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Hailsham

Hailsham is a town, a civil parish and the administrative centre of the Wealden district of East Sussex, England. It is mentioned in the Domesday Book, where it is called Hamelesham. In one part yet, mentioned in other part of the same book as ‘’’Tilux’’’, the land of Ricard de Tunbrige. The town of Hailsham has a history of industry and agriculture.

Etymology
The name "Hailsham" is thought to come from the Saxon "Haegels Ham", meaning the clearing or settlement of Haegel, Hella or a similar name, possibly even "Aella's Ham", the clearing of Aella the Saxon. The name of the town has been spelt in various ways through the ages from ‘Hamelsham’ (as it was referred to in the Domesday Book), "Aylesham" in the 13th century, and later Haylesham, to its present spelling.

History
The site of Hailsham has been inhabited since at least the Neolithic age. It was an Ancient British settlement that existed before the Romans invaded Kent and Sussex in 43 AD. The Anglo Saxons invaded Sussex in the year 477 AD. The Saxons are thought to have invaded at an original landing place at Selsey. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in 491 AD they attacked and took the British stronghold of Anderida which was the fort that is believed to have been built by the Ancient British and the Romans at what is now Pevensey, just a few miles from Hailsham, thereby consolidating their conquest and forming the small kingdom of the South Saxons, or Sussex.

In Roman and Saxon times, the lowland marsh area between Anderida and the site of Hailsham, today known as the Pevensey Levels, is presumed to be unreclaimed at that time, so that much of the levels would have been a saltmarsh and at high tide, a lagoon. The link between Hailsham and the levels is preserved in the name of the access routes such as Marshfoot Lane and Saltmarsh Lane.

The manor of Hailsham is recorded in the Domesday Survey completed by the Normans in 1086, 20 years after the conquest. There was some activity in this part of Sussex during the baronial wars and in the armed rivalry between Matilda and Stephen.

During the 17th century civil war between Charles I and Parliament, Hailsham and this part of Sussex declared against the royalist cause.

Little is known of the town of Hailsham before the 1086 Domesday Book, but evidence of a Roman road from Leap Cross across the Common indicates some occupation prior to this.

Market town status
Henry III granted the town a Market Charter in 1252. Originally, the market was held in the High Street and in Market Square, only moving to its present location in 1868. Sheep and cattle were driven from miles around along the various ancient droves until the arrival of the railway station and motor lorries. Today, the weekly livestock markets, together with the monthly farmers’ market continue whilst stall markets are held weekly in the town centre on Saturdays or Thursdays.

Dates of significance

 * Hailsham was an ancient British settlement that existed before the Romans invaded Kent and Sussex in 43 AD.
 * The Anglo Saxons invaded Sussex in the year 477 AD.
 * 1154 to 1189: Sir Richard Covert of Bradbridge was Lord of the "Manor of Haylesham".
 * 1228: Advowson of "Haylesham Church" granted to Michelham Priory.
 * 1234: Salt pan workings extracted salt from the tidal waters (hence, the areas of Saltmarsh and Marshfoot).
 * 1252: Henry III granted Market Charter to the Royal favourite, Peter of Savoy.
 * 1263: Gilbert, son of Gilbert Godseb drowned while bathing in "Haylesham Pond" (now known as the Common Pond.)
 * 1264: Benedict the Jew of "Heylesham" was "outlawed" would have been religious persecution for clipping the King's coin.
 * 1399 to 1413: Troy weights were introduced to the Market. Early consumer protections move.
 * 1425 to 1450: St Mary's Church, Hailsham built (present structure).
 * 1540 to 1640: Hailsham was one of the chief centres of leatherwork and tanning (using local oak bark) due to being a thriving cattle market town.
 * 1542: Fleur-de-Lys Inn built in Market Street (later to be the Parish Workhouse, and now Town Council Offices).
 * 1559: Uprising of the inhabitants of Hailsham who burnt part of the church.
 * 1581: Manor of "Haylesham" granted to Gregory, Lord Dacre of Herstmonceux.
 * 1603: James VI of Scotland declared King of England - probably from the market cross in Market Square in "Haylysham".
 * 1663: First five bells cast for Hailsham Church at Bellbanks (Common Pond) by John Hodson.
 * 1708: Hailsham Vicarage built next to Parish Church (now known as "The Grange").
 * 1800: The Stone Cross in Market Square removed as being an obstacle to carts and wagons.
 * 1803: Barracks established on Hailsham Common (between Summerfields Road and London Road) to house troops for the war with France (dismantled in 1815 after success at Battle of Waterloo).
 * 1803: Grenadier Inn in High Street also built to meet needs of troops.
 * 1804: "Newhouse" built in George Street (later to be renamed "Cortlandt").
 * 1807: Rope making started by Thomas Burfield.
 * 1827: National School built in South Road, Hailsham to replace one held in the Church by churchwarden Francis Howlett.
 * 1836: New "Union" Workhouse built at junction of Hellingly and Hailsham parish boundaries (serving needs of 12 parishes).
 * 1849: Hailsham Station and railway service to Polegate opened.
 * 1855: As a result of an Enclosure Award on Hailsham Common, the Recreation Ground in Western Road was created.
 * 1862: Hailsham Infants’ School built in the High Street (at the junction with North Street).
 * 1868: Market ceased to be held in High Street/Market Square - moved to new walled-in site in Market Street.
 * 1878: Hailsham Board School built in Battle Road (now Hailsham Community College).
 * 1880: Railway line extended northwards to Heathfield and Tunbridge Wells.
 * 1885: Water Works Company started supply from springs at Magham Down.
 * 1894: Austens gun shop burnt down where Victoria Gate now stands.
 * 1895: First Parish Council elections.
 * 1906: Hailsham Church obtained first pipe organ.
 * 1907: Telephone Exchange first installed in High Street.
 * 1921: Hailsham War Memorial erected.
 * 1943: Bomb fell near church destroying the Auxiliary Fire Station with the loss of one life.
 * 1951: Four of the Hailsham church bells were re-cast and all the bells re-hung.
 * 1965: Closure of the Cuckoo Railway line north of Hailsham to passenger traffic. Passenger service from Polegate to Hailsham only survived until 1968.
 * 1968: Railway station closes
 * 1974: Hailsham Parish Council adopted the status of Town Council.
 * 1988: Hailsham Town FC reach the last 16 of the FA Vase.
 * 1988: The Quintin's Shopping Centre in North Street opened to the public, named after Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of Marylebone.
 * 1990: Cuckoo Trail opened to walkers, cyclists and horse riders.
 * 1993: The Hailsham Pavilion Cinema & Theatre refurbished.
 * 1996: Major improvement works carried out to the 1.86 acre Common Pond site began, including the creation of a second central island.
 * 1998: Knockhatch Adventure Park opens.
 * 2000: The Hailsham Pavilion Cinema & Theatre re-opened to the public via funds raised by the Hailsham Old Pavilion Society (H.O.P.S.) to restore the old cinema.
 * 2001:Knockhatch Ski School opens.
 * 2010: The George Hotel, formerly a premier hotel in the town and restored following fire damage, reopened as a public house by J D Wetherspoon Ltd.
 * 2012: Hailsham Market saved from development and operators South East Marts purchases the freehold of the site in Market Street, ending more than 15 years of uncertainty over the market's future.
 * 2020: Town councillors ratified the final draft of the Hailsham Neighbourhood Development Plan, which is based on what infrastructure is needed to sustain future housing growth in the Hailsham area. A public referendum took place in May 2021 with the majority of residents voting in favour of the plan.
 * 2021: The first free, dedicated community newspaper was launched in the town entitled Hailsham News.

Hailsham Museum & Heritage Centre
Glimpses of the town's past are to be found in photographs and artefacts available for viewing at the Heritage Centre in Blackman's Yard, Market Street, which is run by members of the Hailsham Historical and Natural History Society. A small display is available to members of the public including period kitchen, farming and agriculture, local industry and wartime memorabilia.

The Parish of Hailsham
The civic parish of Hailsham is approximately 3 mi in breadth and 4 mi from north to south between its extreme points. Its boundary (going in a clockwise direction) runs from its most northerly limit, near Carter's Corner Place, in a southerly direction around Magham Down, over the Herstmonceux road and crosses the low-lying farmlands, passing close to New Bridge and on across Horse Eye Level to Rickney.

It then turns westwards taking an irregular course over the Glynleigh Level, across the Cuckoo Trail (former railway line) to the main Eastbourne road (A22), continuing northwards along this for about three-quarters of a mile until it goes west and north again to take in some of the woodlands around Cacklebury.

It runs on the west side of the A22 in a northerly direction between Hailsham and the River Cuckmere to Hempstead, where it turns east to meet the A22. It then runs northwards to the point where the Cuckmere crosses the A22 and follows the river eastwards to Horsebridge and the A271.

On an irregular course eastwards, sometimes following the A271 and sometimes to the north of it, until Amberstone where it completes its delineation by a final straight mile along the line of the road to Carter's Corner Place.

This includes the areas, which under the Wealden Parishes Order 1991, were transferred to Hailsham being a large area of Hellingly Parish (the residential areas around Anglesey Avenue, Upper Horsebridge and Lansdowne Drive) along with several smaller areas to the east, south and west (transferred from Arlington, Hellingly and Pevensey Parishes). A further area of Hellingly Parish (between the A22 and Anglesey Avenue) was transferred to Hailsham under the Wealden Parishes Order 1993.

Geography and climate
In the county of East Sussex, about 6 mi from the coast, and between the well-wooded hills of the southern Forest Ridge and the undulating chalk countryside of the South Downs, Hailsham is surrounded by "much attractive and unspoilt scenery". Hailsham is the largest settlement in the southern half of the Wealden district, and the largest inland town in East Sussex with around 8,500 homes and a population of just over 20,000.

Location and accessibility
Hailsham is 7 mi north of Eastbourne; 19 mi south of Tunbridge Wells; 14 mi west of Hastings; and 11 mi east of the County town of Lewes. London is some 48 mi away.

 * Road: The A22 from London to Eastbourne passes through the parish north of where it intersects main roads from Kent and West Sussex (A27), including the road through Haywards Heath and Horsham to Guildford, and links with roads from the M25 and the Midlands. Bus services link Hailsham with Lewes and Brighton, Uckfield, Polegate and Eastbourne, Battle, Bexhill and Hastings.
 * Rail: The nearest rail connection to Hailsham is at Polegate. Rail services operate from Eastbourne and Hastings to London, Ashford, Tunbridge Wells, Lewes, Gatwick Airport and Brighton.
 * Air: Airline services operate from Gatwick Airport and Heathrow Airport reached via the M23 and M25 motorways.

Parish

 * Area: Approximately 5,000 acres.
 * Population: Approximately 20,500, measured at the 2011 census as 20,476. The published Electoral Roll for 1999/2000 shows 14,873 recorded electors (the remainder being school children and young persons under voting age).
 * Residential Rates: (Council Tax): For the year 2013-2014 this varies from Band A @ £1,111.55, through Band D @ £1,667.33, to Band H @ £3,334.66.
 * Average House Price: For the year 2012, £200,463

Crime
Hailsham falls below the national average for reported robbery, burglaries and other criminal offences.

Local/regional crime figures (statistics are per 1,000 of the population within the local authority (Wealden) area (2008/09) On Saturday 18 August 2018, a unit on Diplocks Way Industrial Estate was raided by the National Crime Agency where a large number of handguns and ammunition were discovered. Three men have appeared in court and all been charged with firearms offences.  More than 30 handguns and a ‘significant’ amount of ammunition was seized in what the NCA describe as a 'sophisticated gun factory'.

Governance and administration

In Hailsham, there are three tiers of local government which manage between them the majority of local community services and amenities.

Town
At the local level, Hailsham is represented by Hailsham Town Council. The councillors are elected from seven wards: Hailsham Central Ward (3 seats); Hailsham East Ward (3 seats); Hailsham South Ward (2 seats); Hailsham North Ward (3 seats); Hailsham West Ward (3 seats); Hailsham North West Ward (3 seats) and Magham Down Ward (1 seat).

Paul Holbrook was elected as Town Mayor & Chair in May 2023 and Anne Marie Ricketts is the current Deputy Town Mayor & Vice-Chair. Both remain in post until May 2024.

District
Hailsham is the home of Wealden District Council. District Council Elections are held every four years. Fifty five Councillors in total are elected, six of these from the three wards that make up Hailsham. The May 2011 election returned 47 Conservative, 3 Liberal Democrat, 4 Independent Democrat and 1 No party allegiance/non-group.

County
The next level of government is the East Sussex County Council with responsibility for Education, Libraries, Social Services, Civil Registration, Trading Standards and Transport. For these elections Hailsham is combined with Herstmonceux to return two seats.

Parliament
Hailsham is in the Wealden parliamentary constituency. Prior to Brexit in 2020, Hailsham was part of the South East England constituency in the European Parliament.

Economy
Many years ago it became the market town for the prosperous surrounding agricultural district. There are local light industrial undertakings.

Industry and commerce
Hailsham was granted a charter to hold a market in 1252 by King Henry III. From 1997 to 2012, there was much controversy over the sale of Hailsham Cattle Market and its redevelopment into a supermarket. The land freehold was, until being sold to market operator South East Marts in January 2012, owned by supermarket chain Aldi who planned to build a supermarket on the site, although the amended planning application was rejected by Wealden District Council in November 2007. Should the market have closed as a result of development, the nearest alternatives would have been in Ashford, Kent or Salisbury, Wiltshire. Local MP Charles Hendry, the National Farmers Union among others spoke out against closure. and the Public Inquiry lodged by Aldi against the District Council's decision to refuse planning permission commenced on 11 February 2009 and ended on 19 February 2009.

Hailsham's traditional industry was rope making, which included supplying ropes for public hanging to Great Britain and the Colonies. Currently, light industry survives in two large industrial estates to the west of the town, located in Diplocks Way and Station Road, and several smaller ones including those situated in Hackhurst Lane (Lower Dicker) and north of Old Swan Lane, all of which provide a source of employment for local residents.

Shopping and retail
Hailsham has a variety of local and national shops, restaurants and several supermarkets. The main shopping area has developed along the High Street and George Street. A parade of units at St Mary's Walk made a contribution to retail facilities in Hailsham.

The Quintins development, near the Vicarage Field precinct, was opened in the late 1980s, creating a focus for shopping in Hailsham. The shopping centre was named after Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone. At the heart of the centre was the Co-operative (supermarket) until its closure on 15 July 2011 following which it was replaced by an ASDA supermarket. There is a Waitrose supermarket nearby in Vicarage Field and in North Street there is a Tesco supermarket which opened on 3 November 2008. Plans to redevelop the Quintins Centre car park to include provision a new large food store, additional units to the North Street frontage and a new car park deck were submitted for public consultation but this development has not taken place.

Potential new retail developments
Hailsham competes with nearby towns such as Eastbourne for both convenience goods (day to day) shopping and higher order durable goods shopping. A retail study commissioned by Wealden District Council for the non-statutory local plan indicated that Hailsham town centre could support around 1,600 square metres net of additional convenience goods floorspace by 2014. The study also indicated that there was scope in expenditure terms for 2,100 square metres net durable goods floor space in the town centre.

Within the main shopping area in Hailsham, as indicated in the Hailsham & Hellingly Masterplan, the Council aims to improve the quality of shopping facilities.

Hailsham Forward
Following a government-commissioned report compiled by television's ‘Queen of Shops’ Mary Portas, Hailsham Town Council and the local Chamber of Commerce took the decision in September 2012 to form a Town Team (Hailsham Forward), which was set up to take a closer look at ways to revitalise the town's High Street and surrounding urban environment, increase footfall and spend within the town.

Hailsham Forward's key actions for the next five years include a pedestrian-friendly High Street, parking time restrictions, the creation of loading bays in the town centre, traffic wardens, a review of business rates and shop rents, improvements to shop frontages and signage, and the attraction and retention of a broader diversity of retail outlets (independent national/chain) to fill empty retail units in the town centre.

Hailsham Street Market
One of the Hailsham Town Team's main initiatives since it was established in 2013 was the establishment of a regular town centre market. The market, which is based in Vicarage Field, is open between 8.30am and 1.30pm every Saturday.

Hailsham Farmers' Market
Established in 1998, Hailsham Farmers' Market operates on the second Saturday of each month in the Cattle Market, Market Street, from 9.00am to 12.30pm.

Chamber of Commerce
Hailsham & District Chamber of Commerce was formed in 1984 and exists to support and encourage growth and prosperity within the business community of Hailsham and its environs. The Chamber meets every first Thursday of the month.

Housing and development
Extensive development has taken place in Hailsham since 1945 by private developers, with the northern part of the town now largely developed right up to the boundary with Hellingly. Wealden planning policies may result in further development in and around Hailsham, together with increased local infrastructure and services.

The Hailsham & Hellingly Masterplan, submitted to Wealden District Council as supplementary planning guidance in 2009, planned a holistic approach to the town's infrastructure: roads; sewerage and drainage; transport; retail; employment land; housing; healthcare; education and training; leisure, recreation and the arts. Among the Masterplan's proposals were long-term visualisations for the town's roads, including two major (new) relief roads which would make the High Street and town centre more pedestrian-friendly, a community-based diagnostic and treatment centre with GP surgeries, and a community park/complex.

Hailsham town councillors have agreed to support plans for improved infrastructure, including roads, schools and healthcare provision, in light of proposed future new housing developments and will work with Wealden District council to develop an “Area Action Plan” to ensure the required infrastructure in advance of any development.

The Hailsham Neighbourhood (Development) Plan, written and recently submitted by a group made up of members from the community and from Hailsham Town Council, proposes a number of policies relating to what infrastructure and development is needed to sustain future housing growth in Hailsham, taking into consideration local environment and sustainability, design, housing type, traffic and transport, economy, services and facilities.

Primary
Hailsham has several primary schools, including Hawkes Farm, Grovelands, Phoenix Academy (formerly Marshlands School), Burfield Academy (formerly Hailsham Academy) and White House Academy. Burfield Academy opened in September 2015, under the name of Hailsham Academy, in brand new buildings on its campus on Oaklands Way. Hailsham Community College Primary Academy (part of the Hailsham Community College Academy Trust) opened in September 2019.

Secondary
The town has one secondary comprehensive school, Hailsham Community College, located in Battle Road, which achieved a specialist status of sports college.

The town also has an independent secondary school, Bede's School, formerly St Bede's School.

In literature, the novel Never Let Me Go uses the fictional Hailsham school as a background, although filming for the screen adaptation was done at Ham House, Surrey.

Healthcare
Hailsham is served by five NHS doctors’ practices, one health centre, one physiotherapy unit and four NHS dental practices. Hospitals serving this area are located in Eastbourne, Hastings, Uckfield and Crowborough, and are managed by the East Sussex Hospitals NHS Trust.

Road
Hailsham is near the junction of two major roads, the A22 road to Eastbourne and the A27 South Coast Trunk Road. Hailsham is served by Brighton & Hove route 28 linking with Eastbourne, Lewes and Brighton. Stagecoach Buses on routes that serve the town, extending to Eastbourne, Bexhill and Uckfield). Cuckmere Buses, an independent charity run by volunteers, provides supplementary bus links into Hailsham to and from neighbouring villages. The Hailsham Bus Alliance was set up by Hailsham Town Council in January 2012 to drive forward improvements to the planning of bus routes and bus stop networks.

Railways
Hailsham used to have a railway station on the Cuckoo Line, running from Polegate to Tunbridge Wells. The line from Polegate was opened in May 1849 and finally closed as part of the Beeching cuts in 1968. The southern 12 mi of disused line between Polegate and Heathfield is now a cycleway-footpath known as the Cuckoo Trail. Hailsham Railway station outlived the rest of the Cuckoo Line by three years, the section north of Hailsham closing to passenger traffic in 1965. The track was retained with a weekly freight service until April 1968, when a bridge at nearby hamlet Horsebridge was damaged by a road vehicle. With the whole line due for closure, the damaged railway infrastructure was never repaired.

The closure of the section from Polegate to Hailsham was disputed — British Railways going so far as to admit that the town was growing at the time of closure and that the town would soon outgrow other public transport. Despite this, passenger services finished on 9 September 1968 with the final train, composed of two Diesel Electric Multiple Unit (DEMU) units, leaving Hailsham station to the sound of detonators on the line and the tune of Auld Lang Syne sung by a large crowd who had gathered. After 119 years of railway operation into Hailsham, the line was gone.

Print
Local newspapers include the Hailsham Herald and the Sussex Express, both published by Johnston Publishing Ltd with online news content available via their SussexWorld website.

A new local monthly free newspaper, Hailsham News, was launched to the town of Hailsham and surrounding areas on 1 October 2021, delivering door to door. The newspaper features news articles in and around the town, as well as promoting local businesses, with a particular emphasis on local shopping and reducing the impact of our carbon footprint on the planet. The newspaper is also distributed to many outlets across the town and in further satellite locations.

The Hailsham Eye, published by Eye Media Group, is a complementary local publication published bi-monthly and containing home, lifestyle, leisure and local community information. Currently, it is distributed direct to homes and businesses across Hailsham and the surrounding villages as well at via collection points.

Hailsham Town Council publishes its newsletter to residents entitled 'Our Hailsham', which is issued three times a year and is available to pick up from various distribution points across the town. The publication includes articles of interest to residents such as information on the Town Council’s activities, as well as upcoming community projects, town events and public consultations.

Radio
Hailsham has its own online radio station, Hailsham FM (formerly Hailsham Festival FM), which broadcasts on a daily basis. After having received a broadcasting licence in 2018, it has transmitted on 95.9FM from 2 North Street, Hailsham since its official launch on Saturday, 26 May 2018.

Notable teams

 * Hailsham Town Football Club, known as The Stringers (from the town's history as a rope-making centre) play in the second division of the Southern Combination Football League.

 * Hailsham Cricket Club is one of the oldest in East Sussex having been established in 1871. The club has been playing at their ground on Western Road in Hailsham ever since, and have on a number of occasions throughout their history won championship awards. Today, the club fields four Saturday teams and a weekday twenty20 team, as well as a number of junior teams.

Hailsham Active
Hailsham Active (formerly Hailsham & District Sports Alliance) was set up in 1995 with the objective to unite sports clubs and societies within the Hailsham district, provide support for member clubs, and to promote sport within the town as an essential activity for residents.

Leisure facilities

 * The Maurice Thornton Playing Field in the east of the town and provides additional facilities for football (junior and senior), as well as stoolball and athletics.
 * The Freedom Leisure Centre recreation complex, located near the town centre, has facilities including a gym and swimming pool (with a flume and water slide). Several 10-pin bowling lanes were added in 2006. Hailsham Outdoor Bowling Club is based at the rear of the complex.

 * Knockhatch Adventure Park, situated just outside Hailsham, is a theme park. It features the Sherlock Holmes Experience, family rides and several large indoor and outdoor play areas. Knockhatch Adventure Park also has a zoo with open air enclosures and daily owl flying displays.

 * Knockhatch Ski School, situated just outside Hailsham, features a 110m artificial dry ski slope which creates the perfect conditions for skiing and snowboarding. The down slope measures 360ft with a vertical drop of 100ft. The Southern Ski Club for the Disabled is hosted here on the first Saturday of every month.

 * The Arlington Speedway/Stadium, situated just outside Hailsham, is a 350-yard long concrete oval motor racing track. Racing normally takes place on a weekly basis and more frequently throughout the summer months.

Leisure activities

 * Fishing is permitted in season at the Hailsham Country Park lake, off Gleneagles Drive. Horse riding is popular in Hailsham and there are several livery stables in the area.
 * For walkers and ramblers, there are numerous footpaths, woodlands, riverside and field walks in the Hailsham district. Information on suitable routes may be obtained from the Hailsham Town Council and Wealden District Council offices. There is an active branch of Ramblers (formerly known as the Ramblers' Association) in Hailsham, which organises a weekly series of walks.
 * The local authorities promote cycling, and there is opportunity for safe cycling along the Cuckoo Trail, which runs through Hailsham and connects to Tunbridge Wells, Heathfield and Polegate.

Additional sports facilities
As part of the planning requirements for the Welbury and Woodholm Farm development, an additional community sports hall has been constructed in north Hailsham. The James West Community Centre was named after the founder and Chairman of the Hailsham & District Sports Alliance, who died in November 2016.

Entertainment and culture
Hailsham is the home of Wealden Brass, a brass band which rehearses at Union Corner Hall. The band was formed in February 1979 and held its first practice in the Church at Vines Cross on 6 March 1979. The Hailsham Choral Society, founded in 1961, performs several concerts in Hailsham and neighbouring towns throughout the year.

Three pubs remain in the three streets that make up the triangle of Hailsham Town Centre, The Grenadier; The Corn Exchange; The third being "The George", closed in June 2008 due to financial pressures, but reopened in December 2008 under the new ownership of pub chain Wetherspoons. The Corn Exchange also operates as a nightclub on weekend nights. In addition, Hailsham has several members' clubs in the town centre including: Slate Base; the Hailsham Memorial Institute and The Hailsham Club (known locally as The Top Club). Local public houses and inns that have closed over the years include: Bricklayers Arms, The Good Intent; The Fox; The Black Horse Inn; The Swan Inn; The Market House; The Bridge; The Cow and The Brewers Arms (formerly the Railway Arms).

Hailsham is also home to the annual Hailsham Festival, described as a celebration of talent, creativity and imagination centred in Hailsham and its surrounding area. Hailsham Festival takes place over two or three weeks in different locations at the end of the summer.

Hailsham Pavilion
Hailsham Pavilion is a Grade II listed cinema and concert hall built in 1921. After remaining empty, it was refurbished in 1993 and reopened in 2000. Hailsham Pavilion was originally opened as a cinema on 28 November 1921 by local Justice A. K. Burtenshaw JP, with The Kid starring and directed by Charlie Chaplin as the first picture.

Following many years of service, Hailsham Pavilion closed as a cinema in 1965. It served as a bingo hall until 1987, before being purchased by Wealden District Council using a Compulsory Purchase Order, after its owners fell into receivership. By 1999, the Hailsham Old Pavilion Society (H.O.P.S.) had raised enough money to restore the old cinema and signed a 31-year lease at a peppercorn rent. In 2012 the film The Moo Man had its first ever screening at the Pavilion.

Live Entertainment
Hailsham Live, the first live music and family entertainment event the town has seen was brought to the town on 10 July 2021, the first local event since coming out of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. The whole-day event was originally scheduled for 8 May 2020 to coincide with the VE Day celebrations but the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns prevented it. Hailsham Live was organised by Hailsham News.

Summerheath Hall
Summerheath Hall is a community hall. It is home to a group of amateur dramatic players, Hailsham Theatres, whose musical and drama performances have been presented since the early 1930s.

Gallery North
Hailsham has an art gallery, Gallery North in North Street. Since the Gallery North project began in November 2004, they have showcased the work of over 200 artists, organised art workshops, courses and events (including the formation and promotion of Hailsham's first Arts Festival).

Although Gallery North is supported by Wealden District Council and Hailsham Town Council, they rely on donations, grants, bursaries and sponsorship from various organisations to manage the project. They are a not-for-profit organisation run by unpaid volunteers.

The town crest
The Hailsham Town Crest was designed by a parish councillor and adopted by Hailsham Town Council for use on all official documents. It was crafted by local resident P. V. Collings in the form of a shield, which was presented to the council, and now hangs in the Town Council offices at The Inglenook in Market Street.

The shield is divided into four sectors. The upper left of these shows the six gold martlets and crown of the armorial bearings of the County of East Sussex. The remaining three quadrants each depict a facet of the town's history or culture.

The upper right shows a sheaf of corn, crook and rake, to illustrate the agricultural and rural connections from which Hailsham derived its status as a market town. The lower right shows a mill, possibly the last surviving mill - Hamlin's Mill in Mill Road.

Finally, the lower left quadrant depicts a ball of twine and rope "dolly", representing Hailsham's entry into light industry, in the form of ropemaking, which supported factories and "ropewalks" within the town's boundaries.

Local traditions and festivals
One event in the town's calendar is its celebration of Guy Fawkes Night, held in October. The average attendance of 3,000+ people descend upon the town centre to witness the event, organised by the Hailsham Bonfire Society. Additional town festivities include annual market events and various Christmas markets.

Buildings and architecture
Many parts of Hailsham have been lost to redevelopment prior to preservation orders being introduced. The town retains a number of buildings which display evidence of antiquity. The houses are mainly Victorian in character with more modern residential developments around the original town centre.
 * War memorial – The High Street war memorial was unveiled on 28 November 1920 by Lord Leconfield, the then Lord Lieutenant of the county. It records the loss to the community of the 86 men killed in World War I and a further 35 lost during the Second World War. The memorial comprises a wheel cross with Celtic lettering under which the names of the dead are listed on two tablets.
 * St Mary's Church (now called Hailsham Parish Church) – St Mary's Church is a grade-listed building and dates back to the early 15th century, although there is evidence of a church on this site in the early 13th century. The building was substantially rebuilt in Victorian times. Five of the peal of eight bells date from 1663 and three from 1889. The present clock was installed to celebrate Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee.https://sussexparishchurches.org/church/hailsham-st-mary/
 * The Old Vicarage – Now "The Grange", the Old Vicarage was built 1701-1705 for the Reverend Thomas Hooper as a vicarage for the adjacent church. The architectural style of the house exemplifies what many refer to as the Mary-Anne style which reflect the Dutch domesticity of the William and Mary period, combined with the more grand and formal style of the Queen Anne period, is an early 18th-century residence and a Grade II listed building.
 * Fleur de Lys and Inglenook – The "Fleur de Lys" and "Inglenook" in Market Street – one building divided in two in the late 19th century, but now reinstated as one – was originally built in the reign of Elizabeth I (1542) as part of the original hostelry of the town. Later to become the Workhouse, after which it was converted to shops and residential dwellings, it is now the Hailsham Town Council’s offices and meeting room.
 * The Grenadier – In 1803, Hailsham Barracks were built to quarter troops intended to man the Martello towers, which defended the Pevensey areas from Napoleon. The barracks were closed after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815.
 * The Old Court House - The Old Court House was erected in 1861 consisting of a Court Room together with an office and residence for the Police Superintendent. Prior to 1861, the first Police Station was located at the top of Hailsham High Street. Offenders were placed in the stocks situated in front of the Terminus Hotel, and a gibbet was built on the corner of Summerheath Road and Western Road.
 * The Stone – A Grade II listed building, "The Stone" is probably the oldest house in Hailsham and possibly named after an old boundary stone in the grounds, and originally built around 1320 in the style of the Wealden Hall houses. Featuring inglenook fireplaces, a bread oven, a priest hide, and with evidence of early sliding shuttered windows, it was once owned by Cardinal Wolsley.
 * Cortlandt – Originally called "Newhouse", Cortlandt was renamed after one of its previous occupants, Philip van Courtlandt, an American who fought on the British side in the American War of Independence. The renaming was undertaken by William Strickland.
 * The Old Court House – Erected in 1861 consisting of a Court Room together with an office and residence for the Police Superintendent, The Old Court House was, prior to 1861, the first Police Station in Hailsham.
 * The Old Brewery – Built in 1827 by Thomas Gooch from Norfolk, The Old Brewery was renowned for strong beers. The building was used by a succession of brewers and was, for a while, used as a Catholic place of worship.
 * Hamlin's Mill – The one mill believed to be the town's last surviving one was Hamlin's Mill (where the remains of the mill's ancillary buildings can still be seen today). The mill was a smock type built in 1834, and was destroyed by fire on 17 November 1923. It was replaced by a powder mill, but by 1969, it was being used as a sack mill when it was again destroyed by fire.
 * Harebeating Mill – Harebeating Mill, a post mill located at St Wilfrid's Green just off the top of Hailsham High Street, was previously known as Kenward's Mill. Only the lower floor of the mill remains and this, together with a more modern upper storey, has been converted into a private house.
 * Michelham Priory – Michelham Priory at Upper Dicker in Hailsham, was founded for Augustinian Canons in 1229 in the Sussex Weald. It is surrounded by a great medieval moat, with 7 acres of lawns and gardens. Parts of the Priory buildings were destroyed at the Dissolution in 1636, and the remaining buildings formed the nucleus of a fine Tudor house built in the late 16th century. The property was owned by the Sackville family from 1603 to 1897 and was given to the Sussex Archeological Trust in 1959.

Parks and gardens

 * Hailsham Country Park covers approximately 22 acres and incorporates woodland, an open field area, wildflower meadow, two ponds and a lake. A water course skirts the open field area and all-weather footpaths can be found throughout the park. The various woodland sites within the Country Park have a very good selection of tree species including birch, oak, ash, maple and wild cherry. Wildlife residing in the area includes voles, mice, lizards and weasels. The Hailsham Country Park received South & South East in Bloom Silver Awards in 2009 and 2010, in recognition of the efforts of volunteers to restore the park's wildflower meadow and the planting of additional trees in recent years.
 * The Common Pond in Bellbanks Road has been a focal point in Hailsham for centuries and is considered to be the town's "Jewel In The Crown". The commons were largely enclosed in 1855, but the pond area was retained by the lord of the manor, Lord Sackville. It was finally bought by the Council in 1922 for £300, and became a public open space. Radical works to the 1.86 acre site began in 1996. The pond base was then excavated and surplus clay used to extend the existing central island, before the construction of a second island and a sloping marginal wetland area along and over a section of the south perimeter wall. Many thousands of carp and other fishes were removed, and not replaced.
 * The Dennis King Memorial Orchard & Sensory Garden was officially opened in 2010 to help reverse the trend in the loss of traditional English orchards and create a fully accessible community garden for local residents. Advice and recommendations were received from the East Sussex Association of Blind and Partially Sighted People (ESAB) and Thrive, a national charity dedicated to enabling positive change in the lives of disabled and disadvantaged people through the use of gardening and horticulture.

Other sites of interest

 * Burfield Park – In 1807, Thomas Burfield, a local saddle maker, founded his rope company in Hailsham. Ropes were produced for the demands of the re-emerging yachting industry, which was just recovering after World War II. Furthermore, all the official hangman's ropes used here and in the colonies were made in Hailsham. Today, Marlow Ropes has a new purpose-built factory and warehouse, and continues to manufacture ropes on the same site.
 * Market Square – the site of the original market, with sellers spreading out into the adjoining roads. A market cross was erected in the square to make sure all deals were seen to be "done in the sight of the Lord". The cross was removed around 1880, to allow carts to turn the corners of the roads leading to the square.
 * Amberstone Farm – On Sunday, 26 June 1814, the Emperor of Russia, the King of Prussia and their suites halted on their way to Dover at Amberstone Farm, which, at the time, was in the hands of Samuel Rickman, whose son was born soon afterwards. The child was by imperial request, named Alexander.

Places of worship

 * Hailsham Parish Church (Anglican)
 * Christchurch Hailsham
 * Emmanuel Church (Anglican)
 * Hailsham Baptist Church
 * St Peter & St Paul's Church
 * Hailsham Free Church (Evangelical)
 * St Wilfrid's Roman Catholic Church
 * Hailsham Methodist Church
 * Gordon Road Evangelical Church
 * Living Word Community Church (Evangelical)
 * Hailsham Gospel Mission
 * Primrose Hall Corinthian Church
 * Kingdom Hall (Jehovah's Witnesses)
 * Bartholemew's Church

International relations
Hailsham is twinned with Gournay-en-Bray in the Upper Normandy region of France. Although Gournay-en-Bray has a much smaller population (c. 6,500 compared to Hailsham's c.20,500), according to Hailsham Town Council, "the features and facilities of both towns are quite similar". The Twinning Charter was signed in Hailsham in October 2000 and in Gournay-en-Bray in February 2001, and renewed in both towns on the tenth anniversary. Cultural and host family visits take place every year, in both directions.
 * 🇫🇷 Gournay-en-Bray, France

Notable residents

 * Fanny Cradock (1909–1994), British writer, restaurant critic and television cook. She spent the final part of her life living in Ersham House, Hailsham.
 * Peter Grant (1935–1995), British music manager and former manager of Led Zeppelin. He bought and lived on a private estate at Hellingly after retiring from the music business.
 * Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone (1907–2001), British politician and 2nd Viscount Hailsham. Formerly Quintin Hogg, he lived at the seventeenth century Carter's Corner House in Hailsham.
 * Ronnie Hilton (1926–2001), popular English balladeer of the 1950s, originally from Yorkshire. He died at the Ersham House Nursing Home in Hailsham.
 * Anne Shelton (1923–1994), popular English vocalist of the 1940s and 1950s. She lived at Herstmonceux near Hailsham until her death in July 1994, aged 66.
 * Thomas Wolsey (1473–1530), English political figure and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He once lived at The Stone, Hailsham. Cardinal Wolsey was assigned the lease of the rectory of Hailsham, which included The Stone, but there is no proof that he ever lived here.

title: Hailsham


text: Template:Mag-stub

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Lamb Chop (puppet)

Lamb Chop is a sock puppet anthropomorphic sheep created by the puppeteer and ventriloquist Shari Lewis. The character first appeared during Lewis' guest appearance on Captain Kangaroo in March 1956 and later appeared on Hi Mom (1957–1959), a local morning show that aired on WRCA-TV in New York, New York.

Concept and creation
Lamb Chop has been described as a "6-year-old girl, very intuitive and very feisty, a combination of obstinacy and vulnerability...you know how they say fools rush in where wise men fear to go? Well, Lamb Chop would rush in, then scream for help." Lamb Chop, in all her shows, had referred to her close friend, a girl named Lolly Pincus.

From 1960 to 1963, Lewis had her own musical-comedy network television program named The Shari Lewis Show. As children's programming turned more towards animation in the mid-1960s, she continued to perform in a wide range of venues.

In 1992, Lamb Chop and Lewis began their own PBS children's show, Lamb Chop's Play-Along, an Emmy Award winner for five consecutive years. The show lasted approximately 25 minutes per episode. On PBS, it premiered September 10, 1992 and was last shown on January 1, 1997. From 2007 to 2009, it was shown on Qubo.

In 1993, when Lewis appeared before the U.S. Congress in an oversight hearing on the Children's Television Act, Lamb Chop provided her own testimony.

In 1998, Lamb Chop co-starred with Lewis on the short-lived spin-off The Charlie Horse Music Pizza. The show was canceled after Lewis' death in 1998. The last episode of The Charlie Horse Music Pizza aired on January 17, 1999.

Prior to her death, Shari Lewis sold the rights of Lamb Chop to Golden Books Family Entertainment. When Golden filed for bankruptcy, Classic Media (later renamed DreamWorks Classics and now part of NBCUniversal) acquired Golden's entertainment catalog.

Mallory Lewis reimagining
Two years after Lewis died in 1998, her daughter, producer and writer Mallory Lewis, began to perform with Lamb Chop. Mallory Lewis had worked closely with her mother when producing Lamb Chop's Play-Along and The Charlie Horse Music Pizza. About her mother and Lamb Chop she said:

Shari Lewis' other puppet, Hush Puppy, made his comeback at the Iowa State Fair in 2010. Until 2024 Mallory Lewis didn’t perform Charlie Horse, as doing his voice is hard on her vocal cords. He did make a comeback via social media videos in early 2024. Lewis' daughter still owns the live performing rights to the Lamb Chop characters.

Mallory Lewis and Lamb Chop perform mainly for the US military. Lamb Chop is an honorary three-star general in the Marines.

In the first year's collection of 9 Chickweed Lane dailies, Out Whom Shall We Gross?, the August 31, 1993 strip quotes Lamb Chop as saying, "A virtuous man's honesty exists only in proportion to the pyre upon which he atones for it."

Mallory Lewis described Lamb Chop's values as a "liberal Jewish Democrat".

title: Lamb Chop (puppet)


text:
Talk:Lamb Chop (puppet)

Blurb for DYK
Did You Know:

 * ...that Lamb Chop, was a fictional sheep who was created as a sock puppet by comedienne and ventriloquist Shari Lewis, first appeared on the children's morning television show Captain Kangaroo in 1957, and today continues to perform with Lewis' daughter Mallory Tarcher?

Lamb Chop is "an" ewe?
Lamb Chop is "an ewe" (emphasis mine)? I know the rule that the indefinite article "an" is generally used preceding a noun that begins with a vowel, but I believe that that is generally. I believe if the noun is pronounced beginning with a consonant sound, "a" is proper. This is true for the reverse if the noun begins with a consonant but is pronounced with a beginning vowel sound, such as, "That was an honest answer," instead of "That was a honest answer."

My 1998 edition of "The Bedford Handbook", a writing composition handbook, states for usage of "a, an": "Use an before a vowel sound, a before a consonant sound: an apple, a peach".

Note that it states a vowel/consonant sound. I believe this article should be corrected to state "a ewe". I didn't change it because I felt this might cause a round of updates back and forth and thought bringing it up on the talk page would be best.

 * It's apparent that the author was thinking of the link "a sheep " and not of the resulting phrase "a ewe", since "ewe" is cast with the article "a" the phrase should be rendered as "an ewe".  Just because an author, and subsequent editors, having "writ once and moved on," has not returned to their work does not mean an error ought to be left to impinge upon the reader's eye -- have mercy, if not for the reader, then for your grammar school English teacher.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.165.253.170 (talk) 08:38, 19 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Correct me if I'm wrong, but the letter "e" is a vowel and the sound of the word "ewe" is a "vowel sound" (what we used to call a long u sound). Why would it ever be questioned that the article should be "an" and not "a"? I do get that the pronunciation of the word "ewe" could be represented phonetically as "you", but that wouldn't trump the rule of grammar. This is probably where the OP was going with their suggestion. THX1136 (talk) 16:15, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

Suggested merge
I think this should be merged into Lamb Chop's Play-Along because it isn't a large page. Before this is merged, though, a contents list should be added there. Anyone agree?
 * I disagree. Lamb Chop the character spans nearly 50 years of various children's TV and entertainment, while Lamb Chop's Play Along is one single show spanning only 5 years.  The character has so much more history than that one show, it'd be like merging Bugs Bunny into Space Jam. Rob T Firefly 03:22, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Sharilewis&lambchop.jpg
Image:Sharilewis&lambchop.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:03, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Additional Appearances
Shari Lewis, Lamb Chop and Hush Puppy were semi-regulars on The Irish Rovers on CBC in the 1970's. As well, Shari Lewis hosted at least one concert at the National Arts Centre in Ottawa, Canada in about 1983-84. I'll see if the CBC archives have exact dates for this.Jh404 (talk) 02:23, 30 July 2012 (UTC)jh404

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051104190126/http://jumprunproductions.com/lc4.htm to http://jumprunproductions.com/lc4.htm

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Reference 1 out of date
This link needs an archive.org or similar link. The modern website is not what it used to be. 173.81.126.67 (talk) 20:47, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lamb Chop (puppet)


text:
User:Bigevildan

--Bigevildan 18:07, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Bigevildan


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Template talk:Honda

Subtemplates
Nice, but huge. Honda makes tons of things - maybe we should use different templates for different product lines in order to squish it down some? For instance, we could make a Template:Honda automobiles for just the cars and trucks, another Template:Honda motorcycles, etc... Also, the logos are usually 25px, not 100px. I gotta improve my Mazda and M-B templates! --SFoskett 18:09, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I worked on Template:Mazda. I tried adding most models and keeping the space usage down... --SFoskett 18:36, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)

Table formatting
The formatting of this table appears horrible in my Browser (classic skin, Win98, MSIE). I'm not sure I'm up to fixing the table structure. -- SGBailey 21:28, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * What version are you using (skin is irrelevant for page rendering)? Anyway looks more like a screen size problem, it just get squashed together. I added a fixed width to the rightmost colum where the image is, that shoud fix the overlap problem. --Sherool 19:36, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Still lots of cars in the list
Would it be nicer to group derivatives with originals, eg "Life (Life Dunk · That's · Zest)" This would reduce clutter and improve presentation overall but hurt alphabetical lookups. Opinions? Potatoswatter (talk) 06:29, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 May 2020
Add "Envix" on the side of Crider in "Cars" section. 182.30.137.85 (talk) 15:42, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

✅ PrussianOwl (talk) 00:33, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 June 2020
Add N-WGN in "Kei cars" section 182.30.81.200 (talk) 10:54, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done ProcrasinatingReader (talk) 02:47, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 August 2020
Add the AlphaTauri AT01 and the Red Bull Racing RB16 into the Racing group of the template, as their cars have been released and racing on the current F1 season. 131.255.8.82 (talk) 20:54, 5 August 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ Thanks. Carfan568 (talk) 20:59, 5 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Honda


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Sir (disambiguation)

Sir is a respectful form of address for a man, and a formal title used in the United Kingdom for knights and baronets.

Sir, SIR or SiR may also refer to:

Iran

 * Sir, Iran, a city in Fars Province
 * Sir, Razavi Khorasan, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province
 * Sir, West Azerbaijan, a village in West Azerbaijan Province

West Bank

 * Sir, Jenin, a Palestinian village in Jenin district
 * Sir, Tulkarm, a Palestinian village in Tulkarm district

Others

 * Sir Creek, on the border between India and Pakistan

People

 * Sir (singer), American singer, songwriter, record producer
 * Jaroslav Šír (born 1923), Czechoslovak former skier
 * József Sir (1912–1996), Hungarian sprinter
 * Sedat Sir (born 1975), Turkish-Australian former Australian Rules footballer

Entertainment

 * Sir (1993 film), a Bollywood film
 * Sir (A Series of Unfortunate Events), a fictional character in A Series of Unfortunate Events
 * Sir (album), by Fischerspooner
 * Sir (2018 film), an Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film
 * "Sir", a song by Nicki Minaj from Queen

Organizations

 * Sigma Iota Rho, a collegiate honour society for international studies
 * Society of Interventional Radiology, an American organization of health professionals
 * Sons In Retirement (SIR), a fraternal organization of retired men

Mathematics and statistics

 * Sequential Importance Resampling, in mathematics, a particle filtering algorithm
 * Signal-to-interference ratio, in telecommunication, the ratio of useful signal versus co-channel interference received
 * Short interest ratio, a metric signalling prevailing investors' sentiment
 * SIR model, a compartmental model of the progress of an epidemic

Other uses

 * SIR proteins (silent information regulator), in molecular biology
 * Saskatchewan International Raceway, a Saskatoon drag strip
 * Security Industry Registry, a corporate service provided by the New South Wales Police Force
 * Siantar railway station, Pematang Siantar, Indonesia (station code: SIR)
 * Singapore Infantry Regiment, the main formation of the Singapore Army
 * Sion Airport (IATA code: SIR), the airport in Sion, Switzerland
 * South Indian Railway, an early Indian railway company
 * Staten Island Railway, rapid transit line in the borough of Staten Island, New York, United States
 * Statutory Invention Registration, publication of an invention by the United States Patent and Trademark Office
 * Surrey Iron Railway, a horse-drawn plateway that linked the former Surrey towns of Wandsworth and Croydon
 * Serial Infrared, a category of Infrared Data Association
 * Secondary Image Registration, a type of passive autofocus
 * Supplemental Inflatable Restraint or airbag, a vehicle safety device

Other uses

 * Sır Dam, on the Ceyhan River in Turkey
 * Sirene (Sir in Serbian), a type of cheese

title: Sir (disambiguation)


text:
M. N. Roy

Manabendra Nath Roy (born Narendra Nath Bhattacharya, better known as M. N. Roy; 21 March 1887 – 25 January 1954) was a 20th-century Indian revolutionary, philosopher, radical activist and political theorist. Roy was the founder of the Mexican Communist Party and the Communist Party of India (Tashkent group).

He was also a delegate to the Communist International congresses and Russia's aide to China. In the aftermath of World War II Roy moved away from orthodox Marxism to espouse the philosophy of radical humanism, attempting to chart a third course between liberalism and communism.

Early years
Narendra Nath "Naren" Bhattacharya was born on 21 March 1887 in Arbelia, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, near Calcutta (Kolkata).

The Bhattacharyas were Sakta Brahmins – a family of hereditary priests. Roy's paternal grandfather was the head priest of the goddess Kheputeswari in the village of Kheput, Midnapore district. His father also served as a priest before moving to the village of Arbelia with his 12 children.

Following the death of his first wife, Roy's father married Basantakumari Devi, the niece of Dwarkanath Vidyabhushan. He then taught Sanskrit at a nearby school. The couple had a total of eight children, including the fourth-born Naren.

Roy's early schooling took place at Arbelia. In 1898, the family moved to Kodalia and he continued his studies at the Harinavi Anglo-Sanskrit School, where his father taught, until 1905. He was considered tall, strong and athletic for his age.

He later enrolled at the National College under the tutelage of Sri Aurobindo, before studying at Bengal Technical Institute (now Jadavpur University) where he studied engineering and chemistry. However, much of Roy's knowledge was gained through self-study.

Indian Independence Movement
Towards the end of the 19th century, revolutionary nationalism began to spread among the educated middle classes of Bengal, inspired by the writings of Bankim and Vivekananda.

According to one biographer, Roy agreed with Bankim that true religion was not being cloistered from the world, but working actively for the public good. Vivekananda reinforced this and advanced the idea that Hinduism and Indian culture were superior to anything the Western world could offer.

He formed a rationalist group with his cousin Hari Kumar Chakravarti (1882–1963). Members included Satkori Banerjee (Bandhopadhyay), brothers Saileshvar and Shyamsundar Bose, Roy's cousins Phani and Narendra Chakravarti, and Mokshadacharan Samadhyayi, an organiser of the Anushilan Samiti in Chinsura.

In July 1905, the partition of Bengal was announced, scheduled to start in October. A mass movement aimed at annulling the partition emerged, giving radical nationalists like Roy an opportunity to build broader support. Following his high school expulsion for organising a meeting and a march against the partition, Roy and Chakravarti moved to Kolkata and joined the Anushilans.

Under Mokshada's leadership, on 6 December 1907 Roy committed political theft to raise money for the Anushilans. When arrested, he was carrying two seditious books by Barin Ghosh. Defended by J. N. Roy (close friend of Bagha Jatin) and Promothonath Mukherjee, he was released on bail, thanks to his reputation as a student and social worker.

Barin sent Prafulla Chaki with Charuchandra Datta to see Bagha Jatin at Darjeeling who was posted there on official duty, and do away with the Lt. Governor. On explaining to Prafulla that it wasn't the right time, Jatin promised to contact him later. Though Prafulla was impressed by him, Barin cynically commented that it would be too much effort for a government officer to serve a patriotic cause. Phani returned from Darjeeling and, fascinated by Jatin's charisma, he informed his friends about him. On hearing Barin censuring Phani for disloyalty, Roy decided to meet Dada but was caught by Barin.

The Howrah-Shibpur Trial (1910–11) brought Bhattacharya closer to Jatindra Mukherjee.

The Hindu-German conspiracy
Many Indian nationalists, including Roy, became convinced that only through a revolution would they be able to achieve India's independence from the British Empire. So revolutionary nationalists looked to a rival imperial power, that of Kaiser Wilhelm's Germany, as a potential source for funds and weapons.

In August 1914, World War I began, affecting both the UK and Germany. Expatriate Indian nationalists organised as the Indian Revolutionary Committee in Berlin made an informal appeal to the German government to support a revolution in India. Towards the end of the year, the Germans had agreed to provide funding and material to start an uprising against British rule. Revolution seemed near.

The task of attaining said funding and material was entrusted to Roy. He was sent to Java, where over the next two months he was only able to obtain little funding and no armaments.

In early 1915, Roy set out again, leaving India to search for the German armaments which were believed to be en route somewhere in the Pacific. Roy would not see his homeland again for 16 years.

The plan seemed fantastic, as Roy later recounted in his posthumously published memoirs:

"'The plan was to use German ships interned in a port at the northern tip of Sumatra, to storm the Andaman Islands and free and arm the prisoners there, and land the army of liberation on the Orissa coast. The ships were armoured, as many big German vessels were, ready for wartime use. They also carried several guns each. The crew was composed of naval ratings. They had to escape from the internment camp, seize the ships, and sail.... Several hundred rifles and other small arms with an adequate supply of ammunition could be acquired through Chinese smugglers who would get then on board the ships.'"

Last minute however, the money failed to materialise and the German Consul General had seemingly vanished the day when he was to issue orders for the plan, Roy recalls.

Disgusted but still holding out hope, Roy left Indonesia for Japan, hoping to win Japanese support for their cause, despite Japan's nominal alliance with Great Britain. There he met with Chinese nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen, who had escaped to Japan following the failure of the July 1913 uprising in Nanking.

Sun Yat-sen refused to assist Roy in his task of organising an anti-British revolution in India, instead informing Roy that Japanese support would prove sufficient. His inability to assist was due to Hong Kong's status as a British colony, Sun's own base of operations. Efforts to raise money from the German Ambassador to China were likewise unsuccessful.

Roy's activities soon drew the attention of the Japanese secret police. When he learned he was going to be served formal notice to leave Japan, not wishing to be deported to Shanghai, Roy immediately left the country and arrived in Korea.

He tried to make his way to Peking (Beijing), but he was identified by the British authorities, who detained him. However, he was able to escape jail time due to the British Consul General's ill ease with holding a British subject indefinitely without formal charges.

Efforts to raise funds from the German consulate at Hankow resulted in a tentative agreement. However, this plan also failed due to the scale of the commitment, which had to be approved in Berlin according to Admiral Paul von Hintze. Roy decided to search for German funding from the German Ambassador in the United States, before heading to Germany. Employees of the German embassy were able to assist Roy in stowing away aboard a German-crewed American ship bound for San Francisco.

Although they knew he was on the ship, British colonial authorities stopping the vessel in international waters were unable to locate Roy hidden in a secret compartment. In an effort to throw the British off his trail, and in an effort to obtain more suitable accommodations for the long trans-Pacific voyage, Roy disembarked from Kobe, Japan.

In Kobe, he used a fake French-Indian passport previously obtained for him by the Germans in China. Posing as a seminary student bound for Paris, Roy obtained an American visa, bought a ticket, and sailed for San Francisco.

Communist movement (1910s–1929)
During his stay in Palo Alto, a period of about two months, Roy met his future wife, Evelyn Leonora Trent (alias Shanthi Devi). The pair fell in love and journeyed together across the country to New York City.

It was in the New York City public library that Roy began to develop his interest in Marxism. His socialist transition owed much to Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's essays on communism and Vivekananda's message of serving the proletariat. Due to the presence of British spies, Roy fled to Mexico in July 1917 with Evelyn. German military authorities, on the spot, gave him large amounts of money.

Mexican president Venustiano Carranza and other liberal thinkers appreciated Roy's contributions to the El Pueblo newspaper. The Socialist Party he founded in December 1917 later became the Communist Party of Mexico in 1919, the first Communist Party outside Russia. The Roys lodged a penniless Mikhail Borodin under special circumstances. Due to Borodin's grateful reports, Moscow planned to invite Roy to the 2nd World Congress of the Communist International, held in Moscow during the summer of 1920.

A few weeks before the Congress, Vladimir Lenin warmly received Roy. At Lenin's behest, Roy formulated his own ideas supplemented from Lenin's Preliminary Draft Theses on the National and the Colonial Questions.

Roy's writings were published by the International Press Correspondence (Inprecor), the weekly bulletin of the Communist International. Roy served as a member of the Comintern's Presidium for eight years and at one stage was the Political Secretariat, the executive committee, and the World Congress.

Commissioned by Lenin to prepare the East—especially India—for revolution, Roy founded military and political schools in Tashkent. In October 1920, as he formed the Communist Party of India, he contacted his revolutionary colleagues who, at this time, were determining allegiances between Radicalism (Jugantar) and Mohandas K. Gandhi's novel programme.

Close to the Jugantar in spirit and action, C. R. Das inspired Roy's confidence. From Moscow, Roy published his major reflections, India in Transition, which were translated into other languages. In 1922 Roy's own journal, the Vanguard, was published. This was followed by The Future of Indian Politics (1926) and Revolution and Counter-revolution in China (1930), while he was moving between Germany and France.

Leading a Comintern delegation appointed by Joseph Stalin to develop an agrarian revolution in China, Roy reached Canton in February 1927. Despite fulfilling his mission, a disagreement between the CCP leaders and Borodin led to breakdown of communication. Roy returned to Moscow where Trotskyists and Zinovievists were fighting the Stalinists. Here he voted for Trotsky's expulsion from the executive committee of the Comintern.

Stalin refused to meet Roy and give him a hearing at the plenum in February 1928. Denied treatment for an infected ear, Roy escaped with Nikolai Bukharin's help, sparing himself from Stalin's anger. Shortly after Trotsky's deportation on 22 May 1928, Roy received permission to go abroad for medical treatment on board a Berlin-bound Deruluft plane. In December 1929, the Inprecor announced Roy's expulsion from the Comintern, almost simultaneously with Bukharin's fall from grace.

In India (1930–1954)
M.N Roy returned to India for the first time in December 1930. Upon reaching Bombay, Roy met with Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose, the former of whom recalled that despite significant political differences, "I was attracted to him by his remarkable intellectual capacity."

Roy's political activity in India proved to be brief as on 21 July 1931 he was arrested in Bombay on an arrest warrant issued in 1924. Roy was taken to Kanpur to face charges under Section 121-A of the Indian Penal Code which was "conspiring to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty in India."

No trial was held in open court; rather, the proceedings were conducted inside the jail in which Roy was held. Roy was allowed neither trial by jury nor defense witnesses, nor was he allowed to make a defense statement. Proceedings were conducted from 3 November 1931 until 9 January 1932 when Roy was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment.

Roy was taken to the Bareilly Central Jail, however he was able to smuggle out the defence statement which he was not allowed to present in court. This disallowed declaration was published in full by Roy's supporters in India as My Defence, and in abridged form in New York as I Accuse.

Roy was unapologetic for his views against British colonial rule, declaring:

"The oppressed people and exploited classes are not obliged to respect the moral philosophy of the ruling power.... A despotic power is always overthrown by force. The force employed in this process is not criminal. On the contrary, precisely the guns carried by the army of the British government in India are instruments of crime. They become instruments of virtue when they are turned against the imperialist state."

Roy filed an appeal to the Allahabad High Court, but this was dismissed on 2 May 1933. Roy's sentence was, however, reduced from 12 to 6 years. Roy ultimately served 5 years and 4 months, sitting in five different jails. Dismal prison conditions took a severe toll on Roy's health, and he suffered lasting damage to his heart, kidneys, lungs, and digestive tract as a result of his time behind bars. Roy also lost several teeth, was frequently feverish, and suffered constant pain from a chronically infected inner ear.

Despite his imprisonment, Roy still managed to contribute to the Indian independence movement. A steady stream of letters and articles were smuggled out of jail. He also wrote a 3000-page draft manuscript provisionally titled The Philosophical Consequence of Modern Science. His followers, including A. A. Alwe, formed the Bombay Provincial Working Class Party in 1933 to continue his work while he was imprisoned.

Released in November 1936 in bad health, Roy went to Allahabad for recovery. Defying the Comintern order to boycott the Indian National Congress, Roy urged Indian Communists to join this Party. Jawaharlal Nehru, in his address at the Faizpur session in December 1936, described Roy as:

"...one who, though young, is an old and well-tried soldier in India's fight for freedom. Comrade M.N. Roy has just come to us after a long and most distressing period in prison, but though shaken up in body, he comes with a fresh mind and heart, eager to take part in that old struggle that knows no end till it ends in success."

From the podium, Roy in his speech recommended the capture of power by Constituent Assembly. Unable to collaborate with Gandhi, however, Roy stuck to his own conviction. In April 1937, his weekly Independent India appeared and was welcomed by progressive leaders like Bose and Nehru, however was criticised by Gandhi and the staunch Communists who accused Roy of deviation.

Personal life and Radical Humanism
In marrying Ellen Gottschalk, his second wife, "Roy found not only a loving wife but also an intelligent helper and close collaborator." They settled in Dehra Dun. Roy proposed an alternative leadership, seizing the crisis following Bose's re-election as the Congress President in 1938. In Pune, he formed his League of Radical Congressmen. Disillusioned with both bourgeois democracy and communism, he devoted the last years of his life to the formulation of an alternative philosophy which he called Radical Humanism and of which he wrote a detailed exposition in Reason, Romanticism and Revolution.

In his biography, In Freedom's Quest, Sibnarayan Ray writes: "If Nehru had his problems, so had Roy. From early life his sharp intellect was matched by a strong will and extra-ordinary self-confidence. It would seem that in his long political career there were only two persons and a half who, in his estimate, qualified to be his mentors. The first was Jatin Mukherji (or Bagha Jatin) from his revolutionary nationalist period; the second was Lenin. The half was Joseph Stalin...."

With the declaration of World War II, Roy (in a similar position as Sri Aurobindo) condemned the rising totalitarian regimes in Germany and Italy, instead supporting England and France in the fight against fascism. He severed connections with the Congress Party and created the Radical Democratic Party in 1940. Gandhi proceeded to lead the Quit India movement in August 1942. In response, the British colonial government imprisoned without trial nearly the entire Indian National Congress leadership. Roy's views clearly differed from the mainstream of the independence movement. According to Roy, a victory for Germany and the Axis powers would have resulted in the end of democracy worldwide and that India would never be independent. In his view, India could only win her independence in a free world. On the other hand, Subhas Chandra Bose took the stance that The enemy of my enemy is my friend, leading him to seek alliances with Axis powers. Escaping house-arrest and India, Bose formed the Azad Hind Provisional Indian Government in Exile and allied with the Japanese, bringing the Indian National Army to India's doorstep.

Sensing India's independence to be a post-war reality following the defeat of the Axis powers and the weakening of the British Empire, Roy wrote a series of articles in Independent India on the economic and political structures of the new India, presenting a ten-year plan, and drafting a Constitution of Free India (1944).

Roy in his philosophy devised means to ensure human freedom and progress. Remembering Bagha Jatin who "personified the best of mankind", Roy worked "for the ideal of establishing a social order in which the best in man could be manifest." In 1947, he elaborated his theses into a manifesto, New Humanism, expected to be as important as the Communist Manifesto by Marx a century earlier.

Death and legacy
A planned lecture tour to the United States was canceled on 25 January 1954 due to Roy's death from a heart attack.

Beginning in 1987, Oxford University Press began the publication of the Selected Works of M.N. Roy. A total of 4 volumes were published through to 1997, gathering Roy's writings through his prison years. Project editor Sibnarayan Ray died in 2008, however, so the project was prematurely terminated. Noted personalities like T. M. Tarkunde, Govardhandas Parekh, V. B. Karnik, Sunil Bhattacharya, B. R. Sunthankar, Saleel Wagh, V. R. Jawahire and Dr. Nalini Taralekar were influenced by M. N. Roy and his philosophy.

title: M. N. Roy


text:
USS Columbia (SSN-771)

USS Columbia (SSN-771) is the 21st flight III, or Improved (688i) Los Angeles-class submarine attack submarine of the United States Navy. Commissioned in 1995, the submarine is assigned to Submarine Squadron 7 and homeported in Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam.

Columbia is the eighth U.S. warship to bear the name, though the first to be named for three cities: Columbia, Illinois, Columbia, Missouri and Columbia, South Carolina.

The contract to build Columbia was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut, on 14 December 1988 and her keel was laid down on 21 April 1993. She was the 33rd Los Angeles-class boat built by Electric Boat, and was launched on 24 September 1994 with the slide down a 1,300-foot wooden ramp, the last American submarine to do so, giving her the title of "The Last Slider". Columbia was sponsored by Hillary Clinton, and commissioned on 9 October 1995.

Service history
From March to May 1999, Columbia operated off the California coast, participating in exercises and making port visits.

In 2011, the submarine deployed to the Western Pacific Ocean (WestPac), including a port visit at Yokosuka, Japan.

In May 2014, Columbia left on another western Pacific deployment, again stopping in Yokosuka on 5 November and returning to her homeport of Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam on 21 November.

In 2016, Columbia deployed on a six-month patrol in the western Pacific, making port visits at Yokosuka and Sasebo, Japan, and Guam.

In 2018, the sub made another WestPac deployment, stopping at Yokosuka in May.

In October 2018, the submarine began a mid-life overhaul at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility. She left dry dock on 16 July 2020 and returned to the Navy on 17 May 2021.

In September 2021, Columbia participated in the 62nd annual UNITAS exercise off South America.

2019 shooting
On 4 December 2019, while Columbia was in dry dock, a crew member on guard duty shot and killed two civilian employees and injured another before shooting and killing himself. Machinist's Mate Auxiliary Fireman Gabriel Romero, 22, used duty weapons issued to him as a member of the submarine's Topside Roving Patrol. Later investigation by the Navy determined that Romero was "likely unfit" for service on a submarine and that officers and senior enlisted sailors aboard Columbia had failed to recognize and coordinate action on his deteriorating mental state.

Awards
In July 2015, the ship was awarded the Arleigh Burke Fleet Trophy, as the Pacific Fleet ship that improved the most in the previous year, based on the Battle Efficiency Competition.

Future U.S. submarine of the name
On 25 July 2016, Navy Secretary Ray Mabus announced that the lead ship of the planned Columbia-class submarine of ballistic missile submarines would also be named USS Columbia (SSBN-826), after the District of Columbia. This raised the possibility that the attack sub Columbia might still be in active service when the new ballistic missile sub was commissioned in 2031, although the attack sub would be 37 years old by that point. As of 2022, 36 Los Angeles-class boats have been retired, and only three were in service longer than 37 years.

On 3 June 2022, the Navy announced that the new sub would be named USS District of Columbia to eliminate the possibility that two ships in commission might bear the same name, which is forbidden by federal law.

title: USS Columbia (SSN-771)


text: Category:1515 births

title: Category:1515 births


text:
User:Goki

I'm Goki. I'm Japanese.

&

title: User:Goki


text:
Talk:Harpenden

Untitled
What about population? Present history? City Square Size?

 * Population and history are in there. I have no idea what the square mileage of the town (not a city yet) is. Legis 18:54, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

No longer a stub
Article was promoted from stub status due to its length; expand tag added to allow other editors to decide if there room for expansion SP-KP 14:12, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Influx of chain stores
I noticed that the sentence "It has recently received an influx of chain stores and new shops." got removed - probably right to remove it without more info (although the statement itself is true). There is a local traders association (which I cannot now recall the name of) that has been formed to "fight" the influx, or at least limit future openings, and it might be better to put a para in about that under its own sub-heading. I'll see if I can dig the info up and put it in. It got some free promotional material in the town's Christmas 2006 celebrations. --Legis (talk - contributions) 16:28, 3 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Whether its true and whether its encyclopedic are different questions, WP:NOT. I tend to think the statments a bit POVish. --Salix alba (talk) 16:54, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

House prices
Is it necessary for the article to have such a large and prominant mention of house prices, this is basically trivia rather than anything encyclopedic.GazMan7 11:16, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Well it is quite a distinguishing feature of the town with prices twice the national average, The east and west common districts have some very expensive houses which only the like of jimbo could afford. These all add to the demographic makeup of the town. Just bee looking at cencus data for the constituancy, 34% degree level qualif, 17% in higher managarial/profesional ocupations, the St Albans & Harpenden PCT had the lowest proportion of residents in socially rented households (2.2%),.

These all point to one rich well educated town. --Salix alba (talk) 15:37, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

interesting maybe, but not really that encylcopedic? I would suggest a small comment aboutit lower down the article is more in proportion.GazMan7 16:50, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * You have to remember that we are talking about a town in rural England here, not revolutionary Tibet. Higher than average house prices is about as interesting as things get in Harpenden. --Legis (talk - contributions) 18:28, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

"sons of Harpenden"
"Killing the Lawyers" by Reginald Hill has a citation from a charge by the sheriff which says "nor shall it be taken as mitigation of rudely laying they hands on a citizen and breaking his head, to say that thou mistook him for a Son of Harpenden. But against such as are known by certain signs to be Sons of Harpenden, whose depravations and depredations are notorious amongst sober Christian folk, then lay on amain!" (p. 26, beginning of cap. iii) I presume this is fictitious, but a) should it be in references and b) is there a notorious rivalry between Harpenden and Luton? (the novel takes place in Luton) (or a reference to Cussans' comment, cited in the article?) 142.68.54.190 21:33, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Sounds a bit unlikely to me; Harpenden was a pretty insignificant speck until about 1865 when they cut the railroad (at that time it broke away as a parish from Wheathampstead, which at the time was much larger), and even then, it was only a very small village until about the 1960s when the Thameslink cut through London making it grow rapidly. By contrast, Luton has been a historically significant and sizeable place for hundreds of years.  Any kind of rivalry would probably be a bit lop-sided.  --Legis (talk - contribs) 19:48, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Craig Charles
would it be appropriate to call craig charles a 'celebrity alleged rapist' as well as red dwarf and robot wars star Stevehancock (talk) 15:11, 27 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Generally NO, we have quite strict policies of Biographies of living persons. Any accusations may be appropriate for the Craig Charles page but not here. --Salix alba (talk) 15:45, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

what about mike tyson

or john leslie

aer they a celebrity rapist? Stevehancock (talk) 15:50, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The only thing that is appropriate to say about Craig Charles on the Harpenden page is that he lives there, and he is primarily famous for X (presumably his appearances on Red Dwarf). Anything about allegations of rape, time on remand, how many times he has been married etc. should be reserved to the Craig Charles page.  Same with Mike Tyson, John Leslie and anyone else whom allegations of rape have been made about that ought properly to be documented.

 * The allegations are already covered there, albeit only briefly: Craig_Charles --Legis (talk - contribs) 17:56, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Population of 30 000?
Watford has a population of 20 000, is a fully urbanised area and is twice the size of Harpenden. Conclusion: There is no fucking way that Harpenden has a population of 30 000.

Watford has a stated population on here of 80,000, even that sounds a little low. Luton is 185,000. Harpenden has a fully referenced population of about 30k. Conclusion check your f-ing facts before making silly statements.

 * The figure that keeps coming up when I searched for it is about 28.5k in 1991. Local PCT puts the St. Albans & Harpenden at around 129k in 2001, so it doesn't sound improbable. KRMike (talk) 19:42, 18 September 2009 (BST)

 * Sources? --Legis (talk - contribs) 21:39, 18 September 2009 (UTC)
 * ONS 2001 Census data puts the population of the Harpenden urban area at 27,777 see here and if the adjoining rural parish is added it is just 28,200. Boundary changes since 1991 may have affected the total. If nobody want sto contest this source, which is the basis for all the other UK settlement stats on Wikipedia, then perhaps someone can put this new figure and source up. Tmol42 (talk) 22:15, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

 * @Legis' (talk - contribs) - I didn't add sources since it's so far out of date as to be a rough estimate as it stands. I can dig it out if really needed, but I don't really feel the population number needs questioning TBH. KRMike (talk) 00:48, 26 January 2010 (GMT) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.154.151.74 (talk)

Harpenden, Hertfordshire
I was just wondering whether it would be useful in adding a small change to the Harpenden page. It is often the case that the town is confused with similar town 'Harlington' in the neighbouring county of Bedfordshire. I think it would be very useful if we named the page 'Harpenden, Hertfordshire' instead of just 'Harpenden'. Any thoughts?

Hrachik m (talk) 01:12, 2 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't think they are sufficiently similar, sharing just the first syllable. See Naming_conventions_(geographic_names) for the general guideline. --Salix alba (talk): 08:02, 2 November 2014 (UTC)

Merge
I have suggested that Aldwickbury School should be merged here as a non-notable primary, as per WP:SCHOOLOUTCOMES. Any comments appreciated. CalzGuy (talk) 16:21, 11 January 2017 (UTC)
 * It's probably non-notable (see Notability (schools)). But merging it into an article on the whole town feels not-quite-right.  I am thinking consolidate into a single Education in Harpenden (similar: Education in Aberdeen), or List of schools in Harpenden (similar: List of schools in Edinburgh) article where the schools can all be listed with any relevant detail? --Legis (talk - contribs) 16:37, 11 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I think a list should be a list and it is already listed in List of schools in Hertfordshire. So I wouldn't fancy that. But if you feel Education in Harpenden is sufficiently notable to warrant it's own article, by all means go for it.CalzGuy (talk) 17:01, 11 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110716182242/http://www.harpenden.gov.uk/Uploads/Site796/Files/FULLCOUNCIMINUTES9THJULY2007.doc to http://www.harpenden.gov.uk/Uploads/Site796/Files/FULLCOUNCIMINUTES9THJULY2007.doc
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090604212125/http://www.hertsdirect.org/comdirectory/comvol/herit2y/hthist3y/587461 to http://www.hertsdirect.org/comdirectory/comvol/herit2y/hthist3y/587461

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Origin of the name Harpenden
I have found some information on the etymology of Harpenden [https://www.harpenden-history.org.uk/harpenden-history/brief_history_of_harpenden_general_articles/overview-of-harpendens-history/an_introduction_to_harpenden#:~:text='Military%20path%20through%20the%20valley'&text=The%20westerly%20one%20is%20the,military%20path%20through%20the%20valley'. Here], which claims Harpenden is derived from 'Herpe dene'. If this can be confirmed, then I believe a small section explaining the etymology of the name Harpenden should be added. The credibility of the site is in question, as in the section above what I have linked to claims that the plaques of the twinned towns have been removed, however the last edit of the page was in 2021, and I have personaly seen the plaques earlier this year, so I cannot trust the site. If someone has more information please share said information. 2A00:23C8:449C:A701:A05D:F6A6:F72F:499F (talk) 12:56, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harpenden


text:
Joseph M. Schenck

Joseph Michael Schenck (December 25, 1876 – October 22, 1961) was a Russian-born American film studio executive.

Life and career
Schenck was born to a Jewish family in Rybinsk, Yaroslavl Oblast, Russian Empire. He emigrated to New York City on July 19, 1892, under the name Ossip Schenker; and with his younger brother Nicholas eventually got into the entertainment business, operating concessions at New York's Fort George Amusement Park. Recognizing the potential, in 1909 the Schenck brothers purchased Palisades Amusement Park and afterward became participants in the fledgling motion picture industry in partnership with Marcus Loew, operating a chain of movie theaters.

In 1916, through his involvement in the film business, Joseph Schenck met and married Norma Talmadge, a top young star with Vitagraph Studios. He would be the first of her three husbands, but she was his only wife. Schenck supervised, controlled and nurtured her career in alliance with her mother. In 1917 the couple formed the Norma Talmadge Film Corporation, which became a lucrative enterprise. They divorced in 1934; Schenck then built a home in Palm Springs, California.

After parting ways with his brother, Joseph Schenck moved to the West Coast where the future of the film industry seemed to lie. Within a few years Schenck was made the second president of the new United Artists.

The Political Graveyard reports that he was an alternate delegate from California to the 1928 Republican National Convention.

In 1933 he partnered with Darryl F. Zanuck to form Twentieth Century Pictures to produce motion pictures for United Artists, until 20th Century merged with Fox Film in 1935. As chairman of the new 20th Century Fox, he was one of the most powerful and influential people in the film business. Caught in a payoff scheme to buy peace with the militant unions, he was convicted of income tax evasion and spent time in prison before being granted a presidential pardon. Following his release, he returned to 20th Century Fox where he became infatuated with the then unknown Marilyn Monroe, and played a key role in launching her career.

Honors
One of the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, in 1952 he was given a special Academy Award in recognition of his contribution to the development of the film industry. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6757 Hollywood Blvd.

Death
Schenck retired in 1957 and shortly afterward suffered a stroke, from which he never fully recovered. He died in Los Angeles in 1961 at the age of 84, and was interred in Maimonides Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

title: Joseph M. Schenck


text:
Chris Bentley (rugby union)

Chris Bentley (born 24 May 1987) is an English former rugby union footballer previously of Exeter Chiefs in Premiership Rugby. His position of choice was right sided Lock.

After starting his senior career at New Brighton he gained the chance to play for Orrell following a suspension to club stalwart Chas Cusuani. He went on to play 128 first team games (including a record 64 consecutive 1st XV starts), leaving when the club owner Dave Whelan withdrew financial support. After a brief stint with Biarritz Olympique Pays Basque in the south of France, he joined the Exeter Chiefs for one of two stints that accrued 126 first XV appearances.

Taking a sabbatical when the Chiefs moved to Sandy Park, he played in the National Provincial Championship for Tasman Mako (as founder Mako number 4) spending the New Zealand off season at Edinburgh Gunners before returning to Exeter where he was part of the promotion winning team of 2010. He played two seasons in the Gallagher Premiership joining the corporate team at the club as Sales manager for six years following his retirement.

He remains heavily involved in the sport touring Bermuda annually as part of the Classic Lions team for the World Rugby Classic and is the Rugby Players Association Alumni representative for the South of England

He now works with Devon-based marketing firm www.smithkinbaker.com

title: Chris Bentley (rugby union)