text:
Talk:Nice Cup of Tea and a Sit Down

[Untitled]
Anyone know Wifey's real name? I could only find Nicey's — siro  χ  o

 * I just added Wifey's name to main page. It's 'Jenny' as noted on the jacket of their book. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.105.68.86 (talk) 21:32, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

"Popular"
I was going to query how a book could be described as "popular" within 3 days of publication, but from comments in the VfD discussion, I gather there is evidence that it is selling particularly fast. Perhaps this could be clarified somehow - maybe just "best-selling" rather than "popular", but even that sounds like a rather more sustained success than can currently be claimed, in my opinion. - IMSoP 19:07, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC) (still unconvinced that this is a worthy article, but becoming more so)

VFD
''This page was listed on Votes for deletion. The result after debate was to keep. See Votes for deletion/Nice cup of tea and a sit down for a record of the votes and discussion.''

Move?
Perhaps some words should be capitalized, with this being a title. NickelShoe 05:43, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Website Inactive
The web site does not currently appear to have been updated since October 2008. Pity. -- Derek Ross | Talk'' 08:13, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Hatnote to Wikipedia-space essay
I’m interested to hear other editors’ views on this article’s hatnote pointing to the project-space essay A nice cup of tea and a sit down, which was introduced by Special:Diff/954858826 — in particular, whether other editors think the essay should be linked from this mainspace article.

At the moment, my personal view would be that it shouldn’t, as my view (albeit a rough one and open to change) would be that only significant Wikipedia-space pages should be self-referenced in article-space. Given the relative lack of notability of the essay itself, I also think it’d probably be unlikely that people would be accidentally coming across this article, intending to visit the projectspace essay. I’d be interested to hear others’ views on it, though.

(I haven’t removed the hatnote yet as I wanted to hear from others, though I have marked it as a self-reference.)

A smart kitten (talk) 21:51, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Pinging, who introduced the hatnote. (I was about to leave a talk page message, but given you’re marked as retired I didn’t want to add clutter to it. I’m pinging you though just in case you check your notifications and you’re interested in commenting.) A smart kitten (talk) 21:55, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Just randomly come across this talk page message I left in August last year while searching my contribs for something else. Taking no response to my proposal as a silent consensus to remove the selfref hatnote; although if there is any objection to this after the fact, feel free to leave a message here :) All the best, —a smart kitten[ meow] 19:08, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nice Cup of Tea and a Sit Down


text:
Talk:W. E. B. Du Bois

Semi-protected edit request on 14 February 2024
Du Bois did not attend Searles High School as stated in the entry (without citation). Instead, he attended Great Barrington High School as stated in the corrections section of this article: https://theberkshireedge.com/berkshire-hotel-project-at-former-searles-school-may-go-forward-this-year/ Du Bois would have been about 30 years old when Searles opened in 1898. Sgraulty (talk) 15:36, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Please change "He graduated from the town's Searles High School." to "He graduated from Great Barrington High School in June 1884 at the age of 15" with the citations: https://www.duboisnhs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/DuBoisGBBrochureMap-1.pdf and https://hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu/web-dubois
 * Add in the image of his high school graduating class: https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/66a9dc30-19f4-9e2b-e040-e00a18061c88 Sgraulty (talk) 18:39, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: Given the three quality sources provided in-article as support for the high school graduation information, we should probably evaluate this proposed change by taking into account more sourcing than the two provided here (one is a pamphlet and the other is apparently a reprint of a different tertiary source, neither of which indicates where its information about his secondary schooling is coming from).
 * For the image request, please make your request for a new image to be uploaded to Files For Upload. Once the file has been properly uploaded, feel free to reactivate this request to have the new image used.
 * --Pinchme123 (talk) 02:11, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I have found more resources for his graduation from Great Barrington High School including a photo of his senior class, diploma and a letter her wrote to the students of Great Barrington High School indicating he graduated from there in 1884, all from the WEB Du Bois Papers collection of UMass Amherst. That collection contains additional primary sources indicating he graduated from Great Barrington High School. Separately, a collection at Fisk University, an article in The Atlantic, The Du Bois Center website, as well as an entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy all indicate he graduated from Great Barrington High School.
 * I'm unable to do the work on the image at the moment, so will leave that for someone else or another time. Thank you. Sgraulty (talk) 03:08, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Pinchme123 I'm wondering if there is anything I can/need to do in order to move this edit forward. I've found additional evidence, but am of course willing to do more. I'm just new to this process. Sgraulty (talk) 00:06, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Hello Sgraulty. I am not in a position at the moment to evaluate edit requests, however I am sure others are working through the request queues. If you feel you are ready to again request this edit with reliable sources that outweigh the ones which already exist in the article, feel free to either re-open this request (by changing the "answered=" parameter at the top of this section back to "no"), or create a new edit request at the bottom of this Talk page. --Pinchme123 (talk) 00:56, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ I've changed the school and added several of your citations. The previous claim on this article was unsourced and of the two sources on Searles High School (Great Barrington, Massachusetts), one doesn't mention the school and the second doesn't actually say Du Bois went there. – macaddct1984 (talk | contribs) 13:23, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

Dating
If Du Bois was born in 1868, wouldn't all black people be free? 2601:249:1900:C3C0:2EFF:248C:9250:1D2 (talk) 11:18, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 June 2024
William Henry Dorsey is mentioned as collecting articles from the 18th century, change 18th century to 19th century. 172.97.149.228 (talk) 04:59, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Charliehdb (talk) 12:21, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ I corrected 18th→19th as per WP:OBVIOUS. Since William Henry Dorsey was born in 1837, he could not have been collecting in the 18th century. Peaceray (talk) 17:43, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 June 2024
Change link to "John Brown" biography in "Selected Works" from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(Biography) to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(biography). Saranrapjs (talk) 12:03, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅   [[User:CanonNi ]]  (talk • contribs) 12:09, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:W. E. B. Du Bois


text:
Talk:Kiwi (nickname)

Untitled
Kiwi Polish simply alerted the average Joe to the existence of the New Zealand bird, and the connection more likely ended there. To imagine that "Kiwis" are named for the polish itself, rather than directly for the New Zealand bird (whose image was popularized by the polish), seems just a tad far-fetched. The kiwi is still the only native creature of New Zealand most folks can name. --Wetman 11:35, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Indeed, I think we need some sources on this. older ≠ wiser 13:00, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. -Branddobbe 00:39, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)

Kiwi
Does this article currently cover the idea of the word, Kiwi as belonging to Kiwi's as in Kiwi Advanced Research and Education Network etc? TransControl

Polish
The Kiwi Polish Info here is inaccurate, but I think I know what they're trying to say. Roodog2k
 * thanks for the improvements kind sir! Papeschr 01:43, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * My pleasure! Roodog2k 22:17, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

How could our nickname come from a brand of shoe polish? I think it came directly from the name of a bird that used to go to sleep in a satellite dish at about midnight (if you remember the Goodnight Kiwi, then surely you'll remember to consider my point of view,) and had been moved in 1991 from the 20-cent coin to the dollar (personally, I think he's much happier in his new home.) And one more thing, why do you even NEED shoe polish?

 * Also note that Kiwi (shoe polish) is Australian. How about we remove that paragraph, or rephrase it to: "The shoe polish brand "Kiwi" is Australian and has little to do with New Zealand. ? I also agree with the previous message that real Kiwis don't need shoe polish - many of them even run around barefoot all year. -- Yogi de 07:23, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Kiwi (shoe polish) is indeed Australian. It was invented by a Scotsman who lived in Australia and was married to a New Zealander. He called the polish "Kiwi" in homage to his wife. Thus, the polish is named after the people, not the other way round. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.240.61.2 (talk) 05:53, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Given the supposed date of invention for Kiwi shoe polish, it would seem likely that the polish was named after the Kiwi bird. Thus I would suggest that the influence of the polish in the adoption of the word Kiwi as a general name for people from New Zealand is worth at least some mention in this article, see also . Ernest the Sheep (talk) 00:53, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Just a note to remind people that there is a world of difference between "polish" and "Polish". BlueRobe (talk) 00:44, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

Sources needed
We really need sources on this information. When I first made edits to this, I was really green here on Wikipedia. I never liked the whole shoe polish thing in popularizing the name Kiwi to refer to people from new Zealand... it smacks of an Urban Lagend. So, I am adding the tag to the article. Maybe a Kiwi can help us out? :-)

Roodog2k 17:50, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It hardly seems likely that there's a citation to be found to substantiate the notion that New Zealanders are referred to as Kiwis all over the world. It's pretty anecdotal, but any Kiwi would tell you that it was the case. The prior citation may still be required and may be found with a little digging. Brent Simpson 10:43, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Just did a quick search and found an official source http://glossary.immigration.govt.nz/Kiwis.htm Colonial from the Middle Island (talk) 10:01, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree with Brent Simpson. I'm a Kiwi, and I have no idea how one could prove that New Zealanders are referred to as "Kiwis" all over the world. We certainly refer to ourselves as Kiwis, (although, there are usually a few cantankerous old cranks who dream up some absurd reasons to find any label offensive.) I suspect that this is one of those facts that we all know to be true (through personal anecdotal experience) but cannot readily prove to be true.
 * In a Court of law, the Court may take Judicial notice of a fact, whereby that fact may be "introduced into evidence if the truth of that fact is so notorious or well known that it cannot be refuted." Short of any examples to the contrary, I suggest that this is a case where such an approach is appropriate. BlueRobe (talk) 11:33, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

Centralise/Expand New Zealander Info?
The pakeha page has recently been expanded to include some information about (White) New Zealanders. Given that this section is practically a stub should this info be transferred/expanded upon in this section? It seems to me that aspects such as New Zealand's culture and culturally significant individuals eg Ernest Rutherford, Peter Jackson should be mentioned.

Alternatively is this page intended only as a consideration of the origin and use of the term Kiwi? If so this probably ought to be made clear.Colonial from the Middle Island (talk) 11:35, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Yes, but what about one of each?
What if a New Zealander owned one of the specific birds; do we say "a Kiwi with a kiwi" if we talk about them collectively? :) Shiggity (talk) 22:49, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.240.61.2 (talk) 05:51, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

Idea for moving
I was thinking this article could be made much better if wee moved it to New Zealander, so this article could be made comparable to the articles about Welsh people or Israelis, rather than simply focussing on the history of the term. I'd obviously like to sound out people about the idea before I go through the formal business of proposing a move. YeshuaDavid (talk) 17:21, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Need a kiwi be born in New Zealand?
An editor is changing the article to say that the term applies only to people born in New Zealand. No sources are provided. Is this a perception that others share? My feeling is that the term applies to those who self-identify as New Zealanders, and to those who are perceived to be New Zealanders, and the place of birth is largely irrelevant. If this is a common perception, can sources be found?- gadfium 09:52, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * My perception matches yours Gadfium. My parents were born and raised in Canada, but consider themselves "Kiwis" having lived here for 30+ years Lanma726 (talk) 23:07, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I have never heard any such rule and am insulted at the suggestion that it cannot be used by people born outside the country. Some of the greatest kiwis weren't born here - from Keisha Castle-Hughes to Mickey Savage, Roger Hall to Joe Rokocoko, Rob Guest to Grant Elliott. FWIW, I am 100% kiwi -and I was born just north of London, though my dad was born in Otago and I have lived more than 75% of my life here. Grutness...wha?  00:09, 8 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Here's one source: in 2006, the then Minister of Immigration gave a speech in which he said that "one in five Kiwis were born overseas." The article also now implies that all NZ-born people are Kiwis, which has been dubious at least since 2006, when the law was changed so that a child born in New Zealand is an NZ citizen by birth "only if at least one of their parents: is a New Zealand citizen; or is entitled to be in New Zealand indefinitely in terms of the Immigration Act 1987 (ie a residence permit holder or Australian citizen); or is entitled to reside indefinitely in the Cook Islands, Tokelau or Niue" (or if the child would otherwise be stateless). -- Avenue (talk) 11:07, 8 October 2009 (UTC)
 * It's definitely not based on birth alone. For example, among my staff is a Hong Kong born Chinese. She migrated to NZ when she was 4 years old and has a Kiwi accent far stronger than my own despite my NZ birth. She uses and understands Kiwi idiom and cultural referents. She is also a NZ citizen. She also regards herself as a Kiwi. What else is there to say? Beeswaxcandle (talk) 05:27, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree that 'kiwiness' is a state of mind rather than an accident of birth. As someone who has lived here since the age of 2 I would be deeply insulted if someone told me I wasn't a Kiwi, and I'm not convinced that someone who was born here but left as a young child would necessarily be one. Basically a Kiwi is someone who self-identifies as a New Zealander. Where you happened to be when you were too young to have a self-identity is irrelevant. --Helenalex (talk) 03:29, 10 October 2009 (UTC)
 * If you were born in NZ and achieved some positive notability then you will always be identified as a Kiwi on Wikipedia, not matter how little time you have in fact spent in NZ. Ernest the Sheep (talk) 21:40, 29 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with Helenalex's sentiment that being a Kiwi is primarily a state of mind. I used to work with an elderly man who immigrated to New Zealand from China, and he one of the most Kiwi New Zealanders I have ever met (strong Kiwi accent, obsessed with cricket and rugby, etc.) I don't care what anyone says, or where he was born, that man is a Kiwi.
 * However, some common sense needs to be used here. I once met a Pom who was calling himself a "Kiwi" 6 months after moving to New Zealand. While I admire his new-found dedication to New Zealand, his claim did raise an eyebrow.
 * I suggest that there is a grey area regarding the identification of Kiwis, regardless of one's self-identification or popular perception, that can never be formally resolved. That said, I do believe that being a Kiwi requires one's self-identification as a Kiwi. This is a necessary condition, albeit not a sufficient condition. BlueRobe (talk) 13:36, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Offensiveness?
Although the majority do not find it offencive, There is a large number of those that do. So I changed the wording a bit.210.185.9.85 (talk) 07:56, 2 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Could you give us links to some examples where people object to the term? Ideally, we'd like sources which meet our policy on reliable sources, but it would help us understand your view even if all you have is links to blogs or forums.- gadfium 08:15, 2 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I supose it perhaps clasifys as "personal research" however the fact I am a new zealander born and raised and am offended by it, and the majority of my friends, ofwhich I have a great deal... Makes it a fact that some do find it offensive. The way I have put it in the article I do not see a need for any external citations, If I were to try and say the majority find it offencive, then it would be needed. My personal reason is because I do not like being compared to a helpless endangered animal... some it is a racism thing, Kiwi being a maori name and there being a great deal of Anti-Maori (non-maori ofcourse) New Zealanders... Regardless of the origin of such offence, I feel it inapproprite to simply say it is not concidered offencive210.185.5.82 (talk) 11:09, 2 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Without some sources to the contrary, we can only assume from this that there is a very small number of people who are your friends who don't like this term. Such minority viewpoints are not appropriate for this article. If you can find a newspaper article or similar about people objecting to the term, then we can consider it.- gadfium 18:51, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

 * gadfium is completely wrong when he declares that, "minority viewpoints are not appropriate for this article". Contradictory viewpoints that are held by a minority, albeit a significant minority, are the difference between consensus and a qualified generalisation. What is not appropriate for this article is the irrational disdain of an insignificant handful of intolerant crackpots.
 * I have never met, or heard of, any New Zealanders who consider the term "Kiwi" offensive. The label "Pakeha" is considered offensive by some New Zealanders, and would require a caveat to recognise that some New Zealanders consider that word to be offensive, but the label "Kiwi" is not. Aside from a few cantankerous old cranks who live to dream up absurd reasons to be offended by everything and anything, I cannot imagine why any New Zealander would be offended by the label of "Kiwi". BlueRobe (talk) 11:58, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

 * You missed a word when you quoted me. I said "Such minority viewpoints...". I am not suggesting that all minority viewpoints be excluded from any article. We appear to be in agreement that in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, this particular minority viewpoint is unworthy of inclusion.- gadfium 20:22, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Here are several links to examples that explore the aversion to Kiwi as a universally inclusive countrywide self-reference:
 * A journalistic article, |"Don't call me Kiwi—Names matter, so we need to find the right ones.", published in the reputable New Zealand Geographic magazine that explores the cultural and language implications of the "Kiwi" phrase and the relationship to sense of identity in New Zealand.
 * This Reddit discussion, |"What's with the denouncing of the term kiwi amongst the maori?", where a range of viewpoints regarding perception of "Kiwi" as being an offensive term are interrogated, albeit in a very discriminatory manner.
 * This self-published opinion blog, |"Das Kiwitanga", which touches on points mentioned in the previous two links and also explores a wider view of the development of nations in New Zealand and New Zealand statehood. Viltiki813196 (talk) 10:12, 18 October 2021 (UTC+12)

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Merge?
I propose to merge this article into New Zealander. They refer to the same thing. CityOfSails2 (talk) 01:53, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * This article is about the nickname. New Zealanders is about the people. There's not much overlap.- gadfium 04:11, 15 April 2020 (UTC)

"Kiwi (slur)" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Kiwi (slur). The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 August 6 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 18:12, 6 August 2020 (UTC)

Wrongly presented as an exonym
'"Kiwi" is the nickname used internationally for people from New Zealand, as well as being a relatively common self-reference.'

The order here is misleading. It implies that the term is primarily used by non-New Zealanders, which is highly dubious.. Just like Aussie, it seems to very primarily be an endonym, and merely an occasional exonym. Prinsgezinde (talk) 06:12, 15 October 2020 (UTC)
 * It originated as a nickname applied to New Zealanders overseas before it was adopted by Kiwis themselves in the later 20th century. I would say that it is used as much by non-New Zealanders as it is used by New Zealanders (not "occasional"). However I don't think there is much research on the topic. I do support your change. -- Hazhk (talk) 18:10, 11 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I recently commented elsewhere about this. A google search (far from ideal, I know) showed that by far the greatest use of the term to refer to New Zealanders was on 'xxxx.co.nz' websites. Although it is of course difficult to undertake a meaningful personal survey, if I think about it, use of the term outside NZ seems to be limited. I wonder if its use was begun, and is still largely restricted to, a small travel orientated group, such as backpackers. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 19:07, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

Kiwi versus Kiwis
I recently reverted some changes to the section. Admittedly I was wrong to describe the changes as "tantamount to vandalism", which wasn't assuming WP:GOODFAITH. I apologise for that. However I do maintain that the article ought to describe the practical usage of the term, not inject an editor's opinion about what the correct usage should be. I think the section is lacking sources which actually discuss the usage of the form Kiwi as opposed to Kiwis. We have examples instead, e.g. Kiwibank changing its slogan. --Hazhk (talk) 16:20, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Although describing those edits as vandalism was a bit too strong, I agree with the reasons for your reversals. The word kiwi is an English word (of Maori origin but by now assimilated into English like countless other words). For that reason it follows the rules of English which are that the bird plural has no 's' and the person plural has an 's'. The edits by Viltiki813196 are an unfortunate consequence of the recent trend to stress the use of te reo in New Zealand society. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 19:23, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

No reference to common misconception?
Should there be a reference to the common misconception in most of the world, particularly Australia, that the Kiwi nickname refers to the Kiwi Fruit and that we associate the fruit's colours of brown and green with New Zealand? I note that a reference in the "see also" section mentions this but perhaps it should be in the article as well? 203.46.132.214 (talk) 05:56, 19 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kiwi (nickname)


text:
Category:Mathematical terminology

 * Domain-specific terms must be recategorized into the corresponding mathematical domain. If the domain is unclear, but reasonably believed to exist, it is better to put the page into the root category:mathematics, where it will have a better chance of spotting and classification.

See also: Glossary of mathematics.

title: Category:Mathematical terminology


text:
User talk:Meikal

Welcome
Hey Meikal - I'm the first to be on your talk page! Greetings - and welcome to Wikipedia, mate. It's fun when you get started - perhaps we can find stuff to collaborate on soon... For starters, check out the welcome page for the basics. Pteron 11:36, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hello
Thanks for the message on my talk page. I think I called you a "possible sockpuppet", but many apologies if the hat does not fit: it is just a bit unusual for someone's first edits to be on a Wikipedia page such as WP:COTW rather than an actual article. By way of amends, please see see the "welcome" message below. Happy editing! -- ALoan (Talk) 09:51, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- ALoan (Talk) 09:51, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
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Your contributed article, Abdurahman H. H. Osman ' Mallay'

Hello, I notice that you recently created a new page, Abdurahman H. H. Osman ' Mallay'. First, thank you for your contribution; Wikipedia relies solely on the efforts of volunteers such as you. Unfortunately, the page you created covers a topic on which we already have a page - Abdurahman H. H. Osman 'Mallay'. Because of the duplication, your article has been tagged for speedy deletion. Please note that this is not a comment on you personally and we hope you will continue helping to improve Wikipedia. If the topic of the article you created is one that interests you, then perhaps you would like to help out at Abdurahman H. H. Osman 'Mallay' - you might like to discuss new information at the article's talk page.

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Citation at voiced palatal implosive
Nice find at Voiced palatal implosive. I always appreciate when people try to source their edits. If you could, please try to provide fuller citation forms so that readers and other editors have a clear understanding of what source is being indicated. I had to do a bit of hunting to flesh out the citation you'd provided. Regards. — Æµ§œš¹  [ãːɱ ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɪ̃ə̃nlɪ] 00:37, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

Hi. I would but just I can't remember all the wikicode, and I guessed it would be an easy find. It is correct in any case. Best Meikal (talk) 20:45, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

Nomination of Abdurahman H. H. Osman 'Mallay' for deletion
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title: User talk:Meikal


text:
Tourism in Romania

Romania's tourism sector had a direct contribution of EUR 5.21 billion to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2018, slightly higher than in 2017, placing Romania on the 32nd place in the world, ahead of Slovakia and Bulgaria, but behind Greece and the Czech Republic. The total tourism sector's total contribution to Romania's economy, which also takes into account the investments and spending determined by this sector, was some EUR 15.3 billion in 2018, up by 8.4% compared to 2017.

In the first three months of the year 2018, there were 3.12 millions of foreign tourists. Compared to the same 3 months of the previous year, arrivals increased by 10.9% and overnight stays in accommodation establishments increased by 7.1%.

In the first nine months of the year 2019, there were 10 millions of foreign tourists. Compared to the same 9 months of the previous year, arrivals increased by 10.2%.

According to National Tourism Statistics, 15.7 million domestic and foreign tourists stayed in overnight accommodations in 2018. Of these 2.2 million are recorded as foreign tourists.

The most visited cities are Bucharest, Constanța, Brașov, Timișoara, Sibiu, Alba-Iulia, Cluj-Napoca, Sighișoara, Iași and Oradea. Natural touristic attractions include the Danube, the Carpathian Mountains, and the Black Sea. The most popular destinations for tourists are the capital city Bucharest, Brașov County, Cluj County, Prahova County, Constanța County, Bihor County and Sibiu County.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Romania

 * Churches of Moldavia – The eight Romanian Orthodox Churches of Moldavia are located in Suceava County, northern Moldavia, (Bukovina) and were built approximately between 1487 and 1583.
 * Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains – The six fortresses (Sarmizegetusa Regia, Costești-Cetățuie, Costești-Blidaru, Piatra Roșie, Bănița and Căpâlna) that formed the defensive system of Decebalus were created in the 1st centuries BC and AD as protection against Roman conquest, and played an important role during the Roman-Dacian wars.
 * Historic Centre of Sighișoara – It is an inhabited medieval citadel that was built in the 12th century by Saxon colonists under the Latin name Castrum Sex and it is the birthplace of Vlad III the Impaler also known by the name of Count Dracula.
 * Danube Delta – It is the second largest river delta in Europe and best preserved on the continent.
 * Monastery of Horezu – It was founded in 1690 by Prince Constantin Brâncoveanu in the town of Horezu, Vâlcea County, Wallachia, Romania and it is considered to be a masterpiece of "Brâncovenesc style", known for its architectural purity and balance, the richness of its sculpted detail, its treatment of religious compositions, its votive portraits, and its painted decorative works.
 * Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania – They are seven villages (six Saxon and one Székely) founded by the Transylvanian Saxons. They are dominated by fortified churches and characterized by a specific settlement pattern that has been preserved since the late Middle Ages.
 * Wooden Churches of Maramureș – They are high timber constructions with characteristic tall, slim bell towers at the western end of the building. They are a particular vernacular expression of the cultural landscape of this mountainous area of northern Romania. These churches are: Bârsana, Budești, Desești, Ieud, Plopiș, Poienile Izei, Rogoz, Șurdești.
 * Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe

Activities

 * Swimming at the Black Sea resorts (from North to South): Năvodari, Mamaia, Constanța, Eforie Nord, Eforie Sud, Costinești, Olimp, Neptun, Jupiter, Cap Aurora, Venus, Saturn, Mangalia, 2 Mai and Vama Veche.
 * Skiing in the mountain resorts: Sinaia, Bușteni, Semenic, Azuga, Straja, Păltiniș, Rânca, Cavnic, Arieșeni, Predeal and Poiana Brașov.
 * Cultural cities of Bucharest, Timișoara, Sibiu, Brașov, Cluj-Napoca, Oradea, Arad, Alba Iulia, Sighișoara, Târgu Mureș, and Iași.
 * Rural tourism, which mainly revolves around the folklore and traditions of Banat, Maramureș and Bukovina. Given their more isolated, mountainous character and diversity of the population, the inhabitants of these two northern Romanian regions have kept old traditions such as painting Easter eggs, painting houses and in some parts have even kept the old local architecture alive.
 * Rural tourism in Transylvania along the Via Transilvanica, a long-distance hiking and cycling trail which includes attractions such as the villages with fortified churches or the Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains.
 * Hiking in the Carpathian Mountains with many Mountain huts available
 * Spas and health resorts: Băile Herculane, Băile Felix, Buziaș, Sovata, Călimănești, Moneasa and Techirghiol
 * Museums
 * Travel with Mocănița steam-powered locomotive trains in the mountainous areas of Banat, Maramureș, Transylvania, and Bukovina.
 * Travel the water channels of the Danube Delta, stay in traditional villages that can only be reached by boats such as Sfântu Gheorghe.

Major tourist attractions

 * Many medieval castles and fortifications
 * Fortified Transylvanian Saxon medieval cities: Brașov, Râșnov, Rupea, Sighișoara, Sibiu, Cisnădie, Mediaș, Sebeș, Bistrița
 * Scărișoara Cave and Bears' Cave, both located in Apuseni Mountains
 * Sphinx and Babele, both situated in Bucegi Mountains
 * Cheile Nerei-Beușnița National Park, Domogled-Valea Cernei National Park, Semenic-Caraș Gorge National Park, Iron Gates in Caraș-Severin County
 * Ceahlău Massif and Vânători-Neamț Natural Park in Neamț County
 * Cheile Bicazului-Hășmaș National Park
 * Piatra Craiului Mountains
 * Berca Mud Volcanoes, in Buzău County
 * Merry Cemetery, in Săpânța, Maramureș County
 * Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, one of the largest buildings in the world
 * Lipscani street, in the old town of Bucharest, the most important commercial area of the city and of the Principality of Wallachia from the Middle Ages to the early 19th century
 * Transfăgărășan road
 * Transalpina road
 * Turda Gorge (Cheile Turzii)
 * Turda Salt Mine
 * Praid Salt Mines
 * Iron Gates (Danube Gorge)
 * Hațeg Island, Hunedoara County
 * Sighișoara, a medieval fortified city in southeastern Transylvania (also the birthplace of Vlad Țepeș)
 * The old town of Timișoara
 * Bigăr Waterfall: according to The World Geography, Bigăr waterfall is a unique waterfall worldwide.
 * Cozia National Park, with mountains, ancient ruins, and medieval castles
 * Danube Delta
 * Romanian Black Sea resorts
 * Ancient ruins, Murfatlar Cave Complex, Măcin Mountains in Dobrogea

Festivals

 * George Enescu Festival, in Bucharest
 * EUROPAfest Jazz festival in Bucharest
 * Gărâna Jazz Festival in Caraș-Severin
 * Revolution Festival in Timișoara
 * Peninsula / Félsziget Festival in Târgu Mureș
 * Golden Stag Festival, in Brașov
 * Callatis Festival, in Mangalia
 * Electric Castle Festival, in Bonțida Bánffy Castle near Cluj-Napoca
 * Transilvania International Film Festival in Cluj-Napoca
 * Untold Festival, in Cluj-Napoca – Romania's biggest music festival
 * Neversea Festival, in Constanta
 * SAGA Festival, in Bucharest
 * International Theatre Festival in Sibiu
 * Sighișoara Medieval Festival

Foreign visitors by country
Most visitors arriving to Romania in 2022 were from the following countries:

Facilities for disabled travellers
Facilities for disabled travellers in Romania range from patchy to nonexistent. Anyone with mobility problems should go prepared and ideally have local contacts. Although it has made some slow strides towards disabled access since then, and new buildings need to be wheelchair-accessible, implementation has been very poor. In practice Romania remains by and large off-limits to disabled travellers.

Industrial and creative tourism
Industrial tourism, as a niche of tourism in Romania and as a solution to the restructuring and disappearance of former large industrial sites (mining, metallurgy, heavy industry), takes on interest in the country still slowly, despite the country's join to the European Union in 2007. Even if presently the country is confronted with a long and difficult economic transition, it has a rich industrial and scientific history with many of the world's priorities and still has surviving authentic traditional crafts and rural communities. Limited to some geographic areas and not yet on a large scale, by the means of European funds and projects, a sustainable revival of the traditional sector is supported, which also implies creative tourism participatory activities.

Against this big potential, there are relatively few entities, the majority being state owned, that are organizing, providing or permitting public visits, a main cause of this still being the weak implication and support of many public authorities. Meanwhile, the tourism stakeholders pay a relatively weak attention to the hard core of this niche (industrial heritage, technique, science and living industry), and practically there are not many package offers of this kind on the market, with some notable exceptions: ethnographic and wine tourism, also some rehabilitated industrial and forest narrow railways and steam engines still operating.

Primary attractions
According, an industrial and creative tourism attractions web directory for Romania and some neighbouring countries, providing photos and short English descriptions of each objective, the main attractions open to the public are:

 * the national and regional technical and ethnographic museums: the Dimitrie Leonida National Technical Museum and the Aviation Museum in Bucharest, the mining museums in Brad, Petrosani, Rosia Montana, a technical museum in Iasi, the tram museum in Timișoara, the Oil Museum in Ploiesti, the astronomic observatories in Bucharest and Bacau, the village museums from Bucharest, Pitesti, Sibiu, Cluj, Timișoara, Valcea, Suceava;
 * the railway tourism on the recently rehabilitated narrow gauges from Brad, Abrud, Covasna, Moldovita, Agnita, Vaser, the Oravita – Anina mountain railway opened in 1864;
 * the power plant museums from Cernavoda (nuclear), Iron Gates (hydro, on the Danube, 2200 MW, the biggest in European Union), Sadu (hydro, built in 1896), Sinaia (hydro, built in 1899), Grebla – Resita (hydro, built in 1904);
 * factory tours: exception making some food (chocolate, soft drinks, yogurt) factories which provide visits for school children, there are no important companies (car, manufacturing, porcelain, textile, high technology, etc.) to promote such tourist visits. However, some reference enterprises may accept visits at special requests (the Resita Works, metallurgy, heavy machinery, founded in 1771, having a very interesting museum too, The Ruschita Marble Exploitation). A remarkable visit program, started in October 2013, offers the Timisoreana brewery, a factory founded in 1718, with very valuable heritage;
 * industrial heritage: even if valuable, a large majority of the monuments are still abandoned by their owners. However, a few exceptions could be mentioned;
 * motorsports: despite the missing of an international standard infrastructure like raceways, there are national federations organizing events for many categories and racing schools offering participatory courses;
 * the salt mines from: Turda, Praid, Cacica, Slanic Prahova, Ocnele Mari, Ocna Sibiului (salt lakes) are equally famous for their tourism interest (museums, underground entertainment parks) as well as therapeutic exploitation (respiratory diseases)
 * traditional crafts: wood carving, weaving, pottery, glass, embroidery. Many craftsmen preserved the traditions in some village areas from Moldavia, Transylvania and Oltenia. The majority are only selling their products on local markets, but they begin to organize and a few open their workshops to the tourists too;
 * wineries: some vineyards have incredible landscapes and the wines produced here have a well established and long tradition. Wine tourism provides presentations of the technologies and the storage caves, and is well developed in Romania. Famous big wineries: Murfatlar, Cotnari, Dragasani, Recaș, Prahova Valley, Odobesti, Husi, Cricova (near Chisinau, in the Republic of Moldova, is huge, with about 80 kilometres of tunnels and caves)

Infrastructure
There are 16 international commercial airports in service today. Overall, airports in the country were transited in 2016 by 16.4 million passengers. The largest number of passengers was attracted by Bucharest's Henri Coandă International Airport, which closed the year with a traffic of almost 11 million passengers.

Romania also has a large network of railways, CIA World Factbook lists Romania with the 22nd largest railway network in the world. The railway network is significantly interconnected with other European railway networks.

title: Tourism in Romania


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Breda

Breda is a city and municipality in the southern part of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Brabant. The name derived from brede Aa ('wide Aa' or 'broad Aa') and refers to the confluence of the rivers Mark and Aa. Breda has 185,072 inhabitants on 13 September 2022 and is part of the Brabantse Stedenrij; it is the ninth largest city/municipality in the country, and the third largest in North Brabant after Eindhoven and Tilburg. It is equidistant from Rotterdam and Antwerp.

As a fortified city, it was of strategic military and political significance. Although a direct fiefdom of the Holy Roman Emperor, the city obtained a municipal charter; the acquisition of Breda, through marriage, by the House of Nassau ensured that Breda would be at the centre of political and social life in the Low Countries. Breda had a population of 0 in ; the metropolitan area had a population of 0.

History
In the 11th century, Breda was a direct fief of the Holy Roman Emperor, its earliest known lord being Henry of Brunesheim (1080–1125). The city of Breda obtained a municipal charter in 1252. After that Breda had the rights to build fortifications. The city constructed brick walls and Roman-style gates.

In 1327, Adelheid of Gaveren sold Breda to Duke Johannes III of Brabant. In 1350, the fief was resold to Johannes II of Wassenaar (d. 1377). In 1403, the heiress of his line, Johanna of Polanen (1392–1445), married Engelbert I of Nassau (1370–1442; his sarcophagus is in the Grote Kerk in Breda). Through her, the city came into the possession of the House of Nassau, where it remained until 1795, passing to William I of Orange (1533–1584), stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht and leader of the Dutch revolt. Thus, the baron of Breda was also Count of Nassau in the Holy Roman Empire, Prince of Orange, and (the main) stadtholder in the Dutch Republic (from 1572 to 1650, 1672–1702, 1747–1795). Breda remained part of the barony of Breda until it was captured by French revolutionary forces in 1795.

Residence city

The acquisition of the city by the House of Orange-Nassau marked its emergence as a residentiestad (residence city). The presence of the Orange-Nassau family attracted other nobles, who built palatial residences in the old quarters of the city. The most impressive one, built by the Italian architect Thomas Vincidor de Bologna for the first Dutch prince, was the first renaissance-style palace built north of the Alps. In the 15th century the city's physical, economic and strategic importance expanded rapidly. A great church was built in Brabantine Gothic style with an elegant 97 m tower, called Grote Kerk (main church) or also Onze Lieve Vrouwe Kerk (Church of Our Lady). In 1534 Henry III of Nassau-Breda rebuilt the modest medieval fortifications in impressive style.

In 1534, a fire destroyed over nine tenths of the city, close to 1300 houses, churches, and chapels, and the town hall. Only 150 houses and the main church remained. In July 1581, during the Eighty Years' War, Breda was captured in a surprise attack and siege by Spanish troops then under the command of Claudius van Barlaymont, whose sobriquet was Haultpenne. Although the city had surrendered upon the condition that it would not be plundered, the troops vented their fury upon the inhabitants. In the resulting mayhem, known as Haultpenne's Fury, over 500 citizens were killed. In March 1590, Breda fell back into the hands of the Dutch and Maurice of Nassau, when a 68 men hand-picked force, concealed under the turf of a peat-boat, had contrived to enter the city in a daring plan devised by Adriaen van Bergen, known as the ruse with the Peat Ship of Breda. Around 1610 the construction of the Spanish Gate or "Spanjaardsgat" was started as a remembrance to that successful action.

After a ten-month siege in 1624–25, the city again surrendered to the Spaniards, now led by Spinola; the event was immortalized by Diego Velázquez. In the Siege of Breda of 1637 the city was recaptured by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, after a four-month siege, and in 1648 it was finally ceded to the Dutch Republic by the Treaty of Westphalia.

In 1646, Frederick Henry founded the Orange College of Breda, modelled on Saumur, Geneva, and Oxford, intending it to train young men of good family for the army and the civil service.

Stuart exiles
The exiled Stuart Charles II of England resided in Breda for a little over a month of his time in exile during the Cromwellian Commonwealth and Protectorate, thanks to the proximity of Charles's sister Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, the widow of Prince William II of Orange (died 1650).

Based mostly on suggestions by the Parliamentarian General George Monck, Charles II's Declaration of Breda (1660) announced his conditions for accepting the crown of England, which he was to regain a few months later in the year.

Later history

The Treaty of Breda was signed in the city on 31 July 1667, bringing to an end the Second Anglo-Dutch War in which the Dutch faced the same Charles II who had been their guest. Between 1746 and 1748 it was the site of the Congress of Breda, a series of talks between Britain and France aimed at bringing an end to the War of the Austrian Succession, which ultimately led to the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.

During the Second World War, the city was under German occupation for over four years. During Operation Pheasant Breda was liberated following a successful outflanking manoeuvre planned and performed by forces of 1st Polish Armoured Division of General Maczek on 28 October 1944. Each year during Liberation Day festivities, Breda is visited by a large Polish contingent and the city of Breda reserves a special portion of the festivities for the fallen Polish soldiers. A museum and a monument honoring Maczek and the Polish 1st Armoured Division stands in the city center. General Maczek and many soldiers of his division are buried in the nearby Polish military cemetery. Breda was the site of one of the first panopticon prison establishments, Koepelgevangenis. This prison housed the only German war criminals ever to be imprisoned in the Netherlands for their war crimes during the Second World War. Known as "The Breda Four", or "Vier von Breda", they were Willy Paul Franz Lages, who was released in 1966 due to serious illness, Joseph Johann Kotalla, who died in prison in 1979, and Ferdinand aus der Fünten and Franz Fischer, who were both released in 1989 and died later the same year.

Administration

 * Breda (city) (≈180,000)
 * (former village absorbed by city agglomeration)
 * Princenhage (former village absorbed by city agglomeration)
 * Prinsenbeek (≈11,500) (added at the municipal reorganization in 1997)
 * Bavel (≈7,000) (added at the municipal reorganization in 1997)
 * Teteringen (≈6,500) (added at the municipal reorganization in 1997)
 * Ulvenhout (≈4,700) (added at the municipal reorganization in 1997)

Administration
The municipality of Breda is divided in 11 sectors:
 * 1) Breda Centrum (Centre)
 * 2) Breda Noord ( North)
 * 3) Breda Noord-West (Haagse Beemden) (Northwest)
 * 4) Prinsenbeek
 * 5) Breda West (West), which includes Princenhage and the border crossing 'Hazeldonk'
 * 6) Breda Zuid (South), which includes the Zandberg neighborhood
 * 7) Breda Zuid-Oost (Southeast), which includes Ginneken
 * 8) Ulvenhout
 * 9) Bavel
 * 10) Breda Oost (East)
 * 11) Teteringen

Topography

''Topographic map image of the city of Breda, March 2014. Click to enlarge.''

Economy
Historically, economic activities were mainly industrial. Breda was a center of the food- and drink industry. Companies like Hero (lemonade), Van Melle (Mentos), De Faam (liquorice) and Kwatta (chocolate) are famous throughout Western Europe. Breda also had a sugar factory, supplying its best-known products.

Breda formerly housed the largest brewery in the Netherlands (Oranjeboom). The multinational Interbrew took over the brewery in 1995 and then closed it in 2004. Production of the Breda brand was moved to both Bremen and Leuven until 2008, when Randalls Brewery (in Guernsey) acquired the licence. Guernsey is now the only place in the world where draught Breda is brewed.

However, the decline of industrial activity did not harm the city's economy. Nowadays, Breda is a service oriented economy based on business, trade and logistics. A growing number of international companies choose to establish their head office for Benelux operations and manufacturing in Breda. Examples of these companies are 3M Abbott Laboratories, Alfa Laval, Amgen, Dockwise, ExxonMobil, General Electric, General Motors, Krohne Oil & Gas, Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers, Scania, Texaco, and Toshiba. Also, the food industry is still largely represented by companies such as Anheuser-Busch InBev, Hero Group, Perfetti Van Melle and. Furthermore, the city is host to the headquarters of the Royal Netherlands Air Force. Because of its central location between the ports of Antwerp and Rotterdam, the city also attracts logistics companies such as Van Wijngen International. Koch Media has its Benelux office in Breda.

The main shopping areas of Breda are the city centre and the southern part of Breda. Known shopping centres are De Barones and 't Sas. Major shopping streets are the Eindstraat,, Wilhelminastraat and Ginnekenweg. A market is held on the Grote Markt every Tuesday and Friday from 09:00 to 13:00. A book and antique market is held on Wednesday from 09:00 to 17:00.

Education
Breda became since 1970 a more specific education city and student city. In 2012 there were 27,000 students registered in Middelbaar- and Hoger Onderwijs.

Secondary education consists of;
 * vmbo - Pre-vocational secondary education
 * vmbo-theoretical or mavo - secondary general continued education
 * havo - higher general continued education
 * vwo - preparatory scientific education / Atheneum / Gymnasium

Some schools offer bilingual English/Dutch education.
 * Secondary schools in Breda;
 * Curio (umbrella organization)
 * De Rotonde (special education - services & cuisine, mavo)
 * ISK (international transition school)
 * Praktijkschool (practical special education)
 * Prinsentuin van Cooth (vmbo - agriculture, services and agricultural products, care, mavo)
 * Scala (vmbo - art, theatre, multimedia, entrepreneurship, sports, mavo)
 * Koraal Group (umbrella organization, special education)
 * Brederocollege (special education vmbo)
 * De Kei (special education - mavo, havo)
 * Ginnekencollege (education program at juvenile justice institution ‘Den Hey Acker’)
 * De Campus (collaboration of tree schools)
 * Markenhage (Dalton Plan)
 * Michaël College (Waldorf education)
 * Orion Lyceum (havo, vwo)
 * Nassau Scholengemeenschap (mavo, havo, vwo)
 * Graaf Engelbrecht College (mavo, havo, vwo dedicated in sports)
 * Mencía de Mendoza Lyceum (Dutch & bilingual mavo, havo, vwo, atheneum)
 * Newman college (mavo, ‘technasium’ - havo, atheneum & gymnasium)
 * Onze Lieve Vrouwelyceum (havo, atheneum en gymnasium)
 * Stedelijk Gymnasium Breda
 * Tessenderlandt (vmbo - construction, mobility & transport, catering & recreation, healthcare & welfare, mavo)
 * Christoffel (special education)
 * International School Breda (myp)
 * Libertad (democratic education)
 * Luzac (private school)

Vocational education
This type of education is called ‘Middelbaar Beroepsonderwijs' (MBO).
 * De Rooi Pannen (hospitality and cuisine, events catering, tourism, leisure and marketing)
 * Curio, Frankenthalerstraat 15 (agriculture, bread and banquet)
 * Curio, Markendaalseweg 35 (hospitality, food and lifestyle, facility service)
 * Cas Spijkers Academie (all-round culinary, catering and cuisine)
 * SVO (vocational training food)
 * Winford Academy (private school)

University of Applied Sciences
This type of education is called ‘Hoger Beroepsonderwijs’ (HBO)
 * Breda University of Applied Sciences (data science & AI, creative business, games, hotel, facility, logistics, built environment, tourism, leisure & events)
 * Avans University of Applied Sciences
 * Environmental Science for Sustainability, Ecosystems and Technology
 * Industrial Engineering and Management
 * International Business and Management Studies
 * International Financial Management
 * Faculty of Military Sciences (part of the 'Dutch Defense Academy' NLDA)
 * Academie Sint-Joost (art school - visual arts)

Military

 * Koninklijke Militaire Academie (K.M.A.), NLDA - (service academy, for the Dutch Army, the Dutch Air Force and the Royal Marechaussee)

Main sights
The city center contains old buildings and portions of the singels (moats) and the harbour. Focal point is the Grote Markt, the main square with pubs and sidewalk cafes.

Park Valkenberg is a major public park, halfway between the main railway station Breda and the Grote Markt.

Major historic buildings include:
 * The Grote Kerk (Great Church) or Onze Lieve Vrouwe Kerk (Church of Our Lady), a major example of the Brabant style of Gothic Architecture.
 * The Castle of Breda (houses the K.M.A).
 * The Bouvigne Castle (house the 'Brabantse Delta Water Board' since 1972)
 * The Begijnhof, a Beguinage.
 * Saint Anthony's Cathedral (Sint-Antoniuskathedraal), the cathedral church of the Catholic Diocese of Breda.
 * City hall.
 * The Spanjaardsgat, a 16th-century water gate (part of the K.M.A. complex)
 * The Koepelgevangenis (Breda) (Koepelprison).

Culture
The spoken dialect is West Brabantian, which is very similar to colloquial Dutch.

Carnaval
As in other cities and villages in the south of the Netherlands, 40 days before Easter the citizens of Breda celebrate Carnaval. A four day chain of foolish events, silliness, nonsensical costumes and a small beer on the side. During the event the mayor of the city, symbolically turns over the keys to the city to “Prince Carnaval” and his ‘Council of 11’. Breda has 4 festive monarchs, the Prince of Breda, Princenhage, Haagse Beemden and the Baron of Ginneken. For the occasion the city is renamed to ‘Kielengat’.

Musically, the carnaval events traditionally are enlivened by wind bands called ‘Dweilorkesten' (Mop Orchestra’s). All pubs and bars participate in the event and on Sunday and Monday a large parade of floats and foolish creations slides through the streets. The events ends on the evening before Ash Wednesday (Shrove Tuesday). The exclusive TV channel 'BaronieTV' broadcasts the events throughout the 'Barony of Breda'.

Theaters

 * Chassé Theater (large regional theater and concert venue)
 * Nieuwe Veste (art & music centre, concert house and music school)
 * Podium Bloos (cultural venue, dance, stage play, music and literature)
 * De Stilte (dance company and theater)
 * Muzipo (puppet theatre)
 * Poppodium Mezz (concert venue)
 * Poppodium Phoenix (concert venue)
 * Avenue (dinner show theatre & restaurant)
 * De Koe (social cultural center, concert venue)

Cinemas

 * Chassé Cinema (film house connected to Chassé Theater)
 * Filmhuis Breda (independent cultural film house)
 * Pathé Breda
 * Kinepolis Breda

Music Festivals

 * Breda Jazz Festival
 * Breda Barst (free rock festival)
 * Breda Live
 * Breda Dancetour (dance festival)
 * Spanjaardsgat Festival (classical music festival on a flouting stage in the old harbor)
 * Ploegendienst (dance festival)
 * Parkies (traveling summer festival)
 * Duikboot Festival
 * Tranen van Van Cooth (Levenslied festival)
 * 538 Koningsdag - April 27, ‘national’ kings birthday party organized by Radio 538
 * Breda Drijft - (Breda Floats, music festival on the moats)

Museums
Breda hosts the following museums:
 * Begijnhof Breda Museum (Beguinage museum)
 * Generaal Maczek Museum (museum dedicated to General Maczek)
 * Maczek Memorial Breda (memorial and graveside of General Maczek)
 * Bier Reclame Museum (Beer advertising museum & bar)
 * NAC Museum (museum of NAC Breda)
 * Heemkundig Museum Paulus van Daesdonck (historical museum)
 * Museum Oorlog & Vrede (War and Peace Museum)
 * Stedelijk Museum Breda (historical municipal museum)
 * Princenhaags Museum (historical village museum)

Other Notable Events

 * BredaPhoto (outdoor photo exposition)
 * Graphic Matters (graphic design festival)
 * Cultuurnacht (culture night)
 * Lichtsloepen Parade (illuminated boat parade)
 * Brabantse Kastelendag (provincial open castle day)
 * International Film Festival Breda
 * Stripbeurs (comic book convention)

Harley Day
The Harley Dag was one of the biggest one-day motorcycle events of Europe, held on the third Sunday of August. The American motorcycle brands Harley Davidson and Indian were the main guests of the day. Other American brands were also welcomed to the city centre. All other brands had to park at a dedicated parking outside the city centre. At the peak over 10,000 motorcycles visited the city and attracted an audience of a 100,000 people. 2010 was the 22nd and last official edition. Due to the large number of people, the city council demanded strict security measurements for the following years. This was the moment that the volunteer organization pulled the plug and cancelled future editions of the event. In 2011 not all people heard of the cancelling so around 400 motorcycles and their owners visited the city anyway. Supporters who did know about it came up with the idea of the ‘No(n)-Harley-Dag’. Despite the official cancelling, coincidentally several of Breda’s motor tour clubs held their annual tour on the third Sunday of August and drove through the complete Breda region. The tours ended on the Church square next to the Grote Kerk in the centre, where, coincidentally, a rockband was playing.
 * 2011, No(n) Harley Dag
 * 2012

Roodharigedag
Redhead Day (nl; Roodharigedag) is a festival that between 2007 and 2011 took place in Breda during first weekend of September. Since 2019 the festival relocated to Tilburg. The two-day festival is a gathering of people with natural red hair, but is also focused on art related to the colour red. Activities during the festival are lectures, workshops and demonstrations. The festival attracts attendance from 20 countries and was free due to sponsorship of the local government. Furthermore, some people referred to Breda as the opposite of burning man. As the festival grew bigger they needed a new spot to host the ever growing event.

Football
Breda's only professional football club, is NAC Breda. The club plays in the Eredivisie and their home stadion is the Rat Verlegh Stadion. The club became National Champion, once in 1921. The former Cadet football association ‘Velocitas’ of the military academy won the Holdertbeker (the predecessor of the KNVB Cup) in 1899-1900.

Besides NAC there are more amateur football clubs among others;
 * v.v. Baronie
 * The Gunners
 * The Gunners
 * The Gunners
 * The Gunners
 * The Gunners

Hockey
Breda also plays a big role in the hockey department. supplied high-level players to the national women and men teams of the Netherlands and played in the Hoofdklasse them self. A few of Push’s national team players for example are: Bram Lomans, Matthijs Brouwer, Thom van Dijck, Joep de Mol, Floris Wortelboer, Teun Beins, Cécile Vinke and Malou Pheninckx.

 * (hockey & bandy club)
 * (hockey & bandy club)

Athletics
Breda's athletics club,, is with around 2000 members, the largest club of its kind in the Netherlands. Beside the usual athletics sports at their own track, they offer, nordic walking, tai chi, bootcamp and parasports.

Other Sports

 * SBC2000 (water polo, swimming, diving)
 * Breda’s Rugby club
 * Breda’s Golden Glory (kickboxing camp)
 * Bredase Bowling Vereniging, playing in the first European bowling alley.
 * Boxing association ‘Bredase Ring'
 * Fier (artistic gymnastics)
 * Roller derby Breda
 * Cadetten Roei- en Zeilvereniging ‘Dudok van Heel’ (Rowing and Sailing, Military academy)
 * BRESS, Bredase Student Sports

And a lot more...

Venues

 * Municipally Sport Centre Breda a.k.a ‘De Scharen’
 * de Drie Linden, Prinsenbeek
 * de Doelen, Princenhage
 * Bruut (bouldering)
 * Zwembad Sonsbeeck (swimming pool)
 * Sports Boulevard
 * Schaats- en Racketcentrum Breda (iceskating, racket sports)
 * Zwembad De Wisselaar (swimming pool)
 * Wielerbaan Breda (cycle sport)

Sport Events
Every year in October, the is a major road running event on the half marathon distance with a field of national and international athletes. Similar events are held in Princenhage (10 van ’t Aogje) and Haagse Beemden (Haagse Beemden Loop) although the maximum distances are 10 kilometer.
 * Singelloop

The equestrian sports event ‘Outdoor Brabant’ started out as ‘Military Breda’ in the woods around Galder and a Four-in-hand Combined driving competition, near the village Princenhage. Later these merged and both moved to the southwest of Princenhage where the event changed into ‘Breda Hippique’. The event consists of Dressage, Eventing, Show jumping, and Combined driving. For a couple of years the event was free of charge to the public, due to sponsoring by a major bank. When the sponsorship ended a relative high fee was charged to enter the event.
 * Outdoor Brabant

Para Sports
In 2024 together Breda and Tilburg host the Special Olympics National Games. The biggest national sports event aseptically for people with a mental disability. 2500 athletes competed in 21 sports.
 * Special Olympics Nationale Spelen

Between August 8 and 20 - 2023 the European Para Championships were held in Breda. 1500 athletes from 45 country’s participated in the event.
 * European Para Championships

In 2011, the ParaGamesBreda received 3000 athletes from 40 country’s.
 * ParaGamesBreda

UEFA Women's Championship 2017
In 2017 the NAC Breda Stadion was one of the hosts of the ‘Women’s European Football Championship.’ Together with Enschede, Deventer, Rotterdam, Tilburg, Doetinchem and Utrecht. The dutch women won the tournament in the De Grolsch Veste in Enschede.

Religion
In 2014, the largest religion in Breda was Christianity, comprising 50.4% of its population. The next largest faith is Islam adhered to by 3.6% of residents. Religiously unaffiliated people made up 44.9% of the population.

Ethnic groups
The ethnic make-up of Breda, in 2020, was as follows:
 * Dutch (140,312) (75,45%)
 * 🇲🇦Moroccans (5,712) (3.1%)
 * 🇮🇩Indonesians (5,332) (2.9%)
 * 🇹🇷Turks (3,080) (1.7%)
 * 🇧🇪Belgians (2,940) (1.6%)
 * 🇩🇪Germans (2,661) (1.5%)
 * Antilleans/Arubans (2,211) (1.2%)
 * 🇵🇱Polish (2,165) (1.2%)
 * Surinamese (2,058) (1.1%)

Notable residents

 * Charles II of England, lived in Breda for most of his exile during the period of the Commonwealth of England. His sister, Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange was widow of Stadtholder William II, Prince of Orange and co-regent for their son William III sovereign Prince of Orange and later King of England, Scotland and Ireland.
 * Stadtholder William the Silent, Prince of Orange, 'Lord of Breda' and his wife Anna van Egmont, Princess consort of Orange, had their residence at the Breda Castle. Anna is buried in the Prince chapel at the Grote Kerk.
 * René of Chalon, the first of the Nassau family bearing the tile 'Prince of Orange', was born and lived in the Breda Castle. He passed the title to his paternal cousin William of Nassau-Dillenburg (William the Silent).
 * Although neither of them were long-term residents of Breda, it was there, in 1618, that the young René Descartes (at the time, a soldier in the army of Prince Maurice of Nassau) first met, and had extensive conversations with, Dutch philosopher, mathematician, and scientist Isaac Beeckman (then temporarily resident in the town). This interaction with Beeckman seems to have changed the course of Descartes’ intellectual life, eventually leading him to the major innovations in mathematics, science, and philosophy for which he is famous.
 * "Colonel" Thomas Parker, the manager of Elvis Presley, born and raised in Breda as Andreas Cornelius van Kuijk.
 * Adriaen Cornelissen van der Donck (c. 1618–1655), first lawyer in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam; a polyglot
 * Breda is the birthplace and home to several internationally famous electronic dance music artists including R3hab, Dannic, W&W along with former World No.1 DJs — Tiësto and Hardwell. The title of their 2011 collaboration track, Zero 76 is derived from the dialing code of Breda.
 * Breda is also the birthplace of former Olympic swimmer Karin Brienesse and former field hockey player Remco van Wijk, who twice won the gold medal at the Summer Olympics with the Dutch National Team: 1996 and 2000.
 * Sculptor Jan De Swart, born in Ginneken, a suburb of Breda, and lived in the area until he emigrated to The United States in 1929
 * Pioneering Dutch composer Jan Ingenhoven (1876-1951) was born in Breda, and it's the city where the Dutch composers Daan Manneke and Kristoffer Zegers live.
 * Thomas Simon Cool, Dutch historical and genre painter, resided and taught in Breda 1866-1870
 * The Dutch football international Pierre van Hooijdonk played in Breda. Other formerly international Dutch football players from NAC Breda were Antoon (Rat) Verlegh, Kees Rijvers, Kees Kuijs, Leo Canjels, Daan Schrijvers, Frans Bouwmeester, Nico Rijnders, Ad Brouwers, Bertus Quaars, Martin Vreysen and Ton Lokhoff.
 * Ramon Dekkers, Muay Thai and Kickboxing World Champion, was born and died in Breda
 * Guido Weijers, famous Dutch stand-up comedian
 * Simone Ferrario, Italian philanthropist, engineer and innovator in valves design and religion
 * Virgil van Dijk, Dutch professional footballer playing centre-back for Liverpool
 * Sylvie Meis, Dutch television personality, model and ex-wife of football player Rafael van der Vaart was born in Breda
 * Pieter Bruegel the Elder, famous Netherlandish painter
 * Kazuha Nakamura, Japanese singer, dancer and ballerina of Le Sserafim. Grew up in Breda. Born in Kōchi, Japan.

Trains
Breda has two railway stations, Breda and Breda-Prinsenbeek, providing ’Sprinter’ and Inter-city connections throughout the Netherlands.

Inter-city destinations from Breda to the North are Rotterdam, Den Haag and Amsterdam; east to Tilburg, Eindhoven, Den Bosch, Nijmegen and Zwolle; west to Roosendaal and Vlissingen.

The regional Sprinter-trains connect the smaller towns, Gilze en Rijen, Etten-Leur, Lage Zwaluwe and Dordrecht with Breda. The Breda-Prinsenbeek railway station is only served by Sprinter-trains.

The 'Intercity direct' uses the HSL-Zuid for a high-speed connection with the Rotterdam Centraal station, Schiphol Airport and Amsterdam Centraal station. Between Rotterdam and Schiphol there is an extra surcharge for this train.

The international train from Amsterdam to Brussels-South railway station also visits Breda and connects the city with these destinations via the Schiphol–Antwerp high-speed railway. The train is operated by a corporation between NS International and the National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS).

Buses
There are four kinds of buses in Breda: citybuses, regional, intercity and international. City and regional buses are operated by Arriva under the alias 'Bravo' (BRAbant Vervoert Ons).

Citybuses drive only within de city of Breda;

 * 1 - Hoge Vucht <-> Breda bus station <-> Nieuw Wolfslaar / Bavel
 * 2 - Hoge Vucht <-> Breda bus station <-> Haagse Beemden
 * 4 - Princenhage <-> Breda bus station <-> Haagse Beemden
 * 5 - Breda bus station <-> Heusdenhout
 * 6 - Breda bus station <-> Meersel-Dreef
 * 7 - Nieuw Wolfslaar <-> Breda bus station <-> Heusdenhout
 * 8 - Breda bus station <-> Breda University of Applied Sciences (Ignatiusstraat)
 * 9 - Breda bus station <-> Avans University of Applied Sciences

Regional buses provide connections to nearby towns and cities;

 * 115 - Zundert
 * 119 - Zevenbergen
 * 177 - Zevenbergen, Klundert, Fijnaart
 * 122 - Hooge Zwaluwe, Lage Zwaluwe
 * 130 - Rijen, Gilze
 * 132 - Chaam, Baarle-Nassau/Baarle-Hertog
 * 216 - Etten-Leur (departure near Breda-Prinsenbeek train station)
 * 311 - Etten-Leur (center), Oudenbosch, Oud Gastel
 * 312 - Etten-Leur, Roosendaal
 * 316 - Etten-Leur (north)
 * 325 - Oosterhout (Hoofseweg / Het Goorke)
 * 326 - Oosterhout, Geertruidenberg
 * 327 - Oosterhout, Tilburg
 * 615 - Zundert, Berkenring - Breda, Mencia de Mendoza (student bus runs twice a day)

The more luxurious intercity buses, called 'Brabantliner' connect Breda with both Gorinchem (402) and Utrecht (400 & 401). These lines are a compensation for the lack of direct train connection between the cities.

There also was a Zeelanddic busline (19) which connected Hulst (Zeelandic Flanders) and Breda via Antwerp, Belgium. The line was operated by Connexxion and in the passed by the Belgian De Lijn. After 71 years the line was canceled in 2024.

International buses are operated by several providers. From the international bus stop at the Breda railway station, multiple options are possible.

Low-cost intercity bus service FlixBus provides a regular timetable to Bercy, Seine via Antwerp or Gent -Dampoort. In addition, two routes to the Romanian capital Bucharest. Either via Antwerp - Maastricht - Aachen or via Eindhoven - Dusseldorf to Köln-Bonn Airport station - Frankfurt am Main Hbf to Passau, with the final station Autogara Militari. The company also offers a tree times a week services to Brussels-North railway station from the Breda-Prinsenbeek international busstop.

The BlaBlaCar bus provides an (almost) daily timetable between Breda - Utrecht - Amsterdam - Schiphol and Sloterdijk in the early morning. In addition, BlaBlaCar bus provides an international timetable to Antwerp - Brussels, Center - Brussels-South railway station - Paris, Gare de Paris Bercy with the final station at Paris, Charles de Gaulle Airport.

Flibco offers an airport shuttle service from Breda to Brussel, Zaventem Airport and Paris, Charles de Gaulle Airport.

Roads

 * The A16 / E19 is a motorway in the west, going northbound to Rotterdam and southbound to the Belgian border at Hazeldonk/Meer following in the direction of Antwerp, Brussels as A1 and through to Paris as E19.
 * In the East the A27 / E311 is also a motorway to the north; It connects Breda with Utrecht and Almere.
 * Passing South of the city, the A58 connects Breda with Tilburg and Eindhoven in an easterly direction and Roosendaal, Bergen op Zoom, Middelburg and Vlissingen in a westerly direction.
 * Further north of Breda runs the A59 from 's-Hertogenbosch to Willemstad, following as N59 to Zierikzee.

The Interchanges 'Sint-Annabosch' (A58/A27), 'Galder' (A16/A58), 'Zonzeel' (A16/A59) and 'Hooipolder' (A27/A59) connecting them all.

Waterway
The city owes its existence to the accessibility by water. As from the beginning of the city, the rivers Mark and Aa were used for trading and supplying the city. Today the city is accessible for pleasure boating from the north. There is an open connection to the Volkerak via the Mark and connection to the Wilhelmina Canal through the Mark Canal. The Dintel/Mark is accessible for cargo ships up to 86 meters (282 ft) long from Dintelsas to Breda. The 'Werve' yacht port provides a berth for passing pleasure ships just north of the city centre.

Airport
The small airport Breda International Airport is located west of the city. The airport was opened in 1949 as Seppe Airfield and is in limited use for civil aviation. The departures from the airport are mostly business trips, sightseeing trips and teaching activities.

Twin towns – sister cities
Breda is twinned with:

 * 🇧🇪 Diest, Belgium
 * 🇧🇪 Brussels, Belgium
 * 🇩🇪 Dillenburg, Germany
 * 🇫🇷 Orange, France
 * 🇵🇱 Wrocław, Poland

title: Breda


text:
Mysore Zoo

Mysore Zoo (or Mysuru Zoo), officially known as Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, is a composite of zoological gardens and animal park located in the southern Indian city of Mysore, Karnataka. Stretching across a 157 acre-expanse and situated at about 700 metres (0.43 miles) from Mysore Palace, it is the oldest zoo in India and one of the oldest in the world. One of the most popular zoos in India and one of the city's most popular attractions, it is home to a wide range of over 168 species.

History
Mysore Zoo was created from the private menagerie of Chamaraja Wadiyar X, the twenty-third Maharaja of Mysore. in 1892, on 10 acre of the Summer Palace. Over the next 10 years, the zoo was expanded to 45 acre with spacious enclosures that are still in use. Originally called the Palace Zoo, it was renamed "Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens" in 1909. A.C. Hughes, from South Wales, was the zoo's first superintendent, serving from 1892 to 1924. Hughes, Sir Mirza Ismail, and G.H. Krumbiegel worked towards refashioning the zoo and updating it with modern, natural enclosures. It now features a bandstand and an artificial lake.

In 1948, management of the zoo was devolved to the Department of Parks and Gardens, Government of Mysore. The zoo was expanded first with another 50 acres, and then another 150 acre with the acquisition of the Karanji Tank, in which an artificial island has been created as a sanctuary for birds. In 1972, the zoo was entrusted the Forest Department and later in 1979 to the Zoo Authority of Karnataka, the first autonomous organisation in India to manage a zoo.

The zoo had completed 100 years in 1992. The centenary celebrations were held in 1990 and 91. During the centenary celebrations various developmental activities were initiated such as renovation and modification of the entrance gate, hospital building, walkthrough reptiles, etc. A bust of Chamaraja Wadiyar X was unveiled. The logo of the zoo, centenary souvenir, publication of literature and leaflets, conducting various competitions, preparation of a documentary film were other highlights.

Objectives
The objectives of Mysore Zoo are as under:
 * Conservation education
 * Conservation breeding
 * Research, documentation and study
 * Rescue and rehabilitation of the wild animals and birds
 * Recreation and education for general visitors, tourist & locals

Management and lands holdings
While mainly depending on entry fees for its financing, an adoption scheme introduced in the early 2000s has been a success. Celebrities, institutions, animal lovers and volunteers of various clubs in the zoo have contributed directly to the welfare of the zoo inhabitants.

Lands under the control of Mysore Zoo

 * Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, Mysore.
 * Karanji Lake Nature Park, Mysore.
 * Chamundi Conservation and Rehabilitation Center, Kurugahalli, Mysore.

Peak seasons

 * Summer holidays
 * Dasara festival
 * New year

Karanji Lake
The Karanji Lake which covers 77.02 acres is located on the eastern side of the zoo. The Chamundi Hills acts as catchment and provides a dramatic backdrop.

Previously the tank was almost a garbage dump being used by all and sundry for each and every function. There was no bird life but for scavengers, crows, and the entire area was a slum. As such it was in constant danger of being taken over by developers for real estate development. The tank was handed to Mysore Zoo in March 1976 by public works department for development and maintenance. The tank is situated on north-east side of Mysore city. It functions as a percolation tank. After the protection and afforestation in the foreshore area, the tank started attracting a variety of birds for breeding & nesting activities. Restoration and development activities were taken up under the Asian Development Bank project through Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation to the extent of Rs.1.17 crores.

About five acres of prime zoo land has been donated to the Natural History Museum, which will enhance the educational potential of the zoo by offering people a rare opportunity to study natural history of wild animals, aquatic birds and tropical vegetation, etc.

Animals
The zoo is currently home to ten elephants, and has more elephants than any other zoo in India. A total of 34 elephants have lived at this zoo, many of which were eventually transferred to other zoos in Mysore. The zoo also has five green anacondas, contributed by Colombo Zoo. It is also the only zoo in India to house chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, white rhinos and cheetahs.

Some of the animals housed in the Mysore Zoo include:

 * Birds

• Bar-headed goose

• Barn owl

• Black-crowned night heron

• Black-necked swan

• Blue-and-yellow macaw

• Brahminy kite

• Brown wood owl

• Budgerigar

• Chinese ring-necked pheasant

• Comb duck

• Common ostrich

• Darwin's rhea

• Eclectus parrot

• Eurasian spoonbill

• Goffin's cockatoo

• Golden pheasant

• Great hornbill

• Great white pelican

• Green pheasant

• Grey junglefowl

• Grey parrot

• Indian peafowl

• Jandaya conure

• Lady Amherst's pheasant

• Lesser adjutant

• Livingstone's turaco

• Military macaw

• Mottled wood owl

• Painted stork

• Plum-headed parakeet

• Rainbow lorikeet

• Red-and-green macaw

• Red lory

• Ruddy shelduck

• Sarus crane

• Scarlet ibis

• Scarlet macaw

• Silver pheasant

• Spot-billed pelican

• Sulphur-crested cockatoo

• Sun conure

• Tawny eagle

• White-throated toucan

• African buffalo
 * Mammals

• African bush elephant

• Asian elephant

• Asian palm civet

• Asiatic lion

• Barasingha

• Bengal fox

• Bengal tiger

• Blackbuck

• Bornean orangutan

• Cheetah

• Chimpanzee

• Common marmoset

• Dhole

• Four-horned antelope

• Gaur

• Giraffe

• Golden jackal

• Grant's zebra

• Greater one-horned rhinoceros

• Hamadryas baboon

• Himalayan black bear

• Himalayan goral

• Hippopotamus

• Hog deer

• Indian crested porcupine

• Indian muntjac

• Indian leopard

• Indian wolf

• Jaguar

• Jungle cat

• Leopard cat

• Lion-tailed macaque

• Malabar giant squirrel

• Manipur brow-antlered deer

• Meerkat

• Nilgai

• Nilgiri langur

• Northern plains grey langur

• Red-necked wallaby

• Rhesus macaque

• Ring-tailed lemur

• Sambar deer

• Sloth bear

• Smooth-coated otter

• South American tapir

• Southern white rhinoceros

• Spotted deer

• Striped hyena

• Tufted capuchin

• Western hoolock gibbon

• Western lowland gorilla

• Bengal monitor
 * Reptiles

• Gharial

• Green anaconda

• Green iguana

• Green vine snake

• Indian cobra

• Indian star tortoise

• King cobra

• Malabar pit viper

• Morelet's crocodile

• Saltwater crocodile

• Siamese crocodile

• Spectacled caiman

• West African slender-snouted crocodile

Incidents
The zoo witnessed a series of animal deaths in 2004 and 2005. In August 2004, a lion-tailed macaque was found mysteriously dead. An emu and a tiger were also reported to have died mysteriously. On 4 September 2004, an elephant died, reportedly of acute haemorrhagic enteritis and respiratory distress. It was reported that the illness in elephants was due to poisoning. As a safety measure, the zoo authority suspended several staff members who were allegedly responsible for the "gruesome killings". Laboratory tests later confirmed that the two elephants, named Ganesha and Roopa, had been poisoned. This was followed by another elephant death (Komala) on 7 September despite heightened security. Komala had been scheduled to be transferred to Armenia in about a month.

On 24 October 2005 another elephant, Rohan along with his mate Ansul, died with suspicions of poisoning. The elephants were supposed to be sent to Armenia as a goodwill gesture. The Chief Minister of Karnataka immediately ordered a probe into the death of Ansul and Rohan.

4 January 2017, the zoo announced that it was hit by avian influenza. Lab reports confirmed that six free-ranging and migratory birds died due to avian influenza (H5N8) in late December. The monthlong closure is the longest for the 124-year-old Mysore Zoo

title: Mysore Zoo


text:
Transmission security

Transmission security (TRANSEC) is the component of communications security (COMSEC) that results from the application of measures designed to protect transmissions from interception and exploitation by means other than cryptanalysis. Goals of transmission security include:

 * Low probability of interception (LPI)
 * Low probability of detection (LPD)
 * Antijam — resistance to jamming (EPM or ECCM)

Methods used to achieve transmission security include frequency hopping and spread spectrum where the required pseudorandom sequence generation is controlled by a cryptographic algorithm and key. Such keys are known as transmission security keys (TSK). Modern U.S. and NATO TRANSEC-equipped radios include SINCGARS and HAVE QUICK.

title: Transmission security


text:
Kročehlavy

Kročehlavy is a part of the industrial city of Kladno in the Czech Republic. About 36,000 inhabitants live there.

In history, Kročehlavy was a stand-alone village. The first mention of Kročehlavy, dating back to 1316, is found in local records relating to a member of lower Czech nobility, Zdeněk Kladenský from Kladno.

Prior to the 19th century, the population Kročehlavy was about 130 people. After the growth of coal mining and metallurgic industry the population soared multiple times. Kročehlavy was first merged with Kladno in 1938, which lasted for a few years. They merged again in 1948 and remain so to this day.

Notable people

 * Karel Kolský, football coach
 * Josef Košťálek, footballer
 * Václav Horák, footballer

title: Kročehlavy


text: Category:Castles in Romania

title: Category:Castles in Romania


text: Category:Military radio systems

title: Category:Military radio systems


text: Category:Ochiltree County, Texas

title: Category:Ochiltree County, Texas