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Superman II

Superman II is a 1980 superhero film directed by Richard Lester and written by Mario Puzo and David and Leslie Newman from a story by Puzo based on the DC Comics character Superman. It is the second installment in the Superman film series and a sequel to Superman (1978). A direct continuation of the first Superman, Christopher Reeve reprises his role as Superman. The returning cast includes Gene Hackman, Terence Stamp, Ned Beatty, Sarah Douglas, Margot Kidder, Marc McClure and Jack O'Halloran.

The film's plot features the arrival of General Zod & his comrades on Earth, released from the prison of the Phantom Zone made by the people of Krypton. Zod seeks revenge by pursuing the planet's last son Kal-El, alias Superman. Kal-El, who unknowingly freed them, must now face the threats of his long dead home planet. Zod also aligns with the returning Lex Luthor who still desires world domination. The hero is also in conflict with his duties as Earth's hero and desire to live amongst them solely as Clark Kent, especially with his love interest, Lois Lane.

In 1977, it was decided by producers Alexander and Ilya Salkind that they would film both Superman and its sequel simultaneously, with principal photography beginning in March 1977 and ending in October 1978. Tensions rose between original director Richard Donner and the producers in which a decision was made to stop filming the sequel, of which 75 percent had already been completed, and finish the first film. Following the release of Superman in December 1978, Donner was controversially fired as director, and was replaced by Lester. Several members of the cast and crew declined to return in the wake of Donner's firing. To be officially credited as the director, Lester re-shot most of the film in which principal photography resumed in September 1979 and ended in March 1980.

The film was released in Australia and mainland Europe on December 4, 1980, and in other countries throughout 1981. It received positive reviews from film critics who praised the performances of Hackman, Kidder, Stamp and Reeves, the visual effects, and the humor. It grossed $190 million against a production budget of $54 million, a box office success but less than its predecessor. A sequel, Superman III, was released in June 1983, for which Lester returned as director.

A director's cut of the film, restoring the original vision for the film under Donner's supervision, titled Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut, was released on November 28, 2006 in various home media formats.

Plot
The following synopsis reflects the original theatrical version of the film.

Before the destruction of Krypton, the criminals General Zod, Ursa and Non are sentenced to banishment into the Phantom Zone. Years later, the Phantom Zone is shattered near Earth by the shockwave of a hydrogen bomb, thrown from Earth by Superman. The three criminals are freed and find themselves with superpowers granted by the yellow light of the Sun. After landing on the Moon and effortlessly killing a team of astronauts exploring there, they continue toward Earth with plans to conquer the planet.

The Daily Planet sends journalist Clark Kent—whose secret identity is Superman—and his colleague Lois Lane to Niagara Falls. Lois suspects Clark and Superman are the same person after Clark is absent when Superman saves a child. Lois intentionally places herself in the falls, but Clark saves her without exposing himself. That night, Clark trips, and his hand lands in a lit fireplace. When Lois sees that his hand is unscathed, Clark reveals that he is indeed Superman. He takes her to his Fortress of Solitude in the Arctic, showing her the traces of his past stored within energy crystals. Superman declares his love for Lois and his wish to spend his life with her. After conferring with the artificial intelligence of his mother Lara, Superman removes his superpowers by exposing himself to red Kryptonian sunlight in a crystal chamber, becoming a mortal. Clark and Lois spend the night together, then leave the Fortress and return from the Arctic.

Meanwhile, Zod and his cohorts travel to the White House and force the President of the United States to surrender. Clark and Lois arrive at a diner, where a trucker named Rocky sexually harasses Lois and beats up Clark. The fight is interrupted by a news report where the President resigns his office to Zod. When the President pleads for Superman to save the Earth, General Zod demands that Superman "kneel before Zod!" Realizing he has made a horrible mistake, Clark returns to the Fortress to see if he can regain his powers.

Lex Luthor escapes from prison with Eve Teschmacher's help. They infiltrate the Fortress of Solitude, and Luthor learns of Superman's connection to Jor-El and General Zod. He finds Zod at the White House and tells him Superman is the son of Jor-El, their jailer, and offers to lead him to Superman in exchange for control of Australia. The three Kryptonians ally with Luthor and go to the Daily Planet. Superman arrives, after restoring his powers, and battles the three. Zod realizes that Superman cares for the humans and takes advantage by threatening bystanders. Superman realizes the only way to stop Zod and the others is to lure them to the Fortress so he flies off with Zod, Ursa, and Non in pursuit, kidnapping Lois and taking along Luthor. Superman tries to get Luthor to lure the three into the crystal chamber to depower them. However, Luthor reveals the chamber's secret to the villains. Zod forces Superman into the chamber and activates it. Afterwards, assuming him deprived of his powers, Zod tells Superman to kneel and kiss his hand; instead, Superman crushes Zod's hand and tosses him into a crevice. Luthor deduces that Superman reconfigured the chamber to expose the trio to red sunlight while Superman was protected from it. Non falls into another crevice when trying to fly over it, and Lois knocks Ursa into a third. Superman flies back to civilization, returning Lois home and leaving Lex stranded in the Fortress.

At the Daily Planet the following day, Clark kisses Lois, using his abilities to wipe her mind of the knowledge of her past few days. Later, he returns to the diner and gets even with Rocky. Superman restores the damage done by Zod, replacing the American flag atop the White House, and tells the President he will not abandon his duty again.

Cast

 * Gene Hackman as Lex Luthor: Criminal genius and Superman's archnemesis. Armed with vast resources and scientific brilliance, Luthor's contempt for mankind is only surpassed by his hatred for Superman. Luthor strikes a bargain with the three Kryptonian criminals in an effort to destroy Superman.
 * Christopher Reeve as Clark Kent / Superman: Born on Krypton and raised on Earth, Superman is a being of immense strength, speed, and power. Morally upstanding and instilled with a strong sense of duty, Superman tirelessly uses his formidable powers, which he gets from the Earth's yellow Sun, to protect the people of his adoptive homeworld. His alter ego is mild-mannered Daily Planet reporter Clark Kent. Superman's abilities include: X-ray and heat vision, vast strength, speed and invulnerability, super-intelligence and flight.
 * Ned Beatty as Otis: Luthor's incompetent henchman.
 * Jackie Cooper as Perry White: Mercurial editor-in-chief of the Daily Planet newspaper and Lois and Clark's boss.
 * Sarah Douglas as Ursa: Zod's second-in-command and consort. Ursa's evil will and power-lust are equal to and sometimes surpass those of General Zod. Her contempt and utter disregard for humans, men in particular, make her a very deadly adversary. She has an inclination to collect insignia and heraldry from people she defeats or dominates, such as the NASA patch from the EVA suit of an astronaut she kills.
 * Margot Kidder as Lois Lane: The ace reporter for the Daily Planet and Superman's love interest. Lois is a driven career journalist, who lets nothing stand in the way of breaking the next big story and scooping rival reporters while ignoring the potential consequences that sometimes put her in peril. She finds out that Clark is Superman, but her memory is erased when Clark kisses her.
 * Jack O'Halloran as Non: The third of the Kryptonian criminals, Non is "as without thought as he is without voice." At 7 ft tall, Non is a formidable hulking mute who easily matches Superman's strength, but has the intelligence and sometimes curiosity of a child, and communicates only with guttural grunts and growls. Though he lacks the mental ability to use his powers effectively, he does however possess the same taste for destruction as his Kryptonian companions and his physical strength is even greater than Zod and Ursa's.
 * Valerie Perrine as Eve Teschmacher: Lex Luthor's beautiful assistant and girlfriend who helps him escape from prison.
 * Susannah York as Lara: Jor-El's wife and Superman's biological mother.
 * Clifton James as Sheriff.
 * E.G. Marshall as the President of the United States.
 * Marc McClure as Jimmy Olsen: Young photographer at the Daily Planet.
 * Terence Stamp as General Zod: The ruthless, arrogant and megalomaniacal leader of three Kryptonian criminals banished to the Phantom Zone and unwittingly set free by Superman. Zod, upon landing on Earth and gaining the same superpowers as Superman, immediately views humans as a weak and insignificant sub-species and imposes his evil will for world dominance. However, his arrogance causes him to quickly become bored with his powers and he is almost disappointed at how little of a challenge humans are. His insatiable lust for power is replaced however by revenge when he learns that the son of Jor-El stands in the way of his absolute rule of the planet.

According to the 2006 documentary You Will Believe: The Cinematic Saga of Superman, Sarah Douglas was the only cast member to do extensive around-the-world press tours in support of the film and was one of the few actors who held a neutral point of view in the Donner–Lester controversy.

Richard Donner briefly appears in a "walking cameo" in the film. In the sequence where the de-powered Clark and Lois are seen approaching the truck-stop diner by car, Donner appears walking "camera left" past the driver's side. He is wearing a light tan jacket and appears to be smoking a pipe. In his commentary for Superman II, Ilya Salkind states that the inclusion of his cameo in that scene is proof that the Salkinds held no animosity towards Donner, because if there were, then surely they would have cut it out. Conversely, Donner used his cameo to debunk praise heaped on Lester around the release of the film where Lester took credit for the intense nature of the "bully" scene in the diner, pointing out that he (Donner) filmed the scene and not Lester.

Original production
Principal photography for both Superman films began on March 28, 1977 at Pinewood Studios for the Krypton scenes, but by May 1977, production had run two weeks behind schedule. It was reported that Donner had developed tensions with Alexander and Ilya Salkind and Pierre Spengler concerning the escalating production budget and production schedule. Donner responded by claiming he was never given a budget.

In July 1977, Richard Lester—who had previously directed The Three Musketeers (1973) and The Four Musketeers (1974) for the Salkinds—came onboard the project as an uncredited associate producer and intermediary on Superman to mediate the relationship between Donner and the Salkinds, who were no longer on speaking terms. Prior to this, Lester had won a lawsuit against the Salkinds for money still owed to him from making the films, but the assets were held in legal entanglements in the Bahamas. The Salkinds then offered to compensate him if he would help on the Superman films, in which Lester became a second unit director where he and Donner formed an effective partnership.

By October 1977, Gene Hackman, Ned Beatty, and Valerie Perrine had completed their scenes. They were all under contract to finish both pictures. Nevertheless, with months left of filming, the Salkinds had halted filming Superman II, of which Donner had shot 75 percent, to focus on finishing Superman. During the pause in filming, the Salkinds agreed to a negative pickup deal with Warner Bros. Pictures, granting the studio rights to foreign distribution and television airings in exchange for more financing.

Replacing Richard Donner
Following the release of Superman in December 1978, Spengler encountered Variety columnist Army Archerd at a Christmas party at which he confirmed that while there had been tension between him and Donner, he was proud of the film and looked forward to working with him on the sequel. Archerd then contacted Donner who responded "If he's on it—I'm not." Two days after the first film's general release, Marlon Brando had sued the Salkinds for $50 million claiming he had never received his percentage of the film's gross and filed a restraining order to prevent the use of his likeness. While his restraining order request was thrown out, Brando received $15 million from the settlement. Following this, producers Alexander and Ilya Salkind announced that Marlon Brando's completed scenes for Superman II would be excised from the movie to avoid having to pay the actor the reported 11.75% of gross U.S. box-office takings he was now demanding for his performance in the sequel. In addition to this, Ilya Salkind had also claimed Brando was removed due to creative differences, in which he suggested to his father: "What if it's the mother [instead]? She talks about love to her son. And it kind of made sense creatively....Jor-El had done his thing if you want." Donner publicly lambasted this decision, in which he told Variety, "That means no games... They have to want me to do it. It has to be on my terms and I don't mean financially. I mean control."

As Donner had become unavailable because he was promoting Superman in Europe, the Salkinds approached Guy Hamilton to take over directional reins for Superman II since Lester was filming Cuba (1979) at the time. Hamilton was unavailable, but by the time Superman II was ready to begin filming, Lester had completed Cuba and was available to direct. Eventually, on March 15, 1979, the Salkinds decided to replace Donner with Richard Lester. Donner recalled, "One day, I got a telegram from them saying my services are no longer needed and that my dear friend Richard Lester would take over. To this day, I have not heard from them." Ilya Salkind countered, "Dick Donner said, 'I will do the second movie on my terms and without [Pierre] Spengler' ... Spengler was my friend since childhood and my father and I were very loyal guys. We said no, and it really boiled down to that."

The decision to replace Donner was controversial amongst the cast and crew. Creative consultant Tom Mankiewicz was approached by Terry Semel, then a Warner Bros. vice president, to return for the sequel, but he declined out of loyalty to Donner. Mankiewicz recounted, "I have a lot of respect for [Lester]. Friendship is more important than anything. And Dick [Donner] brought me on the picture and my loyalty was with Dick and I couldn't believe that they fired him." Editor Stuart Baird also declined to return for the sequel. Gene Hackman declined to return for re-shoots, which necessitated the need for a stand-in actor and a voice double for several scenes.

Production under Richard Lester
To replace Mankiewicz, Superman co-screenwriters David and Leslie Newman were then brought back to re-tool the script constructing a new opening and ending. The new script featured newly conceived scenes such as a new opening involving Superman thwarting the nuclear terrorists at the Eiffel Tower, Clark rescuing Lois at Niagara Falls, and a new ending in which Clark causes Lois to forget his secret identity through a hypnotic kiss. Furthermore, cinematographer Geoffrey Unsworth had died before the release of Superman. Now director, Lester was not sympathetic to Donner's filmmaking style: "Donner was emphasizing a kind of grandiose myth. There was a kind of David Lean-ish attempt in several sequences, and enormous scale. There was a type of epic quality which isn't in my nature, so my work really didn't embrace that...That's not me. That's his vision of it. I'm more quirky and I play around with slightly more unexpected silliness." Lester then brought on cinematographer Robert Paynter to have the film evoke the garish color scheme of the comics. Another replacement happened when set designer John Barry suddenly collapsed on the nearby set of The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and died from meningitis. Peter Murton was then hired in Barry's place.

Before filming was to begin, Christopher Reeve was initially unavailable as he had agreed to star in the film Somewhere in Time, five months into the production shutdown by which time his contract to shoot both Superman films back-to-back had expired. Reeve had claimed that twelve hours after his casting was announced, he received a letter from the producers to be available for Superman II on July 16, which was only five days after he was to finish filming Somewhere in Time. In March 1979, the Salkinds filed suit against Reeve alleging he had breached his contract by walking off the sequel. Furthermore, Reeve had reservations with Lester and the Newmans' script following the departure of Donner. During the renegotiation of his contract, Reeve agreed to the financial terms, but demanded more artistic control.

Filming for Superman II re-commenced in September 1979 at Pinewood Studios. The remaining sequences left to be shot included the scenes of the super-villains in Midwest America and the battle in Metropolis. With Brando cut from the film, the decision was made to re-shoot the scene in which Clark confesses his love for Lois and surrender his powers. Another scene, as written in the film's original shooting script and shot, was to have Jor-El restore his superpowers by reaching out to him in a tableau reminiscent of the painting The Creation of Adam, but the younger Salkind felt it was over the top. The first scene was re-shot with actress Susannah York taking Brando's place while the restoration of Superman's powers would take place off-screen. Location shooting took place in Canada, Paris, Norway and Saint Lucia. The Metropolis scenes—in contrast to the first film where they were filmed on location in New York—were filmed entirely on the back lot at Pinewood. The East Houston, Idaho scenes were shot on Chobham Common in Surrey, 30 miles from London. Throughout filming, Lester opted to retain his directorial technique for the three-camera setup while shooting scenes, which frustrated the actors as they did not know from where they were being filmed for their close-ups. However, Reeve noted that it made the production move at a faster pace. Filming was completed on March 10, 1980.

Due to budgetary reasons and actors being unavailable, key scenes filmed by Donner were added to the final film. Since the Lester footage was shot two years later, continuity errors are present in the physique and styling of stars Margot Kidder and Christopher Reeve. In Donner's footage, Reeve appears less bulked as he was still gaining muscle for the part. Kidder also has dramatic changes throughout; in the montage of Lester–Donner material, shot inside the Daily Planet and the Fortress of Solitude near the movie's conclusion, her hairstyle, hair color, and even make-up are all inconsistent. Kidder's physical appearance in the Lester footage is noticeably different; during the scenes shot for Donner she appears slender, whereas in the Lester footage she looks thinner.

Before the film's release, Warner Bros. had appealed to the Directors Guild of America to arbitrate the appropriate co-director credit, in which they argued Lester could not be credited unless he shot 40 percent of the film. Although Lester had earlier thought he would not be credited, he approached Donner to see if he wished to be credited as co-director. Donner replied, "I don't share credit".

Music
Composer John Williams was originally slated to score Superman II, whereby he was given a screening with Ilya Salkind and Richard Lester. When Salkind left the projection room, Williams and Lester fell into an argument; when Salkind returned, Williams told him that he "could not get along with this man." To take his place, Richard Lester's frequent composer Ken Thorne was selected to score the sequel. Thorne wrote minimal original material and adapted source music, such as Average White Band's "Pick Up the Pieces," which appears both in the restaurant in Idaho and during Clark's second encounter with Rocky in the Alaska diner. The music was performed at the CTS Studios, Wembley, London in the Spring of 1980 by a studio session orchestra (rather than the London Symphony Orchestra, which had played for the first film). The soundtrack was released on Warner Bros. Records, with one edition featuring laser-etched "S" designs repeated five times on each side.

A complete score was released in 2008, as part of Superman: The Music--1978-1988, an 8-CD box set released by Film Score Monthly, with a limited edition of 6,000 units.

As part of Superman's 80th anniversary, La-La Land Records released Thorne's expanded orchestral scores for the second and third film into the expanded archival collection in October 2018.

Release
During a preview of the finished film, Warner Bros. executives had hoped to maximize its box office returns by releasing the film in every part of the world during their peak movie-going period. The film premiered in Australia on Thursday, December 4, 1980, and opened at the weekend in South Africa, followed by France on December 10 with Christmastime releases in Italy and Spain. The film opened in the United Kingdom and West Germany in Easter 1981. On June 1, 1981, the film premiered at the National Theater in New York City, and received its general release in 1,354 theaters in the United States and Canada on June 19—six months after its release in other parts of the world.

Marketing
To promote the film, The New York Times reported that Warner Bros. had licensees for 34 products including posters, Pepsi-Cola, pajamas, and T-shirts with Superman carrying the American flag. They had also enlisted their publishing division to produce calendars, pop-up books, a film novelization, a behind-the-scenes book, and a children's dictionary.

Before production on Superman II resumed in 1979, the Philip Morris Company had paid $40,000 (£30,570) for their Marlboro cigarette to appear in the film. Lois Lane was shown as a chain smoker in the film, although she never smoked in the comic book. During the Metropolis battle, General Zod throws Superman into a Marlboro delivery truck, although actual vehicles for tobacco distribution are unmarked for security reasons. This led to a congressional investigation.

Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Superman II has an approval rating of based on  reviews, with an average rating of. The site's critics consensus reads, "The humor occasionally stumbles into slapstick territory, and the special effects are dated, but Superman II meets, if not exceeds, the standard set by its predecessor." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 83 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, who gave the original film very high acclaim, also praised Superman II, giving it four out of four stars. He wrote in his review, "This movie's most intriguing insight is that Superman's disguise as Clark Kent isn't a matter of looks as much as of mental attitude: Clark is disguised not by his glasses but by his ordinariness. Beneath his meek exterior, of course, is concealed a superhero. And, the movie subtly hints, isn't that the case with us all?" Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune awarded three-and-a-half out of four stars and declared it "better than the original." Sheila Benson of the Los Angeles Times called it "the most interesting 'Superman' yet," adding, "This film's fun comes from character, dialogue and performance, not effects. There are, of course, enough effects to fill a dozen Saturday matinee serials but they aren't necessarily the film's deliciousness."

Janet Maslin, reviewing for The New York Times, wrote that "Superman II is a marvelous toy. It's funny, it's full of tricks and it manages to be royally entertaining, which is really all it aims for." She also praised the performances of Reeve and Hackman and found the directing style between Donner and Lester to be indistinguishable. Similarly, David Denby, reviewing for the New York magazine, praised the film's light approach and Hackman's performance. Christopher John, reviewing the film in Ares Magazine, commented that "Superman II falls into the category of sequels containing such films as Jaws II – highly absorbing and entertaining, yet better films only if you never saw the original."

British cinema magazine Total Film named Terence Stamp's version of General Zod No. 32 on their 'Top 50 Greatest Villains of All Time' list (beating out the No. 38 place of Lex Luthor) in 2007. Pop culture website IGN placed General Zod at No. 30 on their list of the 'Top 50 Comic Book Villains' while commenting "Stamp is Zod" (emphasis in original).

Box office
The film opened on 19 screens in Australia and grossed A$287,072 in its first four days. On its opening weekend in the United States and Canada, Superman II broke box office records with a first day gross of $4.3 million. The next day, it grossed $5.5 million, which at the time was the highest-single box office day, surpassing the record previously set by Star Wars (1977) with $4.5 million. It also recorded the highest-grossing weekend up to that time with $14.1 million, surpassing the record $11.9 million set by Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) and the $13.1 million 4-day weekend set by Superman in its third weekend.

The film remained number one for the next three weekends, outpacing Raiders of the Lost Ark, but Raiders eventually overtook it and returned to number one in its sixth week of release. In its first month of release, Superman II had grossed $75 million, and went on to gross $108.2 million in the United States and Canada (with the gross rental coming to $65 million), the third highest-grossing film of 1981. Internationally, it grossed $82.2 million for a worldwide total of $190.4 million.

Broadcast television versions
As with the first film, Alexander and Ilya Salkind prepared a version for worldwide television release that re-inserted unused footage (in this case 24 minutes) into the film. It was through this extended version that viewers first caught a glimpse into the Superman II that might have happened had Richard Donner remained as director. In fact, a majority of the added footage was shot by Donner before Richard Lester became director.

17 of the 24 added minutes were utilized by ABC for its 1984 network premiere. Subsequent ABC airings of the longer version would be cut further for more advertising time. The full 146-minute extended cut was shown internationally, including parts of Canada.

Additional footage
The added footage offers an alternative ending to the film. In the theatrical cut, it is implied that Superman has killed the three Kryptonian villains (going against the strict code that Superman does not kill). In the extended ending, a U.S. "polar patrol" is shown picking up the three Kryptonians and Lex Luthor, after which Superman, with Lois standing beside him, destroys the Fortress of Solitude.

Among the other "lost" scenes:
 * Superman passes a Concorde jet on his way to Paris. This is not in the video release and was actually an outtake from Superman: The Movie as a bridge between Superman saving Air Force One and his conversation with Jor-El after his first night.
 * At the end of the film, Clark Kent bumps into a large bald man, which reminds him to go to the diner to face the obnoxious trucker who beat him up earlier.
 * The Phantom Zone villains land outside the Fortress of Solitude with Lex Luthor and Lois Lane, trying to figure out how to get in.
 * Extended scenes of the three Kryptonians' invasion of the White House, with Zod using a gun and Non frightening a dog.
 * Superman cooks a soufflé using his heat vision, during dinner with Lois at the Fortress of Solitude.
 * Extended discussion between Zod and Ursa on the Moon.
 * In East Houston, a boy tries to escape on horseback, only to be killed by Non, who throws a police siren at him.

Some telecast versions remove the following for content:
 * Much violence in the opening White House scene was left out, including Zod murdering several Secret Service agents and Capitol Police officers with an AR-10 assault rifle.
 * The bully's line in the bar ("I don't like your meat anyway!" was re-edited to "I don't like you anyway").
 * About 35 seconds of the "Battle of Metropolis" (Superman flying over Metropolis River) was deleted.
 * Some language and profanity were re-dubbed.

Among the footage seen in the international/Canadian telecasts:
 * A girl in Japan watching the destruction of East Houston on TV to the disapproval of her father, who believes it's a violent TV show.
 * Longer conversation between Lois and Superman after he destroys the Fortress of Solitude.
 * Lex Luthor taking Perry White's coffee during the Times Square battle.
 * Lex and Miss Teschmacher admiring the Fortress of Solitude.
 * Lex's negotiating with Superman after they leave the fortress is longer.
 * Zod and his cronies being arrested by Arctic Patrol officers.

In 2004, the fan-restored DVD known as Superman II: Restored International Cut was released through many Superman fan sites. It featured extended scenes pulled from international television broadcasts over the years. Warner Bros. threatened legal action over the bootleg release.

The Richard Donner Cut
During the production of Superman Returns, Warner Bros. acquired the rights from Marlon Brando's estate to use the late actor's footage from Superman in the film. Shortly after, Ilya Salkind confirmed that Donner was involved in the project to re-cut Superman II using Brando's unused footage. Editor Michael Thau worked on the project alongside Donner and Tom Mankiewicz, who supervised the Superman II reconstruction. Despite some initial confusion, Thau confirmed that all the footage shot by Donner in 1977 was recovered and transferred from a vault in England.

The new edition, titled Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut, was released on DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray on November 28, 2006. In order to make Donner's vision of Superman II feel less incomplete, finished scenes by Lester that Donner was unable to shoot were incorporated into the film as well as the screen tests by Reeve and Kidder for one pivotal scene. The film also restores several cut scenes including Marlon Brando as Jor-El, an alternate prologue and opening sequence at the Daily Planet that omits the Eiffel Tower opening from the original, as well as the original scripted and filmed ending for Superman II featuring Superman reversing time before it was cut and placed at the end of the first film.

Comics

 * Superman's publisher DC Comics published a commemorative magazine of Superman II in 1981. Published as DC Special Series #25, it was produced in "Treasury format" and included photos and background photos, actor profiles, panel-to-scene comparisons, and pin-ups.
 * In 2006, the Superman comics themselves adapted elements from the Superman movies, specifically the ice-like look of Krypton, and Jor-El banishing the criminals to the Phantom Zone. Ursa and Non made their first appearances in the comic book continuity. (This was facilitated in the "Last Son" story arc, co-written by Richard Donner.)
 * In 2021, a Superman comic entitled Superman '78 was released. Written by Robert Venditti and illustrated by Wilfredo Torres, the comic is set in Donnerverse continuity, acting as a continuation.

Television

 * In the television series Smallville, much of the imagery and concepts of the first two Salkind/Donner Superman films, has been revived as a conscious homage to the film series by the show's creators. These include the ice-crystal Fortress of Solitude, the spinning square in space to represent the Phantom Zone, and the continued presence of the deceased Jor-El as a disembodied counselor and teacher to young Clark/Kal-El. Terence Stamp, who played General Zod in the first two films, provided the voice of Jor-El for the series. Christopher Reeve made two appearances on the show as Dr. Virgil Swann, a disabled scientist who had acquired knowledge of Krypton to pass on to Clark, before Reeve's death in 2004. A section of John Williams' Superman theme was included when Reeve made his first appearance, and was later used in the series finale. Margot Kidder, Marc McClure (Jimmy Olsen), and Helen Slater (Supergirl) have also made appearances on the show. Annette O'Toole (Lana Lang in Superman III) played Martha Kent.
 * In the animated series Young Justice, in the episode "Satisfaction" of its second season, Lex Luthor appears briefly talking to one of his assistants on the phone, who is called Otis, as a reference to the character in the films.

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Hi! I hate to sound like an old grandma, but the things you're posting really don't meet minimum requirements for inclusion. I'd like to refer you both to Manual of style and What Wikipedia is not so that you might get a better idea of what this is all about. Please don't hesitate to contact me via my user page. Just click here. - Lucky 6.9 01:09, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

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Talk:Occupied Palestinian Territories

For an October 2004 deletion debate over this page se Votes for deletion/Occupied Palestinian Territories

OK Jayjg, tell me again that you are not stalking my edits to promote your Zionist POV. Alberuni 01:01, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

well he seems to be stalking me to put his zionist POV, saladin, but never mind this is to be expected of zionists —Preceding unsigned comment added by Saladin1970 (talk • contribs)

Redirect
Why does this automatically redirect to Palestinian territories? We have so many similarly titled articles on this subject, like Occupied Palestinian Territory and Israeli-occupied territories. Arguably, the plural OPT is the most commonly used by international organizations and should have its own article. Anyway, any suggestions on how to clean up this mess?  T i a m u t talk 23:50, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Occupied Palestinian Territories


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Altamiro de la Cueva

Altamiro de la Cueva is a Spanish comic strip series, created in 1965 by Joan Bernet Toledano and Carles Bech and published in the comic book magazine TBO.

Concept
The stories feature funny adventures about a bunch of prehistoric cavemen. Altamiro, the protagonist, is not the strongest nor the most powerful of his tribe, but he's witty, sagacious and favours his community. Altamiro is also an artist who paints on the walls of caves. His name is a clear reference to the Spanish Cueva de Altamira.

The characters are physically the same as modern people, but they are dressed in pieces of fur, a bit like The Flintstones. They are all white. Altamiro has black hair and a slight beard.

As in The Flintstones, anachronisms are common. Altamiro himself develops several inventions that are certainly not prehistoric.

title: Altamiro de la Cueva


text: User talk:65.54.98.30

title: User talk:65.54.98.30


text: User talk:66.229.241.211

title: User talk:66.229.241.211


text:
Patrick Magee

Patrick Magee may refer to:

 * Patrick Magee (actor) (1922–1982), Northern Irish stage and film actor
 * Patrick Magee (Irish republican) (born 1951), member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army

title: Patrick Magee


text:
Talk:Pall Mall (cigarette)

Pronounciation
This may be completely useless, but some of my friends say they smoke Pall Mall because it is pronounced like the French phrase "pas mal." Pas mal meaning "not bad." Is this a new trend that is worth mentioning. Maybe this page could use a little information about the demographic smoking this brand. I'll look around but this is probably available. Karisuestokes 19:16, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

I once purchased a pack of Pall Mall and was asked by a co-worker sometime later to bum one from me. She saw the package design and said, what are you an old man? My grandfather smoked Pall Malls. I was like, do you want a cigarrette or not?

Filtered
Comment by 4.26.47.251 placed on the actual page -- Not entirely sure of the date, but I am pretty sure that Pall Mall introduced a filtered cigarette sometime between 1970 and 1975. I know it was before 2001, because I smoked them at least once, and I quit in 2000.

 * As far as my research goes, Pall Malls didn't have at least a regularly produced filtered cigarette until 2001 when they introduced not only the filters, but lights and menthol cigarettes. If you have research to prove me wrong, please change the page, don't add comments to it.  --The Grza  00:54, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Just some OR: My father was a Pall Mall smoker (pronounced it "Pell Mell") and I clearly recall him smoking them filtered (in the gold package, so they'd have been filtered 100's) in the late 70s and early '80s. TCC (talk) (contribs) 04:11, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

WHY did they pronounce it "Pell Mell"? Carlo 01:43, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

The brand is pronounced the same as the London street it's named after. Once TV cigarette ads were banned and you didn't hear it any more most people started pronouncing it wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JTMcDaniel (talk • contribs) 08:34, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Iv got some Pall Mall rolling tobacco, why isnt there any stuff about tobacco and just about their cigaretes? --Snowy Mcintosh 00:32, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Removal of "Cigarette brands" category
I have removed Category:Cigarette brands from this article because Category:R.J. Reynolds brands is a sub-category of the former. It defeats the purpose of having this subcategory if we're going to list the articles in both. SchuminWeb (Talk) 01:50, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

I have changed the date of Pall Mall filters' introduction to 1987, based on my having been the media planner at the ad agency planning the newspaper ads at that time. The "pell mell"-like pronunciation comes from the 17th c pre-croquet mallet & ball game, and is also a famous posh street in London. dr elys jimenez 07:25, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Contradiction
The article states than in 1994, when Pall Mall was purchased by Brown and Williamson, it was one of the few brands to remain unfiltered. Then it states that in 1987, filtered Pall Malls were introduced. Which is correct? I seem to recall ads dating to the late 80s for filtered Pall Malls. I will keep looking for proof. Hopefully others can help too. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 75.50.101.58 (talk) 02:30, 10 May 2007 (UTC).

Fair use rationale for Image:Pall mall logo.jpg
Image:Pall mall logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:03, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I remember advertisements in cinemas in South Africa in the 1970s in which an announcer said something like "It doesn't matter whether you say Pal Mal or Paul Maul". —AlanBarrett (talk) 20:17, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

 * They were right - cause you say ‘Pell Mell’. (g).

 * ‘Paul Maul’ is an old-fashioned upper way of saying it. If you are not obviously it, you would be considered a poser for using that pronunciation.

 * As has been said, since cig ads disappeared the ‘pell mell’ way has been dropped in the US and Canada. Now, people see ‘mall’, and pronounce it as they would say ‘shopping mall’. Some places, this is ‘maul’, so many use an old-fashioned Regency fop way of saying it, and don’t even know it . 2A00:23C7:E287:1900:FD29:62C5:4F9F:2FEE (talk) 09:58, 2 August 2021 (UTC)

 * The article has all three variants in the opening sentence. I'll have you know these fags were very popular with Regency fops. Martinevans123 (talk) 10:07, 2 August 2021 (UTC)

 * I can add: the magazine of the Royal Automobile Club, whose clubhouse is located on Pall Mall, is named “Pell Mell”. 2A00:23C7:E287:1900:C34:5306:23A9:639C (talk) 15:33, 2 October 2021 (UTC)

Box Design
Not sure if this matters, but i think it does. I had a pack of Pall Mall brand cigarettes a while back and the box shape was weird. It's front corners were flat. I found this intriguing, upon further investigation i discovered some sort of slogan, i said something along the lines of, The only corners we cut are on the box. I thought this was cute and continued my day. But today i picked up a pack and it didn't have the cut corners or the slogan. I am not sure but it might have something to do with the fact that the pack with the cut corners was a king pack not hundereds which is what i have today. I just thought that deserved some research.--76.181.139.225 (talk) 06:05, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

Lead image
The image is described as "own work" at the upload page. But is that a real photograph? Is that a real pack of 20? It looks a bit odd to me and seems to be so slim that it could more likely be a photo-shopped stylized promotional image of an imaginary object, with a single cigarette magically propped up alongside it. I have asked a question of the uploader at User talk:St.HocusPocus. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 13:35, 27 December 2019 (UTC)

Image
The best known image of Pall Mall cigarettes ( to me, anyway) is the ‘red pack’. This is red, has the logo ‘PALL MALL famous cigarettes’, a fake coat of arms with crowned lions and random slogans (replacing an earlier use of the actual British royal arms, shown in the article - some objections made, no doubt), and the motto, ‘wherever particular people congregate’. I think the article should use this as its lead image, as the most recognisable picture of the brand. https://www.bassettsmarket.com/shop/grocery/household/tobacco/cigarettes/pall_mall_cigarettes/p/2554935

For example, the original Wacky Packages in 1967 had a parody sticker of the brand based on the red pack, with the slogan ‘wherever peculiar people congregate’. This could also be an addition to the article, if properly sourced. Also, about a third of this run was pulled due to complaints by manufacturers - was Pall Mall one of these? It is all part of the history of the subject. 2A00:23C7:E287:1900:FD29:62C5:4F9F:2FEE (talk)

 * The current Commons alternatives are at this page. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 10:40, 2 August 2021 (UTC)

Here is the Wacky Pack, and the original. Advice how to put them in commons, please? lostwackys.com Note they are called ‘Paul Maul’ - see discussion above. 2A00:23C7:E287:1900:C34:5306:23A9:639C (talk) 15:43, 2 October 2021 (UTC)

I saw “Paul Maul peculiar cigarettes” in the 1973 wacky packs, so I guess it was not one of the pulled ones. But more research needed, as nothing can be put in the article without proper sourcing. 5.148.149.200 (talk) 13:10, 5 October 2021 (UTC)

Nickname
These had a reputation for being strong. Since they were also long and unfiltered, they were nicknamed ‘death sticks’ on the West Coast ( maybe elsewhere ). If this can be verified, it would be an interesting addition to the article. 2A00:23C7:E287:1900:C34:5306:23A9:639C (talk) 15:47, 2 October 2021 (UTC)

Sponsorships
I just watched an old "What's my line" video segments, like this on here:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5RS0DWRvBxg

From 1965. And Pall Mall was advertised. I never heard the name before I think (I am a non-smoker so I have no real clue about cigarettes). What I found interesting was the commercial itself - I do not recall pro-smoking ads in the last decade or so here in central europe, so it was interesting to see how people decades ago listened to ads. It could be integrated into the main article too. 2A02:8388:1641:4980:0:0:0:D (talk) 08:22, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

"adopted"
IP 38.49.72.17 asks for an explanation here, saying "What does "adopted" before the third pronunciation mean?" That word was added by an anon IP here in 2017. It's not mentioned in the "Pronunciation" section, so I'm not sure if its origin. Any suggestions? Martinevans123 (talk) 11:19, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

It was pretty clearly  back here ("When the big fish is hooked.... on carcinogenic Pall Mall ciggies..."). But these days ("Smoke some right now, and go strangle someone!!"), we seem to have moved to. So not sure when this American "adoption" occurred. Martinevans123 (talk) 14:37, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

Menthol
Already restricted or banned in parts of the USA. The article should reflect this, and attempts to counter with menthol substitutes. 50.175.210.238 (talk) 17:51, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pall Mall (cigarette)


text:
User:El Raki

Ask questions here or at the de-Wikipedia.

title: User:El Raki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Flight Attendant Appreciation Club

Flight Attendant Appreciation Club
Not notable. — Bill 01:09, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable, and very silly. --Improv 03:42, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Very minor. (Anyone else thinking of The Replacements's "Waitress in the Sky?") Geogre 14:39, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Daniel C. Boyer 19:05, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this page shows just seven members including the founders. --Jll 20:48, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete likely prank. Fire Star 21:12, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Possible vanity article or prank or fictional or all of the above. Gamaliel 06:34, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:List of members of the Australian House of Representatives

Page purpose
I restored this page to a redirect, as its intention is to point to a list of current members, which until swearing-in, would be the 2004-07 members. Members of the Australian House of Representatives serves as a list of members over all terms of parliament, although I can see how the page titles do not necessarily indicate this difference. Some renaming may be in order? -- Chuq (talk) 01:20, 26 November 2007 (UTC)


text: Category:Special forces of the Netherlands


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Category:Environmentalists

Those listed here may be categorised as environmentalists or conservationists.

title: Category:Environmentalists


text:
USS Montgomery (DD-121)

USS Montgomery (DD–121) was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I, later reclassified DM-17. She was the fifth ship named Montgomery and was named for Rear Admiral John B. Montgomery.

Construction and commissioning
Montgomery was built by Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company. The ship was launched on 23 March 1918, sponsored by Mrs. Andrew Jones, a descendant of Admiral Montgomery. The destroyer was commissioned on 26 July 1918.

Service history
Following an east coast shakedown, Montgomery left Hampton Roads on 25 August 1918 for her first anti-submarine patrol, alternating such patrols with coastal escort duty until the close of World War I. She conducted training and fleet maneuvers from Maine to Cuba until 19 July 1919, when she departed Hampton Roads for west coast duty.

Montgomery arrived at San Diego on 7 August to join Destroyer Squadron 4, Pacific Fleet. For the next 3$1/2$ years she took part in fleet operations from Alaska to Panama, then on 17 March 1922 began inactivation at San Diego, where she decommissioned on 6 June 1922.

Re-designated DM-17 on 5 January 1931, Montgomery was converted to a light minelayer and recommissioned on 20 August 1931. In December she sailed to Pearl Harbor, her base until 14 June 1937, when she returned to San Diego, there to decommission on 7 December 1937 and go into reserve.

World War II
With world tension increasing on the eve of World War II, Montgomery reactivated, recommissioning on 25 September 1939. She trained for possible war service and completed several towing assignments on the west coast until 3 December 1940 when she sailed for her new home port, Pearl Harbor.

At Pearl Harbor during the Japanese attack on 7 December 1941, Montgomery immediately began anti-submarine patrols in the approaches to the vital base, as well as inter-island convoy duty. Departing Hawaii on 11 April 1942 for Suva, Fiji, Montgomery began 16 months operating from Suva, Espiritu Santo, and Nouméa for escort and minelaying operations in the southwest Pacific, aiding in the struggle for the Solomons. One interruption to this service was 22 September to 12 November, when she sailed north to lay mines in the Aleutians in preparation for the recapture of Attu and Kiska.

While laying a minefield off Guadalcanal on the night of 24 to 25 August 1943, Montgomery collided with USS Preble (DD-345), losing 20 ft of her bow. She made temporary repairs at Tulagi and Espiritu Santo, then sailed on 1 October for San Francisco, arriving on 19 October.

Repairs completed, Montgomery began ten months of activity which included two convoy escort voyages between San Francisco and Hawaii (8 December 1943 to 5 February 1944), defensive minelaying around Kwajalein (17 March to 4 April), convoy escort to Majuro (May 1944), and local convoy escort in the Hawaiians. Montgomery attacked an enemy submarine contact on 25 June 1944 without evident result. After an escort voyage to Eniwetok and return (28 June to 16 July), she sailed for Guadalcanal to prepare for the invasion of the Palaus.

Getting underway for the assault on 6 September, Montgomery took station off Peleliu on 12 September to destroy mines swept from the Japanese minefields. On 17 September she screened transports landing assault troops on Angaur, and two days later sailed for mine destruction and patrol duties at Ulithi until 14 October. She bombarded Ngulu on 15 October and acted as mother ship for small minelayers during the capture of the atoll.

While anchored off Ngulu on 17 October, with her engines secured, Montgomery sighted a mine floating close aboard to port. The wind swung the ship down onto the mine before she could get underway or destroy it. The resulting explosion flooded both engine rooms and one fireroom, ruptured fuel tanks, and killed four of her crew. Salvage efforts kept her afloat until she could be towed to Ulithi for repairs. Underway on her own power on 12 January 1945, Montgomery arrived at San Francisco on 14 February. There it was recommended that she be decommissioned, which she was on 23 April 1945. Montgomery was sold for scrapping on 11 March 1946.

Awards
Montgomery received four battle stars for World War II service.

title: USS Montgomery (DD-121)


text:
Arthur Reaume

Arthur John Reaume (November 30, 1906 – December 13, 1981) was a Canadian politician.

Background
Reaume was born at Sandwich, Ontario, in 1906.

Politics
He was elected to the town council of Sandwich in 1930 and became mayor of Sandwich in 1933. He sat on Windsor city council after Sandwich became part of Windsor. Reaume succeeded David Croll as Windsor mayor in 1941, becoming the 22nd mayor of the city, and was reelected in 1948. In the municipal election of 1950, it appeared that Thomas Brophey had defeated Reaume by 38 votes but, after a recount, Reaume was declared the winner by 16 votes and served until 1954. Reaume is also Windsor's longest-serving mayor, at 13 years.

He ran as a candidate for the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario in the 1943 election but was defeated by the CCF. He broke with the Conservatives when he supported UAW workers at Ford in their fight for the Rand formula.

In the 1945 and 1948 elections, he ran as a Liberal-Labour candidate, but lost on both attempts. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) in 1951. He remained in office until the 1967 election.

A pro-labour but otherwise conservative politician, he ran for the Ontario Liberal leadership in 1958 but won only 32 votes and was eliminated on the first ballot along with Liberal-Labour MPP Albert Wren. Reaume withdrew after the first ballot and threw his support to John Wintermeyer who came from behind to win on the third ballot. Reaume and Wren had both been expelled from the Liberal caucus in 1957 for attacking the leadership of Farquhar Oliver but Reaume was readmitted after apologising.

He died at a Toronto hospital in 1981.

title: Arthur Reaume


text:
Talk:Classical genetics

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mariahfaithh.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:08, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Laurel- Since you mentioned the diploid individual you should go ahead and mention the haploid individual under "basic definitions". Should define reverse genetics What were some the techniques used before the advent of molecular biology? Should mention who discovered genetic linkage Great article, very well written!
 * Where are your sources???*****

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Ewells2013, DrarSoaad, Inbornone, Radhikabhake.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:47, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

radhika
The article is well written but the part written in methods section is general idea as how the method was developed.So I feel it should be under different section. Radhikabhake (talk)  —Preceding undated comment added 21:13, 10 March 2017 (UTC)

I
I think that this entry should include some info. on the use of mutants in mapping genes, this was achieved well before the genetic code was known.--nixie 01:12, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. Be bold, feel free to add! --Lexor|Talk 09:05, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

massive revert
I just did a massive revert on the page. I don't know what Rscavetta was trying to say with his large rewrite, but it sounded kind of weird to me. And incoherent. And possibly wrong. He doesn't appear to be an active user, so I'm just commenting on this here. It's disconcerting to see that his edits were made over a year ago, but I guess no one felt qualified to question his addition. -Madeleine 00:22, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

merge this page
This page should be merged with "Forward Genetics." Forward Genetics = Classical Genetics. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.231.246.1 (talk) 23:15, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

edit
These article can have a history section that will show how classical genetics was discovered. The methods and techniques should have a section so the topic can be more understandable and more complete. |publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press}} Marialopez pabon (talk) 02:09, 19 February 2017 (UTC)

The article is very informative. However, I feel that the section basic definitions is not necessary and could be included in another section! There is a lot of information on the page that does not have any citations. It would be beneficial to support this information with great and reliable references.Ewells2013 (talk) 18:30, 12 March 2017 (UTC) Ewells2013 (talk) 22:14, 10 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Classical genetics


text: Category:Culture of the Soviet Union

title: Category:Culture of the Soviet Union


text:
Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 2004–2007

This is a list of members of the Australian House of Representatives from 2004 to 2007, as elected at the 2004 federal election, together known as the 41st Parliament. It had a total of 150 members, comprising 74, 1 Country Liberal and 12 members, together forming a Coalition majority government with 87 members. had 60 members and there were 3 independents.

 * The Labor member for Werriwa, former opposition leader Mark Latham, resigned on 18 January 2005 citing health concerns. The Labor candidate Chris Hayes won the resulting by-election on 19 March.
 * Franklin MP Harry Quick was expelled from the Labor Party on 20 August 2007 for failing to pay dues to the party. He served out the remainder of his term as an independent.


text:
Rover Boys

The Rover Boys, or The Rover Boys Series for Young Americans, was a popular juvenile series written by Arthur M. Winfield, a pseudonym for Edward Stratemeyer. Thirty titles were published between 1899 and 1926 and the books remained in print for years afterward.

The original Rover Boys were brothers Tom, Sam, and Dick Rover, the sons of wealthy widower Anderson Rover, who entrusted his brother and sister-in-law, Randolph and Martha, with the rearing of the boys. As the series progressed the brothers became smitten with Dora Stanhope and Nellie and Grace Laning, the daughter and nieces of a wealthy widow.

The Rover boys' children (Fred, son of Sam Rover; Jack, son of Dick; Andy and Randy, twin sons of Tom) became the main characters of the "second series" that began with Volume 21, The Rover Boys at Colby Hall, published in 1917. The elder Rovers continued making appearances in the second series.

Additionally, there was a related Putnam Hall series of six books that featured other characters from the first Rovers series, although the Rovers themselves do not appear.

The Rovers were students at a military boarding school: adventurous, prank-playing, flirtatious, and often unchaperoned adolescents who were frequently causing mischief for authorities, as well as for criminals. The series often incorporated modern technology of the era, such as the automobile, airplanes (The Rover Boys in the Air) and news events, such as World War I.

The earliest volumes focused on the boys' travel adventures, but later stories were filled with mystery and suspense.

Publishers
From 1899 to 1906 The Mershon Co. published volumes 1 through 11; from 1906 to 1907 Chatterton-Peck Co. published volumes 1 through 11. Starting in 1907 Grosset & Dunlap began publishing the Rover Boys, eventually printing all 30 volumes. They published the series through at least the 1930s. Starting in the 1940s Whitman Publishing reprinted volumes 1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13 and 14.

Legacy
More than a million Rover Boys books were sold, and the titles remained in print by Grosset & Dunlap and later Whitman for years after the final title was published. The most commonly encountered are the green and brown cover editions published by Grosset & Dunlap during the 1910s and 1920s. While there are better-known and longer-running juvenile series such as The Hardy Boys, Nancy Drew, and Tom Swift, the Rovers were very successful and influential. They established the template for all later Stratemeyer Syndicate series. It was Stratemeyer's first series, and one of his favorites. Stratemeyer did all of the writing himself, rather than hiring ghostwriters.
 * The Rover Boys were parodied in a 1942 Warner Brothers Merrie Melodies cartoon as The Dover Boys, subtitled "The Rivals of Roquefort Hall" (as opposed to Colby, both terms being cheeses). The cartoon was directed by Chuck Jones. The characters from this Rovers' parody would later appear in two episodes of Animaniacs (Frontier Slappy and Magic Time) and its 1999 series finale Wakko's Wish, as well as the 1996 movie Space Jam.
 * In the 1951 detective novel The Way Some People Die by Ross MacDonald, a police lieutenant accuses protagonist Lew Archer of running “a murder investigation as a one-man show.” He mocks Archer by asking if he read The Rover Boys at Hollywood and Vine.
 * In the 1952 movie Macao starring Robert Mitchum and Jane Russell, the Mitchum character, Nick Cochran asks “are the Rover Boys still here” referring to two thugs sent to find him.
 * The 18th episode of the first season (1953) of The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet is titled "Rover Boys" and features a narrative driven by a disagreement between Ozzie and his neighbor Thorny concerning the plot of a Rover Boys story.
 * In the 1955 MGM musical It's Always Fair Weather, there are two references to The Rover Boys. The first is in the beginning of the movie when a bartender exclaims, "Well if it isn't the Rover Boys" as the three main characters walk into his bar. The second is toward the end of the movie. While trying to evade thugs, the character named Ted borrows a jacket that has "The Rover Boys" embroidered on the back.
 * In 1956 a Canadian vocal group named after the Rover Boys had a Top 20 single with the school-themed "Graduation Day".
 * The names Tom, Sam, and Dick Rover are mentioned by Scout in Harper Lee's 1960 novel To Kill a Mockingbird in reference to a game of pretend in which Dill, Jem, and Scout all had good parts.
 * In a 1965 episode of I Spy called "Carry Me Back To Old Tsing-Tao", Scotty referred to the three money-hungry sons-in-law of an aged Chinese criminal mastermind as "The Rover Boys" by saying, "...Now can the Rover Boys be far behind?"
 * The Rover Boys books were mentioned in the 1966 supernatural soap opera Dark Shadows (episode 38) where the governess Victoria Winters was searching for the books in the basement of the old mansion for her charge David Collins.
 * In the eighth season of The Andy Griffith Show, in a 1967 episode titled "The Tape Recorder," the bank robber character Eddie Blake complains that his luck was he had to run into the "Rover Boys" when Opie and Arnold asked him to confess his crime because they secretly recorded him in his cell revealing the location of the stolen money.

Titles

 * The Rover Boys at School, or, The Cadets of Putnam Hall - 1899
 * The Rover Boys on the Ocean, or, A Chase for a Fortune - 1899
 * The Rover Boys in the Jungle, or, Stirring Adventures in Africa - 1899
 * The Rover Boys Out West, or, The Search for a Lost Mine - 1900
 * The Rover Boys on the Great Lakes, or, The Secret of the Island Cave - 1901
 * The Rover Boys in the Mountains, or, A Hunt for Fun and Fortune- 1902
 * The Rover Boys on Land and Sea, or, The Crusoes of Seven Islands - 1903
 * The Rover Boys in Camp, or, The Rivals of Pine Island - 1904
 * The Rover Boys on the River, or, The Search for the Missing Houseboat - 1905
 * The Rover Boys on the Plains, or, The Mystery of Red Rock Ranch - 1906
 * The Rover Boys in Southern Waters, or, The Deserted Steam Yacht - 1907
 * The Rover Boys on the Farm, or, Last Days at Putnam Hall - 1908
 * The Rover Boys on Treasure Isle, or, The Strange Cruise of the Steam Yacht - 1909
 * The Rover Boys at College, or, The Right Roads and the Wrong - 1910
 * The Rover Boys Down East, or, The Struggle for the Stanhope Fortune - 1911
 * The Rover Boys in the Air, or, From College Campus to the Clouds - 1912
 * The Rover Boys in New York, or, Saving their Father's Honor - 1913
 * The Rover Boys in Alaska, or, Lost in the Fields of Ice - 1914
 * The Rover Boys in Business, or, The Case of the Missing Bonds - 1915
 * The Rover Boys on a Tour, or, Last Days at Brill College - 1916

 * Second series
 * The Rover Boys at Colby Hall, or, The Struggles of the Young Cadets - 1917
 * The Rover Boys on Snowshoe Island, or, The Old Lumberman's Treasure Box - 1918
 * The Rover Boys Under Canvas, or, The Mystery of the Wrecked Submarine - 1919
 * The Rover Boys on a Hunt, or, The Mysterious House in the Woods - 1920
 * The Rover Boys in the Land of Luck, or, Stirring Adventures in the Oil Fields - 1921
 * The Rover Boys at Big Horn Ranch, or, The Cowboys' Big Roundup - 1922
 * The Rover Boys at Big Bear Lake, or, The Camps of the Rival Cadets - 1923
 * The Rover Boys Shipwrecked, or, A Thrilling Hunt for Pirates Gold - 1924
 * The Rover Boys on Sunset Trail, or, The Old Miner's Mysterious Message - 1925
 * The Rover Boys Winning a Fortune, or, Strenuous Days Ashore and Afloat - 1926

 * Putnam Hall series
 * The Putnam Hall Cadets, or, Good Times In School and Out - 1901
 * The Putnam Hall Rivals, or, Fun and Sport Afloat and Ashore - 1906
 * The Putnam Hall Champions, or, Bound to Win Out - 1908
 * The Putnam Hall Rebellion, or, The Rival Runaways - 1909
 * The Putnam Hall Encampment, or, The Secret of the Old Mill - 1910
 * The Putnam Hall Mystery, or, The School Chums Strange Discovery - 1911

Some of these books are available for download free at Project Gutenberg.

title: Rover Boys


text: User talk:68.45.48.123

title: User talk:68.45.48.123


text:
David C. Page

David C. Page (born 1956) is an American biologist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the director of the Whitehead Institute, and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) investigator. He is best known for his work on mapping the Y-chromosome and on its evolution in mammals and expression during development.

Education and early life
Page was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in 1956 and grew up in the rural outskirts of Pennsylvania Dutch country. The first of his family to go to college, Page attended Swarthmore College, where he graduated with a BA with highest honors in chemistry in 1978. During his final year at Swarthmore, Page attended class just one day a week and spent the rest of his time researching chromatin structure in the laboratory of molecular biologist Robert Simpson at the National Institutes of Health. In 1978, Page enrolled at Harvard Medical School and the Harvard-MIT Health Sciences Program, where he worked in the laboratories of David Botstein at MIT and Raymond White at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. In White's lab, Page worked on a project to develop a genetic linkage map of the human genome that would become a precursor to the Human Genome Project. The work relied on locating restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). The first RFLP that Page found was from a site of homology between the X chromosome and Y chromosome, a coincidence that would set the direction of his subsequent career.

Page finished his MD degree in the spring of 1984 and started his own lab as the first Whitehead Fellow at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research researching the genetics of XX male syndrome, or de la Chapelle Syndrome. After Page won the MacArthur "Genius Grant" in 1986, Page was promoted to the faculty of the Whitehead Institute and the MIT Department of Biology in 1988. In 1990, Page was named a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, and in 2005 he was named as director of the Whitehead Institute.

Research and career
Page has worked in several areas of genetics.

Mapping the Y chromosome
In his work on de la Chapelle Syndrome in 1986, Page collaborated with the geneticist who originally identified the first XX male, Albert de la Chapelle, and geneticist Jean Weissenbach to show that XX males carry a small piece of the Y chromosome.

In the following year, he reported that the gene ZFY induced the development of the testes, a finding which received a great deal of media attention since it putatively resolving a decade-long search for the sex-determining gene. In 1989, a British team of scientists led by Peter Goodfellow and Robin Lovell-Badge began to report that the testis-determining gene was not ZFY, which led Page to review his data. Page found that he had misinterpreted his data because one of the XY females in his study had a second deletion at the site which proved to be the location of the real sex-determining gene. Launching a second round of media attention, Nature published his findings together with a paper from the British group that identified the sex-determining gene, which they termed SRY.

Despite a belief among geneticists that the Y chromosome contained few genes other than the sex-determining gene, Page continued to map the Y chromosome. He had already published DNA-based deletion maps of the Y chromosome in 1986, and went on to develop comprehensive clone-based physical maps of the chromosome in 1992 and systematic catalogs of Y-linked genes in 1997. Page collaborated with a team at the Genome Institute at Washington University to make a complete map of the Y chromosome, which they achieved in 2003. To do so, Page and his colleagues developed a new sequencing technique, single-haplotype iterative mapping and sequencing (SHIMS), since mammalian sex chromosomes contain too many repetitive sequences to be sequenced by conventional approaches. The development of SHIMS allowed Page to identify long palindromic sequences on the long arm of the Y chromosome, which he would go on to show made the Y chromosome vulnerable to the deletions that cause spermatogenic failure (an inability to produce sperm). In 2012, Page characterized the most common genetic cause of spermatogenic failure, the deletion of the AZFc region of the Y chromosome. The lab also found that aberrant crossing over within the Y chromosome's palindromes underlies a wide range of disorders of sexual differentiation, including Turner syndrome.

Evolution of the Y chromosome
With the development of more detailed maps of the Y chromosome, in the mid-1990s Page began to find genetic evidence confirming the theory that both the X and Y chromosomes had evolved from autosomes, beginning with the 1996 discovery that a family of genes called DAZ (deleted in azoospermia) had been transposed from an autosome to the Y chromosome. In 1999, Page and his then-graduate student Bruce Lahn showed that the X and Y chromosomes had diverged in four steps, beginning 200-300 million years ago. Later cross-species comparisons would show that while ancestral genes on the Y chromosome initially underwent rapid decay, the remaining genes have remained stable for the last 25 million years, overturning the long-held view that the Y chromosome was going extinct. In a 2014 study, Page concluded that the conserved genes on the Y chromosome played an important role in male viability, since they were dosage-dependent genes with similar but not identical counterparts on the X chromosome that all have regulatory roles in transcription, translation, and protein stability. Because these genes are expressed throughout the body, Page further concluded that these genes give rise to differences in the biochemistry of male and female tissues.

In super-resolution studies of the sex chromosomes, Page has found evidence of an evolutionary "arms race" between the X and Y chromosomes for transmission to the next generation. In one study, Page found that human X and mouse Y chromosomes have converged, independently acquiring and amplifying gene families expressed in testicular germ cells. Another study found that the mouse Y chromosome had acquired and massively amplified genes homologous to the testis-expressed gene families on the mouse X chromosome.

The genetics of germ cells
Page used the mouse as a model to study the genetics of meiotic initiation, showing that retinoic acid (RA) is the key factor which induces meiosis, as well as identifying several important genes crucial to the meiotic initiation pathway, including Stra8 and DAZL. Page further discovered that the differentiation germ cells into gametocytes (oocytes in females or spermatocytes in males) does not depend on meiotic initiation, as commonly thought, showing that germ cells deficient in Stra8, a gene that activates the meiotic pathway, are still capable of growth and differentiation.

Awards and honors
His honors and awards include:
 * 1986 MacArthur Prize Fellowship
 * 1989 Searle Scholar Award
 * 1997 Francis Amory Prize, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (for genetic studies of mammalian sex determination; prize shared with Peter Goodfellow and Robin Lovell-Badge)
 * 2003 Curt Stern Award, American Society of Human Genetics (for outstanding scientific achievement in human genetics)
 * 2005 Member, National Academy of Sciences
 * 2007 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science
 * 2008 Member, National Academy of Medicine
 * 2011 Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Class Speaker, Biological Sciences)

title: David C. Page