text:
Squidgygate

Squidgygate or Dianagate refers to the controversy over pre-1990 telephone conversations between Diana, Princess of Wales, and a close friend, James Gilbey (heir to Gilbey's Gin), which were published by The Sun newspaper.

In 1992, The Sun publicly revealed the recording's existence in an article titled "Squidgygate" (the "-gate" suffix being a reference for a scandal). During the calls, Gilbey affectionately called Diana by the names "Squidgy" and "Squidge". In the conversation, the Princess of Wales likens her situation to that of a character in the popular British soap opera EastEnders, and expresses concern that she might be pregnant. The publication of the tapes was a highpoint of the media attention which surrounded the marriage, separation and eventual divorce of the Prince and Princess of Wales.

Recording and publication
The tape was published after it was allegedly accidentally recorded by a retired bank manager who was a radio enthusiast.

First eavesdropper: Cyril Reenan
In January 1990, two reporters from The Sun newspaper met Cyril Reenan in the parking bay of Didcot railway station, six miles from his home in Abingdon. Reenan, a 70-year-old retired manager for the Trustee Savings Bank, regularly listened in on non-commercial radio frequencies for amusement with his wife. Reenan played them excerpts from a tape without having previously told them what he had recorded.

Two days later the journalists were shown round Mr Reenan's home-made eavesdropping studio, in which "Above the scanners was a 1960s-style tape recorder with a microphone dangling down above the scanning equipment so that the couple could tape 'interesting' conversations".

Reenan was quoted as saying he was "so nervous I just want you [the reporters] to take the tape away." He added, "I didn't know what to do with it once I'd got it. I was stuck with it, and I was frightened of it," he was quoted as saying, claiming that if the paper had told him that "the tape was 'dangerous', I would have burned it or scrubbed it out."

Reenan claimed that he had been so worried by the evident security breach that he had first thought of attempting to gain an audience with Diana: "I could have used a code-word, perhaps the nickname Squidgy... I was trying to save her face in a way." However, having thought on it "for a day, at least", Reenan decided that he "would not get to see Diana." So he "rang the Sun instead."

Publication
Published in The Sun on 23 August 1992, "Squidgygate" (initially called "Dianagate") was the front-page revelation of the existence of a tape-recording of Diana, Princess of Wales talking to a close friend, who later turned out to be Gilbey, heir to the eponymous gin fortune. Gilbey, who initially denied The Sun 's charges, was a 33-year-old Lotus car-dealer who had been a friend of Diana's since childhood. Their conversation, which took place on New Year's Eve 1989, was wide-ranging. A special phone line allowed about 60,000 callers to hear the contents of the 30-minute tape for themselves, at 36 pence per minute.

The tape begins in mid-conversation, with the man asking: "And so, darling, what other lows today?" To which the woman replies: "I was very bad at lunch, and I nearly started blubbing. I just felt so sad and empty and thought 'bloody hell, after all I've done for this fucking family...' It's just so desperate. Always being innuendo, the fact that I'm going to do something dramatic because I can't stand the confines of this marriage [...] He makes my life real torture, I've decided."

The conversation covered topics as diverse as the BBC soap opera EastEnders, and the strange looks that Diana received from the Queen Mother: "It's not hatred, it's sort of pity and interest mixed in one [...] every time I look up, she's looking at me, and then looks away and smiles." Additionally, in view of a fascination with clairvoyance that was later to become well-known, Diana was also heard explaining how she had startled the Bishop of Norwich by claiming to be "aware that people I have loved and [who] have died [...] are now in the spirit world, looking after me."

Diana expressed worries about whether a recent meeting with Gilbey would be discovered. She also discussed a fear of becoming pregnant, and Gilbey referred to her as "Darling" 14 times, and as "Squidgy" (or "Squidge") 53 times.

Second eavesdropper: Jane Norgrove
On 5 September 1992, The Sun announced that the same call had also been recorded by an Oxfordshire eavesdropper, 25-year-old Jane Norgrove, who claimed she had recorded the call on New Year's Eve 1989, but "didn't even listen to it. I just put the tape in a drawer. I didn't play it until weeks later, and then I suddenly realised who was speaking on the tape."

In January 1991, after sitting on the tape for a year, Norgrove approached The Sun. The paper made a copy of her recording, and offered her £200 for her time: Norgrove refused the money, claiming that she "got scared and didn't want to know about it any more." Norgrove claimed: "I wanted to speak out now to clear up all this nonsense about a conspiracy [...] I'm not part of a Palace plot to smear the Princess of Wales." The Sun had initially published the opinions of "a senior courtier [who] claims the tape is part of a plot to blacken Diana's name" and the verdicts of other anonymous Palace staffers, who said that the tape was "a sophisticated attempt to get even by friends loyal to Prince Charles after Diana's co-operation with the book Diana: Her True Story, by Andrew Morton."

Such speculation had not been confined to tabloid newspapers: William Parsons, of anti-surveillance consultants Systems Elite, remarked that the technical and atmospheric requirements for such a recording to be possible (both halves of a cellular telephone call, with equal clarity, when the callers were over 100 miles apart, in different network cells), were so improbable as to arouse suspicion: "My money would not be on somebody accidentally picking it up [...] There is more to this than meets the eye."

Jane Norgrove was adamant: "It was just me, recording a telephone conversation in my bedroom. Nothing more and nothing less than that."

Context and reaction
According to Tina Brown, Diana and Gilbey had first met each other before her marriage to Charles and reconnected in the late 1980s. At the time of publication, the Prince and Princess of Wales, engaged in acrimonious pre-divorce proceedings, were involved in a protracted battle for public sympathy which became known as the "War of the Waleses". The Duke and Duchess of York had separated months before, and now all eyes were on Charles and Diana, the next king and queen, whose marriage had been the subject of rumour for years.

Speculation in the media—and in court circles—reached fever pitch. In his memoirs, Diana's private secretary Patrick Jephson recounts a fraught game of media one-upmanship by the feuding couple: secret briefings to friendly journalists, open collaboration with TV documentaries, and separate appearances at different public events on the same day were just some of the many strategies with which Charles and Diana attempted to force each other out of the limelight. Jephson recalls that the atmosphere at Kensington Palace at the time was "like a slowly-spreading pool of blood leaking from under a locked door."

Throughout 1991 and into 1992, Diana had been secretly collaborating with a previously little-known court correspondent, Andrew Morton, on the book Diana: Her True Story, which revealed in graphic detail the previously hidden disaster that the Waleses' marriage had become. Diana's bulimia, suicide attempts and self-harm were spelt out unambiguously, as were Charles's relationship with Camilla Parker Bowles, and the intrigues of Palace officials in attempting to contain the disintegrating royal marriage.

Analysis of the tape
In 1993, The Sunday Times published the findings of an analysis of the "Squidgygate" tape, commissioned from Corby-based surveillance specialists Audiotel International.

Audiotel concluded that the presence of data bursts on the tape was suspicious. Data bursts ("pips" at intervals of approximately 10 seconds, containing information for billing purposes) would normally be filtered out at the exchange before Cellnet transmission. That these "pips" were present at all was therefore anomalous, but they were also too fast, too loud, and exhibited a "low-frequency [audio] 'shadow'," implying "some kind of doctoring of the tape," said Audiotel's managing director, Andrew Martin, in his firm's report. "The balance of probability suggests something irregular about the recording which may indicate a rebroadcasting of the conversation some time after the conversation took place."

Within a week of the Sunday Times's announcement, a further independent analysis was carried out for the same newspaper by John Nelson of Crew Green Consulting, with assistance from Martin Colloms, audio analyst for Sony International. Their analysis demonstrated convincingly that the conversation could not have been recorded by a scanning receiver in the manner claimed by Reenan. Amongst several relevant factors, there was a 50 hertz hum in the background of the "Squidgygate" conversation together with components in the recorded speech with frequencies in excess of 4 kHz. Neither could have passed through the filters of Reenan's Icom receiver or indeed have been transmitted by the cellular telephone system. The 50 Hz hum was consistent with the effect of attempting to record a telephone conversation via a direct tap on a landline.

Since Gilbey was known to have been speaking from a mobile phone, inside a parked car, this left Diana's telephone line at Sandringham as the source of the recording. Nelson's analysis, written after a visit to Reenan and an examination of his unsophisticated receiving system (which consisted essentially of an Icom wideband scanning receiver and a conventional television antenna), showed that the recording was most likely to have been made as a result of a local tapping of the telephone line somewhere between Diana's telephone itself, and the local exchange. Furthermore, narrow-band spectrum analysis showed this 50 Hz "hum" to consist of two separate but superimposed components, possibly indicating a remixing of the tape after the initial recording. The spectral frequency content of the tape was demonstrably inconsistent with its supposed origin as an off-air recording of an analogue cellular telephone channel but quite feasible if the recording had been made via a local-end direct tap.

As well as the strong technical case he made against the recording, Nelson established two other salient points. The first was that Gilbey's mobile telephone was registered to the Cellnet network. Secondly, the Cellnet base-station transmitter site in Abingdon Town, the data channel of which was the only one receivable on Reenan's receiving system at the time of his visit, was not in service at the date of the alleged telephone conversation; it was first commissioned on 3 March 1990. It was therefore not possible that the purported recording could have been made off-air by Reenan or Norgrove in December 1989 or January 1990.

With regard to the data-bursts that had aroused the suspicion of Audiotel International, Colloms and Nelson stated: "We are forced to conclude that these data-bursts are not genuine, but were added later to the tape. They originated with a locally-made recording, and show that an attempt has been made to disguise a local tap by making it appear that it was recorded over cellular radio."

Telecommunications company Cellnet admitted that it had automatically conducted its own internal investigation after publication of the "Squidgygate" transcript, because Gilbey had been speaking on a Cellnet phone. "It is a very sensitive issue if a cellular network has been bugged," said Cellnet spokesman William Ostrom: "We wished to satisfy ourselves exactly what happened." Cellnet's inquiry, claimed Ostrom, had "replicated" the findings of Colloms and Nelson: Cellnet announced that it was "completely satisfied that we can dismiss this as an example of our network being eavesdropped."

Government reaction
Suspicion about responsibility for the "Squidgygate" leak focused on the United Kingdom's security service, MI5. Home Secretary Kenneth Clarke said: "The security services are strictly controlled in their telephone tapping, and I know of no evidence whatever to indicate that they were involved." Such suggestions, he added, were "wild" and "extremely silly."

On the same day as these remarks, members of the Commons all-party Home Affairs Select Committee had their first meeting with Stella Rimington, director general of MI5. Committee member John Greenway MP (Conservative) remarked that the recent "Camillagate" leak "strengthens the case for a parliamentary committee to have responsibility to oversee or scrutinise the work of the security services [...] I suspect that colleagues will want to ask how true the allegations [of MI5 complicity in the 'Camillagate' leak] are, and I suspect that she [Rimington] will refuse to tell us." No record exists of matters discussed at the meeting.

The first major "Establishment" figure to question the official line on "Squidgygate" was Lord Rees-Mogg, the arch-conservative chairman of the Broadcasting Standards Authority. He had proved an early proponent of the "rogue spies" school of thought in January 1993, when he used his Times column to accuse elements within the British security services of being responsible for both the recording and its leak. "All those tapes were made within a month," he wrote. "The most likely explanation is that MI5 did it to protect the Royal Family at a time of danger from the IRA. I don't think there was any sense of wrong-doing, but once they were made there was the danger of a leak."

A few days before Clarke's remarks, the Daily Mirror had run with "Camillagate", an eight-minute tape of Prince Charles engaging in explicit conversation with his mistress, Camilla Parker Bowles. Richard Stott, editor of the Mirror, claimed that the tape had been recorded by "a very ordinary member of the public", although the paper was not allowed to keep or to make a copy of the tape. But The Sunday Times reported that an anonymous freelance journalist from Manchester was known to be attempting to sell a complete copy of the original tape, asking price £50,000. The re-ignition of the controversy over "Squidgygate" had been instantaneous: the date of the "Camillagate" recording was known to be 18 December 1989, just weeks before the "Squidgygate" tape had been recorded.

Political fallout
Before any investigation into "Squidgygate" or "Camillagate" had begun, Home Secretary Kenneth Clarke told the House of Commons: "There is nothing to investigate. [...] I am absolutely certain that the allegation that this is anything to do with the security services or GCHQ [...] is being put out by newspapers, who I think feel rather guilty that they are using plainly tapped telephone calls."

The Labour Party, then in Opposition, accused Kenneth Clarke of irresponsibility, issuing a statement: "He has to show that he is taking these allegations seriously, otherwise he will be perceived as being unable to control an organisation for which he is responsible."

Official position
John Major's government eventually published two reports, both of which cleared MI5 and MI6 of involvement in the "Royalgates" tapes. One of these was the annual report of the Interceptions Commissioner, Lord Bingham of Cornhill, who oversaw the intelligence-gathering practices of the security services. Excerpt follows: "[Lord Bingham] was impressed by the scrupulous adherence to the statutory provisions [against misconduct] of those involved in the [intelligence-gathering] procedures." In a clear reference to the "Squidgygate" affair, he commented on "the stories which occasionally circulated in the press with regard to the interceptions by MI5, MI6 and GCHQ," stating that such stories were, in his experience, "without exception false, and gave an entirely misleading impression to the public both of the extent of official interception and of the targets against which interception is directed."

Conservative MP Richard Shepherd called the official reports: "two old buffers saying that in their opinion the security services act with integrity." The National Heritage Secretary Peter Brook gave MPs "a categorical assurance that the heads of the agencies concerned have said there is no truth in the rumours."

The Queen was so disturbed by the "Squidgygate" episode that she requested that MI5 conduct an investigation to discover the culprit or culprits. Since the motive could not have been financial, said the investigators—the only winners were the radio hams and the press—it must have been political.

In 2002, Diana's former Personal Protection Officer, Inspector Ken Wharfe, stated that the investigation had "identified all those involved, but for legal reasons I cannot expand further, and nor is it necessary to do so." Wharfe added that: "It does [...] lend credence to the Princess's belief, so often dismissed by her detractors, that the Establishment was out to destroy her."

title: Squidgygate


text:
Talk:Contingent valuation

Failed FAC
Self nomination. I'm kinda new to Wiki so I'm not sure if it's suitable or if it is a too specific topic. It's fairly comprehensive, based on a research essay I did on the subject. (User:Psychobabble)
 * Don't forget to sign your nominations ;-) -- Chris 73 Talk 07:13, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Object. Not bad, but I think this needs work to get featured. 1) I find the article a bit difficult to understand if you don't already have an idea what it is about. A little more context is needed. 2) I would like to see an example of contingent valuation. How is it done? This is hardly discussed and can be made up only partially from other sections. 3) The article is a US-centric. All of the examples, history etc. refer to the US - save one mention of Australia. Is this technique also used outside of the US? If not, it should be explained this is a US-thing only (and why), if so, this should be discussed. 4) There are no images. I agree that direct pictures may be impossible, but some of the linked articles (Exxon Valdez, NOAA) have images that could be used. 5) The article is quite short as it is. All sections could use some expansion. There's a lot more to tell about the history ("Use of the technuique has spread from there.") and controversies, I think. 6) Finally, there are some small issues that are not conform the Manual of Style, but those are really minor things. Jeronimo 08:22, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * object. i'm pleased to see this article written, and it's a good start.  however, it has a long way to go before featured status.  i'd be willing to help out sometime in the next couple months, as i teach a course in non-market valuation.  but, it's just not there yet.  john whitehead's 'primer for practioners' would be worth looking at to guide a lengthier presentation at wikipedia level. Wolfman 04:39, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This is another reader. The article talks all around its subject, but it doesn't seem to define what contingent valuation IS -- i.e., how such a study would be conducted. What is the theory behind it, and the practice?

Math+CVM
Hello,

I was wondering if there are journals/textbooks available which can help my understanding of math involved in CVM, particularly of Choice Modelling/Paired Comparison Surveys.

Any help in this matter will be appreciated. Thanks

An explanation of the contingent valuation method is missing.... I think this is central. There should be an theoretical explanation and some examples at the beginning!

Maby I can come up with it later, but my english is not perfekt at all...

Meaning of the term "contingent..."?
At least for a non-English speaker, the term "contingent valuation" is obscure and far from self-evident, because the word "contingent" has several entirely different meanings. The word can be used as an adjective or as a noun. Thus, please clarify which particular meaning of the word "contingent" is referred to in the term "contingent valuation". Thank you! --Typofier 17:43, 10 November 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Typofier (talk • contribs)

Dr. Czajkowski's comment on this article
Dr. Czajkowski has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"http://wikipediastudy-env-zqgr3rc39r.elasticbeanstalk.com/JoinWikipedians?userpage=5347#

The article does not summarize the state-of-the-art of contingent valuation well, in my opinion. For a recent overview see: Carson, R. T., and Czajkowski, M., 2014. The Discrete Choice Experiment Approach to Environmental Contingent Valuation. In: Handbook of choice modelling, S. Hess and A. Daly, eds., Edward Elgar, Northampton, MA.

Or a series of articles in the Journal of Economic Perspectives: https://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/jep.26.4"

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

Dr. Czajkowski has published scholarly research which seems to be relevant to this Wikipedia article:

 * Reference 1: Mikoaj Czajkowski & Marek Giergiczny & Jakub Kronenberg & Jeffrey Englin, 2015. "The Individual Travel Cost Method with Consumer-Specific Values of Travel Time Savings," Working Papers 2015-12, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw.

 * Reference 2: Czajkowski, Mikoaj & Hanley, Nick & LaRiviere, Jacob, 2013. "The effects of experience on preference uncertainty: theory and empirics for environmental goods," 2013 Conference (57th), February 5-8, 2013, Sydney, Australia 152155, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society.

ExpertIdeas (talk) 04:38, 28 July 2015 (UTC)

Dr. Drichoutis's comment on this article
Dr. Drichoutis has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"The wikipedia article needs to be expanded in two directions. First a discussion about hypothetical bias and the recent academic debate in the Journal of Economic Perspectives (Kling et al., 2012; Carson, 2012; Hausman, 2012; but also Haab et al., 2013).

Second, there could be a section about elicitation format used for eliciting valuations. The article contains a brief reference to the referendum format (which theoretically is the only incentive compatible format) but there are various other formats being used in the literature. Drichoutis et al. (2016) discuss the theoretical appeal of the referendum format and how all formats can be seen as generalizations of the referendum format.

The discussion on hypothetical bias and the referendum format could be tied with some discussion on the consequentiality literature which has been expanding fast (Czajkowski et al. 2015; Drichoutis et al., 2015; Rheinberger and Schläpfer, 2015; Vossler et al., 2012; Vossler and Watson, 2013).

References Czajkowski, M., Vossler, C.A., Budzinski, W., Wisniewska, A., Zawojska, E., 2015. Addressing Empirical Challenges Related to the Incentive Compatibility of Stated Preference Methods. University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences Working Paper No. 31/2015 (179). Drichoutis, Andreas C.; Jayson L. Lusk and Valentina Pappa. 2016. "Elicitation Formats and the Wta/Wtp Gap: A Study of Climate Neutral Foods." Food Policy, 61, 141-55. Drichoutis, Andreas C.; Achilleas Vassilopoulos; Jayson Lusk and Rodolfo M. Nayga. 2015. "Fair Farming: Preferences for Fair Labor Certification Using Four Elicitation Methods." Munich Personal RePEc Archive Paper 62546. Kling, Catherine L.; Daniel J. Phaneuf and Jinhua Zhao. 2012. "From Exxon to Bp: Has Some Number Become Better Than No Number?" Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(4), 3-26. Carson, Richard T. 2012. "Contingent Valuation: A Practical Alternative When Prices Aren't Available." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(4), 27-42. Haab, Timothy C.; Matthew G. Interis; Daniel R. Petrolia and John C. Whitehead. 2013. "From Hopeless to Curious? Thoughts on Hausman's “Dubious to Hopeless” Critique of Contingent Valuation." Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 35(4), 593-612. Hausman, Jerry. 2012. "Contingent Valuation: From Dubious to Hopeless." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(4), 43-56. Rheinberger, C., Schläpfer, F., 2015. Its the cost credibility, stupid! a comment on ‘‘consequentiality: A theoretical and experimental exploration of a single binary choice”. Toulouse School of Economics Working Paper n. 15-573. Vossler, Christian A.; Maurice Doyon and Daniel Rondeau. 2012. "Truth in Consequentiality: Theory and Field Evidence on Discrete Choice Experiments." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 4(4), 145-71. Vossler, Christian A. and Sharon B. Watson. 2013. "Understanding the Consequences of Consequentiality: Testing the Validity of Stated Preferences in the Field." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 86, 137– 47."

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

Dr. Drichoutis has published scholarly research which seems to be relevant to this Wikipedia article:

 * Reference : Andreas C. Drichoutis & Jayson L. Lusk & Valentina Pappa, 2014. "Elicitation formats and the WTA/WTP gap: A study of climate neutral foods," Working Papers 2014-2, Agricultural University of Athens, Department Of Agricultural Economics.

ExpertIdeasBot (talk) 11:07, 28 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Contingent valuation. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071010090936/http://www.greenfieldadvisors.com/publications/contingentvaluation.pdf to http://www.greenfieldadvisors.com/publications/contingentvaluation.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070413143420/http://www.greenfieldadvisors.com/publications/sumevid.pdf to http://www.greenfieldadvisors.com/publications/sumevid.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033651/http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg17n1-niewijk.html to http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg17n1-niewijk.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:20, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Contingent valuation. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110425014056/http://www.washington.edu/research/showcase/1993b.html to http://www.washington.edu/research/showcase/1993b.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:11, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Contingent valuation


text:
Fillmore East – June 1971

Fillmore East – June 1971 is a live album by The Mothers, released in 1971. It is the twelfth album in Frank Zappa's discography, and was produced by Zappa and mixed by Toby Foster.

History
Fillmore East – June 1971 is a live concept-like album. It portrays a peek-behind-the-curtain of the life of a rock band on the road as narrated by Frank Zappa, and contains many thematic elements that, because of time and budget constraints, couldn't be included in the similar movie 200 Motels. The most famous part of the album is "The Mud Shark", a telling of a story told to Mother Don Preston by some members of Vanilla Fudge about a hotel, Seattle's Edgewater Inn, where guests could fish from their rooms. In the tale, a mud shark is caught by one of the members of Vanilla Fudge or its crew and, when combined with a groupie and a movie camera, depravity ensues. Although not stated in "The Mud Shark," this 1969 incident, now referred to as "the Shark episode," also involved Led Zeppelin's drummer John Bonham and road manager Richard Cole, with Vanilla Fudge's singer/keyboardist Mark Stein operating the movie camera.

The band then portray stereotypically egotistical members of a rock band "negotiating" for sex with a groupie and her girlfriends. The girls are insulted that the band thinks they are groupies and that they would sleep with the band just because they are musicians. They have standards; they will only have sex with a guy in a group with a "big, hit single in the charts – with a bullet!" and a "dick that’s a monster." In "Bwana Dik", singer Howard Kaylan assures the girls that he is endowed beyond their "wildest Clearasil-spattered fantasies." And, not to be put off by the standards of these groupies, the band sings the Turtles' hit "Happy Together" - Kaylan, Mark Volman, and Jim Pons having been members of the Turtles - to the girls to give them their "bullet". The album ends with an encore excerpt including both Zappa's familiar "Peaches en Regalia" and a pastiche of early-rock and roll, "Tears Began to Fall" (also issued as a single).

When this album was first reissued on compact disc by Rykodisc, "Willie the Pimp, Pt. 2" was omitted from the track line-up. It was released on CD on the 2012 reissue of the album. Also, in the CD edition, the last minute of "Latex Solar Beef" was placed at the beginning of "Willie the Pimp Part One", making it longer. It is unclear if this was intentional or not.

John & Yoko and the Mothers
As an encore on one of the two nights of this Fillmore East appearance John Lennon and Yoko Ono emerged from the wings to play a half hour set with the band. This part of the show was released under Lennon's name on a disc called Live Jam, which was included as a bonus disc with Lennon's album Some Time in New York City. It can also be heard on Zappa's 1992 release Playground Psychotics. It also appears in its complete unedited version, along with the "original" version of "Billy the Mountain", on the expanded triple-LP reissue of Fillmore East and the anniversary set The Mothers 1971, released simultaneously on March 18, 2022.

Lennon used a copy of the cover of the Zappa album (adding his own red-inked credits to the album's black-ink handwritten ones) to provide liner notes for Live Jam.

Track listing
On early CD editions, "Willie the Pimp Part Two" was removed. The track was restored on the 2012 CD reissue.

Bonus tracks (2022)
The following tracks appear on this album's anniversary expanded edition, released on March 18, 2022.

Personnel

 * Frank Zappa – guitar, dialogue, vocals
 * Ian Underwood – woodwinds, keyboards, vocals
 * Aynsley Dunbar – drums
 * Howard Kaylan – lead vocals, dialogue
 * Mark Volman – lead vocals, dialogue
 * Jim Pons – bass, vocals, dialogue
 * Bob Harris – keyboards, vocals

 * Guest
 * Don Preston – Mini-Moog

Production

 * Producer: Frank Zappa
 * Engineer: Barry Keene
 * Mixing: Toby Foster
 * Mastering: Toby Foster
 * Digital remastering: Bob Stone
 * Cover design: Cal Schenkel
 * Artwork: Cal Schenkel
 * Repackaging: Ferenc Dobronyi

title: Fillmore East – June 1971


text:
Talk:Chen Duxiu

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 September 2020 and 22 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ldc30507. Peer reviewers: Mjwng, Yanjun-Liu3, Sf999129.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:18, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
''Please, students, click here to add a message. Thank you. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 19:40, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)''

This article has some sentence fragments and other grammatical errors that need to be cleaned up.

Ava
dear all, i have added the part of 'writing style' again. hope that we can cooporate to improve our article.thank you!

Ava(0101CHENGsw)

dear all, is there anyone who delete the part of 'writing style'? i really find this part important so i write it.i suspect that it was deleted by some bad guys who are not our group members. i am so worry about our article.

Ava(0101CHENGsw)

dear all, i so feel that someone is doing bad things on our article.

Ava(0101CHENGsw) Dear all,

 * I found out that there are some people doing some bad things on our wiki. Our website is keep on doubling and even tripple itself..I have sent an email to tutor in case there are some strange changes made here which is not our course students.

dear all,
 * i find that adding 'chen's writing is very important so i add this part.i forget to login first . hope u won't mind i add this in the finally stage.

Ava (0101CHENGsw)

Dear Tom,
 * Pls, there is no rule saying that external links must be ENGLISH!!!!
 * Candy

Formatting
Guys, I think you're unfamiliar with formatting this page correctly. See How to edit a page for information. Also, you can sign your name with: ~. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 00:51, Oct 15, 2004

Lead paragraph missing
Hey guys, I noticed that some of you have changed the opening of your Wikipedia entry from standard paragraph to bullet points. Bullet points can summarize things and are very efficient and it does have its place, but definitely not in the lead paragraph. (JMSC0101 TA - Li) Lfcho 16:29, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Chen Duxiu
Chen Duxiu (陈独秀,1879 - 1942, pinyin: Chén Dúxiù, Wade-Giles: Ch'en Tu-hsiu;,Original name:Qing Tong, Style:Zhong Fu, Ancestral home:Huaining, An Hui Provoince )

--a great Chinese educator

--an influnential literatus

--an influential person in the repunblican revolution of 1911

-- the main founder of famous "The New Youth"

--the main founder of the Communist Party of China

Chronological Life
1819.10 - 1901.10 Early life and education 1910.10 - 1915.9 Planning 1911 Revolution  1915.9 - 1920.4 Being one of the influential person in the May Forth Movement 1920.4 - 1924.1 Established the Communist Party of China 1924.1 - 1927.7 Working in revolution and reformation of China 1927.7 - 1932.10 Changed from supporting Liquidationism to Trotshyism 1932.10 - 1937.8 Life in jail 1937.8 - 1942.5 Remaining Year of his life

Dear all,

 * I would like to ask, Why someone call Tom keeps on deleting the external links? Pls...before deleting the whol section, tell us ur reasons and make comprimise!!!
 * Candy

Dear all,

 * can anyone tell me how to reduce the size of the pics?? can any one find his literary work???              Candy

Dear all,

 * Candy again, I have edited the bibilography and accidentally remove the pic below! Sorry for that, would our groupmates who post the bottom pic pls posted it again?

 * Also, it is hightime for us to add more internal link and external link!!!!

 * 3 days more...and also we should read others wiki..they have things that we can learn from..like their tidiness and clear paragraphs!

 * Candy

guys i really don't understand why some copies suddenly disappear at the moment....:(((but luckily i have saved the former one, i will add it step by step again,i am so sorry to bring trouble to you guys

Sunnie

''Guys, please add new messages to the bottom of the page. Use ==Subject== to create a new subject for the message. Also see my message below. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 00:55, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)''

Dear all,

 * REMINDER: all of u REMEMBER to add the Bibilography as REferences!!! you can read others wiki...they all include that as avoid plargirism!!!!! I am sure marks will be deducted if we dun add this!

 * THX!

Candy

Dear all,

 * I think that political movments is one of our element we have to talk abt, However, as the title is journalists are great authors, it should focus on the topic...and read the instruction of the wiki....it focus is mainly journalism....
 * Candy

dear all,

 * i am Sunnie, i wonder if you don't mind i cross out the sentence "Since he was depressed by the Chinese Governmnet" of the first paragraph, cos i think it wasn't a direct reason for him to set up "the new youth",and it seems that the sentence itself trying to direct readers into a misunderstading zone.and also, i think the brief introduction needs more description rather than explaination.at the same time i would like to remove the sentences about "the new youth " and sth. "literiture" to other content-related paragraph, so do u all agree with me?

 * regards,
 * Sunnie

Dear all,

I do think we should emphasize the political aspect, coz he is a politician more than a journalist or whoever. And do u guys think the education part should come up first? coz I think this is not as important as the other part and i think it would be better to put it in the lower part of the page.

 * Add oil:)
 * Ivy

Dear all,
 * DO u think we should write more about his political matters? Those revolution events and movements.

Carole Dear gpmates,
 * First of all, I said that there is a flame boxing 'the influences of publication', that is just like the discussion part of we are now seeing. That is different from the other part of the essay. So i hope someone can handle it.
 * Secondly, I agree to Candy that our essay has some problems. And I'm trying my best to correct the pinyin matter. But I think the more important part is the messy content. There are many things but all are puting togerther. All of us must try our best to rearrange the essay and maybe add more headings to make the paragraph clear.
 * Thirdly, I do think an author is related to the media. But it seems doesn't equal to a journalist! Can we think of the linkage between them?
 * Add oil of us!! We can do it.

Carole

 * Carole...I have tried my best to change it...but it doesn't work!:(

 * btw, one more suggestion...it is recommanded not to add subjective words there like he is a "good" writer, a "hardworking" person things like that...coz such emotion carrying wordings is not neutral in reporting....we need to seek for a neutral style of reporting....try to access to the website that professor Chan mentioned today...it may give insight to us~

Feel free to challenge me for any disagreements~

 * Regards
 * andy

Dear all gpmates,

 * Carole: I dun understand what u meant by the box flame thing? can u tell me more see if I can offer help...

 * By the way, our wiki gets a number of problems:

1) not coherent eng 2) interlink insufficient 3) messy content

 * It would be nice if we start the division of labor rite now. I suggest some of u, especially studying translation, see if there are any problems on the pinyin stuff? One should starts on the interlink...I think we get enough sources, but not coherent enough~

As I study eng...I find I can offer help on the english inconsistency...

At the beginning part, as tutor told us...we are not conform to the title " journalists are great authors...we should link this 2 things altogether..." do all of u agree? Pls flow ideas here...no matter u agree or disagree...the meaning of wiki is compromise...I am sure we can do this..add oil~

Candy

Dear groupmates,

Can anyone help me to edit the 'influences of publications' as the content was flamed by a box. And I don't know why would it be like that and I just can't handle it. Thanks!! Carole

Dear gpmates,

Hi, everyone, I am happy to work with you guys in the cyber world. I would like to know if anyone of you have some familiar understanding on Chen Duxiu. I have just come across his name in hist book in my secondary sch life. Here, to begin with, I would like to know if anyone of you have any suggestions to find his sources apart from books. As we get 3 weeks only for the wiki, it is better we get the information in a more accurate direction. Indeed, we can only seek for the relevant information by sorting out process, but I hope this discuss areana can really allow us to deliver ideas and opinions so that co-operation can lead to better work.

Anyway, wish us all success!

Dear gpmate,

I am Candy, happy to see some of us has posted the stuff on board.But I found a slight information in the lib today. He is actually the main editor in <<新青年 >>. So, should it be better if we narrow down the reserch on this particular area? Coz it is more relveant to our topic. Indeed...we have to put some background information as well as huang did.

Pls flow ideas here...

Candy

Yup, i agree with u, Candy! let's focus more on chan's journalistic work!

I am Candy!!! I am so sorry that my pc got problem and I realise I haven't log in before I post the stuff for the wiki. I have added the crisis on new youth and the aim of new youth as well. So, the unknown user is me, candy!..u can ask me the stuff abt this 2

Dear gpmate, This is the first time i log on, i hv encountered some problem be4 too. And I am currently doing some reading abt Chen Duxiu......I will edit my finding as soon as possible..

Ivy

Use of the talk page
Please click the "plus" sign next to the "edit this page" button if you wish to add something to the talk page. Right now you are cluttering the page.

Also, add four of these: ~ to the end of each of your posts to put your signature in.

I removed your link because it is not in English, thus does not belong on the English side of the page. I've done all the edits recently as a request by another user on the cleanup page.

If you read the history, you would see why I did everything I did. "Back to the top" links are not used in wikipedia articles, so there's no need to add them as they clutter things up. [[User talk:Tomf688|Tom]] 01:51, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Again, use the plus sign to add comments to the discussion page.

It is great to see you all working on this article. It isn't looking bad, but please stick around for several months so you can see it to a truly respectable end. Tom Haws. Tom - Talk 21:58, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Removed from text
Chen used different methods, such as concentrating (集中傳播), combining (組合傳播) and serial (連續傳播) publication in writing the articles to promote ideas.

 * I'm sorry, I can't understand this, can some one say it differently? Its from the section currently titled "Writing style". Thanks, Sam [Spade] 22:37, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Dismissed from leadership of party
There needs to be more on this. See:, , , etc... Sam [Spade] 01:26, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

RfC
I came here from RfC. Does this article still have an active dispute? Maurreen 06:26, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Not that I know of, I never knew it had one... Sam [Spade] 11:55, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Not since a month ago. --[[User:tomf688|tomf688]] 11:56, Nov 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I'll remove the listing. Thanks. Maurreen 17:02, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

"anti-new wave ideology"
I have removed the link to "New Wave" from the Crisis with Hu Shih section as New Wave is a disambiguation page, and it appears the "new wave" referred to in this article is not currently defined on an article or on that dab page. If this was a movement worthy of an article itself, you are invited to create/locate it and add it to the disambiguation page. OliverL 08:39, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Unconventional Beliefs
From the article:
 * Chen was an exceptional student, but this lack of formal education resulted in a lifelong tendency to advocate unconventional beliefs and criticize traditional ideas.

Wait- are we saying that having unconventional beliefs is the natural result of being uneducated?! - Eric (talk) 22:19, 18 November 2007 (UTC)
 * He did not lack a formal education in any sense. This sentence has since been edited to reflect what (I believe, based on my understanding of his biography) the original author must have meant.Ferox Seneca (talk) 03:11, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

Better Translation
To be independent instead of servile To be progressive instead of conservative To be aggressive instead of retrogressive To be cosmopolitan instead of isolationist To be utilitarian instead of impractical To be scientific instead of visionary

This is not really a precise translation.

It is more precise to translate it as thus:

To be autonomous instead of slavish To be progressive instead of conservative To be proactive instead of hermitical To be global instead of isolationist To be pragmatic instead of facetious To be scientific instead of imaginative —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.11.97.152 (talk) 23:13, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

someone is messing around
The photo named "Chen Duxiu" and placed here actually portrayed Zhang Shizhao (check the Chinese Wiki). I did the correction, but not on the Wikimedia. Be careful--Shanghainese (talk) 18:07, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

A wrong name of the man in the photograph
The man in the left side of the photograph is Hu Xiansu,not Chen Duxiu. please visit the site. All my loving (talk) 10:39, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

General Secretary, then Chairman, then General Secretary again?
That's what the box at the bottom of the article says, but without a source. If it's correct then other entries are wrong, but it seems unlikely a single man should have changed his title and then changed it back again.

I'm not sure how to add a 'citation needed' to the box without disrupting it. --GwydionM (talk) 18:46, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Honestly, I cannot find the section that you are referring to. My understanding of this biography is that it states that he supposedly served as both Chairman and General Secretary during approximately the same period, 1920-1927.  I have read several of his biographies from different sources, and they all state that he was General Secretary, but I have not found any reference that he ever served as Chairman. Since I have not found a complete list of Chairmen for the CCP, I cannot prove that he did not serve in that role, and am giving it the benefit of the doubt, for now.  The current entry in his introduction stating that he served as CPP Chairman is labelled with a "" tag.  Please feel free to copy-and-paste the code for this tag onto the article if there is anything that you doubt which is not itself sourced.  At present, I am in favour of leaving the reference in the article until I can find a list of the Chairmen of the CPP, or until someone who knows better than me shows up.  If that person is you, go nuts.

 * This article was originally written in a very non-academic, "hearsay"-type style, and is in the middle of being more comprehensively edited. I've done about as much as I am willing to do to research and organize the first half of  to the section, but the second half is still a mess. I'm getting around to organizing it better. If you have access to a complete list of the Chairmen of the CPP, and/or if you can add anything to this article, please feel free to add or subtract data according to what you have found.Ferox Seneca (talk) 03:11, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I actually did a quick Google search on the issue. Websters Online Dictionary states: "in 1943 the position of Chairman of the Communist Party of China was created", and it lists the first Chairman as Mao Zedong.  (This is confirmed by Wikipedia's own article listing China's Chairmen). According to this, the statements in this article stating that Chen was the first Chairman must be wrong.  Because the statements in this biography stating that Chen was Chairman are unsourced, I'm altering the article to reflect this information.Ferox Seneca (talk) 04:13, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Shoot. Our own article on the Chairman of the Communist Party of China states that: "between 1922 and 1925, Chen Duxiu (still Party Secretary) served as Chairman of the Central Executive Committee (simplified Chinese: 中央执行委员会委员长; traditional Chinese: 中央執行委員會委員長), but the name was changed in General Secretary of the Central Executive Committee in 1925. The post was first introduced in March 1943, when the Politburo decided to discharge Zhang Wentian as General Secretary and named Mao Zedong as Chairman of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee (simplified Chinese: 中国共产党中央政治局主席; traditional Chinese: 中國共產黨中央政治局主席)."  So... it's complicated.Ferox Seneca (talk) 04:42, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

Succession as Chairman
Mao was not Chairman till much later. 1931 for the Chinese Soviets and the 1940s as Chairman of the Party. So there was certainly no succession and I changed this to 'none'.--GwydionM (talk) 09:58, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

Possible relative's perspective
(These thoughts aren't mine: they were added to the article but later [correctly] removed as unsourced and POV. I am only adding it here because it may be interesting to future editors, and because it may be genuine.  This post has been given some minor edits for prose, grammar, and punctuation before re-posting.)

"Chen's wife and children migrated to America some time after his death. They lived in obscurity due to the CCP's negative portrayal of Chen Duxiu, and its efforts to undermine his accomplishments after the Comintern expelled him from the party for the 1927 collaboration collapse incident. His children went their separate ways upon arriving to the 'States. Chen's current known descendant is named Chan Da Wei (David Chan), born on Sept. 13, 1985 and currently residing in New York City with a degree in Computer Science.

It is firmly believed by the family that the CCP required a scapegoat at the time of the 1927 incident and with his declining popularity among the public and CCP members alike, and it was relatively easy to blame the Party's difficulties on Chen. Slandering Chen became a tactic of high-profile CCP members to further their own political agendas in front of the public. Chen was continuously slandered after the founding of PRC in 1949, when Chen was made an example "to warn Communist Party members not to deviate from party orthodoxy" and compared to Mao's enemy, Peng Zhen.

Although Mao Zedong may have done many great feats, causing millions of deaths is another thing: the ends do not justify the means. Chen and Mao both may have strongly believed initially in what they were doing. They both believed that they were doing it for the good of the people, but by no means would Chen have sacrificed others like Mao did, just to achieve something of it, and yet Chen Duxiu's name was only invoked time and again to be used as a steppingstone for improving Mao Zedong's image and political stance by his followers after so many people have died for it.

Chen's descendants cannot help but wonder about the irony here: why was Mao able to speak as if he had the "Mandate of Heaven", while Chen was persecuted so easily and was forced to leave his homeland in the end? The family, however, is grateful towards the "subsequent generations of Chinese who have since re-assessed Chen's contributions to Chinese Communism as being somewhat more positive," rather than how he was portrayed by the CCP. The recognition of Chen's achievements brings back what was stripped and stolen away by others, a sense of honor and justice where it is due.

To be honest, the CCP is just as corrupt as any other government in those days. They may have striven to do good in the beginning, but at some point they became corrupted from within. They were so caught up with their personal ideologies that they eventually got consumed by it and forgot all about the people that those ideals were made for in the first place. I do not know what the current CCP is like, but that is just my personal opinion. I am Chan Da Wei, grandchild of Chen Duxiu, and these are my thoughts.

- David Chan

Ferox Seneca (talk) 23:38, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Chen Duxiu. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100308164631/http://www.history.com/topics/chen-duxiu to http://www.history.com/topics/chen-duxiu
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041012155059/http://www.bartleby.com:80/65/co/Cominter.html to http://www.bartleby.com/65/co/Cominter.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080405041848/http://www.chenduxiu.net:80/ to http://www.chenduxiu.net

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:40, 21 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chen Duxiu


text: User talk:203.195.202.9

title: User talk:203.195.202.9


text: User talk:203.196.131.130

title: User talk:203.196.131.130


text:
List of classical Japanese texts

This is a list of texts written in classical Japanese, grouped by genres and in chronological order.

Buddhism

 * Sangyō Gisho
 * Shōmangyō Gisho (611)
 * Yuimagyō Gisho (613)
 * Hokke Gisho (615)
 * Gangōji Garan Engi (747)
 * Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki (late Nara period)
 * Sangō Shiiki (794)
 * Ōjōyōshū (985)
 * heike nōkyō (1164)
 * Senchaku Hongan Nenbutsushū (1189)
 * Shōbōgenzō (mid 13th century)
 * Kyogyoshinsho (Kamakura period)
 * Tannisho (late Kamakura period)
 * Denkoroku (late Kamakura period)

Confucianism and philosophy

 * Go Rin no Sho 1645
 * Fudōchi Shinmyōroku (unknown)
 * Rongo Shitsuchu (1600)
 * Okina Mondō (1641)
 * Daigaku Kuwakumon (1655–1658)
 * Seikyo Yoroku (1665)
 * Shugi Washo (1673)
 * Gomo Jiki (1683)
 * Banmin Tokuyo (early 16th century)
 * Santokushō (early 16th century)
 * Dojimon (1704)
 * Shugi Gaisho (1709)
 * Rongo Kogi (1712)
 * Yojokun (1713)
 * Seiyō Kibun (1715)
 * Bendo (1717)
 * Benmei (1717)
 * Oritaku Shiba no Ki (started in 1716), finished before the writer's death in 1725)
 * Seidan (written between 1716 and 1736)
 * Tohi Mondo (1739)
 * Shutsujo Kougo (1744)
 * Shizen Shineido (partially published between 1751 and 1764)
 * Kokuiko (1765)
 * Naobinomitama (1771)
 * Gengo (1775)
 * Sobo Kigen (1788)
 * Uiyamabumi (1799)
 * Shutsujo Shogo (1811)
 * Rangaku Kotohajime (1814)
 * Kyukeidan (1815)
 * Yume no Shiro (1820)
 * Kodo Taii (1824)
 * Tsugi (completed in 1832, published in 1847)
 * Senshin Dosakki (1833)
 * Kyuo Dowa (1835)
 * Jurinhyo (1836)
 * Genshi Shiroku
 * Genshiroku (1824)
 * Genshi Koroku (1838)
 * Genshi Banroku (1850)
 * Genshi Tetsuroku (1852)
 * Komo Yowa (1855)
 * Ugen (1855)
 * Bimiyu Genko (mid 19th century)
 * Ninomiyaou Yowa (late 19th century)

Diary

 * Nittō Guhō Junreikōki (836-847)
 * Kanpyō Gyoki (887-897), written by Emperor Uda
 * Teishin Kōki (908-948), written by Fujiwara no Tadahira
 * Tosa Nikki (c. 935), written by Ki no Tsurayuki
 * Kagerō Nikki (c. 974)
 * Midō Kampakuki (998-1021), written by Fujiwara no Michinaga
 * Gonki (991-1017), written by Fujiwara no Yukinari
 * Shōyūki (982-1032), written by Fujiwara no Sanesuke
 * Izumi Shikibu Nikki (1008), written by Izumi Shikibu
 * Murasaki Shikibu Nikki (The Murasaki Shikibu Diary) (1008–10)
 * Sarashina Nikki (1020–59)
 * Shunki (1038–54), written by Fujiwara no Sukefusa
 * Tokinoriki (1075–1108), written by Taira no Tokinori
 * Gonijō Moromichi-ki (1083–99), written by Fujiwara no Moromichi
 * Chūyūki (1087–1132), written by Fujiwara no Munetada
 * Heihanki (1132–71), written by Taira no Nobunori
 * Taiki (1136–55), written by Fujiwara no Yorinaga
 * Gyokuyō (1164–1200), written by Fujiwara no Kanezane
 * Meigetsuki (1180–1235), written by Fujiwara no Teika
 * Heikoki (1196–1246), written by Taira no Tsunetaka
 * Sanuki no Suke Nikki, written by Fujiwara no Nagako
 * Towazugatari (1271–1306), written by Go-Fukakusa In no Nijō
 * Izayoi Nikki (c. 1283), written by Abutsu-ni
 * Nakatsukasa no Naishi Nikki (1280–92), written by Fujiwara no Tsuneko
 * Entairyaku (1311–60), written by Tōin Kinkata
 * Hanazono Tennō Shinki (1310–32), written by Emperor Hanazono
 * Kanmon Nikki (1416–48), written by Prince Sadafusa
 * Sakkaiki (1418–48), written by Nakayama Sadachika
 * Chikamoto Nikki (1465–86), written by Ninagawa Chikamoto
 * Tokikuni Kyōki (1474–1502), written by Yamashina Tokikuni
 * Sanetaka Kōki (1474–1536), written by Sanjōnishi Sanetaka
 * Nobutane Kyōki (1480–1522), written by Nakamikado Nobutane
 * Tokitsugu Kyōki (1527–76), written by Yamashina Tokitsugu
 * Uwai Kakuken Nikki (1574–86), written by Uwai Satokane
 * Tokitsune Kyōki (1576–1608), written by Yamashina Tokitsune
 * Tamonnin Nikki (1478–1618), written by Eishun and others
 * Honkō Kokushi Nikki (1610–33), written by Ishin Sūden

Dictionary, Encyclopedia

 * Tenrei Banshō Meigi (830-835)
 * Shinsen Jikyō (898-901)
 * Wamyō Ruijushō (934)
 * Ruiju Myōgishō (1081–1100)
 * Iroha Jiruishō (1144–65)
 * Jikyōshū (c. 1245)
 * Kagakushū (1444)
 * Setsuyōshū (1469–87)
 * Onkochishinsho (1484)
 * Wagokuhen (c. 1489)
 * Nippo Jisho (1603)
 * Wakan Sansai Zue (1713)

Fable and novel

 * Suigakuki (late Nara period)
 * Nihon Ryōiki (810-824)
 * Yamato Monogatari (956)
 * Sanpō Ekotoba (984)
 * Nihon Ōjō Gokurakuki (985-986)
 * Taketori Monogatari (early 10th century)
 * Utsubo Monogatari (c. 989)
 * Genji Monogatari (c. 1008)
 * Honchō Hokke Genki (1040)
 * Ise Monogatari (early Heian period)
 * Hamamatsu Chūnagon Monogatari (late Heian period, late 11th century)
 * Kohon Setsuwashū (late Heian period)
 * Sagoromo Monogatari (late Heian period)
 * Torikaebaya Monogatari (late Heian period)
 * Yoru no Nezame (late Heian period)
 * Heichū Monogatari (Heian period)
 * Honchō Shinsenden (Heian Period)
 * Ochikubo Monogatari (Heian period)
 * Gōdanshō (1104–1108)
 * Uchigikishū (1134?)
 * Matsuuramiya Monogatari (1193?)
 * Konjaku Monogatarishū (early 12th century)
 * Tsutsumi Chūnagon Monogatari (late 12th century)
 * Hobutsushu (early Kamakura period)
 * Hosshinshū (early Kamakura period)
 * Sumiyoshi Monogatari (early Kamakura period)
 * Takamura Monogatari (late Heian to early Kamakura period)
 * Uji Shūi Monogatari (early Kamakura period, early 13th century)
 * Ima Monogatari (mid Kamakura period, after 1239)
 * Towazugatari (late Kamakura period)
 * Iwashimizu Monogatari (Kamakura period)
 * Koke no Koromo (Kamakura period)
 * Senjoshū (Kamakura period)
 * Jikkunshō (1252)
 * Kokin Chomonjo (1254)
 * Shasekishū (1283)
 * Otogizōshi (collected from Muromachi to Edo period)
 * Kazashi no Himegimi (Muromachi period)
 * Seisuishō (1628)
 * Isoho Monogatari (Azuchi Momoyama period)
 * Ugetsu Monogatari (1776)
 * Ukiyoburo (1809–1813)
 * Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige (1802–1814)

Go and shogi

 * Igoshiki (1199)
 * Shōgi Zushiki (1636), written by Ōhashi Sōko
 * Sho Shōgi Zushiki (1694)
 * Shōgi Rokushu no Zushiki (unknown)
 * Igo Hatsuyōron (1713)
 * Shogi Kenshoku (1804)

History

 * Jūshichi-jō Kenpō (604)
 * Kokki (620)
 * Tennōki (620)
 * Ōmiryō (668)
 * Teiki (681)
 * Asuka Kiyomihara Ritsuryō (681-689)
 * Iki no Hakatoko no Sho (late 7th century)
 * Taihō Ritsuryō (701)
 * Jōgū Shōtoku Hōō Teisetsu (c. 710)
 * Kyūji (< 712)
 * Kojiki (712)
 * Yōrō Ritsuryō (718)
 * Nihon Shoki (720)
 * Fudoki (712-733?)
 * Hitachi Fudoki (715)
 * Harima no Kuni Fudoki (715)
 * Bungo no Kuni Fudoki (>732)
 * Izumu no Kuni Fudoki (733)
 * Tōshi Kaden (c. 760–766)
 * Takahashi Ujibumi (c. 789)
 * Shoku Nihongi (797)
 * Kogo Shūi (807)
 * Shinsen Shōjiroku (815)
 * Nihon Kōki (840)
 * Shoku Nihon Kōki (869)
 * Nihon Montoku Tennō Jitsuroku (879)
 * Ruijū Kokushi (892)
 * Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku (901)
 * Engishiki (927)
 * Eiga Monogatari (late Heian period)
 * Ōkagami (late Heian period)
 * Kuji Hongi (Heian period)
 * Shōmonki (c. 940)
 * Fusō Ryakuki (12th century)
 * Imakagami (c. 1170 and 1178)
 * Mizukagami (late 12th century)
 * Hogen Monogatari (1220?)
 * Azuma Kagami (late 13th century)
 * Shaku Nihongi (late 13th century)
 * Genpei Seisuiki (late Kamakura period)
 * Jinnō Shōtōki (1339?)
 * Heike Monogatari (1371)
 * Masukagami (1374?)
 * Taiheiki (late 14th century)
 * Baishōron (Muromachi period)
 * Gikeiki (Muromachi period)
 * Sandaiki (early Muromachi period)
 * Soga Monogatari (early Muromachi period)
 * Meitokuki (late Muromachi period)
 * Gukanshō (1465)
 * Oninki (late 15th century)
 * Shinchoki (1600?) - Commonly called Shinchokoki
 * Shinchoki (1604)
 * Mikawa Monogatari (1625–1626)
 * Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (1652)
 * Taikōki (1625–1661)
 * Honchō Tsugan (1644–1647, 1670)
 * Kouyou Gunkanki (early 17th century)
 * Hankanfu (1702)
 * Tokushi Yoron (1712)
 * Koshitsu (1716)
 * Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu (1785)
 * Kaikoku Heidan (1791)
 * Keisei Hisaku (1789–1801)
 * Saiiki Monogatari (around 18th century)
 * Nihon Gaishi (early 18th century)
 * Ryushi Shinron (mid 18th century)
 * Kondo Hisaku (late Edo period)
 * Nihon Seiki (late Edo period)
 * Shinron (late Edo period)
 * Shoku Hankanfu (1806)
 * Yasou Dokugo (1806)
 * Keikodan (1813)
 * Shinkiron (1838)
 * Yume Monogatari (1838)
 * Kaitenshishi (1844)
 * Tokushi Zeigi (1852)
 * Seikenroku (1854)
 * Shozan Taiwa (1864)
 * Shozan Kanwa (1865)
 * Hikawa Seiwa (1897)
 * Dai Nihon Shi (started in 1657, completed in 1906)

Mathematics, science

 * Ishinpō (984)
 * Jinkōki (1627)
 * Katsuyo Sanpo (mid Edo period)
 * Kenkon Bensetsu (mid Edo period)
 * Hatsubi Sanpō (1674)
 * Kyuritsu (1836)
 * Sekka Zusetsu (1835)
 * Zoku Sekka Zusetsu (1840)

Kanshi

 * Kaifūsō (751)
 * Ryōunshū (814)
 * Bunka Shūreishū (c. 818)
 * Keikokushū (827)
 * Fusōshū (c. 995–999)
 * Wakan Rōeishū (c. 1013)
 * Honchō Monzui (mid 11th century)
 * Gōrihōshū (c. 1071)
 * Wakankensakushū (1277–79)

Waka

 * Bussokuseki-kahi (c. 753)
 * Man'yōshū (>759)
 * Kakyō Hyōshiki (772)
 * Shinsen Man'yōshū (early 10th century)
 * Iseshū (after 939)
 * Amanotekorashū (late 10th century)
 * Tomonorishū (late 10th century)
 * Kingyoku Wakashū (1007–11)
 * Wakanrōeishū (1018)
 * Yorizaneshū (after 1044)
 * Zōkihōshishū (mid 11th century)
 * Shōryōshū (1078)
 * Gensanmi Yorimasashū (1173–78)
 * Chōshūeisō (1178)
 * Tsuneiekyōshū (c. 1182)
 * Sankashū (late 12th century)
 * Kinkai Wakashū (c. 1213)
 * Kenrei-mon In Ukyō No Daibu Shū (c. 1233)
 * Fūyō Wakashū (1271)
 * Wakankensakushū (1277–79)
 * Shokugenyō Wakashū (1323–24)
 * Shūgyokushū (c. 1328)
 * Renri Hishō (c. 1349)
 * Tsukubashū (1356)
 * Shinyō Wakashū (1381)
 * Shinsen Tsukubashū (1495)
 * Kanginshū (1518)
 * Shinsen Inutsukubashū (after 1524)
 * Nijūichidaishū (21 imperial collections of Japanese poetry)
 * 1) Kokin Wakashū (c. 920)
 * 2) Gosen Wakashū (951)
 * 3) Shūi Wakashū (1005–1007)
 * 4) Goshūi Wakashū (1086)
 * 5) Kin'yō Wakashū (1124–27)
 * 6) Shika Wakashū (1151–54)
 * 7) Senzai Wakashū (1187)
 * 8) Shin Kokin Wakashū (1205)
 * 9) Shinchokusen Wakashū (1234)
 * 10) Shokugosen Wakashū (1251)
 * 11) Shokukokin Wakashū (1265)
 * 12) Shokushūi Wakashū (1278)
 * 13) Shingosen Wakashū (1303)
 * 14) Gyokuyō Wakashū (1313–14)
 * 15) Shokusenzai Wakashū (1320)
 * 16) Shokugoshūi Wakashū (1325–26)
 * 17) Fūga Wakashū (1344–46)
 * 18) Shinsenzai Wakashū (1359)
 * 19) Shinshūi Wakashū (1364)
 * 20) Shingoshūi Wakashū (1383–84)
 * 21) Shinshokukokin Wakashū (1439)

Haikai

 * Fuyu no hi (1684)
 * Haru No Hi (1686)
 * Arano (1689)
 * Hisago (1690)
 * Sarumino (1691)
 * Sumidawara (1694)
 * Oku no Hosomichi (1702)

Zuihitsu

 * Chiteiki (982)
 * Makura no Sōshi (1002)
 * Hōjōki (1212)
 * Tsurezuregusa (c. 1330)

title: List of classical Japanese texts


text:
Bouchercon

Bouchercon, the Anthony Boucher Memorial World Mystery Convention, is an annual convention of creators and devotees of mystery and detective fiction. It is named in honour of writer, reviewer, and editor Anthony Boucher, and pronounced the way he pronounced his name, rhyming with "voucher".

It is held annually in Autumn, each year being hosted in a different city by a different group of volunteers. The convention typically starts on Thursday and finishes on Sunday.

Each year, Bouchercon nominates and votes the Anthony Awards for excellence in crime fiction, including: Best Novel, Best First Novel, Best Short Story, Best Critical Non-Fiction, and Best Paperback Original.

People who attend are fans, authors, agents, booksellers, publishers and other people who read and enjoy mystery and crime fiction. The first one was held in Santa Monica, California in 1970. The guest of honor was Robert Bloch of Psycho fame.

Registered attendees of each Bouchercon are designated as 'members', and vote at the annual business meeting (held during the convention) on necessary business items. Bouchercon's governing body is its standing committee, which changes year to year, being made up of people who have hosted and will host the convention, and three at large members who are elected by the membership.

Awards
The Anthony Awards are literary awards for mystery writers presented at the Bouchercon World Mystery Convention since 1986. The awards are named for Anthony Boucher (1911–1968), one of the founders of the Mystery Writers of America.

title: Bouchercon


text:
Hiroyuki Sanada

Hiroyuki Sanada (真田 広之) is a Japanese actor, producer, singer and martial artist. He began his career in the mid-1960s at the age of six, and gained prominence for his roles in Japanese and Hong Kong action films, later establishing himself as a dramatic actor.

He is best known to international audiences for his roles as Ryuji Takayama in Ring (1998) where he played alongside Nanako Matsushima who was also his co-star in a 1997 television drama A Story of Love. Beginning in the 2000s, Sanada grew his Hollywood presence with such roles as Seibei Iguchi in The Twilight Samurai (2002), Ujio in The Last Samurai (2003), Kenji in Rush Hour 3 (2007), and Hanzo Hasashi / Scorpion in Mortal Kombat (2021). His role as The Fool in the Shakespeare play King Lear also gave him notable theatrical attention in the United Kingdom.

He made his first major Hollywood appearance portraying Ujio in The Last Samurai (2003), later appearing in such films as Sunshine (2007), Speed Racer (2008), The Wolverine, 47 Ronin (both 2013), Minions (2015), Life (2017), Avengers: Endgame (2019), Army of the Dead (2021), Bullet Train (2022), and John Wick: Chapter 4 (2023). He also had recurring roles on Lost (2010) and the HBO series Westworld (2018–2020). In 2024 he starred in the FX historical drama series Shōgun as Yoshii Toranaga, a fictionalized version of Tokugawa Ieyasu, which earned him a Primetime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series.

He has received numerous accolades, including two Hochi Film Awards, two Japan Academy Film Prizes, a Mainichi Film Award, three Blue Ribbon Awards for Best Actor, four Kinema Junpo Awards, and honors from the Yokohama Film Festival. In 2018, he received the Medal of Honor with Purple Ribbon from the Japanese government for his "artistic developments, improvements, and accomplishments".

1966–1978: Child actor
Born in Tokyo, he was scouted by an entertainer while playing with the son of the actor Kokichi Takada who lived in the same condominium. After working as a model for a magazine for young children, he joined the Himawari Theatre Group at the age of five. He made his film debut in 1966 in the ninkyo yakuza film Game of Chance (浪曲子守唄) starring Shinichi "Sonny" Chiba, reprising his role as Chiba's character's son in two sequels released the following year.

Originally planning to be an action movie star, he studied Shorinji Kempo and later took up Kyokushin kaikan karate. He began playing baseball at age 8 as a catcher, and started training at the age of 11 with Chiba's Japan Action Club, where he developed good all-around martial arts ability and soon became Chiba's protégé. After entering high school, following Chiba's advice, he decided to devote himself to his studies and withdrew from performing arts activities. In 1978, he resumed his performing arts activities in earnest after passing the audition for the movie Shogun's Samurai (柳生一族の陰謀). It was at this point that he changed his surname from Shimozawa (下澤) to Sanada (真田).

1982–1999: Hong Kong action films and Japanese character roles
Sanada's martial arts film career introduced him to Hong Kong action cinema, where he portrayed the ninja Genbu in Ninja in the Dragon's Den (1982), then worked with Michelle Yeoh, with whom he co-starred in Royal Warriors (1986). He has a long-standing friendship with Jackie Chan. Outside of Japan, Sanada was often credited in his younger days as Henry Sanada, Harry Sanada, or Duke Sanada.

In Japan, Sanada established himself as a character actor in the 1984 movie Mahjong Hourouki directed by Makoto Wada. In 1997 Sanada starred in a television drama A Story of Love, also known by its Japanese title Konna Koi no Hanashi, where he played the role of Shuichiro Harashima, a wealthy but lonely upper-class businessman who falls in love with a decorating designer from a lower class family played by Nanako Matsushima. The following year in 1998, Sanada once again co-starred with Nanako Matsushima in a 1998 mystery thriller Ring (also known by its Japanese title, Ringu), where he played the role of Ryūji Takayama, the estranged former husband of Matsushima's character, who had a sixth sense that detects supernatural auras.

1999–2002: Royal Shakespeare Company
In 1999 and 2000, he performed with the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) in their production of King Lear, for which he was awarded as an Honorary Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 2002, citing his "contribution to spreading British culture in Japan through his performance in a joint Shakespeare production." Some media reports erroneously stated that Sanada received the honour for being the first Japanese actor to perform with the RSC, but Togo Igawa had joined the troupe earlier, in 1986.

Sanada went on to perform roles in major films such as Tasogare Seibei (The Twilight Samurai), Ring and Kaitō Ruby.

2003–2009: The Last Samurai and international breakthrough
In 2003, Sanada's role as Ujio, a master swordsman, opposite Tom Cruise in The Last Samurai, gained him international popularity and critical praise. Sanada played Matsuda (the Japanese imperialist who befriends Ralph Fiennes' character Todd Jackson) in the 2005 film The White Countess directed by James Ivory. He starred in the Chinese film The Promise directed by Chen Kaige as General Guangming. Sanada appeared in Rush Hour 3 in 2007 with Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker, Danny Boyle's Sunshine, and The City of Your Final Destination in 2009, in which he plays the younger lover of Anthony Hopkins' character Adam Gund.

2010–2020: Lost, Westworld, and Avengers: Endgame
Sanada joined the cast of the ABC TV series Lost in 2010 during its sixth and final season. He portrayed Dogen, a high-ranking member of "The Others". In 2013, he appeared in 47 Ronin (the first English-language adaptation of the Chushingura legend, Japan's most famous tale of samurai loyalty and revenge) alongside Keanu Reeves, and as Shingen Yashida in The Wolverine opposite Hugh Jackman.

Sanada was a guest star as Takehaya, a former Japanese Navy officer and legendary pirate captain in post-plague Asia, in the apocalyptic drama series The Last Ship. He also starred in the 2017 movie Life with Jake Gyllenhaal, Rebecca Ferguson, and Ryan Reynolds. In 2018, he began a recurring role as swordmaster Musashi on the HBO series Westworld and played the minor role of Akihiko in the 2019 film Avengers: Endgame. In August 2019, Sanada was cast in the Mortal Kombat reboot as Scorpion. In 2020, Sanada starred alongside Johnny Depp in the film Minamata.

2021–present: Bullet Train, John Wick: Chapter 4, Shōgun
In 2021, Sanada was announced as producer and part of the cast of the FX limited series Shōgun, adapted from the James Clavell novel, playing the part of Lord Toranaga. The series has received widespread global critical acclaim, with Sanada's role in the series considered a highlight among many reviewers. Sanada earned a Primetime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series.

In 2022, Sanada had a major supporting role in Bullet Train opposite Brad Pitt. In 2023, he portrayed Koji Shimazu, manager of the Osaka Continental Hotel, in John Wick: Chapter 4, and was featured in a multi-commercial campaign introducing Mazda CX-90.

Education and music career
Sanada received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Film Science from Nihon University in 1982.

From 1980 to 1991, Sanada released a series of albums and singles in Japan as a singer; several of these were tied to films, TV shows, or stage productions he was starring in. In 2010 and 2011, compilations were released covering his songs for movies and pop hits respectively.

title: Hiroyuki Sanada


text:
FBI Critical Incident Response Group

The Critical Incident Response Group (CIRG) is a division of the Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation. CIRG enables the FBI to rapidly respond to, and effectively manage, special crisis incidents in the United States.

History
In response to public outcry over the standoffs at Ruby Ridge, Idaho, and of the Branch Davidians in the Waco Siege, the FBI formed the CIRG in 1994 to deal with crisis situations more efficiently. The CIRG is designated to formulate strategies, manage hostage or siege situations, and if possible resolve them "without loss of life", as pledged in a 1995 Senate hearing by FBI Director Louis Freeh, who assumed the post four-and-a-half months after the Waco Siege.

CIRG was intended to integrate tactical and investigative resources and expertise for critical incidents which necessitate an immediate response from law enforcement authorities. CIRG will deploy investigative specialists to respond to terrorist activities, hostage takings, child abductions and other high-risk repetitive violent crimes. Other major incidents include prison riots, bombings, air and train crashes, and natural disasters.

Organization
Each of the major areas of CIRG furnishes distinctive operational assistance and training to FBI field offices as well as state, local and international law enforcement agencies.

 * Surveillance and Aviation Section - Provides aviation and surveillance support for all facets of FBI investigative activities with a priority on protecting the United States from terrorist attack and against foreign intelligence operations and espionage.
 * Aviation Surveillance Branch
 * Aviation Support Unit
 * Special Flight Operations Unit
 * Field Flight Operations Unit
 * Mobile Surveillance Branch
 * Mobile Surveillance Teams-Armed (MST-A)
 * Mobile Surveillance Teams (MST)
 * Tactical Section - Provides the FBI with a nationwide, three-tiered tactical resolution capability that upon proper authorization can be activated within four hours of notification to address a full spectrum of terrorist or criminal matters.
 * Operations and Training Unit
 * Hostage Rescue Team
 * SWAT Operations Unit
 * Special Weapons and Tactics Teams
 * Crisis Negotiation Unit
 * Tactical Helicopter Unit
 * Operational Support Unit
 * Investigative and Operations Support Section - Prepares for and responds to critical incidents, major investigations, and special events by providing expertise in behavioral and crime analysis, crisis management, and rapid deployment logistics.
 * National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime
 * Behavioral Analysis Unit
 * Violent Criminal Apprehension Program
 * Crisis Management Unit
 * Rapid Deployment and Logistics
 * Strategic Information and Operation Center - Serves as the FBI's 24-hour clearinghouse for strategic information, and as the center for crisis management and special event monitoring.
 * Counter-IED Section - Provides training, equipment, and advanced technical support to prevent and effectively respond to terrorist or criminal use of hazardous devices explosives and weapons of mass destruction.
 * Critical Incident Intelligence Unit - Provides intelligence to inform operational planning and strategic decision-making.

title: FBI Critical Incident Response Group


text: Talk:Cardiff Central

title: Talk:Cardiff Central


text:
Victoria cruziana

Victoria cruziana (Santa Cruz water lily, water platter, yrupe, synonym Victoria argentina Burmeist.) is a tropical species of flowering plant, of the Nymphaeaceae family of water lilies native to South America, primarily Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay.

Description
The plant is a popular water garden plant in botanical gardens where its very large leaves can reach their fullest, up to 2 m wide with a thick rim up to 20 cm high, although rims up to nine inches (23 centimeters) have been recorded. It can be grown in cooler waters than its sisters within the genus, the more familiar giant waterlily, Victoria amazonica and the recently discovered Victoria boliviana. A 25 cm diameter flower blooms for two days, arising from the underwater bud, as a white flower that turns to a deep pink on the second and final day of its bloom. V. cruziana is a thermogenetic or heat-producing plant. The plant prefers to live in colder non moving water and requires warm temperatures in order for the flower to blossom, hence the plant must distribute a lot of energy to keep itself warmer than its natural environment (above 90 degrees Fahrenheit). The floral stigma are attached to a cup that is protected by spines, and the floral cup begins heating up in the bud, then, as the flower opens, it releases a strong sweet scent to attract pollinating beetles, then continues to provide heat to the flower while the beetles are pollinating.

The diploid chromosome count of Victoria cruziana is 2n = 24.

Taxonomy
Victoria cruziana was discovered in Bolivia on one of many expeditions through the country by Alcide d'Orbigny whose presence was sponsored by Andrés de Santa Cruz. The first collected specimens were returned to France where they were named in honor of Santa Cruz by Alcide's brother, Charles Henry Dessalines d'Orbigny.

It was first described in 1840 by Alcide d'Orbigny in Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, Ser. 2, 13, p. 57. Synonyms for Victoria cruziana A.D.Orb. are: Victoria argentina Burmeist. noun nud., Victoria cruziana var. malmei F.Henkel et al., Victoria cruziana f. matogrossensis Malme, Victoria cruziana f. trickeri F.Henkel ex Malme, Victoria cruziana var. trickeri F.Henkel et al., Victoria regia var (A.D.Orb.) C.Lawson, Victoria trickeri (F.Henkel ex Malme) hort. ex Mutzek.

title: Victoria cruziana


text:
Victoria amazonica

Victoria amazonica is a species of flowering plant, the second largest in the water lily family Nymphaeaceae. It is called Vitória-Régia or Iaupê-Jaçanã ("the lilytrotter's waterlily") in Brazil and Atun Sisac ("great flower") in Inca (Quechua). Its native region is tropical South America, specifically Guyana and the Amazon Basin.

Taxonomy

The species is a member of the genus Victoria, placed in the family Nymphaeaceae or sometimes in the Euryalaceae. The first published description of the genus was by John Lindley in October 1837, based on specimens of this plant returned from British Guiana by Robert Schomburgk. Lindley named the genus after the newly ascended Queen Victoria, and the species Victoria regia. The spelling in Schomburgk's description in Athenaeum, published the month before, was given as Victoria Regina. Despite this spelling being adopted by the Botanical Society of London for their new emblem, Lindley's was the version used throughout the 19th century.

An earlier account of the species, Euryale amazonica by Eduard Friedrich Poeppig, in 1832 described an affinity with Euryale ferox. A collection and description was also made by the French botanist Aimé Bonpland in 1825. In 1850 James De Carle Sowerby recognized Poeppig's earlier description and transferred its epithet amazonica. The new name was rejected by Lindley. The current name, Victoria amazonica, did not come into widespread use until the 20th century.

Cytology
The diploid chromosome count of Victoria amazonica is 20.

Description
Victoria amazonica has very large leaves (lamina) (and commonly called "pads" or "lily pads"), up to 3 m in diameter, that float on the water's surface on a submerged stalk (petiole), 7-8 m in length, rivaling the length of the green anaconda, a snake local to its habitat. These leaves are enormously buoyant if the weight is distributed evenly over the entire surface of the leaf (as by a piece of plywood, which should be of neutral buoyancy). In 1896 a V. amazonica leaf at Tower Grove Park, Saint Louis, Missouri bore the "unprecedented" weight of 250 pounds (113.6 kg). However, in 1867 William Sowerby of Regents Park Botanic Garden in London placed 426 pounds (193.9 kg) on a leaf only 5' 6" (168 cm) in diameter. One leaf of a specimen grown in Ghent, Belgium bore a load of 498 pounds (226 kg) It is the second-largest waterlily in the world.

V. amazonica is native to the shallow waters of the Amazon River basin, such as oxbow lakes (called iguarapes) and bayous (called paranas). In their native habitat, the flowers first begin to open as the sun starts to set and can take up to 48 hours to fully open up. These flowers can grow up to 40 cm (16 in) in diameter and 3.5 pounds ( 1.6 kilograms) in weight., exceeded in mass only by members of the genus Rafflesia. All of the flowers of one particular plant will, on a given evening, all be in the female phase or all in the male phase, so that pollination must be by a different individual, precluding self-pollination.

The stem and underside of the leaves are coated with many small spines to defend itself from fish and other herbivores that dwell underwater, although they can also play an offensive role in crushing rival plants in the vicinity as the lily unfolds as it aggressively seeks and hogs sunlight, depriving other plants directly beneath its leaves of such vital resource and significantly darkening the waters below. Younger giant water lilies are even known to swing their spiny stalks and buds around as they grow to forcibly make space for themselves.

Ecology
Each plant continues to produce flowers for a full growing season, and they have co-evolved a mutualistic relationship with a species of scarab beetle of the genus Cyclocephala as a pollinator. All the buds in a single patch will begin to open at the same time and as they do, they give off a fruity smell. At this point the flower petals are white, and the beetles are attracted both to the colour and the smell of the flower. At nightfall the flower stops producing the odor, and it closes, trapping the beetles inside its carpellary appendages. Here, the stamens are protected by the paracarpels and for the next day the flower continues to remain closed. The cavity in which the beetle is trapped is composed of a spongy, starchy tissue that provides nourishment for the beetle. During this time, anthocyanins start to be released by the plant, which in turn changes the petals from white to a reddish pink colour, a sign that the flower will have been pollinated. As the beetle munches away inside the flower, the stamens fall inward and the anthers, which have already fallen, drop pollen on the stamens. During the evening of the second day, the flowers will have opened enough to release the beetle, and as it pushes its way through the stamens it becomes covered in pollen. These insects will then go on to find a newly opened water lily and pollinate with the pollen they are carrying from the previous flower. This process was described in detail by Sir Ghillean Prance and Jorge Arius.

History

Victoria regia, as it was named, was described by Tadeáš Haenke in 1801. It was once the subject of rivalry between Victorian gardeners in England. Always on the lookout for a spectacular new species with which to impress their peers, Victorian "gardeners" such as the Duke of Devonshire and the Duke of Northumberland started a well-mannered competition to become the first to cultivate and bring to flower this enormous lily. In the end, the two aforementioned dukes became the first to achieve this, Joseph Paxton (for the Duke of Devonshire) being the first in November 1849 by replicating the lily's warm swampy habitat (not easy in winter in England with only coal-fired boilers for heating), and a "Mr Ivison" the second and more constantly successful (for Northumberland) at Syon House.

The species captured the imagination of the public and was the subject of several dedicated monographs. The botanical illustrations of cultivated specimens in Fitch and W.J. Hooker's 1851 work Victoria Regia received critical acclaim in the Athenaeum, "they are accurate, and they are beautiful". "The Duke of Devonshire presented Queen Victoria with one of the first of these flowers and named it in her honour. The lily, with ribbed undersurface and leaves veining "like transverse girders and supports", "as Paxton's inspiration for The Crystal Palace, a building four times the size of St. Peter's in Rome."

It is depicted in the Guyanese coat of arms.

title: Victoria amazonica


text:
Pathogenicity island

Pathogenicity islands (PAIs), as termed in 1990, are a distinct class of genomic islands acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer. Pathogenicity islands are found in both animal and plant pathogens. Additionally, PAIs are found in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. They are transferred through horizontal gene transfer events such as transfer by a plasmid, phage, or conjugative transposon. Therefore, PAIs contribute to microorganisms' ability to evolve.

One species of bacteria may have more than one PAI. For example, Salmonella has at least five.

An analogous genomic structure in rhizobia is termed a symbiosis island.

Properties
Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are gene clusters incorporated in the genome, chromosomally or extrachromosomally, of pathogenic organisms, but are usually absent from those nonpathogenic organisms of the same or closely related species. They may be located on a bacterial chromosome or may be transferred within a plasmid or can be found in bacteriophage genomes. The GC-content and codon usage of pathogenicity islands often differs from that of the rest of the genome, potentially aiding in their detection within a given DNA sequence, unless the donor and recipient of the PAI have similar GC-content.

PAIs are discrete genetic units flanked by direct repeats, insertion sequences or tRNA genes, which act as sites for recombination into the DNA. Cryptic mobility genes may also be present, indicating the provenance as transduction. PAIs are flanked by direct repeats; the sequence of bases at two ends of the inserted sequence are the same. They carry functional genes, such as integrases, transposases, phagocytosis, or part of insertion sequences, to enable insertion into host DNA. PAIs are often associated with tRNA genes, which target sites for this integration event. They can be transferred as a single unit to new bacterial cells, thus conferring virulence to formerly benign strains.

PAIs, a type of mobile genetic element, may range from 10-200 kb and encode genes which contribute to the virulence of the respective pathogen. Pathogenicity islands carry genes encoding one or more virulence factors, including, but not limited to, adhesins, secretion systems (like type III secretion system), toxins, invasins, modulins, effectors, superantigens, iron uptake systems, o-antigen synthesis, serum resistance, immunoglobulin A proteases, apoptosis, capsule synthesis, and plant tumorigenesis via Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

There are various combinations of regulation involving pathogenicity islands. The first combination is that the pathogenicity island contains the genes to regulate the virulence genes encoded on the PAI. The second combination is that the pathogenicity island contains the genes to regulate genes located outside of the pathogenecity island. Additionally, regulatory genes outside of the PAI may regulate virulence genes in the pathogenicity island. Regulation genes typically encoded on PAIs include AraC-like proteins and two-component response regulators.

PAIs can be considered unstable DNA regions as they are susceptible to deletions or mobilization. This may be due to the structure of PAIs, with direct repeats, insertion sequences and association with tRNA that enables deletion and mobilization at higher frequencies. Additionally, deletions of pathogenicity islands inserted in the genome can result in disrupting tRNA and subsequently affect the metabolism of the cell.

Examples

 * The P fimbriae island contains virulence factors such as haemolysin, pili, cytotoxic necrosing factor, and uropathogenic specific protein (USP).
 * Yersinia pestis high pathogenicity island I has genes regulating iron uptake and storage.
 * Salmonella SP1 and SP2 sites.
 * Rhodococcus equi virulence plasmid pathogenicity island encodes virulence factors for proliferation in macrophages.
 * The SaPI family of Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity islands, mobile genetic elements, encode superantigens, including the gene for toxic shock syndrome toxin, and are mobilized at high frequencies by specific bacteriophages.
 * Phage encoded Cholera toxin of Vibrio cholerae, Diphtheria toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum and Cytotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
 * Helicobacter pylori has two strains, one being more virulent than the other due to the presence of the Cag pathogenicity island.

title: Pathogenicity island


text:
Accord (trade union)

Accord is an independent trade union, affiliated to the TUC and the Scottish TUC and specialized for around 25,000 staff in financial services, including members in the Lloyds Banking Group, MBNA, TSB, The Equitable Life Assurance Society and Sainsbury's Bank.

History
Accord can trace its origins back to 1978, when it was founded as the Halifax Building Society Staff Association (HBSSA). The HBSSA was founded by John Simmons, the then manager of the Halifax branch in Plymouth. He had concluded that staff within the Halifax Building Society were in need of trade union representation, and had begun organising in earnest in 1977. Simmons was keen to avoid the use of the word "union" because of the negative connotations associated with militant trade unions in the UK in the 1970s. Accord's headquarters, Simmons House, is named after John Simmons.

In 1978 Ernie Roberts was appointed as the first General Secretary. Branch reps were elected and Regional Committees established. From these groups a National Committee was elected, which met for the first time in August 1978. The HBSSA was formed. By the end of 1978 the HBSSA was recognised by the then Halifax Building Society "as the sole bargaining agent for its members below Executive and Regional Manager level".

In January 1979 the HBSSA was granted its Certificate of Independence. This meant that it was recognised by the Government as a bona fide trades union and was afforded the rights to which it was entitled. In 1980 the HBSSA held its first conference in Manchester. In 1983 Ernie Roberts retired, allowing David Nash to become the second General Secretary. Bill Wright was appointed Assistant General Secretary.

At the 1994 Conference delegates voted to rename the HBSSA the Independent Union of Halifax Staff (IUHS). In 1995 the Halifax Building Society merged with the Leeds Permanent Building Society. The following year the Leeds Staff Association joined the IUHS. Also in 1996, The Halifax acquired the Clerical Medical Investment Group and in 1999 announced its merger with the Bank of Scotland. The union was therefore renamed again by delegates at the 2002 conference to reflect the diversity of its membership. From this point onwards it was known as Accord.

General secretaries

 * 1978: Ernie Roberts
 * 1983: David Nash
 * 1992: Ged Nichols

title: Accord (trade union)


text: User:Improv

title: User:Improv


text:
Alberto Breccia

Alberto Breccia (April 15, 1919 – November 10, 1993) was an Uruguayan-born Argentine artist and cartoonist. His son Enrique Breccia and daughter Patricia Breccia are also comic book artists.

Comic book author Frank Miller considers Breccia as one of his personal mentors, even declaring that (regarding modernity in comics): "it all started with Breccia".

Biography
Born in Montevideo, Uruguay, Breccia moved with his parents to Buenos Aires, Argentina, when he was three years old. After leaving school, Breccia worked in a tripe packing plant and in 1938 he got a job for the magazine El Resero, where he wrote articles and drew the covers.

He began to work professionally in 1939, when he joined the publishing house Manuel Láinez. He worked on magazines such as Tit-Bits, Rataplán and El Gorrión where he created comic strips such as Mariquita Terremoto, Kid Río Grande, El Vengador (based on a popular novel), and other adaptations.

During the 1950s he became an "honorary" member of the "Group of Venice" that consisted of expatriate Italian artists such as Hugo Pratt, Ido Pavone, Horacio Lalia, Faustinelli and Ongaro. Other honorary members were Francisco Solano López, Carlo Cruz and Arturo Perez del Castillo. With Hugo Pratt, he started the Pan-American School of Art in Buenos Aires. In 1957 he joined publisher Editorial Frontera, under the direction of Héctor Germán Oesterheld, where he created several Ernie Pike stories. In 1958 Breccia's series Sherlock Time ran in the comic magazine Hora Cero Extra, with scripts by Oesterheld.

In 1960 he began to work for European publishers via a Buenos Aires-based art agency: for British publishing house Fleetway he drew a few westerns and war stories. This period did not last long. His son Enrique Breccia would also draw a few war stories for Fleetway in the late 1960s, such as Spy 13.

Breccia and Oesterheld collaborated to produce one of the most important comic strips in history, Mort Cinder, in 1962. The face of the immortal Cinder is modeled after Breccia's assistant, Horacio Lalia, and the appearance of his companion, the antique dealer Ezra Winston, is actually Breccia's own. Cinder and Winston's strip began on July 26, 1962, in issue Nº 714 of Misterix magazine, and ran until 1964.

In 1968 Breccia was joined by his son, Enrique, in a project to draw the comic biography of Che, the life of Che Guevara, again with a script provided by Oesterheld. This comic book is considered the chief cause behind Oesterheld's disappearance.

In 1969 Oesterheld rewrote the script of El Eternauta, for the Argentinian magazine Gente. Breccia drew the story with a decidedly experimental style, resorting to diverse techniques. The resulting work was anything but conventional and moving away from the commercial. Breccia refused to modify its style, which added to the tone of the script, and was much different from Francisco Solano López original.

During the seventies, Breccia makes major graphic innovations in black and white and color with series like Un tal Daneri and Chi ha paura delle fiabe?, written by Carlos Trillo. On the last one, a satire based on Brothers Grimm's tales, he plays with texture, mixing collage, acrylic and watercolor. This technique will be used later in the eighties by American and British authors such as Bill Sienkiewicz and Dave McKean.

Other stories include: Cthulhu Mythos, Buscavidas (text by Carlos Trillo), a Historia grafica del Chile and Perramus, inspired by the work of the poet Juan Sasturain a pamphlet against the dictatorship in Argentina.

Breccia died in Buenos Aires in 1993.

Partial bibliography

 * Mariquita Terremoto
 * Kid Río Grande
 * El Vengador
 * Jean de Martinica
 * Vito Nervio (1947–1959 and 1974), with stories by Leonardo Wadel
 * Mision Thyuraine (1961), with stories by Leonardo Wadel
 * Pancho López (1956)
 * Ernie Pike, written by Héctor Germán Oesterheld
 * Sherlock Time (1958–1959), written by Oesterheld
 * Mort Cinder (1962–1964), written by Oesterheld
 * Richard Long (1966), written by Oesterheld
 * Vida del Che (1968), written by Oesterheld, with additional art by Enrique Breccia
 * The Eternaut 1969, written by Oesterheld
 * Evita, vida y obra de Eva Perón (1970), written by Oesterheld
 * Squadra Zenith (1972–1974)
 * Los Mitos de Cthulhu (1973), written by Norberto Buscaglia, from text by H. P. Lovecraft
 * Un Tal Daneri (1974–1978), written by Trillo
 * El Corazón Delator (1975), based on The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe
 *  El Aire (1976), written by Guillermo Saccomanno
 * Nadie (1977), written by Trillo.
 * Buscavidas (1981), written by Trillo
 * Perramus (1983), written by Juan Sasturain
 * Drácula, Dracul, Vlad?, Bah... (1984)
 * Informe Sobre Ciegos (1991), based on a chapter of On Heroes and Tombs by Ernesto Sábato
 * El Dorado, El Delirio de Lope de Aguirre (1992), written by Carlos Albiac
 * Martín Fierro, by José Hernández
 * Platos Voladores Al Ataque!!, written by Oesterheld

title: Alberto Breccia