text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bxbasm

Bxbasm
Perhaps the most non-notable BASIC variant ever created. Was found after User:Stormie mentioned it on the VfD discussion on HotBasic. Homepage on geocities, 66 google hits of which 29 are "unique" sites, and most of those sites are just forks of WP. CryptoDerk 18:17, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, Bxbasm isn't well known because it is very new.
 * Reasons why the Blunt_Axe_project is notable:
 * includes both a compiler and an interpreter
 * includes a tutorial on compiler writing in an open source setting
 * part of a yahoo group dedicated to learning compiler development
 * There are very few free, open source, actively developed Basic languages. And even fewer that produce natively compiled code.

 * Other reasons to keep;
 * in active development, so likely to increase in popularity
 * Some people are fond of esoteric programming languages, just like some people are interested in bird watching. Should we delete all encyclopedia entries of rare birds?

 * I did not learn about Bxbasm on Wikipedia. I stumbled on Bsbasm because I am interested in compilers and different programming languages. Bxbasm is a good web resource for learning how to write a compiler. Duk 20:27, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't see how any of the things you listed make this notable at all. Just because a piece of software does something else that "not very many others" do, doesn't make it notable.  If becoming popular, a standard, or being very widely used because of these features, then that would be notable.  You think that because this project has a Yahoo Group that it's notable?  That's ridiculous.  Your prediction that it will become more popular and MAYBE notable in the future isn't a reason to keep this article.
 * Give me a good reason why this is notable, such as it's been used to develop lots of widely used software, that it's some standard, or that it's been a major influence on the field of programming languages and I'll gladly change my vote.   Right now the article is full of POV claiming that it produces fast executables without any comparison to other things, and saying that it's part of the "famous" "Let's Build a Compiler" series -- which itself only turns up on 275 websites.  CryptoDerk 21:11, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Crypto, I offered my opinion and my vote. I don't intend to debate. And I'm sorry that you think my reasons, which I stand by, are ridiculous. Duk 22:17, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not trying to debate with people. Since I put this up on VfD, I'm trying to persuade people why they should see my point of view by using logical arguments.  If it turns out that consensus is to keep this article, I'd like to know why my logical interpretation of policy was wrong in the eyes of the community.  If having a Yahoo Group and being in active development qualify as making a piece of software notable, I'd like to know why -- that's it.  If you don't want to respond to my criticism of your reasons, that's fine.  CryptoDerk 23:35, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Crypto, you surely are trying to debate. However, to do a good job at it you need to address all six of my points, not just two :)
 * Duk 00:23, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I only brought up the two in my most recent comment to not beat a dead horse. To say that I didn't address others previously is not true, as I have addressed 5 of the 6 in my prior comments.  The only one I haven't addressed is the comparison to birds, which I don't consider a valid comparison because I could just as easily make comparisons to other things in my favor (e.g. we don't have articles about every song ever written, etc.).
 * I am criticizing the merits of this article in comparison with other articles on programming languages and written policy. If you want to show this is notable, please tell me where either policy or several instances of precedence shows why "having a tutorial", why "having a yahoo group", etc. makes this notable.  Or, back to one of my previous responses: show me that this has been used to develop some widely used pieces of software or that it's had a major influence on an industry.  Since you've already stated you do not want to get into a debate, and as such you have not responded to them, consider these requests rhetorical.  CryptoDerk 01:00, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)

Delete, non-notable, advertising. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 20:52, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. If/when it becomes notable, we may have an article on it then. Until then, no. Otherwise, we may as well have an article for every baby born because it may be notable. --Improv 22:20, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable BASIC variant.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:25, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable software project. This is not freshmeat.net. jni 08:37, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't agree that any of Duk's supplied reasons make it notable. And I strongly disagree, in general, with the argument that we should keep something because (in someone's opinion) it might increase in popularity at some point in the future. Well and good: if and when it does become popular enough to be notable, someone can make an article. For now, it's just another Basic implementation among thousands, and we really don't need articles on them all.
 * Please sign your votes, User:Pnot. Andrewa 14:39, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry, forgot. Pnot 02:01, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with User:Pnot (and others but he said it very well). Andrewa 14:39, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, but I'd like Duk's vote preserved in Weird ideas of what makes something notable -- GWO 17:51, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Interesting anomoly and relevant in the context of other BASIC articles. 80.255 18:09, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bxbasm


text:
Talk:Random encounter

Untitled
Wow, I really didn't expect to find an article on this. I took the liberty of adding a couple of lines, but there is still room for more of course, so feel free to add, modify and expand! ;) Brutulf 18:17, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

I'm new to making/editing on Wikipedia but feel it's worth mentioning that Random Encounter might also refer to a published comic book, a professional film made in 1998 Directed by Douglas Jackson, or a Russian-American video game cover band. Would this work better as a footnote or as a disambiguation? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.78.136.216 (talk) 19:57, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Final Fantasy low encounters?
The Final Fantasy series emphasize storyline, and therefore random encounters are relatively infrequent, whereas in the Dragon Warrior series (more heavily inspired by 1980s-style RPGs) they are very common.

Has whoever wrote that ever played a final fantasy game? They are one long random encounter grind IMHO, if this is true then games with "frequent" random encounters must be unplayable. --Pypex 01:40, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

I agree. Final Fantasy VI and VII have especially high encounter rates. 70.95.233.49 19:35, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Random encounter


text:
Jean-Baptiste Masse

Jean Baptiste Masse (c. 1700 – c. 1757) was a French composer and violoncello player.

He was an Ordinaire de la Chambre du Roi and a member of the King's Bande of Twenty-Four Violins and of the orchestra of the Comédie Française.

Little is known of his life other than the publication dates of his first three volumes of sonatas and the appearance of his name on the payroll of the Comédie Française in 1752 as cellist and bass player.

According to Jules Bonnassies (La Musique à la Comédie Française (1774)) the same musicians were employed from 1752 until 1758 when Masse's name no longer appears on the record; given these dates and the dedication of Book I of the sonatas it is probable that he was employed there between at least 1736 and 1757.

Masse published five volumes of sonatas. Book I (1736), dedicated to Messieurs les Comédiens Français, Book II (1739), dedicated to Monsieur Gaudion de le Grange Conseiller du Parlement, and Book V are for two cellos and basso continuo. Books III and IV are for two solo cellos without a figured bass. Masse indicates that they may be played by bassoons, viols or violins.

He also composed a Premier Suite de Menuets nouveaux à 2 violoncelles. The Masse sonatas are some of the first virtuoso pieces written for cello and basso continuo.

title: Jean-Baptiste Masse


text:
Inco Superstack

The Inco Superstack in Sudbury, Ontario, with a height of 381 m, is the tallest chimney in Canada and the Western Hemisphere, and the second-tallest freestanding chimney in the world after the Ekibastuz GRES-2 Power Station in Kazakhstan. It is also the second-tallest freestanding structure of any type in Canada, behind the CN Tower but ahead of First Canadian Place. As of 2023, it is the 51st-tallest freestanding structure in the world. The Superstack is located on top of the largest nickel smelting operation in the world at Vale's Copper Cliff processing facility in the city of Greater Sudbury.

In 2018, Vale announced that the stack would be decommissioned and dismantled, beginning in 2020. Two new, smaller stacks were constructed under the company's Clean Atmospheric Emissions Reduction Project. In July 2020, Vale announced that the Superstack had been officially taken out of service, but would remain operational in standby mode for two more months as a backup in the event of a malfunction in the new system, following which the dismantling of the Superstack would begin. As of 2024, however, Vale has not yet announced the awarding of a demolition contract on the Superstack, and it remains unknown when demolition will actually begin; some have called for the stack to be left in place as a tourist attraction.

In addition to further reducing sulphur dioxide emissions by 85 per cent, the decommissioning of the stack is expected to cut the complex's natural gas consumption in half.

History
The Superstack was built by Inco Limited (and later purchased by Vale) at an estimated cost of 25 million dollars. Construction on the structure was underway during the Sudbury tornado of August 20, 1970; the structure swayed heavily in the wind, but remained standing and suffered only minor damage. Six workers were on top of the construction platform when the storm hit, and all survived. The same day was the final day of construction on the stack, with the construction fully completed by the evening of August 21, 1970.

The stack entered into full operation in 1972. From the date of its completion until the Ekibastuz GRES-2 chimney was constructed in 1987, it was the world's tallest smokestack. Between the years 1972–75 it was the tallest freestanding structure in Canada.

Prior to the construction of the Superstack, the waste gases contributed to severe local ecological damage. The Copper Cliff smelter was already home to some of the world's tallest stacks, including two 500 ft chimneys constructed in 1928-29 and 1936. However, these proved to be insufficient and compounded by open coke beds in the early to mid-20th century and logging for fuel, an inevitable near-total loss of native vegetation occurred. Of particular interest to geologists are the now exposed rocky outcrops, which have been permanently stained charcoal black, first by the pollution wafting over the decades from the roasting yards, then by the acid rain in a layer which penetrates up to three inches into the once pink-grey granite.

The Superstack was built to disperse sulphur gases and other byproducts of the smelting process away from the city of Sudbury. It did this by placing the gases high in the air, where they normally blew right past the city on the prevailing winds. As a result, these gases can be detected in the atmosphere around Greater Sudbury in a 240 km radius of the Inco plant. During the 1970s and 80s, the sulphur dioxide plume formed a permanent, opaque, cloud-like formation running across the entire horizon as seen from a distance. Periodic inversions would cause the plume to fall into the city.

Construction of the Superstack was followed by an environmental reclamation project which has included rehabilitation of existing landscapes and selected water bodies such as Lake Ramsey. An ambitious regreening plan has seen over three million new trees planted within the Greater Sudbury area. In 1992, Inco and the city were given an award by the United Nations in honour of their environmental rehabilitation programmes.

On November 3, 2014, Vale announced that they may decide to stop using the stack, following a $1 billion project to reduce emissions by 85% that negates the need for the stack. If no other use for it is found, Vale may decommission the superstack, demolish it, and replace it with a much smaller chimney. In 2017, Vale announced plans to decommission the Superstack upon the construction of two smaller, more energy efficient stacks. On July 28, 2020, Vale updated that news, stating that the stack at its Copper Cliff Complex had been taken out of service. It would remain on "hot standby" for about two months while the replacement flue connections were tested but the stack would then be demolished over the years.

Emissions
While the Superstack lowered the ground-level pollution in the city, it has dispersed sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide gases over a much larger area. Though not the single source of lake acidification, it appears even the heavily industrialized Ohio Valley has contributed to the ecological problem of lakes as far north as northern Ontario. Research from data gleaned up to the late 1980s demonstrated acid rain to have affected the biology of some 7,000 lakes.

Prior to Vale's purchase of Inco, a major construction effort by Inco in the early 1990s dramatically scrubbed waste gases before pumping them up the Superstack. These upgrades were completed in 1994 and emissions from then on have been much reduced. By comparison to the plume prior to installation, the plume now disperses quite rapidly and is often see-through even at the stack site.

Emissions reductions and increases in thermal efficiency have reached the point where natural draught is no longer sufficient to draw flue gas up the stack, necessitating the use of induced draught fans and/or reheating of the flue gas using natural gas burners.

As well as SO2 emissions, Inco's Superstack has had very high arsenic, nickel and lead emissions to the atmosphere. In 1998, Inco emitted 146.7 tonnes of lead from Copper Cliff while producing 238,500 tonnes of nickel-copper matte. This is 150 times more lead emission than would be permitted by a US EPA-regulated lead smelter producing 238,500 tonnes of lead. As a result of the excessive lead emissions from the Inco Superstack, the surrounding community of Copper Cliff was found to have levels of lead in soil tests at a level sufficient to cause harm to young children.

title: Inco Superstack


text:
White-throated hawk

The white-throated hawk (Buteo albigula) is a bird of prey in subfamily Buteoninae, the "soaring" hawks, of family Accipitridae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.

Taxonomy and systematics
The white-throated hawk has at various times been considered a dubious taxon, a subspecies of short-tailed hawk (B. brachyurus), or a sister species with the short-tailed. None of these treatments are currently (2022) accepted. The white-throated hawk is monotypic.

Description
The white-throated hawk is 38 to 48 cm long with an 84 to 102 cm wingspan. Females are up to 20% larger than males and both sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a brownish black face and upperparts. Their tail has a dark brown upper surface and a grayish lower surface with up to 10 narrow dark bands. Their chin, throat, and underparts are white with brown streaking on the breast and belly and rufous barring on the thighs. Their eye is brown and their cere, legs, and feet yellow. Juveniles are similar to adults but with heavy blackish streaking on the breast and flanks, streaked cheeks, and buff thighs with brown bars.

Distribution and habitat
The white-throated hawk is found in the Andes from northwestern Venezuela south through Colombia and Ecuador into Peru and Bolivia and in central Chile and western Argentina. It inhabits humid montane forest, elfin forest, cloudforest and adjacent open landscapes such as puna grassland. In the northern part of its range it is found at elevations between 1700 and 3500 m, in Patagonia between 1000 and 2000 m, and in Chile from near sea level to 1200 m.

Movement
The white-throated hawk is certainly migratory in the southern part of its range, moving north in the non-breeding season. Its behavior in its northern range is not well known. Some authors believe that all of the northern occurrences are by migrants from the south; others believe that at least in some northern areas they are year-round residents with some migrants from the south also present in the austral winter. The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society lists it as a non-breeding visitor to Bolivia and Ecuador, hinting that it only passes through those countries in migration.

Feeding
The white-throated hawk's hunting strategy has not been documented. Its diet has not been extensively studied but is known to include insects, rodents, and birds, the last as large as Magellanic woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus).

Breeding
The white-throated hawk is known to breed only in Chile and Argentina, though there is limited evidence that it also breeds in parts of its northern range. Its breeding season spans from September at least to April. Pairs make undulating display flights. The nest is made of live and dead sticks and often is covered with lichen, and is placed 13 to 22 m above the ground. The clutch size is one or two eggs that are incubated mostly by the female. The incubation period is about one month and fledging occurs about 40 days after hatch. Males provision the female and young.

Vocalization
The white-throated hawk is thought to be mostly silent. It does make a "squealing 'kee-ah' during breeding season".

Status
The IUCN has assessed the white-throated hawk as being of Least Concern. It has a fairly large range. The trend of its estimated population of 670 to 6700 mature individuals is not known. No immediate threats have been identified. In its known breeding range it is considered uncommon to fairly common but rare and local in much of its northern range. "Preferred altitudinal range relatively less affected by human activities, especially transformation; also shows tolerance of disturbed habitat."

title: White-throated hawk


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Èª°æ˜¯æœ€å¯æ„›çš„äºº

Èª°æ˜¯æœ€å¯æ„›çš„äºº
This looks like a rather clever kind of joke. The text goes merrily along and looks like it might make sense to a reader who understood the key words. Unfortunately those key words are in Chinese, or at least Chinese characters. Like many Westerners, I have no Chinese, so I can't tell. If it's real, the Chinese should be translated; otherwise, Delete, of course. — Bill 18:27, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The page link does not seem to want to work and I can't blame it with all those funky characters. Try this. I will have to vote delete for now since I'm not even sure what the article is supposed to be about, although it seems like it may have to do with Wei Wei/Wei wei (articles need merging). By the way, that is real Chinese, written in traditional characters, but my Chinese isn't that great yet so I'll leave it to someone else to do the translation if they wish. [[User:Livajo|力伟|т]] 18:33, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, weakly, if not fixed. I suspect this is something real, and perhaps notable.  The page Wei wei, apparently about an important Chinese communist writer, links here; that article is also full of untranslated Chinese strings.  An easier to read article about the same fellow is at Wei Wei, but it too contains at least one untranslated Chinese string. Smerdis of Tlön 19:50, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge, but do not redirect, into Wei Wei, I'm a Chinese reader, and this, to use a previous user's term, looks extremely Babelopiscine. The war they are talking about is the Korean War, or, to translate literally, "The anti-American war to help the Korean peoples".  The title seems to be the book referred to in the article, in any case, just merge under the author if anything can be kept.  -Vina 21:26, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Srrostum

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 18:24, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Srrostum


text:
T4 (Channel 4)

T4 was a scheduling slot on Channel 4 (T4 Saturday usually 9 am until 2 pm) and E4 (T4 Sunday usually 9 am until 5 pm). It also aired on weekdays in the school holidays. The slot had a separate station identification on screen graphic from Channel 4 and E4. Channel 4 originally produced the strand in-house until 2002, when production was passed onto independent companies. The slot was targeted at the 16–24 age group.

Until 25 March 2012, T4 aired on Channel 4 both Saturday and Sunday. To make way for the introduction of Sunday Brunch in March 2012, T4 Sunday was later moved to run on E4. T4 Saturday remained on Channel 4 and some programmes that previously appeared within the T4 block, such as The Simpsons, remained on Channel 4 on Sunday afternoons.

On 12 October 2012, Channel 4 announced that it would be axing T4 at the end of December 2012. The show ended on 29 December 2012.

Early history
Early on in T4's run, programmes aimed at children often aired in addition to the content aimed at older viewers, with shows such as CatDog and 2 Stupid Dogs appearing in the early schedule of the strand. Around 2001, this was dropped and the strand refocused entirely towards the teen/youth market. For the first few months of T4's life, its idents consisted of an animated spaceman like character. In 1999, this character instead appeared on the idents during the early morning pre-school shows, in addition to the weekend children's programmes that fell outside the T4 strand. These idents continued in use until 2004.

T4 on E4, 2001
After E4's launch in 2001, T4 initially also had a slot on the channel, however this was short lived. It also had an equally short lived Friday evening slot on Channel 4. Following the sale of Quiz Call by Channel 4, it was rumoured that a T4 channel was one of the proposals to fill the vacant slot on Freeview (and subsequently on satellite and cable). However, the plan is also thought to have been rejected by director of television Kevin Lygo, as the slot was filled by Film4 +1 (now replaced, in turn, by Channel 4 +1).

Later years
Initially broadcast only on Sundays, the success of T4 saw the strand subsequently extended to include a Saturday block.

In more recent years, T4 had provided Channel 4 a broadcast window of programmes that are also broadcast in primetime slots on E4, such as The Big Bang Theory. In addition, following Channel 4's acquisition of terrestrial broadcast rights to The Simpsons, the series began to feature regularly within T4. Friends featured regularly within T4 until Channel 4 relinquished the rights to the sitcom in 2011.

Vernon Kay, Dermot O'Leary, Miquita Oliver and Alexa Chung returned for the last show on 29 December 2012 alongside current presenters Matt Edmondson, Nick Grimshaw, Jameela Jamil, Georgie Okell and Will Best.

T4 on the Beach
T4 also staged an annual summer concert, T4 on the Beach, in the resort of Weston-super-Mare (for its first two years in 2003 and 2004, it was held in Great Yarmouth under the name Pop Beach), and previous musical acts that have appeared include McFly, Calvin Harris, Little Boots, and The Zutons. The concert in July 2010 was the sixth year running that the event had taken place in Weston-super-Mare which featured Dizzee Rascal and Florence and the Machine, among others. After the strand's cancellation, there was going to be a replacement titled Summer Sets on the Beach which would air live on ITV2 on 31 August 2013, but it was axed due to a lack of ticket sales.

T4 Stars Of...
Normally bookended at the tail end of the year, the T4 Stars Of... concert was broadcast live from Earls Court. The event was first held in 2009 and since then had become an annual fixture in the T4 events calendar. The Stars Of... title usually preceded the year in which it was being held e.g. Stars of 2010, as it was widely regarded as the replacement show for the now defunct Smash Hits Poll Winners Party that T4 broadcast from 2001 to 2005.

2009 line-up
 * Kasabian
 * JLS
 * Sugababes
 * La Roux
 * Calvin Harris
 * N-Dubz
 * Alexandra Burke
 * Florence and the Machine
 * Example
 * Ke$ha
 * Paloma Faith
 * The Saturdays
 * Chipmunk
 * Tinchy Stryder

2010 line-up
 * Alexandra Burke
 * Tinie Tempah
 * Pixie Lott
 * Professor Green
 * Example
 * Ellie Goulding
 * N-Dubz
 * Olly Murs
 * JLS
 * The Wanted
 * Mark Ronson
 * Jason Derulo
 * The Saturdays
 * Roll Deep
 * Devlin

2011 line-up
 * Labrinth
 * Matt Cardle
 * Emeli Sandé
 * Cher Lloyd
 * Rizzle Kicks
 * Tinchy Stryder
 * Dappy
 * Example
 * Pixie Lott
 * Ed Sheeran
 * Wretch 32
 * The Wanted
 * Professor Green
 * DJ Fresh

Programming

 * 90210 (2009–2012)
 * Age of Love (2007)
 * The Album Chart Show (2006–2012)
 * Andromeda (2000–2005)
 * Angel (Seasons 1 and 2 only, heavily edited) (2000–2001)
 * Angela Anaconda (2001–2003)
 * Animal Alphabet (1998–1999)
 * As If (2001–2004)
 * Average Joe (2003–2005)
 * Being... N-Dubz (2010–2011)
 * Beauty and The Geek – Both the British and American versions have aired (2006–2008)
 * The Big Bang Theory (2008–2012) – now on E4 and E4 Extra
 * Big Brother (In particular, censored repeats of the live Friday night eviction shows on Saturdays) – Shows when Big Brother Series are usually aired (2000–2010)
 * Big Brother's Little Brother – Shows when Big Brother Series are usually aired (2001–2010)
 * Biker Mice from Mars (1998–1999)
 * 'Celebrity Big Brother' – Shows when Celebrity Big Brother Series are usually aired (2001–2010)
 * Celebrity Predictions (2005–2007)
 * Chancers (2004–2006)
 * Charlie's Angels (2011)
 * Charmed (Season 8 only; seasons 1–7 originally broadcast on Channel Five) (2006–2007) – now on E4 Extra
 * City Guys (2000–2001)
 * Clone High (2003)
 * Coach Trip – Series 1 and 2 only; later repeated on More4 (2005–2006)
 * The Crush (2010–2011)
 * Dawson's Creek (1998–2001) – now on ITV2 and ITVX
 * Desperate Housewives (2006) – Although only on its Wednesday night slot on Channel 4, the Sunday night at 6.45pm repeat was axed after just the first six episodes of season 2 due to poor ratings
 * Dirty Sexy Things (2011)
 * Eden (2002)
 * Entourage (Heavily edited to suit timeslot) (2006–2012)
 * Family Guy (Heavily edited to suit timeslot) (2000–2005) – now on ITV2
 * Frasier (1998–2004) – now on Channel 4
 * Friends (1998–2011) – now on Comedy Central and Channel 5
 * Frock Me (2008–2010)
 * Futurama (2004–2006) – now on Sky1
 * G-Girls (2003) – now on All 4
 * Girls Aloud: Off The Record (2006)
 * Glee (2010–2011)
 * Great British Hairdresser (2011)
 * The Hills (2006–2010)
 * Hollyoaks: Extreme Challenge (2006)
 * The Hollyoaks Music Show (2008–2011)
 * Hollyoaks Omnibus – A signed version of the omnibus including all 5 episodes aired in that week aired every Sunday around 9am–12pm (times may vary) (1998–2012)
 * Hollyoaks on the Pull (2000)
 * Hollyoaks: Summer's Got a Secret (2008)
 * Homemade – Ran for 1 series (2006–2007)
 * Joe Millionaire (2003–2005) – now on All 4
 * Johnny Bravo (1999–2003) – also on Cartoon Network
 * King of the Hill (1998–2010)
 * KoKo Pop (2010–2012)
 * Made in Chelsea (Series 1–4 only, heavily edited (2011–2012) – now on All 4
 * The Magic Keeper (1998–1999)
 * Malibu, CA (2000–2003)
 * Master of the Musicverse – Music trivia quiz aired during the summer schedule (2007)
 * Model Behaviour (2001–2002)
 * Musicool (2007)
 * My Big Fat Obnoxious Boss (2004)
 * New Girl (Season 1 only) (2012)
 * New Look's Style the Nation (2011)
 * The O.C. (Sometimes edited from the version shown at 9pm on E4 to suit timeslot) (2004–2007) – now on ITV2 and ITVX
 * One Tree Hill (2004–2012) – now on ITV2 and ITVX
 * Orange unsignedAct (2007–2009)
 * Party in the Park (1998–2004)
 * Perfect Couples (2011)
 * Popworld – Was given a revamp in 2006 but later axed in 2007 (2001–2007)
 * Princess Nikki (2006)
 * Pussycat Dolls Present: The Search for the Next Doll (2007)
 * Pussycat Dolls Present: Girlicious (2008)
 * Rachel Stevens: My World (2005)
 * Reaper (2008–2009)
 * Relentless (2005–2006)
 * Renford Rejects (1999–2001)
 * Rock School (2005–2006)
 * Rules of Engagement (2008–2012)
 * The Saturdays: What Goes On Tour (2011)
 * Scrubs – Every Sunday roughly 3.00pm–4.00pm (Edited to suit timeslot) (2002–2010) – now on E4 Extra
 * Sesame Street (1998–1999)
 * Shipwrecked (1999–2012)
 * The Simpsons – Every Sunday roughly 4.00pm–5.00pm (Heavily edited to suit timeslot) (2004–2012) – now on Sky1 and Channel 4
 * Sister, Sister (2002–2004) – now on Trace Vault
 * Smallville (2002–2011)
 * Solo Spice (2001)
 * The Sopranos (Heavily edited to suit timeslot) (2000–2007)
 * Stargate SG-1 (1998–2007) – now on Sky One
 * Star Trek: Enterprise (2002–2005) – now on Pick TV and Sky Atlantic
 * Summer Daze with Blackberry (2012)
 * Suburgatory (Season 1 only) (2012)
 * T4 Honours (2005)
 * T4 MobileAct Unsigned (2008–2009)
 * T4 Movie Special (2004–2012)
 * T4 on the Beach, 4Music On the Beach, Postcard from T4 On the Beach and various other spin-off shows (2003–2012)
 * T4 'Stars of...' and various other spin-off shows (2009)
 * T4: Sugababes Special (2006)
 * Taina (2001–2003)
 * That Paralympic Show (2010)
 * Totally Frank (2005–2006)
 * Totally Spies! (2002–2004)
 * Transmission With T-Mobile (2006–2009)
 * Two and a Half Men (2007–2012)
 * Ugly Betty (Repeat of the Monday night episode) (2007–2010)
 * Ultimate Traveller (2010)
 * Vanity Lair (2008)
 * Vodafone TBA (2006–2007)
 * The West Wing (Heavily edited to suit timeslot) (2000–2006) – now on All 4
 * When Women Rule the World – Repeat from Wednesday's show (2008)
 * Will & Grace (1999–2006) – now on Comedy Central
 * Wise Up (1998–2000)
 * The World's Greatest Popstars (2009)
 * WWF Heat (2000–2001)
 * Your Face or Mine? (2002–2003)

Executive staff
T4's executives were Henrietta Conrad (executive producer) and Sebastian Grant (series producer) for Princess Productions, and Cath Lovesey (series editor) and Sangeeta Bhaskar (Channel 4 executive) for Channel 4.

title: T4 (Channel 4)


text:
Resource management

In organizational studies, resource management is the efficient and effective development of an organization's resources when they are needed. Such resources may include the financial resources, inventory, human skills, production resources, or information technology (IT) and natural resources.

In the realm of project management, processes, techniques and philosophies as to the best approach for allocating resources have been developed. These include discussions on functional vs. cross-functional resource allocation as well as processes espoused by organizations like the Project Management Institute (PMI) through their Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) methodology of project management. Resource management is a key element to activity resource estimating and project human resource management. Both are essential components of a comprehensive project management plan to execute and monitor a project successfully. As is the case with the larger discipline of project management, there are resource management software tools available that automate and assist the process of resource allocation to projects and portfolio resource transparency including supply and demand of resources.

Corporate resource management process
Large organizations usually have a defined corporate resource management process which mainly guarantees that resources are never over-allocated across multiple projects. Peter Drucker wrote of the need to focus resources, abandoning less promising initiatives for every new project taken on, as fragmentation inhibits results.

Techniques
One resource management technique is resource-leveling. It aims at smoothing the stock of resources on hand, reducing both excess inventories and shortages.

The required data are: the demands for various resources, forecast by period into the future as far as is reasonable, as well as the resources' configurations required in those demands, and the supply of the resources, again forecast by time into the future as far as is reasonable.

The goal is to achieve 100% utilization but that is very unlikely, when weighted by important metrics and subject to constraints, for example: meeting a minimum service level but otherwise minimizing cost. A Project Resource Allocation Matrix (PRAM) is maintained to visualize the resource allocations against various projects.

The principle is to invest in resources as stored capabilities, then unleash the capabilities as demanded.

A dimension of resource development is included in resource management by which investment in resources can be retained by a smaller additional investment to develop a new capability that is demanded, at a lower investment than disposing of the current resource and replacing it with another that has the demanded capability.

In conservation, resource management is a set of practices pertaining to maintaining natural systems integrity. Examples of this form of management are air resource management, soil conservation, forestry, wildlife management and water resource management. The broad term for this type of resource management is natural resource management (NRM).

title: Resource management


text:
Talk:Four Horsemen Studios

Untitled
from VfD:

Vanity/advert. — Bill 18:27, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment: Unsure. Unlikely to be vanity, the contributor although new has a lot of good edits already. Borderline IMO, I found their website interesting. Quite possibly encyclopedic. Interested in other views. No vote as yet. Andrewa 04:23, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd say Keep, however, the article is a stub and could use some more info. As written it doesn't fall under a advert, and to qualify as vanity it would need to be less factual and on something less notable. Mattel works with them so they are probably of some note --Asmodai 11:17, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep stub. I suspect the history is this: on the He-Man page someone noted that recent He-Man figures were designed by the "Four Horsemen", then noticed that link wasn't right, and dutifully remade the new link.  Finding it red, they made a stub from what they knew.  Given this history, this is neither vanity nor ad.  FWIW, "Four Horsemen" probably needs to turn into a disambig.  Smerdis of Tlön 15:27, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: If I've heard of it, it has to have penetrated to the old fogeysphere. Geogre 01:01, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Four Horsemen Studios


text:
Talk:RuBisCO

Rubisco was a science collaboration of the week. View the changes made during that week.

Article name
Since when has this enzyme been called rubisCO instead of rubisco? It was rubisco (or usually, its long name) when I was in grad school working on photosynthesis, and the website linked to from the article calls it rubisco. Can we change it back so that rubisco has the article and rubisCO is the redirect? -- Marj 18:28, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I have moved the article to the short from of the name since that's what people call it in practice and since there is some technical issues with / in titles.--nixie 05:32, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Calvin Cycle diagram
Hey I just made/added an overview of the calvin cycle for this page and the calvin cycle page, I was wondering what everybody thinks. I'm worried it's to complicated/busy, I am wondering if i should dumb it down (ie get rid of the molecule diagrams). Anything else to change, I really want it to be great. Adenosine | Talk 08:34, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it is good to include such a diagram on this page. Please check the structure of 3-phosphoglycerate; I think you have a carbon with 5 bonds and an extra hydrogen. Is it reasonable to show the carboxyl group as protonated at physiological pH? I like the idea of science articles that start simple and then have the details towards the end. Maybe there could be a simplified figure right at the start of the article. --JWSchmidt 13:35, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Questions about Figure 2:

--JWSchmidt 20:41, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You'd start to think I don't study this stuff every day in school... fixed. Adenosine | Talk 20:52, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * I tried making a new version (Image:Calvin-cycle3.png) that emphasizes the labels for RuBisCO and "Phase 1". It allows my old eyes to better see "RuBisCO" in the thumbnail view. If you think the modified version is okay, it probably could be compressed to a smaller file size. --JWSchmidt 09:12, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I like that edit very much Adenosine | Talk 09:19, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

Many changes
I'm trying to learn the editing procedures/protocols (so patience please) and I have started to make many changes to this entry to hopefully improve it, based on the latest literature and consensus views on this enzyme. More to come, including references to better document the changes I have made. Need to create a User name - ARP for now 130.126.53.185 23:49, 29 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for all of your work on this article. --JWSchmidt 01:28, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Added figure.
Added a figure showing the complete enzyme. I think this image should replace or at least accompany figure 1, but I'm just learning this whole system.

Made some minor changes in the text - links. Will add refs soon. ARP 17:16, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Feel free to change the image for Figure 1. Figure 1 resides withing a "protein information box". The information box is generated by a "template": Template:Protbox_start. You can edit the "Photo" and "Caption" parameters for the template where it is used right at the start of the RuBisCO edit window:

 * {{Protbox start|Name=RuBisCO|Photo=RuBisCO.jpg|Caption=Figure 1. Charged domains [ red ( - ), blue (+)] on RuBisCO allow it to assemble into tightly packed multi-meric complexes, maximizing the number of copies of this inefficient enzyme inside plant cells .....

 * Just replace "RuBisCO.jpg" with the name of a better image and add a descriptive caption for the new image. --JWSchmidt 19:47, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

The "molecular structure" link for figure 1 is broken and should be updated. Was any specific PDB structure used for this image? Sahrendt (talk) 15:17, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Added references and some text changes
I'll have to mess around with replacing/switching Figs 1&4.ARP 21:59, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Switched figures
OK, I've switched figs 1 and 4. Added one more ref to 'genetic engineering' section and made some small text changes. Also note that in Fig 2, Ribulose 1-phosphate (& its structure) should be replaced by Ribulose 5-phosphate - I've emailed the original author and hopefully he will change it.ARP 16:22, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Switched figures
OK, I've switched figs 1 and 4. Added one more ref to 'genetic engineering' section and made some small text changes. Also note that in Fig 2, Ribulose 1-phosphate (& its structure) should be replaced by Ribulose 5-phosphate - I've emailed the original author and hopefully he will change it.ARP 16:22, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

rubiscos structure
Rubisco consists of eight large L chains (56 kd) and eight small S chains (14 kd) giving an L8S8 octo-dimer. NOT four L chains and eight S chains!

Metabolic control
The article states that "RuBisCO is the primary rate-limiting enzyme of the Calvin cycle." - NO NO NO! Under normal physiological conditions, according to Quick et al (1991), Rubisco has a control coefficient of 0.05-0.15 (the sum total of the control coefficients of every enzyme in a given pathway being 1). Only when growth has taken place in low light, and light intensity is suddenly increased (or CO2 is suddenly decreased), does rubisco's control coefficient increase to coefficient ranges where this statement might be accurate (>0.5).

Under the "normal" high light intensities typical of outdoors on sunny days, the rubisco control coefficient is 0.8 - see the paper following Quick (Stitt et al., 1991). Studies in the Quick paper were conducted using growth chamber conditions - low light!!!. Thus the statement is correct. ARP 19:22, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

RuBisCo engineered to have all the essential amino acids
has anyone engineered rubisco to have a wider variety of amino acids as structural aspects That is making the essential amino acids part of rubisco while maintaining rubisco function  If rubisco was full of things like methionine phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine Cysteine, tyrosine, histidine and arginine then eating plants with this Rubiscos presence would provide all the essential amino acids Considering that RuBisCo makes up a majority of the protein on Earth I think that it should be upgraded to  deliver all the amino acids necessary to live  People could get all of their protein from engineered rubisco leaves n grass  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.237.215.179 (talk) 21:26, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * People can already get all the protein they need, and other things, from spinach leaves. -- Agesworth 05:52, 17 June 2009 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Agesworth (talk • contribs)

 * These people want to have it as a future food additive: https://www.newsroom.co.nz/sustainable-future/rod-climate-series-6  If they succeed, then the amino-acid composition of specifically this protein will matter to the food-value of the resulting foods.  New Zealand, where they're exploring it, is not a good candidate for putting genetically engineered plants into open growing conditions. 222.154.121.175 (talk) 22:31, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

Importance
Considering that RuBisCo makes up a majority of the protein on Earth I think that it should be upgraded to high/top level importance. Anyone else agree? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by R-Bowen J (talk • contribs) 08:11, 19 December 2006 (UTC).

 * Even if it is the most common protein, that does not mean it "makes up a majority of the protein on Earth". --JWSchmidt 02:58, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with the 1st guy - high or even top importance! Aaadddaaammm (talk) 15:02, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

I've changed the importance to high as it is the single most abundant protein on Earth. Smartse (talk) 00:48, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Beautifully referenced
I came across today an article referring to RuBisCo in the journal Nature (Vol 447; 14 June 2007; pp. 781-782), and looked RuBisCo up on Wikipedia. This Wiki on RuBisCo reads quite well, and the referencing, detailed as it is, is impressive. Keep up the good job, contributors. AppleJuggler 03:34, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Removed last section, "RuBisCO and carbon sequestration"
I removed the last section, because I think the connection between carbon sequestration RuBisCO specifically (as opposed to other proteins in photoautotrophs) is a red herring. The idea that addition of nutrients to ecosystems increases carbon sequestration is old and important. But there's nothing special about RuBisCO to this phenomenon: photoautotrophs require lots of proteins to successfully convert CO2 into organic matter in a form that will not rapidly be converted back to CO2 by heterotrophic organisms. Furthermore, I know of no evidence that in nitrogen-limited plants, added nitrogen is preferentially assimilated into RuBisCO as opposed to other biomolecules. So I don't think this section is really on-topic.

I have retained the reference to the carbon cycle under "Further reading", although I guess using my logic above it could be removed.

Otherwise, I think this is a first-rate article! Asteen (talk) 14:59, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

RuBisCO vs Rubisco
I propose that all RuBisCOs should be changed to Rubisco - got a problem with that? Aaadddaaammm (talk) 15:00, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I'd !vote for keeping it as is - it's more descriptive. -- MarcoTolo (talk) 17:00, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

 * It may be more descriptive, but it just looks so ugly to me. 141.14.217.217 (talk) 08:49, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

I agree it looks really bad in articles. I have certainly never written RuBisCO by hand and can't imagine many other people doing so. Smartse (talk) 23:49, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

 * As ugly as i think RuBisCO looks, it does appear to be the norm across the protein datbases i've looked at, so i figure i ought to stay as is :( Abergabe (talk) 16:17, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

reference check
I just took this out of the article:

In the initial reaction of RuBisCO in the light, the RuBP that was separated from RuBisCO binds with the carbamylated enzyme and after proton abstraction produces Enediol that can react with carbon dioxide. A limitation of either RuBisCO or RuBP at any stage will make the reaction insensitive to any other factor including carbon dioxide. For this reason, the leading C3 model that is based on a limitation of RuBisCO at low carbon dioxide levels such as compensation point is incorrect, since it cannot support life on the planet. (added by Hfarazdaghi)

Can an expert verify the content and provide a citation to a specific published article rather than to this website? User Hfarazdaghi seems to run the cited website. --JWSchmidt (talk) 03:27, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

I suspect that edits from 99.231.80.189 such as this one are also from User:Hfarazdaghi. I think we need to remove all links to www.farazdaghi.com from the article. We need citations to peer-reviewed publications. --JWSchmidt (talk) 04:10, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

1) To satisfy yourself, Please check the latest volume of Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Photosynthesis in Silico, A. Laisk, L. Nedbal and Govindjee (eds.), Photosynthesis in silico: Understanding Complexity from Molecules to Ecosystems, pp. 275–294. c 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Chapter 12: Modeling the Kinetics of Activation and Reaction of Rubisco from Gas Exchange Hadi Farazdaghi

2) Rubisco has been the origin of oxygenic life and is the main controller of CO2/O2 ratio on the planet. It is the only natural substance that can sequester CO2 and store it in vegetation.

3) Interested parties are welcome to comment directly on the site of www.farazdaghi.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.231.80.189 (talk) 19:48, 12 July 2009 (UTC) The site also refers to other published articles.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.231.80.189 (talk) 20:46, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi there, do you have any references to PubMed-listed journals that deal with this topic? This would deal with the problem easily, since we have no way of verifying if "www.farazdaghi.com" is run by an expert on Rubisco or accurately summarises the references that it cites. Tim Vickers (talk) 17:11, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

I removed the statement "However, authors of the same team [30] have been promoting the contradictory theory that photosynthesis is limited by RuBisCO at low CO2 concentration, which is in conflict with the existence of life on the planet.[18]" for a number of reasons. Kinor sensase (talk) 17:38, 28 November 2010 (UTC)Kinor Sensase
 * 1)  The first part of the statement is not supported by the linked reference;  1 author of the team (Farquhar, GD) was part of the group that published the referenced finding (von Caemmerer S, Farquhar GD (1981). "Some relationships between the biochemistry of photosynthesis and the gas exchange of leaves". Planta 53: 376–87.), which is an article dated to 1981.  Furthermore, the same authors (all of them) published a review of their work in 2001 ("Models of Photosynthesis, Plant Physiology, January 2001, Vol. 125, pp. 42-45) to provide a current context for the role of their original research.  The cited research (from 1981) appears to represent part of an ongoing, long-term investigation by these authors, not a permanent contradiction to their later work.
 * 2)  The study by Tcherkez et al ("Despite slow catalysis...") is cited 16 times in the Pub-Med database.
 * 3)  As mentioned above, citation #18 appears to link to the editor's own website.  Also, it isn't a primary source, while the article being refuted is a primary, peer-reviewed source.

Mechanism
Hi. A question came up on the reference desk Reference_desk/Science about the mechanism of co2 capture, I found these which is more detailed than the article about the active site in the enzyme - could this be incorporated into the article, or linked to? . maybe as further reading - thanks? I'm not a biochemist so I will leave it to whoever has got the article into it's present state - more expert than me.83.100.250.79 (talk) 15:13, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

See also the issue of the magazine "Nature" January 14, 2010 on Rubisco
See also the issue of the magazine "Nature" January 14, 2010 on Rubisco ("unintelligent design") —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.77.248.104 (talk) 22:29, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I assume you are talking about this article. Smartse (talk) 21:10, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

Curious Referncing Style
Heya, i'm a bit confused by the referncing. Why is there information down there? Surely it should either be in the article or not at all? It almost reads a list of trivia. Abergabe (talk) 16:15, 29 June 2010 (UTC)
 * The references are in the article - they are completely conventional. There are two sets of references, those that are in-line, supporting statements made in the article, and others that dont fit in so well but are generally relevant.  You can imagine that many thousands of articles have been written on this system.--Smokefoot (talk) 17:44, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Edits of Oct, 2011
This protein is special so the article merits special attention. For this reason I wanted to explain my substantial revision of the lede. I just thought that people looking to understand how CO2 is fixed are not keen to read "shop talk" about the name RuBisCO coming from a geeky joke at a seminar. So I kept that bit but moved it to the deep south of the article. From the lede, I also removed mention of Calvin Cycle and the O2 pathway, the former being un-essential terminology if one wants a general understanding of this catalyst and the latter being a generally undesirable pathway that wrecks the enediol. But if there are worries about my edits, go ahead and revert them and we can discuss the options.--Smokefoot (talk) 02:18, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Rubisco rate-limiting - NOT
Is someone going to edit the article to correct the assertion that Rubsio is rate limiting? I noticed that this has already been brought up on this talk page in 2006 and backed up with citations. Who ever manages this page, please update that section under Rate of enzymatic activity 20:40, 4 December 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rhodydog (talk • contribs)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on RuBisCO. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150406005230/http://www.pnas.org:80/content/103/19/7246 to http://www.pnas.org/content/103/19/7246

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 20:57, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

Net carbon dioxide fixation
From "Enzymatic activity", subsection "Products", paragraph 2: "At ambient levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen, the ratio of the reactions is about 4 to 1, which results in a net carbon dioxide fixation of only 3.5." What does the value of 3.5 represent? No reference is provided for the whole paragraph. Axl ¤ [Talk] 13:37, 13 March 2019 (UTC)

Errors/problems in structure section
AFAIK, the statement below is incorrect:

"In plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and phototrophic and chemoautotrophic proteobacteria, the enzyme usually consists of two types of protein subunit, called the large chain (L, about 55,000 Da) and the small chain (S, about 13,000 Da). The large-chain gene (rbcL) is encoded by the chloroplast DNA in plants.[4]"

Cyanobacteria is a prokaryote, which does not have a chloroplast. So the second sentence definitely does not apply to it. I'm not a rubisco expert, so I'm not sure if it exists in organisms that do not have chloroplasts. I would guess it does not. Also, the term "algae" is a bit informal, especially in comparison to proteobacteria. And if you're phototrophic, your're autotrophic, so probably the best edit would be to change the quoted text to:

"In plants, eukaryotic phytoplankton, and autotrophic proteobacteria, the enzyme usually ..."

I'm not a terrestrial ecologist, so I can't recommend an edit to "plants" to the correct scientific term.

briardew (talk) 17:47, 25 November 2019 (UTC)

Updating Expression in bacterial hosts
The statements in this section are no longer accurate. Rubisco has been expressed without chaperones in E. coli and has been used to form a fully autotrophic bacteria. https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(19)31230-9.pdf or https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03679-x

Ethan801 (talk) 23:03, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:RuBisCO


text:
Podarcis muralis

Podarcis muralis (common wall lizard) is a species of lizard with a large distribution in Europe and well-established introduced populations in North America, where it is also called the European wall lizard. It can grow to about 20 cm in total length. The animal has shown variation in the places it has been introduced to. Fossils have been found in a cave in Greece dating to the early part of the Holocene.

Description
The common wall lizard is a small, thin lizard whose small scales are highly variable in colour and pattern. Its coloration is generally brownish or greyish, and may occasionally be tinged with green. In some individuals, the row of spots along their backs may form a line, while others may have a reticulated pattern with dark spots on the side and scattered white spots that can be blue in the shoulder region. The tail is brown, grey or rust in colour, and may also have light bars on the sides. The belly region has six rows of larger rectangular scales that are generally reddish, pink, or orangish. Common wall lizards may also have dark markings on the throat. This lizard has six distinct morphological forms which are identified by the colouration of its throat and underbelly. Three of these are pure morphs consisting only of solid colours on their scales: white, red (orange) or yellow, and three other morphs are distinguished by a combination of colours: white-yellow, white-red and yellow-red.

Ecology
The common wall lizard prefers rocky environments, including urban settings, where it can scurry between rock, rubble, debris and buildings. In the southern part of its range it tends to occur in humid or semi-humid habitats, compared to drier habitats in the north.

Chemical communication
Common wall lizards rely both on visual and chemical signals to communicate with conspecifics. Male wall lizards are equipped with femoral glands, which produce a waxy secretion used for chemical signalling. Both the proteinic and lipophilic compounds in the secretions are known to carry socially relevant information.

Polymorphism
The six morphs of this lizard are primarily identifiable by colour and can be distinguished with the naked eye. However, they are commonly confirmed by digital photo and colour analysis. Source of colouration comes from different pigments within the lizard, with yellow colouration originating from carotenoids, and the expression of red/orange colour from pteridines. This is indicative that a phenomenon such as multiple alleles or epistasis may have a role in determining morphology. Morphs also differ in aspects other than colouration: differences between morphs are seen with femoral gland secretion, immune competence and body size. For males, colouration is visible on the underbelly, but in females of all the morphs there is less colouration seen in this region, indicating that sexual dimorphism occurs within this species. A study found sexual dimorphism in the digit ratios. Namely, they found a significant difference (after Bonferroni correction) of the 2D:4D ratio on both forepaws and the 2D:3D ratio on the left forepaw, with all ratios being larger in male animals. This study was conducted on a sample set of 18 male and 18 female museum specimens.

Variations between morphs
Aside from differences in colour, the morphs vary by length, survival rate, and immune resistance/response to infection. Susceptibility to infection also varies between morphs, red and yellow-red morphs are the most susceptible to infection by the haemogregarine parasite, a common parasite for these lizards. White morphs are the most resistant to this parasite and the yellow morphs are at an intermediate value of immune resistance and intensity. Certain traits can also lead to a variation in snout-vent length in each of these morphs. For example, in orange morphs, sexual selection favours larger morphs which makes them, on average, larger than the other morphs.

The femoral gland secretions of males differ in chemical composition according to each respective morph. Secretions are used by males for intra-species communication, such as marking of territories and attracting potential mates. Individuals share the same organics within the secretions, but the concentrations of certain key compounds differ. For example, α-tocopherol is present in higher concentrations in the secretions of red morphs. This molecule allows for scents to remain in the environment longer by reducing the rate of oxidation in humid environments. This indicates that red morphs tend to be more territorial and maintain territories for longer periods of time compared to other morphs. This phenomenon is also seen when it comes to the age of lizards. Similarly, older, more territorial lizards have higher levels of α-tocopherol compared to younger individuals who are more prone to roaming regardless of morph. Again, indicating that the composition of the secretions relate to the function. Furanones are found in higher concentrations in white morphs, followed by yellow, then red morphs.

Among females, reproductive strategies differ by morph; yellow females are r strategists, producing many smaller eggs in their clutch which would allow for numerous offspring to be produced and proliferate in smaller populations with less competition. White females are K strategists, producing fewer, larger eggs which makes offspring more likely to survive in harsher, more competitive environments. Red females can be r or K strategists based on the environment they are in. The existence of alternate strategies points to how morphs have adapted to different environments and hints to the maintenance of colour polymorphism as with fluctuations in environments each morph will eventually be the fittest and as such will not be selected out of the population.

The differences observed between morphs are unique evolutionary trade offs employed by each morph to promote survival within the different environments they face in light of limited ability to adapt perfectly to each pressure. Such a trade off is seen when comparing orange morphs to white morphs: morphs, on average, have larger body sizes compared to the white morphs but, in exchange, they are more prone to parasitic infection. In orange morphs, more emphasis is placed on being larger and having the ability to physically compete and ward of potential threats, but in white morphs, metabolic emphasis is placed on having a more hardy immune system to resist infection. Again, these trade offs can arise as there are selective differences in the environment each morph prefers. The differences in the relative proportions of the morphs with respect to location show that environmental pressures differ and some morphs' trade offs are more successful in specific environments than another's.

Distribution and status
The natural range spans much of the mainland Europe except from the north and very south and extends to Turkey. It occurs as introduced populations in southern Britain, where one such population in the seaside town of Ventnor on the Isle of Wight has become somewhat famous, and also in North America. There has been some scientific debate as to whether the populations in Southern England represent the northern edge of their native range.

North America
Podarcis muralis has been introduced in the United States and is spreading throughout the Cincinnati metropolitan area. It is commonly observed living in limestone outcrops, rock walls, and rubble along the Ohio River basin.

It is referred to locally in the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky area as the "Lazarus lizard", as it was introduced to the area around 1950 by George Rau, a boy who was a member of the family who owned the Lazarus department store chain (now absorbed into Macy's). After he returned from a family vacation to northern Italy, he released about 10 of the reptiles near his Cincinnati home. Genetic testing has revealed that as few as only three of these lizards survived long enough to reproduce, meaning they were subject to an extreme genetic bottleneck. This prolific lizard has reproduced exponentially; it continues to expand its distribution range annually, and has established itself so well in southwest Ohio, it is now considered a naturalized species by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources and is protected under state law (it is illegal to harm, capture, or possess this animal without a proper licence).

Besides Ohio, P. muralis has also been introduced in other U.S. states. Populations occur in Kenton and Campbell counties in Kentucky, and in parts of Indiana.

The European wall lizard was also introduced to Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada in 1970, when a dozen individuals were released into the wild from a small private zoo.

title: Podarcis muralis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mike Scioscia

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - kept

Mike Scioscia
There's a pitcher by that name, but this has essentially no content. — Bill 18:30, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, and thus the article needs considerable work, not deletion. Keep. DS 20:07, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've just fixed it up. DS 20:20, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep DS's new stub. Lord Bob 21:24, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Notable. Keep. --Slowking Man 23:08, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. JamesMLane 02:41, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This probably should have been sent to the much-overloaded cleanup first, or if cleanup was already tried the fact should be noted here or on the article's talk page. Andrewa 04:07, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. ...Now that I've looked at the first entry in the "History," I can see why it was up for deletion. Wetman 08:27, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

OK, Keep stub as rewritten. Boobykins here still learning the ropes! — Bill 11:42, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Rodney Dangerfield

Untitled
We created a memorial to mark the passing Rodney Dangerfield. Please visit http://RememberedBy.Us/RodneyDangerfield to light a virtual candle and leave a personal message for this very funny man. Tell his family and all that love and respect him how he touched your life. Pour out the love. Give Rodney the respect he always deserved, and in truth always received. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.31.214.162 (talk • contribs) 18:31, 6 October 2004 (UTC)

American Comedy awards 1994
I have deleted this section, as he wasn't given a lifetime achievement award by the American Comedy Awards in 1994. The 1994 winner was, in fact, Mike Nichols - who I must confess i haven't heard of http://www.variety.com/profiles/people/AwardsByYear/American%20Comedy%20Award/1994/635851/David+Letterman.html?dataSet=1 Louisdonowa (talk) 14:22, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Harvard law School
I have deleted the section saying he received an honorary degree from Harvard in 2006. There are no references to it in any news site, the harvard site, or the harvard law school site. In fact here is a list of the honorary degrees from 2006 and he isn't on it. http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2006/06.08/03-honorands.html Louisdonowa (talk) 14:01, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Sailor Moon
Was Dangerfield in Sailor Moon... I find it hard to believe and I can't find anything to support the claim. I would be excited to see the clip if anyone can youtube me to it b/c it sounds like it could be worth watching. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.45.247.46 (talk) 05:06, 21 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I was about to ask the same question. This cannot be real can it? I highly doubt Dangerfield did voice over work in an anime, then again maybe he liked anime, or needed a job or something? If this is true, please give a source. - 69.244.100.206 (talk) 03:35, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

I just watched, it's definitely not Dangerfield. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fINSKTNTMjs —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.202.169.84 (talk) 04:59, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

There are all sorts of outrageous citations in this article. One states that he gave his son a BB gun and in exchange his son gave him a sweat shirt with a bulls-eye on the back. This is one of his jokes. The citation was a link to one of his Youtube videos. This article is a joke. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.227.247.128 (talk) 16:39, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Why does the bottom of this article sound memorial or obit-tish?
There are three sections of this article that don't seem to fit in this article. It is apparent when I read "he is survived by....". Now that sounds like a obit. The rules of Wikipedia state that an article cannot be a obituary, as sad as it may be, even if its a notable celebrity. Should I change the wording so that it doesn't sound like this? Riffsyphon1024 23:39, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Also I don't think information on his family is that important, especially if they're non-notable. Riffsyphon1024 23:40, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

in error
The 1972 film The Godfather DID NOT inspire his trademark line: "I don't get no respect". He had certainly been using it on Sullivan for a decade before that great film. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.31.68.243 (talk • contribs) — Preceding undated comment added 21:26, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I heard Rodney himself say that's where it came from, in an interview live on the Howard Stern radio show. I know that comedians are notorious for embellishing their own life stories, but unless we get a reliable source to rebut the claim I don't think it should be taken out. - Mcasey666 23:23, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it would make more sense to cite the reference for the original assertion, rather than to make an uncited assertion, then await a reliable rebuttal. The article implies that the "no respect" persona was established post-Godfather, then goes on so say that with the persona established, Dangerfield exploited it on The Dean Martin Show & The Ed Sullivan Show...but both of those TV shows pre-dated The Godfather.--Son of Somebody 15:56, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Rodney Dangerfield Jokes
With my wife I don't get no respect. I made a toast on her birthday to 'the best woman a man ever had.' The waiter joined me.

I'm not a sexy guy. I went to a hooker. I dropped my pants. She dropped her price.

I tell you, I'm not a sexy guy. I was the centerfold for Playgirl magazine. The staples covered everything!

What a childhood I had, why, when I took my first step, my old man tripped me!

Last week I told my psychiatrist, "I keep thinking about suicide." He told me from now on I have to pay in advance.

I tell ya when I was a kid, all I knew was rejection. My yo-yo, it never came back!

Oh, when I was a kid in show business I was poor. I used to go to orgies to eat the grapes.

When I was a kid I got no respect. The time I was kidnapped, and the kidnappers sent my parents a note they said, "We want five thousand dollars or you'll see your kid again."

I tell ya, my wife was never nice. On our first date, I asked her if I could give her a goodnight kiss on the cheek - she bent over!

I tell you, with my doctor, I don't get no respect. I told him, "I've swallowed a bottle of sleeping pills." He told me to have a few drinks and get some rest.

Some dog I got too. We call him Egypt because he leaves a pyramid in every room.

With my dog I don't get no respect. He keeps barking at the front door. He don't want to go out. He wants me to leave.

What a dog I got. His favorite bone is in my arm!

Last week I saw my psychiatrist. I told him, "Doc, I keep thinking I'm a dog." He told me to get off his couch.

I worked in a pet store and people kept asking how big I'd get.

My wife and I were happy for twenty years. Then we met.

I'll tell ya, my wife and I, we don't think alike. She donates money to the homeless, and I donate money to the topless!

One night I came home. I figured, let my wife come on. I'll play it cool. Let her make the first move. She went to Florida.

I asked my old man if I could go ice-skating on the lake. He told me, "Wait til it gets warmer."

My doctor told me to watch my drinking. Now I drink in front of a mirror. I drink too much. Way too much. My doctor drew blood. He ran a tab.

When I was born the doctor came out to the waiting room and said to my father, "I'm very sorry. We did everything we could...but he pulled through."

I come from a stupid family. During the Civil War my great uncle fought for the west!

My father was stupid. He worked in a bank and they caught him stealing pens.

My mother had morning sickness after I was born.

My mother never breast fed me. She told me that she only liked me as a friend.

My father carries around the picture of the kid who came with his wallet.

When I played in the sandbox the cat kept covering me up.

I could tell that my parents hated me. My bath toys were a toaster and a radio.

One year they wanted to make me poster boy... for birth control.

I remember the time I was kidnapped and they sent back a piece of my finger to my father. He said he wanted more proof.

My uncle's dying wish was to have me sitting on his lap. He was in the electric chair.

Once when I was lost I saw a policeman and asked him to help me find my parents. I said to him, "Do you think we'll ever find them?" He said, "I don't know kid. There are so many places they can hide."

I remember I was so depressed I was going to jump out a window on the tenth floor. They sent a priest up to talk to me. He said, "On your mark..."

When my old man wanted sex, my mother would show him a picture of me.

I had a lot of pimples too. One day I fell asleep in a library. I woke up and a blind man was reading my face.

My wife made me join a bridge club. I jump off next Tuesday.

Last week my tie caught on fire. Some guy tried to put it out with an ax!

I met the surgeon general. He offered me a cigarette.

One time I went to a hotel. I asked the bellhop to handle my bag. He felt up my wife!

This morning when I put on my underwear I could hear the Fruit of the Loom guys laughing at me.

I'm a bad lover. Once I caught a peeping tom booing me.

My wife only has sex with me for a purpose. Last night she used me to time an egg.

It's tough to stay married. My wife kisses the dog on the lips, yet she won't drink from my glass!

My wife isn't very bright. The other day she was at the store, and just as she was heading for our car, someone stole it! I said, "Did you see the guy that did it?" She said, "No, but I got the license plate."

Last night my wife met me at the front door. She was wearing a sexy negligee. The only trouble was, she was coming home.

A girl phoned me and said, "Come on over. There's nobody home." I went over. Nobody was home!

A hooker once told me she had a headache.

I went to a massage parlor. It was self service.

If it weren't for pick-pocketers, I'd have no sex life at all.

I was making love to this girl and she started crying. I said, "Are you going to hate yourself in the morning?" She said, "No, I hate myself now."

I knew a girl so ugly that she was known as a two-bagger. That's when you put a bag over your head in case the bag over her head breaks.

I knew a girl so ugly, they use her in prisons to cure sex offenders.

I knew a girl so ugly, I took her to the top of the Empire State building and planes started to attack her.

I knew a girl so ugly, the last time I saw a mouth like hers it had a hook on the end of it.

I knew a girl so ugly, she had a face like a saint--a Saint Bernard!

I was tired one night and I went to the bar to have a few drinks. The bartender asked me, "What'll you have?" I said, "Surprise me." He showed me a naked picture of my wife.

During sex my wife always wants to talk to me. Just the other night she called me from a hotel.

My marriage is on the rocks again. Yeah, my wife just broke up with her boyfriend.

One day as I came home early from work, I saw a guy jogging naked. I said to the guy, "Hey buddy...why are you doing that for?" He said, "Because you came home early."

I went to see my doctor... Doctor Vidi-boom-ba. Yeah...I told him once, "Doctor, every morning when I get up and look in the mirror I feel like throwing up. What's wrong with me?  He said, "I don't know, but your eyesight is perfect."

I told my dentist my teeth are going yellow. He told me to wear a brown necktie.

My psychiatrist told me I'm going crazy. I told him, "If you don't mind, I'd like a second opinion." He said, "All right. You're ugly too!"

I was so ugly, my mother used to feed me with a slingshot!

When I was born the doctor took one look at my face, turned me over and said, "Look, twins!"

And we were poor too. Why, if I wasn't born a boy, I'd have nothing to play with! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ddittmer2 (talk • contribs) 17:03, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

atheism
can anyone confirm this? i'm taking the category out for now. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.96.210.48 (talk) 18:58, 16 December 2006 (UTC).

RESPONSE: He said he was and atheist in an interview on the Howard Stern show circa 2003. He was absolutely convinced that there was nothing after life. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.213.197.130 (talk • contribs) 23:18, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

 * No source. 64.234.0.101 (talk) 01:18, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

Cultural Effect
''In 2007 it was reported that a Rodney Dangerfield tattoo is among the most popular celebrity tattoos in the United States, generally by people in their late 20s or early 30s who got the tattoo in the 1990s. ''

This is of little relevance and is siting an Opinion Editorial. This should be taken out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.213.197.130 (talk • contribs) 23:22, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Rodney is back from the Dead!
I went to Rodney Website and there is a request for, "Who do you think should play Rodney in a feature film that is in the works about Rodney's life!"

I replied! Rodney should play Rodney..:) Back from the dead to play himself!

The email message bounced back with a message, "The account or domain may not exist, they may be blacklisted!"

Looks like even on the Internet Rodney don't get no Respect..:) Igor Berger (talk) 03:53, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
 * LOL, that's a riot! ☺ I loved how his e-mail address was simply Rodney@Rodney.com Taric25 (talk) 06:29, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

In Personal Life
"...then-president of AMPAS, Roddy McDowall, who acted in a monkey suit in the Planet of the Apes series of films, possibly felt that Dangerfield was not dignified enough..."

This statement, in the Personal Life section, seems to imply that McDowall was a hypocrite in refusing Dangerfield on (supposedly) not being dignified although he himself was known for wearing a "monkey suit" (actually an ape suit), it attempts to make a conclusion about the reason for his refusal, and it seems to imply that Dangerfield was worthy of the honor he was denied here. True or not, these do not represent a neutral POV. Mal7798 (talk) 03:56, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

It also says his book was released posthumously. This interview says otherwise: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gt4RvIuwC_A — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:5CA:4280:3B78:6DC9:9805:C21C:C076 (talk) 21:59, 5 April 2019 (UTC)

addition to Rodney's TV work
Rodney made a cameo appearance on Jerry VanDyke's short-run 60's TV sitcom, "My Mother The Car".--Aardheap (talk) 15:19, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

No respect, no respect at all; not even in death!
How come there is no mention that his death was over shadowed by Christopher Revee's death? That's pretty ironic and notable considering what Dangerfield's catch phrase is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.227.86.10 (talk) 22:11, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

What does Reeve have to do with it? He died a full week AFTER Dangerfield! Anyways, I certainly remember people taking note of Rodney's death.99.228.103.77 (talk) 09:25, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Revert trolling
I reverted trolling by an editor adding "Jewish" to the lead sentence of a number of bios. Nothing new here. Thank you, --Tom (talk) 13:51, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

"Native American butterfly-release ceremony"
Well, isn't that vague. Which Indian band follows this practice? Varlaam (talk) 00:35, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

Early Life
Says born Deer Park box says Babylon. Any reason for this? EG One a district the other the the town86.45.62.58 (talk) 11:10, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

Ditto, I noticed that too. Babylon & Deer Park are two different places (I was born and raised in Suffolk County). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.170.81.97 (talk) 16:20, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

Legacy -- another apparent error
Under the heading "Legacy," it says that Jay Leno attributed the oft-repeated "How Bad is it?" catchphrase (to be spoken by Kevin Eubanks or one of his other sidekicks) to Rodney Dangerfield. Well, that seems as if it is probably wrong. Johnny Carson had been using the same shtick for at least ten years, probably more like 20 years, before Leno took over the Tonight Show. Although I suppose it is possible that Carson got this from Dangerfield, I don't think Dangerfield was in the habit of embedding conversations with announcers (or other performers) in his standup act. No, this was mainly a Carson shtick with Ed McMahon. Paul (talk) 05:51, 1 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I just read the main article and came to Talk about that very same point. "It's a pretty bad presentation of the history of that shtick." "How bad is it?" Well, the article seems to be quoting Jay Leno, even if it is not an accurate assessment of the history. For that reason, I suppose it must stand, but maybe add a parenthetical comment about Carson and other possible precedents? AdderUser (talk) 03:10, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Tattoo claim
Source 38 links to an opinion piece, not to an actual journalistic source. Do we have another source that Rodney Dangerfield is one of the most popular tattoos in the country? I love the guy, but that source isn't credible. Gtwy (talk) 22:24, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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"The doctor smacked my mom" quote misattributed?
In the box "Dangerfield’s one-liner style of comedy" we can read the joke "I was ugly, very ugly. When I was born, the doctor smacked my mother," with a citation from the NYT. However, on Wikiquote it says that this line is misattributed to Dangerfield and originally came from Henny Youngman. Who is right? --185.44.4.216 (talk) 06:54, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

WWII
There is nothing about why did or didn't serve in the military in WWII.70.161.8.90 (talk) 21:42, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rodney Dangerfield


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Do It Yourself Swing Sets

Do It Yourself Swing Sets
Reads like pure advertising or press release; I'm pretty sure that this is a result of this guy's work, since he's mentioned in the article. --jpgordon 18:33, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeeps, no question about it: Delete. — Bill 18:42, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I wish really obvious deletes like this could be speedied. Anyhow, delete. [[User:Livajo|力伟|т]] 19:06, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:28, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Blatant advert. I've removed the web link and toll-free phone number. Andrewa 04:02, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Spam. Delete. - Mike Rosoft 17:20, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pure spam. jni 06:12, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm not sure I've ever seen anything on Wikipedia as crassly commercial as this. --Neschek 21:17, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Fantavision

Fantavision is an animation program by Scott Anderson for the Apple II and published by Broderbund in 1985. Versions were released for the Apple IIGS (1987), Amiga (1988), and MS-DOS (1988).

Fantavision allows the creation of vector graphics animations using the mouse and keyboard. The user creates frames, and the software generates the frames between them. Because this is done in real-time, it allows for creative exploration and quick changes. The program uses a graphical user interface in the style of the Macintosh with pull-down menus and black text on a white background.

Advertisements claimed Fantavision a revolutionary breakthrough that brings the animation features of "tweening" and "transforming" to home computers.

Reception
Compute! in 1989 called Fantavision the best animation program for the IBM PC, although it noted the inability to draw curves.

Reviews

 * Games #70

title: Fantavision


text:
Thomas Boyd

Thomas, Tom or Tommy Boyd may refer to:

Political figures

 * Thomas A. Boyd (1830–1897), U.S. Representative from Illinois
 * Thomas Boyd (Australian politician) (1802–1860), banker and member of the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1845
 * Thomas Boyd (Wisconsin politician) (1844–1915), Wisconsin State Assemblyman
 * Thomas Boyd Caldwell (1856–1932), Canadian politician
 * Tom Boyd (Northern Ireland politician) (1903–1991), Northern Irish political figure
 * Christopher Boyd (politician) (Thomas Christopher Boyd, 1916–2004), British politician
 * Tom Boyd (Idaho politician) (1928–2015), American farmer and politician
 * Thomas Boyd, 6th Lord Boyd (1547–1611), Scottish noble and politician

Sportspeople

 * Tom Boyd (gridiron football) (born 1959), American player of gridiron football
 * Tom Boyd (Scottish footballer) (born 1965), Scottish football player (Motherwell FC, Chelsea FC, Celtic FC, Scotland national team)
 * Tom Boyd (Australian footballer) (born 1995), Australian rules footballer
 * Tom Boyd (golfer) (1888–1952), Irish-American golfer

Other people

 * Lt. Thomas Boyd (died 1779)
 * Thomas Alexander Boyd (1898–1935), American novelist
 * Thomas Boyd, Earl of Arran (died c. 1473), Scottish nobleman
 * Thomas C. Boyd (born 1983), American Food Scientist
 * Thomas Duckett Boyd (1854–1932), American educator and president of Louisiana State University
 * Tommy Boyd (born 1952), British media personality
 * Thomas Jamieson Boyd (1818–1902), publisher and philanthropist
 * Sir Thomas Boyd of Kilmarnock, 14th-century Scottish landowner and lord of Kilmarnock in Ayrshire

title: Thomas Boyd


text:
Eddy Arnold

Richard Edward Arnold (May 15, 1918 – May 8, 2008) was an American country music singer. He was a Nashville sound (country/popular music) innovator of the late 1950s, and scored 147 songs on the Billboard country music charts, second only to George Jones. He sold more than 85 million records. A member of the Grand Ole Opry (beginning 1943) and the Country Music Hall of Fame (beginning 1966), Arnold ranked 22nd on Country Music Television's 2003 list of "The 40 Greatest Men of Country Music."

Early years
Arnold was born on May 15, 1918, on a farm near Henderson, Tennessee. His father, a sharecropper, played the fiddle, while his mother played guitar. Arnold's father died when he was just 11, forcing him to leave school and begin helping on the family farm. This led to him later gaining his nickname, the Tennessee Plowboy. Arnold attended Pinson High School in Pinson, Tennessee, where he played guitar for school functions and events. He quit before graduation to help with the farm work, but continued performing, often arriving on a mule with his guitar hung on his back. Arnold also worked part-time as an assistant at a mortuary.

In 1934, at age 16, Arnold made his debut on WTJS-AM in Jackson, Tennessee. He began performing at local nightclubs and was hired permanently by WTJS in 1937. In 1938, he was hired by WMPS-AM in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was one of its most popular performers. He soon left WMPS for KWK-AM in St. Louis, Missouri, followed briefly by a spot at WHAS-AM in Louisville, Kentucky.

He performed for WSM (AM) on the Grand Ole Opry during 1943 as a solo artist. In 1944, Arnold signed a contract with RCA Victor, and with manager Colonel Tom Parker who would later manage Elvis Presley. Arnold's first single was little noticed, but the next, "Each Minute Seems a Million Years", scored number five on the country charts in 1945. Its success began a decade of unprecedented chart performance; Arnold's next 57 singles all ranked in the top 10 in the US country charts, including 19 number-one successes.

In 1946, Arnold scored his first major success with "That's How Much I Love You". In 1948, he had five successful songs on the charts simultaneously. That year, he had nine songs in the top 10; five of these were number one and scored there for 40 of the year's 52 weeks. With Parker's management, Arnold continued to dominate, with 13 of the 20 best-scoring country music songs of 1947–1948. He became the host of Mutual Radio's Purina-sponsored segment of the Opry and of Mutual's Checkerboard Jamboree, a midday program shared with Ernest Tubb that was broadcast from a Nashville theater. Recorded radio programs increased Arnold's popularity, as did the CBS Radio series Hometown Reunion with the Duke of Paducah. Arnold quit the Opry during 1948, and his Hometown Reunion briefly broadcast in competition with the Opry on Saturday nights. In 1949 and 1950, he performed in the Columbia movies Feudin' Rhythm and Hoedown.

Arnold began working for television in the early 1950s, hosting The Eddy Arnold Show. The summer program was broadcast successively by all three television networks, replacing the Perry Como and Dinah Shore programs. He also performed as a guest and a guest host on the ABC-TV show Ozark Jubilee from 1955 to 1960. Arnold featured in the syndicated Eddy Arnold Time from 1955 to 1957. From 1960 to 1961, he hosted NBC-TV's Today on the Farm.

Second career: The Nashville sound
With the rise of rock and roll in the mid 1950s, Arnold's record sales began to decline, though fellow RCA Victor country recording artist Jim Reeves found a greater audience with popular-sounding string-laced arrangements. Arnold annoyed many in the country music establishment by recording with Hugo Winterhalter and his Orchestra at the RCA Victor Studios in New York. Winterhalter's pop-oriented arrangements of "The Cattle Call" and "The Richest Man (in the World)", however, helped to expand Arnold's appeal beyond its country music base. This style, pioneered by Reeves and Arnold, became known as the "Nashville Sound". During 1953, Arnold and Tom Parker had a dispute, and Arnold fired him. From 1954 to 1963, Arnold's performances were managed by Joe Csida; in 1964, Csida was replaced by Jerry Purcell.

Arnold embarked on a second career that brought his music to a more diverse audience. In the summer of 1965, he had his first number-one country song in 10 years, "What's He Doing in My World" and struck gold again six months later with the song that became his most well-known, "Make the World Go Away", accompanied by pianist Floyd Cramer on piano and featuring the Anita Kerr Singers. As a result, Arnold's rendition became an international success. "Make The World Go Away" became his only top ten pop hit.

Bill Walker's orchestra arrangements provided the lush background for 16 continuous successes sung by Arnold in the late 1960s. Arnold performed with symphony orchestras in New York City, Las Vegas, and Hollywood. He performed in Carnegie Hall for two concerts, and in the Coconut Grove in Las Vegas. In 1966, Arnold was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame, the youngest performer to receive the honor. The following year, Arnold was voted the first-ever awarded Country Music Association's Entertainer of the Year. Two years later, he released an autobiography named It's A Long Way From Chester County.

Having been with RCA Victor since 1944, Arnold left the label in 1973 for MGM Records, where he recorded four albums, which included several top-40 successes. He returned to RCA in 1976 and recorded for the company for the remainder of his career.

Later years and death
During the 1980s, Arnold declared himself semi-retired, but he continued recording. In 1984, the Academy of Country Music awarded Arnold its Pioneer Award. His next album, You Don't Miss A Thing, was not released until 1991. Arnold performed road tours for several more years. By 1992, he had sold nearly 85 million records, and had a total of 145 weeks of number-one songs, more than any other singer. In 1996, RCA issued an album of Arnold's main successes since 1944 as part of its 'Essential' series. Arnold, then 78 years old, retired from active singing, though he still performed occasionally. On May 16, 1998, the day after his 80th birthday, he announced his final retirement during a concert at the Hotel Orleans in Las Vegas. That same year, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences inducted the recording of "Make The World Go Away" into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2000, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts. In 2005, Arnold received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Recording Academy, and later that year, released a final album for RCA titled After All These Years.

Arnold died from natural causes on May 8, 2008, in a care facility in Nashville, at age 89. His wife of 66 years, Sally Gayhart Arnold, had preceded him in death by two months. They are survived by two children (Richard E. Arnold, Jr., and JoAnn Arnold Pollard), two grandchildren (K. Michelle Pollard and R. Shannon Pollard, Jr.), and four great-grandchildren (Katie E. Pollard, Jack Pollard, Rowan Pollard, and Ben Johns).

On May 31, 2008, RCA released "To Life" as a single from the album After All These Years. It debuted at number 49 on the Hot Country Songs charts, Arnold's first entry in 25 years and the recording by the oldest person to chart in Billboard magazine. It set the record for the longest span between a first chart single and a last: 62 years and 11 months ("Each Minute Seems Like a Million Years" debuted on June 30, 1945), and extended Arnold's career chart history to seven decades.

Discography
Studio albums

 * To Mother (1950)
 * Wanderin' with Eddy Arnold (1955)
 * Chapel on the Hill (1956)
 * A Little on the Lonely Side (1957)
 * When They Were Young (1957)
 * My Darling, My Darling (1958)
 * Praise Him, Praise Him (1958)
 * Thereby Hangs a Tale (1959)
 * Have Guitar Will Travel (1959)
 * You Gotta Have Love (1960)
 * One More Time (1962)
 * Christmas with Eddy Arnold (1962)
 * Our Man Down South (1963)
 * Cattle Call (1963)
 * Faithfully Yours (1963)
 * Folk Song Book (1964)
 * Sometimes I'm Happy, Sometimes I'm Blue (1964)
 * Pop Hits from the Country Side (1964)
 * The Easy Way (1965)
 * My World (1965)
 * I Want to Go with You (1966)
 * The Last Word in Lonesome (1966)
 * Somebody Like Me (1966)
 * Lonely Again (1967)
 * Turn the World Around (1967)
 * The Everlovin' World of Eddy Arnold (1968)
 * The Romantic World of Eddy Arnold (1968)
 * Walkin' in Love Land (1968)
 * Songs of the Young World (1969)
 * The Glory of Love (1969)
 * The Warmth of Eddy (1969)
 * Love and Guitars (1970)
 * Standing Alone (1970)
 * Portrait of My Woman (1971)
 * Welcome to My World (1971)
 * Loving Her Was Easier (1971)
 * Lonely People (1972)
 * Eddy Arnold Sings for Housewives and Other Lovers (1972)
 * So Many Ways/If the Whole World Stopped Lovin' (1973)
 * She's Got Everything I Need (1973)
 * I Wished That I Had Loved You Better (1974)
 * The World (1975)
 * Eddy (1976)
 * I Need You All the Time (1977)
 * Somebody Loves You (1979)
 * A Legend and His Lady (1980)
 * A Man For All Seasons (1981)
 * Don't Give Up on Me (1982)
 * Close Enough to Love (1983)
 * You Don't Miss a Thing (1991)
 * Christmas Time (1997)
 * Seven Decades of Hits (2000)
 * After All These Years (2005)

title: Eddy Arnold


text:
Account (bookkeeping)

In bookkeeping, an account refers to assets, liabilities, income, expenses, and equity, as represented by individual ledger pages, to which changes in value are chronologically recorded with debit and credit entries. These entries, referred to as postings, become part of a book of final entry or ledger. Examples of common financial accounts are sales, accounts receivable, mortgages, loans, PP&E, common stock, sales, services, wages and payroll.

A chart of accounts provides a listing of all financial accounts used by particular business, organization, or government agency.

The system of recording, verifying, and reporting such information is called accounting. Practitioners of accounting are called accountants.

Based on nature
An account may be classified as real, personal or as a nominal account.

Example: A sales account is opened for recording the sales of goods or services and at the end of the financial period the total sales are transferred to the revenue statement account (Profit and Loss Account or Income and Expenditure Account).

Similarly expenses during the financial period are recorded using the respective Expense accounts, which are also transferred to the revenue statement account. The net positive or negative balance (profit or loss) of the revenue statement account is transferred to reserves or capital account as the case may be.

Based on periodicity of flow
The classification of accounts into real, personal and nominal is based on their nature i.e. physical asset, liability, juristic entity or financial transaction.

The further classification of accounts is based on the periodicity of their inflows or outflows in the context of the fiscal year:
 * Income is a short term inflow during the fiscal year.
 * Expense is short term outflow during the fiscal year.
 * An asset is a long term inflow with implications extending beyond the financial period and by the traditional view could represent unclaimed income. Alternatively, an asset could be valued at the present value of its future inflows.
 * Liability is a long term outflow with implications extending beyond the financial period and by the traditional view could represent unamortised expense. Alternatively, a liability could be valued at the present value of future outflows.

Items in accounts are classified into five broad groups, also known as the elements of the accounts:
 * Asset, Liability, Equity, Revenue, Expense

The classification of equity as a distinctive element for classification of accounts is disputable on account of the "entity concept", since for the objective analysis of the financial results of any entity the external liabilities of the entity should not be distinguished from any contribution by the shareholders.

title: Account (bookkeeping)


text:
Treaty of Alliance

The Treaty of Alliance may refer to:
 * Treaty of Alliance (1778) between France and the United States
 * Treaty of Alliance (1960) between Cyprus, Greece and Turkey

title: Treaty of Alliance