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The Book of Abramelin

The Book of Abramelin tells the story of an Egyptian mage named Abraham, or Abra-Melin, who taught a system of magic to Abraham of Worms, from Worms, Germany, presumed to have lived from c. 1362 to c. 1458. The system of magic from this book regained popularity in the 19th and 20th centuries partly due to Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers' translation, The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage.

The book presents an autobiography written in the form of an epistolary novel. The character of Abraham of Worms narrates his travel to the Egyptian desert and to a town bordering the Nile. An elderly Egyptian mage offers him two manuscripts containing knowledge of Kabbalistic magic, but extracts an oath that bounds Abraham in the service of God and the Divine Law.

The work was translated into English by Samuel L. MacGregor Mathers and more recently by Georg Dehn and Steven Guth. Dehn attributed authorship of The Book of Abramelin to Rabbi Yaakov Moelin (Hebrew יעקב בן משה מולין; c. 1365–1427), a German Jewish Talmudist. This identification has since been disputed.

Structure
The grimoire is framed as a sort of epistolary novel or autobiography in which Abraham of Worms describes his journey from Germany to Egypt and reveals Abramelin's magical and Kabbalistic secrets to his son Lamech. Internally the text dates itself to the year 1458.

The story involves Abraham of Worms passing his magical and Kabbalistic secrets on to his son and tells how he acquired his knowledge. Abraham recounts how he found Abramelin the Mage living in the desert outside an Egyptian town, Arachi or Araki, which borders the Nile. Abramelin's home sat atop a small hill surrounded by trees. He was an Egyptian mage and taught a powerful form of Kabbalistic magic to Abraham. He was a "venerable aged man", and very courteous and kind. He discussed nothing but "the Fear of God", the importance of leading a well-regulated life, and the evils of the "acquisition of riches and goods".

Abramelin extracted a promise from Abraham that he would give up his "false dogmas" and live "in the Way and Law of the Lord." He then gave Abraham two manuscript books to copy for himself, asking for ten gold florins, which he took with the intention of distributing to seventy-two poor persons in Arachi. Upon his return fifteen days later, after having disposed of the payment money, Abramelin extracted an oath from Abraham to "serve and fear" the Lord, and to "live and die in His most Holy Law." After this, Abramelin gave Abraham the "Divine Science" and "True Magic" embedded within the two manuscripts, which he was to follow and give to only those whom he knew well.

Origin
The book exists in the form of twelve manuscripts and an early printed edition. The provenance of the text has not been definitively identified. The earliest manuscripts are two versions that date from about 1608, are written in German and are now found in Wolfenbüttel. Another two manuscripts are in Dresden, and date from about 1700 and 1750 respectively.

The first printed version, also in German, dates to 1725 and was printed in Cologne by Peter Hammer. A partial copy in Hebrew is found in the Bodleian Library in Oxford, and dates from around 1740. An 18th century manuscript copy exists in French in the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal in Paris, an institution founded in 1757. Another 17th-century manuscript in Italian exists in the 'Legato Martinengo' of the Queriniana Library in Brescia, Italy. It was part of the collection of the Count and Qabbalist Leopardo Martinengo of Barco and Torre Pallavicina. The manuscript, unknown for centuries to international researchers until 2009, has been found by academic researcher Maria Elena Loda in the esoteric section. At the moment, it is the only known manuscript translation in the Italian language of the Abramelin grimoire.

All German copies of the text consist of four books: an autobiographical account of the travels of Abraham of Worms to Egypt, a book of assorted materials from the corpus of the practical Kabbalah (including some which is duplicated in the German-Jewish grimoire called "The Sixth and 7th Books of Moses") and the two books of magic given by Abramelin to Abraham. The well-known English translation by S.L. MacGregor Mathers from the French Manuscript in Paris contains only three of the four books. The ritual as described in the Mathers manuscript lasts six months. Newer compilations and translations contain all four books, and describe a duration of 18 months for completing the ritual. The Hebrew version in Oxford is limited to Book One, without reference to the further books.

Of all the extant sources, the German manuscripts in Wolfenbüttel and Dresden are taken by scholars to be the authoritative texts. According to respected Kabbalah scholar Gershom Scholem, the Hebrew version in Oxford was translated into Hebrew from German. An analysis of the spelling and language usage in the French manuscript indicates that it dates to the 18th century and that it was also likely copied from a German original. Although the author quotes from the Jewish Book of Psalms, the version given is not from the Hebrew; rather, it is from the Latin Vulgate, a translation of the Bible employed by Roman Catholics at that time.

The German esoteric scholar Georg Dehn has argued that the author of The Book of Abramelin was Rabbi Yaakov Moelin (Hebrew יעקב בן משה מולין; ca. 1365–1427), a German Jewish Talmudist and posek (authority on Jewish law).

Magic word squares
The practical magic of Abramelin (found in both Book III of the French text, and Book IV of the German original) centres around a set of talismans composed of magic word squares. These are similar to traditional magic squares, though the latter are usually composed of numbers, while Abramelin's squares contain letters. Commonly word squares are used as puzzles or as teaching aids for students. In the context of Abramelin, the focus becomes mystical—so that each square should contain words or names that relate to the magical goal of the square. A parallel is found in the famous Sator Arepo Tenet Opera Rotas word square, an altered version of which is also found among Abramelin's squares.

For example, a square entitled "To walk underwater for as long as you want" contains the word MAIAM (מים), the Hebrew word for "water". A square for recovering treasures of jewelry begins with the word TIPHARAH (תפארה, a variant of Tiferet), which can mean "golden ring" in Hebrew and is also the name of the sphere of "Beauty" (which has the planetary attribution of the Sun) on the Kabbalistic Tree of Life.

19th century
In 1897, The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage was translated into English by the British occultist Samuel L. MacGregor Mathers from a 15th century French version of the manuscript. It contains three of the four books. The magic described in the grimoire was influential in the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, of which Mathers was the head.

21st century
A German translation, credited to Abraham of Worms and edited by Georg Dehn, was published in 2001 by Edition Araki. In the Dehn version, the fourth book is included, and it is primarily based on the German sources. All 251 of the word squares are completely filled in. An English translation of Dehn's edition was published in 2006 by the American publisher Nicholas Hays.

title: The Book of Abramelin


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Melton Highway

Melton Highway (formerly Keilor–Melton Road) links Melbourne's outer north-western suburbs of Melton and Taylors Lakes (western Keilor as the old name suggests), connecting the Western Freeway and Calder Freeway to provide a more-direct route between Ballarat and Melbourne and Essendon airports; it has a Victorian route designation of C754.

Route
Melton Highway commences at the diamond interchange with Western Freeway and heads north as a four-lane, dual-carriageway road, intersecting shortly afterwards with High Street through central Melton, and then Gisborne-Melton Road, before narrowing back to a dual-lane, single-carriageway road heading east, sign-posted at 70 km/h as the road bends and dips to cross Kororoit Creek, increases to 80 km/h afterwards and then eventually to 100 km/h through Plumpton. The speed limit drops back to 80 km/h approaching Hillside, where the road widens to a four-lane, dual-carriageway and continues east through Sydenham and Taylors Lakes, past Watergardens Town Centre, to eventually terminate at the intersection with Sunshine Avenue in Keilor. Increases in traffic has seen the road upgraded with many overtaking lanes, and increasing residential levels at the eastern (Sydenham) end has seen further duplication of carriageways and reconstruction of the railway crossing just north of Sydenham (Watergardens) station.

History
The alignment of Keilor–Melton Road was altered at both ends through the 1980s:
 * its eastern end in Keilor, originally terminating with the Calder Highway (today Old Calder Highway) in northern Keilor, was truncated to terminate at Sunshine Avenue to provision new ramps to the Calder Freeway when the Keilor bypass opened in 1984; the former alignment is now known as Old Calder Highway
 * its western end in Melton, originally terminating with the Western Highway (today High Street) in central Melton, was re-aligned to terminate at a new interchange with the Western Freeway when the Melton bypass opened in 1987; the former alignment is now known as Melton Valley Drive and Sherwin Court

Keilor–Melton Road was signed as Metropolitan Route 54 between Melton and Keilor in 1989; with Victoria's conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in the late 1990s, this was replaced with route C754.

The passing of the Transport Act of 1983 (itself an evolution from the original Highways and Vehicles Act of 1924 ) provided for the declaration of State Highways, roads two-thirds financed by the State government through the Road Construction Authority (later VicRoads). The State Highway (Keilor-Melton Road) was declared a State Highway in November 1989, from Western Freeway in Melton to Sunshine Avenue in Taylors Lakes where it meets the ramps to the Calder Freeway, then re-declared as the Melton Highway just over a year later in December 1990, within the same alignment.

The passing of the Road Management Act 2004 granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2004, VicRoads re-declared Melton Highway (Arterial #6040) from Western Freeway in Melton to Sunshine Avenue in Taylors Lakes.

In September 2018, the former level crossing through the Sunbury/Bendigo railway line was replaced by a new 6-lane bridge overpass, with new bike lanes and footpaths on each side, and new paths underneath. The railway carries more than 200 trains each weekday and the road carries 38,000 vehicles per day.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Melton Highway


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Psychic vampire

A psychic vampire (or energy vampire) is a creature in folklore said to feed off the "life force" of other living creatures. The term can also be used to describe a person who gets increased energy around other people, but leaves those other people exhausted or "drained" of energy. Psychic vampires are represented in the occult beliefs of various cultures and in fiction.

Psychic energy
Terms used to describe the substance or essence that psychic vampires take or receive from others include: energy, qi (or ch'i), life force, prana, and vitality. There is no scientific or medical evidence supporting the existence of the bodily or psychic energy they allegedly drain.

Emotional vampires
American author Albert Bernstein uses the phrase "emotional vampire" for people with various personality disorders who are often considered to drain emotional energy from others.

Energy vampires
The term "energy vampire" is also used metaphorically to refer to people whose influence leaves a person feeling exhausted, unfocused, and depressed, without ascribing the phenomenon to psychic interference.

Dion Fortune wrote of psychic parasitism in relation to vampirism as early as 1930 in her book, Psychic Self-Defense. Fortune considered psychic vampirism a combination of psychic and psychological pathology, and distinguished between what she considered to be true psychic vampirism and mental conditions that produce similar symptoms. For the latter, she named folie à deux and similar phenomena.

The term "psychic vampire" was popularized in the 1960s by Anton LaVey and his Church of Satan. LaVey wrote on the topic in his book, The Satanic Bible, and claimed to have coined the term. LaVey used psychic vampire to mean a spiritually or emotionally weak person who drains vital energy from other people. Adam Parfrey likewise attributed the term to LaVey in an introduction to The Devil's Notebook.

The English singer-songwriter Peter Hammill credits his erstwhile Van der Graaf Generator colleague, violinist Graham Smith, with coining the term "energy vampires" in the 1970s in order to describe intrusive, over-zealous fans. Hammill included a song of the same name on his 1978 album The Future Now.

In the 1982 horror movie One Dark Night, Karl “Raymar” Raymarseivich is the name of a Russian psychic vampire who gains power from the lifeforce of young victims by frightening them to death. This is done by demonstrations of telekinesis which emanates as visible electrical currents of bioenergy. How he dies is unclear, but his malevolence posthumously remains in his body. Effectively, Raymar is a poltergeist in the mausoleum he is interred in, opening crypts (including his own), sliding out the caskets to the floor and randomly exhuming his fellow corpses to terrify unfortunate teenagers who have chosen the wrong place to have an overnight initiation.

The terms "energy vampire" and "psychic vampire" have been used as synonyms in Russia since the fall of the Soviet Union as part of an occult revival.

The 2019 American comedy horror television series What We Do in the Shadows includes the character Colin Robinson, a metaphorical and literal "energy vampire" who drains people's life forces by being boring or frustrating.

Vampire subculture
Sociologists such as Mark Benecke and A. Asbjørn Jøn have identified a subculture of people who present themselves as vampires. Jon has noted that enthusiasts of the vampire subculture emulate traditional psychic vampires in that they describe 'prey[ing] upon life-force or 'pranic' energy'. Prominent figures in the subculture include Michelle Belanger, a self-described psychic vampire, who wrote a book titled The Psychic Vampire Codex: A Manual of Magick and Energy Work, published in 2004 by Weiser Books. Belanger details a vampiric approach to energy work which she believes psychic vampires can use to heal others, representing an attempt to disassociate the psychic vampire subculture from negative connotations of vampirism.

Sexual vampires
A related mythological creature is a sexual vampire, which is supposed to feed off sexual energy. Sexual vampires include succubi or incubi.

title: Psychic vampire


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Burford School

Burford School is a co-educational academy day and state boarding school located in Burford, Oxfordshire, England. It is one of 40 state boarding schools in England. The school was founded by the Burford Corporation as a grammar school in 1571 and moved to its current premises on Cheltenham Road in 1957. The original building on Lawrence Lane is now used as a boarding house.

The School
While most students join from the surrounding towns and villages, the School accepts students from across the United Kingdom and abroad into its boarding community. The Boarding House is situated at the end of Lawrence Lane in the centre of Burford.

In 2012, Burford School was granted Academy Status and in 2015 the school was placed in the top 90 Secondary Schools in England.

School houses

 * Falkland House - Yellow: Named after the Earl of Falkland who lived in Great Tew. He was a benefactor of Burford School and gave his name to Falkland Hall located in the town.
 * Heylin House - Blue: Named after an early student and scholar of Burford School. He lived, for a time, in Minster Lovell and is buried in Westminster Abbey.
 * Warwick House - Red: Named after the Earl of Warwick who was a key benefactor of the school. He contributed money towards the building of alms houses and Warwick Hall located within the town.
 * Wysdom House - Green: Named after Simon Wysdom, a Burford merchant who is credited with being the key founder of Burford School in 1571.

title: Burford School


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User:Anul

My Home Page

title: User:Anul


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Nora Barnacle

Nora Barnacle (21 March 1884 – 10 April 1951) was the muse and wife of Irish author James Joyce. Barnacle and Joyce had their first romantic outing in 1904 on a date celebrated worldwide as "Bloomsday" after his modernist novel Ulysses. Barnacle did not, however, enjoy the novel. Their sexually explicit letters have aroused much curiosity, especially as Joyce normally disapproved of coarse language, and they fetch high prices at auction. In 2004, an erotic letter from Joyce to Barnacle sold at Sotheby's for £240,800.

Barnacle and Joyce's life together has been the subject of much popular interest. A 1980 play, Nora Barnacle by Maureen Charlton, was made about their relationship. Barnacle was the subject of a 1988 biography, Nora: A Biography of Nora Joyce, by Brenda Maddox, which was adapted into a 2000 Irish film, Nora, directed by Pat Murphy, and starring Susan Lynch and Ewan McGregor.

Early life
Barnacle was born in a Galway workhouse on 21 March 1884. Her entry in the birth register, which gives her first name as "Norah", is dated 22 March. Her father, Thomas Barnacle, a baker in Connemara, was an illiterate man who was 38 years old when she was born. Her mother, Annie Honoria Healy, was 28 and worked as a dressmaker. The unusual surname Barnacle is derived from the Irish Ó Cadhain, usually anglicised as Coyne, Kyne, or Cohen or Coen. But in Irish, cadhan means "wild goose", and some families made the translation to Barnacle, after the barnacle goose.

From 1886 to 1889, Barnacle's parents sent her to live with her maternal grandmother Catherine Mortimer Healy. During these years, she began studies at a convent, eventually graduating from a national school in 1891. In 1896, 12-year-old Barnacle completed her schooling and began to work as a porteress and laundress. In the same year, her mother threw her father out for drinking and the couple separated. Barnacle went to live with her mother and her uncle, Tom Healy, at 4 Bowling Green, Galway. This house has since been converted into a small museum dedicated to Nora.

In 1896, at age 12, Barnacle fell in love with a teenager named Michael Feeney, who died soon after of typhoid and pneumonia. In a dramatic coincidence, another boy she loved, Michael Bodkin, died in 1900 – causing some of her friends to call her "man-killer". Joyce later referenced these incidents in the final short story in Dubliners, "The Dead". It was rumoured that she sought comfort from her friend, budding English theatre starlet, Laura London, who introduced her to a Protestant named Willie Mulvagh. In 1903, she left Galway after her uncle learned of the affair and friendship, and went to Dublin where she worked as a chambermaid at Finn's Hotel (later the name of the hotel was used as the title for a posthumously published collection of 10 short narrative pieces written by Joyce, Finn's Hotel, in 2013 ).

Relationship with Joyce
Barnacle met Joyce on 10 June 1904 while in Dublin and they had their first romantic liaison on 16 June. Joyce later chose 16 June 1904 as the date for the setting for his novel Ulysses and the date has come to be known and celebrated around the world as Bloomsday. The 1904 rendezvous began a long relationship that eventually led to marriage in 1931 and continued until Joyce's death.

Barnacle's and Joyce's relationship was complex. They had different personalities, tastes and cultural interests. Of their first meeting, she recalled: "I mistook him for a Swedish sailor – His electric blue eyes, yachting cap and plimsolls. But when he spoke, well then, I knew him at once for just another Dublin jackeen chatting up a country girl." The numerous erotic letters they exchanged suggest they loved each other passionately. These are also of interest because of Joyce's lifelong dislike of swearing and crude language. Joyce seems to have admired and trusted her, and Barnacle clearly loved Joyce and trusted him enough to agree to leave Ireland with him for the Continent. In anticipation of the move to Paris, she began studying French.

In 1904, Barnacle and Joyce left Ireland for continental Europe and the following year set up house in Trieste (at that time in Austria-Hungary). On 27 June 1905, Nora Barnacle gave birth to a son, Giorgio and later to a daughter, Lucia, on 26 July 1907. A miscarriage in 1908 coincided with the beginning of a difficult time for both. Though she remained by his side, and the couple were legally married in London in 1931, she complained to her sister both about his personal qualities and his writings.

In these letters to her sister, she said he drank too much and wasted too much money. As for his literary activity, she lamented that his writings were obscure and lacking in sense. She was always fiercely proud of him, although she occasionally expressed impatience at his meetings with other artists and admitted she would have preferred him to have been a musician—in his youth, he was a talented singer—rather than a writer.

Lucia's mental illness, which became acute in the early 1930s, posed another challenge to the couple's relationship. Nora believed the condition required hospitalisation, which Joyce opposed. They brought in many specialists, and Lucia was for a time the patient of Carl Jung. She was diagnosed with schizophrenia and admitted to a clinic in 1936. Her father visited her there often, but not her mother. As Nora's biographer Brenda Maddox recorded, "Lucia was rarely out of Nora's mind. Because she had aroused Lucia's most florid schizophrenic reactions, Nora was not allowed to accompany Joyce on his ritual Sunday afternoon visits to Ivry. Not only did this exclude her from any contact with her daughter, it also required her to spend much of each week arranging for someone to accompany Joyce, who could not easily go alone ... Joyce liked to portray himself as safe from Lucia's violence, as if he was the only other permitted inhabitant of her private world. Yet once when Giorgio went with his father, Lucia saw them and cried, 'Che bello! Che bello!' then lunged and tried to strangle them." As Maddox also noted, "There is no record that Nora ever saw her daughter again."

Later life and death
After Joyce's death in Zurich in 1941, Nora decided to remain there for the rest of her days. She died in Zurich of acute kidney failure in 1951, at age 67. She was buried at Fluntern Cemetery, by her husband's side. Their son Giorgio was buried with them in 1976.

Legacy
In 1980, the play Nora Barnacle by Maureen Charlton, depicting the life of Barnacle and Joyce, debuted at the Dublin Theatre Festival. The Washington Post described the play as "the finest piece of theatre at this or at other theatre festival since The Cherry Orchard with Siobhán McKenna in 1968".

In 1988, Nora Barnacle was the subject of a biography by Brenda Maddox, Nora: A Biography of Nora Joyce. In 2000, this biography was adapted into a film directed by Pat Murphy, starring Susan Lynch and Ewan McGregor.

In 2004, an erotic letter from Joyce to Barnacle sold at Sotheby's for £240,800, a record amount for a modern-day letter at auction.

A novel, Nora, by Nuala O'Connor, was published in 2021.

In 2023, Mary Morrissy published Penelope Unbound, a novel which imagined a different outcome to the life of Nora Barnacle and Joyce after they arrive in Trieste in 1904.

Nora Barnacle House Museum: Nora's childhood home in Bowling Green, Galway has been converted into a small museum dedicated to her life.

title: Nora Barnacle


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Rurutia

Rurutia (ルルティア) is a Japanese singer-songwriter. She began her career in 2001 with the release of the single "Itoshigo yo" when she was signed with Toshiba-EMI. She has released twelve albums and eleven singles. Rurutia is intensely private; most aspects of her life – including her real name, date of birth, and hometown, are kept private, and she has never appeared on a TV program or held a live concert since her debut. Her mass media appearances have been limited to broadcasts of the Internet radio program "RURUTIA Planet," which began streaming on her official website after she became independent, interviews with photos posted on her official website, and interviews in music magazines. As for avoiding media exposure, she cites the glamorous world of the public spotlight and her own musical world as being at odds with each other. This, added to her whispered vocals, creates a unique and mysterious artistic persona.

Her pseudonym, Rurutia, is derived from the Tahitian word 'rorotea' meaning "blissful rain".

Singles

 * Itoshigo yo [愛し子よ] (6 October 2001)
 * Lost Butterfly [ロスト バタフライ] (6 December 2001)
 * Yuruginai Utsukushii Mono [ゆるぎない美しいもの] (26 June 2002)
 * Suzaku no Sora [朱雀の空] (30 September 2002)
 * Shine [シャイン] (22 January 2003)
 * Träumerei [トロイメライ] (29 October 2003)
 * Primary [プライマリー] (2 March 2005)
 * Spinel [スピネル] (21 November 2005)
 * Hohoemi no MARIA [微笑みのマリア] (26 January 2006)
 * Reirei Tenohira [玲々テノヒラ] (31 May 2006)
 * Pluie [プリュイ] (26 June 2013)
 * Don't Look at The Color (18 November 2015)
 * Deeply (06 May 2020)

Albums

 * R° (6 March 2002)
 * エレメンツ (Elements)
 * 知恵の実 (Chie no Mi/A Fruit of Knowledge)
 * 愛し子よ (Itoshigo yo/My Beloved Child)
 * ロスト バタフライ (Lost Butterfly)
 * 赤いろうそく (Akai Rōsoku/A Red Candle)
 * 雨の果て (Ame no Hate/The End of the Rain)
 * 僕の宇宙 君の海 (Boku no Uchū Kimi no Umi/My Universe, Your Ocean)
 * 僕らの箱庭 (Bokura no Hakoniwa/Our Miniature Garden)
 * 銀の炎 (Gin no Honoo/Silver Flame)
 * ハートダンス (Heart Dance)

 * Water Forest (26 February 2003)
 * パヴァーヌ (Pavane)
 * 朱雀の空 (Suzaku no Sora/Sky of Suzaku)
 * オール (Oar)
 * 星のたましい (Hoshi no Tamashii/Star Souls)
 * サンクチュアリ (Sanctuary)
 * ゆるぎない美しいもの (Yuruginai Utsukushii Mono/Unwavering Beautiful Thing)
 * 幻惑の風 (Genwaku no Kaze/A Bewitching Wind)
 * シャイン (Shine)
 * 満ちる森 (Michiru Mori/The Forest Full of Sorrow)
 * 思季 (Shiki/Thinking about the Seasons)

 * Promised Land / プロミスト・ランド (9 June 2004)
 * ハレルヤ (Hallelujah)
 * neo
 * アラベスク (Arabesque)
 * シンシア (Cynthia)
 * トロイメライ (Träumerei/Fantasy)
 * ジゼル (Giselle)
 * 流れ星 (Nagareboshi/Shooting Star)
 * メリー (Merry)
 * GOLA
 * 月千一夜 (Tsuki Sen'ichiya/One Thousand and One Moonlit Nights)
 * maururu roa('thank you very much' in Tahitian)

 * Meme / ミーム (13 April 2005)
 * Dancing Meme
 * tone
 * リラが散っても (Rira ga Chitte mo/Even if the Lilacs Drop)
 * プライマリー(album ver.)(Primary)
 * シグナル (Signal)
 * スカーレット (Scarlet)
 * セレナイト (Selenite)
 * ヒースの楽園 (Heath no Rakuen/Paradise in the Heath)
 * 青い薔薇 (Aoi Bara/Blue Rose)
 * 蝶ノ森 (Chō no Mori/Butterfly Forest)
 * コバルトの星 (Cobalt no Hoshi/Cobalt Stars)
 * Sleeping Meme

 * Kazuo Umezu's Horror Theater / 楳図かずお恐怖劇場 (film soundtrack, 21 June 2005)
 * 蝶ノ森(オープニングテーマ-cinema track-) (Chō no Mori)
 * ハレルヤ (Hallelujah)
 * トロイメライ (Träumerei)
 * 蝶ノ森 (Chō no Mori)
 * 知恵の実 (Chie no Mi)
 * パヴァーヌ (Pavane)
 * エレメンツ (Elements)
 * 満ちる森 (Michiru Mori)
 * 僕の宇宙　君の海 (Boku no Uchū Kimi no Umi)
 * 僕らの箱庭 (Bokura no Hakoniwa)
 * neo
 * コバルトの星 (Cobalt no Hoshi)
 * エレメンツ (Elements)
 * サンクチュアリ (Sanctuary)
 * コバルトの星(エンディングテーマ－cinema track-) (Cobalt no Hoshi)

 * Chorion (8 November 2006)
 * ABINTRA
 * 玲々テノヒラ (Reirei Tenohira/Midas Touch)
 * 星に花、灰色の雨 (Album ver) (Hoshi ni Hana, Hai-iro no Ame/Flowers for a Star, and the Grey Rain)
 * 水景色　星模様 (Mizugeshiki Hoshimoyō/Water Scenery, Star Patterns)
 * 願いの届く日 (Negai no Todoku Hi/The Day Our Wishes Come True)
 * スピネル (Spinel)
 * Time Traveler
 * パレード (Parade)
 * 微笑みのマリア (Hohoemi no MARIA/Smiling Virgin Mary)
 * マグノリアの情景 (Magnolia no Joukei/The Landscape Of Magnolias)
 * ABINTRA (Inst)
 * 水景色　星模様(Inst) (Mizugeshiki Hoshimoyō)
 * 願いの届く日 (Inst) (Negai No Todoku Hi)
 * スピネル (Inst) (Spinel)
 * 微笑みのマリア (Inst) (Hohoemi No Maria)

 * Opus (27 June 2007)
 * Opus
 * 流光 (Ryuukou/Flowing Light)
 * 水景色　星模様 (Ballade Ver) (Mizugeshiki Hoshimoyō)
 * 愛し子よ(Ballade Ver) (Itoshigo Yo)
 * アラベスク(Ballade Ver) (Arabesque)
 * 星と羽 (Hoshi to Hane/Stars and Feathers)
 * Opus (Music Box) *Bonus Track
 * 流光 (Music Box) *Bonus Track

 * 氷鎖 (Hyousa/Frozen Chain) (30 April 2008)
 * 氷鎖 (Hyousa/Frozen Chain)
 * 無憂歌 (Muyuu Ka/A Song of Fearlessness)
 * Opus (Ballad Ver)
 * 銀の炎 (Balad Ver) (Gin no Honoo)
 * 星のたましい (Ballad Ver) (Hoshi no Tamashii)
 * 玲々テノヒラ (Ballad Ver) (Reirei Tenohira)
 * 氷鎖 (Music Box Ver) *Bonus Track
 * 無憂歌 (Music Box Ver) *Bonus Track

 * Seirios (27 February 2009)
 * Seirios
 * サイレントプレイヤー (Silent Prayers)
 * Opus
 * オーロラ飛行 (Aurora Hikou/Aurora Flight)
 * 流光 (Ryuukou)
 * 無憂歌 (Muyuu ka)
 * LAST DAY
 * 氷鎖 (Hyousa)
 * 夢蛍 (Yume Hotaru/Dream Firefly)
 * VOID
 * 星と羽 (Hoshi to Hane)

 * Behind the blue (7 October 2010)
 * Behind the blue
 * Rainbow
 * 花綴り(silky jazz ver) (Hana Tsuzuri/Spelling with Flowers)
 * 夢蛍(candle night remix) (Yume Hotaru)
 * Rainbow (alegria dance remix)
 * Behind the blue (midnight story remix)
 * LAST DAY(autumn moon remix)
 * Behind the blue(Instrumental)
 * Rainbow (Instrumental)

 * RESONANCE (27 April 2011)
 * RESONANCE
 * Invitation
 * 深　藍 (Shin'ai/Deep Blue)
 * RESONANCE (acoustic ver)
 * Invitation (acoustic ver)
 * 深　藍 (Ballad ver)
 * RESONANCE (Instrumental)
 * Invitation(Instrumental)
 * 深　藍 (Instrumental)

 * Node From R (5 September 2012)
 * Aperture
 * The Name Of Anger
 * Mystic Pendulum
 * Behind the blue
 * スペクトル (Spectrum)
 * Invitation
 * In The Majority
 * 深　藍 (Shin'ai)
 * アイリス (Iris)
 * I Keep On Lovin' you
 * Rainbow
 * Mystic Pendulum ~The Rusty Veil Ver.~
 * 一粒の灯火 (Hitotsubu no Tomoshibi/Single Grain of Light)
 * RESONANCE
 * Lullaby

title: Rurutia


text:
Elizabeth: The Golden Age

Elizabeth: The Golden Age is a 2007 biographical historical drama film directed by Shekhar Kapur and produced by Universal Pictures and Working Title Films. It stars Cate Blanchett in the title role and is a loose but fact-based portrayal of events during the latter part of the reign of Elizabeth I, forming a sequel to Kapur's 1998 film Elizabeth. The film co-stars Geoffrey Rush (reprising his role from the previous film), Clive Owen, Jordi Mollà, Abbie Cornish, and Samantha Morton. The screenplay was written by William Nicholson and Michael Hirst, and the music score was composed by Craig Armstrong and A. R. Rahman. Guy Hendrix Dyas was the film's production designer and co-visual effects supervisor, and the costumes were created by Alexandra Byrne. The film was shot at Shepperton Studios and various locations around the United Kingdom.

The film premiered on 9 September 2007 at the Toronto International Film Festival. It opened in wide release in the United States on 12 October 2007, premiered in London on 23 October 2007, and opened wide on 2 November 2007 throughout the rest of the UK and Republic of Ireland. At the 80th Academy Awards, the film won Best Costume Design and Blanchett received a nomination for Best Actress.

Plot
In 1585, Catholic Spain, ruled by King Philip II, is the most powerful country in Europe. Seeing that the Catholic plots against Queen Elizabeth's life that occurred from the 1570s onwards had all failed, Pope Sixtus V approached King Philip, who had amassed the most significant naval force in all of Europe and convinced the king to use this naval force to invade and re-Catholicize England. By doing so, Philip, with the pope's blessing, would overthrow Elizabeth and take control of England. Philip agrees and plots to take over England and make his daughter, Isabella, the Queen of England in Elizabeth's place. Meanwhile, Elizabeth is being pressured by her advisor, Francis Walsingham, to marry; if Elizabeth dies childless, the throne will pass to her first cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, who is Catholic.

English explorer Walter Raleigh is presented at court, having returned from the New World. Queen Elizabeth is attracted to Raleigh, enthralled by his tales of exploration, and asks Elizabeth "Bess" Throckmorton, her most favoured lady-in-waiting, to observe him. Bess also finds Raleigh attractive and they begin a secret affair. With tensions strained between England and Spain, Elizabeth seeks guidance from her astrologer, Dr. John Dee.

Jesuits in London conspire with Philip to assassinate Elizabeth and replace her with Mary of Scots, in what King Philip calls "The English Enterprise," historically known as the Babington Plot. From her imprisonment, Mary sends secret correspondence to the Jesuits, who recruit Anthony Babington to assassinate Elizabeth. Walsingham continues to warn Queen Elizabeth of Spain's rising power and of the Catholic plots against her, but unlike her predecessor and half-sister, Queen Mary, Elizabeth refuses to force her people to share her religious beliefs.

Walsingham's Catholic brother, who knows of the plot against Elizabeth, is jailed, leading Walsingham to reveal Spain's plan to Queen Elizabeth, who angrily confronts the Spanish diplomats. The Spanish ambassador feigns ignorance, accuses her of receiving stolen Spanish gold from pirates, and insinuates that she has a sexual relationship with Raleigh. Enraged, Elizabeth throws the Spaniards out of England. Meanwhile, Philip is cutting down the forests of Spain to build the Spanish Armada to invade England. Mary writes letters condoning the plot.

Babington storms into a cathedral where Elizabeth is praying and fires a pistol at her, though Elizabeth is unharmed as there was no bullet in the gun. As Elizabeth learns of Mary's involvement in the plot, Walsingham insists Mary be executed to quell any possible revolt. Elizabeth reluctantly agrees. Mary is tried for high treason and beheaded; Walsingham realises this was part of the Jesuits' plan all along: Philip never intended for Mary to become queen, but with the Pope and other Catholic leaders regarding Mary as the true Queen of England, Philip uses Mary's death to obtain papal approval for war. The "murder" of the last legitimate Catholic claimant to the throne gives Philip the pretext he needs to invade England and remove Elizabeth, leaving the way to the English throne free for his own daughter.

Bess reveals to Raleigh that she is pregnant with his child, and pleads with him to leave. Instead, the couple marry in secret. When Elizabeth confronts Bess, she confesses her pregnancy and that Raleigh is her husband. An infuriated Elizabeth berates Bess, reminding her that she cannot marry without royal consent. She banishes Bess from court and has Raleigh imprisoned for the crime of seducing a ward of the queen.

As the Spanish Armada begins its approach up the English Channel, Elizabeth forgives Bess and sets Raleigh free to join Sir Francis Drake in battle. The ships of the Armada vastly outnumber England's, but a storm blows the Armada toward the beaches, endangering its formation and becoming vulnerable to English fire ships. Elizabeth, at her coastal headquarters, walks out to the cliffs and watches the Spanish Armada sink in flames as the English fleet prevails.

She visits Raleigh and Bess and blesses their child. Elizabeth appears to triumph personally through her ordeal, again resigned to her role as the Virgin Queen and mother to the English people.

Cast

 * Cate Blanchett as Queen Elizabeth I
 * Geoffrey Rush as Sir Francis Walsingham
 * Clive Owen as Sir Walter Raleigh
 * Abbie Cornish as Elizabeth "Bess" Throckmorton
 * Samantha Morton as Mary, Queen of Scots
 * Jordi Mollà as King Philip II of Spain
 * Susan Lynch as Annette Fleming
 * Rhys Ifans as Robert Reston
 * Eddie Redmayne as Anthony Babington
 * Tom Hollander as Amias Paulet
 * Steven Robertson as Sir Francis Throckmorton
 * Adam Godley as William Walsingham
 * Laurence Fox as Sir Christopher Hatton
 * William Houston as Guerau de Espés
 * David Threlfall as John Dee
 * Christian Brassington as Charles II, Archduke of Austria
 * John Shrapnel as Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham
 * Kelly Hunter as Ursula Walsingham
 * Kirstin Smith as Mary Walsingham
 * Benjamin May as Dance Tutor
 * Kate Fleetwood as the Mother
 * Aimee King as Infanta Isabel of Spain
 * David Robb as Admiral Sir William Wynter
 * Malcolm Storry as Sir Francis Drake (uncredited)

Production
Principal photography began 28 April 2006 and completed on 1 August 2006.

Historical background
In November 1558, King Philip II of Spain's second wife, Queen Mary I of England, died. They had married in July 1554, a year after Mary's accession to the English throne, but the English Parliament had refused to grant him much real power as co-monarch of England. On Mary's death he tried unsuccessfully to persuade her sister and successor, Elizabeth I, to marry him.

For many years Philip maintained peace with England, and even defended Elizabeth from the Pope's threat of excommunication. This was a measure taken to preserve a European balance of power. Ultimately, Elizabeth allied England with the Protestant rebels in the Netherlands. Further, English ships began a policy of piracy against Spanish trade and threatened to plunder the great Spanish treasure ships coming from the New World. English ships went so far as to attack a Spanish port. The last straw for Philip was the Treaty of Nonsuch signed by Elizabeth in 1585 – promising troops and supplies to the rebels. Although it can be argued this English action was the result of Philip's Treaty of Joinville with the Catholic League of France, Philip considered it an act of war by England. With the Pope's blessing, he launched the Spanish Armada to attack England, Protestantism, and Elizabeth herself. Sir Walter Raleigh, whom the Queen favoured, married Bess Throckmorton, a ward of Elizabeth's court, after learning she was carrying his child. Elizabeth I had both of them arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London, but later released them.

Dramatic licence
This representation of a historical period is heavily fictionalised for the purposes of entertainment. The film's lead Cate Blanchett was reported as saying: "It's terrifying that we are growing up with this very illiterate bunch of children, who are somehow being taught that film is fact, when in fact it's invention". Some of the simpler fictions are:
 * Sir Walter Raleigh is falsely portrayed as a major figure in the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and the film does not credit Sir Francis Drake and other key leaders of the English fleet (a character called "Drake" does appear during the battle with the Spanish; the role is played, uncredited, by actor Malcolm Storry).
 * Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, was lieutenant general at the Armada crisis, but in the film, he is not present at the Tilbury camp, his role having been given to Raleigh. The movie also does not make mention of Dudley's military campaign in the Netherlands.
 * Charles Howard (then Lord Howard of Effingham, the actual commander of the English fleet), says at one point, "We're losing too many ships." In reality, not a single English ship was lost during the battle.
 * The film depicts Elizabeth being advised by Dr John Dee. Historically, Dee was travelling on the European mainland throughout the period depicted and did not return until more than a year after the defeat of the Armada. Elizabeth's actual main advisor and chief minister, William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, is omitted from the film altogether.
 * The portrayed Jesuit leader of the Babington Plot, Robert Reston, is completely fictional, though based on the real-life Jesuit John Ballard, who encouraged Babington to initiate the assassination attempt on Elizabeth, which would subsequently begin the chain of events leading to the Spanish invasion. However, because Ballard was depicted being executed in the previous film for participating in the Ridolfi plot, the role of Reston was created to replace him.
 * In the film, Elizabeth is confronted at the altar of Old St Paul's Cathedral by Anthony Babington, who has a pistol charged with powder but no shot. The real Babington Plot was, like preceding plots against Elizabeth, discovered and thwarted by Francis Walsingham's investigative efforts while still in the planning stages, long before there was any actual attempt to kill Elizabeth.
 * The film also depicts Babington (and, implicitly, the other conspirators) as having been hanged by long drop, rather than the actual, and more gruesome method of hanging, drawing and quartering.
 * In 1585, Elizabeth was 52 (considered too old to bear children). The film shows various suitors being presented to the queen, with a view to marriage and children; the events presented actually took place much earlier in her reign. For instance, Erik XIV of Sweden abandoned his proposals to marry Elizabeth after his trip to England was interrupted by his father's death in 1560, when Elizabeth was 27. In fact, by 1568, Erik had been deposed from the Swedish throne and died in captivity in 1577. Likewise, marriage negotiations with Charles II, Archduke of Austria were abandoned in 1568 and in 1571, Charles married his niece Maria Anna of Bavaria, with whom he had fifteen children.
 * Philip II of Spain is depicted at the time of the Armada as an old, sick man. In fact he was just five years older than Elizabeth, and his death did not occur until eight years later, in 1596.
 * In 1588, Infanta Isabel of Spain is portrayed as a child. In reality, she was 21 by this time.
 * William Walsingham is a completely fictitious character. The real William Walsingham was the father of Francis Walsingham.
 * Mary Walsingham, Walsingham's daughter in the film, died in 1580. Frances Walsingham was the surviving daughter who married Phillip Sidney.
 * The lady-in-waiting Bess Throckmorton in fact became pregnant with Walter Raleigh's child in the summer of 1591, three years after the defeat of the Armada, not immediately before. After their secret marriage was inevitably discovered, Elizabeth had them locked up in the Tower of London. While she did eventually release them both, it was not out of any sense of forgiveness as the movie depicts. She released Raleigh because one of his expeditions returned to England with a captured Spanish ship, the Madre de Dios, and his men threatened a mutiny if she did not return Raleigh to them. Bess was released because Elizabeth felt guilty after Bess's baby died of plague while she was incarcerated in the Tower.
 * The affair between Raleigh and Bess is depicted as beginning when Raleigh consoles Bess after her cousin Francis is executed for his plot to assassinate Elizabeth, but that happened six years before the affair actually took place.
 * Mary, Queen of Scots is depicted as having a Scottish accent, when in actuality, she had been raised at the French court from the age of five and did not return to Scotland until she was a young woman.
 * The film shows Spanish envoys and other members of court wearing swords during their audiences with Elizabeth. Owing to threats of assassination, only members of the Royal Guard were permitted to carry weapons near Elizabeth while she was in court.
 * The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, is portrayed as having happened very swiftly after her arrest, while she was still a young woman. In fact, Mary was held in custody at various places for 19 years before her execution in 1587, at the age of 44.
 * The film depicts the battle between the English navy and the Spanish Armada as consisting of broadsides from the ships of both fleets. In fact, while the English ships were able to fire multiple times during the course of a day, the heavy Spanish guns were so difficult to reload that they were frequently only fired once. Broadsides would accompany later developments in ship design in the first half of the 17th century, the first major actions involving such technology and tactics for the English being the Anglo-Dutch Wars.
 * During the film, Elizabeth spoke German to Charles II, Archduke of Austria. Although Elizabeth spoke several languages there is no evidence that she was taught or spoke German; nor is it likely that they ever met.
 * There was no Spanish ambassador in Elizabeth's court in 1585, as Elizabeth had him expelled from England following the discovery of the Throckmorton plot, after Francis Throckmorton claimed under torture that his plot had been sanctioned by the Spanish.

Claims of anti-Catholicism
The film depicts an important episode in the violent struggle between the Protestant Reformation and the Counter-Reformation that polarised European politics. Several critics (some cited below) claimed the film was "anti-Catholic" and followed a traditional English view of their own history. A British-based priest, Father Peter Malone, declared the film to be jingoistic in his review.

In the US the National Catholic Register, film critic Steven D. Greydanus compared this film to The Da Vinci Code, and wrote: "The climax, a weakly staged destruction of the Spanish Armada, is a crescendo of church-bashing imagery: rosaries floating amid burning flotsam, inverted crucifixes sinking to the bottom of the ocean, the rows of ominous berobed clerics slinking away in defeat. Pound for pound, minute for minute, Elizabeth: The Golden Age could possibly contain more sustained church-bashing than any other film I can think of." Greydanus asked: "How is it possible that this orgy of anti-Catholicism has been all but ignored by most critics?"

Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger said: "This movie equates Catholicism with some sort of horror-movie cult, with scary close-ups of chanting monks and glinting crucifixes." Colin Covert of the Minneapolis Star Tribune complained of what he saw as "ugly anti-Catholic imagery", and Bob Bloom of the Lafayette Journal & Courier agreed that anti-Catholicism was one of the film's "sore points".

Monsignor Mark Langham, Administrator of Westminster Cathedral, was criticised by some Roman Catholics for allowing scenes to be shot there; although praising the film as a "must see", he suggested that "it does appear to perpetuate the myth of 'killer priests'".

Historian Franco Cardini, of the University of Florence, alleged "the film formed part of a 'concerted attack on Catholicism, the Holy See and Papism' by an alliance of atheists and 'apocalyptic Christians'". "Why put out this perverse anti-Catholic propaganda today, just at the moment when we are trying desperately to revive our Western identity in the face of the Islamic threat, presumed or real?"

Director Shekhar Kapur rejected this criticism of his film, saying: "It is actually very, very deeply non-anti-Catholic. It is anti extreme forms of religion. At that time the church in Spain, or Philip had said that they were going to turn the whole world into a very pure form of Catholicism. So it's not anti-Catholic. It's anti an interpretation of the word of God that is singular, as against what Elizabeth's was, which was to look upon her faith as concomitant." "The fact is that the Pope ordered her execution; he said that anybody who executes or assassinates Elizabeth would find a beautiful place in the kingdom of heaven. Where else have you heard these words about Salman Khan or Salman Rushdie? That's why I made this film, so this idea of a rift between Catholicism and Protestants does not arise. My interpretation of Elizabeth is an interpretation of greater tolerance [than] Philip, which is absolutely true. It's completely true that she had this kind of feminine energy. It's a conflict between Philip, who had no ability to encompass diversity or contradiction, and Elizabeth who had the feminine ability to do that."

Kapur extended this pluralist defence to his own approach: "I would describe all history as fiction and interpretation ... [A]sk any Catholic and they'll give you a totally different aspect of history ... History has always been an interpretation ... I do believe that civilisations that don't learn from history are civilisations that are doomed to make the same mistakes again and again, which is why this film starts with the idea of fundamentalism against tolerance. It's not Catholic against Protestant; it's a very fundamental form of Catholicism. It was the time of the Spanish Inquisition and against a woman whose half of her population was Protestant, half was Catholic. And there were enough bigots in her Protestant Parliament to say, 'Just kill them all', and she was constantly saying no. She was constantly on the side of tolerance. So you interpret history to tell the story that is relevant to us now."

Filming locations

 * Baddesley Clinton, Warwickshire, England, UK (Raleigh's house exteriors)
 * Brean Down, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, England (Queen Elizabeth addresses her troops)
 * Burghley House, Stamford, Lincolnshire, England (John Dee's house exteriors/London alley/Paris street scene)
 * Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, England
 * Dorney Court, Dorney, Buckinghamshire, England (Raleigh's house/Walsingham's house/chapel interiors)
 * Doune Castle, Doune, Stirling, Scotland
 * Eilean Donan Castle, Kyle of Lochalsh, Highland, Scotland (Fotheringhay Castle exteriors)
 * Ely Cathedral, Ely, Cambridgeshire, England (Whitehall Palace interior)
 * Hatfield House, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England (Chartley Hall, also the interior of Walsingham's house)
 * Leeds Castle, Kent, England (Chartley Hall/Windsor Castle exteriors)
 * Petworth House, Petworth, West Sussex, England (Windsor Great Park)
 * Shepperton Studios, Shepperton, Surrey, England
 * St Bartholomew-the-Great, London, England (Fotheringhay Castle/Chartley Hall interiors)
 * St John's College, Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England (Whitehall Palace exteriors/Thames scenes)
 * Wells Cathedral, Wells, Somerset, England (Whitehall Palace interiors)
 * Westminster Cathedral, Westminster, London, England (Escorial Palace/Lisbon Cathedral interiors)
 * Winchester Cathedral, Winchester, Hampshire, England, (St. Paul's Cathedral/The Chapel Royal interiors/gallows scene)

Soundtrack
The original score was composed by A. R. Rahman and Craig Armstrong. Kapur was thrilled to have both Rahman and Armstrong working together on the music, saying it was fascinating to watch "two people with totally different backgrounds and cultures" interact.

Blanchett had travelled to India in the early 2000s, coming away with several Indian sounds, and badgered Kapur to get Rahman to score Hollywood movies. Antonio Pinto was mentioned as being a collaborator during production, but later Armstrong joined the project. In January 2009, he expressed regret that other compositions from A. R. Rahman were not used in the film, feeling that "the score of Golden Age was not half as good as it could have been." He expressed hope to hear these pieces appear in another project.

"Opening" from the score was used in the BBC's coverage of the Single's Finals at the 2008 Wimbledon Championships. "Storm" is heard in a trailer of the 2013 film Man of Steel.

Home media
The film was released on DVD and HD DVD on 5 February 2008, and on Blu-ray in 2009.

Critical reception
Although Cate Blanchett's performance was highly praised, the film received generally mixed to negative reviews from US critics. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 35% of critics gave the film a positive rating, based on 167 reviews; the average rating is 5.1/10. The critics consensus reads, "This sequel is full of lavish costumes and elaborate sets, but lacks the heart and creativity of the original Elizabeth." On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 45 out of 100, based on 35 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, the same grade as its predecessor.

Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian, gave the film 1 star out of 5, remarking on the film's historical revisionism and melodrama. He writes: "Where Kapur's first Elizabeth was cool, cerebral, fascinatingly concerned with complex plotting, the new movie is pitched at the level of a Jean Plaidy romantic novel".

Roger Ebert gave the film 2½ stars out of 4, saying 'there are scenes where the costumes are so sumptuous, the sets so vast, the music so insistent, that we lose sight of the humans behind the dazzle of the production'. Ebert did, however, praise many of the actors' performances, particularly that of Cate Blanchett as Queen Elizabeth I. He said 'that Blanchett could appear in the same Toronto International Film Festival playing Elizabeth and Bob Dylan, both splendidly, is a wonder of acting'. Blanchett portrayed Bob Dylan in the film I'm Not There and was nominated for an Academy Award for her roles in both movies.

Colin Covert of the Minneapolis Star Tribune gave the film 3 stars out of 4, writing '... as a pseudo-historical fable, a romantic triangle and a blood-and-thunder melodrama, the film can't be faulted' and 'This isn't historical fabrication, it's mutilation. But for all its lapses, this is probably the liveliest, most vibrant Elizabethan production since Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet.' while Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe said, "Historians might demand a little more history from Elizabeth: The Golden Age. But soap opera loyalists could hardly ask for more soap."

Michael Gove, speaking on BBC Two's Newsnight Review, said: 'It tells the story of England's past in a way which someone who's familiar with the Whig tradition of history would find, as I did, completely sympathetic. It's amazing to see a film made now that is so patriotic ... One of the striking things about this film is that it's almost a historical anomaly. I can't think of a historical period film in which England and the English have been depicted heroically for the last forty or fifty years. You almost have to go back to Laurence Olivier's Shakespeare's Henry V in which you actually have an English king and English armies portrayed heroically'.

Box office
Elizabeth: The Golden Age grossed $6.1 million in 2,001 theatres during its opening weekend in the United States and Canada, ranking #6 at the box office. In the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland the film entered at No. 4 and earned £1.3 million ($2.7 million) on its opening weekend. the worldwide total was $74.2 million, including $16.4 million in the US and Canada and $57.8 million elsewhere. In contrast, the film's predecessor, Elizabeth, grossed $30 million in the United States and Canada, and a total of $82.1 million worldwide.

Awards and nominations
The film received two Academy Award nominations, winning the Academy Award for Costume Design for Alexandra Byrne. Cate Blanchett was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the film, becoming the first female actor to receive two Academy Award nominations for playing the same role.

At the 11th Pyongyang International Film Festival held in September 2008, one of the awards for special screening were conferred upon the film.

title: Elizabeth: The Golden Age


text:
Ensifer meliloti

Ensifer meliloti (formerly Rhizobium meliloti and Sinorhizobium meliloti) are an aerobic, Gram-negative, and diazotrophic species of bacteria. S. meliloti are motile and possess a cluster of peritrichous flagella. S. meliloti fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia for their legume hosts, such as alfalfa. S. meliloti forms a symbiotic relationship with legumes from the genera Medicago, Melilotus and Trigonella, including the model legume Medicago truncatula. This symbiosis promotes the development of a plant organ, termed a root nodule. Because soil often contains a limited amount of nitrogen for plant use, the symbiotic relationship between S. meliloti and their legume hosts has agricultural applications. These techniques reduce the need for inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers.

Symbiosis
Symbiosis between S. meliloti and its legume hosts begins when the plant secretes an array of betaines and flavonoids into the rhizosphere: 4,4′-dihydroxy-2′-methoxychalcone, chrysoeriol, cynaroside, 4′,7-dihydroxyflavone, 6′′-O-malonylononin, liquiritigenin, luteolin, 3′,5-dimethoxyluteolin, 5-methoxyluteolin, medicarpin, stachydrine, and trigonelline. These compounds attract S. meliloti to the surface of the root hairs of the plant where the bacteria begin secreting nod factors. This initiates root hair curling. The rhizobia then penetrate the root hairs and proliferate to form an infection thread. Through the infection thread, the bacteria move toward the main root. The bacteria develop into bacteroids within newly formed root nodules and perform nitrogen fixation for the plant. A S. meliloti bacterium does not perform nitrogen fixation until it differentiates into a endosymbiotic bacteroid. A bacteroid depends on the plant for survival.

Leghemoglobin, produced by leguminous plants after colonization of S. meliloti, interacts with the free oxygen in the root nodule where the rhizobia reside. Rhizobia are contained within symbiosomes in the root nodules of leguminous plants. The leghemoglobin reduces the amount of free oxygen present. Oxygen disrupts the function of the nitrogenase enzyme in the rhizobia, which is responsible for nitrogen fixation.

Genome
The S. meliloti genome contains four genes coding for flagellin. These include fliC1C2–fliC3C4. The genome contains three replicons: a chromosome (~3.7 megabases), a chromid (pSymB; ~1.7 megabases), and a plasmid (pSymA; ~1.4 megabases). Individual strains may possess additional, accessory plasmids. Five S. meliloti genomes have been sequenced to date: Rm1021, AK83, BL225C, Rm41, and SM11 with 1021 considered to be the wild type. Indeterminate nodule symbiosis by S. meliloti is conferred by genes residing on pSymA.

DNA repair
The proteins encoded by E. meliloti genes uvrA, uvrB and uvrC are employed in the repair of DNA damages by the process of nucleotide excision repair. E. meliloti is a desiccation tolerant bacterium. However, E. meliloti mutants defective in either genes uvrA, uvrB or uvrC are sensitive to desiccation, as well as to UV light. This finding indicates that the desiccation tolerance of wild-type E. meliloti depends on the repair of DNA damages that can be caused by desiccation.

Bacteriophage
Several bacteriophages that infect Sinorhizobium meliloti have been described: Φ1, Φ1A, Φ2A, Φ3A, Φ4 (=ΦNM8), Φ5t (=ΦNM3), Φ6 (=ΦNM4), Φ7 (=ΦNM9), Φ7a, Φ9 (=ΦCM2), Φ11 (=ΦCM9), Φ12 (=ΦCM6), Φ13, Φ16, Φ16-3, Φ16a, Φ16B, Φ27, Φ32, Φ36, Φ38, Φ43, Φ70, Φ72, Φ111, Φ143, Φ145, Φ147, Φ151, Φ152, Φ160, Φ161, Φ166, Φ2011, ΦA3, ΦA8, ΦA161, ΦAL1, ΦCM1, ΦCM3, ΦCM4, ΦCM5, ΦCM7, ΦCM8, ΦCM20, ΦCM21, ΦDF2, Φf2D, ΦF4, ΦFAR, ΦFM1, ΦK1, ΦL1, ΦL3, ΦL5, ΦL7, ΦL10, ΦL20, ΦL21, ΦL29, ΦL31, ΦL32, ΦL53, ΦL54, ΦL55, ΦL56, ΦL57, ΦL60, ΦL61, ΦL62, ΦLO0, ΦLS5B, ΦM1,  ΦM1, ΦM1-5, ΦM2, ΦM3, ΦM4, ΦM5, ΦM5 (=ΦF20), ΦM5N1, ΦM6, ΦM7, ΦM8, ΦM9, ΦM10, ΦM11, ΦM11S, ΦM12,  ΦM14, ΦM14S, ΦM19, ΦM20S, ΦM23S, ΦM26S, ΦM27S, ΦMl, ΦMM1C, ΦMM1H, ΦMP1, ΦMP2, ΦMP3, ΦMP4, ΦN2, ΦN3, ΦN4, ΦN9, ΦNM1,  ΦNM2,  ΦNM6,  ΦNM7,  ΦP6, ΦP10, ΦP33, ΦP45, ΦPBC5, ΦRm108, ΦRmp26, ΦRmp36, ΦRmp38, ΦRmp46, ΦRmp50, ΦRmp52, ΦRmp61, ΦRmp64, ΦRmp67, ΦRmp79, ΦRmp80, ΦRmp85, ΦRmp86, ΦRmp88, ΦRmp90, ΦRmp145, ΦSP, ΦSSSS304, ΦSSSS305, ΦSSSS307, ΦSSSS308, and ΦT1. Of these, ΦM5, ΦM12, Φ16-3 and ΦPBC5 have been sequenced. As of March 2020 the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has accepted the following species in its Master Species List 2019.v1 (#35):
 * Realm: Duplodnaviria, Kingdom: Heunggongvirae, Phylum: Uroviricota
 * Order: Caudovirales, Family: Myoviridae, Genus: Emdodecavirus (formerly M12virus)
 * Species: Sinorhizobium virus M7 (alias ΦM7)
 * Species: Sinorhizobium virus M12 (alias DNA phage ΦM12, type species)
 * Species: Sinorhizobium virus N3 (alias ΦN3)

title: Ensifer meliloti


text:
Talk:Psychic vampire

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 * You are right, it needs a separate fair-use rationale for the Energy Vampires article. I don't know how to do this, create a separate fair-use rationale on this image for this article. If anyone knows how to do this, please do so. GustavusPrimus (talk) 19:48, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Problem checked and fixed. A new Non-free use media rationale for Energy vampire article was added. Missing tags were removed. This topic can be removed from the discussion page. MarkChase (talk) 20:00, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

In popular fiction
The in popular fiction section may have too many trivial references. While they are examples of the energy vampire concept, they should be considered notable in some way. The best way to do so would be to reference third party discussion of these appearances.--SiIIyLiIIyPiIIy (talk) 07:35, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

Determine quality and use as reliable sources
I am pretty sure that all of these have been identified as NOT meeting our WP:RS guidelines and I am very disappointed that they have somehow weaseled their way back into an article. -- The Red Pen of Doom  02:10, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Do any meet our reliable source guidelines???

 * Fortune, Dion: Psychic Self-Defense. Weiser Books Publishing, 2001. ISBN 1-57863-151-3
 * Harbour, Dorothy: Energy Vampires: A Practical Guide for Psychic Self-protection. Destiny Books, 2002. ISBN 0-89281-910-3
 * Hort, Barbara E.: Unholy Hungers: Encountering the Psychic Vampire in Ourselves & Others. Shambhala, 1996. ISBN 1-57062-181-0
 * Konstantinos: Vampires: The Occult Truth. Llewellyn Publications, 1996. ISBN 1-56718-380-8
 * LaVey, Anton Szandor: The Satanic Bible (Avon, 1969, ISBN 0-380-01539-0)
 * Slate, Joe H.: Psychic Vampires: Protection from Energy Predators & Parasites. Llewellyn Worldwide Ltd., 2002. ISBN 0-7387-0191-2

They seem, to me, to meet the guidelines for sources on fringe theories.--UltraMagnus (talk) 06:48, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Merge Energy vampire → Psychic vampire ?
This was discussed in the recent AFD and is easily confirmed as the more widspread term by counting up the sources that actually use the term Psychic rather than Energy. I suggest the move goes ahead unless someone raises a strong objection.—Ash (talk) 16:50, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Apparently, another article on this topic previously existed at Psychic vampire, see this edit where it was redirected without fanfare to Vampire lifestyle. I decided to take it upon myself to restore the old Psychic vampire article and to merge the content from Energy vampire to that location.  Whatever404 (talk) 17:30, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

Recent edits and NPOV
I think Ash did a great job with some of the edits in this series (during which several other editors contributed), but I changed the wording of the lede back from "a psychic vampire is a mythological or fictional person...". My thinking behind this is that we do not use the word "fiction" to describe topics covered in articles about religion, because it is more neutral to state that some people believe in x, and leave it at that. We can certainly cite sources that state that the scientific community found that x is pseudoscience, or that a research study found no evidence of y, or that z was not effective, etc., but it's not Wikipedia's place to state definitively whether a phenomenon is real or not, regardless of how editors feel about it. Ash, if I've misinterpreted the purpose of your edit, please respond. Whatever404 (talk) 15:05, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

 * The lead still includes "and in fiction" so I will not fight against the change.
 * I am slightly concerned about "mythological" in addition to "fiction". Though it could be argued from good sources that the vampire appears as a mythological creature, I doubt there are good sources for "psychic vampire" as this is a much more recently coined term. Does anyone have a suitable source that specifically claims "psychic vampires" were told of in traditional stories concerning the early history of a people in order to justify "mythological"? If not I suggest the word is dropped. As I think is was me that put it in, I'll take it out for the time being.—Ash (talk) 15:27, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, certainly, if there are (sourced) fictional depictions of psychic vampires, I see no reason not to note that in the article. Similarly, if there are cultural myths describing people or entities as engaging in the type of practices associated with the modern term "psychic vampire", I think that mentioning the same would be appropriate. I like what you did, differentiating occult beliefs from myths.  Any ideas as far as expanding either description?  Or ideas for the article overall?  Whatever404 (talk) 15:50, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

I removed the last paragraph in this article because it was clearly opinionated and provided no source for its assertions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.11.161.107 (talk) 08:32, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

Very Biased and One-Sided
This whole article, as it stands of as of right now, is very biased, as the article is not neutral. It appears to describe psychic vampires as negative individuals, who are nothing but vile, evil people! Please change the article to reflect on the views of people who feel that their condition empowers them, rather than crippling them. Also, the overtone of this article implies that psychic vampirism is just a "claim", while most psychic vampires truly believe in their condition. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.115.85.22 (talk) 04:02, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

you are not a vampire. you are just a normal, dorky guy. hope this helps. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.64.210.14 (talk) 21:33, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

This article seems to have a very different interpretation
I never took Lavey to be claiming that psychic vampires are anything other than negative people that live to make others miserable-- people that should be avoided basically. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.181.251.75 (talk) 10:10, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

I agree. LaVey uses the term as a simple short-hand way to refer to individuals who thrive on making people feel obligated to contribute to them in some way. When LaVey spoke of them feeding off of a person's vital energy, I feel he made it rather clear that the "vital energy" he was talking about was a person's vital resources like time, money, and freedom. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.113.53.162 (talk) 10:18, 25 September 2015 (UTC)

Use of Psychic/Energy Vampires in Comics
It seems to me that Energy Vampires had an important role in comics, given they could get past the Comic Code ban on vampires. Karl Lykos or Sauron for example, from Marvel, while primarily used to get around being a were-wolf (being a were-pteradon) is also an energy vampire. He wouldn't have been allowed to drink blood.--71.232.241.114 (talk) 21:12, 5 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Since the comic code was only in one country, it only really constrained a small minority of comics; admittedly our current content covers those ones disproportionately. bobrayner (talk) 22:40, 5 August 2012 (UTC)

Description of "Emotional Vampire" and ambiguity
The section describing the term "emotional vampire" began "Bernstein uses the phrase "emotional vampire" for people..." without a Wiki link (he has none) to clarify who Bernstein is, or why we should care. The cite notes at the end refer you to a page on the author (now identified)'s own site, and two others referencing his book - along with the work of one other, Judith Orloff whose authority should probably speak for itself.

I didn't get this straight away as I was busy looking around for the Bernstein in question and found Eric Berne, born Eric Bernstein, who created Transactional Analysis and spoke of psychic vampires in his 1964 bestseller Games People Play, none of which is mentioned in this article at all.

Needless to say clearing all this up has left me very drained and frustrated, and led me to suspect someone has been manipulating the readers emotionally for their own personal gain. Anyway, first-time caller, hope it helps.

Brokenscience (talk) 07:12, 17 September 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Psychic vampire


text:
Hoddle Highway

Hoddle Highway is an urban highway in Melbourne linking CityLink and the Eastern Freeway, itself a sub-section of Hoddle Main Road. Both these names are not widely known to most drivers, as the entire allocation is still best known as by the names of its constituent parts: Hoddle Street, Punt Road and Barkly Street. This article will deal with the entire length of the corridor for sake of completion.

The highway is named after the surveyor Robert Hoddle, who planned central Melbourne's Hoddle Grid.

Route
Hoddle Main Road starts at the intersection with Queens Parade and High Street in Fitzroy North and heads south as Hoddle Street, crossing Eastern Freeway one kilometre later (and from where the Hoddle Highway declaration officially starts). It continues south until the intersection with Wellington Parade and Bridge Road, changing name to Punt Road. It continues south, passing near the Melbourne Cricket Ground, under Citylink in Richmond, across the Yarra River via the Hoddle Bridge through the South Yarra district to where St Kilda Road and Dandenong Road meet at St Kilda Junction (where the highway declaration ends). Hoddle Main Road continues south on the other side of St Kilda Junction as Barkly Street through the St Kilda city centre, to eventually terminate at Marine Parade in Elwood.

History
The elimination of the railway crossing at the Clifton Hill railway gates, where Heidelberg-Eltham Road (known today as Heidelberg Road) crossed the Hurstbridge and Whittlesea (now Mernda) railway lines and then Hoddle Street, was approved by the Victorian government on 19 May 1955, instructing the Country Roads Board (later VicRoads) to proceed with the construction of a road overpass. The Board contracted the project to Lewis Construction Co. Pty. Ltd., estimated to cost A£240,000. Work commenced in February 1956, with the southern portion open to traffic in April 1957, and the remaining sections, including the ramps leading to and from Hoddle Street, opening several weeks later in May 1957.

The passing of the Country Roads Act of 1958 (itself an evolution from the original Highways and Vehicles Act of 1924 ) provided for the declaration of State Highways and Main Roads, roads partially financed by the State government through the Country Roads Board (later VicRoads). Hoddle Main Road was declared a Main Road on 7 September 1960, from Queens Parade in Fitzroy North, along Hoddle Street through Richmond, along Punt Road through South Yarra, and along Barkly Street to Elwood.

Hoddle Main Road (including all its constituent roads) was signed as Metropolitan Route 29 between Fitzroy North and Elwood in 1965.

The passing of the Transport Act of 1983 updated the definition of State Highways. Hoddle Highway was declared a State Highway by VicRoads in September 1994 within Hoddle Main Road, from Victoria Street in Richmond to the St Kilda Junction in St Kilda, later extended north to the interchange with Eastern Freeway in January 1995; all roads were known (and signposted) as their constituent parts.

The passing of the Road Management Act 2004 granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2004, VicRoads re-declared the road as Hoddle Highway (Arterial #6080), beginning at the interchange of Hoddle Street with Eastern Freeway at Clifton Hill and ending at St Kilda Road (Nepean Highway) in St Kilda, while re-declaring the remnants between Clifton Hill and Elwood as Hoddle Main Road (Arterial #5880); as before, all roads are still known (and signposted) as their constituent parts.

1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan
The Hoddle Street – Punt Road – Barkly Street corridor was designated in the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan as the F2 Freeway. Part of the F2 Freeway would have connected St Kilda Junction to the Metropolitan Ring Road at the Hume Freeway (Craigieburn Bypass), via the Hoddle Highway and Merri Creek.

Hoddle Street Massacre
In 1987, Hoddle Street was the site of a deadly shooting spree known as the Hoddle Street massacre. The perpetrator, 19-year-old army recruit Julian Knight, killed seven people and injured 19 others during his rampage. He is currently serving seven consecutive terms of life imprisonment.

title: Hoddle Highway


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Fabrizio Quattrocchi

Fabrizio Quattrocchi (9 May 1968 – 14 April 2004) was an Italian security contractor taken hostage and subsequently killed by insurgents in the Iraq War.

Hostage taking
Quattrocchi was taken hostage together with three fellow Italians, Umberto Cupertino, Maurizio Agliana and Salvatore Stefio. They had been working in Iraq as security contractors under contract with DTS Security LLC, a security company incorporated in the U.S. state of Nevada, run by Paolo Simeone (a former Italian Marine and French Legionnaire) and an Italian lawyer, Valeria Castellani. Quattrocchi's kidnappers forced him to dig his own grave and kneel beside it wearing a hood as they prepared to film his death, but he defied them by trying to pull off the hood and shouting "Vi faccio vedere come muore un italiano!" - "I'll show you how an Italian dies!" He was then shot in the back of the neck.

Cupertino, Agliana and Stefio would later be freed in a bloodless raid by U.S. troops, which Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi said he had approved beforehand.

Honours
On 20 March 2006, Quattrocchi was posthumously honored by the Italian president Carlo Azeglio Ciampi with the Gold Medal for Civil Valour, after a proposal by the Home Secretary Giuseppe Pisanu. For the Gold Medal for Civil Valour to be awarded, a specific act of valor is required, and Quattrocchi's defiance towards his captors was judged deserving of the award.

Political implications
Quattrocchi's death became a highly divisive issue among the Italian public, which, despite widespread loathing of both Saddam Hussein's late regime and Islamist fundamentalism was mostly averse to participation in the Iraq war. The relatives of the victims of the 2003 Nasiriyah bombing (in which 17 Italian servicemen and two Italian civilians were killed by a truck bomb) complained that while Quattrocchi was awarded the Gold Medal, those Italian soldiers were awarded with the "Croce d'Onore" ("Cross of Honour"), as posthumous honour, even though they were in service as regular soldiers, unlike Quattrocchi. For this reason, according to them, the victims of the Nasiriyah attack deserved such an honour more than Quattrocchi.

Giuliana Sgrena, an Italian left-wing journalist who was also kidnapped in Iraq, complained that no similar honour had been awarded to Nicola Calipari, an Italian intelligence agent killed by American friendly fire during the rescue of Giuliana Sgrena. Similarly, Sgrena remarked, neither was Enzo Baldoni, another Italian journalist kidnapped and killed in Iraq, awarded any honour. As the leftist side was not enthusiastic about the award, the rightist parties Alleanza Nazionale and Forza Italia (Silvio Berlusconi's movement at that time), insisted in their PR campaigns that Quattrocchi was a hero.

title: Fabrizio Quattrocchi


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User talk:Dukeofomnium/pages I wish I could vandalize/guinea pig

deleted from the list of model organisms --Petaholmes 09:43, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Nice
This is very good. They could really use an editor like you. Jesin 01:33, 1 May 2007 (UTC)


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William Fitzherbert (New Zealand politician)

Sir William Fitzherbert (15 August 1810 – 6 February 1891) was a New Zealand politician. He served as Minister of Finance, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Speaker of the Legislative Council.

Early life
Fitzherbert was born in Dorset, England, on 15 August 1810. He was educated at Sherborne and studied medicine in Paris and London. Late in 1840 or early 1841 he married Sarah Jane Leigh in London. They came to New Zealand in 1841, settling in Wellington.

They later moved to Willow Bank a house in Lower Hutt and entertained parliamentarians there (which may account for the street's name of "Parliament Street"). The house now has a Historic Places Trust "C" classification.

Political career
He was elected an Alderman in the first council election ever held in Wellington in 1842.

Member of Parliament
He soon became active in politics, serving both on the Wellington Provincial Council and in the New Zealand Parliament. He was elected to the Wellington Provincial Council for the City of Wellington division at the 1853 New Zealand provincial elections. He was elected to the 2nd Parliament as a representative of the City of Wellington electorate, but resigned part way through the term to successfully seek election as representative for the Hutt electorate, which happened on 31 July 1858. He contested the general election on 29 December 1875 against William Hutchison and obtained 178 votes, with Hutchison receiving 38. He retained the Hutt electorate until his resignation in 1879, so that he could appointed to the Legislative Council. He also served as Colonial Treasurer (Minister of Finance) for the duration of Frederick Weld's premiership.

His younger son Henry represented the Hutt electorate from 1884–90. His other son, William, later became Mayor of Lower Hutt.

Wellington Province
Fitzherbert was Superintendent of the Wellington Province from 1871 until the abolition of the provinces in 1876. The Palmerston North suburb of Aokautere was once named after Fitzherbert, as he had promoted settlement of the Manawatu. The Fitzherbert East Dairy Factory building still carries the name these days.

Speaker of the House
He served as Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1876 until his appointment to the Legislative Council, and then as Speaker of the Legislative Council until his death.

He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1877.

Death
Fitzherbert died on 6 February 1891 at his residence in Lower Hutt. He was buried at Lower Hutt cemetery on 10 February next to his late wife, who had died on 21 August 1886.

He was survived by his daughter and two sons; William Alfred Fitzherbert) (mayor) and Henry Samuel Fitzherbert (MP). His only daughter Alice Jane married Sir Patrick Buckley in 1869.

Memorials
There are several streets in Wainuiomata bearing his name. The peak of the Eastern Hills dividing Naenae and Wainuiomata and its television relay mast is named Mount Fitzherbert.

Notable descendents

 * Henry Samuel Fitzherbert, son, member of parliament
 * Mihi Edwards, great-granddaughter, writer, social worker, teacher and kaumātua


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North Western Railway zone

The North Western Railway (abbreviated NWR) is one of 19 railway zones in India. It is headquartered at Jaipur, Rajasthan and has 59,075+ employees, 658+ stations and a route length of more than 5761 km across the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana. NWR operates international rail service Thar Express from Jodhpur to Karachi. This zone is the key enabler of the Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project by virtue of running railways 1,500 km long Western Dedicated Freight Corridor.

History

In 1882, a -wide metre-gauge line from Marwar Junction to Pali was built by the Rajputana Railway. It was extended to Luni in 1884 and Jodhpur on 9 March 1886. New Jodhpur Railway was later combined with Bikaner Railway to form Jodhpur–Bikaner Railway in 1890, when the Bikaner Princely State and Jodhpur Princely State started constructing the Jodhpur–Bikaner Railway within the Rajputana Agency. In 1892, the -wide metre gauge Jodhpur–Bikaner line was commissioned under the Rajputana–Malwa Railway, Jodhpur–Merta Road section was commissioned on 7 April, the Merta Road-Nagaur section on 15 October, and the Nagaur-Bikaner section on 8 December. In 1901, Jodhpur–Bikaner line combined with Jodhpur–Hyderabad Railway, some part of this railway is in Pakistan, leading to connection with Hyderabad of Sindh Province. In 1902–03, the Jodhpur–Bikaner line was extended to Bathinda in 1902–03 to connect it with the metre-gauge section of the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway and the metre gauge of North Western Railway Delhi–Fazilka line via Hanumangarh. In 1925, the combined entity Jodhpur and Bikaner Railways was split to function as two independent Railway companies. After Independence, a part of Jodhpur Railway went to West Pakistan. In 1926, the workshop at Bikaner (Lalgarh) was set up to carry out periodic overhauling of metre gauge coaches and wagons. In 1952, on 6 November the Jodhpur–Bikaner line was merged with the Western Railway. Sometime around or prior to 1992, the construction work for the conversion from metre gauge to -wide broad gauge of the Jodhpur–Bikaner line, along with the link to Phulera, were started, and it was already functioning as broad gauge Jodhpur–Merta City–Bikaner–Bathinda line by 2008. In 2002, on 1 October the North Western Railway zone came into existence. In 2012, the Bikaner Heritage Rail Museum was opened at Bikaner to displays items related to the Jodhpur and Bikaner Railway.

In 1884, The Rajputana–Malwa Railway extended the -wide metre-gauge Delhi–Rewari section of Delhi–Fazilka line to Bathinda, which was The Southern Punjab Railway Co. opened the Delhi–Bathinda–Samasatta line in 1897. The line passed through Muktasar and Fazilka tehsils and provided direct connection through Samma Satta (now in Pakistan) to Karachi.

On 18 February 2006, Thar Express, an Indian non-stop international passenger train operated weekly by Indian Railways using its own coaches and locomotives, between Jodhpur in India and Karachi in Pakistan.

Earlier, Sindh Mail train operated on this route from 1900 to 1965 when the track was bombed out by the Pakistan Air Force in Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Thar Link Express was run started after 41 years in 2006 based on the earlier rail communication agreement. The rail communication agreement was signed by India and Pakistan in 1976, to ease the soured relations after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 for the successful liberation of Bangladesh by Indian Army. The rail communication agreement is renewable every three years, and currently it is valid until January 2019.

In the 1990s, the Delhi–Jaipur line and Jaipur–Ahmedabad line were converted to broad gauge (BG). In 2007, the line going toward Ratlam Junction from Phulera to Chittaurgarh was converted to BG.

Between 2008 and 2011, the Bikaner–Rewari line was converted to broad gauge.

In 2009, the metre-gauge Hisar–Sadulpur section was converted to broad gauge.

By December 2017, railways for the first time installed 6,095 GPS-enabled "Fog Pilot Assistance System" railway signalling devices in four most affected zones, Northern Railway zone, North Central Railway zone, North Eastern Railway zone and North Western Railway zone, by doing away with the old practice of putting firecrackers on train tracks to alter train divers running trains on snail's pace. With these devices, train pilots precisely know in advance, about the location of signals, level-crossing gates and other such approaching markers.

Organisation
This zone was formed on 1 October 2002, comprising four divisions: Jodhpur and reorganized Bikaner division of the erstwhile Northern Railway zone, and reorganized Jaipur and Ajmer divisions of the erstwhile Western Railway zone.

Ajmer railway division
The Ajmer railway division, founded on 5 November 1951, has ~9,050 employees handling 48 passenger trains across 141 stations (15 main stations with Computerized Passenger Reservation System), covering the elongated elliptical shaped loop railway network in Marwar region central Rajasthan, from Pushkar to Palanpur via Marwar, and from Palanpur back to Pushkar via Chittorgarh. The main goods traffic are the export of cement from Ajmer district, and rock phosphate and soapstone powder from Udaipur district. The passenger segment handles traffic on the prominent religious and tourist circuit of Ajmer Sharif Dargah, Pushkar, Dilwara Jain Temples at Mount Abu and Ranakpur Jain temple.

Bikaner railway division
The Bikaner railway division, founded in 1924, has ~12,000 employees handling 142 trains across 198 stations (14 with Computerized Passenger Reservation System), covering the eastern Rajasthan, western and southern triangular half of Haryana (railway line network from Rewari–Bhiwani to Hisar, Sirsa and Dabwali, Rohtak to Hansi–Hisar), and a very small corner of south west Punjab (Sirsa to Bhatinda). The quantum of traffic is equally split between goods and passenger segment, with food grains, china clay and gypsum being the main outbound goods traffic.

Jaipur railway division
The Jaipur railway division was formed after merging parts of Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway, Jaipur State Railway and Rajputana–Malwa Railway. It has ~10,250 employees handling 146 trains across 128 stations (14 with Computerized Passenger Reservation System), covering the states of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. a very small corner of south west Punjab (Sirsa to Bathinda). 85% of the income is from the passenger traffic. It forms a logistics hub for the cross traffic of Western Dedicated Freight Corridor, carrying fertilizer, cement, oil, salt, food grains, oil seeds, limestone and gypsum traffic, with bulk container loading facilities.

Jodhpur railway division
The Jodhpur railway division, with origin going back to 1882, was founded on 5 November 1951. It has ~14,000 employees handling 92 trains across 144 stations (15 with Computerized Passenger Reservation System), It covers Jodhpur, Pali Marwar, Nagaur, Jalore, Barmer, Jaisalmer districts in Rajasthan and certain districts of Gujarat state. The main goods export traffic consists of limestone, salt and gypsum.

Divisions

 * Jaipur railway division
 * Ajmer railway division
 * Jodhpur railway division
 * Bikaner railway division

Medical facilities
For the employees and their families, the zone also has the following healthcare facilities:
 * Zonal hospitals
 * Jaipur Zonal Railway Hospital near Jaipur Junction
 * Divisional hospitals
 * Ajmer Divisional Railway Hospital near Ajmer Junction
 * Bikaner Divisional Railway Hospital near Bikaner Junction
 * Jodhpur Divisional Railway Hospital near Jodhpur Junction
 * Sub-divisional hospitals
 * Rewari Sub-Divisional Railway Hospital near Rewari (Bikaner division)
 * Bandikui Sub-Divisional Railway Hospital near Bandikui Junction (Jaipur division)
 * Ajmer Sub-Divisional Railway Hospital near Abu Road (Ajmer division)
 * Udaipur Sub-Divisional Railway Hospital near Rana Pratap Nagar at Udaipur (Jodhpur division)
 * Health units, 29 in total
 * First aid posts, 2 in total

Route and track length
This railway zone has a total of 578 stations, covering a total of 5449.29 km route kilometers out of which 2575.03 km are broad gauge and 2874.23 km are metre gauge (c. 2009), and 7329.80 km track kilometers out of6696.36 km are broad gauge and 733.44 km are metre gauge (c. 2009).

 * North Western Railway zone
 * Route km: broad gauge 2575.03 km, metre gauge 2874.23 km, total 5449.29 km
 * Track km: broad gauge 6696.36 km, metre gauge 733.44 km, total 7329.80 km
 * Ajmer railway division
 * Route km: broad gauge 732.56 km, metre gauge 442.29 km, total 1174.85 km
 * Track km: broad gauge 1149.0 km, metre gauge 466.73 km, total 1617.83 km
 * Bikaner railway division: covers Rajasthan and parts of Railway in Haryana
 * Route km: broad gauge 1730.96 km, metre gauge 48.76 km, total 1779.72 km
 * Track km: broad gauge 2182.31 km, metre gauge 51.17 km, total 2233.58 km
 * Jaipur railway division
 * Route km: broad gauge 830.20 km, metre gauge 196.61 km, total 1026.81 km
 * Track km: broad gauge 1385.13 km, metre gauge 213.53 km, total 1598.66 km
 * Jodhpur railway division
 * Route km: broad gauge 1568.42 km 1,568 km, metre gauge 0 km, total 1568.42 km
 * Track km: broad gauge 1979.73 km, metre gauge 0 km, total 1979.73 km

Rail transport infrastructure
The zone has the following types of locomotive engines: (Legends: W – broad gauge, D – diesel, G – goods, M – mixed, P – passenger)
 * Ajmer railway division
 * Abu Road (ABR) diesel sheds: WDM-2s, WDM-3s, WDG-3A and WDG-4s,
 * Jodhpur railway division
 * Bhagat Ki Kothi (BGKT) sheds at Jodhpur: WDM-2, WDGs, WDP-4s, WDM-3As
 * Jaipur railway division
 * Phulera Junction sheds: YDM-4 meter gauge locomotives

Trains
Some of the major trains operated by North Western Railways are as follows:

Training
The zone has the following training institutes:
 * Zonal Railway Training Institute, Udaipur in Ajmer division
 * Diesel Traction Training Centre, Abu Road in Ajmer division
 * Divisional Training Centre (Engineering), Ajmer
 * Supervisor's Training Centre, Ajmer
 * Basic Training Centre (C&W), Ajmer
 * Basic Training Centre(Loco), Ajmer
 * Area Training Centre, Ajmer
 * Divisional Training Centre (Engineering), Bandikui
 * Area Training Centre, Bandikui
 * Divisional Training Centre(Traffic, C&W, Civil), Lalgarh, Bikaner
 * Basic Training Centre, Bikaner
 * Railway Police Force (RPF) Training Centre, Bandikui
 * Divisional Training Centre (Engineering), Jodhpur
 * Carriage & Wagon Training Centre, Jodhpur
 * Diesel Traction Training Centre, Bhagat Ki Kothi, Jodhpur
 * Personnel Training Centre, Jodhpur
 * Transportation Training Centre, Jodhpur
 * Basic Training Centre, Jodhpur

Loco sheds

 * Diesel Loco Shed, Abu Road
 * Diesel Loco Shed, Bhagat Ki Kothi

title: North Western Railway zone


text:
Thomas Henderson (New Zealand politician)

Thomas Maxwell Henderson (1810 – 27 June 1886) was a New Zealand politician. He was one of the earliest settlers in Auckland. He was a significant entrepreneur, and is the namesake of the Auckland suburb Henderson.

Early life
Henderson was born in Dundee, Scotland, in 1810. He was a blacksmith by trade and served his time as an engineer and machine maker. He met the Macfarlane siblings in Perth, Scotland; John, Henry and Catherine (1811–1867). He married Catherine in 1834.

A family conference consisting all the above plus Ann Taylor (née Macfarlane) and her husband decided that they would answer to the advertisements for tradesmen and women to emigrate to New Zealand. They left Gravesend near London on 13 August 1840 on the barque London, arriving in Port Nicholson (Wellington) on 12 December. George Henderson, their 15 months old son, had died on the voyage. The Henderson and Macfarlane families went north, heading for Auckland at a time when not a single house had been erected yet.

Professional career
Henderson and his brother-in-law John Macfarlane entered into a professional partnership in 1842, beginning by selling general merchandise and goods for ships. The Henderson & Macfarlane business later grew to include kauri timber milling and shipping, under the name Pacific Island Traders (later known as the Circular Saw Line). In 1844, Henderson & Macfarlane purchased 18,000 acres of West Auckland from Ngāti Whātua in return for goods and a schooner, the Lucy Dunn, however the government voided the land sale shortly after, when it was decreed that all purchases of Māori land needed to be done through the central government. In response, Henderson & Macfarlane sought permission from Governor George Grey in 1847 to mill kauri in the vicinity of the Te Wai-o-Pareira / Henderson Creek, Henderson Valley and Waitākere Ranges. Henderson built a sawmill near the conjunction of the Opanuku Stream and Oratia Stream in 1848, around which developed a community, the Henderson's Mill Settlement, which became the modern-day suburb of Henderson. When the land became available to purchase from the government in 1853, Henderson & Macfarlane were one of the largest purchasers.

He built the Commercial Hotel on the corner of High Street and Shortland Street in the Auckland CBD at a cost of £2000, and it was at the time considered the most pretentious building in Auckland. In 1858, the hotel was destroyed in a fire, and replaced with a brick building. During the Flagstaff War, he employed about 300 Māori in gumdigging and was credited by other colonists as keeping them from joining Hone Heke.

John Macfarlane died of a heart attack in 1860, and his place in the company was taken by his elder brother Thomas Macfarlane. The Henderson & Macfarlane company continued to develop; by the year 1865, the Circular Saw Line fleet had 39 vessels. Henderson's Mill closed in the latter 1860s, however the community that developed around the area remained. The fleet traded to Australia, China and America. The company also engaged in coconut plantation operations and trading in copra. In 1897 the company merged its trading and plantation business with that of the trading and plantation firm of John T. Arundel, to form the Pacific Islands Company Ltd. The company was based in London with its trading activities in the Pacific.

Henderson assisted in establishing the Bank of New Zealand, the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Company, the New Zealand Insurance Company and the Auckland Gas Company.

Political career
Henderson was first elected to the Auckland Provincial Council in the City of Auckland electorate on 26 October 1855. He served on the second Council until 18 August 1857. From 26 November 1855 to 10 November 1856, he was a member of the Executive Council. He served another period on the fifth Provincial Council, from 26 November 1865 to 5 June 1867, representing the Northern Division electorate.

He represented the Northern Division electorate in the 2nd Parliament from 27 October 1855 to his resignation on 30 March 1860. He won the resulting 23 May 1860 by-election and continued representing the electorate for the remaining five months of the parliament's term.

He was elected again for the 3rd Parliament in January 1861, and the 4th Parliament in February 1866, but he resigned on 5 June 1867. He then represented the Waitemata electorate in the 5th Parliament from February 1871 to 24 April 1874, when he again resigned.

He was a minister without portfolio in the 1861–62 government of William Fox. At the instance of Sir George Grey, who at the time was Premier, he was appointed to the Legislative Council on 25 July 1878 and served until his death in 1886.

Other activities
Henderson imported Chinese pheasants (Phasianus colchicus torquatus) in 1851 and released them on his property. Around the same time, Walter Brodie imported English pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) and released them near Mongonui. Henderson imported another lot of Chinese pheasants in 1856. Pheasants became common game birds in the North Island.

Death and commemoration
Henderson suffered a paralytic stroke on 19 June 1886, and died at the residence of George Graham in Wellington on Sunday, 27 June 1886. His body was transferred to Auckland on the SS Penguin and buried in Symonds Street Cemetery beside his wife. The Auckland suburb of Henderson is named after Thomas Henderson. Catherine Street in the centre of Henderson is named after his wife. All central Henderson streets were once named after members of the family (e.g. Thomas, Henry, John, Mary and George), but they have either been renamed or removed.

Henderson donated land for a turf club in 1876. The land is these days occupied by the Plumer Domain and Henderson High School.