text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/Alberuni

Alberuni continues to violate the policies
Here is his response, with clear violations of No personal attacks, Civility, and Assume good faith highlighted:

I feel as though User:Jayjg is on a witchhunt against me, pursuing me throughout Wikipedia, making unnecessary, innaccurate, and worst of all, extremely POV edits to many many articles on which I have labored with a very NPOV approach. On the Talk pages, I have expressed an anti-Zionist POV (for instance, I wrote that "Islamism is to Islam as Zionism is to Judaism" meaning that both are extremist ideologies of religious nationalism) and this has apparently infuriated Jayjg, among others, who are extremely ardent Zionists. To punish me for expressing opinions with which he disagrees, Jayjg has pursued an abusive approach of stalking my edits on Palestinian-related pages and quickly reverting or altering most of them at every opportunity, usually without justification or explanation. I believe he does this to harass me and drive me out of Wikipedia for reasons unrelated to the actual edits themselves. I have never had this experience with other Wikipedians on any other subject so I believe it is unusual and reflects a problem with Jayjg - not with my edits.

I admit that I mistakenly accused Jayjg of redirecting Occupied Palestinian Territories, when I later realized that action was taken by User:Neutrality just before Jayjg listed it for deletion. I regret that error. I also admit that Jayjg's constant needling harassment has caused me to "lose my cool" and resort to uncivil langauge. I regret that too. I tried to avoid conflict with Jayjg and ignore him but he continues to pursue me to ridiculous lengths. For instance he felt compelled to edit an article I created about a simple land measure Dunam - and his edit was even inaccurate! Jayjg mockingly edited out a descriptor of the Jabalia-based Palestinian human rights organization Al Mezan Center for Human Rights as non-partisan because, in his opinion, it focuses too much on Israeli atrocities and not enough on investigating Palestinian abuses! Jayjg at times appears to have difficulty recognizing that his own narrow opinions are not NPOV. At other times, Jayjg appears aware of the difference but chooses nevertheless to promote his opinion as fact. I am prepared to tone down my comments on Talk pages and edit summaries but I cannot countenance Jayjg's incessant abuse. I intend to continue my editing in as unbiased a fashion as possible. This doesn't seem to be a problem until an edit is made to a Mideast-related page at which point Jayjg descends and acts as if he owns the page. I fear that '''Wikipedia's objectivity in controversial areas is being compromised as pages become dominated by gangs of aggressive partisan ideologues and NPOV editors suffer harassment from individuals like Jayjg who relentlessly push their extremist POV, refusing to honestly discuss issues, compromise, or consider the damage done by their deep-seated biases. If Jayjg succeeds in his campaign to ultimately ban me from Wikipedia,''' then this destructive process will only accelerate.

Some final notes:
 * I listed Occupied Palestinian Territories for deletion before Neutrality turned it into a re-direct; I'm not sure why Alberuni still resists following the fairly brief edit history of that page.
 * I wrote that I regretted my mistake of accusing you of redirecting the page that I later realized that User:Neutrality redirected, not you. Whether you listed it for deletion a few minutes before or after User:Neutrality got to it hardly matters to my admission of error. I hope in advance you will accept my apology for this sincere error and will likewise admit your own errors when necessary. Alberuni 21:17, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Of course I do, and of course I will; thank you for your sincere apology. Jayjg 21:45, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Alberuni's original version of Dunam was both POV and incomplete. My edit was NPOV but also incomplete.  Neither was "inaccurate".  Alberuni's subsequent edit incorporated my information, and added his own original information in a NPOV manner, thus showing that he both agreed with my information, and realized his original was POV.

 * When you accuse me of writing something POV why don't you give an example so that the reader can see what you consider POV. In this case, it was reference to "Occupied Palestinian Territories". You insist that is a POV term but in fact it is the term used by the UN and is generally recognized as the correct term. It is only Israelis and their supporters whio insist on the term "Disputed Territories" and we previously have discussed the very POV hasbara reasons why Zionists insist on maintaining this semantic distinction. Alberuni 21:17, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This is hardly the place to re-hash this, but suffice it to say you recognized that West Bank and Gaza Strip were both more specific and less POV, and made the changes yourself. Regardless, my version was not "inaccurate", everything I said in my version was accurate. Jayjg 21:45, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * RfC is not about getting people banned (as Alberuni has claimed more than once), but rather is a request for third party, neutral comment on a dispute. Alberuni refuses to acknowledge this.
 * I assumed that this process was an effort initiated by you to censor me by having me banned me from Wikipedia. Excuse me if I assumed incorrectly. Never having witnessed the process before, I may have misunderstood.Alberuni 21:17, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This is what happens when one violates Assume good faith. RfC is about requesting community comment to build consensus. Jayjg 21:45, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Alberuni's response essentially boils down to "I shouldn't have done it, but Jayjg was so terrible that he made me do it"; hardly a recognition of any sort of responsibility for upholding Wikipedia rules. Jayjg 19:34, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I have admitted my violations and agreed to tone down the rhetoric. I explained why I lost my cool in the first place even though my explanation wasn't necessary because most people were well aware of the provocations. I will maintain Wikipedia rules but I will not stand by mutely while those who accuse me continue to impose their biased POV on Wikipedia, ignoring the most primary rule of this project. Alberuni 21:17, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * And so you still justify your behaviour because of "the provocations". My edits too are because "I will not stand by mutely  while those who accuse me continue to impose their biased POV on Wikipedia, ignoring the most primary rule of this project."  And you still haven't explained your response to the RfC above, which is filled with violations of the very things I have objected to, namely No personal attacks, Civility, and Assume good faith. Jayjg 21:45, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * It seems as though another user, HistoryBuffEr, has also appeared and begun posting "Totally Disputed" notices on various Israel-Palestine articles. (It caught my attention when he began doing this on the Holocaust revisionism examined article.  Going over the history of this dispute, I'm suspecting that HistoryBuffEr may actually be a sock puppet of Alberuni.  I may be wrong, but they do seem similar in both their intent and their criticism (attacks) on Jayg.  --Modemac 19:43, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Modemac, offhand, I don't think that the facts that HistoryBuffEr and Alberuni are both unmannered Palestinian POV-pushers makes them the same person. There are a lot of people like that. If you want to learn something about HistoryBuffEr, read the very top of Votes for deletion/Occupation of Palestine (historically the beginning fo the page), it describe his beginnings on Wikipedia. Gadykozma 23:47, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

More discussion

 * Please note that this matter is not between User:Alberuni and User:Jayjg, as Alberuni wants us to believe, and not about User:Jayjg's behavior. This is about Alberuni's abuse, insults, arrogance and, as we witness here, inability/unwillingness to acknowledge his ignorance. The statements such as "Islamism is to Islam as Zionism is to Judaism" or "The Jews living in Arab countries were Arabs... The Jews are not a nation...", (just a couple) are factually wrong, offensive and IMHO clearly disqualify him from editing any article on the subject before doing some learning. It is impossible to conduct a serious encyclopedic discussion with someone who doesn't know, doesn't want to know and simply denies the basics. I've already left a friendly note & reading suggestion on his talk page a few days ago. Nothing changed yet.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 10:26, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Those statements don't don't strike me as controversial. Some Jews hold the same opinions. You simply want him to disappear or tape his mouth shut because he disagrees with you. That's a violation of the NPOV principle. - Xed 10:39, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm one of those Jews who consider there to be such a thing as an Arab Jew. As for Jews being a nation - yeah, we're a nation, pretty much, a nation with its own religion, from my POV. As for Islamism being to Islam what Zionism is to Judaism? I dunno. You sure it's what Zionism is to Judaism, and not what Rabbinic Judaism is to Judaism? Rickyrab 20:08, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * My statements are not factually wrong, we just have different opinions. I would like you to prove with facts, not just by stating your opinion, that any of my statements are factually wrong. If you can do so, I will correct myself. The one who is really ignorant is the one with the closed mind who thinks his opinions are facts. Alberuni 18:36, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * A talk about nations belongs to the respective article(s), and here it would suffice to say that a nation is generally defined by its members, not outsiders. Beyond any doubt, Jewish national identity and consciousness goes back for millennia. What you are after becomes transparent after reading your comment : this is written as if Wikipedia endorses the POV that Israel has a right to exist. With an "opinion" as "open-minded" as this, you are in a pretty crappy company, my friend. Consider "Bigotry-finder rule 101": Take a situation, change the race, religion, sexual orientation, or other aspect of the players' identities, and see if the same results apply. Kenneth Stern  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 06:21, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I have found Alberuni a very valuable contributor. I've also found him repeatedly and unnecessarily abrasive. I'd like to see him be more civil, but I would hope that any resolution of this matter does not -- even temporarily -- remove him from active editing, including active editing of articles related to Jews and Judaism. I find some of his opinions appalling -- viz. "this is written as if Wikipedia endorses the POV that Israel has a right to exist" (I can't think of anywhere outside of articles on anarchism where Wikipedia fails to make the assumption that any generally recognized government "has a right to exist", so why single out of Israel in this respect?) -- but I could say the same of a lot of valuable contributors. Holding a few outrageous opinions is not unusual, and I believe that Alberuni is being singled out for his opinions, not his lack of civility. -- Jmabel | Talk 17:25, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC) Withdrawn, see below. -- Jmabel | Talk 18:56, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Considering that even after promising to stop his abusive comments he has continued unabated, I don't think this is at all clear. Jayjg 17:48, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * See for instance Jayjg's continuing relentless promotion of an extremist Zionist POV in his edits of Ghadeer Jaber Mkheemar.

 * Thank you for the kind compliments Jmabel. I appreciate your insight into the goals of those who wish to censor me for my political opinions. Please read carefully the context of the article where my comment was extracted about Wikipedia endorsing "Israel's right to exist". I don't think my statements were outrageous. The sentence in the article was written poorly and with the usual Zionist propagandistic POV. "The Arab states rejected the partition plan and Israel's right to exist." I was pointing out the POV nature of that statement. It would be as if the article said "The Arab states rejected the partition plan and attempted to push the Jews into the sea." That would be another Zionist propaganda type statement. Do you ever wonder why we don't read, "The Israelis deny Palestine's right to exist and have militarily occupied Palestinian Territory since 1967."? The Zionist POV pushers on Wikipedia do not even allow the mention of "Israeli Occupied Palestinian Territory." They claim the term is POV! But they demand that Wikipedia refer to "Israel's right to exist" as if it is NPOV. This is why I say that pro-Israeli bias is rife in this encyclopedia and this is why the Zionist gangs are hounding me out of Wikipedia and deleting and reverting my NPOV edits. --Alberuni 18:17, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I now retract my compliments, due to this edit which amounts to Holocaust denial. Alberuni, this is exactly as despicable as people who say the Palestinians are "cockroaches" and who deny they were in Palestine before the Jews got there. I apologize to all for presuming good faith on Alberuni's part. If he will not apologize for this edit, I would be happy to see him banned. -- Jmabel | Talk 18:56, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't need compliments from a hypocrite. I am reporting sources of controversy just like Jayjg does when he inserts NGO Monitor and other pro-Israel hacks and IDF apologists "to balance" articles I created. He defends his POV pushing as NPOV. If you can swallow it when he dishes it out, you should have no complaints when the shoe is on the other foot. Unless you are just a hypocrite. You were right when you wrote, "I believe that Alberuni is being singled out for his opinions, not his lack of civility". Were my recent comments so uncivil that you changed your mind? No, you admit that you are offended by what you perceive to be my "opinions" (which they are not) and now you have joined the gang calling for censorship of views you wish to see suppressed. Hypocrite. --Alberuni 19:57, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Writing about Holocaust deniers isn't Holocaust denial. Don't see anything in what he wrote that states the Holocaust didn't happen. It just reports the opinions of others - Xed 19:31, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Alberuni, I really don't know what to make of you. For whatever it's worth, I don't think your intentions are bad, but "tit for tat" bad-faith edits are not something I can accept. You seem to be bothered that I didn't object to an edit of Jayjg's in an article I'd never even looked at. I think if you look at my history, I've questioned Zionist POV a lot more often than anti-Zionist POV. And maybe asking for an apology was too strong on my part (I withdraw that) but you really got my back up. And I totally deny the charge of hypocrisy. Or, for that matter censorship, except insofar as every edit that removes material, however inappropriate that material, is in some sense censorship. You know as well as I that the material you inserted into Jew was inappropriate. You were doing it to prove a point. You could have proved your point just as well by suggesting it as a hypothetical in a talk page but I have' to seriously question the judgment and maturity of someone who would instead make bad-faith edits to other articles on a retaliatory basis.

 * Again: when you think an article has problems, raise the issue, even recruit others to join you in doing so, etc. And if you think others are acting inappropriately, call them on it; if you think they are way out of line, start a request-for-comment on that person yourself. But don't go doing fucked-up things just to draw attention to the fact that you think other people are doing fucked-up things. -- Jmabel | Talk 18:55, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)

Holocaust denial
Alberuni recently placed the following on Talk:Jew. I believe it is germane here.

Taking a lesson from the techniques used by Jayjg and colleagues "to add an NPOV balance" to Muhammad al-Durrah, Palestine Children's Relief Fund and Medical Aid for Palestinians articles, I will be adding an NPOV balance to this and other articles by including Robert Faurisson and Ernst Zündel's critiques of the veracity of claims about extermination camps. These don't reflect my POV on the subject but, like Jayjg, I feel it necessary to "just report who says what" in an effort to bring NPOV balance to these articles. --Alberuni 20:33, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I can construe this several ways, but I hope this is just a childish fit of pique, intended as a "tit for tat". However, it is more like retaliating to a bee sting with a nuke. If Jayjg's edits are inappropriate -- and, quite arguably some of them are -- the matter should be fought out in the particular article, or you should make a complaint about Jayjg. However, responding to them by making inappropriate edits of your own to articles about a particular ethnic group is inexcusable. What is this, Alberuni, some sort of effort to retaliate against the Jewish people generally because you don't like what Jayjg writes? As I said, though, beyond that, this like retaliating to a bee sting with a nuke. Muhammad al-Durrah is an article on a topic sufficiently obscure that I'm willing to guess that its edtors constitute at least a third of the people who've ever looked at it. Jew might be one of the thousand or so most-viewed articles in Wikipedia, almost certainly the most-viewed article relating to Jews and Judaism. Yes, I think some of what is in Muhammad al-Durrah out of line, but I, for one, was unaware the article even existed before you mentioned it in the course of vandalizing Jew. If this was some sort of sick bid for attention, sort of like some punk kid parading around London with a swastika on his arm, well, you got it. This is not the way to engage problem. You could have dropped a note in any number of talk pages, including user talk pages, asking people who deal with related subject matter to have a look at the article. You could have raised the matter on the Village Pump, or Peer Review, or filed appropriate Requests for Comment on people you felt were out of line. But you didn't. You chose to propagate Holocaust-denying views to the page about the Jews. And from the remark above, I gather that you either don't understand how offensive that was or, what's worse, you don't care. -- Jmabel | Talk 22:57, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with your call to avoid "tit for tat" editing, but strongly disagree with your characterization of the quoted text and (presumed) intentions behind it.
 * There is nothing "nuclear" about mentioning opposing views, we do it every day here -- it is the essence of NPOV.
 * Furthermore, there is no reason to treat views of Jayjg and other Palestine/Occupation deniers as more honorable or respectable than views of Holocaust deniers. A denial of obvious crimes and responsibility is a denial obvious crimes and responsibility. HistoryBuffEr 23:49, 2004 Oct 23 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your insight. Holocaust denial by Nazis is parallel to Occupation denial by Zionists. I doubt that the Zionist partisans can see through their own hypocrisy. It is clear that that some of us perceive these issues comprehensively, from all sides, and we edit accordingly while the Zionists are purely robotic, narrow-minded partisans who can only see these issues and make edits from their own narrow POV. Let's all work together towards the goal of NPOV and reduce to zero the pervasive Zionist slant in Wikipedia articles. --Alberuni 03:35, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * It was rude and insensitive to mention Holocaust deniers' views on Jew, but his edit, phrased in strict "reporting" terms, is nonetheless entirely consistent with Wikipedia NPOV policy - and the horror it's provoked does kind of prove his point, if his point was that denying other people's suffering (such as Muhammad al-Durrah's) can seriously offend them. However, now that he's made his point, I suggest he goes back to editing the thousands of pages suffering from pro-Zionist POV rather than wasting his time trying to get equal time for a POV he doesn't even espouse. - Mustafaa 00:13, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your suggestion. I would be happy to delete my "edits for balance" of providing the revisionist critique to Holocaust related sections of "Jew" and related articles if and when the Zionist partisans stop their "rude and insensitive" pro-Zionist edits designed to provide an Israeli POV to articles dealing with Israeli atrocities. If they feel they can delete information with which they disagree and add pro-Israeli material to Palestinian related articles over my objections and the objections of other editors, then they surely should accept similar tactics applied to "Jew" and related articles. Right? Unfortunately, we both know that they are unable to control their biased POV approach to editing and they will continue to act as hypocrites promoting their POV in all articles and attempting to censor any views they disagree with in all articles. I hope you will continue working towards a NPOV in all articles. --Alberuni 03:35, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Alberuni's edits are certainly not vandalism, and your characterization of Alberuni's edits as "holocaust denial" goes against No personal attacks and Civility not to mention your refusal to discuss the edits. If you don't believe the NPOV statements about people's views of the Holocaust belong in the Jew article, then you should resolve the issue like any other edit conflict. If you choose to view his edits as retaliation, so be it, but that's your interpretation. Alberuni has violated no Wikipedia policy so I don't see the relevance of this to the RFC. --style 01:18, 2004 Oct 24 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'm glad some people get the point. --Alberuni 03:35, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Jmabel, please check the edit histories on the articles I mentioned. Jayjg relentlessly forces his edits on the articles without regard to complaints and counter-arguments by several editors voiced on the Talk pages. He follows my contributions carefully and then makes very POV edits to almost all the NPOV articles I create in order to add a pro-Israeli perspective. He seems to think that he has the right to force his POV into the articles and he couches his aggressive POV pushing as a neutral effort to introduce opposing "balance" by citing NGO Monitor, IDF investigations and other Israeli or Zionist sources. I am using the same tactic to add balance to articles dealing with other issues. If this forces you and others think about your hypocrisy in accepting Jayjg's relentless manipulation of Wikipedia then that's an added benefit. I was offended that you excuse the POV edits on Muhammad al-Durra with the excuse that his murder by Israeli soldiers is "sufficiently obscure". The murder of innocent Palestinian children by Israelis is equivalent to the murder of innocent Jewish children by Nazis. What appears to be a "bee sting" or "nuke" to you simply reflects your POV that finds neo-Nazi revisionism more offensive than Zionist revisionism. Both types of edits reflect a demented POV hidden behind an NPOV style. Wikipedia should strive to eliminate all POV and represent facts neutrally. It is very difficult with partisans pushing their POV but if they are not overcome, Wikipedia will never achieve true NPOV. --Alberuni 03:35, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Alberuni continues his dirty campaign on Talk:Jew: ''Jewish capos collaborated with the Nazis as did American Zionists who saw the Holocaust as a great opportunity to steer European Jews to Palestine. Alberuni 14:19, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)'' -- First I thought it is ignorance, but by now it seems obvious to me that he has no intention to cease his divisive hatredfest. ←Humus sapiens←Talk 23:01, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This is a standard refrain from the Palestinian Authority. Alberuni is quoting people like Al-Hayat Al-Jadida and his Jewish conspiracy theories.  Sadly, Palestinian children are taught these lies in offical PA school textbooks, so by the time they are Alberuni's age, they believe it is a historical fact.  --Viriditas 11:39, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't blame your ignorance on my education. You have been raised on a soup of Zionist lies and like other ideologues, you think it is the truth and you blame others for not agreeing with your racist ideology. Educate yourself. I provide "Jewish" references to suit your bigoted taste: On Capos: On the good ship USS St. Louis:  "This sordid story and other sickening tales of connivance between American-Jewish assistance organizations and the U.S. Government in denying Jewish refugees access to the U.S., and thus delivering more grist to the mills of Hitler's Final Solution - are spelled out in great detail in a captivating book on the Holocaust: Henry L. Feingold's "Bearing Witness: How America and Its Jews Responded to the Holocaust" (Syracuse University Press)." -- Alberuni 06:04, 3 Nov 2004
 * How many Wikipedia policies did you just violate in that rant? --Viriditas 02:45, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Truth hurts, huh? --Alberuni 03:08, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Had our fun
I believe that as a tool for requesting community involvement in the dispute, this page is no longer useful. Currently it is just another site for bashing. I suggest it be closed and the matter passed to the next level, or not, according to what the parties feel about the situation. Gadykozma 03:46, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Concur. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:45, Nov 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. IZAK 07:34, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I am in accord with this proposal. --Viriditas 08:33, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Jayjg 15:10, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)


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File talk:White.wedding.arp.750pix.jpg

From User talk:Wetman
Wetman, as the supplier of the wedding photo I was astonished by your caption change. I was not the wedding photographer but came across it while out for a walk. The group were getting ready for the photos so the mother of the bride may well have had her hat behind her back ready to put on and there may well be a coloured top hidden behind the shawl on the guest! Its absolutely wrong to insult people who may, one day, see that pic. I have reverted you, Best Wishes - Adrian Pingstone 13:16, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Its a very sweet wedding party and I'm sure they'll be happy. Wikipedia is not a sentimental photo album: images are illustrations of the subject of each entry. My correct caption was heartless I suppose. The subject at the entry White wedding largely concerns the traditions of a white wedding; two unbreakable traditions of dress code at an informal afternoon wedding, such as this one, are 1) hats for ladies please 2) only the bride wears white at a white wedding. I've removed the image as well, since it undercuts the meaning of the entry. No offense. The party is identifiable as what my grandmother would have called a "village wedding" by the fact that the bride alone is in full kit; the men wear dark suits. Their red "power tie" is a familiar virility signal. One dare not mention such perfectly manifest things in Wikipedia, and I did not. But they are part of the interest of the image. (If it were an upperclass wedding party, a bridesmaid in flipflops would be noted with glee at Wikipedia.) Wetman 19:19, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File talk:White.wedding.arp.750pix.jpg


text:
Category:Cities in South Africa

See also the following categories:
 * Municipalities of South Africa
 * Suburbs in South Africa
 * Townships in South Africa

title: Category:Cities in South Africa


text:
Nova Campina

Nova Campina is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 9,860 (2020 est.) in an area of 385 km2. The elevation is 848 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Nova Campina


text:
Association of Space Explorers

The Association of Space Explorers is a non-profit organization with a membership composed of people who have completed at least one Earth orbit in space (above 100 km, as defined by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. It was founded in 1985, and had over 400 members from 38 countries as of 2023. The organization provides a forum for the promotion of space exploration, as well as space science and engineering and environmental awareness.

Inspired by his friendship with author Michael Murphy and involvement in the Esalen Institute's Soviet-American Exchange Program, NASA astronaut Rusty Schweickart established the Association along with cosmonauts Alexei Leonov, Vitaly Sevastyanov, and Georgi Grechko.

Planetary Congress
The Planetary Congress of the Association of Space Explorers is an annual forum for ASE members. It is held in a different host country every year.

 * 34th Congress: Bursa, Turkey (2023)
 * 33rd Congress: Budapest, Hungary (2021)
 * 32nd Congress: Houston, Texas, USA (2019)
 * 31st Congress: Minsk, Belarus (2018)
 * 30th Congress: Toulouse, France (2017)
 * 29th Congress: Vienna, Austria (2016)
 * 28th Congress: Stockholm, Sweden (2015)
 * 27th Congress: Beijing, China (2014)
 * 26th Congress: Cologne, Germany (2013)
 * 25th Congress: Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (2012)
 * 24th Congress: Moscow, Russia (2011)
 * 23rd Congress: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2010)
 * 22nd Congress: Prague, Czech Republic (2009)
 * 21st Congress: Seattle, Washington, USA (2008)
 * 20th Congress: Edinburgh, Scotland (2007)
 * 19th Congress: Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (2005)
 * 18th Congress: Tokyo, Japan (2003)
 * 17th Congress: Almaty, Kazakhstan (2001)
 * 16th Congress: Madrid, Spain (2000)
 * 15th Congress: Bucharest, Romania (1999)
 * 14th Congress: Brussels, Belgium (1998)
 * 13th Congress: San Jose, Costa Rica (1997)
 * 12th Congress: Montreal, Canada (1996)
 * 11th Congress: Warsaw, Poland (1995)
 * 10th Congress: Moscow/Lake Baikal, Russia (1994)
 * 9th Congress: Vienna, Austria (1993)
 * 8th Congress: Washington, DC, USA (1992)
 * 7th Congress: Berlin, Germany (1991)
 * 6th Congress: Groningen, The Netherlands (1990)
 * 5th Congress: Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (1989)
 * 4th Congress: Sofia, Bulgaria (1988)
 * 3rd Congress: Mexico City, Mexico (1987)
 * 2nd Congress: Budapest, Hungary (1986)
 * 1st Congress: Cernay, France (1985)

title: Association of Space Explorers


text:
Talk:Market power

Market power
Why, in the section 'Elasticity of demand`, is it claimed P/MC>1, when some sample values for PED:

Price elasticity of demand

disagree?

Darcourse (talk) 13:12, 24 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Market power


text:
Two-level scheduling

Two-level scheduling is a computer science term to describe a method to more efficiently perform process scheduling that involves swapped out processes.

Consider this problem: A system contains 50 running processes all with equal priority. However, the system's memory can only hold 10 processes in memory simultaneously. Therefore, there will always be 40 processes swapped out written on virtual memory on the hard disk. The time taken to swap out and swap in a process is 50 ms respectively.

With straightforward Round-robin scheduling, every time a context switch occurs, a process would need to be swapped in (because only the 10 least recently used processes are swapped in). Choosing randomly among the processes would diminish the probability to 80% (40/50). If that occurs, then obviously a process also need to be swapped out. Swapping in and out of is costly, and the scheduler would waste much of its time doing unneeded swaps.

That is where two-level scheduling enters the picture. It uses two different schedulers, one lower-level scheduler which can only select among those processes in memory to run. That scheduler could be a Round-robin scheduler. The other scheduler is the higher-level scheduler whose only concern is to swap in and swap out processes from memory. It does its scheduling much less often than the lower-level scheduler since swapping takes so much time.

Thus, the higher-level scheduler selects among those processes in memory that have run for a long time and swaps them out. They are replaced with processes on disk that have not run for a long time. Exactly how it selects processes is up to the implementation of the higher-level scheduler. A compromise has to be made involving the following variables:

 * Response time: A process should not be swapped out for too long. Then some other process (or the user) will have to wait needlessly long. If this variable is not considered resource starvation may occur and a process may not complete at all.
 * Size of the process: Larger processes must be subject to fewer swaps than smaller ones because they take longer time to swap. Because they are larger, fewer processes can share the memory with the process.
 * Priority: The higher the priority of the process, the longer it should stay in memory so that it completes faster.

title: Two-level scheduling


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sofa beds

Sofa beds
100% blatant add. Almost funny :). Thue | talk 19:31, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad. When I tie up my mattresses, it is not to stop them sliding. --Ianb 20:10, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * DeleteCarr
 * Delete: Horridly obvious advertising for yet another band. Geogre 00:29, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * a band of ruthless furniture salesmen?? --Ianb 07:15, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry: too many band vanities in a row and disconnect between fingers and left brain. (New book idea: Typing with the Right Side of the Brain.)  Just an ad for, well, futons.  (Robert Futon won a steamship race, you know.) Geogre 13:41, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * No, Robert Futon won a stemship race.
 * Del. --Jerzy(t) 11:14, 2004 Oct 18 (UTC)
 * Spam, spam, spam, baked beans, spam... Delete. - Mike Rosoft 12:04, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete DCEdwards1966 17:43, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete As funny as this to read, it is still SPAM. RaD Man 23:46, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, blatant advertising. There should probably be a proper entry, though. makomk 08:45, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete then redirect to couch unless rewritten. Ad. anthony (see warning) 16:15, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Evelyn Denison, 1st Viscount Ossington

John Evelyn Denison, 1st Viscount Ossington, PC (27 January 1800 – 7 March 1873) was a British statesman who served as Speaker of the House of Commons from 1857 to 1872. He is the eponym of Speaker Denison's rule.

Background and education
Denison was born at Ossington, Nottinghamshire, the eldest son of John Denison (d. 1820), and the older brother of Edward Denison, bishop of Salisbury, William Denison, colonial governor in Australia and India, and George Denison, a conservative churchman. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford.

Political career
A Whig, he became Member of Parliament (MP) for Newcastle-under-Lyme in 1823, being returned for Hastings three years later, and holding for a short time a subordinate position in George Canning's ministry. Defeated in 1830 both at Newcastle-under-Lyme and then at Liverpool, Denison secured a seat as one of the members for Nottinghamshire in 1831. After the Great Reform Act he represented the southern division of Nottinghamshire from 1832 until the general election of 1837. He was appointed High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire for 1839–40.

Denison then represented Malton from 1841 to 1857, and North Nottinghamshire from 1857 to 1872. In April 1857 Denison was chosen Speaker of the House of Commons. He was sworn of the Privy Council at the same time. Re-elected at the beginning of three successive parliaments he retained this position until February 1872, when he resigned and was raised to the peerage as Viscount Ossington, of Ossington in the County of Nottingham. He refused, however, to accept the pension usually given to retiring Speakers. Denison gave an explanation – referred to as Speaker Denison's rule – as to how the Speaker should exercise his or her casting vote in the event of a tie.

The Speaker's Commentary
While in office, Denison formed the view that the public needed a plain, but complete and accurate, explanatory commentary on the Bible, and consulted some of the bishops as to the best way of supplying the work. Eventually the Archbishop of York undertook to organise the production of the commentary, under the editorship of Frederic Charles Cook, Canon of Exeter. A panel was appointed to advise the general Editor, comprising the Archbishop and the Regius Professors of Divinity of Oxford and Cambridge. Formally entitled The Bible Commentary, it became popularly known as "The Speaker's Commentary". It was first published in England, and subsequently in the United States by Charles Scribner's Sons.

Family
Lord Ossington married Lady Charlotte, daughter of William Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland, in 1827, but he left no children. He died on 7 March 1873, and his title became extinct. Lady Ossington died in 1889.

His Ossington Hall estate passed to his nephew William Evelyn Denison, son of his brother Sir William Thomas Denison.

Ossington Street in London was named in his honour.

title: Evelyn Denison, 1st Viscount Ossington


text:
Crínán of Dunkeld

Crínán of Dunkeld, also called Crinan the Thane (c. 975–1045), was the hereditary abbot of the monastery of Dunkeld, and perhaps the Mormaer of Atholl. Crínán was progenitor of the House of Dunkeld, the dynasty which would rule the Kingdom of Scotland until the later 13th century. He was the son-in-law of one king, and the father of another.

Family
In the year 1000, Crínán was married to Bethóc, daughter of Malcolm II of Scotland (reigned from 1005 to 1034). As Malcolm had no surviving son, this allowed a hereditary claim to the Scottish throne to descend to Crínán and Bethóc's son, Duncan I, who reigned from 1034 to 1040. Two additional children have been attributed to Crínán: a daughter who was mother of Moddan, Earl of Caithness, and a son Maldred. The latter is said by De obsessione Dunelmi to have been son of Crinan, tein (thegn Crínán), and a direct ascendant of the 1st President of the United States, George Washington. He was identified as Crínán of Dunkeld by historian W. F. Skene, though this identity has been challenged as insufficiently supported or erroneous by some scholars, such as G. W. S. Barrow. Maldred married Ealdgyth, daughter of Uhtred the Bold and granddaughter of King Æthelred the Unready, and was father of Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria and ancestor of the Earls of Home and the Earls of Dunbar.

Crínán may have spent some time in exile in England under the patronage of Æthelred and/or Cnut before becoming abbot of Dunkeld. Neil McGuigan suggests that he may be the moneyer named Crínán who appears on some of the coinage during Cnut's reign, between 1017 and 1023. It may have been during this period that the marriage of Maldred and Ealdgyth was arranged.

In 1045, Crínán of Dunkeld rose in rebellion against Macbeth in support of his 14-year-old grandson, Malcolm III's claim to the throne. Malcolm was the elder son of Crínán's son, the late King Duncan, who predeceased his father. However, Crínán, by then an elderly man, was killed in a battle at Dunkeld, as was his son Maldred of Allerdale.

Abbot of Dunkeld
The monastery of Saint Columba was founded on the north bank of the River Tay in the 6th century or early 7th century following the expedition of Columba into the land of the Picts. It may have continued to draw its hierarchy from the Cenél Conaill of Donegal. Iain Moncreiffe argued that Crinán belonged to a Scottish sept of the Irish Cenél Conaill royal dynasty. Alternatively, Christopher Cairney proposed a Cenél nEógain descent for the House of Dunkeld.

While the title of Hereditary Abbot (coarb in Gaelic) was a feudal position that was often exercised in name only, Crinán does seem to have acted as Abbot in charge of the monastery in his time. He was thus a man of high position in both clerical and secular society.

The magnificent semi-ruined Dunkeld Cathedral, built in stages between 1260 and 1501, stands today on the grounds once occupied by the monastery. The Cathedral contains the only surviving remains of the previous monastic society: a course of red stone visible in the east choir wall that may have been re-used from an earlier building, and two stone ninth – or tenth-century cross-slabs in the Cathedral Museum.

Walter Bower and John of Fordun do not identify Crínán as abbot of Dunkeld but accord him the offices of abbot of Dull and seneschal of the Isles.

External Source

 * Clans and Families of Ireland and Scotland

title: Crínán of Dunkeld


text:
Canaã

Canaã (Portuguese for "Canaan") is a municipality (município) in the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil. The population is 4,548 (2020 est.) in an area of 175 km2.

title: Canaã


text:
Talk:List of Syrians

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Political Prisoners & Alphabetical Order
As none of the named are currently incarcerated, I find the category 'former political prisoner' more inclusive/accurate. Furthermore, I have organized the names alphabetically whilst maintaining the standard 'al-' common in some Levantine surnames.Coneyislandbaby lou (talk) 12:24, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Syrians


text:
Dick Morris

Richard Samuel Morris (born November 28, 1948) is an American political author and commentator who previously worked as a pollster, political campaign consultant, and general political consultant.

A friend and advisor to Bill Clinton during his time as Governor of Arkansas and since his 1978 run, Morris became a political adviser to the White House after Clinton was elected president in 1992. Morris encouraged Clinton to pursue Third Way policies of triangulation that combined traditional Republican and Democratic proposals, rhetoric, and issues so as to achieve maximum political gain and popularity. He worked as a Republican strategist before joining the Clinton administration, where he helped Clinton recover from the Republican Revolution by advising him to adopt more moderate policies. The president consulted Morris in secret beginning in 1994. Clinton's communications director George Stephanopoulos has said, "Over the course of the first nine months of 1995, no single person had more power over the president." Morris went on to become campaign manager of Clinton's successful 1996 bid for re-election as president, but his tenure on that political campaign was cut short two months before the election, when it was revealed that he had not only solicited a prostitute but also allowed her to listen in on conversations with the President.

As of 2000, Morris wrote a weekly column for the New York Post that is carried nationwide, and contributes columns and blogs to both the print and online versions of The Hill. He is also president of Vote.com. By 2005, Morris had emerged as a harsh critic of the Clintons and wrote several books that criticize them, including Rewriting History, a rebuttal to then-U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton's Living History.

Morris was the strategist for Republican Christy Mihos's campaign in the 2010 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, and supported Mitt Romney in 2012, predicting that he would achieve a landslide victory. Blogger Andrew Sullivan has named an annual award after Morris, given for "stunningly wrong political, social and cultural predictions". He has appeared in the past on Fox News for political commentary, especially appearing on The O'Reilly Factor and Hannity. After the 2012 presidential election, Morris did not appear on Fox News for three months, and the network ultimately opted not to renew his contract.

Early life
Morris was born in 1948 in New York City, New York, the son of writer Terry Lesser Morris, an early proponent of confessional human interest stories, and attorney Eugene J. Morris. He attended Stuyvesant High School in New York City, where he was active on the debate team. He managed Jerrold Nadler's campaign for class president. Morris was also involved in the first campaign of Richard Gottfried for New York State Assembly in 1970. Morris graduated from Stuyvesant in 1964, then attended Columbia University, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree, graduating in 1967. At Columbia, he roomed with Nadler.

Morris and the Clintons
Morris first worked with Bill and Hillary Clinton during Bill Clinton's successful 1978 bid for Governor of Arkansas. Morris did not have a role in Clinton's successful 1992 presidential campaign, which instead was headed by David Wilhelm, James Carville, George Stephanopoulos, and Paul Begala. After the 1994 midterm elections, in which Republicans took control of both houses of the United States Congress and gained considerable power in the states, Clinton once again sought Morris' help to prepare for the 1996 presidential election.

In his writings, Morris "recounts the First Lady’s numerous kindnesses to his aging (and of course Jewish ) parents."

Prostitute scandal
On August 29, 1996, Morris resigned from the Clinton campaign after tabloid reports stated that he had been involved with a prostitute, Sherry Rowlands, as reported by The Washington Post. A New York tabloid newspaper, Star, had obtained and published a set of photographs allegedly of Morris and the woman on a Washington, D.C., hotel balcony. News of the impending publication broke during the third day of the 1996 Democratic Convention. The Electronic Telegraph reported unverified claims that in order to impress Rowlands, Morris invited her to listen in on his conversations with President Clinton. It was reported that Rowlands worked for $200 an hour and that after he solicited her for sex, Morris gave Rowlands access to President Clinton's campaign speeches before they were delivered and also let her hear the President's voice during a telephone conservation. According to Rowlands, Morris had a fondness for sucking toes. It was also alleged he had an out-of-wedlock child from an affair with a Texas woman.

Morris resigned on the same day that Bill Clinton spoke and accepted the nomination at the Democratic National Convention. In his resignation statement, he said that "while I served I sought to avoid the limelight because I did not want to become the message. Now, I resign so I will not become the issue." In his response, President Clinton praised Morris as a "friend", and publicly thanked him for his years of service. Privately, several of Clinton's aides were furious that in his resignation statement Morris credited himself with helping the President "come back from being buried in a landslide" and that Morris ended by comparing himself to Robert F. Kennedy.

Morris was featured on two consecutive covers of Time magazine. The September 2, 1996 issue, which was released before the prostitute story broke, featured Morris as "The Man Who Has Clinton's Ear". The following week, the cover featured Morris and his wife, Eileen McGann, and the headline read "The Morris Mess: After the Fall".

Montgomery Blair Sibley wrote a book Why Just Her in defence of the "Washington Madam", Debra Jeane Palfrey. In it, he wrote that Morris was a client of Palfrey's escort agency, and the first individual he (Sibley) planned to call in Palfrey's defence.

Later work
In his 1997 book, Behind the Oval Office, Morris wrote that, following an argument in the Arkansas Governor's Mansion in May 1990, he strode toward the exit and was tackled by Clinton. In 2003, Morris further stated that Clinton cocked his arm back to throw a punch, but Hillary Clinton pulled her husband off Morris. In both versions of the story, she consoled Morris and apologized to him, stating that Bill behaved as such only with those he cared for most. According to Morris, she did this to keep him quiet about the incident. He says the incident was the reason for denying Bill Clinton's request to work on the 1992 campaign.

Morris has become a vocal and regular critic of the Clintons since his departure, in particular Hillary Rodham Clinton and her bid for the presidency. Morris has written extensively about the Clintons (see below) and also contributed to Hillary: The Movie, a documentary about Rodham Clinton when she was still a 2008 presidential candidate. Later, after Bill Clinton's comments about the similarities between Barack Obama's popularity and that of presidential candidate Jesse Jackson in 1988, Morris put out an article on his blog that asserted that this was Clinton's way of injecting race into the political campaign.

Political consulting
As of August 2009, Morris lends his name and assistance to the League of American Voters, an advocacy group for seniors to defeat the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. He has been described as "America's most ruthless political consultant" in the BBC documentary Century of the Self, which chronicled how he brought lifestyle marketing to politics for the first time.

Morris has consulted for candidates in other countries of the western hemisphere, including the campaigns of Fernando de la Rua for President of Argentina (1999), Jorge Batlle for President of Uruguay (1999), Vicente Fox for President of Mexico (2000), and Raphael Trotman for President of Guyana (2006).

Morris and his wife, Eileen McGann, are behind www.vote.com, a site intended to register non-scientific political public opinion on various issues.

Morris worked as a strategist for Christy Mihos, who sought the Republican nomination to run for Governor of Massachusetts in 2010 against incumbent Deval Patrick overseeing strategy, polling, and advertising. At the Republican state convention, Mihos lost to Charlie Baker by 89 percent to 11 percent; by failing to reach 15 percent, Mihos did not qualify for a primary against Baker.

Guest commentator and political prognosticator
Since leaving Clinton's employ in 1996, Morris has said he has become profoundly "disillusioned" with the actions of the Clintons in the late 1990s. He has since formed a career as a political commentator and critic of the Clintons (particularly Hillary), appearing on Fox News programs such as Hannity & Colmes, Hannity, and The O'Reilly Factor, and on various local and nationally syndicated radio talk shows. Morris is also a regular columnist and Pundits Blogger for The Hill, a nonpartisan daily newspaper based in Washington, D.C., and for Newsmax, a conservative online news website. Morris regularly makes predictions about candidates' chances of winning elections during these appearances.

Regarding the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination, he initially stated that Howard Dean's candidacy could be written off right away. He had earlier discussed the likelihood of Dean defeating John Kerry after early strong showings by the former Vermont governor. Kerry defeated Dean and all his other rivals and won the nomination.

In a column in The Hill on June 22, 2005, Morris predicted that Hillary Clinton would face her "worst nightmare" in her 2006 Senate race against Republican candidate Judge Jeanine Pirro, whose campaign subsequently collapsed within a matter of two months after repeated crushing defeats in the opinion polls due to her husband's alleged Mafia ties. He even went so far as to suggest that Hillary Clinton would drop out to focus on her 2008 presidential campaign.

In 2005 Morris wrote that Hurricane Katrina "has the capacity to shape the second Bush term in the same way September 11 shaped his first term—not only in rebuilding New Orleans but in taking preventative steps around the nation to bolster our defenses against natural and man-made disasters and terror strikes. Responding to disasters is a source of presidential strength and popularity, and Bush is about to show how it is done."

In August 2011, Morris began a petition on his website opposing federal funding for the Park51 Muslim community center, claiming that the center is "designed to celebrate the attacks that killed 3,000 Americans", and that the center would "train the same kinds of terrorists who caused the... attacks".

2008 election
In a 2005 book on the 2008 presidential campaign, Morris stated that it was most likely that Hillary Clinton would face Condoleezza Rice for the presidency. Morris's critics reacted by mocking his mistaken predictions of past races. Appearing on Fox News' Hannity and Colmes on January 29, 2008, Morris said that those voting for John Edwards were "at the moment... those that can't decide which they don't like more—a black or a woman getting elected". Morris elaborated that exit polls showed some Edwards voters were unsure if a woman or an African-American, in reference to then Democratic Primary front runners Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama, could get elected to the presidency for the first time in 2008.

In the weeks leading up to the 2008 election, Morris correctly predicted that Obama would win the election in a landslide, but incorrectly predicted that Obama would win Missouri, Arkansas, North Carolina, Arizona, Tennessee, and West Virginia by comfortable margins, while Louisiana, Georgia and South Carolina would be tossups. Of those states, Obama only won North Carolina in a close margin. After Obama won the 2008 election, Morris was critical of him. In early 2009, Morris said: "Those crazies in Montana who say, 'We're going to kill ATF agents because the UN's going to take over'? Well, they're beginning to have a case." In April 2009, Morris keynoted an animated debate at the Yale Political Union on the topic "Resolved: Save Capitalism from President Obama".

2012 election
During the 2012 United States presidential election, Morris received widespread attention for his inaccurate predictions and controversial statements about candidates. In a March 2011 column for The Hill, Morris predicted that Obama would not win a second term as president. In July 2012, Morris predicted that Mitt Romney would choose Florida Senator Marco Rubio as his running mate as an effort to court the Latino vote; Romney ultimately chose Paul Ryan. In August 2012, Morris predicted that Bill Clinton was going to vote for Mitt Romney, but that he would still speak in favor of Obama because "his wife is hostage."

In October 2012, Morris was a speaker at a special meeting of the Republican Caucus of the Georgia House of Representatives to discuss claims that Obama was using 'mind-control' techniques to create a Communist dictatorship controlled by the United Nations under the guise of promoting sustainability and public transportation. Speaking at the event, Morris argued that Obama's aim was to join with the United Nations to "force everyone into the cities from whence our ancestors fled."

On the day before the 2012 U.S. presidential election, Morris predicted on his website and in an article in The Hill that the Republican candidate, Mitt Romney, would win the presidency in a landslide "approaching the magnitude of Obama's against McCain." Specifically, he stated that Romney would win 325 electoral votes and that Obama would win 213. Obama ended up winning 332 electoral votes with Romney winning 206, meaning Morris was off by 119 electoral votes. He explained the logic behind his prediction in a video posted at his website. He made this prediction in the face of an overwhelming consensus among expert pollsters leading up to election night that Obama would win at least the Electoral College and likely the popular vote. Morris wrote on his website, "On Sunday, we changed our clocks. On Tuesday, we'll change our president." With regard to his prognostications, Morris announced on Fox and Friends two days before the election that after the election "either I'm gonna have to go through a big reckoning, or they [the mainstream pollsters] are." Jon Stewart mocked the idea on The Daily Show, calling Dick Morris the "King of Wrong Mountain" and claiming that pundits live in a "reckoning-free zone." Morris was the least accurate major pundit in predicting the 2012 presidential election.

In Morris's article in The Hill, he identified some "key mistakes" by the Obama campaign, which he stated would cost Obama the election:
 * The campaign "bet the farm on negative ads in swing states."
 * Obama never moved to the political center.
 * The Obama campaign did not consider Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Michigan or Minnesota swing states.
 * Obama "became nothing more than a nasty partisan" instead of trying to look presidential.
 * Obama offered nothing more than "a grab-bag of special-interest pleadings for single women, unions, college kids and minorities".
 * Obama underperformed in the first presidential debate.
 * Obama was slow to release information about the attack on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi.
 * Obama returned to campaigning too quickly after Hurricane Sandy.

On November 7, 2012, the day after the election, Morris published an article in The Hill titled "Why I was wrong". Morris stated that he had "egg on his face" and that the "key reason for my bum prediction is that I believed, mistakenly, that the 2008 surge in black, Latino and young voter turnout would recede in 2012 to 'normal' levels. Didn't happen. These high levels of minority and young voter participation are here to stay. And, with them, a permanent reshaping of our nation's politics." In a subsequent interview on Fox News, Morris added: "I called it as I saw it from the polling and I did the best I could and I also worked very hard for Romney." He elaborated on the latter point by explaining that he thought it was his duty to help the Romney campaign by countering pessimism about Romney's chances.

Other elections
In March 2021, it was reported by The New York Times that he was meeting with Donald Trump in New York, "encouraging him to take on the party he once led".

Foreign political consultant
Morris worked with the United Kingdom Independence Party in their campaign before the 2004 European Parliament election. The party, which advocated withdrawal from the European Union, won 12 of the United Kingdom's 78 seats.

In 2004 and 2005, he and his wife had acted as campaign consultants to the successful Yushchenko presidential campaign in Ukraine. Morris reports that he insisted on the use of exit polls as a means of potentially exposing ballot tampering. He argues this played a significant role in forcing the government of then President Leonid Kuchma to acquiesce to a new poll when the official results of the first varied materially from the exit surveys. Faced with a similar (though smaller) divergence between exit polling and election returns, he took the opposite stance in a 2004 article in The Hill when he suspected "foul play" on the part of the exit pollsters in the US presidential race.

In a November 13, 2007 press conference in Nairobi, Kenya, Morris announced that he would be offering his consultancy services pro bono for the campaign to elect Raila Odinga as President of Kenya in the 2007 presidential election running on the Orange Democratic Movement ticket. With four weeks to the national elections, an editorial in one of the leading dailies called into question the legalities of Morris' consulting work from the perspective of his presence in and lack of legal ability to work in Kenya "pro bono" or "through the back door".

The outcome of the December 27, 2007, elections in Kenya is still disputed due to allegations of electoral fraud and rigging by the incumbent president, Mwai Kibaki, the Party of National Unity and erroneous reporting by the Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK). Massive protests and tribal tensions have since erupted between the president's Kikuyu tribe and the majority of other tribes not favorably aligned to the outcome. Major mediations have commenced between concerned parties, including possible formation of a coalition and/or interim government until reelections are held.

Radio and TV host
Following the 2012 election, Morris did not appear on Fox News for almost three months. On February 5, 2013, Fox announced that it would not renew Morris' contract. In addition to his numerous inaccurate predictions, Morris had been criticized for accepting paid ads on his Website from candidates whom he discussed on the air, a clear conflict of interest.

Beginning in 2013, Morris' Super PAC For America disbursed approximately $1.7mm for "fundraising" to the television network, Newsmax. Emails from both Morris and Newsmax were paid for by Super PAC for America. Some media outlets speculate that Morris took advantage of Super PAC For America donations by paying Newsmax for fundraising which in turn paid Morris large sums of money to 'rent' his email list. Morris was a regular guest on multiple Newsmax shows, such as American Agenda, Greg Kelly Reports and Spicer & Co.. In 2021, Morris launched a weekly half-hour show on Newsmax TV, Dick Morris Democracy.

Morris was host of a daily radio talk show on WPHT in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 2013 to 2015. Morris cited his desire to campaign for 2016 Republican candidates as his reason for leaving. In 2021, Morris launched a one-hour radio program on WABC in New York City, airing from noon to 2 PM on Sunday afternoons with co-host Doug DiPierro.

Film
Morris has appeared in, and wrote the screenplay for, the documentary film FahrenHYPE 9/11. The film was a response to Michael Moore's 2004 film, Fahrenheit 9/11.

Personal life and tax problems
Morris is married to Eileen McGann (author).

He failed to pay a variety of state and federal taxes beginning in 1996. In 2010, he declared that he had reached an agreement with the State of Connecticut, and that he is committed to paying his taxes: "Following a difficult period in my life, I fell into arrears. But since then, I have paid almost $3 million in state and federal taxes." In 2012, the lien that had been placed on his house was lifted.

Morris is a first cousin once removed of the late attorney Roy Cohn.

Books
Morris has written several books, many co-authored with his wife, Eileen McGann. He authored Condi vs. Hillary in which he argues that only Condoleezza Rice could block Hillary Clinton's anticipated 2008 bid for the White House.

Rewriting History was published in May 2004 as a rebuttal to Hillary Clinton's book, Living History (ISBN 0-7432-2224-5). In it, he argues that Hillary Clinton has presented a false "nice" persona in the book. Morris instead remembers her as manipulative, cold, and single-minded in her pursuit of power. Similarly, Morris and McGann wrote Because He Could in response to Bill Clinton's memoir My Life (ISBN 0-375-41457-6).

title: Dick Morris


text:
Multimodal distribution

In statistics, a multimodal distribution is a probability distribution with more than one mode (i.e., more than one local peak of the distribution). These appear as distinct peaks (local maxima) in the probability density function, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Categorical, continuous, and discrete data can all form multimodal distributions. Among univariate analyses, multimodal distributions are commonly bimodal.

Terminology
When the two modes are unequal the larger mode is known as the major mode and the other as the minor mode. The least frequent value between the modes is known as the antimode. The difference between the major and minor modes is known as the amplitude. In time series the major mode is called the acrophase and the antimode the batiphase.

Galtung's classification
Galtung introduced a classification system (AJUS) for distributions:

 * A: unimodal distribution – peak in the middle
 * J: unimodal – peak at either end
 * U: bimodal – peaks at both ends
 * S: bimodal or multimodal – multiple peaks

This classification has since been modified slightly:

 * J: (modified) – peak on right
 * L: unimodal – peak on left
 * F: no peak (flat)

Under this classification bimodal distributions are classified as type S or U.

Examples
Bimodal distributions occur both in mathematics and in the natural sciences.

Probability distributions
Important bimodal distributions include the arcsine distribution and the beta distribution (iff both parameters a and b are less than 1). Others include the U-quadratic distribution.

The ratio of two normal distributions is also bimodally distributed. Let

 * $$ R = \frac{ a + x }{ b + y } $$

where a and b are constant and x and y are distributed as normal variables with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. R has a known density that can be expressed as a confluent hypergeometric function.

The distribution of the reciprocal of a t distributed random variable is bimodal when the degrees of freedom are more than one. Similarly the reciprocal of a normally distributed variable is also bimodally distributed.

A t statistic generated from data set drawn from a Cauchy distribution is bimodal.

Occurrences in nature
Examples of variables with bimodal distributions include the time between eruptions of certain geysers, the color of galaxies, the size of worker weaver ants, the age of incidence of Hodgkin's lymphoma, the speed of inactivation of the drug isoniazid in US adults, the absolute magnitude of novae, and the circadian activity patterns of those crepuscular animals that are active both in morning and evening twilight. In fishery science multimodal length distributions reflect the different year classes and can thus be used for age distribution- and growth estimates of the fish population. Sediments are usually distributed in a bimodal fashion. When sampling mining galleries crossing either the host rock and the mineralized veins, the distribution of geochemical variables would be bimodal. Bimodal distributions are also seen in traffic analysis, where traffic peaks in during the AM rush hour and then again in the PM rush hour. This phenomenon is also seen in daily water distribution, as water demand, in the form of showers, cooking, and toilet use, generally peak in the morning and evening periods.

Econometrics
In econometric models, the parameters may be bimodally distributed.

Mathematical
A bimodal distribution commonly arises as a mixture of two different unimodal distributions (i.e. distributions having only one mode). In other words, the bimodally distributed random variable X is defined as $$ Y $$ with probability $$ \alpha $$ or $$ Z $$ with probability $$ (1-\alpha), $$ where Y and Z are unimodal random variables and $$0 < \alpha < 1$$ is a mixture coefficient.

Mixtures with two distinct components need not be bimodal and two component mixtures of unimodal component densities can have more than two modes. There is no immediate connection between the number of components in a mixture and the number of modes of the resulting density.

Particular distributions
Bimodal distributions, despite their frequent occurrence in data sets, have only rarely been studied. This may be because of the difficulties in estimating their parameters either with frequentist or Bayesian methods. Among those that have been studied are

 * Bimodal exponential distribution.
 * Alpha-skew-normal distribution.
 * Bimodal skew-symmetric normal distribution.
 * A mixture of Conway-Maxwell-Poisson distributions has been fitted to bimodal count data.

Bimodality also naturally arises in the cusp catastrophe distribution.

Biology
In biology five factors are known to contribute to bimodal distributions of population sizes:

 * the initial distribution of individual sizes
 * the distribution of growth rates among the individuals
 * the size and time dependence of the growth rate of each individual
 * mortality rates that may affect each size class differently
 * the DNA methylation in human and mouse genome.

The bimodal distribution of sizes of weaver ant workers arises due to existence of two distinct classes of workers, namely major workers and minor workers.

The distribution of fitness effects of mutations for both whole genomes and individual genes is also frequently found to be bimodal with most mutations being either neutral or lethal with relatively few having intermediate effect.

General properties
A mixture of two unimodal distributions with differing means is not necessarily bimodal. The combined distribution of heights of men and women is sometimes used as an example of a bimodal distribution, but in fact the difference in mean heights of men and women is too small relative to their standard deviations to produce bimodality when the two distribution curves are combined.

Bimodal distributions have the peculiar property that – unlike the unimodal distributions – the mean may be a more robust sample estimator than the median. This is clearly the case when the distribution is U-shaped like the arcsine distribution. It may not be true when the distribution has one or more long tails.

Moments of mixtures
Let

 * $$ f( x ) = p g_1( x ) + ( 1 - p ) g_2( x ) \, $$

where gi is a probability distribution and p is the mixing parameter.

The moments of f(x) are

 * $$ \mu = p \mu_1 + ( 1 - p ) \mu_2 $$

 * $$ \nu_2 = p[ \sigma_1^2 + \delta_1^2 ] + ( 1 - p )[ \sigma_2^2 + \delta_2^2 ]$$

 * $$ \nu_3 = p [ S_1 \sigma_1^3 + 3 \delta_1 \sigma_1^2 + \delta_1^3 ] + ( 1 - p )[ S_2 \sigma_2^3 + 3 \delta_2 \sigma_2^2 + \delta_2^3 ] $$

 * $$ \nu_4 = p[ K_1 \sigma_1^4 + 4 S_1 \delta_1 \sigma_1^3 + 6 \delta_1^2 \sigma_1^2 + \delta_1^4 ] + ( 1 - p )[ K_2 \sigma_2^4 + 4 S_2 \delta_2 \sigma_2^3 + 6 \delta_2^2 \sigma_2^2 + \delta_2^4 ]$$

where
 * $$ \mu = \int x f( x ) \, dx $$

 * $$ \delta_i = \mu_i - \mu $$

 * $$ \nu_r = \int ( x - \mu )^r f( x ) \, dx $$

and Si and Ki are the skewness and kurtosis of the ith distribution.

Mixture of two normal distributions
It is not uncommon to encounter situations where an investigator believes that the data comes from a mixture of two normal distributions. Because of this, this mixture has been studied in some detail.

A mixture of two normal distributions has five parameters to estimate: the two means, the two variances and the mixing parameter. A mixture of two normal distributions with equal standard deviations is bimodal only if their means differ by at least twice the common standard deviation. Estimates of the parameters is simplified if the variances can be assumed to be equal (the homoscedastic case).

If the means of the two normal distributions are equal, then the combined distribution is unimodal. Conditions for unimodality of the combined distribution were derived by Eisenberger. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a mixture of normal distributions to be bimodal have been identified by Ray and Lindsay.

A mixture of two approximately equal mass normal distributions has a negative kurtosis since the two modes on either side of the center of mass effectively reduces the tails of the distribution.

A mixture of two normal distributions with highly unequal mass has a positive kurtosis since the smaller distribution lengthens the tail of the more dominant normal distribution.

Mixtures of other distributions require additional parameters to be estimated.

Tests for unimodality

 * When the components of the mixture have equal variances the mixture is unimodal if and only if $$ d \le 1 $$ or $$ \left\vert \log( 1 - p ) - \log( p ) \right\vert \ge 2 \log( d - \sqrt{ d^2 - 1 } ) + 2d \sqrt{ d^2 - 1 } ,$$ where p is the mixing parameter and $$ d = \frac{ \left\vert \mu_1 - \mu_2 \right\vert }{ 2 \sigma }, $$ and where μ1 and μ2 are the means of the two normal distributions and σ is their standard deviation.
 * The following test for the case p = 1/2 was described by Schilling et al. Let $$ r = \frac{ \sigma_1^2 }{ \sigma_2^2 } .$$ The separation factor (S) is $$ S = \frac{ \sqrt{ -2 + 3r + 3r^2 - 2r^3 + 2( 1 - r + r^2 )^{ 1.5 } } }{ \sqrt{ r }( 1 + \sqrt{ r } ) } .$$ If the variances are equal then S = 1. The mixture density is unimodal if and only if $$ | \mu_1 - \mu_2 | < S | \sigma_1 + \sigma_2 | .$$
 * A sufficient condition for unimodality is $$|\mu_1-\mu_2| \le2\min (\sigma_1,\sigma_2).$$
 * If the two normal distributions have equal standard deviations $$\sigma,$$ a sufficient condition for unimodality is $$|\mu _1-\mu_2|\le 2\sigma \sqrt{1+\frac{|\log p-\ln (1-p)|}{2}}.$$

Summary statistics
Bimodal distributions are a commonly used example of how summary statistics such as the mean, median, and standard deviation can be deceptive when used on an arbitrary distribution. For example, in the distribution in Figure 1, the mean and median would be about zero, even though zero is not a typical value. The standard deviation is also larger than deviation of each normal distribution.

Although several have been suggested, there is no presently generally agreed summary statistic (or set of statistics) to quantify the parameters of a general bimodal distribution. For a mixture of two normal distributions the means and standard deviations along with the mixing parameter (the weight for the combination) are usually used – a total of five parameters.

Ashman's D
A statistic that may be useful is Ashman's D:

 * $$ D = \frac{ \left| \mu_1 - \mu_2 \right| }{ \sqrt{ 2 ( \sigma_1^2 + \sigma_2^2 ) } } $$

where μ1, μ2 are the means and σ1, σ2 are the standard deviations.

For a mixture of two normal distributions D > 2 is required for a clean separation of the distributions.

van der Eijk's A
This measure is a weighted average of the degree of agreement the frequency distribution. A ranges from -1 (perfect bimodality) to +1 (perfect unimodality). It is defined as

 * $$ A = U \left( 1 - \frac{ S - 1 }{ K - 1 } \right) $$

where U is the unimodality of the distribution, S the number of categories that have nonzero frequencies and K the total number of categories.

The value of U is 1 if the distribution has any of the three following characteristics:

 * all responses are in a single category
 * the responses are evenly distributed among all the categories
 * the responses are evenly distributed among two or more contiguous categories, with the other categories with zero responses

With distributions other than these the data must be divided into 'layers'. Within a layer the responses are either equal or zero. The categories do not have to be contiguous. A value for A for each layer (Ai) is calculated and a weighted average for the distribution is determined. The weights (wi) for each layer are the number of responses in that layer. In symbols

 * $$ A_\text{overall} = \sum_i w_i A_i $$

A uniform distribution has A = 0: when all the responses fall into one category A = +1.

One theoretical problem with this index is that it assumes that the intervals are equally spaced. This may limit its applicability.

Bimodal separation
This index assumes that the distribution is a mixture of two normal distributions with means (μ1 and μ2) and standard deviations (σ1 and σ2):

 * $$ S = \frac{ \mu_1 - \mu_2 }{ 2( \sigma_1 +\sigma_2 ) } $$

Bimodality coefficient
Sarle's bimodality coefficient b is

 * $$ \beta = \frac{ \gamma^2 + 1 }{ \kappa } $$

where γ is the skewness and κ is the kurtosis. The kurtosis is here defined to be the standardised fourth moment around the mean. The value of b lies between 0 and 1. The logic behind this coefficient is that a bimodal distribution with light tails will have very low kurtosis, an asymmetric character, or both – all of which increase this coefficient.

The formula for a finite sample is

 * $$ b = \frac{ g^2 + 1 }{ k + \frac{ 3( n - 1 )^2 }{ ( n - 2 )( n - 3 ) } } $$

where n is the number of items in the sample, g is the sample skewness and k is the sample excess kurtosis.

The value of b for the uniform distribution is 5/9. This is also its value for the exponential distribution. Values greater than 5/9 may indicate a bimodal or multimodal distribution, though corresponding values can also result for heavily skewed unimodal distributions. The maximum value (1.0) is reached only by a Bernoulli distribution with only two distinct values or the sum of two different Dirac delta functions (a bi-delta distribution).

The distribution of this statistic is unknown. It is related to a statistic proposed earlier by Pearson – the difference between the kurtosis and the square of the skewness (vide infra).

Bimodality amplitude
This is defined as

 * $$ A_B = \frac{A_1 - A_{ an } }{ A_1 } $$

where A1 is the amplitude of the smaller peak and Aan is the amplitude of the antimode.

AB is always < 1. Larger values indicate more distinct peaks.

Bimodal ratio
This is the ratio of the left and right peaks. Mathematically

 * $$ R = \frac{ A_r }{ A_l } $$

where Al and Ar are the amplitudes of the left and right peaks respectively.

Bimodality parameter
This parameter (B) is due to Wilcock.

 * $$ B = \sqrt{ \frac{ A_r }{ A_l } } \sum P_i $$

where Al and Ar are the amplitudes of the left and right peaks respectively and Pi is the logarithm taken to the base 2 of the proportion of the distribution in the ith interval. The maximal value of the ΣP is 1 but the value of B may be greater than this.

To use this index, the log of the values are taken. The data is then divided into interval of width Φ whose value is log 2. The width of the peaks are taken to be four times 1/4Φ centered on their maximum values.

Bimodality indices

 * Wang's index

The bimodality index proposed by Wang et al assumes that the distribution is a sum of two normal distributions with equal variances but differing means. It is defined as follows:

 * $$ \delta = \frac{ | \mu_1 - \mu_2 |}{ \sigma } $$

where μ1, μ2 are the means and σ is the common standard deviation.

 * $$ BI = \delta \sqrt{ p( 1 - p ) } $$

where p is the mixing parameter.

 * Sturrock's index

A different bimodality index has been proposed by Sturrock.

This index (B) is defined as

 * $$ B = \frac{ 1 }{ N } \left[ \left( \sum_1^N \cos ( 2 \pi m \gamma ) \right)^2 + \left( \sum_1^N \sin ( 2 \pi m \gamma ) \right)^2 \right] $$

When m = 2 and γ is uniformly distributed, B is exponentially distributed.

This statistic is a form of periodogram. It suffers from the usual problems of estimation and spectral leakage common to this form of statistic.

 * de Michele and Accatino's index

Another bimodality index has been proposed by de Michele and Accatino. Their index (B) is

 * $$ B = | \mu - \mu_M | $$

where μ is the arithmetic mean of the sample and

 * $$ \mu_M = \frac{ \sum_{ i = 1 }^L m_i x_i }{ \sum_{ i = 1 }^L m_i } $$

where mi is number of data points in the ith bin, xi is the center of the ith bin and L is the number of bins.

The authors suggested a cut off value of 0.1 for B to distinguish between a bimodal (B > 0.1)and unimodal (B < 0.1) distribution. No statistical justification was offered for this value.

 * Sambrook Smith's index

A further index (B) has been proposed by Sambrook Smith et al

$$ B = | \phi_2 - \phi_1 | \frac{ p_2 }{ p_1 } $$

where p1 and p2 are the proportion contained in the primary (that with the greater amplitude) and secondary (that with the lesser amplitude) mode and φ1 and φ2 are the φ-sizes of the primary and secondary mode. The φ-size is defined as minus one times the log of the data size taken to the base 2. This transformation is commonly used in the study of sediments.

The authors recommended a cut off value of 1.5 with B being greater than 1.5 for a bimodal distribution and less than 1.5 for a unimodal distribution. No statistical justification for this value was given.

 * Otsu's method

Otsu's method for finding a threshold for separation between two modes relies on minimizing the quantity $$ \frac{ n_1 \sigma_1^2 + n_2 \sigma_2^2 }{ m \sigma^2 } $$ where ni is the number of data points in the ith subpopulation, σi2 is the variance of the ith subpopulation, m is the total size of the sample and σ2 is the sample variance. Some researchers (particularly in the field of digital image processing) have applied this quantity more broadly as an index for detecting bimodality, with a small value indicating a more bimodal distribution.

Statistical tests
A number of tests are available to determine if a data set is distributed in a bimodal (or multimodal) fashion.

Graphical methods
In the study of sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal. Empirically, it has been found useful to plot the frequency against the log( size ) of the particles. This usually gives a clear separation of the particles into a bimodal distribution. In geological applications the logarithm is normally taken to the base 2. The log transformed values are referred to as phi (Φ) units. This system is known as the Krumbein (or phi) scale.

An alternative method is to plot the log of the particle size against the cumulative frequency. This graph will usually consist two reasonably straight lines with a connecting line corresponding to the antimode.

 * Statistics

Approximate values for several statistics can be derived from the graphic plots.

 * $$\mathit{Mean} = \frac{ \phi_{ 16 } + \phi_{ 50 } + \phi_{ 84 } }{ 3 }$$

 * $$\mathit{StdDev} = \frac{ \phi_{ 84 } - \phi_{ 16 } }{ 4 } + \frac{ \phi_{ 95 } - \phi_{ 5 } }{ 6.6 } $$

 * $$\mathit{Skew} = \frac{ \phi_{ 84 } + \phi_{ 16 } - 2  \phi_{ 50 } }{ 2 ( \phi_{ 84 } -  \phi_{ 16 } ) } + \frac{ \phi_{ 95 } +  \phi_{ 5 } -  2 \phi_{ 50 } }{ 2( \phi_{ 95 } - \phi_{ 5 } ) } $$

 * $$\mathit{Kurt} = \frac{ \phi_{ 95 } - \phi_{ 5 } }{ 2.44 ( \phi_{ 75 } - \phi_{ 25 } ) }$$

where Mean is the mean, StdDev is the standard deviation, Skew is the skewness, Kurt is the kurtosis and φx is the value of the variate φ at the xth percentage of the distribution.

Unimodal vs. bimodal distribution
Pearson in 1894 was the first to devise a procedure to test whether a distribution could be resolved into two normal distributions. This method required the solution of a ninth order polynomial. In a subsequent paper Pearson reported that for any distribution skewness2 + 1 < kurtosis. Later Pearson showed that

 * $$ b_2 - b_1 \ge 1 $$

where b2 is the kurtosis and b1 is the square of the skewness. Equality holds only for the two point Bernoulli distribution or the sum of two different Dirac delta functions. These are the most extreme cases of bimodality possible. The kurtosis in both these cases is 1. Since they are both symmetrical their skewness is 0 and the difference is 1.

Baker proposed a transformation to convert a bimodal to a unimodal distribution.

Several tests of unimodality versus bimodality have been proposed: Haldane suggested one based on second central differences. Larkin later introduced a test based on the F test; Benett created one based on Fisher's G test. Tokeshi has proposed a fourth test. A test based on a likelihood ratio has been proposed by Holzmann and Vollmer.

A method based on the score and Wald tests has been proposed. This method can distinguish between unimodal and bimodal distributions when the underlying distributions are known.

Antimode tests
Statistical tests for the antimode are known.

 * Otsu's method

Otsu's method is commonly employed in computer graphics to determine the optimal separation between two distributions.

General tests
To test if a distribution is other than unimodal, several additional tests have been devised: the bandwidth test, the dip test, the excess mass test, the MAP test, the mode existence test, the runt test, the span test, and the saddle test.

An implementation of the dip test is available for the R programming language. The p-values for the dip statistic values range between 0 and 1. P-values less than 0.05 indicate significant multimodality and p-values greater than 0.05 but less than 0.10 suggest multimodality with marginal significance.

Silverman's test
Silverman introduced a bootstrap method for the number of modes. The test uses a fixed bandwidth which reduces the power of the test and its interpretability. Under smoothed densities may have an excessive number of modes whose count during bootstrapping is unstable.

Bajgier-Aggarwal test
Bajgier and Aggarwal have proposed a test based on the kurtosis of the distribution.

Special cases
Additional tests are available for a number of special cases:

 * Mixture of two normal distributions

A study of a mixture density of two normal distributions data found that separation into the two normal distributions was difficult unless the means were separated by 4–6 standard deviations.

In astronomy the Kernel Mean Matching algorithm is used to decide if a data set belongs to a single normal distribution or to a mixture of two normal distributions.

 * Beta-normal distribution

This distribution is bimodal for certain values of is parameters. A test for these values has been described.

Parameter estimation and fitting curves
Assuming that the distribution is known to be bimodal or has been shown to be bimodal by one or more of the tests above, it is frequently desirable to fit a curve to the data. This may be difficult.

Bayesian methods may be useful in difficult cases.

Software

 * Two normal distributions

A package for R is available for testing for bimodality. This package assumes that the data are distributed as a sum of two normal distributions. If this assumption is not correct the results may not be reliable. It also includes functions for fitting a sum of two normal distributions to the data.

Assuming that the distribution is a mixture of two normal distributions then the expectation-maximization algorithm may be used to determine the parameters. Several programmes are available for this including Cluster, and the R package nor1mix.

 * Other distributions

The mixtools package available for R can test for and estimate the parameters of a number of different distributions. A package for a mixture of two right-tailed gamma distributions is available.

Several other packages for R are available to fit mixture models; these include flexmix, mcclust, agrmt, and mixdist.

The statistical programming language SAS can also fit a variety of mixed distributions with the PROC FREQ procedure.

In Python, the package Scikit-learn contains a tool for mixture modeling

Example software application
The CumFreqA program for the fitting of composite probability distributions to a data set (X) can divide the set into two parts with a different distribution. The figure shows an example of a double generalized mirrored Gumbel distribution as in distribution fitting with cumulative distribution function (CDF) equations:

X < 8.10 : CDF = 1 - exp[-exp{-(0.092X^0.01+935)}] X > 8.10 : CDF = 1 - exp[-exp{-(-0.0039X^2.79+1.05)}]

title: Multimodal distribution


text:
Nova Canaã Paulista

Nova Canaã Paulista (Portuguese for "New Canaan of São Paulo") is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 1,852 (2020 est.) in an area of 124 km². The elevation is 401 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Nova Canaã Paulista


text:
User talk:Meabhar~enwiki

Gaeilge: ga:Plé úsáideora:Meabhar

Hi there! I noticed your edits to Corrib River. If I'm not mistaken, you've been on ga: (Vicipéid) for a while. A belated welcome to en:! I've some useful links listed below! If you're interested in Irish topics, you may be interested in the notice board for Irish wikipedians

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or contributing: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too. If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump, or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

zoney ♣ talk 19:38, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Bray
I agree with your comments in the edit line. See Mallow also. It's truly bizarre having Bearlachas of the Anglicised forms of Irish placenames. Only in Ireland. zoney ♣ talk 22:28, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Thanks. It seems some have made it their their task to accept every corruption that foreign and native government has imposed on Ireland over the centuries. But let's just keep working on it. And I hope we can also get the ga: going, as there is really little real writing going into it. Of course, the placename thing runs on Ballina, Castleconnell, Gort, Newry, etc - the en: list of Irish place names is more accurate, even before my own contributions! Meabhar 22:09, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd like to do more on ga:, but find it hard going, as my Irish is reasonably good, but not fully on the tip of my tongue at this stage. Thus it takes much longer to write on ga: for me. The other bigger factor is that I have my work cut out for me here on en: - there's just so much to do. An entire encyclopaedia could be written about Ireland alone! zoney ♣ talk 00:53, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Well, things are looking up a little on ga:, and I see you've been contributing to it too. We have a spot of bother now there about Oileán Mhanann, or Oileán Mhanainn, among other things! It looks pretty even batting. Meabhar 17:04, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Interwiki of user pages
Hi, if you want to make it easier for people to go to your user page on ga: you can just add ga:Úsáideoir:Meabhar to your User page here, and that will create an interwiki link there, just the same as on any article page. (Likewise you can add en:User:Meabhar to your leathanach úsáideora to link back here.) --Angr/comhrá 12:00, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dun Bun Gallimhe?
Should'nt it be Dun Beal Gallimhe? Fergananim

My understanding is that the proper Irish for the Corrib river is Abhainn na Gaillimhe or an Ghaillimh, and that the old name for the ciy is Bun Abhann na Gaillimhe or as R. O'Flaherty has it 'Bun Gaillimhe'. The lake is today known in English as 'Lough Corrib', or in Irish 'Loch Coiribe', but I understand that that is a corruption of 'Loch Oirbse' or 'Loch Oirbsen'.Meabhar 23:02, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Irish place names
Hi; I would question the accuracy of many of these place names. Any qualms yourself?Fergananim 01:38, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, maybe you can tell me which ones on which list! Then we can talk. Meabhar 23:08, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Meabhar. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Meabhar~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:44, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:11, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Meabhar~enwiki


text:
Nova Castilho

Nova Castilho is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 1,278 (2020 est.) in an area of 183 km2. The elevation is 420 m. Its foundation dates from around 1923, on lands donated by the Castilho family. Previously it also had the names of General Salgado and Japiúba.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Nova Castilho


text:
Lenton

Lenton may refer to:

People

 * Lenton (surname)
 * Lenton Parr (1924–2003), Australian sculptor

Places

 * Lenton, Lincolnshire, sometimes known as Lavington
 * Lenton, Nottingham, a district of the city of Nottingham, including:
 * Lenton Abbey, an administrative district
 * Lenton Hall, country house now used for student accommodation at Nottingham University
 * Lenton Priory, the remains of a medieval religious establishment
 * Lenton and Wortley Hall, undergraduate hall of residence at Nottingham University
 * Lenton railway station, built by the Midland Railway company and closed in 1911
 * Lenton Bluff, a rock bluff (cliff) at the mouth of Jeffries Glacier in the Theron Mountains
 * Lenton Point, a headland in the South Orkney Islands

title: Lenton


text:
Robert Mowbray

Robert Mowbray may refer to:

 * Robert de Mowbray (died 1125)
 * Sir Robert Mowbray, 2nd Baronet (1850–1916), British Conservative politician

title: Robert Mowbray


text:
Nova Europa

Nova Europa (Portuguese for "New Europe") is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 11,355 (2020 est.) in an area of 160.3 km2. The elevation is 490 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Nova Europa


text:
Nova Granada

Nova Granada (Portuguese for "New Granada") is a municipality in the northern part of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is 21,689 inhabitants (IBGE/2020), and the area is 533.49 km2. The elevation is 542 m.

The city belongs to the Microregion of São José do Rio Preto.

History
The expansion of coffee cultivation in the North of the state of São Paulo attracted many settlers who founded farming settlements as the population of the region increased. In 1911, Captain Francisco dos Santos founded a community near the Rio Grande settlement in the territory of São José do Rio Preto. Its original name was Vila Bela.

In a short time, the first houses were built around the chapel of Saint Benedict's patron. When the Police District was created, the village was renamed 'Pitangueiras', and its name was changed again to New Granada when it was elevated to a District of Peace in 1917.

According to the local chronicle, its name comes from the old Spanish immigrant settlers who came from Granada (Spain).

Indicators

 * Population: 19,180 (IBGE/2010)
 * Area: 531.9 km2 (166.5 sq mi)
 * Population density: 36.06/km2 (/sq mi)
 * Urbanization: 92.7% (2010)
 * Sex ratio (Males to Females): 101.5 (2011)
 * Birth rate: 15.5/1,000 inhab. (2009)
 * Infant mortality: 20.3/1,000 births (2009)
 * Homicide rate: 6.8/100 thousand ppl
 * HDI: 0.790 (UNDP/2000)

All indicators are from SEADE and IBGE

Economy
The Tertiary sector is the economic basis of Nova Granada. Commerce, services and administration corresponds to 62.3% of the city GDP. Industry is 16.2% of the GDP. The Primary sector is relevant, with 21.4%.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Nova Granada


text:
Nova Guataporanga

Nova Guataporanga is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 2,325 (2020 est.) in an area of 34.2 km2. The elevation is 382 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Religion
Christianity is present in the city as follows:

Catholic Church
The Catholic church in the municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Marília.

Protestant Church
The most diverse evangelical beliefs are present in the city, mainly Pentecostal, including the Assemblies of God in Brazil (the largest evangelical church in the country), Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others. These denominations are growing more and more throughout Brazil.

title: Nova Guataporanga


text:
Nova Independência

Nova Independência (Portuguese for "New Independence") is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 4,053 (2020 est.) in an area of 265 km². The elevation is 316 m.

The municipality contains 21.6% of the 9044 ha Aguapeí State Park, created in 1998.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Nova Independência