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William Wordsworth Fisher

Admiral Sir William Wordsworth Fisher (26 March 1875 – 24 June 1937) was a Royal Navy officer who captained a battleship at the Battle of Jutland and became Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet. Arthur Marder wrote that he was "the outstanding admiral of the inter-war period".

Naval career
Fisher was born at Blatchington in Sussex, the son of historian Herbert William Fisher and his wife Mary Louisa Jackson (1841–1916). He joined the Royal Navy in 1888 and trained in HMS Britannia.

As a midshipman he served in HMS Raleigh (1873), flagship of the Cape of Good Hope and West Africa Squadron, for three years from 1890 to 1893, before joining HMS Calypso (1883) in the Training Squadron. After examinations and courses, and now a sub-lieutenant, he joined the protected cruiser HMS Hawke (1891) in the Mediterranean Fleet in January 1896. The ship was a byword for smartness. According to Fisher's biographer "she was remembered as the ship whose stream anchor was kept burnished like polished silver". He left her as a lieutenant with highly appreciative reports from his captains and was selected to qualify in gunnery.

He joined the gunnery course, for a first year at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, on 14 September 1898, along with other lieutenants who were likewise to distinguish themselves in later years:, Frank Larken, Tufton Beamish and Ernest Taylor (like Beamish, later also an MP). The second year of the course was at Whale Island and the third and final year on a gunnery school staff, which for Fisher was to be Whale Island. His joined the modern pre-dreadnought battleship HMS Canopus (1897), as a gunnery lieutenant in Malta in November 1901. In mid-1903 he was again ashore, on the senior staff of the gunnery school Cambridge at Devonport and this was followed, on 1 January 1904, by an appointment as a senior staff officer at Whale Island. This appointment would normally have led to his becoming first lieutenant of Whale Island but Fisher fell out with Captain Percy Scott, the famous gunnery expert then commanding 'The Island'.

Nevertheless, his reputation could weather minor storms, and he was selected by Captain Arthur Leveson, flag captain to Admiral Sir William May, as first and gunnery lieutenant of the new Atlantic Fleet flagship, HMS King Edward VII, joining her in January 1905. He struck up a firm and lasting friendship with Dudley Pound in a busy eighteen months on board, leaving the ship early after selection for early promotion to Commander, donning his 'brass hat' on 30 June 1906, aged 31.

His first appointment with three stripes, in September 1906, was as commander of the pre-dreadnought battleship HMS Albemarle (1901), flagship of Rear-Admiral Atlantic Fleet, soon to be commanded by Captain Robert Falcon Scott and flying the flag of Rear-Admiral John Jellicoe. His success in her led to his joining, in the same role, in June 1908, the new battlecruiser HMS Indomitable (1907), fitting out to take the Prince of Wales to Canada for a seven-day visit. This was soon followed by his becoming flag commander – gunnery adviser – to the Commander-in-Chief Home Fleet, his old chief Admiral Sir William May, flying his flag in the new battleship HMS Dreadnought (1906), where he developed gunnery tactics. When Admiral May was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth, in the spring of 1911, Fisher followed as his flag commander, a post that allowed him to live at home with his new wife, cycling the four miles to work, for some nine months. Then he joined the new battlecruiser HMS Princess Royal (1911), fitting out at Vickers, Barrow-in-Furness, but, before she was commissioned, he had left her, being promoted, at the age of 37, to captain on 1 July 1912.

"W W", as he was known, joined the battleship HMS St Vincent (1908), wearing the flag of Rear-Admiral Somerset Gough-Calthorpe, on 10 December 1912. By 1916 she was a 'private ship' (flying no admiral's flag) and, for the early part of his service in World War I, he was still captain of the St Vincent and with her at the Battle of Jutland. He commanded that battleship for three years and five months and became Director of the Anti-Submarine Division at the Admiralty in May 1917, where he stayed until January 1919, having overseen a host of new inventions to defeat the enemy submarine menace.

He was appointed captain of the battleship HMS Iron Duke (1912) on 2 January 1919, the ship soon to join the Mediterranean Fleet. There, his initiative was put to good use in difficult diplomatic and political situations in Turkey, Egypt and the Black Sea. In August 1919, Iron Duke became the flagship of the new Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, Admiral Sir John de Robeck and he asked Fisher to be his Chief of Staff, in the rank of Commodore 2nd Class; he went with de Robeck in the same position to the Atlantic Fleet in 1922, first as Commodore 1st Class and then as rear-admiral.

He went on to be Rear-Admiral in the 1st Battle Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet in 1924 for a year and then spent ten months unemployed, on half pay, before taking over as Director of Naval Intelligence for eight months, during Rear-Admiral Alan Hotham's illness. He was appointed Fourth Sea Lord and Chief of Supplies and Transport in 1927 and promoted vice-admiral in January 1928. He was made Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff in 1928, overseeing a period of naval economy. He became commander of the 1st Battle Squadron and second in command of the Mediterranean Fleet, hoisting his flag in the battleship HMS Revenge (06), at Marseilles, in October 1930.

After a six-month respite in England, from April 1932, he was promoted to full admiral and became Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, hoisting his flag in the battleship HMS Resolution (09), on 31 October 1932. During more than a decade as a flag officer with the Mediterranean Fleet, he developed a great affection for Malta, and his love for the children of the village of Mġarr is marked by the name of Fisher Road. He handed over command at the end of March 1936 and went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth, hoisting his flag in HMS Victory on 7 July 1936. After the Coronation Naval Review and the King's Birthday Review, on Southsea Common, he died in office, while on leave in the country, after just under a year in post, in late June 1937.

Family
Fisher married Cecilia Warre-Cornish (1 May 1886 – 30 January 1965), daughter of Francis Warre-Cornish, on 21 December 1907. Their daughter Cecilia Rosamund Fisher (22 November 1909 – 1991) married Captain Richard Coleridge, 4th Baron Coleridge (1905–1984), of the Royal Navy on 28 August 1936; they had issue, two sons, including the present peer. Another daughter, Horatia Mary Fisher, married Group Captain Geoffrey Mungo Buxton (1906–1979), a grandson maternally of the 3rd Earl of Verulam, and had three surviving daughters.

Fisher was the brother of H. A. L. Fisher, Edmund Fisher, Charles Fisher, Florence Henrietta Darwin and Adeline Vaughan Williams. His sister Cordelia Fisher married the author, critic and journalist Richard Curle and was the mother of the academic Adam Curle.

He was related to the Stephen family, and in 1910 his then command HMS Dreadnought (1906) was targeted in the Dreadnought hoax by Adrian Stephen, his sister Virginia Stephen (later Virginia Woolf) and others.

title: William Wordsworth Fisher


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File:Partit Comunista del País Valencià (1977 election sticker).jpg

PC País Valencia sticker

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:Wiggles (usurped)

Your access to Wikipedia has been blocked for 30 minutes pending investigation of your vandalism of articles Wales, Ramiro I of Aragon, Medical/Market Center Station and June 28, which have all been reverted. All your earler edits are being investigated. You will be listed on Vandalism in Progress and may be permanently barred if you persist in vandalising Wikipedia. Final warning. -- Arwel 12:09, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

OK, all your edits have been reviewed. You have never made a constructive edit to the Wikipedia, and vandalised the following articles on 21 September, some multiple times: John Mason, Berlin University of the Arts, Disk mirror, Bajoran, Army Men (game), List of breakfast cereals, User Talk:Fishal, and United States. This is your final notice that ANY further vandalism of any article on Wikipedia will result in your user being permanently banned -- this will include any other user which you attempt to use from the same IP address (don't think that your attempt to access Wikipedia 5 minutes after the block was imposed wasn't noticed!). -- Arwel 13:07, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Wiggles if you weren't intentionally vandalizing but were in fact just trying out the software, then we have a age where you can be free to experiment in peace.It's called the sandbox and you are welcome to play in it as much as you want.If you need any help or advice about contributing to wikipedia, don't hesistate to ask me on my talk page. Theresa Knott (taketh no rest) 13:11, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I see you have ben warned before. Stop vandalising or you will be blocked from editing. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 12:17, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

User blocked for vandalism. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 12:22, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Request for Usurpation
Hello, Wiggles. A request has been made at Changing username/Usurpations to usurp, or "take over", your username because you have not used it to edit, and another user would like to use it to edit. Changing username/Usurpations says that any unused username may be usurped if the user is given seven days notice to object and does not do so.

If you have an email set in your preferences, you should be getting an email from a bureaucrat or changing username clerk explaining how to consent or object to this process.

If you do not object to being renamed to a new username in order for another user to utilize the name you currently have, please log in and post a reply here saying so (you may also tell us what username you would like to be renamed to, or we will provide you with a generic one).

If you do nothing : the request will be filled after seven days, and your account will be moved to a generic username. You may request that it be moved to a new username of your choice at any time.

If you object to being renamed : please log in and make an edit to this page clearly stating that you object to usurpation.

Please note that even if your current username is usurped, you can still edit and your data will not be lost; your preferences, watchlist, and other user settings will be transferred to a new username.

Thank you for your time. Terrillja talk  05:57, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wiggles (usurped)


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Vännäs

Vännäs is a locality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. Vännäs is the seat of Vännäs Municipality and had 4,466 inhabitants in 2018.

The name of the village is known since 1535 (Wendenäs, ‘The place where a person walking down the western shoreline of the Vindel river must change her path’).

Vännäs is the hometown of the hardcore-band Refused. The Vännäs TV Tower, a 323 metres tall partially staffed broadcasting mast, is located in the vicinity of Vännäs.

Twinned municipalities
Vännäs Municipality is twinned with Cameri, Italy (since 2003), Hemnes, Norway and Storkyro, Finland.

Vännäsdagarna
Vännäsdagarna ("The Vännäs Days") is a three days long annual festival during the second weekend of July, which brings a mix of performers and street vendors to Vännäs every year. An estimated 58,000 visitors attend the festival each year, thus making Vännäsdagarna the biggest festival in Västerbotten County.

Railway
The Main Line Through Upper Norrland was built during the 19th century, and was for military reasons passing through Vännäs instead of Umeå, the largest urban center in Västerbotten. The railway made Vännäs an important rail junction, which facilitated the rapid growth of the locality. Today passenger trains depart regularly to Umeå and to Vindeln and Luleå further north.

Shops & Services
There are two supermarkets, ICA and Coop a Systembolaget as well as several cafes, pizzerias, two Thai restaurants and at least three hairdressers. Pingstkyrkan runs a good second hand store on the main street. Vännäs also has a district veterinarian with 24 hour coverage.

Schools
Liljaskolan, the locality's only upper secondary school caters for 1100 students, studying at eleven programmes. Students at Liljaskolan can choose to study, among other things, transportation and tourism.

Hammarskolan caters for some 250 pupils in year 7–9, whereas younger students attend Vegaskolan which caters for year 0-9.

Attractions
Vännäs is home to the motor museum where there are many vintage cars, motorbiikes, tractors and even some airplanes and helicopters. It is housed in an old air-hangar to the west of the town.

Vännäs badcamping has an outdoor waterpark that is open through the summer and has a water slide as well as a small cafe and a sauna.

Athletes

 * Daniel Tjärnqvist
 * Mathias Tjärnqvist

Musicians

 * Dennis Lyxzén

Media

 * Sverker Olofsson
 * Linda Olofsson

Authors

 * Pär Hansson

title: Vännäs


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Vindeln

Vindeln is a locality and the seat of Vindeln Municipality in Västerbotten County, Sweden with 2,333 inhabitants in 2010.

Climate
Vindeln has a subarctic climate that is mildened for its latitude by its proximity to the Gulf Stream airflow. Considering it being inland, winters are more severe than coastal areas such as Umeå and Holmön, but milder than areas at a higher elevation. Summers are short but often warm, with civil twilight lasting all night during a few weeks, contrasted by the vast winter darkness with very short days. Precipitation is moderate but due to the cold winter temperatures there is a sizeable snow cover every year.

title: Vindeln


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Vilhelmina

Vilhelmina (Vualtjere) is a locality and the seat of Vilhelmina Municipality in Västerbotten County, province of Lapland, Sweden with 3,657 inhabitants in 2010.

Climate
Vilhelmina has a subarctic climate that is less severe than typical for a far inland locality at this latitude, but still very cold by Swedish standards. Its higher altitude causes summers to be cooler than coastal areas like Skellefteå further east, whereas winters are somewhat tempered by maritime air from the greater Atlantic and the North Atlantic Current.

title: Vilhelmina


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Storuman

Storuman (Luspie, Ume Sami: Lusspie) is a locality and the seat of Storuman Municipality in Västerbotten County, province of Lapland, Sweden with 2,207 inhabitants in 2010. It is situated by the Ume River, at the southeastern end of Lake Storuman.

History
It is believed that the first Swedish people who came to the area, were from Vilhelmina to the south and settled here around 1741. The place became known as 'Luspen', derived from a local river of the same name. Until 1912, the population of the village was about 40 inhabitants living in eight farms, but that changed when a railway station was built (Inland Line) around 1924. The village quickly grew and became known as an important centre for hydroelectric power and the timber industry. It later became a popular tourist spot as well.

The heraldic shield (the weapon of the town) is a Wild man, based on the name of the village and the symbols of the strength and determination of the people of Lapland.

Notable people

 * Johanna Olofsson, professional ice hockey player for Luleå HF/MSSK
 * Ida Bjornstad, sports journalist and wife of Mattias Ekholm, hockey player for the Edmonton Oilers of the NHL.

title: Storuman


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Sorsele

Sorsele (Suarsa; Ume Sami: Suorssá) is a locality and the seat of Sorsele Municipality in Västerbotten County, province of Lapland, Sweden with 1,277 inhabitants in 2010. Sorsele is also the nearest town to the ski resort Nalovardo. It is known for containing a portion of the Vindelfjällen Nature Reserve, one of the largest nature reserves in Sweden.

Mercedes-Benz operate winter driving events on a series of Hermann Tilke-designed snow/ice courses in the area.

Twin towns

 * 🇫🇮 Kyyjärvi, Finland

title: Sorsele


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Robertsfors

Robertsfors is a locality and the seat of Robertsfors Municipality in Västerbotten County, Sweden with 2,004 inhabitants in 2010.

Robertsfors is named after the Scotsman Robert Finlay, who, together with John Jennings, founded an ironworks there in 1751.

Well known people from Robertsfors

 * Maria Andersson, musician, member of Sahara Hotnights
 * Josephine Forsman, musician, member of Sahara Hotnights and Casablanca
 * Jennie Asplund, musician, member of Sahara Hotnights
 * Johanna Asplund, musician, member of Sahara Hotnights
 * Frida Hyvönen, musician
 * Jennifer Granholm, second-generation descendant of Swedish Canadian emigrants from Robertsfors, where her great-grandfather was mayor

title: Robertsfors


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Bjurholm

Bjurholm is a locality and seat of Bjurholm Municipality in Västerbotten County, Sweden with 968 inhabitants in 2010. It is the second smallest municipal seat in Sweden (Österbymo is smaller) and the seat of the second to least populated municipality in the country. A tourist attraction in the region is Älgens Hus (The Elk house). There is a tame elk and education about elks.

There had been an earlier simple wooden church built at the start of the nineteenth century. The existing church is higher than the main town and it dates from 1932 when the second church, that had been built in 1875, burnt down. The existing church includes a chandelier from the older church and its more recent bells included some alloy from the bells lost to the fire.

title: Bjurholm


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Dorotea

Dorotea (Kraapohke) is a locality and the seat of Dorotea Municipality in Västerbotten County, province of Lapland, Sweden, with 1,543 inhabitants in 2010. European route E45 and the Inland Line both pass through Dorotea.

History
Dorotea has been populated since 1713, when the first settler Jon Erson Kervalainen and his wife moved to a Sami camp later known as Svanavatten ("Swan water"). This village expanded to 41 houses by the end of the century, and the residents were anxious to build a chapel. The seat was chosen to be Bergvattnet.

On May 21, 1799, the village of Bergvattnet was renamed Dorotea, in honour of Queen Frederica Dorothea Wilhelmina of Sweden.

The church burnt down in 1932 and a new church was inaugurated in 1934. Designed by Evert Milles, it houses some notable objects, such as a sculpture by his brother the famous Carl Milles.

authors: Колдонуучунун ысымы

title: Dorotea


text:
User talk:Bytyqis

Please be careful not to break links. If you just change a link from e.g. Pec ( Pec ) to Pejë ( Pejë ), it will no longer work. Try Pejë ( Pejë ) instead. Also, especially on pages related to Kosovo and Albania, please read the discussion pages before making any changes, as there is often a delicate compromise between the different groups editing the article -- Chris 73 Talk 12:13, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bytyqis


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Barbell

A barbell is a piece of exercise equipment used in weight training, bodybuilding, weightlifting, powerlifting and strongman, consisting of a long bar, usually with weights attached at each end.

Barbells range in length from 4 ft to above 8 ft, although bars longer than 2.2 m are used primarily by powerlifters and are not commonplace. The central portion of the bar varies in diameter from 25 millimetres (0.98 in) to 50 millimetres (1.96 in) (e.g., Apollon's Axle), and is often engraved with a knurled crosshatch pattern to help lifters maintain a solid grip. Weight plates slide onto the outer portions of the bar to increase or decrease the desired total weight. Collars are used to prevent plates from moving outward unevenly so that the lifter does not experience uneven force.

The barbell is the longer version of the dumbbell that is used for free weight training and competitive sports, such as powerlifting, Olympic weight lifting, and CrossFit. Many exercises can be done using the barbell, such as bicep curl, bench press, Olympic weightlifting, overhead press, deadlift, and squat. Olympic barbells are usually an estimated weight of 20 kg. Many fitness categories use the barbell for different reasons. For example, powerlifters use the barbell to perform compound exercise movements.

Men's bar

A men's Olympic bar is a metal bar that is 2.2 m long and weighs 20 kg. The outer ends are 1.96 in in diameter, while the grip section is 28 mm in diameter, and 1.31 m in length. The bars have grip marks spaced 910 mm apart to allow intuitive grip width measurement. It is the standard used in competitive weightlifting where men and women compete at the highest level: the Commonwealth Games, Pan-American Games, World Championships, and the Olympics. Bars of this kind must have suitable "whip" (ability to store elastic energy) and sleeves which rotate smoothly, as well as the capacity to withstand dropped lifts from overhead.

Women's bar
A women's Olympic bar is similar to the men's bar, but is shorter and lighter—2.01 m, and 15 kg—with a smaller grip section diameter (25 mm). Also in contrast to the men's bar, the women's bar does not sport a center knurl.

Bumper plates
Weight plates used in Olympic lifting, which are often termed "bumper" plates, are coated in solid rubber to make them safer to drop from above head height. General strength training or powerlifting plates are made from cast iron and are considerably cheaper.

Currently, the following colour code is required by International Weightlifting Federation:

50 kg green bumper plates were only officially approved for use by IWF from 1976 to 1980, Montreal being the only Olympic venue where they were deployed.

Presently, Olympic plates of 10 kg or more are 450 mm in diameter. 450 mm versions also exist of the lighter 5 kg and 2.5 kg plates to accommodate the proper starting position for beginner athletes. These can be aluminium or plastic and may have rubber edges.

Powerlifting
As a general rule, powerlifting requires use of stiffer bars to better accommodate the heavier weights being used in the sport. The deadlift barbell is usually the longest, thinnest and the most flexible, thus allowing more weight to be lifted. Powerlifting barbells use simpler, more robust bushings because they do not need to rotate as fast as Olympic weightlifting barbells. Sometimes the sleeves of powerlifting bars are also extended. Additionally, powerlifting bars have their grip marks spaced closer, at 810 mm. This closer spacing is used to check legal grip width in the bench press. Powerlifting utilizes the same bar for both male and female competitors.

The International Powerlifting Federation requires using strictly the same kind of bar on all lifts, being between 28 mm and 29 mm in diameter, not more than 2.2 m in overall length, and between 1.31 m and 1.32 m between the inner faces of the collars. Another visual difference from typical Olympic bar or International Paralympic Committee approved one is that the IPF bar's knurling shall not be covered by chrome. Stating that bar should weigh 25 kg with collars on, effectively permits use of 20 kg bars only, because same as IWF, IPF requires collars to weigh 2.5 kg each.

The total weight of the barbell varies based on the type and number of plates loaded onto the ends of the bar and the lift being performed, and easily can be 540 kg or more with a squat dedicated bar (which itself can weigh up to 65 lb and have up to 35 mm grip section diameter).

Additionally, differently coloured plates are or were used outside of IWF sanctioned competition, most prominently in powerlifting.

These include:

Powerlifting plates in contrast to Olympic lifting ones are usually thinner (to accommodate more plates on bar) and as they are not meant to be dropped, do not need to utilize additional coating.

100 lb plates are fairly rare, typically only used in some of the powerlifting federations still using plate sets scaled in pounds, such as IPA, SPF and their affiliates.

Black 50 kg polyurethane coated plates were introduced by Eleiko in International Paralympic Committee sanctioned London 2012 Paralympic Games. Apart from them and 0.25 kg record discs, IPC approved set uses the same plates as the IWF one.

Technically, 10 kg and smaller plates can be of any colour in IPF approved sets, although only colours listed above were used for them by few certified manufacturers.

Non-competition equipment
Most "Olympic" bars one can see in commercial gyms, although superficially similar to real Olympic bars to the untrained eye, do not share International Weightlifting Federation or powerlifting essential characteristics. They are known as multi-purpose or hybrid barbells that typically share features of both Weightlifting and Powerlifting barbells. For example, they have a shaft diameter of 28.5 mm which is between Weightlifting and Powerlifting bars. Further, they have dual knurl markings and typically have bushings or a combination of bearings and bushings to provide enough spin for the Olympic lifts while maintaining performance during heavy strength training exercises.

Weight plates used outside of competition need not conform to IWF or powerlifting specifications, and can be of any colour. Kraiburg bumper plates are rated in pounds, and one notch lighter than expected, regarding their traditional place in colour code: red plates are 45 lb, blue ones 35 lb, etc.

Collars
Standard collars can be of any material, usually metal, and they can weigh up to 2.5 kg each for both men and women.

Typical Olympic bar with a pair of collars, the plates not counted, can weigh as much as 25 kg for men and 20 kg for women depending on the collars.

Pads
Barbell pads, also known as squat pads, are sometimes fitted to barbells for comfort and safety reasons. This may be for high bar squats where the bar can exert direct pressure on the spine due to incorrect positioning or the person having insufficient trapezius muscle to form a cushioning layer. Critics, however, argue that the depth of the pad means the bar is held in a less stable position which actually increases the overall pressure on the neck. Hip thrust exercises, where the bar rests across the front of the pelvis, standardly use a barbell pad.

Berg Prototype "Olympic" revolving Barbell
This barbell was produced by the company Berg in 1910, but designed by Veltum. This was a major turning point in Olympic lifting as the barbell was able to revolve easily during the lift. After the Olympic games in 1928 Amsterdam, the barbells began to become popularized and many companies started to copy the barbell. The Berg barbell and copies of it were spread through many gyms around the world mainly from the 1960s to the 1970s because of the rise of the new barbell.

"Standard" or "One Inch" Barbells
"Standard" or more commonly "One Inch" or "1 inch" barbells are characterised by a bar that is very approximately one inch (25.4mm) in diameter along the whole of its length, with a commensurate sized centre hole in the weight plate.

Despite the "Standard" name they come in a wide range of sizes that can have little in common with one another, and usually range from 25mm (0.98in) to 29mm (1.14 in) in diameter in varying lengths and other dimensions. In contrast with the rotating sleeves and uniform sizes of Olympic bars, which mount plates with a fixed size centre hole; the ends of standard bars do not rotate, and commonly mount plates with centre hole diameters of 27 millimetre (1.06 in) through to 31 millimetre (1.14 in). This variation may prove very problematic if plates are mixed and matched, as plates with smaller holes may not fit the larger diameter "standard" bars. Gauging this by eye is very difficult, so taking the bar (or a micrometer gauge) to check that new plates will fit an existing bar is essential. Alternatively a larger hole plate may rattle or spin on the smaller diameter "standard" bars unless very securely collared. Small circular spring clamp collars are most often used to secure the weights though more permanent fixings are available. Other variations include spinlock end bars with screw on nut collars and many others.

The thickness of the grip section is most commonly 1+1/16 in in the United States or 28 mm in Europe, but can be thicker or thinner, depending on quality. Neither bar weight nor length is standardized like men's or women's Olympic bars, and can range from 1.22 m to 2.16 m. They are rarely rated for more than 500 kg of loading. The bar itself can weigh anything from 4kg to 10kg

The main advantages of "Standard" or "One Inch" barbells and weight plates are that they are often easier to store and take up less room; the bars may come apart into two or three sections, weigh less, may also be convertible to dumbbells, and are usually much less expensive than Olympic weights for those on a budget. Weight plates come in cast iron, or coated cast iron, tri grip, or far thicker and cheaper vinyl filled with concrete.

Dumbbells
Dumbbells are the equivalent of one-handed barbells, with a gripping surface approximately 16 cm and a total length that rarely exceeds 50 cm. Adjustable dumbbells are the most prominent use of "standard" weight plates (those having a 27 mm to 31 mm center hole). Some dumbbell sets come with an attaching bar to convert the pair to a single barbell.

EZ curl bars

Originally known as a Dymeck curling bar after its inventor Lewis G. Dymeck, the EZ ("easy") curl bar is a variant of the barbell that is often used for biceps curls, upright rows, and lying triceps extensions. The curved profile of the bar in the grip region allows the user's wrists and forearms to take a more neutral, less supinated position. This reduces the risk of repetitive stress injury in these exercises. However, when performing the biceps curl, using an EZ curl bar prevents full contraction of the biceps, which can only occur with the wrist fully supinated, and thus may prove a less effective exercise.

Fixed Barbells
Primarily found in gyms, these are usually fairly short bars with weights already attached and welded to the bar, and in some cases, a covering of plastic/rubber around the plates. A typical gym might carry a range of fixed barbells from 5 kilos (11 lb) to around 50 kilos (110 lb). They are handy as they take less space than full-length bars and are useful for many exercises where less weight is required. They can also provide an easier starting point for beginners before moving on to using the full olympic bars. In addition, they provide for speedy transitions between various weights if one is doing multiple weights in quick succession.

Thick-handled Barbells
These specialty items are designed to challenge the grip. They're used in strongman competitions for the deadlift and overhead presses, such as Apollon's Axle. Recently, even such exotic diameters as 3 in have appeared. They are made in China, and can weigh up to 135 lb.

Triceps bars
Similar in function to an EZ curl bar, the triceps bar consists of two parallel handles mounted in a cage. It is used to perform triceps extensions and hammer curls.

Trap bar/hex bars
A hexagon-shaped bar in the middle of which the user stands and grasps the bar, via side handles, with a neutral grip. The use of trap bars places the center of gravity closer to the lifter. Trap bars are used primarily for performing deadlifts and shrugs.

Safety squat bars
A bar with a camber in the middle, two handles and padding. The safety squat bar may help to avoid causing or aggravating injury while squatting.

Swiss Barbells
The Swiss Barbell or the Multipoint Bar offers multiple hand positions for the user, to offer close grip, overhand and underhand rows or chest exercises; as well as being utilised for bicep and tricep exercises. These barbells vary in weight, with the Mirafit Swiss Barbell weighing 20kg.

title: Barbell


text:
101 Zen Stories

101 Zen Stories is a 1919 compilation of Zen koans including 19th and early 20th century anecdotes compiled by Nyogen Senzaki, and a translation of Shasekishū, written in the 13th century by Japanese Zen master Mujū (無住) (literally, "non-dweller"). The book was reprinted by Paul Reps as part of Zen Flesh, Zen Bones. Well-known koans in the collection include A Cup of Tea (1), The Sound of One Hand (21), No Water, No Moon (29), and Everything is Best (31).

title: 101 Zen Stories


text:
Category:Military of British India

Indian Military of the British East India Company and the British Raj which ended in 1947.

title: Category:Military of British India


text: Category:Zen koan collections

title: Category:Zen koan collections


text: File:PCElogo.PNG

title: File:PCElogo.PNG


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Fredrika, Sweden

Fredrika is a locality situated in Åsele Municipality, Västerbotten County, Sweden with 215 inhabitants in 2010.

Buddharama Temple
In 2004 it was decided that a Buddhist temple was to be built near Fredrika. As of 2011 the construction is still ongoing.

title: Fredrika, Sweden


text:
User:Ancem~enwiki

Hi, I'm Matteo, and I'm admin on it.wiki. You can talk with my on my it talk page

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Talk:Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Credits
User:Uppland has contributed to this article by spotting the duplicate University of Thessaloniki, and by editing the Coimbra Group template. -- Etz Haim 12:28, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Alas, due to an error by the admin who rearranged the pages to the requested formation, part of the edit history was lost, along with credit for individual edits. I don't think there are any individuals who aren't listed, though. Noel 02:02, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Motto
My Ancient Greek is getting really rusty. It seems to be a continuous imperative with dative, so I translated it as "sacrifice with the grace of the Muses." Please correct me if I'm wrong.--Jpbrenna 19:52, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

That's right. "Sacrifice with the grace of the Muses". It is writen on the upper front side of the neo-classical building of the AUTH School of Philosophy, the oldest school of the entire institution.-- User:Patreus 22:52, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

I think that this is not the motto for the whole University. It's the Philosophical's Faculty motto. For example the Electrical Engineering Department (Politechnic Scool) has this motto: "ΠΑ ΒΩ ΚΑΙ ΚΙΝΩ ΤΑΝ ΓΑΝ", which is a phrase of Archimedes and means "Give me a place to stand and I will move the Earth"--Chggr 10:30, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Graduates
Maybe there should also be a section of noteworthy grads. 68.237.66.139 22:53, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

I added in the past some information about noted alumni and I hope this answers your request. If you have any further comments and suggestions, please state them here. Again, thanks for your feedback.--Chggr (talk) 10:28, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

Language of Instruction
This should be included somewhere in the article. I looked over the whole thing and I can't for the life of me figure out if the primary language of instruction is English, Greek, or something else. Chris902 (talk) 03:04, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Thank you Chris902 for the feedback. I have added this information in the introductory section. If you have any more comments and suggestions, I would be happy to hear them. --Chggr (talk) 10:26, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

Built Over Jewish Cemetery?
I have read that the campus was built over the city's former Jewish cemetery. Is this true? How was the land obtained? Is Ladino, the city's primary language until the Holocaust, taught at the university? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.111.71.197 (talk) 09:23, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

The whole history about the Jewish Community in Thessaloniki, the occupation of the city by German forces in WWII and what happened to the Jews and the cemetery is well documented in the following articles: Thessaloniki, History of Thessaloniki, History of the Jews of Thessaloniki, History of the Jews in Greece, Axis occupation of Greece during World War II, Military history of Greece during World War II and Battle of Greece. Therefore I refer you to these articles in order to find the answers to your questions. I believe that this subject has been covered extensively and there is no need to write a new section about it in this article. Finally, the Ladino language is not spoken any more in Thessaloniki or any other part of Greece and thus, as far as I know, it is not taught at the Aristotle University. --Chggr (talk) 12:38, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Spoken like a true Greek nationalist. There is always a reason to avoid anything difficult or contrary to the nationalist narrative. If American universities can teach anciet Greek and Latin, the SALONIKA university can have a chair in Ladino. The land on which the university sits is a stolen, desecrated cemetary. The headstones were used for masonry. The bones were never reburied, just dumped. It's the least the children of the thieves can do.68.111.71.197 (talk) 06:03, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

The university is build over a Jewish cemetery, it's relevant information. Students should learn on what ground their school is build on, how it was obtained, and why it was never returned. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Raviv.zvi (talk • contribs) 01:44, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

I am Greek and I agree with this. It's absolutely essential for Greek people to be aware of the multi-ethnic multi-national history of the land they are living on. The fact that there is not even public recognition that the university is built on top of where the Jewish Cemetery used to be is absolutely a crime. 74.73.28.56 (talk) 21:13, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

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Madras Crocodile Bank Trust

The Madras Crocodile Bank Trust and Centre for Herpetology (MCBT) is a reptile zoo and herpetology research station, located 40 km south of the city of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The centre is both a registered trust and a recognized zoo under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 and comes under the purview of the Central Zoo Authority, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. The establishment is located on a 8.5 acre site covered by coastal sand forests, along the coast of Bay of Bengal.

The MCBT was established in 1976 with the primary aim of conservation of three Indian species of crocodiles — mugger crocodile, saltwater crocodile and gharial. It was expanded as a centre for herpetology and research of other reptile species in 2003. The centre has bred over 5000 crocodiles since its inception and is one of the largest reptile zoos in the world. As of 2024, the park had 15 species of crocodiles including three critically endangered species and 33 other reptilian species. The park recorded about 4.2 lakh annual visitors from April 2018 to March 2019.

The trust also runs three field stations at South Andaman, Agumbe in Karnataka, and the Chambal valley in Uttar Pradesh as well as a snake venom extraction centre. It is also involved in various research, conservation and educational projects.

History
Towards the end of the 19th century, hunting of crocodiles for their skin began and by the 1960s, wild populations of the crocodiles were reducing. Amongst the three Indian species, the mugger (Crocodylus palustris) had disappeared from most of its range, the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) was critically endangered and saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) numbers were threatened. The crocodile species were protected under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 by the Government of India. The Crocodile Conservation Project was launched by the Indian government in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1975, for the protection and captive breeding of crocodiles. The Madras Crocodile Bank was conceived in 1973 and it was established on 26 August 1976 by herpetologist Romulus Whitaker with his wife Zai Whitaker and others. The bank was started for the protection and breeding of Indian crocodile species.

The Crocodile Bank later developed a captive breeding program for freshwater turtles and tortoises. In the 1980s, the bank was established on the Moyar River to study the mugger crocodiles. In 1990, the Andaman and Nicobar Environmental Team (ANET) was set-up as a division of the bank with a station established on a 5 acre stretch of land in Wandoor, on the southern tip of South Andaman in 1993. The newsletter Hamadryad being published by the trust since 1976 was converted into a full scientific journal in 1991. In 2003, the bank was renamed the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust and Center for Herpetology and additional exhibits of other reptiles were added. The trust is also involved in research on snake venom and in 2005, the Agumbe Rainforest Research Station was established in Agumbe in Karnataka for the study of King Cobra and other diverse animals and ecosystems of the Western Ghats. In 2005, Rom Whitaker was given a Whitley Award and used the money to assist in setting up the Agumbe station.

In 2011, the Crocodile Bank announced plans for the construction of a new frontage and satellite facility, followed by the redesign and construction of the display area including new enclosures with glass facades, walkways and interactive features. As per the new plan, estimated at inr 100000000, the park would be divided into four areas corresponding to various geographies with thematic landscaping, interactive displays and signage. The plan included a separate gharial exhibit, entry plaza with a café, parking areas and an interpretation centre that houses small crocodiles, snakes, turtles and lizards on the upper level and underwater viewing of the largest saltwater crocodile exhibit in the park, on the lower level. In 2018, Whitaker was presented with Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award by the Government of India. In 2020, the trust faced financial problems due to COVID-19 pandemic induced lockdown. The trust raised funds through crowd funding to mitigate the situation and for further planned developments.

Organisation

The Madras Crocodile Bank Trust was established in 1976 which runs a reptile zoo and herpetology research station. The centre is both a registered trust and a recognized zoo under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 and comes under the purview of the Central Zoo Authority, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. The Crocodile Bank is situated on a 8.5 acre stretch of land, located about 40 km south of Chennai on the East Coast Road at Vadanemmeli near Thiruvidandhai, along the Bay of Bengal.

The bank runs three field bases namely Andaman and Nicobar Environmental Team at South Andaman, Agumbe Rainforest Research Station at Agumbe and Gharial Ecology Project in Chambal valley. The trust is affiliated with more than 47 institutions including The World Conservation Union (IUCN), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Marine Conservation Society and Smithsonian Institution. The trust manages a snake venom extraction center, operated by the Irula tribes.

Animal research and education

The trust engages in research projects on reptiles and other educational programmes. The bank has served as a regional source of status information for the World Conservation Monitoring Centre and has hosted numerous international meetings of the IUCN Specialist Groups dealing with reptiles. The trust publishes a biannual herpetology journal called Hamadryad and is home to the largest library of herpetological literature in India. Research in the field of herpetology within the bank has resulted in over 600 scientific publications, books, reports, newspaper and magazine articles and films.

The centre has hosted numerous local and international scientists and research specialists. In the early 1980s, Edward Moll of Eastern Illinois University did a study on turtles in India based out of the bank. The bank's research biologists have since studied freshwater turtles in the Chambal River in Uttar Pradesh on a WWF grant with many species kept in the park as part of the centre's ongoing research program. The bank collaborated with J.W. Lang from University of North Dakota, to initiate a project for the study mugger crocodiles. The project was done in association with Romulus Whitaker and Harry Andrews and focused on reptile reproduction, egg incubation, and temperature-dependent sex determination. In the 1990s, studies on breeding biology and growth of lizards was conducted.

In 2001, the Crocodile Bank was awarded the Ford Conservation and Environmental Grant for project "Integrated Environment Education", a multi-lingual programme on reptile preservation to create environmental awareness. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environmental Team is focused on research and conservation of the bio-diversity in Andaman and Nicobar islands. The park conducts research into snake venom and mitigation of its effects in humans. The Agumbe research centre aids in study of venomous snakes and other organisms in the Western Ghats. The park conducts regular educational and outreach programmes. The bank serves as a consultant on reptile management and conservation issues to multiple organisations and countries. The bank also runs an animal-adoption programme under which patrons can sponsor an animal housed at the center.

The Crocodile Bank has a veterinary care section which works with the maintenance staff to monitor the health and maintenance of the animals. Examination and treatment for various pathological and parasitical examinations are carried out on the animals. Unique identification numbers are assigned to individual animals with maintenance of health and medical records. The trust also engages in training of veterinarians to help equip other research and conservation projects.

Captive breeding

The trust was established for breeding crocodiles, has bred over 5000 crocodiles and is the largest breeding centre in India. The park is one of the centres for breeding the critically endangered gharials and has been successfully breeding the species since 1989. The park breeds other two species of crocodiles from India, mugger and salt-water crocodiles from 1983. It has also been breeding other exotic crocodile species such as Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) and Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis). In 2010, the bank also bred the rare false gharial, a species listed as endangered on the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The trust has been involved in re-introducing crocodiles to the wild and various zoo exchange programmes. The government stopped the release of captive bred crocodiles into the wild in 1994, which led to the number of crocodiles increasing at the park. As no methods have been evolved to sterilize the crocodiles, the increasing numbers resulted in nearly one thousand animals being relocated to Gujarat in 2022.

The bank also breeds turtles, snakes and other reptiles. It is a coordinating zoo of the Central Zoo Authority of India for the breeding programmes for endangered species, including rock python, king cobra and Ganges softshell turtle, as per the National Zoo Policy adopted by the Government of India in 1988. It has been breeding cane turtle (Vijayachelys silvatica) and Travancore tortoise (Indotestudo travancorica) since the 1980s. In May 2004, the bank successfully bred one of the world's most critically endangered turtles, the red-crowned roofed turtle (Batagur kachuga), for the first time ever in captivity. Some of the turtles were sent to Uttar Pradesh to be introduced into the wild. The trust has been involved in engaging local community and education for the conservation of olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea). The Crocodile Bank is a nodal point for captive breeding of endangered pythons in the country, especially the Indian rock python (Python molurus) and reticulated python (Python reticulatus).

The park is home to the few approved snake venom extraction centres in India, the Irula Snake Catchers' Industrial Cooperative Society, which also conducts venom extraction shows for the public at its snake farm. The cooperative society was officially registered on 19 December 1978, and venom extraction was started on 16 December 1982. Started with 26 members, the membership of the society rose to 350 by 2001. As of 2022, it is the largest venom-producing center in India, contributing to 80% of the venom extracted.

Exhibition
The bank hosts one of the largest reptilian zoos in the world. As of 2024, the park had 15 species of crocodiles including three critically endangered species and 33 other reptilian species. The park is divided into four areas corresponding to various geographies namely, Asia, Americas, Amazon and Africa, with thematic landscaping and signage. Apart from the crocodiles, there are various snakes including pythons, anacondas and boas, turtles and tortoises including Aldabra giant tortoises, lizards and piranhas. Four Komodo dragons have been acquired from Bronx Zoo in New York. The bank also functions as a natural shelter for a variety of birds, enabling bird-watching. The bank also operates a night safari on weekends.

Reptile stock at the Crocodile Bank as on 1 April 2011 is as follows:
 * Breakdown of exhibited species

Financials and patronage
As of 2021-22, the trust declared revenues of inr 4.22 against an expenditure of inr 5.26. The trust gets about one-third of revenues from ticketing at the zoo with other income coming through research grants (23%), donations (12%), educational programmes (11%) among others. The trust spends 30% of the expenditure on wages followed by 23% for research. Other major costs include interest on capital and reptile feeding. The park recorded about 4.2 lakh annual visitors from April 2018 to March 2019. Post opening of the park after the Covid-induced lockdown, about 1.5 lakh visitors were recorded from September 2021 to March 2022 with an average monthly footfall of 21,400.

title: Madras Crocodile Bank Trust


text: User talk:195.221.86.65

title: User talk:195.221.86.65


text:
Linares, Chile

Linares is a Chilean city and commune located in the Maule Region and lies in the fertile Chilean Central Valley, 303 km south of Santiago and 50 km south of Talca, the regional capital. Linares is the capital city of the province of Linares.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Linares spans an area of 1456.7 sqkm and has 83,249 inhabitants (40,518 men and 42,731 women). Of these, 68,224 (82%) lived in urban areas and 15,025 (18%) in rural areas. The population grew by 7.7% (5,933 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

Geography
The municipality covers an area of 1466 sqkm and the city proper, 16 sqkm. The rivers Ancoa, Putagán and Achibueno are the main rivers that pass through the municipality or form its natural borders.

Most of the territory of the municipality is located within the central plain or "depresión intermedia" (Valle Central de Chile). Some low altitude hills are located in the westernmost part of the municipality, while its easternmost part is marked by the presence of the foothills of the Andes mountains. The municipality of Linares is bordered on the west by San Javier; on the north by Villa Alegre, Yerbas Buenas and Colbún; on the east, by Colbún, and on the south, by Longaví. The municipality of Colbún occupies the easternmost strip of the province, where some of the highest provincial peaks are located, as are the sources of several of the main rivers.

The city of Linares contains a large urban wetland known as Ayüwün, of which 1.1 hectares are protected under the Urban Wetlands Law.

Climate
Linares has a mild mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csb). The summers are hot and mainly dry (November to March) with temperatures reaching up to 32 -33 degrees Celsius on the hottest days. The winters (late May to mid September) tend to be rather humid and rainy, with typical maximum daily temperatures of 14-15 degrees Celsius, and minimum just above freezing.

History and current status
Linares was founded on May 23, 1794, as the "Villa de San Ambrosio de Linares" by Ambrosio O'Higgins, the then Viceroy of Peru and Bernardo O'Higgins's father. The city counts among its natives important statesmen, politicians, poets, writers, and musicians and is an active commercial, agricultural, industrial, and service center.

The city of Linares houses the artillery school of the Chilean Army.

From 1913 to 1954 Linares had a station on the narrow gauge Putagán—Colbún railway line between Linares and Colbún.

Religion
According to the 2002 census of the municipality of Linares, 75.41% (or 45,987 persons) of the total population aged 15 and older identified themselves as Roman Catholic; 15.74% described themselves as evangelical Protestants; and 0.61% as Jehovah's Witnesses. Additionally, 2.00% of the total population aged 15 and older identified themselves as Mormons, approximately 2.59% declared themselves followers of other religions, and 4.95% of the population declared themselves atheist or agnostic.

Linares is a see of a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church, with nine active parishes and many chapels in the comuna. There are also many churches that serve the various Protestant denominations and places of worship for Jehovah's Witnesses or Mormons.

Main sights
The city and its surroundings have many attractions, for example:

 * The Cathedral Church of San Ambrosio de Linares. This is one of the finest religious buildings built in Chile in the 20th century. It was conceived after the Basilica of Saint Ambrose, in Milan, a noble building in the Romanesque style. The Cathedral of Linares was built after the old cathedral had been destroyed by an earthquake. Mgr. Juan Subercaseaux Errázuriz, a visionary churchman and second bishop of the Diocese of Linares, was the bright mind that conceived the new Cathedral and gave beginning to its works.
 * The parish church, Corazón de María — a church declared a National Monument for its Gothic style and beauty
 * The "Museo de Arte y Artesanía" (Museum of Arts and Crafts)
 * Some old houses of colonial style
 * A main library

Some natural attractions in the surrounding area include the piedmont of the Andes mountains, with forests of pines and other trees; lakes (the artificial Colbún lake); rivers, and good camping and hiking areas.

Other cities and towns in the province include: Colbún, Panimávida, Longaví, Parral, Retiro, San Javier, Villa Alegre and Yerbas Buenas.

Administration
As a commune, Linares is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2021-2025 alcalde is Mario Meza.

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Linares is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Jorge Tarud (PPD) and Romilio Gutiérrez (UDI) as part of the 39th electoral district, together with Colbún, San Javier, Villa Alegre and Yerbas Buenas. The commune is represented in the Senate by Hernán Larraín (UDI) and Ximena Rincón González (PDC) as part of the 11th senatorial constituency (Maule-South).

Corruption under investigation
In August 2021 the Brigade against Economic Crime PDI in investigating embezzlement and fraud.

In August 2021 the Comptroller General of the Republic indicated disproportional costs for over CLP$73million, currently under investigation for chlorine and rapid antigen test during the Covid pandemic.

Economy
Linares is an important agricultural, industrial and financial center of the region.

Notable natives and residents of Linares (city and province)

 * Juan Ignacio Molina (Abate Molina), a Chilean priest and naturalist, born in Guaraculén, a farm located in Villa Alegre comuna.
 * Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, Army General and twice the president of Chile;
 * Arturo Alessandri Palma, politician, statesman and twice the president of Chile
 * Valentin Letelier, educator, writer and politician
 * Pedro Dartnell, General, Army commander-in-chief and politician
 * Manuel Miquel Rodríguez, politician
 * José Manuel Sánchez, cofounder of Poliglota

Artists and intellectuals

 * Pablo Neruda, poet and Nobel Prize winner, born in Parral, Linares Province
 * Margot Loyola Palacios, folk musician and researcher
 * Edilberto Domarchi Villagra, poet
 * Samuel Maldonado Silva, poet, novelist and Journalist
 * Pedro Olmos, painter
 * Manuel Francisco Mesa Seco, poet and writer
 * Eduardo Anguita, writer
 * Rubén Campos Aragón, poet
 * Max Jara, poet
 * Jerónimo Lagos Lisboa, poet
 * Gustavo González Rodríguez, journalist and university professor
 * Juan Enrique Coeymans Avaria, civil engineer, PhD and university professor.
 * Manuel Astica Fuentes, writer
 * Faruk Jose Nome Aguilera - professor of organic chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brasil.
 * Humberto Pinochet, painter now living in Canada
 * Juan Cristobal Pinochet, painter now living in Canada

Sports

 * Ismael Fuentes, footballer
 * Juan Luis Mora, footballer
 * Sebastián Silva (basketball)

title: Linares, Chile


text:
Robert Root-Bernstein

Robert Root-Bernstein (born August 7, 1953) (PhD, Princeton University) is a professor of physiology at Michigan State University. In 1981, he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship, commonly known as a "genius grant."

He has also researched and consulted on creativity for more than fifteen years. Among other books, he has authored Sparks of Genius: The Thirteen Thinking Tools of the World's Most Creative People, Discovering: Inventing and Solving Problems at the Frontiers of Scientific Knowledge, and Rethinking AIDS: The Tragic Cost of Premature Consensus. In Rethinking AIDS, Root-Bernstein postulated that factors in addition to HIV may contribute to AIDS. Root-Bernstein is a former member of the Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV-AIDS Hypothesis, a group of AIDS denialists.

Root-Bernstein asserts that HIV, while involved in the development of AIDS, may be no more important than an accumulation of co-factors such as a history of poor nutrition, lack of hygiene, intravenous drug use, anal intercourse, as well as various infections and lifestyle diseases. In its April 2004 issue, POZ published a quote it attributed to Root-Bernstein: "Both the camp that says HIV is a pussycat and the people who claim AIDS is all HIV are wrong . . . The denialists make claims that are clearly inconsistent with existing studies. When I check the existing studies, I don’t agree with the interpretation of the data, or, worse, I can’t find the studies [at all]."

Books authored

 * Discovering: Inventing and Solving Problems at the Frontiers of Science, Harvard University Press, 1989.
 * Rethinking AIDS: The Tragic Cost of Premature Consensus, Free Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-02-926905-3
 * (with Michèle Root-Bernstein) Honey, Mud, Maggots and Other Medical Marvels, Houghton Mifflin, 1997.
 * (with Michèle Root-Bernstein) Sparks of Genius: The Thirteen Thinking Tools of the World's Most Creative People, Houghton Mifflin, 1999.

title: Robert Root-Bernstein


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Mojave Aerospace Ventures

Mojave Aerospace Ventures (MAV) is a company founded by Paul Allen and Burt Rutan to handle the commercial spinoffs from the Tier One project. It owns the intellectual property arising from Tier One, and it is in turn owned by Allen (the majority shareholder) and Rutan's Scaled Composites. In 2004, it signed a deal with Virgin Galactic to develop the Virgin SpaceShip, a suborbital spacecraft, for space tourism. Virgin Group and Scaled Composites have subsequently formed a joint venture, The Spaceship Company, to manufacture the spacecraft.

Company
The structure of Mojave Aerospace Ventures appears to be the basis of the deal between Allen and Rutan for the funding of Tier One. The company owns all the intellectual property of the Tier One project, such as patents, and so controls commercial exploitation. Allen, the sole source of funding for Tier One, is the majority owner. Rutan, having developed the technology, owns a minority stake. This stands in contrast to the company more usually associated with Tier One, Scaled Composites, which, as of 2007, is owned by Northrop Grumman. MAV serves to separate Tier One spinoffs from Scaled. Mojave Aerospace Ventures is part of Allen's Vulcan Aerospace.

Virgin Galactic
On September 25, 2004, MAV agreed on a joint venture with Richard Branson's newly formed company Virgin Galactic, to develop a suborbital spacecraft for the space tourism market. The initial plan is to build five Virgin SpaceShips, based on scaling up the Tier One SpaceShipOne (SS1) design, with White Knight One (WK1) similarly evolved. The spacecraft would be manufactured by The Spaceship Company.

The designs for the Tier 1b customer suborbital spaceflight vehicles are referred to as SpaceShipTwo (SS2) and its carrier aircraft is White Knight Two (WK2). The system, a suborbital space tourist system.

A further development of the technology, Tier Two and SpaceShipThree (SS3) was mooted. Either as, initially an orbital system, or, later, suborbital transcontinental/transoceanic transport. SS3 would eventually become into a further development of Tier 1b.

Stratolaunch Systems
A further application of the Tier One technology is for Allen's Stratolaunch Systems under Vulcan Aerospace with its Stratolaunch carrier aircraft Roc.

title: Mojave Aerospace Ventures


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Talk:Groat (English coin)

Removed waffling and patronising paragraph:
 * Of course the original groat or half groat, in its day, would have bought considerably more than its modern equivalent, and might also have a value, both in the current antique coin market and metal commodities markets, well above two or four pence.

Dainamo 12:33, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Agricultural groat
I found this page because I was looking for information on groats in the agricultural sense of the word. I know that oat kernels, when dehulled, are called "oat groats" and I know that other grains are called "groats" sometimes, so I wanted to find out which grains can be called "groats" and when. I am a newbie to wiki stuff; is this worth making another page and a disambiguation page, or is the agricultural meaning of the word "groat" too obscure for Wikipedia? --Steveha 17:59, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I too was looking for the alternative meaning of Groat, it appears to me to be any part of the dehulked grain kernal, not just pertaining to oats. However I am not sure of this, anyone in the know should do something about this lack of information on wikipedia. --62.173.194.7 12:26, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Merge with Groschen

 * Oppose - etymologically related, but of quite different history like the dollar and the thaler. --MacRusgail 17:57, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose - I am a collector of English hammered coinage. The groat while similar to Groschen is very different and it's place in English history is very distinct. Therefore to merge it would lessen it's importance and might cause confusion on those who do not know it's history. --hmscook 19:04, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose - Not only is the history distinct, but the English groat is independently notable and is probably a more common use of the term "groat" than Groschen. The existing link to Groschen is fine--and perhaps should be expanded, if there is more to be said about a mutual history or etymology--but "groat" deserves its own article. Krinsky 19:08, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

I have removed the merge template - it's been up on the article for four months and garnered zero support. -- Arwel (talk) 20:17, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Earliest groats in Scotland

 * Apparently a mint was established in Aberdeen earlier than indicated in this article. It produced silver groats. Local numismatic collections include some from the reign of David II (1329-1371) though the reference seems to indicate that the mint was in operation well before his reign. (ref: Fenton Wyness, City by the Grey North Sea: Aberdeen, Alex P Reid & Son, Aberdeen, 1966, p.11) Annana 10:37, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Modern Use of Groat as Unit of Payment-in-Kind
What might be termed the grassroots counterculture Anti-globalization movement has advanced the thesis that the entire capitalist enterprise might be gradually unseated if we break the chain of trading shares and spending money on taxable goods and services. This is done by using a unit of payment-in-kind, a kind of barter currency, which bypasses the need to exchange monetary tokens entirely. This unit has been called the Groat, doubtless on account of its Olde Worlde associations.

I'm surprised there isn't a Wikipedia page about it.

Nuttyskin (talk) 11:57, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Cultural usage addition
In George R R Martin's series A Song of Ice and Fire, reference is made to a dwarf named Groat, brother of Penny (the implication being both are worthless).

I thought this should be included, as it's why I looked up the term, but thought suggesting it here for a member of the community's consideration would be polite. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.44.140.212 (talk) 09:53, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

Doublet: merge?
We have an article Groat (coin) and an article Fourpence (British coin), both on the same denomination; why don't we combine them? J S Ayer (talk) 00:42, 4 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I would support this, but this page also contains information related to the Scottish groat, which is a different thing entirely to the Fourpence (British coin). Perhaps one page for the English/British coin and one for the Scottish? Retroplum (talk) 14:29, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Groat (English coin)


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Conrad N. Hilton Foundation

The Conrad N. Hilton Foundation  is an American non-profit charitable foundation, established in 1944 by hotel entrepreneur Conrad Hilton. It remained relatively small until his death on January 3, 1979, when it was named the principal beneficiary of his estate. In 2007, Conrad's son, Barron Hilton announced that he would leave about 97% of his fortune to a charitable remainder unitrust which names the foundation as the remainder beneficiary.

Financial information
The foundation's assets, as of September 2019, were approximately $2.9 billion and had increased to $6.3 billion due to Barron Hilton's passing. Since inception, the foundation has awarded more than $1.7 billion in grants. Currently more than 50% supports international charitable projects. According to the OECD, the foundation's financing for 2019 development decreased by 11% to US$42.3 million.

Program areas
The foundation's mission is derived from the last will and testament of Conrad Hilton that directs the organization to "relieve the suffering, the distressed, and the destitute." The foundation invests in seven program areas: Catholic sisters, disaster relief and recovery, foster youth, homelessness, hospitality workforce development, safe water, and young children affected by HIV and AIDS. The foundation also supports organizations in four transitioning program areas: avoidable blindness, Catholic education, multiple sclerosis and substance use prevention.

Catholic Sisters
The Hilton Foundation Catholic Sisters program is focused on recognizing catholic sisters as leaders in the human development field by supporting organizations and congregations in the United States and Africa.

Disaster Relief and Recovery
The Disaster Relief and Recovery program supports communities to prepare for disasters and provide long-lasting solution towards long-term recovery.

Foster Youth
This program works with nonprofit organizations in the Los Angeles and New York to provide assistance to transition age youth ages 16–24 as they age out of the foster care system.

Homelessness
The foundation partners with organizations in Los Angeles County to build permanent supportive housing for individuals experiencing chronic homelessness.

Hospitality Workforce Development
This program area works with organizations in New Orleans to provide pathways for young people towards a career in the hospitality industry.

Safe Water
Working with international nonprofits and government agencies in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Niger and Uganda to build water systems.

Young Children Affected by HIV and AIDS
The program focuses on early childhood development globally and partners with international and local NGOs working in HIV prevalent communities in Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia.

Transitioning Programs
In 2018, the Hilton Foundation announced it would transition out of four program areas (Avoidable Blindness, Catholic Education, Multiple Sclerosis, and Substance Use Prevention) over two to five years. The foundation committed to "leave the field with minimal disruption" and "capture knowledge from our time in these areas to propel future innovations and solutions."

Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize
The Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize is awarded annually by the foundation. It was inaugurated in 1996 and is the largest humanitarian award in the world. Its annual award of USD1.5 million was increased in 2015 to 2 million to commemorate its 20th Hilton Humanitarian Prize laureate, Landesa.

Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize Laureates

 * 1996 – Operation Smile
 * 1997 – International Rescue Committee
 * 1998 – Médecins Sans Frontières
 * 1999 – African Medical and Research Foundation
 * 2000 – Casa Alianza
 * 2001 – St Christopher's Hospice
 * 2002 – SOS Children's Villages
 * 2003 – International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims
 * 2004 – Heifer International
 * 2005 – Partners in Health
 * 2006 – Women for Women International
 * 2007 – Tostan Organization
 * 2008 – BRAC
 * 2009 – Program for Appropriate Technology in Health
 * 2010 – Aravind Eye Care System
 * 2011 – Handicap International
 * 2012 – HelpAge International
 * 2013 – ECPAT
 * 2014 – Fountain House & Clubhouse International.
 * 2015 – Landesa
 * 2016 – The Task Force for Global Health
 * 2017 – International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
 * 2018 – Shining Hope for Communities
 * 2019 – METAdrasi
 * 2020 – Homeboy Industries
 * 2021 – Camfed
 * 2022 – Norwegian Refugee Council
 * 2023 – One Acre Fund

Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize Jury

 * Gro Harlem Brundtland, former director general, World Health Organization; former prime minister of Norway
 * Leymah Gbowee, founder and president of the Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa
 * Hawley Hilton McAuliffe, board of directors, Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
 * Mark Rosenberg, MD, MPP, board of directors, Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
 * Zainab Salbi, founder, Women for Women International; TV host; author
 * Ann M. Veneman, former executive director, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF; former United States Secretary of Agriculture

Leadership
Conrad Hilton's granddaughter, Hawley Hilton McAULIFFE, became chair of the board January 2021, superseding Steven M. Hilton, who was the chairman of the organization for most of its existence. He started working at the foundation in 1983 and served as its CEO from 2005 to 2015. Hilton retired as president and CEO, and was succeeded by Peter Laugharn. In his retirement announcement, Hilton said, “When I joined the Hilton Foundation in 1983, I couldn’t imagine the path that lay ahead. At that time, a handful of staff guided about $6 million in grants annually. Fast forward to today, and we have grown to a staff of over 50 and have awarded over a billion dollars in grants to improve the lives of disadvantaged and vulnerable people around the world.” Peter Laugharn began his tenure as president and CEO on January 1, 2016.

Board of directors
As of May 22, 2021

 * Steven M. Hilton (chairman emeritus)
 * Donald H. Hubbs (director emeritus)
 * Kofi Appenteng, 2019–
 * James R. Galbraith, 1989–
 * Conrad N. Hilton III, 2001–
 * Linda Hilton (vice chair)2014–
 * Michael O. Hilton, 2017–
 * Hawley Hilton McAuliffe (chair) 2006–
 * Justin McAuliffe, 2019–
 * Sister Joyce Meyer, PBVM, 2009–
 * John L. Notter. 2005–
 * Mark Rosenberg, MD, MPP, 2016–

title: Conrad N. Hilton Foundation


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Category:Daytime Emmy Awards

Pages for individual Daytime Emmy Awards.

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Daytime Emmy Awards


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User:Malcolmd83

Greetings everyone!

I'm fairly new to Wikipedia, and just wanted to try setting up my page. All being well, I'll probably add more to this page in the future!

For His glory, Malcolm D.

title: User:Malcolmd83


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Mit Abu El Kom

Mit Abu El Kom (ميت أبو الكوم) is a village in the Egyptian Nile Delta and the Monufia Governorate. It is the birthplace of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat (1918–1981).

title: Mit Abu El Kom


text: Category:Edwards County, Texas

title: Category:Edwards County, Texas


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Jewish emancipation

Jewish emancipation was the process in various nations in Europe of eliminating Jewish disabilities, e.g. Jewish quotas, to which European Jews were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights. It included efforts within the community to integrate into their societies as citizens. It occurred gradually between the late 18th century and the early 20th century.

Jewish emancipation followed after the Age of Enlightenment and the concurrent Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment. Various nations repealed or superseded previous discriminatory laws applied specifically against Jews where they resided. Before the emancipation, most Jews were isolated in residential areas from the rest of the society; emancipation was a major goal of European Jews of that time, who worked within their communities to achieve integration in the majority societies and broader education. Many became active politically and culturally within wider European civil society as Jews gained full citizenship. They emigrated to countries offering better social and economic opportunities, such as the United Kingdom and the Americas. Some European Jews turned to socialism, Zionism or both.

Background

Jews were subject to a wide range of restrictions throughout most of European history. Since the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215, Christian Europeans required Jews and Muslims to wear special clothing, such as the Judenhut and the yellow badge for Jews, to distinguish them from Christians. The practice of their religions was often restricted, and they had to swear special oaths. Jews were not allowed to vote, where voting existed, and some countries formally prohibited their entry, such as Norway, Sweden and Spain after the expulsion in the late 15th century.

Jewish involvement in gentile society began during the Age of Enlightenment. Haskalah, the Jewish movement supporting the adoption of enlightenment values, advocated an expansion of Jewish rights within European society. Haskalah followers advocated "coming out of the ghetto", not just physically but also mentally and spiritually.

In 1790, in the United States, President George Washington wrote a letter establishing that Jews in America would share full equal rights, including the right to practice their religion, with all other Americans. However, Jewish commentators observed that exclusion of Jewish citizens from political office occurred in a number of areas still in 1845. In fact, American Jewish citizens organized for political rights in the 1800s, and then for further civil rights in the 1900s.

On September 28, 1791, revolutionary France emancipated its Jewish population. The 40,000 Jews living in France at the time were the first to confront the opportunities and challenges offered by emancipation. The civic equality that the French Jews attained became a model for other European Jews. Newfound opportunities began to be provided to the Jewish people, and they slowly pushed toward equality in other parts of the world. In 1796 and 1834, the Netherlands granted the Jews equal rights with non-Jews. Napoleon freed the Jews in areas he conquered in Europe outside France (see Napoleon and the Jews). Greece granted equal rights to Jews in 1830. But, it was not until the revolutions of the mid-19th century that Jewish political movements would begin to persuade governments in Great Britain and Central and Eastern Europe to grant equal rights to Jews.

In English law and some successor legal systems there was a convention known as benefit of clergy (Law Latin: privilegium clericale) by which an individual convicted of a crime, through claiming to be a Christian clergyman (usually as a pretext; in most cases the defendant claiming benefit of clergy was a layperson) could escape punishment or receive a reduced punishment. In the opinions of many contemporary legal scholars, this meant that a Jew who had not renounced Judaism could not claim benefit of clergy. In England itself the practice of granting benefit of clergy was ended in 1827 but it continued further in other jurisdictions.

Emancipation movements
The early stages of Jewish emancipation movements were part of the general progressive efforts to achieve freedom and rights for minorities. While this was a movement, it was also a pursuit for equal rights. Thus, the emancipation movement would be a long process. The question of equal rights for Jews was tied to demands for constitutions and civil rights in various nations. Jewish statesmen and intellectuals, such as Heinrich Heine, Johann Jacoby, Gabriel Riesser, Berr Isaac Berr, and Lionel Nathan Rothschild, worked with the general movement toward liberty and political freedom, rather than for Jews specifically.

In 1781, the Prussian civil servant Christian Wilhelm Dohm published the famous script Über die bürgerliche Emanzipation der Juden (English: On the Citizen Emancipation of the Jews). Dohm disproves the antisemitic stereotypes and pleads for equal rights for Jews. To this day, it is called the Bible of Jewish emancipation.

In the face of persistent anti-Jewish incidents and blood libels, such as the Damascus affair of 1840, and the failure of many states to emancipate the Jews, Jewish organizations formed to push for the emancipation and protection of their people. The Board of Deputies of British Jews under Moses Montefiore, the Central Consistory in Paris, and the Alliance Israelite Universelle all began working to assure the freedom of Jews.

Jewish emancipation, implemented under Napoleonic rule in French occupied and annexed states, suffered a setback in many member states of the German Confederation following the decisions of the Congress of Vienna. In the final revision of the Congress on the rights of the Jews, the emissary of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, Johann Smidt – unauthorised and unconsented to by the other parties – altered the text from "The confessors of Jewish faith are preserved the rights already conceded to them the confederal states", by replacing a single word, which entailed serious consequences, into: "The confessors of Jewish faith are preserved the rights already conceded to them  the confederal states." A number of German states used the altered text version as legal grounds to reverse the Napoleonic emancipation of Jewish citizens. The Prussian emissary Wilhelm von Humboldt and the Austrian Klemens von Metternich promoted the preservation of Jewish emancipation, as maintained by their own countries, but were not successful in others.

During the Revolutions of 1848, Jewish emancipation was granted by the Basic Rights of the Frankfurt Parliament (Paragraph 13), which said that civil rights were not to be conditional on religious faith. But only some German states introduced the Frankfurt parliamentary decision as state law, such as Hamburg; other states were reluctant. Important German states, such as Prussia (1812), Württemberg (1828), Electorate of Hesse (1833), and Hanover (1842), had already emancipated their Jews as citizens. By doing so, they hoped to educate the gentiles, and terminate laws that sought to oppress the Jews. Although the movement was mostly successful; some early emancipated Jewish communities continued to suffer persisting or new de facto, though not legal, discrimination against those Jews trying to achieve careers in public service and education. Those few states that had refrained from Jewish emancipation were forced to do so by an act of the North German Federation on 3 July 1869, or when they acceded to the newly united Germany in 1871. The emancipation of all Jewish Germans was reversed by Nazi Germany from 1933 until the end of World War II.

Dates of emancipation
In some countries, emancipation came with a single act. In others, limited rights were granted first in the hope of "changing" the Jews "for the better."

Emancipation, integration, and assimilation
The newfound freedom of Jews in places such as France, Italy, and Germany, at least during the Empire, permitted many Jews to leave the ghettos, benefitting from and contributing to wider society for the first time. Thus, with emancipation, many Jews' relationships with Jewish belief, practice, and culture evolved to accommodate a degree of integration with secular society. Where Halacha (Jewish law) was at odds with local law of the land, or where Halacha did not address some aspect of contemporary secular life, compromise was often sought in the balancing of religious and secular law, ethics, and obligations. Consequently, while some remained firm in their established Jewish practice, the prevalence of emancipated Jewry prompted gradual evolution and adaptation of the religion, and the emergence of new denominations of Judaism including Reform during the 19th century, and the widely practiced Modern Orthodoxy, both of which continue to be practiced by strong Jewish communities today.

Critics of the Haskalah lament the emergence of inter-religious marriage in secular society, as well as the dilution of Halacha and Jewish tradition, citing waning religiosity, dwindling population numbers, or poor observance as contributors to the potential disappearance of Jewish culture and dispersion of communities. In contrast, others cite antisemitic events such as the Holocaust as more detrimental to the continuity and longevity of Judaism than the Haskalah. Emancipation offered Jewish people civil rights and opportunities for upward mobility, and assisted in dousing the flames of widespread Jew-hatred (though never completely, and only temporarily). This enabled Jews to live multifaceted lives, breaking cycles of poverty, enjoying the spoils of Enlightened society, while also maintaining strong Jewish faith and community. While this element of emancipation gave rise to antisemitic canards relating to dual loyalties, and the successful upward mobility of educated and entrepreneurial Jews saw pushback in antisemitic tropes relating to control, domination, and greed, the integration of Jews into wider society led to a diverse tapestry of contribution to art, science, philosophy, and both secular and religious culture.

title: Jewish emancipation


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Spanish Communist Workers' Party (1921)

The Spanish Communist Workers' Party (Partido Comunista Obrero Español) was a communist party founded on April 13, 1921 by the terceristas, including Virginia González Polo, Daniel Anguiano, Eduardo Torralba Beci, Manuel Núñez Arenas, Luis Mancebo and Evaristo Gil, who had been trying to persuade the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) to join the Third International. When the PSOE Congress voted to join the Vienna International and refused Bolshevism, the terceristas broke away.

A new Communist Party of Spain was founded on November 14, 1921 through an act of merger of Partido Comunista Español and Partido Comunista Obrero Español. The unified PCE soon adhered to the Comintern.

title: Spanish Communist Workers' Party (1921)


text:
Romang language

Roma or Romang is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by about 1,700 people (in 1991) in Jersusu village on Romang island in Maluku, Indonesia.

title: Romang language