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Ralph Hotere

Hone Papita Raukura "Ralph" Hotere (11 August 1931 – 24 February 2013) was a New Zealand artist. He was born in Mitimiti, Northland and is widely regarded as one of New Zealand's most important artists. In 1994 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Otago and in 2003 received an Icon Award from the Arts Foundation of New Zealand.

In the 2012 New Year Honours, Hotere was appointed to the Order of New Zealand for services to New Zealand.

Early history
Hotere was born in Mitimiti, close to the Hokianga Harbour in the Northland Region, one of 15 children. When Hotere was 9, his older brother Jack enlisted in the army. Jack was killed in action in Italy in 1943.

Hotere received his secondary education at Hato Petera College, Auckland, where he studied from 1946 to 1949. After early art training at the Auckland Teachers' Training College under the tutelage of J. D. Charlton Edgar, he moved to Dunedin in 1952, where he studied at Dunedin School of Art, part of King Edward Technical College. During the later 1950s, he worked as a schools art advisor for the Education Department in the Bay of Islands.

In 1961 Hotere gained a New Zealand Art Societies Fellowship and travelled to England where he studied at the Central School of Art and Design in London. During 1962–1964 he studied in France and travelled around Europe, during which time he witnessed the development of the Pop Art and Op Art movements. His travels took him, among other places, to the war cemetery in Italy where his brother was buried. This event, and the politics of Europe during the 1960s, had a profound effect on Hotere's work, notably in the Sangro and Polaris series of paintings.

Return to New Zealand
Hotere returned to New Zealand and exhibited in Dunedin in 1965, and returned to the city in 1969 when he became the University of Otago's Frances Hodgkins Fellow. At about that time he began to introduce literary elements to his work. He worked with poets such as Hone Tuwhare and Bill Manhire to produce several strong paintings, and produced other works specifically for the New Zealand literary journal Landfall. Hotere also worked in collaboration with other prominent artists, notably Bill Culbert.

From the 1970s onward, Hotere was noted for his use of unusual tools and materials in creating his work, notably the use of power tools on corrugated iron and steel within the context of two-dimensional art.

Black paintings
From 1968, Hotere began the series of works with which he is perhaps best known, the Black Paintings. In these works, black is used almost exclusively. In some works, strips of colour are placed against stark black backgrounds in a style reminiscent of Barnett Newman. In other black paintings, stark simple crosses appear in the gloom, black on black. Though minimalist, the works, as with those of most good abstractionists, have a redolent poetry of their own. The simple markings speak of transcendence, of religion, or peace.

Black Phoenix
The themes of the black paintings extended to later works, notably the colossal Black Phoenix (1984–88), constructed out of the burnt remains of a fishing boat. This major installation incorporates the prow of the boat flanked by burnt planks of wood. Other planks form a pathway leading the prow. Each plank has had a strip laid bare to reveal the natural wood underneath beneath. Several of the boards are inscribed with a traditional Maori proverb, Ka hinga atu he tete-kura haramai he tete-kura ("As one fern frond (person) dies - one is born to take its place"). A slight change has been made in the wording of the proverb, replacing haramai (transfer, pass over) to ara mai (the path forward), possibly indicating the cleared pathway of bare wood in front of the boat's burnt prow. The work measures 5m by 13m by 5.5m.

Political art

Politics were entwined in the subject matter of Hotere's art from an early stage. Alongside the Black Paintings series, which continued until not long before his death. Hotere's political works also continued. When Aramoana, a wetland near his Port Chalmers home, was proposed as the site for an aluminium smelter, Hotere was vocal in his opposition, and produced the Aramoana series of paintings. Similarly, he produced series protesting against a controversial rugby tour by New Zealand of apartheid-era South Africa (Black Union Jack) in 1981, and the sinking of the Greenpeace flagship Rainbow Warrior (Black rainbow) in 1985. Later, his reactions to Middle East politics resulted in works such as Jerusalem, Jerusalem and This might be a double cross jack.

Hotere's work was slowed by a stroke in 2001, but he continued to create and exhibit regularly until his death in February 2013.

A documentary film of the artist's life and work, Hotere, was released by Paradise Films in 2001, in association with Creative New Zealand and the New Zealand Film Commission. Written and directed by Merata Mita, the documentary made its overseas debut at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival.

Selected works

 * Still Life 1959 view
 * Cruciform II from the Human Rights series 1964 view
 * Red on White 1965 view
 * Red on Black 1969 view
 * Black Painting IIIa: From 'Malady', a poem by Bill Manhire 1970 view
 * Black Window - Towards Aramoana 1981 view
 * Untitled 1981 view
 * Land of the Wrong White Crowd 1981 view
 * Aramoana Nineteen Eighty Four 1984 view
 * Blackwater 1998-1999 view
 * Black Painting 1985-1986 view
 * Dawn/Water Poem 1986 view
 * Black Cerulean 1999 view

Personal life
Hotere was of Māori descent (Te Aupōuri and Te Rarawa).

He married three times, with two of his wives also being artists. His second wife was artist and poet Cilla McQueen, whom he married in 1973, and with whom he moved to Careys Bay near Port Chalmers in 1974. The two separated amicably during the 1990s. Hotere later married Mary McFarlane, another notable artist, in February 2002.

Hotere died on 24 February 2013, aged 81 and was survived by his daughter Andrea, three mokopuna (grandchildren) and also his third wife Mary. He was buried at Mitimiti.

Hotere Garden Oputae
Hotere's former studio was on land at the tip of Observation Point, the large bluff overlooking the Port Chalmers container terminal. When the port's facilities were expanded, part of the bluff was removed, including the area of Hotere's studio (after strenuous objection from many of the town's residents). Part of the bluff close to the removed portion is now an award-winning sculpture garden, the Hotere Garden Oputae, organised in 2005 by Hotere and featuring works by both him and by other noted New Zealand modern sculptors. Other sculptors with work in the garden include Russell Moses, Shona Rapira Davies, and Chris Booth.

title: Ralph Hotere


text:
Talk:Liuhebafa

Wikipedia:List_of_Wikipedians_by_martial_art add yourself!
List_of_Wikipedians_by_martial_art

deletions by ROOKzero
The deletion of the Gei Pang Lok Hup Academy and the vid link in the EL section are unwarranted per WP guidelines and are vandalism. I have requested either a block or protection of the article until the dispute is resolved. VanTucky 04:15, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

ads for individual schools
No other martial art article lists individual schools teaching or claiming to teach the martial art. Look at the karate article for instance. (RookZERO 17:26, 21 May 2007 (UTC))

This is because there are no karate schools with articles, not because of the rules for see also linking. Let's decide whether to link the article in question after it's deletion debate is over shall we? VanTucky 01:49, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Even if the other article is not deleted as an ad, it still should not be linked to this article. No other martial art article has links to individual schools teaching or claiming to teach the style in question and this article should not be an exception.  (RookZERO 02:28, 22 May 2007 (UTC))

 * There is no policy or guideline against a simple see also link to an article that is clearly about the same topic. There is a prohibition against WP:Spam, but it has yet to be decided if the article is spam. I ask to wait until the status is decided bc if the article is deemed a notable encyclopedic resource, then it deserves to be linked in the See Also section as a related topic not mentioned in the article. VanTucky 05:04, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Even if the article is not deleted as spam, it should not be linked just as no other individual schools are linked. (RookZERO 15:09, 22 May 2007 (UTC))

 * Once again, the link is not only not prohibited by guidelines and policy, but it is encouraged. Simply saying no other links exist is not an argument against inclusion. From Manual of Style (links) subsection, What should be linked: "'Relevant connections to the subject of another article that will help readers to understand the current article more fully. This can include people, events and topics that already have an article or that clearly deserve one, as long as the link is relevant to the article in question." VanTucky 18:39, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

 * No other article includes a link to an individual place like that. Should pizza link to every pizzeria on earth?  (There aren't links to even ONE pizza company, let alone individual pizzerias in the "see also" section of the article.)  Should karate link to every karate dojo on earth?   Should  Plumbing link to every company that does plumbing?  etc?  No wikipedia article is formatted to link to individual providers of goods or services, whether claiming to teach liuhe bafa or certified to install water heaters. (RookZERO 20:47, 22 May 2007 (UTC))

 * Yes, because that would be Spam, as I just said. But when a particular karate dojo or even a company that installs water heaters meets the criteria for notability and NPOV it is linked. Providing internal links to related articles in the topic is part of Wikipedia's goals. It is only not common because very few companies or schools meet the notability guidelines. Your personal dislike for the school has no bearing on whether it should be linked. VanTucky 21:06, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

 * No, Spam is deleted. Providers of service are not linked, even if their own article is notable.  For instance, Pizza does not link to Pizza Hut even though the Pizza Hut article (rightly) was not deleted as spam.  (RookZERO 21:25, 22 May 2007 (UTC))

 * Your comparison of Pizza Hut (one of thousands of pizza companies) to the only international certified non-profit organisation teaching a rare internal martial art boggles the mind. VanTucky 22:11, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Huh? 1.  In no instance does any general article link to providers of a good or service, whether that good or service is provided (or claimed to be provided) by one, one hundred or one million providers.  2.  Certified by who?  And why should that matter?  3.  "teaching" should read "claiming to teach."  (RookZERO 00:02, 23 May 2007 (UTC))

That "international certification" is a lot of nonsense. There is no international organisation that sets certification criteria and carries out certification. They certify only themselves and each other. Can prove otherwise? That you call it non-profit is a very questionable statement. According to definitions for profit they make an economic as well as an accounting profit. It is only for tax purposes that this profit is not called such as to not pay tax on the gained wealth. That the gained wealth is spent on salaries and buying property does not change that. VanBurenen 09:00, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I certainly didn't mean that it had official non-profit status in every country in which it is present, that's absurd. But it does have 501-C3 status in the United States. VanTucky 19:11, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

I removed the See Also link, as the article was merged with Taoist Tai Chi Society. I could find to no independent resources solely on the academy, so it did not meet the guidelines for notability. VanTucky 19:39, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I also agree that the link should not be included. Is this dispute resolved? If so, this article listing needs to be removed from Requests for comment/Society, law, and sex.--Daveswagon 23:20, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Various ways of spelling
Note: The art may be spelled in different ways, for example: LiuHeBaFa, Lok Hup Ba Fa, Liu He Ba Fa, Liu Ho Pa Fa, Lok Hop Pat Fat, etc., and abbreviated as: LHBF or LHPF These various ways of spelling are useful when looking for information with e.g. google. JohJak2 17:19, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed, for an art with so much variation in naming this list is important. VanTucky  (talk) 18:49, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

proposed rename
Not once, other than from the single time here of course, have I ever heard the chuan moniker added to liuhebafa. No reliable, independent published sources describing the art as such were or are presented, so I see no verification of the fact that the name is the correct one other than one user's opinion. There are hundreds of Google hits for the other versions of the art's name, but only a measly four hits when liuhebafa chuan is Googled. VanTucky (talk) 19:27, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Necessary rename of this page. Liuhe and Bafa refer to a theory and a method, not necessairly a martial art system. All chinese kung fu systems add Chuan, Quan, Keun to the name to show they are refering to a martial system and not something else. For example, Hung Ga is the "Hung Family" and Hung Ga Keun is the "Kung Fu of the Hung Family Style". Taking away Chuan is removing the meaning of martial art or system from the style, this is how it has always been.

Why Chuan over Quan? Because though both are accepted chinese pinyin, one of them can be pronounced improperly. Quan can be misspoken as Kwan, which is misleading and incorrect. But this is a mere technicality.

Why unite Liuhe and Bafa? Both are seperate concepts and seperate systems (liuhe chuan, bafa chuan), but 6 Harmonies and 8 Methods Boxing is unseperable into 2 seperate parts. Liuhebafa Chuan is the proper name, any seperation is misleading and without "chuan" (or quan) is not the martial system, just the theory of the style and not the style itself! Mildsevenlights

 * First off, there is no proof that all Chinese systems add chuan. Just for example, Chuojiao doesn't. Second, the threshold for inclusion on Wikipedia is verifiability in reliable sources, not truth. Adding chuan to the name is a vastly minority practice, out of all the variant romanizations of the art. Renaming the entire article for a name with only four Google hits would be giving undue weight to a fringe opinion on the subject, which is a violation of Wikipedia's policy of neutrality. VanTucky  (talk) 19:44, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Is wikipedia about getting hits from google or about presenting accurate information? The other pages concerning the other internal arts are listed as: Tai Chi Chuan, Baguazhang, Xingyiquan respectively. Does consistancy mean nothing?Mildsevenlights

 * Accuracy is achieved by adhering to what reliable, published sources say, rather than hearsay and opinion. Wikipedia is not going to make up the notability of a romanization style of a martial art just to make it consistent with other articles. The plain and simple truth is that, despite your personal experience and opinion, the name liuhebafa chuan is practically unheard of in comparison to other, more popular names for the art. VanTucky  (talk) 20:09, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Published sources? I can list at least a dozen published books labeled 六合八法拳 (liuhebafa chuan), and post the images of them! Most all the books published in history on Liuhebafa Chuan have Chuan included, do you want links to see them for yourself?

How about another page from this very site? http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%90%88%E5%85%AB%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%B3 This is chinese, it says 5 charecters (liu he ba fa chuan), not liuhe bafa. I think you must change this one too then.

Sure the name is practically unheard of in english, but in chinese this is the only way its refered to. Why do you want the english to be different from the chinese? This is where I see the problem.

You are in Vancouver? ( I just assume ) If so I can give you the name and phone number of at least 7 teachers of this style who will tell you the exact same thing. Can I list them as sources? If not then what would be a acceptable source? Because I can provide names of teachers for references, images of books stating the same as I say, what else is there?Mildsevenlights 20:30, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

 * That type of anecdotal evidence is not considered a reliable source under WP:RS. As to the idea that using chuan is the major usage in Chinese, neither do those links prove it is not a fringe opinion. VanTucky  (talk) 20:32, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Absolutely! You may say that in English it is just a fringe option, one that I prefer, but you are right. How would you feel about a compromise? I propose "liuhebafa" all one word. That is well known and well searched, and from my standpoint is quite acceptable. How would that be?Mildsevenlights 20:36, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Its also fair to mention that the full name of the style since its systemization is "huayue xinyi liuhebafa chuan". Obviously too long a name, but that is what it was labeled as, and should be mentioned even if just for trivia sake!Mildsevenlights 20:39, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Making it all one word is fine. But I have also never heard of the longer version, and all it is apt to do is get it confused with the other neijia. And trivia is something to be avoided. VanTucky (talk) 23:14, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Ride Backwards On Dragon
I would very much appreciate it if VanBurenen would please quit deleting the external link I am adding to my book, Ride Backwards On Dragon. This book contains 28 pages of endnotes decoding the Taoist symbolism (anatomical, metaphysical, and alchemical) of the names of the 66 movements of the main form of Liuhebafa. This information has never before been published - at least not in any systematic way. As such, it is a unique and relevant resource that will certainly be of interest to many practitioners of Liuhebafa and other Taoist internal arts (Tai Chi, Hsing-I, Bagua). Thanks. :) Kim Goldberg, Nanaimo, BC (goldberg@ncf.ca) Gaiarising (talk) 02:18, 29 November 2007 (UTC).

 * The link is being deleted because adding links to promote your own books and websites is a clear-cut violation of Wikipedia's rules on conflict of interest editing. Please desist from adding the link, as it violates Wikipedia's rules on external links. Further adding of the link may result in a block for spamming. Van Tucky  talk 02:22, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Well, I wasn't trying to "break any rules..." But shouldn't the rules serve the people and not vice versa? ;> If this link contains useful and relevant information for readers of this entry, whose interests are being served by deleting it? Do you really mean to suggest that if someone other than me adds this link, it will stay, but if I add it, it will be deleted? That just isn't logical, is it? I mean, aren't we trying to convey relevant information to people who are interested in this topic? Isn't that the real mission? Are you comfortable denying all Liuhebafa practioners the knowledge that there is now a resource decoding this arcane symbolism? I don't really get the logic here. Kim Goldberg Gaiarising (talk) 02:41, 29 November 2007 (UTC).
 * If you want to speak theoretically about the matter, I would say that I would still remove the link even if it wasn't the author adding it. It's a point of sale for a book. Amazon might contain reviews of books, and Ebay might have pictures of rare products, but that doesn't mean we link to them. Commercial links are prevented as spam regardless of adds them. For a comprehensive discussion of what is allowed in external links sections and what isn't, please read WP:EL. Van Tucky  talk 04:37, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Liuhebafa


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Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States

The "Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States" was a report submitted to the U.S. House of Representatives on July 13, 1790, by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson.

At the First United States Congress, which met in 1789 when the decimal metric system had not yet been developed in France, the system of units to be used in the U.S. was one point of discussion. Under the Constitution (article I, section 8), the Congress has the constitutional right to decide on a standard of weights and measures. On January 8, 1790, George Washington urged Congress to address the need for the uniform system of weights and measures, and on January 15, 1790, the House of Representatives requested Thomas Jefferson to draw up a plan.

The decimal dollar had already been agreed upon in principle in 1785, but would not be implemented until after the enactment of the Coinage Act of 1792. After correspondence with William Waring and others, Jefferson proposed two systems of units in mid-1790. The first was evolutionary, and was based on refinement of the definitions of the units of the existing English system, as well as simplification of their relationship to each other. The second system was revolutionary, and was based on units linked by powers of ten, very similar to the decimal metric system which would be proposed in France. The base units for length, mass, and volume in Jefferson's revolutionary system (named the foot, the ounce, and the bushel, respectively) were relatively close in size to their pre-existing counterparts and bore identical names, although the manner in which they were defined was very different.

Jefferson's proposal was the world's first scientifically based, fully integrated, decimal system of weights and measures.

The seconds pendulum basis
In coordination with scientists in France, Jefferson selected the seconds pendulum at 45° latitude as the basic reference. For technical reasons, he proposed using a uniform rod as the pendulum rather than a traditional pendulum. The pendulum was estimated to be 39.14912 English inches long (which at that time was not yet defined to be exactly 25.4 mm, of course), or 1.5 times that for a vibrating rod (58.72368 inches).

More traditional proposal
In the evolutionary approach, the foot was to be derived from these lengths by a simple integer factor, which would be either three (pendulum) or five (rod), i.e. lengthening it from the traditional value of about 324 mm by slightly over 1 inch to ca. 331 mm or shortening it by about a quarter of an inch to ca. 298 mm. For practical purposes he wanted the rod to be $\overline{6}$ (new) inches long, an increase of less than 0.045%.

For the mass units, the ounce as a base would equal the weight of one thousandth of a cubic foot of rain water at standard temperature.

Although the rundlet is mentioned as an existing measure for liquids equivalent to a kilderkin, it was omitted from the list of redefinitions.

Decimal system based on the foot
Jefferson's proposed decimal system preceded the adoption in France of the decimal metric system, although both developed simultaneously. In France, the metre was to be defined as the ten-millionth part of an arc between the North Pole and the equator. Jefferson's system was based on the length of a rod oscillating seconds at 45 degrees latitude, with the foot defined as one fifth of the length of such a rod. Similar to the French system, Jefferson proposed a system of units linked directly by powers of ten. However, Jefferson's system did not make use of the concept of prefixes, which were of great importance in the French system. Instead, the names of old units were carried over into the new system for decimal multiples of the base units, giving them new values.

Asserting the value of such thorough reform to the existing system of weights and measures, the report stated:

"But if it be thought that, either now, or at any future time, the citizens of the United States may be induced to undertake a thorough reformation of their whole system of measures, weights and coins, reducing every branch to the same decimal ratio already established in their coins, and thus bringing the calculation of the principal affairs of life within the arithmetic of every man who can multiply and divide plain numbers, greater changes will be necessary." The following table lists the units of the Jeffersonian decimal system, and their relationship with one another. The values of these units are based on Jefferson's proposal of a foot that was equal in length to one-fifth of a second rod, one fourth of an inch shorter than the foot in use at the time, and approximately equal to 0.298461684 m. For the mass units, the ounce as a base would equal the weight of a cubic inch of pure water at standard temperature.

The transcript of the original document gives the value of a kental as 16 stones at one point and 10 stones in another point. 10 was presumably the intended value, given the otherwise consistent decimalization.

Subsequent developments
Under the United States Constitution, Article 1 Section 8, Congress shall have power "To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures". In his first annual message to Congress (what later came to be called "State of the Union Addresses") on January 8, 1790 (a few months before Jefferson's report to the House of Representatives), George Washington stated, "Uniformity in the currency, weights, and measures of the United States is an object of great importance, and will, I am persuaded, be duly attended to."

Washington repeated similar calls for action in his second and third annual messages (after Jefferson's report). Jefferson's decimal proposal had the support of Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, James Monroe, and George Washington. Robert Morris was a powerful opponent of the proposal. In late 1791 the Senate appointed a committee to report on the subject and make recommendations. The committee reported in April 1792, unanimously endorsing Jefferson's decimal system. The Senate was slow to act on the matter and while they delayed events in France complicated the issue. Although French scientists working on a decimal system had originally supported using the seconds pendulum as a scientific basis, and Jefferson had deliberately matched his seconds pendulum proposal to the French one, based on a measurement at the latitude of Paris, the French decided to use the length of a meridian of the Earth instead of a seconds pendulum. This and other developments changed what had promised to be an internationally developed system into a strictly French project. Jefferson wrote, "The element of measure adopted by the National Assembly excludes, ipso facto, every nation on earth from a communion of measurement with them."

The Senate continued to consider Jefferson's two proposals, along with a number of new proposals, for several years. In 1795, a bill titled "An Act directing certain experiments to be made to ascertain uniform standards of weights and measures for the United States" was passed by the House and was approved by committee in the Senate, but on the last day of the session the Senate said it would consider the bill during the next session. The bill was never taken up again. In 1795, the Northwest Indian War, which for years had prevented the surveying and sale of land in the Northwest Territory came to an end. A land rush of settlers, surveyors, squatters, and others rapidly pushed into the region and the federal government had a sudden and intense need to establish a method for surveying and selling land. On May 18, 1796, Congress passed "an Act for the sale of land of the United States in the territory northwest of the River Ohio, and above the mouth of the Kentucky River". This law defined a survey grid system of 6–mile–square townships divided into 1–mile–square sections, with the defining unit being the chain, specifically Gunter's chain. This was the first unit of measurement designated into law by Congress. This law and the way it defined the survey grid ended debate over Jefferson's decimal system.

Origins
The proposal by William Waring from 30 January 1790 was similarly decimalized as Jefferson's more radical proposal, but introduces many new names for units and its base is the equatorial seconds pendulum, i.e. determined at 0° not 45°, called pend or federal ell. A federal gallon of 0.004 cubic pends, i.e. slightly less than 4 liters and thus similar in size to the English wine gallon, is suggested as a more traditional base for liquid measures; and 9 such gallons, since almost equal to a Winchester bushel, or, more systematically, 10 gallons would form the base for dry measures. Inspired by the Avoirdupois system defining 1 cubic foot of water to weigh 1000 ounces of which there are 16 to the pound, Waring suggests a federal pound of half a cubic hand of water, which would be just short of 0.5 kg.


text:
Meccan surah

The Meccan surat are, according to the timing and contextual background of their revelation (asbāb al-nuzūl) within Islamic tradition, the chronologically earlier chapters (suwar, singular sūrah) of the Qur'an. The traditional chronological order attributed to Ibn Abbas became widely accepted following its adoption by the 1924 Egyptian standard edition. The Meccan chapters are believed to have been revealed anytime before the migration of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina (Hijra). The Medinan surahs are those revelations which occurred after the move.There are 86 makkan surahs.

Meccan surahs are typically shorter than Medinan surahs, with relatively short verses (āyāt), and mostly come near the end of the Qur'an. (As a general rule, the chapters of the Qur'an are ordered from longest to shortest.) Most of the chapters containing Muqatta'at are Meccan.

The chapters are divided into "Meccan" and "Medinan" sections mostly due to stylistic and thematic factors. Classification of the chapters into these periods is based upon factors such as the length of the verse and the presence or absence of certain key concepts or words (e.g., al-Rahman as the name of God).

Characteristics of Meccan surahs
Following are some characteristics of Meccan verses, No 7 and 8 are stylistic characteristics, and the last 4 are content and subject characteristics:
 * Any chapter that has a verse that commands to prostrate to Allah (آيات السجدة) is Meccan, except chapters 13 and 22.
 * Any chapter that contains the word kalla كلا (never) is Meccan, and are found only in the second half of the Qur'an.
 * Any chapter that has the phrase ياأيها الناس Of individual, but does not have the phrase يأيها اللذين آمنوا O you who believe is Meccan except chapter 22.
 * Any chapter that start with initial letters muqattaat are Meccan, except chapters 2,3 and 13.
 * Any chapter that relates the story of Adam and Iblis (i.e., Satan) is Meccan, except chapter 2.
 * Any chapter that relates the stories of previous prophets and their people is Meccan, except chapter 2.
 * Short verses, and strong rhetorical style and rhythmic sound.
 * Repeated use of emphasis, exhortation, analogies and oath.
 * Emphasis on the belief in Allah, the Day of Judgement and description of Hell and Heaven (paradise), except Chapter 2.
 * Call for adherence to good moral and universal characters like truthfulness, kindness to relatives, old and neighbour, etc.
 * Argument with the polytheists and refutation of their associating partners with Allah.
 * Warning the polytheists through stories of previous messengers when punishment came to their people when they rejected their message.

Chronological order of Meccan surahs
One chronological order proposed by Abu al-Qasim `Umar ibn Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Kafi and considered the "traditional order" consists of 86 chapters, as follows:
 * 96, 68, 73, 74, 1, 111, 81, 87, 92, 89,
 * 93, 94, 103, 100, 108, 102, 107, 109, 105, 113,
 * 114, 112, 53, 80, 97, 91, 85, 95, 106, 101,
 * 75, 104, 77, 50, 90, 86, 54, 38, 7, 72,
 * 36, 25, 35, 19, 20, 56, 26, 27, 28, 17,
 * 10, 11, 12, 15, 6, 37, 31, 34, 39, 40,
 * 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 88, 18, 16,
 * 71, 14, 21, 23, 32, 52, 67, 69, 70, 78,
 * 79, 82, 84, 30, 29, 83.

Theodor Nöldeke proposed a different chronological order, later known as the Nöldeke-Schwally chronology, consisting of 90 chapters, as follows:
 * from the first to the fifth year of Mohammed's mission
 * 96, 74, 111, 106, 108, 104, 107, 102, 105, 92,
 * 90, 94, 93, 97, 86, 91, 80, 68, 87, 95,
 * 103, 85, 73, 101, 99, 82, 81, 53, 84, 100,
 * 79, 77, 78, 88, 89, 75, 83, 69, 51, 52,
 * 56, 70, 55, 112, 109, 113, 114, 1

 * the fifth and sixth year of his mission:
 * 54, 37, 71, 76, 44, 50, 20, 26, 15, 19,
 * 38, 36, 43, 72, 67, 23, 21, 25, 17, 27, 18

 * from the seventh year to Hijra:
 * 32, 41, 45, 16, 30, 11, 14, 12, 40, 28,
 * 39, 29, 31, 42, 10, 34, 35, 7, 46, 6, 13.

First Meccan surahs
The First Meccan period refers to the first period in which Muhammad started receiving revelations. The First Meccan surahs are chapters that have been revealed throughout that period. They reflect the public setting in which they seem to have been shared and due to their structure and length, they seem to be presented in a manner that would be very easy to memorize and pass along orally, not to mention that many of the surahs seem to be used during early liturgies. They are relatively shorter than other chapters in the Quran but are more diverse in terms of structure. Compared to other later surahs, the surahs of the First Meccan Period employ more rhymes despite their shorter length. They rank from being very short, a paragraph of less than five verses (for example surah 97, 103, 105, 108 and 111) to being organized in clusters of two (surahs 81, 91), three (surahs 82, 84, 86, 90, 92) or four verses (surahs 85, 89). Some of these surahs also take on a balanced tripartite structure that begin and conclude with. The major theme of these surahs revolves around presenting to humanity how obvious the existence of God is through the use of oath formulas involving the power of nature in an emphatic tone. We especially see the surahs reference destroyed civilizations, declaring their destruction to be the will of God. A stress is put on God being the creator of Earth and Heaven and everything that lies in between and also His unreachable generosity. In addition, certain surahs generally talk about ethics and values human beings should have, especially the fact that human beings should be humbled by God's power, they should not pursue an extravagant life, be loving and sharing, most particularly with the poorer. Last but not least these surahs contain eschatological prophecies. Although not elaborated as in later surahs, these prophecies appear with a threatening tone to make people generally know about the existence of the Day of Judgement and all that it encompasses (surah 103, 68, etc.), but also, they contain some of the more visual explanations of Heaven.

Second Meccan surahs
There are 21 surahs in the second Meccan period. These surahs have, on average, ayah between twelve and twenty syllables in length. Some surahs have fewer than fifty ayah, while others, such as surah 20, "Ta-Ha", have well over 100 verses. These surahs do not necessarily have distinct features, as the surahs of the first and third Meccan periods do, but instead display a blend of features from both earlier and later Meccan surahs. These middle surahs keep and expand upon the tripartite structure of the verse. According to Ernst, surahs that adhere to this structure (common in pre-Islamic Arab poetry) will have shorter first and third sections that parallel each other in scope and audience. The third section will "normally conclude with a flourish." These parts bookend a somewhat larger middle section, which is "typically a narrative of prophecy and struggle". These surahs also tend to use fewer oaths than earlier Meccan surahs, but take a much more confrontational approach in regards to the disbelievers. Some surahs in this period adopt a form resembling a monotheistic service, as is often seen in later Meccan surahs. For example, surah 20 begins with a section proclaiming the greatness of God, and then transitions immediately into a story about Moses. After the lengthy story concludes, several verses are devoted to explaining the meaning of the story, especially as it relates to the disbelievers. Due to the presence of elements from earlier and later Meccan surahs, surahs of the middle Meccan period exemplify the gradual development of the Qur'anic revelations over time, as Muhammad's community slowly grew and changed. This is manifest in the fact that surahs of the second Meccan period tend toward self-referentiality, wherein the Qur'an uses "qur'an" (recitation or the Qu'ran) and "kitaab" (book) to make mention to its own existence (surahs 54, 37, 15, et al.), noting that indeed there is a holy message coming from God. Controversy from these verses have sprung up, wherein the question of the Word's existence is debated. Some believe that the Qur'an existed/exists for all time with God, while others believe that the Qur'an was simply the Word for the Arab peoples of Muhammad from his prophecy onward.

Third Meccan surahs
This period is marked from the beginning of Muhammad's public ministry to the Hijra, or the Abyssinian emigration. According to the Yusuf Ali translation, the Third Meccan period refers to the time period from the seventh year to the Hijra, approximately 619-622 A.D. This period is characterized by the persecution of Muhammad and the Muslims by the Quraysh as it expanded to his clan, the Hashem. To persuade the clan to relent their protection of Muhammad, the Quraysh boycotted the Hashem. Revelations from this period are characterized by descriptions of the resurrection, paradise, and Judgment Day. In this period, the tripartite structure is abandoned for longer and less complex structure, showing a form of collection that still remains a mystery to scholars. They contain mostly long addresses to the community of the believers (much larger by this time). Also Muhammad begins to be addressed directly by God instead of being used as merely the medium by which God's message is transmitted.

Surahs of this period show the ways in which believers should act even when they face opposition and difficulties.

By the third Meccan period, sensuous imagery of full-bosomed, wide-eyed and virginal maidens have been replaced by references to spouses. N78/E6o of the Third Meccan Period: 'whoever of their fathers, their spouses and offspring have acted honourably' By the Third Meccan period, Muhammad and the Muslims had gained sufficient support. In the early Meccan periods, these sensuous descriptions and temptations of voluptuous virgins were used to attract the attention of the Meccan pagans however by the Third Meccan period goals had been realigned not to attract pagans but to encourage and foster a law-abiding community centered around worshipping the Word of God.

In a complete reconstruction of the verses' chronology has been discussed.

title: Meccan surah


text:
Pioneer Total Abstinence Association

The Pioneer Total Abstinence Association of the Sacred Heart (PTAA) is an international organisation for Catholic teetotalers that is based in Ireland. Its members are commonly called Pioneers. While the PTAA does not advocate prohibition, it does require of its members complete abstinence from alcoholic drink. It also encourages devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus as an aid to resisting the temptation of alcohol. Pioneers wear a lapel pin called a Pioneer pin with an image of the Sacred Heart, both to advertise the organisation and to alert others not to offer them alcohol. The association publishes a monthly magazine, The Pioneer.

History
The PTAA was founded in 1898 by James Cullen, in response to widespread alcoholism among Irish Catholics as the earlier temperance movement of Father Mathew was fading from memory. In the 20th Century, the term Pioneer became synonymous with teetotalism among Irish Catholics, and the PTAA influenced public policy. In 1923, Eoin O'Duffy as Commissioner of the Garda Síochána (Civic Guard) encouraged members to join the PTAA, and allowed Gardaí to wear the Pioneer pin on their uniforms, in exemption to a general ban on symbols and adornments. The Irish Defence Forces also allow its personnel to wear the Pioneer pin on their uniforms, one of only two civilian symbols allowed to be worn in uniform, the other being the Fáinne. By 1948, the PTAA claimed 360,000 members. In 1956, a Commission of Enquiry into the licensing laws in the Republic of Ireland was appointed by the Minister for Justice, James Everett; the PTAA nominated one of the 22 members, John K. Clear. Clear assented to the majority report of the Commission, which favoured easing the (widely disregarded) restrictions on opening hours of public houses introduced in 1925, although the Catholic hierarchy subsequently opposed the resulting Act.

Activity
Roman Catholic children in Ireland who make their Confirmation (typically at the age of 11–12) are encouraged to promise, or "take the pledge", not to drink alcohol until they are at least 18 (the legal drinking age in Ireland). The PTAA is active in this drive, and encourages teenagers, particularly in religious-run secondary schools, to join the PTAA and "keep the pledge". In train with the growing secularisation of Irish society, members of the association are increasingly older people. Younger Catholics who choose not to drink alcohol are unlikely to belong to the PTAA.

The PTAA does not strive to simply stop people from drinking. It also aims to create opportunities for fun and social activities without the need for the presence of alcohol. It organises many competitions, such as table quizzes, Réadóirí (a talent competition; Réadóirí is the Irish word for Pioneers), and sports. Local centres (parishes or schools) compete in these competitions at regional (against local parishes), diocesan, provincial and all-Ireland level. The Pioneers also run two annual seminars, one for young pioneers (13-18), and one for older Pioneers (18+).

The Association issued an appeal for funds from its website in April 2011 in an effort to prevent closure because of the organisation's indebtedness.

title: Pioneer Total Abstinence Association


text:
Flag signals

Flag signals can mean any of various methods of using flags or pennants to send signals. Flags may have individual significance as signals, or two or more flags may be manipulated so that their relative positions convey symbols. Flag signals allowed communication at a distance before the invention of radio and are still used especially in connection with ships.

Flaghoist signalling

Flaghoist signalling is one or more flags (or pennants) simultaneously flying from a fixed halyard, and generally any method of signaling by such means. Each of the flags has a distinct shape and color combination. Each flag or combination of flags has a preassigned meaning or "code". The International Code of Signals defines a standard set of flags and associated alphabet suitable for international use, as well as a set of standard codes. Flaghoist is also used in boat racing, to warn of impending severe weather, and other specialized applications.

Maritime flag signalling has a long history, especially prior to the advent of radio, and remains the preferred means of signaling in many situations. In naval flag signalling, additional flags and an expanded list of signals are used for identification and commands, as well as the mercantile uses. Many navies have their own proprietary or secret codes, and use additional flags. A designator flag is used to indicate if a flaghoist signal is meant to be interpreted as an ICS signal or as a naval signal. The U.S. Navy uses a set of 68 flags, including flags for each letter of the alphabet and each numeral to convey messages of tactical or administrative nature.

Semaphore
Flag semaphore signalling uses two flags, held in specific positions to signify letters. This method requires simple equipment but can be obscured by bad weather. A permanently installed chain of semaphore stations is a semaphore line and before the invention of the electric telegraph, was the fastest means of communication over moderately long distances.

Wig-wag flags
In the 1850s, U.S. Army Major Albert J. Myer, a surgeon by training, developed a system using left or right movements of a flag (or torch or lantern at night). Myer's system used a single flag, waved back and forth in a binary code conceptually similar to the Morse code of dots and dashes. This is sometimes called the wig-wag method of signaling, or "wig-wagging". More mobile than previous means of optical telegraphy, as it only required one flag, this code was used extensively by Signal Corps troops on both sides in the American Civil War. (Its first use in battle was by Confederate Lieutenant Edward Porter Alexander at the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861. In this code, alphabet letters were equated with three positions of a single flag, disk, or light. The flags measured two, four, or six feet (60, 120 or 180 cm) square and were generally either red or black banners with white square centers or white banners with red square centers. The disks were 12 to 18 inches (30 to 46 cm) in diameter and were made of metal or wood frames with canvas surfaces. Somewhat easier to handle than the flags, they provided a different method for daylight communications. The lights were kerosene lanterns attached to a staff. A second "foot torch" was placed on the ground before the signalman as a fixed point of reference, making it easier for the recipient to follow the lantern's movements.

Myer's code was ternary (three symbols). However, only two of these symbols were used for letters, making it largely binary. The third symbol only appeared in control characters. Each character consisted of a combination of three basic motions (elements). The neutral position was the flagman holding his device vertically and motionless above his head. The first motion was initiated by bringing the device downward on the signalman's right side and then quickly returning it to its upright position. The second motion brought the device down on the left side and then returned it to the starting position. The third motion lowered the device in front of the signalman, then restored it to its vertical position. Like Morse code, but unlike Myer's original code, this binary code did not have a fixed length for each character. For instance, i was coded as "2", but d was coded as "222". Myer's 1866 manual also includes a 3-element fixed length code using four elements, and the 1872 manual has a 3-element fixed length code using three elements. There is little sign that these codes were widely used. The 1872 manual includes a variable length code using four elements which Myer says was used by the Army, but is superseded.

title: Flag signals


text:
Media strategy

Media strategy, as used in the advertising or content delivery (online broadcasting) industries, is concerned with how messages will be delivered to consumers or niche markets. It involves identifying the characteristics of the target audience or market as well as who should receive messages and defining the characteristics of the media that will be used for the delivery of the messages, with the intent being to influence the behavior of the target audience or market pertinent to the initial brief. Examples of such strategies today have revolved around an Integrated Marketing Communications approach whereby multiple channels of media are used i.e. advertising, public relations, events, direct response media, etc.

This concept has been used among proponents of entertainment-education programming where pro-social messages are embedded into dramatic episodic programs to change the audiences attitudes and behaviors in such areas as family planning, literacy, nutrition, smoking, etc.

Overview
Media is a means or tool that is used to express and communicate messages to targeted audiences. There are various types of media, including but not limited to visual media, audio media, and traditional folk art media. Those can also overlap with each other, television is a typical example of visual-audio media. Strategy, on the other hand, is a plan created to help an individual or organization to achieve certain goals. Media strategy, specifically, is commonly applied in the public relations, marketing and advertising industries. By leveraging different forms of medium, media strategy could efficiently play an effect in establishing a good customer relationship, building a decent brand image, improving flatten sales revenue, and so on.

Stages
In the way of generating a media strategy, there are three stages of building a strategic framework- initiation, diffusion, and maturity, and each stage will have its own focus. The initiation stage is the most common one that a majority of companies will go through when developing media strategies. It guides people to identify the target demographics and the corresponding best-fit channel by primary research and secondary research. Research findings will help understand the target audience in a deeper layer and thus avoid some potential risks as well as costly losses before implementation. Carrying out research is a key step to help decision-makers uncover the hidden side of the market and better understand the consumer behaviors accordingly. Once the target audience and media channel are determined, companies are geared to their goal when it comes to the diffusion stage. During this stage, people are motivated to think about what specific outcome they aim to achieve through the media strategy, which could be very diverse among different parties. For instance, non-profit organizations tend to raise public awareness by well-designed media strategy while public companies care about how many profits will be driven out of a media strategy. Finally in the maturity stage, the main focus is no longer the goal but monitoring. Monitoring what’s happening in social media platforms is likely to generate significant insights that will not be found in any previous stages.

Case studies
Old Spice, an American old male grooming product brand, hits a huge marketing success by orchestrating social media campaigns for a correct targeted social group. Even though men are the direct consumers of Old Spice body wash product, they rarely purchase it by themselves whereas women are the actual buyers of men’s body wash. In terms of such quantitative research findings, Old Spice tailored a series of social media campaigns to attract female consumers and finally led to a steep increase in sales. Therefore, media strategy could be especially beneficial and profit-driven when implemented to the right target audiences, and doing research is an efficient approach to verify the target group. Looking back to the Old Spice’s case, social media strategy is not just to create networking effects and viral influence. The terminal goal is to pinpoint the most appropriate medium to reach out to the target audience and thus convey messages efficiently.

title: Media strategy


text:
1926 South American Championship

The tenth edition of the South American Championship was held in Santiago, Chile, from 12 October to 3 November 1926.

Overview
The participating countries were Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

Brazil withdrew for the second time (being the first time in 1924), and it also was the first time Bolivia took part in the event.

Squads
For a complete list of participants squads see: 1926 South American Championship squads

Final round
Each team plays one match against each of the other teams. Two points are awarded for a win, one point for a draw and zero points for a defeat.

Chile made the first corner-kick goal in Tournament's History.

Goal scorers
7 goals 6 goals
 * 🇨🇱 David Arellano
 * 🇺🇾 Héctor Castro
 * 🇺🇾 Héctor Scarone

5 goals
 * 🇦🇷 Gabino Sosa

4 goals
 * 🇨🇱 Manuel Ramírez

3 goals

 * 🇦🇷 Roberto Cherro
 * 🇦🇷 Benjamín Delgado
 * Pablo Ramírez

2 goals

 * 🇦🇷 De Miguel
 * 🇨🇱 Guillermo Subiabre
 * 🇵🇾 Carlos Ramírez
 * 🇺🇾 Borjas
 * 🇺🇾 Zoilo Saldombide

1 goal

 * 🇦🇷 Domingo Tarasconi
 * 🇧🇴 Teófilo Aguilar
 * 🇧🇴 Carlos Soto
 * 🇨🇱 Humberto Moreno
 * 🇵🇾 Manuel Fleitas Solich
 * 🇵🇾 Ildefonso López
 * 🇵🇾 Luis Vargas Peña
 * 🇺🇾 Ángel Romano

title: 1926 South American Championship


text:
Refugee law

Refugee law is the branch of international law which deals with the rights and duties states have vis-a-vis refugees. There are differences of opinion among international law scholars as to the relationship between refugee law and international human rights law or humanitarian law.

The discussion forms part of a larger debate on the fragmentation of international law. While some scholars conceive each branch as a self-contained regime distinct from other branches, others regard the three branches as forming a larger normative system that seeks to protect the rights of all human beings at all time. The proponents of the latter conception view this holistic regime as including norms only applicable to certain situations such as armed conflict and military occupation (IHL) or to certain groups of people including refugees (refugee law), children (the Convention on the Rights of the Child), and prisoners of war (the Geneva Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War).

Definition of 'refugee'
There is a variety of definitions as to who is regarded as a refugee, usually defined for the purpose of a particular instrument. The variation of definitions regarding refugees has made it difficult to create a concrete and single vision of what constitutes a refugee following the original refugee convention. Article 1 of the 1951 Refugee Convention, as amended by the 1967 Protocol, defines a refugee as:

"A person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it."

The 1967 Protocol removed the temporal restrictions that restricted refugee status to those whose circumstances had come about "as a result of events occurring before 1 January 1951," and the geographic restrictions that gave participating states of the Convention the option of interpreting this as "events occurring in Europe" or "events occurring in Europe or elsewhere". However, it also gave those states that had previously ratified the 1951 Convention and chose to use the geographically-restricted definition the option to retain that restriction.

The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa adopted a regional treaty based on the Convention, adding to the definition of refugee as:

"Any person compelled to leave his/her country owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his country of origin or nationality."

In 1984, a group of Latin-American governments adopted the Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, which, like the OAU Convention, added more objectivity based on significant consideration to the 1951 Convention. The Cartagena Declaration determine that a refugee includes:

"Persons who flee their countries because their lives, safety or freedom have been threatened by generalized violence, foreign aggression, internal conflicts, massive violation of human rights or other circumstances which have seriously disturbed public order."

Difference from 'asylee' and 'displaced person'
Additionally, U.S. Law draws an important distinction between refugees and asylees. A refugee must meet the definition of a refugee, as outlined in the 1951 Convention and be of "special humanitarian concern to the United States." Refugee status can only be obtained from outside the United States. If an individual who meets the definition of a refugee, and is seeking admission in a port of entry is already in the United States, they are eligible to apply for asylum status.

The term displaced person has come to be synonymous with refugees due to a substantial amount of overlap in their legal definitions. However, they are legally distinct, and convey subtle differences. In general, a displaced person refers to "one who has not crossed a national border and thus does not qualify for formal refugee status."

Refugee children
According to the original 1951 Refugee Convention and 1967 Protocol, refugee children were legally indistinguishable from adult refugees. In 1988, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Guidelines on Refugee Children were published, specifically designed to address the needs of refugee children, officially granting them internationally recognized human rights.

In 1989, however, the UN signed an additional treaty, the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which defined the rights of children and bound its signatories to upholding those rights by international law. Although the CRC was not specific to the rights of refugee minors, it was used as the legal blueprint for handling refugee minor cases, where a minor was defined as any person under the age of 18. In particular, it extends the protection of refugee children by allowing participating nations the capacity to recognize children who do not fall under the strict guidelines of the Convention definition but still should not be sent back to their countries of origin. It also extends the principle of non-refoulement to prohibit the return of a child to their country "where there are grounds for believing that there is a real risk of irreparable harm to the child."

International sources
Refugee law encompasses both customary law, peremptory norms, and international legal instruments. The only international instruments directly applying to refugees are the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Both the Convention and the Protocol are open to states, but each may be signed separately. 145 states have ratified the Convention, and 146 have ratified the Protocol. These instruments only apply in the countries that have ratified an instrument, and some countries have ratified these instruments subject to various reservations.

U.S. refugee law
Various regions and countries have different variations of refugee law. They all stem from the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol which relates to refugee status. The United States became a party to this protocol in 1968.

Despite playing an active role in the drafting of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the United States has yet to ratify the treaty, making it the only nation in the United Nations that is not party to it.

Refugee status first emerged as a legal category in the United States in the 1940s, responding to an influx of Eastern Europeans fleeing Communism. In response to this influx, Congress established refugee migration as "distinct and separate from general immigration admissions" upon the recommendation from the House Committee on Postwar Immigration. The Committee argued that the right to seek asylum be made "an explicit part of United States immigration policy."

Although the aftermath of World War II brought forth a refugee crisis, the large influx and resettlement of Indochinese refugees led to the passage of the Refugee Act of 1980. This law incorporated the International Convention's definitions of a refugee into U.S. law. In doing so, it codified into U.S. law that a refugee was an individual with a "well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion." Furthermore, ratifying this Convention meant the elimination of previous "ideological and geographical discriminations" against refugee and asylum seekers. These discriminations were a result of previous U.S. refugee law, which had served mainly as a tool for foreign policy agendas. The law also created the legal basis for the admission of refugees into the U.S. The Refugee Act of 1980 was the first time the United States created an objective decision-making process for asylum and refugee status. This included a joint system between Congress and the Presidency, in which both branches would collaborate to establish annual quotas and determine which national groups would receive prioritized consideration for refugee status. In doing so, the U.S. shifted away from a relatively reactionary system, in which refugee laws were only passed in response to political changes in the international community, primarily the spread of Communism. Instead, under the Refugee Act of 1980, the U.S. established a comprehensive framework for addressing refugee crises preemptively. This framework was built on emerging ideals of "humanitarianism". An important aspect of this law is how an individual goes about applying for status. A person may meet the definition of refugee but may not be granted refugee status. If the individual is inside of the U.S. with a different status or no status, they are granted the status of asylee but not refugee.

In order to be considered a refugee in the United States, an individual must:

 * be located outside of the U.S.
 * be of specific humanitarian apprehension for the U.S.
 * be able to validate previous persecution or feared approaching persecution based on the individual's race, religion, nationality, social class, or political outlook
 * not be currently settled in another country
 * be admissible to the United States

The first step of being granted this status is to receive a referral to the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP). The person is allowed to include their spouse, child, or other family members (only in specific circumstances) when applying for refugee status. After the person is referred, a U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services officer located abroad will conduct an interview to determine refugee resettlement eligibility inside the United States. If the person is approved as a refugee, they will then be provided with many forms of assistance. These include a loan for travel, advice for travel, a medical exam, and a culture orientation. After the refugee is resettled, they are eligible for medical and cash assistance. The Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) has a program called the Cash and Medical Assistance Program which completely reimburses the assistance in which states provide refugees. The refugee is eligible for this cash and medical assistance up to eight months after their arrival date.

In the United States, refugees are subject to annual quotas, which are determined by a joint collaboration between the incumbent Presidential administration and Congress. In addition to establishing the annual quota, Congress and the President determine which national groups are of special humanitarian concern to the United States. Since ratifying the 1980 Refugee Act, the United States has admitted over 3.1 million refugees from around the world, many of who were permanently resettled in the United States. Prior to the Trump Administration, the United States was the global leader in admitting refugees and offered refugee status to more individuals than the rest of the world altogether. Under the Trump administration, refugee immigration laws faced many challenges and setbacks, as administration officials sought to rollback immigration laws and decrease the annual number of refugees admitted. Challenges to refugee law included contesting practices of non-refoulement, which has been a long-standing principle of the U.S. immigration system. Attempts to reverse Trump-era policies have been a focus of the subsequent Biden presidential administration. In 2021, it was announced that Biden administration would raise the refugee cap from 15,000 individuals to 62,500 individuals.

Refugee status determination
The burden of refugee status determination (RSD) falls primarily on the state. However, in cases where states are either unwilling or unable, the UNHCR assumes responsibility. In 2013, the UNHCR managed RSD in over 50 countries and worked in parallel with national governments in 20 countries. In the period from 1997 to 2001, the number of RSD applications submitted to the UNHCR nearly doubled.

RSD provides protection for refugees through promoting non-refoulement, resettlement assistance, and direct assistance.

Human rights and refugee law
Human rights are the rights that a person is guaranteed by way of birth. The following are universal human rights that are most relevant to refugees:

 * The right to freedom from torture or degrading treatment
 * The right to freedom of opinion and expression
 * The right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion
 * The right to life, liberty, and security
 * Freedom from discrimination
 * The right to asylum

Refugee law and international human rights law are closely connected in content but differ in their function. The main difference of their function is the way in which international refugee law considers state sovereignty while international human rights law do not. One of the core principles of international refugee law is the prohibition on refoulement (or the expulsion or return of a refugee), which is the basic idea that a country cannot send back a person to their country of origin if they will face endangerment upon return. In this case, a certain level of sovereignty is taken away from a country. This basic right of non-refoulement conflicts with the basic right of sovereign state to expel any undocumented aliens.

title: Refugee law


text:
Courtesy

Courtesy (from the word courteis, from the 12th century) is gentle politeness and courtly manners. In the Middle Ages in Europe, the behaviour expected of the nobility was compiled in courtesy books.

History
The apex of European courtly culture was reached in the Late Middle Ages and the Baroque period (i.e. roughly the four centuries spanning 1300–1700). The oldest courtesy books date to the 13th century, but they become an influential genre in the 16th, with the most influential of them being Il Cortegiano (1508), which not only covered basic etiquette and decorum but also provided models of sophisticated conversation and intellectual skill.

The royal courts of Europe persisted well into the 18th century (and to some limited extent to the present day), but in the 18th century, the notion of courtesy was replaced by that of gallantry, referring to an ideal emphasizing the display of affected sensitivity in direct contrast with the ideals of self-denial and dignified seriousness that were the Baroque norm. During the late medieval and early modern period, the bourgeois class tended to emulate the courtly etiquette of their betters. This changed in the 19th century, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, with the emergence of a middle class with its own set of bourgeois etiquette, which in turn was mocked in the classist theory of Marxism as petite bourgeoisie.

The analogue concept in the court culture of medieval India was known by the Sanskrit term, literally meaning "right-handedness", but as in English dexterity having a figurative meaning of "apt, clever, appropriate", glossed as "kindness and consideration expressed in a sophisticated and elegant way".

title: Courtesy


text:
Hein ter Poorten

Hein ter Poorten (21 November 1887 – 15 January 1968) was a Dutch military officer. He was the commander of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army in World War II. Ter Poorten was also Allied land forces commander in the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command on Java during early 1942.

Early life
Hein ter Poorten was born on 21 November 1887 in Buitenzorg (now Bogor) on Java, which was at the time part of the Dutch East Indies. He was the son of Franciscus Hendricus ter Poorten, a chief mate in the Government Navy, and of Clasina Ambrosina Kater.

After having been sworn in as an artillery officer in 1911, he helped to found the army air force, and in 1919 began a course at the Hogere Krijgsschool staff college in the Netherlands. He was invested as a Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau with swords for his part in the development of military aviation in 1911.

World War II
He steadily rose up the ranks upon his return to the East Indies, and by July 1939, was the Royal Netherlands Indies Army (KNIL) chief of the general staff. Lieutenant General Gerardus Johannes Berenschot's death in a flying accident in October 1941 saw Ter Poorten, by now also a lieutenant general, promoted to commander in chief of the KNIL.

Ter Poorten was regarded by his contemporaries in the army as a skilled commander with a firm understanding of military affairs in the East Indies, and thus was able to get on well with his subordinates and fellow officers; his relations with the civilian administration were less successful.

In January 1942, following the outbreak of war with Japan, Ter Poorten was appointed commander of land forces in the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command, a short-lived unified command of all Allied forces in South East Asia. By March, Ter Poorten became the de facto head of all Allied forces on Java, following rapid Japanese advances and the break-up of ABDACOM. It was left to him to unconditionally surrender the island to the Japanese on 8 March 1942. Ter Poorten had no authority to sign the surrender and did not initially do so. After threats and under pressure of reprisals, Ter Poorten was forced to read a statement on the radio about an unconditional capitulation. Van Mook had already been appointed Lieutenant Governor General on 1 January 1942 by the government in exile in London. In this position he was the deputy of Governor General Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer. on 8 March 1942, the Dutch East Indies government in exile was already in Brisbane. Australia gave Van Mook authority on those areas still unoccupied by the Japanese.

Ter Poorten spent the rest of the war in various prisoner of war camps.

After the war
After his liberation in August 1945, Ter Poorten moved to the Netherlands. He requested his resignation as commander of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army and head of the Department of War in November 1945. His request was not granted right away, but he was eventually honorably discharged on 28 February 1946. Despite these honors, Ter Poorten believed that he was being scapegoated for the defeat in the Dutch East Indies.

Ter Poorten died on 15 January 1968 in The Hague, at the age of 80.

Military decorations

 * Order of the Netherlands Lion (Knight) - Ribbon bar.svg Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
 * Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Officer.svg Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau
 * Officierskruis baton.jpg Medal for Long, Honest and Faithful Service
 * Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg Officer of the Legion of Honour
 * Royal Order of the Sword - Commander 1st Class BAR.svg Commander 1st Class of the Order of the Sword

title: Hein ter Poorten


text:
Pinball Dreams

Pinball Dreams is a pinball simulation video game developed by Digital Illusions and originally released for the Amiga in 1992. It spawned several sequels, including Pinball Fantasies and Pinball Illusions. The MS-DOS port was digitally released by Rebellion Developments along with its sequel and Pinball Mania on February 22, 2011 on GOG.com with support for Microsoft Windows. It received an OS X build on April 23, 2013; and a Linux build on August 19, 2014.

Gameplay
The game's four tables each had a theme, as do most real-life pinball & Panchinko machines. The version of Pinball Dreams bundled with the Amiga 1200 had a bug which rendered most of Beat Box's advanced features non-functional.

 * "Ignition", themed around a rocket launch, planets, and space exploration. The Expert Software's Pinball 2000 port of the game renamed this table "Rocket".
 * "Steel Wheel", themed around steam trains and the Old West.
 * "Beat Box", themed around the music industry, charts, bands and tours.
 * "Nightmare", themed around a graveyard, ghosts, demons, nightmares and generally evil things. Unlike the other tables in the game, the name of the table in the menu did not reflect the name displayed on the table itself—"Graveyard". Some ports of the game (notably the GameTek port to the Game Boy) name this table "Graveyard" in the menu as well.

Development
The ball moves according to reasonably realistic physics, and the game was restricted to using table elements which would also be possible to build in reality. Sound and music were realized with module files. With this technology, several music tracks could be included on the limited space of floppy disks.

Ports:
 * Atari Falcon
 * Commodore 64: A preview was released at the Breakpoint demo party in April 2006.
 * Game Boy
 * Game Gear
 * Game Boy Advance: Under the title Pinball Challenge Deluxe, with tables added from Pinball Fantasies.
 * GP32: Released in October 2002.
 * Super Nintendo Entertainment System: A mostly accurate conversion, including all four tables and near-perfect sound. However, the red "blood" under the top bumper in the "Nightmare" table has been changed to blue and the crosses were removed.
 * PC: A conversion for DOS based systems by Spidersoft.
 * iPhone/iPod Touch: Released in January 2009 by Cowboy Rodeo as Pinball Dreaming: Pinball Dreams.
 * PlayStation Network: Released in November 2009 by Cowboy Rodeo.
 * iPhone/iPod Touch/iPad: Released in July 2011 by Cowboy Rodeo as Pinball Dreams HD.
 * OS X: Released in August 2011 by Cowboy Rodeo as Pinball Dreams HD.
 * Amstrad CPC: Released in October 2019 by BG GAMES.

Reception
Pinball Dreams was a commercial success, selling more than 650,000 copies in its debut year.

Pinball Dreams was overall received positive by press reviews. Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the Game Gear version a 5.8 out of 10, commenting that "Pinball never really worked well on portable systems and Pinball Dreams is no exception. The boards are huge, but the game is a little slow."

In 1993 Computer Gaming World criticized the PC version of Pinball Dreams as having "the worst physical model" of four reviewed games, and disliked the "jerk[y]" scrolling. The magazine said in June 1994 that Pinball 2000 "is an average title at a better than average price". In 1996 the magazine ranked Pinball Dreams as the 119th best game of all time, stating, "Smooth scrolling and great ball physics made this Amiga game a wizard's choice." In 2011, Wirtualna Polska ranked it as the fourth best Amiga game.

Pinball Dreams 2
An alternate PC-only sequel, Pinball Dreams 2, was released in 1995 by 21st Century Entertainment (like Pinball Dreams) but was developed by Spidersoft.

It includes four tables:
 * "Neptune", themed to underwater exploration.
 * "Safari", themed to an African safari.
 * "Revenge of the Robot Warriors", themed to a battle against robots.
 * "Stall Turn", themed to aerobatics.

Composer Andrew Barnabas did not have access to the game while writing its music, and was instead given only a list of song titles and a copy of the original Pinball Dreams. He complained that "I couldn't even see what the game looked like. It was like composing in the dark."

Pinball Mania
Pinball Mania is a 1995 DOS game based on Pinball Dreams. While "Digital Illusions was not involved in the fourth title in 21st Century's pinball series" it was instead developed by Spidersoft. The game featured 4 tables: Kick Off, Jail Break, Tarantula, and Jackpot. PC Games (Germany) gave the game a 69 out of 100, while High Score gave it 3 out of 5. A Game Boy port was published by GameTek UK Ltd. Consoles Plus gave it 80 out of 100, while Total! (Germany)	gave it 3 out of 6.

Absolute Pinball
Absolute Pinball is a 1996 DOS game based on Pinball Dreams. It was developed by Unique Development Studios AB and published by 21st Century Entertainment Ltd. on Sep 01, 1996. Joystick (French) gave it 80 out of 100, Coming Soon Magazine gave it 76 out of 100, PC Games (Germany) gave it 75 out of 100, PC Player (Denmark) gave it 70 out of 100, PC Player (Germany) gave it 3 Stars, High Score gave it 3 out of 5, PC Joker gave it 55 out of 100, and Power Play gave it 54 out of 100.

Pinball Builder
Pinball Builder: A Construction Kit for Windows is a Windows 3.x 1996 game developed by Spidersoft and published by 21st Century Entertainment. Based on the Pinball Dreams/Fantasies series, the game is a "pinball construction kit for Windows". Mobygames explains "This package was included in Encore's "Pinball Madness 2" collection in 1999." PC Player (Denmark) gave it 70 out of 100, Gamezilla gave it 58 out of 100, PC Games (Germany) gave it 53 out of 100, PC Player (Germany) gave it 2 Stars, Power Play gave it 34 out of 100, and High Score gave it 1 out of 5

Total Pinball 3D
Total Pinball 3D is a DOS game released in 1996 by 21st Century Entertainment and developed by Spidersoft.

A Next Generation reviewer criticized that the view of the table in 2D mode is too small due to it being restricted to one side of the screen, and concluded, "There is a lot of variety in play style, difficulty, and theme, and the graphics are sharp, but compared to the high level of detail and originality in recent titles, the tables here look bland. ... much better games like Hyper 3-D Pinball and Pro Pinball: The Web now come to mind." He scored it two out of five stars. Coming Soon Magazine gave it 81 out of 100, PC Games (Germany) gave it 68 out of 100, GameSpot gave it 5.8 out of 10, Power Play gave it 42 out of 100, and PC Player (Germany) gave it 1 Stars.

title: Pinball Dreams


text:
Dynamic Monte Carlo method

In chemistry, dynamic Monte Carlo (DMC) is a Monte Carlo method for modeling the dynamic behaviors of molecules by comparing the rates of individual steps with random numbers. It is essentially the same as Kinetic Monte Carlo. Unlike the Metropolis Monte Carlo method, which has been employed to study systems at equilibrium, the DMC method is used to investigate non-equilibrium systems such as a reaction, diffusion, and so-forth (Meng and Weinberg 1994). This method is mainly applied to analyze adsorbates' behavior on surfaces.

There are several well-known methods for performing DMC simulations, including the First Reaction Method (FRM) and Random Selection Method (RSM). Although the FRM and RSM give the same results from a given model, the computer resources are different depending on the applied system.

In the FRM, the reaction whose time is minimum on the event list is advanced. In the event list, the tentative times for all possible reactions are stored. After the selection of one event, the system time is advanced to the reaction time, and the event list is recalculated. This method is efficient in computation time because the reaction always occurs in one event. On the other hand, it consumes a lot of computer memory because of the event list. Therefore, it is difficult to apply to large-scale systems.

The RSM decides whether the reaction of the selected molecule proceeds or not by comparing the transition probability with a random number. In this method, the reaction does not necessarily proceed in one event, so it needs significantly more computation time than FRM. However, this method saves computer memory because it does not use an event list. Large-scale systems are able to be calculated by this method.

title: Dynamic Monte Carlo method


text:
Talk:Choi Lei Fut

Wikipedia is not a business directory
Please see the note posted on the "External links" sections of other martial arts pages: "Wikipedia isn't a link farm. A link should be here if it provides significant new info, not simply to promote business. Please don't add links to individual schools."

Wikipedia is not a remembrance book
The piety and respect with which you regard your martial ancestors does you credit.

However, Wikipedia is NOT an appropriate place to express that.

For example, the use of first-person pronouns such as "I", "me", "my", "we", "us", or "our" is not consistent with a neutral point of view.

For example, "(1926-still with us)" is not acceptable; "(1926-present)" is.

Also, unless it's a quotation, no sentence that begins "My great-great-grandfather" should ever appear in a Wikipedia article, as in "My great-great-grandfather passed this art onto his sons, Koon Pak and Si Long (also known as On Pak)." Besides, it strongly suggests that the sentence is someone else's possibly copyrighted content.

The External Links and biographies of various masters swelled the size of this article to more than double the recommended 32kb.

Accordingly, the external links section has been cleared, as has been done in other martial arts articles where the external links section got out of hand due to abuse as business advertising and the biographies of individual masters have been broken out into individual articles.

JFD 19:57, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the websites of the headquarters of each branch, as well as sites that provide original info should be put back - this would make the links section have a managable 5-7 items. Frikle 06:15, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Done. JFD 16:01, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia:List_of_Wikipedians_by_martial_art add yourself!
List_of_Wikipedians_by_martial_art

merge Do Pi Kung Fu
Greetings, Do Pi Kung Fu was propsed for deletion on grounds of notability. As it seems to be an off-shoot or at least related to Choy Lee Fut, I am wondering if it could be incorporated into this article rather than deleted altogether... --Mista-X 03:33, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I've placed an alternate suggestion on the WP:MA talk page -- Medains 11:10, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Meaning
What does "Choi Lei Fat" mean?

 * The name was created by Chan Heung to honor the masters who trained him. Choi from Choi Fook, Lei from Lei Yau San and Fut (Meaning Buddha) in honor of the Shaolin teachings of his uncle Chan Yuen Woo. He chose Fut instead of Chan (supposedly) so that the name of the style would not appear to be named after himself. --Radiofreejohn (talk) 19:17, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Needs rework
History of Choy Li Fut...

The authoritative history of Choy Li Fut should come from someone who has officially been entrusted with the Chan Heung scripts. I believe this to be Grandmaster Doc Fai Wong in San Francisco. There has been too many 'editors' of this page with partial or inaccurate histories. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Huo Xin (talk • contribs) 18:03, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

Jeong Yim section sounds similar to Huo Yuanjia
The Jeong Yim story sounds very similar to Huo Yuanjia's story. It needs to be validated. Huo Xin (talk) 02:57, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Original research
section is unverifiable, no documentation, information provided is extracted from a known fictional story named, "Fut San Hung Sing Kwoon" written by Nim Fut San Yen; information contradicts known documentation of the life of Chan Heung as written in the Chan Family Manuscripts which documents the studies of the founder of Cailifo, Chan Heung. The documentation shows that Chan Din-Foon was the student of Chan Heung who started the Hung Sing kwoon in Fut San sometime around 1847 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Clftruthseeking (talk • contribs) 2009-06-16 22:17:28
 * Comment erroneously made, using the wrong tag, in the article. Uncle G (talk) 22:50, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Current Masters of Choi Lei Fut
I believe that there are more Choi Lei Fut masters all around the world, as well as from different branches. Don't you think this section is a bit biased? Should the Buk Sing masters be listed under the Buk Sing Branch? Huo Xin (talk) 19:29, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

Jeong Yim section needs verification
There doesn't seem to be much factual evidence to support this section. I am trying to find some concrete evidence, but most of the information seems to be from original research and not published research. Huo Xin (talk) 17:54, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

restart of page
I think the maintainers of the page has not done a good job of improving this entry. I suggest a quick deletion and redoing of this page. Huo Xin (talk) 18:52, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

will delete this page on July 14.
Due to the poor historic content of this page, I will delete and redirect contents on Friday July 14th 2009. If there is any objection, please place hang on template under removal tag AND put your reasons here. If you do not put your reason here, I will delete the page. Huo Xin (talk) 03:28, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

Friday is the 17th of July.Clftruthseeking (talk) 03:51, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

Thanks - yes I meant deletion on July 17th
Thank you for the date correction. I meant I will delete this page on Friday, July 17th 2009. Huo Xin (talk) 17:06, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

Redirect and contents merged
As I announced earlier, I redirected this page to a more established and properly created page. Huo Xin (talk) 17:52, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Choi Lei Fut


text:
Talk:Southern Dragon kung fu

Almost all of the information is wrong
Majority of the information on this article is wrong. I don't care what the references say, they're wrong too. There is not really a southern nor a northern style of kung fu Dragon Style. Kung fu Dragon Style is a relatively new form of kung fu (in comparison to other's such as wushu) and is only a few hundred years old. When the creator of this style of kung fu invented it, they had to think logically about how the dragon would move according to Chinese mythology, in which kung fu Dragon Style body mechanics are based upon. This explains why kung fu Dragon Style is a more modern martial art, were as in the ancient styles the monks would imitate the movement of actual animals for a means of exercise, sine Dragons are mythical it took a bit of imagination/logic to invent it (i.e. according to Chinese mythology the dragon has many legs, similarly to a centipede, therefore it would step side to side - as does a practitioner of kung fu Dragon style). A possible explanation of the inaccuracy for the references is that perhaps the websites are about a school with the title "Dragon Style" were they actually practice a mixture of martial arts, then actually practicing the type of martial art known as kung fu Dragon Style. Unfortunately I am unaware of any websites that would support my claims, however if one takes a look at the references for the current article, all of the websites appear somewhat unreliable as a source of information.

Does anyone know how to add one of those "This article is under dispute" notices at the top of the article? Or can only administrators do that? 24.47.122.166] ([[User talk:24.47.122.166|talk) 00:51, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia:List_of_Wikipedians_by_martial_art add yourself!
List_of_Wikipedians_by_martial_art

Material from another webpage
I fixed some code, removed some disruptive vandalism and finished some of the "Code" sentences, but looking for the information to complete them, I found that most of the information under "Techniques" is taken verbatim from this site. More work needs to be done to present the history and knowledge of this art but without copying from another site. Cybertooth85 20:27, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Spelling Error?
Shouldn't the "Shaolin Kung Fu Institute" of the third paragraph be the "Shaolin Gung Fu Institute"? It's been changed to Kung, perhaps mistakenly, but I wasn't able to find any concrete sources supporting either spelling. Milkfoam 09:28, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Split?!
I do not believe the article should be split. It isn't that big and still needs a little work. → Icez {talk | contrib} 22:24, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Northern / Southern Division
I'm preparing a section to be added to this page speaking of Northern Dragon, which may include changes/additions to the History portion. It likely wont be ready for a few weeks though.

What is the best way to edit this page? I agree that it should not be split, since Northern and Southern Dragon style can be said to share the same roots, however right now the "Techniques" heading is basically all related to southern dragon.

Would it be best to change "Techniques" to "Southern Dragon" and add a peer-heading for Northern Dragon? Or is there some better format to this?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

This article as it exists is about a specific style, Lung Ying Mor Kiu (called Southern Dragon by it's English speaking practitioners), rather than any other variant that uses "dragon" in the name. For a completely separate style I would suggest it better to start a new article under the heading "Northern Dragon Kung Fu" and create a disambiguation page for anyone typing only "dragon kung fu" into the search. Trying to place information on two separate styles that share primarily only a similarity in name is likely to create more confusion than clarity among potential readers.

For potentially shared early history, it would be better to make a note in the section on "history" regarding the shared history, and potentially even create a separate article on that history if it is detailed enough and warrants one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.87.7.64 (talk) 05:25, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

What is this? Some sort of game?
Why does the, "Footwork" section keep on referring to the, "player"? What is this? Some sort of game? Seriously though, I don't think "player" is the right word here. 212.250.138.33 (talk) 03:48, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

-

Actually, player is quite the right word here. It's a term commonly used among English speaking kung fu practitioners to refer to a practitioner of a given style as well as generically. You you might hear someone referred to as a "Lung Ying" player or a "Wing Chun" player. The term originates from the imprecise mapping of words in Cantonese to English. It's apparently as close an approximation of the Cantonese term as can be had. The term actually extends further than its use as a pronoun for practitioners to use as a verb. For example you will sometimes hear English speaking kung fu practitioners (particularly those that trained in southern China or Hong Kong) speak of "playing their forms" when referring to someone performing one of a styles traditional forms. You will find this same term used elsewhere including no less than Bruce Lee's Tao of Jeet Kune Do as well as many other manuals and texts on southern Chinese Martial Arts.

71.177.191.205 (talk) 04:35, 10 July 2016 (UTC)

Intro is not about the subject
Most of the intro talks about what the dragon is in chinese culture, not what this style of kung fu actually is. Compare to the changquan article which gives a good overview of the topic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.164.101.8 (talk) 16:48, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Southern Dragon kung fu


text:
Talk:Eagle Claw

Wikipedia:List_of_Wikipedians_by_martial_art add yourself!
List_of_Wikipedians_by_martial_art

More Links:

Here is a link to an Eagle Claw master currently Living and teaching in Denver Colorado. He learned Eagle Claw in Guang Zhao China. The School in Guang Zhao is still active and doing well. http://www.cs.du.edu/~hwu/eagle/index.html

This is a link to a Bai Shaolin Eagle Claw school in south Texas. There is plenty of more information on the system and information on the lineage of Sifu Kimak there. He is a student of 31st generation shaolin monk Shi De Shan. http://www.beishaolin.com

Cantonese/Mandarin
Is there any reason why the names of non-Canontese persons (such as Yue Fei) should be refered to with Cantonese romanization? Uly 20:16, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Sifu Luo Li family tree
It would be very important to reconstruct the complete ying shou family tree, so if any has information as regards to the linage of Sifu Luo Li, i think we all be much grateful to that. Xiexie.

Li Quan Sheng
I have not seen any references to this master, who was suposed to live by the same time that Yue Fei was developping the system, maybe a not so narrow time window to affirm that they lived in the same century, but close to. Does any one know about him? Jan She Ji

Isn't this just Li Quan Seng mispelled? (See article...)

Edededed 08:07, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Chinese characters
Would be nice to have more Chinese characters for peoples' names here (i.e. Ng Wai Nung and family, etc.).

Edededed 08:06, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Clean up
WP:WikiProject Martial arts has begun a clean up campaign to raise any inadequate articles to current Wikipedia standards. I have not volunteered to help out, but if I see something is wrong with an article that falls under the project's influence, I'll fix it. This article is below even the most basic standards because of it's overall lack of citations and formatting. The biggest problem I see is that it fails to make a clear distinction between history, legend, and just plain fiction. I have, therefore, introduced some historical information that balances out the page.

Additional sources are sorely needed throughout the rest of the page. Huge claims such as ...

"Past researchers have come to the conclusion that Liquan is not the name of an individual but a religious order with Shaolin Sect. The location of their temple is believe to be the one in Hebei Province where both Facheng and Daoji were in residence. Recent research has discovered a connection between the "Yue Shi San shou/aka: Ying Quan with an existing style called "ying Men Quan 硬门拳(Hard Gate Fist) which has a direct connection with the famous Yue Fei through his family."

... need to be cited with reliable sources. If the info was found in some sort of scholarly publication like JAMA, please feel free to add the volume, issue, and page that it appears in. However, if the information was derived by amateur research, it needs to be removed as Wikipedia is not a publisher of original thought. Please see WP:Original research. If reliable sources are not provided in the next couple of days, I will delete the information. --Ghostexorcist (talk) 18:13, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I have rewritten the lead to reflect the information within the body of the article. I did this because the statement about it possibly being "one of the oldest" northern Shaolin styles has been tagged for three years and no one has tried to source it at all. Despite all of the stories attributing the style to Yue Fei, there is not one shred of historical evidence that conclusively dates Eagle Claw to the Song. In addition, I have created an info box complete with a picture of Chan Tzi Ching performing a typical technique. --Ghostexorcist (talk) 19:04, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Eagle Claw


text:
Talk:Five Ancestors

Wikipedia:List_of_Wikipedians_by_martial_art add yourself!
List_of_Wikipedians_by_martial_art

another page?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuzu_quan_(5_ancestors_fist) looks like the same topic

title: Talk:Five Ancestors