text:
Tobian language

Tobian (ramarih Hatohobei, literally "the language of Tobi") is the language of Tobi, one of the Southwest Islands of Palau, and the main island of Hatohobei state. Tobian is a Micronesian language spoken by approximately 150 people, about 22 are native speakers. The speakers are located in either the island of Tobi or in Echang, a hamlet of Koror, the former capital of Palau. Tobian and Sonsorolese are very close, and appear to be gradually merging towards a new dialect called "Echangese". Earlier in the 20th century, about 1000 people lived on the island. Shortly before and during the First World War, those numbers dropped severely due to an abundance of disease.

Classification
Tobian and the dialects of Sonsorol, Merir, and Pulo Ana, the other inhabited Southwest Islands, are closely related to the languages spoken in the Federated States of Micronesia outer islands of Yap and Chuuk Lagoon. These include Ulithi and the Central Carolines. Altogether, these languages form a sub-group within the Micronesian languages. The names of these dialects are the terms that are commonly used in European terms. Below are the native names as compared to the common names:

Tobi is the basis of a local pidgin.

Examples

 * animal = mar
 * coconut palm = ruh
 * goodbye = sabuho
 * language = ramarih
 * soldierfish = red

Counting

 * one = sewo
 * two = huwou
 * three = soruo
 * four = fauwo

This is only base counting. There are different numerals for a lot of different objects.

Vowels
"œ" is used rarely and sounds similar to the French "eu" but the lips do not round out at the end of the sound and has critical meaning in words. There is a central low vowel that sounds like the "u" in "but", but it does not have semantic value and it has very rare occurrence.

Diphthongs
There are a lot of diphthongs in Tobian and according to Capell, "several of them are difficult for Europeans".

Homonyms and near homonyms
Like most other languages, Tobian has examples of homonyms but they are not as abundant. Meanings can vary solely on vowel length. Also small differences in sounds can produce major differences in meanings. For example, the difference between voiceless (f) and voiced (v) consonants are important but there are many exceptions where it does not affect the meaning.

Stress and prosody
Tobian utilizes both stress and pitch accents or tones. Compared to the other dialects, it uses less musical tone. It is not a tonal language because the tone does not change the meaning of the word. Although it is not tonal, the speech has a wide variety of tone variations that appear to be emotional rather than linguistic and either show emphasis or other semantic components. Stress accents are used but not as much as English or Russian. In the past, the stress marks would normally be placed on the last syllable of the words. In the present, the stress marks can be placed either on the last syllable or the second to last syllable.

 * 1) Stress on the penultimate (second to last)
 * 2) Stress on the final syllable
 * 3) Stress  on the antepenultimate (third to last)
 * 4) Sentence stress
 * 5) Vowel harmony
 * 6) Vowel length
 * 7) Furtive vowels (Slightly heard or silent vowels)

title: Tobian language


text:
Gilbert Lani Kauhi

Gilbert Francis Lani Damian Kauhi (October 17, 1937 – May 3, 2004), also known by the stage names monumously as Zulu and Zoulou, was an American actor and comedian. He is remembered largely for his portrayal of Kono Kalakaua on the long-running television program Hawaii Five-O.

Career
Kauhi was born in Hilo on the "Big Island" of Hawaii. He served in the United States Coast Guard. He began his career in Honolulu as a stand-up comedian, mimic, and singer, described by one journalist as "part Godfrey Cambridge, part Zero Mostel". His nightly live show was a popular attraction at C'est Si Bon Supper Club in the Waikiki section of Honolulu before, during, and after his brief television career. Kauhi was an accomplished surfer; he was known in Hawaii by the honorific "Waikiki Beach Boy." In the late 1960s, Kauhi was a member of the band Sons of Hawaii and referred to it as his "schooling in Hawaiian music".

In 1968, Kauhi landed the role of the burly state police detective Kono on Hawaii Five-O. He was fired from the show after four seasons after disagreements with the show's publicist. Zulu would go on to eight more television roles including a reprise role of Kono in the 1997 pilot for the revival series Hawaii Five-O.

After ending his business relationship with his manager, Kauhi discovered that she had registered the name "Zulu" and he could not perform as Zulu without her permission. For the rest of his career he performed as "Zoulou", saying it was the French Tahitian spelling.

Death
Kauhi died in Hilo at the age of 66 from complications due to diabetes. Per his wishes, his ashes were scattered off Waikiki.

Filmography
Uncredited
 * Rampage (1963) – guard to the tribal leader
 * Hawaii Five-O (1968–1972) (95 episodes) – Kono
 * I Sailed to Tahiti with an All Girl Crew (1968) – Jail guard
 * The Brian Keith Show (1972–1973) (3 episodes) – Chief Hanamakii / Zulu
 * Code Name: Diamond Head (1977) – Zulu
 * The Paradise Connection (1979) – Rudy
 * Charlie's Angels (1981) – Kono (uncredited)
 * Magnum, P.I. (1982) – Hotel Doorman
 * Hawaii Five-O (1997 pilot for revival series) – Kono (final film role)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gilbert Lani Kauhi


text: Category:Driving

title: Category:Driving


text: User talk:199.72.137.53

title: User talk:199.72.137.53


text: User talk:204.253.245.126

title: User talk:204.253.245.126


text:
Drive shaft

A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, tailshaft (Australian English), propeller shaft (prop shaft), or Cardan shaft (after Girolamo Cardano) is a component for transmitting mechanical power, torque, and rotation, usually used to connect other components of a drivetrain that cannot be connected directly because of distance or the need to allow for relative movement between them.

As torque carriers, drive shafts are subject to torsion and shear stress, equivalent to the difference between the input torque and the load. They must therefore be strong enough to bear the stress, while avoiding too much additional weight as that would in turn increase their inertia.

To allow for variations in the alignment and distance between the driving and driven components, drive shafts frequently incorporate one or more universal joints, jaw couplings, or rag joints, and sometimes a splined joint or prismatic joint.

History
The term driveshaft first appeared during the mid-19th century. In Stover's 1861 patent reissue for a planing and matching machine, the term is used to refer to the belt-driven shaft by which the machine is driven. The term is not used in his original patent. Another early use of the term occurs in the 1861 patent reissue for the Watkins and Bryson horse-drawn mowing machine. Here, the term refers to the shaft transmitting power from the machine's wheels to the gear train that works the cutting mechanism.

In the 1890s, the term began to be used in a manner closer to the modern sense. In 1891, for example, Battles referred to the shaft between the transmission and driving trucks of his Climax locomotive as the drive shaft, and Stillman referred to the shaft linking the crankshaft to the rear axle of his shaft-driven bicycle as a drive shaft. In 1899, Bukey used the term to describe the shaft transmitting power from the wheel to the driven machinery by a universal joint in his Horse-Power. In the same year, Clark described his Marine Velocipede using the term to refer to the gear-driven shaft transmitting power through a universal joint to the propeller shaft. Crompton used the term to refer to the shaft between the transmission of his steam-powered Motor Vehicle of 1903 and the driven axle.

The pioneering automobile industry company, Autocar, was the first to use a drive shaft in a gasoline-powered car. Built in 1901, today this vehicle is in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution.

Vehicles
An automobile may use a longitudinal shaft to deliver power from an engine/transmission to the other end of the vehicle before it goes to the wheels. A pair of short drive shafts is commonly used to send power from a central differential, transmission, or transaxle to the wheels.

Front-engine, rear-wheel drive
In front-engined, rear-wheel drive vehicles, a longer drive shaft is also required to send power the length of the vehicle. Two forms dominate: The torque tube with a single universal joint and the more common Hotchkiss drive with two or more joints. This system became known as Système Panhard after the automobile company Panhard et Levassor which patented it.

Most of these vehicles have a clutch and gearbox (or transmission) mounted directly on the engine, with a drive shaft leading to a final drive in the rear axle. When the vehicle is stationary, the drive shaft does not rotate. Some vehicles (generally sports cars, such as the Chevrolet Corvette C5/C6/C7, Alfa Romeo Alfetta and Porsche 924/944/928), seeking improved weight balance between front and rear, use a rear-mounted transaxle. In some non-Porsche models, this places the clutch and transmission at the rear of the car and the drive shaft between them and the engine. In this case the drive shaft rotates continuously with the engine, even when the car is stationary and out of gear. However, the Porsche 924/944/928 models have the clutch mounted to the back of the engine in a bell housing and the drive shaft from the clutch output, located inside of a hollow protective torque tube, transfers power to the rear mounted transaxle (transmission + differential).Thus the Porsche driveshaft only rotates when the rear wheels are turning as the engine-mounted clutch can decouple engine crankshaft rotation from the driveshaft. So for Porsche, when the driver is using the clutch while briskly shifting up or down (manual transmission), the engine can rev freely with the driver's accelerator pedal input, since with the clutch disengaged, the engine and flywheel inertia is relatively low and is not burdened with the added rotational inertia of the driveshaft. The Porsche torque tube is solidly fastened to both the engine's bell housing and to the transaxle case, fixing the length and alignment between the bell housing and the transaxle and greatly minimizing rear wheel drive reaction torque from twisting the transaxle in any plane.

A drive shaft connecting a rear differential to a rear wheel may be called a half-shaft. The name derives from the fact that two such shafts are required to form one rear axle.

Early automobiles often used chain drive or belt drive mechanisms rather than a drive shaft. Some used electrical generators and motors to transmit power to the wheels.

Front-wheel drive
In British English, the term drive shaft is restricted to a transverse shaft that transmits power to the wheels, especially the front wheels. The shaft connecting the gearbox to a rear differential is called a "propeller shaft", or "prop-shaft". A prop-shaft assembly consists of a propeller shaft, a slip joint and one or more universal joints. Where the engine and axles are separated from each other, as on four-wheel drive and rear-wheel drive vehicles, it is the propeller shaft that serves to transmit the drive force generated by the engine to the axles.

Several different types of drive shaft are used in the automotive industry:
 * One-piece drive shaft
 * Two-piece drive shaft
 * Slip-in-tube drive shaft

The slip-in-tube drive shaft is a new type that improves crash safety. It can be compressed to absorb energy in the event of a crash, so is also known as a "collapsible drive shaft".

Four wheel and all-wheel drive
These evolved from the front-engine rear-wheel drive layout. A new form of transmission called the transfer case was placed between transmission and final drives in both axles. This split the drive to the two axles and may also have included reduction gears, a dog clutch or differential. At least two drive shafts were used, one from the transfer case to each axle. In some larger vehicles, the transfer box was centrally mounted and was itself driven by a short drive shaft. In vehicles the size of a Land Rover, the drive shaft to the front axle is noticeably shorter and more steeply articulated than the rear shaft, making it a more difficult engineering problem to build a reliable drive shaft, and which may involve a more sophisticated form of universal joint.

Modern light cars with all-wheel drive (notably Audi or the Fiat Panda) may use a system that more closely resembles a front-wheel drive layout. The transmission and final drive for the front axle are combined into one housing alongside the engine, and a single drive shaft runs the length of the car to the rear axle. This is a favoured design where the torque is biased to the front wheels to give car-like handling, or where the maker wishes to produce both four-wheel drive and front-wheel drive cars with many shared components.

Research and development
The automotive industry also uses drive shafts at testing plants.

At an engine test stand, a drive shaft is used to transfer a certain speed or torque from the internal combustion engine to a dynamometer.

A "shaft guard" is used at a shaft connection to protect against contact with the drive shaft and for detection of a shaft failure.

At a transmission test stand a drive shaft connects the prime mover with the transmission.

Symptoms of a bad drive shaft
An automotive drive shaft can typically last about 120,000 kilometres. However, if the vehicle experiencing any of the signs below, drivers should get it checked as soon as possible.

 * Clicking or squeaking noise: Driver can either hear a clicking, squeaking, or grinding noises coming from underneath the vehicle when driving.
 * Clunking sounds: Driver can hear the noises especially when turning the vehicle, accelerating or even putting it into reverse.
 * Vibration: An early and common symptom of a failing drive shaft is an intense vibration coming from underneath the vehicle. Worn out couplings, u-joints, or bearings cause excessive drive shaft vibration.
 * Turning problems: Problems with turning the vehicle, both during slow and high-speed drives, is another significant sign of a bad drive shaft.

Cardan shaft park brakes
A cardan shaft park brake works on the drive shaft rather than the wheels. These brakes are commonly used on small trucks. This type of brake is prone to failure and has led to incidents where the truck has run away on a slope, leading to safety alerts being issued. Heavy vehicles that have this type of park brake usually have a ratchet handle similar to a car's hand brake or parking brake, as opposed to an air brake button or lever.

Risk factors for drivers include parking on a steep slope when heavily loaded, not applying the brake with enough force, changing the load or load balance while parked on a slope, or parking where one side of the vehicle is able to slip. Using chocks on the wheels is one way of preventing the vehicle from moving on a slope.

Motorcycle drive shafts
Drive shafts have been used on motorcycles since before WW1, such as the Belgian FN motorcycle from 1903 and the Stuart Turner Stellar motorcycle of 1912. As an alternative to chain and belt drives, drive shafts offer long-lived, clean, and relatively maintenance-free operation. A disadvantage of shaft drive on a motorcycle is that helical gearing, spiral bevel gearing or similar is needed to turn the power 90° from the shaft to the rear wheel, losing some power in the process.

BMW has produced shaft drive motorcycles since 1923; and Moto Guzzi have built shaft-drive V-twins since the 1960s. The British company, Triumph and the major Japanese brands, Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki and Yamaha, have produced shaft drive motorcycles.

Lambretta motorscooters type A up to type LD are shaft-driven the NSU Prima scooter is also shaft-driven

Motorcycle engines positioned such that the crankshaft is longitudinal and parallel to the frame are often used for shaft-driven motorcycles. This requires only one 90° turn in power transmission, rather than two. Bikes from Moto Guzzi and BMW, plus the Triumph Rocket III and Honda ST series all use this engine layout.

Motorcycles with shaft drive are subject to shaft effect, where the chassis climbs when power is applied. This effect, which is the opposite of that exhibited by chain-drive motorcycles, is counteracted with systems such as BMW's Paralever, Moto Guzzi's CARC and Kawasaki's Tetra Lever.

Marine drive shafts
On a power-driven ship, the drive shaft, or propeller shaft, usually connects the propeller outside the vessel to the driving machinery inside, passing through at least one shaft seal or stuffing box where it intersects the hull. The thrust, the axial force generated by the propeller, is transmitted to the vessel by the thrust block or thrust bearing, which, in all but the smallest of boats, is incorporated in the main engine or gearbox. Shafts can be made of stainless steel or composite materials depending on what type of ship will install them.

The portion of the drive train which connects directly to the propeller is known as the tail shaft.

Locomotive drive shafts
The Shay, Climax and Heisler locomotives, all introduced in the late 19th century, used quill drives to couple power from a centrally mounted multi-cylinder engine to each of the trucks supporting the engine. On each of these geared steam locomotives, one end of each drive shaft was coupled to the driven truck through a universal joint while the other end was powered by the crankshaft, transmission or another truck through a second universal joint. A quill drive also has the ability to slide lengthways, effectively varying its length. This is required to allow the bogies to rotate when passing a curve.

Cardan shafts are used in some diesel locomotives (mainly diesel-hydraulics, such as British Rail Class 52) and some electric locomotives (e.g. British Rail Class 91). They are also widely used in diesel multiple units.

Drive shafts in bicycles
The drive shaft has served as an alternative to a chain-drive in bicycles for the past century, never becoming very popular. A shaft-driven bicycle (or "Acatène", from an early maker) has several advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages

 * Drive system is less likely to become jammed.
 * The rider cannot become dirtied from chain grease or injured by "chain bite" when clothing or a body part catches between an unguarded chain and a sprocket.
 * Lower maintenance than a chain system when the drive shaft is enclosed in a tube.
 * More consistent performance. Dynamic Bicycles claims that a drive shaft bicycle can deliver 94% efficiency, whereas a chain-driven bike can deliver anywhere from 75 to 97% efficiency based on condition.

Disadvantages

 * A drive shaft system weighs more than a chain system, usually 1-2 lb heavier.
 * Many of the advantages claimed by drive shaft's proponents can be achieved on a chain-driven bicycle, such as covering the chain and sprockets.
 * Use of lightweight derailleur gears with a high number of ratios is impossible, although hub gears can be used.
 * Wheel removal can be complicated in some designs (as it is for some chain-driven bicycles with hub gears).

PTO drive shafts
Drive shafts are one method of transferring power from an engine and PTO to vehicle-mounted accessory equipment, such as an air compressor. Drive shafts are used when there is not enough space beside the engine for the additional accessory; the shaft bridges the gap between the engine PTO and the accessory, allowing the accessory to be mounted elsewhere on the vehicle.

Drive shaft production
Nowadays new possibilities exist for the production process of drive shafts. The filament winding production process is gaining popularity for the creation of composite drive shafts. Several companies in the automotive industry are looking to adopt this knowledge for their high volume production process.

title: Drive shaft


text: Category:Multinational corporations

title: Category:Multinational corporations


text:
Talk:Kętrzyn

[Untitled]
It is interesting that an attempt was made here to assert that Rastenburg was called Rastembork in Polish. Rastenburg was one of the oldest castles of the Teutonic Knights, and was called Rastenburg from its founding in the 14th century until the annexations and wholesale population changes of 1945-49. Had Rastembork – which appears to be a simple transliteration of Rastenburg into Polish – been a generally used name, presumably there would have been no reason for the postwar Communist Polish government to change the name to Ketrzyn. User:sca 27sep04

Never heard about changing well established placenames for political reasons ? See Stalingrad, Leningrad, Stalinogrod, Nizhny Novgorod/Gorky to name just a few exmples.

Second thing: Slavic languages for centuries used they own forms of names of many German cities - sometimes (as in case of Rastembork or Olsztyn) being renderings of German original, but often based on Slavic or Latin original, on which German form is also based (for example Dresno, Lipsk, Monachium, Ratyzbona, Chociebuż in Polish or Mnichov, Lipsko, Drážďany in Czech or finally Beč in Serbian/Croatian).

See List of European cities with alternative names for wider context.

For info on Polish-speaking inhabitants of East Prussia, which are responsible for "Rastembork", "Olsztyn", "Lidzbark" etc. see Mazur, Masuria and Warmiak.

And maybe opinions on "attempts to assert" should be based rather on actual linguistic knowledge then on Kantian Idealism?

Of course one is familair with name changes for political reasons. The issue is making clear that the name formerly was different, and was changed as a result of war that was followed by ethnic and territorial changes implemented by force.

However, I have a better understanding now for the Polish use of Rastembork for Rastenburg, and have edited the entry to say "was rendered in Polish as."

I am wondering whether Poles actually find German names such as Rastenburg difficult to pronounce. It seems unlikely, based on my slight acquaintance with Polish and its thicket of consonants, but I don't know. Sca 20:15, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Kętrzyn


text:
Borthwood Copse

Borthwood Copse, near Sandown, Isle of Wight, England is a piece of woodland owned by the National Trust and is one of the numerous copses which make up part of the medieval forest which covered most of the eastern end of the Island. Borthwood Copse sits on the outskirts of Newchurch, and is close to the neighbouring hamlet of Apse Heath and the villages of Queen's Bower and Alverstone. Borthwood Copse was originally a royal hunting ground. It was bequeathed to the National Trust in 1926 by Frank Morey. He had purchased it a few years earlier to preserve it for wildlife. Subsequent additions have been added to the land and it now covers a total of 60 acre.

There are some ancient oaks, and a distinctive grove of beech trees which stand amongst glades of coppiced sweet chestnut and hazel. The woodland is one of the very few examples of working coppice with standards which can be seen on the Isle of Wight. A bridleway and many smaller paths lead through the woodland, which is open to the public. It is particularly popular with visitors in the autumn with its vivid colours and, in the springtime, when carpeted with bluebells. Borthwood Copse is one of the countless locations in the Eastern Isle of Wight that are home to large numbers of Red Squirrels.

Owing to its position on the downs, much of Borthwood Copse is hilly, and in wet weather the soil often becomes waterlogged and marshy, making travel through the copse on foot difficult.

Within the wood is a viewpoint looking east from where you can catch a glimpse of Culver Down and the sea. As the copse climbs a small hill, Bembridge Windmill can be seen in the distance through the downs on clear days.

Wildlife includes dormice, red squirrels, a wide range of bats, and many invertebrates.

The view point is called Kite Hill.

title: Borthwood Copse


text:
User:David Nicolai

I am a Yup'ik and Athabascan from Anchorage, Alaska. I have worked as a culture host for the past 4 years in a local museum, so I will do what I can to update Alaska Native entries in the Wikipedia.

title: User:David Nicolai


text:
Dactylitis

Dactylitis or sausage digit is inflammation of an entire digit (a finger or toe), and can be painful.

The word dactyl comes from the Greek word daktylos 'finger'. As a medical term, it refers to both the fingers and the toes.

Associated conditions
Dactylitis can occur in seronegative arthropathies, such as psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, and in sickle-cell disease as result of a vasoocclusive crisis with bone infarcts, and in infectious conditions including tuberculosis, syphilis, and leprosy. In reactive arthritis, sausage fingers occur due to synovitis. Dactylitis may also be seen with sarcoidosis.

In sickle-cell disease it typically occurs after 6 months of age (as in infants protective fetal hemoglobin, HbF, is replaced with adult hemoglobin and the disease manifests) and is often the first clinical presentation of the disorder.

title: Dactylitis


text:
User:Burntpunch

Description
My real name is Markus and I live in Zülpich, Germany. My main contributions to Wikipedia are limited to the german one and this Account is only used for small changes.

Homepage
Please visit my german Homepage at http://www.markus-kindler.de

My Articles
Zülpich

de:Benutzer:Burntpunch

title: User:Burntpunch


text:
Herb Carneal

Charles Herbert Carneal (May 10, 1923 – April 1, 2007) was an American Major League Baseball sportscaster. From 1962 through 2006, he was a play-by-play voice of Minnesota Twins radio broadcasts, becoming the lead announcer in 1967 after Ray Scott left to work exclusively with CBS. Prior to 1962, he broadcast for the Baltimore Orioles, partnering with Ernie Harwell from 1957 to 1959 and with Bob Murphy in 1960–1961. His mellow baritone voice and laid-back demeanor were well loved by Twins fans and formed a well balanced team with the more excitable and emotional style of his longtime broadcast partner John Gordon. Carneal was for many years known (and introduced as such by Gordon at the beginning of each game) as "The Voice of the Twins". Carneal's trademark greeting, "Hi everybody", was reminiscent of his down-home style.

A Richmond, Virginia, native, Carneal first broadcast major league games for the Philadelphia Athletics and Philadelphia Phillies in 1954. From 1957 to 1961 he was employed by the Baltimore Orioles. He also called games on CBS television for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League in the team's first four years of existence (1961–64), and AFL games on NBC in 1965.

Carneal's announcing career received a significant boost when he took over the Twins broadcasts, as it united him with broadcaster Halsey Hall, after whom many major league broadcasters have modeled their work. Hall's influence on Carneal's career development is legendary.

Carneal received the Ford C. Frick Award from the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1996, and was inducted into the Pavek Museum of Broadcasting's Hall of Fame in 2004. He was named Minnesota Sportscaster of the Year 20 times by the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association.

Beginning in 2002, Carneal scaled back his workload to providing play-by-play for half of Minnesota's home games. By 2007, he was scheduled to work only 36 games. Until 2007, Carneal worked in partnership with fellow radio commentators John Gordon and Dan Gladden.

In 2002, Carneal was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame.

Herb Carneal died on April 1, 2007, of congestive heart failure. The Twins dedicated their 2007 season to Carneal, wearing patches on their sleeves in his honor.

title: Herb Carneal


text:
Category:Architecture schools

Departments in universities and specific institutions devoted to the education of architects.

 * Refer to:  Bachelor of Architecture and Master of Architecture for schools in the United States.

Category:Landscape architecture schools

title: Category:Architecture schools


text: User talk:67.127.77.205

title: User talk:67.127.77.205


text:
Food and Drink Federation

The Food and Drink Federation (FDF) is a membership organisation that represents and advises UK food and drink manufacturers.

Membership
The Food and Drink Federation members are companies of all sizes as well as trade associations and groups dealing with specific sectors of the industry.

The UK food and drink industry is the largest manufacturing sector in the country. It accounts for 19% of the total manufacturing sector by turnover and employ over 400,000 people in the UK across 7,000 businesses.

Functions
The Food and Drink Federation is responsible for communicating to and from a range of audiences including the UK government (particularly the Department of Health; the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills), regulators, consumers and the media.

The FDF tackles a range of issues on behalf of its members under the three core areas of health and wellbeing; food safety and science; and sustainability and competitiveness; readiness and calorific contribution; it also aims to highlight the work industry conducts under these areas. For example, its Five-fold Environmental Ambition sets out where manufacturers are looking to make a difference to the environment through reducing  emissions; sending zero food and packaging waste to landfill from 2015; reducing the level of packaging reaching households; improving water efficiency to reduce water use; and embedding environmental standards in their transport practices to achieve fewer and friendlier food miles.

Product reformulation has also been another major focus for the Federation, highlighting the industry's ongoing work to reduce salt, trans fats, fat and sugar in food products. The industry's efforts have been supported by the UK's Food Standards Agency, the UK Government and others.

Members
Selection of members:

 * Apetito
 * Associated British Foods
 * Cargill
 * Coca-Cola
 * General Mills
 * GlaxoSmithKline
 * Kellogg's
 * Mars
 * McCain Foods
 * Mondelez
 * Nestlé
 * Pepsi
 * Premier Foods
 * Tate & Lyle
 * Unilever
 * United Biscuits
 * Weetabix Limited
 * Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company

Food sector groups
• Biscuit, Cake, Chocolate and Confectionery Group - is a member of the CAOBISCO European association • Frozen Food • Ice Cream • Meat eWG • Organic eWG • Yogurt & Chilled Dessert eWG

Affiliated groups
In the same building are the Snacks, Nuts and Crisps Manufacturers Association, the Association of Bakery Ingredient Manufacturers and the European Snacks Association.

Scottish Food and Drink Federation
The organisation has a Scottish division (SFDF) that runs autonomously and is based in Edinburgh. It deals directly with the Scottish Executive and is wholly responsible for the Scottish food and drink manufacturing industry, having its own Executive Committee. The drinks industry in Scotland is an important part of its economy, and its exports.

title: Food and Drink Federation


text:
Richard Denning

Richard Denning (March 27, 1914 – October 11, 1998) was an American actor who starred in science fiction films of the 1950s, including Unknown Island (1948), Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954), Target Earth (1954), Day the World Ended (1955), Creature with the Atom Brain (1955), and The Black Scorpion (1957). Denning also appeared in the film An Affair to Remember (1957) with Cary Grant and on radio with Lucille Ball in My Favorite Husband (1948–1951), the forerunner of television's I Love Lucy. He's more well-known as Governor Paul Jameson in late 1960s-early 1980s police procedural TV series Hawaii Five-O.

Early years
Denning was born as Louis Albert Heindrich Denninger Jr., in Poughkeepsie, New York. When he was 18 months old, his family moved to Los Angeles. After attending Manual Arts High School, he earned a Master of Business Administration degree from Woodbury Business College in Los Angeles. Plans called for him to take over his father's garment manufacturing business, but he developed an interest in acting. Denning enlisted in the U.S. Navy during World War II and served on submarines.

Career
Denning was perhaps best known for his recurring starring roles in science fiction and horror films of the 1950s, and playing husband opposite Lucille Ball on the radio series that led to I Love Lucy in which he was replaced by Desi Arnaz as Lucy's husband.

Denning began acting in minor supporting and background roles through the 1930s and early 1940s until the start of World War II. According to Denning, his military service disrupted his acting career, and after his discharge it would be a year and a half before Paramount Pictures offered him more acting work. During that time, he and his family lived in a mobile home that he alternately parked at Malibu and Palm Springs.

Denning's unemployment ended when he was hired to star on the radio opposite Lucille Ball in My Favorite Husband. The CBS Radio sitcom ran for 124 episodes from July 23, 1948 through March 31, 1951 and would evolve into the groundbreaking television sitcom I Love Lucy. CBS wanted Denning to continue as the husband in the new sitcom but Lucille Ball insisted that her real life husband, Desi Arnaz, play the part. The radio stint, however, led to a role on CBS television's series adaptation of Mr. and Mrs. North.

On television, he starred as the title character in the 1950 syndicated adventure series Ding Howe and the Flying Tigers. He was cast as Dr. Greg Graham in the 1959 series, The Flying Doctor. He also starred as the title character in the detective series Michael Shayne (1960–1961) and shared title billing with Barbara Britton in the detective series Mr. and Mrs. North (1952–1954).

In 1964-1965, Denning played Steve Scott in the comedy series Karen. In later life, he had a recurring role as the fictitious governor of Hawaii, Paul Jameson, in the CBS television crime drama series, Hawaii Five-O (1968–1980), starring Jack Lord.

He appeared three times on the ABC religion anthology series Crossroads, as Dr. Ira Langston in "Chinese Checkers" (1955) and as the Reverend George Bolton in "The Bowery Bishop" and as the Reverend Lloyd E. Williams in "The Pure White Orchid" (both 1956).

In other activity on radio, Denning played Uncle Jack in It's a Crime, Mr. Collins (1956-1957) on the Mutual Broadcasting System. He also was the second actor to play Jerry North in the radio version of Mr. and Mrs. North.

Denning later appeared in several 'B' crime drama films before starring in science fiction and horror films. In 1957, he began the first of a series of television appearances, usually as a supporting character, though he did star briefly in two television dramas, The Flying Doctor (1959), and Michael Shayne (1960–61).

In 1968, Denning completed his last film, a comedy titled I Sailed to Tahiti with an All Girl Crew. Semi-retired and living on the island of Maui with his wife, Denning was contacted by producer Leonard Freeman, who offered him the supporting role as the governor of Hawaii in the TV detective series, Hawaii Five-O. In order to persuade Denning to sign on in the recurring role, Freeman guaranteed Denning five-hour days and a four-day work week.

Recognition
Denning has a star at 6932 Hollywood Boulevard in the Television section of the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It was dedicated on February 8, 1960.

Personal life
In 1942, Denning married 1940s horror film queen Evelyn Ankers (co-star of The Wolf Man, Ghost of Frankenstein and Son of Dracula), who retired from films at the age of 32 after they were married. He and Ankers had a daughter, Diana Denning (later Dwyer). After Ankers' death from cancer in 1985, he remarried to Patricia Leffingwell. Denning died of a heart attack at the age of 84 on October 11, 1998, while visiting relatives in Southern California. He outlived his Hawaii Five-O co-star Jack Lord (who died in January 1998) by nine months. Denning and Ankers are buried at Makawao Veterans' Cemetery in Makawao, Hawaii.

title: Richard Denning


text:
Dinosaur Isle

Dinosaur Isle is a purpose-built dinosaur museum located in Sandown on the Isle of Wight in southern England.

The museum was designed by Isle of Wight architect Rainey Petrie Johns in the shape of a giant pterosaur. It claims to be the first custom-built dinosaur museum in Europe.

History
Throughout the 19th century, many collectors such as the Reverend William Fox (1813-1881) excavated the types of new dinosaur genera, including Aristosuchus, Hypsilophodon foxii, and Polacanthus. Most of the discoveries were then transferred to the mainland for study and exhibition, which after some time prompted the Isle of Wight Council to begin its own collection.

In 1923, the Isle of Wight's first geological museum opened in Sandown, under the name of the "Museum of Isle of Wight Geology".

The £2.7 million cost of Dinosaur Isle, the new museum, was provided by Isle of Wight Council and the National Lottery Millennium Commission. Dinosaur Isle opened to visitors on 10 August 2001. It currently houses 40,000 specimens, including nearly 200 types. The museum offers many field trips to discover the island's main palaeontological sites.

Exhibits
The visit to the museum begins with a presentation of the different past ecosystems that can be found in different parts of the island. This area begins with Pleistocene fossils, including those of Bison antiquus. The repaired animatronic of an Ophthalmosaurus from the BBC's Walking with Dinosaurs is also in this section. The first Mesozoic animals are displayed outside of the main room, with a sauropod being displayed at the very end, and several exhibits dedicated to Mesozoic marine life.

The large central room is dedicated to dinosaurs. Many life-size replicas and models are found there, including ornithischians such as Iguanodon, Polacanthus and Hypsilophodon, in addition to saurischians like Eotyrannus. Additionally, a large allosauroid theropod, Neovenator salerii (discovered in 1978 and described by Steve Hutt one of the curators of the museum) is also exhibited, as is a replica skeleton of Megalosaurus. The skeleton of the Iguanodon MIWG.5126 (or Pink Iggy) is particularly noteworthy among the museum's collection. It was discovered in 1976 by Steve Hutt, and is mostly articulated. It is named after the minerals in the matrix it was discovered in, which gave the rocks a pink colouration. The holotype of the small crocodyliform Koumpiodontosuchus is also displayed.

On one of the walls of the room, reconstructions of heads of different pterosaurs are displayed. Indeed, the museum houses the holotype of the ornithocheirid Caulkicephalus.

title: Dinosaur Isle


text:
Abraham the Jew

Abraham the Jew may refer to:

 * Abraham, ancestor of the Jews in the Book of Genesis
 * Abraham of Worms, student of Abramelin in The Book of Abramelin
 * Abraham Eleazar, Jewish alchemist

title: Abraham the Jew


text:
RFD

RFD may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * RFD (magazine), a magazine for rural gay men
 * RFD-TV, an American television network

Organizations

 * RFD, a safety equipment company founded by Reginald Foster Dagnall
 * Rally of Democratic Forces, (Regroupement des forces démocratiques) a political party in Mauritania
 * Richmond Fire Department, an emergency services provider in California
 * RedFlagDeals.com, a Canadian bargain hunting, coupon, and forums website.

Science and technology

 * Rear flank downdraft, an area of quickly descending air associated with rotating thunderstorms
 * Reduced-function devices, in the low-rate wireless personal area networks standard IEEE 802.15.4
 * Reference dose, the US EPA's maximum acceptable oral dose of a toxic substance
 * Request for Discussion, similar to Request for Comments; For example, see Usenet newsgroup
 * Rate of force development, in sports science is a measurement of force generated over time.

Other uses

 * Chicago Rockford International Airport (IATA code), US
 * Request for Deviation, related to a request for waiver
 * Request for Documentation, related to a business request for tender
 * Reserve Force Decoration, an Australian military award
 * Rural Free Delivery, the postal service to rural areas of the US

title: RFD


text:
Ammonite (novel)

Ammonite is British-American author Nicola Griffith's debut novel, which was published in 1992. Styled as a meditation on queer ideologies, the novel explores themes of gender, illusion, and humanity. Griffith examines whether a world run by women would be a gentler or better one. American author Ursula Le Guin cited Ammonite as “a knock-out first novel, with strong, likeable characters, a compelling story, and a very interesting take on gender”.

Critically acclaimed and academically praised, the novel won several literary awards, including the Lambda Literary Award for LGBT themed science fiction/fantasy, and the Otherwise Award, formerly known as the James Tiptree Jr. Award, for science fiction or fantasy that explores or expands our understanding of gender. In 2008, the Italian translation of Ammonite was awarded the Premio Italia award, an Italian literary prize for astounding works in science fiction and fantasy. The novel was also shortlisted for the Arthur C. Clarke Award, the British Science Fiction Award, and the Locus Award for a debut novel.

In September 2012 Ammonite was included in the SF Masterworks relaunch series of softcover editions (2010 - present). The series is composed of classic science fiction literature that is deemed important and considered deserving of being in continuous print.

Plot summary
Ammonite is the story of Marghe Taishan, an anthropologist and employee of a government agency, the Settlement and Education Councils (SEC). She is sent as an SEC representative to the planet Jeep (Grenchstom's Planet – "Jeep" being the pronunciation of the abbreviation "GP"). Centuries in the past, Jeep was colonized by people from Earth, but contact was lost with the colony, and now the planet is a target for recolonization by the sinister Durallium Company (mostly referred to as "Company"). Some years prior to the beginning of the story, Company sent an expedition of technical and security personnel (the latter called "Mirrors" for the mirrored helmets on their combat armor) to the planet; a short time later, all of the men and many of the women in the expedition died from a virus, also known as Jeep, which was endemic to the planet. As a result, the planet was placed under quarantine, and none of the surviving members of the expedition have been allowed to leave. One of the mysteries of the planet is that there is a "native" population, entirely female and apparently descended from the original colony.

Marghe is sent to Jeep not only to study the native cultures, but also to test a potential vaccine for the Jeep virus. She makes a journey across Jeep, living with several of its indigenous cultures. Shortly after the start of her journey, she is captured and enslaved by the nomadic Echraidhe, one of whose members, Uaithne, believes herself to be the Death Spirit, the chosen representative of the goddess of death destined to bring about an apocalypse. Escaping the Echraidhe and almost dying in the extreme winter, she reaches the quieter village of Ollfoss, where she joins a family and stops taking the vaccine, accepting the virus into her body and truly learning what it is like to be a native (including how the natives are able to conceive children). She learns the mystic discipline of "deepsearch", and eventually becomes a "viajera", or traveling wise woman. Afterward, she is forced to the center of a conflict between the Mirrors and the Echraidhe under the leadership of Uaithne. Marghe stops the conflict, but shortly thereafter Company, believing the vaccine to have been a failure, destroys the space station orbiting Jeep, apparently isolating the people there. However, Marghe and the Mirrors believe that the Company will probably return one day, a return they must prepare for.

Adaptation to life on Jeep appears to be a greater theme of Griffith's novel, as not only Marghe, but other Company personnel, also eventually are forced to settle on Jeep and adapt to the cultures that its prior colonists have created, in order to adjust to the planetary environment.

Awards & Recognition

 * SF Masterworks series
 * The Internet Speculative Fiction Database (ISFDB) Top 100 Novels
 * The World Without End (WWEnd) Top Science Fiction Books

title: Ammonite (novel)


text:
Jacques Flynn

Jacques Flynn (August 22, 1915 – September 21, 2000) was a Canadian lawyer and federal politician, serving in both the House of Commons and Senate.

Flynn was born in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, the grandson of the Premier of Quebec Edmund James Flynn. He both graduated in law from Université Laval and was called to the Quebec Bar in 1939.

A Progressive Conservative, Flynn ran unsuccessfully to represent the riding of Quebec South in the House of Commons in the 1957 election; he came second to the Liberal incumbent, Frank Power. He narrowly defeated Power in a rematch in Quebec South in the 1958 election when John Diefenbaker led the PC Party to a landslide victory.

Flynn became Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada in 1960. In December 1961, Prime Minister Diefenbaker brought Flynn into the Cabinet of Canada as Minister of Mines and Technical Surveys, a position he held until losing his seat to Liberal challenger Jean-Charles Cantin in the 1962 election that reduced the Conservatives to a minority government. Later that year, he was appointed to the Senate.

Flynn served as Leader of the Opposition in the Senate from 1967 until the 1979 election that brought the Tories back to power. Prime Minister Joe Clark brought Flynn into Cabinet as Minister of Justice. It was unusual for a senator to hold such a senior cabinet portfolio, but as the Conservatives were elected with virtually no representation from Quebec, it was necessary to attempt to achieve regional balance in Cabinet by appointing senators to the body.

With the defeat of the Clark government to Pierre Trudeau's Liberals in the 1980 election, Flynn returned to the position of Leader of the Opposition in the Senate. He continued in that role until the PCs, now led by Brian Mulroney, returned to government in 1984. He remained in the Upper House until his retirement in 1990.

In 1993, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

title: Jacques Flynn


text:
Common warehouse metamodel

The common warehouse metamodel (CWM) defines a specification for modeling metadata for relational, non-relational, multi-dimensional, and most other objects found in a data warehousing environment. The specification is released and owned by the Object Management Group, which also claims a trademark in the use of "CWM".

Overview
The CWM specifies interfaces that can be used to enable interchange of warehouse and business intelligence metadata between warehouse tools, warehouse platforms and warehouse metadata repositories in distributed heterogeneous environments. CWM is based on three standards:
 * UML – Unified Modeling Language, an OMG modeling standard
 * MOF – Meta Object Facility, an OMG metamodeling and metadata repository standard
 * XMI – XML Metadata Interchange, an OMG metadata interchange standard

CWM models enable users to trace the lineage of data – CWM provides objects that describe where the data came from and when and how the data was created. Instances of the metamodel are exchanged via XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) documents.

Initially, CWM contained a local definition for a data translation facility. It is not clear how the QVT final adopted specification will affect CWM.

Submitters of CWM specification
While the Object Management Group owns the standard for CWM, some companies are considered co-submitters of the CWM specification. The following companies were listed as co-submitters to the v1.1 specification:
 * International Business Machines Corporation
 * Unisys Corporation
 * NCR Corporation
 * Hyperion Solutions Corporation
 * Oracle Corporation
 * UBS AG
 * Genesis Development Corporation
 * Dimension EDI

Compliance with the CWM specification
Software vendors claiming CWM support differ in the degree to which they comply with CWM. Some were co-submitters of the specification, and are actively using the OMG trademark in marketing literature. Other vendors have expressed support for CWM or claim they have products that are "CWM-compliant."

Questions about compliance are addressed within the specification itself. Chapter 18 in both the 1.0 and 1.1 specification list required and optional compliance points.

The Object Management Group has a list of CWM implementations, but it is unclear how this list is maintained.

Interoperability of CWM tools
Compliance with the CWM specification does not guarantee tools from different vendors will integrate well, even when they are "CWM-compliant". The OMG addressed some of these issues by releasing patterns and best practices to correct these problems in a supplementary specification, CWM Metadata Interchange Patterns

CWM implementations identified by OMG
These vendors have been identified as having a CWM implementation or have active projects to support CWM.
 * IBM
 * Informatica produces Intelligence Data Platform with PowerCenter, a data integration tool with a metadata extension Enterprise Data Catalog (EDC) (metadata manager formerly known as SuperGlue is replacing by EDC). Informatica is one of the members of the OMG
 * Oracle Corporation Oracle Warehouse Builder and Oracle SQL Developer Data Modeler (formerly known as IKAN CWM4ALL)
 * Pentaho
 * prudsys AG – XELOPES library for embedded data mining
 * SAS SAS adheres to the Object Management Group's CWM as the interoperability and interchange standard. An alliance between SAS and Meta Integration Technology Inc. (MITI) enables SAS to provide bridges for sharing and exchanging metadata with more than 40 design tool and repository vendors

Other vendors supporting CWM
The following products or companies have claimed CWM support, but are not listed by OMG as having a CWM implementation. In some cases, the vendor may have implemented the v1.0 specification, which was replaced by the v1.1 specification. Refer to the software vendor to determine if the product is compliant with CWM or merely supports a subset of the required portions of the specification.
 * Cognos, now a division of IBM, is listed as a supporter of CWM in the v1.1 specification. Cognos product literature claims support for "Common Warehouse Model (CWM)" but never mentions an actual OMG specification.
 * Hyperion Solutions, now a division of Oracle Corporation
 * InQuisient fully supports version 1.1 in its data repository.
 * Pentaho Pentaho Open Source Business Intelligence Project has recently added "Pentaho Metadata" which supports CWM

title: Common warehouse metamodel


text:
Strong key

Strong Key is a naming convention used in computer programming. There can be more than one component (e.g.: DLL) with the same naming, but with different versions. This can lead to many conflicts.

A Strong Key (also called SN Key or Strong Name) is used in the Microsoft .NET Framework to uniquely identify a component. This is done partly with Public-key cryptography.

Strong keys or names provide security of reference from one component to another or from a root key to a component. This is not the same as tamper resistance of the file containing any given component. Strong names also are a countermeasure against dll hell.

This key is produced by another computer program as a pair.

title: Strong key


text:
Christendom College

Christendom College is a Roman Catholic liberal arts college founded in 1977 in Front Royal, Virginia, United States, located in the Shenandoah Valley.

Founding
Christendom College was founded by Warren H. Carroll, a contributor at L. Brent Bozell Jr.'s Triumph magazine. Carroll decided not to accept federal funding at the college, choosing instead to rely on benefactors. Similar to the reasonings at Hillsdale College, Carroll believed that the government might eventually intrude on Christendom's academic and religious freedom.

1980s
Carroll remained as president until 1985 when Damian Fedoryka was named as the second president. Carroll remained on the faculty, serving as the chairman of the history department until his retirement in 2002.

During Fedoryka's seven-year tenure as president, Blessed Margaret and St. Joseph's Halls were constructed, and the college became fully accredited in 1987.

Fedoryka, through his contacts in the Vatican, brought the college into contact with then-Pope John Paul II, who later told Carroll that Christendom "was doing a great work for the Church." Fedoryka resigned in 1992, in order to pursue other educational ventures, including stints at Franciscan University of Steubenville and Ave Maria College in Michigan (later Ave Maria University FL).

1990s—present
In 1992, Timothy T. O'Donnell, who had been a professor at Christendom since 1985, was named as the college's third president. During his tenure, the college increased the number of buildings on campus to over 20, including St. Lawrence Commons, St. Francis, St. Benedict, St. Catherine of Siena, and St. Clare Hall, St. Louis the Crusader Gymnasium, and St. John the Evangelist Library. O'Donnell's biggest building contribution was the new Chapel of Christ the King, which he promised in his inaugural address as president. Construction began in 1992, and was completed in 1995. Domino's Pizza founder Tom Monaghan donated 19th Century wooden stations of the cross to the Chapel, and it was dedicated by Cardinal Jan Schotte, Pope John Paul II's Secretary-General to the World Synod of Bishops.

The college also acquired the Notre Dame Institute during O'Donnell's tenure. Started in 1969, the Notre Dame Institute was created for teacher training, but began to accept lay students in the late 1970s. In 1983, the Institute was permitted by the Commonwealth of Virginia to grant degrees. In the 1990s, Reverend William Saunders became president of the Institute and moved it to its present location in Alexandria, Virginia, in addition to leading it to full accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. In 1997, the Institute was merged with Christendom College and became the Notre Dame Graduate School of Christendom College, now the Graduate School of Theology. In 2002, Fr. Saunders left his position as dean, and founding faculty member Kristin Burns took over the position. Under her tenure, the graduate school began offering M.A. in Theological Studies degrees online.

The college's Junior Semester in Rome program was established in 2002. Students live near the Vatican during the fall and spring, taking classes in St. Peter's Square and traveling across Europe during their time abroad.

Since 1992, the number of undergraduate students has increased from 144 to nearly 550 students. The school has broken enrollment goals and records numerous years in a row.

The college employs more than 40 full-time faculty members.

On May 1, 2023, Christendom College President Timothy O'Donnell announced his intention to retire from the college as President at the end of the 2023-24 academic year. On March 25, 2024, President O'Donnell announced that his successor, the 4th President of Christendom College, would be George Harne.

College Scorecard
In 2015, Christendom was left off of President Barack Obama's College Scorecard, which was created to help high school graduates pick schools. Critics claimed that conservative schools, such as Hillsdale College, Grove City College, and Christendom were intentionally left off due to their conservative values. The Department of Education explained that the scorecard was limited to schools that participate in the federal financial aid program, because it used data that participants in the program are required to submit. The President of Christendom College, Timothy O'Donnell, stated that the college was "not surprised to be left off the list as Christendom receives no federal money, and as a consequence, files no data under Title IV; without this data, it is impossible for the Scorecard to include Christendom."

"A Call To Greatness Campaign", and Christ the King Chapel
Starting in September 2016, Christendom College launched an ambitious project called the "A Call To Greatness Campaign" to raise $40 million for the college's endowment, the annual fund, and a construction project to build a new 750-seat medieval gothic chapel featuring a 130-foot tower and eight prayer altars. The cost of the chapel is estimated to run approximately $13.5 million, with an additional $13.5 million allocated to the endowment and the remaining $13 million going to the annual fund. Within a month of the fundraiser's launch, roughly 70%, or $28 million, had been raised for the campaign. The chapel was officially opened to the public after its dedication by Arlington Bishop Michael Burbidge on April 15, 2023.

Student sexual assault and harassment allegations
By refusing to accept most forms of federal funding, Christendom College is exempt from many federal guidelines concerning sex-based and other forms of discrimination (e.g., Title IX), investigations into accusations of sexual abuse, and the sharing of information about on-campus crimes.

On January 16, 2018, Catholic blogger Simcha Fisher broke the story of three rape and sexual harassment allegations by students of the college. College President Timothy O'Donnell acknowledged victims in an official statement, saying, "We have failed some of our students. I am grateful to each woman who has come forward with her story. We need to hear you and your experience. Disclosing abuse and its aftermath is painful and difficult, and it takes a tremendous amount of courage. To those students who have been harmed, I am deeply sorry. We will do better." This statement has since been removed from the college website. The college has since updated the apology with a Sexual Misconduct FAQs page that outlines the steps the college takes when cases of sexual misconduct are brought to its attention.

Since the story initially broke, additional allegations of at least 18 previous cases of sexual harassment and assault over the past 45 years have been made. As a result, a group of alumni called for the school to adopt Title IX policies to better protect students in the future and also called for the resignation of O'Donnell. A change.org petition in support of O'Donnell was signed by over 1,000 people. The college hired Husch-Blackwell to audit campus compliance with best practices in sexual assault and harassment cases, although it is not bound to do so by Title IX as the College does not accept federal funding of Title IV. The college has not released the results of this audit to the public.

Additional allegations against staff
Former professor and Professor Emeritus William Raymond Luckey was arrested on June 25, 2021 on charges of solicitation of a minor younger than 16 years old and two counts of taking indecent liberties with a child." He was released on $50,000 bail on July 12, 2021. In regards to the 2018 sexual assault and harassment allegations, Luckey was one of several staff members that a college administrator mentioned as having been "transitioned out." Luckey was a professor at Christendom College from 1984 until he retired in 2015, according to a statement on the college's website. He has had no interaction with the school since 2015, the college said in an interview with the Northern Virginia Daily, adding that Luckey’s relationship with the school would not continue.

In 2022, Luckey appeared in court and pled guilty in order to receive a reduced sentence of time served, 24 months supervised probation, and must register as a sex offender. Judge William W. Sharp accepted the agreement and Luckey’s guilty pleas. Luckey also has no prior criminal record, the judge added.

Academics
Christendom College has two schools offering graduate and undergraduate degrees. Undergraduate students combine a liberal arts core-curriculum with eventual upper-level courses in their major field (or fields) of study. Graduates can choose from three theological concentrations: Systematic Theology, Moral Theology, and Catechetics.

Semester in Rome
The Semester in Rome includes a continuation of the College's core curriculum program for juniors (THEO 301 Moral Theology during the Fall; and THEO 302 Apologetics in the spring), as well as courses in Italian, Roman Art & Architecture, and the Language, Culture, and History of Rome. The semester also includes a week's pilgrimage to Assisi and Siena as well as a trip to Florence.

Undergraduate college
All graduates of the undergraduate college are awarded a bachelor of arts degree in one of the following fields of study:
 * Classical and Early Christian Studies
 * Economics (minor only)
 * English Language and Literature
 * History
 * Philosophy
 * Political Science and Economics
 * Mathematics
 * Music (minor only)
 * Science (minor only)
 * Theology

Residence halls

Men's dormitories:
 * St. Augustine Hall
 * St. Benedict Hall
 * St. Francis Hall
 * St. Joseph Hall
 * St. Pius Hall
 * St. Columba Hall
 * St. Theresa Hall
 * St. Anne Hall

Women's dormitories:
 * St. Clare Hall
 * St. Catherine of Siena Hall
 * St. Edmund Campion Hall

Academic buildings

 * Aula Magna Mariae (Chapel Crypt)
 * St. Lawrence Commons
 * St. John the Evangelist Library
 * St. Thomas Aquinas Hall

Other buildings

 * Christ the King Chapel
 * King Louis the Crusader Gymnasium
 * John Paul the Great Student Center
 * Madonna Hall
 * Regina Coeli Hall

Athletics
Christendom sponsors nine varsity sports that compete in the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA) as a member of the Eastern States Athletic Conference and offers a variety of intramural sports. Christendom competes at the USCAA Division II level in men's and women's basketball and soccer and women's volleyball. The USCAA does not have separate divisions for baseball, cross country and softball. Since the USCAA does not sponsor rugby, the men's rugby team competes in National Collegiate Rugby's Small College Division as a member of the Cardinals Collegiate Rugby Conference.

In 2017, Christendom's rugby team won the National Small College Rugby Organization (NSCRO) 7s national championship in its first year of contention. The team defeated St. Mary's College of Maryland in overtime to capture the title, earning the school its first national championship.

In 2021, the rugby team won the National Collegiate Rugby Cohen Cup national championship in Houston, Texas, defeating New Mexico Tech. This was the school's first 15s rugby national championship title.

In 2021, and 2022, the men's rugby team also received the #1 national ranking from National Collegiate Rugby.

Christendom College women’s basketball team won its first national title in women’s basketball defeating Johnson & Wales Charlotte 76-65 in the USCAA DII National Championship game in Petersburg, Virginia, on March 13, 2024.

title: Christendom College


text:
North-east Indian railways during World War II

The efficient running of the North-east Indian railways during World War II became critical to the success of the Allied war effort in the South-East Asian Theatre.

At the start of the War the railways and water communications of north-east Indian Railways was not a major concern for the British Empire forces stationed in Burma as they could be supplied by sea through port in Rangoon (as could Chinese forces in south western China thought supplies passing up the Burma Road). However, when the Japanese attacked and forced the British back to the Indian Burmese border, the supply of material over the extended lines of communication from Calcutta to the front lines and over the Hump into China, became a critical issue for the Western Allies and the Chinese National Revolutionary Army (NRA) under the command of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. War time expediency, investment and ingenuity increased rail tonnage from around 600 tonnes a day to over 7,300 by January 1946.

History
In the initial phase of the war the Japanese advanced north from Rangoon through Burma forcing Allied forces to retreat into the mountains on the Indian Burma frontier. In doing so, not only did the Japanese threaten India, but they denied use of the Burma Road to the Western Allies, who had been sending supplies to Chiang Kai-shek's National Revolutionary Army (NRA) by that route.

Behind this frontier, there was a series of railways in India which were essential to supply the Allied armies with logistics. They ran from the port of Calcutta to the hill station of Ledo in Assam. These logistics were not only needed by the British Fourteenth Army, and the American and Chinese troops at the end of the line under the command of General Joseph Stilwell's Northern Combat Area Command, but also Allied forces in China.

Allied forces in China consisted of Chiang Kai-shek's NRA, and American units based in China such as those involved in Operation Matterhorn. Allied forces in China were supplied by an airlift, over the Hump of the Himalayas, from the airfields (Ledo Airfield and perhaps few other) built close to the north east end of the railway, towards the end of the war this was supplemented by the use of the newly built Ledo Road which started close to the railhead in Ledo.

From port of Calcutta a broad gauge railway ran for 235 mi to Parbatipur. Here goods had to be tran-shipped on to a metre-gauge train. This wandered 215 mi up the Brahmaputra Valley to a ferry at Pandu which is 450 mi from Calcutta. Once ferried across the river the train continued to Dimapur over 600 mi from Calcutta. This was the main supply depot for the Fourteenth Army. If the supplies were destined for the Northern Combat Area or trans-shipment on to China, they had to be sent an additional 200 mi to Ledo which is over 800 mi from Calcutta.

The line had been built to serve the tea plantations of Assam and had a peacetime capacity of 600 tonnes a day. By the time the Fourteenth Army was formed in late 1943 this had risen to 2,800 tonnes. Up to Dimapur there were two other options, roads and river which could be used to supplement the rail tonnage. But there was no road to Ledo.

In early 1944, the American Army provided six battalions of dedicated railway troops, about 4,700 men. By October 1944 they had raised the capacity to 4,400 tonnes and by January 1946 to 7,300 tonnes a day. This was possible by the increase in staff from two British, or Indian, officers to twenty seven experienced American railroad men on the same length of line and the introduction of more powerful American and Canadian locomotives. Without the trebling of capacity, the supply of Chinese troops in China would not have been possible once the Japanese attacked India and the Fourteenth Army counterattacked.

It was possible to reach the Northern Front by river from Calcutta through the Sunderbans and then up the main stream of the Brahmaputra to Dibrugarh a distance of 1136 mi. For the Central (Assam) Front the river port at Gauhati could be used, but from there supplies had to travel over the already congested metre-gauge railway to Dimapur. The Southern Front could be reached by a combination of broad-gauge railway, river-steamers and then a metre-gauge railway which ended at Dohazari railhead.

To move supplies from the railheads to the Army fronts three all weather roads were constructed in record time during the autumn (fall) of 1943:
 * The Ledo road in the north which went on to connect to the Burma road and supply China.
 * The campaign winning Central Front road from Dimapur to Imphal.
 * The southern road from Dohazari south of Chittagong for the advance to Arakan.

Much of the labour for the two British roads and for constructing the many airfields was done by the 40,000 labourers contributed by the Indian Tea Association who organised and managed them.

"I remember once saying "Well, that railway's been washed away by floods, put out by bombing, swept away by landslides, closed by train wrecks; there's not much more that can happen to it." But there was. We had an earthquake that buckled the rails and shifted bridges over a hundred miles of it."

- Field Marshal Bill Slim.


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Talk:Nordic Bronze Age

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Added image created by User:OlofE. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wiglaf (talk • contribs) 19:24, 27 September 2004 (UTC)

Nordic Bronze Age culture not necessarily the sole proto-germanic homeland
The Elp culture (1800BC to 800BC) located south of this Nordic Bronze Age, more or less North Eastern Netherlands and North Western Germany north of the Rhine, shows an equal archeological continuity, some features even having been preserved to recent times, thus having survived the influence of Hallstatt and La Tene from 800 BC onwards. Recent excavations demonstrated that tribes traditionally viewed upon as Germanic (for instance Batavians) could not be distinguished from their Celtic neighbours. Negative evidence of a strong Celtic elite in the Northern regions points to a thin Celtic superstratum on top of pre-celtic (ie. derived from Elp culture) substratum, as have been theorized by some experts. Archeological evidence pointing to a subsequent emigration from Scandinavia is ambiguous. Neither has this been supported by genetic investigations, the Scandinavians, although being strongly related to other Germanics, having some unique genes features of their own and limited to this region.

It is not evident nor liguistically compulsory to assume the early Indo European language split up inmediately after their initial expansions. What if some kind of continuum persisted in some wider areas, having mutually intelligible dialects rather than having split up in separate languages or genetic groups from the start? Much of the language processes could have travelled by diffusion, similar to the High German consonant shift, over a long period of time. I think the Nordic Bronze age does not supply sufficient evidence to claim more than being ancestral to North Germanic, and I think it would require some more reliable sourcing to support such a statement. Rokus01 15:42, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Nowhere in the article does it say the NBA "is the  proto-germanic homeland". It states, correctly, that the NBA was to "evolve into the Proto-Germanic culture of the Pre-Roman Iron Age." If we're going to look at a "proto-Germanic homeland", the proper article will be Pre-Roman Iron Age. The impact of the Elp culture etc. on this Iron Age culture should be discussed there, not here. Yes, there will have been diffusion, but the direction is very clear: migratory direction was from Helsingborg to Amsterdam, not from Amsterdam to Helsingborg. Skane, Jutland, Lower Saxony and the Netherlands equally participate in the proto-Germanic areal/continuum, but the Netherlands are clearly a contact area, while Jutland clearly has central character (and Sweden/Norway have the character of "barbarian backwaters" or "mater gentium", nobody from warmer climes feel particularly into migrating there in waves: there are natural migration targets (hospitable/attractive), and natural migration origins (wilderness, backland)). Your musings on the language of the Batavians are pure speculation, but it stands to reason that it would have a more marginal, "Gaulicized" character than the language of the Suiones. dab (𒁳) 13:06, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * as an afterthought, if you are interested in the Elp culture, why do you pester the NBA articles instead of writing us a brilliant and well-referenced Elp culture article? dab (𒁳) 13:20, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

(Pre-)Proto-Germanic Language
I noticed this in the present article:

"The language that the bearers of this culture probably spoke is referred to as (pre-)Proto-Germanic."

Doesn't this deserve some kind of reference? Or perhaps the removal of the parens around pre-? I realize I'm in the company of recipients of superior education in this matter, but in Voyles' Early Germanic Grammar (1992), he sets the beginning of the Early (Proto-)Germanic Era at ca. 400 B.C.(E.), which would be after the Nordic Bronze Age by ca. 100 years. Now, I'm not arguing in favour of Voyles here (for what my opinion is worth, I think this date is late not only on linguistic grounds, but also for being out of allignment with the material culture), but can someone provide us with some kind of reference pushing the upper boundary for PGmc. into the NBA period? I have found several lose associations, but no clear statement by an historical linguist. Help, anyone? Varoon Arya 17:33, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I guess it depends on the dating of Grimm's law, and what role this law has in defining Proto-Germanic. The Times Atlas of World History calls the NBA the "Proto-Germanic civilization of the Bronze Age" so it should be mainstream opinion.--Berig 17:38, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I just found this in Lehmann's Grammar of Proto-Germanic:

 * "(...) a grammar of Proto-Germanic must be a description of the language from approximately 2500 B.C. to the beginning of the common era (...)."

 * I, too, was under the assumption that the first sound shift described by Grimm's Law (which, as far as I can tell, is universally accepted as the real marker of transition between a 'North-Western Pre-Proto-Germanic Proto-Indo-European' and PGmc. proper) must have begun sometime before or during the early stages of NBA. But reading Voyles made me wonder whether that had been nothing more than an assumption.
 * Anyways, would a reference tag with the quote from Lehmann be appropriate after the above-mentioned passage? Varoon Arya 18:05, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I suggest putting the quote from Lehman in a note from the passage.--Berig 19:08, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. Hope that is what you had in mind. And thanks for your help. =) Varoon Arya 19:33, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
 * You're welcome :).--Berig 19:35, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
 * And thank you for adding this relevant piece of information.--Berig 19:47, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Given the high similarity of Germanic dialects (Runic, Gothic, words and names quoted by ancient authors) in the early and middle 1st millennium AD, and the closeness of attested Germanic linguistic material of the period to reconstructed Proto-Germanic (which reflects Grimm's and Verner's laws to their full extent), scholars generally assume that the divergence cannot have begun very much earlier and that the latest stage of PG was still spoken in the 1st millennium BC. A common estimate is 500 BC, putting the start of the divergence right into the Pre-Roman Iron Age; in any case, at or after the end of the Nordic Bronze Age. To place PG into the 2nd millennium BC implies the unlikely assumption that Germanic stayed virtually the same for 1000 or even 2000 years. Also, early loanwords such as *Walhaz "Celt" and *hanapaz "hemp", with their shifted vowels, point to a mid-1st millennium date for PG. Even some words shared with Celtic are either generally accepted as loans, such as *leþran "leather", or are at least suspect of being borrowed rather than true cognates, such as *aiþaz "oath", while they do display the effects of the consonant shift. The Celtic sound laws in question, however, are assumed to have taken place in the 1st millennium BC, too. Moreover, it is historically likely that Celtic was, at the time, a donor of loanwords to Germanic (such as *īsarnan "iron", another clearly Celtic loanword which is also unlikely to be older than the Iron Age), as the Hallstatt and subsequent La Tène culture in Central Europe must have been Celtic-speaking. All this, taken together, makes a 2nd millennium date for Proto-Germanic difficult to support. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 19:45, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

Jastorf expansion
Maybe I was not clear enough about it, but I insist on reliable recent sources that confirm the statement about an expansion of Jastorf south, for instance to Hessen or the Rhineland. This being only "likely" is POV or popular view. I already notified Britannica "does not account for the period in between 450/300 and Roman observation, and I am very much against applying fantasy to fill this gap." (don't let me repeat). The only sourced reference in Wikipedia to this claim so far (article Jastorf) is "Nordisk familjebok, a Swedish encyclopedia published between 1904–1926". This is ridiculous! Please be serious and don't engage to an edit war on this without first supplying decent sourcing. This whole thing is a myth you are creating. Rokus01 22:25, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

You fault other editors for relying on flawed, antiquated sources, but you haven't provided any modern, scholarly sources to support your edits. Briangotts (Talk) (Contrib) 18:20, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Of course not, for the simple reason that no modern, scholarly sources exist to support the claim that archeological Jastorf findings extended so far west and south. Actually, Jastorf has been heavily influenced by celtic Hallstatt and I think mistake number one is to take the whole Hallstatt onslaught for granted. I found a reference in Lucien Musset's The Germanic Invasions claiming a Germanic (! not proto-germanic!) culture of Late Bronze Age Scandinavia origin (read: Jastorf) expanded and reached the lower Rhine by 500 BC, whereafter this movement was "slowed down" by the celtic La Tene expansion. I do not know about any reliable source claiming Jastorf remains were found in the Rhine delta, or anywhere upstream. I consider this claim that Jastorf is the one and only (West Germanic) heir to the Northern Bronze Age Germanics unresolved: The Northern Bronze Age was not confined to Scandinavia, so why assume beforehand that ALL Iron Age Germanics came originally from Scandinavia? I can not abstract this from the Britannica or any serious recent investigation I could find on internet. Old books do not include recent investigations and archeological digs and I disagree to the tendency here to forget all caution in accepting preliminary proposals based on obsolete or insufficient information. Rokus01 23:00, 6 May 2007 (UTC)
 * it is correct that the burden to provide evidence that something did not happen lies not with you. Yes, at Jastorf culture we say that this culture evolved out of the NBA by contact with the Hallstatt culture. What is your point? Yes, it is possible that "Germanic" (or proto-Germanic, this is immaterial) expansion reached the lower Rhine (thus logically including the Rhine delta) by 500 BC. The NBA was indeed confined to Scandinavia, by definition. I don't see what you are objecting to, and it really seems you insist on misreading things. Where in the article is there any claim of "ALL Iron Age Germanics came originally from Scandinavia" or a "one and only (West Germanic) heir to the Northern Bronze Age Germanics"? You seem to be ranting against a position that nobody is even holding. dab (𒁳) 13:19, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

The Lower Rhine and the Delta start at IJssel, leaving most of the downstream Rhineland Delta and all upstream Rhineland out of the picture and unaccounted for until the 1st century BC, and still Germanic was firmly rooted there by then: I think except more or less 7 ancient "celtic" names all Dutch placenames have a Germanic origin. My point: I just tell you that this theory of the Dutch intrusive Hallstatt element being Jastorf or Germanic, or even to have involved substantial immigration or a firm foreign superstratum, does not count on much support or actuality at the Dutch field, not even with beautiful maps from old picturebooks. The general view here is that our Hallstatt was Celtic all the way. Don't get me wrong, it is not because I would dislike alternatives, it is because I think to recognize this situation is essential for understanding the origins of a group of languages that were never very closely related nor culturally homogeneous. So logically, if Jastorf and Wessenstedt fail to produce the complete geographic picture (or experience heavy problems doing so), the origin would necessarily involve a wider and more ancient scope. The Northern Bronze Age would supply such a scope. However, this area of "Northern" cultural and economic interaction was not confined to Nordic areas or Scandinavia: it included substantial parts of Northern Europe east of the Rhine and south to middle Germany. The Delta and Belgium down to Lorraine would have been on the fringe - and everything happening on this other side of the Rhine is nowadays facing even worse disagreements (the Stonehenge Archer having produced a new generation of proto-celtic migrationists already mocking the ferocious former migrationists coming from the steppes riding on horseback), so maybe we have to be grateful to the Romans for drawing their division and should just follow their example. History is not made in a day or two, and prehistory even less.Rokus01 19:31, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Climate in the Nordic bronze age
Quote: "The Nordic Bronze Age was characterized by a warm climate that began with a climate change circa 2700 BC (comparable to that of present-day Mediterranean). The warm climate permitted a relatively dense population and good farming, for example grapes were grown in Scandinavia at this time. However a small change in climate between 850 BC and 760 BC and a more radical one circa 650 BC brought in a deteriorating, wetter and colder climate..." What is the evidence for a warm climate that began 2700 BC? And what is the evidence of it being comparable to the Mediterranean? There are indeed evidence of a warmer climate (up to 3°C warmer than 1961-90), although this climate persisted for a long time following the end of the ice age, and gradually became cooler (lots of evidence in bogs about which plants grew nearby). Furthermore, it never was comparable to that of the Mediterranean - it did not have to be to allow dense population and good farming (indeed, southern Britain and the Benelux countries have the densest population of Europe). Comparable to central Germany or north-central France is more likely, and this would allow grapes to grow (like in the Rhine valley).Orcaborealis (talk) 23:35, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

"Proto-Germanic"
"Succeeding the Corded Ware culture, it is generally considered to be the direct predecessor and origin of the Proto-Germanic culture of the Pre-Roman Iron Age."

I am a Swedish archaeologist. The quoted sentence is to my knowledge completely wrong. The Nordic Bronze Age is separated from the Corded Ware culture by 550 years, the Late Neolithic. And no professional scholar calls the culture of the Pre-Roman Iron Age "Proto-Germanic". Would anyone object if I corrected this throughout? I of course expect such an objector to support his position with reference to good sources. Martin Rundkvist (talk) 16:52, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Most archaeologists may be cautious and wary of identifying the Pre-Roman Iron Age with any particular language group (and rightly so, in general, where there is a lack of direct evidence), but linguists interested in Indo-European origins and archaeology usually view the association between the Pre-Roman Iron Age and Proto-Germanic or at least Common Germanic (i. e., early Germanic after it had started to diverge into a continuum of closely related dialects) as the most likely identification by far, or would at least consider the Pre-Roman Iron Age close to the time and place of Proto-Germanic, as far as I'm aware. Moreover, it is viewed as plausible and acceptable for a majority that the Nordic Bronze Age is associated with speakers of Indo-European dialects, likely including a predecessor of Proto-Germanic. Of course, this is all rather tentative and based on circumstantial evidence (such as that gained by Adalbert Kuhn's method of "linguistic paleontology"), like any such hypothesis. (It may be noted, however, that considerations akin to "Urheimat" discussions in historical linguistics are found in biology as well.) I would look in J. P. Mallory's books, especially the Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, for reference that these are indeed mainstream views, but I do not currently have his books ready at hand. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 14:41, 13 July 2013 (UTC)

Alternative image for a tumulus?
Would an image replacement of the burial mound be relevant?

Personally, I think the latter photo is a more eyecatching and striking photo of a Nordic (typical) burial mound, but I also acknowledge that I am biased as it is my own creation. Moreover, I am not terribly knowledgeable about the subject itself. --Slaunger (talk) 10:44, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

Images and info
Just for inspiration. I have now included more images in the article to give a more varied picture of the Nordic Bronze Age. There are more artifacts I would like to include however, for example the mysterious object from Bålkraka in Scania (see image). I would also like to include a sketch of the internal structure of the Bronze Age mounds. There are several images available in the commons category. And the intricate belt-buckles worn by the women, but I couldn't find any images. There is also material for a whole section on the rock carvings, with more information. They (and other finds) supports that dogs were a popular animal, used for hunting and as a pet. Horses are also shown. And then the architecture of this period. They lived in very large houses, much larger than in the Iron Age. But I miss good images for this.

More online info on the Nordic Bronze Age as seen from a Danish perspective, can be found here: at the National Museum of Denmark.

RhinoMind (talk) 23:47, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

47,462 page views in the last 30 days
What's that all about? Ario1234 (talk) 16:11, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

 * According to this there have been less than 20, where did you get that number from? TylerBurden (talk) 22:49, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Ah no, that was for this talk page lol, yea that seems like a lot of traffic, interesting. TylerBurden (talk) 22:51, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nordic Bronze Age


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User:Gothwer

I am a 15 year old male from Oslo, Norway.

More info to come

title: User:Gothwer


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Funafuti Lagoon Hotel

Funafuti Lagoon Hotel formally known as Vaiaku Langi Hotel, or Vaiaku Lagi Hotel, is situated in Funafuti, in the Pacific island nation of Tuvalu. The hotel was built in 1993 with financial assistance from the government of Taiwan.

Features
The hotel is a government-owned establishment. There are 16 guest rooms in the new section, and additional rooms in the older complex. There is a bar, barbecue area and dance floor.

“Wednesday Night Buffet Dinner” is a featured event. The dinner is followed by Tuvaluan dancing.

title: Funafuti Lagoon Hotel


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Charles Morris Anderson

Charles Morris Anderson (born 1957) is a landscape architect and fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects, He is a Principal of the Phoenix-based landscape architecture firm, Charles Anderson Landscape Architecture, which is the continuation of his practice of the Seattle-based firm Charles Anderson Landscape Architecture.

Anderson is recognized by the American Society of Landscape Architects for combining nature, community needs, and art into his designs, emphasizing sustainability, indigenous plants and urban ecology.

Influences
Anderson's influences and contemporaries include Peter Walker, affiliated with the team involved in the World Trade Center Memorial project; Richard Haag, famous for his Gas Works Park project in Seattle; and Cornelia Oberlander, a Canadian landscape architect renown for the creative use of native plants on landmark projects like the Museum of Anthropology, Vancouver, BC.

Anderson also had a special interest in the work of Robert Smithson, an influential artist of the 1960s and 1970s, James Turrell, a contemporary artist who focuses on light and space, and Julie Bargmann, who focuses on regenerative landscapes.

Charles Anderson
Charles Anderson, FASLA is a Principal and Director of Urban Design/Landscape Architecture at Cuningham. A feature project in his portfolio is The Ellinikon Project in Athens Greece. This is one of the largest projects in Europe and Includes a Metropolitan Park of 500 acres, 200 acres of additional open space and a mile of coastline. Projects are national and international projects as well, including, Haiti and Vietnam.

Other notable projects by Charles Anderson include providing landscape design for the Anchorage Museum expansion, as well as Seattle's 8.5 acre Olympic Sculpture Park, Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, and Manhattan's Arthur Ross Terrace.

Some neighborhood park projects include the Roxhill Wetland and Bog Park in West Seattle and the restoration of the 500 Area of Discovery Park, both of which received Merit Awards from the Washington Chapter of the American Society of Landscape Architects.

Recognition
The American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) awarded Anderson for his designs in the Tables of Water in Lake Washington (Washington State), the Mount Saint Helens National Volcanic Monument project, the Trillium Projects in Seattle, and the Arthur Ross Terrace design in Manhattan, New York and the Olympic Sculpture Park (4), Seattle, WA.

The Washington State Chapter of the American Society of Landscape Architects inducted Anderson into the Council of Fellows in 2006.

Emo Urbanism (Big Nature)
Anderson has defined his emerging design theory as “Emo Urbanism.” It is differentiated from other conceptual processes with a focus on art, culture, ecology, and the fourth dimension. He emphasizes authentic landscape—habitat and complete ecosystems—within an ordered human environment. His work on the Olympic Sculpture Park in Seattle, WA is an example of this with its paradigm shift in nature/human interaction. Anderson's stroke introduced entropic organization along Seattle's Elliott Bay. His intervention created a native ecosystem responsive to flora, fauna, and the hard lines of existing infrastructure. Anderson made vital the natural processes that sustain a dynamic, human centered world.

The quality produced through Emo Urbanism is paramount to the tangible connection of person to place. Anderson has described this connection as the “thinness.” It is the simultaneous perception and implicit understanding of the past, present, and future. Excellent design will achieve this in a manner that is simple, immediate, and direct. Anderson believes that its traditional counterpart, “context,” is often just a justification to make a designer's brand fit the site. Within Emo Urbanism, the brand is created from thinness. The result can embrace or contrast the physical manifestation of place, but it must always produce a unique fingerprint.

Current urbanism is pushing park space and outdoor amenity space to the rooftops in the most densely developed cities. Big Nature is the principal approach to a project that carries sustainable, indigenous focused landscapes to the rooftops in cities. Not as a purist notion but instead as a counterpoint to the contemporary view of the urban landscape. With this landscape will come the creatures that identify these landscapes as home.

The critical theory of Emo Urbanism was the basis for a seminar of the same name at the Arizona State University in 2012 and 2013.

Urbanature
Anderson defines the practice of Emo Urbanism as “urbanature.” In practice, he differentiates between the wilderness and wildness. Henry David Thoreau held that “in wildness is the preservation of the world.” Urbanature implements wildness—the authentic landscape—within the urban environment. Urbanature demonstrates that nature does not exist solely in an untouched wilderness. Ashton Nichols, a professor of English Language and Literature at Dickinson College, first developed the term in relation to ecocriticism and how people perceive the world around them. He states that “the interconnectedness demanded by urbanature insists that human beings are not out of nature when they stand in the streets of Manhattan any more than they are in nature when they stand in the mountain above tree-line in Montana." Urbanature provides the tangible benefits of nature in an environment not traditionally thought of as appropriate. A clear example can be seen in Project Phoenix, an in progress soccer stadium in Haiti. Here Charles has composed a landscape entirely of edibles and a lake containing tilapia for consumption. Composting and recycling facilities are also integrated. Anderson contends that the landscape cannot just be an aesthetic tool, it must also provide for the mental, physical, and social health of people regardless of where they live.

Anderson's award-winning urbanature includes the Alaska Museum of History and Art, the Olympic Sculpture Park,  and Trillium Projects and can be seen throughout his monograph, “Wandering Ecologies.”

title: Charles Morris Anderson


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mohammed Nour al-Din Saffi

This guy doesn't seem very notable, except that he happens to be related to Saddam Hussein. But he's not important enough to be mentioned there, as the article is an orphan. Adam Bishop 02:15, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jayjg 02:27, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Mohammed Nour al-Din Saffi is wikified and not bad as far as bio-stubs go, but has this man done anything more notable than merely being a nephew of Saddam Hussein? Perhapsthe argument could be made that his detention by US authorities established notability, but one would have to ignore the thousands of other non-notable people similarly detained.  My vote is to delete.  --Ardonik.talk* 04:31, Sep 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: There really isn't any notability established here, either. If it gets better, I'll change my vote. Geogre 12:53, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I remember reading about this guy in the paper. This article is what I'd call a fat redirect: it has a short note on Saffi's minor notability and a link to Saddam Hussein. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:21, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 16:30, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The bit on how he was detained after taking a refresher course in flying was interesting.   — Gwalla | Talk 17:27, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - nothing in the article makes him notable - Tεx  τ  urε  17:32, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, Texture is wrong! Everything in the article makes notable. -- Old Right 22:58, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Really? I'm on a course related to my employment right now. Does that make me notable? Although a non-criminal relation of Saddam seems to be pretty rare... Average Earthman 08:41, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. -Sean Curtin 00:26, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Noteworthy deportation story.  --Viriditas 04:18, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Kim Bruning 18:06, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I've heard his name mentioned before, so he must have done something. The bellman 07:15, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - he sounds like an ordinary guy, nothing too notable except the relation. Given that he has not made any attempt to be in the media or raise attention, I think it is fair to respect privacy as well. I am sure he doesn't want this information about himself readily available. Lupinewulf 05:43, 27 December 2005 (UTC)