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Pseudo-Isidore

Pseudo-Isidore is the conventional name for the unknown Carolingian-era author (or authors) behind an extensive corpus of influential forgeries. Pseudo-Isidore's main object was to provide accused bishops with an array of legal protections amounting to de facto immunity from trial and conviction; to secure episcopal autonomy within the diocese; and to defend the integrity of church property. The forgeries accomplished this goal, in part, by aiming to expand the legal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome.

Historical background
Pseudo-Isidore worked in the second quarter of the ninth-century, in the archiepiscopal province of Reims. A likely candidate is an ordination of Ebbo, then archbishop of Rheims. His sympathies lay with the rank-and-file Frankish episcopate. Decades of royally sponsored church reform had contributed substantially to the prominence and political importance of Frankish bishops; it also contributed to their legal vulnerability, as the reign of Louis I the Pious saw a series of sensational episcopal trials and depositions. Pseudo-Isidore was also heir to a long tradition of Carolingian church reform, and his forgeries also include a wide array of themes reflecting Frankish liturgical, doctrinal, educational and administrative aspirations.

Content
A major constituent of Pseudo-Isidore's output consists of a collection of forged capitulary legislation ascribed to Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. These False Capitularies, which consist mostly of excerpts from genuine biblical, patristic and legal sources, are false primarily in the sense that almost none of them were ever promulgated by the Frankish kings. Among the many genuine items are also select forged capitula that advance the Pseudo-Isidorian program. In a preface, the pseudonymous compiler, Benedictus Levita (Benedict the Deacon) claims that he found these neglected capitularies in the archives of the cathedral at Mainz; and that the former Archbishop Otgar of Mainz ordered him to collect this material for posterity. Because Benedict seems to acknowledge that Otgar is dead at the time of his writing, it has been possible to date his preface to the years after 847.

Pseudo-Isidore also developed a small series of more minor forgeries which we find as appendices in manuscripts of the False Decretals. These include the Capitula Angilramni, a brief collection on criminal procedure allegedly given to Bishop Angilram of Metz by Pope Hadrian I; and a series of excerpts from the Rusticus version of the Council of Chalcedon.

Authorship
The names assumed by Pseudo-Isidore, including Isidorus Mercator (conflated from the names of Isidore of Seville and Marius Mercator). Klaus Zechiel-Eckes claims that Pseudo-Isidore did important research at the library of the monastery of Corbie, in the Reims suffragan diocese of Amiens.

Zechiel-Eckes believed that the prominent theologian and abbot of Corbie, Paschasius Radbertus (abbot 842–847) was to be identified with Pseudo-Isidore; and that the earliest phase of work on the forgeries, amounting to a subset of the False Decretals, was completed in the later 830s. These theories once commanded wide support, but today they are increasingly disputed. Eric Knibbs has argued that older, traditional dating schemes, which placed the False Decretals in the 840s or early 850s, were essentially correct. Several decretal forgeries contain material that aims to justify Ebo in his episcopal translation to the bishopric at Hildesheim after 845. It has also emerged that the decretal forgeries incorporate many items from a mid-ninth-century Corbie manuscript of the works of Ennodius of Pavia, which would seem to preclude any dates for the decretal forgeries substantially before the 840s.

Manuscripts
Well over a hundred medieval manuscripts containing Pseudo-Isidorian material survive. The vast majority—around 100—carry copies of the False Decretals.

Influence
The final proof of forgery was provided by Calvinist preacher David Blondel, who discovered that the popes from the early centuries quoted extensively from much-later authors and published his findings (Pseudoisidorus et Turrianus vapulantes) in 1628.

title: Pseudo-Isidore


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Medical Subject Headings

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a comprehensive controlled vocabulary for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. It serves as a thesaurus that facilitates searching. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed article database and by NLM's catalog of book holdings. MeSH is also used by ClinicalTrials.gov registry to classify which diseases are studied by trials registered in ClinicalTrials.

MeSH was introduced in the 1960s, with the NLM's own index catalogue and the subject headings of the Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus (1940 edition) as precursors. The yearly printed version of MeSH was discontinued in 2007; MeSH is now available only online. It can be browsed and downloaded free of charge through PubMed. Originally in English, MeSH has been translated into numerous other languages and allows retrieval of documents from different origins.

Structure
MeSH vocabulary is divided into four types of terms. The main ones are the "headings" (also known as MeSH headings or descriptors ), which describe the subject of each article (e.g., "Body Weight", "Brain Edema" or "Critical Care Nursing"). Most of these are accompanied by a short description or definition, links to related descriptors, and a list of synonyms or very similar terms (known as entry terms). MeSH contains approximately 30,000 entries and is updated annually to reflect changes in medicine and medical terminology. MeSH terms are arranged in alphabetic order and in a hierarchical structure by subject categories with more specific terms arranged beneath broader terms. When we search for a MeSH term, the most specific MeSH terms are automatically included in the search. This is known as the extended search or explode of that MeSH term. This additional information and the hierarchical structure (see below) make the MeSH essentially a thesaurus, rather than a plain subject headings list.

The second type of term, MeSH subheadings or qualifiers (see below), can be used with MeSH terms to more completely describe a particular aspect of a subject, such as adverse, diagnostic or genetic effects. For example, the drug therapy of asthma is displayed as asthma/drug therapy.

The remaining two types of term are those that describe the type of material that the article represents (publication types), and supplementary concept records (SCR) which describes substances such as chemical products and drugs that are not included in the headings (see below as "Supplements").

Descriptor hierarchy
The descriptors or subject headings are arranged in a hierarchy. A given descriptor may appear at several locations in the hierarchical tree. The tree locations carry systematic labels known as tree numbers, and consequently one descriptor can carry several tree numbers. For example, the descriptor "Digestive System Neoplasms" has the tree numbers C06.301 and C04.588.274; C stands for Diseases, C06 for Digestive System Diseases and C06.301 for Digestive System Neoplasms; C04 for Neoplasms, C04.588 for Neoplasms By Site, and C04.588.274 also for Digestive System Neoplasms. The tree numbers of a given descriptor are subject to change as MeSH is updated. Every descriptor also carries a unique alphanumerical ID that will not change.

Descriptions
Most subject headings come with a short description or definition. See the MeSH description for diabetes type 2 as an example. The explanatory text is written by the MeSH team based on their standard sources if not otherwise stated. References are mostly encyclopaedias and standard textbooks of the subject areas. References for specific statements in the descriptions are not given; instead, readers are referred to the bibliography.

Qualifiers
In addition to the descriptor hierarchy, MeSH contains a small number of standard qualifiers (also known as subheadings), which can be added to descriptors to narrow down the topic. For example, "Measles" is a descriptor and "epidemiology" is a qualifier; "Measles/epidemiology" describes the subheading of epidemiological articles about Measles. The "epidemiology" qualifier can be added to all other disease descriptors. Not all descriptor/qualifier combinations are allowed since some of them may be meaningless. In all there are 83 different qualifiers.

Supplements
In addition to the descriptors, MeSH also contains some 318,000 supplementary concept records. These do not belong to the controlled vocabulary as such; instead they enlarge the thesaurus and contain links to the closest fitting descriptor to be used in a MEDLINE search. Many of these records describe chemical substances.

Use in Medline/PubMed
In MEDLINE/PubMed, every journal article is indexed with about 10–15 subject headings, subheadings and supplementary concept records, with some of them designated as major and marked with an asterisk, indicating the article's major topics. When performing a MEDLINE search via PubMed, entry terms are automatically translated into (i.e., mapped to) the corresponding descriptors with a good degree of reliability; it is recommended to check the 'Details tab' in PubMed to see how a search formulation was translated. By default, a search for a descriptor will include all the descriptors in the hierarchy below the given one. PubMed does not apply automatic mapping of the term in the following circumstances: by writing the quoted phrase (e.g. "kidney allograft"), when truncated on the asterisk (e.g. kidney allograft *), and when looking with field labels (e.g. Cancer [ti]).

Use at ClinicalTrials.gov
At ClinicalTrials.gov, each trial has keywords that describe the trial. The ClinicalTrials.gov team assigns each trial two sets of MeSH terms. One set is for the conditions studied by the trial and the other for the set of interventions used in the trial. The XML file that can be downloaded for each trial contains these MeSH keywords. The XML file also has a comment that says: "the assignment of MeSH keywords is done by imperfect algorithm".

Categories
The top-level categories in the MeSH descriptor hierarchy are:
 * Anatomy [A]
 * Organisms [B]
 * Diseases [C]
 * Chemicals and Drugs [D]
 * Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]
 * Psychiatry and Psychology [F]
 * Phenomena and Processes [G]
 * Disciplines and Occupations [H]
 * Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena [I]
 * Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]
 * Humanities [K]
 * Information Science [L]
 * Named Groups [M]
 * Health Care [N]
 * Publication Characteristics [V]
 * Geographicals [Z]

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Medical Subject Headings


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User:Goosegoosegoose

I'm called Thomas and live in North East Lincolnshire in England. My main interest is music, in all its varied forms.

title: User:Goosegoosegoose


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Belchen Tunnel

The Belchen Tunnel is a motorway tunnel in Switzerland, and forms part of the A2 motorway from Basel to Chiasso. It links Eptingen in the canton of Basel-Country with Hägendorf in the Canton of Solothurn. The tunnel was opened in 1966, and is 3180 m long.

The "white woman"
In January 1981 a modern myth circulated, dealing with a "white woman" (weisse Frau) of the Bölchentunnel. Shaped as an old white-clothed hitchhiking woman, a ghost (though not initially recognized as such) appears out of nowhere in front of the drivers and sometimes even speaks to them.

The first known Belchen ghost was actually male. The first written reports of the phenomenon, dated June 1980, involve a male hitchhiker who was picked up but eventually vanished from the vehicle, despite the driver's high speed.

Towards the end of 1980, the "white woman" began appearing in or near the tunnel. On January 6, 1981, the tabloid Blick wrote about the sightings, followed by other media also adopting the story. Basel Police received many phone calls, dozens of which had to be logged.

The Bölchengespenst, or "Bölchen ghost", became a popular subject for 1981's Shrove Tuesday carnival. Even the musicians of the Oberbaselbieter Ländlerkapelle discussed the legend. Reports of the ghost then dwindled, until the 1983 edition of the book Baselbieter Sagen reported further sightings of the white woman. Two female jurists picked up an inconspicuously dressed, clumsy, pale, middle-aged woman in Eptingen. When they later asked her if she was feeling better, she answered:

"No, unfortunately not. I am not well at all. Something really awful is going to happen, something very dreadful!"

When they looked at the back seat, the woman had disappeared.

Other variations
Such visitations don't only happen inside or around tunnels. A re-edited edition of the Baselbieter Sagen mentions similar cases at other Basel places: "the Heidegg castle's lady," "the maiden on the goat," and "the grey woman in Zunzgen." In Läufelfingen, the woman wears a green loden coat. In the Canton of Bern, a girl in a short leather jacket appears. In the area of Basel, as with the case in Tenniken, a man wearing black is seen. The man prophesizes an earthquake and a hard winter before disappearing. The mysterious hitchhikers can even disappear if the car has only front doors and no back doors.

A 1981 article in the magazine Schweizer Volkskunde describes analogous visitations. According to it, such "modern ghosts of the road" were seen in other Swiss Cantons and tunnels, such as the Luzernerland area and in Toggenburg.

title: Belchen Tunnel


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These Friends of Mine

These Friends of Mine may refer to:

 * These Friends of Mine (album), an album by Rosie Thomas
 * These Friends of Mine, the original name of the TV series Ellen, starring Ellen DeGeneres

title: These Friends of Mine


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Talk:Pseudo-Isidore

Comments
See below for discussion of the impending merge.

The original version of this article can be found in the German Wikipedia (http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoisidor) and is adapted from http://www.pseudoisidor.de/html/uberblick.html under the GNU Free Documentation License

This article appears to be identical in its subject with the article on Pseudo-Isidorian forgeries and the article on False Decretals while only the sources appear to be different. Why not merge all three articles into one? -tlatosmd, June 21st 2005, 9:20pm CET

 * Sounds good to me, but I'm generally a lumper. Shall we hold the discussion  at Talk:Pseudo-Isidorian forgeries? --Wetman 20:49, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Okay. -tlatosmd, June 22nd 2005, 2:05am

Pseudo-Isidore is a well established name in the textual apparatus of learned theological works. Things like Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals or Pseudo-Isidorian forgeries are simply adjectives built on it. I think the whole thing should be merged to Pseudo-Isidore, with cleanups and good merges. --FourthAve 10:04, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll copy the above post to Talk:Pseudo-Isidorian forgeries, where a desultory discussion lags somewhat. --Wetman 21:24, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Start of merge
There are three articles: The merge itself will be a little difficult in that all three articles are longish There is still the matter of deciding what to title the final merged article, but repeat my decided preference for Pseudo-Isidore. --FourthAve 12:35, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Pseudo-Isidore which is based on German wiki
 * False Decretals partly based on EB 1911
 * Pseudo-Isidorian forgeries, also EB 1911 based.
 * There is also the Catholic Encyclopedia article, which is useful by quite long.
 * This site is also useful.
 * Done. The other two articles are available via their history if you click on the little 'redirected from' bit when you land here. --FourthAve 19:43, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I've now added material formerly at Pseudo-Isidorian forgeries to serve as an introduction. The material formerly at False Decretals is here, with a lot of information that was left behind. Editing it into this article will complete the move. --Wetman 07:43, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

Why Fake?
It might be a good idea do describe why the Pseudo-Isidore is fake. To just call it fake in each and every sentence doesn't make it fake. Is it possible that parts of the documents are true? Or is it proven that all is fake? Reko (talk) 22:54, 17 November 2011 (UTC)

 * It's complicated. Some (very little) of the material is genuine, but only to give the overall forgery an assumed authority. Most of the material is either based on deliberately and heavily edited and distorted sources in order to further the forgers's aims (where the forgers partly name the real sources, partly don't name them, and partly deliberately misattribute them), or is entirely fake but attributed to sources that really existed as historical people or historical books.

 * Finally, the parts authored by Benedict Levita are very different from the rest both tactically, structurally, and rhetorically, insomuch as some scholars have deduced that Benedict was the original and more talented forger and already while he was creating his parts, less talented forgers inspired by him did the rest, whereas Benedict seems to have been at least partially aware of the other parts, although not necessarily in their final form. It could be that either Benedict started alone and his forgeries, while still in production, inspired imitators that he was in contact with, or Benedict from the beginning was sort-of the head of what could be considered a workshop of forgers and he delegated to others those parts he considered less pivotal to the overall work. --80.187.110.67 (talk) 17:15, 15 June 2015 (UTC)

Eric Knibbs
Eric Knibbs has been doing some very important work on Pseudo-Isidore recently. In particular he has been adding to/modifying the important conclusions reached by Zechiel-Eckes. His name, and a summary of his findings, should certainly be added to this article. Knibbs blogs a about his Pseudo-Isidore research here: http://pseudoisidore.blogspot.ca/ Eltheodigraeardgesece (talk) 17:39, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

Article title change: "Pseudo-Isidorian forgeries" rather than "...decretals"
Flattering to find kind remarks about my scribblings here. If there is any way to change the title of the article to "Pseudo-Isidorian forgeries," that would be helpful. "Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals" implies that the article is only about the False Decretals, one constituent of the Pseudo-Isidorian forgery complex. In fact the article addresses the whole problem of Pseudo-Isidore and so should have a broader title. I don't know how to change titles exactly, so I comment here. Eric.knibbs (talk) 19:41, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pseudo-Isidore


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Talk:Chester Bennington

Protect page?
The page is (or at least was) being vandalized at the time this is written. Should we protect it against anonymous editors? InfinityMiner (talk) 18:27, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
 * There are reports of his death by many reliable sources yet every update is being reverted instantly. Feels good to be accused of vandalism for trying to help an article --RandomUser3510 (talk) 18:32, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is great at that indeed
 * I agree that the page should be protected, as the news of his passing has attracted many, including, unfortunately, trolls. Also, breaking news changes rapidly and may be of questionable veracity.69.117.234.230 (talk) 02:30, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 July 2017
There are two death sections - one of them crudely suggests that he died from eating too many twinkies - Please remove that 2607:FEA8:1D9F:F9CF:519:61B6:883F:A566 (talk) 18:45, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Sky  Warrior  18:47, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 July 2017
TheRealAfterTen (talk) 18:48, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. jd22292 (Jalen D. Folf)

Change To
 * birth_date     = March 20, 1976
 * birth_date     = March 20, 1976

Change To (talk) 18:48, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
 * death_date     = July 20, 2017
 * death_date     = July 20, 2017
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: no need to force the parameter. Fvasconcellos (t·c) 19:03, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 July 2017
Remove the duplicate death section stating that Chester Bennington committed suicide by eating too many twinkies. 73.233.147.108 (talk) 18:49, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 18:52, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

Alleged death - TMZ is NOT a reputable source
The only source for his alleged death is TMZ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Potentially_unreliable_sources). Can we please not declare him dead until it's confirmed by a reliable authority?TheHorizonist (talk) 18:59, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Dear unsigned, Variety has confirmed with police according to their article. -- Poet  Talk  18:56, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
 * LA Coroner confirms.

 * Apologies, signature has been added. Variety seems like a better source.TheHorizonist (talk) 19:01, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

Wikipedians always bash TMZ but I've never known them to be wrong about a celebrity death. They're usually first to break the news and they vet their sources carefully. 64.183.42.11 (talk) 23:56, 20 July 2017 (UTC) Tetrazzini

Semi-protected edit request on 20 July 2017
Death On July 20th, 2017 Chester Bennington was reportedly found dead by an employee at his Palos Verdes home in California. The cause of death has been reported to be a suicide by hanging. Talanmawr (talk) 19:42, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

 * This information is already in the article. --   StarScream1007  ►Talk  19:45, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

Infobox is ambiguous
After the name of his second wife, it says (m[arried] 2006; d[ied] 2017). This is ambiguous and for people who don't know the subject, they could think his wife died earlier this year. Unlike marriage and divorce which are actions by two people, only one person has died here and it's making it sound like it was his wife because she's the only person named in the bullet point. Harambe Walks (talk) 20:12, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree. I have since changed it to her being widowed in 2017, which is correct and more unambiguous. Sky  Warrior  20:17, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Widowed is the correct format which I see use elsewhere on Wikipedia. I have updated it to that.  Apriestofgix (talk) 21:47, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
 * That's what I initially put, but changed it. I prefer that over what Cobra put, honestly.  Sky  Warrior  02:06, 21 July 2017 (UTC)
 * , . For the record, I changed it to "his death" which is totally unambiguous.  "Widowed" or "Died" are both ambiguous because neither gives an indication of which party died or was widowed.  Additionally, "widowed" would be wrong because this page is supposed be Chester's biography, not his wife's.  "His death" and "her death" (as appropriate) was widespread in usage, however, it seems now that a lot of those have just been changed to a marriage without end (as is currently the case on this page).  Cheers, --SVTCobra (talk) 12:49, 23 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Widowed is unambiguous since there is a difference between widowed and widower. However the current format works as well as there are indeed many articles that don't put an end date to the marriage.  Apriestofgix (talk) 17:26, 25 July 2017 (UTC)
 * , "widowed" is not unambiguous. It doesn't say who died. Anyway, I don't want to belabor an already moot point. SVTCobra (talk) 22:14, 25 July 2017 (UTC) ....... A widow and a widower are both the result of being widowed. SVTCobra (talk) 22:42, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

"Committed suicide" consensus
Please see this discussion. - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 04:56, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

Edit Request
The sentence that contains the word "aggrieved" is completely messed up. First, they use "aggrieved" as if it means "filled with grief," which it does not. And then the sentence meanders off into I don't know what. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.86.45.126 (talk) 12:45, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

Marriage death date
I see that in the template for his marriage in the infobox, it says he was married in 2006, and there's nothing else. A hidden note says this is because of Template:marriage instructions, but I see nothing there that says anything about that, and the RFC on the talk page for what to use in the infobox ended with no consensus. Personally I think his death date should be listed, it looks weird to just have the date trailing like that. Nohomersryan (talk) 18:04, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

See any high-profile biography of a deceased person, survived by a spouse (e.g. Ronald Reagan) for precedent. If the subject's spouse dies, we list the end of marriage date. If the subject dies, we leave the marriage field alone. —Guanaco 18:22, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

WW view in section Legacy
I believe the issue's been addressed citing a variety of sources. CC: Cornerstonepicker (talk) 01:22, 22 July 2017 (UTC)

English correction
The author wrote: There was no signs of illegal drugs being used at the time even though Bennington has been in multiple battles with drug and alcohol abuse before.[49

Please correct to: There were no signs ....

Thank you — Preceding unsigned comment added by 179.99.34.196 (talk) 15:48, 22 July 2017 (UTC)

Edit war over image
Not sure why there is an edit war over 2 bad images.....but would it not be best to have an image with his band mates considering the section is about the band and mentions them by name????--Moxy (talk) 16:36, 23 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Seems a bit of an odd topic for an edit war. But I'd have to agree with you that addign a picture of Bennington performing with bandmates would be more fitting in the Linkin Park section. --  StarScream1007  ►Talk  17:49, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

Suggestion for section 'Connections to Chris Cornell death'

 * 'Mike Shinoda, who cofounded Linkin Park with Bennington, said [...]' Bennington was not a co-founder of Linkin Park. The band changed its name to Linkin Park after Chester joined. That hardly makes him a founding member. Naming co-founding Linkin Park could imply Bennington being part of if. I suggest to remove the clause about it.
 * The citation link is broken. I suggest to remove the paragraph until a new source is available and referenced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.223.91.79 (talk) 08:09, 14 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Wording and reference have both been fixed. Thanks for bringing this up. --  StarScream1007  ►Talk  14:40, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

Redundant sentences describing Chester Bennington's difficulty finishing a particular song due to grief
IN THE "CONNECTIONS TO CHRIS CORNELL DEATH" SECTION Shinoda noted that Bennington was very emotional when the band performed "One More Light" in his honor, where he could not finish singing the song, be it in rehearsal or in a live performance setting.[57][58] Mike Shinoda, one of Bennington's band mates in Linkin Park, said the singer had been so overcome he was unable to complete a performance of the band's song "One More Light", about the death of a friend, both in rehearsals and on live air, when they had appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! shortly after Cornell's death.[56] (Also the 3 words "on live air" are out of position. "...both in rehearsals and on live air, when they had appeared...." The phrase ought to be 'live on air' And perhaps with a hyphen added between 'on' and 'air') CoolPartyMusic (talk) 16:13, 19 September 2017 (UTC)CoolPartyMusic 9/19/2017

Semi-protected edit request on 29 October 2017
Minor edit request: died by suicide instead of committed suicide Thanks, Ir To IrTo (talk) 01:33, 29 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Please see [this discussion on the Linkin Park Discussion Page. You are free to contribute to that open discussion. -- [[user:StarScream1007| StarScream1007 ]] ►Talk  02:59, 29 October 2017 (UTC)

Edit request regarding family and last remaining kin
A lot of information I’d missing and must be edited to reflect siblings, niece, and nephews. Tknehr (talk) 07:23, 1 November 2017 (UTC)

Brothers and two sisters
Have a role in chester’s Story Tknehr (talk) 07:26, 1 November 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 November 2017
change 2017 to 17 2602:306:CEF9:6640:D5D8:6422:9BAE:76A0 (talk) 22:10, 1 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. Nihlus  22:17, 1 November 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 December 2017
Change: "committed suicide by hanging" To: died from suicide by hanging. 2607:FEA8:A420:A7A:4C10:4934:6772:19E0 (talk) 22:07, 2 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. The cited sources say it was suicide.  RudolfRed (talk) 23:01, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

Cause of Death
I'm new to this but i was wondering if we could get cause of death to be changed from "suicide by hanging" to "depression". Ultimately it was the mental illness that caused his untimely death. I think this make sense and will shed more light on the stigmatization of depression and how powerful it can be on someone's life. Jzazell (talk) 05:47, 22 December 2017 (UTC)

(Different person) I agree to disagree. He may have had depression but the depression caused him to commit suicide. I agree the article was a little harsh and it should be changed to death by depression but I also think that it is fine the way it is because the article is telling how he really died. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.28.41.132 (talk) 02:07, 12 November 2019 (UTC)

I would tend to disagree as well, but for a different reason. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not social media. Our job is to report the facts, not interpret them. We are not here to "destigmatize depression" or talk about how powerful it can be, we are here to write a factual article. The idea that "depression" is a "cause of death" in and of itself, rather than a factor influencing a death is controversial, and doesn't belong in a wikipedia article on a person who committed suicide. We don't know what caused him to commit suicide, all we know is that he did. JackStonePGD (talk) 07:33, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

Suggestion
In the "Death" section of the article, it says the band canceled the "North American Tour of their One More Light Tour". To me, that seems redundant. I would suggest saying they canceled the "North American Leg of their One More Light World Tour". I don't have an account so I wanted to suggest this here so that a more established member could make the change to the article without it being reverted almost as a reflex, which has happened to me before. 216.26.183.8 (talk) 19:17, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 December 2017
Under Death area of article. Change: Bennington committed suicide by hanging at his home in Palos Verdes Estates, California; To: Bennington died from suicide....  or: death was ruled a suicide.

suicide is no longer a crime, so no one "commits" suicide. They die from suicide, or the deaths are ruled suicide. 2607:FEA8:A420:A7A:45DA:E56D:2192:D4FC (talk) 04:36, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The issue of whether "commit" implies a criminal action was recently discussed for just this reason and the consensus of the editors involved was that one can "commit suicide" even if it is not a criminal act and that stating such does not violate the biography of living persons policy (which also applies to the articles about the recently-deceased). See that discussion for more details. Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 22:30, 28 December 2017 (UTC)

Genre
Genres that were unsourced (see WP:RS), or original research (see WP:OR and WP:SUBJECTIVE) were added to the article. I have removed them as there is nothing in the article backing it up. Please do not add genres without some sources. Thoughts? Andrzejbanas (talk) 17:31, 18 January 2018 (UTC)

Committed, died by or ruled as suicide
We should really figure this out as it is getting out of hand. Looking at the history of this page, it seems like most are against the use of the term committed. The edit warring over this is getting so ridiculous that I'm starting to think we should remove the word committed and say that his death was ruled as suicide or died by suicide so this edit warring stops. But I want to know what others think. We need to reach a final consensus soon. Bowling is life (talk) 18:21, 19 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Agreed, my thoughts are here. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 18:23, 19 February 2018 (UTC)
 * It's getting pretty out of control. I'll re-iterate my thoughts in the discussion FlightTime linked: I do not have a problem with using the verbiage, "committed suicide", but would rather prefer using the term "died by suicide", which sounds more professional. Either way, I do not have a problem with using both terms in different sections to avoid redundancy in the article. --  StarScream1007  ►Talk  02:52, 20 February 2018 (UTC)

Committed suicide consensus...again
We need to reach a consensus this time because this has gotten out of control. I suggest that because of the edit wars and the fact that every anonymous or new user is agianst the usage of the term "committed" that we should change it to say that his death was ruled as suicide so this edit warring stops. Bowling is life (talk) 02:58, 7 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Not sure about others. ...but "died by...." sounds odd and child like with little words vs  a specific term like "Committed".  But if there's something better I would vote for that.--Moxy (talk) 03:13, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Yeah, a lot of users are changing it to "died by sucide" and I don't know why. I think it should say his death was ruled as suicide, just like Chris Cornell's article. Bowling is life (talk) 03:26, 7 March 2018 (UTC)
 * "His death was ruled as suicide" is a more professional option than "committed suicide" and also sounds better than died by suicide. --  StarScream1007  ►Talk  23:19, 7 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Yeah the term "committed" should be removed. Bowling is life (talk) 23:47, 7 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Should we change "committed" to "his death was ruled as suicide" then? Bowling is life (talk) 01:45, 9 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I changed it to "ruled as suicide." Another editor tried changing it to "died by suicide." Bowling is life (talk) 22:12, 11 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Unless someone else seems to have another opinion, let's keep it at 'his death was ruled a suicide by hanging.' --  StarScream1007  ►Talk  22:25, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 April 2018
Vocal style and legacy: The gap left by Chester in the music scene is unbridgeable. Considered in his own way as the spokesman of the "zero generation" (as years before it had happened to Kurt Cobain about the "X generation") will be remembered for his remarkable interpretative skills and the heterogeneity of his vocal style. Bennington has formed vocally with the Gray Daze using an instinctive and naturally "dirty" approach that can be compared to that of Layne Staley and Kurt Cobain.

With his inclusion in Linkin Park his voice was "sophisticated" and enriched with multiple nuances, also required by the musical genre of LP more oriented to metal than to grunge. Bennington with a probably unique ease was able to move from a "relaxed" style almost pop to a powerful and really incisive scream. Lars Ulrich said of him: "He was one of those singers who had that rare gift in which every word he uttered sounded authentic", "what comes out of him is all his expressive urgency." [22]

His career was studded with excellent collaborations including the duet in 2007 with his great friend Chris Cornell, reinterpreting the "classic" of the Temple of the Dog "Hunger Strike" [23]

Numerous tributes and vigils have been organized by the artist's fans in all the countries of the world as visually testify the videos of One More Light and Crawling (Live). [24] [25]

But Bennington's greatest merit was to give "voice" to anyone who feels excluded "abused" and "put aside" by society. [26]

Chester's wife, Talinda Bennington, who immediately started to attract media attention to those suffering from depression and mental disorders on March 20 (her husband's birthday) founded the "320 Changes Direction" [27] TheSilentEnigma76 (talk) 21:36, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: What change do you want to be made? Your request is not very clear. Bowling is life (talk) 21:54, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

Role as actor
Is Chester Bennington’s role as an actor in its own right notable enough for him to have his own Wikipedia article? In other words, if being an actor was his only claim to fame, would the cumulative sum of his acting roles merit enough notability for him to be on Wikipedia? Because if not, the “actor” part should be removed from the lead. Otherwise, you’d be able to abritrarily add other things in the lead such as “basketball player”, “philanthropist”, “wife of Talinda”, “tattoo enthusiast”, “mental health activist”, etc. You get the point. Mrbeastmodeallday (talk) 00:14, 24 March 2019 (UTC)

 * No per WP:BIO1E. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 00:20, 24 March 2019 (UTC)

Instruments.
Chester Bennington also knew how to play the guitar and the piano, and he has even played them live before. I feel like these instruments should be added into the instruments section. AustinDeLarra (talk) 07:31, 8 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Per, Template:Infobox musical artist, the instrument field is limited to only to be used for the primary instrument the artist is best known for. In this case, since Bennington's primary role was a vocalist, that is the only 'instrument' or role mentioned in that field. Bennington's contributions on piano and guitar are still discussed within the prose of the article. --  StarScream1007  ►Talk  11:45, 8 August 2019 (UTC)

"Best-selling band of the 21st century"
Just removed this claim as it uncited, seemed dubious and contradicted sourced material available at List_of_best-selling_music_artists.  Promethean  (talk) 16:04, 20 August 2019 (UTC)

Split Grey Daze to become its own article?
With the band returning to action and releasing an album that charted in the UK and Germany, shouldn't that mean the band merits its own page? I recall there are questions over whether or not they'll actually tour with a new vocalist or not but obviously that doesn't need mentioning unless there's credible sources for it. VampireKilla (talk) 19:14, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
 * There's been a surge of sources and material in the past few days to properly solidify Grey Daze in terms of WP:N. I think it would be appropriate now to create a stand-alone Grey Daze article. --  StarScream1007  ►Talk  21:06, 4 July 2020 (UTC)

Opening
The intro says "Linkin Park's following studio albums, from Meteora (2003) to One More Light (2017), continued the band's success." But from all the references I can see online, each album did worse, and each album caused a decline in the band's "success" and nothing is shown that the albums did anything otherthan diminish the band's succes. One More Light, as the most recent example, has negative reviews on MetaCritic. All of the reception data shows it did not continue the band's succes but impeded it. The overwhelming majority of fan and critic opinion is that of rejection. How else would you interperet negative reviews?

The One More Light album sold 50% less than the previous, and I won't give you the %drop in sales from Meteroa to One More Light. METEORA sold 11,292,487 copies in 39 countries. MINUTES TO MIDNIGHT by LINKIN PARK has sold 7,815,000 copies in 35 countries. A Thousand Sons sold 906,000 in the US only. Why is this anecdotal, throwaway line in the opening section of his wikipedia page? user:Tinndalos 05:25, 29 July (UTC) (UTC)
 * I'd agree that "success" by itself should generally be avoided and unless there is more context - ie album sales, chart position, or reviews. Let me review some sources and see if I can modify it. --  StarScream1007  ►Talk  13:16, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I went ahead just noted the band charted in the top three for all studio albums, as that's the only thing that seems consistently positive between all the albums. Thanks for the suggestion. --  StarScream1007  ►Talk  14:23, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

Cause of Death in Infobox
The current Infobox for this article does provide a parameter for "death cause". However, Template:Infobox person has the following note for that parameter: "Should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability." Bennington was a notable singer well before his death. His suicide was not overly controversial or the subject of conspiracy theories and accusations (like the Suicide of Kurt Cobain). His death is already mentioned in the lead and prose of the article in detail. --  StarScream1007  ►Talk  17:06, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chester Bennington


text:
Baregg Tunnel

The Baregg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel near the city of Baden in Swiss canton of Aargau, which forms part of the A1 motorway between western Switzerland and Zürich. The tunnel comprises three bores through Baregg, built at two different times. The first two bores, each carrying two traffic lanes, were opened in 1970 and are 1390 m long. The third bore, carrying three traffic lanes, was opened in 2003 and is 1148 m long.

Since the opening of the third bore, the four lanes of the original two bores are used for eastbound traffic, whilst the new bore's three lanes are used for westbound traffic.

title: Baregg Tunnel


text:
User talk:Jayeshbheda

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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title: User talk:Jayeshbheda


text:
Timeline of Irish history

This is a timeline of Irish history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Ireland. To read about the background to these events, see History of Ireland. See also the list of Lords and Kings of Ireland, alongside Irish heads of state, and the list of years in Ireland.

Prehistory / centuries: 1st·2nd·3rd·4th·5th·6th·7th·8th·9th·10th·11th·12th·13th·14th·15th·16th·17th·18th·19th·20th·21st

title: Timeline of Irish history


text:
Talk:General Mills

Untitled
Hello sir and mam last time I sen my documents for your company But company not receive my documents I send documents for Aramex courier please one time notice this document please 2400:1A00:BD11:8E4:E19F:8B68:3B80:CD29 (talk) 05:18, 15 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Visit www.generalmills.com and look for support information. Vacosea (talk) 00:03, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:General Mills


text:
José María Bocanegra

José María de los Dolores Francisco Germán del Espíritu Santo Bocanegra y Villalpando (25 May 1787 – 23 July 1862) was a Mexican lawyer and statesman who was briefly interim president of Mexico on December, 1829 during a coup attempt against president Vicente Guerrero. He previously served in various government positions, including President of the Chamber of Deputies and as a member of the Chamber of Deputies for Zacatecas.

He was appointed interim president by congress while President Guerrero personally led his troops against the insurrection. Five days later the rebels stormed the National Palace and overthrew Bocanegra, upon which they set up an executive triumvirate led by Pedro Velez.

Biography
Bocanegra graduated from the Colegio de San Ildefonso in Mexico City, becoming a lawyer. During the colonial period he was a lawyer for the Audiencia and a member of the College of Attorneys. He was vice-president of the Committee of Charity of the Hospice for the Poor. During the First Mexican Empire he supported Agustín de Iturbide's election to the throne, but opposed his later exercise of arbitrary power. He became a deputy to the first Mexican Constituent Congress in 1824.

Bocanegra entered the Chamber of Deputies in 1827, and on 26 January 1829, President Guadalupe Victoria named him Minister of Internal and External Relations. He continued to hold this position with the change of administration to Vicente Guerrero, until 1 April 1829.

On 4 December 1829, Vice-President Anastasio Bustamante rose in revolt against Guerrero (Plan de Jalapa). Guerrero received permission from Congress to take the field to combat the rebels. On 16 December 1829, Bocanegra was appointed interim president by Congress during Guerrero's absence by virtue of his position as president of the Supreme Court. He took office on December 18 and served until 23 December 1829, for only six days. On the latter date, the military garrison of Mexico City joined the Plan de Jalapa and withdrew recognition of Bocanegra. They installed an executive triumvirate of Pedro Vélez, Lucas Alamán and Luis de Quintanar. Bocanegra returned to his professional duties as a lawyer.

Later, Bocanegra was Minister of the Treasury under Presidents Valentín Gómez Farías and Antonio López de Santa Anna (26 April 1833 to 12 December 1833) and Minister of External Relations and of the Treasury under presidents Santa Anna, Nicolás Bravo and Valentín Canalizo (through 18 August 1844).

Bocanegra was known as an honorable and capable man who was uncomfortable participating in politics but felt it to be his duty to do so. He wrote the Memorias para la Historia de México Independiente. His nephew Francisco González Bocanegra was the author of the Himno Nacional Mexicano (the Mexican National Anthem). José María Bocanegra died on 23 July 1862 in the Federal District.

title: José María Bocanegra


text:
Kerenzerberg Road Tunnel

The Kerenzerberg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel in Switzerland, and forms part of the A3 motorway from Basel and Zürich to Sargans. The tunnel is 5760 m long and lies south-west of Lake Walen, under the Kerenzerberg Pass.

The Kerenzerberg Tunnel is a one-way, unidirectional tunnel. Traffic from Zürich to Sargans must pass through the tunnel, whilst traffic in the opposite direction runs along the shores of the Walensee through six short tunnels originally built for a railway. The railway now runs through the 4 km long Kerenzerberg Rail Tunnel, which is roughly parallel to the road tunnel.

Transportation of dangerous goods through the Kerenzerberg tunnel is prohibited.

title: Kerenzerberg Road Tunnel


text:
British County Divisions

The British County Divisions of the Second World War were raised by the British Army in 1941 as a defence against a planned German invasion of Britain. They were static formations which were supposed to command the Independent Infantry Brigades (Home) which were on anti-invasion duties. Each coast in danger had its own County Division.

 * Devon and Cornwall County Division
 * Dorset County Division
 * Durham and North Riding County Division
 * Essex County Division (formerly the West Sussex County Division)
 * Hampshire County Division
 * Lincolnshire County Division
 * Norfolk County Division
 * Northumberland County Division
 * West Sussex County Division (later, the Essex County Division)
 * Yorkshire County Division

These formations had none of the usual divisional units that other permanent divisions had. Any they commanded were temporarily on loan from other formations.

title: British County Divisions


text:
Bożawola coat of arms

Bożawola is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
 * Wojciech Górski - first bishop of Kielce
 * Franciszek Górski - general
 * Ludwik Górski - astronomer
 * Stanisław Mackiewicz - publicist
 * Józef Mackiewicz - writer

title: Bożawola coat of arms


text:
Category:German nobility

German nobility can be classified three ways: by noble rank of title (Graf, Ritter, Baron, etc.), by the region of titular domain or possession, or by family lineage (for example House of Wittelsbach). Categorization ideally reflects all three aspects. Since 1919 nobility is no longer legally recognized. Noble titles and designations were not abolished in Germany, however, and have been commonly retained as part of the family name.

title: Category:German nobility


text:
Seelisberg Tunnel

The Seelisberg Tunnel is a motorway tunnel in Switzerland. The tunnel links Beckenried, in the canton of Nidwalden, with Seedorf, in the canton of Uri, running under the mountains that form the south shore of Lake Lucerne. It forms part of the A2 motorway between Basel, on the border with Germany and France, and Chiasso, on the border with Italy. Completed in 1980, the twin bores of the tunnel are 9250 m and 9292 m in length.

After the Gotthard Road Tunnel, this is Switzerland's second-longest road tunnel but unlike the Gotthard Tunnel which crosses the Alps completely north to south, the Seelisberg Tunnel is situated only in the northern side of Alps. The Seelisberg tunnel can be considered to be the longest Swiss twin tube Road tunnel with split traffic (Southbound in one bore, and Northbound in another one).

The accident rate in the Seelisberg tunnel is very low. Most fatal accidents happened during bidirectional traffic, when the other tube was closed.

title: Seelisberg Tunnel


text:
User talk:Aperion~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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 * Verifiability
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 18:00, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I edited your new user log post
HI! I'm new too, and also have a similar background, except music is informal, vs. my studies in philosophy, and sacred states. I changed your typo "scared" to sacred, and moved the text you had in my post (greentwin), removing what you'd duplicated. Wish us luck! P.S. If you're familiar with Dr. Stanley Krippner, I haven't gotten around to writing an article since I noticed the lack of one.greentwin 18:39, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

February 2015
Hello, I'm Amortias. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of your recent contributions to WM Recordings because they appeared to be promotional. Advertising and using Wikipedia as a "soapbox" are against Wikipedia policy and not permitted. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about Wikipedia. Thank you. Amortias (T)(C) 18:59, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Aperion. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Aperion~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:08, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:34, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aperion~enwiki


text:
Cholewa coat of arms

Cholewa is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include: Jan Nepomucen Umiński

title: Cholewa coat of arms


text:
Grabie coat of arms

Grabie (Polish for "Rake") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by many szlachta (noble) families in the Kingdom of Poland and later also in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, including the Grabias which is the Lithuanised form of the original Grabie coat of arms and name.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:
 * House of Szczuka
 * Stanisław Antoni Szczuka
 * House of Lipski
 * (( House of Kroczewski))

title: Grabie coat of arms


text:
Polyketide

In organic chemistry, polyketides are a class of natural products derived from a precursor molecule consisting of a chain of alternating ketone (>C\dO, or its reduced forms) and methylene (>CH2) groups: [\sC(\dO)\sCH2\s]_{n}. First studied in the early 20th century, discovery, biosynthesis, and application of polyketides has evolved. It is a large and diverse group of secondary metabolites caused by its complex biosynthesis which resembles that of fatty acid synthesis. Because of this diversity, polyketides can have various medicinal, agricultural, and industrial applications. Many polyketides are medicinal or exhibit acute toxicity. Biotechnology has enabled discovery of more naturally-occurring polyketides and evolution of new polyketides with novel or improved bioactivity.

History
Naturally produced polyketides by various plants and organisms have been used by humans since before studies on them began in the 19th and 20th century. In 1893, J. Norman Collie synthesized detectable amounts of orcinol by heating dehydracetic acid with barium hydroxide causing the pyrone ring to open into a triketide. Further studies in 1903 by Collie on the triketone polyketide intermediate noted the condensation occurring amongst compounds with multiple keten groups coining the term polyketides. It wasn't until 1955 that the biosynthesis of polyketides were understood. Arthur Birch used radioisotope labeling of carbon in acetate to trace the biosynthesis of 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid in Penicillium patulum and demonstrate the head-to-tail linkage of acetic acids to form the polyketide. In the 1980s and 1990s, advancements in genetics allowed for isolation of the genes associated to polyketides to understand the biosynthesis.

Discovery
Polyketides can be produced in bacteria, fungi, plants, and certain marine organisms. Earlier discovery of naturally occurring polyketides involved the isolation of the compounds being produced by the specific organism using organic chemistry purification methods based on bioactivity screens. Later technology allowed for the isolation of the genes and heterologous expression of the genes to understand the biosynthesis. In addition, further advancements in biotechnology have allowed for the use of metagenomics and genome mining to find new polyketides using similar enzymes to known polyketides.

Biosynthesis
Polyketides are synthesized by multienzyme polypeptides that resemble eukaryotic fatty acid synthase but are often much larger. They include acyl-carrier domains plus an assortment of enzymatic units that can function in an iterative fashion, repeating the same elongation/modification steps (as in fatty acid synthesis), or in a sequential fashion so as to generate more heterogeneous types of polyketides.

Polyketide synthase
Polyketides are produced by polyketide synthases (PKSs). The core biosynthesis involves stepwise condensation of a starter unit (typically acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA) with an extender unit (either malonyl-CoA or methylmalonyl-CoA). The condensation reaction is accompanied by the decarboxylation of the extender unit, yielding a beta-keto functional group and releasing a carbon dioxide. The first condensation yields an acetoacetyl group, a diketide. Subsequent condensations yield triketides, tetraketide, etc. Other starter units attached to a coezyme A include isobutyrate, cyclohexanecarboxylate, malonate, and benzoate.

PKSs are multi-domain enzymes or enzyme complex consisting of various domains. The polyketide chains produced by a minimal polyketide synthase (consisting of a acyltransferase and ketosynthase for the stepwise condensation of the starter unit and extender units) are almost invariably modified. Each polyketide synthases is unique to each polyketide chain because they contain different combinations of domains that reduce the carbonyl group to a hydroxyl (via a ketoreductase), an olefin (via a dehydratase), or a methylene (via an enoylreductase).

Termination of the polyketide scaffold biosynthesis can also vary. It is sometimes accompanied by a thioesterase that releases the polyketide via hydrating the thioester linkage (as in fatty acid synthesis) creating a linear polyketide scaffold. However, if water is not able to reach the active site, the hydrating reaction will not occur and an intramolecular reaction is more probable creating a macrocyclic polyketide. Another possibility is spontaneous hydrolysis without the aid of a thioesterase.

Post-tailoring enzymes
Further possible modifications to the polyketide scaffolds can be made. This can include glycosylation via a glucosyltransferase or oxidation via a monooxygenase. Similarly, cyclization and aromatization can be introduced via a cyclase, sometimes proceeded by the enol tautomers of the polyketide. These enzymes are not part of the domains of the polyketide synthase. Instead, they are found in gene clusters in the genome close to the polyketide synthase genes.

Classification
Polyketides are a structurally diverse family. There are various subclasses of polyketides including: aromatics, macrolactones/macrolides, decalin ring containing, polyether, and polyenes.

Polyketide synthases are also broadly divided into three classes: Type I PKSs (multimodular megasynthases that are non-iterative, often producing macrolides, polyethers, and polyenes), Type II PKSs (dissociated enzymes with iterative action, often producing aromatics), and Type III PKSs (chalcone synthase-like, producing small aromatic molecules).

In addition to these subclasses, there also exist polyketides that are hybridized with nonribosomal peptides (Hybrid NRP-PK and PK-NRP). Since nonribosomal peptide assembly lines use carrier proteins similar to those use in polyketide synthases, convergence of the two systems evolved to form hybrids, resulting in polypeptides with nitrogen in the skeletal structure and complex function groups similar to those found in amino acids.

Applications
Polyketide antibiotics, antifungals, cytostatics, anticholesteremic, antiparasitics, coccidiostats, animal growth promoters and natural insecticides are in commercial use.

Medicinal
There are more than 10,000 known polyketides, 1% of which are known to have potential for drug activity. Polyketides comprise 20% of the top-selling pharmaceuticals with combined worldwide revenues of over USD 18 billion per year.

Examples

 * Macrolides
 * Pikromycin, the first isolated macrolide (1951 )
 * The antibiotics erythromycin A, clarithromycin, and azithromycin
 * The antihelminthics ivermectin
 * Ansamycins
 * The antitumor agents geldanamycin and macbecin,
 * The antibiotic rifamycin
 * Polyenes
 * The antifungals amphotericin, nystatin and pimaricin
 * Polyethers
 * The antibiotic monensin
 * Tetracyclines
 * The antibiotic agent doxycycline
 * Acetogenins
 * bullatacin
 * squamocin
 * molvizarin
 * uvaricin
 * annonacin
 * Others
 * The immunosuppressants tacrolimus (FK506) (a calcineurin inhibitor) and sirolimus (rapamycin) (a mTOR inhibitor)
 * Radicicol and the pochonin family (HSP90 inhibitors)
 * The cholesterol lowering agent lovastatin
 * Discodermolide
 * Aflatoxin
 * Usnic acid
 * Anthracimycin
 * Anthramycin
 * Olivetolic acid (intermediate in cannabinoid pathways)

Agricultural
Polyketides can be used for crop protection as pesticides.

Examples

 * Pesticides
 * spinosad or spinosyn (an insecticide)
 * avermectin
 * polynactins
 * tetramycin

Industrial
Polyketides can be used for industrial purposes, such as pigmentation and dietary flavonoids.

Examples

 * Pigments
 * azaphilones
 * hydroxyanthraquinones
 * naphthoquinones
 * Flavonoids
 * curcumin
 * silymarin
 * daidzein

Biotechnology
Protein engineering has opened avenues for creating polyketides not found in nature. For example, the modular nature of PKSs allows for domains to be replaced, added or deleted. Introducing diversity in assembly lines enables the discovery of new polyketides with increased bioactivity or new bioactivity.

Furthermore, the use of genome mining allows for discovery of new natural polyketides and their assembly lines.

title: Polyketide


text: Category:R.E.M. songs

title: Category:R.E.M. songs


text:
Jasieńczyk coat of arms

Jasieńczyk is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
The first known use of these arms is dated 1406. Earliest version was Jasiona and had two keys in saltire. A bearer of this coat of arms was Chancellor of the Exchequer - Treasurer of Poland, and the history of these arms is presumed to be attributable to ecclesiastical iconography.

Blazon
Azure a key or, the wards in chief.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
 * Witold Malkuzynski
 * Gregg Jenczyk

title: Jasieńczyk coat of arms


text:
Odwaga coat of arms

Odwaga is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:

title: Odwaga coat of arms


text:
Talk:Dagger (mark)

Pun?
"The names of the comic-book heroes Astérix and Obélix come from a pun on the French names of the asterisk and the obelisk."

And that's relevant to this article how....? --Menchi 18:04, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The article is about the typographic obelisk, the asterisk is another typographic symbol. -- Error 23:57, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Does the name "Obélix" really refer to the typographic obelisk or the fact he delivers Obelisks (menhirs) for a living? --Thomasdelbert 23:00, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Is it supposed to be superscripted? †? - Omegatron July 1, 2005 03:45 (UTC)

Obelus
I know that "obelus" commonly refers to the division sign (horizontal bar wtih one dot above and one below). Meriam Webster does not include the dagger in the meaning of obelus, at least in the online abridged version. Is this correct?

And here I was thinking that the "double dagger" was called "Cross of Lorraine" which, as far as I know is a more correct name for the symbol in question.

[Beginning of comment by trecord]I added a "citation needed" as it appears to be a dubious claim on its surface. I'm also promoting it to a dispute. I suggest we let the claim stand for now (perhaps the next 30 days?) to allow time to find a citation. If none's found after a reasonable amount of time (say by February 3?), I suggest we delete it. trecord (talk) 08:54, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Well that was short: I found one, but I had to go all the way to the OED to find it. In my book that just underscores the complete obscurity in which the term 'obelus' is used in that context. -- trecord (talk) 09:16, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Upside-down dagger
Why there's no information about upside-down dagger and it's usage in philosophical semantics?--141.70.82.221 11:29, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Possible contradiction.
In reference to the double dagger, the beginning reads: A double dagger (‡, ‡, U+2021) is a variant with two "handles", and is also called a diesis or Cross of Lorraine.

However, towards the bottom, it reads: The double dagger should not be confused with the cross of Lorraine or the patriarchal cross.

Which is it? 75.142.145.99 (talk) 16:18, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I noticed that too, but I don't know either, so I added a template at the top of the article. László (talk) 12:44, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Fonts
"Dagger and double-dagger symbols in a variety of fonts" Which fonts are they? 167.153.5.196 (talk) 22:00, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Per the image description - DejaVu Serif, Times New Roman, LTC Remington Typewriter, Garamond, Old English Text MT. Shimgray | talk | 18:15, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

'Dagger character' ...
A very minor suggestion is to have the entry 'dagger character' directed to this page. 66.191.19.68 (talk) 22:44, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Sub-sections
It might be good to break the "usage" section into subsection in order to focus links. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 09:25, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

Christian Cross
I don't see why this page seems so adamant about the dagger not being confused with the crucifix--the Christian cross. I understand that in formal situations it is implemented in the uses discussed in the article, but plenty of Christian Internet users (particularly on the gaming client Steam) use it to display their Christianity or their participation in a Christian group. Venku Tur'Mukan (talk) 16:41, 21 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Because it's not? We don't propagate misconceptions, we correct it. The Hindu, Jain, and Native American swastika is similarly frequently confused with the Nazi symbol, but that still does not mean they are Nazis, does it? -- O BSIDIAN  †  S OUL  16:51, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

If you go to the German language entry, it turns out that they refer to this object we are talking about here as a 'cross'. The article includes comments about Germans being less enthusiastic about using this symbol, maybe this is why. The article should include this aspect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stderr (talk • contribs) 05:54, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Unicode
The inclusion of Unicode code points (etc) in the intro does not make clear whether we are talking about a typographic subject or something to do with computing. For sure, the two have an obvious relationship and deserve to be mentioned, but surely we are talking about daggers and not the particular numbers which in various character encodings happen to correspond to various kinds of daggers. It is no different to mentioning that a dagger appears in the nth position in some type foundry's standard collection of letters.

122.59.249.222 (talk) 11:49, 31 December 2012 (UTC)

Soundgarden's song "4th of July"
As you can see here (http://images.coveralia.com/audio/s/Soundgarden-Superunknown-Trasera.jpg) on the back of the album of "Superunknown" a dagger is present next to the track "4th of July." Does anybody know why? Mrmoustache14 (talk) 18:53, 17 February 2013 (UTC)

Dagger symbol for marking KIA
Please see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military history for a summary of everything that I could find.

Use that thread/page for further discussion, to keep things centralized in a high-activity area. Thanks. –Quiddity (talk) 22:13, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

Triple dagger
‡̶

What would we call this? A triasis? I noticed this posted at https://twitter.com/hoeflerco/status/520683606814257152 and wanted to know if we could include it.

Someone appears to have these in some fonts called F1D2 or &tridagger;
 * http://www.typophile.com/node/10860
 * http://skaldic.abdn.ac.uk/m.php?p=muficharinfo&i=5144
 * http://folk.uib.no/hnooh/mufi/pipeline/pipeline-for-v4.html (15. From Pascale)
 * http://folk.uib.no/hnooh/mufi/pipeline/proposals/MUFIEingabeSSRQ-2011.pdf when I paste from page 7 shows ⁄
 * http://folk.uib.no/hnooh/mufi/proposals/n4704-medieval-punct.pdf when I paste from page 2 shows ⹙

I don't know if it's widespread enough to observe though. Here is a possible cite...

Related to the above source is http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15327r-n4704-medieval-punct.pdf published 25 January 2016 which mentions this on pages 2 and 5 (2.11 and 3.3) and 6 (before Bibliography)

Right now, while I am able to view the triple dagger characters in the two PDFs from folk.UIB.no, when I copy and paste them here into Wikipedia, they display as a forward slash / and a box character. I think maybe because the Wikipedia test editor displays a font not able to display them while the PDFs read in a font that can display them.

I don't know how to resolve that here if we did write the 3dagger here. For now, I'm going to cite Warzel with reference to the unicode.org document but I don't know how to actually get this to display as a character, we might only be able to do so as a picture unless Wikipedia incorporated this unicode font into its display? ScratchMarshall (talk) 19:36, 8 March 2017 (UTC)

Unclear difference
What difference is between "LATIN CROSS" and "DAGGER" characters(I'm talking about these that look identical) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.173.233.212 (talk) 21:17, 2 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Visually, it depends on the font. The ones I've looked at generally have a longer descender on the dagger than the cross.  Beyond that,  is classified in Unicode as a punctuation mark while  is classified as a symbol and its default presentation is emoji. DRMcCreedy (talk) 00:26, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
 * In serif fonts, the difference is more evident. See † (dagger), ✝ (latin cross) . It does depend on the font: in some, the handle of the dagger is quite rounded. NB that what I see may not be what you get because your system may have a different default serif font from mine. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 00:59, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

Proposal to move this article to Dagger (mark)
Broadly speaking, typography is about the design, layout and typesetting of a document (page, book, etc), using glyphs (letters, symbols, sign, spaces) and images. The dagger mark is just another symbol and it is just strange (to my eyes) to disambiguate using (typography) rather than (symbol) like every other ambiguously named symbol. Quite a few articles link here so rather than just WP:BEBOLD, I thought it best to ask have I missed something, why has no one done it before? I can't see a that a full RtM process is needed, is it? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 18:39, 23 June 2021 (UTC)
 * My original proposal was to move to Dagger (symbol) but, as the OED calls it a 'mark', I have revised the proposal accordingly but the significant action, to move away from 'typography' is unchanged. Given that there have been no comments and silence signifies assent, I will do the move now. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 15:22, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

cross not dagger
Not sure what mental gymnastics some of you had to hoop through to call a crucifix a dagger 67.6.241.113 (talk) 12:16, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
 * None. The article says that the dagger symbols are "not to be confused with" the various forms of cross. Indeed the article notes that in Germany, the symbol is only ever used as a cross, never to call out a footnote. "Your mileage may vary". --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 16:55, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
 * The origin and evolution of the mark is covered in the history section of the article; it is not a Christian cross. It is also clearly not a crucifix in any case as there is no figure of Jesus fixed to it. WP Ludicer (talk) 21:12, 10 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dagger (mark)


text: File:Stamp AT 1968 2s arms.jpg

title: File:Stamp AT 1968 2s arms.jpg


text:
Gubrist Tunnel

The Gubrist Tunnel is a motorway tunnel in Switzerland. The tunnel lies to the north-west of the city of Zürich, and forms part of the A1 motorway, on its northern ring section around Zürich. The tunnel was completed in 1985, and is 3273 m in length.

The tunnel is named after the hill of Gubrist, which is nearby. In 1990 63,000 cars/day used this tunnel; in 2014 the number had risen to 106,000, but by 2025 this number is expected to rise to 125,000. By 2023, the tunnel reached 120'000 cars.

On 12 September 2007 the Swiss government voted for the widening of the tunnel. A third parallel tube will raise the number of the lanes from 4 to 7 (2 + 2 in direction St Gallen and 3 towards Bern). 890 Million Swiss francs will be committed for the construction of the 3.2 km long tunnel.

This is part of the 'A1 Nordumfahrung' renovation plan covering the western entrance, the Gubrist tunnel itself, and a further 10 km of motorway west of the tunnel. The project will expand the motorway approaching the tunnel from its original 4 lanes (2 in each direction) to 6 lanes (3 in each direction). The major junctions immediately east (the Weiningen junction) and west (the Affoltern junction) of the tunnel will also be modernised. The project will cost in total 1.55 billion Swiss francs. Work started in 2014 and was scheduled to take 9 years. In July 2023, the third tube was inaugurated. Construction was hampered by the Covid-19 pandemic. Besides the village Weiningen nearby fiercely opposed the plans and appealed to the Federal Court achieved for the tunnel to include a covering fence of 100m at the end against noise and smell.

In 2012, the Gubrist Tunnel was rated as 'sufficient' (ausreichend) in a test of tunnel safety undertaken by the Touring Club Suisse and was the second worst tunnel in the test.

title: Gubrist Tunnel


text:
Category:Tortoises

This category is not for taxa article categorisation. For taxon categorisation use Category:Testudinidae

title: Category:Tortoises


text:
Orla coat of arms

Orla (derived from Polish orzeł 'eagle') is a distinct Polish armorial estate and heraldic clan coat of arms adopted in Polish heraldry since the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. It was vested upon several knightly families of Poland's nobility situated in the historical region of Greater Poland, Silesia and Lesser Poland from about the 14th century, where it was first historically known in Poland as the coat of arms of 'Saszor' [Szaszor], later 'Orla', and subsequently conferred on the ennoblement of several individuals.

History
Orla is one of the oldest Polish coats of arms. The coat of arms was naturalised into Polish heraldry during the Jagiellonian dynasty; it is a derivative of its Roman-German origin-precursor attributed to the personal coat of arms borne by the House of Saszowski and its branch scions.

The Polish Orla coat of arms was subsequently borne as well by several unrelated Polish knightly families and individuals connected by heraldic adoption at ennoblement, and as frequently found with Polish coats of arms, by some supposed members misattributed to the heraldic clan by error or usurpation.

Blazon
Silver (Argent), an eagle displayed headless red (Gules), on the neck a star of six rays red (gules); N.B. the star, as well as the eagle claws, are often found represented (rightly or wrongly) as gold (Or) tincture in Polish heraldic literature.

Notable member bearers
From the classical Polish heraldic reference Herby rycerstwa polskiego (Armorials of Polish Knights) published in 1584 by Bartosz Paprocki, bearers shown in order of precedence: and the individuals:
 * House of Saszowski [Szaszowski] (historically equally written as Schaschowsky, Saschowsky et al.), and its branch scions alias Palczowski and Gierałtowski.
 * Jakub Saszowski of Gierałtowic (equally known as Gierałtowski), Burgrave of Kraków and Wawel Royal Castle
 * Zygmunt Saszowski of Palczowic (equally known as Palczowski), (b. 1530, d. 1587), Burgrave of Kraków and Wawel Royal Castle
 * Jan Palczowski of Palczowic (b. about 1507, d. 1565)
 * Krzysztof Palczowski of Palczowic (b. about 1568, d. 1627)
 * Paweł Palczowski of Palczowic (b. about 1570, d. about 1609)
 * House of Barski
 * House of Chobienicki
 * Jorogniewski
 * Kełbowski
 * Ligocki

title: Orla coat of arms


text: Category:Battles of the Texas Revolution


text:
Danny Chan

Danny Chan Pak-Keung (7 September 1958 – 25 October 1993) was a Hong Kong singer, songwriter and actor. One of the first Cantopop idols in Hong Kong, he gained fame alongside performers Alan Tam, Anita Mui, and Leslie Cheung, who were collectively known as "Three Kings and a Queen" (三王一后) or "Tam Cheung Mui Chan" (譚張梅陳) in the 1980s. He is best remembered for such songs as "Waiting" (等), "Life Expectation" (一生何求), "Ripples" (漣漪), "Loving You Alone" (偏偏喜歡你) and "Cherish Tonight" (今宵多珍重).

Career
Chan was born on 7 September 1958 at Queen Mary Hospital in Pok Fu Lam (薄扶林). His father is Chan Pang-Fee (1923 – 5 April 2019), a businessman in the watch industry, who was fond of Cantonese opera and became one of his son's musical influences.

During childhood, Chan developed a passion for music and mostly learnt to play organ keyboard and piano by himself. He was an alumnus of St. Paul's Co-educational College and also a classmate of lyricist Andrew Lam Man Chung (林敏驄).

Chan won third prize at the TVB "Hong Kong Pop Song Writing Invitation" in 1977 with his self-written English song "The Rocky Road". In 1978, he won first prize at the Hong Kong Yamaha Electone Festival by playing the theme music of the movie Close Encounters of the Third Kind. This earned him his singing contract with Hong Kong Television Broadcasts (TVB) and officially launched his entertainment career. In that same year, he made his acting debut with HK TVB through a TV drama called Sweet Babe (甜姐兒).

Chan's musical talent attracted the attention of artist manager Tam Kwok-Gei (譚國基). Tam signed Chan under his artist management agency, Hollywood Casting Agency (HCA), and subsequently had Chan sign a recording contract with EMI. Chan's first music album, First Love, was released in 1979. His self-composed song on the album, "Tears for You" (眼淚為你流), was an instant hit. Chan subsequently signed music contracts with Hong Kong EMI (1979), WEA (1980), DMI (1986), and finally moved back to WEA (1989). His Cantopop romance ballads achieved high levels of public success and critical acclaim, some of which are still popular such as "Waiting" (等), "Life Expectation" (一生何求), "Ripples" (漣漪), "Loving You Alone" (偏偏喜歡你), "Cherish Tonight" (今宵多珍重), "Deeply in Love with You" (深愛著你), "Having You" (有了你), "Misty Rain" (煙雨悽迷), "Applause" (喝采), and "Minutes' Date" (幾分鐘的約會). The song "Remembrance on Parents' Love" (念親恩) is often played on radio stations and frequently chosen for karaoke.

Chan's first five albums were produced by Tam Kwok-Gei, and the song concepts were mostly targeted towards youth. Chan composed a large quantity of songs during this period. From the sixth album, Pouring Out My Heart (傾訴), onward, Chan started to produce albums himself. He reached his first peak in his musical career with this album and the next one, Loving You Alone (偏偏喜歡你), where the album sales achieved five platinum certifications (250,000 copies) in Hong Kong.

In 1984, he sang an English duet "Tell Me What Can I Do" with American country music singer Crystal Gayle. It was produced in the US and released in both the US and Japan, but was largely unknown due to lack of promotional budget. Meanwhile, he also covered Jim Capaldi's ballad "Warm" with an improved music arrangement.

In the early 1980s, Chan was a host in the TV show Bang Bang Sound (Bang Bang咁嘅聲). His co-operation with Leslie Cheung and Paul Chung in the films Encore (1980) (喝采) and On Trial (1981) (失業生), received positive reception from the public and media. He is the main character in HK TVB TV series Breakthrough (1982) (突破) together with his favourite female partner Mary Jean Reimer (翁靜晶). His sole comedy film Merry Christmas (1984) (聖誕快樂) was a huge box office success. He is also one of the main characters in one of Hong Kong's the most famous romantic film from the 1980s, An Autumn's Tale (1987) (秋天的童話), as Vincent (Jennifer's ex-boyfriend), with Chow Yun-fat (as Samuel Pang) and Cherie Chung (as Jennifer). During the span of his musical career, Chan held many music concerts in Hong Kong, China, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Thailand, Canada and the United States. He held his first major local concert at the Queen Elizabeth Stadium in July 1982 (2 nights), and another concert in the newly developed Hong Kong Stadium in September 1983 (2 nights), both of which were organised by Brainchild Productions (富才制作). From this time on, all of his major concerts were held in Hong Kong Stadium. His avant-garde concept January 1985 concerts (3 nights) were organised by Capitol Artists Entertainment (華星娛樂), but was met with underwhelming feedback. Warm critical acclaims was received in the Dickson Entertainment (迪生娛樂) organised concerts in December 1986 (2 nights) and April 1988 (4 nights). His 10th anniversary concerts in September/October 1989 (6 nights), and the purple themed concerts in March 1991 (3 nights) were organised by Yiu Wing Entertainment (耀榮娛樂).

Chan also participated and represented Hong Kong in various music festivals, such as the World Popular Song Festival 1984 in Tokyo, the Nagasaki Asia Music Festival 1988 in Japan, Peace Music Concert 1988 in Singapore, Tokyo Music Festival 1989 and the Shanghai Music Festival Warner Music Special Concert 1991. He was also invited to perform at the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympic Games opening ceremony. In 1986, he performed in the presence of The Royal Thai princess in a Thai charity show.

In 1991, Chan announced his decision to leave the Hong Kong music industry. He had planned to hold a several farewell concerts in the US, Canada and Hong Kong, but his sudden descent into a coma in May 1992 halted such plans.

Death
Chan suffered from mild depression, which worsened during the late 1980s.

On 18 May 1992, Chan was found unconscious and he was admitted to Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong. Chan had suffered from advanced brain damage. It was speculated that this was due to drug use. He went into a coma for almost a year and a half and died on 25 October 1993 at the age of 35.

Commemoration

On 22 October 1995, Chan's father, Chan Pang-Fee, sponsored and built the Danny Commemoration Pavilion (陳百強紀念館) in his ancestoral hometown Sijiu Town, Taishan City, Guangdong Province, China (中國廣東省台山市四九鎮). A favourite spot for his fans to visit and remember him.

On 8 November 2005, the Hong Kong Post issued a set of special stamps featuring "Hong Kong Pop Singers". This stamp set focused on Hong Kong's popular singers, saluting five pop stars who have left their mark on Cantopop music history. Chan was featured on the HK$1.80 stamp.

Other compositions

 * 1978, "The Sunrise" (English), unreleased
 * 1980, "Tears in Tears" (淚中淚), a song by Wong Hoi Yan (黃愷欣)
 * 1981, "Cherish Me" (為我珍重), a song by Blanche Tang Oi Lam (鄧藹霖)
 * 1984, "Love Prediction" (戀愛預告), a song by Sandy Lamb (林姍姍)
 * 1987, "Love Without Reasons" (愛不問為何), a song by Roman Tam (罗文)
 * 1988, "12 Hours" (十二小時), a song by Samantha Lam (林志美)

Films

 * 1980, Encore (喝采)
 * 1981, On Trial / Job Hunter (失業生)
 * 1984, Merry Christmas (聖誕快樂)
 * 1986, My Family (八喜臨門)
 * 1987, An Autumn's Tale (秋天的童話) a.k.a. Chau tin tik tung wa (Hong Kong Cantonese title); a.k.a. Liumang daheng (流氓大亨) (Taiwan Mandarin title)

TV dramas

 * 1977, Sweet Babe (甜姐兒) (produced by HK TVB)
 * 1980, Take Turn (輪流轉) (produced by HK TVB)
 * 1980, Breakthrough (突破) (produced by HK TVB)

Music awards
▲ In 1999, the song "Ripples" (漣漪) was used by the Hong Kong Government in a commercial clip for Tracker Fund of Hong Kong IPO.

Other awards
1981, "Model Youth" in Wong Tai Sin District, Hong Kong 1986, "Hong Kong's Top 10 Most Popular Celebrities" by Radio Television Hong Kong 1987, "Hong Kong's Top 10 Best Dressed Personnel" by Hong Kong Fashion Designers Association 1989, "Hong Kong's Top 10 Good-Looking Personnel" by Commercial Radio Hong Kong 1990, "Hong Kong's Top 10 Best Dressed Personnel" by Hong Kong Fashion Designers Association

title: Danny Chan


text:
Strzemie coat of arms

Strzemię (Polish for "Stirrup") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Blazon
Gules, a stirrup Or.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this Coat of Arms have included:
 * Antoni Józef Madaliński (1739–1804) – Polish general

title: Strzemie coat of arms


text:
2004 in Ireland

Events from the year 2004 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Mary McAleese
 * Taoiseach: Bertie Ahern (FF)
 * Tánaiste: Mary Harney (PD)
 * Minister for Finance:
 * Charlie McCreevy (FF) (until 29 September 2004)
 * Brian Cowen (FF) (from 29 September 2004)
 * Chief Justice:
 * Ronan Keane (until 2004)
 * John L. Murray (from 23 July 2004)
 * Dáil: 29th
 * Seanad: 22nd

Events
https://home.bt.com/login/loginform?TARGET=$SM$https%3A%2F%2Fsignin1.bt.com%2Fbtmail%2Fsecure%2Femaillogin
 * 1 January –
 * Ireland assumed the rotating position of the Presidency of the Council of the European Union for six months.
 * Taoiseach Bertie Ahern assumed the rotating position of the President of the European Council for six months.
 * Scouting Ireland was created when the merger between Scouting Ireland (CSI) and the Scout Association of Ireland (SAI) became effective.
 * 28 February – Five people were killed in a bus crash at Wellington Quay, Dublin.
 * 16 March – The cooling towers of Rhode Power Station, near Kilbeggan, County Westmeath, were demolished.
 * 27 March – Ireland's rugby team won the Triple Crown for the first time since 1985.
 * 29 March – A smoking ban introduced by Minister for Health, Micheál Martin, came into effect in all pubs, restaurants, and work places.
 * 20 April – Welsh pub landlords reported an increase in the number of Irish patrons visiting Wales where they could avoid the restrictions of Ireland's new smoking ban which prohibited smoking in Irish pubs. The drinkers could travel to Wales by ferryboat for as little as £10 for a day-return ticket, smoke cigarettes while drinking, and pay lower prices for their alcohol.
 * 1–25 May – Heads of government celebrated in Dublin as the European Union admitted ten new member states.
 * 18 May – Clare O'Leary became the first Irish woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest.
 * June – The first phase of Ireland's first offshore wind farm, the Arklow Bank Wind Park, was commissioned.
 * 11 June
 * European Parliament Election 2004 – Fine Gael emerged as the largest party, eclipsing Fianna Fáil by one seat. Two Independent MEPs were elected. The Labour Party won one seat and Sinn Féin took a seat for the first time ever.
 * Local Elections, 2004 – Fianna Fáil's share of the vote fell sharply while all the other opposition parties made gains. Sinn Féin made a big breakthrough with a record number of councillors being elected.
 * 16 June – The Grangegorman Development Bill was published by the Irish Government.
 * 25 June – US President George W. Bush arrived at Shannon Airport for a European Union–United States summit.
 * 30 June
 * President of France Jacques Chirac congratulated Ireland on its presidency of the European Commission, saying that it was the "best presidency ever."
 * Operations commenced on the Luas tram's Green Line in Dublin.
 * 20 July – Minister for Finance, Charlie McCreevy, was appointed as Ireland's next European Commissioner.
 * 7 August – Athlete Cathal Lombard was accused of taking performance-enhancing drugs at the Olympic Games.
 * 13 August – Minister for Agriculture, Joe Walsh, announced his retirement from the Cabinet after seven years. He was the longest-serving agriculture minister in Europe.
 * 27 August – Cian O'Connor won a gold medal for Ireland at the Olympic Games in Athens.
 * 8 September – Former Taoiseach John Bruton was appointed EU Ambassador to the United States.
 * 14 September – Mary McAleese announced her intention to run for a second term as President of Ireland.
 * 29 September – Bertie Ahern reshuffled his cabinet. Michael Smith, Joe Walsh and Charlie McCreevy retired from the government. Brian Cowen became Minister for Finance and Dermot Ahern became Minister for Foreign Affairs. Mary Hanafin, Dick Roche, and Willie O'Dea joined the Cabinet table for the first time.  Séamus Brennan was assigned to the position of Minister for Social and Family Affairs. Mary Coughlan becomes Ireland's first female Minister for Agriculture and Food.
 * 30 September
 * Leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), Ian Paisley, made a historic first visit to Dublin for political talks with Taoiseach Bertie Ahern.
 * The Luas tram's Red Line commenced operation from Tallaght to Connolly Station.
 * 1 October – As nominations for presidential candidates closed, Mary McAleese was re-elected unopposed for a second term as President of Ireland.
 * 2 October – Ireland's second national television channel, N2, reverted to its original name of RTÉ Two.
 * 5 October – The Government issued an Irish passport to British hostage Ken Bigley in an effort to secure his release from his Iraqi captors.
 * 16 October – Bertie Ahern held discussions with United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan in Dublin.
 * 19 October – Dublin-born aid worker Margaret Hassan was kidnapped in Iraq.
 * 1 November – The International Equestrian Federation confirmed that part of a B sample of "Waterford Crystal," the horse ridden by Olympic showjumping gold medallist Cian O'Connor, had been stolen in England.
 * 3 November – Fran Rooney resigned as chief executive of the Football Association of Ireland.
 * 9 November – Banned substances were confirmed in the B blood sample of the horse, "Waterford Crystal."
 * 15 November – Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs, Éamon Ó Cuív, escaped injury when his ministerial car was involved in a head-on collision with another car in County Kerry.
 * 16 November – Margaret Hassan was murdered by her captors in Iraq.
 * 22 November – Bertie Ahern celebrated ten years as leader of the Fianna Fáil party.
 * 15 December – The Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act 2004 was enacted. Inter alia, this provided that children born of most foreign national parents on the island of Ireland were no longer automatically entitled to Irish citizenship.
 * 16 December – In Colombia, the Penal Chamber of Bogotá's Supreme Tribunal handed down lengthy jail sentences to the Irish Colombia Three for training Colombian Marxist rebels.
 * 18 December – The "Colombia Three", Niall Connolly, Martin McCauley and James Monaghan, jumped bail.
 * 19 December – President McAleese convened a meeting of the Council of State to discuss the Health Amendment II Bill, which was presented the previous week by the Health Minister Mary Harney.
 * 26 December – Four Irish people were among the victims of the Indian Ocean tsunami.
 * 31 December – Taoiseach Bertie Ahern pledged €10 million in humanitarian aid to people affected by the earthquake and tsunami in South and Southeast Asia.
 * The Italian Quarter private development opens in Dublin, incorporating the photographic mural Dublin's Last Supper.

Arts and literature

 * 4 March – Dublin: Foundation, an historical novel by Edward Rutherfurd, was published.
 * 27 August – The film Adam & Paul was released.
 * 14 October – The Lewis Glucksman Gallery at University College Cork, designed by O'Donnell & Tuomey, was opened by the President.
 * Cecelia Ahern's first novel PS, I Love You was published.
 * Arlene Hunt's first novel, the Dublin-set detective fiction Vicious Circle, was published.
 * Colm Tóibín's novel The Master was published.

Association football
Shelbourne defeated KR Reykjavík in the first qualifying round on away goals. In the second qualifying round, Shelbourne lost the first leg 3–2 away to Hajduk Split, but two late goals in the home leg at Tolka Park meant they became the first Irish team to make it to the third qualifying round. After a 0–0 draw with Deportivo de La Coruña in front of 25,000 fans at Lansdowne Road, the Irish team lost 3–0 in Spain.
 * Football World Cup 2006 Qualification
 * Republic of Ireland 3–0 Cyprus
 * Northern Ireland 0–3 Poland
 * Republic of Ireland 1–1 Switzerland
 * Northern Ireland 2–2 Wales
 * Republic of Ireland 0–0 France
 * Northern Ireland 0–0 Azerbaijan
 * Republic of Ireland 2–0 Faroe Islands
 * Northern Ireland 0–0 Austria
 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: Shelbourne
 * FAI Cup Final
 * Longford Town 2–1 Waterford United
 * UEFA Champions League

Bohemians and Longford Town suffered disappointing first qualifying round defeats to FC Levadia Tallinn and FC Vaduz respectively. Shelbourne entered the first round proper after their Champions League third qualifying round exit, but missed out on a place in the UEFA Cup group stages. After a 2–2 draw at Lansdowne Road, Shelbourne lost 0–2 in the return leg against French side Lille.
 * UEFA Cup

Gaelic games

 * All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final 2004
 * Cork 0–17 – 0–9 Kilkenny
 * All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final 2004
 * Kerry 1–20 – 2–9 Mayo

Golf

 * Ryder Cup
 * Three Irishmen, Pádraig Harrington, Darren Clarke, and Paul McGinley, featured prominently on the victorious European team.
 * Nissan Irish Open was won by Brett Rumford (Australia).

Olympic Games

 * Cian O'Connor and the horse Waterford Crystal won gold for Ireland in the equestrian event. O'Connor was later stripped of this title because the horse tested positive for a prohibited substance.

Rugby union

 * 2004 Six Nations Championship
 * Ireland 19–3 Italy
 * Ireland 37–16 Scotland
 * Ireland 19–13 England
 * Ireland 17–35 France
 * Ireland 36–15 Wales
 * Ireland won the Triple Crown for the first time since 1985. The team also became the first to beat England since their World Cup win.
 * 2003–04 Heineken Cup
 * Only Munster advanced from the group stage and were defeated in the semi-finals.

Deaths

 * 5 February – Harry West, leader of the Ulster Unionist Party from 1974 to 1979, Stormont MP, Minister for Agriculture (born 1917).
 * 18 February – Tommy Eglington, soccer player (born 1923).
 * 2 March – Cormac McAnallen, Tyrone Gaelic footballer (born 1980).
 * 4 March – Paddy Ruschitzko, Laois hurler (born 1917).
 * 6 March – Tom Leonard, Fianna Fáil TD (born 1924).
 * 24 March – Richard Leech, actor (born 1922).
 * 7 April – Maureen Potter, singer, actress and comedian (born 1925).
 * 8 April – Enda Colleran, former Gaelic footballer (born 1941).
 * 12 April – Sean Delaney, former soccer player and coach (born 1949).
 * 11 May – Mick Doyle, rugby player and coach, killed in car crash (born 1941).
 * 3 June – Joe Carr, amateur golfer (born 1922).
 * 6 June – Simon Cumbers, journalist murdered in Saudi Arabia (born 1968).
 * 8 June
 * Kit Lawlor, soccer player (born 1922).
 * Máirín Lynch, widow of former Taoiseach Jack Lynch (born 1916).
 * 24 June – Douglas Gageby, journalist and editor of The Irish Times (born 1918).
 * 23 July – Joe Cahill, former Chief of Staff of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (born 1920).

 * 8 October – Fergus Bourke, photographer (born 1934).
 * 16 November – Margaret Hassan, aid worker in Iraq, kidnapped and murdered by Iraqi insurgents (born 1945).
 * 20 November – Ian Lewis, cricketer (born 1935).
 * 8 December – Digby McLaren, geologist and palaeontologist in Canada (born 1919).
 * 26 December – Frank Pantridge, physician, cardiologist and inventor of the portable defibrillator (born 1916).

 * Full date unknown
 * George Harrison, member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and alleged gun-runner (born 1915).

title: 2004 in Ireland


text:
User talk:Ginnsu

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 18:07, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ginnsu


text: User talk:68.104.135.134

title: User talk:68.104.135.134