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Jablonec nad Nisou

Jablonec nad Nisou (Gablonz an der Neiße) is a city in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 46,000 inhabitants. It is the second-largest city in the region. It is a local centre for education, and is known for its glass and jewelry production, especially for bijou. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Administrative division
Jablonec nad Nisou is made up of eight city parts: Jablonec nad Nisou, Jablonecké Paseky, Kokonín, Lukášov, Mšeno nad Nisou, Proseč nad Nisou, Rýnovice and Vrkoslavice.

Etymology
The name Jablonec is of Czech origin and means "little apple tree" (jablonče was a diminutive of the old Czech jabloň – "apple tree"), for the village was founded on a place where an apple tree grew. German-speaking settlers who came to the village during the 16th century adjusted the name to Gablonz. During the 19th century, the attribute "German" was often added to the name (like in the 1848 Jablonec německý, Deutsch-Gablonz). In 1904, the official attribute in both Czech and German became "on the Neisse", which described the location of the town upon the river Lusatian Neisse.

Geography
Jablonec nad Nisou is located about 7 km southeast of Liberec and 83 km northeast of Prague. Most of the built-up area lies in the eastern tip of the Zittau Basin, and it is surrounded with the Jizera Mountains in the north, east and south. The northern part of the municipal territory also belongs into the Jizera Mountains Protected Landscape Area. The highest point of Jablonec nad Nisou is located on the slopes in the southeastern part of the territory, with an altitude of 758 m.

Jablonec nad Nisou is situated at the confluence of the rivers Lusatian Neisse and Bílá Nisa. The Mšeno Dam in the city belongs to the largest inner city areas in Europe. It was built in 1906–1909 and has an area of around 42 ha.

History
The first written mention of Jablonec was in a Latin document from 1356 as Jablonecz. According to this document, Jablonec was founded in the 14th century. In August 1469, the village was burned to the ground by troops of rebelling Lusatians in the war between them and King George of Poděbrady. The village was then resettled in the 1530s and 1540s by mostly German-speaking colonists.

In the first half of the 17th century, Jablonec was owned by Albrecht von Wallenstein, who sold it to the Desfours family. In 1643, during the Thirty Years' War, Jablonec was burned down for the second time. Glass production began to flourish in the second half of the 17th century and Jablonec began to develop rapidly. In the 18th century, the first bijou was produced and the first exporter, J. F. Schwann, spread the villages's name throughout Europe. Jablonec was promoted to a market town by Emperor Francis II on 21 April 1808.

Further development followed the construction of the road in the 1840s. Jablonec was then promoted to a town by Emperor Franz Joseph I on 28 March 1866. Franco-Prussian War in 1870–1871 damaged competitors in the production of glass and jewelry, and the Jablonec traders seized the foreign markets. A steady supply of a wide range of glass and artificial jewellery products flowed out of the town. This industrial advancement also improved the quality of life, and Jablonec's appearance changed dramatically.

Historian Peter Hinks, writing about the various types of Late Victorian jewellery sold by British and American companies at the turn of the 20th century, noted that "The Bohemian garnet jewellery sold by Moore and Evans [in Chicago] was the product of an industry based in the town of Gablonz, now Jablonec. These very effective jewels were set with locally mined garnets, rose cut and set in gold mounts of very formal design."

However, the worldwide economic crisis resulting from the Wall Street Crash of 1929 damaged the glass and jewellery industry and the crisis of the 1930s. Changing trends and the growth of foreign competition also hurt the local industry. In October 1938, Jablonec was annexed to Nazi Germany after the Munich Agreement, and was administered as a part of Reichsgau Sudetenland until 1945.

Between 1945 and 1949, most of the Germans were expelled under the terms of Beneš decrees. After the war, the expelled German-speaking citizens of Jablonec founded a new settlement in Bavaria and called in remembrance of their hometown Neugablonz ("New Jablonec"). Today, it is one of the districts of the city of Kaufbeuren.

Economy
Jablonec nad Nisou holds the Czech Mint after Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia (the Czechoslovakian mint, also known as the Kremnica Mint, is now in Slovakia).

The city has a long tradition of costume jewelry and beads production.

The biggest industrial employers with headquarters in the city are Preciosa (glass products manufacturer) are TI Automotive AC (production of car air conditioners).

Transport
Jablonec nad Nisou shares the tramway line which connects it to its neighbouring city of Liberec.

The city is located on the railway line from Liberec to Szklarska Poręba. The territory is served by four stations and stops.

Sport
Jablonec has a swimming pool, three football and athletic stadiums, and an ice hockey arena.

The city is represented by FK Jablonec in the Czech First League. The club has been a stable member of the league since 1994.

Before the World War II, a number of ethnic German football clubs existed in Gablonz, Fortuna, DSK and BSK. These were merged into NSTG Gablonz in 1939 by the Nazis, NSTG standing for Nationalsozialistische Turngemeinde. NSTG played in the Gauliga Sudetenland but disappeared with the end of the war. BSK however was reformed in 1950 in Bavaria, under the name of BSK Neugablonz.

Sights
The historical city centre is formed by squares Dolní, Mírové, Horní, and Anenské, which lies close to each other, and their surroundings. The Old Town Hall with a typical square tower was built on Dolní Square in 1867–1869. Today it serves as a library.

The current city hall is called New Town Hall and is located on Mírové Square. It is a functionalistic building, built in 1930–1933. It is an excellent example of interwar modern architecture. For its value, it has been protected as a national cultural monument since 2024.

There are several churches in the city: Church of Saint Anne (built in the Baroque style in 1865–1867), Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus (a brick building, built 1930–1931), Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (built in the Art Nouveau style in 1900–1902; one of the most important sacral Art Nouveau buildings in Europe), and Protestant Dr. Farský Church (a pseudo-Gothic building from 1892).

The tradition of costume jewellery production is presented in the Museum of Glass and Costume Jewellery. It was founded in 1904 and it is located in an Art Nouveau building.

Notable people

 * Adolf Benda (1845–1878), historian
 * Gustav Leutelt (1860–1947), writer and poet
 * Reinhold Hanisch (1882–1937), business partner of Adolf Hitler in Vienna, 1910
 * Konrad Henlein (1898–1945), Nazi politician
 * Peter Herman Adler (1899–1990), conductor
 * Ute de Lange Nilsen (1931–2024), Czech-Norwegian artist
 * Jiří Moskal (born 1949), rally raid driver
 * Ivan Bartoš (born 1980), politician
 * Jakub Čutta (born 1981), ice hockey player
 * Barbora Špotáková (born 1981), javelin thrower
 * Radka Vodičková (born 1984), triathlete
 * Daniel Špaček (born 1986), ice hockey player
 * Gabriela Koukalová (born 1989), biathlete
 * Jessica Jislová (born 1994), biathlete
 * Markéta Davidová (born 1997), biathlete

Twin towns – sister cities
Jablonec nad Nisou is twinned with:

 * 🇩🇪 Bautzen, Germany
 * 🇨🇳 Beihai, China
 * 🇵🇱 Jelenia Góra, Poland
 * 🇩🇪 Kaufbeuren, Germany
 * 🇮🇹 Marsciano, Italy
 * 🇧🇪 Ronse, Belgium
 * 🇩🇪 Zwickau, Germany

title: Jablonec nad Nisou


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IBM DPPX

Distributed Processing Programming Executive is a discontinued operating system introduced by IBM, pre-installed on the IBM 8100 and later ported to the ES/9370.

Brief history

 * It was first introduced on the IBM 8100 series, which was released in 1978.
 * 1987 saw the release of Distributed Processing Programming Executive System Product (DPPX/SP) Release 4.
 * In 1986, IBM decided to cease the IBM 8100 architecture to consolidate its hardware and software families.
 * In 1988, they released DPPX/370 which ran on the ES/9370 processors (an S/370 model).
 * By the end of June 1997, DPPX/370 was officially retired.

Architecture
DPPX was written in Programming Language for Distributed Systems (PL/DS), a PL/I-derived systems programming language, similar to the PL/S systems programming language used for MVS and VM. Part of the DPPX/370 development process was developing a PL/DS 2 language, which was based on PL/DS, but with changes necessitated by the changed instruction set. (PL/DS, like PL/S, is a high-level language which encourages significant use of inline assembly.)

The user interfaces (e.g., command line) of DPPX were very clean and easy to use, the syntax of the commands, the whole concept and ideas of DPPX looked very straightforward and consistent (command line, online help, etc.), and each and every aspect was documented online and in a rich set of well organized printed manuals. A DPPX system could be operated truly operator-less and remote (hence the Distributed part of the name). One benefit of this clean design was that programs could be written in modern dialects of COBOL, and dialogs could be developed interactively.

DPPX had a native DBMS with simple key-lookup architecture, and ability to move forward through a table after starting from a specific key value by issuing a read-forward command. A limitation of the DPPX DBMS was the lack of read-previous capability, which made it difficult, for example, to code page-back functionality for a screen loaded from a DPPX DBMS table. This limitation was mitigated by an enterprising young programmer (K. Riley of Anchorage, Alaska) who suggested at the application layer creating alternate keys for the DPPX tables that needed read-previous functionality. The alternate keys could then be loaded with the binary 1's complement of the primary key, at which point reading forward on the alternate key was equivalent to reading previous on the primary key.

Software
In addition to the expected functions of an operating system, DPPX included several functions which allowed for remote administration, such as Distributed Host Command Facility (DHCF), which allowed a Host Command Facility (HCF) user on a mainframe to log on in either full-screen mode or line mode to execute commands as though logged on locally, and Distributed Systems Network (or Node) Executive (DSNX), which allowed a Distributed Systems Executive (DSX) (later NetView/DM) job to manage files.

Separate additional products were also available, including COBOL and Fortran compilers, the Distributed Transaction Management System (DTMS), Command Facilities Extensions (CFE), which provided easy support for full-screen applications, Data Stream Capability (DSC) to allow DPPX users to log on to applications on the mainframe, and Performance Tool (PT).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: IBM DPPX


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User:Unconcerned/old1

Hi there, and welcome to the Wikipedia. Quick request: when you move pages (as you just moved ornament to ornament (music)) can you use the "Move this page" link to do so rather than doing a cut-and-paste - that way, all the edit history of the page gets moved as well instead of being left behind in the old location. See How to rename (move) a page for the details. Cheers--Camembert

 * Actually, I've just realised that you couldn't have used "move this page" in this case, as ornament (music) already had some history itself - my bad. Should you ever come up against that problem again, you can leave a note on Votes for deletion asking for the target page to be deleted so you can do the move properly.

 * All that said, don't worry about all this too much - just do what you have to do, and if it's not quite right, somebody will always be there to fix it up. Sorry for rambling on :) --Camembert

 * Aha! thanks for the tip with moving the pages! Regards --Unconcerned 18:22, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Unconcerned/old1


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Walther Müller

Walther Müller (6 September 1905, in Hanover – 4 December 1979, in Walnut Creek, California) was a German physicist, most well known for his improvement of Hans Geiger's counter for ionizing radiation, now known as the Geiger-Müller tube.

Walther Müller studied physics, chemistry and philosophy at the University of Kiel. In 1925 he became the first PhD student of Hans Geiger, who had just got a professorship in Kiel. Their work on ionization of gases by collision lead to the invention of the Geiger-Müller counter, a now indispensable tool for measuring radioactive radiation.

After some time as professor at the University of Tübingen he worked for the rest of his professional life as industrial physicist (i. e. a physicist working in industrial R&D) in Germany, then as an advisor for the Australian Postmaster-General's Department Research Laboratories in Melbourne, and then as an industrial physicist in the United States, where he also founded a company to manufacture Geiger–Müller tubes.

title: Walther Müller


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Coolangatta

Coolangatta is a coastal suburb in the City of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. It is the Gold Coast's southernmost suburb and it borders New South Wales. In the, Coolangatta had a population of 6,491 people.

Geography
Coolangatta and its immediate neighbouring "Twin Town" Tweed Heads in New South Wales have a shared economy. The Tweed River supports a thriving fishing fleet, and the seafood is a local specialty offered in the restaurants and clubs of the holiday and retirement region on both sides of the state border.

There are three hills in Coolangatta:

 * Kirra Hill (-28.1679°N, 153.5333°W ) at 27 m above sea level on the coast, which was named in 1883 by surveyor Schneider (1883) using an Aboriginal word which might mean white cockatoo or fire
 * Greenmount Hill (-28.1652°N, 153.5447°W ) at 32 m above sea level on the coast, which was named for the Greenmount Guest House, operated from 1905 by Patrick J. Fagan, and named after his birthplace in County Meath, Ireland
 * Murraba (-28.1752°N, 153.5313°W ) at 70 m above sea level on the border with New South Wales

Point Danger is a headland on the Queensland/New South Wales border (-28.1641°N, 153.5516°W). It was widely believed to be named by Lieutenant James Cook on his 1770 exploration of the eastern Australia coastline in HMS Endeavour, but this is only partially correct. Cook did create the name, but he applied it to another headland further south (now known as Fingal Head). This was confirmed in the 1823 map produced by explorer John Oxley. However a map published in 1831 based on the 1828 survey conducted on HMS Rainbow applied the name Point Danger to the headland north of the Tweed River. So while Cook created the name, he did not assign it to the current location.

Rainbow Bay is offshore from the south-east of the suburb (-28.1638°N, 153.547°W). It was originally called Shark/Sharks Bay until 1926 when the Coolangatta Town Council decided to rename it after HMS Rainbow, a sixth-rate frigate, commanded by Captain Henry John Rous, used in surveys of the area in 1828.

There are three neighbourhoods within Coolangatta:

 * Kirra (-28.1675°N, 153.5325°W) which takes its name from Kirra Hill
 * Greenmount (-28.1658°N, 153.5444°W ) named after the guest house
 * Rainbow Bay (-28.1647°N, 153.5477°W ) named after the bay

Point Danger Lighthouse is located on the Point Danger headland (-28.165°N, 153.5507°W).

There are three beaches in the suburb, from west to east:

There is a breakwater extending from Kirra Hill in the ocean which protects Coolangatta Beach from erosion (-28.1652°N, 153.5363°W).
 * Kirra Beach (-28.1661°N, 153.5294°W)
 * Coolangatta Beach (-28.1667°N, 153.5374°W)
 * Greenmount Beach (-28.1666°N, 153.5426°W)

The Gold Coast Airport, formerly known as Coolangatta Airport, is not located within the present suburb boundaries but within neighbouring Bilinga with part of the runway extending across the border into Tweed Heads in New South Wales.

History
Coolangatta is situated in the Bundjalung traditional Aboriginal country. The Yugambeh people are local custodians in the Bundjalung traditional Aboriginal country. Yugambeh language (also known as Yugumbir, Jugambel, Jugambeir, Jugumbir, Jukam, Jukamba) is one of the Australian Aboriginal languages in areas that include the Beenleigh, Beaudesert, Gold Coast, Logan, Scenic Rim, Albert River, Coolangatta, Coomera, Logan River, Pimpama, Tamborine and Tweed River Valley, within the local government boundaries of the City of Gold Coast, City of Logan, Scenic Rim Regional Council and the Tweed River Valley.

Early settlement
Coolangatta was one of the earliest settlements on the Gold Coast. Once again focused on a steep headland at Point Danger the area was occupied by Europeans from at least 1828 by a convict station and red cedar getters soon followed.

Wreck of the Coolangatta
On Wednesday 18 August 1846 the schooner Coolangatta was wrecked on Kirra / Bilinga Beach adjacent to a creek during a storm. A topsail schooner of 83 ft in length and 88 LT, Coolangatta was built by John Blinksell in 1843 for Alexander Berry whose property, Coolangatta Estate, adjoined Coolangatta mountain located on the northern bank of the Shoalhaven River, New South Wales.

On 6 July 1846, the ship sailed under Captain Steele from Brisbane, carrying two convict prisoners (George Craig in irons, and William George Lewis), to load red cedar logs at the Tweed River for Sydney. Steele found the river entrance closed by silt forming a bar, so he anchored in the lee of Point Danger off Kirra Beach. Red cedar logs were then hauled overland from Terranora Inlet and rafted from the beach, but in six weeks less than half of the contracted 70,000 feet of red cedar had been loaded. Meanwhile, five ships loaded with red cedar were bar-bound inside the river.

On 18 August 1846, while Steel was ashore, a south-east gale blew up. Steele's boat was damaged while getting through the surf and he watched from the beach as the gale intensified. Eventually, the prisoners were freed and all hands abandoned ship and swam for shore as the anchors dragged. The ship parted its anchors and washed ashore near what was later called Coolangatta Creek.

The survivors walked 70 mi north to Amity Point in six days, fed each night by different groups of friendly indigenous Australians, and were taken into Brisbane on board the Tamar.

Township develops
Selectors followed in the 1860s and a small settlement was established.

In 1883 a township was surveyed. A map of the town in 1885 shows the results of a recent land sale where several town lots were sold. Government surveyor Henry Schneider named the area Coolangatta after the shipwreck while surveying in 1883 for the land auction in March 1884. As a border town Coolangatta included a customs office, boatshed and government wharf.

Twentieth century
The South Coast railway was extended from Nerang railway station to Tweed Heads in New South Wales and opened on 10 August 1903. Coolangatta railway station was located to the south of the intersection of Griffith and Dutton Streets (-28.1685°N, 153.5367°W). The terminus Tweed Heads railway station was in Tweed Heads near Thomson Street (-28.172°N, 153.5405°W). The railway guaranteed the success of Coolangatta as a holiday township and it flourished from that time forward.

The Tweed Heads Surf and Life Saving Club was established on Friday 26 January 1909. Tweed Heads and Coolangatta Surf Life Saving Club building opened on 13 September 1911. Guesthouses and hotels were erected and a commercial centre soon followed.

Land was advertised for sale in December 1912, being allotments in sections 3, 14, 25, [16 & 17], town of Coolangatta and portion 44 (special lease) parish of Tallebudgera, with 7 allotments facing either Marine Parade or Griffith Street. A further 35 allotments immediately south of Coolangatta railway station and 2 further allotments facing McLean Street were also advertised for sale.

Prior to 1914, Coolangatta was administered by the Nerang Divisional Board, which became the Shire of Nerang in 1903. In 1914, Coolangatta had its own local government, the Town of Coolangatta, but in 1949 it was amalgamated into the Town of South Coast, which later became City of Gold Coast.

The Coolangatta Star newspaper was published from 1916 to 1927. In May 1927, the Tweed Heads and Coolangatta star amalgamated with the Coolangatta Chronicle to become the Border Star. The Border Star newspaper ceased publication in 1942.

In January 1919 the border between Queensland and New South Wales was closed to all traffic in response to the 1918 flu pandemic in an attempt to stop the spread of the disease north into Queensland. People found themselves stranded on the one side of the border unable to return to their homes or employment on the other side. Quarantine stations and camps were established to house travelers and stranded residents. One impact on the border closure was the need to duplicate services across the twin towns on the Queensland side of the border, as at 1 February 1919, Coolangatta had no doctor, no pharmacist, no milkman, no butcher and no undertaker. Nor did Coolangatta have a school nor a post office. The border remained closed until May 1919.

One of the services that required duplication was a school for 56 children living in Coolangatta but attending school in Tweed Heads. Previously on 28 June 1918 the Queensland Department of Public Instruction had indicated their intention to establish a school at Coolangatta but no progress had been made. When the Coolangatta children were unable to return to their Tweed Heads school in February 1919, the Coolangatta Town Council made a meeting room available in their council chambers for use as a temporary school room and the Queensland Department of Public Instruction sent school furniture and one teacher from Brisbane, and Coolangatta Provisional School commenced operation on 10 February 1919. The next task was to construct a school building with two classrooms on the school reserve at 1 Garrick Street (corner of Powell Street, -28.1675°N, 153.5338°W) on Kirra Hill. Although expected to be completed in six months, it was not until the start of the 1920 school year that the new Coolangatta State School opened with 67 students under headmaster Claude de Jersey and another teacher. It was officially opened on 2 October 1920 by Queensland Governor Matthew Nathan. Growth in the school over the decades subsequently led to its relocation to Stapylton Street, officially opening there on 26 November 1977. The old school bell from Kirra Hill was relocated to the Stapylton Street where it remains in daily use.

There was a stump-capping ceremony held for the Coolangatta Methodist Memorial Church on Sunday 8 June 1924. The church was officially opened at 26-28 Lanham Street (-28.1693°N, 153.5356°W) on Sunday 27 September 1924 by Reverend Dr George Edward Rowe. Following the Methodist Church amalgamating into the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977, the church became Coolangatta Uniting Church. In June 1988 the Uniting Church in Coolangatta and Tweed Heads merged to form the Twin Towns Uniting Church. In 1992 the growing population in Banora Point in New South Wales resulted in the decision to open a Uniting Church there and in the late 1990s, that church became a parish in its own right with the Twin Towns parish now serving only Coolangatta. On Monday 31 April 1925 Archbishop James Duhig laid the foundation stone of St Augustine's Catholic Church. On Sunday 19 December 1926 Duhig returned to officially open and bless the church. The church was built in a commanding position overlooking the Pacific Ocean in the Italian Romanesque style. The tower is 110 ft high.

St Augustine's Catholic School was established in 1926 by the Daughters of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart. From 1950 the school was operated by Missionary Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Conception. On 27 January 1987 the school relocated to a new site in Currumbin Waters. In 1992 the sisters ended their association with the school which is now under lay administration.

The foundation stone of St Peter's Anglican Church at 34 Lanham Street (corner of Dutton Street, -28.1693°N, 153.5362°W) was laid on 31 October 1937 by Archbishop William Wand. It was dedicated in 1938 by Wand. Its closure circa 2013 was approved by Archbishop Philip Aspinall.

An unnamed cyclone crossed the coast at Coolangatta on the night of 20 February 1954. The storm quickly cleared from Queensland skies but moved south, causing widespread loss of life and flooding in New South Wales.

The railway line closed in 1961 due to the rising use of cars.

Little remains of the earliest structures at Coolangatta but some evidence remains of subsequent development in the early years of the twentieth century including the Coolangatta Hotel, Kirra Beach Hotel and St Augustine's Catholic Church (Coolangatta). In addition to the former Coolangatta State School, the Anzac Memorial (Coolangatta), Jazzland Coolangatta, the Kirra Beach Pavilion, Kirra Beach Shelter Shed and the remains of Jack Evans Porpoise Pool are on the Gold Coast Local Heritage Register.

The border fence and gates that until recently were a characteristic of the area have now been removed but the sense of the border remains at Boundary Street running along the ridge of the headland between Queensland and New South Wales. The headland itself is an important landmark and tourist destination and is the site of the Point Danger Lighthouse. Coolangatta symbolises the terminus of the Gold Coast and the long strip of beach that begins at Main Beach forty kilometres to the north.

Coolangatta and its surrounds were the home of two early tourist attractions on the Gold Coast. Jack Evans Porpoise Pool which was built at Snapper Rocks in 1957 and Gilltraps Auto Museum which was established at Kirra in 1959.

Coolangatta Special School opened on 1 January 1979 on the Kirra Hill site vacated by the Coolangatta State School. On 1 July 2006 the school was relocated to Currumbin Waters and renamed Currumbin Community Special School. Following local agitation from the "Save Kirra Hill" group, the school buildings at the Kirra Hill site were transferred to the Gold Coast City Council in 2008 for community purposes. The Council spent $3 million in restoration and refurbishment before officially opening the site as the Kirra Hill Cultural and Community Centre in October 2011. The Kirra Hill site is listed on the Gold Coast Local Heritage Register.

To commemorate the centenary of Coolangatta, in 1984 a stone from the Coolangatta Estate homestead was donated by the citizens of Coolangatta near Berry, New South Wales and was mounted on a plinth of granite from Aberdeen, Scotland, the birthplace of Alexander Berry.

Twenty-first century
The Coolangatta library opened in 2013.

During 2020 and 2021, the Queensland borders were closed to most types of traffic due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Border crossing points were either closed or had a Queensland Police checkpoint to allow entry to those with an appropriate permit. Griffith Street at Coolangatta was one of the police checkpoints, while other crossing points were closed.

Demographics
In the, Coolangatta had a population of 5,948 people. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 2.2% of the population. The median age of people in Coolangatta was 50 years. 67.6% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were New Zealand 4.3% and England 4.0%. 80.2% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Portuguese at 1.7%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 32.3%, Catholic 21.9% and Anglican 15.4%.

In the, Coolangatta had a population of 6,491 people.

Climate
Coolangatta has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with warm, wet summers and cool, moist winters. Although there is four times as much rainfall in March as there is in September, Coolangatta is still considered to have no dry season because there is more than a tenth of the rainfall of the wettest month in the driest month of the year.

Education
Coolangatta State School is a government primary (Prep to Year 6) school for boys and girls at Stapylton Street (-28.172°N, 153.5287°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 184 students with 19 teachers (14 full-time equivalent) and 11 non-teaching staff (8 full-time equivalent).

There is no secondary school in Coolangatta. The nearest secondary school is Palm Beach Currumbin State High School in Palm Beach to the north-west.

The Coolangatta campus of TAFE Queensland is a technical college at 5 Scott Street (-28.1705°N, 153.5399°W).

Facilities
Coolangatta Magistrates Court is at 136 Musgrave Street (-28.1689°N, 153.5346°W).

Coolangatta Police Station is on the corner of Musgrave and Mclean Streets (-28.1689°N, 153.5345°W).

Amenities
The Gold Coast City Council operate a public library (-28.1675°N, 153.5378°W) on Level 1 of the Strand Shopping Centre (between Marine Parade and Griffith Street, -28.1677°N, 153.5381°W).

Coolangatta Post Office is at (-28.1683°N, 153.5356°W).

There are four surf life saving clubs:

The Coolangatta branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at their hall at 169 Griffith Street (-28.168°N, 153.5431°W).
 * Kirra Surf Life Saving Club is on Kirra Beach (-28.1673°N, 153.532°W)
 * Coolangatta Surf Life Saving Club is on Coolangatta Beach (-28.1669°N, 153.5369°W)
 * Tweed Heads Coolangatta Surf Life Saving Club (also known as Greenmount Surf Club) is on Greenmount Beach (-28.1668°N, 153.5445°W)
 * Rainbow Bay Surf Life Saving Club is on Rainbow Bay (-28.1635°N, 153.5487°W)

St Augustine's Catholic Church is on the corner of Mclean and Tweed Streets (-28.1708°N, 153.5351°W).

Twin Towns Coolangatta Uniting Church is at 26-28 Lanham Street (corner of McLean Street, -28.1693°N, 153.5356°W).

Sport
Coolangatta has many sports teams.

Coolangatta Tweed Heads Australian Football Club is a Gold Coast based club competing in the AFL Queensland Australian rules football competition.

The Coolangatta Tweed Barbarians compete in the Gold Coast and District Rugby Union.

The Coolangatta Surf Life Saving Club compete in the Winter Swimming Association of Australia Championships.

Coolangatta Bowls Club is on the corner of Scott and Warner Streets (-28.1698°N, 153.539°W).

Coolangatta Croquet Club is at 42 Lanham Street (-28.1696°N, 153.5372°W).

The Coolangatta & Tweed Heads Golf Club is at Soorley Street in Tweed Heads South.

Events
Coolangatta hosts a number of sporting events: The Coolangatta Gold (surf life saving), Quiksilver Pro Gold Coast (surfing), Roxy Pro Gold Coast (surfing), and Beach Cricket Tri-Nations series (beach cricket).

Each June, Coolangatta hosts the Cooly Rocks On Festival, a two-week 1950s and 1960s nostalgia festival with free entertainment and attractions, including hot rods, restored cars and revival bands playing music of the era.

Attractions
The beaches are major attractions of Coolangatta. Popular lookouts and viewpoints include:

 * Kirra Hill
 * Greenmount Hill
 * Snapper Rocks (-28.1622°N, 153.55°W ), named after HM Colonial Cutter Snapper which passed by Point Danger in July 1822 under the command of W.L. Edwardson
 * Point Danger Lighthouse
 * Kirra Beach Pavilion on Marine Parade (-28.1665°N, 153.5335°W)
 * Razorback Lookout on Razorback Road in neighbouring Tweed Heads (-28.1809°N, 153.5352°W)

Heritage listings
There are a number of heritage sites in Coolangatta, including:

 * Boundary Street (New South Wales border): Captain Cook Memorial and Lighthouse
 * Boundary Street (median strip): Francis Edward Roberts Commemorative Plaque
 * Garrick Street (median strip to north of Musgrave Street): Powell Brothers Commemorative Trees
 * 1 Garrick Street: former Coolangatta State & Special School
 * Lanham Street (Godwin Park): Coolangatta War Memorial
 * Marine Parade (Kirra Beach): Kirra Beach Pavilion
 * Marine Parade (Kirra Beach road reserve): Kirra Shelter Shed
 * Marine Parade (Queen Elizabeth Park): ANZAC Memorial
 * Marine Parade (Queen Elizabeth Park): Wreck of the Coolangatta Fragment
 * Marine Parade (Queen Elizabeth Park and Pat Fagan Park): Norfolk Pines Coolangatta Foreshore
 * Marine Parade (Pat Fagan Park, Greenmount Hill): United States Navy Coolangatta Leave Area Greenmount Hill Camp No. 4 Picnic Shelter
 * Marine Parade (-28.1667°N, 153.5445°W): Tweed Heads and Coolangatta Surf Life Saving Club (formerly Greenmount Surf Life Saving Club)
 * 31–33 Mclean Street (-28.168°N, 153.5352°W): former Jazzland Dance Hall
 * 58 McLean Street: St Augustine's Church
 * Mouth of Coolangatta Creek, North Kirra Beach: Site of the Wreck of the Coolangatta
 * Snapper Rocks (-28.1626°N, 153.5501°W): Remains of Jack Evans Porpoise Pool

In popular culture
Coolangatta is featured in the song It's Hot in Brisbane but it's Coolangatta, recorded in 1953 by Gwen Ryan, Claude Carnell's Orchestra and additional vocals from Doug Roughton's Hokey Pokey Club. Funded by 39 businesses, it is believed to be the first jingle written to promote an Australian tourist destination. In 2008 the song was used as the theme for a Gold Coast Heritage exhibition about the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s on the Gold Coast, featuring oral histories and objects of Gold Coast residents.

The sport-romance film The Coolangatta Gold was set in the town. Coolangatta was also used as the fictitious town of Porpoise Spit in the 1994 film Muriel's Wedding.

title: Coolangatta


text:
ANSI art

ANSI art is a computer art form that was widely used at one time on bulletin board systems. It is similar to ASCII art, but constructed from a larger set of 256 letters, numbers, and symbols — all codes found in IBM code page 437, often referred to as extended ASCII and used in MS-DOS and Unix environments. ANSI art also contains special ANSI escape sequences that color text with the 16 foreground and 8 background colours offered by ANSI.SYS, an MS-DOS device driver loosely based upon the ANSI X3.64 standard for text terminals. Some ANSI artists take advantage of the cursor control sequences within ANSI X3.64 in order to create animations, commonly referred to as ANSImations. ANSI art and text files which incorporate ANSI codes carry the de facto .ANS file extension.

Overview
ANSI art is considerably more flexible than ASCII art, because the particular character set it uses contains symbols intended for drawing, such as a wide variety of box-drawing characters and block characters that dither the foreground and background color. It also adds accented characters and math symbols that often find creative use among ANSI artists.

The popularity of ANSI art encouraged the creation of a powerful shareware package called TheDraw coded by Ian E. Davis in 1986. Not only did it considerably simplify the process of making an ANSI art screen from scratch, but it also included a variety of "fonts", large letters constructed from box and block characters, and transition animations such as dissolve and clock. No new versions of TheDraw emerged after version 4.63 in 1993, but in later years a number of other ANSI editors appeared, some of which are still maintained today.

The popular game creation system (GCS) ZZT used ANSI graphics exclusively. A later GCS based on the same concept, MegaZeux, allowed users to modify the extended ASCII character set as well.

Trade Wars 2002, a multiplayer BBS game that remains popular decades after its release in 1986, used ANSI graphics to depict ships, planets, and important locations, and included cutscenes and even a cinema with ANSI animations. Many of these ANSI graphics were created by Drew Markham, who went on to form Xatrix Entertainment/Gray Matter Studios and develop Redneck Rampage and Return to Castle Wolfenstein, among other titles.

The rise of the internet caused the decline of both BBSes and DOS users, which made ANSI graphics harder to create and to view due to the lack of software compatible with the new dominant operating system Microsoft Windows.

In the end of 2002, all traditional ANSI art groups like ACiD, ICE, CIA, Fire, Dark and many others, were no longer making periodic releases of artworks, called "artpacks" and the community of artists almost vanished. Since then this form of art is no longer practiced to the degree it once was, but was still kept alive by fewer newly created groups like SENSE, 27inch and the late Blocktronics Textmode Art Collective, founded in 2008, and that currently releases artpacks created by artists from all around the world.

Nowadays ANSI graphics have a niche utility for a few telnet BBSes still active and is mainly created by artists for the sake of it and exhibited as an example of retro digital art. The creation of newer Microsoft Windows compatible software like ACiDDraw, and TundraDraw, allowed the small number of remaining artists to keep creating ANSI art. ANSI Art is also practised among demoscene hobbyists still in the 2020s and ANSI art compos (competitions) are regularly held at various demoparties.

Scene
The ANSI artform found wide popularity and distribution on BBS systems throughout North America and the world. Its use of standard computer symbols and colors by particularly talented individuals made it somewhat of "cult" art form and provided a springboard for talented computer artists in later years.

This form gave rise to a "scene", or subculture community of artists who created competitive groups, similar to hackers (and sometimes overlapping these groups). These groups would assemble their best, most current art into downloadable "packs" for distribution on BBS systems. These could be simply zipped packs of loose art with some text files explaining them, or encoded programs that displayed the art, sometimes with accompanying music in MOD format.

title: ANSI art


text:
Olympic Studios

Olympic Studios was a British independent recording studio based on Church Road, Barnes, London. It is best known for its recordings of many artists throughout the late 1960s to the first decade of the 21st century, including Jimi Hendrix, the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, David Bowie, Led Zeppelin, Ella Fitzgerald, Queen, Ray Charles, the Who, B. B. King, Traffic, Prince, the Eagles, Eric Clapton, Family, Adele, Björk and MIKA. It is often regarded as being as significant as Abbey Road Studios, and remains an important cultural landmark. The studio's sound mixing desks became famous when the technology and design they pioneered was manufactured commercially.

Although much of Olympic has returned to its original purpose as a cinema, it also still maintains a small recording facility, designed with the help of original members of the studio's staff, who are now also involved in the construction of a much larger studio, performance and teaching space, to run alongside Olympic's cinema at the iconic location.

First locations
The first home of Olympic Sound Studios was in Central London in the late 1950s. It was owned by Angus McKenzie, who had purchased Larry Lyons's Olympia Studio in Fulham. McKenzie then took on a lease for a derelict synagogue situated at Carlton Street, in London's West End.

In conjunction with Richard "Dick" Swettenham, McKenzie opened Olympic's Studio One, with a valve-based recording console from the Olympia Studio. Swettenham designed the first professional transistorised desk in the world, which was installed into studio One during 1960, along with the first four-track tape recorder in England. The studio first came to prominence in 1958, when its senior sound engineer John Timperley recorded music which was listed in the music magazine Melody Maker's top ten ratings. John Timperley's assistant was Roger Savage, who quickly gained a reputation as a good sound balancer. In 1962, Terry Allen joined the company as an electronic engineer, assisting Dick Swettenham with his new transistorised sound desk. Allen became studio manager, and Timperley left the studios in late 1962, when Keith Grant was given the position of senior sound engineer. Another employee was Michael Ross-Trevor, who later joined CBS Records at the start of a long career in classical music recording. Across both the studio's original locations, several other young staff began their careers at Olympic Studios, among them Gus Dudgeon, who began as a tape operator and was later associated with Elton John, using Olympic Studios for sessions with him as his producer.

Studio One was used by many influential groups, such as the Yardbirds, the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Dave Mason, Alexis Korner, the Seekers and Graham Bond. The Rolling Stones recorded their first single "Come On" at the studio, and Dusty Springfield hits and the Troggs' single "Wild Thing" were also recorded at Olympic during the 1960s. Olympic was a preferred recording studio with A&R staff who worked for record companies including Decca, EMI, Pye and Philips. The studios also hosted London Weekend Television music recordings.

Relocation to Barnes
In 1966, after the lease on the Carlton Street premises was not renewed, McKenzie sold his share of the business to Cliff Adams and John Shakespeare, who moved the studios to Barnes, under the guidance of Keith Grant. Grant oversaw the development of the new studios, bringing in his father, Robertson Grant, as an architect.

Situated at 117 Church Road, the Barnes building was constructed in 1906 and known as Byfeld Hall, a theatre for the Barnes Repertory Company. In its first decade, it was a venue associated with the bioscope, an early form of cinema combined with music hall and instrumentation. Between the 1930s and the post-Second World War era, it was once more a cinema. In the 1950s, the building became television production studios. Actors who played there included John Gielgud and Claude Rains.

Barnes studios recording history
As Grant added to and completed the studio, engineer Eddie Kramer recounted that in 1967 "Olympic Studios was at the cutting edge of technology. We were very innovative and of course we had [I think] the best console in England and possibly the world at the time". "We were ahead in terms of design."

The Rolling Stones were among the first clients of the new Olympic Studios in Barnes, consecutively recording six of their albums there between 1966 and 1973, and becoming such regular visitors that Mick Jagger even contributed to the design of parts of the studio himself.

Having been happy with their recording of "Baby, You're A Rich Man" earlier that year, in the summer of 1967 it was at Olympic in Barnes that the Beatles conceived the first parts and ideas of "All You Need Is Love", which a fortnight later debuted as part of Our World, the first ever global satellite broadcast to millions worldwide.

With both bands regularly sharing the studio in the summer of 1967, Lennon and McCartney joined the Rolling Stones recording of "We Love You".

Having moved to the UK in the mid-1960s, Jimi Hendrix also spent a significant proportion of his entire recording career at Olympic, recording large parts of his albums Are You Experienced (1967), Axis: Bold as Love (1967), and Electric Ladyland (1968) at the studio.

For his seminal recording of Bob Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower", Hendrix was joined by two other musicians regularly to be found at Olympic; Dave Mason of Traffic and Brian Jones, the original founder of the Rolling Stones. Hendrix returned to Olympic for sessions in 1969, and, having recently returned from the U.S., for the last time in the first few months of 1970.

In mid-1969, the Beatles were back again at Olympic, this time recording the first parts of "Something" and "You Never Give Me Your Money", as well as ideas for their planned Get Back album. With the band entering their final year and amid periodic disagreements, McCartney on occasion stayed behind on his own to record with other musicians to be found at the studio.

By now, Olympic had also already started being extensively used by Led Zeppelin, who recorded at the studio for all their 1969 debut Led Zeppelin, through to all their studio albums inclusive of Physical Graffiti in 1975, and extending to their single, "Kashmir", of the same year.

In 1969, Ella Fitzgerald arrived to record at the studio, and in 1971 B. B. King arrived to record his In London LP with some of the rock musicians regularly to be found at Olympic.

The Who came to Olympic for their albums Who's Next (1971), Quadrophenia (1973), and Who Are You (1978). Queen recorded part of their landmark album A Night at the Opera (1975), shortly after David Bowie had completed his album Diamond Dogs. Olympic also saw the production of numerous other landmark albums and singles, by the Small Faces, Traffic, Hawkwind, Deep Purple, Soft Machine, Blind Faith, the Seekers and the Moody Blues. Procol Harum recorded all tracks for their eponymous first album Procol Harum (1967) at Olympic, including the single "A Whiter Shade of Pale".

In 1969, Grant commissioned his father to re-design studio Two, as the now unexpectedly popular studio was causing problems with sound transmission to Studio One. Studio One for example might be recording classical music by Elgar, while Studio Two would be hosting sessions with the Rolling Stones. Robertson Grant successfully innovated a completely floating space weighing seventeen tons, supported by rubber pads. The décor and furnishing of the new studio Two was designed by Jagger. Later on, Grant added probably the first instant acoustic change, using rough sawn wooden slats which could cover or reveal sound-absorbing panels behind them and change the acoustic sound. This made the room suitable for the recording of both rock and orchestral music, at the pull of a cord.

By the turn of the 1970s, many orchestral works and film scores, such as the original album version of the rock musical Jesus Christ Superstar, were also being recorded at Olympic. The studio produced film music for The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1968), The Italian Job (1969), the movie version of Jesus Christ Superstar (1973), The Rocky Horror Picture Show (recorded in studio Two in 1975) and Life of Brian (1979), amongst others.

Olympic Studios' sound mixing desks were a creation of the maintenance staff and built specially for the studios. They became known as Olympic desks and were developed by Dick Swettenham, Keith Grant, and later Jim McBride in conjunction with Jim Dowler. Swettenham later started to manufacture the consoles commercially as Helios desks. The first desk of this type was commissioned by Grant as Helios One for studio Two. Olympic desks and their Helios spin-offs are still highly regarded and sought-after for their sonic qualities today.

Virgin Music era
For many years, copyright problems with the use of the word "Olympic" prevented the history of the studio from being more widely promoted, which became an important factor in its arch-rival Abbey Road Studios attracting greater recognition, due to promotion by EMI.

In 1987, Virgin Music bought the studios and the property was refitted to a different practical and acoustic specification, further to consulting with Sam Toyoshima, a Japanese studio builder, who declared the studio "unfit to record music in". Barbara Jefferies, then Studio manager for Virgin Music at Olympic Studios, instructed that the master tapes of the studio's vast library of recording sessions be discarded. The disposal of these tapes was unsecured. They were put into skips outside the building, remaining there for days. Some were recovered by people unassociated with the studio, and ended up as highly sought-after bootlegs. The re-vamped studio continued to attract many leading artists during the period of the 1990s and 2000s, such as Adele and Björk.

In December 2008, the Virgin EMI group announced that the long-standing studio facilities would be closed, which occurred the following February.

New Olympic Studios cinema and studio complex
The London Evening Standard newspaper reported that a buyer for the building as a studio could not be found and it seemed likely that Olympic Studios would lose its musical and cinematic history due to a development of flats and shops. After four years of closure, Olympic Studios re-opened on 14 October 2013 as a cinema with two screens, a café with dining room and a recording studio. The conversion of part of the original building to a small recording studio was undertaken by architect Robertson Grant and the acoustics completed by original studio designer Keith Grant and Russel Pettinger. The new studio facility operates alongside the building's historical role as a cinema using Flare Audio cinema sound. The cinema also uses a Flare sound system.

Associations
Olympic Studios is known for the quality of the recordings produced in its studios, and as a training ground for many successful producers, technicians and engineers, such as:

 * George Chkiantz, who is credited with inventing the technique of phasing, on the Small Faces' song "Itchycoo Park".
 * Glyn Johns and his brother Andy Johns, best known for their association with the Rolling Stones.
 * Gus Dudgeon, who started as a tea boy and became producer for Elton John.
 * Roger Savage, who recorded the first Rolling Stones hit "Come On", before moving to Australia, where he became a highly successful engineer, then moving into post-production sound recording with his own company, Soundfirm, which has studios in Melbourne, Sydney, and Beijing.
 * Eddie Kramer, Olympic staff engineer who recorded Jimi Hendrix, and is still involved with the post-production of his work.
 * Chris Kimsey, best known for his work with the Rolling Stones as producer, and now back at Olympic Studios.
 * Jimmy Miller, producer of albums and singles by Family, Traffic, Blind Faith and the Rolling Stones.
 * Dick Swettenham, best known for his Olympic console design.
 * Roger Mayer, best known for his guitar pedals.
 * David Treahearn, Assistant Engineer, now Songwriter, Mixer & Producer with DNR and half of electro duo the Slips.
 * Toby Alington, who now has Richmond Studios Productions as his organisation.
 * Gerry O'Riordan, best known for his recording and editing skills.
 * David Hamilton-Smith, best known for his association with Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice.
 * Terry and Phill Brown, producers of the Who's song "Substitute", and Bob Marley's song "I Shot the Sheriff".
 * Paul PDub Walton, best known for work with Björk.
 * Doug Bennett, best known for his work with the Stranglers.
 * Phil Chapman, film and theatre audio producer.
 * Laurence Burrage, producer for XTC.
 * Alan O'Duffy, best known for his work with the Rolling Stones, Paul McCartney, Eric Clapton and Rod Stewart.

Artists at Olympic Studios, 1966–2009

 * 808 State
 * Roger Alborough
 * Adele
 * Lily Allen
 * MIKA
 * Arctic Monkeys
 * Babyshambles
 * Corinne Bailey Rae
 * Shirley Bassey
 * The Beatles
 * B. B. King
 * Tony Bennett
 * Elmer Bernstein
 * Björk
 * David Bowie
 * The Buzzcocks
 * Bruce Woolley and the Camera Club
 * David Byrne
 * John Cale
 * Lee Towers
 * Nick Cave
 * Ray Charles
 * Eric Clapton
 * Joe Cocker
 * Elvis Costello
 * The Cult
 * The Cure
 * Sammy Davis Jr.
 * Deep Purple
 * Depeche Mode
 * Donovan
 * Dr. Feelgood
 * Duran Duran
 * The Eagles
 * The Electric Blues Company
 * Sophie Ellis-Bextor
 * Eric Flynn
 * Editors
 * Brian Eno
 * Faces
 * Fairport Convention
 * Marianne Faithfull
 * Family
 * Bryan Ferry
 * Ella Fitzgerald
 * Focus
 * Peter Frampton
 * Robert Fripp
 * Funkadelic
 * Peter Gabriel
 * Goldfrapp
 * Delta Goodrem
 * Hawkwind
 * Hole
 * The Jam
 * The Jimi Hendrix Experience
 * The Hives
 * Edmund Hockridge
 * Howlin' Wolf
 * Humble Pie
 * INXS
 * Jethro Tull
 * Johnny Hallyday
 * Judas Priest
 * Kaiser Chiefs
 * Berwick Kaler
 * Kasabian
 * Keane
 * The Killers
 * The KLF
 * Alexis Korner
 * King Crimson
 * Jason Kouchak
 * Led Zeppelin
 * Love
 * Kirsty Maccoll
 * Kissing the Pink (KTP)
 * George Martin
 * Massive Attack
 * Paul McCartney
 * Steve Miller Band
 * The Mission
 * The Moody Blues
 * Van Morrison
 * Morrissey
 * Mott the Hoople
 * The Move
 * Michael Nyman
 * Motörhead
 * The O Band
 * Oasis
 * Andy Panayi
 * Pendulum
 * Pink Floyd
 * Placebo
 * Robert Plant
 * Iggy Pop
 * Billy Preston
 * The Pretenders
 * The Pretty Things
 * Alan Price
 * Primal Scream
 * Prince
 * Procol Harum
 * Pulp
 * Suzi Quatro
 * Queen
 * Quincy Jones
 * The Rolling Stones
 * Roxy Music
 * The Seekers
 * Sham 69
 * Showaddywaddy
 * Slade
 * Small Faces
 * Spandau Ballet
 * Spice Girls
 * Soft Machine
 * Squeeze
 * Cat Stevens
 * Stiff Little Fingers
 * The Stranglers
 * Barbra Streisand
 * Suede
 * Supertramp
 * Ten Years After
 * Thin Lizzy
 * Traffic
 * Pete Townshend
 * The Used
 * U2
 * The Verve
 * Scott Walker
 * Paul Weller
 * Westlife
 * Wishbone Ash
 * The Who
 * Roger Waters
 * Stevie Wonder
 * The Yardbirds
 * The Zombies
 * Matt Zimmerman
 * The Zutons

title: Olympic Studios


text:
Talk:Småland

Are you sure that Kalmar was the largest city in medieval times? Their own website states it was only the third largest. http://www.kalmar.se/defaultInt.aspx?id=3675. 82.168.105.47, October 4, 2005.

Divergent versions of Nils Dacke's end
I find several Wikipedia pages giving rather divergent versions of the same events. Can somebody with a good knowlege of Swedish history try to harmonise them a bit? Adam Keller 21:37, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Page: Nils Dacke

After this defeat the rebellion was all but over and Dacke became an outlaw. He was shot and killed in 1543 on the border between the two nowadays southern Swedish provinces Sm?land and Blekinge, then a border between Sweden and Denmark, while trying to escape from the king's mercenaries. Even though Dacke was not executed, his body was dismembered and the parts were sent for public display in larger communities that had supported him during the rebellion. Gustav Vasa ordered the annihilation of Dacke's entire family, but was milder against those who had given themselves up. Thus, the unity of the realm was restored.

Page: Dacke War

Dacke's forces were beaten and Dacke himself was wounded. The same year in August he was surrounded and shot in R?dby in Blekinge. Gustav Vasa carried through harsh punishments for the uprising. Dacke's home district was plundered and all his family members were executed or deported.

Page: Gustav I of Sweden

Nils was eventually betrayed by his own relatives, caught, and quartered; it is said that his body parts were displayed througout Sweden as a warning to other would-be rebels.

Page: Smaland

Dacke himself was shot while trying to escape to then-Danish Blekinge.

Småland: Small lands
How can Småland mean "Small lands" if the plural for land in Swedish is "länder"? This means that the term "Småland" is grammatically incorrect, for "Små" is only used as a plural for "Lite", which is "little". Does Småland have any grammatically correct definition? --Akut 14:25, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Småland translated as "small lands" is perfectly correct. "Land" originally had a plural form identical with the singular (like many neuter nouns in Swedish still do (cf. "hus" (house), "språk" (language), etc.), and since the name "Småland" is old, it was then still the case. The modern plural form "länder" was probably influenced by German. "Små" is, as Akut almost correctly points out, the plural form of the adjective "liten" which means "small" or "little". Siuler 04:31, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Småland & Texas
I edited the tiny part on the Småland emigration to the US because at the time it contained two misleading characterizations. One, someone had tried to claim that emigration and population reduction was responsible for Småland's economic decline. That is not consistent with the scholarship or historical record. As a number of scholarly historical sources report, Småland's 19th century economic decline was due to decreased mortality, rural population *increase,* excessive land division, and steam-powered industrialization which compelled disruptive rural commodification and internal and external migration. While the late-19th century population exit and decline immediately meant reduced human resources for industrialists, the population exit helped Småland move from disruptive industrialization to a better balance of organized class power and thereupon to economic development, and as well the quarter of migrating Swedes who returned to Sweden brought start-up capital back with them. I am not including this political-economic history because this Wikipedia entry seems to be written to a simple standard. I just got rid of the claim that implied that population decline caused the 19th century economic decline, because that characterization is false.

Also, to highlight an entrepreneurial emigrant who struck it rich in Texas, a contributor had constructed the emigration paragraph to make it appear as though Texas were a major player in Swedish migration. Texas is a bit player in Swedish migration to the U.S. Even that Småland emigrant ended up leaving Texas, drummed out of Texas because, although he had amassed his wealth by enforcing slavery and arranging the indentured servitude of his countrymen, he wasn't sufficiently pro-slavery for Texas. I did not delete the over-representation of that one product of Småland and that one U.S. state in the Småland emigration discussion, as Swenson was technically from a part of what was once the historical region of Småland. Instead I simply reconstructed the emigration paragraph to accurately relay the importance of Texas' role (miniscule and fairly irrelevant) in Swedish emigration to the U.S. However, it is unsavory, and it does prominently involve an individual "big man" not beholden to any definite accountability to human welfare, and there is a tradition of arguing that such things deserve outsized consideration. Though it may appear that I care about the Texas piece, given I edited it a bit, should another contributor deem it reasonable to further reduce the disproportionate Texan colonization of a history-lite, broad-sketch Wikipedia treatment of the historical region of Småland, I couldn't say that was unreasonable. Blanche Poubelle (talk) 19:08, 12 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Småland


text:
Wikipedia talk:Special:WantedPages

Statistics for failed searches
Is there anywhere I can see statistics on failed searches? For example, I would like to contribute to Wikipedia by making a new page that doesn't exist. I'd like to choose a topic that other people need. If there was a compilation of search keywords that users had attempted to find in Wikipedia, but come out with nothing, this would give me somewhere to start from instead of looking at the "requested pages". --Tomhannen 22:26, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by Tomhannen (talk • contribs) 22:26, 6 February 2007 (UTC).

Link count seems odd
It seems to me to be beneficial for the Wantedpages report, to exclude user pages, and when generating rankings, to exclude links from user and talk pages.

For example, The Gilded Palace of Sin has 81 links, but almost all are from the Talk pages of other albums.

 * True, true, BUT what if someone says "I noticed you added (data here), but should it be put into a new //different page, article name here?" or something like that? Then that linking and request is lost and no-one can fill it unless they happen across the originating talk page. Certainly User pages themselves can be excluded, but in some cases the Talks shouldn't be. Or, at least, that's my POV! Master Thief Garrett 01:09, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Similarly, nonexistent links from link-farm templates should be ignored (or, preferably, link-farm templates should be discouraged by official policy). The top 500 as of this date is overrun by half-completed obsessive-compulsive surveys of railway locomotive models and individual naval vessels, and the link counts of missing pages are being completely driven by their presense in such should-be-a-category-page templates instead of by any links in the article bodies. Jonrock 07:37, 2005 May 24 (UTC)
 * After further research, I see that navigational templates are here to stay, so I withdraw the ranty portion of the above, but I would still like the link count generated by a link in a template to be "1" rather than "number of pages the template appears in". Jonrock 07:49, 2005 May 24 (UTC)

 * Link counts seem odd on certain article subjects. For example, there are MANY pages requested that are formatted "[date, ex. January 28th] in baseball", and they all have the exact same link count (126).  Maybe I'm just completely naive, but...  There must be a program or something.

 * I wish the counts were simply broken out to see which actually have articles with dead links rather than talk pages. As it is, this tool is of little use to me. Kidvicious 01:35, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

RSS feeds of users' watchlists
Pardon me if this request doesn't belong here (and could you tell me where I should write it up?), but I love the RSS feeds in the left-nav toolbox wherever they occur -- and one place they'd be especially fantastic would be for one's watchlist. Obviously this is a development project, so I'd like to suggest it. i agree with yoou 100% --E123 23:26, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

With you on the user pages
The majority of the "biggies" seem to be user's linked in via article history. For instance, the Angella (troll) pages account for something like 1300 links. When I follow one there's no link on the page itself, so I assume it's in the history. Time for a little SQLing it seems. Maury 12:47, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Why don't we just redirect them all to one page that says something like "This is a user who has deleted their account," or something like that? Would that be "against the rules" in any way? --Wolf530 03:05, Nov 28, 2004 (UTC)

I think Wantedpages should show us pages which are wanted. Talk pages (unlike articles) are only wanted if someone has something to say. User pages are only wanted if the user has something to say about themselves. Both problems are self correcting.

Hence User:, User talk: and Talk: pages should be exluded from the list altogether. That's half the list right there.

A quick review of the other entries, suggests that most of the items in the top spots are there because they are linked from people's signatures in Talk pages (usually one person), which is not a measure of demand, or linked from wikiproject boilerplate templates in the talk pages.

That's fine, but just because one wikiproject choses to put boilerplate links in all the talk pages, and another does not, does not mean that the linked-to pages are in more demand. For example, Formula One Management got most of it's links from boilerplate on talk pages of other formula one pages, like this Talk:Enzo_Ferrari. Presumably the wikiproject will take care of open tasks which they have noted, so Wantedpages does not need them.

Likewise, if someone has set up a signature which links to "The Gilded Palace of Sin", links will appear in the talk pages wherever that user goes, but this does not mean that the page is in high demand, and is not useful information.

At the least, we should cap the number of links from talk pages which "count".

That's what I think, anyway. Ben@liddicott.com 11:59, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that the measure of an article's "wantedness" should be how many links there are to it in the main namespace, not on talk pages, user pages, etc. The article "AIDS kills fags dead", for example, shows up as having 30-something links, but none of them are from actual articles. Hardly a most wanted.

 * Also, why aren't they listed in reverse order, with the ones with the most links first? GTBacchus 19:05, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Reverse Order???
Someone mentioned it before, and I came here thinking the exact same thing. Why are the links in reverse order? Surely the pages with the most links should be shown first? Brendanfox 11:04, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Ditto. –– Constafrequent (talk page) 05:22, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Just swooned in
Looks like a good den for failed linkspam ^_^ --BesigedB (talk) 23:43, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I know what you're saying. There has to be a way to prevent that. -- Jtalledo 23:43, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Filter
Would it be feasable to develop a filter whereby unwanted reds could be hidden? --Oldak Quill 17:41, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Weird spam
Why are things like Votes for Willys on this page with thousands of alleged links to them even though some (probably all) of the pages mentioned as linking to them don't contain the links??? Nickptar 18:38, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * That's what I'm coming here about. What's the deal? A lot of these seem to have no part in the "what links here" pages.

 * My best guess is that an admin did a DB level delete, and didn't clean up the cruft from the `brokenlinks` table at the same time. IMHO this should be deleted ASAP as it's just giving the vandals publicity. Stoive 01:30, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

 * As far as I can tell, every time any of those pages is "edited", it re-fixes the links. Humble users could fix it by clicking on each of the many referenced pages in turn and doing some (any) edit. Doubtless admins have some shorter less spammy method they could use. I just fixed some unrelated wikification on Talk:Peppered moth, and sure enough it disappeared from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Votes_for_Willys Presumably it will shortly cause the count on Special:Wantedpages to decrement shortly. -- Stoive 01:42, 12 May 2005 (UTC)
 * what is wrong with blank articles at the vandal pages so wantedpages functions correctly?

Update frequency?
How often is this list regenerated? I just updated most of the EMD locomotive articles to use smaller navigation templates, which should have reduced the frequency that the red links within them appear on this list. For example, EMD GP50 appears at number 62 in the list with 103 links, but looking at What links here shows only 25 links. Is this list generated once a day or more frequently? AdThanksVance. slambo 15:24, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Comprehensive exhaustive
Why don't we list every single red link there is? No exclusions and then categorize by topic. Medical, history, sociology, sex, technology, entertainment, etc? Jaberwocky6669 July 1, 2005 13:45 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that if one knows enough about the subject of a red link to categorize it, a better thing to do would be to add a sentence or two describing what it is, and then tag it as a stub. Then it can be put under the correct stub category.

 * It's easy to create numerically prioritized lists like this one without much effort, and people find this kind of list useful because the top ones are "important" in some ways, to the integrity of the site.

 * If you find manually created by-topic lists of redlinks useful, too, existing "List of __ topics" articles already collect a chunk of these, and might be a good place to start a systematic effort. It would not be hard to create a list of all redlinks, excluding a certain list of pages.  It might be interesting to have a script suggest a category for each redlink, based on the category memberships of the linking article(s).

 * I think excluding links from talk and other meta-pages is useful because a lot of discussions happen about whether or not to delete an article, which ends up being deleted, causing a bunch of red links in the process. -- Beland 7 July 2005 02:58 (UTC)

Decommission this page!
I would actually recommend decommissioning this page in favor of Most wanted articles, which is being kept up to date, is better filtered, and which is going to be much more useful. -- Beland 7 July 2005 02:42 (UTC)
 * replace rather than decommission. Move Most wanted articles to Special:Wantedpages. Grutness...  wha?  03:26, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I third this notion. thesublime514 (Talk) 01:42, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Fourthed! --Dwarf Kirlston 17:20, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Making it to show red links with only 1 link?
I run my own wiki at chronocompendium.com, and I'm about to complete it. I'd like to track down bad links, but the list terminates at the last instance of a wanted entry linked by two red links. Can I have it show wanted pages with only one link directing toward them? --Zeality 21:17, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * No, you will have to patch the software by deleting the clause "HAVING COUNT(*) > 1" from includes/SpecialWantedpages.php (but leave the trailing quote + semicolon intact). Then you'll get all red links listed. If you mind the resulting "1 links" messages, you can change MediaWiki:Nlinks to "$1 link(s)" or something. --Chrissi 14:17, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Starting from MediaWiki 1.5.7, this can be controlled by setting $wgWantedPagesThreshold, cf. Bug 5011. By default, this is 1 so all red links are shown. Cool :-) --Chrissi 10:34, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

User pages
It would be better if it did not include missing user pages or sub pages of them, as it creates a highly placed "wanted page" for any missing/deleted user pages tahat are pointed to by multiple talk signings.

Looked at "Wanted articles" - seems to be rather thin compared to this, presumably provided by intervention rather than by automation.

Ranting on, but looking for 1-link pages does have a point - many 1-links may be mis-spellings that could be fixed by correcting the link to point to a page which is present. Ace of Risk 14:34, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I just came here to make exactly the same point. User pages and even the odd user talk page are starting to clog the list up. It would be good if they were excised from the list. Grutness...wha?  12:06, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Ditto. 71.193.99.44 04:01, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

cross out
What does the cross out mean in the list? Bud0011 21:23, 20 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm just guessing but…it looks as if it's automatically added when an entry on the list is no longer a red-link: this is probably because the list is very expensive to refresh, so making it obvious that an entry is out-of-date is more efficient in the meantime. HTH HAND —Phil | Talk 08:39, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Templates filling up list
It would be nice if links from templates would be ignored, currently the list is filled up with those .. regrettable. -- User:Docu
 * I agree. The current number one on the list (Peter Harvey) is actually only linked in 13 articles. With all the links from the project templates the page is completely useless when one is looking for articles that really need to be created. Right now it's really nothing more than a ranking of most used project templates. --Fritz S. (Talk) 18:39, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it should be a two-tear list, it should state links first followed by links through templates, or perhaps simplier, instead of showing every link of any given template it should just note, also apperas on template:x . any thoughts?qrc 01:20, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

WHAT THE...?

 * HIV set point (3,694 links)

I checked it out. Only 5 pages link to HIV set point. Why does it say 3k? What the heck? ---J.S (t|c) 22:17, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I noticed the same problem with a bunch of Australian related - Something seems to be wrong with the tool that creates this list :
 * Sydney Children's Hospital (4,512 links)
 * Fairfield Hospital (4,510 links)
 * Manly Hospital (4,509 links)
 * Prospect Creek (New South Wales) (4,508 links)
 * Mona Vale Hospital (4,508 links)
 * Cumberland Plains (4,508 links)
 * Ozhiker 20:22, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Ozhiker is correct, the australian articles claim thousands of links, but going to the pages referenced do not actually contain links to the red articles in question. What an odd bug. Salad Days 16:58, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I see a similar problem, like "1. Original War (9,110 links)". Looking at all the links; they're all talk pages of video games. Looking into it, I see the Computer and Videogame WikiProject template at the top... I edited it out and that seemed to reduce the number a great deal (MySQL still hasn't had time to completely catch up though). I reckon the same thing happened to the Australian thing.
 * I also vote that talk pages be removed from this count, or at least be put in a different section, e.g., "1. Original War (10 main space links, 9100 talk space links)" --DevastatorIIC 13:22, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Update, I found some things on Wikimedia's bugzilla. I hope this gets fixed soon. --DevastatorIIC 13:32, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The reason that Australian articles rank so high is that the WP:AUS talk page template, WP Australia, transcludes a to-do list of non-existent articles on every talk page it is placed on. Other projects, like WP:NOVEL have a similar to-do list template that also gets spammed, so Special:Wantedpages is now completely obsolete. ˉˉanetode╦╩ 05:58, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Perhaps a notice could be placed on pages such as this one to prevent editors from wasting time creating these articles. That is, it would be in Wikipedia's best interest to direct the energies of enthusiastic editors into writing articles that really are in demand. (Thank you Anetode for tracking down this bug; your explanation makes perfect sense.) Katalaveno 21:18, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

comment & suggestion: view by category

 * 1) I agree on that link counts are odd : there were over 4,197 links pretended to honest leftmost branch, making it rank # 11 (at least from last update (21-Oct-06) to today), but I can't find any...
 * 2) I think it would be most useful if one could browse the Wantedpages by Category of articles linking to it: that way e.g. a mathematician (etc.) can see more easily what pages from his field are wanted, and maybe create them. — MFH:Talk 19:25, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Random non-fiction page link wanted on the left
Pleeeeeease can we have one! There is so much other stuff to wade through to get to a factual type non-showbiz non-fiction non-political type article. Yes: sciences pure and applied engineering, trades, construction, just useful facty stuff No: fiction, showbiz, politics, music, art, fashion, etc etc

TabbyTabby 03:37, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I second the motion Mitch Ames (talk) 12:07, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Soft redirect?
I suggest changing the page Wikipedia:Special:Wantedpages as follows. Full redirects to special pages do not work, so the result of the current page is the view of the redirect as shown (not redirection as was probably intended).

 Special:Wantedpages

Proposed Soft redirect This page can be found at Special:Wantedpages.

—  Big Nate 37 (T) 22:34, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes check.svg|20px]] Done — Mets501 (talk) 20:55, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

What's up with this page?
Why are there no articles in the list? -- Majorly  ( Talk ) 17:50, 2 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Still?Garrie 23:23, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Look up a bit at What THE or similar. Templates result in spamming of this page so it's been turned off. Personally - I think the spamming isn't in itself a bad thing it should just turn up somewhere else.Garrie 23:25, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Most wanted articles is a good replacement 89.0.55.96 06:23, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Not refreshed
I don't understand, why isn't this used anymore? →  C Teng   [talk]  02:34, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, it seems it is not refreshed in most languages. Where can we find the answer to the question "why"? Avjoska (talk) 13:33, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

I want to request a page for Puertorrican model Maripily Rivera.
I believe she deserves a Wiki page given her notoriety... —Preceding unsigned comment added by PunkMaister (talk • contribs) 00:51, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
 * article request can be made at WP:RA. - - [ The Spooky One ] | [ t c r ] 03:08, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Options?
Where can I find a list of options for Special:Wantedpages? Thanks in advance. Robinson weijman (talk) 09:04, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Soft redirect caps
Could someone please change this from Special:Wantedpages to Special:WantedPages? —C Teng(talk) 13:12, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

New Portal should be added
I am from Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. i want a portal for my country. There are portals named Basque,Kosovo and Macedonia. And there should be a portal for TRNC. Thank you for reading this message. Maverick16 (talk) 15:48, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

How to manually refresh this page
I am having problem with my mediawiki installation (getting Internal Server Error when viewing Special:WantedPages) so I checked the English Wikipedia and it seemed that it is not refreshed. I want to do the same to my installation.

How you do it? Thanks. 04:32, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

No longer updated
Why do we still have these pages listed and available if they are not being updated? Seems kind of useless to list "special pages" that are no longer accurate, either remove them from the special pages list, or make them functional.--UnQuébécois (talk) 18:17, 19 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I second this. It seems rather pointless to have ones that have not been updated in several years. Timeoin (talk) 07:50, 2 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I also agree. Paucabot (talk) 06:09, 15 September 2012 (UTC)

picture need
add a picture to the page pokemon chaos black — Preceding unsigned comment added by Z19pghost (talk • contribs) 19:31, 18 December 2013 (UTC) and for Pokemon Quartz

links needed
please put a link up on the page pokemon chaos black — Preceding unsigned comment added by Z19pghost (talk • contribs) 19:33, 18 December 2013 (UTC) and for Pokemon Quartz — Preceding unsigned comment added by Z19pghost (talk • contribs) 18:08, 19 December 2013 (UTC)

Suggestion for Calculating Wanted Pages
The problem with wanted pages right now is that the listing is calculated based on total links. But when you click the link number, you find out most of the links are from talk pages which have no link from the page. Apparently if a page is requested in a single template, thousands of links get generated for that Wikiproject Template. For example, Joseph Adler got listed on a single Wikiproject page and the apparent result was 15,063 links to the page, even though not a single article actually links to it. So my suggestion is that Wanted Pages be listed not by total links but article links specifically. --7157.118.25a (talk) 01:21, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

Can this be updated more often?
This is a big link at the top of my contributions page because I have the Content Translation beta feature enabled. Once this feature becomes official, it will be prominently linked from everyone's contributions page. Gparyani (talk) 18:22, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

Explain
Can explain with more words how these articles are selected?. Are from internal or external links (i.e. from Google)?. Thanks in advance.--Lagoset (talk) 10:40, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 31 May 2018
Add Category:Redirects to special pages Dpleibovitz (talk) 22:39, 31 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Done. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 09:04, 1 June 2018 (UTC)

Remove talk page mentions
Hi, sorry if this is the wrong place to ask for this (I couldn't find the MediaWiki page (besides the summary at the top)), but this page isn't very useful if the top pages say 79,000 because they're mentioned in a template used on the talk page of every single video game article. It'd be a lot better if the number of links only counted those in mainspace.  Anarchyte ( work  |  talk )  13:35, 4 August 2018 (UTC)
 * The place to ask would be at phabricator. It's been asked for before (T6572, T8011, T8896) but as far as I can tell, not in earnest since 2006.  That seems ripe for a re-ask as far as I'm concerned!  The most likely solution is at T6204, which is trying to get namespace selectors for all special pages, but that's been stalled for over a decade. ~  Amory  (u • t • c) 19:50, 4 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Deactivated edit request as there is not a specific edit to make here. — xaosflux  Talk 23:00, 4 August 2018 (UTC)

Wanted pages is garbage
Wanted pages should be changed to a redirect to Most-wanted articles, and the latter should be updated. The list currently at Wanted pages is pointless, because, as many editors have now pointed out on this Talk page, the link counts are complete garbage. As a result, the list is garbage, a waste of everyone's time, and may even discourage editors to help improve Wikipedia. --77.173.90.33 (talk) 23:05, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Strong agree. Really there should be a revitalization project for WP:RA and this should link there Mach61 (talk) 05:12, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

Edit request to complete MfD nomination
Wikipedia:Special:WantedPages has been listed at Miscellany for deletion (nomination), but it was protected, so it could not be tagged. Please add:

to the top of the page to complete the nomination. Thank you. Mach61 22:37, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 11:50, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Special:WantedPages


text:
Wakame

Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) is a species of kelp native to cold, temperate coasts of the northwest Pacific Ocean. As an edible seaweed, it has a subtly sweet, but distinctive and strong flavour and satiny texture. It is most often served in soups and salads.

Wakame has long been collected for food in East Asia, and sea farmers in Japan have cultivated wakame since the eighth century (Nara period).

Although native to cold temperate coastal areas of Japan, Korea, China, and Russia, it has established itself in temperate regions around the world, including New Zealand, the United States, Belgium, France, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Argentina, Australia and Mexico. , the Invasive Species Specialist Group has listed the species on its list of 100 worst globally invasive species.

Wakame, as with all other kelps and brown algae, is plant-like in appearance, but is unrelated to true plants, being, instead, a photosynthetic, multicellular stramenopile protist of the SAR supergroup.

Names
The primary common name is derived from the Japanese name wakame (ワカメ, わかめ, 若布, 和布).
 * In English, it can also be called sea mustard.
 * In Chinese, it is called qúndài cài (裙带菜) or hǎidài yá (海帶芽)
 * In French, it is called wakamé or fougère des mers ('sea fern').
 * In Korean, it is called miyeok (미역).

Etymology
In Old Japanese, me stood for edible seaweeds in general as opposed to mo standing for algae. In kanji, such as 海藻, 軍布 and 和布 were applied to transcribe the word. Among seaweeds, wakame was likely most often eaten, therefore me especially meant wakame. It expanded later to other seaweeds like kajime, hirome (kombu), arame, etc. Wakame is derived from waka + me (若布, lit. 'young seaweed'). If this waka is a eulogistic prefix, the same as the tama of tamagushi, wakame likely stood for seaweeds widely in ancient ages. In the Man'yōshū, in addition to 和可米 and 稚海藻 (both are read as wakame), nigime (和海藻, soft wakame) can be seen. Besides, tamamo (玉藻, lit. 'beautiful algae'), which often appeared in the Man'yōshū, may be wakame depending on poems.

History in the West
The earliest appearance in Western documents is probably in Nippo Jisho (1603), as Vacame.

In 1867 the word wakame appeared in an English-language publication, A Japanese and English Dictionary, by James C. Hepburn.

Starting in the 1960s, the word wakame started to be used widely in the United States, and the product (imported in dried form from Japan) became widely available at natural food stores and Asian-American grocery stores, due to the influence of the macrobiotic movement, and in the 1970s with the growing number of Japanese restaurants and sushi bars.

Health
Studies conducted at Hokkaido University have found that a compound in wakame known as fucoxanthin can help burn fatty tissue. Studies in mice have shown that fucoxanthin induces expression of the fat-burning protein UCP1 that accumulates in fat tissue around the internal organs. Expression of UCP1 protein was significantly increased in mice fed fucoxanthin. Wakame is also used in topical beauty treatments. See also Fucoidan.

Wakame is a rich source of eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid. At over 400 mg/(100 kcal) or almost 1 mg/kJ, it has one of the higher nutrient-to-energy ratios for this nutrient, and among the very highest for a vegetarian source. A typical 10–20 g (1–2 tablespoon) serving of wakame contains roughly 3.75 to 7.5 kcal and provides 15–30 mg of omega-3 fatty acids. Wakame also has high levels of sodium, calcium, iodine, thiamine and niacin.

In Oriental medicine it has been used for blood purification, intestinal strength, skin, hair, reproductive organs and menstrual regularity.

In Korea, the soup miyeokguk is popularly consumed by women after giving birth as sea mustard (miyeok) contains a high content of calcium and iodine, nutrients that are important for new nursing mothers. Many women consume it during the pregnancy phase as well. It is also traditionally eaten on birthdays for this reason, a reminder of the first food that the mother has eaten and passed on to her newborn through her milk.

Blanched Wakame is a good option for diet food because it is low in calories.

Aquaculture
Japanese and Korean sea-farmers have grown wakame for centuries, and are still both the leading producers and consumers. Wakame has also been cultivated in France since 1983, in sea fields established near the shores of Brittany.

Wild-grown wakame is harvested in Tasmania, Australia, and then sold in restaurants in Sydney and also sustainably hand-harvested from the waters of Foveaux Strait in Southland, New Zealand and freeze-dried for retail and use in a range of products.

Cuisine
Wakame fronds are green and have a subtly sweet flavour and satiny texture. The leaves should be cut into small pieces as they will expand during cooking.

In Japan and Europe, wakame is distributed either dried or salted, and used in soups (particularly miso soup), and salads (tofu salad), or often simply as a side dish to tofu and a salad vegetable like cucumber. These dishes are typically dressed with soya sauce and vinegar/rice vinegar.

Goma wakame, also known as seaweed salad, is a popular side dish at American and European sushi restaurants. Literally translated, it means 'sesame seaweed', as sesame seeds are usually included in the recipe.

In Korea, wakame is used to make and eat 'Miyeok guk'. Stir-fry the wakame in sesame oil and boil it with meat broth.

Invasive species
Native to cold temperate coastal areas of Japan, Korea, China, and Russia, in recent decades it has become established in temperate regions around the world, including New Zealand, the United States, Belgium, France, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Argentina, Australia and Mexico. It was nominated one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. Undaria is commonly initially introduced or recorded on artificial structures, where its r-selected growth strategy facilitates proliferation and spread to natural reef sites. Undaria populations make a significant but inconsistent contribution of food and habitat to intertidal and subtidal reefs. Undaria invasion can cause changes to native community composition at all trophic levels. As well as increasing primary productivity, it can reduce the abundance and diversity of understory algal assemblages, out-compete some native macroalgal species and affect the abundance and composition of associated epibionts and macrofauna: including gastropods, crabs, urchins and fish. Its dense congregation and capability to latch onto any hard surface has caused it to become a major cause of damage to aquaculture apparatus, decreasing efficiency of fishing industries by clogging underwater equipment and fouling boat hulls.

Eradication of wakame within a localized area often involves getting rid of the plants underwater, often via regular inspection of aquatic environments. Removing the plants underwater without disrupting native flora is accomplished by humans diving underwater, manually removing the reproductive parts of the wakame to reduce its spread. Proper and regular cleaning of underwater apparatus reduces the potential vectors for wakame spores, reducing the spread of the plant.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, Undaria pinnatifida was declared as an unwanted organism in 2000 under the Biosecurity Act 1993. It was first discovered in Wellington Harbour in 1987 and probably arrived as hull fouling on shipping or fishing vessels from Asia. In 2010, a single Undaria pinnatifida plant was discovered in Fiordland, which has since quickly spread from a small clump and localized itself throughout Fiordland.

Wakame is now found around much of New Zealand, from Stewart Island to as far north as the subtropical waters of Karikari Peninsula. It spreads in two ways: naturally, through the millions of microscopic spores released by each fertile organism, and through human mediated spread, most commonly via hull fouling and with marine farming equipment. It is a highly successful and fertile species, which makes it a serious invader. Its capability to grow in dense congregations on any hard surface allows it to outcompete native flora and fauna for sunlight and space. Although the effects of wakame in New Zealand are not fully understood, with the severity varying depending on the location, the negative impact of wakame is projected to be significant against the fishing and tourism industries in Fiordland, as well as overcrowding in popular diving locations.

Even though it is an invasive species, farming of wakame is permitted in already heavily infested areas of New Zealand, as part of a control program established since 2010. In 2012, the government allowed for the farming of wakame in Wellington, Marlborough and Banks Peninsula. Farmers of wakame must obtain permission from Biosecurity New Zealand to access approval of Sections 52 and 53 from the Biosecurity Act 1993, which deal with exceptions to the possession of pests and unwanted creatures. Furthermore, any farmed wakame must only be naturally settled in pre-existing marine farms; mussel farms are a commonly infested area for wakame. As an exceptional case of permitted farming purely as pest control, profitting from wakame is not permitted, with exception of Ngāi Tahu, in which the iwi's revenue from catching wakame is funded for further pest control.

United States
The seaweed has been found in several harbors in southern California. In May 2009 it was discovered in San Francisco Bay and aggressive efforts are underway to remove it before it spreads.

title: Wakame


text:
Spoon busk

The spoon busk was a specialised kind of busk—the rigid element of a corset placed at the centre front. As its name implies, it was shaped like a spoon, with the bottom part of the busk widening and taking a dished form. It was invented in 1879 by Joseph Beckel of New York City.

The spoon busk allowed a greater reduction in waist size without producing a bulge of flesh at the bottom edge of the corset. This was a problem experienced when corsets with straight busks of even width were tightly laced: as the flesh of the abdomen was, essentially, squeezed out of place and appeared where there was no pressure. The wide, dished part of a spoon busk accommodated the abdomen, and at the same time compressed and controlled it. Corsets with spoon busks usually descended to a point lower than the level of the hips at the front.

Despite the extra control given by spoon busks, they are not favoured by modern tightlacers as the bottom point of a spoon busk will dig in when a corset is very tight. If a spoon busk is used, it is in a modified version with no dished shape.

Steel spoon busks
Galvanized steel spoon busks are not suited for tight lacing because the steel becomes brittle during the manufacturing process. Stainless steel spoon busks, on the other hand, are suitable if reinforced with a layer of flat steel behind the busk. Wissner, a busk and boning manufacturer in Germany makes stainless steel busks. They stopped making galvanized spoon busks because they were breaking under the pressure of tight lacing. If a person buys a spoon busk, they should make sure it is stainless steel and reinforce it with flat boning behind the busk.

There is still no guarantee that the spoon busk will stand up to tight lacing.

title: Spoon busk


text:
User:Luqui

 * <luqui> I'm going to go away to a tropical island with Wikipedia.

I love Wikipedia. I'm not as involved as I'd like to be, but I think it is one of the greatest things to happen to human knowledge in all history.

So, who am I? I'm Luke Palmer, best known for my work on Perl 6 (though, in accordance to the guidelines, I won't make a page about it since I'm so tightly involved in the project---it's probably a good guideline; I could go on for hours). I'm the guy sitting at the desk at perl6-language@perl.org. I answer people's questions, and knock down their proposals. If someone has a good proposal, I forward it along to Larry Wall and the rest of the design team.

My current goal on Wikipedia is to modify the mathematics entries in order to make them more approachable to beginners. I'll jump in and read something like tensor, and either it will be way over my head, or it will be so abstract that I know nothing more when I finish than when I started reading the article. Then I look at derivative, and put myself in the body of a high-school student who has just finished Algebra 2. It feels about the same as tensor. I'd like to help the student understand derivative, because he might just be the one who helps me understand tensor.

 * <luqui> You should listen to my new freewrite.
 * <lurgyman> Uh oh...

I'm a composer. You can see my most recent work at Laura's MIDI Heaven, and on my website (that is, when it comes up again). I mostly write piano music in various classical styles, and I'm pretty good at it. I've worked on several orchestral pieces but haven't finished one yet.

I've sworn off contract work. I've done it in the past, and it completely destroys my inspiration for some reason. So my policy is "if someone wants to pay me for my music, great, but I don't let anybody pay me for music that I haven't written yet."

I tend to reject most of modern music theory. Not that I disagree with it, but simply that I don't care. Friends of mine have attempted to analyze my work: "I liked how you used the augmented seventh there", to which I reply "how who did the what where?" Yeah, I understand it (I understand quite a lot of music theory), but I certainly don't think about it while I'm composing, and it doesn't accurately portray why I make the decisions I do.

Mozart proclaimed "beauty before complexity." My opinion is that he forgot complexity altogether. Many music students proficient in music theory forget beauty. I prefer "beauty in complexity", which is rather different from the Romantic period, which was more of "beauty and complexity" (and the Modern period, "forget beauty and complexity—originality!").

 * <luqui>

Of course I'm a solid programmer (you also see that I'm a solid egotist). It'd be tough to work with Perl 6 the way I do and not have a good, wide understanding of programming languages and software design.

My current opus is Glop, the Game Language Of Perl. It's a "game library", but I prefer not to call it that. It's a "game language"; thus the name. It's a collection of Perl modules designed to make game programming as easy as text processing. I've made a few games, and I was always annoyed by how much work it took to do the easy things. And I decided to actually do something about it.

It's a language more than it is a library, since it messes with how you think. It creates idioms and constructions more than a class library would. This is how I design software. Every program I write has a distinct language in which it is written. The language is either a vocabulary of Perl block constructions, C++ macros, mini-language wrappers around C (I use this to generate efficient code out of high-level specification), etc. And it's a technique that's a bit hard to get used to, but it's very effective once you get good at it.

I encourage every programmer "apprentice" that I have to do the same. Use all the features of the language. I have no qualm with, so long as it increases rather than decreases clarity. Build your own language around the one you know. Make programming as comfortable for yourself as you can.

Articles
I've made significant contributions to the following articles:

 * Earley parser
 * African American Vernacular English

Progress
I'm in the process of writing/expanding/refactoring the following articles.

 * Operator-precedence parser
 * Perl 6

title: User:Luqui