Black Forest and the Alsace on either side of the Upper Rhine, the upper Danube River basin as far as the confluence with the Lech River, with an unclear boundary towards Burgundy to the south-west in the Aare River basin (the Aargau). Raetia Curiensis, although not part of Alemannia, was ruled by Alemannic counts, and became part of the Duchy of Swabia since it was established by Burchard I (Duke of Alemannia from 909 to 911).

The territory corresponds to what is still the area of Alemannic German in the modern period, French Alsace, German Baden and Swabia, German-speaking Switzerland and the Austrian Vorarlberg.

In the area of present-day Switzerland, the Alemannic territory expanded during the High Middle Ages, with the Walser migration into the Alps, with the Zähringer and later the influence of Bern towards Upper Burgundy, and into Grisons as lower Raetia came under the rule of the Werdenberg counts.

Geography
The Alamanni were pushed south from their original area of settlement in the Main basin and in the 5th and 6th century settled new territory on either side of the Rhine. Alemannia under Frankish rule later the Duchy of Swabia within the Holy Roman Empire covered a territory that was more or less undisputed during the 7th to 13th centuries, organised into counties or pagi.

In Swabia: Hegowe (Hegau), between Lake Constance, the upper Danube and the Swabian Jura. Perahtoltaspara (Berchtoldsbaar) in the upper Neckar basin, left of the upper Danube as far as Ulm, including the source of the Danube. Nekargowe (named for the Neckar, capital Canstatt). Swiggerstal (the modern Ermstal), Filiwigawe (Filsgau, named for the Fils), Trachgowe (Drachgau, near Schwäbisch Gmünd) and Alba (Albuch) between the Neckar and the Danube. Duria (Duriagau) between Ulm and Augsburg.

Albegowe (Allgäu), Keltinstein (between Geltnach and Wertach) and Augestigowe (capital Augsburg) along the Lech forming the border to Bavaria. Rezia (Ries, ultimately from the name of the Roman province of Raetia) in the Northeastern corner, left of the Danube (capital Nördlingen). Linzgowe (Linzgau) and Argungowe (named for Argen River)  north of Lake Constance. Eritgau, Folcholtespara (Folcholtsbaar), Rammegowe (Rammachgau) and Illargowe (named for the Iller, capital Memmingen) on the right side of the Danube.

In Baden: Brisigowe (Breisgau) along the Upper Rhine opposite Sundgau, and Mortunova, the later Ortenau, along the Upper Rhine opposite Nordgau. Alpegowe (Albgau), centered on St. Blaise Abbey, Black Forest.

In modern France (the Alsace): Suntgowe (Sundgau) and Nordgowe (Nordgau).

In modern Switzerland: Augestigowe (the territory surrounding Augst) and Turgowe (modern Thurgau, named for the Thur; Zürichgau was detached from Thurgau in the 8th century).

The territory between Alamannia and Upper Burgundy was known as Argowe (modern Aargau, named for the Aare). The pertinence of this territory to either Alamannia or Upper Burgundy was disputed.

The county of Raetia Curiensis was absorbed into Alamannia in the early 10th century. It comprised the Ringowe (Rheingau, named for the Rhine) and Retia proper.

Tribal kingdoms
Originally a loose confederation of unrelated tribes, the Alemanni underwent coalescence or ethnogenesis during the 3rd century, and were ruled by kings throughout the 4th and 5th centuries until 496, when they were defeated by Clovis I of the Franks at the Battle of Tolbiac.

The Alemanni during the Roman Empire period were divided into a number of cantons or goviae, each presided by a tribal king. But there appears to have been the custom of the individual kings uniting under the leadership of a single king in military expeditions.

Some kings of the Alemanni of the 4th and 5th centuries are known by name, the first being Chrocus (died 306), a military leader who organized raids across the limes during the 3rd century. Chnodomarius (fl. 350) supported Constantius II in the rebellion of Magnentius. Chnodomarius was the leader of the Alemannic army in the battle of Strasbourg in 357.

Macrian, Hariobaudes, Urius, Ursicinus, Vadomarius, and Vestralpus were Alemannic kings who in 359 made treaties with Julian the Apostate. Macrian was deposed in an expedition ordered by Valentinian I in 370. Macrian appears to have been involved in building a large alliance of Alemannic tribes against Rome, which earned him the title of turbarum rex artifex ("king and crafter of unrest").

The Romans installed Fraomar as a successor of Marcian, but the Bucinobantes would not accept him and he was expelled and Macrian restored and Valentinian made the  Bucinobantes his foederati in the war against the Franks. Macrian was killed on campaign against the Franks, in an ambush laid by the Frankish king Mallobaudes.

Gibuld (fl. 470) is the last known king of the Alemanni. His raid on Passau is mentioned in the vita of Saint Lupus. The name of Gibuld's successor who was defeated at Tolbiac is not known.

Merovingian duchy
After their defeat in 496, the Alemanni bucked the Frankish yoke and put themselves under the protection of Theodoric the Great of the Ostrogoths but after his death they were again subjugated by the Franks under Theudebert I in 536. Thereafter, Alamannia was a nominal dukedom within Francia.

Though ruled by their own dukes, it is not likely that they were very often united under one duke in the 6th and 7th centuries. The Alemanni most frequently appear as auxiliaries in expeditions to Italy. The Duchy of Alsace was Alemannic, but it was ruled by a line of Frankish dukes and the region around the upper Danube and Neckar rivers was ruled by the Ahalolfing family and not by the ducal house which ruled central Alamannia around Lake Constance. Rhaetia too, though Alamannic, was ruled by the Victorids coterminously with the Diocese of Chur.

Alamannia was Christianised during the 7th century, although not as thoroughly as either Francia to its west or Bavaria to its east. The first Alamannic law code, Pactus Alamannorum, dates to this period. The Roman dioceses of Strasbourg and Basel covered Alsace and that of Chur, as mentioned, Rhaetia. Alamannia itself had a diocese only in the east, at Augsburg (early 7th century). There were two Roman bishoprics, Windisch and Octodurum, which were moved early to other sites (Avenches and Sitten respectively).

Western Alamannia did eventually (7th century) receive a diocese (Constance) through the cooperation of the bishops of Chur and the Merovingian monarchs. The foundation of Constance is obscure, though it was the largest diocese in Germany throughout the Merovingian and early Carolingian era. The dioceses of Alamannia, including Chur, which had been a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Milan, were placed under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Mainz by the Carolingians.

After the death of Dagobert I in 638, Alamannia, like Bavaria, Aquitaine, and Brittany, broke its ties with its Frankish sovereigns and struggled for independence. This was largely successful until the early 8th century, when a series of campaigns waged by the Arnulfing mayors of the palace reduced Alamannia to a province of Francia once again. It was, however, during this period of de facto independence that the Alamanni began to be ruled by one duke, though Alsace and Rhaetia remained outside of the scope of Alamannia.

Between 709 and 712, Pepin of Heristal fought against Lantfrid, who appears as dux of the Alamanni, and who committed to writing the second Alamannic law code, the Lex Alamannorum. In 743, Pepin the Short and Carloman waged a campaign to reduce Alamannia and in 746 Carloman began a final thrust to subdue the Alamannic nobility. Several thousand Alamanni noblemen were summarily arrested, tried, and executed for treason at a Council at Cannstatt.

Carolingian rule
During the reign of Louis the Pious, there were tendencies to renewed independence in Alamannia, and the 830s were marked by bloody feuds between the Alamannic and Rhaetian nobility vying for dominion over the area. Following the Treaty of Verdun of 843, Alamannia became a province of East Francia, the kingdom of Louis the German, the precursor of the Kingdom of Germany. It was called a regnum in contemporary sources, though this does not necessarily mean that it was a kingdom or subkingdom. At times, however, it was.

It was granted to Charles the Bald in 829, though it is not certain whether he was recognised as duke or king. It was certainly a kingdom, including Alsace and Rhaetia, when it was granted to Charles the Fat in the division of East Francia in 876. Under Charles, Alamannia became the centre of the Empire, but after his deposition, it found itself out of favour. Though ethnically singular, it was still plagued by Rhaetian-Alamannic feuds and fighting over the control of the Alamannic church.

Alamannia in the late 9th century, like Bavaria, Saxony, and Franconia, sought to unite itself under one duke, but it had considerably less success than either Saxony or Bavaria. Alamannia was one of the jüngeres Stammesherzogtum, one of the "younger" stem duchies, or tribal duchies, which formed the basis of the political organisation of East Francia after the collapse of the Carolingian dynasty in the late 9th and early 10th centuries.

In the 10th century, no noble house of Alamannia succeeded in founding a ducal dynasty, as the Ottonians did in Saxony or the Liutpolding in Bavaria, though the Hunfridings came closest.

The duchy encompassed the area surrounding Lake Constance, the Black Forest, and the left and right banks of the Rhine, including Alsace and parts of the Swiss plateau, bordering on Upper Burgundy. The boundary with Burgundy, fixed in 843, ran along the lower Aare, turning towards the south at the Rhine, passing west of Lucerne and across the Alps along the upper Rhône to the Saint Gotthard Pass. In the north, the boundary ran from the Murg (some 30 km south of Karlsruhe) to Heilbronn and the Nördlinger Ries. The eastern boundary was at the Lech. Argovia was disputed territory between the dukes of Alamannia and Burgundy.

Burchard II, son of the late Burchard I and count in Raetia Curiensis, took the title of duke of Swabia, Duke acknowledged by the newly elected king Henry the Fowler in 919. The duchy of Swabia was ruled by the Hohenstaufen during 1079–1268 and was disestablished with the execution of Conradin and its territory was politically fragmented during the succeeding interregnum period.

Legacy
Alemannic German persists as a separate family of dialects within High German. The distribution of the Low Alemannic and High Alemannic subgroups largely correspond to the extent of historical Alemannia, while the Highest Alemannic dialects spread beyond its limits during the High Middle Ages. The Brünig-Napf-Reuss line is a cultural boundary within High Alemannic which marks the division of Alemannia proper and the Argovia marches between Alemannia and Burgundy.

The names for Germany in modern Arabic (ألمانيا), Catalan (Alemanya), Welsh (Yr Almaen), Cornish (Almayn), French (Allemagne), Persian (ألمان), Galician-Portuguese (Alemanha), Spanish (Alemania), and Turkish (Almanya) all derive from Alamannia. A similar correspondence exists for "German", both as the language and the adjectival form of "Germany".

Independent kings
The following are the known names of early Alemannic kings. They did not necessarily rule all of Alamannia, but were more likely petty kings ruling over smaller tribes or cantons, e.g. Macrian (fl. 370), king of the Alamannic tribe of the Bucinobantes.

 * Chrocus 306
 * Mederic (father of Agenarich, brother Chnodomarius)
 * Chnodomarius 350, 357
 * Agenaric (Serapio) 357
 * Suomarius 357, 358
 * Hortarius 357, 359
 * Gundomadus 354 (co-regent of Vadomarius)
 * Alemannic kings mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus: Vestralpus, Urius, Ursicinus, Macrianius, Hariobaudes, Vadomarius. Julian the Apostate made peace treaties with these kings in 359.
 * Rando 368
 * Vithicabius 360–368
 * Priarius ?–378
 * Hunno 385
 * Gibuld (Gebavult) c. 470

Dukes under Frankish suzerainty

 * Butilin 539–554
 * Leuthari I, before 552–554
 * Haming 539–554
 * four dukes in the Diocese of Avenches 548–573:
 * Lantachar d. 548
 * Magnachar 555–565
 * Vaefar 565–573
 * Theodefrid 573
 * Leutfred 570–587, deposed by Childebert II
 * Uncilin 587–607
 * Gunzo 613
 * Chrodobert 630
 * Gundoin, Duke of Alsace, fl. 630s
 * Leuthari II 642
 * Boniface, Duke of Alsace, until c. 662
 * Adalrich, Duke of Alsace, c. 662–after 683
 * Adalbert, Duke of Alsace, after 683–723
 * Gotfrid until 709
 * Willehari 709–712 (in Ortenau)
 * Lantfrid 709–730
 * Theudebald 709–744
 * Liutfrid, Duke of Alsace, 723–after 742

Carolingians
The Alemanni were under direct Carolingian rule during 746 (Council of Cannstatt) to 892. Intermittently, junior members of the Carolingian dynasties were appointed regulus or subregulus of Alemannia while at other times, Alemannia was under the direct administration of the Carolingian kings (after 843 kings of East Francia).
 * Childeric III (King of the Franks 743–751)
 * Carloman 744–747
 * Drogo 747–748
 * Pepin the Short 748–768 (King of the Franks 751–768)
 * Carloman I (King of the Franks 768–771)
 * Charlemagne (King of the Franks 768–814)
 * Hnabi Ahalolfing, grandson of Gotfrid, is mentioned as an Alamannic duke during the reign of Charlemagne
 * Louis the Pious (King of the Franks 814–840)
 * Charles the Bald 829–840 (King of the Franks 840–843, King of West Francia 843–877)
 * Louis the German 843–864 (King of Bavaria 817–843, King of East Francia 843–876)
 * Charles the Fat 864–880 (King of West Francia 884–887)
 * Hugh, Duke of Alsace 867–885
 * Louis the Younger 880–882 (King of Bavaria 880–882)
 * Arnulf of Carinthia (King of East Francia 887–899)
 * Charles the Fat 882–888 (King of West Francia 884–887)
 * Bernard 888–892
 * Louis the Child (King of East Francia 889–911)
 * Burchard I Hunfriding 909–911

From the later 8th century, Alemannic dynasties were able to establish themselves once again. Variously called counts, or margraves, or dukes, these native dynasties during the later years of Carolingian rule managed to establish themselves as de facto independent, establishing the "younger stem duchy" of Alemannia/Swabia by the early 10th century. The rivalry between the Hunfridings and Ahalolfings was decided in favour of Burchard II Hunfriding in the Battle of Winterthur of 919.

title: Alamannia


text: Category:Mexican people by occupation

title: Category:Mexican people by occupation


text:
List of radio stations in Indiana

The following is a list of FCC-licensed radio stations in the U.S. state of Indiana, which can be sorted by their call signs, frequencies, cities of license, licensees, and programming formats.

Defunct

 * WNAP

title: List of radio stations in Indiana


text:
Category:English writers

 * Not all British writers have been allocated to the constituent countries. Some English writers are still to be found at British writers.
 * You may also be looking for Category:English-language writers.

title: Category:English writers


text:
Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos

The Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM) (São Paulo Metropolitan Trains Company) is a rapid transit and commuter rail company owned by the São Paulo State Department for Metropolitan Transports. It was created on 28 May 1992, from several railroads that already existed in Greater São Paulo, Brazil.

Part of the Greater São Paulo rail system, the CPTM has 57 stations in five lines, with a total length of 199 km. The system carries about 2 million passengers a day. On 7 December 2018, CPTM set a weekday ridership record with 3,221,035 trips.

History
Most of railways now run by the CPTM were built between 1860 and 1957 by the São Paulo Railway (the lines 7 and 10), Estrada de Ferro Sorocabana (the lines 8 and 9) and Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil (lines 11 and 12). These railways were eventually incorporated into the state-owned Rede Ferroviária Federal (RFFSA) in 1957 and Ferrovia Paulista S.A. (FEPASA) 1971. Finally, in 1992 the urban sections of RFFSA and FEPASA merged, forming the CPTM.

Between the end of the 1990s and the early 2000s, the CPTM began the conversion of some metropolitan lines to provide a service similar to rapid transit and better integrate with the São Paulo Metro. Most of the stations where either rebuilt or modernized and new trains were purchased allowing the headway of lines to be as low as four minutes in some lines. This experience started in the Line E in the year 2000, in the stretch known as "East Express", serving the east end of São Paulo City and running parallel to the Line 3 - Red.

The proposed Trens Intercidades regional railway project is considering using the Line 7 tracks for providing service to neighboring cities of Jundiaí, Campinas and Americana.

In 2018, the CPTM opened the Line 13, the first line completely built and operated by the company. This line connects the Line 12 to the São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport, with a special Express service connecting it to the central Luz station, and another service connecting it to the Brás station, both only operating on a specific schedule.

Operation
The CPTM operates five lines in the Greater São Paulo area, identified by number and color. Most of these lines run on existing surface tracks that continue out of Greater São Paulo as MRS Logística intercity freight lines and share right of way with freight trains. The more lightly used outer sections of several lines have level crossings.

Service starts every day at 4 AM, when trains depart from each terminus, until the last train leaves at midnight. On Saturdays operation is extended until 1 AM.

The company charges a flat fare that can be paid either by magnetic ticket sold in the stations or with a rechargeable smartcard, and grants access to any of the rail lines on the Greater São Paulo, including lines operated by the São Paulo Metro.


text:
Talk:The Advocate (Tasmania)

comments
User:Iamalegend correctly states that The Advocate published an article mentioning Thomas Hatcher on October 8, 2004 (see [the article on their website]). However, Thomas Hatcher has been deemed non-notable (see VfD discussion) and the article deleted, so I hardly think he merits inclusion in this article. (I got the history from the paper's own website.) Pnot 22:00, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

User:Rick Ferguson I am the Promotions Manager of The Advocate Newspaper. I thank the original submission's author, it certainly motivated me to submit my first wikipedia contribution but the second two paragraphs of the original text contained errors:

It read: Published by the Harris Group (factually historically inaccurate also since 2008 the newspaper is now part of Fairfax Media ), The Advocate is read by 91% of Burnie residents (this figure changes with each Roy Morgan survey report). The newspaper was founded in 1891 as The Wellington Times (we were founded in 1890), renamed The Emu Bay Times in 1897, amalgamated with The North Western Advocate in 1899, and renamed The Advocate in 1916 (we were renamed The Advocate in 1918, though to be fair, we incorrectly published 1916 ourselves on our own website several years ago).

Critics of the newspaper sometimes warmly refer to it as "The Reprobate" (I've been working at this newspaper for 30 years and living in Burnie for my entire 46 and I've never heard The Advocate referred to as such - the newspaper is sometimes derogatorily called "The Aggravate" - as locally the pronunciation of our masthead rhymes with 'gate' not 'kit').

The remaining text was submitted by me. I hope these comments are not taken harshly as too critical, my appreciation to "Iamalegend" is genuine. RickiBrianFerguson (talk) 02:22, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Advocate (Tasmania)


text:
Category:English people by occupation

 * Not all of the British occupational categories are fully subdivided. There are more articles about English people in the British people by occupation category.

ur:زمرہ:انگلستانی شخصیات بلحاظ پیشہ

title: Category:English people by occupation


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Deepshark

Deepshark was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Reads like an advertisement. Alexa rank 93,000. Dsmdgold 21:59, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC) 141.157.216.80 00:55, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)I took out anything that seemed advertisement-ish. Deepshark is a good program, has a PageRank of 4, has been reviewed by C|Net, ZDNet and others. All the video game rental sites: GPlay, Deepshark, GameFly all rate between 90,000 and 100,000 on Alexa. 141.157.216.80 00:59, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)keep for reasons above. I forgot to write "keep"
 * Well, anon votes aren't usually counted, so that doesn't matter ;-) jni 05:09, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Non-notable company. Wikipedia is not yellow pages. jni 05:09, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ambi 07:22, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wiki is not the internet yellow pages. Isomorphic 18:55, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable company. Agree with Isomorphic, Jni that WINTIYP. Chrisvls 22:06, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Mateo Gil

Mateo Gil Rodríguez (born 23 September 1972, Las Palmas, Spain) is a Spanish film director, screenwriter, second unit director, assistant director, cinematographer, editor and producer.

He co-wrote most of Alejandro Amenábar's films with him, and also served as second unit or assistant director in two of this films. Amenábar's The Sea Inside, which Gil co-wrote, won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

He was nominated for seven Goya Awards including Best New Director and Best Director, and won four: Best Original Screenplay for The Sea Inside and Agora, Best Adapted Screenplay for The Method and Best Short Film - Fiction for Dime que yo.

title: Mateo Gil