text:
AFTA

AFTA or Afta may refer to:
 * Afta, a brand of aftershave by Mennen
 * ASEAN Free Trade Area
 * Galactan 5-O-arabinofuranosyltransferase, an enzyme
 * American Family Therapy Academy, family therapy organisation founded in 1978 by Murray Bowen

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AFTA


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Lucien Lévy-Bruhl

Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (10 April 1857 – 13 March 1939) was a French scholar trained in philosophy who furthered anthropology with his contributions to the budding fields of sociology and ethnology. His primary field interest was ways of thinking.

Born in Paris, Lévy-Bruhl wrote about the mind in his work How Natives Think (1910), where he posited, as the two basic mindsets of mankind, the "primitive" and the "modern". The primitive mind does not differentiate the supernatural from reality but uses "mystical participation" to manipulate the world. According to Lévy-Bruhl, the primitive mind does not address contradictions. The modern mind, by contrast, uses reflection and logic.

Lévy-Bruhl did not necessarily believe in a historical and evolutionary teleology leading from the primitive mind to the modern, but this is often assumed because his work is rarely read in full; rather, his thought is more dynamic, as shown by his later Notebooks on Primitive Mentality, where he admits that non-logical thought is common in modern societies, such as in gambling practices. Sociologist Stanislav Andreski argued that despite its flaws, Lévy-Bruhl's How Natives Think was an accurate and valuable contribution to anthropology, perhaps even more so than better-known work by Claude Lévi-Strauss.

Lévy-Bruhl's work, especially the concepts of collective representations and participation mystique, influenced the psychological theory of Carl Jung.

His thought also plays a large part in the work of Norman O. Brown.

Works

 * History of Modern Philosophy in France (1899)
 * La philosophie d'Auguste Comte (1900), translated as
 * Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inférieures (1910), translated as How Natives Think (1926)
 * La mentalité primitive (1922), translated as Primitive Mentality (1923)
 * L'âme primitive (1927), translated as The "Soul" of the Primitive (1928, reedited in 1965 with a foreword by E. E. Evans-Pritchard)
 * Le surnaturel et la nature dans la mentalité primitive (1931), translated as Primitives and the Supernatural (1936)
 * La mythologie primitive (Primitive Mythology, 1935)
 * L'expérience mystique et les symboles chez les primitifs (The Mystic Experience and Primitive Symbolism, 1938)
 * Les carnets de Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (Notebooks of Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, published posthumously in 1949)

title: Lucien Lévy-Bruhl


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1990 Danish general election

General elections were held in Denmark on 12 December 1990. Although the election resulted in a strong gain for the Social Democratic Party, Poul Schlüter's coalition government was able to continue despite the Danish Social Liberal Party leaving. Schlüter's coalition consisted of the Conservative People's Party and Venstre. Voter turnout was 83% in Denmark proper, 54% in the Faroe Islands and 51% in Greenland.

title: 1990 Danish general election


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Terra Linda High School

Terra_Linda_High_School
Yet another non-notable high school stub article. jni 08:08, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence of notability.  SWAdair | Talk  08:15, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nothing here to indicate notability. Average Earthman 12:00, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 16:32, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  RickK 22:27, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Evidence of notability not presented. No significant information in article. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:57, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Intrigue 18:18, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep this. Mark Richards 17:23, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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Talk:AFTA

Untitled
This page feels a lot like a copyvio --Malbear 08:09, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:AFTA


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Gossa (island)

Gossa (dative: Gossen) is an island in Aukra Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The island encompasses most of the municipality and has a ferry connection from the village of Aukrasanden across the Julsundet strait to the village of Hollingen on the mainland. About 80% of the municipal population (about 2,500 people) is located on the island.

The 46.5 km2 island is flat and swampy, but it is well cultivated by farmland wherever possible. There are also some planted forests. The highest point on the island is the 99 m tall Jærmannburet.

The largest population centers on the island are the villages of Aukrasanden and Varhaugvika on the southeastern side and the village of Røssøyvågen on the west side. Aukra Auto runs bus service on the island.

The natural gas from the Ormen Lange gas field is brought ashore at Nyhamna on the northeastern shore. Here the gas is processed and pumped through the world's longest underwater pipeline, the Langeled pipeline, to Easington in the United Kingdom.

title: Gossa (island)


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Brazilianist

Brazilianist (brasilianista, in Brazilian Portuguese) is a scholar, either a non-Brazilian or a Brazilian living abroad, who teaches, conducts research, and publishes about Brazil. Common fields and disciplines are history, anthropology, sociology, political science, geography, literature, and music. There is great diversity of interests amongst Brazilianists.

Origins and use of the term
The term "Brazilianist" supposedly originated in Brazil in the 1960s or perhaps a little earlier; it was coined to designate scholars from the United States who were receiving grants to study Brazil at the time when the U.S. had special political interests in that country. However, that is a view perhaps a little too narrow as to the motivating factors which led these many social scientists to do research on Brazilian issues.

In the 1970s and well into the 1980s the Brazilian press paid considerable attention to Brazilianists themselves but there was not much discussion of their arguments and findings. At that time the term "Brazilianist" could even have something of a pejorative tone.

Since the 1990s there has been a greater acknowledgment in Brazil of the body of work produced by Brazilianist scholars. Brazilianists' studies began to be more actively introduced into curricula at major Brazilian universities.. A major bi-national conference in Washington D.C. led to the book ''Envisioning Brazil: ''A Guide to Brazilian Studies in the United States. University of Wisconsin Press, 2005. ''Edited by Marshall C. Eakin and Paulo Roberto de Almeida. The book was translated as O Brasil dos Brasilianistas: um guia dos estudos sobre o Brasil nos Estados Unidos, 1945-2000.

Today some of the books produced by Brazilianists are known well beyond academic circles in Brazil.

Brazilian and Portuguese dictionaries define a “Brazilianist” as a scholar, most usually a non-Brazilian, dedicated to Brazilian studies.

List of notable Brazilianists
The following is a partial list of people who have studied Brazil in a multi-disciplinary fashion and can be considered Brazilianists.

 * Roger Bastide
 * Bertha Becker
 * Benjamin Moser
 * Leslie Bethell
 * Jean Blondel
 * Charles Boxer
 * Helen Caldwell
 * Robert Carneiro
 * Ronald H. Chilcote
 * Shelton H. Davis
 * Carl N. Degler
 * Christopher Dunn
 * Peter B. Evans
 * Philip Fearnside
 * Albert Fishlow
 * Earl E. Fitz
 * Richard Graham
 * James N. Green
 * John Hemming
 * Randal Johnson
 * Herbert S. Klein
 * Jacques Lambert
 * Ruth Landes
 * Anthony Leeds
 * Jeffrey Lesser
 * Robert Levine
 * Claude Lévi-Strauss
 * Thomas Lovejoy
 * Frederick C. Luebke
 * Kenneth Maxwell
 * David Maybury-Lewis
 * Frank McCann
 * Peter J. McDonough
 * Betty Jane Meggers
 * Alfred Metraux
 * Pierre Monbeig
 * Charles A. Perrone
 * Paul Rivet
 * Antonius Robben
 * Riordan Roett
 * Anthony John R. Russell-Wood
 * Wilhelm Schmidt
 * Philippe C. Schmitter
 * Ronald Schneider
 * Stuart B. Schwartz
 * Thomas Skidmore
 * Stanley J. Stein
 * Alfred Stepan
 * Georg Thomas
 * Thomas J. Trebat
 * Maxine Margolis
 * Pierre Fatumbi Verger
 * Charles Wagley
 * Paul Wellman
 * John Wirth
 * Jean Ziegler
 * Christian Feest
 * Johann Natterer
 * Timothy Power
 * Anthony Pereira

title: Brazilianist


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User talk:Lærer~enwiki

Informasjonsteknologi og informasjonsteknologisk historie Den datateknologiske revolusjon skaper ringvirkninger til mange områder av samfunnet. IT (informasjonsteknologi) benyttes innen bankvesen, landbruk, handel, undervisning og privat virksomhet. Våre liv blir mer og mer preget av datamaskinen. Informasjonsteknologien krever et relativt høyt allment kunnskapsnivå i befolkningen. Nye jobber oppstår og besettes av folk som er tilpasset den nye utviklingen. I USA har de laget et begrep Computer Literacy for å beskrive den nye situasjonen, et begrep som handler om at man må kunne beherske en datamaskin nærmest på lik linje som lese og skriveferdigheter. Datamaskinen har etter hvert fått en enorm utbredelse. De blir stadig mindre i størrelse, men kraftigere, slik at prosessene går raskere. (Kristensen, 2. utg., s 14)

Tabell over teknologihistorien Når Hvem  Hva 1642 Blaise Pascal Den første mekaniske datamskin, som kunne summere og subtrahere tall 1800-1860 Charles Babbage En programmerbar, mekanisk datamaskin - som kunne beregne kompliserte matematiske uttrykk raskt og effektivt. 1880 Herman Hollerith Den første hullkortmaskinen, den kunne styre en vevmaskin til å lage kompliserte mønstre ved hjelp av hullkort. Maskinen var drevet av elektrisitet. 1946 IBM Den første elektromagnetiske maskin, brukte radiorør som grunnkomponent. Et nytt teknologisk gjennombrudd, en raskere maskin som krevde enorm fysisk plass. Januar 1948 Alan Turing og John von Neumann En programmerbar datamskin. Mange regner denne dagen som den moderne datamskinens egentlige fødselsdag.

Kvinner i informasjonsteknologien Ser en i dag på problemområdet IT og jenter er det en del dystre trekk. Men det har ikke alltid vært sånn. Fra datahistorien kan vi se at kvinner kan, de har vært pionerer innen IT-området og satt preg på utviklingen. De to mest kjente damene i historien er Ada Lovelace og Grace Hopper. Lovelace blir sett på som verdens første programmerer, og Hopper var verdens første debug`er. (Et hvert program vil inneholde feil (bug), og det er ofte mye arbeid med å avluse programmet sine feil, dvs "debugge")

Kilde: Kristensen, Terje. 2. utgave Informasjons og kommunikasjonsteknologi, kapittel 1.Cappelen Akademiske Forlag

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title: User talk:Lærer~enwiki


text:
Snap freezing

Snap freezing (or cook-chill or blast freezing) is the process of rapid cooling of a substance for the purpose of preservation. It is widely used in the culinary and scientific industries.

Scientific use
Snap-freeze is a term often used in scientific papers to describe a process by which a sample is very quickly lowered to temperatures below -70 °C. This is often accomplished by submerging a sample in liquid nitrogen. This prevents water from crystallising when it forms ice, and so better preserves the structure of the sample (e.g. RNA, protein, or live cells)

title: Snap freezing


text: Category:Toxicology

title: Category:Toxicology


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User:Jonelo~enwiki

 Go to my Homepage Read my latest Wikipedia contributions Talk with me

I'm also a user and a contributor at the german Wikipedia.

title: User:Jonelo~enwiki


text:
Aaron Bailey

Aaron Bailey may refer to:

 * Aaron Bailey (American football) (born 1971), American football player
 * Aaron Bailey, police officer killed by Barker-Karpis gang
 * Aaron Bailey (Full House), fictional character on American sitcom Full House

title: Aaron Bailey


text:
Diemaco

Diemaco was a Canadian defence company based in Kitchener, Canada, that manufactured the C7 family of rifles under a licence from Colt. It was acquired by Colt Defense on May 20, 2005, in an $18.2 million purchase from parent company Héroux-Devtek Inc, which had purchased Diemaco in 2000.

title: Diemaco


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Waitākere Ranges

The Waitākere Ranges is a mountain range in New Zealand. Located in West Auckland between metropolitan Auckland and the Tasman Sea, the ranges and its foothills and coasts comprise some 27,720 ha of public and private land. The area, traditionally known to Māori as Te Wao Nui o Tiriwa (The Great Forest of Tiriwa), is of local, regional, and national significance. The Waitākere Ranges includes a chain of hills in the Auckland Region, generally running approximately 25 km from north to south, 25 km west of central Auckland. The ranges are part of the Waitākere Ranges Regional Park.

From 1 May 2018 the forested areas of the Waitākere Ranges Regional Park were closed, with some exceptions, while Auckland Council upgraded the tracks to dry foot standard protect the roots and to prevent the spread of kauri dieback, bacteria that affect kauri trees and prevents them from getting nutrients, effectively killing them. There is no cure. But

Etymology
The name Wai-tākere originally came from a rock located in Waitākere Bay near Te Henga (Bethells Beach). In Māori the name Te Wao Nui a Tiriwa ("The Great Forest of Tiriwa"), referred to all of the forested areas south from Muriwai and the Kaipara Harbour portage to the Manukau Harbour, while the name Hikurangi referred to the central and Western Waitākere Ranges, south of the Waitākere River.

Geology
The rugged upstanding topography is formed from erosion-resistant ancient volcanic conglomerate and lava flows laid down in eruptions from the large Waitākere volcano to the west 12–25 million years ago. The Waitākere Ranges and land south from Muriwai are the eastern slopes of the volcano, which were uplifted from the sea floor between 3 and 5 million years ago. Much of the rock that forms the ranges, such as the Piha Formation and Nihotupu Formation, are volcanic and marine conglomerate rocks. Many of the features of the ranges, such as Karekare, Te Toka-Tapu-a-Kupe / Ninepin Rock and Pukematekeo, are remnants of volcanic vents and plugs.

Geography
The western coastline of the ranges consists of cliffs exceeding 300 m, interspersed infrequently with beaches. The ranges are covered in native forest, most of which is in the process of regeneration since extensive logging and farming in the mid–late 19th and early 20th centuries. The highest point in the Waitākere Ranges, at 474 m, is Te Toiokawharu, in the southern part of the ranges, about 3 km north-east of Huia. The Scenic Drive follows a ridge of high points along the eastern ranges, connecting the communities of Titirangi, Waiatarua and Swanson. Along this ridge are some of the more notable peaks of the ranges, including Ruaotuwhenua, known for its radome and adjacent television mast, and Pukematekeo, the northernmost of the ranges which looks out over metropolitan Auckland.

Biodiversity
In the Holocene prior to human settlement, the Waitākere Ranges was a densely forested podocarp-broadleaf forest, dominated by kauri, northern rātā and rimu. The ranges are home to one endemic species, Veronica bishopiana, the Waitākere rock koromiko, and additionally some species which are rare outside of coastal West Auckland, including Sophora fulvida, the west coast kōwhai and Veronica obtusata, the coastal hebe. The Waitākere Ranges are known for the wide variety of fern species (over 110), as well as native orchids, many of which self-established from seeds carried by winds from the east coast of Australia.

The Waitākere Ranges are home to many native species of bird, the New Zealand long-tailed bat and Hochstetter's frog, which have been impacted by introduced predatory species including rodents, stoats, weasels, possums and cats. At the northern end of the ranges, Otakamiro Point is the site of one of New Zealand's few mainland gannet breeding colonies. In the bush are many indigenous invertebrates, including kauri snail, wētā and oviparous velvet worms with 14 pairs of legs, and ovoviviparous species of 15 and 16 pairs of legs in the genus Peripatoides.

Māori history

A number of Tāmaki Māori are associated with the early settlement of the Waitākere Ranges. In the creation legend of the Auckland volcanic field, the Waitākere Ranges was home to a tribe of supernatural beings known as Tahurangi (called patupaiarehe in other traditions), who battled with the patupaiarehe of the Hunua Ranges. The Māori language name of the Waitākere Ranges, Te Wao Nui a Tiriwa, refers to Tiriwa, a chief of the Tūrehu patupaiarehe. The coastline of the ranges and the Manukau Harbour is traditionally thought to be guarded by the taniwha Paikea, while the Waitākere River and northern ranges were the home to Te Mokoroa, a malevolent taniwha. The ranges were visited by Rakatāura, the senior tohunga (priest/navigator) of the Tainui migratory canoe, who named many of the locations along the west coast.

The area is within the traditional rohe of the iwi Te Kawerau ā Maki, whose most intensive settlements were traditionally around the Waitākere River and Te Henga / Bethells Beach being major focal points for settlement. Much of the coastline and river valleys were settled due to the resource-rich forests and coastline, with over 550 recorded archaeological sites recorded in the area.

The warm, sheltered valleys of the west coast streams were well suited for growing crops such as kūmara, taro, hue (calabash) and aruhe (bracken fern), and were the cause of many early wars in the area. Te Kawerau ā Maki benefited from the abundant seafood found on the coast, as well as resources found deeper within the Waitākere Ranges, such as moa, seasonal berries, eels, crayfish and other birds. Over 50 pā were located around the Waitākere Ranges, and many caves and rock shelters were used as refuges during times of war between the 16th and 18th centuries, including Lion Rock at Piha, which was the location of Whakaari pā, and the caves in Whatipu. The Waitākere Ranges sites have a large number of wood and fibre artefacts due to the weather conditions of the area. Surveys in the early 1900s uncovered traditional textile fragments such as fishing nets, baskets, cloak fragments, from locations such as Anawhata, Piha, Takatu Point, Karekare and Whatipu. In 1853 and 1854, the New Zealand government acquired around 100,000 acres of Te Kawerau ā Maki land, purchased from other iwi without consultation of Te Kawerau ā Maki. Reserves were created at Piha and Te Henga (Bethells Beach), however by the 1950s almost all Te Kawerau ā Maki land in the Waitākere Ranges had been partitioned and sold.

Kauri logging industry

In the 18th century, significant areas of the Waitākere Ranges were forested with kauri. Tāmaki Māori tribes had traditionally felled kauri wood to construct waka, and early European visitors in the 1790s likely began harvesting young kauri trees for sailing ship spars. During the early colonial era, the Waitākere Ranges were a major source for kauri wood. Kauri trees near the Manukau Harbour were first felled in the 1830s. Between 1840 and 1940, 23 timber mills worked the Waitākere Ranges. Approximately 70 dams were constructed along the waterways of the Waitākere Ranges, which loggers would break in order for kauri to be sent downstream with the flood of water.

A major sawmill was constructed at Whatipu, and in the latter 19th century a wharf was constructed on the north-east side of Paratutae Island for the industry. A tramway was constructed along the west coast gradually between the 1870s and 1914 linking to the sawmill and wharf, eventually being extended as far as Anawhata. The wharf was used until 1921, and was demolished in 1950.

The 1920s signalled the end of the kauri logging industry, as there was little kauri forest left in the Waitākeres. An estimated 120,000 trees were felled by the kauri logging industry, many of which were damaged and unable to be turned into timber, due inefficient logging techniques.

Water reservoirs

By the late 19th century, Auckland was plagued with seasonal droughts. A number of options were considered to counter this, including the construction of water reservoirs in the Waitākere Ranges. The first of these projects was the Waitākere Dam in the north-eastern Waitākere Ranges, which was completed in 1910. The Waitākere Dam was constructed overtop of the Waitākere Falls, which was a major tourist attraction in Auckland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The construction of the Waitākere Dam permanently reduced the flow of the Waitākere River, greatly impacting the Te Kawerau ā Maki community at Te Henga / Bethells Beach. Between the 1910s and 1950s, most members of Te Kawerau ā Maki moved away from their traditional rohe, in search of employment or community with other Māori.

Further reservoirs were constructed along the different river catchments in the Waitākere Ranges: the Upper Nihotupu Reservoir in 1923; the Huia Reservoir in 1929; and the Lower Nihotupu Reservoir in 1948.

The five reservoirs continue to operate today, supplying water. Combined, the reservoirs supply approximately 26% of Auckland's potable water demand. The ranges receive an average of over 2,000 mm (78.75 inches) of rainfall annually while the corresponding rate in the city is less than half that. As weather systems approach across the Tasman Sea, their path is blocked by the ranges causing a small uplift sufficient to trigger orographic rainfall.

Regional Park
By the late 19th century, the Waitākere Ranges area became popular for sightseers, notably the Waitākere Falls and the Gap at Piha. In 1894 a group led by Sir Algernon Thomas (the first professor of natural sciences at Auckland University College, now the University of Auckland) persuaded the Auckland City Council to preserve 3,500 acres (14 km2) in the Nihotupu area of the ranges as a bush reserve. In 1895 the national Government vested the land, and several other smaller areas of the ranges, in the City Council as "reserves for the conservation of native flora and fauna".

After the construction of the dams in the 1920s, the Nihotupu and Huia areas reforested in native bush. This forest left a strong impression on residents who lived in these communities, and was one of the major factors that sparked the campaign for the Waitākere Ranges to become a nature reserve. The Auckland Centennial Memorial Park opened in 1940, commemorating 100 years since the establishment of Auckland. It was formed from various pockets of land that had been reserved by the Auckland City Council starting in 1895. Titirangi resident Arthur Mead, the principal engineer who created the Waitākere Ranges dams, lobbied the city council and negotiated with landowners to expand the park. Owing to the efforts of Mead, the park had tripled in size by 1964, when it became the Waitākere Ranges Regional Park. By 1992, the area had reached a size of 17,000 ha, and was formally consolidated into a single regional park. By this point, the park had become one of the regional parks in New Zealand, alongside the Hunua Ranges.

Conservation and kauri dieback

Ark in the Park is a collaborative project between Forest and Bird and the Auckland Council. First established in 2002 by volunteers, the project began with a gated area of 200 ha within the Waitākere Ranges Regional Park that was regularly trapped by volunteers. By 2019, this area had grown to 2,270 ha, and led to reintroductions of New Zealand bird species, including the whitehead (pōpokatea), North Island robin (toutouwai) and North Island kōkako; the latter having last been seen in the ranges in the 1950s. In 2008, the Waitākere Ranges Heritage Area Act was produced, as formal legislation to ensure the protection of the park. The Waitākere Ranges Regional Park covers about 60% of the area protected by the Waitākere Ranges Heritage Area Act of 2008. The act protects approximately 27,700 ha of both public (the Waitākere Ranges Regional Park) and privately owned land.

In March 2006, entomologist Peter Maddison noticed many mature kauri in the Waitākere Ranges had been infected with a distinct oomycete disease. After the disease had begun to increasingly impact kauri in the ranges, Te Kawerau ā Maki announced a rāhui in 2017, asking for members of the public to not enter the ranges as a measure to protect the trees against kauri dieback. This was followed by a formal vote by Auckland Council to restrict access to the Waitākere Ranges a year later.

Tracks in the ranges have slowly begun to be reopened, after extensive work on tracks to incorporate boardwalks and gravel as protective measures for kauri.

Attractions
Some of the ranges' main attractions are: the four popular surf beaches, Piha, Muriwai, Te Henga (Bethells Beach), Karekare; an extensive network of bush walks and tracks; and panoramic views of the east and west coasts and the city. A road, aptly named Scenic Drive, runs a good portion of the length of the ranges from Titirangi to Swanson. Auckland City Council operates an information centre on Scenic Drive, called Arataki Visitor Centre.

The beaches are typical of west coast beaches north of Taranaki in that they are all black sand beaches. They have a reputation of being dangerous for swimmers due to rips and large swells. Surf Life Saving Clubs patrol designated areas of the four most popular beaches during the summer months. Piha Surf Life Saving Club is the oldest of these, being founded in 1934.

On 11 January 2010, the Auckland Regional Council opened the Hillary Trail, a 77 km trail running roughly south–north from the Arataki Visitor Centre to Muriwai through the Waitākere Ranges, named in honour of the New Zealand mountaineer Sir Edmund Hillary. The Hilary Trail is regarded as one of or maybe the best multi day hike in the north of the country.

Demographics
The statistical areas making up Waitākere Ranges, which include the populated areas of Huia and Karekare but not Piha or Te Henga / Bethells Beach, cover 188.35 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Waitākere Ranges had a population of 2,385 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 234 people (10.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 348 people (17.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 873 households, comprising 1,206 males and 1,179 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.02 males per female, with 456 people (19.1%) aged under 15 years, 396 (16.6%) aged 15 to 29, 1,230 (51.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 300 (12.6%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 92.3% European/Pākehā, 12.5% Māori, 4.2% Pacific peoples, 3.6% Asian, and 1.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 20.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 69.6% had no religion, 19.5% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.6% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.8% were Buddhist and 3.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 552 (28.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 216 (11.2%) people had no formal qualifications. 477 people (24.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,038 (53.8%) people were employed full-time, 354 (18.4%) were part-time, and 57 (3.0%) were unemployed.

List of peaks

List of named peaks (either officially gazetted, informal or traditional) within the Waitākere Ranges, and major unnamed peaks over 400 metres in height.

title: Waitākere Ranges


text:
KAC

KAC or Kac may refer to:

Organizations

 * Kenitra Athletic Club, a football club in Kenitra, Morocco
 * Knight's Armament Company, US
 * Korea Airports Corporation
 * Kosciusko Alpine Club, an Australian ski club

People

 * Eduardo Kac (born 1960), Brazilian-American artist
 * Mac Kac (1920–1987), French jazz drummer
 * Mark Kac (1914–1984), Polish-American mathematician
 * Victor Kac (born 1943), Russian-American mathematician

Places

 * Kać, Novi Sad, South Bačka District, Serbia
 * Kenyon Athletic Center, Gambier, Knox County, Ohio, US
 * Kiaracondong railway station, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, code

Other

 * ICAO designator for Kuwait Airways
 * Jinghpaw language (ISO 639-3 code)

title: KAC


text:
Talk:H. Rider Haggard

Links to articles?
The chronology features links to ebooks... why are there no links to wikipedia articles on specific novels? Applebizzy (talk) 20:35, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

More?
I was hoping for a lot more from this article. Specifically, was HR Haggard successful as a novelist in his time? What was his relationship with his work? I am impressed by how he manages to create what feel like very real fictional places, but to what extent are his places based on real sites that he visited while in Africa? He describes lots of fever, did he suffer from malaria? Cherrywood (talk)

sf?
This author has been suggested for inclusion in Category:Science fiction writers: which of his books gave rise to this suggestion? --Phil | Talk 08:32, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * The (relatively few, mind) Haggard novels I've read tend toward the mystical/magical - thousand-year-old sorceresses, lost civilisations in darkest Africa, that sort of thing; I can't think offhand of anything in any of them that qualifies as "science fiction", even under the relaxed contemporary standards that let things like Barsoom in. (Come to think of it, the lost civilisation in Ayesha had discovered how to turn base metal into gold - but I can't recall whether it was by mystical or technological means, nor whether they had other capabilities along those lines.) --Paul A 08:47, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * "thousand-year-old sorceresses, lost civilisations in darkest Africa, that sort of thing", yes - therefore I think that Category:Fantasy_writers is more appropriate than Category:Science fiction writers - I added it. Gestumblindi 19:24, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I think he is SF. Lost race stories are SF. Kdammers 10:19, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

ag
Haggard wrote a significant work on agriculture (agricultural economics). he was even knighted for his work on agriculture. In the Great Soviet Encyclopeida, this is what is covered in the article on him. Lenin mentioned his work. Something of this needs to be put into the article.Kdammers 10:19, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Duplicate entry
In the "Chronology of works", "Montezuma's Daughter" is listed twice with different years (1893, 1899). Is that correct?
 * 1893 is correct. I removed the duplicate entry. -- ToET 16:50, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

H. Rider Haggard
There is no mention of the version this man is best known as - except under his portrait. And there "H. Rider Haggard" is called his pseudonym. If you look at the Wik discussion of that word, you'll see that it isn't really an appropriate label in this case. Let's fix this up. Kdammers 09:43, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. He seems to be credited invariably as "H. Rider Haggard" and the Rider Haggard Society even drops the H. This article needs to be moved to "H. Rider Haggard". --Tysto (talk) 23:29, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Founder of lost-world genre??
HRH was important in popularizing lost worlds, but he was not the first to write of these, e.g., if I'm not mistaken, E. A. Poe preceded him. Kdammers 02:53, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Schooling
The wording used for what school he went to as a child is sort of... Odd. Did he go to the private school or the public one? I can't tell. ElectricTurahk 20:38, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Haggard actually attended both and I have expanded on this in the biography section in an attempt to clarify. Although one of the wonderful idiosyncrasies of British English is that British private schools are referred to as public schools. Mutt 14:10, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * They are called Public Schools because when they were founded several hundred years ago, the only other schools available were those of an ecclesiastical nature, and so were not open to anyone, being restricted to those entering the clergy, etc. Thus the new schools, such as Eton College, Harrow School and later Rugby School, were 'public' in the sense that they were open to anyone, providing they had the money to pay the fees. When education became more widespread with the instituting of state education, the new state schools were all even more 'public' than the Public Schools, which accounts for the confusion of some people nowadays. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.112.74.223 (talk) 21:26, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

Definition/Citation
This article claims that a contrary example to colonialism in Haggard's writing is: "Having developed an intense mutual friendship with the three Englishmen who help him regain his throne, [the African king] accepts their advice and abolishes witch-hunts and arbitrary capital punishment." But that is precisely a colonialist stereotype and goal: the "enlightened" white men to whom the "native" becomes sycophantic by adopting their Western mores. This appears to be using an idiosyncratic, personal definition of "colonialism" and/or one that selectively chooses particular Western mores as inherently positive and arbitrarily non-colonialist. "Heroic" is not an antonym of "colonialist stereotype." None of the discussion about colonialism has any inline citations. Such references are necessary to establish the validity of this analysis, which currently reads like a personal essay, original research and/or an apologia for someone's favorite author. 76.23.157.102 (talk) 17:52, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

 * How positively Soviet you sound.

 * Actually I think you'll find the book text you quote is actually referring to attempting to bring a stone or iron age culture into what was then the modern world with as little distress to these people as possible, the modern world's own intrusion on these cultures being inevitable sooner-or-later whether these cultures liked it or not. Haggard's country had to do it for itself the hard way over a period of several thousand years, the other countries however had the luxury of having someone else to help do that for them, hopefully missing out the numerous and bloody mistakes, such as civil war and revolution, that Haggard's own country had made along the way, and which some countries, perhaps not-coincidently most of whom were not part of former British colonialism, where still undergoing as late as the final years of the twentieth century, and which were being fought not with swords, pikes, and matchlock muskets as Haggard's own countrymen had had to use, but were instead being carried out using automatic weapons and tanks.

 * Whilst colonialism isn't ideal, it is a good idea before criticising it to find out what it was that it replaced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.144.50.167 (talk) 19:46, 28 March 2018 (UTC)

Page move to H. Rider Haggard
I suggest that this page be moved to H. Rider Haggard, the name by which he was known professionally. I see that there was brief discussion of this issue more than 2 years ago, and the page history indicates an attempt to move the page in the past, which led to an admin. protecting the page. The page move makes sense and is in keeping with Wiki policy and precedent. Any thoughts? ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive' 16:14, 24 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I've moved it since this has been proposed a couple of times with no dissenting opinions. I also agree that the move makes sense. Good Ol’factory (talk) 03:44, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Chronology of works?
What's happened to the chronolgy of works - has it been deleted?

Restore please. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.12.104.73 (talk) 20:15, 26 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I've restored this plus the See-Also section. I was astonished that this was a major author and yet the article had no bibliography. I then looked for a See-Also section thinking perhaps the bibliography was on a separate page and there was no See-Also either. Finally I went to the top to look at the Contents box. saw "Chronology of works" with two subsections. I clicked fruitlessly - nothing happened. It turned out the contents sections were hidden in a collapse box. I deleted the collapse stuff and also removed the comment that had been hiding the See-Also.

 * I can see why the chronology and see-also had been hidden as the article now ends with four long list-style sections which are "Chronology of works," "See also," "References," and "External links." One thought is to move the Chronology to its own article. I spooled through all of the authors in the See-Also section and found that other than for Rudyard Kipling the author's had their bibliography sections embedded in the main article. Kipling's article has a partial bibliography in his main article, presumably of his more notable works, the his full bibliography is in Rudyard Kipling bibliography plus Rudyard Kipling: Collected Works. There is a discussion thread to merge the latter two those into a single article. If you look at Featured lists you'll see that the bibliography is split between H. Rider Haggard bibliography and List of works by H. Rider Haggard named pages with the use of a "bibliography" suffix having an edge in terms of numbers.

 * An alternative to a separate article for the bibliography would be to have the notable works (the ones that currently have active links to other WP articles) the in the article and to have a collapse box that exposes the full list of works. The downside of that is that collapse boxes are not common in the main body of an article. I've given that method a try in this article. --Marc Kupper|talk 19:14, 25 December 2010 (UTC)

E.R. Burroughs
Haggard is cited as an influence on Burroughs. Where is the evidence for this? Others have suggested the more credible 'Gulliver on Mars' tale as a direct influence but as far as I can see there was no evidence that Burroughs even read Haggard. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.233.30.229 (talk) 08:17, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

 * "To Mr. Kipling as to Mr. Haggard I owe a debt of gratitude for having stimulated my youthful imagination" -- Edgar Rice Burroughs (one of find this quote on Haggard's Wikiquote page: "Quotes about Haggard") The Nineteenth Century (talk) 08:45, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

Why are "The Brethren" suddenly missing?
The cache shows the novel "Brethren" (1904) was mentioned along with the appropriate link - as it should be in an encyclopaedic entry - and now it's nowhere to be found. What's going on? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.182.153.107 (talk) 21:25, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

Biography - "Rider Haggard: The Great Storyteller" by D.S.Higgins
My Haggard biography has been out of print for many years but is now available on Kindle - http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0053TRHOA. As the Product Description states: 'In this is new, revised and updated edition of his comprehensive biography of Rider Haggard, D.S. Higgins uses both the mass of previously unpublished material he unearthed and the evidence contained in Haggard’s sixty-nine novels to show that the best-selling author left much more for posterity than he would knowingly have revealed to his millions of readers. Sydney Higgins discovered the identity of the woman with whom Haggard fell in love when he was a teenager. Although the affair was unconsummated and both married other partners, he believed that their love was eternal and they would be reunited after death. This love that haunted Haggard throughout his life, combined with feelings of guilt and disgust at his early sexual encounters, led him to believe that it was the fire of sex that destroyed the otherwise untarnished beauty of pure love. It is this belief that powered his vivid description of the transformation scene in She where the ‘most beautiful woman in the world’ who had lived for an eternity withers and dies in the flames immediately prior to marrying the man she had always loved. Haggard, the ill-educated younger son of a blustering Norfolk Squire, was inspired by these secret inner feelings to write, in a golden five-year period that started when he was twenty-nine, five books that were the sensation of his age – King Solomon’s Mines, Allan Quatermain, Jess, She and Cleopatra. The last, he dedicated to his mother whom he always loved deeply and appears to have written to please her. Shortly after Cleopatra was published, she died. A few weeks later, Haggard finished Nada the Lily and that too was justifiably a great success. He was at the height of his success and at an age when many writers had just begun their careers but with his mother’s death he seemed to lose his inspiration and his obsession to write. He did not start another book for sixteen months. During the next twelve years, he did write another twenty-five novels but much time and effort were spent producing non-fiction books that are now all but forgotten although one at least, A Farmer’s Year is a charming and illuminating literary gem. For the rest of his life, writing novels became a way of earning money and his interests and quest for success were concentrated on agricultural research, politics, business and public service." With just over 150,000 words, this is a very comprehensive biography that I hope you will enjoy. D.S.Higgins. Framlingham (talk) 16:04, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

re: influence on children's literature
This paragraph is at best only tangentially defensible, as nothing in it directly cites established belief that *Haggard* directly contributed to children's literature. I would suggest it is a combination of unsubstantiated personal opinion and original research. It is also (for the value it delivers) long-winded and convoluted.

One thing that is simply out and out wrong, however, is the opening sentence: "Before the 19th century, children’s literature did not exist". The recently featured article on Sarah Trimmer discusses a reviewer of children's literature in the 18th century; the Wikipedia page on children's literature suggests the 16th century as the starting point for the genre. Winterbadger (talk) 14:06, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

A history of the Transvaal
Haggard is also the author of "A history of the Transvaal": https://archive.org/details/historyoftransva00hagguoft --197.228.55.161 (talk) 10:20, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

Adjutant of the Pretoria Horse?
On Rider Haggard's bibliography page, he's described as being "an adjutant of the Pretoria Horse". I've never heard the term, and an internet search just throws up a diversity of South African riding stables. The reference appears to be from his obituary in The Times of London, published the day after his death: does anyone have access to a copy of this, or to a version archived online, to see if there's any detail as to what this role entailed? Alternatively, does anyone have the foggiest idea what a "Pretoria Horse" actually is? ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 20:00, 7 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Haggard himself mentions this in chapter 6 of his autobiography The Days of My Life. This would have been around 1878; the unit does not seem to have lasted more than a year or two. An adjutant is a staff officer who assists the commander of a regiment (or other unit of similar size), usually with logistical & administrative responsibilities.—Odysseus 1 4 7  9  02:14, 2 April 2019 (UTC)

Confused links here
There are several articles linking on "H._Rider_Haggard#Ayesha_series" which someone has melted into the general article without fixing the links. IMHO that series actually might be worth its own passage and subtitle, yet currently the discussion of Haggard's actual work has been cut so short that there is no place for it. Anyway, the link situation could be improved. --Oop (talk) 13:06, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Haggard's Influence on Burroughs and Howard
The biography of Edgar Rice Burroughs by John Taliaferro says Burroughs' character of La in the 1913 novel The Return of Tarzan, is very similar to the titualr heroine of Haggard's 1887 novel She: A History of Adventure:

"Fairest of all is La, the high priestess, who is clearly derivative of Ayesha, the femme fatale of H. Rider Haggard's She. "

(Quoted in John Taliaferro, Tarzan forever : the life of Edgar Rice Burroughs, creator of Tarzan. New York : Scribner, 1999. (p.95) ISBN 9780684833590 ). So while I'm not aware of any direct link, the characters are quite similar. While there would have been a few "white queen of a lost civilisation" novels published between 1887 and 1913, Haggard's novel was a worldwide bestseller and seems like the most likely influence on the Burroughs character. That said, if anyone knows of another possible source for the ERB character than Haggard, it would interesting to read about it.

As for Haggard influencing Robert E. Howard, REH biographer Rusty Burke has pointed out that Howard owned three of Haggard's books, and also referred to to Haggard in a 1932 letter to H. P. Lovecraft as "one of my favourite writers". . 188.141.25.160 (talk) 19:45, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

Haggard and Kipling
Something should be said about his friendship with Kipling. They seem to have been thought of as a pair. There was a witty poem by, I think, JK Stephen, looking forward to a time "When the Rudyards cease from kipling And the Haggards ride no more." Kipling told Haggard that they would long be haunted by this. I'll try to solidify this note. Seadowns (talk) 00:13, 14 August 2019 (UTC)
 * There's some mention of their relationship at the end of "Writing career". The poem, I believe, was more in criticism of Kipling's precociousness than Haggard, so it may not fit in too well here without additional context. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 11:20, 14 August 2019 (UTC)
 * See From the dustjacket - "Even in 1891, when Stephen's verse first appeared, Kipling and Haggard were already well acquainted and, in fact, at the beginning of a deepening friendship that was to last until Haggard's death... Haggard alone was allowed into [Kipling's] study while he worked, and the two would often write their manuscripts seated at the same table... Kipling tells how he got the idea for his Jungle Books while reading one of Haggard's stories, later he sent a copy of Recessional to hear his reaction before publishing... he suggested the plot for at least one of Haggard's tales, took a considerable hand in plotting five others, and read at least six of Haggard's stories in manuscript". DuncanHill (talk) 13:34, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a fruitful source right there :) -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 14:04, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * "They both wished that they themselves had written the Stephen verses, and the gentle abuse became a standing joke between them" (page 18). Stephen, Haggard, and Kipling were all members of the Savile Club, and Stephen wrote the lines there one afternoon, breaking off from a conversation to get them down. DuncanHill (talk) 14:19, 15 August 2019 (UTC)

On race - again
two points. a) I entirely agree with the substance of this latest edit. Guess what, this is exactly how we address such multi-facetted issues on WP - we summarize published sources that make conflicting statements, and present them in a duly balanced manner. Now we have verifiable information on both interpretations; all good. b) If you consider your mission here to be upholding or embellishing a reputation, or the memory of a "great man", please think again. WP is not the place for this activity, and editing with this type of agenda calls into question your capacity for contributing to a neutral encyclopedic work. This is not the place for hagiography, and railing against wokeness or "disrespect" is not going to make anyone trust your edits. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 10:20, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

Additions by JohnMizuki
please discuss these things on the article's talk page, not on editor's talk pages; and don't just revert without discussion.

Copied from my talk page:

I saw you removed part of the text quoting Rider Haggard on the topic of race. It's not "original research" nor my own opinion: it is the author himself talking on the topic of hierarchies among races or cultures. I only cited one paragraph but he makes the same point several times in the same book. "No original research" is to be used for "facts, allegations, and ideas for which no reliable, published source exists". The book written by the very author the article is about should be considered, without doubt, a valid source. ( JohnMizuki (talk) 12:47, 12 June 2024 (UTC) )
 * Yeah, no. You are quoting dialogue by a literary character. That is a far cry from demonstrating that this is the author's opinion (an author is not required to have every, or even any, character act as a mouthpiece for their own stance). It is rather your interpretation of this passage that you are presenting here. That is original research based on a primary source. What would be required here is a reliable secondary source (say, a literary critic, a biographer, or suchlike) who draws that conclusion, and to whom it can then be attributed. We don't do literary interpretation, we merely summarize those who do. Please stick to that approach - it is fundamental to how Wikipedia works. I have therefore reverted the addition, again. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 16:23, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * To add: Personally I think this interpretation is correct. For one thing, Haggard wasn't an author like Umberto Eco - he wasn't going to write an entire novel from a viewpoint he violently disagreed with. But that's an interpretation for someone else to make and to publish, and for us to reference. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 16:50, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:H. Rider Haggard


text:
Levée en masse

Levée en masse ( or, in English, mass levy ) is a French term used for a policy of mass national conscription, often in the face of invasion.

The concept originated during the French Revolutionary Wars, particularly for the period following 16 August 1793, when able-bodied men aged 18 to 25 were conscripted. It formed an integral part of the creation of national identity, making it distinct from forms of conscription which had existed before this date. The concept of mass conscription was kept in place during the Napoleonic Wars.

The term is also applied to other historical examples of mass conscription.

Terminology
The term levée en masse denotes a short-term requisition of all able-bodied men to defend the nation and its rise as a military tactic may be viewed in connection with the political events and developing ideology in revolutionary France—particularly the new concept of the democratic citizen as opposed to a royal subject.

Central to the understanding that developed (and was promoted by the authorities) of the levée is the idea that the new political rights given to the mass of the French people also created new obligations to the state. As the nation now understood itself as a community of all people, its defense also was assumed to become a responsibility of all. Thus, the levée en masse was created and understood as a means to defend the nation by the nation.

Historically, the levée en masse heralded the age of national participation in warfare and displaced restricted forms of warfare, such as the cabinet wars (1715–1792), when armies of professional soldiers fought without the general participation of the population.

French Revolutionary Wars
The first modern use of levée en masse occurred during the French Revolutionary Wars. Under the Ancien Régime, there had been some conscription (by ballot) to a militia, milice, to supplement the large standing army in times of war. This was unpopular with the peasant communities on which it fell, and was one of their grievances which they expected to be addressed by the French Estates General when it was convened in 1789, to strengthen the French monarchy. When this instead led to the French Revolution, the milice was duly abolished by the National Assembly.

Pre-war through early war days
As early as 1789, leaders had considered how they would sustain their revolutionary army. In December, Dubois de Crancé, who was both "a man of the left" and "a military man, having served as a King's Musketeer", spoke to the National Assembly on behalf of its military committee. He called for "a people's army, recruited by universal conscription, from which there could be no escape by purchase of a replacement". He said to the National Convention: "And so I say that in a nation which seeks to be free but which is surrounded by powerful neighbours and riddled with secret, festering factions, every citizen should be a soldier and every soldier should be a citizen, if France does not wish to be utterly obliterated". Yet the Committee was not ready to enact conscription, and would not until dire war deficits demanded more men.

The progression of the Revolution came to produce friction between France and its European neighbors, who grew determined to invade France to restore the monarchy. War with Prussia and Austria began in April 1792. Decrees such as that of 19 November 1792 reflect the fact that "the deputies were in no mood for caution". The convention's decree stated that: "The National Convention declares, in the name of the French nation, that it will grant fraternity and assistance to all peoples who wish to recover their liberty, and instructs the Executive Power to give the necessary orders to generals to grant assistance to these peoples and to defend those citizens who have been—or may be—persecuted for their attachment to the cause of liberty. The National Convention further decrees that the Executive Power shall order the generals to have this decree printed and distributed in all the various languages and in all the various countries of which they have taken possession". Their decree signalled to foreign powers, namely Britain, that France was out for conquest, not just political reformation of its own lands.

The French army at that time contained a mixture of what was left of the old professional army and volunteers. This ragtag group was spread thin, and, by February 1793, the new regime needed more men, so the National Convention passed a decree on 24 February allowing for the national levy of about 300,000 with each French département to supply a quota of recruits. By March 1793, France was at war with Austria, Prussia, Spain, Britain, Piedmont, and the United Provinces. The introduction of recruitment for the levy in the Vendée, a politically and religiously conservative region, added to local discontent over other revolutionary directives emanating from Paris, and on 11 March the Vendée erupted into civil war—just days after France declared war on Spain and adding further strains on the French armies' limited manpower. By some accounts, only about half this number appears to have been actually raised, bringing the army strength up to about 645,000 in mid-1793, and the military situation continued to deteriorate, particularly when Mainz fell on 23 July 1793.

In response to this desperate situation, at war with European states, and insurrection, Paris petitioners and the fédérés demanded that the Convention enact a levée en masse. In response, Convention member Bertrand Barère asked the convention to "decree the solemn declaration that the French people was going to rise as a whole for the defense of its independence". The Convention fulfilled Barere's request on 16 August, when they stated that the levée en masse would be enacted.

Levée en masse decreed
The decree was enacted by the National Convention on 23 August 1793, having been penned by Barère in conjunction with Lazare Carnot. The decree read in ringing terms, beginning: "From this moment until such time as its enemies shall have been driven from the soil of the Republic, all Frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the services of the armies. The young men shall fight; the married men shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn old linen into lint; the old men shall betake themselves to the public squares in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic."

All unmarried able-bodied men between 18 and 25 were requisitioned with immediate effect for military service. This significantly increased the number of men in the army, reaching a peak of about 1,500,000 in September 1794, although the actual fighting strength probably peaked at no more than 800,000. In addition, as the decree suggests, much of the civilian population was turned towards supporting the armies through armaments production and other war industries as well as supplying food and provisions to the front. As Barère put it, "…all the French, both sexes, all ages are called by the nation to defend liberty".

Text of the French Revolution's levée en masse
Translated and summarized Levée en Masse

 * 1) Henceforth, until the enemies have been driven from the territory of the republic, the French people are in permanent requisition for army service. The young men shall go to battle; the married men shall forge arms and transport provision; the women shall make tents and clothes, and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn old linen into lint; the old men shall repair to the public places, to stimulate the courage of the warriors and preach the unity of the Republic and hatred of kings
 * 2)  National buildings shall be converted into barracks; public places into armament workshops; the soil of cellars shall be washed in lye to extract saltpeter therefrom.
 * 3) Arms of the caliber shall be turned over exclusively to those who march against the enemy; the service of the interior shall be carried on with fowling pieces and sabers.
 * 4) Saddle horses are called for to complete the cavalry corps; draught horses, other than those employed in agriculture, shall haul artillery and provisions
 * 5) The Committee of Public Safety is charged for taking all measures necessary for establishing, without delay, a special manufacture of arms of all kinds, in harmony with the élan and the energy of the French people. Accordingly, it is authorized to constitute all establishments, manufactories, workshops, and factories deemed necessary for the execution of such works, as well as the requisition for such purpose, throughout the entire extent of the Republic, the artists and workmen who may contribute to their success. For such purpose a sum of 30,000,000 taken from the 498,200,000 livres in assignats in reserve in the “Fund of the Three Keys,” shall be placed at the disposal of the Minister of War (Carnot). The central establishment of said special manufacture shall be established at Paris.
 * 6) The representatives of the people dispatched for the execution of the present law shall have similar authority in their respective arrondissements, acting in concert with the Committee of Public Safety; they are invested with the ultimate powers attributed to the representatives of the people with armies.
 * 7)  No one may obtain a substitute for service to which he is summoned. The public functionaries shall remain at their posts.
 * 8)  The levy shall be general. Unmarried citizens or childless widowers, from eighteen to twenty-five years, shall go first; they shall meet, without delay, at the chief town of their districts, where they shall practice manual exercise daily, while awaiting the hour of departure.
 * 9)  The representatives of the people shall regulate the musters and marches so as to have armed citizens arrive at the points of assembling only in so far as supplies, munitions, and all that constitutes the material part of the army exist in sufficient proportion.
 * 10) The points of assembling shall be determined by circumstances, and designated by the representatives of the people dispatched for the execution of the present decree, upon the advice of the generals, in co-operation with the Committee of Public Safety and the provisional Executive Council.
 * 11)  The battalion organized in each district shall be united under a banner bearing the inscription: The French people risen against tyrants.
 * 12) Such battalions shall be organized according to established decrees, and their pay shall be the same as that of the battalions at the frontiers.
 * 13)  In order to collect supplies in sufficient quantity, the farmers and managers of national property shall deposit the produce of such property, in the form of grain, in the chief town of their respective districts.
 * 14)  Owners, farmers, and others possessing grain shall be required to pay, in kind, arrears of taxes, even the two-thirds of those of 1793, on the rolls which have served to effect the last payment.
 * 15) [Articles 15 and 16 name assistants to the Deputies on Mission—among them Chabot and Tallien—and give orders to the envoys of the primary assemblies concerning the mission assigned to them.]
 * 16)  The Minister of War is responsible for taking all measures necessary for the prompt execution of the present decree; a sum of 50,000,000 from the 498,000,000 livres in assignats on the “Fund of the Three Keys,” shall be placed at his disposal by the National Treasury.
 * 17) The present decree shall be conveyed to the departments by special messengers.

Conscription
According to historian Howard G. Brown, “The French state’s panicky response to a crisis of its own making soon led to an excessive military build-up. Enemy forces consisted of no more than 81,000 Austrians and Prussians, supported by 6,000 Hessians and a few thousand émigrés. Against these paltry forces France decided to mobilize an army of 450,000 men, larger than any army Europe had ever seen.” Depending on the source, the exact number of those conscripted ranges from 750,000 to around 800,000. However, the values cannot be verified and is a reconstructed estimate because the French Government was in no position to give accurate figures at the time. One source states the official numbers in February 1793, were 361,000 men, in January 1794, were 670,900 men, in April 1794, 842,300, with the maximum reached in September 1794, 1,108,300. “However these figures are worth very little.” The figures “designated all who were on the rolls as being maintained at the expense of the state, including therefore all those disabled by illness, capture or even desertion...The best guess seems to be that about 800,000 were available for active service” in 1794. Other sources give estimates that around 750,000 men were actively serving in the French Army. “The Commission of Armies alone could not identify the armies, let alone its location or strength.” Also, there were many individuals that deserted the army, but the exact number of individuals that deserted is also an estimation based on the number of individuals that were caught or came back to France due to amnesty laws.

When looking at the makeup of the French army overall, the majority of the individuals in the army consisted of the peasant, farming class in contrast to the rich and urban workers who were given special privileges and exemptions. The rich were able to buy remplaçants, replacements, by paying poorer males who needed the money to take their places. Males that had office jobs in the city were also exempted from serving in the French army as well as males that could read and write and who worked in the government. The overall make up of the army was unevenly distributed among the different regions in France. The Levée expected that one male was conscripted for every 138 inhabitants. However, in reality each region did not follow this conscription rule. There were departments that conscribed more individuals like Puy-de-Dôme, the Haute-Loire, and Yonne, located more in central France while other areas that sent less than expected, like Seine, Rhône, and Basses-Pyrénées—all located further from the capital of France, away from the central government troubles.

Many individuals who were conscripted by the French deserted, fleeing from their duty of fighting for France without permission, in hopes of never getting caught. There were rough estimates to the number of individuals that deserted during the time of the Levée en Masse, but due to many factors, like the inability to manage and keep track of all the armies or differentiating between men with similar names, the exact number is unclear. In 1800, the Minister of War (Carnot) reported that there were 175,000 deserters based on the number of individuals that sought the benefits following the amnesty put in place. Similarly to how the proportions of males that were sent varied depending on what region they lived in, the same applied for deserters.

The historian Hargenvillier produced a detailed statistical breakdown of the percentage of desertions that flanked that specific department from 1798 to 1804. In hopes of showing that like the previous levées that were proposed by the French government in an attempt to raise the number of troops, there were different reactions depending on region. There were regions where there was little to no resistance to the levée and no large amount of deserters, while other regions had nearly 60 percent deserters.

Popular reaction
For all the rhetoric, the levée en masse was not popular; desertion and evasion were high. However, the effort was sufficient to turn the tide of the war, and there was no need for any further conscription until 1797, when a more permanent system of annual intakes was instituted. An effect of the levée en masse was the creation of a national army in France, made up of citizens, rather than an all-professional army, as was the standard practice of the time.

Its main result, protecting French borders against all enemies, surprised and shocked Europe. The levée en masse was also effective in that by putting on the field many men, even untrained, it required France's opponents to man all fortresses and expand their own standing armies, far beyond their capacity to pay professional soldiers.

The levée en masse also offered many opportunities for untrained people who could demonstrate their military proficiency, allowing the French army to build a strong officer and non-commissioned cadre.

Though not a novel idea—see for example thinkers as diverse as Plato, the political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli, and the lawyer and linguist Sir William Jones (who thought every adult male should be armed with a musket at public expense)—the actual practice of a levée en masse was rare before the French Revolution. The levée was a key development in modern warfare and would lead to steadily larger armies with each successive war, culminating in the enormous conflicts of World War I and World War II during the first half of the 20th century.

"Levée en masse" in the Third Reich
Hitler proclaimed a levée en masse in early January 1945 during the Battle of the Bulge at a meeting of his "inner circle" of Hitler with Martin Bormann, Joseph Goebbels, Wilhelm Keitel and Albert Speer, after it was apparent that the "breakthrough" had failed. Only Speer opposed total conscription, saying it would paralyse the weapons factories and effectively kill the war effort. Goebbels sneered: Then, Herr Speer, you bear the historic guilt for the loss of the war for the lack of a few hundred thousand soldiers.

title: Levée en masse


text:
Minnesota Strikers

The Minnesota Strikers were an American soccer team that competed in the North American Soccer League (NASL) for the 1984 season and in the Major Indoor Soccer League from 1984 through 1988. The team was based in Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area and played their outdoor home games at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome and the Met Center for indoor games. Founded in 1967 as the Washington Darts and playing in Miami as the Gatos and the Toros before playing seven season as the Fort Lauderdale Strikers the team left Florida following the 1983 North American Soccer League season. After the 1987–88 season and playing four seasons in the MISL the team ceased operations.

Origins and 1984 NASL season
Founded in 1963 as the amateur club Washington Britannica and eventually rebranding as the Washington Darts, the team joined the North American Soccer League in 1970 after playing three seasons in the American Soccer League and winning two consecutive ASL championships. After the 1970 season, the team was sold to John Bilotta, former part owner of the Rochester Lancers, and Arthur Bant a hotel owner, who relocated and rebranded as the team as the Miami Gatos. After one season, the team was sold to a group of 25 local business leaders including Miami Dolphins owner Joe Robbie and his wife Elizabeth and renamed the Toros. In December 1976 and after five seasons in Miami, the team announced it was moving to Fort Lauderdale. Following the conclusion of the 1983 outdoor season season long rumors that the team was looking to move were confirmed when General Manager Tim Robbie met with officials in Minneapolis On November 30, 1983, team owner Elizabeth Robbie, Minnesota Governor Rudy Perpich, and NASL president Howard Samuels officially announced the team was moving and indicated the team had lost around $1 million in the last year.

The Strikers played their first game on the road against the Tampa Bay Rowdies, their former cross-state rivals in the Florida Derby, winning a game decided by a shootout. The team played its first home game at Metrodome on May 12, 1984, defeating the Chicago Sting 3-2. The Strikers ended the season with a record of fourteen wins and ten losses, tied for best record in the league. However, NASL rules awarded six points for a win, four for a shootout win, and one point for each goal scored during regulation up to three per game. This resulted in four other teams earning more than the 115 points the Strikers had for the season. This put the Strikers in third place of the Western Division and missing the playoffs. Prior to Soccer Bowl '84, the team announced head coach David Chadwick, who had moved with the team from Fort Lauderdale, would not return and hired Alan Merrick as his replacement.

Major Indoor Soccer League 1984 - 1988
On August 28, 1984, along with three other NASL team, the Strikers joined the Major Indoor Soccer League for the 1984–85 season. Finishing the season with a record of twenty-four wins and twenty-four losses, the Strikers qualified for the playoffs as a wildcard. After defeating the Wichita Wings two games to one in the Wildcard Series, the Strikers beat the Las Vegas Americans in the Quarterfinals three games to one. The May 12, 1984, game four of the Semifinals against the San Diego Sockers ended in a tie and was won by the Sockers in a shootout, resulting in a three game to one series victory for San Diego. However, the Strikers protested that Sockers player Jacques LaDouceur who scored a goal during the shootout was ineligible. The next day, MISL Commissioner Francis Dale ruled in the Strikers favor and awarded the game to Minnesota, resulting in a two games all series tie. In the fifth game of the series, San Diego defeated the Strikers seven goals to none. The Strikers finished the 1985–86 Major Indoor Soccer League season with a record of twenty-six wins and twenty-two losses and second place in the Eastern Division. Minnesota defeated the Dallas Sidekicks in the first round of the playoffs three games to one and the Cleveland Force in the Division Finals, also three game to one, to earn a spot in the Championship Series. After trailing the best of seven series against the Sockers three games to one, the Strikers were able to tie the series at three games a piece. However, San Diego was able to capture their fifth straight indoor title with a 5-3 victory over Minnesota on May 27, 1986. The Strikers finished the 1986–87 season with a record of twenty six wins and twenty six losses, in fourth place of the Eastern Division and qualifying for the playoffs. Meeting Cleveland in the first round of the playoffs, the Force defeated the Strikers three games to two.

The team's final season was the 1987–88 Major Indoor Soccer League season. The Strikers finished in first place of the Eastern Division with a record of thirty-one wins and twenty-five losses. A fight broke out with less than two minutes remaining in the second game of the Division Semifinals against the Baltimore Blast which resulted in players from both teams being ejected. The Strikers went on to defeat the Blast three games to one in the series. Facing the Cleveland Force in the Division Finals, the Strikers lost the series four games to one. On June 22, 1988, Executive Vice President Tim Robbie announced that his family had been looking to sell the team for two years but had not been able to find a buyer and therefore, owners Joe and Elizabeth Robbie had decided to terminate the franchise rather than post a $400,000 letter of credit with the league.

Honors
Championships
 * 1985–86 -runners up

Division titles
 * 1987–88 Eastern Division

U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame
 * 2003 Joe and Elizabeth Robbie, Alan Willey

Canadian Soccer Hall of Fame
 * 2001 Tino Lettieri
 * 2002 Mike Sweeney
 * 2004 Bob Bolitho
 * 2008 John McGrane

Indoor Soccer Hall of Fame
 * 2019 Hector Marinaro

MISL All-Star Game participants
 * 1987 Gary Etherington, Tino Lettieri, Thompson Usiyan
 * 1988 David Byrne, Steve Kinsey, Hector Marinaro

Newcomer of the Year
 * 1986–87 Steve Kinsey

League Leading Goal Scorer
 * 1987–88 Hector Marinaro (58 goals)

League Leading Goaltender
 * 1986–87 Tino Lettieri (GAA: 3.38)

All-League First Team Selections
 * 1984 Ray Hudson

All-League Second Team Selections
 * 1984 Dwight Lodeweges & Alan Willey
 * 1986–87 Tino Lettieri

All-League Honorable Mentions
 * 1984 Barry Wallace

1984 (NASL)
Ricardo Alonso 🇦🇷, John Bain 🏴, Bob Bolitho 🇨🇦, Ben Collins 🇺🇸, Bill Crook 🇺🇸, Peter Daniel 🏴, Gary Etherington 🇺🇸🏴, Ken Fogarty 🏴, Jan Goossens 🇳🇱, Ray Hudson 🏴, Godfrey Ingram 🏴, Mike Jeffries 🇺🇸, Brian Kidd 🏴, Tino Lettieri 🇨🇦, Terry Leiendecker 🇺🇸, Dwight Lodeweges 🇨🇦🇳🇱, John McGrane 🇨🇦, Robert Meschbach 🇨🇦, Bruce Miller 🇨🇦, Paul Price 🏴, Thomas Rongen 🇳🇱, Craig Scarpelli 🇺🇸, Carl Strong 🇺🇸, Barry Wallace 🏴, Alan Willey 🏴

1984–85 (MISL)
Ricardo Alonso 🇦🇷, John Bain 🏴, Ben Collins 🇺🇸, Bill Crook 🇺🇸, Chris Dangerfield 🏴, Drago Dumbović, Gary Etherington 🇺🇸🏴, Ken Fogarty 🏴, Jan Goossens 🇳🇱, Ray Hudson 🏴, Mike Jeffries 🇺🇸, Matt Kennedy 🇺🇸, Tino Lettieri 🇨🇦, Steve Litt 🏴, Dwight Lodeweges 🇨🇦🇳🇱, John McGrane 🇨🇦, Bruce Miller 🇨🇦, Thomas Rongen 🇳🇱, Craig Scarpelli 🇺🇸, Gregg Thompson 🇺🇸, Thompson Usiyan 🇳🇬, Barry Wallace 🏴, Alan Willey 🏴

1985–86 (MISL)
Tony Bono 🇺🇸, David Byrne 🏴, Dan Canter 🇺🇸, Stan Cummins 🏴, Chris Dangerfield 🏴, Drago Dumbović, Gary Etherington 🇺🇸🏴, Ken Fogarty 🏴, Jan Goossens 🇳🇱, Ray Hudson 🏴, Bill Irwin , Mike Jeffries 🇺🇸, Matt Kennedy 🇺🇸, Tasso Koutsoukos 🇨🇦, Tino Lettieri 🇨🇦, Dwight Lodeweges 🇨🇦🇳🇱, Bruce Miller 🇨🇦, Kazbek Tambi 🇺🇸, Gregg Thompson 🇺🇸, Thompson Usiyan 🇳🇬, Alan Willey 🏴

1986–87 (MISL)
Tony Bono 🇺🇸, David Byrne 🏴, Dan Canter 🇺🇸, Stan Cummins 🏴, Chris Dangerfield 🏴, Enzo Di Pede 🇨🇦, Helmut Dudek, Gary Etherington 🇺🇸🏴, Ken Fogarty 🏴, Ray Hudson 🏴, Greg Ion 🇨🇦, Mike Jeffries 🇺🇸, Matt Kennedy 🇺🇸, Steve Kinsey 🏴, Tasso Koutsoukos 🇨🇦, Tino Lettieri 🇨🇦, Dwight Lodeweges 🇨🇦🇳🇱, Hector Marinaro 🇨🇦, John O'Hara 🇺🇸, Gregg Thompson 🇺🇸, Thompson Usiyan 🇳🇬, Alan Willey 🏴; Elizabeth Robbie, President; Chris Wright, General Manager, Tim Robbie, Executive Vice President; Alan Merrick, Head Coach; Bruce Miller, Assistant Coach.

1987-88 (MISL)
Jerry Adzic, Tony Bono 🇺🇸, Alex Bunbury 🇨🇦, David Byrne 🏴, Stan Cummins 🏴, Chris Dangerfield 🏴, Gary Etherington 🇺🇸🏴, George Gelnovatch 🇺🇸, Tom Gleason 🇺🇸, Tim Harris 🇺🇸, Ray Hudson 🏴, Steve Kinsey 🏴, Tino Lettieri 🇨🇦, Dwight Lodeweges 🇨🇦🇳🇱, Hector Marinaro 🇨🇦, John O'Hara 🇺🇸, Neill Roberts 🇿🇦, Troy Snyder 🇺🇸, Mike Sweeney 🇨🇦, Gregg Thompson 🇺🇸, Alan Willey 🏴; Elizabeth Robbie, President; Chris Wright, General Manager, Tim Robbie, Executive Vice President; Alan Merrick, Head Coach; Bruce Miller, Assistant Coach.

NASL coach

 * David Chadwick 1984

Coach (MISL)

 * Alan Merrick (1984–88)

Strikers NASL draft
1984

Strikers MISL drafts
1985

1986

1987

Radio

 * 1984 (NASL) KRSI-950 AM
 * 1984–85 (MISL) WWTC-1280 AM
 * 1987–88 (MISL) KSNE-1280 AM

Television

 * 1984 (NASL) KITN 29

title: Minnesota Strikers


text:
Weston, Australian Capital Territory

Weston (postcode: 2611) is a suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. At the, Weston had a population of 4,000 people.

Weston was named after a former homestead built in the area sometime around 1835. The Weston Creek grant was once held by Captain Edward Weston the Superintendent of the Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney. Streets in Weston are named after artists.

Weston Creek Centre
Weston contains the central shopping area of the Weston Creek district, which includes the Cooleman Court shopping centre. Other facilities in the Weston Creek centre include a post office, petrol station, restaurants, clubs, real estate agents and many other specialty shops.

Churches

 * St Peters (Anglican church)
 * Baháʼí Faith
 * Church of Christ (non-denominational)
 * Presbyterian
 * Uniting Church in Australia
 * Sikh temple-Gurduara

Educational institutions

 * Orana School
 * Canberra Institute of Technology
 * Islamic School of Canberra

Australian Defence College
The Australian Defence College's Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies (CDSS) and Australian Command and Staff College (ACSC) are both located at Weston Creek.

Geology
Deakin Volcanics green grey and purple rhyodacite mostly covers Weston. The Deakin Volcanics green grey, purple and cream rhyolite can be seen between Parkinson St and Namatjira Drive and forms a large outcrop in the park to the east of Cooleman Court. A band of pink and green rhyolitic instrusive porphyry runs across Weston from west to east. It is fault uplifted on the southern side. Deakin Volcanics red-purple and green-grey rhyodacite with spherulitic texture is along Hindmarsh Drive on the southern border of the suburb.

title: Weston, Australian Capital Territory


text:
1988 Danish general election

General elections were held in Denmark on 10 May 1988, just seven months after the last elections. Prime Minister Poul Schlüter chose to call for an election after the Conservative People's Party-led government fell short of a majority in a foreign policy issue after they failed to come to an agreement with the Social Democrats. In a parliamentary debate, Prime Minister Poul Schlüter accused Svend Auken (the leader of the Social Democrats) of breaking a political deal between the two of them whilst Auken accused Schlüter of lying to the public.

However, the election did not change the balance of power in the Folketing. Common Course failed to cross the 2% percent threshold and lost their four seats. The Centre Democrats and the Christian People's Party left the government (although they continued to support it) and were replaced by the Danish Social Liberal Party. The reason for doing this was that it gave Schlüter a majority in foreign policy issues which had caused this election. Nonetheless, the Centre Democrats and the Christian People's Party continued to support the government.

Voter turnout was 86% in Denmark proper, 70% in the Faroe Islands and 58% in Greenland.

title: 1988 Danish general election


text:
J. Redwood Anderson

John Redwood Anderson (1883 – 29 March 1964) was an English poet and playwright. His play Babel was staged on several occasions.

Life
Anderson was born in Salford and educated at home and at Trinity College, Oxford. After travelling, he settled as a teacher in Kingston-upon-Hull.

Anderson's play Babel was staged several times, and published by Ernest Benn in 1927. It reappeared in 1936 in a revised stage version as The Tower to Heaven by the Oxford University Press.

In 1953 his wife, Gwyneth's aunt Rachel Barrett died. She had been a leading suffragette and left her Essex home, Lamb Cottage in Sible Hedingham, to her niece.

Anderson died at his home in Sible Hedingham on 29 March 1964; he was 81.

Works

 * The Music of Death (1904)
 * The Legend of Eros and Psyche (1908)
 * The Mask (1912)
 * Flemish Tales (1913)
 * Walls and Hedges (1919)
 * Haunted Islands (1923/4)
 * Babel (1927) verse drama
 * The Vortex (1928)
 * Standing Waters (1929) (poetry - pamphlet)
 * Transvaluations (1932)
 * The Human Dawn (1934)
 * English Fantasies (1935)
 * The Tower to Heaven (1936)
 * The Curlew Cries (1940)
 * The Principle of Uniformity in English Metre (1941) (criticism - pamphlet)
 * Approach (1946)
 * The Fugue of Time (1946)
 * Paris Symphony (1947)
 * An Ascent (1947)
 * Pillars to Remembrance (1948)
 * Almanac (1956)
 * While Fates Allow (1962)
 * Poems of the Evening (1971)

title: J. Redwood Anderson


text:
Ludwig Lewisohn

Ludwig Lewisohn (May 30, 1882 – December 31, 1955) was a novelist, literary critic, the drama critic for The Nation and then its associate editor. He was the editor of the New Palestine, an American Zionist journal. He taught at the University of Wisconsin and at Ohio State University as well as serving as professor of German and Comparative Literature at Brandeis University. Lewisohn produced some 40 full-length fiction and non-fiction books, nearly as many translations, wrote numerous magazine and journal articles and edited countless other written works.

Biography
Lewisohn was born in Berlin, Germany to a highly assimilated, upper-middle class Jewish family. His parents Jacques Lewisohn and Minna (Eloesser) immigrated to the United States in 1890. The family settled in St. Matthews, South Carolina and then in 1892 moved to Charleston. Lewisohn's mother was the daughter of a rabbi, but when the family moved to America they settled in an area where there was not a practicing Jewish congregation. He was sent to a Methodist Sunday school to improve his English. He integrated well into the Methodist community and its church and subsequently became an active Methodist. After graduating with honors from the College of Charleston, he went to Columbia University in 1902 to continue with graduate work. He received the degree of A.M. in 1903.

In 1904 he was told by his advisers that a Jew would never be hired to teach English literature at an American university. The bitter irony in this advice led Lewisohn to return to Judaism and he became an outspoken critic of American Jewish assimilation. In 1948 Lewisohn was among the founding faculty members of Brandeis University where he taught until his death.

Following his graduation from Columbia, Lewisohn worked for Doubleday, Page & Co. in New York as a member of the editorial staff. The following year, 1905, he left Doubleday to become a free-lance magazine writer. In 1910, with the strong recommendation of his close friend William Ellery Leonard he became an instructor of German at the University of Wisconsin. He remained there for one year and then accepted the position of professor of German language and literature at Ohio State University. He served at the University until 1917 when war time sentiments forced his separation. Upon leaving Ohio State University Lewisohn became drama critic at the Nation and then was promoted to associate editor in 1920. He continued to write for The Nation until 1924. He translated from the German into English works of Gerhart Hauptmann, Jakob Wassermann and Franz Werfel.

In 1943 he became the editor of The New Palestine (magazine), working with them until 1948. He then began his work at Brandeis University.

Lewisohn was a member of the Jewish Academy of Arts and Sciences and was an honorary secretary of the Zionist Organization of America. Lewisohn strongly supported the Zionist cause and he lectured and wrote widely on its behalf.

Personal life
When he first came to Columbia, Lewisohn had an affair with George Sylvester Viereck. He was married three times; to Mary Arnold in 1906, to Edna Manley in 1940 and to Louise Wolk in 1944. His first two marriages ended in divorce and he was survived in death by his third wife. Lewisohn also had a son, James Elias Lewisohn, by Thelma Spear, a concert singer with whom he had lived and had a relationship with for many years. Spear actually burst in on his wedding to Edna Manley at a Baltimore synagogue, insisting that he first marry and then divorce her or she would sue him for bigamy. Lewisohn died in Miami Beach, Florida on December 31, 1955.

Selective Bibliography

 * The Broken Snare (1908)
 * A Night in Alexandria (1909)
 * Up Stream (1922)
 * The Creative Life (1924)
 * Israel (1925)
 * The Case of Mr. Crump (1926)
 * The Island Within (1928)
 * Expression in America (1931)
 * The Last Days of Shylock (1931) Illustrated by Arthur Szyk
 * Rebirth (1935)
 * Trumpet of Jubilee (1937)
 * He commented on: "The Jew and the Book", in Samuel Caplan and Harold U. Ribalow, ed., The Great Jewish Books (New York, Horizon, 1952), pp. 11–17.

title: Ludwig Lewisohn


text:
Wikipedia talk:Categories for deletion phrases

 * See main page of this project regarding status of this page, moderated by User:132.205.15.42.

 * This discussion page has been listed on RfC

 * But will now be removed. Maurreen 05:48, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

=Present content of template (template:cfd)=
 * note: this content of the "cfd" template has been modified to this form by user:132.205.15.42 too. Following the link http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Contributions&target=132.205.15.42 and considering the non-obvious reconstruction of the "cfd" template (e.g. use of "PAGENAME" template) seems to indicate that this user is neither newbie nor sockpuppet - nonetheless, alas, a bit a-social, e.g. while seldomly using the "edit summary" tool.

This category has been listed for deletion.

Please see 1 or 2 this page's entry on the categories for deletion page for justifications and discussion. If you don't want the page deleted, read the deletion policy and vote against its deletion. You may first wish to review some of the common deletion phrases. Please do not remove this notice or empty the category while the question is being considered.

=Content retrieved from project page, as created by 132.205.15.42=

Categories for deletion can be a seemingly unfriendly place, especially for new users. Part of this derives from the quick, short statements some people make when voting to delete categories. While some people take on inappropriate tones, most people are just being efficient in their voting. Above all, remember that people who frequent CfD are experienced Wikipedians who are trying to help Wikipedia. Many have been through hundreds of deletion discussions, and have heard hundreds of arguments. Very rarely will an experienced user ever intend to attack a person or an article. If they use some clever phrasing to say something, it's usually just because typing "keep, delete, keep, delete" over and over gets boring and they're trying to be a little bit creative.

Please note that many of the phrases below or their definitions do not reflect Wikipedia's established norms for deletion, and should be taken only as indicative of the users' opinions, not of Wikipedia policy.

Lastly, if you feel different about any vote for deletion, explain your point of view, and if possible, modify the article in question to comply better with various policies in question.

Here are some common things you might come across that seem rude, but actually aren't meant to be.

Votes
Votes are not an attack on, or endorsement of, the category's merits, points, factual basis, or future potential. Votes are an opinion of the encyclopedic value, based on consensus, policy, and guidelines.

 * Keep : The category meets the minimum requirements for inclusion, or has potential.
 * Delete : This is not an attack, but indicates that the voter considers the category unencyclopedic, for reasons such as below.
 * Merge : This means that the user thinks the category should be merged to a more central topic, a common solution to things which are non-notable on their own or are otherwise redundant with an existing category.
 * Rename : The category's name is seen as misleading, inappropriate, biased, misspelled, or otherwise not in the form consistent with other categories, and should be moved to a new title

Reasons

 * Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense (BJAODN) : This refers to a page where wikipedians archive pages they deem to be worthy of saving for humor value. People do not necessarily consider the article a bad joke or nonsensical; indeed, a number of amusing and coherent articles that simply do not meet Wikipedia's standards for inclusion have been partially preseved in this form.
 * Cleanup : The category is seen as being in poor condition and must be reworked if kept;
 * Copyvio : Copyright violation; these articles should be listed on Copyright problems, or if you have permission, point that out on the article's talk page, or the copyright discussion.
 * Fancruft : The subject is trivia of interest only to hardcore fans of a specific film, television series, book, game, etc. Where the line is drawn is highly subjective and can be controversial.
 * List would be better: It is believed that a list in a normal article would be more manageable than a category. This may be true if the information becomes out of date quickly, or if the relationship from the articles to the category in question is tenuous.
 * Neologism : This means that the word or phrase used is not well-established enough to merit a Wikipedia article. This will be either a literal neologism (a new word which is not well-established), or a vanity neologism (a word coined in a small community but not used outside it). The article may need to be renamed or simply deleted.
 * Non-encyclopedic : Something that traditionally does not belong in an encyclopaedia, and doesn't fit the traditional definition of things that do. This in itself is usually not enough to justify a reason for deletion. Note that some users use this term and "non-notable" interchangeably.
 * Non-notable : This means that the category is about something that Wikipedia's guidelines suggest does not merit a category due to its obscurity If it's related to something more common or well-known, consider merging it with that.
 * Original research : The category is someone's private theory, critique, rant, or type casting.
 * Overly broad : Categories of articles should be specific enough in scope to limit what articles they could fit. An overly broad category could potentially cover a large number of articles, making it useless as a way to find things.  If too many such broad categories exist, they also could clutter the category list at the bottom of many articles.
 * Patent nonsense : A nonsensical category.
 * Personal attack : The category specifically attacks some person, group, idea or thing, which is a violation of both Wikipedia policy and basic manners. Criticism, however, is welcome on Wikipedia, provided that it is factual, non-biased and civil.
 * POV : Sometimes people believe an category's title, or mere existence make it inherently biased, thus violating Wikipedia's neutral-point-of-view policy, and that it should therefore be deleted. They don't mean you are not entitled to a point of view, simply that the article must not support one point of view exclusively or over contrary points of view.
 * Promotional, Advertisement, Ad, Advertm Advertorial, Wikispam : The category's central intent is to promote a website, product or business.
 * Vanity category : This means that the category is about a person, institution or organization who Wikipedia's guidelines (What Wikipedia is not) suggest does not merit a category; probably most Wikipedians fit into this category. Use of this term as reasoning is supposed to suggest that the voter believes that the category was created or edited by the subject of the category, but sometimes the term is used simply to express the opinion that the category lacks usefulness.

RFC
Does this page still need to be listed at RFC? Maurreen 13:29, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm removing this from RFC. Maurreen 05:47, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)


text:
Tamma (river)

The Tamma (Тамма; Тамма) is a river in Yakutia (Sakha Republic), Russia. It is a tributary of the Lena with a length of 216 km and a drainage basin area of 4430 km2.

The Tamma is the largest river of Megino-Kangalassky District. The villages of Darkylakh and Khaptagay are located by the river.

Course
The Tamma is a right tributary of the Lena. It is formed on the Sellyakait-Sella Ridge (Кряж Селлякаит-Селля), at the confluence of the Konyo-Daban and Ilin-Daban rivers in the Lena Plateau, between the Lena and the Amga. It heads in a roughly northwestern direction parallel to the Menda in its upper and middle course. It flows mostly across Megino-Kangalassky District but in one stretch it forms the border between this district and Khangalassky District. There are a few small lakes in the lower course of the river, part of the neighboring Lena floodplain. Finally it meets the Khaptagay arm of the Lena 1528 km from its source near the village of Khaptagay, south of Yakutsk.

The largest tributary of the Tamma is the 123 km long Khompu from the right. The river freezes between October and May.

title: Tamma (river)


text:
Talk:Korokke

Difference between croquette?
I am not sure that the Japanese korokke differs so much from it`s original french ancestor to warant a separate article... what links here? Why significant? Won`t separate articles lead to confusion? user:Davejenk1ns

 * Weeabos are lovin' this article. I'd say it needs to be deleted. Wikipedia is an encyclopaedia, not a translation service.188.118.135.9 (talk) 14:33, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I am told that the French ancestor is significantly different. --Tokek 11:46, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * But how? The croquette article describes something extremely similar to this.  In fact, croquette already includes a section on korokke, as well as on a Dutch version and so forth.  It's unclear that this article adds much separately; it would be better to merge them, as they are clearly the same dish. 81.86.133.45 20:02, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
 * What exactly is the difference in substance between croquette and croquette written in katakana? --PalaceGuard008 (Talk) 10:43, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Growing up in Japan, I was always told that korokke came from the Portuguese (not French), along with tempura, katsu (pork cutlet), and a number of other dishes now accepted as part of the native cuisine. As for what's the difference, it's primarily in the tonkatsu sauce.  I'd suggest having a page of Japanese Cuisine of Portuguese Origin.  The Japanese words for bread (pan) and belt (bando) also come from the Portuguese. Grafman (talk) 00:41, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

Corokke
コロッケis also spelled as Corokke in Kenya, sold by Coro-chan's Corokke. --Tokek 11:46, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Apparently the company went bankrupt in August 2007 (ja:コロちゃんのコロッケ屋!). Darn. —Tokek (talk) 16:41, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

Japanese article
I cannot find two separate articles on the Japanese Wikipedia for "Korokke" and "Croquette." By implication, the Japanese editors seem to think of the two as the same. It's possible my Wiki-fu is weak, however, so please correct me if I'm mistaken.

There is not a separate for bread and pan or pizza and pitsua, so why for korokke and croquette when the foods are so obviously slight variations of the same thing?

In sum, what is the source for korokke being an independent food phenomenon unique to Japan and not just the word the Japanese use to refer to croquette? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.223.205.116 (talk) 13:22, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

Merge
I vote to merge this with croquette --71.111.192.79 (talk) 10:43, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Korokke