text:
Mieczysław G. Bekker

Mieczysław Gregory Bekker (1905–1989) was a Polish vehicular engineer and professor.

Bekker was born in Strzyżów, near Hrubieszów, Poland and graduated from Warsaw Technical University in 1929.

Early career
Bekker worked for the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs (1931–1939) at the Army Research Institute (Wojskowy Instytut Badań Inżynierii) in Warsaw. There he worked on systems for tracked vehicles to work on uneven ground. In the Invasion of Poland he was in a unit that retreated to Romania and then he was  moved to France in 1939.

In 1942 he accepted the offer of the Government of Canada to move to Ottawa to work in armored vehicle research. He entered the Canadian Army in 1943 as a researcher and reached the rank of lieutenant colonel. Decommissioned in 1956, he moved to the U.S.

Career in the United States
He was assistant professor at the University of Michigan and worked in the Army Vehicle Laboratory in Detroit. In 1961 he joined General Motors to work on the lunar crewed vehicle project of MOLAB

He was a leading specialist in theory and design of military and off-the-road locomotion vehicles, and an originator of a new engineering discipline called "terramechanics".

Bekker co-authored the general idea and contributed significantly to the design and construction of the Lunar Roving Vehicle used by missions Apollo 15, Apollo 16, and Apollo 17 on the Moon. He was the author of several patented inventions in the area of off-the-road vehicles, including those for extraterrestrial use.

He wrote many papers and articles, and the book Theory of Land Locomotion.

Bekker died in Santa Barbara on 8 January 1989.

title: Mieczysław G. Bekker


text:
Trivia (poem)

Trivia (1716) is a poem by John Gay. The full title of the poem is Trivia, or The Art of Walking the Streets of London, and it takes its name from the Latin word for "crossroads" and from the "goddess of crossroads," Diana, whom the poet invokes in the opening stanza.

The poem, written in heroic couplets, is loosely based on Virgil's Georgics, yet attains a Horatian satirical manner.

The length of the entire poem is 1288 lines, and it is in three books.

Content
The poem describes the perils of walking in London in the 1710s. It is a topographical poem, taking the form of a walk through a day and night. It pretends to utmost seriousness in advising the reader on:

 * how to dress properly
 * what sorts of boots to wear
 * how to survive falling masonry
 * chamber pots being emptied out of windows
 * overflowing gutters
 * pickpockets
 * wig thieves
 * mud splashes

Gay also describes the characters of the city, including its ballad singers, chairmen, footmen, and toughs.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Trivia (poem)


text:
Sigi Schmid Coach of the Year Award

The Sigi Schmid Coach of the Year Award is given by Major League Soccer to the best coach in any given season. The award has been given since the league's inception in 1996 and is determined by a vote from players, club personnel, and members of the media. Bruce Arena has won the award four times, more than any other coach.

The award was renamed in January 2019 for Sigi Schmid, the coach with the most league regular season wins and two-time award winner, shortly after his death.

Thomas Rongen won the inaugural award with the now defunct Tampa Bay Mutiny for the 1996 Major League Soccer season.

title: Sigi Schmid Coach of the Year Award


text:
Talk:New Zealand royal honours system

Untitled
Where do we list the recipients? Robin Patterson 01:07, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Equivalence chart
Perhaps this could be included, though I do not know whether this is a "creative" or "novel" presentation not allowed for Wikipedia:

"Knight" abbreviated to make chart narrow enough for low resolutions.

202.89.155.157 23:47, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Reference Links to Government sites not correct
Many of the links in the Reference section lead to a"page not found" message — Preceding unsigned comment added by 27.252.60.18 (talk) 10:14, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

Name Change - New Zealand Royal Honours System

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was moved. --BDD (talk) 17:22, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

Orders, decorations, and medals of New Zealand → New Zealand Royal Honours System – I would like to rename this page to "New Zealand Royal honours system" to match the name used by the New Zealand Government since the 1995 review. Please indicate your opinion below and does anyone object to making a decision after 4 weeks? Karl Stephens (talk) 13:59, 17 March 2013 (UTC)
 * (Thanks for the note, Karl.) If it matches what the Govt calls it, it should be a sensible move. Preferably sentence case unless the Govt always uses Title Case. We should check whether anything it currently covers is not "Royal". Robin Patterson (talk) 04:03, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

I failed to mention that "New Zealand Royal Honours System" (in title case) is the name used in the original 1995 review (The New Zealand Royal Honours System : The Report of the Prime Minister’s Honours Advisory Committee - Overview), Government House (New Zealand Royal Honours), The New Zealand Cabinet Manual, (ed 1996, ch 1.52 "The New Zealand Royal Honours System") and by DPMC Nomination Form. Balance any other name against the fact that the honours unit of DPMC is responsible for the honours system so they're authoritative for the name. Karl Stephens (talk) 08:36, 18 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Support as per nomination.  Schwede 66  16:48, 18 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Support per nom and because it just sounds better. -Rrius (talk) 17:23, 18 March 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Needed changes
I should have stated from the outset that there is a problem where New Zealand recipients of the Knight/Dame Grand Companion and Knight/Dame Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit are classified as being members of a British Order of Knighthood (or as being British).

The solution is to use categories to describe the type of knighthood and honours system under which it was awarded. It is not necessary to distinguish citizenship because (with only a single exception) all Knight/Dames in the New Zealand Royal Honours System must be New Zealand citizens. The following changes are required:
 * 1) Rename Category:New Zealand recipients of British titles to Category:New Zealand Recipients of a UK Knighthood because "titles" is ambiguous and is not limited to knighthoods but includes Life Peerages (Baron Cooke of Thorndon), Baronetages (Sir Charles Clifford, 1st baronet of Flaxbourne and Sir Joseph Ward, 1st Baronet of Wellington), Peerages (Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson) and the Honourifics of Right Honourable and Honourable.
 * 2) create a new category Category:Recipients of a New Zealand Knighthood
 * 3) enroll in Category:New Zealand knights/Category:New Zealand dames all New Zealand citizens who receive the appellation of Sir or Dame under either the NZ or Imperial Honours system.
 * 4) enroll in Category:Recipients of a New Zealand Knighthood citizens of any nation who receive the appellation of Sir or Dame in the New Zealand Royal Honours System. With the exception of The Duke of Edinburgh this category is solely New Zealand citizens as honorary Knights do not receive the appellation of Sir/Dame.
 * 5) enroll in Category:New Zealand Recipients of a UK Knighthood all New Zealand citizens who receive the appellation of Sir or Dame under the Imperial Honours system.
 * 6) Changes (4) & (5) would intentionally enroll in Category:Recipients of a New Zealand Knighthood & Category:New Zealand Recipients of a UK Knighthood New Zealand citizens who receive the appellation of Sir or Dame in both the NZ and Imperial Honours system.

To accomplish these changes the following actions are required: * The template:post-nominals/NZL-cats can distinguish gender between Knight and Dame using GNZM and GNZMf to render the same link but a different category.
 * 1) Breaking the link from Category:New Zealand knights & Category:New Zealand dames to Category:New Zealand recipients of British titles and Category:British knights by nationality
 * 2) Place all New Zealand honours and awards under Category:New Zealand Royal Honours System (should consider classifying honours/awards as gallantry, bravery, campaign and Meritorious & Long Service in same manner as NZ Government).
 * 3) Use the template:post-nominals/NZL-cats to attach Category:New Zealand knights to post-nominals KG, GNZM*+, DNZM, KNZM, GCB, GCMG, OM, GBE, KB, KCMG, KBE & Kt.
 * 4) Use the template:post-nominals/NZL-cats to attach Category:Recipients of a New Zealand Knighthood to post-nominals GNZM*+, DNZM & KNZM.
 * 5) Use the template:post-nominals/NZL-cats to attach Category:New Zealand recipients of a UK Knighthood to post-nominals KG, GCB, GCMG, GBE, KB, KCMG, KBE & Kt.
 * 6) The template:post-nominals/NZL-cats is already used to attach Category:Knights Grand Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit to post-nominal GNZM+ & Category:Knights Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit to post-nominal KNZM+.
 * 7) Use the template:post-nominals/NZL-cats to attach the existing UK categories to the relevant British Knighthood and post-nominal.
 * 8) Enroll Category:New Zealand Recipients of a UK Knighthood into Category:British knights by nationality (That last category would benefit from a change to move the subject away from nationality of members to emphasis the Honours System under which it is awarded. This would better reflect membership includes New Zealanders, Australians and Canadians as substantive and not honorary members).

+ For Actions (3), (4), (5) & (6) assume the equivalent categories for Dame Grand Companion/Dame Companion.

The outcome of these changes and actions will be:
 * 1) A New Zealand recipient of a GCMG would have categories (Rule 7) Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George and (Rule 3) Category:New Zealand knights
 * 2) A New Zealand recipient of a GNZM and GCMG would have categories (Rule 6) Category:Knights Grand Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, (Rule 7) Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George, (Rule 5) Category:New Zealand recipient of a UK Knighthood and (Rule 3) Category:New Zealand knights
 * 3) A New Zealand recipient of a GNZM would have categories (Rule 6) Category:Knights Grand Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit and (Rule 3) Category:New Zealand knights

I'd like you opinion on the problem statement, changes, actions and outcomes as well as the names of the new categories particularly with Category:New Zealand Recipients of a UK Knighthood with the nationality designation with "British Knighthood" or "Honours system of UK" or something else if more appropriate. Karl Stephens (talk) 10:38, 19 March 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 3 June 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved Kostas20142 (talk) 18:31, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

New Zealand royal honours system → Orders, decorations, and medals of New Zealand – Per WP:CONSISTENCY with formula in all other entries in Category:Orders, decorations, and medals by country along with its subcategories. PPEMES (talk) 12:46, 3 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. As shown in the previous requested move, the current title is the common name found in reliable sources. Celia Homeford (talk) 12:17, 4 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose as per previous move discussion.  Schwede 66  18:36, 4 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Except all equivalent articles in the category tree do not have this structure. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:04, 5 June 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 13 October 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) — Material  Works  00:26, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

– WP:CONSISTENT with other articles. — Hemant Dabral (📞 • ✒) 04:34, 12 October 2023 (UTC) This is a contested technical request (permalink). — Hemant Dabral (📞 • ✒) 17:29, 13 October 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. - 🔥𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒆 (𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒌)🔥 12:10, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * New Zealand royal honours system → Orders, decorations, and medals of New Zealand
 * Australian honours and awards system → Orders, decorations, and medals of Australia
 * Papua New Guinea honours system → Orders, decorations, and medals of Papua New Guinea
 * Civil decorations of Pakistan → Orders, decorations, and medals of Pakistan

 * Note - I've merged several related discussions here as they had the same rationale and nom.--estar8806 (talk) ★ 18:12, 13 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:CONCISE. Merge being done, I don't see any reason why these should be moved and not the other articles moved to this format. I would suggest a "[Country/Nationality] hono(u)rs system is best. estar8806 (talk) ★ 18:14, 13 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. Except for Pakistan, as we also have Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:24, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject New Zealand has been notified of this discussion. - 🔥𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒆 (𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒌)🔥 12:11, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose per the previous two move proposals on Talk:New Zealand royal honours system.—Jon (talk) 12:41, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per estar8806. Anyone looking for the honours page for their country would search for "Country/Nationality" first. In Australia, the honours system has been named Australian honours system since its inception 1975.--Oronsay (talk) 19:13, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

Latest edit
Kia ora, not sure whether you have this page on your watchlist. If not, could you please check the rather substantial edit made by ? You know better than I would whether that's all ok. For example, I'm unconvinced that it's a good idea to remove previous awards like QSO.  Schwede 66  21:21, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

 * It's the same award, have you read the royal warrant? Nford24 (PE121 Personnel Request Form) 21:22, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

 * In response to 2405:DA40:434D:3B00:51CD:39E:7B96:F5A2 who reverted the edit, the Royal Warrant states specifically "And whereas We are desirous that the style and designation of the Order should be altered to “The King’s Service Order”:" on line line 15 and again on line 17 "First, alter the Warrant of 13 March 1975 by renaming it “Statutes of the King’s Service Order”; and". To me that makes it quite clear that the Queen's Service Order and Queen's Service Medal were both renamed and not discontinued as awards. A reference would need to be provided that states they were discontented and that the King's Service Order and King's Service Medal are entirely new awards.

 * It should also be pointed out that the exact same name change happened last year (and in 1952 for the first five) with the King's Commendation for Bravery, King's Commendation for Bravery in the Air, King's Commendation for Valuable Service, King's Police Medal, King's Fire Service Medal, King's Gallantry Medal, King's Ambulance Service Medal, King's Volunteer Reserves Medal. Nford24 (PE121 Personnel Request Form) 03:21, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
 * No, I haven't. And I don't plan to become an expert on the matter either. What I'm worried about is not the legal status, but whether the likes of QSO should disappear from this page without mention. That does not feel right to me.  Schwede 66  04:07, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Zealand royal honours system


text:
Wasei-eigo

Wasei-eigo (和製英語) are Japanese-language expressions that are based on English words, or on parts of English phrases, but do not exist in standard English, or do not have the meanings that they have in standard English. In linguistics, they are classified as pseudo-loanwords or pseudo-anglicisms.

Wasei-eigo words, compound words and portmanteaus are constructed by Japanese speakers on the basis of loanwords derived from English and embedded into the Japanese lexicon with refashioned, novel meanings diverging significantly from the originals. An example is handorukīpā (ハンドルキーパー), derived from "handle" with the meaning of "steering wheel", with the full phrase meaning designated driver. Some wasei-eigo terms are not recognizable as English words in English-speaking countries; one example is sukinshippu (スキンシップ), which refers to physical contact between close friends or loved ones and appears to be a portmanteau of skin and kinship. In other cases, a word may simply have gained a slightly different meaning; for instance, kanningu (カンニング) does not mean "cunning", but "cheating" (on an academic test). Some wasei-eigo are subsequently borrowed from Japanese into other languages, including English itself.

Confusion with gairaigo
Wasei-eigo is often confused with gairaigo, which refers simply to loanwords or "words from abroad". Some of the main contributors to this confusion are the phonological and morphological transformations that they undergo to suit Japanese phonology and syllabary. These transformations often result in truncated (or "backclipped") words and words with extra vowels inserted to accommodate the Japanese mora syllabic structure. Wasei-eigo, on the other hand, is the re-working of and experimentation with these words that results in an entirely novel meaning as compared to the original intended meaning.

Compared to other Japanese word classes
Wasei-eigo is distinct from Engrish, the misuse or corruption of the English language by native Japanese speakers, as it consists of words used in Japanese conversation, not an attempt at speaking English. These include acronyms and initialisms particular to Japan (see list of Japanese Latin alphabetic abbreviations). Wasei-eigo can be compared to wasei-kango (和製漢語), which are Japanese pseudo-Sinicisms (Japanese words created from Chinese roots) and are also extremely common.

History and process
There was a large influx of English loanwords introduced to Japan during the Meiji period, which was an important factor in Japan's modernization. Because they were so quickly accepted into Japanese society, there was not a thorough understanding of the actual meaning of the word, leading to misinterpretations and deviations from their original meaning.

Since English loanwords are adopted into Japan intentionally (as opposed to diffusing "naturally" through language contact, etc.), the meaning often deviates from the original. When these loanwords become so deeply embedded in the Japanese lexicon, it leads to experimentation and re-fashioning of the words' meaning, thus resulting in wasei-eigo.

In the media
Many scholars agree that the main proponent behind these wasei-eigo terms is the media, in order to create interest and novelty in their advertising and products. The use of English words is also an attempt by advertisers to portray a modern, cosmopolitan image – one that is often associated with Western culture.

Social connotations and main users
Though there is disagreement about the assumption that the majority of wasei-eigo are created by advertisers, the audience that predominantly uses wasei-eigo is youth and women. Many Japanese consider English loanword usage to be more casual and as being used mainly among peers of the same status. In addition, many wasei-eigo words are used to camouflage risqué terms and ideas, such as the famous rabuho (love hotel), or the many massaaji (massage) and saabisu (service) associated with taboo topics. Finally, wasei-eigo may be used to express a poetic and emphatic need of the speaker, resulting in a new term.

English loanwords are usually written in katakana, making it apparent that they are words non-native to Japan. This constant reminder that these are loanwords, and not natively Japanese, links the meanings of the words with the idea of "foreignness". Because of this, wasei-eigo (and some English loanwords) is often used as a method for speaking about taboo and controversial topics in a safe and neutral way. Further, being non-native Japanese words and marked as foreign in their writing, they can be associated with concepts and subjects that are non-normal, or uncommon in Japan.

title: Wasei-eigo


text:
Norm

Norm, the Norm or NORM may refer to:

In academic disciplines

 * Normativity, phenomenon of designating things as good or bad
 * Norm (geology), an estimate of the idealised mineral content of a rock
 * Norm (philosophy), a standard in normative ethics that is prescriptive rather than a descriptive or explanatory abstraction
 * Social norm, shared standards of acceptable behavior by groups
 * Basic norm, a jurisprudence concept by Kelsen
 * Peremptory norm, a fundamental principle of international law
 * Norm (artificial intelligence), a set of statements used to regulate artificial intelligence software
 * Norm, a statistical concept in psychometrics representing the aggregate responses of a standardized and representative group
 * NORM, naturally occurring radioactive materials
 * NORM (non-mobile older rural males), an acronym in dialect studies coined by Chambers and Trudgill (1980) for a group to which speakers frequently refer

In mathematics

 * Norm (mathematics), a map that assigns a length or size to a mathematical object, including:
 * Vector norm, a map that assigns a length or size to any vector in a vector space
 * Matrix norm, a map that assigns a length or size to a matrix
 * Operator norm, a map that assigns a length or size to any operator in a function space
 * Norm (abelian group), a map that assigns a length or size to any element of an abelian group
 * Field norm a map in algebraic number theory and Galois theory that generalizes the usual distance norm
 * Ideal norm, the ideal-theoretic generalization of the field norm
 * Norm (group), a certain subgroup of a group
 * Norm map, a map from a pointset into the ordinals inducing a prewellordering
 * Norm group, a group in class field theory that is the image of the multiplicative group of a field
 * Norm function, a term in the study of Euclidean domains, sometimes used in place of "Euclidean function"

People

 * Norm (given name)
 * Norm Macdonald, a Canadian stand-up comedian

Arts and entertainment

 * Norm Peterson, a character in the sitcom Cheers and its spin-off Frasier
 * Norm, a recurring character in Phineas and Ferb
 * The Norm (comic strip), syndicated by Michael Jantze
 * The Norm (radio), a former CBC radio show
 * The Norm, a character in the 1989 film Spirits of the Air, Gremlins of the Clouds
 * Norm, the main character in the Norm of the North films
 * Norm (album), a 2023 album by Andy Shauf

Other uses

 * National Organization of Russian Muslims, a religious organization based in Russia
 * Norm (chess), a chess result required to qualify for an official title
 * NORM (NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast), a transport protocol
 * Norm, a character from the Australian government physical fitness program and advertising campaign "Life. Be in it."
 * Norms Restaurants, a chain of restaurants in Southern California

title: Norm


text:
Executive Order 6102

Executive Order 6102 is an executive order signed on April 5, 1933, by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt "forbidding the hoarding of gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates within the continental United States." The executive order was made under the authority of the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, as amended by the Emergency Banking Act in March 1933.

The limitation on gold ownership in the United States was repealed after President Gerald Ford signed a bill legalizing private ownership of gold coins, bars, and certificates by an Act of Congress, codified in, which went into effect December 31, 1974.

At the time, this policy faced criticism from those who asserted it was “completely immoral” and “a flagrant violation of the solemn promises made in the Gold Standard Act of 1900” and promises made to purchasers of Liberty and Victory Loans during World War I. The critics also claimed this Executive Order would lead to an inflation of supply of credit and currency, which would cause a fraudulent economic boom which would inevitably bust and result in a depression.

Rationale
The stated reason for the order was that hard times had caused "hoarding" of gold, stalling economic growth and worsening the depression as the US was then using the gold standard for its currency.

On April 6, 1933, The New York Times wrote, under the headline Hoarding of Gold, "The Executive Order issued by the President yesterday amplifies and particularizes his earlier warnings against hoarding. On March 6, taking advantage of a wartime statute that had not been repealed, he issued Presidential Proclamation 2039 that forbade the hoarding 'of gold or silver coin or bullion or currency', under penalty of $10,000 fine or ten years' imprisonment or both."

The main rationale behind the order was actually to remove the constraint on the Federal Reserve preventing it from increasing the money supply during the depression. The Federal Reserve Act (1913) required 40% gold backing of Federal Reserve Notes that were issued. By the late 1920s, the Federal Reserve had almost reached the limit of allowable credit, in the form of Federal Reserve demand notes, which could be backed by the gold in its possession (see Great Depression).

Effects
Executive Order 6102 required all persons to deliver on or before May 1, 1933, all but a small amount of gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates owned by them to the Federal Reserve in exchange for $20.67 per troy ounce. Under the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, as amended by the recently passed Emergency Banking Act of March 9, 1933, a violation of the order was punishable by fine up to $10,000, up to ten years in prison, or both.

The order specifically exempted "customary use in industry, profession or art," a provision that covered artists, jewelers, dentists, sign-makers, etc. The order also permitted any person to hold up to $100 in gold coins, a face value equivalent to 5 ozt of gold valued at approximately $10,000 in 2020. The same paragraph also exempted "gold coins having recognized special value to collectors of rare and unusual coins", which protected recognized gold coin collections from legal seizure.

The 1934 Gold Reserve Act subsequently changed the statutory gold content of the U.S. Dollar from $20.67 to $35 an ounce. While this might be seen to some as a move that increased the value of gold, it actually merely devalued the U.S. Dollar so that less gold was required to back U.S. Currency, and the Federal Reserve was free to print more paper money. All international transactions by the U.S. Treasury were afterward calculated with the new valuation for gold at $35 an ounce. The resulting profit that the federal government realized funded the Exchange Stabilization Fund, also established by the Gold Reserve Act.

The regulations prescribed in the executive order were modified by Executive Order 6111 on April 20, 1933, both of which were ultimately revoked and superseded by Executive Orders 6260 and 6261 on August 28 and 29, 1933, respectively.

Executive Order 6102 also led to the extreme rarity of the 1933 Double Eagle gold coin. The order caused all gold coin production to cease and all 1933 minted coins to be destroyed. About 20 such coins were stolen, leading to an outstanding US Secret Service warrant for arrest and confiscation of the coins. A legalized surviving coin sold for over $7.5 million in 2002, making it one of the most valuable coins in the world.

Prosecutions
Numerous individuals and companies were prosecuted related to Roosevelt's Executive Order 6102. The prosecutions took place under the subsequent Executive Orders 6111, 6260, 6261 and the Gold Reserve Act of 1934.

There was a need to amend Executive Order 6102, as the one prosecution under the order was ruled invalid by Federal Judge John M. Woolsey on the grounds that the order was signed by the President, instead of the Secretary of the Treasury as required. A New York attorney named Frederick Barber Campbell had a deposit at Chase National Bank of over 5000 ozt of gold. When Campbell attempted to withdraw the gold, Chase refused and Campbell sued Chase. A federal prosecutor indicted Campbell the following day, September 27, 1933, for failing to surrender his gold. Ultimately, the prosecution of Campbell failed but the authority of the federal government to seize gold was upheld, and Campbell's gold was confiscated.

The case caused the Roosevelt administration to issue a new order under the signature of the Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Morgenthau Jr. Executive Orders 6260, and 6261 provided for the seizure of gold and the prosecution of gold hoarders. A few months later Congress passed the Gold Reserve Act of 1934, which gave legislative permanence to Roosevelt's orders. A new set of Treasury regulations was issued providing civil penalties of confiscation of all gold and imposition of fines equal to double the value of the gold seized.

Prosecutions of US citizens and noncitizens followed the new orders, among which were a few notable cases:

Gus Farber, a diamond and jewelry merchant from San Francisco, was prosecuted for the sale of thirteen $20 gold coins without a license. Secret Service agents discovered the sale with the help of the buyer. Farber, his father, and 12 others were arrested in four American cities after a sting operation conducted by the Secret Service. The arrests took place simultaneously in New York and three California cities: San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland. Morris Anolik was arrested in New York with $5,000 in U.S. and foreign gold coins; Dan Levin and Edward Friedman of San Jose were arrested with $15,000 in gold; Sam Nankin was arrested in Oakland; in San Francisco, nine men were arrested on charges of hoarding gold. In all, $24,000 in gold was seized by Secret Service Agents during the operation.

David Baraban and his son Jacob owned a refining company. The Barabans' license to deal in unmelted scrap gold was revoked and so the Barabans operated their refining business under a license issued to a Minnie Sarch. The Barabans admitted that Minnie Sarch had nothing to do with the business and that she had obtained the license so that the Barabans could continue to deal in gold. The Barabans had a cigar box full of gold-filled scrap jewelry visible in one of the showcases. Government agents raided the Barabans' business and found another hidden box of US and foreign gold coins. The coins were seized and Baraban was charged with conspiracy to defraud the United States.

Louis Ruffino was an individual indicted on three counts purporting to violations of the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, which restricted trade with countries hostile to the United States. Eventually, Ruffino appealed the conviction to the 9th District Circuit Court of Appeals in 1940; however, the judgment of the lower courts was upheld, based on the President's executive orders and the Gold Reserve Act of 1934. Ruffino, a resident of Sutter Creek (California) in California gold country, was convicted of possessing 78 ounces of gold and was sentenced to 6 months in jail and a $500 fine, and had his gold seized.

Foreigners also had gold confiscated and were forced to accept paper money for their gold. The Uebersee Finanz-Korporation, a Swiss banking company, had $1,250,000 in gold coins for business use. The Uebersee Finanz-Korporation entrusted the gold to an American firm for safekeeping, and the Swiss were shocked to find that their gold was confiscated. The Swiss made appeals, but they were denied; they were entitled to paper money but not their gold. The Swiss company would have lost 40% of their gold's value if they had tried to buy the same amount of gold with the paper money that they received in exchange for their confiscated gold.

Another type of de facto gold seizure occurred as a result of the various executive orders involving bonds, gold certificates and private contracts. Private contracts or bonds that were written in terms of gold were to be paid in paper currency instead of gold although all of the contracts and the bonds proclaimed that they were payable in gold, and at least one, the fourth Liberty Bond, was a federal instrument. The plaintiffs in all cases received paper money, instead of gold, despite the contracts' terms. The contracts and the bonds were written precisely to avoid currency debasement by requiring payment in gold coin. The paper money which was redeemable in gold was instead irredeemable based on Nortz v. United States,. The consolidated Gold Clause Cases were the following:
 * Perry v. United States,
 * U.S. v. Bankers' Trust Co., 294 U.S. 240 (1935)
 * Norman v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co.,
 * Nortz v. United States,

The Supreme Court upheld all seizures as constitutional, with Justices James Clark McReynolds, Willis Van Devanter, George Sutherland, and Pierce Butler dissenting. The four justices were labelled the "Four Horsemen" by the press, as their conservative views were in opposition to Roosevelt's New Deal supported by the press.

Subsequent events and abrogation
The Gold Reserve Act of 1934 made contractual gold clauses unenforceable. It also allowed the President to change the gold content of the US dollar by proclamation. Immediately following its passage, Roosevelt changed the gold content of the dollar from $20.67 to $35 per ounce, thereby devaluing US federal reserve notes, which were backed on gold. That valuation remained in effect until August 15, 1971, when President Richard Nixon announced that the US would no longer value the US dollar with a fixed amount of gold, thus abandoning the gold standard for foreign exchange (see Nixon Shock).

The private ownership of gold certificates was legalized in 1964, and they can be openly owned by collectors but are not redeemable in gold. The limitation on gold ownership in the US was repealed after President Gerald Ford signed a bill to "permit United States citizens to purchase, hold, sell, or otherwise deal with gold in the United States or abroad" with an act of Congress codified in,  which went into effect December 31, 1974. However, P. L. 93-373 did not repeal the Gold Repeal Joint Resolution, which banned any contracts that specified payment in a fixed amount of money as gold or a fixed amount of gold. That is, contracts remained unenforceable if they used gold monetarily, rather than as a commodity of trade. However, an Act enacted on Oct. 28, 1977, Pub. L. No. 95-147, § 4(c), 91 Stat. 1227, 1229 (originally codified at 31 U.S.C. § 463 note, recodified as amended at 31 U.S.C. § 5118(d)(2)) amended the 1933 Joint Resolution to make it clear that parties could again include so-called gold clauses in contracts made after 1977.

Hoax of safe deposit box seizures
According to a hoax, Roosevelt ordered all safe deposit boxes in the country seized and searched for gold by an official of the Internal Revenue Service. A typical example of the text of the alleged order reads:

"By Executive Order Of The President of The United States, March 9, 1933.

By virtue of the authority vested in me by Section 5 (b) of the Act of October 6, 1917, as amended by Section 2 of the Act of March 9, 1933, in which Congress declared that a serious emergency exists, I as President, do declare that the national emergency still exists; that the continued private hoarding of gold and silver by subjects of the United States poses a grave threat to the peace, equal justice, and well-being of the United States; and that appropriate measures must be taken immediately to protect the interests of our people.

Therefore... I hereby proclaim that such gold and silver holdings are prohibited, and that all such coin, bullion or other possessions of gold and silver be tendered within fourteen days to agents of the Government... for compensation at the official price, in the legal tender of the Government.

All safe deposit boxes in banks or financial institutions have been sealed.... All sales or purchases or movements of such gold and silver... are hereby prohibited.

Your possession... and/or safe deposit box to store them is known by the government from bank and insurance records. Therefore... your vault box must remain sealed, and may only be opened in the presence of an agent of the Internal Revenue Service.

By lawful order..., the President of the United States."

The first known reference to the hoax was in the book After the Crash: Life In the New Great Depression. The fake text refers only to gold, not to silver, which was added by 1998 to Internet references. It claims to be an executive order, but its text was written it to apply to specific individuals ("Your possession"), and so if the text originated from the government, it would have been sent to individuals, not published as an executive order. The first paragraph starts with the actual text of Executive Order 6102, then edits it slightly (changing "said national emergency" to "a national emergency" and "still continues to exist" to "still exists") and then adds invented text. The minor edits and the way that the real text and fake text are combined mid-sentence make it almost certainly an intentionally designed hoax, rather than an accident.

Most of the text does not appear in the actual executive order. In fact, safe deposit boxes held by individuals were not forcibly searched or seized under the order, and the few prosecutions that occurred in the 1930s for gold "hoarding" were executed under different statutes. One of the few such cases occurred in 1936, when a safe deposit box containing over 10000 ozt of gold belonging to Zelik Josefowitz, who was not a US citizen, was seized with a search warrant as part of a prosecution for tax evasion.

The US Treasury also came into possession of a large number of safe deposit boxes due to bank failures. During the 1930s, over 3000 banks failed, and the contents of their safe deposit boxes were remanded to the custody of the Treasury. If no one claimed the box, it remained in the possession of the Treasury. In October 1981, there were 1605 cardboard cartons in the basement of the Treasury, each carton containing the contents of one unclaimed safe deposit box.

Similar laws in other countries
In Poland, a similar regulation was issued on November 7, 1919, which forced citizens to sell their gold and silver to the state. A month later, it was extended until January 31, 1920.

In Australia, Part IV of the Banking Act 1959 allows the Commonwealth government to seize private citizens' gold in return for paper money where the Governor-General is satisfied that it is expedient so to do, for the protection of the currency or of the public credit of the Commonwealth. On January 30, 1976, the operation of that part of the Act was suspended.

The United Kingdom introduced the gold trade ban law in 1966 (Exchange Control Act 1947). It became illegal for UK residents to continue to hold more than four gold coins dated after 1817, or to buy any gold coins unless they obtain collector licence from Bank of England. The reasoning was to prevent people from hoarding the gold, while the cost of living and inflation increased. This act was repealed in 1971.

title: Executive Order 6102


text:
Wojciech Rostafiński

Wojciech Antoni Rostafiński (19 September 1921 – 6 July 2002), codename "Masłowski", was a Polish soldier in the Armia Krajowa during World War II and former scientist working for NASA. He was born in Warsaw.

In 1944 Rostafiński took part in the Warsaw Uprising as a member of Szare Szeregi (Gray Ranks-Boy Scouts) "Rygiel" Group.

For his bravery during the Uprising, Rostafiński was awarded the order of Virtuti Militari.

In 1953 Rostafiński moved to United States. He was manager of advanced research projects at NASA Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio. During his career, he contributed to the theory of aeronautics and applied mathematics, and his work is listed in the Scientific Citation Index.

Honours and awards

 * Cross of Valour
 * Virtuti Militari (V class)
 * Commander of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1993)
 * Commander of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (1998)

title: Wojciech Rostafiński


text:
Hyper Dyne Side Arms

Hyper Dyne Side Arms (サイドアーム) is a horizontally scrolling shooter developed and released by Capcom as an arcade video game in 1986. The player takes control of a flying mecha fighter who must battle an alien army. Side Arms uses a two-directional attacking system similar to Capcom's previous shoot-'em-up Section Z.

Plot
An evil alien empire known as the Bozon are launching a full-scale attack on Earth. As either Lt. Henry or Sgt. Sanders, the player must pilot a giant space mecha known as a "Mobilsuit" to defeat the aliens. Up to two players can play simultaneously.

Gameplay
The controls consist of an eight-way joystick for moving the Mobilsuit and three action buttons. Side Arms uses two shooting buttons, one for shooting to the left and the other to the right. The third button is used to change between the weapons acquired by the player. There are five types of power-ups that can be acquired by the player: a speed upgrade, an orbital bit that will provide additional firepower with the standard gun, a shotgun that shoots in a fan-shaped range, a three-way shooter, and a mega bazooka launcher that fires a laser beam. The player can choose what power-up their mecha will receive by shooting the power-up icon until getting the item they want. All of the weapons, as well as the mecha's speed, can be upgraded up to two or even three levels depending on the item. There is also a speed downgrade that will reduce the Mobilsuit's speed by one level. There are also two "Auto" power-ups, shaped like the enemy characters from Vulgus: one is shaped like the "Yashichi" and allows the player to fire continuously with either firing button held down; while the other, which is shaped like the "Sakichi", allows the player to shoot upwards, downwards and forwards at the same time, but at a slower rate than the regular shot.

In addition to the standard power-ups, there are two special combination power-ups shaped like the Greek letters α and β that will combine the player's Mobilsuit with an ally. This allows the player to do an eight-directional attack at the same time as their regular attack. When two players are playing this power-up will combine both players' suits instead. One player will move the combined suit and perform the regular attack, while the other will provide the eight-directional attack. If the combined suit gets shot, it will revert both suits into their regular separate states.

Ports

Side Arms was released for the PC Engine on July 14, 1989 in Japan by NEC Avenue. According to Takashi Tateishi, the composer for the PC Engine version, the port was actually developed by Capcom themselves, but published by NEC Avenue to avoid offending Nintendo. This version differs from the arcade game in that it allowed player to change weapons through a sub-menu while pausing the game, but the PC Engine version lacks the 2-player feature from the arcade game. This port was published in North America during the same year by Radiance Software.

There was also an improved port to the PC Engine CD-ROM, under the name Hyper Dyne Side Arms Special (サイドアーム・スペシャル). This version features a new "Before Christ" mode with various changes to gameplay.

Home computer versions of Side Arms were also released in Europe for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, Amiga, Commodore 64, and Atari ST, which were published by Go! and developed by Probe Software.

The original coin-op version of Side Arms is included in Capcom Classics Collection: Remixed for PlayStation Portable and Capcom Classics Collection: Vol. 2 for PlayStation 2 and Xbox.

In July 2022, Side Arms was also included in Capcom Arcade 2nd Stadium for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows via Steam.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Hyper Dyne Side Arms on their February 1, 1987 issue as being the ninth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.

Computer and Video Games magazine reviewed the PC Engine version in 1989, giving it a 90% score.

Appearances in other games
A "chibi" version of the player's Mobilsuit, called "Mobichan", appears in the game as a power-up item that gives the player an extra life. Mobichan has appeared in many console games released by Capcom during the early 1990s as a mode select cursor such as in the Super Nintendo Entertainment System version of the original Street Fighter II. The arcade game Warriors of Fate features a hidden ending sequence for completing the game on one credit which shows Mobichan and its Player 2 counterpart fighting each other dressed as Ryu and Ken and using their special techniques against each other.

Mobichan appeared as a bonus item in Super Buster Bros., U.N. Squadron and Black Tiger.

Mobichan is the save icon for the Street Fighter Collection (Super Street Fighter II and Street Fighter Alpha 2 Gold) for the PlayStation.

In Namco x Capcom, the two nameless soldiers from Forgotten Worlds are accompanied by the Mobilsuits from Side Arms, who are named Side Arm α and Side Arm β in the game.

It also makes an appearance in Asura's Wrath (Episode 5 intro).

In Project X Zone, Devilotte from Cyberbots summons Mobilsuits α & β during her Solo Unit attack.

In Project X Zone 2, Baby Bonnie Hood from Darkstalkers summons Mobilsuits α & β during her single-unit super attack.

In Mighty Final Fight, Mobichan is seen on the continue screen.

In Street Fighter Alpha 2, when a player wins by the means of a taunt, Mobichan will be seen as the win symbol.

In Warzard, if the player beat the game with one credit they will be able to control Mobichan in the credits sequence and shoot down the letters. Mobichan is also a symbol that can be used when entering a password.

title: Hyper Dyne Side Arms


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Acme Sportsman

The Acme Sportsman was a two-seat parasol wing sportsplane built in the United States in 1928 by Acme Aircraft Corporation, a company from Rockford, Illinois. It was of conventional taildragger configuration with open cockpits in tandem and folding wings. It was designed by Edward Stalker of the University of Michigan.

Variants

 * Acme Model 21 Sportsman
 * Production aircraft powered by Velie M-5 engines

 * Smith O
 * One aircraft re-engined with a 100hp Kinner K-5

 * Para-monoplane
 * The other aircraft re-engined with a 45hp Szekely SR-5

title: Acme Sportsman


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Konstantin Ramul

Konstantin Ramul
Zero English-language hits on Google, 65 overall. Even if he were notable, it'd be impossible to write anything encyclopedic about him. --zenohockey 01:19, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Only impossible to someone who writes articles solely based on English-language Google results. Gzornenplatz 07:05, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Estonia probably has had a reasonably large number of professors in it's history - what makes this one notable? The article gives no suggestion. Average Earthman 12:56, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * If our standards are low enough to keep Empire of Atlantium or Gay Nigger Association of America, then any actual professor is sufficiently notable. Gzornenplatz 13:08, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * When did I vote keep for either of those? Anyway, I vote on a case-by-case basis. Average Earthman 08:54, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless some form of notability can be shown. Ambi 13:03, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable professor.   — Gwalla | Talk 18:59, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete The person is not that notable. --*drew 09:01, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If the article is expanded with valid information that indicates he's notable, then I'll be happy change my vote to keep an article that would be of use. Jallan 22:18, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstain. He seems moderately notable. Unfortunately, I only know a very small amount of Estonian, and I'm suddenly realising with fear that I'm the only one on the translator list, and I'm not sure I can translate this myself without several errors. [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 07:03, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. As far as I understand, he is not a notable professor. --Improv 18:49, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Western Avenue, London

Western Avenue is part of the A40, a major road running in a north-westerly direction out of London. Western Avenue is approximately 10 mi long from its junction with Old Oak Common Lane in East Acton.

A notable landmark on Western Avenue at Perivale, near Greenford, is the Art Deco Hoover Building, now a Tesco supermarket and 66 homes.

History
The road was first proposed in 1912 as a bypass of Uxbridge Road, part of the historic coaching road from London to Oxford. Construction began in 1921 and continued throughout the 1920s and 30s. It was completed to Denham in 1943. When first constructed, all intersections with other roads were flat junctions with roundabouts, resulting in significant congestion at busy periods.

In the early 1960s, the Hanger Lane junction was improved, with an underpass built to take Western Avenue under the A406. Then, during the 1980s and early 1990s, the road was expanded, and all the junctions west of Hanger Lane were improved. A flyover was built at the Greenford Roundabout to take Western Avenue over the A4127; the other junctions take Western Avenue under the crossing road.

The last junction to be improved was Hillingdon Circus. Here, the work diverted Western Avenue to the north of the old line of the road, taking it under both the A437 and the Uxbridge branch of the Metropolitan line; Hillingdon London Underground Station was rebuilt as part of the work.

Further expansion plans in the late 1990s resulted in the demolition of more than 100 houses along the eastern part of the road. However, these plans were ultimately never realised.

Route
Originally a roundabout, Western Circus became known as Savoy Circus, when the Savoy cinema opened at the junction in 1931. East of this point is the Westway, part of the A40 Central London link to Paddington. After Savoy Circus, the dual carriageway takes a bend towards North Acton, crossing the North London line and the Great Western Main Line. The first major junction is Gypsy Corner (with the A4000, 0.8 mi), connecting northwards to Park Royal and Harlesden and southwards to Acton town centre. Starting with the Hanger Lane Gyratory System (with the A406 and A4005, 2 mi); this is followed by a junction with the (B452) at Perivale (4 mi), connecting southwards to West Ealing and the River Thames at Kew Bridge; the Greenford Roundabout (with the A4127, 5 mi), connecting northwards to Harrow and southwards to Southall; the Target Roundabout (with the A312, 6.5 mi), a junction for Heathrow Airport; and the Polish War Memorial junction (with the A4180, 7.5 mi) for RAF Northolt.

In the final few miles of the road, there are minor junctions with the A437 (Hillingdon Circus) to Ruislip and Hillingdon, and with the B467 (Swakeleys Roundabout) to Uxbridge, before the road ends at the junction with the M40 at the Denham Roundabout, northwest of Uxbridge.

Air crash
Western Avenue borders RAF Northolt in South Ruislip. On Tuesday 13 August 1996, in a very unusual accident, a Lear Jet landing at the airfield overshot the runway and ended up crashing into a van that just happened to be passing on the A40. The van driver was not seriously injured, despite being trapped for 40 minutes. It was later determined that the crash may have been caused when the Spanish pilot and co-pilot were having a disagreement over who should handle the landing. There was only one passenger on the Lear Jet, an actress named Lisa Hogan, who was slightly injured.

In popular culture

 * Western Avenue features heavily in Crash, the 1973 J. G. Ballard novel about symphorophilia (car-crash fetishism).
 * Edward Platt won the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize and a Somerset Maugham Award for his 2000 book Leadville, about the Western Avenue.

title: Western Avenue, London


text:
20th-century music

The following Wikipedia articles deal with 20th-century music.

Main articles

 * 20th-century classical music
 * Contemporary classical music, covering the period c. 1970–2000

Sub-topics

 * Aleatoric music
 * Electronic music
 * Experimental music
 * Expressionist music
 * Microtonal music
 * Minimal music
 * Modernism (music)
 * Neoclassical music
 * Modern opera
 * Twelve-tone technique (dodecaphonic music)

Folk music

 * Bluegrass music
 * Contemporary folk music
 * Roots revival
 * World music

Main article

 * Popular music

African popular music

 * African popular music

India

 * Indian pop

Japan

 * Japanese popular music

Popular music in Latin America

 * Music of Latin America

By historical period

 * Music in World War II
 * Music in the movement against apartheid

title: 20th-century music


text:
Jericho (DC Comics)

Jericho (Joseph William Wilson) is a fictional character appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. The character was originally a superhero, the son of Deathstroke, and a member of the Teen Titans during The New Teen Titans period by Marv Wolfman and George Pérez. Since the early 1990s, Jericho has gone through periods of both sanity and insanity.

Joe Wilson going by the name "Kane Wolfman" appeared as a recurring character on the sixth and seventh seasons of The CW Arrowverse show Arrow, played by Liam Hall. He also appeared as a recurring character on the second season of the DC Universe series Titans, portrayed by Chella Man.

Publication history
Jericho first appeared in Tales of the Teen Titans #43 and was created by Marv Wolfman and George Pérez.

Development
Jericho was created in the early 1980s, a few years after Marv Wolfman and George Pérez relaunched the Teen Titans series and turned it into a major hit for DC Comics. At the time, Wolfman and Pérez were interested in distancing the team from the Justice League, many of whose members had been mentors to the Titans. This meant introducing new characters such as the mystical Raven and the technological Cyborg, as well as changing some of the existing characters, such as having Dick Grayson trade in his identity as Robin in favor of becoming Nightwing. Jericho was part of this process of establishing the team as its own feature rather than, in Pérez' words, a "Justice Little League". Marv Wolfman had decided on the name, which he got from an unused story from the previous Titans series, and with the idea of Jericho being the son of Deathstroke, but could not think of any other aspects of the character. George Pérez worked out the design, powers, and personality of Jericho and also suggested making the character mute. In something of a departure, he also insisted that Jericho's emotions be conveyed entirely through visuals, without the use of thought balloons. Pérez claims that Jericho is the first character which he created solely by himself.

Childhood
Jericho was the youngest son of Slade Wilson (Deathstroke the Terminator) and Adeline Kane Wilson, and had a happy early childhood. Jericho was a musical prodigy as well being a talented artist. When he was a child, he was held hostage by the terrorist called the Jackal, sent by the Qurac president in retaliation for Deathstroke killing an important colonel. Jackal attempted to obtain information from Slade Wilson, who was secretly leading a double life as a mercenary. After Deathstroke refused to cooperate with Jackal, citing a violation of his professional code of ethics, Wilson managed to rescue his son, but not before one of Jackal's men cut Joseph's throat. As a result, Jericho was rendered mute.

Following the incident, Jericho's mother Adeline divorced Slade (she had previously tried to kill him, but only succeeded in blinding him in one eye) and took Jericho and his older brother Grant with her. At some point, Jericho learned to communicate through sign language (identified in Action Comics #584 as American Sign Language). While still a child, Jericho discovered that he possessed the metahuman ability to take possession of any humanoid being by making eye contact with them, a result of biological experimentation done on his father years before. He first manifested his powers when he was saving a friend in danger, but Jericho was left traumatized by the event and his powers becmae dormant until his late teens. By then, Jericho worked with his mother in her espionage organization, Searchers Inc., and received training in combat and stealth. During a mission, Jericho's powers fully awakened again to save his mother from an assassin, and he embraced his abilities to further aid his mother in her work.

Titans
Sometime later (in a storyline called "The Judas Contract"), Adeline and Joseph discovered that Deathstroke had accepted a contract on the Teen Titans. Adeline and Joseph approached Dick Grayson to help him rescue the Titans, with Joseph adopting the identity of Jericho. The rescue mission was a success, and Jericho subsequently joined the team, but the Titans were initially wary of him because of his relationship to Deathstroke and the betrayal of Terra. Jericho proved to be a sensitive and pure-hearted individual and was a loyal Titan for many years. Shortly after he joined the Titans, another new member, Kole, joined and Jericho immediately developed a bond with her. Jericho also developed a close and affectionate relationship with Raven, having possessed her once and learned about her demonic heritage. Jericho was the first Titan to understand Raven, bonding over their pasts with their fathers and finding comfort with one another.

Corruption
Unbeknownest to anyone, Jericho was possessed by the souls of Azarath, tainted by the essence of the demon Trigon, Raven's father. Unable to possess Raven herself, the souls entered Jericho, as his powers made it easier for the souls to enter him. They were weak at first, but gained strength over time and eventually merged with him after some time following Trigon's defeat.

Jericho lay dormant within his own mind while the souls of Azarath began searching for new bodies. The souls needed individual vessels to survive and sought to acquire superhuman ones. Slowly but surely, the souls began corrupting Jericho and seized control of his body after the villain known as Wildebeest waged a campaign of terror against the Titans, framing Starfire for murder and nearly killing Cyborg after brainwashing him into serving as a proxy for him in a series of robberies. The possessed Jericho discovered that the Wildebeest was actually multiple people; members of the former Titans villain group The H.I.V.E., rebranded following the organization's defeat at the hands of the Titans years earlier as this group called themselves the Wildebeest Society. Imprisoning the lead Wildebeest, Jericho became the Wildebeest Society's new leader and used them to abduct current and former Titans to act as vessels. Jericho gained new powers: a powerful lion soul-self and a healing ability that repaired his throat and allowed him to speak again. In the "Titans Hunt" storyline, Nightwing and Troia confront Jericho before Deathstroke kills him.

Return
Several years later, it was revealed that Jericho's spirit had survived by jumping inside his father right before he was killed. He had lain dormant until hearing that his friend Donna Troy had been killed in battle. Taking control of his father's body, he sought out the latest group of Titans, hoping to convince them that children shouldn't be superheroes and wanting to spare them his fate. He also killed his father's closest friend, Wintergreen, and mounted the man's head on a wall.

Further demonstrating his mental instability while in Deathstroke's body, he viciously attacked his former friends, and even shot Impulse in the knee. During the combat, he jumped from body to body until Raven absorbed him. During a battle with Brother Blood, she repelled him when she unintentionally absorbed her teammates Deathstroke and Rose Wilson into her soul-self. Jericho managed to use the bodies of Wonder Girl and Superboy against the team, but when he tried to enter Cyborg, Cyborg used his cybernetic eye to transfer Jericho's spirit to a computer file, now stored in Titans Tower.

After the "One Year Later" jump following the events of Infinite Crisis, Raven took the disk with Jericho's essence and, using the same ritual the Church of Brother Blood previously employed to raise her from the dead, resurrected Jericho in a new body, missing the throat injuries from his childhood that left him mute. Jericho joined the latest incarnation of the team, taking the opportunity to bond with his half-sister Rose, who was the new Ravager. After possessing the body of Superboy's dangerous clone Match, Jericho moved to S.T.A.R. Labs until a way was found to control Match.

Later Jericho, still trapped in Match's body, seemingly escaped from S.T.A.R. Labs in visible distress and asking for his friends' help. The Titans managed to help him escape Match's body, but it soon became apparent how much the experience had twisted Jericho's mind, leaving him bent on the Titans' destruction.

Jericho briefly escaped the Titans to plague the presidential election of 2008 of the main DC Universe, even going so far as to use Green Lantern's body to fight the Justice League upon being discovered. The will-based powers of Hal proved to be his undoing, as Hal was able to push Jericho out of his body. Jericho was brought to the JLA satellite for safe-keeping. Mento mind probed Jericho, discovering that he had a particular and severe form of dissociative identity disorder, caused by years of reckless body-hopping. Unable to purge his mind of the lingering echoes of the personality he had to submerge when taking possession of an individual, he had his mind overruled by the evilest and most strong-willed patterns, causing him to take on a criminal, ruthless personality opposed to his former gentle self. The JLA decided to send him back to S.T.A.R. Labs, hoping for a cure.

Jericho managed to escape the JLA and returned to the Titans, now inhabiting Nightwing's body. The JLA arrived to reclaim him, and he started jumping into the bodies of whoever tried to capture him. This backfired when Jericho jumped into Superman's body. Although stronger than he once was, Jericho found himself unable to control Superman's alien body. Jericho briefly managed to gain control of himself over the evil impulses and seemingly vanished into nothingness.

Deathtrap
Jericho later returned, having entered Cyborg's body through his mechanical eye, using an "imprint" left over from the last time. He used Titans Tower's defenses to try to kill the Teen Titans, but their new member Static used his electrical powers to short out the Tower's systems, creating feedback that knocked Jericho out of Cyborg. Jericho escaped once more and, spurred on by the multiple personalities inside him (particularly that of his father), sets into motion a "Deathtrap" scenario. Jericho unsuccessfully attempted to murder both the Teen Titans and the Titans (his former teammates), who eventually apprehended him. While in police custody, he was confronted by the new Vigilante. Determined to end the villain's rampage permanently (but having promised Rose Wilson that he would not kill him), Vigilante gouged out both of his eyes, rendering him unable to use his possession abilities. The trauma of the incident caused Jericho to revert to his true personality, but he was left haunted by the various personalities in his mind.

Blackest Night
In a Teen Titans tie-in to the Blackest Night crossover, Jericho is seen in possession of Grant's body, now a member of the undead Black Lantern Corps, saving Rose from the attack of Adeline, Wintergreen, and Wade Defarge. Jericho revealed to Rose that his eyes grew back after Vigilante's attack, and that he used his power to enter Grant's body when Grant attempted to kill him. Jericho then entered his mother's body, tricking the Black Lanterns into destroying each other. In the aftermath, Jericho reconciled with his father, reasoning that Deathstroke would be the only one who could kill him if he were ever to succumb to the murderous personalities inside his mind.

Brightest Day
Deathstroke hired Doctor Sivana and Doctor Impossible to create the "Methuselah Device" to save Jericho, who was dying from leprosy. Once Jericho was placed in the machine, they restored Jericho's body. Deathstroke offers its abilities to all of the Titans, promising to restore their deceased loved ones as payment for their services. Some Titans accept, but other Titans refuse and the team fights. Deathstroke walks away with his son, but Jericho possesses him, disgusted at what his father did to achieve his restoration. He intends to destroy first the Methuselah Device, then himself and Deathstroke. While the Titans fight over the machine, its power source, a metahuman named DJ Molecule, is released. DJ Molecule blasts Deathstroke, knocking Jericho out of his body and is then slashed by Cheshire. When Cinder sacrifices herself to destroy the machine, Jericho is carried out by Arsenal. Arsenal and Jericho then decide to form a new team of Titans to restore the legacy that Deathstroke damaged.

The New 52
In The New 52 (a 2011 reboot of the DC Comics universe), two versions of Jericho were presented. Unlike previous comics, Jericho is not mute and is fully capable of talking by using his voice.

The first version appeared as an antagonist in Rob Liefeld's Deathstroke vol. 2. He and his mother were believed to have died when North Koreans attacked their home. Slade Wilson (now calling himself Deathstroke) had made many enemies worldwide and had repeatedly placed his family in the crosshairs. Jericho at some point exposed himself to the Gen-factor, which gave him his powers. Now a man in his early 20s, Jericho has plans to destroy his father's life that he had built for himself with the help of his mother and brother. However, it was eventually revealed that Jericho had taken control of his own mother and brother and forced them to hate Deathstroke. Joseph was apparently killed along with his brother until a later scene of a worker with glowing green eyes hinted at Joseph possessing a man to save himself and escape.

The second version appears in Deathstroke vol. 3, which erases the previous volume from continuity, with Jericho once again being his heroic and peace-loving self. Due to his enormous powers, Jericho was captured by his own grandfather, Charles Wilson. Under the alias of Odysseus, he wanted to siphon Joe's metahuman power to become practically invincible and experimented on Jericho, awakening new psychic powers within him. Jericho was eventually saved by his father and sister Rose, but the ordeal left Jericho with problems controlling his new powers, and sought solitude while trying to run from Odysseus. Sometime later in Gotham, Jericho met with Rose, who tried to find someone to help Jericho learn to control his new powers, but the meeting went astray and Odysseus shows up to reclaim Jericho. Due to the arrival of Deathstroke, Jericho was able to escape his grandfather's clutches and once again seclude himself. Sometime later, it was revealed that Jericho went to Ra's al Ghul to seek sanctuary, and had gained better control of his psychic powers. He and Ra's al Ghul reappeared before his father and sister again to save them from his father's enemies, who are also part of the Nova Council, an anti-metahuman organization that targets criminals and those who uses their powers for money. Weeks later, Jericho and his family made a preemptive strike against his father's enemies in which Rose fell under the mental control of Lawman and Jericho had to unleash a strong mental blast to sever the link, but injured Rose's mind in the process. When Ra's al Ghul offered to heal Rose with a special "elixir" in return for Deathstroke's fealty to the League of Assassins, Deathstroke accepted and Ra's al Ghul instructed Jericho to dive into his sister's subconsciousness to bring out of her comatose state. After they retreated, Jericho and Rose also revealed, much to their father's dislike, that they joined the League out of debt for Ra's al Ghul's assistance and to make sure Rose would have access to the "elixir", which Ra's al Ghul stated she would need to take daily if she wanted to live. In their next attack on Danger Island, Jericho used his powers to fight (non-violently) with his family, protecting with his family an energy shield and using his telepathy to halt the enemies' movements. When Deathstroke disobeyed Ra's al Ghul, who was attempting to get the Nova Council into the League by sparing their lives, al Ghul killed Deathstroke's ex-ally Victor Ruiz, causing the two men to begin fighting one another. Jericho intervenes and threatens Ra's al Ghul to stop or he'll kill everyone with a psychic blast. Having read Ra's al Ghul's mind, Jericho also reveals the "elixir" Rose took was just a stimulant, therefore Ra's al Ghul never saved Rose's life. They rescind their oath to the League of Assassins. Once Ra's al Ghul releases them and left, Jericho and Rose tenderly said goodbye to their father, who decided they should distance themselves from him for their safety, and departed from the island.

DC Rebirth
Jericho later reappears after the DC Rebirth relaunch, once again mute and with his origin restored, though slightly modernized. This version of Jericho is also bisexual.

Unlike his blissful childhood in the original comics, Jericho's family life was strained by the time he was a young teenager, as his father and mother were constantly fighting over his father's long absences due to his supposed government missions. After Jericho was kidnapped by Jackal and his throat was slit, an outraged Adeline shot Deathstroke (blinding him in one eye) for his lies, his infidelity that resulted in his illegitimate daughter, Rose, and for Jericho's fate.

As a young adult, Jericho is working as an executive vice-president for a tech firm that his mother owns in Los Angeles, and is engaged to his interpreter, Etienne. Although mute and still using ASL, Jericho uses a special technology called a "subvocal mic", which lets a person's phone Bluetooth sync with the mic so he can vocalize his thoughts through the phone in a computerized voice. After Rose came to visit him, Jericho secretly met up with Dr. David Isherwood, his father's ex-tech, a superhero, and Jericho's former lover. Jericho tells Isherwood of his marriage, and he disapproves of Jericho's choice because of his sexuality. He does not believe his love for Etienne is genuine, and tells Jericho that he will prevent the marriage. Angered by Isherwood's interference, Jericho uses his powers to possess his body, turning off his super "Ikon suit" that allows him to fly, making them fall off a building. Following Dr. Isherwood's seeming demise, Jericho takes over his duties as a superhero and uses the Ikon suit to aid him in his deeds. While out on a mission to help Superman apprehend his father during a government mission, Rose finds out that Etienne is secretly a member of H.I.V.E., though it is unknown if she plans to inform Jericho of Etienne's deception.

While continuing his new superhero duties (which Etienne knows about), Jericho starts taking pills due to experiencing migraines because of his guilt over Isherwood's fall. Later, Jericho meets his father's personal physician, Arthur Villain, who is looking for him, but Jericho explains that his father is "tied up" right now. Wanting to know why he's having migraines, Jericho has Dr. Villain examine him, who also explains the finer details of how his powers work and those of his family members. Dr. Villain states Jericho is perfectly healthy and his problem is an emotional issue, but Jericho denies that something traumatic happened and leaves. That morning, Jericho hallucinates about Isherwood, showing that his migraines have become worse over time, causing him to crash through the shower's glass door. While he hides the reason for his migraines from Etienne, he hastily sets an early wedding date, which she agrees to.

Sometime later, Jericho gets a call from Deathstroke, who is in the middle of a fight with Raptor and Red Lion, to get in contact with Isherwood (who invented the Ikon suits) for his help in deactivating Raptor's Ikon suit. However, Jericho lies about knowing Isherwood's whereabouts, but Deathstroke orders his son to find Isherwood and to call Adeline, which he does. Still wrestling with his guilt, Jericho goes to a hospital to visit Isherwood, revealed to be alive after Jericho made them fall off the building; he is greatly injured and seems to be in a comatose state. Jericho apologizes to Isherwood for his current condition and tells him that he still cares about him. In a flashback to six years ago, it is shown that Isherwood was the one who designed Jericho's bulletproof costume when he was starting out as a young hero and the one who gave him the code name "Jericho". While Jericho's guilt starts causing him to self-harm, he remains oblivious that Etienne is sleeping with his father, who figures out that her mission is to spy on him through his son. He tells Etienne to break up with Jericho. Despite her proclamation of love for his son and their clandestine affair, Deathstroke warns Etienne that he will kill her if she betrays Jericho. After Rose has a bloody vision of Jericho, Rose calls her brother to check on him and learns of his early wedding date with Etienne, much to her disapproval. Rose shares her theory about Etienne working for Adeline to get to Slade, but Jericho states that whatever his parents are up to is between them. While visiting Isherwood, Jericho sees Isherwood's life monitor acting up and orders the nurse to get ready to transport Isherwood to New Jersey. Jericho takes Isherwood to Dr. Villain, who states that Isherwood is dead, but assures a devastated Jericho that are other "possibilities" to help him. While Dr. Villain tries to bring Isherwood back to life, Jericho sits in the waiting room and is told by Dr. Villain that he should see a therapist or someone he trusts to talk to. Meanwhile, Etienne get a lecture from her employer about how she compromised her mission by getting so close to Jericho and then gets a call from Rose, who is traveling to see her brother to prevent the vision she saw. While Jericho returns home, Isherwood comes back to life (using a synthesized virus made from Jericho and Deathstroke's DNA) and calls Jericho on his phone. However, Jericho left his phone in his office and Etienne picks it up, where she finds out about Jericho's past relationship with Isherwood. After Jericho sees his apartment in shambles and Etienne crying, Jericho tries to explain that he was with Isherwood for a few months. Etienne cuts him off and spitefully tells him that she has been seeing Deathstroke behind his back.

It is shown that Etienne works for Amanda Waller and the national government, though she refuses to leave Jericho as she still plans to marry him. During another phone call, Deathstroke confronts Amanda and threatens to kill Etienne if Amanda doesn't stop using his son. She retaliates by threatening to send in her Suicide Squad. On the morning of the wedding, Jericho finds Etienne dead in their apartment and believes his father killed her. Enraged, Jericho goes to the church in his Ikon suit and tries to kill Deathstroke, shocking his family. Despite his father defending his innocence and explaining that Etienne was a spy, Jericho figures out that all of Etienne's activities were because the government wanted to keep an eye on Deathstroke. Although getting brutally beaten, Deathstroke refuses to fight back against his son, who only stops once he hurts Rose in the midst of his rage. Following these events, Jericho is undergoing rehabilitation to deal with his trauma. Later, Jericho is released from rehab and is visited by Wally West, who just had some of his stored super-speed stolen by Deathstroke (wanting to turn back time to revive his son Grant) and Wally asks Jericho to tell him about his father to stop him. Jericho agrees, telling him about his difficult childhood, and dons his Ikon suit to help stop Deathstroke. They plan to meet both the Teen Titans and Titans teams at Hatton Corners, the place where Grant died. Before setting out, Jericho takes the time to tell Wally that he doesn't blame the Titans for Grant's death, knowing it's not their fault, and how he struggles every day not to become like his father. After Jericho introduces himself to the Titans, letting them know Deathstroke is his father, he and the two teams work together to open a time vortex to chase his father. Once they stop Deathstroke's super-speed temporarily, Jericho pleads with his father to stop disrupting the time continuum. This was ignored as Deathstroke enters the Speed Force again. Using Omen's and Raven's powers in conjunction with his own, they let most of the team enter Wally's mind so that they can bring him out of the Speed Force once he stops Deathstroke. Wally brought Deathstroke out, Jericho then listens to his father proclaim that he's done being an assassin after his experience in the Speed Force.

Afterward, Jericho returns home and goes to a support group to deal with his pill addiction and the mistakes he made. After the meeting, Deathstroke comes to pick up Jericho and hop on a plane, telling him he has changed after failing to change the past. When Isherwood calls Deathstroke he speaks to Jericho, he tells Jericho he isn't mad at him, hearing his words during his coma, and gives his condolences over Etienne's death. Later, Jericho is taken to a base alongside Rose, his mother, Wintergreen, and Tanya Spears. As the person in charge of the government "Project Defiance", Adeline initially wanted Jericho to lead her new task force, but Deathstroke talks his way into leading the team and handling the recruitment, including getting Kid Flash to join. Meanwhile, Jericho investigates who killed Etienne and confides in Rose that the only reason he agreed to join the team is to learn the truth of Etienne's death and to keep an eye on his father. Later, Jericho and the Defiance team go on their first mission. During another mission to rescue hostages from a dictator in Chetland, Jericho and the team are forced to fight Doctor Light's Radiant Men drones without aid from Deathstroke, who is separated from them to have a private talk with Doctor Light. Despite having a hard time, Jericho takes charge of the team and directs them to successfully fight off the drones, but Deathstroke remotely turns off Jericho's subvocal transmitter and the team's comm channel to make their "training" harder. The Defiance team almost got overwhelmed, but a resurrected Terra arrives to help and save the hostages as Deathstroke regroups with them and orders everyone to head home. Later, Jericho speaks to his mother about his frustrations towards her—how bitter she is because of her grudge against Deathstroke and her unjust hatred towards Rose—and questions her about Etienne's death. Although Adeline states she had no hand in Etienne's death, she brushes off Jericho's other statements, causing Jericho to plead with her to not let Deathstroke corrupt her anymore and become the mother he used to know. During a group session with the team, Kid Flash's recorder reveals that Jericho is beginning to move on from Etienne and met a deaf man named Terrence.

After Deathstroke is abducted by the Secret Society of Super Villains, Jericho finds a note left by The Riddler and shows it to the team. After four days, Jericho and Rose try to rally the team to find him, but Adeline tells them that they have a new mission leading them to the place the Society took their father. After finding the damaged warehouse and hearing some of Terra's investigation, Jericho figures out that a now monstrous-looking Isherwood kidnapped Deathstroke and heads off to find them, against his mother's orders. Upon arriving at the church in Canada, Jericho finds his father alone. Deathstroke lets Jericho know that he knows about his former relationship with Isherwood. While discussing whether Jericho believes Deathstroke is capable of changing, Jericho helps deactivate the neural transmitter in his father's spine, but the transmitter device was a dud and destroys Jericho's Ikon suit instead. Having broken his ribs after falling down on the church's wooden benches, Jericho and Deathstroke return to the Defiance base to recuperate. However, the group begins to fall apart due to the other members learning more of Deathstroke's lies. After getting into a fight with Tanya, Jericho wants to leave the team as he wasn't making any progress with Etienne's death. Later, Jericho comes to back up Deathstroke and Terra on a mission, but the team fractures even more when Kid Flash blames Deathstroke for causing Tanya to seemingly commit suicide. Unknown to the grieving team, Tanya's incorporeal state is actually traveling through inter-dimensions to save Power Girl. Jericho then returns to his normal life and continues his relationship with Terrence as he reflects over his recent tragedies.

One night, Rose visits Jericho and confesses that she killed Etienne while being possessed by an entity called "Willow", much to his confusion. Their conversation is interrupted when they hear an explosion near Chinatown and find Deathstroke battling Isherwood, Kong Kenan, and a furious Terra. When Jericho tries to intervene in the fight, Isherwood takes the opportunity to knock out Deathstroke and send him to Arkham Asylum. Later, Jericho gets wind of Deathstroke's breakout and his mother's machinations to pit Batman against him, and he scolds Adeline for her actions before she shuts him out. Later, he goes to Wayne Mansion to fix Deathstroke's attempt to sabotage Batman's "benefactor" and free Wintergreen from FBI custody. While running tests on his new upgrade on his Ikon suit with Hosun, Jericho and Hosun tries to figure how to deal with Rose's "Willow" problem, which includes Jericho pretending to be Deathstroke in front of Rose (though she does know her brother is in the suit). However, Jericho is ambushed by Two-Face when he and Rose visit Arkham Asylum and he is in a cell after Two-Face takes his suit. However, Jericho manages to escape the asylum and free his father so they can go save Rose, but his father is too focus on going after Hugo Strange and zaps Jericho unconscious, but later learns Rose is fine. One day, Jericho gets a call from Damian Wayne, who is going after his father, and tries to dissuade him to avail. After speaking to Terrence, Jericho decides to check on his father, who is escaping from his jail cell in Robin's secret prison, to make sure he doesn't hurt the young Titans. After Emiko Queen apparently killed Deathstroke, an angry, grieving Jericho attempts to round up all the villains that attended his father's funeral. In his grief, Jericho confronts the Teen Titans over what they done and uses Kid Flash's body to go the funeral. Due to his strong emotions, Sinestro's ring reacts to Jericho and unleashes a strong energy that knocks out most of the attendees, except for the Legion of Doom members. Intrigued by Jericho's potential, the Legion of Doom offers Jericho a place with them before teleporting away. One night, Jericho prepares for a date with Terrence, but Wintergreen contacts him to help Rose, who is trying to complete assassination contract Deathstroke left unattended due to his "death". Jericho gets into an argument with Terrence, who chastises him for always getting involved with his family members' drama and shows Jericho that he was planning to propose to him. Stunned, Jericho is reluctant to get engaged again and rushes off after Terrence made it clear he won't keep compromising for Jericho's fixation on his family. Jericho saves his sister, but the two soon got into a fight about the contract and Jericho reveals that Emiko is the one that "killed" their father. While trying to keep Rose from taking revenge on Emiko, Jericho becomes gravely injured and calls his mother for help, a hologram Lex Luthor appears to him and offer to help Jericho if he joins the Legion of Doom.

While Jericho is bewildered by Luthor's presence and initially rejects his offer, Jericho ends up accepting a special piece of nanotech as a "gift", which not only healed his wounds, but amplify his abilities and granting him a new suit. However, Jericho's skin becomes blue due to the effect of the technology being embed into his body, though he is in awe of his new powers. Using his enhanced psionic ability, Jericho uses mind-control placing Emiko in hiding at some unknown location to keep her safe from Rose and then goes after his sister, breaking up her chase with Shado. When Rose refuses to listen to him, Jericho tries to hop into her body, but receives mental feedback that disorienting him, causing him to lose his mental control over Emiko and allowing Rose to evade him. Later, Jericho tries to stops Terrence from leaving him and ends using his telepathic power on him get him to stay. Over the course of the next few days, Jericho begins to stop crime more actively using his new powers, but starts developing a Messiah complex as a result. While Terrence warns Jericho is getting addicted to the nanotech, Jericho claims he will give it back once he helps Rose. Sometime later, Jericho meets up with Luthor and tries to return the nanotech, but takes it back once he learns a Deathstroke doppelganger is hunting for the nanotech.

While looking for Jericho, the doppelganger attacks Terrence, though Rose manages to save him, but Hosun is killed. When the Deathstroke doppelganger targets Adeline, Jericho saves his mother and tricks the doppelganger into shutting down his armor suit, leaving his father to deal with the counterpart. While flying around, Jericho is confronted by Isherwood, who sacrifices his life to forcefully remove the nanotech out of Jericho. Afterwards, a normal Jericho goes to Rose and comfort each other over their recent tragedies. Later during Christmas Eve, Jericho spends the holiday with his family, though his father ends up sneaking out.

Powers and abilities
Jericho can possess a person after making eye contact with them; his body turns insubstantial and enters the subject. While he is in possession, Jericho has access to all of that host's powers (physical, mental, and magical), and is also able to tap into their memories. Jericho's victim remains conscious and can express themselves vocally, but they are otherwise unable to control their body's actions while they are possessed by Jericho. If the person is unconscious or asleep upon possession, Jericho can use their voice to speak, albeit with their accent or any other speech impairments, and only using the words they know. Jericho sometimes uses the American manual alphabet letter "J" as his sign name to signal to his allies that he has taken possession of a person. Once the person's mind regains consciousness, they regain their awareness and ability to speak independently.

This power is most effective on human or meta-human bodies; Jericho has twice possessed Superman, but on the first occasion Superman's body had already been taken over by a human scientist who had switched bodies with the Man of Steel, and in the second case Jericho was simply unable to maintain control of the Kryptonian brain for long (most likely the weaker willpower of the scientist made it easier for Jericho to control his body on that occasion). Jericho's power depends on eye contact with living beings; if he is blinded, or the being he attempts to possess is not a natural creature, his power fails. In this way, he was tricked by his teammate Cyborg during a training exercise, when the latter closed his natural eye and Jericho failed to take possession by attempting to contact his artificial eye. Jericho has since overcome this limitation and was able to control Cyborg through his electronic eye. Jericho has also shown the ability to regrow his gouged-out eyeballs; this feat apparently came with the price of still-impaired vision but the return of his possession ability in its full capacity.

Despite his pacifistic nature and dislike for physical violence, he is also skilled in hand-to-hand combat and able to hold his own against his father, Deathstroke.

When possessed by the spirits of Azarath, Jericho had a powerful lion soul self and a healing ability.

Powers and abilities in The New 52
In The New 52, Jericho receives an array of psychic abilities aside from his possession powers, such as being able to telepathically control his brother Grant and his mother Adeline.

Despite conflicting continuity between Deathstroke vol. 2 and 3, Jericho still retains his telepathy to read minds and control others. After being experimented upon, Jericho demonstrated even more powerful abilities to rupture other human beings apart with a psychic blast, much to his horror. Although his telepathy can be blocked by others with mental powers, Jericho can read their aura to see if they hold malicious intents and can also project an energy field to defend against attacks.

Powers and abilities in DC Rebirth
In DC Rebirth, Jericho demonstrates the ability to separate his incorporeal, spiritual self from his physical body when he uses his powers to possess other people. Unlike his usual way of possessing others, Jericho describes this ability like a near field communication, being able to possess people within a certain distance from him, and the person he is possessing speaks using his voice, not theirs. In addition, his physical body is dormant and immobile, leaving it vulnerable to attacks if no one is there to protect it.

Other versions

 * An alternate universe incarnation of Jericho appears in Tiny Titans.
 * An alternate universe incarnation of Jericho appears in Teen Titans: Earth One. This version was manipulated and brainwashed by Elinore Stone of S.T.A.R. Labs into spying and fighting against his fellow "Project Titans" members.

Television

 * Jericho appears in Teen Titans. This version is an honorary member of the eponymous team, seemingly unconnected to Slade, whose green eye color extends to whomever he is possessing.
 * Joe Wilson appears in media set in the Arrowverse, portrayed by Liam Hall as an adult and William Franklyn-Miller as a child.
 * Primarily appearing in Arrow, this version has a more violent personality, plays a villainous role akin to his brother Grant Wilson in the series, is the god-son of Billy Wintergreen, and is not mute. In flashbacks depicted in the sixth season, Joe followed in his father Slade Wilson and godfather Wintergreen's footsteps and joined the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS). After Slade returned from a mission on Lian Yu, he and Joe worked with each other for some time until Slade massacred their comrades in a Mirakuru serum-induced frenzy and left to seek revenge on Oliver Queen. Following this, Joe became a criminal and traveled to Kasnia, where he rejected his birth name, took the alias "Kane Wolfman", was taken prisoner by the local government, and joined a criminal organization called the Jackals, eventually becoming their leader. In the present, a cured Slade and Queen travel to Kasnia to find Joe, believing he is still imprisoned before discovering what happened afterward. Joe attempts to force Slade to kill Queen, but his father refuses and fights him and the Jackals instead. While making his escape, Joe reveals Slade has another son named Grant and that their mother kept him secret from Slade. In the seventh season, Joe assumes Slade's Deathstroke suit, travels to Star City, and fights A.R.G.U.S. agents until he is apprehended by Oliver, the Flash, and Supergirl. After being taken into A.R.G.U.S.'s custody, Joe is later recruited into the "Ghost Initiative".
 * Joe makes a cameo appearance in the crossover "Elseworlds" as a Central City Police Department police officer in an altered reality created by John Deegan.
 * Jericho appears in Titans, portrayed by Chella Man. This version is the oldest child of Deathstroke who was rendered mute after enemies of Deathstroke's threatened Jericho to reach him, after which Jericho's overprotective mother Adeline took him and left Deathstroke. Five years prior, despite living away from his father and being unaware of his mercenary work, Jericho admired him. Seeking to exploit this, Deathstroke's enemy Dick Grayson befriends Jericho, invited him to join the Titans, and revealed the truth about his father. Uncertain about this, Jericho locates his father in the hopes of learning his side of the story, only to get caught in a fight between Deathstroke and Grayson, during which Jericho sacrificed himself to save the latter. While his body died, Jericho's spirit became trapped in Deathstroke's body for the next four years until his sister Rose Wilson grievously injures Deathstroke, causing Jericho's spirit to jump to her body.

Film

 * Jericho makes a non-speaking appearance in Teen Titans: The Judas Contract as a test subject of Brother Blood, who developed a machine capable of granting people superpowers. Once the experiment is finished, Mother Mayhem seemingly kills Jericho, though he turns up alive in the post-credits scene.
 * Jericho appears in Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons: The Movie, voiced by Griffin Puatu as a teenager and Asher Bishop as a child. Seeking to take revenge on his absentee father Slade Wilson, a conflicted Jericho joins his sister Rose Wilson and H.I.V.E. to take over the world before reconciling with his parents.

Video games

 * Jericho appears in DC Universe Online as part of the "Teen Titans: The Judas Contract" DLC. This version is an associate of the Teen Titans.
 * Jericho appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * Jericho appears as a playable character in DC Legends.

Miscellaneous

 * Jericho appears in Teen Titans Go!.
 * The Arrow incarnation of Joe Wilson appears in the non-canonical tie-in novel Arrow: Vengeance. In this version of events, following Slade Wilson's return from Lian Yu, he abused ASIS resources to find Oliver Queen. When his superior Wade DeFarge discovered this, Slade attempted to kill him, but Joe and his mother Addie were killed in the crossfire.
 * Joseph Wilson / Jericho appears in Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons, voiced by Griffin Puatu as a teenager and Asher Bishop as a child. This version is the only son of Slade and Adeline who shares a close relationship with the former. Additionally, he was rendered mute after H.I.V.E. took him hostage to coerce Slade to join them and Joseph's throat was slit. Following this, Slade left him and Adeline, who sent Joseph to a private boarding school in Switzerland. The isolation and trauma left the now teenage Joseph angry and resentful as he was forced to address his burgeoning and unstable psionic powers alone, which cause him to enter a trance-like state and become more violent due to his lack of control over them.

Sexuality
When Marv Wolfman and George Pérez were creating the character, they toyed around with the idea of making Joseph gay. Pérez had this to say: "While Marv and I did discuss the possibility of Joseph Wilson being gay, Marv decided that it was too much of a stereotype to have the sensitive, artistic, and wide-eyed character with arguably effeminate features be also homosexual". However, it is eventually revealed that he is not interested in women, saying in sign language to Kole, who was in love with him, that he is gay in Convergence: New Teen Titans #2, which was confirmed by artist Nicola Scott. The DC Rebirth version of Joseph is canonically confirmed to be bisexual, as is his Titans TV series version.

title: Jericho (DC Comics)