text:
List of converts to Catholicism

The following is an incomplete list of notable individuals who converted to Catholicism from a different religion or no religion.

A

 * Hank Aaron: American professional baseball right fielder who played 23 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), from 1954 through 1976; regarded as one of the greatest baseball players of all time. He and his wife first became interested in the faith after the birth of their first child. A friendship with a Catholic priest later helped lead to Hank and his wife's conversion in 1959. He was known to frequently read Thomas à Kempis' 15th-century book The Imitation of Christ, which he kept in his locker.
 * Greg Abbott: 48th Governor of Texas
 * Creighton Abrams: U.S. Army General, converted while commanding US forces in Vietnam
 * Vladimir Abrikosov: Russian who became an Eastern-rite priest; husband to Anna Abrikosova
 * Anna Abrikosova: Russian convert to Eastern-rite Catholicism who was imprisoned by the Soviets
 * John Adams: beatified person and Catholic martyr
 * Mortimer J. Adler: American philosopher, educator, and popular author; converted from agnosticism, after decades of interest in Thomism
 * Afonso I of Kongo: African king; although politically motivated he became quite pious
 * Sohrab Ahmari: Iranian-American columnist, editor, and author of nonfiction books.
 * Leo Allatius: Greek theologian
 * Fanny Allen: daughter of Ethan Allen; became a nun
 * Thomas William Allies: English writer
 * Svetlana Alliluyeva: daughter of Joseph Stalin
 * Mother Mary Alphonsa: daughter of Nathaniel Hawthorne, born "Rose Hawthorne"; became a nun and founder of St. Rose's Free Home for Incurable Cancer
 * Veit Amerbach: Lutheran theologian and humanist before conversion
 * William Henry Anderdon: English Jesuit and writer
 * Władysław Anders: General in the Polish Army; later a politician with the Polish government-in-exile in London
 * G. E. M. Anscombe: British analytical philosopher and theologian who introduced the term "consequentialism" into the English language. Wife of Peter Geach
 * Francis Arinze: Nigerian Cardinal and Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
 * Gavin Ashenden: English writer, broadcaster and theologian. Former Chaplain to the Queen and Episcopalian bishop. Converted in December 2019.
 * Thomas Aufield: English priest and martyr
 * Augustine of Hippo: theologian, philosopher, and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. His writings influenced the development of Western philosophy and Western Christianity, and he is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers of the Latin Church in the Patristic Period. He was raised by a Catholic Mother, Monica, but joined the Manichean sect before converting and being baptized into the Catholic faith at the age of 31.

B

 * Johann Christian Bach: composer; youngest son of Johann Sebastian Bach
 * Thomas Bailey: royalist and controversialist; his father was Anglican bishop Lewis Bayly
 * Beryl Bainbridge: English novelist
 * Bessie Anstice Baker, Australian writer and philanthropist, author of A Modern Pilgrim's Progress
 * Francis Asbury Baker: American priest, missionary, and social worker; one of the founders of the Paulist Fathers in 1858
 * Josephine Bakhita: Sudanese-born former slave; became a Canossian Religious Sister in Italy, living and working there for 45 years; in 2000 she was declared a saint
 * Banine: French writer of Azeri descent
 * Daniel Barber: An American priest of the Episcopal Church before his conversion to Catholicism
 * Maurice Baring: English intellectual, writer, and war correspondent
 * Mark Barkworth: English Catholic priest, martyr, and beatified person
 * Barlaam of Seminara: involved in the Hesychast controversy as an opponent to Gregory Palamas, possibly a revert
 * Arthur Barnes: formerly an Anglican priest, who became a Catholic writer and the first Catholic chaplain of both Cambridge and Oxford Universities
 * Edwin Barnes: formerly an Anglican bishop
 * Joan Bartlett: foundress of the Servite Secular Institute
 * James Roosevelt Bayley: first bishop of the Catholic Archdiocese of Newark and eighth Archbishop of Baltimore
 * Aubrey Beardsley: English illustrator and author; before his death, converted to Catholicism and renounced his erotic drawings
 * Francis J. Beckwith: American philosopher, Baylor University professor, and former president of the Evangelical Theological Society; technically a revert
 * Jean Mohamed Ben Abdeljlil: Moroccan scholar and Catholic priest
 * Benedict Mar Gregorios: Metropolitan Archbishop of Trivandrum, 1955–1994
 * Peter Benenson: founder of human rights group Amnesty International
 * Robert Hugh Benson: English writer and theologian; son of an Archbishop of Canterbury
 * Elizabeth Bentley: former Soviet spy who defected to the West; was converted by Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen
 * Bernard Berenson: American art historian specializing in the Renaissance.
 * Mary Kay Bergman: American voice actress
 * Bernardo the Japanese: one of the first Japanese people to visit Europe
 * Jiao Bingzhen: painter and astronomer
 * Conrad Black: Canadian-born historian, columnist, UK peer, and convicted felon for fraud; his conviction was overturned subsequently on appeal
 * Tony Blair: former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; converted 22 December 2007, after stepping down as prime minister
 * Andrea Bocelli: Italian tenor
 * Cherry Boone: daughter of devoutly evangelical Christian entertainer Pat Boone; she went public about her battle with anorexia nervosa
 * John Wilkes Booth: 19th-century actor; assassin of President Abraham Lincoln; his sister Asia Booth asserted in her 1874 memoir that Booth, baptized an Episcopalian at age 14, had become a Catholic; for the good of the Church during a notoriously anti-Catholic time in American history, Booth's conversion was not publicized
 * Robert Bork: American jurist and unsuccessful nominee to the United States Supreme Court; converted to Catholicism in 2003; his wife was a former Catholic nun
 * Louis Bouyer: French theologian; converted to Catholicism in 1939
 * Jim Bowie: American pioneer, slave smuggler and trader, and soldier who played a prominent role in the Texas Revolution. Bowie was baptized in San Antonio on April 28, 1828, sponsored by the alcalde (chief administrator) of the town, Juan Martín de Veramendi, and his wife, Josefa Navarro. His conversion was to take advantage of a land grant
 * John Randal Bradburne: warden of the leper colony at Mutoko, Rhodesia and a candidate for canonization
 * William Maziere Brady: Irish historian and journalist, formerly a Church of Ireland priest
 * Elinor Brent-Dyer: English writer
 * Alexander Briant: one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
 * John Broadhurst: formerly an Anglican bishop; also a revert
 * Heywood Broun: sportswriter, columnist, author; was converted by Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen
 * George Mackay Brown: Scottish poet, author and dramatist from the Orkney Islands
 * Sam Brownback: Governor of Kansas
 * Orestes Brownson: American writer
 * Dave Brubeck: American jazz musician
 * Elizabeth Bruenig: American journalist working as an opinion writer for The Atlantic.
 * David-Augustin de Brueys: French theologian and dramatist
 * Ismaël Bullialdus: French astronomer; converted from Calvinism and became a Catholic priest
 * Andrew Burnham: formerly an Anglican bishop
 * Jeb Bush: American politician, forty-third Governor of Florida
 * Thomas Byles: priest who died serving others on the RMS Titanic

C

 * Roy Campbell: South-African-born, English-based (later Portuguese-based) poet
 * Edmund Campion: Jesuit martyr who wrote Decem Rationes, which denounced Anglicanism; one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
 * Alexis Carrel: French surgeon and biologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912
 * Rianti Cartwright: Indonesian actress, model, presenter and VJ; two weeks before departure to the United States to get married, Rianti left the Muslim faith to become a baptized Catholic with the name Sophia Rianti Rhiannon Cartwright
 * Kenneth Clark: British art historian, museum director, and broadcaster. Converted shortly before his death.
 * Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland: King Charles signed a treaty with King Louis XIV in which he agreed to convert to Catholicism. His conversion occurred on his deathbed.
 * G.K. Chesterton: British writer, journalist and essayist, known for his Christian apologetics Orthodoxy, Heretics and The Everlasting Man
 * Christina, Queen of Sweden: seventeenth-century monarch
 * Djibril Cissé: French international footballer
 * Wesley Clark: U.S. Army General; former Supreme Allied Commander Europe of NATO; candidate for Democratic nomination for President in 2004
 * Buffalo Bill Cody: American soldier, bison hunter, and showman. Converted the day before his death
 * Stephen Colbert: American comedian, writer, actor, political commentator, and host of the Late Show with Stephen Colbert: he was raised in a religious household, later to depart to atheism in his youth. However, in his twenties, he returned, having a powerful conversion to Catholicism
 * Emily Coleman: American-born writer; lifelong compulsive diary keeper
 * Henry James Coleridge: son of John Taylor Coleridge; became a priest
 * James Collinson: artist who briefly went back to Anglicanism in order to marry Christina Rossetti
 * Constantine the African: Tunisian doctor who converted from Islam and became a Benedictine monk
 * Tim Conway: American comedian; converted to Catholicism because he said he liked the way the Church is structured
 * Gary Cooper: American actor who converted to the Church late in life, saying, "that decision I made was the right one"
 * Frederick Copleston: English historian of philosophy and Jesuit priest
 * Gerty Cori: Czech-American biochemist who became the third woman, and first American woman, to win a Nobel Prize in science, and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Richard Crashaw: English poet; son of a staunch anti-Catholic father

D

 * Lorenzo Da Ponte: Italian writer and poet; converted from Judaism on his father's remarriage
 * Kim Dae-jung: President of South Korea, Nobel Peace Prize recipient
 * Christopher Davenport: Recollect friar whose efforts to show that the Thirty-Nine Articles could be interpreted more in accordance with Catholic teaching caused controversy among fellow Catholics
 * Dominique Dawes: Olympic gold medalist
 * Christopher Dawson: British independent scholar, who wrote many books on cultural history and Christendom. Dawson has been called "the greatest English-speaking Catholic historian of the twentieth century". He converted to Catholicism in 1909
 * Dorothy Day: social activist and pacifist; founder of the Catholic Worker movement; was raised nominally Episcopalian
 * David-Augustin de Brueys: French theologian
 * Regina Derieva: Russian poet
 * Alfred Döblin: German expressionist novelist, best known for Berlin Alexanderplatz
 * Catherine Doherty: Canadian pioneer of social justice; converted from Russian Christianity
 * Audrey Donnithorne: English political economist and missionary, daughter of Vyvyan Donnithorne, an evangelical Anglican missionary to Sichuan.
 * Diana Dors: actress who was once called a "wayward hussy" by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher; in the 1970s she converted to Catholicism and had a Catholic funeral
 * Ralph Downes: organist, teacher and designer of the Royal Festival Hall organ; long-time organist of the London Oratory
 * Ross Douthat: American conservative political analyst, blogger, author and opinion columnist at The New York Times
 * David Paul Drach: French Talmudic scholar and librarian of the College of Propaganda in Rome
 * Augusta Theodosia Drane: English writer and theologian, also known as Mother Francis Raphael, O.S.D
 * John Dryden: English poet, literary critic, and playwright
 * Avery Dulles: American Jesuit theologian, professor at Fordham University; son of former Secretary of State John Foster Dulles
 * Michael Dummett: British Analytic philosopher who devised the Quota Borda system
 * Michael Dunn: Dwarf, actor. Wanted to become a Catholic friar, but found that his small stature and frame made getting around the monastery impossible.
 * Faye Dunaway: American actress
 * Joseph Dutton: veteran of the American Civil War who worked with Father Damien

E

 * Martin Eisengrein: German theologian and polemicist
 * Ulf Ekman: Swedish charismatic pastor and founder of the Livets Ord congregation of the Word of Faith movement in Uppsala, Sweden
 * Black Elk: Oglala medicine man
 * Veit Erbermann: German theologian and controversialist
 * William Everson: Beat poet whose parents were Christian Scientists; took the name Brother Antoninus in the 18 years he spent as a Dominican
 * Thomas Ewing: U.S. Senator from Ohio; served as Secretary of the Treasury and first Secretary of the Interior; foster brother of William Tecumseh Sherman

F

 * Frederick William Faber: English theologian and hymnwriter
 * Lola Falana: dancer and actress who became a Catholic evangelist after converting; founded The Lambs of God Ministry
 * Fan Shouyi (or Luigi Fan): first known Chinese person to travel to Europe, return, and write an account of his travels. In 1717, he was ordained as a priest and would eventually be an interpreter for the Chinese emperor and as a missionary in his native China.
 * Leonid Feodorov: exarch of the Russian Greek Catholic Church; Gulag survivor; beatified by Pope John Paul II
 * Ronald Firbank: British novelist
 * Sir Henry Fletcher, 3rd Baronet, of Hutton le Forest: converted and spent his last years in a monastery
 * Kasper Franck: German theologian and controversialist
 * Antonia Fraser: British historian, biographer and novelist; her parents converted when she was young
 * Johann Jakob Froberger: German composer
 * André Frossard: French journalist and essayist
 * Lady Georgiana Fullerton: English novelist; converted in 1846 when she was in her 30s
 * Allan Fung: American politician

G

 * Ivan Gagarin: Russian Jesuit and writer of aristocratic origin
 * Maggie Gallagher: conservative activist; a founder of the National Organization for Marriage
 * Mark Galli: American author, former editor of Christianity Today, and former Evangelical Protestant minister
 * Peter Geach: English philosopher and professor of logic at the University of Leeds. Husband of Elizabeth Anscombe
 * Edmund Gennings and John Gennings: brothers; Edmund was a priest and martyr who converted at sixteen; his death lead to John's conversion; John restored the English province of Franciscan friars
 * Elizabeth Fox-Genovese: historian; founder of the Institute of Women's Studies; wife of Eugene D. Genovese
 * Eugene D. Genovese: historian; was once an atheist and Marxist
 * Fathia Ghali: daughter of King Fuad I of Egypt and his Queen, Nazli Sabri; in 1950, both mother and daughter converted to Catholicism from Islam; this enraged King Farouk, who forbade them from returning to Egypt; after his death, they asked President Anwar Sadat to restore their passports, which he did
 * Vladimir Ghika: Romanian nobleman who became a Catholic monsignor and political dissident
 * Richard Gilmour: bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Cleveland
 * Newt Gingrich: American politician; Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
 * Dawn Eden Goldstein: rock journalist who was raised Reform Jewish; was agnostic, now a Catholic theologian and author
 * Rumer Godden: English author of Black Narcissus and the 1972 Whitbread Award winner The Diddakoi; converted to Catholicism in 1968, which inspired the book In This House of Brede
 * Jonathan Goodall: Anglican Bishop of Ebbsfleet from 2013 to 2021, converted in September 2021
 * John Gother: English Catholic convert, priest and controversialist
 * John Willem Gran: former Bishop of Oslo; had been an atheist working in the film industry
 * Jennifer Granholm: United States Secretary of Energy and 47th Governor of Michigan
 * Graham Greene: British writer whose Catholicism influenced novels like The Power and the Glory, although in later life he once referred to himself as a "Catholic atheist"
 * Wilton Daniel Gregory: American Archbishop of Washington, 2019–present
 * Moritz Gudenus: German priest
 * Alec Guinness: British actor, after whom the Catholic Association of Performing Arts named an award
 * Ruffa Gutierrez: Filipina actress, model and former beauty queen; converted from Christianity to Islam and back to Christianity

H

 * Cyrus Habib: U.S. politician turned Jesuit
 * Fabrice Hadjadj: French writer and philosopher
 * Theodor Haecker: German writer, translator and cultural critic
 * Kimberly Hahn: former Presbyterian; theologian, apologist and author of many books
 * Scott Hahn: former Presbyterian minister; theologian, scripture scholar and author of many books
 * Jeffrey Hamm: British fascist leader; converted by the renegade Catholic priest Fr. Clement Russell; succeeded Oswald Mosley as head of the British Union of Fascists
 * Thomas Morton Harper: Jesuit priest, philosopher, theologian and preacher
 * Chris Haw: theologian and author of numerous books, including From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart, which detailed his conversion away from evangelical Protestantism
 * Anna Haycraft: raised in Auguste Comte's atheistic "church of humanity", but became a conservative Catholic in adulthood
 * Bill Hayden: Australian politician and Governor-General of Australia, converted from atheism at age 85 after retirement from public office.
 * Carlton J. H. Hayes: American ambassador to Spain; helped found the American Catholic Historical Association; co-chair of the National Conference of Christians and Jews
 * Susan Hayward: Academy Award-winning American actress who helped found a church
 * Isaac Hecker: founder of the Paulist Fathers
 * Elisabeth Hesselblad: raised Lutheran; after her conversion, became a nun; beatified by Pope John Paul II on 9 April 2000; recognized by Yad Vashem in 2004 as one of the Righteous Among the Nations for her work in helping Jews during World War II
 * Dietrich von Hildebrand: German theologian
 * H.H. Holmes: Chicago serial killer portrayed in Erik Larson's The Devil in the White City; allegedly converted in Philadelphia's Moyamensing Prison, about a week before he was executed in 1896
 * Walter Hooper: trustee and literary advisor of the estate of C.S. Lewis
 * James Hope-Scott: English lawyer connected to the Oxford Movement
 * Gerard Manley Hopkins: English poet and Catholic priest
 * Deal Hudson: Philosopher, publisher, political activist; converted from Southern Baptist to Catholicism at age 34.
 * Francis Hsu (Chen-Ping): third bishop of Hong Kong, and the first Chinese one; a convert from Methodism
 * Arcadio Huang: Chinese Christian convert, and brought to Paris by the Missions étrangères. He took a pioneering role in the teaching of the Chinese language in France around 1715.
 * Allen Hunt: American radio personality; former Methodist pastor
 * E. Howard Hunt: American spy and novelist
 * Reinhard Hütter: American theologian

I

 * Laura Ingraham: American broadcaster and political commentator
 * Princess Irene of the Netherlands: her conversion, related to her marrying a Carlist, became something of a national issue
 * Vyacheslav Ivanov: poet and playwright associated with Russian symbolism; received into the Catholic Church in 1926
 * Levi Silliman Ives: Episcopal Church of the USA Bishop of North Carolina

J

 * James II of England: King of England and Ireland as James II, and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Revolution of 1688. He was the last Catholic monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland; his reign is now remembered primarily for struggles over religious tolerance. He converted from Anglicanism to Catholicism in 1668 or 1669
 * Bobby Jindal: American politician who served as the 55th Governor of Louisiana from 2008 to 2016; converted in his teens
 * Gwen John: artist; Auguste Rodin's lover; after the relationship she had a religious conversion and did portraits of nuns
 * Abby Johnson: former Planned Parenthood clinic director; converted to Catholicism in 2011, two years after her anti-abortion conversion in 2009
 * Bobby Jones: Golf pioneer. Converted on his deathbed in 1971
 * James Earl Jones: American actor who converted during his service in the U.S. Army
 * Walter B. Jones: U.S. politician; Member of the United States House of Representatives
 * Nirmala Joshi: Superior General of the Missionaries of Charity, 1997–2009
 * Johannes Jørgensen: Danish writer, known for his biographies of Catholic saints
 * Ernst Jünger: decorated German soldier, author, and entomologist who became publicly known for his World War I memoir Storm of Steel. Converted shortly before his death at the age of 102

K

 * Nicholas Kao Se Tseien: world's oldest priest
 * Katharine, Duchess of Kent: first member of the British royal family to convert to Catholicism for more than 300 years
 * Joyce Kilmer: American journalist, poet, literary critic, lecturer and editor
 * Yuna Kim: South Korean figure skater and Olympic gold medalist
 * Russell Kirk: American historian, moralist and figure in US Conservatism
 * Sister Gregory Kirkus: English Catholic nun, educator, historian and archivist
 * Harm Klueting: priest and historian; had been Lutheran and had two children
 * Ronald Knox: English Catholic priest, theologian, author, and radio broadcaster. Ordained an Anglican priest in 1912, Knox converted to Catholicism in 1917. He is known for his translation of the bible, the Knox Bible, published in 1955
 * Dean Koontz: American novelist known for thrillers and suspense; converted in college
 * Knud Karl Krogh-Tonning: Norwegian; had been a Lutheran professor of theology
 * Albert Küchler: Danish painter who became a Franciscan friar
 * Lawrence Kudlow: CNBC host and business columnist
 * Sigiswald Kuijken: Belgian violinist, violist and conductor
 * William Kurelek: Canadian painter
 * Stephan Kuttner: expert in canon law
 * Demetrios Kydones: Byzantine theologian, writer and statesman

L

 * Shia LaBeouf: American actor, performance artist, and filmmaker; converted following an extended period preparing for a role playing Padre Pio
 * Charlie Landsborough: singer songwriter
 * Karl Landsteiner: Austrian biologist and physician; received the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; converted from Judaism to Catholicism in 1890
 * Joseph Lane: Territorial Governor of Oregon; first U.S. Senator from Oregon; pro-slavery Democratic candidate for US Vice President in 1860; openly sympathetic to the Confederacy during the Civil War; studied Catholic doctrine and converted with his family in 1867
 * John Lawe, Wisconsin Territory fur trader and land magnate. Lawe, who was of Jewish background, was baptised a Protestant, and had served as vestryman and treasurer of Wisconsin's first Episcopalian church, was reported to have made a deathbed conversion to Catholicism, and was buried in a Catholic cemetery next to his wife Thérèse. Local speculation was that the purpose of his conversion was to allow this burial.
 * Halldór Laxness: Icelandic writer; received the 1955 Nobel Prize in Literature; converted in 1923; left the Church, but returned at the end of his life
 * Graham Leonard: former Anglican Bishop of London
 * Ignace Lepp: French psychiatrist whose parents were freethinkers; joined the Communist party at age fifteen; broke with the party in 1937 and eventually became a Catholic priest
 * Shane Leslie: Irish-born diplomat and writer. He was a first cousin of Winston Churchill
 * Dilwyn Lewis: Welsh clothes designer and priest
 * Li Yingshi: Ming-era Chinese military officer and a renowned mathematician, astrologer and feng shui expert, who was among the first Chinese literati to become Christian
 * Francis Libermann: venerated Catholic, raised in Orthodox Judaism; has been called "the second founder of the Holy Ghost Fathers"
 * Antonio Ligabue: Italian painter of Swiss birth
 * Luca Lionello: being an atheist for 40 years, this Italian actor converted when he was part of the cast of the 2004 epic drama The Passion of the Christ, playing Judas Ischkariot
 * William Lockhart: first member of the Oxford Movement to convert and become a Catholic priest
 * James Longstreet: Confederate general turned Republican "scalawag"
 * Emily Loveday (b. 1799): her father caused a fuss when he discovered that she had been converted while at boarding school in Paris.
 * Frederick Lucas: Quaker who converted and founded The Tablet
 * Clare Boothe Luce: American playwright, editor, politician, and diplomat; wife of Time-Life founder Henry Luce;worked on the screenplay of the nun-themed film Come to the Stable; became a Dame of Malta
 * Arnold Lunn: skier, mountaineer, and writer; agnostic; wrote Roman Converts, which took a critical view of Catholicism and the converts to it; later converted to Catholicism due to debating with converts, and became an apologist for the faith
 * Jean-Marie Lustiger: Catholic Archbishop of Paris, 1981–2005; a Cardinal
 * James Patterson Lyke: Catholic Archbishop of Atlanta, 1991–1992
 * Jan Lipsansky: Czech writer

M

 * Empress Dowager Ma (Southern Ming): concubine of the Prince Duan of Gui and mother of the Yongli Emperor
 * Alasdair MacIntyre: virtue ethicist and moral philosopher
 * Gustav Mahler: Austrian composer; converted from Judaism. There is disagreement whether his conversion was a genuine or pragmatic one to overcome institutional and professional barriers against Jews
 * Enrique de Malaca: Malay slave of Ferdinand Magellan; converted to Catholicism after being purchased in 1511
 * Henry Edward Manning: English Anglican clergyman who became a Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of Westminster
 * Gabriel Marcel: leading Christian existentialist; his upbringing was agnostic
 * Jacques Maritain: French Thomist philosopher; helped form the basis for international law and human rights law in his writings; also laid the intellectual foundation for the Christian democratic movement
 * Taylor Marshall: American former Anglican priest, now a Catholic author and YouTuber/podcaster.
 * Tobie Matthew: Member of English Parliament who became a Catholic priest
 * Robert L. May: creator of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer; converted from Judaism after marrying his second wife, a Catholic.
 * Virginia Mayo: American stage, movie and television actress, wife of actor Michael O'Shea: (The Princess and the Pirate, The Best Years of Our Lives, The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, The Silver Chalice etc.); converted by Bishop Fulton Sheen.
 * James McAuley: Australian poet; converted in 1952
 * Claude McKay: bisexual Jamaican poet; went from Communist-leaning atheist to an active Catholic Christian after a stroke
 * Gavin McInnes: Canadian far-right activist. Founder of the Proud Boys.
 * Marshall McLuhan: Canadian philosopher of communication theory; coined the terms "the medium is the message" and "global village"; converted in 1937 after reading the works of G.K. Chesterton
 * Thomas Merton: American Trappist monk and spiritual writer
 * Vittorio Messori: Italian journalist and writer called the "most translated Catholic writer in the world" by Sandro Magister; before his conversion in 1964 he had a "perspective as a secularist and agnostic"
 * Alice Meynell: poet and suffragist
 * Czesław Miłosz: poet, prose writer, translator and diplomat; awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the 1980 Nobel Prize in Literature
 * Michelle Mone, Baroness Mone: Scottish businesswoman and life peeress
 * John Brande Morris: priest, writer, student of Patristic theology, and scholar of the Syriac language
 * Henry Morse: one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
 * Malcolm Muggeridge: British journalist and author who went from agnosticism to the Catholic Church
 * William Munk: English physician and medical historian remembered chiefly for "Munk's Roll", a biographical reference work on the Royal College of Physicians.

N

 * Takashi Nagai: physician specializing in radiology; author of The Bells of Nagasaki
 * Bernard Nathanson: Jewish convert and medical doctor; a founding member of NARAL; he later recanted and became an anti-abortion proponent
 * Michael Nazir-Ali: Anglican Bishop of Rochester from 1994 to 2009. Currently the director of the Oxford Centre for Training, Research, Advocacy and Dialogue. Converted to Catholicism in 2021, ordained a priest for the Anglican Ordinariate
 * Ronaldo Luís Nazário de Lima: Brazilian footballer; baptized as a Catholic in 2023.
 * Patricia Neal: won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in Hud
 * Knut Ansgar Nelson: Danish-born convert who was a bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Stockholm
 * Irène Némirovsky: author of the controversial David Golder, autobiographical Le Vin de solitude, and posthumous success Suite française
 * Richard John Neuhaus: priest; founder and editor of the journal First Things
 * John Henry Newman: English priest and cardinal, former Anglican priest, famous for his autobiographical book Apologia Pro Vita Sua in which he details his reasons for converting
 * Keith Newton: formerly an Anglican bishop
 * Donald Nicholl: British historian and theologian who has been described as "one of the most widely influential of modern Christian thinkers"
 * Barthold Nihus: German convert who became a bishop and controversialist
 * Robert Novak: American journalist and political commentator; raised Jewish, but practiced no religion for many years before converting to Catholicism in the last years of his life
 * Alfred Noyes: English poet, best known for "The Highwayman"; dealt with his conversion in The Unknown God; The Last Voyage, in his The Torch-Bearers trilogy, was influenced by his conversion

O

 * Frederick Oakeley: priest and author known for his translation of "Adeste Fideles" into English as "O Come, All Ye Faithful"
 * John M. Oesterreicher: Jewish convert who became a monsignor and a leading advocate of Jewish-Catholic reconciliation
 * William E. Orchard: liturgist, pacifist and ecumenicist; before becoming a Catholic priest he was a Protestant minister
 * Johann Friedrich Overbeck: German painter in the Nazarene movement of religious art
 * Candace Owens: American political commentator; converted from Protestantism to Catholicism in 2024.

P

 * Coventry Patmore: English poet and critic known for The Angel in the House
 * Joseph Pearce: anti-Catholic and agnostic British National Front member; became a devoted Catholic writer with a series on EWTN
 * Vladimir Pecherin: Russian convert and priest whose memoirs were controversial for criticizing both the Russian government and the Catholic Church of his time
 * Charles Péguy: French poet, essayist, and editor; went from an agnostic humanist to a pro-Republic Catholic
 * Walker Percy: Laetare Medal-winning author of The Moviegoer and Love in the Ruins
 * Sarah Peter: American philanthropist; daughter of Ohio governor Thomas Worthington
 * Johann Pistorius: German controversialist and historian
 * John Hungerford Pollen: wrote for The Tablet; Professor of Fine Arts at the Catholic University of Ireland
 * Ramesh Ponnuru: American conservative political pundit and journalist
 * Kirsten Powers: American political analyst & fox news columnist.
 * Agni Pratistha: Indonesian actress, model and former beauty queen; elected Puteri Indonesia 2006; converted to Catholicism after marriage, although initially denied rumors of conversion
 * Vincent Price: American actor; converted to Catholicism to marry his third wife, Australian actress Coral Browne (she became an American citizen for him); he reportedly lost interest in the faith after her death
 * Erik Prince: founder of Blackwater Worldwide
 * Augustus Pugin: English-born architect, designer and theorist of design; known for Gothic Revival architecture; advocate for reviving the Catholic Church in England

R

 * Brent Robbins: Associate Professor of Psychology at Point Park University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne: co-founder of the Congregation of Our Lady of Sion, which originally worked to convert Jewish people like himself
 * Marie Theodor Ratisbonne: co-founder of the Congregation of Our Lady of Sion; converted before his brother
 * Sally Read: Eric Gregory Award-winning poet who converted to Catholicism
 * Joseph Warren Revere: American Union army General and grandson of Paul Revere; converted in 1862 during the Civil War
 * William Reynolds: English Catholic theologian and Biblical scholar
 * Dewi Rezer: Indonesian model of French descent; converted to Catholicism
 * Anthony Rhodes: English writer
 * Paul Richardson: formerly an Anglican bishop
 * Knute Rockne: Norwegian-American Notre Dame football coach, 1918–1930; converted from Lutheranism
 * Alban Roe: Benedictine; one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
 * Frederick Rolfe ("Baron Corvo"): English writer; his Hadrian the Seventh concerns a fictional Papal Conclave
 * Lila Rose: American president of anti-abortion organization Live Action
 * Sylvester Horton Rosecrans: first bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Columbus
 * William Rosecrans: Sylvester's brother, a Union Army general in the American Civil War
 * Anthony Ross: Scottish priest who served as Rector of the University of Edinburgh from 1979 to 1982
 * Jonathan Roumie: American actor best known for playing the role of Jesus Christ in television series The Chosen
 * Joseph Rovan: historian, member of the French Resistance, adviser on Franco-German relations
 * Giuni Russo: Italian singer-songwriter, developed a devotion to Saint Teresa of Avila
 * Richard Rutt: Catholic Monsignor, member of the House of Lords, served as a missionary to Korea and as Bishop of Daejon in the Anglican Church of Korea and the Suffragan Bishop of Turo in the Church of England, prominent Korean Studies Scholar

S

 * Nazli Sabri: Queen of Egypt; mother of King Farouk of Egypt
 * Siegfried Sassoon: English poet, writer and soldier; converted in 1957
 * Joseph Saurin: French mathematician and Calvinist minister
 * Paul Schenck: converted from Judaism to Episcopalianism to Catholicism; currently a Catholic priest and anti-abortion activist
 * Heinrich Schlier: German theologian
 * Roy Schoeman: former Harvard Professor, lecturer, and Jewish convert to Catholicism
 * Rob Schneider: American actor; converted to Catholicism in 2023 after having been raised by a Jewish father and a Catholic mother.
 * Dutch Schultz (Arthur Flegenheimer): American mobster; converted to Catholicism during his second trial, convinced that Jesus Christ had spared him jail time; after being fatally shot by underworld rivals, he asked to see a priest and was given the last rites; his mother insisted on dressing him in a Jewish prayer shawl prior to his interment in the Catholic Gate of Heaven Cemetery
 * E. F. Schumacher: economic thinker known for Small Is Beautiful; his A Guide for the Perplexed criticizes what he termed "materialistic scientism"; went from atheism to Buddhism to Catholicism
 * Countess of Ségur: French writer of Russian birth
 * John Sergeant: English priest, controversialist and theologian
 * Elizabeth Ann Seton: first native-born citizen of the United States to be canonized by the Catholic Church
 * Frances Shand Kydd: mother of Diana, Princess of Wales
 * Michael Alphonsius Shen Fu-Tsung: Qing Dynasty bureaucrat who toured Europe; he was featured in a painting titled "The Chinese Convert" by Godfrey Kneller
 * Frank Sheed: Australian-born lawyer, writer, publisher, Catholic apologist and speaker. Raised by a Scottish Presbyterian father, he later converted at age 16, and devoted his life to defending the Catholic faith, mostly from Protestant critics.
 * William Tecumseh Sherman: Civil War General, was born into a Presbyterian family but raised in a Catholic household by foster parents after his father died. Sherman attended the Catholic Church until the outbreak of the Civil War, which destroyed his faith. His wife and children were Catholic and one son, Thomas Ewing Sherman, became a Jesuit priest.
 * Ralph Sherwin: one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
 * Frederick Charles Shrady: American religious artist, primarily of sculpture
 * Angelus Silesius: German Catholic priest and physician, known as a mystic and religious poet
 * David Silk: formerly an Anglican bishop
 * Richard Simpson: literary writer and scholar; wrote a biography of Edmund Campion
 * Edith Sitwell: British poet and critic
 * Delia Smith: English cook and television presenter; her books A Feast for Lent and A Feast for Advent involve Catholicism
 * Timo Soini: politician who leads the Eurosceptic True Finns party; converted during the time of Pope John Paul II
 * Lauren Southern: Canadian political activist and YouTuber.
 * Reinhard Sorge: expressionist playwright who went from Nietzschean to Catholic
 * Wesley Sneijder: Dutch soccer player
 * Etsuro Sotoo: Japanese sculptor
 * Muriel Spark: Scottish novelist, author of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie; Penelope Fitzgerald states that Spark said that after her conversion she was better able to, "see human existence as a whole, as a novelist needs to do"
 * Ignatius Spencer: son of George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer; became a Passionist priest and worked for the conversion of England to the Catholic faith
 * Adrienne von Speyr: Swiss medical doctor and later Catholic mystic
 * Henri Spondanus: French jurist, historian, continuator of the Annales Ecclesiastici, and Bishop of Pamiers
 * Barbara Stanwyck: American actress, model, and dancer
 * Friedrich Staphylus: German theologian who drew up several opinions on reform for the Council of Trent despite not attending
 * Ellen Gates Starr: a founder of Hull House who became an Oblate of the Third Order of St. Benedict
 * Jeffrey N. Steenson: first ordinary to the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter; former bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of the Rio Grande
 * Edith Stein: phenomenologist Jewish philosopher who converted to Catholicism and then became a Discalced Carmelite nun; declared a saint by John Paul II
 * Göran Stenius: Swedish-Finnish writer whose Klockorna i Rom (The Bells of Rome) has been praised as a post-war religious novel
 * Nicolas Steno: pioneer in geology and anatomy who converted from Lutheranism; became a bishop, wrote spiritual works, and was beatified in 1988
 * Karl Stern: German-Canadian neurologist and psychiatrist; his book Pillar of Fire concerns his conversion
 * John Lawson Stoddard: divinity student who became an agnostic and "scientific humanist"; later converted to Catholicism
 * Sven Stolpe: Swedish convert and writer
 * R. J. Stove: Australian writer, editor, and composer; raised atheist as the son of David Stove
 * Su Xuelin: Chinese author and scholar whose semi-autobiographical novel Bitter Heart discusses her introduction to and conversion to Catholicism
 * Graham Sutherland: English artist who did religious art and had a fascination with Christ's crucifixion
 * Halliday Sutherland: doctor, tuberculosis pioneer, best-selling author and defendant in the 1923 libel trial, Stopes v. Sutherland. Converted in 1919.
 * Robert Sutton: English priest and martyr
 * Sophie Swetchine: Russian salon-holder and mystic
 * Susie Forrest Swift (Sister M. Imelda Teresa; 1862–1916), American editor, Salvation Army worker, Catholic nun
 * Karel Schulz: Czech writer

T

 * John B. Tabb: American poet, priest, and educator
 * Hara Takashi (原 敬): Japanese politician who served as the Prime Minister of Japan from 1918 to 1921. Baptized at the age of 17
 * John Michael Talbot: American Catholic singer-songwriter-guitarist, once a secular musician in the group Mason Proffit
 * Allen Tate: American poet, essayist and social commentator, and Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress
 * Frances Margaret Taylor: founded the Poor Servants of the Mother of God
 * Kateri Tekakwitha: Catholic saint informally known as "Lily of the Mohawks"
 * Tabaraji of Ternate: Indonesian sultan; converted to Catholicism after 1534; baptised with the name Dom Manuel
 * Elliot Griffin Thomas: third bishop for the Catholic Diocese of Saint Thomas
 * John Sparrow David Thompson: first Catholic to be Prime Minister of Canada
 * Meletius Tipaldi: Eastern Catholic bishop, from Orthodox Christianity.
 * Alice B. Toklas: American-born member of the Parisian avant-garde of the early 20th century; had once been Gertrude Stein's lover
 * Edith Tolkien: Englishwoman, known as the wife and muse of novelist J. R. R. Tolkien. Converted in 1913 in order to marry her husband
 * Mabel Tolkien: Mother of English writer, poet, philologist, and academic J. R. R. Tolkien. Converted from being a Baptist in 1900
 * Meriol Trevor: British biographer, novelist and children's writer
 * Lu Zhengxiang: Chinese Premier and diplomat who became a Benedictine abbot and priest "Pierre-Célestin"
 * Hasekura Tsunenaga: Samurai and Keichō diplomat who toured Europe
 * Rajah Tupas: Filipino prince and son of the Rajah Humabon; converted with his family by Magellan
 * Malcolm Turnbull: 29th Prime Minister of Australia.
 * Julia Gardiner Tyler: second wife of U.S. President John Tyler

U

 * Barry Ulanov: editor of Metronome magazine; a founder of the St. Thomas More Society; Mary Lou Williams's godfather
 * Kaspar Ulenberg: theological writer and translator of the Bible who had previously been Lutheran
 * Sigrid Undset: Norwegian Nobel laureate who had previously been agnostic

V

 * Sheldon Vanauken: author of A Severe Mercy; a contributing editor of the New Oxford Review
 * J. D. Vance: American Senator from Ohio and author known for his memoir Hillbilly Elegy
 * Bill Veeck: American baseball team owner
 * Johann Emanuel Veith: Bohemian Catholic preacher
 * Jean-Baptiste Ventura: soldier, mercenary and adventurer of Jewish origin
 * Aubrey Thomas de Vere: Victorian era poet and critic.
 * Johannes Vermeer: Dutch Golden Age painter
 * Adrian Vermeule: American legal scholar and law professor at Harvard Law School
 * Mother Veronica of the Passion: founder of the Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel
 * Eva Vlaardingerbroek: Dutch political commentator and activist; converted to Catholicism from Protestantism alongside her father in 2023.
 * Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang: politician and editor of the Catholic newspaper Das Vaterland
 * Simeon Vratanja: Eastern Catholic bishop

W

 * The Empress Dowager Wang of the Southern Ming Dynasty and mother of the Yongli Emperor
 * William George Ward: theologian, philosopher, lecturer in mathematics
 * E. I. Watkin: English writer on poetry, philosophy, aesthetics, history, and religion. Friend of Christopher Dawson. Converted in 1908 from Anglicanism
 * Evelyn Waugh: English writer; his Brideshead Revisited concerns an aristocratic Catholic family
 * John Wayne: American actor, known for his roles in war films and Westerns; converted to the Catholic Church shortly before his death.
 * Ben Weasel: American musician, lead singer and guitarist of the punk rock band Screeching Weasel; he converted from Buddhism.
 * Yvonne Maria Werner: Swedish historian and professor
 * Zacharias Werner: German poet, dramatist and preacher
 * Eustace White: one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
 * E. T. Whittaker: English mathematician who was awarded the cross Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice in 1935
 * Ann Widdecombe: former British Conservative Party politician; novelist since 2000
 * Chelsea Olivia Wijaya: Indonesian actress and model; born in the Protestant religion
 * Robert William Wilcox: soldier and politician in 19th century Hawaii.
 * Oscar Wilde: Irish writer and poet; converted on his deathbed
 * Mary Lou Williams: jazz pianist; after conversion, wrote and performed some religious jazz music like Black Christ of the Andes
 * Paul Williams: academic who was raised Anglican and lived as a Tibetan Buddhist for twenty years before becoming Catholic
 * Tennessee Williams: American playwright; converted in his later years as his life spiralled downwards
 * Sigi Wimala: Indonesian model and actress, converted to Catholicism after marriage
 * Lord Nicholas Windsor: son of Catholic convert Katharine, Duchess of Kent; anti-abortion writer
 * Gene Wolfe: Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master in science fiction and fantasy
 * John Woodcock: among the Eighty-five martyrs of England and Wales
 * Thomas Woods: American historian and Austrian School economist; wrote How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization
 * John Ching Hsiung Wu: wrote Chinese Humanism and Christian spirituality; has been called "one of China's chief lay exponents of Catholic ideas"
 * Wu Li: Chinese painter and poet who became one of the first Chinese Jesuit priests
 * John C. Wright: science fiction author who went from atheist to Catholic; wrote Chapter 1 of the book Atheist to Catholic: 11 Stories of Conversion, edited by Rebecca Vitz Cherico
 * John Michael Wright: portrait painter in the Baroque style

X

 * Xu Guangqi: Chinese scholar-bureaucrat, agricultural scientist, astronomer, and mathematician during the Ming Dynasty; classed as one of the Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism

Y

 * Shigeru Yoshida (吉田 茂): Japanese diplomat and politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1946 to 1947 and from 1948 to 1954. He was baptized on his deathbed, having hid his Catholicism throughout most of his life. His funeral was held in St. Mary's Cathedral, Tokyo

Z

 * Israel Zolli: until converting from Judaism to Catholicism in February 1945, Zolli was the chief rabbi in Rome, Italy's Jewish community from 1940 to 1945

Former Catholics who had been converts

 * Magdi Allam: converted in 2008, but left in 2013 to protest what he deemed its "globalism", "weakness", and "soft stance against Islam"
 * Audrey Assad: American singer-songwriter and contemporary Christian music artist who converted from Evangelical Protestantism to Catholicism in 2007 but in 2021 announced that she was no longer a Catholic or Christian.
 * Margaret Anna Cusack: Anglican nun who converted to Catholicism; founded The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace, and later left due to conflict with a bishop; later became a critic of the Church's hierarchy and the Society of Jesus; her order survived in the Catholic Church
 * Rod Dreher: writer and blogger; raised Methodist before converting to Catholicism; converted to Eastern Orthodoxy in 2006
 * Henry Ford II: converted by Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen; twice divorced; later ceased practicing the faith, although he received the last rites of the Catholic Church on his deathbed; his funeral was Episcopalian
 * Ernest Hemingway: Converted to marry his second wife, Pauline Pfeiffer. He subsequently divorced Pfeiffer and ceased practicing the faith. He received Catholic graveside services because his family requested it. Also, the fact that his death was a suicide was concealed initially. Ex-Catholics and people who committed suicide were not buried according to Catholic rites.
 * Ammon Hennacy: Christian anarchist and activist who was Catholic from 1952 to 1965; his essay "On Leaving the Catholic Church" concerns his formal renunciation of the religion
 * David Kirk: Baptist by upbringing; converted to the Melkite Greek Catholic Church in 1953 and became a Melkite priest in 1964; became Eastern Orthodox in 2004
 * Otto Klemperer: German conductor. Converted to Catholicism, but returned to Judaism near the end of his life.
 * Robert Lowell: United States Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry who won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry twice; left the faith by 1951
 * Walter M. Miller, Jr.: author of A Canticle for Leibowitz; converted after his experiences in World War II; later renounced the faith
 * Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Franco-Swiss philosopher, writer and political theorist who converted to Catholicism as a young man but later apostated to Calvinism in 1754
 * Britney Spears: American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actress. Was raised Baptist before converting in 2021 but ceased believing in God by 2022

title: List of converts to Catholicism


text:
Austrian post offices in Crete

This article provides an overview of the Austrian post-offices presence in Crete and the use of French currency on Austrian stamps in the Ottoman Empire.

Postal History
Along with several other nations, the Austro-Hungarian Empire maintained its own post offices in Crete in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The three post offices, in Chania, Heraklion and Rethymno, operated from 1890 until 1914, replacing earlier Austrian Lloyd postal agencies and official Austrian postal agencies which operated in turn in these towns starting in 1837 and 1845 respectively.

Stamp issues
These offices used Austrian stamps denominated or surcharged in various currencies (Lombardy–Venetian soldi, Turkish paras and piastres, and French centimes and francs) or, much more rarely, used regular not surcharged Austrian stamps.

French currency issues
In order to better compete with the French post offices, regular Austrian stamps were overprinted in French currency in 1903 (values 5 Centimes to 4 Francs). The last set was in 1908–1914 in designs similar to the Austrian set commemorating the 60th anniversary of the Emperor's accession.

Many stamp collectors and catalogues have traditionally referred to just the French currency issues as "Austrian Post Offices in Crete", distinguishing them from the Turkish currency issues which have been referred to as "Austrian post offices in the Ottoman Empire" or as "Austrian Levant". However, stamps in both currencies were in use both in the offices in Crete and in many other Austrian post offices within the Ottoman Empire. Ferchenbauer explains that the reason is that it was not officially permitted to admit the competition outside Crete island.

Used in the offices in Crete

References and sources

 * References

 * Sources
 * Stanley Gibbons Stamp Catalogue - Part 2: Austria & Hungary, 6th Edition 2002, pp 148–152
 * Rienk M. Feenstra & Friends, Crete: Postal History, Postage and Revenue Stamps, Coins & Banknotes (collectio, 2001, ISBN 960-85275-6-2)
 * AskPhil – Glossary of Stamp Collecting Terms
 * Encyclopaedia of Postal History
 * Rossiter, Stuart & John Flower. The Stamp Atlas. London: Macdonald, 1986, p. 331. ISBN 0-356-10862-7

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Austrian post offices in Crete


text: Category:Education in Ohio

title: Category:Education in Ohio


text:
George Kistiakowsky

George Bogdanovich Kistiakowsky (Георгий Богданович Кистяковский, Георгій Богданович Кістяківський; December 1 1900 – December 7, 1982) was a Ukrainian-American physical chemistry professor at Harvard who participated in the Manhattan Project and later served as President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Science Advisor.

Born in Boyarka in the old Russian Empire, into "an old Ukrainian Cossack family which was part of the intellectual elite in pre-revolutionary Russia", Kistiakowsky fled his homeland during the Russian Civil War. He made his way to Germany, where he earned his PhD in physical chemistry under the supervision of Max Bodenstein at the University of Berlin. He emigrated to the United States in 1926, where he joined the faculty of Harvard University in 1930, and became a citizen in 1933.

During World War II, Kistiakowsky was the head of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) section responsible for the development of explosives, and the technical director of the Explosives Research Laboratory (ERL), where he oversaw the development of new explosives, including RDX and HMX. He was involved in research into the hydrodynamic theory of explosions, and the development of shaped charges. In October 1943, he was brought into the Manhattan Project as a consultant. He was soon placed in charge of X Division, which was responsible for the development of the explosive lenses necessary for an implosion-type nuclear weapon. In July 1945, he watched the first atomic explosion in the Trinity test. A few weeks later, another implosion-type weapon (Fat Man) was dropped on Nagasaki.

From 1962 to 1965, Kistiakowsky chaired the National Academy of Sciences's Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP), and was its vice president from 1965 to 1973. He severed his connections with the government in protest against the war in Vietnam, and became active in an antiwar organization, the Council for a Livable World, becoming its chairman in 1977.

Early life
George Bogdanovich Kistiakowsky was born in Boyarka, in the Kyiv Governorate of the Russian Empire (now part of Ukraine), on December 1 1900. George's grandfather Aleksandr Fedorovych Kistiakovsky was a professor of law and an attorney of the Russian Empire who specialized in criminal law. His father Bogdan Kistiakovsky was a professor of legal philosophy at the University of Kyiv, and was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1919. Kistiakowsky's mother was Maria Berendshtam, and he had a brother, Alexander who became an ornithologist. George's uncle Ihor Kistiakovsky was the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State.

Kistiakowsky attended private schools in Kyiv and Moscow until the Russian Revolution broke out in 1917. He then joined the anti-Communist White Army. In 1920 he escaped from Russia in a commandeered French ship. After spending time in Turkey and Yugoslavia, he made his way to Germany, where he enrolled at the University of Berlin later that year. In 1925, he earned his PhD in physical chemistry under the supervision of Max Bodenstein, writing his thesis on the photochemical decomposition of chlorine monoxide and ozone. He then became Bodenstein's graduate assistant. His first two published papers were elaborations of his thesis, co-written with Bodenstein.

In 1926, Kistiakowsky traveled to the United States as an International Education Board fellow. Hugh Stott Taylor, another student of Bodenstein, accepted Bodenstein's assessment of Kistiakowsky, and gave him a place at Princeton University. That year, Kistiakowsky married a Swedish Lutheran woman, Hildegard Moebius. In 1928, they had a daughter, Vera, who, in 1972 became the first woman appointed as a professor of physics at MIT. When Kistiakowsky's two-year fellowship ran out in 1927, he received a research associate and DuPont Fellowship. On October 25, 1928, he became an associate professor at Princeton. Taylor and Kistiakowsky published a series of papers together. Encouraged by Taylor, Kistiakowsky also published an American Chemical Society monograph on photochemical processes.

In 1930, Kistiakowsky joined the faculty of Harvard University, an affiliation that continued throughout his career. At Harvard, his research interests were in thermodynamics, spectroscopy, and chemical kinetics. He became increasingly involved in consulting for the government and industry. He became an associate professor again, this time at Harvard in 1933. That year he also became an American citizen and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1938, he became the Abbott and James Lawrence Professor of Chemistry. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences the following year. In 1940, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

National Defense Research Committee
Foreseeing an expanded role for science in World War II, which the United States had not yet joined, President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) on June 27, 1940, with Vannevar Bush as its chairman. James B. Conant, the President of Harvard, was appointed head of Division B, which was responsible for bombs, fuels, gases, and chemicals. He appointed Kistiakowsky to head its Section A-1, which was concerned with explosives. In June 1941, the NDRC was absorbed into the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD). Bush became chairman of the OSRD, Conant succeeded him as chairman of the NDRC, and Kistiakowsky became head of Section B. In a reorganization in December 1942, Division B was broken up, and he became head of Division 8, which was responsible for explosives and propellants, remaining in this position until February 1944.

Kistiakowsky was unhappy with the state of American knowledge of explosives and propellants. Conant established the Explosives Research Laboratory (ERL) near the laboratories of the Bureau of Mines in Bruceton, Pennsylvania in October 1940, and Kistiakowsky initially supervised its activities, making occasional visits; but Conant did not formally appoint him as its technical director until the spring of 1941. Although initially hampered by a shortage of facilities, the ERL grew from five staff in 1941 to a wartime peak of 162 full-time laboratory staff in 1945. An important field of research was RDX. This powerful explosive had been developed by the Germans before the war. The challenge was to develop an industrial process that could produce it on a large scale. RDX was also mixed with TNT to produce Composition B, which was widely used in various munitions, and torpex, which was used in torpedoes and depth charges. Pilot plants were in operation by May 1942, and large-scale production followed in 1943.

In response to a special request for an explosive that could be smuggled through Japanese checkpoints by Chinese guerrillas, Kistakowsky mixed HMX, a non-toxic explosive produced as a by-product of the RDX process, with flour to create "Aunt Jemima", after a brand of pancake flour. This was an edible explosive, which could pass for regular flour, and even be used in cooking.

In addition to research into synthetic explosives like RDX and HMX, the ERL investigated the properties of detonations and shock waves. This was initiated as a pure research project, without obvious or immediate applications. Kistiakowsky visited England in 1941 and again in 1942, where he met with British experts, including William Penney and Geoffrey Taylor. When Kistiakowsky and Edgar Bright Wilson, Jr., surveyed the existing state of knowledge, they found several areas that warranted further investigation. Kistiakowsky began to look into the Chapman–Jouguet model, which describes the way the shock wave created by a detonation propagates.

At this time, the efficacy of the Chapman–Jouguet model was still in doubt, and it was the subject of studies by John von Neumann at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. Kistiakowsky realized that the deviations from hydrodynamic theory were the result of the speed of the chemical reactions themselves. To control the reaction, calculations down to the microsecond level were needed. Section 8 was drawn into the investigation of shaped charges, whose mechanism was explained by Taylor and James Tuck in 1943.

Manhattan Project
At the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory, research into implosion had been proceeding under Seth Neddermeyer, but his division had worked with cylinders and small charges, and had produced only objects that looked like rocks. Their research was accorded a low priority, owing to expectations that a gun-type nuclear weapon design would work for both uranium-235 and plutonium, and implosion technology would not be required.

In September 1943, the Los Alamos Laboratory's director, Robert Oppenheimer, arranged for von Neumann to visit Los Alamos and investigate implosion with a fresh set of eyes. After reviewing Neddermeyer's studies, and discussing the matter with Edward Teller, von Neumann suggested the use of high explosive in shaped charges to implode a sphere, which he showed could not only result in a faster assembly of fissile material than was possible with the gun method, but greatly reduce the amount of material required. The prospect of more efficient nuclear weapons impressed Oppenheimer, Teller and Hans Bethe, but they decided that an expert on explosives was required. Kistiakowsky's name was immediately suggested, and he was brought into the project as a consultant in October 1943.

Kistiakowsky was initially reluctant to come, "partly because", he later explained, "I didn't think the bomb would be ready in time and I was interested in helping to win the war". At Los Alamos, he began reorganizing the implosion effort. He introduced techniques such as photography and X-rays to study the behavior of shaped charges. The former had been extensively employed by the ERL, while the latter had been described in papers by Tuck, who also suggested using three-dimensional explosive lenses. As with other aspects of the Manhattan Project, research into explosive lenses followed multiple lines of inquiry simultaneously because, as Kistiakowsky noted, it was "impossible to predict which of these basic techniques will be the more successful."

Kistiakowsky brought with him to Los Alamos a detailed knowledge of all the studies into shaped charges, of explosives like Composition B, and of the procedures used at the ERL in 1942 and 1943. Increasingly, the ERL itself would be drawn into the implosion effort; its deputy director Duncan MacDougall also took charge of the Manhattan Project's Project Q. Kistiakowsky replaced Neddermeyer as head of E (for explosives) Division in February 1944.

The implosion program acquired a new urgency after Emilio Segrè's group at Los Alamos verified that plutonium produced in the nuclear reactors contained plutonium-240, which made it unsuitable for use in a gun-type weapon. A series of crisis meetings in July 1944 concluded that the only prospect for a working plutonium weapon was implosion. In August, Oppenheimer reorganized the entire laboratory to concentrate on it. A new explosives group, X Division, was created under Kistiakowsky to develop the lenses.

Under Kistiakowsky's leadership, X-Division designed the complex explosive lenses needed to compress the fissile plutonium pit. These employed two explosives with significantly different velocities of detonation in order to produce the required waveform. Kistiakowsky chose Baratol for the slow explosive. After experimenting with various fast explosives, X-Division settled on Composition B. Work on molding the explosives into the right shape continued into 1945. The lenses needed to be flawless, and techniques for casting Composition B and Baratol had to be developed. The ERL managed to accomplish this by devising a procedure for preparing Baratol in a form that was easy to cast. In March 1945, Kistiakowsky became part of the Cowpuncher Committee, so-called because it rode herd on the implosion effort. On July 16, 1945, Kistiakowsky watched as the first device was detonated in the Trinity test. A few weeks later, a Fat Man implosion-type nuclear weapon was dropped on Nagasaki.

Along with his work on implosion, Kistiakowsky contributed to skiing in Los Alamos by using rings of explosives to fell trees for a ski slope — leading to the establishment of Sawyer's Hill Ski Tow Association. He divorced Hildegard in 1942 and married Irma E. Shuler in 1945. They were divorced in 1962, and he married Elaine Mahoney.

White House service
In 1957, during the Eisenhower Administration, Kistiakowsky was appointed to the President's Science Advisory Committee, and succeeded James R. Killian as chairman in 1959. He directed the Office of Science and Technology Policy from 1959 to 1961, when he was succeeded by Jerome B. Wiesner.

In 1958, Kistiakowsky suggested to President Eisenhower that inspection of foreign military facilities was not sufficient to control their nuclear weapons. He cited the difficulty in monitoring missile submarines, and proposed that the arms control strategy focus on disarmament rather than inspections. In January 1960, as part of arms control planning and negotiation, he suggested the "threshold concept". Under this proposal, all nuclear tests above the level of seismic detection technology would be forbidden. After such an agreement, the US and USSR would work jointly to improve detection technology, revising the permissible test yield downward as techniques improved. This example of the "national means of technical verification", a euphemism for sensitive intelligence collection used in arms control, would provide safeguards, without raising the on-site inspection requirement to a level unacceptable to the Soviets. The US introduced the threshold concept to the Soviets at the Geneva arms control conference in January 1960 and the Soviets, in March, responded favorably, suggesting a threshold of a given seismic magnitude. Talks broke down as a result of the U-2 Crisis of 1960 in May.

At the same time as the early nuclear arms control work, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Nathan F. Twining, sent a memorandum, in August 1959, to the Secretary of Defense, Neil McElroy, which suggested that the Strategic Air Command (SAC) formally be assigned responsibility to prepare the national nuclear target list, and a single plan for nuclear operations. Up to that point, the Army, Navy, and Air Force had done their own target planning. This had led to the same objectives being targeted multiple times by the different services. The separate service plans were not mutually supporting as in, for example, the Navy destroying an air defense facility on the route of an Air Force bomber going to a deeper target. While Twining had sent the memo to McElroy, the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff disagreed on the policy during early 1960. Thomas Gates, who succeeded McElroy, asked President Dwight D. Eisenhower to decide the policy.

Eisenhower said he would not "leave his successor with the monstrosity" of the uncoordinated and un-integrated forces that then existed. In early November 1960, he sent Kistiakowsky to SAC Headquarters in Omaha to evaluate its war plans. Initially, Kistiakowsky was not given access, and Eisenhower sent him back, with a much stronger set of orders for SAC officers to cooperate. Kistiakowsky's report, presented on November 29, described uncoordinated plans with huge numbers of targets, many of which would be attacked by multiple forces, resulting in overkill. Eisenhower was shocked by the plans, and focused not just on the creation of the Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP), but on the entire process of picking targets, generating requirements, and planning for nuclear war operations.

Later life
Between his work for the Manhattan Project and his White House service, and again after he left the White House, Kistiakowsky was a professor of physical chemistry at Harvard. When asked to teach a freshmen class in 1957, he turned to Hubert Alyea, whose lecture style had impressed him. Alyea sent him some 700 4 by index cards containing details of lecture demonstrations. Aside from the cards, Kistiakowsky never prepared the demonstrations. He later recalled:"I didn't think that was giving mother Nature a sporting chance. I would come into the lecture hall, glance at the chemicals and pile of cards and announce to the students 'let's see what Alyea has for us today'. I never used a text book, only your cards. I would glance at the instructions and carry out the experiment. If it worked we would bless you and pass on to the next demonstration. If it didn't work we would curse you, and spend the rest of the lecture trying to make it work." He retired from Harvard as professor emeritus in 1972.

From 1962 to 1965, Kistiakowsky chaired the National Academy of Science's Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP), and was its vice president from 1965 to 1973. He received several awards over the years, including the Department of the Air Force Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service in 1957. He was awarded the Medal for Merit by President Truman, the Medal of Freedom by President Eisenhower in 1961, and the National Medal of Science by President Lyndon Johnson in 1967. He was also a recipient the Charles Lathrop Parsons Award for public service from the American Chemical Society in 1961, Priestley Medal from the American Chemical Society in 1972, and the Franklin Medal from Harvard.

In later years, Kistiakowsky was active in an antiwar organization, the Council for a Livable World. He severed his connections with the government in protest against the US involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1977, he assumed the chairmanship of the council, campaigning against nuclear proliferation. He died of cancer in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on December 17, 1982. His body was cremated, and his ashes scattered near his summer home on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. His papers are in the Harvard University archives. He is also memorialized by a redwood grove in Montgomery Woods State Natural Reserve in California.

title: George Kistiakowsky