text:
Erik Lindbergh

Erik Robbins Lindbergh (born 1965) is an American aviator, adventurer, and artist. He is the grandson of pioneering aviator Charles Lindbergh, the first person to fly non-stop and solo between New York and Paris in 1927. In 2002, Erik Lindbergh honored the 75th anniversary of his grandfather's historic flight by retracing the journey in a single-engine Lancair aircraft. The journey was documented by the History Channel, raised over one million dollars for three charities, garnered half a billion media impressions for the X PRIZE Foundation and helped to jump-start the private Spaceflight industry. The flight prompted a call from United States President George W. Bush for inspiring the country after the tragedy of September 11.

Career

Erik has a degree in Aeronautical Science from Emery Aviation College, is a commercial rated pilot and flight instructor. owns the Lindbergh Gallery, and is the founder and CEO of Powering Imagination. He also serves on the board of directors of Aviation High School in Seattle, Washington. He lives in a yurt which he built in the Pacific Northwest.

He serves on the board of the X PRIZE Foundation, which administered the Ansari X Prize for the first non-governmental reusable crewed spacecraft, in addition to serving on the NatureBridge Olympic Board of Directors. The X Prize is seen as a major boost for the cause of space tourism, and of private spaceflight in general. It is fashioned after the Orteig Prize, the aviation incentive prize won by Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight in 1927.

Anniversary flight
In May 2002, Erik Lindbergh honored the 75th anniversary of his grandfather's historic flight by re-tracing the flight across the Atlantic in a small single engine aircraft, a Lancair Columbia 300 dubbed The New Spirit of St. Louis which cost US$289,000. Leaving from San Diego, he flew to St Louis, then Farmingdale, New York, and then the most famous portion, the non-stop flight from Republic Airport on Long Island to Le Bourget Airport in Paris on May 2, 2002.

The last portion of the flight was completed in 17 hours and 7 minutes, roughly half the time as the original (33 1/2 hours), but still a challenge as Lindbergh suffers from disabling rheumatoid arthritis and has two artificial knees. The "Mission Control" for the flight was located at the Saint Louis Science Center in St. Louis, Missouri, which as of 2011 maintains multiple exhibits about the flight.

Lindbergh participated in the Flight Across America project, speaking during the opening ceremonies at Paine Field, Everett, Washington on August 11, 2002 and then participating in the closing ceremonies in New York City on the deck of the USS Intrepid on September 8, 2002.

Verdego Aero
In December 2017, Lindbergh formed VerdeGo Aero with Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University's Pat Anderson, and Eric Bartsch. VerdeGo develops electric propulsion systems for aircraft.

As over 100 companies try to build eVTOL, Lindbergh wants to supply its electric distributed propulsion from 2023: the 200-325 hp IDEP-H2 powered by one or two piston engines for 2-3-seat aircraft and the 500-800 shp IDEP-H7 based on a gas turbine for 5-7-seaters. Its competitors would include Safran, Siemens, Yates Electrospace, motorist MagniX or Swiss H55 formed by Solar Impulse co-founder André Borschberg. Helicopter-style Articulated rotors provide more control for larger aircraft than multicopter drones' fixed-pitch propellers, avoiding control lag.

Personal
Son of Jon Lindbergh and Barbara Robbins, Erik Lindbergh is the grandson, by his father, of the pioneering aviators Charles Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh. His father's Lindbergh siblings are Land Morrow Lindbergh (1937-), writer Anne Spencer Lindbergh (1940–1993), conservationist Scott Lindbergh (1942-), and writer Reeve Lindbergh (1945-).

Writing
Lindbergh has written the foreword to several books, a monthly column in AOPA Pilot magazine and numerous freelance and op-ed articles.

Awards, honors, distinctions
In May 2008 Lindbergh was awarded an honorary doctorate of laws degree from Molloy College in NY for outstanding service to humanity.

title: Erik Lindbergh


text:
Arthur Wergs Mitchell

Arthur Wergs Mitchell, Sr. (December 22, 1883 – May 9, 1968), was a U.S. Representative from Illinois and civil rights activist. Representing Illinois's 1st congressional district, for his entire congressional career from 1935 to 1943, he was the only African American in Congress. A supporter of the New Deal, Mitchell was the first African American to be elected to the United States Congress as a Democrat.

Early life
Mitchell was born to Taylor Mitchell and Emma (Patterson) in Lafayette, Alabama. He left home at 14 to attend the Tuskegee Institute. He worked on a farm and as an office boy to Booker T. Washington while attending the Institute. Mitchell attended Columbia University briefly and qualified for the bar. He then moved to Chicago, Illinois and began to work for the Republican Party. Mitchell switched from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party in 1932 as he was “ambitious and impatient with the entrenched black Republican leadership, [seeking] a chance for personal advancement in the concurrent rise of the national Democratic party." He was a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity and served as its 6th International President from 1926–1934.

Political career
Mitchell was elected to the House of Representatives in 1934, defeating African American congressman Oscar De Priest, who was a Republican. During the election campaign, Mitchell emphasized his support for the New Deal and President Franklin D. Roosevelt's public relief programs, in addition to criticizing De Priest's opposition to segregation as ineffective. After Mitchell won the election with 53% of the vote, De Priest told him "I congratulate you as [the] first Negro Democratic congressman."

In Congress, Mitchell introduced bills banning lynching and against discrimination. He filed a lawsuit against the Illinois Central and Rock Island Railroads after he was forced into a segregated train car just before it passed into Arkansas. Mitchell's suit was advanced to the U.S. Supreme Court as case Mitchell v. United States, which ruled that the railroad violated the Interstate Commerce Act. He voluntarily chose not to seek re-election in 1942. As his last congressional act, Mitchell condemned politicians as preferring the Axis powers over giving Negros any rights, comparing the atrocities of the Nazis and Japanese with lynchings such as those that had recently occurred in Shubuta, Mississippi.

Despite having been elected to Congress in part on campaigning against De Priest's civil rights record as weak, Mitchell himself faced accusations by civil rights advocates of making insufficient efforts. In one instance, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People deemed his introduced anti-lynching bill as too lenient.

After Congress
He moved to Virginia and became a farmer, working twelve acres (49,000 m²) of property. He died at his home in Petersburg, Virginia, on May 9, 1968.

External sources

 * O'Connor, Allison (November 14, 2007). Arthur Wergs Mitchell (1883–1968). BlackPast.
 * O'Connor, Allison (November 14, 2007). Arthur Wergs Mitchell (1883–1968). BlackPast.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arthur Wergs Mitchell


text: Wikipedia:Troll

title: Wikipedia:Troll


text:
Krombach

Krombach may refer to the following places in Germany:

 * Krombach, Bavaria, in the Aschaffenburg district, Bavaria
 * Krombach, Thuringia, in the Eichsfeld district, Thuringia
 * Kreuztal-Krombach, a locality in Kreuztal, in the Siegen-Wittgenstein district, North Rhine-Westphalia

It may also refer to:
 * the former German name for Krompach, Czech Republic
 * Krombach (river), a river in Bavaria, Germany

title: Krombach


text:
Krombach, Thuringia

Krombach is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Krombach, Thuringia


text: User talk:130.127.133.156

title: User talk:130.127.133.156


text:
Pfaffschwende

Pfaffschwende is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Pfaffschwende


text:
Schimberg

Schimberg is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

Personalities

 * Josef Rodenstock (1846-1932), optician and founder of the optical works named after him

title: Schimberg


text:
Fever (Cook novel)

Fever is a 1982 novel by Robin Cook and is in the category of medical thriller.

Plot
Set mainly in the Boston area and in rural New Hampshire, its main characters are a 12-year-old girl, Michelle Martel, with leukemia and her father, Charles Martel, a former allergist turned cancer researcher, as well as her stepmother Cathryn and her two older brothers, Chuck and Jean-Paul.

After falling ill one winter morning, Michelle is hospitalized, diagnosed with acute myeloblastic leukemia, and given experimentally high doses of chemotherapy, to which her father objects, since it has no effect on her leukemia and weakens her with side effects. Cathryn, a former receptionist at the fictional Weinberger Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where Charles has worked since turning to cancer research, has little medical knowledge and only wants what is best for her stepchildren, and feels torn between her husband and Michelle's well-meaning but conventional doctors. Charles then traces Michelle's leukemia and a neighbor boy's fatal aplastic anemia to benzene dumped into the river flowing past their house by a local rubber and plastic recycling plant owned by the same corporation that owns the Weinberger Institute and the pharmaceutical company that makes a cancer drug he is being forced to study, and discovers that he is surrounded by corruption, as family, colleagues and the authorities turn against him. He ends up valiantly trying an experimental treatment based on his own research on Michelle, desperately trying to save her life, while barricaded in his own home, sought by the police, and fighting off attacks by thugs hired by the recycling plant and its parent company which are condoned by the local authorities.

title: Fever (Cook novel)


text:
Schwobfeld

Schwobfeld is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Schwobfeld


text:
Sickerode

Sickerode is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Sickerode


text:
Volkerode

Volkerode is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Volkerode


text:
Black History Month

Black History Month is an annual observance originating in the United States, where it is also known as African-American History Month and was formerly known as Negro History Month before 1976. It began as a way of remembering important people and events in the history of the African diaspora, initially lasting a week before becoming a month-long observation since 1970. It is celebrated in February in the United States and Canada, where it has received official recognition from governments, but more recently has also been celebrated in Ireland and the United Kingdom where it is observed in October.

Negro History Week (1926)
The precursor to Black History Month was created in 1926 in the United States, when historian Carter G. Woodson and the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH) announced the second week of February to be "Negro History Week". This week was chosen because it coincided with the birthday of Abraham Lincoln on February 12 and that of Frederick Douglass on February 14, both of which Black communities had celebrated since the late 19th century. For example, in January 1897, school teacher Mary Church Terrell persuaded the Washington, D.C. school board to set aside the afternoon of Douglass's birthday as Douglass Day to teach about his life and work in the city's segregated public schools. The thought process behind the week was never recorded, but scholars acknowledge two reasons for its birth: recognition and importance. In 1915, Woodson had participated in the Lincoln Jubilee, a celebration of the 50 years since emancipation from slavery held in Bronzeville, Chicago. The summer-long Jubilee, which drew thousands of attendees from across the county to see exhibitions of heritage and culture, impressed Woodson with the need to draw organized focus to the history of black people. He led the founding of the ASNLH in Chicago that fall, toward the end of the Jubilee.

Early in the event's history, African-American newspapers lent crucial support. From the event's initial phase, primary emphasis was placed on encouraging the coordinated teaching of the history of Black Americans in the nation's public schools. The first Negro History Week was met with a lukewarm response, gaining the cooperation of the departments of education of the states of North Carolina, Delaware, and West Virginia as well as the city school administrations of Baltimore, New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. Despite this limited observance, Woodson regarded the event as "one of the most fortunate steps ever taken by the Association", and plans for an annual repeat of the event continued.

At the time of Negro History Week's launch, Woodson contended that the teaching of Black History was essential to ensure the physical and intellectual survival of Blacks within broader society:

"If a race has no history, it has no worthwhile tradition, it becomes a negligible factor in the thought of the world, and it stands in danger of being exterminated. The American Indian left no continuous record. He did not appreciate the value of tradition; and where is he today? The Hebrew keenly appreciated the value of tradition, as is attested by the Bible itself. In spite of worldwide persecution, therefore, he is a great factor in our civilization."

In 1929, The Journal of Negro History noted that, with only two exceptions, officials with the state departments of education of "every state with considerable Negro population" had made the event known to that state's teachers and distributed official literature associated with the event. Churches also played a significant role in the distribution of literature in association with Negro History Week during this initial period, with the mainstream and Black press aiding in the publicity effort.

Throughout the 1930s, Negro History Week countered the growing myth of the South's "lost cause", which argued that enslaved people had been well-treated, that the Civil War was a war of "northern aggression", and that Black people had been better off under slavery. Woodson wrote, "When you control a man's thinking you do not have to worry about his actions, you do not have to tell him not to stand here or go yonder. He will find his 'proper place' and will stay in it."

Negro History Week grew in popularity throughout the following decades, with mayors across the United States endorsing it as a holiday.

Black History Month (1970)
Black educators and Black United Students at Kent State University first proposed Black History Month in February 1969. The first celebration of Black History Month took place at Kent State a year later, from January 2 to February 28, 1970.

Six years later, Black History Month was being celebrated all across the country in educational institutions, centers of Black culture, and community centers, both great and small, when President Gerald Ford recognized Black History Month in 1976, during the celebration of the United States Bicentennial. He urged Americans to "seize the opportunity to honor the too-often neglected accomplishments of Black Americans in every area of endeavor throughout our history".

United States
In the Black community, the creation of Black History Month was met with enthusiastic response; it prompted the creation of Black history clubs, an increase in interest among teachers, and interest from progressive whites.

Since its inception, Black History Month has expanded beyond its initial acceptance in educational establishments. Carter Woodson's organization, now known as the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH), designates a theme each year. For example, "Black Health and Wellness" in 2022 focused on medical scholars, health care providers, and health outcomes. The Wall Street Journal describes Black History Month as "a time when the culture and contributions of African Americans take center stage" in a variety of cultural institutions, including theaters, libraries, and museums.

Black History Month has garnered attention from the U.S. business community. In 2018, Instagram created its first Black History Month program with the help of its Head of Global Music & Youth Culture Communications, SHAVONE. Instagram's Black History Month program featured a series of first-time initiatives, including a #BlackGirlMagic partnership with Spotify and the launch of the #CelebrateBlackCreatives program, which reached more than 19 million followers. In February 2020, many American corporations commemorated Black History Month, including The Coca-Cola Company, Google, Target Corporation, Macy's, United Parcel Service and Under Armour.

On February 18, 2016, 106-year Washington, D.C., resident and school volunteer Virginia McLaurin visited the White House as part of Black History Month. When asked by President Barack Obama why she was there, McLaurin said: "A Black president. A Black wife. And I'm here to celebrate Black history. That's what I'm here for."

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, Black History Month was first celebrated in October 1987 The year of 1987, recognized as the African Jubilee, was coincidentally the year of the 150th anniversary of Caribbean emancipation, the centenary of the birth of Marcus Garvey and the 25th anniversary of the Organization of African Unity, an institution dedicated to advancing the progress of African states. Black History Month in the UK was organised through the leadership of Ghanaian analyst Akyaaba Addai-Sebo, who had served as a coordinator of special projects for the Greater London Council (GLC) and created a collaboration to get it underway. The first Black History Month celebration in the UK was held in London on October 1, 1987, when Dr. Maulana Karenga from the US was invited to an event by the Greater London Council about Black people's contributions to history.

Some institutions have faced criticism for supporting Black History Month with images of people from British Asian backgrounds, using the term "black" to refer to political blackness encompassing all people of color.

Germany
In Berlin in 1990, members of the Black German community began observing Black History Month. Programs have included discussions of black Europeans, international African perspectives, the history of civil rights in the U.S., and apartheid in South Africa.

Canada
In 1995, after a motion by politician Jean Augustine, representing the riding of Etobicoke—Lakeshore in Ontario, Canada's House of Commons officially recognized February as Black History Month (Mois de l'histoire des Noirs) and honored Black Canadians. In 2008, Senator Donald Oliver moved to have the Senate officially recognize Black History Month, which was unanimously approved.

Canada defines the festivity as an opportunity to celebrate "the achievements and contributions of Black Canadians and their communities who … have done so much to make Canada a culturally diverse, compassionate, and prosperous country".

Republic of Ireland
Ireland's Great Hunger Institute, at Quinnipiac University in Connecticut, notes: "Black History Month Ireland was initiated in Cork in 2010. This location seems particularly appropriate as, in the 19th century, the city was a leading center of abolition, and the male and female anti-slavery societies welcomed several black abolitionists to lecture there, including Charles Lenox Remond and Frederick Douglass."

France
In France, Black History Month was first organized in 2018 in Bordeaux. Since then, there have been celebrations in Paris, Le Havre, Guadeloupe, La Rochelle and Bayonne. In 2022 the month was dedicated to Josephine Baker, a dancer and member of the French Resistance during World War II born in the United States.

Africa
In 2020, Black History Month was celebrated in seven African countries for the first time. Participating countries were Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Ivory Coast, Comores, Senegal and Cameroon. The event was initiated by the organisation Africa Mondo founded by Mélina Seymour. From 2021 onwards an African History Month was celebrated in March.

Developments
When first established, Black History Month resulted in some controversy. Those who believed that Black History Month was limited to educational institutions questioned whether it was appropriate to confine the celebration of Black history to one month, as opposed to the integration of Black history into mainstream education for the whole year. Another concern was that, contrary to the original inspiration for Black History Month, which was a desire to redress how American schools failed to represent Black historical figures as anything other than enslaved people or colonial subjects, Black History Month could reduce complex historical figures to overly simplified objects of "hero worship". Other critics refer to the celebration as a form of racism. Actor and director Morgan Freeman and actress Stacey Dash have criticized the concept of declaring only one month as Black History Month. Freeman noted, "I don't want a Black history month. Black history is American history."

Themes
In the US, a theme for each Black History Month is selected by the ASALH:
 * 1928: Civilization: A World Achievement
 * 1929: Possibility of Putting Negro History in the Curriculum
 * 1930: Significant Achievements of the Negro
 * 1931: Neglected Aspects of Negro History
 * 1932: What George Washington Bicentennial Commission Fail to Do
 * 1933: Ethiopia Meets Error in Truth
 * 1934: Contribution of the Negro in Poetry, in Painting, in Sculpture and in Science
 * 1935: The Negro Achievements in Africa
 * 1936: African Background Outlined
 * 1937: American Negro History from the Time of Importation from Africa up to the Present Day
 * 1938: Special Achievements of the Race: Oratory, Drama, Music, Painting, Sculpture, Science and Inventions
 * 1939: Special Achievements of the Race: Religion, Education, Business, Architecture, Engineering, Innovation, Pioneering
 * 1940: Negro Labor
 * 1941: The Career of Frederick Douglass
 * 1942: The Negro in Democracy
 * 1943: The Negro in the Modern World
 * 1944: The Negro and the New Order
 * 1945: The Negro and Reconversion
 * 1946: Let us Have Peace
 * 1947: Democracy Possible only Through Brotherhood
 * 1948: The Whole Truth and Nothing but the Truth
 * 1949: The Use of Spirituals in the Classroom
 * 1950: Outstanding Moments in Negro History
 * 1951: Eminent Negroes in World Affairs
 * 1952: Great Negro Educators (Teachers)
 * 1953: Negro History and Human Relations
 * 1954: Negro History: A Foundation for Integration
 * 1955: Negro History: A Contribution to America's Intercultural Life
 * 1956: Negro History in an Era of Changing Human Relations
 * 1957: Negro History
 * 1958: Negro History: A Factor in Nationalism and Internationalism
 * 1959: Negro History: A Foundation for a Proud America
 * 1960: Strengthening America Through Education in Negro History and African Culture
 * 1961: Freedom and Democracy for the Negro after 100 years (1861–1961)
 * 1962: Negro History and a New Birth of Freedom
 * 1963: Negro History Evaluates Emancipation (1863–1963)
 * 1964: Negro History: A Basis for the New Freedom
 * 1965: Negro History: Freedom's Foundation
 * 1966: Freedom from Racial Myths and Stereotypes Through Negro History
 * 1967: Negro History in the Home, School, and the Community
 * 1968: The Centennial of the Fourteenth Amendment Afro American History Week
 * 1969: Changing the Afro American Image through History
 * 1970: 15th Amendment and Black America in the Century (1870–1970)
 * 1971: African Civilization and Culture: A Worthy Historical Background
 * 1972: African Art, Music, Literature; a Valuable Cultural Experience
 * 1973: Biography Illuminates the Black Experience
 * 1974: Helping America Understand
 * 1975: Fulfilling America's Promise: Black History Month
 * 1976: America for All Americans
 * 1977: Heritage Days: The Black Perspective; the Third Century
 * 1978: Roots, Achievements and Projections
 * 1979: History: Torch for the future
 * 1980: Heritage for America
 * 1981: Black History: Role Model for Youth
 * 1982: Afro American Survival
 * 1983: Afro Americans in the United States
 * 1984: Afro Americans and Education
 * 1985: Afro American Family
 * 1986: Afro American Experience: International Connection
 * 1987: Afro Americans and the Constitution from Colonial Times to the Present
 * 1988: Constitutional Status of Afro Americans in the 21st Century
 * 1989: Afro Americans and Religion
 * 1990: Seventy-Five Years of Scholarly Excellence: A Homage to Our Forebearers
 * 1991: Educating America: Black Universities and Colleges, Strengths and Crisis
 * 1992: African Roots Experience New Worlds, Pre-Columbus to Space Exploration
 * 1993: Afro-American Scholars: Leaders, Activists and Writers
 * 1994: Empowering Black Americans
 * 1995: Reflections on 1895: Douglass, Du Bois & Washington
 * 1996: Black Women
 * 1997: African Americans and Civil Rights; a Reprisal
 * 1998: Black Business
 * 1999: Legacy of African American Leadership for the Present and the Future
 * 2000: Heritage and Horizons: The African American Legacy and the Challenges for the 21st Century
 * 2001: Creating and Defining the African American Community: Family, Church Politics and Culture
 * 2002: The Color Line Revisited: Is Racism Dead?
 * 2003: The Souls of Black Folks: Centennial Reflections
 * 2004: Before Brown, Beyond Boundaries: Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education
 * 2005: The Niagara Movement: Black Protest Reborn, 1905–2005
 * 2006: Celebrating Community: A Tribute to Black Fraternal, Social, and Civil Institutions
 * 2007: From Slavery to Freedom: Africans in the Americas
 * 2008: Carter G. Woodson and the Origins of Multiculturalism
 * 2009: The Quest for Black Citizenship in the Americas
 * 2010: The History of Black Economic Empowerment
 * 2011: African Americans and the Civil War
 * 2012: Black Women in American Culture and History
 * 2012: President Barack Obama National Black History Month Proclamation
 * 2013: At the Crossroads of Freedom and Equality: The Emancipation Proclamation and the March on Washington
 * 2014: Civil Rights in America
 * 2015: A Century of Black Life, History, and Culture
 * 2016: Hallowed Grounds: Sites of African American Memories
 * 2017: The Crisis in Black Education
 * 2018: African Americans in Times of War
 * 2019: Black Migrations
 * 2020: African Americans and the Vote
 * 2021: The Black Family: Representation, Identity, and Diversity
 * 2022: Black Health and Wellness
 * 2023: Black Resistance
 * 2024: African Americans and the Arts

Other history months

 * Filipino American History Month
 * LGBT History Month
 * Women's History Month
 * Disability History Month
 * Dalit History Month

Heritage months

 * Arab American Heritage Month
 * Gay and Lesbian Pride Month
 * Irish-American Heritage Month
 * Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month
 * Jewish American Heritage Month
 * National Hispanic Heritage Month
 * National Tibetan American Heritage Month
 * Native American Indian Heritage Month
 * Polish American Heritage Month
 * Puerto Rican Heritage Month
 * South Asian Heritage Month
 * Asian Pacific American Heritage Month
 * Haitian Heritage Month

International

 * Afro-Colombian Day
 * Black Awareness Day, Brazil

title: Black History Month


text:
User:LONGHORN2254

My real name is Greg Peterson.

title: User:LONGHORN2254


text:
Godplayer

Godplayer is a novel by Robin Cook. It was first released in 1983 in the UK and United States. It has 285 pages. Like most of Cook's other work, it is a medical thriller. Working with her husband, a respected cardiac surgeon, at Boston Memorial is a dream come true for Dr. Cassandra Kingsley—until a series of mysterious deaths rocks the hospital and Cassandra's most frightening suspicions are realized. Amidst a hospital power struggle that pits resident doctors against private practitioners, eighteen cardiac surgery patients mysteriously die. Doctors Cassandra Kingsley and Robert Seibert investigate the deaths, making disturbing discoveries, such as a drug-taking, knife-happy surgeon and lethal IVs.

title: Godplayer


text:
U Thant Island

U Thant Island (officially Belmont Island) is a small artificial island or islet in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. The 100 by island, created during the construction of the Steinway Tunnel directly underneath, is the smallest island in Manhattan.

Location and jurisdiction
The tiny artificial island is 100 by in size and located in the East River, just south of Roosevelt Island. It lies midway between the United Nations Headquarters at 42nd Street, in Manhattan to the west, and Gantry Plaza State Park in Long Island City, within Queens to the east. It is legally part of Manhattan and is formally a part of Manhattan Community District 6, which also includes the neighborhoods of Turtle Bay and Murray Hill to the west of U Thant Island.

The island is owned by the New York State Government and is currently protected as a sanctuary for migrating birds, including a small colony of double-crested cormorants. The cormorant population more than doubled from 2000 to 2011. The Borough, Block and Lot is Manhattan, Block 1373 (shared with Roosevelt Island), and Lot 200. Public access is prohibited. Since 2016, the island has been designated a Recognized Ecological Complex under the city's Waterfront Revitalization Program. The reefs in the waters surrounding the island make it a popular spot for boats fishing for striped bass. The United States Coast Guard maintains a 57-foot (17 m) tall lighted beacon on the island, designated "Roosevelt Island Reef Light 17"; an earlier 23-foot (7 m) tall light had been erected in 1938, and another pair before then.

Mean sea level in the East River is sometimes measured in reference to the "Belmont Island Datum", 2.265 feet (0.69 m) below that of Sandy Hook.

History
In the 1890s, businessman William Steinway began a project to construct a tunnel for trolleys under the East River to link Manhattan to his eponymous company town, Steinway Village, in Astoria, Queens; the tunnel would be named the Steinway Tunnel after him. As part of this construction project, a shaft dug into the granite outcrop known as Man-o'-War Reef to reach the tunnels produced excess landfill that built up the reef and created a small island. Steinway died before his tunnels' completion, and financier August Belmont Jr. saw the project to completion between 1905 and 1907. Belmont Island, named after the financier, became the legal name of the island. Four workers were killed in a 1906 shaft accident under the island. The tunnels, which pass directly beneath the island, are still used by the IRT Flushing Line, and are now part of the New York City Subway system. Buildings from the tunnel stayed up until at least 1918.

In 1964, the 33,310 ST Norwegian fuel oil tanker Sigdal ran aground on the island, imperiling East River traffic.

In 1968, the Hudson Institute published a proposal for connecting Roosevelt Island and U Thant Island by landfill to form a single larger island, as part of an economic redevelopment. 42nd Street would have extended across the island from Manhattan to Queens, connected by a Ponte Vecchio-like bridge covered in shops. "Belmont Center", modeled on Rockefeller Center, would have had towers of up to 80 stories.

A Jet d'Eau–like fountain sponsored by George T. Delacorte Jr. stood nearby on Roosevelt Island from 1969 to 1987, and faced calls for its relocation to U Thant Island due to environmental hazards throughout its existence, at the time of its installation, in a 1972–74 lawsuit, and at the time it was finally demolished.

In 1972, the island was declared "Soviet Jewry Freedom Island" and symbolically occupied for $2 1/2$ hours by activists led by Manhattan and Bronx Borough Presidents Percy Sutton and Robert Abrams to protest a United Nations speech by Leonid Brezhnev and the imposition of the diploma tax as a barrier to emigration from the Soviet Union.

In 1977, the island was adopted by a group called the Peace Meditation at the United Nations, employees at the United Nations headquarters and followers of the guru Sri Chinmoy, who served as the interfaith chaplain there. They leased the island from New York State, greened its surface, and unofficially renamed it after the Burmese former United Nations Secretary General U Thant, a friend of Chinmoy. In 1982, Belmont Island was officially rededicated as U Thant Island. It is now the site of a metal "oneness arch", preserving personal items of the island's namesake.

In 1999, The New York Times Magazine staged an international competition to design a time capsule to preserve artifacts for the next millennium. An entry by Caples Jefferson Architects proposed a granite obelisk on U Thant Island that would gradually disintegrate, leaving only the time capsule by the end of the 30th century.

During the 2004 Republican National Convention, local artist and filmmaker Duke Riley, who has traveled to various abandoned islands around the New York City area, rowed a boat with a friend to the island under cover of darkness, proclaimed it a sovereign nation and hoisted a 21 ft-long pennant depicting two electric eels from the island's navigation tower. On their return voyage in daylight, they were apprehended by a United States Coast Guard boat but were not arrested. The entire incident was videotaped for a piece Riley titled Belmont Island (SMEACC).

title: U Thant Island


text:
Wiesenfeld

Wiesenfeld may refer to:

Place name

 * Wiesenfeld, Eichsfeld, a municipality in the Eichsfeld district, Thuringia, Germany
 * Wiesenfeld, part of Geisa in the Wartburg district, Thuringia, Germany
 * Wiesenfeld (Karlstadt), a Franconian wine town in Germany

Other uses

 * Kurt Wiesenfeld, American physicist and academic
 * Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, a 1976 United States Supreme Court case dealing with equal protection

title: Wiesenfeld


text:
Wiesenfeld, Eichsfeld

Wiesenfeld is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Wiesenfeld, Eichsfeld


text:
Gyula Horn

Gyula János Horn (5 July 1932 – 19 June 2013) was a Hungarian politician who was the Prime Minister of Hungary from 1994 to 1998.

Horn was the last Communist Minister of Foreign Affairs of Hungary. He played a major role in demolishing the "Iron Curtain" for East Germans in 1989, contributing to the later unification of Germany. During his premiership, he launched the Bokros package, the biggest fiscal austerity programme in post-communist Hungary, in 1995.

Early life and education
Horn was born in Budapest in 1932 as the third child of transport worker Géza Horn who was of Jewish background and factory worker Anna Csörnyei. He was brought up in a Lutheran household. They lived in conditions of poverty at the so-called "Barrack" estate between Nagyicce and Sashalom. There were seven brothers in the family: filmmaker Géza (1925–1956), Károly (1930–1946), Tibor (1935), Sándor (1939), Tamás (1942) and Dénes (1944).

After the German occupation of Hungary, his father was kidnapped by the Gestapo due to communist activities in 1944 and never returned home. Gyula Horn's niece is Szófia Havas (b. Szófia Horn, 1955), Member of Parliament between 2006 and 2010, whose father Géza, Jr. was killed under unclear circumstances during the 1956 revolution.

He first studied in a lower technicians' school in Hungary. He graduated from the Rostov-on-Don College of Economics and Finance in 1954. He finished the political academy of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP) in 1970. He received Candidate of Economic Sciences in 1977.

He married statistician Anna Király in February 1956 and had two children: Anna (1956) and Gyula, Jr. (1969).

Communist Hungary
In 1954 Horn joined the Hungarian communist party, then called the Hungarian Working People's Party (MDP). In November 1956, he helped reorganize the MDP into the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP), which under the leadership of János Kádár crushed the 1956 Hungarian revolution against Soviet occupation and communist rule.

Horn worked in the Ministry of Finance from 1954 to 1959. He got a job in the Foreign Ministry in 1959, first as an official in the independent Soviet department. In the 1960s he was a diplomat in the Hungarian embassies in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia.

In 1969 Horn became an official in the foreign affairs department of the MSZMP Central Committee. By 1983 he rose to the rank of department head. In 1985 he was appointed secretary of state (deputy minister) in the Foreign Ministry. In 1989 he stepped forward to become foreign minister in the country's last communist government led by Miklós Németh. By this time, Horn had become a prominent member of the party's reformist wing, which wanted to jettison the goulash Communism of Kádár in favour of Western-style democracy and a market economy.

As a minister he was in charge of foreign affairs when Hungary decided to open the western border (the "Iron Curtain") to East Germans wishing to emigrate to West Germany. He is often credited with having a major part in the decision and, consequently, a role in German unification.

He and his Austrian counterpart Alois Mock posed for cameras on 27 June 1989 to cut through a barbed wire frontier fence, in a largely symbolic act of rapprochement which had been planned months before. As foreign minister he ordered the border to be opened to allow East Germans gathered in Hungary by the thousands to cross into Austria, and from there to West Germany. With this act he greatly contributed to the later unification of Germany. Within weeks tens of thousands of East Germans, who travelled to Hungary with "tourist" visas, headed straight for the unfortified border and walked into the West. Horn outraged his East German counterparts when he told them that international treaties on refugees took precedence over a 1969 agreement between Budapest and East Berlin limiting freedom of movement. The fall of East German communism and the process of German unification had been launched. With dizzying speed, communist governments in the region succumbed to popular uprisings and sheer fatigue. Within a few years, the Soviet Union itself had evaporated.

Horn helped lead the transformation of the MSZMP into the Hungarian Socialist Party later in 1989. As foreign minister he prepared and signed the Hungarian-Soviet troop withdrawal agreement in March 1990. Among the politicians of the transitional era, including representatives of civil opposition, he was the first in Hungary who raised and suggested the issue of possible membership in NATO and the European Union.

After communism
He was elected to Parliament in 1990 and retained a seat until the 2010 parliamentary election. The Socialists were roundly defeated in that election, taking only 33 seats. He served as Chairman of the Parliamentary Committee on Foreign Affairs between 1990 and 1993, until his resignation. Also in 1990, he succeeded Rezső Nyers as chairman of the Socialist Party.

Between 1990 and 1995, he was a member of the Governing Board of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). He also functioned as one of the vice presidents of the Socialist International from 1996 to 2003.

Horn led the Socialists to a comprehensive victory in the 1994 parliamentary election. The MSZP leaped from a paltry 33 seats in 1990 to 209, at the time the second-most that a Hungarian party has ever won in a free election. The size of the MSZP landslide took even Horn by surprise. Although the Socialists had more than enough seats to govern alone, Horn suspected he'd have trouble getting needed reforms past his own party's left wing. He also wanted to allay concerns both inside and outside Hungary of a former Communist party winning an absolute majority. With this in mind, he went into coalition with the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats, giving him a two-thirds majority. A few days before election day, Horn and his convoy suffered a major car accident between Emőd and Nyékládháza on the way back from a campaign closing event from Miskolc; Horn suffered a cervical fracture and was forced to wear a halo brace for months.

In 1995, Horn's government enacted the "Bokros package", a major austerity program. This was a difficult decision for a social democratic party, and Horn had to expend considerable effort to get most of his party to agree to it.

Although Horn relinquished leadership of the party after the Socialists lost the 1998 election to Viktor Orbán and Fidesz, he was for a long time considered to have considerable influence in the party, partly because of his personal popularity among elderly voters. However, after 2002 he went into semi-retirement. The Medgyessy Cabinet appointed him Special Rapporteur for the European Union. He received second place in the election list of the MSZP during the 2004 European Parliament election in Hungary, however Horn stated before the election that would not become an MEP.

Horn has received several awards for his achievements in foreign relations, among others the Charlemagne Award of the city of Aachen in 1990. He did not, however, get the Civil Division of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary in 2007, suggested by Ferenc Gyurcsány, as it was refused by Hungarian President László Sólyom, who explicitly stated Horn's views on the 1956 revolution as the reason.

According to a survey in 2011, Viktor Orbán was found to be Hungary's best prime minister since the transition to democracy, József Antall, the head of the first democratically elected government between 1990 and 1993, came second while Horn and Gordon Bajnai (2009–10) tied for the third place.

Role in the 1956 Hungarian Revolution
Although the fiscal austerity package under his rule eroded his popularity heavily, the most controversial part of his life is his role after the 1956 revolution, which started on 23 October and was crushed in the days following 4 November.

At the end of October he joined the National Guard, the armed body of the revolution consisting of soldiers, policemen, and civic freedom fighters. In December he joined the "pufajkás" brigades (in German Steppjackenbrigade), a communist paramilitary body set up to help the invading Soviet troops restore the communist regime, and he served there until June 1957. His alleged role is controversial in some circles because such squads were accused of involvement in torturing, harassing and even executing civilians during and after the uprising.

According to him, his elder brother was killed by the revolutionists during the uprising. However, his brother's death certificate states that he died in a traffic accident in the countryside. His daughter was born on 30 October. "The conditions were bad. The uprising released many criminals who endangered public safety. In the pufajkás squad, I defended the legal order," he told German paper Die Welt 50 years later. "First, I would like to make it clear that 1956 was not a fight against communism. Even the rebels did not want to wipe it out. This is incorrectly depicted today."

Horn's precise role in crushing the revolution is unclear as the reports of his brigade have gaps; however, in 1957 he received the award "For the Worker-Peasant Power", which was only granted to those whose services earned satisfaction. After becoming prime minister, when questioned and criticized over this part of his life, he only said: "I was a pufajkás. So what?"

Illness and death
In August 2007, Horn was taken to hospital with severe disease. Reportedly he was treated at Honvéd Hospital of Budapest for a sleeping disorder, but other sources told he had a serious brain malformation. Later reported his condition worsened so much that he could not leave the hospital, and thus missed the World Political Forum which was held in Budapest, where former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev also participated.

On 9 October 2007, Hungarian daily newspaper Népszabadság's online version reported mistakenly that Horn had died.

By 2008, Horn was no longer able to recognise his family members and friends as he suffered from an illness similar to Alzheimer's disease. There were also reports that Horn was in good physical condition despite the fact that he had lost significant weight. Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány was one of the last senior party officials, who visited him then. On 5 July 2011, Horn's 79th birthday Népszava reported his health condition had not deteriorated but also not improved, remained stable. During this time influential MSZP leaders gave a toast to Horn on the occasion of his birthday.

On his 80th birthday on 5 July 2012, Prime Minister Viktor Orbán greeted him in a letter. He wrote, "first of all we are Hungarians and we work towards prosperity of the nation based on our faith and the best of our knowledge. Therefore there are more links than divisions between us". The Hungarian Socialist Party also celebrated his round birthday.

After years of struggling with his illness, he died on 19 June 2013. He was survived by his wife and daughter, Anna, and son, Gyula Jr.

Germany's Foreign Minister, Guido Westerwelle, said Horn's "courageous work as Hungarian foreign minister will remain unforgettable to us Germans." Reuters called Horn, whose picture taking a wire-cutter to the fence separating Hungary and Austria was iconic, the "man who tore the iron curtain". Domestic recognition was hampered by his communist history, and commendations voted on by the Hungarian parliament were defeated on the occasions of his 70th and 75th birthdays.

Attila Mesterházy, chairman of the Hungarian Socialist Party, sent a statement to news agency Magyar Távirati Iroda (MTI) in which he wrote that "Horn will be remembered as the most defining leaders of the modern Hungarian left, one of the most successful prime ministers of Hungary and had made one of the greatest impacts on Europe during its sweeping changes over two decades ago. Horn played a key role in reviving the left and the Socialist party." Former PM Gyurcsány called Horn the "most contradictory" and "most talented" of politicians, and added in his Facebook entry: "a great man has passed away."

The government party Fidesz expressed condolences to Horn's family and leadership of the Hungarian Socialist party. Politics Can Be Different's co-chair András Schiffer told MTI that "Horn was one of the most important personalities of the post-communist Hungary and is one of the few politicians whose names are likely to go down in Hungarian history." Schiffer said that "he could not identify with Horn's politics and political relations before the transition to democracy in Hungary, but it must be acknowledged that Horn had shown real humanity towards ordinary people." Gordon Bajnai, leader of the Together 2014, said that Hungary and Europe lost a "true statesman". He added that Horn was a "symbol of a peaceful and successful regime change, and, as prime minister, he had done much to help Hungary find an exit from the post-communist economic and social crisis." President János Áder also sent his condolences to Horn's widow and children.

Funeral
Horn received a state funeral with military honors and was buried at Fiume Road National Graveyard on 8 July 2013. Thousands of people attended the funeral, many of whom laid red carnations beside the grave. European Parliament President Martin Schulz, former German Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Hungarian President János Áder, former head of states László Sólyom and Pál Schmitt, Archbishop Péter Erdő and former house speaker Katalin Szili were also among the attendance, as well as representatives of the main parliamentary parties.

Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, former prime ministers Péter Boross, Péter Medgyessy, Ferenc Gyurcsány and Gordon Bajnai, as well as party chairman Attila Mesterházy paid tribute to Horn. When Orbán bowed his head, some in the crowd booed at the prime minister. Socialist lawmaker Ferenc Baja, a former minister in the Horn government, said in a Facebook entry that this was derogative to the event.

Béla Katona, who served as Speaker of the National Assembly from 2009 to 2010, said the "life of Gyula Horn itself encompassed the history of the twentieth century" and he shaped the "fate of both Hungary and Europe as a whole." Katona told "Horn as a prime minister and a statesman remained an ordinary man nevertheless. He was not perfect, he made some bad decisions, but the good decisions outnumbered the bad ones. He was a successful man and a true statesman".

Selected publications

 * Baranyi, Mária: Egy előszoba titkai – Horn Gyula közelről 1994–1998. Athenaeum Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 2010.
 * Horn, Gyula: Cölöpök. Zenit Könyvek, Budapest, 1991.
 * Horn, Gyula: Azok a kilencvenes évek.... Kossuth Kiadó, Budapest, 1999.
 * Kubinyi, Ferenc: Vaskorona. Edition Litfas, 1995.
 * Pünkösti, Árpád: A Horn. Angyalföldtől a pártelnökségig 1932–1990. Kossuth Kiadó, Budapest, 2013.
 * Szerdahelyi, Szabolcs: Hiányzó cölöpök – Ami a Horn Gyula életrajzból kimaradt. Kairosz Kiadó, Budapest, 2002.

title: Gyula Horn


text:
Talk:U Thant Island

Biased terms
This article lacks in-line citations and freely uses biased terms casually, such as "bonus" and "inconvenient." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.19.197.84 (talk) 05:59, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

Correct name in title
Since the island's name is Belmont Island, shouldn't the article be called "Belmont Island." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Clydemen (talk • contribs) 01:12, 1 December 2013 (UTC)
 * We tend to use the common name of a subject for its article title, which doesn't necessarily have to be the official name. I guess you could make the argument that this applies here, although I'm not sure how true that would be.  — daranz [ t ] 02:00, 1 December 2013 (UTC)
 * FWIW, US NOAA nautical chart 12335, 47th ed last updated July 31st 2023, labels it Belmont Island, and Belmont Island only. In my book, that's very authoritative - especially in and around maritime environments. 176.10.232.235 (talk) 19:21, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I was tempted to simply change the title to reflect the correct name.  But not wanting to be accused of vandalizing the article I decided to simply make my argument for changing the title to Belmont Island here.   There is no such place as "U Thant Island."   The one unique correct name for the island is Belmont Island.   My own three maps of NYC show this as "Belmont Island."   They are dated 1939, 1982 and 2014.  Google maps also shows this as "Belmont Island.  Those facts alone should be sufficient to change the title to Belmont Island.  If you enter the search term in Google maps "Uthant Island" it will direct you to Belmont Island but it is still labeled as "Belmont Island," it's correct name.   The title of any encyclopedia article about a place should include the actual name of a place not a nickname "unofficially" given to the Island by anyone including a religious cult.  If Wikipedia uses nicknames instead of correct names for places simply because some person or group decides they don't want to use the correct name for a place then what would stop me from renaming Long Island "Hillary Clinton Island" and then go change the Wikipedia article to reflect that?   Only correct names should be used in Encyclopedia articles not nicknames or attributed names.   Instead, searches using nicknames should simply redirect to the article and a notation in the summary should inform people that the nickname is not the correct name.   Why?  Because people use Wikipedia to learn about things.   If you use the incorrect name in a title then everyone who encounters the article will assume that is the correct name.  Wikipedia or any encyclopedia should always education with correct information not present misinformation as fact or imply it as fact.   Simply stating in the first line what the correct official name is, isn't good enough.  People go by first impressions.  Also having the wrong name in the title confuses students as well.  Perhaps not College or maybe not high school students.  But frankly I am tired of explaining to my 9 year old that the name in a Wikipedia title isn't the real name of the person, place or thing that the article is about.

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City official name vs federal and state official name
It appears that "U Thant Island" is actually used for official city purposes, while "Belmont Island" is still used for federal (and possibly state) purposes.--Pharos (talk) 21:05, 21 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:U Thant Island


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User talk:Miniminia

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Talk:St Andrews

Description
This article would cover all Fife-related articles such as places, famous people, museums, football and rugby clubs and churches to name a few. Examples would be: Kirkcaldy, Andrew Carnegie, Adam Smith, Dunfermline Abbey, Dunfermline Athletic, The Old Course and Kirkcaldy Museum and Art Gallery. This could also help support articles that really do need a lot of work while keeping general maintenance. Examples would be: Methil, Dunfermline, Cupar and a lot of the smaller towns such as Kennoway and Lower Largo. Please see the discussion at WikiProject_Council/Proposals. Kilnburn (talk) 16:26, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Can someone please reference the Scots names 'Anderston' and 'Sanct Androis' - as I have not been able to find reference to St Andrews with these names. I feel that they have been made up.

I found some references to St Andrews as Sanct Androis, but nothing with Anderston. So am deleting that name.

Is there some reason the name of the city is not spelled with a period indicating the abbreviation of 'Saint'? --Saforrest 22:32, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

Outside of North America, the rule is that when an abbreviation is a contraction (meaning it begins and ends with the same letters as the word it's abbreviating) then the full stop is omitted. -- Troyac 11.14 pm, 2 April 2005 (UTC+9.5)

Could someone get a new photo of the Classics building? That huge red splotch isn't there anymore. That photo was taken at a bad time (the middle of a construction project). It's been finished as of about a month ago. --||bass 16:28, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

The "huge red splotch" is a rather attractive ivy that has been unfortunatley removed by the builders. I will try and get a photo next time I am passing the Quad.

Can't help feeling there should be a bit more on golf. Not my personal expertise, but Stevelinton 22:37, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Andrew Melville Hall should not be considered as a notable building in the main St Andrews article, other buildings are far more deserving to take its place (e.g. Hamilton Hall, St Salvador’s Quadrangle, r&a clubhouse) rather than a students hall of residence. Any opinions? 15:00, 04 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Wait, why Hamilton? Is it just the R&A conection? After all - it was a student hall of residence, and if Melville isn't acceptable because it is one...seems contradictory to me! Scanna 22:22, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I should think Hamilton is notable because it is something of a landmark building in St Andrews. Similarly, Andrew Melville is architecturally interesting, though whether that means it warrants a mention is open to debate. It is not because they are halls of residence that makes them notable or non-notable. Rlfb 19:20, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Additional info
Anything about the municipal government? Local media? Who paves the roads?
 * Fife council; there's a student radio service called STAR FM, a local paper called the Citizen, and a student paper called the saint [they're mentioned in at least one other article, along with the shut-down Chiuauah [sic]]; and Fife council again. Scanna 22:22, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Weather and Climate
My first reaction to this new section was to delete it, but then realised that this is perhaps relevant to the page, but not in its current format. I've done some work to it, but it could be a lot better. For a good example, see the relevent section on Edinburgh's page. Rlfb 18:19, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Could someone please explain why the reference to 'haar' was removed? ("Being on the east coast of Scotland, it is often subject to the fog, or 'haar' which rolls off the North Sea and can linger for several days at a time.")

It is certainly still a feature of the town's weather and not a thing of the past. (Just try looking for the cathedral today!) --188.220.57.201 (talk) 14:55, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

Scots Name
I think that the Scots name Sanct Androis is archaic; nobody would call it that now. On the Scots Wikipedia it is called Saunt Andras. However, I do think that it's interesting and could perhaps be kept like the obsolete Gaelic name. Scroggie (talk) 14:08, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The Gaelic name isn't obsolete; it's used by Gaelic speakers...

82.108.205.6 (talk) 14:55, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Popes
The pope at the time of the founding of the university was Pope Gregory XII, not Benedict VIII as you list (His papacy was during the 11th Century) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.242.141.79 (talk) 15:32, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Gait
There is a sentence in the landmarks section that says that St Andrews was once bounded by 3 "gaits" the only surviving one being the West Port. I can't check the reference but the Scots word "gait" means street (now more often spelt "gate" in modern Scots) not English "gate". The word for gate is "port". This can be seen on the plaque on the pavement on Market St, marking the site of the old "Marketgait Port", ie "Market Street Gate". I don't want to change it when I can't check the reference (but see DSL third entry for Gate,n.). Also, it says that the West Port is the only surviving example "of its type", what is "its type"? Scroggie (talk) 18:07, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

the only surviving example left of a St Andrews gate entrance. my wording is misleading. i believe that is right and i will check the sources (have the books) "carefully" to make sure Kilnburn (talk) 21:44, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Any luck clearing this up? Can you quote the important paragraphs so we can work out what it means. I think we should remove it if we can't clear it up 'cause as it stands I feel it is inacurate. Scroggie (talk) 18:50, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

Scores
"The Scores" are (is?) mentioned three times, but what does it mean? —Tamfang (talk) 07:13, 17 July 2010 (UTC)
 * It's the name of a street — agreed, this should be explained. --Deskford (talk) 08:42, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

Spellings

St Salvator, not St Salvador. The Pends, not Penns RoadCareworn (talk) 01:24, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

Kilrymont
Hope I've got how to put a new heading in right, sorry if i haven't

Does anyone know when the town was formerly renamed from Kilrymont to St Andrews? i think the history section would benefit from this informatio — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.195.66.127 (talk) 23:40, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

The Wikipedia entry for Bishop Mael Isu I (fl mid 10thC) shows his territorial designation as "Cennrigmonaid" so it needs to be significantly after that. Freuchie (talk) 17:03, 15 July 2018 (UTC)

Well I would not start from here. The whole section about the name is nonsense. The bones supposedly of St Andrew were brought from Hexham by St Acca (who also introduced the Rule of St Benedict) around the year 732/3 - so the direct answer to your question is clearly, at least on one sense, some time after that date. But there is also the matter of what you mean by "the" name. The two names could continue to coexist for a long time as, in a sense, they do to this day.

By the way there is no reason to suppose that the area of St Andrews was ever called Mucros. This is simply the Pictish language name of Boarhills - some 2-3 miles away (and if you look at the coastline there it is easy to see how you could run against the rocks - whence the shipwreck legend). No one has commented on this since my post, so I am eliminating this sentenceFreuchie (talk) 17:03, 15 July 2018 (UTC)

The St Regulus who supposedly rescued the bones of St Andrew at Patras never made it to Scotland - which was entirely pagan above the Antonine wall until 495 at the earliest. This does leave us with the problem of the change of name from Cennrimonaid to Kilrimonaid (ie virgin moorland to a place with a church). So far as I am aware this was effected by St Cainneach/Kenneth of Aghaboe at the behest of Columba - probably shortly after 565. Freuchie (talk) 21:55, 14 March 2018 (UTC)

Famous Golfers - Bobby Jones
Bobby Jones (1927 and 1930 British Amateur) - Brad Watson, Miami 71.196.11.183 (talk) 02:15, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:St Andrews


text: User talk:68.175.116.38

title: User talk:68.175.116.38


text:
The Lillywhite Sessions

The Lillywhite Sessions (tLWS) is a collection of songs recorded by Dave Matthews Band in 1999 and 2000 and produced by Steve Lillywhite. The songs, recorded by the band as a follow-up to their 1998 album Before These Crowded Streets, were ultimately scrapped by the band's label. Upon being forced by the label to abandon the album-in-progress, Dave Matthews was assigned to work with producer Glen Ballard who, in association with Matthews, wrote the album Everyday in just ten days. This contrasted with the band's prior style of writing, which included significant collaboration between the band members in the studio. The recordings later emerged on the Internet shortly after the release of Everyday, and created controversy among fans as well as the music industry, which was early in its campaign to curb illegal file downloads. The Lillywhite Sessions were never officially released, but most of the songs were later recorded for their 2002 album Busted Stuff.

Track listing

 * 1) "Busted Stuff" – 4:05
 * 2) "Grey Street" – 5:53
 * 3) "Diggin' a Ditch" – 4:24
 * 4) "Sweet Up and Down" – 4:43
 * 5) "JTR" – 5:36
 * 6) "Big Eyed Fish" – 5:16
 * 7) "Grace Is Gone" – 5:12
 * 8) "Captain (Crazy)" – 5:27
 * 9) "Bartender" –10:07
 * 10) "Monkey Man" – 7:21
 * 11) "Kit Kat Jam" – 4:00
 * 12) "Raven" – 6:24

Also recorded but cut from the album is the track "Build You a House".

Recording sessions
The album was supposed to be produced in the manner of the band's prior three (Under the Table and Dreaming, Crash, and Before These Crowded Streets), all of which had been produced by Steve Lillywhite. Having recorded Dave Matthews Band in studios in New York City, Woodstock, New York and Sausalito, California, Lillywhite had an established relationship with its members. For this album, the band purchased a house near their hometown of Charlottesville, Virginia and converted a portion of it into a recording studio. The band tried some new things, including Matthews playing a twelve string guitar. In early 2000, Lillywhite posted a report on the band's website with details about the session-in-progress, saying that the band had recorded a number of new songs, including "Sweet Up and Down," and had reworked a song which the Dave Matthews Band performed with Santana in 1999, "John the Revelator," retitling it "JTR."

During the recording of the sessions, RCA Records executive Bruce Flohr asked drummer Carter Beauford about his feelings about the songs at that point, to which he replied that he "didn't feel it" and was almost certain that the other band members "didn't feel it" either, implying that the recordings were not going in the direction in which the band had intended. The songs that had been recorded at that point were very dark, which Dave Matthews claimed was partly inspired by his alcohol consumption during the sessions, inspiring him to write "sad bastard songs" that were full of pity.""[The songs] inspired pity, self pity, or pity for the sad bastard that wrote them. I felt like I was in the process of failing, in the process of letting everyone down. In the process of not supplying the band with songs, not giving the producer the music, not giving the record company tunes—so inside that environment, I was continuing to do just that, come up with these sad bastard songs.""

- Dave Matthews

The album was scheduled for release in the second half of 2000. The band eventually decided to scrap the sessions, and perform their summer tour without a completed album to support. The band played a number of new songs that summer from those sessions, including "Grey Street," "Raven," "Sweet Up and Down," "Grace Is Gone," "Bartender," "Digging a Ditch" and the reworked "JTR."

"The Summer So Far"
Although Rolling Stone referred to The Lillywhite Sessions' original title as The Summer So Far, the album was never intended to be titled as such. The title The Summer So Far was simply the name of the band's most current recording of the sessions, dubbed by engineer Stephen Harris, who later produced Busted Stuff. Dave Matthews himself has claimed in several interviews that he intended to title the final album Busted Stuff, which he eventually did when the band went back in the recording studio in 2002 to re-record the album. The title Lillywhite Sessions was dubbed by fans, and the name stuck. ""When we stopped recording for the band to start their summer tour, I returned to England with one of the eight CDs that I had made. Five for the Band, one for [Steve Lillywhite], one for Bruce Flohr, and the one for myself and had written on them 'the summer so far'. We only did that because all the other CDs that I had made up to then, I had called 'the story so far'. 'The summer so far' was never going to be an album title, by the way, just a way to distinguish what was then the most up-to-date CD.""

- Stephen Harris

Everyday
During the tour, Matthews was introduced to producer Glen Ballard, and discussed completing the shelved Sessions. During the time they spent together, Matthews and Ballard wrote an entire album of new songs before the rest of the band had joined them. The album, which featured electric guitar by Matthews and a minimal use of the rest of the band, was released in February 2001 as Everyday.

Internet leak
In March 2001, Craig Knapp, the lead singer of Dave Matthews Band cover band "Ants Marching," received a CD from a friend containing the lost Lillywhite Sessions. He then contacted producer Steve Lillywhite via e-mail inquiring what to do with the tracks, and posted his message on the message boards at Dave Matthews Band fan site "DMBML." Hello Mr. Lillywhite,

I thank you in advance for taking the time to read this E-mail. I have unintentionally placed myself in a very precarious situation.

About a week ago, I received an E-mail from a DMB fan who claimed they had some unreleased material from the new Dave Matthews Band CD. He asked if I wanted a copy, and I said yes, thinking it was going to be acoustic takes from "Everyday." In any event, I received a package yesterday, and it was indeed the session that you and DMB recorded in Virginia.

I love it very much, excellent work. I am blessed to receive this gift.

My question for you is one of moral standards. I would really like to share these songs with the DMB trading community. However, I feel that if the Dave Matthews Band and Steve Lillywhite didn't release these songs, then what gives me that right? I don't want to disrespect the band, or yourself. I guess my question is simply this:

Am I disrespecting the Dave Matthews Band and Steve Lillywhite by making these songs available?

I would really appreciate a response when you get a chance.

Thank you so much for your time,

Craig Knapp

Knapp received an apparently faked e-mail response from Lillywhite, giving Knapp approval to release the tracks via the Internet. Since Knapp only had a 56k dial-up modem, he decided to transfer the songs to someone with a lot of bandwidth who could host them. Using Napster, Knapp then sent the tracks to a fellow member of DMBML, Drew Wiley, who released over the Internet the 96 kbit/s MP3s. Within days, the tracks were also released as 128 kbit/s MP3s, and later as lossless SHN files. The tracks made their way all over the internet via private servers and peer-to-peer programs like Napster. After the release of Everyday, which many fans complained was too "pop-ish", the leak of the Sessions gave some fans what they wanted—an album recorded much like older Dave Matthews Band material.

Demo #2 leak
A second demo, referred to as "disc two," had been admitted into existence to the communities after the initial release, and slowly, low-quality leaks of some of the disc started to circulate on Dave Matthews Band fan sites. Most of the information about this disc is from Drew Wiley. Wiley leaked one full song that has been released off this second disc, "Build You a House," a very rough song recorded early in the sessions and dropped later making no appearance on the widely spread Lillywhite Sessions disc. The clips that were released are recordings that Wiley made over the phone while his source played the tracks therefore they have notoriously bad audio quality, but provide a glimpse into what the band was doing during the early part of The Lillywhite Sessions. Songs like "JTR" and "Bartender" in their earliest rawest forms can be found on this disc, as well as an intro to "Grace Is Gone."

Below is a copy of the text file that accompanied the internet-circulated demo:

Reception
Once the album leaked, attention by fans and media escalated. Many fans were eager for an official release of the sessions. Online feedback from fans, including a website-based campaign called "Release Lillywhite Recordings Campaign," received media attention from Entertainment Weekly and Rolling Stone, which gave the unmastered album better reviews than the successful Everyday. During the 2001 summer tour, the band didn't just debut live versions of the songs from Everyday, but also began to play "Big Eyed Fish," which was on the sessions but up to that point had never been performed live. The Dave Matthews Band was unexpectedly touring behind two albums, the one which they actually released, and the one which they didn't want in the marketplace. In response to the album's leak, Steve Lillywhite said, "I cannot condone the release of these unfinished recordings, although I feel these are some of the most moving pieces of music that I've ever recorded with Dave Matthews Band."

In 2018 singer-songwriter Ryley Walker released a complete cover of the album, also entitled The Lillywhite Sessions.

Busted Stuff and live performances
In 2002 the Dave Matthews Band released Busted Stuff, a new album which contained re-recordings of many of the songs that were left collecting dust with Sessions. The new album contained 11 tracks—nine tracks re-recorded from The Lillywhite Sessions, and two new tracks ("Where Are You Going" and "You Never Know"). "JTR," "Sweet Up and Down," and "Monkey Man," were the three tracks not re-recorded on the album.

"JTR" returned as part of the band's concert rotation, having appeared on the Live at Folsom Field album and played during the 2006 summer tour. It returned again in 2010 and has since been played intermittently during the band's tours. Its most recent performance came during the band's 2024 summer tour.

"Sweet Up and Down" was performed several times by the band on the 2000 summer tour, but vanished just a month and a half after the tour's start. It reemerged in 2003 during the Dave Matthews & Friends tour. The song also made a brief return to DMB setlists in 2007, and returned again during the 2010 summer tour. The song would make a return a decade later on February 28, 2020, at a one-off DMB show at the Cosmopolitan in Las Vegas.

"Monkey Man" was never released on an album or played live, making it the only song that is exclusively available on The Lillywhite Sessions.

Mastered release
In April 2006, a self-described recording engineer using the alias of "Karmageddon" mastered the tracks from The Lillywhite Sessions and released them on the Internet. Using the original SHN files released online, Karmageddon burned the songs to a CD-R and ran them through high-end audio mastering equipment, such as a parametric equalizer, audio converters, and a tube compressor. The songs were then balanced to distribute the music evenly through stereo channels, and eventually burned back onto a CD-R. Following the release of the mastered album, "Karmageddon," claimed in an interview that the mastering process he used is "basically the TRUE industry standard as to how a CD gets finalized before mass-production." Once the mastered album was released on the internet, it became the first-ever mastered copy of The Lillywhite Sessions, since the original leaked files were simply raw tracks from the mixing board and were never mastered.

title: The Lillywhite Sessions


text:
Talk:Hydronephrosis

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 8 January 2020 and 25 March 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Gfcolaneri. Peer reviewers: Gfcolaneri.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:07, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

note
marked this a copyvio - website says "Copyright 2002 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited." Whosyourjudas (talk) 22:37, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Merge w/ Obstructive uropathy
I think Obstructive uropathy should be merged into this page. They are really the same thing. Robbins equates the two terms on page 1012: "unrelieved obstruction almost always leads to permanent renal atrophy, termed hydronephrosis or obstructive uropathy." Chaldor (talk) 08:19, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

They really aren't the same thing, though. Obstructive uropathy refers to a physiologic process and hydronephrosis is just an anatomic finding. Acarmack (talk) 13:43, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I realize that, but given that the primary sequale of obstructive uropathy is hydronephrosis, and there is only stub-level content in obstructive uropathy, it should be merged into the hydronephrosis section as a cause. If there is ever enough content to merit a split between the two concepts, then I would support that. However, as things currently stand, there is not enough content to merit an obstructive uropathy article all on its own when the hydronephrosis article is more comprehensive and so closely linked. Chaldor (talk) 06:37, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Might treatment also include Ureteric stent?
Might treatment also include Ureteric stent?

--Ocdnctx (talk) 03:19, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Hydronephrosis


text:
Péter Boross

Péter Boross (born 27 August 1928) is a Hungarian retired politician and former member of the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from December 1993 to July 1994. He assumed the position upon the death of his predecessor, József Antall, and held the office until his right-wing coalition was defeated in election by the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP), which was led by his successor Gyula Horn. Prior to his premiership, Boross functioned as Minister of Civilian Intelligence Services (1990) and Minister of the Interior (1990–1993). He was also a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 1998 and from 2006 to 2009.

Early life (1928–1957)
Boross was born in Nagybajom on 27 August 1928, as the son of György Boross (1896–1993), who participated in the First World War from 1915 to 1918. Returning home, he became a member of the Order of Vitéz and was forest engineer at the Somssich estate. His mother, Lujza Horváth (1905–1993) came from a smallholder farming family, a distant branch of the extinct noble Perneszy family in Somogy County. She was fond of Hungarian literature and theatre, especially Sándor Márai's writings. Boross has a younger brother, László (born 1932), a teacher. The Boross children raised in their birthplace and Újvárfalva, where their wealthy step-grandmother lived. They finished six-grade elementary school in Újvárfalva. In 1938, Boross started his military secondary studies at Hunyadi Mátyás Honvéd Secondary School and Institution in Kőszeg, then attended the Zrínyi Miklós Honvéd Corps Cadet School in Pécs since 1942. As a result of the Soviet invasion during the closing period of the Second World War, the entire cadet school moved to Sopron at the end of 1944. From there, Boross was also transferred to Butzbach, Germany, however he successfully escaped and defected from the German Army. He returned to Hungary through Vienna. Boross finally took his school-leaving exam at Somssich Pál Secondary Grammar School in Kaposvár in 1947, with a year delay due to the Second World War.

He graduated as a jurist from the Faculty of Law, Eötvös Loránd University in 1951. There he was educated by professor Gyula Moór. After finishing legal education, Boross intended to become a lawyer, however the reputation and salary of the profession reduced during the Stalinist era, thus he began to work at the Metropolitan Council of Budapest. He was a lecturer at the Finance Department under the leadership of Ferenc Nezvál, who later served as Minister of Justice.

During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, he was elected as a member of the Revolutionary Committee of Budapest and of the Revolutionary Council of the Intellectuals. As a result, he was fired from the Metropolitan Council in January 1957, following the crushing of the revolution. After that Boross worked as an unskilled worker in a toy manufacturing. Finally, he was arrested for his role during the revolution in July 1957. After interrogations, he was transferred to an internment camp in Kistarcsa. Following his release soon, Boross and his family was put under police surveillance in the forthcoming years until 1959.

Entrepreneurial career (1957–1989)
Boross started his career in the catering industry as an inspector of stores in October 1957. However he was fired because of his past in 1956, and after that worked as a bartender in the Szikla Restaurant at Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden. Some months later he moved to the Széchenyi thermal bath's buffet. In September 1958 he became assistant manager in a restaurant at Kőbánya (District X, Budapest). He became manager in 1961, his financial conditions stabilized by that time. Then he also became group leader on trade in goods at the local Catering Company in 1962. In this capacity, Boross took part in the organization of tertiary training of professionals in the Hungarian hospitality sector and tourism.

Through the intercession of József Venesz, the most well-known chef in the Kádár regime, Boross was promoted to Deputy Director of the South-Pest Catering Company in 1965. During that time the company had two hundred catering units. The New Economic Mechanism, a major economic reform launched in 1968, was a "comprehensive reform of the economic system", creating market relationships among firms. On 21 December 1971, Boross became Director of the South-Pest Catering Company. He retired from this workplace and became a pensioner on 1 February 1989.

Government positions (1990–1993)
He had a longtime friendship with József Antall since the 1950s. After the 1990 parliamentary election, when the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) beat the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) and formed a government, Prime Minister Antall requested Boross to become Political Secretary of State in the Prime Minister's Office. He was appointed to that position on 30 May 1990. Less than two months later after his appointment as Secretary of State, Boross was promoted to Minister without portfolio for Civilian Intelligence Services on 19 July 1990. In that capacity, he supervised the operations of the Office of National Security (NBH) and the Information Office (IH) internal security intelligence agencies. Among his first tasks was the removal of the communist secret service executives. The secret service under Boross did not disclose the hypothetic list of twenty-six former counterespionage officers in the III./III. section of the then Ministry of the Interior prior to 1989. According to former Prime Minister Miklós Németh, he handed over the list to his successor, József Antall. However Boross argued it was an unofficial document with "many inaccuracies and improvisation".

After the resignation of Balázs Horváth following the flawed management of the taxi drivers' anti-government blockade, Boross was appointed Minister of the Interior on 21 December 1990. Thus Boross became the first deputy of József Antall and the second-highest-ranking member of the right-wing conservative cabinet. In a later interview, Boross said that he considered Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer, the Interior Minister during the Horthy era, who acted against both the far-right and far-left movements, as his role model. As minister, Boross reorganized the structure of law enforcement organizations and dismissed Győző Szabó, the Chief of the National Police. He appointed the relatively young Sándor Pintér as Chief of the Budapest Police and a few months later as Chief of the National Police in 1991. His ministry has also developed the municipal law; Boross was advocate of more extensive decentralization, but the majority of his party rejected his amendment proposal. When protesters hissed and booed President Árpád Göncz (SZDSZ) on 23 October 1992, Boross and the government was accused of deliberately sabotage by the opposition. He rejected the claims. According to a 2014 report, it is possible that Antall and Boross knew about a potential provocation but they did not want to prevent it.

Boross was a non-partisan politician until 17 August 1992, when he officially joined the MDF. He became a member of the party's District II, Budapest branch. By early 1993, he was elected a member of the MDF's national board and also became one of the vice-presidents of the party. During Antall's severe illness, who had non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Boross performed the duties of prime minister temporarily from 6 October to 5 November 1993 and from 20 November 1993 to 12 December 1993, when Antall died. A day before his death, as a result of Boross' proposal, Antall was awarded Grand Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit by President Árpád Göncz on 11 December 1993.

Prime Minister (1993–1994)
Immediately after József Antall's death, Boross became acting Prime Minister of Hungary on 12 December 1993. On the following day, the Hungarian Democratic Forum's national board and the parliamentary group jointly convened, where three candidates, Péter Boross, Iván Szabó and Lajos Für ran for the position of prime minister. In the first round, Boross received 89 votes and came to the first place, defeating Szabó (79 votes) and Für (62 votes). In the second round, Boross gained a two-thirds support against Szabó and was nominated the party's designated premier. On 21 December 1993, the National Assembly elected Boross as Prime Minister by a vote of 201–152, with 5 abstentions. The parliamentary group leader Imre Kónya succeeded him as Minister of Interior but apart from that the personal composition of the government remained unchanged, as a result journalistic and academic works often refer to the MDF government between 1990 and 1994 as the "Antall–Boross cabinet".

In January 1994, Boross met with leaders of the Central-European post-communist countries in Prague, reflecting the 1994 Brussels summit where the United States expressed its intention to enlarge the NATO intergovernmental military alliance. Before the 1994 election, Viktor Chernomyrdin, the Prime Minister of Russia visited Budapest to discuss the issue of debt settlement. Boross also asked Chernomyrdin to talk with Slobodan Milošević for the interests of the Hungarians in Serbia during the Yugoslav Wars. In February 1994, Boross visited France where he held talks with President François Mitterrand and Prime Minister Édouard Balladur. In March 1994, he visited German Chancellor Helmut Kohl in Bonn.

Gyula Horn led the Socialists to a comprehensive victory in the 1994 parliamentary election. Although the MSZP had more than enough seats to govern alone, Horn wanted to allay concerns both inside and outside Hungary of a former Communist party winning an absolute majority. With this in mind, he went into coalition with the liberal and previously strong anti-communist Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ), giving him a two-thirds majority. Boross was succeeded by Gyula Horn as Prime Minister of Hungary in July 1994.

After premiership (1994–2010)
At the 1994 parliamentary election, the MDF was severely defeated, falling from 165 seats to 38 for third place. Boross was elected Member of Parliament from his party's Budapest Regional List. He was appointed Chairman of the National Security Committee on 28 June 1994. He also became Vice Chairman of the Committee for Financial Support for Public Organizations on 27 December 1994, holding this position until 11 December 1995.

During the campaign for the 1996 party leadership election, Boross supported Sándor Lezsák who ran as candidate along with the more liberal and urbanist Iván Szabó, who was more acceptable for the party elite and the former government members. At the end of 1995, Boross resigned as vice-president of the MDF because he disagreed with the policy of the party leadership chaired by Lajos Für. In March 1996, Lezsák was elected President of the Hungarian Democratic Forum, as a result Szabó and most of the governmental figures of the Antall period, including 15 MPs left the party and founded the Hungarian Democratic People's Party (MDNP). Boross resigned as Chairman of the National Security Committee following that, but remained a member of the MDF. He worked in the Committee for Constitutional Preparatory and Committee of Economics since April 1994 until end of the parliamentary term in June 1998. Boross lost his parliamentary seat in the 1998 parliamentary election.

Boross served as political advisor to Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, whose party the Fidesz won the 1998 election and the MDF also involved in the government as a coalition partner. Since then Boross was long considered a supporter of Minister of Justice Ibolya Dávid, who became leader of the MDF in January 1999, replacing Sándor Lezsák. Boross did not run again for the position of party vice-president during the election of officials. His relationship with Orbán became conflictual by early 2001, even after replacement of ministers Attila Chikán and József Hámori. Boross also criticized the Orbán cabinet's economic policy and its biennial budget. In 2003, Boross left the MDF's national board. He was elected President of the National Memorial and Tribute Committee in 2006, replacing Anna Jókai who had held the position since 1999.

He was elected as a Member of Parliament from his party's Pest County Regional List during the 2006 parliamentary election. Before the election's second round, Boross argued the left-liberal MSZP–SZDSZ governing coalition's advantage is unbeatable, therefore he received numerous criticism from the right-wing intellectuals. He became a member of the National Security Committee following the election. In the upcoming years the MDF gradually shifted to the left-wing under the leadership of Ibolya Dávid. Boross was strongly opposed to the nomination of Socialist ex-minister Lajos Bokros to the head of the MDF party list during the 2009 European Parliament election. As a result, Boross resigned from his parliamentary seat on 31 January 2009. Due to his conservative party's shift to the left, resulting in the expulsion of several prominent party members, Boross decided to break all ties with the present party leadership on 13 June 2009. He finally left the party on 25 January 2010.

Later life (since 2010)
On 6 June 2010, following the 2010 parliamentary election, when Fidesz won a two-thirds majority, he became a member of the board advising Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the conceptual foundations of the new Hungarian constitution. In this capacity, Boross stated that he can envision a new constitutional government in the form of a kingdom. Furthermore, he said that it is necessary to place broader authority and more powerful political authority into the hands of the Prime Minister by way of the new constitution.

He gave a controversial interview to weekly newspaper Heti Válasz in September 2010, when he said the government should inaugurate a so-called childlessness tax because, according to him, procreation is not just a private matter but also a matter of national interest. Several feminist groups criticized his statement and protested against Boross' remarks at the Kossuth Square.

In August 2015, reflecting to the European migrant crisis, Boross claimed the mass immigration into Hungary is "issue of race and ethnicity". He also expressed his sympathy with the erection of the Hungarian border barrier. In October 2015, he added in an interview that it is "tasteless foolness" to compare the current situation with the Hungarian refugees after the Revolution of 1956. Boross told the current migrants are "with different physiognomy from different continents". Because of his remarks, the National Media and Infocommunications Authority (NMHH) has launched an investigation against Boross. The NMHH did not consider Boross' remarks as exclusionary thus terminated the authority procedure in the absence of infringement against the former prime minister in February 2016.

Boross delivered a speech on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of 1956 revolution. In response to the United States Department of State's statement concerning Hungarian media freedom and the "sudden closure" of the left-wing daily Népszabadság, he said "the 1956 revolution is a miracle of the twentieth century, and the American imperialists intend to insult our sacred day". He also referred that the last issue of Népszabadság was exhibited at the Newseum in Washington, D.C. "Maybe we should exhibit too a couple of items from the list of the heinous crimes of the American imperialists", he added.

Personal life
Boross' father died in a household accident on 11 August 1993, aged 97. His mother, Lujza Horváth died five weeks later. On 13 September 1952, Boross married his former classmate, Ilona Papp, who worked as a judge. Their church wedding took place in the Szilágyi Dezső Square Reformed Church on 13 March 1953. She died on 31 July 2010. Their first-born child, Péter Jr. (1957–1958) died at the age of nine months in February 1958, not long after Boross' release from the prison. Following that they had two children, a daughter Ildikó (born 1958), who became a jurist, and a son Gábor (1960–2018), who worked as an agronomist, he died in February 2018.

title: Péter Boross