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Canal pound

A canal pound (from impound), reach, or level (American usage), is the stretch of level water impounded between two canal locks. Canal pounds can vary in length from the non-existent, where two or more immediately adjacent locks form a lock staircase, to many kilometres/miles.

The longest canal pound in the United Kingdom is between the stop lock on the Trent and Mersey Canal at Preston Brook (Dutton Stop Lock No 76) and the start of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal near Leigh (Poolstock Bottom Lock No 2), a distance of 39.5 mi. Another long pound is on the Kennet and Avon Canal between Wootton Rivers Bottom Lock and Caen Hill top lock. The longest level on the Erie Canal in New York was the 60 mile level (actually 64.2 mi) between Henrietta and Lockport.

History
Pounds came into being with the development of pound locks to replace the earlier flash locks. A key feature of pound locks was that the intervening level between locks remained largely constant, as opposed to the variable levels created by the opening of flash locks.

On some American canals, some pounds acquired nicknames due to the mileage between locks, e.g. the "Eight Mile Level" on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal was between Riley's Lock (Lock 24) and Edward's Ferry (Lock 25), a distance of about 8 mi.

Engineering considerations
Making a channel that would not leak water is not easily done. Gravel soil or light soil will leak for a few years until it settles and hardens. Puddle or clay would be used to line the channel, but that was not foolproof. The Union Canal and the Schuylkill canal where the canal prism (the shape of the canal as seen in cross section ) was blasted through limestone leaked so badly, they had to line the channel with timber. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal had frequent cave-ins due to limestone sinkholes near Shepherdstown, near Two Locks above Dam No. 4, around Four Locks, Big pool, and Roundtop Hill near Dam No. 6. requiring expensive repairs. After some years, the canal bed would settle and harden, and puddling would no longer be needed.

Water supply
One main concern to the engineer was the canal's water supply. Pumping would contribute greatly to operating expense, especially at the summit level, hence gravity fed water is preferred. Feeder canals could be 20 mi to 30 mi in length, if needed. The canal bed would have to slope so that the water would not flow too fast down the canal and impede the progress of upstream boats.

Rivers were often dammed to raise the water's height so that the canal could be fed, for instance, the Chesapeake and Ohio canal had 7 dams built to feed water.

If a dam was not built, often water had to be pumped. The Chesapeake and Ohio put a steam pump near the South Branch, near mile 174, which had a capacity of about 25 cuft/s, since the water from Dam No. 8 was insufficient. This problem is particularly acute on summit pounds (see below).

On the Delaware Division canal, the Delaware River was made to pump its own water into the canal, using an undershot water wheel which was connected to another wheel which had buckets attached, thereby lifting the river water up to the canal.

Winter
Where ice would form during winter, the canal prism would usually be closed and drained. During this time, sand bars would be dug out, locks and other structures would be fixed. Exceptions to this would include wartime necessities, i.e. the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal was left open in the winters of 1861–1862 because of the American Civil War.

Level walkers and repairs
American canals often had a man called a "level walker" (Chesapeake and Ohio Canal), "bank watchman" (Erie Canal), towpath walker or inspector whose job was to walk along the pound (level) with a shovel, checking for leaks and repairing minor ones before the leak could cause major damage, and calling the section work crew for major ones. His rounds were about 20 to 24 miles daily. Muskrats would cause leaks by burrowing in the canal, as well as competitors such as stage coach lines or teamsters who would sabotage the canal by digging holes in the bank. Other duties included checking the waste weir gates to see if they were letting out the correct amount of water, checking aqueducts for damage, as well as being called in the night to search for missing persons supposedly drowned in the canal.

If a break or leak was discovered and the level walker could not do repair it himself, he sent a message to the section superintendent or headquarters, and the section crew with a repair scow would come. These boats carried clay straw, takes, rope, wooden boards, and tools (picks & shovels). For culverts and flood gates, a row of heavy planks, interlocked with tongue and groove, would be driven across the canal (similar to a cofferdam) above and below the break, and would swell when wet. After the water drained out through the break, it would be repaired. If the break was in the bank or berm of the canal, the crew would drive two rows of stakes, about a foot apart, across the breach, then weaving rope between them. Straw was put in it, and that would slow or stop the water flow. A row of planks were then driven to stop the flow, and then the break would be filled with dirt and rocks.

Burrowing animals, such as muskrats, would cause leaks by digging holes. Indiana canals had leaks from burrowing crawfish. Canal companies would often post bounties for muskrats, e.g. the Middlesex Canal.

Types of pound
Pounds can be described in various ways according to their situation;

Summit pound
A summit pound is formed at a summit on the canal, and where all the defining locks descend from the pound. Summit pounds are particularly important in canal design, as every boat entering or leaving the pound causes a loss of water. Summit pounds therefore need an independent form of water supply, which may take the form of weirs on adjacent rivers, reservoirs or pumping stations. Common practice during canal design was to make summit pounds as large as practically possible, in order that losing a lockful of water would not lower the water level too significantly.

The Rochdale Canal is a good example of a canal with a relatively short summit pound, which requires restrictions on lock workings at certain times. The canal, which is one of three which cross the Pennines, is 32 mi long, but the summit pound is just 0.8 mi. To the north and east, 36 locks descend to Sowerby Bridge, while to the south and west, another 56 locks descend to Castlefield Junction, on the edge of Manchester. The summit pound is 600 ft above sea level, and is one of the highest summit pounds in Britain. In order to keep it in water, the company built a total of eight reservoirs near the summit pound. Hollingworth Reservoir was at a lower level than the summit, and so a steam engine was installed to pump the water up to a 4 mi feeder, which delivered it to the summit pound. One reason for the present restriction on boat movements over the summit is that the water rights and associated works were sold to various local authorities in 1923 under the terms of the Oldham and Rochdale Corporations Water Act, as the subsequent increase in leisure traffic was not anticipated. The first canal to be constructed with a summit pound in the United Kingdom was the Newry Canal, completed in 1741, which linked Newry to Lough Neagh. The summit pound was 5.2 mi long, between Poyntz Pass and Terryhoogan, but its water supply was a cause of problems over many years.

Pennsylvania's Union Canal suffered likewise on its summit level for lack of water. To rectify that, engineers had to put three large dams across Swartara creek, a mile long dam over Cattail Creek, and the water then passed to a powerhouse where the water was pumped (using water wheels and additional steam pumps if needed) 95 feet up, whereupon it flowed 4 miles through an aqueduct.

The Morris Canal in New Jersey used Lake Hopatcong to feed its summit pound through a feeder canal. The lake was large enough, that traffic could enter the lake from the canal. Lock 1E was east of the summit pound, and Lock 1W was west of the summit pound. The Panama Canal also uses a lake (Lake Gatun) as its summit pound.

Sump pound
The inverse of a summit pound is a sump pound. In contrast to a summit pound, a sump pound is a point where every boat entering or leaving the pound causes an addition of water. The longest one is the 11.6 mi Fenny Stratford pound on the Grand Union Canal, between Cosgrove Lock, which starts the ascent to the Braunston summit to the north, and Fenny Stratford lock, which starts the ascent to the Bulborne summit to the south. Every sump pound needs somewhere to discharge the surplus water, and in this case, a large viaduct and aqueduct immediately to the south of Cosgrove Lock carries the canal over the River Great Ouse, which serves that function.

Lock pound
A lock pound lies between two locks which are only a short distance apart. Water levels in the pound are liable to fluctuate as the locks are used. Boats entering the pound from the lower level remove a lockful of water from the pound, while those using the upper lock add a lockful of water. Because the maximum level in the pound is normally controlled by a bywash weir at the lower lock, some of the water from the upper lock may be lost over it, and if the lower lock has a deeper fall, there is a net loss of level when a boat passes through the pound.

Side pound
A side pound is a particular type of extremely short lock pound, which is extended sideways to make up for the short distance between locks so as to avoid excessive level fluctuations. An example of this is the Caen Hill locks on the Kennet and Avon Canal. Climbing the hill that leads to Devizes requires 29 locks. The first seven and the last six have conventional pounds, but the middle sixteen have large side pounds, enabling all 16 to be fitted into a distance of around 0.6 mi.

Serving a similar function are the side ponds on lock flights such as the Foxton flight. The ten locks are organised as two staircases of five chambers each, where each lock can discharge water into the pond below it and receive water from the one above it. Although connected to the locks by sluices, they are still often called side pounds, as they are maintained at the level at which an intermediate pound would be if one were present. The term side pond is also used to refer to a water saving basin, which is maintained at a level between the upper and lower level of a single lock. Most of the locks on the Grand Union Canal between Whilton Locks and lock 45 at Bulbourne, the junction with the Wendover Arm, were built with two such side ponds, although they are currently disused.

Regulating water level
Canals have several devices used to keep the water level from rising too high in the pounds, causing floods, washouts, and other damage.

Waste weirs
Waste weirs are used to regulate the height of the water in the canal. Any water higher than the highest board in the waste weir would flow over the board, and out of the canal pound. Boards could be added or taken out to adjust the height of water. Waste weirs often had paddle valves at the bottom, allowing the canal to be completely drained for repairs, emergencies, or at the end of the boating season for winter. On some canals (e.g. the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal) with the exception of short levels, almost every level had a waste weir between the locks.

At locks, there was often a bypass weir which fed water to the flume, allowing water to bypass the lock into the lower pound. This could be adjusted, similar to the waste weir by adding or removing boards to control the water level.

Spillways and informal overflows (mule drinks)
Spillways were also used, allowing the water to spill over and into the surrounding rivers. These may be positioned over the towpath or on the berm side of the canal.

An "informal overflow" on American canals is a dip in the towpath which functions as a spillway, but usually lacking concrete or formal structure. The boatmen sometimes called these "mule drinks", since the mules would drink from the water flowing over the towpath. Informal overflows were often replaced by a waste weir or lined with concrete or masonry to make a more "permanent" spillway.

Stop gates
If the pound was many miles long, sometimes the canal would be designed with stop gates, so that if there was a break in the canal the whole pound would not lose all its water. Isolating the break would allow the company to make repairs sooner. For instance, on the 14 mile level of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, there were stop gates put before and after Big Pool so that it (the Big Pool lake) would not have to be drained in case of breaks or repairs.

Animal escape
On the Erie Canal, in the three mile long rock cut above Lockport, if a mule or horse fell into the canal pound, there were some escape "holes" cut in the towpath, a depression covered over by wooden boards, so that the animal could go into the "hole" and then be rescued. This was as a result of the bank being practically vertical, making it impossible to retrieve one that fell into the canal.

Ramps at the side of canals next to the towpath are quite common in England particularly where horses were known to fall in. For example there is one on the Hanwell Lock Flight of locks on the Grand Union Canal.

Sand bars and obstructions
Canal levels sometimes have sand bars or shallow areas where the boat will get stuck. It is common on English canals for boaters to carry a barge pole to help punt the boat off an obstruction.

Some boats carried long iron-tipped poles to push themselves off, although some canals forbade their use. Sometimes boatmen would ask the lockkeeper of the lock above for a swell, to raise the water in the level, so that they could get off the sand bar.

title: Canal pound


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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Sydney/Mayors and Lord Mayors

Mayors of Sydney
Moved from Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Sydney.

It'd probably be a good idea to get a list of these, so we need to know exactly what needs to be done. The page says that none of them have articles, but at least one - Clover Moore, does. Ambi 05:12, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I found A Short Electoral History of the Sydney City Council 1842-1992 - it has an appendix with a list of all the Lord Mayors. —Stormie 09:18, Sep 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot. I've gotten started at List of Mayors and Lord Mayors of Sydney - it goes up to 1900 now. In case anyone's interested in helping, this site has the same information without it being at the end of a long PDF document.

 * I came across one problem. The mayor in 1886 was one John Young. We also have a substub on a 19th-century New South Wales governor, John Young (NSW Governor). I've no idea if they're the same person. Ambi 13:32, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Seems not! According to, Sir John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar, was governor of NSW from 1860 to 1867 (hmm, our page says 1861-1867), then went on to become Governor-General of Canada from 1869-1872, then died in 1876. I will now go and merge John Young (NSW Governor) and John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar. —Stormie 23:25, Sep 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, good find! It'd be nice if there was a little more than a sentence on his Australian stuff in the Canadian article. Ambi 05:15, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

List format
I've made List of Mayors and Lord Mayors of Melbourne into a table-formatted list: tell me what you think before I touch the Sydney list. Also, it seems from the dates that the title Lord Mayor was conferred on Sydney at the same time as Melbourne. Can anyone confirm this? T.P.K. 08:47, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

surrounding cities / cities in the Greater Metro Area
is there any for/against for categories for mayors of say Blacktown, Parramatta, etc? I don't really get the distinction between Lord Mayor and Mayor... anyway, should Fay Lo Po' go in the category of Sydney Mayors as a Mayor(ess??) of Penrith or not? She has a stub article due to having been a NSW Parliamentarian. Garrie 04:41, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Crown group

In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor. It is thus a way of defining a clade, a group consisting of a species and all its extant or extinct descendants. For example, Neornithes (birds) can be defined as a crown group, which includes the most recent common ancestor of all modern birds, and all of its extant or extinct descendants.

The concept was developed by Willi Hennig, the formulator of phylogenetic systematics, as a way of classifying living organisms relative to their extinct relatives in his "Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten", and the "crown" and "stem" group terminology was coined by R. P. S. Jefferies in 1979. Though formulated in the 1970s, the term was not commonly used until its reintroduction in 2000 by Graham Budd and Sören Jensen.

Contents of the crown group
It is not necessary for a species to have living descendants in order for it to be included in the crown group. Extinct side branches on the family tree that are descended from the most recent common ancestor of living members will still be part of a crown group. For example, if we consider the crown-birds (i.e. all extant birds and the rest of the family tree back to their most recent common ancestor), extinct side branches like the dodo or great auk are still descended from the most recent common ancestor of all living birds, so fall within the bird crown group. One very simplified cladogram for birds is shown below:

In this diagram, the clade labelled "Neornithes" is the crown group of birds: it includes the most recent common ancestor of all living birds and its descendants, living or not. Although considered to be birds (i.e. members of the clade Aves), Archaeopteryx and other extinct groups are not included in the crown group, as they fall outside the Neornithes clade, being descended from an earlier ancestor.

An alternative definition does not require any members of a crown group to be extant, only to have resulted from a "major cladogenesis event". The first definition forms the basis of this article.

Often, the crown group is given the designation "crown-", to separate it from the group as commonly defined. Both birds and mammals are traditionally defined by their traits, and contain fossil members that lived before the last common ancestors of the living groups or, like the mammal Haldanodon, were not descended from that ancestor although they lived later. Crown-Aves and Crown-Mammalia therefore differ slightly in content from the common definition of Aves and Mammalia. This has caused some confusion in the literature.

Other groups under the crown group concept
The cladistic idea of strictly using the topology of the phylogenetic tree to define groups necessitates other definitions than crown groups to adequately define commonly discussed fossil groups. Thus, a host of prefixes have been defined to describe various branches of the phylogenetic tree relative to extant organisms.

Pan-group
A pan-group or total group is the crown group and all organisms more closely related to it than to any other extant organisms. In a tree analogy, it is the crown group and all branches back to (but not including) the split with the closest branch to have living members. The Pan-Aves thus contain the living birds and all (fossil) organisms more closely related to birds than to crocodilians (their closest living relatives). The phylogenetic lineage leading back from Neornithes to the point where it merges with the crocodilian lineage, along with all side branches, constitutes pan-birds. In addition to non-crown group primitive birds like Archaeopteryx, Hesperornis and Confuciusornis, therefore, pan-group birds would include all dinosaurs and pterosaurs as well as an assortment of non-crocodilian animals like Marasuchus.

Pan-Mammalia consists of all mammals and their fossil ancestors back to the phylogenetic split from the remaining amniotes (the Sauropsida). Pan-Mammalia is thus an alternative name for Synapsida.

Stem groups
A stem group is a paraphyletic assemblage composed of the members of a pan-group or total group, above, minus the crown group itself (and therefore minus all living members of the pan-group). This leaves primitive relatives of the crown groups, back along the phylogenetic line to (but not including) the last common ancestor of the crown group and their closest living relatives. It follows from the definition that all members of a stem group are extinct. The "stem group" is the most used and most important of the concepts linked to crown groups, as it offers a means to reify and name paraphyletic assemblages of fossils that otherwise do not fit into systematics based on living organisms.

While often attributed to Jefferies (1979), Willmann (2003) traced the origin of the stem group concept to Austrian systematist Othenio Abel (1914), and it was discussed and diagrammed in English as early as 1933 by A. S. Romer.

Alternatively, the term "stem group" is sometimes used in a wider sense to cover any members of the traditional taxon falling outside the crown group. Permian synapsids like Dimetrodon or Anteosaurus are stem mammals in the wider sense but not in the narrower one.

Often, an (extinct) grouping is identified as belonging together. Later, it may be realized other (extant) groupings actually emerged within such grouping, rendering them a stem grouping. Cladistically, the new groups should then be added to the group, as paraphyletic groupings are not natural. In any case, stem groupings with living descendants should not be viewed as a cohesive group, but their tree should be further resolved to reveal the full bifurcating phylogeny.

Examples of stem groups (in the wider sense)
Stem birds perhaps constitute the most cited example of a stem group, as the phylogeny of this group is fairly well known. The following cladogram, based on Benton (2005), illustrates the concept:

The crown group here is Neornithes, all modern bird lineages back to their last common ancestor. The closest living relatives of birds are crocodilians. If we follow the phylogenetic lineage leading to Neornithes to the left, the line itself and all side branches belong to the stem birds until the lineage merges with that of the crocodilians. In addition to non-crown group primitive birds like Archaeopteryx, Hesperornis and Confuciusornis, stem group birds include the dinosaurs and the pterosaurs. The last common ancestor of birds and crocodilians—the first crown group archosaur—was neither bird nor crocodilian and possessed none of the features unique to either. As the bird stem group evolved, distinctive bird features such as feathers and hollow bones appeared. Finally, at the base of the crown group, all traits common to extant birds were present.

Under the widely used total-group perspective, the Crocodylomorpha would become synonymous with the Crocodilia, and the Avemetatarsalia would become synonymous with the birds, and the above tree could be summarized as

An advantage of this approach is that declaring Theropoda to be birds (or Pan-aves) is more specific than declaring it to be a member of the Archosauria, which would not exclude it from the Crocodilia branch. Basal branch names such as Avemetatarsalia are usually more obscure. However, not so advantageous are the facts that "Pan-Aves" and "Aves" are not the same group, the circumscription of the concept of "Pan-Aves" (synonymous with Avemetatarsalia) is only evident by examination of the above tree, and calling both groups "birds" is ambiguous.

Stem mammals are those in the lineage leading to living mammals, together with side branches, from the divergence of the lineage from the Sauropsida to the last common ancestor of the living mammals. This group includes the synapsids as well as mammaliaforms like the morganucodonts and the docodonts; the latter groups have traditionally and anatomically been considered mammals even though they fall outside the crown group mammals.

Stem tetrapods are the animals belonging to the lineage leading to tetrapods from their divergence from the lungfish, our nearest relatives among the fishes. In addition to a series of lobe-finned fishes, they also include some of the early labyrinthodonts. Exactly what labyrinthodonts are in the stem group tetrapods rather than the corresponding crown group is uncertain, as the phylogeny of early tetrapods is not well understood. This example shows that crown and stem group definitions are of limited value when there is no consensus phylogeny.

Stem arthropods constitute a group that has seen attention in connection with the Burgess Shale fauna. Several of the finds, including the enigmatic Opabinia and Anomalocaris have some, though not all, features associated with arthropods, and are thus considered stem arthropods. The sorting of the Burgess Shale fauna into various stem groups finally enabled phylogenetic sorting of this enigmatic assemblage and also allowed for identifying velvet worms as the closest living relatives of arthropods.

Stem priapulids are other early Cambrian to middle Cambrian faunas, appearing in Chengjiang to Burgess Shale. The genus Ottoia has more or less the same build as modern priapulids, but phylogenetic analysis indicates that it falls outside the crown group, making it a stem priapulid.

Plesion-group
The name plesion has a long history in biological systematics, and plesion group has acquired several meanings over the years. One use is as "nearby group" (plesion means close to in Greek), i.e. sister group to a given taxon, whether that group is a crown group or not. The term may also mean a group, possibly paraphyletic, defined by primitive traits (i.e. symplesiomorphies). It is generally taken to mean a side branch splitting off earlier on the phylogenetic tree than the group in question.

Palaeontological significance of stem and crown groups
Placing fossils in their right order in a stem group allows the order of these acquisitions to be established, and thus the ecological and functional setting of the evolution of the major features of the group in question. Stem groups thus offer a route to integrate unique palaeontological data into questions of the evolution of living organisms. Furthermore, they show that fossils that were considered to lie in their own separate group because they did not show all the diagnostic features of a living clade, can nevertheless be related to it by lying in its stem group. Such fossils have been of particular importance in considering the origins of the tetrapods, mammals, and animals.

The application of the stem group concept also influenced the interpretation of the organisms of the Burgess shale. Their classification in stem groups to extant phyla, rather than in phyla of their own, is thought by some to make the Cambrian explosion easier to understand without invoking unusual evolutionary mechanisms; however, application of the stem group concept does nothing to ameliorate the difficulties that phylogenetic telescoping poses to evolutionary theorists attempting to understand both macroevolutionary change and the abrupt character of the Cambrian explosion. Overemphasis on the stem group concept threatens to delay or obscure proper recognition of new higher taxa.

Stem groups in systematics
As originally proposed by Karl-Ernst Lauterbach, stem groups should be given the prefix "stem" (i.e. Stem-Aves, Stem-Arthropoda), however the crown group should have no prefix. The latter has not been universally accepted for known groups. A number of paleontologists have opted to apply this approach anyway.

title: Crown group


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Klang Valley

The Klang Valley (Lembah Klang) is an urban conglomeration in Malaysia that is centered in the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya, and includes its adjoining cities and towns in the state of Selangor. It is conterminous with Greater Kuala Lumpur, although there are variations between the two.

The Klang Valley is geographically delineated by the Titiwangsa Mountains to the east and the Strait of Malacca to the west. It extends to Rawang in the northwest, Semenyih in the southeast, and Klang and Port Klang in the southwest. The conurbation is the heartland of Malaysia's industry and commerce. As of 2022, the Klang Valley is home to roughly 9 million people.

Origin
The valley is named after the Klang River, the principal river that flows through it that starts at Klang Gates Quartz Ridge in Gombak and flows into the Straits of Malacca in Port Klang, The river is closely linked to the early development of the area as a cluster of tin mining towns in the late 19th century. Development of the region took place largely in the East-West direction (between Gombak and Port Klang) but the urban areas surrounding Kuala Lumpur have since grown north and south towards the border with Perak and Negeri Sembilan respectively.

Regions
There is no official designation of the boundaries that make up the Klang Valley but it is often assumed to comprise the following areas and their corresponding local authorities:
 * Federal Territory of Putrajaya
 * Putrajaya Corporation
 * Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur
 * Kuala Lumpur City Hall
 * Selangor district of Petaling
 * Shah Alam City Council
 * Petaling Jaya City Council
 * Subang Jaya City Council
 * Selangor district of Klang
 * Klang Royal City Council
 * Selangor district of Gombak
 * Selayang Municipal Council
 * Selangor district of Hulu Langat
 * Ampang Jaya Municipal Council
 * Kajang Municipal Council
 * Selangor district of Sepang
 * Sepang Municipal Council
 * Selangor district of Kuala Langat
 * Kuala Langat Municipal Council

Transport
Even though the Klang Valley officially consists of separate cities and suburbs, integration between these cities is very high, with a highly developed road network and an expanding integrated rail transit system. Many expressways criss-cross the metropolis making cars the most convenient way to get around. However, this has led to the Klang Valley's notorious traffic jams which span whole kilometres of expressways and make driving during peak hours exhausting. Since the 1990s, new rail systems, such as Rapid KL's light rapid transit (LRT), mass rapid transit (MRT), KTM Komuter, ERL's airport rail links and a monorail have been developed. Most of these systems have gone through extensive expansion as a superproject. The Klang Valley Integrated Transit System, as of now, is currently being upgraded to include a new MRT line and LRT line, as well as a monorail serving Putrajaya. Buses that operate around Klang Valley are also extensive.

In 2024, National Defence University of Malaysia associate professor Wu Chai Bin believed that the traffic jams in Klang Valley would be relieved in 10 years by improving the public transportation network.

title: Klang Valley


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Yamaha RD350

The RD350 is a two-stroke motorcycle produced by Yamaha from 1973 to 1975. It evolved directly from the piston port (pre-reed valve intake tract), front drum-braked, five-speed Yamaha 350 cc "R5".

The engine is an air-cooled, parallel twin, six-speed (in some markets, such as the UK, the first model was sold in five-speed form), reed valve-equipped intake tract two-stroke engine. The bike is usually referred to as a sport bike.

All models were equipped with "Autolube" automatic oil injection, relieving the user from the need to mix gasoline and two-stroke oil.

Rim sizes are 18" WM2 (1.85") front and 18" WM3 (2.15") rear, both being of chromed, wire spoked steel construction. In the UK, rim sizes were 1.60 front and 1.85 rear.

Brakes are: single front disc brake and a rear drum brake, a combination described by Cycle Magazine as the best in its class.

The frame dimensions of the street 350 are very similar to the Yamaha TZ 250 and TZ 350 series factory road race bikes, differing mainly in weight and front fork rake – the RD being ~27 degrees and the TZ being ~25 degrees. The frames appear similar, side by side, with the street frame adorned with many brackets for the street equipment. The weight difference is substantial though, with the street-going RD frame weighing almost twice as much as the "TZ" roadrace race frame.

The stock bike made 39 bhp (32 bhp at the back wheel) at 7500 rpm – very fast for the time. A contemporary of the RD is the Kawasaki H2 750cc Triple that produced 74 hp.

The 350 evolved into the more refined and cleaner running RD400C in 1976, the "D" and "E" in 77–78 and the final model, the white 1979 RD400F.

The RD350B in India
A licensed version of the RD350B was assembled in India between 1983–1990 by Escorts group under the brand name Rajdoot 350. It did not repeat the success of the RD350B in the Indian market, which some attribute to a high purchase price and poor fuel efficiency. However, it established Rajdoot/Yamaha as a performance bike manufacturer in India. There were two models for the Rajdoot 350 - High Torque and Low Torque. Compared to the Yamaha RD350B that made 39 bhp at the crankshaft, the 'High Torque' version made 30.5 bhp and the later 'Low Torque' made only 27 bhp, the engine being detuned in the quest for better fuel economy. By the time the production ended in 1990, the bike was nearly 100% sourced in India, with very little Japanese parts content.

Brakes are: 180mm dia drum brakes front internal expansion (twin leading type) and rear single internal expansion.

The RD350 was the first sporting motorcycle built in India, and it still enjoys cult status, with many RD clubs around the country. Around 7000 were made at the end of 1990.

title: Yamaha RD350


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Talk:William Hamilton (astronomer)

Zerah Colburn (math prodigy) cannot have been "one year old" when Hamilton was 10 if the dates of birth given in their respective articles are correct. 11 would seem to be more likely. --rbrwrˆ 12:44, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Hamilton (astronomer)


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Talk:American Bobtail

US/UK spelling
PLEASE stop with the color/colour arguement. This is such a miniscule detail. Thank you. [[User:Lachatdelarue|Lachatdelarue (talk)]] 12:49, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Per WP:ENGVAR is has to be "color"; it's an American breed, so this is a "close national tie", ergo use American English. This is basic, standard practice, so indeed do not argue about it. — SMcCandlish  Talk⇒ ɖ⊝כ⊙þ Contrib.  15:03, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

Pixiebob/American Bobtail
I believe the pixie-bob and the american bobtail pages should be combined in the bobcat page (Froperson (talk) 19:53, 11 January 2008 (UTC))
 * Neither are actually related to bobcats, so this would not be permissible. A case could perhaps be made that the Pixiebob and American Bobtail are essentially the same breed and should merge, but that would require reliable sources, and is a different discussion. — SMcCandlish  Talk⇒ ɖ⊝כ⊙þ Contrib.  15:03, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

Photo
A better photo is needed. That "curled up asleep" shot is non-encyclopedic, and not useful. — SMcCandlish Talk⇒ ɖ⊝כ⊙þ Contrib.  15:03, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

American Bobtail – Detailed Information Guide
Cat Breeds; The American Bobtail cat is a captivating breed known for its unique appearance and amiable nature. If you are considering welcoming one of these feline companions into your home, understanding their characteristics is essential. In this comprehensive guide, we'll delve into the distinctive features that define the American Bobtail breed. Physical Appearance

Tail Structure

The most striking feature of the American Bobtail is its distinctive short tail, which can range from one-third to half the length of a regular cat's tail. The tail can be straight, slightly curved, or have a kink, contributing to the breed's wild and natural look.

Body Size and Build

American Bobtails are of medium to large size with a muscular build. They have a well-proportioned body, and their hind legs are slightly longer than the front, giving them an athletic and sturdy appearance.

Coat Varieties

This breed comes in both short-haired and semi-longhaired varieties. The coat is dense and water-resistant, providing protection in various climates. American Bobtails display a range of colors and patterns, including tabby, solid, and spotted variations. Temperament and Behavior

Intelligence and Playfulness

American Bobtails are intelligent and playful cats. They enjoy interactive play and can easily learn tricks or respond to training. Their playful nature makes them well-suited for families and households with other pets. Social and Affectionate Known for their social demeanor, American Bobtails form strong bonds with their human companions. They are affectionate cats that often seek out attention and enjoy being part of family activities.

Adaptability

American Bobtails are adaptable to different environments. Their easygoing nature makes them well-suited for indoor living, but they also enjoy supervised outdoor activities. They can adapt to various lifestyles, making them versatile and accommodating pets. Health and Care Grooming Maintaining the American Bobtail's coat is relatively straightforward. Regular brushing, especially for the semi-longhaired variety, helps prevent matting and reduces shedding. Additionally, routine grooming sessions contribute to a healthy coat and overall well-being.

Exercise Needs

These cats have moderate to high energy levels, requiring regular play and exercise. Providing toys, climbing structures, and interactive play sessions helps keep them mentally stimulated and physically active.

Veterinary Care

Regular veterinary check-ups are crucial for monitoring the health of your American Bobtail. Vaccinations, parasite control, and preventive care are essential components of ensuring a long and healthy life for your feline companion. In conclusion, the American Bobtail cat is a delightful and unique breed with distinctive physical characteristics and a charming personality. Whether you are a seasoned cat owner or considering your first feline friend, the American Bobtail's playful and affectionate nature makes it a wonderful addition to any home. Alex2557 (talk) 13:25, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:American Bobtail


text:
James Laughlin

James Laughlin (October 30, 1914 – November 12, 1997) was an American poet and literary book publisher who founded New Directions Publishing.

Early life
He was born in Pittsburgh, the son of Henry Hughart and Marjory Rea Laughlin. Laughlin's family had made its fortune with the Jones and Laughlin Steel Company, founded three generations earlier by his great grandfather, James H. Laughlin, and this wealth would partially fund Laughlin's future endeavors in publishing. As Laughlin once wrote, "none of this would have been possible without the industry of my ancestors, the canny Irishmen who immigrated in 1824 from County Down to Pittsburgh, where they built up what became the fourth largest steel company in the country. I bless them with every breath." Laughlin's boyhood home is now part of the campus of Chatham University.

Education
At The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut, Laughlin showed an early interest in literature. An important influence on Laughlin at the time was the Choate teacher and translator Dudley Fitts, who later provided Laughlin with introductions to prominent writers such as Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound. Harvard University, where Laughlin matriculated in 1933, had a more conservative literary bent, embodied in the poet and professor Robert Hillyer, who directed the writing program. According to Laughlin, Hillyer would leave the room when either Pound or Eliot was mentioned.

Career
In 1934, Laughlin traveled to France, where he met Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas. Laughlin accompanied the two on a motoring tour of southern France and wrote press releases for Stein's upcoming visit to the U.S. He proceeded to Italy to meet and study with Ezra Pound, who famously told him, "You're never going to be any good as a poet. Why don't you take up something useful?" Pound suggested publishing. Later, Laughlin took a leave of absence from Harvard and stayed with Pound in Rapallo for several months. When Laughlin returned to Harvard, he used money from his father to found New Directions, which he ran first from his dorm room and later from a barn on his Aunt Leila Laughlin Carlisle's estate in Norfolk, Connecticut. (The firm opened offices in New York soon after, first at 333 Sixth Avenue and later at 80 Eighth Avenue, where it remains today.) With funds from his graduation gift, Laughlin endowed New Directions with more money, ensuring that the company could stay afloat even though it did not turn a profit until 1946.

The first publication of the new press, in 1936, was New Directions in Prose & Poetry, an anthology of poetry and writings by authors such as William Carlos Williams, Ezra Pound, Elizabeth Bishop, Henry Miller, Marianne Moore, Wallace Stevens, and E. E. Cummings, a roster that heralded the fledgling company's future as a preeminent publisher of modernist literature. The volume also included a poem by "Tasilo Ribischka," a pseudonym for Laughlin himself. New Directions in Prose and Poetry became an annual publication, issuing its final number in 1991.

Within just a few years New Directions had become an important publisher of modernist literature. Initially, it emphasized contemporary American writers with whom Laughlin had personal connections, such as William Carlos Williams and Pound. A born cosmopolitan, though, Laughlin also sought out cutting-edge European and Latin American authors and introduced their work to the American market. One important example of this was Hermann Hesse's novel Siddhartha, which New Directions initially published in 1951. Laughlin often remarked that the popularity of Siddhartha subsidized the publication of many other money-losing books of greater importance.

Although of draft age, Laughlin avoided service in World War II due to a 4-F classification. Laughlin, like several of his male ancestors and like his son Robert, suffered from depression. Robert committed suicide in 1986 by stabbing himself multiple times in the bathtub. Laughlin later wrote a poem about this, called Experience of Blood, in which he expresses his shock at the amount of blood in the human body. Despite the horrific mess left as a result, Laughlin reasons that he cannot ask anyone else to clean it up, "because after all, it was my blood too."

A natural athlete and an avid skier, Laughlin traveled the world skiing and hiking. With money from his graduation gift, he founded the Alta Ski Area in Utah and was part-owner of the resort there for many years. Laughlin also spearheaded the surveying of the Albion-Sugarloaf ski area, along with Alta notables Chic Morton, Alf Engen, and fellow Ski Enthusiast and Painter Ruth Rogers-Altmann. At times Laughlin's skiing got in the way of his business. After publishing William Carlos Williams' novel White Mule in 1937, Laughlin left for an extended ski trip. When reviewers sought additional copies of the novel, Laughlin was not available to give the book the push it could have used, and as a result Williams nursed a grudge against the young publisher for years. Laughlin's outdoor activities helped other literary friendships, though; for many years he and Kenneth Rexroth took an annual camping trip together in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. In the 1960s, Laughlin published Rexroth's friend, the poet and essayist Gary Snyder, also an avid outdoorsman.

In the early 1950s, Laughlin took part in what has come to be known as the Cultural Cold War against the Soviet Union. With funding from the Ford Foundation and with the assistance of poet and editor Hayden Carruth, Laughlin founded a nonprofit called "Intercultural Publications" that sought to publish a quarterly journal of American arts and letters, Perspectives U.S.A., in Europe. Sixteen issues of the journal eventually appeared. Although Laughlin wished to continue the journal, the Ford Foundation cut off funding, asserting that Perspectives had limited impact and that its money would be better spent on the more effective Congress for Cultural Freedom. Following the dissolution of Intercultural Publications, Laughlin became deeply involved in the activities of the Asia Society.

Pound's advice to Laughlin to give up poetry didn't stick. He published his first book of poetry, Some Natural Things, in 1945, and continued to write verse until his death. Although he never enjoyed the acclaim that the writers he published received, Laughlin's verse (which is plainspoken and focused on everyday experience, reminiscent of Williams or even the Roman poet Catullus) was well-respected by other poets, and in the 1990s The New Yorker published six of his poems. Among his other books are In Another Country, The Country Road, and the posthumous autobiographical poem Byways.

Laughlin won the 1992 Distinguished Contribution to American Letters Award from the National Book Awards Program. The Academy of American Poets' James Laughlin award, for a poet's second book, is named in his honor.

Personal life
Laughlin married three times. He was first married to Margaret Keyser for a decade; the couple had two children. In 1955, Laughlin married Anne Clark Resor, and with her also had two children. Laughlin met Gertrude Huston in 1945 at a Halloween dance party. Huston worked as a book designer and art director for New Directions. The pair married on December 5, 1990.

Laughlin died of complications related to a stroke in Norfolk, Connecticut, at age 83.

Works
Laughlin's works include:
 * The river (1938)
 * In Another Country (1979)
 * Selected Poems (1986)
 * The House of Light (1986)
 * Tabellae (1986)
 * The Owl of Minerva (Copper Canyon Press, 1987)
 * Collemata and Pound As Wuz (1988)
 * The Bird of Endless Time (Copper Canyon Press, 1989)
 * Collected Poems of James Laughlin (1992)
 * Angelica (1992)
 * The Man in the Wall (1993)
 * The Country Road (1995)
 * The Secret Room (1997)
 * A Commonplace Book of Pentastichs (1998)
 * Byways: A Memoir (2005)
 * The Way It Wasn't: From the Files of James Laughlin (2006)

Laughlin's correspondence with William Carlos Williams, Henry Miller, Thomas Merton, Delmore Schwartz, Ezra Pound, and others has been published in a series of volumes issued by Norton.

One of Laughlin's most anthologized works is "Step on His Head", a poem about his relationship with his children.

title: James Laughlin


text:
Expenditure function

In microeconomics, the expenditure function gives the minimum amount of money an individual needs to spend to achieve some level of utility, given a utility function and the prices of the available goods.

Formally, if there is a utility function $$u$$ that describes preferences over n  commodities, the expenditure function
 * $$e(p, u^*) : \textbf R^n_+ \times \textbf R

\rightarrow \textbf R$$

says what amount of money is needed to achieve a utility $$u^*$$ if the n prices are given by the price vector $$p$$. This function is defined by

 * $$e(p, u^*) = \min_{x \in \geq(u^*)} p \cdot x$$

where

 * $$\geq(u^*) = \{x \in \textbf R^n_+ : u(x) \geq u^*\}$$

is the set of all bundles that give utility at least as good as $$u^*$$.

Expressed equivalently, the individual minimizes expenditure $$ x_1p_1+\dots +x_n p_n$$ subject to the minimal utility constraint that $$u(x_1, \dots, x_n) \ge u^*,$$ giving optimal quantities to consume of the various goods as $$ x_1^*, \dots x_n^*$$ as function of $$u^*$$ and the prices; then the expenditure function is

 * $$e(p_1, \dots, p_n ; u^*)=p_1 x_1^*+\dots + p_n x_n^*.$$

Features of Expenditure Functions

 * (Properties of the Expenditure Function) Suppose u is a continuous utility function representing a locally non-satiated preference relation º on Rn +. Then e(p, u) is
 * 1.   Homogeneous of degree one in p: for all and $$ \lambda > 0 $$, $$ e(\lambda p,u)=\lambda e(p,u); $$
 * 2.   Continuous in $$ p$$ and $$ u;$$
 * 3.   Nondecreasing in $$ p$$ and strictly increasing in $$ u$$ provided $$ p \gg 0 ; $$
 * 4.   Concave in $$ p $$
 * 5.  If the utility function is strictly quasi-concave, there is the Shephard's lemma

Proof

(1) As in the above proposition, note that

$$e(\lambda p,u)=\min_{x\in\mathbb{R}^n_+ :u(x)\geq u}$$ $$\lambda p\cdot x=\lambda \min_{x\in\mathbb{R}^n_+ :u(x)\geq u}$$ $$p\cdot x=\lambda e(p,u)$$

(2) Continue on the domain $$e$$: $$\textbf R_{++}^N*\textbf R\rightarrow \textbf R $$

(3) Let $$p^\prime>p$$ and suppose $$x \in h(p^\prime,u)$$. Then $$u(h)\geq u$$, and $$e(p^\prime,u)=p^\prime\cdot x\geq p \cdot x$$. It follows immediately that $$e(p,u)\leq e(p^\prime,u)$$.

For the second statement, suppose to the contrary that for some $$u^\prime > u$$, $$e(p,u^\prime)\leq e(p,u)$$ Than, for some $$x \in h(p,u)$$, $$u(x)=u^\prime>u$$, which contradicts the "no excess utility" conclusion of the previous proposition

(4)Let $$t \in(0,1)$$ and suppose $$x \in h(tp+(1-t)p^\prime)$$. Then, $$p \cdot x\geq e(p,u)$$ and $$p^\prime \cdot x\geq e(p^\prime,u)$$, so $$e(tp+(1-t)p^\prime,u)=(tp+(1-t)p^\prime)\cdot x\geq$$$$te(p,u)+(1-t)e(p^\prime,u)$$.

(5) $$\frac{\delta(p^0,u^0)}{\delta p_i}=x^h_i(p^0,u^0) $$

Expenditure and indirect utility
The expenditure function is the inverse of the indirect utility function when the prices are kept constant. I.e, for every price vector $$p$$ and income level $$I$$:
 * $$e(p, v(p,I)) \equiv I$$

There is a duality relationship between expenditure function and utility function. If given a specific regular quasi-concave utility function, the corresponding price is homogeneous, and the utility is monotonically increasing expenditure function, conversely, the given price is homogeneous, and the utility is monotonically increasing expenditure function will generate the regular quasi-concave utility function. In addition to the property that prices are once homogeneous and utility is monotonically increasing, the expenditure function usually assumes

(1) is a non-negative function, i.e., $$ E(P \cdot u)>O; $$

(2) For P, it is non-decreasing, i.e., $$ E(p^1 u)> E(p^2 u),u> Op^l>p^2> O_N $$;

(3)E(Pu) is a concave function. That is, $$ e(np^l+(1-n)p^2)u )>\lambda E(p^1u)(1-n)E(p^2u)y>0 $$ $$ O<\lambda<1p^l\geq O_Np^2 \geq O_N $$

Expenditure function is an important theoretical method to study consumer behavior. Expenditure function is very similar to cost function in production theory. Dual to the utility maximization problem is the cost minimization problem

Example
Suppose the utility function is the Cobb-Douglas function $$u(x_1, x_2) = x_1^{.6}x_2^{.4},$$ which generates the demand functions
 * $$ x_1(p_1, p_2, I) = \frac{ .6I}{p_1} \;\;\;\; {\rm and}\;\;\; x_2(p_1, p_2, I) = \frac{ .4I}{p_2},  $$

where $$I$$ is the consumer's income. One way to find the expenditure function is to first find the indirect utility function and then invert it. The indirect utility function $$v(p_1, p_2, I) $$ is found by replacing the quantities in the utility function with the demand functions thus:

 * $$ v(p_1, p_2,I) =   u(x_1^*, x_2^*) = (x_1^*)^{.6}(x_2^*)^{.4}  =  \left( \frac{ .6I}{p_1}\right)^{.6}  \left( \frac{ .4I}{p_2}\right)^{.4}  = (.6^{.6} \times .4^{.4})I^{.6+.4}p_1^{-.6}  p_2^{-.4}  = K   p_1^{-.6}  p_2^{-.4}I, $$

where $$K = (.6^{.6} \times .4^{.4}). $$ Then since $$e(p_1, p_2, u) = e(p_1, p_2, v(p_1, p_2, I)) =I$$  when the consumer optimizes, we can invert the indirect utility function to find the expenditure function:
 * $$ e(p_1, p_2, u) = (1/K)  p_1^{.6}  p_2^{.4}u, $$

Alternatively, the expenditure function can be found by solving the problem of minimizing $$(p_1x_1+ p_2x_2)$$ subject to the constraint  $$u(x_1, x_2) \geq u^*.$$  This yields conditional demand functions  $$x_1^*(p_1, p_2, u^*)$$  and $$x_2^*(p_1, p_2, u^*)$$  and the expenditure function is then
 * $$e(p_1, p_2, u^*) = p_1x_1^*+ p_2x_2^*$$

title: Expenditure function


text:
Peter Peterson

Peter Peterson may refer to:
 * Peter Oladf Peterson (1874–1941), Danish engineer and physicist
 * Peter G. Peterson (1926–2018), American businessman, author, and politician
 * Peter John Eli Peterson (1887-1962), American farmer, businessman, and politician
 * Harding Peterson (born 1929), known as Pete, American baseball player
 * Pete Peterson (born 1935), American POW, US Congressman from Florida, and later ambassador to Vietnam
 * Peter Peterson (Canadian politician) (born 1953), former Canadian Member of Parliament
 * Pete Peterson (animator) (1903–1962), American motion picture special effects and stop-motion animation pioneer

title: Peter Peterson


text:
Talk:Charles Hawtrey

Untitled
This page should really become a disambig, and the two actors moved to Charles Hawtrey (19th century actor) and Charles Hawtrey (20th century actor) or similar, but I'm not sure about those titles. Are there any similar precedents? sjorford 13:01, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * This page has indeed become a disambig in the three years since your message. I removed the Biography project banner, in keeping with what seems to be "normal" with disambigs. — AnnaKucsma   (Talk to me!) 14:30, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, found the disambiguation tag. —  AnnaKucsma    Speak!  22:21, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles Hawtrey


text:
Crofton Pumping Station

Crofton Pumping Station, near the village of Great Bedwyn in Wiltshire, England, supplies the summit pound of the Kennet and Avon Canal with water.

The steam-powered pumping station is preserved and operates on selected weekends. It contains an operational Boulton & Watt steam engine dating from 1812, making it the oldest working beam engine in the world in its original engine house and capable of doing the job for which it was installed.

Description
When the canal was built, no reliable water sources were available to fill the summit by normal gravitational means. However, a set of usable springs were found adjacent to the canal route about 1 mi east of the summit pound, and about 40 ft below it. Arrangements were made for these springs to feed the pound below lock 60 at Crofton Locks. Some years later a reservoir (Wilton Water) was created to improve the supply to this pound, and this can now be seen across the canal from the pumping station.

Water from below lock 60 was taken by a culvert to the foot of a well sunk from the pumping station, which is built on the hillside more than 40 ft above the canal. The pumps take the water from this well and discharge it into a feeder channel next to the pumping station. The water flows along this channel under the force of gravity until it reaches the summit pound about 1 mi to the west.

For day-to-day operation, the pumping station now uses electric pumps, automatically controlled by the water level in the summit pound. However, the original steam driven pumping equipment has been preserved and is still operational. A single operable Lancashire boiler provides steam to the engines.

Number 1 engine, built by Boulton and Watt in 1812 and rebuilt as a Cornish engine in the 1840s, is a single-acting, condensing engine with a bore of 42.25 in, a stroke of 7 ft and indicated power of 38.6 kW. It drives a 30 in lift pump capable of lifting 2274 lb, or approximately one ton of water, per stroke, at a rate of 11 strokes a minute.

Number 2 engine, built by Harvey and Co. of Hayle in 1846 as a double-acting Sims patent combined cylinder engine and rebuilt in 1903 to a Cornish Engine, is a single-acting, condensing engine with a bore of 42 in, a stroke of 7 ft and indicated power of 42 kW. It drives a 30 in force pump capable of lifting 2235 lb, or approximately one ton of water, per stroke, at a rate of 10.2 strokes a minute.

When the Great Western Railway built its railway line through the area, it passed very close to the station and between it and the canal. Access between the canal side and the pumping station is now via a very low roofed tunnel.

History
The pumping station was built between 1807 and 1809 in time for the opening of the canal in 1810. The station was built to house two pumping engines, but only one, a 36 in bore engine bought second-hand from the West India Dock Company, was initially installed.

In 1810 a second engine was ordered from Boulton and Watt. This engine, which started work in 1812, is the current number 1 engine, and has been the main engine throughout the steam-driven life of the station.

In 1846 the original 1809 engine was replaced by a new engine supplied by Harvey and Co. and built as a double-acting Sims patent combined cylinder engine. However, this engine proved troublesome and eventually fell into disuse.

In 1903 the 1846 engine was rebuilt as a simple single-acting engine and thus became the current number 2 engine. Both engines then continued in regular use until the 1950s, when the state of the chimney forced the removal of the top 36 ft. The reduced height chimney was unable to provide sufficient draught for the boiler, and it proved cheaper to retire the steam engines and install electric pumps.

In 1968 the pumping station was bought by the Kennet and Avon Canal Trust with restoration in mind. The building and both engines were restored, and the existing irreparable boiler replaced with another of the same type acquired second hand. Number 1 engine was first successfully steamed on 4 April 1970 and the pumping station was officially reopened on 21 August the same year by John Betjeman. Number 2 engine was first successfully steamed on 15 November 1971.

The pumping station was designated as Grade I listed in 1985.

Initially the problem of the shortened chimney was overcome by the use of an electric fan to improve draught, but between 1996 and 1997 the chimney was repaired and restored to its full original height of 82 ft.

In July 2009, the modern electric pumps at Crofton failed. While awaiting repair, British Waterways contacted the Kennet and Avon Canal Trust who put Crofton into steam.

In 2012 the Boulton and Watt engine celebrated its 200th birthday. Several special steamings were held, including a visit from the Duke of Gloucester.

Visiting
The pumping station opens to visitors and the engines are in steam on designated days.

title: Crofton Pumping Station


text:
Talk:Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1914)

Untitled
This page should be moved to something like Charles Hawtrey (20th century actor), and the page Charles Hawtrey be a disambig, but I'm not sure about those titles. Any ideas? sjorford 13:02, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * How about Charles Hawtrey (Carry On actor? Timrollpickering 07:37, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Mrs Mills?
The pianist Gladys Mills (1918-1978) was NOT the mother of Charles Hawtrey (born 1914)! I've deleted this bizarre entry.--Stevouk 11:02, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Changed autobiography title
I've change the title of the autobiography section to biography - it would only be autobiography if authored by Hawtrey.

Apepper 13:25, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Morrissey
It states Sandie Shaw was his 2nd choice behind Hawtrey. How true is that statment, there are photos of Morrissey holding rosary beads to Shaw implying his devotion to her. I've added the to the article Blu sonic (talk) 07:08, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

 * This is clearly nonsense and I have removed it. MFlet1 (talk) 17:24, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Why do you say that - I've read several references to that. It might not be as strange as you think. Clearly Morrisey was a fan - as why else pen the obituary? Contaldo80 (talk) 17:31, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

 * OK, I stand corrected - have just found this (http://www.newstatesman.com/200110010044). However I have been reading The Smiths: Songs That Saved Your Life and I'm pretty certain there's no mention of it in there, in fact it says that Morrissey and Marr had been badgering Shaw to record with them for ages before it actually happened.  I wonder where Bradshaw got his information from?  MFlet1 (talk) 09:10, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

It's possible that Morrisey was winding everyone up by making the claim for example. Although there is a thread - from the NME obituary, the cover art for the 'best of' album, and Morrisey's own sexuality. Contaldo80 (talk) 17:29, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

This section is confused
"Pay for the films was bad and without either Sid James or Kenneth Williams starring in the 1972 Christmas special, Hawtrey believed it was his due to get top billing. However, the producers went with Hattie Jacques, whom they believed was better known on TV. Rogers tried to contact Hawtrey a day before filming began at the place where Hawtrey regularly dined, to ask him to reconsider; but Hawtrey declined. He never worked for the Carry-On again[4]." Is it supposed to be reference to films or TV? DavidFarmbrough (talk) 14:10, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

I was confused when I read it too. If you're confused and I'm confused then other peopel will be to.Bolinda (talk) 04:37, 20 September 2008 (UTC)B

The films. Jacques got higher billing on the tie-in TV special as she was better known on TV. However, Hawtrey never worked in the films or in TV carry-ons again. It's fairly straightforward. Contaldo80 (talk) 16:40, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

Websites etc
I think it's misleading to say there are a lot of websites, fanzines and books dedicated to Hawtrey. I'm only aware of the Private Widdle book exclusively looking at home. Sure there are plenty of carry-on related material but that's not really the same thing. Contaldo80 (talk) 14:32, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

Charles Hawtrey birth
Charles Hawtrey's details state he was born 30 November 1914 Hounslow, Middlesex, England, and his death as 27 October 1988 (aged 73) Deal, Kent, England.

I can find no record of his birth (as George Frederick Joffe Hartree) in 1914.

In his death listing for 1988 it says he was born in 1915 but I can't find a birth for him in 1915 (as George Frederick Joffe Hartree) either.

Can somebody prove his birth year & date. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.19.83.50 (talk) 17:38, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

 * According to a transcription of the UK General Record Office (GRO) birth indices, the birth of "George F.J. Hartree" is recorded on Vol. 3a, page 134 of the birth register of Brentford (Middlesex) district during the quarter ended March 1915. His mother's name is recorded as Crow.
 * You can view a scanned image of the GRO page via http://www2.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?scan=1&r=132857493&d=bmd_1320089156. But the original GRO page is itself a typed-up transcription of the original register; the transcriptions are usually, but not always, accurate.
 * Registration of a birth was the responsibility of a parent, and it frequently happened some time after the birth, so it's difficult to be precise about the actual birth date without more detail and research (e.g. a copy of the birth certificate).
 * With all that in mind, we can only be sure that his birth was registered at some time during the quarter between January 1 and March 31 1915. It's wrong to conclude that the birth was in 1915, but we can say that it was sometime between late 1914 and Wednesday March 31 1915.  Of course, this includes 30 November 1914 so, if that's the only complete birth date that is ever mentioned, it's probably the correct one.  Perhaps it's also correct that he was born in what is now Hounslow, but the place was not an official parish/district until much later; that would be why his birth was recorded under Brentford. Brentford registration district was abolished on October 1, 1947 and the area absorbed into others, including the new Hounslow district. Twistlethrop (talk) 20:11, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

Move
He wasn't just a film actor, he also acted on radio, TV and in the theatre, so I have moved the article to Charles Hawtrey (actor). 93.96.236.8 (talk) 13:23, 15 November 2011 (UTC)
 * The trouble is, there's also Charles Hawtrey (stage actor), so "Charles Hawtrey (actor)" is still an ambiguous title. I think we need a...

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move. There's no consensus that one or the other is the primary topic, but they need to be distinguished effectively.Cúchullain t/ c 18:31, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

– These two articles could do with better disambiguation - the more recent Charles Hawtrey (which was at Charles Hawtrey (film actor) until recently) appeared on film, stage, television and radio, so just disambiguating by medium is not enough. Neither seems to be the primary topic, so Charles Hawtrey should continue to be a disambiguation page. I'd suggest using birth years, as per WP:NCPDAB. Relisted. Favonian (talk) 16:12, 14 July 2012 (UTC). Interplanet Janet (talk) 14:45, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Charles Hawtrey (actor) → Charles Hawtrey (actor born 1914)
 * Charles Hawtrey (stage actor) → Charles Hawtrey (actor born 1858)

 * Oppose. The Charles Hawtrey who appeared in the Carry On films is surely the primary topic. Zarcadia (talk) 18:28, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Support. Weakly agree the proposed move, but strongly agree with the nominator that there should continue to be no primary topic. SamuelTheGhost (talk) 18:49, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose Firstly, while the existing qualifiers may not be ideal, it is generally accepted that dates are the last resort for disambiguation. Secondly, I lean to the view that the later actor is the primary meaning.  How about "Charles Hawtrey" and "Sir Charles Hawtrey"? PatGallacher (talk) 00:19, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Using "Sir" in the title seems undesirable per WP:HONORIFIC. Either the proposal or using the "(film actor)" vs. "(stage actor)" distinction seems better. —BarrelProof (talk) 09:18, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * There are a few cases where we use it as a disambiguator e.g. Sir Andrew Murray. PatGallacher (talk) 20:32, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. The Carry On actor is now better-known, but the earlier actor was eminent enough to be knighted. In any case, even if we accept that the former is the primary topic, it still needs disambiguation, since both were actors. Disambiguation using "(actor)" and "(stage actor)" is very poor and I have no idea why it was changed in the first place. I heartily dislike using "Sir" as a disambiguator. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:40, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

British Spelling
I have changed the anecdote about Charles' mother's handbag from "purse" to "handbag". It makes no sense to a British reader to read about a handbag on fire and then to switch to using "purse" which is a different kind of apparel in British English.

Two of Us - The Beatles
John Lennon introduces the song Two of Us from the 1970 Let It Be album : "I dig a pygmy by Charles Hawtrey and the Deaf-Aids....Phase One in which Doris gets her oats " Some think Doris is a reference to McCartney's new wife, Linda. If anyone knows why Charles was mentioned please add. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.239.219.86 (talk) 16:20, 13 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Please do not. It is completely irrelevant to this article and is merely a passing comment about Charles Hawtrey of negligible significance which does John Lennon no credit. It has already been removed. Philip Cross (talk) 19:04, 13 March 2015 (UTC)

Irrelevant in your own opinion, but an interesting piece of trivia which others will enjoy nonetheless.

 * If you say so, but Wikipedia is not intended to be a ragbag of trivia. Philip Cross (talk) 13:57, 12 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Although you may regard this is trivia, others will disagree. I think it's a significant point that deserves to be included. Hawtrey is referenced on one of the best-selling albums of the 20th century by arguably the world's most famous music group (certainly of that period). Why downplay? Contaldo80 (talk) 09:21, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

 * It is a detail from one of the books on the Beatles which go almost as far as listing every time Paul McCartney coughed during a recording session. Such a detail is not of proven notability. Trivia on Wikipedia, which is often concealed by the heading 'Legacy as here, is generally accepted if it can be properly worked into the text, see WP:TRIVIA; this is just an added lump. Anyone interested in the Beatles already has an infinite number of articles to read on the subject, the vast majority of which are entirely legitimately. Let's try to stick to references in other articles which mention the Beatles to things which which really matter. Not everyone interested in Charles Hawtrey will be particularly bothered about the Beatles.Philip Cross (talk) 11:09, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Having just watched "Passport to Pimlico" I came to this Wikipedia article expecting this very kind of reference to Let It Be, and was surprised to find none...I'm with Contaldo80.95.151.68.166 (talk) 22:21, 8 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Philip Cross was so stubborn on this point that I'm afraid I gave up. Contaldo80 (talk) 11:31, 9 February 2017 (UTC)

It is preposterous to question the notability of a mention by John Lennon on a released Beatles recording (not a "detail from a book", as misstated above). (In fact, it is referenced on the Wikipedia page for the song "Two of Us"). The source is the song itself, easily accessible all over the web and all over the world. Many non-British people- including me, until recent years, have heard of Hawtrey primarily or only through the Beatles reference. It is astonishing to find it intentionally excluded from his page here.

I'd be grateful if someone who knows how to add the correct footnote would do so and settle this absurd contest. Thanks in advance. Joe Suggs (talk) 14:29, 23 October 2018 (UTC)

 * No it is not "preposterous" to exclude it. Wikipedia is not a reputable source for itself and a published third-party and reliable source is needed to establish notability. This is necessary for a piece of Beatles studio banter which happened to be released, as much as anything else. A Wikipedia user interested in the Beatles would start from the "Two of Us" (song) article where John Lennon's comment about Charles Hawtrey is included. In terms of Wikipedia policies, its omission is not unusual: Wikipedia is NOTLYRICS. Philip Cross (talk) 17:34, 23 October 2018 (UTC)

 * I fully support Philip Cross. In the absence of an explanation of the comment from Lennon, it is just another of Lennon's famously meaningless throwaway lines for comic effect, which might just as well have used any other person's name or even a made-up name. And "Charles Hawtrey and the Deaf-Aids" sounds more than a little derogatory, so I see no justification for including it in Hawtrey's article. Blurryman (talk) 18:16, 23 October 2018 (UTC)

(1) Someone's impression that the reference might be derogatory has no bearing on its relevance or notability. (2) Wikipedia is awash with citations of a subject in song lyrics and other media which address the subject's role and profile in popular culture. (3) The (clearly derogatory) reference to Harold Wilson in "Taxman" is properly cited on Wilson's page. (4) Lennon's brief mention of Mao Zedong in "Revolution" is cited on Mao's page. (5) Beatles mentions of real contemporary figures on record are uncommon enough to make it notable. (6) All this, for three years, as I now see, to censor a single sentence of obvious interest and significance to so many people. Joe Suggs (talk) 19:15, 23 October 2018 (UTC)

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Charles Hawtrey's Homosexuality
The article seems to imply he was gay but never directly addresses the issue. We should fix that. Was his homosexuality an open secret or was it only officially recognized later in his life? When the Personal Life section of the article says "He guarded his relationships very carefully in an era (lasting until 1967 in England) when male homosexual sex was illegal and punishable by a prison sentence." this implies he was gay without directly addressing the issue as if the article assumes his homosexuality is an open secret to any modern reader of the article which I doubt reader would agree. If it's clear that he was gay or that most people who knew him understood him to be gay then we should be able to state that outright while pointing out that he kept his sex life mostly a closely guarded secret in his lifetime. If he is now widely viewed being gay then we should state that while pointing out he was not open about it during his lifetime, especially when it came to sexual encounters. Notcharliechaplin (talk) 07:56, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

 * I support this view. Tobyhoward (talk) 08:25, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1914)


text: Category:Machine translation

title: Category:Machine translation


text:
Kourtesi

Kourtesi (Greek: Κουρτέσι) is a village and a community in the southwestern part of the municipal unit of Vouprasia, Elis, Greece. It is in a flat rural area, southeast of the Kotychi lagoon, 7 km southwest of Varda in the northeast, 1 km east of Areti and 7 km northeast of Lechaina. Kourtesi lies on the Greek National Road 9 connecting Patras and Pyrgos, and on the railway from Patras to Pyrgos. The community consists of the villages Kourtesi, Ano Kourtesi and Kotteika. The smaller villages Ano Kourtesi and Kotteika lie to the southeast of Kourtesi.

title: Kourtesi


text:
SpaceDev

SpaceDev, a part of the "Space Systems Business" of Sierra Nevada Corporation, is prominent for its spaceflight and microsatellite work. It designed and built components for the hybrid rocket motors for Paul Allen's Tier One suborbital SpaceShipOne space program operated by Scaled Composites. It is also developing micro- and nano-satellites, a small expendable launch vehicle, the SpaceDev Streaker, and has designed a piloted suborbital and orbital spaceship of its own, the SpaceDev Dream Chaser, in collaboration with NASA.

SpaceDev is based near San Diego in Poway, California. Its objective is to make routine commercial spaceflight possible and to help open space for all of humanity.

Previously a publicly traded company (OTCBB:SPDV), on 20 October 2008 SpaceDev officials announced that the company would be acquired by Sierra Nevada Corporation, a privately owned company. The announced acquisition price was 38 million dollars. The role of SpaceDev will be melded into another of Sierra Nevada's subsidiary companies, MicroSat, to create a more complete space technology unit. On December 16, 2008, SpaceDev announced its acquisition by Sierra Nevada Corporation had been completed.

History
SpaceDev was founded in 1997 by Jim Benson, who acquired Integrated Space Systems of Southern California and then acquired a dormant publicly traded Colorado corporation through a reverse acquisition to create the publicly traded SpaceDev. For a while, SpaceDev also owned UK-based Space Innovations Limited. In August 1998 SpaceDev acquired all patents, intellectual property, test results, and documents that had been produced by the out of business American Rocket Company (AMROC).

On August 6, 1998, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission filed an administrative proceeding alleging securities fraud against Spacedev Inc. According to the SEC, Spacedev promotes itself extensively on the Internet. The SEC alleged that the company made false and misleading statements over the Internet and via other media in violation of U.S. securities laws in an attempt to increase its stock value. The SEC was seeking cease and desist orders against Spacedev and its chairman, James W. Benson. A settlement was reached between the SEC, Spacedev and James W. Benson. The settlement states that the SEC was founded in its allegations and SpaceDev cease and desist from committing or causing violations or future violations of Section 17(a) of the Securities Act and Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule         10b-5 thereunder; and Mr. Benson cease and desist from committing or causing violations or future violations of Section 17(a) of the Securities Act and Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder.

The company's first big project was to be the Near Earth Asteroid Prospector, or NEAP, a small innovative commercial spacecraft mission that would have rendezvoused with and landed on a Near Earth Asteroid (NEO), conducted scientific experiments, and claimed the asteroid as private property. As it turned out however, the company's first success would come a little closer to home, in the form of CHIPSat, the Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer microsatellite. SpaceDev built and conducted early orbit operations of the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) microsat, the first to use only the Internet for its communications, for University of California at Berkeley under NASA's University Explorer Program (UNEX). This was followed one year later by supplying the rocket motors that propelled SpaceShipOne into the history books by creating the world's first civilian astronauts and helping Paul Allen win the $10 million Ansari X Prize.

On October 26, 2005, SpaceDev announced that the Starsys Research Corporation of Boulder, Colorado, would merge with SpaceDev, which would provide SpaceDev with additional expertise and experience with microsatellite technologies. The acquisition of Starsys on January 31, 2006, put the number of SpaceDev employees over 200, located in three states. The Starsys division is being groomed to become a center of space robotics for SpaceDev. Over 18 years Starsys developed and delivered 2,000 space mechanisms that have flown on over 200 missions, all successfully. SpaceDev has most or all of the moving parts on Mars at this time, had mechanisms on Deep Impact, is supplying the separation system and docking mechanism for the soon to be launched Orbital Express, and has mechanisms on the way to Pluto.

On September 28, 2006, SpaceDev announced that founder and CEO Jim Benson was stepping down to start a new space tourism venture, The Benson Space Company (BSC). BSC was expected to be one of SpaceDev's largest customers, purchasing multiple Dream Chaser spaceships for use in personal spaceflight. However BSC was dissolved following the death of Jim Benson on October 10, 2008, due to a brain tumor.

Dream Chaser
On November 16, 2005, SpaceDev announced its Dream Chaser concept for a four-passenger sub-orbital and a six-passenger orbital vehicle, both based on NASA's HL-20 "Personnel Launch System" or "Space Taxi". SpaceDev's suborbital Dream Chaser will use internal hybrid rocket motors similar to those SpaceDev developed for Paul Allen's SpaceShipOne, while the orbital version will use the internal motors plus larger external hybrid motors. SpaceDev's hybrid rocket technology was pioneered by the American Rocket Company.

On May 5, 2006, SpaceDev announced it was selected as a finalist in NASA's $500 million Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) demonstration program. SpaceDev has been working with NASA Ames to design a modern version of the NASA HL-20 Personnel Launch System, called the SpaceDev Dream Chaser. However, on August 18, 2006, it was revealed that SpaceDev did not win the contract.

On December 18, 2006, SpaceDev announced that it has been awarded a $330,000 Phase I study contract from Benson Space Company to further the SpaceDev Dream Chaser spaceship program. The study will contribute to the ongoing development of the spaceship and will result in space vehicle and rocket motor designs ready for Phase II vehicle fabrication and testing. The SpaceDev Dream Chaser spaceship is based on NASA's design of the ten passenger orbital HL-20 Personnel Launch System, and will launch vertically and land horizontally in direct sight of viewers.

On April 10, 2007, SpaceDev announced that it had finalized a Memorandum of Understanding with United Launch Alliance on exploring the potential of launching the SpaceDev Dream Chaser spaceship using an Atlas V 431, (having a four-meter diameter fairing, three solid rocket boosters, and a single Centaur engine in the second stage). Destinations could include the International Space Station (ISS) and other commercial orbital destinations as well as for commercial orbital space tourism flights.

On February 1, 2010, NASA announced a $20 million award to Sierra Nevada, to go toward development of the SpaceDev Dream Chaser, which could be ready for launch by 2014 on United Launch Alliance's Atlas V rocket, according to Mark Sirangelo, corporate vice president for Sierra Nevada's space systems division.

On August 3, 2012, NASA announced new agreements with the Sierra Nevada Corporation and two other companies to design and develop the next generation of U.S. human spaceflight capabilities, enabling a launch of astronauts from U.S. soil in the next five years. Advances made by these companies under newly signed Space Act Agreements through the agency's Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap) initiative are intended to ultimately lead to the availability of commercial human spaceflight services for government and commercial customers. As part of this agreement, Sierra Nevada Corporation was awarded $212.5 million, ostensibly to continue development and testing of its Dream Chaser spacecraft.

Trailblazer
SpaceDev manufactured the Trailblazer satellite selected by the Operationally Responsive Space Office for its Jumpstart mission. Trailblazer was a microsatellite developed under a Missile Defense Agency contract. After being launched Trailblazer would have collected image data and communicated with a ground station.

Trailblazer was the primary payload for the third attempted flight of a Falcon 1 launch vehicle. The launch was attempted on August 3, 2008, and ended in failure, with loss of both vehicle and payload.

TrailBlazer was researched, designed, assembled, tested and packed for shipping almost entirely at the Poway SpaceDev location. With a team of about 25 employees working around the clock, the satellite was assembled and ready for launch in just under 4 months, thus meeting their advanced deadline, winning their opportunity for launch and as far as anyone else is able to substantiate, now holds the record for assembly of a launched spacecraft.

Streaker
The Streaker was a family of rockets conceptualized by SpaceDev with the goal of a low-cost, low complexity launch vehicle. Planned to first launch in 2007-8, it has more likely then not been abandoned by the company as little to no information is available.

title: SpaceDev


text:
Talk:Kalev

Untitled
Perhaps there should be separate articles for the Estonian meanings of Kalev? Pt 13:12, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * As I have got no feedback, I created the pages... --Pt 22:31, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Kalev is disambiguation with also Estonia-related meanings and articles--Estopedist1 (talk) 04:17, 26 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kalev