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Lukoil

The PJSC Lukoil Oil Company (Лукойл stylized as LUKOIL or ЛУКОЙЛ in Cyrillic script) is a Russian multinational energy corporation headquartered in Moscow, specializing in the business of extraction, production, transport, and sale of petroleum, natural gas, petroleum products, and electricity. It was formed in 1991 when three state-run, western Siberian companies merged. The original companies were named after their respective towns in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug that each was based in; Langepasneftegaz, Urayneftegaz, and Kogalymneftegaz. Its new name is the combination of the acronym LUK (initials of the oil-producing cities of Langepas, Uray, Kogalym) and the English word "oil".

Lukoil is the second largest company in Russia after Gazprom, and the country's largest non-state enterprise in terms of revenue, with ₽4,744 billion in 2018. In the 2020 Forbes Global 2000, Lukoil was ranked as the 99th-largest public company in the world. Internationally, it is one of the largest global producers of crude oil. In 2019, the company produced 87.488 million metric tons of oil (1.639 million barrels per day) and 35.046 billion cubic meters of natural gas. , the company had operations and subsidiaries in more than 30 countries around the world. In 2022, the company's revenue amounted to 2.9 trillion rubles.

Origins

"Langepas, Uray, and Kogalym" oil (Lukoil) was established by the USSR Council of Ministers Decree No. 18 on November 25, 1991, as a state-owned enterprise. In the new company, three oil production companies, Langepasneftegaz, Uraineftegaz, and Kogalymneftegaz, processing company Permnefteorgsintez, and the Volgograd and Novosibirsk refineries, were merged (the latter soon came under the control of the authorities of Bashkortostan).

The central figure in the company's founding was the Soviet deputy minister of oil production Vagit Alekperov. He came to believe the only way Russians could compete against western companies was to copy their business model. That meant vertically integrating the three branches of the industry—exploration, refining, and distribution—that were strictly separate under the old Soviet system.

On April 5, 1993, Lukoil transformed itself from a state-owned enterprise to a private open joint-stock company based on Presidential Decree No. 1403 of November 17, 1992.

1990s
In 1994, Lukoil became the first company to begin offering shares of stock on the new Russian Trading System.

In 1995, Lukoil controlled the stakes of nine oil-producing, marketing and service enterprises in Western Siberia, the Urals, and Volgograd Oblast in order to abide by Government Decree No. 861 of September 1, 1995. In the same year, a 5% stake of Lukoil was sold by the state with a minimum excess of the starting price in an auction. In November 1995, Lukoil filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to issue American depositary receipts on Western stock markets. This allowed United States investors for the first time, to be able to buy shares in a Russian company.

In 1997, Lukoil signed a contract with the Iraqi Ministry of Oil for the development and production of the second stage of the West Qurna-2 oil field. After Saddam Hussein's regime was overthrown, the project was suspended and later terminated.

In 1999, Lukoil acquired numerous enterprises such as the Odesa Oil Refinery in Ukraine, the Burgas Oil Refinery in Bulgaria, and KomiTEK.

2000s

In 2000, Lukoil acquired the distribution and marketing operations of American oil company Getty Oil. This resulted in the control of a network of gas stations in the United States as well as the first time Lukoil enters the American oil market.

In September 2004, ConocoPhillips purchased a 7.6% stake in Lukoil for about $2 billion. According to some commentators, the sale of this deal was planned before in a personal meeting between Russian President Vladimir Putin and ConocoPhillips' president and CEO, James Mulva. After the auction, Lukoil and ConocoPhillips announced the creation of a strategic alliance. Later, the American company increased its stake to 20% in Lukoil and sold to the Russian company part of its network of gas stations in the United States and Western Europe. The two oil companies also agreed to jointly develop an oil and gas field in the northern Timan-Pechora area of Russia (Komi Republic) and intended to secure the rights to develop the West Qurna Field in Iraq, one of the country's largest.

Uzbekistan's deputy prime minister Ergash Shaismatov announced on 30 August 2006 that the Uzbek government and an international consortium consisting of state-run Uzbekneftegaz, Lukoil Overseas, Petronas, Korea National Oil Corporation, and China National Petroleum Corporation signed a production sharing agreement to explore and develop oil and gas fields in the Aral Sea, stating "The Aral Sea is largely unknown, but it holds a lot of promise in terms of finding oil and gas. There is risk of course but we believe in the success of this unique project". In December 2006, Lukoil announced the acquisition of 376 filling stations in six European countries: Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, from ConocoPhillips.

In 2007, Lukoil established a joint-venture with Gazprom and in 2008, established a joint-venture as well with Italian oil company Erg S.p.A. In 2009, Lukoil and Norwegian oil company Statoil won a tender offer for the development of the West Qurna Field in Iraq. However, in early 2012, Statoil withdrew from the project, resulting in Lukoil consolidating 75% of development of the oil field.

2010s
From 2010 to February 2011, ConocoPhillips sold its whole 20% stake in Lukoil due to its difficult financial situation.

In September 2012, Lukoil created a shared service centre in the Czech Republic to provide accounting services to its subsidiaries in Belgium, Poland, and Bulgaria. In December 2012, Lukoil bought the Imilor field for ₽50.8 billion in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug to explore and develop the hydrocarbon deposits located there.

In February 2013, Lukoil sold the Odesa Oil Refinery to the Ukrainian "East European Fuel and Energy Company" (VETEK). For Lukoil, the oil refinery was unprofitable when production was stopped as early as October 2010 and the refinery finally closed in the summer of 2013. In April 2013, Lukoil agreed to buy Hess Corporation's Russian unit for $2.05 billion.

In 2014, the company faced a sharp decline in retail sales in Ukraine by 42%, caused by Russian intervention in Ukraine. As a result, the management of Lukoil agreed to sell 100% of its subsidiary Lukoil Ukraine to the Austrian company AMIC Energy Management, which was announced at the end of July 2014.

In 2014, Lukoil sold its service stations in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary.

In 2015, it sold its service stations in Estonia and Ukraine, and in 2016, it sold its service stations in Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Cyprus.

2020s
In March 2022, Lukoil's market stock price dropped 95 percent, as a result of international sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

On 21 April 2022, Lukoil issued a statement saying that president Vagit Alekperov had stepped down and resigned from the board of directors after 29 years.

The Norway state-owned oil company Equinor exited the last of their joint ventures in Russia by withdrawing the joint venture with Lukoil and exiting the Kharyaga project on 2 September 2022.

In 2023 Lukoil is planning to double the production of oil from the Iraq project, West Qurna Field 2, to 800,000 bpd.

Hydrocarbon reserves
The company's proved hydrocarbon reserves as of January 1, 2011 amounted to 17.255 billion barrels of oil equivalent, including 13.319 billion barrels of petroleum and 0.67 trillion cubic meters of natural gas. In terms of proved oil reserves, Lukoil, according to its own information, was the sixth-largest private oil company in the world at the time.

In addition, probable hydrocarbon reserves as of January 1, 2011 were 8.46 billion barrels of oil equivalent (including oil 6.47 billion barrels of petroleum and 0.34 trillion cubic meters of natural gas). Possible reserves were 3.17 billion barrels of oil equivalent (including 2.78 billion barrels of petroleum and 65.7 billion cubic meters of natural gas).

Major oil fields
Since 2016, Lukoil has been trying to get a development license for Nadezhda field in Baltic field, situated in Kaliningrad region aside of Continental shelf, which is booked for state companies only. In October 2021, due to ecology risks, the Russian government withdrew the decision to provide the license for geological exploration at Nadezhda field.

Domestic projects
In December 2011, Lukoil established a joint venture with Bashneft to develop the Trebs and Titov oil fields. Total recoverable reserves and oil resources from these fields are 89.73 million tons in C1 category, 50.33 million tons in C2 category and 59.29 million tons in category C3.

Foreign projects
The operator of Lukoil's foreign projects in the exploration and production sector is its subsidiary, Lukoil Overseas.

Lukoil is involved in the implementation of 16 projects for the exploration and development of structures and deposits in the following countries:
 * Azerbaijan (D-222 (Yalama), Shah-Deniz)
 * Cameroon (Etinde floating LNG project)
 * Egypt (Meleiha, West Esh-El-Mallah, West Geisum, Northeast Geisum)
 * Ghana (Cape Three Points Deepwater)
 * Colombia (the Condor project in conjunction with the Colombian state company Ecopetrol)
 * Iraq (West Qurna-2)
 * Iran (Anaran)
 * Ivory Coast (production sharing agreement on the offshore block CI-205 in the Gulf of Guinea)
 * Kazakhstan (Tengiz, Karachaganak, Kumkol, Karakuduk, Northern Buzachi, Alibekmola, Kozhasai, Arman, Zhambai South, Atash, Tyub-Karagan)
 * Romania
 * Saudi Arabia
 * Uzbekistan (Kandym-Khauzak-Shady-Kungrad, Aral, Kungrad, South-West Gissar)
 * Venezuela (Junin Block 3)

The extraction of hydrocarbons from all the above projects is carried out only in Kazakhstan (5.5 million tons of oil and 1.9 billion cubic meters in 2006) and Egypt (0.2 million tons).

Oil and gas processing

Lukoil owns seven oil-processing companies in Eastern Europe with total capacity of 82.1 million tons per year. In Russia it owns large refineries in Volgograd, Perm, Nizhny Novgorod, and Ukhta refineries and mini-refineries in Uray and Kogalym. It also owns refineries in Bulgaria and Romania and has a 45%-stake in an oil refining complex in the Netherlands. In 2020, the company was also in talks to reconstruct a refinery plant in Cameroon, which belongs to Cameroon's national refining company, Sonara.

* – 49% and 45% shares respectively

‡ do not process Russian crude oil

Speaking at a press conference in New York on October 18, 2006, the company's CEO Vagit Alekperov said Lukoil is refusing to build a new refinery in Russia. According to him, "at this stage it is inexpedient and economically inefficient." At the same time, Lukoil planned to build a large complex in Kalmykia for the processing of natural gas from the North Caspian fields worth over $3 billion. The work was supposed to start in the spring of 2008. Also in March 2007, Lukoil announced it would expand the capacity in the Lukoil Neftochim Burgas refinery in Burgas, Bulgaria from 7.5 million tons to 10 million tons of oil per year.

The Lukoil ISAB refinery in Italy was sold in 2023.

Petrochemistry
The subsidiary company Lukoil-Neftekhim specializes in petrochemistry, and operates the Stavrolen (Budyonnovsk), Saratovorgsintez, and the Karpatneftekhim (Kalush, Ukraine) petrochemical plants. Petrochemical facilities are also part of the Neftochim Burgas Combine in Bulgaria. "Lukoil" is the largest producer of alkene and acrylonitrile in Eastern Europe. Together with Sibur, Lukoil-Neftekhim owns a controlling stake in the Polief plant.

Transportation
Transportation of oil produced by Lukoil in Russia is carried out for the most part by the pipelines of Transneft, as well as by rail and water transport. Oil produced at the company's fields in Kazakhstan is transported through pipelines such as the Caspian Pipeline Consortium.

Lukoil owns a number of oil and oil products terminals used for the export of oil and oil products:
 * The terminal near Varandey off of the Barents Sea with a capacity of 12.5 million tons of oil a year is used for shipment of oil produced in the Timan-Pechora Basin.

Sales
Lukoil sells petrol in 59 regions of Russia and in 17 other countries, both CIS and Western: Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium (through its subsidiary Jet until late 2008, since rebranded to Lukoil), Bulgaria, Croatia (operated by Lukoil Croatia, but under the brand name "Europa-Mil"), Finland (Teboil), Georgia, Italy, Luxembourg, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Turkey and the United States. , it had 166 tank farms and 5,867 filling stations.

Power generation
Lukoil has the aggregate power generation capacity of 5,800 MW, of which 73% is for commercial use. Lukoil generates about 99% of electrical power of the Astrakhan Oblast and 62% of the Krasnodar Krai. Its main power generation subsidiaries are Lukoil-Volgogradenergo, Lukoil-Rostovenergo, Luikoil-Kubanenergo, Lukoil-Astrakhanenergo, and Lukoil-Stavropolenergo.

Lukoil operates two solar power plants at its own refineries in Romania and Bulgaria with respective capacity of 9 MW and 1.3 MW. A 10-MW solar plant is under construction at the Volgograd Refinery. It also owns an 84-MW wind farm in Topolog, Romania.

Sponsorship
Lukoil has been titular sponsor of FC Spartak Moscow since 2000. In August 2022, the company acquired ownership of the club (100% of the shares) along with the Otkritie Arena stadium.

In particular, the company sponsors the Volgograd water polo club Lukoil-Spartak. Lukoil also sponsors the Russian Olympic Committee and is one of the founders of the Russian Olympians Support Fund. In February 2014, Lukoil signed an agreement with the government of Arkhangelsk Oblast about supporting Vodnik.

Shareholders
In July 2010, the top managers of the company owned the largest stake (more than 30%) of the company's shares: CEO Vagit Alekperov owning 20.6% and vice-president Leonid Fedun owning 9.8%. The American oil company ConocoPhillips owned 19.21% but due to financial difficulties, completely withdrew from the shareholders of Lukoil, selling its shares, and in part to Lukoil itself by February 2011. The remaining shares were freely traded on the London Stock Exchange, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, the Russian Trading System, and the Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange. Market capitalization of the company was $60.4 billion as of June 2018.

Management

 * Chief executive officer
 * 1993–2022: Vagit Alekperov
 * 2022–present: Vadim Vorobyev

List of directors that were elected on June 21, 2018:
 * Board of directors
 * Vagit Alekperov - CEO
 * Ravil Maganov, Chairman of the Board
 * Victor Blazheev
 * Lyubov Khoba
 * Leonid Fedun
 * Sergey Shatalov
 * Pavel Teplukhin
 * Boris Porfiryev

 * Unusual deaths

In September 2022, chairman Ravil Maganov died after falling from a hospital window. This was not long after board member Alexander Subbotin had died an unusual death. Maganov's replacement as chairman, Vladimir Ivanovich Nekrasov, died suddenly in October 2023. In March 2024, vice president Vitaly Robertus died suddenly.

Invasion in Ukraine 2022
In March 2022, Toby Gati, Roger Munnings and Wolfgang Schüssel left the board of directors due to International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War.

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the chairman of Lukoil Ravil Maganov had criticised the Russian attack on Ukraine. On 1 September 2022 he was found dead outside his hospital window the day that President Putin visited the hospital. Nearby video cameras had been turned off. The company has acknowledged the death in a statement saying that Ravil Maganov: "passed away following a severe illness".

The refinery in Italy was sold in 2023, the one in Bulgaria was allowed to continue after agreeing to pay taxes in Bulgaria and the refinery in Romania was permitted to continue provided it only refined non-Russian oil. In September 2023, the Bulgarian authorities transferred the Rosenets port oil terminal under state control. By decision of parliament, Lukoil's 35-year concession was terminated early without payment of compensation.

Subsidiaries
The company "Lukoil" owns controlling stakes or otherwise controls the following main organizations:

 * Lukoil-Western Siberia
 * Lukoil Centernefteproduct
 * Lukoil-Volganefteproduct
 * Lukoil-KaliningradMorneft (Kaliningrad)
 * Lukoil-Komi
 * Lukoil Neftechim
 * Lukoil-Nizhnevartsk milling factory
 * Lukoil Chernozemchenefteproduct
 * Lukoil-Nizhnevarq Neft
 * Lukoil Overseas Holding Ltd. (Perm)
 * Lucoil-Permeagnophosphoretic Acid
 * Lukoil-Permnefteproduct
 * Lukoil-Perm
 * Lukoil-Severo-Zapadnefteproduct
 * Lukoil-Severnefteproduct
 * Lukoil-Energogas
 * Lukoil-Yugnefteproduct
 * Lukoil Americas Corporation
 * LITASCO
 * Lukoil Bulgaria ЕООД
 * Lukoil Macedonia Ltd.
 * Lukoil Croatia
 * Lukoil Serbia AD
 * Lukoil-Engineering
 * Lukoil-Inform
 * Lukoil-Energosethy
 * Lukoil-Uralnefteproduct
 * Lukoil-Uhtanepoparerepotka
 * Lukoil-Ecoenergo
 * Lukoil-Rostovenergo
 * Lukoil-Energoinjing
 * Lukoil-TsUR
 * Lukoil-Astrakhanenergo
 * Lukoil-Kubanenergo
 * Lukoil-Volgogradenergo
 * Lukoil-TTK
 * RITEK
 * Trade house "Lukoil"
 * Lukoil-Inter-Card
 * Lukoil-Belorussia (Minsk, Belarus),
 * Lukoil-Belgium N.V. (Belgium)
 * Lukoil-Reservnnefteproduct
 * Arkhangelskgeolaspredka (Arkhangelsk)

Environmental record
According to Lukoil, their numbers in 2007 recorded a drop of 7.8% in the volume of pollutant effects and a drop of 3.8% in the area of contaminated lands compared to 2006. These numbers came after an appeal from EMERCON, the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Natural Disaster Recovery, which proposed that Lukoil participate in the development of monitoring, prevention, and emergency recovery systems.

In an effort to increase productivity, Lukoil organized a contract to begin an oil pumping block in the Azerbaijani sector of the Caspian Sea. It arranged an Environmental Impact Assessment of the drill site in order to organize a second exploration drill. This block, D-222, was the largest prospective structure in the north-east section of the Caspian Sea as of 2008. The key issue was to assess how much damage the oil block would inflict on local fish populations. Taking into account the depth of the operation, around 700 meters, the amount of harm was projected to be minimal, with the majority of the damaged marine life being plankton and benthos. A rescue and salvage ship would be stationed there to mitigate the environmental effects on the area. Lukoil would develop contingency plans for oil spills and implement an environmental monitoring system.

At the same time, Lukoil faces criticism from various environmental organizations. In particular, the company's oil production in the Baltic Sea near Kaliningrad Oblast was criticized as it is 22 kilometers away from the Curonian Spit, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

According to a number of critics, Lukoil inherited the worst standards of the Soviet oil industry with respect to the environment, not taking enough responsibility to minimize pollution in its oil fields and refineries.

Lukoil has been ranked as among the 14th best of 92 oil, gas, and mining companies on indigenous rights and resource extraction in the Arctic.

In the Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index (AERI) Lukoil is ranked no. 37 out of 120 oil, gas, and mining companies involved in resource extraction north of the Arctic Circle.

Environmental incidents
On one of the storage ponds of JSC "Lukoil-Volgograd-neftepererabotka" during the period from July 25 to August 8, 1996, the oil sludge was ignited due to the unacceptable conduct of welding operations. The surface layer of oil products was formed during the last two decades, and a similar ignition in this area was already noted in 1972. As a result of the 1996 fire, about 50,000 tons of oil products were burned, since even the soil was saturated with volatile fractions at this site. Where the fire was first lit, the concentration of carbon monoxide exceeded the permissible standards by almost 28 times, nitrogen dioxide tripled, hydrogen sulfide and phenol more than 1.5 times. In the residential areas of the Krasnoarmeysky district of Volgograd, located 7 km from the fire, as well as in the nearby settlements - B. and M. Chapurnik, Dubov Gully, Chervlen, Tingut - the content of combustion products in the air also exceeded the maximum permissible concentration. In the liquidation of this major technogenic emergency situation with severe environmental consequences, the divisions of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia took part.

In the fall of 2003, the Russian Emergencies Ministry revealed the oil spill as a result of the depressurization of the interfacial oil pipeline belonging to the TPP Lukoil-Usinskneftegaz on the territory of the Komi Republic near the city of Usinsk. The area of oil pollution in one case was about 1.8 thousand m2, in the second - 377 m2.

On January 25, 2011 at about 10:00 (local time), as a result of oil leakage in the engine room LGPZ (CCI "Langepasneftegaz"), there was a fire. Fire extinguished more than 50 fighter. The plant suspended its work.

On April 20, 2012, at the Trebs field, developed jointly by Lukoil and Bashneft, there was an accident that caused significant damage to the natural environment: over a day, continued flowing of oil from the re-opened well, which led to large-scale contamination of the territory. According to the press service of the administration of the Nenets Autonomous District, the contamination area exceeded 5 thousand square meters, the volume of spilled oil, according to Bashneft, was 600 tonnes (in independent sources numbers were up to 2.2 thousand tonnes).

On May 11, 2021, a leakage was identified in a pipeline connected to Lukoil's Oshkoye field. The spill was estimated at 100 tons of oil, yet environmentalists argued that 100 tons is an underestimate. The spill had infiltrated the Kolva river and traveled upstream, affecting the river habitats. Russia's Northwest Komi Republic declared emergency. The damage was estimated at $4.1 billion.

Ukrainian investigation
In January 2015, the Security Service of Ukraine announced an investigation into whether Lukoil had financed separatists in Donbas.

Antitrust law violations
In November 2009, the Federal Antimonopoly Service of Russia (FAS) imposed a record fine of ₽6.54 billion on the company for violating antitrust legislation. The fine was imposed for the abuse of the company's dominant position in the wholesale market of petroleum products in the first half of 2009, expressed in "the seizure of goods from circulation" and the creation of "discriminatory conditions for the sale of petroleum products to individual counterparties". As FAS has calculated, these actions led to an increase in prices in the wholesale markets of motor gasoline, diesel fuel, and aviation kerosene in the first half of 2009.

Cambridge Analytica
In March 2018, the data firm Cambridge Analytica, tied to the 2016 Trump Campaign, was accused of discussing "political targeting" of American voters with representatives of Lukoil. “Cambridge Analytica sought to identify mental and emotional characteristics in certain subsets of the American population and worked to exploit them by designing them to activate some of the worst vulnerabilities in people, such as neuroticism, paranoia and racial biases,” whistleblower Christopher Wylie told the Senate Judiciary Committee in 2018. With Lukoil, the consulting firm shared election disruption strategies, which included videos and posters intended to demoralise and alarm voters. Lukoil is on the Sectoral Sanctions Identifications list, has been linked to Russian influence in the past, and CEO Vagit Alekperov, a former oil minister, had made statements suggesting that he considers helping Russia to be a strong political ambition.

VP driving accident
On February 25, 2011, Lukoil's vice president Anatoliy Barkov crashed his Mercedes S500 into a Citroën C3 car with doctor Olga Alexandrina and famous obstetrician Vera M. Sidelnikova inside; both women died in the collision. The General Administration for Traffic Safety blamed the driver of the Citroën but it was suggested the administration was covering up that the real culprit of the accident was the driver of the Mercedes, who, according to eyewitnesses, was driving around a traffic jam and went into the oncoming lane. There is also some speculation that the driver of the Mercedes was the vice-president of Lukoil himself. A few days after the accident, the Head of the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate of Moscow issued a notice of misconduct to the commander of the Traffic Police battalion who registered the accident on Leninsky Avenue because he had prematurely called the driver of the Citroën, Olga Alexandrin, the culprit of the accident. The incident caused a public reaction, in particular, a boycott of this company's gas stations was organized. Blogger Andrei Bocharov announced a mock advertisement of Lukoil based on this accident, and rapper Noize MC wrote the song "Mercedes S666 (Make Way for the Chariot)".

Bulgaria
In July 2011, Lukoil had a conflict with Bulgarian authorities. According to the latter, the company's Bourgas refinery did not have timely installed meters for the manufactured fuel (used to determine the amount of excises paid), which, according to officials, Lukoil allegedly underpaid about €250 million to the country's budget. As a result, the company lost its license and was stopped, but in early August 2011 the plant was re-launched.

In 2023 Bulgaria took the decision to force Russian energy companies out of the country, and increased the tax rate to 60% on the Lukoil Neftohim Burgas profits, hoping the plant will be sold. Bulgaria also banned the export of refined Russian oil from 1 January 2024 and the import of Russian crude oil from 1 March 2024.

Romania
In October 2023 Romania invalidated the petroleum products wholesale trading licence that had been held by the Swiss-registered subsidiary of Lukoil, Litasco SA, which supplies crude oil to and distributes refined oil from the Petrotel Lukoil Refinery. Apart from a tax dispute, Romania claims the refinery does not disclose the source of its crude oil, the amount it processes or where the refined oil is distributed.

Sanctions
On 11 September 2014, US President Obama said that the United States would join the EU in imposing tougher sanctions on Russia's financial, energy and defence sectors, following the escalation of Russo-Ukrainian War. The U.S. added Lukoil to the Sectoral Sanctions Identifications list on September 12, 2014.

The effect of sanctions in 2022 against shipped Russian oil has had a detrimental effect on the Priolo Gargallo ISAB refinery in Sicily with an inability to bring in oil from Russia and related cash flow finance problems. This has resulted in the refinery being put under Italian trusteeship with a buyer being sought.

Lukoil has been sanctioned by New Zealand.

Criticism

 * The Association of Small and Medium-Sized Oil Production Enterprises, also known as Assoneft, criticized Lukoil and the authorities of the Komi Republic for providing tax breaks to the oil companies of the region, which are obliged to extract at least 7 million tons of oil per year and (or) recycle at least 3 million tons. Only two enterprises–Lukoil-Komi and Lukoil-Ukhtaneftepererabotka–correspond to these conditions in the region. In March 2007, the Federal Antimonopoly Service initiated a case against the State Council of the Komi on the grounds of violation of Part 1 of Art. 15 of the Law "On Protection of Competition" with regard to restricting competition in the oil production and refining markets.
 * In October 2005, then-prime minister of Lithuania, Algirdas Brazauskas, was in the center of the scandal involving Lukoil. The opposition of the Lithuanian parliament, Homeland Union, began collecting signatures for the creation of a parliamentary commission to investigate the entrepreneurial activity of Brazauskas' wife, Christina Butrimene-Brazauskiene, in particular with the acquisition of a 38% stake in the elite Vilnius Crowne Plaza hotel from the wife of the head of the Lukoil-Baltija company. The charges were related to Lukoil's contention at that time for a stake in one of the largest enterprises in Lithuania, the oil refinery ORLEN Lietuva, part of Polish energy company ORLEN. Brazauskas rejected allegations of corruption, but admitted his wife owns 51% of the hotel shares, and another 48% belong to his son. On November 22, at the insistence of the country's president Valdas Adamkus, Algirdas Brazauskas spoke on television, saying he was not involved in the privatization of the hotel, and that all charges should be considered by law enforcement bodies, not by the parliamentary commission.
 * On September 14, 2012, more than fifty Lukoil gas station owners in New Jersey and Pennsylvania temporarily raised their prices to over $8 a gallon to protest Lukoil's wholesale gas pricing. The owners are typically charged a wholesale price that is 5 to 10 cents a gallon more than their competitors and some are assessed an additional 25 to 30 cents per gallon based on their location. According to the station owners this makes it difficult to be competitive with stations that sell more established brands for lower prices.
 * In March 2016, there were accusations by the press of the company not acquiring rights to part of the Massandra vineyards in Crimea.

title: Lukoil


text:
Empa, Cyprus

Empa (Έμπα) is one of the largest villages in Paphos, Cyprus. It is spread over a wide area and not only borders Paphos but also the villages of Chlorakas, Kissonerga, Tala, Tremithousa and Mesogi. It has a population of more than 4,000 people.

History
The village already existed by the Byzantine era and it is known from the Frankish period with the same name. The 15th century Cypriot historian Leontios Machairas in his Chronicle, par. 129, mentions a visit of the King of Cyprus, Peter I (1359–1369), quoting "...and the king went hunting and reached Emba towards Paphos...".

Louis de Mas Latrie includes the village both amongst those that belonged to the family of the king of Cyprus during the period of Frankish rule, and as one of the king's villages that cultivated sugarcane. During 1468 the village had fallen under the region of Chrysochous, under the regional law officer (bailliage).

Etymology
The appellation of the village is purely Greek, belonging to the Cypriot dialect. In this dialect Emba means "enter". It is possible that the name of the village was given because it is built at the entrance of Paphos, that is the edges of the city, through which the travellers from the north, northwest and west came in. Another version mentions that the name was given to the village because it is situated near the coast from where people departed from or arrived to Cyprus by sea, during the Byzantine era or even later during the period of Frankish rule. It is mentioned that King Peter I departed for Europe from the area in 1362. The village is noted as 'Emba' in medieval maps.

Monuments
The ancient church of Panayia Chryseleoussis is in the community. Built in the 12th century in Byzantine Rhythm, it literally embellishes the village square. Almost all the walls in the interior of the church are covered with frescoes. Certain of them are priceless for their religious and historical value, such as that of Pantokratoros and that of Saint George that are next to the pulpit and which date from around the 13th century. Also to be appreciated is the fretworked gold plated iconostasis from the 16th of century which is adorned with ancient pictures of Jesus, the Virgin Mary and Saint John Precursor. In the church is also found a Gospel from the 16th century, which was printed in Venice. Thousands of tourists visit the church each year to admire its architecture and the wonders it contains.

There are also a number of chapels in Emba such as the Byzantine chapel dedicated to Saint George (in the vicinity of Petridia),the cave chapel of Saint Limbros (also at Petridia), and the new chapel dedicated to Saint Charalambos. At Petridia in former times there was also the church of Saint Akakios built on land which was a dependency of the Monastery of Stavros at the village of Omodos. The other chapels of Emba now in ruins are the following: the Chapel of Saint Eleftherios, the Chapel of All Saints (Ayioi Pantes), the Chapel of Timios Prodromos, the Chapel of Saint Sofronios, the Chapel of Saint Mercurios, the Chapel of the Five Saints (Ayioi Pente): Efstratios, Afxentios, Evgenios, Mardarios, Orestis), the Chapel of Saint Paraskevi, and the Cave of Saint Kournoutas at Petridia.

Recently a new church was constructed near the old one; it was dedicated to the apostle Andreas (St. Andrew) and on his name day, 30 November, a religious festival is held on the church grounds.

Economy
Emba has a few shops and tavernas dotted along the narrow winding road that runs through the village. In the evening the local men can be seen sitting outside their local coffee shops and often spilling out onto the narrow roads on their wooden chairs.

Personalities
Outstanding personalities of the village of Emba include the Bishop Anthimos of Irinoupolis (situated then in Baghdad, Iraq) who was born at the village of Emba and died in 1791, Nikolas Solomonides who was the private secretary of the Dragoman of Cyprus Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios, but also a poet and an intellectual, his brother Andreas Solomonides who was a nobleman and was employed at the Ottoman Court (seraglio) in Nicosia and thus saved the church of Emba from being destroyed by the Ottomans, but also the villagers of Emba from paying taxes to them after 1821. They both lived during the end of the 18th century and early 19th century. Another outstanding personality from Emba was Father Christodoulos (1816), a great priest of the village.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Empa, Cyprus


text:
CCCF Championship

The CCCF Championship was an association football (soccer) tournament made for teams in the area of Central America and the Caribbean between the years of 1941 and 1961. It was founded in 1938 and the precursor of the CONCACAF, that was formed when the Confederación Centroamericana y del Caribe de Fútbol (CCCF) merged with the North American Football Confederation (NAFC) in 1961.

The North American Football Confederation also organized the NAFC Championship in 1947 and 1949, which was revived in 1990 and 1991, after 41 years of absence, before the introduction of the CONCACAF Gold Cup.

The CCCF Championship was succeeded by the CONCACAF Championship in 1963, following the merger.

Tournament results
List of the final four.

Competitive history

 * Legend
 * – Champions
 * – Runners-up
 * – Third place
 * – Fourth place
 * QF – Quarter Finals
 * GS – Group stage
 * q – Qualified
 * — Hosts

title: CCCF Championship


text:
Communist Party of Pakistan

The Communist Party of Pakistan (CPP; Urdu: ) is a communist party in Pakistan founded in 1948 by Sajjad Zaheer.

History
The Communist Party of Pakistan (CPP) was founded in Calcutta, India, soon after the establishment of Pakistan on 6 March 1948. A decision was taken at the 2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India, which was held in Calcutta at that time, that a separate communist party ought to be created in the new state of Pakistan. It was thought that Pakistan, being a relatively nascent country and suffering from instability, was ripe for revolution. The delegates from Pakistan separated themselves and held a separate session where they constituted the CPP. Sajjad Zaheer, founder of the All-India Progressive Writers Association, from West Pakistan, was elected general-secretary. The delegates from East Pakistan elected an East Pakistan Provincial Committee. Many Muslim leaders of the CPI were sent to Pakistan to help with the formation of the party. The CPP adopted a Leninist ideology, aiming to instigate a communist revolution through a core group of intellectuals and laborers, a strategy inspired by Vladimir Lenin's approach in the 1917 Russian Revolution.

The CPP was indirectly involved in organizing labor and student movements, notably founding the Democratic Students Federation (DSF), which became a major student organization. These affiliations were covert, with CPP members leading without explicit party endorsements.

In 1951, the CPP unintentionally became involved in a failed military coup attempt led by Major-General Akbar Khan, who was disenchanted with government decisions and influenced by Kamal Ataturk's ideologies. The coup was discovered prematurely, resulting in the arrests and subsequent jailing of Zaheer and other CPP figures. The party was banned in 1954 on charges of plotting to overthrow the then government of Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan. Previously, Rawalpindi Conspiracy case was registered in 1951 against the coup plotters and crackdown was launched against its leadership throughout the country.

After the incident, the CPP operated underground, using organizations like the DSF and later the National Students Federation (NSF) as fronts. Through a strategy known as Entryism, CPP members infiltrated other leftist parties, notably the National Awami Party (NAP), which had emerged as a major leftist force in Pakistan by the 1960s, supported by ethnic nationalists and secret CPP members within.

Struggles
Diplomatic intervention by Jawaharlal Nehru led to the most prominent CPP leaders being freed and sent back to India. At this stage, the CPP was in poor shape in West Pakistan, while in East Pakistan the party had a limited foundation. However, it was difficult to have a unified underground political organization spanning such a vast geographical territory and the East Pakistan branch was able to operate with autonomy.

1950s
In the provincial elections in East Pakistan in 1954, the CPP supported the United Front launched by the Awami League, Krishak Praja Party, and the Nizam-e-Islam party. Four out of ten CPP candidates were elected, and 23 CPP members were elected as candidates of other parties.

In 1954, the party and its front organizations such as the National Students Federation, Progressive Writers' Movement and Railway Workers' Union were banned. As a result, the CPP launched the Azad Pakistan Party (APP) in West Pakistan with Mian Iftikhar-ud-Din as a leader. In 1957, the CPP and other leftists created the National Awami Party as a legal party. The APP merged into the NAP.

In East Pakistan, the CPP worked within the Awami League and then in Ganatantri Dal. In 1958, the Kull Pakistan Kissan Association (All Pakistan Peasants Association) was launched.

1960s
In the mid-1960s, the US State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 3000. The CPP also began to organize themselves abroad. In Europe, the CPP branch published the Urdu magazine Baghawat, which translates as "rebellion".

In 1966, the Sino-Soviet split reached the CPP. In East Pakistan a pro-Chinese group broke away from the CPP. At the fourth party congress in Dhaka in 1968, a decision was taken that a separate communist party should be formed for East Pakistan. Thus the Communist Party of East Pakistan (CPEP) was founded. The CPEP later became the Communist Party of Bangladesh.

The CPP organized a militant and armed peasants struggle in Patfeeder, Baluchistan. The CPP resisted the autocratic regimes of the times, and built up militant trade union movements.

1990s
In December 1990, Jam Saqi became general secretary of the party. In April 1991, he resigned from the party. In 1995, the CPP merged with the Major Ishaque faction of the Mazdoor Kissan Party to form the Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party (CMKP). The CPP accepted the criticism that they had been too uncritical towards the Soviet Union. However, in 1999 a group broke away from the CMKP and reconstituted the CPP. In 2002, the CPP split, leading to the existence of two separate CPPs, one led by Maula Bux Khaskheli and a splinter group led by Khadim Thaheem.

Current status
The party is not registered in Pakistan.

title: Communist Party of Pakistan


text: Category:Speeches

title: Category:Speeches


text:
List of autonomous areas by country

This list of autonomous areas arranged by country gives an overview of autonomous areas of the world. An autonomous area is defined as an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority. It is typical for it to be geographically distant from the country, or to be populated by a national minority. Countries that include autonomous areas are often federacies. The autonomous areas differ from federal units and independent states in the sense that they, in relation to the majority of other sub-national territories in the same country, enjoy a special status including some legislative powers, within the state (for a detailed list of federated units, see federated state).

This list includes areas that are internationally recognized, as well as some that are generally unrecognized. The definition of an autonomous area varies from country to country, so the native term as defined by the respective country's government is listed, and the English translation of the term is included.

Created by international agreements
Notes:

 * 🇸🇯 Svalbard, Norway: Although it does not fit the definition of autonomous area (not possessing partial internal sovereignty), Svalbard has the sovereignty of Norway limited by the Spitsbergen Treaty of 1920 and therefore is considered as having special status (as it is considered fully integrated with Norway, and not a dependency, it is a sui generis case).
 *  Heligoland, Germany: Although it is part of a German state, Schleswig-Holstein, it has been excluded from some European Union normatives, such as customs union and the Value Added Tax Area.
 *  Büsingen am Hochrhein, Germany and  Campione d'Italia, Italy despite being integral parts of their respective countries, these two enclaves of Switzerland predominantly use Swiss franc as currency  and are in customs union with it.

Other entities called "autonomous"
A number of entities are also officially called "autonomous", though they do not have an exceptional freedom from external authority, and would not fall under the definition of autonomous area. They are listed here for clarity.

title: List of autonomous areas by country


text:
Chest hair

Chest hair is hair that grows on the chest in the region between the neck and the abdomen. Chest hair develops during and after puberty along with other types of androgenic hair.

Development and growth
Although vellus hair is already present in the area in childhood, chest hair is the terminal hair that develops as an effect of rising levels of androgens (primarily testosterone and its derivatives) due to puberty. Different from the head hair, it is therefore a secondary sexual characteristic. Men tend to be covered with far more terminal hair, particularly on the chest, the abdomen, and the face.

The development of chest hair begins normally during late puberty, usually between the ages of 12 and 18. It can also start later, between the age of 20 and 30, so that many men in their twenties have not yet reached their full chest hair development. The growth continues subsequently.

Patterns and characteristics
The individual occurrence and characteristics of chest hair depend on the genetic disposition, the hormonal status and the age of the person. The genes primarily determine the amount, patterns and thickness of chest hair. Some men are very hairy, while others have no chest hair at all. All ranges and patterns of hair growth are normal. The areas where terminal hair may grow are the periareolar areas (nipples), the centre and sides of the chest and the clavicle collarbone.

The direction of growth of hair can make for interesting patterns, akin to depictions of mathematical vector fields. Typical males will exhibit a node on the upper sternum, the hair above which points up and the hair below which points down. Some individuals have spirals on their upper pectoral regions (several inches from the nipple towards the neck) which run clockwise on the left breast and counter-clockwise on the right.

Considering an individual occurrence of chest hair as abnormal is usually not due to medical indications but primarily to cultural and social attitudes. An excessive growth of terminal hair on the body is called hypertrichosis. This medical term has to be distinguished from hirsutism that just affects women. These women can develop terminal hair on the chest following the male pattern as a symptom of an endocrine disease.

Setty patterns

There have been occasional studies documenting patterns of chest hair in men and occurrence of these patterns. A study of 1,400 white men aged 17 to 71 conducted by L.R. Setty in the 1960s defines 15 patterns of chest hair. In this study, four parts of the chest in which terminal hair occurs were identified:

Chest hair may occur on each of these areas independent from the others, making for a total of 15 combinations in addition to the apilose (bare) pattern. Hair is said to occur on both the pectoral and circumareolar areas when there is hair around the nipples and on the breast, but these areas are not connected.

The pecto-sterno-infraclavicular pattern, in which the breast, sternum and medial end of the clavicle is covered with terminal hair, is most common (57%).

title: Chest hair


text:
Talk:Prosimian

Paraphyletic stuff in Wikipedia
Perhaps I am a cladistics geek, but I have a problem with things I come across in Wikipedia that read like "Prosimians are the most ancestral extant primates; they represent forms that were ancestral to monkeys, apes and humans." In general I find a lot of taxonomy that isn't informed by a phylogenetic approach to encourage misunderstandings of evolution (and biology doesn't make much sense when evolutionary concepts aren't grasped) and frequently introduce teleological thinking in which we have "higher" organisms and supposedly "primitive" ones that in reality are not ancestral to the "higher" taxa. For example, it is not true to say that lorises are ancestral to apes. While it may be true that the common ancestor of both had more in common with a loris because apes and their ancestors accumulated more derived characteristics over the years, the lorises and other prosimians have of course been evolving and radiating ever since too and have derived plenty of characterisics of their own. It's this kind of thinking that has people coming out with erroneous stuff like "humans evolved from chimpanzees" instead of appreciating that both evolved from a common ancestor no longer with us. 79.68.223.68 (talk) 19:07, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Re-write coming
Regardless of whether we consider the existing article as stub or start-class, I am currently taking detailed notes with the intent of completely overhauling the article, hopefully within the next week. The re-write will commence once I finish the re-write for the related article, Strepsirrhini. This article will dive into more taxonomic and anatomical detail while focusing on the former and current uses of the word "prosimian". – Maky  « talk » 20:38, 28 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Excellent; much needed. Peter coxhead (talk) 20:53, 28 September 2012 (UTC)

 * By the way, sorry I never did this. It will come eventually.  I still have my notes.  I just need to find time.  But it is still high on my priority list. –  Maky  « talk » 08:26, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

Taxobox
I'm not certain "Prosimii" belongs in the taxobox; if we don't want to use it, I would imagine the classification should stop with Primates, and then Strepsirrhini should be listed under "Included groups" along with Tarsiiformes. Does that seen reasonable? WolfmanSF (talk) 04:49, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

 * I've adjusted the taxobox so that it doesn't show prosimians as a rank; what you think of it now? Peter coxhead (talk) 08:34, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks for catching my mistake. Honestly, I'm not sure what I would have done if I realized that I left Strepsirrhini in there. Now that I've taken some time to look at other paraphyletic group articles (like Algae), I think I'm going to omit Prosimii (Illiger, 1811) and just leave it at the order level (Primates). The included and excluded infraorders will be listed. Except for discussing the history of the taxonomy, I do not want this article to emphasize it as a taxonomic group. There are enough misinformed primatologists who still think monkeys evolved from lemurs, and I don't want to give their efforts to revive Prosimii any traction.  I feel recent science should be given priority over out-dated science. As you know, Prosimii as a taxonomic group is dead. –  Maky  « talk » 08:39, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Yes, on reflection I think this should be the style for such obsolete taxonomic units which are still used as common names: finish the taxobox with the lowest rank still in use and then list the included and excluded groups from within that rank. Peter coxhead (talk) 14:24, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Given that adapiforms are indicated as being prosimians in the article, shouldn't we change "Lemuriformes" under "Included groups" to "Strepsirrhini", or else add "Adapiformes"? WolfmanSF (talk) 17:09, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Thank you for catching this. For once, even I got fixated on only the living taxa. Both Adapiformes and Omomyiformes have been added to the list. (I also need to look into merging Tarsiiformes and Tarsier and moving Omomyidae to Omomyiformes... but that's another small project. I'm pretty sure it's justified, though there will certainly be dispute.) I also added Prosimii back into the taxobox, *but* I made to sure mark it as "defunct". Unfortunately, there are no standards or examples on how to use Template:Paraphyletic group, but from looking at the work of others, I feel this should be appropriate for a situation like Prosimii. Any thoughts? – Maky  « talk » 17:58, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

 * It's logically consistent, so in the absence of an explicit standard I think it's fine. WolfmanSF (talk) 18:35, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

 * I actually think it's better to omit "prosimians", but I agree that there's no agreed standard. In other cases, defunct groups are not given taxoboxes at all. Peter coxhead (talk) 22:00, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

 * That is a good point... Insectivora, Pachydermata, ... I think the key difference here is that it's still used, and as the note I added mentions, a few people still use it in a 3-way split for the order Primates. Admittedly, that use of "Prosimii" doesn't include tarsiers. Though the taxobox is helpful, I guess we could eliminate it again. Any thoughts, Wolfman (or anyone else following this)? – Maky  « talk » 22:04, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

 * See also Monkey. Peter coxhead (talk) 22:11, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

 * With Insectivora and Pachydermata, defining the defunct taxa by listing "Included groups" and "Excluded groups" would be complicated, probably unreasonably so, which is a good reason not to have taxoboxes in those cases. Prosimians, on the other hand, is very tractable in this respect, so I think providing a taxobox makes sense. I also think it adds value. I don't see any harm in including the defunct taxon as long as it is clearly labelled as such. WolfmanSF (talk) 04:25, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Actually, I was the one who fixed the taxobox in Monkey to use that template, and that gave me the idea to add a taxobox to this article. That taxobox works well because even though "monkey" was never a taxonomic group, the template does give it taxonomic context, along with inclusions and exclusions.  For this article, it's a bit more tricky, but not as bad as Insectivora and Pachydermata, as WolfmanSF pointed out.  If labeling it as defunct (with the footnote to explain) is adequate, then we can just leave it. –  Maky  « talk » 07:18, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

If you go back far enough, there are taxonomic groups corresponding to monkeys – Linnaeus' genus Simia for example – but I agree that this concept was abandoned much sooner than prosimians.) The general question is what the ordinary reader is to make of different structuring of taxoboxes like the ones here and at Monkey; in particular what taxon are the "included groups" and "excluded groups" included in or excluded from? It's probably best to discuss this somewhere more general and see if there is a consensus for a standard approach to taxoboxes produced by Paraphyletic group. There doesn't seem to be much activity at WT:WikiProject Tree of Life these days, so I'm not sure if there would be a useful discussion there. Is it worth trying? Peter coxhead (talk) 09:35, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

 * I'm fine with that. A discussion of that template would be good, and hopefully that will create a helpful documentation page with examples for taxonomic and non-taxonomic paraphyletic groups. But where things stand now with Monkey and this article are two of the standards I will likely promote. As for where to discuss it, I would put it on WT:WikiProject Tree of Life, but direct the projects under it to the discussion.
 * As for Linnaeus' Simia, it technically included both monkeys and apes, making it similar to Simiiformes... except that it was suppressed in 1929. Although such a monkey-specific, paraphyletic taxonomic group *might* have been used (obscurely), I personally doubt it. People have been thinking in evolutionary grades from the beginning. Originally, people were willing to see the similarities between monkeys and apes and the similarities between apes and humans, but because people want to see humans as separate from apes (and many still hold this view), people were more willing to group monkeys and apes together, to the exclusion of humans. Therefore, going far enough back, people did not distinguish between monkeys and apes. The mindset for a long time (which still lingers today) is that primates can be broken down into humans, "simians" (monkeys and apes), and "lesser primates" ("prosimians"). The truth wasn't too far off, but the language was clearly anthropocentric and derogatory, but now is slowly being revised (again, with resistance). But fear not! We will make it out of the 18th century eventually. – Maky  « talk » 18:08, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prosimian


text:
Talk:Fluoride toxicity

Factual error - Brain damage - (Meta-Analysis citation contradicts statement in wiki article)
In the brain effects section of this article, only one statement is present "Some research has suggested that high levels of fluoride exposure may adversely affect neurodevelopment in children, but the evidence is of insufficient quality to allow any firm conclusions to be drawn"

The citation then links to a meta analysis that, while states in the background section that neurotoxicity may occur in adults, little is known about neurotoxicity in children. HOWEVER, the results section in the study finds: "The standardized weighted mean difference in IQ score between exposed and reference populations was –0.45 (95% confidence interval: –0.56, –0.35) using a random-effects model. Thus, children in high-fluoride areas had significantly lower IQ scores than those who lived in low-fluoride areas."

The meta analysis actually quite firmly indicates a strong relationship between fluoride ingestion and impaired neurodevelopment in children. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lethalattraction (talk • contribs) 11:30, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

I just wanted to point out that out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lethalattraction (talk • contribs) 11:16, 14 November 2016 (UTC)
 * From the article's conclusion: "each of the articles reviewed had deficiencies, in some cases rather serious ones, that limit the conclusions that can be drawn". Alexbrn (talk) 11:40, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

That was in the discussion not the conclusion. The conclusion is that the results support the possibility of an adverse effect of high fluoride exposure on children’s neurodevelopment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lethalattraction (talk • contribs) 11:47, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

The discussion actually begins with "Findings from our meta-analyses of 27 studies published over 22 years suggest an inverse association between high fluoride exposure and children’s intelligence. " — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lethalattraction (talk • contribs) 11:49, 14 November 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm sure it does "suggest" that, but the evidence is poor so conclusions aren't firm. Alexbrn (talk) 11:56, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

Not a fan of the citation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lethalattraction (talk • contribs) 12:01, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

Alzheimer
"However, an epidemiological study found that a high-fluoride area had one-fifth the Alzheimer's that a low-fluoride area had"
 * A study from 1980. From the abstract: A case-control study of first admissions of persons aged 55 or older to South Carolina Department of Mental Health hospitals from 1971-1979 revealed significantly lower (p<0.0001) annual incidence of PDD in Horry County (3.6/100,000; water fluoride 4.18 mg/liter) than in York County (17.1/100,000; water fluoride 0.61 mg/liter) or Anderson County (20.8/100,000; water fluoride 0.49 mg/liter). No significant differences were found in other types of dementia (vascular, alcoholic and other).
 * According to https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5059894 they examined case records for 160 patients, and based on that evidence, diagnosed 67 of them with primary degenerative dementia (AD). They then calculated the incidence for each county based on those cases.
 * Seems a low quality study that makes quite a few assumptions, including: 1) that aluminium is the cause of AD, 2) that fluoride will protect by decreasing the bio-availability of Al, 3) that Al exposure is equal for the three counties (or did they measure the Al content of the water?), and 4) that DMH hospitals admissions represent a fair sample of dementia cases in the counties. Given the distance to the nearest SC DMH hospital (Horry county: about 110 miles; York 65 miles; Anderson county: local), maybe Horry county dementia cases were referred to DMH hospitals when they were atypical (early-onset, non-AD), while most "normal" late-onset AD cases were diagnosed in local hospitals?

 * If 4 mg/l fluoride content really reduced Alzheimer's incidence with 80%, it wouldn't take more than 38 years to confirm, we would all be taking fluoride supplements by now... Prevalence  13:07, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

"5 to 10 ge/kg"
What the heck is a ge? Orangesherbet0 (talk) 04:43, 12 August 2019 (UTC)

Incorrect information about lethal dose

 * the lethal dose for most adult humans is estimated at 5 to 10 g/kg body weight).[1][2][3] Ingestion of fluoride can produce gastrointestinal discomfort at doses at least 15 to 20 times lower (0.2–0.3 mg/kg or 10 to 15 mg for a 50 kg person) than lethal doses.

0.2-0.3 mg is not 15-20 times lower than 5-10 g. Furthermore on the page for Sodium_fluoride it says the lethal dose is 5-10 g for a 70 kg adult which would be around 0.07-0.14 g/kg body weight. I don't have access to the sources listed so I cannot verify what values are correct.

--RebelKeithy (talk) 22:11, 9 December 2019 (UTC)

Brain Effects section compared to its source
The Brain Effects section currently says, "Some research has suggested that high levels of fluoride exposure may adversely affect neurodevelopment in children, but the evidence is of insufficient quality to allow any firm conclusions to be drawn."

However, the source it cites begins its Conclusions with what seems to me to be a substantially stronger statement: "The results support the possibility of an adverse effect of high fluoride exposure on children’s neurodevelopment." And its Discussion section begins with a paragraph that is absolutely much stronger: "Findings from our meta-analyses of 27 studies published over 22 years suggest an inverse association between high fluoride exposure and children’s intelligence. Children who lived in areas with high fluoride exposure had lower IQ scores than those who lived in low-exposure or control areas. Our findings are consistent with an earlier review (Tang et al. 2008), although ours more systematically addressed study selection and exclusion information, and was more comprehensive...." Every other paragraph of the source's Discussion section also seems substantially stronger than the summary here to me.

I would like to re-write the Brain Effects section to make it more congruent with this WP:MEDRS source, but as this topic has been controversial for decades, I thought it best to discuss it here first. Does anyone think the current single sentence Brain Effects section is adequate or accurate? 2601:647:4D00:2C40:0:0:0:75DA (talk) 22:02, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fluoride toxicity


text:
Tsai Wan-lin

Tsai Wan-lin (10 November 1924 – 27 September 2004) was a Taiwanese businessman who, at the peak of his wealth in 1996, was considered to be the fifth richest person in the world, with a family net worth of US$12.2 billion. At the time of his death in 2004, he was the richest man in Taiwan with a fortune of US$4.6 billion (NT$156.3 billion), ranked 94th worldwide. He founded the Lin Yuan Group, a large banking and insurance group.

He was born into a poor farmer's family in Chikunan Town, Chikunan District, Shinchiku Prefecture, Japanese-era Taiwan (modern-day Zhunan, Miaoli County). Tsai started out in Taipei by selling vegetables and soybeans with his brothers as a child.

With one of his brothers Tsai joined Taipei's Tenth Credit Cooperative in 1960. Two years later, they founded Cathay Life Insurance, which at the time of his death was the largest life insurance company in Taiwan. Tenth Credit Cooperative was eventually transferred to Tsai Wan-lin's nephew Tsai Chen-chou.

The family split Cathay Life Insurance in 1979. Tsai Wan-lin founded the Lin Yuan Group with his share. Over the next 10 years, the Lin Yuan Group expanded to become the largest Taiwanese conglomerate. Cathay Financial Holdings, a division of the Lin Yuan Group, became Taiwan's largest financial holding company. Cathay Insurance was renamed Fubon Insurance in 1992.

Tsai was first listed by Forbes as a billionaire in 1987. He was appointed a senior adviser to the president of the Republic of China in 2000.

He died of heart disease at the age of 81 in Taipei's Cathay General Hospital, which he founded in 1977. He had been hospitalized for six years. Tsai was married to Chou Pao-chin and had seven children.

title: Tsai Wan-lin


text:
Talk:Aromatic compound

Aromaticity of pyrrole
Elsewhere, we call pyrrole an aromatic hydrocarbon, linking to this article for an explanation of the term. But the pyrrole ring has only five atoms, and one of them is nitrogen, so by the restrictive definition used here, pyrrole would not qualify as aromatic. Can somebody with more detailed knowledge provide a less restrictive definition that includes pyrrole, or should we drop the claim that pyrrole is an example?

ACW 21:42, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Pyrrole should not be considered an aromatic hydrocarbon. However, I get too many google hits to change it outright. Granted, most of them were probably copied from here, but it's enough to make me want to ask my professor before I change it.

 * Darrien 10:17, 2004 Sep 30 (UTC)

 * I was wrong. Pyrrole is an aromatic compound. Hückel's rule does apply to five membered rings. The article does mention why Pyrrole is aromatic, but not in a direct way: "...the nitrogen atom's lone electron pair becomes delocalized in the aromatic ring and thus not very accessible to acids", which gives Pyrrole six pi electrons and makes it aromatic.

 * Darrien 03:26, 2004 Oct 1 (UTC)

 * So, I guess we need to relax the definition we give here in order to agree with standard usage. I'm not qualified to modify the definition — in fact, that's why I was looking at this article in the first place, hoping to find out.  If I'm feeling energetic, I'll go out websurfing, looking for likely formalisms; ideally, we want to provide a definition that lets someone distinguish aromatic from non-aromatic compounds 'algorithmically' or 'by rule'.

 * You sound like you have enough chemical knowlege to change it. A cut and paste from Hückel's rule with a few tweaks should be enough.

 * I'm worried about the magic number six, as well. Isn't 1,3,5,7-cyclooctotetraene aromatic?  It's got all that pi-resonance going on, and it's got eight pi electrons.

 * ACW 01:43, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Hückel's rule says that a compound must have 4n + 2 pi electrons to be considered aromatic. With eight pi electrons, 1,3,5,7-cyclooctotetraene would not be aromatic according to Hückel's rule.

 * Darrien 02:47, 2004 Oct 11 (UTC)

Definition, continued (related to pyrrole issue)
[] has an outstanding account, and explains all the important issues. I'm reading some other sources, and maybe I'll get up my nerve to try an edit. Unless one of you good people beats me to it.

The key concept is dramatic stabilization, which manifests itself as resistance to addition reactions (breaking the putative double bonds), and decreased heat of hydrogenation. OK, maybe those two are really the same thing.

I was exactly wrong about cyclooctotetraene, which is not aromatic.

Pyrrole is considered aromatic these days, although its stabilization is not as dramatic as that of benzene.

ACW 02:56, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

See my recent comment at "Aromatic"
The article aromatic has quite a lot of overlap with this one. Read my comment there. I'm thinking this one needs to shrink and donate a lot of its content to the other article. After all, a lot of the stuff here is about aromaticity in general, and not specifically about hydrocarbons. This article could just say, "An aromatic hydrocarbon is simply a hydrocarbon that is aromatic. The classic example is benzene.  Other important aromatic hydrocarbons are ..."

The stuff about PAH's should also go to its own article, which would have the cool recent stuff about interstellar PAH's, and pointers to polycyclic and here for details about the technical nomenclature.

What do you think (if there is any 'you' there)?

ACW 01:35, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Resonance structures
I think resonance structures should be discussed or at least mentioned in here. Or should this article refer to aromatic compounds where they can be covered? H Padleckas 16:30, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

PAH definition conflict
The Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is clear in defining that PAH have no hetero atoms and no substituents. NIST's database seems to agree, as it contains only pure H and C compounds, though their information doesn't seem to include an explicit definition. Here's another definition that agrees with that. However, aromatic hydrocarbon and Category:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have a looser definition allowing hetero atoms.

Is one definition more correct than the other? And if the definition of a PAH is the strict one, what is a compound that is aromatic and polycyclic, but has hetero atoms and functional groups called? I'm out of my league with regards to chemical knowledge here, and I don't have any authoritative sources to look it up in at the moment. But it is definitely a conflict among our articles that should be fixed. - Taxman Talk 14:34, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, the "simplest PAH" is listed as benzocyclobutene. If the definition is correct, this is not a PAH because it has one aromatic ring and one cyclobutane ring.  Am I missing something or does this compound not fit?--24.16.148.75 04:03, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Benzocyclobutene is fully aromatic, it just showed the wrong structure image. Cacycle 12:53, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

 * None of the 'simplest PAHs' are PAHs. Benzocyclopropene has a break in conjugation in its correct structure. Benzocyclobutadiene has 8 pi electrons, making it antiaromatic. Benzocyclobutene is an ambiguous name referring to either benzocyclobutane (one aromatic and one nonaromatic ring) or benzocyclobutadiene. Benzocyclopropane contains once aromatic ring and one nonaromatic ring. Note that Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon makes no mention of the previous four compounds. The simplest true PAHs are napthalene and azulene. Itoe (talk) 16:51, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

removed - Epistemological caveat:
Removed the following:
 * [[Epistemological caveat: we need a copernician revolution and do not marvel when any new carbon compound is found somewhere in the universe; most of those molecules are irrelevant for the understanding of the origin of life
 * -	It is essential, when investigating the origin of life, to recognize first the necessary ingrediants, and not to witness simply some form of the ubiquitous presence of carbon containing molecules everywhere in the universe. Carbon is but one of the important components, but it is nothing without nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. Most aromatics, in living organisms, except for the very evolved forms (and hence far from the origin) are heterocyclic in nature, where nitrogen plays an essential role.

 * -	The role of aromatics will appear at two levels: that of major co-enzymes, the small catalysts of the vast majority of essential biological processes, and that of the building blocks of nucleic acids and proteins. In the latter we are now witnessing data suggesting that the usage of aromatics is much often meant to invent new macromolecules, new proteins with unexpected activities. The "orphan" proteins uncovered in all genome projects - those proteins that do not have significant counterparts elsewhere, excepts in very close kins - are particularly rich in aromatic amino acids, and this appears to be a uneversal rule of in silico proteomics.

As it seemed out of place. But, after rereading the section PAHs and the origins of life, perhaps it fits, if so replace it. Vsmith 01:12, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Requested move 23 September 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: page moved. ɴᴋᴏɴ21 ❯❯❯  talk  16:29, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

Aromatic hydrocarbon → Aromatic compound – This page contains a lot of content (reactions and structures) on aromatic compounds that are not aromatic hydrocarbons, which depending on definition may include heteroatoms in the aromatic ring, but not as substituents (functional groups). Some stricter definitions would use the term to refer only to those compounds containing only C and H atoms. Thus, I think a broader title is needed, which would allow the page to serve as a general overview of aromatic compounds, even if there remains a focus on reactions of the aromatic ring specifically. Subsequent to the move, some content at aromaticity on types of aromatic compounds could be moved into this article, leaving that page to focus on the concept and theory of aromaticity. The article Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons also exists which encompasses many aromatic hydrocarbons. There is also the article Aryl with some content overlap that should be better integrated with these other articles. Mdewman6 (talk) 21:33, 23 September 2020 (UTC) —Relisting.  SITH   (talk)   12:47, 1 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Support, but the overlap between this page and aromaticity should be cleaned up regardless. And redirects like aromatics fixed accordingly. Srnec (talk) 22:19, 1 October 2020 (UTC)

Remove Benzene ring model"
Maybe controversial. I am planning remove the section == Benzene ring model ==. Redundant with benzene and with aromaticity. Some redundancy is inevitable though.--Smokefoot (talk) 18:10, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

Needs a section about non-benzenoid aromatic compounds
I'm surprised that this article does not have any information about non-benzenoid aromatic compounds such as imidazole, pyrrole, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, pyrazole, thiazine, thiazole... The list is infinite. These compounds are very important in organic chemistry as precursors to polymers (such as polypyrrole, polyvinylpyrrolidone, etc.) and in pharmacy as precursors to many medicines (such as ketoconazole, clotrimazole, atorvastatin, [[tolmetin, etc.).

I will try to help write the section and in finding reliable sources. Looking forward to consensus

I found 8 sources:

— CrafterNova  [ TALK ] [ CONT ] 15:59, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: CHEM 300
— Assignment last updated by CHEM 300 UBC CJA (talk) 18:02, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aromatic compound


text:
Adler (surname)

Adler is a surname of German origin meaning eagle. and has a frequency in the United Kingdom of less than 0.004%, and of 0.008% in the United States. In Christian iconography, the eagle is the symbol of John the Evangelist, and as such a stylized eagle was commonly used as a house sign/totem in German speaking areas. From the tenement the term easily moved to its inhabitants, particularly to those having only one name. This phenomenon can be easily seen in German and Austrian censuses from the 16th and 17th centuries.

Actors, writers and producers

 * Alfred Adler (1870–1937), Austrian doctor and psychotherapist
 * Allen Adler (1916–1964), American writer
 * Bill Adler (born 1951), American music journalist
 * Bruce Adler (1944–2008), American actor
 * Celia Adler (1891–1979), American Jewish actress
 * Charles Adler (broadcaster) (born 1954), Canadian broadcaster
 * Charlie Adler (born 1956), American voice actor
 * Cyrus Adler (1863–1940), American educator
 * David A. Adler (born 1947), Writer of children's books
 * Elizabeth Adler (born 1950), British author
 * Elkan Nathan Adler (1861-1946), British historian and manuscript collector.
 * Friedrich Adler (writer) (1857–1938), Czech-Austrian politician
 * Helena Adler (1983–2024), Austrian writer and visual artist
 * H. G. Adler (1910–1988), German Jewish poet and novelist.
 * Jacob Pavlovich Adler (1855–1926), born Yankev P. Adler, Ukrainian-born Jewish actor and a star in Yiddish theater
 * Jay Adler (1896–1978), American actor in theater, television, and film
 * Jerry Adler (born 1929), American theatre director, production supervisor and television and film actor
 * Julius Ochs Adler (1892–1955), American publisher, journalist, and United States Army General
 * Jussi Adler-Olsen (born 1950), Danish writer
 * Lou Adler (journalist) (1929–2017), American broadcaster
 * Lou Adler (1933–), American record producer, manager, and director
 * Luther Adler (1903–1984), American actor and director on Broadway
 * María Raquel Adler (1900–1974), Argentine poet
 * Margot Adler, (1946–2014), author, journalist, Wiccan Priestess and Elder, NPR correspondent in New York City
 * Maurice Adler (1909–1960), American film producer and 20th Century Fox production head
 * Max Adler (actor) (born 1986), American actor
 * Mortimer J. Adler (1902–2001), American Aristotelian philosopher, author, and educator
 * Renata Adler (born 1938), American journalist and writer
 * Sara Adler (1858–1953), Ukrainian Jewish actress in Yiddish theater
 * Sonya Adler or Sonya Oberlander (died 1886), one of the first women to perform in Yiddish theater in Imperial Russia
 * Stella Adler (1901–1992), Jewish-American actress and acting teacher
 * Warren Adler (1927–2019), American writer
 * Sarah Adler (born 1978), French actress

Engineers and scientists

 * Ada Adler (1878–1946), Danish classical scholar
 * August Adler (1863–1923), Austrian mathematician
 * Benjamin Adler (1903–1990), American inventor
 * Charles Adler Jr. (1899–1980), American inventor
 * Darin Adler, software architect
 * David Adler (1935–1987), American physicist
 * Edda Adler (born 1937), Argentine chemist and biologist
 * George J. Adler, a noted philologist, linguist and author of A Practical Grammar of the Latin Language
 * Howard I. Adler, biologist, founder of Oxyrase Inc.
 * Irving Adler (1913–2012) author, mathematician, scientist, political activist and educator
 * Johan Gunder Adler (1784–1852), Danish civil servant and a co-author of the Constitution of Norway
 * Mark Adler, Mars Exploration Rover mission manager, co-author of zlib, inventor of Adler-32 checksum
 * Nancy Adler, American health psychologist
 * Niclas Adler, (born 1971), Swedish organizational theorist
 * Robert Adler (1913–2007), inventor of the remote control
 * Saul Adler (1895–1966), British-Israeli expert on parasitology
 * Stephen L. Adler (born 1939), American physicist
 * Jonathan Adler (born 1988), Israeli Engineer
 * Regina Kapeller-Adler (1900–1991), Austrian Biochemist and inventor of histidine-detecting urine pregnancy tests

Musicians

 * Chris Adler (born 1972), drummer of the metal band "Lamb of God"
 * Cisco Adler, the artist featured in all songs of the artist Shwayze
 * Guido Adler (1855–1941), Bohemian-Austrian musicologist and writer on music
 * Hans G. Adler (1904–1979), South African pianist, musicologist, and antique keyboard instrument collector
 * Henry Adler, American drum kit educator, player and actor
 * Hugo Chaim Adler (1896–1955), Belgian composer, cantor, and choir conductor
 * James Adler (born 1950), Composer and pianist from Chicago, Illinois
 * Julia Rebekka Adler (born 1978), German violist.
 * Larry Adler (1914–2001), American musician, widely acknowledged as one of the world's most skilled harmonica players
 * Oskar Adler (1875–1955), Austrian violinist, physician and esoteric savant, brother of Max Adler.
 * Richard Adler (1921–2012), Jewish-American lyricist, composer and producer of several Broadway shows
 * Samuel Adler (born 1928), Jewish-American composer and conductor
 * Steven Adler (born 1965), a drummer for the hard rock band Guns N' Roses
 * Vincent Adler, Hungarian pianist, composer
 * Willie Adler (born 1976), guitarist of the metal band Lamb of God

Conductors

 * Frederick Charles Adler (1889–1959), London-born conductor known as "F. Charles Adler"
 * Kurt Adler (1907–1977), Austrian-American conductor, Metropolitan Opera Chorus Master(1943–1973)
 * Kurt Herbert Adler (1905–1988), Vienna-born American conductor, San Francisco Opera general director (1953–1981)
 * Peter Herman Adler (1899–1990), Czech-born American conductor, director of NBC Opera Theatre (1950–1964)

Politicians

 * Charles S. Adler (1862–1911), American politician from New York
 * Ernie Adler (born 1950), American politician from Nevada
 * Friedrich Adler (1879–1960), Austrian revolutionary politician, son of Viktor Adler
 * John Adler (1959–2011), American politician from New Jersey
 * Julius Adler (1894–1945), German politician
 * Steve Adler (born 1956), American politician, mayor of Austin, Texas
 * Victor Adler (1852–1918), Austrian Social Democratic leader

Rabbis and theologians

 * Felix Adler (professor) (1851–1933), leader of ethical humanism
 * Hermann Adler (1839–1911), Orthodox Chief Rabbi of the British Empire, 1891–1911
 * Johann Kaspar Adler (1488–1560), also Kaspar Aquila or Caspari Aquilae, German reformer
 * Michael Adler (1868–1944), first Jewish chaplain to the British Army
 * Nathan Adler (1741–1800), German kabalist
 * Nathan Marcus Adler (c. 1800–1891), Orthodox Chief Rabbi of the British Empire, 1845–1891
 * Samuel Adler (rabbi) (1809–1891), Reform rabbi

Athletes

 * Anders Adler (born 1982), Swedish ice hockey player
 * Daniel Adler (sailor) (born 1958), Brazilian sailor
 * Jens Adler (born 1965), German football player
 * Kim Adler, American bowler
 * Nicky Adler (born 1985), German football player
 * Nikki Adler (born 1987), German boxer
 * Oliver Adler (born 1967), German football player
 * René Adler (born 1985), German football player
 * Thomas Adler (born 1965), German football player

Others

 * Alfred Adler (1870–1937), Austrian psychologist, founder of the school of individual psychology
 * Coleman Adler (1868–1938), Jeweler and founder of Adler's Jewelry in New Orleans in 1898
 * Daniel Adler (prosecutor) (born 1963), Argentine lawyer
 * Dankmar Adler (1844–1900), German-born American architect
 * David B. Adler (1826–1878), Jewish-Danish banker
 * Freda Adler (born 1934), criminologist
 * Friedrich Adler (architect) (1827–1908), German architect and archaeologist
 * Friedrich Adler (artist) (1878–1942), German artist and designer, murdered in the Holocaust
 * Hans Hermann Adler (1891–1956), German professor of journalism at the University of Heidelberg
 * Jacob O. Adler (1913–1999), Professor of Economics and Business at the University of Hawaii
 * Jankel Adler (1895–1949), Polish painter and printmaker
 * Jonathan Adler (born 1966), American potter, designer, and author
 * Jonathan H. Adler (born 1969), Professor of Law at Case Western University School of Law
 * Karl-Heinz Adler (1927–2018), German artist
 * Matthew Adler (born 1962), American law professor
 * Max Adler (Sears) (1866–1952), American businessman and philanthropist
 * Max Adler (Marxist) (1873–1937), Austrian social theorist, brother of Oskar Adler.
 * Rodney Adler, (born 1959), Australian businessman and white collar criminal
 * Ruth Adler (1944–1994), feminist, human rights campaigner and child welfare advocate
 * Salomon Adler (1630–1709), German painter of the Baroque period
 * Solomon Adler (1909–1994), Soviet spy who supplied information to the Silvermaster espionage ring
 * Valerie Adler, South African artist
 * Katya Adler, British German journalist

Fictional characters

 * Adler von Berg, a Luftwaffe pilot-turned-adventurer, of the Belgian comics series Adler by René Sterne
 * Grace Adler, female lead in the TV series Will and Grace
 * Henry Adler, main character in David Wellington's film I Love a Man in Uniform
 * Irene Adler, fictional character featured in the Sherlock Holmes story "A Scandal in Bohemia" by Arthur Conan Doyle.
 * Judith Adler, fictional character in The Case of the Toxic Spell Dump by Harry Turtledove.
 * Klaus Adler, would-be Führer of the Moon Nazis in the movie Iron Sky (2012).
 * Rafe Adler, the main antagonist of Uncharted 4: A Thief's End.
 * Russell Adler, a character of Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War by Treyarch.
 * Sadie Adler, character in Red Dead Redemption 2.
 * Samantha Adler, arms dealer in the novel series Son Altesse Sérénissime
 * Scott Adler, a fictional character featured in the Tom Clancy Jack Ryan universe novels. Adler is a career U.S. Department of State employee who rises throughout the series, eventually becoming Secretary of State.
 * Vincent Adler, antagonist behind the first two seasons of White Collar
 * Wilhelm Adler, main character in Saul Bellow's novella Seize the Day
 * Ben Adler, recurring character in the second season of Lost in Space (2018)

title: Adler (surname)


text:
James Bezan

James Bezan (born May 19, 1965) is a Conservative Canadian politician who has represented the riding of Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman (formerly Selkirk—Interlake) in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004. He is currently the Conservative Shadow Minister for National Defence.

Early life and career
Bezan was born May 19, 1965, in Russell, Manitoba Bezan majored in livestock technology in Olds College's Agricultural Production program. Bezan worked in the livestock and cattle industries in the 1980s and 1990s and started his own company in 1996. He served as Chief Executive Officer of the Manitoba Cattle Producer's Association and has sat on boards in the fields of cattle and food production. He also operates a family farm near Teulon, Manitoba.

Federal politics
Bezan was first elected in the riding of Selkirk—Interlake in the 2004 federal election, and was re-elected in the 2006, 2008, 2011, 2015, 2019 federal elections and 2021 federal elections.

In opposition, Bezan served on the executive of the Canada-Europe Parliamentary Association and as the Conservative Associate Agriculture Critic.

In the 38th Canadian Parliament, Bezan tabled Motion M-309 which sought to increase benefits for parents of critically ill children. This motion became law within Government Bill C-44 in 2012 which proposes a new Employment Insurance (EI) special benefit for parents who take time off work to care for their critically ill or injured children.

In government
In the 2006 federal election, Bezan was re-elected, defeating former Manitoba premier and Governor General of Canada Ed Schreyer, who ran for the New Democratic Party

Between 2006 and 2015 as a member of government, Bezan has served as Chair of the Standing Committee on Agriculture and Agri-Food; Chair of the Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development; Chair of the Manitoba Conservative Caucus; Chair of the Canadian Section of the Inter-Parliamentary Forum of the Americas (FIPA); and Secretary of the Canada-Ukraine Parliamentary Friendship Group.

Bezan has advocated marketing choice for Western Canadian grain farmers and fishermen. As a longtime and outspoken opponent of the long-gun registry, Bezan was pleased when the registry was ended. Bezan has also been instrumental in securing over $35 million in funding for the Lake Winnipeg Basin Initiative in Budgets 2007 and 2012.

In the 39th Canadian Parliament, Bezan passed Private Member's Bill C-459, which established the Ukrainian Famine and Genocide Memorial Day and recognizes the Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33, the Holodomor, as an act of genocide. Bezan was awarded the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, Ukraine's highest civilian award, by the President of Ukraine.

Bezan's wife Kelly has survived melanoma skin cancer on a number of occasions. Bezan, who also used artificial tanning equipment, tabled a Private Member's Bill, C-497 in the 40th Canadian Parliament, to strengthen warning labelling on tanning beds on the carcinogenic risks from radiation caused by tanning equipment.

In the first session of the 41st Parliament, Bezan served as the Chair of the Standing Committee on National Defence and was elected as the Vice President of the Canada-Ukraine Parliamentary Friendship Group and executive member for the Canadian Section of ParlAmericas. During the 41st Parliament, Bezan founded and co-chairs the Canadian Parliamentarians for Democracy and Human Rights in Iran, which is an all-party group.

In the 41st Canadian Parliament, Bezan introduced two pieces of legislation. The first was the Tanning Equipment Prohibition and Warning (Cancer Risks) Act (Bill C-386). This Bill influenced the Government to put warning labels about the health risks of indoor tanning on tanning equipment in February 2013. In February 2013, Bezan tabled Bill C-478, The Respecting Families of Murdered and Brutalized Persons Act. This Bill seeks to extend the parole eligibility period for those convicted of the abduction, sexual assault and murder of an individual.

On September 19, 2013, Bezan was appointed by Prime Minister Stephen Harper as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of National Defence. He began the 2nd session of the 41st Parliament with this role.

While serving in Her/His Majesty's Loyal Opposition since 2015, Bezan has served as the Shadow Minister for National Defence, the Deputy Official Opposition Whip, Co-coordinator for Question Period Planning and Shadow Minister for Ethics.

Throughout his time in Parliament, Bezan has worked on Ukrainian and Iranian human rights and democracy issues. Bezan travelled with Prime Minister Harper to the Ukraine in 2010 and 2015 and has served as an election monitor in the last four Ukrainian elections. Bezan lobbied to have the Iranian embassy shut down and have the MeK delisted as a terrorist organization. Both of these actions by Bezan were acted upon by the Government of Canada during the 41st Canadian Parliament.

Bezan was one of thirteen Canadians banned from travelling to Russia under retaliatory sanctions imposed by Russian President Vladimir Putin in March 2014. He replied through his official Twitter feed, "Sanctions by Russia will not silence me standing up for Ukraine. This is a badge of honour for all critics of the Crimea Invasion."

Elections Canada dispute
The Speaker of the House of Commons received a request from Elections Canada to suspend Bezan as a member of Parliament (MP) in June 2013 over an alleged failure to properly claim the cost of advertising signage he erected while MP. The Speaker made a ruling on June 18, 2013, in response to a question of privilege, to have the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs (PROC) review this issue. On February 5, 2014, Bezan and Elections Canada came to an agreement on a corrected campaign return. In a statement on his website, he said: "I am pleased to say that Elections Canada has agreed with the commercial value of my MP signs I submitted in my corrected campaign return on May 5, 2013 at $518 per sign. My final campaign return for the 2011 election is below the allowable election expense limit, and my personal contributions are also below the allowable limit. As a matter of fact, the total difference between my corrected return filed on May 5, 2013 and my final return is only $458.'"

title: James Bezan


text:
Helmsdorf

Helmsdorf may refer to the following places in Germany:

 * Helmsdorf, Thuringia, in the Eichsfeld district, Thuringia
 * , a locality in Heiligenthal, in Mansfeld-Südharz district, Sachsen-Anhalt
 * A locality in Stolpen, in the Sächsische Schweiz district, Saxony
 * A locality in Geisenhausen, in Landshut district, Bavaria

title: Helmsdorf


text:
Timan-Pechora Basin

The Timan-Pechora Basin is a sedimentary basin located between Timan Ridge and the Ural Mountains in northern Russia. The basin contains oil and gas fields.

Oil and gas extraction
A planned project to mine its oil and gas was conceived in the mid-1990s and approved by United States and Russian Governments. As of September 29, 2004, Conoco and LUKoil planned to jointly develop this Basin.

Since 2004 the production increased and the importance for LUKoil increased. However, the production began to decline in 2010. Large investments are needed to increase production rates or at least to maintain production at levels over 17 million tons annually.

Oil extraction has produced limited environmental damage. In particular it has caused eutrophication and organic contamination of waters as interpreted from low diatom diversity and absence of pollution sensitive diatoms among other things. Possibly oil extraction is also behind lower avian diversity at some locations as transport activity might have disturbed wildlife. Despite this much of the Pechora region can be described as "semi-pristine" from an ecological point of view.

In a 2018 assessment, the United States Geological Survey estimated for undiscovered, technically recoverable continuous resources, the mean totals for the region are 1,425 million barrels of shale oil, or 1.4 billion barrels of oil; 45,721 billion cubic feet, or 46 trillion cubic feet of gas; and 737 million barrels of natural gas liquids.

title: Timan-Pechora Basin


text:
Helmsdorf, Thuringia

Helmsdorf is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the town Dingelstädt. It is situated on the upper course of the river Unstrut, 12 km northwest of Mühlhausen.

title: Helmsdorf, Thuringia