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Charles Godfrey Leland

Charles Godfrey Leland (August 15, 1824 – March 20, 1903) was an American humorist and folklorist, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was educated at Princeton University and in Europe.

Leland worked in journalism, travelled extensively, and became interested in folklore and folk linguistics. He published books and articles on American and European languages and folk traditions. He worked in a wide variety of trades, achieved recognition as the author of the comic Hans Breitmann’s Ballads, and fought in two conflicts. He wrote Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, which became a primary source text for Neopaganism half a century later.

Early life
Leland was born to Charles Leland, a commission merchant, and Charlotte Godfrey on 15 August 1824 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His mother was a protegee of Hannah Adams, the first American woman to write professionally. Leland believed he was descended from John Leland, among other illustrious antiquaries.

Leland claimed to have been influenced as a child by intellectual figures such as Lafayette and Nicolas Gouïn Dufief. Leland recounted that shortly after his birth, his Dutch nurse took him to the family attic and performed a ritual involving a Bible, a key, a knife, lighted candles, money, and salt to ensure him a long life as "a scholar and a wizard." His biographers refer to this account as foreshadowing his interest in folk traditions and magic. The poet George Henry Boker was his neighbour in youth, and the two maintained a friendship through adulthood. George B. McClellan was a classmate.

Leland's early education was in the United States, and he attended college at Princeton University. During his schooling, he studied languages, wrote poetry, and pursued a variety of other interests, including Hermeticism, Neoplatonism, and the writings of Rabelais and Villon.

After college, Leland went to Europe to continue his studies, first in Germany, at Heidelberg and Munich, and in 1848 at the Sorbonne in Paris, where he became involved with the Revolutions of 1848 in France, fighting at constructed barricades against the King's soldiers as a captain in the revolution.

Journalism
Leland returned to the U.S. after the money given to him by his father for travel had run out and passed the bar in Pennsylvania. Instead of practicing law, he instead began a career in journalism. As a journalist, Leland wrote for The Illustrated News in New York, the Evening Bulletin in Philadelphia and eventually took on editorial duties for Graham's Magazine, and the Philadelphia Press. In 1856 Leland married Eliza Bella "Isabel" Fisher.

Leland was also an editor for the Continental Monthly, a pro-Union Army publication. He enlisted in the Union Army in 1863, and fought at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Folklore research
Leland returned to Europe in 1869, and travelled widely, eventually settling in London. His fame during his lifetime rested chiefly on his comic Hans Breitmann’s Ballads (1871), written in a combination of broken English and German (not to be confused, as it often has been, with Pennsylvania German). In recent times his writings on pagan and Aryan traditions have eclipsed the now largely forgotten Breitmann ballads, influencing the development of Wicca and modern paganism.

In his travels, he made a study of the Romani, on whom he wrote more than one book. Leland began to publish a number of books on ethnography, folklore and language. His writings on Algonquian and Romani culture were part of the contemporary interest in pagan and Aryan traditions. Scholars have found Leland had taken significant liberties with his research. In his book The Algonquin Legends of New England Leland attempts to link Wabanki culture and history to the Norse. It has also come to light that Leland altered some of those folk tales in order to lend credence to his theory. He erroneously claimed to have discovered "the fifth Celtic tongue": the form of Cant, spoken among Irish Travellers, which he named Shelta. Leland became president of the English Gypsy Lore Society in 1888. In 1890, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

Eleven years later Godfrey produced Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, reportedly containing the traditional beliefs of Italian witchcraft as conveyed him in a manuscript provided by a woman named Maddalena, whom he refers to as his "witch informant." This remains his most influential book. Aradia's accuracy has been disputed, and used by others as a study of witch lore in 19th century Italy.

Art education
Leland was also a pioneer of art and design education, becoming an important influence on the Arts and Crafts movement. In his memoirs he wrote, "The story of what is to me by far the most interesting period of my life remains to be written. This embraces an account of my labour for many years in introducing Industrial Art as a branch of education in schools."

He was involved in a series of books on industrial arts and crafts, including Pyrography or burnt-wood etching (1876), co-authored with Thomas Bolas (revised by Frank H Ball and G J Fowler in 1900). He was, more significantly, the founder and first director of the Public School of Industrial Art in Philadelphia (not to be confused with the contemporaneous Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art). This originated as a school to teach crafts to disadvantaged children and became widely known when it was praised by Oscar Wilde, who predicted his friend would be "recognised and honoured as one of the great pioneers and leaders of the art of the future." The Home Arts and Industries Association was founded in imitation of this initiative.

Translations
Leland translated the collective works of the German Romanticist Heinrich Heine, and poems by Joseph Victor von Scheffel into English. He translated Eichendorff's novella Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts to English as Memoirs of a Good-for-Nothing, published in New York in 1866 by Leypohlt & Holt.

Legacy
His biography was written by his niece Elizabeth Robins Pennell, an American who also settled in London and made her living in part by writing about travels in Europe. Leland had encouraged her as a young woman to consider writing as a career, which she did with some success.

Select bibliography

 * 1855: Meister Karl’s Sketch-book
 * 1864: Legends of Birds
 * 1871: Hans Breitmann’s Ballads
 * 1872: Pidgin-English Sing-Song
 * 1872: The Music-Lesson of Confucius, and Other Poems
 * 1873: The English Gipsies
 * 1875: Fusang or the Discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist Priests in the Fifth Century
 * 1879: Johnnykin and the Goblins
 * 1882: The Gypsies
 * 1884: Algonquin Legends
 * 1891: Gypsy Sorcery and Fortune Telling
 * 1892: The Hundred Riddles of the Fairy Bellaria
 * 1892: Etruscan Roman Remains in Popular Tradition
 * 1892: Leather Work, A Practical Manual for Learners
 * 1895: Songs of the Sea and Lays of the Land
 * 1896: Legends of Florence Collected from the People (2 vols.)
 * 1896: A Manual of Mending and Repairing with Diagrams
 * 1897: A dictionary of slang, jargon & cant embracing English, American, and Anglo-Indian slang, pidgin English, gypsies' jargon and other irregular phraseology
 * 1899: Unpublished Legends of Virgil
 * 1899: Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches
 * 1899: Have You a Strong Will?
 * 1901: Legends of Virgil
 * 1901: Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth, Mountainner, Scout, Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians Edited by.
 * 1902: Flaxius, or Leaves from the Life of an Immortal
 * 1904: The Alternate Sex: or, The female Intellect in Man, and the Masculine in Woman. "Mrs. Joseph Pennell [Elizabeth Robins Pennell] ... has kindly seen the book through the press." (New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1904)

title: Charles Godfrey Leland


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1925 South American Championship

The ninth South American Championship was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 29 November to 25 December 1925.

In 1925, the participating countries were Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Chile and Uruguay withdrew from the tournament, making this event the one with the fewest participating teams. The tournament was rescheduled to be held in two rounds.

Argentina won its second continental title.

Squads
For a complete list of participants squads see: 1925 South American Championship squads

Final round
Each team played two matches against each of the other teams. Two points were awarded for a win, one point for a draw, and zero points for a defeat.

Goal scorers
6 goals
 * 🇦🇷 Manuel Seoane

4 goals

 * 🇧🇷 Lagarto
 * 🇧🇷 Nilo

2 goals

 * 🇧🇷 Arthur Friedenreich
 * 🇵🇾 Gerardo Rivas

1 goal

 * 🇦🇷 Antonio Cerrotti
 * 🇦🇷 Alfredo Garasini
 * 🇦🇷 Juan C. Irurieta
 * 🇦🇷 Martín Sánchez
 * 🇦🇷 Domingo Tarasconi
 * 🇧🇷 Filo
 * 🇵🇾 Manuel Fleitas Solich
 * 🇵🇾 Luis Fretes

Aftermath
Despite having won the tournament unbeaten, part of the Argentine media considered the team's performance as "poor", highlighting that Argentina was the winner only because of being stronger than the other two participants. Argentine magazine El Gráfico stated Argentina's virtues were decreasing as the competition went by, with such notable failures.

Centre forward Juan Carlos Irurieta was injured in the first match, being replaced by Manuel Seoane, who did not play as good as he used to be because of his change of position (from left insider to centre forward). The media criticised hardly the performances of Garasini, Alejandro de los Santos, Antonio Cerrotti and Juan Bianchi. On the other hand, Domingo Tarasconi, Seoane and Martín Sánchez were mentioned as the most remarkable players. In the case of Tarasconi, his efficient dribbling, passing style and accurate corner kicks were widely praised. Seoane's goalscoring prowess was also mentioned as one of the high points of Argentina, setting a record with six goals in four matches. Nevertheless, Seoane was also criticised for being out of shape due to his overweight.

Another Argentine player harshly criticised was goalkeeper Américo Tesoriere:

(Tesoriere) is not the "magician of the goal" that we admired so much due to his security, courage, cold blood, surprising agility and unsurpassed sense of location. Although the rival did not attack so much, he conceded four goals, which were not hard-to-stop shots. Apart from the goals received, Tesoriere's showed himself insecure and slow, which could have been worse. Undoubtedly, we don't mean that his performance was disastrous, but we do want to set he is having a tough time in his sports career either his debacle is approaching...

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1925 South American Championship


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Talk:Smurf (disambiguation)

Urban term
Hmm...

"'smurfing' is used as a urban term when referring to the act of hitting someone across the face with one's penis."

(Doradus) Is it a good idea to list this in an article likely to be viewed by children? I know I wasn't expecting to see this particular definition. Is it really widespread and important enough to list here?

 * It's in urbandictionary.com, but lots of obscure and even personally-idiosyncratic stuff is in there too. I took it out as I'm not under the impression it's in widespread use, and if anything it should go in Wiktionary, as there's not much encyclopedic content to be said about the slang use. --Delirium 16:55, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hehe, funny stuff...

 * I agree it should be listed elsewhere. What about in the list of sexual slangs? PS: Just because one doesn't know or understand something, it doesn't mean it is not true or inacurate. ;-)

"smurfing" used in gamer terms, is the act of a high skilled player playing inside of a lower rank bracket.

Compare with Sock Puppet
Smurf appears to be used in the same context as the alternate version of sock puppet - multiple accounts created by a single person, particularly on internet forums - but is not listed anywhere. What would the correct title for such an article be? -- Alphax (talk) 07:45, Oct 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * There is one article called Internet_sock_puppet, maybe it should link there instead? --Kricke 19:40, 16 june 2005 (CET)

title: Talk:Smurf (disambiguation)


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Talk:The Crucible

Talk

 * I'm not sure to whom I'm talking, but I hope for some simple guidance. I am new to editing for Wikipedia.  My field is theater--acting, directing, live drama.  I was looking at the article on Arthur Miller's The Crucible because I have an interest in the actor E. G. Marshall who played in the original cast.  His name was not listed in the 1953 company, nor were many of the correct names for the leading roles.  I suspect someone pranked the list, but I did not feel free to take it down.  I did enter a correct cast list as well, leaving it to readers to decide between the two.  Serious readers can check either the source I used (Opening night NY Times review) or the source listed by the original writer or pranker, ibdb.com, and find the inaccuracies for themselves.  But I don't imagine many do that.

KFFOWLER (talk) 02:22, 24 February 2012 (UTC)
 * There was a re-cast towards the end of the first run (but that didn't save it). I don't have details of the changes so if anyone has, this could be clarified further. I added a further reference, from a printed work and so beyond the reach of www pranksters. Unlike IMDB, IBDB doesn't allow user-generated content and so should be reliable also. --Old Moonraker (talk) 12:59, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

Plagiarism in synopsis
The synopsis of Acts I, II, and IV appears to be lifted wholesale from this website  (now returning 404; see the page cached on Google ). As for the synopsis of Act III, it appears to have been blanked and then filled  with the corresponding section from SparkNotes. I guess this is a common thing on Wikipedia for articles about books, but it's still rather upsetting. Waterfalls12 (talk) 17:18, 16 February 2016 (UTC)

 * To be fair, it's also possible that the teacherweb.com page itself plagiarized from Wikipedia, as it's titled a **Web Quest**, and two of the other sources on that page are lifted from other Internet sources. Waterfalls12 (talk) 17:26, 16 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I've recently begun trying to remove the material. At the rate I'm going, it seems like I'll end up blanking the entire article. I have removed material copied from the following sites:

 * Sparknotes
 * Shmoop
 * Teaching Companion
 * Starnow

 * I don't believe that all (or any) of these are Wikipedia mirrors. -©2016 Compassionate727( Talk )( Contributions ) 12:29, 25 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Do you have proof that the material was copied from these websites, rather than the other way around, or any plans to rewrite the material you deleted? This all seems kind of silly, especially considering the critiques made by the very play whose article you're editing. 188.74.64.210 (talk) 17:18, 28 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Shmoop explicitly asserts copyright over its material, both on its own website, and a complaint against a copier found here. Furthermore, the content did not exist on Wikipedia when the entry on english4everyone was submitted, and that was itself copied from Schmoop, making that a definite copyvio. Sparknotes is a reputable site, and also explicitly asserts copyright over its material.
 * Starnow is more dubious. It asserts copyright, though it isn't clear who submitted the character summaries and whether or not they may have copied them. It is certainly possible, since the material there already existed on Wikipedia when the Starnow entry was submitted, on 10 August 2013. And after taking a close look at Teaching Companion, I also will say I'm suspicious of them. Honestly, they seem like a scam to me. I can re-add the material for the characters if we want, but I would say the acts need to be left out. -©2016 Compassionate727( Talk )( Contributions ) 16:58, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 April 2017
It's the first time to use Wiki,so i'm not so familiar with it till now.I just want to find some essay about The Crucible for i have to write a long view on it. I want to read some articles so that i can write it easily. Sing for you (talk) 04:22, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

 * @Sing for you: Then check the references cited in the article; I would anticipate some of them are scholarly works you can use in your research. Since you aren't requesting a change to our article, I've closed your request. —C.Fred (talk) 04:34, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

Works set in one period but commenting on another
Is there a collective noun or literary category which covers works like Miller's The Crucible and Orwell's Nineteen Eightyfour which are set in one historical period but clearly or are generally understood to provide a commentary or challenge to another historical period, especially the writer's contemporary period? - BobKilcoyne (talk) 03:15, 7 June 2017 (UTC)
 * No responses yet - I'm thinking perhaps such works have never been put into a category together? -

BobKilcoyne (talk) 22:52, 20 August 2017 (UTC)
 * There might not be enough works in this category to prompt it’s naming, however the concept you present is interesting. -

Pranav Reddy 18:54, 12 November 2018 (UTC)

Notification of WP:RFC regarding including historical figures in navboxes
Join the discussion at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Templates.--TonyTheTiger (T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD) 03:59, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

Notification of WP:RFC regarding including historical figures in navboxes
Join the discussion at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Templates.--TonyTheTiger (T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD) 04:00, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

“decides to instead admit guilt”
Proctor’s character description says that after confessing he changes his mind and “decides to instead admit guilt”. It’s not clear what this means, as he has already admitted guilt by confessing.

What actually happens is that he tears up his signed confession, effectively recanting in the eyes of the court.

I would suggest restoring the part of my previous edit that clarified this point. Marselan (talk) 08:42, 13 January 2018 (UTC) Marselan (talk) 08:42, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I think Marselan's description was correct and is inline with the article's synopsis of act 4; it should be restored. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 10:35, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

Issues with Synopsis
The script I have of The Crucible only has two acts. What is listed as Act One is actually ACT ONE: Scene One. Listed as Act Two is actually ACT ONE: Scene Two. **Missing ACT TWO: Scene One (Proctor confronts Abigail in the woods). Listed as Act Three is ACT TWO: Scene Two. Listed as Act Four is ACT TWO: Scene Three.

Also the first paragraphs of 'Act One' and 'Act Two' reference narration that does not exist in the actual text. While the information is contextual relevant, it is not part of the play itself; its presence in the synopsis implies that there is a Narrator that addresses the audience. JWheeler (talk) 21:46, 29 January 2018 (UTC)
 * What's the edition? It's definitely a play in 4 acts. Act 2, scene 2 (A wood. Night. Proctor, Abigail) had been dropped by the author and almost all productions. The narration for the first act is titled "An Overture" and starts with "At the time of these events Parris was in his middle forties." There are several more pieces of narration, five I believe, in act 1. It seems they are summarized overleaf into the 1st sentence of act 2. No doubt, the synopsis could be improved – the "narration" paragraphs were introduced on 6 August 2017 by a troublesome editor, but, like you, I think they are fundamentally correct. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 05:28, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 February 2018
It seems like the neutrality of this article is lacking, especially in the "Historical accuracy" section. I am unable to do the edits myself due to not being a registered user.

Example: "[Stoughton] refused to ever acknowledge that the trials had been anything other than a success, and was infuriated when Governor Phips (whose own wife, somehow, had been named as a possible witch) ended the trials for good and released the prisoners." (added bold) Clearly biased against Stoughton (to be honest, I am too, but still, we're supposed to put our biases aside when writing). Possible revision: He claimed that the trials were a success and criticized Governor Phips (whose own wife had been named as a witch) when Phips ended the trials and released the prisoners.

More examples: "[T]he Putnams...were survived by ten of their twelve children, including Ann Jr., who, in 1706, issued perhaps the most heartfelt apology of any accuser." That last part is highly subjective.

"Miller's cursory and limited scholarship regarding the trials is lamentable, given the squabbling that has long taken place over various interpretations of the numerous details and facts." Clear bias against Miller that would be more appropriate for a news article, not Wikipedia.

I'm not suggesting a complete revision to remove any possibly biased words, just to correct these very strongly worded parts. 2600:1700:C370:9F10:31C8:411A:5C9D:A78D (talk) 02:57, 25 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Yellow check.svg Partly done: Removed uncited editorializing as pointed out here but retained the first objected-to statement that is cited. Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 18:39, 25 February 2018 (UTC)

Obamacare
On the mobile app, it says The Crucible is a play by Obamacare. That doesn’t seem right. Pranav Reddy 18:49, 7 November 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pranavrreddy (talk • contribs)
 * The joys of Wikidata. It's fixed now. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 03:43, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

Abigail Williams
"(In real life, after fleeing Salem, Williams reportedly became a prostitute in Boston)." - This has no source and is inaccurate. As Abigail William's Wikipedia page correctly states, historians do not know what happened to Abigail Williams following the trials. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7F:B05A:6600:4CC7:DD98:3DFF:D13E (talk) 10:50, 2 March 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 April 2019
Please change "piousness" to "piety" in the forth paragraph of the section on Act 2. 2600:1:9919:426A:0:6C:790D:F001 (talk) 01:52, 29 April 2019 (UTC)
 * 'piety' certainly seems more common than 'piousness', although bot mean the same, no? On the other hand, 'piousness' is closer to the line in the play, "But it's hard to think so pious a woman be secretly a Devil's bitch after seventy year of such good prayer." – which is in fact, contrary to the article, spoken by Proctor, not Hale, so that line in the article needs to be rewritten or omitted. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 04:04, 29 April 2019 (UTC)
 * ❌ per above. I agree that it is fine as is. — MRD2014 (talk) 22:40, 29 April 2019 (UTC)

Opera and ballet
This article mentions an opera based on the play. I am sure that I heard on Front Row tonight (August 5 2019) that there is going to be a ballet based on the play. If any one knows anything about this, it could go in the article. Vorbee (talk) 18:34, 5 August 2019 (UTC)

I have a programme from the Royal Ballet premiere in April 2000. I can't update the locked page. Be assured it did happen tho. William Tuckett choreography, Charles Ives music, Ralph Steadman designs. But there was another Scottish Ballet production with choreography by Helen Pickett in 2019 at the Edinburgh Festival. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 36.11.224.151 (talk) 06:31, 21 February 2020 (UTC)

Edit request: Adaptations to include "Radio Play"
L.A. THEATRE WORKS produced a radio play of The Crucible as part of their series featuring performances of plays before a live audience. The title was: THE PLAY'S THE THING: THE CRUCIBLE (RADIO). DATE: April 10, 1988. Star studded cast, including Richard Dreyfuss, Carol Kane, Stacy Keach and Rene Auberjonois. Broadcast on NPR.

Source: https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=ed&p=122&item=R:11040 2600:1700:F980:6AC0:21F0:D5B8:D448:67B2 (talk) 21:44, 26 December 2022 (UTC)

2023 London production
The National Theatre in London did production of the play that transferred to the West End. I feel it needs to be recognized on this page. Is there a way we can add the current London cast to the notable cast section? Smitty1999 (talk) 14:01, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Crucible


text:
Category:American humorists

American humorists, intellectuals who uses humor in writing or public speaking.

title: Category:American humorists


text:
Eliza Lynn Linton

Eliza Lynn Linton (10 February 1822 – 14 July 1898) was the first female salaried journalist in Britain and the author of over 20 novels. Despite her path-breaking role as an independent woman, many of her essays took a strong anti-feminist slant.

Life
Linton was born in Keswick, Cumbria, England, the youngest of the twelve children of the Rev. James Lynn, vicar of Crosthwaite, and his wife Charlotte, who was the daughter of a bishop of Carlisle. The death of her mother when Eliza was five months old meant a chaotic upbringing, in which she was largely self-educated, but in 1845 she left home to earn her living as a writer in London.

After moving to Paris, she married W. J. Linton in 1858, an eminent wood-engraver, who was also a poet of note, a writer on his craft, and a Chartist agitator. She moved into his ramshackle house, Brantwood, in the Lake District, with his seven children from an earlier marriage, and wrote there a novel set locally: Lizzie Lorton of Greyrigg. The couple also lived at Gang Moor on the edge of Hampstead Heath for several years. In 1867 they separated amicably, her husband going to America and Eliza going back to life as a London writer.

Linton returned briefly to her childhood home in Cumbria in 1889, to feel "half in a dream here. It is Keswick and yet not Keswick, as I am Eliza Lynn and yet not Eliza Lynn." She usually lived in London until about three years before her death, when she retired to Brougham House, Malvern. She died at Queen Anne's Mansions, London, on 14 July 1898. Her ashes were scattered in Crosthwaite churchyard.

Career
Linton arrived in London in 1845 as a protégée of the novelist William Harrison Ainsworth and the poet Walter Savage Landor. At one time she was promoted by Theodosia Monson, who was a champion of women's rights. In 1846 she produced her first novel, Azeth, the Egyptian, which was followed by Amymone (1848) and Realities (1851). Neither had great success. Meanwhile she began working as a journalist and became acquainted with George Eliot. Linton joined the staff of the Morning Chronicle in 1849, a position said to have made her the first woman to be paid a salary as a journalist. She left the paper in 1851 over a disagreement.

During her time in Paris, Linton was a correspondent for The Leader, which her husband had helped found. She was a regular contributor to Charles Dickens's Household Words and to St James's Gazette, the Daily News, Ainsworth's Magazine, The Cornhill Magazine and other leading newspapers. The prolific Linton became one of the best-known women periodical contributors of her time. Her 1864 guide to The Lake Country still bears reading for tart comments on the tourist rituals of the Victorians.

In 1881 and 1883 she travelled to Palermo, where she met Tina Whitaker and encouraged her to write.

After separating from her husband, Linton returned to writing novels, in which she finally attained wide popularity. Her most successful works were The True History of Joshua Davidson (1872), Patricia Kemball (1874), and The Autobiography of Christopher Kirkland (1885), the latter being in fact a thinly disguised autobiography. In 1896, she became one of the first women to be elected to the Society of Authors and was the first woman to serve on the society's committee.

Views
Linton was a severe critic of early feminism. Her prominent essay on the subject, "The Girl of the Period," appeared in the Saturday Review in 1868 as a vehement attack. In 1891, she wrote "Wild Women as Politicians", explaining her view that politics were naturally the sphere of men, as was fame of any sort. "Amongst our most renowned women," she wrote, "are some who say with their whole heart, I would rather have been the wife of a great man, or the mother of a hero, than what I am, famous in my own person." Linton exemplifies how the fight against votes for women was not organised only by men (see Anti-suffragism).

Her obituary in The Times noted her "animosity towards all, or rather, some of those facets which may be conveniently called the 'New Woman'," but added that "it would perhaps be difficult to reduce Mrs. Lynn Linton's views on what was and what was not desirable for her own sex to a logical and connected form." Revisionist critics have noted an unconscious sympathy for the dashing "modern women" in her fiction, and to her support for the right of married women to own property and so gain greater independence. (See Married Women's Property Act 1870 and Married Women's Property Act 1882.)

Linton's contribution to a symposium on English fiction in 1890 took a less aggressive stance towards Grundyism than her fellow-contributor Thomas Hardy.

Works

 * Azeth, The Egyptian, T.C. Newby, 1847
 * Amymone: A Romance in the Days of Pericles, Vol. 2, Vol. 3, Richard Bentley, 1848
 * Realities: A Tale, Saunders and Otley, 1851
 * Witch Stories, Chapman & Hall, 1861
 * The Lake Country, Smith, Elder and Company, 1864
 * Grasp Your Nettle, Vol. 2, Vol. 3, Smith, Elder & Co., 1865
 * Lizzie Lorton of Greyrigg: A Novel, Harper & Brothers, 1866
 * Sowing the Wind, Vol. 2, Vol. 3, Tinsley Brothers 1867
 * "Clementina Kinniside," The Galaxy 5, January/July 1868
 * The True History of Joshua Davidson, Christian and Communist, J. B. Lippincott, 1873 [1st publication, Strahan & Company, 1872]
 * Patricia Kemball, J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1875
 * The Mad Willoughbys and other Tales, 1875
 * The Atonement of Leam Dundas, J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1876
 * From Dreams to Waking, Harper & Bros, 1877
 * The World Well Lost, Vol. 2, Chatto & Windus, 1877
 * Under which Lord?, Vol. 2, Vol. 3, Chatto & Windus, 1879
 * "At Night in a Hospital," Belgravia, July 1879
 * The Rebel of the Family, Vol. 2, Chatto & Windus, 1880
 * With a Silken Thread and other Stories, Chatto & Windus, 1880
 * My Love!, Chatto & Windus, 1881
 * Ione, Chatto and Windus, 1883
 * The Girl of the Period and Other Social Essays, Vol. 2, Richard Bentley & Son, 1883
 * Ourselves: Essays on Women, Chatto & Windus, 1884
 * The Autobiography of Christopher Kirkland, Vol. 2, Vol. 3, R. Bentley, 1885
 * Stabbed in the Dark, F. V. White & Co., 1885
 * "A Protest and a Plea," The Order of Creation: The Conflict Between Genesis and Geology, The Truth Seeker Company, 1885
 * Rift in the Lute, Simpkin, 1885
 * Paston Carew, Millionaire and Miser: A Novel, Bentley, 1886
 * Through the Long Night, Hurst & Blackett Limited, 1889
 * About Ireland, Methuen & Co., 1890
 * An Octave of Friends, with other Silhouettes and Stories, Ward & Downey, 1891
 * About Ulster, Methuen & Co., 1892
 * The One too Many, F. Tennyson Neely, 1894
 * In Haste and at Leisure, Merriam Co., 1895
 * Dulcie Everton, Vol. 2, Chatto & Windus, 1896
 * 'Twixt Cup & Lip. Etc, Digby, Long & Co., 1896
 * My Literary Life, Hodder and Stroughton, 1899
 * The Second Youth of Theodora Desanges, Hutchinson & Co., 1900
 * The Fate of Madame Cabanel, n.d.
 * The Witches of Scotland, n.d.

Selected articles

 * "The Modern Revolt," Macmillan's Magazine, December 1870
 * An Old English Home, The Atlantic Monthly, 32, July 1873
 * "Some Sicilian Customs," The Eclectic Magazine 41, New Series, 1885
 * "A Protest and a Plea," The Gentleman's Magazine 260, 1886
 * "The Future Supremacy of Women," The National Review, Vol. VIII, 1886
 * "The Higher Education of Women", Popular Science Monthly 30, December 1886
 * "Womanhood in Old Greece," The Library Magazine 2, Third Series, November 1886/March 1887
 * "The Tyranny of Fashion," The Forum 3, March 1887
 * “The Roman Matron,” The Library Magazine 4, Third Series, July/September 1887
 * “The Pains of Fear,” The Forum 5, May 1888
 * “Are Good Women Characterless?,” The Forum 6, February 1889
 * “Democracy in the Household,” The Forum 8, September 1889
 * "Our Illusions," Fortnightly Review 49, pp. 596–7, 1891
 * "The Revolt Against Matrimony," The Forum 10 (5), January 1891
 * "The Judicial Shock to Marriage," Nineteenth Century 29, May 1891
 * "The Wild Women: as Politicians," Nineteenth Century, July 1891
 * "The Wild Women As Social Insurgents," The Nineteenth Century 30, pp. 596–605, October 1891
 * "The Partisans of the Wild Women," Nineteenth Century 31, pp. 455–464, April 1892
 * "The New Woman," St. James's Budget, July 1894
 * "The Rex Nemorum," St. James's Budget, August 1894
 * "The Philistine's Coming Triumph," National Review 26, September 1895
 * "Cranks and Crazes," The North American Review, December 1895
 * "George Eliot." In Women Novelists of Queen Victoria's Reign, Hurst & Blackett, Limited, 1897

title: Eliza Lynn Linton


text:
Thomas Henry Lister

Thomas Henry Lister (1800 – 5 June 1842) was an English novelist and biographer, and served as Registrar General in the British civil service. He was an early exponent of the silver fork novel as a genre and also presaged "futuristic" writing in one of his stories.

Life and writings
Lister was the son of Thomas Lister of Armitage Park, Staffordshire, and his first wife Harriet Anne Seale. His maternal grandfather was John Seale. His paternal half-sister Adelaide Lister was first married to their second cousin, Thomas Lister, 2nd Baron Ribblesdale, and then to John Russell, 1st Earl Russell. Lister was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was the brother of novelist Harriet Cradock.

His several novels include Granby (1826), Herbert Lacy (1828), and Arlington (1832). Granby, an early example of the silver fork novel, was favourably reviewed by Sydney Smith in the Edinburgh Review. He also wrote a Life of Clarendon. His 1830 story entitled "A Dialogue for the Year 2130" might be described as an early example of science fiction or "futuristic" writing, of the kind later popularized by Jules Verne and H. G. Wells. Published in The Keepsake, a literary annual, it looks forward to a world in which gentlemen go hunting on machines and shoot horses, while a certain Lady D. owns a troublesome automatic letter-writer and is served by a "steam-porter", which opens doors.

In 1836 he was appointed the first Registrar General for England and Wales heading a new General Register Office. He set up the system of civil registration of births, deaths and marriages and organized the 1841 UK Census.

Personal matters
On 6 November 1830, Lister married Lady Maria Theresa Villiers, daughter of George Villiers and Theresa Parker, both of noble families. They had three children:
 * Thomas Villiers Lister (1832–1902) diplomat,< married first Fanny Harriet Coryton and secondly Florence Selina Hamilton, daughter of the geologist William Hamilton by his second wife, Margaret Frances Florence Dillon.
 * Maria Theresa Villiers Lister (died 1 February 1863), married the politician William Vernon Harcourt, by whom she had a son, Lewis Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt.
 * Alice Beatrice Lister (died 28 March 1898), married Algernon Borthwick, 1st Baron Glenesk, owner of the London newspaper the Morning Post, by whom she had a daughter, Lilias Margaret Frances Borthwick, who married Seymour Bathurst, 7th Earl Bathurst.

Thomas Henry Lister died of tuberculosis in 1842, while living at Adelphi Terrace, London.

title: Thomas Henry Lister


text:
Cy Barger

Eros Bolivar "Cy" Barger (May 18, 1885 – September 23, 1964) was an American right-handed starting pitcher and left-handed batter who played in the American League for the New York Highlanders (1906–07); in the National League with the Brooklyn teams Superbas (1910) and Dodgers (1911–12), and for the Pittsburgh Rebels (1914–15) in the Federal League. A native of Jamestown, Kentucky, Barger was a dead-ball era pitcher who also played first base and shortstop as well as the outfield. He went to college at Transylvania University and debuted in the majors on August 30, 1906. With the Highlanders, he had a 0–0 record in 11 innings pitched over parts of two seasons.

In 1909, Barger led Rochester to the Eastern League title with 23 wins and minuscule 1.00 earned run average. Again in the majors with the 1910 Superbas, Barger enjoyed a career year with 15 victories and a 2.88 ERA, winning 11 games the following season. With the Rebels, he won 19 games from 1914 to 1915.

title: Cy Barger


text:
William Lithgow (traveller and author)

William Lithgow (c. 1582 – c. 1645) was a Scottish traveller, writer and alleged spy. He claimed at the end of his various peregrinations to have travelled 36000 mi on foot.

Life and adventures
William Lithgow was born at Lanark, the oldest son of the merchant James Lithgow and Alison Grahame, his wife. A family tradition had it that William was discovered in the company of a certain Miss Lockhart, and her four brothers cut off his ears, earning him the nickname "lugless Willie".

Prior to 1610 he had visited Shetland, Switzerland, and Bohemia. In that year he set out from Paris for Rome on the 7 March, where he remained for four weeks before moving on to other parts of Italy: Naples, Ancona, before moving on to Athens, Constantinople, and others. After a three-month stay in Constantinople, he sailed to other Greek localities and then on to Palestine, arriving in Jerusalem on Palm Sunday 1612, and later on to Egypt. His next journey, 1614–1616, was in Tunis and Fez; but his last, 1619–1621, to Spain, ended in his apprehension at Malaga and torture under the Inquisition as a spy. He also visited Crete.

title: William Lithgow (traveller and author)


text:
User:Deglr6328

Hi! Leave me a message!

I mostly enjoy spending time adding information to and editing scientific articles, such as:
 * Galileo spacecraft
 * Cassini-Huygens
 * Scintillation and Scintillation counter
 * Laser and List of laser types
 * Inertial confinement fusion
 * certain things nuclear fission and nuclear fusion related
 * X-ray, Ultraviolet, Gamma rays etc.
 * Sonoluminescence/Bioluminescence
 * Superconductor
 * many others! :)

Also, I like to add (much needed, IMHO) images to articles of a scientific nature. eg.

I am strongly scientifically skeptical and as such I have little patience for pseudoscience or mysticism being inserted into legitimate rational articles on Wikipedia. It seems that this is a common occurrence on Wiki and I do my best to keep NPOV in articles where this is an issue. Though sometimes it is rather difficult!! :o)

title: User:Deglr6328


text:
Three Investigators

The Three Investigators is an American juvenile detective book series first published as "Alfred Hitchcock and the Three Investigators". It was created by Robert Arthur Jr., who believed involving a famous person such as movie director Alfred Hitchcock would attract attention. Random House is the U.S. publisher and still has some of the rights to the books. Other rights are possessed by the heirs of Robert Arthur, Jr. and the German publisher Kosmos. The characters known as the "Three Investigators" are three boys named Jupiter Jones, Peter Crenshaw and Bob Andrews. As the series has become very popular in Germany, several stories have been produced directly for the German market.

Most of the novels cover some sort of mysterious events that seem to be super natural at first (e.g., an ancient Egyptian mummy that appeared to be whispering), but end in a reveal that presents a scientific explanation for all events.

Original editions
The original series was published from 1964 to 1987 and comprised 43 finished books, one unfinished story (The Mystery of the Ghost Train) and four Find Your Fate books. Between 1989 and 1990 Random House published the Three Investigators Crimebusters series.

Books number 1 to 9 and 11 were written by the creator, Robert Arthur, who also specified ideas for a few of the other stories. Arthur had been an editor for several book collections attributed to Alfred Hitchcock. The other authors were William Arden (Dennis Lynds), Nick West (Kin Platt), Mary Virginia Carey and Marc Brandel (born Marcus Beresford). All of the authors wrote their own introductions and epilogues, which were dictated purportedly by Hitchcock and later in the series a fictional writer, Hector Sebastian, who supposedly recorded the adventures of the Three Investigators from their words. The illustrators in the series began with Harry Kane and Ed Vebell and include Jack Hearne, Herb Mott, Stephen Marchesi, Robert Adragna and William A. ("Bill") Dodge.

For the original series, the specific ages of the investigators were never revealed, but contextual information indicates that they were likely 13 or 14 years old. They were not old enough to drive a car legally, but were said to be just a few years younger than their nemesis Skinny Norris, who had a driver's license from a state where the required age for a license was younger. On one occasion it was mentioned that Pete was part of the high-school wrestling team. In the later Crimebusters series, it was stated once that the Three Investigators team was initiated when the boys were 13.

The investigators were typically introduced to a mystery by a client or by finding something unusual accidentally in the junkyard of Jupiter's Uncle Titus Jones and Aunt Mathilda, who had a salvage business. The boys encountered baffling, sometimes misleading clues and danger before finally solving the mystery. The series had one major theme: however strange, mystical, or even supernatural a particular phenomenon may seem at first, it is capable of being traced to human agency with the determined application of reason and logic. This theme was compromised on four occasions by Carey: in The Mystery of Monster Mountain, the boys encounter Bigfoot; in The Invisible Dog, she canonizes astral projection and dangles the possibility of a "phantom priest"; in The Mystery of the Scar-Faced Beggar, a woman has genuine prophetic dreams; and in the final book of the original run, The Mystery of the Cranky Collector, a young woman's ghost returns to haunt her former employer's mansion.

Most mysteries were solved by Jupiter Jones, a supreme logician who implicitly used the Occam's Razor principle: that the simplest and most rational explanation should be preferred to an explanation which requires additional assumptions. The boys were able to solve their mysteries with relatively few resources: they generally had little more than a telephone, bicycles, access to a library and—with reference to the Hollywood setting of the series—a chauffeur-driven Rolls-Royce (which Jupiter wins the use of in the first book).

In the first book, The Secret of Terror Castle, Jupiter bluffs his way into the office of director Alfred Hitchcock and makes a deal with him that if the Investigators can find him a haunted house to use as a location for his next movie, Hitchcock will introduce the story of their adventures. Hitchcock agrees, not expecting them to succeed; but at the end of the book is impressed with the boys' investigation and not only introduces the book but also refers several other future clients to them in subsequent novels. The last chapter of each book was usually an epilogue in which the investigators sat with Alfred Hitchcock (and later, Hector Sebastian), reviewing the mystery and revealing the deductions through the clues discussed earlier in the book.

In 1989, Random House revamped the series, naming it The 3 Investigators—Crimebusters Series. The investigators were now 17 years old, could drive cars and be much more independent. The stories continued to include an abundance of detecting, but with the addition of more action. The series was well-received but was halted during 1990, when legal disagreements between Random House and the heirs of the Arthur estate could not be resolved. By 2005, the disagreements were still not settled.

Eleven novels were published in the CrimeBusters series, which was initiated by one of the series' authors, William Arden, pseudonym of Dennis Lynds, who wrote the Dan Fortune mystery series for adults by the pseudonym Michael Collins. The other authors were: H. William Stine and wife Megan Stine, G.H. Stone (Gayle Lynds), William MacCay, Marc Brandel and Peter Lerangis. Random House has reprinted several of the original books as two paperback reprint series, partly to assure their legal rights.

Between 1964 and 1990, Random House published a total of 56 books. After the discontinuation of the series in 1990, a German author team began writing new books under the commission of the Franckh Kosmos publishing house in 1993. In 2011, three previously unpublished novels by the US authors Peter Lerangis, Megan and H. William Stine and G. H. Stone were published in Germany.

Premise
The Three Investigators are a junior detective team that initially came together because of a mental exercise club. They live in Rocky Beach, a fictional coastal town between Los Angeles and Santa Barbara. In some of their cases, the boys are supported by Alfred Hitchcock, the chauffeur Worthington, and the police inspectors Reynolds and Cotta. “We Investigate Anything” is The Three Investigators' trademark slogan on their business card. Most often, Jupiter is the one to hand over the card in a fitting moment to see the clients’ reactions to the three question marks. Often, that reaction is a joke, with the clients asking whether the question marks mean the investigators doubt their own abilities. Jupiter usually retorts something like: “That's our symbol. [...] The question marks stand for mysteries unsolved, riddles unanswered, puzzles of any kind. So we use it as our trademark. We investigate any kind of mystery.”

To prove themselves, The Three Investigators usually have a lot of persuading to do in the beginning, as the clients often mistrust their abilities because the investigators are so young.

In their first cases, The Three Investigators also provide, apart from their business card, a letter of recommendation from the Police Department of Rocky Beach signed by Chief Inspector Samuel Reynolds. It says: "The holder of this badge is a junior volunteer assistant to the Police Department of Rocky Beach. The authority advocates any support from third parties."

Jupiter
Jupiter "Jupe" Jones, First Investigator—A former child actor named "Baby Fatso", although he hates it when people mention this. Jupiter is intelligent and stocky, and has a remarkable memory and deductive skills. Jupiter's parents (professional ballroom dancers) died in an accident when he was four years old. Although “An Ear for Danger” mentions a car accident as their cause of death, in the episode “... das leere Grab” (German only), they are said to have disappeared following a plane crash. Jupiter lives with his uncle and aunt, Titus and Mathilda Jones, who manage a scrapyard.

Jupiter's past acting ability benefits him frequently in mysteries because he can act older than he is, perform imitations of people when necessary and act less intelligent to extract information from potential suspects.

Jupiter is a prolific reader and inventor and frequently invents a device that simplifies solving a mystery. Jupiter has a knack for interpreting clues to solve otherwise unsolvable mysteries. He also likes to play pranks on the other two investigators. Because of his intellectual side, Jupe is adept at using big words and frequently uses them to his advantage, particularly to seem older, annoy Pete, and startle adults. Jupe hates to dismiss an unsolved mystery, which frequently means that he drags Bob and Pete along for the ride.

Peter
Peter "Pete" Crenshaw, Second Investigator—Pete is an athletic youth who dislikes dangerous situations, but is nonetheless reliable as the "action member" of the team. Pete loves and cares for animals, and is fond of uttering the exclamation "Gleeps!". His father works as a film technician for special effects in Hollywood.

Pete is a frequent companion of Jupiter on stake-outs and other field trips, particularly in the earlier mysteries, when Bob is unavailable. While he may not have the intellectual ability of Jupiter, Pete is nonetheless considered as an equal in the stories and is able to point out Jupiter's own shortcomings (usually in a comical fashion). He is also capable of making deductions and sometimes serves as the clue-bearer instead of Bob. He has an excellent sense of direction, as in The Mystery of the Stuttering Parrot.

Bob
Robert "Bob" Andrews, Records and Research—Bob is studious and meticulous, and wears glasses. Depending on the case, Bob's father is a sports writer, business journalist, or political journalist, and occasionally helps The Three Investigators in some of their cases.

Early in the series, Bob is hampered physically by a leg brace he wore, due to multiple fractures suffered when he rolled down a hill. This handicap relegated him to a more studious and less physical involvement. Bob works part-time in the local library, suiting his role as data collector. Bob also serves as the clue-bearer for many of the adventures, because of his research at the library. Bob's leg brace is removed between the end of Whispering Mummy and the beginning of Green Ghost.

Headquarters
Part workshop, hideaway, and detective office, the Three Investigators maintain their headquarters in an old house trailer hidden among piles of junk at the edge of the Jones' scrapyard. The house trailer is outfitted with multiple secret exits, a small lab, darkroom, telephone, typewriter, and reference works. Jupiter often used spare parts salvaged from the scrapyard to build equipment for the team, including a tape recorder and periscope.

Initial position
The series was invented by American writer Robert Arthur in the US in 1964. Arthur sold the international exploitation rights to the publisher Random House, however he retained the copyright. The contract included the rights to publish books, films, comics and mechanical sound reproduction. Since there was no significant audio book market at that time, it is legally not clearly determinable and therefore doubtful whether this "mechanical sound reproduction" describes the medium of audio books or radio plays as they exist now. The Franckh-Kosmos publisher of Random House acquired the German-speaking exploitation rights in 1968. The label EUROPA received the rights to the audio version of the series as part of the sublicense partners of the Kosmos Verlag.

After Robert Arthur's death in 1969, the copyrights were given to the University of Michigan. In his will, Arthur declared that "all rights, legal titles and stakes, [he] owned by the time of [his] death, concerning all published books, short stories, plays or unpublished manuscripts, including all issued copyright claims, just as all rights for license fees and subsidiary rights, as it is specified in [his] contracts with publishers" were to be given to the University of Michigan.

Since then Random House had been paying royalties to the university, but they stopped doing so as of 1992, because it was not clear whether the University of Michigan still had a legal entitlement. The American copyright law said that literature that received a copyright before 1977 had a safeguard clause that made sure that all licenses automatically returned to the author or his heirs after 28 years. As a result of that, Random House and Arthur's heirs, his children Elizabeth Ann Arthur and Robert Andrew Arthur, signed a contract for the rights of use of the volumes of Arthur and the further usage of the characters, under the condition that the 10 books were to be brought back onto the American market.

After the series was discontinued in the US in 1991, Kosmos Verlag sought the rights to continue the series in Germany with German authors, and in 1994 signed a corresponding contract with Random House without the consent of Arthur's heirs.

In 2002, Random House returned the rights of the ten volumes to Robert Arthur's heirs after the publisher failed to comply with the agreed republications of the works. In 1999, however, Kosmos-Verlag had already registered the word mark "Die Drei ???" throughout Germany and by 2003 throughout Europe as well as a European trademark for audio carriers and printed products.

Negotiations between Kosmos Verlag and the heirs on a new usage rights agreement failed because Kosmos relied on its trademark registration and ongoing agreements with Random House. Furthermore, Kosmos doubted that Arthur's heirs were the right holders since according to Arthur's will, all rights were to be transferred to the University of Michigan. At the end of 2004, Random House and Kosmos signed an extensive agreement to transfer all rights to the other American novels not written by Arthur to Kosmos Verlag.

Lawsuit
Due to the unclear legal situation, EUROPA decided at the beginning of 2005 not to publish any further episodes based on the book templates of Kosmos Verlag and discontinued the license payments to Kosmos. At that time the books “Spur ins Nichts” and “...und der Geisterzug” (both German only) had already been recorded as a radio play.

In 2006, the parent company of the European label Sony Music Entertainment (formerly Sony BMG) finally gained all the German rights on Arthur's creations and the use of the original characters and showplaces independently from Kosmos publishing house of Robert Arthur's successors. The contract contained the right to order new books in German, as well as the right to evaluate the sound storage medium. Moreover, all were transferred: from "[...] interests [of Arthur's children] in all German audio recordings, bound books, pocketbooks, theatrical performances and electronic film recordings of theatrical performances to all existing derived products in Sony BMG". EUROPA developed a new audio book named "DiE DR3i" based on it. Indeed, EUROPA avoided the use of the name "Die Drei ???" and also the name created by Kosmos because of the protection of the brand. Instead of that only characters and names which were based on Arthur's ideas were used (characters’ original names).

The Kosmos publishing house continued its series of books under well-known titles and with famous character's names. The society filed a lawsuit against the Kosmos publishing house because Sony BMG itself saw its exploitation rights violated. A provisional disposal was obtained against the sale of two novels “Spuk im Netz” and “Der Fluch des Drachen” (both German only).

Because of this, the two books had to be taken off the market retroactively. This verdict was overturned by the Higher Regional Court in Düsseldorf on May 13, 2007. The judges were unable to identify Robert Arthur's children as the rightful owners of the copyright law. They found that the University of Michigan rightfully inherited the works of Robert Arthur and his characters, meaning that his heirs could not have transferred the rights to Sony BMG. A due date was set for the complainant of Sony BMG to submit the new chain-of-title as well as the new contracts as they were available to her. Eventually, Kosmos and Sony BMG negotiated again to come to an extrajudicial agreement, causing the delivery of Episode 7 of "DiE DR3i" to be delayed. The final release date of Episodes 7 and 8 was 30 November 2007.

Outcome
In February 2008, Sony BMG and Kosmos came to an agreement. The rights to the books as well as the brand name, which were the foundation for the audio dramas remained with Kosmos as well as all other publishing products, including calendars, non-fiction literature, mobile and computer games, science kits and board games.

The rights to use audio material with the inclusion of the entire catalog as well as stage shows, plays and the commercialization of merchandise remain with the record label Europa.

Since 4 April 2008, new German editions under the name “Die Drei ???” have been published, based on the books published by Kosmos. The rights to continue the hugely successful audio plays “Die Drei ??? Kids” were transferred to Europa as well. The already published audio play episodes were sold by the previous license holder USM until late 2008. Furthermore, a withdrawal of the series "DiE DR3i" from sale until 1 January 2009 was agreed upon.

Since 1999, the spin-off series “Die Drei ??? Kids”, issued by publisher Kosmos, has been supposed to target a much younger audience. The contents of the stories were thus tailored to be more suitable for children and to be less complex. Besides, with an age of only ten years, the young detectives are considerably younger than in the current episodes of the original series.

Bangladesh
The Three Investigators have also been published in Bangladesh by Sheba Prokashoni as Tin Goyenda (translated by Rakib Hasan) since 1985 and appealed to many young Bangladeshi readers till this day. In the Bengali editions, Jupiter Jones is known as Kishor Pasha (কিশোর পাশা, a Bangladeshi American). The other two are named as Musa Aman (মুসা আমান, African American) and Robin Milford (রবিন মিলফোর্ড, Irish American). Other characters include Rashed Chacha (রাশেদচাচা, corresponding to Uncle Titus), Mary Chachi (মেরিচাচী, corresponding to Aunt Mathilda), Georgina 'Gina' Parker and her pet dog Ruffian, the chauffeur Hanson, Bavarian brothers Boris and Rover, and movie director Davis Christopher (in place of Alfred Hitchcock). The character Skinny Norris appears as Shutki Terry (শুঁটকি টেরি) and the famous French art thief appears as Chaupain (শোঁপা). The character Victor Simon in the Bangladeshi edition appears in the place of "Hector Sebastian". The stories are generally set in Rocky Beach, California, although the investigators travel to exotic places like Africa and Bangladesh on occasions. The stories featuring Gina and her pet dog Ruffian were actually a Bangla adaptation from The Famous Five by Enid Blyton. The name Gina is a short form of 'Georgina' which was the same name used in The Famous Five. She also owns a pet dog in The Famous Five series, named Timmy. A total of 152 books have been published till the National Book Fair of 2020 in Bangladesh.

Denmark
In Denmark, 13 books were published from 1966–70 by Hasselbalch under the title "Alfred Hitchcock og De tre Detektiver". Most of the rest were also released in the following years by Lademann.

Finland
46 books were published in Finland by Gummerus between 1975 and 1990 under the title "Alfred Hitchcock 3 Etsivää". Translations include all the 43 books from the original series, but in slightly different order than in US, 2 from the Find Your Fate series (#44 The Case of the Weeping Coffin and #45 The Case of the Dancing Dinosaur) and 1 from the Crimebusters series (#46 Hot Wheels).

France
In France, the original nine books were published during the 1970s by the Bibliothèque verte collection of books for young readers under the title "Les Trois Jeunes Détectives" ("The Three young detectives").. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the series continued. As a whole, 37 volumes (including four of the Crimebusters series) has been published.

Germany
The Three Investigators books have always been very popular in Germany. In 1968 the Kosmos publishing company started to publish translations of the 43 original books which they retitled Die drei ??? (Die drei Fragezeichen, meaning "The Three Question Marks"). Kosmos also renamed Jupiter Jones as "Justus Jonas" and shortened Peter Crenshaw's name to "Peter Shaw". Bob Andrews retained his original name. In 1993 Kosmos started to publish new written books by German authors.

In 1979 the German publisher Europa started a radio drama based on the books, as published by Kosmos. All in all, as of March 2024, this resulted in 232 books (6 books per year, 3 during spring and 3 during autumn) and 227 radio dramas published. In 2005, a litigation between Kosmos and Europa disallowed the latter to use the German names introduced by Kosmos. Subsequently, Europa published a nine episode radio drama named "DiE DR3i" between 2005 and 2007. "DiE DR3i" were mostly identical to "Die drei ???" and they also used the same German voice-actors, but changed the disallowed names to their English originals. "DiE Dr3i" were stopped when Europa and Kosmos reached an agreement and "Die drei ???" resumed again.

Taped radio dramas (Hörspiele) of the novels have been especially popular in Germany with most of them having been certified Gold or Platinum by the German Federal Association of Music Industry. In total, the radio dramas have sold more than 45 million copies and the books about 16 million copies in Germany (2013). A study conducted in 2009 by the series' publisher Europa suggests that nowadays, most fans are between 20 and 45 years of age.

The radio actors, who have been narrating the plays since 1979, toured the country multiple times to perform plays in front of a live-audience. They broke their own Guinness World Record when performing Phonophobia – Symphony of Fear in front of 20,000 people at Berlin Waldbühne during 2014.

In the booklet of the German audio play The Mystery of the Invisible Dog, the episode upon which it was based is credited erroneously to Nick West. Moreover, in Germany there are different revised editions of The Mystery of the Scar-faced Beggar: one using Alfred Hitchcock as their patron, one using Alfred Hitchcock and Hector Sebastian, and another one using only Hector Sebastian (in Germany renamed as "Albert Hitfield").

New English-language Three Investigators titles were released during 2005 for the first time since 1990. The German 'American-English' series included the release of Poisoned E-Mail and The Curse of the Cell Phone. As of May 2008, a total of seven German stories had been translated and published in this format, and an eighth title was planned for publication during October 2008.

In 2006, following the example of “Die drei ???”/"The Three Investigators", a detective series specifically for girls titled “Die drei !!!” was launched by publisher Franckh-Kosmos. In a similar way as the original, the book series contains stories about a teenage detective trio, only this time consisting of three girls; the stories take place in a big German city.

The band Jupiter Jones (band), formed in 2002, named themselves after the original name of the first detective Jupiter Jones (Justus Jonas in German). The rock band Karpatenhund ("Carpathian Dog") from Cologne named themselves after a title of one episode ("Mystery of the Invisible Dog"). On the album “Bordsteinkantengeschichten” by the band Muff Potter, a long scream from the episode “Der seltsame Wecker” ("Mystery of the Screaming Clock") can be heard. The intro and outro of the album “Alles auf Schwarz” by the rock band Montreal (band) from Hamburg are narrated by Oliver Rohrbeck in the role of Justus Jonas, but without mentioning Justus’ name. Techno musician and sound artist Phillip Sollmann adapted his pseudonym Efdemin from the character Mihai Eftimin in the episode "Die flammende Spur" ("The flaming trace").

Greece
In Greece, The Three Investigators have been published as Oi Treis Ntetektiv (Οι Τρεις Ντετέκτιβ) since 1990 by Psichogios Publications and earlier by others.

India
The Three Investigators books have been published in India, in addition to the original American versions, by the name of "Bal Secret Agent 555 Ranga, Ganga & Shirazi". Ranga is Pete, Ganga is Jupe and Shirazi is Bob. These were published by Khel Khiladi Prakashan, West Patel Nagar, Delhi during the 1970s.

Indonesia
The Three Investigators books have been published in Indonesia under the name of Trio Detektif. These were published by Gramedia Pustaka Utama (the biggest book publisher in Indonesia), Jakarta from the 1980s to 1990.

Italy
In Italy, the Three Investigators novels have been published in paperback form by Mondadori, during the 1970s and 1980s, within their Il giallo dei ragazzi series, which included the Hardy Boys, Nancy Drew and other juvenile sleuths' adventures. The cover author for the Three Investigators books was always Alfred Hitchcock, whereas the inner copyright notice correctly reported the real author (although saying "Text by ...").

Japan
In Japan, the series was published three times.

From 1969 to 1971, 4 books were published by Nihon Publishing.

In 1976, 6 books were published by Kaiseisha (Originally, 10 books were planned to be published). They were illustrated by Ken Ishikawa and Dynamic Productions.

From 1987 to 1988, 10 books were published by Kaiseisha, yet again. They were not exactly the same as the publication planned for 1976, and 2 from the Find Your Fate series.

Latin
The German demand for the adventures of The Three Investigators produced another offshoot in 2011. Ulrich Krauße translated The Curse of the Dragon into Latin with three German Latin teachers working as proofreaders. Krauße's translation, titled De Tribus Investigatoribus et Fato Draconis, was popular in Germany among students of Latin.

Lithuania
The Three Investigators books have been published in Lithuania and were popular among teenagers.

Norway
23 books were published in Norway by Forlagshuset between 1969 and 1981 "Alfred Hitchcock og de tre Detektivene".

Pakistan
Thirteen stories of The Three Investigators have been published in Pakistan, in Urdu, as Teen nanhay suraghrasaan in 1977/78 by Ferozsons Publishers. They have also been published in the monthly Taleem-o-Tarbiat magazine for children. The names of the characters are "Umber" (, Jupiter Jones), "Naseem" (, Pete) and "Aaqib" (, Bob). The name of their Mercedes Benz driver is Allahdad. They live in Karimabad. Umber is tall and lanky as opposed to Jupiter's character, who is stocky. Naseem, like Pete, is the most athletic of all. The translators are Saleem Ahmed Siddiqui and Maqbool Jahangir. They have done a good job adapting the stories to match Pakistani culture and geography.

Poland
Sixty-one original stories (including Crimebusters) have been published in Poland (by Siedmiorog), where they were recently still very popular.

Portugal
In Portugal, the Three Investigators novels started to be published in hard cover edition by Clássica Editora, within Os melhores livros juvenis series, which included other juvenile adventures by authors such as Erich Kästner, Enid Blyton and E.W. Hildick.

The first book published was The Secret of Terror Castle in the 1970s (second edition in 1978). The cover author for the Three Investigators books was always Alfred Hitchcock. In the first editions the inner copyright notice correctly reported the real author (although saying "written in cooperation with...").

Russia
The books have been popular among teenagers in Russia under the name of 'три сыщика'(three detectives). It was a part of series 'детский детектив' (Juvenal detectives). Published between 1992 and 1998.

Slovakia
The books have also been very popular among children and teenagers in Slovakia under the name of 'Traja pátrači' where the books were published by Mladé Letá. 86 books have been translated from original, Crimebuster and German series, but not in order of original release.

Southeast Asia
In the French, Vietnamese, Thai, Indonesian and Italian version of the series, the books were at one time published with Alfred Hitchcock listed as their author. The same error was made in some German paperback editions published at the beginning of the 1980s.

Similarly, all British Armada paperback editions of the title The Mystery of the Moaning Cave are credited erroneously to Robert Arthur. Moreover, the British series reversed the order of #42 and #43, meaning that the Armada original series ends with Wreckers' Rock.

Spain
In Spain, The Mystery of the Moaning Cave, The Mystery of the Laughing Shadow, The Secret of the Crooked Cat, The Mystery of the Coughing Dragon, The Mystery of Monster Mountain as well as The Mystery of the Headless Horse are erroneously credited to Robert Arthur. The new Latin-American edition has the name of Los tres detectives instead of Los Tres Investigadores, which was used in Spain for earlier editions. Catalan translations were also published.

Sweden
All the original 43 were published in Sweden under the name Alfred Hitchcock och Tre Deckare. They were published as part of the youth fiction series from publisher B. Wahlströms.

Adaptations
In 2007, a Three Investigators movie, The Three Investigators and the Secret of Skeleton Island, was released in Germany, starring Chancellor Miller as Jupiter, Nick Price as Pete, and Cameron Monaghan as Bob. It was followed in 2009 by The Three Investigators and the Secret of Terror Castle. Although adopting the same titles as two of the novels, and some of the characters, the stories in the films are significantly different from those in the books on which they are based.

In Germany, the franchise has also been adapted into audioplays and graphic novels.

In the UK, the first two stories from the series were adapted into audioplays by Edward Kelsey and released by Rainbow Communications; both were directed by Tony Bilbow.

The 2021 computer game ELEX II features the mission 'Hitch and the Three Investigators', an homage to the book series.

title: Three Investigators


text:
Robert Lloyd (poet)

Robert Lloyd (1733 – 15 December 1764) was an English poet and satirist.

Lloyd was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating with a B.A. in 1755 and M.A. in 1758. He was author of the popular poem The Actor (1760) and the comic opera The Capricious Lovers (1764), first performed at Drury Lane just a few weeks before his death. He was co-author, with George Colman, of Ode to Obscurity and Ode to Oblivion, both published in the early 1760s, and both satires on the works of the poets William Mason and Thomas Gray. He was also co-editor of St James's Magazine (1762–1763), and member of the infamous Nonsense Club of Old Westminster men with Bonnell Thornton, George Colman, William Cowper and others.

Lloyd was often in debt, and apparently died in Fleet Prison on 15 December 1764, shortly after the death of his lifelong friend Charles Churchill, to whose sister, Patty, he was engaged. Churchill's sister died shortly after. The Dictionary of National Biography says that Lloyd joined Charles Churchill in a "reckless career of dissipation", and Vulliamy, in his biography of James Boswell, wrote that "Lloyd died when he was thirty-one, ruined by his friendship with Churchill".

Works

 * The Cit's Country Box (1757)
 * To Obscurity (1760)
 * To Oblivion (1760)
 * Chit-Chat, an imitation of Theocritus
 * The Actor (1760)
 * The Capricious Lovers (1764)
 * Spirit of Contradiction

title: Robert Lloyd (poet)


text: Category:British archaeologists

title: Category:British archaeologists


text:
Mockingbird Foundation

The Mockingbird Foundation is a charitable organization founded by fans of the jam band Phish in 1996 (legally incorporated the following year) to support music education for children. Unconventional in structure, it exists almost entirely online, allowing a higher percentage of income to be distributed directly to deserving organizations. Projects include the publication of The Phish Companion and the production of the Phish tribute album Sharin' in the Groove. As of May 22, 2024, the foundation had provided over 675 disbursements (through grants and other awards) totalling over $2,396,000; sold over 70,000 copies of The Phish Companion; and sold over 25,000 copies of Sharin' in the Groove. The organization was recognized officially by Phish when, in 2004, the band donated all proceeds from their Livephish download service to the Mockingbird Foundation.

The Phish Companion
The Mockingbird Foundation is a leading provider of historical information about the band Phish and its music. The Foundation's book project, The Phish Companion, is a comprehensive and authoritative reference chronicling Phish and their music, including years preceding and following the band's own history. It was researched with the help of all official Phish sources, including band archivist Kevin Shapiro, bassist Mike Gordon, lyricist Tom Marshall, and others. Over 1,500 named fans contributed to the First Edition, with several hundred more augmenting the second.

The third edition of The Phish Companion: A Guide to the Band & Their Music is a hard-bound, 898-page, full-color reference guide, with setlists, song histories, charts, show reviews, fan stories, and 128 pages of Phish photography – most of which has never been published.

Sharin' in the Groove
A Phish tribute album, Sharin' in the Groove, features nearly two hours of music from 23 individual acts including The Wailers, Dave Matthews, Jimmy Buffett, John Scofield, Arlo Guthrie, the Stanford Marching Band, The Vermont Youth Orchestra, Tom Marshall, as well as members of the Trey Anastasio's band, Jefferson Airplane, Talking Heads, and Los Lobos. It was produced independently on an all-volunteer basis: none of the artists, managers, studios, or others involved received compensation for their contribution. The tracks are arranged like a live show, including two sets and an encore.

Phish.net
The Foundation formally adopted the fan website Phish.net as a project January 17, 2005. The site had begun in 1991 and served Phish fans for nearly two decades as static HTML pages. It was re-launched as an integrated database of setlists, song histories, reviews, and more in fall 2009.

Runaway Open
The Foundation has held a series of events (poker, poster, and golf), including an annual charity golf tournament for Phish fans starting in 2016, typically the second day of the band's multi-night run at Dick's Sporting Goods Arena in Denver, CO. The event name makes reference to several Phish songs, including "Runaway Jim" and "Kung", the latter of which includes the line, "Yes, we can stage a runaway golf cart marathon." The Ninth Annual Runaway Open will August 31, 2024, at Willis Case, with a shotgun start at 8:30 a.m. for 120 players.

DeLucia Awards
In 2004, the Foundation announced plans to acknowledge innovative work in music education through the institution of the DeLucia Awards, named for Mockingbird founder and originator of The Phish Companion, Craig DeLucia. The first DeLucia Awards were announced in May 2006.

There may be up to five DeLucia Award recipients in a given year; and each year, one recipient will also be awarded the DeLucia Prize, a monetary complement of $1,000. The recipient(s) should have accomplished something which effectively developed musical abilities, made efficient use of available resources, could be replicated in other settings, and might inspire others to seek, provide, and/or support music education. The recipient(s) will have demonstrated a passion for music education such as by teaching in an exceptional, innovative, or unique manner; impacting their communities in a substantial way; or using unconventional techniques, discourse, or concepts in their roles as music educators.

title: Mockingbird Foundation


text:
Saint Henry

Saint Henry or St Henry may refer to:

 * Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
 * Henry, Bishop of Uppsala, Catholic saint and martyr
 * St. Henry of Cocket, hermit and miracle-worker of Coquet Island in north England, a Dane of birth (d. 1127)
 * Saint Henry, Indiana, an unincorporated town
 * St. Henry, Ohio, a village

title: Saint Henry


text:
Catharine Macaulay

Catharine Macaulay (née Sawbridge, later Graham; 23 March 1731 – 22 June 1791), was an English Whig republican historian.

Early life
Catharine Macaulay was a daughter of John Sawbridge (1699–1762) and his wife Elizabeth Wanley (died 1733) of Olantigh. Sawbridge was a landed proprietor from Wye, Kent, whose ancestors were Warwickshire yeomanry.

Macaulay was educated privately at home by a governess. In the first volume of her History of England, Macaulay claimed that from an early age she was a prolific reader, in particular of "those histories which exhibit liberty in its most exalted state in the annals of the Roman and Greek Republics...[from childhood] liberty became the object of a secondary worship".

However this account is at odds with what she told her friend Benjamin Rush, to whom she described herself as "a thoughtless girl till she was twenty, at which time she contracted a taste for books and knowledge by reading an odd volume of some history, which she picked up in a window of her father's house". She also told Caleb Fleming that she knew neither Latin nor Greek.

Little is known about her early life. In 1757, a Latin and Greek scholar, Elizabeth Carter, visited a function at Canterbury where she met Macaulay, then 26 years old. In a letter to a friend, Carter described Macaulay as a "very sensible and agreeable woman, and much more deeply learned than beseems a fine lady; but between the Spartan laws, the Roman politics, the philosophy of Epicurus, and the wit of St. Evremond, she seems to have formed a most extraordinary system".

On 20 June 1760 she married a Scottish physician, Dr. George Macaulay (1716–1766), and they lived at St James's Place, London. They remained married for six years until his death in 1766. They had one child together, Catharine Sophia.

The History of England
Between 1763 and 1783 Macaulay wrote, in eight volumes, The History of England from the Accession of James I to that of the Brunswick Line. However, when completing the last three volumes she realised she would not reach 1714 and so changed the title to The History of England from the Accession of James I to the Revolution. Being practically unknown before the publication of the first volume, overnight she became "the Celebrated Mrs. Macaulay". She was the first Englishwoman to become an historian and during her lifetime the world's only published female historian.

The History is a political history of the seventeenth century. The first and second volumes cover the years 1603–1641; volumes three and four cover 1642–1647; volume five covers 1648–1660; volumes six and seven cover 1660–1683 and the last volume spans 1683–1689. Macaulay chose this period because, as she wrote in the first volume, she wanted "to do justice...to the memory of our illustrious ancestors". She lamented that her contemporaries had forgotten that the privileges they enjoyed had been fought for by "men that, with the hazard and even the loss of their lives, attacked the formidable pretensions of the Stewart family, and set up the banners of liberty against a tyranny which had been established for a series of more than one hundred and fifty years".

She believed that the Anglo-Saxons had possessed freedom and equality with representative institutions but that these were lost at the Norman Conquest. The history of England, in Macaulay's view, was the story of the struggle of the English to win back their rights that were crushed by the "Norman yoke". She viewed the Commonwealth of England as "the brightest age that ever adorned the page of history...Never did the annals of Humanity furnish the example of a government, so newly established, so formidable to foreign states as was at this period of the English Commonwealth". The Long Parliament was "the most patriotic government that ever blessed the hopes and military exertions of a brave people". The Parliamentarian army's fighting "was not a trade of blood, but an exertion of principle, and obedience to the call of conscience, and their conduct was not only void of insolence but benevolent and humane".

Macaulay justified the execution of King Charles I by claiming that "Kings, the servants of the State, when they degenerated into tyrants, forfeited their right to government". Following the argument of John Milton's Defence of the People of England, she argued that "the oaths of allegiance were to be understood as conditionally binding, according to the observance of the oaths kings made to their people. And neither the laws of God nor nature were against the peoples laying aside Kings and Kingly government, and the adopting more convenient forms".

She was heavily critical of Oliver Cromwell, who she denounced as "the vain-glorious usurper" and as an "individual, no ways exalted above his brethren in any of those private endowments which constitute the true greatness of character, or excelling in any quality, but in the measure of a vain and wicked ambition". He was responsible for ending a "period of national glory...when England after so long a subjection to monarchical tyranny bad fair to out-do in the constitution of its government...every circumstance of glory, wisdom and happiness related of ancient or modern empires".

Her view of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 was critical. She acknowledged that the Revolution Settlement limited the power of the crown and had rejected "hereditary indefeasible right" in favour of "a contract with the people" as the basis of the monarchy's power. However, she also claimed that patriots had neglected "this fair opportunity to cut off all of the prerogatives of the crown", to which they had "justly imputed the calamities and injuries sustained by the nation". The Revolution Settlement had failed to "admit of any of those refinements and improvements, which the experience of mankind had enabled them to make in the science of political security".

Macaulay shared her fellow radicals' anti-Catholicism, writing in the chapter covering the Irish Rebellion of 1641 of the Papists' "never-ceasing attempts by every kind of means, to bring all things again to subjection to the Church of Rome; their avowed maxim that faith is not to be kept with heretics; their religious principles calculated for the support of despotic power, and inconsistent with the genius of a free constitution".

Throughout her History, Macaulay showed a concern for her subjects' moral character and conduct. Self-interest was in her eyes the worst fault a king or politician was capable of. She criticised "their apparent devotion to politics for personal gain rather than for the advancement of liberty". Her approach was a moralising one as she believed that only a virtuous people could create a republic.

Whigs welcomed the first volumes of the History as a Whig answer to David Hume's "Tory" History of England. However, in 1768, relations between her and the Whigs cooled. Volume four of the history was published; this dealt with the trial and execution of Charles I. Macaulay expressed the view that Charles's execution was justified, praised the Commonwealth of England and revealed republican sympathies. This caused her to be abandoned by the Rockingham Whigs.

Thomas Hollis recorded in his diary (30 November 1763) that "the history is honestly written, and with considerable ability and spirit; and is full of the freest, noblest, sentiments of Liberty". Horace Walpole wrote to William Mason, quoting with approval Thomas Gray's opinion that it was the "most sensible, unaffected and best history of England that we have had yet".

Early in 1769, Horace Walpole recorded dining with "the famous Mrs. Macaulay": "She is one of the sights that all foreigners are carried to see". However, Walpole later changed his opinion: "The female historian as partial to the cause of liberty as bigots to the Church and royalists to tyranny, exerted manly strength with the gravity of a philosopher. Too prejudiced to dive into causes, she imputes everything to tyrannic views, nothing to passions, weakness, error, prejudice, and still less to what operates oftenest and her ignorance of which qualified her less for a historian—to accident and little motives".

William Pitt praised the History in the House of Commons and denounced Hume's Tory bias. Also approving were Joseph Priestley and John Wilkes. Around 1770, Lord Lyttelton wrote that Macaulay was "a very prodigy", with portraits of her "on every print-seller's counter". There was a Derby figure of porcelain made of her and one of Patience Wright's first life-sized wax figures was of Macaulay. James Burgh wrote in 1774 that Macaulay wrote "for the purpose of inculcating on the people of Britain the love of liberty and their country". The French statesmen Mirabeau, Jacques Pierre Brissot and the Marquis de Condorcet admired the History as a corrective to Hume. In 1798, the French Ministry of the Interior recommended the History in a list of works suitable for school prizes.

Her fame came to an end in 1778 when she remarried, with many of her friends and supporters dropping her. She henceforth disappeared into obscurity, only occasionally re-emerging into the public eye.

Macaulay also wished to write a History of England from the Revolution to the Present Time, however only the first volume (covering 1688–1733) was completed.

Politics
Macaulay was associated with two political groups in the 1760s and 1770s: the Real Whigs and the Wilkites. She was also sympathetic with the cause of the American Colonists. However, she was more interested in polemic than everyday strategy. She was a supporter of John Wilkes during the Wilkesite controversy of the 1760s and closely associated with the radical Society for the Supporters of the Bill of Rights. Both of these groups wanted to reform Parliament.

The Tory Samuel Johnson was a critic of her politics: "Sir, there is one Mrs. Macaulay in this town, a great republican. One day when I was at her house, I put on a very grave countenance, and said to her, 'Madam, I am now become a convert to your way of thinking. I am convinced that all mankind are upon an equal footing; and to give you an unquestionable proof, Madam, that I am in earnest, here is a very sensible, civil, well-behaved fellow-citizen, your footman; I desire that he may be allowed to sit down and dine with us.' I thus, Sir, shewed her the absurdity of the levelling doctrine. She has never liked me since. Sir, your levellers wish to level down as far as themselves; but they cannot bear levelling up to themselves. They would all have some people under them; why not then have some people above them?"

In 1790, Macaulay claimed she was only talking about political inequality, she insisted she was not "arguing against that inequality of property which must more or less take place in all societies".

Macaulay opposed Catholic emancipation, criticising in 1768 those "who pretend to be friends of Liberty and (from an affectation of a liberal way of thinking) would tolerate Papists". She regarded the people of Corsica as being "under Popish Superstition" and recommended the works of Milton to enlighten them.

She supported the exiled Corsican Pasquale Paoli. In her Sketch of a Democratical Form of Government, she advocated a two chamber state (Senate and People). She wrote that "The second order is necessary because ... without the people have authority enough to be thus classed, there can be no liberty". The people should have the right to appeal a court's decision to the Senate and the People. Also, there should be a rotation of all public offices to prevent corruption. An agrarian law was needed to limit the amount of land an individual could inherit to prevent the formation of an aristocracy. She claimed that there needed to be "an unrestrained power lodged in some person, capable of the arduous task of settling such a government" and claimed that this should be Paoli. However, Paoli distanced himself from Macaulay as his sole concern was sustaining English support for Corsica rather than intervening in domestic politics.

Macaulay attacked Edmund Burke's Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents. She wrote that it contained "a poison sufficient to destroy all the little virtue and understanding of sound policy which is left in the nation", motivated by "the corrupt principle of self-interest" of "Aristocratic faction and party" whose over-riding aim was a return to power. Burke, in her estimation, had failed to see that the problem lay in the corruption which had its origins in the Glorious Revolution. Parliament was reduced to "a mere instrument of regal administration" rather than controlling the executive. Macaulay advocated a system of rotation for MPs and "a more extended and equal power of election".

None of Macaulay's historical or political works were concerned with women's rights. In her support for parliamentary reform, she did not envisage granting the vote to women. She was heavily influenced by the works of James Harrington, especially his belief that property was the foundation of political power.

During a visit to France in 1774, she dined with Turgot, who enquired whether she wanted to see the Palace of Versailles. She replied that "I have no desire to see the residence of the tyrants, I haven't yet seen that of the Georges".

Her last work was a pamphlet reply to Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790). She wrote that it was right that the French had not replaced Louis XVI as this would have complicated their task to ensure liberty. She replied to Burke's lament that the age of chivalry was gone by claiming that society should be freed from "false notions of honour" which were nothing more than "methodized sentimental barbarism".

Whereas Burke supported the inherited rights of Englishmen rather than the abstract rights of man, Macaulay claimed that Burke's theory of rights as gifts of monarchs meant that monarchs could just as easily take away the rights they had granted. Only by claiming them as natural rights could they be secured. The "boasted birthright of an Englishman" she had always thought of as "an arrogant pretension" because it suggested "a kind of exclusion to the rest of mankind from the same privileges".

Marriage to William Graham
The increasingly radical nature of her work and her scandalous marriage on 14 November 1778 to William Graham (she was 47, he was 21) damaged her reputation in Britain, where she lived in Bath, and, later, in Binfield, Berkshire. William was the younger brother of the sexologist James Graham, inventor of the Celestial Bed.

Treatise on the Immutability of Moral Truth
She was a lifelong member of the Church of England, although her apparent free expression of heterodox religious opinions shocked some of her contemporariness and led to accusations of infidelity. In her Treatise she wrote that God was "omnipotent in the largest sense of the word, and that his works and commands" were "founded in righteousness and not in mere will". The Treatise revealed her optimism about humanity and the belief in the attainment of perfection in individuals and society. She also claimed that reason, without faith, was insufficient and wrote of the need for the Church to concentrate "on the practical doctrines of the Christian religion", such as man's God-given powers of bettering his own condition and reducing evil. She also rejected the idea of an inherent human nature: "There is not a virtue or a vice that belongs to humanity, which we do not make ourselves".

Macaulay believed in the afterlife. When she became dangerously ill in 1777 in Paris, she told a friend that death did not scare her for it was but "a short separation between virtuous friends" after which they would be reunited "in a more perfect state".

Letters on Education
She wrote in 1790 in her Letters on Education, as Mary Wollstonecraft did two years later in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, that the apparent weakness of women was due to their mis-education.

In the Letters she wrote "the thoughts of a fatherless universe, and a set of beings let loose by chance or fate on one another, without other law than power dictates and opportunity gives a right to exact, chills the sensibility of the feeling mind into indifference and despair".

American visit
She was personally associated with many leading figures among the American Revolutionaries. She was the first English radical to visit America after independence, staying there from 15 July 1784 to 17 July 1785. Macaulay visited James Otis and his sister, Mercy Otis Warren. Mercy wrote afterwards that Macaulay was "a lady whose Resources of knowledge seem to be almost inexhaustible" and wrote to John Adams that she was "a Lady of most Extraordinary talent, a Commanding Genius and Brilliance of thought". According to Mercy's biographer, Macaulay had "a more profound influence on Mercy than had any other woman of her era". She then visited New York and met Richard Henry Lee, who afterwards thanked Samuel Adams for introducing him to "this excellent Lady".

Upon the recommendation of Lee and Henry Knox, Macaulay stayed at Mount Vernon with George Washington and his family. Afterwards, Washington wrote to Lee of his pleasure at meeting "a Lady ... whose principles are so much and so justly admired by the friends of liberty and mankind".

Last years
According to Mary Hays, Macaulay "had been furnished by general Washington with many materials" for a history of the American Revolution but that "she was, by the infirm state of her health" stopped from doing so. Macaulay wrote to Mercy in 1787: "Tho' the History of your late glorious revolution is what I should certainly undertake were I again young, yet as things are I must for many reasons decline such a task".

She died in Binfield in Berkshire on 22 June 1791 and was buried in All Saints' parish church there.

Works

 * The History of England from the Accession of James I to that of the Brunswick Line:
 * Volume I (1763).
 * Volume II (1765).
 * Volume III (1767).
 * Volume IV (1768).
 * Volume V (1771).
 * Volume VI (1781).
 * Volume VII (1781).
 * Volume VIII (1783).
 * Loose Remarks on Certain Positions to be found in Mr. Hobbes's 'Philosophical Rudiments of Government and Society', with a Short Sketch of a Democratical Form of Government, In a Letter to Signor Paoli (1767).
 * Observations on a Pamphlet entitled 'Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents' (1770).
 * A Modest Plea for the Property of Copyright (1774).
 * An Address to the People of England, Scotland and Ireland on the Present Important Crisis of Affairs (1775).
 * The History of England from the Revolution to the Present Time in a Series of Letters to a Friend. Volume I (1778).
 * Treatise on the Immutability of Moral Truth (1783).
 * Letters on Education with Observations on Religions and Metaphysical Subjects (1790).
 * Observations on the Reflections of the Rt. Hon. Edmund Burke, on the Revolution in France (1790).

title: Catharine Macaulay