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Explorer II

Explorer II was a crewed U.S. high-altitude balloon that was launched on November 11, 1935, and reached a record altitude of 22,066 m. Launched at 8:00 am from the Stratobowl in South Dakota, the helium balloon carried a two-man crew consisting of U. S. Army Air Corps Captains Albert W. Stevens and Orvil A. Anderson inside a sealed, spherical cabin. The crew landed safely near White Lake, South Dakota, at 4:13 pm and both were acclaimed as national heroes. Scientific instruments carried on the gondola returned useful information about the stratosphere. The mission was funded by the membership of the National Geographic Society.

Background
In January 1934, the National Geographic Society (NGS) and the U. S. Army Air Corps decided to collaborate on a program to build and launch a manned balloon to the then record altitude of 15 mi. This vehicle would be capable of carrying a crew of three in an airtight capsule, along with a laboratory of instruments. The hydrogen balloon, named Explorer, was completed by July at a cost of around $60,000; currency.

The balloon was launched from a canyon in the Black Hills of South Dakota—dubbed the Stratobowl—on July 28, 1934 and reached a near-record altitude of 60613 ft before tears in the fabric led the crew to begin reducing their altitude. A rupture in the balloon resulted in a precipitous descent, followed by a spark that caused the hydrogen to ignite and destroy what was left of the balloon, leaving the capsule to plummet toward the ground at terminal velocity. The crew just managed to escape using their parachutes, with the last man bailing out at 500 ft above the ground. Their capsule was almost completely destroyed upon impact.

The crash resulted in a national embarrassment, leading Captain Albert W. Stevens, the scientific observer on board the Explorer balloon, to lobby for another attempt with an improved balloon to be named Explorer II. But news of the fatal crash of a Russian stratospheric attempt in 1934 left President Gilbert H. Grosvenor of the NGS sobered by the risk. A review of the crash by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) was held between July and September, revealing that the balloon had not opened symmetrically during the ascent, causing stresses that led to the fabric tears. A month-long delay prior to launch had allowed the rubberized cotton to stick together, which created the uneven expansion. The hydrogen explosion followed when the gas in the bag mixed with the oxygen in the atmosphere.

Preparation
Despite the concerns, in 1935 the NGS and Army Air Corps decided to make another attempt. To eliminate the hazard of the hydrogen lifting gas, it was decided instead to use helium —to which the United States had a monopoly. The lower lifting efficiency of helium gas meant that a larger balloon would be needed, so Goodyear-Zeppelin increased the volume to 3,700,000 cuft. Dow Chemical Company assembled a larger, lighter gondola made of "Dowmetal" —a magnesium-aluminium alloy — that would carry a two-man crew with a reduced amount of scientific instrumentation. The cabin was 9 ft in diameter with a mass of 640 lb and could transport a 1500 lb payload. It was manufactured from a single, large plate that was cut up into form that could be reshaped and welded into a sphere. In order to make crew escape easier, the portholes were made wider than on the Explorer I. The atmosphere in the interior of the capsule was supplied from liquid air instead of liquid oxygen in order to reduce the fire hazard. The modified balloon was ready by the spring of 1935 and the first launch occurred July 10, 1935. Unfortunately, this too proved a failure with the balloon rupturing at liftoff.

Following a review by the NBS, the balloon was prepared for another attempt after Goodyear strengthened the material. Examination of climatological data for the Stratobowl collected over the previous fifteen years was examined, and it was determined that the month of October typically had periods of good weather that would last sufficiently long for a flight attempt. A team of meteorologists was assembled at the Stratobowl in early September and they proceeded to put together a weather station. The meteorological requirements for the launch was for clear skies—with no precipitation—lasting for the duration of the flight, as well as surface wind speeds that were not to exceed 14 mph.

With a cold front approaching, on the night of November 10, 1935, the balloon was prepared for launch. The temperature dropped to 6 °F overnight, so the 115,845 sqft of fabric was kept warm and pliable through the use of stoves. The task of inflating the balloon with helium from the 1,685 steel cylinders took eight hours, during which the team needed to repair a 17 ft long tear that formed in the fabric. Once inflated, the balloon stood 316 ft tall. The gondola was kept anchored to the earth by a team of more than 100 soldiers holding cables. Preparations were complete by 7:01 am the following morning and the conditions were deemed suitable for a launch.

Flight

The crew of the Explorer II consisted of Captain Albert W. Stevens, in command of the mission, and Captain Orvil A. Anderson. A crowd of around 20,000 viewers gathered to watch the event. (The local residents had raised and contributed $13,000 for the mission. ) Lift-off occurred at precisely 8:00 am with the release of 75 lb of ballast made of fine lead shot. A few moments after liftoff, wind shear propelled the balloon into a side canyon, but thereafter it ascended normally.

The Explorer II reached a peak altitude of 22,066 m at 12:30 pm and remained there for 80 minutes. This set a new world altitude record, and one that would last for nearly two decades. The crew became the first humans to document the curvature of the Earth. Unfortunately, the fan that was to be used to rotate the gondola proved ineffective at that altitude, so they were unable to avoid the Sun's glare. This made viewing from one side of the capsule nearly useless. Despite this, Captain Stevens reported seeing details of the Earth's surface for hundreds of miles. They were too high up to be able to view any movement on the ground, but their photography showed the potential of high-altitude reconnaissance balloons.

Explorer II included communications equipment, and constant radio contact was maintained throughout the flight with the signal being broadcast across the U.S. and in Europe. The onboard instruments collected data on cosmic rays, the ozone distribution and electrical conductivity of the atmosphere at different altitudes, the atmospheric composition of the stratosphere, and the luminosity of the Sun, Moon and Earth. In addition, microorganisms were collected from the stratosphere. Mold samples were carried along to determine the effects of cosmic ray exposure. Stevens took along a camera to take pictures, including the first ever motion pictures shot from the stratosphere. The collected data showed that the ozone in the upper atmosphere was effective at blocking most of the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. It was also found that the percentage of oxygen at the peak altitude was about the same as that at sea level.

Finally, the descent was begun and it proceeded normally. At an altitude of 1000 ft, the crew began releasing scientific instruments that would descend by their own parachutes. This was done to protect the data in case the gondola had a rough landing. The precautions proved unnecessary as the balloon landed gently in an open field near the town of White Lake, South Dakota at 4:13 pm.

Aftermath
The success of the mission was much celebrated in the press and the aeronauts were invited to an audience with U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. They became national heroes and both men were presented with the Hubbard Medal of the National Geographic Society by General John J. Pershing. The Air Corps awarded them the Mackay Trophy for the most meritorious flight of the year. Both men were also awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for each of the Explorer flights.

Scientific observations made during the mission were highly successful and much data was collected, with the results appearing in scientific journals. The data and the crew experiences were later used when designing flight crew equipment and methods for high-altitude combat operations during World War II. The balloon used for the Explorer II expedition was cut up into a million strips and distributed as commemorative bookmarks among the NGS members who supported the mission. The gondola is on display at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum.

title: Explorer II


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Talk:Standing on a Beach

Culture reference of title
It's fairly well known that both titles for this compilation come from the song "Killing and Arab" and that the song itself references the existentialist/absurdist novel "The Stranger" by Albert Camus. This seems to be an important bit of information for this article as the title of the compilation recalls not only the band's first single, but indicates the influence of the literary genre on their early sound and topics. I don't regularly edit Wikipedia, though, so I'm not sure what level of authority represents an appropriate 3rd party source for the information. Releaux 21:41, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Proposed merger
I'm for it. Standing on a Beach was never released independently of Staring at the Sea; they belong together. Folkor 15:57, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Agreed. Track listings are slightly different, but the article can mention that and detail the differences -- the point remains that the band meant it as a singles compilation, and happened to give it different titles in different media. GGreeneVa 04:09, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

The compilation is available on CD under both names. I have Standing on a Beach on CD, under that title. And the tracklisting is the same. They should be merged.165.228.105.74 04:07, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Done.  MightyMoose22 > Abort,  Retry,   Fail? _  22:26, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Man on the Cover
Would make for an excellent bit of trivia. Renfield 02:04, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

--Visited this article today looking for the very same!

I agree - the history of the photograph (e.g., model & photographer names, was it commissioned or found, etc.) would be good information for the article. Releaux 21:31, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

I'm the third named person looking for who is the man on the cover. -- Reflex Reaction  ( talk )• 17:02, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

i am the fourth. who is he? little question from germany. --84.132.55.189 07:49, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

 * And i shall answer that question. According to the 2005 book Never Enough: The Story of the Cure by Jeff Apter (which the curious can purchase | here) on p.217: "the standard question asked by the press was this: who's the old codger on the cover? It turned out to be one John Button, a fisherman living in quiet retirement in the harbour town of Rye. His wizened, leathery mug was perfect for the cover. Buttton was also the only person to appear in the newly shot clip for "Killing an Arab". For a moment in time, Button became the sixth face of the Cure". There. Doc Strange 17:50, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Well here I am only 5 years behind, but let me go ahead and add that to the article :)Dr.queso (talk) 02:41, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

 * The reason the band chose to use a picture of an old man for the cover is because they thought that if they were to put themselves on the cover, that people who didn't like the group would know who they were and probably would not have bought this album. WikiPro1981X (talk) 02:58, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Standing on a Beach


text: Category:University of Exeter

title: Category:University of Exeter


text:
Category:Fabulists

Fabulists are authors of fables, in the normal sense of "a narration intended to convey a useful truth".

title: Category:Fabulists


text:
Watcher (angel)

A Watcher is a type of biblical angel. The word occurs in both plural and singular forms in the Book of Daniel (2nd century BC), where reference is made to the holiness of the beings. The apocryphal Books of Enoch (2nd–1st centuries BC) refer to both good and bad Watchers, with a primary focus on the rebellious ones.

Good watchers in Daniel
In the Book of Daniel 4:13, 17, 23 (ESV), there are three references to the class of "watcher, holy one" ("watcher", Aramaic ; "holy one", Aramaic ). The term is introduced by Nebuchadnezzar who says he saw "a watcher, a holy one come down (singular verb) from heaven." He describes how in his dream the watcher says that Nebuchadnezzar will eat grass and be mad and that this punishment is "by the decree of the watchers, the demand by the word of the holy ones" ... "the living may know that the Most High rules in the kingdom of men." After hearing the king's dream, Daniel considers for an hour and then responds:

"And because the king saw a watcher, a holy one, coming down from heaven and saying, 'Chop down the tree and destroy it, but leave the stump of its roots in the earth, bound with a band of iron and bronze, in the tender grass of the field, and let him be wet with the dew of heaven, and let his portion be with the beasts of the field, till seven periods of time pass over him,' this is the interpretation, O king: It is a decree of the Most High, which has come upon my lord the king, that you shall be driven from among men, and your dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field. You shall be made to eat grass like an ox, and you shall be wet with the dew of heaven, and seven periods of time shall pass over you, till you know that the Most High rules the kingdom of men and gives it to whom He will."

Lutheran Protestant reformer Johann Wigand viewed the watcher in Nebuchadnezzar's dream as either God himself, or the Son of God. He promoted Trinitarian thinking by linking verse 17 ("This matter is by the decree of the watchers") with verse 24 ("this is the decree of the Most High").

Scholars view these "watchers, holy ones" as perhaps showing an influence of Babylonian religion, that is an attempt by the author of this section of Daniel to present Nebuchadnezzar's Babylonian gods recognizing the power of the god of Israel as "Most High". The Greek Septuagint version differs from the Aramaic Masoretic Text: for example, the Aramaic text is ambiguous about who is telling the story of verse 14, whether it is Nebuchadnezzar, or the watcher in his dream.

Books of Enoch
In the Books of Enoch, the first Book of Enoch devotes much of its attention to the fall of the watchers. The Second Book of Enoch addresses the watchers (Gk. egrḗgoroi) who are in fifth heaven where the fall took place. The Third Book of Enoch gives attention to the unfallen watchers.

The use of the term "watchers" is common in the Book of Enoch. The Book of the Watchers (1 Enoch 6–36) occurs in the Aramaic fragments with the phrase irin we-qadishin, "Watchers and Holy Ones", a reference to Aramaic Daniel. The Aramaic irin "watchers" is rendered as "angel" (Greek angelos, Coptic malah) in the Greek and Ethiopian translations, although the usual Aramaic term for angel malakha does not occur in Aramaic Enoch.

Some have attempted to date this section of 1 Enoch to around the 2nd–1st century BC and they believe this book is based on one interpretation of the Sons of God passage in Genesis 6, according to which angels mated with human females, giving rise to a race of hybrids known as the Nephilim. The term irin is primarily applied to disobedient watchers who numbered a total of 200, and of whom their leaders are named; but equally Aramaic iri ("watcher" singular) is also applied to the obedient archangels who chain them, such as Raphael (1 Enoch 22:6).

Rogue watchers in the Book of Enoch
In the Book of Enoch, the watchers (Aramaic עִירִין, iyrin) are angels dispatched to Earth to watch over the humans. They soon begin to lust for human women and, at the prodding of their leader Samyaza, defect to illicitly instruct humanity and procreate among them, arriving on a mountain called Hermon. The offspring of these unions are the Nephilim, savage giants who pillage the earth and endanger humanity.

Samyaza and his associates further taught their human charges arts and technologies such as weaponry, cosmetics, mirrors, sorcery, and other techniques that would otherwise be discovered gradually over time by humans, not foisted upon them all at once. Eventually God allows a Great Flood to rid the earth of the Nephilim, but first sends Uriel to warn Noah so as not to eradicate the human race. The watchers are bound "in the valleys of the Earth" until Judgment Day (Jude verse 6 says, "And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day.").

The chiefs of tens, listed in the Book of Enoch, are as follows:

"7. And these are the names of their chiefs: Shemihazah—this one was their leader; Arteqoph, second to him; Remashel, third to him; Kokabel, fourth to him; Armumahel, fifth to him; Ramel, sixth to him; Daniel, seventh to him; Ziqel, eighth to him; Baraqel, ninth to him; Asael, tenth to him; Hermani, eleventh to him; Matarel, twelfth to him; Ananel, thirteenth to him; Setawel, fourteenth to him; Samshiel, fifteenth to him; Sahriel, sixteenth to him; Tummiel, seventeenth to him; Turiel, eighteenth to him; Yomiel, nineteenth to him; Yehadiel, twentieth to him.

8. These are their chiefs of tens."

The book of Enoch also lists leaders of the 200 fallen angels who married and commenced in unnatural union with human women, and who taught forbidden knowledge. Some are also listed in Book of Raziel (Sefer Raziel HaMalakh), the Zohar, and Jubilees.

 * Araqiel (also Arakiel, Araqael, Araciel, Arqael, Sarquael, Arkiel, Arkas) taught humans the signs of the earth. However, in the Sibylline Oracles, Araqiel is referred to not as a fallen angel, or watcher, but as one of the five angels who lead the souls of humans to judgment, the other four being Ramiel, Uriel, Samael, and Azazel.
 * Armaros (also Amaros or Armoniel) in Enoch I taught humanity the resolving of enchantments.
 * Azazel taught humans to make knives, swords, shields, and how to devise ornaments and cosmetics.
 * Gadreel (or Gader'el) taught the art of cosmetics, the use of weapons and killing blows.
 * Baraqel (Baraqiel) taught astrology.
 * Bezaliel mentioned in Enoch I, left out of most translations because of damaged manuscripts and problematic transmission of the text.
 * Chazaqiel (sometimes Ezeqeel or Cambriel) taught humans the signs of the clouds (meteorology).
 * Kokabiel (also Kakabel, Kochbiel, Kokbiel, Kabaiel, and Kochab), In the Book of Raziel he is a high-ranking, holy angel. In Enoch I, he is a fallen watcher, resident of the nether realms, and commands 365,000 surrogate spirits to do his bidding. Among other duties, he instructs his fellows in astrology.
 * Penemue "taught mankind the art of writing with ink and paper," and taught "the children of men the bitter and the sweet and the secrets of wisdom." (I Enoch 69.8)
 * Sariel (also Suriel) taught humankind about the courses of the moon (at one time regarded as forbidden knowledge).
 * Samyaza (also Shemyazaz, Shamazya, Semiaza, Shemhazi, Semyaza and Amezyarak) is one of the leaders of the fall from heaven in Vocabulaire de l' Angelologie.
 * Shamsiel, once a guardian of Eden as stated in the Zohar, served as one of the two chief aides to the archangel Uriel (the other aide being Hasdiel) when Uriel bore his standard into battle, and is the head of 365 legions of angels and also crowns prayers, accompanying them to the 5th heaven. In Jubilees, he is referred to as one of the Watchers. He is a fallen angel who teaches the signs of the sun.
 * Yeqon or Jeqon (יָקוּם) was the ringleader who first tempted the other Watchers into having sexual relations with humans. His accomplices were Asbeel, Gadreel, Penemue, and Kasdaye (or Kasadya), who were all identified as individual "satans".

The account of the Book of Enoch has been associated with the passage in Genesis 6:1–4, which speaks of Sons of God instead of Watchers:

"When men began to multiply on earth and daughters were born to them, the sons of God saw how beautiful the daughters of man were, and so they took for their wives as many of them as they chose. Then the Lord said: 'My spirit shall not remain in man forever, since he is but flesh. His days shall comprise one hundred and twenty years.' At that time the Nephilim appeared on earth [{as well as later}], after the sons of God had intercourse with the daughters of man, who bore them sons. They were the heroes of old, the men of renown."

Second Book of Enoch
The Jewish pseudepigraphon Second Book of Enoch (Slavonic Enoch) refers to the Grigori, who are the same as the Watchers of 1 Enoch. The Slavic word Grigori used in the book is a transcription of the Greek word ἐγρήγοροι egrḗgoroi, meaning "wakeful". The Hebrew equivalent is ערים, meaning "waking", "awake".

Chapter 18 presents the Grigori as countless soldiers of human appearance, "their size being greater than that of great giants". They are located in the fifth heaven and identified as "the Grigori, who with their prince Satanail rejected the Lord of light". One version of 2 Enoch adds that their number was 200 myriads (2 million). Furthermore, some "went down on to earth from the Lord's throne" and there married women and "befouled the earth with their deeds", resulting in confinement underground. The number of those who descended to earth is generally put at three, but Andrei A. Orlov, while quoting the text as saying three, remarks in a footnote that some manuscripts put them at 200 or even 200 myriads.

Chapter 29, referring to the second day of creation, before the creation of human beings, says that "one from out the order of angels" or, according to other versions of 2 Enoch, "one of the order of archangels" or "one of the ranks of the archangels" "conceived an impossible thought, to place his throne higher than the clouds above the earth, that he might become equal in rank to [the Lord's] power. And [the Lord] threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless." Although in this chapter the name "Satanail" is mentioned only in a heading added in one manuscript, this chapter too is often understood to refer to Satanail and his angels, the Grigori.

The Mercer Dictionary of the Bible makes a distinction between the Grigori and the fallen angels by stating that in fifth heaven, Enoch sees "the giants whose brothers were the fallen angels."

The longer recension of 2 Enoch 18:3 identifies the prisoners of second heaven as the angels of Satanail.

The Book of Giants
The story of the Watchers is shown also in The Book of Giants.

The Book of Jubilees
The term "Watchers" occurs in The Book of Jubilees (Jub. 4:15, 5:1).

Damascus Document
A reference to the "fall of the watchers from heaven" is found in Hebrew in the Damascus Document 2:18 echoing 1 Enoch 13:10.

First Epistle to the Corinthians
The First Epistle to the Corinthians in 11:10, according to the early Church Father Tertullian, referenced the Watchers. He taught that the lust of the Watchers was the reason for Saint Paul's directive to Christian women to wear a headcovering. Tertullian referenced the case of a woman who was touched on the neck by an angel "who found her to be a temptation".

Philo of Byblos
According to PrEv 1.10.1-2 of Philo of Byblos, Sanchuniathon mentioned "some living beings who had no perception, out of whom intelligent beings came into existence, and they were called Zophasemin (Heb. șōpē-šāmayim, that is, 'Watchers of Heaven'). And they were formed like the shape of an egg."

Kabbalah
The Zohar makes reference to the "watchers" of Nebuchadnezzar's dream.

Possible Babylonian/Aramaic origin
According to Jonathan Ben-Dov of the University of Haifa, the myth of the watchers began in Lebanon when Aramaic writers tried to interpret the imagery on Mesopotamian stone monuments without being able to read their Akkadian text.

Amar Annus from the University of Tartu argues that the Watchers were intended as polemical representations of the Mesopotamian Apkallu, who gave wisdom to man before the flood (which is portrayed as a corrupting influence in Enochian literature).

Depictions in popular culture
There have been many different depictions of the Grigori in fiction and wider popular culture.

In Kevin Smith's 1999 religious satire Dogma, the character Bartleby (played by Ben Affleck) is mentioned to have formerly been a Watcher.

In Darren Aronofsky's 2014 Biblical epic Noah, there are a large number of Watchers and they are depicted as having been cast out of Heaven after deciding to help mankind.

In Traci Harding's book The Cosmic Logos, the Grigori are a group of fallen spiritual beings who watched over and assisted human spiritual evolution thus gaining the title "the Watchers".

In the Supernatural season 10 episode "Angel Heart" mentions the Grigori with one, Tamiel (under the name "Peter Holloway") appearing as the main enemy of the episode. At one point in this episode, a picture is shown that is implied to be a painting of a grigori—it is, in fact, a classic depiction of the archangel Michael besting Satan.

In the popular The Black Tapes podcast, Grigori are mentioned in Episode 105 titled "The Devil You Know".

In his Sigma Force novel The Bone Labyrinth (2015), James Rollins describes Atlantis' creators as Watchers, a superior hybrid species of early humans and neanderthals who disseminated knowledge and possibly interbred with people throughout the world. They also created the protected, hidden city of Atlantis, located in Ecuador.

In Lauren Kate's book Fallen, a group called 'The Watchers' studied angels who consorted with mortal women, but more closely, Daniel Grigori the sixth archangel.

In Darynda Jones' "Charley Davidson" series, Sean Foster is identified as nephilim, "part human, part angel ... descended from the union of a grigori and a human." (Eleventh Grave in Moonlight, 2017)

In Ichiei Ishibumi's Japanese light novel series High School DxD, the Grigori is an organisation of fallen angels, the leaders of which are some of the Watchers named in the Book of Enoch. Three of them play important roles in the story Azazel is the Governor General of Grigori and becomes a major supporting character, Kokabiel is the main antagonist of Volume 3 and Baraqiel is the estranged father of Akeno Himejima, one of the main characters.

In El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron, many members of the Grigori are shown throughout the game as the main antagonists. To name a few: Azazel, Armaros, Arakiel, Baraqiel, and Semyaza.

In the English localization of the first Drakengard game, the overarching antagonists are semi-divine beings called "the Watchers." Though the game sometimes refers to them as "daemons," in the original Japanese text they are simply called angels. The English localization for the prequel, Drakengard 3, calls them angels as well.

In the original Dragon's Dogma, the dragon is called Grigori.

In City of Angels, Nicolas Cage plays a watcher angel who falls in love with a human woman, Meg Ryan.

General references

 * Hernández Valencia, Juan S. (2024). "Influence of the Enochic tradition on Qumran: reception and adaptation of the Watchers and Giants as a case study", Perseitas 12, pp. 34–71 https://revistas.ucatolicaluisamigo.edu.co/index.php/perseitas/article/view/4671
 * Hernández Valencia, Juan S. (2024). "Influence of the Enochic tradition on Qumran: reception and adaptation of the Watchers and Giants as a case study", Perseitas 12, pp. 34–71 https://revistas.ucatolicaluisamigo.edu.co/index.php/perseitas/article/view/4671
 * Hernández Valencia, Juan S. (2024). "Influence of the Enochic tradition on Qumran: reception and adaptation of the Watchers and Giants as a case study", Perseitas 12, pp. 34–71 https://revistas.ucatolicaluisamigo.edu.co/index.php/perseitas/article/view/4671
 * Hernández Valencia, Juan S. (2024). "Influence of the Enochic tradition on Qumran: reception and adaptation of the Watchers and Giants as a case study", Perseitas 12, pp. 34–71 https://revistas.ucatolicaluisamigo.edu.co/index.php/perseitas/article/view/4671
 * Hernández Valencia, Juan S. (2024). "Influence of the Enochic tradition on Qumran: reception and adaptation of the Watchers and Giants as a case study", Perseitas 12, pp. 34–71 https://revistas.ucatolicaluisamigo.edu.co/index.php/perseitas/article/view/4671

title: Watcher (angel)


text:
User talk:Muro~enwiki

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title: User talk:Muro~enwiki


text:
Superordinate

Superordinate may refer to:

 * In metadata analysis and linguistics, an element of analytical relationship-classification schemes
 * Superordinate goals, in psychology, those goals that further other specified goals
 * Hypernymy, in the context of linguistic hyponymy and hypernymy

title: Superordinate


text:
User:Mário e Dário

We are two brazilians twin brothers.

title: User:Mário e Dário


text:
Pyramid Rock Festival

The Pyramid Rock Festival was an Australian New Year's Eve camp-out rock music festival at Ventnor on Phillip Island. The original festival in 2004 was organised by local resident, Angus Cameron, and his two cousins.

History
Beginning as a single day, from its second year it was run over two nights with two stages – the Main Stage, and the Pharaoh's Annex. The Main Stage hosted the major local and international acts, while the Pharaoh's Annex featured lesser-known local acts, and in the later evening, the more dance-oriented acts of the festival. There was also a variety of market stalls. With declining attendees that stemmed from the embarrassing failure at the 2009/2010 festival to perform a New Year countdown and the last-minute cancellation of numerous acts, the festival was shelved for 2013 and as of September that year its promoters were "exploring options for the festival to return in 2014". As of September 2020 this 'exploration' had still not resulted in any success.

2004
Lineup: Regurgitator, Dallas Crane, Magic Dirt, The Butterfly Effect, Resin Dogs, Cog, Dexter presents The Shook Daily Crew, The Casanovas, Nubreed, 2 Dogs, Bliss n Eso, Offcuts, Baggsmen, Antiskeptic, True Live, The Red Eyes, Ben Quin, The Format, Willow, Small Mercies, The Gravy Train and more.

Originally held on 31 December as a one-day festival, it was organised by local Phillip Island resident, Angus Cameron, and his two cousins. They had approached the Bass Coast Shire council with the proposal which took two years to develop. Cameron recalled that they had underestimated the cost of establishing the festival.

2005
Lineup: John Butler Trio, Grinspoon, Stereo MC's, Xavier Rudd, Scribe, The Datsuns, Cog, Butterfingers, DJ Format, The Butterfly Effect, The Herd, Clare Bowditch & the Feeding Set, Sonic Animation, The Panics, Epicure, Airbourne, The Flairz, MO Black, The Morning Birds, Willow, Seven, The Restless, Custom Kings, Muph & Plutonic, British India, Ben Quin, Love Outside Andromeda, Trial Kennedy, Bodyjar, Art of Fighting, Gyroscope, Finkel has Fallen, Irix, Daytime, CWQ, N'FA (1200 Techniques) MC Trey & Maya Jupiter, Kid Confucius, Treva Whateva, Andy Smith, Tom Middleton, Bent DJ's, DJ Charlie Love, Lui, Daybreak Giants, MO Black, Cannon, Emdee, Gersey, Matt McLean vs Soren, Hermitude, Evil Nine, Spikey Tee, DJ Hype & MC Daddy Earl, Deep Child

2006
Lineup: The Living End, Silverchair, Xavier Rudd, Ugly Duckling, Evermore, The Freestylers, End of Fashion, Mylo Dj Set, The Grates, The Beautiful Girls, Brant Bjork and the Bros, Faker, Lior, Karnivool, Crazy Penis, TZU, True Live, Mia Dyson, Ash Grunwald, That 1 Guy, Sunk Loto, The Casanovas, Bomba, Bertie Blackman, Foreign Heights, K-Oscillate, Carus and The True Believers, Behind Crimson Eyes, The Josh Owen Band, Rob Sawyer, Jess McAvoy, The Loose Cannons, The Spazzy's, Bliss n Eso, Something with Numbers, The Red Eyes, Illzilla, Mammal, Sub Focus, Ben Quin, Durbeyfield, Lowrider, Digital Primate, Simon Sleiker, Bushido, The Legs, The Long Walk Home, Crimson Flames, Mushroom Giant, Des Peres, Dj Cecille, Lui Vegas, CWQ (Street performance)

The 2006 festival was the largest to date, with estimates of the crowd being as high as 15,000.

2007
Lineup: Hilltop Hoods, Grinspoon, The Cat Empire, You Am I, Apsci, Sneaky Sound System, Scribe, Chromeo, The Matches, Spank Rock, Shihad, Josh Pyke, Little Birdy, People Under The Stairs, Cog, Blue King Brown, Kora, Kisschasy, Buck 65, True Live vs Bliss N Eso, The Audreys, Howling Bells, Wolf & Cub, That 1 Guy, Ash Grunwald, Airbourne, British India, Dappled Cities Fly, Koolism, Horsell Common, Caged Baby, APSC, Mammal, Dallas Frasca, The Scare, Symbiosis, The Exploders, Young and Restless, Damn Arms, Lowrider, Bluejuice, Dardanelles, The Getaway Plan, Loren, Ben Quin, The Go Set, Ghostwood, The Currency, Sparkadia, Plastic Palace Alice, DJ Perplex, Spikey Tee, Smash Bang, Nic Nac, Bass Bin Laden vs Farmer Suitical, And Burn

The initial line-up was announced on Monday 10 September, with the second line-up announcement being made on Tuesday 23 October. The Black Keys and Fun Lovin' Criminals were also due to play, but cancelled in late December.

2008
Lineup: The Black Keys(USA), The Living End, The Getaway Plan, Morcheeba(UK), Cut Copy, Fat Freddy's Drop(NZ), Midnight Juggernauts, The Vines, Stars(CAN), Digitalism(GER), Ladyhawke(NZ), Karnivool, Gyroscope, The Teenagers(FRA), The Herd, Dr. Dog(USA), Birds of Tokyo, Bob Evans, The Mess Hall, Little Red, Salmonella Dub(NZ), The Black Seeds(NZ), Resin Dogs, Platinum Pied Pipers(USA), Behind Crimson Eyes, Frightened Rabbit(UK), Drapht, Muph & Plutonic, Yo Majesty(USA), Bang Gang DJ's, Mammal, Children Collide, DJ Vadim & Yarah Bravo(USA), Downsyde, The Paper Scissors, Yves Klein Blue, Carus and The True Believers, Good Buddha, The Galvatrons, The Red Sun Band, Sugar Army, Beni, Kato and Oohee, Bonjah, The Scientists of Modern Music, Funkoars, Sunshine Brothers, Roger That, Hercules In NY, The Jezabels, Twelve Foot Ninja

2009
Lineup: Empire of the Sun, Van She, Grinspoon, Regurgitator, The Butterfly Effect, Cat Power, The Cat Empire, Ugly Duckling, Architecture in Helsinki, Faker, The Beautiful Girls, AMP Fiddler, Blue King Brown, Krafty Kuts, British India, The Drones, Tame Impala, Baddies, The Boxer Rebellion, Bluejuice, Grafton Primary, Clare Bowditch, Something With Numbers, Funkoars, Bumblebeez, Kram, Dead Letter Circus, Ponytail, Telepathe, The Juan Maclean, Phrase, The Fumes, Astronomy Class, Dallas Frasca, Sugar Army, Skipping Girl Vinegar, We Have Band, Cassette Kids, Red Riders, Sinden, Tom Ugly, Shockone, Diafrix, Jack Beats, Canyons, The Swiss, Bang Bang Eche, Bonjah, MM9, Regular John, Calling All Cars, Red Ink, Melodics, The Smoke, Chestwig, DJ Cecille, In Sol Inside

After almost three days of running as scheduled, three hours before New Year's Eve 2009, the festival was hit by a severe electrical storm on Phillip Island, although a much bigger storm hit the Fall's Festival that same night, which was incident-free. Organisers and bands in conjunction with security and emergency services personnel decided that moving the acts to the Pharaoh's Annex would be unsafe. Attendees who paid $300 for tickets to the event claimed "a lack of communication" left thousands of festival-goers stranded in the pouring rain for hours. Performances by Empire Of The Sun, Grinspoon, The Butterfly Effect and Van She were delayed, moved and then abruptly cancelled after the storm damaged lighting and sound equipment on the main stage.

2010
Lineup: N.E.R.D, The Temper Trap, Arrested Development, Chromeo, Xavier Rudd, Gyroscope, Midnight Juggernauts, Mystery Jets, Little Red, Trentemoller, Operator Please, Light Speed Champion, Miami Horror, Built to Spill, Shout out louds, Aeroplane, Tinie Tempah, Future of the Left, Born Ruffians, Liam Finn, Basement Birds, Philadelphia Grand Jury, Gypsy and the Cat, Jebediah, Tumbleweed, Urthboy, Oh Mercy, Violent Soho, The John Steel Singers, Glenn Richards, Koolism, Space Invadas, Wagons, Yuksek, Dam Funk, M-Phazes, Horrorshow, Lowrider, The Holidays, Illy, Ernest Ellis, Baskery, The Red Eyes, Split Syndicate, Hungry Kids of Hungry, Neon Indian, Stonefield, Kimbra, Cabins, Papa VS Pretty, Jericco, Bang Gang DJ's, Red Coats, Black and White, Ajax, Gloves.

2011 Scissor Sisters, Boy and Bear, Bluejuice, Xavier Rudd

title: Pyramid Rock Festival


text:
User talk:Mário e Dário

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

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Orange lily
Thank so much for the info! I made the page for Orange lily based on your info. And welcome to Wikipedia!

Taxonomy
I noticed that you made changes to Penguin (new species) and Anseriformes. Usually we follow the taxonomy of Handbook of birds of the world (list available on-line). Where we want to show an alternative view, we normally make it as a comment in the next.

I've done this with the whistling duck, since your change makes it inconsistent with related pages and with Wildfowl of the world. I've left the penguin species for now. On the relevant talk pages, could you please indicate the sources for the proposed changes? Many thanks, jimfbleak 06:31, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi again. The problem with ITIS is that it is a bit eccentric, and, as a USDA source, strongly linked to one country. Unfortunately, the USA taxonomy is also the one most out of step with the rest of the world, which is why we settled on HBW as the standard source. HBW

 * I've noticed your edits to bird articles -we are particularly weak on South American species..... jimfbleak 16:26, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

To avoid a continuing edit war on whistling duck, and since you don't respond to me, I've raised the issue on the talk page of WikiProject Tree of Life jimfbleak 06:53, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Palio.JPG
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Nice job updating the supercentenarian lists! TFBCT1 (talk) 00:06, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks. :) -- Mario and Dario (talk) 00:09, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Don't add live scores to 2009 Confederations Cup
Why should I believe you? I've been told myself not to add them by the moderator and I'm trying to help him do his work. --Contributions/86.40.217.87 (talk) 20:53, 15 June 2009 (UTC)
 * So what's the harm in updating live scores and adding goalscorers as they change? —Preceding unsigned comment added by The does (talk • contribs) 15:56, 17 June 2009 (UTC)
 * well, I don't think it's serious enough that it needs reverting. --The does (talk) 07:52, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

File:Dario e Mario.JPG listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Dario e Mario.JPG, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Kelly hi! 02:25, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mário e Dário


text:
Erida

Erida may refer to:
 * 718 Erida, minor planet orbiting the Sun named for Erida Leuschner, daughter of astronomer Armin Otto Leuschner
 * Erida (goddess), alternative name for Eris in mythology – noted as the goddess of Hate in the Iliad
 * Erida (name), list of feminine given names
 * Erida (film), a 2021 Indian Malayalam-language film by V. K. Prakash

title: Erida


text:
User talk:Robertgeller

Robert Geller
Robert Geller was born on October 23, 1989. He is 15 years old (in two days), and attends high school in Virginia, USA. He enjoys programming and systems adminstration, and is proficient in Linux and several language, both computer and lingual.

title: User talk:Robertgeller


text:
Talk:Nuclear utilization target selection/to do

 * Who proposed the strategy (not Weinberger) ?
 * Did the US take it seriously?
 * Discussion of similar terms counter-force and counter-value. Might want to create entirely new entries too.


text:
User talk:Sauntering

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
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Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Sauntering


text:
User talk:Bmeacham

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Talkback
Thank you for taking on this important page. Danger High voltage! 21:43, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

Talkback
--UTRSBot (talk) 03:39, 17 October 2017 (UTC) you have closed UTRS ticket because the user has an active unblock request here - but I don't see one here, only the notice from UTRSBot. Am I missing something? I think the user is actually requesting IPBE. GoldenRing (talk) 06:46, 17 October 2017 (UTC)
 * The unblock request is on the wrong page - the user page rather than the talk page. I'm just about to move it... Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 09:15, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bmeacham


text:
Putre

Putre is a Chilean town and commune, capital of the Parinacota Province in the Arica-Parinacota Region. It is located 130 km east of Arica, at an altitude of 3500 m. The town is backdropped by Taapaca volcanic complex.

Putre is on the edge of the Lauca National Park, and is popular with visitors to the National Park wishing to acclimatise to the altitude.

There is a historical church in Putre.

The commune also includes the localities of Socoroma, Tignamar, Belén, Chapiquiña, Pachama, Ancuta, Guallatiri, Parinacota, Chucuyo and Caquena.

On March 6, 2011, a 6.2 magnitude earthquake centered 110 km beneath Putre shook northern Chile and southern Peru, causing no injuries and only minor damage.

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, Putre has an alpine tundra climate (ET) bordering on a Cold Semi-arid climate (BSk).

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Putre had 1,977 inhabitants (1,345 men and 632 women). Of these, 1,235 (62.5%) lived in urban areas and 742 (38.5%) in rural areas. The population fell by 29.5% (826 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

Administration
As a commune, Putre is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by a mayor alcalde who is directly elected every four years.

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Putre is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Mr. Nino Baltolu (UDI) and Mr. Orlando Vargas (PPD) as part of the 1st electoral district, which includes the entire Arica and Parinacota Region.The commune is represented in the Senate by Fulvio Rossi Ciocca (PS) and Jaime Orpis Bouchon (UDI) as part of the 1st senatorial constituency (Arica and Parinacota Region and Tarapacá Region).

title: Putre


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Hulk

The Hulk
The Incredible Hulk already covers the information found here. Maestro25 23:39, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Change to a redirect to The Incredible Hulk rather than delete. Shane King 23:53, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * This is such a no-brainer that I'm going to redirect this now. -- [[User:Bobdoe| Bob Doe ]] 00:03, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Between ShaneKing's entry and Bobdoe's, Maestro25 did the redirect. An identical redirect previously has been reverted back to, dropping essentially the same material by the same IP who created the text that Maestro25 refers to. No reason has been put forward for the IP's implicit assertion that the nominated article and the one it now again redirects to should be titles of separate articles, and the redirection has stood otherwise unchallenged for ten months.  I request unanimous consent to remove the entry, on the grounds that all agree the (now restored) redirect is needed and must not be deleted. --Jerzy(t) 02:45, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC)


text:
Calama, Chile

Calama is a city and commune in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. It is the capital of El Loa Province, part of the Antofagasta Region. Home of famous group, Eunji Fans CALAMA, Calama is one of the driest cities in the world with average annual precipitation of just 5 mm. The River Loa, Chile's longest, flows through the city. Calama has a population of 147,886 (2012 census).

The commune also encompasses the Quechua communities of Estación San Pedro, Toconce and Cupo; and the Lickan-antay communities of Taira, Conchi Viejo, Lasana, San Francisco de Chiu Chiu, Aiquina-Turi, and Caspana.

In 2003 the nearby town of Chuquicamata, once the largest open-pit copper mine in the world, was dismantled citing environmental reasons and encroachment from the mine's expansion. Residents of Chuquicamata then moved to Calama, away from company-owned residences, to find housing on their own.

Etymology
There are a variety of hypotheses about the origin of the name "Calama," but the two main accounts suggest that it comes from the Kunza language, spoken in the past by the Lickan-antay, an ethnic group that resides in the El Loa Province.

Hector Pumarino Soto suggests that "Calama" stems from the Kunza word "Ckara-ama," which means "town in the middle of the water". Until the middle of the 20th century, the urban site of Calama and the surrounding oasis were flanked by the River Loa on two sides, and the fertile plain and swamps on the other sides, giving the location the appearance of an island in the middle of the desert surrounded completely by water.

Emilio Vaïsse, meanwhile, says that Calama comes from the Kunza word "Ckolama," which means "place where partridges abound". This is supposed testimony to the abundance of such a bird, living over everything in the middle of the western swamp sector.

Prehispanic Era
The exact evidence related to the history of Calama does exist, including petroglyphs and the caves of Yalquincha (NE of the city), the chullpas of Topáter (pre-Columbian cemeteries to the east of the city), the Copper Mummy, and other remains in Chuquicamata.

At the intersection of the Camino del Inca (the longitudinal one) and the routes that crossed the coast of the Altiplano, Calama became the main shelter of the Despoblado of Atacama. Their extensive lands for growing corn and alfalfa give testimony of the high capacity to supply food to the troops of Chasquis and to give tribute to the Inca. In fact, when Diego de Almagro, returning from Cusco, passed by the Calama shelter, the natives gave him copper horseshoes, which were made using a mysterious Incan technique used by towns conquered by the Incas. The science of such a technique still has yet to be explained, but the presence of such horseshoes further suggests strong Incan influence in Prehispanic times.

Hispanic Era
Spanish colonization obviously caused some changes; however, the hostile climate impeded establishment of greater control. These changes influenced the control of trade routes that crossed the desert and communication to the port of Cobija with the deposits of Potosí silver and the cattle farms of Salta and Tucumán. In this sense, Calama continued as a main point of provision for commercial routes. In the 18th century, with the Bourbon Reforms. Calama was included in maps of the Captaincy General of Chile in the 18th century, depending from the city of Copiapó.

Bolivian Republic Era
After Bolivia's Declaration of Independence (6 August 1825), and with gradual changes in the administration of the territory, Calama remained constituted under the Departamento de Litoral (1829), subdivided in the Provincia de Lamar y la Provincia de Atacama (Cobija being the departmental capital). Calama was an important town in the Atacama Province, through which traveled the weekly mail between Cobija and Salta-Potosí, since 1832. In 1840, the provincial capital transferred from Chiuchiu to Calama, increasing the communication boom.

The border conflicts between Chile and Bolivia did not reach either Calama or the Atacama Province. The greater dispute concentrated in the central prairie and in the coast, where they began to discover rich silver deposits, saltpeter, and guano. The ambiguity that led to the frontier conflicts was the possession of the central plain and the Atacama coast. The environment was made tense when Chilean troops, under the command of colonel Emilio Sotomayor Baeza, invaded the port of Antofagasta on the morning of February 14, 1879. Later, Bolivia declared war on Chile on March 1.

Chilean Republic Era
Since that day, the changes in the administration have been very deep. It being part of the administrative center of 2° order in Bolivia, returned as one of 4° order under the Chilean administration (subdelegation). In 1888, under the government of José Manuel Balmaceda, Calama returned as an administrative center of 3° order, inaugurated as the municipality on 13 October. Prior to that, in 1886, Calama was chosen for a railway station of the Antofagasta-Bolivia Railway, which further expedited shipments through Calama.

Geography and climate
Calama has two distinct entities: the desert and the Andes Mountain Range. Between 2000 and 3000 m, the desert climate (BWk) is characterized by annual precipitation that does not surpass 35 mm. The average temperature is 11.2 C throughout the year with drastic changes between average daily highs of over 20 C and average daily lows below 0 C in winter and record highs of over 30 C in summer. Light easterly winds are common in the mornings with strong westerly winds in the afternoon.

Orography
The western boundary of the town of Calama is marked by the peaks of the foothills, which occurs north of Calama in the foothills of the Loa River, which has many names, from north to south: Sierra Moreno, Cerros Chuquicamata Cerros de Montecristo. The Cerro Poquis (4,589 m), is the maximum altitude, north of Chuquicamata. South of it begin the foothills of the Cordillera de Domeyko, which in turn serve to chart the southern boundary of the district, with the names of Sierra de Limón Verde and Cordon Barros Arana. The passage of Loa river from east to west leaves a plain, in which the city of Calama and the oasis is located.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Calama has an area of 15596.9 km and has 138,402 inhabitants (70,832 men and 67,570 women). Of these, 136,600 (98.7%) lived in urban areas and 1,802 (1.3%) in rural areas. The population grew by 3.6% (16,595 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

Administration
As a commune, Calama is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Esteban Velásquez Núñez.

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Calama is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Marcos Espinosa (PRSD) and Felipe Ward (UDI) as part of the 3rd electoral district, (together with Tocopilla, María Elena, Ollagüe and San Pedro de Atacama). The commune is represented in the Senate by Carlos Cantero Ojeda (Ind.) and José Antonio Gómez Urrutia (PRSD) as part of the 2nd senatorial constituency (Antofagasta Region).

Transportation
Calama is served by the El Loa Airport.

title: Calama, Chile


text:
User talk:Ilovebritney

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 00:16, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ilovebritney


text:
Talk:Sheboygan, Wisconsin

2004 history
The history section added in this edit was a verbatim copy of the page at, which is copyrighted. Please either have the copyright owner confirm that they agree to release the material under GFDL or at the very least try to paraphrase it so that it is not a verbatim copy. older ≠ wiser 00:17, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

Bratwurst
What does this article mean when it says the city is the “home of bratwurst”? Perhaps someone could elaborate on that point, to elevate it from being mere trivia to something worthy of being in an encyclopedia. --Rob Kennedy 20:49, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Spaceport Sheboygan
I have heard rumors, backed by some websites of varying reputability, that Sheboygan has recently sought to create a space program. Can anyone find authentic sources to back this up, filling me and the world in on the details? It could be a very interesting addition to the article. Fishal 00:50, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Two of the first three Google links were to area newspapers.
 * Both mention Wisconsin SB-352. --Rob Kennedy 04:29, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Both mention Wisconsin SB-352. --Rob Kennedy 04:29, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Both mention Wisconsin SB-352. --Rob Kennedy 04:29, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Bratwurst
Poemisaglock 19:04, 5 August 2007 (UTC) Instead of "easily won the competition", you could say Kobayashi broke the record in the first half of the comprtition.

Etymology
What is the origin of this place name? Badagnani (talk) 00:07, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Sheboygan Hmong Memorial seems like a point of interest in Sheboygan, but not notable enough in its own right to have its own article. Mesconsing (talk) 15:47, 24 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose It is unrelated to the city (except that its inside) and a notable war monument in its own right to American Hmong people. Just because it happens to be in the city doesn't mean that it should be merged in. I have added multiple independent reliable sources to the article. If Monmouth can document every small place, plant, nut and bolt in the village then this national monument is far more notable.  Royal broil  01:47, 25 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose merge. It's not unusual for Wikipedia to have articles for war memorials (see Category:Military monuments and memorials in the United States) and this is the only Hmong Vietnam memorial I've heard of. There appear to be sufficient references to support a stub there. Gobōnobō  + c 01:43, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

Hello Kamran Gondal 727 (talk) 17:25, 10 May 2016 (UTC)

Merger proposal
The Sheboygan Fire and Police Departments are not notable independent of the city itself. Their articles are not likely to become substantial. Recommend merging with city article. -- Mesconsing (talk) 14:35, 24 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. Both are unsourced articles with minimal content. I think they'd fit perfectly into this article. The articles would have to experience huge growth before they would need their own article.  Royal broil  15:08, 24 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. Asher Heimermann (talk) 05:39, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

Business and industry list
The Business and industry section is a meaningless list that does not meet the criteria for embedded WP lists. There is absolutely no explanation as to what the section covers. Are these businesses headquartered in Sheboygan, or just located there? Are they the largest employers in the city? Or are they just some businesses that occurred to Asher Heimermann off the top of his head? What is the reason for them being listed there? Lists must have criteria so other editors can determine what to include and what to exclude. This section fails on all counts. Do not remove the tag until the problems with the section are fixed. 32.218.36.99 (talk) 23:38, 24 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I removed those businesses that have no articles and just kept the ones that have articles. Thank you-RFD (talk) 13:08, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Public Beach Photo Integrity
The photo of the public beach on lake Michigan has flagrantly been modified. The boat in the foreground of the photo is from another photo altogether. This seriously compromises the integrity of this photo and another should be chosen to takes it's place.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Danieljgolden (talk • contribs) 18:15, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

 * I just noticed the same thing and removed the manipulated image. --170.133.5.57 (talk) 19:52, 21 February 2021 (UTC)

Media
I find the content of the "Media" section to be about right for a municipality of this size and NOT to be overly detailed. I am leaving the template alone for now but feel that in this area we should err on the side of more reliable data, not less of it. 72.104.149.197 (talk) 23:48, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

Modified Images
The majority on this page seems to have been modified/photoshopped in some way, with ultra-saturated colors or impossibly perfect skies. Even the main photo looks almost computer-generated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Moviebuff1921 (talk • contribs) 03:31, 31 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree. Let me look for some more encyclopedic images. Magnolia677 (talk) 21:36, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sheboygan, Wisconsin


text:
Bradwell, Norfolk

Bradwell is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is immediately to the west of, and largely indistinguishable from, the built-up urban area of the town of Great Yarmouth.

History
Bradwell's name derives from the Anglo-Saxon words for a broad stream.

Bradwell's Church of St. Nicholas is one of the 185 surviving English Round-tower churches, built before the Norman Conquest.

Bradwell is not featured in the Domesday Book.

Geography
The civil parish has an area of 9.74 km2 and in the 2001 census had a population of 10,318 in 4,347 households. The population taken at the 2011 Census was 10,528.

Schools
Bradwell's' schools include: Hillside Primary School, Homefield Church of England Primary and Nursery School, Lynn Grove High, and Woodlands Primary and Nursery School.

Parish Council and Local Government
For the purposes of local government, the parish today falls within the district of Great Yarmouth. However prior to the Local Government Act 1972, the parish was within Lothingland Rural District in Suffolk.

Bradwell Parish Council has responsibility for a number of amenities within the village, and will make representations to the borough council, county council, police and others to secure improvements to services within the village. Its 'base' is the Leo Coles Pavilion, located on the Green Lane Playing Field site – its meetings take place there, and the clerk's office is situated there. The council publishes a twice-yearly newspaper, The Bradwellian, which is delivered to every household in Bradwell by a team of volunteers.

War memorial
Bradwell's War Memorial is an Obelisk located on Church Walk. It bears the following names for the First World War and the Russian Civil War:
 * Major Percy Wiltshire (1872–1917), 251st (Siege) Battery, Royal Field Artillery
 * Stoker-First Class Herbert J. Adams (1897–1919), HMS L55
 * Lance-Corporal Walter J. C. Moore (1895–1917), 1/5th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 * Driver Ernest W. Shorten (1885–1919), Royal Army Service Corps
 * Private Harry Delph (1888–1915), 1st Battalion, Essex Regiment
 * Private Harry C. Breeze (1881–1918), 34th Battalion, London Regiment
 * Private Alec V. Ellis (1897–1918), 1/5th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 * Private Frederick W. Chaplin (1886–1919), The Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment
 * Private Frederick C. Amis (1893–1918), 3rd Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment
 * Sapper Roland J. Tubby (1897–1916), 4th (Provisional) Company, Royal Engineers
 * Deckhand Alfred C. Howes (1889–1916), HM Drifter Hillary II
 * Deckhand Robert J. Willis (1890–1915), H.M. Drifter Masterpiece
 * Deckhand George I. Bessey (1895–1917), HM Trawler Evadine Hull
 * Deckhand Henry S. Parfitt (1882–1917), H.M. Trawler Jay
 * Arthur W. Bailey (1885–1918), H.M. Trawler Reserve

And, the following for the Second World War:
 * Flight-Lieutenant Roger Cook (1920–1944), No. 168 Squadron RAF
 * Lieutenant Michael H. C. Bellamy (1924–1944), 2nd Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry
 * Sergeant William D. Palmer (1885–1942), No. 408 Squadron, RCAF
 * Sergeant Roy C. Bailey (1926–1945), Royal Air Force
 * Able-Seaman John H. Cooper (1886–1943), HMS Pembroke (Shore Installation)
 * Lance-Corporal Robert A. Brown (1920–1940), 2nd Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 * Guardsman Charles H. J. Marler (1920–1944), 3rd Battalion, Irish Guards
 * Gunner Herbert W. Tubby (1922–1943), 4th (Maritime) Regiment, Royal Artillery
 * Gunner Charles A. Mace (1916–1940), 4th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery
 * Stoker R. William Eagle (1899–1942), H.M. Trawler Northern Princess
 * Trooper Christopher J. O. Ball (1910–1942), Royal Armoured Corps
 * Mr Roland R. George of the East Dudgeon Lightship

Notable residents

 * Mervyn King– professional Darts player.

title: Bradwell, Norfolk


text:
Talk:Sequencing

Sequencer rate question
I'm a little bit concerned about this:
 * Current automated DNA sequencing instruments are able to sequence as many as 384 samples in a batch (run) and perform as many as 24 runs a day.

Is that really true? The most recent sequencer I could find at Applied Biosystems is the 3730xl, which has 96 capillaries. I modified the sentence a while ago to say '384 samples in a batch' since the ABI3700 I have access to can run 4x96 well plates serially, without intervention. I suspect it really should say 96 samples in a batch/block/at once.

Also I think the article should mention that 'sequencing machines' only do the electrophoresis run, the reaction is done in a separate thermal cycler. Unless there are combined machines I don't know about. Loris 17:23, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I also can not find a sequencer (I only checked ABI) more than 96 capillaries. And I also have never heard of a reaction & electrophoresis coupled machine. So I support any changes you want to make. Adenosine | Talk 22:39, July 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Although there are only 96 capillaries, it can handle 384-well plates. The 3730xl is not like the 3700, it has a plate stacker and you could load it with many plates so it could run over the weekend.  It can do about 40 runs for the short runs, so ~40*96 samples per day. : 07:04, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

I wrote the first sentence so I will disagree with you both. The MegaBACE 4000 (*http://www4.amershambiosciences.com/aptrix/upp01077.nsf/Content/Products?OpenDocument&parentid=328332&moduleid=166540) runs 384 samples at once- there are other sequencers out there other than by ABI.

I don't think there are more than a handful of 384-cap Megabase sequencers in the field--at least in the US. I don't know of a single facility that has one. But I do know of hundreds of 3730XL's. Even the previously megabase dominated shop, the JGI, switched to 3730XL's. --Phillip SanMiguel 04:08, 8 November 2005 (UTC)--128.210.192.206 04:00, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

What does the number of MegaBACE 4000 have to do with anything. They exist so the original sentence is correct.

So how do you do the sequencing then?
There's something odd going on here: This article lists Shotgun sequencing and Chromosome walking as methods used to sequence DNA, but they then include statements like "...and then these clones are sequenced" and "2. The new short DNA strand is sequenced", and link back here as though the actual sequencing is done by some other method, and these are - well, something other than sequencing, clearly: meta-sequencing, perhaps? I can only think that what is meant is "...shorter strands are then sequenced using sequencing method X, which only works for short strands", but at the moment they seem to imply that one of the steps of "sequencing" is "sequencing". The only linked method which seems to explain how the sequencing itself occurs is Chain termination method - could this be sequencing method X? Anyone care to clarify? - IMSoP 00:19, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You're right: it's the Chain termination method. Because this method only works for short sequences of DNA (about 100 basepairs), other methods are needed to create short pieces and puzzle them back together. Eef (A) 21:00, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I'll go fix the articles to reflect this. - IMSoP 21:10, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * ok, I did fix it. I think now it's clear that chain termination is highlighted as the only used technique these days, i know of one other technique that is not used anymore. Confusion about shotgunning being comparable to chain termination is over, i think, the are not in the dame category they utilize each other. Also the first line was redundant, when is sequencing in genetics not restricted to determining the sequence of nucleotides? Sequenceing is deducing the the primary structure of a biopolymer, why added vague confusing language too it. Any ideas on this? -Adenosine- 09:09, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * I assume you're talking about Maxam and Gilbert's chemical modification method? I made a note that it is the other DNA sequencing method that was once used. --Kinglz 05:12, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Anonymous comment
The following was moved from the end of the "nucleotide sequencing" section of the article, left there by an anonymous visitor:
 * (The problem is, this article doesn't really explain *what it is* to a layman. Less technical terms, and a bit of "why do they do this" would be nice...)

Are all dates correct?
asfaik the method Sanger used was developed in 1975

Sanger&Coulson J Mol Biol. 1975 May 25;94(3):441-8. A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase.

making the Maxam&Gilbert method not older. (I made a reference here to an article from 1973, but that concerned RNA sequencing). --dol3st 08:00, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

After a chat mith my boss, I think I understand why the Maxam-Gilbert method was used historically, then discarded in favour of the Sanger method, when the two methods were developed at around the same time. Sanger sequencing required cloning of the fragment to be sequenced into a vector to produce single-stranded DNA. This would also have to be done for every subsequent walking step, which may be every 2-300bp or so. Maxam-Gilbert sequencing, on the other hand, could be performed directly on purified DNA. Also, the Sanger method was initially approximately as unwieldy in method - 4 gel lanes, radioactive primer etc. There may also have been some 'politics' involved in the initial takeup.

I've changed the Maxam-Gilbert section to mention this (slightly more briefly). But I took out a date, (1977) because it wasn't clear which method it referred to, and didn't add much anyway.Loris 13:53, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

In agreement with the anonymous commentator
The content of this article is too technical; the basic idea of Sanger sequencing can be communicated very well to anyone with high school biology (indeed, if they didn't learn it in high school biology), and this encyclopedia article should be as accessible as possible. As it stands we seem to assume that the reader cares about di-deoxynucleotides and immediately understands "size-separated by electrophoresis in a slab polyacrylamide gel" without further explanation.

I think the technical/procedural details should be dropped in favor of a more cartoonish explanation of how it works. --Mike Lin 14:30, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Are you referring to 'anonymous comment' above? If so why not link this thread up so it makes sense?

 * In any case, while I agree with the intent, I disagree with your suggestion. Indeed, it seems to be contrary to the direction your own edits are taking it (for example changing "DNA sequencing can only be used to determine relatively small regions of a particular DNA template at a time" to "Because of the geometrically decreasing probability of chain termination at increasing lengths, as well as physical limitations on the size and resolution of the gel, the Sanger method can only be used to sequence relatively small fragments of DNA at a time")
 * I think that the ideal article should be useful to everyone, and it would be foolish to delete all that useful content - most of which is I'd say at about undergraduate level, and hence probably quite important detail for a large subset of the likely audience.
 * If you think a less technical, quick explanation is a good idea (and I agree that it would be), then perhaps the initial section (Overview) could be expanded to give this.Loris 23:19, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

My rewrite of the sequencing strategies section is considerably easier to understand than what preceded it. I propose to move the technical details about Sanger sequencing in this article into Chain termination method and leave an overview comparable to the other sections. This will make the article more balanced overall. Even still, an easier to understand overview is needed in Chain termination method. --Mike Lin 00:55, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree on several points. Firstly that your rewrite of Sequencing strategies was easier to understand - but lets get over that, because we are both biased, but more importantly it has been iteratively modified by both of us and is I think better now than it was before.

 * Secondly, your suggested merge. With respect to your suggested redirect to Chain termination method, The article there is (in my opinion) quite inferior to what is present in the "Sequencing" article. So any merge should replace what is present there, for the most part. Also, there is a lot more to the article than just current, automated Sanger sequencing – it goes over the history of it, other methods, the current state of the art and so on. I think there is a case to have all this stuff together. Look, for example in the other sequencing-related discussion pages for the confusion about the terminology of sequencing; sequencing reads were confused with the strategies. This could be resolved by making this the overarching article, referring to and being referred by the others. Many of these other points are too short to have articles in their own right, and gutting out the current method could leave a set of links, followed by the stuff which didn’t fit in anywhere else. Which doesn’t really make for a satisfactory article.

 * Is it that you basically object to an ‘imbalance’ between DNA and everything else? I'd prefer to see the protein sequencing section of this article expanded slightly, but I am myself not qualified (or inclined) to do it.

 * Also, I think that title "Chain termination method" is rather imprecise. "Chain termination sequencing" would be better. Would you consider renaming it and 'merging' to that instead? I do agree that the precise detail could go to another page, but if you want to move stuff out of this article, I think you(/we) should get the replacement done first! A ‘simpler’ explanation for the layman would almost certainly require a set of new diagrams. Also I think it would need to be clear that the articles had different targets, because otherwise future changes would lead to the same problem recurring a few dozen minor changes down the road. Given all this, my preference would be to just have the simple explanation at the top, followed by the detailed reference below, possibly with the few good non-redundant bits of chain termination method merged in.Loris 17:14, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

DNA sequencing and protein sequencing should be based in separate articles because they are separate subjects. People sequencing DNA and people sequencing protein are using completely different techniques and equipment, and are often trying to solve different fundamental problems (genomics vs. proteomics). It's god to have a broad topic article (e.g. Genetics) to tie these together, but they're basically separate subjects. With regards to Chain termination method, I think there is worthwhile content in there (none of which I wrote), and the merge would be a merge. No objection to renaming it or even turning the DNA sequencing redirect into an article so as to (as you suggest) be inclusive of the history and other approaches. --Mike Lin 02:31, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I don't think protein and DNA sequencing is so fundamentally different. Certainly they use different procedures, but the reason for the 'sequence' article in the first place is because they are theoretically the same. OK, so protein sequencing is sometimes done on a sample to determine if it has been processed, but I believe it is common to end-sequence to determine just what it is you have, then go to the DNA sequence to find out more (screening and generating it if necessary).

 * Nevertheless, I don't have a problem with such a cleavage plane. There is some good content in "Chain termination method", but some is confusing or inaccurate. In particular, it doesn't manage a good description of how the technique evolved, but instead mixes them up together in a contradictory mess. So I suggest you take from that article with caution. The "sequencing" article could do with a start-to-finish going over also, so the merge could be quite time consuming. Also, you originally wanted a cartoon-like description of sequencing, and that would presumably go in with the 'DNA sequencing' article as a section rather than in generic sequencing (which would presumably become a list of very brief descriptions and links). The 'why sequence' section would be left behind, or replaced by individual sub-sections, perhaps.Loris 13:38, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Capillary Sequecing explanation
Either the section on dye-termination or automated sequencing should include the basics of how the current capillary-based sequencers function. That is: dye labeled fragments are drawn into a capillary tube by electrophoretic current, as these fragments pass a "window" in the capillary a laser is fireds through which causes the labeled bases to emit light at a different wavelength which is detected by a "camera" and sent to a computer where the data is computed into a chromatogram with all of the relative intensities of each base.

Contradiction in the article
Under DNA sequencing it says: "More genome data is now being produced by pyrosequencing than Sanger DNA sequencing." Still, under Sanger sequencing it says "This method is now used for the vast majority of sequencing reactions as it is both simpler and cheaper. " At least one of these statements need to go. I know both methods are widely used so they may both be too bold. Akita86 (talk) 11:16, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Title of the article
It is best to make the name of the article more specific and to change it in "DNA sequencing". There are other fields of technology where the concept of "sequencing" is also used. 193.191.180.232 (talk) 09:05, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

 * The article "DNA sequencing" already exists. This article appears to essentially be a hybrid of pages on DNA, RNA and protein (and polysaccharide) sequencing, which is of questionable value. It seems the main value of the page would be in clarifying what "sequencing" means in the context of biology, and leaving a detailed description of methods for the specific pages dedicated to these practises. Maonao (talk) 11:36, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sequencing


text:
University of Exeter Halls of Residence

The University of Exeter offers approximately 5,900 purposebuilt student bed spaces for its students. The majority of its residences are located on campus, although 30% of self-catered accommodations (particularly for the St Lukes Campus) are located off-campus.

The first accommodation for students was in the city centre during the first years of the 20th century, and the first purpose-built hall was Mardon Hall, opened in 1933.

Early history
The university developed from the 19th century Royal Albert Memorial College, and by 1902 it was apparent that accommodation was needed for the female students with a house in Castle Street being privately run as a hostel for them. In 1906 the city council bought the house, extended it and renamed it as Bradninch Hall. It offered housing for 78 female students and was the college's first hall of residence. During the First World War, Bradninch Hall was used as a Red Cross hospital and the students were moved to Hartwell House and two houses in Pennsylvania Road. After being extended in the 1920s, Hartwell House subsequently became Hope Hall, and the Pennsylvania Road properties became Kilmorie Hall.

In 1902, two houses in St. David's Hill were leased by the Diocesan Council for Religious Education as a hostel for female students. Known as Sandford Hall, it was taken over by the university college for two years from 1946. In 1904 the college rented a field known as Grâs Lawn in Barrack Road, east of the city centre. The college bought the field in 1912, intending it to be used for a hall of residence for male students, but this never occurred and the land was sold for housing in 1999.

In the early 1920s Reed Hall and two houses in Grendon Road were acquired to accommodate male students. Reed Hall now serves as a wedding and conference venue.

Exeter Halls
The Exeter Halls, on Streatham Campus, are Hope Hall, Lopes Hall, Kilmorie Hall, Pennsylvania Court, Ransom Pickard, Lazenby and their annexes. James Owen Court is also a part of Exeter Halls, although it is self catered, and therefore not generally considered. The combined student total is around 700. Between them, Exeter Halls are the most oversubscribed halls on campus, with (on average) 3 applications per place (2011). The Exeter Halls Committee, with each hall represented by their own hall rep, is chaired by Exeter Halls' President. Annual turnover is estimated to be around £30,000, at least half of which is spent on the Exeter Halls Summer Ball. Exeter Halls also hosts three annual formal events: Election Ball, Yule Ball, and Spring Ball. Both the current and incoming Guild Presidents are old-Exeter Hallsians.

Hope Hall
Hope Hall accommodated around 60 students in three converted family homes. Originally opened in 1915 as an all-girls residence and named Hartwell House, it was reopened and renamed as Hope Hall in 1925 by the Duke and Duchess of York after Helena Hope, due to her generous donations. A painting of Helena Hope hangs in the main foyer. The hall was visited by Queen Mary in 1938.

Hope Hall has picturesque grounds that are just across the lawn from Lazenby, which itself accommodated around 18 students. Both buildings have features such as original fireplaces, antique wall hangings and ceiling decorations.

Containing a TV room, laundry facilities and a bar called 'The Badger' (in use intermittently ), the hall was a catered residence with a small kitchenette on each floor. It had until recently, an operating dining room in which its annexe buildings, Lazenby, Byrne House (formerly Montefiore, now office space for Egenis, the Centre for the Study of Life Sciences) and Spreytonway (now derelict), all dined in. Now the room is used as a social space, in particular for dance societies.

In 2013, Hope Hall and Lazenby were both refurbished to provide additional office and research space for university staff. As of 2014, Hope Hall accommodates research and administrative staff from the College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, postgraduate students of the Business School and the Health, Safety and Environment Office. The Badger Bar in Hope Hall remains as a social and networking space and the dining room is an open plan office for the business school.

Similar plans to convert Spreytonway have been shelved for financial reasons. The building is in a deteriorating state - as of 2015 the glass has been removed from the verandas for safety, slates have slipped from the roof and the plaster on lath ceiling has collapsed in one upstairs room visible through a window. Services have been switched off. Spreytonway's yard and outbuildings remain in use by the grounds maintenance team and as parking for the university's minibus fleet. Spreytonway is a locally listed building and is classified as having a positive contribution to townscape in the university's 2010 Streatham Campus Master Plan Framework.

Lopes Hall
Lopes (pronounced "Lopez") Hall was originally a large Victorian Gothic villa known as "Highlands", built in 1866. After the university bought it and the surrounding seven acres of land in 1930, the architect E. Vincent Harris added a brick Queen Anne-style extension and it was opened by United States Ambassador Robert Bingham in October 1933, for women students only. It is named after Henry Lopes, 1st Baron Roborough who was president of the college.

Today Lopes Hall consists of a main building with 57 standard rooms, and contains the main Exeter Halls reception, a common room, laundry facilities, study room and library. The main building consists of the Old House (Nunnery) and the Main Wing. It now houses around 100, both male and female first year students with shared bathrooms and spacious rooms.

Pennsylvania Court
Pennsylvania Court (Penny C) was finished in 2004. In contrast to the traditional appearance of the rest of Exeter Halls, Pennsylvania Court is more modern, in both its appearance and facilities. It contains 4-star en-suite accommodation including balconies, heated towel rails and double beds. Housing around 180 students, Pennsylvania Court is generally the most oversubscribed hall on campus.

Ransom Pickard
Ransom Pickard was built in the 1960s, but completely refurbished in 2008. Ransom Pickard is separated into two blocks, A and B, joined by a central staircase. These two blocks are in turn separated into three floors, each of which has space for 16 people. There are four double rooms to a floor and eight single rooms. Ransom Pickard has single beds, a desk, wardrobe and sink to each room and since the refurbishment now falls under the category of 'single enhanced' in terms of accommodation.

Birks Grange
In 2005, Birks Grange, formerly Birks Halls (1966–2004), completed a multimillion-pound redevelopment with the residential block being completely rebuilt and the central block being redesigned and renovated. The central block was equipped with a new porter's lodge, a modern canteen and a renovated hall bar named 'The Boot', and a shop. Birks Grange has accessible rooms for people with disabilities. The senior resident tutor is Sam Goodman.

Birks Grange now encompasses Moberly House (standard rooms), and together make up the largest hall in the University of Exeter with 360 undergraduates in Birks Grange and 152 in Moberly. The colours for Birks Grange is blue, whilst that of Moberly House is green. The main motto is "Together we stand", whilst each hall has a slogan that identifies itself. The informal slogan for Birks Grange is currently "Best legs on Campus" - due to Cardiac Hill, the steep path leading up from Birks Grange to the campus. The motto for Birks is "Excelsior" (Ever Upward), and the informal slogan for Moberly House is "Last one standing", which refers to the last remaining hall of the recently demolished Duryard Halls.

Birks Grange Village
Building works were completed in September 2011 providing en-suite, enhanced and studio self-catered accommodation on the hills opposite Birks Grange and the green area between the central block and the catered blocks to accommodate for more than 800 students. The halls have collectively become known as Birks Grange Village. The university hopes that these brand new halls will enable them to increase student intake, and thus maintain the institution's 9th-place ranking within the country.

Holland Hall
Holland Hall is named after Sir Geoffrey Holland, the Vice-Chancellor of the university who retired in 2002. It opened in September 2004, and is one of the newest and largest halls.

The hall has rooms for 406 undergraduates and has a restaurant that seats 360. It is on the north-east side of Streatham Campus and has good views over the River Exe. it has been oversubscribed with about two applications for every room.

Mardon Hall
, Mardon Hall provides accommodation for a total of 106 students in 48 single rooms and 29 shared rooms, with shared bathroom facilities.

Designed in a 'country house' style by E. Vincent Harris, Mardon Hall opened in 1933, and was extensively refurbished in 1996, but retains its wood-panelled library and grand staircase. It was the University College of the South West's first purpose-built hall of residence. This was 22 years before the university gained its charter, becoming the University of Exeter in 1955.

Mardon Hall was financed by the College Appeal and Flight Lieutenant Evelyn Mardon, who donated £25,000 towards the building cost and after whom it was named. One of the original notable features of Mardon Hall was the wooden hut that was used as a dining hall until shortly after Holland Hall was built, due to the University College's lack of funds at the time of Mardon's construction.

In early planning against the outbreak of war the Government indicated a wish to use Mardon Hall as a hospital, but it continued as student accommodation until 1943, when it was taken over by the American Red Cross as a rest centre and Psychological Hospital for American troops. A wartime German map, held by the Devon Record Office, has the adjacent Reed Hall and the university's Washington Singer Laboratories marked as military targets, but not Mardon. The Hall was returned to student use in 1945.

During the 1970s, the Warden was the charming eccentric Dr FR Oliver MA DPhil, who was awarded 'the most boring lecturer in the UK' by Radio 4 on several occasions for his lecture 'The correlation coefficient' for first-year economics students.

The Hall accommodated men only until women were admitted in 1986, when "too many" women applied for University accommodation, but "not enough" men. The Mardon Bar was known as "The Beaver", although it has been out of action since 2007. Residents of Mardon Hall are collectively known as either "Mardoners", "Mardonites" or "Mardonians".

Mardon Hall's motto is "Probitas verus honos" - Honesty is true honour.

There is an urban "myth" among students that the common room of Mardon Hall was the inspiration for the Gryffindor common room in the Harry Potter books.

Self-catered accommodation
Apart from Birks Grange Village mentioned above, a large rebuilding project is under way at Lafrowda on the east side of the campus. The original flats that were built in 1971 and 1976 were sold to the University Partnership Programme (UPP) in 2009 and are being demolished. Four new accommodation blocks are intended to be available by September 2011 with a further three blocks due for completion the following year, providing a total of 921 residences.

Llewellyn Mews is self-catered accommodation situated just off-campus on King Edward Street. Like Birks Grange, residents use Cardiac Hill to get to campus.

East Park is the newest self-catered accommodation, with construction completed in 2021. There are 270 standard bedrooms, and 912 en-suites. Students access campus via Forum Hill.

Other self-catered residences both on- and off-campus include Bonhay House, Clydesdale Court, Clydesdale Rise, James Owen Court, King Edward Court, King Edward Studio, Nash Grove, St Germans (University owned), Rowe House (University owned), Point Exe (Signpost Homes), Northernhay, and Northfield (UNITE)

St Luke's Campus and Rowancroft
Consisting of College House, South Cloisters, New Nancherrow and Old Nancherrow, all accommodation on St Luke's Campus shares a single halls committee, and is often considered as simply "St Luke's halls" by non-residents.

As of 2011, Rowancroft consists of a total of 386 places in various self-catered accommodation on sites to the east of the city centre, close to St Luke's Campus and the suburb of Heavitree. The residences are shared between undergraduates and postgraduates.

Penryn Campus
Penryn Campus near Penryn in Cornwall contains Glasney Student Village and nearby is The Sidings, opened in September 2012. Former halls were Beringer House and MacWilliam which were halls of residence for fresher and graduate students respectively at the Camborne School of Mines in Camborne, until the school moved in 2004. Beringer House was a two-storey building constructed from Cornish granite and concrete and was named after one of the school's founders, J Beringer.

Thomas Hall
Thomas Hall has not been used as a hall of residence since 2002/2003. The hall was built as Great Duryard House in about 1690 by Sir Thomas Jefford, mayor of Exeter. The Manor of Duryard was originally owned by the city of Exeter, but was sold off in the 17th century. Inside the hall is linenfold panelling said to have come from Exeter Guildhall. In 1936 it was renamed Thomas Hall after Charles Vivian Thomas, a Cornish businessman who helped fund its transfer to the university.

Originally providing accommodation for male students, during the early part of World War II it was used for the students of the Royal Free Hospital Medical School who were evacuated to the city. After the war it was a hall for female students. In July 2013, the new Exeter Steiner Academy announced that it had secured the purchase of the hall for use as its permanent school premises from 2015.

Duryard Halls
Duryard Halls provided accommodation from 1964 until 2007, latterly for around 650 students. These halls were the residence of Harry Potter author JK Rowling, as well as pop singer and winner of Pop Idol Will Young and actor Adam Campbell, who shared a room in Hetherington House.

Duryard Halls were spread over four houses, surrounding the old Duryard House and its drive: Moberly named after Walter Hamilton Moberly; Murray, named after John Murray; Hetherington, named after Hector Hetherington; and Jessie Montgomery. In 2007 demolition work started on all the halls, except for Moberly and the grade II listed Duryard House, with the intention of providing seven new accommodation blocks to house 630 students.

Moberly Hall fell out of use in the academic year 2012/13, although was re-occupied in 2014/15.

Part of Jessie Montgomery hall remains as the Grade II listed stable block, which was used as a site office accommodation during the construction of the new UPP and INTO halls of residence and is now used as storage.

The central block has undergone a deep refurbishment as a music facility and is known as Kay House. Together with Cornwall House on the main part of the campus, it formed a test bed for the retrofitting of external wall insulation to improve its thermal efficiency.

The new halls are operated by INTO (Avon, Bovey, Dart and Exe halls, along with the listed Duryard House which is used as a social space and offices) and UPP (Teign and Yeo).

Crossmead Hall
Crossmead was located across the river at the top of Dunsford Hill. In the 1980s the lower part of the grounds on the corner of Barley Lane and Dunsford Hill was developed as Cadogan Court, a nursing home. Crossmead was closed as a hall and used by the university as a conference centre. This closed in 2006. There was controversy in autumn 2005 when the university applied to build 36 flats and 54 houses on the site; proposals that were bitterly opposed by the local residents.

title: University of Exeter Halls of Residence