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John Lexington

Sir John Lexington (or Lexinton or Lessington; also de Lexington) (died 1257) was a baron and royal official in 13th century England. He has been described as having been Lord Chancellor, but other scholars believe he merely held the royal seals while the office was vacant or the chancellor was abroad. He served two terms, once from 1247 to 1248, and again from 1249 to 1250.

Life
Lexington was a member of a prominent family whose name came from the village of Lexington, now Laxton, in Nottinghamshire. His father Richard was a royal judge and married Mathilda de Cauz (or Calz), a widow with holdings that included Sherwood Forest. His youngest brother was Robert of Lexinton, a judge and royal official; another brother, Henry of Lexington, held royal offices before becoming Dean of Lincoln and then Bishop of Lincoln. A fourth brother, Stephen of Lexington, became a Cistercian monk and administrator, ultimately serving as Abbot of Clairvaux.

John Lexington was sent by Henry III to a proposed papal conference in 1241 and was present at a naval battle near the Isola del Giglio in which Pisan and Sicilian ships defeated the Genoese and a number of prelates were captured; he helped save the life of his brother Stephen, who was present. On his return he was part of the expedition against Dafydd ap Llywelyn of Wales and conveyed the hostage Gruffydd ap Llywelyn Fawr, Dafydd's half-brother, to London. In 1242 he was appointed to a truce commission to correct infringements of the truce with France. He served as the king's seneschal in 1247 and possibly at other times. After 1248 there is evidence that he served as a judge. In 1250, he inherited the barony and lands of his brother Robert. By 1255 he was serving as chief justice of the forests north of the Trent, and warden of Bamburgh, Pickering, and Scarborough castles.

In response to the death of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln, he imprisoned a Jew named Copin or Jopin and obtained a confession in return for a promise to save his life (a promise the king repudiated). Given Lexington's personal relationship with the Bishop and other clerics in Lincoln, there is considerable suspicion that he pushed King Henry towards dealing with the Jews severely, and with the knowledge that the accusations had no basis in fact. Langmuir says of Lexington:

"what he did powerfully affected those predisposed to think evil of Jews then and for centuries to come. He incited the weakly credulous Henry III to give the ritual murder fantasy the blessing of royal authority, and he inspired Matthew Paris to write a vivid garbled yarn that would ring in men's minds for centuries and blind modern historians. A century and a half later, Geoffrey Chaucer, after letting the legend of the singing boy slip from the prioress' lips, would inevitably be reminded of England's most famous proof of Jewish evil and conclude with an invocation to young Hugh — whose alleged fate neither he nor his audience were likely to question. John de Lexington died in January, 1257, and his elegant learning will not be described in any history of mediaeval thought, yet his tale of young Hugh of Lincoln became a strand in English literature and a support for irrational beliefs about Jews from 1255 to Auschwitz. It is time he received his due credit."

Matthew Paris called him a man of weight and learning and a brave and accomplished knight. His arms were a cross azure on a shield argent. He married a woman named Margaret (or Margery) de Merlay, daughter of Richard d'Umfraville of Prudhoe and widow of Roger de Merlay, Baron Morpeth. They had no children.

His estate went to his brother Henry, the bishop of Lincoln, and on his death in 1258 to the descendants of their two sisters, Alice and Cecilia, wives of Roland de Sutton and William Markham, since none of his brothers left heirs.

title: John Lexington


text:
Wikipedia:Categorized Deletion

(This is no longer active, but see Votes for deletion/Policy consensus)

 * Frontmatter (overly long explanation) moved to the bottom under Rationale. -SV

=Proposed= A heading section will be created at the top of the VfD page called Deletion fields (or some similar name). Anyone may create an article in the format Wikipedia:Votes for deletion:nameOfCategory. The creator of this category is required to create a link to this page under the heading section Deletion fields on the VfD page. To create a category, the creator of the category must first propose it, perhaps on a page like Proposed categories for deletion. The person who proposes the category must show that it meets these specific criteria:

 * A large number of articles of this field of knowledge have appeared (or will soon appear) on VfD.
 * The criteria for judging the notability of these articles should all be the same.
 * That there are very specific criteria for judging those articles.

The proposed category can then be voted on within a one-week limit. While this voting process will take time, in the end, the creation of categories for deletion will save a lot of time on VfD in the long run. At the top of this category page should be placed notes, such as the criteria for judging whether articles in this field of knowledge should be deleted or kept.

When listing a page on VfD, the lister is advised to look at the list of pages under the heading Deletion fields. If the page the lister is listing fits into one of those categories, the lister should list the page for deletion under one of those categories instead of on the main VfD page.

Otherwise, these category pages behave exactly like VfD currently does, with the same time limits, the same criteria for deletion or keeping, etc. However, they serve the purpose of bringing together similar (in terms of field of knowledge) entries on VfD. Essentially, these category pages are WikiProject pages, but used for standardization of deletion instead of standardization of page layouts.

The majority of pages listed for deletion on VfD will still continue to go on the VfD page; only those pages fitting specific, narrow categories will be listed on the category VfD pages instead.

IV. Example: high schools
A page called Wikipedia:Votes for deletion:High schools. All high school pages listed for deletion should go here instead of the main VfD page.

Is this page justified? Yes, because
 * a large number of high school articles have appeared on VfD,
 * the criteria for judging these high school articles should all be the same,
 * certain people vote regularly on all high school articles and have developed very specific criteria for judging those articles (example: User:Dpbsmith/BEEFSTEW).

i) A set list of categories for deletion
True to the Wiki model, these categories will be created by editors to VfD. There is no standard list of categories, and the list of categories may grow smaller or larger. Recall that each category is like a WikiProject page and may be created or deleted.

ii) Prohibition of "non-experts" from voting
Just because a person does not usually vote on articles within a category does not mean that the person should not be allowed to vote. Indeed, if a person does choose to vote in a category, his or her vote will be valued as highly as any "expert's" vote (subject to the standard, already-existing constraints on the counting of sock-puppet, anonymous, and new user votes).

iii) Categories are based on criteria for deletion
The categories are not based on criteria for deletion (which are subjective and often the main point of contention on VfD regarding whether an article should be kept or deleted), but instead on field of knowledge.

VI. See also
Other proposals for reforming the deletion process:
 * Preliminary Deletion
 * Managed Deletion

VII. Voting
To be decided.

= Origins, rationale, etc = ''I created this article, but I wrote it fairly quickly, and this article needs work in style and in word choice (I probably should have used a different word instead of "category" when I was initially writing this, because of how it can be confused with Categories). Please feel free to clean up and work on this article until voting begins (if this proposal ever even reaches the voting stage). It would not be a bad idea to discuss ideas on the talk page before adding them to this page. —Lowellian (talk)  22:34, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)''

''Notes: (1) The wording of some parts of this proposal is copied from Managed Deletion. (2) The word "category" as used throughout this proposal does not refer to the term "category" as used in Categories, but rather more in the sense of "kind" or "type".''

I. Introduction
The purpose of this page is to propose the categorization of some specific deletion candidates according to field of knowledge.

I) VfD is too long, and VfD is overwhelmed
Every few days, someone on the Village Pump will argue that VfD is too long. VfD reaches over 40kb routinely, even when there is not a contentious debate on it. Indeed, it is so long that some people do not list articles there, and many more do not go to vote there. This proposal will not reduce the lengthy debates. Nor will this proposal eliminate the vital deliberative nature of VfD, but it is designed to make VfD easier to use by moving a few specific deletion entries elsewhere.

On September 23, 2004, there were thirty-one new nominations to VfD for the single day. Of these thirty-one, almost all were proper deletion candidates and received nearly unanimous "delete" or "redirect" votes. The nominators to VfD were acting appropriately, and yet it was extremely difficult for voters to consider all of the candidates. The sheer volume of nominations can make it virtually impossible to reason together and consider articles carefully, case by case, which is what VfD is for.

How can we cut down on the number of nominations? We may not be able to; however, we may be able to: (1) make it easier to work on those nominations by identifying some specific cases that often crop up (2) cut down on debate by bringing similar cases together on the same page.

ii) "You mean this isn't a speedy delete?" and the use of precedent
Inevitably, VfD gets hit with articles that are obvious deletes. They rack up ten to fifteen "delete" votes with no "keep" votes but that of the author, and someone will say, "This is really a speedy delete candidate." In some cases, that person is correct. In most cases, that person is not correct because the article is an obvious delete but not a speedy delete. Now, why is the delete obvious? Because there has been precedent for it before.

There are a number of articles that come up for deletion all the time. For example, computer societies in United States cities that are not known outside that city, high schools, obscure patent-holders, etc. Now, on these articles, precedents have been established by the deletion articles that fail to meet certain standards, and by the keeping of other articles that did meet certain standards.

iii) Experts in specific fields
Some articles are very specific to certain fields and require someone knowledgeable in that field to properly evaluate them. This can apply to mathematics or scientific fields like biology, chemistry, or physics. It can apply to other types of academic fields, like philosophy. It can also apply to genres like comic books. It is clear that each Wikipedia editor is knowledgeable about certain fields (or knows the VfD standards of certain fields well from frequent editing within that field) and not so knowledgeable about others. Articles listed on VfD in specific fields of knowledge tend to see the same people voting on them. This proposal will hopefully encourage such "experts" to look at articles within their fields of knowledge.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Categorized Deletion


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Richard Quine

Richard Quine (November 12, 1920 – June 10, 1989) was an American director, actor, and singer.

He began acting as a child in radio, vaudeville, and stage productions before being signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in his early twenties. When his acting career began to wane after World War II, Quine began working as a film director. He later moved into producing and directing television. Quine's films as director include Bell, Book and Candle (1958), The World of Suzie Wong (1960), Paris When It Sizzles (1964), How to Murder Your Wife (1965), and The Prisoner of Zenda (1979).

Child actor
Born in Detroit, Quine's father was an actor. Quine's family moved to Los Angeles when he was six years old.

As a child, he began working as a radio actor and became a minor radio star. He then appeared in vaudeville before moving on to stage roles.

Quine made his film debut in the drama Cavalcade (1933). He could also be seen in The World Changes (1933) (alongside a young Mickey Rooney), Counsellor-at-Law (1933), Jane Eyre (1934, as John Reed), Dames (1934), Wednesday's Child (1934) with Frankie Thomas, Little Men (1934), Life Returns (1935), A Dog of Flanders (1935) with Thomas, and Dinky (1935) with Jackie Cooper.

New York
Quine left Los Angeles for New York City to return to stage acting.

In 1939, Quine made his Broadway debut in the Jerome Kern/Oscar Hammerstein II stage musical Very Warm for May in 1939, which ran for 59 performances. The following year, he was cast as Frank Lippincott in the hit Broadway production of My Sister Eileen starring Shirley Booth which was a hit.

MGM actor
His role in the stage version of My Sister Eileen led to Quine's being signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Quine's first film for MGM was Babes on Broadway (1941), starring Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney. Rooney and Quine had been friends since childhood.

While at MGM, Quine also appeared in Tish (1942), with Susan Peters who would later become his second wife, and For Me and My Gal (1942), playing Judy Garland's brother. Columbia borrowed him to reprise his stage role in My Sister Eileen (1942).

At MGM he had a good role in Dr. Gillespie's New Assistant (1942), alongside Peters, and was in Stand by for Action (1942) and the propaganda short The Rear Gunner (1943).

Walter Wanger borrowed Quine for We've Never Been Licked (1943), a wartime propaganda drama, where Quine was top billed.

Just as his acting career seemed about to take off, he had to serve in the United States Coast Guard. While in the Coast Guard, he became a lieutenant and served in public relations department in San Diego, California.

After the war, Quine's acting career stalled. He appeared in The Cockeyed Miracle (1946), Words and Music (1948) and Command Decision (1948).

Columbia and becoming a film director
Quine and friend William Asher then decided to get into production and directing. The two set about adapting "Leather Gloves," a short story that appeared in the Saturday Evening Post. The story was later adapted by another writer, but Quine and Asher were hired to produce and direct the 1948 film version released by Columbia Pictures.

Reportedly Harry Cohn offered to buy the script outright but they wanted to direct. Cohn responded: "How the hell do you think you can make a picture?" But then later another Columbia executive told Quine, "Mr. Cohn tells me you're going to direct a picture." He was still under contract to MGM when the film was made. The film was successful and Quine was hired to a long-term contract at Columbia.

Quine continued to act for a while. He was third billed in The Clay Pigeon (1949), a low budget noir directed by Richard Fleischer and written by Carl Foreman at RKO. He had support roles in No Sad Songs for Me (1950) and Rookie Fireman (1950), both at Columbia.

At Columbia he directed some comedy shorts: A Slip and a Miss (1950) with Hugh Herbert, Foy Meets Girl (1950) with Eddie Foy, Jr, The Awful Sleuth with Bert Wheeler, and Woo-Woo Blues (1951) with Herbert.

In July 1951 he signed a seven-year contract with Columbia to direct.

Quine's first solo effort as director was the musical comedy The Sunny Side of the Street (1951) starring Frankie Laine. He followed it with Purple Heart Diary (1951) with Frances Langford.

Collaboration with Blake Edwards
Quine then directed a series of films he co wrote with Blake Edwards: Sound Off (1952) with Mickey Rooney, Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder (1952) with Frankie Laine, All Ashore (1953) with Rooney and Dick Haymes, and Cruisin' Down the River (1954) with Haymes. These were all musicals but they also made a film noir, Drive a Crooked Road (1954) with Rooney. Without Edwards, Quine directed Siren of Bagdad (1953), for producer Sam Katzman.

Quine and Edwards entered television with The Mickey Rooney Show (1954–55) which lasted for a season of 34 episodes. Quine created it and Edwards was chief writer.

Without Edwards, Quine directed episodes of Footlights Theater, General Electric Theater, and The Ford Television Theatre.

Quine directed the film noir Pushover (1954) that launched Kim Novak as a star. Universal-International borrowed him to direct Tony Curtis in a musical, So This Is Paris (1954).

Quine helped Edwards write the film that became Edwards' first feature as director, Bring Your Smile Along (1955) with Laine. Edwards and Quine wrote the script for a musical remake of My Sister Eileen (1955), which Quine directed, and He Laughed Last (1956), which Edwards directed.

Leading director/producer
By then Quine was established as one of Columbia's leading directors. His films included The Solid Gold Cadillac (1956) and Full of Life (1956) with Judy Holliday; Operation Mad Ball (1957) with Jack Lemmon and Ernie Kovacs, with Blake Edwards helping write the script; Bell, Book and Candle (1958) with James Stewart, Novak, Kovacs and Lemmon. He made It Happened to Jane (1959) with Doris Day and Lemmon, produced by Day's film production company, Arwin Productions.

Quine set up his own film production company, Quine Productions, and secured a financing and distribution deal through Columbia Pictures. Quin Productions' first film was Strangers When We Meet (1960) with Kirk Douglas, Novak and Kovaks; the film was co-produced with Douglas' film production company, Bryna Productions.

Ray Stark hired him at the last minute to replace Jean Negulesco on The World of Suzie Wong (1960) with William Holden and Nancy Kwan at Paramount. Back at Columbia Quine did the narration for The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1960) with Lemmon.

Quine announced he would do several projects for his own company: The Image Makers with Glenn Ford, Roar Like a Dove with Doris Day, and The Fannie Brice Story for Ray Stark. He was also going to do Man Hunt in Kenya with William Holden. None of these films were made.

He produced and directed Lemmon, Fred Astaire and Novak in The Notorious Landlady (1962), co written by Edwards.

He was going to make A Bolt Out of the Blue and Fair Game with Holden and direct Sherlock Holmes on Broadway. None of these projects happened.

Quine directed and produced Paris When It Sizzles (1964) with Holden and Audrey Hepburn, done for his own company via Paramount. He went to Warner Bros. to direct Sex and the Single Girl (1964) with Curtis and Natalie Wood, then did How to Murder Your Wife (1965) with Lemmon.

Quine produced and directed Synanon (1965) for Columbia, a little seen film about addicts. He returned to TV producing and directing episodes of the short-lived The Jean Arthur Show (1966). That series also lasted one season.

Quine directed Hotel (1967) for Warners. He was going to film Across the River and into the Trees but it was never made.

Instead he did two films for Paramount, Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad (1967) for Ray Stark, and A Talent for Loving (1969). He was also meant to film The Owl and the Pussycat but Herbert Ross ended up doing it, with Barbra Streisand and George Segal.

Lyricist
In addition to producing, directing and screenwriting, Quine was a lyricist. He wrote the lyrics "Be Prepared," a song included in the film It Happened to Jane (1959), which he also produced and directed. In 1962, Quine wrote two songs, "Going Steady With a Dream" and "Strangers When We Meet," the latter the theme to the 1960 film of the same name, which Quine directed, and also for the film Don't Knock the Twist. Quine also wrote the theme song to his 1964 film Sex and the Single Girl.

1970s
Quine returned to acting with a role in the movie Original: Do Not Project (1972).

In the 1970s, Quine directed The Moonshine War (1970) at MGM and a pilot for a show based on Catch-22 starring Richard Dreyfuss.

He directed three episodes of Peter Falk's Columbo, including "Dagger of the Mind," an episode set in Britain. He also worked on another, much less successful NBC Mystery Movie series, McCoy, reuniting him with star Tony Curtis, whom Quine had directed in So This Is Paris and Sex and the Single Girl (1964).

Quine's other directorial credits include W (1974) with Twiggy, and The Specialists (1975), and episodes of Hec Ramsey, McCloud and Project U.F.O..

His final completed film as a director was the film The Prisoner of Zenda (1979) starring Peter Sellers. Quine was hired to direct another Sellers film, The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu (1980). Before the script was even completed, Quine was fired owing to "creative differences" with Sellers.

Personal life
Quine was married five times and had three children. His first marriage was in January 1942 to showgirl and model Susan Paley, several years his senior. His second marriage was to actress Susan Peters. They were married on November 7, 1943, at the Westwood Community Church in Los Angeles. On New Year's Day 1945, the couple were on a duck hunting trip when Peters dropped her rifle. The gun discharged, hitting Peters in the stomach. The bullet lodged in her spine, leaving her paralyzed from the waist down. On April 17, 1946, the couple adopted a ten-day-old baby boy whom they named Timothy Richard Quine. They separated on March 1, 1948, and were divorced later that year. In October 1952, Peters died of a chronic kidney infection and bronchial pneumonia, both of which were hastened by dehydration and starvation because she had stopped eating and drinking in the last few weeks of her life.

In September 1951, Quine married Barbara Bushman, the granddaughter of actor Francis X. Bushman. The couple had two children before separating in May 1958. They were divorced in March 1960.

While Quine was separated from his third wife, he began dating actress Kim Novak, whom he had previously directed in Pushover (1954) and Bell, Book and Candle (1958). In 1959 the two became engaged while working on their third film together, Strangers When We Meet (1960). They planned to marry when shooting completed on Strangers but Novak ended the relationship shortly before the film was completed. He later dated actresses Judy Holliday, whom he had directed in Full of Life and The Solid Gold Cadillac (both 1956) and Natalie Wood (whom he also directed in Sex and the Single Girl (1964). While directing Sex and the Single Girl, Quine met and began dating one of the film's stars, Fran Jeffries. On January 4, 1965, they married in Rosarito Beach, Mexico. The couple separated on June 10, 1968. In July 1969, Quine filed for divorce, citing "extreme cruelty." Their divorce became final in December 1970.

In 1977, Quine married Diana Balfour. They remained married until Quine's death in 1989.

Death
After an extended period of depression and poor health, Quine shot himself in the head at his Los Angeles home on June 10, 1989. He was taken to UCLA Medical Center, where he died at the age of 68. His remains are interred in the Room of Prayer columbarium at Westwood Memorial Park in Los Angeles.

title: Richard Quine


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Naknek Lake

Naknek Lake is a lake in southern Alaska, near the base of the Alaska Peninsula. Located in Katmai National Park and Preserve, the lake is 64 km long and 3 to 8 mi wide, the largest lake in the park. The lake drains west into Bristol Bay through the Naknek River. The elevation of the lake has lowered over the past 5,000 years as it has cut through a glacial moraine, separating Naknek Lake and Brooks Lake and creating Brooks Falls about 3500 years ago.

The earliest Russian explorer reported the lake's name as Naknek, but a later one said its name was "Akulogak". Ivan Petrof named the lake Lake Walker, for Francis Amasa Walker, Superintendent of the 1880 United States census.

The lake is famous for its sport fishing, supporting one of the largest king salmon fisheries in southwestern Alaska, though the king salmon are greatly outnumbered by sockeye salmon as well as pink and chum salmon. Large rainbow trout are also common around the lake, along with northern pike, lake trout and Arctic char. Brooks Camp is located on the lake's shore where the Brooks River enters the lake over rapids.

Animals
Naknek Lake harbors a wide variety of life, typical of the Alaska Peninsula. Typically observed around the lake are Alaska moose, wolves, and occasionally wolverines. However, the lake is most famous for sockeye salmon and grizzly bears. The bears are often seen wandering around the lake or wading into it to catch fish, but they are found in the greatest abundances at Brooks Camp. Bears are seen frequently at Brooks Falls, catching salmon there; they are the main attraction to the lake and Brooks Falls and Camp.

title: Naknek Lake


text:
Yogi Bhajan

Yogi Bhajan (born Harbhajan Singh Puri) (August 26, 1929 – October 6, 2004), also known as Siri Singh Sahib to his followers, was an American entrepreneur, yoga guru, and spiritual teacher. He introduced his version of Kundalini yoga to the United States. He was the spiritual director of the 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization) foundation (and business ventures), with over 300 centers in 35 countries. He was accused of sexual abuse by several dozen of his female followers; an investigation called the Olive Branch Report found the allegations most likely true.

Early life
Harbhajan Singh Khalsa was born on August 26, 1929 into a Sikh family in Kot Harkarn, Gujranwala district in the province of Punjab (now in Pakistan). His father, Dr. Kartar Singh Puri, served the British Raj as a medical doctor. His mother was named Harkrishan Kaur. His father was raised in the Sikh tradition and young Harbhajan was educated in a Catholic school run by nuns. Singh learned the fundamentals of Sikhism from his paternal grandfather, Sant Bhai Fateh Singh. Theirs was a well-to-do landlord family, owning most of their village in the foothills of the Himalayas.

Singh's schooling was interrupted in 1947 by the violent partition of India, when he and his family fled to New Delhi as refugees. There, Harbhajan Singh attended Camp College – a hastily put together arrangement for thousands of refugee students – and was an active member of the Sikh Students Federation in Delhi. Four years later, he graduated with a master's degree in economics.

In 1953, Singh entered the service of the Government of India. He served in the Revenue Department, where his duties took him all over India. Eventually, Harbhajan Singh was promoted to a customs inspector at Delhi airport.

In his final years in India, he also learned from Baba Virsa Singh at Gobind Sadan Institute.

Coming west
In 1968, Singh emigrated to Toronto, Canada equipped with an endorsement from that country's High Commissioner to India, James George, who was also a student of his. Harbhajan Singh made a considerable impact in the predominantly Anglo-Saxon metropolis. In three months, he established classes at several YMCAs, co-founded a yoga centre, was interviewed for national press and television, and helped set in motion the creation of eastern Canada's first Sikh temple in time for Guru Nanak's five hundredth birthday the following year.

Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization
In 1969, Singh established the 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization) Foundation in Los Angeles, California to further his missionary work. His brand of Sikhism appealed to the hippies who formed the bulk of his early converts. The Sikh practice of not cutting one's hair or beard was already accepted by the hippie culture, as was Sikh vegetarianism. They liked to experience elevated states of awareness and they also deeply wanted to feel they were contributing to a world of peace and social justice. He offered them all these things with vigorous yoga, an embracing holistic vision, and an optimistic spirit of sublime destiny. Interest in yoga increased worldwide at this time. To serve the changing times, Singh created the International Kundalini Yoga Teachers Association, dedicated to setting standards for teachers and the propagation of the teachings.

In 1994, the 3HO Foundation joined the United Nations as a non-governmental organization in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, representing women's issues, promoting human rights, and providing education about alternative systems of medicine.

Aquarian age timeline
Singh incorporated the storyline of the dawning new age into his teachings, a case of melding Western astrology with Sikh tradition. He proclaimed that "Guru Nanak was the Guru for the Aquarian Age." It was, he declared, to be an age where people first experienced God, then believed, rather than the old way of believing and then being liberated by one's faith.

Inter-faith work

In the summer of 1970, Singh participated in an informal "Holy Man Jam" at the University of Colorado at Boulder with Swami Satchidananda (another Eastern yogi who has been accused of sexual abuse of his students), Stephen Gaskin of The Farm in Tennessee, Zen Buddhist Jakusho Kwong, and other local spiritual leaders. A few weeks later, he organized a gathering of spiritual teachers to engage and inspire the 200,000 attendees of the Atlanta International Pop Festival on the stage between the performances of the bands.

Political influence in U.S.
When U.S. President Nixon called drugs America's "Number one domestic problem", Singh launched a pilot program with two longtime heroin addicts in Washington, D.C., in 1972. The program attempted to treat heroin addiction through the practice of yoga and the consumption of garlic juice.

Death

Harbhajan Singh died of complications of heart failure at his home in Española, New Mexico, on October 6, 2004, aged 75. He was survived by his wife, sons, daughter and five grandchildren. Obituaries appeared in The Los Angeles Times, the Times of India, The New York Times, and Yoga Journal. Khalsa's passing was noted by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, which closed its offices to commemorate his death.

The State of New Mexico honored him by renaming State Highway 106 as the Yogi Bhajan Memorial Highway. The New Mexico Government took the unprecedented measure of flying its flags at half-mast for two days (Oct 7–8) in honour of Yogi Bhajan after his death on Oct 6, and declared Oct 23 "Yogi Bhajan Memorial Day".

Allegations of sexual abuse
In 2019, Yogi Bhajan's former secretary Pamela Saharah Dyson published the book Premka: White Bird in a Golden Cage: My Life with Yogi Bhajan, reporting that she and other women had sexual relationships with Harbhajan Singh.

In March 2020, anti-cult activist Be Scofield published an article in her magazine The Guru reporting sexual abuse and rape of female followers and assistants including Dyson by Harbhajan Singh, based on "over a dozen original interviews".

Later that month (March 2020), the Siri Singh Sahib Corporation commissioned An Olive Branch (AOB) to look into the allegations. The AOB report, published in August, found that it was "more likely than not" that Yogi Bhajan raped three women, injured eight women during sex, engaged in nonconsensual touching of nine people, showed pornography to minors, used sexually offensive language, directed women to shave their pubic hair, and directed women to have sex with other women, that his followers' claims that he was celibate were inaccurate, and that he "employed a variety of methods to control his students including compartmentalization, quid pro quo, promises, threats, slander, phone calls, guarding, and/or telling women they were his wife."

The report acknowledged "the convictions of Yogi Bhajan's Supporters as accurate representations of their beliefs" rather than deliberate falsehoods. Soon after, other media published stories based on the report that considered the allegations to be true. The 2023 book Under the Yoga Mat by former member GuruNischan includes testimonials of traumatizing experiences shared by former members.

Media coverage
In 1977, Time published a critical article, titled "Yogi Bhajan's Synthetic Sikhism". The article alleged that Gurucharan Singh Tohra, former President of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC), had stated that Harbhajan Singh is not the leader of Sikhism in the Western World as he claimed, and that Tohra had denied the SGPC had ever given Singh the title of Siri Singh Sahib.

Harbhajan Singh is featured in books discussing the successes of Sikhs who migrated from India to the West, including Surjit Kaur's Among the Sikhs: Reaching for the Stars. and Gurmukh Singh's The Global Indian: The Sikhs.

Scholars' views
Scholars including Verne A. Dusenbery and Pashaura Singh have concurred that Harbhajan Singh's introduction of Sikh teachings into the West helped identify Sikhism as a world religion while at the same time creating a compelling counter-narrative to that which identified Sikhs solely as a race with a shared history in India.

Philip Deslippe, a historian of American religion, wrote a 2012 article "From Maharaj to Mahan Tantric: The Construction of Yogi Bhajan's Kundalini Yoga", using 3HO source archive material and news articles to reveal how Harbhajan Singh recreated his own story after his first trip back to India:

"I set out to answer the question 'where did Kundalini Yoga as taught by Yogi Bhajan (KYATBYB) come from?' and not much else. I tried to support my findings with as much evidence as possible, and for that evidence to be as clear, specific, verifiable, and close to the source, such as interviews with first hand witnesses (Pamela being one of them), quotes from Yogi Bhajan, contemporary newspaper accounts, and exercises taken from manuals. I concluded that in the early years of 3HO, Yogi Bhajan was using the physical yoga of Swami Dhirendra Brahmachari and the persona and mantra of Baba Virsa Singh, and that the figure of Sant Hazara Singh only became prominent after the first trip to India in 1970-1971 when Yogi Bhajan had a falling out with Virsa Singh."

title: Yogi Bhajan


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Magic Kaito

Magic Kaito (まじっく快斗) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Gosho Aoyama. It premiered in Shogakukan's manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Sunday in June 1987. It is Aoyama's first serialized manga. The story depicts the adventures of Kaito Kuroba, a teenage magician who secretly operates as the internationally-wanted phantom thief Kaito Kid.

Though the series was popular in its initial run, Aoyama placed it on hiatus in late 1988—after two volumes had been published—in order to focus on Yaiba and later Case Closed. Since then, new installments have been produced very sporadically, often years apart; a third volume was compiled in 1994, a fourth in 2007, and a fifth in 2017; three more chapters were published in 2024. Notwithstanding this, Kaito Kid has (along with several associated characters) made numerous appearances in Case Closed and various spinoff media, achieving much wider recognition through them.

12 animated television specials based on the series have been produced by TMS Entertainment and aired between 2010 and 2012. A 24-episode anime series titled Magic Kaito 1412 was produced by A-1 Pictures and aired from October 2014 to March 2015.

Synopsis
High-school class clown Kaito Kuroba, son of world-famous—and deceased—magician Toichi Kuroba, leads a carefree life in Tokyo with his childhood friend Aoko Nakamori. However, on the eighth anniversary of his father's death, he stumbles across a hidden section of his home that reveals his father's double life: that of the internationally-notorious thief Kaito Kid. Shortly after, he finds his father's elderly aide Konosuke Jii masquerading as Kid in a new series of burglaries; when cornered, Jii admits the "accident" which had killed the elder Kuroba in his final show was actually murder, and the culprits remain at large.

Vowing to avenge his father, Kaito personally assumes Kaito Kid's mantle, and continues the heists for the same reason as Jii: to draw out his father's killers. By day, he maintains the guise of an ordinary high-schooler and his friendship with Aoko, all while knowing her father is a police inspector long-obsessed with capturing Kid.

After many outlandish adventures, Kaito eventually discovers that the killers belong to a mysterious crime syndicate pursuing a legendary jewel known as Pandora. Per their sources, Pandora is a doublet—a gem hidden within a larger gem—that glows red under moonlight and sheds "tears" during the pass of the Volley Comet, every 10,000 years. These tears, if drunk, will bestow immortality.

With the comet's next pass fast approaching, Kaito sets out to find—and destroy—Pandora first, turning his focus exclusively to large, long-storied gemstones.

Characters

 * Kaito Kuroba (黒羽 快斗)
 * A smart, quirky and arrogant 17-year-old master illusionist. As Kaito Kid, he occasionally appears in the Case Closed series as an antagonist, but slowly develops a Lupin-esque complex. He has some feelings for his childhood friend Aoko Nakamori who he teases constantly. His alter ego is the Kaito Kid, a gentleman thief who publicly announces his heists; after his heists, he returns the stolen items to their owners. Throughout his escapades he has made many enemies, from semi-friendly detectives (such as Saguru Hakuba and Conan Edogawa/Jimmy Kudo) and policemen to rival phantom thieves and vicious professional gangsters. His Japanese voice actor is Kappei Yamaguchi and his English voice actor is Jerry Jewell.

 * Aoko Nakamori (中森 青子)
 * Kaito's best friend since childhood and love interest. She is an obstinate, impulsive and lighthearted girl. She often bickers with Kaito at school. She has feelings for Kaito, although she is afraid of admitting to him. She gets along well with Akako, but unknown to her, Akako envies her. Both girls vie for Kaito's affections. As the daughter of Inspector Nakamori, she despises the Kaito Kid, though she is unaware of the irony. Her Japanese voice actresses are Ayumi Fujimura in the specials and Mao Ichimichi in Magic Kaito 1412, Yukiko Iwai in episode 76 of Detective Conan, Minami Takayama in episode 219 and OVA 4 of Detective Conan.

 * Ginzo Nakamori (中森 銀三)
 * Aoko's father (known as Mace Fuller in Funimation's Detective Conan dub), a loud, aggressive Tokyo Metropolitan Police inspector assigned to capture the Kaito Kid. Tirelessly devoted to his work, he is (much to Aoko's dismay) frequently absent-minded at home. His Japanese voice actors are Unshō Ishizuka (1997–2018) and Kōji Ishii (2019–present) and his English voice actor is Jay Jones.

 * Konosuke Jii (寺井 黄之助)
 * An elderly man that assisted Toichi Kuroba as both magician and thief. Eight years after his master's murder, he began a masquerade as Kaito Kid in hopes of luring out the killers; when confronted by Kaito, he confessed the truth and conceded the mantle, becoming Kaito's assistant. By day he owns and operates the Blue Parrot billiards bar, which Kaito and Aoko sometimes patronize.

 * Toichi Kuroba (黒羽 盗一)
 * Kaito's (supposedly) deceased father. A world-famous magician, he originated the Kaito Kid costume as a gimmick for a Parisian performance, but became a genuine thief in order to divert attention from his wife Chikage's own criminal career, allowing her to retire in peace. Initially known as Phantom Thief 1412 (after his Interpol criminal code), he embraced Kaito Kid as a moniker after Booker Kudo publicly misread a journalist's scrawl of "1412" as KID. Toichi was killed after impeding a criminal syndicate's pursuit for Pandora. His Japanese voice actor is Shūichi Ikeda.

 * Chikage Kuroba (黒羽 千影)
 * Kaito's mother, initially shown as a plain housewife but later revealed to have once been the international thief Phantom Lady. During a heist in Paris, she fell in love with Toichi Kuroba and quit her criminal career to marry him. Even in retirement, she remains a free-spirited globetrotter, and frequently leaves Kaito alone at the Kuroba home in Japan, periodically checking in via video calls. She once tried to persuade her son to give up robbery and start a new life as a magician in Las Vegas. It is strongly implied in the "Midnight Crow" Arc that she knows who is Kaito Corbeau, the mysterious rival of Kaito Kid, who had recently become active in Las Vegas.

 * Akako Koizumi (小泉 紅子)
 * A haughty teenage witch, the world's last practitioner of "Red" sorcery. She delights in magically charming men to worship her, and becomes obsessed with Kaito Kid upon learning that he is destined to be the only man on Earth immune to her. By happenstance she attends the same school as Kaito and Aoko, and realizes Kaito's secret identity when he defies her advances on Valentine's Day. Initially she acts with very few morals, regularly scheming to magically enslave (or even kill) him; in time, however, she comes to admit a genuine affection for him, and begins using her magical resources to warn and aid him against other perils. Her Japanese voice actresses are Miyuki Sawashiro in the Magic Kaito specials, Eri Kitamura in Magic Kaito 1412, and Megumi Hayashibara in Detective Conan.

 * Saguru Hakuba (白馬探)
 * The half-British, half-Japanese son of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police's Superintendent-General. Renowned across Europe as an amateur detective, he takes an interest in capturing Kaito Kid and resettles in Japan to do so, becoming a major school rival to Kaito. He is highly sophisticated and arrogantly proud of his skills, suspecting Kaito's secret identity almost immediately after their first meeting. However, he never succeeds in securing definitive proof. His Japanese voice actors are Akira Ishida in the Magic Kaito specials and in Detective Conan, and Mamoru Miyano in Magic Kaito 1412.

 * Snake (スネーク)
 * The main representative of the syndicate that killed Toichi Kuroba, and continues to pursue the Pandora gem. A vicious hitman, he possesses limited intelligence, but is always well-armed and often supported by several subordinates.

Connections with Case Closed
While Magic Kaito has always shared a number of elements with Aoyama's later series Case Closed (such as the Tropical Land amusement park), Aoyama did not originally view them as a serious shared universe. When planning a Case Closed storyline in 1997 guest-starring Kaito Kid and Inspector Nakamori (with cameo appearances from Kaito Kuroba in his civilian identity and Aoko Nakamori), he intended for it to be a standalone, with no impact on either series' continuity besides a retroactive origin for Kid's alias. However, the story's unexpected popularity inspired many more Kid appearances throughout Case Closed, and even a Magic Kaito storyline guest-starring a full-grown Jimmy Kudo.

In 2006, Aoyama explicitly tied Kaito's backstory into that of Case Closed, revealing that Toichi Kuroba had not only maintained a rivalry with Booker Kudo as the first Kaito Kid, but tutored both Vivian Kudo and Sharon Vineyard in disguise arts. A 2010 storyline tied the two series closer still, with a Case Closed story introducing Chikage Kuroba's identity as the Phantom Lady immediately followed by a Magic Kaito story explaining her past (as well as the context of Kaito's actions in the present-day).

Despite this, Aoyama has repeatedly stated that the two series exist in separate continuities, in particular citing Akako's sorcery as an element that cannot coexist with Case Closed. He has also denied longstanding fan theories that Snake belongs to the "Black Organization" serving as Case Closed's main antagonists, and maintained that—with the one-time exception of 2012's "Mystery Train" arc—Kaito Kid would not have any story involvement with the latter.

Production
In 1985, having been convinced by university friends to pursue a professional manga career, Aoyama drafted a 40-page one-shot titled Nonchalant Lupin (さりげなく ルパン). This story, inspired by Aoyama's childhood love of mystery and phantom-thief fiction in addition to Zoetrope Studios' The Escape Artist (1982), featured a mischievous teenage magician named Kaito Lupin trying to save his childhood friend Aoko Holmes from corrupt school officials.

Aoyama initially sent Lupin to Kodansha's Weekly Shōnen Magazine, where he met enough approval to win an honorable mention at the thirty-fifth New Manga Awards, but was warned by an editor that his art-style would need modification to "fit" the magazine's general aesthetic if he were hired. The following year, Aoyama approached Shogakukan's Weekly Shōnen Sunday, which made no such stipulations; heartened, Aoyama quickly expanded Lupin into the basis for an ongoing series, renaming its lead characters Kaito Kuroba and Aoko Nakamori and converting its mostly-metaphorical Arsène Lupin motifs into an actual phantom thief identity.

Manga
Written and illustrated by Gosho Aoyama, Magic Kaito has been sporadically serialized in Shogakukan's manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Sunday since June 10, 1987. It was halted in 1988 after two volumes, but new chapters have been occasionally released since then; a third volume was published in 1994, a fourth volume in 2007 and a fifth volume in 2017. In 2011 the first four volumes were republished in "Treasured Editions" from August 15 to December 16. Two versions of each volume were released, one containing a DVD of one of the TV specials. Three more chapters, not yet collected in a volume, were published between April 10 and April 24, 2024.

Outside of Japan, Magic Kaito has been published in China; Hong Kong; Taiwan; South Korea; Thailand; Vietnam; Finland; France; Germany; Italy; and Spain.

Original video animations
Magic Kaito received its first anime adaptation in 2000, with the launch of Case Closed's direct-to-video OVA series: the first of these OVAs adapted "Yaiba VS. Kaito!" (Vol. 3's fifth chapter, originally published in 1989). The fourth, released in 2004, adapted "Crystal Mother" (Vol. 4's first chapter, originally published in 1995).

Between these two OVAs, the Case Closed anime also adapted "Black Star" (Vol. 4's third and fourth chapters, originally published in 1999) as part of its 219th episode, a two-hour special. This occupied roughly one-third of the episode, with the other two-thirds adapting an unrelated Kaito Kid story from the Case Closed manga.

Specials
TMS Entertainment produced twelve animated television specials based on Magic Kaito between 2010 and 2012. All have been directed by Toshiki Hirano, and aired on Nippon Television Network System during Detective Conan's regular time slot. The first three were titled as "Detective Conan Specials" despite the fact that none have had anything to do with the Conan series. The first aired on April 17, 2010.

Television series
A 24-episode anime series titled Magic Kaito 1412 (まじっく快斗1412) was created by A-1 Pictures and aired on NNS from October 4, 2014, to March 28, 2015. The series was announced as a new simulcast beginning with episode 13 on Crunchyroll for audiences in North America.

title: Magic Kaito


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Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Orthogonal

Orthogonal

Please do not edit this page directly if you are not a participant in this case. Comments are very welcome on the Talk page, and will be read, in full. Evidence, no matter who can provide it, is very welcome at /Evidence. Evidence is more useful than comments.

Arbitrators will be working on a proposed decision at /Proposed decision.

Statement of complaint
Orthogonal has engaged in a persistant campaign of harassment against me, beginning with his objection to my arbitration request against Avala, and continuing to the present day. This harassment has largely taken the form of personal attacks against me, many of which can be found on his userpage at User:Orthogonal. Note particularly the section in which he compares me to the Gestapo, his accusations of sysop abuse, and his link at the top about a "farewell" gift, the text of which contains his claim made in IRC that I am a kiddie fascist with training wheels on my jackboots. Less severe, but still troubling, is the entire rest of his page, which is, at this point, mostly about his criticism and dislike of me. Indeed, this seems to summarize his entire Wikipedia interaction these days. Virtually all he does is attack me and make votes on RFA in which he sarcastically remarks that it's so easy to remove sysops, so why not promote people.

Although his userpage indicates that he has departed, this appears to be complete fiction. Less than 24 hours after his announced departure, he resurfaced to argue against my using a bot to automate tedious aspects of managing Templates for deletion, making claims that are misleading at best, and lies at worst, such as that I have removed votes opposing my own vote. In defending these claims, he called me "incompetent to run a bot -- or to make any other important decisions for Wikipedia."

An RFC has been attempted at Requests for comment/orthogonal. Mediation was also attempted, but he withdrew from mediation as part of his "departure." To date, despite his accusations of persistent abuse on my part, he has made no efforts whatsoever to settle his dispute with me, and has repeatedly refused suggestions from multiple people that he should start an RfC, or request arbitration if I'm such a systematically abusive sysop. Instead, he directs all attention to his user subpage User:Orthogonal/Snowspinner Time-line, which contains exactly one accusation of abuse, that I blocked User:Robert Brookes for personal attacks. This, apparently, is my pattern of persistant sysop abuse.

Orthogonal's campaign against me has, with his refusal to allow me to run a bot to automate a simple and tedious task, effectively forced me into indefinite wikibreak, simply because I cannot handle this level of abuse. I request action against this user so that I can get back to work on the project. Snowspinner 15:44, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

Status of Mediation
''Note: this case was accepted for mediation, but has been archived after the mediation was inactive due to lack of action by the disputants and the case was listed here. see Requests_for_mediation/Archive_10 for more information.''  16:53, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Statement by affected party

 * Given that much of Snowspinner's official actions of that I object to, Snowspinner has justified by quoting Raul654, , and given that Snowspinner, after announcing that my "harassment" had caused him to leave Wikipedia , may have conferred with Raul654 , and given that Raul654 is a member of the Arbitration Committee, I wonder if Raul654 might consider it in the best interests of Wikipedia to avoid any appearance of impropriety (not that I think there is any collusion) by recusing himself from this matter? -- orthogonal 17:39, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

While I do not think I have "harassed" Snowspinner, as a reasonable person could construe my statements at as a personal attack on Snowspinner, and as Wikipedia has a Policy of No personal attacks, and as I have long argued that Policy should be adhered to without "fear or favor" and without exception, I ask that the Arbitration Committee enforce that Policy by banning me from Wikipedia, along with whatever other sanctions it feels are required to enforce that Policy or any others.

(To be frank, I had intended to leave Wikipedia for reasons unrelated to Wikipedia and having to do entirely with my personal life, so I will not pretend this is a great hardship -- the practical results will be the same --, nor do I see myself or do I wish others to see me as any sort of martyr; but I would be being a hypocrite if advocated rule by Policy and not Personality, without also insisting that Policy should apply to myself as well.)

-- orthogonal 03:16, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrators' opinions on hearing this matter (3/0/2/0)

 * 1) Accept. Previous steps in the dispute process have clearly not resolved the dispute. →Raul654 17:02, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC) - Recuse. I think orgthogonal makes a good point, although I still strongly encourage other members of the arbcom to take the case. →Raul654 20:28, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) [Accept.] Fred Bauder 17:24, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Accept. James F. (talk) 18:16, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Recuse, owing to prior attempts to settle the dispute outside my role as arbitrator. Jwrosenzweig 20:09, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Accept. Nohat 20:21, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Motion to close
User:Orthogonal has apparently permanently left Wikipedia. Therefore, subject to reactivation should he return I move we close this case.

 * 1) Fred Bauder 23:38, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) James F. (talk) 08:30, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Martin 14:47, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) The Cunctator 21:41, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC) The record here and the related documentation is important to keep around, because it exposes the extraordinary difficulty of community self-policing when members are unable to assume good faith with each other. In such cases, there can be no truly just resolutions.


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Edward Gorey House

The Edward Gorey House, also known as the Elephant House, is the home on Cape Cod in which Edward Gorey—author, illustrator, puppeteer, and playwright—lived and worked from 1986 until his death in 2000. The house currently serves as a museum celebrating Gorey's life and work.

Gorey had a respect and passion for animals, cats in particular. The activities of the house, from art education to interactive exhibits, reflect Gorey's support of animal welfare.

Description
Gorey collected all sorts of objects; some of them discarded objects found at the side of the road. He arranged and displayed such items on his porch and in the rooms of the house. He also had a large collection of books and an overflowing library.

Elephant House is also notable for the presence of a large southern magnolia tree in its yard, a species not usually found so far north.

Gallery
The Museum has a display of the Edward Gorey binding project.

Preservation
A 2002 grant from the Highland Street Foundation allowed the house to be purchased and the museum to be established.

title: Edward Gorey House


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Roy Owen West

Roy Owen West (October 27, 1868 – November 29, 1958) was a Chicago politician who served as U.S. Secretary of the Interior from 1928 until 1929 in President Calvin Coolidge's cabinet.

Biography
West was born in Georgetown, Illinois, on October 27, 1868, the son of Helen Anna Yapp and Pleasant West. He graduated from DePauw University and was the admitted to the Illinois bar in 1890. West served as assistant attorney for the Cook County, Illinois and then as city attorney for Chicago. In 1898, West was elected to the Chicago Board of Review.

West formed a close political alliance with future Governor of Illinois Charles S. Deneen. West served as the Secretary to the GOP National Committee from 1924 until 1928. President Coolidge appointed West United States Secretary of the Interior from 1928 until before Hoover's inauguration in 1929, but after his cabinet service, West returned to Illinois. He was a member of the National Methodist Board of Education from 1936 to 1940. During World War II, West worked as a federal hearing officer for conscientious objector cases.

He died in Chicago, Illinois, and was buried in Rosehill Cemetery there. The Roy O. West Library at DePauw University was named for him.

title: Roy Owen West


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Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Orthogonal/Proposed decision

all proposed

Arbitrators should vote for or against each point or vote to abstain.
 * Only items that receive a majority aye vote will be enacted.
 * Items that receive a majority nay vote will be formally rejected.
 * Items that do not receive a majority aye or nay vote will be open to possible amendment by any Arbitrator if he so chooses. After the amendment process is complete, the item will be voted on one last time.
 * Items that receive a majority abstentions will need to go through an amendment process and be re-voted on once.

Conditional votes for, against, or to abstain should be explained by the Arbitrator in parenthesis after his time-stamped signature. For example, an Arbitrator can state that he would only favor a particular remedy based on whether or not another remedy/remedies were enacted.

Proposed temporary orders
1) {text of proposed orders}

 * Aye:

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 * Abstain:

Proposed principles
proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on

1) {text of proposed principle}

 * Aye:

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Proposed findings of fact
proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on

1) {text of proposed finding of fact}

 * Aye:

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Remedies
proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on

1) {text of proposed remedy}

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Enforcement
proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on

1) {text of proposed enforcement}

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Motion to close
Four Aye votes needed to close case


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Woodham Brothers

Woodham Brothers Ltd is a trading business, based mainly around activities and premises located within Barry Docks, in Barry, South Wales. It is noted globally for its 1960s activity as a scrapyard (hence its colloquial name of Barry Scrapyard), where 297 withdrawn British Railways steam locomotives were sent, from which 213 were rescued for the developing railway preservation movement.

History
Established in 1892 as Woodham & Sons by Albert Woodham, the company was based at Thomson Street, Barry. The company bought old rope, dunnage wood and scrap metal from the ships, boats and marine businesses which used the newly created Barry Docks, which it then resold or scrapped.

Albert retired in 1947, when his youngest son, Dai, was demobbed from the British Army after World War II. Dai renamed the business Woodham Brothers Ltd in 1953, creating four lines of business under four separate companies, which between them employed 200 people: Woodham Brothers, Woodham Transport, Woodham Marine and Woodham Metals.

1955 Modernisation Plan/Beeching Report
As a result of the 1955 Modernisation Plan the decision was made by the British Railways Board in the late 1950s to:
 * accelerate the move to diesel- and electric-powered trains, consequently leading to the scrapping of 16,000 steam locomotives
 * reduce the wagon fleet from 1.25 million to 600,000

The strategy chosen to replace the steam locomotive fleet initially involved the replacement of steam shunting and branch line locomotives with diesel-electric traction, and the movement of the replaced small steam locomotives to the major railway works for scrapping. In 1958 the British Transport Commission reappraised the speed of the programme, and the decision was taken to accelerate the disposal of the steam fleet. Although the capacity of the locomotive works was considerable, as a result of the 1958 acceleration the amount of storage and technical scrapping capability of the works became stretched. The British Railways Board decided to out-source via tender to selected scrap merchants the work of scrapping the steam locomotives.

Woodhams scrapyard
By the mid-1950s, Woodham Brothers was trading mainly as a scrap metal merchants, producing high quality scrap metal for the newly nationalised steel industry. Dai Woodham, as a result of the British Rail decision, negotiated a contract in 1957 to scrap metal mainly from the Western Region, covering like other scrap merchants the easily handled railway line and rolling stock; the more complex steam locomotives were to be handled solely by the railway works. As none of the many South Wales-based scrap merchants knew how long the work from scrapping the short-wheelbase coal wagons from the former South Wales coalfield would last, they all chose to scrap these first.

Each lot of metal was bought at an auction as a piece of rolling stock or infrastructure, with each lot having a priority for scrapping as detailed by British Railways. Woodham's premises which were based at Barry Docks, agreed an extended lease with the British Transport Docks Board, over the former marshalling yards of the almost redundant Barry Docks, close to what were the locomotives works of the former Barry Railway Company close to Barry Island. This allowed them to store large quantities of rolling stock that they had bought from British Railways, before they were scrapped.

The 1958 decision resulted in Woodham Brothers winning a tender to scrap locomotives, and in 1959 Dai Woodham went to Swindon Works for a week to learn how to scrap steam locomotives: "It was a completely different job from what we were used to." On 25 March 1959, the first batch of engines was despatched from Swindon to Barry: GWR 2-6-0's numbers 5312/60/92/97 and a single 2-6-2T Prairie tank, 3170 a week later.

However, on delivery of both scrap rail and rolling stock, Woodham's found that commercially it was easier to both comply with the contract terms and conditions and turn a profit if they concentrated on the easier to scrap rail profile and rolling stock. There was also at least ten times the volume of wagons, which took up more space and reduced Woodham's capacity to bid on more contracts. Hence it was agreed internally to leave the more difficult locomotives until later, perhaps picking up the work when the volume of rolling stock and railway line abated.

From mid-1964, Woodham Brothers won additional contracts to scrap Southern Region stock, and as a result expanded their Barry Docks yard leases to cover more of the former marshalling yards. In 1965, 65 locomotives had arrived at the scrapyard, of which 28 were scrapped, but the additional volume of Southern rail, wagons and brake vans meant that the autumn of 1965 was the last year that mass-scrapping of steam locomotives occurred at Woodham Brothers. Dai Woodham continued to purchase steam locomotives until the end of steam, bringing total purchases by August 1968 to 297 locomotives, including four Austerity saddle tanks acquired from the Longmoor Military Railway, of which 217 then remained at the Barry scrapyard. The scrapyard continued to purchase withdrawn steam locomotives until the end of steam with the last ones to enter the yard including LMS 8Fs No. 48151 and No. 48305, LNER B1 No. 61264, BR Class 4 Moguls No. 76077/79/84, and BR 9F No. 92212. All of them eventually left the scrapyard.

Preservation centre
The rows of redundant steam locomotives were a picturesque sight for holidaymakers travelling to Barry Island, and became a centre for pilgrimage for steam enthusiasts from the emerging steam railway preservation movement.

While there was still a significant number of steam locomotives in the yard, railway preservationists began buying the better examples from the late 1960s in order to restore them to working order. The first locomotive to be the subject of a rescue appeal was GWR 4300 Class 5322, which eventually did leave Barry in March 1969, becoming the third locomotive to leave, but the first to be bought and actually moved from the yard was Midland Railway 3835 Class No. 43924 in September 1968. The engine was taken on by the 4F Locomotive Society, and the engine now resides at the Worth Valley Railway.

However, this did not stop the engines from being scrapped as a whole, as in 1972, 4MT Mogul No. 76080 was cut up and the following year, 2884 class No. 3817 was cut up as well.

Under the terms of the contract from British Rail, Woodhams could not sell complete locomotives onwards that had been sold to them for scrap, unless payment of a levy was made. Woodham's set the price for each locomotive at its exact scrap value (each type had an exact metal content breakdown from BR, so this was simply taken and multiplied by that day's scrap rate for each metal component), plus the BR levy; with the sale price completed by the addition of Value Added Tax, initially set at 10% but raised to 15% in 1979. For most of the time that locomotives were being 'rescued' from Barry, it became accepted commercial practice by the company for preservation groups to pay a deposit for a particular locomotive, which was then protected/reserved until the group could pay for the locomotive in full and arrange transport.

Initially, locomotives were both mostly complete and able to move easily, although British Rail only allowed them to be towed by one of their own diesels, accompanied by a brake van to act as extra braking. Purchased locomotives were hence moved to a holding siding, inspected by British Rail, and then attached to a special train direct to the purchaser's site. However, after some minor incidents involving overheated axle boxes due to a lack of lubrication, BR banned movement by rail from 1976, and all locomotives were thereafter transported out by road to the M4 motorway.

The movement of locomotives to the holding sidings for inspection was also an issue, due to the deteriorating condition of the track in Woodham's yard. With the need to occasionally move locomotives in order to retrieve another which had been purchased for preservation, derailments would sometimes occur due to the poor state of the track. As Woodham's lacked the necessary equipment to re-rail the locomotives, it was easier to simply cut part of the derailed wheelset away, allowing the movement of the affected locomotive to continue. During this period, Woodham's also began scrapping locomotive tenders with the intention of then re-selling the rolling tender frames to other users. The majority of these frames were purchased by the Duport Steelworks at Briton Ferry for conversion to ingot carriers.

From the start of locomotive preservation, owners were allowed to remove components from similar types of locomotives to make up a complete kit of bits, on the condition that the donor locomotive was not reserved and that no substantial damage was incurred in removing the parts. However, this policy combined with ease of access to the extensive yards resulted in petty pilfering and trophy/memorabilia collection in the early years, to mass criminal activity. Although Woodham's had allowed weekend working parties to access reserved locomotives, by 1981 illegal removal of valuable scrap had got so bad that Woodham's employed a 24-hour security guard team, and a total ban was placed on weekend working parties.

Barry Steam Locomotive Action Group
As the number of locomotives dropped below 100, the number of wagons coming for scrap also slowed, making it more likely that Woodham's would return to scrapping steam locomotives. Following a meeting of interested parties on 10 February 1979 the Barry Steam Locomotive Action Group was formed with the aim of putting potential purchasers and Woodham Brothers together, as well as funders and financial contributors. BSLAG undertook basic surveys of the remaining locomotives, listing types and conditions and acting as a media liaison point.

However, during the summer of 1980 BR were unable to offer any quantity of redundant wagons to Woodham's for scrap. Rather than lay off staff, Dai Woodham authorized the scrapping of two steam locomotives, BR Standard Class 9F No. 92085, and GWR 5101 Class No. 4156. By August, more former steel coal wagons had been delivered to the yard, making 4156 and 92085 the last locomotives to be broken up at Barry.

Locomotives scrapped at Woodham Brothers scrapyard
While most steam locomotives made it out of Barry Scrapyard, some were scrapped from 1958 to 1980 and all of the diesel engines, 4 in total, that entered the yard were scrapped, despite some attempts to preserve them.

 * 2 × GWR 1366 Class: 1367, 1368

GWR 1400 Class No. 1428 was believed to have been sold to Woodham Bros., but in fact it was actually sold to J. O. Williams of Barry and cut up at their yard.

 * 1 × GWR 2884 Class: 3817 (scrapped 1973)

 * 1 × GWR 3150 Class: 3170

 * 8 × GWR 4300 Class: 5312, 5345, 5355, 5360, 5392, 5397, 6331, 6334

 * 2 × GWR 4500 Class: 4550, 4559

 * 8 × GWR 4575 Class: 4594, 5504, 5510, 5514, 5546, 5547, 5557, 5558

 * 4 × GWR 5101 Class: 4156 (scrapped 1980), 4157, 4164, 5182

 * 3 × GWR 5400 Class: 5407, 5417, 5422

 * 4 × GWR 5600 Class: 5651, 5669, 6621, 6696

 * 12 × GWR 5700 Class: 3727, 3794, 5794, 6753, 7702, 7712, 7719, 7722, 7723, 7725, 7758, 8749

 * 1 × GWR 6100 Class: 6115

 * 1 × GWR 6400 Class: 6406

 * 1 × GWR 7200 Class: 7226

 * 17 × GWR 9400 Class: 8419, 8473, 8475, 8479, 9436, 9438, 9439, 9443, 9445, 9449, 9459, 9462, 9468, 9491, 9492, 9496, 9499

 * 7 × Hunslet Austerity 0-6-0ST:106/75040 Spyck, 108, 119, 130, 164, 178/75277 Foligno, 203

 * 2 × LSWR Class S15: 30512, 30844

 * 2 × SR West Country and Battle of Britain classes: 34045 Ottery St Mary, 34094 Mortehoe

 * 2 × LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-2T: 41248, 41303

 * 1 × BR Standard Class 4 2-6-0: 76080 (scrapped 1972)

 * 1 × BR Standard Class 4 2-6-4T: 80067

 * 2 × BR Standard Class 9F: 92085 (scrapped 1980), 92232

 * 1 × British Rail Class 15:D8206

 * 1 × British Rail Class 21 (NBL):D6122 (scrapped 1980)

 * 2 × British Rail Class 41 (Warship Class):D600 Active (scrapped 1970), D601 Ark Royal (scrapped 1980)

Final engines
Woodham Brothers continued dealing as scrap metal merchants, and continued scrapping locomotives on behalf of British Railways. These included some of the earlier types of diesels ahead of the remaining steam locomotive stock. British Rail Class 21 No. D6122 was the last of its class to survive, arriving in August 1968 and cut up by Woodhams in 1980 because no one wanted to buy it.

After Dai Woodham announced that he was going to retire, a concerted effort was made to clear the remaining hulks. One result of this was that ten locomotives, known as the Barry Ten, were taken on by the Vale of Glamorgan Council and stored in 'scrapyard' condition. All under the care of the Barry Tourist Railway, eight locomotives are still in Barry only a few hundred yards away from where they were removed, while two are under restoration at different locations around the country. GWR 4575 Class No. 5553 was the last steam engine to leave Woodham Brothers, in January 1990 for the West Somerset Railway. The last member of the Barry 10 GWR 2800 Class No. 2861 left the yard in May 2013 for the Llangollen Railway.

A total of 213 locomotives were 'rescued' from Woodham's yard and many have been restored from 1968 to 1990. By March 2019, 151 ex-Barry locomotives had been restored to working order (the 149th, 150th, and 151st, being BR Standard Class 4 2-6-4T No. 80097, GWR 6959 Class No. 6989 Wightwick Hall, and BR Standard Class 9F No. 92134 respectively   ), although many of these have since been withdrawn for overhaul and are out of use or awaiting further work.

In the early 1970s, Dai Woodham started building what are now called the Romily Units at the Woodham Road site on No.2 Dock, Barry Docks, for the purpose of giving local business-people access to cheap industrial units. By 1987 he had managed to build up the site to contain 23 industrial units to rent, ranging in size from to 2488 to 4145 sqft, with access to the docks, the railway and the M4 motorway. The main Woodham Brothers business continues to be these industrial units.

In popular culture
On their 2008 debut album, London band Silvery released "Warship Class", a song about a childhood trip to the scrapyard in search of the remaining British Rail Class 41 (Warship Class) locomotive - D601 - 'Ark Royal'.

One of the engines rescued, and arguably the most famous one of them all, from Barry Scrapyard is GWR 4900 Class No. 5972 Olton Hall, which was rescued in 1981, restored to working order in 1998, and became a pop culture icon in the 2000s for being a part of the Harry Potter films.

Several books have been published about the area, its history, and Dai Woodham's work in railway preservation.

title: Woodham Brothers


text:
Big Thing (Duran Duran album)

Big Thing is the fifth studio album by the English rock band Duran Duran. It was released on 17 October 1988 by EMI Records. Produced by the band, Jonathan Elias and Daniel Abraham, it continued the sonic musical change the band explored with their previous album Notorious (1986).

Unlike Notorious which was funk and R&B oriented, Big Thing strives for a more diverse approach. Side 1 consists of intense techno tracks with synthesized bass lines and rhythmic guitar riffs, while Side 2 leans towards a more avant-garde feel with a post modern atmosphere. The band features drummer Sterling Campbell and guitarist Warren Cuccurullo, who previously started work with the band on Notorious after the departure of Andy Taylor. Both would become members of the group in 1989.

The album was a moderate commercial success, reaching number 15 on the UK Albums Chart and number 24 on the US Billboard 200. The album received mixed reviews by critics, but some praised the experimental compositions and the band's evolving musical style. The album would be spearheaded by two top 20 hits: the first, "I Don't Want Your Love," which went to number 14 in the UK and number 4 in the US, with the second single "All She Wants Is" reaching number 9 in the UK and number 22 in the US, the last of Duran Duran's top 10 hits during the 1980s.

Like Notorious, the album would develop a cult following for the band's changing musical direction. A CD reissue (with one bonus track) was released in 1994. The album was reissued again by EMI in 2010.

Singles

 * 1) "I Don't Want Your Love" (September 1988) #14 UK, #4 US
 * 2) "All She Wants Is" (December 1988) #9 UK, #22 US
 * 3) "Do You Believe in Shame?" (April 1989) #30 UK, #72 US

Promotional singles

 * 1) "Official Bootleg: LSD Edit" (as the Krush Brothers)
 * 2) "Big Thing" (UK and Mexico only)
 * 3) "Too Late Marlene" (Brazil only)

1988 original release
All songs written and arranged by Duran Duran

As neither of the UK CDs show the track listings the difference between them can be identified by the catalogue numbers. These are:
 * 0777 7 909582 7 (UK: CDDDB 33) Original 12 track CD
 * 0777 7 898342 2 (UK: CDPRG 1007) 1994 reissue with bonus track

2010 reissue

 * "Drug" as included here is actually the Daniel Abraham mix included on previous releases, which is how the song was originally meant to be included on the album. The version which appeared on the original album, remixed by Joe Dworniak and Duncan Bridgeman, is included on disc two, labelled "remix".

 * Tracks 3, 9 and 12 are previously unreleased.

Japanese bonus disc
Toshiba EMI also released Big Thing in a two-disc set, which featured not only the complete album, but a five-song live CD, Previously released as Duran Goes Dutch (US promo EP, 1987):

 * 1) "Notorious" (live)
 * 2) "Vertigo (Do the Demolition)" (live)
 * 3) "New Religion" (live)
 * 4) "Hungry Like the Wolf" (live)
 * 5) "American Science" (live)

Personnel
Duran Duran
 * Simon Le Bon – lead vocals
 * Nick Rhodes – keyboards
 * John Taylor – bass guitars

Additional musicians
 * Warren Cuccurullo – guitars (tracks: 1, 4, 6, 9, 11, 12)
 * Steve Ferrone – drums (tracks: 1, 2, 4, 6, 9)
 * Chester Kamen – guitars (tracks: 2, 3)
 * Sterling Campbell – drums (tracks 3, 5, 7, 12)

Technical
 * Jonathan Elias – co-producer
 * Daniel Abraham – co-producer and mixer
 * Ted Jensen – mastering

title: Big Thing (Duran Duran album)


text:
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text:
Roy West

Roy West may refer to:

 * Roy Owen West (1868–1958), Chicago politician and U.S. Secretary of the Interior
 * Roy West (footballer) (1941–2011), Australian rules footballer

title: Roy West


text:
Ian Tyson

Ian Dawson Tyson (25 September 1933 – 29 December 2022) was a Canadian singer-songwriter who wrote several folk songs, including "Four Strong Winds" and "Someday Soon", and performed with partner Sylvia Tyson as the duo Ian & Sylvia.

Early life and education
Ian Dawson Tyson was born on 25 September 1933, in Victoria, British Columbia to George and Margaret Tyson. His father George was an insurance salesman and polo enthusiast who emigrated from England in 1906. Growing up in Duncan, British Columbia, he learned to ride horses on his father's farm, and eventually became a rodeo rider in his late teens and early twenties. He took up the guitar while in hospital recovering from a broken ankle sustained in a rodeo accident. Fellow Canadian country artist Wilf Carter was a musical influence. He graduated from the Vancouver School of Art in 1958.

Career
After graduation, Tyson moved to Toronto where he began a job as a commercial artist. There he performed in local clubs and in 1959 began to sing on occasion with Sylvia Fricker. By early 1959 Tyson and Fricker were performing part-time at the Village Corner as Ian & Sylvia. The pair became a full-time musical act in 1961 and married three years later. In 1969, they formed and fronted the group The Great Speckled Bird. Residing in southern Alberta, the Tysons toured all over the world. During their years together, the pair released 13 albums of folk and country music.

From 1970 to 1975, Tyson hosted a national television program, The Ian Tyson Show, on CTV, known as Nashville North in its first season. Sylvia Tyson and the Great Speckled Bird appeared often in the series.

In 1980, Tyson became associated with Calgary music manager and producer Neil MacGonigill. Tyson decided to concentrate on country and cowboy music, resulting in the well-received 1983 album Old Corrals and Sagebrush, released on Columbia Records.

In 1989, Tyson was inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame. His next albums were cowboy music: I Outgrew the Wagon (1989), And Stood There Amazed (1991), and Eighteen Inches of Rain (1994). Tyson credited Adrian Chornowol with creating a unique sound for his platinum album "Cowboyography", a unique style that he maintained for the rest of his recording career.

In 2005, CBC Radio One listeners chose his song "Four Strong Winds" as the greatest Canadian song of all time on the series 50 Tracks: The Canadian Version. There was strong momentum for him to be nominated the Greatest Canadian, but he fell short. He has been a strong influence on many Canadian artists, including Neil Young, who recorded "Four Strong Winds" for Comes a Time (1978). Johnny Cash would also record the same song for American V: A Hundred Highways (2006). Judy Collins recorded a version of his song "Someday Soon" in 1968.

Bob Dylan and the Band recorded his song "One Single River" in Woodstock, New York, in 1967. The recording can be found on the unreleased Genuine Basement Tapes, vol. I.

In 2006, Tyson sustained irreversible scarring to his vocal cords as a result of a concert at the Havelock Country Jamboree followed a year later by a virus contracted during a flight to Denver. This resulted in a notable loss of the vocal quality and range he was known for; he has self-described his new sound as "gravelly". Notwithstanding, he released the album From Yellowhead to Yellowstone and Other Love Stories in 2008 to high critical praise. He was nominated for a 2009 Canadian Folk Music Award for Solo Artist of the Year. The album includes a song about Canadian hockey broadcasting icon Don Cherry and the passing of his wife, Rose, a rare Tyson cover written by Toronto songwriter Jay Aymar.

Sylvia joined Ian to sing their signature song, "Four Strong Winds", at the 50th anniversary of the Mariposa Folk Festival on 11 July 2010, in Orillia, Ontario.

Tyson has also written a book of young adult fiction about his song "La Primera", called La Primera: The Story of Wild Mustangs.

Personal life
Tyson's first marriage, to his musical partner Sylvia Fricker, ended in an amicable divorce in 1975. Their son Clay (Clayton Dawson Tyson, born 1966 ) was also a musical performer and has since moved to a career modifying racing bikes.

After the divorce, Tyson returned to southern Alberta to farm and train horses but also continued his musical career on a limited basis. In 1978, Neil Young recorded "Four Strong Winds", and Tyson used the royalties for a down payment on a cattle and horse ranch. He started playing regularly at Calgary's Ranchman's Club around this time.

Tyson's autobiography, The Long Trail: My Life in the West, was published in 2010. Co-written with Calgary journalist Jeremy Klaszus, the book "alternates between autobiography and a broader study of [Tyson's] relationship to the 'West' – both as a fading reality and a cultural ideal." CBC's Michael Enright said the book is like Tyson himself – "straightforward, unglazed and honest."

Ian Tyson married Twylla Dvorkin in 1986. Their daughter Adelita Rose was born c. 1987. Tyson's second marriage ended in divorce in early 2008, several years after he and Dvorkin had separated.

A book by John Einarson, Four Strong Winds: Ian & Sylvia, was published in 2012. A few years later, Ian said that Evinia Pulos (Bruce) was his "soulmate"; since she lived in Kelowna, a city in south central British Columbia, he said that he was unable to see her often. "We’ve been lovers for 55 years. ... How many people can say that?" Tyson said. In 2018, Tyson made concert appearances in British Columbia and Alberta. His website indicated that in 2019, he was to make two concert appearances, one in Calgary and the other in Bragg Creek, Alberta.

Death
Tyson died at his ranch near Longview, Alberta, on 29 December 2022, at the age of 89. According to his manager Paul Mascioli, this followed several health issues, including a heart attack and open heart surgery in 2015.

Awards and recognition
Tyson became a Member of the Order of Canada in October 1994 and was inducted into the Alberta Order of Excellence in 2006. In 2003, Tyson received a Governor General's Performing Arts Award.

Tyson's 1987 album Cowboyography contained two songs that were later chosen by the Western Writers of America as among the Top 100 Western Songs of all time: "Navajo Rug" and "Summer Wages".

He was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame, with Sylvia, in 1992.

Ian Tyson was inducted into the Mariposa Hall of Fame, with Sylvia, in 2006

He was inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame in 1989. (Sylvia Tyson was inducted in 2003.)

The song "Four Strong Winds", written by Ian Tyson, was named as the greatest Canadian song of all time by the CBC-Radio program 50 Tracks: The Canadian Version in 2005.

An announcement in July 2019 stated that Ian Tyson and Sylvia Tyson would be inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame, individually, not as a duo. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation article stated that "the duo's 1964's hit, 'Four Strong Winds', has been deemed one of the most influential songs in Canadian history". The report also referenced the song "You Were on My Mind", written by Sylvia Tyson, as well as her four albums (1975–1980).

Tribute recordings
A tribute CD to Ian Tyson, The Gift, was released in 2007 on Stony Plain Records featuring "Someday Soon" done by Doug Andrew with Buddy Cage on pedal steel guitar (Buddy played in Great Speckled Bird), "Four Strong Winds" recorded by Blue Rodeo, plus another 13 of Tyson's best known songs done by major folk and country artists. The album is titled after a song of Tyson's, which itself is a tribute to Charles Marion Russell.

title: Ian Tyson


text: User talk:200.14.206.166

title: User talk:200.14.206.166


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Peter W. Gray

Peter W. Gray (December 12, 1819 – October 3, 1874) was an American lawyer, judge, and legislator from Texas. He represented Texas in the Confederate House of Representatives, and briefly served on the Texas Supreme Court.

Early life
Gray was born to William Fairfax Gray and Mary "Millie" (Stone) Gray in Fredericksburg, Virginia on December 12, 1819. In 1838, he moved to Houston, Texas, with his parents and siblings. He read law with his father and was admitted to the bar.

Career
After his father died, Gray was appointed Houston’s District Attorney on April 24, 1841, remaining in the job until Texas became a state in 1845. He also served the city of Houston as an Alderman and on the local board of health.

Gray was elected to the House of Representatives in the first Texas state legislature in 1846, then authored the first procedural code in Texas.

In 1848 he founded the Houston Lyceum, which later became the Houston Public Library. He was elected to the Texas State Senate in 1854, then served as a State District Court Judge from 1856 to 1861.

In 1861, Gray attended the Texas State Secession Convention, and voted to leave the union. In November that year, he was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives. After the war he returned to his law practice in Houston, Gray, Botts & Baker. In 1874 he quit his practice upon being appointed as an associate justice of the Texas Supreme Court, but served only a few months before resigning due to declining health.

Death and legacy
Gray died at home in Houston of tuberculosis, and is buried in the Glenwood Cemetery in Houston. He was an active Episcopalian and a Mason. Gray County, Texas, is named in his honor.

title: Peter W. Gray


text:
User talk:JUDITH DEMERS

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

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Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:JUDITH DEMERS


text:
Yaiba

Yaiba (stylized as Y∀IBA) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Gosho Aoyama. It was serialized in Shogakukan's manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Sunday from September 1988 to December 1993, with its chapters collected in twenty-four  volumes. It was adapted into a 52-episode anime television series titled Kenyū Densetsu Yaiba, aired on TV Tokyo from April 1993 to April 1994. A second anime adaptation has been announced.

By May 2024, the manga had over 17 million copies in circulation. In 1993, Yaiba received the 38th Shogakukan Manga Award for the category.

Story
Yaiba Kurogane is an adventuring boy who knows how to be a samurai and little else. Yaiba lives with his father, Kenjurou, in the forest. One day, while Yaiba was eating, a troop of gorillas came to attack. Yaiba and his father escaped and hid inside a box, but they did not know that the box was full of pineapples and was going to be transported into the city. In the city, Yaiba finds out that he is a legendary warrior and has to fight the evil of a demonic looking high-school student named Takeshi Onimaru.

The people that Yaiba meets along his journey to become a true samurai encourage him, train him, or inspire him to greatness, though at heart he is still a child, and his incredible skill with a sword is matched only by his kindness towards his friends. Though he tends to leap before he looks, and his thick-headedness tends to turn potential allies into enemies, his friends soon clobber him, and salvage the situation. This unlikely group embarks on a host of incredible adventures where they meet legendary figures from Japanese history, and finally overcome impossible odds, and put everything on the line, to save the entire planet from a threat not of this world.

Manga
Written and illustrated by Gosho Aoyama, Yaiba was serialized in Shogakukan's manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Sunday from September 7, 1988, to December 1, 1993. Shogakukan collected its chapters in twenty-four volumes, released between April 18, 1989, and February 18, 1994. Shogakukan republished the series in a 10-volume edition from December 14, 2001, to August 10, 2002. Shogakukan launched a second edition of the original 24-volume from July 15, 2004, to April 18, 2005.

Anime
An 52-episode anime television series, titled Kenyū Densetsu Yaiba (剣勇伝説YAIBA), produced by Pastel, aired on TV Tokyo from April 9, 1993, to April 1, 1994. The opening and ending theme songs were performed by Kabuki Rocks; "Yuuki ga Areba" (勇気があれば) and "Shinjigakunaki Tatakai" (神智学無き戦い) respectively.

A second anime adaptation, with supervision from Aoyama, was announced in Weekly Shōnen Sunday on May 8, 2024.

Reception
By May 2024, the manga had over 17 million copies in circulation. In 1993, Yaiba, along Ghost Sweeper Mikami, received the 38th Shogakukan Manga Award for the category.

title: Yaiba


text:
La Vespière

La Vespière is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of La Vespière-Friardel.

title: La Vespière


text:
The Paradise Motel

The Paradise Motel are an independent Australian rock band that formed in Hobart, Tasmania. In 1994, they relocated to Melbourne and issued two albums on Mushroom Records, Still Life (1996) and Flight Paths (1998). After relocating to the United Kingdom, they released a third, Reworkings (1999), before disbanding in early 2000. The group reformed in January 2008 and released the albums, Australian Ghost Story (2010), I Still Hear Your Voice at Night (2011) and Oh Boy (2013).

1994–1998: Formation and early releases
The Paradise Motel were formed in Hobart, Tasmania with Matt Aulich on electric guitar, Matt Bailey on bass guitar and Charles Bickford on acoustic guitar. After playing one concert at Kaos Cafe they relocated to Melbourne in 1995. Mérida Sussex, who worked in the St Kilda Public Library, joined on lead vocals. Their line-up was completed by Mark "BJ" Austin on Hammond organ and Tim O'Shannassy on drums. O'Shannassy had replaced a "succession of other percussionists [who] had passed through" the band.

Their first Melbourne concert was on Valentine's Day 1995 at the Carlton Movie House, beginning a penchant for performing at atypical venues. They joined Bruce Milne's management company, The Shining Path, and signed to Mushroom Records which, in 1996, released their début six-track extended play, Left Over Life to Kill, via the label's offshoot, Infectious Records.

"The band have managed to polarise critical opinions as to the worth of its dramatic, haunting, minor key soundscapes. Some declared The Paradise Motel to be the most interesting new band of 1996, others found them insufferably pretentious and solemn."

Left Over Life to Kill was variously described as "An assured and extremely vivid piece of music", "In 25 minutes they might very well change the way you listen to music, 9.5/10", and "Possibly the finest début EP by a band in Australian music history". McFarlane felt it "contained a number of melancholy pieces" typified by "German Girl", "Ashes" and "North of God". Left Over Life to Kill reached No. 2 on the Australian Alternative Charts, and became one of the highest selling alternative releases of 1996. A second EP, Some Deaths Take Forever, followed – titled from graffito seen at the Brisbane venue, The Zoo. This EP has remixes of two tracks and out-takes from Left Over Life to Kill, and a cover version of The Triffids' song "Raining Pleasure"; it was produced by the band. 2,000 hand-numbered copies were pressed and soon sold out. The cover art on these EPs and some subsequent releases maintained a stylistic uniformity, reminiscent of Penguin Books' Penguin Classics series. In September 1996 the group toured nationally supporting Tex Perkins.

Early in 1997 The Paradise Motel issued their first full-length album, Still Life. Early editions featured an accompanying bonus disc, Junk Mail, which consisted of 32-minutes of out-takes. Ahead of the album, in October 1996, they released a single, "Bad Light". It was described as "a perfect example of the band's self-described technique: 'The violence and the silence'". In February 1998 they issued a single, "Heavy Weather", with an attendant film clip. Both highlighted a new lush styling for the band as Mushroom and Infectious Records prepared them for an overseas market. "Calling You" was promoted in the United Kingdom as a CD single. In June they followed with another single, "Derwent River Star", for the Australian market. In January 1998, they supported the band Stereolab, on their Australian tour. In March, they toured the UK supporting indie rock band Grandaddy and Sparklehorse in July.

1998–2000: Move to London and disbandment
In September 1998, The Paradise Motel relocated to the UK and issued their second album, Flight Paths. It indicated a denser production, other singles and a UK tour followed. UK magazine, Melody Maker had described them as "a deliciously unsettling proposition". Mushroom and Infectious Records had the group as their first signing to the London-based branch. After touring Europe they followed with a North American tour supporting Mercury Rev, including at the College Music Journal Festival in New York and the North by Northwest Festival. In March 1999 the band released a cover version of The Cars' 1984 track, "Drive". In October they followed with Reworkings, a compilation of remixes by guests including Mogwai, Mark Eitzel and Echoboy. The remix by Lee Ranaldo, "Lee's Trees" was released as a single. The group continued to play shows in the UK with acts such as The Divine Comedy, Smog and Drugstore, though they released no new material and disbanded in early 2000.

2000–2008: Intervening years
Following the disbandment of The Paradise Motel, Aulich, Sussex, Austin and O'Shannassy remained in the UK. Aulich joined indie band, Drugstore before returning to Australia where he formed an alternative country band, Small Sips, with Bailey and Karl Smith of Sodastream. In 2009, Smith and Bailey formed the Melbourne-based band Lee Memorial. Sussex released a solo album before forming Candy with guitarist and producer Paul Jones. In 2003 Sussex co-founded the Stolen Recordings label with Jones and Rachael Robb.

Austin furthered his studies in architecture and married Gina Morris (ex-NME journalist and ex-member of Stereolab). O'Shannassy completed a Doctorate of Philosophy in music and literature in London, and then taught at a number of colleges in New York. Bickford lived in Melbourne for 12 months, before returning to London where he married publicist and journalist Lauren Zoric in 2004. He joined the London band, Paloma & The Penetrators, playing keyboard behind lead singer Paloma Faith. In 2005 he developed and appeared as the resident expert and co-host on a weekly prime time ITV program, The Golden Lot, co-hosted with Carol Vorderman. Bickford and Zoric returned to Melbourne in 2007.

2008–present: Reunification
In January 2008 The Paradise Motel had reformed with Aulich, Austin, Bickford and Sussex joined by new members Damien Hill on drums and ex-Penthouse bassist Esme MacDonald. They began recording their third studio album, I Still Hear Your Voice at Night however the album was not released until 29 January 2011 due to the suicide of Hill in December. Thematically it was considered an extension of their earlier preoccupations; death, disappearances and the Australian wilderness. After the recording Campbell Shaw joined on violin.

Work on a fourth studio record, Australian Ghost Story began mid-2009, with the addition of drummer Andy Hazel (ex-Tacoma Radar, School of Emotional Engineering and The Ruby Suns). The album concerns the Azaria Chamberlain disappearance and was issued on the 30th anniversary of her birth, 11 June 2010. The album received positive reviews upon its release.

The following album Oh Boy was released in September 2013. It was announced as the second album in a thematic trilogy examining Australian self-criticism and drive for cultural approbation.

Musical style
The Paradise Motel's instrumentation typically features two guitars (acoustic and electric), bass, drums, Hammond organ, pedal steel, and occasional accompaniment from a string quartet. The group was considered to be "sonically adventurous" with their frequent deconstruction and reinterpretation of their own songs. Their aesthetic was one of sparseness and melancholia, punctuated by bursts of manic loudness; or, as they once said in an interview, "the violence and the silence". Their lyrical subjects and vocal style often veered towards the melancholy and macabre. Much of the Paradise Motel's songwriting came from Bickford, whilst Aulich was responsible for most string and instrumental arrangements.

Other appearances

 * Three tracks were used on the Australian TV show, Heartbreak High in 1997 (Season 5): "Ashes" (on "Episode 92"), "German Girl" ("Episode 93") and "Bad Light" ("Episode 103").
 * The Paradise Motel's songs "German Girl" and cover of The Cars' "Drive" appears in the soundtrack to the film, He Died with a Felafel in His Hand.
 * Songs by the band have appeared on several compilation CDs attached to magazines such as NME, Melody Maker and Select.

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

! Ref.
 * 1998
 * Flight Paths
 * Best Adult Alternative Album
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

title: The Paradise Motel