text:
Mugger crocodile

The mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) is a medium-sized broad-snouted crocodile, also known as mugger and marsh crocodile. It is native to freshwater habitats from southern Iran to the Indian subcontinent, where it inhabits marshes, lakes, rivers and artificial ponds. It rarely reaches a body length of 5 m and is a powerful swimmer, but also walks on land in search of suitable waterbodies during the hot season. Both young and adult mugger crocodiles dig burrows to which they retreat when the ambient temperature drops below 5 C or exceeds 38 C. Females dig holes in the sand as nesting sites and lay up to 46 eggs during the dry season. The sex of hatchlings depends on temperature during incubation. Both parents protect the young for up to one year. They feed on insects, and adults prey on fish, reptiles, birds and mammals.

The mugger crocodile evolved at least and has been a symbol for the fructifying and destructive powers of the rivers since the Vedic period. It was first scientifically described in 1831 and is protected by law in Iran, India and Sri Lanka. Since 1982, it has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Outside protected areas, it is threatened by conversion of natural habitats, gets entangled in fishing nets and is killed in human–wildlife conflict situations and in traffic accidents.

Taxonomy and evolution
Crocodilus palustris was the scientific name proposed by René Lesson in 1831 who described the type specimen from the Gangetic plains. In subsequent years, several naturalists and curators of natural history museums described zoological specimens and proposed different names, including:
 * C. bombifrons by John Edward Gray in 1844 for a specimen sent by the Museum of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal to the British Museum of Natural History.
 * C. trigonops also by Gray in 1844 for a young mugger specimen from India.

Evolution
Phylogenetic analysis of 23 crocodilian species indicated that the genus Crocodylus most likely originated in Australasia about. The freshwater crocodile (C. johnstoni) is thought to have been the first species that genetically diverged from the common ancestor of the genus about. The sister group comprising saltwater crocodile (C. porosus), Siamese crocodile (C. siamensis) and mugger crocodile diverged about. The latter diverged from this group about. A paleogenomics analysis indicated that Crocodylus likely originated in Africa and radiated towards Southeast Asia and the Americas, diverging from its closest recent relative, the extinct Voay of Madagascar, around near the Oligocene/Miocene boundary. Within Crocodylus, the mugger crocodile's closest living relatives are the Siamese crocodile and the saltwater crocodile.

Fossil crocodile specimens excavated in the Sivalik Hills closely resemble the mugger crocodile in the shortness of the premaxillae and in the form of the nasal openings. In Andhra Pradesh’s Prakasam district, a 30.6 cm long fossilized skull of a mugger crocodile was found in a volcanic ash bed that probably dates to the late Pleistocene. Crocodylus palaeindicus from late Pliocene sediments in the Sivalik Hills is thought to be an ancestor of the mugger crocodile. Fossil remains of C. palaeindicus were also excavated in the vicinity of Bagan in central Myanmar.

Below cladogram is from a tip dating study, for which morphological, molecular DNA sequencing and stratigraphic fossil age data were simultaneously used to establish the inter-relationships within Crocodylidae. This cladogram was revised in a paleogenomics study.

Characteristics
Mugger crocodile hatchlings are pale olive with black spots. Adults are dark olive to grey or brown. The head is rough without any ridges and has large scutes around the neck that is well separated from the back. Scutes usually form four, rarely six longitudinal series and 16 or 17 transverse series. The limbs have keeled scales with serrated fringes on outer edges, and outer toes are extensively webbed. The snout is slightly longer than broad with 19 upper teeth on each side. The symphysis of the lower jaw extends to the level of the fourth or fifth tooth. The premaxillary suture on the palate is nearly straight or curved forwards, and the nasal bones separate the premaxilla above.

The mugger crocodile is considered a medium-sized crocodilian, but has the broadest snout among living crocodiles. It has a powerful tail and webbed feet. Its visual, hearing and smelling senses are acute. Adult female muggers are 2 to 2.5 m on average; males usually measure 3 to 3.5 m, but rarely reach a length of 5 m. The two largest known muggers measured 5.63 m and were killed in Sri Lanka. One individual weighing 207 kg had a bite force of 7295 N. Large males may reach a weight of 450 kg.

The largest zoological specimen in the British Museum of Natural History measures 3.7 m. One male mugger caught in Pakistan of about 3 m weighed 195 kg.

Distribution and habitat
The mugger crocodile occurs in southern Iran, Pakistan, Nepal, India and Sri Lanka up to an elevation of 420 m. It inhabits freshwater lakes, rivers and marshes, and prefers slow-moving, shallow water bodies. It also thrives in artificial reservoirs and irrigation canals.

In Iran, the mugger occurs along rivers in Sistan and Baluchestan Provinces along the Iran–Pakistan border. A population of around 200 mugger crocodiles lives on the Iranian Makran coast near Chabahar. Due to human activity and a long drought in the late 1990s and early 2000s, it had been pushed to the brink of extinction. Following several tropical cyclones in 2007 and 2010, much of the habitat of the mugger crocodiles has been restored as formerly dry lakes and hamuns were flooded again.

In Pakistan, a small population lives in 21 ponds around Dasht River; in the winter of 2007–08, 99 individuals were counted. By 2017, the population had declined to 25 individuals. In Sindh Province, small mugger populations occur in wetlands of Deh Akro 2 and Nara Desert Wildlife Sanctuaries, near Chotiari Dam, in the Nara Canal and around Haleji lake.

In Nepal's Terai, it occurs in the wetlands of Shuklaphanta and Bardia National Parks, Ghodaghodi Tal, Chitwan National Park and Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve.

In India, it occurs in:
 * Rajasthan along the Chambal, Ken and Son Rivers, and in Ranthambore National Park
 * Gujarat along the Vishwamitri River and several reservoirs and lakes in Kutch
 * Madhya Pradesh's National Chambal Sanctuary
 * Uttarakhand's Rajaji National Park, Corbett Tiger Reserve and Lansdowne Forest Division
 * Uttar Pradesh's Katarniaghat and Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuaries
 * Odisha's Simlipal National Park and along Mahanadi and Sabari Rivers In 2019, 82 individuals were recorded in the river systems of Simlipal National Park.
 * Telangana's Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Maharashtra's Kadavi and Warna Rivers, and Savitri River in Raigad District.
 * Goa's Salaulim Reservoir, Zuari River and in small lakes
 * Karnataka along Kaveri and Kabini Rivers, in the Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary, Nagarhole National Park and Tungabhadra Reservoir
 * Kerala's Parambikulam Reservoir and Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Tamil Nadu's Amaravathi Reservoir, Moyar and Kaveri rivers.

In Sri Lanka, it occurs in Wilpattu, Yala and Bundala National Parks. Between 1991 and 1996, it was recorded in another 102 localities.

In Bangladesh, it was historically present in the northern parts of the Sundarbans, where four to five captive individuals survived in an artificial pond by the 1980s. It is possibly locally extinct in the country. In Bhutan, it became extinct in the late 1960s, but a few captive-bred individuals were released in the Manas River in the late 1990s. It is considered locally extinct in Myanmar.

Behaviour and ecology
The mugger crocodile is a powerful swimmer that uses its tail and hind feet to move forward, change direction and submerge. It belly-walks, with its belly touching ground, at the bottom of waterbodies and on land. During the hot dry season, it walks over land at night to find suitable wetlands and spends most of the day submerged in water. During the cold season it basks on riverbanks, individuals are tolerant of others during this period. Territorial behaviour increases during the mating season.

Like all crocodilians, the mugger crocodile is a thermoconformer and has an optimal body temperature of 30 to 35 C and risks dying of freezing or hyperthermia when exposed to temperatures below 5 C or above 38 C, respectively. It digs burrows to retreat from extreme temperatures and other harsh climatic conditions. Burrows are between 0.6 and 6 m deep, with entrances above the water level and a chamber at the end that is big enough to allow the mugger to turn around. Temperatures inside remains constant at 19.2 to 29 C, depending on region.

Hunting and diet
The mugger crocodile preys on fish, snakes, turtles, birds and mammals including monkeys, squirrels, rodents, otters and dogs. It also scavenges on dead animals. During dry seasons, muggers walk many kilometers over land in search of water and prey. Hatchlings feed mainly on insects such as beetles, but also on crabs and shrimp and on vertebrates later on. It seizes and drags potential prey approaching watersides into the water, when the opportunity arises. Adult muggers were observed feeding on a flapshell turtle and a tortoise. Subadult and adult muggers favour fish, but also prey on small to medium-sized ungulates up to the size of chital (Axis axis). In Bardia National Park, a mugger was observed caching a chital kill beneath the roots of a tree and returning to its basking site. A part of the deer was still wedged among the roots on the next day. Muggers have also been observed while preying and feeding on a python. At the Chambal River, muggers have attacked water buffaloes, cattle and goats. In Yala National Park, a mugger was observed killing a large Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata), of which it devoured pieces over several hours.

Tool use
Mugger crocodiles have been documented using lures to hunt birds. This means they are among the first reptiles recorded to use tools. By balancing sticks and branches on their heads, they lure birds that are looking for nesting material. This strategy is particularly effective during the nesting season.

Reproduction
Female muggers obtain sexual maturity at a body length of around 1.8 - 2.2 m at the age of about 6.5 years, and males at around 2.6 m body length. The reproduction cycle starts earliest in November at the onset of the cold season with courtship and mating. Between February and June, females dig 35 - 56 cm deep holes for nesting between 1 and 2000 m away from the waterside. They lay up to two clutches with 8 –46 eggs each. Eggs weigh 128 g on average. Laying of one clutch usually takes less than half an hour. Thereafter, females scrape sand over the nest to close it. Males have been observed to assist females in digging and protecting nest sites. Hatching season is two months later, between April and June in south India, and in Sri Lanka between August and September. Then females excavate the young, pick them up in their snouts and take them to the water. Both females and males protect the young for up to one year.

Healthy hatchlings develop at a temperature range of 28 - 33 C. Sex ratio of hatched eggs depends on incubation temperature and exposure of nests to sunshine. Only females develop at constant temperatures of 28 - 31 C, and only males at 32.5 C. Percentage of females in a clutch decreases at constant temperatures between 32.6 and 33 C, and of males between 31 and 32.4 C. Temperature in natural nests is not constant but varies between nights and days. Foremost females hatch in natural early nests when initial temperature inside nests ranges between 26.4 and 28.9 C. The percentage of male hatchlings increases in late nests located in sunny sites. Hatchlings are 26 - 31 cm long and weigh 75 g on average when one month old. They grow about 4.25 cm per month and reach a body length of 90 - 170 cm when two years old.

Sympatric predators
The distribution of the mugger crocodile overlaps with that of the saltwater crocodile in a few coastal areas, but it barely enters brackish water and prefers shallow waterways. It is an apex predator in freshwater ecosystems. It is sympatric with the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in the Rapti and Narayani Rivers, in the eastern Mahanadi, and in tributaries of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers.

The Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) occasionally fights mugger crocodiles off prey and rarely preys on adult mugger crocodiles in Ranthambore National Park. The Asiatic lion (Panthera leo leo) sometimes preys on crocodiles on the banks of the Kamleshwar Dam in Gir National Park during dry, hot months.

Threats
The mugger crocodile is threatened by habitat destruction because of conversion of natural habitats for agricultural and industrial use. As humans encroach into its habitat, the incidents of conflict increase. Muggers are entangled in fishing equipment and drown, and are killed in areas where fishermen perceive them as competition. Major wetlands in Pakistan were drained in the 1990s by dams and channels to funnel natural streams and agricultural runoffs into rivers.

In Gujarat, two muggers were found killed, one in 2015 with the tail cut off and internal organs missing; the other in 2017, also with the tail cut off. The missing body parts indicate that the crocodiles were sacrificed in superstitious practices or used as aphrodisiacs. Between 2005 and 2018, 38 mugger crocodiles were victims of traffic accidents on roads and railway tracks in Gujarat; 29 were found dead, four died during treatment, and five were returned to the wild after medical care. In 2017, a dead mugger was found on a railway track in Rajasthan.

Conservation
The mugger crocodile is listed in CITES Appendix I, hence international commercial trade is prohibited. It has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1982. By 2013, less than 8,700 mature individuals were estimated to live in the wild and no population unit to comprise more than 1,000 individuals.

In India, it has been protected since 1972 under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, which prohibits catching, killing and transporting a crocodile without a permit; offenders face imprisonment and a fine. In Sri Lanka, it was listed in Schedule IV of the Fauna & Flora Protection Ordinance in 1946, which allowed for shooting one crocodile with a permit. Today, it is strictly protected, but law enforcement in Sri Lanka is lacking. In Iran, the mugger crocodile is listed as endangered and has been legally protected since 2013; capturing and killing a crocodile is punished with a fine of 100 million Iranian rials.

Since large muggers occasionally take livestock, this leads to conflict with local people living close to mugger habitat. In Maharashtra, local people are compensated for loss of close relatives and livestock. Local people in Baluchestan respect the mugger crocodile as a water living creature and do not harm it. If an individual kills livestock, the owner is compensated for the loss. The mugger crocodile is translocated in severe conflict cases.

A total of 1,193 captive bred muggers were released to restock populations in 28 protected areas in India between 1978 and 1992. Production of new offspring was halted by the Indian Government in 1994.

In culture
The Sanskrit word मकर 'makara' refers to the crocodile and a mythical crocodile-like animal. The Hindi word for crocodile is मगर 'magar'. In English language, both names 'mugger' and 'magar' were used around the turn of the 20th century. The names 'marsh crocodile' and 'broad-snouted crocodile' have been used since the late 1930s.

The crocodile is acknowledged as the prototype of the makara and symbolises both the fructifying and the destructive powers of the rivers. It is the animal vehicle of the Vedic deity Varuna and of several nature spirits called yakshas. In Hindu mythology, it represents virility as a vehicle of Ganga and as an emblem of Kamadeva. A stone carving of a mugger crocodile was part of a beam of a gateway to the Bharhut Stupa built around 100 BC.

The traditional biography of the Indian saint Adi Shankara includes an incident where he is grabbed by a crocodile in the Kaladi river, which releases him only after his mother reluctantly let him choose the ascetic path of a Sannyasa. The Muslim saint Pīr Mango is said to have taken care of crocodiles and created a stream to trickle out of a rock near Karachi in the 13th century. This place was later walled around, and about 40 mugger crocodiles were kept in the reservoir called Magar Talao in the 1870s; they were fed by both Hindu and Muslim pilgrims. Mugger crocodiles have also been kept in tanks near Hindu temples built in the vicinity of rivers; these crocodiles are considered sacred. In the early 20th century, young married women fed the crocodiles in Khan Jahan Ali's Tank in Jessore in the hope of being blessed with children.

Vasava, Gamit and Chodhri tribes in Gujarat worship the crocodile god Mogra Dev asking for children, good crops and milk yield of their cows. They carve wooden statues symbolising Mogra Dev and mount them on poles. Their offerings during the installation ceremony include rice, milk, wine, heart and liver of a chicken, and a mixture of vermillion, oil and coconut fibres. Fatal attacks of mugger crocodiles on humans were documented in Gujarat and Maharasthra, but they rarely consumed the victims who died of drowning.

A fable from the Jataka tales of Buddhist traditions features a clever monkey outwitting a crocodile. Three folktales feature crocodiles and jackals. A mugger crocodile is one of the characters in The Undertakers, a chapter of The Second Jungle Book. The children’s book Adventures of a Nepali Frog features the character Mugger, the crocodile who lives by the Rapti River in Chitwan National Park.

title: Mugger crocodile


text:
Talk:Armistice Day

Time zone
What time zone does the 11 o'clock refer to?

 * IME, it's usually observed according to local time. --Calair 12:46, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, but when did the first World War end? Was it at 11am UK time or 11am Central European Time? -- SteveCrook (talk) 02:47, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

 * You are thinking of this in the wrong way. The armistice came into force six hours after it was signed, in France. This was recorded as 5am French time. French time was the same as UK time, so far as I can determine - the CET article says that France did not adopt CET until 1940 under German control. --AJHingston (talk) 10:33, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

No you are not thinking about it in the wrong way. Your questions seems to have been ignored and answered anyway. France went an hour forward in 1940 when the Nazi's came and has stayed there ever since. In 1918 French and English time was the same and therefore 11am fell at the same moment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.102.230.30 (talk) 21:06, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

Merge
Talk regarding proposed merged is here Talk:Remembrance Day

Not The Official End
Armistice day was not the official end of the Great War.. That happened in bits and pieces when the various nations ratified the Treaty Of Versailles, with the exception of the United States, which has never ratified the treaty of Versailles. Instead, the United States concluded a separate peace with The German Empire's successor state, the so called "Weimar Republic", on August 25, 1921. Meaning that, technically, the war didn't "officially" end until almost 3 years AFTER Armistice Day. Which is why I removed the reference to it being the official end of the war.

GuelphGryphon98 (talk) 15:11, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

 * News to me that USA did not sign the Versailles Treaty, given the conspicuous presence of President Wilson and Colonel House at Versailles. The CWGC ended its registration of service war dead in August 1921 as it had been declared the legal end of the war by Order in Council IIRC.Cloptonson (talk) 16:30, 13 November 2016 (UTC)

Image
I wonder whether the thumb|right|300px|Armistice Day Celebrations in [[Toronto, Canada in 1918]] it adequate for the beginning of the article, as it depicts the celebrations of the winners, rather than the Armistice Day, the day of Remembrance of the millions of dead of the 1st World War.--FocalPoint (talk) 18:56, 15 November 2009

Invitation from Buckingham Palace NOV 10 1919
I'm not sure what I should do with this.... I have taken pics of an original invitation to Buckingham Palace for a Banquet held in honor of the President of the French Republic for the evening of Nov 10th 1919. This invitation would have been sent to every name mentioned inside it's 6 pages. (Approximately 100 invitations were sent out and approximately 100 guests and dignitaries were present on the eve of the First ever Armistice or Remembrance day of Nov 11th 1919).

I would like to post pics here but am wondering how to protect the images in order that 'a hundred invitations' don't show up on eBay all claiming to be the real thing. I am not so much worried about copyright as I am worried about people creating fake copies (for sale)

How can I work with Wikipedia to protect the contents of the image without distracting from the historical nature of the actual large format invitation?

I would like to show and/or exhibit the unmarked original pics of the invitation as part of Wikipedia but the historic and very rare nature of this document might lead some to copy it for unscrupulous reasons.

What avenues Can I explore here?

here's a link to watermarked images of the original invitation. http://s201.photobucket.com/albums/aa296/moefuzzz/WORLD%20WAR%201%20ARTIFACTS/

(hope the links works)

This is the Front page of the invitation... http://i201.photobucket.com/albums/aa296/moefuzzz/WORLD%20WAR%201%20ARTIFACTS/fe26c860.jpg

Please note, I have not and will not release unmarked large format photos for free use (anywhere) until I can be assured that nobody will be able to just print a 1000 off on there laser jet printers.

I do feel that the original unmarked pics (in high definition)would be a rather interesting addition to the remembrance day and armistice day pages and would therefor like to share.

Any guidance would be appreciated —Preceding unsigned comment added by Moefuzz (talk • contribs) 22:51, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

Remembering the dead or the war itself?
Could we open a discussion on what Rememberance Day is about?

Is it about remembering the atrocities of war with the view that if we remember what went on we'll make an effort to avoid a reoccurance? "Lest we forget" etc.

The common understanding seems to be about highlighting the heroism of the people who fought in said wars, but I understand this to be counter the above. Hailing people who were involved in the war is a bad way to make us avoid a reoccurance.

Thoughts?

KenBW2 00:13, 12 November 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kenbw2 (talk • contribs)

It is a topic for discussion, certainly, but a tricky one for Wikipedia. Broadly, I think the general picture is that the primary emphasis at the outset was to provide a collective opportunity of remembrance at a time when the great majority of the adult population in many of the participant countries would have their own memories of a family member, acquaintance or comrade who had died in war. This was in addition to individual acts of remembrance which became more or less customary such as on the anniversary of the death or birth or acts such as placing bridal bouquets on a war memorial, and influenced by the fact that in most cases there would be no opportunity to visit a grave. Nevertheless, there is evidence that from the beginning some felt that the event tended to glorify war, whilst others thought that an excessive emphasis on suffering and death underplayed the sense of duty, heroism and sacrifice of many who fought. After the second world war in particular, at least in the UK, some veterans believed that dwelling on the past distracted attention from the need to create a new order in which nations would be reconciled and new wars unnecessary, and this may have influenced the lesser importance attached to memorials to the dead of WWII compared to WWI. As the immediacy of the conflict(s) receded then attention has swung away from remembrance of individual dead to collective awareness of the suffering consequence on war, but arguably in the UK stress is now being placed on the dead of recent conflicts (eg Afghanistan). But this is written largely from a UK perspective, and other countries' experiences will be different.

To cover this appropriately in the article it would be necessary to cite a range of good sources (including official statements at different periods) not just individual opinions, and from different countries. I suspect that this would then be challenged as original research. Tweaking individual sentences may be appropriate (for example, I don't think it is now correct to imply that Remembrance Day/Sunday in the UK commemorates the dead of the two world wars alone, but I am unable off-hand to cite a suitably authoritative source). AJHingston (talk) 14:13, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Armistice Day or Remembrance Sunday aren't about highlighting the heroism or glorifying war in any way. It also isn't especially about remembering the atrocities of war, there are other events for that. It's mainly a local ceremony for local people to remember those ordinary people, friends, family and acquaintances whose names are inscribed on the local memorial or who were caught up in a war not of their making. The national ceremony held in London has the same aims, just on a much bigger scale -- SteveCrook (talk) 13:49, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Whilst I think that is right for the majority of people certainly in the immediate aftermath of the major conflicts, the remembrance ceremonies and other associated activities have been controversial. In the UK Robert Graves, in Good-Bye to All That (if memory serves) reacted to the way it was marked locally where he was living soon after WWI, there was the Peace Pledge Union and the white poppy campaign, and there have been others who have also been uncomfortable with the way the day is marked or the emphasis within it. Those criticisms have not come from people who were uncaring about those who died, rather the reverse. I also think that the significance for participants will have changed as memories of those named on memorials passes away. I doubt that many of us who take part in such ceremonies today have any personal knowledge of the people listed on the memorial near which we gather. We should not forget, either, that different countries will have attached varying significance to remembrance depending, in particular, on whether they counted themselves victors or defeated. As I comment above, the problem is in finding appropriate sources, and picking on statements by particular individuals will not necessarily do because of the danger of giving undue weight to their opinion unless they were, for example, speaking in an official capacity or on behalf of a group. We do have to be careful in Wikpedia to distinguish between what we think ought to have been the case and what actually was, and this topic covers many countries over more than 90 years so generalisations are dangerous. --AJHingston (talk) 00:03, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

 * There's also a difference between the attitude in the aftermath of WWI, 90+ years ago, and the attitude of people now. Sadly, there is no shortage of people killed in various conflicts and they are often recorded on local memorials so there are still plenty of people who remember them -- SteveCrook (talk) 07:26, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Remembering the dead through a public holiday would surely interfere with profit. Does this answer your question? 178.78.75.150 (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 11:21, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

Date citation
There have been a couple of attempts to change the date citation in the introduction to US style. I am not clear of the reasons, and Wikipedia policy is clear - see Manual of Style (dates and numbers). If there is a good reason for using the US style it should be discussed here first. --AJHingston (talk) 10:00, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

Remembrance Day
I'm not sure that it's strictly true to suggest that Armistice Day and Remembrance Day are the same (as in the first sentence). In the UK, for example, that is only the case if the latter happens to fall on 11 November. IXIA (talk) 17:12, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I think Remembrance Day and Armistice Day are one and the same - it's Remembrance Sunday that is different, unless it happens to be Sunday 11th. I always refer to 11th November as Armistice Day if it isn't on the Sunday, as it differentiates mroe readily. Either way it's nice to see people marking both days. 109.94.137.1 (talk) 09:29, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

NYT front page
Odd that a sharper pic of the historic NYT page isn't available. Sca (talk) 15:01, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

Armistice Day in New Zealand
The page is misleading because it implies that the day is a public holiday in New Zealand. In fact it's not. Please could someone rewrite the page. Akld guy (talk) 18:59, 11 November 2014 (UTC) - edited Akld guy (talk) 01:14, 29 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Corrected the text to remove the misleading information. Akld guy (talk) 01:14, 29 November 2014 (UTC)

Is 'Next time	11 November 2015' Necessary?
It seems a bit silly to have 'Next Time', when this is an annual event with no end date? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.3.219.245 (talk) 17:58, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

The 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month ?
Why these specific numbers ? Do they have any specific significance ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wpvj17 (talk • contribs) 02:58, 10 March 2017 (UTC)

This article gives some thoughts on that. Longwayround (talk) 19:36, 11 November 2018 (UTC)

Photo caption questionable ('Presidential couples')
I query the accuracy of the caption describing 'Presidential couples of France and Spain' at the 2018 Armistice Centenary in Paris. Spain then - as presently - is a monarchy, not a republic. Also Spain was neutral in both world wars so would it have been relevant to invite Spanish state representatives?Cloptonson (talk) 19:07, 21 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Photo is of modern leaders, not at the time of WWI. Yes, Spain is a constitutional monarchy. Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón's title is " Presidente del Gobierno", "President of the Government", so "Presidential" is not inaccurate.  (Which is not to say that the caption might be improved, although at with the loss of brevity.) -- Infrogmation (talk) 22:28, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

Time the Armistice was signed
The article gives 5.45am as the time the Armistice was signed and I believe this is incorrect. The source reference (1) takes us to a site that states that Marshall Foch's signal was sent at 5.45, which would have been some time after the actual signing. Another source quotes 5.15 (which I do not attribute) but THIS source, https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/articles/the-signing-of-armistice/ states that it was signed at 5.12 am.

Armistice day isn't observed by Germany
can it be removed from the "observed by" list? 178.143.39.148 (talk) 08:02, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Armistice Day


text:
Fortitude Valley, Queensland

Fortitude Valley (often called "The Valley" by local residents) is an inner suburb of the City of Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. In the, Fortitude Valley had a population of 9,708 people. The suburb features two pedestrian malls at Brunswick Street Mall and Chinatown, and is one of the hubs of Brisbane's nightlife, renowned for its nightclubs, bars and adult entertainment.

Geography
Fortitude Valley is built upon a low-lying marshy flat, immediately northeast of the Brisbane central business district.

History

Originally inhabited by the Meanjin peoples of the Turrbal and Jagera/Yuggera Indigenous groups. Later on, Scottish immigrants from the ship Fortitude arrived in Brisbane in 1849 in hopes to take the land, enticed by Rev Dr John Dunmore Lang on the promise of free land grants. Denied land, the immigrants set up camp in York's Hollow waterholes in the vicinity of today's Victoria Park, Herston, Queensland. A number of the immigrants moved on and settled the suburb, naming it after the ship on which they arrived.

Fortitude Valley National School opened on 4 March 1861 in a hall attached to the Foresters' Arms Hotel near the corner of Ann and Brunswick Streets, diagonally opposite the Royal George Hotel. The first purpose-built school opened at 95 Brookes Street on 12 August 1867. In 1874 an additional building was erected at 99 Brookes Street and the school was split into two separate departments - Fortitude Valley Boys' State School, and Fortitude Valley Girls' and Infants' State School. The year 1887 witnessed the opening of a further new school building for boys at 85 Brookes Street and in 1888 the Girls' and Infants' School was split again to create Fortitude Valley Girls' State School, and Fortitude Valley Infants' State School. In 1950 the Boys' and the Girls' campuses were amalgamated as the Fortitude Valley State School on the site of the former 1887 boys' school which was demolished in 1948/49. In 1951, the Infants' School merged with the Fortitude Valley State School. The school closed in December 2013 due to low student numbers, despite a prolonged campaign by parents and students to keep it open. The Queensland Government argued that there was another school only 1.5 km away that could accommodate the students. However, it was reopened in January 2020 as Fortitude Valley State Secondary College in response to a growing population in the area. It was Brisbane's first new inner city school in more than 50 years, built vertically to fit in with the increased population density of the suburb.

A Primitive Methodist church opened in October 1861 in Windmill Street (now McLachlan Street).

All Hallows' School opened on 1 November 1861 by the Sisters of Mercy in the Dean's Cottage beside the Catholic Cathedral (now Old St Stephen's Church) in Adelaide Street in the Brisbane town centre. It was the first secondary school for girls in Queensland. Needing more space to accommodate a growing school they moved on 1 November 1863 to the house Adderton on Duncan's Hill in Fortitude Valley.

In 1862 the Jireh Baptist Church opened in Fortitude Valley.

A Primitive Methodist church opened at 483 Brunswick Street on Sunday 15 October 1876.

A post office was established in 1887.

St Patrick's Catholic Church was built in Wickham Street by Father James Hanly, uphill from the Prince Consort Hotel. St Patrick's Convent School was established later at the Wickham Street site. Both were wooden structures. In 1882, the congregation moved to a new (and still current) St Patrick's Church in Morgan Street. On 5 December 1887, Cardinal Moran laid the foundation stone for a new school building in Ivory Street opening onto Hope Street at the rear. The new school opened on January 1889. In 1952 Brisbane City Council announced that it would be undertaking work in Ivory Street as part of a solution to eliminate traffic bottlenecks and St Patrick's School was one of the affected properties. In 1955 the school buildings were relocated to the church grounds in Morgan Street. The school closed on 19 November 1982.

1891 saw the train line extended from the Brisbane central business district (the area around Queen Street) into Fortitude Valley, and Thomas Beirne opened a business on Brunswick Street. His business thrived and, after extension, he travelled to England in 1896, leaving his manager of two years, James McWhirter, in charge. Soon after his return, McWhirter established a competing drapery business opposite Beirne's in 1898. Beirne and McWhirter became keen rivals and are credited with establishing the Valley as a hub of commerce from the late 1890s.

In the late 19th century, commercial activities in Brisbane were divided along religious lines, with Protestant shopkeepers setting up along Queen and Adelaide Streets in the central business district, and shops operated by Roman Catholics in Stanley Street, South Brisbane. However, in the 1893 Brisbane flood (and again in 1897), major floods wiped out many shops in South Brisbane, and owners in that area decided to move and set up operations north of the river in an area free of flooding. The area they chose was Fortitude Valley. By that time Brisbane's horse-drawn tram system already centred on Fortitude Valley, making it the logical choice to establish a shopping precinct.

Fortitude Valley was also strongly advocated as the location of a new town hall in what became known as "the battle of the sites". Brisbane Town Council already purchased a piece of land in Fortitude Valley and supporters of the Fortitude Valley site pointed out that it would allow stronger foundations compared to the swampy site proposed at Adelaide Street in the existing commercial district. However, a petition was raised in support of the Adelaide Street site and with the support of Charles Moffatt Jenkinson, the mayor of Brisbane in 1914, it was chosen over the Fortitude Valley site. Jenkinson committed the council to that decision by selling the site in Fortitude Valley to the Catholic Church for the construction of the Holy Name Cathedral (a project that, although commenced, made little progress and was eventually abandoned).

From the early 1900s through to the 1960s, the thriving shopping precinct was dominated by McWhirters, Beirne's and, later, Overells' department stores. The Overells Building was completed in 1907. They were ultimately bought out by the Myer, David Jones and Waltons chains respectively with Overells being bought by Walton in 1956. Woolworths and Coles supermarkets and a host of smaller shops also flourished in the precinct during this period. Owing to its proximity to the central business district and the close concentration of public transport in the area, the Valley became the largest non-CBD shopping precinct in Australia through the 1950s and 1960s.

Between 1923 and 1948 mixed gender opportunity classes for the intellectually impaired and handicapped were conducted at the boys' school. In 1951 the Fortitude Valley Opportunity School was approved and operated as a separate entity in its own right shortly afterwards. The school closed in 1961.

The rise of suburban shopping centres and the closure of the tram network in 1969 sounded the death knell for Fortitude Valley, with a gradual decrease in customers. David Jones closed its Valley store in the 1970s and Myer closed its doors in the early 1990s.

In 2010, the Music Industry College opened at 458 Wickham Street with 27 students. In 2014 the college relocated to its own premises at 38 Berwick Street.

In 2017, the Angelorum College opened at 377 St Pauls Terrace as an independent Catholic school, established by families who had previously been home schooling their children.

Demographics
In the, Fortitude Valley had a population of 6,978 people, 54.0% were male and 46.0% were female. The median age of the Fortitude Valley population was 31 years, 7 years below the Australian median. Children aged under 15 years made up 4.3% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 4.7% of the population. 46.1% of people living in Fortitude Valley were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 66.7; the next most common countries of birth were India 4.4%, New Zealand 4.2%, England 3.2%, Brazil 2.4% and Colombia 2.2%. 65.1% of people spoke only English at home; the next most popular languages were Spanish 3.5%, Mandarin 2.7%, Portuguese 2.3%, Hindi 1.8% and Korean 1.8%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 40.8% and Catholic 18.0%.

In the, Fortitude Valley had a population of 9,708 people.

Heritage listings

Fortitude Valley has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

 * 112 Alfred Street: Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre
 * 501 Ann Street: Queensland Brewery Company Building
 * 547 Ann Street: All Hallows' School Buildings
 * 740 Ann Street: former Fortitude Valley Post Office
 * 33 Arthur Street: Doggetts Cottage
 * Boundary Street: Howard Smith Wharves
 * 95 Boundary Street: Austral Motors Building
 * Bradfield Highway: Story Bridge
 * 95 & 99 Brookes Street: Fortitude Valley State School including the former Fortitude Valley Infants' School and former Fortitude Valley Boys' School
 * 116–120 Brookes Street: Fortitude Valley Methodist Church
 * 119 Brookes Street: Fortitude Valley Police Station
 * 141 Brookes Street: Holy Trinity Church
 * 141 Brookes Street: Holy Trinity Parish Hall
 * 141 Brookes Street: Holy Trinity Rectory
 * 323–335 Brunswick Street: Royal George Hotel and Ruddle's Building
 * 339 Brunswick Street: Empire Hotel
 * 446–452 Brunswick Street: former Corbett and Son Store
 * 483 Brunswick Street: Fortitude Valley Primitive Methodist Church
 * 517 Brunswick Street: La Scala
 * 28 Duncan Street: TC Beirne Department Store
 * Gipps Street: Holy Name Cathedral Site
 * 9 McLachlan Street: Bulolo Flats
 * 58 Morgan Street: St Patricks Church
 * 167–173 St Paul's Terrace: Villa Maria Hostel
 * 464–468 St Paul's Terrace: Jubilee Hotel
 * 342 Water Street: Drill Shed
 * Wickham Street: McWhirters
 * 85 Wickham Street: Centenary Place
 * 230 Wickham Street: Prince Consort Hotel
 * 308 Wickham Street: Wickham Hotel
 * 620 Wickham Street: West's Furniture Showroom

Chinatown

The Chinatown Mall is a pedestrian street which occupies all of Duncan Street opened in 1987 as the first step to the revitalisation of Fortitudes Valley's entertainment district. The Mall runs parallel to Brunswick Street Mall, and connects Wickham Street and Ann Street.

The 1990s saw the development of Fortitude Valley into a thriving live music scene and nightclub district. In 1991, the Brunswick Street pedestrian shopping mall was established. Thereafter, the Brisbane City Council led a concerted urban renewal campaign, encouraging high density residential development around the suburb.

In 2012, around 50,000 people head to Fortitude Valley's clubs, pubs and restaurants each weekend night. Around 30 venues are licensed to trade until 3:00 am.

Valley Music Harmony Plan
In 1999, residents' complaints about neighbouring clubs' live music threatened the closure of the Empire Hotel and the Press Club, two established venues. Musicians and their fans revolted through the "Save the Music" campaign and, 20,000 signatures later, petitioned Brisbane City Council and the Queensland Government to address the emerging problem. The Brisbane City Council commenced the development of a Valley Music Harmony Plan in July 2002. The aim of the Valley Music Harmony Plan is to manage the impacts of music noise on residents and businesses without compromising the viability of the entertainment industry in Fortitude Valley.

That resulted in 2005 in Fortitude Valley becoming Australia's first "Special Entertainment Precinct", designed to protect both live music and new residents through planning restrictions. The Special Entertainment Precinct status exempts entertainment venues within the area from the amplified noise requirements of the Liquor Act 1992, and allows council to manage amplified music noise under the Amplified Music Venues Local Law 2006. But it also requires new residential and accommodation development construction to achieve a minimum noise reduction of 25 decibels in the 63 hertz frequency band.

Drink Safe Precinct
The Fortitude Valley Drink Safe Precinct was a two-year-long trial starting in December 2010. Trials also took place in Surfers Paradise and Townsville. After one year club owners responded positively to the trial. Statistics released in May 2012 showed arrests, evictions and tickets for liquor infringements have declined.

Transport
Transport for Brisbane operates buses to, from and through Fortitude Valley. Fortitude Valley railway station serves all suburban and interurban lines, including Airport line service to Brisbane Airport. The station has four platforms and is located in Zone 1 of the Translink integrated public transport system.

Taxis
Secure taxi ranks to enable patrons to catch a taxi home are set up at various strategic points and enable easy access without the need to hail a cab. Fortitude Valley has five locations with these ranks on Friday and Saturday night. Funding for this free service is provided by the Brisbane City Council, the Queensland State Government and the Taxi Council of Queensland. These secure ranks are staffed by taxi supervisors and security guards to ensure commuters an orderly and safe environment whilst they wait for service. A 'Chaplain' service also operates where some people might be suffering the effects of excess drugs or alcohol and need some care and attention in a safe place rather than on a bench or footpath. The combination of these services have reputedly assisted in reducing the incidents of fights, disputes and arrests especially between the hours of midnight and 5 am on weekends.

Speed limits
On 24 August 2007, a 40 km/h speed limit was introduced to parts of Wickham Street, Ann Street, McLachlan Street and Warner Street. The speed limit applies between 10 pm and 6 am from Friday to Sunday night. The speed limit was introduced following safety audits of the Fortitude Valley identifying pedestrian-vehicle conflict as a major issue.

James Street Precinct
Fortitude Valley's James Street is a retail and lifestyle precinct, beaming with lush tropical tree coverage and vines. While redeveloped and repurposed, Fortitude Valley's James Street precinct pays homage to its industrial past, while also celebrating contemporary Brisbane. The neighbourhood is home to a range of cafes, restaurants, boutique stores, luxury hotels, and James Street Palace Cinemas. The Calile Hotel is situated on James Street, and houses boutique stores and restaurants.

Education
Angelorum College is a private primary and secondary (Prep-9) school for boys and girls at 377 St Pauls Terrace (-27.4556°N, 153.0327°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 35 students with 4 teachers and 3 non-teaching staff (2 full-time equivalent).

Music Industry College is a private secondary (11-12) school for boys and girls at 38-42 Berwick Street (-27.4588°N, 153.0369°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 80 students with 7 teachers (5 full-time equivalent) and 6 non-teaching staff (4 full-time equivalent).

Humanitas High School is a private secondary school (Years 7 to 12), run as a democratic community school with full input from parents, teachers and students. It opened in July 2021 and in 2024 catered to caters to 60 students in Years 7 to 10.

There is one government High School in the Valley - Fortitude Valley State Secondary College. This school was opened in 2020 on the same grounds as the old Fortitude Valley State Primary School. The nearest government primary schools are Brisbane Central State School (in Spring Hill) and New Farm State School (in New Farm).

All Hallows' School is a Catholic faith based private school in Fortitude Valley. It is said to be Queensland's oldest secondary school.

There were no government secondary schools in Fortitude Valley (the nearest was Kelvin Grove State College ) until the start of 2020 when the new Fortitude Valley State Secondary College opened.

Valley Fiesta
The Valley Fiesta is an annual three-day event featuring free live music, market stalls, food and drink from many local restaurants and cafés, and other entertainment. Artists that have performed at the Valley Fiesta include Hilltop Hoods, Downsyde, Katie Noonan, Tim Rogers, Butterfingers, Evermore and The Preatures on the Brunswick Street Mall stage and Nick Skitz and End Of Fashion at surrounding venues.

International Jazz Festival
The International Jazz Festival replaced the biennial Valley Jazz Festival in 2013. The festival is put on by Jazz Queensland. It is 5 five day festival generally held during the first week of June.

Straight Out of Brisbane (SOOB)
Straight Out of Brisbane was formed in 2002 by a group of emerging artists who wanted to create new opportunities in Queensland's independent cultural sector. The festival is not-for-profit artist-run event that features workshops, performances, exhibitions, screenings, live music and public art. The festival has been held every year up until 2007.

Fortitude Valley Diehards
Fortitude Valley Football Club, also simply known as "Valleys", were the oldest surviving rugby league team in Brisbane until their demise in 1995. In 2002, Valleys entered a partnership with another former Brisbane rugby league team, Brothers. Playing under the name Brothers-Valleys until changing their name to Brothers Diehards for the 2004 season. Valley's Juniors are still active members of the QRL South East Division having been based at Emerson Park in Grange since the 1970s.

Big Gay Day
Big Gay Day is a gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender pride festival held over one day in and around the Wickham Hotel in Fortitude Valley. The celebration raises money for LGBTQIA+ groups such as GLWA and Open Doors. Previous entertainment has included various local and international DJ's, performers such as Marcia Hines, Melanie C and TV Rock as well as drag shows.

Swimming
The Commercial Swimming Club trains at the Valley Pool and has produced many Olympic and World Champions.

Amenities
There are a number of parks, including:

 * Bedford Playground Park (-27.4574°N, 153.0285°W)
 * Brunswick Street Park (-27.4559°N, 153.0319°W)
 * Centenary Place Park (-27.4609°N, 153.0319°W)
 * Church Street Park (-27.4545°N, 153.0369°W)
 * Howard Smith Wharf Precinct (-27.4626°N, 153.0368°W)
 * Morse St Park (-27.455°N, 153.0401°W)
 * Wilson Outlook Reserve (-27.4633°N, 153.0387°W)

Notable people

 * Edward Archibald Douglas (1877–1947)
 * Born on 2 November and attended St. Benedict's College, Fort Augustas
 * Appointed judge of the Industrial Court of Queensland in 1915 by T. J. Ryan's Labor Government
 * Appointed Supreme Court Judge in 1929 until his death in 1947 from a coronary occlusion
 * Harriette Martha Voss (1887–1951)
 * Born on 10 October and attended Brisbane Girls Grammar School and the University of Sydney
 * Appointed resident medical officer upon graduation and in March 1915 she was appointed Chief R.M.O.
 * In 1948, Voss became the manager of Hillcrest Hospital but was forced to resign in 1951 due to ill health
 * She died on 20 December later that year with her final wish of Hillcrest Hospital being attained by St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church
 * Charles Edward Chuter (1880–1948)
 * Born 11 March, Chuter attended Fortitude Valley Primary School and later on Brisbane Grammar School on scholarship
 * July 1898, he joined the Home Secretary's Department as clerk until 1922 when he was prompter assistant under-secretary of the Home Secretary's Department
 * Chuter retired 31 December 1947 and passed from a coronary occlusion 31 January 1948

title: Fortitude Valley, Queensland


text:
William Lane

William Lane (6 September 1861 – 26 August 1917) was an English-born journalist, author, advocate of Australian labour politics and a utopian socialist ideologue.

Lane was born in Bristol, England into an impoverished family. After showing great skill in his education, he worked his way into Canada as first a linotype operator, then as a reporter for the Detroit Free Press where he would later meet his future wife Ann Lane, née Macquire. After settling in Australia with his wife and child, as well as his brother John, he became active in the Australian labour movement, founding the Australian Labour Federation and becoming a prolific journalist for the movement. He authored works covering topics such as labour rights and white nationalism.

After becoming disillusioned with the state of Australian politics following an ideological split in the labour movement, he and a group of utopian acolytes (among them influential writer and poet Mary Gilmore) moved to Paraguay in 1892 to found New Australia, with the intention of building a new society on the foundations of his utopian ideals. Following disagreement with the colony regarding the legality of miscegenation and alcohol consumption, he left to found the nearby colony Cosme (also known as Colonia Cosme) in May 1894, and later abandoned the project altogether in 1899.

Upon resettling in New Zealand, he continued his journalistic endeavours until his death in August 1917. After his death he was both celebrated as a champion of utopian socialism, and condemned as the arrogant leader of a failed new society. Due to his radical politics and his extensive journalistic career, he remains a controversial figure in Australian history.

Early life
Lane was born in Bristol, England on 6 September 1861, as the eldest son of James Lane, an Irish Protestant landscape gardener, and his English wife Caroline, née Hall. Lane was born with a debilitating clubfoot, a condition that would be partially corrected in Montreal later in life, leaving him with a limp. Lane's father James was a drunkard who when Lane was born was earning a miserable wage, but later he improved his circumstances and became an employer.

The young Lane was educated at Bristol Grammar School and demonstrated himself as a gifted student, but he was sent early to work as an office boy. Lane's mother died when he was 14 years of age, and at age 16 he migrated to Canada where he worked odd jobs such as a linotype operator. During this time he began engrossed in the writings of economist Henry George and socialist Edward Bellamy. In 1881 by the age of 24 he became a reporter for the Detroit Free Press, where he would meet his future wife Ann Macquire whom he would marry on 22 July 1883.

Radical journalism in Australia
In 1885 William and Ann Lane, along with brother John, as well as their first child migrated to Brisbane, Australia, where Lane immediately got work as a feature writer for the weekly newspaper Queensland Figaro, then as a columnist for the newspapers Brisbane Courier and the Evening Telegraph, using a number of pseudonyms (Lucinda Sharpe, which some consider to be the work of Lane's spouse; William Wilcher; and Sketcher).

Lane's childhood experiences as the son of a drunkard fashioned him into a lifelong abstainer from alcohol. In 1886 he created an Australia-wide sensation by spending a night in the Brisbane lock-up disguised as a drunk, and subsequently reporting the conditions of the cells as "Henry Harris". Lane's father was a drunk who impoverished the family.

With the growth of the Australian labour movement, Lane's columns under the Sketcher pseudonym, especially his "Labour Notes" in the Evening Telegraph, began to increasingly promote labourist philosophy. Lane himself began to attend meetings supporting all manner of popular causes, speaking against repressive laws and practices and Chinese immigrants, all while utilising a charismatic American intonation he had attained during his time in the States.

After becoming the de facto editor of the Sydney Morning Herald, Lane left the newspaper during November 1887 to found the weekly The Boomerang, a newspaper described as "a live newspaper, racy, of the soil", in which pro-worker themes and lurid racism were brought to a fever-pitch by both Sketcher and Lucinda Sharpe. He became a powerful supporter of Emma Miller and women's suffrage. A strong proponent of Henry George's Single Tax Movement, Lane became increasingly committed to a radically alternative society, and ended his relationship with the Boomerang due to its private ownership.

In May 1890 he began the trade union funded Brisbane weekly The Worker, the rhetoric of which became increasingly threatening towards the employers, the government, and the British Empire itself. The defeat of the 1891 Australian shearers' strike convinced Lane that there would be no real social change without a completely new society, and The Worker became increasingly devoted to his New Australia utopian idea which would later be made a reality.

White or Yellow?
Although his efforts were primarily directed towards the non-fictional, Lane was an avid author whose works deeply reflected his political philosophy, as short as his bibliography is. The Workingman's Paradise, an allegorical novel written in sympathy with those involved in the 1891 shearers' strike, was published under his pseudonym John Miller in early 1892. In the novel Lane articulated the belief that anarchism is the noblest social philosophy of all. Through the novel's philosopher and main protagonist he relates his belief that society may have to experience a period of state socialism to achieve the ideal of anarcho-communism. Mary Gilmore, later a celebrated Australian writer, said in one of her letters that "the whole book is true and of historical value as Lane transcribed our conversations as well as those of others".

Most prominent in his bibliography is his novella White or Yellow?: A Story of the Race War of A.D. 1908 (1887). In this work, Lane proposed a horde of Chinese people would legally arrive to Australia, who would then overrun White society and monopolise the industries important to exploiting the natural resources of the "empty north" of the continent. As Australian invasion literature, White or Yellow? reflects Lane's nationalist racialism and left-wing politics within a future history of Australia under attack by the Yellow Peril.

Lane wrote that in the near future, British capitalists would manipulate the legal system and successfully arrange the mass immigration of Chinese workers to Australia, regardless of its socioeconomic consequences to Australian common folk and their society. The economic, cultural, and sexual conflicts that resulted from the capitalists' manipulation of the Australian economy would then provoke a race war throughout the continent, fought between the White settlers and Chinese workers.

The racialist representations of Yellow Peril ideology in the narrative of White or Yellow? work to justify forcible expulsion and murder of Chinese workers as an acceptable response to the loss of physical and economic control of Australia. Historically the leaders of the Australian labour and trade unions greatly opposed the importation of Chinese workers, whom they portrayed as an economic threat to Australia due to their eagerness to work for low wages, as well as them presenting a libertine and race-diluting threat to Christian civilisation. Lane's work was intended to act as an apolitical call to racial unity among white Australians.

New Australia Colony
Contriving a division among Australian labour activists between the permanently disaffected and those who later formed the Australian Labor Party, Lane refused the Queensland Government's offer of a grant of land on which to create a utopian settlement, and began an Australia-wide campaign for the creation of a new society elsewhere on the globe, peopled by rugged and sober Australian bushmen and their proud wives.

Eventually Paraguay was decided upon, and Lane and his family, including his brother John, together with hundreds of acolytes (238 total) from New South Wales, Queensland and South Australia, made their way to South America. The first group of pioneers departed Sydney in the ship Royal Tar on 1 July 1893. A second group sailed from Adelaide on the last day of 1893. Both voyages were bound for Montevideo, Uruguay, followed by an arduous overland trek to Paraguay.

New Australia soon had its crisis, brought on by the issues of interracial relationships (Lane singled out the Guarani as racially taboo) and alcohol. Lane's dictatorial manner soon alienated many in the community, and by the time the second boatload of utopians arrived from Adelaide in 1894, Lane had left with a core of devotees to form a new colony nearby named Cosme.

Eventually, amidst an array of criticism and objections to Lane's leadership, a strong internal dispute appeared between the two main groups that conformed the colony (one approving of Lane's politics and overarching decisions, and one very critical of them). Lane became disillusioned with the whole process, willingly abandoned Colonia Cosme, and returned to Australia in 1899.

A number of important people were born and raised in New Australia's settlements, including world famous comic book writer Robin Wood; Anne Whitehead's 1997 book on New Australia, Paradise Mislaid, provides a chapter on Robin Wood's childhood with his extended Australian-Paraguayan family. To this day, there are as many as 2,000 Australian Paraguayans in Paraguay.

Later life
Lane left Cosme with his family on 1 August 1899, and returned to Australia where he worked briefly as editor of the Sydney Worker before sailing to New Zealand. After initial melancholia, he soon refound his old verve as a feature writer from 1900 for the New Zealand Herald, writing under the pseudonym 'Tohunga' (the Maori word for prophet), only this time as ultra-conservative and pro-Empire. He had retained the strong racial antipathy toward East Asians he expressed in his literature, and during World War I he developed extreme anti-German sentiments.

Lane died on 26 August 1917 in Auckland, New Zealand, aged 56, having been editor of the Herald from 1913 to 1917, and becoming a much admired personality in the country.

Before his own death, Lane had lost one son, Charles, at a cricket match in Colonia Cosme (Paraguay), and another, Donald, on the first day of the ANZAC landings (25 April 1915) at the beaches of Gallipoli.

Legacy
Lane is depicted in the Douglas Stewart poem Terra Australis.

title: William Lane


text:
Jason Hart (basketball)

Jason Keema Hart (born April 29, 1978) is an American basketball coach and former professional player who is currently an assistant coach for the University of Kentucky.

College career
From 1996 to 2000, he attended New York's Syracuse University, where he became the first freshman in the Big East Conference's history to lead it in minutes played. Later on, he earned other accolades as an NCAA player, such as becoming his college's all-time leader in steals and second place among assist leaders. As a senior, Hart made the Big East's All-First Team. He was also selected to the Syracuse All-Century Basketball team.

NBA career
Hart joined the NBA with the Milwaukee Bucks in the 2000–01 season, but he only saw action in one game, scoring two points.

Starting the 2001–02 season in the newly created NBDL with the Asheville Altitude, he was called in December by the San Antonio Spurs, appearing in 10 games. He played in the Greek A1 League with Makedonikos BC in 2002–03, returning to the Spurs for the 2003–04 season, where he played in 53 games, averaging 3.3 points.

Hart was signed by the Bobcats as a free agent before the 2004–05 season, and made the first steal in Bobcats history in their first game. Previously, in a 126-125 losing effort in their first preseason game, Hart made a three-point shot as time expired to send the game against the Washington Wizards into a second overtime period en route to 19 points.

In the 2004–05 season, Hart set career highs in many categories including: points per game (9.5), assists per game (5.0), and rebounds per game (2.7). He finished third in the league in assist-to-turnover ratio, with 3.6 assists for every turnover. After the season, Hart was traded to the Sacramento Kings.

On March 2, 2007, Hart was waived by the Kings. He was signed a few days later by the Los Angeles Clippers. On July 13, 2007, Hart signed with the Utah Jazz. Originally serving as the backup to Deron Williams, an injury forced him to sit for 8 games. Ronnie Price's solid play during that time nearly removed him from the rotation.

On July 23, 2008, Hart was traded back to the Clippers in exchange for Brevin Knight.

On February 27, 2009, Hart was waived by the Clippers.

On March 3, 2009, Hart was signed by the Nuggets for the remainder of the season.

On September 28, 2009, Hart signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves. He was traded to the Phoenix Suns on December 29, 2009, for Alando Tucker and cash. The Suns immediately waived him. On February 5, 2010, Hart signed a ten-day contract with the New Orleans Hornets. Hart's final NBA game was on February 10, 2010, in a 93–85 win over the Boston Celtics. In his final game, Hart recorded two assists and one rebound.

Coaching career
After his playing career ended, Hart coached AAU basketball in Los Angeles and served as head coach at Taft High School in LA. On May 12, 2012, Hart was hired as an assistant coach at Pepperdine, under head coach Marty Wilson. In 2013, he joined Andy Enfield's staff at the University of Southern California. In 2021, he was named the head coach of the NBA G League Ignite, a developmental team for players coming out of high school that plays against other teams in the NBA G League. In March of 2024, NBA G League President Shareef Abdur-Rahim announced that the G League Ignite program would be shut down after the season citing "the changing basketball landscape, including the NCAA's Name, Image and Likeness (NIL) policy and the advent of collectives and the transfer portal" as the main factors. With the program ending, Hart was now unemployed. On April 22, Hart was hired as an assistant coach for Mark Pope's University of Kentucky Wildcats.

Personal
Jason Hart was born in Los Angeles, California. He is married to his high school sweetheart, Brandi Hart. They live with their two sons Jason Jr. and Justin. Hart's cousin is 2011–12 Syracuse Orange men's basketball player Brandon Triche.

title: Jason Hart (basketball)


text:
České dráhy

České dráhy (English: Czech Railways), often shortened to ČD, is the major railway operator in the Czech Republic providing regional and long-distance services.

The company was established in January 1993, shortly after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, as a successor of the Czechoslovak State Railways. It is a member of the International Railway Union (UIC Country Code for the Czech Republic is 54), the Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies, and the Organization for Cooperation of Railways. With twenty-four thousand employees ČD Group is the fifth largest Czech company by the number of employees.

History
In 1827–1836, the České Budějovice–Linz railway was built, which was the second horse-drawn railway in continental Europe was established. The first steam-hauled railway in the area was established in 1839, from Vienna to Břeclav. The first standard gauge electrified railway track in the area was built in 1903.

Czechoslovak State Railways (Československé státní dráhy, abbreviated as ČSD), the predecessor of České dráhy, was established in 1918. In 1991, the first EuroCity (EC) trains ran on ČSD railways.

České dráhy was founded in 1993, following the breakup of Czechoslovakia. The company began a program of renovating Pan-European railway corridors the same year. The following year, the company launched truck transportation ("RoLa") on ČD railways from Lovosice to Dresden, which it stopped in 2004.

During the 1990s, there was a noticeable drop in railway traffic throughout the Czech Republic, a phenomenon that coincided with a massive expansion in road transport. Seeking to halt, or even partially reverse, this trend, substantial efforts were made to restructure and modernise the railways and their operation. One such measure was the establishment of České dráhy as a joint stock company in January 2003; soon thereafter, various subsidiaries were created that focused on various sectors, such as research, telecommunications, and rolling stock maintenance. Officials were keen to reduce the organisation's losses and to make it a commercially competitive venture, thus numerous reforms were implemented around this time, which included the centralisation of some activities (such as purchasing and internal stocking) while other activities were outsourced to third parties to increase efficiency. There was a general trend towards reducing employee headcount while various new technologies were brought in.

In 2005, Pendolino tilting trains entered the operator's regular service.

In subsequent years, the company's liabilities grew exponentially. Liabilities increased from 19 billion Czech koruna (CZK) at the end of 2006 to CZK 53 billion at the end of 2015.

For the second phase of this restructuring, on 1 December 2007, České dráhy spun off its freight operations into the newly established ČD Cargo, which remained a wholly-owned subsidiary of České dráhy. Prior to 1 July 2008, České dráhy was the biggest employer in the Czech Republic. Prior to the late 2000s, the organisation had historically incurred losses as a matter of routine, thus necessitating the provision of subsidies from the Czech government. However, during 2007, České dráhy recorded a profit of 53 million CZK (2.1 million Euros), which was the first time the company had recorded a profit in its history. Despite this milestone, České dráhy has continued to receive government subsidies and undergo periodic reforms with the aim of cutting costs to become a routinely profitable operating concern.

In 2008, ČD Sky, an alliance between České dráhy and the airline SkyEurope, was created. SkyEurope, which was heavily indebted, ceased operations in August 2009.

Measures aimed at increasing operating efficiency have spanned various aspects of the organisation. During January 2008, plans to transfer passenger transport operations to an independent subsidiary were met with approval from the Czech government. While České dráhy is responsible for operating train services, the management and operation of the railway infrastructure (such as the tracks, signals, and stations) is managed by Správa železniční dopravní cesty (SŽDC). During December 2010, the Czech government proposed bringing SŽDC and ČD together in a single holding company. Around this time, the government also changed the subsidy available to both ČD and SŽDC. During 2018, plans were mooted for the privatisation of subsidiary ČD Cargo. However, in November of that year, it was announced that no change would occur and that ČD Cargo would remain a state-owned entity; this was reportedly due to a decision by Andrej Babiš, the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, to veto the proposal.

During the 2010s, the open-access operator RegioJet has competed directly with České dráhy for passenger patronage between Prague and Ostrava. On 29 September 2011, the latter adopted similar pricing to those charged by RegioJet on the same route, which RegioJet declared to be unfair competition and a misuse of České dráhy's dominant position. Two years later, RegioJet took legal action over České dráhy's pricing policy, alleging its negative impact on its business results. During June 2022, the European Commission claimed that, between 2012 and 2016, České dráhy and the Austrian train operator ÖBB had colluded to prevent RegioJet from obtaining long-distance coaches from the latter.

In 2014, the first "ČD Railjet" with passengers ran in the Czech Republic.

Modern rolling stock from international manufacturers has been purchases on multiple occasions. Perhaps the most prominent is the ČD Class 680 Pendolino, a high speed tilting train, which was originally intended for operating international services between Berlin, Prague, and Vienna. A successor to the Pendolino was reportedly being sought during the early 2020s; the company has also declared its ambitions to build a dedicated high speed network akin to the TGV. During the 2010s, both České dráhy and freight subsidiary ČD Cargo were operating Siemens Vectron electric locomotives; these have often been leased from other companies. In December 2021, a CZK 5 billion (225.4 million United States dollars) contract for a further 31 three-car RegioPanter electric multiple units (EMUs) was issued to Škoda Transportation, making for a total fleet size of 110 such trains operated by České dráhy. The company has also explored the use of alternative fuel vehicles.

In 2019, the supervisory board of České dráhy dismissed its Chairman, who has been in office since September 2018, as Kupec faced an investigation over possible illegal conduct.

In November 2022, it was announced that Czech plans to subsidise electrified rail operations had been approved by the European Commission, benefitting companies such as České dráhy. That same month, plans were revealed to modernise in excess of 2,000 coaches and other rail vehicles over the next four years at an annual cost of roughly Koruna 3.5bn (142.2 million United States dollars).

Statistics

During 2015, České dráhy recorded that its consolidated revenues were CZK 33 billion. Comprising this figure were revenues from passenger transport, which amounted to CZK 21 billion (64% transfer payments from the government, 24% intrastate transport, 12% international transport), along with revenues from freight transport operated by subsidiary ČD Cargo, which amounted to CZK 11 billion.

 * 9412 km of railway lines operated by ČD, of which 3210 km was electrified track and 1906 km is double- and multiple-track, all of them transferred to the infrastructure operator Správa železnic since.
 * 168.8 million passengers carried
 * 6,907 million passenger-kilometres
 * 76.723 million tonnes of goods carried
 * 13,592 million tonne-kilometres

Freight services
ČD Cargo, the cargo subsidiary, mainly transports raw materials, intermediate goods and containers. As of 2009, it is ranked in the top five largest railway cargo operators in Europe.

Rolling stock

 * 2,726 tractive vehicles, of which 856 are electric locomotives and train-sets
 * 27,416 freight cars
 * 3,605 passenger cars

Tourism
In 1999, the České dráhy Museum was opened in Lužná. It is the largest railway museum in the Czech Republic with the largest collection of steam locomotives.

title: České dráhy


text:
New feminism

New feminism is a form of feminism that emphasizes the integral complementarity of women and men, rather than the superiority of men over women or women over men, and advocates for respecting persons from conception to natural death.

New feminism, as a form of difference feminism, supports the idea that men and women have different strengths, perspectives, and roles, while advocating for the equal worth and dignity of both sexes. Among its basic concepts are that biological differences are significant and do not compromise sexual equality. New feminism holds that women should be valued in their role as child bearers, that women are individuals with equal worth as men; and that in social, economic and legal senses they should be equal, while accepting the differences between the sexes.

History
The term was originally used in Britain in the 1920s to distinguish new feminists from traditional mainstream suffragist feminism. These women, also referred to as welfare feminists, were particularly concerned with motherhood, like their opposite numbers in Germany at the time, Helene Stöcker and her Bund für Mutterschutz. New feminists campaigned strongly in favour of such measures as family allowances paid directly to mothers. They were also largely supportive of protective legislation in industry. A major proponent of this was Eleanor Rathbone of the suffragist-successor society, the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship.

New feminists were opposed mainly by young women, especially those in the Six Point Group, particularly Winifred Holtby, Vera Brittain, and Dorothy Evans, who saw this as a retrograde step towards the separate spheres ideology of the 19th century. They were particularly opposed to protective legislation, which they saw as being in practice restrictive legislation, which kept women out of better-paid jobs on the pretext of health and welfare considerations.

Recent use
In recent years, the term has been revived by feminists responding to Pope John Paul II's call for a "'new feminism' which rejects the temptation of imitating models of 'male domination' in order to acknowledge and affirm the true genius of women in every aspect of the life of society and overcome all discrimination, violence and exploitation . . . 'Reconcile people with life'". John Paul II links the new feminism of pro-life, pro-person advocacy to the feminine genius identified in his 1988 apostolic letter Mulieris Dignitatem, or, On the Dignity and Vocation of Women. In section 30 of this letter, John Paul II identified women as having a "genius that belongs" to them and called on them to use it to restore "sensitivity for human beings in every circumstance. Women are mothers and caregivers as well as participants in every realm of human endeavor. He describes the 'feminine genius' as including empathy, interpersonal relations, emotive capacity, subjectivity, communication, intuition and personalization. In the controversial section 24 of this letter, John Paul II defends the equality of women and argues that husbands and wives are to be mutually submissive to each other.

John Paul II had begun his theologically-based affirmation of integral gender complementarity in his Wednesday audiences between 1979 and 1984, in what is now compiled as the Theology of the Body. In this work, he describes his belief that men and women are formed as complementary human beings for the sake of loving and being loved.

John Paul II continued his call for women to become advocates of humanity in his Apostolic Letter to Women prior to the 1995 Beijing Women's conference.

Since then, women interested in advocating for the person--along with their male collaborators--have been developing personalist feminism. "Personalist feminism" was a term first coined by Prudence Allen to describe the feminism called for by John Paul II. Women have also been developing new feminism as a philosophical theory about sexual complementarity. They agree that being the equal to men in their professional and social capacities does not require denying their physical differences as women nor the importance of being a mother whether physically or spiritually.

Integral sex complementarity
While the Greeks acknowledged the possibility of sex complementarity, systematic developments into this philosophy of the person did not begin until Augustine of Hippo, who recognized the implications of the Christian doctrine of the resurrection. The first western philosopher to articulate a complete theory of sex complementarity was Hildegard of Bingen, a 12th-century Benedictine nun. Her advances were soon buried by the 13th century Aristotelian Revolution, and the lack of higher education for women in the following centuries.

Philosophical developments in the concept of integral gender complementarity were popularized in the early 20th century by two students of Edmund Husserl: Dietrich von Hildebrand and Edith Stein. Von Hildebrand argued against the "terrible anti-personalism" of his age, stating that it is the "general dissimilarity in the nature of both which enables... a real complementary relationship". Stein revived the metaphysics of Thomas Aquinas to argue that a difference in bodies constitutes a difference in spirit, that the soul is not unisex. Stein's argument has been criticized for not realizing that the immateriality of the human soul transcends the limitations of the body as Aquinas argues. New feminist theories were also influenced by the Personalist and Phenomenology movements of the early 20th century.

Integral complementarity differs from fractional complementarity, in that it argues that men and women are each whole persons in and of themselves, and, together, equal more than the sum of their parts. The concept of fractional complementarity argues that a man and woman each make up a part of a person. By this theory, when they are joined together, they then comprise one, composite being.

Meaning of the body
New feminists promote an understanding of the human person as one who is made in the image and likeness of God (imago Dei) for the purpose of union and communion. They see distinct differences in the ways in which men and women make a sincere gift of themselves through the 'nuptial meaning of the body', and see these gifts as shedding light on the mysteries of God and their own vocation, mission and dignity.

Other ideas promoted by new feminists include:
 * that the different bodily structures of men and women lead both to different lived experiences.
 * that the different ways in which men and women give life physically are linked to emotional, spiritual, and intellectual dispositions.
 * that fulfillment as a woman means exercising maternal care, whether physically or spiritually. New feminists believe that whether or not they do it well, women are physically structured to be mothers, to develop life with their wombs. They purport the idea that the physical capacity for motherhood connects with the psychological, spiritual and emotional characteristics that women would need to be mothers.
 * that regardless of whether or not a woman ever gives birth, she has the capacity for maternal love in spiritual motherhood.

The feminine genius
The phrase "the feminine genius" is used to describe the genius that John Paul II identified as belonging to women, “which can ensure sensitivity for human beings in every circumstance.” He argues that this sensitivity is linked to maternity. Work on unpacking the nature of this link can be found in various anthologies, such as Women in Christ: Toward a New Feminism (2004) and Woman as Prophet in the Home and the World (2016). The characteristics of these feminine genius-maternity links raise many open questions. For example:

 * Emphasis on the person: Because they can receive and develop life within their wombs, women can have a special openness to the new person - their child. This includes the capacity to unify all of humankind because people were all once united with their mothers in their wombs. The open questions here include the degree to which it takes a decision to consider every human person as some one's child and the ways in which such a decision has implications for social policy, the arts, and human culture.
 * Empathy: Because of the need to care for their developing children, within their wombs and as infants, caring mothers tend to become more empathetic. The open questions on this characteristic include whether the development of empathy is physiological or the result of the choice to be caring. They also include evaluating Edith Stein's argument that women have "a profound need to share [their lives] with another and, consequently, a capacity for unselfish love, for commitment, a capacity to transcend the self...".
 * Receptivity: Only women are created with a physical empty space inside of themselves capable of receiving another person and conceiving new life. Through pregnancy, women give a gift of self - their own bodies - so that others, their children, can receive the gift of life. The open questions here include the correlation between sexual receptivity and other kinds of receptivity, e.g. emotional, psychological, spiritual, intellectual and so forth.
 * Protection of life: Because of the new human life within their wombs, women have a special vocation to care for their own children and a special sensitivity to the needs of all those who cannot care for themselves - the weak, the poor, the outcast - all those whose life is not valued. New feminists believe it to be a particular injustice when women support abortion, infanticide, embryonic stem cell research, or in-vitro fertilization. The open questions here concern the best ways to meet the needs of women and offer the support necessary to end these injustices and build a more humane society. Personalist feminists argue that the collaboration of men is so necessary for these tasks that they too need to be feminists.
 * Sanctity and modesty: Women have a sense of modesty to guard against the exploitation or objectification of that holy mystery. Only total love - unconditional commitment and mutual self-giving in marriage - "has the capacity to absorb the shame of human nature." The key to this absorption is valuing sexuality as the embodiment of a person who is dearly loved. New feminists are typically against what Russell D. Moore termed "the Concubine Culture" of couples living together and having sex outside of marriage.
 * Supportive of men: By enabling men to become fathers, women give men a great gift. While he shares in parenthood, man always remains outside the process of pregnancy and birth. In many ways, women facilitate a man's fatherhood and parenting skills. For New feminists, the fulfillment of masculinity means being a father, whether physically or spiritually. In order to become a physical father, a man must give away his semen, in order to create new life. All spiritual fathers, according to New Feminists, have a responsibility to protect the mutual self-giving of man and woman. This sense of protection of their wives and families is also built into a man's physical capacities in the greater physical strength of men, generally speaking, as well as their psychological need to feel competent and capable. There are many unresolved questions here include the ways in which women facilitate fatherhood, substantiating the claim that fatherhood is key to male fulfillment, and the ways in which fatherhood is imaged in the Trinity and by Christ.
 * There is controversy as not all new feminists accept John Paul II's argument in sections 23-24 of Mulieris Dignitatem that due to Genesis 1:27 and Ephesians 5:21, husband and wives are to be mutually submissive.  For example, in Eastern Orthodoxy, spiritual fatherhood means spiritual priesthood – the offering of a man's body and blood for the sanctification of the world. It was because Jesus gave his body and blood away both as a sacrifice for his Church and as a gift to the Church in the form of the Eucharist that new spiritual life could be conceived. "A man is 'head' of his wife not to stroke his own ego, but in order to give up his body for her" and thus create new life. As keepers of the Eucharist, men are entrusted with the body and blood of Christ. All men, whether single or married, are entrusted with woman – the body of the Church. "She is their Eucharist."

New feminist positions

 * Distinction, not discrimination: "Discrimination is an evil, but distinction is God's design." New feminists claim that men and women are different and that this difference affects the way they live their lives, what they care about, and their strengths and weaknesses. Women can fulfill their vocational calling by acting as spiritual mothers in whatever their occupation: as wife, mother, consecrated woman, working professional, or single woman. Differences between the sexes should never be used to unilaterally discriminate except in cases when a task is contingent upon a person being of a certain sex, e.g., women give birth and only men can be priests in Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches.
 * Marriage as communion: New feminists consider marriage to be a reciprocal self-giving of persons in free, total, faithful and fruitful communion. This means that marriage is more than a "partnership"; it is a communion of persons.
 * Celebration of the family and the home: New feminists argue that a true feminism is not just about women, it is about the Family – both individually and collectively in the Church and Humanity. The family is the foundational unit of society, yet many women do not have the choice to stay at home with their children because of social, economic or political pressures.  Women's work as mothers and in the home must be valued as good in and of itself.
 * Love and service, not power, domination or bitterness: Dismayed by what they see as the bitterness, hatred, or retribution of many feminists against men or other women for current or past injustices, new feminists argue that men and women should cooperate with one another in interpersonal communion. This means giving of themselves in mutual service and love.
 * True freedom remembers purpose, including oughts as well as rights: In order for men and women to be truly free, new feminists assert that they must honor the Creator and love accordingly. Philosophy and Religion, then, are essential components in the search for how men and women should and ought to act for "a higher truth or good", not just how they want or can act. New feminists assert that people must gratefully remember God loves them as shown by creation; they must recognize that life, in some way, is a gift and not a mere thing which a person can claim as his or her exclusive property.
 * Fruitfulness, not just productivity: To be fruitful is to enable others to love and be loved. While productivity is valuable, helpful and necessary, it must be geared towards respect and love for the person – even though it takes longer, requires patience and the cooperation of others, and is appreciated not measured. Every act of service is a witness to the worth of the human person and thus promotes the progress of the whole human race.
 * Fertility, not sterility: Many new feminists assert that fertility is a natural, healthy biological process, not a disease that women need to take the Pill to be cured from. If women respect their fertility – their potential for physical and spiritual motherhood, they demand respect from others and deny that their sexuality is reducible to self-gratification. This devaluing of sexuality occurs with the use of contraceptives. Thus, the vast majority of new feminists discuss the spiritual, emotional, and physical benefits for men and women by following natural family planning instead of utilizing contraception.

Proponents
Contemporary proponents include Pia de Solenni, Janet E. Smith, Katrina Zeno, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, R. Mary Lemmons, Colleen Carroll Campbell, Mary Beth Bonacci, Sister Prudence Allen, Alice von Hildebrand, Kimberly Hahn, Helen Alvare, Dorinda C. Bordlee, Erika Bachiochi, and Mary Ellen Bork. The work of earlier Catholic thinkers on masculinity and femininity, such as Hildegard of Bingen, Edith Stein and G. E. M. Anscombe, has also become recently influential in the development of new feminism. Though primarily originally in the thought of John Paul II, the movement also includes prominent non-Catholics, like Jewish author Wendy Shalit and Protestant activist Enola Aird.

Critiques
Critics of the movement argue that it was created by a patriarchal structure for its own maintenance. As commented by Sister of Mercy Mary Aquin O'Neill, director of the Mount Agnes Theological Center for Women in Baltimore, "[i]t will always mean that men are defining women and telling women what it is like to be a woman." According to this view, until women are members of this higher authority, they can never make authoritative decisions about their perspectives because they are excluded from the vote. Those critics maintain that no movement that opposes abortion and birth control in the form of artificial contraception can be positive for women, and that new feminism is a form of gender or biological determinism, which may be seen as old prejudices in a new guise.

This modern use of new feminism by the Catholic Church attempts to stray away from the traditional sentiments of the 1912 Catholic Encyclopedia that women and men do not belong together in the political, economic, and social spheres. It was never clarified as to why these changes were made, and the Holy See still followed many premises that shared the same anthropological arguments of the 1912 Catholic Encyclopedia. Another critique of new feminism is that Pope John Paul II's positions can too easily be tied to more traditional Catholic teachings. This could cause the continuation of a worldview that negates the ability for men and women to successfully work together in a professional and/or social setting.

title: New feminism


text:
Rodrigo Prieto

Rodrigo Prieto Stambaugh, ASC, AMC (born November 23, 1965), is a Mexican cinematographer. He has collaborated with Martin Scorsese and Alejandro González Iñárritu, among other prominent directors. He is a member of both the Mexican Society of Cinematographers and the American Society of Cinematographers. Throughout his career, Prieto has received many awards and nominations, including four Academy Award nominations for Best Cinematography in Ang Lee's Brokeback Mountain (2005) and Martin Scorsese's Silence (2016), The Irishman (2019), and Killers of the Flower Moon (2023).

Early life and education
Rodrigo Prieto was born in Mexico City, Mexico. His grandfather, Jorge Prieto Laurens, was the mayor of Mexico City and leader of the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico, but was later persecuted by the country's ruler because of political differences. Prieto's grandfather escaped with his family to Texas and then to Los Angeles, where Prieto's father would spend most of his childhood. Prieto's father studied aeronautical engineering at New York University, where he met and married Prieto's mother, an artist. Rodrigo Prieto graduated from Centro de Capacitación Cinematográfica in Mexico City.

Career
Prieto is noted for his unconventional use of the camera often combined with strong moody lighting. In 25th Hour, Prieto utilized overexposure and other techniques to create original dream-like images to signify that the events shown on screen are memories or visions. Similarly innovative photography could be spotted in Frida, featuring strong colors and sharp imagery blended with atmospheric yellows and browns, as well as his experimental use of infrared during a battle scene in Alexander. Prieto also is interested in evoking naturalism, most evident in The Homesman and Brokeback Mountain. Prieto not only shot Brokeback Mountain, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography, but appeared in a cameo role within the film as a Mexican gigolo whom Jake Gyllenhaal's character, Jack Twist, meets.

Prieto has formed an artistic collaboration with Martin Scorsese on his films The Wolf of Wall Street, Silence, The Irishman, and Killers of the Flower Moon. He garnered Academy Award nominations for Best Cinematography for the latter three. He served as cinematographer for the music videos for the three Taylor Swift 2020 singles, "The Man", which references one of his previous films The Wolf of Wall Street, "Cardigan" and "Willow".

Prieto is the recipient of the 2021 Vilcek Prize in Filmmaking, awarded by the Vilcek Foundation.

In October 2023, Prieto served as a juror at the Morelia International Film Festival in Michoacán, Mexico.

Personal life
Prieto resides in Los Angeles, California with his wife Monica and they have two daughters.

title: Rodrigo Prieto