text:
Talk:Home Improvement (TV series)

It was set in Detroit
I have a difficult time believing that Home Improvement was set in Detroit. --24.200.35.253 00:41, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

There are several indications it was set in Detroit.

In the first season Tim explains that him and his wife had dinner in West Bloomfield, which is a suburb of Detroit. However, the show is based in Birmingham, Michigan. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:401:C500:200E:8D59:81C7:411E:6BEE (talk) 07:36, 2 January 2019 (UTC) Tim grew up in Birmingham and still has strong connections to the area today. Birmingham is about 20 minutes out of the downtown Detroit area. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.23.158.185 (talk) 10:37, 29 August 2019 (UTC)

The biggest indication is in the episode "The Look", where Tim buys season tickets for the Detroit Pistons.

On a side note, there is no mention of "The Man's" line of rooms from ToolTime. Usually tended to be one of the funnier things in an episode.

Modor Another indication is the mention of several other cities in Michigan; for example; the episode when Tim gets lost in a blizzard on the way to a wedding. This episode mention the city "North Adams"; which is a city off US 12, near Brooklyn, Michigan. Additionally, a reference is made that Toledo, Ohio is a short drive in the episode where Tim's old shop teacher appears.

Toffile
 * Everything sports related on the show was about Detroit teams: Detroit Pistons, Detroit Lions, Detroit Red Wings. It snows in the winter. Tim once made a quick trip to Canada in an afternoon. I'm sure it was directly mentioned several times they are in Detroit (like the final episode where they considered moving away). I would never believe anyone who says this did not take place in Detroit.--Will2k 16:35, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

Tomohuynh
 * One episode has Tim and Al flying home on a plane when the pilot mentions they are close to landing in Detroit Metro airport. Also in the episode, Tim asks if they should rather drive to Detroit.

Wiki
 * The show was set in Detroit... yet the show was actually filmed in Burbank, California. It was mentioned that the show was in Detroit. One episode that comes to mind is episode #1.16 "Jill's Birthday," where Jill says "That'll be a cold day in... Detroit."
 * Actually, it seems like they live in a suberb of Detroit. Suburbs are usually considered part of a city(so someone in a suberb of Los Angeles would say they are from Los Angeles). TJ Spyke 18:21, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

JoeCool
 * I was watching the episode "Feud for Thought" from the third season and an old friend of Jill's at a high school reunion asks Jill where she and Tim are living. Jill out right responds, "Detroit."

 * Guys there is no doubt the Taylors lived in Detroit. Its evident in every episode pretty much. Jwjkp (talk) 20:36, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Clean Up Tag Removal?
Anyone else feel that this tag can be removed? Phasedice 22:19, 15 January 2006 (UTC)
 * No, the article is still pretty unorganized and doesn't follow a very logical sequence. -- D a l k a e n T / C 23:05, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
This article has been renamed from Home Improvement to Home Improvement (TV series) as the result of a move request. - unopposed move to avoid confusion in line with WP:MOS. Keith D (talk) 10:45, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Home Improvement → Home Improvement (TV series) — WP:NC(P) recommends "adding a parenthetical (bracketed) disambiguator to the page name: for instance when both spellings are often or easily confused." In this case, only capitalization separates Home improvement and Home Improvement. —Mika1h (talk) 21:24, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Support per WP:NC cited above. —  AjaxSmack   07:58, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Support totally agree, at the moment it's just too confusing. Ged UK (talk) 11:35, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Support It's like the problem they have with the goerge lopez show. you type in george lopez and you get the person instead of the show. RC-0722 (talk) 15:51, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. JPG-GR (talk) 00:07, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Support If anyone wants, I can go ahead and move it? Burner0718 (talk) 22:47, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

Unsourced Material
Below information was tagged for lacking sources in 2011. Feel free to reincorporate with appropriate references. DonIago (talk) 14:08, 19 February 2014 (UTC)

"Home Improvement"'s Last Season Didn't Finish in the Nielsen Top-10
"During its eight-season run, the show always finished in the top 10 in the Nielsen ratings during a season..."

While Home Improvement did finish in 10th place during season 7 in 1997-98 (with an average of 18.4 million viewers), I have a source that says Home Improvement fell out of the Nielsen Top-10 during its eighth and final season (placing at #14 with 14.8 million viewers). And those figures are in terms of viewers, not households. This article used to have a table on its ratings in which Home Improvement's last two seasons are in viewers while its seasons 1-6 are in households. TVBuff90 made some changes to this article in October of 2017 that resulted in the removal of that table and the insistence that each of its seasons be in households (which I don't agree with in the case of HI's seasons 7 and 8) Jim856796 (talk) 13:36, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 18 November 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Per consensus. (closed by non-admin page mover) – robertsky (talk) 23:54, 27 November 2022 (UTC)

– The article for the television show should be at the undisambiguated title (base name) as the primary topic for the proper noun per WP:DIFFCAPS. Users using the capitalized form are much more likely to be seeking a proper noun instead of the common noun Home improvement. Among the uses of the proper noun on enwiki, the television series is the clear primary topic. A hatnote is sufficient to get users to other pages. The disambiguation page should be moved to the capitalized form since all topics disambiguated there are capitalized (i.e., the lowercase Home improvement is not ambiguous). This setup would be analogous to other shows titled after multi-word common nouns, e.g. Growing Pains and Growing pains. Mdewman6 (talk) 18:07, 18 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Home Improvement (TV series) → Home Improvement
 * Home improvement (disambiguation) → Home Improvement (disambiguation)
 * Oppose other stuff exists but this TV show ended in 1999, it's survived with (TV series) on it 23 years since ending. Let it continue to be recognisable. In ictu oculi (talk) 21:47, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose Clearly there is another article called Home improvement leading to much confusion as it is something people do to their homes. TV series describes the show and doesn't lead to much confusion. Magical Golden Whip (talk) 04:08, 19 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose, WP:DIFFCAPS is obsolete and should be dumped. This has been shown many times, and this is another. Some Wikipedians trust that readers will not mix upper and lowercase up as they search. They live in a fool's paradise. Randy Kryn (talk) 15:14, 19 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Of course users may sometimes capitalize both words when they are seeking the lowercase term, the point is that WP:HATNOTEs exist to serve such users, which is what DIFFCAPS says. Parenthetical disambiguation is not the only form of disambiguation- in fact it is meant to be used when natural disambiguation is insufficient, which is not the case here, as we have a proper noun and a common noun. Extra disambiguation violates WP:CONCISE. Mdewman6 (talk) 21:39, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Support Like it or not, WP:DIFFCAPS remains policy and no other subject listed on the disambiguation page is more commonly sought than the TV show. -B RAINULATOR 9 (TALK) 00:15, 20 November 2022 (UTC)
 * This n-gram shows that the commonest use of the term involves the lowercased meaning of improving the home. Wikipedia uses a descriptor on the name of the television show to differentiate from this otherwise common usage, which is also WP:DIFFCAPS compliant, and the n-gram also shows that the uppercased use referred to improvements in the home long before the series commenced in 1991. Randy Kryn (talk) 03:06, 20 November 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Comment as nom It looks like the television show is getting ~6x the page views as the article on the general concept. I'm not arguing it's the primary topic for both capitalizations, as I do believe the lowercase term easily wins in terms of long-term significance, but right now anyone typing either form and seeking the television show must go through a disambiguation page, and we are doing those users a huge disservice. Mdewman6 (talk) 21:46, 21 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose – a disambig page is not a disservice, and DIFFCAPS does not really encourage this. Dicklyon (talk) 04:36, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Home Improvement (TV series)


text:
Nowy Kurier Warszawski

Nowy Kurier Warszawski, initially Nowy Kurjer Warszawski ("New Courier of Warsaw") was a German propaganda newspaper issued in the occupied Poland during World War II. Its name was coined after a popular pre-war newspaper Kurier Warszawski, with which it had nothing to do but the name. According to German sources the newspaper was issued in 200 000 copies daily, but it was commonly boycotted by the Poles (often defaced with the Kotwica) and the numbers seem to be much overestimated.

History
Following the Polish defeat against the joint Nazi German and Soviet Invasion of Poland of 1939, on 6 October German and Soviet forces gained full control over Poland. The success of the invasion marked the end of the Second Polish Republic, though Poland never formally surrendered. On 8 October, after an initial period of military administration, Germany directly annexed western Poland and the former Free City of Danzig and placed the remaining block of territory under the administration of the newly established General Government.

Within the General Government all Polish newspapers were immediately banned. In their stead, the German authorities established eight Polish language daily newspapers as part of their propaganda machine aimed at subjugated nations. The largest of them was the Warsaw-based Nowy Kurier Warszawski with daily circulation of over 200,000 copies. By comparison, it is estimated that all German-published journals in occupied Poland had a circulation of 700,000 in 1941 and over 1 million in 1944.

The new newspaper drew its name from pre-war "Kurier Warszawski", established in 1821 and highly popular in pre-war Warsaw. However, the "New Courier" had little to do with the original journal apart from the name and the printing press (in the former Dom Prasy building). The profile of the newspaper was akin to modern tabloid journalism. Apart from front line news, propaganda and overly optimistic reports on constant successes of the German Wehrmacht, the newspaper featured a collection of sensational crime stories, astrology, gossip columns and such. As such, the newspaper was primarily a tool of indoctrination, primarily of less-educated strata of Polish society.

Because of that it was commonly referred to by a variety of derogatory names. The most popular name, gadzinówka (Polish for "Reptile [newspaper]") became a generic term for any foreign propaganda publication in standard Polish language. Other popular nicknames include Kurwar (abbreviation of the title, but also a pun on the Polish word "kurwa" - whore) and "szmatławiec" (Rag-journal).

Despite its clear propaganda flavour, the newspaper remained highly popular in Poland, as it included useful information on new regulations introduced by the Germans and actual info on monthly food rations as well as many ads and obituaries. In addition, it was cheap: each issue was priced at only 20 groszes (later 25), an average price for a newspaper in pre-war Poland, but very inexpensive in reality of rampant hyperinflation in war-torn Poland.

Following the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, the headquarters of the newspaper was moved to Łódź, where it continued to circulate until January 1945. After the war at least 15 former employees of the New Warsaw Courier had been tried and sentenced to prison for their collaboration with the Nazis during the war.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nowy Kurier Warszawski


text: User talk:66.69.128.69

title: User talk:66.69.128.69


text:
Benjamin Pine

Sir Benjamin Chilley Campbell Pine (1809–1891) was at various times administrator of Natal, the Gold Coast, Antigua, the Leeward Islands and Western Australia.

Life
Born in 1809 in Maidstone Kent, Benjamin Pine was educated in Brighton and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He became a career officer in the British Colonial Service. From 1850 to 1855, he was Lieutenant-Governor of Natal Colony, and from March 1857 until 17 April 1858 was Governor of the Gold Coast.

On 30 July 1868, Pine was appointed by letters patent to the position of Governor of Western Australia. Shortly afterwards, however, a vacancy occurred for the position of Governor of the Leeward Islands, and it was decided that he should fill that position instead. He never arrived in Western Australia, and six months passed before the colony received news that he would not be coming.

Pine served as Governor of the Leeward Islands from 1869 until 1871. His title then became Governor of Antigua until 1873, but the Leeward Islands continued under his governorship. He died in 1891.

The city of Pinetown, in modern-day KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, is named after him.

There is also a Primary school called Benjamin Pine Primary School named after him in Pinetown as well as the Pinetown High Schools (Boys and Girls) Honouring his name by the Pine Cones on the Badges.

He is buried on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery. His grave (no.29309) has no headstone or marker.

Status as Governor of Western Australia
In Burt (1996), Sir Francis Burt, who was a lawyer, a judge and himself a former Governor of Western Australia, analysed the question whether Pine should be considered to have served as Governor of Western Australia. He concluded that the appointment by letters patent, together with the publication of that appointment in the newspapers of the colony, legally implied that Pine was Governor of Western Australia, even though he never arrived at the colony and was never sworn in.

The person who actually administered the colony during the period of Pine's formal tenure (2 November 1868–29 September 1869) was Lieut Col John Bruce.

title: Benjamin Pine


text:
ARWEN ACE

The ARWEN ACE is a breech-loaded less-lethal launcher which fires a variety of 37mm less-lethal munitions which includes direct impact batons, chemical irritant delivery munitions and smoke delivery munitions.

"ARWEN" is an acronym for "anti riot weapon enfield".

As of 2001, all ARWEN trademarks and patents are owned by Police Ordnance Company Inc. The launcher is manufactured under license in Canada.

Munition types
The ARWEN ACE is part of a less lethal system which incorporates a variety of less lethal munitions which can be deployed through the same launcher.

The AR-1 munition consists of a proprietary polymer baton which is intended to be deployed at living tissue as a means of inflicting blunt force trauma through direct impact at ranges up to 100 meters / 109.36 yards.

The AR-2 munition consists of an aluminum canister which is intended to deploy a large quantity of pyrotechnic smoke along with a payload of chemical irritant in the form of micronized CS.

The AR-3 munition consists of a proprietary polymer baton which is intended to be deployed at living tissue as a means of inflicting blunt force trauma through direct impact at ranges up to 100 meters / 109.36 yards. Unlike the AR-1 munition, the AR-3 also contains a discrete payload of chemical irritant in the form of CS or OC powder which are intended to contaminate the target when struck.

The AR-4 munition consists of an aluminum canister which is intended to deploy a large quantity of pyrotechnic smoke suitable for screening purposes in a variety of colours.

The AR-5 munition consists of a composite plastic projectile which is intended to be fired at a physical obstruction such as a window, door or other barricade. The munition is designed to penetrate and pass through the obstruction at which time it deploys a payload of chemical irritant in the form of micronized CS or OC.

The AR-6 munition consists of either OC or CS chemical irritant powder which is immediately dispersed through the muzzle of the ARWEN when fired and designed to immediately contaminate an individual or area through blast dispersion

Munitions manufactured by companies other than Police Ordnance Company Inc. void the manufacturer warranty and can lead to damage to ARWEN launchers.

title: ARWEN ACE


text: User talk:66.26.73.134

title: User talk:66.26.73.134


text:
User talk:Jonathan Glasman

Jonathan Glasman was supposedly born in Archangel, Russia. The exact date of his birth is unknown. At age 14 he was kidnapped from his house in the mountains, but in a twist of fate slautered the assailelts and moved in with a wealthy family in St. Petersburg. There he was educated and was sent into the army at age 17. During that period, the Bolsheviks revolted and Jonathan Glasman joined with them. During the workers revolution he got to meet with Lenin and they quickly became friends. During this period of unrest he served Lenin as a contract killer. After Lenin's death, he worked as one of the top KGB hitmen. Little more is known about him after this time. He reapeared again during Nikita Khrushchev's famous speech at the 20'th Party Congress where he copied down Khrushchev's speech exposing Stalin.

title: User talk:Jonathan Glasman


text:
User:Deadlock

Deadlock is a pseudonym.

title: User:Deadlock


text:
Talk:2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)

Meaning
What do the results actually mean? They're way to confusing for even people who follow football. Can't we just have actual goals there? Dori | Talk 00:30, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Not that confusing at all really - Full time and half time scores are given. However, in view of comments from a couple of other folk, I'll change the program I have written to generate this output to get rid of the half time results altogether. -- Zaphod Beeblebrox 05:36, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I was also referring to things like "17:00" which I am guessing is the time when the game will be played (although it doesn't give the timezone, local time?), but it doesn't make much sense to put that in the results column. Dori | Talk 12:56, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

Unclear!

 * How were the groups drawn? Was it totally random? Based on a strict seeding order? Or slightly random, based on general seeding tiers? And in the latter two cases, where did the seeds come from? The article is incomplete without this info. Doops | talk 00:05, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Likewise, when are the results of the seventh-place finishers dropped? We know they're ignored when comparing among groups; but have they already been tossed out during the previous step, i.e. when we're determining, within each 7-team group, which teams placed first and second? Or are they taken into consideration for that? This question is mostly accademic; in groups 2 & 3 Kazakhstan & Luxembourg are 0-0-10 so far. But in group 1 it is concivable that the two-point differential between the Czech Republic's defeat of Armenia and Romania's draw with them could loom large. Doops | talk 06:42, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I will try and answer these questions. The draw was made by FIFA in.. I think 2002, but I will need to check that. The teams are separated into seeds based on the FIFA Rankings at a certain time. Those teams in the lower reaches of the seeds are drawn first, those in the higher reaches and the "top seeds" last. This year, if I recall correctly, those nations with a large representation in European cup competitions (like Italy, France and England and I think one or two more) were put into the smaller groups to assist with clearing fixture backlog. doktorb 22:06, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * So it sounds like the groups were drawn randomly from seeding tiers. i.e., each group got one of the top 8 teams, one of the teams ranked 9-16, and so forth. Is that what you meant? Doops | talk 05:02, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes that's how the initial draw was made. The first teams to be drawn are the "less able", lowest ranked teams, they fill the first spaces in each group; then the next tier, then the next and so on up to the "most able" highest ranked teams. doktorb 07:22, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Because of the need to create smaller groups to assist those nations with a large contingent in cup competitions, and the decision to have a Best Runner Up section this time, it would be unfair to include the results of teams in both 6 and 7-strong groups, so with regard to those teams playing in groups of 7, the results against the bottom team are disregarded. I am no expert on this, but this is the general jist.doktorb 22:06, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, but I don't think you understand my question. When comparing the second-place finishers to decide who the top two are, it would be impossible to compare among groups unless each team had played an equal number of games. This is very clear. The question is: in the previous step, when we were deciding who finished first and second within each group, did we consider those bottom teams' results or not? See what I mean? It's a fine distinction. Doops | talk 05:02, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah I think I understand this. Within each group, all matches between all teams are determined for positions. Within the "Second Based Teams" ranking, those in groups of 7 have matches against the bottom teams in each of those groups disgarded. doktorb 07:22, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
 * "Within each group, all matches between all teams are determined for positions." — That's good; otherwise we'd need to make a second table for group 1 wihtout Armenia and completely rewrite the scenarios. It could really change things! Doops | talk 07:31, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Netherlands: qualified?
The 2 best 2nd-ranked teams are automatically qualified. Well do your maths, folks, that means the Dutch are 100% certain to go to Germany. So I put them in bold. (unsigned by 24.200.133.131 on 16:13, 10 September 2005)

 * Nope - they've only got 22 points against the top six teams. If they lose to Czech Rep and Macedonia, they'll end up and 22, and can be passed by Poland (24 if England win both) and Croatia (24 if they draw with Sweden and beat Hungary), to finish third among the 2nd-ranked teams Sam Vimes 23:22, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Sam is right, when in doubt check the official page

I was right. The Netherlands have 28 points. Poland have 24 with one game left, so a maximum of 27, while Croatia can have a maximum of 26. They can't reach the Netherlands.

 * For the internal purposes of Group 1, the Netherland have 28 points. But for purposes of comparison among groups, the 6 points from the two victories against Armenia (7th in group one) are disregarded. Why? Because with 7 teams in groups 1, 2, & 3, each team there plays 12 matches; while each team in the other groups plays only 10 matches. To make any sort of comparison among groups possible, you have to consider them on the same basis — i.e. 10 matches. Doops | talk 18:04, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

I see, well that resolves the issue I had with it being unfair to teams in other groups.

Confusing -- Group 4
Group 4 help on explaining scenarios. It might be confusing to readers who are not fans of soccer/football. The grammar is confusing as well. IanManka 18:41, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, it does read better now. Thank you to all who helped clarify. IanManka 03:37, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks to me like the scenario of France and Switzerland each finishing at 20 points is twice listed in the opening section as France winning the group: "A win or draw against Switzerland would win the group for France." and "If Switzerland beat Ireland and draw or lose against France then they will finish second." However, later in the section, it says that this would go to overall goal differential, which is correct as far as I can tell. However, it's early here, I'm tired, and I'm not sure. I vote we give the teams 3 weeks to figure it out themselves. :) By the way, I'm not sure if it's standard usage in UK/Europe, but in the USA, "Switzerland" would be considered a singular noun, and thus it should be "If Switzerland beats Ireland" or "If the Swiss (team) beat Ireland" Jonpin 13:47, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I've decided to remove the tags on this, and just wait until a few games go by so they can "figure it out themselves" as Jonpin put it. 02:45, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

rewriting scenarios in the middle of the day
I see that as results trickle in today, some people have started to edit the scenarios to reflect these. With respect, do you really want to do that? You're working harder than you need to. Why not just put a caption at the top of each scenario section warning that it's presenting the situation As of 7 October 2005 and wait for all of today's results to come in? Then you can just rewrite the (presumably much simpler) scenario rather than trying to figure out which bits still apply and which bits don't. Doops | talk 18:04, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Group 4 tiebreaker question
How are multi-way ties settled, as in the potential three-way tie between France, Israel, and Switzerland? I see two possible ways to settle this tie: (1) In H2H goals scored, ISR 4, SUI 4, FRA 2, so FRA is 3rd; overall GD puts SUI 1st and ISR 2nd. OR (2) First is between ISR and SUI on H2H goals; SUI is 1st on overall GD; then go back to determine second, which is deadlocked until overall GD, which would put FRA 2nd and ISR 3rd. I know method #2 is used, for example, in the NFL, but does anyone know for certain which one is used for World Cup play, i.e. do you rank the group as a whole, or determine the top team, then the next team, etc.? Jonpin 07:13, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I would assume (1). You rank the teams, then apply various criteria to differentiate among tied teams, then apply further criteria to differentiate among still-tied teams. But, no, I don't know for certain. Doops | talk 07:23, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * That's what I figured. Of course, it won't come to that, and if it does, France has only themselves to blame. Jonpin 08:41, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Yuk!
Wow - these qualification pages have changed some since I started work on them - they're so ugly now! Also - what happened about guidelines? You're only meant to use each internal link once per page in Wikipedia. *sigh* --Zaphod Beeblebrox 09:45, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Talk to User talk:BLOGuil. He made the changes to a list (ugh!) from the table to "update page to follow the pattern of previous World Cups' qualifications." (diff: )

 * I preferred the table, and to change the whole thing to compare it with ugly, previous tables isn't cool. I guess I really didn't notice it until you mentioned it. Shame. :( — Ian Manka Talk to me‼ 13:06, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The fact that previous World Cup qualification violate the |Wikipedia guidelines was not taken into account then? Internal links are not meant to be repeated within the body of a document.  All of these qualification pages are hugely overlinked. --Zaphod Beeblebrox 08:05, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * If I recall correctly, I don't think from the time I started to work on them to now did we ever follow the guidelines on internal links. Then again, I could be wrong. If you have any questions, please see my talk page. Ian Manka Talk to me! 01:50, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Group 6 format versus everything else
It is easy to see that Group 6 is far more detailed than all the rest of the groups, this is obviously not neutral point of view, all groups should be as detailed as each other. I'm not sure whether all should become like Group 6 is now or whether to change Group 6 so it's like all the others. It certainly shouldn't stay this way though. - MTC 13:28, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree - Group 6 coverage is different to that of the rest of the groups. It looks as though a lot of work has gone into it - and it shows.  For my money, Group 6 looks much better than the rest of the Groups in this qualification page - it follows the style being used for the main results page, which I would support.  It would be a little extra work for me, but I would be willing to look at the feasibility of writing a small script to moving this page to a unified format which copies Group 6. --Zaphod Beeblebrox 15:07, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Dead links
All the links leading to the match reports on this page and the specific group pages have gone dead. I'm not sure if this is just because of them getting moved on FIFA.com's part, but I was unable to find them anywhere else on the site, and just thought something could be done about it.

This is what the pages look like:

http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/preliminaries/preliminary=8071/matches/match=43736/report.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.255.231.3 (talk) 17:13, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 10:06, 20 November 2021 (UTC)


text:
Kahana

Kahana may refer to:

People

 * Abraham Kahana (1874–1946), writer
 * Amalia Kahana-Carmon (born 1926), Israeli author, educator
 * Boaz Kahana, American psychologist
 * Eliezer Kahana, Jewish preacher and homiletic exegete in Karlin, Belarus
 * Eva Kahana, American sociologist
 * Jacob ben Abraham Kahana (died 1826), rabbinical author
 * Kahana b. Tahlifa, Jewish Talmudist who lived in Babylonia, known as an amora of the third century
 * Kalman Kahana (1910-1991), Israeli politician and journalist
 * Matan Kahana (born 1972), Israeli politician
 * Pesikta de-Rav Kahana, a collection of Aggadic Midrash which exists in two editions
 * Rav Kahana II, Jewish Amora sage, active in Babylon and in the Land of Israel
 * Rav Kahana IV, Jewish Amora sage of Babylon

Hawaii

 * Ahupua'a O Kahana State Park, formerly Kahana Valley State Park on Oahu
 * Kahana Bay and Kahana Bay Beach Park on windward Oahu

Pakistan

 * Kahana, Pakistan, a village in Gujrat District, Pakistan

Other

 * ITC Kahana, a typeface
 * Kahana, the freighter ship owned by Charles Widmore in the series Lost

title: Kahana


text:
Talk:Dodola and Perperuna

2004
I deleted almost the entire original article. It was just too incomprehensible. I replaced it with a scrap of info found on the web. --LeeHunter 00:49, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Wikipedians who understand Slavic languages and are knowledgeable in Slavic mythology are invited to sort out the following text (that was replaced by a nice little stub by User:LeeHunter):

 * Perperuna - originally probably divine partner (wife) of Perun; probably the name formed by reduplication core “per-“, however it could be also personalization (result) of activity of Perun - „flinging rock" (per-perun-a?) = rain - analog. Ind. Parjanya „(secondarily) cloud, rain" - surname of Indra. Perperuna is the name behaved as designation of participant of ceremony (noted in SouthSlav. folklore) of summoning of rain, called also dodola, dudula (compare to: Lith. Perkunas - Dundúlis, Latt. Dundusélis and Gr. Dodona); if we identify perperuna-dodola with beregynja(*perkynja), we deal with team of names - teonyms embracing with significative range occurrence of worship of fecundity: Moko& (Mather Earth) - Perkynia / Pergynja(„Holy Forest - Oak wood" / „Mountain" - on the ground of analogy Ind. also: „Cloud, Rain") - Perperuna (Perun's partner, on the ground of analogy Hett. also: „Rock") compactly related with „masculine" worship Thunderlord - Perun. Hipostasy of goddess was probably a viper (snake) guardian of house - žmija cuvakuca, žmija kucarica (SouthSlav.).

 * Have fun with it. :-)
 * -- PFHLai 01:28, 2004 Aug 24 (UTC)
 * P.S. I think "Mokoš" is Mokosh.

Old talk
Text from webpage owned by the contributor

How do we KNOW that the contributor owns the webpage? And where has he/she released the material to GFDL? RickK 05:57, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * He/she released it by copying. How do we KNOW anything? He/she told us so. Must he go to notary public first? What is the policy about contributing owned materials? Has he (acting as wikipedian) to send a letter to himself (acting as a webmaster) with request for confirmation? Mikkalai 06:22, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * BTW, I've already met this situation (related to the bio of some Rumanian professor), asked at pump, and got no answer (and safely forgot about the issue until now). IMO here is a hole in wikipolicies. Mikkalai 06:25, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This was done in past. Email of site owner, as given on is ogneslav@abv.bg and anyone interested can contact him and ask is he really Wikipedia user Ogneslav and then copy/paste the email here (I'd do it but it seems that he dislikes me). Perhaps he'd even permit others to use material from his site. Nikola 09:04, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You also didn't understand my question: wikipedia's policies don't say how he himself, from thr very beginning could confirm that he is the author, without me or you. Mikkalai 14:58, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, he himself could not from the very beginning confirm that he is the author. Period.
 * That's what I am saying: wikipedia's policy has a hole. And there are ways to fix it.Mikkalai 14:56, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I have in past created a few pages where I'd just copy/paste text from a web site with nothing more than saying "Text from http://website used with permission. ~ " at the talk page. I was able to do this because, before that, I have contributed to Wikipedia for a long time, and none of my contributions are found to be copyright violations, and so everyone who reviewed the article knew that I understand and respect Wikipedia's copyright policy, and it is very unlikely that I would begin breaking it all of a sudden. On the other hand, this is a new user, who started to contribute copyrighted material, and there is possibility that he could be, as likely website owner, as someone who simply wants to use copyrighted material from the website and make false claims to get away with it.
 * This is all empty talk, however; wouldn't it be far easier and faster to simply e-mail the guy than to talk about what could have happened if something had happened? Nikola 07:37, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't care much about this topic and about the author. Do you think I cannot use e-mail? I am talking about the policy. I am going to summarize the talk at the corresponding pages. This disussion greatly helped me to understand what exactly I have to say. Thanks, guys. Mikkalai 14:56, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Read the copyvio boilerplate language. It says "To the poster: If there was permission to use this material under terms of our license or if you are the copyright holder of the externally linked text, then please indicate so on this page's talk page.".  RickK 19:26, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * This was what was actually said in a frustrated way in the Talk:Slavic mythology, according to which I entered the above note: "Text from webpage owned by the contributor". Your reaction was: "how do we KNOW...". Please notice that your reaction would be equally valid, if the notice were: "Text from webpage owned by me. ". You seem to miss the legal difference between an e-mail confirmation from an account associated with the webpage in question and a simple notice on the wikipedia talk page. Mikkalai 19:51, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm still waiting for you to point to the page where the original author of the page said it was his/her copyright and he/she has released it to GFDL in accordance with the line I quoted above. RickK 23:07, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * You seem to again miss the legal difference between an e-mail confirmation from an account associated with the webpage in question and a simple notice on the wikipedia talk page. The advice in the copyvio notice is laughable from legal POV: if you are the copyright holder... please indicate so on this page's talk page. How one may verify that the page editor is the owner? I may "indicate" I own Madonna's bare ass. And you're supposed to believe me until Madonna sues wikipedia? In this particular case I don't care about this nervous guy. I am pointing at a hole in the policy. The issue is credentials.  In the case of an explicit request by another wikieditor, the credentials are the e-mail address of the respondent that matches the webpage info (weak, but triable). The advice you (and I) cited doesn't explain how to provide credentials. Mikkalai 01:21, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I forgot to answer your question. I've already pointed the page: Talk:Slavic mythology. It has: The last drop was that somebody, called "administrator", deleted a number of my pages 'cause they were COPYRIGHT. He even adviced me in private to write in "my own words" - BUT THESE WERE MY OWN WORDS. He didn't even make the effort to look at the bottom of the source-site to see I am the copyright holder. This remark is just as good as any other. Notice also, contrary to your request,  he has no duty to explicitely release to GFDL: in wikipedia GFDL is an opt-out; mere editing means release. Mikkalai 01:29, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Great. That's what I was looking for. Now, was that so hard? RickK 19:26, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * No. But an easy way is no fun. Mikkalai 19:53, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Perperuna
See Talk:Perperuna. `'mikka (t) 01:53, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Section on ritual
The "Ritual" section makes four or five claims but has no sources for any of them. I'm not going to try to dig up sources on this subject, since I'm 100% unfamiliar with it, but it would improve the article if sources could be provided. Poihths (talk) 14:38, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

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New revision
The article was in dire need of new revision because the old revision had many serious issues for many years. For e.g. most of the text was directly copied from sources but without proper attribution and sometimes from sources which weren't even cited; gave false weight to a dubious fringe theory by non-folklorists/mythologists about Thracian origin which is ignored in all other sources; some explanations, connections were erroneous and couldn't be confirmed in literature; the primary mythological and etymological focus is on Perperuna while Dodola as substitution not other way around; Dodola isn't known as Perperuna nor Perperuna is known as Dodola, these are two separate but very similar pagan customs with common origin; hence the article title will be changed to "Perperuna and Dodola". Miki Filigranski (talk) 10:51, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Before moving the article, discuss it here, please. I restored it to the name "Dodola" as it seems the most common one. The article title "Perperuna and Dodola" also appears to refer to a tradition that consists of both those figures, which is not the case. – Βατο (talk) 21:12, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) As was already explained and as it is explained in the scientific literature, these are two separate but similar pagan customs which are often related by folklorists. We cannot have in the article title only one custom because they are not synonyms and SCOPE of the article much more focused, as shown by literature, to Perperuna and it's Slavic origin as well as connection to Slavic deity Perun.
 * 2) In your first edit you ignorantly and disruptively, as shown in the talk page discussion at Talk:Perëndi, made an anti-Slavic edit against the consensus in scientific literature about the connection with Slavic deity Perun, all of which was cited in the article, and replaced it in the LEAD with two irrelevant sources promoting or fringe theories making WP:FALSEBALANCE (Ḱulavkova's about Thracian origin which is ignored in almost all other cited literature besides three which were by linguists and historians i.e. also non-experts on the field violating WP:WEIGHT) or non-expert minor viewpoint by Andrew Wachtel instead of many other reliable sources which claim exactly the opposite.
 * 3) In anoted edit removed the part that the fringe theory argues Thracian origin of Perun, claiming to be "original research" on my part although noted the pages in which is clearly stated by Kulavkova at pg. 20 ("According to other beliefs, Perun, Perin, or Pirin was the supreme deity of the Thracians.") and by Dragnea at pg. 19, citing Paliga's fringe theory.
 * 4) ignoring and removing sourced viewpoint from reliable and reputable scholars, bringing false balance with a controversial source.
 * 5) removing sourced information.--Miki Filigranski (talk) 21:51, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Hey, thanks for improving the article, I would not have been able to collect these songs and history myself. I can't support "origin" part tho. There is literally 0 evidence for Perperuna being goddess and there is 0 evidence for direct connection to Perun. Pereplut is also unrelated name. Perun, Perkunas and Fjoryn are false cognates and PIE perkwunos didn't exist (this article is not best place for this topic tho). Connecting Dodola with Dzidzilela (forged goddess) is folk etymology, the latter word comes from PS *did- "big, great" and it can't be different. Lada is also forged goddess. Connecting Perperuna with Pripegala is also folk etymology. "Perun's battle against Veles becuase of Perperuna/Dodola's kidnapping" - where is this story attested? "sometimes even hosts would drink wine in Perun's honor." - are you telling me that people still worshipped Perun in 19/20th century? This is not only nonneutral, but also just false. Etymology is more like speculation now, we should add modern, scientific views (Snoj maybe?) on this name (might be of onomatopeic orign and I don't think there is evidence that the Slavs created names by reduplication of the root). Sławobóg (talk) 21:29, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Don't get me wrong, but nobody cares about your personal opinion. I became tired months ago of reading these paragraphs of opinion. The vast majority of sources by relevant scholars claim there's a connection. Everything what you wrote is written in reliable and modern sources. Editing or removing that would be "nonneutral". If there are any other modern, reliable sources by experts please list them here to check on them.--Miki Filigranski (talk) 21:51, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * @Miki Filigranski there is no consensus, the rainmaking custom is a shared tradition among Balkan peoples, your preferred origin theory is just one of the proposed hypotheses. As for the name Perperuna, I think it is likely from Perun, but Sławobóg maybe has a point here, and more recent academic sources should be analysed. The name Dodola is of uncertain origin. – Βατο (talk) 22:05, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * You don't have a basic clue of what you're saying, don't know anything about the topic, neither read all the sources, neither understand WP:WEIGHT policy as showed before. No, as showed and claimed on other article talk page, you're the one who has a preffered theory (and fringe one at best!), wants to WP:OWN the article by making false balance! --Miki Filigranski (talk) 22:18, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * No, the false balance is the WP:POV and WP:OR wording of the lead section: Albanians, Greeks, Romanians, Aromanians/Vlachs, Hungarians are not Slavs, and the custom described in this article is a shared Balkan tradition. – Βατο (talk) 22:25, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Please stop! You don't have basic understanding of the topic neither read the sources neither even bother to read what's written in the article. That's majority viewpoint, it was sourced and totally not original research. You are making a total mess of it as Dodola isn't alternatively known as Perperuna because these are separate customs (they even had separate articles until 2015 when were merged but due to same wrong reasoning). They are not synonyms. Neither the customs were confirmed to be found among Bosnians, and Montenegrins in general (Bay of Kotor was inhabited by a mixture of ethnic groups and it was found there only sporadically). I had enough of this. --Miki Filigranski (talk) 00:10, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * In my opinion, two points of view collide here. It is wise to strike a balance between them, although this is not easy. Regarding the title, the proposed new combined title reflects both views and is more neutral. I agree here with Miki Filigranski. Jingiby (talk) 05:13, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Miki Filigranski, so what's your proposal? Saying in the lead section that it is exclusively a Slavic practice is non neutral. I added, according to the sources, the population groups that are attested to have practiced the custom of rainmaking, whether it was called Dodola or Perperuna. If you have enough reliable sources that claim a clear distinction between the practices referred to as Dodola and Perperuna, then you can create two separate articles. I read that some communities refer to the same practice with the name Dodola (and variants), and other communities with the name Perperuna (and variants). I can agree to include both variants of the names in the article title, but "Perperuna and Dodola" appears to indicate that the custom is called as such, which is not the case. – Βατο (talk) 08:35, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * It is a practice of Slavic origin, related to Slavic deity Perun. That is the majority viewpoint in the RS. Removing that from the LEAD is non neutral. You even added ethnic groups among whom wasn't attested citing a bad source. The sources making clear distinction are already cited and there's no point in making separate article when these two customs are scholarly related. "Perperuna and Dodola" don't indicate anyhow that the custom is called with a single name "Perperuna and Dodola". --Miki Filigranski (talk) 10:33, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Okay, I found the book. Urbańczyk debunked Jakobson's etymology. perperuda, pepeluga etc. are related to Proto-Slavic *perpera, *perperъka "Common quail" and these are related to *pъrpati (onomatopoeic), cf. Polish dial. perpotać, perpac, Old East Slavic poropriti. So mystery has been solved. Meanwhile author himself reacts with aggression because someone tells him that the article is extremely one-sided. Having information about alleged relation between Perun and Perperuna is ok, since it actually is popular view, but it is not only view and it was criticised by other linguists. Btw Grimm is bad source. Sławobóg (talk) 10:45, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks @Sławobóg, the etymology you provided is interesting. @Miki Filigranski your statement is not supported by many scholars: there is not certainty about the origins of the practice. but there seems to be agreement among scholars that the name for the Balkan rainmaden Perperuna (and variants) is most likely of Slavic origin. The rainmaking custom is a Pan-Balkan practice, attested in the region at least since Classical Antiquity. I've just found a recent source:  which provides further information about the usage of the names, and analysis on some scholars' views, also:  – Βατο (talk) 10:53, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * @Sławobóg, thanks, that's just an opinion though (please provide details of the source), but indeed doesn't change the fact it is of Slavic origin (and related to Perun per majority viewpoint). @Βατο, in the article are already cited more than 12 reliable sources by many different scholars. I mostly agree with other things you said, but didn't mention anything not already cited in the article. To be noted, Burns source is reliable to cite on scholars' views, but unreliable source for Burns viewpoint. He is a poet, not a scientist. --Miki Filigranski (talk) 11:25, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Jakobson's idea that Perperuna comes from Perun is also "just an opinion", what is wrong with you? Additionally, Urbańczyk's etymology is more scientifically correct, because it explains the doubling of the root per-, because there is no evidence for duplication of the root for feminine names and I have other book about that (which also supports Urbańczyk's idea). He says that ritual is known to Greeks and Albanians and it should be established actual origin first. He later say Perperuna might be related to words I mentioned before (also Polish przepierzyca), not only because of etymology, also because quail (in Polish folklore) is associated with the harvest rites and is the name of the bride in the wedding dance. So I guess Slavic origin is very possible (from the bird). | Sławobóg (talk) 11:48, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I found the text and it can be hardly called a debunking as you described it in your comment. Urbańczyk only said that Jakobson's opinion needs caution, he didn't refute it. We also have reliable sources which support Jakobson (and Slavic origin, relation to Mokosh etc.), including lately Patrice Lajoye (2015, pg. 107–115 etc.). Do you have other sources which mention or support Urbańczyk's derivation from the bird?--Miki Filigranski (talk) 12:07, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, Łuczyński (2020) Bogowie dawnych Słowian. Studium onomastyczne. Additionally, the article does not mention at all that peperuda means "butterfly" in Bulgarian (mentioned in Russian and Bulgarian wiki)!!! Български етимологичен речник (vol 5, p. 162) has 2 pages of etymology of this word, also mentioning *perperica and other ideas, but image quality makes it too hard to read for me. There is also Proto-Kartvelian root *ṗerṗer- / *perpel- "butterfly" connected with PS *perperъka. It is clear from the Bulgarian dictionary that the subject is complicated and the etymologies are many, and that the article is not neutral and tries by force to push through Jakobson's etymology repeated uncritically by later authors. In the case of Slavic mythology/folklore, Western scholars often mindlessly (I'm not exaggerating) repeat various stupidities and rarely have a clue what they are writing about, cf. Mathieu-Colas. I'm not comparing Lajoye or Evans to that, but we should be sceptic about Western optimism. Natko Nodilo is also pretty bad source (see Svetovit). Sławobóg (talk) 14:00, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks. The part about butterfly is quoted in 4th reference, forgot to expand more on it citing other sources. The association is mythological, doesn't make sense such a widespread pagan custom derives from a Bulgarian word for butterfly and shows that the Bulgarian word for butterfly derives instead from the mythological background to which is related the custom. If not, as in the case of cited Proto-Karvelian, occurred secondary associations of unrelated words. Will expand more regarding the etymology in general. Sorry, but you're using hard words and claims here. The article is properly and reliably edited according to WEIGHT, and tried to be careful with using them.--Miki Filigranski (talk) 14:14, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * @Sławobóg I have not a preference about the article title, could you suggest something about this issue? It seems that Dodola is the most common name, and in some communities both names (and variants) are found, even in the same song. – Βατο (talk) 11:07, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Is Dodola really more popular than Perperuna? I think modern, scientific or popular, usage also counts? I think "Dodola and Perperuna" would be good, but I'm not 100% sure. Sławobóg (talk) 11:35, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I've seen it by a first check on Google search and Google books, and in general Dodola seems to be more common. But I am not sure which is more common in recent sources and popular usage. Perhaps Burns' (2008) information could be useful: – Βατο (talk) 12:11, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Well, "Dodola and Perperuna" is ok then. If the name depends on the region, then we should not discriminate against any of them. It may be clunky, but it will be fair. Sławobóg (talk) 13:01, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * The name depends on the custom, songs and name of central character. These are two separate types. There can be made correlations based on regions, but not causations on which depends the name. Regarding the distribution, it strangely omits Croatia and mentions Bosnia, check the map from Čulinović-Konstantinović "Dodole and prporuše: folk customs for invoking the rain" (note how's titled the source). I am okay with the title "Dodola and Perperuna".--Miki Filigranski (talk) 13:27, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Agreed, @Miki Filigranski feel free to make the page move. – Βατο (talk) 13:31, 24 July 2022 (UTC)

Other sources
Czesław Białczyński in his Mitologia słowiańska (1999), not a reliable and scientific source, mentions:

PERPERUNA (Peperuna, Perperuda, Prperousza, Pe-runica). Jej istyjskim odpowiednikiem jest Perkunija. Runa - od rdzenia run ma takie same znaczenia jak wyżej, ale także w obocznej postaci zachowanej u Bułgarów - Perperuda - kędzierzawa, bo ruda kosa - kędzierzawe włosy, kędziory, rudica - zbita wełna, rudina - niwa, rudy - czerwony, błotny, bagnisty (co wskazuje, podobnie jak u Peruna, na jej związek z wodą), pokryty rudą - czyli naleciałością żelazistą, barwy rdzawej. Z powyższego zestawienia wynika, że Perperuna musiała mieć kręcone, gęste, kędzierzawe włosy rudej barwy. Były cztery boginie o rudych włosach: Perperuna, Ruda-Ródź, Swara (o włosach płomiennych) i Krasatina (o włosach krasnych i krasnym licu).

O świętości rośliny paproci, której nazwa przechowała imię bogini Ródzi-Pap-rudy, świadczy jej związek nazewniczy z boskim rdzeniem per (Perun, Perperuna, Perepłut, Pripegala, Prowe, Porenut, Puruvit, Porewit, Spór). Przechowane przez Bułgarów i Macedończyków miano Perperuda nie jest powtórzeniem serbskiego i chorwackiego imienia żony Peruna - Perperuna, lecz imieniem bogini Rodzi, córki Roda, kochanki Perunica. Związek Perperudy z Peruni-cem znajduje także odbicie w nazwie świętego zioła pe-runiki.

I have a hard time reading the source, but does it cite any reference? Do you know of any Polish source which makes the same claim?--Miki Filigranski (talk) 14:25, 24 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Białczyński is turboslavic, he promotes Great Lechia and believes that Proto-Indo-European = Proto-Slavic. In his books he forges new gods. Nothing to talk about tbh. See List of Slavic pseudo-deities. Sławobóg (talk) 14:53, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Had the same impression.--Miki Filigranski (talk) 16:52, 24 July 2022 (UTC)

Łuczyński, ''Bogowie dawnych Słowian. Studium onomastyczne'' (2020), can you please make a full quote and provide page?--Miki Filigranski (talk) 14:31, 24 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Page 141: Autor ten [Jakobson] wychodzi z założenia, że nazwa ta [Pereplut] stanowi jeden z wielu wariantów fonetycznych i morfologicznych teonimu Perun [...] powołując się przy tym na brzmieniowe podobieństwo z terminem obrzędowym serb. prporusa, bułg. pe(r)peruna, pe(r)peruda i in. [...] Wywód Jakobsona podważył jednak S. Urbańczyk, wzkazując na związek nazw typu peperuda, pepeluga i in. z psł. *perpere, *perperъka "przepiórka". Leksemy wskazane przez R. Jakobsona wywodzą się z psł. *pr̥pati vb. pochodzenia dźwiękonaśladowczego, por. np. (polish and OES words here) [...] Bałkański termin obrzędowy nie jest więc spokrewniony etymologicznie ze srus. teonimem, w jego wypadku można mówić o reduplikacji rdzenia onomatopeicznego i szeregu przekształceń fonetycznych (np. regularny rozwój -er- < r̥; wtórny konsonantym d < n), przez co hipoteza Jakobsona traci rację bytu. Pozwala to na odrzucenie interpretacji tego badaczu z powodu trudności formalnych.
 * Page 279: I wreszcie, nic nie przemawia za tym, by w słowiańskiej teonimii istniały pary nazewnicze: model na tworzeniu form feminatywnych od męskich imion osobowych nie był, w świetle wiarygodnych danych, w tej kategorii produktywny, w związku z czym można przyjąć, że brak był (często postulowanych) par typu *Perunъ - *Perynь (lub Perperuna), *Velesъ - *Vela, na wróz np. sind. Indra - Indrani, Agni - Agnani... Sławobóg (talk) 15:08, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Great, thanks! --Miki Filigranski (talk) 16:52, 24 July 2022 (UTC)

@Miki Filigranski, since you highlighted inaccuracies regarding the spread of the custom, could you propose a compromise wording between the information provided by Muraj (1987) and that provided by Ḱulavkova (2020)? – Βατο (talk) 08:23, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * In the article are cited several reliable sources, not only Muraj (1987), describing the spread of the custom. In the new sources the mistake is regarding the distribution on the territory of former Yugoslavia. I would say that the best source for the former Yugoslavian territory is still Čulinović-Konstantinović (1963). It was more prevalent among Croats than Serbs in Croatia, and don't know what's the reason for mentioning Bosnians. Natko Nodilo (1884) mentioned that West of river Vrbas, which would be Western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dodola and Prporuša were known as Čaro(j)ice, but couldn't verify and confirm the association in other sources. Čaroice was a different custom mainly around December and rarely Poklade (May) in which boys were dressed as girls or animals - not greenery, it was found among both Orthodox, Catholic and Muslim people and each group visited houses of other religion, and the song lyrics were also different. I would stick to countries and regions rather than ethnic groups (for now would remove Bosnia and Herzegovina). Anyway, currently am preparing a new edit which will include and expand the POV from new sources provided by you and Sławobóg. --Miki Filigranski (talk) 12:33, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Ok, feel free to make any wording reasonably in agreement with RS and with evidence from field research. – Βατο (talk) 22:24, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

Proto-Kartvelian *p̣erp̣er- "butterfly" - most likely ultimate source. That explains Balkan-only range of the word, custom and pseudogoddess. Sławobóg (talk) 12:16, 24 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Do we have a RS which connects it to Perperuna/Dodola customs? How a Proto-Kartvelian language of Caucasus is the most likely ultimate source? How it explains Balkan-only range of the word, custom etc.?--Miki Filigranski (talk) 22:41, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I haven't done a good research yet, I found this partly by accident and am putting it here so as not to forget, and maybe someone else will find something more about it. It is possible that we are dealing here with a Wanderword. Borrowing is possible, compare κῶας. See also πεταλούδα (especially the suffix -da). Sławobóg (talk) 09:42, 28 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dodola and Perperuna


text:
Veruska Ramírez

Veruzhka Tatiana Ramírez is a Venezuelan beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Venezuela 1997, and was first runner-up at Miss Universe 1998.

Miss Venezuela 1997
Ramirez was abandoned as a child and grew up in relative poverty. In 1997, reigning Miss Venezuela Marena Bencomo visited Táchira, where Ramírez approached her for an autograph. Bencomo encouraged her to go to Caracas to compete for the Miss Venezuela 1997 title, where Osmel Sousa appointed her as Miss Táchira. As the winner of Miss Venezuela 1997, she went on to represent her country at Miss Universe 1998.

Miss Universe 1998
Ramírez was the official representative of Venezuela to Miss Universe 1998, held in Honolulu, Hawaii. She placed first runner-up to Wendy Fitzwilliam of Trinidad and Tobago.

Kidnapping
Ramírez was kidnapped for three hours in 2003.

title: Veruska Ramírez


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Talk:Khors

Text from webpage owned by the contributor

In the beginning of the new year in Ukraine people sing "koliadas". I wonder, if it does have any association with the Slavic mythology where Koleda is a new sun.--Grigoryev 02:47, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

"In Russia and Ukraine, it is known as horovod." Yes, indeed. Literally it means to lead the horo. I'm guessing, the dance of horo.--Grigoryev 02:50, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

"...In Serbian "`oro" meaning rounded dancing formation, in reformed Serbian after 19th century known as "kolo". Such dance is performed on every happy occasion in the field..."

This sounds very strange that "kolo" has anything to do with "`oro". By the way, Ukrainians also have this word and I'm sure not only them.--Grigoryev 02:55, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Similarities
In my romanian language, the word "calende-calendar" means "calendar" similar with "koliada". At the romans, "calendae" was the name of the first day of each month. The romanian verbe "a colinda" means "to travel" but also the word "colinde" means "carols-celebration/christmas songs". "Cale" means "road/way", "a calca" means "to step on", a se culca"-"to go to sleep". "Cald" means "warm" but in germanic-anglosaxon languages it means "cold". The romanian word "corvoada" means "hard/obligatory/unpaind work" similar with "horovod" ("hora" is the romanian name of the same circle/rounded traditional dance) under the heat of the sun made by peasants or soldiers. "Colt" in english means "young horse"-probably a connection with the horses of the charriot of the Sun. Let's not forget the spanish "corrida". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bigshotnews (talk • contribs) 00:15, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

Word "CALENDAR" is old Vendic (Slavic) word and it means "Kolia-Dar" (Koliada as God of time and Dar as "gift" )

about "Hors" god - it was old Slavic god Khors, Hors, Horo - his second name was Svetovid "the one who sees the world - All seeing eye - represents one of constellations (and not the sun), which i do not want to mention. The Horo was derived into Egypt (Antediluvian) as Hor, Heru, Horo or Horus. Slavs still know the tradition, called Horov vod, Horovod (Horus's cycle) and is dedicated to the crossing of the constellation (with that name). Mother of Hors was Mat' Makosh (in Egypt know as Maat or Mehet - Weret; where Makosh or Mehet means the same - "flood in the sky" and Weret is slavic "Vret, Weret, Svarit,...VAR" and it means "to boil" milk and making curdled Cheese (slavic Sir or Sanskrit's Ksiroda, Ksira...) also called "Svarga" (milky way)- our galaxy; the ruler of Svarga (slavic and sanskrit - the same word) was Varuna (sanskrit) or Svarun - Svarog (slavic) The god of time was Kolia-Dar (which was derived into "Calendar" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.58.54.248 (talk) 19:48, 27 November 2010 (UTC)

statistics
I do not understand the relevance, or even the meaning of the statistical data listed below in this article, either a commentary explaining it should be attached, or the nonsense should be deleted altogether. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.253.63.231 (talk) 17:30, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Khors


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Kościesza coat of arms

Kościesza (Strzegomia, Strzegomya) - is a Polish coat of arms used by szlachta families in the times of Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
According to a legend the Kościesza arms has been granted by King Bolesław II the Generous to a brave knight named Kościesza after the Battle of Snowsko in 1072.

Notable bearers

 * Gniewosz z Dalewic (died 1406), knight, podkomorzy of Kraków, castellan of Sandomierz
 * Gniewosz of Dalewice
 * Melchior Pudłowski, poet, secretary of the King
 * Szymon Szymonowic (Simon Simonides, Szymonowicz or Bendoński)
 * Jan Karol Dolski
 * Jan Karol Chodkiewicz (Chodkiewicz coat of arms)
 * Józef Piłsudski (Piłsudski coat of arms)
 * August Żaba
 * Witold Gombrowicz
 * Aleksander Kakowski
 * August Kościesza-Żaba
 * Chodźko family
 * Witold Chodźko
 * Aleksander Chodźko
 * Leonard Chodźko
 * Ludwik Chodźko
 * Wojciech Wijuk Kojałowicz
 * Roman Żaba, general
 * Tadeusz Żaba, Marshall of the Radom Confederation
 * Jan Kazimierz Żaba, Voivode of Minsk
 * Maryla Wereszczakówna, lover of Adam Mickiewicz
 * Piotr z Chrząstowa, Bishop of Przemysl
 * Imisław Wroński, Bishop of Plock
 * Michał Kosmowski, Bishop of Gniezno
 * Szczepan Zambrzycki, member of the Great Sejm
 * Ludomir Włodzimierz Kościesza Wolski, officer of the Armia Krajowa, Righteous Among the Nations
 * Bohdan Stetkiewicz, castellan of Mscislaw
 * Stanisław Gabriel Kakowski, chorazy of Nowogrod
 * Włodzimierz Józef Mężyński, officer of the Polish Legions in World War I
 * Józef Nielubowicz-Tukalski, Orthodox Metropolitan of Kijow (Kyiv)
 * Ron Jaworski, NFL Quarterback
 * Mikola Statkevich, Belarusian opposition politician

Related coat of arms

 * Chodkiewicz coat of arms (Kościesza odmieniony)
 * Piłsudski coat of arms (Kościesza odmieniony)

title: Kościesza coat of arms


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Dunam

A dunam (Ottoman Turkish, Arabic: دونم; dönüm; דונם), also known as a donum or dunum and as the old, Turkish, or Ottoman stremma, was the Ottoman unit of area equivalent to the Greek stremma or English acre, representing the amount of land that could be ploughed by a team of oxen in a day. The legal definition was "forty standard paces in length and breadth", but its actual area varied considerably from place to place, from a little more than 900 m2 in Ottoman Palestine to around 2,500 m2 in Iraq.

The unit is still in use in many areas previously ruled by the Ottomans, although the new or metric dunam has been redefined as exactly one decare (1,000 m2), which is 1/10 hectare (1/10 × 10,000 m2), like the modern Greek royal stremma.

History
The name dönüm, from the Ottoman Turkish dönmek (دونمك, "to turn"), appears to be a calque of the Byzantine Greek stremma and had the same size. It was likely adopted by the Ottomans from the Byzantines in Mysia-Bithynia.

The Dictionary of Modern Greek defines the old Ottoman stremma as approximately 1,270 m2, but Costas Lapavitsas used the value of 1,600 m2 for the region of Naoussa in the early 20th century.

Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro
In Bosnia and Herzegovina and also Serbia, the unit is called dulum (дулум) or dunum (дунум). In Bosnia and Herzegovina dunum (or dulum) equals 1,000 m2. In the region of Leskovac, south Serbia, One dulum is equal to 1,600 m2. In Albania it is called dynym or dylym. It is equal to 1,000 m2.

Bulgaria
In Bulgaria, the decare (декар) is used, which is an SI unit, literally meaning 10 ares.

Cyprus
In Cyprus, a donum is $1,337.804 m2$ or 14400 square feet. In the Republic of Cyprus older Greek-Cypriots also still refer to the donum using the local Greek Cypriot dialect word σκάλες [skales], rather than the mainland Greek word stremma (equivalent to a decare). However, since 1986 officially Cyprus uses the square metre and the hectare.

A donum consists of 4 evleks, each of which consists of $334.451 m2$ or 3.600 square feet.

Greece
In Greece, the old dönüm is called a "Turkish stremma", while today, a stremma or "royal stremma" is exactly one decare, like the metric dönüm.

Iraq
In Iraq, the dunam is 2500 m2.

Israel and Turkey
In Israel and Turkey, the dunam is 1000 m2, which is 1 decare. From the Ottoman period and through the early years of the British Mandate for Palestine, the size of a dunam was 919.3 m2, but in 1928, the metric dunam of 1000 m2 was adopted, and this is still used today in Israel.

United Arab Emirates
The Dubai Statistics Center and Statistics Centre Abu Dhabi use the metric dunam (spelt as donum) for data relating to agricultural land use. One donum equals 1,000 m2.

Variations
Other countries using a dunam of some size include Libya and Syria.

Conversions
A metric dunam is equal to:

 * 1,000 square metres (exactly)
 * 10 ares (exactly)
 * 1 decare (exactly)
 * 0.1 hectares (exactly)
 * 0.001 square kilometres (exactly)
 * 0.247105381 acres (approx)
 * 1,195.99005 square yards (approx)
 * 10,763.9104 square feet (approx)

Comparable measures
The Byzantine Greek stremma was the probable source of the Turkish unit. The zeugarion (Turkish çift) was a similar unit derived from the area plowed by a team of oxen in a day. The English acre was originally similar to both units in principle, although it developed separately.

title: Dunam


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William C. F. Robinson

Sir William Cleaver Francis Robinson (14 January 1834 – 2 May 1897) was an Irish colonial administrator and musical composer, who wrote several well-known songs. He was born in County Westmeath, Ireland, and was educated at home and at the Royal Naval School. He joined the Colonial Office service in 1858 and became the president of Montserrat in 1862.

He married Olivia Edith Deane in 1862. He began serving as governor of the Falkland Islands in May 1866 and governed Prince Edward Island from 1870–1873, helping the island join a union with Canada. He became the governor of the Leeward Islands in 1874 and served his first term as the Western Australia governor from 1875–1877.

He was appointed governor of the Straits Settlements in 1877 and served as governor of Western Australia a second term from April 1880 to February 1883. Robinson became the governor of South Australia in 1883 until 1889. He was a temporary governor of Victoria, Australia in 1889, but was unable to be appointed permanently. He served his third term as governor of Western Australia from 1890–1895. He retired from his career in March 1895, at age 61. He then travelled to England and died on 2 May 1897, in South Kensington, London.

Early life
Robinson was born at Rosmead in County Westmeath, Ireland, on 14 January 1834 to Admiral Hercules Robinson, a naval officer, and Frances Elizabeth Wood, as their fourth son. He received his education at both his home in Rosmead and at the Royal Naval School in New Cross, Surrey. He was described as tall and slim, in comparison to his more athletic brother, Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead (born Hercules George Robert), whom he "lived somewhat in the shadow of."

Early career (1858–1883)
In 1858, when he was 21 years old, Robinson entered the service of the Colonial Office as a private secretary to Hercules, who was Lieutenant Governor of St. Kitts at the time. Robinson accompanied Hercules as a private secretary again in 1859 when Hercules became the governor of Hong Kong.

In 1862, William became the president of the island of Montserrat in the West Indies. This was his first time being appointed as a viceroy. On 7 April 1862, Robinson married Olivia Edith Deane, the daughter of bishop Thomas Townsend. Robinson was an administrator of the government in Dominica from January 1865 to October 1865. He became the commander-in-chief and governor of the Falkland Islands on 23 May 1866 and held office there until 1870, later recounting the country and its settlement as a "remote settlement at the fag end of the world," due to its very small population.

On 5 July 1870, Robinson was appointed the 19th Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island, and kept this position until November 1873. While Robinson was governing the island, it was attempting to join a union along with the other British colonies in North America, after having been a separate colony for over a hundred years. Many of the politicians in the colony objected to the union; the country had been in this fixed position since 1865. Robinson's primary goal as governor was to help the island become a part of the union. After observing the politics in the island for a few months, he became sure that financial necessity would be the only way for the union to be accepted.

Robinson believed that a good way to carry this out would be to build a railway. He was able to convince James Colledge Pope to pass a railway act in April 1871. In October 1871, the railway started to be built, and in September the next year, Robinson stated that "with the Railway debt upon their shoulders . . . the majority of the people will before long give their voices in favor of Confederation." He reported again in September 1871 that the island would be able to join the union in several months. Robert Poore Haythorne, the premier of the island, was finally compelled to consult the Canadians regarding the union in February 1873. The island became a part of the Dominion of Canada on 1 July 1873. Robinson was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) the same year for completing this task, the day when the island united with the dominion. He ended his term in November 1873, his mission accomplished. Robert Hodgson was his successor.

Robinson became the governor of the Leeward Islands in 1874. He was appointed Governor of Western Australia on 14 November 1874, and served from 11 January 1875 until 6 September 1877. Afterwards, Robinson was made governor of the Straits Settlements, a group of British territories in Southeast Asia whose headquarters were in Singapore, in 1877. He was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) the same year. Robinson travelled to Bangkok in 1878, so that he could provide the Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George to the King of Siam, and he subsequently received the Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Siam.

Shortly after returning, Robinson was made governor of Natal; however, he was replaced by the British Government before he was able to serve. He served a second term as governor of Western Australia from 10 April 1880 to 17 February 1883. Throughout this period, Robinson discovered that he had little power as governor of Western Australia and found it difficult to control the government, hindering his performance as governor. "Let no man take charge of such a form of government who is not as patient as Job, as industrious as a Chinaman, and as ubiquitous as a provincial mayor in France," he said to his colleagues. However, he developed a reputation of good administration and cooperation with leaders in London who were higher ranked than himself, which helped him with his future appointment as South Australia governor when this term ended.

Later career (1883–1895)
Robinson served as the governor of South Australia, beginning in February 1883; the song "Unfurl the Flag", which he had composed, was played during his inauguration in Adelaide. Due to few important political events occurring in the late 1880s and the fact much of the political power was within the Premier and the legislative assembly, Robinson had little to do as governor, making his role primarily needed solely for symbolic and social purposes.

Robinson was passionate about music, playing the violin, piano, and singing. Throughout his time as governor of South Australia, he was involved with music-related groups. Robinson organised the Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition in 1887 and was largely responsible for instituting the Bachelor of Music course at the University of Adelaide. He had composed multiple songs previously in his life, including "Imperfectus", "I love thee so", "Remember me no more", "Severed", and "Thou art my Soul", which by this point had become well known in Australia. Robinson also composed a whole comic opera, which was presented at the Princess Theatre in Melbourne, Victoria. Performing in a variety of different events throughout the 1880s, he entertained the most people at Government House of any Australian governor.

In addition to composing music, Robinson was a part of literary and educational groups in Australia. The Physical Geography of the South-West of Western Australia, a paper he wrote and had published in 1886, was read to the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, as well as On Duty in Many Lands, which was published in 1884. Robinson was also a public speaker. He departed from Adelaide in 1889.

Robinson was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) on 24 May 1887. Also in 1887, he turned down a request for his governorship of Hong Kong, as he did not want to undergo its harsh climate. During 1889, from 9 March to November, while Henry Brougham Loch was away, he acted as governor of Victoria, Australia, but was never officially appointed to the position permanently. Due to Robinson's success as temporary governor, the Leader of the Opposition and the Premier were planning to request for Robinson to become the next governor once Loch's governorship concluded, but Lord Hopetoun was appointed before they got the chance. A new divergence had been taken up by the British Government, giving highly ranked positions in the government to noblemen who were inexperienced, which annoyed Robinson. Shortly afterwards, Robinson rejected the governorship of Mauritius.

After his temporary governorship of Victoria, Robinson travelled to London, England. There he assisted the delegation of Western Australia and the Colonial Office by helping pass the constitution bill through parliament. In September 1890, he went to Perth, Western Australia. Robinson became the governor of Western Australia for a third time in October 1890; his return was praised enthusiastically by the citizens. According to the Australian Dictionary of National Biography, "he knew and understood more about Western Australia than any other imperial officer." Robinson chose John Forrest to be the first Premier of Western Australia. Robinson had little to do involving politics as governor, due to the fact that Forrest was dominant over the cabinet and parliament, as well as because of constitutional conventions. His time as governor included the transition of the colony to self-governance in 1890. Robinson was offered the position of the colony's first agent general by Forrest 1891; however, he declined the offer.

Retirement and death
Robinson retired from his governing career in March 1895, when he was 61 years old. Thereafter, he travelled to London and became the director of many companies. Robinson died on 2 May 1897, two years after his retirement, in South Kensington, London, within the 5 Cromwell Houses, which he resided in. At the time of his death, he and his wife had two daughters and three sons. He had £84,058 estate money left after his death. The Times wrote the following in his obituary:

"A great deal has been said and can be said in favour of the new type of colonial governor, the peer of high position or political eminence. . . . If, however, there was wanted a vindication of the old class of viceroy, one would not have to go beyond Sir William Robinson to find it."

Honours

 * Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (C.M.G), 1873
 * Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (K.C.M.G), 1877
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (G.C.M.G), 1887

In central Perth, Robinson Avenue, Robinson Road and Cleaver Street were named after Robinson (whose second name was Cleaver).

In the Pilbara region of Western Australia, the natural harbour Port Robinson (also known as Anketell Port), and the townsite of Cleaverville (gazetted, but never occupied), as well as Cleaverville Creek were named after Robinson.

title: William C. F. Robinson


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ITC Kahana

ITC Kahana is a sans serif decorative typeface created in 2004, based on Polynesian text. It was created by the designer Teri Kahan while living in Hawaii.

Its bold verticals are intended to symbolically convey the power and strength of the Polynesian people.

In Hawaiian, "kaha" means “to mark, draw, place, turn or surf” and “na” means “belonging to”.

title: ITC Kahana


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Biuletyn Informacyjny

Biuletyn Informacyjny ("Information Bulletin") was a Polish underground weekly published covertly in General Government territory of occupied Poland during World War II. The magazine was edited by Aleksander Kamiński and distributed as the main organ of ZWZ-AK headquarters in Warsaw, initially in order to inform the AK soldier about ongoing resistance activities. By 1944 Biuletyn Informacyjny had a circulation of 42,000-43,000 copies. The publishers recommended readers to have the articles reprinted in provincial underground publications throughout Poland.

History
The Bulletin was started in November 1939 in Warsaw as the main press release of the SZP, the first underground resistance organisation in Poland. Soon it was taken over by the Armia Krajowa and the Bureau of Information and Propaganda of the Polish government-in-exile. Since 1941 it had also several regional versions in all major cities of Poland, both under German and Soviet occupation. During the Warsaw Uprising it was published openly as a daily, the main press release of the Polish forces. After the capitulation of Warsaw it was published in Kraków until the dissolution of AK in January 1945.

On October 3, 1944, the Biuletyn Informacyjny published the following communiqué signed by Lieutenant-General Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, Commander-in-Chief of the Home Army, after signing the act of surrender: "Soldiers of Fighting Warsaw!

The heroic deeds of Polish soldiers which constitute two months of fighting in Warsaw are proofs, however full of horror, of our desire for freedom – our strongest desire. Our battle in the capital, in the face of death and destruction, stands in the forefront of famous deeds of Polish soldiers during this war. They will be a lasting memorial to our spirit and love of freedom. Although we were not able to gain a military victory over our enemy (since the general situation in our country was not favourable to our endeavour), those two months of fighting for every foot of Warsaw's streets and walls have fulfilled a political and ideological goal. Our struggle will influence the fate of our nation, since it is a contribution without equal in its heroism and sacrifice to the defence of our independence. — Bór (excerpt, pictured)"

title: Biuletyn Informacyjny


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Harry Ord

Sir Harry St. George Ord (17 June 1819 – 20 August 1885) was a British colonial administrator who served as Governor of Bermuda between 1861 and 1864, Governor of the Straits Settlements between 1867 and 1873, and Governor of Western Australia between 1877 and 1880.

Education and career
Ord was the son of Henry Gough Ord and grandson of Craven Ord (1756–1832) of Greenstead Hall, Essex, a prominent antiquarian. He was educated at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, (1835–1837). He served in the Royal Engineers, (1837–1856), principally in the West Indies, West Africa, and the Anglo-French expedition to the Baltic (1854), during the Crimean War.

Ord later held many important colonial posts, including:
 * Commissioner of the Gold Coast (1855–1856)
 * Commissioner at the Courts of Paris and The Hague (1856–1857)
 * Governor of Dominica (1857–1861)
 * Governor of Bermuda (1861–1864)
 * Special Commissioner to West Africa (1864–1867)
 * Governor of the Straits Settlements (1867–1873)
 * Governor of Western Australia (1877–1880)

Governor of Straits Settlements

Sir Harry Ord, whom the second Colonial Office appointed in 1867 as the Governor of the Straits Settlements, was at first given no instructions regarding the Colony's relations with the Malay States. He was unpopular in the Straits Settlements, but was an ambitious and energetic man, who was ready to do what he could to restore order and promote trade in the Peninsula. Conditions in Malaya at that time were extremely unsettled. The quarrels of the Malays were intensified by feuds between competing groups of Chinese miners, and the links of the Chinese with the British settlements threatened to involve these too in the trouble. After some experience of negotiating with Malays and Siamese, Ord worked out a policy under which he proposed to share the supervision of the Peninsula between Britain and Siam. This policy was disapproved by the Colonial Office, and Ord was directed to abstain from all interference in the affairs of the Malay States.

Life
Ord married Julia Graham of Exmouth daughter of Admiral James Carpenterin on 28 June 1846 by whom he had three sons. Sir Harry Ord died on 20 August 1885 from heart attack and was buried in the churchyard of St. Martin's parish church in Fornham St. Martin, Suffolk, England. The village institute in Fornham was built in Ord's memory with funds donated by the Abu Bakar of Johor.

The Ord River in the Kimberley region of Western Australia was named in his honour, as was Ord Street, Fremantle.

Awards

 * K.C.M.G., 1877
 * G.C.M.G., 1881

title: Harry Ord


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Frederick Broome

Sir Frederick Napier Broome (18 November 1842 – 26 November 1896)  was a colonial administrator in the British Empire, serving in Natal, Mauritius, Western Australia, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. The Western Australian towns of Broome and Broomehill are named after him. He has signed his name as F. Napier Broome.

Early life
The eldest son of Rev. Frederick Broome, rector of Kenley, Shropshire, by his wife Catherine Eleanor (eldest daughter of Lieut.-Colonel Napier, formerly Superintendent, Indian Department, Canada) Broome was born in Canada and educated at Whitchurch Grammar School, Shropshire. When visiting England in 1865, he married Mary Anne Barker on 21 June. The couple moved to New Zealand where Broome had a sheep station, in the Malvern Hills, province of Canterbury.

Journalist and poet
Broome returned to London in 1869, and for the following six years was a regular contributor to The Times, being the newspaper's correspondent at the Duke of Edinburgh's marriage at St. Petersburg, and on many other occasions. He also wrote literary reviews, art critiques, and miscellaneous articles. He published two volumes of verse, Poems from New Zealand (1868) and The Stranger of Seriphos (1869), and contributed verse to the Cornhill, Macmillan's Magazine, and other periodicals.

Administrator
In 1870 he was appointed secretary to the St. Paul's Cathedral Completion Fund, and, in 1873, secretary to the Royal Commission on Unseaworthy Ships, and held for some time a commission in the Essex yeomanry. He was selected by the Earl of Carnarvon, in 1875, to proceed with Lord Garnet Wolseley on a special mission to Natal, as colonial secretary of that colony. He held that post until 1878, when he was promoted to the colonial secretaryship of Mauritius, where he administered the government in 1879, and was lieutenant-governor of the island from 1880 to 1888. He was the 14th governor of Mauritius from 9 Dec 1880 to 5 May 1883. He was created CMG in 1877, and KCMG in 1884

On receiving the news of Britain's military disaster at Isandlwana (1879), he despatched at once to the assistance of Lord Chelmsford nearly the whole of the garrison of the colony, including a half battery of artillery, For which he was warmly thanked by the governor and high commissioner of the Cape Colony, Sir Bartle Frere, and by the colony of Natal through its lieutenant governor, Sir Henry Bulwer.

Governor of Western Australia
On 14 December 1882 he was appointed governor of Western Australia, and assumed office in June 1883. He visited England in 1885, when, with the "view of extending knowledge of the resources of what was at that time a little known colony", he read a paper on "Western Australia" before the Colonial Institute, H.R.H. the Prince of Wales taking the chair. That year he donated a small but important collection of Aboriginal artefacts from Western Australia to the British Museum.

His term as governor of Western Australia was marked by great extension of railways and telegraphs, and general progress. When the colony was preparing for responsible government, Broome acted as intermediary between the Legislative Council and the British secretary of state. After considerable correspondence, the details of the new constitution were settled, and a bill, approved by Her Majesty's Government, finally passed the local legislature in 1889. Since complementary legislation was needed from Westminster to transfer Crown lands to the colonial legislature, the necessary bill was at once introduced by Lord Knutsford, and passed the House of Lords; but, owing to strong opposition to handing over an immense tract of Crown lands to the colonists, which suddenly showed itself in the home press and in the House of Commons, the bill could not be proceeded with in the House in 1889, and had to be deferred to the following year.

Sir Frederick and two leading members of the Western Australian legislature travelled to England in December 1889 to give evidence before a select committee of the House of Commons, to which, early in the session of 1890, the Constitution Bill was referred. Much to the surprise of the London press, the committee reported in favour of the bill and of the transfer of all lands to the colony.

Consequently, the British Parliament passed a bill for the whole of the lands of the vast territory—1,060,000 square miles—to be freely handed over to the legislature of Western Australia, which thus obtained its new constitution on the same basis as the other colonies of the continent, there being no opposition to the bill in the House of Lords. Broome finally left Western Australia in December 1889, on a mission to England in connection with the Constitution Bill, and his tenure as governor ended in September 1890. One source states "Disputes with his senior officials tarnished Broome’s reputation in the Colonial Office.

Broome was transferred to serve as acting governor of Barbados in the West Indies and, in July 1891, was appointed governor of Trinidad.

He died in London in 1896 and was buried on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery.

title: Frederick Broome


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Talk:Pituitary tumour

I don't see anything in this article that isn't already at pituitary adenoma. If no one objects, I suggest this page become a redirect to pituitary adenoma. - Nunh-huh 00:37, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. Cybergoth 22:41, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree - at very least there should be a link to pit. adenoma because there is a fair bit more information there. --Alex uk 86 15:06, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Tumours can be adenomas and other. It might be appropriate to merge pituitary adenoma here and discuss all abnormal growths of the pituitary gland on this page, but not vice versa. JFW | T@lk  16:33, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

Redirect again
This article is a very poor imitation of pituitary adenoma. The style is clearly amateur and uninformed. It has multiple assertions that have no citations to support them. JFW claims above that there are PTs that aren't PAs but where in the article is there a single example? Yes, there are certainly pituitary diseases that aren't PAs but they are not PTs either. Per WP:FORK, redirect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.97.11.54 (talk) 10:16, 20 November 2016 (UTC)
 * As there has been no response, I have gone ahead and changed this fork article to be a redirect. --88.97.11.54 (talk) 17:05, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pituitary tumour


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Gerard Smith (governor)

Lieutenant Colonel Sir Gerard Smith, (12 December 1839 – 28 October 1920), a member of the Smith and Carington family, was a business leader, politician, and Governor of Western Australia from 1895 to 1900.

Early life
Gerard Smith was born on 12 December 1839 in Pimlico, London. He was the third son of Martin Tucker Smith (1803–1880), politician, banker and director of the East India Co., and Louisa (Ridley) Smith. His paternal grandfather was John Smith (1767–1842), a banker and Tory Member of Parliament, and his maternal grandfather was Matthew White Ridley, a baronet.

Career
Smith joined the Royal Scots Fusiliers as an ensign in 1857 and briefly saw service in Canada, retiring from the army in 1874. He joined the family bank, Samuel Smith, Bros. & Co., and went on to become a business leader in Kingston-upon-Hull, being instrumental in the formation of the Hull and Barnsley Railway in 1880. He succeeded his second cousin William Carington as a Liberal MP for Wycombe from 1883 to 1885, and was a Groom in Waiting to Queen Victoria in the same period.

In 1895, Smith was appointed Governor of Western Australia and knighted. He served as Governor until 1900.

Freemasonry
Smith was a Freemason, being initiated into Studholme Lodge No. 1591 on 4 May 1880 at the age of 41. He was subsequently passed to the Second Degree and raised to the Third Degree within two months, and on 17 January 1890, became Worshipful Master of the Lodge. As was usual, when he was appointed Governor of Western Australia he was also appointed Past Junior Grand Warden of United Grand Lodge of England.

In 1898 he was appointed District Grand Master of the District Grand Lodge of Western Australia. He was a supporter of the Grand Lodge movement then active in the colony, allowing his lodges to discuss the question. When the Grand Lodge of Western Australia was consecrated on 27 February 1900, he was elected as its first Grand Master.

However, as his term as Governor was rapidly drawing to a close, he remained Grand Master for only one year.

Death
Smith died in London on 28 October 1920. His wife predeceased him in 1915.

title: Gerard Smith (governor)


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Part of the future Press and Media in Poland During World War II article. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 00:37, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biuletyn Informacyjny