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Otago Gold Rush

The Otago Gold Rush (often called the Central Otago Gold Rush) was a gold rush that occurred during the 1860s in Central Otago, New Zealand. This was the country's biggest gold strike, and led to a rapid influx of foreign miners to the area – many of them veterans of other hunts for the precious metal in California and Victoria, Australia. The number of miners reached its maximum of 18,000 in February 1864.

The rush started at Gabriel's Gully but spread throughout much of Central Otago, leading to the rapid expansion and commercialisation of the new colonial settlement of Dunedin, which quickly grew to be New Zealand's largest city. Only a few years later, most of the smaller new settlements were deserted, and gold extraction became more long-term, industrialised-mechanical process.

Previous gold finds in New Zealand
Previously gold had been found in small quantities in the Coromandel Peninsula (by visiting whalers) and near Nelson in 1842. Commercial interests in Auckland offered a £500 prize for anyone who could find payable quantities of gold anywhere nearby in the 1850s, at a time when some New Zealand settlers were leaving for the California and Australian gold rushes. In September 1852, Charles Ring, a timber merchant, claimed the prize for a find in Coromandel. A brief gold rush ensued around Coromandel township, Cape Colville and Mercury Bay but only £1500 of gold was accessible in river silt, although more was in quartz veins where it was inaccessible to individual prospectors. The rush lasted only about three months.

A find in the Aorere Valley near Collingwood in 1856 proved more successful, with 1500 miners converging on the district and removing about £150,000 of gold over the next decade, after which the gold was exhausted. The presence of gold in Otago and on the West Coast during this time was known, but the geology of the land was different from that of other major gold-bearing areas, and it was assumed the gold would amount to little.

Previous gold finds in Otago
Māori had long known of the existence of gold in Central Otago, but had no use for the ore. For a precious material they relied on greenstone for weaponry and tools, and used greenstone, obsidian and bone carving for jewellery.

The first known European Otago gold find was at Goodwood, near Palmerston in October 1851. The find was of a very small amount with no ensuing "rush". Instead, the settlement of Dunedin was just three years old, and more practical matters were of higher importance to the young town.

Other finds around the Mataura River in 1856 and the Dunstan Range in 1858 stirred minimal interest. A find near the Lindis Pass in early 1861 started producing flickers of interest from around the South Island, with reports of large numbers of miners travelling inland from Oamaru to stake their claims. It was two months later that the gold strike was made that would prompt a major influx of prospectors.

Gabriel's Gully
Gabriel Read, an Australian prospector who had hunted gold in both California and Victoria, Australia, found gold in a creek bed at Gabriel's Gully, close to the banks of the Tuapeka River near Lawrence on 20 May 1861. "At a place where a kind of road crossed on a shallow bar I shovelled away about two and a half feet of gravel, arrived at a beautiful soft slate and saw the gold shining like the stars in Orion on a dark frosty night".

The public heard about Read's find via a letter published in the Otago Witness on 8 June 1861, documenting a ten-day-long prospecting tour he had made. There was little reaction at first until John Hardy of the Otago Provincial Council stated that he and Read had prospected country "about 31 miles long by five broad, and in every hole they had sunk they had found the precious metal." With this statement, the gold rush began.

Arrival of prospectors
By Christmas, 14,000 prospectors were on the Tuapeka and Waipori fields. Within a year, the region's population swelled greatly, growing by 400 per cent between 1861 and 1864, with prospectors swarming from the dwindling Australian goldfields. Gabriel's Gully led to the discovery of further goldfields within Central Otago. A second gold strike in 1862, close to the modern town of Cromwell, did nothing to dissuade new hopefuls, and prospectors and miners staked claims from the Shotover River in the west through to Naseby in the north. In November 1862 Thomas Arthur and Harry Redfern sneaked off from shearing for William Rees at Queenstown and looked for gold on the banks of the Shotover River armed with a butcher's knife and pannikin. The Arthur's Point strike led to the largest rush that occurred in Otago. Historic buildings at Queenstown such as Eichardt's Hotel, the Lake Lodge of Ophir (now Artbay Gallery), the Queenstown Police Station, and stone Courthouse were all begun as a response to the rapid influx. By the end of 1863, the real gold rush was over, but companies continued to mine the alluvial gold. The number of miners reached its maximum of 18,000 in February 1864.

Life in mining communities

Read's find of gold sparked the interest of people in Dunedin; people travelled long distances in the hope of striking it rich. These goldfields all gave rise to mining towns and communities of temporary shops, hotels and miners' huts made from canvas or calico fabric-covered timber frames. As the scope of the goldfields developed, communities became more permanent with buildings constructed in timber and concrete. Evidence such as material artefacts, foundations of huts and buildings, and photographs from the Central Otago goldfields provide us with information about the labour and social roles of men and women in the 19th century. A restored Chinese Village at Arrowtown is a popular tourist attraction.

Men in mining communities
The news of gold at Gabriel's Gully reached the inhabitants of Dunedin and the rest of the world, prospectors immediately left their homes in search of gold. The majority of these perspective prospectors were labourers and tradesmen, in their late teens and twenties. The incoming population included entrepreneurial, skilled and technical people that established services for the miners, such as shops, post offices, banks, pubs, hotels and hardware stores. The owners of these businesses could make more money than the miners.

Evidence
Historical evidence of male miners or businessmen in the 19th-century Central Otago goldfields is readily available in literature by and about the experiences of inhabitants at the various gold strikes. Census statistics and photographs are also available, all of which provide inferential evidence about the labour roles in these communities. This in turn provides information about labour and social roles within the community. Such information includes that of the ownership and management of stores and hotels, such as the bank and gold office at Maori Point (Bank of New Zealand) in the 1860s, managed by G. M. Ross.

Archaeological evidence is also readily available. Excavations at various sites throughout Otago show evidence of an array of mining techniques, including ground sluicing, hydraulic sluicing and hydraulic elevating. Tailings (the materials left over after the removal of the uneconomic fraction (gangue) of the ore) also provide some of the archaeological evidence from Otago gold mine sites. Midden analysis from camp and settlement sites provides information about diet, with evidence of a preference for beef and lamb in the European camps, and a preference for pork within the Chinese camps.

Artefactual evidence found during excavations includes blue and white ceramics, cooking and eating utensils, metal objects, such as buttons, nails and tin boxes (flint boxes, tobacco boxes) and an exceedingly high number of alcohol glass bottles. It is possible these glass bottles were recycled, so archaeologists cannot draw definite conclusions as to alcohol consumption. Within the Chinese camps (such as the Lawrence Chinese camp) artefacts include gambling tokens and Chinese coins as well as celadon earthwares.

Although diaries and memoirs about the lives of males in the mining communities exist, little mention or information is known about the significance of female labour and social roles. Archaeological evidence, however, suggests that many females in the goldfields took significant roles in mining and the general community.

Women in mining communities
In the 19th-century goldfields, women played significant familial, labour and entrepreneurial roles, such as wives, mothers, prostitutes, business owners and service providers and 'Colonial Helpmeets' (wives who worked alongside their husbands). Women within these communities were young and single, or married with a family, although the community was predominantly male, female family never having intended to move to the goldfields until towns developed with hotels, stores and schools. Yet, there was a female presence in this environment from the start of the gold find in 1861, at Gabriel's Gully. An example is Janet Robertson, who lived with her husband in a small cottage in Tuapeka. It was here in her cottage, where Gabriel Read wrote his "discovery" letter of gold to the Otago Provincial Council. As the news of this goldfield in Gabriel's Gully spread, prospectors engaged in the area, and Janet opened up her home, cooked meals and tended to the miners, as they passed through.

Another significant woman present on the 19th-century Central Otago goldfields was Susan Nugent-Wood, a well-known writer in the 1860s and 1870s. Nugent-Wood, her husband John, and their children moved to Otago in 1861, as prospectors of gold. Nugent-Wood worked on the goldfields of Central Otago in several official positions. She wrote stories based on her life and roles on the Central Otago goldfields, which provide accounts of labour and social aspects of mining and gender in the 19th century.

Harriet Heron also lived on the goldfields, most notably at Fourteen-Mile Beach where she and her husband Henry lived in a tent for three years – Heron was the only woman in the mining camp at the time. They later built a cottage in the area, which is known today as "Mrs Heron's Cottage" and maintained by Heritage New Zealand.

As the majority of women within these mining communities were married, many became widows, as their husbands died during mining related activities or diseases. These women, whose husbands owned stores or hotels, adopted ownership rights. Many became well known throughout the communities, amongst visitors, passing miners and local citizens. Archaeological evidence of a widow who took over ownership rights following her husbands' death, was Elizabeth Potts. Potts was given a licence for the Victoria Hotel in Lawrence in 1869. This was recorded and published in the Tuapeka Times, 11 December 1869. This archaeological evidence provides information which suggests that women played significant labour and social roles within mining communities.

Excavation evidence

An excavation report from the Golden Bar Mine between the Macraes Flat and Palmeston, Otago, shows that located in front of the main mine workings of ca.1897, archaeological material was found. This material was a small heart-shaped brooch with 13 glass (paste) diamonds. This archaeological evidence suggests that women were present at this site, and within the Golden Bar goldfield. The exact occupation of women from this evidence is unknown, but indicates that women were present on the goldfields during the 19th-century gold rush in Otago.

Another excavation report by Petchey from the Macraes Flat mining area, presents items of children's toys such as marbles, and a china doll's leg amongst ruins of a house site. This evidence is also useful to suggest men and their families engaged in mining activities and social life on the goldfields in the 19th century. Archaeological artefacts from 19th-century mining communities in Central Otago suggest that women and children were on site of the goldfields. It is unknown whether these artefacts belonged to women who were miners or women who were domestic wives and mothers.

Results
The city of Dunedin reaped many of the benefits, for a period becoming New Zealand's largest town even though it had only been founded in 1848. Many of the city's stately buildings date from this period of prosperity. New Zealand's first university, the University of Otago, was founded in 1869 with wealth derived from the goldfields.

However, the rapid decline in gold production from the mid-1860s led to a sharp drop in the province's population, and while not unprosperous, the deep south of New Zealand never rose to such relative prominence again.

Later gold rushes
The Wakamarina River in Marlborough proved to have gold in 1862, and 6,000 miners flocked to the district. Although they found alluvial gold, there were no large deposits.

The West Coast of the South Island was the second-richest gold-bearing area of New Zealand after Otago, and gold was discovered in 1865–6 at Okarito, Bruce Bay, around Charleston and along the Grey River. Miners were attracted from Victoria, Australia where the gold rush was near an end. In 1867 this boom also began to decline, though gold mining continued on the coast for a considerable time after this. In the 1880s, quartz miners at Bullendale and Reefton were the first users of grid electricity in New Zealand.

Southland also had a number of smaller scale gold rushes during the later half of the 19th century. The first goldmining in Southland took place in 1860 on the banks of the Mataura River and its tributaries (and later would help settlements such as Waikaia and Nokomai flourish). However the first "gold rush" wasn't until the mid-1860s when fine gold was discovered in the black sands of Orepuki beach. Miners followed the creeks up into the foothills of the Longwoods to where the richest gold was to be had. This activity led to the founding of mining settlements such as Orepuki and Round Hill (the Chinese miners and shop owners essentially ran their own town known colloquially to Europeans as "Canton").

Gold was long known to exist at Thames, but exploitation was not possible during the New Zealand Wars. In 1867 miners arrived from the West Coast, but the gold was in quartz veins, and few miners had the capital needed to extract it. Some stayed on as workers for the companies which could fund the processing.

Commercial extraction
After the main gold rush, miners began laboriously reworking the goldfields. About 5,000 European miners remained in 1871, joined by thousands of Chinese miners invited by the province to help rework the area. There was friction not only between European and Chinese miners, which contributed to the introduction of the New Zealand head tax, but also between miners and settlers over conflicting land use.

Attention turned to the gravel beds of the Clutha River, with a number of attempts to develop a steam-powered mechanical gold dredge. These finally met with success in 1881 when the Dunedin became the world's first commercially successful gold dredge. The Dunedin continued operation until 1901, recovering a total of 17,000 ounces (530 kg) of gold.

The mining has had a considerable environmental impact. In 1920 the Rivers Commission estimated that 300 million cubic yards of material had been moved by mining activity in the Clutha river catchment. At that time an estimated 40 million cubic yards had been washed out to sea with a further 60 million in the river. (The remainder was still on riverbanks). This had resulted in measured aggradation of the river bottom of as much as 5 metres.

Gold is still mined by OceanaGold in commercial quantities in Otago at one site – Macraes Mine inland from Palmerston, which started operations in 1990. Macraes Mine, an opencast hard rock mining operation, processes more than 5 million tonnes of ore per year and from 1990 through 2014, gold production has totaled about 4 million ounces.

The Otago gold rush in popular culture
Numerous folk songs, both contemporary and more recent, have been written about the gold rush. Of contemporary songs, "Bright Fine Gold", with its chorus of "Wangapeka, Tuapeka, bright fine gold" (sometimes rendered "One-a-pecker, two-a-pecker") is perhaps the best known. Most well-known of more recent songs are Phil Garland's songs Tuapeka Gold. and  Daniel's Gold .

Martin Curtis wrote a folk-style song about the gold rush called "Gin and Raspberry." The lyrics are written in the voice of an unsuccessful gold prospector who envies the success of the largest gold mine in the Cardrona valley at the time, the "Gin and Raspberry" (supposedly so named because the owner would call out, "Gin and raspberry to all hands!" whenever a bucket of mined material yielded an ounce of gold. The singer laments, "an ounce to the bucket and we'd all sell our souls/For a taste of the gin and raspberry." The song has had several recordings, particularly by Gordon Bok.

Paul Metsers' song "Farewell to the Gold" is based loosely on a flood in July 1863, which killed 13 miners on the Shotover River. The song has been recorded by many, including Nic Jones, The Black Family, James Keelaghan, and Nancy Kerr and James Fagan.

1976 New Zealand children's television drama series Hunter's Gold was set during the Central Otago Gold Rush.

The Otago Goldfields Cavalcade has annually since 1991 retraced the routes of wagons across country to the Dunstan goldfields around Cromwell. The original route, which established Cobb & Co.'s coach service left Dunedin's Provincial Hotel on 22 November 1862. Cavalcade routes vary each year in late February so as to finish in a different host town. In 2008 plans were made for a heritage trail including Arrowtown, Kawarau Gorge, Lawrence and the Dunedin Chinese Garden.

On life in mining communities

 * Forrest, J. (1961). "Population and Settlement on the Otago Goldfields 1861–1870", New Zealand Geographer, 17, 1, pp. 64–86.
 * Glasson, H. A. (1957). The Golden Cobweb: A saga of the Otago goldfields, 1861–1864, Otago Daily Times & Witness Newspapers, Dunedin.
 * Harper, B. (1980). Petticoat Pioneers: South Island women of the Colonial Era, A. H. & A. W. Reed Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand pp. 184–189.
 * Mahalski, B. (2005). New Zealand's Golden Days, Gilt Edge Publishing, Wellington, New Zealand.

title: Otago Gold Rush


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User:Sherurcij

Articles into which I have put the most work

Tout comprendre, c'est tout pardonner If men could only know each other, they would neither idolize nor hate. سلام هو الحل

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Sherurcij


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Michelson

Michelson may refer to:

 * Michelson (surname), people with the given name or surname
 * 27758 Michelson discovered in 1991
 * Michelson (crater) on the Moon
 * Michelson-Gale-Pearson experiment, science
 * Michelson interferometer, most common configuration for optical interferometry
 * Michelson–Morley experiment, a scientific experiment regarding the luminiferous ether.
 * Michelson Museum of Art, Texas, USA
 * Mount Michelson (Brooks Range), Alaska, USA
 * USNS Michelson T-AGS-23, United States Naval ship
 * Michelson, the domain-specific language for smart contracts in Tezos
 * Michelson, Michigan, an unincorporated community

title: Michelson


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kumpil

Kumpil was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 4 votes to delete. Postdlf 07:24, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Kumpil
Dictdef of a non-English term. RickK 06:57, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Bad dictdef. Geogre 15:00, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dictdef. Nadavspi 15:01, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete for the same reason everyone else wants to delete it. NeoJustin 23:24 Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kumpil


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User talk:Vaiowayo

Libertarianism
Moving a title without justification and in violation of consensus, and doing it repeatedly, is justification enough to be blocked. But when the person is in the middle of edit wars and harrassment, then they're a vandal to begin with. So if you think you won't be blocked when you move it again, think again. RickK 07:01, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

I thought it was very well justified for the reasons provided.

There was no consensus against it at all.

I think your blocking in these circumstances is unfair and unjustified. Vaiowayo 07:03, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vaiowayo


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Tabarin

Tabarin was the street name of Anthoine Girard (c. 1584 – August 16, 1633), the most famous Parisian street charlatan of his day, who amused his audiences in the Place Dauphine by farcical dialogue with his brother Philippe (as Mondor), with whom he reaped a golden harvest by the sale of quack medicines for several years after 1618. Street theatre was popular theatre, on an improvised stage with a curtain backdrop, to the music of a hurdy-gurdy and a set of viols. More formal contemporary performances were confined to the royal court or to the Hotel de Bourgogne, overseen by the medieval guild that had the monopoly of theatrical performances in Paris.

A contemporary woodcut shows Tabarin in the dress of a clown, but with a gallant moustache and pointed beard, carrying a wooden sword, like his distant puppet descendant Mr. Punch, — which would trip him up— and wearing a soft grey felt hat capable of assuming countless amusing shapes in his deft fingers. Tabarin from French tabard denotes a short cloak of the kind the commedia dell'arte figure Scaramouche wears.

In more elaborate weekly performances others appeared, notably his wife. In these he based his bawdy jokes on the stock situations of commedia dell'arte troupes, which were amusing the French court at the time, brought up to date for Parisians by running banter of topical allusions and knowing local jokes, based on his original gifts for improvisation. The Girard brothers retired about 1628, purchased a seigneurie and lived out their retirement as country gentlemen near Orléans.

Numerous farces and dialogues were credited to him, and long series of cheap leaflets purporting to be his complete works began to appear as early as 1622. Stock characters besides Tabarin, with his famous felt hat Le Chapeau de Tabarin that could be rolled into a variety of shapes to aid his characterizations (see "Chapeaugraphy"), were two old men Lucas and Piphagne whose echoes still resound in the Barber of Seville, and the witty and self-reliant ladies Francisquine and Isabella. A Falstaffian old soldier (based on the miles gloriosus of Roman comedy) named Capitaine Rodomonte, gave his name to the rodomontade of French theater, an extravagantly inflated and drawn-out tirade of deluded self-confidence, vain threats and invective. Both Molière and La Fontaine, who praised him, were influenced by the Tabarin tradition of coarse quick repartee, and he was also well spoken of, long after he was gone, by Boileau and Voltaire.

Tabarin became the French eponym of any comic performer of a street booth. It was taken up as a cabaret that was made immortal by a Paul Colin poster which epitomized the 1920s.

Publications

 * Inventaire universel des oeuvres de Tabarin, attributed to Tabarin, published in 1622

title: Tabarin


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Westville

Westville may refer to:

 * in Canada:
 * Westville, Nova Scotia

 * in South Africa
 * Westville, KwaZulu-Natal

 * in the United Kingdom:
 * Westville, Nottinghamshire
 * Westville, Lincolnshire

 * in the United States:
 * Westville, California, an unincorporated community in Placer County
 * Westville (New Haven), Connecticut, a neighborhood
 * Westville, Florida, a town in Holmes County
 * Westville (Georgia), an open-air museum town in the city of Columbus
 * Westville, Illinois, a village in Vermilion County
 * Westville, Indiana, a town in LaPorte County
 * Westville, Monroe County, Mississippi, a village
 * Westville, Simpson County, Mississippi, a ghost town
 * Westville, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Westville, New Jersey, a borough in Gloucester County
 * Westville, New York, a town in Franklin County
 * Westville, Oklahoma, a town in Adair County
 * Westville, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community
 * Westville, South Carolina, an unincorporated community

title: Westville


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Talk:Anderson Cooper

Died by suicide
Please correct the statement “committed suicide” to “died by suicide”. Clinicalwidow (talk) 05:09, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anderson Cooper


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User talk:Matt Vassar

Please don't post nonsense. If you want to write an encyclopedia article, please do so, but not something that you might find in Tiger Beat. RickK

title: User talk:Matt Vassar


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User:Dejan

My homepage is located at http://dejan.lekic.org - there You can find more information about me.

title: User:Dejan


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Acer nigrum

Acer nigrum, the black maple, is a species of maple closely related to A. saccharum (sugar maple), and treated by some authors as a subspecies of it, as Acer saccharum subsp. nigrum.

Identification can be confusing due to the tendency of the two species to form hybrids. The simplest and most accurate method for distinguishing between the two trees is the generally three-lobed leaves of the black maple versus the generally five-lobed leaves of the sugar maple. The leaves of the black maple also tend to have a drooping appearance. Other differences that are not as pronounced include darker, more deeply grooved bark, slightly smaller seeds, a downy underside, and thicker petioles. Hybrids are intermediate in their characteristics.

Distribution
The geographic range of A. nigrum is slightly more limited than the sugar maple, encompassing much of the Midwestern United States, portions of the Eastern United States, and the southeast of Canada in southern Ontario.

Description

The black maple's mature height ranges from 21 to 34 meters (70 to 110 feet).

Uses
This species is used similarly to the A. saccharum, for timber as hard maple, for landscaping, and for maple syrup production.

title: Acer nigrum


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Gabriel Reid

Gabriel Luke Reid (born 24 February 1969) is a New Zealand director, screenwriter and producer working in television, film and theatre. His doctoral thesis examines the impact of digital technologies on film production.

Education
Reid holds a PhD in Film, Television and Media Studies from the University of Auckland. His thesis, titled The Impact of Digital Technologies on Feature Film Production, presents a history of digital film production technologies as they have been developed and applied, primarily in the mainstream American cinema. It includes case studies of The Lord of the Rings and The Chronicles of Narnia, interpreted as instances of film making that are at once consequential for the development of digital production techniques and as ambiguously positioned between the local (N.Z.) and the global. Other case studies centre on projects for which all images are computer generated (i.e. animated feature films) and projects for which live action images are captured digitally. Reid conducted research at renowned studios and visual effects companies including Animal Logic, Blue Sky Studios, Industrial Light & Magic, Park Road Post, Pixar and Weta Digital. His interviewees included Andrew Adamson, Matt Aitken, Pete Docter, Bill George, Donald McAlpine, Tim Johnson, Barrie M. Osborne, Chris Wedge and Dean Wright.

Prior to securing his doctorate, Reid earned a Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts (First Class Honours). His MA thesis, titled Mr. Shakespeare Goes to Hollywood and supervised by Professor MacDonald P. Jackson, examines film adaptations of works by Shakespeare. Conducting research at the Royal Shakespeare Company, Royal National Theatre and Renaissance Films, Reid interviewed notable directors, actors and producers, including John Barton, Hugh Cruttwell, Adrian Noble, Trevor Nunn, David Parfitt and Imogen Stubbs.

Dr Reid has lectured on Film History and New Zealand Cinema at Unitec Institute of Technology.

Career
As a grandson of Mercury Theatre founder Professor John Reid, Reid's interest in the performing arts was nurtured from an early age. Before hitting his teens, he secured representation with New Zealand's first professional talent agency, founded by former wrestler Robert Bruce. Reid acted on stage and television alongside such stalwarts as Deryck Guyler, George Henare and Billy T. James. At Auckland Grammar he was president of the Senior Film Society and a member of Bel Canto choir, led by David Hamilton. At sixteen he directed a season of Godspell. Five years later, his work as a theatre director was garnering excellent reviews. Of his production of Amadeus, The New Zealand Herald wrote: "The multi-talented Mr Reid...directs with scrupulous care and refreshing confidence." Reviewing his production of The Crucible, The Strip magazine wrote: "Gabriel Reid is a clever, tightly disciplined, diligent director, with a bold and clear eye for design. This totally satisfying production coaxed new subtleties from the script — which could become far too dramatic for its own good in the hands of a less questioning director — yet diluted none of its power. It was craft and precision that fused this production into an example which could inspire even more experienced directors."

As vice-chair of Theatre Workshop, Reid oversaw productions of Salome, The Revenger's Tragedy and As You Like It, which featured Toa Fraser, Oliver Driver and Brown Nation star Rajeev Varma. Soon after, he was invited to join the staff of Auckland Metropolitan Opera (now known as New Zealand Opera) for the company's inaugural production, Die Fledermaus starring Dame Malvina Major at the newly opened Aotea Centre. Over a period of years he worked on numerous opera seasons. These productions featured such renowned artists as Dame Kiri Te Kanawa and Sir Donald McIntyre. Subsequently, Reid was an assistant director and production assistant on notable television and film projects, including Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, Bridge to Terabithia, The Chronicles of Narnia and Kiwi Christmas. As an actor he has appeared in television series and films, including Shortland Street, Street Legal, Jackson's Wharf, Outrageous Fortune, We're Here To Help and American Playboy: The Hugh Hefner Story.

His 2004 short film, As Dreams Are Made On starring Raymond Hawthorne, was invited to screen at Rhode Island International Film Festival, Melbourne International Film Festival and the New Zealand International Film Festival. His 2015 short film, Every Moment, won four awards at Tropfest N.Z., including Best Film and Best Actress (Bree Peters). Reid and his writing partner, Maile Daugherty, were awarded Best Short Film Screenplay at the New Zealand Writers Guild Awards, the SWANZ. The short was nominated in three categories at the New Zealand Film Awards. In 2019 the New Zealand Film Commission made Reid a recipient of Catalyst He Kauahi; a substantial grant facilitating feature film development via the production of high-end, narrative shorts. The grant was applied to Impossible, a short film, written and directed by Reid, produced by Karpal Singh and Belindalee Hope, starring Paul Norell and Diamond Langi. Post-produced at Sir Peter Jackson's Park Road Post, the short was mixed by two-time Academy Award winner Michael Hedges. At its 2023 ceremony, the New Zealand Cinematographers Society (NZCS) awarded Gold to director of photography Andrew McGeorge for his work on Impossible.

In 1999 Reid founded Pageant Films. The company has produced several thousand promos and numerous industry-acclaimed campaigns for New Zealand's largest television broadcasters; TVNZ, MediaWorks and their subsidiary networks (TV One, TV2, TVNZ6, TVNZ7, TVNZ Heartland, TV3 and C4). Reid's work has earned nominations at PromaxBDA Australia, winning Gold in 2010, and has featured some of New Zealand's most notable artists, including Temuera Morrison, Karl Urban, Robyn Malcolm, Angela Bloomfield and Oscar Kightley. Pageant is developing a slate of feature film projects including adaptations of classic works, the Wall Street drama Division, executive produced by David Parfitt and Matthew Metcalfe, and the romantic dramedy Misspelt, for which the producing team includes Mark Johnson.

Commencing in 2012, Dr Reid served ten years on the board of the Directors and Editors Guild of Aotearoa New Zealand (DEGANZ), including two terms as vice president. Commencing in 2017, he served five years on the board of Film Auckland Incorporated (FAI). On occasion, he has discussed in the media the state of the New Zealand screen industry.

title: Gabriel Reid


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William L. Downing

William Lansing Downing (born August 1, 1949) is a former judge of the Superior Court of Washington for King County (Seattle) and a former deputy prosecutor. He is notable for his ruling that same-sex marriages are legal in Washington, as well as for the prosecutions of the Wah Mee massacre killers.

In 1978, he graduated with a J.D. from the University of Washington School of Law, along with classmate Robert S. Lasnik.

title: William L. Downing


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Nicola Salerno

Nicola Salerno (11 March 1910 – 22 May 1969), often known as Nisa, was an Italian lyricist. He formed a famous songwriting duo with Renato Carosone.

Life and career
Nicola Salerno was born in Naples in 1910.

His first hit was "Eulalia Torricelli" of 1947, about the unhappy love story between a wealthy girl from Forlì and a guy named Giosuè. Salerno put the whole team of songwriters (including himself, Gino Redi and Dino Olivieri) in the lyrics as heirs to each of Eulalia's three castles.

Salerno met Renato Carosone in 1955. It was Mariano Rapetti, Ricordi record company's director – and father of lyricist Mogol – who suggested that they should work together to enter a radio contest. Nisa brought Carosone three texts to be set to music. One of them was titled "Tu vuò fà l'americano". Carosone had an instant inspiration and started composing a boogie-woogie on the piano keyboard. It took just fifteen minutes to create Carosone's most famous song, that became a worldwide success. Other famous hits by the duo include "'O suspiro", "Torero", "Caravan Petrol", "Pigliate 'na pastiglia" and "'O sarracino".

Salerno worked also with other songwriters. Among his best-known lyrics are "Guaglione", winning song of the Naples Song Festival in 1956, and "Non ho l'età", with which Gigliola Cinquetti won both the Sanremo Music Festival and the Eurovision Song Contest in 1964.

Besides writing lyrics, Nicola Salerno was also an illustrator. He was the author, for example, of cover designs for some Neapolitan music scores published between the 1920s and 1930s.

He died in Naples in 1969. His son Alberto Salerno would also become a successful lyricist.

title: Nicola Salerno


text:
Çetin İnanç

Çetin İnanç (Born in Ankara on 12 September 1941) is a Turkish film director who has directed movies for the past five decades. He is infamously known as the director of Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam (1982), aka "Turkish Star Wars"

Biography
Inanç spent his youth pursuing a career in Law, and later abandoned his career. He began his cinema career as the assistant of well-known Turkish director Atıf Yılmaz. In 1967 he made his first movie Çelik Bilek based on an Italian comics character. He quickly moved into the niche market of producing erotica, but was dissuaded from that path as military took over in Turkey and passed several censorship laws against adult movies. Among his erotic films, the most notorious is Bal Badem (1978), starring Zerrin Egeliler, one of the most famous Turkish actresses of the 1970s.

His next venture was action movies, including his most famous work Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam (English: "The Man Who Saved The World"), a low-budget space saga infamously dubbed the "Turkish Star Wars".

Today, Çetin İnanç continues to direct, although his passion has since been funnelled into Turkish television programmes likes Çılgın Bediş and the more recent Karaoğlan.

He was nicknamed as "jet director" in Turkish cinema circles since he shot most of his films in around 10 days.

Filmography

 * Killing Canilere Karşı - 1967
 * Çelik Bilek - 1967
 * Kral Kim - 1968
 * Kızıl Maske - 1968
 * Asi Kabadayı - 1969
 * Asrın Kralı - 1969
 * Demir Pençe - 1969
 * Demir Pençe Casuslar Savaşı - 1969
 * Devlerin Öcü - 1969
 * Garibanlar Mahallesi - 1969
 * Hedefte Vuruşanlar - 1969
 * Ölüm Şart Oldu - 1970
 * Altın Tabancalı Ajan - 1970
 * Hoş Memo - 1970
 * Püsküllü Bela - 1970
 * Kanıma Kan İsterim - 1970
 * Kiralık Katiller - 1970
 * Kralların Kaderi Değişmez - 1970
 * Çeko - 1970
 * Cehennemde Şenlik Var - 1970
 * Ölüm Çemberi - 1970
 * Kara Memed - 1971
 * Allah Benimle - 1971
 * Avare Kalbim - 1971
 * Zehir Hafiye - 1971
 * Ölüm Bana Vız Gelir - 1971
 * Şerefimle Yaşarım - 1971
 * Cemo İle Cemile - 1971
 * Hedefte İmzam Var - 1971
 * Kinova - 1971
 * Bombala Oski Bombala - 1972
 * Kamçılı Kadın - 1972
 * Kan Dökmez Remzi - 1972
 * Kara Şeytan - 1972
 * Tophaneli Murat - 1972
 * Fosforlu Melek - 1972
 * Görevimiz Tehlike - 1972
 * Çapkın Hafiye - 1972
 * Ölüm Benden Korksun
 * Üç Silahşörler - 1972
 * Üç Silahşörlerin İntikamı - 1972
 * Affedilmeyenler - 1972
 * Beddua / Günahsız Kadın - 1973
 * Bilal-i Habeşi - 1973
 * Dağ Kurdu - 1973
 * Destan - 1973
 * Kader Çıkmazı - 1973
 * Kara Haydar - 1973
 * Maceraya Bayılırım - 1973
 * Mağrur Ve Cesur - 1973
 * Sevginin Bedeli - 1973
 * Yunus Emre Destanı - 1973
 * Bahriyeli Kemal - 1974
 * Karaların Ali - 1974
 * Reşo: Vatan İçin - 1974
 * Yolsuzlar - 1974
 * İntikam - 1974
 * Şehitler - 1974
 * Ah Ne Adem Dilli Badem - 1975
 * Bana Beş Avrat Yetmez - 1975
 * Halime'nin Kızları - 1975
 * Kral Benim - 1975
 * Sefer Seferde - 1975
 * Seveceksen Sev Artık - 1975
 * Sıra Sende Yosma - 1975
 * Çapkınım Hovardayım - 1975
 * Şipşak Basarım - 1975
 * Cezanı Çekeceksin - 1976
 * Eden Bulur - 1976
 * Gurbetçiler Dönüyor - 1976
 * Günah - 1976
 * Kader Bu - 1976
 * Kanundan Kaçamazsın - 1976
 * Kaybolan Saadet - 1976
 * Kayıkçının Küreği - 1976
 * Korkunç Şüphe - 1976
 * Kıvrıl Fakat Kırılma - 1976
 * Sokak Kadını - 1976
 * Yumurtanın Sarısı - 1976
 * Söyleyin Anama Ağlamasın - 1976
 * Yalan - 1976
 * İşler Karıştı / Zühtü - 1976
 * Akdeniz Kartalı - 1976
 * Aşk Dönemeci - 1976
 * Enayiler Kralı - 1976
 * Garip - 1977
 * Gönül Ferman Dinlemez - 1977
 * Son Gülen Tam Güler - 1977
 * Vur Gözünün Üstüne - 1977
 * Yaşamak Güzel Şey - 1977
 * Çifte Nikah - 1977
 * Aşkın Kanunu - 1978
 * Aşkın Sıcaklığı - 1978
 * Bir Daha Affetmem - 1978
 * El Bebek Gül Bebek - 1978
 * Ilık Dudaklar - 1978
 * Kalp Kalbe Karşıdır - 1978
 * Ya Şundadır Ya Bunda - 1978
 * Yüz Karası - 1978
 * Ne Olacak Şimdi - 1978
 * Zor Oyunu Bozar - 1978
 * Seven Unutmaz - 1978
 * Çıldırtan Kadın / Sevmek mi Öl... - 1978
 * Ölüm Yarışı - 1979
 * Afferin Çocuğa - 1979
 * Bal Badem - 1979
 * Hayat Kadını / Sürtük - 1979
 * Püsküllü Bela / Dilberim Kıyma... - 1979
 * Seven Sevene - 1979
 * Aşk Pınarı - 1981
 * Hamaylı Boynundayım - 1981
 * Kara Bahtım - 1981
 * Seviyorum Allahım - 1981
 * Su - 1981
 * Dört Yanım Cehennem - 1982
 * Bizim Mahalle - 1982
 * Kelepçe - 1982
 * Kimsesizler - 1982
 * Gırgır Ali - 1982
 * Son Savaşçı - 1982
 * Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam - 1982
 * Ölümsüz - 1982
 * Ölüme Son Adım - 1983
 * Çöl - 1983
 * En Büyük Yumruk - 1983
 * Erkekçe - 1983
 * İdamlık - 1983
 * Vahşi Kan - 1983
 * İntikam Benim - 1983
 * Aç Kartallar - 1984
 * Ölüm Savaşçısı - 1984
 * Yetim Emrah - 1984
 * Dev Kanı - 1984
 * Deli Fişek - 1984
 * Kara Şimşek 1 - 1985
 * Kaplanlar - 1985
 * Bin Defa Ölürüm - 1985
 * Son Darbe - 1985
 * Asi Kabadayı - 1986
 * Korkusuz - 1986
 * Ölüm Vuruşu - 1986
 * İntikamcı - 1986
 * 11 Ayın Sultanı Ramazan - 1987
 * Polis - 1992 (TV series)
 * Kumarbaz - 1993 (TV series)
 * Merhamet - 1993 (TV series)
 * Şişeler - 1993 (TV series)
 * Uyuşturucu - 1994 (TV series)
 * Kızım Osman - 1998 (TV series)

title: Çetin İnanç


text:
Protein splicing

Protein splicing is an intramolecular reaction of a particular protein in which an internal protein segment (called an intein) is removed from a precursor protein with a ligation of C-terminal and N-terminal external proteins (called exteins) on both sides. The splicing junction of the precursor protein is mainly a cysteine or a serine, which are amino acids containing a nucleophilic side chain. The protein splicing reactions which are known now do not require exogenous cofactors or energy sources such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Normally, splicing is associated only with pre-mRNA splicing. This precursor protein contains three segments—an N-extein followed by the intein followed by a C-extein. After splicing has taken place, the resulting protein contains the N-extein linked to the C-extein; this splicing product is also termed an extein.

History
The first intein was discovered in 1988 through sequence comparison between the Neurospora crassa and carrot vacuolar ATPase (without intein) and the homologous gene in yeast (with intein) that was first described as a putative calcium ion transporter. In 1990 Hirata et al. demonstrated that the extra sequence in the yeast gene was transcribed into mRNA and removed itself from the host protein only after translation. Since then, inteins have been found in all three domains of life (eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea) and in viruses.

Protein splicing was unanticipated and its mechanisms were discovered by two groups (Anraku and Stevens ) in 1990. They both discovered a Saccharomyces cerevisiae VMA1 in a precursor of a vacuolar H+-ATPase enzyme. The amino acid sequence of the N- and C-termini corresponded to 70% DNA sequence of that of a vacuolar H+-ATPase from other organisms, while the amino acid sequence of the central position corresponded to 30% of the total DNA sequence of the yeast HO nuclease.

Many genes have unrelated intein-coding segments inserted at different positions. For these and other reasons, inteins (or more properly, the gene segments coding for inteins) are sometimes called selfish genetic elements, but it may be more accurate to call them parasitic. According to the gene centered view of evolution, most genes are "selfish" only insofar as to compete with other genes or alleles but usually they fulfill a function for the organisms, whereas "parasitic genetic elements", at least initially, do not make a positive contribution to the fitness of the organism.

As of December 2019, the UniProtKB database contains 188 entries manually annotated as inteins, ranging from just tens of amino acid residues to thousands. The first intein was found encoded within the VMA gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. They were later found in fungi (ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, zygomycetes and chytrids) and in diverse proteins as well. A protein distantly related to known inteins containing protein, but closely related to metazoan hedgehog proteins, has been described to have the intein sequence from Glomeromycota. Many of the newly described inteins contain homing endonucleases and some of these are apparently active. The abundance of intein in fungi indicates lateral transfer of intein-containing genes. While in eubacteria and archaea, there are 289 and 182 currently known inteins. Not surprisingly, most intein in eubacteria and archaea are found to be inserted into nucleic acid metabolic protein, like fungi.

Inteins vary greatly, but many of the same intein-containing proteins are found in a number of species. For example, pre-mRNA processing factor 8 (Prp8) protein, instrumental in the spliceosome, has seven different intein insertion sites across eukaryotic species. Intein-containing Prp8 is most commonly found in fungi, but is also seen in Amoebozoa, Chlorophyta, Capsaspora, and Choanoflagellida. Many mycobacteria contain inteins within DnaB (bacterial replicative helicase), RecA (bacterial DNA recombinase), and SufB (FeS cluster assembly protein). There is remarkable variety within the structure and number of DnaB inteins, both within the mycobacterium genus and beyond. Interestingly, intein-containing DnaB is also found in the chloroplasts of algae. Intein-containing proteins found in archaea include RadA (RecA homolog), RFC, PolB, RNR. Many of the same intein-containing proteins (or their homologs) are found in two or even all three domains of life. Inteins are also seen in the proteomes encoded by bacteriophages and eukaryotic viruses. Viruses may have been involved as vectors of intein distribution across the wide variety of intein containing organisms.

Mechanism
The process for class 1 inteins begins with an N-O or N-S shift when the side chain of the first residue (a serine, threonine, or cysteine) of the intein portion of the precursor protein nucleophilically attacks the peptide bond of the residue immediately upstream (that is, the final residue of the N-extein) to form a linear ester (or thioester) intermediate. A transesterification occurs when the side chain of the first residue of the C-extein attacks the newly formed (thio)ester to free the N-terminal end of the intein. This forms a branched intermediate in which the N-extein and C-extein are attached, albeit not through a peptide bond. The last residue of the intein is always an asparagine (Asn), and the amide nitrogen atom of this side chain cleaves apart the peptide bond between the intein and the C-extein, resulting in a free intein segment with a terminal cyclic imide. Finally, the free amino group of the C-extein now attacks the (thio)ester linking the N- and C-exteins together. An O-N or S-N shift produces a peptide bond and the functional, ligated protein.

Class 2 inteins have no nucleophilic first side chain, only an alanine. Instead, the reaction starts directly with a nucleophilic displacement, with the first residue of the C-extein atticking the peptide carboxyl on the final residue of the N-extein. The rest proceeds as usual, starting with Asn turning into a cyclic imide.

Class 3 inteins have no nucleophilic first side chain, only an alanine, yet they have an internal noncontiguous "WCT" motif. The internal C (cysteine) residue attacks the peptide carboxyl on the final residue of the N-extein (nucleophilic displacement). Transesterification occurs when the first residue of the C-extein attacks the newly formed thioester. The rest proceeds as usual.

The mechanism for the splicing effect is a naturally occurring analogy to the technique for chemically generating medium-sized proteins called native chemical ligation.

Intein
An intein is a segment of a protein that is able to excise itself and join the remaining portions (the exteins) with a peptide bond during protein splicing. Inteins have also been called protein introns, by analogy with (RNA) introns.

Naming conventions
The first part of an intein name is based on the scientific name of the organism in which it is found, and the second part is based on the name of the corresponding gene or extein. For example, the intein found in Thermoplasma acidophilum and associated with Vacuolar ATPase subunit A (VMA) is called "Tac VMA".

Normally, as in this example, just three letters suffice to specify the organism, but there are variations. For example, additional letters may be added to indicate a strain. If more than one intein is encoded in the corresponding gene, the inteins are given a numerical suffix starting from 5 to 3 or in order of their identification (for example, "Msm dnaB-1").

The segment of the gene that encodes the intein is usually given the same name as the intein, but to avoid confusion the name of the intein proper is usually capitalized (e.g., Pfu RIR1-1), whereas the name of the corresponding gene segment is italicized (e.g., Pfu rir1-1). A different disambiguating convention is to place a lowercase "i" after the source protein name, e.g. "Msm DnaBi1".

Types of inteins
Inteins can be classified on many criteria.
 * Based on how they splice themselves out, they can be classified into cis-splicing (which means that they splice themselves out) or trans-splicing (which means they need outside help). Most studied inteins are cis-splicing. Split inteins (see below) usually involves two halves helping each other out, so they are trans-splicing.
 * Based on whether they contain the endonuclease domain. Ones that have an endonuclease domain is called a "maxi-intein", otherwise a "mini-intein".
 * Based on their splicing mechanism, which can be partially inferred based on the sequence. Class 1 intein is the most-studied type and are marked by a cysteine or serine as the first residue. Class 2 intein, or "alanine intein" has alanine as the first residue and no WCT motif. Class 3 intein has alanine as the first residue and a noncontiguous "WCT" motif. It has also been proposed that inteins that start with a serine and contain a "WCT" motif should be also classed as class 3.

Full and mini inteins
Inteins can contain a homing endonuclease gene (HEG) domain in addition to the splicing domains. This domain is responsible for the spread of the intein by cleaving DNA at an intein-free allele on the homologous chromosome, triggering the DNA double-stranded break repair (DSBR) system, which then repairs the break, thus copying the intein-coding DNA into a previously intein-free site. The HEG domain is not necessary for intein splicing, and so it can be lost, forming a minimal, or mini, intein. Several studies have demonstrated the modular nature of inteins by adding or removing HEG domains and determining the activity of the new construct.

Split inteins
Sometimes, the intein of the precursor protein comes from two genes. In this case, the intein is said to be a split intein. For example, in cyanobacteria, DnaE, the catalytic subunit α of DNA polymerase III, is encoded by two separate genes, dnaE-n and dnaE-c. The dnaE-n product consists of an N-extein sequence followed by a 123-AA intein sequence, whereas the dnaE-c product consists of a 36-AA intein sequence followed by a C-extein sequence.

Applications in biotechnology
Inteins are very efficient at protein splicing, and they have accordingly found an important role in biotechnology. There are more than 200 inteins identified to date; sizes range from 100–800 AAs. Inteins have been engineered for particular applications such as protein semisynthesis and the selective labeling of protein segments, which is useful for NMR studies of large proteins.

Pharmaceutical inhibition of intein excision may be a useful tool for drug development; the protein that contains the intein will not carry out its normal function if the intein does not excise, since its structure will be disrupted.

It has been suggested that inteins could prove useful for achieving allotopic expression of certain highly hydrophobic proteins normally encoded by the mitochondrial genome, for example in gene therapy. The hydrophobicity of these proteins is an obstacle to their import into mitochondria. Therefore, the insertion of a non-hydrophobic intein may allow this import to proceed. Excision of the intein after import would then restore the protein to wild-type.

Affinity tags have been widely used to purify recombinant proteins, as they allow the accumulation of recombinant protein with little impurities. However, the affinity tag must be removed by proteases in the final purification step. The extra proteolysis step raises the problems of protease specificity in removing affinity tags from recombinant protein, and the removal of the digestion product. This problem can be avoided by fusing an affinity tag to self-cleavable inteins in a controlled environment. The first generation of expression vectors of this kind used modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae VMA (Sce VMA) intein. Chong et al. used a chitin binding domain (CBD) from Bacillus circulans as an affinity tag, and fused this tag with a modified Sce VMA intein. The modified intein undergoes a self-cleavage reaction at its N-terminal peptide linkage with 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT), β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME), or cystine at low temperatures over a broad pH range. After expressing the recombinant protein, the cell homogenate is passed through the column containing chitin. This allows the CBD of the chimeric protein to bind to the column. Furthermore, when the temperature is lowered and the molecules described above pass through the column, the chimeric protein undergoes self-splicing and only the target protein is eluted. This novel technique eliminates the need for a proteolysis step, and modified Sce VMA stays in column attached to chitin through CBD.

Recently inteins have been used to purify proteins based on self aggregating peptides. Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are a useful tool in biotechnology. Fused with target protein, they tend to form aggregates inside the cells. This eliminates the chromatographic step needed in protein purification. The ELP tags have been used in the fusion protein of intein, so that the aggregates can be isolated without chromatography (by centrifugation) and then intein and tag can be cleaved in controlled manner to release the target protein into solution. This protein isolation can be done using continuous media flow, yielding high amounts of protein, making this process more economically efficient than conventional methods. Another group of researchers used smaller self aggregating tags to isolate target protein. Small amphipathic peptides 18A and ELK16 (figure 5) were used to form self cleaving aggregating protein.

Applications in Antimicrobial Development
Over the last twenty years, there has been increasing interest in leveraging inteins for antimicrobial applications. Intein splicing is found exclusively in unicellular organisms, with a particularly high abundance in pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, inteins are commonly found within housekeeping proteins and/or proteins involved in the survival of the organism within a human host. Post-translational intein removal is necessary for the protein to properly fold and function. For example, Gaëlle Huet et al. demonstrated that in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, unspliced SufB prevents the formation of the SufBCD complex, a component of the SUF machinery. As such, the inhibition of intein splicing may serve as a powerful platform for the development of antimicrobials.

Current research on intein splicing inhibitors has focused on developing antimycobacterials (M. tb. has three intein-containing proteins), as well as agents active against pathogenic fungi Cryptococcus and Aspergillus. Cisplatin and similar platinum-containing compounds inhibit splicing of the M. tb. RecA intein through coordinating to catalytic residues. Divalent cations, such as copper (II) and zinc (II) ions, function similarly to reversibly inhibit splicing. However, neither of these methods are currently suitable for an effective and safe antibiotic. The fungal Prp8 intein is also inhibited by divalent cations and cisplatin through interfering with the catalytic Cys1 residue. In 2021, Li et al. showed that small molecule inhibitors of Prp8 intein splicing were selective and effective at slowing the growth of C. neoformans and C. gattii'', providing exciting evidence for the antimicrobial potential of intein splicing inhibitors.

title: Protein splicing


text:
File talk:Waterloo campaign map.png

Copied from User talk:Gsl

I have a few nitpicks: Gdr 11:52, 2004 Oct 13 (UTC)
 * 1) There's no scale!
 * 2) The Prussian movements on 18 June seem to be missing. There ought to be some indication of how the Prussians got to Waterloo.
 * 3) The Prussian movement of 17 June (am) looks to me like a retreat, not an advance.
 * 4) I think there's room to put the actual dates on the map, perhaps "15a", "15p", "16a", etc instead of "1", "2", "3" etc; this would reduce the amount of referring back and forth to the key.
 * 5) The Prussian uniforms were black, not green!
 * 6) There's a line of grey dots and a line of black dashes. What are these?
 * 7) You ought to have a key for the symbols for cavalry, infantry, headquarters etc (the general reader is unlikely to know these conventions) or alternatively make a Wikipedia page about military map conventions and link to it from the image caption.

Some answers and more questions:
 * 1) I shall add a scale
 * 2) The source map I based mine on clearly shows this move as French however the text says that "On hearing of the calamity [at Waterloo], Grouchy, victorious at Wavre, executed an exemplary withdrawal to France."  So did any of Grouchy's French force move from Wavre to Waterloo on 18 June AM?  Or should this move actually be the Prussians?
 * 3) I don't know the who, what or why of this move.  The text says "Blucher was 'damnably mauled' and driven eastwards" following Ligny but elsewhere it says he retreated on a parallel course to the Anglo-Dutch withdrawing from Quatre-Bras which shows as the 16 June PM retreat towards Wavre.
 * 4) I am unconvinced but will give dates a try.
 * 5) I shall change the Prussian colour scheme to black.
 * 6) The dashed black line is the army boundary between the Anglo-Dutch and Prussians.  I shall note it in the key.  I have no idea what the grey dotted line is.  It isn't the Sambre (which runs through Maubeuge and Charleroi) and it doesn't conform to the current French-Belgian border so I shall remove it.
 * 7) I shall expand the key.

Other things I am not clear on:
 * Who is making the 16 June AM (3) move from Brussels to Waterloo? Is this Picton's Reserve Corps?
 * How do Hill's and Uxbridge's corps get from their 16 June PM (4) positions to Waterloo?
 * What is the timing of the Prussian (Ziethen's I Corps) and French (Gerard's IV Corps) moves from Charleroi/Chatelet to Ligny?
 * The looping move east-to-west south-east of Quatre-Bras (shown as a Prussian retreat) has always confused me. In the source map, it is in the same format as the retreats from Ligny to Wavre and from Quatre-Bras to Waterloo so I assumed it was some sort of retreat.  However I wonder if it is meant to depict D'Erlon's French I Corps (the text says of 16 June "an entire [French] army corps spent the day marching between the two battlefields without interfering on either").  In which case, what is the un-timed French move direct from Ligny to Quatre-Bras.
 * If Grouchy had the French III and IV Corps and some cavalry at Wavre, does that mean the three unnumbered French corps on the road to Waterloo (17 June PM (6) move) are French I, II and VI Corps?

I would like to sort out these issues before I attempt to revise the map. Geoff/Gsl 07:37, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

To answer your questions: Gdr 10:45, 2004 Oct 20 (UTC)
 * Yes, Zieten, Pirch and Bülow reached Waterloo in the evening of June 18. Grouchy (with Vandamme and Gerard) stayed to fight Thielman at Wavre and did not get to Waterloo.
 * After Ligny the Prussians retreated in some disarray. Certainly some retreated east. Grouchy described the Prussians as moving in two columns. But I can't find a reference that says which Prussian corps was where on June 17th.
 * I'm not convinced about dates either. Maybe best to stick to numbers.
 * The 16 June am move from Brussels to Waterloo may be Picton, who reached Quatre-Bras on the afternoon of the 16th.
 * Uxbridge was at Quatre-Bras and was the rearguard in the retreat to Waterloo
 * Hill's corps was scattered across the Belgian border and took some time to concentrate. I don't know when it got to Waterloo.
 * Zieten retreated from Charleroi to Fleurus on the evening of 15 June and then to Ligny on 16 June; Gerard advanced on Ligny in the morning of 16 June.
 * It was d'Erlon's I corps that due to poor communication spent 16 June marching towards Ligny and then back to Quatre-Bras.
 * Yes, the French I, II and VI corps all bivouacked at Mont-St-Jean on the night of the 17th and fought at Waterloo on the 18th.

Here's my best guess as to the positions and movements of the various corps (advances in bold, retreats in italics):

Key
 * C = Charleroi
 * E = Enghien
 * F = Fleurus
 * G = Gembloux
 * L = Ligny
 * M = Marchienne
 * m = Mont-St-Jean
 * N = Nivelles
 * Q = Quatre-Bras
 * S = Saint-Lambert
 * W = Waterloo
 * w = Wavre

title: File talk:Waterloo campaign map.png


text:
Remedy Entertainment

Remedy Entertainment Oyj, trading internationally as Remedy Entertainment Plc, is a Finnish video game developer based in Espoo. Notable games the studio has developed include the first two entries in the Max Payne franchise, Alan Wake, Quantum Break and Control. Sam Lake, Remedy's creative director, has represented the company on numerous occasions.

Founded in August 1995 by members of demoscene group Future Crew, Remedy Entertainment created their first game, Death Rally, in a team member's basement. Apogee Software served as the game's publisher, and continued to be involved in the production of their next title, Max Payne, which received critical acclaim upon release. The game was followed by a sequel, Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne, released by Rockstar Games. After spending seven years working on the Max Payne franchise, the developer decided to create a new intellectual property called Alan Wake. This title was once suspected to be vaporware because of the length of time it took to produce and release. It gained a cult following when it was released in 2010, by Microsoft Game Studios, though at the time its sales were not enough to justify the production of a sequel. Remedy decided to pursue a new project named Quantum Break, which further expanded the live-action component of Alan Wake. The team had transitioned to become a multi-project studio since 2016, and had three projects in development, including Control and the single-player portions of CrossfireX. Remedy's latest title, Alan Wake 2, was released on 27 October 2023. They are currently developing Control 2 and a remake of their original Max Payne titles.

Remedy Entertainment has specialised in making cinematic single-player action games featuring a strong central character. With their roots in the demo scene Remedy have a strong history in developing their own game engines for their titles, most notably Northlight for Quantum Break. The studio underwent rapid expansion during the 2010s. It became a public company in 2017, and moved into a larger office in Espoo in 2018. Remedy opened their second studio in Stockholm in 2022.

Background and founding (1995–1998)
The company was founded by members of different demoscene groups that worked on creating demos for personal computers (PCs) and Commodore International's Amiga PCs. In 1994, inspired by Bloodhouse and Terramarque, Finland's first commercial video game developers, members of the Future Crew demogroup realised that their group would not evolve into a commercial developer by itself, and they would have to set up a new company. They decided to found the company they called Remedy to produce video games and began recruiting other like-minded individuals with a demoscene background. Remedy's founding members were Samuli Syvähuoko, Markus Mäki, Sami Nopanen, John Kavaleff and Sami Vanhatalo. The company was officially established on 18 August 1995. At the time the company was founded, most members were only in their early twenties. They produced their first video game in the basement of Syvähuoko's parents' house in Espoo's Westend district.

The team began developing a racing game, initially known as HiSpeed, based on the first idea the team pitched. Scott Miller, the founder of Apogee Software, provided creative input and suggested the racing game should introduce vehicular combat elements. Renamed Death Rally, Apogee Software released the game in 1996. Needing dialog for the game, Remedy's Petri Järvilehto contacted a long-time friend Sam Lake, who was studying English literature at University of Helsinki at the time, to help; Lake subsequently remained at Remedy and would eventually become the studio's creative director.

In 1997, Remedy also created a benchmarking tool, Final Reality, with the team later spinning off as a new sister company, Futuremark. In a letter dated 9 July 1998, LucasArts, through attorney John Sullivan, approached Remedy and threatened legal action, claiming the Remedy logo was copied from the top part of LucasArts' logo. By that time, Remedy had already been in the process of redesigning their logo, as their logo at the time did not properly reflect Remedy as a company. The old logo was taken off Remedy's website in July, and was replaced by a question mark. The new logo, designed by Kiia Kallio, was unveiled on 29 April 1999.

Max Payne series (1999–2005)
Following the release of Death Rally, Remedy began pitching their next project to Miller. One was a space flight simulation game like Descent: FreeSpace, one was a racing game, while another was an isometric shooter named Dark Justice. Miller decided to fund the shooter's development, on the condition the game had a strong central character like Duke Nukem, 3D graphics, and a better name. He felt Dark Justice was too "dark" and "adult". The team proposed different possibilities, ranging from "Dick Justice" to "Max Heat", a name the company trademarked for $20,000, before settling on the name "Max Payne". The game's lead designer was Petri Järvilehto. He wanted bullet time and slow motion, a hallmark of Hong Kong action films, to be the core mechanic for their game. They decided to position it as a resource for players to use. With an expertise in computing because of their demoscene background, the team crafted their own game engine for the game. Sam Lake was appointed as the game's writer. He introduced elements commonly found in crime fiction and film noir into the game. The team wanted to use real-life photos for the game's texture, though this was initially met with heavy resistance by the artists. In 1999, the designers travelled from Finland to New York to research the city and get ideas for environments. Accompanied by two former New York Police Department bodyguards, they took thousands of photographs for mapping. The company spent most of its time in 2000 further refining the game's graphics. Having delayed its release twice, Max Payne received critical acclaim when it was released in July 2001. It was noted for its heavy focus on story and atmosphere as an action game, which was traditionally more gameplay oriented. The game was a commercial success, selling more than seven million copies.

Apogee outsourced the development of Max Payne's console versions to Rockstar Games, whose parent company Take-Two Interactive spent $10 million to purchase the intellectual property rights to the franchise; Rockstar still holds the rights to Max Payne as of 2021. As part of the acquisition agreement, Remedy would return to develop a sequel for the game. Take-Two gave Remedy plenty of creative freedom. The development cycle for the sequel game was much shorter than the original. The team made use of most of the existing gameplay mechanics and expanded them. Lake returned to write the game's script. He went to the Theatre Academy of Finland to study screenwriting to be able to write a more "ambitious" story. Lake's script had more than 600 pages, five times that of the original. Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne received critical acclaim when it was released in October 2003, 27 months after Max Payne's release. However, it sold poorly. Take-Two cited the game's "continued disappointing sales" as one of the reasons for the company's forecast of a drop in sales revenue for 2004. Remedy was no longer involved with the franchise after Max Payne 2, but Rockstar consulted them when Max Payne 3 reached its final stage of production.

Partnership with Microsoft (2006–2016)
After working for seven years on the Max Payne series, the team wanted to develop something new. They began prototyping and experimenting with different gameplay mechanics with the intention of making a sandbox game. However, due to limited resources, the team found that developing an open world was not feasible and decided to refocus the game as a linear experience. The company was inspired by Stephen King's novels, Twin Peaks, ghost towns in the American Northwest, and tornado patterns, and they invited a landscape architect to serve as the game's consultant. The team organised a field trip to the Northwest and Crater Lake and took more than 40,000 photographs for use creating the game's environment. The game was in pre-production for more than three years, while full development only lasted for approximately two years. During this period, the studio increased the number of employees from 30 to 45. Some media outlets suspected the game had become vapourware as it disappeared from the public spotlight for a considerable time after its announcement. Microsoft Game Studios acted as the game's publisher after securing an exclusivity deal with Remedy. The title, Alan Wake was released for Microsoft's Xbox 360 to generally positive reviews in May 2010. Remedy pushed for a PC version after the game's launch, and Microsoft greenlit its production in mid-2011. The PC version, developed with Nitro Games, was released in February 2012. The game sold more than 3.2 million copies, but Remedy explained in 2013 that it was not financially successful enough for them to raise the funds needed to continue developing a sequel. Unlike Max Payne, Alan Wake's narrative was written to accommodate the release of multiple sequels. The company began developing different prototypes for Alan Wake 2. Some of its elements were reintegrated into Alan Wake's American Nightmare, a 2012 standalone Xbox Live Arcade game which had a much shorter development cycle. Collectively, both games sold more than 4.5 million copies as of March 2015.

The company showed the prototype it had developed for Alan Wake 2 to different publishers. Microsoft was not interested in pursuing a sequel to Alan Wake, but they were keen on working with Remedy again on an original intellectual property. The company had experimented with transmedia storytelling in Alan Wake, and Microsoft hoped Remedy would further expand the live-action component in their next project, Quantum Break. Pre-production of the game began in 2011; approximately 100 people worked on it. The idea of quantum physics originated with Alan Wake's TV show called Quantum Suicide. The team thought time travel was the best way to accommodate the storytelling structure. Described as a "transmedia action-shooter video game and television hybrid", Lake directed the game, while Lifeboat Productions produced the TV component, with Ben Ketai as director. The company built a new game engine for the game known as Northlight. Quantum Break received generally positive reviews from critics when it was released in 2016. Microsoft declared it the best-selling original property released by the firm since the release of the Xbox One. As of 2021, the rights to Quantum Break remain with Microsoft.

During this period, Remedy began experimenting with mobile games. The studio began developing a remake of Death Rally for iOS and Android. The game took eight months to develop, and it was a collaborative effort between Remedy, Mountain Sheep and Cornfox & Brothers. Remedy spent only $10,000 marketing the game, but it proved to be a commercial success for them. More than 11 million players downloaded the game and the development team recouped their budget in three days. Seeing the success of Death Rally, Lake claimed it was only the company's "first step" into the mobile gaming space and they were looking at creating more titles for mobile platforms. In 2013, Remedy expanded its board of directors, adding Mike Capps, former president of Epic Games, and Christian Fredriksson, chief executive of security firm F-Secure to the board. In late 2013, the company announced their next mobile game, Agents of Storm, a tower defence game for iOS. They collaborated with German publisher Flaregames on the project, which was released in late 2014.

Diversifying portfolio (2016–present)
Remedy underwent several management changes from 2015 to 2016. Chief executive officer (CEO) Matias Myllyrinne left Remedy to join Wargaming, with former CEO of RedLynx, Tero Virtala, replacing him and the interim CEO Markus Mäki. Virtala's appointment was made to help Remedy transition into a multi-project studio, so that each game would have a shorter development cycle. In 2017, Remedy launched an initial public offering to raise funds to develop projects concurrently, and became a public company listed on the NASDAQ First North Finland exchange. The company announced they were working on the single-player component of Smilegate's free-to-play first-person shooter Crossfire 2 (later renamed as CrossfireX). Its predecessor, Crossfire, was one of the highest-grossing video games of all time by 2016. Remedy is also working on a new version of the original Crossfire, called Crossfire HD. After the announcement, Remedy began teasing its next project, codenamed P7. 505 Games provided support in marketing and publishing in addition to a fund of €7.75 million to assist in the game's development. The game, titled Control, was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on 27 August 2019, and was the first game developed by Remedy for a Sony platform since Max Payne 2. Control sold over two million units by March 2021 and won several gaming awards, and has since had ports to the Nintendo Switch (via cloud streaming).

An unnamed third project has also been in development in tandem with CrossfireX and Control. A small 15-person team dedicated to creating multiplayer and live titles known as "Vanguard", was established in 2018.

A television show based on Alan Wake was announced in September 2018 with Lake attached as its executive producer. Remedy fully acquired the publishing rights to Alan Wake in July 2019 from Microsoft, including a one-time €2.5 million royalty payment from the series' performance.

Remedy and Epic Games announced in March 2020 that they had established a two-game publishing deal with plans for release in the next few years, both within the same franchise. One was a larger, AAA-style game that was already in pre-production. while the second was a smaller-scale project yet to be started. Under the terms of the deal, Remedy would retain full creative control of the development process and intellectual property, while Epic will fully back development costs; following release, once Epic has recouped its backing Epic and Remedy will split profits 50/50. The larger game is part of Remedy's "shared universe" between Alan Wake and Control. Lake said they have had the idea of developing for ten years, even as far back with Max Payne references within Alan Wake, and Quantum Break teasing elements of Alan Wake. The smaller title was Alan Wake Remastered, released in October 2021; the larger title, Alan Wake 2, entered full production in Aug 2021 and was released in October 2023.

In May 2021, it was announced that Tencent acquired a minority stake of 3.8% in the company from sales of shares from Accendo Capital, which still otherwise held 14% ownership in Remedy. Remedy and Tencent announced in December 2021 that Remedy was working on a new online game to be published by Tencent under the code name Vanguard. While Vanguard was originally planned as a free-to-play title, Remedy announced in November 2023 that they shifted the game to be a premium-price title, and was now developing it under the codename Kestrel. However, by May 2024, Remedy and Tencent agreed to cancel further development of Kestrel in favor of Remedy focusing on its existing IP.

Remedy announced plans to open a new studio in Sweden in the first half of 2022, as based on their experience from working during the COVID-19 pandemic, they found a need for a hybrid work model for their Sweden-based staff.

Remedy announced in April 2022 that with funding from Rockstar that they were remaking Max Payne and Max Payne 2 in their Northlight engine, to be released for Windows, PlayStation 5, and Xbox Series X/S.

Remedy purchased all rights for Control from 505 Games for 17 million euro in February 2024. In May 2024, it was announced that CFO Terhi Kauppi would be leaving the company at the end of the following month.

Games developed
Canceled games

Northlight Engine
In addition to its games, Remedy developed Northlight Storytelling Engine, a multi-platform game engine which was first used in Quantum Break. According to Lake, they had considered narrative elements to be key to their prior games of Max Payne and Alan Wake, but felt it was necessary to develop their own technology to better support this facet. Part of this decision came about when Remedy had been working on the cancelled Alan Wake 2 prototype around 2013, at the time based on the same engine used in Alan Wake which had limited their abilities for storytelling. Building on the tech created for Alan Wake 2, Remedy fleshed out various features that support the studio's narrative goals such as highly detailed and realistic human faces and bodies that can be animated through motion capture and a physically based renderer that supports global illumination, ray tracing and particle lighting. A real-time deterministic physics system that can calculate environmental physics effects, play them back in real-time or rewind to create large scale interactive destruction was also used.

Facilities
The team used a basement in the Westend district of Espoo, Finland, as a workspace for the production of their first games. According to Lake, there were mattresses strewn across the basement floor because team members sometimes slept there. Before 2018, Remedy was using a four-story office in Espoo which offered various facilities including a café, a sauna, a bar and a gym. It also had a "development warehouse", which housed many items once used by the studio such as photos and graphic novels (for Max Payne) and clothes (for Alan Wake), as well as old computers, design documents, demo video tapes, and early scripts. As the studio underwent significant expansion, it relocated to a newer and bigger office, also in Espoo, in May 2018. The new office allows Remedy to accommodate a motion capture studio floor that is four times larger than the original.

As of December 2019, Remedy has more than 250 employees across 30 countries.

Culture and philosophy
The studio has specialised in making cinematic single-player action games. According to managing director Matias Myllyrinne, the studio's games always have a strong lead character (as evidenced by Max Payne and Alan Wake), and their games must be "approachable" and relatable and appeal to the largest possible audience. The team hoped players would be immersed fully in the world they created. He added that themes like "World War II, dragons, hardcore sci-fi, or women with tight leather outfits" are something the studio would avoid. The team also aimed for "movie realism", where real-world believability was important. However, the team usually took inspiration from movies, TV shows and books rather than video games as they wanted to create something unique for the video game industry. When they were developing games, they always began by creating the story, which informed and guided other aspects of development such as gameplay. Most of the company's games are linear, but Remedy began exploring ideas like multiplayer gaming and open-ended gameplay around 2015. The studio typically used their own in-house technology, including the Northlight Engine, to power their game, and invested a lot in motion capture. It partnered with Nvidia to streamline the motion capture process.

Starting from 2016, the company began to transform itself into a multi-project studio, with each title having a shorter development cycle. This enabled the team to become more financially secure and allowed team members to choose which projects they wanted to work on. The team also began taking on work-for-hire projects; Remedy developed the single-player portion of CrossfireX. This is part of a strategy adopted by Remedy to expand into new genres and boost its popularity in different parts of the world. Although the company plans to release games more frequently, Virtala insisted that game quality would not be compromised and that a Remedy game launch would still be "rare".

Recognition
GamesIndustry.biz named Remedy one of its 2019 People of the Year in its successful launch of Control, its first title after their IPO. Also Hideo Kojima, known as the father of the Metal Gear series, has expressed that he is a huge fan of Control, and visited Remedy's studio during his visit to Finland in 2019.

title: Remedy Entertainment


text:
Songar

Songar may refer to:
 * Asisguard Songar, Turkish combat drone rotorcraft
 * Triazolam, by trade name Songar
 * Zungar people

title: Songar


text: User talk:207.177.195.52

title: User talk:207.177.195.52


text:
Talk:Invisible hand

Reverting the inclusion of an image
Hello. You have reverted two times the inclusion of an allegorical image. Can you explain why? Thanks. Theklan (talk) 11:14, 21 December 2022 (UTC)

OR tagging
you have tagged the article for OR but not explained what the OR is. If you don't give any explanation, then the tagging won't really help. From my perspective this is an article I've started looking at and IMHO the article is mainly just a bunch of notes at the moment, so perhaps whatever you spotted is easily resolved by adding a source, or deleting some words. Eventually though, I think things can only be fully clear when the body is rewritten with more complete sources etc. Andrew Lancaster (talk) 20:02, 22 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Look at the section on WoN for example. It’s all sourced to the book itself (primary source) with some Wikipedian’s commentary, thoughts, and personal interpretation of it. All this should be based on secondary sources.  Volunteer Marek   00:24, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * OK, I don't know if it is best described as OR because as you say someone has at least started with primary sources. I just think the article as a whole as not yet had much attention, but you're right.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 06:22, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Invisible hand


text:
User talk:0101CHINsy

Hi 0101CHINsy and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~ ~ ~ ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

-spencer195 07:52, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:0101CHINsy


text:
Barking and Dagenham College

Barking & Dagenham College is a general further education college in East London, England. It has four campuses across the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham with its main campus being located in Rush Green less than a mile from the Romford town centre. Their other campus are located in Barking town center at the Technical Skills Academy, The Broadway Theatre and Barking Learning Centre.

The College is also home to the East London Institute of Technology. Institutes of Technology (IoT) were established by the Department for Education (DfE) to deliver world-class higher technical education - helping to increase the supply of high-skilled technicians across key industries that our economy needs.

Each IoT is awarded a license by DfE that outlines its role and objectives and is signed by all partners in the IoT. The Network has access to a £300 million capital funding pot to create state-of-the-art industry-standard facilities and infrastructure in which to deliver this learning.

History
Originally known as Barking College, it became Barking & Dagenham College in 2010.

In 2015 the College became a Digital & Creative Industries Career College.

In February 2018, the College was awarded a £5m share of £25.7m funding by the Mayor, Sadiq Khan to complete its Centre for Advanced Technologies.

Courses
The college provides intermediate, advanced and higher apprenticeship training in London. Specialisms include Construction, Project Management, Human Resources Management, Business and Pharmacy. The college has 12,500 students and an annual turnover of £36 million (Source: Audited Accounts 2015/2016 ).

In October 2017 the College and Huawei, a Chinese multinational technology corporation, launched a Huawei Authorized Information Network Academy.

Notable alumni

 * Idris Elba, British actor, producer, musician, and DJ. He is best known for playing DCI John Luther on the BBC One series Luther as well as the narcotrafficker Stringer Bell in the HBO series The Wire.
 * Adam Gemili, British Sprinter. He is the 2014 European champion at 200 metres, and 4 x 100 metres relay, and part of the Great Britain team that won gold in the 2017 World Championships in the same event
 * Shaun Escoffery, a British soul and R&B singer and actor. Shaun currently plays Musafa in the Lion King.
 * Razaaq Adoti a British actor, producer and screenwriter. Adoti was cast as Yamba in Steven Spielberg’s feature epic, Amistad alongside Anthony Hopkins, Morgan Freeman and Matthew McConaughey.
 * Kano, English rapper and actor from East Ham, London.
 * Marianne Jean-Baptiste, actress, singer-songwriter, composer and director, best known for her roles as Hortense Cumberbatch in Secrets & Lies (1996), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.
 * Andi Osho, stand-up comedian and presenter
 * Ricky Norwood, actor who played Fatboy in the BBC soap opera EastEnders
 * Emmanuel Nwamadi, participant at The Voice UK, Series 4.
 * Gurbir Singh Johal, BNOC at Homerton College Cambridge. DoSed by AA Battery and Wads.

title: Barking and Dagenham College


text:
User talk:Might and power

Hi, I noticed your comment at Featured picture candidates:
 * And Lady Byron. Who are you, a professional in human biology? Sorry if its sounds harsh, but that such a photo should be taken of a wikipedian is sick.

Please don't make personal attacks; see No personal attacks. You might have a legitimate point to make about the "Wax play on back" image (although I disagree with you), but expressing it in this way is only going to make people think that you're trolling. — Matt 07:56, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Might and power


text:
Talk:Lifespan

I'd like to see the lifespan of turtle and rice made explicit, but I anyone know the lifespan of rice?! Or maybe a well known plant whose lifespan is known?

monkeys lives up to 40 years —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.46.9.216 (talk) 23:57, 15 December 2009 (UTC)
 * e.g. ... a turtle (lifespan 90 years) lives longer than rice (lifespan 10 years)
 * e.g. ... a turtle (lifespan 90 years) lives longer than a rose bush (lifespan 25 years)

Life
Why does it spin? Aldoada (talk) 19:17, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lifespan


text:
Kulja (disambiguation)

Kulja, Kuldja, Gulja, Ghulja, etc. typically refer to the city of Yining in Xinjiang, China. It was also formerly distinguished as Old Kulja or Tartar Kulja.

They may also refer to:

 * Kulja Sultanate or Ili Sultanate, one of the states formed during the 1860s and 1870s Dungan Revolt against the Qing Empire
 * Ghulja incident in the Xinjiang city in 1997
 * Gulja noir, from the Xinjiang city, another name for the French red wine grape generally known as Mornen noir
 * New Kulja or Gulja, also known as Manchu or Chinese Kulja, former names of Huiyuan in Xinjiang, China
 * Kulja, Estonia, a village
 * Kulja, Western Australia, a town

title: Kulja (disambiguation)


text:
FreeJ

FreeJ is a modular software vision mixer for Linux systems. It is capable of real-time video manipulation, for amateur and professional uses. It can be used as an instrument in the fields of dance theater, VJing and television. FreeJ supports the input of multiple layers of video footage, which can be filtered through special-effect-chains, and then mixed for output.

History
Denis Rojo (aka Jaromil) is the original author, and as of 2013 is the current maintainer. Since 0.7 was released, Silvano Galliani (aka kysucix) joined the core development team, implementing several new enhancements.

Features
FreeJ can be operated in real-time from a command line console (S-Lang), and also remotely operated over the network via a Secure Shell (SSH) connection. The software provides an interface for behavior-scripting (currently accessible through JavaScript). Also, it can be used to render media to multiple screens, remote setups, encoders, and live Internet stream servers.

FreeJ can overlay, mask, transform, and filter multiple layers of footage on the screen. It supports an unlimited number of layers that can be mixed, regardless of the source. It can read input from varied sources: movie files, webcams, TV cards, images, renders and Adobe Flash animations.

FreeJ can produce a stream to an icecast server with the video being mixed and audio grabbed from soundcard. The resulting video is accessible to any computer able to decode media encoded with the theora codec.

The console interface of FreeJ is accessible via SSH and can be run as a background process. The remote interface offers simultaneous access from multiple remote locations.

title: FreeJ


text:
Yining

Yining, also known as Ghulja (غۇلجا) or Kulja (Kazakh: قۇلجا), is a county-level city in Northwestern Xinjiang, China and the seat of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. Historically, Yining is the successor to the ruined city of Almaliq in neighbouring Huocheng County. Yining is the third largest city in Xinjiang after Ürümqi and Korla.

Area and population
The city of Yining is a county-level administrative unit located along Ili River. As of 2015, it has an estimated population of 542,507, with a total land area of 629 km2. It is the most populous city in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture.

The land area and population of the City of Yining saw an increase in 2003; the increase resulted from the transfer of two villages with some 100 km2 of land from the adjacent Yining County, which is a separate administrative unit from the city.

Yining's population is primarily Uyghur, Han, Hui, and Kazakh, along with smaller numbers of people of Mongolian, Xibe, Uzbek, Russian, or other ethnicity.

Note on historical place names
From the 13 to 15th century it was under the control of Chagatai Khanate. Another Mongol empire—the Zunghar Khanate—established around Ili area. In the 19th and early 20th century, the word Kuldja (from Кульджа) or Ghulja was often used in Russia and in the West as the name for the entire Chinese part of the Ili River basin as well as for its two main cities. The usage of 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica is fairly characteristic; it defines Kulja as a "territory in north-west China" bounded by the Russian border and the mountains that surround the Ili basin. It also talks about two major cities of the region: Until the 1860s, Huiyuan to the south of Suiding was the regional capital.
 * Kulja (i.e. today's Yining) or more specifically Old Kulja (elsewhere, also called Taranchi Kulja), which was the commercial center of the region.
 * Suidun (i.e. Suiding, now called Shuiding) or more specifically New Kulja, Manchu Kulja or Ili (elsewhere, also Chinese Kulja), the Chinese fortress and the regional capital.

Qing dynasty
The fort of Ningyuan (寧遠城) was built in 1762 to accommodate new settlers from southern Xinjiang. The forts of Huining (惠寧城) and Xichun (熙春城) built later in 1765 and 1780 were also located within the modern Yining City.

The Sino-Russian Treaty of Kulja 1851 opened the area for trade.

In 1864–66, the city suffered severely from fighting during the Dungan Revolt. The city and the rest of the Ili River basin were seized by the Russians in 1871 during Yakub Beg's independent rule of Kashgaria. It was restored to the Chinese under the terms of the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881). In 1888, the Ningyuan County was established.

The Geographical Magazine in 1875 by Sir Clements Robert Markham stated:

What little industry Kulja possesses is all due to the Chinese, who transplanted the taste for art, assiduity and skilfulness of their pigtailed race, even to these western outskirts of "the celestial flowery dominion of the Middle." Had the Taranjis and Kalmuks been left to themselves, or had they remained in a preponderating majority, Kulja would not be a bit farther advanced than either Yarkand or Aksu. The principal trades are the following:— founders, manufacturing kettles, plates, and other implements of a very primitive form; paper-makers, whose productions do not seem to be superior to the paper manufactured at the present time after Chinese patterns at Khokand and Samarkand. There are, moreover, some confectionaries in which cakes of all shapes are baked of rice and millet, overlaid with sugar; also maccaroni-makers, the Taranjis being notoriously very fond of dried farinaceous food. In Eastern Turkistan there still exist many similar trades, and although their products are not equal to European articles of the same kind—I mean here the fabrics of the formerly western Chinese provinces— they are still said to be profitable. Finally among the tradesmen we may mention millers, vinegar manufacturers and potters. The number of factories amount to-day at Kulja to 38, wherein over 131 hands are occupied. To this of course other tradespeople have to be added, such as 169 boot-makers, 50 blacksmiths, 48 carpenters, 11 brass-founders, 3 silversmiths, 26 stone-cutters, and 2 tailors.

Republic of China
In 1914, the Ningyuan County was renamed Yining County to avoid confusion with other places in China named Ningyuan.

People's Republic
Yining became a separate city from Yining County in 1952. In 1962, major Sino-Soviet clashes took place along the Ili River.

In 1997, in what came to be known as the Gulja Incident or massacre, the city was rocked by two days of demonstrations or riots followed by a Chinese Communist Party government crackdown resulting in at least 9 deaths following the execution of 30 Uyghur activists.

Geography

Yining is located on the northern side of the Ili River in the Dzungarian basin, about 70 km east of the border with Kazakhstan and about 710 km west of Ürümqi. The Ili River valley is far wetter than most of Xinjiang and has rich grazing land.

The City of Yining borders on Huocheng County in the west and the Yining County in the east; across the river in the south is Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County.

Climate
Yining (Gulja) has a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), without the strong variation in seasonal precipitation seen across most of China. Dry and sunny weather dominates year-round. Winters are cold, with a January average of -8.8 °C. Yet the influence of the Dzungarian Alatau to the northwest and Borohoro Mountains to the northeast helps keep the city warmer than more easterly locales on a similar latitude. Summers are hot, with a July average of 23.1 °C. Diurnal temperature ranges tend to be large from April to October. The annual mean temperature is 8.98 °C. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 53% in December to 73% in August and September, sunshine is abundant and the city receives 2,834 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Administrative divisions
The administrative divisions of Yining include eight subdistricts, 4 towns, and 5 townships:

Economy
The city's nominal GDP was approximately 20.9 billion RMB (US$3.1 billion) as of 2015 with an annual increase of 7.6%.The nominal GDP per capita was approximately 38,805 RMB (US$5976). Yining is the chief city and the agricultural and commercial center of the Ili valley. It is an old commercial center trading in tea and cattle and it is still an agricultural area with extensive livestock raising. It has fruit orchards. Iron, coal and uranium are mined nearby.

Transportation

 * Regular bus service is available to other cities in the region and taxis are available locally.
 * Yining Airport is located several kilometers north of the city.
 * The Jinghe-Yining-Horgos Railway, an electrified railway from Ürümqi to Yining to Khorgos on the China-Kazakhstan border was finished in the late 2009. Daily passenger service – an overnight Ürümqi-Yining train service began on July 1, 2010.
 * China National Highway 218
 * China National Highway 312

Demographics
As of 2014, Yining had a population of 559,700. The city is inhabited by 38 ethnic groups, including 269,700 Uygur people, 204,000 Han people, 26,200 Kazakhs and 39,600 Hui people, accounting for 48.19%, 36.45%, 4.68% and 7.08% of gross population respectively.

Culture
Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture Museum, opened in Yining in 2004, is one of Xinjiang's most important museums. In fact, at the time it opened it became, in the words of a Western scholar, the "only modern museum" in Xinjiang. (Xinjiang of course also has the provincial museum in Ürümqi; but at that time point, its old building had been demolished, while its replacement was still under construction). The museum houses archaeological and ethnological artefacts from throughout the prefecture.

Notable persons

 * Muyesser Abdul'ehed
 * Dawut Abdurehim
 * Edham Mamet
 * Masud Sabri
 * Sanubar Tursun
 * Shohrat Zakir

title: Yining


text:
David Moon

David or Dave Moon may refer to:

 * David A. Moon, American computer scientist and Lisp developer
 * David Moon (historian), British professor
 * David Moon (politician) (born 1979), Maryland legislator
 * David Moon (rugby league), Australian rugby league player
 * David Moon (Jersey politician), candidate in the 1996 Jersey general election
 * Dave Moon, American football player chosen in the 1949 NFL Draft
 * Dave Moon, British television editor of Freshers
 * Dave Moon, Canadian curler on the winning team in the 2003 Canadian Masters Curling Championships
 * David Moon, cast member of the Impractical Jokers UK TV series
 * David Moon, a minor character on Frasier, an American sitcom

title: David Moon


text:
Illi

Illi may refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * illi (album), studio album by Taiwanese singer Wilber Pan

People

 * Aleksander Illi (1912–2000), Estonian basketball player
 * Nora Illi (1984–2020), Swiss Islamic preacher
 * Illi Gardner (born 1999), British racing cyclist

Places

 * Illi, Armenia, a settlement in Shirak Province, Armenia
 * Illi, Tartu County, a village in Tartu County, Estonia
 * Illi Lake
 * Illi, Võru County, a village in Võru County, Estonia
 * Illi, Iran, a village in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran

title: Illi


text:
Atomix

Atomix may refer to:

 * Atomix (video game), a computer puzzle game
 * Atomix, a character from the TV show Ben 10: Omniverse
 * Atomix, a Korean restaurant in Rose Hill, Manhattan

title: Atomix