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Imelda Staunton

Dame Imelda Mary Philomena Bernadette Staunton (born 9 January 1956) is an English actress and singer. After training at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, Staunton began her career in repertory theatre in 1976 and appeared in various theatre productions in the United Kingdom.

Staunton has performed in a variety of plays and musicals in London throughout her career, winning four Laurence Olivier Awards; three for Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Musical for her roles in the musicals Into the Woods, Sweeney Todd, and Gypsy, and one for Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Play for her work in both A Chorus of Disapproval and The Corn Is Green. Her other stage appearances include The Beggar's Opera, The Wizard of Oz, Uncle Vanya, Guys and Dolls, Entertaining Mr Sloane, and Good People. She has been nominated for 13 Olivier Awards.

On film, Staunton's roles in the 1990s include Antonia and Jane, Peter's Friends, Much Ado About Nothing, Sense and Sensibility, and Shakespeare in Love. She received the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and an Academy Award for Best Actress nomination for playing the title role of Vera Drake. She gained a wider audience for her role as Dolores Umbridge in the Harry Potter films The Order of the Phoenix and The Deathly Hallows - Part 1. She also appeared in the films Nanny McPhee, Another Year, Pride, Finding Your Feet, and Downton Abbey, and provided voice roles for Chicken Run (and it's sequel), Arthur Christmas, and Paddington.

On television, Staunton starred in the sitcoms Up the Garden Path and Is it Legal?. Her performance in My Family and Other Animals earned her a nomination for the International Emmy Award for Best Actress, while her roles in Return to Cranford and The Girl earned her BAFTA TV Award nominations for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. For the latter, she was also nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie. She portrayed Queen Elizabeth II in the final two seasons of The Crown, gaining nominations for the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress, and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress.

Early life and education
Staunton was born in Archway, North London, the only child of Bridie (née McNicholas), a hairdresser, and Joseph Staunton, a labourer. They lived over Staunton's mother's salon. Her parents were immigrants from County Mayo, Ireland; her father from Ballyvary and her mother from Bohola. Her mother, a musician, had played in Irish showbands; while she could not read music, she could play almost any tune by ear on the accordion or fiddle. When Staunton was in her teens, her parents separated, both later meeting new partners.

As a pupil at La Sainte Union Catholic School, Staunton took drama classes with her elocution teacher and had starring roles in school plays, including that of Polly Peachum in The Beggar's Opera. Encouraged by her teacher, she auditioned for drama schools: while the Central School of Speech and Drama and Guildhall School of Music and Drama did not extend offers to her, she was accepted into the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) at age 18.

Theatre
Staunton graduated from RADA in 1976, then spent six years in British repertory theatre, including a period at the Northcott Theatre, Exeter, where she had the title role in Shaw's Saint Joan (1979). She then moved on to roles the National Theatre, including Lucy Lockit in The Beggar's Opera (1982), which earned her Olivier Award nominations for Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Musical and Most Promising Newcomer of the Year in Theatre. She also appeared in two revivals of Guys and Dolls at the National Theatre; the first in 1982 in which she met her husband Jim Carter and the second in 1996 in which she played Miss Adelaide and was nominated for the Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical.

In 1985, Staunton won her first Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role for her work in both The Corn Is Green at The Old Vic and A Chorus of Disapproval at the National Theatre. She also played Dorothy Gale in the Royal Shakespeare Company's 1987 revival of The Wizard of Oz at the Barbican Centre, which earned her another Olivier nomination for Best Actress in a Musical. Staunton won her first Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical for playing the Baker's Wife in the original London production of Into the Woods (1990).

In the ensuing 20 years, Staunton mainly had roles in plays, including Sonya in Uncle Vanya (1988), Kath in Entertaining Mr Sloane (2009) and Good People (2014), for which she received Olivier nominations for Best Actress in a Play. She also appeared in two productions at the Almeida Theatre, firstly in the premiere of Frank McGuinness's There Came a Gypsy Riding in 2007 and secondly in a revival of Edward Albee's A Delicate Balance in 2011.

Most recently, Staunton has appeared in two Chichester Festival Theatre productions, taking on the role of Mrs. Lovett in a revival of Stephen Sondheim's Sweeney Todd between 2011 and 2012, starring opposite Michael Ball, before starring as Rose in a revival of Gypsy between 2014 and 2015. Both productions transferred to London for critically and commercially acclaimed runs. Staunton won her second and third Olivier Awards for Best Actress in a Musical for the two productions in 2013 and 2016 respectively.

Staunton returned to the Harold Pinter Theatre in London West End in 2017 as Martha in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, starring alongside Conleth Hill, Luke Treadaway and Imogen Poots at the Harold Pinter Theatre. This play was broadcast in National Theatre Live on 18 May 2017.

Staunton performed the role of Sally in the 2017 National Theatre revival of Stephen Sondheim's Follies, alongside Janie Dee as Phyllis, and Philip Quast as Ben. The show was broadcast through the National Theatre Live initiative on 16 November 2017.

Film
Staunton's first big-screen role came in a 1986 film Comrades. She then appeared in the 1991 film Antonia and Jane, and in the 1992 film Peter's Friends. Other film roles include performances in Much Ado About Nothing (1993), Deadly Advice (1993), Sense and Sensibility (1995) Twelfth Night (1996), Chicken Run (2000), Another Life (2001), Bright Young Things (2003), Nanny McPhee (2005), Freedom Writers (2007) and How About You (2007).

Staunton shared a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Performance by a Cast in 1998 for Shakespeare in Love. In 2004, she received the Best Actress honours at the European Film Awards, the BAFTAs, and the Venice Film Festival for her performance of the title role in Mike Leigh's Vera Drake, which also won Best Picture. For the same role, she received her first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role.

Staunton portrayed Dolores Umbridge in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007), a performance described as "coming close to stealing the show". She was nominated in the "British Actress in a Supporting Role" category at the London Film Critics Circle Awards. Staunton reprised her role as Dolores Umbridge in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 in 2010.

Other film roles include the 2008 movie A Bunch of Amateurs, in which she starred alongside Burt Reynolds, Derek Jacobi and Samantha Bond, and the character of Sonia Teichberg in Ang Lee's Taking Woodstock (2009). Staunton provided the voice of the Talking Flowers in Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland (2010), and played one of the lead roles in the ghost film The Awakening in 2011. In 2012, she voiced Queen Victoria in the Aardman film The Pirates! Band of Misfits, where she serves as the main antagonist. In 2014, she co-starred in Maleficent as well as the British comedy-drama Pride.

In late 2014, she had a voice role in Paddington, a film based on the Paddington Bear books by Michael Bond. Staunton and her Harry Potter co-star Michael Gambon voiced Paddington's Aunt Lucy and Uncle Pastuzo, respectively.

An August 2018 announcement revealed that Staunton would be among the new cast to join the original actors in Downton Abbey which started principal photography at about the same time.

Television work
In 1993, she appeared on television alongside Richard Briers and Adrian Edmondson in If You See God, Tell Him. Staunton also played the wife of Detective Burakov in the 1995 HBO movie, Citizen X, which recounted the pursuit and capture of Russian serial killer Andrei Chikatilo. She has had other television parts in The Singing Detective (1986), Midsomer Murders, and the sitcom Is It Legal? (1995–98), as well as A Bit of Fry and Laurie. She was a voice artist on Mole's Christmas (1994). She had a guest role playing Mrs. Mead in Little Britain in 2005, and in 2007 played the free-thinking gossip, Miss Pole, in Cranford, the five-part BBC series based on Mrs Gaskell's novels. In 2011, she played Grace Andrews in the second series of Psychoville.

In 2011, she was the Voice of the Interface in the highly acclaimed and nominee for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation (Short Form) episode of Doctor Who – "The Girl Who Waited". In 2012, she portrayed Alma Reville, the wife of Alfred Hitchcock, in the HBO television movie The Girl, which also starred Toby Jones and Sienna Miller. Her performance saw her nominated for a BAFTA Television Award and a Primetime Emmy Award.

Since May 2020, Staunton stars in the Apple TV+ comedy series Trying. The first season premiered on 1 May 2020 and the second-season premieres on 14 May 2021, with the show already renewed for a third season. On 31 January 2020, it was announced that she would be portraying Queen Elizabeth II in the fifth season of the critically acclaimed Netflix series The Crown. On 9 July 2020, it was announced that the series had been extended to a sixth and final season, with Staunton again to reprise her role of the Queen. Staunton's performance in the fifth season earned her a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama.

Radio
On radio, she has appeared in the title role of the detective drama series Julie Enfield Investigates, as the lead "Izzy Comyn" in the comedy Up the Garden Path (which later moved to ITV with Staunton reprising the role), in Diary of a Provincial Lady (from 1999), as "Courageous Kate" in Series 1 of Elephants to Catch Eels and as "Xanthippe" in Series 2 of Acropolis Now.

She starred opposite Anna Massey in the post-World War II mystery series Daunt and Dervish, and opposite Patrick Barlow in The Patrick and Maureen Maybe Music Experience. She played the role of a schoolboy as the lead character in the five part (15 minutes each): "The Skool Days of Nigel Molesworth" for BBC Radio 4.

Other work
Staunton has narrated unabridged audio-book versions of many of Julia Donaldson's children's books, including The Gruffalo, The Gruffalo's Child, Monkey Puzzle, The Snail and the Whale, Stick Man and Zog, as well as other children's books. In 2014 she collaborated with her husband, Jim Carter, and Show of Hands on Centenary: Words and Music of the Great War, an album of songs and poetry from and inspired by World War I.

Staunton is also a patron for the Milton Rooms, a new arts centre in Malton, North Yorkshire along with Bill Nighy, Jools Holland and Kathy Burke.

Personal life
Staunton and her husband, actor Jim Carter, have a daughter, Bessie, born in 1993. In 2007, they appeared in the BBC series Cranford, with Carter as Captain Brown and Bessie as a maid. They live in West Hampstead.

In 2014, Staunton's dog, Molly, appeared as Chowsie the dog in Gypsy at the Chichester Festival Theatre from 6 October to 8 November. Staunton played the leading role of Mama Rose.

Staunton endorsed the Labour Party in the 2024 United Kingdom general election.

Awards and honours
Staunton has received numerous accolades including a BAFTA Award, four Olivier Awards, and a Screen Actors Guild Award in addition to nominations for an Academy Award, three Golden Globe Awards, and two Primetime Emmy Awards. Staunton was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2006 New Year Honours, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2024 Birthday Honours, all for services to drama, and the last additionally for charity.

Discography

 * 1990: Into the Woods – Original London Cast; as baker's wife.
 * 2010: Julia Donaldson Audio Collection; as the narrator of the Gruffalo, The Gruffalo's Child, Highway Rat, Zog, and Charlie Cook's Favourite Book.
 * 2012: Sweeney Todd – Revival Cast Recording; as Mrs. Lovett.
 * 2015: Gypsy – London Cast Recording; as Momma Rose.
 * 2019: Follies – London Cast Recording; as Sally.

title: Imelda Staunton


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Talk:Princess Christina of the Netherlands

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 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was moved as requested. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 22:16, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
Princess Christina of Orange-Nassau → Princess Christina of the Netherlands – Princess Christina did not lose her title of Princess of the Netherlands because the 2002 act regulating titles of the royal house was not retroactive. She only lost her membership to the royal house. Had her marriage taken place after 2002 then she would no longer be a princess of the Netherlands. Charles 05:18, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * Support As nominator. Charles 05:18, 30 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Support That's her name according to the official website of the Royal House. Noel S McFerran 16:53, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Support " if that is what the Royal House calls her, that is what we should call her IMO. Prsgodd e ss187 17:52, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Support If it's true, I agree Gryffindor  09:48, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Discussion
See RM reasoning. Charles 05:18, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Title
Since she renounced her right to the throne in order to marry, wouldn't she be a Princess of Orange-Nassau? Prince Johan-Friso and Prince Pieter-Christiaan lost the title Prince of the Netherlands when they married without Parliament's permission, would this be the same? Not trying to nit-pick, just trying to get the facts straight. Prsgoddess187 19:30, 27 September 2005 (UTC) I agree with you, I think wwe should move this page to be Princess Christina of Orange-Nassu.Astorknlam 16:00, 18 January 2006(UTC)

It is still Princess Christina of the Netherlands (plus Princess of Orange-Nassau, and Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld)!!! (Although she isn't member anymore of the Royal House).

See for prove: http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/content.jsp?objectid=9654 Look at: Hare Koninklijke Hoogheid Prinses Christina der Nederlanden.

The reason for this according to the Dutch discussion site is: "''Bij koninklijk besluit aangaande het huwelijk van Juliana en Bernhard in 1937 is bepaald dat alle, uit dit huwelijk geboren kinderen de volgende titels zouden dragen: Prins of Prinses der Nederlanden, Prins of Prinses van Oranje-Nassau en Prins of Prinses van Lippe-Biesterfeld

Precies, zo is het! Die titels hebben geen relatie tot het al dan niet lid zijn van het koninklijk huis. RJB 26 aug 2005 13:59 (CEST) .''"

Translated: By royal decision, concerning the marriage of Juliana and Bernhard in 1937, it is decided that all children born out of this marriage will carry the titles: Prince or Princess of the Netherlands, Prince or Princess of Orange-Nassau, and Prince or Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld.

Precise, that is as it should be! Those titles (in case of the children of Queen Juliana) has no relation with being or not being member of the royal house. RJB 26 aug 2005 13:59 (CEST).

P.S.: The royal decision in 1937 is not applicable for the situation of Prince Johan-Friso. And Prince Pieter Christiaan wasn't member of the Royal House at first, so he never was Prince of the Netherlands.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

Foreign honours removed
I've removed the foreign honours subsection: neither of the entries appears on nl.wikipedia, and they are sourced to photos, which is completely inadequate. Here's the text unchanged for the convenience of anyone who may be able to ferret out sources, which I couldn't. Yngvadottir (talk) 15:49, 1 September 2016 (UTC)

Foreign honours
https://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/nl/geheugen/view/amsterdam-vorstenhuizen-groepsportret-jacques-klok?coll=ngvn&maxperpage=36&page=1&query=13383253&identifier=ANP01%3A13383253 --87.212.1.81 (talk) 18:15, 24 August 2019 (UTC)
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg Grand Duchy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown
 * 'Kon. Bibliotheek'; Dutch MP (1967) 'bron [13377004], ANP Historisch Archief, ANP'; HRH Christina standing in the middle:

 * Nepalese Royal Family: Member Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Divine Powers
 * Her age then 20, standing behind father https://www.anp-archief.nl/page/48999/amsterdam-25-april-1967 --87.212.1.81 (talk) 00:15, 24 August 2019 (UTC)

Unsourced contents moved to talk page
Please feel free to introduce the content below back to the article after adding reliable sources. -- D Big X ray ᗙ  06:03, 22 August 2019 (UTC)

Early life
Christina was a bright and happy child, with a considerable talent for music. She also had a capacity for languages and as a young girl delighted the visiting President of the French Republic, René Coty, by conversing fluently with him in French. Like her sisters, Christina joined the Scouts as a young girl.
 * paraphrased by British newspaper Telegraph in her obituary--87.212.1.81 (talk) 21:48, 23 August 2019 (UTC)

Education
After a few years, she accepted a teaching position at a Montessori school in New York City.

Marriage
himself a teacher for the Addie May Collins Shelter of Harlem and a former hotelier. Guillermo was born in Havana on 1 August 1946. He is the son of Federico Gilberto Pérez y Castillo (1911-1967) and wife Edenia Mercedes Guillermo y Marrero, who died in Florida in 2002. His older brother, Gilberto Pérez y Guillermo, was a film studies professor in Yonkers, New York State. Princess Christina divorced on 25 April 1996, and then returned with 2 children to live in the United States.
 * https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamboom_Jorge_Guillermo_(1946) --87.212.1.81 (talk) 01:34, 24 August 2019 (UTC)

Career
and participated in a tribute concert that the CIMA Festival held in Italy for Queen-mother Juliana, under the direction of singer Jorge Chaminé.

Titles

 * 1947 – 1963: Her Royal Highness Princess Maria Christina of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld
 * 1963 – 1975: Her Royal Highness Princess Christina of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld
 * 1975 – 1996: Her Royal Highness Princess Christina of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, Mrs. Guillermo
 * 1996 – 2019: Her Royal Highness Princess Christina of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld

Honours

 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Recipient of the Wedding Medal of Princess Beatrix, Princess of Orange and Claus Van Amsberg
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Recipient of the Queen Beatrix Inauguration Medal
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Recipient of the Wedding Medal of Prince Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange and Maxima Zorruigeta
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Recipient of the King Willem-Alexander Inauguration Medal

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:56, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Prinses-christina-okt15-s.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Omar Infante

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I updated Omar's career statistics, since the regular season has ended.

title: Talk:Omar Infante


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Daegu FC

Daegu FC (대구 FC) is a South Korean professional football club based in Daegu. The club was founded as a community club at the end of 2002, and made their K League 1 debut in 2003. Daegu has played mostly in the K League 1 but was relegated at the end of the 2013 season to the K League 2. They were promoted back to the top tier for the 2017 season and went on to win the Korean FA Cup in 2018, which qualified them for the 2019 AFC Champions League. The club's best season in K League 1 was in 2021, when they finished third out of twelve teams. The same year, they were also runners-up in the Korean FA Cup and progressed to the round of 16 in the 2021 AFC Champions League.

Foundation
Daegu FC was established in 2002 as a community club (generally in South Korea, a "community-club" means that the club issues shares) based in the city of Daegu. The city is a key shareholder, and the current mayor is chairman of the club. Following their foundation, the club entered the 2003 season of the K League under manager Park Jong-hwan. Park had previously managed the national side for a number years in the 1980s and 1990s. The club's entry, together with that of Gwangju Sangmu, brought the number of teams participating in the league to 12.

Domestic competitions
Daegu finished the 2003 K League season in 11th place (out of 12 teams), winning seven games, and drawing sixteen. In the 2003 Korean FA Cup, Daegu reached the quarterfinals, where they were defeated 1–0 by Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i. Daegu improved in 2004 to tenth place in the league which, due to Incheon United's entry, now numbered 13 clubs. In the FA Cup, Daegu were knocked out in the round of 32 by National League side Ansan Hallelujah. In the Samsung Hauzen Cup, a new cup competition run as a league competition specifically for K League clubs (thus excluding National League and lower-tier clubs) during the K League's mid-season break, finished eighth out of 13 teams. The following season saw Daegu placed eighth place in the league and seventh in the Samsung Hauzen Cup. In the FA Cup, after defeating University and National League sides, Daegu were knocked out in the quarterfinals in a 2–1 loss to another K League side, the Chunnam Dragons.

For the 2006 K League season, the club placed seventh overall in the league and was 13th in Samsung Hauzen Cup. It reached the quarterfinals of the 2006 edition of the FA Cup but lost (again) to the Chunnam Dragons. Following completion of the 2006 season, Park Jong-hwan stepped down as manager after four years with the club. On 1 December 2006, Byun Byung-joo was appointed as the new manager. A former South Korean international, Byun had no previous K League management experience prior to his appointment as Daegu FC's manager. The club's performance slipped in comparison to its previous two seasons, and it placed 12th. The club failed to get out of the group stage in the 2007 Samsung Hauzen Cup and achieved a similar level of performance in the FA Cup, where Daegu lost to Incheon United in the round of 16.

In 2008, Daegu played extremely aggressive football, becoming the joint equal top-scoring team of the K League, alongside Suwon Samsung Bluewings. However, they also conceded the most goals in the league. An 11th place in the K League standings was the eventual outcome. For the first time in its history, Daegu reached the semi-finals of the Korean FA Cup, by defeating Ulsan in the quarterfinals, following a win in the round of 16 over Ansan Hallelujah. However, they then lost to their opponents Pohang Steelers in a 2–0 loss. The club placed fifth (out of six teams) in their group in the Samsung Hauzen Cup.

The 2009 season was one of the worst in the club's history. In a now expanded league of 15 clubs, thanks to new entrant Gangwon FC, Daegu would place in the last, 15th place, winning only five games. In the FA Cup, Daegu reached the quarterfinals, against Daejeon Citizen, the game finished with a 1–1 scoreline. Daegu lost out in the subsequent penalty shootout. In the league cup, now known as the Peace Cup Korea 2009, the club finished third in their group, one point away from qualifying for the knockout phase of the cup. Later in the year, Lee Young-jin was appointed as manager for the 2010 season. Lee, who has previously coached FC Seoul, replaced Byun who had resigned after being embroiled in a scandal involving a player's agent and payoffs for selecting specific players.

On field, Daegu repeated their dismal performances of the previous season, finishing 15th in the K League standings, equal with Gwangju Sangmu on points. Daegu conceded the most goals of any club in the league, losing 19 games out of 28 games, with five wins and four draws. In the FA Cup, Daegu lost 1–0 after extra time to the National League side Suwon City. Better results were achieved in the League Cup, with Daegu progressing out of their group to the knockout stage, thanks to wins over Daejeon Citizen and Busan, before losing to FC Seoul after a penalty shootout.

By virtue of winning the 2018 Korean FA Cup, Daegu qualified for its first appearance in the 2019 AFC Champions League.

After a controversial fall out with the club's executive director, Cho Kwang-Rae, its manager, André, left Daegu FC on January 27, 2020. On February 5, 2020, the club announced Lee Byung-keun, who had joined the club as the chief assistant coach at the beginning of 2019 season, as a caretaker manager to lead the club in the upcoming 2020 K League 1 season.

International competitions
Prior to the start of the 2006 K League season, Daegu participated in the Tongyeong Cup. The Tongyeong Cup was a four-team invitational tournament held in Tongyeong, South Korea. As well as Daegu and fellow K League club Incheon United, A-League side Queensland Roar and Beijing Guo'an were also part of the tournament. After beating both Incheon and Beijing, Daegu drew 0–0 with Queensland, winning the Tongyeong Cup and thus its first trophy.

In 2019, the club played in the 2019 AFC Champions League, and for the group stage was placed with Sanfrecce Hiroshima, Guangzhou Evergrande and Melbourne Victory. Despite having the lowest wage bill of all the K-League clubs, it won its first game, against Melbourne Victory. It went on to win two more games in the group stage but failed to progress to the knockout phase.

Stadium
The club's first home ground, Daegu Stadium (formerly Daegu World Cup Stadium), was opened on 28 June 2001 and is owned by the Daegu Metropolitan City. The stadium was one of the venues for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, hosting three group games, as well the 2002 FIFA World Cup play-off game for third place between South Korea and Turkey. Daegu FC used the stadium as their main venue between 2003 and 2018. The stadium has 66,422 seats, and it is covered by natural grass. The name was changed to Daegu Stadium on 5 March 2008. Occasionally, Daegu FC played its home games at the Daegu Civic Stadium.

In the 2019 season, Daegu FC relocated to the DGB Daegu Bank Park, a 12,415 capacity football-specific stadium built at the same location as the demolished Daegu Civic Stadium.

Retired number(s)
12 – Club Supporters (the 12th Man)

24 – Park Jong-jin

R-League
From 2008 to 2011, Daegu FC fielded a team in the R-League, established in 2000 for the reserve squads of the professional K-League clubs. The National Policy Agency also entered a team in the league. The league format provided for two groups of teams (six to eight in each group), each group member playing the others in the group, three or four times, depending on the number of teams in the groups. The top two teams in each group moved onto a playoff round although from 2010, the title was shared between the winners of each group.

In 2008, Daegu placed 7th out of the 8 teams in their group, winning three of 18 games. They fared little better in 2009, finishing last in their group of five teams. In 2010, Daegu's reserve squad only won one of their group games, while they drew two, and lost 11 times. The side's return of 5 points saw it place 8th and last in their group. In 2011, the club improved to 5th in its group, with eight wins. It did not enter the 2012 edition of the competition.

U-18 (Hyunpung High School) squad
In 2008, Daegu FC established an under-18 side, to act as a development squad for the men's team. This is essentially Hyunpung High School's senior football team, and as of 2009, plays in the U-18 Challenge League. The side is managed by former Daegu FC player Kim Hyun-soo.

Club officials

 * Chairman: 🇰🇷 Hong Joon-pyo (Daegu mayor)
 * Executive director: 🇰🇷 Cho Kwang-rae
 * Scout: 🇰🇷 Sung Ho-sang

 * Coaching staff
 * Head coach: 🇰🇷 Park Chang-hyun
 * Assistant head coach: 🇰🇷 Jung Seon-ho
 * Goalkeeping coach: 🇰🇷 Lee Yong-bal
 * Fitness coach & interpreter: 🇰🇷 Lee Jong-hyun
 * Medical trainer: 🇰🇷 Park Hae-seung, 🇰🇷 No Hyeon-uk, 🇰🇷 Lee Dae-gyun
 * Data analyst: 🇰🇷 Park Jun-chul

League

 * K League Challenge
 * Runners-up (1): 2016

Cups

 * FA Cup
 * Winners (1): 2018
 * Runners-up (1): 2021

Domestic record

 * Key
 * W = Winners
 * RU = Runners-up
 * SF = Semi-final
 * QF = Quarter-final
 * Ro16 = Round of 16
 * Ro32 = Round of 32

AFC Champions League record
All results list Daegu's goal tally first.

Sponsors
Kit manufacturer
 * 2003: Kappa
 * 2004: Joma
 * 2005–06: Kika
 * 2007–08: Lotto
 * 2009–10: Joma
 * 2011–14: Hummel
 * 2015–17: Kelme
 * 2018: The Hump
 * 2019–20: Forward Everywear
 * 2021–present: GoalStudio

title: Daegu FC


text:
Leaky bucket

The leaky bucket is an algorithm based on an analogy of how a bucket with a constant leak will overflow if either the average rate at which water is poured in exceeds the rate at which the bucket leaks or if more water than the capacity of the bucket is poured in all at once. It can be used to determine whether some sequence of discrete events conforms to defined limits on their average and peak rates or frequencies, e.g. to limit the actions associated with these events to these rates or delay them until they do conform to the rates. It may also be used to check conformance or limit to an average rate alone, i.e. remove any variation from the average.

It is used in packet-switched computer networks and telecommunications networks in both the traffic policing, traffic shaping and scheduling of data transmissions, in the form of packets, to defined limits on bandwidth and burstiness (a measure of the variations in the traffic flow).

A version of the leaky bucket, the generic cell rate algorithm, is recommended for Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks in UPC and NPC at user–network interfaces or inter-network interfaces or network-to-network interfaces to protect a network from excessive traffic levels on connections routed through it. The generic cell rate algorithm, or an equivalent, may also be used to shape transmissions by a network interface card onto an ATM network.

At least some implementations of the leaky bucket are a mirror image of the token bucket algorithm and will, given equivalent parameters, determine exactly the same sequence of events to conform or not conform to the same limits.

Overview
Two different methods of applying this leaky bucket analogy are described in the literature. These give what appear to be two different algorithms, both of which are referred to as the leaky bucket algorithm and generally without reference to the other method. This has resulted in confusion about what the leaky bucket algorithm is and what its properties are.

In one version the bucket is a counter or variable separate from the flow of traffic or schedule of events. This counter is used only to check that the traffic or events conform to the limits: The counter is incremented as each packet arrives at the point where the check is being made or an event occurs, which is equivalent to the way water is added intermittently to the bucket. The counter is also decremented at a fixed rate, equivalent to the way the water leaks out of the bucket. As a result, the value in the counter represents the level of the water in the bucket. If the counter remains below a specified limit value when a packet arrives or an event occurs, i.e. the bucket does not overflow, that indicates its conformance to the bandwidth and burstiness limits or the average and peak rate event limits. This version is referred to here as  the leaky bucket as a meter.

In the second version, the bucket is a queue in the flow of traffic. This queue is used to directly control that flow: Packets are entered into the queue as they arrive, equivalent to the water being added to the bucket. These packets are then removed from the queue (first come, first served), usually at a fixed rate, e.g. for onward transmission, equivalent to water leaking from the bucket. This configuration imposes conformance rather than checking it, and where the output is serviced at a fixed rate (and where the packets are all the same length), the resulting traffic stream is necessarily devoid of burstiness or jitter. So in this version, the traffic itself is the analogue of the water passing through the bucket. This version is referred to here as leaky bucket as a queue.

The leaky bucket as a meter is exactly equivalent to (a mirror image of) the token bucket algorithm, i.e. the process of adding water to the leaky bucket exactly mirrors that of removing tokens from the token bucket when a conforming packet arrives, the process of leaking of water from the leaky bucket exactly mirrors that of regularly adding tokens to the token bucket, and the test that the leaky bucket will not overflow is a mirror of the test that the token bucket contains enough tokens and will not underflow. Thus, given equivalent parameters, the two algorithms will see the same traffic as conforming or nonconforming. The leaky bucket as a queue can be seen as a special case of the leaky bucket as a meter.

As a meter

Jonathan S. Turner is credited with the original description of the leaky bucket algorithm and describes it as follows: "A counter associated with each user transmitting on a connection is incremented whenever the user sends a packet and is decremented periodically. If the counter exceeds a threshold upon being incremented, the network discards the packet. The user specifies the rate at which the counter is decremented (this determines the average bandwidth) and the value of the threshold (a measure of burstiness)". The bucket (analogous to the counter) is, in this case, used as a meter to test the conformance of packets, rather than as a queue to directly control them.

Another description of what is essentially the same meter version of the algorithm, the generic cell rate algorithm, is given by the ITU-T in recommendation I.371 and in the ATM Forum's UNI Specification. The description, in which the term cell is equivalent to packet in Turner's description is given by the ITU-T as follows: "The continuous-state leaky bucket can be viewed as a finite capacity bucket whose real-valued content drains out at a continuous rate of 1 unit of content per time unit and whose content is increased by the increment T for each conforming cell... If at a cell arrival the content of the bucket is less than or equal to the limit value τ, then the cell is conforming; otherwise, the cell is non-conforming. The capacity of the bucket (the upper bound of the counter) is (T + τ)". These specifications also state that, due to its finite capacity, if the contents of the bucket at the time the conformance is tested is greater than the limit value, and hence the cell is non-conforming, then the bucket is left unchanged; that is, the water is simply not added if it would make the bucket overflow.

David E. McDysan and Darrel L. Spohn provide a commentary on the description given by the ITU-T/ATM Forum. In this, they state, "In the leaky bucket analogy, the [ATM] cells do not actually flow through the bucket; only the check for conforming admission does". However, uncommonly in the descriptions in the literature, McDysan and Spohn also refer to the leaky bucket algorithm as a queue, going on, "Note that one implementation of traffic shaping is to actually have the cells flow through the bucket".

In describing the operation of the ITU-T's version of the algorithm, McDysan and Spohn invoke a "notion commonly employed in queueing theory of a fictional gremlin". This gremlin inspects the level in the bucket and takes action if the level is above the limit value τ: in traffic policing, it pulls open a trap door, which causes the arriving packet to be dropped and stops its water from entering the bucket; in traffic shaping, it pushes up a flap, which delays the arriving packet and prevents it from delivering its water, until the water level in the bucket falls below τ.

The difference between the descriptions given by Turner and the ITU-T/ATM Forum is that Turner's is specific to traffic policing, whereas the ITU-T/ATM Forum description is applicable to both traffic policing and traffic shaping. Also, Turner does not state that the contents of the counter should only be affected by conforming packets, and should only be incremented when this would not cause it to exceed a limit, i.e. Turner does not explicitly state that the bucket's capacity or counter's maximum value is finite.

Concept of operation
A description of the concept of operation of the leaky bucket algorithm as a meter that can be used in either traffic policing or traffic shaping may be described as a fixed capacity bucket, associated with each virtual connection or user. The bucket leaks at a fixed rate. If the bucket is empty, it stops leaking. For a packet to conform, it has to be possible to add a specific amount of water to the bucket The specific amount added by a conforming packet can be the same for all packets or can be proportional to the length of the packet. If this amount of water would cause the bucket to overflow then the packet does not conform and the water in the bucket is left unchanged.

Uses
The leaky bucket as a meter can be used in either traffic shaping or traffic policing. For example, in ATM networks, in the form of the generic cell rate algorithm, it is used to compare the bandwidth and burstiness of traffic on a virtual channel (VC) or virtual path (VP) against the specified limits on the rate at which cells may arrive and the maximum jitter, or variation in inter-arrival intervals, for the VC or VP. In traffic policing, cells that do not conform to these limits (nonconforming cells) may be dropped or may be reduced in priority for downstream traffic management functions to drop if there is congestion. In traffic shaping, cells are delayed until they conform. Traffic policing and traffic shaping are commonly used in UPC and NPC to protect the network against excess or excessively bursty traffic. (See bandwidth management and congestion avoidance.) Traffic shaping is commonly used in the network interfaces in hosts to prevent transmissions from exceeding the bandwidth or jitter limits and being discarded by traffic management functions in the network. (See scheduling (computing) and network scheduler.)

The leaky bucket algorithm as a meter can also be used in a leaky bucket counter to measure the rate of random (stochastic) processes. A Leaky bucket counter can be used to indicate, by its overflowing when the average or peak rate of events increases above some acceptable background level. For example, such a leaky bucket counter can be used to detect when there is a sudden burst of correctable memory errors or when there has been a gradual, but significant, increase in the average rate, which may indicate an impending correction failure.

The use of the leaky bucket algorithm in a leaky bucket counter is similar to that in traffic management, in that it is used as a meter. Essentially, the events replace the packets in the description, with each event causing a quantity of water to be added to the bucket. If the bucket would overflow, as a result of the event, then the event should trigger the action associated with an out-of-limits event. Some implementations seem to parallel Turner's description, in that there is no explicit limit on the maximum value that the counter may take, implying that once the counter has exceeded the threshold, it may not return to its previous state until a period significantly greater than the equivalent of the emission interval has passed, which may be increased by what would otherwise be conforming events. However, other implementations may not increment the counter while it is overflowed, allowing it to correctly determine whether the following events conform or not.

Parameters
In the case of the leaky bucket algorithm as a meter, the limits on the traffic can be bandwidth and a burstiness of the output. The bandwidth limit and burstiness limit for the connection may be specified in a traffic contract. A bandwidth limit may be specified as a packet rate, a bit rate, or as an emission interval between the packets. A limit on burstiness may be specified as a delay variation tolerance, or as a maximum burst size (MBS).

Multiple sets of contract parameters can be applied concurrently to a connection using multiple instances of the leaky bucket algorithm, each of which may take a bandwidth and a burstiness limit: see.

Emission interval
The rate at which the bucket leaks will determine the bandwidth limit, which is referred to as the average rate by Turner and the inverse of which is referred to as the emission interval by the ITU-T. It is easiest to explain what this interval is where packets have a fixed length. Hence, the first part of this description assumes this, and the implications of variable packet lengths are considered separately.

Consider a bucket that is exactly filled to the top by preceding traffic, i.e. when the maximum permitted burstiness has already occurred, i.e. the maximum number of packets or cells have just arrived in the minimum amount of time for them to still conform to the bandwidth and jitter limits. The minimum interval before the next packet can conform is then the time it takes for the bucket to leak exactly the amount of water delivered by a packet, and if a packet is tested and conforms at that time, this will exactly fill the bucket once more. Thus, once the bucket is filled, the maximum rate that packets can conform is with this interval between each packet.

Turner refers to this rate as the average, implying that its inverse is the average interval. There is, however, some ambiguity in what the average rate and interval are. Since packets can arrive at any lower rate, this is an upper bound, rather than a fixed value, so it could at best be called the maximum for the average rate. Also, during the time the maximum burstiness occurs, packets can arrive at smaller intervals and thus at a higher rate than this. So, for any period less than infinity, the actual average rate can be (but is not necessarily) greater than this and the average interval can be (but is not necessarily) less than the emission interval. Hence, because of this ambiguity, the term emission interval is used hereafter. However, it is still true that the minimum value that the long-term average interval can take tends to be the emission interval.

For variable-length packets, where the amount added to the bucket is proportional to the packet length, the maximum rate at which they can conform varies according to their length: the amount that the bucket must have leaked from full for a packet to conform is the amount the packet will add, and if this is proportional to the packet length, so is the interval between it and the preceding packet that filled the bucket. Hence, it is not possible to specify a specific emission interval for variable-length packets, and the bandwidth limit has to be specified explicitly, in bits or bytes per second.

Delay variation tolerance
It is easiest to explain delay variation tolerance for the case where packets have a fixed length. Hence, the first part of this description assumes this, and the implications of variable packet lengths are considered separately.

The ITU-T defines a limit value, τ, that is less than the capacity of the bucket by T (the amount by which the bucket contents is incremented for each conforming cell), so that the capacity of the bucket is T + τ. This limit value specifies how much earlier a packet can arrive than it would normally be expected if the packets were arriving with exactly the emission interval between them.

Imagine the following situation: A bucket leaks at 1 unit of water per second, so the limit value, τ and the amount of water added by a packet, T, are effectively in units of seconds. This bucket starts off empty, so when a packet arrives at the bucket, it does not quite fill the bucket by adding its water T, and the bucket is now τ below its capacity. So when the next packet arrives the bucket only has to have drained by T – τ for this to conform. So the interval between these two packets can be as much as τ less than T.

This extends to multiple packets in a sequence: Imagine the following: The bucket again starts off empty, so the first packet to arrive clearly conforms. The bucket then becomes exactly full after a number of conforming packets, N, have arrived in the minimum possible time for them to conform. For the last (the Nth) packet to conform, the bucket must have leaked enough of the water from the preceding N – 1 packets ((N – 1)T seconds' worth) for it to be exactly at the limit value τ at this time. Hence, the water leaked is (N – 1)T – τ, which because the leak is one unit per second, took exactly (N – 1)T – τ seconds to leak. Thus the shortest time in which all N packets can arrive and conform is (N – 1)T – τ seconds, which is exactly τ less than the time it would have taken if the packets had been arriving at exactly the emission interval.

However, packets can only arrive with intervals less than T when the bucket is not filled by the previous packet. If it is filled, then the bucket must have drained by the full amount T before the next packet conforms. So once this bucket space has been used up by packets arriving at less than T, subsequent frames must arrive at intervals no less than T. They may, however, arrive at greater intervals, when the bucket will not be filled by them. Since the bucket stops leaking when it is empty, there is always a limit (τ) to how much tolerance can be accrued by these intervals greater than T.

Since the limit value τ defines how much earlier a packet can arrive than would be expected, it is the limit on the difference between the maximum and minimum delays from the source to the point where the conformance test is being made (assuming the packets are generated with no jitter). Hence, the use of the term cell delay variation tolerance (CDVt) for this parameter in ATM.

As an example, a possible source of delay variation is where a number of streams of packets are multiplexed together at the output of a switch. Assuming that the sum of the bandwidths of these connections is less than the capacity of the output, all of the packets that arrive can be transmitted eventually. However, if their arrivals are independent, e.g. because they arrive at different inputs of the switch, then several may arrive at or nearly at the same time. Since the output can only transmit one packet at a time, the others must be queued in a buffer until it is their turn to be transmitted. This buffer then introduces an additional delay between a packet arriving at an input and being transmitted by the output, and this delay varies, depending on how many other packets are already queued in the buffer. A similar situation can occur at the output of a host (in the network interface controller) when multiple packets have the same or similar release times, and this delay can usually be modelled as a delay in a virtual output buffer.

For variable length packets, where the amount of water added by a given packet is proportional to its length, τ can not be seen as a limit on how full the bucket can be when a packet arrives, as this varies depending on the packet size. However, the time it takes to drain from this level to empty is still how much earlier a packet can arrive than is expected when packets are transmitted at the bandwidth limit. Thus, it is still the maximum variation in transfer delay to the point where the conformance test is being applied that can be tolerated, and thus the tolerance on maximum delay variation.

Maximum burst size
The limit value or delay variation tolerance also controls how many packets can arrive in a burst, determined by the excess depth of the bucket over the capacity required for a single packet. Hence MBS is also a measure of burstiness or jitter, and it is possible to specify the burstiness as an MBS and derive the limit value τ from this or to specify it as a jitter/delay variation tolerance/limit value, and derive the MBS from this.

A burst or clump of packets can arrive at a higher rate than determined by the emission interval T. This may be the line rate of the physical layer connection when the packets in the burst will arrive back-to-back. However, as in ATM, the tolerance may be applied to a lower rate, in that case the Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR), and the burst of packets (cells) can arrive at a higher rate, but less than the line rate of the physical layer, in that case, the Peak Cell Rate (PCR). The MBS may then be the number of cells needed to transport a higher layer packet (see segmentation and reassembly), where the packets are transmitted with a maximum bandwidth determined by the SCR and cells within the packets are transmitted at the PCR; thus allowing the last cell of the packet, and the packet itself, to arrive significantly earlier than it would if the cells were sent at the SCR: transmission duration = (MBS-1)/PCR rather than (MBS-1)/SCR. This bursting at the PCR puts a significantly higher load on shared resources, e.g. switch output buffers, than does transmission at the SCR, and is thus more likely to result in buffer overflows and network congestion. However, it puts a lesser load on these resources than would transmitting at the SCR with a limit value, τSCR, that allows MBS cells to be transmitted and arrive back-to-back at the line rate.

If the limit value is large enough, then several packets can arrive in a burst and still conform: if the bucket starts from empty, the first packet to arrive will add T, but if, by the time the next packet arrives, the contents is below τ, this will also conform. Assuming that each packet takes δ to arrive, then if τ (expressed as the time it takes the bucket to empty from the limit value) is equal to or greater than the emission interval less the minimum interarrival time, T – δ, the second packet will conform even if it arrives as a burst with the first. Similarly, if τ is equal to or greater than (T – δ) × 2, then 3 packets can arrive in a burst, etc.

The maximum size of this burst, M, can be calculated from the emission interval, T; the maximum jitter tolerance, τ; and the time taken to transmit/receive a packet, δ, as follows:

 * $$ M = \left \lfloor 1 + \frac{\tau}{T - \delta} \right \rfloor $$

Equally, the minimum value of jitter tolerance τ that gives a specific MBS can be calculated from the MBS as follows:

 * $$ \tau = \left (M - 1 \right )\left (T - \delta \right ) $$

In the case of ATM, where technically MBS only relates to the SCR tolerance, in the above equation the time it takes each packet to arrive, δ, is the emission interval for cells at the PCR TPCR, and the emission interval, T, is the emission interval for the SCR TSCR. Where MBS is to be the number of cells required to transport a segmented packet, the limit value in the above, τ, should be that for the SCR τSCR. However, at the UNI or an NNI, where cells at the PCR will have been subjected to delay variation, it should be the limit value for the SCR plus that for the PCR τSCR + τPCR.

For variable length packets, the maximum burst size will depend on the lengths of the packets in the burst and there is no single value for the maximum burst size. However, it is possible to specify the total burst length in bytes, from the byte rate of the input stream, the equivalent byte rate of the leak, and the bucket depth.

Comparison with the token bucket algorithm
The leaky bucket algorithm is sometimes contrasted with the token bucket algorithm. However, the above concept of operation for the leaky bucket as a meter may be directly compared with the token bucket algorithm, the description of which is given in that article as the following:

 * A token is added to the bucket every 1/r seconds.

 * The bucket can hold at the most b tokens. If a token arrives when the bucket is full, it is discarded.

 * When a packet (network layer PDU) [sic] of "n" bytes arrives, n tokens are removed from the bucket, and the packet is sent to the network.

 * If fewer than n tokens are available, no tokens are removed from the bucket, and the packet is considered to be non-conformant.

This can be compared with the concept of operation, repeated from above:

 * A fixed capacity bucket, associated with each virtual connection or user, leaks at a fixed rate.

 * If the bucket is empty, it stops leaking.

 * For a packet to conform, it has to be possible to add a specific amount of water to the bucket: The specific amount added by a conforming packet can be the same for all packets, or can be proportional to the length of the packet.

 * If this amount of water would cause the bucket to exceed its capacity then the packet does not conform and the water in the bucket is left unchanged.

As can be seen, these two descriptions are essentially mirror images of one another: one adds something to the bucket on a regular basis and takes something away for conforming packets down to a limit of zero; the other takes away regularly and adds for conforming packets up to a limit of the bucket's capacity. So, is an implementation that adds tokens for a conforming packet and removes them at a fixed rate an implementation of the leaky bucket or of the token bucket? Similarly, which algorithm is used in an implementation that removes water for a conforming packet and adds water at a fixed rate? In fact both are effectively the same, i.e. implementations of both the leaky bucket and token bucket, as these are the same basic algorithm described differently. This explains why, given equivalent parameters, the two algorithms will see exactly the same packets as conforming or nonconforming. The differences in the properties and performance of implementations of the leaky and token bucket algorithms thus result entirely from the differences in the implementations, i.e. they do not stem from differences in the underlying algorithms.

The points to note are that the leaky bucket algorithm, when used as a meter, can allow a conforming output packet stream with jitter or burstiness, can be used in traffic policing as well as shaping, and can be implemented for variable-length packets.

As a queue
The leaky bucket as a queue is essentially a way of describing a simple FIFO buffer or queue that is serviced at a fixed rate to remove burstiness or jitter. A description of it is given by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, in (an older version of) his book Computer Networks as "The leaky bucket consists of a finite queue. When a packet arrives, if there is room on the queue it is appended to the queue; otherwise it is discarded. At every clock tick one packet is transmitted (unless the queue is empty)". An implementation of the leaky bucket as a queue is therefore always a form of traffic shaping function.

As can be seen this implementation is restricted in that the packets are only ever transmitted at a fixed rate. To underline this, Tanenbaum also states that "The leaky bucket algorithm enforces a rigid output pattern at the average rate, no matter how bursty the [input] traffic is". However, this assertion is only strictly true as long as the queue does not become empty: if the average arrival rate is less than the rate of clock ticks, or if the input is sufficiently bursty that the losses bring the rate of the remainder below the clock tick rate (i.e. gaps in the input stream are long enough and the queue is small enough that it can become empty), there will be gaps in the output stream.

A further restriction is that the leaky bucket as a queue traffic shaping function only transmits packets on the ticks; hence, if it is used within a network, equivalent to UPC and NPC, it also imposes a fixed phase on the onward transmission of packets. Whereas, when using a leaky bucket meter to control onward transmission, a packet is transmitted as soon as it conforms, i.e. relative to the previous one or, if it already conforms, its arrival time; not according to some arbitrary local clock. Perversely, in the context of the transfer delay, this imposition of a fixed phase that may, over time, differ from that of an otherwise conforming input packet stream, constitutes a delay variation and hence a jitter. Jitter caused in this particular way could only be observed where the delay is measured as the transit time between two separate measurement points, one either side of the leaky bucket as a queue shaping function. However, in the context of real-time data transmissions, it is this end-to-end delay that determines the latency of received data. Hence, the leaky bucket as a queue is unsuitable for traffic shaping real-time transmissions.

Limiting variable length packets using the leaky bucket algorithm as a queue is significantly more complicated than it is for fixed-length packets. Tanenbaum gives a description of a "byte-counting" leaky bucket for variable length packets as follows: "At each tick, a counter is initialized to n. If the first packet on the queue has fewer bytes than the current value of the counter, it is transmitted, and the counter is decremented by that number of bytes. Additional packets may also be sent, as long as the counter is high enough. When the counter drops below the length of the next packet on the queue, transmission stops until the next tick, at which time the residual byte count is reset [to n] and the flow can continue". As with the version for fixed length packets, this implementation has a strong effect on the phase of transmissions, resulting in variable end-to-end delays, and unsuitability for real-time traffic shaping.

Uses
The leaky bucket as a queue can only be used in shaping traffic to a specified bandwidth with no jitter in the output. It may be used within the network, e.g. as part of bandwidth management, but is more appropriate to traffic shaping in the network interfaces of hosts. Leaky bucket algorithm is used in Nginx's ngx_http_limit_conn_module module for limiting the number of concurrent connections originating from a single IP address.

Parameters
In the case of the leaky bucket algorithm as a queue, the only defined limit for this algorithm is the bandwidth of its output.

The bandwidth limit for the connection may be specified in a traffic contract. A bandwidth limit may be specified as a packet or frame rate, a byte or bit rate, or as an emission interval between the packets.

Inefficiency
The implementation of the leaky bucket as a queue does not use available network resources efficiently. Because it transmits packets only at fixed intervals, there will be many instances when the traffic volume is very low and large portions of network resources (bandwidth in particular) are not being used. Therefore no mechanism exists in the leaky-bucket implementation as a queue to allow individual flows to burst up to port speed, effectively consuming network resources at times when there would not be resource contention in the network. Implementations of the token bucket and leaky bucket as a meter do, however, allow output traffic flows to have bursty characteristics.

Comparison between the two versions
Analysis of the two versions of the leaky bucket algorithm shows that the version as a queue is a special case of the version as a meter.

Imagine a traffic shaping function for fixed-length packets that is implemented using a fixed-length queue, forming a delay element, which is serviced using a leaky bucket as a meter. Imagine also that the bucket in this meter has a depth equal to the amount added by a packet, i.e. has a limit value, τ, of zero. However, the conformance test is only performed at intervals of the emission interval, when the packet at the head of the queue is transmitted and its water is added. This water then leaks away during the next emission interval (or is removed just prior to performing the next conformance test), allowing the next packet to conform then or at some subsequent emission interval. The service function can also be viewed in terms of a token bucket with the same depth, where enough tokens for one packet are added (if the bucket is not full) at the emission intervals. This implementation will then receive packets with a bursty arrival pattern (limited by the queue depth) and transmit them on at intervals that are always exact (integral) multiples of the emission interval.

However, the implementation of the leaky bucket as a meter (or token bucket) in a traffic shaping function described above is an exact equivalent to the description of the leaky bucket as a queue: the delay element of the meter version is the bucket of the queue version; the bucket of the meter version is the process that services the queue, and the leak is such that the emission interval is the same as the tick interval. Therefore for fixed length packets, the implementation of the leaky bucket as a queue is of a special case of a traffic shaping function using a leaky bucket (or token bucket) as a meter in which the limit value, τ, is zero and the process of testing conformance is performed at the lowest possible rate.

The leaky bucket as a queue for variable packet lengths can also be described as equivalent to a special case of the leaky bucket as a meter. The suggested implementation can, like the fixed length implementation, be seen as traffic shaping function in which the queue is a delay element, rather than the bucket, and the function that services the queue is, in this case, explicitly given as a token bucket: it is decremented for conforming packets and incremented at a fixed rate. Hence, as the leaky bucket as a meter and token bucket are equivalent, the leaky bucket as a queue for variable packet lengths is also a special case of a traffic shaping function using a leaky bucket (or token bucket) as a meter.

There is an interesting consequence of seeing the leaky bucket as a queue for variable packet lengths as a specific implementation of the token bucket or leaky bucket as a meter in traffic shaping. This is that the bucket of the meter has a depth, n, and, as is always the case with the token bucket, this depth determines the burstiness of the output traffic (perhaps in relation to the average or minimum number of tokens required by the packets). Hence, it is possible to quantify the burstiness of the output of this "byte counting" leaky bucket as a meter, unless all packets are of the maximum length when it becomes pointless. However, this ability to define a burstiness for the output is in direct contradiction to the statement that the leaky bucket (as a queue) necessarily gives an output with a rigid rate, no matter how bursty the input.

title: Leaky bucket


text: File:Aimee Mann - I'm With Stupid.jpg

title: File:Aimee Mann - I'm With Stupid.jpg


text:
Return on capital

Return on capital (ROC), or return on invested capital (ROIC), is a ratio used in finance, valuation and accounting, as a measure of the profitability and value-creating potential of companies relative to the amount of capital invested by shareholders and other debtholders. It indicates how effective a company is at turning capital into profits.

The ratio is calculated by dividing the after tax operating income (NOPAT) by the average book-value of the invested capital (IC).

Return on invested capital formula

There are three main components of this measurement that are worth noting:

 * While ratios such as return on equity and return on assets use net income as the numerator, ROIC uses net operating income after tax (NOPAT), which means that after-tax expenses (income) from financing activities are added back to (deducted from) net income.
 * While many financial computations use market value instead of book value (for instance, calculating debt-to-equity ratios or calculating the weights for the weighted average cost of capital (WACC)), ROIC uses book values of the invested capital as the denominator. This procedure is done because, unlike market values which reflect future expectations in efficient markets, book values more closely reflect the amount of initial capital invested to generate a return.
 * The denominator represents the average value of the invested capital rather than the value of the end of the year. This is because the NOPAT represents a sum of money flows, while the value of the invested capital changes every day (e.g., the invested capital on December 31 could be 30% lower than the invested capital on December 30). Because the exact average is difficult to calculate, it is often estimated by taking the average between the IC at the beginning of the year and the IC at the end of the year.

Some practitioners make an additional adjustment to the formula to add depreciation, amortization, and depletion charges back to the numerator. These charges are considered by some to be "non-cash expenses" which are often included as part of operating expenses. The practice of adding these back is said to more closely reflect the cash return of a firm over a given period of time. However, others (such as Warren Buffett) argue that depreciation should not be excluded seeing that it represents a real cash outflow. When a company purchases a depreciating asset, the cost is not immediately expensed on the income statement. Instead, it is capitalized on the balance sheet as an asset. Over time, the depreciation expenses on the income statement will reduce the asset value on the balance sheet. In turn, depreciation represents the delayed expensing of the initial cash outflow that purchased the asset, and is thus a rather liberal accounting practice.

Relationship with WACC
Because financial theory states that the value of an investment is determined by both the amount of and risk of its expected cash flows to an investor, it is worth noting ROIC and its relationship to the weighted average cost of capital (WACC).

The cost of capital is the return expected from investors for bearing the risk that the projected cash flows of an investment deviate from expectations. It is said that for investments in which future cash flows are incrementally less certain, rational investors require incrementally higher rates of return as compensation for bearing higher degrees of risk. In corporate finance, WACC is a common measurement of the minimum expected weighted average return of all investors in a company given the riskiness of its future cash flows.

Since return on invested capital is said to measure the ability of a firm to generate a return on its capital, and since WACC is said to measure the minimum expected return demanded by the firm's capital providers, the difference between ROIC and WACC is sometimes referred to as a firm's "excess return", or "economic profit".

title: Return on capital


text:
I'm with Stupid (album)

I'm with Stupid is the second studio album by the American singer-songwriter Aimee Mann, released in 1995.

Commercial performance
As of February 2001, the album has sold 123,000 copies in United States.

Track listing
All tracks by Aimee Mann, except where noted.
 * 1) "Long Shot" – 3:13
 * 2) "Choice in the Matter" (Jon Brion, Mann) – 3:13
 * 3) "Sugarcoated" (Butler, Mann) – 3:39
 * 4) "You Could Make a Killing" – 3:21
 * 5) "Superball" – 3:05
 * 6) "Amateur" (Brion, Mann) – 4:51
 * 7) "All Over Now" – 3:37
 * 8) "Par for the Course" – 6:01
 * 9) "You're with Stupid Now" – 3:27
 * 10) "That's Just What You Are" (Brion, Mann) – 4:22
 * 11) "Frankenstein" (Brion, Mann) – 4:25
 * 12) "Ray" – 4:47
 * 13) "It's Not Safe" – 5:02
 * [silence – 0:52]
 * untitled hidden track – 1:20

Personnel

 * Aimee Mann – vocals (1-13), bass (1,3,4,5,8,10,12), guitar (1,2,5,8,13), backing vocals (2,3,10), acoustic guitar (4,9,10,12), electric guitar (4,7,10), handclaps (5), drums (8), keyboards (8), percussion (8,9)
 * Jon Brion – guitar (1,6,13), percussion (1,2,7,13), backing vocals (1,2,3,7,9,13), drums (3,4,11,12), keyboards (3,6,11,13), lead guitar (4), bass harmonica (5), handclaps (5), bass (6,7,11,13), acoustic guitar (7,11), electric guitar (7,9), acoustic bass (9), cello (9), distorted nylon guitar (11), tack piano (12), harmonium (12)
 * Bernard Butler – guitar (3), keyboards (3), electric guitar (7)
 * Mike Denneen – keyboards (5,10)
 * Chris Difford – backing vocals (2,10,11)
 * Brad Hallan – bass (2)
 * Juliana Hatfield – backing vocals (4,6)
 * Neil Innes – backing vocals (13)
 * Stacy Jones – drums (1,7)
 * Michael Lockwood – guitar (1)
 * Jon Lupfer – handclaps (5)
 * Michael Penn – guitar (13)
 * John Sands – drums (1,2,5,13), guitar (2)
 * Clayton Scoble – backing vocals (1,12,13), electric guitar (10), guitar (13)
 * Glenn Tilbrook – backing vocals (2,10,11,13), electric guitar (10)
 * Martyn Watson – drum loop stuff (10)
 * Technical
 * Joseph Jack Puig – mixing
 * Mike Denneen – mixing
 * Rob Jaczko – mixing
 * Jonathan Wyner – mastering

Guests
Glenn Tilbrook and Chris Difford from the band Squeeze appear as background vocalists and musicians on "That's Just What You Are", "Frankenstein", and "It's Not Safe", and they allowed Mann to use a riff from their song "Up the Junction" on "Long Shot". Juliana Hatfield provides backing vocals on "You Could Make a Killing" and "Amateur." Neil Innes, from The Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band, Monty Python and The Rutles, provides backing vocals on "It's Not Safe".

"Choice in the Matter" includes a brief interpolation of the children's song Row Row Row Your Boat.

Uses in media
Prior to the album's release, "That's Just What You Are" appeared on the soundtrack of Fox Network television series Melrose Place in 1994, while "Amateur" appeared on the Sliding Doors soundtrack in 1998 and NBC television series Ed in 2004. "You Could Make a Killing" appeared on The Curve soundtrack in 1998 and the Cruel Intentions soundtrack in 1999.

title: I'm with Stupid (album)


text:
Raymond Gallois-Montbrun

Raymond Gallois-Montbrun (15 August 1918, Saigon – 13 August 1994, Paris) was a French violinist and composer.

He studied violin and composition at the Conservatoire de Paris, and won the Prix de Rome in 1944.

His works include a violin concerto and the symphony Japan, as well as film scores, such as Danger de mort (1947) and Cry, the Beloved Country (1951).

title: Raymond Gallois-Montbrun


text:
Leukemia & Lymphoma Society

The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS), a 501(c)(3) charitable organization founded in 1949, is a voluntary health organization dedicated to fighting blood cancer world-wide. LLS funds blood cancer research on cures for leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and myeloma. It provides free information and support services, and it advocates for blood cancer patients and their families seeking access to quality and affordable care.

LLS is headquartered in Rye Brook, New York, with 27 regional offices throughout the United States and five regional offices in Canada. The organization has raised and donated more than $1.7 billion (USD) to blood cancer research.

The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society had a four-star rating with Charity Navigator in 2023, scoring 97%.

Robert Roesler de Villiers Foundation (1949–1954)
Originally known as the Robert Roesler de Villiers Foundation, The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society was founded in New York City in 1949 by Rudolph and Antoinette de Villiers after the death of their son Robert from leukemia. The foundation was led by Antoinette, starting with a small Manhattan office with an initial investment of two thousand dollars and a small staff of volunteers. At the time, there was a lack of effective medications, support facilities, and single-agent chemotherapy.

The organization sponsored annual international research competitions with monetary awards to conduct research for treating leukemia. In 1951 the organization launched a contest for the best research paper on leukemia treatment. In the first year, there were 30 entries but no winners. The following year, Ludwik Gross was selected for the first prize and a grant to continue research.

Leukemia Society (1955–1965)
The organization changed its name to the Leukemia Society in 1955. During this era, the Leukemia Society opened local chapters in the New York Metro area. By 1957, the Leukemia Society had chapters in Brooklyn, NY; Massapequa, NY; Little Neck, NY; and Westchester County. The Leukemia Society created its first Patient Services Committee in 1959.

Leukemia Society of America (1966–1999)
In 1966, the organization was renamed Leukemia Society of America. In 1968, the Leukemia Society of America published Closing In, Research on Leukemia, a book summarizing its progress in fighting leukemia.

In 1968, the Patient Services Committee created the Patient Aid Programs that helped cover patient medications, lab fees, blood transfusions, transportation, and medical services support.

William Dameshek organized and created the LLS grant review process in the early 1960s. Due to his contributions to leukemia research and the organization, the Leukemia Society of America created the Dameshek Award in 1969.

The Leukemia Society of America became known for its fundraising campaigns, such as Four Hours for Life in 1983 and the Leukemia Cup Regatta in 1994.

In 1987 the Leukemia Society of America partnered with the Leukemia Research Fund (U.K.). It launched the peer-reviewed medical Journal, Leukemia. The Journal continues publishing today under the Nature Publishing Group.

In 1990, the Leukemia Society of America published an adult patient support book, Coping with Survival, Support for People Living with Adult Leukemia and Lymphoma.

The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (2000–present)
The name was changed to The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS) in 2000 to reflect the organization's focus on all types of blood cancer. In 2004, LLS became affiliated with the Leukemia Research Fund of Canada, which became known as The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society of Canada.

Louis J. DeGennaro was hired in 2005 and appointed President & CEO in 2014.

The organization launched the LLS National Patient Registry in honor of Michael Garil. Blood cancer patients voluntarily enrolled in the registry. The platform digitally compiles medical records so patients can access medical records across healthcare systems. In 2021, The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society Registry began collecting COVID-19 vaccine data from blood cancer patients. The platform provided the largest COVID-19 vaccine safety and efficacy data set in blood cancer patients.

LLS was awarded a place on Fast Company’s 2022 Brands That Matter list. The organization has a Four-Star rating with Charity Navigator.

In 2023, the organization announced E. Anders Kolb as its President and Chief Executive Officer.

Research
Since its founding, The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society has contributed more than $1.6 billion (USD) to blood cancer research. As there are no means of preventing blood cancers, LLS is focused on funding research for every type of blood cancer to advance treatments and cures. The organization funds research in areas of unmet medical need and helps to bridge the gap between academic discovery and drug development.

Acute myeloid leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rapidly progressing disease that remains one of the most deadly blood cancers, killing more than 11,000 Americans a year. Despite advances in treating other blood cancers, the standard of treatment for AML – a combination of toxic chemotherapies – has changed little over the past four decades. In October 2016, LLS launched its Beat AML Master Clinical Trial, a collaborative precision medicine clinical trial that identifies targeted therapies for patients based on their genetic markers.

LLS is leading the Beat AML Master Clinical Trial and is the first nonprofit cancer organization to sponsor a cancer clinical trial. The trial is a collaboration among multiple leading cancer centers, pharmaceutical companies, a clinical research organization, and a genomics analysis company. The protocol for the trial was developed with input from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Beat AML Master Clinical Trial is expected to eventually include 500 patients and will continue for at least two more years at between 15 and 20 clinical sites.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
LLS currently contributes towards research into immunotherapies targeting acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). As part of a wider funding effort including over a dozen other cancer immunotherapy projects, LLS supports more effective and targeted treatments utilizing the body's own internal attack mechanisms. In late 2017, LLS awarded researchers at UNC School of Medicine a $600,000 grant to support clinical research on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies with an immunosuppressive "safety switch". This approach aims to mitigate the potentially lethal side effects of immunotherapy—such as cytokine release syndrome—by halting the activity of infused T cells, in the event a patient experiences severe treatment toxicity.

Patient support
The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society is a source of blood cancer information, education and support for patients, their families, survivors, and healthcare professionals. In 1997, LLS created the Information Resource Center (IRC) to provide blood cancer patients, their families, and healthcare professionals with accurate, current disease information, resources, and support.

LLS Blood Cancer Information Specialists are master's level oncology social workers, nurses, and health educators. An LLS Blood Cancer Information Specialist can assist patients through cancer treatment, financial and social challenges, and can provide accurate, up-to-date disease, treatment, and support information. As a community-based voluntary health organization, LLS has regional offices throughout the United States and Canada to support blood cancer patients in North America.

Advocacy
The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society's Office of Public Policy advances LLS's mission through advocacy aimed at governmental decision-makers. Through LLS's nationwide grassroots network of more than 30,000 volunteers, LLS advocates for blood cancer patients at the state and federal level. These efforts help to increase federal and state research funds for blood cancer; expedite the review and approval for new blood cancer new therapies, and ensure that patients are able to access their treatments. LLS also supports public policy positions that accelerate progress toward cures for blood cancers, and improve the quality of life of blood cancer patients and their families.

Fundraising
LLS has five fundraising campaigns: Light The Night, Team In Training, Visionaries of the Year, Student Visionaries of the Year, and Big Climb. Light The Night is The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society's largest community initiative to build awareness of blood cancers as well as raise money for research and support of patients and their families. Participants carry illuminated lanterns of different colors. White lanterns are carried by survivors, red by supporters, and gold lanterns are carried by those walking in memory of a loved one they lost. Patients, their family, friends, and colleagues take part in the annual evening walk which is at a leisurely pace, ensuring that all participants are able to enjoy the event.

title: Leukemia & Lymphoma Society


text: Category:Aimee Mann albums

title: Category:Aimee Mann albums


text:
Daejeon Hana Citizen

Daejeon Hana Citizen Football Club is a South Korean professional football team based in Daejeon that competes in the K League 1, the top tier of South Korean football. At the time of its foundation in 1997, Daejeon Citizen was the first community club in South Korea, not belonging to any company. The club first entered the K League for the 1997 season, finishing in seventh place. In spite of a limited budget, Daejeon won the 2001 Korean FA Cup. It has not achieved sustained success in the K League, historically occupying the middle and lower reaches of the standings each season. At the end of the 2013 season, Daejeon was relegated to the K League Challenge, the second-tier league.

On 24 December 2019, Hana Financial Group Football Club Foundation bought operating rights of the club, renaming the club to its current name.

First steps into the K League
Following the foundation of the professional football league (the Korean Super League, reorganised as the K League in 1998) in Korea, there were few league matches held in Daejeon, and such matches that were held were played by visiting clubs. The absence of a local team in the league made it difficult for the citizens of Daejeon to identify with any particular team. However, in 1996 a plan to establish 'Daejeon Citizen' – their own local community club – was unveiled, which meant Daejeon citizens would have their own team to support in the league. Generally in Korea, 'community-club' means that the club issues shares. In the case of Daejeon, although shares weren't issued until 2005 (and the issuing of shares continued into 2006), they were already known as a "community club". Daejeon was the first club that did not belong to a specific company such as one of the 'chaebols' (Samsung, LG or the like) or another major company. This has a very symbolic meaning as essentially the club is founded upon the support of the local community rather than a specific company.

Kim Ki-bok was appointed the first manager of Daejeon Citizen. With high expectations, Daejeon took their first step to the K League in 1997 (at the time, the K League was known as the Rapido Super League), opening their season with a match against Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i. However, the results achieved in their first season did not live up to their high expectations for their first season. Although the club placed seventh in the league, ahead of Cheonan Ilhwa Chunma, Anyang LG Cheetahs and Bucheon SK, they won only three matches out of 18 games.

The IMF Crisis
In 1998, a major economic crisis necessitated IMF intervention in the South Korean economy – this period of time is commonly referred to as the "IMF crisis" in South Korea. As a consequence a number of companies, including some considered to be "Chaebol" went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment. Daejeon Citizen did not escape this crisis unscathed. The main board of Daejeon consisted of 4 groups – Kyeryong Construction Industrial, Dong-A Construction, DongYang Department Store and Chung-cheong Bank. But as a consequence of the IMF crisis, three of the four groups went bankrupt, leaving Kyeryong as the only survivor of the original board. There was a subsequent impact on the level of financial and management support provided to the club. This made for a particularly difficult season in the 1998 season of the K League. Again, only three games were won, but this time Daejeon finished ninth in the league, ahead of only Cheonan Ilhwa Chunma.

The following year, 1999, Daejeon improved their winning record to six victories. However, changes in the K League structure since the previous year meant that an extra 9 games were played, 27 in total, from the previous season. There were a total of 18 losses, the worst in the league. Despite this, Daejeon improved to eighth out of ten clubs. For the 2000 season, Daejeon maintained its eighth position in the league.

On the verge of disappearing
For the 2001 season, Lee Tae-ho was appointed manager, and promptly took Daejeon Citizen's first piece of silverware, leading Daejeon to victory in the FA Cup. The decisive goal of the FA Cup final came from Kim Eun-jung, which gave the team a one-nil victory over the Pohang Steelers. Due to this win, Daejeon also qualified to the 2002–03 AFC Champions League for the first time. This helped compensate for their poor performance in the K League, in which they finished 10th and last, even on points with Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors but with an inferior goal differential.

South Korea was a co-host of the 2002 FIFA Football World Cup, with Daejeon as one of the host cities. The city constructed a brand new stadium for the World Cup, and following the conclusion of the tournament, Daejeon Citizen changed stadiums. The shift from their former stadium, Daejeon Hanbat Stadium, to Daejeon World Cup Stadium meant the club not only benefited from the new facilities, but also the greater capacity of the stadium. Daejeon's poor league performance from the previous year was carried into the 2002 season, and the club finished last again, and by some margin, having won but a single game throughout the season. Lee Tae-ho eventually resigned taking responsibility for the poor results. However, more creditable results were achieved in the AFC Champions League. Although they did not make proceed beyond the group phase, they did finish second in the group, beating both Shanghai Shenhua and Kashima Antlers. Their only loss was to the eventual group winner and overall runner-up, Thai club BEC Tero Sasana.

In other changes for 2002, the key financial supporter of the club – Kyeryong, which with their support ensured that Daejeon Citizen would survive the IMF crisis – declared that they would withdraw from the club's board. Daejeon City Hall decided to give financial support to the club. This ensured the club would survive to participate in the 2003 season.

Miracle 2003
The 2003 season proved to be memorable for Daejeon fans. Choi Yun-kyum, previously coach at Bucheon SK, was appointed manager to replace Lee Tae-ho who had resigned in the wake of the club's 2002 season. Choi promptly inspired the team and completely changed its dynamics by implementing the 4–3–3 formation. The outcome was a near miraculous recovery from 2002, and he, together with Daejeon Citizen, coined the catchphrase "Miracle 2003". Daejeon Citizen finished the 2003 season in sixth place, its best finish ever in the league, having won 18 out of 44 games. Its sixth place was even more meritorious as the K League had expanded to twelve teams, with Daegu FC and Gwangju Sangmu Phoenix entering the competition for the first time. Daejeon also improved its average home game attendance to about 19,000.

It proved difficult for the club to maintain its performance into 2004. A lack of strike power at the attacking end of the field left the club with the worst offensive record of all the clubs in the K League, scoring 18 goals in 24 games. Daejeon slipped to eleventh place out of thirteen teams. However, they did make it to the semi-finals of the FA Cup, going down to eventual runners-up, Bucheon SK. Daejeon also finished as runners-up in the Hauzen Cup, behind only Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma.

The lack of penetration continued to be problematic into the 2005 season, with the club maintaining its record as the worst offensive side in the league, with only 19 goals scored in 24 games. However, superb defence saw only 20 goals conceded (best defensive record in the league) ensuring that Daejeon finished seventh in the regular season, having lost only six games. In the 2005 cup competitions, the FA Cup and the League Cup, Daejeon failed to progress to the quarter-final stage.

2007 Play-off qualification
Daejeon achieved what originally appeared by midseason at least, to be a highly unlikely qualification for the playoff phase of the K League following a 1–0 win over Suwon Samsung Bluewings which ensured a superior goal difference to FC Seoul, with whom Daejeon finished equal on points. The win over Suwon was Daejeon's fifth consecutive victory and ultimately enabled them to qualify for the championship playoffs for the first time in their history. By midseason, it had seemed like another disappointing season was in store for Daejeon fans, with precious few wins recorded, and a number of losses. When Kim Ho took over from previous manager Choi Yun-kyum in the mid-season, Daejeon were sitting in eleventh place. However, under the guidance of their coach, and with good performances from Denilson, who scored 14 goals, and one of Korea's best technical players, Ko Jong-soo, they eventually qualified for the play-offs. They were ultimately beaten by Ulsan Hyundai in the first phase of the play-offs.

Stadium
Since the 2002 K League season, which kicked off within a few weeks of the conclusion of the 2002 FIFA Football World Cup, Daejeon Citizen FC have played their home games at Daejeon World Cup Stadium. The stadium was specifically constructed for the world cup, and was completed in September 2001. Daejeon World Cup Stadium hosted two group games of the world cup, as well as the South Korea/Italy quarter-final. The fans of Daejeon Citizen have nicknamed the stadium "Purple Arena". The stadium has a seating capacity of 40,535. The last four home games of the 2014 season were played at the Hanbat Stadium, Daejeon's old ground to allow time for maintenance work to be carried out at World Cup Stadium. Daejeon will return to the World Cup Stadium for the 2015 season.

Retired numbers(s)
18 – Kim Eun-jung 21 – Choi Eun-sung

League

 * K League 2
 * Winners (1): 2014
 * Runners-up (2): 2021, 2022

Cups

 * Korean FA Cup
 * Winners (1): 2001

 * Korean League Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 2004
 * Korean Super Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 2002

Season-by-season records

 * Key
 * Tms. = Number of teams
 * Pos. = Position in league (regular season)

AFC Champions League record
All results (home and away) list Daejeon's goal tally first.

title: Daejeon Hana Citizen


text:
Rio PMP300

The Rio PMP300 is one of the first portable consumer MP3 digital audio players, and the first commercially successful one. Produced by Diamond Multimedia, it was introduced September 15, 1998 as the first in the "Rio" series of digital audio players, and it shipped later that year.

Features
Roughly the dimensions of a deck of cards (3.5 inches by 2.5 inches and 0.625 inches thick), the Rio is black, and features an LCD screen and a circular pad with control buttons. The device has controls for skipping tracks forwards or backwards, repeat, random play and four preset equalizer settings. The LCD displays the track number being played and the track play time. It can play MP2 and MP3 format audio files, and has support for a variety of bitrates, including MP3 variable-bitrate (VBR) support.

It shipped with 32 MB of internal memory and has a SmartMedia slot, allowing users to add additional memory. It is powered by a single AA battery, which provides between 8 and 12 hours of playback time. Connection to a personal computer is through the computer's parallel port, with a proprietary connector on the Rio's edge.

The Rio retailed for US $200 with the ability to hold around 30 minutes of music at a bitrate of 128 kbit/s. An upgraded version was later released, which is colored translucent green and equipped with a larger 64 MB internal memory, at a cost of $250. The Rio also spawned one of the first Digital Music service providers (ASP or SaaS Cloud Service), RioPort. RioPort was the first digital music service to license secure, single-track commercial downloads from major record labels.

The Rio PMP300 was supplied with a copy of the "Music Match" software for managing the user's MP3 library. A selection of folk/country/blues MP3s were also provided, the metadata for which was in a Music Match specific format rather than as ID3 tags.

Design flaws
The Rio PMP300 suffered from a few design flaws. The battery compartment door flap is notorious for breaking. The battery cover is difficult to repair due to the stress caused by the spring-loaded battery compartment and the fragile plastic used for the door clips. The metal hinge used to hold the compartment to the base of the unit would put strain on the plastic casing, causing cracks around the SmartMedia slot. The silver colored coating on the main central control button in the original 32 MB unit would often peel and flake off with use. The control disc would commonly fall off.

Legal disputes
On October 8, 1998, the Recording Industry Association of America, filed suit and asked for a temporary restraining order to prevent the sale of the Rio player in the Central District Court of California, claiming the player violated the 1992 Audio Home Recording Act. See RIAA v. Diamond Multimedia.

Judge Andrea Collins issued the temporary order on October 16, but required the RIAA to post a $500,000 bond that would be used to compensate Diamond for damages incurred in the delay if Diamond eventually prevailed in court. Diamond then announced that it would temporarily delay shipment of the Rio.

On October 26, Judge Collins denied the RIAA's application. On appeal, the Ninth Circuit held that the Rio's space shifting was fair use and not a copyright infringement.

After the lawsuit ended, Diamond sold 200,000 players.

Software support
Diamond no longer provides support for the Rio, and the last version of Microsoft Windows to work with Diamond's Rio software was Windows 98. Independently produced freeware programs such as "Dreaming of Brazil" or "RIOsitude" can still be used to upload audio files to the player. Similarly, limited Linux command-line based support for the Rio is provided by the "rioutils" package.

Rivals
Market rivals of the Diamond Rio included the original RCA Lyra and the Creative Nomad.

title: Rio PMP300


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gustavus Franklin Swift

Gustavus Franklin Swift was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Just seems like this will go no where. Has anyone heard of this guy before? I found a few hits on Google but I don't see this article progressing anywhere. --ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 03:57, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * the article in the external link gives som meat to go on, so to speak. I'd send this one to cleanup. Ianb 20:59, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: You know, even with a meaty link, I don't see that many people with this esoteric interest wanting to flesh out the article, and what's there now is really only marginally better than nothing. Geogre 18:02, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ambi 07:24, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
List of mayors of Barcelona

This is a list of mayors of Barcelona since 1835. The Mayor of Barcelona is the highest political authority of the Barcelona City Council. In accordance with Organic Law 5/1985, of June 19, on the General Electoral Regime (currently in force), the mayor or mayoress is elected by the municipal corporation of councilors, who in turn are elected by universal suffrage by the citizens of Barcelona with the right to vote, through municipal elections held every four years. The candidate who obtains the absolute majority of the votes is proclaimed elected. If none of them obtains said majority, the councilor who heads the most voted list is proclaimed mayor.

History
Barcelona City Council has had a total of 118 mayors since it was founded in 1835. The first mayor of the city was José Mariano de Cabanes, who held office for six months, between November 1835 and April 1836. Among the mayors who have especially gone down in history, can be noted Francisco de Paula Rius i Taulet (promoting and holding the mayoralty at the Universal Exposition of 1888, during the Bourbon Restoration), Carles Pi i Sunyer (first mayor elected by universal suffrage, during the Second Republic), José María de Porcioles (mayor who held office the longest, during the Franco dictatorship), Narcís Serra (first mayor elected in the current democratic system), Pasqual Maragall (mayor who held office the longest in democracy as well as for promoting and holding the mayoralty in the 1992 Olympic Games) or Ada Colau (the first female mayor in the history of the city).

title: List of mayors of Barcelona


text:
Occidental Park

Occidental Park, also referred to as Occidental Square (north of S. Main Street) and Occidental Mall (south of S. Main Street), is a 0.6 acre (2,400 m2) public park located in the Pioneer Square district of Seattle, Washington.

Description and history
Created in 1971, the park consists of the Occidental Avenue S. right-of-way between S. Washington and S. Jackson Streets, in addition to half a city block between S. Main and S. Jackson Streets. The former Waterfront Streetcar bisected the park, running along S. Main Street. The park is in the heart of Seattle's largest art gallery district, and several galleries face onto Occidental Mall. The Downtown Seattle Association began "activating" the park with summertime seating and activities in 2015 under a public–private partnership, also bringing events to be hosted in the park.

Occidental Park is the starting point for the "March to the Match", a parade of Seattle Sounders FC supporters to Century Link Field prior to each home game.

The Fallen Firefighters Memorial is a bronze sculpture group by Hai Ying Wu. It was inspired by the deaths of four Seattle firefighters who died January 5, 1995 fighting a fire in the Mary Pang warehouse in Seattle's International District.

title: Occidental Park


text:
EBD

EBD may refer to:

Health and medicine

 * Emotional and behavioral disorders
 * Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica, disease affecting the skin and other organs
 * Evidence-based dentistry
 * Extensor digitorum brevis, muscle in the foot

Other uses

 * Ebbsfleet International railway station, in England
 * Elections and Boundaries Department of Belize
 * Electronic brakeforce distribution, automobile technology
 * Evidence-based design, physical design based on scientific principles
 * Exim Bank (Djibouti), a commercial bank

title: EBD


text: File:Aimee Mann - Bachelor No. 2.jpg

title: File:Aimee Mann - Bachelor No. 2.jpg