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Alyth

Alyth (Ailt) is a town in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, 5 mi northeast of Blairgowrie and about 17 mi northwest of Dundee. In 2016 the town had an estimated population of 2,400.

First mentioned by name in a 12th-century royal charter of William the Lion, Alyth for many centuries was an important market town and entrepôt on long-established drove roads by which Highland farmers brought their sheep and cattle to lowland markets. Another royal charter in 1488, from James III of Scotland granted Alyth the status of Burgh of Barony entitled to stage markets and fairs. The 17th-century stone Packhorse Bridge still stands in the middle of the town (now pedestrian-only), later joined by two other stone bridges for wheeled traffic, emphasising the settlement's importance as a river-crossing.

Agricultural improvements and expanding markets for livestock in the south contributed to Alyth's prosperity during the 18th and early 19th centuries, while water-power provided by the Alyth Burn plus, later, steam-power helped the development of a local textile industry specialising in linen. Steam power also brought the Alyth Railway to the town in 1861, accompanied by growth during the later 19th century in retailing along with hotels for holidaymakers, golfers and country sports enthusiasts.

Today, industry has largely gone, but Alyth retains many shops and businesses serving the local area. The town has one of only two museums in Perthshire outside Perth (the other being the Atholl Countylife Museum), as well as a flourishing community of artists and a growing tourism economy.

The boundaries of Alyth Community Council also encompass the hamlet of New Alyth (population c350 ), about 1 mi southwest of the town, together with a handful of smaller hamlets and steadings giving a total population of just over 3,000.

History and archaeology
In late medieval times Scottish kings used the nearby Forest of Alyth for hunting during their progress around the country. They probably occupied the royal castle of Inverquiech just east of the town (where Edward I of England stayed during his campaign against the Scots in 1296) or the castle of Corb, a royal hunting-lodge in Glenshee in the north-west of the Forest.

3 mi north of Alyth is Bamff House which has been held by the Ramsay family since 1232, when King Alexander II granted the estate to his physician Nessus de Ramsay. Bamff today is an ecotourism destination and, since 2002, home to a reintroduced population of wild beavers. Bamff is currently undergoing a major 'rewilding' project.

Alyth's Pack Bridge (intended to carry packhorses loaded with sidebags or panniers across the burn) is one of the oldest masonry bridges in Scotland and is shown on maps as far back as 1600.

During the years of civil and religious conflict in the mid-17th century, the town was the scene of a dramatic incident known as the ‘Onfall of Alyth’ (28 August 1651). The town had been chosen as the rendezvous for the Committee of Estates, effectively the Scottish government at that time, to organise resistance to the English Parliamentarian invasion forces under General Monck, then besieging Dundee. The committee was betrayed and surprised by a force of Parliamentarian cavalry, and in the fighting that ensued the Earl of Leven (commander of the Scottish forces), the Earl of Crawford, the Earl Marischal, Lord Nairne and other prominent persons, including the Minister of Alyth, Rev. John Rattray, were captured and sent to the Tower of London. This event temporarily extinguished the Scottish Government of the time.

Next to the Pack Bridge, on Pitnacree Street, is the site of one of the town's two textile mills. In the 18th century, Alyth became heavily involved in flax processing for the linen textile industry, and spinning and especially hand-loom weaving dominated local employment.

The Alyth Arches, visible from the centre of the town looking north, stand on the site of what is probably Alyth's oldest Christian church dating back to the 6th century and dedicated to St Moluag, a contemporary of St. Columba. They formed part of the old parish church, which was abandoned in 1839 when the present fine new church was erected 200 yards to the west. There are also a number of graves, some of which are of notable local people, including James Sandy, the inventor of the invisible hinge.

The current parish church building, completed in 1839 to the design of Edinburgh architect Thomas Hamilton, dominates the skyline of the town. It is Gothic in style, with Romanesque influences, especially in the windows, and has an unusually high spire. Inside the church is the funerary hatchment of Sir George Ramsay (sixth baronet of Bamff) who was killed in a duel at Musselburgh, in April 1790 - one of the last duelling deaths in Scotland. In the church porch is preserved a late 7th-early 8th century Pictish cross-slab, with a decorated cross on one face and a single Pictish symbol ('double disc and Z-rod') on the other. It was discovered in Alyth in 1887 when ground was being levelled in front of the manse.

Alyth retains a physical link with the Napoleonic Wars in the form of a church bell from Brittany. It was captured in 1810 from a French frigate taken by HMS Horatio and was sent as a gift to Alyth by John Warden, a son of the owner of the Bamff Arms, who served on the ship. It remains on display in Alyth Town Hall.

During the Second World War, Alyth formed a close bond with units of the Polish armed forces in exile formed from troops escaping from the Nazi conquest of Poland. There was an active Scottish-Polish Society branch in the town, and several memorials were erected to commemorate the bond.

Across the road from the entrance to the Alyth Arches stands the town's old mercat cross, which served as a symbolic representation of the right to hold a regular market or fair. The main annual market was held on St Moluag's name day (25 June) every year in the vicinity of the church and nearby Woolmarket.

In the middle of the new Pitcrocknie housing development on the north east edge of the town, is a fine example of a late Neolithic or early Bronze Age Standing Stone. Called the Pitcrocknie Stone it is made out of very fine garnet bearing schist.

To the northeast of the town a hill fort, possibly of Pictish date or earlier, stands atop Barry (or 'barrow') Hill. It is considered to be one of the best preserved examples of an enclosed hilltop settlement in Scotland. The remains consist of massive collapsed stone ramparts that take advantage of the topography of the Hill. Local legend connects the fort with King Arthur, and Hector Boece's History and Chronicles of Scotland claims that Guanora, the Scottish name for Guinevere, Arthur's queen, was imprisoned here for a very short time (page 86).

Another nearby early medieval feature is a Pictish 'Class I' symbol stone in a field on Bruceton Farm somewhat to the east of Alyth. The southeast face of this slab is incised with two Pictish symbols - an arch with traces of internal ornament above a finely scrolled Pictish beast - and is one of relatively few likely still to be in its original position. It may have marked an ancient burial.

Archaeological excavation of a souterrain - Shanzie Farm
A late British Iron Age souterrain was excavated by a team of Headland Archaeology in Shanzie Farm, c 3.5. north-east of Alyth. The underground structure was roughly C-shaped in plan and measured c 35 metres in length. There was a single chamber c 5m long and an entrance to the south-east. For the most part, the souterrain had been badly plough truncated and the walls survived as a single course. The northern terminal of the souterrain was better preserved, where 3-4 courses of wall survive. The chamber here narrowed and had been filled with rubble to a depth. The walls also started to corbell inwards indicating this was originally a stone-capped structure rather than timber roofed. No evidence of an associated settlement or any other surface features were identified; these have undoubtedly been lost to the plough. The structure is typical of the 'southern Pictland group'. The souterrain had clearly been broken into during the Victorian period, but also, during medieval times. Finds included several types of late prehistoric pottery, a fragment of probable Roman pottery, an amber ring, a pair of tweezers, a brooch or clasp, two copper alloy rings and a fragment from a quern stone. The souterrain was partially backfilled allowing visitors to see the structure in plan.

Governance
Alyth lies within the Perth & Kinross council area of eastern central Scotland. The town is the second largest settlement within Ward 2 (Strathmore) of Perth & Kinross Council, which is currently (2020) represented by four councillors - two Conservative, one SNP and one Liberal Democrat. Alyth lies within the Perth and North Perthshire constituency of the UK Parliament and the Perthshire North constituency of the Scottish Parliament.

In 1488, King James III made Alyth a Burgh of Barony, a status it retained until 1834 when it became a Police burgh with its own law enforcement and other functions under the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1833. In 1624, the lands around Alyth passed from the Lindsay Earls of Crawford into the hands of the local Ogilvy family, and the first Earl of Airlie acquired the feudal superiority of the burgh. Baron Ogilvy of Alith and Lintrathen remains a subsidiary title of the Earls of Airlie. Throughout these centuries, Alyth was a distinct parish within the Scottish local government system, situated mostly within the historic county of Perthshire but also partly within Forfarshire until 1891 when, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, it was moved wholly within Perthshire. In 1894, Alyth became a civil parish and later, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, a 'small burgh' following the abolition of Scotland's parish councils. Almost 80 years later, the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 created Alyth Community Council with boundaries taking in the minor settlements of Tullymurdoch and Bamff to the north, Shanzie to the east, and New Alyth, Balhary and Leitfie to the south.

Geography

Alyth lies 61 mi north of Edinburgh and 442 mi north of London. The town straddles the burn which bears its name, at the point where the burn descends from the Perthshire Highlands to the lowland Vale of Strathmore. Most of the town lies in a shallow, sheltered basin around 330 ft above sea-level, nestled under the Hill of Alyth (970 feet or 295 metres) which is part of the southern edge of the Perthshire Highlands. The underlying geology is Devonian-age Old Red Sandstone (c. 400 million years old) overlain by glacial deposits left behind by the Pleistocene ice ages. Alyth lies just a few miles southeast of the Highland Boundary Fault which divides the Scottish Highlands from the Scottish Lowlands.

The Alyth Burn bisects the town and is crossed by two road bridges and four footbridges, including the 17th-century Packhorse Bridge. Alyth's built environment comprises the mediaeval street pattern northeast of the burn where the ancient drove roads converge on the river crossing, and the more planned nineteenth-century street grid to the south and southwest of the crossings. The town is the only significant built-up area within the Alyth Community Council boundaries, most of which is upland pasture and grouse moor or lowland arable land. Three golf courses occupy a significant area of land to the south and east of the town. Apart from the extension of the golf courses, land-use around Alyth has changed only marginally in the past 80 years.

Den of Alyth
The Den of Alyth is a 2 mi wooded gorge lying on either side of the Alyth Burn northwest of the village. Just under 33 ha of the Den are designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), important for its upland mixed ash woodland. It is also part of the River Tay Special Area of Conservation, designated for its importance to Atlantic Salmon, otter and various species of lamprey. Alyth Den includes a number of abandoned quarries which provided much of the stone for buildings within the town in earlier times. The Den was gifted to the town by the Earl of Airlie in 1923. Today it is a popular destination for walkers, cyclists and naturalists.

Demography
According to the National Records of Scotland mid-2020 estimates, Alyth has a population of 2,370, split 49.2% male, 50.8% female. The age distribution of Alyth's population differs somewhat from Scotland, with 15.4% aged under 16 or under (Scotland 17.3%), 56.8% aged 16–64 (Scotland 63.8%), and 27.7% aged 65 or older (Scotland 19.6%). The median age of males and females living in Alyth at the time of the 2011 census was 46 and 48 respectively, compared with 40 and 42 for Scotland as a whole. Alyth is growing more slowly than comparable towns in Scotland, with population growth of only 4% and net migration of only 1% between 2001 and 2011.

Just over 97% of Alyth's population were white Scottish or other British in 2011, compared with just under 92% for Scotland overall. Economically active people made up 65.5% of the population (Scotland 69%), with 21.4% retired (Scotland 14.9%) and 3.7% unemployed (Scotland 4.8%).

Economy
Tourism accommodation, construction, retail, property, education and the motor trades are the main employment sectors, with smaller but still significant proportions in the arts, business admin and health. About 36% of the working population commute more than 5 km, with Dundee, Blairgowrie and Perth being the main destinations.

Alyth has slightly fewer jobs per head of population than similar towns and saw a small decline (-4%) in the number of jobs between 2009 and 2014. Just over 50% of the adult population are employees, just under 10% self-employed, and a little over 20% are retired. Over 70% of jobs are full-time, and almost 30% part-time.

Alyth has a more diverse retail sector and more people per shop than similar towns in Scotland, and also more tourist beds per head of population.

Culture and community
In 2021, Alyth Development Trust and other groups in the town carried out a major consultation on developing a Community Action Plan to identify and prioritise new initiatives that the people of the town wanted to see implemented. Several hundred responses were received and the results were collated into a five-year vision for the town, which was launched in March 2022

Culture
Alyth is part of the Cateran Ecomuseum, a new 'museum without walls' launched in 2019. Set across 1,000 square kilometres of eastern Perthshire and western Angus, all its sites are outside. It is Scotland's second ecomuseum and the only one on the mainland.

The Alyth Museum is run by Perth Museum and is open from May through September. It exhibits pictures and objects reflecting life as it was in and around Alyth and is also the new home of the Story Box archive, where visitors can listen to the voices and stories of Alyth told by the folk of the town. The museum offers access to the Alyth Arches.

There is an active Alyth Family History Project, based at the Parish Church since 2009, which has assembled a large archive of photographs and genealogical records.

The Alyth & District Agricultural Show takes place annually each June.

"Alyth Creates" is the town's annual arts festival, run by Alyth Arts & Crafts Guild.

A golf club was established in Alyth in 1894. The original nine-hole course was designed by Old Tom Morris of St. Andrews and was modified and extended to 18 holes by James Braid in 1934. Alyth Golf Club had its own halt on the Alyth railway branch line between 1861 and 1951. A further two golf clubs have opened since, the Strathmore Golf Centre (1986) with an 18- and a nine-hole course, and the 18-hole Glenisla Club in 1992. The Glenisla Club closed in 2016 with half the course being sold off for housing development and the other half being taken over by Alyth Golf Club to create a new nine-hole course alongside its existing 18-hole course.

The Alyth Voice is a free monthly community magazine produced and distributed by volunteers, launched in May 1997.

Community facilities
Alyth Town Hall is managed along with two other public halls in Alyth by the Alyth Halls Committee operating under a Constitution & Management Agreement with Perth & Kinross Council. The people of Alyth began raising money to build ‘a handsome town hall’ in 1884. The foundation stone was laid by the Earl of Airlie on 2 September 1886 and Alyth Town Hall opened on 29 April 1887. Designed by Andrew Heiton of Perth, The Hall is built from local redstone with white freestone at all the corners and windows.

Alyth has a public library, run by Perth & Kinross Council.

Health and medical services in Alyth are provided by NHS Scotland via Alyth Health Centre. There is also a dental practice operating as Infinityblu Dental Care.

The Diamond Jubilee Park, containing a recreation ground and children's play park, was gifted to the people of Alyth by the then Earl of Airlie to mark Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897. It includes a football pitch which is home to Alyth Amateur Football Club. The park is managed by Perth & Kinross Council. In 2022, a community initiative raised £60,000 to build a new 665-metre multi-user path around the Park. Nearby, on the bank of Alyth Burn, is Mill Street Park containing another play-park for young children.

There is an extensive network of 'core footpaths' in and around Alyth maintained by Perth & Kinross Council.

Alyth Hill is owned by the Scottish Government. It is mostly open to the public and managed by Forestry Scotland. An active voluntary group, the Alyth Hill Users' Group, represents the community's interests on the Hill, managing both the Community Orchard they established in 2011 and the Alyth Community Woodland established by the Forestry Commission in 2007.

Religion
Alyth has three churches: Alyth Parish Church (Church of Scotland), completed in 1839; St Ninian's Church (Scottish Episcopal Church), completed in 1856; and St Luan's Church (Catholic Church in Scotland).

Landmarks
Alyth Parish Church (completed in 1839) is notable for its unusually high steeple, visible from many parts of the town and from the roads and fields surrounding it. The Church houses a rare clock made by Benjamin Lewis Vulliamy, maker of clocks in many royal palaces and one of the leading horologists of the early nineteenth century. The Alyth clock, one of only two known Vulliamy clocks in Scotland, was installed in 1840 along with a bell cast at Thomas Mears' Whitechapel Foundry, where Big Ben was also cast.

The Alyth Arches (see History and Archaeology section above) are also a prominent landmark visible from the centre of the town. The grand Alyth Town Hall on Albert Street was built in 1887. Balhary House, 2 mi south of Alyth, is a Grade A-listed late Georgian country house. The Hill of Alyth and Barry Hill dominate the town to the northwest and north.

There are several war memorials in the town: the main war memorial on the Market Muir at the southern end of Airlie Street commemorates 119 local men who died in World War I, together with 33 who died in World War II and one who died in the Falklands Campaign. Located beside this is the memorial to Alfred Anderson, who was the last surviving Scottish veteran of WW1, last survivor of the Christmas Truce of 1914, and Scotland's oldest man when he died in 2005. In the Market Square, there is a memorial to three local men who died in the Second Boer War. There are a number of other war memorials inside Alyth Parish Church, St Ninian's Church and other buildings in the town.

5 mi north of Alyth, on the River Isla, is the spectacular waterfall of Reekie Linn, from the Gaelic for "misty pool". The River Isla has carved a 45-metre-deep gorge down from the hard igneous rock of the Highlands to the softer sandstone of Strathmore, creating two falls of 6 metres and 18 metres. When the River Isla is in spate the two falls merge to create a single drop of 24 metres. At the base of the waterfall is a dark cave called Black Dub, where legend has it an outlaw once hid until the devil appeared before him in the form of a giant black dog. The outlaw was so scared that he turned himself in the next day.

Roads
Alyth lies just north of the junction of the A926 (connecting Blairgowrie and Kirriemuir) and the B954 (connecting Dundee and Glenisla). The B952 loops through the town itself, from the A925/B954 junction back to the B954 just east of the town.

Railway
Alyth was the terminus of the Alyth Railway, a branch from the Scottish Midland Junction Railway. Alyth railway station opened in 1861 and closed to passenger traffic in 1951, although goods traffic continued until 1965. The site of the former railway station, now occupied by housing, is remembered in the name Mart Street, where livestock auctions were held after they moved from the Market Muir. The nearest ScotRail stations nowadays are Dundee railway station and Perth railway station (Scotland).

Cycling
Alyth is part of the Strathmore Cycle Network, a project to develop a series of dedicated cycle tracks connecting three local towns via country lanes and specially-built paths avoiding main roads.

Buses
Stagecoach East Scotland operate services 57 & 57A via Alyth to Dundee, Blairgowrie and Perth. They run hourly everyday by double decker buses. The vehicles on the Stagecoach routes have recently been upgraded with a £1,000,000 investment in new buses. JP Coaches also operate services in the area. Service 128 of theirs runs to Kirriemuir two-hourly between Monday and Saturday.

Education
Alyth has a primary school with around 170 pupils. Alyth High School (built in 1885) catered for pupils up to fourth year until it was closed in 1994, when all pupils were moved to Blairgowrie High School or Webster's High School situated in nearby Kirriemuir. The Primary School was rebuilt and extended in 2018.

Notable people

 * David Smart, a prominent late nineteenth-century architect.
 * Andy Stewart, front man of the 1970s Scottish folk band, Silly Wizard, was born in Alyth.
 * William Lyon Mackenzie (1795-1861), an important figure in Canadian history, lived and worked on Toutie Street in Alyth from 1814 to 1817. He then emigrated to Canada where he became a celebrated (or notorious) newspaper editor, radical, and politician.
 * Sir Francis Aglen (1869-1932), head of the Chinese Maritime Customs service from 1911 to 1927, which was one of the most important posts in the administration of China at that time, grew up in Alyth and returned to live in the town following his retirement.
 * Professor John M. Mackenzie, the British historian of imperialism who pioneered the study of popular and cultural imperialism, as well as aspects of environmental history, lives in Alyth.
 * Alfred Anderson, the last surviving Scottish veteran of WW1, last survivor of the Christmas Truce of 1914, and Scotland's oldest man when he died in 2005.
 * Sir James Ramsay, 10th Baronet, historian and landowner.
 * Dr William Warden, Royal Navy surgeon who caused a furore when his account of conversations with Napoleon Bonaparte in exile on St Helena were published in 1816.
 * James Young Geddes, poet and one-time chairman of Alyth Town Council.

Alyth has also been home to many traditional folk singers including the late Sheila Stewart and Folk Trio Bob, Tony & Paddy Stewart.

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Komeda

Komeda is a Swedish pop/indie band from Umeå. They were initially called Cosma Komeda, named in honour of composer Vladimir Cosma and jazz musician and composer Krzysztof Komeda. The band started in the mid-1980s as a post-punk band influenced by bands such as Can, Devo, and The Velvet Underground, and by film soundtracks. Their first public appearance was in 1991 as a pit band for a Buster Keaton festival in their home town of Umeå. Forming as a quartet of schoolfriends, Komeda consisted of vocalist Lena Karlsson, guitarist (Lars) Henrik Andersson (Ray Wonder) (in 1994 replaced by Mattias Norlander from the band Blithe), bassist Marcus Holmberg and Holmberg's brother Jonas on drums. They increased in popularity, especially in the US, following tours with Beck and Ben Folds Five and regular MTV appearances. Reluctant to move permanently to the US to pursue further success, and grieving from the loss of their parents, the band went into hiatus following 1998's What Makes It Go? although they continued to make music for theatre during this time.

During 2001 the band was reduced to a trio with the departure of Norlander as he left to work as a software engineer in Stockholm. In 2002, Marcus Holmberg joined guitarists Frans Perris and Magnus Kollberg to form the band The Most. In 2010 Jonas Holmberg launched his new project Gilles & Felix, an experimental audio/visual performance. Marcus Holmberg now lives in Stockholm and works on various music projects, including playing bass in the bands Woodlands and Dewed.

Komeda provided the score music for the animated film Pettson och Findus – Kattonauten (2000). They have also recorded under the name Projektor 7, adding music to silent movies.

In 2006, "Check It Out", a hidden track from the Kokomemedada album, was used in commercials for Old Navy. Simultaneously, the song "Out from the Rain" from the same album was used in a commercial for Kirby: Canvas Curse on the Nintendo DS.

Albums/EPs

 * Pop På Svenska (1993, Sweden only)
 * Plan 714 till Komeda (1995, Sweden only)
 * The Genius of Komeda (1996)
 * What Makes it Go? (1998)
 * Pop På Svenska & Plan 714 till Komeda (2001)
 * Kokomemedada (2003)

Singles

 * "Rocket Plane (Music on the Moon)" (1996)
 * "Boogie Woogie/Rock 'n' Roll" (1996)
 * "Travels in Stereo" (1998)
 * "It's Alright, Baby" (1998)
 * "A Simple Formality" (Dot Remixes) (1998)
 * "Check it Out" (1999)

Multi-artist compilations

 * North of No South (1992)
 * Track 01: "Magnifying Glass"
 * Track 16: "Mellow Song"
 * North of No South 2 (1997)
 * Track 07: "More is More"
 * Track 12: "Rocket Plane"
 * Aaaaaah...nonscd 75 (1998)
 * Track 01: "A Simple Formality"
 * Track 22: "Boogie Woogie/Rock N' Roll"
 * Hitta Mitten (1998)
 * Track 04: "Our Connection"
 * Atomium 3003 (2000)
 * Track 06: "A Simple Formality"
 * The Powerpuff Girls: Heroes and Villains (2000)
 * Track 07: "B.L.O.S.S.O.M."
 * Our Little Corner of the World: Music from Gilmore Girls (2002)
 * Track 18: "It's Alright, Baby"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Komeda


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Embraco

Embraco is a manufacturer of compressors for refrigeration systems, founded in 1971 in Brazil. Embraco produces hermetic compressors, condensing units and sealed units, for domestic and commercial use.

Its headquarters and main factory is in Joinville, Santa Catarina, in the southern region of Brazil. Embraco also has factories in China, Mexico and Slovakia, as well as business offices in Turin (Italy), Moscow (Russia) and Atlanta (United States).

Embraco employs approximately 10,000 people worldwide. The firm invests heavily in product design and manufacturing, and supplies large international household refrigeration OEMs as well as the biggest manufacturers of commercial refrigeration equipment.

History
Embraco was founded in Joinville, in the Southern region of Brazil, in 1971. It was founded to supply the Brazilian refrigeration industry which, until then, relied entirely on imported compressors. A few years after its inauguration it already began to export to other countries in the Americas.

In the 1980s, the sales and distribution structure reached over 80 countries. Anticipating a globalized economy, the company decided to set up production bases overseas.

In 2014, Embraco announced linear compressors which were more claimed to be more compact than other compressors and be oil-free.

In 2018, Embraco closed its factory in Turin in Italy and moved it to the Slovakia, albeit leaving a business office in Turin.

In April 2018, Whirlpool Corporation entered into an agreement with Nidec Corporation to sell Embraco for $1.08 billion. Headquartered in Brazil, Embraco had been a Whirlpool Corporation business unit since 1994.

title: Embraco


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Henri Cornet

Henri Cornet (born Henri Jardry; 4 August 1884 – 18 March 1941) was a French cyclist who won the 1904 Tour de France. He is its youngest winner, just short of his 20th birthday.

Background
Cornet was born in the Pas-de-Calais region of northwest France and was registered at birth under his mother's name. Then he was adopted by his stepfather, who gave him the name Jardry. It's not known why he changed his name from Henri Jardry to Henri Cornet. He was a talented amateur—he won Paris-Honfleur in 1903 —but little known beyond northern France and in Belgium when he entered the second Tour de France in 1904. It was his first year as a professional. The organizer, Henri Desgrange, promoted his unknown competitors to readers of L'Auto, the newspaper he edited, by giving them nicknames. He called Cornet Le Rigolo, or "the joker", for his sense of fun. He is described as cheerful, with wide-spaced eyes, a nose described as trumpet-like, and a generous mouth that spread easily into a smile.

Tour de France
The Tour de France had proved a success when the first race was run in 1903 and both the competition between riders and the passion of the fans who supported them rose to sometimes dangerous proportions. Riders took trains and lifts in cars or had themselves towed by drivers; a rider called Pierre Chevalier was repeatedly left exhausted in the darkness of night only to reappear in the race; the 1903 winner, Maurice Garin received food from the race director, Géo Lefèvre when others were denied. Fans beat up riders on the col de la République outside St-Étienne and dispersed only when Garin fired his gun.

Other spectators threw nails on the road on the last day and Cornet rode the last 40 km on flat tires. After many complaints about widespread cheating, the top four finishers were disqualified by the French cycling union. It declared Cornet the winner although he had taken three hours more than Garin, the winner and receiving an official warning that suggests his own conduct was less than pristine. Desgrange said he would never run the race again.

Cornet is the Tour's youngest winner at 19 years, 358 days.

After 1904
Henri Cornet never had further success in the Tour, dropping out in 1905 on the fourth day. He won Paris–Roubaix and came second in Bordeaux–Paris in 1906, and came eighth in the 1908 Tour de France, in which he won a one-lap time-trial held at the end of the race in the Parc des Princes. It was a demonstration race and did not count for the overall result of the Tour.

He was a fluid rider talented at repeated short efforts.

Retirement and death
Cornet rode his last Tour de France in 1912, finishing 28th. He had repeated health problems, however, which brought his career to an end. He stopped racing with the start of World War I. He retired to work in the cycle business (négoce cycliste) and died after a hospital operation at 56. A road in Prunay-le-Gillon is named after him.

Major results

 * 1904
 * 1904 Tour de France:
 * Jersey yellow.svg Winner overall classification
 * Winner stage 3

 * 1906
 * Paris–Roubaix

title: Henri Cornet


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Knight banneret

A knight banneret, sometimes known simply as banneret, was a medieval knight who led a company of troops during time of war under his own banner (which was square-shaped, in contrast to the tapering standard or the pennon flown by the lower-ranking knights) and was eligible to bear supporters in English heraldry. The military rank of a knight banneret was higher than a knight Bachelor (who fought under another's banner), but lower than an earl or duke.

Under English custom the rank of knight banneret could only be conferred by the sovereign on the field of battle. There were some technical exceptions to this; when his standard was on the field of battle he could be regarded as physically present though he was not. His proxy could be regarded as a sufficient substitution for his presence.

The wife of a banneret was styled as banneress.

Origins
There were no standing armies in the middle ages (except the military orders). Though modern scholarship has had a lot to say about the varied means by which medieval princes raised their forces, the obligation of a vassal to serve on horseback either in person and (for some) with a contingent raised by his own means is still seen as providing the core of any army of the time. The 'feudal' nature of even this part of the medieval army has been qualified by some, in that many 11th and 12th-century lords gathered under their banners extra knights available for hire for a campaign, men who were disparaged at the time as 'mercenaries'. Even so the 'mesnie' (retained military household) was the elite core of any great lord's following in war and in tournament, and a sign also of his power and dignity. By the early 12th century lords in the field distinguished their personal retinue by a square banner which came to feature the heraldic device associated with their noble lineage. The Old French word for it is 'baniere', derived from the lord's power of command, called in French his 'ban'. It literally meant 'token of authority'.

The idea of the banneret as a distinct and superior category of knight is seen as a consequence of the fact that the great lord who did not possess a hereditary title (like count or duke) found himself on the same social level as the subordinate and dependent knights of his retinue. This became a particular issue in the 12th century, with the growth of the aristocratic tournament culture in north east France and the western Empire. One uncomfortable consequence of this for the untitled lord was the rise in standing of the common knight towards noble status. A solution was to exalt magnate knighthood to a level above that of common knights, and identify it with the banner that a lord could carry, but not a common knight. The first indication of the rank was in the tournament roll compiled after the great royal festival at Lagny-sur-Marne in 1179 where the knights 'carrying a banner' were distinguished from the rest. The title 'banneret' (Latin banneretus, vexillifer; Middle French: banerez) was fully established as a military and social rank by the mid 13th century. Initially the term could be applied collectively to all noblemen qualified to raise a banner (including counts and dukes), but before the end of the 13th century it came to be used exclusively as a senior rank of knight or lesser magnate. The term originated in Francophone aristocratic culture in the later 12th century, but was adopted into other cultures. It was adopted into Flemish by 1300 as 'baenrots', a word explained as from baan (command) and rot (troop). The word was taken into Middle High German as baenritz or bannerheer and was current in the principalities of the Western Empire in the 14th century.

There was in the 14th century a tension between the evolving title of 'baron' as a hereditary dignity and 'banneret' which could be applied to the same lord. It was resolved in part by employing 'baron' for him in a civil context and 'banneret' in a military context, where bannerets could claim a higher rate of pay on campaign than common knights. In the work of the great English antiquaries of the 17th century the banneret is understood as a medieval curiosity though they gave rise to the idea that bannerets were the origin of King James I's order of the baronet. John Selden, however, points out that the "old stories" often have baronetti as synonyms for bannereti and is careful to say that "banneret hath no relation to this later title [of baronet]". The last authentic instance of the creation of knights banneret was by King Charles I to several men at the Battle of Edgehill (1642) including Thomas Strickland of Sizergh for gallantry, and John Smith for rescuing the royal standard from the enemy.

Later history
Whether any further bannerets were granted is debated by historians. George Cokayne notes in The Complete Peerage (1913) that King George II revived the order when he created sixteen knights bannerets on the field of the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, and although his source for this, a diary entry by Gertrude Savile, states "This honour had been laid aside since James I, when Baronets were instituted", which contradicts other sources, a news magazine published in the same year as the battle recorded the honours. Several sources, including Edward Brenton (1828) and William James (1827), record that captains Trollope and Fairfax and were honoured with bannerets by King George III for their actions during the Battle of Camperdown (1797). However, these awards were never recorded in The London Gazette and is much more likely that these knighthoods, which first appear in formal records in December 1797 without their nature being specified, were as knights bachelor.

Though the title had long fallen into disuse, bannerets and their sons continued to be listed in the table of precedence until at least as late as 1870; those created by the sovereign under the Royal Standard in wartime rank above baronets, whereas those knights banneret not so created by the sovereign in person rank directly below baronets.

On page 364 of the 1990 edition of Dod's Parliamentary Companion, its table of precedence, which includes various long-vacant dignities, has in position 99 "Knights Banneret, created under the royal standard in open war, the Sovereign or the Prince of Wales being present" and in position 104 "Knights Banneret, provided they be not made in the manner described at No. 99. This position was allotted to such as were created by the commanders of armies in the king's name on the open field of battle." The former class of Knights Banneret thus rank below Judges of the High Court of Justice and above younger sons of viscounts and the latter class below baronets and above "Knights of the Thistle, when below the degree of a baron".

In the 1920s, the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis (later the National Tuberculosis Association and now the American Lung Association) in the United States used the Knight Banneret symbolism in its TB efforts. Knight Banneret pins were issued.

Royal Air Force
Following the creation of the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1918, unique names were devised for most of its commissioned officer ranks. This was reputedly a result of an objection by the Royal Navy to other services adopting any name for a commissioned rank that was already used by the RN. In addition, the RAF ranks also served to distinguish the new service from the British Army and Royal Navy, and to identify individual officers as belonging to the RAF.

"Banneret" was among the names proposed for the RAF equivalent to a naval captain or an army colonel. However, this proposal was rejected and the name Group captain was instead adopted.

title: Knight banneret


text:
Talk:Albert Gore Sr.

]

Mistake in Boston Globe article
There is a serious mistake in the Boston Globe article linked at the bottom. Tex Ritter was running in the Republican Primary against Brock to oppose Gore, not in the Democratic Primary against Gore, when he dubbed him "The gray fox of Tennessee politics."

Rlquall 18:34, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

KKK?
I heard somewhere that he was briefly involved with the KKK. Can this be confirmed? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.132.15.213 (talk • contribs) 13 February 2006.
 * Perhaps you're thinking of Senator Robert Byrd from W.Va. Kaldari 23:25, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * nope Al Gore SR. Was a grand wizard in 2603:7000:D703:A1B6:A134:BD8A:C559:AE77 (talk) 15:08, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

KKK MEMBER - YES INDEED
Al Gore Sr. was a member of the KKK and voted againsted the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It's just highly UNETHICAL, ORWELLIAN even, that the liberals who run wikipedia would try and revise history by sliding this down the proverbial "memory hole."
 * Orwellian it may well be, but if you have secondary sources to support your contention, I'LL add that juicy tidbit MYSELF. However, I believe it would be big news in these politically polarized times, and it would already appear here, if supportable.  This IS a biography of a living person (well, not THIS article, but Al, Jr.'s), and therefore falls under special policies, instituted after MAJOR lawsuits vs. the WMF, but if the info can be supported by reputable sources, even if controversial, it is allowed.  And valuable to understand the times.

 * By the way, don't forget to sign your posts. This serves several purposes, all significant.  rags (talk) 23:48, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

Correct parent? Also audio.
1) Was Al Sr. not the son of Judge John Gore of Jackson Co. Tenn., prominent in 1910s-20s in Nashville? I see his father as Allen here -- possibly correct, and not something I have time to check at the moment, but I was always under the impression he was the son of the Judge. I know the Senator was born in Granville, the would-be riverboat town at on the Cumberland near Carthage where my grandmother grew up.

2) I have recently found and digitized a tape of an interview I did with the elder Sen. Gore by phone during the 1992 presidential campaign. The topic was when and how his son developed the will to move from journalism to public life. The int runs 30+ minutes and is a large mp3 file. I own all rights to it, but I don't know whether its size might violate any rules on wikipedia. I can put it on my own site if need be.

--Tom Wood 05:41, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

 * In order to post the file on Wikipedia, you would need to release it under a free license, i.e. you would need to grant permission for anyone to reuse the material, even for commercial purposes. Also, I'm not sure how "encyclopedic" such material would be, so it may be a better idea for you to host the file yourself and simply link to it as an external link. Kaldari 23:25, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Proposed move
Shouldn't this be at Al Gore, Sr - both father and son were known as "Al Gore" during their careers. PMA (talk) 03:32, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I want to take issue with that. I grew up in Tennessee during Albert Sr.'s tenure, and I never ONCE heard him called "Al."  Where does this information come from?  Possibly in Carthage his family called him Al, but friends and enemies alike all, always referred to "Albert Gore," in my memory.  I have a friend who worked his campaign.  (My family did not support him politically, and I was young and stupid, and had no use for ANY politicians, period).  I'll ask her.  I realize that is a perfect example of unencyclopedic research, o.r., but Jimbo always says there are exceptions, and that common sense should prevail.  I think if Albert was the name he campaigned with and served under, it should be pretty clear from newspaper/magazine coverage.  rags (talk) 23:24, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

Ancestry
I removed the text in italics that follows from the article. I can't find any support for the suggestion that Albert Gore Sr. was not the descendant of Mounce Gore. According to most sources, Charles Claiborne Gore was born 16 January 1840. Most sources give Mounce Gore's death as occurring in 1848 or 1849, but it seems he was dead by 07 June 1841 when an Overton County, Tennessee court record mentioned Mounce Gore's administrator. It appears to be true that Rebecca Simcoe Gore had four out-of-wedlock births after her husband's death, with the first occurring in 1847 and the last in 1859. See [Ancestry of Al Gore by William Addams Reitwiesner], [Mounce Gore posted by James L. Gore], and [Descendants of Isaac (Ike) Gore by Joyce Gore Locke].

(removed text) ''Although descended from early settlers of Overton County, Tennessee, the actual Gore lineage is in doubt. Gore's great-grandmother, Rebecca Simcoe, married Mounce Gore and had several children. Mounce Gore then died in 1838. In 1840, well over a year after her husband's death, Rebecca gave birth to Claiborne Gore, Gore's grandfather. Rebecca never remarried but continued to have other children into her 40's.''

Janeky (talk) 04:29, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Regretting his 1964 civil rights vote
The article states on the issue of voting against the Civil Rights Act of 1964, that that Gore "later claimed that the 1964 vote was his biggest mistake". Can anyone give a source for this? --T smitts (talk) 20:45, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

William Brock
I have removed the part about Sen William Brock "playing on white voters fears" because there is no evidence to back this up and no sources cited to it.

(removed text)In this Senate race, Brock was perceived to have won by playing on white voters' fears of federal civil rights legislation and desegregation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.113.194.230 (talk) 20:18, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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E._H._Crump
I have no references, but it's my understanding that there's a major error in the brief third paragraph under the heading Congressional career, which reads in part It's true that Senator Kenneth McKellar was a long-time fixture of the Crump machine, and his defeat by Gore in 1952 was widely hailed as a serous blow to Crump. However, in the governor's race, although Gordon Browning had also long been supported by Crump, by 1948 he had turned away from Crump, and in fact Crump's candidate for governor in 1952 was Frank G. Clement, instead, who won that election. The article on Crump reads This directly contradicts the unsourced statement in the article on Albert Gore Sr. I am taking the liberty of removing the phrase "coupled with that of Frank G. Clement for governor of Tennessee over incumbent Gordon Browning on the same day" as inaccurate. Milkunderwood (talk) 18:40, 1 December 2019 (UTC)
 * "[Gore] was elected in 1952 to the U.S. Senate. In his 1952 election, he defeated six-term incumbent Kenneth McKellar. Gore's victory, coupled with that of Frank G. Clement for governor of Tennessee over incumbent Gordon Browning on the same day, is widely regarded as a major turning point in Tennessee political history and as marking the end of statewide influence for E. H. Crump, the Memphis political boss."
 * "Gordon Browning, a one-time protégé whom Crump had helped elect governor in 1936, was elected governor again in 1948, this time over Crump's opposition. For the rest of his life, Crump's influence was largely limited to Memphis. In 1952, his longtime associate, Senator Kenneth McKellar, was defeated in the Democratic primary — in those days with a practically powerless state Republican party, the real contest in Tennessee — by Congressman Albert Gore, Sr. A final triumph for Crump was the victory in 1952 of his chosen candidate, Frank G. Clement in the gubernatorial primary over Browning."

title: Talk:Albert Gore Sr.


text:
Bristol International Balloon Fiesta

The Bristol International Balloon Fiesta is an annual four day free festival of hot air ballooning in Bristol, England. Teams from the UK and other parts of the world bring their hot air balloons to the site and participate in mass ascents where as many as 100 balloons may launch at a time.

The event was first held in 1979, building on a strong local tradition of ballooning in and around Bristol, stretching back to the eighteenth century. The festival is now one of the largest in Europe. It is common to have crowds of over 100,000 on each of the four days of the festival. It takes place in a large country estate, Ashton Court. Mass launches are made twice a day, at 6am and 6pm, subject to weather conditions. One popular attraction is the night glow, when balloons are inflated and glow to music after dark. These are held on the opening Thursday night at approx 9:30pm, followed by a fireworks display. There is another night glow at the same time followed by the fireworks on the Saturday night. Some people see these as the highlight of the fiesta.

The balloon makers Cameron Balloons are near to the fiesta site, in Bedminster, and make many of the special shaped balloons, which have included Rupert the Bear, The Scottish Piper, Bertie Bassett, the Tesco Trolley, Stuart the Minion, and the BBC One Balloon. Many shapes have also attended the fiesta from abroad, over the years a UFO and a beaver have travelled from the US, a kiwi bird from New Zealand, and an upside down balloon from the Netherlands.

In the past, the fiesta used to be held in the second week of September, but due to cancellations of flights and the muddy ground because of bad weather, it has been moved in the start of August. This has had a great effect as more flights manage to fly; cancellations are now normally due to high winds.

In 2003, the weight of crowds returning from the Balloon Fiesta and Ashton Court festival put such a great strain on the Clifton Suspension Bridge that it was decided to close the bridge to all traffic, including pedestrians, during these events from 2004 onwards.

In recent years, the event has diversified to include small scale air displays, attracting the likes of The Blades, Typhoon display team and the Red Arrows.

On 10 August 2013, they broke a balloon fiesta record after 74 balloons landed in one field near the former Somerdale Factory in Keynsham. The record was then broken a year later, when 90 balloons again landed in the former Cadbury's chocolate factory on 9 August.

The Balloon Fiesta was cancelled during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, to avoid gathering crowds at Ashton Court. However, there were mass ascent events for people to watch from a distance, with a one-off "Fiesta Flypast" in 2020, and a "Fiesta Fortnight" of ascents in 2021.

title: Bristol International Balloon Fiesta


text:
Auchtermuchty

Auchtermuchty (Uachdar Mucadaidh, 'upland of the pigs/boar') is a town in Fife, Scotland. It is beside Pitlour Hill and 9 mi north of Glenrothes.

History
Until 1975 Auchtermuchty was a royal burgh, established under charter of King James V in 1517. There is evidence of human habitation in the area dating back over 2,000 years, and the Romans are known to have established a camp in the southeast corner of the town. In the past, the linen industry was a major source of work in the town, but in the early 18th century the firm of John White was established, bringing the town its first foundry (there were two eventually). The town also had a distillery - Stratheden Whisky Distillery, set in the town centre - from 1829 to 1926, but it had to close when Prohibition in the United States drastically reduced the demand for its products. The town nowadays is a quiet but thriving community, situated in the Scottish countryside, where there are several local recreational footpaths. There is a modest range of local industry, but most people of working age travel out of the town for employment.

There was a town festival held each year in August, but this has now ceased.

As in many parts of Fife, there is much evidence of the impact of both World Wars on the village. To the North East of the town, a concrete observation platform was built on what is thought to be a long used site of strategical and defensive importance, as it overlooks the entire village and the remains of earlier walls and structures are evident. During the Second World War the flat farmland of the glacial valley in which Auchtermuchty sits made a prime target for glider landings in the event of an invasion, and it may still be possible to see the remains of trenches dug and obstacles built to prevent this, though these have largely been erased by farming throughout Fife.

Buildings
The old part of the town is based around a hill. The twisting streets here have a wealth of buildings dating from the 17th and 18th century, centred on a medieval peel tower (now forming part of the town library).

The church (on the east side of the hill) is a simple Georgian box chapel, but with an interesting double bell within its western bellcote. Gravestones date back to the 17th century. A more modern cemetery dating from around 1910 lies to the south-east of the town, partly concealed by industrial units. Maps from the mid-19th century show no less than five churches in use at one time.

The town war memorial is of note, and is an unusual design by the architect Reginald Fairlie, portraying a Scottish soldier with head bowed, rather than the triumphant and victorious figures of other memorials in neighbouring villages, reflecting the huge loss of the village during the Great War.

Amenities
Auchtermuchty Golf Club (now defunct) was founded in 1902. The club ceased to exist following WW2.

Cultural references
Auchtermuchty was the setting for The Wife of Auchtermuchty, a comic Scots poem of the late Middle Ages. The town was used as the location for Tannochbrae in the 1990s ITV series Dr. Finlay.

The town's church is mentioned in James Hogg's The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, as was Herald Law, a hill to the north if the village, in an area known historically as "The Holy Land".

In The Family Ness theme song, You'll Never Find A Nessie In The Zoo, the refrain states "You can go to Auchtermuchty and to Drumnadrochit too, but you'll never find a Nessie in the zoo".

Auchtermuchty was often referred to by John Junor in the Daily Express: "John Junor's editorial approach was simple: articulate the fears and preoccupations of Middle England and liven them up with dollops of hokey Scottish folk wisdom. In his column for the paper, Junor lit upon the small Scottish town of Auchtermuchty and made it into his own personal Brigadoon, a place of solemn courtesy to one's betters and implacable hostility to outsiders."

Auchtermuchty is mentioned in a song from the album Legends from Beyond the Galactic Terrorvortex by symphonic metal band Gloryhammer.

Notable people

 * Sir John Arnott, MP and founder of Arnotts department stores in Dublin
 * James Ferrier, 4th Mayor of Montréal, Canada

 * John Glas, founder of the Glasite religious sect
 * Marian Leven, artist
 * Captain George Moodie, first captain of the clipper ship Cutty Sark, lived his final years in Auchtermuchty
 * Charlie and Craig Reid, musicians and founders of folk/rock group The Proclaimers
 * Sir Jimmy Shand, folk musician
 * Dr John Shoolbred FRSE, naval surgeon
 * James Campbell Walker, architect

title: Auchtermuchty


text:
User:SLCpunk

Hello, formerly JonMoore, trying out a new name!

title: User:SLCpunk


text:
Théophile Steinlen

Théophile Alexandre Steinlen (November 10, 1859 – December 13, 1923), was a Swiss-born French Art Nouveau painter and printmaker. He was politically engaged and collaborated with anarchist and socialist press.

Biography
Born in Lausanne, Switzerland, Steinlen studied at the University of Lausanne before taking a job as a designer trainee at a textile mill in Mulhouse in eastern France. In his early twenties he was still developing his skills as a painter when he and his wife Emilie were encouraged by the painter François Bocion to move to the artistic community in the Montmartre Quarter of Paris. Once there, Steinlen was befriended by the painter Adolphe Willette who introduced him to the artistic crowd at Le Chat Noir that led to his commissions to do poster art for the cabaret owner/entertainer, Aristide Bruant and other commercial enterprises.

In the early 1890s, Steinlen's paintings of rural landscapes, flowers, and nudes were being shown at the Salon des Indépendants. His 1895 lithograph titled Les Chanteurs des Rues was the frontispiece to a work entitled Chansons de Montmartre published by Éditions Flammarion with sixteen original lithographs that illustrated the Belle Époque songs of Paul Delmet. Five of his posters were published in Les Maîtres de l'Affiche.

His permanent home, Montmartre and its environs, was a favorite subject throughout Steinlen's life and he often painted scenes of some of the harsher aspects of life in the area. His daughter Colette was featured in much of his work. In addition to paintings and drawings, he also did sculpture on a limited basis, most notably figures of cats that he had great affection for as seen in many of his paintings. Steinlen included cats in many of his illustrations, and even published a book of his designs, Dessins Sans Paroles Des Chats.

Steinlen became a regular contributor to Le Rire and Gil Blas magazines plus numerous other publications including L'Assiette au Beurre and Les Humouristes, a short-lived magazine he and a dozen other artists jointly founded in 1911. Between 1883 and 1920, he produced hundreds of illustrations, a number of which were done under a pseudonym so as to avoid political problems because of their harsh criticisms of social ills. His art influenced the work of other artists, including Pablo Picasso.

Théophile Steinlen died in 1923 in Paris and was buried in the Cimetière Saint-Vincent in Montmartre. Today, his works can be found at many museums around the world including at the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia. and the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., United States. A stone monument by Pierre Vannier was created for Steinlen in 1936; it is located in Square Joël Le Tac in Paris.

title: Théophile Steinlen


text:
John Sparkes

John Sparkes (born 6 January 1954) is a Welsh actor and comedian. He portrayed Barry Welsh, presenter of the HTV Wales series Barry Welsh Is Coming. He has also had major roles in Naked Video, Absolutely, Fireman Sam, Shaun the Sheep, and Jeff Global's Global Probe, and is the narrator of the children's television show Peppa Pig.

Early life
Sparkes was born on 6 January 1954 in Swansea, Wales. After working, firstly at Lloyds Bank in Mumbles and then as a teacher, in the 1980s he turned to comedy and moved to London, performing on the alternative cabaret circuit with comedians such as Alexei Sayle, Jo Brand, Paul Merton, and Rik Mayall.

Naked Video and Absolutely
Sparkes starred in the sketch show Naked Video, where he played Siadwel, the geeky South Wales poet who wore an anorak and glasses. The character also appeared when Sparkes was part of the BBC Radio 4 comedy programme Bodgers, Banks & Sparkes.

He was one of the team behind the Channel 4 sketch show Absolutely, which ran for four years between 1989 and 1993. Following an award-winning radio special, a new series for BBC Radio 4 was commissioned for broadcast in September 2015.

Barry Welsh
Barry Welsh Is Coming was a long-running comedy series for HTV Wales. As well as playing Barry Welsh, the hapless host of a chat show, Sparkes also plays other characters within the programme, such as pub singer Gwyn, old Mr. Ffff and Fishguard news reporter Hugh Pugh. Although the series ended in 2004, it returned in 2007 for a series of one-off specials.

Throughout its original run, the series also won four BAFTA Cymru awards for Best Light Entertainment.

Children's television
Sparkes provides the voice of the narrator and some other characters in the children's animated series Peppa Pig, in which the voice of fellow Absolutely star Morwenna Banks is also featured. In Shaun the Sheep he voices Bitzer the Dog and the Farmer. He also voices Mr. Elf and King Marigold in Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom, Professor von Proton in The Big Knights, Steven in A Town Called Panic, and the lead character Fireman Sam in the 2005 series.

Radio
After killing off Siadwel in Naked Video, Sparkes revived the character in 2014 for a new series of radio shows for BBC Radio Wales, which was recommissioned a year later.

Writing
Sparkes has written and presented three ongoing television series of Great Pubs of Wales for ITV Wales. He has voiced the unseen character of archivist Goronwy, in a section of Wallace and Gromit's World of Invention for BBC One and has written and presented Ghost Story, in which he spent the night alone with a camcorder in haunted houses around Wales. He has also co-written and presented Doug Strong's Special Places, a factual comedy series for ITV Wales and ITV Central.

Other work
In 2005, Sparkes performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in Absolutely Presents John Sparkes and Pete Baikie with his Absolutely colleague Peter Baikie.

For Welsh television, he starred in Jeff Global's Global Probe (ITV Wales), and he resurrected the character Frank Hovis, originally devised for the Absolutely series, in Pub Quiz (BBC Wales).

title: John Sparkes


text:
Wealden cloth industry

Cloth-making was, apart from iron-making, the other large-scale industry carried out on the Weald of Kent and Sussex in medieval times. The ready availability of wool from the sheep of the Romney Marsh, and the immigration from Flanders in the fourteenth century of cloth-workers – places like Cranbrook attracted hundreds of such skilled workers – ensured its place in Kentish industrial history. The industry spread along the Weald, and as far north as Maidstone.

It was helped by the fact that Fuller's earth deposits existed between Boxley and Maidstone: it being an essential raw material for de-greasing the wool. At the time the export of it was forbidden, lest it help their rivals.

Once the wool had been carded (to get rid of the tangles) and spun (both these processes could be done in the workpeople's own homes), it then required weaving. Since that process required looms and the space to do it, 'clothier's halls' were required. These were, as is shown by the timber-framed clothier's hall at Biddenden, often the length of the attics in the master clothier's house. After weaving it was fulled (using the Fuller's earth), and then dried. Once dry, the cloth was brushed with teasels to get rid of loose threads; and finally the shearman cut off loose and projecting pieces of wool.

Regulations ensured the size and quality of the cloth offered for sale. Although regulation width was normally 63 inches (1.75 yards or 160 cm), Kentish broadcloth was only 58 inches (147 cm) wide. One piece was between 30–34 yards (27.5–31 m); and should weigh 66 pounds (30 kg). Officials known as 'ulnagers' were employed to pass each piece. The price of Kentish cloth at the start of the 17th century was £12–16 per piece. One yard of cloth would be equal to a farmworker's wage for 2–3 weeks.

There is also a clothier's house in Cranbrook. It has a separate building to house the looms.

title: Wealden cloth industry


text:
Peter Dowding

Peter McCallum Dowding SC (born 6 October 1943) is an Australian lawyer and former politician who was the 24th Premier of Western Australia from 25 February 1988 until his resignation on 12 February 1990. He was a member of parliament from 1980 to 1990.

Dowding graduated from the University of Western Australia with a Bachelor of Laws, and he subsequently worked as a solicitor and barrister. In 1980, he was elected to the North Province of the Western Australian Legislative Council, representing the Labor Party. He entered the Burke Cabinet when Labor won the 1983 state election and changed ministries several times over the ensuing years due to cabinet reshuffles. At the 1986 state election, Dowding transferred to the Legislative Assembly, winning the safe seat of Maylands.

In December 1987, Premier Brian Burke announced that he would resign on 25 February 1988. Burke picked Dowding as his preferred replacement, with a secret opinion poll showing that he was the best candidate for the party to choose. After several other contenders dropped out of the contest, Dowding was voted in unanimously as the party's leader on 30 December. He was sworn in as the premier as scheduled on 25 February 1988.

Following controversy caused by WA Inc, Dowding became unpopular. On 12 February 1990, he resigned as premier and leader of the Labor Party ahead of almost certain defeat in a Labor Party leadership spill. He was replaced by Carmen Lawrence. Dowding soon resigned from parliament, and went back to practising law. The royal commission into WA Inc was scathing of Dowding, saying that he "presided over a disastrous series of decisions".

Early life and career
Dowding was born on 6 October 1943 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. His parents were Keith McCallum Dowding, a high-profile Presbyterian minister and far-left political activist, and Marjorie Stuart D'Arcey, who died of suicide when Peter was eight. He was educated at various schools in Australia and the United Kingdom, including Caulfield Grammar School in Melbourne, Kelvinside Academy in Glasgow, The Scots College in Sydney, and Hale School in Perth, Western Australia. As a teenager, he joined the Australian Labor Party. Keith was also a member of the Labor Party and had attempted to enter Federal Parliament several times, but he was expelled in the early 1960s for his opposition to the White Australia policy. Dowding earned a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Western Australia in 1964, and was admitted to the bar in December 1966.

In 1970, Dowding married his first wife, with whom he had two sons. Between 1967 and 1972, he represented over 100 Vietnam War conscientious objectors, successfully defending over 30 of them. He also represented protesters who had been arrested at the Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt, a U.S.-operated naval base in Exmouth. The case gained notoriety when Dowding proved that the police officers involved in the incident had swapped their name badges to prevent them from being identified. In 1968, Dowding entered into partnership as Paterson and Dowding, where he concentrated on family law, soon becoming the best divorce lawyer in Perth according to The Sydney Morning Herald. He became a senior partner in 1977 and he sold out of the firm in 1980. From March 1975 until April 1976, Dowding was on the Kalamunda Shire Council, and in 1976 and 1977, he worked as a notary public with the Aboriginal Legal Service in Port Hedland, during which he met his second wife, a Ngarluma woman from Roebourne.

In 1977, he represented defeated Labor Party candidate Ernie Bridge in a landmark case in the Court of Disputed Returns. At the 1977 state election, Bridge was defeated by Liberal candidate Alan Ridge by 93 votes in the electoral district of Kimberley. The Liberal Party had worked to disenfranchise Aboriginal voters, many of whom were illiterate, by having lawyers stand outside polling stations to question their right to vote. The court found that over 90 people were illegally prevented from voting, and so the results were overturned. The resulting 1977 Kimberley state by-election saw Ridge win again. In 1980, he married his second wife, with whom he had one daughter and one son.

Early political career

Ahead of the 1980 Western Australian state election, Dowding put himself forward to be the Labor candidate for the North Province, a Legislative Council seat which covered the northern side of the state, including the Pilbara and the Kimberley. With no other Labor members seeking preselection, he was endorsed as the seat's Labor candidate. At the election, he beat incumbent Liberal Party candidate John Tozer. Dowding was well supported by the province's large Aboriginal population, having promised to help them gain land rights and self-management. His term commenced on 22 May 1980.

Upon Labor's victory at the February 1983 state election under Brian Burke, Dowding was made the minister for mines and the minister for fuel and energy. Dowding's inclusion in the ministry was a surprise, as he was the only one that was not part of Burke's shadow ministry. Dowding was replacing Mike Barnett, who did not nominate himself for the ministry due to family reasons. In 1983, the Department of Mines and the Department of Resource Development merged to form the Department of Minerals and Energy, following a report commissioned by the previous government that was critical of the interdepartmental conflicts which occurred. This necessitated a cabinet reshuffle. On 23 December 1983, Dowding became the minister for planning, the minister for employment and training, and the minister for consumer affairs. At a cabinet reshuffle on 20 December 1984, he relinquished being the minister for planning and he became the minister for industrial relations in addition to being the minister for employment and training, and the minister for consumer affairs.

At the February 1986 state election, Dowding left his Legislative Council seat to contest the Legislative Assembly seat of Maylands in a move widely seen as a step towards becoming premier. Maylands was a safe seat for the Labor Party, and was held by the retiring John Harman. Dowding retained the seat for the Labor Party at the election, after which, he stopped being the minister for consumer affairs. In Perth, Dowding lived in the suburb of Mount Lawley. From October 1986, in addition to his two prior ministries, he became the minister assisting the minister for public sector management. He was given the responsibility of implementing the changes recommended in a parliamentary white paper, Managing change in the public sector, which included the public sector being more selective with choosing employees, attempting to retain graduates, and cutting back on staff in health. In his role as minister for employment and training, he embarked on a tour of Europe, where he developed an interest in Sweden's regulated economy. It was in Stockholm where he met his third wife. He convinced her to move to Australia, and in October 1987, they married at the old Perth Observatory. His positions were renamed to the minister for productivity and employment, and the minister for labour in a March 1987 cabinet reshuffle. He also became the minister for works and services in that reshuffle.

Premier
After months of speculation, in December 1987, Burke announced his intention to resign as premier and from parliament on 25 February 1988. Dowding was the most likely candidate to replace him as Burke had named him as his preferred successor. A secret opinion poll conducted by the Labor Party in March 1987 found that Dowding was the most "electorally acceptable" candidate, however certain trade unions and sections of the Labor Party disliked Dowding. Other contenders were David Parker, Bob Pearce, and Julian Grill, however they all pulled out of contention before the 30 December Labor caucus vote due to Burke's influence, the opinion poll, and the need for the party to be united. Dowding was unanimously elected as the leader of the Labor Party and Parker was unanimously elected as deputy leader, replacing Mal Bryce, who had also announced his intention to resign.

Dowding and his ministry were sworn in by Governor Gordon Reid on 25 February 1988. Dowding gave himself the positions of treasurer, minister for productivity, minister for public sector management and minister for women's interests. The changes made to cabinet were designed to replace ministers who had accrued controversy in their roles. This meant that Gordon Hill was replaced as the minister for police by Ian Taylor and Pearce was replaced as the minister for education by Carmen Lawrence, a cabinet newcomer.

Dowding was not part of any Labor Party faction. When asked about this, he replied that "my heart beats in the direction of giving Labor the opportunity to govern. Social issues are not the prerogative of the Left. The Left gets sidetracked and the Right gets sidetracked. If my heart beats anywhere, it's in the centre."

The March 1988 by-elections in the electoral districts of Ascot and Balga had swings away from the Labor Party of 14.8% and 21.3% respectively, which Dowding blamed on both the state and federal governments. The high informal vote caused the Dowding government to reverse the Burke government's 1987 addition of ticket voting in the Legislative Assembly.

An opinion poll released in April 1988 found that 48% of those surveyed had no opinion on Dowding's performance. In an effort to increase his profile, the Labor Party ran a television advertisement campaign, Dowding released a comprehensive development strategy, and he adopted a higher profile when dealing with an industrial dispute. Polls in May and June showed that his profile had risen, with the undecided people falling to 22%. Those who rated him as "good" rose from 13% in April to 22% in June, those who rated him as "fair" rose from 33% to 50%, and those who rated him as "poor" stayed steady at 6%.

Although the Labor Government was quite popular at the time, the WA Inc scandal was starting to surface. The stock market crashed in October 1987, which spelled trouble for some of the government's private investments. The Rothwells merchant bank went into liquidation in November 1988. Dowding said the government could lose up to $100 million from the bank's collapse, however opposition frontbencher Bill Hassell said it would cost the government $400 million. The opposition ruled out blocking supply though. In November, the Labor Party paid for a two-minute prime time television commercial where Dowding made a speech promising that no more taxpayer money would be spent on Rothwells.

Additionally, the government was under fire after the Teachers' Credit Society donated $5,000 to the Labor Party in April 1987 after receiving an extension on a loan from the R & I Bank, a state-owned bank. The donation was given back soon afterwards.

In the 1988–89 state budget, there was 23% more spending on education and 26% more spending on police. This meant 1000 more police officers within three years, as well as 500 more teachers and 250 support staff for schools. This was in response to a 1988 national survey which showed that Western Australia had the largest classes in Australia. 66% of junior secondary classes had more than 25 students, and 36% had more than 30 students. The budget also included the release of 2000 state housing homes for sale, and the promise to build an electric railway line to Joondalup at a cost of $124 million.

At the 1989 state election, the Labor Party had a primary vote swing of 10.5% against it, and a two-party-preferred swing of 6.5% against it. Despite this, the party only lost one net seat in the Legislative Assembly, as the largest swings occurred in safe Labor seats and marginal seats generally had smaller swings. Labor's 31 seats out of 57 were enough for a majority. Following the election, Dowding reshuffled his cabinet, removing himself from being the treasurer and the minister for productivity.

Downfall
Within six months of the 1989 election, some Labor MPs were dissatisfied with Dowding, finding him arrogant, rude, and difficult to work with. His popularity was also hurt by the District Court trial of Western Colleries Limited director Tony Lloyd. His defence lawyers had argued that Dowding and Acting Energy Minister Grill had ordered Lloyd to pay off a Rothwells debt using a $15 million cheque. In January 1990, Lloyd was found guilty of acting improperly, making him the first person convicted for an offence relating to WA Inc. After that, opinion polls showed support was as low as 32%. Additionally, the 1990 Australian federal election was coming up, and the Labor Party wanted to limit the seats lost by the party in Western Australia. Having a state leader less associated with WA Inc would have helped with that.

In early 1990, Dowding travelled to the World Economic Forum in Switzerland, after Parker assured him that nothing would happen to his leadership while he was gone. State Secretary Stephen Smith, FMWU Secretary Jim McGinty, and seven Labor politicians – Lawrence, Parker, Taylor, Kay Hallahan, Keith Wilson, Geoff Gallop and Pam Beggs – met together to discuss Peter Dowding's leadership, all deciding that he should be forced out. By 7 February 1990, the majority of the 47 members of the Labor caucus had signed a letter calling for Dowding's resignation. He returned early from the World Economic Forum on 8 February in order to shore up his leadership, spending the next several days speaking to party members in an attempt to ensure their support. He also held a cabinet meeting on 9 February. At a caucus meeting on 12 February, Dowding and Parker resigned from their positions. Lawrence was elected as the leader of the Labor Party and Taylor was elected as the deputy leader. They were sworn in as premier and deputy premier respectively later that day by the acting governor. On that day, Lawrence promised to end WA Inc. Dowding criticised the leadership challenge, saying that the timing was premature and was done to help Labor win the federal election, rather than for what's good for the state.

On 5 April 1990, Parker announced that he would resign from Parliament later that month. Although he planned on resigning later, Dowding resigned as well on 26 April 1990, allowing by-elections to occur on the same day. Judy Edwards retained the seat for Labor, succeeding Dowding as the member for Maylands at the May by-election.

Lawrence initially resisted calls to establish a royal commission into WA Inc, however she relented in November 1990. The royal commission found that:

"Mr Dowding, as premier, presided over a disastrous series of decisions designed to support Rothwells when it was or should have been clear to him and to those ministers closely involved that Rothwells was no longer a viable financial institution. This culminated in the decision to involve the Government, through WAGH, in the Kwinana petrochemical project as a means of removing the Government's contingent liability for certain of the debts of Rothwells. Electoral advantage was preferred to the public interest."

Later life
After leaving parliament, Dowding was admitted as a solicitor in New South Wales. He became a partner in Briggs Paul Dowding in Sydney from 1992 to 1994, and a managing partner of DCH Legal Group in Perth from 1993 to 1996. Since 1996, he has practiced family law. In 2002, he was appointed as Senior Counsel in Western Australia. He was a recipient of a Centenary Medal in 2003.

At some point, Dowding divorced his third wife and on Boxing Day 2004, he married for the fourth time at the Round House in Fremantle.

As of 2022, Dowding lives in South Fremantle. In August 2023, he released a book co-authored with Ken Spillman about the life of his uncle, Bruce Dowding, who was part of the French Resistance and worked to smuggle Allied servicemen out of Nazi-occupied France in 1940 and 1941. He was eventually caught by the Gestapo and executed in 1943.

title: Peter Dowding


text: Category:Swiss mathematicians

title: Category:Swiss mathematicians


text:
Ohio Court of Claims

The Ohio Court of Claims is a court of limited, statewide jurisdiction. The court's jurisdiction extends to cases:
 * 1) Against the State of Ohio, in which the state has waived sovereign immunity
 * 2) Connected to suits against the State of Ohio where Plaintiffs are asking for equitable relief
 * 3) Involving denial of access to public records by the State or any county, city, or agency.

The court also hears appeals from decisions made by the Ohio Attorney General on claims allowed under the Victims of Crime Act.

The judges of the Court of Claims sit by assignment by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Currently, the assigned judges and magistrates are:
 * Judge Lisa Sadler
 * Judge David Cain
 * Magistrate Holly T. Shaver
 * Magistrate Robert Van Schoyck
 * Magistrate Gary W. Peterson
 * Magistrate Adam Morris
 * Magistrate Amber Damiani

A Special Master hears claims for violations of access to public records. Todd Marti serves as the court's Special Master.

Appeals from the Court of Claims are heard by the Tenth District Court of Appeals in Columbus.

The court is located in the Thomas J. Moyer Ohio Judicial Center in Columbus.

The clerk of the court is Anderson Renick.

History
The Ohio Court of Claims was created in 1975 by the passage of the Court of Claims Act. The Court was created to replace the Sundry Claims Board which existed from 1917 through 1975. The Board was considered inadequate for hearing claims against the state for a number of reasons, including that the Attorney General both sat on the Board and had the job of representing the State of Ohio before the Board.

title: Ohio Court of Claims


text: Category:Swiss astronomers

title: Category:Swiss astronomers


text:
Karl Schroeder

Karl Schroeder (born September 4, 1962) is a Canadian science fiction author and a professional futurist. His novels present far-future speculations on topics such as nanotechnology, terraforming, augmented reality, and interstellar travel, and are deeply philosophical. More recently he also focuses on near-future topics. Several of his short stories feature the character Gennady Malianov.

Biography
Schroeder was born in a Mennonite family in Brandon, Manitoba. In 1986 he moved to Toronto, where he now lives with his wife Janice Beitel and daughter. After publishing a dozen short stories, Schroeder published his first novel, Ventus, in 2000. A prequel to Ventus, Lady of Mazes, was published in 2005. He has published seven more novels and is co-author (with Cory Doctorow) of the self-help book The Complete Idiot's Guide to Publishing Science Fiction. Schroeder currently writes, consults in the area of futures studies.

In October, 2011, Karl Schroeder was awarded a Master of Design degree in Strategic Foresight and Innovation from OCAD University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Awards

 * 1982. Pierian Spring Best Story award for The Great Worm.
 * 1989. Context '89 fiction contest winner for The Cold Convergence.
 * 1993. Prix Aurora Award for Best Short Work in English for The Toy Mill.
 * 2001. New York Times Notable book for Ventus.
 * 2003. Prix Aurora Award for best Canadian SF novel for Permanence.
 * 2006/2007: Sun of Suns: Kirkus Best Book of 2006, 2007 Aurora finalist, 2007 nomination for the John W. Campbell Memorial award
 * 2012. Audie Award for best Original Work for METAtropolis: Cascadia, a shared-world audiobook anthology in which Schroeder's contribution was the short story Deodand.

Stand-alone

 * The Claus Effect (with David Nickle). (Tesseract Books, 1997) ISBN 978-1-895836-35-6
 * Permanence (Tor Books, 2002.) ISBN 0-7653-0371-X
 * Crisis in Zefra (Directorate of Land Strategic Concepts, National Defence Canada; 2005.) ISBN 978-0-662-40643-3
 * Lockstep (Tor Books, 2014.) ISBN 978-0-7653-3726-9

Ventus

 * Ventus (Tor Books, 2000) ISBN 978-0-312-87197-0
 * Lady of Mazes (prequel to Ventus) (Tor Books, 2005) ISBN 978-0-7653-5078-7

Virga

 * Sun of Suns (Tor Books, 2006.) ISBN 978-0765354532
 * Queen of Candesce (Tor Books, 2007.) ISBN 978-0765315441
 * Pirate Sun (Tor Books, 2008.) ISBN 978-0765315458
 * The Sunless Countries (Tor Books, 2009.) ISBN 978-0765320766
 * Ashes of Candesce (Tor Books, 2012.) ISBN 978-0765324924

title: Karl Schroeder


text:
Badbury Rings

Badbury Rings is an Iron Age hill fort and Scheduled Monument in east Dorset, England. It was in the territory of the Durotriges. In the Roman era a temple was located immediately west of the fort, and there was a Romano-British town known as Vindocladia a short distance to the south-west.

Iron Age
Badbury Rings sits 327 ft above sea level. There are two main phases of construction; the first covered 7.3 ha and was defended by multiple ditches, while the second was more than twice the size, covering 16.6 ha and defended by a single ditch and rampart. Bronze Age round barrows in the vicinity demonstrate an earlier use of the area.

Until 1983 Badbury Rings was privately owned as part of the Kingston Lacy estate, and the owners discouraged investigation of the site. The site now belongs to the National Trust. A survey of the hillfort by the RCHME was begun in 1993. The summit area was cleared of undergrowth by the National Trust in 1997 and the conifer plantation was thinned out. This allowed the RCHME to complete the survey in 1998, which recorded 28 potential hut sites within the ramparts, although some depressions are probably caused by uprooted trees. The first excavations, led by Martin Papworth, took place in 2004, when three evaluation trenches were dug. Almost all of the pottery found was dated to the Late Iron Age. The current evidence does not suggest that the hillfort was a principal settlement in the Early Iron Age. It seems likely that the hillfort became depopulated towards the end of the Late Iron Age, perhaps as the Vindocladia settlement near Shapwick developed. Badbury Rings is the fifth in a series of Iron Age earthworks, starting from Hambledon Hill, and also including Hod Hill, Spetisbury Rings, Buzbury Rings, Badbury Rings and Dudsbury Camp. The Iron Age port at Hengistbury Head forms a final Iron Age monument in this small chain of sites.

Roman roads
During the Roman era, five Roman roads formed a complex junction on the north side of Badbury Rings.

The Roman Conquest of Britain began in AD 43. It is likely that the Legio II Augusta campaigned in Dorset under the command of the future emperor Vespasian. About 4 km southeast of Badbury Rings, at Lake Farm near Wimborne, a fort was established. A military road from the Lake Farm fort was created which passed by the northeast side of Badbury Rings. Beyond Badbury Rings the road headed in a northwest direction (visible today as a thin strip of woodland) heading for the Roman fort at Hod Hill. At an early stage, this road formed a junction with Ackling Dyke, a Roman road which headed northeast to Old Sarum (Sorviodunum). Another road ran across country in a north by northwest direction towards Bath (Aquae Sulis), and another ran south to a small port in Poole Harbour (Moriconium, modern Hamworthy). The final road (still used as a modern trackway on the west side of Badbury Rings) ran in a southwest direction through the settlement of Vindocladia heading towards Dorchester (Durnovaria). This final road was not built until the later Roman period.

Romano-Celtic temple
Immediately west of Badbury Rings is the site of a Romano-Celtic temple. It is located within a polygonal boundary bank visible on aerial photographs. It was excavated as early as 1900, and again in 1952. These excavations revealed stone roofing slabs, painted wall-plaster, and over 185 Roman coins, as well as 21 Durotrigian silver and bronze coins. Pottery, glass beads, bronze pins, a bracelet and a brooch were also recovered. Further excavations were conducted in 2000 which showed that the temple was in use from the 1st to 5th centuries.

Vindocladia
A short distance (1.5 km) to the southwest of Badbury Rings, between the hillfort and the modern village of Shapwick, lay a small Romano-British town, believed to be that listed in the Antonine Itinerary as Vindocladia (from Brittonic *windos "white" + *klādiyos "ditch, earthwork"). In the later Roman period, a small fort was also established on the east side of the town. The fort was only discovered in 1975, and the existence of the town only came to light in the 1990s.

It has long been known that there was Roman activity in the area. A Roman pit and occupation debris were discovered in 1954 in the village of Shapwick, which included Samian ware pottery, a bronze coin of Claudius, and a rim fragment of a mortarium. In 1990 an archaeological field survey revealed three areas of building debris including roof and flue tiles, tesserae, and 2nd–4th century pottery. Excavations, led by Martin Papworth, took place in 1991, 1995, and 2004. The 1991 excavations uncovered robber trenches, tesserae, pottery, painted wall plaster and evidence for ironworking. The 1995 excavations demonstrated that the Roman occupation overlay numerous pits and ditches dating from the middle to late Iron Age, and uncovered smithing hearths dating from the second century. They further demonstrated that the Roman road through the settlement and the associated fort were not built until the later Roman period. Excavation of the settlement's boundary ditch in 2004 uncovered early first-century pottery, including a Samian-ware platter, as well as a first-century brooch.

The evidence suggests that the settlement began as a pre-Roman village or town of the late Iron-Age which continued in use in the Roman period. Coins and pottery recovered from the site show that it was occupied until at least the 5th century. A geophysical survey of the entire settlement has shown that the site covers 25 hectares. It appears to have been one of the biggest Roman towns in Dorset, second only to Dorchester (Durnovaria). It is likely that the town was the Vindocladia listed in the Antonine Itinerary as the only named place between Old Sarum (Sorviodunum) and Dorchester.

The Roman fort is a rectangular enclosure with straight sides and rounded corners, surrounded by triple ditches. It measures around 200 x and encloses about 2.5 ha. It is located on the east side of the town. Pottery picked up on the ground in 1975 suggested a mid 1st-century date for the fort. However, the subsequent excavations have revealed that the fort was not built until the later Roman period, and that the fort went out of use at the end of the Roman era. The fort contained a large building complex, and may have been the site of an imperial inn, or mansio.

Saxon era
Finds of late Roman material within the hillfort indicate that Badbury Rings was reoccupied, perhaps as security declined in the post-Roman period. The ancient frontier of Bokerley Dyke to the northeast was revived and may have played a role in keeping the invading Saxons out of Dorset during the 5th and 6th centuries.

The identification of Badbury Rings with Battle of Mount Badon (first mentioned by Gildas) was reported in the 19th century by John Hutchins as originating with a supposition by the 'eminent Dr Edwin Guest' in the Salisbury Volume of the Archaeological Institute. Local historian Roy Carr has suggested that the Saxons were held off from crossing Bokerley Dyke, by the threat of an army in the west, perhaps stationed at Badbury Rings. Badbury Rings is one of three sites regularly advanced as the location of this battle, with the city of Bath also recognised as a contender.

Edward the Elder brought an army to Badbury, soon after his succession to the throne in 899, to face down a challenge to his claim for the crown by his cousin Æthelwold, based at nearby Wimborne Minster.

Antiquarian accounts
The Tudor antiquarian John Leland visited Badbury Rings during his Itinerary of England conducted between 1538 and 1543. After speaking about the nearby town of Wimborne Minster he wrote:

The site today
The site, on the dip slope of Cranborne Chase, is now part of the Kingston Lacy estate owned by the National Trust since 1982, with free access. The hillfort has been a scheduled ancient monument since 1924. On a clear day, the Isle of Wight is visible from the top.

title: Badbury Rings


text:
Three Sides Live

Three Sides Live is the third live album by the English rock band Genesis, released as a double album on 4 June 1982 on Charisma Records in the United Kingdom. It was released by Atlantic Records in the United States. After touring in support of their studio album Abacab ended in December 1981 the band entered an eight-month break in activity, during which they selected recordings from their previous tours for a live album. Three Sides Live includes recordings between 1976 and 1981; the UK edition contains additional live tracks on the fourth side of the double LP, while the original international edition featured tracks from their 1982 EP 3×3 and B-sides from Duke. Subsequent international reissues have adopted the UK track sequence.

Three Sides Live received a mostly positive critical reception and was a commercial success, peaking at No. 2 on the UK Albums Chart and No. 10 on the US Billboard 200, where it sold 500,000 copies. Its release coincided with the band's Three Sides Live concert film. It was remastered in 1994 and 2009, the latter for their Genesis Live 1973–2007 box set.

Background
In December 1981, Genesis wrapped their four-month tour of Europe and North America to support the release of their eleventh studio album, Abacab (1981). The band then entered an eight-month break in activity, during which they each pursued solo projects and selected recordings from their previous tours for inclusion on a new live album. All editions of Three Sides Live contain recordings from their 1980 and 1981 tours across the first three sides. The fourth side of the UK edition contains additional live tracks from 1976, 1978, and 1980, while the international edition contains tracks from the group's second EP 3×3 (1982) – "Paperlate", "You Might Recall", and "Me and Virgil" and two B-sides recorded during the sessions for Duke (1980) – "Open Door" and "Evidence of Autumn".

Release
Three Sides Live reached No. 2 in the UK and No. 10 in the US. It was certified silver and gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on 14 June 1982, the latter for 100,000 copies sold. In the United States, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on 4 October 1982 for 500,000 copies sold.

Reception
Rolling Stone gave the album a rave review, particularly praising Genesis's advancement to more refined and concise material: "Unlike Seconds Out, where the concert versions of Genesis' songs were shrouded in virtuosic bluster, this album offers incisive, sharply focused performances uncluttered by theatrics or instrumental tedium." AllMusic's retrospective review asserted that the performances were impressive and exciting throughout, delivering nothing but "lean, crisp, and generally bracing accounts of the group's then-current sound."

In a review published in Record Mirror by Robin Smith, the album received a mixed response. The atmosphere he experienced in concert at one of their Wembley Arena gigs in 1981 was absent from the album, which he deemed "hardly a sparkling addition" to the Genesis catalogue. Smith attributed this to the song selection and it being recorded with "less than inspired audiences". He praised the performances of "Dodo/Lurker", "Behind the Lines", "Duchess", but picked the third and fourth side as stand out tracks. Smith concluded that he would be listening to Seconds Out, the band's second live album, "for years to come".

Reissues
In 1994, Three Sides Live was remastered and reissued with the UK edition worldwide. Four of the five additional studio selections from that out of print release were issued in 2000 on the Genesis Archive 2: 1976–1992 box set (all but "Me And Virgil"), and all five songs have since been included on the bonus disc of the Genesis 1976–1982 box set.

Track listing
Track listing is adapted from the album's 1982 liner notes.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's 1982 liner notes.

Genesis
 * Phil Collins – drums, lead vocals
 * Tony Banks – keyboards, backing vocals
 * Mike Rutherford – guitar, bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Steve Hackett – guitar on "it."/"Watcher of the Skies"

Additional musicians
 * Daryl Stuermer – guitar, bass
 * Chester Thompson – drums, percussion
 * Bill Bruford – drums on "it."/"Watcher of the Skies"

Production
 * Genesis – production
 * David Hentschel – engineering on "Follow You Follow Me", "One for the Vine", "The Fountain of Salmacis", and "it."/"Watcher of the Skies"
 * Geoff Callingham – technical engineer on everything else
 * Craig Schertz – sound engineer
 * Bill Smith – cover
 * Martyn Goddard – photography

Notes and references
Notes

Citations

Interviews

title: Three Sides Live