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Hillclimbing

Hillclimbing, also known as hill climbing, speed hillclimbing, or speed hill climbing, is a branch of motorsport in which drivers compete against the clock to complete an uphill course. It is one of the oldest forms of motorsport, since the first known hillclimb at La Turbie near Nice, France, took place as long ago as 31 January 1897. The hillclimb held at Shelsley Walsh, in Worcestershire, England, is the world's oldest continuously staged motorsport event still staged on its original course, having been first run in 1905.

Europe
Hillclimbs in continental Europe are usually held on courses which are several kilometres long, taking advantage of the available hills and mountains including the Alps. The most prestigious competition is the FIA European Hill Climb Championship.

Austria
An Austrian venue: Gaisberg. An historic course is at Semmering.

France
The French hill climb championship, or Championnat de France de la Montagne, has been one of the most competitive of the European national series, attracting many new F2 and 2-litre sports cars during the 1970s and early 1980s. Notable champions from this period include Pierre Maublanc (1967 and 1968), Daniel Rouveyran (1969), Hervé Bayard (1970) and Jimmy Mieusset (1971, 1972, 1973 and 1974). The best-known Course de Côte are Mont Ventoux and Mont-Dore.

Germany
Germany has a long hillclimbing tradition, with some manufacturers of cars or motorcycles entering factory teams until ″Bergrennen″ became amateur events in the 1970s. Two states, Nordrhein-Westfalen und Baden-Württemberg, do not allow hillclimbing racing events anymore, mostly due to environmental reasons. Thus, the probably most famous event, the Freiburg-Schauinsland race in the Black Forest, is not a competition anymore like almost 100 years ago, when the fourth International Schauinsland hillclimb at Freiburg was held on August 5, 1928: "A car made the fastest time of the day, Heusser's Bugatti putting up 74.009 km/h, the fastest motorcycle being Stegmann's DKW at 69.6 km/h." Caracciola (Mercedes) won the over two-litre racing car class.

In the 1930s, during the era of the famous "Silver Arrows" from Auto Union and Mercedes-Benz, Hans Stuck (1900–1978) dominated European hillclimbing, which earned him the nickname "Bergkönig" or "King of the Mountains". The high-powered supercharged Grand Prix cars were often modified to use twin rear tyres, like trucks, to provide better traction.

Germany has only a small share of the Alps and few climbs there, like ″Jochrennen″ from Hindelang to Oberjoch, with the Rossfeld race in the Berchtesgaden Alps being a part of the 1965 World Sportscar Championship. At that time, Porsche entered lightweight open-top ″Bergspyder″ variants as their racing models were made for endurance racing up to 24 hours, with the Porsche 909 Bergspyder being the most extreme, weighing in at only 384kg.

Thus, most German hillclimbs are in the Mittelgebirge regions, but even the rather flat northern part of Germany has hillclimbs, like the one in Hilter near Osnabrück, which is part of the German ″Berg Cup″ series. In the 2023 calendar, Schottenring, Wolsfeld, Iberg near Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Homburg, Saarland, Hauenstein near Hausen, Rhön-Grabfeld, Eichenbühl, Mickhausen are the events in Germany. Additional rounds are held in Luxembourg, Austria or Switzerland.

Great Britain
In Great Britain, the format is different from that in other parts of Europe, with courses being much shorter. Cairncastle is Great Britain's longest hillclimb at 1.65 miles (2904 yards). These short courses are more akin to uphill sprints – and almost always take under one minute for the fastest drivers to complete. For this reason, cars and drivers do not generally cross between the British and continental European championships.

Hillclimbing is also relevant to motorcycle sport; the governing body is the National Hill Climb Association.

Italy
In the Italian championship, also known as the Campionato Italiano Velocità Montagna, there are the longest and most challenging hillclimbs like Trento-Bondone, Coppa Bruno Carotti (the Italian races in FIA European Hill Climb Championship), Pedavena-Croce d'Aune, Monte Erice and Verzegnis-Sella Chianzutan, which are also the most known.

Hillclimbing in Italy became famous in the 1970s, early 1980s, between 1994 and 2000 and at the end of the 2000s, especially in the last two periods thanks to TV services, magazines and live Internet commentaries.

The most famous Italian drivers, who won a lot even in Europe, are Ludovico Scarfiotti (famous Ferrari driver who won the F1 race in Monza 1966), "Noris" (he won almost every race in Italy until 1972, when he died), Domenico Scola (who runs a Sport Prototype even now at the age of 80), Mauro Nesti (over 20 championships between Italy and Europe, from the 1970s to the 1990s), Ezio Baribbi (three times Italian champion), Fabio Danti (1994 Italian champion, 1995-96 European champion, died in 2000), Pasquale Irlando (Italian champion in the early 1990s and European champion in the last 1990s, the one who turned the Osella PA20), Franz Tschager (three times European champion in the early 2000s), Simone Faggioli (the real Italian champion of the 2000s) and Denny Zardo (Italian champion in 2005 and 2008, European champion in 2003)

Malta
Hillclimbing is a very popular sport on the island of Malta. Numerous events are organised annually by the Island Car Club. Participants are divided according to their type of vehicle into various categories ranging from single seaters to saloon cars.

Portugal
There are several traditional hillclimbing race events in Portugal, and its national championship growing in popularity since 2010. Falperra International Hill Climb is the most popular and famous hillclimb, being held since 1927, most of the editions as part of the European Championship.

Romania

In Romania, the first major event was the Feleac course, in Cluj. From 1930, it was a round in the European Hill Climb Championship. A record of the Feleac was set by famous German racer Hans Stuck in 1938, driving a 600 bhp Auto Union Grand Prix car. Stuck stormed through the 7 km gravel course in 2 min 56 sec. In recent decades, the course was widened in order to be suitable for intense traffic and therefore is considered inappropriate for auto racing.

The modern Romanian hillclimbing event is the Viteză în Coastă or Campionatul Național de Viteză pe Traseu Montan (VTM).

Slovakia
There are several traditional hillclimbing race events in Slovakia. Some of the best known and most popular include the Pezinská Baba hillclimb race and the Dobšinský Kopec hillclimb race.

One of the most well known Slovak drivers competing in local and international hillclimb events is Jozef Béreš. Béreš is also very popular on social media networks thanks to the videos of him driving his legendary Audi Quattro S1 racecar.

Switzerland
Motor racing was banned in Switzerland in the aftermath of the fatal collision between cars at the 24 Hours of Le Mans race in 1955. However, this prohibition does not extend to events where drivers compete only indirectly via the clock. Events such as rallies, hillclimbs and slaloms are very popular, including the FIA European Hill Climb Championship.

The most known hillclimb races are the Gurnigelrennen, the course en côte Ayent – Anzère, the course en côte St. Ursanne – Les Rangiers, and the historic Klausen Hill Climb known as the Klausenpassrennen. Ludovico Scarfiotti clinched the European hillclimb championship at Ollon-Villars on August 30, 1965, driving a Dino Ferrari 2-litre.

Canada
Canada's best known hillclimb event is the Knox Mountain Hillclimb, held in Kelowna, British Columbia. It is a 3.5 km paved road, climbing 245 m. It has run annually since the 1950s, attracting drivers from the Pacific Northwest.

United States

 * The Pikes Peak International Hill Climb is one of the most internationally recognised hillclimbs. Winners include Indy 500 driver Bobby Unser and world rally champions Walter Röhrl, Stig Blomqvist, Ari Vatanen and Sébastien Loeb.

 * The Sports Car Club of Americas, Appalachian HillClimb Series is a nationally recognized hillclimb organization. Mainly competing on hills in the south eastern part of the country (NC, VA, KY), drivers from the west and further north in Canada have participated in one or more events hosted by AHS. Hundreds of drivers have looked to compete, but with limited driver openings and quick sellouts, the Series has seen an uptick in spectating interest and event volunteerism.

Mexico
Hillclimb races were held in México in the 1960s and 1970s in places like El Chico, Puebla and Lagunas de Zempoala.

On July 27, 1969, a very talented Mexican driver, Moisés Solana, died in the "Hill Climb Valle de Bravo-Bosencheve".

On September 30, 2017, Pedro Vargas organized the first ever hill climb on tarmac in the Mexican state of Baja California. The temporary course was set on the road to the National Astronomical Observatory situated on the San Pedro Mártir mountain range, on a stretch from km marker 50 to km marker 80. The overall ascent record was set by the late Carlin Dunne at 14' 58" piloting a Honda CRF 450 c.c. supermoto.

Australia

An Australian Hillclimb Championship was first staged in 1938 and has been contested annually since 1947.

Hillclimbing in Australia dates back to the early 1900s, and was most prevalent in the city of Melbourne, at locations such as Templestowe, Heidelberg and Rob Roy.

The course at Templestowe still exists today in the Domain Wetlands. The course was never trafficable due to the massive incline known as "the wall", with an incline ratio of 1:2.5 is thought to be the steepest bitumen surface in Australia, and so was only used during race events. Burgundy Street in Heidelberg was used for early Hillclimbs.

The course at Rob Roy hosts race meets regularly, including rounds of the Victorian Hillclimb Championships. It is located just off Clintons Road, Christmas Hills in an area of Smiths Gully known as Rob Roy.

Mount Tarrengower, near Maldon in Central Victoria, has an annual Hillclimb hosted by the Victorian Vintage Sports Car Club, Bendigo Light Car Club and the Historic Motorcycle Racing Association of Victoria. The event is held on the 3rd weekend of October. It is now a "classics" only event, after a serious accident in the 1970s. Vintage motorcycles are now a feature of this event. Current champion is 2 time winner and only female competitor to take the title in the history of the climb, Stacey Heaney on a 1971 Yamaha XS650.

The MG Car Club of Queensland Inc. (est. 1954) built the Mount Cotton Hillclimb circuit and continues with its current management and operation. The first event held at this facility was on Sunday 18 February 1968. The dedicated 946 metres of tarmac circuit hosts the annual Queensland Hillclimb Championships, the Club's annual six round Hillclimb series and inter-club competitions. The Australian Hillclimb Championships have been held there on at least 9 occasions.

Australia's longest hillclimb course is the Poatina Hillclimb, a temporary closed road course that features an elevation gain of 580 m in 10.6 km, climbing Mount Blackwood from the Norfolk Plains to the Central Plateau of Northern Tasmania. The inaugural event, conducted in February 2014, covered 7.2 km; the second running, in 2015, saw the course extended.

South Australia features the historic permanent venue Collingrove, as well as annual temporary venues including Mount Alma Mile, Willunga, Legend Of The Lakes and the state's longest course is the Eden Valley Hillclimb at 3.7 km.

New Zealand
Hillclimbing is a popular club event in New Zealand, although a number of international competitors and foreign motor racing enthusiasts attend the premiere hillclimb event on the New Zealand motor sport calendar.

Race to the Sky was based near Queenstown. Held every Easter from 1998 until 2007, it starts from the floor of the Cardrona Valley and runs uphill for 15 km through 137 corners to the top, climbing from 1500 ft to 5000 ft averaging a 1:11 gradient.

The driver with the greatest number of "Race to the Sky" outright wins (8) is Nobuhiro "Monster" Tajima, driving his custom built Suzuki Escudo hillclimb special vehicle.

South Africa
The best-known hillclimb event in South Africa is held annually in early May during the Knysna Speed Festival, currently known as The Simola Hillclimb and founded in 2009. It is a three-day event, with Classic Car Friday reserved for cars built prior to 1990 and restricted to 65 entries. The King of the Hill Challenge (limited to 84 entries), for standard production and unrestricted cars in various classes, takes place over the weekend. The Saturday is for practice and pre-qualifying, while Sunday features final qualifying, the class finals and then the category shoot outs. The course length is 1.9 km up Simola Hill. It is very fast with the 2018 winning average speed being 192.524 km/h. There was no event in 2013 and 2020. 2020 was cancelled due to COVID-19. The eleventh running of the event was held on 3-5 September 2021.

Kenya
The Kiamburing TT is an annual hillclimb event in Kenya. It is the first of its kind in East Africa and inspired by other international hillclimb events. It is a time attack event run on a closed course.

The event held in Kiambu County in October 20, 2013 brought together over 15 high performance cars to compete in a timed race on the 18 km Kiambu-Ndumberi road.

Some of the drivers who have competed in the Kiamburing TT include Amir Mohamed (winner 2013 Kiamburing TT Endurance event ) and Kay Wachira (winner 2014 Kiamburing TT Slalom Challenge). Returning to the Kiambu motoring circuit in 2015, Mohamed died in a crash during practice.

title: Hillclimbing


text: Category:Medina County, Ohio

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Medina County, Ohio


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No. 111 Squadron RAF

Number 111 (Fighter) Squadron, also known as No. CXI (F) Squadron and nicknamed Treble One, was a squadron of the Royal Air Force. It was formed in 1917 in the Middle East as No. 111 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps during the reorganisation of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force after General Edmund Allenby took command during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. The squadron remained in the Middle East after the end of the First World War until 1920 when it was renumbered as No. 14 Squadron.

The squadron was reformed in 1923. In World War II in 1940, it fought in the Battle of Britain. In late 1941 it moved to the Mediterranean, where it was involved in the North African Campaign and then the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Allied invasion of Italy. Disbanded in the years after the war, the squadron reformed in 1953 with jets.

Operating the Hawker Hunter, No. 111 Squadron provided an aerobatic display team – the Black Arrows. It also performed aerobatics when it re-equipped with the Lightning interceptor. The Squadron moved to Scotland in 1975, shortly after changing to flying Phantoms. In 1990 the squadron began flying the air defence variant of the Panavia Tornado. It operated the Panavia Tornado F3 in air defence from RAF Leuchars, Scotland until March 2011, when the squadron was disbanded, ending Tornado F3 service in the RAF.

First World War
No. 111 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps was formed at Deir el-Balah, Palestine, on 1 August 1917, under the command of Major Shekleton, with a mixed bag of single seat fighters as the first dedicated fighter squadron in the region. Its mission was to restrict enemy reconnaissance flights and challenge the German fighter presence over Suez. It was reinforced by Bristol F.2 Fighters in September, one of these claiming the first aerial victory for No. 111 Squadron on 8 October. The squadron began to receive the Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a in October 1917. The same month also saw a change of command with Major Shekleton was replaced by Major Strent, after Shekleton became Commander of the 40th (Army) Wing. By December, No. 111 Squadron was based at Julis.

The squadron handed over its Bristol Fighters to No. 1 Squadron, Australian Flying Corps in February 1918, becoming completely equipped with single seat fighters. In Spring 1918, while based at Ramleh, Major Strent was replaced in command by Major Hereward de Havilland, younger brother of aircraft designer Geoffrey de Havilland. In September 1918, Treble One participated in the Battle of Megiddo, tasked with attacking the German airfield at Jenin. By the time the Armistice with Turkey ended the war in the Middle East in October, No. 111 Squadron had claimed 44 enemy aircraft destroyed and a further 13 forced down for the loss of two pilots killed in combat, one prisoner and three wounded. The squadron had produced four aces: Austin Lloyd Fleming, future Air Marshal Peter Roy Maxwell Drummond, Charles Davidson, and Arthur Peck.

Inter-War
Treble One moved to Egypt after the War ended and then to Ramla in Palestine on 6 February 1919, re-equipping with the Bristol Fighter. On 1 February 1920, the squadron renumbered to No. 14 Squadron. On 1 October 1923, No. 111 Squadron reformed at RAF Duxford, equipped with a single flight of six Gloster Grebe fighters, the first Grebes to enter service with the RAF. These were supplemented by a second flight of First World War-vintage Sopwith Snipes in April 1924, and by a third flight of Armstrong Whitworth Siskins in June 1924, completely equipping itself with Siskins in January 1925. The squadron, tasked with defending London, replaced its Siskins with Bristol Bulldogs in January–February 1931, with its Siskins being passed on to No. 19 Squadron. The squadron moved to RAF Northolt in July 1934 and re-equipped with Gloster Gauntlets in May–June 1936. The squadron became the first Hawker Hurricane squadron in January 1938.

1939–1940
Still based at RAF Northolt at the outbreak of war, No. 111 (Fighter) Squadron relocated to RAF Acklington, Northumberland, in October 1939. The squadron scored its first victory on 29 November, when Sqn. Ldr. Broadhurst shot down a Heinkel He 111. Treble One moved even further north to RAF Drem, East Lothian, in December 1939 in order to provide cover for the Royal Navy at Scapa Flow. By May 1940, No. 111 (F) Squadron had returned south to RAF Northolt due to the German invasion of France. On 16 May, a flight from No. 111 (F) Squadron joined a flight from No. 253 Squadron to form a joint unit, with one half deploying to France and the other remaining in Britain. Treble One flew defensive flights during the Dunkirk evacuation.

No. 111 (Fighter) Squadron played a role in the Battle of Britain while based at RAF Croydon, pioneering dangerous head-on attacks against the Luftwaffe bomber streams. However after suffering heavy losses in August 1940, the unit was rotated north in September to RAF Drem. Claims included 47 aircraft shot down for 18 Hurricanes lost.

1941–1945
The squadron replaced its Hurricanes with Supermarine Spitfires in April 1941. In November, Treble One again relocated to RAF Gibraltar for support of Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa. Under the command of Squadron Leader George Hill it moved to Malta in June 1943 to support Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. No. 111 (F) Squadron moved through Italy with the advancing Allied ground forces and remained there until the end of the war, after which it moved to Austria. The squadron disbanded in May 1947. 269 aircraft were claimed shot down, making the squadron one of the top RAF scorers for the war.

Cold War
The squadron was not reactivated until 2 December 1953 when it received Gloster Meteor F.8s at RAF North Weald. The Meteors were soon replaced with Hawker Hunters and Treble One moved to RAF Wattisham, Suffolk. They achieved international acclaim with their 'Black Arrows' aerobatic display team using the Hawker Hunter, under the command of Squadron Leader Roger Topp.

The squadron received the all-weather English Electric Lightning fighter in 1962 which it operated for 12 years. In 1965, under Squadron Leader George Black (later AVM) and fully equipped with Lightning F3's, it was chosen to provide a combined display with the Red Arrows for the Paris Air Show in June of that year. During the 2 to 3 months workup of the Diamond Nine formation plus a solo aerobatics Lightning, the squadron fielded 10 aircraft per day, a remarkable achievement for what was a somewhat difficult aircraft to service. In 1974, the squadron moved from RAF Wattisham after almost 18 years and re-equipped with the McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2 at RAF Coningsby, before moving north to RAF Leuchars on 3 November 1975.

Tornado F.3 (1990–2011)
The squadron began to re-equip with the Tornado F.3 in 1990. Throughout its time at Leuchars the No. 111 (F) Squadron was tasked with the maintenance of Quick Reaction Alert, which involves keeping aircraft at a high state of readiness to intercept, identify and, should it be necessary, destroy hostile aircraft approaching UK airspace. The squadron was involved in Operation Deny Flight and Operation Deliberate Force over Bosnia, Operations Bolton and Resinate in the Middle East and regularly participated in major Air Defence exercises, both in the UK and abroad.

Led by Wing Commander Rob Birch, No. 111 (Fighter) Squadron was involved in Operation Telic where it formed the major part of the Tornado F3 Wing at Prince Sultan Air Base in Saudi Arabia.

Following the disbandment of No. 43 Squadron in July 2009, Treble One was the sole RAF Tornado F3 unit. The squadron disbanded at RAF Leuchars on 22 March 2011.

Aircraft operated
Aircraft operated include:

 * Bristol Scout (Aug 1917–Oct 1917)
 * Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2e (Aug 1917–Oct 1917)
 * Bristol M.1e (Aug 1917–Jan 1918)
 * de Havilland DH.2 (Aug 1917–Dec 1917)
 * Vickers F.B.19 (Aug 1917–Jan 1918)
 * Bristol F.2B Fighter (Sep 1917–Feb 1918)
 * Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a (Oct 1917–Feb 1919)
 * Nieuport 17 (Jan 1918–July 1918)
 * Nieuport 23 (Jan 1918–July 1918)
 * Nieuport 24 (Jan 1918–July 1918)
 * Bristol F.2B Fighter (Feb 1919–Feb 1920)
 * Gloster Grebe Mk.II (Oct 1923–Jan 1925)
 * Sopwith Snipe (Apr 1924–Jan 1925)
 * Armstrong Whitworth Siskin Mk.III (June 1924–Nov 1926)
 * Armstrong Whitworth Siskin Mk.IIIa (Sep 1926–Feb 1931)
 * Bristol Bulldog Mk.IIa (Jan 1931–June 1936)
 * Gloster Gauntlet Mk.II (May 1936–Feb 1938)
 * Hawker Hurricane Mk.I (Jan 1938–Apr 1941)
 * Hawker Hurricane Mk.IIa (Mar 1941–May 1941)
 * Supermarine Spitfire Mk.I (Apr 1941– May 1941)
 * Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IIa (May 1941– Sep 1941)
 * Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Vb (Aug 1941 – Oct 1941)
 * Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IXe (June 1943 – May 1947)
 * Gloster Meteor F.8 (Dec 1953–June 1955)
 * Hawker Hunter F.4 (June 1955–Nov 1956)
 * Hawker Hunter F.6 (Nov 1956–Apr 1961)
 * English Electric Lightning F Mk 1A (Apr 1961–Dec 1964)
 * English Electric Lightning F Mk 3 (Dec 1964–Sep 1974)
 * English Electric Lightning F Mk 6 (Aug 1973–Sep 1974)
 * McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2 (Oct 1974–July 1979)
 * McDonnell Douglas Phantom FG.1 (Jan 1978–Jan 1990)
 * Panavia Tornado F.3 (June 1990–Mar 2011)

title: No. 111 Squadron RAF


text: Category:Presidents of Iran

title: Category:Presidents of Iran


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Dunkeld Cathedral

Dunkeld Cathedral is a Church of Scotland place of worship which stands on the north bank of the River Tay in Dunkeld, Perth and Kinross, Scotland. Built in square-stone style of predominantly grey sandstone, the cathedral proper began in 1260 and completed in 1501. It stands on the site of the former Culdee Monastery of Dunkeld, stones from which can be seen as an irregular reddish streak in the eastern gable.

It is not formally a 'cathedral', as the Church of Scotland nowadays has neither cathedrals nor bishops, but it is one of a number of similar former cathedrals which has continued to carry the name.

History
Because of the long construction period, the cathedral shows mixed architecture. Gothic and Norman elements are intermingled throughout the structure. Although partly in ruins, the cathedral is in regular use today and is open to the public.

Relics of Saint Columba, including his bones, were said to have been kept at Dunkeld until the Reformation, at which time they were removed to Ireland. Some believe there are still undiscovered Columban relics buried within the cathedral grounds.

The original monastery at Dunkeld dated from the sixth or early seventh century, founded after an expedition of Saint Columba to the Land of Alba. It was at first a simple collection of wattle huts. During the ninth century Causantín mac Fergusa constructed a more substantial cathedral of reddish sandstone and declared Dunkeld to hold the Primacy (centre) of the faith in Alba.

For reasons not completely understood, the Celtic bell believed to have been used at the monastery is not preserved in the cathedral. Instead, it was used in the Little Dunkeld Church, the parish church of the district of Minor or Lesser Dunkeld. Possibly this was because the later canons regarded Culdeeism as heresy and refused relics or saints of that discipline.

In the 17th century, the Bishopric of Dunkeld became an appendage of the Crown and subsequently descended to the Earls of Fife. Dunkeld Cathedral is today a Crown property, through Historic Environment Scotland, and a scheduled monument.

In 1689 the Battle of Dunkeld was fought around the cathedral between the Jacobite Highland clans loyal to James II and VII – deposed in the Glorious Revolution the previous year – and a government force supporting William III and II, with the latter winning the day.

Parish
Dunkeld Cathedral is still used as the town's Church of Scotland parish church, with services every Sunday (although the congregation uses the smaller "Little Dunkeld" Church during winter months.) The current minister (since 2001) is the Reverend R. Fraser Penny.

The small Chapter House Museum offers a collection of relics from monastic and medieval times, and local history exhibits.

Burials
Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, known as "the Wolf of Badenoch", was buried in the cathedral following his death in 1394, where his tomb, surmounted by his armoured effigy, can still be seen.

Other noteworthy burials include:
 * John Scotus, (1183–1203)
 * Geoffrey de Liberatione, Bishop of Dunkeld (1236/7–1249)
 * Richard de Inverkeithing, a chamberlain of King Alexander II of Scotland and Bishop of Dunkeld (1250/2–1272)
 * William Sinclair, Bishop of Dunkeld (1309–1337)
 * Michael de Monymusk, Bishop of Dunkeld (1370–1376)
 * The 1st Earl of Atholl (c. 1440–1512)
 * Robert Cockburn, Bishop of Dunkeld (1524–1526)
 * Charles Edward Stuart, Count Roehenstart (1784–1854)

title: Dunkeld Cathedral


text:
Jeff Weaver

Jeffrey Charles Weaver (born August 22, 1976) is an American former right-handed Major League Baseball pitcher. During his career, he pitched for the Detroit Tigers, New York Yankees, Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, St. Louis Cardinals, and Seattle Mariners. He is the older brother of fellow MLB pitcher Jered Weaver.

Amateur career
Weaver, a graduate of Simi Valley High School in Simi Valley, California, attended California State University, Fresno to play college baseball for the Fresno State Bulldogs. In 1997, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League where he was named a league all-star. He also played for the United States in the 1996 Summer Olympics, winning a bronze medal.

Detroit Tigers
The Detroit Tigers selected Weaver in the first round of the 1998 Major League Baseball draft. He made his major league debut a year later. He was the Tigers' Opening Day starter in 2001 and 2002. During the 2002 season, he was traded to the New York Yankees in a three team deal that also involved the Oakland Athletics and Yankees prospects John-Ford Griffin, Jason Arnold, and Ted Lilly.

New York Yankees
Weaver's time with the Yankees was very turbulent, bouncing in and out of the starting rotation. In Game 4 of the 2003 World Series, he allowed a 12th inning walk-off home run to Álex González.

Los Angeles Dodgers
Following the 2003 season, the Yankees traded Weaver to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Kevin Brown.

In 2005, he went 14-11, with a 4.22 ERA, a 1.17 WHIP, three complete games and a career-high 157 strikeouts in 224 innings. Following the 2005 season, Weaver filed for free agency. The Dodgers offered him salary arbitration, but the two parties were unable to reach an agreement.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
On February 15, 2006, Weaver signed a one-year deal with the Angels for $8.5 million. After posting a 3-10 record with a 6.29 ERA in Anaheim, he was designated for assignment on June 30. In a bit of a coincidence, his younger brother, Jered, was recalled from the minor leagues and replaced Jeff in the starting rotation.

St. Louis Cardinals
On July 5, 2006, the St. Louis Cardinals acquired Weaver from the Angels in exchange for minor leaguer Terry Evans and cash considerations. He debuted with the team as a pinch hitter in a 14-inning game between the Cardinals and Dodgers on July 13, 2006, at Busch Stadium.

Jered and Jeff both appeared in the September 11, 2006, issue of Sports Illustrated that chronicled how Jeff Weaver's trade impacted Jeff and Jered both baseball-wise and in life away from the game. The younger Weaver was disappointed that his brother left without being around to see him make history by winning his first nine career decisions.

After yielding six runs in four innings in his first start, Weaver played a key role in the Cardinals' World Series win. He won important games for the Cardinals in the final weeks of the season, helping them win the National League Central Division, and he started and won Game 2 of the 2006 National League Division Series. Weaver started and was the losing pitcher for Game 1 of the National League Championship Series against the New York Mets on October 12, 2006. He pitched five scoreless innings before giving up a two-run home run to Mets center fielder Carlos Beltrán in the sixth inning; as the Cards lost 2-0.

In Game 5 of the National League Championship Series on October 17, 2006, Weaver pitched six innings, allowing two runs on six hits, winning his second game of the 2006 postseason.

After losing Game 2 of the 2006 World Series to the Detroit Tigers, Weaver came back on October 27 in Game 5 to pitch eight innings, giving up four hits and one earned run. He was credited with the win as the Cardinals clinched the series 4-1.

Seattle Mariners
On January 26, 2007, the Seattle Mariners signed Weaver as a free agent to a one-year deal worth $8–9 million. Weaver had a 14.32 ERA with only 22 innings pitched after six starts and was placed on the 15-day disabled list with "right shoulder tendinitis". It was speculated that this was a strategic move by the team to allow Weaver to take some time off and make a series of "rehab" starts with a minor league affiliate. The hope was that he would be able to work out his problems without adversely impacting the Major League ball club; it seemed to work as Weaver pitched more effectively after his return. On June 20 versus the Pittsburgh Pirates, Weaver posted a four-hit, 7–0 shutout, which was his first win with Seattle. Although he pitched well in July and August, Weaver finished with a 7–13 record and 6.20 ERA and became a free agent after the season.

Back in the minors
On April 15, 2008, Weaver signed a minor league deal with the Milwaukee Brewers. However, after pitching in just nine minor league games, Weaver requested and was granted a release from his contract. On July 5, Weaver signed a minor league contract with the Cleveland Indians, but did not appear in the majors with them, spending the rest of the season in AAA with the Buffalo Bisons.

Return to the Dodgers
Weaver signed a minor-league deal with the Los Angeles Dodgers in February 2009 and was assigned to the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes. After a few appearances with the Isotopes, Weaver was recalled to the Dodgers on April 30 and he pitched four scoreless innings of relief against the San Diego Padres, his first appearance in a Major League game since 2007. He made his first start of 2009 vs. the Arizona Diamondbacks on May 5 and allowed one run and struck out six in five innings.

On June 20, 2009, Jeff Weaver started for the Dodgers against the Los Angeles Angels. The opposing starter was his younger brother Jered Weaver. This was the first pitching matchup between brothers since 2002 when Andy and Alan Benes matched up and only the 15th such game since 1967. The Dodgers won 6-4, with Jeff getting the win and Jered taking the loss.

On October 7, 2009, Weaver was the winning pitcher in Game One of the 2009 National League Division Series between the Dodgers and his former team, the St. Louis Cardinals. It was the fourth post-season victory of his career. Weaver returned to the Dodgers for the 2010 season on another minor league contract. He once more made the opening day roster as a reliever.

On May 7, 2010, Weaver picked up his 100th career victory in a relief outing against the Colorado Rockies. He appeared in 43 games with the Dodgers in 2010, all in relief, and finished 5-1 with a 6.09 ERA. He became a free agent following the season.

Oaks Christian School
On September 28, 2016, Weaver was hired as the pitching coach for the Oaks Christian School varsity baseball team to work alongside head coach Royce Clayton.

title: Jeff Weaver


text: Category:Meigs County, Ohio

title: Category:Meigs County, Ohio


text:
Snowshoe Mountain

Snowshoe Mountain is a ski resort in the eastern United States, located in Snowshoe, West Virginia. The resort has skiable terrain across 244 acre and covers a total area of 11000 acre in the Allegheny Mountains, which are a part of the vast Appalachian Mountain Range. It is positioned in the bowl shaped convergence of two mountains, Cheat and Back Allegheny, at the head of the Shavers Fork of the Cheat River.

The Village at Snowshoe is located close to the summit of the mountain, rather than at its base. While Snowshoe is still best known for its winter activities, today the resort has extensive mountain biking trails, a popular golf course designed by Gary Player, wedding and convention areas, a number of summer outdoor activities, and also hosts a Grand National Cross Country Racing event each year. The resort comprises the Snowshoe and Silver Creek ski areas. About 480,000 skiers visit the resort each year, primarily from the larger cities of the Mid-Atlantic and Southeast and from across West Virginia.

Mountain
Snowshoe Mountain is the name of the resort, not the name of the mountain itself; the resort is located on Cheat Mountain. Cheat's privately owned highpoint is Thorny Flat, which reaches an elevation of 4848 ft. The resort makes up 244 acre in total, which includes the Snowshoe Mountain and Silver Creek areas; the mountains have a total of 60 slopes and trails plus many acres of backcountry. Two trails, Cupp Run and Shay's Revenge, have a 1500 ft vertical drop, the highest in the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic. The former was designed in part by Jean-Claude Killy, the triple gold medalist at the 1968 Winter Olympics. The mountain summit receives an average of 180 in of snowfall each winter.

Snowshoe had originally been envisioned as a four season destination, although it would take years for mountain bike and horseback riding trails to become a significant draw. One key advantage for the mountain has continued to be its lower temperatures, due to its elevation. With a mean temperature of 28 °F in January and 68 °F in July, Snowshoe can be considerably cooler than nearby areas at lower elevations.

The resort has a base of 1,400 condominium and lodge hotel units, most of which are independently owned but managed by the resort. The average winter season is just slightly more than 130 days each year, while the spring, summer, and fall seasons typically include a series of sports, recreation, and cultural events.

History

Snowshoe Mountain opened for skiing on December 13, 1974. The area had been logged from about 1905 to 1960, after which it was virtually barren and abandoned. Thomas "Doc" Brigham discovered the mountain and believed it would be a good location to build a new ski resort. Brigham, a dentist from North Carolina, had previously opened the Sugar Mountain and Beech Mountain ski areas.

The ski trails and lifts were given names that recalled the local history of logging, such as Grab Hammer, J-Hook, Ball Hooter, and Skidder. Two trails, Shay's Revenge and Heisler Way, were named for brands of gear-driven steam locomotives that ferried men and logs around the mountains during the logging era. Examples of these locomotives now push tourist excursion trains (the cars themselves were once logging flat cars) on adjacent land at nearby Cass Scenic Railroad State Park.

Although Brigham had high hopes for Snowshoe, the mountain went through a difficult first decade plagued by financial problems. Over the next several years, though, the resort's reputation and popularity would grow, and in 1992 it purchased the Silver Creek ski area which is just a half mile away.

The resort was purchased in 1990 by Tokyo Tower Development Company Limited, a Japanese developer of leisure and recreational facilities. Five years later in 1995, it was sold to Intrawest, a Canadian ski-resort operator which had become well known for expanding mountain resorts through village-style commercial and condominium real estate development. In 1999, Intrawest opened the Rimfire Lodge, its first development in what it called "The Wildcat Village" (a name which later fell out of use). The village expanded rapidly, with additional condominium-hotel developments opening over the coming years, including Highland House, two phases of Allegheny Springs, The Seneca, and Expedition Station. One development, Eight Rivers, was to have broken ground in 2007, but the project was eventually postponed and the land area is now used by a small surface ski lift used, in part, by the resort's ski school. In 2017, Intrawest was acquired by Alterra Mountain Company.

In addition to the central village, Intrawest has also assisted developing "outside neighborhoods," including Soaring Eagle Lodge in 2006 and Sawmill Village in 2007, both of which were developed independently. In 2006, Intrawest was acquired by the private equity firm Fortress Investment Group. Intrawest continues to operate as an independent unit of Fortress.

Other Names
"McGill Mountain" named after WV native, and ATV racing Legend Adam "Gator" McGill.

title: Snowshoe Mountain


text: User talk:195.29.208.9

title: User talk:195.29.208.9


text: Category:First vice presidents of Iran

title: Category:First vice presidents of Iran


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Rhobite

Rhobite
Rhobite's been doing a great job the past few days dealing with the edit warring on Libertarian-related articles. As Func put it, he's "a model of NPOV and consensus building". Contribs say he's been here since June, with about 1500 total edits (lots of them very good, e.g. Dick Morris). RadicalSubversiv E 00:21, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I thank you for your kind words and accept the nomination. Rhobite 01:34, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) RadicalSubversiv E 00:21, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Absolutely. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (hopefully!)]] 00:37, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, user may have opinions but is not blinded by them, Glad to compromise. Progress orientated. Sam [Spade] 00:55, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Hard worker and knows how to work collaboratively. --Slowking Man 01:39, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Definite support. p.s. Dick Morris looks just fantastic, hard to believe its only been touched by one editor so far. —Stormie 02:03, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Such incredibly strong support. In fact, if I may quote myself, Rhobite is "a model of NPOV and consensus building", and you may quote me on that. :) func(talk) 03:00, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Definitely. A valuable contributor and I believe he'll take adminship very seriously. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:06, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Conscientious, hard working. Duk 04:34, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Sarge Baldy 05:31, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Lst27 15:52, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Theresa Knott (The torn steak) 18:11, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Tuf-Kat 20:51, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) Any admin-nominated contributor who is described as a model of consensus building gets my unqualified support. ffirehorse 21:41, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) Strikes me as being good admin material. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 21:48, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)
 * 12) *Good idea, very active in editing impartially. -- ReithySockPuppet 22:52, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC) Sockpuppet and proud, indeed. ReithySockPuppet 07:07, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Err. Obvious sockpuppet; user has 7 edits. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 02:20, 2004 Oct 18 (UTC)
 * 1) **I like when they self-identify, (not all of them do, of course....) func(talk) 14:19, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) ** Prejudice against SockPuppets must end in our lifetime. I have spoken. ReithySockPuppet 03:18, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Andre ( talk )A| 23:23, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Michael Snow 01:20, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) {Ανάριον} 07:40, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) On second thought, yes: support. --fvw 03:36, 2004 Oct 19 (UTC)
 * 7) Fire Star 20:57, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Helpull person!, protects users from abuseChuck F 13:04, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 9)  ℛ yan! |  Talk  16:41, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) I and my sockpuppets give unswerving support. - Lucky 6.9 23:22, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) Support. A model of NPOV editing. If he can watch so many controversial articles for POV without going nuts, he's unflappable.   — Gwalla | Talk 20:11, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) Support. As it says above "a model of NPOV and consensus building". Ruy Lopez 01:19, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) Jayjg 17:34, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) Strong support. Cool Hand Luke (Communicate!)  18:50, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Oppose Neutral
 * 1) Too few edits. Passw0rd 12:48, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) * User has less than 100 (questionable) edits. Probable sock puppet. -- Netoholic @ 04:51, 2004 Oct 24 (UTC)
 * 3) Short on total edits (I prefer 2000+).  Also, some unresolved accusations of sock puppet use in the Request for mediation that involves this user. It can't hurt to wait some more time to see the outcome. -- Netoholic @ 04:51, 2004 Oct 24 (UTC)
 * #Lots of wonderful maintanence, I'd like to see a little more contribution of original material though (I haven't reviewed the entire contrib history, if I've just missed a large cache of original contribs point me to it here on or on my talk page please). Even though I don't endorse the sysop nomination per se I do greatly admire your good work, please keep it up! --fvw 06:31, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)

Comments

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:

 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)

 * I'm drawn to controversial topics here, and I've put in effort on mediating disputes between users on several "lightning rod" pages. While it's not the first step, the ability to do a quick revert or block an anonymous vandal would be helpful. I currently watch many controversial articles such as Circumcision, Libertarianism, Fahrenheit 9/11, and I've reverted vandalism and POV injection on all of these articles in the past. As a sysop I'd keep an eye on recent changes, and continue participating in VfD. Rhobite 01:34, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?

 * I just wrote Dick Morris for Danny's contest, and I'm pleased with the result. Writing from scratch is hard work but I recommend it. It's an opportunity to structure an article in the way you feel best presents the information. I think more people should write from scratch, and use their experience to be bold in restructuring existing articles they come across. I helped rewrite the criticism section in Windows XP, and I'm happy with how that turned out. I wrote Cross-Bronx Expressway and worked on several US Interstate articles, recently I've been interested in "road" topics. Probably the most enjoyable activity for me is submitting original photography. These are my contributions, not much yet but I plan to do more. Rhobite 01:34, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress?

 * I'd be lying if I said no. I have been involved in disputes over article content, and I have written an RFC regarding a user's conduct. I tried to help people work towards NPOV in the circumcision edit war from a month or two ago. Each side accused me, along with other editors, of helping the other side. I respect people who try to steer clear of conflicts, but that's not my style. Recently I've been trying to keep activists at bay in the libertarianism-related edit wars and vandalism sprees. As I said, I want to work on controversial topics and help ensure that facts are presented fairly. I've found that some editors who start out as POV edit warriors can quickly mature into valuable contributors, and it's important for us to work with them instead of push them away. Rhobite 01:34, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Caribbean University

Caribbean University is a private university system in Puerto Rico composed of four campuses.

History
It was founded on February 28, 1969, as the Caribbean Junior College in the municipality of Bayamon. In 1978, it was renamed to Caribbean University College of Bayamon and Dorado Puerto Rico. after being accredited by the Council on Higher Education of Puerto Rico.

In 1990, after starting to offer graduate studies, it was renamed to Caribbean University. The university offers a Masters in Education.

The university is accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc.

In 2016, the university expanded its STEM academic programs.

Alliances
In 2015, the university formed alliances with several companies on the island and expanded its vocational training program to include degrees in Cosmetology, Nursing, Computer Programming, Business Administration and others.

In 2020, the university signed an alliance with Claro, a Puerto Rican telecommunications company in order to provide internet and other services to the community.

Campuses

 * Caribbean University at Bayamón (1969)
 * Caribbean University at Vega Baja (1977)
 * Caribbean University at Carolina (1979)
 * Caribbean University at Ponce (1985)

title: Caribbean University


text:
Grégoire Kayibanda

Grégoire Kayibanda (1 May 1924 – 15 December 1976) was a Rwandan politician and revolutionary who was the first elected President of Rwanda from 1962 to 1973. An ethnic Hutu, he was a pioneer of the Rwandan Revolution and led Rwanda's struggle for independence from Belgium, replacing the Tutsi monarchy with a republican form of government. Rwanda became independent from Belgium in 1962, with Kayibanda serving as the country's first president, establishing a pro-Hutu policy and a de facto one-party system governed by his party, Parmehutu. He was overthrown in a coup d'état in 1973 by his defense minister, Juvénal Habyarimana, and died three years later.

Early life and education
Kayibanda was born on 1 May 1924 in Tare, Rwanda. He studied his primary school at Tare then at Kabgayi. Kayibanda was admitted in Saint Léon Minor Seminary of Kabgayi in 1937. After the completion of minor seminary in 1943, he continued to Major Seminary of Nyakibanda where he studied for four years.

Background
The Hutu majority had long been resentful of power held by the Tutsi minority. They were encouraged by Hutu advocates in the Catholic Church, and by Christian Belgians, who were increasingly influential in the Congo. The United Nations mandates, the Tutsi elite class, and the Belgian colonists contributed to the growing social and political unrest. Gregoire Kayibanda, an ethnic Hutu, led the Hutu "emancipation" movement. He founded the political party Parmehutu (Parti du Mouvement de l'Emancipation Hutu; Hutu Emancipation Movement Party), and wrote his "Bahutu Manifesto" in 1957.

In reaction, in 1959 Tutsis founded the UNAR party, made up of those who desired immediate independence for Ruanda-Urundi based on the existing Tutsi monarchy. This group also became quickly militarized. Skirmishes began between UNAR and PARMEHUTU groups. Kayibanda's successful campaign brought the majority Hutu to power for the first time in Rwanda.

In 1961 the Rwandan monarchy was dissolved and a brief transitional administration was led by Dominique Mbonyumutwa. Rwanda became independent at midnight on 1 July 1962. Kayibanda spoke at ceremonies later that day to commemorate the occasion, thanking the people who had contributed to the country's independence. He also thanked the work of the Belgians, Germans, and United Nations in developing the country. He said, "Though the Belgians made some mistakes here, the net result of their effort has been most positive," and appealed to them and other countries for technical aid. He led Rwanda's first delegation to the United Nations General Assembly on 18 September. Kayibanda was elected president on 26 October. Over the next three years, Kayibanda increased his power step by step. By 1965, Parmehutu was the only legal party in the country. At elections held that year, Kayibanda appeared alone on the ballot for president. He was reelected in 1969, again as the only candidate. In both elections, a single list of Parmehutu candidates was returned to the legislature. The 1962 constitution of Rwanda, enacted by Kayibanda's regime, proscribed communist activities and propaganda as Belgian settlers conditioned the gain of independence to the rejection of Communism, in the era of the iron curtain. The UNAR party threatened to turn their back on the Belgians and adhere to communism.

Kayibanda pursued a pro-Western, anticommunist foreign policy. Rwanda enjoyed cordial relations with the Republic of China, while strongly criticizing the People's Republic of China's policies in Africa. Kayibanda's government adopted a generally neutral stance on the Arab–Israeli conflict and the Vietnam War.

In the presidential elections of 1973 a project promulgated on 18 May was presented, the duration of the presidential term of Kabiyanda was extended from 4 to 5 years, and the age limit of 60 years was eliminated. With North-South regionalist rivalries, President Kayibanda's regime was accused of having progressively dismissed the political leaders of the north and of concentrating power in the hands of the nationals of his native prefecture, Gitarama.

Death
On 5 July 1973 defense minister Major General Juvénal Habyarimana overthrew Kayibanda in a military coup. Although described as bloodless, as a result of the coup, an estimated 55 people, mostly officials, lawyers or businessmen close to the previous regime, were reportedly executed. The families of these people were given sums of money to pay for their silence. The new government held Kayibanda and his wife in a secret location (rumored to be a house near Kabgayi), where they were reportedly "starved to death".

title: Grégoire Kayibanda


text:
Whammy!

Whammy! is the third studio album by American new wave band the B-52's, released on April 27, 1983, by Warner Bros. Records. It was recorded at Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, in December 1982 and produced by Steven Stanley. The album spawned three singles: "Legal Tender", "Whammy Kiss", and "Song for a Future Generation".

The album entered the Billboard 200 twice in 1983, reaching both number 29 and 171 throughout the year, while "Legal Tender" reached the Billboard Hot 100 chart, as well as the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Singles chart alongside its two respective singles.

The band's goal with Whammy! was to update their signature sound with drum machines and synthesizers. The album was also the first to feature vocal performances by all five members of the band, as exemplified in "Song for a Future Generation". This was the final album the B-52's released before guitarist and founding member Ricky Wilson died of AIDS in 1985, although he appears posthumously on their next studio album, Bouncing Off the Satellites (1986).

Recording
The B-52's initially conceived Whammy! in early 1982, during a visit to Compass Point Studios, where the band commenced re-recordings of three unreleased songs: "Butterbean", "Big Bird", and "Queen of Las Vegas". All three tracks were originally intended to be included on their previous release, Mesopotamia (1982), but none were completed, due to pressure and time constraints from Warner Bros. and their manager Gary Kurfirst. The album's remaining six songs ("Legal Tender", "Whammy Kiss", "Song for a Future Generation", "Trism", "Don't Worry", and "Work That Skirt") were recorded in December 1982, again at Compass Point Studios.

Unlike their previous studio albums, all instruments on Whammy! were played exclusively by Keith Strickland and Ricky Wilson. Both played the guitar and keyboards, while Strickland played the drums and Wilson played the bass. Remarking on the band's new focus on electronic instrumentation, singer/instrumentalist Kate Pierson later called the recording "a transitional album." Additionally, Pierson stated that drummer Strickland "didn't want to play drums anymore, so Whammy! featured drum machines and some synthesizers. It was kind of a big change in sound, which I wasn't really for very much. I didn't really like the drum machine. It was a different sound, but Whammy! was very much based around that". However, she added that, during the subsequent concert tour, the band would alternate between using drum machines and live drums played by Strickland.

Producer Steven Stanley supported Wilson and Strickland's initial concept of mixing the album into one continuous track, in a manner similar to the band's remix album, Party Mix! (1981). However, both Kurfirst and Warner Brothers vetoed this decision in favor of a more traditional method of track sequencing.

Release
The album was released on April 27, 1983. On initial pressings of the LP, the seventh track was "Don't Worry", a cover version of the Yoko Ono song "Don't Worry, Kyoko (Mummy's Only Looking for Her Hand in the Snow)". However, the song was removed on later pressings due to legal issues and replaced with "Moon 83". The song is a remake of their earlier track "There's a Moon in the Sky (Called the Moon)" from the band's 1979 eponymous debut studio album, released as the B-side of the "Legal Tender" single.

Commercial
Whammy! was a commercial success, spawning the hit singles "Legal Tender", "Whammy Kiss", and "Song for a Future Generation". The album entered the Billboard 200 twice in 1983, reaching both number 29 and 171 throughout the year, while "Legal Tender" reached the Billboard Hot 100 chart, as well as the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Singles chart alongside "Whammy Kiss" and "Song for a Future Generation".

Critical
Critical reception for Whammy! was positive at the time of its release. Most critics regarded the album as a return to form after the band's previous release, Mesopotamia, which they felt strayed too far from the band's signature sound. Praise was given to the drum machines and synthesizers, which created upbeat and highly danceable songs, as well as the tight lyrics and over the top vocals.

Rolling Stone's Christopher Connelly, while referring to Mesopotamia as "underrated", was pleased with the band's return to their trademark style, and felt that even with the addition of Devo-style keyboards, producer Steven Stanley had "kept the band's basic strengths intact: breakneck tempos, deliciously uninhibited singing and an earnest enthusiasm for some of the universe's less-celebrated pleasures". He particularly praised Pierson, Wilson, and Schneider's vocals. While remarking that the entirety of side two is "a waste", he concluded, "What is important is that this band is having fun again - and in this age of dopey novelty songs and cheesy dance tracks, nobody does it better." Robert Christgau of The Village Voice continued his support, making it a "Pick Hit" and stating that while the band "still pick up some great ideas at interplanetary garage sales, their celebration of the pop mess-around is getting earthier."

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic later said the album was "certainly entertaining, even with its faults," praising the songs "Legal Tender", "Whammy Kiss", "Butterbean", and "Song for a Future Generation", and overall regarding the album as a strong follow-up to Mesopotamia, though he criticized the album's overuse of drum machines and synthesizers. Ben Wener of The Spectator commented favorably on Whammy!, describing it as an "overlooked gem".

Personnel
The B-52's
 * Cindy Wilson – vocals
 * Kate Pierson – vocals
 * Fred Schneider – vocals
 * Ricky Wilson – keyboards, guitars, bass, vocals on "Song for a Future Generation"
 * Keith Strickland – keyboards, guitars, drums, vocals on "Song for a Future Generation"

Additional musicians
 * Ralph Carney – saxophone on "Big Bird"
 * David Buck – trumpet on "Big Bird"

Technical
 * Steven Stanley – producer, engineer
 * Benjamin Armbrister – assistant engineer
 * Dennis Halliburton – assistant engineer
 * Ted Jensen – mastering
 * Gene Greif – art direction
 * Phyllis of Tiffany Wigs – "wig-do's"
 * Vikki Warren – dresses
 * William Wegman – cover photography

title: Whammy!


text: Template:AWNB Politics Senate

title: Template:AWNB Politics Senate


text:
Talk:Southeastern United States

10 largest metropolitan areas'
I would suggest changing the '10 largest metropolitan areas' to perhaps a list of 'important cities/places' because the inclusion of states such as Texas or other 'maybe southeastern' states skews the list and shifts focus from where it needs to be.--70.174.11.120 14:08, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

I am correcting the chart of largest metropolitan areas. The population figures are not consistent. Some of the metro areas listed use the population of the Combined Metropolitan Statistical Area (CSA) whereas others use just the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). This leads one to believe that, for example, Raleigh has more population that it really does (since its CSA population was used) whereas Atlanta's MSA population is listed for that area. Since the heading is Metropolitan Area, I am switching them all to the 2009 estimate of MSA population, not CSA. --Conk 9 (talk) 22:52, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

What defines the Southeastern United States?
There is a defined southeast. It is defined by the US Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.231.65.203 (talk) 23:11, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

I've never ever heard anyone describe the states of Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas as being Southeast. (OK, the U of Arkansas has joined the SEC, but athletic conferences have much less regional integrity than they did. Can anyone point to ANY reference that describes the southeast as these states? older ≠ wiser 00:26, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

Arkansas and Texas were part of the Confederate States of America, which is a likely reason for their inclusion. I'd like to inquire as to why Virginia is not considered a Southeastern state. Ezratrumpet 02:15, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

The CSA corresponds to Southern United States, while Southeast is a recent coinage with different meaning.

I have never heard of Texas as Southeast either, and the whole reason for referring separately to Southeast and Southwest (or South Central) is to distinguish between Texas and the Atlanta-dominated region. Therefore I'm going to fact tag this statement. --JWB 20:06, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

The picture shows Arkansas as 'arguably' South Eastern, while the text says it's unambiguously South Eastern. --80.177.14.123 07:30, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

I have heard of Arkansas most commonly desribed as a Southeastern state. In fact, it is completely within the Southeastern portion of the U.S. {it is quite a bit east of the 98th meridian. Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia are also often known as Southeastern States as well as border states. Dinobrya November 28 2006.

Depending on the editor, it's possible to obtain a variety of maps. This for example follows the layout that I've seen the most often. TEDickey (talk) 21:27, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

Page Move
According to new policy approved by WikiProject U.S. regions this page should be moved to Southeastern United States, and likewise its related sub-articles as well. Thanks. -JCarriker 10:20, May 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Since there seem to be no objections. I'm going through with the move. -JCarriker 08:12, May 22, 2005 (UTC)

Colours and appearance
I have made a proposal to change the colour of the map box, please see the discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject U.S. regions --Qirex 05:37, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Corrections and Additions
I am currently making an attempt to correct information and add-to this article. Assistance is welcome as long as it is NPOV. POV of certain issues concerning this geographical region is not a part of what this article should be. Remember people from around the globe read this and should leave this article with pleasant thoughts. --Bookofsecrets 04:54, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Why is Arkansas striped but Louisiana is not? Arkansas is as far east as Louisiana, and arguably more Southern in culture.ArkSoutherner 17:31, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Virginia and the map
The article lists Virginia, but it is blank on the map as well as Kentucky, West Virginia, and Maryland. Virginia should be on the map solid dark red. Kentucky, West Virginia, and Maryland should be on the map striped.

Please if Virginia should go on there then so should Kentucky, excluding the other "border states" Louisvillian 23:52, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Ummm.... How does the inclusion of VA mean KY must be included as well, and not Maryland??? Kentucky is in the center of the nation, not the east coast. MD and VA are southeast by census definitions.

No acutally the Census Bureau considered Kentucky Southern. LOL I don't think anyone from maryland should try to get over on a Kentuckians in this category, and let's just leave it that. 74.128.200.135 01:37, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

For the record, the Census Bureau does not define a "Southeast" region, just a more general "South" that is broken down into 4 sub-regions. All of the border states, with the exception of Missouri, are in this Census definition, but that's another story. Is anybody aware of what definition people are basing this page off of? The list of states on the page is not only the entire list of "Southern" states as defined by the Census Bureau, it also directly contradicts the page's map. I, for one, have rarely heard the term "Southeastern" used to describe Texas and have a study to back that up; I think most people in the state would prefer the term "Southern" or "Southwestern", with a minority opting for the term "Western." Oklahoma is also not what many people would consider to be "Southeastern." FL, AL, GA, MS, SC, TN, and NC would definitely fit the mold; beyond that, we need some kind of outside citation. I would definitely not include any states north of the 36-30/Missouri Compromise Line in a defintion of the "Southeast", even if they may be considered "Southern" in some definitions.

If this page is attempting to differentiate "Southeast USA" from "Southern USA", it is not doing a good job of doing so; either the states listed, the map, or both need to be changed for some consistency. If it is simply equating the "Southeast USA" to the "Southern USA" (something I'd personally find a bit dubious), I can't really see what purpose it serves, as there is already a perfectly good Southern page. --Gator87 04:11, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Based on the comments on this page and to be consistent with other sources (as well as to remove redundancy with the Southern United States page), I went ahead and changed the page. I removed TX, OK, AR, LA, KY, VA, WV, MD, DE, and MO from the definition and updated the largest metro areas for consistency. If we're going to include all of those states in this definition, what we've done is re-create, in smaller scale, the Southern United States page, which makes absolutely no sense. --Gator87 05:09, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Since this is trying to be different from the South, I made a new map you can use. Now, Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas are wiped off, because these are west of the Mississippi River, and these are just South, not Southeast. Louisiana is striped, since parts of the state go west of the Mississippi River.
 * Link to image: http://img256.imageshack.us/img256/444/usmapsoutheastkm0.png

I would suggest getting rid of the current map entirely. There is such a wide variety of definitions that picking one for a map is misleading. If there has to be a map, it would be better to have one without shading.

If we retain the map with shading, I would suggest replacing the shading of "states that may be considered Southeast" with shading of the entire Southern States. This will avoid further conflict about which states can be considered Southeast. --JWB 21:35, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

What is the Southeast?
The Southeast to me was just an alternative name to the term "The South". With the suffix "east" being tagged along it seems that it is moreso limiting the extension west than North which is what this map is indicating. "I've" noticed that alot of buisness's use the term "Southeast" rather then the "the South". And in those definitions it always includes Va, Ky, TN, NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, LA, & AR. Tx and Ok being so west are probably 8/10 the states that are dropped from the label. Kentucky and Virginia for some strange reason are absent from the map. While not absent from the Bell South Definition and the World Book definition, and countless cultural references to the region. 74.128.200.135 19:31, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

I posted the exact same thing before. This is trying to differnate from the South article. Louisiana, Arkansas, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Maryland are just South, not the geographic Southeast.

I don't under how the suffix east limits the extend of the Southern boundary when concerning the North and South. this article to me honestly makes no since as far as the map definition goes. The U.S. census bureau does not designate a SouthEASTERN region, so their is no official source for standard purposes. The closest reliable source I can think of is an encylopedia. WorldBook for example goes by unofficial regions which include the Southeast. The Southeast by that source includes Ky, Va, Tn, Nc, Sc, Fl, Ga, Al, La, & Ar the Texas and Oklahoma are not included in this definition. 74.128.200.135 18:55, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

I'm reverting the recent edits to an earlier version as they were not cited and undid a consensus definition. This issue had been discussed in detail on this page, and the agreement was that "South" and "Southeast" are not the same thing in this context. That is the entire purpose of this page, based on these and other earlier comments by editors:

''1. ...'ve never ever heard anyone describe the states of Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas as being Southeast...

2. The CSA corresponds to Southern United States, while Southeast is a recent coinage with different meaning.

I have never heard of Texas as Southeast either, and the whole reason for referring separately to Southeast and Southwest (or South Central) is to distinguish between Texas and the Atlanta-dominated region....

The Census Bureau does not define a "Southeast" region - they define a South region, which includes states such as Texas and Oklahoma that are unquestionably not Southeastern. Neither are Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, or Delaware. We had decided long ago that this page needs to either reflect a subset of the larger South - otherwise, it is just a dummied-down replica of the Southern United States page and would serve no purpose.

There is going to be a problem with sources here, because different encyclopedias and references are going to have different definitions. For that purpose, it's probably best to stick with the states that are unquestionably at the core of the region. --Gator87 10:22, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

While I agree with the fact that this shouldn't just be a dumbed down version of the Southern Article by including every state that is considered Southern in the general sense. I disagree with the overall definition and how that defintion came to be. I have yet to see a source for this definition of the Southeast. Again the fact that the Census Bureau does not recognize this as an Official region and there is no source backing this articles definition then how did this come to be? The only enclopedia (and the most purchased) that recognizes the Southeast as a region is world book and Kentucky and Virginia are definantly included in there. The main states I've noticed that this definition limits are the states on the Western fringe (hint the SouthEAST). Just from personal experience 8/10 Kentucky and Virginia are included in this region. 74.128.200.135 21:56, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

For various organizations' definitions, take a look at Google Image Search for southeast region map --JWB 23:33, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

My conclusions are:
 * Businesses and other organizations often divide the US into regions for their operations. When there is a "Southeast Region", the definition can vary widely, sometimes omitting states west of Georgia, sometimes omitting states north of Georgia. Georgia and Florida are almost always included.
 * Definitions of "Southeast Region" are generally for operational convenience. Cultural and emotional attachments are to the Southern States as a whole or to an individual state or topographic region.
 * "Southeast" often refers to the region where Atlanta serves as the metropolis, but usually rounded to state boundaries to avoid the effort of splitting states. This excludes Texas with its own huge urban areas, usually Louisiana and Arkansas, most of which are more likely to look to Texas cities (or of course New Orleans) than to Atlanta, and Virginia, most of which is served by the Washington DC area more than Atlanta. However, even though much of Florida is less dependent on Atlanta and less culturally Southern, all of Florida tends to be grouped with the Southeast to avoid splitting Florida, and because the only region it is adjacent to is the Southeast. --JWB 00:14, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

I also found another encyclopedic reference to Region Britannica. . Upload the video and it shows a political map that refers to the state's that make up the region. This definition includes, KY, Va, Tn, Nc, Sc, Ga, Al, Ms, La, Ar, Wv, and Fl. 74.128.200.135 03:04, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I actually like the Atlanta concept, I believe that had been mentioned earlier. The Google link just shows the variety of definitions here.  Even the Encarta link that I have on the page currently includes Arkansas, which it was generally agreed, being west of the Mississippi, is not really SE.  The American Heritage Dictionary, definition at [], defines the region as "generally including Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida."  Those are definitely the core states.  In my experience, lots of companies use a definition like this one - [] Personally, I would not include states west of the Mississippi (part of Louisiana, all of Arkansas, Texas, and Oklahoma) nor states north of the Missouri Compromise Line (Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, and Maryland.)  That's just stretching it a bit too much, and risking simply duplicating the South page.

--Gator87 04:31, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

I have a new map this article should switch to. Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas are blank because those states are just South. Not Southeast. Louisiana is striped. http://img256.imageshack.us/img256/444/usmapsoutheastkm0.png

 * I like that map personally and I think that definition is the best one, but I'll wait to see what others say. If there aren't any objections in a week or so, I'll upload it and switch the map on the page to it.

--Gator87 02:56, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I think LA should not be included, but otherwise I think that map is the best, if we have to have a map that marks states as unconditionally included or excluded. There is probably a reason why the Encarta map does not do this. --JWB 15:03, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

At the same time however it seems as though it's totally disregaurding the encyclopedic reference that clearly includes states north of the TN/NC border. If it's your personal opinion that those states are what comprise the region then that's fine, But to disreguard two enclopedic references seems to be a bit silly don't you think?

It's quite simple really, the general exclusion of extreme western states (from a regional perspective) such as Oklahoma and Texas clearly show a difference between the two regional terms. Hence SouthEAST, nor DEEP Southeast.74.128.200.135 20:31, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

The inclusion of those states north of the NC/TN line is not short of sources (obviously since Worldbook and Britannica include them)

         74.128.200.135 20:39, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm aware that some definitions, and some businesses, do include states on the periphery of the Upper South in a "Southeast" definition, but the point here was to generate a consistent approach that includes the most frequently included states. There is no controversy in the current list - nor do I (or others, apparently) believe the current list to be inadequate - because nobody could ever argue that the states listed aren't Southeastern.  For example, I'm certain that some mercurial definitions of "Southeast" even would include Texas and Oklahoma, but that isn't the point.  Because there is such a proliferation of definitions of the region, I would support going with the current list, because otherwise, in the name of inclusion, we would have to add caveats for every state in the broader South, and then we arrive exactly back at where we were - a dumbed down version of the Southern United States page.

--Gator87 02:33, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Since the clear majority seems in favor of the new definition, I uploaded the map created by anon. user 70.106.129.196 and changed this page to it. This map does not include TX, OK, or AR at all, and only includes LA as marginal/periphery "Southeast", as most of the state is west of the Mississippi.  No states north of the Missouri Compromise Line are included, as was the case in the old map.

--Gator87 18:41, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Who in the Hell is the majority, this article's talk is relatively dead! Before you made your little edits to the page no one else had any complainys about the definition that included states above the Missouri Compromise. Then someone just commented a few days ago stating that this definition needs a change! Why in the Hell are you so determined to undermine these encyclopedic references? The exclusion of states to West will show the difference between this article and the Southern Article, HENCE southEAST.

Where are you sourcing this information from???? Face it you're providing your own original research to make a dead point. Louisvillian 23:40, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, no. The article is sourced via Encarta in the very first paragraph, and the old map did not include states north of the Missouri Compromise Line.  Another editor (an anon IP) suggested the new map twice, and I and another editor (JWB) supported it as the best map to reflect the discussion.  As far as I can see, you're the only person intent on including states north of the 36'30 line in the map, other than one user who stated earlier that Virginia might be included.

--Gator87 02:31, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I think an unshaded/unboundaried map (like the topo map in Encarta) (or no map at all) would be even better, to keep this from coming up repeatedly. Focusing on states as being definitely in or out is going to continue to be a source of conflict. Another alternative, if we had enough data, and if it was not considered "original research", would be a map showing roughly how often particular states or cities are included; for example, of the 6 articles currently in the Examples section, 2 include Kentucky. --JWB 04:54, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Compared to two other sources encyclopedic sources (worldbook& Britannica) that include the states north of the Missouri Compromise. The fact that another user had a problem with states north of the compromise no being included is an indicator that this map is a source of conflict. As far as the regions according the sporting disticts Kentucky is included in two while Louisiana is included in one, Arkansas is included in one, Tennesseee is included in one, Alabama is only included in three, Va is included in 3, and NC are included in three. FACE IT your system is biased as towards your own opinion, and the article is full of contradictaries (the maping system compared to the chart that shows the inclusion of each state in sporting divisions). If maryland and Delaware can be striped on the Southern articles map (occasionally considered Southern) because they are included in the census bureau def., than please explain to me why Kentucky and Virginia cannot be considered Southeastern OCCASSIONALLY. Louisvillian 01:59, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

This crap being pulled is ridiculous too many sources prove that Kentucky and Virginia are generally included in the region, whereas the only state's that are almost exclusively excluded are the MOST WESTERN OF THE SOUTHERN STATES (oklahoma and Texas), Hence the SouthEAST!. The fact they are even mentioned on the chart prove it, it just makes no sense. 74.128.200.135 05:42, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Atlanta Chamber of Commerce source
The source I'm mentioning is available here - http://www.metroatlantachamber.com/macoc/business/img/alookatatlanta.pdf.

I have removed the source for the moment because an editor had inaccurately quoted it (likely because he disagreed with its views, in which case I'm not sure why he posted it.) I have no problem in using this source on the page, because it DOES include a good definition of the Southeast on page 6, which includes the states of FL, GA, AL, MS, NC, SC, and TN. It makes no mention of Kentucky, Virginia, or other states on the periphery of the Upper South. User Louisvillian referred to a map on page 7 as including Kentucky in Atlanta's "primary impact zone", whatever that is. This map is nothing more than a flight distance map and makes no claim of represting the Southeast - again, the Southeast is defined in this document on page 6, not via the map on page 7. If were are going to include this source, we should reference the clearly laid out definition on page 6. I see that another editor has been making the same point, but I'd like more than a 2-1 consensus on that in order to avoid another edit war.

Furthermore, user Louisvillian had stated in his edits that "Kentucky is in the primary impact zone of Atlanta." Not true. People in the state's population centers are definitely closer geographically to Chicago than Atlanta for the most part, and from personal experiences I know that they will tend to travel to the cultural/shopping facilities in one of these cities over Atlanta's, just as people in Virginia will prefer Washington DC's amenities over Atlanta's. --Gator87 10:45, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree (full disclosure, I'm the other editor making the same point that Gator87 refers to). The map on page 7 makes no claims about defining the Southeastern U.S. -- it is nothing more than an illustration of distances to Atlanta. However, page 6 does make an explicit claim about the Southeast. older ≠ wiser 12:29, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Either way the source is gone. From my own personal experience Louisville's black population is more served by Atlanta than any other metropolis, (chicago included). Either way there is no way to actually prove which one Kentucky is more attached to. Louisvillian 19:09, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

2nd Paragraph
"Atlanta is the central metropolis of the Southeast [2] [3], and the Southeast roughly corresponds to an area with Atlanta centrally located, with Hartsfield as the airline hub, and UNC Chapel Hill draws many students, plus Florida. However, most of Virginia is served by the Washington Metropolitan Area."

This doesn't make a lot of sense: I'd like to try to clarify this paragraph, and make it more regionally approriate.

 * Changed Atlanta is the metropolis of the Southeast by adding the word "central." Statistically, the word metropolis is neutral in its' implications, and there are several large metropolises in the SE.  If Atlanta is the most culturally significant (Miami would be the other contender), some additional sourced detail should be added to beef up the observation.

 * Hartsfield I've left alone; it's regional, national and international significance is indisputable.

 * Don't know where the UNC bit came from; I'll think of something to do with that.

Some brief blurbs for each of the 1,000,000+ metros might generally be more approriate as each have distinct 'importances' or attributes - i.e. the general international status of Atlanta and Miami, the military presence in Tidewater VA, the financial sector in Charlotte, the tech-and-academics sector in the Triangle, the music/culture orientations in Nashville Atlanta Memphis and Miami... Davidals 07:48, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Do we want to get into regional demographics and culture?
 * I've done some minor fleshing out of things already in the article.

 * Given growth in some regions, the traditional demographics have expanded and diversified considerably - influxes from Latin America across the region, from Cuba and Puerto Rico in Florida, and from Asia in (probably most swiftly) the RTP area.

 * Music: country (Nashville especially), bluegrass (Southern Appalachia), jazz (NoLa and Memphis, with smaller scenes elsewhere), blues (many variations regionally - from the Delta to the Piedmont carolinas), funk (Atlanta and Miami especially, also NoLa), hip-hop (ditto), soul (Memphis/Muscle Shoals, Atlanta, Miami and several other spots), punk/post-punk (Athens and Chapel Hill especially), and 'Southern rock' (region-wide, with Macon, Memphis and Muscle Shoals as some focus areas) all have specifc presences and centers in the region; in all cases with local or regional qualities not seen in similar styles originating out of the region. This may be deserving of a seperate article, rather than coverage here.

Thought I'd see if anyone else had some thoughts on this before throwing it all into the article.Davidals 08:17, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Metropolis was meant in the original sense of "the major city of an area", not just "a fairly big city". Miami is of similar size, but is never identified as the leader or center of the Southeastern US; it is a truism that South Florida is quite different, and that if Miami dominates a large region, it's one that stretches over the Caribbean and much of Latin America.

 * Chapel Hill's traditional role as an institution whose alumni form an elite spanning the Southeast (and not Texas) is well known.

''The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has long been a center for the study and nurture of Southern culture. It has also helped to educate a regional elite. An appreciable percentage of all college graduates are Chapel Hill alumni. Tar Heels are thick on the ground throughout the southeastern states, but (aside from some brain drain to the New York City suburbs) that's the only place they're so numerous. In particular, Chapel Hill graduates have little market penetration west of the Mississippi. (Texas has its own universities.)'' or

 * That reference also documents several other measures of how the Southeast forms a coherent region excluding Texas, which I think should be a major focus for this article, although ironically the article makes little use of the word "Southeast".

 * Yes, a lot of material could be added about the specific attractions at various places, and I think at least a summary should be present, but that material is not specific to this article and some of it would fit even better in the articles about the South as a whole, or individual states, or natural regions, as well as nongeographical articles. The "Southeast" is a relatively modern and businesslike concept, as opposed to the cultural connotations of the South. --JWB 08:49, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Prominent universities
It looks as if some editors have decided that all universities are prominent. Some reliable source to support this list is needed (probably half of the list can be discarded). Tedickey (talk) 11:25, 29 September 2008 (UTC)
 * No, actually, the entire list can be discarded as it is clearly POV (see WP:NPOV). "Prominent" is clearly a relative term and since there is no explanation of why this seemingly arbitrary list of universities is provided, I am crossing it out for the time being.
 * Perhaps, if it is rewritten in such a way that discusses the historical foundation of education in the Southeastern region, then that would add value to the article but, otherwise, it is clearly POV pushing and must be removed. aNubiSIII  ( T /  C ) 06:27, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I cut down on the list of universities, especially the universities that were cited more than once. Guy1890 (talk) 02:35, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

Consolidated Cities
Why is Jacksonville, which has been consolidated with Duval County since the early 70's not considered a 'consolidated city-county'? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.16.177.215 (talk) 13:15, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

Examples of definitions of the Southeast
Doesn't seem like a very good way of defining the Southeast. The examples are highly arbitrary and thus, in my opinion, unencyclopedic. For example, Southeast Conservative Baptist lists Kentucky and an island in the Bahamas as Southeast, but not Georgia or Tennessee. My point is, this list isn't something compiled by the government to show the boundaries of a region; it's nothing more than organizations grouping states however they see fit, not to mention that one could pick and choose who to add and remove from the list to show whatever they want. There's no reason to retain this list.--Flash176 (talk) 11:05, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

Cleanup (June 2010)
Recent edits have added chunks without much context, apparently from Southern United States. The reader will notice the lack of transition between each chunk, and further, problems with several of the references Tedickey (talk) 08:26, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

What a load
This whole article is such starting with the first paragraph giving a list of states saying "most publications and the general population of the Southern United States generally agree". How is that based in any measurable fact? And the map shows ARKANSAS, LOUISIANA, KENTUCKY, and TENNESSEE in the Southeast? I guess people are afraid to at least stripe Maryland (which is about 1/2 southeastern) or even Delaware (about a third southern), yet include West Virginia and Kentucky fully? This page is so beyond help that I won't bother any edits- any sane person can deduct that this is not a serious page.

Maryland: in the South or Not?
On the article for the [Southern United States], Maryland and Delaware are both included on the map as part of "the South". So, if it is part of the South as a whole, then surely it should be included as part of the Southeastern United States. But, the map on this article does not include it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Greenhplover (talk • contribs) 21:45, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

This is a ridiculous excuse for a resource page. I posted the topic above yours months ago and no one has yet to edit or delete the most incredibly juvenile claim that "most people" claim the states on the map in red as the Southeast.

Also, I'd like to add- I am removing the University of Maryland from this page. If our state is not good enough to be striped on the map or even mentioned in passing, you all should not be able to grace your page with the name of our educational institution. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.59.249.85 (talk) 03:21, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

Maryland is Southern. The U.S. Census Bureau does classify it as such. Therefore, since the government says its Southern, then it's Southern. Putting any references not including maryland or D.c. (since it's surrounded by 2 southern states) in here. Thank you. For all Northern supporting marylanders who disagree please look it up. Just remember, being Southern ain't a bad thing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.82.2.99 (talk) 04:48, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

The census might classify Maryland as being in the South, but other government agencies such as the Department of Transportation, and the Department of Energy group Maryland in with the Northeast.

In the discussion of whether Maryland is northern or southern, I see no mention of the Mason-Dixon Line. Traditionally, that is the demarcation between North and South. bobjones37

Maryland is "up south" and "down north". It is a weird place, but has more country folks than yankee folks. I think it's controversial, but definitely identifies with south more than north. 69.251.26.101 (talk) 06:22, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

Misrepresented sources
The sources which Thesouthernhistorian45 provides for his POV-based edit state "American" where he reads "English", etc. If they were really the same, he'd find no need to keep making edits of this sort TEDickey (talk) 18:52, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

That's not true at all, the source I provided states "English" explicitly. If you'd actually look at the source you'll see "American" isn't one of the options in it at all. I copied the figures exactly for those citing "English ancestry" in the census designated region of "South". The phrase "American" does not appear anywhere in the source. You are being untruthful, please withdraw your comments as they are inaccurate, I'm hoping they are inaccurate by mistake and you're not just lying. Why do you feel the need to be so insulting and combative? What about this verifiable source from the United States goverment with exact quoted figures do you feel is inaccurate? Thesouthernhistorian45 (talk) 21:38, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Your edit talks about an "overwhelming majority", for which you provide a source that gives less than a third for "English" (neither "overwhelming", nor a "majority"). The second source doesn't mention "English" at all.  Perhaps you have some other sources in mind. TEDickey (talk) 21:47, 7 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Got to agree with Tedickey here. The source does not say an "overwhelming majority" claim English ancestry.  And the source does not address "southeastern", but has the categories of "south" and "east south central", whatever that is.  So the tables do not correlate with this article.  And second in numbers in both categories are African-Americans, not Germans.  Eastcote (talk) 11:34, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

population estimates
Rather than pointing to a single CSV file, the parent page should be used, e.g., this. TEDickey (talk) 09:09, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

Largest metropolitan areas
I updated the source, found at least one discrepancy, and a couple of changes in ranking - but did not change the ranking yet TEDickey (talk) 12:51, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

The Southeast is not the South.
The article states that the Southeast is colloquially referred to as the South- But many states that are not included in the Southeast region are part of the South. And I think that stating that the Southeast is colloquially referred to as the South is original research. I have edited out that statement for that reason. 173.216.242.13 (talk) 23:04, 26 January 2015 (UTC)

And what is more, if you go to the Wikipedia article on Alabama and click on southeastern region, you just get taken to the Wikipedia article on the southern region. Perhaps a Wikipedia project group, such as Wikipedia U.S.A., could give this a big clean-up. 81.140.1.129 (talk) 07:44, 8 April 2017 (UTC)

Term "Deep South"
Firstly, can I sat that I am an Englishman who has lived all my life in England, so Wikipedia readers from the United States of America may help me if I slip up here. I am aware that there is an article on Wikipedia that is on the term Deep South - my understanding is that this term refers to the twelve states in the south-eastern corner of the U.S.A., but the Wikipedia article does not really clarify what these twelve states are. Perhaps the twelve states that are listed by such an appellation could go here, and this article could introduce the term "Deep South" earlier. Carltonio (talk) 21:17, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

Indeed, I have just spotted that under the term "See also" there is not even a reference to Deep South - and yet, this is perhaps the obvious entry to have here. Carltonio (talk) 21:21, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

 * To answer your last question first, the term "Deep South" is listed in the first navbox at the bottom of the page, and links in navboxes aren't supposed to be repeated in the See also section. While "Deep South" could be mentioned in the text here, that article does list the states are generally considered to be the "Deep South", and even has a map showing them there. - BilCat (talk) 23:23, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

Maryland and Delaware
I don’t think Maryland and Delaware are commonly considered the south. They are the Northeast, or at the very least the Mid-Atlantic. The map needs to be updated. Smith0124 (talk) 05:28, 14 February 2020 (UTC)

Actually, the US Census Bureau classifies both Maryland and Delaware as Southern. With good reason, they were both slaveholding states that wanted to join the Confederacy during the Civil War but were unable to because they were bordered by Union states. They also had Jim Crow laws while the North did not. While Maryland and Delaware may not be as Southern anymore today but it does have a history of being Southern, like it or not — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.200.27.124 (talk) 19:17, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

If we're using the Census Bureau to define these states as southeastern, then we should also include the Philadelphia CSA in the listing of regional CSAs, as it includes portions of both states.170.253.147.186 (talk) 08:06, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

"Southeast Coast" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Southeast Coast. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 November 2 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 18:28, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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 * The Skyline of the Virginia Beach Oceanfront.jpg

title: Talk:Southeastern United States


text:
Antoine Pevsner

Antoine Pevsner (30 January 1886 – 12 April 1962) was a Russian-born sculptor and the older brother of Alexii Pevsner and Naum Gabo. As the originators of Constructivism and pioneers of Kinetic Art, The brothers are considered pioneers of twentieth-century sculpture, with numerous prominent pieces, e.g., Antoine's widely known sculpture, The Flight of the Bird, located at the General Motors Technical Center in Warren, Michigan.

Biography
Pevsner was born as Natan Borisovich Pevzner in Oryol, Russian Empire, into a Jewish family. Among the originators of and having coined the term, Constructivism, and pioneers of Kinetic Art, Pevsner and his brother Naum Gabo discovered a new use for metals and welding and made a new marriage of art and mathematics. Pevsner said: "Art must be inspiration controlled by mathematics. I have a need for peace, symphony, orchestration." He was one of the first to use the blowtorch in sculpture, welding copper rods onto sculptural forms and along with his brother, Naum, he issued the Realist Manifesto in 1920.

He left the Soviet Union in 1923 and moved to Paris, where he would live for the rest of his life.

Among the honors he received were a retrospective at the Museum of Modern Art in Paris (1956-7) and the Legion of Honour (1961).

Pevsner is buried in Paris.

title: Antoine Pevsner


text:
Alum Rock

Alum Rock may refer to:
 * Alum rock, a specific chemical compound and a class of chemical compounds
 * Alum Rock, California, US, formerly a town, now a neighborhood of San Jose, California
 * Alum Rock Park, in San Jose, California
 * Alum Rock, Pennsylvania
 * Alum Rock, Birmingham, an area in the UK, two miles east of Birmingham's city centre
 * Alum Rock (ward)

title: Alum Rock