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Elie Martel

Elie Walter Martel (born November 26, 1934) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1967 to 1987, as a member of the New Democratic Party (NDP).

Personal life
Martel was born in Capreol, Ontario, into a French speaking family and was educated at an English-speaking boarding school that forced him to stop speaking his family's native language. He quit school three times to work on the railroad, and at Inco. He finally completed secondary school and then went to Laurentian University to major in history. After university, he went to North Bay Teacher's College. He worked as a teacher and high school principal in the Sudbury area before entering politics.

His wife Gaye is the daughter of Norman Fawcett, who was Nickel Belt's federal Member of Parliament from 1965 to 1968.

Career in politics
He was first elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1967 election, defeating Progressive Conservative candidate Cecil Fielding by 1,200 votes in the Northern Ontario constituency of Sudbury East. His victory happened the same year that the United Steelworkers absorbed INCO's International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers union local 598, ending almost 20 years of very bitter political infighting between the unions and the CCF/NDP. The infighting ousted former CCF MPP, Bob Carlin because the party feared the Sudbury riding association was controlled by communists in the Mine, Mill union. Only after the Steelworkers' prolonged takeover of Mine, Mill, did the NDP finally have unity between its warring factions, thereby allowing Martel to win the seat.

In 1974, Martel supported the striking uranium miners at Elliot Lake who were demanding improved safety and support from employers.

Early in his career, Martel navigated a motion through an NDP provincial convention supporting full funding for Catholic high schools. He was re-elected by comfortable margins in the elections of 1971, 1975, 1977, 1981 and 1985, and served as an opposition member for his entire legislative career. Martel was House Leader of the NDP for seven years, from 1978 to 1985. He stepped down from that position after being left-off the NDP's negotiating team that eventually brokered the accord between the Liberals and the NDP to form a stable minority government in May 1985. NDP leader Bob Rae thought that Martel was "too much of a lone wolf," to negotiate the deal.

He was on the left-wing of the New Democratic Party, and was strongly supported by its trade-union base. Along with other NDP legislators from the Sudbury area, he frequently called for Inco's nickel mine in the city to be nationalized.

Martel encouraged Bob Rae to seek the provincial NDP leadership in 1981, but began developing his own organization when Rae delayed his entry. He eventually withdrew from the contest to support Rae's candidacy, but his personal and professional relationship with Rae deteriorated when the campaign was over. By some accounts, the two men strongly disliked one another on a personal level.

Retirement
Martel stood down as a Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) in 1987, and was succeeded in Sudbury East by his daughter Shelley Martel after a bitter battle for the riding's NDP nomination between her and Rev. William Major. Shortly after his retirement, Martel was named vice-chair of the Environmental Assessment Board by Liberal Premier of Ontario David Peterson.

The NDP won their first ever majority government in the 1990 provincial election, and Shelley Martel was subsequently named as a prominent cabinet minister. The journalist Thomas Walkom has argued that Elie Martel pressured Rae to keep his daughter in cabinet following a scandal in 1991.

Martel ran as a candidate of the federal New Democratic Party in the 1997 federal election, but finished second to Liberal incumbent Ray Bonin in Nickel Belt.

Sudbury East was disbanded and merged with the provincial Nickel Belt electoral district for the 1999 provincial election. Shelley Martel continued to represent that constituency provincially until her retirement in 2007, ending the family's forty-year run of representing the greater Sudbury area. She is married to Howard Hampton, former leader of the Ontario New Democrats.

title: Elie Martel


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France in the early modern period

The Kingdom of France in the early modern period, from the Renaissance (c. 1500–1550) to the Revolution (1789–1804), was a monarchy ruled by the House of Bourbon (a Capetian cadet branch). This corresponds to the so-called Ancien Régime ("old rule"). The territory of France during this period increased until it included essentially the extent of the modern country, and it also included the territories of the first French colonial empire overseas.

The period is dominated by the figure of the "Sun King", Louis XIV (his reign of 1643–1715 being one of the longest in history), who managed to eliminate the remnants of medieval feudalism and established a centralized state under an absolute monarch, a system that would endure until the French Revolution and beyond.

Geography

In the mid 15th century, France was significantly smaller than it is today, and numerous border provinces (such as Roussillon, Cerdagne, Calais, Béarn, Navarre, County of Foix, Flanders, Artois, Lorraine, Alsace, Trois-Évêchés, Franche-Comté, Savoy, Bresse, Bugey, Gex, Nice, Provence, Corsica and Brittany) were autonomous or foreign-held (as by the Kingdom of England); there were also foreign enclaves, like the Comtat Venaissin. In addition, certain provinces within France were ostensibly personal fiefdoms of noble families (like the Bourbonnais, Marche, Forez and Auvergne provinces held by the House of Bourbon until the provinces were forcibly integrated into the royal domaine in 1527 after the fall of Charles III, Duke of Bourbon).

The late 15th, 16th and 17th centuries would see France undergo a massive territorial expansion and an attempt to better integrate its provinces into an administrative whole. During this period, France expanded to nearly its modern territorial extent through the acquisition of Picardy, Burgundy, Anjou, Maine, Provence, Brittany, Franche-Comté, French Flanders, Navarre, Roussillon, the Duchy of Lorraine, Alsace and Corsica.

French acquisitions from 1461 to 1789:
 * Under Louis XI – Provence (1482), Dauphiné (1461, under French control since 1349)
 * Under Henry II – Calais, Trois-Évêchés (1552)
 * Under Henry IV – County of Foix (1607)
 * Under Louis XIII – Béarn and Navarre (1620, under French control since 1589 as part of Henry IV's possessions)
 * Under Louis XIV
 * Treaty of Westphalia (1648) – Alsace
 * Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) – Artois, Northern Catalonia (Roussillon, Cerdagne)
 * Treaty of Nijmegen (1678–79) – Franche-Comté, Flanders
 * Under Louis XV – Lorraine (1766), Corsica (1768)

Only the Duchy of Savoy, the city of Nice and some other small papal (e.g., Avignon) and foreign possessions would be acquired later. (For a map of historic French provinces, see Provinces of France). France also embarked on exploration, colonisation, and mercantile exchanges with the Americas (New France, Louisiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Haiti, French Guiana), India (Pondicherry), the Indian Ocean (Réunion), the Far East, and a few African trading posts.

Although Paris was the capital of France, the later Valois kings largely abandoned the city as their primary residence, preferring instead various châteaux of the Loire Valley and Parisian countryside. Henry IV made Paris his primary residence (promoting a major building boom in private mansions), but Louis XIV once again withdrew from the city in the last decades of his reign and Versailles became the primary seat of the French monarchy for much of the following century.

The administrative and legal system in France in this period is generally called the Ancien Régime.

Demography
The Black Death had killed an estimated one-third of the population of France from its appearance in 1348. The concurrent Hundred Years' War slowed recovery. It would be the early 16th century before the population recovered to mid-14th-century levels.

With an estimated population of 11 million in 1400, 20 million in the 17th century, and 28 million in 1789, until 1795 France was the most populated country in Europe (even twice the size of Britain or the Dutch Republic) and the third most populous country in the world, behind only China and India.

These demographic changes also led to a massive increase in urban populations, although on the whole France remained a profoundly rural country. Paris was one of the most populated cities in Europe (estimated at 400,000 inhabitants in 1550; 650,000 at the end of the 18th century). Other major French cities include Lyon, Rouen, Bordeaux, Toulouse, and Marseille.

These centuries saw several periods of epidemics and crop failures due to wars and climatic change. (Historians speak of the period 1550–1850 as the "Little Ice Age".) Between 1693 and 1694, France lost 6% of its population. In the extremely harsh winter of 1709, France lost 3.5% of its population. In the past 300 years, no period has been so proportionally deadly for the French, both World Wars included.

Language
Linguistically, the differences in France were extreme. Before the Renaissance, the language spoken in the north of France was a collection of different dialects called Oïl languages whereas the written and administrative language remained Latin. By the 16th century, there had developed a standardised form of French (called Middle French) which would be the basis of the standardised "modern" French of the 17th and 18th century which in turn became the lingua franca of the European continent. (In 1539, with the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, Francis I of France made French alone the language for legal and juridical acts.) Nevertheless, in 1790, only half of the population spoke or understood standard French.

The southern half of the country continued to speak Occitan languages (such as Provençal), and other inhabitants spoke Breton, Catalan, Basque, Dutch (West Flemish), and Franco-Provençal. In the north of France, regional dialects of the various langues d'oïl continued to be spoken in rural communities. During the French revolution, the teaching of French was promoted in all the schools. The French used would be that of the legal system, which differed from the French spoken in the courts of France before the revolution. Like the orators during the French revolution, the pronunciation of every syllable would become the new language.

France would not become a linguistically unified country until the end of the 19th century.

Administrative structures
The Ancien Régime, the French term rendered in English as "Old Rule", "Old Kingdom", or simply "Old Regime", refers primarily to the aristocratic, social and political system established in France from (roughly) the 15th century to the 18th century under the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties. The administrative and social structures of the Ancien Régime were the result of years of state-building, legislative acts (like the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts), internal conflicts and civil wars, but they remained a confusing patchwork of local privilege and historic differences until the French Revolution took place in a radical time suppression of administrative incoherence.

Background
The Peace of Etaples (1492) marks, for some, the beginning of the early modern period in France.

After the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), France supported the Lancastrian side in The Wars of the Roses. France and England signed the Treaty of Picquigny in 1475 — the official end date of the Hundred Years' War. In 1492 and 1493, after supporting the victorious House of Tudor in the Battle of Bosworth Field, Charles VIII of France signed three additional treaties with Henry VII of England, Maximilian I of Habsburg, and Ferdinand II of Aragon respectively at Étaples (1492), Senlis (1493) and in Barcelona (1493). As the 15th century drew to a close, French kings could take confidence in the fact that England had been mostly driven from their territory and so they could now embark on an expansionist foreign policy. The invasion of Italy by Charles VIII in 1494 began 62 years of war with the Habsburgs (the Italian Wars).

Wars
Despite the beginnings of rapid demographic and economic recovery after the Black Death of the 14th century, the gains of the previous half-century were to be jeopardised by a further protracted series of conflicts, the Italian Wars (1494–1559), where French efforts to gain dominance ended in the increased power of the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors of Germany.

In 1445, the first steps were made towards fashioning a regular army out of the poorly disciplined mercenary bands that French kings traditionally relied on. The medieval division of society into "those who fought (nobility), those who prayed (clergy), and those who worked (everyone else)" still held strong and warfare was considered a domain of the nobles. Charles VIII marched into Italy with a core force consisting of noble horsemen and non-noble foot soldiers, but in time the role of the latter grew stronger so that by the middle of the 16th century, France had a standing army of 5000 cavalry and 30,000 infantry. The military was reorganized from a system of legions recruited by province (Norman legion, Gascon legion, etc.) to regiments, an arrangement which persisted into the next century. However, the nobility and troops were often disloyal to the king, if not outright rebellious, and it took another army reform by Louis XIV to finally transform the French army into an obedient force.

Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan, seeking an ally against the Republic of Venice, encouraged Charles VIII of France to invade Italy, using the Angevin claim to the throne of Naples, then under Aragonese control, as a pretext. When Ferdinand I of Naples died in 1494, Charles invaded the peninsula. For several months, French forces moved through Italy virtually unopposed, since the condottieri armies of the Italian city-states were unable to resist them. Their sack of Naples finally provoked a reaction, however, and the League of Venice was formed against them. Italian troops defeated the French at the Battle of Fornovo, forcing Charles to withdraw to France. Ludovico, having betrayed the French at Fornovo, retained his throne until 1499, when Charles's successor, Louis XII of France, invaded Lombardy and seized Milan.

In 1500, Louis XII, having reached an agreement with Ferdinand II of Aragon to divide Naples, marched south from Milan. By 1502, combined French and Aragonese forces had seized control of the Kingdom; disagreements about the terms of the partition led to a war between Louis and Ferdinand. By 1503, Louis, having been defeated at the Battle of Cerignola and Battle of Garigliano, was forced to withdraw from Naples, which was left under the control of the Spanish viceroy, Ramón de Cardona. French forces under Gaston de Foix inflicted an overwhelming defeat on a Spanish army at the Battle of Ravenna in 1512, but Foix was killed during the battle, and the French were forced to withdraw from Italy by an invasion of Milan by the Swiss, who reinstated Maximilian Sforza to the ducal throne. The Holy League, left victorious, fell apart over the subject of dividing the spoils, and in 1513 Venice allied with France, agreeing to partition Lombardy between them.

Louis mounted another invasion of Milan, but was defeated at the Battle of Novara, which was quickly followed by a series of Holy League victories at La Motta, Guinegate, and Flodden, in which the French, Venetian, and Scottish forces were decisively defeated. However, the death of Pope Julius left the League without effective leadership, and when Louis' successor, Francis I, defeated the Swiss at Marignano in 1515, the League collapsed, and by the treaties of Noyon and Brussels, surrendered to France and Venice the entirety of northern Italy.

The elevation of Charles of Spain to Holy Roman Emperor, a position that Francis had desired, led to a collapse of relations between France and the Habsburgs. In 1519, a Spanish invasion of Navarre, nominally a French fief, provided Francis with a pretext for starting a general war; French forces flooded into Italy and began a campaign to drive Charles from Naples. The French were outmatched, however, by the fully developed Spanish tercio tactics, and suffered a series of crippling defeats at Bicocca and Sesia against Spanish troops under Fernando d'Avalos. With Milan itself threatened, Francis personally led a French army into Lombardy in 1525, only to be defeated and captured at the Battle of Pavia; imprisoned in Madrid, Francis was forced to agree to extensive concessions over his Italian territories in the "Treaty of Madrid" (1526).

The inconclusive third war between Charles and Francis began with the death of Francesco II Sforza, the duke of Milan. When Charles' son Philip inherited the duchy, Francis invaded Italy, capturing Turin, but failed to take Milan. In response, Charles invaded Provence, advancing to Aix-en-Provence, but withdrew to Spain rather than attacking the heavily fortified Avignon. The Truce of Nice ended the war, leaving Turin in French hands but effecting no significant change in the map of Italy. Francis, allying himself with Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire, launched a final invasion of Italy. A Franco-Ottoman fleet captured the city of Nice in August 1543, and laid siege to the citadel. The defenders were relieved within a month. The French, under François, Count d'Enghien, defeated an Imperial army at the Battle of Ceresole in 1544, but the French failed to penetrate further into Lombardy. Charles and Henry VIII of England then proceeded to invade northern France, seizing Boulogne and Soissons. A lack of cooperation between the Spanish and English armies, coupled with increasingly aggressive Ottoman attacks, led Charles to abandon these conquests, restoring the status quo once again.

In 1547, Henry II of France, who had succeeded Francis to the throne, declared war against Charles with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs. An early offensive against Lorraine was successful, but the attempted French invasion of Tuscany in 1553 was defeated at the Battle of Marciano. Charles's abdication in 1556 split the Habsburg empire between Philip II of Spain and Ferdinand I, and shifted the focus of the war to Flanders, where Philip, in conjunction with Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, defeated the French at St. Quentin. England's entry into the war later that year led to the French capture of Calais, England's last possession on the French mainland, and French armies plundered Spanish possessions in the Low Countries; but Henry was nonetheless forced to accept the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, in which he renounced any further claims to Italy.

The Wars of Religion
Barely were the Italian Wars over, when France was plunged into a domestic crisis with far-reaching consequences. Despite the conclusion of a Concordat between France and the Papacy (1516), granting the crown unrivalled power in senior ecclesiastical appointments, France was deeply affected by the Protestant Reformation's attempt to break the unity of Roman Catholic Europe. A growing urban-based Protestant minority (later dubbed Huguenots) faced ever harsher repression under the rule of Francis I's son King Henry II. After Henry II's unfortunate death in a joust, the country was ruled by his widow Catherine de' Medici and her sons Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III. Renewed Catholic reaction headed by the powerful dukes of Guise culminated in a massacre of Huguenots (1562), starting the first of the French Wars of Religion, during which English, German, and Spanish forces intervened on the side of rival Protestant and Catholic forces. Opposed to absolute monarchy, the Huguenots Monarchomachs theorized during this time the right of rebellion and the legitimacy of tyrannicide.

The Wars of Religion culminated in the War of the Three Henrys in which Henry III assassinated Henry de Guise, leader of the Spanish-backed Catholic league, and the king was murdered in return. After the assassination of both Henry of Guise (1588) and Henry III (1589), the conflict was ended by the accession of the Protestant king of Navarre as Henry IV (first king of the Bourbon dynasty) and his subsequent abandonment of Protestantism (Expedient of 1592) effective in 1593, his acceptance by most of the Catholic establishment (1594) and by the Pope (1595), and his issue of the toleration decree known as the Edict of Nantes (1598), which guaranteed freedom of private worship and civil equality.

France in the 17th and 18th centuries

France's pacification under Henry IV laid much of the ground for the beginnings of France's rise to European hegemony. One of the most admired French kings, Henry was fatally stabbed by a Catholic fanatic in 1610 as war with Spain threatened. Troubles gradually developed during the regency headed by his queen Marie de Medici. France was expansive during all but the end of the 17th century: the French began trading in India and Madagascar, founded Quebec and penetrated the North American Great Lakes and Mississippi, established plantation economies in the West Indies and extended their trade contacts in the Levant and enlarged their merchant marine.

Henry IV's son Louis XIII and his minister (1624–1642) Cardinal Richelieu, elaborated a policy against Spain and the German emperor during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) which had broken out among the lands of Germany's Holy Roman Empire. An English-backed Huguenot rebellion (1625–1628) defeated, France intervened directly (1635) in the wider European conflict following her ally (Protestant) Sweden's failure to build upon initial success.

After the death of both king and cardinal, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) secured universal acceptance of Germany's political and religious fragmentation, but the Regency of Anne of Austria and her minister Cardinal Mazarin experienced a civil uprising known as the Fronde (1648–1653) which expanded into a Franco-Spanish War (1653–1659). The Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) formalised France's seizure (1642) of the Spanish territory of Roussillon after the crushing of the ephemeral Catalan Republic and ushered a short period of peace.

For most of the reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715), France was the dominant power in Europe, aided by the diplomacy of Richelieu's successor (1642–1661) Cardinal Mazarin and the economic policies (1661–1683) of Colbert. Colbert's attempts to promote economic growth and the creation of new industries were not a great success, and France did not undergo any sort of industrial revolution during Louis XIV's reign. Indeed, much of the French countryside during this period remained poor and overpopulated. The resistance of peasants to adopt the potato, according to some monarchist apologists, and other new agricultural innovations while continuing to rely on cereal crops led to repeated catastrophic famines long after they had ceased in the rest of Western Europe. Prior to Louis XIV's reign, French soldiers frequently went into battle barefoot and with no weapons. On the other hand, France's high birthrate until the 18th century proved beneficial to its rulers since it meant the country could field larger armies than its neighbors. In fact, the king's foreign policy, as well as his lavish court and construction projects, left the country in enormous debt. The Palace of Versailles was criticized as overly extravagant even while it was still under construction, but dozens of imitations were built across Europe. Renewed war (the War of Devolution 1667–1668 and the Franco-Dutch War 1672–1678) brought further territorial gains (Artois and western Flanders and the free county of Burgundy, left to the Empire in 1482), but at the cost of the increasingly concerted opposition of rival powers.

French culture was part of French hegemony. In the early part of the century French painters had to go to Rome to shed their provinciality (Nicolas Poussin, Claude Lorrain), but Simon Vouet brought home the taste for a classicized baroque that would characterise the French Baroque, epitomised in the Académie de peinture et de sculpture, in the painting of Charles Le Brun and the sculpture of François Girardon. With the Palais du Luxembourg, the Château de Maisons and Vaux-le-Vicomte, French classical architecture was admired abroad even before the creation of Versailles or Perrault's Louvre colonnade. Parisian salon culture set standards of discriminating taste from the 1630s, and with Pascal, Descartes, Bayle, Corneille, Racine and Molière, France became the cultural center of Europe. In an effort to prevent the nobility from revolting and challenging his authority, Louis implemented an extremely elaborate system of court etiquette with the idea that learning it would occupy most of the nobles' time and they could not plan rebellion. By the start of the 18th century, the nobility in France had been effectively neutered and would never again have more power than the crown. Also, Louis willingly granted titles of nobility to those who had performed distinguished service to the state so that it did not become a closed caste and it was possible for commoners to rise through the social ranks. The king sought to impose total religious uniformity on the country, repealing the Edict of Nantes in 1685. The infamous practice of dragonnades was adopted, whereby rough soldiers were quartered in the homes of Protestant families and allowed to have their way with them. Scores of Protestants fled France, costing the country a great many intellectuals, artisans, and other valuable people. Persecution extended to unorthodox Catholics like the Jansenists, a group that denied free will and had already been condemned by the popes. Louis was no theologian and understood little of the complex doctrines of Jansenism, satisfying himself with the fact that they threatened the unity of the state. In this, he garnered the friendship of the papacy, which had previously been hostile to France because of its policy of putting all church property in the country under the jurisdiction of the state rather than of Rome.

Cardinal Mazarin oversaw the creation of a French navy that rivaled England's, expanding it from 25 ships to almost 200. The size of the army was also considerably increased.

Starting in the 1670s, Louis XIV established the so-called Chambers of Reunion, courts in which judges would determine whether certain Habsburg territories belonged rightfully to France. The king was relying on the somewhat vague wording in the Treaty of Westphalia, while also dredging up older French claims, some dating back to medieval times. Through this, he concluded that the strategically important imperial city of Strassburg should have gone to France in 1648. In September 1681, French troops occupied the city, which was at once strongly fortified. As the imperial armies were then busy fighting the Ottoman Empire, they could not do anything about this for a number of years. The basic aim of Louis' foreign policy was to give France more easily defensible borders, and to eliminate weak spots (Strassburg had often been used by the Habsburgs as a gateway into France).

Following the Whig establishment on the English and Scottish thrones by the Dutch prince William of Orange in 1688, the anti-French "Grand Alliance" of 1689 was established. With the Turks now in retreat, the emperor Leopold could turn his attention to France. The ensuing War of the Grand Alliance lasted from 1688 to 1697. France's resources were stretched to the breaking point by the cost of fielding an army of over 300,000 men and two naval squadrons. Famine in 1692–1693 killed up to two million people. The exhaustion of the powers brought the fighting to an end in 1697, by which time the French were in control of the Spanish Netherlands and Catalonia. However, Louis gave back his conquests and gained only Haiti. The French people, feeling that their sacrifices in the war had been for nothing, never forgave him.

The Battle of La Hougue (1692) was the decisive naval battle in the war and confirmed the durable dominance of the Royal Navy of England.

In November 1700, the severely ill Spanish king Charles II died, ending the Habsburg line in that country. Louis had long waited for this moment, and now planned to put a Bourbon relative, Philip, Duke of Anjou, on the throne. Essentially, Spain was to become an obedient satellite of France, ruled by a king who would carry out orders from Versailles. Realizing how this would upset the balance of power, the other European rulers were outraged. However, most of the alternatives were equally undesirable. For example, putting another Habsburg on the throne would end up recreating the empire of Charles V, which would also grossly upset the power balance. After nine years of exhausting war, the last thing Louis wanted was another conflict. However, the rest of Europe would not stand for his ambitions in Spain, and so the War of the Spanish Succession began, a mere three years after the War of the Grand Alliance.

The disasters of the war (accompanied by another famine) were so great that France was on the verge of collapse by 1709. In desperation, the king appealed to the French people to save their country, and in doing so gained thousands of new army recruits. Afterwards, his general Marshal Villars managed to drive back the allied forces. In 1714, the war ended with the treaties of Utrecht and Rastadt. France did not lose any territory, and there was no discussion of returning Flanders or Alsace to the Habsburgs. While the Duke of Anjou was accepted as King Philip V of Spain, this was done under the condition that the French and Spanish thrones never be united. Finally, France agreed to stop supporting Jacobite pretenders to the English throne. Just after the war ended, Louis died, having ruled France for 72 years.

While often considered a tyrant and a warmonger (especially in England), Louis XIV was not in any way a despot in the 20th-century sense. The traditional customs and institutions of France limited his power and in any case, communications were poor and no national police force existed.

Overall, the discontent and revolts of 16th- and 17th-century France did not approach the conditions that led to 1789. Events such as the Frondes were a naïve, unrevolutionary discontent and the people did not challenge the right of the king to govern nor did they question the Church.

The reign (1715–1774) of Louis XV saw an initial return to peace and prosperity under the regency (1715–1723) of Philip II, Duke of Orléans, whose policies were largely continued (1726–1743) by Cardinal Fleury, prime minister in all but name. The exhaustion of Europe after two major wars resulted in a long period of peace, only interrupted by minor conflicts like the War of the Polish Succession from 1733 to 1735. Large-scale warfare resumed with the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). But alliance with the traditional Habsburg enemy (the "Diplomatic Revolution" of 1756) against the rising power of Britain and Prussia led to costly failure in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) and the loss of France's North American colonies.

On the whole, the 18th century saw growing discontent with the monarchy and the established order. Louis XV was a highly unpopular king for his sexual excesses, overall weakness, and for losing Canada to the British. A strong ruler like Louis XIV could enhance the position of the monarchy, while Louis XV weakened it. The writings of the philosophers such as Voltaire were a clear sign of discontent, but the king chose to ignore them. He died of smallpox in 1774, and the French people shed few tears at his passing. While France had not yet experienced the industrial revolution that was beginning in England, the rising middle class of the cities felt increasingly frustrated with a system and rulers that seemed silly, frivolous, aloof, and antiquated, even if true feudalism no longer existed in France.

Anti-establishment ideas fermented in 18th-century France in part due to the country's relative egalitarianism. While less liberal than England during the same period, the French monarchy never approached the absolutism of the eastern rulers in Vienna, Berlin, St. Petersburg, and Constantinople in part because the country's traditional development as a decentralized, feudal society acted as a restraint on the power of the king. Different social classes in France each had their own unique set of privileges so that no one class could completely dominate the others.

Upon Louis XV's death, his grandson Louis XVI became king. Initially popular, he too came to be widely detested by the 1780s. Again a weak ruler, he was married to an Austrian archduchess, Marie Antoinette, whose naïvety and cloistered/alienated Versailles life permitted ignorance of the true extravagance and wasteful use of borrowed money (Marie Antoinette was significantly more frugal than her predecessors). French intervention in the US War of Independence was also very expensive.

With the country deeply in debt, Louis XVI permitted the radical reforms of Turgot and Malesherbes, but noble disaffection led to Turgot's dismissal and Malesherbes' resignation in 1776. They were replaced by Jacques Necker. Necker had resigned in 1781 to be replaced by Calonne and Brienne, before being restored in 1788. A harsh winter that year led to widespread food shortages, and by then France was a powder keg ready to explode.

On the eve of the French Revolution of 1789, France was in a profound institutional and financial crisis, but the ideas of the Enlightenment had begun to permeate the educated classes of society.

On 1792 September 21 the French monarchy was effectively abolished by the proclamation of the French First Republic.

Monarchs
Valois (1328–1498)
 * Louis XI
 * Charles VIII

After Charles VIII the Affable, the last king in the direct Valois line, three other branches of the House of Capet reigned in France until the fall of the Ancien Régime in 1792:

Valois-Orléans (1498–1515) Valois-Angoulême (1515–1589) House of Bourbon (1589–1792)
 * Louis XII
 * Francis I
 * Henry II and Catherine de' Medici
 * Francis II
 * Charles IX
 * Henry III
 * Henry IV
 * the Regency of Marie de Medici
 * Louis XIII and his minister Cardinal Richelieu
 * the Regency of Anne of Austria and her minister Cardinal Mazarin
 * Louis XIV
 * the Régence of Philip II of Orleans
 * Louis XV
 * Louis XVI

Social history
France in the Ancien Régime covered a territory of around 200000 sqmi, and supported 22 million people in 1700. At least 96% of the population were peasants. France had the largest population in Europe, with European Russia second at 20 million. Britain had nearly six million, Spain had eight million, and the Austrian Habsburgs had around eight million. France's lead slowly faded after 1700, as other countries grew faster.

Rural society
In the 17th century rich peasants who had ties to the market economy provided much of the capital investment necessary for agricultural growth, and frequently moved from village to village (or town). Geographic mobility, directly tied to the market and the need for investment capital, was the main path to social mobility. The "stable" core of French society, town guilds people and village laboureurs, included cases of staggering social and geographic continuity, but even this core required regular renewal. Accepting the existence of these two societies, the constant tension between them, and extensive geographic and social mobility tied to a market economy holds the key to a clearer understanding of the evolution of the social structure, economy, and even political system of early modern France. Collins (1991) argues that the Annales School paradigm underestimated the role of the market economy; failed to explain the nature of capital investment in the rural economy; and grossly exaggerated social stability.

Women and families
Very few women held any power—some queens did, as did the heads of Catholic convents. In the Enlightenment, the writings of philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau gave a political program for reform of the Ancien Régime, founded on a reform of domestic mores. Rousseau's conception of the relations between private and public spheres is more unified than that found in modern sociology. Rousseau argued that the domestic role of women is a structural precondition for a "modern" society. Within early modern society, women of urban artisanal classes participated in a range of public activities and also shared work settings with men (even though they were generally disadvantaged in terms of tasks, wages and access to property.) Salic law prohibited women from rule; however, the laws for the case of a regency, when the king was too young to govern by himself, brought the queen into the center of power. The queen could assure the passage of power from one king to another—from her late husband to her young son—while simultaneously assuring the continuity of the dynasty.

Education for girls
Educational aspirations were on the rise and were becoming increasingly institutionalized in order to supply the church and state with the functionaries to serve as their future administrators. Girls were schooled too, but not to assume political responsibility. Girls were ineligible for leadership positions and were generally considered to have an inferior intellect to their brothers. France had many small local schools where working-class children—both boys and girls—learned to read, the better "to know, love and serve God". The sons and daughters of the noble and bourgeois elites, however, were given quite distinct educations: boys were sent to upper school, perhaps a university, while their sisters (if they were lucky enough to leave the house) were sent for finishing at a convent. The Enlightenment challenged this model, but no real alternative presented itself for female education. Only through education at home were knowledgeable women formed, usually to the sole end of dazzling their salons.

Stepfamilies
A large proportion of children lived in broken homes or in blended families and had to cope with the presence of half-siblings and stepsiblings in the same residence. Brothers and sisters were often separated during the guardianship period and some of them were raised in different places for most of their childhood. Half-siblings and stepsiblings lived together for rather short periods of time because of their difference in age, their birth rank, or their gender. The lives of the children were closely linked to the administration of their heritage: when both their mothers and fathers were dead, another relative took charge of the guardianship and often removed the children from a stepparent's home, thus separating half-siblings.

The experience of step-motherhood was surrounded by negative stereotypes; the Cinderella story and many other jokes and stories made the second wife an object of ridicule. Language, theater, popular sayings, the position of the Church, and the writings of jurists all made stepmother a difficult identity to take up. However, the importance of male remarriage suggests that reconstitution of family units was a necessity and that individuals resisted negative perceptions circulating through their communities. Widowers did not hesitate to take a second wife, and they usually found quite soon a partner willing to become a stepmother. For these women, being a stepmother was not necessarily the experience of a lifetime or what defined their identity. Their experience depended greatly on factors such as the length of the union, changing family configuration, and financial dispositions taken by their husbands.

By a policy adopted at the beginning of the 16th century, adulterous women during the ancien régime were sentenced to a lifetime in a convent unless pardoned by their husbands and were rarely allowed to remarry even if widowed.

Religion
Prior to the French Revolution, the Catholic Church was the official state religion of the Kingdom of France. France was traditionally considered the Church's eldest daughter (French: Fille aînée de l'Église), and the King of France always maintained close links to the Pope. However, the French monarchy maintained a significant degree of autonomy, namely through its policy of "Gallicanism", whereby the king selected bishops rather than the papacy.

During the Protestant Reformation of the mid 16th century, France developed a large and influential Protestant population, primarily of Reformed confession; after French theologian and pastor John Calvin introduced the Reformation in France, the number of French Protestants (Huguenots) steadily swelled to 10 percent of the population, or roughly 1.8 million people. The ensuring French Wars of Religion, and particularly the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, decimated the Huguenot community; Protestants declined to seven to eight percent of the kingdom's population by the end of the 16th century. The Edict of Nantes brought decades of respite until its revocation in the late 17th century by Louis XIV. The resulting exodus of Huguenots from the Kingdom of France created a brain drain, as many of them had occupied important places in society.

French exploration and colonies

 * Age of Discovery
 * French colonization of the Americas
 * French colonial empires

Literature

 * French Renaissance literature
 * French literature of the 17th century
 * French literature of the 18th century

Art

 * French Renaissance
 * French Baroque and Classicism
 * French Rococo and Neoclassicism

General

 * Behrens, C.B.A. Ancien Régime (1989)
 * Bluche, François. L'Ancien régime: Institutions et société Collection: Livre de poche. Paris: Fallois, 1993. ISBN 2-2530-6423-8
 * Doyle, William, ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Ancien Régime (2012)
 * Doyle, William, ed. Old Regime France: 1648–1788 (2001)
 * Holt, Mack P. Renaissance and Reformation France: 1500–1648 (2002)
 * Jouanna, Arlette and Philippe Hamon, Dominique Biloghi, Guy Thiec. La France de la Renaissance; Histoire et dictionnaire Collection: Bouquins. Paris: Laffont, 2001. ISBN 2-2210-7426-2
 * Jouanna, Arlette and Jacqueline Boucher, Dominique Biloghi, Guy Thiec. Histoire et dictionnaire des Guerres de religion Collection: Bouquins. Paris: Laffont, 1998. ISBN 2-2210-7425-4
 * Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. The Ancien Régime: A History of France 1610–1774 (1999), political survey
 * Viguerie, Jean de. Histoire et dictionnaire du temps des Lumières 1715–1789 Collection: Bouquins. Paris: Laffont, 1995. ISBN 2-2210-4810-5
 * Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. The Ancien Régime: A History of France 1610–1774 (1999), political survey
 * Viguerie, Jean de. Histoire et dictionnaire du temps des Lumières 1715–1789 Collection: Bouquins. Paris: Laffont, 1995. ISBN 2-2210-4810-5

Political and military

 * Baker, Keith, ed. The Political Culture of the Old Regime (1987), articles by leading historians
 * Black, Jeremy. From Louis XIV to Napoleon: The Fate of a Great Power (1999)
 * Collins, James B. The State in Early Modern France (2009)
 * Knecht, R.J. The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France. (1996). ISBN 0-0068-6167-9
 * Lynn, John A. The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 (1999)
 * Perkins, James Breck. France under Louis XV (2 vol 1897)
 * Potter, David. A History of France, 1460–1560: The Emergence of a Nation-State (1995)
 * Tocqueville, Alexis de. Ancien Régime and the French Revolution (1856; 2008 edition)
 * Potter, David. A History of France, 1460–1560: The Emergence of a Nation-State (1995)
 * Tocqueville, Alexis de. Ancien Régime and the French Revolution (1856; 2008 edition)

Society and culture

 * Beik, William. A Social and Cultural History of Early Modern France (2009)
 * Farr, James Richard. The Work of France: Labor and Culture in Early Modern Times, 1350–1800 (2008)
 * Goubert, Pierre. Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen (1972), social history from Annales School
 * Goubert, Pierre. The French Peasantry in the Seventeenth Century (1986)
 * McManners, John. Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France. Vol. 1: The Clerical Establishment and Its Social Ramifications; Vol. 2: The Religion of the People and the Politics of Religion(1999)
 * Van Kley, Dale. The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560–1791 (1996)
 * Ward, W.R. Christianity under the Ancien Régime, 1648–1789 (1999).
 * McManners, John. Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France. Vol. 1: The Clerical Establishment and Its Social Ramifications; Vol. 2: The Religion of the People and the Politics of Religion(1999)
 * Van Kley, Dale. The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560–1791 (1996)
 * Ward, W.R. Christianity under the Ancien Régime, 1648–1789 (1999).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: France in the early modern period


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/George Wright (programmer)

George Wright (programmer)

 * I think this should be deleted, unless this guy is actually known outside of his school/area. Delete. (should be User:Cookiecaper)
 * I disagree. George Wright is a teenager genius. Looking at his list of programming achievements on his web page should highlight this. Keep (should be User:Ocohen)
 * If that qualifies as teenage genius, I must have known about ten of them. Delete Wyllium 15:11, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)
 * I agree. I *am* George Wright and I think this page is totally absurd. I may have some programs which have been published and am a member of some online projects, but I really am not that well known. Delete. (should be User:Gwright)
 * Unless this page can get more detail, it should be deleted. If Mr. Wright is so meaningless as to have so little detail, then the page is meant to exist just to annoy him. Delete. (anon)
 * This is a non-notable vanity page, with no potential to become encyclopedic. Delete. (anon)
 * What the heck? I think User:Cookiecaper added to this page, and it already has five votes even though it's not listed? Who on earth is looking at this? Cool Hand Luke  (Communicate!)  01:55, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Searching "George Wright" and "KDE" produces 1020 Google hits, and the majority of them seem to actually refer to this 16 year-old developer, but online development projects tend to do this. None of the hits seem to be very notable (i.e. actual news articles or some such), and there's just a lot of message board garbage. Delete.Cool Hand Luke (Communicate!)  01:49, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - this doesn't add to the sum of human knowledge. --ihatepotsmokinghippies 02:42, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not notable. potsmokinghippiesaddtohumanknowledge
 * Delete. Nothing to indicate exceptional achievement yet.--NathanHawking 06:58, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)
 * Delete. Subject of the article isn't notable enough to be included in an encyclopedia.Gleffler 15:31, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity/non-notable. A quiz program and a units converter? Good start, I suppose, but he'll have to do better. Gazpacho 22:36, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Waitara, New Zealand

Waitara is a town in the northern part of the Taranaki region of the North Island of New Zealand. Waitara is located just off State Highway 3, 15 km northeast of New Plymouth.

Waitara was the site of the outbreak of the Taranaki Wars in 1860 following the attempted purchase of land for British settlers from its Māori owners. Disputes over land that was subsequently confiscated by the Government continue to this day.

There are several different stories regarding the origin of the name Waitara. One is that it was originally Whai-tara – "path of the dart" – so named because Whare Matangi followed the path of a dart to find his father Ngarue. Another is that Turi named it from his wide stride when crossing the water of the river. Another is that Turi named it Waitarangia because the coldness of the water affected his skin. Yet another is that it means "mountain stream". In 1867 the settlement was named Raleigh, after Sir Walter Raleigh. It reverted to its former name with the establishment of the borough of Waitara in 1904.

Early history
Prior to European colonisation, Waitara lay on the main overland route between the Waikato and Taranaki districts. Vestiges of numerous pā on all strategic heights in the district indicate close settlement and closely contested possession, just before and in early European times, by various tribes. Whalers and sealers, who had come from the northern hemisphere, gained help from and formed relationships with local Māori in the early 19th-century, but the area was largely vacated in the 1820s and 1830s following warfare between the resident Te Āti Awa iwi (tribe) and those of iwi from north Auckland down to the Waikato. Some Te Āti Awa were taken to Waikato as prisoners and slaves, but most migrated to the Cook Strait area in pursuit of guns and goods from whalers and traders.

Pākehā settlers who came to New Plymouth (founded in 1841) in the 1840s and 1850s viewed nearby Waitara as the most valuable of Taranaki's coastal lands because of its fertile soil and superior harbour. The New Zealand Company drew up plans for settlement from New Plymouth to beyond Waitara, and sold blocks to immigrants despite a lack of proof that the company's initial purchase of the land had been legitimate. The company claimed that Te Āti Awa had either abandoned the land or lost possession of it, owing to conquest by Waikato Māori. (The Land Claims Commission later upheld this view, but subsequently Governor Robert FitzRoy (in office 1843–1845) rejected it, as did the Waitangi Tribunal in 1996.)

First Taranaki War
Tensions between settlers and local Māori began as early as July 1842, when settlers who had taken up land north of the Waitara River were driven from their farms. A year later 100 men, women and children sat in a surveyors' path to disrupt the surveying of land for sale.

Between March and November 1848 Wiremu Kīngi, a Te Āti Awa chief who staunchly opposed the sale of land in the Waitara area, returned to the district from Waikanae with almost 600 men, women and children and some livestock to retake possession of the land. They established substantial cultivations of wheat, oats, maize and potatoes, selling it to settlers and also for export; his followers also laboured on settler farms. The Waitangi Tribunal noted that the group allegedly eventually owned 150 horses and up to 300 head of cattle.

Despite Kingi's opposition however, payments were made by government agents secretly to Maori individuals for prospective sales of land in the Waitara area, prompting spates of violence between those supporting and opposing land sales.

In 1857 the issue came to a head with the offer for sale of land at Waitara and at Turangi, further to the north, by two individuals, Ihaia Te Kirikumara and a minor chief, Pokikake Te Teira. Teira's 600-acre (240 hectare) Waitara block, located on the west side of the Waitara River and known as the Pekapeka block, became the focal point of a dispute between the colonial government (chiefly representing settlers) and Māori over the right of individuals to sell land that Māori custom regarded as owned by the community. The dispute ultimately led to the outbreak of war in Waitara on 17 March 1860, when 500 troops began a bombardment of Kingi's Te Kohia pā, which had been built two days' prior. By the end of March, of the four kāinga in the Pekapeka block (Te Whanga, Kuikui, Hurirapa and Wherohia), only Hurirapa, the community led by Ihaia and Teira, remained. Imperial troops established Camp Waitara to the south of the Pekapeka block, at the former location of Pukekohe pā, which became the base of the 40th Regiment, and was one of the largest redoubts in the country. The war, in which 2,300 Imperial troops fought about 1,400 Māori, ran for 12 months before a ceasefire was negotiated.

Later campaigns during the war included the major British defeat in the Battle of Puketakauere, close to Te Kohia pā, on 27 June 1860 which cost the lives of 32 Imperial troops and of five Māori. A major British sapping operation at the strongly defended Te Arei pā up the Waitara River began in February 1861, but was abandoned when a ceasefire was effected the following month. As a result of this operation, Colour Sergeant John Lucas was awarded the Victoria Cross.

Second Taranaki War
In May 1863 war resumed in Taranaki. The government immediately renounced the earlier Waitara purchase, abandoning all claims to it, and instead created a plan for the confiscation of greater tracts of land under new laws, supposedly as a reprisal for the Oakura killings. In 1865 the Pekapeka block that had been at the heart of the initial dispute with Kingi was confiscated – therefore finding its way back into government control – on the basis that Kingi was at war, though the Waitangi Tribunal concluded there was no evidence he had engaged in hostilities after 1861.

In 1884 the Government returned as "Native reserves" 103,000 hectares of the 526,000 hectares of Taranaki land it had confiscated, although the land remained in government control. By 1990 half of the "reserves" had been sold to Pākehā settlers by the Native Trustee without reference to Maori. The remainder was leased to settlers with Maori receiving only a "peppercorn" rental return.

The Pekapeka Block – which had been the catalyst of the Taranaki Wars and, by extension, the policy of land confiscation – was divided up and given as endowments, or gifts, to the Waitara Borough Council and Taranaki Harbours Board. In 1989 the land was transferred to the New Plymouth District Council, which in turn voted in March 2004 to sell it to the Government with the intention of it being passed to Te Āti Awa as part of the Waitangi Treaty settlement. That process was blocked by the High Court in November 2005 after a challenge by the Waitara Leaseholders Association. Association members, each of whom owns a house but leases the (once confiscated) land on which it stands, want to own the land freehold.

Treaty settlement
In September 1990 the Waitangi Tribunal began hearing 21 Treaty of Waitangi claims concerning the Taranaki district. Much of the tribunal's investigation focused on events around Waitara from 1840 to 1859.

The tribunal presented its report to the Government in June 1996, noting: "The Taranaki claims could be the largest in the country. There may be no others where as many Treaty breaches had equivalent force and effect over a comparable time. For the Taranaki hapu, conflict and struggle have been present since the first European settlement in 1841 ... Taranaki Maori were dispossessed of their land, leadership, means of livelihood, personal freedom, and social structure and values. As Maori, they were denied their rights of autonomy, and as British subjects, their civil rights were removed. For decades, they were subjected to sustained attacks on their property and persons."

In its report, the tribunal observed that to the offence of local Maori, many street names in Waitara honoured the architects of the illegal land confiscation, including chief crown purchasing agent Donald McLean, Land Purchase Commissioner Robert Parris, Governor Thomas Gore Browne and military officers Charles Emilius Gold and Peter Cracroft. It said: "It is our view that name changes are needed. It is when leaders like Kingi, who understood the prerequisites for peace, are similarly memorialised on the land and embedded in public consciousness that those names will cease to stand for conquest and the Waitara war will end."

In November 1999 the New Zealand Government signed a Heads of Agreement with Te Āti Awa to settle its claims, a process that would provide financial compensation and an apology for the confiscation of land.

Marae
Waitara has two marae.

Kairau Marae features Te Hungaririki meeting house, and is a meeting ground for the Pukerangiora hapū of Te Āti Awa. In October 2020, the Government committed $300,080 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade the marae, creating 15 jobs.

Ōwae or Manukorihi Marae features Te Ikaroa a Māui meeting house and is a marae of Te Āti Awa hapū of Manukorihi, Ngāti Rāhiri and Ngāti Te Whiti. In October 2020, the Government committed $360,002 to upgrade the marae and another marae, creating 15 jobs.

Demographics
Waitara covers 6.09 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, the town had a smaller boundary, covering 5.66 km2. Using that boundary, Waitara had a population of 6,918 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 435 people (6.7%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 627 people (10.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 2,613 households, comprising 3,369 males and 3,543 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.95 males per female, with 1,512 people (21.9%) aged under 15 years, 1,311 (19.0%) aged 15 to 29, 2,799 (40.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,296 (18.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 72.4% European/Pākehā, 43.1% Māori, 3.5% Pacific peoples, 1.5% Asian, and 1.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 6.3, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 54.9% had no religion, 30.4% were Christian, 2.0% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.2% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.2% were Buddhist and 1.4% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 342 (6.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,821 (33.7%) people had no formal qualifications. 339 people (6.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 2,298 (42.5%) people were employed full-time, 657 (12.2%) were part-time, and 351 (6.5%) were unemployed.

Economy
The first port in Taranaki to engage in international trade was Waitara, in 1823, when the barque William Stoveld anchored in the river mouth and traded with Māori.

With the establishment of the freezing works in 1872 the river port became even more important to the Province. However the river has a bar at its entrance which can only be crossed at high tide. With the development of a breakwater at the port in New Plymouth, and the railway to New Plymouth the Waitara port quickly became unimportant. Construction of a railway line between Waitara and New Plymouth began in August 1873. By the time the line opened on 14 October 1875, the town had a harbour board, two printing houses, a soap and candle factory, an iron foundry, a boat-building yard, two breweries, a wool-scouring plant and a tannery.

From 1887 the economy of Waitara became dependent on the frozen meat trade – first to Great Britain and since the creation of the European Common Market, to Asian countries. Except for some very early shipments from Waitara, frozen meat was transported to the port of New Plymouth by rail.

In 1902 Thomas Borthwick and Sons (Australasia) Ltd, a subsidiary of a UK company, bought the Waitara Freezing and Cold Storage Company plant at Waitara. Until 1998, the freezing works employed between 1000 and 1500 workers, by far the largest employer in a town with a population of between 3000 and 5000. In 1990, Borthwicks sold the Waitara works to AFFCO Holdings.

In 1995 AFFCO closed the Waitara works with the consequent severe loss of employment in the town. The shutdown followed the closure of a Swanndri clothing factory, a small-scale but locally significant Subaru car assembly plant and a wool scouring plant. The number of registered unemployed in the town rose from 700 to 1000, helping to boost the unemployment rate for the Taranaki region, which includes New Plymouth and Waitara, to 9.8 percent, compared with the national average of 6.7 percent. The loss of jobs affected Maori workers disproportionately because they were heavily represented in the work's labour force. Maori were 3.4 times more likely than non-Maori to be living in a "deprived" situation. After the closure, the majority of buildings making up the Waitara freezing works were demolished, significantly changing the townscape (the area on the right on the far side of the river in the image of Waitara below, was the site of the freezing works).

ANZCO Foods Group subsequently built a plant to manufacture smallgoods such as salami, sausages and hamburger patties on the site of the freezing works. However, AFFCO went to court to enforce a 20-year encumbrance which restricts meat processing and associated activities on the site. It succeeded in both the High Court and the Court of Appeal in preventing the new plant from opening, although an ANZCO subsidiary was allowed to continue using freezer and coolstore facilities there. The two companies are said to have reached an agreement. ANZCO now operates from the site, and has become one of the major employers in the township.

Although the freezing works had been the economic backbone of Waitara, for over 75 years the plants had discharged blood, waste and effluent from the slaughter houses, chains and tanneries directly into the Waitara River, less than 3 km from the sea, well within the tidal zone. Even after an ocean outfall was built in collaboration with the town council's sewerage system, at Waitangi Tribunal hearings in Waitara, local Maori gave evidence that they had "…historic associations with the coastline in this area and depend upon the sea resources to provide them with the diet to which they have been accustomed for many centuries…..thus the contamination of one reef would deprive hapu which customarily was entitled to the sea food from the reef".

Two large petrochemical plants are now the most important industrial activity in Waitara. The Waitara Valley plant is dedicated to production of methanol from natural gas (about 1500 tonnes per day). The Motunui plant, originally designed to produce synthetic petrol from methanol was modified to produce chemical grade methanol for export. The high cost of synthetic petrol production and low market prices made the process uneconomical at the time. Motunui has the two largest wooden structures in the southern hemisphere and they are only exceeded in size, anywhere in the world, by the Buddhist temple Tōdai-ji in Nara, Japan. The Motunui plant was closed in December 2004, and restarted in 2008. An onshore production facility for the Pohokura oilfield has been built immediately adjacent to it.

The town continues to be a service centre for the farming sector, particularly to the north and northeast. Farming in the Waitara catchment includes dairying, beef cattle for meat, sheep for both meat and wool, fruit—mainly kiwifruit—other horticulture including tree and shrub nurseries, and poultry for meat and eggs.

Sport
The original Waitara Cricket Club was formed in October 1878, with Mr. J. Elliot elected club captain. Mr L. Issit as secretary and treasurer and a committee consisting of Messrs. Bayly, Tutty and Smith. Annual subscriptions for members were set at 10s. The club colours were chosen to be the same as the Waitara Boating Club, "scarlet and white".

The Waitara Soccer Club was first formed in 1905, and was originally based at the Pukekohe Domain (Camp Reserve), Browne Street, Waitara. The first match the club played was against the New Plymouth A.F.C. on the afternoon of 18 May 1905. Waitara took the lead early in the match, then New Plymouth scored three answered goals for a 3–1 victory. In its first season in the Taranaki Championship, the club won the Julian Cup.

Education
Waitara High School is the only secondary (years 9–13) school in Waitara with a roll of. The school celebrated 60 years in 2007.

Manukorihi Intermediate is an intermediate (years 7–8) school with a roll of. It celebrated its 25th jubilee in 1999.

Waitara Central School and Waitara East School are contributing primary (years 1–6) schools with rolls of and, respectively. Waitara Central celebrated its 125th jubilee in 2000.

St Joseph's School is a full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of. It is a state integrated Catholic school.

All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of

In popular culture
In 2020, Waitara was featured in a reality documentary-series Taranaki Hard.

Notable people
Howie Tamati

title: Waitara, New Zealand


text: User talk:63.193.183.245

title: User talk:63.193.183.245


text:
User talk:Liberator

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Rank Insignia
Just a quick query, to find out where you got the rank insignia diagrams from (New Zealand Air Training Corps)?

I’m looking for some for the New Zealand Cadet Corps article

Thanks Brian (talk) 23:22, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, that’s exactly what I needed. I will add them to the New Zealand Cadet Corps and the New Zealand Sea Cadet Corps articles soon.

 * Just one question, have you (or the creator) released them in to the public domain? (I need to now what template to apply when I upload them).

 * Brian (talk) 04:38, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm actually fleshing this one out right now. I did not personally create them, the person I got them (who had rights to distribute) from did not create them either. I do not know who the copyright holder is, I have since lost contact with the person I recieved them from.
 * However, as far as I know, I am the only person still in possession of the full set of NZDF and NZCF Rank Insignia, and I have been distributing them by request only, and only to people who will use them in a fair and non-misleading context.
 * With that in mind, my feeling is that this use can be contended to be fair use in their respective articles and nowhere else . I am probably erring on the side of prudence here, so let me know if I am. Either you or I can retag the existing ATC ranks later.
 * Liberator 22:38, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Sea Cadet Article
Thanks for fixing the ranks on that article, I've got no idea why I put PO, and CPO down, instead of Ensign, LTCMDR (etc) :) Brian | (Talk) 10:22, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

BTW: On your userpage, where you have UTC+12, NZ in dalylight saving time is UTC+13 :)

Well well well
Well well well Mr. Kean (I presume).

How is life these days? --GeLuxe 00:24, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

New Zealand portal
An article you made a major contribution to, New Zealand Cadet Forces, is currently the selected article on the New Zealand portal. You're welcome to nominate other articles at Portal_talk:New_Zealand, or to view the archive of selected articles at the article archive.-gadfium 03:08, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

ATC Sqn Organisation Image
Hi, the image was actually made in a very dodgy way using excel, as I have no imaging software. It looked fine though so I was happy to upload it. My computer recently required a reformatting so I've lost any info I had anyhow. I don't think that adding Flight Commanders to the organisation chart is worth doing, this is because there are probably more units out there with a low numbers of officers then those with the luxury of enough for Flight Commanders. It's something that is certiainly worth mentioning in the text however, something along the lines of 'Some units also have employ flight commanders, whose function is to co-ordinate the admin and training of a specific flight.' Or something like that. Let me know if I can help. - Shudda   talk  03:55, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Hello!
I met some No. 1 Squadron cadets at the recent Junior Leaders at Ohakea! They laughed when I said I'd met you on the internet. No. 1 Sqn did very well for itself at the juniors... you should be very proud lol. --Divinecirinde 04:33, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Cadet Rank Review
Do you think it is worth adding anything about the ongoing Cadet Rank Review to any of the articles? Brian | (Talk) 04:20, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Probably not. Although there was the discussion document, there's a lot of rumours about what will or won't happen. It would really need it's own article, but I don't thing that its quite major enough for that Liberator 00:09, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * True; SA has the discussion document out; and I know that it was talked about at the recent CA conference. If it ever happens then the articles could be updated Brian | (Talk) 22:30, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Congrats
Congratulations! on the commission, were you on the course that was just held? Brian | (Talk) 11:32, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, just got back yesterday. Liberator 23:01, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

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Invitation to an in-person meetup in Mohua / Golden Bay
Thinking about your summer break? Think about joining other Wikipedians and Wikimedians in Golden Bay / Mohua! Details are on the meetup page. There's heaps of interesting stuff to work on e.g. the oldest extant waka or New Zealand's oldest ongoing legal case. Or you may spend your time taking photos and then upload them.

Golden Bay is hard to get to and the airline flying into Tākaka uses small planes, so we are holding some seats from and to Wellington and we are offering attendees a $200 travel subsidy to help with costs.

Be in touch with Schwede66 if this event interests you and you'd like to discuss logistics.  Schwede 66  09:14, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Liberator


text:
Eric Carle

Eric Carle (June 25, 1929 – May 23, 2021) is an American author, designer and illustrator of children's books. His picture book The Very Hungry Caterpillar, first published in 1969, has been translated into more than 66 languages and sold more than 50 million copies. Carle's career as an illustrator and children's book author accelerated after he collaborated on Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?. Carle illustrated more than 70 books, most of which he also wrote, and more than 145 million copies of his books have been sold around the world.

In 2003, the American Library Association awarded Carle the biennial Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal (now called the Children's Literature Legacy Award), a prize for writers or illustrators of children's books published in the U.S. who have made lasting contributions to the field. Carle was also a U.S. nominee for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2010.

Early life
Carle was born on June 25, 1929, in Syracuse, New York, the son of Johanna (née Oelschlaeger) and Erich W. Carle, a civil servant. When he was six years old, his mother, homesick for Germany, led the family back to Stuttgart. Carle was educated there and graduated from the local art school, the State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart. His father was drafted into the German army at the beginning of World War II (1939) and taken prisoner by the Soviet forces when Germany capitulated in May 1945. He returned home in late 1947, weighing 85 lb. Carle told The Guardian years later that his father was a broken man when he came back by saying he was a "sick man. Psychologically, physically devastated."

Carle was sent to the small town of Schwenningen to escape the bombings of Stuttgart. When he was 15, the German government conscripted boys of that age to dig trenches on the Siegfried Line. Carle did not care to think about it deeply and said his wife thought he suffered from post-traumatic stress. "You know about the Siegfried line? To dig trenches. Fifteen. And the first day three people were killed a few feet away. Not children - Russian prisoners or something. The nurses came and started crying. And in Stuttgart, our home town, our house was the only one standing. When I say standing, I mean the roof and windows are gone, and the doors. And ... well, there you are."

Always homesick for the United States, Carle dreamed of returning home one day. He eventually made it to New York City in 1952 with only $40 in savings and landed a job as graphic designer in the promotion department of The New York Times. Carle was drafted into the U.S. Army during the Korean War and stationed in Germany with the 2nd Armoured Division as a mail clerk. After his discharge, Carle returned to his old job with The New York Times. Carle later became the art director of an advertising agency.

Writing and illustrating career
Educator and author Bill Martin Jr. noticed the illustration of a red lobster Carle had created for an advertisement and asked him to collaborate on a picture book.

Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? was published by Henry Holt & Co. in 1967 and became a best-seller. Thus began Carle's career as an illustrator, and soon he was writing and illustrating his own stories. His first books as both author and illustrator were 1, 2, 3 to the Zoo and The Very Hungry Caterpillar in 1969.

Carle's artwork was created as collage, using hand-painted papers, which he cut and layered to form bright and colourful images. Many of Carle's books have an added dimension—die-cut pages, twinkling lights as in The Very Lonely Firefly, even the lifelike sound of a cricket's song as in The Very Quiet Cricket. The themes of his stories are usually drawn from nature and inspired by the walks his father would take him on across meadows and through woods.

In Carle's own words:

"With many of my books I attempt to bridge the gap between the home and school. To me home represents, or should represent; warmth, security, toys, holding hands, being held. School is a strange and new place for a child. Will it be a happy place? There are new people, a teacher, classmates—will they be friendly?"

"I believe the passage from home to school is the second biggest trauma of childhood; the first is, of course, being born. Indeed, in both cases, we leave a place of warmth and protection for one that is unknown. The unknown often brings fear with it. In my books, I try to counteract this fear, to replace it with a positive message. I believe that children are naturally creative and eager to learn. I want to show them that learning is really both fascinating and fun."

Personal life
For over 30 years, Carle and his second wife, Barbara Morrison, lived in Northampton, Massachusetts. He also owned a home in Key Largo, Florida. Carle had a son and a daughter.

With his second wife, Carle founded The Eric Carle Museum of Picture Book Art, a 44000 sqft museum devoted to the art of children's books in Amherst, adjacent to Hampshire College. According to the museum, it has had over 500,000 visitors, including more than 30,000 school children, since it opened its doors in 2002.

Carle received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities including Williams College in 2016, Smith College in 2014, Appalachian State University in 2013 and Bates College in 2007.

Google paid tribute to Carle and his book The Very Hungry Caterpillar by asking him to design the logo "Google doodle", introduced on its home page on March 20, 2009, celebrating the first day of spring.

Carle won numerous awards for his work in children's literature, including the Japan Picture Book Award, the Regina Medal and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Society of Illustrators. In 2003, Carle received the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award (now called the Children's Literature Legacy Award), from the professional children's librarians, which recognizes an author or illustrator whose books, published in the United States, have made "a substantial and lasting contribution to literature for children". The committee cited Carle's "visual observations of the natural world" and his innovative designs: "Taking the medium of collage to a new level, Carle creates books using luminous colors and playful designs often incorporating an interactive dimension, tactile or auditory discoveries, die-cut pages, foldouts, and other innovative uses of page space."

In a 2012 survey of School Library Journal readers, The Very Hungry Caterpillar was voted the number two children's picture book behind Maurice Sendak’s Where the Wild Things Are.

In 2019, a jumping spider mimicking a caterpillar was named in Carle's honor, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the publication of The Very Hungry Caterpillar, and to celebrate his 90th birthday.

The Frist Art Museum exhibition "Eric Carle's Picture Books: Celebrating 50 Years of The Very Hungry Caterpillar" was on display from October 18, 2019, through February 23, 2020. In November 2019, Carle sold his publishing rights to Penguin Random House.

Death
Carle died on May 23, 2021, at his summer studio in Northampton, Massachusetts, from kidney failure, at the age of 91. An official announcement was made by his family on May 26, 2021, via their website.

Selected works
Eric Carle wrote over 70 books that collectively sold over 170 million copies.
 * 1967, Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? (illustrator)
 * 1968, 1, 2, 3 to the Zoo
 * 1969, The Very Hungry Caterpillar
 * 1970, Pancakes, Pancakes!
 * 1970, The Tiny Seed
 * 1970, Tales of the Nimipoo (illustrator)
 * 1970, The Boastful Fisherman (illustrator)
 * 1971, Feathered Ones and Furry (illustrator)
 * 1971, The Scarecrow Clock (illustrator)
 * 1971, Do You Want to Be My Friend?
 * 1972, Rooster's Off to See the World
 * 1972, The Secret Birthday Message
 * 1972, Walter the Baker
 * 1973, Do Bears Have Mothers Too? (illustrator)
 * 1973, Have You Seen My Cat?
 * 1973, I See a Song
 * 1974, Why Noah Chose the Dove (illustrator)
 * 1974, All About Arthur
 * 1975, The Hole in the Dike (illustrator)
 * 1975, The Mixed-Up Chameleon
 * 1977, The Grouchy Ladybug
 * 1981, The Honeybee and the Robber
 * 1982, Otter Nonsense (illustrator)
 * 1983, Chip Has Many Brothers (illustrator)
 * 1984, The Very Busy Spider
 * 1985, The Foolish Tortoise (illustrator)
 * 1985, The Greedy Python (illustrator)
 * 1985, The Mountain That Loved a Bird (illustrator)
 * 1986, Papa, Please Get the Moon for Me
 * 1986, All in a Day (Mitsumasa Anno editor)
 * 1987, A House for Hermit Crab
 * 1988, The Lamb and the Butterfly (illustrator)
 * 1988, The Rabbit and the Turtle
 * 1989, Animals, Animals
 * 1990, The Very Quiet Cricket
 * 1991, Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? (illustrator)
 * 1991, Dragons, Dragons
 * 1992, Draw Me a Star
 * 1993, Today is Monday (illustrator)
 * 1994, My Apron
 * 1995, The Very Lonely Firefly
 * 1996, Little Cloud
 * 1997, From Head to Toe
 * 1998, Hello, Red Fox
 * 1999, The Very Clumsy Click Beetle
 * 2000, Does a Kangaroo Have a Mother, Too?
 * 2000, Dream Snow
 * 2002, "Slowly, Slowly, Slowly," Said the Sloth
 * 2003, Where Are You Going? To See My Friend!
 * 2003, Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? (illustrator)
 * 2004, Mister Seahorse
 * 2005, 10 Little Rubber Ducks
 * 2007, Baby Bear, Baby Bear, What Do You See? (illustrator)
 * 2011, The Artist Who Painted a Blue Horse
 * 2013, Friends
 * 2015, The Nonsense Show

title: Eric Carle


text:
List of Japanese hell ships

This list of Japanese hell ships encompasses those vessels used for transporting Allied prisoners of war during the Pacific War.

Select list
The names of the Japanese hell ships used during World War II includes some variants which are different names referring to the same ship.

 * Aikoku Maru
 * Aki Maru (Japanese Kyūjitai: 安藝丸, Shinjitai: 安芸丸)
 * Akikase
 * Akitzuki
 * Amagi Maru
 * Anami Maru
 * Aramis  (aka Teia Maru)
 * Argentina Maru
 * Arisan Maru – sunk by USS Shark (SS-314) or USS Snook (SS-279) 24 October 1944. 1,773 U.S. POWs killed.
 * Asaka Maru - left Keppel Harbour, Singapore, on 4 July 1944. Wrecked in a storm between Luzon and Formosa. Survivors were rescued by two Japanese navy destroyers, and boarded the Hakusan Maru which arrived in Moji, Kyushu, on 28 August 1944. According to the personal account of a British soldier who was on this voyage, the Asaka Maru was old and built in Glasgow.
 * Asama Maru – sunk by USS Atule 1 November 1944. No POWs aboard.
 * Awa Maru – sunk by USS Queenfish (SS-393) 1 April 1945. No POWs aboard.
 * Benjo Maru
 * Brazil Maru – bombed 15 December 1944. No POWs aboard.
 * Burong
 * Buyo Maru
 * Celebes Maru
 * Chichibu Maru – sunk by USS Gudgeon (SS-211) 28 April 1943. No POWs aboard.
 * Cho Saki Maru
 * Chuka Maru
 * Chuyo – sunk by USS Sailfish (SS-192) 4 December 1943. 20 of the 21 POWs aboard died.
 * Clyde Maru
 * Coral Maru
 * Dai Moji Maru
 * Dai Nichi Maru
 * Daikeku Maru
 * SS Dainichi Maru (Mitsui Bussan, 1922)
 * England Maru
 * Enoshima Maru
 * Enoura Maru – sunk by Allied aircraft on 9 January 1945, resulting in the deaths of approximately 400 Allied POWs.
 * Enuri Maru
 * Erie Maru

 * France Maru
 * Fuji Maru
 * Fukkai Maru
 * Fuku Maru
 * Fukuji Maru
 * Fukuju Maru
 * Hakuroku Maru
 * Hakusan Maru – sunk by USS Flier 4 June 1944. No POWs aboard.
 * Hakushika Maru
 * Haru Maru
 * Harugiku Maru (治菊丸, formerly SS Van Waerwijck – sunk by HMS Truculent (P315) 26 June 1944, 180 of 720 POWs and 27 of 55 Japanese troops killed.
 * Haruyasa Maru
 * Hawaii Maru (はわい丸, Hawai Maru)
 * Heiyo Maru
 * Hioki Maru
 * Hiyoki Maru
 * Hofuku Maru – sunk on 21 September 1944 by American aircraft, while carrying 1,289 British and Dutch POWs. 1,047 of them died.
 * Hokko Maru
 * Hokusen Maru (北鮮丸)
 * Hozan Maru
 * Ikoma Maru – sunk on 21 January 1944 by USS Seahorse (SS-304). 418 of 611 Indian POWs aboard were killed.
 * Ikuta Maru
 * Imabari Maru (formerly SS De Klerk)
 * Interisland Steamer
 * Junyō Maru – torpedoed 18 November 1944 with loss of over 5,000 lives, including 1,300 POWs
 * Kachidoki Maru – sunk by USS Pampanito (SS-383) on 12 September 1944. Of 900 POWs, 400 perished. The remaining were transferred to the Kibitsu Maru and taken on to Japan
 * Kaishun Maru
 * Kaiun Maru
 * Kakko Maru
 * Kalgan Maru
 * Kamakura Maru – sunk by USS Gudgeon (SS-211) on 28 April 1943. No POWs aboard.
 * Kenkon Maru (乾坤丸)
 * Kenwa Maru
 * Kenzan Maru
 * Kiaota Maru
 * Kibitzu Maru
 * Kohho Maru
 * Kokusei Maru
 * Konosue Maru
 * Koryu Maru
 * Kōshū Maru – sunk by USS Ray (SS-271) on 4 August 1944. 1,239 out of 1,513 POWs, most of them Javanese labourers, died.
 * Kunishima Maru
 * Kurimata Maru
 * Kyokko Maru
 * Kyokusei Maru
 * Lima Maru
 * Lisbon Maru (りすぼん丸, Risubon Maru) – sunk by USS Grouper (SS-214) on 2 October 1944. Of the 1,816 British POWs, 842 perished.
 * Maebashi Maru (前橋丸, Maebashi Maru)
 * Makassar Maru
 * Maros Maru
 * Maru Go (5)
 * Maru Hachi (8)
 * Maru Ichi (1)
 * Maru Ni (2)
 * Maru No. 760
 * Maru Roku
 * Maru San (3)
 * Maru Shi (4)
 * Maru Shichi (7)
 * Mati Mati Maru
 * Matsu Maru
 * Matti Matti Maru
 * Maya Maru
 * Mayebassi Maru
 * Melbourne Maru
 * Mishima Maru
 * Miyo Maru
 * Moji Maru
 * Montevideo Maru (もんてびでお丸, Montebideo Maru) – sunk by USS Sturgeon (SS-187) on 1 July 1942. all 1,054 Australian POWs and civilians died.
 * Nagara Maru
 * Nagata Maru
 * Nagato Maru
 * Nanshin Maru
 * Naruto Maru
 * Natoru Maru
 * Nichimei Maru – Sunk on 15 January 1943 by U.S. aircraft, transporting 1,500 Japanese troops and 965 Dutch POWs of which 32 POWs died.
 * Nishi Maru
 * Nissyo Maru
 * Nitikoku Maru
 * Nitimei Maru
 * Nitta Maru
 * Yoshida Maru No. 1
 * No. 2 Hikawa Maru
 * No. 6 Kotobuki Maru
 * No. 7 Hoshi Maru
 * No. 17 Nanshin Maru
 * Noto Maru
 * Oite
 * Oryoki Maru
 * Oryokko Maru
 * Oryoku Maru – sunk by U.S. airplanes on 15 December 1944, killing 270 of the 1,620 POWs aboard.
 * OSK Ferry
 * Otaro Maru
 * Oyo Maru
 * Pacific Maru
 * Panama Maru
 * Raihei Maru
 * SS Rakuyō Maru – sunk by USS Sealion (SS-315) on 12 September 1944. Of 1,317 POWs, 1,159 POWs perished. 63 were rescued four days later by the submarines that sank the convoy she was in
 * Rashin Maru (羅津丸)
 * Rendsberg
 * Rio de Janeiro Maru
 * Roko Maru
 * Rokyo Maru
 * Ryūkyū Maru
 * Samurusan Maru
 * San Diego Maru
 * Sandakan Steamer
 * Sanko Maru
 * Seikyo Maru
 * Sekiho Maru (formerly Canadian Inventor)
 * Shinsei Maru
 * SS Shinyō Maru – sunk on 7 September 1944 by USS Paddle (SS-263). 668 out of 750 American POWs aboard were killed.
 * Shinyu Maru – damaged on 25 October 1942 by Dutch submarine HNLMS O 23 and abandoned. Some 100 out of 500 POWs drowned.
 * Shoun Maru
 * Sibijac
 * Singapore Maru – left Batavia in Java 17 October 1942 with 3,000 British prisoners, arrived Moji, Japan, (via Singapore) 25 November 1942, 108 died on the journey.
 * Singoto Maru
 * Soong Cheong
 * SS Subuk
 * Suez Maru – sunk on 29 November 1943 by USS Bonefish (SS-223). All 550 British, Dutch, Irish and New Zealand FEPOWs died. Some 300 died in the initial explosion from the two torpedo impacts and the ship's boiler exploding, both in the vicinity of these casualties in the rearmost Hold 4, or drowned on the sinking of the ship or were later shot after some 7-8 hours struggling in the sea. They were NOT trying to escape. The Japanese aboard the escort minesweeper set up twenty riflemen and two machineguns and deliberately massacred the c.250 PoW survivors in the water. The massacre was the subject of a detailed war crime investigation (National Archives of Australia NAA/MP-742) and the subject of two books (Jones, A 2002, The Suez maru Atrocity) and (Frith, J 2020, Unwritten Letters to Spring Street).
 * Sugi Maru
 * JAPANESE TRANSPORT Suzuya Maru (formerly Hokkai Maru No. 1 also colloquially known as No. 107 or Otaru, Otari, or Otaro Maru)
 * Tachibana Maru
 * Taga Maru
 * Taian Maru
 * Taiko Maru
 * Taikoku Maru
 * Taka Maru
 * Tamahoko Maru – sunk on 25 February 1944 by USS Tang (SS-306). 560 of the 772 Australian, British, American and Dutch prisoners were killed.
 * Tango Maru (formerly Rendsburg, formerly Toendjoek) – sunk on 25 February 1944 by USS Rasher (SS-269). Some 300 allied POWs were amongst the 3,000 killed.
 * Tanjong Penang
 * Tateishi Maru, colloquially known as No. 86
 * Tatsuta Maru
 * Tattori Maru
 * Tatu Maru
 * Teia Maru (帝亞丸・帝亜丸)
 * Teiryu Maru (formerly Northwestern Miller, formerly Augsberg), colloquially known as No. 824
 * Tenno Maru, formerly SS Op Ten Noort, scuttled as Hikawa Maru No. 2
 * Tenshin Maru
 * Thames Maru
 * Tiensen
 * Tofuku Maru
 * Tojuku Maru
 * Toka Maru
 * Toko Maru
 * Tomohoku Maru
 * Toro Maru
 * Tottori Maru
 * Toyama Maru
 * Toyofuku Maru
 * Toyohashi Maru
 * Tufuku Maru
 * Ube Maru
 * Ume Maru
 * Umeda Maru
 * Un'yō
 * Uruppu Maru
 * Ussuri Maru
 * Usu Maru
 * Wales Maru
 * Weills Maru
 * Winchester Maru
 * Yamagata Maru
 * Yashu Maru
 * Yinagata Maru
 * Yone Maru
 * Yoshida Maru – sunk on 18 January 1944 by USS Flasher (SS-249).
 * Yubi Maru
 * Yuzan Maru

title: List of Japanese hell ships


text:
User talk:Lukeyjay

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Whosyourjudas (talk) 02:46, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Lukeyjay