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Kaei

Kaei (嘉永) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Kōka and before Ansei. This period spanned the years from February 1848 through November 1854. The reigning emperor was Kōmei-tennō (孝明天皇).

Change of era

 * February 28, 1848 Kaei gannen (嘉永元年): The era name of Kaei (meaning "eternal felicity") was created to mark the beginning of the reign of the Emperor Kōmei.

The era name is derived from an aphorism in the Book of Song: "A wise Emperor receives much help, One who esteems comfort is on the outside"  (思皇享多祐、嘉楽永無央).

Events of the Kaei Era

 * July 1848  (Kaei 1): Ranald MacDonald, (b. 1824, Astoria, Oregon) left the whaler Plymouth in a small boat and landed on Rishiri Island. He was arrested and sent from Rishiri to Nagasaki where he was incarcerated; MacDonald began teaching English to 14 scholars, including Einosuke Moriyama, who later became an interpreter for the Japanese government when Matthew C. Perry entered Japan in 1854 (thus, in Japan, MacDonald is regarded as "The first native-speaking English teacher in Japanese history).
 * 1849 (Kaei 2): Medical practice of vaccination introduced by Dutch physician, Dr. Mohnike, at Dejima.
 * July 1853 (Kaei 6): Commodore Matthew Perry, commanding the United States Navy's East Indies fleet, arrives in Japanese waters with four ships.
 * 1854 (Kaei 7): Commodore Perry returns to Edo Bay to force Japanese agreement to the Treaty of Kanagawa; and the chief Japanese negotiator was Daigaku-no kami Hayashi Akira (1800–1859), who was head of the Tokugawa bakufu's neo-Confucian academy in Edo, the Shōhei-kō (Yushima Seidō).
 * "Immediately, on signing and exchanging copies of the treaty, Commodore Perry presented the first commissioner, Prince Hayashi, with an American flag stating that this gift was the highest expression of national courtesy and friendship he could offer. The prince was deeply moved, and expressed his gratitude with evident feeling. The commodore next presented the other commissioners with gifts he had especially reserved for them. All business now having been concluded to the satisfaction of both delegations, the Japanese commissioners invited Perry and his officers to enjoy a feast and entertainment especially prepared for the celebration." -- from American eyewitness account of the event

 * May 2, 1854 (Kaei 7, the 6th day of the 4th month): Fire broke out in the Sentō, and the conflagration spread to the Imperial palace. Both were destroyed. The emperor took refuge at Shimokam and afterwards went to Shōgon-in.
 * November 4–7, 1854 (Kaei 7): Great Nankaidō earthquakes and tsunamis kill 80,000 people. An earthquake and tsunami struck Shimoda on the Izu peninsula; and because the port had just been designated as the prospective location for a U.S. consulate, some construed the natural disasters as demonstration of the displeasure of the kami.
 * 1854 (Kaei 7, 27th day of the 11th month): The era name was changed to Ansei (meaning "tranquil government"), which was meant to herald the beginning of a peaceful period. The impetus and explanation for this change of era names was said to have been the burning of the Palace in Kyoto in the preceding summer.

title: Kaei


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Peter de Rivaux

Peter de Rivaux or Peter de Rivallis (died 1262) was an influential Poitevin courtier at the court of Henry III of England. He was related to Peter des Roches, being a nephew (or possibly a son).

From early in his life he was connected to the church hierarchy. In 1204, when still very young he was presented to a host of churches in the diocese of Lincoln once patronised by Gilbert de Beseby. His application to the bishop (possibly his father) was necessary as he was below canonical age. That did not prevent him from becoming one of the king's chamberlains in 1218 when he was a clerk of the wardrobe. For five years he served the king's inner sanctum, a recipient of the king's extravagant generosity. He held the office of Keeper of the Coast, the precursor to Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, from the year 1232, and intermittently up until the outbreak of the Second Barons' War. Peter was in effect Henry's chief minister, from 1232 onwards for a short period, holding positions in the king's household and being installed as sheriff (or granted the power to appoint sheriffs in his stead) for some 21 shires. His administration included Stephen Segrave (high sheriff of several counties), Henry of Bath (high sheriff of Gloucestershire), Robert Papelew and Brian de Lisle, and achieved a centralisation under his hand of much royal revenue. He also held the office of Lord High Treasurer from 14 January 1233 to 1234.

He fell dramatically from power in April 1234, consequent on the death of Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, which was attributed to the machinations of Peter des Roches. The Poitevins had fallen from grace due to unpopularity among the Anglo-Norman nobility. For a time Peter de Rivaux and associates were proclaimed traitors, and Bristol Castle and custody of Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany was taken by William de Talbot. Some partial rehabilitation followed. They demanded that Peter take the tonsure, surrender his worldly goods and return to monastic chastity. Sent to the Tower of London, he was expelled from the Court on his release, banished to the sanctuary of Winchester. However, his discomfiture did not last long. He was soon asked back to Westminster to resume duties in the wardrobe. By 1251, his debts were all repaid, for Henry of Winchester had forgiven his old friend. On 16 July 1255, he was elevated to be a Baron of the Exchequer after years of training in the law courts. For a brief time he was raised to become Treasurer of all England, but probably died in 1258, having recovered estates near Winchester.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Peter de Rivaux


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Kōka

Kōka (弘化) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Tenpō and before Kaei. This period spanned the years from December 1844 through  February 1848. The reigning emperors were Ninkō-tennō (仁孝天皇) and Kōmei-tennō (孝明天皇).

Change of era

 * December 2, 1844 (Kōka gannen (弘化元年)): The new era name of Kōka, meaning "Becoming Wide or Vast", was created to mark a fire at Edo Castle in Tenpō 15.

The nengo was not changed concurrent with the accession of Emperor Komei; instead, the Kōka era was retained until about a year after the new emperor was enthroned.

Events of the Kōka era

 * 1847 (Kōka 4): A major earthquake was recorded.
 * 1848 (Kōka 5): The last subscription noh of the premodern era.

During these years, Hiroshige began making a series of prints showing beautiful women in contexts of famous places.

title: Kōka


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He's a Lady

He's a Lady is an American reality television series broadcast by the Turner Broadcasting System (TBS). The six-episode series premiered on October 19, 2004, and concluded on November 23, 2004. Filmed in Los Angeles, California, the series depicted eleven cisgender men in competition for a $250,000 reward over who could pass themselves off as a more convincing woman. The contestants were required to cross-dress and adopt feminine personas, which were then introduced to their family and friends. The contestants additionally competed in weekly challenges that required them to embrace femininity. The competition culminated in a beauty pageant, which was judged by a celebrity panel. The series was hosted by American television presenter Tony Frassrand.

He's a Lady was a part of TBS's intent to capitalize on a rising interest in LGBT-themed reality television shows. The series was met with unfavorable reviews by critics, who believed that, despite an interesting concept, the series was poorly executed. He's a Lady additionally received fierce criticism from the American Family Association, a Christian fundamentalist organization, who urged the series' sponsors to pull their advertisements and financial support due to concerns of misandry. The series premiered to 1.70 million viewers, although its viewership quickly waned over the course of the season. In 2004, He's a Lady was the subject of a copyright infringement lawsuit filed against TBS and production company Evolution Film & Tape.

Format
Set in Los Angeles, the six-episode series depicted eleven cisgender men in competition for a reward of $250,000. The contestants initially believed that they were competing in a fitness competition titled All American Man; upon arrival, they learned that they would be required to cross-dress in an effort to pass themselves off as women. The contestants, who adopted feminine personas, were required to move into a boisterous, pink-and-purple dwelling referred to as "The Doll House". In an effort to "live as a lady," the contestants were taught about brassieres and jewelry in addition to competing in weekly gender-specific challenges; challenges included modeling, wedding planning, serving as a bridesmaid, and household chores. A contestant was eliminated from the competition each week at the discretion of a celebrity panel, which included Morgan Fairchild, Debbie Matenopoulos, and John Salley. At the culmination of the series, the finalists competed in a beauty pageant, in which they had to explain what they "learned about being a man" over the course of the competition. The series was hosted by American television presenter Tony Frassrand.

Production
He's a Lady was green-lit in early 2004, with production commencing shortly afterward. The series was filmed in Los Angeles, California, over the course of three weeks. TBS executives intended to capitalize on the rising success of the reality television genre, in which they hoped He's a Lady and The Real Gilligan's Island "would pioneer a genre we call comedic reality". On August 27, 2004, TBS officially announced He's a Lady through a press release. The release described the series' premise as "11 macho men [who are given] the opportunity to walk a mile in women’s shoes". The series was initially set to premiere on October 12, 2004, although this airdate was ultimately delayed to October 19, 2004. According to TBS spokesperson Gina McKenzie, the series was intended to "break down barriers between men and women" and illustrate how gender roles function in society. Executive producer Tom Campbell further explained that he wanted to assist the hypermasculine contestants in becoming more sensitive to the needs of women and change the way they approach women in the future. Speaking on his experience, contestant Ryan Katz stated: "[He's a Lady] was terrifying, tumultuous; it took my testosterone away. It was something I've never experienced."

Following the recent controversies and cancellations of other LGBT-themed reality television programs, executive producers Campbell and Douglas Ross were "anxious" to not offend the LGBT community. The producers were specifically concerned about the series' perceived depiction of transgender people and they did not want the contestants to "equate the change of gender with a change of sexual orientation." The network offered the media monitoring organization GLAAD an advance copy of the series for review, however, GLAAD later claimed that they were the ones to reach out to producers after examination of the series' press release. GLAAD was concerned about the series' portrayal of LGBT people and wanted to ensure that it depicted LGBT representation more tactfully than the cancelled Fox special Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay. Through their consultation with GLAAD, Campbell claimed that the organization helped the producers to "bec[o]me more aware of transgender issues and the double standards of beauty." One of the changes that producers implemented was using the phrase "in character" as opposed to "in drag" when they referred to the contestants' personas.

Reception
He's a Lady drew sharp criticism from Christian fundamentalist organizations, including the American Family Association and the Traditional Values Coalition. The American Family Association claimed that the show was humorless and promoted "life as a transvestite" while the Traditional Values Coalition similarly condemned it as a "new homosexual-inspired transvestite show." The organizations called for a boycott of He's a Lady, in which they urged its sponsors to drop the series. S. C. Johnson & Son, who served as the series' principal sponsor, pulled their advertising and financial support due to pressure from the organizations.

Lawsuit
On November 23, 2004, He's a Lady was subject to a lawsuit filed by screenwriters John Phillips and Derek Gerard. Known as Phillips v. Turner Broadcasting System, the suit was filed in the United States District Court for the Central District of California and targeted the series' production company, Evolution Film & Tape, alongside the series' network, TBS. The plaintiffs sought a reward of $3,000,000, in which they alleged copyright infringement, breach of implied-in-fact contract, and unfair competition. The plaintiffs claimed that their script Sex Change, which was previously pitched to TBS, was copied by the production company and network for He's a Lady. The concept of Sex Change was based on Phillips's experience as an "all-American" athlete who later underwent gender-affirming surgery; he claimed that the production company and network "stole part of my life" with the production of He's a Lady. The plaintiffs and Evolution Film & Tape previously shared the same booking agent, Cal Boyington. On October 3, 2005, the court dismissed the suit with prejudice; the parties bore their own legal costs and fees.

International Versions
A Portuguese version under the name Senhora Dona Lady (Lady Dona Lady) hosted by Herman José & Sílvia Alberto aired on SIC in 2005.

A Russian version aired on Russian channel TNT (not to be confused with the American television network of the same name).

title: He's a Lady


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Pedro Flores

Pedro Flores may refer to:

 * Pedro Flores (composer) (1894–1979), Puerto Rican composer
 * Pedro Flores (boxer) (born 1951), Mexican world boxing champion
 * Pedro Flores Garcia (1897–1967), Spanish painter
 * Pedro Flores (inventor) (1896–1963), Filipino American who developed the modern yo-yo
 * Pedro Flores (bishop) (died 1540)

title: Pedro Flores


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Robert de Auberville

Robert de Auberville (de Albervilla, in Latin), of Iham (Higham, in Icklesham ) and Iden, Sussex, representative of a wealthy Norman family in Kent and Sussex, was a Justiciar in Kent, Constable of Hastings Castle, and Keeper of the Coast to King Henry III of England.

Origins
The de Auberville family was seated at Westenhanger, near Stanford, Kent. William de Auberville the elder, King's Justiciar (son of Hugh de Auberville (the elder) and his wife Wynanc), married Matilda (Maud), eldest daughter of Ranulf de Glanville (Chief Justiciar of England to King Henry II) and his wife Bertha de Valoines. (Bertha's sister was the wife of Hervey Walter, and mother of Archbishop Hubert Walter.)

William de Auberville (the elder) was associated with the foundation or patronage of various religious houses including the Augustinian Canons Regular of Butley Abbey (1171) and the Premonstratensians of Leiston Abbey (1182) in Suffolk, both founded by Ranulf, and by his own founding, c. 1192, of West Langdon Abbey in Kent, as from Leiston Abbey, assisted by the priors of both Suffolk houses. The Langdon foundation was confirmed by Simon de Averenches, Lord of Folkestone (died c. 1203 ) who, as his fee-lord, refers to "the charter of my revered knight William de Auberville". William died c. 1195, and his heirs became wards of Hubert Walter.

William's principal heir was his son Hugh (the younger), who inherited from him, but there was also a son William and a daughter Emma. Hugh de Auberville the younger, together with Robert his brother, were c. 1199-1205 witnesses to a charter of John of Eu, a son of John, Count of Eu, confirming to the Cistercian abbey of Robertsbridge in Sussex their tenements, liberties and customs in his fee of the Rape of Hastings. Hugh died c. 1212, whereupon William Briwere paid 1000 marks for custody of his lands, his heirs and their marriages. The inheritance descended through Hugh's son William de Auberville the younger (died by 1248 ) to William's daughter Joan, who married Nicholas de Crioll.

Robert de Auberville maintained connections with Robertsbridge Abbey, married the heiress of another of its patron families, and became settled at the western edge of Romney Marsh. Robertsbridge was originally founded in 1176 in the parish of Salehurst by Alvred de St. Martin, Sheriff of the Rape of Hastings, whose wife was Alice d'Aubigny, widow of John, Count of Eu.

Marriage
The Sheriff of Sussex was ordered to effect full seisin of the land of "Ihōme" and Iden in eastern Sussex to Robert de Auberville, in the right of his wife Claricia, which had been in the keeping of Hubert Walter, in July 1205. Claricia is identified as a daughter of Robert de Gosteling on the basis of a deed of quitclaim made by her to the priory of Christ Church, Canterbury of lands in the vicinity of Fairfield, Snave and Appledore, on the west side of Romney Marsh, near Iden. This shows her as the wife of Robert de Auberville, who has enclosed 36 acres from the sea. A further reference to her in the Curia Regis rolls shows that Claricia was the granddaughter of Samson de Gestling.

Samson and Robert de Gosteling appear frequently as witnesses to the Robertsbridge Abbey deeds. William de Auberville, as justiciar, presided at an early transaction, and Hugh, alone, at another. Robert witnessed three other Robertsbridge charters in the Lisle muniments. Sussex Fines of 1219 reflect the dealings of Robert and Claricia with the Abbey respecting lands at Northiam, Pett and Playden.

Rebellions
In 1210 King John took a large army to Ireland in order to suppress a revolt by the Anglo-Norman lords whom he held there in governance. Robert de Auberville fought in Ireland in that year, and Hugh is named in the same entry.

In 1215, following the sealing of Magna Carta at Runnymede, Robert de Auberville was with William d'Aubigny, William de Averenches, Reginald de Cornhill (the High Sheriff of Kent), Thomas de Moletun, Osbert Giffard and a hundred others who held Rochester Castle against King John, until he besieged them there and they were captured. At this time Cecilia, widow of Simon de Averenches, sold her manor of Sutton next Seaford to Robertsbridge, in order to ransom her son William.

Robert was however loyal to Henry III at the time of the revolt stirred up by William de Fortibus, Earl of Aumale, and in 1221, having been listed for the general levy of scutage, he was with the young king at the siege of the Earl's castle at Bytham in Lincolnshire in February and March of that year. After the castle was fired a number of prisoners were taken, and on 15 March the order was given that he and Paul de Tayden should have charge of conducting them in their carts to London.

De Auberville was entrusted with a surety for the king by Rosamond, widow of Phillip de Girunde, for a fine of 20 marks to enable her to marry whom she pleased. In November 1222 the king paid him to buy horses for the use of Isabella, sister of Alexander II of Scotland when coming into his district. In August 1223 his name was listed to defend the king as far as Bedford.

In 1222 Robert appears among the witnesses to a charter, issued at Westminster, by William, son of Fulco, de Pamele in favour of Saint Peter's Abbey, Ghent.

Assizes
In 1226 Robert de Auberville and Henry de Sandwich were chosen by the king to replace justiciars in an assize in Canterbury. He sat in an assize in Rochester with justices William de Cyriton, Simon de Chelefeld and Simon de Craye in 1228, and in 1229, with Henry de Cobham, William de Dudinton and Robert de Rokeley, at Greenwich (an assize of Mort d'Ancestor) with Henry de Sandwich, and at Winchelsea with Simon de Echyngham, William de Munceiaus and William de Oym.

Keeper of the Coast and Constable of Hastings
From July 1225 Robert was Constable of Hastings Castle, and received regular payments for his fees and for works and operations there. In 1226 he and brother Thomas the Templar were appointed to receive money on behalf of Richard, Earl of Cornwall. He was appointed to the position of Keeper of the Coast, then the name given to the office of Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, in 1228. He was responsible for the general security of the ports between Sandwich and Portsmouth. He and Bertram de Criol, then Constable of Dover Castle, were favoured by a writ de intendendo issued to the bailiffs and barons of the Cinque Ports in 1229: in an equivalent writ of 1230, Henry de Sandwich appears in de Auberville's place.

Robert witnessed a charter of confirmation to Hubert de Burgh in 1227. At about that time both he and Bertram de Criol also witnessed a grant to Hubert by Roger de Ware, and a companion deed of quitclaim, of land in Westminster, and also Hubert's own grant of the church of St Leonard, Alderton to the Premonstratensian abbey of St Radegund at Bradsole. In 1229 he was among the principal witnesses to the foundation charter of Michelham Priory under the hand of Gilbert de Aquila.

In September 1229 he, with the sheriffs, received the king's command to deliver all the ships that he held in the various ports capable of carrying 16 horses to Portsmouth by the end of the month for the king's service, allowing any smaller vessels to go about their business. By the king's order the custody of Hastings Castle, "which Robert de Auberville had during the king's pleasure" was ordered to be given up by the Constable to John de Gatesden on 18 March 1230. In the spring of 1230 the King made his military expedition to Poitou, and in May full commands were given for the defence of the ports, in which John de Gatesden had some responsibility for Shoreham, Winchelsea, Rye and Seaford, in addition to Hastings and Pevensey Castles which he as Constable was especially instructed to prepare, arm and defend. Similar instructions were given to Bertram de Criol and Henry de Sandwich as Wardens of Dover and Sandwich respectively.

This surrender is taken by Paget to indicate that Robert had died by 1230. His name disappears from the Rolls. If he died then, the date of 1245 given by Planché for a grant by William de Auberville the younger (Hugh's son) to the priory of Christ Church, Canterbury, witnessed by Sir Robert de Auberville, Sir Simon de Haute (Hauth) and Sir Simon de Sandwich, begs an explanation.

Family
Clarice, daughter and heiress of Robert de Auberville and Claricia de Gestling, is introduced in the medieval French "ancestor romance" (an early 14th-century prose narrative based on a lost metrical romance) called The History of Fulk Fitz Warin, as the second wife of Fulk III FitzWarin, the marcher lord with whom the second and third parts of that narrative are particularly concerned. Clarice de Auberville is described as the wife of his later years, during which Fulke, having been restored to his English lands and grown very old, became blind. This outline was followed as if factual, in his Baronage, by Sir William Dugdale, and, despite occasional doubts, later accounts of the family have accepted this precedent.

Clarice and her husband were living in 1250, when the Fine rolls record that they gave the king one mark for a writ ad terminum in the jurisdiction of Kent. In 1249 Fulk was recorded in the King's Bench to have acknowledged that he had given and confirmed to his daughter Mabil his entire manor of Lambourn, Berkshire. They were the parents of:
 * Ammabil (Mabel) FitzWarin (d. 1297), who married (1) William de Crèvequer, and (2) John de Tregoz (d. c.1300). There were two daughters by the second marriage.

title: Robert de Auberville


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User talk:Ajontko

Any comments here are welcome. Information is valueless unless shared... AJO

title: User talk:Ajontko


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Tenpō

Tenpō (天保) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Bunsei and before Kōka. The period spanned from December 1830 through December 1844. The reigning emperor was Ninko-tennō (仁孝天皇).

Change of era

 * December 10, 1830 (Tenpō gannen (天保元年)) : In the 13th year of Bunsei, the new era name of Tenpō (meaning "Heavenly Imperial Protection") was created to mark the disasters of a great fire in Edo and an earthquake at Kyoto. The new era name was created from an hortatory aphorism: "Respect and worship the Ways of heaven. Eternally keep the Mandate of Heaven" (欽崇天道、永保天命).

The Tenpō era is often described as the beginning of the end of bakufu government. Though the era accomplished much through its reforms, and also culturally speaking, the injury inflicted on the Tokugawa system of government during the Tenpō period was unparalleled. Public order and dissatisfaction with government was a main issue, but the bakufu was not entirely at fault for the stir amongst the people. For example, the failure of crops in 1833, which soon became a lengthy disaster endured for over four years and was called the Great Tenpō famine. It was caused mainly by poor weather conditions. Because crops could not grow under these circumstances, prices began to skyrocket. These dire circumstances sparked many rebellions and riots across Japan over the course of the Tenpō years. Weary and desperate for someone to blame, the people rose up against the government, and Ōshio Heihachirō, known for leading one of the largest rebellions, made a statement to implicate "the natural disasters as sure signs of Heavens's discontent with the government". Mizuno Tadakuni's reforms were meant to remedy these economic issues, but the reforms could not rescue the bakufu from its ultimate collapse.

The shogunate rule during the Tenpō era was that of Tokugawa Ieyoshi, the 12th shōgun' of the bakufu government. His reign lasted from 1837 to 1853. During this time, many factors appeared to have seen to the decline of his health: namely, the great and devastating famine, the many rebellions rising up against the bakufu, and the swift advance of foreign influence.

Great Tenpō Famine
The Great Tenpō famine of the 1830s was a devastating period in which the whole of Japan suffered rapidly decreasing temperatures and loss of crops, and in turn, merchant prices began to spike. Many starved to death during this grim time: "The death rate for a village in the northeast rose to thirty-seven per thousand and that for the city of Takayama was nearly forty-five". As crops continued to decline in the countryside, prices increased, and a shortage of supplies left people competing to survive on meager funds. The rising expense of rice in particular, a staple food of the Japanese, was a firm blow to both the economy and the people, who starved because of it. Some even resorted to "eating leaves and weeds, or even straw raincoats".

The samurai also suffered the effects of the famine, dealing with lower wages from the Japanese domain governments in anticipation of fiscal shortfalls to come. To further the already dire conditions of the famine, illness eventually began to spread, and many who were starving could not resist pestilences such as smallpox, measles and influenza. Thousands died from hunger alone at the peak of the crisis in 1836–1837.

Rebellion
One of the rebellions sparked by the Great Tenpō famine was the Ōshio Heihachirō Rebellion. The man for whom it was named led an attempted revolt in the 1830s, and was granted the label of yonaoshi daimyojin, or "world saviour", for his attempts at moral restoration. Formally a police officer and scholar, Ōshio Heihachirō (1792-1837) had requested help from Osaka city commissioners and otherwise wealthy merchants in 1837, only to be met with indifference. Shocked by his lack of success in the endeavour, Ōshio instigated an uprising to oppose those who had refused their aid. With approximately 300 followers, including poor townsfolk and peasants from various villages, Ōshio set fire to one-fifth of Osaka city. But the rebellion was suppressed in short order, forcing Ōshio to a quick end in which he committed suicide.

The scholar Ikuta Yorozo (1801–1837) also instigated a rebellion from similar roots as that of Ōshio Heihachirō. Ikuta had opened a school for the education of adolescents, consisting mostly of peasants. Having also suffered from the Great Tenpō Famine, Ikuta despaired the lack of aid local bureaucrats were willing to provide, and in 1837, he assembled a band of peasants in retaliation. Together they launched an attack on the bureaucrats, which met with devastating results and ended with Ikuta taking his own life.

Ogata Kōan and Tekijuku
In 1838, a year following Ōshio Heihachirō's rebellion, and after the fire that had scorched nearly a quarter of Osaka city, the physician Ogata Kōan founded an academy to teach medicine, healing and Rangaku, or Dutch Studies. The school was called Tekijuku, where distinction of status was unknown and competition abounded. Ogata encouraged this competitive learning, especially of the Dutch language to which he had dedicated much of his own study. However, the competition escalated and eventually students bent to the rigorous pressure of the academy, acting recklessly to vent frustrations. For example: "slashing their swords against the central pillar of the main boarding hall, leaving gashes and nicks". Ogata did not deem it necessary to take disciplinary measures, thinking it harmless and recreational.

Much of Ogata's life was devoted to Rangaku, which was clearly displayed in the vision he had for Tekijuku. Ogata is known in history for his attentions to the medical, or internal therapeutic aspects of Rangaku, including emphasis on diseases and his aid in translation of foreign medical terms.

Morrison Incident
In 1837, upon rescuing several stranded Japanese sailors, an American merchant ship called the Morrison endeavoured to return them to their homeland, hoping this venture would earn them the right to trade with Japan. However, the merchant ship was fired upon as it entered Japanese seas due to the Edict to Repel Foreign Vessels passed by Japan in 1825. This was later referred to as the Morrison incident.

However, there were some in Japan who criticized the government's actions, namely the Bangaku Shachu a band of rangaku scholars who advocated a more open approach to the outside, perhaps to the extent of ending Japan's long-standing sakoku policy. This stance against the shogunate riled the government into the Bansha no goku, arresting twenty-six members of the Bangaku Shachu, and reinforcing the policies on foreign education by limiting the publication of books, in addition to making access to materials for Dutch Studies increasingly difficult.

Tenpō Reforms
As the Tokugawa era drew to a close, a major reform was exerted called the Tenpō Reforms (1841–1843), primarily instituted by Mizuno Tadakuni, a dominant leader in the shogunate. The reforms were economic policies introduced prominently to resolve fiscal issues mainly caused by the Great Tenpō famine, and to revisit more traditional aspects of the Japanese economy. For the samurai, these reforms were meant to spur them to return to their roots of education and military arts. The samurai aimed for change within the status quo itself. There was a stringency amongst all classes of people, and at this time, travel was regulated (especially for farmers, who were meant to remain at home and work their fields) and trade relations crumbled. This, in turn, caused various goods to lower in price. Under Mizuno's leadership, the reforms brought about the following: "Moral reform, the encouragement of frugality and retrenchment, recoinage, forced loans from wealthy merchant houses, and the cancellation of samurai debts". In addition, the bakufu met with fierce objection when land transfers were impressed upon the daimyōs in an attempt to reinforce the reach of influence and authority that remained of the Tokugawa government.

Though the reforms largely ended in failure, the introduction of economical change during this period is seen as the initial approach leading ultimately to the modernization of Japan's economy.

Fires at Edo Castle
Edo Castle was devastated by two fires during the Tenpō era, in 1839 and 1843 respectively, and despite rampant rebellion during this period, neither fire was due to unrest.

Other Events of the Tenpō era

 * 1834 (Tenpō 5): Kondō Isami born in Tama.
 * July 20, 1835 (Tenpō 6, 7th day of the 6th month): Earthquake in Sanriku (Latitude: 37.900/Longitude: 141.900), 7.6 magnitude on the Richter Scale.
 * Hijikata Toshizō born, May 5.
 * 1836 (Tenpō 7): Matsudaira Katamori born in Edo.
 * 1837 (Tenpō 7): Tokugawa Ieyoshi becomes the 12th shōgun of the bakufu government.
 * 1837 (Tenpō 8): Tokugawa Yoshinobu born.
 * April 25, 1843 (Tenpō 14, 25th day of the 3rd month): Earthquake in Yezo, Kushiro, Nemuro (Latitude: 41.800/Longitude: 144.800), 8.4 magnitude on the Richter Scale.
 * 1844 (Tenpō 15): Insurrection in Chōshū; also, Saitō Hajime born in Edo.

Calendar revision
During the Tenpō era, Koide Shuke translated portions of Jérôme Lalande's work on astronomy. Koide presented this work to the Astronomy Board as evidence of the superiority of the European calendar, but the effort produced no identifiable effect. However, Koide's work and translations of other Western writers did indirectly affect the Tenpō calendar revision in 1842–1844. A great many errors had been found in the lunar calendar; and a revised system was publicly adopted in 1844. The new calendar was called the Tenpō-Jinin calendar. It was in use in Japan until 1872 when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.

title: Tenpō


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Pat Finn (game show host)

Patrick "Pat" Finn (born July 24, 1956) is an American television presenter and game show host. He is the owner of the production company Rubicon Entertainment. Finn's first national gig was hosting the 1990 remake of the classic Jack Barry show The Joker's Wild. In 1991, he became host of Shop 'til You Drop, the #1 rated cable game show in America at the time, where he remained for 11 years, and from 1999–2009 he became the host of the California State Lottery's weekly game show, The Big Spin.

Finn was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, the first of five sons also born to William and Celia Mae Finn, who was a Sunday School teacher and a telephone operator. Finn attended James M. Coughlin High School, from which he graduated in 1974. Prior to entering national television, Finn was a local weatherman, first on WBRE (Channel 28) in Wilkes-Barre, PA; WPXI (Channel 11) in Pittsburgh, where he also served as an entertainment correspondent; KPNX (Channel 12) in Phoenix; and KRON (Channel 4) in San Francisco.

In the mid-1980s, while in Phoenix, Finn also hosted Finn and Friends, a number one-rated local variety show that aired weeknights after the local news.

In the 1990s, Finn formed his own production company, Rubicon Entertainment (formerly InFinnIty Productions). He's since been the creator and Executive Producer of TV shows for NBC, Lifetime, MTV, VH1, FX, GSN and Prime Video.

Finn is also Executive Producer of Results Producers, a leading Direct Response production company.

Finn is very active in his church, the Agape International Spiritual Center and has helped raise over $5 million for charities, including his favorite, The US Foundation For the Children of Haiti at Hope Hospital in Port-au-Prince.

He was a Forum Leader for Landmark Worldwide and is currently the founder and head coach for Rubicon Results an international peak performance coaching business.

Finn has twin daughters, Sienna Mae and Sofia Rae, born on February 7, 2008. He also has a son Corey (born in 1989) and a daughter Kaitlyn (born in 1993).

title: Pat Finn (game show host)


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Bran, Brașov

Bran (Törzburg; Törcsvár) is a commune in Brașov County, Transylvania, Romania. It is about 25 km southwest of the city of Brașov and consists of five villages: Bran, Poarta (Porta), Predeluț (Kispredeál), Șimon (Simon), and Sohodol (Szohodol).

The medieval Bran Castle is a popular tourist destination, partly because it is associated with the home of Dracula in Bram Stoker's novel of the same name; the castle has been listed as one of the Seven Wonders of Romania.

Geography
Bran is located in the southern part of Brașov County, on or near the border with Dâmbovița and Argeș counties, and belongs to the historical sub-region of Țara Bârsei (Burzenland). It lies at the northern end of the Rucăr-Bran Pass; national road DN73, which runs through the pass, connects Brașov to Pitești, 111 km to the southwest.

The commune is situated between two mountain ranges of the Southern Carpathians: to the southeast are the Bucegi Mountains, with the Omu Peak dominating the area, at 2505 m; and to the west are the Piatra Craiului Mountains, which top out at 2238 m.

History
The Teutonic Order began building a wooden fort called Dietrichstein here early in the 13th century. After the fort's destruction in 1242 by Mongols ("Tatars"), King Sigismund of Hungary ordered a stone castle to be built in 1377, while the settlement of Bran began to develop nearby. Positioned high atop a steep cliff, the castle guarded a strategic trade route between Transylvania and Wallachia. In 1498, Bran came under the jurisdiction of Brașov.

After the Ottoman Empire defeated the Kingdom of Hungary in the 16th century, Bran became part of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and the Principality of Transylvania, which eventually became part of the Habsburg monarchy. In 1804 the commune became part of the Austrian Empire along with the Grand Principality of Transylvania, and in 1867 the Hungarian section of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It became part of the Kingdom of Romania following World War I.

After Transylvania became part of Romania, Bran Castle (that was owned by the city of Brașov) was gifted to Queen Marie by the Brașov magistrate. The queen transformed it into a royal residence in the 1920s, and today it is one of Romania's most popular visitor sites. It is open to tourists, who can view the inside alone or as part of a guided tour. Outside the castle is an open-air museum with traditional Romanian farm houses and manufacturing facilities.

Natives

 * Marian Blaj (born 1978), biathlete
 * Ioan Pușcariu (1824–1911), historian and genealogist, member of the Romanian Academy
 * Livia Reit (born 1978), cross-country skier
 * Alexandra Stoian (born 1983), biathlete

title: Bran, Brașov


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Talk:Pat Finn (game show host)

Comment
dude get rid of all those capitals.

I've tried tidying this as much as I can, but I can't say I've ever heard of this guy, or any of these shows.. I am from the U.K. though... Vanky 22:08, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

WInk MARTINDALE?
Ummm, TJW after Pat Finn was cancelled.

--24.228.70.72 (talk) 03:45, 9 February 2008 (UTC)nextbarker

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title: Talk:Pat Finn (game show host)


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Walter de Burgsted

Walter de Burgsted was an English judge and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports during the thirteenth century.

In 1262 Walter de Burgsted was given a commission 'to keep the Cinque Ports', effectively authorising him control of the South Coast, and charging him with maintaining its defences.

At this time the office of Lord Warden had not been officially established, and such men were known as Keepers of the Coast. He also received the command of Constable of Dover Castle, but the appointments were not made at the same time, having not been merged into one office until after the conclusion of the Second Barons' War.

title: Walter de Burgsted


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jesus biography

Jesus biography was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Umm, with all due respect, and I don't mean to be irreverent, but this should be in a wiki source or wiki bible, etc., It is simply not encyclopedic.--Jondel 09:42, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This clearly is not NPOV. I really don't see how it could be edited to be so, either.

Remove content and redirect to Jesus --Tomheaton 10:06, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. It's not encyclopedic and shouldn't be moved anywhere. --G Rutter 12:18, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

It's a copyvio from http://www.hopenet.org/storjesus/sj1.html. Listed on Copyright problems. RickK 19:11, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. First of all, it is not NPOV. Second of all, this article is nothing more than a narrative, cut-and-stitched from the pages of the Bible. It isn't really a factual account, either, but that's a debate not for this place. In any event, this doesn't belong in Wikipedia.
 * Unsigned vote by User:DeusExMachina
 * Not encyclopedic, either an original essay/narrative or a copyvio. Delete. -- Mike Rosoft 12:51, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Shouldn't be moved anywhere. Mandel 14:09, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: No one improves on Luke and Matthew and Mark. Secondly, it isn't just biography.  If it were, it would just be an enthusiastic rewording of what we have so beautifully written in the Gospels.  Instead, it has a big pile of "text proof" added on.  Matthew gives all the text proof we need, and adding in stuff on top of that is POV.  Geogre 15:07, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Patent nonsense .. er... I mean, not encyclopedic. --Improv 17:48, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quite apart from the copyvio, the article name is unsystematic, and the contents are unencyclopedic. So even if copyright clearance is obtained, we still should delete it. Andrewa 23:52, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Andrewa, the name of the article is unnecessarily awkward. Delete. Fire Star 15:09, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no redirect. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (hopefully!)]] 16:10, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Jesus! ~leif 06:53, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:Grand tourer

Merge
This article and Gran Turismo should probably be merged. // Liftarn

merged and cleaned up .... they contradict quite badly : Drgonzo

Lancia Kappa Coupe?
Would the coupe version of Lancia's former flagship, the Kappa, produced from 1994 to 2001 qualify as a GT? It was luxurious and could easily make very light work of very long distances - plus, it was comfortable and fast, especially in the 2.0 turbocharged and 3.0 V6 guises. Elp gr (talk) 17:17, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

Ford GT?
Despite the name, I think the Ford GT is really stretching the definition of a Grand Tourer...it's really more of a pure Sports car, and doesn't really fit with this line from the article: Grand tourers differ from sports cars in that they are usually larger, heavier and tend to make less compromise in comfort for the sake of driving ability..  OhNo itsJamie Talk 15:54, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Not sure of that opinion, although it doesn't fit perfectly, the GT40 (after which the modern GT is based) was designed SPECIFICALLY to win in GT racing, to beat lamborgini (might be Ferarri, i get em mixed up ocaisionally) after they snubbed them. Thus as a car designed specifically for the sport revolved around grand touring, i'd say it fits perfectly

Ford GT is not a GT car as GT cars have front mounted engines, long hoods, and comfortable suspension. Ford GT is none of the above. Ford GT is a supercar --Homestar300zx 16:32, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Yep. Ford GT is based after one, but it isn't in itself. Stooffi 20:14, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Ford GT is a homage to the original GT40 racer of the sixties, which was built by Ford simply because they were thwarted in their bid to buy Ferrari, and wanted revenge. The racer came to be known as GT40, but the actual name of the race car was 6T40. As the 2003 Ford GT was built to pay homage to a racer, it is by no stretch of imagination a GT car. It is not stretchin the definition of grand tourer, it is actually misusing the term Grand Tourer. A lot of cars have names bearing the letters GT, as the Golf GTi, but that does not necessarily mean they are Grand Tourer. Sayantan.z28 (talk) 14:25, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The Ford GT40 was originally intended for the Le Mans 24 Hours race, which was again, originally, for grand touring (GT) cars. The race was intended as an endurance race suited for the characteristics of a touring car, i.e., long distances at high speed. GT cars were originally designed for wealthy people who took touring holidays - hence the name - and drove long distances across Europe often staying in high-class hotels in places such as Monte Carlo - the South of France was a very popular holiday destination for the European well-off after World War II. This period also coincided - for the UK - with the introduction of the Air ferry which made taking one's car abroad to the continent much quicker.

 * So a GT was really a sports car optimised not just for handling as such, but also for travelling long distances at high speed with more comfort for the occupants - usually four - than a sports car - which could only usually accommodate two. It also tended to have at least some space for luggage, generally enough for a weekend stay. At least initially, the cars tended to be aimed at the better-off and cost considerably more. The best examples I can think of of a 'classic' GT car ATM would be the Aston Martin DB5 and Aston Martin DB6 but Ferrari also made GT's as did Lancia and Alfa Romeo.

 * Other countries did make 'GT' cars but the above is the original Raison d'être - it coincided with the post-war introduction of the motorway, autostrada and (pre-war) autobahn across Europe. These initially IIRC had no speed limits - as the Autobahn still hasn't - so a GT car would be expected to be able to cruise at say, 70 mph and above, all day without complaint. There was very little motorway traffic around back then so one could do that to a greater extent than one can today.

 * It was because GT cars tended to be classier and expensive that the fictional James Bond had an Aston Martin as with a car like that he could associate with wealthy, powerful people, at places such as Monte Carlo, Monaco, etc., which in some parts tended to be 'snobbish'. If he had turned up in a Frogeye Sprite or MG Midget (admirable as they no doubt are) in the 50s or 60s at some places he'd have been shown the door.

 * BTW, on some GT cars you see the designation "2+2" - this originally meant it would take two adults and two children. That's why the rear seats are often so cramped - they were intended for the kids - mum and dad up front, the kids in the back. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.24.208.91 (talk) 20:39, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

GTR
Needs to have a section, or separate page, on the GT racers.... Trekphiler 02:55, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Shouldnt the Lancia Aurelia B20 be mentioned, widely considered the first GT car

3 Series as a GT car
Dear members,

I would like to request that the 3 series coupes be added back under the GT car section. I was told that the 3 series should not be included due the fact that it is considered "low powered." Unfortuntely, this to me seems more of an opinion rather than a fact, and the new E92 coupes stray away from this further considering the 335i coupe has 300 hp and the E92 M3 will have 425hp outputs. The definition presented in this PARTICULAR entry, explains nothign about power being a determining factor other than the statement of "high performance." I do honestly believe that while old model E46's like the 325Ci may not fit a the definition of a grand tourer, higher performance vehicles such as the 330Ci, M3, the new 335i Coupe, and the upcoming M3 will surely fit the definition pound for pound within this article! Also, note that size is not a determining factor either, but as far as weight goes, we all should know that the 3 series coupes do weigh in at approximately 3500 pounds. They seem to me, like an "entry" or "beginning" level GT car.

Please let me know what you think and I will be happy to add it back in there! Also, if you want, I can specifically state that we are referring to the NEW more powerful E92 models. Thank you! --128.95.141.33 23:15, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I should've been more specific. The new 3-series is indeed a very quick automobile. Then again, current Toyota Camry's are faster than some Porsches from the 80s! I think of the 3-series as a luxury sport sedan or sport coupe (though in Europe, 3-series aren't considered to be as luxurious as they are in the US). Most of the other entries in the article are from the higher-end ranges, but engineered for highway cruising versus the track. (I don't think any of them would cost less than $50,000 US adjusted for current dollars).   What would be helpful is if we could find a few sources that more definitively set some parameters for what defines a GT car. OhNo itsJamie  Talk 23:22, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Followup I reverted my changes after finding a reference supporting your claim that the 335i coupe is considered (at least by one Car and Driver writer) to be a grand tourer. Here's a Google search that searches for "grand tourer" among three major auto magazines.  I noticed that there were a few sub-50k USD cars mentioned, like the new Mitsubishi GT and the Infiniti G35. OhNo itsJamie  Talk 23:31, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Great catches guys. I think that the 335i Coupe is very appropriate here. I also feel that we should not include the G35 and the Mitsubishi GT considering the fact that we are using a bit of a "price" requirement of at least 50 thousand and up to be included, and it looks like Jamie did the right thing by just adding the 335i. I think sports coupe fits the 330Ci and the earlier models, but the new one I can definitely see as a GT. --24.16.63.142 01:33, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

A5/S5/3er/M3/CLK
I think there should be a general agreement that although they are small coupes with 2 doors, the 3-series, M3, Audi A4 and A5 and the Mercedes CLK are not comfortable enough to be long distance GT cars, however much their lightness helps their performance compared to fatter cars. The Audi A5 should be removed from the list. The Volvo v70 and Alfa GT dont qualify either. --81.105.245.251 16:00, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

 * One year later, this issue is still unsolved. Most grand tourers are Italian and British, ie Aston Martin, Bentley, Jaguar, Ferrari, Lamborghini, Maserati and smaller marques (not all their models, of course). Other than them, the few models I would classify as such are the BMW 6 and 8 Series and the Merc CL and SL. I know little about cars older than me. However, I doubt that I would call any Japanese or American sports car as a grand tourer. I'll remove models (done) that certainly aren't grand tourers. --NaBUru38 (talk) 23:23, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

A "Grand Tourer" is a Grand Tourer
A Grand Tourer is a specific type of automobile, even if there is variation among the breed. It is a high-powered, luxurious, comfortable two-seat coupe or 2+2 intended for high-speed long-distance driving in both comfort and style.

Just because a manufacturer appends "GT" or some permutation of it to a model as a marketing gambit does not make that automobile a Grand Tourer - which is the title of the article and the subject for its content.

Please do not continue adding Volkswagon Golfs and Saab 750s and other quintessential non-Grand Tourers to the list, no matter if they have a form of "GT" in their names. On the other hand, do feel free to remove any marginal entries remaining which are not in keeping with the true heritage of Grand Tourers as captured in the article. Cheers. Wikiuser100 (talk) 04:16, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually the SAAB GT750 (and GT850) are true Gt cars in every sense of the word. // Liftarn (talk)

 * It was NOT. Saab never had the panache, the flair or the image to make a true Grand Tourer. It is a brand whose past classified it as an ECONOMY brand and later it became quasi-premium. None of its cars could be considered a true Grand Tourer; and please, don't mention the current ones (the Opel Vectra- and Opel Insignia-based ones), because you'll lose all credibility in this field. Elp gr (talk) 18:23, 7 November 2009 (UTC)
 * You are entitled to your opinion, but you are not entitled to remove sections of the article just because you feel that way. // Liftarn (talk) 22:55, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

The SAAB GT750 is a high performance (sortof) coupé with 2+2 seating that participated in long distance races like Le Mans. It even participated in the FIA GT Cup In what way isn't a GT car? // Liftarn (talk) 18:07, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren?
Although this car lies somewhere between been a GT car and a racer i believe it still has enough qualities to be considered as a GT. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.67.45.229 (talk) 12:39, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

Classic example of "sports" vs "GT" that were never labeled that way.
Datsun (Nissan) models from the 70's

The S30 (240z, 260z and 280z) is a two seater that doesn't pretend to be anything other than a light, compact sports coupe even after gaining more "luxury" features over time. It's undeniably a quick fun car but isn't what most reasonable people would call relaxing to drive over long distances at speed.

In comparison, it's GRS30 sister car (260z 2+2 and 280z 2+2, aka 2/2 JDM) is what the GT version should be. It's heavier, longer, normally fitted with more options and a little roomier. To make it even better, it's actually easier to enter/exit because of the longer doors! On the road it's a less tiring car principally because the longer wheelbase induces less pitch.

There's good argument that the GRS30 couldn't be a GT because it's not a "luxury car" but how do we define "luxury"? That is a very individual assessment which some will relate to price tag, others to a nice leather interior and yet others to lots of chrome. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aarc240 (talk • contribs) 11:07, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

GTO - Definition v. Use
As the article states, the technical definition of a 'GTO' is a car homologated for use in motorsport. The Ferrari 599 GTO, despite being given the GTO moniker, does not meet that technical definition. 'GTO' in the case of the Pontiac and Mitsubishi models may similarly be misused, so perhaps the technical definition should be expanded or accompanied by discussion of this use of 'GTO' for vehicles not intended for homologation for motorsport. A better example than the given 599, in the interim, might be the Ferrari 250 GTO or 288 GTO, as both of these were built for homologation purposes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.195.98.94 (talk) 04:20, 29 August 2012 (UTC)

Porsche 911
The article states: "Grand tourers emphasize comfort and handling over straight-out high performance or spartan accommodations." So the 911/Boxster are Sports cars. The 928 is a GT. 911 does not belong here. PLawrence99cx (talk) 19:05, 13 May 2016 (UTC)

Volkswagen Golf not a Grand Tourer
It's a bit shocking to be reading an article on grand tourers and come across the picture of a 1982 Volkswagen Golf GTi (Mk1), especially because the caption doesn’t make it clear that it’s not a real grand tourer by any stretch of the imagination. Some readers may miss the section that says “Many vehicles that are not actually gran turismo use this appellation to increase sales,” and therefore they’ll be left with the false impression that a Volkswagen Golf is a grand tourer. Don’t you think it would be suitable to put something like “1982 Volkswagen Golf GTi (Mk1); an example of a false gran turismo.” in the caption to prevent confusion and misinformation? (Hindsighter (talk) 02:05, 22 June 2016 (UTC))

1993-2002 SS Camaro / Pontiac Firehawk
The SLP SS-Camaro and Firehawk should be considered Grand Tourer cars since they have significant handling, RWD, and 2+2 configuration with additional storage in the hatch and are very comfortable for cross-country travel. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mikecronis (talk • contribs) 00:38, 26 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Got sources? // Liftarn (talk)

Revision
A grand touring car is for touring in the grand manner. For travelling in a Very Fast (therefore very expensive) car with no real luggage space except maybe for her handbag (all of it moving very fast) and a big car with luggage following behind or ahead or. . . (or a big aircraft or private jet). All done purely for the pleasure of the driving and any scenery that might get noticed and the knowledge that the driver is a most superior human being. I do not see how Golf GTIs or marvellous little Fiat Balillas can be considered Grand tourers, they are cleverly designed warmed up economy cars are they not?

A supercar with a beautifully finished interior would be the current equivalent. Eddaido (talk) 06:01, 13 June 2017 (UTC)

Balillas and GTIs
Eddaido's definition of a "Grand Tourer" fits very well with authors/historians such as Sam Dawson, and with an "Anglo" point of view (and also with the French "Grand Routiere" concept, refer for example Stobbs). However this viewpoint does not account for the works of Wood, Vack et al. A wider view of the "Gran Turismo" concept must also take in its predominantly Italian origins and evolution, of which both pre- and post-war Fiat-based berlinettas such as the Balilla, SIATA and Cisitalia are the most obvious and representative, but far from only, examples. (See also the pre-war Alfa-Romeo and BMW aerodynamic coupes.) Vitally important too, to understanding these origins and subsequent evolution, are the influence of racing and particularly the Mille Miglia. The original Italian "Gran Turismo" was far more an "enclosed sports car" than it was a "tourer in the grand manner".

In fact, in my own view, a careful examination of the naming of various models of Alfa Romeo 6C strongly suggest that the "Gran Turismo" (subsequently "Grand Touring") nomenclature was a happy accident rather than a direct reference to touring in the grand manner. Hint: Gran Prix, Sport, Super Sport, Gran Sport, Turismo, Gran Turismo. This nomenclature was contemporary for Jano, Lurani and Ferrari all. This however would be original research and not admissable here. Will simply leave for your consideration.

All these cars and concepts lead inexorably (as the images, particularly, relate; a picture is worth a thousand words after all) to the Lancia Aurelia B20GT which "everyone" agrees is the definitive genesis of the Grand Touring car. It would be a very strange and lacking narrative indeed that begins with the Aurelia GT popping into existence from 'nowhere'. The Coppa Inter-Europa and Campianato Gran Turismo Internazionale, for example, are contemporary with the development of English notions of the "Grand Tourer" (see Bristol and Healey; and also pre-war enclosed Bentleys which could usefully be added to the Wiki). These concepts are now quite well covered and cited in this wiki, and are properly considered all together in my view, although a pre-war "Grand Routiere" section might be useful as well (perhaps including the explanation that post-war French tax policies effectively killed the concept off).

"GTi"s etc, are a vitally important part of the puzzle of the subsequent dissemination and dilution of the original and various "GT" concepts into both popular (and particularly) commercial culture. These are an important piece of the narrative too (however unpleasant to aficionados, among which I count myself, humbly) and especially to Wiki readers who might come here hoping to gain an understanding of the "GT badge" they remember on their Dad's old Cortina (and/or Falcon if you're an antipodean, GTHO anybody?). I'm planning an additional section for this Wiki which recounts this history, particularly Ford's "Total Performance" era with the Mustang and Capri GTs which started the dissemination, and the Toyota 2000 GT (recently sold for $1.2 million!) and Datsun/Nissan 240Z which carried it on (refer Wood, for example).

Additionally pending sections expanding for example on the evolution of Aston Martin grand tourers will further round out the grand "Anglo-centric" concept too.

An encyclopedic article must take in the whole history, not just our personal favorites.

Steve Limpus (talk) 23:27, 13 June 2017 (UTC)

Referenced but absolute Tosh
"a tribute to the aristocratic horse-drawn tradition of the grand tour, used to represent automobiles regarded as grand tourers, able to make long-distance, high-speed journeys in both comfort and style.  " Eddaido (talk) 01:51, 15 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Partly agreed Eddaido, sort of. "Tosh" is a bit inflammatory, but anyhoo, lol. :-) The references and citations here though, aren't "tosh", rather, they're self-explanatory. Where I do agree with you is that the nomenclature "Gran Turismo" is highly unlikely to be (originally at least) a reference to the anglo-centric notion of the horse-drawn "Grand Tour".

 * As hinted above, by my own research, "Gran Turismo" was simply a designation Alfa Romeo chose for what they had called prior to 1929/1930 their "Sport" model. Although Alfa did provide carrozzeria, most was outworked: so the "Gran Turismo" was really a chassis and engine tune specification -- it was dual-purpose road/race, middling spec between the "Turismo" and "Gran Sport" specifications. There is a logical sequence from Sport, Super Sport to Gran Sport in Alfa's previous designations, no doubt taking advantage of the marketing cachet of the "Gran Prix" cars. The sequence Turismo (an existing specification) to Gran Turismo is equally obvious is it not? I don't imagine there was anyone at Alfa that would have given a fig at that time for the British horse-drawn "Grand Tour"? Exact details though, are sadly lacking in english-language literature. It probably didn't seem ALL that important at the time, even in Italy.

 * Of the 6C 1750 GTs, the most influential were the Mille Miglia "closed sports car"-class-winning berlinettas by Touring (see article). Being watched by millions of racing enthusiasts and virtually every red-blooded young (and not-so-young) Italian male, let alone being drop-dead gorgeous to look at, the Berlinettas could hardly have been LESS influential. Sure enough, SIATA took up the concept for the 1933 Mille Miglia on the Balilla chassis, and Fiat themselves joined the party in 1935. Alfa Romeo and BMW significantly followed suit with their own Le Mans and Mille Miglia enclosed sports cars in the later 1930s. Johnny Lurani was sufficiently impressed to write in glowing terms about them. (Interestingly, the Brits virtually "stole" the BMW 328 coupe after the war to create their own Bristol grand tourer, which we'll get to soon.)

 * After the war, Cisitalia repeated the Fiat-based enclosed sports car theme with the 202 SC. Pininfarina nailed the coachwork, setting a new trend for all automotive design, not just GTs.  The 202 was central to Italian planning for the 1949 Coppa Inter-Europa, and Johnny Lurani had Cisitalia in mind when he designed the regulations, which he called "Turismo Veloce". Ferrari stole the show however, and Cisitalia went bankrupt. The Italians in the meanwhile loved "Turismo Veloce" and the CSAI made it a "proper" national racing category in 1950, naming it "Gran Turismo Internazionale" (Lurani again?). The category went off as they say, and in 1951 a national championship was inaugurated: "Campianato Gran Turismo Internazionale". Lurani was a leading light of the CSAI, and surely had a hand in the nomenclature: I'm sure he didn't have the anglo "Grand Tour" in mind, despite being an aristocrat himself.

 * The Italians were interested in relating motor racing to the cars "ordinary" people could buy, so hand-built Ferraris were out temporarily, minimum production of 30 cars being "specified". So, Gran Turismo Internazionale was also a "production sports car" category. Body dimensions were "specified"--all the cars were berlinettas--and I would dearly love to see the original "regolamento" to understand how it was worded.

 * The Italians argued thru 1953 at the FIA (Lurani again was an important figure at the FIA) for a "Gran Turismo" category, and got one! We're all familiar I'm sure with the 1954 FIA Appendix J "Grand Touring" regulations for production sports cars, the main difference from the Italian regulations being 100 minimum production and open OR closed coachwork.

 * The Gran Turismo and Grand Touring nomenclature therefore clearly pre-date the concept of a "touring car in the grand manner" and certainly any connection that I can discern to the aristocratic "Grand Tour". Even Ferrari's touring 250 berlinetta in 1953 was called the "Europa"; "GT" was reserved for the 1956 lightweight road/race versions.

 * GT, then, was originally a road/race, enclosed and/or production sports car nomenclature.

 * It is illuminating to search the anglo MotorSport magazine archives (available online, a great resource) for references to "GT", "Grand Turismo" and "Grand Touring". They are virtually non-existent until the 1960s. Then you begin to see English-speaking motoring journalists writing about what is a "proper" Grand Touring car, and invariably their view fits with the outstanding British GTs of the period: Bristol (really a "stolen" German machine), Aston Martin, Jaguar et al. We can guess that this is when people began to connect "touring cars in the grand manner" with the aristocratic continental "Grand Tour", although the exact moment may prove exceedingly difficult to pin down; perhaps like the original "gran turismo" meaning, it simply evolved from multiple wellsprings.

 * The above is my own original research, and except where it has happily coincided with published sources, is not admissible here; although I would dearly love to find more suitable material to cite. For example I'd love to get hold of Wimpffen's Time and Two Seats (although even this tome does not cover early Italian GT racing) and Lurani's Italian-language memoirs (or much better for me, an English translation).

 * It doesn't necessarily follow though, that citations referencing the olde worlde horse-drawn "Grand Tour" are "tosh". The British (or even just some of them) are as much entitled to "their GT definition" as anybody else: aside from the FIA no one has any real authority in this arena, and even then only in motor racing. References to the horse-drawn "Grand Tour" are legion, and we as editors are bound to give them, and all other sources, suitable consideration. The Sony Play Station Gran Turismo manual, for example, has been circulated globally and has "informed" a whole generation of young enthusiasts, as is readily apparent online; how credible was Sony's source--who knows? Another example, the "Grand Tour" reference has been right here on this wiki from the beginning, AFAIK, long before I got here. I have personally added the most relevant citations I could find, notwithstanding my own opinion regarding the provenance of the underlying idea. In the way of popular culture, it is as authentic as anything else.

 * I think the narrative related above, and in part in the article, is rich and fascinating, and perhaps in time more sources will become available to flesh it out further, and improve it in the main article, perhaps even repudiate some of it. In the meantime I believe this wiki is a very good, authentic and fitting starting point. It's also a pleasure to be discussing it here.

 * Steve Limpus (talk) 02:17, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

Give a dog a good name
If I told everyone my crossbred terrier was an Irish Wolfhound people who cared little about dogs would accept that and maybe think far enough to presume Irish wolves are rabbit-sized. When they find it in a book they then believe it, maybe its a miniature wolfhound and not a Standard size? Manufacturers like to help their sales persons to sell product and if calling a Rabbit a GTI seems to work so be it (who cares) but does not make the nomenclature correct. Eddaido (talk) 02:00, 15 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Therein lies the problem Eddaido. If enough people call your "Terrier" a "Wolfhound", and if enough of them are credible sources (and especially if its "in a book") and if enough people read and talk about your Wolfhound over the years, he effectively IS now a Wolfhound, to many people. Maybe to some others, he is still a Terrier.  But the important thing for an encyclopedia editor, is that the whole story is recorded, including who called him what and when, and what all the connections were.  That he is still a Terrier to you remains important too.  Etymology is fascinating, no?

 * You are somewhat stretching the point however? My observation is that no real consensus exists as to an exact definition of "Grand Tourer" - I doubt that's actually the case for Terriers? The story behind the dissemination and dilution of the meaning of the "GT" nomenclature has an actual history: messy though it may be, it all actually happened. I don't see that anyone here is suggesting a Volkswagen Rabbit Rabbit GTi is the definitive grand tourer, but it is representative of its breed (GT "badged"); we can't wish it away, but we should try to explain it as best we can to our readers (using reputable sources of course).

 * At the end of the day the FIA Appendix J is probably the only document that currently has a shot at being genuinely "authoritative". Only my humble opinion though. The sources are what they are, and speak for themselves. I think there are good citations here for all worldviews, and there is always room for more, our editorial "duty" as it were.

 * Steve Limpus (talk) 04:52, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

 * I don't think you are talking of etymology, just lack of knowledge (again). Its like "I didn't know there was a Paris in France" and not acknowledging its existence. I do not think an encyclopaedia should give uninformed / ill-informed sources any credibility or, if essential, more than a passing mention. Please would you respond to why you think the Italian and FIA view is so (ill-educated). Eddaido (talk) 00:19, 17 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Oh dear Eddaido. I have actually been making arguments here that (1) the Italian concept of the gran turismo has historical precedence, and (2) that there is not an authoritative consensus as to an exact description of "grand tourer", except for the FIA in respect to motorsport. I have already made dozens of edits and citations here in this Wiki supporting the Italian gran turismo concept through the 1930s to the 1960s, and elucidating the evolution of gran turismo/grand touring racing via the CSAI and FIA; so you are missing the mark big time I'm afraid--I couldn't be further from opining the Italians and FIA are "ill-educated", where on earth did you get that idea?

 * It appears you have removed published citations from this wiki, simply because they don't fit your own favourite viewpoint? Doing so detracts from the value of the wiki as a source of information for readers: is that not the point of an encyclopedia rather than to promote one's own point of view or one's own favorite author? You could have instead highlighted the issues where people hold different views, and added your own citations expanding on that body of knowledge. Readers who see references to the horse-drawn Grand Tour elsewhere (there are many) will now be confused as to why it gets no mention here - far better to explain the controversy, no? Your reason is simply to "remove tosh"... really?

 * In regards to your Rabbit GTi, any manufacturer can call any product they want a "GT", and so they have--who's to stop them? That's rather the point isn't it. I put my hands up brother, it wasn't me! Blame Volkswagen!! lol :-)

 * Etymology: the study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history; the origin of a word and the historical development of its meaning.

 * I wish you and your Terrier both, a lovely weekend, Eddaido. :-) 06:40, 17 June 2017 (UTC)

An Italian view
With the term Gran Turismo, Granturismo or even with the abbreviation GT, it is a high performance car, but also suitable for long journeys.

In the sports field, the International Automobile Federation defines it as follows in Appendix J of 1961 to the International Sports Code:

« Grand Touring cars are vehicles built in small series for customers who are looking for a better performance and/or a maximum comfort and are not particularly concerned about economy[1] »

In the following years [2] [3] [4] [5] this definition is slightly modified in the text, while remaining unchanged in substance. Gran Turismo are different from "Sports cars" as they are designed to look for maximum performance, even though they are necessarily equipped with all the necessary equipment for road traffic [2], although from 1972 such equipment was still allowed but not required [6].

Therefore, Gran Turismo is generalist and does not correspond to the specific features or aesthetics of the bodywork, as it is in the case of berlinette, coupe, spyder, boat, roadster and so on. GT is often used by automakers in the official designations of their models and by the FIA to define specific classes of car racing (FIA GT Championship).

His body has normally two doors and a very aerodynamic and streamlined line, he often has the front engine fitted and has a good capacity boot. Some argue that it should contain "two golf bags". Its engine is powerful and its peak speed is high.

The name comes from the fact that these cars are able to easily travel long distances in a short time and with relative comfort.

 * Please note, the many references are to publications in English Eddaido (talk) 04:42, 15 June 2017 (UTC)

Source

GT history
Why article has conflic in GT history when 1st GT car is 1929 Alfa Romeo 6C 1750 GT and the article says "the grand touring car concept is generally considered to have originated in Europe in the early 1950s" this just wrong, opinions? in my opionion its originated in Europe in 1920s, the ref given says "modern" GT class is from 1950s , but this article should tell the whole story from beginning -- >Typ932 T·C 17:52, 27 February 2018 (UTC)

Elliot or Elliott?
What is the correct spelling, Elliot or Elliott? 77.169.9.65 (talk) 15:14, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

See also section
In the "See also" section, it says that the motorcycle equivalents of a GT car are the "cruisers" and "tourers" ("Cruiser and Touring motorcycle—motorcycle equivalents"). I read the respective articles and it seems to me that cruisers ar not equivalent to GTs, as they are not made for driving long distances ( :"At low to moderate speeds, cruisers are more comfortable than other styles, but riding for long periods at freeway speeds can lead to fatigue from pulling back on the handlebars to resist the force of the wind against the rider's chest."). I tourer is made for exactly that: driving long distances. Specifically, a sport touring motorcycle combine long distance driving capability of a tourer with the high speed of a sport motorcycle, being similar to a GT which also combines both capabilities. I think that this should be changed to say that the motorcycle equivalent of a GT is a sport tourer or, at least, a tourer.Magnetizedlion27 (talk) 01:09, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grand tourer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rock Bridge High School

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - kept

Rock Bridge High School
Hard to see anything special about this high school. Mandel 09:47, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete/Keep. Non-notable/Notable. --G Rutter 12:22, 11 Oct 2004/2010 (UTC)
 * Delete: schoolyard article. Karnack says the author is in 10th grade (in which case I laud him or her for good writing). Geogre 15:03, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I was in 10th or 11th grade when I wrote this article back in early Wikipedia times before such policies were established. Has there been some call to limit the number of articles? Certainly if thats actually the policy, it should be deleted. --Eean 16:03, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep.Mark Richards 17:27, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fails to meet the high bar for pre-uni school notability. --Improv 17:48, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  RickK 19:12, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Don't see anything notable within the article. MarkS 20:04, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Intrigue 17:16, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article does not establish notablility. Gamaliel 19:14, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I wish the sophomores luck in their fight for freedom, but nevertheless vote to delete. RadicalSubversiv E 02:22, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Real high-school students and their schools are more important than lots of the non-notable articles all over Wikipedia. Fg2 10:33, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - SimonP 03:35, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Italian short story writers

title: Category:Italian short story writers


text: Category:Italian journalists

title: Category:Italian journalists


text: Category:Italian bankers

title: Category:Italian bankers


text: Category:Bankers by nationality

title: Category:Bankers by nationality


text: Category:Mexican comedians

title: Category:Mexican comedians


text:
Nicholas de Crioll

Nicholas de Crioll (Cryoyll, Kerrial or Kyriel) (died c. February 1272), of a family seated in Kent, was Constable of Dover Castle and Keeper of the Coast during the early 1260s. His kinsman Bertram de Criol (died 1256) had distinguished himself in these offices during the preceding 20 years and both were near predecessors of the eminent Warden of the Cinque Ports, Stephen de Pencester (of Penshurst).

Kinship
Although Nicholas de Crioll is often taken to be (and may well have been) a son of Bertram de Criol, the fact is not overtly stated. In 1242 King Henry granted the manor of Croxton, Leicestershire, to Bertram. The place was of special significance to the king as his father King John's heart was buried in Croxton Abbey, and he made many acts of patronage towards it. By 1246 the manor had passed (no doubt in token of a near kinship) to Nicholas de Crioll, who was granted a market and fair there, and the village took its name Croxton Kerrial from the Crioll or Kyriel family's connection with it. Bertram de Criol's son Sir John de Criol (died 1264) is, however, referred to as his "son and heir", and John had a younger brother Sir Simon de Criol (died 1267), his fellow-juror in the inquisition upon Thomas de Normanville in 1245-46: Nicholas de Crioll is sometimes in their company as a fellow witness, and is clearly associated with them, but the relationship is not explained.

Marriage
Croxton Abbey was a Premonstratensian house, and the tenure of the neighbouring manor by Nicholas de Crioll may be connected with the tradition of patronage towards the Premonstratensians in the family of his wife, Joan de Auberville. She was heir to the senior line of the de Auberville inheritance, only daughter of William de Auberville (the younger), son of Hugh, and grandson of William de Auberville (the elder) and his wife Matilda, daughter of Ranulf de Glanville and Bertha de Valoines. William the elder had assisted Ranulf in the foundation of Leiston Abbey in Suffolk in 1182, and himself founded Langdon Abbey in Kent, near the de Auberville seat of Westenhanger, in 1191, a grant which was confirmed by his fee-lord Simon de Averenches, Lord of Folkestone. Both were Premonstratensian houses. The de Criol family, which in Bertram gave long and distinguished service in the Constabulary of Dover Castle, were patrons also of St Radegund's Abbey at Bradsole.

Robert de Auberville (brother of Joan's grandfather Hugh), after being among the rebel barons captured by King John at Rochester Castle late in 1215, served King Henry loyally as Constable of Hastings Castle during the 1220s. He was given authority jointly with Bertram de Criol for the defence of the ports between Sandwich and Portsmouth in 1229, and was replaced in that role by Henry de Sandwich (de Sandwico), Warden of Sandwich, in 1230: John de Gatesden, succeeding Robert as Constable of Hastings, then took on a larger command. Joan de Auberville was first married to Henry de Sandwich, and was his widow when she married Nicholas de Crioll. In this way the de Auberville possessions, including Westenhanger, came into the de Crioll family.

Royal service
Nicholas is described as "vadlettus", a royal servant, in orders requiring him to hunt for deer in the park at Clere (Highclere, Hampshire ) in 1243, at Guildford in 1244, and at Havering in 1245. The Croxton market grant followed, and in 1248 he received a gift of two does from the park at Elham near Folkestone, from the king. In that year he received a summons for himself and two knights to be in London on 21 August to go into Gascony on the King's service. He was in Gascony with Bertram de Criol from Easter 1249 for four months, upon a mission to deliver funds to the viceroy Simon de Montfort.

He was among those who crossed with the king to Gascony in 1253, and again in 1254 in company with his serjeant William de Waleton. His name heads the list of men summoned to Chester on 9 August 1257 for the service of the king and Edward his son in Wales. This assembly was to support King Henry's response (which proved ineffectual) to the English defeat at the Battle of Cadfan by the Welsh under Llywelyn ap Gruffudd earlier in the same year. In May 1260 de Crioll appears as Constable of Dover Castle. He was entrusted with the safekeeping of great sums of the King's money delivered to him from France by Aubrey de Fiscamp and William de Axemuth, the King's clerks. Arrangements were to be made for the delivery of some part of it to the king, for the payment of £1000, and for the safe retention of the remainder at Dover.

A year later an important ecclesiastical inquisition was held at Otford Palace to determine the true heirs to the estate (sometime considered a barony) of Eynsford, Kent, following the death, in the archbishop's wardship, of William de Eynsford the 7th lord. It was claimed in two moieties by Nicholas de Crioll and William Herengod. With the extinction of the descent from William the 5th lord (great-grandfather of the deceased) their claim lay in the descent from his sisters Joan, who married Hugh de Auberville (grandfather of Joan, wife of Nicholas) and Beatrice, who by marriage to Stephen Herengod was mother to the co-claimant. This defeated a counter-claim from an elder branch of the family which had never held seisin, and was decided in favour of de Crioll and Herengod.

The Second Barons' War
In June 1263 the king committed to Nicholas de Crioll the Wardenship of the Cinque Ports, with instructions to Robert de Glastonia, Constable of Dover Castle, to provide him with quarters at the Castle when he should return there. The barons and bailiffs of Dover, Hastings, Romney, Hythe and Sandwich were required "to provide by his counsel two or three of the most approved men for the security and defence of the port[s] by sea and land against any adversaries or rebels." In September 1263 de Crioll received a mandate to take charge of the county of Kent and the Hundred of Middleton in the absence of a Sheriff, and to deliver the issues for munitions to the Constable of Dover.

At the death of Hamo de Crevecoeur, Lord of the barony of Chatham and of Leeds Castle, early in 1263, Nicholas is shown to have held five knights' fees from the barony of Folkestone, for which he did service as of the fee of Morteyne. His tenure owed three watches to ward of Dover Castle, and it is recorded that he held from the king in capite by barony elsewhere. Hamo held the Folkestone barony in husband-right of his second wife Matilda de Averenches, Lady of Folkestone, who had died c.1250. John de Criol's son Bertram (the younger) was married to Eleanor de Crevecoeur (third daughter of Hamo and Matilda), who with her sisters inherited the Folkestone barony.

The de Crioll family was variously involved in the revolt of 1264. Richard de Clare had died in 1262, reputedly in the house of John de Crioll at Bletchingley, and Sir John himself, having been summoned to fight the Welsh in 1263, died not long afterwards. His son Sir Bertram (to whom in February 1264 Roger de Leybourne confirmed the lease of the manor of Dartford ) was with Gilbert de Clare in the siege of Rochester Castle, which was held for the king by de Leybourne. An inquisition upon the rebels described Bertram as an enemy of King Henry's and King Edward's, being of the household of Sir Henry de Montfort, and that certain lands of his were seized by the Earl of Gloucester and afterwards by Roger de Leybourne, but were later redeemed. His kinsman Robert de Crevecoeur, grandson and heir of Hamo, was with Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Lewes. The same inquest records that Laurence de Fonte of Canterbury was with Sir Nicholas de Crioll before, during and after the war, and stayed with him until his death, but it was not believed that he was present at any siege or spoil. In September 1265 Nicholas de Crioll, Knight, was, with John de Chausy (Templar) and Richard de Maneton (Hospitaller) charged with ensuring the safe conduct of the envoys of the King of France into the king's presence.

The second marriage
After the death of Joan de Auberville Nicholas took a second wife Margery, thought to have been the daughter of Simon de Cray. She must have been a much younger woman, for she had a son and a daughter by Nicholas and four more daughters by a later (Clifford) marriage, and lived down to 1319, when she left a will. The clarification that he was not the husband of Maud, daughter of William de Essetesford (Ashford), as suggested in some sources, is owing to the recognition that the manor of "Stokton" (Great Staughton, Huntingdonshire) was in the possession of Nicholas (and of William Herengod) as a parcel of his inheritance through Joan de Auberville, and not by a previous marriage. Maud's first husband was Simon de Crioll (died 1267 ), the younger brother of John de Crioll: the manor was given by Nicholas and William to Roger de Leybourn, and by him to Maud and her second husband Roger de Rolling.

Nicholas died by 10 February 1272. Wardship of all the lands of the elder Nicholas which were held in chief, and the marriage of his heirs, was granted to Edward the King's son on 16 February 1272 and in the March following. Certain lands in Kent were granted in wardship on his son's behalf to Sir Gregory de Rokesley, Lord Mayor of London, until Michaelmas 8 Edward I (1280).

Family
Nicholas de Crioll married first Joan de Auberville, the widow of Henry de Sandwich. Their son was:

 * Nicholas Crioll, who married Margery, daughter of Gilbert Pecche, upon whom (with the assent of his father) he settled the manor of Benhall, Suffolk, in dower for term of her life.  This Nicholas died c. 1303,  whereupon Margery obtained licence to remarry, and asserted her right in dower. Soon afterwards Ralph le Sauvage and his wife Margery (who alone quitclaimed for herself and her heirs) by fine completed the transfer of the manor of Benhall to Guy Ferre the younger, which had been commenced in 1290 by Nicholas Crioll the younger. Nicholas the younger and Margery had an heir
 * Nicholas de Criel, aged nearly 21 in November 1303.

Nicholas de Crioll the elder married secondly Margery, supposed daughter of Simon de Cray. Margery lived to 1319 and left a will. Her children supposed born of her marriage to Nicholas were:
 * Bertram de Crioll, with his mother a benefactor of Croxton Abbey.
 * Margery de Crioll, who married John, son of Geoffrey de Say by January 1286/87.

Sir Nicholas de Criel drew up an agreement concerning a marriage at Canterbury in connection with Sir Roger de Leyburne in c. 1261.

Erasure
The arms of de Crioll appear in several of the earliest armorial rolls. The shield for Nicholas de Crioll is the one which was erased (presumably on the initiative of Sir Edward Dering) from the heraldic roll of c. 1280 known as the Dering Roll, to make way for Sir Edward's suppositious ancestor Richard fitz Dering.

title: Nicholas de Crioll


text:
C. West Churchman

Charles West Churchman (29 August 1913 – 21 March 2004) was an American philosopher and systems scientist, who was Professor at the School of Business Administration and Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. He was internationally known for his pioneering work in operations research, system analysis and ethics.

Biography
Churchman was born in 1913 in Mount Airy, Philadelphia, to Clark Wharton Churchman and Helen Norah Fassitt, descendants of Philadelphia Main Line families. His first intellectual love was for philosophy and this far-ranging love for wisdom captivated him to the end of his life. He studied philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania, where he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity. He earned a bachelor's degree in 1935, a master's in 1936, and a PhD in 1938, all in philosophy. One of his teachers was Edgar A. Singer, who had been a student at Harvard of the philosopher and psychologist William James.

Before completing his dissertation, in 1937, he became Instructor of Philosophy, also at the University of Pennsylvania. Churchman's dissertation was ultimately completed under Henry Bradford Smith, titled "Towards a General Logic of Propositions" (1938). Upon finishing his degree, he was appointed assistant professor at the university. During World War II, Churchman headed the mathematical section of the U.S. Ordnance Laboratory at the Frankford Arsenal in Philadelphia and devised a way to test small arms ammunition and detonators based on the statistical methods of bioassay. He also investigated the theory of detonation, applying high-speed photography. In 1945, back in Pennsylvania he was elected Chairman of the Department of Philosophy. In 1951, Churchman moved to the Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, Ohio, and until 1957 he was Professor of Engineering Administration at Case. In 1957, he joined the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley and remained there as a Professor Emeritus after his retirement.

During 1946–1954, he served as the secretary and program chairman of the American Philosophy of Science Association. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Churchman was a founding member of TIMS, now INFORMS, and was its ninth president in 1962. In 1989, Churchman was elected president of the International Society for the Systems Sciences.

Churchman edited the journal Philosophy of Science for a long period beginning in 1948. He was also the first editor-in-chief of the journal Management Science in 1954.

Churchman has been cited by Noam Chomsky as the only professor from whom he learned anything as an undergraduate. European students of C. West Churchman are Werner Ulrich and Kristo Ivanov who developed his work in related fields and contributed to its diffusion in Europe. American students of Churchman who have documented their understanding and application of his work are Ian Mitroff and Richard O. Mason

Churchman died in 2004 in Bolinas, California.

Work
Churchman made significant contributions in the fields of management science, operations research and systems theory. During a career spanning six decades, Churchman investigated a vast range of topics such as accounting, research and development management, city planning, education, mental health, space exploration, and peace and conflict studies.

Churchman became internationally recognized due to his then radical concept of incorporating ethical values into operating systems. Hasan Ozbekhan, his friend, in The Predicament of Mankind proposal to the Club of Rome incorporated ethical values in the 49 Continuous Critical Problems that constitute the Global Problematique. The proposal was not accepted because it was "too humanistic"

Personal life
His wife Gloria Churchman died in 2009. About her husband, she said, "Academic philosophy wasn't satisfying to him. He demanded that philosophy have meaning in the world. He wanted to insert an ethical dimension into science. And he really made it his job to remind all these CEOs that they had ethical responsibilities."

"He was a tremendous teacher. People would flock to his class," Gloria Churchman said. "He always kept you on the edge of your chair, because he was a very, very exciting lecturer. He had students from everywhere, all over the world."

Professor Churchman and Gloria Churchman are survived by their son Daniel Wharton Churchman (Josh) of Bolinas, his daughter-in-law Joy Churchman and two grandchildren, Jenna and Kyle Churchman.

Recognition
Churchman's honors include the Academy of Management’s Best Book in Management Award and the McKinsey Book Award, both in 1968. In 1965 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. His work was further honored through three honorary doctorates given to him by the Washington University in St. Louis in 1975, the University of Lund, Sweden in 1984, and the Umeå University, Sweden in 1986. In 1983, Churchman received the Berkeley Citation, one of the campus's highest awards. In 1999 he received the LEO Award for Lifetime Exceptional Achievement in Information Systems. He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences.

The West Churchman Memorial Prize was awarded in 2014, during the 10th Brazilian Congress of systems, conducted by CORS - USP, after a selection carried out by an editorial committee, composed of researchers from several countries. The purpose of it was to provide recognition to an important systemic research work developed within the highest ethical and methodological standards as advocated C. West Churchman.

Publications
Churchman wrote some 15 books and edited another 9 books:

 * 1938, Towards a General Logic of Propositions, Ph.D. Dissertation.
 * 1940, Elements of Logic and Formal Science, J.B. Lippincott Co., New York.
 * 1940, Euclid Vindicated of Every Blemish, Translator, Saccheri's.
 * 1946, Psychologistics, with Russell L. Ackoff.
 * 1948, Theory of Experimental Inference, Macmillan Publishers, New York.
 * 1950, Methods of Inquiry: Introduction to Philosophy and Scientific Method, with Russell L. Ackoff, Educational Publications, St. Louis, Missouri, Missouri.
 * 1956, Costs, Utilities, and Values, Sections I and II.
 * 1957, Introduction to Operations Research, with Russell L. Ackoff & E.L. Arnoff, J. Wiley and Sons, New York.
 * 1960, Prediction and Optimal Decision, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
 * 1968, Challenge to Reason, McGraw-Hill, New York.
 * 1968/1979, The Systems Approach, Delacorte Press, New York.
 * 1971, The Design of Inquiring Systems, Basic Concepts of Systems and Organizations, Basic Books, New York.
 * 1975, Thinking for Decisions: Deductive Quantitative Methods, Science Research Associates, Chicago, Illinois.
 * 1979, The Systems Approach and Its Enemies, Basic Books, New York.
 * 1982, Thought and Wisdom; The Gaither Lectures, Intersystems Publications, Seaside, California.

Books edited by C. West Churchman.
 * 1947, Measurement of Consumer Interest, ed. with Russell L. Ackoff, and M. Wax.
 * 1959, Measurement: Definitions and Theories, ed. with P. Ratoosh.
 * 1959, Experience and Reflection by Edgar A. Singer, Jr., ed.
 * 1960, Management Sciences, ed. with M. Verhulst.
 * 1975, Systems and Management Annual 1975, ed.
 * 1976, Design Methods and Theories, ed.
 * 1976, World Modelling: A Dialogue, ed. with R.O. Mason.
 * 1984, Natural Resources Administration: Introducing a New Methodology for Management Development, ed. with A.H. Rosenthal, and S.H. Smith.
 * 1989, The Well-Being of Organizations, ed.
 * 2011, The Permanent Revolution in Science. Richard L. Schanck and C. West Churchman, (Reissue of 1954 book). New York, Philosophical Library, Introduction by C. West Churchman.

title: C. West Churchman