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A1 Grand Prix

A1 Grand Prix (A1GP) was a "single-make" open-wheel auto racing series that ran from 2005 until 2009. It was unique in its field in that competitors solely represented their nation as opposed to themselves or a team, the usual format in most formula racing series. As such, it was often promoted as the "World Cup of Motorsport". The series was ratified by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), and races were held in the traditional Formula One off-season, the northern hemisphere winter. The nation-based A1GP concept was founded by Sheikh Maktoum Hasher Maktoum Al Maktoum of Dubai, initially in 2003. After a successful first season of A1GP, it was announced on 29 September 2006 that Maktoum was to sell his position as chairman and director of A1GP. The transfer of his share in the organisation of A1 Grand Prix to RAB Capital was finalized in December 2006. Tony Teixeira took control of the series in 2006, and the series later liquidated after failing to host any races during the 2009–10 season.

History
The nation-based A1GP concept was founded by Sheikh Maktoum Hasher Maktoum Al Maktoum of Dubai, initially in 2003. Once the series had received the backing of the FIA, a management structure including new executive directors Brian Menell and Tony Teixeira were appointed to oversee the sale of franchises for the operation of international teams. Thirty franchises were made available; twenty-three of them were restricted to specified nations, while the other seven were opened to tender for nations that had not been initially targeted.

First season
Twenty-five of the franchises were purchased in time for the 2005–06 A1 Grand Prix season, which began on 25 September 2005 with the A1 Grand Prix of Nations Great Britain at the Brands Hatch circuit in Kent, United Kingdom. The first season was planned for 12 rounds (24 races, with two each weekend); however the cancellation of a race scheduled for Curitiba, Brazil in January 2006 reduced this number to 11. Nelson Piquet Jr. won the inaugural race of the series for A1 Team Brazil. Their winning form was not to continue. Wins at Estoril and Malaysia saw A1 Team France build up a sizeable gap. By the start of the winter break, France had run away with the lead with A1 Team Switzerland 28 points behind. At the final race of the season in Shanghai, A1 Team France were crowned the first-ever A1 Grand Prix world champions with 172 points. Switzerland were second with 121 points and A1 Team Great Britain third with 97 points.

Katherine Legge was the first woman to drive A1 Grand Prix cars during test session in December 2005 on Dubai Autodrome.

Second season
Changes were made for the 2006–07 season to race durations and distances to improve the spectacle for attendees and TV viewers. The 2006–07 schedule was released on 7 July 2006, with the first race at Circuit Park Zandvoort on 1 October 2006, and the last race at Brands Hatch on 29 April 2007. New teams Team Singapore and Team Greece joined the competition but Team Turkey failed to secure funding for the season. Team Austria, Team Japan, Team Portugal and Team Russia did not return for the second season. However, after securing funding Team Portugal competed in the final four rounds of the second season in South Africa, Mexico, China and Britain. Team Germany won the series with 128 points, 35 points lead ahead of Team New Zealand.

On 29 September, Sheikh Maktoum announced he was resigning his position as chairman and chief executive of the series, seeking to have his place taken by increased shareholder interests: I am happy that I have built the series with fans in mind. I feel like I have fulfilled my promise to them by bringing A1GP from concept to reality and am confident that the World Cup of Motorsport will go from strength to strength. Having devoted all my efforts to making A1GP the success it is today, this transaction will allow me to devote more time to my Dubai International Holding Company which currently manages a substantial portfolio of assets and new ventures and which continues to actively pursue other significant investment opportunities. Maktoum announced his intended resignation in September and his exit from the organisation was confirmed in December.

Third season

The 2007–08 season was the final season that used the Lola-Zytek A1GP car, with rule changes including two mandatory pit-stops in the Feature Race and an introduction of E30 biofuel as the cars' fuel. Team Switzerland was the winning team with Neel Jani behind the wheel.

Fourth season
In what proved to be the series' final season, the 2008–09 season was the only season in which the "Powered by Ferrari" A1GP car was used. According to 2007–08 champion Neel Jani, 90% of teams in the paddock warned Teixeira ahead of time that this car change was untimely and an inefficient use of funds. Rule changes included shorter qualifying sessions, a pit-stop during the now longer Sprint Race, removal of limits on Friday test drivers, and reduced Sprint Race points scoring. Throughout the season, three rounds (in Italy, Indonesia, and Mexico) were cancelled for various reasons, and a proposed race in Brazil fell through. Team Ireland won the series with Ulsterman Adam Carroll.

Fifth season (cancelled)
The opening round of the season, scheduled as part of the already well established Nikon SuperGP race meeting, was cancelled five days before practice was due to begin. With cars and series infrastructure still tied up in London and no comment forthcoming from A1GP, organisers in Australia were forced to announce the series would not appear at what had been a high-profile addition to the A1 Grand Prix calendar. The event was underwritten by the Queensland state government, who mentioned the possibility of taking legal recourse against A1 Grand Prix.

The series was thrown into further doubt as more races were cancelled, with an announcement made on 5 November 2009 stating that the races in China and Malaysia would not be taking place. The last race that was to be held in the season, the Dutch round, was switched for Superleague Formula. This put an end to the hopes the season would start and also put the future of the series in doubt.

Series collapse and liquidation
Chairman Tony Teixeira announced in October 2007 that Italian manufacturer Ferrari would design and build the engines for six years, and that Ferrari would consult in the design and manufacture of the car. The Ferrari involvement was intended to ease some of the concerns regarding A1GP's ongoing financial viability, the continued input of existing backers, and the platform's ability to attract sponsors. CEO Pete da Silva reported a loss for the initial season, and yet RAB Capital paid $200 million to the exiting Dubai founder for his 80% stake. Before the 2008–09 "Powered by Ferrari" season was to begin, Bloomberg reported that RAB Capital announced that the A1GP investment had been written down for a third time. A1 Team Australia boss Alan Jones later suggested that "it is common knowledge that Mr Teixeira bought RAB Capital out from A1GP" before the current season, yet A1GP prominently displayed RAB Capital branding until A1GP discontinued racing operations in 2009.

Following doubts that the fifth season would go ahead due to financial constraints and reports that engine suppliers Ferrari would pull out over non-payments, Teixeira announced that the series had secured its long-term future, following a financial restructuring. As part of the restructuring, administration had been applied for the previously liquidated A1 Grand Prix Operations Ltd.

A dispute over the ownership of the series' cars was heard on 18 January 2010 at the High Court of Justice in London, with a judicial decision on 21 January 2010 ruling that the Administrator, Tim Bramston, had won the case with A1 Holdings. The assets were awarded to A1 Grand Prix Operations, and therefore Bramston became their administrator. Bramston said he was trying to secure the best price in liquidation and would not rule out a sale to an entity controlled by Teixeira.

RAB Capital's Special Situations fund missed out on the market recovery of 2009 and its shareholders forced manager RAB to allow the entire fund to be put up for sale through a Dutch auction.

While the A1GP liquidators were apparently selling all intellectual property rights along with cars, it is unclear if a buyer was also expected to assume franchise agreements and financial obligations, or if the series and its necessary operating entities could be bought free and clear of any and all claims by Teixeira, Lyndhurst, and RAB. The liquidators appointed GoIndustry DoveBid to handle the sale of the assets, and the liquidators are seeking £10 million for the assets.

If a revival plan for the series could not be agreed with interested investment parties then the A1 Grand Prix assets were to be put up for auction.

Rumoured revivals
On 5 July 2010 Autosport magazine published in its "rumours & speculation" blog that the series, in one form or another, was to be revived for a new 2011–12 season, citing an unidentified source who claims backing from a group of new investors. The season would constitute 18 countries making up the grid and ten race weekends, spread out either side of Christmas 2011, visiting many of the series' previous venues. The series would also run under a new model, similar to the GP2 Series whereby teams are responsible for finding their own funding.

In 2011 rumours surfaced of A1GP's potential return with a new name. The series was to be called the A10 World Series, keeping the A1 from A1GP to signify the continuation of the idea. The series was billed as a Global single seater series with 600BHP V10 engines. A source told Autosport magazine that the A10 World Series would use A1GP's idea of pitting countries against each other. However, the holding company for the series was formally dissolved in early 2012.

In 2014 ISRA (International Sport Racing Association) took 2005–08 A1 Grand Prix racing cars (Lola-Zytek) and created a single-seater competition named Formula Acceleration 1, which was part of Acceleration 2014.

In May 2015 AFRIX Motorsport of South Africa announced that they had purchased the remaining 21 'Powered by Ferrari' A1GP cars – together with their engines and spares, but less engine management electronics and steering wheels – from Delivered on Time, a freight company that had been granted a lien on the vehicles in lieu of unpaid bills. AFRIX stated that the cars were to form the basis for a one-make series to be run in South Africa during the southern hemisphere summer.

Announced in May 2023, A1GP was planned to make a return with a 100 million dollar funding.

Teams
Each A1 Grand Prix team represented a nation. Drivers must have the same nationality as the team they drove for. The team car should also represent the country. The team owner, principal and crew, however, did not need to have the same nationality as the team.

Twenty-nine nations started one race in A1GP – as in the table below:

Race weekend
A1 Grands Prix of Nations took place over a three-day period, from Friday to Sunday. The teams were given five sets of dry weather slick tires, and two sets of wet weather treaded tires per weekend. However, if the weather was extreme, the team could be given more wet weather tires at the expense of the slick tires. The race weekend started with two one-hour practice sessions held on the Friday, and then another on the Saturday morning. A two-hour qualifying session took place on Saturday afternoon, and two races took place on Sunday. Primarily, the three practice sessions were for car setup and track familiarisation before the official competition began with Saturday qualifying. Three different drivers could participate in the three practice sessions; the driver elected for qualifying or for one of the races was required to have taken part in at least one such practice session.

Qualifying
A1 Grand Prix used a unique qualifying format, which began at 14:00 local time on the Saturday of the race weekend, to determine the grid lineup for Sunday's races, the Sprint Race and the Main Race. The qualifying period was split into four, ten-minute sessions. Each car was permitted three laps per session, including the laps required for leaving the pits, and for re-entering it. This allowed one lap to set a competitive time. There was a five-minute break between sessions, which added up to a total of 55 minutes for qualifying. The grid for the Sprint Race was set based on the cars' fastest time from either the first or the second session. The grid for the Feature Race was determined the same way, but using sessions three and four. However, if there was a red flag due to an accident on the circuit, the timing to the end of qualifying continued to run.

Sprint race
The Sprint Race used the grid determined in sessions one and two of the previous day's qualifying session, and was held in the early afternoon. The race began from a rolling start, and its duration was a maximum of 24 minutes plus one additional lap. Additionally, each team had to make one mandatory pit stop between laps four and eight. Drivers were permitted four uses of PowerBoost during the Sprint Race.

Feature race
The Feature Race used the grid determined in sessions three and four of the previous day's qualifying session, and was held mid-afternoon. The race began from a standing start, and was a race of approximately 180 km, with a maximum time limit of 69 minutes plus one lap. Teams had to make two mandatory pit stops during the Feature Race, one between laps eight and sixteen, and another during a pit window, which was not announced until the first window has closed. Drivers were permitted eight uses of PowerBoost during the Feature Race.

Pit stop
Each team had to complete three compulsory pit stops over the course of the race weekend – one during the Sprint Race, and two during the Feature Race. During the pit stop, all four tyres on the car had to be changed. A total of eight mechanics could be used during the stop, however, only four were allowed to 'touch the car', none of which (save the so-called "lollipop man" that directed the car into its pit) could be present in the pit lane before the car came to a complete halt. Refuelling was also not permitted; infringements of these rules or of the pit-lane speed limit resulted in the imposition of a drive-through penalty.

At the end of Season 3, A1GP released the results of the season's pit stop times. Although having never won a race, A1 Team Australia had the fastest pit crew of all teams.

Scoring
Unlike almost all other forms of auto racing, drivers did not score points individually; instead the points they earn were ascribed to their national team. This means that teams could change drivers between rounds, which was often necessary because some drivers had commitments in other formulae, and still accumulate points to their score.

Points were awarded for the first ten places but the amounts changed during the series' run: 15 for the winner, 12 for second place, 10 for third place, 8 for fourth place, 6 for fifth place, 5 for sixth place, and so on with 4, 3, 2, and one point for tenth place. Points were awarded in a different way for the Sprint Race: 10 for the winner, counting down 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 point for eighth place. In addition, one point was awarded to the team that set the fastest single lap time in either the Sprint or Main Race. Cash prizes were also awarded.

Below is a list of pointscoring systems used to determine the winner of the A1 Grand Prix World Cup of Motorsport since the 2005–06 season. The World Cup of Motorsport was awarded to the A1 Grand Prix team which accumulated the most points over the course of a season.

Chassis and engines
The A1GP formula provided a single "spec" car for each team. Each car was mechanically identical, built with many technical restrictions designed to limit performance, reduce running costs, and prevent any one or number of teams gaining an advantage through better equipment.

First generation
The Lola A1GP, chassis Lola B05/52, was used in the first three seasons. These chassis were fitted with 3.4-litre Zytek engines delivering up to 550 bhp in PowerBoost mode, and ran on Cooper tyres.

Second generation
A1GP partnered with Ferrari in the 2008–09 season to run upgraded Ferrari F2004 chassis, with the intention of using the cars for six seasons. The original 3.0L Ferrari V10 engine was replaced with a 4.5-litre Ferrari/Maserati V8 engine was capable of delivering up to 600 bhp in PowerBoost mode. Michelin took over the tyre contract for the final season.

Broadcasters
Richard Dorfman was the A1GP's director of broadcasting. All broadcaster information is correct for the 2008–09 season.

2006–07 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Beijing, China
The first Chinese round of the 2006–07 A1GP took place on the streets of Beijing. However, the tight hairpin at the end of the back straight was too tight for the cars to negotiate safely, as it was a 180 degree left turn. Cars were running wide and stopping mid corner; therefore, the sessions were red flagged.

A shorter circuit was created, creating another, less tight hairpin halfway up the straight, bypassing most of the old straight. This corner was still not ideal, as drivers ran wide despite the corner being wider and had to avoid the pitlane entry barrier. It had to suffice, though, as otherwise the race would have been cancelled.

However, another problem arose in qualifying when manhole covers on the roads were coming undone due to the racing cars' high downforce and low ride height. Grid positions were decided based on practice times. Some advertising banners also came loose around the circuit.

It was announced that the races would start behind the safety car, as the first corner was also deemed unsafe.

Both races were uneventful, particularly the Sprint Race, which took place almost entirely behind the safety car after course officials failed to remove a single spun car in a timely fashion.

title: A1 Grand Prix


text:
Talk:1970 FIFA World Cup

Requested move
Football World Cup 1970 → 1970 FIFA World Cup – following the consensus of naming the World Cup articles as FIFA World Cup in Wikipedia, and consistency of naming the major international football tournaments.

Discuss here: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Football/Competitions. --Pkchan 10:40, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Moved per consensus. --Pkchan 13:03, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Pele
The Brazilian team, led by Pelé (who was in his fourth and final World Cup), Jairzinho, Rivelino and Tostão, is often regarded as the greatest team ever.

 * This line is confusing (atleast to me). It gives the impression that Pele was the captain of Brazil but the captain was Carlos Alberto (which is not mentioned anywhere in the article). Could this line be changed to the effect that these four were only the Brazilian forwards. Tintin (talk) 12:17, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

The main problem with this line, indeed this page, is that it keeps trying to order things, "regarded as the best ever" etc. In Brasil, the 1958 'team' is usually named as the best national team in their history, but even then they leave it open (1970, 1982, any squad without Roberto Carlos). The Banks save against Brasil is given the "arguably best ever" curse. Banks himself said he's pulled off better. Football is a game with a long history, and of many differing opinions- it rarely benefits anybody to claim a consensus. I'll reword if nobody disagrees. Wholemeal 03:20, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * It would probably be a bit better to say the 1970 team is often regarded as the best ATTACKING team ever. As many coaches, analysts, pundits and fans note, the Brazilian defence of 1970 was suspect, extending in a backward chain that included the keeper Felix. Italy's equalizer in the Final reinforced this impression for many. Virtually every serious analysis of the 1970 Cup makes this point. I added the word "attacking" to make a finer, more qualified distinction. As for Pele it is fair to say that he "led" the team, although Alberto was the captain. His reputation, skill and inspirational exhortation was clearly a key force. In the Final he proved the point, scoring one goal, and creating two.

Enriquecardova 06:42, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * This is the only article that uses such superlatives. There is little praise for Brazil in the 1958 article and reading the 1954 article, you won't even suspect that the Hungarians were any good. Tintin (talk) 07:07, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Requested change
Beckenbauer was not fouled but try to "win" a penalty the resulting dive/simulation caused him to break his clavicle. If he were fouled it would have been a penalty (it was not given). Reamarkable show of courage to play on - but the injury was his own fault.(yitzak) 11:52, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Goal averages
"The Soviet Union took top spot due to superior goal average."

Does anyone else find this confusing? If USSR scored 6 goals and let in one, their goal average would be 6. Mexico on the other hand scored five and kept a clean sheet. Wouldn't that make their goal average infinite, thus presumably better?

Also, is anyone else having trouble finding this page by typing in "1970 FIFA World Cup" in the search box?

CarlosCoppola 21:37, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, seems someone changed the goal average to goal difference. Yet the 1974 article (and FIFA's web site) says it was only then that "For the first time in the World Cup in both qualifying and the finals, teams level on points at the end of the group stage were separated by goal difference (replacing play-offs and goal average)." Any football historians out there with knowledge of what this is about? CarlosCoppola 08:32, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * This is my mistake, or infact FIFAs. Originally there was no explanation here on this page. I then noticed that someone had put goal difference on all of the tables for all of the World Cups going back to 1930 even though goal difference wasn't used in most of them. So I checked up and removed goal difference from the competitions where it wasn't used and tried to verify when goal averages was important to qualifying. Goal average is normally used in large league competitions where teams play over 20 games and the chances of having a clean sheet are rare. In the World Cup, play-offs used to be used and the neccesity of using goal average or some other scheme was very rare. It has never been clear whether a team with a 0-0 for/against score has a better goal average than a team with a 1-1 for/against score and indeed in my research I have read that the possibility of this problem raising its head caused FIFA some headaches in the 1958 World Cup (or might have been 54; I can't remember), but in the end the eventuality didn't happen. Anyway, in researching this and using the Times Digital Archive I found an article in The Times from Wednesday, May 27, 1970; pg. 13; which says

 * "From the four groups, the leading teams in each will go into the quarter-finals. If two or more teams finish level on points in the contest for a quarter-final place, goal difference will count. If the teams have the same number of points and the same goal difference, lots will be drawn to determine who qualifies. If a quarter-final or a semi-final ends in a draw - and it is a possibility that at least one will end that way - the referee will draw from a hat the name of the country to go through to the next round."

 * So I added this to to the article with this edit. I a bit confused by the result in Group A where the top two teams finished with the same goal difference, I assumed that they drew lots as had been proposed, or perhaps they could have decided it by the suporior goals for score. However later on I found a FIFA document which specifically said that goal difference only began to be used in 1974 finals. So I thought I had made a mistake here by keeping goal difference and changed this page to say goal average. I have to admit that in my haste to "correct" the page I mis-read the goals for/against for Mexico and Russia and thought that it actually now made sense and didn't require lots or a count of goals for only to resolve who got top spot. By this time I had forgotten the full details of the Times article and just simply assumed that the FIFA document was correct and that it all made sense now, with no neccesity to draw lots or whatever. I should have known better. It looks like The Times is correct and the FIFA document is wrong. It remains a mystery whether the top spot in Group A was because of higher goals scored or because of lots. Probably th former, but who knows. Jooler 10:17, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

If a quarter-final or a semi-final ends in a draw - and it is a possibility that at least one will end that way - the referee will draw from a hat the name of the country to go through to the next round - What would be happened, if the playoff for third place ended in a tie after 120 min? Whould they have drawn, too, or would there be two teams on third place? (Sorry for my English, I am a German) --95.113.57.43 (talk) 16:44, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

Notes section
In the notes it says that "The rules on substitution were relaxed. In previous tournaments only injured players could be substituted. This tournament allowed up to two outfield players to be replaced at any time and for the goalkeeper to be replaced if injured"

Were substitutions of any kind allowed in earlier World Cups? I've got several books that site Puzach of the USSR as the first World Cup substitution (half time in the opening match against the hosts, replacing Serebrianikov). I may be wrong, but players in previous World Cups were forced to limp out the match, or go of and leave their team a man short. Can anybody confirm otherwise? Wholemeal 03:43, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

No, there were no subs allowed in FIFA tournaments until 1970. Injured players, ie Pelé for Brazil v Portugal in 1966, had to be withdrawn. It was arguably this high profile incident that forced FIFA to finally accept substitutes in order to prevent teams hacking down the opposition's most talented players. Mjefm 18:54, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Own goal in Mexico v Italy
Another quote from Freddi (see 1950 talk): "Early sources credit the own goal… to Guzmán, and in this case they're right. Some Italian publications city Peña, but it's clearly No.14 on the replay (Peña, the No.3 wearing the captain's armband, is nowhere near the ball)." Mjefm 18:52, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:WorldCup1970lposter.jpg
Image:WorldCup1970lposter.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 16:40, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:1970Telstar.jpg
Image:1970Telstar.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:07, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:1970Telstar.jpg
Image:1970Telstar.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:50, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Broken link
On the External links section - "Brazil's heroes of 1970 relive their days of glory". Kvsh5 (talk) 19:18, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

Two Time ?
What's with 'two time' champions Brazil ?

Surely you mean "twice"

78.32.193.115 (talk) 23:36, 14 March 2011 (UTC)
 * It's a common term in North America while "twice champion" is unheard-of. --Walter Görlitz (talk) 23:58, 14 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Same for the UK. – PeeJay 17:43, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

Golden Ball and best young player
Teofilo Cubillas received the best young player award and Pele the Golden ball award retroactively. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.191.4.240 (talk) 00:09, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Did he? If you have a source, add it. If not, don't. --Walter Görlitz (talk) 02:22, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

"Brazil's 19 goals has yet to be beaten"?
As the anon pointed out when he removed the statement earlier, this is clearly an untrue statement, as 19 goals wasn't even a record in 1970. Hungary and West Germany both managed at least 20 goals in 1954, so either our source for this article is wrong, or there is some kind of proviso that I'm missing. – PeeJay 18:29, 23 January 2014 (UTC)
 * The wording of "Their total of nineteen goals in the Finals has yet to be been beaten" is obviously wrong and I just read the source, which I should have done before reverting, and it says nothing about the team's total output, so someone inserted it before the referenced material. It was by  who hasn't been active for the past month. I'll remove that phrase now and if someone could review the rest of that addition, or, that would be appreciated. Walter Görlitz (talk) 19:23, 23 January 2014 (UTC)

Plural
Rather than undoing my revision to keep a sentence that looks terrible, why didn't you improve it? I can almost guarantee that there is a better way of formatting that sentence than "champions England," and I am really tired of people undoing my revisions just to leave bad stuff behind. There wasn't even a link to the associated section with regards to this "discretionary plural," and I can almost guarantee that if you don't change the sentence in some way, other viewers will see it as wrong, and more changes be made. Dustin ( talk ) 14:21, 30 May 2014 (UTC)
 * How can you make such a guarantee when you're the first person to make that change in the last few years? – PeeJay 16:03, 30 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Evidently not, otherwise the IP wouldn't have had anything to "fix." See this? Dustin  ( talk ) 18:11, 30 May 2014 (UTC)

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Referees
Please, check the names of the Referees; it seems that there are several names are not the correct ones like Antonio Sbardella who is noted in series as Referee of matches of West Germany?! 213.225.6.178 (talk) 12:51, 26 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 14 external links on 1970 FIFA World Cup. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/67/world-cup/2010/07/07/2013961/world-cup-2010-netherlands-perfect-winning-streak-can-match
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.castrolfootball.com/legends/tournament/index.php?year=1970
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.copa2014.gov.br/en/torcedor/historia-das-copas/1970
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition%3D32/overview.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://twohundredpercent.net/?p=6797
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.currybet.net/cbet_blog/2009/12/africa-in-the-fifa-world-cup-p-2.php
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://voices.yahoo.com/the-fifa-world-cup-opening-day-match-history-facts-6198096.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/191816.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://footballrepublik.com/bundesliga-50-the-birth-of-the-professional-game/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/opinion/the-1970-world-cup-is-recalled-fondly-and-in-glorious-technicolour.19412390
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://fourfourtwo.com/blogs/championsleague/archive/2009/03/14/1970-and-all-that.aspx
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://espnfc.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=696767&cc=5739&ver=global
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111003032057/http://www.select-sport.com/script/site/page.asp?artid=124&cat_id=84 to http://www.select-sport.com/script/site/page.asp?artid=124&cat_id=84
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition%3D32/awards/index.html

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Should video highlights of the draw event be visible as bullet point link?
Today I added a bullet point with an external Youtube link for the "video highlights of the 1970 draw event". Giving readers the option to click on video links to watch the described event itself, has been used by other wikipedia articles like i.e. 2016 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums and 2020 Democratic Party presidential debates. This is why I thought, that adding this as a direct video link in a similar way, was a good idea.

I would like to hear your opinion (including PeeJay). Should it be included? And if you do not want to include it, then why? Danish Expert (talk) 10:36, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what adding video highlights of the draw adds to the article. All we need is to be able to cite the results of the draw. What do you think the actual benefit of the video is? – PeeJay 10:42, 17 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Well, I am close to accept not having it, because the clip is so short. Yet, watching the video still adds value for these three points:
 * The draw procedure (incl. how seeding system and special rules were used).
 * Noting the pecularity that countries were given a new group position within the same drawn group, after the draw itself - different from the group position order/number they were first drawed into (this was a new revelation given by the video clip to me - I suspect a reason could be some special "group position" votes being made by the FIFA Organising Committee, but do not know for sure).
 * The identity of those who participated in the draw event.
 * Danish Expert (talk) 10:58, 17 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure the video really shows any of that. You can barely hear anything in terms of atmos from the event. – PeeJay 13:45, 17 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I do not propose to add additional written text/facts into the article, compared to what we have already written. However, I do propose to add the link for the video, mainly because this is the primary source documenting how the draw event took place live. I think all FIFA World Cup draw event articles should feature such a video-link as a standard, if its avaiable from Youtube. I also recently added it for the 1998 FIFA World Cup article. The draw video is important to include, because it supplements and proof the info provided by written references; and for those draw event videos being the "full version" the interested reader also get the opportunity to relive and experience the draw event themselves (by clicking on the video-link if they want).
 * The video clip (despite being short) proofs the following 9 facts:
 * The draw was staged January 1970 in Mexico City at the Maria Isabel Hotel.
 * It was predetermined before the draw event took place (videoclip at 1:04), that Mexico would be in Group 1 (at team position 2) and England in Group 3 (at team position 10).
 * The first step of the draw procedure was (information deducted from the clips), then first to draw the remaining teams first for group 1. The first silver cup contained the name of all teams from Pot 1, the 2nd silver cup contained the name of all teams from Pot2, the third silver cup contained the name of all teams from pot3, the 4th silver cup contained the name of all teams from pot4. As Mexico before being preselected belonged to the 2nd silver cup, their opponents were drawn from silver cup 1+3+4, to ensure that all groups featured one team from each pot.
 * As documented by the videoclip after 37s, they also drew a group position number from a small 5th cup ahead of each national team beeing drawn. This meant, that before drawing a team from pot 1 (silver cup 1) for group 1, the group position number was first drawn for this subsequently drawn team. Group position 2 had been given to Mexico in Group 1 ahead of the draw, and group position 10 had been given to England in group 3 ahead of the draw. So for the draw in Group 1, the available open group position numbers in the small additional cup to be drawn were 1+3+4. In eaxmple, the group position number 1 was first drawn for the subsequently drawn team name drawn from silver cup 1 (being USSR). You can also hear, that they subsequently drew group position number 3 ahead of the draw of the third team for group 1 from silvercup 3 (being Belgium).
 * The second step of the draw procedure was (information deducted from the videoclip after 85s), then to draw all teams playing in group 2, by drawing one team from each of the four silver cups.
 * The third step of the draw procedure was (information deducted from the videoclip after 85s), then to draw all remaining teams playing in group 3. As England from Pot 1 had already been selected for Group 3 ahead of the draw into group position 10, this was done by drawing one team into Englands groups from silver cup 2+3+4.
 * The fourth step of the draw procedure was (information deducted from the videoclip after 100s), then to draw all teams playing in group 4, by drawing one team from each of the four silver cups.
 * The 10-year-old daughter of the president of the FIFA Organising Committee (Guillermo Cañedo), drew out the teams from four silver cups, so that each of the four groups featured one drawn team respectively from pot 1, pot 2, pot 3 and pot 4.
 * After teams had been drawn to each of the four groups, the event ended by giving (either by a re-draw or committee vote) all teams a new group position number, compared to the order they had been drawn. This can be learned from the video, by comparing the videoclip after 85s with the final videoclip after 100s; while the group position number was identical for group 1 (1=USSR, 2=MEX, 3=BEL, 4=ELS) after the "first round of the draw" (85s-clip) compared to the "final moment of the draw event" (100s-clip), the group positions in the final clip was changed after the "first round of the draw" at least for group 2 (being changed from: 5=URU, 6=ITA, 7=SWE, 8=ISR, into 5=URU, 6=ISR, 7=ITA, 8=SWE) and group 3 (being changed from: 9=BRA, 10=ENG, 11=???, 12=???, into 9=ROM, 10=ENG, 11=CZE, 12=BRA). No clip document group positions for group 4 after the "first round of the draw", so for group 4 we only have the final videoclip showing evidence of how the final group positions were for this group after the vote/re-draw (13=Peru, 14=BUL, 15=Marrocco, 16=GER).
 * The exact group position number, determined the order of the group games for each team, meaning who should play who in respectively the first, second and third game. This was of huge importance, because all group matches were not played simultaniously in the group but at different dates; giving a huge tactical advantage for the team drawn both to play the first and last group match of their respective group. FIFA regulations had determined ahead of the draw, that the 4 opening matches in group 1-4 should be played by: Team 1+2 in Group 1, Team 5+6 in Group 2, Team 9+10 in Group 3, Team 13+14 in Group 4. FIFA regulations had determined ahead of the draw, that the 4 closing matches in group 1-4 should be played by: Team 2+3 in Group 1, Team 6+7 in Group 2, Team 10+11 in Group 3, Team 14+15 in Group 4. Thus the most optimal position for a team to be drawn for, was Team position 2+6+10+14, as those team positions would benefit both from playing the opening and closing match of their group.
 * Again, I do not propose to expand the text in the article with any of the facts above (compared to what has already been written); but I do think adding a line with a youtube link for the video clip of the draw event is informative and adds value. Danish Expert (talk) 20:32, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:1970 FIFA World Cup


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Talk:Same-sex marriage in New Brunswick

Untitled

 * , due to supposive clarical oversight in New Brunswick.

I couldn't figure out what this was supposed to mean. Could someone clarify? - Montréalais 13:49, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I didn't word it very well. What happened, is, according to a news article I read, the women, "A&T" had their last names changed, because a clerk didn't realise they were both women. Spinboy 16:51, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Is rainbow Canada flag better? Should provincial/territorial flags be reinserted?
On April 11, 2006, NTK replaced the Canadian flag in the "Gay rights in Canada" template with a rainbow version of the Canadian flag.

Also, NTK deleted the provincial/territorial flag from each provincial/territorial article. What are your views on that?

Since this is only one of the articles affected, please give your comments at this central location: Template talk:GR-C

Wuzzy 03:40, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Removed link
Removed link to a protest in NB concerning marriage equality. The link was dead when tested. It was here for future reference. Jamesia (talk) 17:52, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Same-sex marriage in New Brunswick


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Sammy White (baseball)

Sammy Charles White (July 7, 1927 – August 4, 1991) was an American Major League Baseball catcher and right-handed batter who played with the Boston Red Sox (1951–59), Milwaukee Braves (1961) and Philadelphia Phillies (1962). He was a solid defensive catcher, with a good arm and the ability to get the most out of a Boston pitching staff that included Mel Parnell, Ellis Kinder, Bill Monbouquette, Mike Fornieles and Frank Sullivan.

White was born in Wenatchee, Washington. A college baseball player and All-American college basketball player at the University of Washington, he signed his first professional baseball contract with the Seattle Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League in 1949. After the 1949 minor league season ended, the Minneapolis Lakers asked White to join their National Basketball Association team. But the Red Sox, who had acquired White's contract during 1949, were furious and prevented White from doing that.

On June 11, 1952, White hit a ninth-inning grand slam off of Satchel Paige, turning a 9–7 deficit into an 11–9 walk-off victory over the St. Louis Browns. After rounding third base, White dropped to the ground and crawled to home, kissing the plate. An All-Star in 1953, White enjoyed his best season with the bat in 1954, hitting .282 with 14 home runs and 75 runs batted in (RBIs). In a May 1, 1955, game against the Cleveland Indians, White ruined Bob Feller's no-hitter with a single in the 7th inning. Feller posted a 2–0 shutout, and set a major league record with his 12th one-hitter in that game. After nine productive years in Boston, White was traded to the Cleveland Indians just before the outset of the 1960 season. But White balked at the trade (even though Cleveland was a pennant contender and the Red Sox were an also-ran at the time) and retired, sitting out the season. Granted his release, he played for the Braves in 1961, and finished his career with Philadelphia one year later, playing for a former Red Sox teammate, skipper Gene Mauch. In eleven seasons, he was a career .262 hitter with 66 homers and 421 RBIs in 1043 games.

During his career with the Red Sox, White was one of the players featured in the Norman Rockwell painting The Rookie. He also opened a bowling alley, Sammy White's Brighton Bowl, a few miles from Fenway Park, and became a professional bowler. After baseball, White moved to Hanalei, Hawaii, where he became a professional golfer for the Princeville organization. He died in Princeville, Hawaii, at the age of 64.

 * Highlights
 * All-Star (1953)
 * Became the only 20th-century player to score three runs in one inning (against the Detroit Tigers, on June 18, 1953, when the Red Sox scored a modern major league record 17 runs in one inning)
 * Caught Mel Parnell's no-hitter on July 14, 1956

title: Sammy White (baseball)


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Red lemonade

Red lemonade (Líomanáid dearg) is a soft drink sold in Ireland and regarded as distinctively a part of the cultural identity of Irish people.

Lemonade in Ireland traditionally comes in three varieties – red, brown and white. All three are lemon-flavoured, but there is a marked difference in taste between the varieties. Red lemonade is particularly associated with festive occasions, but can also be a folk remedy.

Red lemonade is drunk on its own and is also served as a mixer with spirits in Ireland, particularly in whiskey. Major brands of red lemonade include TK (formerly Taylor Keith), Country Spring, Finches, Nash's, Maine, and C&C. There was an urban myth that European Union authorities had banned red lemonade, but in fact the authorities had simply banned a cancer-causing dye.

title: Red lemonade


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/16 mm filmmaking

16_mm_filmmaking
This is just a badly written, jokey how-to on making no-budget films. It's not encyclopedic, either. There may indeed be merit for folding a tiny bit of this into a filmmaking article, but little of it applies specifically to 16mm per se. The style is all wrong, it's very overly specific to the UK only, and I think that in many respects it's nothing more than an overly clever cookbook recipe on how to put together some necessary resources for a film. There's plenty of merit to a general filmmaking article that goes through the typical steps of what happens to prepare and actually make a film, but a guide for tricks to pull this off seems like a project better suited for a volume in Wikibooks. Girolamo Savonarola 13:55, 2004 Sep 30 (UTC)
 * Delete. Maybe some parts are salvageable to 16 mm film, or it can be moved to wikibooks, but otherwise delete. -- Chris 73 Talk 14:02, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

Delete There could be an article written about 16mm film-making, which I assume varies from other types of film-making in significant ways. It could even have a significant how-to aspect. This is not that article. This is an article on how to get the requisite materials for a 16mm short cheaply in London. Dsmdgold 17:05, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. Would be neat if we had a companion to Wikipedia for how-tos, but even then it'd need expansion and rewriting. --Improv 15:03, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * How-tos? We seem to have a page devoted to them. -- [[User:Bobdoe| Bob Doe ]] 15:23, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Borderline Keep. Maybe send to cleanup. Don't like the breezy style but there is quite a lot of interesting, specific information in there. Despite frequent assertions, there is no policy or consensus against "how-tos" in Wikipedia. The great traditional encyclopedias (Diderot, Britannica, etc.) was included a good deal of practical "domain knowledge." Perhaps you couldn't actually build a lighthouse or a telegraph system just from the information contained in the 1911 Britannica, but you got a lot more than abstract principles and stylized schematic diagrams. The omission of this information is part of the "dumbing down" of modern encyclopedias. The article sounds like the author knows the topic he or she is writing about. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:20, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ambi 03:35, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - I can't make much sense of this. Plus it's a how-to (I think). -- Cyrius|✎ 05:50, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Response from author Well, I'm gutted that you'd decided to delete my article. I do agree that it's not necessarily appropriate for Wikipedia.  I admit, I wrote it for a UK-based magazine on filmmaking but I thought it would be of interest to a wider audience so I put it into Wikipedia.  Yes, it's overly specific to the UK but my hope was that others could add details that were relevant to their country.  However, the deletion of my article flags up some serious concerns about WikiPedia:
 * 1) If I can't put this article in Wikipedia then where else can it go?  I've been involved in a London-based Film Wiki but I've been arguing the case that most of the knowledge should be on WikiPedia.  It's ridiculous to fractionate knowledge - it's far better to have knowledge in one place.
 * 2) Authors MUST be emailed when their articles are considered for deletion.  If I'd been given a chance then I would have modified the old article.
 * 3) What is wrong with writing in a jokey style?!?  I know it's against the Wikipedia style manual but - come on - style manuals are utterly arbitrary things written by people who don't understand linguistics.  The real issue here is information content.
 * 4) All knowledge tells us how to 'do' something.  The distinction between "encyclopeadic" and "how-to" is arbitrary at best and dangerous at worse. When I first heard of WikiPedia I imagined it to be a central repository for all information.  If I woke up one morning and decided "I want to be a formula one racing engineer" then I could, if I had the time, learn everything there was to know about F1 engineering from WikiPedia.  I'd start with the simple articles on mechanical construction, mathematics for engineers etc and slowly work my way up to the more advanced topics.  But it's now clear to me that many of those with loud voices in the WikiPedia community have less ambition.  They want WikiPedia to be like a regular encyclopedia.  This frustrates me hugely - it's blindingly obvious that WikiPedia can be so much more than just an encyclopaedia.  It can, literally, revolutionalise learning.
 * 5) What harm does it do to leave the article on Wikipedia?  Surely all decisions to delete should be based on one criterion and one criterion only: will deleting this article increase WikiPedia's signal to noise ratio?  And, given that there's very little filmmaking content on wikipedia, I think my article most certainly increased WikiPedia's SNR.  You've deleted it because it doesn't conform to some wholly arbitrary rules such as "articles must not have jokes" and "articles must not be how-tos".
 * 6) This 'voting' system is farcical.  The people who vote will be the ones who don't like the article... those who do like the article wont be motivated to find the "Votes for deletion" page.  This is basic statistics - you always have to be aware of slanted sample distributions.  Wouldn't it be more democratic to base these "votes for deletion" on page hits?  You're in serious danger of coming across like you're running some tedious school club rather than a revolution in knowledge management.
 * 7) My article was not badly written - it just didn't fit into Wikipedia's house style.  I received a lot of very positive feedback from the article when I published it in Shooting People (the UK filmmaking forum).  The information it delivers is accurate and informative - therefore it has a place in Wikipedia.  You've successfully decreased WikiPedia's breadth by deleting my article because you weren't interested in it.  Hurray for the democratisation of information. dan_aka_jack 18:21, 26th Oct 2004 (UTC)


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Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist)

The Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist), abbreviated CPN (MLM), was a minor communist party in Nepal. The party was as founded in 1981 by Krishna Das Shrestha. Initially known as the Nepal Marxist-Leninist Party, Shrestha had broken away from the Bagmati District Committee, which functioned semiautonomously, of the Communist Party of Nepal in 1969. Krishna Das Shrestha was the party president.

During the 1990 popular uprising against the monarchy, the group formed part of the radical United National People's Movement. In 1991, the party was one of the organizations that founded the Samyukta Jana Morcha but left it following the election.

CPN (MLM) took part in the Joint People's Agitation Committee, which had called for a general strike on 6 April 1992. Violence erupted in the capital during the strike, and according to the human rights NGO HURON 14 people were killed in police firing. Ahead of the 1992 elections to local bodies, CPN (MLM) took part in forming a front together with the Samyukta Jana Morcha, Nepal Workers Peasants Party, Communist Party of Nepal (15 September 1949) and Nepal Communist League.

In 1996, CPN (MLM) denounced the Mahakali Treaty between India and Nepal. In the parliamentary elections in 1999, CPN (MLM) had put up three candidates. CPN (MLM) later joined the United Left Front, which demands a Constitutional Assembly as the solution to the political crisis. In 2005, CPN (MLM) merged with a splinter group, Nepal Samyabadi Party (Marksbadi-Leninbadi-Maobadi) of Nanda Kumar Prasai, and formed the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist Centre). In 2009, CPN (MLM) merged with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist).


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Infiniti Q45

The Infiniti Q45 is a full-size, rear-drive, five-passenger luxury sedan (F-segment in Europe) marketed as the flagship model of Infiniti, Nissan's luxury division — across three generations spanning model years 1989-2006.

The first generation Q45 (1989–1999) was based on the Nissan President; the second (1997–2000) and third (2002–2006) generations were rebadged variants of Nissan's JDM Cima. Infiniti discontinued the Q45 after MY 2006.

First generation (G50; 1989–1996)
The first generation Q45 came to market in 1989 as a 1990 model with a high-output 4.5 L VH45DE DOHC 32V V8 engine rated at 278 hp and 292 lbft in North American trim. All Q45s included a viscous limited-slip differential and a multi-link suspension at the front and rear. Nissan chose to position it as a luxurious performance sedan, installing technology that would achieve this purpose, and used the letter "Q" from the western tradition of the Q-car meant to imply that its unassuming appearance hid its performance capabilities. At launch, the US$38000 1989 sedan had a single option, the Touring Package, which added Nissan's Super HICAS four-wheel steering system, a decklid spoiler, and alloy wheels.

In Japan, it was marketed as the Nissan Infiniti Q45, and was exclusive to Nissan Prince Store locations, as its platform twin the President was exclusive to Nissan Store locations. The G50 chassis continued in production in Japan until 2002 as the President in both regular and extended wheelbase versions. The Japanese version had many options that never appeared on the North American G50.

The contemporary upstart luxury marque Lexus (Toyota) had managed to challenge the established dominance of European full-size luxury cars with the LS 400, so the Q45 seemed poised for similar success with comparable specifications and price to the LS 400 while featuring more emphasis upon handling. However, the Q45 did not achieve similar sales volumes, which was attributed to the car's unconventional styling, particularly the grille and lack of interior woodgrain or chrome trim. There was also an unusual advertising campaign which did not include actual photos or information about the car. By 1995, the price had risen to US$54000 1995, slowing sales.

In 1993 the Infiniti brand was launched in Australia with the sole model on offer being the Q45. With a price of A$140,000, the Q45 sold poorly and the brand was subsequently withdrawn from the market in 1996.

Design
According to the design team, the Q45 was meant to "express the Japanese concept of luxury" by incorporating traditional Japanese craftsmanship; as initially released, there was no front grille and no wood paneling on the dashboard. Nissan received assistance from Poltrona Frau for the minimalist interior. A grille was added in 1993 and interior wood had appeared by 1995.

Nissan had launched a program called the "901 Movement" or "901 Activity" in 1985, with the goal of "realizing the No. 1 operating performance in the world by 1990", making Nissan's the best handling lineup in the industry. Other vehicles resulting from the "901" program included the 300ZX (Z32), Primera (P10), Silvia (S13), and Skyline (R32); the multi-link suspension of the Q45 was derived from the Z32.

In 1989 (as a 1990 model) "Full-Active Suspension" was introduced with the Q45a model, which employed 10 sensors sending signals to microprocessor-controlled one-way hydraulic actuators at each wheel, designed to reduce body roll, dive, and pitch. The suspension provides an active response to road features up to approximately 3 Hz, a limit imposed by minimizing the size of the additional hardware and power losses required to pressurize the hydraulic accumulator; it added 202 lb and reduced fuel economy by 10%. The system was brought to the United States starting in 1990 for the 1991 model year. At about the same time, Toyota marketed a limited-production Celica Active Sports (ST183) in Japan with its Toyota Active Control Suspension. Mercedes-Benz also developed a similar system named Active Body Control, which was introduced a decade later in 1999 on the C215 CL-Class.

The Q45t model added Nissan's Super HICAS four wheel steering system and firmer suspension. A trunklid spoiler was included, reducing drag. However, HICAS was deleted for the 1995 Q45t.

Equipment
Standard equipment included a Bose sound system, leather interior, power adjustable front passenger seats with two position memory feature that also electrically adjusted the steering wheel, exterior mirrors, one-touch power windows, digital climate control, and keyless entry system.

Revisions in 1993 included 17:1 steering (except on the Q45t, which retained the original 15.1:1 ratio), lower ratio 1st and 2nd gears, and a dynamically smooth suspension, thicker glass, keyless remote, auto-dim rear-view mirror, dipping side view mirrors, revised transmission heat exchanger and external ATF filter, revised oval intake ports and revised disc injectors, fog lights and metal-backed camshaft timing chain guides.

Models
Infiniti offered the Q45 in three trim levels: base, Q45t, and Q45a. All models featured a multi-link suspension at both the front and rear wheels, and the Q45t and Q45a added a rear stabilizer bar, with the Q45a model being larger in diameter; both models have a 1 mm smaller in diameter front sway bar, rear spoiler, BBS forged alloy wheels, 4-wheel steering.

Externally, the 1994 and later model year Q45 can be distinguished by a chrome grille. HICAS and the faster steering ratios was discontinued in the 1995 Q45t model and the Q45a model was not imported in 1996. 1996 models do not feature variable valve timing like the 1990-1995 models do. OBD-II was added for the 1996 model year.

Second generation (Y33; 1997–2000)
The second generation Q45 was a lightly revised variant of the Nissan Cima for the Japanese Domestic Market, which shared a common platform with the Cedric / Gloria (Y33 generation). For most of its vehicles, Infiniti uses a naming convention that combined a letter indicating the series or market position, followed by a two-digit number for engine displacement; for instance, the first generation Q45 (G50) name designates the flagship (Q-series) followed by 45 for its 4.5-liter V8; the second-generation Q45 was an exception (as was the QX4, derived from the contemporary Nissan Pathfinder), as it used a smaller 252 cuin VH41DE engine.

Design
Styling featured an inverse curve C-pillar, and a pronounced full-length horizontal character beltline. Despite the shorter wheelbase in the Y33 compared to the G50, rear legroom increased by 3.9 in; however, the trunk was faulted by owners as being small, with a volume of 12.6 ft3. Standard features for the second-generation Q45 included traction control, leather interior with faux wood trim, single (later dual) zone climate control, Bose audio system with eight speakers and in-dash single disc CD player, auto dimming rear view mirror, automatic light on and delay off timer, steering wheel-mounted cruise control and head unit controls. Also standard was a memory system for the driver's seat and steering wheel. Available options included an integrated satellite navigation system, 6-disc CD autochanger and heated seats.

The touring package, again badged as the Q45t, featured 17-inch wheels and tires, electronically modulated performance-tuned suspension, blackout grille, blackout headlight treatment, and performance style steering wheel.

The front suspension was changed to a MacPherson strut; rear suspension was similar to the G50, using a multilink design. The second generation Q45 (Y33) was equipped with a viscous LSD and electronic traction control as standard features. Compared to the first generation (G50), the Y33 was approximately 200 lb lighter, and the steering ratio was slowed further, from 17.0:1 to 18.5:1. As Edmunds noted for the 1997 model year, "The Q45 no longer has aspirations to be a sport sedan, its prime duties now are interstate cruising."

Performance
The Q45 (Y33) equipped with the VH41DE producing 199 kW and 278 lbft was able to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in approximately 7.5 seconds.

Updates
The Q45 front and rear fascias were slightly revised for 1999; HID headlights and an analog clock became standard equipment. Five-spoke 17" aluminum alloy wheels and an electronic adjustable suspension became standard on the Q45t.

The Q45 Anniversary Edition, limited to 3,000 units, offered highest trim level available for the second-generation Q45, available on 2000 models and standard on the 2001 models. The package included all features of the Q45t model along with "Anniversary Edition" markings on the tailgate badge, ignition key, front seat embossing and floor mats as well as genuine wood trim, wood tone/leather steering wheel, special bright machine finish 17-inch performance wheels and exclusive body color door handles. New front seatbelt pretensioners, mechanical odometer replaced with a liquid crystal display unit from January 1998 production.   New standard features included power rear-window sunshade, power trunklid pull-down, and high-intensity xenon gas headlights. Taillights were removed from the boot lid. Touring edition (Q45t) gained dual-mode electronically controlled shock absorbers.   New active front head restraints; rear child-seat anchors; one-touch open/close operation for the standard moonroof and all power windows. A newly optional nav system with dashboard touch-screen replaced a simpler, non-video system. The 10th Anniversary Touring edition had machine-finish wheels, special badges and upholstery, wood/leather steering wheel, and bird's-eye maple interior accents. New platinum-tip spark plugs.  Body-color door handles, bird's-eye maple interior trim, and a leather/simulated-wood steering wheel were the only changes for 2001.

Third generation (F50; 2001–2006)
Introduced at the 2000 New York Auto Show, the third generation Q45 (F50) was, like the preceding Q45 (Y33), based on the JDM Cima and was powered by a new twin-cam 4.5 L VK45DE V8 engine using a 5-speed automatic transmission with overdrive. Marketing began in April 2001, for the 2002 model year, at a starting MSRP of US$50500. The Q45 was noted for its distinctive "gatling gun" style HID headlights with 11 bulbs on each side, including seven for the HID low-beam xenon headlights.

At its introduction, Brock Yates, writing for Car and Driver, compared the third generation Q45 against close market competitors, calling it a "superbly refined, comfortable, and distinctive machine."

Design and features
Development began in 1996, with exterior designs by Mamori Aoki frozen in 1998 and patented in March 2000. Aoki said the styling was meant to evoke "a driver's car, not a chauffeur-driven limousine."

Assembled In Tochigi, Japan, the third generation Q45 (F50) was wider, with a longer wheelbase and a 5 ft3 larger interior volume than its prior generation (Y33). Torsional rigidity was improved by 40%. The suspension used front struts and multi-link rear, with anti-roll bars front and rear.

The third generation Q45 was the first Infiniti with a laser-based autonomous cruise control system. Standard equipment included a leather interior, power sunroof, 8-way power front seats, remote keyless entry, rain-detecting wipers, tire pressure monitoring system and side curtain airbags. The center console features two sizes of concealed cup holders and a hatch under the armrest and a second, deeper compartment. Standard electronics include: CD, 8 speaker Bose audio system, trip computer, rear view parking camera system, and voice-activated navigation system with plan (standard map-like view) and bird's eye (three-dimensional) display modes. The voice recognition, by Visteon, is trained to recognize 50,000 words in 150 dialects. The 2002 Q45 was the first vehicle ever to offer voice-controlled navigation and a reverse parking camera outside Japan, following the JDM 1991 Toyota Soarer. Bodywork seated five passengers with an aerodynamic drag coefficient of 0.30.

The optional Premium Package included adjustable suspension, 18-inch 8-spoke titanium-color sport alloy wheels, 245/45R18 V-rated tires, rear monitor, rear power sunshade and rear door manual sunshades, climate controlled front seats with heating and cooling functions and perforated leather inserts, navigation system with 7.0-inch LCD display, Intelligent Cruise Control, satellite radio, auto open/close trunk, heated power-reclining rear seats with memory, rear controls for audio and HVAC and rear HVAC vents in B-pillar and front seatback grips — and available chrome-finished 18-inch wheels in place of the titanium wheels.

Performance
The VK45DE has a maximum output of 340 hp and 333 lbft, motivating the Q45 (F50) sedan from 0 to 60 mph in 6.0 seconds.

Updates
The 2003 model received a revised security system, numerically higher final drive ratio (for better acceleration - decreased highway fuel economy), reprogrammed TCU, and a mid-year satellite radio option. The CD changer could load CDs directly at the dashboard head unit.

For 2005, the Q45 received a mild facelift, with revised front and rear fascias; hood; grille; trunk decklid and finisher; headlights; side, front and rear chrome accent trim; and integrated fog lights and LED taillights. The interior featured re-contoured double-stitched seating, all white luminescent gauge markings, genuine metal knobs for accessory controls, a darker shade of maple interior trim, recalibrated transmission and new 17" alloy wheels. 1129 Q45s were marketed in the United States for 2005.

Replacement
Infiniti discontinued marketing the Q45 in the USA after model year 2006, its flagship position assumed by a newly redesigned Infiniti M35/45, an mid-luxury (executive) car shorter in length than the Q45, though with greater interior room and performance, as well as featuring a rear multilink suspension and front double wishbone.

A new Infiniti flagship was anticipated by the end of the 2000s decade. According to Mark Igo, the general manager of Infiniti North America, "the new Q will make the brand better, but it is questionable whether it will be very profitable".

Infiniti introduced the next iteration of its flagship, the Y51 series Infiniti M37/56/Nissan Fuga in November 2009. Continuing as a mid-luxury car, the new Infiniti M is only 50 mm shorter than the final generation Q45, with the same width dimensions of 1845 mm and height of 1515 mm compared to the F50 series Cima of 1490 mm height.

By August 2010 the Nissan Cima, on which the final generation Q45 essentially was based, had been discontinued in Japan, along with its Nissan President sibling. This made the second generation Nissan Fuga the marque's top-of-the-line flagship sedan. When the Fuga assumed the role as flagship sedan of Nissan Japan August 2010, it became the first time that Nissan didn't sell a premium luxury V8 sedan in Japan, although the Fuga's North American cousin, the Infiniti M56, is offered with a V8 shared with the Infiniti QX56.

In May 2012, Nissan released a new version of the Cima in Japan, based on the Fuga Hybrid (Infiniti M35h).

On 17 December 2012, Infiniti announced that all of its future sedan offerings will use the Q prefix, starting from the Q50 as a G37 replacement, Q70 for its M35/45/56 replacement, and a rumored Q80 for the new flagship model.

title: Infiniti Q45


text:
Wikipedia talk:Historical archive/Logs/Offline reports/This page links many times to the same article

Dates
I went through the list of 200 articles shown at Offline reports/This page links many times to the same article and removed the repeated links that causing the article to be noted. Now Rmhermen has drawn my attention to something that I was not aware of, i.e. that Wikipedia looks at two different links to construct a date. Thus a link can have an effect beyond the link itself. I am no longer able to maintain my concept of links as individual entities. It may be that this is an exception for handling dates but it may also be a precedent.

I am asking for two things:
 * A bot that would sort out multiple links to the same page. Having several 100 links to the same article is silly. I made a request at Bot requests. Feel free to make your views known there.

Bobblewik (talk) 20:58, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * A debate about the concept of links as individual entities rather than parts of pairs, triplets etc and how that is made explicit to editors. I was quite surprised that I am no longer able to look at the text in the edit window and predict what will happen to each link bounded by and.

 * I don't know if a bot would be a good idea - in prose, certainly, something shouldn't be linked more than once per section. However in some article layouts, such as table/list formats, not having every instance of a name linked is annoying.  For example, in Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Men's 50 metre Freestyle you can see the final eight, but their names are not linked.  You have to look through the whole page to find the first heat that the swimmer competed in, in order to find a link to the article about the individual swimmer.
 * I don't know if it would be useful, or worthwhile, to have a tag/template in an article that causes any link in that article to be replicated to all other instances of the same word in that article, and/or another tag/template that autmoatically removes the second and all further instances of a linked word. -- Chuq 00:20, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

If we want to do this, a bot is not the way to do it. It would be very easy to change the MediaWiki code to ignore duplicate links to the same article. I don't think we should be doing this, for the reasons given above, but if we're going to do it it shouldn't be via a bot. anthony (see warning) 16:27, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)


text:
CBC News

CBC News is a division of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the news gathering and production of news programs on the corporation's English-language operations, namely CBC Television, CBC Radio, CBC News Network, and CBC.ca. Founded in 1941, CBC News is the largest news broadcaster in Canada and has local, regional, and national broadcasts and stations. It frequently collaborates with its organizationally separate French-language counterpart, Radio-Canada Info.

History
The first CBC newscast was a bilingual radio report on November 2, 1936. The CBC News Service was inaugurated during World War II on January 1, 1941, when Dan McArthur, chief news editor, had Wells Ritchie prepare for the announcer Charles Jennings a national report at 8:00 pm. Readers who followed Jennings were Lorne Greene, Frank Herbert and Earl Cameron. CBC News Roundup (French counterpart: La revue de l'actualité) started on August 16, 1943, at 7:45 pm, being replaced by The World at Six on October 31, 1966.

On English-language television the first newscast, part of CBC Newsmagazine, was given on September 8, 1952, on CBLT (Toronto), the only English station then telecasting. Later that year CBC National News was introduced (anchors: Larry Henderson, Earl Cameron, Stanley Burke), then changing its name to The National in 1970.

The CBC began delivering news online in 1996 via the Newsworld Online website. The CBC News Online site launched in 1998. In 2017, CBC News relaunched its flagship newscast, The National, with four co-anchors based in Toronto, Ottawa and Vancouver and later two anchors Monday through Thursday and a single anchor on Friday and Sunday.

News output
In November 2023, the CBC joined with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, Paper trail media and 69 media partners including Distributed Denial of Secrets and the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) and more than 270 journalists in 55 countries and territories to produce the 'Cyprus Confidential' report on the financial network which supports the regime of Vladimir Putin, mostly with connections to Cyprus, and showed Cyprus to have strong links with high-up figures in the Kremlin, some of whom have been sanctioned. Government officials including Cyprus president Nikos Christodoulides and European lawmakers began responding to the investigation's findings in less than 24 hours, calling for reforms and launching probes.

Television
The Television News section of CBC News is responsible for the news programs on CBC Television and CBC News Network, including national news programs like The National, Marketplace, The Fifth Estate, and The Investigators with Diana Swain. It is also responsible for The Weekly with Wendy Mesley until its cancellation in September 2020. They are also responsible for news, business, weather and sports information for Air Canada's inflight entertainment.

Local
Most local newscasts on CBC Television are branded as CBC News: [city/province name], such as CBC News: Toronto at Six. Local radio newscasts are heard on the half-hour during morning and afternoon drive shows and on the hour at other times during the day.

Radio
The Radio News section of CBC News produces on-the-hour updates for the CBC's national radio newscasts and provides content for regional updates. Major radio programs include World Report, The World at Six, The World This Hour and The World this Weekend. The majority of news and information is aired on CBC Radio One. All newscasts are available on demand online, via apps or via voice-activated virtual assistants.

Online
CBC News Online is the CBC's CBC.ca news website. Launched in 1996, it was named one of the most popular news websites in Canada in 2012. The website provides regional, national, and international news coverage, and investigative, politics, business, arts and entertainment, investigative, politics, business, entertainment, Indigenous, health, science and tech news. An Opinion section was reintroduced in November 2016. Many reports are accompanied by podcasting, audio and video from the CBC's television and radio news services. CBC News content is available on multiple platforms including Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.

In November 2022, the CBC launched CBC News Explore, a free ad-supported streaming television service. In addition to existing CBC news and information programming, new original programming on the service includes About That, a daily news and interview show hosted by Andrew Chang; Planet Wonder, an environmental news series hosted by Johanna Wagstaffe; Big, a documentary series about industry; and This Week in Canada, which highlights local news stories from the CBC's local news bureaux in various cities.

Network
CBC News Network (formerly CBC Newsworld) is an English-language news channel owned and operated by the CBC. It began broadcasting on July 31, 1989, from several regional studios in Halifax, Toronto, Winnipeg and Calgary. It was revamped and relaunched as the CBC News Network in 2009 as part of a larger renewal of the CBC News division. Current programs include CBC News Now (based in Toronto with Heather Hiscox, Suhana Meharchand, Carole MacNeil, John Northcott, Andrew Nichols (weekdays) and Aarti Pole and Michael Serapio (weekends), Power & Politics (based in Ottawa with host David Cochrane), and The National (with Adrienne Arsenault (Toronto), Ian Hanomansing (Vancouver) and Rosemary Barton hosting the weekly At Issue panel (Ottawa)). The network dropped the four-anchor format on January 22, 2020, and had Arsenault and Chang co-anchor from Monday through Thursday with Hanomansing as solo anchor for the Friday and Sunday editions. Barton became the chief political correspondent for CBC News; she continues to host The National's weekly "At Issue" political panel along with her own politics based program, Rosemary Barton Live which airs on Sundays. In early 2023, CBC dropped the co-anchor format in favour of single anchor everyday. Adrienne Arsenault continues to host the show Monday through Thursday with Hanomansing hosting on Friday and Sunday.

Weather centre
In November 2005, the CBC News Weather Centre was established to cover local and international weather, using in part data provided by Environment Canada. Claire Martin was hired to serve as the primary face of the Weather Centre.

In April 2014, the national weather centre was effectively disbanded due to CBC budget cuts (Martin had left the CBC a few months prior). Weather presenters at local CBC stations were retained but with the added responsibility of supplying reports for The National and CBC News Network.

In November 2014, citing difficulties implementing this new system, the CBC announced a one-year trial content sharing partnership with The Weather Network, the privately owned cable specialty channel, which went into effect on December 8. Under the partnership, in exchange for access to weather-related news coverage from the CBC, The Weather Network provides the national weather reports seen on The National and CBCNN daytime programming, as well as local forecasts for CBC Toronto's weekend newscasts. Apart from Toronto, weather coverage during local newscasts was not affected, and CBC Vancouver meteorologist Johanna Wagstaffe continues to provide weather coverage for the Vancouver-based (primetime) editions of CBC News Now on CBC News Network.

Most local CBC stations have retained their weather team to provide local weather information, including:
 * Johanna Wagstaffe – CBC Vancouver meteorologist
 * John Sauder – CBC Manitoba meteorologist
 * Jay Scotland – CBC PEI meteorologist
 * Karen Johnson – CBC Toronto and Windsor weather specialist
 * Catherine Verdon-Diamond – CBC Montreal weather specialist
 * Tanara McLean – CBC Edmonton/Calgary weather specialist

The content partnership with the Weather Network has continued beyond the original one-year period, and has been expanded. The weather section of CBC.ca has been phased out in favour of forecasts from The Weather Network, and local CBC news headlines are displayed on the latter's website.

Television
CBC News provides the following television programs.

Current programs:

 * The National, flagship news program
 * CBC News Now
 * The Fifth Estate, weekly news magazine
 * Marketplace, consumer news magazine
 * Power & Politics, political news program
 * The Investigators with Diana Swain
 * Local newscasts
 * Documentary series Doc Zone, The Passionate Eye, CBC Docs POV and The Nature of Things air on CBC News Network but are not produced by CBC News.
 * Rosemary Barton Live, Sunday news program replacing The Weekly with Wendy Mesley
 * Canada Tonight with Ginella Massa, weekday news program

Former programs:

 * CBC News Magazine (1952–81)
 * The Journal (1982–92)
 * CBC Prime Time News (1992–1995)
 * Mansbridge One on One (1999–2017)
 * The Exchange (2009–2016)
 * On the Money, business news program (2016–2018)
 * The Weekly with Wendy Mesley (2018–2020)

Radio
CBC News provides the following radio programs.
 * World Report, morning newscast
 * The World This Hour, hourly newscast
 * The World at Six, national dinner-hour newscast
 * The World This Weekend
 * The House, weekly national political affairs show
 * Local newscasts

Digital
CBC Digital provides the following services:

 * CBCNews.ca website and Digital News App
 * Live and on-demand streaming of radio and TV news programming
 * Podcasts (broadcast highlights and original content like Finding Cleo)
 * Social media including Facebook. Instagram and Snapchat. CBC News Twitter feed has over 2.5M followers.
 * Digital delivery of CBC News in airports, trains, elevators and coffee chain

Bias allegations
Public surveys in 2002 suggest that the CBC was viewed with potential left-wing bias.

In 2009, CBC President Hubert Lacroix commissioned a study to determine whether its news was biased, and if so, to what extent. He said: "Our job — and we take it seriously — is to ensure that the information that we put out is fair and unbiased in everything that we do." The study suggests Canadians perceived the CBC as having a more left-of-centre bias than other Canadian news organizations.

A 2017 survey of Canadians suggested that CBC TV was the most biased national news media outlet (perceived biased by 50% of Canadians overall, tied with The Globe and Mail) followed closely by CBC Radio (perceived biased by 49% of Canadians overall). Respondents predominantly saw a bias towards CBC TV and radio coverage favouring the Liberal party, a view that held consistently across Conservative, Liberal and NDP voters.

Hall of Fame
The CBC News Hall of Fame was established in 2015 to honour men and women who have shaped Canadian journalism. Located in CBC's Toronto headquarters, inductees include:

 * 2015 – Knowlton Nash
 * 2016 – Joe Schlesinger
 * 2017 – Barbara Frum
 * 2018 – Trina McQueen
 * 2019 – Matthew Halton and Peter Stursberg
 * 2020 – Ernest Tucker
 * 2021 – Rassi Nashalik

Ombudsman
The CBC sets out to maintain its accuracy, integrity and fairness in its journalism. As a Canadian institution and a press undertaking, the CBC set out the Journalistic Standards and Practices and works in compliance with these principles. Balanced viewpoints must be presented through on-the-air discussions. As it is with other public and private journalistic undertakings, credibility in the eyes of the general population is seen as the corporation's most valuable asset. The CBC Ombudsman is completely independent of CBC program staff and management, reporting directly to the President of the CBC and, through the President, to the corporation's board of directors.

Bureaus

CBC has reporters stationed in the following cities. Main cities are listed with the notation (M).

 * Whitehorse, Yukon (M)
 * Victoria, British Columbia
 * Vancouver, British Columbia (M)
 * Kamloops, British Columbia
 * Kelowna, British Columbia
 * Nelson, British Columbia
 * Prince George, British Columbia
 * Prince Rupert, British Columbia
 * Yellowknife, Northwest Territories (M)
 * Inuvik, Northwest Territories
 * Calgary, Alberta (M)
 * Edmonton, Alberta (M)
 * Fort McMurray, Alberta
 * Grande Prairie, Alberta
 * Lethbridge, Alberta
 * Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
 * Regina, Saskatchewan (M)
 * Winnipeg, Manitoba (M)
 * Brandon, Manitoba
 * Thunder Bay, Ontario
 * Windsor, Ontario (M)
 * London, Ontario
 * Sudbury, Ontario
 * Kingston, Ontario
 * Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario
 * Hamilton, Ontario
 * Toronto, Ontario (M)
 * Ottawa, Ontario (M)
 * Montreal, Quebec (M)
 * Quebec City, Quebec (M)
 * Sherbrooke, Quebec
 * Fredericton, New Brunswick (M)
 * Saint John, New Brunswick
 * Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Moncton, New Brunswick
 * Bathurst, New Brunswick
 * Halifax, Nova Scotia (M)
 * Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (M)
 * Sydney, Nova Scotia
 * Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador
 * St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador (M)
 * Iqaluit, Nunavut

Currently vacant:

 * Thompson, Manitoba
 * Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Hay River, Northwest Territories

International

 * London, United Kingdom (M)
 * Jerusalem, Israel (M)
 * Washington, D.C., United States (M)
 * New York City, United States (M)
 * Los Angeles, United States

Former

 * Moscow, Russia (closed May 2022 )
 * Beijing, China (closed November 2022; English-language posting vacant since 2020 )

CBC also uses satellite bureaus, with reporters who fly in when a story occurs outside the bureaus. In the late 1990s, the CBC and other media outlets cut back their overseas operations.

Foreign correspondents

 * London – Margaret Evans, Chris Brown, and Jared Thomas
 * Jerusalem – Derek Stoffel
 * Washington, D.C. – Paul Hunter /Katie Simpson with Matt Kwong, Ellen Mauro, and Lyndsay Duncombe
 * New York – Kris Reyes
 * Los Angeles –

title: CBC News


text:
National Collector's Mint

National Collector's Mint, Inc. is a Westchester County New York based company that sells privately produced coins, tokens, commemoratives, and collectibles, as well as anti-aging skin products through the BioLogic brand. The company does not produce coins that are legal tender in the United States and they are not affiliated, endorsed, or licensed by the U.S. government or the United States Mint. However, the company does also act as a retailer, reselling government proof coins and other legal tender. The mint also creates non-currency coins for large corporations. After National Collector's Mint was repeatedly cited by state and Federal authorities for fraudulent profiteering from the 9/11 attacks, The Huffington Post described the company as a "bogus 9/11 coin seller."

Legal tender status
As specified by the U.S. Constitution only the federal government can produce legal tender coinage for use within the states and territories. (The right to print legal tender banknotes was affirmed later.) Therefore, the medals, tokens, and other products produced by National Collector's Mint are not legal tender in the United States or its territories.

September 11, 2001 Coinage Incident
The company's repeated attempts to profit from the 9/11 attacks led Senator Charles Schumer to refer to the company as a "despicable scam." The company was penalized for fraud in 2004, when State Supreme Court Justice Thomas J. McNamara fined the National Collector's Mint for engaging in false advertising and deceptive business practices when issuing their Freedom Tower Silver Dollar coins.

Sales of the Freedom Tower Silver Dollar coins were halted by a court order in October 2004 at the request of then New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer. The company received approval from the officials of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands to produce legal tender coinage on their behalf, but Spitzer noted the Commonwealth is not authorized to issue its own currency. It was also indicated that the exact amount of silver contained in the commemorative was not clear to customers. A judge ruled in 2004 the company was guilty of fraud, false advertising and deceptive business. Subsequent ads for the new Freedom Tower coins indicated the actual silver weight (45 mg, or 0.00145 troy oz.) rather than the thickness of silver in mils used.

Senator Charles Schumer and Representative Jerrold Nadler said the claim the silver was recovered from the vaults beneath the World Trade Center ruins cannot be substantiated and called on the Federal Trade Commission to stop National Collector's Mint from selling the Sept. 11 coins, which are seen as taking sales away from an official Sept. 11 medal that benefits the National September 11 Memorial & Museum being built at the World Trade Center site.

In contrast to the NCM's unsubstantiated claims, a sizeable number of coins that can be traced back to the WTC vaults exist; unlike the NCM's offerings, these coins were certified and graded by PCGS, and profits from their sales were donated to recovery funds.

In 2013, the company settled out of court and agreed to pay a $750,000 fine to the FTC for misrepresenting the authenticity of their 9/11 products.

2020 $50 Gold Buffalo Tribute Proof
In 2020, the company advertised a coin coated with 14 milligrams of 24 karat gold. Based on recent prices in early April, 2020, this amount of gold was worth approximately 70 cents. The coin was offered for $9.95 plus $4.95 shipping and handling.

title: National Collector's Mint


text: User talk:83.244.128.3

title: User talk:83.244.128.3


text:
Bediako Asare

Bediako Asare (born 1930) is a Ghanaian journalist and author, initially from Ghana. He began his career working on local newspapers, then relocated to Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in 1963, to help launch The Nationalist newspaper.

In 1969 he published his novel Rebel, about the conflict between traditional ways and modernity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Writing in Africa Report, Sheila Wilson said of The Rebel: "The story is simple and the language unpretentious, and the impact of change and hope gives strength and quality to the novel." Asare's novel The Stubborn was published in Nairobi in 1976. Stephen H. Arnold, reviewing it in the African Book Publishing Record, noted that its intended audience was "15-18 year olds of East African ruling classes" and that: "The main themes are science versus superstition and the value of counsel from elders."

title: Bediako Asare