text:
Talk:Great Russian language

Neutrality
Hmmm, this article is a funny mixture of 19th century propaganda (Malorossiya anyone?) with linguistic terms and some crazed history with 12 centuries compressed to two or three sentences. IMO it needs serious NPOVing. Halibutt 01:40, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

It's funny that this time my edits were called russophobic, while some other editors accused me for other edits in Russian Imperialism. I guess, it is better to be accused in both than in one, perhaps it mean that I am neither. Anyway, I am restoring my edits. If they are reverted again, I will not persist for now, but please care to explain what is russophobic there, or if not, what's wrong. And better yet, please be a little more polite. Thanks! -Irpen June 28, 2005 21:08 (UTC)
 * Ups, right after writing the above, I found that someone else already restored my text. An it was a Pole! :). Well, anyway, if Poles agree with my edits, I am afraid they may have been Russophobic indeed :).
 * P.S. Hallibutt and others, this above about Poles was a joke. Just thought I better say clearly it's a joke just in case. Ghirlandajo, I really respect your knowledge and appreciate your contributions. Seriously. Please have a little tolerance. Let's not exchange with silly barbs and work on articles instead.-Irpen June 28, 2005 21:16 (UTC)

 * No offence taken (I didn't even smell any here, to be sincere). What I disliked about this article 8 months ago (and still do, despite Ghirlandajo's reverts) is that it mentions the god-given truths of 19th century Russian scholars as the only possible version of history, while it's not necessarily so. I reworded a bit, let's see if Ghirlandajo reverts instantly - or joins the discussion... The most important thing is that these views are currently not shared by barely anyone, not only Ukrainian scholars. Also, apparently Russian and Ukrainian are closely related, but not mutually intelligible, or not more than Polish and Ukrainian. Halibutt June 28, 2005 21:24 (UTC)

Halibutt, maybe my version was not the best way to say it, but the version you made needs changes, I think. In the 19-th century not only Russian, but many other historians accepted the version of 3 dialects, see 1911 Britannica for example. The influence of Russian scholarship in the East Slavic historical thought was and remains very significant. That what I meant by the phrase "...under the influence of the scholarship most accepted in the Imperial Russia, many scholars didn't distinguish between...". I will not restore my text for now. I would like to see what others say first. However, the claim that even in the 19-th century Ukrainian and Russian were indeed, rather than claimed to be, mutually intelligible is very questionable, I think. -Irpen June 28, 2005 21:42 (UTC)
 * And right when I was saying the above, Ghirlandajo said the same thing in the article's edit history. Yes, it was not only Russian historians. That's correct. Please explain in this page what was wrong with my version. I would appreciate if you retract the "Irpen's edit russophobic" remark. But I guess I would have to live with it if you still feel so. Please, no flames -Irpen June 28, 2005 21:48 (UTC)

 * Dear Irpen, it is very doubtful that there were an anti-Ukrainian conspiracy in the 19th-century scholarly world. I don't think that any modern linguist knows how to say whether the dialects are separate languages or not. There is no distinct border at all. If you ask the question on sci.lang or some other such forum, you are sure to be answered that it is nationhood that makes a dialect to be recognized as a separate language. Mutual intelligibility is not a criterion. There are two unintelligible languages in Norway, and yet they classify them as one. The same with Rusin language - is it separate from Ukrainian or no? The same with Bulgarian and Macedonian, Serban and Croatian, Moldovan and Rumanian, &c, &c. --Ghirlandajo 28 June 2005 21:49 (UTC)

The notion of "Ukraine" barely existed in the 19-th century. If there was some kind of conspiracy in Russian scholarship, if you like to use such word, it was not anti-Ukrainian or anti-anything else. It was pro single Rus' "united and indivisible". Not all scholars had views along those lines, but that certainly was a dominant line of thought. The question about the definition of a dialect vs a language is not a trivial one. There are many today's and historical examples like you gave above that can be used by either side of this debate. Mutual intelligibility is an important criterion, but now a single one of course. The issue of whether Little Russian in 19-th century was a dialect or a language is a matter of debate and different sides view that differently. 19-th century scholarship tended to see it more as a dialect (and Russian state tend to actively discourage it, but that's a separate matter). That's fine if we mention that there was such a view at that time. It is also correct to point out the source. Peace! -Irpen June 28, 2005 22:09 (UTC)

 * Irpen, as to your comments, I fully agree. I didn't think of it that way when I prepared my version. My problem was that I did not encounter any 19th century works on "Ruthenian" (as it was called back then, at least in Poland and France) from the outside, only works by Russians (who apparently accepted the "Little Russia" thesis) and Poles and Ukrainians themselves. But apparently B1911 is a decent proof. On the other hand, I have yet to see a modern study that would support the idea of modern Ukrainian being a dialect of Russian.

 * As to mutual intelligibility, perhaps the south-eastern dialects of Ukrainian (used, for instance, by Shevchenko) had more to do with Russian. However, in 19th century and early 20th century the modern Ukrainian was formed under heavy influence from western dialects (Volhynia, Podolia...), used for instance by Ivan Franko. The latter dialects were under heavy influence from Polish and Slovakian (mostly lexical and syntactical, but also semantical) and I doubt an average Russian would understand much of it (be it written or spoken language).

 * All in all, I believe that modern notions should be also expressed in this article and the way Ghirlandajo suggests it should be done (This view is currently rejected by those scientists who say that language is a dialect with its own army and fleet. remark seems ridiculous) is not the best, IMO. By presenting only the 19th century Russian POV this article seriously lacks balance. Preferably, we should prepare a short list of scholars who supported the idea and a list of those who didn't. Also, I wonder if Ghirlandajo could present us with a serious modern publication claiming that Ukrainian still is considered a dialect of Russian. Finally, I wonder why doesn't this article mention the Vistulan Russian - that is Polish :) Halibutt June 29, 2005 06:27 (UTC)

 * All this discussion is quite irrelevant to the subject of this article. The language/dialect of modern Russia was called Velikorussian, because it was spoken in Velikorossiya. The language/dialect of modern Ukraine was called Malorussian, because the country it was spoken in was called Malorossiya. Whether these were different languages or just dialects of one language, should be discussed elsewhere, in the article on Ukrainian language, for example. --Ghirlandajo 29 June 2005 07:38 (UTC)

 * No, you missed the point here. The problem is that your version was simply false and led to misinformation. According to version you reverted to:

 * 1) most scholars didn't distinguish between Eastern Slavic languages - was there some kind of poll taken? Or perhaps you've counted all the works on Eastern Slavic and 50% + 1 supported the thesis?
 * 2) were considered mutually intelligible - if we say that they were considered mutually intelligible (although it is hardly accepted nowadays and in 19th century the situation was no different), then we should also mention the other view on the topic (and the one that prevails nowadays would be quite NPOV, I guess).
 * 3) It was accepted that within the Russian language there are three main dialects - Great Russian, Little Russian (i.e., Ukrainian), and White Russian (e.g., Belarusian). - no Vistulan Russian here? Strange ;)

 * Anyway, it's not about Russophobia, though I see you're a tad touchy on this matter. It's about factual accuracy. For instance, from your version of this article, an uninformed reader might draw a conclusion that the article on Eastern Slavic languages is either fals or obsolete and uses wrong terms. Also, I'm not sure if it's the same in Russia, but in Poland and Spain the whole Great Russia thingie is in most cases mentioned together with 19th century tsarist propaganda, russification and the debate. If we mention only the propaganda and fail to mention the debate, this article will never be NPOV. Halibutt June 29, 2005 08:09 (UTC)

Ghirlandajo, I think you have a point when you say that the dialect vs language issue should be discussed in a different article. However, in this case this topic should not be discussed here at all rather than present only one side of the debate. Even more radically, we can have this page simply a redirect to Great Russia, the article I created myself some time ago together with Little Russia (to which I redirected Little Russian created at the same time). There are two aspects with the term Great Russian (language). One is etymological and historical and both belong to Great Russia article. The other is the thing, that often goes with those who use this terminology nowadays about a dialect, etc. If we keep the dialect debate in Russian/Ukraine language articles and keep etymology within Great/Little Russia articles, it will be a fine thing to simply redirect this article to Great Russia. I will not mind if someone blanks this entire article into a redirect -Irpen June 30, 2005 02:09 (UTC)
 * Russian Emperial Chovinistic propaganda. --89.218.0.173 06:52, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Proposed name change
Hello,

I think that this article only describes what happened in the Russian empire of the 19th century. Therefore, I think it would best be called "the great russian language of the russian empire". Any comments? Thanks, Horlo (talk) 09:19, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

Suggested Move
Hello,

Are there any objections to renaming this article "The Great Russian Language of the 19th Century"?

All of the sources describe exactly that.

Thanks, Horlo (talk) 07:26, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

look, "Great Russian language" is simply a 19th century term for the very same language now known as the Russian language. This should just be a redirect. --dab (𒁳) 22:25, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

I disagree. This is an appropriate topic and article title as an article describing a historic usage and perspective on the language. I think it's fine as it, and a merge is inappropriate. D O N D E groovily  Talk to me  04:21, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Great Russian language


text:
PVD

PVD may refer to:

Places

 * Providence station (Amtrak station code), Providence, Rhode Island, US
 * Rhode Island T. F. Green International Airport (IATA and FAA LID codes), Warwick, Rhode Island, US

Science and technology

 * Peripheral vascular disease, obstruction of large arteries not within the coronary, aortic arch vasculature, or brain
 * Peripheral vision (horizon) display, an aircraft cockpit instrument which assists pilots in maintaining proper attitude
 * Personal Video Disc, a special format of discs created by Hasbro Inc. to be used only in their VideoNow product lines
 * Physical vapor deposition, vacuum deposition methods used to deposit thin films
 * Posterior vitreous detachment, a condition of the eye in which the vitreous membrane separates from the retina
 * Primary disorder of vigilance, an attention syndrome

Other uses

 * Party for Democratic Action (Partia për veprim demokratik), a political party in Serbia
 * Paul van Dyk (born 1971), German trance DJ and producer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: PVD


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Totalizm

Totalizm
Spam, the only way to possibly remedy the POV is a complete rewrite. Originally a speedy, but can't be speedied according to policy. — David Remahl 01:43, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. David Remahl 01:43, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete or Cleanup: may be a valid topic, but this article is heavily POV: it spreads throughout the world like a wild fire ... yeah .... right -- Chris 73 Talk 03:38, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - ill-defined, ill-spelled and ill-eat my hat if the core of the philosphy isn't "thou shalt sell books". - TB 11:57, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert, non-notable.   — Gwalla | Talk 17:33, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Likely vanity, certainly not notable. --Improv 16:32, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Why is a philosophy with a single rule ("pedantically obey moral laws") supposed to be called "totalizm"? Delete. -- Mike Rosoft 13:14, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Maurice Ferré

Maurice Antonio Ferré (June 23, 1935 – September 19, 2019) was an American politician who served six terms as the Mayor of Miami. Ferré was the first Puerto Rican-born United States mayor and the first Latino Mayor of Miami. He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2010 elections for the U.S. Senate seat for Florida vacated by Mel Martínez for the Democratic primary.

Early years
Ferré was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico. He was the son of businessman José Ferré and nephew of governor of Puerto Rico Luis A. Ferré (1904–2003). Ferre's father José visited Miami, Florida in the 1920s and wondered why the city did not have any tall buildings. He then ventured into construction and real estate development in Miami. Ferré was born when José and his family returned to their hometown, Ponce in Puerto Rico. Ferré was a graduate of the University of Miami.

Ferré served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1967 to 1968. He served as mayor of Miami from 1973 to 1985.

From 1993 to 1993, Ferré served in the Miami-Dade County Board of Commissioners and was Vice-Chairman of the Miami-Dade County Board of Commissioners. He was active in national political campaigns, and was a member of several presidential advisory boards. Ferré also worked as a banker and business consultant, and held various research and teaching posts.

On December 20, 1995, Francisco Ferré Malaussena, Mariana Gómez de Ferré, and Felipe Antonio Ferré Gómez, the son, daughter-in-law, and grandson of Ferré, died when American Airlines Flight 965 crashed into a mountain in Colombia.

Ferré ran for mayor of Miami-Dade County in 1996, finishing in third against fellow Commissioners Alex Penelas and Arthur Teele. Ferré won 20% and did not make it to the runoff.

In November 2001, Ferré lost his bid to be reelected Mayor of Miami.

Ferré attempted his second run for mayor of Miami-Dade County in 2004; however, he won only 17.76% of the vote, and did not make the run-off.

Later years
Ferré was on a fellowship at Princeton University and was writing a book about the contributions that Hispanics have made to American culture. Ferré was one of the driving forces behind the intermestic (an abbreviation of international and domestic) dialogue, which attempts to seek consensus regarding Puerto Rico's political status problem from both an international and domestic vantage point. He spoke about this effort to deal with Puerto Rico's political status in an address to the Puerto Rico Senate as keynote speaker during the Governors' Day special session on February 16, 2006.

In October 2009, Ferré announced that he was running for the open U.S. Senate seat of Mel Martinez. He finished in fourth place (last place) in the Democratic primary, with only 4.9% of the vote.

Ferré is sometimes referred to as the "father of modern-day Miami." To pay tribute to him and his legacy, a park district in Miami, formerly called Museum Park, was named after him in early 2019.

Ferré died in Miami on September 19, 2019, from spinal cancer. He was 84 years of age.

title: Maurice Ferré


text: User talk:161.149.63.203

title: User talk:161.149.63.203


text:
Lark (disambiguation)

A lark is a small terrestrial bird.

Lark, The Lark, Larks or The Larks may also refer to:

Geography

 * Lark, Utah, United States, a ghost town
 * Lark, Wisconsin, United States, an unincorporated community
 * Lark Street, Albany, New York, United States
 * River Lark, a river in England
 * Lark Lane, Liverpool, England
 * Lark Wood, a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire, England
 * Lark or Larak Island, in the Persian Gulf off the coast of Iran

Music

 * The Larks, an influential American vocal group active in the 1950s
 * Lark (band), an electronica band from South Africa
 * "The Lark", nickname given to String Quartet No. 53 in D major, Op. 64, No. 5, by Joseph Haydn
 * "The Lark", composed by Mikhail Glinka
 * "The Lark" or "Ciocârlia", composed by Angheluş Dinicu
 * Lark (album), a 1972 album by Linda Lewis
 * Alouette (song), Quebecois children's song whose title translates to "Lark"

Films

 * The Lark (1958 film), an Australian TV adaptation of Jean Anouilh's play (see below)
 * The Lark (1964 film), a Soviet film
 * The Lark (2007 film), a British film

Fictional characters

 * John Lark, a character in the Mission: Impossible – Fallout
 * Miss Lark, a recurring character in the Mary Poppins book series
 * Lady Lark, a Marvel Comics character
 * Lark, from the PlayStation 2 game Devil Kings
 * Lark, from the Nintendo 64 game Pilotwings 64

Plays

 * The Lark (play), a 1952 play about Joan of Arc by Jean Anouilh

In the military

 * HMS Lark, sixteen Royal Navy ships
 * Hired armed lugger Lark, used by the Royal Navy from 1799 to 1801
 * USS Lark, two US Navy ships
 * CSS Lark, a Confederate paddle steamer and blockade runner during the American Civil War
 * SAM-N-2 Lark, an early U.S. Navy anti-aircraft missile
 * Lark (Norwegian resistance), a Second World War group sent into German-occupied Norway to prepare for a possible Allied invasion

Transportation

 * Studebaker Lark, a compact car built by Studebaker in the 1950s and early 1960s
 * Lark (passenger train), a passenger train operated by the Southern Pacific Railroad
 * Lark, a South Devon Railway 0-4-0 steam locomotive
 * Curtiss Model 41 Lark, a commercial biplane introduced in 1925
 * Keleher Lark, a single-seat aerobatic sport aircraft designed in the early 1960s
 * Lark (dinghy), a two-person racing dinghy
 * MV Larks, a former name of the ferry MV Lucky Star (1976)

Sports

 * Denver Larks, a former name of the Denver Nuggets National Basketball Association team
 * Larks, a nickname for the Montreal Alouettes Canadian Football League team
 * Hays Larks, a collegiate summer baseball team in Hays, Kansas
 * Jersey Larks, a professional ice hockey team which played in the Eastern Hockey League during the 1960–61 season
 * Oakland Larks, a baseball team in the West Coast Negro Baseball League in 1946
 * Mynavi ABC Championship, a Japan Golf Tour event called the ABC Lark Cup (1988–1991) and the Lark Cup (1992–1993)

People

 * Lark (name), a list of people with either the surname or given name
 * Lark (person), someone who prefers to get up early in the morning and go to bed in the early evening
 * Sarah Lark, a pen name of German author Christiane Gohl (born 1958)
 * Lark O'Neal, a pen name of American novelist Barbara O'Neal (fl. 1990-present)
 * K. Gordon Lark, American biologist

Other uses

 * Lark (cigarette), a brand of cigarette made by Philip Morris
 * Lark Theater, a single-screen Art Deco cinema in Larkspur, California, United States
 * Lark Hotels, an American hotel management and development company
 * Lark, an XML syntax analyzer written by Tim Bray
 * Colloquial for a larrikin act
 * Lark (software), collaborative software
 * The Lark (theater), a New York-based new play theater organization
 * Lark (restaurant), a restaurant in Seattle

title: Lark (disambiguation)


text:
Baruntse

Baruntse is a mountain in the Khumbu region of eastern Nepal, crowned by four peaks and bounded on the south by the Hunku Glacier, on the east by the Barun Glacier, and on the northwest by the Imja Glacier. It is considered as one of the best preparation peaks in the Himalayas for climbers readying themselves for eight-thousanders, however the mountain has a low success rate due to its technical difficulties, steep slopes and unpredictable weather conditions. It is open for beginners, but requires the use of fixed ropes to climb.

Accessing the mountain is usually gained from the South, where climbers can ascend Mera Peak to acclimatize before moving up the valley to Baruntse base camp. From the village of Lukla, it is an eight day hike to base camp.

First ascents
The mountain was first climbed May 30, 1954 via the south ridge by Colin Todd and Geoff Harrow of a New Zealand expedition led by Sir Edmund Hillary.

The first ascent of the East Ridge was made on April 27, 1980 by Lorenzo Ortas, Javier Escartín, Jeronimo Lopez (all Spain) and Carlos Buhler (America) of a Spanish expedition led by Juan José Díaz Ibañez.

In 1994, the first ascent of the North West face of Baruntse North by Vladimir Leitermann, Martin Otta and Tomas Pekarek was nominated for a Piolets d'Or.

The first ascent of the west face was made in 1995 by a Russian team consisting of climbers Valeri Pershin (climbing leader), Evgeni Vinogradski, Salavat Habibulin, Nikolai Zhilin, and Yuri Ermachek. The ascent was made in seven days and the summit was made on October 12.

In 2004, the first ascent of Ciao Patrick (V+/VI M6+ 90°) on the northwest face and northwest ridge of Baruntse North (7,057m) was made by Simone Moro, Bruno Tassi and Denis Urubko. The alpine-style ascent was identified as one of the most notable ascents of the year.

In 2010, Becky Bellworthy from the United Kingdom became the youngest woman to summit Baruntse at 18 years old.

Notable climbs and incidents
In 1998, prominent American alpinist and ski racer Raoul Wille died of altitude sickness while climbing Baruntse.

Nineteen-times Everest summiteer Chhewang Nima died in 2010 on Baruntse after falling through a cornice while fixing a rope beneath the summit.

In 2013, Petr Machold and Jakub Vaněk from the Czech Republic were lost after attempting to climb up the mountain's west side, which had only been done once previously. They made it to 6,600m. Heavy snow caught them in camp, and when a rescue operation was mounted, the climbers could not be found.

In 2018, Mera, a stray Tibetan mastiff-Himalayan sheepdog cross climbed Baruntse after following a trekking expedition up the mountain. Team leader Don Wargowsky shared his tent and a sleeping mat with the dog, who is thought to be the first canine to ascend a 7,000m peak.

In 2021, Czech climbers Marek Holeček and Radek “Ráďa” Groh attempted the North-West face climb that had caught Machold and Vaněk eight years earlier. The perilous climb, which they later named "Heavenly Trap", lasted ten days due to increasingly worsening weather conditions. After summitting, the descent took nearly 80 hours. The climbers graded the route VI+ M6+ 80°.

title: Baruntse


text:
Sunshine Superman (song)

"Sunshine Superman" is a song written and recorded by Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released as a single in the United States through Epic Records (Epic 5–10045) in July 1966, but due to a contractual dispute the United Kingdom release was delayed until December 1966, where it appeared on Donovan's previous label, Pye Records (Pye 7N 17241). The single was backed with "The Trip" on both the US and UK releases. It has been described as "[one of the] classics of the era", and as "the quintessential bright summer sing along".

"Sunshine Superman" reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States (Donovan's only single to do so) and subsequently became the title track of his third album. When finally released in the UK, it reached No. 2. A different mix of "The Trip" (without harmonica) is also included in the album. The single version of "Sunshine Superman" was edited down from its original four-and-a-half minutes to just over three, and this version was also used on the album; the full-length version made its debut on the Donovan's Greatest Hits LP in 1969.

Musical style
Recorded on 19 December 1965, the song "has a claim to be the first psychedelic rock record ever recorded" according to The Guardian. It was arranged by two jazz musicians, pianist John Cameron and Spike Heatley, who played double bass. John Paul Jones, who would also act as an arranger on some Donovan sessions for producer Mickie Most, played electric bass. Session guitarist Jimmy Page (The Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin) played lead guitar, employing an innovative use of the volume control on his guitar for the repeating figure he played during the verses. Cameron played a two-tier Morley harpsichord on the record. After the success of the song, Cameron would arrange (and play on) many tracks for Donovan and Most.

Billboard described the single as a "rockin' production ballad with an exciting, commercial sound". Cash Box described the song as a "funky, medium-paced, blues-soaked romancer about a lad who is determined to snare the gal of his dreams", and called it "impressive". Record World said it "has an incessant and irresistible mid shuffle beat."

In popular culture
Following the release of the hit song, the name "Sunshine Superman" became widely associated with Donovan himself, and was used as the title or part of the title of about six of his album releases and reissues (including several compilations and a live album as well as being used as the title track of his 1966 studio album).

Various incarnations of a Sunshine Superman have appeared in comics produced by DC Comics, the publishers of the Superman character. Writer Grant Morrison referenced the song in a 1990 issue of Animal Man by creating Sunshine Superman, an African American version of Superman whose S-shield is sun-shaped and who was a member of the Love Syndicate of Dreamworld, from a world based on the drug culture of the 1960s. Sunshine Superman and his world were wiped out by the Crisis on Infinite Earths, only to be brought back by the Psycho-Pirate before fading away again. Sunshine Superman returned for a brief, non-speaking cameo in Final Crisis #7, in an army of alternate Supermen. In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, the Dreamworld Earth is reintroduced as Earth-47, where an iteration of Sunshine Superman and the Love Syndicate exist.

Personnel

 * Donovan – vocals, acoustic guitar, tambura
 * Jimmy Page and Eric Ford – electric guitars
 * John Cameron – harpsichord and arrangement
 * Spike Heatley – double bass
 * Bobby Orr – drums
 * Tony Carr – percussion
 * John Paul Jones – bass
 * Peter Vince – Abbey Road Engineer

The Sports version
Australian rock band The Sports released a version as the lead single from their extended play album, The Sports Play Dylan (and Donovan). The song peaked at number 22 on the Australian Kent Music Report.

title: Sunshine Superman (song)


text:
Hunku Glacier

The Hunku Glacier is located in the Khumbu region of eastern Nepal and forms the southern base of Baruntse mountain (7,220 m).

title: Hunku Glacier


text:
Category:Organizational theory

Articles relating to organizational theory, which consists of many approaches to organizational analysis. "Organizations" are defined as social units of people that are structured and managed to meet a need, or to pursue collective goals. Theories of organizations include rational system perspective, division of labor, bureaucratic theory, and contingency theory.

title: Category:Organizational theory


text:
TRS-80 (group)

TRS-80 is an electronic music group formed in Chicago in 1997 and led by founding member, Jay Rajeck.

Biography
TRS-80 was started by Kent Rayhill and Jay Rajeck in their hometown of Chicago, with Deb Schimmel joining them early on. The trio shared a common desire to write and perform music with real drums and synthesizers. A music writing frenzy of over 50 songs took place at Rajeck's home studio. The band played their first live show in 1998, opening for Death In Vegas at Double Door in Chicago. The band was known for their incorporation of visuals projected in sync with their music during live performances.

Chicago indie rock venue The Empty Bottle took TRS-80 under their wing shortly after hearing the band's demo and put them on the bill with artists like Sonic Boom, Acid Mothers Temple, Oval, and Laika among others, which helped grow TRS-80 a local following. From there they received bigger shows at venues like Metro, the Vic Theater and the 2,500 seat Riviera Theater opening for B52s, The Sisters of Mercy, The Creatures and other touring bands.

Over the next five years TRS-80 worked with two local record labels, released four albums, and toured parts of the US and Canada. The band also created custom scores for the award-winning Public Radio International show, This American Life and a Nike promotional film titled "Les Jumelles" created by Tron Legacy director, Joseph Kosinski.

In February 2005 Kent and Deb performed their last show, retiring from the stage to pursue other non-musical interests. In March 2005 Rajeck performed as TRS-80 with Mike Barron and Fred de Albuquerque on synthesizers and toured that summer in Canada and the US.

In 2006 TRS-80's music was featured twice in CSI: NY and an international Coca-Cola TV ad campaign. Jay Rajeck relocated to Los Angeles and released the full-length album "Mystery Crash" and sister release "Demixes" through Hollywood based One Cell Records after completing a West Coast tour. Long time TRS-80 video collaborator Eric Fensler relocated to Los Angeles from New York shortly thereafter and became Rajeck's partner in TRS-80 performances playing synth. The New You EP was released in 2008 through TRS-80's new label home, Vinyl International and music from the album was featured in the video game Saints Row 2 that sold over 2 million copies. TRS-80's first custom filmed music video for the single "Tinted" was created and took record sales to an all-time high.

Discography
Albums Singles and EP's Compilations
 * Industry Needs Electronic Skills (1999)
 * The Manhattan Love Machine (2000)
 * Backup : 01 (2001)
 * Mr. Kickass (2002)
 * Shake Hands With Danger (2003)
 * Mystery Crash (2006)
 * Demixes (2006) - Mystery Crash remixes
 * Horizons (2011)
 * Radiograbadora EP (1998)
 * Telemetry / 5000 Lbs Of Thrust (1999)
 * The New You EP (2008)
 * Sky Sailor EP (2011)
 * Turn A Corner (2012)
 * Dream Sequence (Single Mix) (2013)
 * Mirage (Single Mix) (2013)
 * Got Blues (2020)
 * Body Talk (Screener Copy) (2021)
 * Private Position (2021)
 * Dead On (2021)
 * Backup : 02 (2024) - TRS-80's earliest works remastered by Kent Rayhill
 * Volume One (2014) - TRS-80's earliest works remastered by Jay Rajeck
 * Volume Two (2014) - The second half of TRS-80's earliest works remastered by Jay Rajeck

title: TRS-80 (group)


text: User talk:68.229.96.162

title: User talk:68.229.96.162


text:
Khumbu Glacier

The Khumbu Glacier (खुम्बु हिमनदी) is located in the Khumbu region of northeastern Nepal between Mount Everest and the Lhotse-Nuptse ridge. With elevations of 4900 m at its terminus to 7600 m at its source, it is the world's highest glacier. The Khumbu Glacier is followed for the final part of the trail to one of the Everest Base Camps. The start of the glacier is in the Western Cwm near Everest. The glacier has a large icefall, the Khumbu Icefall, at the west end of the lower Western Cwm. This icefall is the first major obstacle—and among the more dangerous—on the standard south col route to the Everest summit. It is also the largest glacier in Nepal. The end of Khumbu Glacier is located at 27.932°N, 86.805°W.

title: Khumbu Glacier


text:
Esophageal web

Esophageal webs are thin membranes occurring anywhere along the esophagus.

Presentation
Its main symptoms are pain and difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia).

Esophageal webs are thin 2-3 mm membranes of normal esophageal tissue consisting of mucosa and submucosa that can partially protrude/obstruct the esophagus. They can be congenital or acquired. Congenital webs commonly appear in the middle and inferior third of the esophagus, and they are more likely to be circumferential with a central or eccentric orifice. Acquired webs are much more common than congenital webs and typically appear in the cervical area (postcricoid).

Clinical symptoms of this condition are selective (solid more than liquids) dysphagia, thoracic pain, nasopharyngeal reflux, aspiration, perforation and food impaction (the last two are very rare).

Causes
They are mainly observed in the Plummer–Vinson syndrome, which is associated with chronic iron deficiency anemia. One in 10 patients with Plummer-Vinson syndrome will eventually develop squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, but it is unclear if esophageal webs in and of themselves are a risk factor.

Esophageal webs are associated with bullous diseases (such as epidermolysis bullosa, pemphigus, and bullous pemphigoid), with graft versus host disease involving the esophagus, and with celiac disease.

Esophageal webs are more common in white individuals and in women (with a ratio of 2:1). The literature describes relations between these webs and Plummer-Vinson Syndrome, bullous dermatologic disorders, inlet patch, graft-versus-host disease and celiac disease. The postulated mechanisms are sideropenic anemia (mechanism unknown) or some interference of the immune system. Esophageal webs can be ruptured during upper endoscopy.

Diagnosis
The diagnostic test of choice is a barium swallow.

Treatment
Esophageal webs and rings can be treated with endoscopic dilation.

title: Esophageal web


text:
Evan Rachel Wood

Evan Rachel Wood (born September 7, 1987) is an American actress. She is the recipient of a Critics' Choice Television Award as well as three Primetime Emmy Award nominations and three Golden Globe Award nominations for her work in film and television.

She began acting in the 1990s, appearing in several television series, including American Gothic (1995–96) and Once and Again (1999–2002). She made her debut as a leading film actress at the age of nine in Digging to China (1997) and garnered acclaim for her Golden Globe-nominated role as the troubled teenager Tracy Freeland in the teen drama film Thirteen (2003). She continued acting mostly in independent films, including Pretty Persuasion (2005), Down in the Valley (2005), Running with Scissors (2006), and Across the Universe (2007).

Since 2008, Wood has appeared in more mainstream films, including The Wrestler (2008), Whatever Works (2009), The Ides of March (2011), and she portrayed Madonna in Weird: The Al Yankovic Story (2022). She returned to television the following year in the recurring role of Sophie-Anne Leclerq, the vampire Queen of Louisiana, on True Blood from 2009 to 2011. She also portrayed the title character's malicious daughter in the HBO miniseries Mildred Pierce (2011), for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe and Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She starred as sentient android Dolores Abernathy in the HBO series Westworld (2016–2022), for which she won a Critics' Choice Award and earned Golden Globe and Emmy Award nominations. Wood also voiced Queen Iduna in the Disney animated fantasy film Frozen II (2019). In 2024, she began starring as Audrey in the Off-Broadway revival of Little Shop of Horrors.

Early life and family
Wood was born in Raleigh, North Carolina on September 7, 1987. Her mother, Sara Lynn Moore, is an actress, director, and acting coach. Her father, Ira David Wood III, is an actor, theater director and playwright prominent in Raleigh, where he is the co-founder and executive director of a community theatre company called Theatre in the Park. Wood's brother, Ira David Wood IV, is also an actor; she has two other brothers, Dana and Thomas, and a sister named Aden. Her paternal aunt, Carol Winstead Wood, was a production designer in Hollywood.

Wood was actively involved in Theatre in the Park while growing up, including an appearance in the 1987 production of her father's musical comedy adaptation of A Christmas Carol when she was just a few months old. She subsequently played the Ghost of Christmas Past in several productions there, and starred as Helen Keller alongside her mother (as Anne Sullivan) in The Miracle Worker, under her father's direction.

She attended Cary Elementary School in Cary, North Carolina, where she starred in its production of The Little Mermaid. When her parents divorced, she moved with her mother to her mother's native Los Angeles in 1997 to further her acting career. She attended public school in California before leaving at age 12 for homeschooling. She received her high school diploma at 15. Wood said she earned a black belt in taekwondo when she was 12, and that she participated in the AAU Junior Olympic Games.

1993–2000: Early work
Wood began her career appearing in several made-for-television films that were shot in her native North Carolina from 1993 onwards. She made her acting debut at the beginning of that year in Sondra Locke's Death in Small Doses. She also had recurring roles in the television series American Gothic (1995–1996) and Profiler (1998–1999), receiving a nomination for Best Supporting Young Actress in a TV Drama Series at the 21st Young Artist Awards for the latter.

Wood's first major screen role was in the 1997 film Digging to China, as a ten-year-old girl living with her alcoholic mother, played by Cathy Moriarty, who forms an unlikely friendship with a mentally handicapped man, played by Kevin Bacon. It was shot in Western North Carolina and won the Children's Jury Award at the Chicago International Children's Film Festival. Wood remembers the role as initially hard, but that it "eventually led to her decision that acting is something she might never want to stop doing." The following year she had a role in Practical Magic, a fantasy film directed by Griffin Dunne starring Sandra Bullock and Nicole Kidman, for which she was nominated for Best Supporting Young Actress at the 20th Young Artist Awards. It was followed by the 1999 made-for-television thriller Down Will Come Baby, for which she was nominated for the YoungStar Award for Best Young Actress in a Mini-Series/Made for TV Film.

From 1999 to 2002, Wood was a regular on the ABC television family drama Once and Again in the role of Jessie Sammler. Her character dealt with her parents' divorce, anorexia, and falling in love with her best friend Katie, played by Mischa Barton, in what became the first teen lesbian pairing on network television. For her performance as Jessie, Wood was nominated for the YoungStar Award for Best Young Actress, and won Best Ensemble in a TV Series along with her co-stars Julia Whelan and Meredith Deane, at the 22nd Young Artist Awards.

2001–2005: Breakthrough
Wood made her teenage debut as a leading film actress in 2001's Little Secrets, directed by Blair Treu, where she played 14-year-old aspiring concert violinist Emily Lindstrom. For that role, she was nominated for Best Leading Young Actress at the 24th Young Artist Awards. Wood next played a supporting role in Andrew Niccol's 2002 satirical science fiction film Simone, which starred Al Pacino. That same year, Wood was recognized as One to Watch at the Young Hollywood Awards.

Wood's breakout movie role followed with Catherine Hardwicke's 2003 film Thirteen. She starred as Tracy Louise Freeland, a young teen who sinks into a downward spiral of hard drugs, sex, and petty crime. Her performance garnered critical acclaim, earning her Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild nominations for Best Lead Actress. During the time of Thirteen's release, Wood was featured on the cover of Vogue, with the magazine naming her as one of the "It Girls" of Hollywood. She similarly appeared, along with eight other teen actresses, on the cover of Vanity Fair's Young Hollywood issue in July 2003. A supporting role opposite Cate Blanchett and Tommy Lee Jones in Ron Howard's The Missing, in which she played the kidnapped daughter Lilly Gilkeson, followed the same year, earning her a nomination for Best Leading Young Actress at the 25th Young Artist Awards.

In 2005, Wood appeared opposite Kevin Costner and Joan Allen in the Mike Binder-directed The Upside of Anger, a well-reviewed film in which Wood played Lavender "Popeye" Wolfmeyer, one of four sisters dealing with their father's absence. Her character also narrated the film. Wood's next two starring roles were in dark independent films. In the 2005 Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize nominee Pretty Persuasion, a black comedy focusing on the themes of sexual harassment in schools and attitudes about women in media and society, Wood played Kimberly Joyce, a manipulative, sexually active high-schooler. One critic commented, "Wood does flip cynicism with such precise, easy rhythms and with such obvious pleasure in naughtiness that she's impossible to hate." David Jacobson's neo-western Down in the Valley premiered later that year, in which Wood's character, Tobe, falls in love with an older man, played by Edward Norton, a cowboy who is at odds with modern society. Of her performance, it was written that "Wood conveys every bit of the adamant certainty and aching vulnerability inherent in late adolescence." Wood has commented on her sexually-themed roles, saying that she is not aiming for the "shock factor" in her film choices. Also in 2005, Wood starred in the music videos for Bright Eyes' "At the Bottom of Everything" and Green Day's "Wake Me Up When September Ends".

2006–2008: Continued success
By 2006, Wood was described by The Guardian as being "one of the best actresses of her generation." Later that year, she received the Spotlight Award for Emerging Talent at Premiere magazine's annual Women in Hollywood gala. Also in 2006, Wood appeared with an all-star ensemble cast as Natalie Finch in the comedy-drama film Running with Scissors. Directed by Ryan Murphy and starring Annette Bening, the film was based on the memoir by Augusten Burroughs, which is a semi-autobiographical account of Burroughs' childhood in a dysfunctional family.

Wood had roles in two films released in September 2007. King of California, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, tells the story of a bipolar jazz musician (Michael Douglas) and his long-suffering teenage daughter, Miranda (Wood), who are reunited after his two-year stay in a mental institution and who embark on a quixotic search for Spanish treasure. One review praised Wood's performance as "excellent." The second film was Across the Universe, Julie Taymor's jukebox musical set to the songs of the Beatles that was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Musical or Comedy. Set during the counter-cultural revolution of the 1960s, Wood played Lucy, an American teen who develops a relationship with her brother's British friend Jude (Jim Sturgess). The film featured her singing musical numbers, and she has described the role as her favorite. One critic wrote that "Wood brings much-needed emotional depth."

Wood provided the voice of an alien named Mala in Battle for Terra, a 2007 animated science fiction film about a peaceful alien planet that faces destruction from colonization by the displaced remainder of the human race. The film won the 2008 Grand Prize at the Ottawa International Animation Festival. The film was also screened at the San Francisco International Film Festival, where she received an award at the Midnight Awards. In 2007, Wood also starred in the Vadim Perelman-directed The Life Before Her Eyes, based on the Laura Kasischke novel of the same name, about the friendship of two teens of opposite character who are involved in a Columbine-like shooting incident at their school and are forced to make an impossible choice. Wood played the younger version of Uma Thurman's character, Diana. One critic cited her performance as "hands-down extraordinary." Wood stated that she intended the film to be the last one in which she played a teenager.

The following year, she co-starred in Darren Aronofsky's The Wrestler, winner of the Golden Lion Award for Best Film at the Venice Film Festival, about Randy "Ram" Robinson (Mickey Rourke), a professional wrestler from the 1980s who is forced to retire after a heart attack threatens to kill him the next time he wrestles. Wood played Stephanie, Robinson's estranged daughter. Of her performance, one critic wrote, "Once her character stops stonewalling her father and hears him out, Wood provides a fine foil for Rourke in their turbulent scenes together."

2009–present: Further film and television career
Wood co-starred in Woody Allen's Whatever Works, which premiered at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival, playing the young wife of Larry David's character. She later expressed regret for taking the role and that she would not work with Allen again. In May 2009, she played Juliet in six fundraising performances of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet at the Theater In The Park; the production was directed by her brother Ira, who also starred. That same year, Wood was named Young Hollywood Superstar at the Young Hollywood Awards.

Wood had a recurring role in the second and third seasons of the HBO supernatural drama series, True Blood, from 2009 to 2011 as Sophie-Anne Leclerq. Wood had a role in the film The Conspirator, which premiered at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. in April 2011, directed by Robert Redford (about the conspiracy surrounding the assassination of Abraham Lincoln). She also had a role in The Ides of March. She portrayed the title character's daughter in the 2011 HBO miniseries Mildred Pierce, for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award and the Primetime Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

In late 2012 she began filming 10 Things I Hate About Life, a followup to the hit 1999 teen comedy 10 Things I Hate About You in which she and Thomas McDonell played a couple who meet while attempting suicide. Filming was suspended when she became pregnant with her son; when it resumed again in 2013 Wood left the production, claiming she had not been paid beyond her $300,000 advance since the production company had not been able to raise enough money to pay her for the filming already completed. In response they sued her for $30 million.

Wood starred with Chris Evans in a 2010 ad campaign filmed by Frank Miller for Gucci Guilty Eau fragrances. Both actors reprised their roles for additional ads in 2013 and 2016. Wood played Gabi in the 2013 psychological romantic thriller film Charlie Countryman with Shia LaBeouf and Rupert Grint. She voiced Marianne in the 2015 film Strange Magic.

In 2016, Wood began starring as sentient android Dolores Abernathy in the HBO science fiction Western series Westworld. Her performance was praised as "spectacular", "tour-de-force, turn-on-a-dime", as well as "a tremendous technical achievement".

In August 2019, Wood announced on Twitter and D23 Expo that she was cast to voice Queen Iduna in Frozen II. The film was released in November 2019 to commercial success. She later featured in Kajillionaire in 2020, and Backspot in 2023. In January 2023, a workshop reading for Thelma & Louise was held starring Wood along with Amanda Seyfried.

Music
In 2012, Wood recorded "I'd Have You Anytime" which is on the fourth CD of Chimes of Freedom: The Songs of Bob Dylan Honoring 50 Years of Amnesty International, a compilation production for the benefit of the organization. She performed as electro-pop duo, Rebel and a Basketcase, with multi-instrumentalist Zach Villa in 2016. The duo disbanded in August 2017. Wood is one-half of cover band Evan + Zane, which she formed with guitarist/singer-songwriter Zane Carney in 2018. Evan + Zane put out their first CD, called Dreams, in December 2022.

Wood appeared on the Billboard Hot 100 for the first time in 2019 when "Show Yourself", the duet she sang alongside Idina Menzel from the Frozen II soundtrack, debuted on the chart at number 99. The song peaked at number 70.

Activism
In June 2016, the Human Rights Campaign released a video in tribute to the victims of the Orlando nightclub shooting; in the video, Wood and others told the stories of the people killed there.

In February 2018, she testified before the United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security and Investigations in support of the Sexual Assault Survivors' Bill of Rights Act. In April 2019, she testified before the California State Senate to help pass the Phoenix Act, which extended the statute of limitations in domestic violence cases from three to five years and requires police to have additional training. In her testimony, Wood said she had been physically, sexually and emotionally abused by singer Marilyn Manson, including antisemitism,   and that she had subsequently been diagnosed with complex post-traumatic stress disorder.

Personal life
Wood has said, "My mother is Jewish and I was raised with the religion." In 2012, she stated, "I believe in God but I am not religious. I am spiritual. My definition of God isn't in any religion. It's very personal."

Wood dated English actor Jamie Bell between 2005 and 2006. In January 2007, her relationship with Marilyn Manson became public; Wood was the inspiration for Manson's song "Heart-Shaped Glasses (When the Heart Guides the Hand)" and appeared in the song's music video. They became engaged in January 2010, but ended their relationship seven months later.

In 2011, Wood publicly disclosed that she is bisexual, and rekindled her relationship with Jamie Bell. They were married in October 2012 and had a son in July 2013. In May 2014, they announced their separation. By 2015, Wood was in a relationship with her bandmate Zach Villa. They were engaged in January 2017, but called it off that September. Starting in 2020, Wood and Bell were in dispute over the custody of their son. Bell said he was deprived of contact with him when Wood moved from Los Angeles to Nashville; Wood claimed she did this to protect the child from former fiancé Marilyn Manson. Bell argued in court that Wood's "story defies credibility", and accused her of "withholding our son from me for other reasons of her own invention." In May 2023, the two agreed the child would live primarily with Bell in Los Angeles, with Wood having visitation for "one extended weekend per month," and certain holidays.

In 2020, Wood wrote a message on Twitter regarding the death of Kobe Bryant, describing Bryant as a "rapist", a reference to his 2003 sexual assault case. Many, including Bryant's widow, criticized Wood for the comment, and Wood deleted her Twitter account soon after.

Marilyn Manson abuse allegations
In 2016, Wood told a Rolling Stone reporter she had been raped twice years earlier, once by a "significant other". In February 2021, Wood named Manson as her alleged abuser on Instagram, where four other women made similar allegations against him. Sixteen women have made accusations against Manson, and four have sued him for sexual assault. The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department said they were investigating Manson due to allegations of domestic violence. In September 2022, the LACSD presented the report of their 19-month investigation on Manson to California district attorney George Gascón. Gascón called the file "partial", and said more evidence was needed in order to file charges.

In March 2022, HBO released the docuseries Phoenix Rising, focusing on these allegations and the circumstances that led Wood, who was 18 at the time, to enter a relationship with the then-37-year-old Manson. That month, Manson filed a lawsuit against Wood for defamation, intentional infliction of emotional distress, violations of the California Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act, as well as impersonation of an FBI agent and falsifying federal documents. In May 2023, a judge dismissed a part of the lawsuit that involved an FBI letter, which Wood denied forging, and another that alleged Wood and another woman named as a defendant, Illma Gore, used a checklist for other women to use to accuse Manson of abuse.

title: Evan Rachel Wood


text: User talk:65.34.142.197

title: User talk:65.34.142.197


text:
Vehicle extrication

Vehicle extrication is the process of removing a patient from a vehicle who has been involved in a motor vehicle collision. Patients who have not already exited a crashed vehicle may be medically (cannot exit a vehicle due to their injuries) or physically trapped and may be pinned by wreckage or simply unable to exit a vehicle (ie because a door won't open).

Operations
Once an incident scene is protected, extrication can commence. Vehicle extrication can be considered in six phases. These phases are:

 * 1) Safety and Scene Assessment
 * 2) Stabilisation and Initial Access
 * 3) Glass Management
 * 4) Space Creation
 * 5) Full Access
 * 6) Immobilisation and Extrication

Safety and Scene Assessment
Once a scene is protected, for example from other moving traffic, the fire service commander will complete a rapid assessment to identify any significant hazards that may present immediate risks to emergency service workers, members of the public or the patient or patients. This may include fire, hazardous substances or risks such as the possibility of falling from a height being electrocuted or falling masonry from an involved building. Steps are then taken to mitigate these risks.

Stabilisation can be thought of as three phases
Phase 1 is rapid stabilisation, these are simple methods to improve vehicle stability:

·      Applying a parking brake

·      Applying a wheel chock

·      Applying a winch wire

·      Deflating tyres (this may compromise subsequent rescue efforts and forensic investigations)

·      Electrically isolate the vehicle

·      Using personnel to brace the vehicle Phase 2 is stabilisation achieved using chocks and wedges under and around the vehicle.

Phase 3 is stabilisation utilising additional equipment to stabilise a vehicle, this may be more complex and include:

·      Hydraulic/pneumatic stability equipment

·      Lifting bags

·      Struts

Glass Management
Glass management involved controlling the risk posed by the windows of the vehicle. This is far more however than just the removal of the vehicle’s windows. It must also include the control of any glass fragments which may pose a risk to the patient, attending emergency service personnel or which could damage equipment especially hydraulic hoses.

Space Creation
The space creation step starts with a structural assessment of the involved vehicle to determine which vehicle components could be simply opened, moved, or manipulated by utilising a vehicle’s natural design features. This would include opening doors, windows or sunroofs and moving/removing seats or headrests. Beyond that, an extrication plan will be formulated which details which vehicle body parts will need to be removed, displaced or reformed to allow access to the patient or patients. A number of specific techniques can be utilised and these are discussed later.

Consideration should also be given to moving the vehicle involved in the incident if that will aid space creation. Moving vehicles with patients still inside is permissible if deemed safe. Relocation of crashed vehicles may:

 * Improve safety
 * Reduce rescue times
 * Provide better access to the casualty

Full Access
Full access aims to ensure that you have enough space to meet and exceed a patient's clinical requirements and to meet the needs of emergency service personnel. Space creation should allow access for medical trained responders to reach the patient. They can assess the patient and if required undertake medical interventions for the casualty for example; stopping bleeding, opening obstructed airways, providing medications such as oxygen or tranexamic acid.

Immobilisation and Extrication
Classic dogma was that individuals involved in road traffic collisions needed extremely careful handling, including the utilisation of cervical spine collars and spinal immobilisation boards. This is not however supported by the available evidence base. Patients should be encouraged or assisted to self-extricate from the crashed vehicle as a first-line extrication plan unless:

 * The patient cannot understand or follow instructions,

 * The patient is unable to stand (or it is suspected that they would be unable to stand) on at least one leg, either due to injury or another condition, for example:
 * Impalement
 * Suspected pelvic fracture
 * Suspected or confirmed bilateral leg fractures
 * Signs of head injury (significant dizziness or confusion) in the patient

If extrication is required, patients should not be transported on a rigid extrication (spinal) board, as this can cause pressure injuries, and false positives on later examination of the back. Cervical collars do not adequately protect the neck, raise intracranial pressure, impedes airway management and cause pressure ulcers,   and their routine use is not advised in the developed world,  and if used they should be loosened at the earliest opportunity.

Extrication tools and equipment
Rescue personnel may use a number of powered rescue tools to extricate victims. There are three main types of powered rescue tools including: Stabilization tools include:
 * Hydraulic rescue tools – Rescue tools powered by a hydraulic pump. The pump may be powered by hand, an electric motor or a gasoline engine. They may be portable or mounted to a vehicle. There are 4 basic types of hydraulic rescue tools:
 * Spreaders,
 * Shears (Often referred to as the Jaws of Life),
 * Combination spreader/shears,
 * Extrication extension rams.
 * Pneumatic rescue tools – Rescue tools that are powered by pressurized air. The pressurized air is sourced from SCBA cylinders, vehicle mounted cascade systems or air compressors. Saws, Air bags, air shores and air chisels are examples of pneumatically powered rescue tools.
 * Electric rescue tools – Rescue tools that are powered by electrical power. Powered through power cords linked to electricity generators and through batteries. Reciprocating saws, spreaders, shears, extension rams, and spreader/shears can all be electrically powered.
 * Hydraulic and nonhydraulic jacks – Designed to lift the vehicle.
 * Buttress Tension System – A buttress tension system is used to stabilize a vehicle resting on its side or top. It may consist of a minimum of three 4 x 4 inch posts wedged between the vehicle and the ground, or it may be a system composed of metal rods and straps. The exact placement varies by the condition and weight of the vehicle as well as what the vehicle is resting on.
 * Wheel chock – Wheel chocks are used to stabilize vehicles resting on their wheels. They are commonly constructed of aluminum, hard rubber, wood, or urethane plastic.
 * Cribbing – Cribbing consist of wood or plastic blocks that are made in a variety of shapes and sizes.
 * Pneumatic lifting bag – Pneumatic lifting bags are air-pressurized devices that lift objects. They come in three basic types: high-pressure, medium-pressure and low-pressure. They are usually made with a rubber exterior reinforced with steel wire or Kevlar. When deflated they are about one inch thick.
 * Winch es – Winches are usually vehicle mounted. They are used in conjunction with chains or cables.

Other equipment that can be used during a vehicle extrication include but are not limited to:

 * Gasoline rotary saw – A well-maintained gasoline rotary saw can be fitted with various blades: carbide toothed blades, abrasive blades, and diamond blades are among the common blade choices for rescue operations.
 * Reciprocating saw – This is a versatile tool, the blades for reciprocating saws have undergone recent changes in composition. High-end carbide-tipped blades have had proven results in the fire service and can cut boron.
 * Angle grinders
 * Impact wrench/air ratchet – when paired with the right sockets, will speed up disassembly tasks. Air chisels are also ideal for rescue work. Depending on the tool size, capabilities may range from sheet metal to plate steel. Larger style air chisels are also effective on concrete.
 * Oxy-fuel cutting torches may be oxygen gasoline, oxygen, acetylene, or exothermic type torches. Space limitations on the rig often determine the size of the cylinders and, therefore, the torch capabilities.
 * Tempered and laminated glass removal tools – Tools designed specifically for glass removal are more appropriate than traditional forcible-entry tools. They create less shock to the vehicle and limit patient compartment intrusion.
 * Pliers, adjustable wrenches, screwdrivers, etc. – Tools such as these can be used to disconnect the 12-volt battery system; remove interior trim at all push, pull and cut locations; disassemble vehicle components, etc.
 * Wire cutters and seatbelt cutters – Almost any disentanglement tactic requires wires and/or seatbelts to be severed for the complete removal of components. Having easy, quick tools readily available makes quick work of these tedious tasks.
 * Razor knife – A sharp blade can be used to expose upholstered areas during operations.

Vehicular Technical Rescue Techniques
These include:

A roof flap can be undertaken forwards, backwards or sideways. The technique is similar for all three, but the direct the roof is "folded" differs. The steps to perform this technique (forwards) would include:
 * Roof removal
 * Roof flap

Removal of the B-post or B-Pillar of a vehicle to allow improved access. The B-pillar is located between a vehicle's front and rear side glass, where it serves as a structural support of its roof, its removal leaves the side of a car wide open. Third door creation (or conversion) provides additional access to patients in 2 door cars. The dashboard and steering column can intrude into the passenger compartment and crush a patient or restrict their movement. A dash roll, or dash relocation aims to create space by moving the dashboard away from the patient.
 * 1) Remove the glass from all side and rear windows
 * 2) Cut all seatbelts
 * 3) Strip trim around cutting points
 * 4) Cut all roof pillars except front A-pillars
 * 5) Cut “hinge” cuts in roof rail at windshield at the front of the car
 * 6) Flap roof forward and secure in position
 * 7) Cover sharps
 * Pedal displacement
 * B-post rip
 * Third Door creation
 * Dash roll

Airbags
Active systems such as airbags make cutting into a vehicle more complicated: when they are not set off during the crash (e.g. in a vehicle struck from the rear or a rollover), extrication operations may set them off. This can cause additional trauma to the victim or to the rescuers. Airbags can remain active anywhere from 5 seconds to 20 minutes after being disconnected from the car's battery. This is one of the reasons rescuers disconnect the vehicle's battery and wait before cutting into a vehicle.

Hood Hinge Struts
Hood hinge struts can pose a great amount of danger to rescuers who are extricating a victim from a car that had any significant heat in the engine compartment. According to the strut manufacturers, these sealed and pressurized struts are designed to operate at temperatures ranging from 40 degrees Fahrenheit to 284 degrees Fahrenheit. No manufacturer could provide any evidence that any testing at temperatures above 284 degrees Fahrenheit had ever been conducted. During a vehicle fire, especially an engine compartment fire, the two hood hinge struts will be exposed to high heat levels. Since there is no pressure relief "valve" on any of these sealed and pressurized struts, the units can fail violently when overheated. Unfortunately for firefighters, this failure can actually "launch" the entire strut or just one part of the unit a significant distance off the vehicle like an unguided missile. It is the launching of the heated strut that in several incidents across the United States, has caused serious injury to firefighters.

Hybrid Cars
New hybrid technologies also include additional high voltage batteries, or batteries located in unusual places. These can expose occupants and rescuers to shock, acid or fire hazards if not dealt with correctly.

Liquid Petroleum Gas
Some vehicles have an additional autogas (LPG) tank. As the system was not built in, there is a risk of damaging the pipe which is often under the car, releasing the pressurized fuel. The risk of this is minimized by locating the line in a protected position during installation. Modern installations also have a shutoff solenoid at the tank so that rupture will only release the fuel in the line rather than allowing fuel to come out of the tank.

Specific Extrication Challenges
Car manufacturers are increasingly using ultra-high-strength steel (UHSS) to the crash safety ratings of their vehicles. UHSS is used in areas of the vehicle such as the A-pillar, B-pillar, rockers, side impact beams, and roof beams. This steel is difficult to cut with the standard extrication tools.

Carbon fibre poses unique challenges when used to manufacture vehicles. It is light and strong and can be difficult to cut. In addition cutting this material can produce particulates which are harmful to health, and breathing protection is required for rescuers and the casualty.

title: Vehicle extrication


text:
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title: User talk:Billy Beer


text: User talk:69.158.181.112

title: User talk:69.158.181.112


text:
AGM-122 Sidearm

The AGM-122 Sidearm was an American air-to-surface anti-radiation missile produced between 1986 and 1990. While not as capable as newer anti-radiation missiles, they were cheaper and lighter in weight allowing more versatile deployment.

Development
The AGM-122 Sidearm was produced by the re-manufacture of AIM-9C missiles that had been taken out of service. The AIM-9C was a semi-active radar homing variant of the Sidewinder, developed for the US Navy's Vought F-8 Crusader, but used for only a limited period of time. Conceived and developed at China Lake NAWS, the Sidearm was first tested in 1981. In 1984, Motorola was issued a contract to convert and upgrade AIM-9Cs to the AGM-122A standard. A total of about 700 units were produced between 1986 and 1990.

Existing stocks of Sidearm have been depleted, and the missile is no longer in service. Proposals for new-build missiles, under the designation AGM-122B, have not been proceeded with to date.

The AGM-122 was less capable than newer anti-radiation missiles, such as the AGM-88 HARM, but also substantially cheaper, and its lighter weight enabled it to be carried by combat helicopters as well as fighter aircraft and fighter bombers. The missile was primarily fielded aboard Marine Corps AH-1T/W Sea Cobra attack helicopters, and Marine Corps AV-8B Harrier jump jets, and could take the place of self-defense air to air missiles. The weapon retained the same warhead of the AIM-9C, which gave it a fairly limited destructive ability against armored vehicles. However, due to the nature of radiation homing missiles, the AGM-122 aimed for the radar emitter directly, all but guaranteeing the operational elimination of the target.

The Sidearm was primarily intended for use against short-range radar guided anti-aircraft artillery and shorter range SAMs, including those fired by vehicles. The missile was capable of tracking a target even if it was moving.

title: AGM-122 Sidearm