text:
List of Middle East peace proposals

This is a reversed chronological list of peace proposals in the Middle East, often abbreviated under the Mideast peace concept.

Egyptian Crisis reconciliation

 * Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2012
 * Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2014

Syrian Civil War peace process

 * Arab League peace plan
 * Arab League observers mission December 2011–January 2012
 * Russian resolution proposal on Syrian uprising
 * Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan February–August 2012
 * United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria
 * Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan – since August 17, 2012
 * U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria – May 2013 proposal to organise a peace conference
 * Geneva II Conference on Syria – January 2014
 * 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement – between Syrian Opposition and Assad Government
 * Vienna peace talks for Syria
 * Four committees initiative
 * Geneva III
 * Geneva IV

Yemeni Crisis reconciliation

 * Yemeni crisis reconciliation attempts
 * Yemeni presidential election, 2012

Fatah–Hamas reconciliation talks

 * Fatah–Hamas Mecca Agreement (2007)
 * 2011 Cairo accords (2011)
 * Fatah–Hamas Doha Agreement (2012)
 * May 2012 Cairo agreement
 * 2014 Fatah–Hamas Gaza Agreement
 * 2017 Fatah–Hamas Agreement

Iran nuclear talks

 * P5+1, 2006 diplomatic efforts
 * Iran nuclear deal framework
 * Joint Plan of Action (2013)
 * Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
 * February 2019 Warsaw Conference

Iraq War peace proposals

 * United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441
 * Failed Iraqi peace initiatives
 * Blair's tests for Iraq disarmament

Gulf War peace initiatives

 * Geneva Peace Conference (1991)
 * United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 – April 1991
 * United Nations Security Council Resolution 1154 – 1998

Turkish–Kurdish conflict negotiations

 * Turkey–PKK peace talks (1999–2004, unsuccessful)
 * Solution process (2012–2015, failed)

Internal Lebanese reconciliation

 * 17 May Agreement – during the Lebanese civil war
 * Tripartite Accord (Lebanon) – 1985 agreement to end the Lebanese civil war
 * Taif Agreement – Lebanese civil war peace accords
 * Doha Agreement – 2008 Lebanese reconciliation agreement, following 2007–2008 crisis

Cyprus conflict pacification attempts

 * Establishment of UN peace force in Cyprus (1964)
 * UNSC resolution 355 (1974)
 * Annan reunification plan for Cyprus
 * United Nations Security Council Resolution 1250 (1999)
 * Cypriot Annan Plan referendums, 2004
 * 2008–2012 Cyprus talks
 * 2014 Cyprus talks
 * 2015–2017 Cyprus talks

Iraqi–Kurdish conflict peace negotiations

 * Kurdish Civil War peace accords (finalized in 1997)
 * 1975 Algiers Agreement
 * Kurdish–Iraqi peace talks (1970–1974, unsuccessful)
 * Recognition of Kurdish Government by Iraq

Arab League–Israel accords

 * Balfour Declaration (1917)
 * Peace proposals of Count Folke Bernadotte (1948)
 * 1949 Armistice Agreements
 * UN Security Council Resolution 242 (November 22, 1967)
 * Jarring Mission (1967–1971)
 * Allon Plan (July 26, 1967)
 * Rogers Plan (1969)
 * Camp David Accords (1978)
 * Egypt–Israel peace treaty (1979)
 * Fahd Plan (1981)
 * Reagan peace plan (September 1, 1982)
 * Fez Initiative (September 9, 1982)
 * May 17 Agreement, a failed attempt of peace between Lebanon and Israel (1983)
 * Israel–Jordan peace treaty (1994)
 * Arab Peace Initiative (March 28, 2002)
 * Abraham Accords (2020)
 * Israel–Sudan normalization agreement (2020)

Israeli–Palestinian peace process

 * Madrid Conference of 1991
 * Oslo Accords (1993)
 * Wye River Memorandum (October 23, 1998)
 * Camp David 2000 Summit (2000)
 * The Clinton Parameters (December 23, 2000)
 * Taba summit (January, 2001)
 * Arab Peace Initiative (March, 2002)
 * Elon Peace Plan (also known as "The Israel Initiative") (2002)
 * The People's Voice (July 27, 2002)
 * Road Map for Peace (April 30, 2003)
 * Geneva Accord (October 20, 2003)
 * Sharm el-Sheikh Summit of 2005 (February 8, 2005)
 * 2006 Franco-Italian-Spanish Middle East Peace Plan
 * One-state solution
 * Isratine (May 8, 2003)
 * Two-state solution
 * Three-state solution
 * Israeli Peace Initiative (April 6, 2011)
 * John Kerry Parameters (December 28, 2016)
 * Trump peace plan (January 28, 2020)

Turkish War of Independence peace treaties

 * Treaty of Alexandropol 1920
 * Cilicia Peace Treaty 1921
 * Treaty of Moscow (1921)
 * Treaty of Kars 1921
 * Treaty of Ankara (1921)
 * Conference of London 1921–22
 * Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
 * Armistice of Mudanya 1922

WW I and post-war accords

 * Sykes–Picot Agreement 1916
 * McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 1916
 * Treaty of Sèvres 1920
 * Paris Peace Conference, 1919
 * Faisal–Weizmann Agreement (1919)

Saudi-related peace treaties

 * Uqair Protocol of 1922

title: List of Middle East peace proposals


text:
She's All That

She's All That is a 1999 American teen romantic comedy film directed by Robert Iscove. It stars Freddie Prinze Jr., Rachael Leigh Cook, Matthew Lillard, and Paul Walker. After being dumped by his girlfriend, Zack Siler boasts he could make any girl at his high school popular. It is a modern adaptation of George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion and George Cukor's 1964 film My Fair Lady.

The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the performances of the lead actors, but were critical of the script. It was one of the most popular teen films of the late 1990s and reached No. 1 at the box office in its first week of release. It went on to earn $103 million worldwide. After featuring in the film, the song "Kiss Me" reached No. 2 on Billboard's Hot 100 and stayed in the Top 10 for 16 weeks. A gender-swapped remake, titled He's All That, was released on August 27, 2021, by Netflix.

Plot
Zack Siler is the big man on campus at his Southern California high school. After returning from spring break, he finds out his girlfriend, Taylor, has cheated on him with a reality TV star, Brock. After Zack and Taylor's breakup, he consoles himself by claiming that she is replaceable with any girl in the school. Zack's friend Dean disagrees and bets Zack to turn any random girl from school into the prom queen in six weeks. He accepts, so Dean chooses Laney Boggs, an awkward and unpopular art student.

Zack attempts to befriend Laney, but she pointedly ignores his advances until he asks for her help with art. She reluctantly invites him to a small theater lounge where she will perform. Intending to deter him, Laney volunteers Zack to perform onstage. He manages to improvise a routine with his hacky sack. Laney is impressed but still rejects him when Zack attempts to charm her again.

When Zack shows up at her house, Laney reluctantly agrees to go to the beach with him and his friends, and they invite her to a party later. Laney says she's busy, but Zack persuades her to go. He enlists his sister, Mack, to give her a makeover. At the party, Taylor, who is embarrassed by Brock and jealous of Laney, publicly humiliates her, bringing her to tears.

Laney is surprised to be nominated for prom queen, along with Taylor. Zack then goes by her house and asks about her mother, who died when Laney was young, and talks about his father, who is pressuring him to go to Dartmouth for college. Zack leans in to kiss Laney but pulls back when she jokes that it is just to get her vote for prom king.

The next day, Zack defends Laney's brother, Simon, from bullies in the cafeteria. After a falling out with Zack, Dean asks Laney to be his prom date. Taylor is humiliated when Brock dumps her, so she cozies up to Zack. When he turns her down, she tells him that Dean has already asked Laney to the prom. When Zack confronts him, Dean reveals the bet, forcing a public confession from Zack. A furious Laney rushes from the room, refusing to speak to Zack.

Unable to reconcile with Laney, Zack takes his sister to the prom. After some persuading from her father, a disheartened Laney agrees to go with Dean. At the dance, Dean boasts of his plan to seduce Laney. Laney's friend Jesse overhears, and he and Mack rush to warn Zack, who has taken the stage with Taylor as Prom King and Queen. Zack rushes after Laney, who has already left with Dean.

Laney returns home to find Zack is there. She explains how she avoided Dean's advances with a fog horn. Zack confesses his true feelings, and they share a dance and kiss by the pool. Laney asks Zack about the bet, and he says mysteriously he will honor the terms. On the day of graduation he appears onstage nude except for cap and a soccer ball, getting applause from the crowd and a smile from Laney.

Casting
The film had an ensemble cast of up-and-coming actors, including Kieran Culkin, Oscar winner Anna Paquin, Jodi Lyn O'Keefe, musician Usher Raymond, Gabrielle Union in her film debut, Dulé Hill, and Lil' Kim. Producer Richard N. Gladstein noted, "There were other films that you could've seen them in, but they weren't usually the leads in those films." According to director Robert Iscove, Miramax co-head Harvey Weinstein was very involved in script development and casting, and was able to get great actors in very small parts as a personal favor.

Iscove said Josh Hartnett was considered for the role of Zack Siler, and many actresses were considered for the role of Laney Boggs, including Mena Suvari, Leelee Sobieski, and Jordana Brewster.

Kevin Pollak said he signed up for the movie in part because he was impressed with Freddie Prinze Jr.’s performance in The House of Yes a few years earlier and was interested in working with him.

Writing
R. Lee Fleming Jr. is officially credited as the sole screenwriter for the film. In a 2002 interview, M. Night Shyamalan stated that he polished the screenplay while adapting Stuart Little and writing a spec script for The Sixth Sense. This was also confirmed in the film's audio commentary by Iscove.

In 2013, Shyamalan claimed that, rather than simply polishing Fleming's original script, he actually ghost-wrote the film. This was disputed by Fleming. Jack Lechner (who served as Miramax's head of development in the late 1990s) confirmed that technically both Shyamalan and Fleming contributed to the script: Fleming wrote the initial script that Miramax bought, while Shyamalan did an uncredited rewrite (doing more than "a polish") that got the film green-lit. Lechner reiterated that content from both writers was included in the final cut of the film. Producer Richard N. Gladstein said that the script "was pretty much done" already, but that Shyamalan's changes "helped enormously with the relationship with Kevin Pollak [who played Laney's father, Wayne]". Iscove attributed the performance art piece and the hacky sack sequence to Shyamalan. Fleming attributed the line "Am I a fucking bet?" to Shyamalan. Fleming included various pop culture references in his script: Laney Boggs was named after two characters played by Winona Ryder, Kim Boggs from Edward Scissorhands and Laney Pierce from Reality Bites; the characters Zack and Taylor were named after two of the three members of the band Hanson. Pollak constantly guessing Jeopardy! answers incorrectly is a running joke, which he previously did in the 1997 film Truth or Consequences, N.M.. The idea was in Fleming's script but Pollak expanded and improvised his answers.

Iscove was influenced by the movies of John Hughes and was trying do something different for the '90s generation that would still resonate. He stressed the importance of the story having a heart, how Zack had to be worthy of Laney, and how Laney had to learn to be more open. The story was rewritten to better fit Prinze Jr. and make Zack a more sympathetic character with his own challenges. Iscove was well aware that it was implausible to suggest Rachael Leigh Cook was ugly, but said it was standard practice in Hollywood to cast "the beautiful girl" and that it requires the audience to suspend their disbelief: "You either go along with it or you don't go along with it." Comparing Laney's transformation to that of Clark Kent into Superman, Iscove said casting the role was more about finding an actor who had the range to give the necessary performance.

Filming
Filming took place from August 6, 1998, to September 28, 1998, in various California locations. The high school scenes were shot at Torrance High School, where television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Beverly Hills, 90210 were previously filmed.

Iscove was also a choreographer and wanted to expand and embellish the prom scenes, while also showing the Weinsteins how musical numbers could work in films. The dance scene was choreographed by Adam Shankman at the request of the film's co-producer Jennifer Gibgot, who is Shankman's sister. Shankman was assisted by Anne Fletcher. Shankman was concerned about the scene not tonally meshing with the rest of the film, but Iscove persisted. Test audiences did not understand why the dance scene was happening, so Bob Weinstein asked for a reshoot with Usher to link the scene. Shankman also worked with Matthew Lillard on his solo dance scenes.

Costume designer Denise Wingate said, "We had no budget so we had to be really creative—everything in that prom scene was white, black, and gold, and we got it all from The Salvation Army and just completely reworked it." Having majored in psychology, Wingate tried to explore the possible reasons for the characters’ wardrobe. Wingate concluded that Laney wore clothes like armor after the death of her mother, but also wanted to express herself as an artist, resulting in a mix of vintage clothes, overalls, aprons, and various quirky t-shirts. The falafel restaurant hat was created on short notice with items picked up from a Michaels craft store. Laney's transformation was reflected in the red dress, which demonstrated "a bold statement of her dressing in a color that was so different than anything we’d seen her in before." Leigh Cook recalled "feeling really self-conscious” in the scene where she first descends the stairs in the dress. There were two versions of the red dress: a stunt double dress reserved for the scene when Laney falls down in a driveway outside a party, and a second smaller dress, which left Cook holding her breath trying to get through the scene quickly.

Soundtrack
The song "Kiss Me" was used as the main theme song. The film's box office success helped "Kiss Me" to gain widespread mainstream attention and chart success. It climbed to No. 2 on Billboard's Hot 100 list, and stayed in the Top 10 for 16 straight weeks and No. 4 in the UK and New Zealand.

The film was released in Italy with the title "Kiss Me".

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 41% based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The website's critics consensus states: "Despite its charming young leads, She's All That can't overcome its predictable, inconsistently funny script." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

It was the last movie to be reviewed by Gene Siskel before his death in February 1999. Siskel gave a positive review and wrote, "Rachael Leigh Cook, as Laney, the plain Jane object of the makeover, is forced to demonstrate the biggest emotional range as a character, and she is equal to the assignment." Roger Ebert suggested: "To give the movie credit, it's as bored with the underlying plot as we are. Even the prom queen election is only a backdrop for more interesting material, as She's All That explores differences in class and style, and peppers its screenplay with very funny little moments." Ebert says it "is not a great movie, but it has its moments", giving it 2.5 out of 4 stars. Stephen Holden of The New York Times praised Cook for her performance, comparing her to Winona Ryder, saying, "Unlike so many actors playing smart young people, she actually projects some intelligence along with a sly sense of comedy."

Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle calls it "About one idea short of being an excellent teenage romance. As it stands it's a pleasing but routine effort." LaSalle criticized the film for running out of plot about halfway, saying the "story line is stretched to the breaking point. In one instance, director Robert Iscove stops the action for a long dance sequence, set at the prom, that has nothing to do with anything." He commented the film is "intermittently funny" and praised Matthew Lillard's performance, calling it the best thing in the picture.

Geoff Berkshire of Variety was critical of the lack of originality, and wrote, "Suggesting that Miramax needs to put Kevin Williamson on permanent retainer if it's going to remain in the teen-pics field, She's All That notably fails to bring to comedy the insight that the Williamson-penned Scream brought so memorably to horror". Berkshire was positive about the two leads, saying "appealing young actors come off as competent, nothing more, given a context that can't be transcended." He described the direction as "nothing to be ashamed of here, but nothing of any distinction, either", and noted the soundtrack as a not unexpected plus. Jane Ganahl of the San Francisco Examiner wrote, "And once, just once, I'd love to see a teen flick that doesn't send out a message to young girls that to be acceptable, you have to conform. I liked the artist girl much better before."

William Thomas of Empire criticized the film, saying that despite a few scenes, "The rest is just breezy propaganda for American high school fascism", and "The most worrying thing about She's All That is its message. The 'ugly duckling' (specs, dungarees, art-lover) must conform (she gets a makeover and the boys notice her "bobos" for the first time) to fit in."

Box office
She's All That premiered on January 19, 1999 at the Mann Festival Theater in Westwood, Los Angeles. The film went into general release on January 29.

The film was released in Italy with the title "Kiss Me".

The film reached No. 1 at the box office in the first week of its release, grossing $16.1 million over the Super Bowl opening weekend. It earned $63.4 million in the United States and $39.8 million at international box offices, totaling $103.2 million worldwide against a production budget between $7–10 million. Miramax spent a further $18 million  on television advertising to promote the film.

Accolades
The film won eight awards, and was nominated for five others.

Remake
In September 2020, a gender-swapped remake of the film was announced, titled He's All That, with Mark Waters to direct, original screenwriter R. Lee Fleming Jr. to write, and starring Addison Rae and Tanner Buchanan. That October, Myra Molloy, Madison Pettis, Peyton Meyer, Isabella Crovetti, and Annie Jacob were cast.

In December 2020, Rachael Leigh Cook joined the cast to portray Rae's character's mother. It has been confirmed that Cook's character is unrelated to her original character. He's All That was released on August 27, 2021, by Netflix.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: She's All That


text:
Battle of Chesma

The naval Battle of Cheshme (also the Battle of Chesma or Chesme) took place on 5–7 July 1770 during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) near and in Çeşme (Cheshme, Chesma, or Chesme) Bay, in the area between the western tip of Anatolia and the island of Chios, which was the site of a number of past naval battles between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice. It was a part of the Orlov Revolt of 1770, a precursor to the later Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), and the first of a number of disastrous fleet battles for the Ottomans against Russia. Today it is commemorated as a Day of Military Honour in Russia.

Prelude
The Russo-Turkish War had begun in 1768, and Russia sent several squadrons from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean Sea to draw Ottoman attention away from their Black Sea fleet, then only six ships of the line strong. Two Russian squadrons, commanded by Admiral Grigory Spiridov and Rear Admiral John Elphinstone, a British captain who had risen to the rank of rear admiral in Russia, combined under the overall command of General-in-Chief Count Alexei Orlov, supreme commander of the Russian Fleet, and went to look for the Ottoman fleet. Orlov's naval adviser was Captain-Commander Greig.

On 5 July 1770, they came across it, anchored in line just north of Çeşme Bay, western Anatolia. The Ottoman fleet contained about 14 ships of the line, perhaps 6 frigates, 6 xebecs, 13 galleys and 32 small craft, with about 1,300 guns in total. About 10 of the ships of the line, of 70–100 guns, were in the Ottoman main line with a further 6 or so in the second, arranged so that they could fire through the gaps in the first line. Behind that were the frigates, xebecs, etc. The fleet was commanded by Kapudan Pasha Mandalzade Hüsameddin, in the fourth ship from the front (north end) of the line, with Hasan Pasha in the first ship, Real Mustafa, and Cafer Bey in the seventh. Two further ships of the line, probably small, had left this fleet for Mytilene the previous evening.

After settling on a plan of attack, the Russian battle line (see Table 1) sailed towards the south end of the Ottoman line and then turned north, coming alongside the Ottomans, with the tail end coming into action last (Elphinstone had wanted to approach the northern end first, then follow the wind along the Ottoman line, attacking their ships one by one – the method used by Nelson at the Battle of the Nile in 1798).

Battle
The Ottomans opened fire at about 11:45 a.m., followed by the Russians slightly later. Three of the Russian ships of the line had trouble staying in position; Evropa turned around and came back behind Rostislav, Tri Svyatitelya circled the second Ottoman vessel before coming back into the Russian line, being attacked in error by Tri Ierarcha as she did so, and Sviatoi Ianuarii turned around before coming back into the line.

Based on the plan proposed by G. A. Spiridov, the Russian fleet attacked the Ottoman van from a short distance (50–70 metres). Spiridov, in Sviatoi Evstafii, had a close-range battle with Hasan Pasha in Real Mustafa, before the latter was suddenly seen to be on fire. Her mainmast came down and landed on Sviatoi Evstafii deck, causing the Russian ship to blow up immediately. Shortly thereafter, Real Mustafa blew up as well — after a 2-hour battle.

According to Elphinstone, who claimed the Russians were almost useless, Spiridov and Count Feodor Orlov (brother of the commander), had left Sviatoi Evstafii before the fighting became close-range. Spiridov ended up on Tri Svyatitelya. Sviatoi Evstafii's captain, Kruse, survived too. At about 2:00 p.m. the fighting ended, as the Ottomans cut their cables and moved south into the bay, forming themselves into a defensive line of eight ships of the line, a second line, and the rest beyond. On 6 July, the Russians bombarded the Ottoman ships and land positions. At about 12:30 a.m. on the morning of 7 July, Orlov, acting on Spiridov's plan, sent Samuel Greig (who transferred to Rostislav) to attack with Evropa, Rostislav and Ne Tron Menya forming a south–north line facing the Ottomans, and with Saratov in reserve, Nadezhda attacking the batteries at the eastern side of the bay entrance, Afrika attacking the batteries on the western side, and Grom near Afrika. At about 1:30 a.m. or earlier (times were about 90 minutes earlier, according to Elphinstone), fire from Grom and/or Ne tron menya caused an Ottoman ship of the line to blow up after her main topsail caught fire, and the fire quickly spread to other ships of the line. By 2:00 a.m., two Ottoman ships of the line had blown up and more were on fire, and Greig sent in three fireships (the fourth, seeing the danger, stayed out), which contributed in a small way to the burning of almost the entire Ottoman fleet: fireship commanded by Lieutenant Dmitry Sergeevich Ilyin set fire to another ship of the line and consequently the fire continued to spread among various vessels. At about 4:00 a.m., boats were sent in to save two ships of the line which were not burning, but one of these caught fire while it was being towed. The other, Semend-i Bahri 60, survived and was captured along with five galleys. Fighting ended at about 8:00 a.m. Russian casualties on 5 July were 14 killed, plus 636 killed in Sviatoi Evstafii, and about 30 wounded, and on 7 July 11 killed. Ottoman casualties were much higher. Hüsameddin, Hasan Pasha and Cafer Bey survived. Hüsameddin was removed from his position, which was given to Cafer Bey. This was the only significant fleet battle during the Russo-Turkish War.

Significance

The Battle of Cheshme was fought on the same day as the land Battle of Larga. It was the greatest naval defeat suffered by Ottomans since the Battle of Lepanto (1571). This battle inspired great confidence in the Russian fleet and allowed the Russians to control the Aegean Sea for some time. The defeat of the Ottoman fleet also sped up rebellions by minority groups in the Ottoman Empire, especially the Orthodox Christian nations in the Balkan peninsula, who helped the Russian army in defeating the Ottoman Empire.

After this naval victory, the Russian fleet stayed in the Aegean for the following five years. It returned to Çeşme twice more during this time to bombard it. Historians still debate the rationale for the Russian military focus on this small fort town while there were many other more strategic targets along the Aegean coast.

Due to the Ottoman defeat, fanatical Muslim groups proceeded to massacre c. 1,500 local Greeks in nearby Smyrna.

Catherine the Great commissioned four monuments to commemorate the victory: Chesma Palace and Church of Saint John at Chesme Palace in St Petersburg (1774–77), Chesma Obelisk in Gatchina (1775), and Chesma Column in Tsarskoe Selo (1778).

title: Battle of Chesma


text:
CLN

CLN may refer to:

Computing and technology

 * Class Library for Numbers, a free software project
 * Computer Learning Network, a technical school (college) in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania; see YTI Career Institute

Politics and government

 * Certificate of Loss of Nationality, an American form
 * National Liberation Committee (Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale), the underground political entity of Italian Partisans during the German occupation of Italy

Other

 * Catamount Library Network, a library consortium in Vermont
 * Chapeltown railway station, in South Yorkshire
 * Credit-linked note, a security issued by a special purpose company or trust
 * Sri Lanka (Ceylon), ITU country code

title: CLN


text:
Bernard Chazelle

Bernard Chazelle (born November 5, 1955) is a French American computer scientist. He is currently the Eugene Higgins Professor of Computer Science at Princeton University. Much of his work is in computational geometry, where he is known for his study of algorithms, such as linear-time triangulation of a simple polygon, as well as major complexity results, such as lower bound techniques based on discrepancy theory. He is also known for his invention of the soft heap data structure and the most asymptotically efficient known deterministic algorithm for finding minimum spanning trees.

Early life
Chazelle was born in Clamart, France, the son of Marie-Claire (née Blanc) and Jean Chazelle. He grew up in Paris, France, where he received his bachelor's degree and master's degree in applied mathematics at the École des mines de Paris in 1977. Then, at the age of 21, he attended Yale University in the United States, where he received his PhD in computer science in 1980 under the supervision of David P. Dobkin.

Career
Chazelle accepted professional appointments at institutions such as Brown, NEC, Xerox PARC, the Institute for Advanced Study, and the Paris institutions École normale supérieure, École polytechnique, Inria, and Collège de France. He is a fellow of the ACM, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, and NEC, as well as a member of the European Academy of Sciences. He has also written essays about music and politics.

Personal life
Chazelle is married to Celia Chazelle. He is the father of director Damien Chazelle, the youngest person in history to win an Academy Award for Best Director, and Anna Chazelle, an entertainer.

title: Bernard Chazelle


text: User talk:67.10.191.132

title: User talk:67.10.191.132


text:
As-Sa'iqa

As-Sa'iqa (الصَّاعِقَة) officially known as Vanguard for the Popular Liberation War - Lightning Forces, (طَلائِع حَرْب التَّحْرِير الشَّعْبِيَّة - قُوَّات الصَّاعِقَة) is a Palestinian Ba'athist political and military faction created and controlled by Syria. It is linked to the Palestinian branch of the Syrian-led Ba'ath Party, and is a member of the broader Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), although it is no longer active in the organization. Its Secretary-General is Dr. Mohammed Qeis.

Early years
As-Sa'iqa was formed in September 1966 by the Syrian Ba'ath Party. It became active in December 1968, as a member of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Syria tried to build up an alternative to Yasser Arafat, who was then emerging with his Fatah faction as the primary Palestinian fedayeen leader and politician. As-Sa'iqa was initially the second-largest group within the PLO, after Fatah.

Al-Assad takeover and Purge of As-Sa'iqa
As-Sa'iqa was also used in the Ba'thist power struggle then in play in Syria, by Salah Jadid to counter the ambitions of Defence Minister Hafez al-Assad. When al-Assad seized power in the November 1970 "Corrective Revolution", as-Sa'iqa was purged and its leaders replaced with al-Assad loyalists (although Jadid loyalists held on to the as-Sai'qa branch active in the Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan until mid-1971, when they were arrested). As new Secretary-General (after Mahmud al-Ma'ayta, who had succeeded Yusuf Zuayyin), al-Assad chose Zuheir Mohsen, a Palestinian Ba'thist who had come to Syria as a refugee from Jordan. He was repeatedly promoted by Syria as a candidate for the post as Chairman of the PLO, to replace Arafat, but never gained support from other factions.

With and against the PLO in Lebanon
As-Sa'iqa was, and is, used by Syria as a proxy force in the Palestinian movement. While this has prevented as-Sa'iqa from gaining widespread popularity among Palestinians, it became an important force in the Palestinian camps in Syria, as well as in Lebanon. During the Lebanese Civil War, Syria built the movement into one of the most important Palestinian fighting units, but also forced it to join in Syrian offensives against the PLO when relations between al-Assad and Arafat soured. This led to as-Sa'iqa's expulsion from the PLO in 1976, but it was readmitted in December the same year, after the situation had cooled down, and after Syria named this as a condition for further support for the PLO. The attacks on the PLO led to large-scale defections of Syrian-based Palestinians from the movement. As-Saiqa was also responsible for the Damour massacre in 1976 and many other barbaric mass murders.

After Muhsin's assassination in 1979, Isam al-Qadi became the new Secretary-General. The movement remained active during the Lebanese Civil War, and again joined Syria, the Lebanese Shi'a Amal Movement and Abu Musa's Fatah al-Intifada in attacks on the PLO during the War of the Camps in 1984-85, and for the remainder of the Civil War (which lasted until 1990). This again led to mass-defections of Palestinians from the movement (Harris quotes the Syrian-aligned Amal Movement as complaining that the Syrian-backed Palestinian forces sent to attack the PLO were "Abu Musa in the Biqa'" but "become Abu nothing in the Shuf and Abu Ammar on arrival in Beirut"), and reportedly its ranks were filled with non-Palestinian Syrian army recruits. After the end of the Civil War, the movement was nearly out of contact with the PLO mainstream, and exerted influence only in Syria and in Syrian-occupied parts of Lebanon. It kept lobbying within the PLO against the various peace proposals advanced by Arafat, and was part of the Syrian-based National Alliance that opposed Arafat.

As-Sai'qa today
After the end of the Lebanese Civil War and the 1993 signing of the Oslo Peace Agreement, as-Sai'qa has largely lost its usefulness to the Syrian government, and the state and size of the organization deteriorated. Today, it is wholly insignificant outside Syria, although it retains a presence in Lebanon (its future is uncertain after the end in 2005 of the Syrian Army's presence in Lebanon). It is extremely weak in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, non-existent in the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israel within the Green Line, and has not been active during the al-Aqsa Intifada. Its importance to Syria has lessened, both because the PLO has diminished in importance compared to the Palestinian National Authority. As-Sai'qa boycotts PNA bodies, and its representative on the PLO Executive Committee also boycotts its sessions.

Following the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, as-Sa'iqa took up arms in support of the Syrian Ba'athist government, participating in numerous military operations such as the Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018), and the 2018 Southern Syria offensive. Having greatly diminished in numbers, the organization's forces had suffered just 30 fighters killed in action by April 2018. By August 2018, As-Sa'iqa began to lay off a substantial number of its fighters, mostly because they were no longer needed and because of lack of funds.

Organization and structure
Since 2007, Farhan Abu Hayja has been Secretary-General of as-Sa'iqa. Muhammad al-Khalifa is its representative on the PLO Executive Committee, but boycotts sessions of the PLO EC. During much of the 1970s, as-Sai'qa's representatives in the PLO EC (Muhsin and al-Qadi) held the prestigious and sensitive post of Head of the Military Department, which reflected the military importance of the movement in those years.

Syrian backing in the 1970s gave as-Sa'iqa a military weight far greater than its political influence, which has always been small. During the Lebanese Civil War, it was often the second largest Palestinian faction in fighting strength, after Yassir Arafat's Fatah movement.

Under the name Eagles of the Palestinian Revolution - possibly the name of the armed wing of as-Sa'iqa - the organization committed a number of international terrorist attacks. Among these was the 1979 takeover of the Egyptian embassy in Ankara, Turkey (although attributed to Fatah ) and a kidnapping of Jews emigrating by train through Austria from the Soviet Union to Israel. Since the early 1990s, the organization has not committed any known attacks, and it is not listed on the U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations.

Ideological profile
As-Sa'iqa's political agenda is identical to that of Ba'athist Syria, i.e., Arab socialist, nationalist and strongly committed to Pan-Arab doctrine. While this reflects its Ba'thist programme, it has also used Pan-Arabism as a means of supporting the primacy of its sponsor, Syria, over the Arafat-led PLO's claim to exclusive representation of the Palestinian people. Thus, it rejected "Palestinization" of the conflict with Israel, insisting on the necessary involvement of the greater Arab nation. This occasionally went to extremes, with as-Sa'iqa leaders denying the existence of a separate Palestinian people within the wider Arab nation.

The group has generally taken a hard line stance (reflecting that of Syria) on issues such as the recognition of Israel, the Oslo Accords, and other questions of Palestinian goals and political orientation. It was a member of the 1974 Rejectionist Front, despite supporting the Ten Point Programme that initially caused the PLO/Rejectionist Front split.

title: As-Sa'iqa


text:
Pita Sharples

Sir Pita Russell Sharples (born Peter Russell Sharples, 20 July 1941) is a New Zealand Māori academic and politician, who was a co-leader of the Māori Party from 2004 to 2013, and a minister outside Cabinet in the National Party-led government from 2008 to 2014. He was the member of Parliament for the Tāmaki Makaurau electorate in Auckland from 2005 to 2014. He stepped down as co-leader role of the Māori Party in July 2013.

Early life
Sharples was born in Waipawa, a town in Hawke's Bay. His mother Ruiha was of Ngāti Kahungunu, and his father Paul was a shearer and a second generation New Zealander whose family came from Bolton, United Kingdom.

He received his early education at Waipukurau District High School, but then became a boarder at Te Aute College. His four years there culminated in his becoming head boy, and he credits this time as a turning point of his life. He then attended the University of Auckland, studying education. After graduating, he remained at the university as an instructor, working at the Faculty of Education. He subsequently gained an MA (1st class) in anthropology, and later a PhD in anthropology and linguistics – both also from the University of Auckland.

Sharples strongly opposed the construction of Auckland Thermal No. 1, a gas-fired power plant proposed for Te Atatū Peninsula. In 1973, the Third Labour Government of New Zealand abandoned plans for the plant after widespread opposition. During this period, Sharples was inspired to become more politically active, and soon after the scheme was abandoned he wrote a letter to Prime Minister Norman Kirk, explaining his reasons for opposing the plant.

Member of Parliament
In addition to his academic work, Sharples has long advocated a separate Māori political party. After the foreshore and seabed controversy in 2003–2004, Sharples joined forces with Tariana Turia a former minister in the Labour Party government who resigned over the issue. Turia and Sharples organised a new party based around Turia's Te Tai Hauāuru seat which was launched on 7 July 2004 as the Māori Party with Sharples as co-leader.

In the 2005 general election Sharples contested and won the urban Auckland seat of Tamaki Makaurau displacing former Labour MP John Tamihere.

Minister of Māori Affairs
In the 2008 general election Sharples was re-elected with a majority of more than 7000. The National Party won more seats overall and formed a minority government with support from the Māori Party, ACT New Zealand and United Future. Sharples was appointed as Minister of Māori Affairs, although like other support party members he remained outside Cabinet. Sharples was returned to parliament in the 2011 general election, and retained the Māori Affairs portfolio. He resigned as co-leader of the Māori Party in July 2013, and retired from Parliament at the.

Honours
Sharples was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, for services to the Māori people, in the 1990 Queen's Birthday Honours. In the 2015 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services as a Member of Parliament and to Māori.

title: Pita Sharples


text:
Amédée de Broglie

Henri Amédée de Broglie, Prince de Broglie (8 February 1849 - 5 November 1917).

Life
He was born in Paris, the son of Albert, 4th duc de Broglie and his wife Pauline de Galard de Brassac de Béarn.

He married Marie Say (1857–1943), grand daughter of Louis Auguste Say on 7 June 1875 in Paris. they had five children together His widow later married Luís Fernando de Orleans y Borbón.

He died in Paris.

title: Amédée de Broglie


text:
Mary Whitmer

Mary Elsa Musselman Whitmer (August 27, 1778 – January 1856) was a Book of Mormon witness and the wife of Peter Whitmer Sr.

Biography
She was born Mary Elsa Musselman in Germany to Jacob and Elizabeth Musselman. She immigrated to Pennsylvania in the late-18th century, where she met and married Peter Whitmer, a farmer, also of German descent. They moved to Waterloo, New York, in the year of 1809, and later purchased a farm in Fayette, New York. They had eight children, Christian Whitmer, Jacob Whitmer, John Whitmer, David Whitmer, Catherine Whitmer Page, Peter Whitmer Jr., Nancy Whitmer, and Elizabeth Whitmer Cowdery.

Through her son David, she and her family became acquainted with Joseph Smith around 1828. In 1829, she was caring for three boarders (Smith, Emma Hale Smith, and Oliver Cowdery) in addition to her large household while the Book of Mormon was being translated. She said that she was often overloaded with work to the extent she felt it quite a burden. During this time, the male boarders and members of her household were speaking of being shown the golden plates. One evening, when she went to milk the cows, she said that a stranger with a knapsack spoke to her, explained what was going on in her house, comforted her, then produced a bundle of plates from his knapsack, turned the leaves for her, showed her the engravings, exhorted her to faith in bearing her burden a little longer, then suddenly vanished with the plates. Whitmer always called the stranger "Brother Nephi".

Whitmer was baptized a member of the Church of Christ by Oliver Cowdery in Seneca Lake, April 18, 1830.

She was excommunicated from the church with the entire Whitmer family in 1838, largely due to their dismay at the failure of the Kirtland Safety Society, as well as personal criticism from Joseph Smith. The family moved to Richmond, Missouri, the same year, and she died there in January 1856, at the age of 77.

title: Mary Whitmer


text:
Brendan Perry

Brendan Michael Perry (born 30 June 1959) is a British singer and multi-instrumentalist best known for his work as half of the duo Dead Can Dance with Lisa Gerrard.

Early life
Perry was born in Whitechapel, London, England, UK, in 1959 to a mother from Cavan, Ireland, and a father from London. He was raised and schooled in the East End of London until his family moved to Auckland, New Zealand in 1973. Having received no formal musical education, Perry began to play the guitar at St Paul's College, the Catholic school he attended in Ponsonby. After failing to become a primary school teacher and to join the civil service, Perry worked at a series of jobs until joining the Scavengers in 1977. At first Perry played bass guitar, later taking on the duties of lead vocalist when the original singer left the band. Apart from a handful of original songs, the band covered music from the Stooges, New York Dolls, and late-1960s psychedelia. After two years, having failed to secure a recording deal or live dates, the band moved to Melbourne, Australia, in November 1978 and changed its name to Marching Girls. In 1980, Perry left the Marching Girls to pursue a solo career, experimenting with tape loops, synthesis, and alternative forms of rhythm. In 1981, Perry formed Dead Can Dance with Simon Monroe and Paul Erikson (both of whom were to leave soon after they had relocated to London), and Lisa Gerrard.

The Scavengers and Marching Girls
Though now primarily known for his work with Dead Can Dance, Perry's first musical forays were in a markedly different style. In 1977, Perry was a leading member of New Zealand punk rock band the Scavengers, working under the pseudonym of Ronnie Recent. Perry started as the band's bass player, becoming lead vocalist after a lineup change in 1978. In 1979, the band moved to Melbourne and changed its name to the Marching Girls. Perry left the band in 1980. Perry's work with these two bands can be found on the 1979 compilation album AK79 that was re-released on CD in 1994 and on vinyl in 2020. The Scavengers have released two collections of their tracks in New Zealand, in 2003 and 2014. The Scavengers are regarded as New Zealand's equivalent of the Buzzcocks, with the Perry co-penned song "Mysterex" regarded as one of the country's best and most distinctive punk-rock recordings. Marching Girls also reached the New Zealand singles charts in 1980 with "True Love."

Dead Can Dance
Dead Can Dance originally formed as a quartet in 1981 in Melbourne, with Perry, drummer Simon Monroe, bass player Paul Erikson, and, last to join the band, Lisa Gerrard. In 1982, Dead Can Dance moved to London leaving Simon Monroe in Australia. Peter Ulrich played drums on the band's first demos, concerts and recordings. Paul Erikson soon left the band to fly back to Australia, leaving the band a duo. The band went on to record eight albums on the 4AD Records record label beginning with the self-titled Dead Can Dance album, which was released in February 1984.

Solo career
In 1999, Perry released his solo album Eye of the Hunter on 4AD Records. The album contained songs written by Perry and a cover of Tim Buckley's song "I Must Have Been Blind." Perry would eventually cover more Tim Buckley songs: "Happy Time", "Chase the Blues Away", "Dream Letter" and "Song to the Siren".

Around 2001, Perry did the music for a 10-minute film (Mushin) made by Graham Wood, who designed the artwork of the box set Dead Can Dance (1981-1998) and the album Wake.

Perry announced his departure from 4AD in September 2008, and promised a new album titled Ark in early 2009. According to a reply Perry made to a comment on his Myspace blog, the new album would be very different from Eye of the Hunter, notably because it would feature rhythm machines and electric guitars. "Utopia", a demo version of a song from the album, was made available on his Myspace blog. Ark was eventually released on 7 June 2010.

In March 2016 it was announced that he would collaborate with French musician Olivier Mellano and the Breton traditional band Bagad Cesson on a project titled No Land.

Solo albums

 * Eye of the Hunter (1999)
 * Ark (2010)
 * Songs of Disenchantment: Music from the Greek Underground (2020)

Compilations

 * The Scavengers: The Scavengers (2003) [Compilation LP of demos and assorted tracks from Brendan Perry's punk band]
 * AK79 (1980) [New Zealand punk collection including The Scavengers, reissued in 1994 and 2020 with the Marching Girls]
 * London ICA (13 Year Itch Festival) (2008) [Solo, only available as a MP3/MP4 download]

Contributions

 * Opera Multi Steel: Stella obscura (CD, "Du chant des elfes")
 * The 13 Year Itch (4AD compilation, "Happy time" 1993)
 * Elijah's Mantle: Angels of perversity (1993, "Paradis IAC" & "Quem di dilicunt -part two")
 * Hector Zazou: Sahara Blue (1994, "Youth" & "Black Stream" [w/Lisa Gerrard])
 * Hector Zazou: Songs from the cold seas (1994, "Annuka suaren neito" & "Adventures in the Scandinavian skin trade")
 * Rare on Air (KCRW compilation, "The Captive Heart" 1994)
 * CoEx: Synaesthesia (1995, "Chant of Amergin")
 * Hector Zazou & Harold Budd: Glyph (1995, "Around the corner from everywhere")
 * Hector Zazou: Lights in the dark ("Gol na dtrí Muire", "In ainm an athar le bua" & "Caoine Mhuire")
 * Barbara Gogan & Hector Zazou: Made on Earth (1997, "True love")
 * Sunset Heights 1997 (movie soundtrack by Perry)
 * Greenwood voice of the celtic myth (compilation, "Balor's song", 1997)
 * Peter Ulrich: Pathways and Dawns (programming & sequencing, guitars, hurdy-gurdy & tin whistles)
 * Sing a Song for You: Tribute to Tim Buckley (tribute album, "Dream letter", 2000)
 * Zoar: Clouds without water (2003, "Winter wind" & "Wakeworld")
 * Piano Magic: Ovations (2009, "The Nightmare Goes On" & "You Never Loved This City")
 * Olivier Mellano: No Land (2017)
 * Deleyaman: The lover, The stars & The citadel (2016, "Escape" & "Autumn Sun")
 * Deleyaman: Sentinel (2020, "The Valley")

title: Brendan Perry


text:
Gertrude Atherton

Gertrude Franklin Horn Atherton (October 30, 1857 – June 14, 1948) was an American writer. Many of her novels are set in her home state of California. Her bestselling novel Black Oxen (1923) was made into a silent movie of the same name. In addition to novels, she wrote short stories, essays, and articles for magazines and newspapers on such issues as feminism, politics, and war.

Early life
Gertrude Franklin Horn was born on October 30, 1857, in San Francisco, California, to Thomas Ludovich Horn and his wife, the former Gertrude Franklin. Her father had become a prominent citizen in San Francisco as a tobacco merchant, although he originally hailed from Stonington, Connecticut. Her mother was from New Orleans. Her parents separated in 1860 when she was two years old, and she was raised by her maternal grandfather, Stephen Franklin, a devout Presbyterian and a relative of Benjamin Franklin. Grandfather Franklin insisted she be well read, and this influenced her greatly. She attended St. Mary's Hall high school in Benicia, California, and, briefly, the Sayre School in Lexington, Kentucky.

Gertrude moved back to California to live with her grandfather and mother after her aunt refused to house her any longer because of her rebelliousness. There she met George H.B. Atherton, son of Faxon Atherton, who was courting her mother. He became more interested in daughter Gertrude, and after she accepted his sixth proposal, they eloped on February 15, 1876. She went to live with him and his domineering Chilean mother. Gertrude found life in the Atherton mansion in San Francisco and on their Fair Oaks estate, now Atherton, California, stultifying. As a result of her disappointment with the marriage she began to develop an independent life. Two tragedies changed her life dramatically: Her son George died of diphtheria, and her husband died at sea. She was left alone with their daughter Muriel and needed to support herself. Her mother in law agreed to raise Muriel and give her the inheritance that would have gone to George.

Atherton later told an interviewer that the books that had influenced her the most were Hippolyte Taine's "History of English Literature" and the books of Herbert Spencer.

Nineteenth century
Atherton's first publication was "The Randolphs of Redwood: A Romance", serialized in The Argonaut in March 1882 under the pseudonym Asmodeus. When she revealed to her family that she was the author, she was ostracized. In 1888, she left for New York, leaving Muriel with her grandmother. She traveled to London, and eventually returned to California. Atherton's first novel, What Dreams May Come, was published in 1888 under the pseudonym Frank Lin.

In 1889, Atherton went to Paris at the invitation of her sister-in-law Alejandra Rathbone (married to Major Jared Lawrence Rathbone). That year, she heard from British publisher G. Routledge and Sons that they would publish her first two books. William Sharp wrote in The Spectator praising her fiction and would later invite Atherton to stay with him and his wife, Elizabeth, in South Hampstead.

In London, Atherton had the opportunity through Jane Wilde to meet her son, Oscar Wilde. She recalled in her memoir Adventures of a Novelist (1932) that she made an excuse to avoid the meeting because she thought he was physically repulsive. In an 1899 article for London's Bookman, Atherton wrote of Wilde's style and associated it with "the decadence, the loss of virility that must follow over-civilization."

Also in London she met a young Winston Churchill, who said that he liked her novels. Soon she found out that Churchill was disappointed that she did not return the compliment—she was not aware of his writing.

Atherton returned to California in 1890 at the death of her grandfather Franklin and her mother-in-law Dominga Atherton, and she resumed care of Muriel. In 1891, while writing a weekly column for The San Francisco Examiner, she met Ambrose Bierce, with whom she carried on a taunting, tumultuous friendship.

When Kate Field remarked on California writers' neglect of the picturesque and romantic old Spanish life of the state, Atherton explored the history and culture of Spanish California in Monterey, San Juan Bautista, Los Angeles, San Luis Obispo, and Santa Barbara. She became a member of the Pacific Coast Women's Press Association.

Atherton wrote The Doomswoman in 1892, and it was published in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine before being published in book form in 1893. The story (set in the 1840s) focuses on Chonita Moncada y Iturbi and her love of Diego Estenega (modeled after Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo), as he dreams of modernizing California, retaining its Mexican character without sacrificing American economic vigor. Chonita is Catholic, and her faith stands in the way of Diego's political ambitions. The dramatic climax peaks when Diego kills Chonita's brother, Reynaldo, and she is forced to choose between her cultural loyalty or her love for Diego. The plot of the novel closely resembles that of Romeo and Juliet. The book was successful with critics, some comparing it to Helen Hunt Jackson's Ramona. Atherton was not pleased with this comparison because Jackson was not from California. However, she was satisfied when Bierce said of The Doomswoman that it was "in its class... superior to any that any Californian has done".

In 1892, Atherton left for New York. There she wrote for the New York World. She also wrote letters to Bierce, confiding her loneliness, her dismay at the necessity to do freelance writing (in particular for the New York World), and her dislike of eastern literary circles. Her distaste came from their belittlement of the Western United States and its authors and the fact they did not accept Bierce's work. While in New York, she published another California novel, Before the Gringo Came (1894).

Atherton next wrote Patience Sparhawk and Her Times, A Novel (1897), but it proved to be too controversial for publication. Its rejection encouraged her to leave for London. In 1898, John Lane of The Bodley Head agreed to publish it, but not for two years. She continued to write, writing book reviews for Oliver Fry's Vanity Fair, and even completed a book-length version of "The Randolphs of Redwood" (retitled A Daughter of the Vine, 1899) while staying in Haworth. Max Pemberton asked her to write a 10,000 word essay for a series he was editing for Cassells Pocket Library, which she wrote as A Whirl Asunder (1895).

Once Patience Sparhawk and Her Times, A Novel was published, William Robertson Nicoll gave a review of it in the April 12, 1897 edition of The Bookman that said it was "crude" in its portrayal of a clever young woman with burning interest in life and identified it as a protest against the tame American novel. In the May 15 issue of The New York Times, the reviewer said that Atherton had "incontestable" ability and a "very original talent" while noting that the book offered a series of "fleshy" episodes in Patience's life that may scare a sensitive reader. It was banned from the San Francisco Mechanics' Institute, and the San Francisco Call review said it represented Atherton's departure from her proper literary goal of treating early California themes romantically.

In 1898, Atherton completed The Californians, her first novel set in the post-Spanish era. Critics received this much more positively than Patience, and a review in The Spectator (October 1, 1898) said it "was by far more convincing and attractive in delineating California manners and morals.... The novel fairly establishes her claim to be considered as one of the most vivid and entertaining interpreters of the complex characters of emancipated American womanhood." The November 8 Bookman said it was her "most ambitious work," which has "a feeling of surety that only the consciousness of knowing one's ground can convey."

Atherton traveled to Rouen and wrote American Wives and English Husbands (1898), set in contemporary time. In this novel, she contrasts English and American men, American and English cultures, and comments on the relationships between men and women. She also completed The Valiant Runaways (1898), an adventure novel for boys that dealt with the Spanish Mexican attempt to civilize California. In 1899, she returned to the United States.

Twentieth century
Atherton's novel Senator North (1900) was based on Maine's senator Eugene Hale. In a May 1904 article, Why Is American Literature Bourgeois? in the North American Review, Atherton critiqued William Dean Howells for the "littleism" or "thin" realism of his fiction. Some say that Atherton's novel, Julia France and Her Times (1912), has a strong feminist subtext, with the titular heroine being a woman needing to earn a living wage. However, its view of gender issues is nuanced: she mentioned "the happy fate of the American woman, who 'had things all her own way,' and to whom man was a slave." (p. 124). She also points out that the Pankhursts' militant brand of suffragism was strongly hated "by the National Union of Woman's Suffrage Societies, and by Society in general." (p. 298).

Atherton is best remembered for her California Series, several novels and short stories dealing with the social history of California. The series includes The Splendid, Idle Forties (1902); The Conqueror (1902), which is a fictionalized biography of Alexander Hamilton; and her sensational, semi-autobiographical novel Black Oxen (1923), about an aging woman who miraculously becomes young again after glandular therapy. The novel names the areas of a woman's power as youth and vitality, examines the social expectations surrounding them, then prompts women to avoid these conventions. The latter was adapted into the film Black Oxen in 1923. Atherton's earlier novel Mrs. Balfame (1916) was also adapted to film, as Mrs. Balfame in 1917. Atherton's The Immortal Marriage (1927) and The Jealous Gods (1928) are historical novels set in Ancient Greece.

Atherton wrote several stories of supernatural horror, including the ghost stories "Death and the Woman", and "Crowned with One Crest", as well as "The Foghorn", and the often anthologised "The Striding Place". "The Foghorn", written in 1933, is a psychological horror story that has been compared to "The Yellow Wallpaper". W. Somerset Maugham called it a powerful story in a 1943 publication of his, Great Modern Reading.

Style and themes
Atherton was an early feminist well acquainted with the plight of women. She knew "the pain of sexual repression, knew the cost of strength required to escape it (strength some women do not have to spend), knew its scars—the scars that made her wary of emotional commitment and relegated her, despite her professional triumphs and her surpassing benefit to women, to largely an observer role in human relations. She knew the full cost of the destructive battle of the sexes, and urged that it end at last with true sexual equality." Her novels often feature strong heroines who pursue independent lives, undoubtedly a reaction to her stifling married life.

Atherton was often compared to contemporary authors such as Henry James and Edith Wharton (James himself assessed Atherton's work and said she had reduced the typical man/woman relationship to a personality clash).

Atherton presided in her last years over the San Francisco branch of PEN. As her biographer Emily Wortis Leider notes in California's Daughter, however, "under her domination it became little more than a social club that might have been called Friends of Atherton and (Senator) Phelan". A strong advocate of social reform, and the grande dame of California literature, she yet remained a strong force in the promotion of a California cultural identity. She was a personal friend of Senator James Duval Phelan and his nephew, the philanthropist Noel Sullivan, and often was a guest at Phelan's estate, Villa Montalvo. Among her celebrity friends was travel writer Richard Halliburton, who shared her interest in artists' rights, and whose disappearance at sea she lamented. Though she could be offensively assertive with her acerbic wit, notes Gerry Max, she crusaded with dertermination for many of the key intellectual freedom issues of her day, especially those involving women's rights, and remained, throughout a long creative life, a true friend to writers. In his autobiographical novel, Kenneth Rexroth speaks of her kindness to him and his wife when they arrived in San Francisco in the late 1920s.

Charlotte S. McClure in a Dictionary of Literary Biography essay said that Atherton "redefined women's potential and presented a psychological drama of a woman's quest for identity and for a life purpose and happiness within and beyond her procreative function". She also said that Patience Sparhawk was Atherton's "first significant novel". In an 1898 essay in Bookman, a critic stated:"'the amazing and memorable Patience Sparhawk may perhaps be referred to as the first foreshadowing of the good work that [Atherton] has done since. It seems to have been also generally conceded that no matter what the subject chanced to be . . . nothing from her pen would be commonplace or dull. [But] that startling performance [in Patience Sparhawk] introduced her to a different audience, one much larger and more seriously interested than she had had before.'"

Carl van Vechten said of Atherton in a Nation article: "Usually (not always, to be sure), the work of Mrs. Wharton seems to me to be scrupulous, clever and uninspiring, while that of Mrs. Atherton is often careless, sprawling, but inspired. Mrs. Wharton, with some difficulty, it would appear, has learned to write; Mrs. Atherton was born with a facility for telling stories."

In an essay for Bookman, Frederic Taber Cooper stated that in Senator North, the character Harriet "is practically a white woman but for a scarcely perceptible blueness at the base of her fingernails, this character of Harriet is perhaps the best bit of feminine analysis that Mrs. Atherton ever did."

Political views
Atherton was a suffragist who did not believe in the use of militancy to further the cause. In 1917 she wrote a letter to the editor of the New York Times to express her support for suffrage while voicing her opposition to militancy.

Atherton also advocated white supremacy. Atherton's novel Senator North describes a marriage between a "passing" woman of mixed white and African-American ancestry and a white man, which ends in tragedy. Senator North was intended by Atherton as a warning against interracial marriages. In a 1922 The Bookman article, "The Alpine School of Fiction", Atherton praised the book The Passing of the Great Race by Madison Grant, describing it as a "remarkable work, with its warning of tremendous import to civilization". Atherton claimed that American civilization had been created by the "Nordic" or "Anglo-Saxon" race, and that this was now threatened by an influx of "Alpine" and "Mediterranean" immigrants, who Atherton regarded as inferior to Nordics. Atherton argued that "The old Nordic-American stock is being rapidly bred out by the refuse of Europe." Atherton cited works such as Main Street by Sinclair Lewis and Three Soldiers by John Dos Passos as signs of a decline in American literature brought about by the rejection of "Nordic" themes. Atherton's views on race were praised by Thomas Dixon Jr., but strongly criticized by both H. L. Mencken and Horace Kallen.

Following the Russian Revolution, Atherton developed a hostility to Communism. In 1919, Atherton wrote an article for The New York Times, (entitled "Time as a cure for Bolshevism") which condemned both the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Americans who sympathized with it. When asked by the League of American Writers which side she supported in the Spanish Civil War, she stated that she supported the Spanish Nationalists-the only author of the 418 the League surveyed who did. In the League pamphlet Writers Take Sides (collecting the authors' responses), Atherton stated that although she disliked both fascism and communism, she considered communism the greater evil and added, "Although I have no love for Franco, I hope he will mop up the Communists, and send home, with tails between legs, all those gullible Americans who enlisted to save Spanish 'Democracy'". Atherton attended the Democratic National Convention in 1928. In a poll carried out by the Saturday Review of Literature asking writers which Presidential candidate they endorsed in the 1940 election, Atherton was among the writers who endorsed Wendell Willkie.

Legacy
Atherton's autobiography, Adventures of a Novelist (New York: Horace Liveright, 1932), is an account of her life and the people she knew, including Ambrose Bierce and James Phelan. It includes historical reminiscences of San Francisco in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

She is buried in Cypress Lawn cemetery in Colma, California. In 2009, The Library of America selected Atherton's story "The Striding Place" for inclusion in its two-century retrospective of American Fantastic Tales.

Literature

 * What Dreams May Come (1888), as Frank Lin
 * Hermia Suydam (1889)
 * Los Cerritos, a Romance of the Modern Times (1890)
 * A Question of Time (1891)
 * The Doomswoman (1893)
 * Before the Gringo Came (1894), revised and enlarged as The Splendid Idle Forties: Stories of Old California (1902)
 * A Whirl Asunder (1895)
 * His Fortunate Grace (1897)
 * Patience Sparhawk and Her Times (1897)
 * American Wives and English Husbands (1898)
 * The Californians (1898)
 * The Valiant Runaways (1898)
 * A Daughter of the Vine (1899)
 * Senator North (1900)
 * The Aristocrats (1901)
 * The Conqueror, Being the True and Romantic Story of Alexander Hamilton (1902)
 * "The Splendid Idle Forties, Stories of Old California" (1902)
 * Heart of Hyacinth (1903)
 * Mrs. Pendleton's Four-in-Hand (1903)
 * Rulers of Kings (1904)
 * The Bell in the Fog, and Other Stories (1905)
 * The Travelling Thirds (1905)
 * Rezanov (1906)
 * Ancestors (1907)
 * The Gorgeous Isle (1908)
 * Tower of Ivory (1910)
 * Julia France and Her Times (1912)
 * Perch of the Devil (1914)
 * California, An Intimate History (1914), revised and enlarged in 1927 and 1971
 * Life in the War Zone (1916)
 * Mrs. Belfame (1916)
 * The Living Present (1917) – Book I: French Women in Wartime; Book II: Feminism in Peace and War
 * The White Morning: a Novel of the Power of the German Women in Wartime (1918)
 * The Avalanche: A Mystery Story (1919)
 * Transplanted (1919)
 * The Sisters-in-Law: A Novel of Our Times (1921)
 * Sleeping Fires (1922)
 * Black Oxen (1923)
 * The Crystal Cup (1925)
 * The Immortal Marriage (1927)
 * The Jealous Gods, A Processional Novel of the Fifth Century B.C. (Concerning One Alcibiades) (1928)
 * Dido: Queen of Hearts (1929)
 * The Sophisticates (1931)
 * Adventures of a Novelist (1932)
 * The story of an elephant named Fritz and Teofilo Barla an Italian cook (1934)
 * The Foghorn: Stories (1934)
 * California: An Intimate History (1936)
 * Golden Peacock (1936)
 * Rezánov and Doña Concha (1937)
 * Can Women Be Gentlemen? (1938)
 * The House of Lee (1940)
 * The Horn of Life (1942)
 * The Conqueror (1943)
 * Golden Gate Country (1945, American Folkways series)
 * My San Francisco (1946)

Plays

 * Julia France (1912)

Films

 * The Panther Woman (1918), based on her novel 	Patience Sparhawk and Her Times
 *  The Avalanche (1929), based on The Avalanche: A Mystery Story
 *  Out of the Storm (1920), based on her novel Tower of Ivory
 * Don't Neglect Your Wife (1921), screenwriter
 * Black Oxen (1924), based on her novel of the same name
 * The Crystal Cup (1927), based on her novel of the same name
 * Perch of the Devil (1927), based on her novel of the same name

Other contributions

 * The Spinners' Book of Fiction (wrote: Concha Arguëllo, Sister Dominica)(1907), made to help out her friend Ina Coolbrith
 * What Is a Book? (1935)
 * The Lot, Photoplay, June 1921, p. 92.

title: Gertrude Atherton


text:
Alsask

Alsask is a special service area in the Rural Municipality of Milton No. 292, in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Alsask is located 60 km west of the town of Kindersley. Highway 44 runs to the east of Alsask, and Highway 7 lies a few kilometres to the north. The community had a population of 113 in the 2021 Canadian census (a 1.8% increase from 111 in the 2016 Canadian census).

The community's name combines the names of Alberta and Saskatchewan, although it is a misconception that it straddles the border between the two provinces. It lies approximately 300 m east of the Alberta border and while the community lies completely within Saskatchewan, the local cemetery is actually in Alberta. Alsask's most notable landmark is one of three remaining radar domes that for many years operated as Canadian Forces Detachment Alsask as part of the Pinetree Line, operated by the Canadian Armed Forces. Southeast of the town is Alsask Lake.

History
Alsask incorporated as a village November 22, 1910; two years later on November 1, 1912, it was decided the village was large enough to incorporate into a town. By 1916 the population of Alsask had reached 300.

The Great Depression in Canada hit Alsask hard, and the village struggled with maintaining its population. The town was reverted to a village on January 1, 1947.

Things began to change; in 1959 with the establishment of Royal Canadian Air Force Station Alsask, a 418 acre base was established next to the town site, and by the early 1970s the population had reached over 800, though the village never reverted to town status. The base was disbanded in 1987.

Since the closure of the RCAF Station Alsask, the village population continued to decline; by 2009, the Village of Alsask was dissolved as a political entity, and a motion was accepted to join the Rural Municipality of Milton as a special service area on July 30, 2009.

Heritage sites
CFD Alsask became a designated heritage site in 2002. The site is the former Royal Canadian Air Force Alsask Station, a Cold War era, military base and Pinetree Line radar dome, open to public Monday to Friday. Few of the original buildings remain. Most notably, the "Gopher Dip" indoor swimming pool as it was known during the lifespan as a military site, is still in use. During the summer months the swimming pool is well used, attracting many children and families from surrounding communities. The site also includes a bowling alley built to entertain families of the RCAF and Alsask and area residents.

The Old Alsask School operated from its opening in 1913 until 1976 when the property was taken over by the Village of Alsask. In 2002 the building was restored as a community centre and is now listed as a Municipal Heritage Property.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Alsask had a population of 113 living in 50 of its 67 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 111. With a land area of 1.87 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Health
Alsask was part of the Heartland Regional Health Authority which was amalgamated with the Saskatchewan Health Authority

Climate
Alsask experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk). Winters are long, cold and dry, while summers are short and warm. Precipitation is low, with an annual average of 299.8 mm, and is heavily concentrated in the warmer months. There is a weather station located about 11 km southeast of the community, adjacent to Alsask Lake.

Notable people
Notable persons who were born, grew up or lived in Alsask:
 * Bob Adams – Track and field athlete
 * Karin Plato – Canadian jazz vocalist and composer
 * Lorne Shantz – Politician, and former MLA in the British Columbia Legislature

title: Alsask


text:
User:Charles Matthews/1920s anthologies

The Golden Book of Modern English Poetry (1922), by Thomas Caldwell, from later and abridged edition. https://tools.wmflabs.org/pagepile/api.php?id=170&action=get_data&format=html Lascelles Abercrombie - A. E. - Richard Aldington - Martin Armstrong - Maurice Baring - Hilaire Belloc - A. C. Benson - Laurence Binyon - Edmund Blunden - Wilfred Scawen Blunt - Gordon Bottomley - Francis William Bourdillon - Cloudesley Brereton - Robert Bridges - Rupert Brooke - Thomas Edward Brown - W. Bliss Carman - G. K. Chesterton - Mary Coleridge - Padraic Colum - Frances Cornford - Lord Crewe - Arthur Shearly Cripps - Henry Cust - Charles Dalmon - John Davidson - William Henry Davies - Walter de la Mare - Richard Watson Dixon - Austin Dobson - D. M. Dolben - Lord Alfred Douglas - Ernest Dowson - John Drinkwater - A. M. F. Duclaux - Lord Dunsany - Michael Field (pseudonym) - James Elroy Flecker - John Freeman (Georgian poet) - Norman Gale - W. W. Gibson - Eva Gore-Booth - Edmund Gosse - Gerald Gould - Robert Graves - Julian Grenfell - Thomas Hardy - William Ernest Henley - Maurice Hewlett - K. Tynan Hinkson - Ralph Hodgson - W. N. Hodgson - Alfred Edward Housman - Laurence Housman - Ford Madox Hueffer - Douglas Hyde - Violet Jacob - Lionel Johnson - Rudyard Kipling - Andrew Lang - D. H. Lawrence - Francis Ledwidge - Eugene Lee-Hamilton - Edward Cracroft Lefroy - Richard Le Gallienne - Shane Leslie - W. M. Letts - S. R. Lysaght - Rose Macaulay - John McCrae - Archibald McLeish - Philip Bourke Marston - John Masefield - Charlotte Mew - Alice Meynell - Richard Middleton - Harold Monro - T. Sturge Moore - Thomas Moult - John Middleton Murry - Henry Newbolt - Robert Nicols - Alfred Noyes - Moira O'Neill - Arthur O'Shaughnessy - Wilfred Owen - John Payne - J. D. C. Pellow - Phillimore J. Swinnerton - Ezra Pound - May Probyn - Arthur Quiller-Couch - Ernest Rhys - Charles G. D. Roberts - T. W. Rolleston - Sir Ronald Ross - Margaret Sackville - V. Sackville-West - George Santayana - Siegfried Sassoon - Alan Seeger - Edward Shanks - William Sharp - Dora Sigerson Shorter - Fredegonde Shove - C. H. Sorley - J. C. Squire - James Stephens - Robert Louis Stevenson - John Addington Symonds - Arthur Symons - Edward Wyndham Tennant - Edward Thomas - Francis Thompson - Herbert Trench - W. J. Turner - Evelyn Underhill - Samuel Waddington - William Watson - Theodore Watts-Dunton - Humbert Wolfe - Margaret Louisa Woods - William Butler Yeats - Francis Brett Young

An Anthology of Modern Verse (1922) by A. Methuen, from a later edition

A. E. - Lascelles Abercrombie - H. C. Beeching - Hilaire Belloc - Laurence Binyon - Edmund Blunden - W. S. Blunt - Eva Gore Booth - Gordon Bottomley - F. W. Bourdillon - Robert Bridges - Rupert Brooke - T. E. Brown - Joseph Campbell - G. K. Chesterton - Mary E. Coleridge - Padraic Colum - Francis Cornford - Henry Cust - John Davidson - W. H. Davies - Walter de la Mare - Austin Dobson - May Doney - Ernest Dowson - John Drinkwater - Helen Parry Eden - T. S. Eliot - J. E. Flecker - John Freeman - Rose Fyleman - W. W. Gibson - Sir Edmund Gosse - Gerald Gould - Robert Graves - Julian Grenfell - Thomas Hardy - W. E. Henley - Ralph Hodgson - Gerard Manley Hopkins - R. A. Hopwood - F. M. Hueffer - A. L. Huxley - Violet Jacob - Lionel Johnson - Rudyard Kipling - Andrew Lang - D. H. Lawrence - Francis Ledwidge - Sylvia Lynd - S. R. Lysaght - Rose Macaulay - John Masefield - George Meredith - Charlotte Mew - Alice Meynell - Richard Middleton - Harold Monro - T. Sturge Moore - Neil Munro - Sir Henry Newbolt - Robert Nichols - Alfred Noyes - Moira O'Neill - Seumas O'Sullivan - Wilfred Owen - Eden Phillpotts - Sir A. T. Quiller-Couch - Ernest Radford - Siegfried Sassoon - Edward Shanks - Fredegond Shove - Dora Sigerson - C. H. Sorley - J. C. Squire - James Stephens - Robert Louis Stevenson - Arthur Symons - Edward Wyndham Tennant - Edward Thomas - Francis Thompson - Herbert Trench - W. J. Turner - Katharine Tynan - Sir William Watson - Anna Wickham - Oscar Wilde - Iolo A. Williams - W. B. Yeats - F. Brett Young - E. Hilton Young - Geoffrey Winthrop Young

The New Spirit in Verse (1924) edited by Ernest Guy Pertwee

Maurice Baring - Hilaire Belloc - Gordon Bottomley - Robert Bridges - Rupert Brooke - Patrick R. Chalmers - Gilbert Keith Chesterton - A. Newberry Choyce - Padraic Colum - Frances Cornford - William H. Davies - Edward L. Davison - Walter de la Mare - John Drinkwater - James Elroy Flecker - John Freeman - Rose Fyleman - Crosbie Garstin - Wilfrid Wilson Gibson - Gerald Gould - E. Godfrey Hoare - Ralph Hodgson - R. A. Hopwood - Ford Madox Hueffer - Rudyard Kipling - John Masefield - Charlotte Mew - Richard Middleton - Irene McLeod - Harold Monro - Sir Henry Newbolt - Jane Prothero Nott - Alfred Noyes - Leslie M. Priest - William Kean Seymour - Edward Shanks - J. C. Squire - James Stephens - Arthur Symons - Edward Wyndham Tennant - Francis Thompson - W. J. Turner - William Butler Yeats - Francis Brett Young

OXFORD POETRY Oxford Poetry 1928, edited by Clere Parsons and B.B.. Published by Basil G. C. Allen, W. H. Lauden, Jocelyn Brooke, Arthur Calder-Marshall, Norman Cameron, R. M. J. Campbell, J. R. V. Collin, Mary Crozier, Jon Curling, A. S. T. Fisher, Phillis Hartnoll, Christopher Holme, C. J. Pennethorne Hughes, Louis Macneice, Clere Parsons, W. M. Phillips, Brian Roberts, Frederick G. Roberts, Nigel Maltby Robinson, J. M. Ross, E. J. Scovell, W. M. Spackman, Stephen Spender, Antony Thorne, Geoffrey Tillotson and Sholto Watt.

title: User:Charles Matthews/1920s anthologies


text: User talk:69.76.189.38

title: User talk:69.76.189.38


text:
User:ScoutOwl

ScoutOwl is the internet pseudonym for Alan William Eggen. Born June 3, 1958, A.W. Eggen is an Eagle Scout and a retiree from Ford Motor Company after 28-1/2 years of employment there. Mr. Eggen is father of Joshua Albert Eggen, divorced from Sharon Kay Eggen. The Eggen Family repatriated to the United States in July, 2005 after a four-year residence in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Alan's current home is located in Dearborn, Michigan.

Alan held a position as Scoutmaster and Assistant Scoutmaster with Troop 1111, chartered to Cherry Hill United Presbyterian Church, Dearborn, MI, in the Great Lakes Field Service Council, BSA. He advised a crew of six Scouts at Philmont Scout Ranch in 2008 (Expedition 721-I). In 2009, Alan helped lead a 5-day trek through Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore from Grand Marais to Munising, in Michigan's Upper Peninsula along the Southern shore of Lake Superior. He also led two 3-4 day treks to Big Manaitiou Island with the troop in norther Lake Michigan. He has completed Woodbadge Scouter advanced leader training twice (NC-143, C-35-10). His primary troop function was to support older Scout activities, including Order of the Arrow and High Adventure.

He was a Service Zone Manager, Dealers Operations Manager, Brand Protection Specialist, Customer Loyalty Data Analytics Specialist and Class Action Settlement Specialist for Ford Customer Service Division. He completed 6-sigma Black Belt certification in January, 2009.

title: User:ScoutOwl


text:
Talk:Probabilistic encryption

Would it not use a pseudo-random generator? -- KayEss 07:53, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Not sure what the question is. If you mean "does a probabilistic encryption algorithm necessarily have to use a pseudorandom number generator", the answer is: most of the time, yes, unless you somehow get lots of random bits for free. Arvindn 08:09, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * It's probably me not understanding how the encryption works. If you randomly encode the message how can it ever be decrypted? KayEss 08:14, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The decryption algorithm maps many different ciphertexts to the same plaintext. Think of probabilistic encryption as padding the plaintext with a random string and then deterministically encrypting it. On decryption you just ignore the junk at the end. That's not a provably secure system, but its easy to understand. Arvindn 08:28, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I see now. Could you put an explanation along those lines into the article? --KayEss 11:51, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Even I had the same doubt. Arvindn, can you add this explanation to the article? -- Sundar 05:24, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, the example in the explanation is wrong - its not secure. Random padding of plaintext does not achieve semantic security. While comprehensibility is an important goal, I feel correctness is an overriding criterion. I doubt if there's any probabilistic encryption scheme that's both secure and easy to understand - the one at the end of the article is about the simplest. If there's a way to make the article clearer without using the flawed example, feel free to do so. Arvindn 21:10, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Hey guess what, it turns out that prepending n/2 random bits to the plaintext and then using RSA is conjectured to be secure. In any case I'm going to stop being so anal and the random padding bit to the article. Arvindn 00:45, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

A simple probabilistic encryption scheme
The Goldwasser-Micali scheme is simple and secure (under an appropriate hardness assumption). I think it might be a better example than OAEP or the general "pad-then-encrypt" discussion, because there are problems with the security of OAEP.

In the GM cryptosystem, (n,y) is the public key, where n is a product of two large primes p,q, and y is a non-square (mod n) of Jacobi symbol 1. (p,q) is the secret key. Encryption is bit-by-bit. To encrypt a 0, send a random square mod n. That is, pick r from Z_n^* and send r^2 mod n.  To encrypt a 1, send a random non-square mod n.  That is, pick r from Z_n^* and send y*r^2 mod n.

The recipient knows (p,q) and can determine whether a number is a square or not, mod n. Therefore he can decrypt the message bit-by-bit.

title: Talk:Probabilistic encryption


text:
Legends of the Hidden Temple

Legends of the Hidden Temple is an American action-adventure television game show that broadcast from 1993 to 1995 on Nickelodeon. Created by David G. Stanley, Scott A. Stone, and Stephen Brown, the program features a fictitious temple, "filled with lost treasures protected by mysterious Mayan temple guards." Kirk Fogg is the show's host, while Dee Baker is both announcer and voice of a stone head named Olmec who "knows the secrets behind each of the treasures in his temple." Six teams (Red Jaguars, Blue Barracudas, Green Monkeys, Orange Iguanas, Purple Parrots, Silver Snakes) of two children (one boy and one girl) compete to retrieve one of the historical artifacts in the temple by performing physical stunts and answering questions based on history, mythology, and geography. Contestants trying out had to compete in several physical tasks, including rope climbing and running, as well as a written test. The majority of the contestants were picked from the surrounding Orlando, Florida, area.

A revival with adult contestants aired for a single season from October 2021 to January 2022 on The CW.

Production
Legends of the Hidden Temple was produced by Stone Stanley Productions in association with Nickelodeon and was taped at Nickelodeon Studios at Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida. In 1995, Legends of the Hidden Temple won a CableACE award for Best Game Show Special or Series.

Legends of the Hidden Temple began airing on Nickelodeon on September 11, 1993. The show originally aired on weekends at 6:30 p.m. In that time slot, it increased the Nielsen rating from 1.5 to 2. Due to this success, the show began airing weekdays at 5:30 p.m. starting the week of February 14, 1994. The show was renewed for a forty-episode second season in February 1994. Auditions for new episodes took place on February 26 and 27, and production occurred from March 27 through April 17. Second-season episodes began airing June 6 of that year. A forty-episode third and final season was produced from February 17 to March 12, 1995, and began airing on July 3 of that year. The show was originally conceived under the title Secrets of the Haunted House where monsters would jump out and frighten contestants while they try to complete challenges within the haunted house.

In 1996, the Orlando Business Journal reported that Nickelodeon was considering renewing Legends for a fourth season, but according to Scott Fishman, then vice president of production services at Nickelodeon, renewal was "not a sure bet" because Nickelodeon was considering three new game show pilots taped in Orlando. Production for the fourth season was stopped midyear before it could be released, canceling the season.

Gameplay
The set design of Legends of the Hidden Temple was based on the Indiana Jones movies, and Marianne Arneberg of the Orlando Sentinel described the program as "a combination of Jeopardy and Raiders of the Lost Ark." The set design has been described as Mayan. It included areas for different types of physical challenges: a broad but shallow pool of water (the moat), a set of steps (the Steps of Knowledge), and a large, two-and-a-half-floor vertical labyrinth (the "hidden temple"). At the temple's gate was a talking Olmec head simply named Olmec (voiced by Dee Baker). Olmec narrated the stories told in the steps of knowledge and temple game challenges (although in the first season, Fogg narrated the temple game challenges). Each episode centered on a particular legend regarding an artifact (real or fictional) from around the world that found its way to the temple. Some artifacts included "Lawrence of Arabia's Headdress", "The Electrified Key of Benjamin Franklin", "The Jewel-Encrusted Egg of Catherine the Great", and "The Broken Wing of Icarus." Olmec also serves as the basis for the logo. In addition to providing an artifact, the legend also was important to other aspects of the show: the Steps of Knowledge used questions based on the historical legend, and the theme of the temple games was also loosely based on the legend.

In each episode, six teams of two contestants began a three-round competition to determine which team earned the right to enter the temple. Each team was identified with a color and an animal, indicated on their uniform shirts: the Red Jaguars, Blue Barracudas, Green Monkeys, Orange Iguanas, Purple Parrots, and Silver Snakes.

Round 1: The Moat
In the first round of the show, the six teams attempted to cross a narrow swimming pool known as "the moat" in a prescribed manner. For example, in one episode, teams were required to swing out to a rope net in the middle of the moat, climb it, and then swim to the other side. All six teams attempted to get both members across according to the rules and push a button on a pedestal to ring a gong. The first four teams to cross the moat and ring their gongs advanced to the second round.

Round 2: The Steps of Knowledge
The four remaining teams stood on the topmost of the four levels of the Steps of Knowledge. Olmec began the round by telling the remaining teams the episode's legend of the featured artifact, which became the theme for the remainder of the episode. The legend centered on an artifact that the winning team searched for in the final round. At the end of the legend, Olmec told the teams the room in which the artifact could be found. After finishing, he asked the teams a series of questions to test their memory. Each multiple-choice question had three possible answers. A team attempting to answer signaled by stomping on a buzzer on their step, causing the front of the step to illuminate (if Olmec was still in the middle of asking a question, he stopped talking immediately). A team who answered correctly moved down to the next level. If a team answered incorrectly or ran out of time (three seconds after being called upon ), the other teams were given a chance to answer. The first two teams to answer three questions correctly and thereby reach the bottom level advanced to the next round.

Round 3: The Temple Games
The temple games featured the two remaining teams competing in three physical challenges to earn Pendants of Life which the winning team used in the final round. Several types of temple games were featured, with the episode's legend serving as a theme for each. Most temple games lasted for a maximum of 60 seconds but some were untimed. After each challenge, the winning team received some portion of a protective Pendant of Life. The first two challenges, pitting single members from each team against one another, were worth one-half of a pendant, while the final challenge, involving both contestants on both teams, was worth a full pendant. If a temple game ended in a tie, both teams received the pendant value of that game.

The team that earned the most pendants by the end of three temple games won the right to enter the temple. If the two teams earned the same number of pendants after the three temple games, the teams played a tiebreaker to determine who advanced to the temple. The teams stood behind a tiebreaker pedestal, and Fogg (since Season 2, Olmec) asked a tiebreaker question to determine the winner. The first team to hit the buzzer on top of their gong was given the chance to answer the question. A correct answer allowed the team to go to the temple. Originally, a team that buzzed in and gave an incorrect answer or ran out of time automatically lost, allowing the other team to advance to the temple by default. However, in Seasons 2 and 3, the other team was required to answer the question correctly to go to the temple.

Final Round: The Temple Run

In the final round, the winning team took the Pendants of Life, the contestants earned into the temple, and attempted to retrieve the episode's artifact and bring it back out of the temple within a three-minute time limit. The team designated one member to enter the temple first; that team member carried one of the team's full pendants. The other team member held the remaining pendant, half pendant, or no pendant at all and stood by to enter if the first team member was taken out of the temple by a temple guard. Before starting, Olmec would explain the rooms in the temple and the necessary tasks in each room. During season 1, Fogg asked who would go first and explained about the temple guards and, if necessary, the extra half pendant. Beginning in season 2, Olmec himself explained these things.

The temple consisted of twelve rooms, each with a specific theme (e.g., the Throne Room, the King's Storeroom, the Observatory, the Shrine of the Silver Monkey, the Heart Room, etc.). The rooms were connected to adjacent rooms by doorways, although some doors were locked, blocking a contestant's progress into the adjacent room; the pattern of locked and unlocked doors changed from episode to episode depending both on the temple layout and the artifact's location. The unlocked doors were closed at the start of the round, but they could be opened by completing a specific task or puzzle within each room. One room in the temple contained the themed artifact (as stated by Olmec before the Steps of Knowledge round). Three other designated rooms held temple guards (spotters in Lavish Mayan sentinel costumes). If the winning team had exactly $1 1/2$ pendants, the remaining half pendant was also placed in a room for the contestant with the half pendant to collect to make a full pendant. The extra half pendant, if needed, would either be hanging on the wall near a door or placed inside an object in a room (e.g., hidden inside a pot in the King's Storeroom). If the first player dropped their pendant, the second player could pick it up and either throw it back to their partner or use it if needed.

A contestant who encountered a temple guard was forced to give up a full pendant to continue. However, if the first contestant was caught without a pendant in his or her possession, he or she was taken out of the temple and the second contestant entered. In either case, the temple guard who captured the contestant was out of play and did not appear again in the room where the first contestant was captured. When the second contestant entered, any doors that the first contestant opened remained open. If the second contestant was caught without a full pendant, the run ended immediately. A player could enter a room with an unencountered temple guard on their way to the artifact and not get caught, usually if the room design makes it so that the guard can only capture the player if within reach (e.g. the Dark Forest is where one of the trees "could be inhabited by the spirit of a temple guard" which was signaled if the tree grabbed the player, but the player had to be within reach to trigger the tree).

The team had three minutes to retrieve the artifact and leave the temple with it. If either contestant grabbed the artifact, all remaining temple guards vanished and all locked doors in the temple instantly opened, allowing the contestant to escape unhindered. For entering the temple, the team automatically won a prize. If a team member picked up the artifact, the team won a more expensive prize as well. A team that retrieved the artifact and exited the temple with it before time ran out earned the grand prize and the other two prizes. Starting with season 2, the temple had an actual gate that Olmec would lower before the round started.

2021 revival
The basic format remained the same as the Nickelodeon show, with the following changes:

 * Each episode lasts a full hour rather than a half-hour.
 * Each episode features four teams of adults, with same-gender teams allowed.
 * Confessionals occur during the first three rounds.
 * The first three teams to cross the moat advance to the Steps of Knowledge.
 * The episode's featured legend is now told more extensively in separate parts before each round, instead of just before the Steps of Knowledge.
 * There are two temple games, each played for a full pendant, and with both teammates playing. The two teams compete head-to-head in one game, while the other is a timed challenge, with the winner of the Steps of Knowledge having the choice of which team goes first. If the teams split the first two games, Olmec asks a single tiebreaker question for the final pendant.
 * Olmec reveals the location of the artifact before the Temple Run instead of the Steps of Knowledge.
 * The temple consists of 11 rooms instead of 12, and the rooms are much larger than the original.
 * Temple guards often appear after the contestant finishes the room's objective, instead of right when the player enters the room.
 * Teams have four minutes rather than three minutes to complete the Temple Run in a redesigned temple. The winning team receives $2,500 just for entering the temple, which is increased to $10,000 if they reach the artifact, and to $25,000 if they exit the temple before time expires.

Reception
Writing for Entertainment Weekly, A.J. Jacobs listed Legends of the Hidden Temple among a series of imitators of American Gladiators, describing the concept as "Gladiators meets Young Indiana Jones Chronicles." Jacobs criticized the "Steps of Knowledge" round as filler, but concluded that "kids'll praise it to the moon." Legends won the award for best game show at the 16th Annual CableACE awards in January 1995. The show also received nominations at the 17th and 18th Annual CableACE Awards in December 1995 and October 1996 but lost to The News Hole and Debt. Feminist author Susan Douglas, a Hampshire College professor of media and American studies, praised Legends of the Hidden Temple for being a "nonsexist and nonviolent" show.

Broadcast history
New episodes of Legends of the Hidden Temple began airing on Nickelodeon on September 11, 1993, and continued to air until 1995. Reruns aired on the channel for an additional four years until February 28, 1999, when the program stopped airing on Nickelodeon. However, on March 1, 1999, the show once again began airing in reruns on Nick GAS until that network became defunct on December 31, 2007. Nickelodeon also included the show in a block of Nickelodeon programming that aired in 1999 on Zee TV. In March 2009, TV Week reported that David Stanley acquired the rights to several Stone-Stanley shows which included Legends of the Hidden Temple. The assignment was recorded in the copyright office on May 2, 2008. On October 7, 2011, the series aired on TeenNick as part of its The '90s Are All That block. The show has appeared on TeenNick sporadically since that time. The series currently airs on Pluto TV. On March 24, 2021, the complete series was added to Paramount+.

Television film
In March 2016, Nickelodeon announced a TV film version of the game show was in production, with Isabela Moner, Colin Critchley, Jet Jurgensmeyer, and Daniel Cudmore starring in the film. The film was directed by Joe Menendez and written by Jonny Umansky, Zach Hyatt, and Alex J. Reid. It features elements of the original show, including Olmec, The Steps of Knowledge, and cameos from a green monkey, a red jaguar, and silver snakes, among others. Original host Kirk Fogg returned as a fictionalized version of himself and Dee Bradley Baker reprises his role as the voice of Olmec while Michael Benyaer portrays Olmec's human form.

Revival
On December 16, 2019, it was announced that a revival with adult contestants would premiere in April 2020 on Quibi. Although casting for the reboot was announced on March 10, 2020, in a tweet by Quibi, movement on the production went silent and Quibi was shut down on December 1, 2020. On May 7, 2021, a new casting call for the show went out to the public, contrary to rumors that production was cancelled. On May 11, 2021, the revival was ordered at broadcast network The CW, which is part-owned by what was then known as ViacomCBS, the parent company of Nickelodeon. The show is hosted by Cristela Alonzo and premiered on October 10, 2021. The basic format—with the moat crossing, Steps of Knowledge, and Temple Games leading to the Temple Run—remains the same. On July 21, 2021, it was announced that Baker would reprise his role as Olmec. Fogg made guest appearances in four episodes, serving as a mentor in one of the temple rooms. Nick Borey and Josh Siniscalco were the only two contestants to appear on the revival that also competed on the original Nickelodeon run in the 90s as kids. On June 3, 2022, the revival was cancelled.

Merchandise
In 2017, Pressman released a Legends of the Hidden Temple board game. It was only available for about a year, and only sold (firsthand) at Target stores. As of mid-2018, it is no longer available from Target stores or their website.

title: Legends of the Hidden Temple


text:
Souls to Deny

Souls to Deny is the fourth studio album by death metal band Suffocation. It is the band's first release following their 2003 reformation and is the first album to feature guitarist Guy Marchais (ex-Pyrexia, ex-Internal Bleeding). It also features the return of original drummer Mike Smith. They did not have a bassist during the recording; bass guitar tracks on the album are played by guitarist Terrance Hobbs and drummer Mike Smith. The cover artwork is by artist Dan Seagrave.

Suffocation

 * Frank Mullen – vocals
 * Terrance Hobbs – lead guitar, bass
 * Guy Marchais – rhythm guitar
 * Mike Smith – drums, bass

Production

 * Dan Seagrave – cover art
 * David Ungar – band photography
 * Joe Cincotta – engineering, mixing
 * Scott Hull – mastering

title: Souls to Deny