text:
Aarre Merikanto

Aarre Merikanto (29 June 1893 – 28 September 1958) was a Finnish composer.

He was born in Helsinki, Grand Duchy of Finland, the son of Elise "Liisa" Häyrynen (1869-1949) and the famous romantic composer, professor Oskar Merikanto (1868-1924). His childhood he spent in Vilppula, Finland. He married Meri Grönmark in 1919. They had two daughters, Anna Marjatta Peltonen (née Merikanto) and Arma Kyllikki Tukia (née Merikanto). He later married Evi Sylvia Mähönen (1910-1968). They had two sons, Ukri Uolevi Merikanto (1950-2010), a sculptor and Pan Ylermi Merikanto (1951-2012). He is considered a key figure in early Finnish modernism (together with Väinö Raitio and Ernest Pingoud) and several of his works, most notably the opera Juha, have obtained posthumous attention. As professor of composition in the Sibelius Academy (1951–1958) Merikanto taught several Finnish composers of the next generation, including Einojuhani Rautavaara, Usko Meriläinen, Aulis Sallinen and Paavo Heininen.

He studied music in Helsinki 1911, Leipzig 1912–1914 and Moscow 1916–1917. Merikanto's early style was rooted in Finnish romanticism, but in the 1920s he developed a personal, atonal but not dodecaphonic Modernist style. The reception of Merikanto's works of this period was mixed: the "Schott" Concerto for nine instruments was awarded in a competition organized by the German publishers Schott & Söhne, but his domestic Finnish audiences and critics were generally unenthusiastic and his opera Juha, today considered one of his major works, was never performed during Merikanto's lifetime. Disappointed with the reactions, starting in the early 1930s, Merikanto gradually abandoned his more radical style and turned towards a more traditional idiom based on Neoclassicism. He also destroyed or mutilated the scores of several works from his earlier style period, some of which were later reconstructed by his last composition student Paavo Heininen. His work was also part of the music event in the art competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

Merikanto was diagnosed with lung cancer in the summer 1957, and he died on 28 September the following year, in Helsinki, aged 65.

Main works

 * Juha, opera (1922; premiered in 1963)
 * Symphony No. 1 in B minor (1916)
 * Symphony No. 2 in A major (1918)
 * Symphonic Study (1928)
 * Symphony No. 3 (1953)
 * Violin Concerto No. 1 (1915)
 * Violin Concerto No. 2 (1925)
 * Violin Concerto No. 3 (1931; destroyed)
 * Violin Concerto No. 4 (1954)
 * Piano Concerto No. 1 (1913)
 * Piano Concerto No. 2 (1937)
 * Piano Concerto No. 3 (1955)
 * Cello Concerto No. 1 (1919)
 * Konzertstück, for cello and chamber orchestra (1923)
 * Cello Concerto No. 2 (1941)
 * Lemminkäinen, symphonic poem (1916)
 * Pan, symphonic poem (1924)
 * Notturno, symphonic poem (1928)
 * The Abduction of Kyllikki, symphonic poem (1936)
 * Schott Concerto, for violin, clarinet, horn, and string sextet (1925)
 * Nonet (1926)
 * Fantasia (1923)
 * Ten Pieces for Orchestra (1930)
 * Olympic Fanfare (1939)
 * Song of the City by the Sea, cantata (1949–1950)
 * Genesis, cantata (1955)

Chronological list of compositions
• 1911 Helena, 1act opera, soli pno, performed once, then mutilated

• 1912 Ballade, pno, lost

• 1912 Lieder Ohne Worte I-II, pno

• 1912 String Trio, lost

• 1913 Impromptu b, pno

• 1913 op. 3 Piano Concerto 1f#

• 1913 String Quartet c#, unfin, lost

• 1913 String Quartet g, lost

• 1914 Concert Ouverture, lost

• 1914 Serenade, vcl str

• 1914–16 op. 5 Symphony 1 b

• 1915 Music for Violin & Piano

• 1915 op. 8 Theme 5 Variations & Fugue, orch, originally 9 variations

• 1915 op. 9 Violin Concerto 1 g

• 1915 Savannah-la-Mar, sop orch

• 1916 Cavatina, vln pno

• 1916 Four Pieces, pno

• 1916 Moderato sentito, vln or vcl +pno

• 1916 op. 10 Lemminkainen, tone poem

• 1917 A Dream, tone poem, lost

• 1917 op. 17 String Quartet e

• 1917 Piano Trio a

• 1918 Alla Marcia, Finland's Young Guard, pno or orch

• 1918 Impression on Jail, vln pno

• 1918 op. 19 Symphony 2 A, War

• 1919 Andantino, pno

• 1919 Illusion, pno

• 1919 Little Tale, pno

• 1919 op. 20 Six Pieces, pno

• 1919 op. 21 Cello Concerto 1 D

• 1919 Pièces Héroiques, pno 4hnds

• 1920–22 op. 25 Juha (Aino Ackté), 3act opera

• 1922 Andantino, vln pno

• 1922 Autumn Sonnet, sop orch

• 1922 Echo, sop orch

• 1923 Fantasy, orch

• 1924 op. 28 Pan, tone poem

• 1925 Concerto for vln cl hn strsextet, Schott Concerto

• 1925 op. 30 Violin Concerto 2

• 1925 Sketch for piano

• 1925 Song of the Twilight, pno

• 1925 Suite, orch

• 1925 To the Last Living Being, vv

• 1925–26 Nonet, pno fl c-ang cl 2vln vla vcl db

• 1926 Konzertstuck, cello small orch

• 1926 Moderta, vcl pno, lost

• 1927/31? Partita per orch, (aka Suite 1)

• 1928 Symphonic Study, mutilated but reconstructed in 1981 by Paavo Heininen

• 1929 Concert Piece, vln pno, lost

• 1929 Notturno, poem, orch

• 1930 Ten Pieces for orch, incl 1927 Partita

• 1931 Violin Concerto 3, unperformed & burned by cpsr 1955

• 1932 Four Compositions, orch

• 1932 String Sextet, mutilated but reconstructed in 1993 by Paavo Heininen

• 1933 Andante Elegiaco & Canzonetta, vcl pno

• 1933 Andante Religioso, orch

• 1933 Prelude & Fugue on a theme of Robert Kajanus, orch, lost

• 1934 Canzona, str or strqt

• 1934 Dance Suite, orch

• 1934 Four Four Folk Dances, orch

• 1934 Lullaby, orch

• 1934 Sketch for Little Orchestra, unfin

• 1934–35 Abduction of Kyllikki, orch

• 1935 Caressing the Echo, vv

• 1935 Dance Vision, brass

• 1935 Melody & Song After Hunting, brass

• 1935–37 Piano Concerto 2

• 1936 Finnish Folk Melodies, orch

• 1936 Intrada, orch

• 1936 Partita, 2fl ob 2cl bsn hp

• 1936 Two Finnish Folk Dances, orch

• 1936 Two Studies: Tranquillo; Cantabile, small orch

• 1937 Five Ugrian Folk Melodies Suite 1, 5 Vogul & Ostyak melodies

• 1937 Music to the Play Panu, orch

• 1937 Scherzo, orch

• 1938 Five Ugrian Folk Melodies Suite 2, 5 Mordvin Vogul & Ostyak melodies

• 1938 r43 Ukri, mvv orch

• 1939 Olympic Fanfare 1, brass

• 1939 String Quartet a

• 1940 Three Impressions, orch

• 1941/43–44 Cello Concerto 2 d

• 1941 Two Pieces: Andante Cantabile; Allegro Ritmico, orch

• 1942 Music for Summer Night, orch

• 1943 Alla Marcia I-II, pno

• 1943 Arioso, An Ugrian Melody, fl cl str

• 1943 Preludio, vln pno

• 1943 The Swing, vv

• 1943–44 Intermezzo, vln pno

• 1946 Idiot, vv

• 1946 Improvisation, 2pno, mutilated & lost

• 1946 Midsummer, vv

• 1946 Old Lemminikainen, vv

• 1946 Silence, vv

• 1947 Fanfare, 3tpt 4hn 3trb tuba timp, lost

• 1947 The Laurel of Hellas, Hymn, vv orch

• 1948 Jubileum Cantata, 70th anniv of the publishing house WSOY, sop ten vv orch

• 1949–50 Song of the City by the Sea, cantata, sop bar vv orch

• 1951 Olympic Hymn, vv orch

• 1952 Andante, pno

• 1952 Olympic Fanfare 2, brass

• 1952 Symphony 3

• 1952 Worlds Meet, film about Olympics in Helsinki, uses olympic music

• 1953 Gold & Glory, film about Olympics in Helsinki, uses olympic music

• 1953 Ihalempi, mvv orch

• 1953 The Jump of Pan, pno

• 1954 Let this Night be Merry, vv

• 1954 Violin Concerto 4, Rainbow

• 1955 Genesis, cantata, sop vv orch

• 1955 Piano Concerto 3

• 1955 Piano Concerto 3: Pietà, vln pno

• 1956 Andante, str

• 1956 Tuhma, mvv orch

title: Aarre Merikanto


text: Category:Districts of Saarland

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Districts of Saarland


text:
Monster House (American TV series)

Monster House was a Discovery Channel television program that documented the themed remodeling of a residence in a five-day time frame. In 2004, the episode "Zen House" was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music for its opening song by composer Dan Mackenzie.

In early 2006, Discovery Channel announced the show had been canceled and the final episode, titled "Farewell House", aired in February.

Monster House was rerun in 2012 on Spike TV and in 2015 on BUZZR.

Premise
Home owners apply to Monster House to have their houses radically remodeled according to themes they specify, for example dinosaurs, Egypt and gangsters. The show's host, Steve Watson, then recruits a team of five or six builders, who almost always do not know each other, to radically remodel any parts of a house (including yards) that the show's producers choose, although the home owner may declare some areas "off-limits". The builders win prize packages of tools, worth thousands of dollars, if the build is completed on time. The build starts on a Monday morning and must be finished by midnight on Friday. Often, the builders will have to get all of the constructing, fabrication, and furniture in place, and the in-show designer (who was not recruited) would finish hanging curtains, place pillows, make the bed, and small decorative touches.

Other than picking the theme, the owners have no say in the design process and only get to see the results, not the progress of the build. The owners live for the week in a recreational vehicle parked in front of the house. If the owners are caught peeking at the construction, they are "penalized" by Watson in the form of a practical joke. If the builders fail to meet the deadline, a separate group of "superstar" builders is brought in to complete the effort.

The show has two interesting facets: the outlandish designs and the interactions between the builders. The workers occasionally have personality conflicts. Toward the end of the week, fatigue increases tempers, especially if the build is not going well.

Most builds were completed in the allotted times, usually finishing near midnight on Fridays. Some builds, however, were accomplished far more quickly. During the "Zen House", the build team finished so quickly that they could assist the interior decorators and have the family moved in on Friday night. The "Shark House" build was actually finished by Thursday afternoon, but specialty builds and decorations weren't scheduled until that Saturday, so the build was still officially completed on Saturday. On at least two on-camera occasions, the build was not completed on time by the original team, while other episodes showed builders bowing to pressure and leaving the set during construction. The show allowed some of these builders to redeem themselves during a special "Dog House" two-part episode. A married couple had requested the show to build a large doghouse in their back yard for their several large dogs. The production brought back several failed builders (since they were, metaphorically, "in the doghouse" with the show) to do the build. This time around, the builders were finally successful.

The show originally only remodeled residential houses, but in the third season, expanded to public buildings such as a teachers' lounge of a school, a fire station kitchen, and a police station break room. During the final season, the series regularly employed product placement by including a bald actor portraying advertising mascot Mr. Clean who would stand around during the last-minute cleanup jobs and nod approvingly.

Episodes
In all, sixty houses or other buildings were remodeled over 3 seasons. Six episodes have been produced under the "Monster House: Revisited" banner; these episodes were just re-runs of the original episode with an added interview of the homeowners some time after the build was completed. The first episode "Race Car House" premiered June 2, 2003, and the final episode "Farewell House" was aired on February 27, 2006.

Some examples of themes were "Outback House" which had projects like an Uluru-shaped couch made in foam, and the "New York House" where a steel dining table was shaped like the main span of the Triborough Bridge.

International broadcasts
In Australia, Monster House currently airs on the Seven Network's free-to-air digital channel 7mate at approximately 11.30am Saturday mornings.

In China, Monster House currently airs on the RTS's ICS at 7.00pm from Monday to Friday.

In Italy, Monster House currently airs on Real Time at 5.20pm.

title: Monster House (American TV series)


text:
Talk:Democracy/Archive 4

Subjective paragraph

 * However, it should be noted that the definition used to classify countries as "democratic" was crafted by Europeans and is directly influenced by the dominating cultures in those countries; care should be taken when applying it to other cultures that are tribal in nature and do not have the same historical background as the current "democratic" countries.

This paragraph I find highly subjective. There are democratic states representing every religion and on every continent, most of them closely follow the so-called "European variant" mentioned here. Some undemocratic states have however maintained their system by claiming that "our culture is incompatible with the Western one, therefor we cannot have a democracy". Regardless of whether you think Western-style democracies are the greatest thing in the world or not, or whether you think they originated in the West, there are a lot of people who hold the POV that democracy is a natural state of mankind, compatible with human nature and not with certain "cultures", and that the values of democracy have been infused in European culture, not the other way around (if at all). Anyone know how the paragraph could be altered, to reflect both POVs? Should it be removed outright? Should it be left untouched? Am I a nutball who has just read the "Open Society and Its Enemies" one time too many? --Gabbe 17:54, May 24, 2004 (UTC)

Gabbe -- it is never "nutty" to read Karl Popper -- he is wonderfully clear and often right. --Christofurio 23:14, Jun 2, 2004 (UTC)

What about this for annoyingly POV, though?

"They" [opponents of democracy] "hold this view" [that majorities can be dangerous] "despite the fact that majorities and minorities are different on every issue—that is, persons in the majority usually take care to not oppress a minority, lest they ultimately are part of a minority on a future democratic decision." Despite that fact? Hmmmm. --Christofurio 23:14, Jun 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * So you suggest that majorities and minorites are the same on any given issue? That, of course, is not true.  The removed text should be restored to the article. -- Stevietheman 23:34, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * No, I'm saying that it isn't a FACT that they are different on EVERY issue.

For example, a relatively affluent minority can find itself on the losing side again and again, its affluence making it a target for the formation of coalitions from which it is excluded. This is sometimes true of ethnically Chinese in other East Asian countries and has all too often been true of Jews in European history. Who is the "majority" and who is the "minority" for relevant purposes stays the same across time, and the mere possibility that it may someday change is a poor preventative for oppression.

 * I may be wrong in the analysis implicit in the above paragraph, but to say I am wrong as a simple matter of "fact" would obviously be POV. --Christofurio 14:35, Jun 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I'll go along with that. But note that my attempt was to make a POV paragraph into NPOV, and my first attempt was admittedly sloppy.  That said, the scenario you describe would certainly be a concern in an illiberal democracy, but in a modern liberal democracy, votes on issues that target a protected minority (religion, race, etc.) wouldn't be allowed in the first place. -- Stevietheman 15:27, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I rewrote the text to remove POV. It's important for this article to note that not everyone holds the view that democracy = majoritarianism. -- Stevietheman 23:58, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

To step away from symantics and politics for a moment... democracy originally was practiced directly (i.e. participants vote on individual issues... not leaders that will make all their decisions for the next four years). Just because we happen to have representative type governments today (that indeed have democratic elements) does NOT make it the same. I can call blue red eventually... and just because everyone agrees... it does not make them the same. I stand by my original changes that there is significant debate. Furthermore you changed it back without offering proof to your stance. Please point me to a reputable study that supports your stance rather than just piorii reasoning. Lack of evidence (for or against) would support eliminating the line entirely rether than just supporting your personal stance.

Here a couple of reputable examples of opinions that differ from your own. The first link is to an article reviewed by Richard M. Pious, M.A., Ph.D.Professor, Graduate Faculties, Columbia University, Barnard College. Pay special attention to

" Although often used interchangeably, the terms democracy and republic are not synonymous. Both systems delegate the power to govern to their elected representatives. In a republic, however, these officials are expected to act on their own best judgment of the needs and interests of the country. The officials in a democracy more generally and directly reflect the known or ascertained views of their constituents, sometimes subordinating their own judgment."

http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575112/Democracy.html#p2

This second link is to a speech to the U.S. senate and much of the reason as to why I believe you are misinformed.

http://www.senate.gov/~byrd/speech-repub.htm

Again. You don't have to agree with me.... but unless you provide empirical evidence to support your stand.. it's a non-fact that shouldn't be included. I will continue to challengit until you do so or until it is phrased acceptably.

''According to most political scientists today (and most common English speakers), the term "democracy" refers to a government chosen by the people, whether it be direct or representative. ''

 * Look in any dictionary for the contemporary usage of "democracy":
 * From http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn?stage=1&word=democracy :
 * 1. democracy -- (the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives)
 * 2. democracy, republic, commonwealth -- (a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them)
 * 3. majority rule, democracy -- (the doctrine that the numerical majority of an organized group can make decisions binding on the whole group)

 * From http://www.aph.gov.au/find/glossary.htm :
 * a way of governing a country in which the people elect representatives to form a government on their behalf
 * a country with such a government
 * the idea that everyone in a country has equal rights

 * From http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entries/34/d0123400.html :
 * 1. Government by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives.
 * 2. A political or social unit that has such a government.
 * 3. The common people, considered as the primary source of political power.
 * 4. Majority rule.
 * 5. The principles of social equality and respect for the individual within a community.

Show me any major dictionary which does not include "elected representative" government (or some variation) as a type of democracy. older ≠ wiser 03:08, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)

A dictionary has many uses for a word that are not always applicable for a specific example.

Thus Dictionary.com defines Cat as....

A small carnivorous mammal (Felis catus or F. domesticus) domesticated since early times as a catcher of rats and mice and as a pet and existing in several distinctive breeds and varieties. Any of various other carnivorous mammals of the family Felidae, which includes the lion, tiger, leopard, and lynx. The fur of a domestic cat. Informal. A woman who is regarded as spiteful. Slang. A person, especially a man. A player or devotee of jazz music. A cat-o'-nine-tails. A catfish. Nautical. A cathead. A device for raising an anchor to the cathead. A catboat. A catamaran.

Are all these the same?

Furthermore dictionaries are used as quick reference material that highlight usage... but not under the scope a professional would look at it. Stealing to a lawyer is not the same as that identified under a dictionary because it is too vague.

 * In the italicized words above, I mistakenly inserted the previous version. The words I intended to use there are In contemporary usage, the term "democracy" refers to a government chosen by the people, whether it be direct or representative. I really don't care what the majority of political scientists think. It's largely irrelevant. In contemporary usage, there democracy is a large, baggy concept that include elected representative forms of government. The finer distinctions between these forms, including historical usage, are made clear in this article. older ≠ wiser 03:26, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)

It's good that you don't care what the majority of political scientists think... because I don't care about popular contemporary usage... which is rhetoric (not contant) driven. Although I still think it's still a bit misleading, I suppose the lines in question are now vague enough to compromise.

Just something I thought about that would make me a little happier on this point. Would you be adverse to the addition of the word "popular" between the beginning words "In" and "contemporary"?

i.e. 'In contemporary usage, the term "democracy" refers to a government chosen by the people...yada..yada

Please add this if you think it would be more fair to my point... which I think we see eye to eye on

 * I support leaving something like the original text in, as indeed "representative democracy" isn't a term that somebody just coined, but instead it's an indisputable form of democracy. I don't think empirical evidence is required here to support an overwhelmingly obvious point that appears in all dictionaries. -- Stevietheman 04:45, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Your original statement remains unproven...that MOST political scientists would agree with your usage of the word. Your statement is specific "political scientists" not "dictionary writers" and remains unproven. You should not include a non-fact for political motivations just as I wouldn't argue the point that popular contemporary usage includes both rep. and direct.

 * No matter how much I detest it.... a quick poll of dictionaries (as you said) would prove its' factual nature.

 * If you wish to prove your point... the onus is on you to provide evidence of a scientific poll of political scientists that agree with your point (with the question phrased in the correct manner).... not on me to disprove your point.

 * At least then I couldn't argue your point... although I could still marvel at their incompetence.

 * It's not _my_ original statement. It was text already existing in the article.  And it's just fact.  Stop trying to create an argument where there is none. -- Stevietheman 12:33, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I would then say we have different tolerance levels and precision of what constitutes

a "fact' then. (To me) nothing is "just a fact". Unfortunately the laws of deminishing returns forces us to provide some sort of final litmus test of empirical evidence to allow us proceed in choices and definitions. Your "conclusive" evidence is simply a dictionary. I might as well learn physics from one then... using the same reasoning.

 * I choose a more rigerous model of truth in this particular case because the point is

important and fundamental to truly grasping what democracy represents in most peoples minds.... which I believe (unscientifically) to be the "the will of the people".... not "vote for your oligarchy". If not... then let's re-educate the public so at least they are properly informed as to what their government represents. Republics have their good points too.
 * Going off a little on a personal political tangent.... I've heard arguments that (pure if you

wish) democracy is in fact undesirable since theoretically the majority could vote your assets and rights away. This of course makes no sense since representative type governments can easily do the same thing... with much less input. Furthermore, it is often also argued that logistics make direct democracy impossible. I would think that something called technoogy may provide help provide a solution to these problems.

 * I find those that wish to catergorize direct and indirect democracy... under the same umbrella.... wish to eat their moral/political/philosophical cake and have it too. If their is no major differences then why do our systems lag in reform to eliminate the causes of any confusion or suspection?

 * You can't have it both ways. It makes no sense.

title: Talk:Democracy/Archive 4


text:
Kringle

Kringle is a Northern European pastry, a variety of pretzel. Pretzels were introduced by Roman Catholic monks in the 13th century in Denmark, and from there they spread throughout Scandinavia and evolved into several kinds of sweet, salty or filled pastries, all in the shape of kringle.

In Danish and Norwegian, the word is kringle, plural kringler; kringel, plural kringlid; kliņģeris, plural kliņģeri; kringla, plural kringlor; rinkeli, plural rinkelit; Kringel and Icelandic: kringla. The word originates from the Old Norse kringla, meaning ring or circle.

In the Netherlands, a particular type of sweet kringle is well known under the Dutch name krakeling.

The shape of the kringle has given name to a similarly entangled feature found in some proteins, the so-called kringle domain.

Scandinavia
In Denmark, kringle denotes the pretzel-like knotted shape rather than the pretzel pastry type. Kringler may be made from puff pastry (like Danish pastry) or yeast dough, filled with remonce or marzipan and raisins, sprinkled with coarse sugar, nut flakes or icing.

Other types of kringles in Scandinavia include saltkringler, which are small salty kringler - the Scandinavian equivalent of pretzels -, and kommenskringler which are half-hand-sized breads in the kringle shape, made from unsweetened yeast dough spiced with caraway seeds. Sukkerkringler are similar, but sweet pretzels, sprinkled with sugar instead of caraway. Fødselsdagskringler are a large sweet bread pretzel for birthday celebrations. Smørkringler are large crusty and sweet pretzels with a spread of butter on the backside. Smørkringler are not as popular nowadays.

Kringler are pastries with a long history in Denmark, and are still popular items in modern Danish bakeries. Nowadays, kringles are usually made with only one crossing and not two, as in the original kringle and pretzel shape.

United States
In the United States, kringles are hand-rolled from Danish pastry dough (wienerbrød dough) that has been rested overnight before shaping, filling, and baking. Many sheets of the flaky dough are layered, then shaped into an oval. After filling with fruit, nut, or other flavor combinations, the pastry is baked and iced.

Racine, Wisconsin, has historically been a center of Danish-American culture and kringle-making. A typical Racine-made kringle is a large, flat oval measuring approximately 14 inches by 10 inches (35 cm by 25 cm) and weighing about 1.5 lb (680 g). The kringle became the official state pastry of Wisconsin on June 30, 2013. A Wisconsin distillery in Middleton, Wisconsin, makes a kringle-flavored cream liqueur from Wisconsin cream, rum, sugar, and natural kringle flavor.

In other parts of the United States, kringle may refer to a slightly sweet buttermilk cookie shaped like a pretzel or figure eight.

Other places where kringles may be found in the United States include the Ballard area of Seattle, Washington; Redmond, Washington; Solvang, California; Story City, Iowa; Burr Ridge, Illinois; Springfield, Missouri, and Watertown, Massachusetts. In 2005, Dana College in Blair, Nebraska, held a Kringle Kontest, which was won by Kirsten's Danish Bakery in Burr Ridge, Illinois.

Symbolism

Baker's guilds in Europe have used the kringle or pretzel as a symbol for centuries. It is told (but currently unconfirmed by historic documents), that when Vienna was besieged by the Turkish Ottoman armies in 1529, local bakers working in the night gave the city defence an early warning of the attacking enemy. For this, they were later rewarded by the Pope, with permission to use a crown as part of their kringle guild symbol.

For unknown reasons, the guild in Denmark is now the only baker's guild in the world with official authority to display a royal crown as part of their baker's guild trade symbol that is often hung outside of bakery shops.

title: Kringle


text:
Suite bergamasque

Suite bergamasque (L. 75) is a piano suite by Claude Debussy. He began composing it around 1890, at the age of 28, but significantly revised it just before its 1905 publication. The popularity of the third movement, Clair de lune, has made it one of the composer's most famous works for piano, as well as one of the most famous musical pieces of all time.

Background
Debussy was initially unwilling to use these relatively early piano compositions because they were not in his mature style, but in 1905 he accepted the offer of a publisher who thought they would be successful, given the fame Debussy had gained in the intervening fifteen years. While it is not known how much of the Suite was written in 1890 and how much was written in 1905, it is clear that Debussy changed the names of at least two of the pieces. Passepied had first been composed under the title Pavane, while Clair de lune was originally entitled Promenade sentimentale. These names come from poems by Paul Verlaine. The title of the third movement of Suite bergamasque is taken from Verlaine's poem "Clair de lune", which refers to bergamasks in the opening stanza:

Structure
Suite bergamasque consists of four movements:

 * 1) Prélude (Moderato tempo rubato, F major, )
 * 2) Menuet (Andante, A minor, )
 * 3) Clair de lune (Andante très expressif, D♭ major, )
 * 4) Passepied (Allegretto ma non troppo, F♯ minor, )

Prélude
The first piece in the suite is in the key of F major and marked moderato tempo rubato. Its legato phrases give it a smooth, flowing feel.

Menuet
The second movement is in A minor. Rather than mimicking the articulations of a baroque minuet from the start, Debussy eschews the accent on the downbeat of the first measures. The light, fluttery embellishments Debussy writes throughout the movement give it the character of an arabesque.

Clair de lune

The third movement is in D♭ major. It is written in meter and marked andante très expressif. Its title, which means "moonlight", is taken from Verlaine's poem "Clair de lune". It is not to be confused with the two settings of the poem composed by Debussy for voice and piano accompaniment.

Passepied
The final movement is in F♯ minor, marked allegretto ma non troppo. A passepied is a type of dance that originated in Brittany. This movement is fast and light, with the left hand playing an almost continuous quaver or eighth-note accompaniment. The movement includes the use of 3 against 4 polyrhythm.

Arrangements
Suite bergamasque has been orchestrated and arranged by many people, both for concert performance and for use in other media.

In particular, Clair de lune has been arranged for a wide variety of instrumental combinations, including notable orchestrations by André Caplet, Leopold Stokowski, and Lucien Cailliet.

Clair de lune was originally intended to be included as a fully orchestrated piece in the 1940 Walt Disney animated film Fantasia. However, due to runtime issues, it was eventually not included in the final cut of the film. Instead, the footage for its intended segment (featuring herons in the Florida Everglades at night) was recycled for the "Blue Bayou" segment of the subsequent film Make Mine Music. However, the "Clair de lune" segment was later restored after a workprint of it was rediscovered in 1992, complete with an original score by Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra. It is included as a bonus feature in some later releases of Fantasia.

Passepied was arranged by the Punch Brothers for bluegrass instrumentation for their album The Phosphorescent Blues.

A synthesizer version was produced by the Japanese electronic music pioneer Isao Tomita for his 1974 album Snowflakes Are Dancing, consisting of arrangements and renditions of compositions by Debussy, including Passepied. It was used at the Closing Ceremony at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo on 8 August 2021, as a nod to Paris as the next host city, while children prayed for peace and as the Olympic Flame was extinguished.

In the video game Sayonara Wild Hearts, the first level is titled Clair de Lune, and the level's music uses samples from the respective movement.

The video game Castlevania II: Belmont's Revenge uses the final movement, "Passepied," as the background music in the penultimate level.

In the first-person shooter Ultrakill, the fourth and final mission of the first section of the first act is titled Clair de Lune. Throughout the level, a rendition of the titular movement plays on loop.

In the video game Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony, Clair de lune is played after the death of “The Ultimate Pianist” Kaede Akamatsu, and recurs through the game as a theme for her character.

Clair de lune appears near the denouement in Ocean's Eleven, as the team looks out over the Fountains of Bellagio.

title: Suite bergamasque


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Andrew Brewin

Francis Andrew Brewin (1907–1983) was a lawyer and Canadian politician and Member of Parliament. He was the grandson of Liberal cabinet minister Andrew George Blair. His son John Brewin also served in the House of Commons of Canada.

Biography
Born on 3 September 1907 in Brighton, England, Brewin was a stalwart in the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and ran numerous times at the federal and provincial levels in the 1940 and 1950s. As a lawyer in the 1940s, he was retained by the Co-operative Committee on Japanese Canadians to contest the federal government's deportation orders affecting thousands of Japanese Canadians. Led by Brewin, the "Japanese Canadian Reference Case" was heard by the Supreme Court of Canada and later, on appeal, by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Brewin was also retained by a committee of Japanese Canadians who had been detained during the Second World War as "enemy aliens" in order to try to have their property restored. He succeeded in persuading the government to call a royal commission to investigate the question.

In 1945, he was asked by Ontario CCF leader Ted Jolliffe to be co-counsel during the infamous LeBel Royal Commission that was looking into whether or not Ontario's premier at the time was employing a secret political police force. He was, for a time, the President of the Ontario CCF and was a candidate for the leadership of the Ontario CCF at the party's 1953 leadership convention, but lost to Donald C. MacDonald.

Brewin stood as a CCF candidate several times, starting with the 1945 Canadian federal election in the riding of St. Paul's, but was unsuccessful. He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada on behalf of the CCF's successor, the New Democratic Party. Brewin sat as Member of Parliament for the Toronto riding of Greenwood from the 1962 election until his retirement in 1979.

Coming from the theological tradition of figures such as Richard Hooker, F. D. Maurice, and William Temple, Andrew Brewin considered himself a Christian socialist and wrote a number of books and pamphlets on the topic. He was a member of the Fellowship for a Christian Social Order and the League for Social Reconstruction.

Andrew Brewin wrote the book Stand on Guard: The Search for a Canadian Defence Policy, published by McClelland & Stewart in 1965, that explored Canada's military's changing role in the mid-twentieth century, including its participation in the then new concept of United Nations peacekeeping.

His son John Brewin later served in Parliament. He also had four daughters: Margaret Wilbur; Martha Hynna, who served as secretary general of the Canadian Human Rights Commission; Mary Lewis, who served as chief mission and research officer of the Heart and Stroke Foundation; and Jane Morley, QC, who served as child and youth officer for British Columbia.

Brewin died on 21 September 1983.

Electoral record

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title: Andrew Brewin


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kulveer Taggar

Kulveer Taggar
Kulveer Taggar was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was a consensus to delete the article.

Another Oxford student. Dunc_Harris|☺ 20:32, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. That's vanity.--Tomheaton 21:47, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. --Improv 03:37, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Hey, good for him! Delete. Geogre 04:57, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * From 163.1.141.1, the same IP which brought us Oxford Entrepreneurs. Resolves to the ox.ac.uk domain, so I suspect we have Mr Taggar himself to thank for this. Delete, vanity. Pnot 05:42, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Sjc 05:44, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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Nikos Konstantopoulos

Nikos Konstantopoulos (Νίκος Κωνσταντόπουλος; born 8 June 1942) is a Greek politician, former member of the Hellenic Parliament and former president of the left-wing Synaspismos. His daughter, Zoi, was until September 2015 the Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament.

Biography
Born in 1942 in the village of Krestena, near Olympia, Konstantopoulos studied law in the University of Athens. During his period as a law student he became actively involved in the student movement as a member of the Center Union.

During the Greek military junta of 1967-1974, his ideas became more radical. He was a member of the Democratic Defense anti-junta resistance group. He was arrested, tortured and sentenced in 8 years of imprisonment by the regime in 1970. After the restoration of democracy in 1974, Konstantopoulos joined the movement for the abolishment of the monarchy in the country, a goal succeeded through the 1974 referendum.

Ηe was charter member of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) in 1974. One year later, he was expelled due to his disagreement with the party's leader, Andreas Papandreou. Together with professor Sakis Karagiorgas, a partner from the resistance, he founded a party called Socialist March (Greek: Σοσιαλιστική Πορεία), which he served as spokesman from 1975 to 1979. He took part in the 1977 general election as a member of the short-lived Socialist March within the Alliance of Progressive and Left-Wing Forces (Greek: Συμμαχία των Αριστερών και Προοδευτικών Δυνάμεων).

He became a founding and leading member of Synaspismos in 1989. In the same year, he was elected member of the parliament and served as Minister for the Interior in the coalition government of Tzannis Tzannetakis, New Democracy. This unusual left-conservative alliance, plus the fact that Konstantopoulos was one of the prosecution lawyers in the trials of Andreas Papandreou and many others of his former PASOK companions, made Synaspismos and personally Konstantopoulos targets of severe criticism.

In the 1993 general election, the failure of Synaspismos to pass the 3 per cent threshold in order to enter the parliament was a near disaster for the party. Maria Damanaki, who was then the president of Synaspismos, resigned from her position, and Konstantopoulos was elected as the party leader. He soon became very popular, being among the top in opinion polls. In the 1996 election, Synaspismos re-entered the parliament with a percentage of 5.2 percent countrywide, a success credited to a large extent to Konstantopoulos himself.

In the 2000 general election held in April, Synaspismos got 3.2 percent at a national level.

In the 2004 general election held in March, Synaspismos narrowly escaped from being excluded from the parliament again, acquiring 3.2 percent at a national level, despite the fact it had formed an alliance ("Syriza") with other minor parties of the Greek left. This alliance became inactive in a few weeks' time, failing to participate united in the same year's European Parliament election (June). Konstantopoulos received criticism from both his party's members and his left allies for the two consecutive failures, and announced that he would retire as president at the next Synaspismos congress. The Synaspismos congress of December 2004 elected Alekos Alavanos as the party president.

Konstantopoulos has also worked as a lawyer, specializing in various issues of institutional reforms, law modernization, criminal law and the defence of civil rights.

In 2010, he was for a short time president of Panathinaikos F.C.

title: Nikos Konstantopoulos


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Olga Petrova

Olga Petrova (born Muriel Harding; 10 May 1884 – 30 November 1977) was a British-American actress, screenwriter and playwright.

Origins
In adulthood, Olga Petrova insisted that she had been born in Warsaw, Poland, then part of the Russian Empire, and throughout her life she spoke with an appropriate accent, even in private. However, it was widely accepted later in her career that she was in reality Muriel Harding, born in England (but not in London, as sometimes stated erroneously). It is probable that her birth name was Ellen Constance Muriel Harding, born in Portsea, Hampshire, the daughter of Ellen and Herbert Harding, who was a municipal tax collector. The family moved shortly after her birth to Tuebrook, Liverpool, where she grew up and where her younger siblings were born.

Career
Harding left home after feeling stifled by her father's strict rules. According to her memoir she became a governess, but soon moved to London for a career on the stage. She probably chose the name and persona of Madame Olga Petrova herself, though later publicity suggested that the name was chosen by a producer, to reflect the penchant at the time for elegant Russian stars such as Anna Pavlova. In any event, Petrova began to present herself as a glamorous Russian or Polish actress. She made her first notable appearance under that name at the London Pavilion in April 1911, and her success led to her being quickly signed up for the Folies-Bergere cabaret in New York.

She first performed in New York in mid-1911, and later that year took a leading role in the musical comedy The Quaker Girl on Broadway before returning to vaudeville. She insisted on, and gained, top billing on a show at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, where she was described in Variety in 1912 as "one of the cleverest, classiest, and most attractive of turns". In 1913, she met local physician John Dillon Stewart in Indianapolis, Indiana, and they married cthat year in Kansas City. Stewart moved his practice to New York City to be near her primary base of operations.

Petrova returned to theatre performance in 1914, and was offered a film contract, appearing first in The Tigress, directed by Alice Guy-Blaché, and then in a succession of silent films through 1917. She disliked playing weak female characters, and spending time idle when making films. She set up her own film company, and wrote for a number of periodicals. She starred in a number of films for Solax Studios and Metro Pictures, where she was usually given the role of a femme fatale. During her seven years in film, Petrova appeared in more than two dozen films and wrote the script for several others. Most of her films are now lost, including what she considered her best pictures, those directed by Maurice Tourneur. The Library of Congress Silent Feature Film Database indicates three of her films survive: The Vampire (1915), Extravagance (1916) and The Waiting Soul (1918).

She was a skilled self-publicist, and was described as "an extraordinarily strong and determined female," and as "highly eccentric". Both on stage and on screen, Petrova became noted for her insistence on portraying independent and free-thinking women with strong personalities. She said in 1918: "The only women I want to play are women who do things. I want to encourage women to do things to take their rightful place in life." She also wrote that she preferred to play "the woman of today: a modern, quick thinking and wholly human woman".

She left the film industry in 1918 but continued to act in Broadway productions, including many performances at the prestigious Palace Theatre. During the 1920s, she wrote three plays, in which she starred; Hurricane dealt with birth control and What Do We Know? with spiritualism, both controversial subjects. She toured the U.S. with a theater troupe, before returning to vaudeville successfully in 1923. She also interviewed a number of prominent film stars on paid assignment for Shadowland magazine, Motion Picture Magazine, and Photoplay Journal, including Marion Davies, Mary Pickford, Theda Bara, Alla Nazimova, Norma Talmadge, Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., and Rudolf Valentino.

Later life and death
She made several visits to Saranac Lake, New York at the height of her fame at the request of theatrical agent William Morris. In the summer of 1921, she turned the first shovel of earth for a housing project sponsored by the chamber of commerce at a lot on Lake Street donated by Walter Jenkins. The Petrova School and Petrova Avenue bear her name.

She retired to live in the south of France in the late 1920s. At the start of World War II, she returned to the U.S., and settled in Clearwater, Florida, with her second husband, Louis Willoughby. In 1942, she published her autobiography Butter with My Bread.

Olga Petrova died in 1977 in Clearwater, Florida, aged 93. She had no children.

She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Publications

 * The White Peacock: A Play in Three Acts (Boston: Four Seas Company, 1922)
 * Hurricane: Four Episodes in the Story of a Life (Boston: Four Seas Company, 1924)
 * What Do We Know?: A Drama in Three Acts (Boston: Four Seas Company, 1930)
 * Butter with My Bread (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1942)

title: Olga Petrova


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File talk:Railroad workers0001.jpg

Isn't that a sluice that he's stirring with the pitchfork? Isn't that a pan whose contents are being shown to us at the left? Aren't these men actually panning for gold? Wetman 20:34, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It looks like they're panning to me. -- Infrogmation 22:44, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: File talk:Railroad workers0001.jpg


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Karin Söder

Karin Ann-Marie Söder (née Bergenfur; 30 November 1928 – 19 December 2015) was a Swedish Centre politician. She was the first woman in Sweden to be elected the leader of a major political party. She headed the Swedish Centre Party from 1985 to 1987. She was also one of the first female foreign ministers in the world.

Biography
Söder was born in Frykerud in Kil Municipality, Värmland. Having graduated from secondary school in Gothenburg, she studied in Falun, and worked as a teacher, first in Värmland and later in Täby, north of Stockholm, where she was a member of the local council from 1963 to 1971. She also sat on the Stockholm County Council from 1969 to 1973. She died in Täby in 2015.

Ascendancy
In 1971, Söder was elected a Member of the Swedish Parliament, a position she held until 1991. The same year she became a member of parliament, she also became the second vice leader of the Centre Party. When Sweden got a centre-right government under Centre Party Prime Minister Thorbjörn Fälldin in 1976, she was named Minister for Foreign Affairs, the first woman ever to hold the post in Sweden. Söder's party left the government in 1978 over a conflict on nuclear power, and she was succeeded by liberal Hans Blix. In 1979 the Centre Party rejoined the coalition, and Söder returned to the Cabinet as Minister of Health and Social Affairs in 1979. The same year she was promoted to the post as the party's first vice leader. She held her ministerial post until the centre-right coalition lost the 1982 elections to the Social Democrats.

Leader of the Centre Party
In 1985, when Thorbjörn Fälldin stepped down after an unsuccessful election, she finally reached the highest position in her party, making the Centre Party the first major Swedish party to be headed by a woman. Her time at the top would however be short. For health reasons, she left the party leadership in 1987, succeeded by Olof Johansson.

Other positions
During her years in politics, she also held posts as chairperson of Save the Children Sweden 1983–1995 and as President of the Nordic Council 1984–1985 and 1989–1990. She has also served as a member of several company boards, including Skandia and Wermlandsbanken, as well as on the Board of the Royal Institute of Technology. She once again made political headlines in 2003, when she co-signed an article urging her fellow party members to vote Yes in the Swedish Euro referendum, opposing the official party line.

Despite her varied accomplishments, the political legacy Söder is most known for among Swedes may be the 1980 reform that shut the stores of Systembolaget, the national alcoholic beverage retailing monopoly, on Saturdays. The policy remained in place for many years, but was abolished in 2001.

Awards
Söder was awarded the Illis quorum by the government of Sweden in 1991.

title: Karin Söder


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Oxford Entrepreneurs

Oxford Entrepreneurs
Non-notable student organisation. Dunc_Harris|☺ 20:34, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Doesn't not fulfil any of the criteria for deletion.  It's not vanity or advertising.  And those are the only criteria that "non-notable" could apply to.--Tomheaton 21:45, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The non-notable nature of this organization renders it not encyclopedia material, and hence non-encyclopedic. The organization in question lacks sufficient note to justify an entry. A generic entry about such university organizations as a class, incorporating this material, would be a different situation.Gurdonark 22:04, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, don't see how it's notable. Agree with User:Gurdonark: it probably belongs in a list in a more general article on this kind of organization, if anywhere -- lots of universities seem to be doing the entrepreneur thing these days. Pnot 00:40, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, I guess. Might be able to be convinced the other way. --Improv 03:38, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: This is no different from the hundred or so Dartmouth College clubs that got palmed off on us some months ago. It's a campus organization, and Wikipedia is not the student union bulletin board. Geogre 04:58, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)