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John Howard (American actor)

John Howard (born John Richard Cox Jr.; April 14, 1913 – February 19, 1995) was an American actor. He is best remembered for his roles in the films Lost Horizon (1937) and The Philadelphia Story (1940).

Howard played Bulldog Drummond in seven films which were produced by Paramount. He also appeared in many television series and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Early life
Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Howard was a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of what now is Case Western Reserve University. At college he discovered a love for the theater, and took part in student productions.

One night, a talent scout from Paramount was in Cleveland to see the local stock company. The show was not on that night, so the scout decided to go and see a production at the local university. He was impressed by Howard in a production of John Brown's Body and arranged for a screen test.

Paramount
Howard became a contract player for Paramount under the name of "Jon Cox". He appeared uncredited in One Hour Late (1934). Small roles followed in Car 99 (1935) and Four Hours to Kill! (1935).

He changed his name to John Howard and had a bigger part in Annapolis Farewell (1935).

Leading man
Paramount promoted him to a leading man in just his fourth film, Millions in the Air (1935), though it was a "B" movie.

He was second billed in Soak the Rich (1936), made for Paramount by the team of Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur.

Paramount put him in an "A" feature, 13 Hours by Air (1936), and he was fourth billed in the credits. He starred in Border Flight (1936) alongside Frances Farmer and had a good part in Valiant Is the Word for Carrie (1936), with Gladys George.

Howard also starred in the comedy Easy to Take (1936) with Marsha Hunt.

According to David Shipman, "Howard..., was tried out in various capacities – supporting roles in As, leads in Bs, and on loan-outs. These last could be significant: the smaller studios had restricted contract lists and were prepared to pay well to borrow good-looking guys whose acting consisted mainly of not bumping into the furniture".

Lost Horizon
Howard's first memorable role came on loan out to Columbia: as Ronald Colman's younger brother in Lost Horizon (1937), directed by Frank Capra. Capra had seen him in Annapolis Farewell and arranged for a screen test. The film was a huge success and really established Howard, who later said "without Lost Horizon I doubt very much whether I would have survived in Hollywood".

Howard was borrowed by Universal for the lead in Let Them Live (1937). Back at Paramount, he supported Bob Burns and Martha Raye in Mountain Music (1937).

At RKO, Howard did Hitting a New High (1937) with Lily Pons and Jack Oakie. Columbia used him in Penitentiary (1938) with Walter Connolly.

He and Lew Ayres were in a buddy comedy, Hold 'Em Navy (1937), then Howard supported Lloyd Nolan and Shirley Ross in Prison Farm (1938) and starred in Touchdown, Army (1938) and Grand Jury Secrets (1939).

Bulldog Drummond
Since 1937, Paramount had made a series of "B" movies about daring adventurer Bulldog Drummond. The first of the actors to play the role, Ray Milland, was in Bulldog Drummond Escapes (1937). Milland was being groomed for more important pictures, so the studio offered the role of the British hero, Captain Hugh Drummond, to John Howard. Howard was himself not British, so he chose not to attempt a British accent, relying instead on diction to get the idea across. In his first performance as Drummond, Bulldog Drummond Comes Back (1937), Howard took second billing to John Barrymore, who played Inspector Nielson of Scotland Yard. According to Shipman, Howard "proved himself a resourceful, debonair, and witty player, his double-breasted suits and trilbies an admirable choice." Howard continued opposite Barrymore in Bulldog Drummond's Revenge (1937), and Bulldog Drummond's Peril (1938). H. B. Warner replaced Barrymore in Bulldog Drummond in Africa (1938), Arrest Bulldog Drummond (1939), Bulldog Drummond's Secret Police (1939), and Bulldog Drummond's Bride (1939), the last in the series. As Shipman said, about the Drummond films, "[The] titles, splendidly, had nothing to do with the plots (since Drummond was never captured, there was nowhere to escape from) and the inconsequence was pleasing... All the while the spider's-web plots (of death threats, disguises, ambushes, sobbing women and booby-trapped motor-cars) hurtled to the screen – under various directors – with superior production values. They are more enjoyable than competitors featuring the Falcon, Charlie Chan, the Lone Wolf, Sexton Blake et al. due in part to Howard's insouciant playing".

The Philadelphia Story
Howard made What a Life (1939) with Betty Grable and Disputed Passage (1940) with Dorothy Lamour. The latter was a flop at the box office, and Paramount began to cool on Howard.

Universal borrowed him to play a key role in Green Hell (1940). MGM used him in The Man from Dakota (1940), supporting Wallace Beery, and The Philadelphia Story (1940), where he played the fiancé of Katharine Hepburn, competing for her amorous attentions with characters played by Cary Grant and James Stewart. It remains one of his best-known films.

Back at Paramount, Howard was top-billed in Texas Rangers Ride Again (1940). Universal borrowed him to play the leading man in The Invisible Woman (1941) with Barrymore and Virginia Bruce.

At Paramount, he supported Basil Rathbone in The Mad Doctor (1941), then Universal gave him the lead in Tight Shoes (1941). At RKO, he supported Adolphe Menjou and Gloria Swanson in Father Takes a Wife (1941), then at Columbia he was Joan Blondell's leading man in the farce comedy Three Girls About Town (1941).

Howard was top billed in Republic Pictures' A Tragedy at Midnight (1942). At Columbia, he had the starring role in The Man Who Returned to Life (1942), and Submarine Raider (1942), then he did Isle of Missing Men (1942) for Monogram Pictures.

Howard wanted to join the navy, but there was a delay after he signed a contract with 20th Century Fox, who put him in The Undying Monster (1942), in which he was third billed.

Military service
Howard served in the United States Navy as a lieutenant during World War II, later becoming an executive officer aboard the minesweeper USS YMS-24, aboard which he participated in landing operations at the Allied invasion of Sicily, Allied invasion of Italy, and Anzio, and deception operations against the island of Sardinia and in "Operation Dragoon" on the South coast of Vichy France. During 'Operation Dragoon' off the French coast on August 16, 1944 USS YMS-24 struck a sea mine, the blast killing its captain and severely damaging the ship. Howard took command and fought to save the ship, jumping into the sea several times to save crew members who had fallen overboard. For his actions he was awarded both the United States' Navy Cross and the French Croix de Guerre.

Return to acting
Upon his return to Hollywood, Howard struggled to re-establish himself. He was told that Fox had no projects for him, so he ended his contract with them to do a play -- which closed out of town. "It was a long, long period of absolute dearth," he later said.

He had support parts in Love from a Stranger (1947) for Bryan Foy at Eagle-Lion Films and I, Jane Doe (1948) for Republic.

He starred in Public Prosecutor, the first dramatic TV drama series shot on film. It was filmed in 1947 but not shown until several years later. Public Prosecutor was ultimately broadcast as part of Crawford Mystery Theatre in 1951.

He was in "Entrapment" on NBC Presents in 1949.

Howard supported John Wayne in The Fighting Kentuckian (1949) for Republic and had the lead in Radar Secret Service (1950) for the low-budget Lippert Pictures.

Howard guest-starred on shows like Lights Out, The Bigelow Theatre and Pulitzer Prize Playhouse and had leads in low-budget films like Experiment Alcatraz (1950).

Howard was in Models Inc. (1952) and Make Haste to Live (1954) and guest starred on Schlitz Playhouse, Suspense, Four Star Playhouse, and The Loretta Young Show. His first high-profile film in a long while came when he played Laraine Day's husband in The High and the Mighty (1954).

Howard made his Broadway debut in 1953 in Hazel Flagg where he met his future wife, the ballerina and actress Eva Ralf.

Television star
Howard continued to work in TV appearing in General Electric Theater, The Pepsi-Cola Playhouse, The Millionaire, The Whistler, The Ford Television Theatre, The Star and the Story, Science Fiction Theatre, Studio 57, Fireside Theatre, TV Reader's Digest, Front Row Center, and Lux Video Theatre.

He had the lead in a series, Dr. Hudson's Secret Journal (1955–57). The series raised Howard's profile, and he was offered the lead in The Unknown Terror (1957). In 1958 he starred in another TV series, Adventures of the Sea Hawk, which ran for 26 episodes.

1960s
Howard's 1960s acting work included guest spots on Lawman, Wagon Train, Men into Space, Cheyenne, The Magical World of Disney, The Americans, Outlaws, Gunslinger, Lock Up, Bronco, Surfside 6, 77 Sunset Strip, Rawhide, Hawaiian Eye, Perry Mason, Branded, Profiles in Courage, Days of Our Lives, and The Lucy Show, and The Legend of Jesse James.

He formed a friendship with Fred MacMurray, star of the TV series My Three Sons who, like Howard, had worked in Paramount features of the 1930s. Howard was a regular guest star on the show, playing MacMurray's boss. Series producer Don Fedderson used Howard in his other series, Family Affair and To Rome with Love. Howard also had roles in the feature films Destination Inner Space (1966) and The Destructors (1967).

1970s
Howard could be seen in Eye for an Eye (1971), The Bold Ones: The New Doctors, Mission: Impossible, Buck and the Preacher (1972), The Brady Bunch, Mod Squad, The ABC Afternoon Playbreak, The New Perry Mason, So Evil, My Sister, Capone (1975), Little House on the Prairie, Bronk, Wonder Woman, Police Woman and The Rockford Files.

title: John Howard (American actor)


text:
Vouvray

Vouvray is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France. It is around 9 km east of the centre of Tours.

It is best known for its production of white wine, rated among the best in France.

Education
Schools include a public preschool; a public elementary school, Ecole élémentaire publique de Vouvray; a public junior high school, Collège public Gaston Huet;  and a private elementary and junior high school, Ecole et Collège Sainte Thérèse à Vouvray.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vouvray


text:
Viessoix

Viessoix is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.

title: Viessoix


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Paul Deussen

Paul Jakob Deussen (7 January 1845 – 6 July 1919) was a German Indologist and professor of philosophy at University of Kiel. Strongly influenced by Arthur Schopenhauer, Deussen was a friend of Friedrich Nietzsche and Swami Vivekananda. In 1911, he founded the Schopenhauer Society (Schopenhauer-Gesellschaft). Professor Deussen was the first editor, in 1912, of the scholarly journal Schopenhauer Yearbook (Schopenhauer-Jahrbuch).

Deussen, who Sanskritised his name to "Deva-Sena" as a mark of his admiration for the language, is one of the distinguished roll of Europeans who — often with lyrical admiration — participated in the scholarly Western discovery of Sanskrit and Hinduism that took place in British India itself, Germany, France and England.

Biography
Paul Deussen was born on 7 January 1845 in Oberdreis, Neuwied in the Rhine Province, one of eight children of a clergyman of modest means. He became a student, and lifelong devotee, of the German philosopher Schopenhauer, and of the philosophy of Kant; and he became a friend of Friedrich Nietzsche. Deussen was educated at Bonn, Tübingen and Berlin Universities between 1864 and 1881, writing his dissertation on Plato's philosophy. Deussen was appointed Privatdocent (1881-7) and Extraordinarius (1887-9) at the university of Berlin, and Ordinarius (1889–1919, the year of his death), at the University of Kiel. Until 1919, Deussen continued to edit the Schopenhauer Yearbook, as well as working on an edition of Schopenhauer's works.

It was when he attended a lecture at the University of Bonn by Professor Christian Lassen (1800-1876), expounding the Shakuntala, that Deussen was fired by Sanskrit and Hinduism. Deussen's first publication (1877) was published in English as The Elements of Metaphysics in 1894. It was followed by the translations of The Sutra of the Vedanta in 1906; The Philosophy of the Upanishads also in 1906; and The System of the Vedanta in 1912. His visit to India in 1904 was published in English as My Indian Reminiscences in 1912. However, his autobiographical papers, edited by his daughter Erika (1894-1956) and published in German in 1922, have so far not been translated into English.

Deussen's System of the Vedanta has been reprinted several times: he uses the Brahmasutra and – rather less — Adi Shankara's commentary on it, as the structure for his exposition.

His scholarship has been described as immense, perceptive, and meticulous. Mahinder Gulati refers to him as an Orientalist and Sanskrit scholar.

Paul Deussen's name is thus linked with George Boucher, Sir William Jones and Sir John Woodroffe in British India, Anquetil-Duperron and Eugène Burnouf in France, Heinrich Roth, Franz Bopp, Friedrich von Schlegel and Max Müller in Germany, in the European revelation of the wealth of Hinduism as revealed by Sanskrit documents.

Works

 * Die Elemente der Metaphysik (1877) - "nebst einer Vorbetrachtung über das Wesen des Idealismus" - 6. Auflage (1919)
 * Das System des Vedânta. Nach den Brahma-Sûtra's des Bâdarâyana und dem Commentare des Çankara über dieselben als ein Compendium der Dogmatik des Brahmanismus vom Standpunkte des Çankara aus (1883)
 * Die Sûtra's des Vedânta oder die Çariraka-Mimansa des Badarayana nebst einem vollständigen Kommentare des Çankara. Aus dem Sanskrit übersetzt (1887)
 * Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Religionen (1894ff.):
 * Band I, Teil 1: Allgemeine Einleitung und Philosophie des Veda bis auf die Upanishad's (1894)
 * Band I, Teil 2: Die Philosophie der Upanishad's (1898)
 * Band I, Teil 3: Die nachvedische Philosophie der Inder (1908)
 * Band II, Teil 1: Die Philosophie der Griechen (1911)
 * Band II, Teil 2,1: Die Philosophie der Bibel (1913)
 * Band II, Teil 2,2: Die Philosophie des Mittelalters (1915)
 * Band II, Teil 3: Die neuere Philosophie von Descartes bis Schopenhauer (1917)
 * Sechzig Upanishad's des Veda (1897)
 * Erinnerungen an Friedrich Nietzsche (1901)
 * Erinnerungen an Indien (1904)
 * Vedânta und Platonismus im Lichte der Kantischen Philosophie (1904)
 * Outlines of Indian philosophy, with an appendix: On the philosophy of the Vedânta in its relations to Occidental metaphysics (1907)
 * Vedânta, Platon und Kant (1917)
 * Mein Leben (1922)

Reception
Deussen has been called an "outstanding scholar", a "great scholar" who spearheaded study of the Upanishads and Vedic literature, and as a "critical scholar".

title: Paul Deussen


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Enhydra

Enhydra is a genus of mustelid that contains the sea otter and two extinct relatives. It is the only extant genus of the bunodont otters group, referring to otters with non-blade carnassials with rounded cusps.

Sea otters probably diverged from other otters during the Pliocene, approximately 5 mya. They probably arose from the closely related Enhydritherium, a bunodont otter endemic to North America during the late Miocene and early Pliocene epochs.

Enhydra reevei, the oldest known species, has its origins in the Atlantic, suggesting this may have been where sea otters originated. Fossil evidence indicates the Enhydra lineage became isolated in the North Pacific approximately 2 million years ago, giving rise to the now-extinct Enhydra macrodonta and the modern sea otter.

title: Enhydra


text: User talk:66.81.0.10

title: User talk:66.81.0.10


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BOOWY

BOOWY
A very long and inarticulate page concerning a band? Or a concert? I can't understand it; maybe machine-translated. Joyous 23:53, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

Delete. Nonsense. RickK 00:11, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but seriously cleanup. Some 57,500 Google hits for "BOOWY", most of which seem to be for this band. - 00:34, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC) Lee  (talk)
 * Comment. Seems highly likely to be a copy vio of the history links from here, given the similar size (of the ones I checked), commonality of the visible words (without downloading an alt char set I wouldn't be able to read, anyway), plus they both jump from 1988 to 2002. Niteowlneils 01:23, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Niteowlneils. Delete as copyvio. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:18, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Change to copyvio. Seems to be a well known band, but only in Japan. Article is probably some sort of cut-and-paste job, as Niteowlneils suggests. --Jll 13:09, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BOOWY


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Leonardo Domenici

Leonardo Domenici (born 12 July 1955) is an Italian politician. He served as Mayor of Florence from 1999 to 2009.

Biography
Leonardo Domenici was born in Florence in 1955, later graduating in moral philosophy from the University of Florence.

Political life
Domenici started his political career in 1976. He joined the ‘’Federazione Giovanile Comunista Italiana’’ (Italian Youth Communist Federation) at the age of 15, and was elected Florence city councilor in 1990 as member of the Italian Communist Party, serving until 1995.

He was elected MP in 1994 and re-elected in the following elections in 1996. He spent a lot of time working for the “Institutional Affairs” commission at the Italian Chamber of Deputies, dedicating his efforts in the reforms of Regions and local institutions.

As Mayor of Florence
Guiding a centre-left coalition, on 13 June 1999, he was elected Mayor of Florence at the first round and, on 27 June 2004, was elected again for a second term.

He was the Chairman of ANCI, the national association of Italian municipalities (2000-2009), and a member of the Bureau of the Committee of the Regions (2008-2009).

Domenici awarded Dante Alighieri the city's highest honour and revoked the sentence on the poet from 1302 which stated that he would be executed if he set foot in the city again.

As Member of European Parliament
Currently, Leonardo Domenici is an MEP, belonging to the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D), where he is member of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs and of the Delegation to the EU-Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee.

Since 2011 he is rapporteur for the European Parliament on the credit rating agencies regulation.

As President of Fiorentina
In 2002 Leonardo Domenici, as Mayor of Florence, created a new football society, Fiorentina 1926 Florentia, later Florentia Viola, in order to replace the bankrupted AC Fiorentina.

He was the President of this new society until Diego Della Valle bought the team.

Awards

 * AUT Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria - 4th Class BAR.png Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Star (Großes Goldenes Ehrenzeichen mit Stern), Republic of Austria

Controversies
In February 2008, Domenici and one of the city assessors of Florence announced intentions to launch a suit against the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia.

title: Leonardo Domenici


text: User talk:66.81.16.157

title: User talk:66.81.16.157


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Vieux, Calvados

Vieux is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

History
The town contains numerous Roman era ruins, as Vieux was a settlement called Aregenua, and appears on the Roman map, Tabula Peutingeriana.

During the Battle of Normandy in 1944, Vieux was designated as Hill 112 position, a strategic point for the Battle of Caen, the area of rue d'Esquay and the Bas de Vieux were badly affected by the allied bombardment of July 6, 1944. The portion of these streets, destroyed at this time are now dated for its name.

Sights

 * The archaeological museum of Vieux-la-Romaine (as Aregenua, Vieux was capital of the Viducasses tribe).
 * Roman villa of Bas de Vieux

title: Vieux, Calvados


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Transversion

Transversion, in molecular biology, refers to a point mutation in DNA in which a single (two ring) purine (A or G) is changed for a (one ring) pyrimidine (T or C), or vice versa. A transversion can be spontaneous, or it can be caused by ionizing radiation or alkylating agents. It can only be reversed by a spontaneous reversion.

Ratio of transitions to transversions
Although there are two possible transversions but only one possible transition per base, transition mutations are more likely than transversions because substituting a single ring structure for another single ring structure is more likely than substituting a double ring for a single ring. Also, transitions are less likely to result in amino acid substitutions (due to wobble base pair), and are therefore more likely to persist as "silent substitutions" in populations as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A transversion usually has a more pronounced effect than a transition because the third nucleotide codon position of the DNA, which to a large extent is responsible for the degeneracy of the code, is more tolerant of transition than a transversion: that is, a transition is more likely to encode for the same amino acid.

Spontaneous germline transversion
8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is an oxidized derivative of deoxyguanosine, and is one of the major products of DNA oxidation. During DNA replication in the germ line of mice, the oxidized base 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) causes spontaneous and heritable G to T transversion mutations. These mutations occur in different stages of the germ cell lineage and are distributed throughout the chromosomes.

Consequences of transversion mutations
The location of a transversion mutation on a gene coding for a protein correlates with the extent of the mutation. If the mutation occurs at a site that is not involved with the shape of a protein or the structure of an enzyme or its active site, the mutation will not have a significant effect on the cell or the enzymatic activity of its proteins. If the mutation occurs at a site that changes the structure or function of a protein, therefore changing its enzymatic activity, the mutation can have significant effects on the survival of the cell.

Transversions due to products of oxidative guanine damage
Of the natural nitrogenous bases of DNA, guanine is most prone to oxidation. Oxidation of guanine, also known as oxidative guanine damage, results in the formation of many products. These products trigger mutations, leading to DNA damage, and can pair with adenine and guanine through hydrogen bonding causing G-T transversions and G-C transversions, respectively.

Transversion and p53 mutations in smoking-associated cancers
The mutation of the P53 gene is the most common gene mutation found in cancer cells. A study has shown that p53 mutations are common in tobacco-related cancers, with a variation in the amount of G-T transversions in lung cancer from smokers and non-smokers. In smokers’ lung cancer, the prevalence of G-T transversions is 30% compared to that of 12% in non-smokers. At many p53 mutational hotspots, a large number of the mutations are G-T events in lung cancers but almost exclusively G-A transitions in non-tobacco-related cancers.

title: Transversion


text:
Wikipedia:Danny's contest

 * Archive - Danny's first contest
 * Archive - Danny's second contest

Hello,

Times have changed in Wikipedia. Once, our goal was to cover as much as possible, to reach a million articles, to be the biggest encyclopedia in the world. As Jimbo said in his talk at Wikimania, we have to start changing the focus from quantity to quality. We have to make sure that the key articles that we do have are as good as possible. Rather than getting another million articles, we need 100,000 more Feature-quality articles.

Some numbers that were run in 2007 show that we have over 230,000 without any sources whatsoever. That's almost 20 percent of our total articles without any sources. Even if we were to provide sources for 15 of these articles an hour, it would take upward of two years to cover them all … and this does not include articles which are inadequately sourced or which contain spurious information.

Before suggesting that these are all stubs, I invite you to look at some examples: Amethyst(permalink to when the contest started), Alto saxophone, Alexander I of Russia (who fought against Napoleon), Italian literature, etc., etc., etc. These articles are the mainstay of a quality encyclopedia.

This means that there is a lot of work ahead of us. It is time to shift the focus. I therefore propose two solutions:

 * 1) The field "Requests" on "Recent Changes" be changed to "Requested feature articles." Instead of asking people to create brand new articles, the focus should be on improving existing articles.
 * 2) Regular contests should be held to promote article improvement. To that end, I will donate $100 in books and media from Amazon to the person who most improves an unsourced article related to history or selected from Vital articles. The contest will end on October 7. A panel of judges will be selected to decide on the entries. For more information about what constitutes an "unsourced article" please contact me. For historical reasons, this will be known as "Danny's third contest."

I also ask that you show your support for changing the "Requests" to "Requested Featured Article" on the page linked below.

Danny 00:43, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Requested Featured Article discussion
 * List contest entries here

Judges

 * Amgine
 * Fuzheado
 * Lar
 * Sannse
 * Shanel

I will not be judging the contest, and will leave the final decision in the hands of these very capable Wikipedians. -Danny

Winners
The judges did a great job, but there were so many great entries that I have decided to expand the awards.
 * 1) Runner up (and a $35 gift certificate from Amazon) -- Theramenes (Robth)
 * 2) Runner up (and a $35 gift certificate from Amazon) -- Battle of Ceresole (Kirill Lokshin)
 * 3) First place (and a $100 gift certificate from Amazon) -- Crawford expedition (Kevin Myers)

Please contact me privately with your contact information to receive your awards. Thank you to all the contestants, who did a great job expanding and improving articles, and to the judges who accepted the challenge. Stay tuned for news of my next contest. Danny 00:21, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

For more details on the judging and the entries, see the results page. ++Lar: t/c 06:42, 9 November 2006 (UTC) (for the judges)

 * I'd like to give a big "thank you" to Danny, the judges, the other contestants, and the Wikipedian who started the Crawford expedition article. I'm surprised and honored to have won first place. I'm looking forward to Danny's 4th contest! —Kevin 16:00, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Ideas for new contests
Please put them on the ideas for new contests subpage.

Similar activity in Chinese Wikipedia
The main edit-a-thon in zh-Wikipedia is named after Danny's contest in every summer. It is named like zh:Wikipedia:DC.

title: Wikipedia:Danny's contest


text:
Vignola

Vignola (Modenese: Vgnóla; Bolognese: Vgnôla) is a city and comune in the province of Modena (Emilia-Romagna), Italy.

Its economy is based on agriculture, especially fruit farming, but there are also mechanical industries and service companies.

The city is mostly known as the birthplace of the Renaissance architect Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola.

History
Vignola, whose name derives from the Latin vineola ("small vine") is located near an ancient Etruscan road connecting Bologna to Parma. However it is mentioned in the Middle Ages as having been founded in 826 as, according to the legend, a castle to protect the lands of the nearby Abbey of Nonantola.

Vignola was a possession of those bishops until 1247; during the wars between Guelphs and Ghibellines its territory was contented between the communes of Modena and Bologna, until the Grassoni family installed their seigniory in Vignola. This lasted until 1399, when it was acquired by the House of Este; two years later it was conceded as a county to Uguccione de' Contrari from Ferrara. With the death of Ercole Contrari in 1557, Vignola was assigned to Giacomo Boncompagni, son of Pope Gregory XIII. The Boncompagni rule fell with the Napoleonic Conquest of Italy, and, after the Congress of Vienna of 1814, Vignola became part of the Duchy of Modena.

Main sights

 * Town Museum
 * The Castle (Rocca), built perhaps in the Carolingian era but known from 1178; it was turned into a patrician residence by the Contrari family in the Renaissance era. It houses a chapel with late-Gothic frescoes (early 15th century), and a hall (Sala del Padiglione) with frescoes from the same age.
 * Palazzo dei Contrari
 * Palazzo Boncompagni (or Palazzo Barozzi)
 * Torre Galvani
 * Villa Martuzzi

Transport
Vignola is served by Vignola railway station, terminus of the Casalecchio–Vignola railway.

Notable people

 * Jacopo Barozzi (1507–1573), architect
 * Giacomo Cantelli (1643–1695), cartographer
 * Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672–1750), historian
 * Antonio Paradisi (1736–1783), poet and economist
 * Patrizia Reggiani (1948-), Ex-wife of Maurizio Gucci

Twin towns

 * 🇫🇷 Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire, France, since 1982
 * 🇩🇪 Witzenhausen, Germany, since 1982
 * 🇨🇱 Angol, Chile, since 1998

title: Vignola


text:
Savennières

Savennières is a commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France.

It lies near the river Loire 15 km south west of Angers and is best known for its production of highly rated white wine.

With production predominantly centred on the Chenin blanc grape, it is famed for its particularly long-lasting dry white wine comparable to that of Vouvray.

Savennières wine
The area around Savennières is used for the production of white wine from Chenin blanc grapes. The wines are mostly dry, often produced in a powerful style, and the best examples (such as those produced by Nicolas Joly's Château de la Roche aux Moines) are highly regarded by international wine critics. The Savennières Appellation d'Origine Controlée (AOC) spreads over 3 hills of schist, located on the right (northwest) bank of the Loire river, totaling about 300 hectares, of which about half are currently in production.

title: Savennières


text:
Viducasses

The Viducassēs (Gaulish: *Uiducassēs/Widucassēs) were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the modern Calvados department during the Iron Age and the Roman period.

Name
They are mentioned as Viducasses by Pliny (1st c. AD), and as Bidoukesíōn (Βιδουκεσίων; var. Βιδουκασίων, Βιδουκαίσιων) and Bidoukésioi (Βιδουκέσιοι; var. Οὐιδουκαίσιοι, Οὐιδουκέσιοι) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD).

The Gaulish ethnonym derives from the root *uidu-/widu ('tree, wood'). The meaning of the second element -casses, attested in other Gaulish ethnonyms such as Bodiocasses, Durocasses, Sucasses, Tricasses, or Veliocasses, has been debated, but it probably signifies '(curly) hair, hairstyle' (cf. Old Irish chass 'curl'), perhaps referring to a particular warrior coiffure. The name may thus be translated as 'the tangled-hair ones', that is to say 'those with the hair tangled like a tree'. Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel has proposed to interpret the name as 'those with wooden helmets'.

The city of Vieux, attested in the 3rd century AD as Civitas Viducassium ('civitas of the Viducasses'; Veiocae in 1180, Vieux in 1294), is named after the Gallic tribe.

Geography
The Viducasses dwelled south of the Bodiocasses, north of the Aulerci Diablintes, southeast of the Venelli, northeast of the Abrincatui, west of the Lexovii, and northwest of the Sagii.

During the Roman period, their chief town was known as Aregenua ('by the Guigne river'; modern Vieux), whose area roughly corresponded to the plain of Caen. The city grew from the first half of the 2nd century and reached its height during the Severan period (193–235). In an inscription dated to 238 AD, the settlement is called both a 'free city' and a 'colony'. In the 3rd century, Aregenua became Civitas Viducassium, although it was probably absorbed by the civitas of the Bodiocasses in the early 4th century, for the Civitas Viducassium is not mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum and the Notitia Galliarum.

Religion
A sanctuary from the end of the 1st century BC is known at Baron-sur-Odon, 2.5km west of Aregenua.

title: Viducasses


text:
Vieux

Vieux (French for 'old') may refer to:

Places

 * Vieux, Calvados, in the Calvados department, France
 * Vieux, Tarn, in the Tarn department, France
 * Vieux-Bourg, in the Calvados department, France
 * Vieux-Fumé, in the Calvados department, France
 * Vieux-Pont-en-Auge, in the Calvados department, France
 * Vieux Fort, one of the district Quarters located on the island of Saint Lucia
 * Le Vieux-Longueuil, a borough in the city of Longueuil, Quebec, Canada

People

 * Maurice Vieux, French altiste
 * Alex Vieux, French businessman
 * Krewe du Vieux, a New Orleans Mardi Gras krewe

Other

 * Vieux, the Dutch name for Dutch brandy, Dutch imitation Cognac
 * Vieux, magazine launched in France by Antoine de Caunes

title: Vieux


text:
List of cosmologists

This is a list of people who have made noteworthy contributions to cosmology (the study of the history and large-scale structure of the universe) and their cosmological achievements

A

 * Tom Abel (1970–) studied primordial star formation
 * Roberto Abraham (1965–) studied the shapes of early galaxies
 * Andreas Albrecht studied the formation of the early universe, cosmic structure, and dark energy
 * Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) theorized that galactic magnetic fields could be generated by plasma currents
 * Ralph A. Alpher (1921–2007) argued that observed proportions of hydrogen and helium in the universe could be explained by the big bang model, predicted cosmic background radiation
 * Aristarchus of Samos (310–230 BC) early proponent of heliocentrism
 * Aristotle (circa 384–322 BC) posited a geocentric cosmology that was widely accepted for many centuries
 * Aryabhata (476–550) described a geocentric model with slow and fast epicycles

B

 * Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (787–886) conveyed Aristotle's theories from Persia to Europe
 * James M. Bardeen (1939–2022) studied the mathematics of black holes and of vacua under general relativity
 * John D. Barrow (1952–2020) popularized the anthropic cosmological principle
 * Charles L. Bennett (1956–) studied the large-scale structure of the universe by mapping irregularities in microwave background radiation
 * Orfeu Bertolami (1959–) studied the cosmological constant, inflation, dark energy-dark matter unification and interaction, alternative gravity theories
 * Somnath Bharadwaj (1964–) studied large-scale structure formation
 * James Binney (1950–) studied galactic dynamics and supernova disruption of galactic gasses
 * Martin Bojowald (1973–) studied loop quantum gravity and established loop quantum cosmology
 * Hermann Bondi (1919–2005) developed the steady-state model
 * Mustapha Ishak Boushaki (1967–) physicist researcher on Cosmology
 * Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) promoted a geo-heliocentric system of epicycles
 * Robert Brandenberger (1956–) formulated the theory of string gas cosmology, with colleague Cumrun Vafa, and developed cosmological perturbation theory

C

 * Bernard J. Carr (1949–) promoted the anthropic principle, studied primordial black holes
 * Sean M. Carroll (1966–) researched dark energy, general relativity, and spontaneous inflation
 * Gennady V. Chibisov (1946–2008) origin of cosmological density perturbations from quantum fluctuations
 * Peter Coles (1963–) modeled galactic clustering and authored several cosmology books
 * C. B. Collins used the anthropic principle to solve the flatness problem
 * Asantha Cooray (1973–) studied dark energy, halo models of large structure, and cosmic microwave radiation
 * Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) formulated a heliocentric cosmology

D

 * Paul Davies (1946–) developed a vacuum model that explains microwave background fluctuation, studies time's arrow, and has written many popular-press books
 * Marc Davis (1947–) was lead astronomer of a survey of 50,000 high-redshift galaxies
 * Avishai Dekel (1951–) studied galaxy formation and large scale structure in dark matter-dark energy dominated universes
 * Robert H. Dicke (1916–1997) measured background radiation, used an early version of the anthropic principle to relate the gravitational constant to the age of the universe
 * Mike J. Disney (1937–) discovered low surface brightness galaxies

E

 * George Efstathiou (Cosmologist) (1955–) pioneering computer simulations, observations of galaxy clustering and studies of the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background
 * Jürgen Ehlers (1929–2008) described gravitational lensing and studied the mathematical implications of an isotropic microwave background
 * Jaan Einasto (1929–) studied structure in the large-scale distribution of superclusters of galaxies, early proponent of dark matter
 * Albert Einstein (1879–1955) introduced general relativity and the cosmological constant
 * George F. R. Ellis (1939–) theorized a cylindrical steady-state universe with a naked singularity as recycling mechanism
 * Richard S. Ellis (1950–) used gravitational lensing and high-redshift supernovae to study the origin of galaxies, large scale structure, and dark matter

F

 * Sandra M. Faber (1944–) discovered the Great Attractor, a supercluster-scale gravitational anomaly; co-inventor of the theory of cold dark matter
 * Hume A. Feldman (1953–) studies cosmological perturbations and the statistical and dynamical properties of the large scale structure of the universe
 * Pedro G. Ferreira (1968–) his main interests are in general relativity and theoretical cosmology
 * Carlos S. Frenk (1951–) studied cosmic structure formation
 * Alexander Friedmann (1888–1925) discovered the expanding-universe solution to general relativity

G

 * George Gamow (1904–1968) argued that observed proportions of hydrogen and helium in the universe could be explained by the big bang model, modeled the mass and radius of primordial galaxies
 * Margaret J. Geller (1947–) discovered the Great Wall, a superstructure-scale filament of galaxies
 * Thomas Gold (1920–2004) proposed the steady-state theory
 * Gerson Goldhaber (1924–2010) used supernova observations to measure the energy density of the universe
 * J. Richard Gott (1947–) proposed the use of cosmic strings for time travel
 * Alan Guth (1947–) explained the isotropy of the universe by theorizing a phase of exponential inflation soon after the big bang

H

 * Stephen W. Hawking (1942–2018) described singularities in general relativity and developed singularity-free models of the big bang; predicted primordial black holes
 * Charles W. Hellaby described models of general relativity with nonconstant metric signature
 * Michał Heller (1936–) researched noncommutative approaches to quantum gravity
 * Robert C. Herman (1914–1997) predicted the background radiation temperature
 * Lars Hernquist (1954–) studied galaxy formation and evolution
 * Chris Hirata (1982–) researched weak gravitational lensing
 * Honorius Augustodunensis (c.1080−1151) wrote a popular encyclopedia of cosmology, geography, and world history
 * Hanns Hörbiger (1860–1931) formulated a pseudoscientific theory of ice as the basic substance of all cosmic processes
 * Fred Hoyle (1915–2001) promoted the steady state theory, used the anthropic principle to explain the energy levels of carbon nuclei
 * Edwin P. Hubble (1889–1953) demonstrated the existence of other galaxies and confirmed the relation between redshift and distance
 * John P. Huchra (1948–2010) discovered the Great Wall, a superstructure-scale filament of galaxies

I

 * Mustapha Ishak Boushaki (1967–) physicist researcher on Cosmology
 * Jamal Nazrul Islam (1939–2013) published seven books on Cosmology

K

 * Ronald Kantowski (1939–) discovered spatially homogeneous but anisotropic solutions to general relativity
 * Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) pioneered heliocentrism, discovered elliptical planetary motion, attempted to explain heavenly motions through physical causes
 * Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov (1919–2021) conjectured an oscillatory model with an essential singularity for the evolution of the universe
 * Tom W. B. Kibble (1932–2016) introduced the concept of cosmic strings
 * Robert Kirshner (1949–) discovered the Boötes void, a large region sparsely populated with galaxies, and wrote a popular book on cosmology
 * Edward Kolb (1951–) studied big bang cosmology including the emergence of baryons and dark matter, and wrote a popular textbook on cosmology
 * Lawrence M. Krauss (1954–) author of popular science books on cosmology including A Universe from Nothing

L

 * Ofer Lahav (1959–) studied dark matter and dark energy
 * Tod R. Lauer (1957–) catalogued massive black holes at galaxy centers and correlated their mass with other properties of the galaxies' structures
 * Georges Henri Lemaître (1894–1966) proposed the big bang theory and the distance-redshift relation
 * Janna Levin (1967–) seeks evidence for a bounded universe of nontrivial topology
 * Andrew R. Liddle (1965–) studied inflationary models, wrote two books on inflation and primordial inhomogeneities
 * Evgeny M. Lifshitz (1915–1985) conjectured an oscillatory model with an essential singularity for the evolution of the universe
 * Andrei Linde (1948–) pioneered inflationary models and proposed eternal chaotic inflation of universes from the false vacuum
 * Abraham Loeb (1962–) researched primordial stars, primordial black holes, quasars, reionization, gravitational lensing, and gamma-ray bursts
 * Jean-Pierre Luminet (1951–) studied black holes and the topology of the Universe
 * David H. Lyth (1940–) studied particle cosmology, wrote two books on inflation and primordial inhomogeneities

M

 * João Magueijo (1967–) proposed much faster speeds of light in the young universe as an alternative explanation to inflation for its homogeneity
 * Richard Massey (1977–) mapped dark matter in the universe
 * Charles W. Misner (1932–) studied solutions to general relativity including the mixmaster universe and Misner space, wrote influential text on gravitation
 * John Moffat (1932–) proposed much faster speeds of light in the young universe, developed antisymmetric theories of gravity
 * Lauro Moscardini (1961–) modeled galaxy clustering in the early universe

N

 * Jayant Narlikar (1938–) promoted steady state theories
 * Isaac Newton (1642–1727) formulated the law of universal gravitation and supported the heliocentric model

P

 * György Paál (1934–1992) in the late 1950s studied the quasar and galaxy cluster distributions, in 1970 from redshift quantization came up with the idea that the Universe might have nontrivial topological structure
 * Thanu Padmanabhan (1957–2021) studied quantum gravity and quantum cosmology
 * Leonard Parker (1938–) established the study of quantum field theory within general relativity
 * P. James E. Peebles (1935–) predicted cosmic background radiation, contributed to structure theory, developed models that avoid dark matter
 * Roger Penrose (1931–) linked singularities to gravitational collapse, conjectured the nonexistence of naked singularities, and used gravitational entropy to explain homogeneity
 * Arno Penzias (1933–2024) was the first to observe the cosmic background radiation
 * Saul Perlmutter (1959–) used supernova observations to measure the expansion of the universe
 * Mark M. Phillips (1951–) used supernova observations to discover acceleration in the expansion of the universe, calibrated the supernova distance scale
 * Joel Primack (1945–) co-invented the theory of cold dark matter
 * Ptolemy (90–168) wrote the only surviving ancient text on astronomy, conjectured a model of the universe as a set of nested spheres with epicycles

Q

 * Ali Qushji (1403–1474) challenged Aristotelian physics, in particular presenting empirical evidence against a stationary Earth, and may have influenced Copernicus

R

 * Lisa Randall (1962–) contributed to Randall–Sundrum models, which describe the world in terms of a warped geometry higher-dimensional universe
 * Martin Rees (1942–) proposed that quasars are powered by black holes, disproved steady state by studying distribution of quasars
 * Yoel Rephaeli used the distortion of the cosmic background by high-energy electrons to infer the existence of galaxy clusters
 * Adam Riess (1969–) found evidence in supernova data that the expansion of the universe is accelerating and confirming dark energy models
 * Wolfgang Rindler (1924–2019) coined the phrase "event horizon", Rindler Coordinates, and popularized the use of spinors (with Roger Penrose)
 * Howard P. Robertson (1903–1961) solved the two-body problem in an approximation to general relativity, developed the standard model of general relativity
 * Vera Rubin (1928–2016) discovered discrepancies in galactic rotation rates leading to the theory of dark matter

S

 * Rainer K. Sachs (1932–) discovered gravitationally induced redshifts in the cosmic background radiation
 * Carl Sagan (1934–1996)
 * Andrei Sakharov (1921–1989) invented the theory of twins, CPT-symmetric universes
 * Allan Sandage (1936–2010) set the cosmological distance scale and accurately estimated the speed of expansion of the universe
 * Brian P. Schmidt (1967–) used supernova data to measure the acceleration in the expansion of the universe
 * David N. Schramm (1945–1997) was an expert on big bang theory and an early proponent of dark matter
 * Dennis W. Sciama (1926–1999) studied many aspects of cosmology and supervised many other leading cosmologists
 * Irving Segal (1918–1998) created chronometric cosmology with alternative explanation of redshift in spectra of distant sources
 * Seleucus of Seleucia (c.190–c.150 BC) used tidal observations to support a heliocentric model
 * Roman Ulrich Sexl (1939–1986) developed an ether-based theory of absolute simultaneity that is mathematically equivalent to special relativity
 * Al-Sijzi (c. 945–1020) invented an astrolabe based on the Earth's rotation
 * Joseph Silk (1942–) explained the homogeneity of the early universe using photon diffusion damping
 * Willem de Sitter (1872–1934) developed a theory of dark matter with Einstein, found an expanding matterless solution to general relativity
 * Vesto Slipher (1875–1969) performed the first measurements of radial velocities for galaxies, providing the empirical basis for the expansion of the universe
 * Lee Smolin (1955–) studied quantum gravity, popularized a theory of cosmological natural selection
 * George F. Smoot (1945–) used Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite to measure the temperature and anisotropy of the early universe
 * David N. Spergel (1961–) used Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe satellite to measure the temperature and anisotropy of the early universe
 * Paul Steinhardt (1952–) pioneered inflationary cosmology, introduced first example of eternal inflation, introduced quintessential dark energy, introduced the concept of strongly self-interacting dark matter, studied brane cosmology and cyclic models of the universe
 * Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (903–986) wrote the Book of Fixed Stars, which lists over forty constellations and the stars within them
 * Nicholas B. Suntzeff (1952–) used supernova observations to discover acceleration in the expansion of the universe, calibrated the supernova distance scale
 * Rashid Sunyaev (1943–) developed a theory of density fluctuations in the early universe, described how to use cosmic background distortion to observe large-scale density fluctuations
 * Alex Szalay (1949–) was working on structure formation in a neutrino-dominated universe, biased galaxy formation in a cold dark matter dominated universe and computing the power spectrum in hot, cold and warm dark matter dominated universes

T

 * Max Tegmark (1967–) determined the parameters of the lambda-cold dark matter model using Sloan Survey data, studied mathematical models of multiverses
 * Trinh Xuan Thuan (1948–) researched galaxy formation and evolution
 * William G. Tifft theorized that galactic redshifts are quantized
 * Beatrice Tinsley (1941–1981) researched galactic evolution, the creation of lightweight elements, and accelerated expansion of the universe
 * Frank J. Tipler (1947–) proved that time travel requires singularities, promoted the anthropic principle
 * Richard C. Tolman (1881–1948) showed that the cosmic background keeps a black-body profile as the universe expands
 * Mark Trodden (1968–) studied cosmological implications of topological defects in field theories
 * Michael S. Turner (1949–) coined the term dark energy
 * Neil Turok (1958–) predicted correlations between polarization and temperature anisotropy in the cosmic background, explained the big bang as a brane collision
 * Henry Tye (1947–) proposed brane-antibrane interactions as a cause of inflation

V

 * Alexander Vilenkin (1949–) showed that eternal inflation is generic, studied cosmic strings, theorized the creation of the universe from quantum fluctuations

W

 * Robert M. Wald (1947–) wrote a popular textbook on general relativity, studied the thermodynamics of black holes and created an axiomatic formulation of quantum field theory in curved spacetime.
 * Arthur Geoffrey Walker (1909–2001) developed the standard model of general relativity and studied the mathematics of relativistic reference frames
 * David Wands studied inflation, superstrings, and density perturbations in the early universe
 * Yun Wang (1964–) uses supernova and galactic redshift data to probe dark energy
 * Jeffrey Weeks (1956–) used cosmic background patterns to determine the topology of the universe
 * Simon D. White (1951–) studied galaxy formation in the lambda-cold dark matter model
 * David Todd Wilkinson (1935–2002) used satellite probes to measure the cosmic background radiation
 * Edward L. Wright (1947–) promoted big bang theories, studied the effect of dust absorption on measurements of the cosmic background

Z

 * Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich (1914–1987) used accretion disks of massive black holes to explain quasars, predicted Compton scattering of the cosmic background
 * Fritz Zwicky (1898–1974) along with Walter Baade coined the term "supernova", contributions in understanding neutron stars, supernovae as standard candles, gravitational lensing, and dark matter.

title: List of cosmologists


text:
Gangsta's Paradise

"Gangsta's Paradise" is a single by American rapper Coolio, released on August 1, 1995 by Tommy Boy, Warner Bros. and MCA. Interpolating Stevie Wonder's song "Pastime Paradise" (1976), "Gangsta's Paradise" features vocals from American singer L.V. who served as a co-composer and co-lyricist with Coolio and Doug Rasheed, with Wonder also being credited for the composition and lyrics. Certified Platinum in October, the song was included on Coolio's second album, Gangsta's Paradise, in November 1995. Its music video was directed by Antoine Fuqua and featured Michelle Pfeiffer. The song is taken from Pfeiffer's movie Dangerous Minds, and the music video is also themed around the movie.

The song was the number one biggest-selling single of 1995 on US Billboard and the first rap single ever to go straight to number one in Britain. In 2008, it was ranked number 38 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop". NME listed the song at number 100 in their ranking of "100 Best Songs of the 1990s" in 2012 and Billboard magazine ranked it among the "500 Best Pop Songs of All Time" in 2023. Coolio was awarded a Grammy for Best Rap Solo Performance, two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Rap Video and Best Video from a Film and a Billboard Music Award for the song/album. The song was voted as the best single of the year in The Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics' poll.

The song has sold over five million copies in the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany. Coolio performed this song live at the 1995 Billboard Music Awards with L.V. and Wonder, and at the 38th Annual Grammy Awards with L.V.

Background and writing
Coolio, L.V. and Doug Rasheed composed "Gangsta's Paradise" and wrote its lyrics, with Rasheed also serving as the song's producer. Stevie Wonder received crediting for the composition and lyrics due to the interpolation of his song "Pastime Paradise" from his 1976 album Songs in the Key of Life.

The song begins with a line from Psalm 23:4: "As I walk through the valley of the shadow of death", but then diverges with: "I take a look at my life and realize there's nothing left." Adding to some of the religious overtones are choral vocals in the background. Coolio freestyled the first couple of lines, with the rest of the lyrics coming to him quickly in one sitting. He would later claim that the song ultimately came from a source outside himself, saying: "'Gangsta's Paradise' wanted to be born; it wanted to come to life, and it chose me as the vessel."

The chorus of the song "Been spending most their lives living in a gangsta’s paradise,” was created by L.V. by stacking the vocals many times to make it sound like a choir.

Due to the sampling of Wonder's music, "Gangsta's Paradise" is one of the few Coolio tracks that did not contain any profanity, as Wonder did not appreciate his song being paired with it. Coolio said, "I had a few vulgarities... and he (Wonder) wasn't with that. So I changed it. Once he heard it, he thought it was incredible."

Chart performance
The single reached number one in the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Austria, Denmark, The Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, Australia, and New Zealand, making it Coolio's most successful single. In Australia, the song stayed at No. 1 for 14 weeks, a record that would only be broken 22 years later by Ed Sheeran's "Shape of You". Following Coolio's appearance on Celebrity Big Brother 6, it re-entered the UK singles chart peaking at No. 31. In the United Kingdom, "Gangsta's Paradise" is the first rap single to sell over a million copies as well as the first rap single ever to go straight to Number One.

In the United States, the single spent twelve weeks in the top two of the Billboard Hot 100, of which three were spent at No. 1 and nine at No. 2. The song was certified triple platinum by the RIAA on February 23, 1996, indicating 3 million copies sold. It has sold a further 1.8 million downloads in the US in the digital era. As of September 2022, the songs has sold 1.9 million downloads in US and has accumulated 763.1 million streams.

Following Coolio's death on September 28, 2022, "Gangsta's Paradise" debuted two days later at number 5 on the UK Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100, and reentered the Official Top 100 Singles Chart on 7 October 2022 at number 55.

Critical reception
Bill Lamb of About.com described the song as "riveting and atmospheric". James Masterton for Dotmusic noted its "undoubted brilliance". David Browne from Entertainment Weekly felt it "may be the bleakest tune ever to top the pop singles chart." He added, "With its ghostly choir and lyrics about a gun-toting 23-year-old who kneels in the streetlight wondering if he’ll live to see 24, it examines the abyss with journalistic coolness." Freaky Trigger praised it as "complete pop greatness". Idolator called it a "rap rhapsody", naming it one of The 50 Best Pop Singles of 1995. David Bennun from Melody Maker wrote, "That single. F*** me, it's good. The slow pulse of strings, the heavenly choir. Puts me in mind of prime Sisters of Mercy, of all things. Coursing at the rate of a slow heartbeat, point being, it's life as it is lived, it's in the blood. Like all the best rap, you feel the meaning, you sense it, before you even listen to the lyrics". Another Melody Maker editor, Taylor Parkes, said, "An oddly reserved, frustratingly MEAGRE moment. Coolio is, generally speaking, among the lusher, more intriguing gangsta rappers... "Gangsta's Paradise" limps a bit. Nice ominous, looped choir. Fits a little too comfortably on America's Top 10."

Pan-European magazine Music & Media commented, "Last year, this rapper hit paydirt with a reworking of Lakeside's "Fantastic Voyage". This time around, he pulls off the same trick with this tall tale founded on Stevie Wonder's "Pastime Paradise". Unlike the original, which surprisingly never was a hit, this one was a US number 1 and has every chance of succeeding in Europe." A reviewer from Music Week gave it four out of five, saying, "An infectious release from Grammy-nominated rapper that challenges the assumed form of the genre. Number one in the US and could do big things here." Music Week editor Alan Jones deemed it "a brooding and menacing track". Dele Fadele from NME named it Single of the Week, writing, "And what a breathtaking doleful and melancholy record 'Gangsta's Paradise' is. [...] Stabbing strings, a keyboard drone, a massed gothic chorus of gospel voices and a beat ticking time to the bitter end, are all weaved together into this solemn theme tune".

Music video
The accompanying music video for the song was directed by American film director Antoine Fuqua and featured Michelle Pfeiffer reprising her earlier role as U.S. Marine LouAnne Johnson in the movie Dangerous Minds. The video also includes scenes from the movie. Initially Coolio was concerned with the video's treatment stating, "I wanted some low-riders and some shit in it; I was trying to take it 'hood'." Despite this, he trusted Fuqua and was ultimately pleased with the final result.

For the music video, Coolio won the Best Rap Video at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1996.

The music video hit one billion YouTube views in July 2022.

Cast and credits

 * Michelle Pfeiffer
 * Coolio
 * Directed by: Antoine Fuqua
 * Sound editor: Jeff Clark

Impact and legacy
In December 1995, NME ranked "Gangsta's Paradise" number 13 in their list of "NME Writers' Top 50 Singles of 1995". In 1996, it was named Best Rap 12-inch at the International Dance Music Awards in Miami. In 1999, The Village Voice listed the song number four in their list of "Top Singles of the 90's". In 2008, it was ranked number 38 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop". In 2012, NME listed the song at number 100 in their ranking of "100 Best Songs of the 1990s". In 2019, Billboard magazine placed it at number 20 in their ranking of "Billboard's Top Songs of the '90s". Same year, Stacker placed it at number 19 in their list of "Best 90s pop songs". In July 2020, digital publication The Pudding carried out a study on the most iconic songs from the '90s and songs that are most known by Millennials and the people of Generation Z. "Gangsta's Paradise" was the song with the twelfth highest recognisability rate. In October 2023, Billboard magazine ranked it number 166 in their "500 Best Pop Songs of All Time". They praised its "magic moment"; "The song's climactic and heartbreaking final verse, when Coolio, born Artis Leon Ivey Jr., calls out, "''They say I gotta learn, but nobody’s here to teach me/ If they can't understand me, how can they reach me? I guess they can't. I guess they won't … That's why I know my life is out of luck, fool.''"

Parodies, covers, and sampling
There are several parodies of the song, including "Amish Paradise" by "Weird Al" Yankovic, which was released the following year, reaching number 53 on the U.S. chart. Coolio claimed that he did not give permission for the parody, which led to disagreements between the two. Yankovic claimed that he had been told Coolio had given the go-ahead through his record label, and apologized. Because of this incident, Yankovic now seeks approval for song parodies through the artists themselves, rather than communicating through intermediaries. Coolio himself said in a 2011 interview that he had since "apologized to him (Yankovic)", further stating in a Rolling Stone retrospective that objecting to the parody "was probably one of the least smart things I've done over the years."

L.V. released a solo version of the single in 1996 on his debut album, I Am L.V. This version did not feature Coolio, and featured additional lyrics written by L.V. himself, with rap lyrics written by Scarface and Dani Blooms.

In 1996, the song was covered by Battery for the electro-industrial various artists compilation Operation Beatbox and their 1996 album, Distance. American post-hardcore band In Fear And Faith covered the song in 2008. Austrian melodic death metal band Artas covered the song in 2008 on the album The Healing. In 2014, post-hardcore band Falling in Reverse covered the song for the compilation album Punk Goes 90s Vol. 2. The video included an appearance by Coolio. In 2015, Postmodern Jukebox produced a version in a 1920s jazz style. That same year, New Zealand hard rock band Like a Storm covered the song on their second studio album, Awaken the Fire.

The song's chorus and bridge were prominently sampled by British singer Ella Henderson for her 2024 single "Alibi".

In other media

 * It was first used in the 1995 drama film Dangerous Minds and was featured in its soundtrack.
 * In 2011, the song featured in the comedy film Bad Teacher.
 * The song featured in the superhero film The Green Hornet.
 * The song appears in the 2013 action comedy film Pain & Gain.
 * The song was also featured in various official trailers for the 2014 US comedy film Tammy, which stars Melissa McCarthy.
 * In 2019, the song was used in the original trailer for Sonic the Hedgehog.
 * The song appears in Season 1 Episode 1 of the 2019 show Raising Dion
 * UFC fighter Oban Elliott uses the song as his entrance music when he makes his walk to the Octagon

Accolades
Billboard Grammy Awards MTV
 * Billboard Year-End Chart-Toppers 1995
 * Top Hot 100 Single number one
 * Top Hot 100 Single Sales number one (2.5 million copies) (2× platinum)
 * Best Rap Solo Performance
 * Record of the Year (nominated)
 * MTV Video Music Awards 1996
 * Best Rap Video

title: Gangsta's Paradise


text:
University of Klagenfurt

The University of Klagenfurt (Universität Klagenfurt or Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, AAU) is a federal Austrian research university and the largest research and higher education institution in the state of Carinthia. It has its campus in Klagenfurt.

Originally founded in 1933 and relaunched in 1970, the university today holds faculties of arts, humanities & education, management, economics & law, social sciences, and technical sciences. It is listed in the ARWU, THE, and QS global rankings and held rank 48 worldwide in THE's Young University Rankings 2021.

The university has defined three research priority areas, Social Ecology (until 2018, transferred to BOKU Vienna), Networked and Autonomous Systems, and Multiple Perspectives in Optimization, with the former spawning three ERC Grants and the latter a doc.funds programme of the Austrian Science Fund. It has launched a new initiative, Humans in the Digital Age (HDA), in 2019, hosting an ERC Grant on cybersecurity.

It also holds a number of central facilities such as the Robert Musil Institute (co-organizer of the Bachmann Prize), the Karl Popper Kolleg (an Institute for Advanced Study), the University Cultural Centre (UNIKUM), the build! Gründerzentrum (a start-up facilitation center), the University Sports Centre (USI), and the Klagenfurt University Library.

Oliver Vitouch, a cognitive psychologist and former faculty member of the University of Vienna and the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin, is the university's Vice-Chancellor. Martin Hitz chairs the Academic Senate; Werner Wutscher, former Secretary General of the European Forum Alpbach, is chairman of the University Council.

The University of Klagenfurt is situated 30 km from the Slovenian and 60 km from the Italian border and supports bi- and multilingualism, especially in the context of the Slovenian minority in Carinthia. Together with the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano (Italy) and the University of Fribourg (Switzerland), it is among the three southernmost universities in the German-speaking world.

History
With the Protestant collegium sapientiae et pietatis founded in 1552, Klagenfurt hosted one of the oldest gymnasiums in Austria (today's Europagymnasium), directed by Hieronymus Megiser from 1593 to 1601, but had no ancient university tradition.

In 1970, the Austrian parliament passed a federal law allowing the establishment of an Educational Science College in Klagenfurt. The first doctoral degree was conferred in 1972. In 1975, new laws on higher education came into force, with the name of the college being changed into Universität für Bildungswissenschaften (University of Educational Sciences).

In 1993, a fundamental relaunch took place: The institution's name was changed to Universität Klagenfurt (University of Klagenfurt), and a Faculty of Humanities and a (new) Faculty of Economics, Business Administration, and Informatics were inaugurated. The Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies was inaugurated in 2004.

The university adopted the official cognomen Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt in 2004 (with its legal name still being Universität Klagenfurt). It was extended with a fourth, technical sciences faculty in 2007 (with a focus on Informatics, Information Technology, and Networked & Autonomous Systems), engaging in research operations in collaboration with the Lakeside Science & Technology Park. In 2012, the number of students passed the 10,000 mark.

On occasion of the institution's 40th anniversary, a Boat Race was held on Lake Wörth in 2010. Klagenfurt's Eight won against the University of Vienna by a boat length on a sprinting distance from the rowing clubs to Maria Loretto castle.

In 2015, the university established commencement speeches at its graduation ceremonies. Among the speakers so far are Sabine Herlitschka, Josef Winkler, August-Wilhelm Scheer, Johanna Rachinger, and Josef Aschbacher. Presidents of Austria Heinz Fischer (formerly) and Alexander Van der Bellen (incumbent) are recurrent guests at doctoral graduations sub auspiciis Praesidentis.

In 2020, the university celebrated its institutional 50 year jubilee. This included a lecture series together with the Austrian Academy of Sciences, ''Utopia! Is the world out of joint? Contributions to the art of Enlightenment'' opened by Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger and the bestowal of an honorary doctorate to Rae Langton. Several further jubilee events were virtualized or postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 22 November 2020 the Austrian Broadcasting Corporation showed the TV documentary Humans in the Digital Age: University of Klagenfurt—50th Anniversary.

The jubilee exhibition ARTEFICIA was postponed to autumn 2021. It shows unique exhibits from honorary doctors Manfred Bockelmann, Michael Guttenbrunner, Maja Haderlap, Peter Handke, Maria Lassnig, Valentin Oman, Wolfgang Puschnig, Peter Turrini, and Josef Winkler.

Technological developments of the University of Klagenfurt—leading contributions to the navigation system of the robotic helicopter Ingenuity—are part of NASAs Mars 2020 mission (Mars landing on 18 February 2021, maiden flight of the helicopter on 19 April 2021).

Campus
With its suburban setting, the university campus is in walking distance of both the renaissance-dominated historic city centre of Klagenfurt (capital of the state of Carinthia) and the east bay of the Wörthersee, a renowned Austrian summer resort. Also hiking, climbing and skiing possibilities in the Austrian Alps are nearby.

Together with the adjacent Lakeside Science & Technology Park, a 60 acres start-up and spin-off park, the university campus forms the so-called Lakeside District. The Park hosts companies such as ASFINAG, CISC Semiconductor, Dynatrace, Fraunhofer Austria, Infineon, Joanneum Research, Kapsch TrafficCom, PharmTElligent, and SKIDATA.

From 2016 to 2018, the university's central and north wing (13,000 m2) were fully refurbished with a budget of €26 million. As a result, the university was shortlisted for the Prix Versailles – Campuses 2019 (under UNESCO patronage), together with buildings of the University of Chicago in Hongkong, Barnard College, Stanford University, SPA Vijayawada, and Skoltech, which won the competition. It is listed among the World’s Most Beautiful Campuses since 2023.

Faculties and departments
The following four-faculty structure does apply since 1 January 2023.

Faculty of Arts, Humanities & Education
The Faculty of Arts, Humanities & Education encompasses 11 departments and a faculty centre. Their common ambition is to foster multilingualism and intercultural education, with a special focus on teacher education.

 * Department of English and American Studies
 * Department of Cultural Analysis
 * Department of Educational Sciences and Research
 * Department of German Studies
 * Department of History
 * Department of Instructional and School Development
 * Department of Philosophy
 * Department of Romance Studies
 * Department of Slavonic Studies
 * Department of Sports Science
 * Robert Musil Institute for Literary Studies
 * Faculty Centre for Sign Language and Communication of the Hearing Impaired

Faculty of Management, Economics & Law
The Faculty of Management, Economics & Law has a focus on business management while fostering interdisciplinary links with law and economics. Alumni shall be fit for global business careers in the 21st century. Since February 2023, the Faculty is AACSB accredited.

 * Department of Business Management
 * Department of Economics
 * Department of Financial Management
 * Department of Innovation Management and Entrepreneurship
 * Department of Operations, Energy, and Environmental Management
 * Department of Organization, Human Resources, and Service Management
 * Department of Public, Nonprofit, and Health Management
 * Department of Law

Faculty of Social Sciences
This faculty unites some core disciplines of the Social Sciences, including two of the university's most demanded curricula. Unifying element is the question of good human lives both now and in the future. The faculty maintains a strategic partnership with the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

 * Department of Geography and Regional Studies
 * Department of Media and Communications Science
 * Department of Psychology
 * Department of Science and Technology Studies
 * Department of Science Communication and Higher Education Research
 * Department of Sociology

Faculty of Technical Sciences
The Faculty of Technical Sciences is dedicated to research and training in the fields of informatics, information technology and technical mathematics. The faculty was founded in January 2007 and superseded the Faculty of Economics, Business Administration and Informatics as well as a newly established Department for information and communication technology. It is organized into nine departments and offers five bachelor's degree programs, four master's degree programs, two teacher training degree programs and two doctoral programs.

 * Department of Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity
 * Department of Informatics Education
 * Department of Informatics Systems
 * Department of Information Technology
 * Department of Mathematics
 * Department of Mathematics Education
 * Department of Networked and Embedded Systems
 * Department of Smart Systems Technologies
 * Department of Statistics

The research cluster "self-organizing networked systems" closely collaborates with the research institute Lakeside Labs.

University centres

 * Centre for Women's and Gender Studies
 * Digital Age Research Centre (D!ARC)
 * Karl Popper Kolleg
 * M/O/T – School of Management, Organizational Development and Technology
 * School of Education (SoE)
 * UNIKUM (University Cultural Centre)

Partnerships
As of 2021, the University of Klagenfurt has strategic partnerships with the Austrian Academy of Sciences, the Ca' Foscari University of Venice, the Fraunhofer Austria Society, and with Silicon Austria Labs (SAL). It offers joint study programs with the Universities of Vienna, Graz, Udine, La Rochelle, and the Poznań University of Technology.

Student mobility partnerships via Erasmus+ and other exchange programs exist with over 250 universities in more than 50 countries worldwide.

At the beginning of 2022, the University of Klagenfurt joined YERUN, a European network of young research-intensive universities headquartered in Brussels.

Rankings
The THE World University Rankings 2022 list the University of Klagenfurt in the 351–400 group. This is the 2nd best rank of an Austrian university with a broader spectrum of studies, second only to the University of Vienna (124) and the Medical Universities of Vienna, Graz, and Innsbruck and on par with the University of Innsbruck and the Vienna University of Technology. THE uses the field-weighted citation impact, considering the different range of fields between universities. In the THE Young University Rankings 2022, Klagenfurt holds rank 77 worldwide.

From the STEM fields, the University of Klagenfurt has technology, engineering, and mathematics in its spectrum, but not any classic sciences or life sciences, which is a handicap in the other large global university rankings. Still, it holds rank 486 in the QS World University Rankings, which aim to rank the 1,400 best universities in the world (out of > 26,000), ahead of the University of Graz (651–700) and the University of Salzburg (751–800).

The University of Klagenfurt also ranks in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (Shanghai Ranking) since 2019 (901–1,000), and in U-Multirank since 2017 (honorable mention in 2021 ).

At the Global Student Satisfaction Awards 2021, provided by Studyportals, the University of Klagenfurt came off as global winner for the best COVID-19 Crisis Management.

Honorary doctors

 * Hans Albert (2007)
 * Manfred Bockelmann (2013)
 * Joseph Buttinger (1977)
 * Karl Corino (2014)
 * Peter Eichhorn (2003)
 * Helmut Engelbrecht (1998)
 * Hertha Firnberg (1980)
 * Adolf Frisé (1982)
 * Gerda Fröhlich (1995)
 * Manfred Max Gehring (1992)
 * Ernst von Glasersfeld (1997)
 * Georg Gottlob (2016)
 * Michael Guttenbrunner (1994)
 * Maja Haderlap (2012)
 * Peter Handke (2002)
 * Adolf Holl (2000)
 * Johannes Huber (2017)
 * Sigmund Kripp (1998)
 * Rae Langton (2020)
 * Maria Lassnig (1999 / 2013)
 * Florjan Lipuš (2022)
 * Claudio Magris (1995)
 * Käte Meyer-Drawe (2022)
 * Ewald Nowotny (2008)
 * Valentin Oman (1995)
 * Paul Parin (1995)
 * Wolfgang Petritsch (2013)
 * Theodor Piffl-Perčević (1977)
 * Janko Pleterski (2005)
 * Wolfgang Puschnig (2004)
 * Josef Rattner (2006)
 * Siegfried J. Schmidt (2004)
 * Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb (2022)
 * Franz Schuh (2022)
 * Klaus Tschira (1995)
 * Peter Turrini (2010)
 * Oswald Wiener (1995)
 * Horst Wildemann (2003)
 * Josef Winkler (2009)

title: University of Klagenfurt


text:
User:Oki

I am a doctoral course student in the Department of Chemistry, School of Science, the University of Tokyo, and my major is quantum chemistry. My scientific interest is revealing and controlling the fundamental behavior of atoms and molecules interacting with a strong or an ultrashort laser.

title: User:Oki


text:
Howard Pyle

Howard Pyle (March 5, 1853 – November 9, 1911) was an American illustrator, painter, and author, primarily of books for young people. He was a native of Wilmington, Delaware, and he spent the last year of his life in Florence, Italy.

In 1894, he began teaching illustration at the Drexel Institute of Art, Science, and Industry (now Drexel University). Among his students there were Violet Oakley, Maxfield Parrish, and Jessie Willcox Smith. After 1900, he founded his own school of art and illustration named the Howard Pyle School of Illustration Art. Scholar Henry C. Pitz later used the term Brandywine School for the illustration artists and Wyeth family artists of the Brandywine region, several of whom had studied with Pyle. He had a lasting influence on a number of artists who became notable in their own right; N. C. Wyeth, Frank Schoonover, Thornton Oakley, Allen Tupper True, Stanley Arthurs, and numerous others studied under him.

His 1883 classic publication The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood remains in print, and his other books frequently have medieval European settings, including a four-volume set on King Arthur. He is also well known for his illustrations of pirates, and is credited with creating what has become the modern stereotype of pirate dress. He published his first novel Otto of the Silver Hand in 1888. He also illustrated historical and adventure stories for periodicals such as Harper's Magazine and St. Nicholas Magazine. His novel Men of Iron was adapted as the movie The Black Shield of Falworth (1954).

Pyle travelled to Florence, Italy in 1910 to study mural painting. He died there in 1911 of a sudden kidney infection (Bright's disease).

Life

Pyle was born in Wilmington, Delaware, the son of William Pyle and Margaret Churchman Painter. As a child, he attended private schools and was interested in drawing and writing from a very young age. He was an indifferent student, but his parents encouraged him to study art, particularly his mother. He studied for three years at the studio of F. A. Van der Wielen in Philadelphia, and this constituted the whole of his artistic training, aside from a few lessons at the Art Students League of New York.

In 1876, he visited the island of Chincoteague off Virginia and was inspired by what he saw. He wrote and illustrated an article about the island and submitted it to Scribner's Monthly. One of the magazine's owners was Roswell Smith, who encouraged him to move to New York and pursue illustration professionally. Pyle initially struggled in New York; his lack of professional experience made it difficult for him to translate his ideas into forms for publication. He was encouraged by several working artists, however, including Edwin Austin Abbey, A. B. Frost, and Frederick S. Church.

He finally published a double-paged spread in the Harper's Weekly issue of March 9, 1878 and was paid $75—five times what he had expected. He became increasingly successful and was an established artist by the time that he returned to Wilmington in 1880. Pyle continued illustrating for magazines. He also collaborated on several books, particularly in American history. He wrote and illustrated his own stories, beginning with The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood in 1883. This book won international attention from critics such as William Morris. Over the following decades, he published many more illustrated works for children, many of which are still in print today.

Pyle married singer Anne Poole on April 12, 1881, and the couple had seven children. In 1889, he and his wife sailed to Jamaica, leaving their children in the care of relatives. While they were overseas, their son Sellers died unexpectedly. This loss likely inspired his children's book The Garden Behind the Moon, which is about death and bears the dedication: "To the little Boy in the Moon Garden This Book is dedicated by His Father."

From 1894 to 1900, he taught illustration at the Drexel Institute. In 1900, he created his own school in Wilmington where he taught a small number of students in depth. In 1903, Pyle painted his first murals for the Delaware Art Museum. He took up mural painting more seriously in 1906 and painted The Battle of Nashville in Saint Paul, as well as two other murals for courthouses in New Jersey (the Essex and Hudson County Courthouses).

Pyle developed his own ideas for illustrating pirate dress, as few examples existed of authentic pirate outfits and few, if any, drawings had been preserved. He created a flamboyant style incorporating elements of Romani dress. His work influenced the design of costumes for movie pirates from Errol Flynn to Johnny Depp. It has been noted as highly impractical for working sailors.

In 1910, Pyle and his family went to Italy where he planned to study the old masters. Suffering poor health, he felt depressed and drained of energy. After one year in the country, he suffered a kidney infection and died in Florence at the age of 58.

In 1937, his niece, Caroline Ashton Pyle married his student N. C. Wyeth's son Nathaniel Convers Wyeth.

Major works

Pyle wrote and illustrated a number of books, in addition to numerous illustrations done for Harper's Weekly, other periodical publications, and various works of fiction for children and young adults.

The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood
Pyle synthesized many traditional Robin Hood legends and ballads in this work, while toning them down to make them suitable for children. For instance, he modified the late 17th century ballad "Robin Hood's Progress to Nottingham", changing it from Robin killing fourteen foresters for not honoring a bet to Robin defending himself against an attempt on his life by one of the foresters. Pyle has Robin kill only two men, one who shoots at him first when he was a youth, the other a hated assassin named Guy of Gisborne whom the Sheriff sent to slay him. Tales are changed in which Robin steals all that an ambushed traveler carried, such as "Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford", so that the victim keeps a third and another third is dedicated to the poor.

Pyle did not have much concern for historical accuracy, but he renamed the queen in the story "Robin Hood and Queen Katherine" as Eleanor (of Aquitaine). This made her compatible historically with King Richard the Lion-Hearted, with whom Robin eventually makes peace.

Many of the tales in the Robin Hood book dated to the late Middle Ages. His achievement was to integrate them into a unified story, which he also illustrated. For example, he included "Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar" in the narrative order to reintroduce Friar Tuck. He needed a cooperative priest for the wedding of outlaw Allan a Dale to his sweetheart Ellen. In the original "A Gest of Robyn Hode", the life is saved of an anonymous wrestler who had won a bout but was likely to be murdered because he was a stranger. Pyle adapted it and gave the wrestler the identity of David of Doncaster, one of Robin's band in the story "Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow". In his novelistic treatment of the tales, he thus developed several characters who had been mentioned in only one ballad, such as David of Doncaster or Arthur a Bland.

Men of Iron
Men of Iron is an 1891 novel about squire Myles Falworth who hopes to become a knight, thereby redeeming his family's honor. His father was falsely implicated in a plot to kill King Henry IV. The adventure tale follows Myles through his intensive training for knighthood and ends with him becoming a knight and challenging the wicked Lord Brookhurst Alban to trial by combat.

The novel was adapted into the 1954 film The Black Shield of Falworth starring Tony Curtis and Janet Leigh.

Other works

 * Otto of the Silver Hand, about the son of a robber baron during the medieval period.
 * Rejected of Men: A Story of To-day (1903), setting the story of Jesus as if it had occurred during early twentieth-century America.
 * Portfolio of Etchings: In 1903 the Bibliophile Society of Boston commissioned Pyle to create a series of paintings of scholars and bibliophiles for a limited, four-volume set of books titled The bibliomania, or book-madness. The paintings proved popular and the Bibliophile Society commissioned American engraver William H. W. Bicknell to create copper etched copies of Pyle's five oil paintings from The Bibliomania books. The etched prints in the Portfolio of Etchings from the Special Collections and Archives at Albertsons Library, BSU, portray the following literary figures:

Critical response

Pyle was widely respected during his life and continues to be well regarded by illustrators and fine artists. His contemporary Vincent van Gogh wrote in a letter to his brother Theo that Pyle's work "struck me dumb with admiration."

Pyle's reputation stems from his innovation in form and illustration, creating an American school of illustration and art, and for the revival of children's books. His illustrations are vivid and imaginative, yet not overly fantastic or contrived, lending them an air of colorful realism. Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism notes:

"As time passed, Pyle's historical position as the founder of a distinctly American school of illustration and art, as the innovator who introduced the total-design approach, and as the great reinventor of children's books, would outshine any single work he did, so that he is remembered less for any one project than for his total stance."

He had a lasting influence on a number of artists who became notable in their own right. Some of his more notable students were N. C. Wyeth, Frank Schoonover, Elenore Abbott, Ethel Franklin Betts, Anna Whelan Betts, Harvey Dunn, Clyde O. DeLand, Philip R. Goodwin, Thornton Oakley, Violet Oakley, Ellen Bernard Thompson Pyle, Olive Rush, Blanche Grant, Ethel Leach, Allen Tupper True, Elizabeth Shippen Green, Arthur E. Becher, William James Aylward, Jessie Willcox Smith, and Charlotte Harding. Pyle taught his students at his home and studio in Wilmington, which is still standing and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Pyle was an early member of The Franklin Inn Club in Philadelphia.

According to Robert Vitz, the Howard Pyle School of Art developed a common set of themes in its work: attention to realism and expression of optimism and a faith in the goodness of America. His work also continued to inspire well after his death; for example, comic book artist Tony Harris (born 1969) has cited Pyle as a major influence on his work.

Pyle is remembered primarily as an illustrator, but his books have also been analyzed for their literary qualities, particularly The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood. Taimi M. Ranta and Jill P. May have examined their influence on children's literature. May writes from a feminist sensibility. Susan F. Beegel has studied his influence on Ernest Hemingway. Alethia Helbig has reviewed his poetry, which since his death has not been as highly valued as it was in his own time.

Malcolm Usrey wrote that Otto of the Silver Hand

"has all the marks of a good historical novel: it has an exciting plot, with ample conflict and believable characters; it uses language and dialect appropriate to its setting and the characters; it has a significant, universal theme, and it presents the details of daily life in Germany of the thirteenth century accurately and unobtrusively, making the period real and alive."

Selected bibliography

Unless noted otherwise, all titles are listed in The Dictionary of American Biography.

 * The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood (1883)
 * Within the Capes (1885)
 * Pepper and Salt; or, Seasoning for Young Folk (1886)
 * The Rose of Paradise (1888)
 * The Wonder Clock (1888), with his sister Katharine Pyle
 * Otto of the Silver Hand (1888)
 * A Modern Aladdin (1892)
 * Men of Iron (1892)
 * Twilight Land (1895)
 * The Story of Jack Ballister's Fortunes (1895)
 * The Garden Behind the Moon (1895)
 * The Ghost of Captain Brand (1896)
 * Washington (Text by Woodrow Wilson, then a history professor; published in 1897)
 * Story of the Revolution (Text by Henry Cabot Lodge; published in 1898)
 * The Price of Blood (1899)
 * History of the American People (Text by Woodrow Wilson; published in 1902)
 * Rejected of Men (1903)
 * The Story of King Arthur and His Knights (1903)
 * The Story of the Champions of the Round Table (1905)
 * The Story of Sir Launcelot and His Companions (1907)
 * The Story of the Grail and the Passing of King Arthur (1910)
 * Stolen Treasure (1907)
 * The Ruby of Kishmoor (1908)
 * Howard Pyle's Book of Pirates (A collection of previously published material, assembled in 1921)

title: Howard Pyle


text: User talk:67.137.173.20

title: User talk:67.137.173.20


text:
Vieux-Bourg

Vieux-Bourg is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Vieux-Bourg


text:
Mert and Marcus

Mert and Marcus is the working name of two fashion photographers, Mert Alaş (born 1971) and Marcus Piggott (born 1971), who work together on a collaborative basis. Their work and style is influenced by photographer Guy Bourdin and, together, they have pioneered the use of digital manipulation within their field.

Career
Mert Alaş, born in Turkey and Marcus Piggott, born in Wales, met in England in 1994 after having worked for a brief period in different areas, Alaş in classical music and Piggott in graphic design. Piggott was an assistant photographer and Alas was a fashion photo modeler. After working together in the photography business, they decided to create a team. When they showed their first photos to Dazed and Confused, the London fashion magazine, they immediately made the cover.

The team now works for such magazines such as Vogue USA, Vogue Paris, Vogue Italia, Interview Magazine, The Love Magazine, W Magazine, Pop Magazine, Numéro and Arena Homme Plus. Some of their major clients are fashion labels such as Dior, Louis Vuitton, Missoni, Giorgio Armani, Roberto Cavalli, Fendi, Kenzo and Miu Miu. They created the images for perfume houses such as Gucci, Yves St Laurent, Givenchy and Lancôme.

Alas and Piggott have also worked with celebrities including Madonna, Marion Cotillard,  Cara Delevingne, Adele, Adriana Lima, Lady Gaga, Julia Roberts, Rihanna, Shakira, Jennifer Lopez, Linda Evangelista, Gisele Bündchen, Björk, Gigi Hadid, Kendall Jenner, Lindsay Lohan, Scarlett Johansson, Charlotte Rampling, Bella Hadid, Kylie Minogue, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Victoria Beckham and most recently shot album covers for Fergie, Taylor Swift and Nicki Minaj.

They have also worked for Rob Dougan's for the cover art of Furious Angels CD.

In 2015, Mert & Marcus were awarded Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society.

In 2018, Mert & Marcus won the Isabella Blow Award for Fashion Creator.

title: Mert and Marcus


text:
User talk:Prsephone1674

translation
There is an enormous backlog at Translation into English, more than for all other languages combined. I see you are signed up at Translators_available. Would you be at all interested in taking on one of these articles? (Full disclosure: this is a bit of a "mass mailing", I'm working my way down the whole list of French-to-English translators.) -- Jmabel 00:13, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
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If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks, Alphax τεχ 02:47, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Egyptian hieroglyph
I notice that back in December you left a note on WP:TIE that you were working on the translation Hiéroglyphe==>Egyptian hieroglyph. Any update on the status? -- Jmabel | Talk 06:45, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

Vezina
You changed the stub on this article to "euro-royal" — but not only does that look rather odd and anachronistic, the article clearly states that Vezina was a high priest, not royal. I suppose that "religious figure" might do, but that would be misleading too. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:43, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

changing stubs
hello :) pls try not to be over zealous when 'stub-sorting'. French Sign Language is not a member of the Indo-European language family. I reverted the stub. If you want a more specific language stub, maybe make one for sign languages? --ntennis 28 June 2005 07:58 (UTC)

Anaximander
I saw you started editing this article. There is just one change you made for which I need you to review. In "for Anaximander, it became no longer a mere point in time, but a source that could perpetually give birth to whatever will be", you changed the with for a for. Actually, it is not only for Anaximander. I meant that since him, the term took an extra meaning. I know the difference is subtle, but it changes a lot in the meaning. Thanks for your help. — Robin des Bois ♘ ➳ ✉ 02:21, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

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Literature portal
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Prsephone1674


text:
Vieux-Fumé

Vieux Fumé is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.

title: Vieux-Fumé