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The Lonely Position of Neutral

The Lonely Position of Neutral is the debut album by American rock band Trust Company. It was released on July 22, 2002 internationally and on July 23, 2002, in the United States; a version including two bonus tracks was released on February 19, 2003. The Lonely Position of Neutral is Trust Company's most successful album to date and was certified gold for sales in excess of 500,000 copies. The track "Drop to Zero" was also known as "The Lonely Position of Neutral" back when the band was known as 41Down, and was later remade for this album.

The album's lead single, "Downfall," was released in 2002. It gained the band its breakthrough popularity for both its infectious melody and unusual music video. The track reached number six on both the Mainstream Rock Tracks and Modern Rock Tracks charts, and earned a spot at number 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart. The video features front-man Kevin Palmer walking down a street, with everything behind him blown away by wind. It found significant airplay on MTV2. "Running from Me" was the second single from the album and released in the same year. Its video features the band wearing strange masks and unveiling them in the pouring rain. The third single, "The Fear", was released in 2003.

Critical reception
Jason D. Taylor of AllMusic commended the band for sticking with the nu-metal formula to create tracks that are recognizable and contain elements of pop punk but was unsure of their career long-term when compared to similar acts like Linkin Park, concluding that "This is a shame, because those willing to give this album a chance will find one of the most infectious alternative metal albums of 2002." Rolling Stone's Barry Walters was adamant of the instrumentation throughout the album, saying that it follows "modern-rock-radio conventions" but said that "the singing's understatement and harmonic sophistication help the band transcend overblown corporate rock and embrace sensitive emo pop."

Personnel
Credits for The Lonely Position of Neutral adapted from the liner notes.

 * Trust Company
 * Kevin Palmer – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * James Fukai – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Josh Moates – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Jason Singleton – drums, backing vocals

 * Artwork
 * Jason Harter, Trust Company – art direction
 * Miriam Santos Kayda – photography

 * Additional musicians
 * Don Gilmore – co-writing on "Falling Apart" and "Hover"

 * Production
 * Danny Lohner – producer
 * Don Gilmore – producer, engineer
 * Les Scurry – production coordinator
 * John Ewing Jr. – engineer
 * Joey Paradise – assistant engineer
 * Jordan Schur – executive producer
 * Vlado Meller – mastering at Sony Music Studios, NYC
 * Andy Wallace – mixing at Soundtrack Studios, NYC

Charts
Album

 * Singles

Appearances in media

 * "Downfall" was used as the theme for the WWE pay-per-view Vengeance (2002) and later appeared in the Mercy Reef pilot teaser. It was also featured the video games BMX XXX in 2002, Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure in 2003, and MX Unleashed in 2004; it was later made as a downloadable song in the music rhythm game Rock Band on March 2, 2010.
 * "Falling Apart" was used for the WWE pay-per-view Royal Rumble (2003).
 * "Take it All" was featured in the Xbox exclusive game Breakdown by Namco in 2004. It is played during the ending credits, and is also included in the game's promotional video that is unlocked once the game is finished.

title: The Lonely Position of Neutral


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Louise Markus

Louise Elizabeth Markus (born 6 September 1958) is a former Australian politician who served as a member of the Australian House of Representatives, initially elected to represent the seat of Greenway in western Sydney for the Liberal Party of Australia at the 2004 federal election. Following an unfavourable redistribution in 2010, she moved to the seat of Macquarie. She lost the 2016 federal election to Labor's Susan Templeman.

Early years and background
She was educated at the University of New South Wales, graduating in social work, and was a community worker running the Hillsong Church's drug and alcohol outreach service in Blacktown prior to entering politics.

Political career
Subsequent to the 2004 election, unsubstantiated allegations were made in the NSW Parliament under parliamentary privilege that Markus had directly benefited from unauthorised campaign materials containing false statements in an attempt to capture anti-Islamic sentiment against her Labor opponent. These allegations were not supported as the basis for his loss by the Labor candidate nor supported by contemporary media coverage.

At the 2007 federal election, Markus retained the seat of Greenway with a comfortable margin, although with a nominal swing of 6.85 points against her on a two-party-preferred basis. Following the election, Markus was appointed as the Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Immigration and Citizenship, but did not retain the position in a 2010 reorganisation of the shadow ministry. She was previously the Shadow Minister for Veteran's Affairs.

A September 2006 redistribution of boundaries saw massive changes in the shape of her electorate of Greenway. The northward shift in electorate boundaries also saw Greenway change from marginal Liberal to safe Liberal. A further electoral redistribution in 2009 made the seat of Greenway notionally Labor on an estimated margin of 5.7%. Markus contested the 2010 federal election as the Liberal candidate for the seat of Macquarie, which had absorbed a fraction of her former electorate base. Markus won the two-party-preferred vote by 2.52 points against Labor, with most support in her traditional base in the urban east of the electorate, and high Greens votes in the smaller upper Blue Mountains booths. The 2013 federal election was marked by widespread swings towards the Liberal Party in western Sydney. In this context, Markus further extended her margin, winning with a primary vote of 47.4% and a two-party-preferred vote of 54.5%. As before, the electorate demonstrated a marked polarity, with her support being in the more urban northern and eastern portions of the electorate.

At the 2016 federal election, the incumbent Markus lost the seat of Macquarie to three-time challenger, Susan Templeman. Activist group GetUp! claimed to have played a significant role in the outcome as they targeted Markus in a direct electoral campaign. This included the distribution of how to vote material favouring Green and Labor candidates.

Personal
Markus lives in Riverstone. She is married to Jim Markus, who is from Papua New Guinea; together they have two children.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Louise Markus


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Warm Strangers

Warm Strangers is singer-songwriter Vienna Teng's second album.

Track listing

 * 1) Feather Moon – 4:06
 * 2) Harbor – 4:24
 * 3) Hope on Fire – 4:26
 * 4) Shine – 2:39
 * 5) Mission Street – 4:32
 * 6) My Medea – 4:09
 * 7) Shasta (Carrie's Song) – 3:29
 * 8) Homecoming (Walter's Song) – 5:48
 * 9) Anna Rose – 3:07
 * 10) Passage – 4:19
 * 11) The Atheist Christmas Carol – 4:26
 * 12) Green Island Serenade – 3:16
 * 13) Boy at the Piano (Bonus Live Track for international release)
 * 14) Hope on Fire (Bonus Live Track for international release)

title: Warm Strangers


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Masonite

Masonite (also called Quartboard and pressboard) is a type of hardboard (a kind of engineered wood) made of steam-cooked and pressure-molded wood fibers in a process patented by William H. Mason.

History
In 1898, a product resembling Masonite (hardboard) was first made in England by hot-pressing waste paper.

In 1924, Masonite was patented in Laurel, Mississippi, by William H. Mason, who was a friend and protégé of Thomas Edison.

In 1929, the company initiated mass production of its product.

In the 1930s and 1940s, Masonite was used for applications including doors, roofing, walls, desktops (e.g., Danelectro), and canoes. It was sometimes used for house siding. Similar "tempered hardboard" is now a generic product made by many forest product companies.

In 1972, the Masonite Corporation entered the door business as a supplier of facings.

In 2001, the Masonite Corporation was purchased by Premdor Corporation, a door maker, from its former parent International Paper. It no longer supplies generic hardboard.

Production
Masonite is formed using the Mason method, in which wood chips are disintegrated by saturating them with 100 psi steam, then increasing the steam or air pressure to 400 psi and suddenly releasing them through an orifice to atmospheric pressure. Forming the fibers into boards on a screen, the boards are then pressed and heated to form the finished product with a smooth burnished finish. (Later a dry process with two burnished surfaces was also used.) The original lignin in the wood serves to bond the fibers without any added adhesive. The long fibers give Masonite a high bending strength, tensile strength, density, and stability. Unlike other composite wood panels, no formaldehyde-based resins are used to bind the fibers in Masonite.

Use

Artists have often used it as a support for painting, and in artistic media such as linocut printing. Masonite's smooth surface makes it a suitable material for table tennis tables and skateboard ramps.

Masonite is used by moving companies. Among other things, they use it to protect the walls of buildings where they work, and lay on floors to enable smooth rolling of dollies loaded with goods.

Masonite is widely used in construction, particularly in renovations where floors are finished prior to other work and require protection. Sheets of 1/8 or Masonite are typically laid over red rosin paper on finished floors to protect them. The Masonite sheets are taped together with duct tape to prevent shifting and to keep substances from leaking through.

Masonite is used extensively in the construction of sets for theater, film, and television. It is especially common in theaters as the stage floor, painted matte black.

It is considered one of the best materials for making a musical wobble board.

Masonite 4 by panels are sometimes sawn into 4 in by 8 ft strips. These strips are used to form the edge of sidewalks where curved shapes are desired when pouring concrete.

Masonite is a popular choice for cake boards for professional cake decorators, since it is a natural product and is strong enough to support multiple-tiered creations such as wedding cakes.

To a lesser extent, Masonite is used in guitar bodies, most notably by Danelectro.

Due to its low cost and flexibility, Masonite is widely used as the curved surface of skateboard ramps.

Masonite was a popular protective backing for wooden console stereo and television cabinets from the 1960s to the 1980s.

Due to its flexibility, Masonite is commonly used by model railroaders for their layouts as fascia, to cover the structural materials used for the layout.

Deterioration
Masonite swells and rots over time when exposed to the elements, and may prematurely deteriorate when it is used as exterior siding. In 1996, International Paper (IP) lost a class action suit brought by homeowners whose Masonite siding had deteriorated. The jury found that IP's Masonite siding was defective.

title: Masonite


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David Fawcett

David Julian Fawcett (born 23 October 1963) is an Australian Liberal Party politician who has been a Senator for South Australia since 2011. Fawcett served in the Morrison government as Assistant Minister for Defence from 2018 to 2019.

Fawcett was previously elected to federal parliament, serving for one term as member for the House of Representatives seat of Wakefield in South Australia, elected at the 2004 election.

Early life
Fawcett was born on 23 October 1963 in Narrabri, New South Wales. His family is originally from Kapunda, South Australia. He spent part of his childhood in Thailand where his father had been sent under the Colombo Plan. He returned to Australia in 1975 to attend Prince Alfred College in Adelaide.

Military service
Fawcett graduated from the Royal Military College Duntroon with a Bachelor of Science in 1985. He joined the Australian Army Aviation Corps and qualified as a pilot, flying fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. He qualified as a test pilot through the Empire Test Pilots' School in 1993 and was a senior flying instructor at the Oakey Army Aviation Centre, finishing his full-time military service in 2004. He was posted to Royal Australian Air Force Aircraft Research and Development Unit (ARDU) at Edinburgh, South Australia as an Army helicopter test pilot. He held a number of positions in ARDU and the Defence Acquisition Organisation, culminating in his final appointment as Commanding Officer, responsible for flight test programs for all of the Australian Defence Force aircraft. He reached the rank of Lieutenant Colonel before leaving the ADF to enter politics.

Parliament
Prior to the 2004 election, the seat of Wakefield had been dramatically altered in a redistribution. The seat had long been a safe rural Liberal seat stretching from the Yorke Peninsula through to the Riverland and the state's border, but upon the abolition of the safe metropolitan Labor seat of Bonython, Wakefield was moved to take in the outer northern Adelaide suburb of Elizabeth and part of Salisbury, spanning through to the rural mid-north town of Clare—roughly a fifth the size of its former incarnation. The Liberals held the old Wakefield with a comfortably safe two-party margin of 14.6 points, but the new Wakefield was notionally a marginal Labor seat with a two-party margin of just 1.3 points. The previous Liberal member, Neil Andrew, believed this made Wakefield unwinnable and opted not to recontest the seat in 2004. However, Fawcett narrowly defeated the Labor candidate, ex-Bonython MP Martyn Evans, on a swing of 2.2 points, taking the seat on Family First preferences. Despite an extensive campaign at the 2007 election, Fawcett was defeated by Labor's Nick Champion, suffering a large swing of 7.2 points.

Fawcett was elected as a Liberal Senator in South Australia at the 2010 election and assumed his seat on 1 July 2011.

He served as deputy Government whip in 2014-2016, then from 2016 to 2022. Fawcett has served extensively in Parliamentary committees, chairing Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade while in government, then as Deputy Chair while in opposition.

Fawcett is a member of the National Right faction of the Liberal Party, after previously being aligned with the Centre-Right faction during the Morrison government years.

Personal life
Fawcett is married with two children. He has been involved in leadership positions at Clovercrest Baptist Church in Modbury North, Adelaide and Tyndale Christian School in Salisbury East, Adelaide. He has been a contributing member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots and the Australian Flight Test Society.

title: David Fawcett


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Television in Lithuania

Television in Lithuania was introduced in 1957. The following is a list of television channels broadcast in Lithuania.

title: Television in Lithuania


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Escape from Colditz

Escape from Colditz is a board game produced by Gibsons Games of London in 1973 that simulates attempted escapes by Allied prisoners-of-war (POWs) from Oflag IV-C (better known as Colditz Castle) during World War II. Designed in part by Pat Reid, a former POW who escaped from Colditz, the game was released during the first run of the popular television series Colditz, and the game likewise proved popular. Licensed editions were published by Parker Brothers and a number of other companies. The game proved especially popular in Spain, and resulted in a Spanish-language sequel.

Description
Escape from Colditz is a board game for 2–6 players in which one player takes on the role of the German security officer at Colditz, and the other players represent the various nationalities of POWs being held there who are trying to find the means to escape.

Components
The game box contains:
 * The game board, covered with a grid of linked circles, is a pictorial plan of Colditz Castle showing the inner and outer courtyards, various rooms, safe areas, cells, and barracks.
 * Five sets of eight tokens representing five nationalities of POWs.
 * One set of sixteen black tokens representing the German guards.
 * Five "Personal Escape Kit" cards
 * Five "Do or Die" cards
 * 27 "Escape Equipment" cards
 * 43 "Escape Opportunity" cards
 * 14 "Security Opportunity" cards
 * rules sheet
 * two six-sided dice
 * historical account of the castle's role as a POW camp during World War II

Set up

 * One player agrees to be the German Security Officer, and places some of the black tokens on designated spots on the board, and the rest in the barracks. The other players are Escape Officers; each chooses one of the nationalities of POWs and places their tokens on indicated spots on the Parade Ground in the inner courtyard. (The number of guards and POWs will vary according to the number of players.)
 * A "Do or Die" card is dealt facedown to each Escape Officer. This card remains facedown and unknown to all until played.
 * A time limit is agreed to by all players, as well as the number of successful escapes required for victory.

Gameplay
The first active player is the one sitting to the left of the German Security Officer. Play continues around the table to the left, with the Security Officer always moving last.

Movement
The active player rolls two dice and can move any or all of their POWs, the total movement of the POWs equaling the total on the dice. If the player rolls doubles, they can roll again and add the second roll to their movement total. If the player rolls a 3, 7 or 11, the player takes an "Escape Opportunity" card (Escape Officer) or "Security Opportunity" card (Security Officer).

Obtain personal escape kit
First, Escape Officers must obtain the four elements that make up a Personal Escape Kit: food, disguises, maps, and a compass. Symbols representing these are scattered around the castle in various rooms. An Escape Officer must maneuver POWs so that they are simultaneously in four rooms containing the four different symbols. Once this is accomplished, the Escape Officer receives a "personal Escape Kit" card. The guards at this point do not have the power of arrest, so can only block doorways in an attempt to slow down the POWs.

Obtain escape equipment
Each different escape route requires specific pieces of escape equipment. Once an Escape Officer has a Personal Escape Kit, and has decided on a route, they must attempt to pick up the required pieces of equipment, by either moving two POWs into a room with the symbol of the desired piece of equipment, or moving two POWs into two different rooms containing the same symbol. Escape Officers can also obtain desired equipment by trading Equipment cards with other Escape Officers. If a guard sees a POW entering or exiting a forbidden room, a guard can arrest the POW by moving a guard into the same circle as the POW. Likewise, a POW can voluntarily offer themselves up for arrest. The POW is sent to the cells for solitary confinement, while the guard immediately returns to the barracks. If the arrest happens in the outer courtyard, the Escape Officer must forfeit an Equipment card. The POW in the cells is released if the Escape Officer rolls doubles, or plays an appropriate Opportunity card.

Attempted escape
Once the Escape officer has obtained the proper equipment, one of their POWs can attempt to escape. As each piece of equipment is used in the attempt, the Equipment card is returned to the deck. Once the POW has made it past the castle wall, the POW attempts to get to one of the target areas on the edge of the board as quickly as possible. If the POW successfully reaches a target area without being arrested or shot, the POW is deemed to have escaped.

Do or die
As a last resort, an Escape Officer may elect to use the "Do or Die" card, which allows for one escape attempt without the need for any Equipment. Turning over the "Do or Die" card reveals a number between 3 and 7. This is how many dice rolls the player is allowed to make in attempting to move one chosen POW towards a target area. The player rolls the dice the number of times indicated (rolling again if doubles are rolled). If the total of all rolls equals or exceeds the amount of movement the chosen POW needs to reach a target area, the POW successfully escapes. If the amount of movement generated is not enough for the POW to reach a target area, the escape attempt fails and that player is out of the game.

Victory conditions
If any player reaches the agreed-to number of successful escapes, the game is over and that player is the winner. If the time limit is reached before any player has made the required number of escapes, the German Security Officer player is the winner.

Tactics
In the book The Games & Puzzles Book of Modern Board Games, John Humphries suggests that since the German Security Officer wins if the POWs run out of time, it is important to try to delay the POW escape plans by deploying the guards efficiently, watching doors to prevent POWs from entering rooms to gain equipment, especially those doors that gain access to more than one room. Arresting as many prisoners as possible after they have filched equipment puts them in solitary confinement for a period of time, reducing the POWs available to the Escape Officers. Humphries also suggests keeping a written tally of the equipment owned by each Escape Officer to try to analyze which escape route is being contemplated.

For the Escape Officers, Humphries suggests that obtaining their Personal Escape Kit card as soon as possible is essential. He also suggests collecting more escape equipment than is necessary, rather than trying to make do with just enough equipment. Avoiding guards (and subsequent arrest) is essential, but sometimes sending a POW to deliberately get arrested is necessary, since the guard is returned to the barracks after taking the prisoner to the cells, potentially leaving a door unguarded for a second POW to move through. Finally, Humphries suggests that the Escape Officer design several phony escapes as diversions to occupy the guards before unveiling the actual escape plan. Humphries's concluding words of advice are, "first, keep on the move and second, plan escape attempts carefully."

Publication history
In 1972, BBC produced Colditz, a television series about Allied POWs imprisoned at the supposedly escape-proof Colditz Castle and their many attempts to escape. The TV series proved popular in the UK, and former Colditz POW and escapee Major Pat Reid, who had written several books about his wartime experiences, co-designed a board game with Bob Brechin and Brian Degas as an official licensed tie-in to the TV series. The game, Escape from Colditz, was published in the UK by Gibsons Games in 1973. It was also published in North America by Parker Brothers the same year. The original box of both these editions featured a swastika; in later editions, this was replaced by an Reichsadler (Imperial eagle). The game proved to be very popular.

A Spanish edition, Fuga de Colditz, sold very well in Spain, and Major Reid designed a sequel, Después de Colditz (After Colditz), in which the POWs who escaped from Colditz try to make their way to Switzerland, Spain, Sweden or England.

An Amiga computer game titled Escape from Colditz was created in 1990 by Digital Magic. Based on the board game, it required the player to help four prisoners escape by exploring the castle, finding equipment, solving puzzles and digging a tunnel.

Colditz Escape!, an Open Source game engine recreation, was created by Aperture Software in 2009. The engine is available for Microsoft Windows, Linux, MacOS and PlayStation Portable.

A new edition of the board game, with new artwork and updated rules, was released in October 2016 by Osprey Games.

In 1972, Invicta Plastics published an unrelated board game designed by 18-year-old Adrian Wild titled Escape from Colditz Castle. Although that game proved popular, selling 130,000 copies, it was quickly forgotten once Escape from Colditz was released by Gibsons Games the following year.

Reception
In Issue 29 of Games & Puzzles, John Humphries thought the board was "well designed". He noted that "as the game progresses and escape plans near fruition, it can become quite tense for the players concerned, hoping that they will not be caught at the last minute." However, Humphries found that "the rules are atrociously compiled, full of errors, omissions and anomalies." Despite this, he gave the game a rating of 4 out of 6, saying, "Escape from Colditz should provide many hours of enjoyment for most members of the family."

In the book Achtung Schweinhund!: A Boy's Own Story of Imaginary Combat, journalist Harry Pearson noted the one problem he had with the game: "Escape from Colditz was hugely popular, but it had one major defect — someone had to be the Germans. While the Allied players got to run around the castle hoping to nick the stall car, collecting skeleton keys and wire cutters and hoarding Red Cross cigarettes with which to bribe the guards, the German player just marched around with his dogs hoping to fall into a tunnel."

In The Games & Puzzles Book of Modern Board Games, John Humphries said the game "should be played for fun and in fact can be very amusing as well as frustrating and tense at times. Tension can certainly be created when an escape attempt is 'on', and hunter and hunted are both in full cry." He concluded, "The game does not and could not recreate the sense of hopelessness and deprivation experienced by most prisoners of war, but in fairness does not claim to be a true simulation of the actual period, emphasising rather the spirit of co-operation between prisoners."

Other reviews and commentary

 * The Gamer #2 (September-October 1981)
 * Games & Puzzles #50

title: Escape from Colditz


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Talk:Pictish stone

Untitled
For pic of Drosten Stone see

http://www.pictarts.demon.co.uk/bin/news/newf31.htm

The site is currently undergoing a rebuild. --Air 10:28, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * if you know if and where this stone can be seen, please add it to the list. thank you! -- mo 14:03, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * already on the list mo (St Vigeans, Arbroath), just pointing to a reference link. When they're finished revamping their site I'll add it to External Links.

Singular
Shouldn't the title of this page be Pictish stone. When in doubt wikipedia policy prefers the singular. Hadrianheugh (talk) 03:12, 16 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I think stones is prolly the better title, if for no other reason it is about Pictish stones rather than the abstraction "the Pictish stone". Regards, Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 03:27, 16 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I disagree. The article Carrot is really about carrots (not just an individual carrot) per your logic. Cheers. Hadrianheugh (talk) 04:47, 16 February 2008 (UTC)
 * You're not really being fair to my logic. Pictish stones, unlike carrots, don't have the same dna. :p Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 04:51, 16 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. But less comically check out the pages: Dolmen, Henge, Menhir, Orthostat, Stone circle, Stone ship, Headstone, Tomb, Chamber tomb, Standing stone, Cromlech etc. which do not share the same DNA and are ancient stone structures. Cheers. Hadrianheugh (talk) 15:51, 16 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I do think Pictish stones are so specific and have problems of classification that make them different from those. Pictish stone for me formalizes and abstracts it to an unacceptable degree ... for me at least. Let's see what others say ... Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 16:05, 16 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Put me on the fence - I can see both sides of this argument... :-) Le Deluge (talk) 11:48, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Locations and infoboxes
Poking around the RCAHMS site it has lots of useful info including grid references, rock types, sizes etc. I've tidied up Clach an Tiompain with an infobox, coords etc, people like might to do the same with some of the others using that as a template. Le Deluge (talk) 11:48, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Writing
We can by all means report the claims that the symbols qualify as "writing". But we certainly cannot take this as a fact that is taken for granted by anyone other than the people proposing it. These will need to qualify what exactly they mean by "writing". If it turns out that the claim is simply that the symbols have semantic content, they should more properly be considered a form of proto-writing. If the claim that this is positively about writing, i.e. records containing linguistic information, as opposed to mere proto-writing, I would be rather interested what exactly that claim is based on. So far, the claim seems to be based simply on statistics (entropy), which is good enough to prove that the symbols are "not random", but the jump from "not random" to "written language" would need some elaboration. --dab (𒁳) 09:38, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't think there's anything controversial, or indeed novel, about the suggestion that the stones were intended to impart some sort of information. A writing system though? The Picts obviously didn't have a lot to say. Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 11:08, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I notice that Lees team used complete language systems for their test data, eg: Chinese, Egyptian hierogpyphs, etc., they haven't considered whether it is a language subsystem or even signage. They score the probability by looking at predictable non-random events, take for example the English language, if you have a series of Roman characters with the letter 'Q' in them, you could predict that the letter 'u' would follow, which would indicate a high probability that it was a written language. I would like to know how they would score road signs, using their system, as road signs do have an element of predictability about them, and are certainly not random. Wilfridselsey (talk) 10:06, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Someone has now added published critiques. The one from Computational Linguistics looks like it entirely demolishes the earlier claims. Angus McLellan (Talk) 22:10, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks Angus, copy of one critique here Wilfridselsey (talk) 09:09, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I am surely no scholar, but having a look at http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/details/1080173/ (brandsbutt stone at inverurie) does suggest no writing or even proto-writing to me, even though this brandsbutt stone is supposed to be some ogham 'Rosetta' stone. Although I'm not sure exactly where any composite image starts classifying as proto-writing, all I see is a reflection of the moon in the river Don south of Inverurie (typically west of Kemnay). For this you need to consider a snake to signify a river and the Z sign to be a compass with the arrow pointing north. The V sign through the moon would be the arrow representing its reflection. I'd say this convays a time and place, like a map rather than a message. It would still be a transfer of information but not (proto-)writing, I think. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.84.150.13 (talk) 23:38, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

Constellations
I've taken the liberty of removing the reference to Heather Connie Martin's Lost Language of the Stars. I've never read the book, and there may well be merit to her argument, but it would be difficult to argue that it in any way represents a mainstream academic view. Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 11:19, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

 * By your own words, you took quite a liberty, and there may have been merit. Suggest next time you do the research before you react. --71.245.164.83 (talk) 01:27, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

 * It was the right move. It is clearly not a scholarly work.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 07:37, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

There's a semantic difference between "taking the liberty" to do something and "taking a liberty", but I'll let that pass.

The deletion of sourced material from articles is something I do not do lightly, and of course in this case I did some research before removing it. My contention is that Lost Language of the Stars is probably not a reliable source as defined by Wikipedia guidelines.

Anyone can publish a book. Anyone can pay for a block of ISBN numbers and pay for a few hundred copies of a book to be published. Publication does not automatically confer authority, you need additional 'provenance' for that.

Compare these two works:

Katherine Forsyth hardly needs introduction to people interested in this subject. She's published a body of high-impact papers on Pictish and early Medieval sculpture and is recognised as one of the leading figures in this field. She's a reader in history at the University of Glasgow who specialises in Celtic, Pictish and Medieval history. That in itself would be enough to confirm her work as a reliable source, but if she was unknown, other clues would tell us that it was a quality scholarly piece. The publisher, for example, is known for publishing work in this area, the most significant being the current printing of J. Romilly Allen and J. Anderson's Early Christian Monuments of Scotland. Moreover, Forsyth's work has been cited by virtually everyone who has discussed the Pictish symbols since it was published. There's no bones about it, hers is a reliable source.

What about Heather Connie Martin? Is she an academic specialising in this field? Does she, for example have a tenured position teaching early medieval history in a University? Has she published a body of work in the subject?

According to a website that she contributes to:

 * ''A new book published December 2007 gives a radical new insight into the origins of the symbols of the Picts
 * The Picts are probably best known for the remarkable carved stones which they left for us dotted throughout the north-east of what is now Scotland. The earliest of these stones are sculpted with a system of enigmatic symbols, some rich with elaborate knotwork, others elegantly plain.
 * THE LOST LANGUAGE OF THE STARS offers a completely new theory about the origins of these Pictish symbols to add to our understanding of Scottish culture and identity.

 * Heather Connie Martin was born in Dundee in 1962. During the 1980's she studied design at Dundee and Glasgow. Early and abiding influences in her work are: a love of colour, fascination with the remains of the past, the patterns of the stars, the language of rocks. She lived for twenty years in Glasgow, selling books in the time-honoured tradition from a street barrow. She now works from her attic studio under the chestnut beams and rough slate tiles of an old house in the southern Cevennes in France. Moving from the gritty urban spaces of Glasgow to the peace of the mountains; walking the hard schist paths over the ridges; experiencing the divisions of the seasons in a place of hot mediterranean summers, dramatic thunderstorms and icy white winters. Drawing on her years of study of Pictish and Celtic culture; she creates paintings and woven panels full of symbolic imagery in rich earth colours.

She's clearly an enthusiastic amateur rather than a professional academic.

The ISBN also suggests the publisher is a very small operation, the title identifier being a single digit number.

Her book is more recent than Forsyth's paper, so it has had less time to make an impression on academia, but it does not appear that anyone is citing it. It wasn't mentioned, for example, in Fraser's review of symbol interpretation in The Pictish Symbol Stones of Scotland.

None of this has any impact on the merit of her work, only on its notability and suitability for inclusion in an encyclopedia article. Catfish Jim  & the soapdish  11:21, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Good call, thanks. It doesn't belong here. Dougweller (talk) 14:36, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

Sueno's stone tallest in British Isles
It may well be the tallest in the British Isles (or Britain and Ireland, if you prefer), but the best reference I could find was that it's the tallest early medieval sculpture in Scotland, so I've toned down the claim a little. Catfish Jim  & the soapdish  09:45, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Good job on this, and other recent improvements. I think the more moderate claim is more appropriate unless anyone can find a source for the original.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 09:51, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I have a soft spot in my heart for this article, I don't know why. Thanks for the edits. Gwen Gale (talk) 09:58, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

 * And thanks from me. Can we remove the sources tag? I don't see why it needs more now, and there's no discussion here. Dougweller (talk) 10:25, 25 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Done. Gwen Gale (talk) 10:40, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

 * It has been done. But I am not convinced that the article has enough sources. Particularly, the Purpose and Meaning section has some major claims and no citations for two paragraphs. Can anyone help support those statements?--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 11:37, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, I looked into some of the inline citations and although they could be shuffled about some, most of the text seems supported by them. The shreds of text I found which I couldn't easily verfiy in the cited sources, I was able to quickly verify through a web search, though those sources, while ok, were not great, so I didn't bother to put them into the article. Gwen Gale (talk) 12:45, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I've added a couple more references... I think Jackson (1984) would cover the unreferenced analysis of the occurrence of symbols in pairs, but I'll have to check tonight. Catfish Jim   & the soapdish  13:44, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I think its pretty much there now, so thanks to everyone for their efforts. I am doing a summary of this article for elsewhere, so if I find more relevant and useful references I will feed them back into here. Thanks to all for your efforts. Its really the sort of response you pray for from a tag and so very rarely get.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 14:23, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

Pictish Mithraism
We're not sure what to make of this, and could use some eyes on it. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 10:48, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I've taken the bull by the horns, thus Articles for deletion/Pictish Mithraism. Dougweller (talk) 13:47, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

Picish Beast Sketch
Hello out there. I´m looking for the origin of the sketch of the so called Pictish Beast, shown on the right. This scan shows a page from an unknown book, declaring the sketch from out of Romilly Allen´s Early Christian Monuments. Though the book is from early 19th century, I couldn´t find it on the web. Is there somebody who owns it and can check in the book? I also don´t know which of the about sixty beasts it shows. Most likely seems to be the one from Strathmartin 1, but the tail looks different. Regards. --Kallewirsch (talk) 07:11, 19 February 2012 (UTC)
 * That looks like the one. Johnbod (talk) 11:14, 19 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the information. --Kallewirsch (talk) 10:54, 2 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Having looked at all the stones with the Pictish Beast on it, the Strathmartine stone is the only one that resembles it closely.
 * The illustration itself is from Robert Stevenson's chapter on Pictish Art in Wainwright's "The Problem of the Picts" (page 98).  Catfish  Jim  and the soapdish  21:53, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Similarity to Runestones
Does this deserve a mention ? I've raised it on the Runestone page as well. They're similar in many ways. I think given Scotland's geographical proximity to the Scandinavian and Nordic countries it certainly deserves a small piece. Should also note that some Pictish Stone incsriptions have been translated using Old Norse, written in Ogham script. They were names and dates likely commemorating fallen warriors and kings, just like Norse runestones. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.104.200.243 (talk) 17:32, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

The early Christian monuments of Scotland
I've changed the citation for the Allen and Anderson book to refer to the original 1903 edition, which is now available as full-text on IA. Is there any value in also listing the facsimile edition? I think not, unless there is a modern introduction or notes. If so they should be referred to explicitly. Happy to discuss. Kognos (talk) 12:11, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pictish stone


text:
Max Thayer

Michael "Max" Thayer (born June 18, 1946) is an American movie actor, sometimes credited as Michael R. Thayer. He is mostly known for playing lead roles in several B-movies and action films such as Ilsa, Harem Keeper of the Oil Sheiks, Planet of Dinosaurs and No Retreat, No Surrender 2.

Biography
After serving in the US Army, Thayer decided to become an actor. He first appeared in theater, then in several low-budget movies during the 1970s. In 1976, he played the lead male role, opposite Dyanne Thorne in Ilsa, Harem Keeper of the Oil Sheiks. He went on to play roles in such films as Planet of Dinosaurs and The Retrievers. During the 1980s, after a short hiatus from acting due to an accident, Thayer found himself working in the Philippines, where he starred in several low-budget action films such as Deadringer, No Dead Heroes and Phantom soldiers. In 1987, he played one of the lead roles in the action film No Retreat, No Surrender 2, opposite Loren Avedon and Cynthia Rothrock. In the 1990s and 2000s, he appeared mostly in bit parts. In 2018, he played one of the lead roles in the independent film In the Middle of the River.

Partial filmography

 * Ilsa, Harem Keeper of the Oil Sheiks (1976)
 * Planet of Dinosaurs (1978)
 * Hot Ice (1977)
 * The Retrievers (1981)
 * Skeezer (1982)
 * The Story of the Dolls (1984)
 * Talk Dirty to Me Part III (1984)
 * Perfect Fit (1985)
 * Deadringer (1985)
 * Iron Eagle (1986)
 * No Dead Heroes (1987)
 * No Retreat, No Surrender 2 (1987)
 * A Night at the Magic Castle (1988)
 * Phantom Soldiers (1989)
 * Dominion (1995)
 * Visions (1996)
 * Sworn to Justice (1996)
 * The Man Who Wasn't There (2001)
 * Pearl Harbor (2001)
 * American Gun (2002)
 * C.E.O. (2002)
 * S.W.A.T.(2003)
 * The War of Gene (2004)
 * A Killing in Choctaw (2004)
 * In the Middle of the River (2018)

title: Max Thayer


text: Category:McMullen County, Texas

title: Category:McMullen County, Texas


text:
Lucha Reyes (Mexican singer)

María de Luz Flores Aceves (23 May 1906 – 25 June 1944), known by her stage name Lucha Reyes, was a Mexican singer and actress. Born in Guadalajara, Jalisco, she was popular in the 1930s and 1940s and was called the "Queen of Ranchera".

Early life
Reyes, the daughter of Miguel Ángel Flores and Victoria Aceves, lost her father when she was still small. She took the surname Reyes from her mother's second husband, who took care of her until she was a teenager. In her early singing career, Soon after, she moved with her family to Mexico City, where they lived in a modest house in Colonia Morelos. Because of the family's financial problems, she never finished primary school. Later she joined the church choir at Iglesia de Carmen. Her career began at the age of 13, when she performed in a tent in the Plaza San Sebastián near her house in the Federal District, alternating with comedians like Amelia Wilhelmy, José Limón, and the Acevedo Brothers.

Career
Reyes traveled to the United States to study voice, and in 1920 went on tour to several states, where she became an icon among the local Hispanics. She teamed up with Nancy Torres, and decided to stay in Los Angeles. It was during this tour that she met the journalist Gabriel Navarro, and they were married shortly after. Reyes suffered a miscarriage, lost the child, and they divorced. In 1924, she returned to Mexico.

Reyes would eventually decide to launch a solo career, and she became popular with Mexican radio listeners, while keeping a busy theater schedule. In 1927, she tried to conquer Europe, joining Juan N. Torreblanca on a tour of that continent. It was cancelled when it reached Berlin, for unpublicized reasons. A popular piano player who travelled with them had to play one night at an infamous local bar for her to be able to afford an air ticket back to Mexico. One positive aspect about this tour was that Reyes was able to record her first record, one of the first records to introduce Mexican music to European audiences. Reyes was not a ranchera singer during this period of her career, she was rather a soprano. Reyes had taken light clothing with her for her European tour; this, combined with the cold weathers of Europe when compared to Mexico, caused her to get sick and, eventually, to lose her voice. Her voice ailment was the cause of a voice change, and, upon returning, she started singing "rancheras". One of her first songs in the ranchera genre, "Guadalajara", became a classic.

In 1928, Reyes launched a career as a solo artist, and a year later began her best years as an artist, achieving successes with songs like "La Tequilera", "¡Ay Jalisco, no te rajes!", "El corrido de Chihuahua", "El herradero", "La Panchita", "Traigo un amor", "Juan Colorado", "El castigador", "Rayando el sol", "Caminito de Contreras", and more. In 1930, the entrepreneur Frank Founce contracted with her to perform several concerts on the stage of the Million Dollar Theater in Los Angeles.

Reyes also appeared in films. She played supporting roles in Con los dorados de Villa (1939) and El Zorro de Jalisco (1941). Her last film appearances were musical guest roles in ¡Ay Jalisco... no te rajes! (1941) and Flor silvestre (1943).

Personal life and death
Reyes married three times. In 1934, she married her second husband, producer Félix Martín Cervantes. At the time of her death, she was married to Antonio Vega Medina, a pilot.

Like many of her contemporary stars, such as Jorge Negrete, Pedro Infante, José Alfredo Jiménez and Javier Solís, she had a short life. She died on 25 June 1944 of an "acute intoxication" caused by an "unknown substance", which was believed to be barbiturates.

Legacy
She has a statue in East Los Angeles, California as she visited the city many times during her career. The statue is located in Mariachi Plaza in the east Los Angeles area of the city, a predominantly Hispanic neighborhood.

title: Lucha Reyes (Mexican singer)


text:
United States military ration

United States military ration refers to the military rations provided to sustain United States Armed Forces service members, including field rations and garrison rations, and the military nutrition research conducted in relation to military food. U.S. military rations are often made for quick distribution, preparation, and eating in the field and tend to have long storage times in adverse conditions due to being thickly packaged or shelf-stable.

18th and 19th centuries
From the Revolutionary War to the Spanish–American War, the U.S. Army ration, as decreed by the Continental Congress, was the garrison ration, which consisted of meat or salt fish, bread or hardtack, and vegetables.

There was also a spirit ration. In 1785, it was set at four ounces of rum, reduced to two ounces of whiskey, brandy, or rum in 1790. In 1794, troops about to enter combat or who were engaged in frontier service could receive a double ration of four ounces of rum or whiskey; this was extended in 1799 to include troops engaged in fatigue duties. It was discontinued in 1832 and replaced with a ration of coffee and sugar, which was increased in 1836. In 1846, a spirit ration was reinstated for issue to troops engaged in construction or surveying duties; this was discontinued in 1865.

During the American Civil War, both armies struggled to keep their soldiers adequately fed. Difficulties with food logistics led to a multitude of rations.

World War I
In World War I three types of rations came into usage by the U.S. military: the Reserve ration, the Trench ration, and the Emergency ration (also known as the Iron ration).

"Iron Ration" (1907–1922)
The first attempt to make an individual ration for issue to soldiers in the field was the "iron ration", first introduced in 1907. It consisted of three three-ounce cakes (made from a concoction of beef bouillon powder and parched and cooked wheat), three one-ounce bars of sweetened chocolate, and packets of salt and pepper that were issued in a sealed tin packet that weighed one pound. It was designed for emergency use when the troops were unable to be supplied with food. It was later discontinued by the adoption of the "Reserve Ration", but experience with the Iron Ration went into the development of the emergency D-ration.

"Trench Ration" (1914–1918)
This ration was issued in the early part of the war to address a problem. Soldiers fighting in the front lines needed to be supplied with their daily rations, but cooked food prepared at field kitchens was sometimes spoiled by gas attacks. The trench ration was the answer. It was a variety of canned meats (salmon, corned beef, sardines, etc.) that were commercially procured and sealed in a large tin box covered in canvas. It was bulky and heavy and the soldiers began to get weary of the limited menu and it was soon replaced by the Reserve Ration.

"Reserve Ration" (1917–1937)
The reserve ration was first issued during the latter part of World War I to feed troops who were away from a garrison or field kitchen. It originally consisted of 12 ounces of fresh bacon or one pound of canned meat known as the Meat Ration, usually corned beef. Additionally, two 8-ounce cans of hard bread or hardtack biscuits, a packet of 1.16 ounces of pre-ground coffee, a packet of 2.4 ounces of granulated sugar, and a packet of 0.16 ounces of salt were issued. There was also a separate "tobacco ration" of 0.4 ounces of tobacco and 10 cigarette rolling papers, later replaced by brand-name machine-rolled cigarettes. After the war, there were attempts to improve the ration based on input from the field. In 1922, the Meat Ration was revised, consisting of one pound of meat (usually a combination of dried beef and canned corned beef). This was supplemented by hard chocolate, 14 ounces of hard bread or hardtack biscuits, coffee, and sugar. In 1925, the Meat Ration was changed, removing the dried beef in favor of canned pork and beans, and reducing the bread component. The corned beef allowance was also reduced in size (older rations continued to be issued, however). In 1936, menu planners attempted to introduce more variety by developing an alternate Meat Ration consisting of an "A"-menu (canned corned beef) and a "B"-menu (canned pork and beans). The A and B Reserve or combat ration was canceled after being superseded in 1938 by the Field Ration, Type C.

World War II
After 1918, the army ration system went through several revisions, eventually leading to the:

 * A-ration: Garrison ration. Fresh, refrigerated, or frozen food prepared in dining halls or field kitchens. The most valued of all rations.
 * B-ration: Field ration. Canned, packaged, or preserved foods normally prepared in field kitchens without refrigeration.
 * C-ration: Individual ration. A complete pre-cooked, ready-to-eat canned individual meal.
 * K-ration: Individual ration. Designed as a short duration individual "assault" ration for paratroopers and other specialized light infantry forces. Declared obsolete in 1948.
 * D-ration: Emergency ration. Bars of concentrated chocolate combined with other ingredients to provide high calorie content (intended as an emergency ration).

A-rations were generally whatever meat and produce could be obtained locally, so there could be great variety from one theatre of operations to the next. B-rations were generally used when there was inadequate refrigeration for perishable A-rations. The composition of the D-ration did not change much throughout the war, but the C-ration developed many variations.

A- and B-rations were only served at bases or established camps in rear areas as they require cooking. C-rations could be eaten hot or cold and required no special preparation or storage, so these could be served almost anywhere.

During the war a new ration for assault troops, the 2,830 Cal K-ration, was developed. K-rations were originally intended to be used as short duration rations for only 2–3 days, but cost concerns and later standardization led to its overuse, contributing in some cases to vitamin deficiencies and malnourishment.

There were various other special rations developed for specific circumstances, including:
 * Type X Ration
 * 5-in-1 ration
 * 10-in-1 food parcel
 * Mountain ration: 4,800 Cal, discontinued 1943
 * Jungle ration: 4,000 Cal, discontinued 1943
 * The Assault Lunch: Chocolate bars, caramels, dried fruit, chewing gum, peanuts, salt tablets, cigarettes, matches, and water purification tablets; total of 1500 - 2000 Cal, discontinued 1947
 * The Assault ration (Pacific Theater): 28 pieces of assorted hard candy, chewing gum, cigarettes and a chocolate peanut bar
 * The Aircrew Lunch
 * The AAF Combat Lunch
 * Parachute Emergency Ration
 * Liferaft Ration
 * Airborne Lifeboat Ration

Cold War rations
Some of these specialized rations were discontinued during the war due to cost concerns, forcing commanders to adopt standardized rations in their place. The K- and D-rations were declared obsolete after World War II, but canned wet rations in the form of the C-ration (later the MCI) continued until 1983, when they were replaced by the Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE). Created during this era was the T-ration (or "T-rat"), a semi-perishable meal packaged, heated, and served in a tray pack similar to frozen meals.

Present-day issuance
Currently, the following rations are available to troops:

 * Unitized Group Ration: standard group ration for field kitchens and garrisons, succeeding the A-, B-, and T-rations
 * UGR-H&S (Heat & Serve): precooked, shelf-stable meals designed to be heated and served in less than an hour
 * UGR-A: fresh meals prepared on-site (or nearby and transported), requiring refrigeration and a field kitchen
 * UGR-M (formerly UGR-B): meals, mostly dehydrated or preserved, intended for the U.S. Marine Corps
 * UGR-E (Express): meals in self-heating packages designed to feed groups where field kitchens are unavailable
 * Navy Standard Core Menu: meals served to U.S. Navy personnel aboard navy vessels; considered a group ration, but not part of the UGR system
 * Meal, Ready-to-Eat: standard individual field ration
 * First Strike Ration: individual ration designed for use in combat or while moving
 * Soldier Fuel: specialized energy bar found in some MREs

The composition of these rations are predetermined in a way to make sure that soldiers are properly fed and equipped with the necessary nutrients in order to maximize energy levels. There are certain levels of nutrients that are recommended by the Military Nutrition Research Committee. As a baseline, it is recommended that there be at least 2,400 kcal in each ration, in which those rations are constructed of different levels of numerous vitamins and nutrients.

Ration waste disposal
The military prioritizes the burn disposal of the waste because, if not taken care of properly, it can lead to more problems. The goal achieved from the proper disposal includes the elimination of vermin problems, airborne diseases, and preventing any enemy militaries from obtaining the waste to use as resources for themselves or as intelligence.

title: United States military ration


text:
Stop-and-wait ARQ

Stop-and-wait ARQ, also referred to as alternating bit protocol, is a method in telecommunications to send information between two connected devices. It ensures that information is not lost due to dropped packets and that packets are received in the correct order. It is the simplest automatic repeat-request (ARQ) mechanism. A stop-and-wait ARQ sender sends one frame at a time; it is a special case of the general sliding window protocol with transmit and receive window sizes equal to one in both cases. After sending each frame, the sender doesn't send any further frames until it receives an acknowledgement (ACK) signal. After receiving a valid frame, the receiver sends an ACK. If the ACK does not reach the sender before a certain time, known as the timeout, the sender sends the same frame again. The timeout countdown is reset after each frame transmission. The above behavior is a basic example of Stop-and-Wait. However, real-life implementations vary to address certain issues of design.

Typically the transmitter adds a redundancy check number to the end of each frame. The receiver uses the redundancy check number to check for possible damage. If the receiver sees that the frame is good, it sends an ACK. If the receiver sees that the frame is damaged, the receiver discards it and does not send an ACK—pretending that the frame was completely lost, not merely damaged.

One problem is when the ACK sent by the receiver is damaged or lost. In this case, the sender doesn't receive the ACK, times out, and sends the frame again. Now the receiver has two copies of the same frame, and doesn't know if the second one is a duplicate frame or the next frame of the sequence carrying identical DATA.

Another problem is when the transmission medium has such a long latency that the sender's timeout runs out before the frame reaches the receiver. In this case the sender resends the same packet. Eventually the receiver gets two copies of the same frame, and sends an ACK for each one. The sender, waiting for a single ACK, receives two ACKs, which may cause problems if it assumes that the second ACK is for the next frame in the sequence.

To avoid these problems, the most common solution is to define a 1 bit sequence number in the header of the frame. This sequence number alternates (from 0 to 1) in subsequent frames. When the receiver sends an ACK, it includes the sequence number of the next packet it expects. This way, the receiver can detect duplicated frames by checking if the frame sequence numbers alternate. If two subsequent frames have the same sequence number, they are duplicates, and the second frame is discarded. Similarly, if two subsequent ACKs reference the same sequence number, they are acknowledging the same frame.

Stop-and-wait ARQ is inefficient compared to other ARQs, because the time between packets, if the ACK and the data are received successfully, is twice the transit time (assuming the turnaround time can be zero). The throughput on the channel is a fraction of what it could be. To solve this problem, one can send more than one packet at a time with a larger sequence number and use one ACK for a set. This is what is done in Go-Back-N ARQ and the Selective Repeat ARQ.

title: Stop-and-wait ARQ


text:
Knox City

Knox City may mean:
 * Knox City, Missouri
 * Knox City, Texas
 * The City of Knox in Victoria, Australia. (Also known as the Knox City Council)
 * Westfield Knox, formerly known as Knox City Shopping Centre
 * Knox City FC

title: Knox City


text:
Poetry (magazine)

Poetry (founded as Poetry: A Magazine of Verse) has been published in Chicago since 1912. It is one of the leading monthly poetry journals in the English-speaking world. Founded by poet and arts columnist Harriet Monroe, who built it into an influential publication, it is now published by the Poetry Foundation. In 2007 the magazine had a circulation of 30,000, and printed 300 poems per year out of approximately 100,000 submissions. It is sometimes referred to as Poetry—Chicago.

Poetry has been financed since 2003 with a $200 million bequest from philanthropist and Lilly heiress, Ruth Lilly.

History
The magazine was founded in 1912 by Harriet Monroe, an author who was then working as an art critic for the Chicago Tribune. She wrote at that time: "The Open Door will be the policy of this magazine—may the great poet we are looking for never find it shut, or half-shut, against his ample genius! To this end the editors hope to keep free from entangling alliances with any single class or school. They desire to print the best English verse which is being written today, regardless of where, by whom, or under what theory of art it is written. Nor will the magazine promise to limit its editorial comments to one set of opinions."

In a circular she sent to poets, Monroe said the magazine offered:

"First, a chance to be heard in their own place, without the limitations imposed by the popular magazine. In other words, while the ordinary magazines must minister to a large public little interested in poetry, this magazine will appeal to, and it may be hoped, will develop, a public primarily interested in poetry as an art, as the highest, most complete expression of truth and beauty."

"In the first decade of its existence, [Poetry] became the principal organ for modern poetry of the English-speaking world." T. S. Eliot's first professionally published poem, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," was published in Poetry. Prufrock was brought to Monroe's attention by early contributor and foreign correspondent, Ezra Pound. The magazine published the early works of H.D., Robert Frost, Langston Hughes, Edna St. Vincent Millay and Marianne Moore. The magazine discovered such poets as Gwendolyn Brooks, James Merrill, and John Ashbery.

Contributors have included William Butler Yeats, Rabindranath Tagore, William Carlos Williams, Joyce Kilmer, Carl Sandburg, Charlotte Wilder, Robert Creeley, Wallace Stevens, Basil Bunting, Yone Noguchi, Carl Rakosi, Dorothy Richardson, Peter Viereck, Louis Zukofsky, Charles Reznikoff, E. E. Cummings, Frank O'Hara, Allen Ginsberg, Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Elsa Gidlow, and Tennessee Williams, Max Michelson among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching the Imagist and Objectivist poetic movements.

A. R. Ammons once said, "the histories of modern poetry in America and of Poetry in America are almost interchangeable, certainly inseparable." However, in the early years, East Coast newspapers made fun of the magazine, with one calling the idea "Poetry in Porkopolis".

Author and poet Jessica Nelson North was an editor. Henry Rago joined the magazine in 1954 and became editor the following year.

The magazine first established its online presence in 1998 at poetrymagazine.org and, after a 2003 grant from Ruth Lilly, moved to poetryfoundation.org in 2005.

Publication in Poetry is highly selective and consists of three increasingly critical editorial rounds. With a publication rate of submissions at about 1%, the magazine is "one of the most difficult to get [published in]".

Foundation
Monroe continued to publish the magazine, until her death in 1937. From 1937 to 1941, a group series of editors published the magazine. From 1941, until the establishment of the Foundation in 2003, the magazine's publisher went by the corporate name, the Modern Poetry Association. In 2003, the association received a grant from the estate of Ruth Lilly originally said to be worth over $100 million, but which grew to be about $200 million when it was given out. The grant added to her already substantial prior contributions.

The magazine learned in 2001 that it would be getting the grant. Before announcing the gift, the magazine waited a year and reconfigured its governing board, which had been concerned with fund-raising. The Poetry Foundation was created, replacing the Modern Poetry Association, and Joseph Parisi, who was editor of the magazine for two decades, briefly headed the foundation. Christian Wiman, a young critic and poet, succeeded to the editorship in 2003.

Since receiving the grant, the magazine has increased its budget. For instance, poets who previously received two dollars per line now get ten. In addition, the magazine continues to give out eight annual author prizes for various types of publications that have appeared in the magazine, these range per endowment from $500 to $5000.

Poetry Foundation Building
Part of the Lilly grant was used to build the Poetry Center in Near North Side, Chicago. The Center, opened in 2011, holds a library open to the public, houses reading spaces, hosts school and tour groups, and provides office and editorial space for the Poetry Foundation and magazine.

Editorship under the Poetry Foundation
Christian Wiman took the editorship in 2003. Partly thanks to direct-mail campaigns, the magazine's circulation has grown from 11,000 to almost 30,000. The look of the magazine was redesigned in 2005.

Wiman "expressed in print a stern preference for formal poems, and a disdain for what he calls 'broken-prose confessionalism' and 'the generic, self-obsessed free-verse poetry of the seventies and eighties", according to a New Yorker magazine article.

One of his top goals for the magazine was to get more people "talking about it", he has said. "I tried to put something in every issue that would be provocative in some way." Wiman hired several young, outspoken critics and encouraged them to be frank. In 2005, Wiman wrote in an editorial: "Not only was there a great deal of obvious logrolling going on (friends reviewing friends, teachers promoting students, young poets writing strategic reviews of older poets in power), but the writing was just so polite, professional and dull. ... We wanted writers who wrote as if there were an audience of general readers out there who might be interested in contemporary poetry. That meant hiring critics with sharp opinions, broad knowledge of fields other than poetry, and some flair."

Wiman stepped down from the editorship June 30, 2013. Poet Don Share, senior editor under Wiman, became the Editor. Share stepped down in the summer of 2020, following a controversy over his decision to include a poem with racist language in an issue devoted to anti-racist poetry. After a series of guest editors, poet Adrian Matejka, a writing professor, and past Indiana State Poet Laureate, was named editor in 2022.

Controversial article by John Barr
In September 2006, the magazine published an essay by John Barr, then president of the Poetry Foundation (2003–13), titled "American Poetry in the New Century," which became controversial, generating many complaints and some support. After having heard a talk Barr gave on the subject, Wiman had asked Barr to submit it to the magazine.

"American poetry is ready for something new because our poets have been writing in the same way for a long time now. There is fatigue, something stagnant about the poetry being written today," Barr wrote. He added that poetry is nearly absent from public life, and poets too often write with only other poets in mind, failing to write for a greater public. Although M.F.A. programs have expanded greatly, the result has been more poetry but also more limited variety. He wrote that poetry has become "neither robust, resonant, nor — and I stress this quality — entertaining."

Barr suggested that poets get experience outside the academy. "If you look at drama in Shakespeare's day, or the novel in the last century, or the movie today, it suggests that an art enters its golden age when it is addressed to and energized by the general audiences of its time."

Dana Goodyear, in an article in The New Yorker reporting and commenting on Poetry magazine and The Poetry Foundation, wrote that Barr's essay was directly counter to the ideas of the magazine's founder, Harriet Monroe, eight decades before. In a 1922 editorial, Monroe wrote about newspaper verse: "These syndicated rhymers, like the movie-producers, are learning that it pays to be good, [that one] gets by giving the people the emotions of virtue, simplicity and goodness, with this program paying at the box-office." Monroe wanted to protect poets from the demands of popular taste, Goodyear wrote, while Barr wants to induce poets to appeal to the public. Goodyear acknowledged that popular interest in poetry has collapsed since the time of Monroe's editorial.

Wiman has said he agrees with many of Barr's points about contemporary poetry.

Awards
In 2011, and in 2014, Poetry won National Magazine Awards for General Excellence.

Legacy
A Beirut-based literary magazine, Shi'r, was named after Poetry.

Notes and references
Specific references:

General references

 * Peter Jones (ed.): Imagist Poetry (Penguin, 1972).
 * Historical note at the magazine Web site
 * Boston Globe article on grant

title: Poetry (magazine)


text:
Talk:Cargo cult science

Definition
This entry has a lead-in but no pay off! The reader needs to know what defines cargo-cult science well enough to identify in operation on his own. Wetman 10:40, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This article grossly misrepresents actual 'cargo cults'
There has been extensive anthropological literature on the so-called 'cargo cults' (terminology now generally avoided in the literature) written over the years, all of which, without exception, present a very different perspective than the trivialising and frankly offensive characterisations presented in this article. Wikipedia should not be representing Feynman's tale about the 'primitive other' as if it is anything more than just that - a cherry-picked nugget, told for effect, entirely stripped of the political, economic, social, and religious contexts that reveal a much more nuanced process focussed around reactions to colonialism and rapid social change. I have much respect for Feynman in other ways, but as far as I'm aware, he had no anthropological qualifications whatsoever, and it shows. If we are to have an article on this questionable metaphor at all, it needs to do better than this. Much better. AndyTheGrump (talk) 00:03, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I've been uncomfortable with the term myself for quite some time. But it's hard to back up this particular topic without the racially biased term, because all the sources use that version of it. I'd hoped someone would've come up with a better term by now, but haven't seen any examples. —  The Hand That Feeds You :Bite 00:09, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

 * My particular issue isn't so much about documenting a 'racially biased term', as it is about misrepresenting it as based on fact. If Wikipedia wants to discuss terminology originating in anthropology (or at least coming to public attention as a consequence of that disciplines' analysis), it should do so based on what anthropologists have actually had to say about the subject. Not physicists looking for convenient metaphors to point out the flaws of those they work amongst. AndyTheGrump (talk) 00:25, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Please see my suggestion at the WP:YWAB Talk page. --Guy Macon Alternate Account (talk) 17:25, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

I have done a lot more research on this. AndyTheGrump is correct. I say we remove every hint that cargo cults are anything like what Feynman described, while acknowledging that the pseudoscientific method of research he describes definitely exists, even though it is named after something that doesn't. --Guy Macon Alternate Account (talk) 04:42, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Sure, go ahead. Ideally, we need a source or two actually discussing Feynman's errors directly, but I've not seen any, and without that, we might be accused of WP:OR if we do so ourselves. It might possibly need careful wording to avoid technical violations of WP:OR policy, but frankly, I'd say we'd be well into legitimate WP:IAR territory to do so. AndyTheGrump (talk) 05:11, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

 * The article is not protected and, from the outside, this doesn't seem complicated nor worth pounding the table. In describing cargo cults, Feynman would have been informed by contemporary sources. The article can give examples of those sources, and then state that they have been reconsidered. 2601:642:4600:BE10:3857:E634:4B5F:674C (talk) 17:21, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No, we cannot state either that 'Feynman would have been informed by contemporary sources', or that such sources have been 'reconsidered'. The academic sources available at the time (and from decades previously, e.g. Peter Worsley's 1957 The Trumpet Shall Sound: A Study of 'Cargo Cults' in Melanesia) wouldn't remotely have supported Feynman's erroneous trivialisations, and such reconsideration as there has been since is mostly concerned with expanding the depth of analysis, and in questioning whether it may have been misleading to lump a whole lot of disparate events taking place over a wide area over a considerable period as a single phenomenon for such analysis. What Feynman said in 1974 was simply wrong, or at least utterly distorted for rhetorical purposes, and we don't have any means to ascertain where he got it from. He clearly arrived at it after reading something from somewhere, but we don't engage in speculation as to how he came to say what he said. AndyTheGrump (talk) 17:59, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Again, the article's not protected. Rather than pounding about how inaccurate Feynman's description was — was it really, taking the John Frum movement as a point of reference, as the article already does? – you can do something about it. 2601:642:4600:BE10:3857:E634:4B5F:674C (talk) 18:50, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I aw well aware of the protection status of the article. I am also aware of Wikipedia policy, which requires content to be sourced. If we had sources telling us where Feynman got his ideas from, we could use them. We don't. And we don't engage in synthesis to draw our own conclusions on such matters. Which is why this whole thing is problematic. If it was a simple matter of using available sources to correct the problem, I would have done so. As for the John Frum movement, if it ever was a 'cargo cult', it was always atypical, and by the time Feynman would have heard about it, had largely transformed itself into a conventional political organisation, with what might rather cynically be described as a sideline in ritual engaged in at least partly to keep the tourists happy. Perhaps Feynman saw some 'documentary' portraying this, and took it at face value. We'll probably never know. AndyTheGrump (talk) 20:49, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Do you dispute the article as it now stands? 2601:642:4600:BE10:3857:E634:4B5F:674C (talk) 21:20, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

 * As you have edited it, yes. Your statement "In describing the phenomenon, Feynman drew an analogy to certain sympathetic magic practices among colonized peoples, that imitated the appearance of the colonizers' technology without the substance" is entirely unsourced. And, with regard to the so-called 'cargo cults' that Feynman inaccurately described, quite clearly misleading, if not just plain wrong. You seem to be perpetuating the same errors that Feynman did. AndyTheGrump (talk) 23:06, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Agree with the above. Suggest replacing "Feynman drew an analogy to certain..." with ""Feynman drew an analogy to what he believed were certain..." and replacing "that imitated" with "that supposedly imitated".
 * I would also add the following after the second paragraph: "This use of the phrase "Cargo Cult" in popular culture is based on a misconception, and not upon the well-documented beliefs of the indigenous Melanesian belief system of the same name."
 * --Guy Macon Alternate Account (talk) 23:53, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Your first proposal seems spot on. I think the second needs more work: "This use of the phrase "Cargo Cult" in popular culture is based on a misconception, and not upon the well-documented beliefs and practices of Melanesian movements sometimes given that name" is probably clearer, and gets the point across about the phrase 'cargo cult' being (originally at least) an outsiders' label, and a problematic one at that. I'll think on this some more though, as it could likely be improved further. Making this a general statement about (non-Melanesian) popular culture is a very good idea though, since it avoids having to make unsourced claims about Feynman in particular. AndyTheGrump (talk) 00:55, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The source for Feynman drawing the analogy is his own published remarks, and I do not see how it is inaccurate to say that Melanesians engaged in sympathetic magic to bring them cargo. Calling a practice "magical" is not "otherizing" in general, nor specifically in this context, where the whole point was to criticize abuses of science. Nor is there any obligation to put a disclaimer that the practices Feynman described were not representative of all Melanesian practice, because he didn't say they were and nobody ever speaks all-inclusively about anything.
 * Besides that, Andy, it sounds like you have settled on your own distinction of which relevant sources are flawed and which are not, and I can hardly guess which ones will meet your approval.2601:642:4600:BE10:3857:E634:4B5F:674C (talk) 01:34, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You have no source for 'sympathetic magic'. And 'bring them cargo' is a ridiculous trivialisation of what was actually going on. We go by sources - and for this, we have the best sources available, the anthropological studies that brought the 'cargo cults' to popular attention in the first place. Studies which are ongoing. Studies which make it abundantly clear that the movements were never centred around acquiring western 'cargo' by 'magic' anyway. If you want to participate usefully in this discussion, I suggest you start by reading a few of of the sources. Some are hard going, but they have to be. They are describing a complex interaction between two very different worldviews, in a context of rapid social change and grossly uneven distribution of political and economic power. Dismissing the indigenous reaction to this as 'magic' isn't just trivialising, it is downright offensive. We don't do that with our own history, and we shouldn't do it with other peoples. AndyTheGrump (talk) 02:26, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

Re: "Melanesians engaged in sympathetic magic to bring them cargo", do you have a source for that? I believed it for decades because I had heard it from multiple popular culture sources and had never head anyone question it. But once the question was raised, I looked into it and found that pretty much everyone who has actually studied the so-called cargo cultists has concluded that the whole story was bullshit. Which is a shame because software engineers do it all the time. Do your own research. For what it is worth, my search found these sources: --Guy Macon Alternate Account (talk) 07:43, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * https://www.anthroencyclopedia.com/entry/cargo-cults
 * https://www.jstor.org/stable/40331760
 * https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv9zcktq.7

 * This kind of issues is what makes me think that this article should be about Feynman speech and not about Cargo cult science, I do not think the later is even a thing on its own.--ReyHahn (talk) 08:37, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The article certainly presents little in the way of evidence that 'cargo cult science' is actually a useful term for describing anything specific. One can no doubt find endless examples of the phrase being used, but in terms of any sort of formal definition, or in-depth analysis, nothing of note. We seem to be stuck with Feynman's poor analogy, used mostly as an insult. AndyTheGrump (talk) 10:03, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Having read the anthropological encyclopedia entry, I have to agree that what "cargo cults" actually were is little like what Feynman's description of them is. Given the lack of sources about the topic "Cargo cult science" other than Feynman's own writings, I would support either redirecting the article to Feynman or taking the article to AfD. Hemiauchenia (talk) 17:16, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I think a merge, even if very little of the existing prose is retained in the target article, is a better option than proposing deletion at AfD. Personally I am unconvinced on whether there is enough coverage of the term for a WP:WORDISSUBJECT article about Feynman's phrase, but that's something we can discuss in the merge proposal. VQuakr (talk) 18:07, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Proposal to selectively merge this article into Richard Feynman. Hemiauchenia (talk) 18:19, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

Pinging users from previous WP:MERGE attempt at Talk:Pseudoscience: --ReyHahn (talk) 18:41, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

Polling

 * Support Per my previous comments in this discussion. There's just not enough good sourcing to write a coherent independent article about this topic. Hemiauchenia (talk) 18:19, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No opposition to the alternative of merging to Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!. Hemiauchenia (talk) 19:33, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Support for merge with Richard Feynman or with Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! : Per my previous WP:Merge attempt. The topic has no concise definition. Most of the times when it is used in Wikipedia is related to Feynman (at least only 1 out of 7).--ReyHahn (talk) 18:37, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Support merging into and redirect to section Richard Feynman. - DVdm (talk) 19:01, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support merging to Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! as suggested by . I oppose merging to Richard Feynman, as I do not think any expansion of coverge of this speech/book chapter is due in the main biographical article. would you be willing to express support or opposition to this alternate merge target? VQuakr (talk) 19:27, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't think there needs to be any expansion, the "selective merge" could just be a redirect, but I have no opposition to merging it into the book. Hemiauchenia (talk) 19:33, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No problem with me, anything goes, as long as it is not merged into Pseudoscience as was once suggested. - DVdm (talk) 09:18, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Support. Merging with the Feynman biography (or the book, though the biography seems better in my opinion) book would appear an appropriate solution, as long as we take care to avoid the same issues we have here with presenting Feynman's description of 'cargo cults' as factual. AndyTheGrump (talk) 20:16, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support merge to SYJ as this appears to be nothing more than Feynman's colorful description of confirmation bias within the context of scientific experiments. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:642:4600:BE10:5CF7:2992:48CD:8A1B (talk) 21:04, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support merging to Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! No opinion on merging to Richard Feynman. --Guy Macon Alternate Account (talk) 06:31, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support merge to Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! as a better target. The Feynman article is a featured article that wouldn't benefit from anything copied over from this article, and it already mentions this topic.—Alalch E. 08:59, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support merge to Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! as a natural target, since it is and can be discussed there in more length than what is possible in the biographical article. Jähmefyysikko (talk) 12:35, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support merge to "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!" as a natural target. (...and never mind better document security, just keep Feynman away from your file cabinet!) Just plain Bill (talk) 14:30, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

Snowball Clause?

 * Bad WP:PROPMERGE. Proposed merge discussions are held on the target article's talk page. This is needed to be able to form a consensus about the state of the target page after merger. Further, the lack of clarity and agreement about the target, due to the discusssion not being held on the target's talk page, may hinder consensus forming and cause confusion. (If the proposal is to merge X to Y and you oppose merging X to Y and support merging X to Z, that's not a "support" !vote but an "oppose" !vote.) Proposing a merger is not congruous with I don't think there needs to be any expansion, the "selective merge" could just be a redirect. Whether and what content will be merged is something to be decided at Talk:Richard Feynman—how will that article (which is a featured article by the way) benefit from the added content?Editors at the target article have not even been notified of this discussion on its talk page.This discussion should be moved to Talk:Richard Feynman, and this is why I am seeking admin help (it can be literally copypasted there, or closed here and quoted there).If the responding adminsitrator declines, just ignore this comment. —Alalch E. 21:42, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

 * You haven't read WP:MERGE properly, it gives an exception for If a discussion exists already, do not move it (for example, having a discussion on the source page is acceptable). There is no need to move the discussion now. Hemiauchenia (talk) 06:41, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You're right. Sorry about that. How about a WP:MUTUAL for this section (the break and everyrhing under it up to and including this reply)?—Alalch E. 08:21, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Comment': the results is unanimous maybe this move could be closed per WP:SNOW.--ReyHahn (talk) 14:36, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * It's been one day, we can let it run longer to see if any dissenters pop up. —  The Hand That Feeds You :Bite 18:18, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree. It is easier to do it by the book than to discuss procedural mistakes afterwards. Jähmefyysikko (talk) 18:55, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * A week has passed with no further discussion. WP:SNOW? --Guy Macon Alternate Account (talk) 07:07, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, it’s enough time and the consensus is clear. Jähmefyysikko (talk) 07:16, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I think anyone is free to implement the merge to the book. Hemiauchenia (talk) 08:06, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cargo cult science


text: Category:Medina County, Texas

title: Category:Medina County, Texas


text:
Waking Hour (album)

Waking Hour is Vienna Teng's first album. Originally released independently in 2001, the album was re-released in 2002 with minor modifications after Teng signed with small label Virt Records.

The album was released in the United Kingdom by Rounder Europe in 2006 under license from Virt Records.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Tower" — 3:51
 * 2) "Momentum" — 5:23
 * 3) "Gravity" — 3:40
 * 4) "Daughter" — 3:16
 * 5) "Between" — 3:35
 * 6) "Say Uncle" — 5:27
 * 7) "Drought" — 4:06
 * 8) "Enough to Go By" — 4:20
 * 9) "Unwritten Letter #1" — 3:37
 * 10) "Eric's Song" — 5:08
 * 11) "Soon Love Soon" — 4:38
 * 12) "Lullaby for a Stormy Night" — 3:53
 * 13) "Decade and One" — 4:59

(Note: This is the track listing for the re-released version on Virt Records. The original, independent release had a slightly different track order and less polished versions of a few songs.)

title: Waking Hour (album)


text:
Knowles (surname)

Knowles is an English surname of Old English origin. This is a locality name meaning 'at the knoll,' a hill or summit, derived from Old English word cnolle or Middle English knol, meaning hilltop and thus describes a person who lived at such a place. It can also be an Anglicized version of the Irish name Ó Tnúthghail. It literally means people of the tribe.

A

 * Albert Knowles, British trade union leader
 * Albert Knowles (footballer) (1871–1950), English footballer
 * Alison Knowles (born 1933), American artist
 * Anne Kelly Knowles (born 1957), American geographer
 * Angus Knowles-Cutler (born 1962), British politician

B

 * Bernard Knowles (1900–1975), English film director
 * Beyoncé Knowles-Carter (born 1981), American R&B singer and actress
 * Barry Knowles (born 1965), Liverpool Football Club supporter and "Spirit of Shankly" (Liverpool FC Supporters Union) member from Dudley, West Midlands

C

 * Cameron Knowles (born 1982), New Zealand footballer
 * Carl Knowles (1910–1981), American basketball player
 * Admiral of the White Sir Charles Knowles, 1st Baronet (1704–1777) (see Knowles Baronets)
 * Admiral of the Red Sir Charles Knowles, 2nd Baronet (1754–1831)
 * Chris Knowles (footballer), English footballer
 * Christopher Knowles (poet) (born 1959), American poet
 * Christopher Knowles (comics), American comic book artist and writer
 * Clayton Knowles, New York Times correspondent
 * Conrad Knowles (1810–1844), Australian actor
 * Craig Knowles (born 1959), Australian politician
 * Cyril Knowles (1944–1991), an English association football player
 * Cyril Knowles (rugby league) (1915–1957), an English rugby league footballer player, father of the association football player
 * Cyril J. Knowles (1905–1961), a British cinematographer

D

 * Darold Knowles (born 1941), former Major League Baseball pitcher
 * David Knowles (1896–1974), English Benedictine monk
 * Davy Knowles (born 1987), British blues guitarist and singer
 * Dick Knowles (1917–2008), British politician
 * Durward Knowles (1917–2018), Olympic sailor from the Bahamas

E

 * Edward Knowles (Royal Navy officer) (1744 – c. 1761), British naval officer
 * Edward P. Knowles (1805–1881), Mayor of Providence, Rhode Island
 * Eric Knowles (born 1953), British antiques expert

F

 * Freeman T. Knowles (1846–1910), American Populist Party politician

G

 * Graeme Paul Knowles (born 1951), Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral, London
 * George Knowles (1882–1947), Australian public servant and lawyer
 * George Beauchamp Knowles (1790–1862), English botanist

H

 * Harriet Knowles (fl. 1845), the first actress in Australia
 * Harry Knowles (born 1971), online film critic
 * Herbert Knowles (1798–1817), English poet
 * Hiram Knowles (1834–1911), judge of the United States District Court for the District of Montana
 * Horace G. Knowles (1863–1937), American attorney
 * Horace J Knowles (1884–1954), author and illustrator
 * Hugh S. Knowles (1904–1988), American acoustical engineer, inventor, and manufacturer

J

 * James Knowles (lexicographer) (1759–1840), Irish schoolteacher and lexicographer, father of James Sheridan Knowles
 * James Knowles, convicted of murdering Michael Donald in 1981
 * James Hinton Knowles (1856–1943), British Missionary to Kashmir
 * James Thomas Knowles (1831–1908) (1831–1908), British architect and literary editor
 * James Sheridan Knowles (1784–1862), Irish dramatist and actor
 * James Thomas Knowles (1806–1884), British architect and father of Sir James Knowles
 * Jeremy R. Knowles (1935–2008), chemistry professor at Harvard University
 * Jeremy Knowles (swimmer) (born 1981), Bahamian swimmer
 * Jesse Knowles (1919–2006), American businessman and politician
 * Jo-Anne Knowles (born 1971), English actress
 * John Evans Knowles (1914–2011), Canadian politician
 * John Knowles (1926–2001), American author
 * Julian Knowles (born 1965), Australian composer

K

 * Karen Knowles (born 1964), Australian singer and entertainer

L

 * Sir Lees Knowles, 1st Baronet (1857–1928), British barrister, historian, philanthropist and Conservative politician
 * Sir Leonard Joseph Knowles (1915–1999), first Chief Justice of The Bahamas
 * Linda Knowles (born 1946), former British high jumper

M

 * Mabel Knowles (1875-1949), British romance and children's writer
 * Malcolm Knowles (1913–1997), American theorist in adult education
 * Malik Knowles (born 2000), American football player
 * Mark Knowles (born 1971), professional Bahamian tennis player
 * Mark Knowles (born 1984), Australian field hockey player
 * Martin Knowles, English dubstep musician known as Emalkay
 * Mathew Knowles (born 1951), father of Beyoncé and Solange Knowles
 * Matilda Cullen Knowles (1864–1933), lichenologist
 * Matt Knowles (born 1974), American professional wrestler
 * Michael Knowles:
 * Michael Knowles (actor), English actor and scriptwriter, best known for his role as 'Captain Jonathan Ashwood', in the 1970s sitcom 'It Ain't Half Hot Mum'
 * Michael Knowles (political commentator) (born 1990), conservative political commentator on The Daily Wire
 * Michael Knowles (politician) (born 1942), British Conservative Member of Parliament for Nottingham East

N

 * Nick Knowles (born 1962), British television presenter

O

 * Oliver Knowles, instrumentalist for the music group Snow Ghosts

P

 * Patric Knowles (1911–1995), English actor
 * Paul John Knowles (1946–1974), American serial killer
 * Peter Knowles (born 1945), former English footballer

R

 * Ralph Knowles (1945–2016), American attorney
 * Richard Brinsley Knowles (1820–1882), British journalist
 * Richard George Knowles (1858–1919), Canadian-American comedian and singer, popular in British music halls
 * Robert E. Knowles (1925–1988), American politician
 * Ryan Knowles (born 1978), American actor and comedian

S

 * Sheena Knowles, Australian children's author
 * Solange Knowles (born 1986), pop/soul singer, actress, model (Beyoncé Knowles's younger sister)
 * Sonny Knowles (1932–2018), Irish singer
 * Stanley Knowles (1908–1997), Canadian politician
 * Stan Knowles (1931–2017), Australian politician
 * Sydney Knowles, British frogman in World War II
 * Sue Knowles (born 1951), retired Australian politician

T

 * Tony Knowles (chemist), former president of the British Columbia Institute of Technology
 * Tony Knowles (politician) (born 1943), American Democratic politician
 * Tony Knowles (snooker player) (born 1955), English professional snooker player

W

 * Warren P. Knowles (1903–1993), American lawyer and politician
 * William Charles Goddard Knowles (1908–1969), British businessman in Hong Kong
 * William David Knowles (1908–2000), Canadian politician
 * William Erskine Knowles (1872–1951), Canadian politician
 * William Standish Knowles (1917–2012), American chemist

title: Knowles (surname)


text:
Lake Hāwea

Lake Hāwea is New Zealand's ninth largest lake.

The lake is in the Otago Region at an altitude of 348 m. It covers 141 km2 and is 392 m deep.

Lake Hāwea is named after a Māori tribe who preceded the Waitaha people in the area.

Lake Hāwea stretches 35 km from north to south. It lies in a glacial valley formed during the last ice age, and is fed by the Hunter River. Nearby Lake Wānaka lies in a parallel glacial valley 8 km to the west. At their closest point, a rocky ridge called The Neck, the lakes are only 1 km apart. Lake Hāwea is dammed to the south by an ancient terminal moraine created 10 000 years ago. In 1958, the lake was artificially raised 20 metres to store more water for increased hydroelectric power generation at the Roxburgh Dam.

The only flat land around the lake is at its southern end, surrounding its outflow into the Hāwea River, a short tributary of the Clutha / Matau-au, which it joins near Albert Town. The settlement of Lake Hāwea is found at the lake's southern shore.

The lake is a popular resort, well used in the summer for fishing, boating and swimming. The nearby mountains and fast-flowing rivers allow for adventure tourism year-round, such as jetboating and skiing.

Māori history
For Māori, the Wānaka and Hāwea area was a natural crossroads. The Haast Pass led to the West Coast and its pounamu; the Cardrona Valley led to the natural rock bridge "Whatatorere" which was the only place that the Kawarau River and Clutha River / Mata-Au could be crossed without boats. Mōkihi reed boats enabled a swift return downriver to the east coast.

The Cromwell basin supported a large population of moa, which were hunted to extinction about 500 years ago.

Until the early nineteenth century, the area was visited annually by Ngāi Tahu who sought pounamu in the mountains above the Haast River and hunted eels and birds over summer, returning to the east coast by descending the Clutha River / Mata-Au in reed boats. Ngāi Tahu use of the land was ended by attacks by North Island tribes. In 1836, the Ngāti Tama chief Te Pūoho led a 100-person war party, armed with muskets, down the West Coast and over the Haast Pass: they fell on the Ngāi Tahu encampment between Lake Wānaka and Lake Hāwea, capturing 10 people and killing and eating two children. Although Te Pūoho was later killed by the southern Ngāi Tahu leader Tūhawaiki, Maori seasonal visits to the area ceased.

The first European to see the lake was Nathanael Chalmers in 1853. Guided by Reko and Kaikōura, he walked from Tuturau (Southland) to the lakes via the Kawarau River. He was stricken by dysentery, so his guides returned him down the Clutha in a reed boat.

Namesakes
There have been three Royal New Zealand Navy ships named after the lake, one of which is still in active service.

Other sources

 * Hawea
 * Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.
 * Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.

title: Lake Hāwea


text:
User:Jondel/Saddam Hussein

Have you seen this man? Last known whereabouts, Misguided man creates wikipedia fools thousands.

iRock Bum discovers Wiki, begins life anew

title: User:Jondel/Saddam Hussein