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Category:Catholic political parties

Political parties historically aligned with Catholicism.

title: Category:Catholic political parties


text:
SAP Business One

SAP Business One is an enterprise resource planning (ERP) application designed for small and medium-sized enterprises, and marketed by the German company SAP SE. Its goal is the automation of key business functions in finance, operations, and human resources.

History
SAP Business One was initially launched in Israel in 1996 under the name "Menahel" ("manager") or "TopManage", for other countries. The company was founded by Reuven Agassi (CEO) and Gadi Shamia (VP of sales, marketing and product). The product was designed by Gadi Shamia and the head developer was Hilla Mazinter.

In its first years, TopManage was sold in the Israeli market only and was the first Windows/Mac business management product to be offered in the Israeli market. In 2000 TopManage started its global expansion into markets in Europe and Latin America.

In March 2002, SAP acquired the financial systems of "TopManage" and subsequently rebranded the system as SAP Business One. Reuven Agassi and Gadi Shamia, founders of TopManage, assumed executive positions at SAP as part of the acquisition. Notably, a year before this, SAP had also acquired "TopTier," a sister company of TopManage. Shai Agassi, the son of Reuven Agassi, was the founder of TopTier.

The acquisition allowed SAP to reach out to the small market through its partners and also to gain additional business from the smaller subsidiaries of its enterprise customers.

Releases
The history of SAP Business One:

Before SAP Business One 2004, specific country versions called 6.x existed until the first global release in 2004.

Features (modules)
SAP Business One is arranged into 15 functional modules, covering the typical functions in a business organization. The most widely used modules are financials, sales opportunities, sales – A/R, purchasing A/P, business partners, banking and inventory.

 * Administration, where the setup of the various core settings in the application are done
 * CRM, where common sales employee tasks link to the other modules (NB: The module is purely here for usability and offer no new features of its own) (only SAP 9.3 and higher)
 * Financials, where the definition of Chart of Account is set up and the core journal entries can be created
 * Opportunities, where Lead generation is used to keep track of potential sales and purchases
 * Sales - A/R, where the sales flow (Quotation > Order > Delivery > AR Invoice) are managed
 * Purchasing - A/P, where the purchase flow (Quotation > Order > GRPO > AP Invoice) are managed
 * Business Partners, where master data of Leads, Customer and Supplier are maintained/

 * Banking, where payment of Incoming (sales) and Outgoing (purchase) payments are created
 * Inventory, where master data of goods to be sold/purchased are maintained and their quantity/value in warehouses are tracked
 * Resources, where master data of resources (machines and people) to be used in production are defined (capacity and planning) (only SAP 9.1 and higher)
 * Production, where Bill of Materials master data is maintained and Production orders are created
 * Project Management, where you define projects (what you do when) (only SAP 9.2 and higher)
 * Material Requirements Planning (MRP), where forecasts of needed items in sales/production are defined in order to make purchase order recommendations
 * Service, where management of service contracts are maintained and service calls are created
 * Human Resources, where employee master data (names, contact information, roles, etc.) are maintained

Each module handled specific business tasks on its own, but is linked to the other modules where applicable. For instance, an invoice from the billing transaction of Sales & Distribution would pass through to accounting, where it will appear in accounts receivable and cost of goods sold.

Architecture
SAP Business One is a typical Client–server model software product.

 * Client software is primarily the SAP Business One client that is a Microsoft Windows-based product that connects to a back-end server. SAP also offers clients for phones and tablets (iOS and Android) that contain a subset of the full features aimed at sales employees.
 * Server software is run on either a Microsoft SQL Server database (Windows) or SAP HANA database (Linux).

Partners and community
SAP Business One is delivered through its global partner network (SAP PartnerEdge) consisting of the following partner types:

 * Value-Added Resellers (VAR) is an SAP partner that sells, implements and supports the product to end customers.
 * Software Solution Partners (SSP) is an SAP partner that creates horizontal or vertical standard solutions on top of the SAP Business One platform with the SAP Business One SDK and sells them via the VAR partners.
 * Open Ecosystem Once you join you will be able to sell, service, and market SAP-approved products available through its distributor channel. It's free and easy to join, with only a small amount of required training to complete before you begin.

Extensibility
Custom development (called add-ons) are done using the SAP Business One SDK. It is COM-based development done in Microsoft Visual Studio with C# or VB.NET.

SAP Business One SDK consists of:
 * Data Interface API (DI-API), where you can create new business object around the normal SAP Business One client but still adhere to the core business rules
 * User interface API (UI-API), where you can modify existing SAP Business One client screens, create new screens and change/block the normal event flow
 * SAP Business One Integration Technology (B1i), where you can visually create Business flows using XML/XSLT
 * Service Layer for SAP HANA, where you can, using OData, create business objects
 * Service Layer for Microsoft SQL Server, where you can, using OData, create business objects

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: SAP Business One


text:
César Award for Best Actor

This is the list of winners and nominees of the César Award for Best Actor (César du meilleur acteur).

Multiple wins and nominations
The following individuals received two or more Best Actor awards:

The following individuals received three or more Best Actor nominations:

One actor has the record of most consecutive nominations with 4: Gerard Depardieu (1977, 1978, 1979, 1980/ 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986/ 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991)

title: César Award for Best Actor


text:
Category:Mason County, Michigan

Articles related to Mason County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

title: Category:Mason County, Michigan


text: User talk:194.70.193.37

title: User talk:194.70.193.37


text:
Category:Otsego County, Michigan

Articles related to Otsego County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

title: Category:Otsego County, Michigan


text:
Two-decker

A two-decker is a sail warship which carried her guns on two fully armed decks. Usually additional guns were carried on the upper works (forecastle and quarterdeck), but this was not a continuous battery and thus not counted as a full gun deck.

Two-deckers ranged all the way from the small 40-gun Fifth rate up to 80- or even 90-gun ships of the line, with the third-rate of seventy-four guns, or "seventy-four", being the archetype.

title: Two-decker


text:
Bovezzo

Bovezzo (Brescian: Boès) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, Italy.

title: Bovezzo


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Talk:Gold (disambiguation)

dab style
Hi there Tedernst, I noticed that you recently edited the Gold (disambiguation) disambig article and there are some things that I'd like to point out here. Yes, Manual of Style (titles) dictates that albums should be italicised but only and only the album's title should be in italics, therefore the trailing words in parentheses should not be in italics, and hence the usage of piped links is required. And since songs are also required to be in quotation marks, I took it as an extention of the above case and implemented it myself, although it hasn't been mentioned in the MoS and should really be discussed.

And another thing is that is it really necessary to remove basically all of the text after the individual entries? Besides the album's artist, the year of release and just a simple statement whether or not it was an EP, a compilation album, a boxset or just a music album shouldn't be left out. After all, it's just a short sentence, has useful information and definitely wouldn't bother the reader by its length, format or layout-wise. Likewise, is stripping the intro necessary? As it stands now "Gold is a chemical element" has not much use as "Toyota is a company". I've already limited the usage of multiple wikilinks to only the intro section and only one for the entries as encouraged in the MoS. Don't skimp with the space, will ya? ;) --Andylkl [ talk! 20:01, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I apologize for breaking the style-mandated piping. I will not interfere if you change it back.  I'll also be more careful when editing other pages in the future.

 * As for the explanatory text, I don't see what benefit it brings. To me it just feels like it's in the way.  We'll just have to differ on that.  Again, I won't revert if you change it back, though I will be unhappy about it.  Tedernst | talk 20:38, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I reinserted back most of the edits. Anyways, to me it seems like an oversimplification of the entry's descriptions. Wikipedia can be proud of its concise, direct and compact information in its articles, and by reading an article within 5 minutes you'll be able to have a grasp of what it is about. And by right disambig pages should have a similar style, by reading a disambig page you should be able to know what it is and why is it so notable in Wikipedia at first glance.

 * Thanks for the compromise, though it'd be better if we can have a bit of a communication here and at least let me know why are you unhappy at the changes. :) --Andylkl [ talk! 09:08, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I still think there is way too much explanation. I don't see how it help the reader to know the atomic number of the element, gold.  In any event, I took back out the wikilinks you re-inserted in that opening sentence.  Those links surely aren't necessary.  I didn't remove any text, though I'd really like to. :-) Tedernst | talk 15:43, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Taking out the wikilinks is fine with me. --Andylkl [ talk! 18:16, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gold (disambiguation)


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Category:Midland County, Michigan

Articles related to Midland County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

title: Category:Midland County, Michigan


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Brandico

Brandico (Brescian: Brandìch) is a comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. It lies within the province of Brescia, between the shores of Lake Garda and the plains of the Po River.

title: Brandico


text:
Category:Osceola County, Michigan

Articles related to Osceola County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

title: Category:Osceola County, Michigan


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Eddie Gaven

Eddie Gaven (born October 25, 1986) is an American former soccer player who played 11 seasons in Major League Soccer, primarily with the Columbus Crew. In July 2012, Gaven became the youngest player to play in 250 MLS matches at 25 years and 257 days old.

Early life
Gaven was born in Hamilton Township, New Jersey, and attended Steinert High School. He did not play college soccer; instead, Gaven spent two years training with other young Americans at the USSF's Bradenton Academy.

Professional career
Gaven became (at the time, since passed by Freddy Adu) the youngest player to sign with MLS. At the age of 16 years and two months, Gaven was drafted by the MetroStars with the twelfth overall pick in the 2003 MLS SuperDraft. He became the youngest player in team history on his debut on June 14, 2003, against Chicago and became the youngest player in team history to score a goal, which he did in just his second game, against D.C. United on July 5. With the game tied at two, Metro coach Bob Bradley used a loophole in MLS's substitution rules, which allowed a fourth substitution in a game but only for a goalkeeper. Bradley first exchanged the playing positions of Metro goalie Tim Howard and midfielder Mark Lisi, then substituted Gaven into goal for Lisi as the fourth "goalkeeper only" sub. After only 10 seconds of play, the ball went out of play and Gaven and Howard switched places, with Gaven moving to midfield and Howard back into goal. Gaven then went on to score the game-winner in overtime. In the process, Gaven became the youngest goalkeeper in MLS history. The goalkeeper fourth-substitution rule was eliminated after the season, largely due to the outcry following Gaven's goal.

After becoming an automatic starter and coming into his own with the MetroStars in 2004, Gaven became the youngest player ever voted in to start the MLS All-Star Game, finished the MLS season with seven goals and seven assists, and became the youngest player in league history to be named to the MLS Best XI.

Gaven ended the 2005 MLS season with eight goals and four assists. Just before the 2006 season, Gaven was traded to Columbus Crew along with the rights to defender Chris Leitch for striker Edson Buddle. With the Crew, Gaven played nearly every game in 2006, scoring four goals. In 2007, he appeared in 27 games for Columbus scoring five goals and tallying seven assists. Gaven's 2008 season resulted in lower output, three goals and two assists, due in part to starting the season injured. In the Eastern Conference Championship game, Gaven propelled the Crew into their first MLS Cup Final with a game-winning goal; the Crew went on to win the Final.

During the 2010 MLS season in a game against the Philadelphia Union, Gaven was forced to play in goal for the second time in his MLS career after goalkeeper William Hesmer went out of the game with a shoulder injury. The Crew had used all three substitutions prior to Hesmer's injury. Gaven was scored on by Sebastian LeToux during the final minutes of the game, but made two saves to help the Crew win the game 3–1. Gaven would go on to win MLS Save of the Week honors for one of the saves.

Gaven signed a contract extension for two years plus option years with Columbus on November 14, 2011.

Gaven missed most of the 2013 season after an injury suffered during a Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup match. He retired following the 2013 season.

International career
Gaven played every minute for the U.S. in the 2003 Under-17 World Championship in Finland. He then became the youngest player (17 years 104 days) in CONCACAF history to appear in an Olympic qualifier when he played for the U.S. Under-23 team in a 2–0 victory over Canada on February 5, 2004. He then became the fourth youngest player in US history to get his a senior cap, doing so in a 1–1 against Poland on July 11, 2004.

In 2005, after continuing his solid play with the MetroStars, Gaven was part of the U.S. Under-20 team at the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship in the Netherlands.

Coaching career
Following his retirement from soccer in 2013, he moved to Ave Maria University as Head Men's Soccer Coach from March 2016 through 2022.

Personal life
Gaven is a devout Catholic.

Honors

 * Columbus Crew
 * MLS Best XI: 2004
 * Major League Soccer MLS Cup: 2008
 * Major League Soccer Supporter's Shield: 2008, 2009

title: Eddie Gaven


text:
Category:Ontonagon County, Michigan

Articles related to Ontonagon County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

title: Category:Ontonagon County, Michigan


text:
Braone

Braone (Camunian: Bragù or Braù) is an Italian comune of 672 inhabitants in Val Camonica, province of Brescia, in Lombardy. It is bounded by other communes of Breno, Cerveno, Ceto, Losine, Niardo.

History
In 1956 coins were discovered in Braone, the latest of which date back to Anastasius I (circa 518 CE).

Main sights

 * Parish Church of the Purification of the Virgin Mary, reported already in 1439, has a stone portal Sarnico of the eighteenth century. The altarpiece is by Fiammenghino.

title: Braone


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Versed (poetry collection)

Versed is a book of poetry written by Rae Armantrout and published by Wesleyan University Press in 2009 (see 2009 in poetry). It won the 2009 National Book Critics Circle Award for Poetry and the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry after being named a finalist for the National Book Award. Armantrout is only the third poet to win two out of these three awards in one year.

Awards
As part of a lead-in to their awards announcement, NBCC board member James Marcus called Versed a collection of "vigilant, often beautiful poems [that] seem to reset the reader’s mental instrumentation—what Armantrout calls the 'whirligig / of attention, / the figuring and / reconfiguring / of charges / among orbits / (obits) / that has taken forever.'"

According to the Pulitzer Prize Board, Versed is a "book striking for its wit and linguistic inventiveness, offering poems that are often little thought-bombs detonating in the mind long after the first reading."

title: Versed (poetry collection)


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Breno, Lombardy

Breno (Camunian: Bré; obsolete Brenn) is an Italian comune of 4,986 inhabitants in Val Camonica, province of Brescia, in Lombardy.

Geography
It is bounded by other communes of Niardo, Bagolino, Bienno, Braone, Ceto, Cividate Camuno, Condino (TN), Daone (TN), Losine, Malegno, Niardo, Prestine.

The town of Breno stands in a north-south gorge, between the castle hill and the Corno Cerreto, on the left bank of the river Oglio. According to professor Fedele the gorge was once the bed of the Oglio.

History

On top of the castle hill a house dating back to the Neolithic was discovered. In the locality Spinera, at the river Oglio, there is the Sanctuary of Minerva of the first century CE, which was ruined in the fifth century.

In the Middle Ages the Castle of Breno had two towers, one belonging to the Guelph family Ronchi, the other to the Ghibelline family Alberzoni. In the 1397 peace of Breno between Guelphs and Ghibellines, the representatives of the community of Breno sided both with the Ghibellines and the Guelphs.

During the Republic of Venice rule Breno was the seat of the Community of Val Camonica. Breno today is the seat of the Comunità montana di Valle Camonica.

The emblem of the province of Brescia is the group of five blazons: that of Brescia in the center, the town of Chiari, Breno, Verolanuova and Salò.

Religious architecture

 * Church of the Transfiguration of Our Lord Jesus Christ, the 17th century structure in the centre of the town, with frescoes by Antonio Guadagnini. The altars are in marble of Ono San Pietro.
 * Church of Sant'Antonio Abate, preserves notable works of art, particularly the cycle of frescoes created by Romanino.
 * Church of St Maria at the Bridge (or Minerva), from the 14th century. Leaning against the structure is a small temple of Minerva.
 * Church of San Carlo, from the 17th century, with significant number of ex-votos.
 * Church of San Maurizio, an ancient parish.
 * Chapel of St. Apollonia, along the road leading to San Valentino.
 * Church of San Valentino, 15th century construction, interior perhaps Giovanni Pietro da Cemmo.

Military architectures
The Castle of Breno rises over a hill inhabited already in prehistoric times. It was the main bastion for the control of Valle Camonica until the seventeenth century.

Traditions and folklore
The scütüm are in camunian dialect nicknames, sometimes personal, elsewhere showing the characteristic features of a community. The one which characterize the people of Breno is Maia càrte or Pèla pàsser

Museums

 * Sanctuary of Minerva

CaMus
The Museo Archeologico della Valle Camonica is located in Breno, also known as the Museo Camuna, and contains artifacts and artworks documenting the history of the region. Among the painting collection, are works by:

 * Emilian 14th century master - I sette dormienti nella spelonca
 * Venetian 16th century - Madonna with Bambino, Sts. Sebastian & Rocco
 * Callisto Piazza da Lodi - Deposition
 * Girolamo Romani detto Il Romanino - Crucifixion
 * Anonymous 16/17th century - Triumph of death
 * School of Bellini - Holy family & St. John
 * Northern master - Capture of Christ
 * Camillo Procaccini attributed (Bologna 1551-Milan 1629) - Martyrdom of St. Bartholemew
 * School of Procaccini - Allegory of Flora crowned by genius
 * Venetian 17th century - Adoration by Magi
 * School of Ribera - St. Bartholomew
 * School of Caravaggio - Incredulity of Thomas
 * Giacomo Ceruti (Milan 1698-1767) - portrait of Cattaneo family member
 * Felice Riccio detto Il Brusasorci (Verona 1540-1605)
 * Francesco Giugno
 * Francesco Monti (il Brescianino)
 * Giulio Carponi
 * Gaspare e Antonio Diziani
 * Bice Del Balzo nel castello di Rosate
 * Francesco Hayez
 * Faustino Bocchi (Brescia 1659-1741) - Bambocciata
 * Enrico Albricci (Vilminore di Scalve, BG 1714-Bergamo 1775) - Serenade by Bambocci
 * Ponziano Loverini (Gandino, BG 1845-1929)
 * Antonio Guadagnini (Esine, BS 1817-Arzago d'Adda, BG 1900)

title: Breno, Lombardy


text: User talk:81.152.158.174

title: User talk:81.152.158.174


text:
Category:Montcalm County, Michigan

Articles related to Montcalm County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

title: Category:Montcalm County, Michigan


text:
Brione

Brione may refer to the following places:

 * in Italy
 * Brione, Lombardy, a comune in the Province of Brescia
 * Brione, Trentino, a comune in the Province of Trento

 * in Switzerland:
 * Brione, Switzerland a comune in the Canton of Ticino
 * Brione sopra Minusio, a comune in the Canton of Ticino

title: Brione


text: User talk:67.117.66.246

title: User talk:67.117.66.246


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Anděl (crater)

Anděl is a lunar impact crater that lies in the rugged central highlands of the Moon. It was named after the Czech astronomer Karel Anděl. Nearby craters of note include Abulfeda to the south-southeast and Descartes to the east-southeast. About 85 kilometres to the east-northeast of the outer rim is the landing site of the Apollo 16 mission.

The eroded outer rim of Anděl has been worn and distorted into a polygonal shape, and is nearly non-existent to the south where Anděl G intersects the perimeter. The interior floor is nearly flat, with some irregularities to the southeast. There is a tiny craterlet located just to the southeast of the midpoint, but no central peak of any significance.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Anděl.

title: Anděl (crater)


text:
History of the Jews in Norway

The history of Jews in Norway dates back to the 1400s. Although there were very likely Jewish merchants, sailors and others who entered Norway during the Middle Ages, no efforts were made to establish a Jewish community. Through the early modern period, Norway, still devastated by the Black Death, was ruled by Denmark from 1536 to 1814 and then by Sweden until 1905. In 1687, Christian V rescinded all Jewish privileges, specifically banning Jews from Norway, except with a special dispensation. Jews found in the kingdom were jailed and expelled, and this ban persisted until 1851.

In 1814, when Norway gained independence from Denmark, the general ban against Jews entering the country was "continued" in the new Norwegian Constitution. Sephardim were exempt from the ban, but it appears that few applied for a letter of free passage. After tireless efforts by the poet Henrik Wergeland, politician Peder Jensen Fauchald, school principal Hans Holmboe and others, in 1851 the Norwegian parliament (the Stortinget) lifted the ban against Jews and they were awarded religious rights on a par with Christian dissenters.

The first Jewish community in Norway was established in Oslo in 1892. The community grew slowly until World War II. It was bolstered by refugees in the late 1930s and peaked at about 2,100. The population was devastated during the Holocaust, in which a significant portion of the Norwegian Jewish community was murdered by Nazi Germany. Jews remain one of Norway's smallest ethnic and religious minorities.

Middle Ages
The first mention of Jews in Norse literature is found in Postola sögur in Iceland in the 13th century, where they are mentioned along with the more general pagans. The literature of this time referred to Jews as gyðingar, juði, or in the Latin form judeus. Jews were also mentioned in unfavorable terms in subsequent literary Icelandic sagas, such as Gyðinga saga (Saga of the Jews).

However, there are sources that dispute anti-Semitism in Norway in the Middle Ages for the simple reason that there was no evidence of the presence of Jews in the country. A comprehensive study of contemporaneous documents, for instance, such as testaments, contracts, and legal cases among other primary data did not mention Jews or a Jewish community in Norway. Scholars cited that those mentioned in Church documents can be considered "virtual Jews" in the sense that the citations were indirect and that these mentions were probably symbols of non-Christian behavior.

Reformation and Enlightenment
In 1436 and again in 1438, Archbishop Aslak Bolt prohibited celebrating a day of rest on Saturday, lest Christians replicate the "way of Jews," and this prohibition was reinforced through several subsequent ordinances, including those in Diplomatarium Norvegicum.

The first known settlement of Jews on Norway territory was based on a royal dispensation. The first known mention of Jews in public documents relates to the admissibility of Sephardim, Spanish and Portuguese Jews who had been expelled from Spain in 1492 and from Portugal in 1497. Some of these were given special dispensation to enter Norway.

While Norway was part of the Danish kingdom from 1536 to 1814, Denmark introduced a number of religious restrictions both to uphold the Protestant Reformation in general and against Jews in particular. In 1569, Fredrik II ordered that all foreigners in Denmark had to affirm their commitment to 25 articles of faith central to Lutheranism, on pain of deportation, forfeiture of all property, and death.

The earliest recorded direct mention of Jews occurred in documents published in the 17th century when a group of Portuguese Jews were allowed to settle in Norway. Restrictions were lifted for Sephardic Jews already established as merchants in Altona when Christian IV took over the town. Christian also issued the first letter of safe passage to a Jew (Albert Dionis) in 1619, and on June 19, 1630, general amnesty was granted to all Jews permanently in residence in Glückstadt, including the right to travel freely throughout the kingdom.

In this condition, the existence of anti-Semitism can be considered negligible because the traditional Jewish prejudice often stemmed from the perception that the Jews controlled the economic, political and social spheres of a specific European society. However, this argument's attempt to downplay antisemitism is internally contradictory, since that perception of Jews is itself one of the most prominent and enduring signs of antisemitism.

Public policy toward Jews varied over the next several hundred years. The kings generally tolerated Jewish merchants, investors, and bankers whose contributions of benefit to the economy of Denmark-Norway on the one hand, while seeking to restrict their movements, residence, and presence in public life. Several Jews, particularly in the Sephardic Teixeira family, but also some of Ashkenazi origins, were given letters of passage to visit places in Denmark and Norway; but there were also several incidents of Jews who were arrested, imprisoned, fined, and deported for violating the general ban against their presence, even when they claimed the exemption granted to Sephardim. Christian IV of Denmark-Norway gave Jews limited rights to travel within the kingdom and, in 1641, Ashkenazi Jews were given equivalent rights. Christian V rescinded these privileges in 1687, specifically banning Jews from Norway, unless they were given a special dispensation. Jews found in the kingdom were jailed and expelled, and this ban persisted until 1851.

The European Enlightenment led to moderate easing of restrictions for Jews in Denmark-Norway, especially in Denmark's southern areas and cities. Some Jewish families that had converted to Christianity settled in Norway. Writers of the time increased their interest in the Jewish people, including Ludvig Holberg, who figured Jews as comical figures in most of his plays and in 1742 wrote The Jewish History From the Beginning of the World, Continued till Present Day, presenting Jews to some extent in conventional, unfavorable stereotypes, but also raising the question about mistreatment of Jews in Europe.

Consequently, as stereotypes against Jews started entering the awareness of the general public during the Enlightenment, there were also those who rose in opposition to some, if not all, of the underlying hostility. Lutheran minister Niels Hertzberg was one of those who wrote against Norwegian prejudice, ultimately influencing the later votes on the constitutional amendment to allow Jews to settle in Norway.

Constitutional ban
There was a blanket ban on Jewish presence in Norway since 1687, except with a special dispensation, and Jews found in the kingdom were jailed and expelled. The ban persisted until 1851. Based on short-lived hopes that Denmark's concessions at the Treaty of Kiel in 1814 would allow for Norwegian independence, a constituent assembly was convened in Eidsvoll in the spring of 1814. Although Denmark had only a few months earlier completely lifted all restrictions on Jews, the Norwegian assembly, after some debate, went the other way, and Jews were to "continue" to be excluded from the realm, as part of the clause that made Lutheranism the official state religion, though with free exercise of religion as the general rule. The ban was against Jews and Jesuits entering the country. Sephardim were exempt from the ban, but it appears that few applied for a letter of free passage. On 4 November 1844, the Norwegian Ministry of Justice declared: "…it is assumed that the so-called Portuguese Jews are, regardless of the Constitution's §2, entitled to dwell in this country, which is also, to [our] knowledge, what has hitherto been assumed."

Several of the framers had formulated views on Jews before the convention had started, among them Lauritz Weidemann, who wrote that "The Jewish nation's history proves, that this people always has been rebellious and deceitful, and their religious teachings, the hope of again arising as a nation, so often they have acquired some remarkable fortune, led them to intrigues and to create a state within a state. It is of vital importance to the security of the state that an absolute exception be made about them."

Those who supported the continued ban did so for several reasons, among them theological prejudice. Nicolai Wergeland and Georg Sverdrup felt that it would be incompatible with Judaism to deal honestly with Christians, writing that "no person of the Jewish faith may come within Norway's borders, far less reside there." Peter Motzfeld also supported the ban, but on the slightly different basis that the Jewish identity was too strong to allow for full citizenship. Other prominent framers, such as Hans Christian Ulrik Midelfart spoke "beautifully" in defense of the Jews, and also Johan Caspar Herman Wedel-Jarlsberg expressed in more muted terms the backwardness of the proposition.

Those who opposed admission of Jews prevailed decisively when the matter was put to a vote, and the second paragraph of constitution read:

"§ 2. The evangelical-Lutheran religion remains the State's public religion. Those inhabitants who profess to it, are obliged to raise their children in the same. Jesuits and monastic orders may not be tolerated. Jews remain excluded from admission to the kingdom."

This effectively maintained the legal status quo from about 1813 but put Norway sharply at odds with trends in both Denmark and Sweden, where laws and decrees in the early 19th century were granting Jews greater, not more limited liberties.

Meanwhile, a small number of Jewish converts to Christianity had settled in Norway, some of them rising to prominence. Among them were Ludvig Mariboe, Edvard Isak Hambro, and Heinrich Glogau. In 1817, Glogau had challenged Christian Magnus Falsen, one of the proponents of the ban against Jews at the constitutional assembly about the meaning of the prohibition, asking whether he should be embarrassed by his ancestors or his homeland when relating his legacy to his children. Falsen responded by asserting that Judaism "carries nothing but ridicule and contempt toward the person that does not profess to it...making it a duty for each Jew to destroy [all nations that accept him] ."

Indeed, a number of Jews who found themselves in Norway were fined and deported. A ship bound for England foundered off the west coast of Norway in 1817, and one of those who washed ashore was Michael Jonas, a Polish Jew. He was escorted out of the country under heavy guard. This heavy-handed approach caused consternation, and the chief of police in Bergen was ordered to personally pay for the costs of the deportation. There were also deportation proceedings against suspected Jews who could not produce a baptismal certificate, among them the singer Carl Friedrich Coppello (alias Meyer Marcus Koppel), opticians Martin Blumenbach and Henri Leia, Moritz Lichtenheim, and others.

Repeal and initial immigration
The deportation of Jews who had either come to Norway by accident or in good faith caused some embarrassment among Norwegians. The first who advocated for a repeal was the poet Andreas Munch in 1836. But it was Henrik Wergeland who became the leading champion for the Jews in Norway.

10th parliamentary session, 1842
Henrik Wergeland was the son of Nikolai Wergeland, one of the members at the constitutional assembly who had most strongly objected to admitting Jews to the country. The younger Wergeland had long harbored prejudice against Jews, but travels in Europe had changed his mind. He published the pamphlet Indlæg i Jødesagen on August 26, 1841, arguing passionately for a repeal of the clause. On February 19, 1842, his efforts to put the matter to a vote in the Norwegian parliament was successful, when the proposition was referred to the Constitution Committee. On September 9, 1842, the motion to repeal won a simple majority: 51 to 43, but, falling short of a supermajority (2/3) it failed.

On October 26, 1842, Wergeland published his book Jødesagen i det norske Storthing ("The Jewish issue in the Norwegian parliament"), which in addition to arguing for the cause also provides interesting insights into the workings of the parliament at the time.

Parliamentary sessions in 1845, 1848, and 1851
Wergeland had submitted a new proposal to parliament later on the same day that the first repeal had failed. He died on July 12, 1845. The constitution committee referred their recommendation to repeal exactly a month after his death, on August 12. Several versions were put to vote, but the most popular version won 52 votes to repeal, only 47 to keep; worse than the last vote.

In 1848, the motion to repeal earned 59 to 43 votes, still falling short of the 2/3 required. In 1851, finally, the clause was repealed with 93 votes to 10. On September 10, all remaining legislation related to the ban was repealed by the passage of "Lov om Ophævelse af det hidtil bestaaende Forbud mot at Jøder indfinde sig i Riget m.v." ("Law regarding the repeal of the hitherto permanent prohibition against Jews in the realm, etc.")

Early 20th century media, public opinion and policy
In spite of fears that Norway would be overwhelmed by Jewish immigration following the repeal, only about 25 Jews immigrated to Norway before 1870. Because of pogroms in Czarist Russia, however, the immigration accelerated somewhat in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By 1910, there were about 1,000 Jews in Norway.

Though the minority was small and widely dispersed, several stereotypes of Jews gained currency in the Norwegian press and popular literature in the early 20th century. In books by the widely read authors Rudolf Muus and Øvre Richter Frich, Jews are described as sadistic and obsessed with money. The attorney Eivind Saxlund published a pamphlet Jøder og Gojim ("Jews and Goyim") in 1910, which was characterized in 1922 as "antisemitic smut literature' by a writer in Dagbladet. Saxlund sued for libel and lost, but earned the admiration of the newspaper Nationen, who praised Saxlund for fighting "our race war." In 1920, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion was published in Norway under the title Den nye verdenskeiser ("The New World Emperor").

In 1916 Norwegian writer Mikal Sylten published an antisemitic periodical called Nationalt Tidsskrift. In 1917 he started using the Swastika as its symbol, several years before Adolf Hitler. The periodical was of a racist nature and published Antisemitic conspiracy theories. The periodical declared itself as the "only Norwegian journal that studies in depth Jewish true ties to events in the world and here at home". An attache called Who's Who in the Jewish World was printed four editions starting 1925. This pamphlet contained a list of Jews and presumed Jews in Norway, sorted by occupation. Housewives and children were listed under Different Occupations. Sylten was tried for his collaboration with the Nazis during the German occupation in the legal purge in Norway after World War II.

Shechita controversy
Prejudice against Jews became a focal point in the controversy about the legality of shechita, the Jewish practice of ritual slaughter. The issue had originally been raised in the 1890s, but a municipal ban on the practice in 1913 in Oslo brought the matter to national attention.

Early opposition
Efforts to ban shechita put well-intended humane society activists in league with antisemitic individuals. In particular, Jonas Søhr, a senior police official, took a particular interest and eventually rose to the leadership of the Norwegian Federation for Animal Protection, while also opposing admission of Jewish refugees during World War I. The animal rights cause was used as a means to attack not just the method of slaughter, but also the community itself.

Those opposing the ban included Fridtjof Nansen, but the division on the issue crossed party lines in all mainstream parties, except the Agrarian Party (today, the Centre Party), which was consistent in its opposition to schechita. During the 1890s, protests were raised in the Norwegian press against the practice of shechita, on the grounds that it was cruel to animals. The Jewish community responded to these objections by stating that the method was humane.

A committee commissioned on 11 February 1927 consulted numerous experts and visited a slaughterhouse in Copenhagen. Its majority favored a ban and found support in the Department of Agriculture and the parliamentary agriculture committee. Those who opposed a ban spoke of religious tolerance, and also found that schechita was no more inhumane than other slaughter methods. Ingvar Svanberg writes that many of the arguments against shechita were based "on the distrust of 'foreign' habits" and "often contained anti-Semitic elements". C. J. Hambro was one of those most appalled by the antisemitic invective, noting that "where animal rights are protected to an exaggerated extent, it usually is done with the help of human sacrifice".

1929 ban
The controversy continued until 1929, when the Norwegian parliament banned the practice of slaughtering animals which have not been first stunned or paralyzed. The ban remains in force today.

No forms of religious slaughter are named as being banned in the Norwegian legislation. Norwegian law requires that animals be stunned before being slaughtered, without exception for religious practices, which is incompatible with shechita. The Norwegian Islamic Council, on the other hand, has found that sedation is compatible with halal rules, provided that the animal's heart is still beating at the time of slaughter.

Continued debate
The former chief rabbi of Norway, Michael Melchior, argued that antisemitism is one motive for the bans: "I won't say this is the only motivation, but it's certainly no coincidence that one of the first things Nazi Germany forbade was kosher slaughter. I also know that during the original debate on this issue in Norway, where shechitah has been banned since 1930, one of the parliamentarians said straight out, 'If they don't like it, let them go live somewhere else.'"

Representatives of both Muslim and Jewish communities, citing scientific studies, dispute the assertion that traditional halal and kosher slaughtering methods lead to unnecessary animal suffering. Norway's acceptance of hunting, whaling and sealing were also raised as proof of the alleged hypocrisy of the Norwegian position. Minister of Agriculture, Lars Peder Brekk of the Centre Party (which has always rejected shechita, see above), rejected the comparison.

Proponents of the continued ban, including officials from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority claimed that animals slaughtered according to shechita were conscious for "several minutes" after they were slaughtered, and writer and farmer Tore Stubberud claimed that animals in Judaism had "no moral status... pure objects for ... archaic, religious needs", and wondered whether the EU, in allowing for such slaughter had become "purely a bank, without values".

To get around the ban, kosher meat has had to be imported into the country. In June 2019, it was proposed to extend the ban to imports of kosher meat. The proposal has also been described as antisemitic.

Holocaust
Niels Christian Ditleff was a Norwegian diplomat who in the late 1930s was posted to Warsaw, Poland. In the spring of 1939, Ditleff set up a transit station in Warsaw for Jewish refugees from Czechoslovakia that had been sent there through the sponsorship of Nansenhjelpen. Ditleff arranged for the refugees to receive food, clothing, and transportation to Gdynia, Poland, where they boarded ships bound for Norway. Nansenhjelpen was a Norwegian humanitarian organization founded by Odd Nansen in 1936 to provide safe haven and assistance in Norway for Jewish refugees from areas in Europe under Nazi control. The sanctuary in Norway was only short lived.

Nazi Germany invaded Norway on 9 April 1940, and a number of Norwegians were immediately arrested, and two months later the occupying force established the first prisoners' camp at Ulven, outside Bergen. Many Jews who could, fled the country. "Nearly two-thirds of the Jews in Norway fled from Norway". Of these, around 900 Jews were smuggled out of the country by the Norwegian resistance movement, mostly to Sweden but some also to the United Kingdom. In 1942, before deportations started, there were at least 2,173 Jews in Norway. Of these, 1,643 were Norwegian citizens, 240 were foreign citizens, and 290 were stateless. At least 765 Jews died in German hands; more than half of the Norwegians who died. Only between 28 and 34 of those deported survived their continued imprisonment in camps (following their deportation) – and around 25 (of these) returned to Norway after the war.

During the War, the civilian Norwegian police (politiet) in many cases helped the German occupiers to arrest those Jews who failed to escape in time. In the middle of the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, there were at least 2,173 Jews in Norway. Records show that during the Holocaust, 758 Norwegian Jews were murdered by the Nazis — mostly in Auschwitz. In addition, at least 775 Jews were arrested, detained, and/or deported. Most of the Jews who survived did so by fleeing the country, mostly to Sweden, but some also to the United Kingdom. The Jews fleeing to Sweden were in many cases assisted by the Norwegian resistance, but sometimes had to pay guides. A few also survived in camps in Norway or in hospitals, or in hiding. All Jews in Norway were either deported and murdered, were imprisoned, had fled to Sweden, or were in hiding by 27 November 1942. Many of the Jews who fled during the War did not return and, in 1946, there were only 559 Jews left in Norway. Between 1947 and 1949, the Norwegian government gave permission for 500 displaced persons to live in the country, although many later left for Israel, Canada, or the United States. About 800 Norwegian Jews who had fled to Sweden returned. By the mid-1950s, about 1,000 Jews resided in Norway, of whom 700 lived in Oslo and 150 in Trondheim.

Forty-one Norwegians have been recognized by Yad Vashem as being Righteous Among the Nations, as well as the Norwegian resistance movement collectively.

1990s: World War II restitution
In March 1996, the Norwegian government appointed a Committee "to establish what happened to Jewish property during World War II … and to determine to what extent seized assets/property was restored after the War."

In June 1997, the Committee delivered a divided report, split into a majority and a minority:
 * the majority view of uncovered losses was estimated to be 108 million Norwegian krone (kr), based on the value of the krone in May 1997 (≈US$15 million).
 * the minority view of uncovered losses was estimated to be 330 million kr.

On 15 May 1998, the Prime Minister of Norway, Kjell Magne Bondevik, proposed 450 million kr, covering both a 'collective' and an 'individual' restitution. On 11 March 1999, the Stortinget voted to accept the proposition for 450 million kr. The collective part, totaling 250 million kr, was divided into three:
 * Funds to sustain the Jewish community in Norway (150 million kr).
 * Support for development, outside Norway, of the traditions and culture which the Nazis wished to exterminate, to be distributed by a foundation where the executive committee members are to be appointed one each by the Norwegian Government, the Norwegian Parliament, the Jewish community in Norway, and the World Jewish Congress/World Jewish Restitution Organization. Eli Wiesel was suggested to lead the executive committee (60 million kr).
 * The formation of a national museum for tolerance, established as the Norwegian Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities (40 million kr).

The individual part was estimated to total not more than 200 million kr, as compensation to individuals and their survivors, with a maximum of 200,000 kr each. By 31 November 1999, the last date for individuals to apply for compensation, 980 people had received 200,000 kr (≈US$26,000) each, totaling 196 million kr (≈US$25 million).

However, Norwegian estate law imposes estate tax on inheritance passing from the deceased to his/her heirs depending on the relationship between the two. This tax was compounded at each step of inheritance. As no death certificates had been issued for Jews murdered in German concentration camps, the deceased were listed as missing. Their estates were held in probate pending a declaration of death and charged for administrative expenses. So, by the time all these factors had their effect on the valuation of the confiscated assets, very little was left. In total, 7.8 million kr was awarded to principals and heirs of Jewish property confiscated by the Nazis. This was less than the administrative fees charged by governmental agencies for probate. It did not include assets seized by the government that belonged to non-Norwegian citizens, and that of citizens that left no legal heirs. This last category was formidable, as 230 entire Jewish households were killed during the course of the Holocaust.

Contemporary situation
, there were about 1,500 Jewish people living in the country as a whole. The number of registered members in religious Jewish communities has been declining in recent years, and was 747 in 2015. Most of these were based in Oslo.

There are two synagogues in Norway, one in Oslo and one in Trondheim. The Oslo Synagogue runs a full cradle-to-grave range of facilities, including a kindergarten and cheder. They both also have an outreach program to gather still functioning groups in Bergen and Stavanger. In June 2004, Chabad-Lubavitch established a permanent presence in Oslo, also organising activities in other parts of Norway. Oslo also has a Jewish renewal rabbi who organises services and activities. There was a Society for Progressive Judaism in Oslo, which no longer exists. The Jewish community in Norway is represented by Det Mosaiske Trossamfund (The Mosaic Community), which is affiliated with the World Jewish Congress. Other Jewish organizations in Norway include B'nai B'rith, WIZO, B’nei Akiva, Keren Kayemet, Help the Jews Home (Hjelp Jødene Hjem), a Kosher Meals on Wheels, Jewish study circles, and a home for the elderly. There is also a Jewish community center in Trondheim.

Norwegian Jews are well integrated into Norwegian society, and prominent among them were Jo Benkow, a former president of the Stortinget; Leo Eitinger and Berthold Grünfeld, both notable psychiatrists; Robert Levin, the pianist; writer, actress and theater critic and Bente Kahan, an actress and singer. Of these, only the last two are still living.

Antisemitism in contemporary Norway
The mainstream Norwegian political environment has strongly adopted a platform that rejects antisemitism. However, individuals often privately hold antisemitic views.

There have been episodes of vandalization of the Oslo Synagogue. In July 2006, during the 2006 Lebanon War, the congregation issued an advisory warning Jews not to wear kippot or other identifying items in public for fear of harassment or assault.

On 17 September 2006, the Oslo Synagogue was attacked with an automatic weapon, only days after it was made public that the building had been the planned target for the Algerian terror group GSPC that had been plotting a bombing campaign in the Norwegian capital. On 2 June 2008, Arfan Qadeer Bhatti was convicted for the shooting attack and given an eight-year preventive custody sentence for serious vandalism. The Oslo city court judge could not find sufficient evidence that the shots fired at the synagogue amounted to a terrorist act. The synagogue in Oslo is now under continuous surveillance and protected by barriers.

In August 2006, the writer Jostein Gaarder published an op-ed in Aftenposten, titled God's Chosen People. It was highly critical of Israel, as well as Judaism as a religion. Allegations of antisemitism and an intense public debate resulted in the Jostein Gaarder controversy.

In December 2008, Imre Hercz filed a complaint to the Norwegian Press Complaints Commission against Otto Jespersen, a comedian who mocked the Holocaust, but fellow comics and his TV station backed the performer. Jespersen joked on national television in his weekly routine that "I would like to take the opportunity to remember all the billions of fleas and lice that lost their lives in German gas chambers, without having done anything wrong other than settling on persons of Jewish background." Jespersen also presented a satirical monologue on antisemitism that ended with, "Finally, I would like to wish all Norwegian Jews a Merry Christmas – no, what am I saying! You don't celebrate Christmas, do you!? It was you who crucified Jesus," on 4 December. Jespersen has received criticism for several of his attacks on social and ethnic groups as well as royalty, politicians and celebrities, and in defence of the monologue TV 2 noted that Jespersen attacks in all directions, and that "if you should take [the monologue] seriously, there are more than just the Jews that should feel offended".

In 2010, the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation reported that antisemitism was common among Norwegian Muslims. Teachers at schools with large shares of Muslims reported that Muslim students often "praise or admire Adolf Hitler for his killing of Jews", that "Jew-hate is legitimate within vast groups of Muslim students" and that "Muslims laugh or command [teachers] to stop when trying to educate about the Holocaust". One Jewish father also told how his child had been taken after school by a Muslim mob, "to be taken out to the forest and hanged because he was a Jew". (The child escaped.) In February 2015, however, a group of young Muslims organised 1,500 people to form two 'rings of peace' around the synagogues in Oslo and Bergen in response to recent terror attacks against Jewish centers in Europe.

Unconnected with Norwegian Muslims, antisemitic graffiti was sprayed on a school and sports facility in Skien in August 2014. Later that year, a swastika was carved into the glass doors of the Trøndelag Theater, the day after the premiere of a Jewish puppet theater performance. In October 2014, a Jewish cemetery was vandalized in Trondheim, with sprayed marks and the word 'Führer' scribbled on the chapel.

An article published by the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs stated that antisemitism in Norway comes mainly from the leadership – politicians, organization leaders, church leaders, and senior journalists. Despite dissenting opinions, it claims that antisemitism in Europe originated in Muslim immigration, this essay blames the European-Christian leadership for antisemitism that began around 1000 CE, centuries before Jews came to Norway. Another issue arising from the article is the publishing of antisemitic caricatures. Since the 1970s, many pro-Palestinian caricatures have been published in the Norwegian media. But a comparison of those depictions with antisemitic caricatures from the Nazi-era show some similarities. Common motifs such as 'Jews are evil and inhuman', 'Jews rule and exploit the world' and 'Jews hate peace and propagate wars' are repeated in more recently published drawings, as well as in antisemitic sketches from the beginning of the twentieth century.

According to an ADL telephone survey of 501 people, 15% (+/-4.4%) of the adult population in Norway harbor antisemitic attitudes and 40% of the population agree with the statement, "Jews are more loyal to Israel than to Norway", and 31% think that, "Jews still talk too much about what happened to them in the Holocaust." However, this survey has been criticized for being unreasonably simplistic in its classification of "harboring antisemitic attitudes".

title: History of the Jews in Norway


text:
Eidsvold

Eidsvold may refer to:

 * Eidsvoll, a town in Norway
 * Eidsvold TF, a sports club in Eidsvoll
 * HNoMS Eidsvold, a Norwegian coast defence ship sunk in World War II
 * Eidsvold, Queensland, Australia
 * Eidsvold Township, Lyon County, Minnesota, US
 * Eidsvold, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community in the town of Thorp, Wisconsin, US

title: Eidsvold


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Brione, Trentino

Brione (Breon, in local dialect: Briü) is a former comune, now a frazione of Borgo Chiese in Trentino, northern Italy.

title: Brione, Trentino


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Henriette Caillaux

Henriette Caillaux (5 December 1874 – 29 January 1943) was a Parisian socialite and second wife of the former Prime Minister of France, Joseph Caillaux. On March 16, 1914, she shot and killed Gaston Calmette, editor of the newspaper Le Figaro.

Early life and marriages
Henriette Caillaux was born Henriette Raynouard, at Rueil-Malmaison on 5 December 1874. At the age of 19, she married Léo Claretie, a writer twelve years her senior. They had two children. In 1907 she began an affair with Joseph Caillaux while both he and she were still married. In 1908, she divorced Claretie; Caillaux had more difficulties in divorcing his wife, but he eventually did so and they married in October 1911.

She claimed she found in her second marriage "the most complete happiness"; their joint assets were worth around 1.5 million francs, placing them among France's wealthiest couples and allowing them to live in what she described as "great comfort". The circumstances of the marriage, along with substantial public scrutiny by political enemies, however, opened up lines of attack against the couple in terms of moral corruption.

Background
While serving as Minister of Finance, Joseph Caillaux came under bitter attack from his political foes. The editor of the Le Figaro newspaper, Gaston Calmette, was a severe critic. Calmette received a letter belonging to J Caillaux that journalistic etiquette at the time dictated should not be published. In the letter, Caillaux appeared to admit having orchestrated the rejection of a tax bill while publicly pretending to support it. Calmette published the letter at a time when J Caillaux, in his capacity as Minister of Finance, was trying to get a progressive taxation law passed by the French Senate. The publication of his letter severely tarnished J Caillaux's reputation and caused a great political upheaval.

The shooting
Henriette Caillaux believed that Calmette would publish other private letters that would demonstrate that she and Joseph Caillaux had had an intimate relationship while he was still married to his first wife. She felt the only way for her husband to defend his reputation would be to challenge Calmette to a duel, which, one way or another, would destroy her and her husband's life.

In the evening of 16 March 1914, Madame Caillaux entered the offices of Le Figaro wearing a large fur coat with her hands in a fur muff and asked to see Gaston Calmette. When told he was away but would return within an hour, she sat to wait. She was ushered into Calmette's office around 6 pm. Asking whether the editor knew why she had come, Calmette answered in the negative; immediately afterward, Henriette Caillaux fired six shots from a Browning automatic pistol into Calmette's abdomen, mortally wounding him.

Henriette Caillaux made no attempt to escape and newspaper workers in adjoining offices quickly apprehended her and summoned a doctor and the police. Demanding not to be touched, she attempted to defend herself, saying that "there is no longer any justice in France" but was told curtly to be quiet. She refused to be transported to the police headquarters in a police van, insisting on being driven there by her chauffeur in her own car, which was still parked outside. The police agreed to this and she was formally charged upon reaching the headquarters. Gaston Calmette died six hours after being shot.

Trial
After substantial publicity and a lengthy investigation, her trial opened at the Paris Cour d'assises on 20 July 1914, where it promptly dominated French news. The trial, which included a sexual scandal and a crime passionel by a society French lady, received twice as many column inches in Le Temps as the ongoing July Crisis which culminated in the First World War, even as late as three days before the start of hostilities.

Because of the lax legal and procedural restraints in the cour d'assises, the conduct of the trial "seemed almost structured for drama [and] given a certain kind of case, it could produce a spectacle more compelling than anything the theatres could provide". At the time, opinion of the assassination divided on political grounds: the left believed Calmette's character assassination had driven Madam Caillaux into temporary insanity; the right believed her a cold-blooded killer who had acted to silence a critic at her husband's request.

The president of the Republic, Raymond Poincaré, made a deposition at the trial, an unheard-of occurrence at a criminal proceeding almost anywhere, and many of the participants were among the most powerful members of French society. Heightening the drama, Henriette's husband threatened to release affidavits that he said he had, showing that Poincaré was behind the press campaign against him. If convicted, Madame Caillaux could have been sentenced to life imprisonment at hard labour, or death. If convicted but able to convince the jury of extenuating circumstances, she could be sentenced to five years of hard labour; or if, as happened, she could convince the jury of extremely extenuating circumstances, they could return a verdict of not guilty.

To that end, she "portrayed herself as the victim of passions behind her control, as a woman rendered irresponsible by emotions more powerful than will itself" and attributed her actions to "uncontrollable impulses [which made] her lose control over her own actions". The defence, coupled with the emergence of sociological theories of criminology which attributed criminal action to environmental and unconscious factors and the traditional narrative of women ruled by their passions, helped her secure acquittal on 28 July 1914.

Later life
In the early 1930s, Caillaux was awarded a diploma of the École du Louvre for her thesis on the sculptor Jules Dalou. She published a reference book in 1935 in which she established an inventory of the work of this artist.

Henriette Caillaux died in 1943.

Legacy
In 1918, an American silent film, The Caillaux Case, was released by Fox Film. Directed by Richard Stanton, it featured Madlaine Traverse as Henriette Caillaux and Eugene Ormonde as Gaston Calmette. The film portrays both Henriette Caillaux and her husband as pro-German conspirators and traitors to France. Before and during World War I, Joseph Caillaux had indeed been an advocate of peaceful compromise with Germany, and at the end of 1917 while the war was still going on, he was charged and convicted of treason. The film was not a financial success.

In 1968 a German television film Madame Caillaux was made.

A 1985 made for French television film called L'Affaire Caillaux and a 1992 book titled The Trial of Madame Caillaux by American history professor Edward Berenson recount the event. In addition, Robert Delaunay used an illustration of the assassination as the basis for his 1914 painting Political Drama.

title: Henriette Caillaux


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Ivan Zarutsky

Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky (Заруцкий, Иван Мартынович in Russian) (died 1614) was a Cossack leader in Russia in the early 17th century.

Biography
In 1606–1607, ataman Zarutsky and his men took part in the Bolotnikov Uprising. After Ivan Bolotnikov's defeat on the outskirts of Moscow, Zarutsky went to Poland to take the side of "tsar Dmitry" (False Dmitri II) and Polish king Sigismund III Vasa. Zarutsky played an important role in creating the military for False Dmitri II and took part in all of his battles, for which he would be given the title of a "boyar".

After the death of the impostor, Zarutsky married Dmitri's widow Marina Mniszech and set the goal to install her son Ivan on the Russian throne. In January 1611, Zarutsky joined the First People's Volunteer Army, which had been fighting with the Polish invaders in Moscow under the command of Prokopy Lyapunov. Zarutsky organized Lyapunov's assassination and became the leader of the army; however, most of the service class people left it after that. Zarutsky was left with a scanty unit of the Cossacks, who couldn't struggle successfully in small numbers. The leader of the Second People's Volunteer Army, Dmitry Pozharsky, urged the people to unite and not to recognize the authority of Marina Mniszech, her son and Zarutsky.

In 1612, abandoning the siege of Moscow, Zarutsky and his cossacks, fled to Kolomna with Marina Mniszech and her son Ivan. In June 1613, Tsar Mikhail Romanov's army confronted the plundering Zarutsky at Voronezh, forcing Zarutsky's retreat to Astrakhan. Zarutsky instigated a reign of terror, which caused a popular uprising, forcing Zarutsky to escape in May 1614. By mid-June, Zarutsky was captured, along with Marina, and Ivan. Zarutsky was impaled in Moscow, and the four year old Ivan hanged. Marina was imprisoned in a Kolmna tower, and died soon after.

title: Ivan Zarutsky


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BAFTA Award for Best Film

The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards. It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards, representing the best films of 1947, but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source. It is possible for films from any country to be nominated, although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and (since 1983) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language. As such, there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories.

There has been one tie for the Best Film Award when, in 1962, Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film From Any Source. Throughout the history of the category, the award has been given to the director(s), the producer(s) or both.
 * Between 1949 and 1959, 1962–1965, 1970–1976, and in 1979; Only the film itself and not producers or directors received the award and nomination.
 * Between 1960 and 1961, 1966–1969, and in 1980; Only directors received the award and nomination.
 * Between 1988 and 1997; Both producers and directors received the award and nomination.
 * Between 1977 and 1978, 1981–1987, and since 1998; Only producers counted as winners and nominees in this category.

In the following lists, the titles and names in bold with a gold background are the winners and recipients respectively; those not in bold are the nominees. The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released, not the year of the ceremony, which always takes place the following year.

Winners and nominees
{{legend|#FAEB86|indicates the winner}}

Longlist finalists
As of the 77th ceremony, the finalists are selected by the voting members during the first round. The Round Two voting determine the nominations. These are the additional films that appeared in the longlist.

title: BAFTA Award for Best Film


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Ox tongue spear

The ox tongue spear (langue de boeuf or langdebeve) was a type of broad-headed double-edged spear that was used in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. Some designs had protrusions from the middle or base of the blades, making the head similar in profile to a partisan. Primarily, it was large and heavy, used by infantry in skirmishing.

title: Ox tongue spear


text:
T. W. Rolleston

Thomas William Hazen Rolleston (1 May 1857 – 5 December 1920) was an Irish writer, literary figure and translator, known as a poet but publishing over a wide range of literary and political topics. He lived at various times in Killiney in County Dublin, the German Empire, London and County Wicklow; settling finally in 1908 in Hampstead, London, where he died. His Killiney home, called Secrora, subsequently became the home of tennis player Joshua Pim.

Early years
Rolleston was born in Glasshouse, Shinrone, County Offaly, the son of a judge. He was educated at St Columba's College, Dublin and Trinity College, Dublin.He also played guitar.

Career
After a time in the German Empire he founded the Dublin University Review in 1885; he published Poems and Ballads of Young Ireland (1888), and a Life of Lessing (1889). As the first managing director of the Irish Industries' Society, he helped preserve from extinction many Irish handicrafts, such as lacemaking, handmade tweeds, and glassmaking. In London in the 1890s he was one of the Rhymers' Club and a founder-member of the Irish Literary Society. He was to cross paths several times, and sometimes to clash, with W. B. Yeats, who described Rolleston in his memoirs as an "intimate enemy". He was also involved in Douglas Hyde's Gaelic League. He corresponded with the American poet Walt Whitman and, while living in Germany, sought to translate Whitman's Leaves of Grass into German and have it published there.

He also spent time as a journalist, and as a civil servant involved with agriculture.

Family life
He had eight children, from two marriages. His first marriage was to Edith de Burgh (1859–1896), daughter of W. de Burgh, and his second, in 1897, was to Maud Brooke, daughter of Stopford Brooke.

Works
Approximately 168 books are associated with Rolleston, some as writer or editor. These are the more prominent works; publication dates listed if known.

 * The Teaching of Epictetus (1888)
 * Life of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1889)
 * Tannhauser: a dramatic poem by Richard Wagner (illustrated by Willy Pogany) (1900)
 * A Treasury of Irish Poetry in the English Tongue by Stopford A. Brooke & T. W. Rolleston (1900)
 * Parallel Paths: A Study in Biology, Ethics, and Art (1908)
 * The High Deeds of Finn Mac Cumhail (1910)
 * Celtic Myths and Legends also entitled Myths & Legends of the Celtic Race (1911, reprinted 1917, 1990)
 * The Illustrated Guide to Celtic Mythology. London: Studio Editions, 1993 (Based on Myths & Legends of the Celtic Race)
 * Parsifal or, The Legend of the Holy Grail, retold from ancient sources with acknowledgement to the "Parsifal" of Richard Wagner (1912)
 * The tale of Lohengrin, knight of the swan by Richard Wagner and T. W. Rolleston; illustrated by Willy Pogany (1913)

title: T. W. Rolleston


text:
Talk:Angiography

Untitled
I find that "angiogram" now includes MR and CT methods for getting similar vascular anatomy information.

MR angiograms are useful for patients with limited renal function (usually reflected as elevated creatinine), as the iodine-based dyes used for conventional are somewhat nephrotoxic. MR angiograms can be obtained using time-of-flight sequences (which use velocity data for contrast) or a the usual gadolinium-based contrast agent.

 * Angiogram without a modifier is a fluoroscopic angiogram. There are CT/MRI variants, and digital subtraction angiograms, etc JFW | T@lk  09:27, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Did you know that MRA images are not of as higher resolution than CT Angiography? See Magnetic resonance angiography and Computed tomography angiography.

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Tedmolly0.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 14:16, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Nobel prize
Egas Moniz's Nobel prize was for his work in psychosurgery, and not angiography, so I've removed the false reference. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.41.68.207 (talk) 18:36, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

dated photo?
How old is that photo? I had an angiogram/plasty this week and if I had entered that room (in the photo) I would have run for the door! Can a more recent image be used? Thanks Hu Gadarn 18:03, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

could someone update this page re: non-invasive methods?
I don't feel qualified to make modifications on this page, but came here after learning I would be getting a coronary angiogram later this week. What surprised me here is that the procedure I had described to me was a CT Scan, non-invasive (except for an IV to inject contrast), and lots less scary/dramatic than the procedure described on this page. Could someone familiar with the non-invasive procedure(s) update this? It'd be especially helpful for reassuring those of us facing the test (and our loved ones). Thanks! Melissa Ganus 29 Jan 2007

Note to all
I have done a small overhaul to the page, I hope this meets to everyones satisfaction! Heather 18:09, 31 March 2008 (UTC)Glitzy_queen00

Future heading makes no sense
In the "Future" section, there is reference to the past and present but nothing in that section makes any reference to the future. --Donlibes (talk) 18:04, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Free image available
. I just don't have time to upload it right now. If you'd like to upload it but don't know how, I'm glad to help, just drop me a note on my talk page. delldot  ∇.  04:33, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Why does "cineangiography" redirect here?
The term is not used or explained in the article. 86.159.197.174 (talk) 02:21, 22 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Angiography. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160106141048/http://www.medical.siemens.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay?categoryId=12751&langId=-1&catalogId=-1&storeId=10001&catTree=100001,12764,12751&overviewId=12751&userviewId=12813&parentName=Angiography&level=0 to http://www.medical.siemens.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay?categoryId=12751&langId=-1&catalogId=-1&storeId=10001&catTree=100001,12764,12751&overviewId=12751&userviewId=12813&parentName=Angiography&level=0

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at Sourcecheck).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:33, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Additional Risks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast-induced_nephropathy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocontrast_agent#Adverse_effects

Can also cause thyroid problems (hyper-and-hypo-thyroidism), and angiograms cause 12% of acute kidney injuries. Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3969626/ Isonomia-107 (talk) 08:26, 10 September 2021 (UTC)

'angeion' or 'aggeion' transliteration?
Why is ἀγγεῖον transliterated as 'angeion' and not (logically) as 'aggeion' ? Lawrence18uk (talk) 20:18, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Angiography


text:
Brione, Lombardy

Brione (Brescian: Breó) is a comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy.

title: Brione, Lombardy


text:
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy

Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a rare form of muscular dystrophy with symptoms generally starting when an individual is 40 to 50 years old. It can be autosomal dominant neuromuscular disease or autosomal recessive. The most common inheritance of OPMD is autosomal dominant, which means only one copy of the mutated gene needs to be present in each cell. Children of an affected parent have a 50% chance of inheriting the mutant gene.

Autosomal dominant inheritance is the most common form of inheritance. Less commonly, OPMD can be inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means that two copies of the mutated gene need to be present in each cell, both parents need to be carriers of the mutated gene, and usually show no signs or symptoms. The PABPN1 mutation contains a GCG trinucleotide repeat at the 5' end of the coding region, and expansion of this repeat which then leads to autosomal dominant oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) disease.

Signs and symptoms
In terms of the signs (and symptoms) of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy would be consistent with the following:

 * Ptosis

 * Weakness of the extraocular muscles

 * Dysphagia

 * Aspiration pneumonia (complication)

 * Proximal limb weakness

Though the aforementioned signs/symptoms are the most common, there have been cases though rare, where the peripheral nervous system has had involvement with significant reduction of myelinated fibers

In homozygous cases, this muscular dystrophy is severe and starts earlier in the affected individuals life.

Genetics
The genetics of this type of muscular dystrophy revolve around the PABPN1 gene. This gene suffers mutations that cause the PABPN1 protein to have extra alanine (amino acids), this manifests itself physically in the symptoms of this MD.

The expansion caused by the mutations on the PABPN1 gene ultimately interrupts the cellular mechanics of poly(A) RNA. In most cases oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy is inherited via autosomal dominance.

The alleles, which are a variant form of a gene involved in this form of MD are: PABPN1, (GCG)n EXPANSION, (GCG)8-13, PABPN1, (GCG)n EXPANSION, (GCG)7 and PABPN1, GLY12ALA.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy can be done via two methods, a muscle biopsy or a blood draw with genetic testing for GCG trinucleotide expansions in the PABPN1 gene. The genetic blood testing is more common. Additionally, a distinction between OPMD and myasthenia gravis or mitochondrial myopathy must be made, in regards to the differential diagnosis of this condition.

Treatment
Currently no cure or specific treatment exists to eliminate the symptoms or stop the disease progression. A consistent diet planned with the help of a dietitian along with exercises taught by a speech therapist can assist with mild symptoms of dysphagia. Surgical intervention can also help temporarily manage symptoms related to the ptosis and dysphagia. Cutting one of the throat muscles internally, an operation called cricopharyngeal myotomy, can be one way to ease symptoms in more severe cases. However, for a majority of people, the benefits from such treatments are only temporary. There is currently no treatment available to address the proximal limb weakness. Many of those affected with the proximal limb weakness will eventually require assistive devices such as canes, braces or a wheelchair. As with all surgical procedures, they come with many risk factors. As the dysphagia becomes more severe, patients become malnourished, lose significant weight, become dehydrated and suffer from repeated incidents of aspiration pneumonia. These last two are often the cause of death.

Epidemiology
The disease is found across 5 continents (30 countries) and is frequently seen in French Canadians, with a prevalence 1:1000. OPMD affects males and females equally, and affected individuals have been found in Europe (France), Jewish Ashkenazi, and Spanish Americans.

title: Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy


text:
Bacchus (grape)

Bacchus is a white wine grape created by viticulturalist Peter Morio at the Geilweilerhof Institute for Grape Breeding in the Palatinate in 1933. He crossed a Silvaner x Riesling cross with Müller-Thurgau.

Bacchus received varietal protection and was released for general cultivation in 1972. Its name is taken from Roman name of the Greek wine god Dionysus.

Bacchus can reach high must weights, and has no high requirement for sites it can be planted and can grow where Riesling, for example, does not ripen reliably. It ripens early, about the same time as Müller-Thurgau, and has a high productivity similar to that variety.

Bacchus wines can have powerful flavours and character, which have even been described as "exuberant", but only if it is allowed to ripen fully. It is low in acidity, which does not always make it very well suited for varietal wines under typical German growing conditions. Among the new breeds, it is considered to give less elegant wines than Kerner. Therefore, Bacchus is often used for blending into Müller-Thurgau, to give the latter more flavour. Within Germany, Franconia is considered as the source of some of the more successful varietal Bacchus wines. Bacchus is also increasingly grown in several vineyards in England. The colder climate in England means that grapes retain a higher acidity and yields are lower, giving varietal wines of (potentially) high quality, somewhat in a Sauvignon blanc-like style: English Bacchus wines often fall somewhere between the typical French and New Zealand styles of Sauvignon Blanc, although there are examples at either end of the spectrum.

German plantations peaked in the 1990 at around 3500 ha of which more than half were in Rheinhessen, where it was popular to use in QbA blends. In 2006 there were 2113 ha of Bacchus left in Germany, 2.1% of the total vineyard surface.

Cultivation
Bacchus does particularly well in the UK climate and is now considered the 'poster grape' for the UK wine industry. It is now also the 3rd most planted grape in the UK after Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.

Recognition
In 2017 the Decanter World Wine Awards declared that a Bacchus wine from Winbirri Vineyard, Norfolk was awarded a plantinum best in show award

Synonyms
Synonyms for the Bacchus variety include Bacchus Weiss, Weisser Bacchus, Frühe Scheurebe, Geilweilerhof 33-29-133 and Gf. 33-29-133.

Unrelated Bacchus grapes
The name Bacchus Black is also applied to the riparia x labrusca hybrid red variety Clinton grown in the Alps, while Bacchus noir refers to another cross involving Poulsard.

title: Bacchus (grape)


text:
Bogger

Bogger may refer to:

 * LHD (load, haul, dump machine), an articulated mining vehicle
 * A vehicle used in mud bogging, an off-road sport
 * Bogger Mushanga (born 1952), Zambian triple jumper

title: Bogger


text:
Administrative divisions of Russia in 1725–1726

Major events

 * May 3 (April 22 in the Julian calendar), 1725—Azov Governorate was renamed Voronezh Governorate.

Subdivisions (as of 1725)

 * Archangelgorod Governorate (Архангелогородская губерния)
 * subdivided into 4 provinces:
 * Archangelgorod Province (Архангелогородская провинция)
 * Galich Province (Галичская провинция)
 * Ustyug Province (Устюжская провинция)
 * Vologda Province (Вологодская провинция)
 * Astrakhan Governorate (Астраханская губерния)
 * not subdivided
 * Kazan Governorate (Казанская губерния)
 * subdivided into 4 provinces:
 * Kazan Province (Казанская провинция)
 * Penza Province (Пензенская провинция)
 * Sviyaga Province (Свияжская провинция)
 * Ufa Province (Уфимская провинция)
 * Kiev Governorate (Киевская губерния)
 * subdivided into 4 provinces:
 * Belgorod Province (Белгородская провинция)
 * Kiev Province (Киевская провинция)
 * Oryol Province (Орловская провинция)
 * Sevsk Province (Севская провинция)
 * Moscow Governorate (Московская губерния)
 * subdivided into 9 provinces:
 * Kaluga Province (Калужская провинция)
 * Kostroma Province (Костромская провинция)
 * Moscow Province (Московская провинция)
 * Pereyaslavl-Ryazan Province (Переяславль-Рязанская провинция)
 * Pereyaslavl-Zalessk Province (Переяславско-Залесская провинция)
 * Suzdal Province (Суздальская провинция)
 * Tula Province (Тульская провинция)
 * Vladimir Province (Владимирская провинция)
 * Yuryevo-Polsk Province (Юрьево-Польская провинция)
 * Nizhny Novgorod Governorate (Нижегородская губерния)
 * subdivided into 3 provinces:
 * Alatyr Province (Алатырская провинция)
 * Arzamas Province (Арзамасская провинция)
 * Nizhny Novgorod Province (Нижегородская провинция)
 * Revel Governorate (Ревельская губерния)
 * not subdivided
 * Riga Governorate (Рижская губерния)
 * subdivided into 2 provinces:
 * Riga Province (Рижская провинция)
 * Smolensk Province (Смоленская провинция)
 * St. Petersburg Governorate (Санкт-Петербургская губерния)
 * subdivided into 11 provinces:
 * Belozersk Province (Белозерская провинция)
 * Narva Province (Нарвская провинция)
 * Novgorod Province (Новгородская провинция)
 * Petersburg Province (Петербургская провинция)
 * Poshekhonye Province (Пошехонская провинция)
 * Pskov Province (Псковская провинция)
 * Tver Province (Тверская провинция)
 * Uglich Province (Угличская провинция)
 * Velikiye Luki Province (Великолуцкая провинция)
 * Vyborg Province (Выборгская провинция)
 * Yaroslavl Province (Ярославская провинция)
 * Siberian Governorate (Сибирская губерния)
 * subdivided into 5 provinces:
 * Irkutsk Province (Иркутская провинция)
 * Sol-Kamsk Province (Соль-Камская провинция)
 * Tobolsk Province (Тобольская провинция)
 * Vyatka Province (Вятская провинция)
 * Yenisei Province (Енисейская провинция)
 * Voronezh Governorate (Воронежская губерния)
 * subdivided into 5 provinces:
 * Bakhmut Province (Бахмутская провинция)
 * Shatsk Province (Шацкая провинция)
 * Tambov Province (Тамбовская провинция)
 * Voronezh Province (Воронежская провинция)
 * Yeletsk Province (Елецкая провинция)


text:
309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group

The 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group (309th AMARG), often called The Boneyard, is a United States Air Force aircraft and missile storage and maintenance facility in Tucson, Arizona, located on Davis–Monthan Air Force Base. The 309th AMARG was previously Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center, and the Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center.

The 309th AMARG takes care of nearly 4,000 aircraft, which makes it the largest aircraft storage and preservation facility in the world. An Air Force Material Command unit, the group is under the command of the Ogden Air Logistics Complex at Hill Air Force Base, Utah. The 309th AMARG was originally meant to store excess Department of Defense and Coast Guard aircraft, but has in recent years been designated the sole repository of out-of-service aircraft from all branches of the US government. The facility has also received US-made foreign military aircraft such as the Boeing CC-137 (from RCAF for use in the E-8 JSTARS program) and the Lockheed CP-140A Arcturus (2 from RCAF). The arid climate of the region makes the 309th AMARG an ideal location for storing aircraft, as there is very little humidity in the air that would corrode metal. Furthermore, the surface is hard so that the aircraft do not sink into the ground.

History
Aircraft storage at Davis-Monthan Field began when the 4105th Army Air Forces Base Unit (Aircraft Storage) was organized in 1945, to house Boeing B-29 Superfortress and Douglas C-47 Skytrain aircraft. Davis–Monthan Field was chosen because of Tucson's low humidity, infrequent rainfall, alkaline soil, and high altitude of 2550 ft, reducing rust and corrosion. The hard soil makes it possible to move aircraft around without having to pave the storage areas.

In 1949, after the Air Force's creation as a separate service, the unit was redesignated as the 3040th Aircraft Storage Depot, and later 3040 Aircraft Storage Squadron. On 1 Jun 1956, the 3040 Aircraft Storage Squadron was discontinued. In 1965, the Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center was organized and tasked with processing aircraft for all the United States armed forces, not just the Air Force. The Navy had operated its own boneyard at Naval Air Station Litchfield Park at Goodyear, Arizona, for Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard aircraft. In February 1965, some 500 aircraft were moved from Litchfield Park to Davis–Monthan. NAS Litchfield Park was finally closed in 1968.

In the 1980s, the center began processing intercontinental ballistic missiles for dismantling or reuse in satellite launches, and was renamed the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMARC) to reflect the expanded focus on all aerospace assets.

In the 1990s, in accordance with the START I treaty, the center was tasked with eliminating 365 Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bombers. The progress of this task was to be verified by Russia via satellite and first-person inspection at the facility. Initially, the B-52s were chopped into pieces with a 13,000 pound guillotine winched by a steel cable supported by a crane. Later on, the tool of choice became K-12 rescue saws. This more precise technique afforded AMARC with salvageable spare parts.

In May 2007, the AMARC was transferred to the 309th Maintenance Wing, and the center was renamed the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group (AMARG).

Lineage

 * Constituted on 7 October 1964 as The Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center
 * Activated on 1 February 1965
 * Redesignated Aerospace Maintenance & Regeneration Center on 1 October 1985
 * Redesignated 309th Aerospace Maintenance & Regeneration Group on 2 May 2007

Predecessors

 * 3040th Aircraft Storage Squadron
 * Designated as the 4105th Army Air Forces Base Unit (Aircraft Storage) and organized on 15 November 1945
 * Redesignated 4105th Air Force Base Unit (Aircraft Storage) on 26 September 1947
 * Redesignated 3040th Aircraft Storage Depot on 28 August 1948
 * Redesignated 3040th Aircraft Storage Squadron
 * Discontinued on 1 June 1956

 * Arizona Aircraft Storage Squadron
 * Designated as the Arizona Aircraft Storage Squadron and organized on 1 June 1956
 * Discontinued on 1 August 1959

 * 2704th Air Force Aircraft Storage and Disposition Group
 * Designated as the 2704th Air Force Aircraft Storage and Disposition Group and organized on 1 August 1959
 * Discontinued on 1 February 1965

Assignments

 * Air Force Logistics Command, 7 October 1964
 * Air Force Material Command, 1 July 1992
 * 309th Maintenance Wing, 2 May 2007 (attached to Ogden Air Logistics Complex after 12 July 2012)
 * Ogden Air Logistics Complex, 1 October 2012 – present

Storage procedures
There are four categories of storage for aircraft at AMARG:
 * Long Term (Type 1000) – Aircraft are kept intact in “inviolate” storage for future use. No parts are removed without the express permission of appropriate program office.
 * Parts Reclamation (Type 2000) – Aircraft are kept, picked apart and used for spare parts
 * Flying Hold (Type 3000) – Aircraft are kept intact with regular running of their engines, towing to lubricate their bearings and servicing of fluids.
 * Excess of DoD needs (Type 4000) – Aircraft are sold off whole or in parts

AMARG employs approximately 500 DoD civil servants and 200 contractors. The 2600 acre facility is adjacent to the base. On average, AMARG annually returns approximately $500 million worth of spare parts to military, government, and allied customers. Congressional oversight determines what equipment may be sold to which customer.

An aircraft going into storage undergoes the following treatments:
 * Ejection seat charges and classified hardware are removed.
 * All aircraft are carefully washed with fresh water to remove environment residue and then allowed to dry.
 * The fuel system is protected by draining it, refilling it with lightweight oil, running engines to coat fuel system plumbing and engines, and then draining it again. This leaves a protective oil film.
 * The aircraft is sealed from dust, sunlight, and high temperatures. This is done using a variety of materials, including a high tech vinyl plastic compound that is sprayed on the aircraft. This compound is called Spraylat after its producer the Spraylat Corporation, and is applied in two coats, a black coat that seals the aircraft and a white coat that reflects the sun and helps to keep internal temperatures low. The plane is then towed by a tug to its designated "storage" position.

On average the Group annually receives 300 aircraft for storage and processes out about the same number (with 50 to 100 of those returning to flying service). Aircraft that fly again either return to the U.S. military, U.S. government agencies such as the U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Forest Service, and NASA, or are sold to allied governments under the Foreign Military Sales program.

Accessibility
AMARG is a controlled-access site, and is off-limits to anyone not employed there without the proper clearance. From April 2013 onwards the base had hosted an annual 10K/5K run/walk which was open to the general public.

Use in film and TV production
AMARG has been used as a filming location in several films and television productions, despite security. The most recent and notable of these is Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. The exterior scenes of the Smithsonian set were actually filmed in the Boneyard.

AMARG was featured in an episode of TNT's The Great Escape.


text:
User:0101LUIkw marco

I am HKU BJ student Marco Lui. Feel free to leave me message.

title: User:0101LUIkw marco


text:
World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters

The World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (Association Mondiale Des Radiodiffuseurs Communautaires, AMARC) is the international umbrella organization of community radio broadcasters founded in 1983, with nearly 3,000 members in 110 countries. Its mission is to support and contribute to the development of community and participatory radio along the principles of solidarity and international cooperation.

The association is a member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange, a global network of non-governmental organisations that monitors free expression violations worldwide and defends journalists, writers, Internet users and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression. It is involved in the Tunisia Monitoring Group, a coalition of 16 free expression groups that campaign to end human rights violations in Tunisia. It has also supported the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement against Israel, over Israel's policies and actions during the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Members of the association gather every 3–4 years for a general assembly. Many member stations also operate organisations at the regional or national level. For example, New Zealand community radio stations belong as stations of the Association of Community Access Broadcasters.

Operational principles
Association members are required to uphold the following principles:
 * Believe in the need to democratise access to information and communication in order to promote more just relationships and equitable exchanges among peoples.
 * Contribute to the expression of different social, cultural and political movements – in all their diversity – by working to promote all initiatives that encourage peace, friendship among peoples, democracy, and development.
 * Recognize the fundamental and specific role of women in establishing new communication practices. Women's participation in the decision-making structures of community radio stations is essential.

Programming principles
Association members are required to do the following things through their programming:
 * Respect for peoples’ sovereignty and independence.
 * Respect for solidarity and non-intervention in the internal affairs of other countries.
 * International cooperation based on equality, solidarity, mutual respect, and the refusal of all discrimination based on race, gender, sexual orientation, or religion.
 * Respect for the cultural identity of all people.

General assemblies
The association began as a movement in 1983, during a gathering in Montreal. It became an association at its 1986 conference in Vancouver and was recognised as a non-government organisation at its 1988 conference in Managua. The 1990 conference in Dublin focused on freedom of expression, and an International Women's Network and International Solidarity Network were launched at the 1992 conference in Oaxtepec. The independence of local members and branches was recognised in the 1995 Dakar conference, and the need to collaborate on technology and legal issues was recognised in the 1998 Milan conference.

The 2003 Kathmandu conference hosted the signing of the Kathmandu Declaration - an agreement that "rampant militarism, accelerated privatization of the world's basic resources, religious fundamentalism and extreme capitalism" posted a critical threat to human rights. The declaration stated that radio was "the most affordable, egalitarian and accessible communication technology" in the world. It called on every government to recognize and uphold the right to freedom of expression, including the right to radio spectrum and community radio broadcasting, particularly for disadvantaged groups like women, children and disabled people.

At the 2010 general assembly in Bangalore, members committed to promoting opportunities for indigenous communities to access community broadcasting. Their declaration stated that research and documentation of traditional knowledge is important to preserving and conserving indigenous traditions, languages, cultures and the management of natural resources.

Local activities
By 2003, the African arm of the association was supporting the legal, political and cultural framework in which both men and woman were able and encouraged to participate in radio broadcasting. It had a regional network of broadcasters to distribute information, share experiences and transfer skills. The association was also giving members access to new technology, human resources and training programmes on broadcasting, gender issues, new technologies and communication. It was also coordinating exchanges, research, content development, new initiatives and news gathering.

The World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters was also involved in the development of community radio in other parts of the world. Between 2003 and 2008, it helped Fijian women trial "radio in a suitcase" using mobile facilities. Its member stations in Sri Lanka, Australia and New Zealand have also been recognised for giving women and minorities new opportunities to broadcast their views. The association has many member stations in Nepal, and has sought funding to restore their broadcasting infrastructure.

International activities
During August and September 2014, the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters hosted regional virtual consultations for the global farming community. The consultations were open to development professionals, people involved in community media, rural development agencies and private sector companies. The campaign marked the International Year of Family Farming.

Between March and December 2015, the two organisations collaborated again to produce 80 audio pieces by producers and community radio journalists to recognise the International Year of Soils. The twice-weekly series was aimed at sparking discussions and education about the environment, climate change, food security, agriculture, sustainable development, resilience, and the importance of soils.

Radio industry lobbying
At the 2003 ITU World Summit on the Information Society, the World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters criticised the lack of representation of community-based media. It made a submission to the summit to have community radio recognised as important, and submitted that community-based radio stations should be allocated "suitable frequencies, equitable access to licenses, and public financial and technological support and training".

The submission went on to argue community media are key to creating a "strong, socially responsible civil society'", provided they have sufficient financial resources and can respect and preserve their independence from government and commercial media. The association said governments should reinvest their revenues from the sale of spectrum, cable and telecommunications licenses into social communication objectives, and provide tax incentives, production funds and legislative support for community radio stations.

Political lobbying
In 2011, the association wrote a letter in support of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement against Israel. In it, the association said it boycott was in line with the front-line community access broadcasting model of its member stations. The letter said the International Middle East Media Center, a member station in Palestinian territory, was reporting on the daily life for Palestinians for many of its member stations around the world. However, the association did not claim to speak on behalf of any member stations.

In 2012, the association held the Tunisia Community-Associative Media Conference, a gathering of 60 freedom of expression activists from Tunisia, and community radio leaders from around the world. The conference focused on advocacy, content development and radio production, and ways community broadcasting to cause change in Tunisia. Its focus was on the freedom of expression of both men and women in Tunisia, as it fitted into the wider political and social context.