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Intimate relationship

An intimate relationship is an interpersonal relationship that involves emotional or physical closeness between people and may include sexual intimacy and feelings of romance or love. Intimate relationships are interdependent, and the members of the relationship mutually influence each other. The quality and nature of the relationship depends on the interactions between individuals, and is derived from the unique context and history that builds between people over time. Social and legal institutions such as marriage acknowledge and uphold intimate relationships between people. However, intimate relationships are not necessarily monogamous or sexual, and there is wide social and cultural variability in the norms and practices of intimacy between people.

The course of an intimate relationship includes a formation period prompted by interpersonal attraction and a growing sense of closeness and familiarity. Intimate relationships evolve over time as they are maintained, and members of the relationship may become more invested in and committed to the relationship. Healthy intimate relationships are beneficial for psychological and physical well-being and contribute to overall happiness in life. However, challenges including relationship conflict, external stressors, insecurity, and jealousy can disrupt the relationship and lead to distress and relationship dissolution.

Intimacy
Intimacy is the feeling of being in close, personal association with another person. Emotional intimacy is built through self-disclosure and responsive communication between people, and is critical for healthy psychological development and mental health. Emotional intimacy produces feelings of reciprocal trust, validation, vulnerability, and closeness between individuals.

Physical intimacy—including holding hands, hugging, kissing, and sex—promotes connection between people and is often a key component of romantic intimate relationships. Physical touch is correlated with relationship satisfaction and feelings of love. While many intimate relationships include a physical or sexual component, the potential to be sexual is not a requirement for the relationship to be intimate. For example, a queerplatonic relationship is a non-romantic intimate relationship that involves commitment and closeness beyond that of a friendship.

Among scholars, the definition of an intimate relationship is diverse and evolving. Some reserve the term for romantic relationships, whereas other scholars include friendship and familial relationships. In general, an intimate relationship is an interpersonal relationship in which physically or emotionally intimate experiences occur repeatedly over time.

Attraction
Interpersonal attraction is the foundation of first impressions between potential intimate partners. Relationship scientists suggest that the romantic spark, or "chemistry", that occurs between people is a combination of physical attraction, personal qualities, and a build-up of positive interactions between people. Researchers find physical attractiveness to be the largest predictor of initial attraction. From an evolutionary perspective, this may be because people search for a partner (or potential mate) who displays indicators of good physical health. Yet, there is also evidence that couples in committed intimate relationships tend to match each other in physical attractiveness, and are rated as similarly physically attractive by both the members of the couple and by outside observers. An individual's perception of their own attractiveness may therefore influence who they see as a realistic partner.

Beyond physical appearance, people report desirable qualities they look for in a partner such as trustworthiness, warmth, and loyalty. However, these romantic ideals are not necessarily good predictors of actual attraction or relationship success. Research has found little evidence for the success of matching potential partners based on personality traits, suggesting that romantic chemistry involves more than compatibility of traits. Rather, repeated positive interactions between people and reciprocity of romantic interest seem to be key components in attraction and relationship formation. Reciprocal liking is most meaningful when it is displayed by someone who is selective about who they show liking to.

Initiation strategies
When potential intimate partners are getting to know each other, they employ a variety of strategies to increase closeness and gain information about whether the other person is a desirable partner. Self-disclosure, the process of revealing information about oneself, is a crucial aspect of building intimacy between people. Feelings of intimacy increase when a conversation partner is perceived as responsive and reciprocates self-disclosure, and people tend to like others who disclose emotional information to them. Other strategies used in the relationship formation stage include humor, initiating physical touch, and signaling availability and interest through eye contact, flirtatious body language, or playful interactions. Engaging in dating, courtship, or hookup culture as part of the relationship formation period allows individuals to explore different interpersonal connections before further investing in an intimate relationship.

Context
Context, timing, and external circumstances influence attraction and whether an individual is receptive to beginning an intimate relationship. Individuals vary across the lifespan in feeling ready for a relationship, and other external pressures including family expectations, peers being in committed relationships, and cultural norms influence when people decide to pursue an intimate relationship.

Being in close physical proximity is a powerful facilitator for formation of relationships because it allows people to get to know each other through repeated interactions. Intimate partners commonly meet at college or school, as coworkers, as neighbors, at bars, or through religious community. Speed dating, matchmakers, and online dating services are more structured formats used to begin relationships. The internet in particular has significantly changed how intimate relationships begin as it allows people to access potential partners beyond their immediate proximity. In 2023, Pew Research Center found that 53% of people under 30 have used online dating, and one in ten adults in a committed relationship met their partner online. However, there remains skepticism about the effectiveness and safety of dating apps due to their potential to facilitate dating violence.

Maintenance
Once an intimate relationship has been initiated, the relationship changes and develops over time, and the members may engage in commitment agreements and maintenance behaviors. In an ongoing relationship, couples must navigate protecting their own self-interest alongside the interest of maintaining the relationship. This necessitates compromise, sacrifice, and communication. In general, feelings of intimacy and commitment increase as a relationship progresses, while passion plateaus following the excitement of the early stages of the relationship.

Engaging in ongoing positive shared communication and activities is important for strengthening the relationship and increasing commitment and liking between partners. These maintenance behaviors can include providing assurances about commitment to the relationship, engaging in shared activities, openly disclosing thoughts and feelings, spending time with mutual friends, and contributing to shared responsibilities. Physical intimacy including sexual behavior also increases feelings of closeness and satisfaction with the relationship. However, sexual desire is often greatest early in a relationship, and may wax and wane as the relationship evolves. Significant life events such as the birth of a child can drastically change the relationship and necessitate adaptation and new approaches to maintaining intimacy. The transition to parenthood can be a stressful period that is generally associated with a temporary decrease in healthy relationship functioning and a decline in sexual intimacy.

Commitment
As a relationship develops, intimate partners often engage in commitment agreements, ceremonies, and behaviors to signal their intention to remain in the relationship. This might include moving in together, sharing responsibilities or property, and getting married. These commitment markers increase relationship stability because they create physical, financial, and symbolic barriers and consequences to dissolving the relationship. In general, increases in relationship satisfaction and investment are associated with increased commitment.

Evaluating the relationship
Individuals in intimate relationships evaluate the relative personal benefits and costs of being in the relationship, and this contributes to the decision to stay or leave. The investment model of commitment is a theoretical framework that suggests that an evaluation of relationship satisfaction, relationship investment, and the quality of alternatives to the relationship impact whether an individual remains in a relationship.

Because relationships are rewarding and evolutionarily necessary, and rejection is a stressful process, people are generally biased toward making decisions that uphold and further facilitate intimate relationships. These biases can lead to distortions in the evaluation of a relationship. For instance, people in committed relationships tend to dismiss and derogate attractive alternative partners, thereby validating the decision to remain with their more attractive partner.

Dissolution
The decision to leave a relationship often involves an evaluation of levels of satisfaction and commitment in the relationship. Relationship factors such as increased commitment and feelings of love are associated with lower chances of breakup, whereas feeling ambivalent about the relationship and perceiving many alternatives to the current relationship are associated with increased chances of dissolution.

Predictors of dissolution
Specific individual characteristics and traits put people at greater risk for experiencing relationship dissolution. Individuals high in neuroticism (the tendency to experience negative emotions) are more prone to relationship dissolution, and research also shows small effects of attachment avoidance and anxiety in predicting breakup. Being married at a younger age, having lower income, lower educational attainment, and cohabiting before marriage are also associated with risk of divorce and relationship dissolution. These characteristics are not necessarily the inherent causes of dissolution. Rather, they are traits that impact the resources that individuals are able to draw upon to work on their relationships as well as reflections of social and cultural attitudes toward relationship institutions and divorce.

Strategies and consequences
Common strategies for ending a relationship include justifying the decision, apologizing, avoiding contact (ghosting), or suggesting a "break" period before revisiting the decision. The dissolution of an intimate relationship is a stressful event that can have a negative impact on well-being, and the rejection can elicit strong feelings of embarrassment, sadness, and anger. Following a relationship breakup, individuals are at risk for anxiety, depressive symptoms, problematic substance use, and low self-esteem. However, the period following a break-up can also promote personal growth, particularly if the previous relationship was not fulfilling.

Psychological well-being
Intimate relationships impact happiness and satisfaction with life. While people with better mental health are more likely to enter intimate relationships, the relationships themselves also have a positive impact on mental health even after controlling for the selection effect. In general, marriage and other types of committed intimate relationships are consistently linked to increases in happiness. Furthermore, due to the interdependent nature of relationships, one partner's life satisfaction influences and predicts change in the other person's life satisfaction even after controlling for relationship quality.

Social support
Social support from an intimate partner is beneficial for coping with stress and significant life events. Having a close relationship with someone who is perceived as responsive and validating helps to alleviate the negative impact of stress, and shared activities with an intimate partner aids in regulating emotions associated with stressful experiences. Support for positive experiences can also improve relationship quality and increase shared positive emotions between people. When a person responds actively and constructively to their partner sharing good news (a process called "capitalization"), well-being for both individuals increases.

Sexual intimacy
In intimate relationships that are sexual, sexual satisfaction is closely tied to overall relationship satisfaction. Sex promotes intimacy, increases happiness, provides pleasure, and reduces stress. Studies show that couples who have sex at least once per week report greater well-being than those who have sex less than once per week. Research in human sexuality finds that the ingredients of high quality sex include feeling connected to your partner, good communication, vulnerability, and feeling present in the moment. High quality sex in intimate relationships can both strengthen the relationship and improve well-being for each individual involved.

Physical health
High quality intimate relationships have a positive impact on physical health, and associations between close relationships and health outcomes involving the cardiovascular, immune, and endocrine systems have been consistently identified in the scientific literature. Better relationship quality is associated lower risk of mortality and relationship quality impacts inflammatory responses such as cytokine expression and intracellular signaling. Furthermore, intimate partners are an important source of social support for encouraging healthy behaviors such as increasing physical activity and quitting smoking. Sexual activity and other forms of physical intimacy also contribute positively to physical health, while conflict between intimate partners negatively impacts the immune and endocrine systems and can increase blood pressure.

Laboratory experiments show evidence for the association between support from intimate partners and physical health. In a study assessing recovery from wounds and inflammation, individuals in relationships high in conflict and hostility recovered from wounds more slowly than people in low-hostility relationships. The presence or imagined presence of an intimate partner can even impact perceived pain. In fMRI studies, participants who view an image of their intimate partner report less pain in response to a stimulus compared to participants who view the photo of a stranger. In another laboratory study, women who received a text message from their partner showed reduced cardiovascular response to the Trier Social Stress Test, a stress-inducing paradigm.

Conflict
Disagreements within intimate relationships are a stressful event, and the strategies couples use to navigate conflict impact the quality and success of the relationship. Common sources of conflict between intimate partners include disagreements about the balance of work and family life, frequency of sex, finances, and household tasks. Psychologist John Gottman's research has identified three stages of conflict in couples. First, couples present their opinions and feelings on the issue. Next, they argue and attempt to persuade the other of their viewpoint, and finally, the members of the relationship negotiate to try to arrive at a compromise.

Individuals vary in how they typically engage with conflict. Gottman describes that happy couples differ from unhappy couples in their interactions during conflict: unhappy couples tend to use more frequent negative tone of voice, show more predictable behavior during communication, and get stuck in cycles of negative behavior with their partner. Other unproductive strategies within conflict include avoidance and withdrawal, defensiveness, and hostility. These responses may be salient when an individual feels threatened by the conflict, which can be a reflection of insecure attachment orientation and previous negative relationship experiences. When conflicts go unresolved, relationship satisfaction is negatively impacted. Constructive conflict resolution strategies include validating the other person's point of view and concerns, expressing affection, using humor, and active listening. However, the effectiveness of these strategies depend on the topic and severity of the conflict and the characteristics of the individuals involved. Repeated stressful instances of unresolved conflict might cause intimate partners to seek couples counseling, consult self-help resources, or consider ending the relationship.

Attachment insecurity
Attachment orientations that develop from early interpersonal relationships can influence how people behave in intimate relationships, and insecure attachment can lead to specific issues in a relationship. Individuals vary in attachment anxiety (the degree to which they worry about abandonment) and avoidance (the degree to which they avoid emotional closeness). Research shows that insecure attachment orientations that are high in avoidance or anxiety are associated with experiencing more frequent negative emotions in intimate relationships.

Individuals high in attachment anxiety are particularly prone to jealousy and experience heightened distress about whether their partner will leave them. Highly anxious individuals also perceive more conflict in their relationships and are disproportionately negatively affected by those conflicts. In contrast, avoidantly attached individuals may experience fear of intimacy or be dismissive of the potential benefits of a close relationship and thus have difficulty building an intimate connection with a partner.

Stress
Stress that occurs both within and outside an intimate relationship—including financial issues, familial obligations, and stress at work—can negatively impact the quality of the relationship. Stress depletes the psychological resources that are crucial for developing and maintaining a healthy relationship. Rather than spending energy investing in the relationship through shared activities, sex and physical intimacy, and healthy communication, couples under stress are forced to use their psychological resources to manage other pressing issues. Low socioeconomic status is a particularly salient stressful context that constrains an individual's ability to invest in maintaining a healthy intimate relationship. Couples with lower socioeconomic status are at risk for experiencing increased rates of dissolution and lower relationship satisfaction.

Infidelity
Infidelity and sex outside a monogamous relationship are behaviors that are commonly disapproved of, a frequent source of conflict, and a cause of relationship dissolution. Low relationship satisfaction may cause people to desire physical or emotional connection outside their primary relationship. However, people with more sexual opportunities, greater interest in sex, and more permissive attitudes toward sex are also more likely to engage in infidelity. In the United States, research has found that between 15 and 25% of adults report ever cheating on a partner.

When one member of a relationship violates agreements of sexual or emotional exclusivity, the foundation of trust in the primary relationship is negatively impacted, and individuals may experience depression, low self-esteem, and emotional dysregulation in the aftermath of an affair. Infidelity is ultimately tied to increased likelihood of relationship dissolution or divorce.

Intimate partner violence
Violence within an intimate relationship can take the form of physical, psychological, financial, or sexual abuse. The World Health Organization estimates that 30% of women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by an intimate partner. The strong emotional attachment, investment, and interdependence that characterizes close relationships can make it difficult to leave an abusive relationship.

Research has identified a variety of risk factors for and types of perpetrators of intimate partner violence. Individuals who are exposed to violence or experience abuse in childhood are more likely to become perpetrators or victims of intimate partner violence as adults as part of the intergenerational cycle of violence. Perpetrators are also more likely to be aggressive, impulsive, prone to anger, and may show pathological personality traits such as antisocial and borderline traits. Patriarchal cultural scripts that depict men as aggressive and dominant may be an additional risk factor for men engaging in violence toward an intimate partner, although violence by female perpetrators is also a well-documented phenomenon and research finds other contextual and demographic characteristics to be more salient risks factors. Contextual factors such as high levels of stress can also contribute to risk of violence. Within the relationship, high levels of conflict and disagreements are associated with intimate partner violence, particularly for people who react to conflict with hostility.

Culture
Cultural context has influence in many domains within intimate relationships including norms in communication, expression of affection, commitment and marriage practices, and gender roles. For example, cross-cultural research finds that individuals in China prefer indirect and implicit communication with their romantic partner, whereas European Americans report preferring direct communication. The use of a culturally appropriate communication style influences anticipated relationship satisfaction. Culture can also impact expectations within a relationship and the relative importance of various relationship-centered values such as emotional closeness, equity, status, and autonomy.

While love has been identified as a universal human emotion, the ways love is expressed and its importance in intimate relationships vary based on the culture within which a relationship takes place. Culture is especially salient in structuring beliefs about institutions that recognize intimate relationships such as marriage. The idea that love is necessary for marriage is a strongly held belief in the United States, whereas in India, a distinction is made between traditional arranged marriages and "love marriages" (also called personal choice marriages).

Same-sex intimate relationships
Advances in legal relationship recognition for same-sex couples have helped normalize and legitimize same-sex intimacy. Broadly, same-sex and different-sex intimate relationships do not differ significantly, and couples report similar levels of relationship satisfaction and stability. However, research supports a few common differences between same-sex and different-sex intimacy. In the relationship formation period, the boundaries between friendship and romantic intimacy may be more nuanced and complex among sexual minorities. For instance, many lesbian women report that their romantic relationships developed from an existing friendship. Certain relationship maintenance practices also differ. While heterosexual relationships might rely on traditional gender roles to divide labor and decision-making power, same-sex couples are more likely to divide housework evenly. Lesbian couples report lower frequency of sex compared to heterosexual couples, and gay men are more likely to engage in non-monogamy.

Same-sex relationships face unique challenges with regards to stigma, discrimination, and social support. As couples cope with these obstacles, relationship quality can be negatively affected. Unsupportive policy environments such as same-sex marriage bans have a negative impact on well-being, while being out as a couple and living in a place with legal same-sex relationship recognition have a positive impact on individual and couple well-being.

Asexuality
Some asexual people engage in intimate relationships that are solely emotionally intimate, but other asexual people's relationships involve sex as part of negotiations with non-asexual partners. A 2019 study of sexual minority individuals in the United States found that while asexual individuals were less likely to have recently had sex, they did not differ from non-asexual participants in rates of being in an intimate relationship. Asexual individuals face stigma and the pathologization of their sexual orientation, and report difficulty navigating assumptions about sexuality in the dating scene. Various terms including "queerplatonic relationship" and "squish" (a non-sexual crush) have been used by the asexual community to describe non-sexual intimate relationships and desires.

Non-monogamy
Non-monogamy, including polyamory, open relationships, and swinging, is the practice of engaging in intimate relationships that are not strictly monogamous, or consensually engaging in multiple physically or emotionally intimate relationships. The degree of emotional and physical intimacy between different partners can vary. For example, swinging relationships are primarily sexual, whereas people in polyamorous relationships might engage in both emotional and physical intimacy with multiple partners. Individuals in consensually non-monogamous intimate relationships identify several benefits to their relationship configuration including having their needs met by multiple partners, engaging in a greater variety of shared activities with partners, and feelings of autonomy and personal growth.

title: Intimate relationship


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Stevan Moljević

Stevan Moljević (6 January 1888 – 15 November 1959) was a Yugoslav and Serbian politician, lawyer and publicist, president of the Yugoslav-French Club, president of the Yugoslav-British Club, president of Rotary International Club of Yugoslavia and member of the Central National Committee of Yugoslavia (CNK) in World War II. In his 1941 memorandum Homogeneous Serbia, Moljević advocated the creation of the Greater Serbia and its ethnic cleansing of the non-Serb population.

After the war, Moljević was sentenced to 20 years for war crimes and treason. He died in prison in 1959.

Early life
Stevan Moljević was born to Jovan and Mitra Moljević (née Babić) on 6 January 1888 in Rudo, Austria-Hungary. He finished primary school in the town and later joined Young Bosnia, a revolutionary movement which aimed to unite all South Slavs into one common state. He was arrested by Austro-Hungarian authorities in 1910 after a member of Young Bosnia attempted to assassinate Marijan Varešanin, the region's governor. In 1915, Moljević was arrested and charged with treason by Austro-Hungarian authorities. He was found guilty of treason and sentenced to ten years of hard labour. He was released from prison after Austria-Hungary's collapse in 1918, and was later awarded the French Legion of Honour and Serbian Order of St. Sava.

Moljević obtained a law degree at the University of Zagreb before moving to Banja Luka, where he worked as an attorney prior to the outbreak of World War II. He was also the head of the local branch of the Serbian Cultural Club. Moljević was married and had two children.

World War II
Moljević left Banja Luka on 10 April 1941, the day that the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was proclaimed, and fled to Montenegro. On 30 June, he wrote a memorandum in Montenegro calling for the creation of Homogeneous Serbia. This enlarged Serbian state was to include Central Serbia, Vojvodina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Dalmatia, Slavonia and northern Albania, as well as parts of Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary. Moljević proposed dividing a rump Croatia into two parts and enlarging Slovenia with territories annexed from Italy and Austria. He believed that Serbs should not repeat the mistakes of World War I by failing to define the borders of Serbia, and proposed that at the end of World War II they should take control of all territories to which they laid claim, and from that position negotiate the form of a federally organized Yugoslavia. This plan required the relocation of non-Serbs from Serb-controlled territories and other shifts of populations. Moljević proposed that Greater Serbia consist of 65–70% of the total Yugoslav territory and population. He based his plan on the expulsion of the non-Serb population in different areas and on population exchanges, but did not provide any figures. Moljević's proposals were very similar to those later formulated by the Belgrade Chetnik Committee and presented to the government-in-exile in September 1941, in which the Chetniks set forth specific figures in regard to population shifts.

In August 1941, Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović named Moljević to the Central National Committee. Moljević became one of the three most important members of the committee, the other two being the lawyers Dragiša Vasić and Mladen Žujović. The three men formed Mihailović's so-called Executive Council for much of the war. The Central Committee advised Mihailović on matters of domestic and international politics and maintained liaison with civilian followers of the Chetniks in Serbia and other regions.

Moljević wrote to Vasić in December 1941 and outlined his plan for the cleansing of Yugoslavia of all non-Serbian elements by Serbian refugees. He stated that Serbs should take control of "all strategic points" in Yugoslavia and claimed that a large Serbian state was what Serbs had been fighting for since the time of Karađorđe. In February 1942, Vasić received a letter from Moljević concerning the creation of a Greater Serbia stretching to Dalmatia and the Adriatic coast. Moljević wrote that the "cleansing" (čišćenje) of all non-Serbs would be needed if such a state was to survive. He stated that Croats should be deported to Croatia and Muslims to Albania or Turkey. Moljević came to Chetnik headquarters of Draža Mihailović in May 1942. He was then included in activities of CNK whose members were already Dragiša Vasić and Mladen Žujović.

In 1943, Moljević usurped Vasić as head of the Central National Committee. John R. Lampe pointed to significant details such as that the Central National Committee had secondary status while Moljević did not rise to prominence in this committee until 1943, which undercut the perception about Moljević's Homogeneous Serbia being the centerpiece of coherent set of Chetnik war objectives.

He attended the Ba Congress in January 1944, where he delivered a report concerning the condition of the Chetniks within Yugoslavia. Following Belgrade's capture by communist forces, Moljević visited Bosanska Krajina and appealed to its inhabitants for support. He also called for Bosnian Muslims and Croats to join the Chetniks in fighting the Yugoslav Partisans.

Capture, imprisonment and death
Moljević was arrested by the Yugoslav Partisan forces on 23 September 1945 and tried alongside Mihailović and twenty-two others in the summer of 1946 on grounds of collaborationism and organized insurrection. He was found guilty of collaboration with the Axis powers and sentenced to a twenty-year imprisonment. The communists stripped him of all his political and civic rights and all of his property and belongings were confiscated. Moljević was sent to the northern Serbian town of Sremska Mitrovica and was imprisoned there. His health began to deteriorate in 1956 and the following year he was diagnosed with colon cancer. He underwent an unsuccessful operation in Belgrade before being sent back to Sremska Mitrovica Prison, where he died on 15 November 1959. He was buried at Novo groblje cemetery in Belgrade.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stevan Moljević


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P52

P52 may refer to:

Vessels

 * ARA Piedrabuena, a patrol vessel of the Argentine Navy
 * INS Suvarna (P52), a patrol vessel of the Indian Navy
 * LÉ Niamh (P52), a patrol vessel of the Irish Naval Service
 * MALTESE PATROL BOAT P52
 * ORP Dzik (P52), a submarine of the Polish Navy

Other uses

 * Bell XP-52, an American fighter aircraft design project
 * Cottonwood Airport, in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States
 * NFKB2, nuclear factor NF-κB p100 subunit
 * Rylands Library Papyrus P52, a biblical manuscript
 * P52, a state regional road in Latvia

title: P52


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John Colter

John Colter (c.1770–1775 – May 7, 1812 or November 22, 1813) was a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806). Though party to one of the more famous expeditions in history, Colter is best remembered for explorations he made during the winter of 1807–1808, when he became the first known person of European descent to enter the region which later became Yellowstone National Park and to see the Teton Mountain Range. Colter spent months alone in the wilderness and is widely considered to be the first known mountain man.

Early life
John Colter was born in Stuarts Draft, Colony of Virginia in 1774, based on assumptions by his family. There is some debate as to which variation of the family name, Coalter, Coulter, or Colter, is correct, and the issue was further convoluted by William Clark utilizing all three spelling variations during his daily journals. It is unknown whether Colter was literate or knew how to write. Two signatures possessed by the Missouri State Historical Society assert that the proper spelling of the family name was "Colter" and that Colter was at least able to write his own name. Sometime around 1780, the Colter family moved west and settled near present-day Maysville, Kentucky. As a young man Colter may have served as a ranger under Simon Kenton.

Lewis and Clark Expedition
John Colter, along with George Shannon and Patrick Gass, joined the expedition while Lewis was waiting for the completion of their vessels in Pittsburgh and nearby Elizabeth, Pennsylvania. The outdoor skills he had developed from this frontier lifestyle impressed Meriwether Lewis, and on October 15, 1803, Lewis offered Colter the rank of private and a pay of five dollars per month when he was recruited to join what became the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The expedition arrived at the Mississippi River in November and in December established its 1803-1804 winter camp at Wood River, north of St. Louis. While Lewis and Clark were away from camp making preparations, Colter and three other recruits disobeyed Lewis’ orders, leaving the camp to go to a whiskey shop. Upon his return, Lewis disciplined Colter and the others with ten days’ confinement to quarters. Soon thereafter, Colter was court-martialed after threatening to shoot sergeant John Ordway. After a review of the situation, Colter was reinstated after he offered an apology and promised to reform.

Colter was considered to be one of the best hunters in the group and was routinely sent out alone to scout the surrounding countryside for game meat. Colter was often trusted with responsibilities that went beyond hunting and woodsman activities. He was instrumental in helping the expedition find passes through the Rocky Mountains. In one instance, Colter was handpicked by Clark to deliver a message to Lewis, waylaid at a Shoshone camp, concerning the impracticability of following a route along the Salmon River. In another instance he was charged with retracing a route in the Bitterroot Mountains to recover lost horses and supplies, and not only returned with some of the recovered resources and horses but also retrieved deer to gift the hospitable Nez Perce tribes and strengthen sick corp members. Colter was noted by Lewis for his ability to barter with various tribes, an attribute which may have led to his later role with Manuel Lisa.

Colter never appeared on sick lists, suggesting very advantageous health. He was often one of the few hunters allowed to leave the camp during points of illness and recuperation, showing Lewis and Clark's confidence in him. Another major contribution Colter made to the Corps of Discovery was providing the expedition with the means to swiftly descend the Bitterroot Mountains, allowing access to the Snake River, Columbia River, and subsequently the Pacific Ocean. While hunting far ahead of the main party, Colter encountered three Tushepawe Flatheads. Through non-verbal peace symbols and communication, Colter was able to persuade the Flatheads to abandon their search for two Shoshones who had stolen 23 head of horses and accompany him to the expedition's camp. One of the young Flatheads agreed to act as the party's guide down the mountains and through Flathead country, a great advantage in challenging and unfamiliar terrain plagued by a scarcity of game. Once at the mouth of the Columbia River, Colter was among a small group selected to venture to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, as well as explore the seacoast north of the Columbia into present-day Washington state.

After traveling thousands of miles, in 1806 the expedition returned to the Mandan villages in present-day North Dakota. There, they encountered Forrest Hancock and Joseph Dickson, two frontiersmen who were headed into the upper Missouri River country in search of beaver furs. On August 13, 1806, Lewis and Clark permitted Colter to be honorably discharged almost two months early so that he could lead the two trappers back to the region they had explored. Upon his discharge, Colter had earned payment for 35 months and 26 days, totaling $179.33 1/3rd dollars. However, a discrepancy in the books provided Colter with payment for the two months he had skipped to accompany Hancock and Dickson trapping. This over-payment may have been justified by Colter's significant work ethic and personal praise by Thomas Jefferson himself. In 1807, Colter's settlement was retracted after Congress passed a mandate supplying all members of the Corps of Discovery with doubled wages and land grants of 320 acres. Lewis personally took responsibility for Colter's reparations, and following Lewis' death and Colter's subsequent return to St. Louis, a court decided Colter was owed an amount of $377.60.

Mountain man beginnings
Colter, Hancock, and Dixon ventured into the wilderness with 20 beaver traps, a two-year supply of ammunition, and numerous other small tools gifted to them by the expedition such as knives, rope, hatchets, and personal utensils. The route of the trapping party is not known. It is speculated that unfriendly Blackfeet in the region of the Lower Missouri and a lack of horses forced the company to seek their fortunes in the tributaries of the less-prosperous Yellowstone Valley, a region inhabited by the friendlier Crows. The dangers of the narrow and rapid Yellowstone River and the absence of game may explain the quick dissolution of the trapping party.

After reaching a point where the Gallatin, Jefferson and Madison Rivers meet, known today as Three Forks, Montana, the trio managed to maintain their partnership for only about two months. There is much speculation as to where the party, at that point only consisting of Colter and Hancock following a falling out with Dixon, spent the winter of 1806-1807. However, Wyoming historian J.K. Rollinson asserts in a personal letter that he had met the stepson of one of Colter's companions, mostly likely Hancock's as Dixon is known to have left the region for Wisconsin in 1827. This stepson, Dave Fleming, accompanied his stepfather on a hunting trip to Clark's Fork Canyon as a boy and was informed that his stepfather had made camp in this exact spot while trapping with Colter many years earlier. Fleming reportedly remembered and passed on this detail as his stepfather asserted that during winter of 1806-1807, Colter had grown restless with taking shelter and ascended the canyon into the Sunlight Basin of modern-day Wyoming, which would make him the first known white man to have ever entered this region.

Colter headed back toward civilization in 1807 and was near the mouth of the Platte River when he encountered Manuel Lisa, a founder of the Missouri Fur Trading Company, who was leading a party that included several former members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, towards the Rocky Mountains. Among the band were George Drouillard, John Potts, and Peter Weiser. Colter once again decided to return to the wilderness, even though he was only a week from reaching St. Louis. At the confluence of the Yellowstone and Bighorn Rivers, Colter helped build Fort Raymond and was later sent by Lisa to search out the Crow Indian tribe to investigate the opportunities of establishing trade with them.

Yellowstone, Grand Teton and Jackson Hole
Colter left Fort Raymond in October 1807 and traveled over 500 mi to establish trade with the Crow nation. Over the course of the winter, he explored the region that later became Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Colter reportedly visited at least one geyser basin, though it is now believed that he most likely was near present-day Cody, Wyoming, which at that time may have had some geothermal activity to the immediate west. Colter probably passed along portions of the shores of Jackson Lake after crossing the Continental Divide near Togwotee Pass or more likely, Union Pass in the northern Wind River Range. Colter then explored Jackson Hole below the Teton Range, later crossing Teton Pass into Pierre's Hole, known today as the Teton Basin in the state of Idaho. After heading north and then east, he is believed to have encountered Yellowstone Lake, another location in which he had seen geysers and other geothermal features. Colter then proceeded back to Fort Raymond, arriving in March or April 1808. Not only had Colter traveled hundreds of miles, much of the time unguided, he did so in the dead of winter, in a region in which nighttime temperatures in January are routinely -30 °F.

Colter arrived back at Fort Raymond, and few believed his reports of geysers, bubbling mudpots and steaming pools of water. His reports of these features were often ridiculed at first, and the region was somewhat jokingly referred to as "Colter's Hell". It is commonly believed that Colter's Hell referred to the region of the Stinking Water, now known as the Shoshone River, particularly the section running through Cody. The river's original title was thanks to presence of sulphur in the surrounding area. His detailed exploration of this region is the first by a white man of what later became the state of Wyoming.

Colter's Route
It is not known if Colter produced his own crude map that informed Clark's version or if the details were simply dictated to Clark by Colter following his return to St. Louis after a six-year absence. Colter's Route was included in a version of Clark's map, titled "A Map of Lewis and Clark's Track Across the Western Portion of North America from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean," which was published in 1814. Clark's original field sketches, drawn on numerous separate sheets that traced the flows of principal rivers as opposed to traditional rectangular or square maps, were shown to President Jefferson in 1807 and did not include Colter's Route, as he was still traveling at the time. A version of these original field maps was produced in 1810 by Clark and Nicholas Biddle so that inaccurate recordings of latitude and longitude could be corrected by astronomer and mathematician Ferdinand Hassler. This 1810 manuscript provided the details of Colter's Route that were published in 1814. Several unexplained geographical discrepancies were printed on the 1814 map, including the Big Horn Mountains and basin being drawn about two times too large, an error believed to be Clark's. The nature behind these discrepancies eludes historians, as Clark had not only his own personal information of the region but information from George Drouillard and John Colter as well. It is likely that Colter never saw Clark's full field maps, as another major discrepancy places Colter's starting point at the midsection of Pryor Creek, as opposed to only geographically likely departing point at the mouth of the Big Horn River. The inaccuracies that plague the 1814 map's details of the area between Manuel's Fort on the Yellowstone and the likely location of Colter's Hell have fueled much of the scholarly disagreements surrounding Colter's Route.

Colter's Run
The following year, Colter teamed up with John Potts, another former member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, once again in the region near Three Forks, Montana. In 1808, Colter and Potts set out from Fort Raymond to negotiate trade agreements with local nations. While leading a group of 800 Flathead and Crow Indians back to the trading fort, Colter's party was attacked by over 1,500 Blackfeet. The Flatheads and Crows managed to force the Blackfeet into retreat, but Colter suffered a leg wound from either a bullet or arrow. This wound was not serious as Colter quickly recuperated and left Fort Raymond with Potts once more the following year.

In 1809, another altercation with the Blackfeet resulted in Potts' death and Colter's capture. While going by canoe up the Jefferson River, Potts and Colter encountered several hundred Blackfeet who demanded they come ashore. Colter went ashore and was disarmed and stripped naked. When Potts refused to come ashore, he was shot and wounded. Potts then shot one of the Indian warriors and was instantly pierced with arrows so numerous, that, to use the language of Colter, "he was made a riddle of." His body was brought ashore and hacked to pieces. After a council, Colter was told to leave and encouraged to run. It soon became apparent that he was running for his life pursued by a group of Indians. A fast runner, after several miles the naked Colter was exhausted and bleeding from his nose but far ahead of most of the group with only one assailant still close to him. He then managed to overcome the lone man:

"Again he turned his head, and saw the savage not twenty yards from him. Determined if possible to avoid the expected blow, he suddenly stopped, turned round, and spread out his arms. The Native American, surprised by the suddenness of the action, and perhaps at the bloody appearance of Colter, also attempted to stop; but exhausted with running, he fell whilst endeavouring to throw his spear, which stuck in the ground, and broke in his hand. Colter instantly snatched up the pointed part, with which he pinned him to the earth, and then continued his flight."

Colter took a blanket from the Indian he had killed. Continuing his run with a pack of Indians following, he reached the Madison River, 5 mi from his start, and hiding inside a beaver lodge, escaped capture. Emerging at night he climbed and walked for eleven days to a trader's fort on the Little Big Horn.

In 1810, Colter assisted in the construction of another fort located at Three Forks, Montana. After returning from gathering fur pelts, he discovered that two of his partners had been killed by the Blackfeet. This event convinced Colter to leave the wilderness for good, and he returned to St. Louis before the end of 1810. He had been away from civilization for almost six years.

Final years and death
After returning to St. Louis, Colter married a woman named Sallie and purchased a farm near Miller's Landing, Missouri, now New Haven, Missouri. Around 1810, he visited with William Clark and provided detailed reports of his explorations since they had last met. From this information, Clark created a map which, despite its previously mentioned discrepancies, was the most comprehensive map produced of the region of the explorations for the next 75 years. During the War of 1812, Colter enlisted and fought with Nathan Boone's Rangers. Sources are unclear about when Colter died or the cause of death. One report states that after suddenly turning ill, Colter died of jaundice on May 7, 1812, and was buried near Miller's Landing. Other sources indicate he died on November 22, 1813.

Legacy
Colter's legacy has had a profound impact on the image of the American West and frontier, with Colter's Run seeing many incarnations and recreations, including a retelling by Washington Irving. The stereotypes of reclusive frontier mountain men may be thanks to Nicholas Biddle's written characterizations of Colter, which paint him a man easily beguiled by the trapping prospects of the wilderness and intimidated by the possibility of returning to regular society. Because no written materials attributed to Colter have ever been discovered (besides his signature,) Biddle's characterizations cannot be directly contested.

Traditionally, it is thought that Lewis and Clark's Expedition played a major role in heightening tensions between white explorers and the Blackfeet Indians. Despite this notion, Manuel Lisa's party originally interacted peacefully with the Blackfeet. However, it was after Colter and Potts were forced to battle the Blackfeet alongside the Flatheads and Crows that the relations between white explorers/trappers and the Blackfeet nation seemed to deteriorate. This led Major Biddle and many other frontiersman to draw the conclusion that Colter had actually upset relations with the Blackfeet, which was only expounded upon by the notoriety of Colter's Run.

Numerous locations in northwestern Wyoming have been named after him, notably Colter Bay on Jackson Lake in Grand Teton National Park and Colter Peak in the Absaroka Mountains in Yellowstone National Park. A plaque commemorating Colter was displayed at a roadside pulloff on U.S. Route 340 just east of Stuarts Draft, near his birthplace. When the road was widened in 1998, the plaque was moved just north of the intersection of 340 and Route 608. A Kentucky historical marker commemorating Colter as one of the Lewis and Clark Expedition's "nine young men from Kentucky" is located in Maysville, Kentucky.

Popular culture

 * The first motion picture about John Colter's life was the 1912 silent film, John Colter's Escape.
 * The original script for director Cornel Wilde's 1965 movie The Naked Prey was largely based on Colter being pursued by Blackfeet Indians in Montana. Films such as Run of the Arrow (1957) and The Mountain Men (1980) have incidents closely based upon Colter's Run. A.B. Guthrie's 1947 story "Mountain Medicine" is a fictionalized account of Colter's Run.
 * The TV series (2022) Into The Wild Frontier has one episode devoted to John Colter. Season 1, Episode 1: John Colter: King of the Mountain Men, 43 minutes.

Colter Stone
Sometime between 1931 and 1933, an Idaho farmer named William Beard and his son discovered a rock carved into the shape of a man's head while clearing a field in Tetonia, Idaho, which is immediately west of the Teton Range. The rhyolite lava rock is 13 in long, 8 in wide and 4 in thick and has the words "John Colter" carved on the right side of the face and the number "1808" on the left side and has been dubbed the "Colter Stone". The stone was reportedly purchased from the Beards in 1933 by A.C. Lyon, who presented it to Grand Teton National Park in 1934.

Fritiof Fryxell, noted mountain climber of numerous Teton Range peaks, geologist and Grand Teton National Park naturalist, concluded that the stone had weathering that indicated that the inscriptions were likely made in the year indicated. Fryxell also believed that the Beards were not familiar with John Colter or his explorations. However the stone has not been fully authenticated to have been carved by Colter. If the stone is an actual carving made by Colter, in the year inscribed, it would coincide with the period he is known to have been in the region, and that he did cross the Teton Range and descend into Idaho, as descriptions he dictated to William Clark indicate.

Another possible artifact of Colter's was discovered within Yellowstone National Park in the 1880s. A log with the carved initials "J C" underneath a large X was discovered by Philip Ashton Rollins near Coulter Creek, a coincidentally named stream of no relation to Colter. Rollins and his party determined that the carving was roughly eighty years old. The artifact was lost by Yellowstone employees around 1890 while being transferred to the park museum.

title: John Colter


text:
John Shields (explorer)

Private John Shields (c1769–1809) was, at about 35 years old, the second oldest member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition and its oldest enlisted member. Shields, born in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley, moved at about 14 years old to the wilderness of Tennessee, helped build and lived in a family fort that provided protection from Native Americans, traveled with Captain Meriwether Lewis, Second Lieutenant William Clark, and Native American Sacagawea to the Oregon Coast where he helped build Fort Clatsop, and then returned to St. Louis, Missouri. At the completion of this great adventure Shields hunted and trapped with the famous American pioneer Daniel Boone.

Early life
Shields was born about 1769 Virginia's Shenandoah Valley. He was born in what was then Augusta County, but is now Rockingham County, Virginia. He was one of twelve children of Robert Shields and Nancy Stockton. Robert and Nancy Stockton Shields are known as the "Parents of the Ten Brothers." Richard, David and William were all elder siblings, followed by John himself, James, Joseph, Arnett, Ezekial (who did not survive his first year), Benjamin, Joshua and Robert. Jennet, the only daughter, married Joshua Tipton. Their son, John Tipton, became a brigadier general and later a US Senator for the state of Indiana. In about 1784 the Shields family moved from Virginia to what is now Sevier County, Tennessee, and settled on the south side of the French Broad River. John and his brothers helped his parents to build Shields Fort, which is located where modern-day Pigeon Forge is, near where the Dollywood theme park currently stands. Some of the cabins found in Cades Cove near Pigeon Forge were also built by the Shields family.

Family
In about 1790 John Shields married Nancy White. Their daughter, Martha Jennette, married her 1st cousin John Tipton. He became a brigadier general and a US Senator for the state of Indiana. The Shields family and the Tipton family were neighbors in the 1790s when they lived in what is now Sevier County, Tennessee. John Tipton was a son of Joshua and Jennet Shields Tipton.

Lewis & Clark Expedition

Shields was a private for the Lewis & Clark Expedition from October 19, 1803, until October 10, 1806. Despite the captains' rule that they would only consider unmarried men for the exploring enterprise, they recruited Shields. He acted as a gunsmith, blacksmith, hunter, and scout for the duration of the expedition.

In December 1803 the members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition started construction of Camp Dubois, also known as Camp Wood, their winter camp of 1803–1804. Located next to the Mississippi River, and at the mouth of Wood River, the camp was in what was then St. Clair County, now Madison County, Illinois. They stayed at Camp Dubois until May 14, 1804, when they crossed the Mississippi River and started up the Missouri River (at 2,341 miles long it is the longest river in North America). On March 29, 1804, while still at Camp Dubois, Private John Colter and Shields (second cousins) threatened Sergeant John Ordway's life. They were put on trial for mutiny, but they were both spared. (See John Ordway for more information.)

Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

Journal of Captain Meriwether Lewis:
 * "6th February Wednesday 1805 . . . Shields killed three antelopes this evening. the blacksmiths [John Shields, William Bratton, and Alexander Willard] take a considerable quantity of corn today in payment for their labour. the blacksmith's have proved a happy resoce to us in our present situation as I believe it would have been difficult to have devised any other method to have procured corn from the natives. the Indians are extravegantly fond of sheet iron of which they form arrow-points and manufacter into instruments for scraping and dressing their buffaloe robes - I permited the blacksmith to dispose of a part of a sheet-iron callaboos [stove] which had been nearly birnt out on our passage up the river, and for each piece about four inches square he obtained from seven to eight gallons of corn from the natives who appeared extremely pleased with the exchange"

Journal of Second Lieutenant William Clark:
 * "Friday June 13th 1806 . . . Soon after they Set out all of our hunters returned each with a deer except Shields who brought two"
 * "Wednesday July 2nd 1806 . . . had all of our arms put in the most prime order  two of the rifles have unfortunately burst near the muscle, Shields Cut them off and they Shute tolerable well"

Journal of Sergeant John Ordway:
 * "Wednesday 1st August 1804 . . . Shields went out a short time and killed & brought in a Deer."
 * "Friday 14th Sept. 1804 . . . John Shields who went on Shore with the horse killed a verry large white rabbit or haire it was as big as a Ureopian hare. - nearly all white - & of a different description of any one ever yet Seen in the States." The first description of the white-tailed jackrabbit, Lepus townsendii previously unknown to science. John Shields discovered what was later named a Jack rabbit.
 * "Monday 4th Feby. 1805 . . . Shields went out a Short time in this bottom and killed two Deer."
 * "Wednesday 6th Feby. 1805 . . . Shields went out towards evening to hunt & killed 3 Goats which we brought in and eat the meat."

Post-expedition

In 1799 the famous American pioneer Daniel Boone (1734–1820) moved to what is now St. Charles County, Missouri, where he lived about 50 miles up the Missouri River from St. Louis, Missouri, where the expedition started and finished. "In 1804 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark visited Boone before embarking on their expedition, gathering valuable information about the lands to the west, which Boone had not been able to resist exploring." The Lewis and Clark Expedition passed near Boone's residence on the way up the Missouri River in 1804 and again on the way down the river in 1806. When Shields returned from the expedition to the Oregon Coast he hunted and trapped in Missouri with Daniel Boone. Shields later moved to Harrison County, Indiana, where he hunted and trapped with Squire Boone, a brother of Daniel Boone. Some historians show that John Shields was a "kinsman" of Daniel Boone, but there does not appear to be any evidence they were related.

On January 15, 1807, Captain Meriwether Lewis wrote to the US Secretary of War Henry Dearborn: "John Sheilds [sic] has received the pay only of a private. Nothing was more peculiarly useful to us in various situations than the skill and ingenuity of this man as an artist, in repairing our guns, accoutrements, &c. and should it be thought proper to allow him something as an artificer, he has well deserved it."

Shields settled in Indiana by June 1807 and was appointed captain of the Clark County militia in July 1807. In December 1809, Shields died in Harrison County and is buried at the Little Flock Baptist Cemetery, in Crandall, Harrison County, Indiana.

The Shields River, a tributary of the Yellowstone River, just east of Livingston, Montana, was named in his honor.

A state historical marker to his memory is erected near the Harrison County Courthouse in Corydon, Indiana. Shields' historical marker shows that he was a gunsmith and blacksmith in the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and that after his return he moved to Clark County, Indiana, and that in 1809 he died in Harrison County, Indiana.

Gravesite and headstone
There is a headstone for Private John Shields (1769–1809) in the Little Flock Baptist Cemetery, Elizabeth, Harrison County, Indiana. The inscription shows that Shields was a private in the U.S. Army and a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. It also shows that besides his duties as a gunsmith, blacksmith, and hunter, he was also a scout and mechanic.

title: John Shields (explorer)


text:
Ai Kato

Ai Kato (加藤 あい) is a Japanese actress and idol.

On November 14, 2013, she announced that she had married a non-celebrity. They registered their marriage on November 22. On September 14, 2015, she revealed that she gave birth to her first child, a girl, in America.

Movies

 * Pokémon 3: The Movie (2000)
 * Umizaru (2004)
 * Limit of Love: Umizaru (2006)
 * Umizaru 3: The Last Message (2010)
 * Umizaru 4: Brave Hearts (2012)
 * Another (2012)
 * Team Batista Final ~ Kerberos no Shozo (2014)

TV dramas

 * Gift (1997)
 * P.A. Private Actress (1998)
 * Sweet Devil (1998)
 * Seija no Kōshin (1998)
 * Abunai Hokago (1999)
 * Best Friend (1999)
 * Naniwa Kinyudo 5 (2000)
 * Ikebukuro West Gate Park (2000)
 * Manatsu no Merry Christmas (2000)
 * Tengoku ni Ichiban Chikai Otoko 2 (2001)
 * Kizudarake no Love Song (2001)
 * My Little Chef (2002)
 * Yan Papa (2002)
 * Kimi ga Omoide ni Naru Mae ni (2004)
 * Fuufu (2004)
 * Otouto (2004)
 * Umizaru Evolution (2005)
 * Hiroshima Showa 20 nen 8 Gatsu Muika (2005)
 * Haken no Hinkaku (2007)
 * Dream Again (2007)
 * Scrap Teacher (2008)
 * Kami no Shizuku (2009)
 * Majo Saiban (2009)
 * Keiji no Genba 2 (2009)
 * Hataraku Gon! (2009)
 * General Rouge no Gaisen (2010)
 * Unubore Deka (2010)
 * Face Maker (2010)
 * Brutus no Shinzo (2011)
 * ''Suna no Utsuwa 2011 (2011)
 * Hikaru Hekiga (2011)
 * Boku to Star no 99 Nichi (2011)
 * Taira no Kiyomori (2012)
 * Seinaru Kaibutsutachi (2012)
 * Strawberry Night (2012)
 * Mikeneko Holmes no Suiri (2012)
 * Higashino Keigo Mysteries (2012)
 * Cheap Flight (2013)
 * Kyokuhoku Rhapsody (2013)
 * Gochisousan (2013)
 * Umi no Ue no Shinryojo (2013)
 * Dr. DMAT (2014)
 * Kizoku Tantei± (2017 – 2 episodes)

title: Ai Kato


text:
JMA

JMA may refer to:
 * Japan Medical Association, professional association of licensed physicians in Japan
 * Japan Meteorological Agency, Japanese government agency that researches natural phenomena
 * Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar, Islamist jihadist group fighting in the Syrian Civil War against the government.
 * Jimmy Miranda Award, a proposed category during the WWE Hall of Fame in 2014

title: JMA


text:
Princes Freeway

Princes Freeway  is a 159 km Australian freeway, divided into two sections, both located in Victoria, Australia. The freeway links Melbourne to Geelong in the west, and to Morwell in the east. It continues beyond these extremities as the Princes Highway towards Adelaide to the west and Sydney to the northeast. The freeway bears the designation M1.

The western section linking Geelong and Melbourne is an important commuter, freight and tourism route between the two cities; the eastern section links Melbourne with the Latrobe Valley and major business suburbs, namely Dandenong and Berwick. The entire freeway is one of the busiest sections of rural highway in Victoria, used by large numbers of freight and commercial vehicles and provides access to tourist attractions in central and east Gippsland. It supports Victoria's rural industries and tourism.

Route
The western section (also known as Princes Freeway West or Geelong Road) starts at Corio, in the northern suburbs of Geelong and heads north-east as a six-lane dual-carriageway freeway, widening to eight lanes east of Werribee, and ends at the West Gate Interchange in Laverton, where the Western Ring Road and the old Geelong Road can be accessed by off-ramps. This section ranges from six lanes (three in each direction) between Geelong and Werribee, to ten lanes near the Ring Road interchange. Between 1999 and 2003 the section from Hoppers Crossing to Geelong was progressively widened to provide a third lane in each direction, in addition to a number of other safety upgrades being completed. Following this upgrade the speed limit was lowered from 110 km/h to 100 km/h in response to the freeway's poor safety record.

The eastern section (also known as Princes Freeway East) starts from Narre Warren, as a six-lane dual-carriageway freeway, narrowing to four lanes just west of Pakenham. There are also several highway-standard at-grade intersections, most notably between Nar Nar Goon and Longwarry. These intersections are speed limited to 100 km/h, with the only 110 km/h section on the freeway from Longwarry to Morwell. However, traffic still travel through the towns of Yarragon and Trafalgar, therefore urban speed limits apply to these towns (between 60 and 80 km/h) where the road reverts to the Princes Highway (though planning for bypasses of these towns are underway).

The western and eastern sections are connected together through the Melbourne suburbs by West Gate Freeway, CityLink tollway and Monash Freeway. These five sections of road together constitute the route M1 through Melbourne, which is part of National Highway 1.

On the urban section of Princes Freeway (between Laverton North and Werribee), the standard travel time is 9 minutes: 6 minutes between the Western Ring Road and Forsyth Road, and 3 minutes between Forsyth Road and Duncans Road. The usual peak period travel time is between 12 and 18 minutes; however, in times of extreme congestion or traffic accidents, the travel time can well exceed 20 minutes.

History
The Maltby Bypass was Victoria's first freeway which opened on 16 June 1961, and was the first section of Princes Freeway to open.

Both sections of Princes Freeway were signed National Route 1, either inheriting it when converted from older sections of Princes Highway, or assigned when newly constructed to bypass a section of it. With Victoria's conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in the late 1990s, the freeway's National Route 1 designation began conversion to M1 in late 1996, and was completed in 1997. Former bypassed sections of Princes Highway are generally signed as Metropolitan Route 83 or route C109 (western section), Alternative National Route 1 or designated successive routes from C101 to C104 (eastern section).

The passing of the Road Management Act 2004 granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2012, VicRoads re-declared the western section as Princes Freeway West (Freeway #1500) from Corio-Waurn Ponds Road in Highton to Little Boundary Road at Laverton North (this definition includes Geelong Ring Road, and in 2007, VicRoads re-declared the eastern section as Princes Freeway East (Freeway #1510) from Monash Freeway at Narre Warren to the eastern end of Princes Drive in Morwell (minus the highway section between Yarragon and Trafalgar). VicRoads also classifies a 5km stretch of road between Newmerella and Orbost as part of Princes Freeway East, despite being a two-lane, single-carriageway road and signed as Princes Highway.

In March 2010 it was announced by the State Government that trucks would be banned from the right-hand lane along a 38 km section of freeway between Geelong and Melbourne. Suggestions of a ban began in 2005 but increased after the fatal 2007 Burnley Tunnel fire that killed three people. The ban was put into place from 1 July 2010 between Kororoit Creek Road, Altona, and Avalon Road, Lara and covers all heavy vehicles weighing more than 4.5 t, except buses and caravans. A fine of $358 applies to those breaking the rules, the ban being a trial before a full roll-out on the other major roads in the state.

Exits and interchanges
The road is divided in two distinct sections that do not meet, but are connected by West Gate Freeway, CityLink and Monash Freeway; the western section is 46 km long, while the eastern section is 113 km long.

Pakenham Bypass
The Pakenham Bypass was the final missing link of a continuous freeway from Melbourne to Gippsland in the East of Victoria (excluding the single sets of traffic lights in the small rural towns of Yarragon and Trafalgar). Federal and State Governments jointly funded construction of the bypass at a cost of $242 million which commenced in April 2005 and was completed on 1 December 2007. The 24 km freeway which runs from Beaconsfield to Nar Nar Goon bypasses the townships of Pakenham and Officer and provides an important link between Gippsland and Melbourne.

The new section of freeway also bypassed a small section of the original Princes Freeway at Beaconsfield, which remains as a connection between Princes Highway and the freeway known as the Princes Link Highway. The interchange between Princes Link Highway and the freeway was reconfigured as part of the O'Shea Road extension project, and was completed in 2022.

Geelong Ring Road
The Federal and State Government announced the construction of a new bypass extending 23 kilometres along Geelong's western outskirts from the Princes Freeway in Corio to the Princes Highway in Waurn Ponds. Drivers using the Bypass between Corio and Waurn Ponds will avoid up to 29 sets of traffic lights, with a travel time at freeway speeds of less than 15 minutes compared with the current 25–60 minute trip through Geelong.

The Federal Government allocated $186 million in funding with the State Government providing the remainder, giving a total of $380 million. Construction works for Section 1, between Corio and Bell Post Hill commenced in February 2006. Contracts for Section 2, between Hamlyn Heights and Fyansford, commenced in September 2006 and construction of Section 3, between Fyansford and Waurn Ponds, commenced in November 2007. All 3 stages were scheduled for completion in June 2009.

Duplication from Geelong to Winchelsea and Colac
West of Geelong, duplication of the Princes Highway between Waurn Ponds and Winchelsea commenced in 2011 and was to be completed by late 2014, though opened in May 2016 after substantially being delayed. Construction for the Winchelsea - Colac section is now underway (which began in early 2016), with both the Victorian and Australian governments contributing $515 million for this project. Once completed around 2018 and beyond, it will be an M standard road.

Duplication from Traralgon to Sale
Since 2010, the Princes Highway between Traralgon and Sale has progressively been duplicated and upgraded to rural freeway standard. Since 2016, the duplication has been done in three stages.

The ten sections of the duplication project now complete are:
 * Traralgon East, between Traralgon–Maffra Road and Stammers Road; construction began in February 2010 and opened in late 2010
 * Traralgon East, between Stammers Road and Minniedale Road; construction began in July 2013 and opened in February 2015
 * Traralgon East, between Minniedale Road and Sheepwash Creek Road (Stage 1); construction began in December 2016 and opened in December 2018
 * Flynn, between Sheepwash Creek Road and Flynn Creek Road (Stage 3); construction began in July 2021 and opened in July 2023
 * Flynn to Rosedale, between Flynn Creek Road and Cricket Street; construction began in March 2014 and opened in November 2016
 * Rosedale to Nambrok (Stage 1), between Dennison Road and Nambrok Road; construction began in December 2013 and opened in April 2015
 * Nambrok (Stage 2), between Nambrok Road and Maffra–Rosedale Road; construction began in February 2017 and opened in December 2018
 * Fulham (Stage 2), from Sale–Cowwarr Road to Sale–Heyfield Road; construction began in mid 2016 and opened in December 2017
 * Fulham to Wurruk (Stage 1), between Sale–Heyfield Road and Wurruk;
 * Wurruk to Sale; opened in late 2012

The remaining section of Stage 3, which started construction in July 2021 and expected completion in 2024 is:
 * Kilmany, between Maffra–Rosedale Road and Sale–Cowwarr Road (linking Nambrok Stage 2 to Fulham Stage 2)

Nar Nar Goon to Longwarry North upgrade
Proposed safety and grade separation improvements, Princes Freeway East – Nar Nar Goon to Longwarry North, to be funded in future.

Traralgon Bypass
In 2009, VicRoads with Latrobe City Council completed a planning project for the Traralgon Bypass. Four options were put to the public, with Option 2 chosen as the preferred route. This route was formalised in the Latrobe Planning Scheme thereafter. In August 2017, the State Government announced $1.4 million towards further planning of the Traralgon Bypass.

As of 2023, the bypass is dependent on additional state and federal government funding for detailed planning and construction to proceed.

Winchelsea and Colac Bypass
Bypasses of Winchelsea and Colac as well as possible duplication of the Princes Hwy from Colac to Warrnambool, to be funded in future.

title: Princes Freeway


text:
User:Budz

budz is the owner and operator of several web sites.

title: User:Budz


text:
Contactless

Contactless may refer to:

 * Contactless smart card
 * Proximity card, a contactless integrated circuit device used for security access or payment systems
 * Contactless payment, systems which use RFID for making secure payments
 * MasterCard Contactless, MasterCard's EMV-compatible contactless payment feature
 * Radio-frequency identification, an automatic identification method
 * Near Field Communication, a short-range wireless technology
 * Contactless fingerprinting is a step beyond wet-ink, but not necessarily "touchless" and refers to processes for data collection, verification and identification

title: Contactless


text:
Talk:Prince Yasuhiko Asaka

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title: Talk:Prince Yasuhiko Asaka


text:
Muslim Mosque, Inc.

Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI) was an Islamic organization formed by Malcolm X after he left the Nation of Islam. MMI was a relatively small group that collapsed after its founder was assassinated.

History
Malcolm X announced the establishment of Muslim Mosque, Inc. on March 12, 1964, four days after his departure from the Nation of Islam. The group's membership consisted primarily of former Nation of Islam members. In a 2003 interview, one of its former leaders recalled that MMI started with a core of about 50 dedicated activists.

Malcolm X spent much of the time between March 1964 and February 1965 overseas. In his absence, James 67X Shabazz served as the de facto leader of Muslim Mosque, Inc.

Between March 1964, when he left the Nation of Islam, and February 1965, when he was assassinated, Malcolm X's philosophy evolved as he traveled through Africa and the Middle East. Those changes confused many members of Muslim Mosque, Inc.

Initially, the teachings of Muslim Mosque, Inc. were similar to those of the Nation of Islam. When Malcolm X became a Sunni Muslim, made the hajj, and wrote to the members of MMI from Mecca about his pilgrimage and how it had forced him to reject the racism that had previously characterized his views of white people, many members could not believe what they were hearing. The Nation of Islam had taught that no white people were permitted in the holy city of Mecca. Some MMI members refused to believe that Malcolm X had become a Sunni, and others thought he was being misquoted when he wrote about white people.

By May 1964, membership in Muslim Mosque, Inc. had grown to 125, and the group was attracting people who were not former Nation of Islam members.

Malcolm X sought acceptance of Muslim Mosque, Inc. by mainstream Islamic organizations. In August 1964, the Supreme Council on Islamic Affairs awarded 20 scholarships to permit young MMI members to study at Al-Azhar University tuition-free. Also in August, MMI was admitted to the Islamic Federation of the United States and Canada. The following month the World Islamic League offered 15 scholarships through MMI for study at the Islamic University of Madinah.

Following the assassination of Malcolm X in February 1965, Muslim Mosque, Inc. foundered and was disbanded.

The Mosque of Islamic Brotherhood, located at 130 West 113th Street in Harlem, is a successor to Muslim Mosque, Inc.

title: Muslim Mosque, Inc.


text: Talk:Rylands Library Papyrus P52

title: Talk:Rylands Library Papyrus P52


text:
User talk:Onefeather

just a traveler on planet earth. my indain name given by a special medicine man. my real name ramona. I came across this site while looking for imformation on time warp and travel. i found what i read to be what i was looking for. I think i am too right brain for this site but will try it. i am in body removal and transport business,i pick up the dead and take them to funeral homes and crematories, death is just another form of time travel.--Onefeather 05:53, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC) my interest are many,reading is a major one, on many subjects. i like the writings of Michael Talbot " the holographic universe" i also enjoy chopra. theology also.the study of words is also an interest. i want to know where,why and how on everything. i enjoy music art the study of colors herbs "ect" physics has always been an interest but i know little about it. i ask a lot of questions. i have two cats, spirit! and munchkin. i now live in the ozark mountains of arkansas, and No i am not a hick,or hillbilly. moved here from florida a month ago.

one feather

title: User talk:Onefeather


text:
Mixture (organ stop)

A mixture is an organ stop, usually of principal tone quality, that contains multiple ranks of pipes including at least one mutation stop. It is designed to be drawn with a combination of stops that forms a complete chorus, for example, principals of 8 foot (8), 4, and 2 pitches. The mixture emphasizes upper harmonics of each note of the keyboard; the individual pitches in the mixture are not distinguished by the listener, but reinforce the fundamental (lowest) pitch, adding volume, timbre (colour) and brilliance to the sound. Because pipes playing upper harmonics produce their own set of harmonic overtones, an element of harmonic dissonance is introduced, giving mixtures their characteristic tonal texture as they enrich the ensemble. Historically, the mixture descends from the medieval Blockwerk concept, an organ in which there were no stops and all the ranks sounded simultaneously.

Nomenclature
Mixture stops are typically labeled with Roman numerals with the number of ranks of pipes that they have, i.e. how many pipes sound when a single key is pressed. For example, a Mixture II contains two ranks (sounding two notes), a Mixture V contains five ranks, and so forth.

The mixture is sometimes designed so that the number of ranks per note increases as one ascends the compass of the keyboard. A mixture exhibiting this trait is referred to as progressive, and is labeled with two numbers (e.g. Plein Jeu III-VII, Fourniture IV-VIII).

If a pitch is specified (e.g. Mixture IV 2), it refers to the pitch of the lowest-sounding rank when the lowest C on the keyboard is pressed.

Sometimes a mixture is labeled with multiple numbers denoting the intervals above root pitch that it will sound. For example, Mixture 15.19.22.26 means when a note is pressed, the intervals of a 15th, a 19th, a 22nd and a 26th will sound (or 2' + 1$1⁄3$' + 1' + $2⁄3$').

Fourniture
This is the most common type of mixture, often written simply as "Mixture". It contains octaves and fifths and is usually progressive. It is complementary to the Cymbale mixture.

Cymbale
A relatively high mixture containing, properly, octaves and fifths, but may include the major third. It accompanies the Fourniture to create a full chorus mixture sound.

Plein Jeu
Literally "full chorus" this is usually a combination of the Fourniture and Cymbale mixtures.

Scharf
A high-pitched mixture (1', 1/2', or 1/4') usually of III or more ranks=mIV, IV-V, III-IV, V-VI. It contains octaves, major thirds (at least one), and fifths, though it can also contain the minor seventh.

Rauschquint
A harmonic mixture containing two or three or more (IV/V/VI/VII/VIII/IX/Rauschquint III-XII ranks of only octaves and fifths.

Variables affecting tone color
Mixture stops commonly include only unison and fifth pitch levels, though they sometimes include thirds and less commonly include other harmonics such as sevenths and ninths. The pedal division normally contains lower-pitched mixtures that reinforce the 16' fundamental.

Manual mixtures with tierces can sound "disembodied" without a 16' stop being drawn with them.

The frequency at which the various ranks in a mixture drop back by an interval (or break) as one ascends the compass determines to a great extent how the mixture sounds. If a mixture does not break, it is referred to as a harmonic mixture. Aristide Cavaillé-Coll built many examples of mixture stops labelled "Plein jeux harmonique". Some mixtures augment the treble in the lower ranges of the keyboard and the bass in the upper ranges of the keyboard.

Mixture breaks
The composition of pitches in a mixture will usually change (or break back) several times across the compass of the keyboard, often on subsequent C's, as in the example below. The "breaks" of a mixture involve the dropping out of a higher pitch at a given point within the keyboard's compass, and the addition of a lower pitch. This feature causes the mixture to sound relatively higher pitches in the lower parts of the keyboard, and relatively lower pitches towards the top end. It provides for definition in the bass and additional fundamental in the treble. Another reason for breaks, particularly in very high mixtures, is that builders find it impractical to make pipes smaller (higher) than the top of a 2 rank, the C that's about 2/3 long. When that pitch is reached, it is usual practice to repeat the previous octave of pipes at the lower pitch level. Since mixtures commonly begin at pitches higher than 2, octave repeats would be required as the pitches ascend.

For example, here is the break structure of a typical Great Fourniture IV:

Note    Pitches on that note and above Fourniture IV-VII (St Jean De Luz Symphonie Hall) C#2                                1-1/3' - 1' - _____ 2/3' - 1/2' C#14                          2' - 1-1/3' - 1' -      2/3' - 1/2' C#26                 2-2/3' - 2' - 1-1/3' - 1' -      2/3' - 1/2' C#38            4' - 2-2/3' - 2' - 1-1/3' - 1' - 1' - 2/3' C#50   5-1/3' - 4' - 2-2/3' - 2' - 1-1/3' - 1' - 1'

Note    Pitches on that note and above Cymbale V-VI (St Jean De Luz Symphonie Hall) C#1                                2/3' - 1/2' - 1/3' - 1/4' C#13                          1' - 2/3' - 1/2' - 1/3 '   1/4' C#25                 1-1/3' - 1' - 2/3' - 1/2' - 1/3' C#37            2' - 1-1/3' - 1' - 2/3' - 1/2' F#45   2-2/3' - 2' - 1-1/3' - 1' - 2/3'

Note    Pitches on that note and above Plein jeu V (St Jean De Luz Symphonie Hall,Pau st Jacques,Leeds Town Hall/Düsseldorf/Pau St Martin/Vatican/Chartres Cathedral/St Eustache) C1                             1-1/3' - 1' - 2/3' - 1/2' - 1/3' C13                       2' - 1-1/3' - 1' - 2/3' - 1/2' C25              2-2/3' - 2' - 1-1/3' - 1' - 2/3' C37         4' - 2-2/3' - 2' - 1-1/3' - 1' C49    4' - 4' - 2-2/3' - 2' - 1-1/3' - 1'

Note    Pitches on that note and above Plein jeu V (St Eustache) C1                        2' - 1-1/3' - 1' - 2/3' - 1/2' - 1/3' C13              2-2/3' - 2' - 1-1/3' - 1' - 2/3' - 1/2' C25         4' - 2-2/3' - 2' - 1-1/3' - 1' - 2/3' C37 5-1/3' - 4' - 2-2/3' - 2' - 1-1/3' - 1'

Note    Pitches on that note and above Plein jeu V (Vatican) C1                             1-1/3' - 1' - 2/3' - 1/2' C13                       2' - 1-1/3' - 1' - 2/3' - 1/2' C25              2-2/3' - 2' - 1-1/3' - 1' - 2/3' C37         4' - 2-2/3' - 2' - 1-1/3' - 1' C49    4' - 4' - 2-2/3' - 2' - 1-1/3'

Treizieme Mixture III-VII(Pau st martin Transept organ): C1                                1-1/3' - 1' - 8/13' C13                          2' - 1-1/3' - 1' - 8/13' C25                 2-2/3' - 2' - 1-1/3' - 1' - 8/13' C37            4' - 2-2/3' - 2' - 1-1/3' - 1' - 8/13' C49   5-1/3' - 4' - 2-2/3' - 2' - 1-1/3' - 1' - 8/13 oR a Special Cymbal IV ranks by Cucherousset in the Barton 3/7: C1                                  1/4' - 1/5' - 1 /7' - 1/10' C13                          2/7' - 1/4' - 1/6' - 1 /8' C25                   1/2' - 2/5' - 1/4' - 1/6 ' C37            2/3 ' - 1 /2' - 1/3 ' - 1/4' C49 3 1/5 1' - 4/5' - 1/2' - 2/5' C          C           C           C           C           C                                  1           2           3           4           5           6 C    1/16' |+---+---+---+--- / |  1 - C     1/16' B          |            |           |           |           |          / |  1 - B             Bb          |            |           |           |           |         /  |  1 - Bb            A           |            |           |           |           |        /   |  1 - A             Ab          |            |           |           |           |       /    |  1 - Ab            G     1/12' |+---+---+---+-- / / |  2 - G     1/12' F#         |            |           |           |          / |     /    / |  3 - F#            F           |            |           |           |         / |    /    /  |  3 - F             E     1/10' |            |           |           |        /  |   /    /   |  3 - E     1/10' Eb         |            |           |           |       /   |  /    /    |  3 - Eb            D           |            |           |           |      /    | /    /     |  3 - D             C#          |            |           |           |     /     | /    /      |  3 - C#            C     1/8'  |+---+---+ / -- / / -- / |  4 - C     1/8' B          |            |           |          / |   /      / |   /      / |  5 - B             Bb          |            |           |         / |  /      / |  /      /  |  5 - Bb            A           |            |           |        /  | /      /  | /      /   |  5 - A             Ab          |            |           |       /   | /      /   | /      /    |  5 - Ab            G     1/6'  |+---+-- / / -- / / -- / / |  6 - G     1/6' F#         |            |          / |     /    / |     /    / |     /    / |  7 - F#            F           |            |         / |    /    / |    /    / |    /    /  |  7 - F             E     1/5'  |            |        /  |   /    /  |   /    /  |   /    /   |  7 - E     1/5' Eb         |            |       /   |  /    /   |  /    /   |  /    /    |  7 - Eb            D           |            |      /    | /    /    | /    /    | /    /     |  7 - D             C#          |            |     /     | /    /     | /    /     | /    /      |  7 - C#            C     1/4'  |+ / -- / / -- / / -- / / ---|  7 - C     1/4' B          |           / |   /      / |   /      / |   /      / |   /        |  8 - B             Bb          |          / |  /      / |  /      / |  /      / |  /         |  8 - Bb            A           |         /  | /      /  | /      /  | /      /  | /          |  8 - A             Ab          |        /   | /      /   | /      /   | /      /   | /           |  8 - Ab            G     1/3'  |--- / / -- / / -- / / -- / / |  8 - G     1/3' F#         |      /    / |     /    / |     /    / |     /     |            |  7 - F#            F           |     /    / |    /    / |    /    / |    /      |            |  7 - F             E     2/5'  |    /    /  |   /    /  |   /    /  |   /       |            |  7 - E     2/5' Eb         |   /    /   |  /    /   |  /    /   |  /        |            |  7 - Eb            D           |  /    /    | /    /    | /    /    | /         |            |  7 - D             C#          | /    /     | /    /     | /    /     | /          |            |  7 - C#            C     1/2'  | / / -- / / -- / / -- / ---+|  7 - C     1/2' B          |    /      / |   /      / |   /       |           |            |  5 - B             Bb          |   /      / |  /      / |  /        |           |            |  5 - Bb            A           |  /      /  | /      /  | /         |           |            |  5 - A             Ab          | /      /   | /      /   | /          |           |            |  5 - Ab            G     2/3'  | / -- / / -- / / ---+---+|  5 - G     2/3' F#         |      /    / |     /     |           |           |            |  3 - F#            F           |     /    / |    /      |           |           |            |  3 - F             E     4/5'  |    /    /  |   /       |           |           |            |  3 - E     4/5' Eb         |   /    /   |  /        |           |           |            |  3 - Eb            D           |  /    /    | /         |           |           |            |  3 - D             C#          | /    /     | /          |           |           |            |  3 - C#            C     1'    | / / -- / ---+---+---+|  3 - C     1' B          |    /       |           |           |           |            |  1 - B             Bb          |   /        |           |           |           |            |  1 - Bb            A           |  /         |           |           |           |            |  1 - A             Ab          | /          |           |           |           |            |  1 - Ab            G     1'1/3 | / ---+---+---+---+|  1 - G     1'1/3 C          C           C           C           C           C                                  1           2           3           4           5           6

title: Mixture (organ stop)


text: File:Cherry Poppin' Daddies - Rapid City Muscle Car.jpg


text:
Delta Lake State Park

Delta Lake State Park is a 720 acre New York state park located on a peninsula extending from the southeast shore of Delta Lake in Oneida County, New York, United States. It is located off New York State Route 46, southwest of Westernville and north of Rome, New York.

History
The peninsula that today contains Delta Lake State Park was created when the Mohawk River was impounded in 1908 to form Delta Lake, a reservoir intended to supply water to the New York State Barge Canal. The New York State Canal Corporation leased approximately 350 acre to the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation for the creation of a state park in 1962. In 2005, it was announced that the Canal Corporation would officially transfer the park's land, along with an additional 370 acre, to the NYSOPRHP, bringing the park's total area to 720 acre. In 2023, a portion of the park was created into a large dumping station, as previously there was only one small one.

Facilities
The park offers a beach, picnic tables and pavilions, volleyball nets, swing sets, a playground, a food concession, trails for hiking and bike riding, cross-country skiing, snowmobiling and ice fishing, recreation programs, a boat launch, a 3 loop campground with 101 tent and trailer sites, showers and multiple dump stations.

External lin

 * New York State Parks – Delta Lake State Park
 * Delta Lake State Park map

title: Delta Lake State Park


text:
Rapid City Muscle Car

Rapid City Muscle Car is the second studio album by American band the Cherry Poppin' Daddies, released in 1994 on Space Age Bachelor Pad Records.

Overview
Rapid City Muscle Car was structured around the Daddies' desire to create a stylistic concept album in which each track was composed as the total musical opposite of the last - "[whipping] the listener around as if he/she was...experiencing stylistic G-forces" - but remaining thematically coherent through interconnected lyricism following an abstract narrative.

Delving into wider-reaching and more experimental territory than their punk rock roots, the result is arguably the Daddies' most musically eclectic work. Building upon the band's then-standard repertoire of swing and funk, Rapid City Muscle Car weaves between ska punk, rockabilly, country, psychedelia, big band and lounge. The album also makes extensive use of outside instruments, adding acoustic guitars, accordions, clarinets and vibraphones in addition to the band's keyboards and horn section. A full big band orchestra is used on "Come Back to Me", a cover song taken from the 1965 Burton Lane/Alan Jay Lerner Broadway musical On a Clear Day You Can See Forever.

"Come Back to Me" was later re-recorded for the Daddies' 2014 Rat Pack tribute album Please Return the Evening, featuring only the band's regular line-up as opposed to a full orchestra.

Track listing
All songs composed by Steve Perry, except where otherwise noted.

Previous availability

 * The same recording of "The Ding-Dong Daddy of the D-Car Line" (then titled "Ding Dong Daddy") was first released on a 1992 7" entitled The Daddies.

Personnel

 * Cherry Poppin' Daddies
 * Steve Perry – vocals
 * Dang Oulette (Dan Schmid) – bass
 * Dana Heitman – trumpet, trombone
 * Chris Azorr – keyboards
 * Brian West – drums, vibes, percussion
 * Adrian Baxter – tenor saxophone, bass clarinet
 * Jason Moss – lead guitar

 * Additional musicians
 * Brooks Brown – alto saxophone, clarinet
 * John Fohl – guitar on track 4
 * James Phillips – tenor saxophone on track 4

Featured on track 14:
 * The First Church of Sinatra
 * Tim Allums – trumpet
 * Mark Berney – trumpet
 * Dave Van Handel – trombone
 * Glenn Bonney – trombone
 * Wayne Conkey – bass trombone
 * Ross Warren – alto saxophone
 * Tim Willcox – alto saxophone
 * James Phillips – tenor saxophone
 * Richard Coon (Temple) – baritone saxophone

 * Production
 * Tracks 1 - 2, 4, 6 - 7, & 9 engineered and mixed by Bill Barnett at Gung Ho Studio in Eugene, Oregon
 * Tracks 5, 8, 10, 12 - 15 engineered by Dana Heitman at Space Age Bachelor Pad Studio, mixed by Bill Barnett
 * Track 3 recorded at Space Age Bachelor Pad Studio by Bob Levy
 * Track 11 recorded at Dogfish by Drew Canulette

title: Rapid City Muscle Car


text:
Pui Ching Middle Schools

The Pui Ching Middle Schools is a system of Baptist secondary schools first founded in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China and later Hong Kong and Macau. Located at Peizheng Road in Yuexiu District, Guangzhou Pui Ching Middle School is a state-owned full-time public school with its campus covering an area of nearly 70,000 square meters. The school has 36 classes for senior grade and 26 classes for the junior grade. There are 230 teachers, among whom 66 people are senior teachers.

History
The original Guangzhou school was founded in 1889 by local Chinese Baptists, and was the first Christian school in China founded by local Christians rather than foreign missionaries. The Guangzhou school was disbanded and students moved to Macau in January 1938 due to the spread of World War II to Southern China. The Guangzhou school was subsequently reopened after the war.

School song
The lyrics of the school song come from a poem, written by Li Zhu-hou, a Chinese language teacher at Pui Ching Middle School. The song was arranged by Ho An-tung, with its melody identical to Wien Neêrlands Bloed, the former national anthem of the Netherlands.

Macau School
The Guangzhou school was moved to Macau in 1938. It is now an integrated grammar school with more than 3,000 students in its kindergarten, primary school, junior high and senior high sections.

Guangzhou School

 * Pui Ching Middle School (Guangzhou)

Notable alumni

 * David K. Lam, Founder and Former CEO of Lam Research Corporation

title: Pui Ching Middle Schools