text:
Talk:Securitate

Untitled
"A bizarre incident" sounds like a joke or an urban legend. Do we have any references to it ? Bogdan | Talk 11:19, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Moved here: Bogdan | Talk 22:19, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * During the 1970s, Securitate agents caught wind of a parrot that had been trained to say "Stupid Nicu", a reference to Nicolae Ceauşescu's son. The Securitate arrested the offending parrot, and took it to an interrogation room. They demanded to know who taught the parrot to say "stupid Nicu", and when it did nothing but repeat the offending phrase, a Securitate agent snapped the parrot's neck.

 * Please watch the "Downfall" section of the article. It seems like someone tryied to manipulate it without so much accuracy...

The "Downfall" part seems to have been more like vandalized than manipulated. The story about the parrot is referred to on the article about Nicu Ceausescu and linked to this article. So, I guess you should leave it in the article, and make a note that it's most likely an urban legend. Or at least edit the article on Nicu.

The best translation from the Romanian Securitate is Security and the best translation for Siguranţa statului is Safety of the State. The terms are similar, but we should keep the separate in English as they are in Romanian. If for no other reason, to distinguish the Communist secret police for the previous secret police. MihaiC 07:55, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

As Romania got rid of their dictator it was rumoured that many of the personnel in the Securitate Troops came from orphanages, hand picked, trained and indoctrinated into obedient behaviour toward their new "father". In retrospect one could see this as a tragic "blessing" considering the state did not allow abortions and so many children was transformed into psychotic and mentally retarded individuals overpopulating the orphanages in many cities of the country. These children/orphans were later the object of many childless aims for abortion, just to get them out of the life in squalor in these "homes". Lindus 18:19, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

"The Securitate was, in proportion to Romania's population, the largest secret police force in the Eastern bloc." Can we get some numbers to validate this claim? I thought the distinction belonged to the Stasi. 158.143.162.119 12:33, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Securitate files
This item comes from the log of a radio program: http://www.theworld.org/?q=node/4694

 * Romania is making more than 2 million files from its former secret police available to the public. The secret police spied on just about everyone in Romania during the reign of dictator Nicolae Ceausescu. Host Lisa Mullins speaks with BBC reporter Oana Lungescu, who not only reported on the story, but examined the files that the secret police kept on her.

I imagine there is info somewhere online on who has access to what and how one gets it. We should probably mention and link something (not this radio piece, I think, or I'd have done it myself). - Jmabel | Talk 22:39, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Românul Boris Grünberg?
He was born in imperial Russia in a Jewish family and then he got Soviet citizenship. Given all these facts why mention him in this context: "who was actually a Romanian born in Bessarabia"? Even if he got Romanian citizenship (I'm actually not aware of that) or even if by some laws he was considered Romanian even though he was a Jew born in Russia I fail to see why that is even worthy to be mentioned. -- AdrianTM 01:54, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Nice one Dahn. Yelling makes a perfect argument. -- AdrianTM 02:10, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * In-between his birth in Russia (where, as a Jew, I'm not even sure he was a citizen) and his Soviet citizenship, he had Romanian citizenship. Did you hear of the 1920s citizenship laws? Because I think you should have if you start debating this issue. (Btw, you are obstinately confusing nationality and ethnicity - aside from some legal matters which you show you are not aware of, him being Jewish adds nothing to the debate.) Dahn 02:12, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * You didn't respond why is so important to mention that he's a Romanian since he was Soviet citizen too. I changed that sentence to reflect the whole truth not only the partial and misleading one. -- AdrianTM 02:19, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I think this present variant is still misleading "who held Romanian citizenship before he obtained a Soviet one in 1940" I mean from 1915 and 1920 he was citizen of Russian Empire, right? If he wasn't because he was a Jew (I don't know the statute of Jews in Russian Empire) then the fact that he was a Jew is relevant. Again, you didn't respond to my question,  why mention his citizenship at all if it's this complicated? -- AdrianTM 02:27, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The "whole truth" is that any person born in Bessarabia had Soviet citizenship by default, and that ethnicity plays no part in this - unless you are trying to make an objectionable point about a particular ethnicity. In fact, in doing that, you would merely exposing the fact that the Romanian state was a primitive one, and had to be pressured into permitting all its inhabitants by birth to be citizens, irrespective of religion. What say you start adding to every mention of Ion Inculeţ the fact that he was Ukrainian born in Imperial Russia, to every mention of Constantin Stere the fact that he was Russian by birth, to every mention of Maniu the fact that he was Hungarian by birth? In case you only want this system of the "whole truth" to work only for Nicolschi, you would be proving what your POV is. It's also funny that you mention "the whole truth" (implicitly accusing me of having hidden it), when you were manifestly not even aware of what the truth was until a couple of minutes ago. Dahn 02:27, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * As for your core question: it is not more complicated than many other such instances where the vaguer details are discarded for clarity (Stere, Maniu, etc.). What is relevant to this article is that the man was not a Soviet agent by origin and profession, but by conviction and profession - a neutral point to make (especially since it does not prevent anyone who seeks to do so from seeing him as foreign, but sets the legal record straight to move beyond the cliché). Dahn 02:31, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * "any person born in Bessarabia had Soviet citizenship by default" -- in 1915 there was no Soviet Union, he couldn't have been a Soviet citizen, he became afterwards (automatically or not), same for Romanian citizenship in 1915 Bessarabia was not part of Romania therefore he was not Romanian citizen either (he because automatically if I understand right, not by choice) so your claim that he "was not a Soviet agent by origin" (meaning that he was Romanian citizen doesn't hold, he was just as Romanian as he was Soviet, he was not Romanian by origin either). I didn't mention that he was Jew at the first I just deleted the misleading sentence that said that he was Romanian. He was a person who was born in Russia of a non-Romanian family and held both Romanian and Soviet citizenships (or so it seems) -- do we really need to mention that? I personally don't think so...  -- AdrianTM 02:44, 19 February 2007 (UTC) 02:41, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Aside from the issue of him having acquired Soviet citizenship, the case is basically the same as that of Inculeţ and Pan Halippa (not to say Maniu). Of the guys I cited only Stere made the choice, and he kinda have to in order to evade surveillance (that is to say, no matter what his convictions were). For the rest of my point, I urge you to reflect some more. Mentioning "x was Soviet [adviser]" in this exact context would be a half-truth when referring to Nicolschi - as such, the term would refer to a person who was of Soviet origin (by birth, which was entirely possible by then, or by the inevitable "adoption" of former Russian subjects); it strikes me as necessary to make a brief mention that Nicolschi was not exactly that. In whatever argument you have brought up on this talk page, you were not able to prove that this is not the case.

 * No professional reference I have seen defines Nicolschi as Soviet, Russian, or Jewish first and foremost, while they all point out the many quirks of his legal status (to which one may add that he was *probably* among those stripped of their citizenship by Goga in 1937, but that he was probably tried as a citizen by Antonescu; the main thing that I gather from here is not that Nicolschi was not Romanian, but that Romanian authorities were not capable of sticking to a basic legal principle).

 * Moreover, if the Soviet Union considered all Bessarabians "Soviet", not all Bessarabians chose to be NKVD agents - where I was getting at is that the old and new formulations which you reverted were NPOV, and do not prevent anyone from seeing him as "foreign" (if him being so has any significance for bettwer or worse). Dahn 03:02, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your help in this matter. I think the present version: "(who was born in Russian Empire and held both Romanian and Soviet citizenships)" is radically better than the misleading "(who was actually a Romanian born in Bessarabia)" he was just as Romanian as he was Soviet citizen if not less because I assume he was Russian citizen first (he was born in Russia after all). I'd personally vote for removing the reference to citizenship or nationality since it's not relevant and it's too complicated to be explained in a short sentence in an article that's not about him. I don't imply that being a foreigner made him a NKVD agent, I'm just correcting a misleading statement. -- AdrianTM 03:11, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, your version is missing a "the". Aside from that, though I object to "born in the Russian Empire" for the same reasons I would when paralleled with Stere or Inculeţ, I guess it is better than nothing. Dahn 03:20, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for grammar correction. I don't see any Stere or Inculeţ in this article... maybe mentioning where they were born and their citizenship is irrelevant in the article where they appear (as I actually claim to be the case here too, but if you really want to mention citizenship then you need to mention the whole truth, that's all). -- AdrianTM 03:29, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I fail to see how being born in a defunct polity adds more to the "truth". What was discussed here is that he was not technically a Soviet adviser in the same way as others. It was the only thing worth discussing: mentioning his original name, ethnicity, place of birth, laws through which he acquired his citizenships etc is pointless and unbalanced. When a Romanian ethnic in pre-1918 Bessarabia is concerned, I note that people jump at the chance to move "Russian" as far away from casual mentions as possible (as if Romanians in Bessarabia were some sort of country on their own). Dahn 03:51, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * He was Soviet citizen, the fact that he was also a Romanian citizen is collateral and mentioned like it was it was plain misleading. I'm not sure what you mean by "When a Romanian ethnic in pre-1918 Bessarabia is concerned, I note that people jump at the chance to move "Russian" as far away from casual mentions as possible" this seems irrelevant here since we don't even talk about a Romanian ethnic, it's about a non-Romanian who was born in Russian Empire and was Russian subject (if not citizen) and became Romanian citizen in 1920 and then Soviet citizen in 1940, to portrait such a person as "actually a Romanian from Bessarabia" is misleading and I hope you don't deny that. -- AdrianTM 04:04, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The only thing in your post that I have not answered to twice by now is your persistent Völkisch references, which have absolutely no relevancy in both the context we are discussing and citizenship law in the civilized world then as well as now. Suffices to say that there are more things in heaven and earth. Dahn 04:09, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * A person can have an ethnicity (or even mixed ethnicity) and one or more citizenships. Characterizing a person who was not Romanian by ethnicity and had more citizenships (first one Russian I assume) as "actually a Romanian from Bessarabia" is misleading. Do you see that, or you anti-Völkischism blinds you and makes you discount people around you who don't seem to hold the exact opinions as you do? And why do I have to explain this over and over again, like I'm talking with idiots? -- AdrianTM 04:37, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * For one, that is not the form you currently see in the text, not that there would be anything inaccurate with it. Your two rhetorical questions are trolling (and elsewhere you have shown that you know what trolling means, if I remember correctly). You have been talking to yourself for a while now, so continuing this is pointless. Dahn 05:04, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * It's not the form that we currently see in the text because _I_ changed it (BTW, you reverted it back). And yes it seems like I'm talking to myself when the other person instead of responding to arguments accuses me of Völkischism, pure projection, and now of trolling. For what is worth my "trolling" produced a more accurate version, I just wish that accuracy wouldn't be so damn hard to obtain in articles that you watch so attentively... -- AdrianTM 05:17, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, by all means: let's use the blanket accusation. It may also interest you to know that I have not even properly looked over this article, let alone watchlist it, until today, (as if that is an accusation to make); I watchlist the Nicolschi article because I damn well wrote it! I will repeat it: there is nothing "inaccurate" in either of the two sentence versions I endorsed for this article, and all your allegations that I mislead people etc. are the result of projection (or, if you prefer, strawmanship). I cannot begin to address them, because they start from misconceptions and attempt to portray my supposed motivations. Please understand: it is not that I cannot because you're not worth talking to, but because this type of argument is not worth answering to. I believe I have said all that was relevant here a long time ago, repeated it a long time ago, so feel free to continue this on your very own if you feel like it. Dahn 05:30, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Hmm, again accusing me of something, this time strawman, while making such a fine display of a strawman argument: I never accused you of watching pages, I just meant that is such a hard work to change 3 damn words in this and Nicolschi articles that you seem to watch now (or at least that's what I meant, I really don't care what other pages you watch). As for Nicolschi article I don't have complains now, I find the introduction accurate and clear "Born to a Jewish family in Chişinău, Bessarabia (part of Imperial Russia at the time)" -- simply perfect! Just imagine what it would be if somebody changed that to "a Russian born in Bessarabia". I don't want to accuse you of intellectual dishonesty, but maybe you just don't see my point: "a Romanian born in Bessarabia" is just as correct as "a Russian born in Bessarabia" -- but it's misleading. As for accusation of 19th century thinking please hold those kind of discourse for yourself, any sentence like: "Greek born in Turkey", or "Spanish born in Australia", "Turk born in Germany" could be read both as ethnicity and citizenship, and probably most likely as ethnicity. Since it's not clear it needed to be corrected and made it clear, stop accusing me of ulterior reasons, thanks. -- AdrianTM 06:36, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Btw, ever heard of 3RR? You just broke it. Dahn 02:32, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't think 3RR applies for removing incorrect/misleading and unsourced info. If it does then I'm guilty *gets worried* -- AdrianTM 02:41, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * You will find all the necessary references to what we were talking about in the article on him, which I took a trouble to research. You're welcome. Dahn 03:02, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * It wasn't referenced in this article and to me it seemed clearly erroneous and misleading. -- AdrianTM 03:11, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I have never been a fan of referencing the trivial, but, if you have to, feel free to copypaste the references here (in fact, they could be used to back other stuff in this article as well). It is also interesting to note that this had to be referenced, whereas the other 99.99% of this article cites nothing). Dahn 03:20, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I think everything should be referenced, I edited this because it was clearly misleading, feel free to edit and reference the rest. -- AdrianTM 03:25, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * No, I think I'll just let people speculate some more for now. You see, I just love endless and tiresome chats like this one. Dahn 03:51, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * No, I actually don't enjoy these discussions, I just don't like incorrect and misleading information more then the annoyance to discuss endlessly with you. -- AdrianTM 03:57, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Today, you learned what the Romanian Jewish citizenship debate is about, and I learned that you just don't like incorrect and misleading information more then the annoyance of discussing endlessly with me. I say it's win-win, so we will both sleep tight tonight, and wake up tomorrow feeling optimistic. Dahn 04:04, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I don't know what you mean by "Romanian Jewish citizenship debate", I thought the issue was about citizenship not about ethnicity, if we were to talk about ethnicity the guy was not Romanian from the start and there would be no need of any discussion. What was this all about: a guy who was not born in Romania, held more citizenships (first one was probably Russian) and got categorized as "actually a Romanian from Bessarabia". How is that accurate and not misleading? If the guy were at least ethnically Romanian then that could have been interpreted that sentence as referring to nationality (not citizenship) and it would have been probably OK, although still kind of irrelevant. -- AdrianTM 04:24, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, you see, I was kind of hoping that the 19th century logic according to which, in common reference, "x-ian" is more likely to mean "of x ethnicity" than "of x citizenship" was long dead and buried. In fact, people the world over seem not to adopt that framework, but we sure stick with it over here, don't we? I guess I have to thank people like Nae Ionescu. Dahn 04:32, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Personally I think that Nae Ionescu was a big idiot (hmm, maybe that's not the right word because his IQ might have been higher than the average, but you get the idea.... I mean people with high IQ can promote idiocies and he would be the first example that comes to my mind). -- AdrianTM 04:54, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Good to know. Top of the morning to you. Dahn 05:04, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Cut passages
I've cut two items that need work:

1. (this was added by a banned user):

The remenants of the Securitate nowadays

Many former Securitate members have remained active after the revolution and have shaped many Romanian events in their favor. It is so that they managed not only to evade prosecution for the crimes. Their role in shaping Romanian politics after 1989 has been documented by historian Marius Oprea.

2. (an image caption): The former "Directia 5 securitate of Ceausescu ruin" and now a symbol of the New Romania

What's this supposed to mean? Biruitorul 03:48, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Ethnicity and citizenship
Here we have a person of Ukrajnean or Russian ethnicity, born in the Russian Empire. Later the person becomes a NKVD general and trusted Soviet agent, sent into an occupied country to organize the feared Securitate. He did not speak Romanian at all when settled in that country. Then we have an user (Dahn) who wants to call this person "Romanian from Bessarabia". Stalin himself would be proud of the confusion. Ridiculous as it is, it wears down all the other users and it ends up Dahn's way. This is how history is written. Dahn plays the same game for Vladimir Tismaneanu's father, incidentally also born in Bessarabia before WWI and trusted member of the PCUS. This one became "Romanian party activist". In matters as serios as the former Soviet Union's colonization attempt of Eastern European countries, the primary citizenship/allegiance is quite relevant and Dahn's sophistry of poor taste. It is irrelevant that these foreigners were eventually awarded local citizenship by the puppet occupation governments.(Icar 15:34, 19 February 2007 (UTC))
 * On principle, Icar, I consider that people can argue whatever they please on talk pages. Nevertheless, allegations, comparisons, and lies such as the ones you spew above are becoming quite counterproductive and purely annoying. All you have produced so far is a repetitive manifesto aimed at other users, and the introduction of rumors into articles. More of this and you'll force me to seek intervention from sysops to give you time to cool off. Have a lovely evening. Dahn 16:11, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Leaving aside personal attacks, I agree with Icar, primary citizenship/allegiance is quite relevant, thanks for edits, now it's complete and correct (and not misleading as it was before) Introducing some correct and complete info in this page was an uphill battle as it's witnessed by this talk page. -- AdrianTM 18:18, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi -- I joined in the editing for this page, focusing on this ethnicity/citizenship/name issue that was raised, regarding the initial leadership of this organization. Hopefully, the (small) edits I made will be agreeable to all.  A technical question (left as a comment in the text);  which official body issued Decree 221/30?  I assume it was an act of the Romanian Government, but I could not find a ready confirmation with an internet search.

 * Thanks, your edits improved that section. -- AdrianTM 19:31, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Finally, in a different vein: What about those edits by Anominu?  I agree with AdrianTM edits and comments on that, but I'm not quite sure what the etiquette around here is when referring to Nicolae Ceauşescu.  Is it considered POV to say he was a dictator??  Turgidson 19:15, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It's just as POV as refering to Hitler and Musolini as dictators, take a look for example at Musolini article. Anominu considers himself a "Communist" and probably has a problem with reality. -- AdrianTM 19:31, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Citations needed
It seems to me that the article is quite good down to the discussion of the different branches of the organisation, at which point there is a lot of assertion and no citation or reference. Could we try to add some supporting evidence? I have no doubt that the Securitate were guilty of the things mentioned, but let's do things properly and display the evidence of their wrong-doing. Iain1917 06:34, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

How big was it?
How many people were actually in the Securitate? I've heard estimates as high as 14% of the Romanian population in the 1980s... --Stlemur 19:50, 29 May 2007 (UTC)
 * That 14% is a ridiculous number. But this is an interesting question. It also probably depends on what you consider "part" of Securitate, there were numerous "informers" but they were now full time employees. -- AdrianTM 20:18, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Subdivisions
The chapter about subdivisions / organisation of D.S.S. is not accurate and misleading. According to the Decree 130/1972 at 9th of April 1972 the Council of State Security (the coordinating political entity of D.S.S.) has been re-integrated into the Ministry of the Interior (previously became separate as of 1968-04-04) and the D.S.S. (Securitate) has been organised in 6 (six) Directorates (noted with Roman digits - to be precise), as follows:
 * DIRECTORATE I - Internal Informations;
 * DIRECTORATE II - Economic counter-informations;
 * DIRECTORATE III - Counter-espionage;
 * DIRECTORATE IV - Military counter-informations;
 * DIRECTORATE V - Security and Guard Service
 * DIRECTORATE VI - Criminalistic/Penal.

The Security Troops were not specifically a directorate, but organised as military units (Romanian abbrv. - UM). A particular unit was UM-0640, located in northern Bucharest's suburb of Baneasa, better known as U.S.L.A. (Rom. abbrv. approx. for Unit Specialised in Counter Terrorist Warfare). This unit was charged with counter terrorist activities in the main airports (Otopeni and Baneasa in Bucharest), as well as protection for Embassies and foreign diplomats in Bucharest. In the text, the number given for security troops is a guess at best - the exact numbers are of course highly classified info and are not supposed to be available to the public, even today. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ervantc (talk • contribs) 15:03, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

Did Securitate had a logo?
Did Securitate had an official logo or emblem, like MFS DDR or KGB? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.190.194.119 (talk) 13:57, 8 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Securitate did not have a specific logo/emblem. The only recognition mark could be found on the Securitate troops uniforms, as blue marks on their collars. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ervantc (talk • contribs) 04:48, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

proportion: number of stasi-employers in GDR / total population - and comparison with Securitate
I think the number of Stasi-informants (IMs) is scientifically very disputed. (Because the criterias to count the inofficial employers are, to count somebody as an "informant" or unofficial employer...)  But all in all in average I don't believe that 1 (unofficial or official) spy per 6 or 7 people is realistic.

I think, German Wikipedia has more realistic numbers: For example at the end of the regime German Wikipedia says, they were approximately 100.000 official and 200.000-250.000 unofficial employers for a population of 16 Million people. This would be approximately one per 40 people. And this seams very much comparable to the number of agents in Romania... Maybe Romania had with 500.000 informants for only 22 Million people even more... And i think, the sources of German Wikipedia (I guess, Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records or historians employed working for that agency, and so on...) are more scientific and reliable than New York Times. --Impulsiv. (talk) 20:54, 21 December 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Securitate


text:
No. 1312 Flight RAF

No. 1312 Flight Royal Air Force, commonly abbreviated to 1312 Flt RAF, is an independent flight of the Royal Air Force (RAF). Currently based at RAF Station Mount Pleasant (more commonly known as RAF Mount Pleasant, and also known as Mount Pleasant Complex) in East Falkland, 1312 Flt are supporting at present the defence of the Falkland Islands and other nearby British Overseas Territories.

The Royal Air Force contribution to British Forces South Atlantic Islands is based at Mount Pleasant; the primary frontline component is No. 1435 Flight, with its four Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4 advanced multi-role combat aircraft. 1312 Flight provides aerial refuelling, air transport, search and rescue, and maritime patrol. The latter is an important mission to the Falkland Islands government, as the Lockheed C-130K Hercules verifies that all fishing vessels are licensed; at £1,000 per licence per season - an important source of income. The flight motto is 'Uphold the Right'; the motto of the Falkland Islands is 'Desire the Right'.

No. 1312 Flight history
No 1312 (Transport) Flight was first formed on April 19, 1944, at RAF Llandow, south Wales. It originally operated six Avro Ansons to collect and deliver aircrew involved in the ferrying replacement aircraft to operational squadrons. After June 1944, it was involved in transporting wounded serviceman back to England from France, until it was disbanded on July 21, 1944.

1312 was re-formed on September 14, 1954, at RAF Abingdon, as No 1312 (Transport Support) Flight; operating the Handley Page Hastings, and later the Vickers Valetta, disbanding on April 1, 1957.

No 1312 (In Flight Refuelling) Flight re-formed again on August 20, 1983 at RAF Stanley, before moving to the newly opened RAF Mount Pleasant in 1986, where it remains current. The original task was to operate the Lockheed C-130K Hercules C1K on air-to-air refuelling missions, but this was later replaced by Vickers VC10 K4 (borrowed from 101 Squadron) and C-130K Hercules C1s from the Lyneham Wing. On 31 August 2013, the VC10 was replaced by a Lockheed TriStar K1 from 216 Squadron.

Presently, 1312 Flt utilise aircraft and crew from RAF Brize Norton. Specifically, No. 70 Squadron provide an Airbus A400M Atlas C1, whilst No. 10 and 101 Squadron provide an Airbus Voyager KC2 or KC3.

Unit badge
Whilst it is common for RAF stations and RAF flying squadrons to be authorised to display an official heraldic badge following Royal approval, historically, it was extremely rare for RAF Flights to be granted authority for such. However, in recent times, the Royal Air Force has been more accommodating in granting Flights with their own unit badge such as the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight.

The quest for an official heraldic badge for 1312 Flight began sometime 2000. No 1435 Flight's badge contained a Cassin's Falcon (a Peregrine falcon, common in the Falklands), so in keeping with the larger transport aircraft operated by 1312, a larger bird, the Upland Goose was chosen. 'Uphold the Right' was selected as the official motto, in keeping with other MPA units, and the Falkland Island's own motto, 'Desire the Right'. The badge was eventually awarded August 2002, and received its Royal approval in 2003.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: No. 1312 Flight RAF


text:
List of Canberra suburbs

This is a list of suburbs in the Australian Capital Territory, in Australia.

Suburbs are listed according to the districts in which they are located. Town centres, Group Centres, or suburbs containing group centres, appear in bold. (Some group centres or town centres have names differing from those of the suburbs in which they are located, in which case there may be a separate article listed beside the suburbs.) The date of gazettal of the suburb is appended to its entry.

For a description of Australian Capital Territory's suburbs and urban hierarchy, including districts, town centres and suburbs, see Suburbs of the Australian Capital Territory

Belconnen

 * Aranda 1967
 * Belconnen – Belconnen Town Centre – Emu Ridge 1983
 * Bruce 1968
 * Charnwood 1973
 * Cook 1968
 * Dunlop
 * Evatt 1972
 * Florey 1975
 * Flynn 1971
 * Fraser 1974
 * Giralang 1974
 * Hawker 1972
 * Harrison 1968
 * Higgins 1968
 * Holt – Kippax Centre 1970
 * Kaleen 1974
 * Latham 1971
 * Lawson 2015
 * Macgregor 1971
 * Macnamara 2016
 * Macquarie – Jamison Centre 1967
 * McKellar 1974
 * Melba 1972
 * Page 1968
 * Scullin 1968
 * Spence 1972
 * Strathnairn
 * Weetangera 1968

Canberra Central

 * Acton 1928
 * Ainslie 1928
 * Barton 1922
 * Braddon 1928
 * Campbell – Duntroon 1928
 * Capital Hill 1913
 * City (also referred to as Civic) 1928
 * Deakin 1928
 * Dickson – Dickson Centre 1928
 * Downer 1960
 * Forrest 1928
 * Fyshwick 1918
 * Griffith – Manuka 1927
 * Hackett 1960
 * Kingston – The Causeway
 * Lyneham – North Lyneham 1928
 * Narrabundah 1947
 * O'Connor 1928
 * Parkes 1922
 * Red Hill 1928
 * Reid 1928
 * Russell
 * Turner 1928
 * Watson 1960
 * Yarralumla 1928

Gungahlin

 * ^ denotes suburbs which have been planned, but not yet been opened or settled

 * Amaroo 1991
 * Bonner ~2005
 * Casey 2010
 * Crace 2009
 * Forde 2006
 * Franklin 2007
 * Gungahlin – Gungahlin Town Centre 1998
 * Harrison 2006
 * Jacka 2013
 * Kenny ^
 * Kinlyside ^
 * Mitchell
 * Moncrieff ~2005
 * Ngunnawal 1991
 * Nicholls 1994
 * Palmerston 1991
 * Taylor 2017
 * Throsby 2005

Jerrabomberra

 * Beard
 * Hume
 * Oaks Estate 1984
 * Symonston

Majura

 * Canberra Airport
 * Pialligo 1982

Molonglo Valley
Planned suburbs as of 18 June 2012
 * ^ denotes suburbs which have been planned, but not yet been opened or settled

 * Denman Prospect
 * Coombs
 * Molonglo ^
 * Sulman ^
 * Whitlam
 * Wright

Tuggeranong

 * Banks 1987
 * Bonython 1986
 * Calwell 1975
 * Chisholm 1975
 * Conder
 * Fadden 1975
 * Gilmore 1975
 * Gordon 1987
 * Gowrie
 * Greenway – Tuggeranong Town Centre 1986
 * Isabella Plains 1975
 * Kambah – Kambah Village Centre 1974
 * Macarthur 1982
 * Monash 1975
 * Oxley 1982
 * Richardson 1975
 * Theodore 1975
 * Wanniassa – Erindale Centre 1974

Weston Creek

 * Chapman
 * Duffy 1970
 * Fisher
 * Holder 1970
 * Rivett
 * Stirling 1970
 * Waramanga
 * Weston – Weston Creek Centre

Woden

 * Chifley
 * Curtin – Curtin Centre 1962
 * Farrer
 * Garran 1966
 * Hughes 1962
 * Isaacs 1966
 * Lyons
 * Mawson – Southlands Centre 1966
 * O'Malley 1973
 * Pearce
 * Phillip – Woden Town Centre – Swinger Hill 1966
 * Torrens 1966

Former suburbs
In 1927 the provisional suburbs of the Australian Capital Territory were renamed to honour the leaders of Federation, and to retain the earlier names in the district; with the exception of Mugga (the proposed renaming of Red Hill) the new names were gazetted in 1928.
 * Ainslie was renamed Braddon
 * South Ainslie was renamed Reid
 * North Ainslie was renamed Ainslie
 * Blandfordia was renamed Forrest
 * Causeway became part of Kingston
 * Eastlake was renamed Kingston
 * Manuka and South Blandfordia were combined and renamed Griffith
 * Telopea Park was renamed Barton
 * Westridge was renamed Yarralumla

Other

 * Hall, District of Hall (technically a separate town)
 * Harman, District of Jerrabomberra (navy base)
 * Pierces Creek (former forestry settlement)
 * Tharwa, District of Paddys River (technically a separate town)
 * Uriarra (former forestry settlement)
 * Williamsdale, small town in the district of Tuggeranong

title: List of Canberra suburbs


text: Template:Musical notation

title: Template:Musical notation


text:
Poems of Today

Poems of Today was a series of anthologies of poetry, almost all Anglo-Irish, produced by the English Association.

Poems of Today (1915, first series)
A. E. - Lascelles Abercrombie - H. C. Beeching - Hilaire Belloc - Laurence Binyon - W. S. Blunt - Robert Bridges - Rupert Brooke - William Canton - P. R. Chalmers - G. K. Chesterton - Mary E. Coleridge - Padraic Colum - Frances Cornford - A. S. Cripps - John Davidson - W. H. Davies - Walter De la Mare - John Drinkwater - J. E. Flecker - Edmund Gosse - Gerald Gould - Ralph Hodgson - Laurence Housman - Lionel Johnson - Rudyard Kipling - Shane Leslie - Rose Macaulay - J. W. Mackail - John Masefield - George Meredith - Alice Meynell - T. Sturge Moore - Sir Henry Newbolt - J. B. B. Nichols - Alfred Noyes - Sir A. T. Quiller-Couch - Ernest Radford - Ada Smith - R. L. Stevenson - Arthur Symons - Francis Thompson - Herbert Trench - Katharine Tynan - William Watson - Margaret L. Woods - W. B. Yeats

Poems of Today (1922, second series)
A. E. - Herbert Asquith - Maurice Baring - Hilaire Belloc - Laurence Binyon - Edmund Blunden - F. S. Boas - Eva Gore-Booth - Gordon Bottomley - F. W. Bourdillon - Robert Bridges - Rupert Brooke - T. E. Brown - A. H. Bullen - E. K. Chambers - G. K. Chesterton - Padraic Colum - The Marquess of Crewe - Walter De la Mare - Geoffrey Dearmer - John Drinkwater - V. L. Edminson - Michael Field - J. E. Flecker - John Freeman - Margaret C. Furse - John Galsworthy - Wilfred Wilson Gibson - Julian Grenfell - Thomas Hardy - F. W. Harvey - Ralph Hodgson - W. N. Hodgson - A. E. Housman - Aldous Huxley - Violet Jacob - Francis Ledwidge - Winifred M. Letts - Sidney Royse Lysaght - Rose Macaulay - Alasdair MacGregor - E. A. Mackintosh - John Masefield - Beatrice Mayor - Charlotte Mew - Alice Meynell - Harold Monro - T. Sturge Moore - F. W. Moorman - Gilbert Murray - Sir Henry Newbolt - Robert Nichols - Madeleine Nightingale - Moira O'Neill - Seamus O'Sullivan - Joseph M. Plunkett - Madeleine Caron Rock - Lady Margaret Sackville - Siegfried Sassoon - Edward Shanks - Charles Hamilton Sorley - Sir Cecil Spring Rice - James Stephens - Edward Tennant - Edward Thomas - Francis Thompson - Herbert Trench - W. J. Turner - Evelyn Underhill - Lucy Whitmell - T. P. Cameron Wilson - W. B. Yeats

Poems of Today (1938, third series)
Lascelles Abercrombie - J. Redwood Anderson - W. H. Auden - George Barker - Julian Bell - Laurence Binyon - Edmund Blunden - Cicely Boas - Guy Boas - Lilian Bowes Lyon - A. C. Boyd - Robert Bridges - Hilton Brown - Roy Campbell - G. M. Cookson - Frances Cornford - W. H. Davies - Cecil Day-Lewis - Walter De la Mare - John Drinkwater - Clifford Dyment - Richard Eberhart - Robin Flower - John Freeman - John Gawsworth - Wilfrid Gibson - Lord Gorell - C. L. Graves - I. Sutherland Groom - Thomas Hardy - Phyllis Hartnoll - Christopher Hassall - A. P. Herbert - Gerard Manley Hopkins - E. V. Knox - D. H. Lawrence - John Lehmann - F. L. Lucas - Louis MacNeice - Charles Madge - John Masefield - Huw Menai - E. H. W. Meyerstein - Harold Monro - Edwin Muir - Seán O'Casey - Wilfred Owen - Herbert E. Palmer - Ruth Pitter - Frederic Prokosch - John Pudney - Herbert Read - James Reeves - Michael Roberts - V. Sackville-West - Siegfried Sassoon - Geoffrey Scott - Edith Sitwell - Osbert Sitwell - Stephen Spender - L. A. G. Strong - Jan Struther - Dorothy Margaret Stuart - A. S. J. Tessimond - Dylan Thomas - W. J. Turner - James Walker - Rex Warner - Dorothy Wellesley - Laurence Whistler - Humbert Wolfe - W. B. Yeats - Andrew Young

Poems of Today (1951, fourth series)
C. Colleer Abbott - John Arlott - W. H. Auden - George Barker - John Bayliss - Frances Bellerby - John Betjeman - Laurence Binyon - Edmund Blunden - Ronald Bottrall - Lilian Bowes Lyon - C. W. Brodribb - Gerald Bullett - Guy Butler - John Buxton - Roy Campbell - Demetrios Capetanakis - Joyce Cary - Richard Church - Alex Comfort - R. N. Currey - W. H. Davies - Walter De La Mare - Patric Dickinson - Keith Douglas - Adam Drinan - Clifford Dyment - T. S. Eliot - Arundell Esdaile - G. S. Fraser - Roy Fuller - Jill Furse - H. W. Garrod - Viola Garvin - David Gascoyne - Wilfrid Gibson - O. St. J. Gogarty - Helen Granville-Barker - Robert Graves - Geoffrey Grigson - Stephen Haggard - J. C. Hall - G. Rostrevor Hamilton - Christopher Hassall - John Heath-Stubbs - J. F. Hendry - Charles Hepburn - F. R. Higgins - Ralph Hodgson - Seán Jennett - Frank Kendon - Sidney Keyes - James Kirkup - Laurie Lee - John Lehmann - Alun Lewis - C. Day-Lewis - C. S. Lewis - Emanuel Litvinoff - Sylvia Lynd - Donagh MacDonagh - Louis MacNeice - John Masefield - E. H. W. Meyerstein - Francis Meynell - Edwin Muir - Norman Nicholson - Herbert Palmer - V. de Sola Pinto - Ruth Pitter - William Plomer - F. T. Prince - John Pudney - Kathleen Raine - Herbert Read - Henry Reed - Alexander Reid - Anne Ridler - W. R. Rodgers - Alan Rook - A. L. Rowse - V. Sackville-West - Siegfried Sassoon - E. J. Scovell - Ian Serraillier - John Short - Edith Sitwell - Osbert Sitwell - Martyn Skinner - Stevie Smith - Stanley Snaith - Helen Spalding - Stephen Spender - James Stephens - L. A. G. Strong - Hal Summers - A. S. J. Tessimond - Dylan Thomas - Terence Tiller - Henry Treece - R. C. Trevelyan - W. J. Turner - John Waller - Rex Warner - Vernon Watkins - Dorothy Wellesley - Laurence Whistler - W. B. Yeats - Andrew Young

title: Poems of Today


text:
Masashi Sada

Masashi Sada (さだ まさし) is a Japanese singer, lyricist, and composer.

Sada formed the folk duo Grape with Masami Yoshida in 1972, and they made their debut as recording artists a year afterward. The pair rose to fame owing to the hit song "Shourou Nagashi" (精霊流し) composed by Sada, which peaked at the number-two position on the Japanese Oricon chart in 1974. They broke up in 1976, after producing some hit singles including "En-kiri Dera" (縁切寺) and "Muen Zaka" (無縁坂).

Sada released his first solo album entitled Kikyorai shortly after Grape's dissolution. Following the commercial success of the number-one hit single "Amayadori" (雨やどり, Shelter from the rain) in 1977, he enjoyed a recording career as one of the most popular Japanese male artists during the late 1970s and the first half of the 1980s.

Throughout his career as a musician, Sada released over 35 solo albums and 70 singles, and multiple live albums or compilations. Since the release of Shourou Nagashi, published in 2001, Sada has also worked as a novelist.

Grape (with Masami Yoshida)

 * Wasuremono (わすれもの) / Lost Property (25 August 1974)
 * Seseragi (せせらぎ) / Babble (25 May 1975)
 * Communication (コミュニケーション) (25 November 1975)
 * Ano Koro ni Tsuite -Season of Raisin- (あの頃について -シーズン・オブ・レーズン-) (10 November 1991) / name as 'Raisin'

solo

 * Kikyorai (帰去来) / I Come Back (25 November 1976)
 * Kazamidori (風見鶏) / Weathercock (25 July 1977)
 * Anthology (私花集) (25 March 1978)
 * Yume Kuyo (夢供養) / Memorials of Dreams (10 April 1979)
 * Inshoha (印象派) / Impressionists (10 October 1980)
 * Utsuroi (うつろひ) / Transition (25 June 1981)
 * Yume no Wadachi (夢の轍) / Rut of Dreams (11 December 1982)
 * Kaze no Omokage (風のおもかげ) / Vestiges of Winds (30 November 1983)
 * Glass Age (Glass Age -硝子の世代-) (12 December 1984)
 * ADVANTAGE (12 June 1985)
 * Jibun Shokogun (自分症候群) / Oneself Syndrome (21 December 1985)
 * Yume Kaikisen (夢回帰線) / The Dream Tropic (25 July 1987)
 * Kazemachi Dori no Hitobito (風待通りの人々) / People on the Street that is Waiting for Breeze (25 July 1988)
 * Yume no Fuku Koro (夢の吹く頃) / Time Blowing Dream (25 January 1989)
 * Yume Bakari Miteita (夢ばかりみていた) I Only Dreamed (25 February 1990)
 * Yume Kaikisen II (夢回帰線II) / The Dream Tropic Second (25 August 1990)
 * Kazoku no Shozo (家族の肖像) Portrait of a Family (25 July 1991)
 * Honobono (ほのぼの) / Heartwarming (10 November 1992)
 * Aimiteno (逢ひみての) / Rendezvous (25 October 1993)
 * Omoide Dorobo (おもいで泥棒) / Burglar who Steal Dreams (25 October 1994)
 * Sayonara Nippon (さよならにっぽん) / Good-bye Japan (25 October 1995)
 * Furukusai Koi no Uta Bakari (古くさい恋の唄ばかり) / Just old-fashioned Love Songs (25 October 1996)
 * Yumeuta (夢唄) / Dream Song (21 November 1997)
 * Kokoro no Jidai (心の時代 / Period of Heart (23 September 1998)
 * Toki no Sumika (季節の栖) / Habitats of Seasons (23 June 1999)
 * Nihon Kaku Setsu (日本架空説) / Japan Fancied Theory (21 September 2000)
 * Alstroemeria (夢百合草 (あるすとろめりあ)) (27 February 2002)
 * Yume no Tsuzuki (夢のつづき) / Continuation of a Dream (26 September 2002)
 * Slow Life Story (すろうらいふすとーりー) (22 October 2003)
 * Koibumi (恋文) / Love Letter (22 September 2004)
 * Tokoshie (とこしへ) / Forever (7 September 2005)
 * Utsukushiki Nihon no Omokage (美しき日本の面影) / Beautiful Japanese Vestiges (6 September 2006)
 * Mist (12 September 2007)
 * Utsukushii Asa / Beautiful Morning (美しい朝) (9 June 2009)
 * Yokan (予感) / Premonition (9 June 2010)
 * Sada City (11 July 2011)
 * Mou Kurukoro... (もう来る頃...) / Time It Will Come (13 June 2012)
 * Dai Ni Gakushou (第二楽章) / The Second Movement (10 September 2014)
 * Kaze no Kiseki (風の軌跡) / Track of winds (8 July 2015)
 * Reborn ~Umaretate no Sada Masashi~ (Reborn～生まれたてのさだまさし～) (4 July 2018)
 * Shin-Jibunfudoki I ~Boukyou~ (新自分風土記I～望郷篇～) (15 May 2019)
 * Shin-Jibunfudoki II ~Mahoroba~ (新自分風土記II～まほろば篇～) (15 May 2019)
 * 45th Anniversary Concert Tour 2018 Reborn-Masashi Sada (45周年記念コンサートツアー2018 Reborn ～生まれたてのさだまさし～) (26 June 2019)

title: Masashi Sada


text:
I Am Cuba

I Am Cuba (Soy Cuba; Я - Куба, Ya – Kuba) is a 1964 film directed by Mikhail Kalatozov at Mosfilm. An international co-production between the Soviet Union and Cuba, it is an anthology film mixing political drama and propaganda. It was not received well by either the Russian or Cuban publics and was almost completely forgotten until it was re-discovered by filmmakers in the United States thirty years later. The acrobatic tracking shots and idiosyncratic mise-en-scène prompted Hollywood directors like Martin Scorsese to begin a campaign to restore the film in the early 1990s.

I Am Cuba is shot in black and white, sometimes using infrared film obtained from the Soviet military to exaggerate contrast (making trees and sugar cane almost white, and skies very dark but still obviously sunny). Most shots are in extreme wide-angle and the camera passes very close to its subjects, whilst still largely avoiding having those subjects ever look directly at the camera.

Plot
The movie consists of four distinct short stories about the suffering of the Cuban people and their reactions, varying from passive amazement in the first, to a guerrilla march in the last. Between the stories, a female narrator (credited "The Voice of Cuba") says such things as, "I am Cuba, the Cuba of the casinos, but also of the people."

The first story (centered on the character Maria) shows the destitute Cuban masses contrasted with the splendor in the American-run gambling casinos. Maria lives in a shanty-town on the edge of Havana and hopes to marry her fruit-seller boyfriend, René. He is unaware that she leads an unhappy double-life as "Betty", a bar prostitute at one of the Havana casinos catering to rich Americans. One night, her client asks her if he can see where she lives rather than take her to his own room. She takes him to her small hovel where she reluctantly undresses in front of him. The next morning he tosses her a few dollars and takes her most prized possession, her crucifix necklace. As he is about to leave René walks in and sees his ashamed fiancée. The American callously says, "Goodbye Betty!" as he makes his exit. He is disoriented by the squalor he encounters as he tries to find his way out of the area.

The next story is about a farmer, Pedro, who just raised his best crop of sugar yet. However, his landlord rides up to the farm as he is harvesting his crops and tells him that he has sold the land that Pedro lives on to United Fruit, and Pedro and his family must leave immediately. Pedro asks what about the crops? The landowner says, "you raised them on my land. I'll let you keep the sweat you put into growing them, but that is all," and he rides off. Pedro lies to his children and tells them everything is fine. He gives them all the money he has and tells them to have a fun day in town. After they leave, he sets all of his crops and house on fire. He then dies from the smoke inhalation.

The third story describes the suppression of rebellious students led by a character named Enrique at Havana University (featuring one of the longest camera shots). Enrique is frustrated with the small efforts of the group and wants to do something drastic. He goes off on his own planning on assassinating the chief of police. However, when he gets him in his sights, he sees that the police chief is surrounded by his young children, and Enrique cannot bring himself to pull the trigger. While he is away, his fellow revolutionaries are printing flyers. They are infiltrated by police officers who arrest them. One of the revolutionaries begins throwing flyers out to the crowd below only to be shot by one of the police officers. Later on, Enrique is leading a protest at the university. More police are there to break up the crowd with fire hoses. Enrique is shot after the demonstration becomes a riot. At the end, his body is carried through the streets; he has become a martyr to his cause.

The final part shows Mariano, a typical farmer, who rejects the requests of a revolutionary soldier to join the ongoing war. The soldier appeals to Mariano's desire for a better life for his children, but Mariano only wants to live in peace and insists the soldier leave. Immediately thereafter though, the government's planes begin bombing the area indiscriminately. Mariano's home is destroyed and his son is killed. He then joins the rebels in the Sierra Maestra Mountains, ultimately leading to a triumphal march into Havana to proclaim the revolution.

Cast

 * Sergio Corrieri as Alberto
 * Salvador Wood
 * José Gallardo as Pedro
 * Raúl García as Enrique
 * Luz María Collazo as Maria / Betty
 * Jean Bouise as Jim (in Cuban version) (as Jean Bouisse)
 * Alberto Morgan as Ángel
 * Celia Rodriguez as Gloria (in Cuban version) (as Zilia Rodríguez)
 * Fausto Mirabal

Production
Shortly after the 1959 Cuban Revolution overthrew the United States-backed dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista, the socialist Castro government, isolated by the United States after the latter broke diplomatic and trade relations in 1961, turned to the USSR in many areas, including for film partnerships. The Soviet government, interested in promoting international socialism, and perhaps in need to further familiarize itself with its new ally, agreed to collaborate with the Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industria Cinematográficos (ICAIC), and finance a film about the Cuban revolution. Shooting began on February 26, 1963.

The director was given considerable freedom to complete the work, and was given much help from both the Soviet and Cuban governments. Among his inspirations for the project was Sergei Eisenstein's unfinished ¡Que viva México!, another Soviet project about a post-revolutionary Latin American nation. Among Kalatozov's Cuban collaborators on the project were screenwriter Enrique Pineda Barnet and composer Carlos Fariñas.

The film made use of many innovative techniques, such as coating a watertight camera's lens with a special submarine periscope cleaner, so the camera could be submerged and lifted out of the water without any drops on the lens or film. At one point, more than 1,000 Cuban soldiers were moved to a remote location to shoot one scene.

In another scene, the camera follows a flag over a body, held high on a stretcher, along a crowded street. Then it stops and slowly moves upwards for at least four storeys until it is filming the flagged body from above a building. Without stopping, it then starts tracking sideways and enters through a window into a cigar factory, then goes straight towards a rear window where the cigar workers are watching the procession. The camera finally passes through the window and appears to float along over the middle of the street between the buildings. These shots were accomplished by the camera operator having the camera attached to his vest—like an early, crude version of a Steadicam—while also wearing a vest with hooks on the back.An assembly line of technicians would hook and unhook the operator's vest to various pulleys and cables that spanned floors and building roof tops.

Reception
Despite its dazzling technical and formal achievements receiving excellent support, and the participation of the renowned team of Soviet cinematographers Mikhail Kalatozov and Sergei Urusevsky (winners of the 1958 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or for The Cranes are Flying, another virtuosistic art film, and also in the midst of the Cold War), the movie was given a rather cold reaction by audiences. In Havana it was criticized for showing a stereotypical view of Cubans, and in Moscow it was considered naïve, not sufficiently revolutionary, even too sympathetic to the lives of the bourgeois, pre-Castro classes.

The film was shot during a period of relatively uneasy relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union. The recently concluded Cuban missile crisis had ended with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev removing its missiles from the island without consulting Cuban leader Fidel Castro, which opened a period of disagreements between the nations over revolutionary strategy.

Cameraman Alexander Calzatti stated that the crew "was so enthusiastic [that] we were infected by it, and we worked very hard"; as a result "very soon after we came back to Russia, more than half of our crew died. I survived because I was very young."

Che Guevara was a fan, writing to Spanish filmmaker Ricardo Muñoz Suay: "It’s the best of the coproductions that we’ve done and an artistically important film. The photography and music are exceptional, and the general tone of the film has a great dignity. It’s a poetic film, often moving, with many inspired moments and few low points. In its images, we can recognize ourselves as a people."

The movie never reached Western countries during its original release, being a communist production in the midst of the Cold War era during the United States embargo against Cuba.

Restoration
Until the USSR collapsed in the early 1990s, I Am Cuba was virtually unknown. In 1992, a print of the film was screened at the Telluride Film Festival. The San Francisco International Film Festival screened the film in 1993. Shortly after the festival, three film professionals who had screened I Am Cuba at the San Francisco screening contacted friends at Milestone Films, a small New York film distributor specializing in the release of once-lost and neglected older films. Milestone screened a slightly blurry, unsubtitled VHS tape of the film and then went about acquiring the distribution rights from Mosfilm in Russia. Milestone's release opened at New York's Film Forum in March 1995. For the tenth anniversary of the film release, Milestone debuted a new 35 mm restoration of I Am Cuba without the Russian overdubbing in September 2005. Milestone released an Ultimate Edition DVD boxset at the time as well, with a video appreciation from Scorsese.

On 19 March 2018, Milestone posted a trailer for their new 4K restoration of the film. It became available later that year on Milestone films' Vimeo powered streaming service, with original Spanish audio but at 1080p HD.

On 9 March 2020, Mosfilm publicly released the entire film in 4K with hardcoded Russian overdubbing on their YouTube channel.

Sometime after April 2021, the film was removed from Milestone films' streaming catalog on Vimeo because they sold the film's US distribution license, assumably back to Mosfilm. Milestone never released the film in 4K but gave refunds to upset customers.

On 29 October 2021, Mosfilm released the film on their English-language YouTube channel. From an archival perspective, it is inferior to Mosfilm's previous 4K release due to its hardcoded English subtitles, watermarking, Russian overdubbing, and 16:9 pillarboxing.

The Criterion Collection released a 4K restoration of I Am Cuba on Blu-ray and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray, with the film's original Spanish audio, in April 2024.

Documentary
In 2005, a documentary about the making of I Am Cuba was released called Soy Cuba: O Mamute Siberiano or I Am Cuba: the Siberian Mammoth, directed by the Brazilian Vicente Ferraz. The documentary looks at the history of the making of the film, explains some of the technical feats of the film, and features interviews with many of the people who worked on it.

title: I Am Cuba


text:
The Glass House (2001 TV series)

The Glass House was a half-hour Australian comedy talk show which screened on the ABC from 2001 to 2006.

It was hosted by stand-up comedian Wil Anderson, and co-hosted by fellow television and radio comedians Corinne Grant and Dave Hughes. Two additional guests joined the regular cast each week, including musicians, politicians, actors, radio personalities and other celebrities of varying calibre, such as Young Australian of the Year winners and Olympic athletes. Regular guests included comedians Adam Spencer and Akmal Saleh, netballer Liz Ellis, Play School host Rhys Muldoon, musician Pinky Beecroft, and music critic Molly Meldrum. The show thrived on taking regular shots at, among others, Shannon Noll, Amanda Vanstone, Naomi Robson, Shane Warne and Peter Costello. The format of the programme is similar to that of the BBC series, Have I Got News for You.

The show was pre-recorded in front of a live audience in the ABC's Sydney studio on Tuesday evenings. During the Melbourne International Comedy Festival, the show was taped inside the Melbourne Town Hall. The program initially screened on Friday nights, but suffered from an inconsistent timeslot, resulting in humorous TV spots, for example 9:30 Friday...probably. In 2005, The Glass House shifted to a more reliable timeslot on Wednesday at 9:35pm.

The show was recognised by the AFI Awards in 2005, winning Best Light Entertainment in the Television category, and beating long-time rival and ABC stablemate Enough Rope. Also in 2005, The Glass House was voted Most Under Acknowledged TV Show in one of the categories for the satirical TV Fugly Awards.

Segments
The show opened with "Ahead in The Glass House...", where an (unseen) upcoming segment is announced followed by a few seconds of out-of-context news footage, usually taken from an interview of an Australian political figure.

The main part of the show began with Anderson seated on steps at the front of the stage, who begins with "Welcome to the Glass House, the program that asks the question...", the question concerning an event from the past week. Anderson will then joke about one to four unusual stories and introduce Corinne Grant, who enters from the camera left. Grant starts off with a pun on Anderson's name and performs a similar, but shorter monologue. Anderson then introduced Dave Hughes who enters from the camera right, and usually begins with "This week I'm..." and followed by an emotion, usually 'angry', ad-libbing his concerns. The two guests are announced and greeted by Anderson while the panel assembles at the boomerang-shaped table.

Regular segments included:
 * Movers and Shakers, concerning stories about unusual trendsetters or pioneers. Anderson will read from teleprompter a short monologue concerning each story, then throw it open to one of the guests, Hughes or Grant for discussion. There are usually three of these, taking up about half the show.
 * Later in The Glass House, a short sequence filmed in the same style as the opening, with the voice-over beginning with "Later in The Glass House".
 * Second Rate Media Watch. A play on the ABC's serious Media Watch program. This segment is similar in structure to Movers and Shakers. However, the story discussed is one that has appeared on a television, radio or internet medium, instead of Movers and Shakers' newspaper articles.
 * Question on the Glass House. Shows footage of Hughes in the theatre lobby before the show, getting vox pops from the studio audience before the show, normally using a simple one line question. Some participants answer seriously, others not so seriously, and others try to hide.
 * Interview with Hughesy. A continuation of Questions on the Glass House, in this segment Anderson introduces a single story related to the questions previously asked, after which Hughes is asked to help by roleplaying a significant newsmaker from the story. Donning an often ridiculous hat or costume prop, Hughes then has to answer questions from the other panelists.

Other segments:

 * Rogues' Gallery. Here, the panelists examine and make fun of interesting or funny photos from the week's media.
 * Contact with the Great Unwashed. Anderson takes a microphone into the audience to ask them to suggest a recent event for the panel to discuss.

Closing segments: The show ends with two segments performed by Anderson:

 * The Trophy. Anderson announces the end of the show with the line "Yes, it's time to award the coveted Glass House trophy, which this week is called..." followed with a short animation of a humorous plaque (often alliterative or a tongue twister). The winner is the person or thing responsible for the news item. The trophy is golden figure holding an umbrella, to protect him from shattering glass. The trophy was originally known as "The Golden Shier", a pun on Jonathan Shier, then responsible for running the ABC, giving an alternate purpose for the trophy's umbrella. The umbrella has been broken off at least twice during a show recording, although only the first occasion made it to air.
 * Tomorrow's Headlines. A newspaper headline for the week is shown (and read), followed by a humorous sub-heading.

Cancellation
On 31 October 2006, the ABC announced the program was cancelled and the final episode of the series would go to air on 29 November 2006 as a one-hour special. Anderson mentioned on the show that they may look at Network Ten as a possible home for the show in the future.

The ABC decision generated public interest, with suggestions the decision may have been politically motivated. Dave Hughes stated that "We have had our best ratings ever,".

The cancellation occurred in the same year as the ABC's decision not to publish the biography of Alan Jones and followed revelations the ABC had begun a new investigation into bias in its programs. The decision occurred one day after NSW senator Concetta Fierravanti-Wells told ABC executives under their questioning that co-host Corinne Grant had been guilty of a serious conflict of interest because she was the public face of the ACTU's workplace relations campaign.

Numerous online groups and petitions were created in an attempt to keep the show on air. Although the move came in the middle of Federal Government attempts to force changes in the management and policies of the ABC to remove perceived bias, then Prime Minister John Howard said he did not ask the ABC Board to axe the show.

The final episode was ranked the week's 10th most watched show nationally with 1.15 million viewers, which also provided the highest ever ratings for The Glass House.

title: The Glass House (2001 TV series)


text:
Jutta Rabe

Jutta Rabe (born 1955) is a German journalist and a former treasurer of the Berlin chapter of the German Federation of Journalists.

Life
Jutta Rabe studied economy and journalism.

She worked as a freelancer for the German TV-magazine Spiegel-TV for a number of years, as well as for Focus TV, ZDF, ARTE and NDR.

Her book, Die Estonia: Tragödie eines Schiffsuntergangs (ISBN 3-7688-1267-7, ISBN 3-7688-1460-2), about the alleged cover-up of the true cause of the September 1994 M/S Estonia passenger ferry disaster, was made into the 2003 film Baltic Storm. The video footage of her group's diving expedition to the Estonia shipwreck allegedly reveals holes in the ship's hull, suggesting that explosives played a role in the tragedy. Spiegel-TV has dissociated itself from her coverage of the Estonia disaster.

In the summer of 2000, Sweden issued an arrest warrant against Rabe for violating the sanctity of the shipwreck, in violation of the Estonia Agreement of 1995, barring her from entering Sweden on pain of prosecution.

title: Jutta Rabe


text:
Category:Canberra

Canberra is the capital city of Australia and is located in the Australian Capital Territory.

Some articles which are listed under Category:Australian Capital Territory may also relate to Canberra. The city of Canberra occupies less than 40% of the land area of the Australian Capital Territory, but it contains over 99% of the Territory's population.

title: Category:Canberra


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Trr

Trr
An article about a thread on a bulletin board. - TB 11:36, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * This needs voting for?? Why can't tripe like this be speedily deleted. delete. Wyllium 11:38, 2004 Oct 1 (UTC)
 * A question to be pursued on Wikipedia talk:Candidates for speedy deletion if you're seriously asking. The article is (as far as I can tell) factually accurate but in my opinion falls below the (very low) threshold of usefulness for inclusion in Wikipedia.  Other's opinions may differ, hence the 5 day voting period. - TB 12:03, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yet another candidate for the managed deletion, IMHO also irrelevant enough to be 'deleted. But as long as that one isn't finalized it has its five days of fame. andy 12:11, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Some people really do have too much time on their hands. Delete. -- Necrothesp 13:11, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Did someone honestly think this was significant? Delete. Average Earthman 14:41, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Nonsense. Delete --Jll 16:15, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable forum thread.   — Gwalla | Talk 17:47, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete.. If this is art, then my dog is a talented artist who creates sidewalk installations every morning. --Ianb 18:36, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. YANNIS (Yet Another Non-Notable Internet Site). [[User:Livajo|力伟|т]] 03:09, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Oh the humanity! Utterly non-notable. --Improv 16:39, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * trr owns you.
 * I pwn trr! I mean: non-notable, possible BJAODN candidate. Delete.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Trr


text:
Category talk:Towns in New South Wales

earlier comments
Renaming to the "Towns in..." format would be consistent with the standard convention for other such categories - see Category:Towns by country. --VivaEmilyDavies 23:33, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

How does one get P-Parkes into the proper place????

211.30.76.7 11:38, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * To add an article to a category, you need to go to the articles page (in this case Parkes) and add to the articles page.  I've done it for you, it should now show up in the category list. -- Chuq 11:55, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

N-Nyngan
Thank you Chuq - have figured out how to do categories.

Syd1435 07:06, 2004 Oct 2 (UTC)

Villages and Towns
I suggest we merge this with the "Villages in New South Wales" category. There's no real difference in Australia between a town and a village. How they are actually distinguished in the categories I don't know. The categories become redundant without a merge. (JROBBO 05:23, 30 August 2006 (UTC))

Merge Villages into Towns
I agree, having villages and towns is redundant. It just makes it that little bit more time consuming to find what your looking for.

Towns or Things in Towns ?
all the various towns are already in the various sub-cat areas in the main section of Towns. all the little cat items, town areas, of things that are in the town areas, I think do not belong, as they are things in the towns, not the towns. each of the towns in the subcats are already in the heading subcats. I did a few cpl of days ago, you can see in my contributions. DO I continue moving every sub cat out ?Dave Rave (talk) 06:29, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
 * If you wish to continue doing it with HotCat, then yes... however you might find it easier to do this using AutoWikiBrowser - Rich T|C|E-Mail 12:42, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I remove the cat details so it isn't in Towns, the sub-suburb is manually in Towns, I remove that, it's auto in Towns because of the Infobox, so that's a big waste of effort Dave Rave (talk) 07:16, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Towns in New South Wales


text:
Talk:Astrocyte

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 15 October 2018 and 14 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): CJAmbrose, Nicole Wolard.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 14:54, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
A fantastic astrocyte pics is under copyright. I aked for permission to publish: NOT granted for free neither to pass the pics under GDFL. So, use the link only !

 * - Message from ___.___@... -
 * Date: Mon, 4 Oct 2004 10:16:56 +0200
 * Subject: RE: Educational use permission request - 92751A
 * To: Dennis Kunkel

 * Hello, For the picture usage, I don't know if I can afford the licence. If not, be asured your material will _not_ be used. Regards. Tom

 * - Quoting Dennis Kunkel  -
 * >   Date: Fri, 1 Oct 2004 07:00:20 -1000
 * > Subject: RE: Educational use permission request - 92751A
 * >     To: ___.___@...

 * > Dear ___, As for use on wikipedia I would need to charge a small license for this non-profit use. The fee is $50 to use the image for unlimited time period. Using my copyright protected image and additional credit to my web site would be required. Please contact me if you have any additional questions. Regards, Dennis
 * > * Dennis Kunkel Ph.D.
 * > * Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc.
 * > * PO Box 2008
 * > * Kailua, HI 96734
 * > * 808-263-0583
 * > * em ail - kunkel at denniskunkel dot com
 * > * web site - www.DennisKunkel.com

 * > - Original Message from: ___.___@... -
 * > Sent: Friday, October 01, 2004 1:36 AM
 * > To: kunkel@...
 * > Subject: Educationnal use permission request - 92751A

 * > Dear Dennis, here is a permission request in email format:
 * > Email...............: ___.___@...
 * > First Name..........: __
 * > Last Name...........: ___
 * > Institue or school..: wikipedia.org
 * > Grade...............: none
 * > In the light box....: "92751A Astrocytic glial cell with cortical neuron"
 * > Project description.:

 * > Dear Dennis, the wikipedia is a not for profit project aiming at creating a free encyclopedia for all. A new article regarding astrocyte ceel got recently created. You could have a look at it at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte. I was looking for picture as an illustration and found your extraordinary one. So, I ask permission  for a non-profit use of for example http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2016.jpg. Obviously the picture would be published with the full copyright notice, full credit to you, and your explicit written permission should you agree. To get a better feeling of permission asked you could see example http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Boilerplate_request_for_permission. I am looking forward to hearing from you. Thank you for time and consideration. ___ ____.

 * - End message -

Discrepancy
A fundamental difference with neurons is their ability to duplicate through mitosis.

Is contradicted by the glial cell article. I'll remove unless someone confirms either way, then you can just plop it back in or put in that it they not undergo mitosis. -- Consumed Crustacean | Talk | 03:01, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Image
The astrocyte/neuron picture in the link looks great, but its not very informative. The example of GFAP stained (green) cultured astrocytes on the article is more representitive of these cells, but ideally a golgi stained image, or an in situ (in tissue) two-photon image would be best as this shows the actual 3D morphology of these cells. (unsigned comment, 12/4/2006)

 * Agreed. The problem is that right now we don't have any such image freely available (see Image use policy for context.) However, if you have the ability to make such an image, or the rights to one that exists, and you were willing to donate it, that would be greatly appreciated. --Arcadian 23:19, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

 * An in vivo in situ two-photon image has been added. 98.216.48.49 (talk) 23:25, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * In addition to the in vivo image a high resolution image would be nice; Mark Ellisman has some amazing images of the morphology of single astrocytes. Some picturs are here

http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/22/1/183 This is free public access, can these images be added? Also search for "maryann martone astrocyte" in Google Image search. I think this group also has EM tomographic astrocyte reconstructions -- a good rendering of that would add a lot. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.216.48.49 (talk) 04:21, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Neurogenesis?
What about the recent evidence that astrocytes play a role in post-natal neurogenesis? (example: Shetty et al., 2005 out of Duke U.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.82.80.22 (talk) 15:40, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

copyvio
Note, I have deleted a part of the article that was copied from. trespassers william (talk) 23:30, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

On Bergmann glia
In the main glia article, this subtype is listed under "radial glia". Does it really belong the the "Astrocyte" article? Is there a definitive source with classification of different subtypes? CopperKettle (talk) 16:13, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Neurogenesis??
The section on astrocytes causing stem cells to transform into "working neurons" needs a citation. The question of whether new working neurons can be added to the adult brain is highly controversial. The current evidence strongly indicates that no new neurons can be added to the cortex in adulthood. If this section refers to the hippocampus only, that should be noted with the citation. Otherwise this section should be removed. 98.216.48.49 (talk) 23:25, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Calcium waves
The entry should be updated to reflect recent work presented in Petravicz et al 2008 in the Journal of Neuroscience where it was shown that genetic removal of IP3 receptor type 2 blocks astrocyte Ca2+ increases. These mice were used in the cited Science paper by Agulhon et al. So far, no significant changes in synaptic transmission have been reported in these mice, which calls into question the validity of parts of the tripartite synapse model and the theory of gliotransmission. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.69.157.33 (talk) 04:40, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

new function
Astrocytes are no auxiliary cells. The neurons are doing and evaluate the energy astrocytes. Therefore, the amount and the ramifications. Straktur --Straktur (talk) 21:15, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

modified function
Astrocytes were listed as being able to reuptake neurotransmitters. The correct word would be uptake as reuptake is usually reserved for neurons reuptaking the neurotransmitter they have released themselves. Luke poa (talk) 13:53, 8 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for fixing it. Looie496 (talk) 17:49, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

Chronic pain sections
Astrocyte and Astrocyte (added 4 May 2010) seem excessively detailed for this overview article. They could be translated into common English and merged into Chronic pain. This article probably only needs to say astrocyte activity has been implicated in the genesis and maintenance of some forms of chronic pain, and link to the more detailed info. Thoughts? --Anthonyhcole (talk) 03:09, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

History/Golgi
I just read about this information from Psychology of Behavior by Neil Carlson (2013), and I like the way the book went into a small history about Golgi cells. Camillo Golgi assumed that astrocytes were responsible for providing nutrient to the neurons from the capillaries, then disposing of the waste products (some of this is mentioned in this article). A suggestion I have is to mention this idea that was not accepted right away and describing how glucose it taken from the capillaries by astrocytes. Cbruha11 (talk) 04:58, 27 February 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:29, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Classification as Neuron
Why not to consider the cells as neurons?  DAVRONOV A.A. ✉ ⚑ 16:37, 1 October 2018 (UTC)

Merge Proposal
I propose that Bergmann gliosis be included under Bergmann glia. Upon review of the current research, and I feel there is not enough unique information to necessitate having a separate Wikipedia page. Bergmann gliosis is relevant to the topic of Bergmann glia and is short enough that it would not drastically increase the size of the Bergmann glia subsection. CJAmbrose (talk) 15:50, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

Deletion of Bergmann glia subsection
will be removing the Bergmann glia subsection from this page due to its irrelevance to astrocyte function, concerns about plagiarism and poor quality of the information provided. We will be incorporating some of the information on this page to the Radial glial cell page by adding to the Bergmann glia subsection. Samei001 (talk) 16:10, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Astrocyte


text:
Sanjan (Khorasan)

Sanjan is an ancient city on the southern edge of the Kara-kum Desert, in the vicinity of the historically eminent oasis-city of Merv. Topographically, Sanjan is located in the Greater Khorasan region of Central Asia. Politically, Sanjan is in the present-day Mary Province of Turkmenistan.

Together with Merv, Sanjan was an important stopping place and center of trade on the southern route of the Silk Road. Sanjan gained further importance following the Seleucid establishment of Merv as the principal city of the Margiana province, a status it also held during the subsequent Parthian (250 BCE–226 CE) and Sassanid (226-651 CE) eras.

As a site in the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex, Sanjan is subject to the hypothesis that the Indo-Iranians, a major branch that split off from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, originated there. (see also: BMAC:Indo-Iranian hypothesis)

According to the Qissa-i Sanjan, an epic poem from around 1600, the Zoroastrians who fled to the Indian subcontinent in the 8th or 9th century, to escape religious persecution from Islamic invaders, established the settlement of Sanjan (Gujarat). These Zoroastrians, who were at first called Sanjanas or Khorasanis (today, the descendants of these and later Zoroastrian emigrants are collectively known as the Parsis), are thought to have named the Indian west-coast settlement after the city of their origin.

Sanjan must not be confused with the phonetically similar Iranian province Zanjan, or its capital, the city of Zanjan.

title: Sanjan (Khorasan)


text:
Tata Giacobetti

Giovanni "Tata" Giacobetti (24 June 1922 – 2 December 1988) was an Italian singer and jazz musician. He is mostly known for being a member of the vocal quartet Quartetto Cetra.

Biography
Giacobetti was a self-taught musician. He learned to play bass and piano. He started singing at students' parties when he studied scenography at Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma. In 1940–41 he co-founded a vocal quartet called Quartetto Egie, which changed line-up and name twice, becoming Quartetto Ritmo first and then Quartetto Cetra.

As part of Quartetto Cetra, Giacobetti's show business career lasted for over forty years. He was singer and actor for radio, stage, TV, cinema and advertising.

Besides singing, he was the group's main lyricist, often writing together with Virgilio Savona, who composed the music. Their collaboration resulted in hundreds of songs which went to form Quartetto Cetra's vast repertoire.

Tata Giacobetti also wrote lyrics for other Italian musicians, including Gorni Kramer, Giovanni D'Anzi, and Armando Trovajoli.

In 1964 Giacobetti married Valeria Fabrizi, an Italian actress, singer and television personality. They had a daughter Giorgia Giacobetti.

Giacobetti passed away in December 1988, a few months after Quartetto Cetra's final performance in Bologna.

title: Tata Giacobetti


text:
Virgilio Savona

Antonio Virgilio Savona (21 December 1919 – 27 August 2009) was an Italian composer, arranger, and singer in the Italian vocal group, the Quartetto Cetra.

Biography
Savona was born in Palermo, Italy. His artistic career started very early. In 1926, aged 6, he began studying music. Two years later, he joined a choir and at the age of 10, he debuted in a radio broadcast playing a piece on a piano during a children's program.

After high-school, Savona enrolled at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome to study piano.

In 1941, he replaced Iacopo Jacomelli in a vocal quartet called Quartetto Egie. The group changed name to Quartetto Ritmo at first, then to Quartetto Cetra one year later.

On 19 August 1944 Virgilio Savona married the singer Lucia Mannucci, who later joined Quartetto Cetra to replace Enrico De Angelis, who left the group in 1947.

Besides singing, Savona composed and arranged for the group. He wrote the music while Tata Giacobetti, another member of the quartet, wrote the lyrics. They collaborated for four decades and produced hundreds of songs which made up Quartetto Cetra's vast repertoire.

Savona composed music and wrote scripts for radio and TV programs, stage shows and films. During the 1970s, he was active as pianist, orchestra conductor, arranger and producer. He extensively researched on folk songs. In 1971, he wrote Angela, a song for Angela Davis, Black American communist leader, innocent in prison at this time. In 70s, he published also other controversial songs, as Il testamento del parroco Meslier ("The Testament of Parson Meslier"), a violent attack on power and religion, based on the Testament of the priest and illuminist atheist philosopher Jean Meslier.

In 1991, he wrote a popup book about Quartetto Cetra, published by Sperling & Kupfer in the Supersound collection.

In 2009, he passed away in Milan from complications of Parkinson's disease.

title: Virgilio Savona


text:
Lucia Mannucci

Lucia Mannucci (18 May 1920 – 6 March 2012) was an Italian singer, best known as one of the singers of Quartetto Cetra, an Italian vocal quartet.

Born in Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy, Mannucci relocated to Milan at a young age. She attended the Art of Movement school directed by Carla Strauss. She successfully auditioned for EIAR, the Italian national radio broadcasting company, and worked as a singer for various radio orchestras. She toured Italy for some years, working with such entertainers as Gorni Kramer, Natalino Otto, and the Quartetto Cetra.

On 19 August 1944, she married Virgilio Savona, one of the singers of the Quartetto Cetra. Three years later, she also joined the quartet, replacing Enrico De Angelis.

Mannucci was the only female member of Quartetto Cetra, but she also had a successful career as a solo singer. Besides working with Quartetto Cetra, Mannucci pursued a solo career as a singer, musical actress, and TV show hostess. She and her husband also did research on folk music.

Mannucci died in March 2012 in Milan, aged 91.

title: Lucia Mannucci


text:
Felice Chiusano

Felice Chiusano (28 March 1922 – 3 February 1990) was one of the singers of Quartetto Cetra, a popular Italian vocal quartet.

Biography
Chiusano was born in Fondi, in the province of Latina, a region in Lazio.

He was a self-taught guitarist. Later on, he learned to play the drums. He left his native village before his twentieth birthday and moved to Rome. After work, he performed in local clubs as a singer and guitarist.

He successfully auditioned for EIAR, the Italian national radio broadcasting company, and worked as a singer for radio orchestras.

In 1941, he replaced Enrico Gentile in the line-up of Quartetto Ritmo, a vocal quartet soon to be renamed Quartetto Cetra.

Felice Chiusano was known as the "bald head" of Quartetto Cetra. He was famous for his sense of humour and jokes.

During the 1970s and 1980s, as Quartetto Cetra gradually scaled back their public appearances, he also worked in the organization of shows and cultural events.

Chiusano died in Milan in 1990.

title: Felice Chiusano


text:
Iacopo Jacomelli

Iacopo Jacomelli (born 12 July 1921) is an Italian singer mostly active in the 1940s and the 1950s. He was born in Bordeaux, France.

In 1940, he founded a vocal quartet named Quartetto Egie together with Tata Giacobetti, Enrico Gentile and Enrico De Angelis. They made their debut on 27 May 1940, at the Valle Theatre in Rome. They performed the song Bambina dall'abito blu ("little girl in a blue dress").

After a few months, he left the group, which replaced him with Virgilio Savona and changed the name to Quartetto Ritmo.

title: Iacopo Jacomelli


text:
Enrico De Angelis

Enrico De Angelis (23 November 1920 – 21 August 2018) was an Italian singer and entrepreneur. His singing career took place during the 1940s.

Biography
De Angelis was part of a family of voice actors and dubbers. He was the oldest son of voice actor Gualtiero De Angelis. In 1940, he founded a vocal quartet named Quartetto Egie together with Tata Giacobetti, Iacopo Jacomelli and Enrico Gentile. They made their debut on 27 May 1940, at the Valle Theatre in Rome. They performed the song Bambina dall'abito blu ("little girl in a blue dress"). In a year's time, the quartet changed line-up and name twice, becoming Quartetto Ritmo first and then Quartetto Cetra.

In October 1947, Enrico De Angelis left Quartetto Cetra to join the Army. He was replaced by Lucia Mannucci, a singer and the wife of Virgilio Savona. He later went on to work as a pharmaceutical entrepreneur.

Death
De Angelis died of an illness in Milan on 21 August 2018, at the age of 97.

title: Enrico De Angelis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ben Ivey

Ben Ivey
''Ben Ivey is a student at Winston-Salem Forsyth County Sckools. He enjoys playing Yu-Gi-O cards and being awesome.''

Might not be entirely encyclopedic. Wyllium 11:53, 2004 Oct 1 (UTC)
 * Not entirely, no. Delete. -- Necrothesp 13:09, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah, but Wikipedia is not paper! Strong keep!  (er, no, Delete) Terrapin 13:32, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Chris 73 Talk 14:40, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Clearly not awesome. I felt no awe whatsoever on reading this article. Average Earthman 14:50, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --Jll 15:47, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This kind of thing can be speedily deleted, and I have done so, it's not necessary for it to stay here for five days or whatever the period of time is. Adam Bishop 16:54, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I am not going to waste peoples' time by restoring this eminently deletable article, but I don't see how it can be considered a legitimate speedy deletion. I really think you should state clearly for the record which of the nine categories it falls under. Your edit comment says only "(it's on vfd but it clearly speedy-able)." Not clearly, not to me. It's not patent nonsense, not vandalism, and I don't think it really qualifies as a test page, either. What I think perhaps you should have done was to delete it, not because it is a speedy, but because you can already judge that rough consensus for deletion is achieved. I've done this on occasion. It isn't perfectly fair because it makes it harder for the article's author to find the VfD debate, but at least it keeps the process open (and gives any pitbull inclusionists a chance to get their licks in). When I've done this, it's always been very short articles and I've always included the content of the article in the deletion discussion so non-sysops can see what's going on. Anyway, the content of this one was:
 * Ben Ivey is a student at Winston-Salem Forsyth County Sckools. He enjoys playing Yu-Gi-O cards and being awesome. He takes Japanese at the career center and goes to West Forsyth High School. He has hair that goes down to his shoulders and wears glasses. He is very awesome and you should come here to meet him. NORTH CAROLOINA!!! His Japanese name is ?? ???.
 * Hmm, I guess I should have read that page first :) I've deleted dozens of these in the past, before they turned up on VfD. I suppose I could cite number 5...I'll restore it if necessary but obviously it will just be deleted again. Adam Bishop 04:19, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, I think the grey area in an article like this is whether it can be considered to be a "newbie test." It's not always clear where a half-joking newbie test leaves off and a serious vanity article begins. No point in restoring this article unless anyone sees any reason to, but in future I think they should be listed for VfD to keep the deletion process open and transparent.

 * comment: looks like it's been speedied already   — Gwalla | Talk 17:48, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. For your voting pleasure, the content is reproduced above. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 00:33, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Vanity articles are deletable but they are not candidates for speedy deletion. Rossami 03:48, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete -- even if it was speedied, it's back now. It is a sad tale. Poor young man. Should learn to make out. --jpgordon 00:03, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't delete as recently stated it isn't a vanity article just a bio.  it's been edited several times.  maybe he's a local celebrity-Locker
 * Keep. It's a feel-good article and he is also a local celebrity in these parts. -Sisco
 * Keep. Ben Ivey is famous in Clemmons, NC, even if he hasn't learned how to make out. -Scuba Monkey
 * Note that the above three votes are by anons 64.12.116.82 66.82.9.12  68.210.249.27 and should not be counted in determining consensus. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:08, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

oh..... its all true
 * Keep. TrollQueen 00:26, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --Alex Krupp 00:26, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity? Not notable! --Improv 16:40, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Young person vanity. Not notable. jni 16:48, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Are those sock-puppet votes? Poor lonely soul. At least he's not doing the self-destructive things that some people (read: me) did in their youths. ClockworkTroll 17:16, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I was going to vote keep because he is "critically acclaimed" at West Forsyth High School, but I have to vote delete because he does a poor job of making out. Gamaliel 02:54, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Ben is a great celebrity and he is my hero...<3<3<3, B-man
 * Delete — article, user, and sockpuppets. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 22:02, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Of course delete this piece of stupid junk ... I removed a couple sentences about sex and some girl, just in case it refers to a real person. - DavidWBrooks 01:11, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC) ... that edit may have been a mistake, as it drew the attention of bored sub-teen anons who are now editing the article with more (cough) clever whimsy.
 * Delete...however, not a speedy candidate. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 21:43, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * I think this should be deleted, unless there's some evidence that he's actually a local celebrity. That seems unlikely, and the entry still would need a lot of rewriting to become acceptable, but it would mean that the article can't be deleted. Without evidence for that, though... Factitious 22:38, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, entirely non-notable. Ðåñηÿßôý | Talk 02:05, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, please. -- Hadal 02:55, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

All right now y'all, people dont seem to understand that Ben is an industrious, ambitious person with unlimited potential. To see people write him off as a joke deeply pains me. Given that y'all have never even met the guy, I've known him for 6 years, I don't think you have the right to limit his free expression. Ben has started various projects in the community: he started a DDR club to support physical fitness at his middle school (to applause and various articles by the media community) and has many times picked up trash in around his local school. He walks to school, uphill both ways (I AM NOT KIDDING YOU!!!!!!), to help save our precious natural resources. He's great with kids and a great guy and I think for y'all to be ragging on someone who is going to do something great (rather than spend his free time limiting other people's 1st amendment rights after fry duty at the local grease shack) for himself and for other people. If you don't think its true, ask me. wvincoli@triad.rr.com Even if its exaggerated to a minor degree, its the stuff of legends and a role model for the middle-class American child forever more.

Walker Vincoli

PS- He's so cool, you don't even know he's cool- kind of cool.

If you plan on editing what I've written above, please email me so I know what's going on. Thank you.

'''Ben is in fact a local celebrity and has been in the paper dozens of times, for various things. People all around here know and love him and to have his personal history up here would be awesome. Just because people dont know him doesnt mean they have to say he's uncool or whatever. Everyone loves Ben, kids, adults and puppies too, so unless you want to throw the personal histories of bunches of people out the window DONT DELETE, obviously the people who are voting to keep are very emotional about keeping this, and I think that those votes should count more strongly than web surfers who dont know or understand the complexity of the concept. all in all KEEP!!!'''
 * Could we have some evidence that he's a local celebrity? Are there any webpages mentioning him, or online copies of these dozens of newspaper mentions? Without evidence, there's no reason to consider the topic to be encyclopedic. Please note that this has nothing to do with whether he's cool or not. Factitious 03:16, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. When his unlimited potential produces some notable accomplishments, write them up.  Until then, Wikipedia can exercise its First Amendment rights.  The First Amendment includes the right not to speak (see West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette), and we can choose not to speak about nonnotable people. JamesMLane 04:03, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Im sorry, our local news organizations are much like wikipedia insofar as they like to delete everything from their websites rather than keep them for posterity. I guess you just need to trust the people who KNOW Ben as to whether hes a local celeb, rather than people from other parts of the country. I would be happy to rewrite it so its acceptable. If not, we'll just have to say goodbye to helping wikipedia and its users and move into the private sector.- Vincoli
 * OK, that makes sense. I hadn't considered the possibility that the websites of those papers had deleted old stories, though in retrospect, that's a common enough policy that I should have thought of it.  I'm voting to Keep, but I think the article needs more objective information on what exactly makes Ben Ivey notable, and fewer stories about how cool he is. Factitious 05:19, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * I thought the assertion of those in support of the page was that "how cool he is" is what, in fact, makes him so notable. At any rate, I'm holding off on voting until we find out about these alleged newspaper articles. Posiduck 16:44, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * There is a very good chance that the Clemmons branch of the Forsyth County Public Library keeps local newspapers on file for many years; most public libraries do. There is a requirement that everything in Wikipedia be "verifiable." That means that a third party, independent of "the people who know Ben," must be able to verify the claims. I am sure that Ben or some of his classmates will have clipped the newspaper stories about him. If you can give me the name of the paper and the date, I would be glad to telephone the reference librarian at (336) 712-4450 and ask him or her to verify the story. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 15:51, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Certaintly Wikipedia can exercise its rights under our Constitution, and delete the article "Ben Ivy." However, doing so serves little purpose other than saving a few kilobytes of space. If Ben or his companions wish to inform whoever wishes to know of his existence and nature, what matter is it to Wikipedia? Indeed, if Wikipedia aims to become a true encyclopedia, or compendium of human knowledge, as the definition that this site itself offers begins, then they should be open to contributions of human knowledge, no matter what form they take (so long as they aren't offensive). A contribution that informs of one particular person is part of human knowledge, and the idea that Wikipedia could begin to move this long-dreamed-of goal of compiling human knowledge in its entirety is truly splendid. It must be accepted that a knowledge of each individual on the planet is a part of human knowledge. I feel that this really isn't 'spam' and has a credible place here. Fears that this example may justify others' doing the same are unbased: so long as what is said is organized well and endevours to be informative as opposed to facetious, it has its place in any true 'encyclopedia'. Looking towards a future goal, I vote keep. -Phoebus Apollo
 * Comment: User:PhoebusApollo, two edits, both dated 8 Oct 2004, both to this discussion
 * Our deletion policy is that vanity pages are to be deleted. VfD is where we execute this policy. If your goal is actually to retain this article, you are more likely to achieve it by providing some verifiable evidence that Ben Ivey is notable, even locally notable, and by pointing to some verifiable achievements of his, than by arguing that we should change our policy. If your goal is to effect a change in our policy, you should present your case at Wikipedia_talk:Deletion_policy. There is always a vibrant and dynamic tension between Wikipedians who think we delete too much and Wikipedians who think we do not delete enough, and your arguments will find a more receptive audience there. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 17:39, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:211.30.76.7

title: User talk:211.30.76.7