text:
Talk:Tokaj

And of course the Great Migration of Peoples as it is normally understood did not end in 900, certainly not in this region. Basic history ...Juro 16:58, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Juro, you were the one who first mentioned the Great Migration of Peoples in ref to the 5th century. But I checked the Wikipedia article and it states "The second phase, between 500 and 900 AD...." If that is wrong, I suggest you change it there. My reference to the Magyars bringing grapes was not my own opinion - it was from the book I referenced at the bottom of the article. Its only one reference, so I'm not going to rely on it...Scott

 * OK, I'll check the Migration article later ...Juro 18:41, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

OK, so I forgot to add the ref to this article as well as the Tokaji one...

History of Tokaj
Juro,

You wrote the following comment re your editing: "Anonymous was an example, not a proof - why should he invent this additional info ?; it is ridiculous to believe that nomadic fighters who settled there for some 4 years initially brought grapes..."

I'm really disappointed by these comments; they are not only incorrect, but seem to show a strong degree of anti-Hungarian bias. As I will see by my additions to the article, the Magyars already had a long tradition of wine-making before they reached the Carpathian Basin. Numerous primary sources dating back to the 5th century AD mention extensive vineyards maintained by Hungarians. In addition, there is strong etymological evidence for the Hungarians having acquired wine-making techniques from Turkic-speaking peoples.

Regarding your other additions to the article: yes, there is evidence for wine-making in the Tokaj region from Roman times (specifically, a petrified grape dating to the end of the 4th century AD has been found in Erdőbénye). However, there is, as far as I am aware, no evidence for viticulture in the region when the Magyars arrived at the end of the 9th century; this is a topic only for speculation. Slovaks were certainly involved in viticulture in the northern Zemplen region (ie present-day Slovakia) by the late medieval period, so it is certainly possible that they had a tradition of viticulture dating back to the 5th century AD. Maybe you could expand on this - from whom did the Slovaks acquire viticulture, what is the evidence for a "boom" in viticulture after the arrival of the Slavs? In any case, evidence for Slovak viticulture prior to the 10th century in the southern Zemplen region (ie Tokaj-Hegyalja) is lacking.

At this point, it is time to create a separate article for the Slovakian wine region of Tokaj (which after all, is a different region to Tokaj-Hegyalja). If you want to contribute positively to Wikipedia content on the subject of wine, I suggest that you write something about Slovakian wines and wine regions, as there is currently a complete lack. Personally, I'm very interested in Slovakian wine (and I often try it on my frequent trips to Prague, and less frequent trips to Bratislava). I do have a book on the wine of Moravia and Slovakia, but I can't access it at the moment. Scott Moore 09:50, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I am (among other fields) an expert in history, not in wine. So I am ready to learn, no problem. If you are going to argue with "wine books" you will have to give me time to go to a library a find a corresponding Slovak book. (1)But generally, the statement was that they BROUGHT (not had) the wine during a phase when they were launching (constant) looting raids to  Europe and when they knew they would not remain in the Tokaj region - they came in 896 and left that area to settle at the Balaton in 900/901. They came back to the Tokaj area only much later. (2) There is certainly no anti-Hungarian bias with me, I have contributed much to Hungary-related articles here since I understand Hungarian. But there is the opposite bias with you (probably caused by an extensive use of Hungarian non-scientific sources only) as I can see from your changes in the other articles, some of which would not be done even by Hungarian (real) historians nowadays. (3) The Slovak region is NOT a separate wine region - unless you are claiming that the Hungarian region "by coincidence" ends exactly at the state border between Slovakia and Hungary. The region was one region throughtout centuries and only became separated in 1918. But of course, you can create two articles. I hope you are not going to argue with the seemingly different Hungarian name. (4) The Slavs/Slovaks simply continued the viticulture that started in the 4th century. Its that simple. (5) I would like to see the ethymological "evidence" for the acquisition of a technique from Turkic speaking peoples given that the following point (5) holds and even the term Turkic peoples is disputed (5) The Hungarians were involved in viticulture in the 5th century?? - it is not sure where exactly they where and who they were before 800 (although there are several theories) and your source is claiming to know what activity they were involved in the 5th century?? Science ends here and legends start...Juro 15:05, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

1) I'm not arguing that the Hungarians brought viticulture within a 4-year period into the Tokaj region. I haven't mentioned a timescale because all that is sure is that the Magyars were familiar with viticulture long before they entered the Carpathian basin, and that by the 11th century they had established viticulture in a number of the present-day wine regions of Hungary. For most of the wine regions west of the Danube (here I mean Transdanubia in modern-day Hungary), there is archeological evidence for continued cultivation since Roman times (so obviously the Magyars didn't introduce viticulture to these). However, this evidence is lacking for other wine regions.
 * I will come back to this ...

3) My argument for the Slovak Tokaj being a separate wine region, is that (from the sources I have found on the Web) it comprises 22 communities (another source mentions 7 towns) and close to 1000 hectares. However, only two communities are listed in historical sources as belonging to the Tokaj wine region. I know that the historical Tokaj wine region was split between Hungary and Slovakia, but the present Tokaj region in Slovakia doesn't seem to match up to the part of the historical one which went to Slovakia. Maybe the EU documentation on the Tokaj PDO will illuminate this issue, but it hasn't been posted on the EU Website yet.
 * This is what Hungary has been claiming since 1958 (only since 1958!), but Hungarian documents from the time before 1918 are claiming the opposite - it is even quite probable that the Slovak hills are the original Tokaj region (according to Slovaks).

4) "Slavs/Slovaks simply continued the viticulture that started in the 4th century . Its that simple." OK but what the evidence for this? Ie what is the evidence for 'continuous viticulture?
 * The sources do not go into such details (I'll come back to this), but again a Hungarian has written a book in German on Hungarian wine before 1958 and he himself was claiming this there (just like Anonymus)...

5) I didn't refer to "Turkic" peoples, but rather "Turkic-speaking". I know that there is a dispute within the linguistic community about whether the Turkic sub-group of languages belongs to an Altaic family. However, there is no dispute about the Turkic languages being a related group. The evidence is that the Hungarian language has assimilated a stock of vocabularly related to viticulture from Turkic languages, which dates Hungarian involvement in viticulture to a period when they were interacting with Turkic-speaking peoples. I'm not going to go into the issues around comparative linguistics here as you may well me more familiar with this than I am (I'm not an expert, I'm just interested in linguistics), but I accept the premise that inheriting a stock of vocabularly is strong evidence for a people being engaged in the processes related to that vocabularly. Scott Moore 16:35, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This is not so important, but the dispute is about whether there is a Turkic group at all. The word "Turkic" languages/peoples etc. does not even exist in German, Czech, Slovak and I am sure in many other languages - you will not find it in normal encyclopedias or dictionaries (apart from really very specialized texts)...Juro 01:54, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tokaj


text:
Talk:Seconds Out

Title
Does anybody know what the expression "seconds out" means, or if it is a pun on a phrase, what that all means? That should probably be explained in the article somewhere. Robotman1974 21:06, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

 * In Boxing, the corner men (who aid the boxers before the match and between rounds) are known as "seconds". The referee will yell, "Seconds Out!" to clear the corner men out of the ring so the fight may begin. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.166.176.141 (talk) 01:43, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The above boxing reference is correct, but the title "Seconds Out" is also intended to show that this is the band's "second" album recorded "out" of the studio. The high quality both of the sound and the playing on this album have led to rumours that almost none of it is is actually live, and that most if not all of it was overdubbed later. This rumour was further propagated by Phil himself when presenting the radio show "My Top 12" on UK radio where he said "While we were in the studio recording, er, I mean mixing Seconds Out..." MarkRae (talk) 14:29, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Reading this section of the article again, the notion that Steve is the second [one] out of the band is plainly nonsense - Chris Stewart, John Silver, John Mayhew and Anthony Phillips all left before Steve did. So, if no-one has any objection, I'm going to remove that from the article in a week or so... MarkRae (talk) 02:40, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The whole section is speculative - it's original research. If nobody finds a citable source explaining the title's meaning, the section should go. MFNickster (talk) 04:18, 5 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I think that the meaning of the expression is pretty clear: it is used in boxing. Now, any double meaning is, indeed, speculative. We might just leave a neutral wording, explaining what the expression means in boxing, and that other additional meanings have never been confirmed by the band. Though I don't really know how to express that correctly.--Gorpik (talk) 13:58, 6 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Right, but the origin of the term is not really at issue. I'd love to find a source explaining why it was chosen (beyond the obvious "it's our second live album"). MFNickster (talk) 15:15, 6 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Nevertheless, this expression may not be so obvious to everybody, especially non-native English speakers. It might be left as a simple sentence in another section or, as you propose, removed altogether; it is not so important, after all, unless someone comes up with that source you mention.--Gorpik (talk) 16:20, 6 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I think that everyone is overthinking the Genesis title. It is a reference to show getting ready to begin and for seconds (referring to the boxing seconds) to get out of the ring, or in this case, get off the stage. Seconds Out referring to it being Genesis's second live album would be a poor play on words.2601:85:201:176A:E91D:7058:E4E3:50AD (talk) 00:03, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

Which is the 'classic lineup'?
I'm leery of this sentence in the article:
 * As the band would slowly phase out this intricate quasi-orchestral piece, and lose Hackett while this album was being mixed, this album marks the end of the 'classic' Genesis lineup.

I've always understood the "classic" Genesis lineup to be Banks, Collins, Gabriel, Hackett, and Rutherford - but Peter Gabriel doesn't appear on this album, so what can this statement be referring to? MFNickster (talk) 20:19, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

 * That's certainly the way in which the phrase "classic lineup" is typically used within the online Genesis community. Therefore, I agree with you that the above statement is confusing. I believe what it is trying to convey is the opinion held by some fans that it was the departure of Hackett rather than of Gabriel which signalled the end of the classic / progressive period of Genesis. I've never particularly subscribed to this opinion, as songs like "Down and Out", "Duke's Travels", "Dodo / Lurker" etc can be considered as examples of progressive rock without too much of a leap of faith... Of course, this raises the ogre of whether a band's "classic" period also corresponds to its "successful" period. No doubt the band's accountants would argue that the "classic" period began with the release of "Follow You Follow Me". There's certainly no doubt that the band shifted many times more product without Gabriel and Hackett than it ever did with them... MarkRae (talk) 14:55, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

'Bookend Effect'
Where the hell is a Bookend Effect in 'Wind and Wuthering'? All the other - I agree, but W&W?? --80.139.220.138 (talk) 20:57, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

 * "In that Quiet Earth" repeats the intro to "Eleventh Earl of Mar" starting about 2:30 into it. MFNickster (talk) 02:13, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes it does but, since the album actually finishes with Afterglow, the "bookend effect" is not strictly accurate for this album... Perhaps it might be better to mention that the album includes several musical motifs which are found in more than one song (e.g. the main riff of Wot Gorilla appearing in the middle of One for the Vine), which is one of the generally accepted features of a "concept album"... MarkRae (talk) 14:38, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Bill or Chester?
Which songs feature Bruford and which feature Thompson? That definitely sounds like Bruford on "Cinema Show"...
 * Correct. Apart from Cinema Show, all other tracks are from the 1977 tour.MarkRae (talk) 20:52, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

A boxing title?
I have isolated that section since it is all pure guesswork.

Has the band never provided an explanation?

Isn't duelling a more likely sport here? If the seconds don't leave, they will be shot.

Varlaam (talk) 20:08, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

Medley section of 'I Know What I Like'
This isn't a notable source, but for anybody who wants to check on these bits for verification, you can find the time indexes in this forum post. MFNickster (talk) 21:29, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

Crawl? Really?
Should it indeed be Crawl, not Crawlers? I thought i just fixed an error, then saw the note about that it originally was Crawl. Forgive me if i was too hasty. Gattodacqua (talk) 22:02, 12 May 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Seconds Out


text:
Talk:Wind & Wuthering

About the Earl of Mar
In the "Songs" chapter of the article, it is said that ""Eleventh Earl of Mar" refers to the historical figure of John Erskine, Earl of Mar". If you click on the link, it appears that John Erskine is not the *11th* but the *23rd* Earl of Mar. The 11th Earl of Mar is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Erskine,_Earl_of_Mar_and_Kellie_(1839%E2%80%931888)

I don't know if it was Rutherford who confused the two historical figures or if it is instead a mistake by the person who created the internal link to wikipedia (I am not that knowledgeable about eighteenth-century English history...) however, it seemed fair to point this out. 80.72.160.55 (talk) 10:10, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wind & Wuthering


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/45005

45005 was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE I thought there would be no pages for postcodes. JFW | T@lk  16:59, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete JFW | T@lk  16:59, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * comment: article content has been removed by original poster, comments in history indicate it could be speedied. Ianb 20:51, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, but is it indeed policy not to have Zip code articles? JFW | T@lk  21:00, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I hope so, and if there isn't one, it's time to create one ;-). This article BTW would not stand anyway, it does no justice to other connotations of that fine set of digits.Ianb 21:24, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete before it spreads. RickK 06:34, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. jni 08:48, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Good. Can we also get rid of 90210? ;-) func(talk) 02:41, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 05:53, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * D That some people in the UK will move down the street if it means going from CF62 to CF1 (now CF10/11) to improve their social standing is already bad enough. Chris 07:04, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Postal code information doesn't belong on Wikipedia in this format. --Improv 14:21, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I choke to say KEEP, but postal codes and high schools seem to be inviolate. 01:17, 2004 Oct 15 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/45005


text:
2006 in sports

2006 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

Alpine skiing

 * Alpine skiing World Cup
 * Men’s overall season champion: Benjamin Raich (Austria)
 * Women’s overall season champion: Janica Kostelić (Croatia)

American football

 * Super Bowl XL – the Pittsburgh Steelers (AFC) won 21–10 over the Seattle Seahawks (NFC)
 * Location: Ford Field
 * Attendance: 68,206
 * MVP: Hines Ward, WR (Pittsburgh)
 * Rose Bowl (2005 season):
 * The Texas Longhorns won 41–38 over the Southern California Trojans to win the BCS National Championship
 * March 14 - former San Diego Chargers quarterback Drew Brees signs a 6-year, $60 million deal with the New Orleans Saints after the Miami Dolphins were suggested by medical staff to not sign Brees due to a career-threatening shoulder injury he suffered at the end of the 2005 season. After Brees had immediate success and broke several records in New Orleans, this signing is believed by many as the greatest free agency signing in NFL history, tied with the Denver Broncos’ signing of Peyton Manning in 2012.
 * August 19 - Barrow High School played the first organized football game in the Arctic against Delta Junction High School.
 * MVP of Super Bowl XL is Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Hines Ward.
 * Reggie White, Troy Aikman, John Madden, Warren Moon, Harry Carson, and Rayfield Wright are elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Association football
International competitions Domestic competitions
 * January 1 – Australia officially leaves the Oceania Football Confederation and joins the Asian Football Confederation
 * 2006 African Cup of Nations – Egypt
 * 2006 FIFA World Cup – Italy
 * 2006 FIFA Club World Cup – Sport Club Internacional
 * Copa Libertadores 2006 – Sport Club Internacional
 * UEFA Champions League 2005-06 – FC Barcelona
 * Argentina Primera División – Boca Juniors (Clausura)
 * Brazil Campeonato Brasileiro – São Paulo FC
 * England Premiership – Chelsea
 * France Ligue 1 – Lyon
 * Germany Bundesliga – Bayern Munich
 * Italy Serie A – Inter Milan awarded title after initial winners Juventus were stripped of the title due to involvement in the 2006 Serie A match fixing scandal.
 * Spain La Liga – FC Barcelona
 * Portugal Liga – FC Porto

Athletics

 * March – 2006 Commonwealth Games held in Melbourne
 * May 12 – Justin Gatlin equals Asafa Powell's 100 m world record time of 9.77 seconds in Doha, Qatar. Gatlin was initially given a time of 9.76, which would have been a new record, but a few days later the time was corrected to 9.77
 * June 11 – Asafa Powell equals the 100 m world record once again, as he ran the distance in 9.77 seconds at Gateshead, England
 * August 18 – Asafa Powell runs the 100 m in a record-equalling 9.77 seconds for a third time, this time in Zürich
 * August – 2006 European Championships in Athletics held in Gothenburg, Swedeno

Baseball

 * March 20 – Japan wins the first World Baseball Classic, defeating Cuba 10–6 in the championship game.
 * May 28 – Barry Bonds hits his 715th career home run in a 6–3 home loss to the Colorado Rockies, passing Babe Ruth for second place on the career list and setting a new record for left-handed hitters.
 * July 11 – American League wins the MLB All–Star Game by a score of 3–2 on Michael Young's game-winning 2-run triple in the 9th inning.
 * October 14 – Detroit Tigers sweep the Oakland Athletics in the American League Championship Series and advance to their first World Series since 1984.
 * October 27 – St. Louis Cardinals win the 2006 World Series 4–1 in Game 5. The St. Louis Cardinals (10 wins) advance to 2nd place for most World Series wins after the New York Yankees (27).

Basketball

 * Miami Heat defeated the Dallas Mavericks in 6 games in the NBA Finals series for Miami's first-ever NBA World Championship. Finals MVP Dwyane Wade rallied four consecutive 35-point games to come back from a two games to none deficit and win four straight.
 * University of Florida wins its first ever NCAA title, defeating UCLA 73–57. George Mason, an 11 seed, makes it to the final four
 * University of Maryland wins its first ever NCAA women's title, defeating Duke 77–75 in overtime.
 * January 22 – Los Angeles Lakers star Kobe Bryant scores 81 points in a win over the Toronto Raptors, becoming only the second player in league history to score at least 80 points in one game. It was the second highest individual point total in NBA history (Second only to Wilt Chamberlain's 100 point performance).
 * Chinese Basketball Association – Guangdong Southern Tigers defeat Bayi Rockets (4–1) in finals.
 * National Basketball League (Australia) – Melbourne Tigers defeat the Sydney Kings 3–0 in best-of-five final series
 * Euroleague – Russian power CSKA Moscow dethrones the two-time defending Euroleague champions Maccabi Tel Aviv (Israel) 73–69 at Sazka Arena in Prague. This is CSKA's fifth title in the competition, but first since 1971. Third place goes to TAU Cerámica, which defeated FC Barcelona 87–82 in an all-Spanish affair.
 * The Detroit Shock stunned the 2005 WNBA Champion Sacramento Monarchs in 5 games in the 2006 WNBA Finals.

Beach Soccer

 * November 12 - Brazil wins the 2nd edition of the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup on home soil.

Bowling

 * February 19 - Tommy Jones wins the 63rd U.S. Open
 * March 26 - Walter Ray Williams, Jr. wins the Denny's PBA World Championship
 * April 9 - Chris Barnes wins the Dexter Tournament of Champions
 * Tommy Jones is named the Chris Schenkel PBA Player of the Year
 * October 29 - Doug Kent wins the USBC Masters

Boxing

 * January 7 – Carlos Manuel Baldomir upsets Zab Judah by unanimous decision and is crowned world welterweight champion by the WBC.
 * March 3 – Welshman Joe Calzaghe defeats American Jeff Lacy by landslide unanimous decision for the WBO-IBF super middleweight title unification. Calzaghe's stellar performance propelled him to #9 in Ring Magazine's pound for pound list.
 * April 1 – Sergei Liakhovich wins the WBO world heavyweight title from Lamon Brewster by unanimous decision.
 * April 8 – Floyd Mayweather Jr. defeats Zab Judah by unanimous decision to win the IBF welterweight title. A mini-riot ensued as Roger Mayweather, Floyd's uncle and trainer, runs into the ring retaliating to a low blow and rabbit punch by Judah. The fight resumed and Mayweather won by decision.
 * April 22 – Wladimir Klitschko wins the IBF world heavyweight title from Chris Byrd by TKO in round 7.
 * June 10 – Bernard Hopkins defeats Antonio Tarver by unanimous to take the light heavyweight world championship.
 * June 17 – Winky Wright and Jermain Taylor fight ends in a draw for the undisputed middleweight championship of the world in Memphis, Tennessee
 * 13 to July 23 – 36th European Amateur Boxing Championships held in Plovdiv, Bulgaria
 * August 12 – Oleg Maskaev knocks out Hasim Rahman in the 12th round to win the WBC Heavyweight title.
 * November 4 Floyd Mayweather Jr. becomes the WBC and linear Welterweight champion after he defeats Carlos Baldomir by unanimous decision.
 * November 11 Wladimir Klitschko defends his IBF heavyweight title by defeating American contender Calvin Brock winning by a stunning knockout in the seventh round.
 * November 18 Manny Pacquiao wins by technical knockout in his third and rubber match against Erik Morales
 * December 9 Jermain Taylor defends his middleweight title as he defeats Kassim Ouma

Canadian football

 * November 19 – The BC Lions win the 94th Grey Cup game, defeating the Montreal Alouettes 25–14 at Canad Inns Stadium in Winnipeg.

Curling

 * Olympic champions:
 * Men's – Canada (Brad Gushue, Mark Nichols, Russ Howard, Jamie Korab, Mike Adam)
 * Women's – Sweden (Anette Norberg, Eva Lund, Cathrine Lindahl, Anna Svärd, Ulrika Bergman)
 * World champions:
 * Men's – Scotland (David Murdoch, Ewan MacDonald, Warwick Smith, Euan Byers, Peter Smith)
 * Women's – Sweden (Anette Norberg, Eva Lund, Cathrine Lindahl, Anna Svärd, Ulrika Bergman)

Cycling

 * 2006 Tour de France was won by Floyd Landis of the US, who subsequently failed a drugs test
 * 2006 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships held in Zeddam, Netherlands, and won by Erwin Vervecken (men) and Marianne Vos (women)
 * 2006 Giro d'Italia is won by Ivan Basso.
 * 2006 Vuelta a España is won by Alexander Vinokourov.

Figure skating

 * World Figure Skating Championships held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 * Men's champion: Stéphane Lambiel
 * Ladies' champion: Kimmie Meissner
 * Pair skating champions: Pang Qing and Tong Jian
 * Ice dancing champions: Albena Denkova and Maxim Staviski

Floorball

 * Men's World Floorball Championships
 * Champion: Sweden
 * Women's under-19 World Floorball Championships
 * Champion: Sweden
 * European Cup
 * Men's champion: Warberg IC
 * Women's champion: IKSU Innebandy

Gaelic Athletic Association

 * Gaelic football
 * All–Ireland Senior Football Championship, Kerry 4–15 Mayo 3-05
 * National Football League, Kerry 2–11 Galway 0–11
 * Hurling
 * All–Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Kilkenny 1–16 Cork 1–13

Gliding

 * World Gliding Championships held at Eskilstuna, Sweden
 * Open Class Winner: Michael Sommer, Germany; Glider: Alexander Schleicher ASW 22 BLE

Golf
Men's professional Men's amateur Women's professional Team event
 * Masters Tournament – Phil Mickelson
 * U.S. Open – Geoff Ogilvy
 * British Open – Tiger Woods
 * PGA Championship – Tiger Woods
 * PGA Tour money leader – Tiger Woods with $9,941,563
 * British Amateur – Julien Guerrier
 * U.S. Amateur – Richie Ramsay
 * European Amateur – Rory McIlroy
 * Kraft Nabisco Championship – Karrie Webb
 * LPGA Championship – Se Ri Pak
 * U.S. Women's Open – Annika Sörenstam
 * Women's British Open – Sherri Steinhauer
 * LPGA Tour money leader – Lorena Ochoa with $2,592,872
 * Team Europe wins the Ryder Cup for the third straight time, defeating Team USA 18½–9½.

Handball

 * 2006 European Men's Handball Championship: France
 * 2006 European Women's Handball Championship: Norway

Horse racing
Steeplechases Flat races
 * Cheltenham Gold Cup – War of Attrition
 * Grand National – Numbersixvalverde
 * Australia – Melbourne Cup won by Delta Blues
 * Canadian Triple Crown:
 * Queen's Plate – Edenwold
 * Prince of Wales Stakes – Shillelagh Slew
 * Breeders' Stakes – Royal Challenger
 * Dubai – Dubai World Cup won by Electrocutionist
 * France – Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe won by Rail Link
 * Ireland – Irish Derby won by Dylan Thomas
 * Japan – Japan Cup won by Deep Impact
 * English Triple Crown:
 * 2,000 Guineas Stakes – George Washington
 * The Derby – Sir Percy
 * St. Leger Stakes – Sixties Icon
 * United States Triple Crown:
 * Kentucky Derby – Barbaro
 * Preakness Stakes – Bernardini. Barbaro suffered a breakdown during the race and died from complications of the injury in January 2007.
 * Belmont Stakes – Jazil
 * Breeders' Cup World Thoroughbred Championships:
 * Breeders' Cup Classic – Invasor
 * Breeders' Cup Distaff – Round Pond
 * Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf – Ouija Board
 * Breeders' Cup Juvenile – Street Sense
 * Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies – Dreaming of Anna
 * Breeders' Cup Mile – Miesque's Approval
 * Breeders' Cup Sprint – Thor's Echo
 * Breeders' Cup Turf – Red Rocks

Ice hockey

 * February 17 – Swedish women's ice hockey team defeats the United States in the semi-final round in the 2006 Olympic games. This marks the first time that either the United States or Canada has lost to anyone other than each other.
 * February 26 – Sweden defeats Finland 3–2 to capture the men's gold medal at the 2006 Olympic games.
 * April 8 – Wisconsin Badgers defeat the Boston College Eagles for the NCAA National Championship.
 * Stanley Cup Finals – Carolina Hurricanes defeat the Edmonton Oilers 4 games to 3 to win the Stanley Cup

Lacrosse

 * World Lacrosse Championship – Canada 15–10 USA in London, Ontario, breaking a 28-year US winning streak.
 * National Lacrosse League – Champion's Cup won by Colorado Mammoth over Buffalo Bandits 16–9 at the HSBC Arena, Buffalo, New York
 * Major League Lacrosse – Steinfeld Cup won by Philadelphia Barrage over Denver Outlaws 23–12 at The Home Depot Center, Carson, California

Mixed martial arts
The following is a list of major noteworthy MMA events during 2006 in chronological order.

 * align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
 * align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Event
 * align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Alternate Name/s
 * align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
 * align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Attendance
 * align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|PPV Buyrate
 * align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
 * -align=center
 * January 16
 * UFC Ultimate Fight Night 3
 * Ultimate Fight Night 3
 * 🇺🇸 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
 * 1,008
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * February 4
 * UFC 57: Liddell vs. Couture 3
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
 * 11,000
 * 400,000
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * February 4
 * Cage Rage 15: Adrenalin Rush
 * N/A
 * 🏴 London, England
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * February 26
 * Pride 31: Unbreakable
 * Pride 31: Dreamers
 * 🇯🇵 Saitama, Japan
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * March 4
 * UFC 58: USA vs Canada
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
 * 9,569
 * 300,000
 * This was the first UFC event to hold a lightweight fight since UFC 49.
 * -align=center
 * March 10
 * Strikeforce: Shamrock vs. Gracie
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 San Jose, California, USA
 * 18,265
 * N/A
 * Strikeforce's first MMA event, after 20 years of kickboxing promotion. The event featured Frank Shamrock in his first fight since March 2003.
 * -align=center
 * March 15
 * K-1 Hero's 4
 * N/A
 * 🇯🇵 Tokyo, Japan
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * April 2
 * Pride Bushido 10
 * N/A
 * 🇯🇵 Tokyo, Japan
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * April 6
 * UFC Ultimate Fight Night 4
 * Ultimate Fight Night 4
 * 🇺🇸 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
 * 843
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * April 15
 * UFC 59: Reality Check
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Anaheim, California, USA
 * 13,814
 * 425,000
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * April 22
 * Cage Rage 16: Critical Condition
 * N/A
 * 🏴 London, England
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * April 29
 * IFL: Legends Championship 2006
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * IFL's first event; Start of 2006 IFL Season 1.
 * -align=center
 * May 3
 * K-1 Hero's 5
 * N/A
 * 🇯🇵 Tokyo, Japan
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * May 5
 * Pride Total Elimination Absolute
 * N/A
 * 🇯🇵 Osaka, Japan
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * Opening round to Pride GP 2006 openweight tournament.
 * -align=center
 * May 27
 * UFC 60: Hughes vs. Gracie
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Los Angeles, California, USA
 * 14,765
 * 620,000
 * The event featured Royce Gracie's return to the UFC since April 1995.
 * -align=center
 * June 3
 * IFL: Championship 2006
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * End of 2006 IFL Season 1.
 * -align=center
 * June 4
 * Pride Bushido Survival 2006
 * Pride Bushido 11 Pride Bushido Survival
 * 🇯🇵 Saitama, Japan
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * Opening round to Pride GP 2006 welterweight tournament.
 * -align=center
 * June 9
 * Strikeforce: Revenge
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 San Jose, California, USA
 * 10,374
 * N/A
 * This event featured Alistair Overeem's American debut. Prior to this Overeem fought exclusively in Europe and Japan since 1999.
 * -align=center
 * June 24
 * The Ultimate Fighter 3 Finale
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * Randy "The Natural" Couture was inducted into the UFC Hall of Fame at this event.
 * -align=center
 * June 28
 * UFC Ultimate Fight Night 5
 * Ultimate Fight Night 5
 * 🇺🇸 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
 * 606
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * July 1
 * Pride Critical Countdown Absolute
 * N/A
 * 🇯🇵 Saitama, Japan
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * Quarterfinals to Pride GP 2006 openweight tournament.
 * -align=center
 * July 1
 * Cage Rage 17: Ultimate Challenge
 * N/A
 * 🏴 London, England
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * July 8
 * UFC 61: Bitter Rivals
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
 * 11,167
 * 775,000
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * July 22
 * WFA: King of the Streets
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Los Angeles, California, USA
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * WFA's last event. The event featured Bas Rutten's only fight after retiring in 1999.
 * -align=center
 * August 5
 * K-1 Hero's 6
 * N/A
 * 🇯🇵 Tokyo, Japan
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * August 17
 * UFC Fight Night 6
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * August 26
 * UFC 62: Liddell vs. Sobral
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
 * 9,859
 * 500,000
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * August 26
 * Pride Bushido 12
 * Pride Bushido Survival 2nd Round
 * 🇯🇵 Nagoya, Japan
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * Quarterfinals to Pride GP 2006 welterweight tournament.
 * -align=center
 * September 9
 * IFL: Portland
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Portland, Oregon, USA
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * Start of 2006 IFL Season 2.
 * -align=center
 * September 10
 * Pride Final Conflict Absolute
 * N/A
 * 🇯🇵 Saitama, Japan
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * Semifinals and final to Pride GP 2006 openweight tournament. Mirko Filipović becomes the Pride 2006 openweight Grand Prix champion.
 * -align=center
 * September 23
 * IFL: Gracie vs. Miletich
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Moline, Illinois, USA
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * September 23
 * UFC 63: Hughes vs. Penn
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Anaheim, California, USA
 * 12,604
 * 400,000
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * September 30
 * Cage Rage 18: Battleground
 * N/A
 * 🏴 London, England
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * October 7
 * Strikeforce: Tank vs. Buentello
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Fresno, California, USA
 * 4,437
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * October 9
 * K-1 Hero's 7
 * N/A
 * 🇯🇵 Yokohama, Japan
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * October 10
 * Ortiz vs. Shamrock 3: The Final Chapter
 * UFC Fight Night 6.5
 * 🇺🇸 Hollywood, Florida, USA
 * 3,510
 * N/A
 * This event featured a third fight between, Tito Ortiz and Ken Shamrock. The show was aired on Spike TV and received 5.7 million viewers.
 * -align=center
 * October 14
 * UFC 64: Unstoppable
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
 * 10,173
 * 300,000
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * October 21
 * Pride 32: The Real Deal
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
 * 11,727
 * 40,000
 * This was the first Pride FC event held in the USA.
 * -align=center
 * November 2
 * IFL: World Championship Semifinals
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Portland, Oregon, USA
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * November 5
 * Pride Bushido 13
 * Pride Bushido Survival Finals
 * 🇯🇵 Yokohama, Japan
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * Semifinals and final to Pride GP 2006 welterweight tournament. Kazuo Misaki becomes the Pride 2006 welterweight Grand Prix champion.
 * -align=center
 * November 11
 * The Ultimate Fighter 4 Finale
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * November 11
 * K-1 Hero's Lithuania 2006
 * N/A
 * Lithuania
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * November 18
 * UFC 65: Bad Intentions
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Sacramento, California, USA
 * 14,666
 * 500,000
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * December 8
 * Strikeforce: Triple Threat
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 San Jose, California, USA
 * 8,701
 * N/A
 * This event featured one of the first major women's MMA bouts. Between Gina Carano and Elaina Maxwell.
 * -align=center
 * December 13
 * UFC Fight Night: Sanchez vs Riggs
 * UFC Fight Night 7
 * 🇺🇸 San Diego, California, USA
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * December 29
 * IFL: Championship Final
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Uncasville, Connecticut, USA
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * End of 2006 IFL Season 2.
 * -align=center
 * December 30
 * UFC 66: Liddell vs. Ortiz 2
 * N/A
 * 🇺🇸 Paradise, Nevada, USA
 * 13,761
 * 1,050,000
 * This is the first MMA event to receive over a million PPV buys.
 * -align=center
 * December 31
 * Pride Shockwave 2006
 * N/A
 * 🇯🇵 Saitama, Japan
 * 48,709
 * N/A
 * N/A
 * -align=center
 * December 31
 * K-1 PREMIUM 2006 Dynamite!!
 * N/A
 * 🇯🇵 Osaka, Japan
 * 51,930
 * N/A
 * Event featured ten K-1 Hero's MMA bouts and four K-1 kickboxing bouts.
 * -align=center
 * -align=center

Radiosport

 * 13th Amateur Radio Direction Finding World Championship held in Primorsko, Bulgaria.

Rugby league

 * February 3 at Galpharm Stadium, Huddersfield – 2006 World Club Challenge match is won by the Bradford Bulls 30–10 over the Wests Tigers before 19,207
 * March 18 at Canberra Stadium, Canberra – record for most points scored in Australian premiership history is broken with 102 scored in the Newcastle Knights' 70–32 win over the Canberra Raiders
 * May 5 at Suncorp Stadium, Brisbane – 2006 ANZAC Day Test is won by Australia 50–12 against New Zealand before 44,191
 * July 5 at Telstra Dome, Melbourne – 2006 State of Origin is won by Queensland in the third and deciding match against New South Wales 16–14 before 54,833
 * August 26 at Twickenham Stadium, London – 2006 Challenge Cup tournament culminates in St Helens R.F.C.'s 42–12 win over Huddersfield Giants in the final before 65,187
 * October 1 at Telstra Stadium, Sydney – 2006 NRL premiership culminates in the Brisbane Broncos' 15–8 win over the Melbourne Storm in the Grand Final before 79,609
 * October 14 at Old Trafford, Manchester – Super League XI culminates in St Helens R.F.C.'s 26–4 win over Hull F.C. in the Grand Final before 72,582
 * November 25 at Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney – 2006 Tri-nations tournament culminates in Australia's 16–12 win over New Zealand in the final before 27,325

Rugby union

 * 112th Six Nations Championship series is won by France
 * Sale Sharks win the Guinness Premiership
 * London Wasps win the 2005-06 Powergen Cup
 * Biarritz win the Top 14
 * Ulster win the Celtic League
 * Munster win the 2005-06 Heineken Cup
 * The Crusaders win the Super 14 final in foggy conditions.
 * The All Blacks win the 2006 Tri Nations Series
 * The Blue Bulls and the Free State Cheetahs share the Currie Cup in Bloemfontein after the final went into extra time and was drawn 28–28

Ski jumping

 * Four Hills Tournament – Janne Ahonen and Jakub Janda are joint winners, the first time in the tournament's 54-year history that it has been shared

Ski mountaineering

 * February–March – 2006 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering held in the Province of Cuneo in Italy

Speed skating

 * European Championships held at Hamar, Norway
 * Men's all-round: Enrico Fabris (Italy) with 151.523 points
 * Ladies' all-round: Claudia Pechstein (Germany) with 163.159 points
 * World Sprint Championships held at Heerenveen, Netherlands
 * Men: Joey Cheek (USA) with 139.990 points
 * Ladies: Svetlana Zhurova (Russia) with 153.625 points
 * World Allround Championships held at Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 * Men: Shani Davis (USA) with 145.742 points
 * Ladies: Cindy Klassen (Canada) with 154.580 points

Swimming

 * 8th World Short Course Championships held in Shanghai
 * Australia wins the most medals (24) and the most gold medals (12)
 * 28th European LC Championships held in Budapest
 * Italy and France win the most medals (15); Russia the most gold medals (7)
 * August 12 – Roland Schoeman breaks the short course world record in the men's 50m freestyle (short course) at Hamburg with a time of 20:98 seconds.
 * August 28 – at Hobart, Tasmania, Australian swimmer Libby Lenton betters Natalie Coughlin's world record in the women's 100m butterfly (short course) from 56:39 to 55:95

Tennis

 * Australian Open
 * Men's Final: Roger Federer (Switzerland) defeats Marcos Baghdatis (Cyprus)
 * Women's Final: Amélie Mauresmo (France) defeats Justine Henin-Hardenne (Belgium)
 * French Open
 * Men's Final: Rafael Nadal (Spain) defeats Roger Federer (Switzerland)
 * Women's Final: Justine Henin-Hardenne (Belgium) defeats Svetlana Kuznetsova (Russia)
 * Wimbledon Championships
 * Men's Final: Roger Federer (Switzerland) defeats Rafael Nadal (Spain)
 * Women's Final: Amélie Mauresmo (France) defeats Justine Henin-Hardenne (Belgium)
 * US Open
 * Men's Final: Roger Federer (Switzerland) defeats Andy Roddick (USA)
 * Women's Final: Maria Sharapova (Russia) defeats Justine Henin-Hardenne (Belgium)

Triathlon

 * ITU World Championships held in Lausanne, Switzerland

Volleyball

 * Men's World League: Brazil
 * 2006 Men's European Volleyball League: Netherlands
 * 2006 FIVB Men's World Championship: Brazil
 * Women's World Grand Prix: Brazil
 * 2006 FIVB Women's World Championship: Russia

Water polo

 * 2006 FINA Men's Water Polo World Cup: Serbia
 * 2006 FINA Men's Water Polo World League: Serbia
 * 2006 Men's European Water Polo Championship: Serbia
 * 2006 Women's European Water Polo Championship: Russia
 * 2006 FINA Women's Water Polo World League: USA

Weightlifting

 * 2006 World Weightlifting Championships in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

World University Championships

 * 2006 World University Championships

Multi-sport events

 * Central American and Caribbean Games held in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
 * 2006 Lusophony Games held in Macau, People's Republic of China.
 * 2006 Commonwealth Games held in Melbourne, Australia
 * 2006 Asian Games held in Doha, Qatar
 * 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy from February 10, 2006, through February 26, 2006.
 * 2006 Gay Games held in Chicago, United States from July 15 to July 22, 2006.

Awards

 * Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year – Tiger Woods, PGA golf
 * Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year – Lorena Ochoa, LPGA golf

title: 2006 in sports


text:
12 mm caliber

This is a list of firearm cartridges which have bullets in the 12 mm to 12.99 mm caliber range.

 * Length refers to the cartridge case length.
 * OAL refers to the overall length of the cartridge.
 * Bullet refers to the diameter of the bullet.

Some measurements are in millimetres, while others are measured in inches.

Rifle cartridges
Note: The .50 Sharps, Winchester, and US Government cartridges are actually of 13 mm caliber

title: 12 mm caliber


text:
Manduri

Manduri is a municipality (município) in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 9,910 (2020 est.) in an area of 229 km2. The elevation is 710 m.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1944.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Manduri


text:
Marabá Paulista

Marabá Paulista is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 5,948 (2020 est.) in an area of 920 km2. The elevation is 401 m.

The municipality contains part of the 246800 ha Great Pontal Reserve, created in 1942. It also contains 23% of the 6677 ha Mico Leão Preto Ecological Station, established in 2002.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Marabá Paulista


text:
Marabá, Pará

Marabá is a municipality in the state of Pará, Brazil. Its greatest geographic reference is the confluence of two large rivers near the historic city center, the Itacaiunas River and the Tocantins River, forming a "Y" if seen from space. It basically consists of six urban centers linked by five highways.

Marabá is the fourth-most-populous municipality in the state of Pará, approximately 283,542 inhabitants according to the IBGE/2020, and the fourth largest GDP in the state of Pará, with US$1.543.254,34 according to the IDESP/2010. It's the main center of political, social, and economic development in southern of Pará and one of the most dynamic municipalities in Brazil.

Marabá has a strategic position and is crossed by five highways. It also has a large logistics infrastructure, with a port, airport, and railway. The municipality has a growing industrial park. The steel industry is especially important to Marabá's vast agricultural frontier. Marabá also has a strong trade and services sector.

Marabá is characterized by its broad mix of peoples and cultures that do justice to the meaning of the town's nickname: "Son of Miscegenation."

Etymology
The word "Marabá" derives from the indigenous vocable "Mayr-Abá", which simply means "son of the indigenous woman with a white man."

A poem written by poet Gonçalves Dias inspired by the merchant Francisco Silva to its commercial name of "Casa Marabá" (Maraba House). This was located the banks of the Tocantins River, and served as a strategic business point for exchanging all kinds of products and services.

History
The settlement of the river basin Itacaiunas played an important factor in shaping the city, because even though this region was later colonized by the Portuguese Empire in the sixteenth century, remained without a permanent settler occupation for almost 300 years. Only in 1894 is, in fact, the space was occupied by settlers.

Colonization
The first to participate in the colonization of the territory of Marabá, in 1894, were the political leaders who had escaped from political guerrillas in the northern Province of Goiás, specifically the city of Boa Vista. One of those leaders was Carlos Leitao, who traveled with his group to the southeast of the province of Grão-Pará and established its first camp in downstream Itacaiunas River, in December 1894. A definitive village was established on the left bank of the Tocantins River, about 10 km downstream from the other camp, the place that Carlos Leitao called "Burgo do Itacayúna" (Burgo's Itacayúna). After a few months, the extraction of rubber latex began in the "Burgo's Itacayúna" region.

In 1895 Carlos Gomes Leitão asks the President of the Province of Grão-Pará, José Paes de Carvalho, funding for the extraction and commercialization of rubber in addition to getting drugs to be used specifically to combat tropical diseases. To get funding, Carlos Leitão disseminating information on the extraction of rubber in small colony of Burgo's Itacayúna and its surroundings. Immediately there is the first population explosion of the locality where the rubber tappers, fishermen and hunters settle in the village of Burgo.

Foundation of Pontal do Itacayúna
The merchant Francisco Coelho da Silva would have been the first to settle in the area downstream of Rio Itacaiunas, crucial to the foundation of the village of "Pontal do Itacayúna" (Pontal of Itacayúna). The goal of Francisco Silva, while riding the village of Pontal of Itacayúna, was to negotiate with the rubber tappers who sought to sell the rubber collected in the region.

The official historiography Francisco Silva assigns the authorship of the current name of the city. He had installed in the village of Pontal of Itacayúna a commercial point called "Casa Marabá" (House Marabá), which years later would be used to name the until then village Pontal of Itacayúna.

With the death of Colonel Carlos Leitão in 1903, the village of Burgo's Itacayúna is disabled and Leitão family along with other residents move to the village of Pontal do Itacayúna. In 1904 the village of the Pontal shall be called "Marabá" and host the borough, with the installation of the police detachment.

Formation of the municipality
The economy of the village of Marabá grew considerably supported by the extractive base, anchored in exports of rubber and Brazil-nut to U.S. and European markets. The economic importance gained, influenced the political aspects, so that in the years 1908 to 1909 a major rebellion occurred in Maraba, called of "Revolta dos Galegos" (Revolt of the Galicians). The rebellion was demanding political autonomy from the county of Baião, and the low prices paid for rubber and the highest interest rate on loans for collecting nuts and rubber.

Retaliating against the rebellion of Maraba the government of the province of Grão-Pará does not meet demands by emancipation. However the enormous pressure and influence of the local society has made the provincial government gave in and finally initiate negotiations for the creation of the municipality of Marabá.

That culminated on February 27, 1913 Maraba achieved political autonomy and became a municipality. The first mayor of Maraba was the military Antonio Maia, who took office as appointed by the President of the Province of Grão-Pará.

In subsequent years the migratory flow to the region of Marabá increased considerably. During the 1920s, immigrants moved to Maraba mainly to participate in the extraction and sale of Brazil nuts, andiroba, copaiba oils and rubber. And from the 1930s moved to Maraba, in order to work in the diamond mines that were on the banks of the Tocantins River.

In 1929, Marabá becomes illuminated by a power plant that operated the base from burning wood. In November 1935 the local airport is opened and the first plane lands in this. Maraba in this period consists of 450 houses and 1.500 inhabitants fixed.

The 1970s
With the construction of Highway PA-70, in 1969, Maraba is connected to the Belém-Brasília Highway. The implementation of road infrastructure was part of the Brazilian military government's strategy to integrate the Amazon region to the rest of the country. All this was part of the integration strategy of the Amazon territory, especially the region of Marabá, where was undertaken mainly the official plan of agricultural colonization, the construction of the Tucuruí Hydroelectric Power, the implementation of "Projeto Grande Carajás" (Greater Carajas Project), and even the discovery of large gold deposits of the Serra Pelada. All these projects were centered in Marabá, and contributed to the economic and population boom that occurred in the city between 1970 and 1980.

In 1970 the city was declared a National Security Area (legal position allowing direct intervention of the Brazilian central government), a condition that lasted until the end of the Brazilian military dictatorship in 1985. Besides having strategic importance to the policy of national integration, Marabá region was the only region of Brazil where there was fighting between the army and the guerrillas of the PCdoB party who want to topple the military regime and establish a communist regime in Brazil. Then performed an Araguaia guerrilla movement, which forced the Brazilian government to Marabá to send a large contingent of troops of the Brazilian Army. The city has become since then one of the bases for military operations troops of the Brazilian Armed Forces.

In 1970 it launched the "Programa de Integração Nacional" (National Integration Program), which, among other things, provided for the construction of the Trans-Amazon Highway, whose first section opened in 1971, along with the creation of a post of the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform in Marabá. With the completion of construction of the Trans-Amazon Highway, the flow of immigrants towards Maraba became very large, and in less than a decade the city has been radically transformed, from a small urban center on the banks of the Tocantins River (in Maraba time had only 20,000 inhabitants), a main city in the region with over 100,000 inhabitants.

The 1980s
In 1980 the city was devastated by the biggest flood in its history, when the Tocantins River rose 17.42 meters. As a result, there was a redesign of the city's expansion, with the construction of urban areas planned of the "Cidade Nova" (New City) and "Nova Marabá" (New Marabá), to the detriment of traditional urban area of the "Velha Marabá" (Old Marabá). New urban areas have also emerged over the decade, highlighting the "São Félix" (St. Félix) and the "Morada Nova" (New Morada).

In 1984, comes into operation the Carajás Railway, which has Marabá as center of operations; in 1988 and come into operation the first two steel mills for the production of pig iron.

In 1987 there was a conflict that became known as the Massacre of St. Boniface. The battle took place between the miners of Serra Pelada and the battalion of the "Polícia Militar" (Military Police of the state of Pará), with the support of the Brazilian Army. The event that preceded the massacre was blocking access to the Mixed Bridge of Marabá, in demonstration of the reopening of Serra Pelada mine and the lowering of the mining pit. A Police battalion was sent to unlock the bridge, but on reaching the spot shot with firearms against protesters to force their withdrawal. Officially nine people died in the conflict.

The municipality contains part of the 99271 ha Tapirapé Biological Reserve, a strictly protected conservation unit created in 1989.

Recent facts
In 2008, the industrial park of Marabá reaches its peak with the onset of steel production, declining in the same year due to the Great Recession that has hit the European, American and Chinese markets, which were the targets of local production.

The crisis greatly affected the collection of taxes and other local businesses, forcing layoffs and major disruptions of projects and investments. The effects in industrial park of Marabá were very large, forcing the closure of 10 of the 11 steel-metallurgical industries. The city's economy is slowly recovering, with the reopening of some steel mills since 2013.

In 2011, Marabá actively participated in all of southeast Pará plebiscite on division that defined the state of Pará. Marabá established itself during the process as the center of discussions in the region about the project division, to be the leading candidate to be state capital of Carajás. The plebiscite took place on December 11, 2011. Municipality at 93.26% of the votes were in favor of establishing Carajás.

Geography
Occupying an area of 15,092,268 km², Marabá counts, in 2017, with 271,594 inhabitants, being the tenth most populous municipality of the North region of Brazil. The municipal seat has the following geographical coordinates: 05º 21 '54 "South latitude and 049º 07' 24" longitude WGr. Located in southeastern Pará, in the Marabá microregion, it is bordered by the municipalities of: Novo Repartimento, Itupiranga, Nova Ipixuna and Rondon do Pará (to the north); São Geraldo do Araguaia, Eldorado dos Carajás, Curionópolis and Parauapebas (to the south); Bom Jesus do Tocantins, São João do Araguaia and São Domingos do Araguaia (to the east); and São Félix do Xingu (to the west).

The topography of the municipality of Marabá presents the highest altitudes in the Southeast region of Pará, through the Carajás, Sereno, Buritirama, Paredão, Encontro, Gray and Misteriosa mountains. Of this complex, stands out the Carajás mountain range, like the one of greater size. However, it is in the Serra do Cinzento that the maximum altitude of the municipality of Marabá is found, with 792 meters. The Carajás, Cinzento and Buritirana mountains are located in conservation areas, under federal jurisdiction, called the Tapirapé-Aquiri National Forest ( 196,504 ha sustainable use conservation unit created in 1989. ) and the Tapirapé Biological Reserve, where several caves are found. Its forms of relief are encompassed by the morphostructural unit denominated Peripheral Depression of the South of Pará, where they dominate the amazonian plateaus.

The vegetation cover of the municipality of Marabá is quite diverse. The fitofisionomy of the forests of the municipality of Marabá is characterized by three types: the open ombrophylous forest, the dense ombrophylous forest and the anthropic areas. In the urban area of Marabá, the anthropic forests predominate. Because of its diverse nature, the municipality holds one of the largest natural heritage sites in Brazil, housing large forest reserves such as the Tapirapé Biological Reserve, with 103,000 ha (1,030 km²), and the Tapirapé-Aquiri National Forest with 190,000 hectares ha (1,900 km²), in addition to the Mãe Maria Indigenous Land, with 64,488,416 ha (644.88 km²), which is close to the municipal seat of Marabá, belonging to the municipality of Bom Jesus do Tocantins.

Marabá is located in a low altitude area in the connexion of two rivers - Itacaiúnas and Tocantins - and suffers from annual floods due to the topography and direct influence of four rivers: Itacaiunas, Tocantins, Tauarizinho and Sororó. In addition to the basins related to these rivers, the municipality is inserted in the basins of the rivers Aquiri, Tapirape, Gray, Black, Parauapebas and Red. Of these, the basins of the Tapirapé, Cinzento and Preto rivers are included totally in the area of the municipality. The basin of Itacaiúnas stands out for bathing the whole municipality, in whose mouth is the municipal headquarters of Marabá and covers the largest area, that is, 5,383.4 km².

Economy
The municipality of Maraba experienced various economic cycles. Until the early 1980s economy was based on the extraction plant. At first revolved around the extraction of latex rubber, whose lucrative attracted large numbers of the Northeast. Since the late nineteenth century (1892) until the late 1940s, was marked by the extraction of the rubber boom that has contributed greatly to the economy of the city and the region, however, the rubber crisis led the council to a new cycle. This time, the cycle of Brazil nuts, which for years led the municipal economy. There was also the cycle of diamonds between 1920 and 1940, which were mainly found on the river Tocantins. With the discovery of Serra Pelada Maraba went through cycles of mining mostly the extraction of gold.

Since the early 1970s installation of the Grande Carajás project and steel industries diversified and boosted the local economy.

Primary sector
Today, Maraba is the economic center and a vast administrative region of the Amazon agricultural frontier ", the city has one of the most significant economic growth in the country. Livestock based on cattle ranching is an activity of great importance for the municipality, and ensure the livelihoods of the population, provides the regional and local development by creating large scale, and is marketed in different Brazilian regions and abroad. The herd area is highlighted by its superior quality, being one of the most important cattle herds of the state, a result arising from the use of advanced technology in the selection and fertilization. It has also herds of pigs, horses, sheep and poultry

The fishing sector also has a key role in local economic base by exporting its surplus for the entire north and northeast. Agriculture is diversified, with production cereals, pulses and oilseeds such as corn, rice and beans, fruits such as bananas and acai, and logging

Secondary sector
Through the Industrial Development Company of Para - CDI, was installed at the end of the eighties, in an area of 1,300 hectares, the industrial district of Maraba - DIM, to create the base of a steel pole targeting the Carajas iron ore, exploited by the mining company Vale.

Metallurgical Industries and intense livestock activity, accounted for a large environmental devastation in the region. The activity of the steel industry requires large amounts of coal, leading to a devastation of native forests. As a result of public pressure the industries were forced to change its production model, investing in reforestation and charcoal production through the babassu coconut palm.

Besides, to have more than 200 industries, and the steel (pig iron) most important, second is the timber industry and the manufacture of tiles and bricks. The city's economy also relies on the production of manganese and Agribusiness. In Maraba, Agribusiness works with pulp processing, cassava flour, rice processing, milk and palm.

The installation of steel plant came boost the local economy even more, forming a metal pole-mechanical, with a view to verticalize the local mineral production. There are still projects that seen during and after the installation of steel works, among them: The gas pipeline Açailândia-Maraba and construction of new port city.

Tertiary sector
The trade and services sector also has its share of contribution. Maraba has approximately 5 000 outlets divided between trade formed by micro, small, medium and large businesses and services, Hospital, Financial, Education, Construction and Public Utilities. It is a very powerful and comes with high rates of growth. This is because the strategy of state government, to decentralize services from the state capital, Belém. The city is increasingly gaining representation in hosting numerous public institutions. The trade of the city is highlighted, because the city is a major regional commercial hub of South and Southeast of Pará.

Marabá is served by João Correa da Rocha Airport.

Tourism
Bordered by two major rivers, the area offers tourism opportunities to residents and visitors, such as Tucunaré beach (Praia do Tucunaré), Municipal Museum, Orla do Rio, Povoado de Mumbuca, Carajas National Forest (Floresta Nacional De Carajas).

The Beach Peacock Bass is the most visited tourist spot in town. Emerging from the ebb of the Tocantins River, just after the rainy season the beach occupies an area of approximately 5 km ², of which three quarters are of fine sand and one quarter of vegetation. Situated opposite the central region of Maraba, the sands of the island are sighted in mid-April, but their high season is in July, making it the main attraction of the city.
 * Beach Tucunaré (Peacock Bass)

The beach provides vacationers, practice water sports and sandy, camping, fishing, and various attractions promoted by the Municipality.

 * Beach geladinho

Located opposite the district of São Félix, also appears in the summer with the decrease in the level of the river Tocantins. The rail and road bridge over the river Tocantins has been used to transport the ore extracted from the Serra dos Carajás. It was the first chapel built in Maraba. The first building was destroyed by the flooding of rivers in 1926, then another church was erected on the same site. It is the first historical heritage of the city, officially recognized on April 5, 1993. The church is located in Piazza San Felix, in the central city
 * Church of St. Felix of Valois

 * Palace Augusto Dias

Palace built in the 1930s, which served as the seat of legislative power and the judicial power of the municipality. Today it is a museum.

The Municipal Museum is installed at the Foundation House of Culture of Maraba and includes the following sectors: Division of Anthropology, Department of Botany, Department of Geology, Department of Archaeology and Department of Zoology. In addition to host school of Music, the municipal public archives, the Museum makes several studies on the region southeast of Pará, rescuing and preserving local history. The museum has the support and guidance of the Goeldi Museum, in relation to the training of technicians and identification of the material through an agreement with the institution. The Municipal Museum of Maraba is one of Brazil's most respected institutions in the framework of research, rescue, environmental and historical preservation.
 * Municipal Museum of Maraba

Sport
Águia de Marabá Futebol Clube, the city's principal football club won the state championship in 2010 and reached the Copa do Brasil semi-finals in 2009. In 2010, it placed 8th on the National Championship's Serie C.

Urban subdivisions
Maraba is subdivided into six urban centers:
 * Cidade Nova
 * Industrial
 * Morada Nova
 * Nova Marabá
 * São Félix
 * Velha Marabá

Infrastructure
Marabá has a significant infrastructure compared to the municipalities of the Carajás region, but compared to other medium cities in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, it is far below this level.

The service of water and sewage of Marabá is made by Sanitation Company of Pará (Companhia de Saneamento do Pará - Cosanpa). The water consumed by the inhabitants of Marabá comes from the Tocantins and Itacaiunas rivers, which goes through treatment in the municipal water treatment plants.

The electric power is provided by the company Power Plants of Pará (Centrais Elétricas do Pará - Celpa), which has four substations, one in the neighborhood of Folha 19, one in the Jardim Vitória neighborhood, one in the Gabriel Pimenta neighborhood (Morada Nova district) and another in the Industrial district. The substation located in the district of Morada Nova, is the distribution center of the North-South network of the Eletrobrás system, which supplies power to the Southeast of Brazil.

In December 2017, Marabá had 53 banks and financial establishments, between branches and service stations, with credit operations at 288 112,00 thousand reais (2008), and savings of 109,804 thousand reais (2008), in addition to nine agencies and a regional Post Office.

Education
Marabá counts on schools in practically all the regions of the municipality, however, it is far from being among its best indicators. The schools in the state network have infra-structure below the ideal, and are mostly scrapped, mainly in the rural area. The municipal school network has schools in better conditions reaching the goal of the IDEB 2015 for the municipality (4.1), however, in the general assessment according to the Public Prosecutor's Office, education is still poor quality.

Regarding professional and higher education, the municipality counts about 30 units of education, a relatively high number, compared to municipalities that are not capitals in the northern region of Brazil. The public universities maintain 7 campus and poles in the municipality, with emphasis on the Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, the Pará State University and the Federal Institute of Pará (the latter with the path of becoming the Federal Institute of the South and Southeast of Pará). With this profile, Marabá is considered the first locality of the interior of the Amazon with profile of "polo/university city".

Statistics

 * Elevation: 84 m
 * Climate: Equatorial hot and dry
 * Average annual temperature: 32 °C
 * Latitude South 05° 22' 08"
 * Longitude West: 49° 07' 04"

Distances from other cities:

 * Araguaína: 287 km
 * Belém: 553 km
 * Brasília: 1.407 km
 * Fortaleza: 1.468 km
 * Goiânia: 1.422 km
 * Imperatriz: 235 km
 * Palmas: 664 km
 * Parauapebas: 171 km
 * Rio de Janeiro: 2.566 km
 * São Luís: 805 km
 * São Paulo: 2.349 km
 * Teresina: 883 km
 * Salvador: 1963 km
 * Belo Horizonte: 2135 km
 * Buenos Aires, Argentina; 4107 km
 * Asunción, Paraguai: 3049 km

title: Marabá, Pará


text:
.41 Remington Magnum

The .41 Remington Magnum, also known as .41 Magnum or 10.4×33mmR (as it is known in unofficial metric designation), is a center fire firearms cartridge primarily developed for use in large-frame revolvers, introduced in 1964 by the Remington Arms Company, intended for hunting and law enforcement purposes.

Development
In 1963, Elmer Keith and Bill Jordan, with some help from Skeeter Skelton, petitioned Smith & Wesson, Remington, and Norma to produce a pistol and ammunition in .41 caliber which would fall between the extant .357 Magnum and .44 Magnum cartridges in ballistic performance, and at the same time address perceived shortcomings with those loads. While as early as 1955 Keith had suggested a new, medium-powered ".41 Special" cartridge, this idea was passed over in favor of the higher-powered "Magnum" option, and the Special survives only as a custom wildcat cartridge, bearing roughly the same relation to the .41 Magnum as the .38 Special does to the .357 Magnum and as the .44 Special does to the .44 Magnum.

The .357 Magnum suffered from restricted terminal ballistic effectiveness in the early 1960s, as jacketed hollow point bullets were not yet commonly available, and the manufacturers' standard loadings consisted of simple lead bullets. The powerful .44 Magnum, primarily a heavy hunting round, was considered overkill for police use, generating too much recoil for control under rapid fire. In addition, the revolvers chambered for the .44 Magnum were considered too large, bulky, and heavy for police to carry.

Keith's original vision called for dual power levels in the .41, a heavy magnum load pushing a 210 gr JHP at a muzzle velocity of 1,300 –, and a milder police loading which was to send a 200 gr semiwadcutter downrange at around 900 ft/s.

These plans went awry due to an ongoing fascination in the firearms community with high-powered cartridges; Remington was swayed by this community's influence and instead of following Keith's blueprint, chose to emphasize the performance of the new cartridge. As a result, the .41 "Magnum" load was released at an advertised 1,500 ft/s, and even the "light" police loading was introduced with a 210 gr lead semiwadcutter "warmed up" to about 1,150 ft/s. However, the police load as delivered was regarded as overpowered by most law enforcement agencies, many of which were still using .38 Special revolvers.

Additionally, Smith & Wesson had simply adapted their large N-frame revolvers for the new cartridge, which did not address size and weight concerns. The Model 58, targeted for the law enforcement market, was introduced on July 10, 1964. Weighing 41 oz, the Model 58 compared unfavorably with other revolvers available at the time, such as Smith's own 34 oz Model 10 in .38 Special.

These combined factors mostly eliminated the .41 Magnum from consideration for its intended market as a law enforcement firearm, although it continued to be touted as such and was adopted by a few law enforcement agencies.

For a handgun cartridge, the bolt thrust is considerable at C.I.P. conform maximum loads and an important factor in weapons design. The greater the bolt thrust, the stronger the locking mechanism has to be to withstand it. Smith & Wesson produced a high-end, premium revolver in .41 Magnum, the Model 57, identical to the .44 Magnum-chambered Model 29. Magnum Research's Desert Eagle division produced a .41 Magnum in their semi-automatic Mark VII. Sturm Ruger also produced their Blackhawk single-action revolver in .41 Magnum.

A couple of manufacturers have produced lever-action rifles chambered in .41 Magnum. Marlin produced four variants of its Model 1894, but no longer offers any model chambered for it. Henry Repeating Arms introduced a .41 Magnum variant of their Big Boy Steel model in 2016.

Market reception
The .41 Magnum never enjoyed the popularity and success of either the .357 Magnum or .44 Magnum cartridges, but is still prized by handgun hunters as some feel it generates somewhat lighter recoil and slightly flatter bullet trajectory at long range than the .44 Magnum. Nevertheless, the .44 Magnum still catalogs a greater variety of heavier bullet weight offerings which are more effective on larger game, and boast a slight edge in power when using the heaviest factory loads, or if pushed to the edge by handloading (heavier bullets or bullets of different types). Marshall and Sanow called the .41 Magnum "one of our most unappreciated calibers".

title: .41 Remington Magnum


text:
Super-Poincaré algebra

In theoretical physics, a super-Poincaré algebra is an extension of the Poincaré algebra to incorporate supersymmetry, a relation between bosons and fermions. They are examples of supersymmetry algebras (without central charges or internal symmetries), and are Lie superalgebras. Thus a super-Poincaré algebra is a Z2-graded vector space with a graded Lie bracket such that the even part is a Lie algebra containing the Poincaré algebra, and the odd part is built from spinors on which there is an anticommutation relation with values in the even part.

Informal sketch
The Poincaré algebra describes the isometries of Minkowski spacetime. From the representation theory of the Lorentz group, it is known that the Lorentz group admits two inequivalent complex spinor representations, dubbed $$2$$ and $$\overline{2}$$. Taking their tensor product, one obtains $$2\otimes \overline{2}=3\oplus 1$$; such decompositions of tensor products of representations into direct sums is given by the Littlewood–Richardson rule.

Normally, one treats such a decomposition as relating to specific particles: so, for example, the pion, which is a chiral vector particle, is composed of a quark-anti-quark pair. However, one could also identify $$3\oplus 1$$ with Minkowski spacetime itself. This leads to a natural question: if Minkowski space-time belongs to the adjoint representation, then can Poincaré symmetry be extended to the fundamental representation? Well, it can: this is exactly the super-Poincaré algebra. There is a corresponding experimental question: if we live in the adjoint representation, then where is the fundamental representation hiding? This is the program of supersymmetry, which has not been found experimentally.

History
The super-Poincaré algebra was first proposed in the context of the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem, as a means of avoiding the conclusions of the Coleman–Mandula theorem. That is, the Coleman–Mandula theorem is a no-go theorem that states that the Poincaré algebra cannot be extended with additional symmetries that might describe the internal symmetries of the observed physical particle spectrum. However, the Coleman–Mandula theorem assumed that the algebra extension would be by means of a commutator; this assumption, and thus the theorem, can be avoided by considering the anti-commutator, that is, by employing anti-commuting Grassmann numbers. The proposal was to consider a supersymmetry algebra, defined as the semidirect product of a central extension of the super-Poincaré algebra by a compact Lie algebra of internal symmetries.

Definition
The simplest supersymmetric extension of the Poincaré algebra contains two Weyl spinors with the following anti-commutation relation:
 * $$\{Q_{\alpha}, \bar Q_{\dot{\beta}}\} = 2{\sigma^\mu}_{\alpha\dot{\beta}}P_\mu $$

and all other anti-commutation relations between the Qs and Ps vanish. The operators $$Q_\alpha, \bar Q_\dot\alpha$$ are known as supercharges. In the above expression $$P_\mu$$ are the generators of translation and $$\sigma^\mu$$ are the Pauli matrices. The index $$\alpha$$ runs over the values $$\alpha=1,2.$$ A dot is used over the index $$\dot{\beta}$$ to remind that this index transforms according to the inequivalent conjugate spinor representation; one must never accidentally contract these two types of indexes. The Pauli matrices can be considered to be a direct manifestation of the Littlewood–Richardson rule mentioned before: they indicate how the tensor product $$2\otimes\overline{2}$$ of the two spinors can be re-expressed as a vector. The index $$\mu$$ of course ranges over the space-time dimensions $$\mu=0,1,2,3.$$

It is convenient to work with Dirac spinors instead of Weyl spinors; a Dirac spinor can be thought of as an element of $$2\oplus\overline{2}$$; it has four components. The Dirac matrices are thus also four-dimensional, and can be expressed as direct sums of the Pauli matrices. The tensor product then gives an algebraic relation to the Minkowski metric $$ g^{\mu \nu} $$ which is expressed as:

 * $$ \{ \gamma^\mu,\gamma^\nu \} = 2g^{\mu \nu} $$

and
 * $$ \sigma^{\mu \nu}=\frac{i}{2}\left[ \gamma^\mu,\gamma^\nu \right] $$

This then gives the full algebra

 * $$\begin{align}

\left[ M^{\mu \nu}, Q_\alpha \right] &= \frac{1}{2} ( \sigma^{\mu \nu})_\alpha^{\;\;\beta} Q_\beta \\

\left[ Q_\alpha, P^\mu \right] &= 0 \\

\{ Q_\alpha, \bar{Q}_{\dot{\beta}} \} &= 2 ( \sigma^\mu )_{\alpha \dot{\beta}} P_\mu \\ \end{align}$$

which are to be combined with the normal Poincaré algebra. It is a closed algebra, since all Jacobi identities are satisfied and can have since explicit matrix representations. Following this line of reasoning will lead to supergravity.

Extended supersymmetry
It is possible to add more supercharges. That is, we fix a number which by convention is labelled $$\mathcal{N}$$, and define supercharges $$Q^I_\alpha, \bar Q^I_\dot\alpha$$ with $$I = 1, \cdots, \mathcal{N}.$$

These can be thought of as many copies of the original supercharges, and hence satisfy
 * $$[M^{\mu\nu}, Q^I_\alpha] = (\sigma^{\mu\nu})_\alpha{}^\beta Q^I_\beta$$
 * $$[P^\mu, Q^I_\alpha] = 0$$

and
 * $$\{Q^I_\alpha, \bar Q^J_\dot\alpha\} = 2\sigma^\mu_{\alpha\dot\alpha}P_\mu\delta^{IJ}$$

but can also satisfy
 * $$\{Q^I_\alpha, Q^J_\beta\} = \epsilon_{\alpha\beta}Z^{IJ}$$

and
 * $$\{\bar Q^I_\dot\alpha, \bar Q^J_\dot\beta\} = \epsilon_{\dot\alpha\dot\beta}Z^{\dagger IJ}$$

where $$Z^{IJ} = -Z^{JI}$$ is the central charge.

Super-Poincaré group and superspace
Just as the Poincaré algebra generates the Poincaré group of isometries of Minkowski space, the super-Poincaré algebra, an example of a Lie super-algebra, generates what is known as a supergroup. This can be used to define superspace with $$\mathcal{N}$$ supercharges: these are the right cosets of the Lorentz group within the $$\mathcal{N}$$ super-Poincaré group.

Just as $$P_\mu$$ has the interpretation as being the generator of spacetime translations, the charges $$Q^I_\alpha, \bar Q^I_\dot\alpha$$, with $$I = 1, \cdots, \mathcal{N}$$, have the interpretation as generators of superspace translations in the 'spin coordinates' of superspace. That is, we can view superspace as the direct sum of Minkowski space with 'spin dimensions' labelled by coordinates $$\theta^I_\alpha, \bar\theta^{I\dot\alpha}$$. The supercharge $$Q^I_\alpha$$ generates translations in the direction labelled by the coordinate $$\theta^I_\alpha.$$ By counting, there are $$4\mathcal{N}$$ spin dimensions.

Notation for superspace
The superspace consisting of Minkowski space with $$\mathcal{N}$$ supercharges is therefore labelled $$\mathbb{R}^{1,3|4\mathcal{N}}$$ or sometimes simply $$\mathbb{R}^{4|4\mathcal{N}}$$.

SUSY in 3 + 1 Minkowski spacetime
In $(1/2, 0)$ Minkowski spacetime, the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem states that the SUSY algebra with N spinor generators is as follows.

The even part of the star Lie superalgebra is the direct sum of the Poincaré algebra and a reductive Lie algebra B (such that its self-adjoint part is the tangent space of a real compact Lie group). The odd part of the algebra would be
 * $$\left(\frac{1}{2},0\right)\otimes V\oplus\left(0,\frac{1}{2}\right)\otimes V^*$$

where $$(1/2,0)$$ and $$(0,1/2)$$ are specific representations of the Poincaré algebra. (Compared to the notation used earlier in the article, these correspond $$\overline{2}\oplus 1$$ and $$1\oplus 2$$, respectively, also see the footnote where the previous notation was introduced). Both components are conjugate to each other under the * conjugation. V is an N-dimensional complex representation of B and V* is its dual representation. The Lie bracket for the odd part is given by a symmetric equivariant pairing {.,.} on the odd part with values in the even part. In particular, its reduced intertwiner from $$\left[\left(\frac{1}{2},0\right)\otimes V\right]\otimes\left[\left(0,\frac{1}{2}\right)\otimes V^*\right]$$ to the ideal of the Poincaré algebra generated by translations is given as the product of a nonzero intertwiner from $$\left(\frac{1}{2},0\right)\otimes\left(0,\frac{1}{2}\right)$$ to (1/2,1/2) by the "contraction intertwiner" from $$V\otimes V^*$$ to the trivial representation. On the other hand, its reduced intertwiner from $$\left[\left(\frac{1}{2},0\right)\otimes V\right]\otimes \left[\left(\frac{1}{2},0\right)\otimes V\right]$$ is the product of a (antisymmetric) intertwiner from $$\left(\frac{1}{2},0\right)\otimes\left(\frac{1}{2},0\right)$$ to (0,0) and an antisymmetric intertwiner A from $$N^2$$ to B. Conjugate it to get the corresponding case for the other half.

N = 1
B is now $$\mathfrak{u}(1)$$ (called R-symmetry) and V is the 1D representation of $$\mathfrak{u}(1)$$ with charge 1. A (the intertwiner defined above) would have to be zero since it is antisymmetric.

Actually, there are two versions of N=1 SUSY, one without the $$\mathfrak{u}(1)$$ (i.e. B is zero-dimensional) and the other with $$\mathfrak{u}(1)$$.

N = 2
B is now $$\mathfrak{su}(2)\oplus \mathfrak{u}(1)$$ and V is the 2D doublet representation of $$\mathfrak{su}(2)$$ with a zero $$\mathfrak{u}(1)$$ charge. Now, A is a nonzero intertwiner to the $$\mathfrak{u}(1)$$ part of B.

Alternatively, V could be a 2D doublet with a nonzero $$\mathfrak{u}(1)$$ charge. In this case, A would have to be zero.

Yet another possibility would be to let B be $$\mathfrak{u}(1)_A\oplus \mathfrak{u}(1)_B \oplus \mathfrak{u}(1)_C$$. V is invariant under $$\mathfrak{u}(1)_B$$ and $$\mathfrak{u}(1)_C$$ and decomposes into a 1D rep with $$\mathfrak{u}(1)_A$$ charge 1 and another 1D rep with charge -1. The intertwiner A would be complex with the real part mapping to $$\mathfrak{u}(1)_B$$ and the imaginary part mapping to $$\mathfrak{u}(1)_C$$.

Or we could have B being $$\mathfrak{su}(2)\oplus \mathfrak{u}(1)_A\oplus \mathfrak{u}(1)_B$$ with V being the doublet rep of $$\mathfrak{su}(2)$$ with zero $$\mathfrak{u}(1)$$ charges and A being a complex intertwiner with the real part mapping to $$\mathfrak{u}(1)_A$$ and the imaginary part to $$\mathfrak{u}(1)_B$$.

This doesn't even exhaust all the possibilities. We see that there is more than one N = 2 supersymmetry; likewise, the SUSYs for N > 2 are also not unique (in fact, it only gets worse).

N = 3
It is theoretically allowed, but the multiplet structure becomes automatically the same with that of an N=4 supersymmetric theory. So it is less often discussed compared to N=1,2,4 version.

N = 4
This is the maximal number of supersymmetries in a theory without gravity.

N = 8
This is the maximal number of supersymmetries in any supersymmetric theory. Beyond $$\mathcal{N} = 8$$, any massless supermultiplet contains a sector with helicity $$\lambda$$ such that $$|\lambda| > 2$$. Such theories on Minkowski space must be free (non-interacting).

SUSY in various dimensions
In 0 + 1, 2 + 1, 3 + 1, 4 + 1, 6 + 1, 7 + 1, 8 + 1, and 10 + 1 dimensions, a SUSY algebra is classified by a positive integer N.

In 1 + 1, 5 + 1 and 9 + 1 dimensions, a SUSY algebra is classified by two nonnegative integers (M, N), at least one of which is nonzero. M represents the number of left-handed SUSYs and N represents the number of right-handed SUSYs.

The reason of this has to do with the reality conditions of the spinors.

Hereafter d = 9 means d = 8 + 1 in Minkowski signature, etc. The structure of supersymmetry algebra is mainly determined by the number of the fermionic generators, that is the number N times the real dimension of the spinor in d dimensions. It is because one can obtain a supersymmetry algebra of lower dimension easily from that of higher dimensionality by the use of dimensional reduction.

Upper bound on dimension of supersymmetric theories
The maximum allowed dimension of theories with supersymmetry is $$d = 11 = 10 + 1$$, which admits a unique theory called 11-dimensional supergravity which is the low-energy limit of M-theory. This incorporates supergravity: without supergravity, the maximum allowed dimension is $$d = 10 = 9 + 1$$.

d = 11
The only example is the N = 1 supersymmetry with 32 supercharges.

d = 10
From d = 11, N = 1 SUSY, one obtains N = (1, 1) nonchiral SUSY algebra, which is also called the type IIA supersymmetry. There is also N = (2, 0) SUSY algebra, which is called the type IIB supersymmetry. Both of them have 32 supercharges.

N = (1, 0) SUSY algebra with 16 supercharges is the minimal susy algebra in 10 dimensions. It is also called the type I supersymmetry. Type IIA / IIB / I superstring theory has the SUSY algebra of the corresponding name. The supersymmetry algebra for the heterotic superstrings is that of type I.

title: Super-Poincaré algebra


text:
Maracaí

Maracaí is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 14,036 (2020 est.) in an area of 534 km2. The elevation is 435 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Maracaí


text:
User talk:InHere

Arbitration
I have requested arbitration about you at Requests for arbitration. Feel free to respond there. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 17:08, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:InHere


text:
Marapoama

Marapoama is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 3,064 (2020 est.) in an area of 111 km2. The elevation is 467.0 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Marapoama


text:
Talk:Yoshito Matsushige

"I started this page"
I started this page. Discussions welcome. I watched "Days that shook the world" (my fave show) from the Viasat History Channel, and not much info there...

...added by Revolutionary at 17:11, 11 October 2004

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title: Talk:Yoshito Matsushige


text:
Mariápolis

Mariápolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 4,091 (2020 est.) in an area of 187 km2. The elevation is 410 m. The town was founded in 1943 by Jan Antonín Baťa as part of his expansion of the Bata shoe company, founded by his brother Tomáš.

Other towns in Brazil linked to Baťa include Anaurilândia, Batatuba, Bataguassu, and Batayporã.

title: Mariápolis


text: User talk:80.168.17.114

title: User talk:80.168.17.114


text:
User talk:Sheilnaikdotcom

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Image copyright problem with Image:Jerryrice.jpg
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The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you have questions about copyright tagging of images, post on Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags or User talk:Carnildo/images. 13:07, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Image:TomBrady.jpg
Hey Sheilnaikdotcom. There is a lively debate about use of promo photos on wikipedia. My name is Jeff and I Do not support the interpretation of WP:FU as implemented by user's like User:Chowbok. They believe that Wikipedia should be free of all promotional photos that are "replaceable with an equivalent" (i.e. an amateur photo from flickr). Their rationale is being debated in many places, and take it a step further believing that all promo photos should be deleted and let someone else deal with finding and uploading a free alternative.

 * WikiProject Fair use
 * Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fair_use specifically this thread
 * Requests for comment/Chowbok
 * Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_comment/Chowbok
 * User:Chowbok/Robth%27s_RFU_Explanation
 * Image_Talk:Jennifer Granholm.jpg

And many other places I've no doubt missed.

I and many others who support use of fair use promotional photos have not been successful in changing the actions of Chowbok and rampant deletion and changing of many hundred's of useful images from Wikipedia articles continues. One good example is the Jennifer Granholm article which had a great promo photo replaced by a terrible photo. I seek to raise the profile of this issue through challenging promotional photos on high profile article's like this one. I'm sorry, really I am, but fair use policy as implemented by Chowbok has left me with few viable options.

I invite you to join the battle for Promotional Photo usage on Wikipedia and the protection of Fair Use concepts. --Jeff 07:34, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sheilnaikdotcom


text:
Martinópolis

Martinópolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 26,628 (2020 est.) in an area of 1254 km2. The elevation is 488 m.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1938.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Famous people

 * Ary Toledo, (1937), humorist, singer, showman. And Youtuber Felipe Hayashii.

title: Martinópolis


text:
Marinópolis

Marinópolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 2,106 (2020 est.) in an area of 77.8 km². The elevation is 408 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Marinópolis


text:
User talk:Jimmod

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Image copyright problem with Image:Rockys_boots_anns_enigma.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Rockys_boots_anns_enigma.gif. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 08:16, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Rockys_boots_unpurple_non_diamond.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Rockys_boots_unpurple_non_diamond.gif. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 08:38, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jimmod