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Ricardo Fuller

Ricardo Dwayne Fuller (born 31 October 1979) is a retired Jamaican professional footballer who played as a forward.

Fuller started his football career with Jamaican side Tivoli Gardens, before he moved to England with Crystal Palace in February 2001. He returned to Jamaica and then went on loan to Hearts, before joining Preston North End. He scored 27 goals in 58 League game at Preston, which prompted Portsmouth to pay £1 million for his services. Fuller failed to make an impact at Portsmouth and joined rivals Southampton in 2005 before Stoke City signed him for £500,000 in August 2006.

At Stoke, he became an influential member of the first team and his goals helped the "Potters" gain promotion to the Premier League in 2008. He remained a key figure in the top-flight, despite a poor disciplinary record, and helped Stoke reach the 2011 FA Cup Final, but missed out on the final due to injury. After he recovered from his injury he was only given a bit-part role and he left the club in June 2012 for a one-season stay with Charlton Athletic. He spent the 2013–14 season with Blackpool and 2014–15 with Millwall. He joined Oldham Athletic in October 2015.

Fuller played 77 international matches for the Jamaica national team between 1999 and 2012.

Crystal Palace
Fuller was born in Kingston, Jamaica, and began his career with Tivoli Gardens. He had a trial with Charlton Athletic, playing in three reserve team matches. He moved to English club Crystal Palace in February 2001 for a possible fee of £1 million (the exact figure being dependent on appearances), after impressing on trial the previous month. At the time of his transfer he was suspended by the Jamaican football authority for kicking a Wadadah player in the head. He suffered from knee problems, and played just eight games for the "Eagles". He returned to Tivoli at the end of the campaign after failing to settle in London.

Fuller spent the next season 2001–02 on loan at Scottish Premier League club Hearts. He had an instant impact, scoring 8 goals in 27 appearances, and finishing as the club's joint top-scorer with Kevin McKenna. However, the Edinburgh-based club could not afford to sign Fuller on a permanent basis.

Preston North End
Preston North End stepped in to sign the striker, paying £500,000. Fuller scored on his Preston debut, a 2–1 defeat at home to old club Crystal Palace, and soon became a vital team player. He had an explosive scoring rate, but unfortunately he suffered knee ligament damage in early December, which ended his season prematurely. He had scored 11 goals in only 20 appearances for the club. A fit again Fuller began the 2003–04 season on fire, including a run of six goals in five games, but his form tailed off as his knee troubled him once more. Despite this, he still scored 19 goals that season to become the club's top-scorer. Fuller handed in a transfer request in June 2004 to force through a move to a Premiership club.

Portsmouth
Both Leeds United and Portsmouth then displayed their interest, however, Fuller's knee problems meant both clubs withdrew their offers after he failed medicals. However, Portsmouth manager Harry Redknapp was still keen on the Jamaican and Pompey negotiated a 'pay-as-you-play' deal with Fuller, meaning they would not lose a great deal of money should his recurring knee injuries force him to miss long periods of seasons. Fuller moved to Fratton Park in August 2004 for £1 million, after scoring 31 goals in only 63 appearances for Preston.

Fuller failed to make a huge impact in the Premier League, falling down the pecking order as the season progressed. Despite the sale of some of his fellow strikers at the end of the season, the return from long-term injury by strikers Vincent Péricard and Svetoslav Todorov, and the purchase of Collins Mbesuma, meant Fuller was not guaranteed first team football at Portsmouth and new manager Alain Perrin agreed to let Fuller go. A move to Sunderland fell through when Fuller failed a medical. Instead he was re-united with Harry Redknapp, who signed him for Southampton for £90,000. He scored once in his time at Portsmouth, in a 3–1 win over Crystal Palace.

Southampton
His start at Southampton was fairly dramatic, scoring Saints' only goal at Coventry on 29 August 2005, and scoring again at Derby on 18 September. After that his career at Saints declined. His perceived lack of effort and his history as a former Portsmouth player, combined with the general air of dissatisfaction at St. Mary's led to Fuller receiving a considerable amount of abuse from large sections of the home crowd. In February 2006, he went on loan to Ipswich Town, where he had an eventful time. In three games, he scored two goals, collected two yellow cards and one red card in the 2–2 draw at Crystal Palace, for a hand gesture at the crowd. He returned to Southampton at the end of March.

On his return to Southampton, he was a changed player and in the final six games of the season he scored six goals, which won him the Championship Player of the Month award for April. This took his season's tally to nine goals, making him the club's top-scorer. Despite this, he did not fit into George Burley's plans for 2006–07 and was transferred to Stoke City on transfer deadline day, 31 August 2006.

Stoke City
Fuller joined Stoke City for a fee of around £500,000, although a significant percentage of the fee depended on the number of appearances that he made for the "Potters". In his first season at Stoke he was the top goalscorer with 11 goals, but he also had the worst disciplinary record, accumulating two red cards and ten yellow cards.

In the 2007–08 season, Fuller became a vital part of Stoke promotion winning side becoming a firm fan favourite in the process. Fuller missed Stoke's home game against Hull City as he was attending the funeral of his grandmother in his home nation of Jamaica. Fuller signed a new contract in December 2007 keeping his contracted at the club until 2011. He scored 15 goals during the 2007–08 season as Stoke won promotion to the Premier League, he also won the club's goal of the season award for his solo effort against Wolverhampton Wanderers.

Fuller scored Stoke City's first-ever Premier League goal, a late consolation in a 3–1 defeat to Bolton Wanderers on the opening day of the 2008–09 season. He followed this up with another goal in Stoke's 3–2 win over Aston Villa in their first ever Premier League home match. This goal won Match of the Day's Goal of the Month for August. and also earned the praise from manager Tony Pulis.

Fuller was sent off for violent conduct on 28 December 2008 against West Ham United. Following West Ham's equaliser, Fuller argued with team-mate Andy Griffin, before slapping the Stoke captain's face. Referee Mike Jones gave Fuller a straight red for violent conduct and West Ham went on to win the match 2–1. Tony Pulis and Stoke teammate Danny Higginbotham commented that the incident would not affect the club. On 1 January 2009, Tony Pulis confirmed that Fuller and Griffin had "kissed and made up" after a team meeting. Fuller said Griffin had been "very rude and disrespectful", but accepted that his actions had been worse. In a match against Sunderland in February 2009 Fuller dislocated his shoulder and it was feared that he would be out injured for the rest of the season. However Fuller made a quick recovery and was out for just two weeks. He bounced back with lively performances against Aston Villa and a goal against Bolton and continued his form to help Stoke to safety.

After a slow start to the 2009–10 season for Fuller's standards, Pulis told the Jamaican he needs to lose weight. He scored 2 goals against Arsenal in the 4th round of the FA Cup in a 3–1 win over Arsenal on 24 January 2010, and also in the next round against Manchester City. Despite not being as prolific in front of goal Fuller won the goal of the season award for the third time in a row with another solo effort this time against West Ham United when he tricked his way past three hammers defenders before slotting past Rob Green.

Fuller scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season against Tottenham Hotspur at the Britannia Stadium. He then dislocated his shoulder for the second time in his Stoke career away at Newcastle United and then suffered a repeat injury in the next away match at Bolton. He made his 150th league appearance for Stoke on 6 November 2010 against Sunderland. Fuller scored his 100th goal in British football on 9 November against Birmingham City with another sole effort. In the January transfer window there was strong rumours that Fuller would be leaving Stoke to join Sunderland. However Sunderland denied that they made a bid for Fuller. Following the 5–0 FA Cup semi-final win over Bolton Wanderers Stoke captain Ryan Shawcross revealed that a speech from Fuller inspired the team. In the next match against Aston Villa Fuller sustained an Achilles tendon injury and missed the rest of the 2010–11 season including the 2011 FA Cup Final.

Fuller made his return from injury against Queens Park Rangers on 19 November 2011. He scored his 50th goal for Stoke against Beşiktaş in the UEFA Europa League in December 2011. He made his first Premier League start for Stoke on 10 March 2012 away at Chelsea, Fuller was sent-off after 24 minutes after stamping on Branislav Ivanović, Stoke went on to lose 1–0. Manager Pulis described Fuller's actions as 'ridiculous'. He left Stoke at the end of the 2011–12 season following the expiration of his contract.

Later career
Fuller joined Championship side Charlton Athletic on 22 August 2012 signing a one-year contract, with the option of a further year. Fuller was given the number 19 shirt, and made his debut as a substitute in an away fixture at Nottingham Forest. He scored important goals away at Ipswich Town and Crystal Palace, in addition to a 25-yard strike at home to Peterborough United. Fuller suffered several injuries, but was one of Charlton's six goal scorers in a record 6–0 away win at relegation threatened Barnsley. Despite helping Charlton to a ninth-placed finish in their first season back in the second tier of English football since 2009, he was released by Charlton at the end of the 2012–13 season. On 15 August 2013 Fuller signed a one-year contract with Championship club Blackpool with an option of an extra year. He scored six goals in 28 appearances for Blackpool during the 2013–14 season. Fuller joined Millwall on a one-year contract on 16 July 2014. He played 40 times for the Lions scoring six goals as they suffered relegation from the Championship.

Fuller signed a three-month contract with Oldham Athletic on 16 October 2015, following a successful trial. He left Oldham in January 2016. Fuller announced his retirement on 16 May 2016. However, in January 2019, it was announced that Fuller had signed for Nantwich Town. He re-signed for the club in November 2019. Fuller signed for Hanley Town on 31 August 2020. On 22 September, he scored the winner in an FA Cup tie, helping his side to a 3–2 win over Redditch United, which would mark the first time in their history that Hanley had reached the FA Second Qualifying Round.

International career
Fuller was a member of the Jamaica Under 20 national team in 1998. He eventually was called up to the senior national team in 1999. Fuller has been involved in Jamaica's 2002, 2006 and 2010 World Cup campaigns and also featured in the 2005 and 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup competitions.

Personal life
Fuller was raised by his grandmother in the Tivoli Gardens section of Kingston, Jamaica. With his football earnings, Fuller was able to rebuild his grandmother's house after it was destroyed in early 2010 due to the riots in Jamaica. Fuller was arrested in February 2009 on suspicion of committing driving offences. He later pleaded guilty to driving without a UK licence and was fined and handed three penalty points. Fuller was arrested in February 2010 on suspicion of assault. He did not face any charges over the incident.

In November 2022, Stoke City renamed their renovated sports bar at the bet365 Stadium Ricardo's in honour of Fuller.

International
Source:

Honours
Stoke City
 * Football League Championship second-place promotion: 2007–08

Nantwich Town
 * Cheshire Senior Cup: 2018–19

Individual
 * Scottish Premier League Player of the Month: December 2001
 * Football League Championship Player of the Month: April 2006
 * PFA Team of the Year: 2007–08 Championship

title: Ricardo Fuller


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File:British warships, Malta 1902.jpg

British warships Bulwark, Renown and Ramillies at Malta. Taken 1902. From

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:British warships, Malta 1902.jpg


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Finger knitting

Finger knitting is a form of knitting where a knitted cord is created using only hands and fingers, instead of knitting needles or other traditional tools.

Uses
Though finger knitting may be performed by people of all ages, it is cited as a teaching tool for children because of its comparative simplicity in contrast to traditional knitting. It effectively demonstrates that knitting involves a series of loops strung together. Finger knitting may also be safely practiced on airplanes that prohibit knitting needles.

Records
Several world record attempts have been made with finger knitting. The current record, as acknowledged by the Guinness Book of World Records, is held by a German man who knitted a 4,321 m strand in 2004. Ten days before the German record was set, 11-year-old Gemma Pouls of Hamilton, New Zealand, set the record with a 2,779.49 m, which weighed over 5 kg.

title: Finger knitting


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Hoi Sham Island

Hoi Sham Island, also called To Kwa Wan Island , was an island in Kowloon Bay off the coast of To Kwa Wan, Kowloon Peninsula in Hong Kong. It was connected to the mainland as a consequence of land reclamation, and it is now part of Hoi Sham Park.

History
The island was known by the locals for its distinctive shape of the rocks, some of them were given names, such as Hoi Sham Rock and Fishtail Rock, and the island was believed to be a place of good feng shui. A Lung Mo Temple, also called Hoi Sham Temple , was originally built on the island at the foot of the rock.

Upon reclamation of the bay of To Kwa Wan in the 1960s, the island was connected to the urban To Kwa Wan area, and was converted into Hoi Sham Park in 1972. The Fishtail Rock and Hoi Sham Rock were preserved and are displayed in the park.

The temple was demolished in 1964 and the statue of Lung Mo was relocated to the nearby Tin Hau Temple, built in 1885 and located at the corner of Ha Heung Road  and Lok Shan Road. In this temple, the statue of the Lung Mo is on the altar of the left bay (right side when viewed from the front).

title: Hoi Sham Island


text:
Stokes law

Stokes law can refer to:
 * Stokes' law, for friction force
 * Stokes' law (sound attenuation), describing attenuation of sound in Newtonian liquids

title: Stokes law


text:
Temptation (New Order song)

"Temptation" is the fourth single released by English band New Order on Factory Records in 1982. Released as the last of a string of stand-alone singles early in the band's career, "Temptation" reached number 29 on the UK Singles Chart.

Original release
The 7" version is a more structured version with a commercial synthpop feel; the 12" is more chaotic with the emphasis on electronic rhythms rather than melody. The 7" version plays at 33⅓ rpm to accommodate its length of around five and a half minutes. Both versions bear the same catalogue number "FAC 63" despite these differences.

The 12" versions of both "Temptation" and its B-side, "Hurt", appear on New Order's mopping-up EP 1981–1982, released a few months after the single itself.

Neither version mentioned the band's name on the sleeve; instead the song title and catalogue number FAC 63 were embossed into the cover.

The vocal track on the original 12" version features an audible "startled yelp" during the song's intro. Vocalist Bernard Sumner has since explained that the scream was from him due to bandmates thrusting a snowball down his shirt during recording.

Music video
In 2006 the song was interpreted in a video titled The Temptation of Victoria by filmmaker Michael Shamberg, who had directed a number of music videos for New Order. Victoria Bergsman of Swedish band The Concretes acted the role of the protagonist in the video. Set to the song's 1987 re-recording the film features a young woman in Paris who steals a vinyl copy of the song's original 12-inch release from a vintage record shop (the now defunct Bimbo Tower), along with a bouquet from a flower shop, before returning to her apartment. On arrival home she puts the flowers in a vase and the record on to a player, and begins dancing to its music. At this point the video shifts from black and white to full color, starting with the bouquet before quickly encompassing the whole scene. The film plays out with her dancing alone, absorbed in the rhythm of the music.

The storyline of the video may refer to Ian Curtis, the late frontman/singer of Joy Division, New Order's previous formation, who used to shoplift records. The video is dedicated to the memory of the film director Michael Powell.

Other versions
The song was completely re-recorded and released on 1987 singles compilation Substance, sometimes known as "Temptation '87". This version is now one of New Order's best-known recordings, partly due to its appearance on the best-selling Trainspotting soundtrack; in the film the lyrics are sung by Diane while she's showering, heard faintly in the background during breakfast not much later and again during the scene where Renton is locked in his room.

Later, after five years of inactivity, another new version of "Temptation" was recorded by the band in 1998. This recording is similar to the earlier 1987 version, but omits the long intro and a portion of the lyric beginning "Bolts from above...". This did not represent an official rejection of these elements, as they were retained in live performances (such as that recorded at the 1998 Reading Festival and later issued on the Australian 60 Miles an Hour EP). Running at 4:08, this version is known as "Temptation '98" and eventually saw official release on the Retro boxset.

"Temptation" also holds the record for the most played live song in their catalogue.

A different mix of "Temptation" appeared on the soundtrack for the 1986 film Something Wild. That version clocks in at 3:30. The song can also be heard in the background of The Perks of Being a Wallflower.

Remixes

 * An updated remix of "Temptation" by CJ Bolland appears on some versions of the 1995 remix compilation The Rest of New Order.
 * Another remix by Secret Machines was released as the b-side of the "Waiting For The Sirens' Call" single in September 2005.

Meaning
Introducing the song at a performance at the Zurich Volkshaus in 1984, Bernard Sumner told the audience, "This next song's called 'Temptation'. It's a story about long lost love."

Availability
Substance contains the 1987 re-recording. Singles contains the 7" version. The 2008 Collector's Edition of Movement contains the 7" and 12" version. The Factory Records: Communications 1978-92 boxset contains the 12" version. The 2019 Definitive Edition of Movement contains an alternate 7" mix. The soundtrack to 24 Hour Party People contains an edit of the 1987 re-recording.

title: Temptation (New Order song)


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Lighthouse Family

Lighthouse Family were a British pop duo that rose to prominence in the mid-1990s and initially remained active until the early 2000s. Singer Tunde Baiyewu and songwriter Paul Tucker formed the act in 1993 in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, after meeting while studying at university and both working at the same bar. Their 1995 debut album Ocean Drive sold more than 1.8 million copies in the UK alone and established them as a popular easy listening duo throughout Europe.

They are best known for their worldwide hit "High", which peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart and topped the charts in Australia. Other well-known songs include "Goodbye Heartbreak", "Lifted", "Lost in Space", "Ocean Drive" and "Raincloud". The duo's first studio album in 18 years, Blue Sky in Your Head, was released on 5 July 2019.

Formation and record deal
Both Baiyewu and Tucker were working in bars when they first met; together, they recorded demos of a number of songs Tucker had written during the late 1980s. Among these, a demo of "Ocean Drive" attracted the attention of Polydor Records A&R director Colin Barlow, who, in 1993, signed the band to a six-month development deal.

In the wake of an economic recession in the United Kingdom, British record labels were, at the time, primarily signing artists with the goal of short-term profit. In contrast, Barlow, in The Times, expected that the band could last for "ten years or more". At the time of the launch of the first album, Polydor's investments in the band totaled £250,000. Producer Mike Peden's hiring was described as a "big spend", and music videos were filmed overseas in Los Angeles and Las Vegas.

Commercial success
The lead single, "Lifted", received airplay on BBC Radio One as well as a number of BBC Local Radio stations, and The Chart Show aired its music video. Still, this did not translate to considerable single or album sales within 1995; it was not until "Lifted" was re-released in 1996 that it reached the top five on the UK Singles Chart, and Ocean Drive, which had been deleted, rebounded and was certified six-times platinum by the end of 1997, spending 154 weeks on the UK Albums Chart in the process. Its follow-up Postcards from Heaven achieved similar sales status in 1997. It featured the hit single "High" (number four in the UK) with the music video filmed in North East England and featuring Newcastle's Tyne Bridge.

Lighthouse Family scaled down their appearances in early 2003 because of what they called a "heavy promotional schedule" following the release of Whatever Gets You Through the Day in 2001. This led to both men pursuing individual projects. Baiyewu became a solo artist, while Tucker joined a rock band, The Orange Lights.

Comeback
In November 2010, the duo announced they were reforming Lighthouse Family and did a full UK and Ireland tour, in February and March 2011. It was the first performance of Lighthouse Family in eight years. During an interview on breakfast TV show BBC Breakfast on 17 January 2011, Lighthouse Family revealed they had still been talking to each other during their time away, and that there was no current defined timescale for the release of a new album. However, Tucker mentioned during the interview that the duo had "pockets... full of songs".

The duo had planned to release a new album called Blue Sky in Your Head on 3 May 2019, introduced by the single, "My Salvation", on 21 March; however, the album release was delayed until 5 July 2019. Blue Sky in Your Head is their first album in 18 years. Lighthouse Family have announced a multi-date UK tour commencing in November 2019. The album was supported with two sell-out UK tours.

Tucker announced in June 2022 that the duo would no longer be performing together, as Baiyewu wished to focus on his solo career.

Discography

 * Ocean Drive (1995)
 * Postcards from Heaven (1997)
 * Whatever Gets You Through the Day (2001)
 * Blue Sky in Your Head (2019)

title: Lighthouse Family


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Talk:Tuareg languages

No /r/?
All Berber languages have the alveolar trill [r]. I couldn't help but notice that Tuareg - at leasat on the Wikipedia page - lacks /r/, and only has /l/. May I know if this is correct, or a mistake? There is a Tuareg verb spelld as "izgăr", and the Tuareg alphabet DOES have a letter for /r/. So why the lack of /r/ in the table of consonants? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.224.129.18 (talk) 15:26, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Name: "Tuareg"?
Question. In my experience, this languages are best known as 'Tuareg' (at least in the literature). Can anyone confirm this? If so, shouldn't Wikipedia follow this consensus and shouldn't the article be called Tuareg languages (with a redirect from here)? I know, of course, that the Tuareg themselves do not call their language Tuareg - but that would be beside the point (I speak Dutch although I call my language Nederlands myself). Besides, Tamasheq is a local (Mali) variant of the name of the language, adding to possible confusion. - Mark Dingemanse (talk)  15:28, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Nice work Mark! That bibliography is excellent. I anticipate another excellent article à la Gbe - I'll have to get to work and see if I can't help on this one...

As for the name - good point. It might be better to reserve "Tamasheq", "Tamajeq", and "Tamahaq" for the individual dialects, in the absence of any standard version of the language - and if Karl Prasse uses "Tuareg", then we need scarcely worry about following suit! However, the usage "Tamasheq languages" is not unknown in English; I believe the Ethnologue uses it, and I think their classification is based on Aikhenvald and Militarev. - Mustafaa 20:50, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I see you just did it. Thumbs up! Also thanks for Hanoteau and Motylinski - nice to have them in digital form! The todo list got lost along the way, I recreated it. Currently looking for as many maps of the (language) area as possible; if you know a good one, let me know. - Mark Dingemanse (talk)  13:20, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

At the back of Les langues de la monde: Langues chamito-sémitiques, ed. D. Cohen, CNRS, there's a map of Berber-speaking areas which appears to be unusually precise. It might serve as a good source. - Mustafaa 13:59, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I couldn't use that one (I exceeded my book quota) but I used the following sources for the first rough map of the Tuareg area: Sudlow 2001, Bernus 1996 (Touaregs: un peuple du désert), Lhote 1984. I think this map could be used in the opening paragraph of this article, as well as in the Tuareg article. Of course we need a more detailed map also; I'm working on that one. Any comments? - Mark Dingemanse (talk)  12:27, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The Langues du monde map is nearly identical; it shows less Tuareg in the southwest (none in Burkina Faso, bizarrely) and more in the northeast (up to the very edge of Ghadames, the triple point of Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria). So this looks great. - Mustafaa 22:30, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, thanks. Actually Sudlow 2001 also shows more Tuareg in the northeast; but I consider Bernus (who shows less) more of an all-round 'Touaregologue': he has extensively travelled the area and has written very good stuff on Tuareg (mostly cultural/anthropological). I have taken a sort of average of the three sources. - Mark Dingemanse (talk)  22:45, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll park the map here till we have more text; at present, a map only interferes with the layout. Mark Dingemanse (talk)  15:58, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ghadames

 * After looking up some more sources, including Basset (1952), Bougchiche (1997) and Zavadovskij (1967), I think it is more correct to extend the Tuareg to Ghadames (just like Langues du monde does - which for the Tuareg part is actually based on Basset 1952). So it changed it. - Mark Dingemanse (talk)  14:10, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Cool (although the city of Ghadames itself, of course, has a rather different Berber language.) - Mustafaa 14:23, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yep - this is one of the areas where my non-English background comes out. In Dutch, the default meaning of 'to' implicates 'but not including'. I should've said something like up to the very edge of Ghadames :P - Mark Dingemanse (talk)

Even in English, it's ambiguous - I was just being pedantic ;) - Mustafaa 15:48, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I wondered why you didn't mention at least the particular Berber dialect and the number of speakers >:) - Mark Dingemanse (talk)

Not many! A few thousand? Ghadamsi's of interest, though, for having preserved distinct reflexes for proto-Berber *h1 and *h2, which Prasse regrettably treats as identical. - Mustafaa 16:20, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This remark got me thinking. Kossman (1999) reconstructs proto-Berber *Ĥ and argues that Ghadamsi β is a reflex of it. Judging from Kossman (1999:134-5), I would say there are too few words with h in Ghadamsi to safely reconstruct a *h2. In any case, what I don't understand about it is how a (proto) language could have two identical but different consonants. I'm not very much into historical linguistics, so maybe you could explain what is meant here.  ¶ Mark Dingemanse  (talk)  10:12, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Certainly they couldn't have been identical; if they're "reconstructed" as h1 and h2, that just means they haven't figured out what the difference was. Me, I think one was h and one was β - the latter would work nicely in linking *ulh "heart" to Semitic libb, Egyptian jib, for instance - but I haven't really looked closely enough at the reflexes. - Mustafaa 10:30, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the clarification. I understand the issue better now. And on rereading Kossmann (1999:131-132) I see he says the same thing about h / β.  ¶ Mark Dingemanse  (talk)  11:42, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * The Proto-Berber article really needs consonantal info... Mo-Al (talk) 00:53, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

As of 2007-05-30, Jeff Heath's Tamashek dictionary is missing (the page gives information, but the links on that page are reported missing by UMichigan's webserver, and there's no aditional information about how to find it...) The information about the paper edition is:

"Dictionnaire touareg du Mali" par Jeffrey Heath

Karthala Collection Langues 2006, 843 p. ISBN : 2845867859

This could be included in the main article by an editor... -- excalibor

Phonology
What are ă, ĭ, and ŭ supposed to represent? Can someone replace them with IPA or something? 216.70.225.98 19:17, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

In other era was spoken on Western Saharaand Mauretania with more intensitive. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.155.45.166 (talk) 19:40, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Private usage area characters
There are two PUA characters used in the article. PUA characters are specific to some font(s) and are not standard. If a font including these characters with the right glyphs is not installed an empty/missing character is displayed. What are  U+F0E0 and  U+F067 supposed to represent? --moyogo (talk) 15:51, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * From looking at the context I suspect the first might be something like '→' or '>' and the second might be 'γ', or less likely 'ʕ'. Mo-Al (talk) 22:38, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Upon reading Christiansen 2002 it appears that the second character is definitely ɣ or γ.

So many æs!
The syntax section contains many < æ >s. If Tamasheq really only has two phonemic short vowels, why not represent it as < a >? While I'm still somewhat unclear on the topic, I'm under the impression that this is the common practice for other Berber languages...Mo-Al (talk) 03:38, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Also, it seems that < a > is used in the morphology section, so consistency would be nice. Mo-Al (talk) 03:39, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

dictionnaire touareg (1893)
https://archive.org/details/DictionnaireTouareg

Rajmaan (talk) 07:47, 5 August 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Tuareg languages


text:
Lumsden, New Zealand

Lumsden (Ōreti) is a town in Southland, New Zealand. Lying in a gap in the surrounding hills, Lumsden is the location of a major junction on State Highway 6. Lumsden is 81 kilometres north of Invercargill, 106 kilometres south of Queenstown, 59 kilometres west of Gore and 77 kilometres east of Te Anau.

History
Originally the district in general was known as The Elbow. When this name was given to the then new railway station, residents of Castlerock, then also known as The Elbow and on the opposite bank of the Ōreti River, brought the matter to George Lumsden of the Otago Provincial Council. He referred that matter to the Railways Department who, in the absence of any other suggestion, chose the name Lumsden for the town.

In 2017, it was suggested that Lumsden is becoming a satellite town for Queenstown, despite the 100 km commuting distance. It was much cheaper to buy or rent a house in Lumsden and work in Queenstown where wages are potentially higher.

The Lumsden Presbyterian church, which was built in 1891, was decommissioned in 2022. It was purchased and moved to Rangiora with plans to convert it into a house. The historic church and surrounding trees were observed to remain on site in mid August 2023.

Railways
Lumsden also used to be a major railway junction with lines departing to all four points of the compass. The Kingston Branch from Invercargill ran north–south through the town, while to the west was the Mossburn Branch and to the east was the Waimea Plains Railway that connected with the Main South Line in Gore. In 1971, most of the Waimea Plains Railway closed, but sixteen kilometres from Lumsden to Balfour remained open until 1978. In 1979, the line north to Kingston was closed after repairs to flood damage would not have been economic, and both the Mossburn Branch and the connection south to Invercargill closed in December 1982.

The railway station is now preserved as a tourist information centre. The Lumsden Heritage Trust, formed in 2013 has recovered and restored original carriages and trains. It has displayed the chassis of New Zealand Railways steam locomotive P 60 at the town's southern entrance, as well as two unrestored locomotives, V 126 and V 127, two Drewry diesel shunters and three wagons by the old station, to commemorate its former prominent status in New Zealand's national rail network. In April 2022 a historic 1883 A Class 199 elevated roof passenger carriage was added to the Lumsden Railway precinct.

Demographics
Lumsden is described as a rural settlement by Statistics New Zealand. It covers 4.52 km2, and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the much larger Lumsden-Balfour statistical area.

Before the 2023 census, Lumsden had a smaller boundary, covering 3.63 km2. Using that boundary, Lumsden had a population of 492 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 72 people (17.1%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 66 people (15.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 228 households, comprising 258 males and 237 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.09 males per female, with 99 people (20.1%) aged under 15 years, 99 (20.1%) aged 15 to 29, 213 (43.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 81 (16.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 87.2% European/Pākehā, 12.2% Māori, 1.2% Pasifika, 6.7% Asian, and 1.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.5% had no religion, 31.1% were Christian, 1.2% were Hindu, 0.6% were Muslim, and 0.6% were Buddhist.

Of those at least 15 years old, 48 (12.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 120 (30.5%) people had no formal qualifications. 39 people (9.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 189 (48.1%) people were employed full-time, 63 (16.0%) were part-time, and 15 (3.8%) were unemployed.

Lumsden-Balfour
The Lumsden-Balfour statistical area covers 767.62 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Lumsden-Balfour had a population of 1,320 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 54 people (4.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 108 people (8.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 531 households, comprising 711 males and 609 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.17 males per female. The median age was 36.9 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 300 people (22.7%) aged under 15 years, 231 (17.5%) aged 15 to 29, 597 (45.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 195 (14.8%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 88.6% European/Pākehā, 8.4% Māori, 0.7% Pasifika, 6.1% Asian, and 2.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 13.0, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 50.9% had no religion, 39.5% were Christian, 0.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.7% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.5% were Buddhist and 0.9% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 159 (15.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 237 (23.2%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $36,500, compared with $31,800 nationally. 138 people (13.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 579 (56.8%) people were employed full-time, 177 (17.4%) were part-time, and 21 (2.1%) were unemployed.

Education
Lumsden School is a contributing primary school for years 1 to 6 with a roll of students as of

Northern Southland College is a secondary school for years 7 to 13 with a roll of students.

Both schools were established in 1976, replacing Lumsden District High School which ran from 1962 to 1975, and the original Lumsden School which ran from 1879 to 1962.

Born in Lumsden

 * Cathy Baker (16 October 1957), New Zealand field-hockey player
 * Bill English (30 December 1961), New Zealand Prime Minister (2016–2017)
 * Daryl Gibson (2 March 1975), New Zealand rugby-union player and coach
 * Amy Rule (15 July 2000), New Zealand rugby-union player

Residents

 * Lou Vincent New Zealand cricketer

title: Lumsden, New Zealand


text:
Talk:Electron gun

What would happen if one were to cut open a CR or Röntgen tube, turn on the electron beam at normal power, and then point it at various objects? Could, say, a TV be turned into a weapon? This concerns working the tube in and out air, as after letting the air through a large hole in the tube first or cutting only picoscopic holes in the tube to let electrons through but not molecules. lysdexia 10:57, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The mean free path of electrons in atmospheric pressure is very very small. This means that you will not get a sizeable electron beam even a few nanometers away from the source. Don't forget, high energy electrons are simply beta-particles.

To my knowledge, the effective range of beta particles in air is ~1 Metre. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.159.66.56 (talk) 00:05, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Is it possible to weaponize old junkyard electron guns out of CRT monitors into harassment weapons???
I've been hearing strange rumors that a certain group of unethical engineers have been going around and secretly installing the electron guns from out of CRT monitors behind the walls of other people's offices to harass them while working. Is this possible? I realize that CRT's normally have lead glass, etc... but what if they removed it and just used the gun? The office I work in seem to have a strange electronics sound and the feeling of pelted on your skin by something at random times during the day... how would you detect free electrons pinging you from inside a wall? A Geiger counter don't seem to measure electrons below a certain electron — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aloftjunco1 (talk • contribs) 08:37, 15 February 2014 (UTC)

 * No, it isn't possible. The electron gun from the neck of a CRT isn't worth a thing without the accelerating anode. This is a conductive coating on the inside of the "bell" of the CRT. It is the positive charge from this anode (around 25 to 30 KV in a largish color TV) that accelerates the electrons, and combined with the charge on the focus anode, focuses them so that they come to a spot at the CRT face. That by the way brings up another misconception: The electrons don't really travel in a "beam" all the way from gun to phosphor screen. Rather they sort of bloom out and then come together again. The difference in voltage between the two anodes is what causes that effect. I know that in diagrams of CRTs in popular texts you will see the "electron beam" represented as a narrow beam, but those are what we call "cartoons."

 * So if you remove the phosphor screen but keep the rest of the CRT, the electrons are just going to fan out again after they pass the plane where the screen was.

 * All of the above assumes that you're still operating the gun in vacuum. The notion of running an electron gun in open air is complete nonsense. Any old-time TV technician will tell you that a CRT has about the hardest vacuum you'll find in electron tubes, and that even the slightest leakage will render it useless. Running the gun in air at one atmosphere? Forget about it. An electron would, on average, get to travel only about 10 nanometers (10 billionths of a meter) until it ran into a molecule of air.
 * If you don't believe me and want to try to detect electrons being flung your way, get an electroscope. You can find them on eBay for well under $50. Better yet, find a "static electricity experiment kit" and learn how static behaves (how it can charge pieces of paper, then they will stick to things and then fly away, etc.), because that's what an electron gun would do IF it could work: it would build up a small negative charge on what it was aimed at. As with other electric charges on your body, this would either leak away or discharge suddenly the next time you touched something metal with a sufficiently lower charge, like a doorknob. Jeh (talk) 13:37, 15 February 2014 (UTC)

 * "An electron would, on average, get to travel only about 10 nanometers (10 billionths of a meter) until it ran into a molecule of air. "
 * I wouldn't dismiss it so quickly based solely on that. What if you kept pushing huge(!) numbers of electrons along the same line? Wouldn't they be able to (over some time) somehow "clear" that path over an extended distance which would depend on the velocity, focus and intensity of the electron beam and on the density, temperature (the intensity of random particle motion) and composition of the atmosphere / gaseous medium? I have no idea what beam lengths would be achievable with a few hundred watts. A few meters could have practical applications, e.g. for law enforcement or... office harassment (although Aloftjunco1's example also includes effects through walls). Elias (talk) 08:59, 23 April 2021 (UTC)

quantum Electron gun pixel monitor
the electron gun idea is not dead yet, each pixel is constituted by (usually) 3 subpixels: a.reb, b.green. c.blue.

The quantum electron gun pixel, controls the flow of electrons of the three subpixels, each electron has a different speed according to the light beam is purposed to generate while crushing on phosphorus atoms.

pixel electron guns cannot accelerate electrons sufficiently yet except if the pixels become very large.

That technology can work for huge monitors - but consumes more energy than other options.

The goal is to make that technology quantum, but that's what LED does already! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.84.216.225 (talk) 10:38, 20 June 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electron gun


text:
Arjan de Zeeuw

Adrianus Johannes "Arjan" de Zeeuw (born 16 April 1970) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a centre-back.

Having begun his career with Telstar before going on to spend the bulk of his career in England. He notably played in the Premier League for both Barnsley and Portsmouth and was part of teams promotions to the top flight in 1997 and 2003. He also played top flight football for Wigan Athletic during his second spell with the club, as well as playing in the Football League for Coventry City. He retired in 2009 following a brief spell back in the Netherlands with ADO '20.

Club career
Born in Castricum, North Holland, De Zeeuw started his career at Vitesse '22 in the Dutch amateur leagues, and studied for a degree in medical science whilst playing for the club. At the age of 22, he turned professional and signed for Telstar in the Eerste Divisie. In 1995, he considered quitting football after he felt Telstar had priced him out of a move to Eredivisie side Utrecht, but decided to stay with the club for one more year.

De Zeeuw was approached by Barnsley later that year, who signed him for a fee of £250,000 during the 1995–96 season. In December 1995, he scored his first goal in English football in a 2–2 draw against Ipswich Town. He was a key player in the side that won promotion to the Premier League in the 1996–97 season. The club were relegated the following year, and it appeared that De Zeeuw was set to leave the club in the summer after turning down a new contract, but was later persuaded by new manager John Hendrie to sign a one-year deal. When his contract expired at the end of the 1998–99 season, he moved to Wigan Athletic.

At Wigan he soon became a vital team member, proving to be highly dependable at the back, and received the club's Player of the Year award in 2001 and 2002. His contract with Wigan expired in the summer of 2002, and the following season, he moved on a free transfer to Portsmouth. He was an integral part of the Portsmouth squad that claimed the First Division championship.

He continued to perform to high standards as Portsmouth played well in their debut FA Premier League season, and was recognised by the fans who voted him Portsmouth Player of the Year. He was rewarded with the captaincy for the 2004–05 season, following Teddy Sheringham's departure to West Ham United, and led the team to stave off relegation following the departure of manager Harry Redknapp.

In the summer 2005, after falling out with then-Portsmouth manager Alain Perrin, he returned to Wigan Athletic for the nominal fee of £90,000. De Zeeuw, who is now advanced in years for the life of a footballer, wanted the guarantee of first-team football which Perrin was unwilling to provide. The majority of Portsmouth supporters lamented this decision and loss of their former captain, who had a very consistent season with Wigan at the heart of their defence, helping them to a better-than-expected mid-table finish and even received praise from then Prime Minister Tony Blair.

De Zeeuw is considered by many to be an excellent example of professionalism in the modern game. He refused to retaliate after El Hadji Diouf spat in his face during a match at the Reebok Stadium in November 2004. His response was to score the winning goal in Portsmouth's 1–0 victory.

In Wigan's second Premiership season, he struggled to get a regular first team place due to a series of injuries and was released by the club on 17 May 2007. Whilst at Wigan he started in the 2006 Football League Cup Final. In a poll to celebrate the centenary of the Professional Footballers' Association fans voted De Zeeuw to be the best player of all time for Wigan Athletic.

In June 2007, it was announced that De Zeeuw had signed a one-year contract with Coventry City. During pre-season training, a freak accident left the defender sidelined for 6 to 8 weeks. He made his debut against Bristol City on 15 September 2007. It was announced towards the end of the 2007–08 season that De Zeeuw would be one of eight first team players whose contracts would not be renewed. His season was hampered by injury and lack of form leading to new manager Chis Coleman decided he was surplus to requirements.

In 2009, he signed with ADO'20.

Personal life
Following his retirement in 2009, De Zeeuw began working as an investigative detective in Alkmaar, specialising in forensics and stating PCR was among his most loved techniques.

Honours
Wigan Athletic
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 2005–06

Individual
 * Barnsley Player of the Year: 1995–96
 * PFA Team of the Year: 2000–01 Second Division, 2001–02 Second Division

title: Arjan de Zeeuw


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Virtual community of practice

An online community of practice (OCoP), also known as a virtual community of practice (VCoP), is a community of practice (CoP) that is developed on, and is maintained using the Internet. To qualify as an OCoP, the characteristics of a community of practice (CoP) as described by Lave and Wenger must be met. To this end, an OCoP must include active members who are practitioners, or "experts," in the specific domain of interest. Members must participate in a process of collective learning within their domain. Additionally, social structures must be created within the community to assist in knowledge creation and sharing. Knowledge must be shared and meaning negotiated within an appropriate context. Community members must learn through both instruction-based learning and group discourse. Finally, multiple dimensions must facilitate the long-term management of support as well as enable immediate synchronous interactions.

To some, a VCoP is a misnomer as the original concept of a CoP was based around situated learning in a co-located setting. However, with increasing globalization and the continued growth of the Internet many now claim that virtual CoPs do exist (e.g. Dubé, Bourhis & Jacob, 2005; Murillo, 2006; Zarb, 2006; Hara & Hew, 2007; Murillo, 2008). For example, some claim that a wiki (such as Wikipedia) is a virtual CoP (Bryant, Forte & Bruckman, 2005), others argue that the essence of a community is that it is place-based – a community of place.

There is also debate on the very term since the community is real though the form of communication is mostly, if not entirely, computer-mediated. Few believe that a community of practice may be formed without any face-to-face meetings whatsoever. In fact, many leading CoP thinkers stress the importance of such meetings. However some researchers argue that a VCoP's high use of ICT, changes some of its characteristics and introduces new complexities and ambiguities, thus justifying the creation of the term and area of study (Kim, 2004; Zarb, 2006).

Some of the other terms used have been (in chronological order) online, computer-mediated (Etzioni & Etzioni, 1999), electronic (Wasko & Faraj, 2000) and distributed (Hildreth, Kimble & Wright, 1998). Wenger et al., 2002; Kimble & Hildreth, 2005. ). As the mode of communication can involve face-to-face, telephone and letter, and the defining feature is its distributed nature. For a comparison between Virtual Learning Communities (VLCs) with Distributed Communities of Practice (DCoP), see Couros & Kesten (2003).

Recent research has produced evidence that increases in the sharing of tacit knowledge, which is very much inherent within CoP theory, may take place, albeit to a lesser degree, in a VCoP scenario even though such systems make use of written word (Zarb, 2006). This is spurring interest in what is sometimes referred to as community-driven knowledge management or community-based knowledge management, where CoP and VCoP theory is harnessed, nourished and supported within the broader organisational setting.

Online communities of practice
Communities of Practice like Sap's SDN developer network, Adobe's XMP forum, Sermo for physicians, or domain-specific corporate-internal communities such as those found at HP, revolve around people's professional or vocational needs for connections, information, identity, and sense of belonging. Communities of practice are about what people do for a living.

They address the needs that people have which can not easily be satisfied with traditional resources such as broadcast media, formal publications, academia, and ad hoc associations or relationships. Online communities of practice run the gamut from forums, faqs, to email list serves. Offline communities of practice include user groups such as ASUG and eBay's annual “Live” event.

Communities of practice provide a critical resource to professionals who want and need recommendations, pointers, tips and tricks, best practices, insights and innovations. Part of what makes a community of practice strong is the aggregation of relevance; that is, people and information related to a coherent set of topics which certain people will find interesting, useful, and potentially profitable. Communities of practice lift us up to support us, to help us achieve our aspirations, reach our goals, and to be of service.

argue that virtual communities change the way we think of community and that technology stewardship is a key element of virtual communities of practice by making virtual communities independent of any one technology.

Current research
Research suggests that through extended connections, reflections, and online discourse, OCoPs can enable the growth of a collective identity between the members of a community. OCoPs provide a virtual space in which people who might normally never meet can come together, share stories and experiences, and solve problems pertaining to the domain interest. The evolving technologies of the Internet allow for an extension of traditional communities in geographic and cultural ways, crossing borders and languages to include experts from around the world. Additionally, people who are engaged in emergent and uncommon practices, or who have few local resources can become members of online communities. OCoPs allow for the enculturation of newcomers to a practitioners' community. In this way, both experienced and novice practitioners learn together and help shape the personal identities of the members and the collective identities of the greater practice. Virtual Communities of Practice have been suggested to be especially effective for increasing teacher efficacy and reducing professional isolation in computer science education.

Some questions remain as to what level of participation in an online community constitutes legitimate membership of an OCoP. Two types of participation have been identified to distinguish between levels of activity. Active participation means that members regularly contribute to community discourse. Peripheral participation, also called “lurking,” means that members read without contributing themselves. While it is preferable to have more active participation, some recent studies have concluded that peripheral participation is normal in online communities. Though these members may not contribute to the community discourse, they nevertheless learn from observing, and as such are legitimate participants. Despite this, some academicians assert that peripheral participation can threaten an OCoP if more members lurk than actively participate.

Social networking
Web 2.0 applications and social networks have increased the ease with which OCoPs are created and maintained.

The structural characteristics of a community of practice include a shared domain of interest, a notion of community, and members who are also practitioners. Only with all three characteristics present does a group become a community. A single Internet application, though it may incorporate one of these characteristics, may not be enough to fully support a full community in practice. The continued development of Web 2.0 technologies and the ensuing evolution of vast social networks have easily enabled incorporating these characteristics within an OCoP.

Social networks allow for the creation of clearly defined domains of interest in which dialogue and interactive conversations create communities with common and recorded histories. Social network tools allow members of OCoPs to create and share knowledge and develop cultural historical processes.

Advantages
An online community of practice enables participants to read, submit and receive advice and feedback from the community to the extent that they wish. Those who choose to participate in a strictly receptive manner (i.e. only reading) can still gain knowledge and skills from the communal resources, which is especially valuable to beginning practitioners. OCoPs give beginners, who might not feel comfortable sharing their knowledge, an opportunity to learn from veteran colleagues beyond their immediate geographic area through observation and absorption of information and dialogue. The veterans lend a degree of legitimacy to the community, as well as to the experiences of the new members. The result is an atmosphere of mentorship for novices. As new practitioners gain understanding and expertise, they are become more comfortable with sharing their own backgrounds and perspectives with the OCoP further expanding the field of knowledge.

The asynchronous nature of many forums (e.g. blogs, wikis) allows participants to be involved at their own convenience. The forums maintain a record of ideas, discourse and resources, creating an archive of expertise for a field of practice that can be accessed at any time from nearly anywhere.

Professionals who work alone or are the only person from their field of practice in a work setting have indicated a reduced sense of isolation after participating in an OCoP. The contributions of the group help identify the similar and disparate characteristics of a practitioner resulting in both a sense of community identity as well as an individual's identity within the community.

Technology
A common hindrance to participation in online communities of practice is the technology required for involvement. Members who do not have ready access to computers, PDAs or similar web-accessing technology are precluded from taking part in an OCoP. Members with slow or unreliable equipment are unable to participate to their full potential and may find the technical difficulties so discouraging they withdraw completely. Likewise, the technical aptitude required to participate online can be daunting to individuals who are uncomfortable with their computer skills.

Forums
The nature of an online forum can cause problems in creating a sense of community. The lack of physical identification and body language in text-only forums can make it difficult to foster meaningful connections between members. Without the sense of connectivity with other practitioners, involvement falters. The flexibility of most forums, which allows participants to contribute at any time, also makes it is easy to not participate at all. Moderators of an OCoP forum have to reassert the presence of the OCoP through activities, events, and occasions in order to promote involvement. Individuals who do not participate for a period of time and return can find the onslaught of information and posts overwhelming and discouraging.

Diversity of participants
The varying levels of knowledge, skill and experience within an OCoP can deter less confident members from participating in the community. The diverse nature of a community can also create linguistic and cultural barriers to participation. Discourse and jargon can create confusion and misunderstanding for non-native speakers and clarifying the communication errors online can prove difficult.

Examples of online collaborative tools
Online collaborative tools are the means and mediums of working together on the Internet that facilitate collaboration by individuals who may be located in vastly different geographical areas. They may include online tools specifically developed to address the needs of communities of practice including members around the world or other types of tools and forums that are available and used for OCoPs.

Social networking sites
The first social network site (SNS), SixDegrees.com, was created in 1997. Examples of social networking sites include the following:
 * LinkedIn
 * Facebook
 * MySpace

Virtual worlds
Virtual worlds, which are online community-based environments, are now being used in both educational and professional settings. In education, these virtual worlds are being used to communicate information and allow for face-to-face virtual interaction between students and teachers. They also allow students to access and use resources provided by the teacher in both the physical classroom as well as in the virtual classroom. In professional environments, virtual training is used to provide virtual visits to company locations as well as to provide training that can be converted from classroom content to online, virtual world content. Virtual worlds provide training simulations for what could otherwise be hazardous situations.

Companies are using virtual worlds to exchange information and ideas. In addition, virtual worlds are being used for technical support and business improvements. Case studies document how virtual worlds are used to provide teamwork and training simulations that would not have otherwise been as accessible. Examples of virtual worlds used include the following:
 * Second Life
 * Whyville

Information sharing
Online tools are available for the sharing of information. This information can be intended for a wide range of audiences, from two participants to many participants. These tools can be used to communication new thoughts or ideas and can provide a setting necessary for collaborative knowledge building. Activities associated with these tools can be integrated into the presentation of online classroom and/or training materials.

Examples of tools that allow information sharing include the following:
 * Wikis
 * Google Docs
 * Blogs

Decision making
There are online tools and platforms that enable, in different ways, deliberation and voting. These are being used by political organizations, notably Podemos, in Spain. Examples of tools and platforms include the following:
 * Loomio
 * Reddit
 * Appgree
 * Agora Voting

title: Virtual community of practice


text:
Bagnères-de-Bigorre

Bagnères-de-Bigorre (, literally Bagnères of Bigorre; Banhèras de Bigòrra ) is a commune and subprefecture of the Hautes-Pyrénées Department in the Occitanie region of southwestern France.

Name
The town was known in antiquity as Vicus Aquensis (Latin for "watery neighborhood") and in the Middle Ages as Aquae Convenarum ("Waters of the Comminges"). Its present name similarly means "Baths" (Banhèras) of Bigorre, the area of southwestern France once inhabited by the Bigorri and now forming most of the department of Hautes-Pyrénées. Either Bagnères-de-Bigorre or nearby Cieutat was apparently the "Begorra" attested in AD 400, which also derived from the ancient tribe.

Location
Bagnères-de-Bigorre is located in the foothills of the Pyrenees partly in the valley of the Adour some 18 km southeast of Tarbes and 15 km east of Lourdes.

Hydrography
The Adour river flows through the north-east of the commune and the town flowing towards the north to eventually flow into the Atlantic Ocean at Bayonne. Numerous streams flow through the commune including the GaiVeste which forms the northern border as it flows north-east to join the Adour, the Oussouet which forms part of the western border as it flows north, the Ardazen which forms part of the eastern border as it flows east to join the Angoue, the Quartier par d'Abay which also forms part of the eastern border as it flows north-east gathering numerous tributaries, the Lhécou flows north from Lac Bleu just south of the commune to join the Quartier par d'Abay, the Garet forms part of the south-eastern border as it flows north from several lakes in the south of the commune (Lac de Caderolles, Lac de Gréziolles), the Adour d'Arizes flows south-east, and the Adour du Tourmalet flows east then north-east through the south of the commune, the hamlet of La Mongie and the Castillon Dam, to join the Adour d'Arizes forming the Adour de Gripp.

Climate
Bagneres-de-Bigorre is relatively untouched by the west by south-west disturbances which blow out before the high border mountain range. It is however intensely exposed to north by north-west disturbances that collide with the terrain. This barrier effect is felt up to the foothills so that springs, autumns, and winters are cool and rainy while summers are often hot and particularly stormy.

Antiquity
Bigorre was conquered by the Roman general Julius Caesar in 56 BCE and incorporated into the province of Gallia Aquitania. Valerius Messala stamped out the last pockets of tribal resistance in 28 BC at a victory over the Campani on a hill in Pouzac. The Romans subsequently settled and greatly frequented Vicus Aquensis's natural springs. At its greatest extent, the Roman vicus covered about half as much area as the present community. In the 4th-century reforms, the area around Vicus Aquensis became Aquitania Tertia or Novempopulana. It was sacked by the Visigoths amid the Barbarian Invasions.

Middle Ages
The Visigoths in the area were displaced by the Franks following their defeat at the AD 507 Battle of Vouillé, but there are no documents or remains from the area to provide guidance on local history until 1171. Archaeologists have proposed that the city was destroyed at some point by an earthquake and abandoned following a plague outbreak in 580.

The area had recovered by 1171, when Centule III, count of Bigorre, granted "Aquae Convenarum" a liberal charter. The bill of rights and franchises lists four villages in the area protected by ramparts. By 1313, 800 "fires" (i.e., taxable homesteads) were recorded, making Bagnères as large as Tarbes, the county seat. The town was a place of manufacture and trade, with only 40% directly involved in agriculture. Mills were erected on widened canals fed by the Adour; in addition to grinding wheat, they were used to stamp cauldrons, forge scythes, and tanning hides. The Black Death reached the town in 1348. Amid the Hundred Years' War, the town fell into English possession in 1360 before suffering a second outbreak of plague the following year. Henri de Trastámara, an ally of the French king, plundered, ransomed, and razed the town in 1427. Two years later there were no more than 291 "fires" in Bagnères, although the town slowly repopulated.

Renaissance
The town became even more commercial. In 1551, King Henry III of Navarre reformed the town's government, replacing its six consuls indirectly elected by a general assembly of the locals with a larger council of 40.

The area's natural springs again rose to national prominence under Jeanne d'Albret, who became queen of Navarre and countess of Bigorre upon her father Henry's death in 1555. She frequented the baths, prompting many other prominent visitors to follow.

Already badly disposed towards Catherine de' Medici, queen regent of France, Jeanne converted to Calvinism on Christmas Day, 1560. She began attempting to impose the Reformation on her domains the following year. As the people of Bagnères remained largely Catholic, following the onset of the French Wars of Religion after the Massacre of Vassy, arrests for heresy began in 1562. While the Count of Montgomery was recovering Béarn from Catherine's allies in 1569, he went on to demand large ransoms from her other towns, including Bagnères. (It is unrecorded whether the people of Bagnères paid him, but he is recorded leaving the town unmolested and leaving for Gers.) The governor of Bagnères Antoine Beaudéan was killed by the Protestant warlord Lizier in an ambush near Pouzac in 1574. By the end of the Wars of Religion, the town was ruined. Plague also returned in 1588. The outbreak ended following a religious procession prompted by the "Lighting of the Liloye", a Marian apparition at the Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-Médous.

The ascension of Jeanne's son Henry as king of France in 1589 united his titles—including count of Bigorre—with the French monarchy.

Early Modern era
The plague struck Bagnères again in 1628, 1653, and 1654. Public health measures were taken, with most patients isolated in the Salut Valley. The disease did not reappear after December 1654.

On 21 June 1660, strong earthquakes hit the town, continuing for three weeks. Only seven people were killed, but 150 houses were damaged and the springs initially dried up. This was only temporary, however, and the water flowed again sometime later. Reconstruction was carried out with dimension stones from the Salut Quarry. This stone has the distinction of becoming like marble once polished, a feature that characterized the architecture of the town afterwards.

Hydrotherapy was gaining importance. There were 25 private businesses by 1787. In 1775, a convent building was transformed into a gambling establishment called the Vaux-Hall where there was also dining and dancing. This is the first casino in Bagnères.

French Revolution
During the French Revolution, "moderate suspects" took refuge in the city from 1789 to 1793, ready to flee to Spain if the situation worsened. The departmental authorities were wary of the Bagnèrese, to whom they ascribed little civic or revolutionary spirit. In late 1793, before the hospitals in the southwest became saturated, the wounded were evacuated to spas. At Bagnères, the Saint Barthelemy Hospice, the Uzer and Lanzac houses, and the Hospice of the Médous Capuchins were used as military hospitals.

Industrialization
In the 19th century, the hydrotherapy offered by Bagnères's spas was reckoned particularly effective for digestive complaints but the private spas were growing more decrepit. In response, the municipality organized the construction of a Grand Thermal Spa (the "Thermes"), which was completed in 1828. By the 1870s, the tourists would double the town's population of c. 9500 during the "season", which ran from May until about the end of October. The casino also opened its own spa, the "Néothermes".

The supply of marble became a pillar of the local economy, with the expansion of the Géruzet marble works making it one of the largest in France from 1829 to 1880. In the 1870s, the industry employed a thousand people. Slate was also quarried. Dominique Soulé expanded his business from an old mill purchased in 1862, the same year the town was connected to the Midi Railway. The town also produced woolen and worsted cloth, leather, pottery, and toys. A local specialty was barège, a light fabric of mixed silk and wool.

The demolition of the city's walls allowed the completion of ring roads around the town, and the town was the site of tribunals of first instance and of commerce.

20th century
The town's population had declined to around 7000 at the onset of the First World War, which resulted in the expansion of industry in Bagnères, particularly in the field of railway rolling stock. The marble industry collapsed but mechanical and textile industries replaced it. The share of hydrotherapy in the economy also decreased. In June 1944, during the Second World War, a punitive expedition of a company of SS murdered 32 in the town and hundreds more in the valley in retaliation against the actions of the resistance in the region.

The postwar period saw rapid urban growth, particularly in the 1960s. Rural areas of the commune disappeared. The territory was occupied by dwellings to the borders of the neighbouring communes of Gerde and Pouzac which also become urban.

At the end of the 20th century industrial activity decreased. The thermal spa guests were always present and new jobs were created by the implementation of the regional Centre for Reeducation and Rehabilitation, a large retirement home, and a nursing home.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

 * Mayors from 1941

Twinning
Bagnères-de-Bigorre has twinning associations with:
 * 🇪🇸 Alhama de Granada (Spain) since 1995.
 * 🇮🇹 Granarolo dell'Emilia (Italy) since 1985.
 * 🏴 Malvern (England) since 2016.
 * 🇩🇪 Tutzing (Germany) since 1975.
 * 🏴 Inverurie (Scotland) Since 2016.

Intercommunality
The Community of communes of Haute-Bigorre (CCHB) was created in December 1994 to support joint development projects. It has been allocated a general grant for operations by the State and large grants by the General Council, the Regional Council, the State, and by Europe. Its skills are in:
 * Economic development (businesses, trades, commercial fabrics...);
 * Services to the elderly, children, and the disabled;
 * Protection and enhancement of the environment;
 * Selective waste collection;
 * Housing and living Environment policy;
 * Land development;
 * Tourism.

Health
Bagnères-de-Bigorre has a regional hospital which has 25 beds for medicine, 20 beds for longer stays (4 of aftercare for alcohol withdrawal), and 220 beds for rehabilitation and physical medicine (25 places for day hospitalization). On the Castelmouly site (accommodation for the dependent elderly) the capacity is 142 beds plus 2 temporary, 36 long-stay beds, and 8 day care places for people with Alzheimer's disease or related disorders. The town also has a famous thermal baths.

Education
Schools in the commune are in the school district of the Academy of Toulouse.

The commune has three kindergartens (Clair Vallon, Carnot, and Achard), and six elementary schools (Calandreta of Banhèras (Occitan School), Jules Ferry, Pic du Midi, Carnot, Lesponne, les Palomières, and Saint Vincent).

The General Council manages the Colleges of Blanche Odin (formerly city school Achard) and Saint Vincent while the region supports the Victor Duruy high school.

Economy
The economy of Bagnères-de-Bigorre is mainly in the secondary sector, at one time including railway materials, but Hydrotherapy and tourism are the main activities in the commune.

Industries
Today there are many SMEs and SMIs specializing in electrical equipment, mechanical, and aerospace industries located in the commune.

There are Four commercial zones of activity:
 * The Dominique Soulé Business Park: an area of over 11 hectares with 14 companies (400 jobs). The main companies are:
 * CFD Bagnères (formerly Constructions Ferroviaires de Bagnères ex Soulé),
 * Novexia,
 * Pommier,
 * Nouvelle Bagnères Aéro,
 * Protoplane – Avenir Composites,
 * Bigorre Ingénierie.
 * The Adour Industrial Zone: an area of around 16 hectares with 23 companies (280 jobs). The main companies are:
 * Electraline CBB,
 * Adour Industries,
 * Duteil Arnauné sas,
 * Spem Aero,
 * Industrial Cabling Installations Pyrenees (MCIP).
 * The Haute-Bigorre Business park: an area of over 4 hectares with 9 companies (70 jobs). The main companies are:
 * Areva T & D,
 * Amare Charpentes,
 * Chaussons Matériaux,
 * Adour Prothèses,
 * Entreprise AOD
 * The Haute-Bigorre Industrial Park: an area of more than 3 hectares with 3 companies (70 jobs). The main companies are:
 * ABB Soulé Surge Protection – Hélita,
 * Mang Metal Industries.

Hydrotherapy and tourism
The Grands Thermes de Bagnères-de-Bigorre (Grand Thermal Baths of Bagnères-de-Bigorre) are traditionally employed for treatment of rheumatism, nervous afflictions, indigestion, and other maladies. The naturally-sourced waters vary in temperature from 90 to 135 F.

Like most thermal cities, Bagnères-de-Bigorre has a casino. It is in the same building with the Aquensis thermal spa. The ski resort of La Mongie is also nearby.

 * Thermalism and tourism gallery

Transport
Access to the commune is by the D935 roads from Tarbes which passes through the north-eastern tip of the commune and the town before continuing southeast to Beaudéan. The D938 branches off the D935 in the town and goes north to Tournay. The D29 goes from Beaudéan to the centre of the commune with no exit. The D918 from Barèges passes through the southeast of the commune through the hamlet of La Mongie and continues northeast to Sainte-Marie-de-Campan. Apart from the town area the commune is mostly mountainous with few roads.

The railway that connected Bagnères and Tarbes was closed in the late 1980s and the service is now provided by the TER bus from the old railway station which is now known as the bus station. The nearest airport is Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrénées Airport some 30 km to the north.

Civil heritage
The commune has several buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:
 * The Uzer House at 1 Place d'Uzer (17th century)
 * The Jean d'Albret House at 5 Rue du Vieux-Moulin (1539)
 * The Tower of the Jacobins (14th century) is built in the flamboyant Gothic style with a square belfry of two floors atop an octagonal tower 35 m high. It is a remnant of what was once a Dominican monastery. The church was destroyed by fire in 1343. The convent and cloister were demolished in 1793.

 * Other sites of interest
 * The Hospital contains a framed Painting: The Virgin of Carmel with the child Jesus and the Prophet Elie Tobie, and an angel (18th century) which is registered as an historical object.
 * The Town Hall contains Library Shelves (19th century) which are registered as an historical object.
 * The Grands Thermes de Bagnères-de-Bigorre (Grand Thermal Baths of Bagnères-de-Bigorre) were built in the Classical architecture of the 19th century using Pyrenees marble. It contains a Monument dedicated to the divinity of the Emperor Augustus (1st century) which is registered as an historical object. It also formerly held a good library.
 * The Conservatoire botanique Pyrénéen

Religious heritage
The commune has two religious buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:
 * The old Church of Saint John Portico (1280)
 * The Church of Saint Vincent (1557) was built on a sanctuary of paleo-Christian origin. The style is High Gothic on the west façade while the south side is distinguished by its Renaissance style porch. The Church contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
 * 2 Confessionals (18th century)
 * A Baptismal font enclosure and Group Sculpture: Baptism of Christ (18th century)
 * An Altar in the Saint Francis Chapel (18th century)
 * A Stoup (18th century)
 * A Pulpit (18th century)

Environmental heritage

 * The Grottes de Médous (Médous caves) are natural caves accessible to visitors as well as a place of pilgrimage.
 * Bagnères-de-Bigorre is the reference site for Theodoxus fluviatilis thermalis which was described in the 19th century by the malacologist Dominique Dupuy.

Museums
The town has had a museum since at least the early 20th century.

The town has three museums:
 * The Salies Museum of Fine Arts which lies below the oldest part of the thermal baths, the Dauphin baths dating from 1783
 * The Salut Natural History Museum
 * The Marble Museum created in 2007. This museum has more than 300 large samples of European marble.

Cultural facilities
The city has several cultural centers:
 * The Multimedia library
 * The Municipal Cultural Center
 * Le Maintenon Cinema

Many cultural events are organized:
 * The Piano Pic Festival
 * Chopin in Bagneres
 * The Weekend of Street Art
 * The À Voix Haute Music Festival (At a Loud Volume Music Festival)
 * The High school girls video meeting (Ascension weekend)
 * The Pyrenees Book Fair

The town has an orchestra called the Harmony Bagnéraise and a choir called La chorale des chanteurs montagnards (Chorus of Mountain Singers) which is the oldest secular choir in France and Europe [ref. required].

Sports
The Stade Bagnérais is a French rugby union club who have long played in the First Division, twice reaching the final of the Championship of France (1979 and 1981), and which plays in Fédérale 1 in the Rugby Championship in France.

The town of Bagneres has several sports associations, school structures, a leisure center, and numerous sports facilities:
 * 4 Gymnasiums: La Plaine, Henri Cordier, Jules Ferry, and Carnot;
 * The Apollo Hall for Dojo;
 * The André Boysson Swimming pool;
 * Rugby and soccer fields: La Plains, Marcel Cazenave Sports Park, Cordier, and Bagnères-Pouzac SIVU Sports;
 * Tennis Courts: inside and outside;
 * The Municipal Equestrian Center;
 * Bigorre Golf Course (in Pouzac);
 * The Adour Artificial whitewater;
 * A Fronton in the Sports Park;
 * A Skatepark;
 * Bédat Shooting Range;
 * A range of mountain activities at Tourmalet

In 2008 and 2013 Bagnères-de-Bigorre was a stage in the Tour de France:
 * 2008 Tour de France: stage finish, won by Vladimir Efimkin
 * 2013 Tour de France: stage finish, won by Dan Martin

Worship
The Parish of Bagneres-de-Bigorre includes 17 communes in the diocese of Tarbes and Lourdes (Haut-Adour Sector).

The Petit-Rocher Carmel was founded in 1833 by Mother Marie-des-Anges. Expelled in 1901, the Carmelites returned in 1921 and a new community was formed in 2009.

There is also a temple of the Reformed Church built by Emilien Frossard in 1857. It is attached to the parish of Hautes-Pyrenees with Tarbes and Cauterets.

Notable residents

 * The Bédat Family: came from Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * André Joseph Boussart (1758–1813): General of the Republican armies and of the Empire, died at Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Alfred Roland (1797–1874): composer and creator of the Conservatory of Music of Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Marie-Armand d'Avezac de Castera-Macaya (1798–1875): archivist and geographer, born in Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Jean-Jacques Vignerte (1806–1870): Politician, died at Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Charles Dancla (1817–1907): violinist and composer, born in Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Charles Duclerc (1812–1888): Politician, born in Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Admiral Sir Albert Hastings Markham (1841–1918): British explorer and Royal Navy officer, designer of the flag of New Zealand, born in Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Dominique Soulé (1847?-?): Founder of the railway materials industrial works in 1862 which carried his name until 1992
 * Blanche Odin (1865–1957): Painter water-colourist, lived and died in Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Julián Bourdeu (1870–1932): Journalist and Police commissary in Argentina, born in Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Philadelphe de Gerde (1871–1952): Félibrige poet from Gerde who has a stele commemorating here opposite the thermal baths
 * Marcellin Duclos (1879–1969): Opera singer (Baritone), born and died in Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke (1883–1963): British Army officer, became Chief of the Imperial General Staff, born in Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Pierre-Georges Latécoère (1883–1943): Industrialist and businessman, born in Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Pierre Lamy de la Chapelle (Limoges 1892-Bagnères-de-Bigorre 1944): son of Dominique Soulé, pioneer of the ski station at La Mongie, founded the tennis club of Bagnères-de-Bigorre in 1920, originated the idea of serving the Pic-du-Midi with a cable car
 * Tony Poncet (1918–1979): tenor, Opera singer and war veteran, lived in Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Jean Gachassin (1941–): former French rugby player and president of the Fédération française de tennis, born in Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Jean-Louis Bruguès (1943–): Archbishop, born in Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Roland Bertranne (1949–): former rugny player who played at Stade Bagnérais
 * Jean-Paul Betbeze (1949–): economist, born in Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Jean-Michel Aguirre (1951–): international Rugby Union player and former player for Stade Bagnérais
 * Yves Duhard (1955–): Rugby Union player, born in Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Wilfrid Forgues (1969–) and Frank Adisson (1969–): Olympic champions in Canoeing in 1996
 * Sophie Theallet (1964–), Fashion designer, born in Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * The Société Ramond: founded at a meeting between Henry Russell, Charles Packe, Farnham Maxwell-Lyte, and Emilien Frossard in 1865, and named after Louis Ramond de Carbonnières, based in Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 * Tony Hawks: English writer and comedian, purchased a house in a village near Bagnères-de-Bigorre as told in his 2006 book A Piano in the Pyrenees.

title: Bagnères-de-Bigorre


text:
21 Singles

21 Singles is a compilation album by Scottish alternative rock band The Jesus and Mary Chain, released in the United Kingdom on 27 May 2002 by Warner Strategic Marketing, and in the United States on 2 July 2002 by Rhino Records. As the title proclaims, it contains 21 of the band's singles in chronological order from their 15-year career.

The single versions of many of these songs differ from their album versions. "April Skies" is missing the final verse from the LP version; "Happy When It Rains" is missing the final chorus; "Rollercoaster" is the original EP version, which features a drum machine and echo on the vocals; and "Come On" is an extended version.

Original releases

 * Track 1, 9: Non-album singles. Included in 1988 compilation Barbed Wire Kisses
 * Tracks 2, 3, 4: From 1985 album Psychocandy
 * Track 5: From 1986 EP Some Candy Talking and the soundtrack for the 1986 film Modern Girls
 * Tracks 6, 7, 8: From 1987 album Darklands
 * Tracks 10, 11: From 1989 album Automatic
 * Track 12: From 1992 album Honey's Dead. Also included on 1990 EP Rollercoaster
 * Tracks 13, 14, 15: From 1992 album Honey's Dead
 * Track 16: From 1993 compilation The Sound of Speed. Also included on 1995 compilation Hate Rock 'n' Roll
 * Tracks 17, 18: From 1994 album Stoned & Dethroned
 * Track 19: From 1998 album Munki. Also included on 1995 EP I Hate Rock 'n' Roll and on 1995 compilation Hate Rock 'n' Roll
 * Tracks 20, 21: From 1998 album Munki

Some tracks differ from the versions on the albums listed.

title: 21 Singles


text:
Talk:RTÉ Lyric FM

I've decided to be bold and just remove the blatant POV statements in this article. Filiocht 11:03, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:RTÉ Lyric FM


text:
George Davys

George Davys (1780–1864) was an English cleric, tutor to Queen Victoria, and later Bishop of Peterborough. He was previously Dean of Chester. He himself was educated at Loughborough Grammar School, where a house is named after him.

Life
The son of John Davys of Rempstone, Nottinghamshire, by Sophia, daughter of the Rev. B. Wigley of Sawley, Derbyshire, was born at Loughborough, Leicestershire, 1 October 1780. In 1799 he entered as a sizar at Christ's College, Cambridge, and came out tenth wrangler in 1803. He was elected a Fellow of his college 14 January 1806, and in the same year proceeded M.A.

Davys became curate, first of Littlebury, Essex, then of Chesterford to 1817, and afterwards of Swaffham Prior. In 1811 he was presented on his own petition to the vicarage of Willoughby-on-the-Wolds, Lincolnshire, which he held until 1829.

The education of Princess Victoria having been entrusted to his care by her mother Princess Victoria, Duchess of Kent, Davys took up residence at Kensington Palace in 1827, and filled the position of principal master to the princess until the death of William IV. In April 1829 he was presented by the crown to the rectory of Allhallows-on-the-Wall, London, which he continued to hold until his elevation to the episcopal bench.

Davys was appointed dean of Chester 10 January 1831, and at the following commencement at Cambridge was created D.D. On 7 May 1839 he was advanced to the bishopric of Peterborough, and was consecrated on 16 June. An evangelical, he took no active part either in religious controversy or in politics. He died of bronchitis at the Palace, Peterborough, 18 April 1864, and was buried in the graveyard of the cathedral on 23 April.

Works
Davys wrote, with charges and sermons:

 * Village Conversations on the Liturgy of the Church of England, 1820; 8th ed. 1829.
 * Village Conversations on the principal Offices of the Church, 1824; another ed. 1849.
 * A Village Conversation on the Catechism of the Church of England, printed in Religious Tracts of Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, vol. iii. 1836.
 * Letters between a Father and his Son on the Roman History and other subjects, 1848.
 * A Plain and Short History of England in Letters from a Father to his Son, 1870.

He also compiled educational works, which appeared from time to time anonymously in the Cottagers' Monthly Visitor, the National Church Magazine, and elsewhere.

Family
Davys married in 1814 Marianne, daughter of the Rev. Edmund Mapletoft, rector of Anstye, Hertfordshire. She died at the Palace, Peterborough, 14 December 1858, aged 69.

title: George Davys


text:
Victoria River

Victoria River may refer to:

Antarctica

 * Victoria River, Antarctica, a watercourse in the McMurdo Dry Valley

Northern Territory

 * Victoria River, Northern Territory, a locality
 * Victoria River (Northern Territory), a river
 * Victoria River Downs Station, a cattle station
 * Victoria River Downs Airport, an airport

Victoria

 * Victoria River (Victoria), a watercourse

Canada

 * Victoria River (Newfoundland), a watercourse in Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Victoria River (lake Mégantic), a watercourse of Chaudière watershed in Quebec

New Zealand

 * Victoria River, New Zealand, a watercourse in New Zealand

title: Victoria River


text:
Go (2001 film)

Go is a 2001 coming-of-age movie, directed by Isao Yukisada, based on Kazuki Kaneshiro's novel of the same title, which tells the story of a Japanese-born North Korean teenager Sugihara (Kubozuka Yōsuke) and a prejudiced Japanese girl Tsubaki Sakurai (Kō Shibasaki) whom he falls for.

Plot
Third-generation Korean, Sugihara, is a student at a Japanese high school after graduating from a North Korean junior high school in Japan. His father runs a back-alley shop that specializes in exchanging pachinko-earned goods for cash, which is stereotypically a "common" Zainichi occupation. His father had long supported North Korea, but he obtained South Korean nationality to go sightseeing in Hawaii, which required a South Korean passport.

Sugihara's school days are filled with fights that always result in his victory; he and his delinquent peers fill the rest of their time with all kinds of mischief. His best friend, Jong-Il, is a Korean high-school student who had been his classmate in junior high. When Sugihara decided to leave Korean schools for a Japanese high school, their classroom teacher called him a traitor to their homeland. However, Jong-Il supported Sugihara by saying: “We never have had what you call homeland.”

One day, Sugihara attends the birthday party of one of his friends and meets a mysterious Japanese girl whose family name is Sakurai (she is reluctant to use her first name). He takes her out on a couple of dates and they gradually become intimate. However, tragedy strikes when Jong-Il is stabbed to death by a Japanese youth at a railway station. Jong-Il mistakenly thought that the youth was about to attack a female Korean student at the station. The boy, who is carrying a knife, attacks and kills Jong-Il. Sakurai comforts Sugihara, and that night they attempt to make love. She freezes in bed, however, when Sugihara confesses that he is Korean. She declares that she is afraid of a non-Japanese male entering her, and Sugihara leaves.

In the meantime, Sugihara's father has been depressed by the news that his younger brother died in North Korea. In an attempt to provoke him, Sugihara blames his father, stating that the second generation of Zainichi, with its sentimentality and powerlessness, has caused the Zainichi much grief and difficulty. They fistfight, and the result is Sugihara's complete defeat. In the wake of the fight, Sugihara finds out that the true reason for his father's adopting South Korean nationality was that he wanted to make his son's life easier.

Six months later, on Christmas Eve, Sugihara is studying hard in preparation for the college entrance examinations. He is trying to fulfill the wishes of the deceased Jong-Il, who always wanted him to go to a (presumably Japanese) university. Sakurai calls him after a long period of silence between them and asks him to come to the place where they had their first date. In this last scene, they recover mutual affection and leave for some unknown place together in a light snowfall.

Cast

 * Yōsuke Kubozuka as Sugihara (杉原)
 * Ko Shibasaki as Sakurai Tsubaki (桜井椿)
 * Shinobu Ōtake as Michiko (道子; mother of Sugihara)
 * Tsutomu Yamazaki as Hideyoshi (秀吉; father of Sugihara)
 * Hirofumi Arai as Won-su (원수/ウォンス)
 * Mitsu Murata as Katō (加藤)
 * Takato Hosoyamada as Jeong-il (정일/チョンイル)
 * Min Kim as Naomi (나오미/ナオミ)
 * Gye-nam Myeong as Staff member of South Korean embassy
 * Tarō Yamamoto as Tawake (タワケ)
 * Ren Osugi as Taxi driver
 * Sansei Shiomi as Mr. Kim (김 씨/キムさん)
 * Masato Hagiwara as Policeman
 * Anri Ban as Kaori (카오리/香織)
 * Asami Mizukawa as Korean in the tube station

Production
The film is based on a novel by Kazuki Kaneshiro, a Zainichi Korean himself, also entitled Go. It was published in 2000 by Kodansha, and received a Naoki Prize.

Reception

The film received a simultaneous theatrical release in Japan and South Korea, and was the first joint Japanese and South Korean production. It was also the first major film to challenge existing preconceptions about Japanese identity within the commercial format of a young adult romance film. The film explores not just the issue of prejudice, reflected in Sakurai's unconscious racism, but that of racial identity in general.

The film has received some criticism for its focus on racism that its protagonist experiences, in comparison to the deeply ingrained and institutionalized racism, ensuring that even after several generations of residence, many Koreans are still refused Japanese passports.

Awards
The film has received numerous awards.
 * 2001 – Hochi Film Awards – Best Film
 * 2001 – Nikkan Sports Film Awards – Best Director; Best New Talent
 * 2002 – Japanese Academy Prize – Best Cinematography; Best Director; Best Editing; Best Lighting; Best Screenplay; Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role; Newcomer of the Year
 * 2002 – Blue Ribbon Awards – Best Director
 * 2002 – Kinema Junpo – Best Director; Best Film; Best Screenplay
 * 2002 – Mainichi Film Concours – Best Screenplay; Sponichi Grand Prize New Talent Award (Yōsuke Kubozuka and Kō Shibasaki)
 * 2002 – International Film Festival of Marrakech – Best Actor; Golden Star (Isao Yukisada)
 * 2002 – Palm Springs International Film Festival – FIPRESCI Prize (Isao Yukisada)
 * 2002 – Yokohama Film Festival – Best Director; Best Film; Best Screenplay

title: Go (2001 film)


text:
Confusion (New Order song)

"Confusion" is the sixth single released by British group New Order in August 1983 with the catalogue number FAC 93. It was the follow-up to their breakthrough hit "Blue Monday" and is unique for having both Peter Hook and Bernard Sumner playing bass guitars on it. The song is produced by influential New York DJ Arthur Baker. As a result, it was recorded in New York, a rarity for the band. Three remixes served as B-sides on the initial 12" release: "Confused Beats", "Confusion Instrumental" and "Confusion Rough Mix". The two tracks on side A ("Confusion" and "Confused Beats") are mixed together, which when played in sequence, act as a thirteen and half minute long remix by Arthur Baker. The "Rough Mix" on side B is the original song mixed by New Order.

Music video
The video for the single features live footage of the band in concert, intercut with images of nightlife in New York City, specifically at the "Fun House", and producer Arthur Baker and DJ John "Jellybean" Benitez at work.

Other versions
An edit of the Rough Mix represents the single on the 2005 compilation Singles. A re-recorded "Confusion" as well as the original "Confusion Instrumental" appear on the group's 1987 Substance release. The track reappeared on the 1995 remix collection The Rest of New Order as an acid techno remix by Pump Panel, which was used in 1998 as part of the soundtrack for the film Blade. Samples from The Pump Panel remix are featured on the tracks "Operation Blade (Bass in the Place)" by Public Domain, "Play It Louder" by Randy Katana and "Phatt Bass" by Warp Bros and Aquagen. The 2016 re-release of Singles includes the promo 7" edit of "Confusion".

Track listing

 * Released in 2004.

Chart positions

 * [A] – Whacked Records re-release

title: Confusion (New Order song)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Village pump (miscellaneous)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Wikipedia talk:Village pump (policy) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 23:15, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

Request
Hi, I’m trying to find my help to a forum to apologise for editing mistakes. Thanks for help. Ema--or (talk) 17:34, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

No more footnotes with no link and when link go inactive auto-delete claims.
This is existential and needs to be fixed ASAP. And to be clear this is not solely an issue of link rot, though it largely is, it's fundamental to the legitimacy of the project, handwaving notwithstanding 🙏 Iluvlawyering (talk) 02:51, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

 * See WP:OFFLINE. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 15:00, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

This is especially problematic re:philosophy/history/religion but exists in all entries, mathematics, physical and social sciences, individual biographies, definitions and concepts, etc. The central premise of the entire project is impartiality and transparency, not expediency, so just as there's no justification for claims made without support, whatever the authority, there's no reason that references to purported support not be strictly limited by salience/availability. No one I know has a library card or any other way to access the recorded thoughts of other human beings than via remote access to electronically stored information. No? Iluvlawyering (talk) 03:04, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Is this serious? 0x Deadbeef 06:36, 18 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Looks more like an attempt to stir up controversy. —Kusma (talk) 15:08, 18 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Much as I dislike ad hominem arguments, the clue may be in the account name. On a practical note, most internet sources which go offline are available on archive sites. Certes (talk) 17:58, 18 September 2022 (UTC)