text:
Orley Farm (novel)

Orley Farm is a novel written in the realist mode by Anthony Trollope (1815–82), and illustrated by the Pre-Raphaelite artist John Everett Millais (1829–96). It was first published in monthly shilling parts by the London publisher Chapman and Hall. Although this novel appeared to have undersold (possibly because the shilling part was being overshadowed by magazines, such as The Cornhill, that offered a variety of stories and poems in each issue), Orley Farm became Trollope's personal favourite. George Orwell said the book contained "one of the most brilliant descriptions of a lawsuit in English fiction."

The house in the book was based on a farm in Harrow once owned by the Trollope family. The real-life farm became a school, which was originally supposed to be the feeder school to Harrow School. It was renamed Orley Farm School after the novel, with Trollope's permission.

Background
Orley Farm was written between July 1860 and June 1861. The novel was first published in monthly shilling parts by the London publisher Chapman and Hall from March 1861 to October 1862, with forty wood-engraving illustrations by John Everett Millais. Each part comprised two illustrations that were situated at the front, and two to three chapters that followed. The first volume, also published by Chapman and Hall, appeared in December 1861, before the novel's serialisation was completed. The second volume was published in September 1862, and both volumes included the illustrations.

To produce some of these volumes Chapman and Hall used the unsold parts, making the double volume set valuable for present-day collectors. While the cost for the monthly parts had been low, that for the double volume set was set at eleven shillings per volume. The standard price for such books was ten shillings, and in a letter to the publisher, Trollope blamed the increased price for slow sales of the first volume.

Trollope's arrangement with Chapman and Hall was that he would receive £125 for each of the monthly parts, a sum of £2,500, with an additional half interest in each copy sold after the first 10,000. He was paid a total of £3,135 under this agreement.

Plot summary
When Joseph Mason of Groby Park, Yorkshire, died, he left his estate to his family. A codicil to his will, however, left Orley Farm (near London) to his much younger second wife and infant son. The will and the codicil were in her handwriting, and there were three witnesses, one of whom was no longer alive. A bitterly fought court case confirmed the codicil.

Twenty years pass. Lady Mason lives at Orley Farm with her adult son, Lucius. Samuel Dockwrath, a tenant, is asked to leave by Lucius, who wants to try new intensive farming methods. Aggrieved, and knowing of the original case (John Kenneby, one of the codicil witnesses, had been an unsuccessful suitor of his wife Miriam Usbech), Dockwrath investigates and finds a second deed signed by the same witnesses on the same date, though they can remember signing only one. He travels to Groby Park in Yorkshire, where Joseph Mason the younger lives with his comically parsimonious wife, and persuades Mason to have Lady Mason prosecuted for perjury. The prosecution fails, but Lady Mason later confesses privately that she committed the forgery, and is prompted by conscience to give up the estate.

There are various subplots. The main one deals with a slowly unfolding romance between Felix Graham (a young and relatively poor barrister without family) and Madeline Staveley, daughter of Judge Stavely of Noningsby. Graham has a long-standing engagement to the penniless Mary Snow, whom he supports and educates while she is being "moulded" to be his wife.

Between the Staveleys at Alston and Orley Farm at Hamworth lies the Cleeve, where Sir Peregrine Orme lives with his daughter-in-law, Mrs. Orme, and grandson, Peregrine. Sir Peregrine falls in love with Lady Mason and is briefly engaged to her, but she confesses her crime to Sir Peregine, and they call off the match.

Meanwhile, Mr. Furnival, another barrister, befriends Lady Mason, arousing the jealousy of his wife. His daughter, Sophia, has a brief relationship with Augustus Stavely and a brief engagement to Lucius Mason. Eventually Furnival and his wife are reconciled, and Sophia's engagement is dropped. Sophia is portrayed as an intelligent woman who writes comically skilful letters.

Major themes
Against a vast panorama of carefully depicted human types and their relationships, the basic themes are guilt (the different manifestations of its acknowledgment by Mary Mason and by her son), revenge (its nature and reasons as indulged in by Joseph Mason and by Samuel Dockwrath), suffering (by the guilty party herself and by others who love her), and love/hate (their respective presence or absence in individual characters among the Ormes, the Staverleys, the Furnivals, Felix Graham, and Mary Snow).

Another major theme of Orley Farm is the question of individual judgment versus group judgment. Augustus Staveley purports to advise Felix Graham that a person must allow oneself "to be governed by the united wisdom of others" rather than to take it upon oneself to "judge as to every step by his own lights." Trollope calls this advice into question. Similarly, a comic minor character, Mr. Moulder, defends Lady Mason's acquittal thus: "If a jury of her countrymen doesn't make a woman innocent, what does?"

A darker theme, also seen in Trollope's other books such as Castle Richmond and Framley Parsonage, is that the changing Victorian world often brought anguish and disillusionment to those who had started out with great advantages. Another theme, which recurs often throughout Trollope's works, is the threat of the loss of a house.

Reception
Trollope has made a few comments over the background and his regard to Orley Farm. In Book IX of his autobiography, Trollope says, "The plot of Orley Farm is probably the best I have ever made; but it has the fault of declaring itself, and thus coming to an end too early in the book." He continues by admitting, "When Lady Mason tells Sir Peregrine that she did forge the will, the plot of Orley Farm has unraveled itself; – and this she does in the middle of the tale."

title: Orley Farm (novel)


text:
Slank

Slank is an Indonesian rock band. It was founded in 1983 by teenagers in an alley street in Jakarta called Gang Potlot. The band is known for songs which are often accompanied by political and socially conscious lyrics. It continues to be active and has received many awards from the Indonesian music industry. Along with God Bless and Dewa 19, they are dubbed one of the greatest rock bands in the history of Indonesian popular music. The name Slank was inspired by friends who often called them "slengean guys" (in Betawi, it means men who are free in terms of characteristics and actions). Slank is an abbreviation of the word "slenge'an" and changes the letter G to K to improve the aesthetic. All personnel have compromised to agree on this naming. In making music, Slank voices his concern for music and the interests of all levels of society in Indonesia.

Early years
Bimo Setiawan Almachzumi (Bimbim) created Cikini Stones Complex (CSC) in the early 1980s. The band covered Rolling Stones songs. In 1983 the band broke up.

Accompanied by his colleagues Denny and Erwan, Bimbim created the band Red Devil. For the guitarist, Bimbim brought in Bongky Marcel. In December 1983 they changed their band name to Slank because they looked "selengean" ("rebellious" or "unruly").

The initial formation of the group based in Potlot consisted of Bimbim (drums), Denny BDN (bass), Erwan (vocals), Kiki (guitar) and Bongky (guitar). The first appearance under the name Slank was held at the National University (Indonesia), Jakarta.

Mainstream success
Their first album, Suit-Suit...He-He, was not released until 1990. This album, which featured the songs "Memang" and "Maafkan", was an enormous hit and won the band the BASF Award for best newcomer category. The album also seemed to slap the Indonesian music industry which at that time was still incessant Malay songs like Search's Issabella song. Solid rock and roll blues and a la Slank music finally got close to young people in Indonesia, and their success inspired the formation of other bands, such as Dewa. Their distinctive style, ignorant, slengean, but friendly managed to attract the masses who were then still limited to a minority.

In 1991, their second album, Kampungan, achieved the same level of success as their first album. The singles from this album, "Mawar Merah" and "Terlalu Manis", were made in two versions: Fun and Sales. Unusually, it was precisely the song version of fun, which became hits and was often played. Here Kaka plays harmonica. In this village album, Slank included the song Nina Bobo.

In December 1993, Slank releases third album, Piss!, which is a play on the word peace. This jargon became a trend at that time. The hits single of this album are "Piss" and "Kirim Aku Bunga". Their first three albums, awarded by BASF Indonesia for Best Selling Albums on BASF tapes in each years of released.

1994, Slank released their fourth album Generasi Biru with the several popular hits like "Generasi Biroe", "Terbunuh Sepi", and "Kamu Harus Pulang" entering Indonesia's top charts. This was Slank's first album to reach multi-platinum status, and the band was once again awarded by BASF Indonesia for Best Selling Albums.

Their fifth album, Minority, was released in January 1996. It featured the single "Bang Bang Tut" on the market. On the album, Bimbim sang a song of his title entitled "Bidadari Penyelamat". There is no arrangement whatsoever, only Bimbim's voice.

Conflicts, various changes, and struggle
Slank was plagued by a number of defections, some involving personal issues, others having to do with internal tensions based around creative decisions. Since its inception, Slank's band members have changed frequently. Reasons have ranged from drug use and woman to money and differences in musical styles. The best line up of the band was Kaka (vocals), Bimbim (drums), Pay (guitar), Bongky (bass) and Indra (keyboards).While working on the sixth album, Lagi Sedih, Bimbim decided to fire Bongky, Pay and Indra. But there is also a mention that Bongky, Indra and Pay quit or resigned because of the behavior of Bimbim and Kaka who have been too severe in drug use. The split can actually be seen on their fourth album in the song "Pisah Saja Dulu". Bimbim even intends to disperse Slank. But a letter written in blood by a Slanker made him discouraged. Its contents are scary. "Don't be cheeky, Bim! If Slank breaks up, it means it's wrong! I wrote this letter using blood. Don't let me write the next letter using your blood!" Letters of threat and vows to kill Bimbim if it dissolves Slank is unavoidable. Kaka and Bimbim finally continued to work on their sixth album with the help of additional musicians. Reynold entered to fill the position of guitar and Ivanka who was often hanging out at Potlot also helped in working on the Slank project for the sixth album with the formation of this transition period. The album, Lagi Sedih, was released in February 1997. Single "Koepoe Liarkoe" and "Tonk Kosong" prove that Slank can still survive. Bid gig also arrived.

New formation and continue success
The entry of Abdee and Ridho, Slank continued his musical journey. The result was the album Seven which was released in January 1997 with reliable song "Balikin". The album sold one million copies in a matter of weeks. From there, more albums, most of them commercially successful, followed. The negativity was overcome, and over the next 20 years, Slank was able to increase their profile, tour the world and maintain commercial success. In 2007, Slank released their 20th album, Slow But Sure.

Slank became the first MTV Indonesia icon in 2005.

In 2007, Slank released the new album, Slow But Sure; the album's first single "Slalu Begitu" was played heavily on Indonesian radio stations.

In 2008 Slank toured the U.S. and Europe. They have also played in various Asian countries, such as Thailand, the Philippines, Japan, and South Korea.

Having more than fifteen albums sold and occasionally causing political controversy in Indonesia, Slank decided to travel to the US to record their first English-language album, Anthem for the Broken-Hearted. Blues Saraceno was chosen to be the producer of the album. They recorded and mixed the album in only twenty-two days.

“''If you want the world to see what you want to say, you better go to the highest mountain. And for music, the highest mountain now is in the U.S.A.''”, says Abdee Negara.

Java Jazz Festival 2009
In 2009, surprisingly, Slank was invited to take part in the well known Java Jazz Festival.

Their invitation to a jazz festival by Peter F. Gontha was meant as a challenge to see if they had what it took to perform in a jazz music setting. Their show, attended by thousands, successfully transformed their songs into jazz. In the spirit of reaching a greater jazz audience by combining genres, this show featured Michael Paulo, Ron King and Tony Monaco. It later was described as a "once in a lifetime experience".

Slankers
For more than two decades, Slank has managed a healthy attitude towards their music career, which in turn has helped them throughout the years. Slank has also gained somewhat of a cult status in Indonesia, Slank fans are known as 'Slankers', and they have a reputation for devotion. They wave their Slank flags, which consist of the word 'Slank' shaped into a graffiti-style butterfly. They sing along with several punk rock songs and perform a stadium-worthy call-and-response routine. According to one of the guitarists Ridho, 'Slankers' span all ages from children to adults.

Biopic
In 2009 Slank took part in a film called Generasi Biru that depicts their life and journey. It was directed by Garin Nugroho. For the film, Slank released a single, "Slank Dance", the video clip of which depicts members of the band performing a unique dance created by their fans, the Slankers.

Current members

 * Bimo Setiawan "Bimbim" Almachzumi – drums, percussion, guitar, backing and lead vocals (1983–present)
 * Akhadi Wira "Kaka" Satriaji – lead and backing vocals, harmonica, tambourine, guitar, drums (1989–present)
 * Ivan Kurniawan "Ivanka" Arifin – bass, percussion, guitar, backing vocals (1996–present)
 * Abdee Negara Nurdin – guitar, backing vocals (1997–present)
 * Mohammad Ridwan "Ridho" Hafiedz – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (1997–present)

Former members

 * Denny Budiono Siregar – bass (1983–1986, 1987, 1988), lead vocals (1986–1987, 1987–1988)
 * Bongky Marcel Ismail – guitar (1983–1987), bass, backing vocals (1989–1996)
 * Daniel Hermansyah "Erwan" Siregar – lead vocals (1983–1985)
 * Abza Widi "Kiki" Setiaji – guitar (1983–1985)
 * Adrian "Adri" Sidharta – keyboards (1985–1986, 1988)
 * Rebecca Lilian "Lala" Agustina – lead vocals (1985–1986)
 * Patricia Kartika "Uti" Suharyani – lead vocals (1985–1986)
 * Well Welly – lead vocals (1986–1987, 1988)
 * John Andrew "Andre" Pulungan – keyboards (1987)
 * Parlin Burman "Pay" Siburian – guitar, backing vocals (1987, 1988–1996)
 * Djimboen Wijaya – guitar (1987)
 * Thomas Samuel "Sammy" Karamoy – lead vocals (1987)
 * Abdul Firmansyah "Imanez" Saad – bass, guitar (1986–1987, 1987–1988)
 * James Anthony "Anto" Verhoeven – guitar, vocals (1987–1988)
 * Ronald "Tole" Panggabean – bass (1988)
 * Nita Tilana – lead vocals (1988)
 * Indra Qadarsih – keyboards, backing vocals (1988–1996)
 * Reynold Effendy – guitar, backing vocals (1996–1997)

Studio albums

 * 1) Suit-Suit... He-He (Gadis Sexy) (1990)
 * 2) Kampungan (1991)
 * 3) Piss (1993)
 * 4) Generasi Biru (1994)
 * 5) Minoritas (1996)
 * 6) Lagi Sedih (1997)
 * 7) Tujuh (1998)
 * 8) Mata Hati Reformasi (1998)
 * 9) 999 + 09, Vol. 1 (1999) (double album) 999 + 09, Vol. 2 (1999)
 * 10) Virus (2001)
 * 11) Satu Satu (2003)
 * 12) Road To Peace (2004)
 * 13) PLUR (2004)
 * 14) Slankissme (2005)
 * 15) Slow But Sure (2007)
 * 16) The Big Hip (2008)
 * 17) Anthem For The Broken Hearted (2009)
 * 18) Jurus Tandur No.18 (2010)
 * 19) I Slank U The Album (2012)
 * 20) Slank Nggak Ada Matinya (2013)
 * 21) Restart Hati (2015)
 * 22) Palalopeyank (2017)
 * 23) Slanking Forever (2019)
 * 24) Vaksin (2021)
 * 25) Joged (2023)

Live albums

 * 1) Konser Piss 30 Kota (1998)
 * 2) Virus Road Show (2002)
 * 3) Slank Bajakan (2003)
 * 4) Reborn Republic Slank (2005)

Movie soundtracks

 * 1) O.S.T. "Get Married" (2007)
 * 2) Original Soundtrack "Generasi Biru" The Movie (2009)
 * 3) O.S.T. "Get Married 2" (2009)

International albums

 * 1) Since 1983 - Malaysian Edition (2006)
 * 2) Slank feat. Big Hip - Japan Edition (2008)
 * 3) Anthem For The Broken Hearted - USA Edition (2008)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Slank


text:
User talk:Xantipe

Hey, beauty :)* Midom 08:02, 2004 Oct 21 (UTC)

ghm...houston?

title: User talk:Xantipe


text:
The Big Time (novel)

The Big Time is a short science fiction novel by American writer Fritz Leiber. Awarded the Hugo Award for Best Novel or Novelette in 1958, The Big Time was published originally in two parts in Galaxy Magazine's March and April 1958 issues, illustrated by Virgil Finlay. It was subsequently reprinted in book form several times. The Big Time is a story involving only a few characters, but with a vast, cosmic backstory.

Plot
The storyline features members of one of two factions, both capable of time travel, engaged in a long-term conflict called "The Change War". Their method of battle involves changing the outcomes of events throughout history (temporal war). The two opposing groups are nicknamed the Spiders and the Snakes after their respective sponsors. The true forms or identities of the Spiders and the Snakes, how those nicknames were chosen, or whether they are in any way descriptive are all unknown.

The narrator of the novel is Greta, a young human female employed at a Recuperation Station where soldiers recover from battles. Greta is an Entertainer: part prostitute, part nurse, part psychotherapist. However, other characters narrate parts of the story in lengthy monologues about their experiences and opinions as they visit the spider-staffed facility.

New soldiers, entertainers, and medical staff are recruited by existing Change War participants from various places and times; characters include: Cretan Amazons, Roman legionnaires, eight-tentacled Lunans (natives of a civilization that thrived on Earth's Moon a billion years ago), Hussars, Wehrmacht Landsers, Venusian satyrs (recruited from Venus a billion years in the future), American GIs, and Space Commandos. Soldiers from the armies of Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, Napoleon, and Stalin may find themselves fighting side by side or on opposing sides. Likewise, medical staff and entertainers are inducted into the temporal war to provide medical treatment, rest, and relaxation for injured and weary combatants.

Within the context of the story, the Universe as we know it runs on the Little Time. The Change War combatants and their facilities (places such as Field Hospitals, Express Rooms, Recuperation Stations, and Entertainment Spots), located within artificially-created bubbles of spacetime outside of the Universe, run on the Big Time. The Big Time is described metaphorically by the narrator as a train traveling through the Little Time's countryside. Combat operations occur when soldiers venture into a time and place in the Little Time on orders from their superiors.

Adding to the atmosphere of cynicism about the war's aims and causes is the revelation that one of its effects was to change history and cause an Axis victory in World War II. However devastating this development is to 20th century humanity, now doomed to live under the worldwide oppressive and genocidal rule of Nazi Germany, in the context of the overall Spider-Snake cosmic conflict, this change was incidental and of only marginal importance.

The first few chapters establish the backstory, setting, amazing futuristic technology and characters. The main plot of the novel involves the discovery of a time bomb in the Recuperation Station, and the attempts to defuse the bomb and identify the saboteur, essentially a locked room mystery within a science fiction context.

Reception
Algis Budrys praised The Big Time (which he categorized as a play, not a novel) as evidence that Leiber was the only science fiction writer of his generation "who as a matter of course and conviction saw through the mores and circumstances which are now proving nonviable not only in commercial literature but in what we can call life as well", and a precursor to Roger Zelazny and Samuel R. Delany. In February 1968 he named the book the "Best Thing All Year". In 2012, it was selected for inclusion in the Library of America's two-volume compilation American Science Fiction: Nine Classic Novels of the 1950s.

Influences
Leiber's short story "Try and Change the Past", also from 1958, is set in the same universe. It features a New York man just recruited by the Snakes going AWOL and trying to change his own past, in which he was murdered by his wife, finding out that the universe resists all his efforts and is "conserving reality", and finally not having any choice but to go back to fight in the Time War.

Poul Anderson develops the same basic theme of a time war between two powerful factions, who confront each other throughout time and use people of past periods as their soldiers, in the novel The Corridors of Time (1965).

title: The Big Time (novel)


text: User talk:212.117.127.126

title: User talk:212.117.127.126


text:
James C. Dobbin

James Cochran Dobbin (January 17, 1814 – August 4, 1857) was a nineteenth-century politician and lawyer who served as United States Secretary of the Navy from 1853 to 1857.

Born in Fayetteville, North Carolina in 1814, the grandson of congressman James Cochran, Dobbin attended Fayetteville Academy and the William Bingham School and later went on to graduate from the University of North Carolina in 1832. While at Carolina, Dobbin distinguished himself as a member of the Philanthropic Assembly. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1835, commencing practice in Fayetteville.

Dobbin later got involved in politics and was elected a Democrat to the twenty-ninth congress, serving from 1845 to 1847. He later served in the North Carolina House of Commons in 1848, 1850 and 1852, also serving as speaker of the house in 1850.

In 1852, he was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention where he helped secure the nomination of dark horse candidate Franklin Pierce for the presidency. Pierce appointed Dobbin United States Secretary of the Navy as a reward for his work in the presidential campaign. A firm believer in a strong Navy as an insurance for peace, Dobbin instituted reforms throughout the Navy. Eighteen of the finest ships of their class in the world were built during his tenure as Navy secretary. Under his auspices, the Perry expedition to Japan was carried to a successful termination and the treaty with that country signed. He ordered U.S. Navy Lieutenant Isaac Strain to command a U.S. Darién Exploring Expedition to map and survey the Darién Gap for a Panama Canal to link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

After his term as Navy secretary expired in 1857, Dobbin returned to Fayetteville where later that year he would die; he was interred at Cross Creek Cemetery in Fayetteville. He was memorialized when a ship, present at the attack of Pearl Harbor, was named in his honor the USS Dobbin (AD-3).

title: James C. Dobbin


text: File:Dixie Chicks Home.jpg

title: File:Dixie Chicks Home.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Diane Tebelius

Diane Tebelius was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 7 votes to delete, 2 votes to keep. Postdlf 22:37, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Diane Tebelius
Failed political candidate's misplaced vanity page. MeltBanana 08:20, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Not sure about vanity, but anyway, she lost a primary, so wasn't even her party's choice to run for Congress, let alone a Congressperson. Delete. — Bill 12:25, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Conservative candidates for congress are notable, gets fair amount of hits as well. Wyllium 14:51, 2004 Oct 21 (UTC)
 * Delete: she lost the primary. Beyond that, there's nothing to write. -- [[User:Bobdoe| Bob Doe ]] 16:21, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * She lost the primary, and doesn't seem notable for any other reasons (e.g., I would accept previously holding office as a Secretary of State or something). Delete.. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 16:34, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Didn't get to be the candidate for congress, as she lost the primary. Needs more than this to establish note. Average Earthman 18:03, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'd vote to keep if there was anything at all remotely notable mentioned about her besides "failed primary candidate". Gamaliel 20:34, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Del; office-seekers are non-notable w/o something more, like major-party endoresement for their nomination or a hell of an impressive campaign organization. --Jerzy(t) 01:41, 2004 Oct 26 (UTC)
 * Keep - a real candidate. Intrigue 22:35, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Religious order (Catholic)

In the Catholic Church, a religious order is a community of consecrated life with members that profess solemn vows. They are classed as a type of religious institute.

Subcategories of religious orders are:
 * monastics (monks or nuns living and working in a monastery and reciting the Divine Office)
 * canons regular (canons and canonesses regular who recite the Divine Office and serve a church and perhaps a parish)
 * mendicants (friars or religious sisters who live from alms, recite the Divine Office, and, in the case of the men, participate in apostolic activities); and
 * clerics regular (priests who take religious vows and have a very active apostolic life)

Catholic religious orders began as early as the 500s, with the Order of Saint Benedict being formed in 529. The earliest orders include the Cistercians (1098), the Premonstratensians (1120), the Poor Clares founded by Francis of Assisi (1212), and the Benedictine reform movements of Cluny (1216). These orders were confederations of independent abbeys and priories, who were unified through a loose structure of leadership and oversight.

Later the Mendicant orders like the Carmelites, the Order of Friars Minor, the Order of Preachers, the Order of the Most Holy Trinity and the Order of Saint Augustine formed. These Mendicant orders did not hold property for their Religious Communities, instead begging for alms and going where they were needed. Their leadership structure included each member, as opposed to each Abbey or House, as subject to their direct superior.

In the past, what distinguished religious orders from other institutes was the classification of the vows that the members took as solemn vows. According to this criterion, the last religious order founded was that of the Bethlehemite Brothers in 1673. Nevertheless, in the course of the 20th century, some religious institutes outside the category of orders obtained permission to make solemn vows, at least of poverty, thus blurring the distinction.

Essential distinguishing mark
Solemn vows were originally considered indissoluble. As noted below, dispensations began to be granted in later times, but originally not even the Pope could dispense from them. If for a just cause a member of a religious order was expelled, the vow of chastity remained unchanged and so rendered invalid any attempt at marriage, the vow of obedience obliged in relation, generally, to the bishop rather than to the religious superior, and the vow of poverty was modified to meet the new situation but the expelled religious "could not, for example, will any goods to another; and goods which came to him reverted at his death to his institute or to the Holy See".

Weakening of the distinction in 1917
The former 1917 Code of Canon Law reserved the term religious order for institutes in which the vows were solemn, and used the term religious congregation (or simply congregation) for institutes with simple vows. The members of a religious order for men were called regulars, those belonging to a religious congregation were simply religious, a term that applied also to regulars. For women, those with simple vows were called religious sisters, with the term nun was reserved in canon law for those who belonged to an institute of solemn vows, even if in some localities they were allowed to take simple vows instead.

However, it abolished the distinction according to which solemn vows, unlike simple vows, were indissoluble. It recognized no totally indispensable religious vows and thereby abrogated for the Latin Church the special consecration that distinguished orders from congregations, while keeping some juridical distinctions.

In practice, even before 1917 dispensations from solemn religious vows were being obtained by grant of the Pope himself, while departments of the Holy See and superiors specially delegated by it could dispense from simple religious vows.

The 1917 Code maintained a juridical distinction by declaring invalid any marriage attempted by solemnly professed religious or by those with simple vows to which the Holy See had attached the effect of invalidating marriage, while stating that no simple vow rendered a marriage invalid, except in the cases in which the Holy See directed otherwise. Thus members of orders were barred absolutely from marriage, and any marriage they attempted was invalid. Those who made simple vows were obliged not to marry, but if they did break their vow, the marriage was considered valid.

Another difference was that a professed religious of solemn vows lost the right to own property and the capacity to acquire temporal goods for themselves, but a professed religious of simple vows, while being prohibited by the vow of poverty from using and administering property, kept ownership and the right to acquire more, unless the constitutions of the religious institute explicitly stated the contrary.

After publication of the 1917 Code, many institutes with simple vows appealed to the Holy See for permission to make solemn vows. The Apostolic Constitution Sponsa Christi of 21 November 1950 made access to that permission easier for nuns (in the strict sense), though not for religious institutes dedicated to apostolic activity. Many of these latter institutes of women then petitioned for the solemn vow of poverty alone. Towards the end of the Second Vatican Council, superiors general of clerical institutes and abbots president of monastic congregations were authorized to permit, for a just cause, their subjects of simple vows who made a reasonable request to renounce their property except for what would be required for their sustenance if they were to depart. These changes resulted in a further blurring of the previously clear distinction between orders and congregations, since institutes that were founded as congregations began to have some members who had all three solemn vows or had members that took a solemn vow of poverty and simple vows of chastity and obedience.

Further changes in 1983
The current 1983 Code of Canon Law maintains the distinction between solemn and simple vows, but no longer makes any distinction between their juridical effects, including the distinction between orders and congregations. Instead, it uses the single term religious institute to designate all such institutes.

While solemn vows once meant those taken in what was called a religious order, "today, in order to know when a vow is solemn it will be necessary to refer to the proper law of the institutes of consecrated life."

The Annuario Pontificio continues to distinguish between ordini (orders) and Congregazioni Religiose Clericali ("clerical religious congregations"). Some other authors use the terms religious order and religious institute as synonyms; canon lawyer Nicholas Cafardi, commenting on the fact that the canonical term is religious institute, write that religious order is a colloquialism.

Authority structure
A religious order is characterized by an authority structure where a superior general has jurisdiction over the order's dependent communities. An exception is the Order of Saint Benedict which is not a religious order in this technical sense, because it has a system of independent houses, meaning that each abbey is autonomous. However, the constitutions governing the order's global independent houses and its distinct Benedictine congregations (of which there are twenty) were approved by the pope. Likewise, according to rank and authority, the abbot primate's "position with regard to the other abbots [throughout the world] is to be understood rather from the analogy of a primate in a hierarchy than from that of the general of an order like the Dominicans and the Jesuits".

The Canons Regular of Saint Augustine are in a situation similar to that of the Benedictines. They are organized in eight congregations, each headed by an abbot general, but also have an Abbot Primate of the Confederated Canons Regular of Saint Augustine. And the Cistercians are in thirteen congregations, each headed by an abbot general or an abbot president, but do not use the title of abbot primate.

List of religious orders of men in the Annuario Pontificio

The Annuario Pontificio presents the list of male religious institutes in an Elenco Storio-Giuridico di Precedenza ("Historical-juridical list of precedence"). This list gives priority to certain types of institutes: Orders (divided into Canons Regular, monastics, mendicant orders, clerics regular), clerical religious congregations, lay religious congregations, Eastern religious congregations, secular institutes, societies of apostolic life. The list is found in the 1964 edition of the Annuario Pontificio, pp. 807–870, where the heading is "States of Perfection (of pontifical right for men)". In the 1969 edition the heading is "Religious and Secular institutes of Pontifical Right for Men", a form it kept until 1975. Since 1976, when work was already advanced on revising the Code of Canon Law, the list has been qualified as "historical-juridical".

Religious orders of women in the Annuario Pontificio
The list of religious institutes for women in the Annuario Pontificio does not distinguish between orders (with solemn vows) and congregations (with simple vows). Many of the religious orders for men listed above have comparable religious institutes for women with solemn vows.

title: Religious order (Catholic)


text:
User talk:212.219.119.162

Warnings
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Excirial ( Talk, Contribs ) 10:54, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing. Excirial ( Talk, Contribs ) 11:44, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

January 2008
This is the last warning you will receive for your disruptive edits. The next time you vandalize Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing. Epbr123 (talk) 11:48, 17 January 2008 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

January 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Street theatre, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Street theatre was changed by 212.219.119.162 (c) (t) making a minor change adding "!!!" on 2008-01-23T09:31:01+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 09:31, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing.  Cala braxthis (talk) 14:10, 31 January 2008 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make any unconstructive edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant warnings.

This is the last warning you will receive for your disruptive edits. The next time you vandalize Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing.  Cala braxthis (talk) 14:11, 31 January 2008 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make any unconstructive edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant warnings.

in accordance with Wikipedia's blocking policy for. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to make constructive contributions. If you believe this block is unjustified, you may contest the block by adding the text below. fuck u all u stink ov shit you wanker!!!!!!!!!! hahahahahahahahahahahahaha! fuck u all!!!!!!!!!!!

February 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Ivan Ivanov-Vano, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Ivan Ivanov-Vano was changed by 212.219.119.162 (u) (t) making a minor change with obscenities on 2008-02-12T09:55:04+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 09:55, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Your recent edit to Street theatre (diff) was reverted by an automated bot. The edit was identified as adding vandalism, or link spam to the page or having an inappropriate edit summary. If you want to experiment, please use the preview button while editing or consider using the sandbox. If this revert was in error, please contact the bot operator. If you made an edit that removed a large amount of content, try doing smaller edits instead. Thanks! // VoABot II (talk) 11:40, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

April 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Analog sound vs. digital sound, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Analog sound vs. digital sound was changed by 212.219.119.162 (u) (t) making a minor change adding "!!!" on 2008-04-04T05:34:55+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 09:35, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

The recent edit you made to Analog sound vs. digital sound constitutes vandalism, and has been reverted. Please do not continue to vandalize pages; use the sandbox for testing. Thanks. Waggers (talk) 09:45, 4 April 2008 (UTC))

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, you will be blocked from editing. Vivio Testa rossa  Talk Who 10:21, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

April 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Balls of Steel (TV series), did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Balls of Steel (TV series) was changed by 212.219.119.162 (u) (t) making a minor change adding "!!!" on 2008-04-23T12:47:58+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 12:48, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

May 2008
Hi, the recent edit you made to Reference Daily Intake has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thanks. Hobartimus (talk) 10:14, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

The recent edit you made to John Rogan (actor) constitutes vandalism, and has been reverted. Please do not continue to vandalize pages; use the sandbox for testing. Thanks. CanadianLinuxUser (talk) 12:42, 7 May 2008 (UTC))

September 2008
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did to Fiat Punto. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. --Oxymoron83 07:54, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Please stop making test edits to Wikipedia, as you did to Susan Hiller. It is considered vandalism, which, under Wikipedia policy, can lead to blocking of editing privileges. If you would like to experiment again, please use the sandbox. --Oxymoron83 10:49, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

This is the last warning you will receive for your disruptive edits, such as the one you made to Susan Hiller. If you vandalize Wikipedia again, you will be blocked from editing. --Oxymoron83 10:52, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Abraham Maslow has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you.  Ja Ga  talk 09:15, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

You have been from editing in accordance with Wikipedia's blocking policy for persistent vandalism. If you believe this block is unjustified, you may contest the block by adding the text below.
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

January 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Abraham Maslow has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. Camw (talk) 13:17, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

The recent edit you made to Abraham Maslow constitutes vandalism, and has been reverted. Please do not continue to vandalize pages; use the sandbox for testing. Thank you. Camw (talk) 13:20, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with this edit to Abraham Maslow. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. Jake Wartenberg Talk 13:20, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

This is your last warning. You will be blocked from editing the next time you vandalize a page, as you did with this edit to Abraham Maslow. Camw (talk) 13:21, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

in accordance with Wikipedia's blocking policy for. You are welcome to make useful contributions after the block expires. If you believe this block is unjustified you may contest this block by adding the text below.

September 2009
Your recent edit to Encapsulated PostScript (diff) was reverted by an automated bot. The edit was identified as adding vandalism, or link spam to the page or having an inappropriate edit summary. If you want to experiment, please use the preview button while editing or consider using the sandbox. If you made an edit that removed a large amount of content, try doing smaller edits instead. Thanks! (Report bot mistakes here) // VoABot II (talk) 12:45, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Thank you for your contribution, but we are trying to write an encyclopedia here, so please keep your edits factual and neutral. Our readers are looking for serious articles and will not find joke edits amusing. Remember that Wikipedia is a widely-used reference tool, so we have to take what we do here seriously. If you'd like to experiment with editing, use the sandbox to get started. Thank you.--Alchemist Jack (talk) 09:58, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, adding content without citing a reliable source is not consistent with our policy of verifiability. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you are familiar with Citing sources, please take this opportunity to add references to the article. — Jeff G. (talk|contribs) 14:06, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

September 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Man flu, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Man flu was changed by 212.219.119.162 (u) (t) making a minor change adding "!!!" on 2009-09-21T09:36:42+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 09:36, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to the page Local area network. Such edits constitute vandalism and are reverted. Please do not continue to make unconstructive edits to pages; use the sandbox for testing. Thank you. --  Phantom Steve  ( Contact Me, My Contribs ) 12:41, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with this edit to Local area network. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. Until It Sleeps T •  C 12:41, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

This is your last warning. You will be blocked from editing the next time you vandalize a page, as you did with this edit to Local area network. Until It Sleeps T •  C 13:18, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

November 2010
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Tilting train has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. DARTH SIDIOUS 2 (Contact) 13:53, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Tilting train, you may be blocked from editing. --DAJF (talk) 13:54, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. M AN d ARAX •  XAЯA b ИA M  11:25, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

September 2013
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at An Inspector Calls. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. Thank you. McGeddon (talk) 12:30, 18 September 2013 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

October 2013
Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Fixed price, you may be blocked from editing. andy (talk) 14:08, 1 October 2013 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

October 2018
Hello, I'm Shellwood. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —specifically this edit to Stockton-on-Tees— because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help Desk. Thanks. Shellwood (talk) 10:05, 17 October 2018 (UTC)

November 2021
Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Android lawn statues, you may be blocked from editing.   ― Susmuffin Talk 11:23, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Stop hand nuvola.svg You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Isaiah Jones (footballer, born 1999).  GiantSnowman 12:37, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

December 2021
Hello, I'm Materialscientist. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions—specifically this edit to Battle of Stockton—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help desk. Thanks. Materialscientist (talk) 11:21, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

February 2022
Hello, I'm Victor Trevor. I noticed that you made an edit to a biography of a living person, Duncan Watmore, but you didn’t support your changes with a citation to a reliable source. Wikipedia has a strict policy concerning how we write about living people, so please help us keep such articles accurate. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Victor Trevor ( talk ) 13:40, 7 February 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:212.219.119.162


text:
Snorri

Snorri is a masculine given name. People with the name include:

 * Snorri Þorbrandsson, a character in the Icelandic Eyrbyggja saga
 * Snorri Goði or Snorri Þorgrímsson (963–1031), a prominent chieftain in Western Iceland, featured in a number of Icelandic sagas
 * Snorri Thorfinnsson (1004-1090), son of the explorer Þorfinnr Karlsefni and Guðríðr Eiríksdóttir
 * Snorri Sturluson (1179–1241), an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician
 * Snorri Hjartarson (1906–1986), an Icelandic poet and winner of the Nordic Council's Literature Prize
 * Snorri Hergill Kristjánsson (born 1974), an Icelandic stand-up comedian based in London
 * Snorri Snorrason (born 1977), an Icelandic singer who rose to popularity after winning the Icelandic version of Pop Idol
 * Snorri Guðjónsson (born 1981), an Icelandic handball player

title: Snorri


text:
Radio fingerprinting

Radio fingerprinting is a process that identifies a cellular phone or any other radio transmitter by the "fingerprint" that characterizes its signal transmission and is hard to imitate. An electronic fingerprint makes it possible to identify a wireless device by its radio transmission characteristics. Radio fingerprinting is commonly used by cellular operators to prevent cloning of cell phones — a cloned device will have the same numeric equipment identity but a different radio fingerprint.

Essentially, each transmitter (cell phones are just one type of radio transmitter) has a rise time signature when first keyed which is caused by the slight variations of component values during manufacture. Once the rise time signature is captured and assigned to a callsign, the use of a different transmitter using the same callsign is easily detected. Such systems are used in military signals intelligence and by radio regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for identifying illegal transmitters. They are also used for assessing usage for billing purposes in Subscriber Mobile Radio (SMR) systems.

This topic has garnered great attention in recent years as the radio fingerprinting technique offers a "physical layer" authentication solution, which can provide fundamentally superior performance than traditional higher-layer encryption solutions. The topic has been studied by various researchers across multiple disciplines, including Signal Processing, Antenna and Propagation and Computer Science.

title: Radio fingerprinting


text: Category:Martin County, Texas

title: Category:Martin County, Texas


text:
Yu Yu Hakusho Trading Card Game

The Yu Yu Hakusho Trading Card Game was first published in 2003 by Score Entertainment, and is based on the anime and manga series YuYu Hakusho (the series is spelled Yu Yu Hakusho in FUNimation's anime version and spelled YuYu Hakusho in the Viz English manga). It is a two-player tournament-styled collectible card game; each player uses a deck of forty-four or more cards that is headed by a team of four character cards. The game was discontinued in 2005.

Expansions
Six expansions were released for the Yu Yu Hakusho TCG:
 * Base Set
 * Dark Tournament
 * Gateway
 * Exile
 * Betrayal
 * Alliance

Tournament cards were distributed at tournaments in special packs called spirit packs. Promotional cards could be acquired in many ways: buying magazines or DVDs, or attending tournaments or special events. Alliance did not have any tournament or promotional cards. In addition, special league cards could be acquired by joining a league.

In addition, a "mystery card" called "The Dark One" said to be the ultimate card, was printed. Three copies were initially given to each Score employee (many of which became hole punched). It had an attack of 99000 and the effect "Since you work for Score you can choose a card in your hand or in play and change the effect of the card into anything you want for the remainder of the game." This instantly became one of the most sought after cards in the game when it was first revealed and a sold for over $1,000 on eBay prior to release. This one copy was placed on eBay by Score Entertainment to increase the hype for the upcoming events and tournament prizes, but the card was never widely released to the public as planned due to unforeseen complications. Almost 20 years later, an original copy of "The Dark One" is still widely considered to be the "holy grail" of the Yu Yu Hakusho trading card game and routinely sees sales between $2-$5k when it becomes possible to find one.

In November 2011, the initial Season 4 Blu-ray release by Funimation contained a reprinted, non-foil copy of "The Dark One", printed by Panini, edited to allow use by the casual player.

Gameplay
The game is divided into five matches that consist of one-on-one fights between two character cards. The players alternate turns until one character is defeated, then move on to the next pair of characters. The game ends when one player wins three out of the five matches, or when one player cannot draw or discard a card from their deck. There are also a select few cards that allow one to win the game after performing a set amount of conditions.

Card types

 * Characters : Representing characters from the anime and manga, there must be at least four of them in the deck. Four selected cards start on the field while the others (if there are any) stay in the deck. Some characters have a team symbol; if there are at least three characters with the same team symbol on the field, then the player can use a special bonus attributed to that team. Each card has a Defense score, at least one Attack, and an Alignment (Hero or Villain). Some have effects that can be used at various steps.
 * Techniques : Each Technique card is a single attack that the player's character can use during the Attack step.
 * Items : Items boost a character's attack or defense power, put the player's opponent at a disadvantage, or aid the player in some other way, such as drawing additional cards or changing the player's characters' positions in the Match Slots.
 * Events : Representing plot twists in the anime, Event cards perform a wide variety of things. They are played and used during the Main Step, unless stated otherwise on the card.

Field
The playing field has nine places for cards and a Spirit Energy tracker on each side.

On the leftmost side is the Arena, where the currently fighting Characters are placed opposite each other. Attached Item cards are placed on the lower-left of the Character, and Techniques on the lower-right.

To the right of the Arena are the deck and the discard pile, and placed in a line going left-to-right are the three (or four) other Characters. (This is called the Sideline.) Above the Sideline is the Spirit Energy Tracker, which is simply 0 through 10 printed on the game mat. Included with each Starter Deck is a cardboard counter that is used to mark what level the player's Spirit Energy is, but any sort of counter (coins, pebbles, etc.) can be used.

Setup
The player and their opponent start the game with zero Spirit Energy. The player selects four characters from their deck and chooses one to place in the Arena section of the field; this one will fight the first match. The other three are placed face-down in a line to the right of the deck and discard, with the character that will fight next leftmost. Once the character cards of both players have been placed, the player turns them all right-side up.

The player should shuffle the deck and place it on the field, then flip a coin to determine who goes first. Both players then draw 4 cards from the top of their decks.

Step 1: Draw

 * 1) Unless this is the first turn of the game, the player draws two cards.
 * 2) The player gains two Spirit Energy. (The Spirit Energy Tracker is raised by two points.) Spirit Energy can go up to ten, but not above it, and drop to zero (0), but not below it.

Any cards' effects with "Draw:" can be used during this step.

Step 2: Main
The player may take any of these actions during this step:
 * Place a 5th character card from their hand onto the last unoccupied Match Slot. (There are only four Match Slots, so if the player has more than five characters in their deck, they should choose their fifth fighter carefully.)
 * Attach an item from their hand to one of their characters.
 * Attach a technique from their hand to one of their characters.
 * Play an event from their hand.
 * Use an effect from a card already in play that can be used during this step. (That is, starts with "Main:")

Alternatively, the player may do nothing at all, and go straight to the Attack step.

If a card the player is attaching to a fighter has one or more Spirit Energy icons on it, then they must spend that number of Spirit Energy and lower their Tracker accordingly. However, when the player attaches a card to a character on the Sideline, they should place it facedown under the character and therefore they will not pay any costs. The only time the player will pay costs is when the attached cards are flipped face-up on either the Sidelines or while entering the Arena. If the costs cannot be paid, the card must be discarded.

Step 3: Attack
The player uses one attack during this step. Attacks are done in this order, to prevent confusion:

 * 1) The player states which attack their character is using, either from their own card or from an attached Technique, and pay its cost.
 * 2) The player may use cards and effects that have the phrase "when you use an attack" in their text now.
 * 3) If the player's attack has an effect, it is used now.
 * 4) Cards with effects that are prefixed with "Attack:" on them may be used now.
 * 5) The player compares the final Attack and Defense values. If the Attack is equal to or greater than the Defense, then 1 point of damage is dealt. If the Attack is twice the Defense or more, 2 points of damage are dealt instead. Unless stated by a card effect, no more than 2 points of damage can be dealt a turn.
 * 6) If no damage would be dealt, the player may discard 2 cards from their hand in order to deal 1 point of damage.
 * 7) The defender turns the damaged character ninety degrees clockwise for each point of damage. Alternatively when you are healing points of damage, turn the damaged character ninety degrees counter clockwise for every 1 point of damaged healed. You can not make your characters HP higher than four unless specifically stated by a card effect.

Once a character has taken four points of damage (thus returning it to its original position), both fighters are moved off the main playing field, and the winner is placed face-up and the loser face-down. Any cards attached to them are discarded. The next-in-line in the Match Slots are then moved to the Arena, any attached cards are flipped face-up and any costs for those cards are paid now.

Discontinuation
The game, which started in 2003 and ended in 2005, was discontinued for various reasons. One of the reasons was that each subsequent expansion of cards greatly overpowered the previous sets (see power creep). Cards in later sets had effects and power values which would have been considered overly powerful in the beginning. There were also cards that distorted the game and, with the right deck compilation, allowed you to win in a single turn without even allowing your opponent to have a turn. Some players believed Score did not act swiftly enough to ban or issue errata to these cards. The most notable change was when Israel "I.Q." Quiroz, then head designer quit the game due to creative differences with the playtesting and development team.

After leaving Score Entertainment Israel Quiroz was accused of cheating in the draft portion of the GenCon 04 realms tournament when his deck was found to have too many ghost rares and rares possible for a deck. While opening packs he called the judge, Scott Sager, to inform and show him that one of the packs opened had an extra ghost rare. When brought to the attention of the tournament judge, Scott Sager, the claims were immediately dismissed. Quiroz's team then went on to take second in the tournament.

Reception
The YuYu Hakusho Trading Card Game was voted the Best Trading Card Game of 2003 by Inquest Gamer Magazine.

title: Yu Yu Hakusho Trading Card Game


text:
National Aerospace Laboratories

The National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) is India's first and largest aerospace research company established by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in Delhi in 1959. The company closely operates with HAL, DRDO, and ISRO and has the primary responsibility of developing civilian aircraft in India. It concentrates on research in advanced topics in aerospace and related disciplines.

Based in Bengaluru, the NAL employs a staff of about 2500 people.

NAL is equipped with the Nilakantan Wind tunnel Centre and a computerized fatigue test facility company. NAL also has facilities for investigating failures and accidents in the aerospace engineering domain.

History
On 1 June 1959, the National Aeronautical Research Laboratory (NARL) was set up in Delhi, with P Nilakantan as its first director. In March of 1960, it set up an office in the stables of the Palace of Maharaja of Mysore in the Indian state of Karnataka, on Jayamahal Road, Bangalore, as the National Aeronautical Laboratory (NAL). The first Executive Council was chaired by J. R. D. Tata. Its members included Satish Dhawan and the designer V M Ghatage. Originally started as the National Aeronautical Laboratory, it was renamed National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) in April 1993. The renaming aimed to reflect its growing involvement in the Indian space program and its multidisciplinary activities.

Flosolver
Flosolver was a series of Indian supercomputers designed and assembled by the NAL. Work began on the initial computer in 1986 to help with computational fluid dynamics.

RTA-70 (Indian Regional Jet)
The HAL/NAL Regional Transport Aircraft (RTA) or Indian Regional Jet (IRJ) is a regional airliner being designed by National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) and to be manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). The aircraft is planned to be a turboprop or a jet with 80–100 passengers capacity. Its basic version will have 70–90 seats (RTA-70)

The 90-seater variant of the aircraft is being designed as of 2021 and is expected to enter service in 2026.

Aircraft

 * NAL HANSA - Light-weight Trainer Aircraft

The maiden flight of CSIR-NAL's light trainer aircraft, now called Hansa, took place on 17 November 1993. The aircraft is an ab-initio two-seat, all-composite aircraft, certified by the DGCA in the year 2000 under JAR-VLA certification. DGCA has promoted the use of the Hansa-3 by various flying clubs; a total of fourteen aircraft are in operation. Thirteen aircraft are currently operational in India. Ten of these are with various flying clubs, and one is with IIT-Kanpur.
 * NAL/HAL SARAS - Multirole light transport aircraft

SARAS had its maiden flight on 29 May 2004. The aircraft took off at 08:15 and flew for about 25 minutes. SARAS is the first civilian aircraft designed and developed in India. Two prototypes have been built and flown (176 flights) by ASTE (IAF) flight crew. The third prototype aircraft (production standard) is under production at CSIR-NAL. Features include composite wing VERITy (Vacuum Enhanced Resin Infusion Technology), empennage, rear pressure bulkhead, front fuselage top skin, and control surfaces. The aircraft will be equipped with an all-glass cockpit, including EICAS and 3-axis autopilot (limited authority). It will be powered by 2x1200 SHP turboprop PT6A-67A engines (Pratt & Whitney) driving 5-blade MT-Propellers. SARAS is capable of flying up to 30,000ft (cabin altitude 8,000ft) and is capable of operation from short runways. Certification is in progress by CEMILAC and is to be completed by 2013. SARAS has been designed for many roles, including executive transport, light package carrier, remote sensing, air ambulance, etc.

C-NM5 is the country's first public-private partnership (PPP) for the development of civil transport aircraft in collaboration with M/s Mahindra Aerospace Pvt Ltd (MAPL). On 1 September 2011, a milestone event for India's first public-private partnership in aircraft development and a bold dream became reality; C-NM5, designed & developed jointly by CSIR-NAL & Mahindra Aerospace, successfully undertook its first flight in Australia. C-NM5 is powered by a 300 HP piston engine driving a 3-blade propeller cruising at a speed of 160 knots with a maximum AUW (All Up Weight) of 1525 kg; a glass cockpit is a customer option. It is an ideal aircraft for air taxis, air ambulances, training, tourism, and cargo.
 * NAL NM5 - Five Seater - General Aviation Aircraft

Unmanned aerial vehicles

 * NAL / ADE Black Kite
 * NAL / ADE Golden Hawk
 * NAL / ADE Pushpak

title: National Aerospace Laboratories


text:
Lake Roxburgh

Lake Roxburgh is an artificial lake, created by the Roxburgh Dam, the earliest of the large hydroelectric projects in the southern South Island of New Zealand. It lies on the Clutha River, some 160 km from Dunedin. It covers an area of some 6 km2, and extends for nearly 30 km towards the town of Alexandra. The town of Roxburgh lies 5 km south of the Dam.

Demographics
Lake Roxburgh Village is described by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement. It covers 0.69 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the much larger Teviot Valley statistical area.

Lake Roxburgh Village had a population of 81 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 6 people (8.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 9 people (12.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 36 households, comprising 39 males and 42 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.93 males per female. The median age was 59.2 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 6 people (7.4%) aged under 15 years, 15 (18.5%) aged 15 to 29, 33 (40.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 24 (29.6%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 88.9% European/Pākehā, 18.5% Māori, 7.4% Pasifika, and 3.7% Asian. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 59.3% had no religion, and 37.0% were Christian.

Of those at least 15 years old, 3 (4.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 24 (32.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $20,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 3 people (4.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 30 (40.0%) people were employed full-time, 15 (20.0%) were part-time, and 3 (4.0%) were unemployed.

title: Lake Roxburgh


text:
NAL

NAL or Nal may refer to:

Organizations

 * Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, in India
 * National Aerospace Laboratories, India
 * National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan
 * National Alliance of Liberals, a political party in Ghana
 * United States National Agricultural Library
 * New American Library, a publisher
 * New Asia Library, a university library at the Chinese University of Hong Kong
 * Nintendo Australia, a publisher and distributor of video games to Oceania

Sports

 * National Adult League, a fourth-tier U.S. soccer league
 * National Arena League, a professional indoor football league
 * Negro American League, a professional baseball Negro league
 * North American League (baseball), a professional baseball minor league

Transportation

 * Nal Airport, in Rajasthan, India
 * Nalchik Airport (IATA code)
 * Norwegian America Line, a ship line
 * Nakanihon Airlines, a Japanese airline that became Air Central
 * North Auckland Line, a railway line in New Zealand

Technology

 * Network Abstraction Layer in MPEG video codecs
 * Network Access License, a certification for telecommunication equipment for the Chinese market
 * Novell Application Launcher, now Novell ZENworks

Other uses

 * Nál or Laufey, a goddess in Norse mythology

title: NAL


text: Category:Mason County, Texas

title: Category:Mason County, Texas


text:
1978 South Lebanon conflict

The 1978 South Lebanon conflict (codenamed Operation Litani by Israel) began after Israel invaded southern Lebanon up to the Litani River in March 1978, in response to the Coastal Road massacre near Tel Aviv by Lebanon-based Palestinian militants. The conflict resulted in the deaths of 1,100–2,000 Lebanese and Palestinians, 20 Israelis, and the internal displacement of 100,000 to 250,000 people in Lebanon. The Israel Defense Forces gained a military victory against the Palestine Liberation Organization as the latter was forced to withdraw from southern Lebanon, preventing it from launching attacks on Israel from across its land border with Lebanon. In response to the outbreak of hostilities, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 425 and Resolution 426 on 19 March 1978, which called on Israel to immediately withdraw its troops from Lebanon and established the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL).

Background
Though it took the form of an invasion by the Israeli military of southern Lebanon, Operation Litani arose from the long-running Israeli–Palestinian conflict. After 1968, militant groups that formed the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and other Palestinian groups established a quasi-state in southern Lebanon, using it as a base for attacks against civilian targets in northern Israel as well as terror attacks on diaspora Israelis and other targets worldwide. This violence was exacerbated by an influx of some 3,000 PLO militants who had fled Jordan following the defeat of Palestinian groups to Jordanian forces during the Black September conflict; the Palestinian political cause began to regroup in southern Lebanon and re-shifted the focus of its attacks to Israeli targets, and did so via the Israel–Lebanon border. Israel responded to Palestinian attacks from Lebanon with extensive air raids against PLO bases of operations.

As a consequence of Israeli aerial attacks from 1968 to 1977, some of the Palestinian towns and camps in southern Lebanon were totally leveled. It is estimated that by October 1977, about 300,000 refugees—mainly Lebanese Shia Muslims—had fled southern Lebanon.

In November 1977, an exchange of gunfire led to the deaths of several people on both sides of the Israel–Lebanon border and led to Israel's bombing of targets in southern Lebanon that killed 70 people, mainly Lebanese.

The proximate cause of the Israeli invasion was the Coastal Road massacre that took place near Tel Aviv on 11 March 1978. On that day, 11 Palestinian Fatah members led by the 18-year-old female fighter Dalal Mughrabi travelled from Lebanon to Israel, where they killed an American tourist at a beach before hijacking a bus on the Coastal Road near Haifa; the group later also hijacked a second bus that was bound for Tel Aviv. After a lengthy chase and shootout, 38 Israeli civilians, including 13 children, were killed and 76 were wounded.

Course of fighting
On 14 March 1978, Israel launched Operation Litani, after the Coastal Road Massacre. Its stated goals were to push Palestinian militant groups, particularly the PLO, away from the border with Israel, and to bolster Israel's ally at the time, the South Lebanon Army, because of the attacks against Lebanese Christians and Jews and because of the relentless shelling into northern Israel. The area south of the Litani River, excepting Tyre, was invaded and occupied in a week long offensive.

The operation began with air, artillery, and naval bombardment, after which IDF infantry and armor forces, comprising about 25,000 soldiers, entered south Lebanon. The Israelis first captured a belt of land approximately 10 kilometers deep, by launching a ground attack on all PLO positions along the Lebanese border with Israel. The ground forces were led by two division commanders, and attacked simultaneously along the entire front. Paratroopers landed from helicopters to capture all the bridges on the Litani River, cutting off the possibility of retreat by the PLO, and later expanded north to the Litani River.

The IDF did not succeed in engaging large numbers of PLO forces, who retreated to the north. Many Lebanese civilians were killed by heavy Israeli shelling and air strikes, which also caused extensive property damage and internal displacement. According to Augustus Richard Norton, professor of international relations at Boston University, the IDF military operation killed approximately 1,100 people, most of them Palestinian and Lebanese. According to IDF reporting and internal investigation, at least 550 of the casualties were Palestinian militants initially holding the front line and killed by the IDF ground operation. According to other sources about 2000 Lebanese and Palestinian were killed.

Estimates for the number of people displaced by the military operations range from at least 100,000 to 250,000. Syrian troops deployed inside Lebanon, some of which were within visual range of the IDF, but did not take part in the fighting. The PLO retreated north of the Litani River, continuing to fire at the Israelis. The IDF used cluster bombs provided by the United States. According to U.S. President Jimmy Carter, this use of the cluster bombs violated the legal agreement between Israel and the U.S. because the weapons had been provided for defensive purposes against an attack on Israel. Israel also transferred American weapons to Saad Haddad's Lebanese militia, a violation of American law. Carter's administration prepared to notify Congress that American weapons were being used illegally, which would have resulted in military aid to Israel being cut off. The American consul in Jerusalem informed the Israeli government of their plans and, according to Carter, Prime Minister Begin said that the operation was over.

UNSC Resolution 425
In response to the invasion, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 425 and Resolution 426 calling for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon were both adopted on 19 March 1978. The UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) was created to enforce this mandate, specifically "for the purpose of confirming the withdrawal of Israeli forces, restoring international peace and security and assisting the Government of Lebanon in ensuring the return of its effective authority in the area". UNIFIL forces arrived in Lebanon on 23 March 1978, setting up headquarters in Naqoura.

Resolution 425 didn't result in an immediate end to hostilities. The Israelis continued military operations for 2 more days until they ordered a ceasefire. The PLO's initial reaction was that the resolution didn't apply to them because it didn't mention the PLO. The PLO leadership finally ordered a ceasefire on 28 March 1978, after a meeting between UNIFIL commander General Emmanuel Erskine and Yasser Arafat in Beirut. Helena Cobban has described the agreement as "a turning-point in the history of the Palestinian resistance moment" because it was the first open acceptance of a ceasefire agreement with Israel that was endorsed by all official PLO bodies.

Parts of the Palestinian resistance movement opposed the agreement and tried to violate the ceasefire. In April 1978, second-level Fatah leader Mohammad Daoud Oudeh (Abu Daoud) organized cells of about 70 to 80 fighters with the intention of breaking the ceasefire. Arafat and Khalil Wazir ordered the arrest of all involved and Abu Daoud was later accused of collaborating with Fatah renegade Abu Nidal to break the ceasefire. Israeli forces withdrew later in 1978, turning over positions inside Lebanon to their ally, the South Lebanon Army (SLA) militia under the leadership of Maj. Saad Haddad. On 19 April 1978, the SLA shelled UNIFIL headquarters, killing 8 UN soldiers. (Fisk, 138). In April 1980, three Irish UN soldiers (Privates Barrett, Smallhorne and O'Mahoney) were kidnapped and two of them murdered by Christian gunmen. Private O'Mahoney survived (being shot by a sub-machine gun during the incident) in SLA territory; in a separate incident another Irish soldier, Private S. Griffin, was shot by Haddad's men, and was evacuated to Israel where he subsequently died during medical treatment. The Israeli press at the time, particularly The Jerusalem Post, accused the Irish of pro-PLO bias. (Fisk, 152–154).

Palestinian factions also attacked UNIFIL, kidnapping an Irish UNIFIL soldier in 1981 and continuing to occupy areas in southern Lebanon.

Hostilities continued as the Lebanese civil war escalated as fighting intensified in the south. Continued attacks in Israel from the Lebanese based PLO  culminated in a second Israeli invasion in 1982 resulting in a flare-up that persisted over the next decade.

Israeli withdrawal
In 2000, the UN Security Council concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with Resolution 425.

Lebanon has not extended control over south Lebanon, though it was called on to do so by Resolution 1391 of 2002 and urged by Resolution 1496. Israel has lodged multiple complaints regarding Lebanon's conduct.

Hezbollah's claim that Israel has not fully withdrawn (see Shebaa Farms) was explicitly rejected by the UN's Secretary-General's report which led to Resolution 1583. The Syrian occupation of Lebanon led to UN Security Council Resolution 1559 demanding the remaining 14,000 (of 50,000 originally) Syrian troop withdrawal and the dismantling of Hezbollah and Palestinian militias. On 26 April 2005, after 29 years of Syrian military presence in Lebanon, the last of the Syrian troops withdrew in accordance with the resolution.

title: 1978 South Lebanon conflict


text:
USS Muskallunge

USS Muskallunge (SS-262), a Gato-class submarine, was a ship of the United States Navy named for the muskallunge.

Construction and commissioning
Muskallunge′s was keel was laid down on 7 April 1942 by the Electric Boat Company at Groton, Connecticut. She was launched on 13 December 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Merritt D. Graham, widow of Chief Torpedoman Graham, who was lost aboard the submarine USS Grunion (SS-216) in late July 1942, and commissioned on 15 March 1943, Lieutenant Commander (LCDR) Willard A. Saunders in command.

First war patrol, September 1943 – January 1944
Following shakedown, Muskallunge departed Naval Submarine Base New London, New London, Connecticut, for the Pacific, arriving at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 7 August 1943. Before her first patrol, she was assigned the task of testing the Mark 14 torpedo against the cliffs of Kahoolawe, including the torpedo returned by the USS Tinosa (SS-283). Two of the three torpedoes detonated. The third was recovered and inspected, allowing the discovery of a flaw in the contact firing mechanism that had plagued the Mark 14 torpedo for 18 months.

She cleared Pearl Harbor 7 September for her first war patrol, taking station off the Palau Islands. Muskallunge carried the first electric torpedoes to be fired in the war by an American submarine. She made two attacks on Japanese convoys; although handicapped by malfunctioning torpedoes, she managed to damage a passenger freighter and a cargo ship. On 25 October Muskallunge returned to Pearl Harbor.

She sailed 27 November for her second war patrol, which was conducted in the western Carolines area and south of Guam. During this patrol Muskallunge scored hits on a tanker and two freighters, sinking one of the Noroto Maru class, before returning to Pearl Harbor 21 January 1944. From there, she went to the West Coast for overhaul.

Third, fourth, and fifth war patrols, April – December 1944
After overhaul at Mare Island early in the year, Muskallunge left Pearl Harbor 30 April on her third war patrol. In June she joined eight other submarines in an operation designed to intercept any enemy forces approaching the Marianas which the Navy was invading. In the ensuing Battle of the Philippine Sea two of these submarines landed fatal blows on Japanese carriers and American naval aircraft wiped out the Japanese Fleet's air arm in a one-sided melee known as "the Marianas Turkey Shoot." Muskallunge ended the patrol at Fremantle, Australia, 4 July.

In company with USS Flier (SS-250), Muskallunge got underway 1 August for the South China Sea on her fourth war patrol. On 21 August off French Indochina she sank 7,163-ton passenger-cargo Durban Maru before being severely depth charged. The submarine docked in Fremantle 22 September for refit.

Her fifth war patrol, 19 October to 14 December, saw her operating west of Palawan Passage. She then left Pearl Harbor 16 December for overhaul at Mare Island Navy Yard, returning 9 April 1945.

Sixth and seventh war patrols, April – August 1945
On 26 April Muskallunge departed Pearl Harbor for patrol off Formosa. She also acted as lifeguard for Philippine-based airstrikes on China and Formosa on her sixth war patrol. She sailed to Midway Atoll via Saipan to complete the patrol on arrival 15 June.

Her seventh and last war patrol started 30 July when Muskallunge got underway for the Kurile Islands, north of Japan. On 8 August she attacked several small ships through dense fog. Her guns damaged two of the Japanese ships, but enemy fire killed one of the submarine's gunners and wounded two other bluejackets. The news of victory brought orders to Tokyo Bay for the surrender ceremonies on board the battleship USS Missouri (BB-63) 2 September. The next day Muskallunge sailed for New London via Pearl Harbor and the Panama Canal. After operations with the Atlantic Fleet, she decommissioned and joined the Atlantic Reserve Fleet there 29 January 1947.

Muskallunge received five battle stars for World War II service.

Humaitá (S14), 1957–1968
Muskallunge recommissioned 31 August 1956 prior to transfer to Brazil; decommissioned 18 January 1957, and the same day was loaned under the Military Assistance Program. She served the Brazilian Navy as Humaitá (S14) until returned to the United States in March 1968 and sunk as a target off Long Island, NY on 9 July 1968.

Discovery
On 26 June 2021 NOAAS Okeanos Explorer explored the wreckage of Muskallunge with the ROV Deep Discoverer. The hull was found to have been severed near the forward engine room with the bow and stern falling to the sea floor separately.

title: USS Muskallunge


text:
User:AndrzejzHelu

Andrzej z Helu (Andrzej from Hel, not hell...) about me: kennel "Baltic Storm" FCI

title: User:AndrzejzHelu