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Talk:Stationary process

Style
No Wikipedia article should begin by saying "A stationary process is one in which...". Some context setting is needed first, at least by saying which discipline is being discussed; e.g., is this about law, about software, etc.? The first sentence seems confused to me. But I'm not sure what the person who wrote it had in mind. Michael Hardy 01:50, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

... maybe a stochastic process with stationary increments?? Michael Hardy 01:51, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I believe the, which has been up for two years, is outdated. The comments by Michael Hardy have already been corrected. --Zvika 15:09, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

style
as of 25 july 2018, the intro is way way to technical for a general encylopedia remember, your mom, or dad, has to be able to understand it Michael Hardy is 110% correct — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.245.17.105 (talk) 20:43, 25 July 2018 (UTC)

something akin to this is right consider something that continues over time, like your daily commute. The time varies from day to day in a random (stochastic) manner we say the process (commuting) is stationary if the variation doesn't change. By variation, we mean something like the average time. Say you compute the averge time by week; the process

but you get the drift this may offend your elitist academic haughty academic sensibility, but it is correct for a general encylopedia — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.245.17.105 (talk) 20:46, 25 July 2018 (UTC)

stationary signal
"in signal processing, a stationary signal is a signal whose frequency content does not change over time." Is this true? Is it the same thing? - Omegatron 23:29, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)

Stationary process in statistics
(EDIT - DELETED NONSENSE) Alternative examples of non-stationary processes are stock prices, economic aggregates (e.g. GDP) and the position of a gas particle in space. In all of these examples the long run distribution of the level/position depends on the current level/position violating the constancy of the (EDIT) unconditional (EDIT) distribution required for stationarity.

there are many ways to extend this article with brief discusison of: history, applications, differencing to induce stationarity (orders of non-stationarity), linear systems (ARMA processes, VARs, GARCH processes etc), difference between trending and non-stationary series, "unit roots", spurious regressioon, link to cointegration, link to brownian motion etc. --Cripes 21:28, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * In books on stochastic processes and on time series, I have seen stationarity defined as meaning the probability distribution of X(t) is the same for all values of t. And you seem to contradict yourself concerning the cymbal: if it decays, then its probability distribution approaches a point mass as t approaches ∞; therefore it is stationary according to the definition you gave us. Michael Hardy 21:38, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * you're right about the definition, apologies - i've edited out the nonsensical parts of my previous post. I was mis-interpreting your statement of "distribution" as the "conditional distribution" (which is not necessarily constant). since i am finding it necessary at work to brush up on this stuff i might offer some additional content for the page (as per the list) if you are interested in editing it --Cripes 22:40, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Stationarity implies WSS?
Please try to work things out in the talk page rather than reverting each other's edits. IMO, User:128.214.205.6 is technically correct: A process cannot be said to be WSS if its mean or variance do not exist, but it could still be stationary (e.g. an iid process where each time sample is Cauchy distributed). However, I think this is something of a pathological case; in most cases of interest, the moments exist and so stationary implies WSS. So perhaps User:128.214.205.6's sentence is more confusing than instructive. I tried to change the wording, I hope you will like it. --Zvika 19:10, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * This was my first revision of the material in Wikipedia. Hence please excuse my ignorance and reverting "each other's edits". I hope editing this talk page is the proper method to discuss revisions. (Is it?) Now to the topic itself: The above mentioned iid Cauchy series is a well-known theoretical case in point. Strictly stationary while not weakly stationary processes can arise while trying to design empirically relevant processes as well. Such a well-known (in the econometrics literature) example is an integrated GARCH process (D.B. Nelson, 1990, Stationarity and Persistence in the GARCH(1,1) Model, Econometric Theory 6: 318-34). Thus the caveat (strict stationarity does not imply weak stationarity) is certainly in order. The new sentence "Any strictly stationary process which has a mean and a covariance is also WSS." is fine. However, I think that the present descriptions of strict and weak stationarity (in Wikipedia) still inadequately suggest dominance of strict stationarity over weak stationarity (e.g. "A weaker form of stationarity commonly employed - - "). It is possible that a process is weakly stationary while not strictly stationary. This could happen if the first two moments were time invariant while the third or fourth, say, moment were not. This should be pointed out in the text as well IMO. (PJP) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.214.205.4 (talk • contribs) 17 October 2006

 * Thanks -- apologies for the revert, I wanted to get an example to be sure that what you were saying was correct. You are absolutely right that strict stationarity does not imply weak stationarity -- I had not realised this until now.  Thanks for providing the example here.  --Richard Clegg 15:12, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Is it proper to equate wide-sense stationarity (WSS) with second-order stationarity. I think there is a difference. A process can be WSS without being second-order stationary.  The definition in the article is that of WSS; second order stationary is different.  (of course it depends on your definition, but that must be clarified.) See Section 6.2 of Peebles Jr., Peyton: Probability, Random Variables, and Random Signal Principles (2/e)  Dakshayani 05:39, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Could you quote that definition for us? I don't have the book. --Zvika 07:31, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * There is a difference between second order stationarity and WSS. A process is second order ( according to this def) if the second order density function satisfies $$~f_X(x_1 ,x_2 : t_1, t_2 ) = f_X(x_1 ,x_2 : t_1 + \Delta, t_2 +\Delta )~ $$ for all $$ t_1, t_2 ~and~ \Delta $$ .   Such a process will be WSS if the mean and corelation functions are finite.  A process can be WSS without being Second Order Stationary.  The definition of Second Order Stationarity can be generalised to Nth order and strict stationary means stationary of all orders. Dakshayani 09:56, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * You're probably right then. Sounds like this is related to the previous discussion (above). I removed second-order stationarity from the definition. --Zvika 13:03, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

not all stationary discrete-time processes on {0,1} are bernoulli processes?!
The introduction strongly suggests that all stationary discrete-time random processes are Bernoulli. I don't think that is correct. For example, isn't a random process where the distribution of Xn is determined by Xn-k, Xn-k+1, ..., Xn-1 (in other words, an order k Markov chain) stationary? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.162.102.4 (talk) 14:02, 21 December 2007 (UTC)
 * This certainly looks like a mistake to me. I've gone ahead and fixed it, and also the related mistake in the page Bernoulli scheme. If anyone thinks differently, please correct me. --Zvika (talk) 19:32, 22 December 2007 (UTC)
 * No, the original statement was correct. Just take the n'th product of the of the Markov chain, where n is the length of the longest period. I agree, though, additional detail would be useful. In short, though, the Bernoulli shift is isomorphic to pretty much everything, including many/most dynamical systems. See, for example for one statement of this. Err, well, when its infinite, you just get the Koopman operator and its adjoint, the transfer operator; in either case, you're still dealing with a shift operator, of which Markov chains and subshifts of finite type are more-or-less, in a hand-waving way, are special cases. linas (talk) 17:21, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

more precision in intro?
A recent revision (no real objection to this) has diverted an attempt to make the intro material more accurate ... the present version seems to me to imply that only the marginal distribution need be fixed. Also, the rearrangement into sections means that weak stationarity is not mentioned till much later ... it would be good to have both weak and strict refered to in the intro. Can someone find some appropriate wording to deal with these points. Melcombe (talk) 11:11, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I realize now what you were trying to say. Sorry for reverting you, but I think the sentence you added was more confusing than helpful. The lead should be accurate, but not verbose. I tweaked it about just now -- tried to emphasize the fact that we're talking about the joint distribution. What do you think? --Zvika (talk) 11:52, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I think the intro is still pretty poor. "If you draw a line through the middle of a stationary process ..."   What does "through the middle" mean?  Ma-Ma-Max Headroom (talk) 19:19, 2 December 2022 (UTC)

The sound of a cymbal crashing
"However, the sound of a cymbal crashing [ like one hand clapping?! ] is not stationary because the acoustic power of the crash (and hence its variance) diminishes with time." I don't think this is correct: The sound is not the process; the process is one that always reverts to zero decibels. Seems like a stationary AR(1) process to me, with the occasional crashing being the additive stochastic term. Duoduoduo (talk) 18:51, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

Seasonal data, and Xt = Y
Hi, Melcombe!
 * I stand corrected on seasonal data — you're right. Sorry about that.
 * I still think there's a notational problem with the Xt = Y example. Y seems to stand for many different things: the name of a random variable; the Y value that determines $$X_{\tau}$$; the Y value that determines $$X_{\tau -1}$$; etc.  Can you find a notational system that distinguishes these?  I tried to, and I'm not sure why you didn't like it.
 * In the Xt = Y example, the article says "...realisations consist of a series of constant values, with a different constant value for each realisation." But to me "constant values" means "values that do not change over time", which presumably is not what's meant here.  Would it be better to say "non-stochastic values" instead of "constant values"?

Thanks for all your good work on the stat articles! Duoduoduo (talk) 17:04, 3 December 2010 (UTC)
 * "Values that do not change over time" is exactly what is meant here" and any single realisation of the process {$$\scriptstyle{X_{t}}$$} correspnds to a single realisation of the random variable Y. Thus the single value of Y determines every single value of X ...  $$X_{\tau}=Y$$ and  $$X_{\tau -1}=Y$$, etc. for the same value of Y. It follows from this that the marginal distribution  $$X_{\tau}$$ is the same as the marginal distribition of Y, and hence is the same for any τ, which is part of the requirement for strict stationarity.
 * The change you made converted the example to an entirtely different case, with independent values for each time-point ... in which case the end of the example (about the "law of large numbers" would be incorrect, as it would usuualy apply).
 * As for notation, it might be slightly clearer to those who already know the notation if we made use of the probability-space notation that might appear as {$$\scriptstyle{ X_{t}(\omega)}$$}, where ω denotes the point in the underlying probability space. Then
 * $$ X_{t}(\omega)=Y(\omega) \qquad \text{for all } t.$$
 * However this may just be confusing to those not familiar with the notation, and the notation seems not to be used much in other Wikipedia articles.
 * Melcombe (talk) 11:18, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I think the notation $$ X_{t}(\omega)=Y(\omega) \qquad \text{for all } t.$$ is much better. Could you put it in? Duoduoduo (talk) 15:59, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

Stationary vs Cyclostationary
Early in the article we have: "An important type of non-stationary process that does not include a trend-like behavior is the cyclostationary process"

But then later on referencing a random variable Y: "...Let Y have a uniform distribution on (0,2π] and define the time series { Xt } by

$$X_t=\cos (t+Y) \quad \text{ for } t \in \mathbb{R}.$$

Then { Xt } is strictly stationary."

how is it not cyclostationary and therefore non-stationary?

watson (talk) 22:27, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

 * If Y is treated as a random variable when deriving the joint distributions of the Xt, then these distributions satisfy the conditions for the process to be strictly stationary. For example the distribution function of a single Xt does not depend on t. However, if Y is treated as having a single realisation y, then the process is not stationary, but is cyclostationary (although I am not sure we have a definition for that). This is an important point, and is the reason that these sorts of examples are included here and in text books. Possibly it illustrates a weakness in the usefulness of the concept of "stationarity". But it illustrates that "stationarity" (according to this definition) may not mean what one thinks it means. However there are instances where a time series or stochastic process is most naturally defined with respect to a fixed time point, such that the process is formally non-stationary, where adding a random time shift to the whole series (as in the example here) makes the process stationary and hence allows a much simpler description of its properties (moments, correlations) than would otherwise be possible: an example here is the "broken line process". Melcombe (talk) 09:02, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't understand how the first paragraph of the article can state that a strictly stationary process "may have 'seasonal' cycles" and the third paragraph states "An important type of non-stationary process that does not include a trend-like behavior is a cyclostationary process, which is a stochastic process that varies cyclically with time."
 * A process with cycles has a mean or expected value that is dependent on time and is therefore not strictly stationary? I'm tempted to edit it. But maybe the individual who wrote this had something in mind which I don't understand and it can be clarified why those 2 sentences don't contradict each other. As it currently reads, my reaction is, either a process with cycles is stationary or it is not? 70.19.91.190 (talk) 13:29, 4 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I also find it contradictory that they claim seasonality may be stationary and not cyclostationary. Ionsme2 (talk) 22:47, 30 March 2023 (UTC)

Inconsistent "definition"
"Stationarity, is defined as a quality of a process in which the statistical parameters (mean and standard deviation) of the process do not change with time. The most important property of a stationary process is that the auto-correlation function (ACF) depends on lag alone and does not change with the time at which the function was calculated."

A process with mean 0 and standard deviation 1 may have very different ACFs. Thus, such a process may switch at some (nonrandom) time from one ACF to another ACF. Then it does satisfy the first phrase above, but violate the second one. Not a valid definition. I revert. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 17:09, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

"Stationary process" and "process with a stationary distribution"
The lede currently says

 * Note that a "stationary process" is not the same thing as a "process with a stationary distribution".

But the link stationary distribution says

 *  Stationary distribution may refer to...[t]he set of joint probability distributions of a stationary process....

So it seems to me that the passage in this article contradicts its own link. I'll remove it unless there is an objection. Duoduoduo (talk) 14:08, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Or maybe the article "Stationary distribution" should be changed? I never saw that notion applied to non-stationary processes, but someone could say that a nonlinear deterministic time change of a stationary process leads to a non-stationary process with a stationary (marginal, single-time) distribution... I am not sure. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 14:42, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

 * This issue is still not resolved. 178.38.78.134 (talk) 00:38, 22 January 2015 (UTC)

Wide sense stationarity and Hilbert space techniques
1. This new paragraph treats the discrete-time case, while the rest of the article is about continuous time.

2. If the discrete time runs from -∞ to +∞ then "the Hilbert subspace of L2(μ) generated by {e-2πiλ⋅t}" is the whole L2(μ), isn't it?

Boris Tsirelson (talk) 11:18, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Fixed to be consistent with rest of article. My bad. Mct mht (talk) 23:28, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

A. Bochner's theorem requires continuity of the positive definite function. It is not obvious that this criterion is satisfied. A reference would be helpful. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dunham08 (talk • contribs) 16:34, 17 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Continuity of the (positive definite) autocovariation function can be violated, but only if the Hilbert space is nonseparable. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 16:55, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

Examples
Is it just me, or are the examples involving Y misleading? I understand the context in which they are stationary, but I think they might do more to confuse than inform. For evidence, just look at the debate on this page. I'd suggest either removing them entirely, or adding some sectioning above them to give a clearer indication that they are (in my opinion) "pathological examples".

briardew (talk) 16:35, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

embedded maths notation formatting (possible Opera bug)
as an example:

for me running Opera, the maths in:

Formally, let $$\left\{X_t\right\}$$ be a stochastic process...

looks all fucked up, wheras the maths in:

and let $$F_{X}(x_{t_1 + \tau}, \ldots, x_{t_k + \tau})$$ represent the cumulative distribution function of the joint distribution of... looks fine.

by all fucked up I mean lots of visual noise making the image almost unreadable.

woo-hoo my first constructive wikipedia edit, up until now i've just vandalised things ocasionally. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:4c28:4000:721:185:26:182:33 (talk) 19:38, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

 * What version of opera (and what platform, I guess) are you running? I just downloaded it and it looks the same to me (latest, on a mac). Protonk (talk) 23:58, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

Hypotheses on the CDF Function
To make the claim in the definition that $$\tau$$ does not affect $$F_{X}$$ one needs extra hypotheses on $$F_{X}$$. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MMmpds (talk • contribs) 19:30, 22 August 2016 (UTC)

Puzzled
I am puzzled with Section "Relation between types of stationarity". There I read: "If a stochastic process is wide-sense stationary and has finite second moments, it is wide-sense stationary." Does it make sense? Just $$A\land B \Longrightarrow A$$?

Also, the definition in Section "Weak or wide-sense stationarity" says that weak-sense stationarity, wide-sense stationarity (WSS), covariance stationarity, and second-order stationarity are just different names of a single notion. But Section "N-th Order Stationarity" does not require any moments. Does it mean that "2-th order stationarity" is not the same as "second-order stationarity"? Boris Tsirelson (talk) 20:29, 18 December 2018 (UTC)

 * About the first issue. This is an error. I fixed it. Thank you for reporting. About the second issue, the problem here is that the terminology depends on the author as mentioned in the section Stationary process. I propose using the term wide-sense stationary in the whole article except in the section about other terminology. Fvultier (talk) 22:33, 18 December 2018 (UTC)

N-th stationarity
Eq.2 and Eq.1 are exactly the same — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nanoukaplus (talk • contribs) 13:15, 5 March 2019 (UTC)

Examples
The three examples all have the same character of being dependent on a single random variable. This is a very specialized case. It would be nice to have some more realistic cases. 2A02:1210:2642:4A00:85A5:3302:64C8:5866 (talk) 18:33, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stationary process


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World Trade and Convention Centre

The World Trade and Convention Centre (WTCC) was a convention centre and office complex in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, adjacent to the Scotiabank Centre. The facility had 30000 sqft of meeting space and a 20,000 square foot ballroom. It was replaced by the larger Halifax Convention Centre in 2017, and the building was sold to a private developer.

History
The WTCC was championed by then-Premier John Buchanan who boasted to reporters in 1981 that the new facility would serve as a scaled-down version of the famous World Trade Center in New York City, eventually becoming the economic and business capital of Atlantic Canada. An opening ceremony was held on 24 February 1985, for 1,200 invited guests.

Buchanan stated at the time that the centre would generate revenue in "the near future", but the WTCC and Trade Centre Limited have routinely operated at a deficit over the years.

The convention centre operator has stated that the current facility is insufficiently sized to accommodate demand for larger scale conventions, citing the lack of a dedicated exhibition room and the larger size of comparable facilities elsewhere in the country. In 2008, Trade Centre Limited and the provincial Department of Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal issued an expression of interest for an expanded facility. As a result, TCL is working with a private developer, Rank Inc., to develop a new convention facility.

The Halifax Convention Centre is located within the nearby Nova Centre, which opened in 2017.

In March 2016 the province announced the signing of a 25-year agreement with the developers of the Nova Centre. The WTCC will hence be offered up for sale to private interests for $13.5 million.

The Halifax Regional Municipality declined to purchase the complex from the province. In August 2016, it was announced that the province would sell the building to Halifax developer George Armoyan for $13.5 million.

With funding from the federal, provincial, and city governments, the building is being redeveloped to house a cultural centre with a 1,800-seat performance hall, a cinema, dance studios, media production studios, and office space for non-profit cultural groups. The exterior was to be renovated to house new shops and restaurants, intended to enliven this part of Argyle Street, but developer Armco instead signed a 10-year lease with the federal government. The ground-level commercial spaces will house Service Canada.

Characteristics
The convention centre had 30000 sqft of meeting space and a 20,000 square foot ballroom.

Its connection to the Downtown Halifax Link connected it to over 1,000 four-diamond guest rooms (within the Halifax Marriott Harbourfront Hotel, the Delta Barrington, Prince George Hotel, the Delta Halifax) with an additional 1,400 hotel rooms in the greater city core, and shopping, dining and entertainment options.

The WTCC was the premier conference facility in the region during its years of operation. The facility was run by Trade Centre Limited, a provincial Crown corporation, and owned by the Province of Nova Scotia.

The convention centre was home to the Nova Scotia Sport Hall of Fame and was located below an office tower housing several provincial departments and Crown corporations, including Nova Scotia Business Inc.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: World Trade and Convention Centre


text: User talk:68.55.111.62

title: User talk:68.55.111.62


text:
Japanese nationalism

Japanese nationalism (日本のナショナリズム) is a form of nationalism that asserts the belief that the Japanese are a monolithic nation with a single immutable culture, and promotes the cultural unity of the Japanese. Over the last two centuries, it has encompassed a broad range of ideas and sentiments which have been harbored by the Japanese people in relation to their native country, its cultural nature, its political system, and its historical destiny. It is useful to distinguish Japanese cultural nationalism (see also nihonjinron) from political or state nationalism (i.e., Shōwa statism), since many forms of cultural nationalism, such as those which are associated with folkloric studies (i.e., Yanagita Kunio), have been hostile to state-fostered nationalism.

In Meiji Japan, nationalist ideology consisted of a blend of native and imported political philosophies, initially developed by the Meiji government to promote national unity and patriotism, first in defense against colonization by Western powers, and later in a struggle to attain equality with the Great Powers. It evolved throughout the Taishō and Shōwa periods, when it was used to justify the formation of an increasingly totalitarian government and overseas expansionism, and it also provided a political and ideological foundation for the actions of the Japanese military in the years leading up to World War II.

Meiji era beginnings (1868–1912)
During the final days of the Tokugawa shogunate, the perceived threat of foreign encroachment, especially after the arrival of Commodore Matthew C. Perry and the signing of the Kanagawa Accord, led to increased prominence to the development of nationalist ideologies. Some prominent daimyō promoted the concept of fukko (a return to the past), while others promoted ōsei (the Emperor's supreme authority). The terms were not mutually exclusive, merging into the sonnō jōi (revere the emperor, expel the barbarians) concept, which in turn was a major driving force in starting the Meiji Restoration.

The Meiji Constitution of 1889 defined allegiance to the State as the citizen's highest duty. While the constitution itself contained a mix of political Western practices and traditional Japanese political ideas, government philosophy increasingly centered on promoting social harmony and a sense of the uniqueness of the Japanese people (kokutai).

Basis of economic growth
The extreme disparity in economic and military power between Japan and the Western colonial powers was a great cause for concern for the early Meiji leadership. The motto Fukoku kyōhei (enrich the country and strengthen the military) symbolized Meiji period nationalistic policies to provide government support to strengthen strategic industries. Only with a strong economic base could Japan afford to build a strong, modern military along Western lines, and only with a strong economy and military could Japan force a revision of the unequal treaties, such as the Kanagawa Accords. Government policies also laid the basis of later industrialist empires known as the zaibatsu.

Bushidō
As a residue of its widespread use in propaganda during the 19th century, military nationalism in Japan was often known as bushidō (武士道 "the way of the warrior"). The word, denoting a coherent code of beliefs and doctrines about the proper path of the samurai, or what is called generically 'warrior thought' (武家思想, buke shisō), is rarely encountered in Japanese texts before the Meiji era, when the 11 volumes of the Hagakure of Yamamoto Tsunetomo, compiled in the years from 1710 to 1716 where the character combination is employed, was finally published.

Constituted over a long time by house manuals on war and warriors, it gained some official backing with the establishment of the Bakufu, which sought an ideological orthodoxy in the Neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi tailored for military echelons that formed the basis of the new shogunal government. An important early role was played by Yamaga Sokō in theorizing a Japanese military ethos. After the abolition of the feudal system, the new military institutions of Japan were shaped along European lines, with Western instructors, and the codes themselves modeled on standard models adapted from abroad. The impeccable behavior, in terms of international criteria, displayed by the Japanese military in the Russo-Japanese War was proof that Japan finally had a modern army whose techniques, drilling, and etiquette of the war differed little from that of what prevailed among the Western imperial powers.

The Imperial Rescript for Seamen and Soldiers (1890), presented Japan as a "sacred nation protected by the gods". An undercurrent of traditional warrior values never wholly disappeared, and as Japan slid towards a cycle of repeated crises from the mid-Taishō to early Shōwa eras, the old samurai ideals began to assume importance among more politicized officers in the Imperial Japanese Army. Sadao Araki played an important role in adopting a doctrine of seishin kyōiku (spiritual training) as an ideological backbone for army personnel. As Minister of Education, he supported the integration of the samurai code into the national education system.

Role of Shinto
In developing the modern concepts of State Shintoism (国家神道) and emperor worship, various Japanese philosophers tried to revive or purify national beliefs (kokugaku) by removing imported foreign ideas, borrowed primarily from Chinese philosophy. This "Restoration Shintōist Movement" began with Motoori Norinaga in the 18th century. Motoori Norinaga, and later Hirata Atsutane, based their research on the Kojiki and other classic Shintō texts which teach the superiority of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu. This formed the basis for State Shinto, as the Japanese emperor claimed direct descent from Amaterasu. The emperor himself was therefore sacred, and all proclamations of the emperor had thus a religious significance.

After the Meiji Restoration, the new imperial government needed to rapidly modernize the polity and economy of Japan, and the Meiji oligarchy felt that those goals could only be accomplished through a strong sense of national unity and cultural identity, with State Shinto as an essential counterweight to the imported Buddhism of the past, the Christianity and other Western philosophies of the present.

In 1890, the Imperial Rescript on Education was issued, and students were required to ritually recite its oath to "offer yourselves courageously to the State" as well as protect the Imperial family. The practice of emperor worship was further spread by distributing imperial portraits for esoteric veneration. All of these practices used to fortify national solidarity through patriotic centralized observance at shrines are said to have given pre-war Japanese nationalism a tint of mysticism and cultural introversion.

The hakko ichiu (八紘一宇) philosophy became popular during the Second Sino-Japanese War. This came to be regarded by militarists as a doctrine that the emperor was the center of the phenomenal world, lending religious impetus to ideas of Japanese territorial expansion.

Education
The principal educational emphasis from the Meiji period was on the great importance of traditional national political values, religion, and morality. The Imperial Rescript on Education of 1890 promoted a return to traditional Confucian values in the hierarchal nature of human relations, with the State superior to the Individual, and the Emperor superior to the State. The Japanese state modernized organizationally but preserved its national idiosyncrasies. The attitude reinforced from 1905 was that Japan was to be a powerful nation, equal at least to the Western powers. During the Shōwa period, the educational system was used for supporting the militarized state and preparing future soldiers.

The government published official textbooks for all levels of students and reinforced that with cultural activities, seminars, etc. Emphasis on the texts such as the Kokutai-no-shugi in schools was intended to emphasize the "uniqueness of Japan" from ancient centuries. These cultural courses were supplemented with military and survival courses against foreign invasion.

Apart from indoctrination in nationalism and religion, children and school students received military drills (survival, first aid). These were taken further by the Imperial Youth Federation; college students were trained, and some recruited, for home defense and regular military units. Young women received first aid training. All of these actions were said to be taken to ensure Japan's safety and protect against larger and more dangerous countries.

Origin of nationalist structures and parties
In 1882, the Japanese Government organized the Teiseito (Imperial Gubernative Party), one of the first nationalist parties in the country. Starting from the Russo-Japanese War, Japan adopted the moniker "Empire of Japan" ("Dai Nippon Teikoku"), acquiring a colonial empire, with the acquisition of the Ryukyus (1879), Formosa (1895), the Liaodong Peninsula and Karafuto (1905), the South Seas Mandate islands (1918–19) and Joseon (Korea) (1905–10).

The wars against China and Russia were modern and demanded a nationalist expression of patriotic sentiment. From this period, the Yasukuni Shrine (founded in 1869) was converted into a focus for nationalist sentiment and received state patronage until the end of World War II. Yasukuni was dedicated to those Japanese and non-Japanese who had lost their lives serving Japan, and includes all war deaths from domestic and overseas conflicts from 1869 to 1945 (and none from any conflicts since 1945), but also civilians (women and students) and civil administration in colonies and occupied territories.

Between 1926 and 1928, the central government organized the "Peace Preservation Department" (an anti-subversive police section) and prosecuted all local Soviet-sponsored communists who proposed a socialist form of government. The Japanese Army organized the Kempeitai (military police service). Dissent was controlled by the usage of political and press repression, with the Peace Preservation Law permitting police to restrict freedom of expression and freedom to assemble.

From 1925 to 1935, the (日本新聞) promoted nationalist ideology and sought to influence the Japanese political landscape. In spite of a relatively small overall circulation, it had wide readership among right-wing politicians and advocated the concept of the divine right of the emperor by vigorously attacking Tatsukichi Minobe's “emperor organ theory”.

Realities of political power
Since the Meiji restoration, the central figure of the state was the Emperor. According to the constitution, the emperor was Head of State (article 4) and Supreme Commander of the Army and the Navy (article 11). Emperor Hirohito was also, from 1937, the commander of the Imperial General Headquarters. Japanese citizens were rallied to the "Defensive State" or "Consensus State", in which all efforts of the nation supported collective objectives, by guidance from national myths, history, and dogma — thus obtaining a "national consensus". Democratic institutions were installed in 1890 with the promulgation of a constitution and continued to acquire legitimacy until the 1920s when they fell into disrepute.

Concerns that irresponsible political parties could have too great an influence over vital military affairs introduced a rule that the Army alone should nominate the Army Minister in civilian government. This permitted the army to have a de facto veto over civilian governments by having the power to refuse to nominate a candidate. This policy was introduced in law in 1900 but abolished in 1913. It was reintroduced in 1936, cementing military influence over the government after that time.

The political system of Japan became subverted by the military throughout the 1930s from repeated attempted coups, and independent militarist interventions. The invasion of Manchuria after elements in the army manufactured an incident to justify a takeover was accomplished without instruction from the Tokyo government. This showed the impotence of the civilian government to have any influence over the impulses of the army. Governments become increasingly passive, allowing agency and direction of the state to fall to disparate competing elements of the army. The role of the emperor remained highly prestigious, with various factions competing to advocate their interpretation of what the emperor "truly" wanted.

After the war, scrutiny of the emperor's role in the war and militarism intensified. For many historians such as Akira Fujiwara, Akira Yamada, Peter Wetzler, Herbert Bix and John Dower, the work done by Douglas MacArthur and SCAP during the first months of the occupation of Japan to exonerate Hirohito and all the imperial family from criminal prosecutions in the Tokyo tribunal was the predominant factor in the campaign to diminish in retrospect the role played by the emperor during the war. They argue that the post-war view focused on the imperial conferences and missed the numerous "behind the chrysanthemum curtain" meetings where the real decisions were made between Hirohito, his chiefs of staff, and the cabinet. For Fujiwara, "the thesis that the Emperor, as an organ of responsibility, could not reverse cabinet decision, is a myth fabricated after the war."

Political ideas
During the 1920s, right-wing nationalist beliefs became an increasingly dominant force. State support for Shinto encouraged a belief in the mythological history of Japan and thus led to mysticism and cultural chauvinism. Some secret societies took up ultranationalism and Japan-centered radical ideas. They included: Genyōsha (Black Ocean Society, 1881), Kokuryu-kai (Amur River Society, or Black Dragon Society, 1901), movements dedicated to overseas Japanese expansion to the north; Nihon Kokusai Kai (Japanese Patriotic Society, 1919), founded by Tokoname Takejiro; Sekka Boshidan (Anti-Red League) founded at the same time as the Japanese Communist Party; and the Kokuhonsha (State Basis Society) founded in 1924 by Baron Hiranuma Kiichirō, for the preservation of the unique national character of Japan and its special mission in Asia.

Some of the nationalist ideas can be attributed to the ideologue Ikki Kita (1885–1937), an Amur River Society member. In his 1919 book An Outline Plan for the Reorganization of Japan, Kita proposed a military coup d'état to promote the supposed true aims of the Meiji Restoration. This book was banned, but certain military circles read in it in the early 1930s. Kita's plan was phrased in terms of freeing the Emperor from weak or treasonous counselors. After suspending the constitution, and dissolving the Diet, the Emperor and his military defenders should work for a "collectivist direct voluntarism" to unify people and leaders. Harmony with the working classes would be sought by the abolition of the aristocracy and austerity for the Imperial House. Overseas, Japan would free Asia of Western influence. The Amur River Society was later instrumental in the Manchurian incident.

Political nationalist movements
The Japanese Navy was in general terms more traditionalist, in defending ancient values and the sacred nature of the Emperor; the Japanese Army was more forward-looking, in the sense of valuing primarily strong leadership, as is evidenced by the use of the coup and direct action. The Navy typically preferred political methods. The Army, ultimately, was the vehicle for the hyper-nationalists, anti-communists, anticapitalists, antiparliamentarians, and Nationalist-Militarist ideals.

The military was considered politically "clean" in terms of political corruption, additionally assuming responsibility for 'restoring' the security of the nation. The armed forces took up criticism of the traditional democratic parties and regular government for many reasons (low funds for the armed forces, compromised national security, weakness of the leaders). They were also, by their composition, closely aware of the effects of economic depression on the middle and lower classes, and the communist threat.

Both branches gained power as they administered the exterior provinces and military preparations.

Nationalist right in the 1920s
Other nationalist rightist groups in the 1920s were the Jinmu Kai (Emperor Jimmu Society), Tenketo Kai (Heaven Spade Party), Ketsumeidan (Blood Fraternity) and Sakura Kai (Cherry Blossom Society). This last was founded by Dr. Shūmei Ōkawa, professor of the Colonization Academy, and radical defender of expansionism and military armed revolution at home. Amongst members were Army officers implicated in the Manchuria Affair, such as Kingoro Hashimoto, and Ishikawa Kanishi. Okawa served as a conduit by which Kita Ikki's ideas reached young nationalist officers on the right.

Violent coups took place, and the Kwantung Army made, in effect unilaterally, the decision to invade Manchuria. This was then treated as a fait accompli by Government and Emperor.

Doctrines
The Amau Doctrine (the "Asian Monroe Doctrine") stated that Japan assumed the total responsibility for peace in Asia. Minister Kōki Hirota proclaimed "a special zone, anti-communist, pro-Japanese and pro-Manchukuo" and that Northern China was a "fundamental part" of Japanese national existence, in announcing a "holy war" against the Soviet Union and China as the "national mission".

During 1940 Prince Konoe proclaimed the Shintaisei (New National Structure), making Japan into an "advanced state of National Defense", and the creation of the Taisei Yokusankai (Imperial Authority Assistance Association), for organizing a centralized "consensus state". Associated are the government creation of the Tonarigumi (residents' committees). Other ideological creations of the time were the book "Shinmin no Michi" (臣民の道), the "Imperial Way" or "War Party" (Kodoha) Army party, the "Yamato spirit" (Yamato-damashii), and the idea of hakko ichiu (which directly translates to "8 corners under one roof", that means, "one house in which every people can live" or "everyone is family"), "Religion and Government Unity" (Saisei itchi), and Kokka Sodoin Ho (General Mobilization Right).

The official academic texts included Kokutai no Hongi and Shinmin no Michi. Both presented a view of Japan's history and the Japanese ideal to unite East and West.

Geostrategy
The economic doctrines of the "Yen block" were in 1941 transformed to the "Great Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" Plan, as a basis for the Japanese national finances, and conquest plans. There was a history of perhaps two decades behind these moves.

The Japanese theorists, such as Saneshige Komaki, concerned with Mainland Asia, knew the geostrategic theory of Halford Mackinder, expressed in the book Democratic Ideas and Reality. He discussed why the 'World Island' of Eurasia and Africa was dominant, and why the key to this was the 'Central Land' in Central Asia. This is protected from sea attack, by deserts and mountains, and is vulnerable only on its west side, and to advanced technology from Europe.

Mackinder declared that: "Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; Who rules the heartland commands the World-Island; Who rules the World-Island commands the World". These central Asiatic lands included: all of the Soviet Union, except the Pacific coast, west of the Volga River; all Mongolia, Sinkiang, Tibet and Iran. This zone is vast and possesses natural resources and raw materials, does not possess major farming possibilities, and has a very little population. Mackinder thought in terms of land and sea power: the latter can outflank the former, and carry out distant logistical operations, but needs adequate bases.

These geopolitical ideas coincided with the theories of Lieutenant Colonel Kanji Ishiwara, sent in 1928 to Manchuria to spy. The Army was on the Strike North Group side. The Navy, on the other hand, was interested in the southerly direction of expansion. An extended debate ensued, resolved in the end by the stern experience of Japan's armed conflicts with the Soviet Union in 1938–39. This tipped the balance towards the 'South' plan and the Pearl Harbor attack that precipitated the Pacific War in 1941.

Other ideological lines
The Showa Studies Society was another "think tank" for future leaders of a radical totalitarian Japan, led by Count Yoriyasu Arima. He was a supporter of radical political experiments. With Fumimaro Konoe and Fusanosuke Kuhara, they created a revolutionary radical-right policy.

These revolutionary groups later had the help of several important personages, making reality to some certain ideas of the nationalist-militarist policy with practical work in Manchukuo. They included General Hideki Tōjō, chief of Kempeitai and leader of Kwantung Army; Yosuke Matsuoka, who served as president of the (South Manchuria Railway Company) and Foreign Affairs Minister; and Naoki Hoshino, an army ideologist who organized the government and political structure of Manchukuo. Tojo later became War Minister and Prime Minister in the Konoe cabinet, Matsuoka Foreign Minister, and Hoshino chief of Project departments charged with establishing a new economic structure for Japan. Some industrialists representative of this ideological strand were Ichizō Kobayashi, President of Tokio Gasu Denki, setting the structure for the Industry and Commerce ministry, and Shōzō Murata, representing the Sumitomo Group becoming Communication Minister.

Other groups created were the Government Imperial Aid Association. Involved in both was Colonel Kingoro Hashimoto, who proposed a Nationalist single party dictatorship, combined with a state-run economy. The militarists had strong support from the wealthy owners of major industries.

The "New Asia Day" celebration was to remember the sacred mission of extending influence to nearby Asian nations.

The Japanese government, possibly following the German example of a "Worker's Front" State Syndicate, ultimately organized the Nation Service Society to group all the trades unions in the country. All syndicates of the "Japanese Workers Federation" were integrated into this controlling body.

Control of communications media
The press and other communication media were managed under the Information Department of the Home Ministry. Radio Tokyo was charged with disseminating all official information around the world. The radio was transmitted in English, Dutch, three Chinese dialects, Malay, Thai, as well Japanese to Southeast Asia; and the Islamic world had programs broadcast in Hindi, Burmese, Arabic, English, and French. In Hawaii, there were radio programs in English and Japanese. Other daily transmissions were to Europe, South and Central America, eastern areas of South America, and the US, with Australia and New Zealand receiving broadcasts too.

The official press agency Domei Tsushin was connected with the Axis powers' press agencies such as DNB, Transoceanic, the Italian agency Stefani and others. Local and Manchukoan newspapers such as Manchurian Daily News (Japanese-owned) were under the control of these institutions and only published officially approved notices and information.

Shiragiku (the chrysanthemum)
The shiragiku (lit. "white chrysanthemum") or more common chrysanthemum flower was much used as an imperial symbol. It alludes to the Chrysanthemum Throne, the traditional seat of Japanese emperors.

Banzai
The traditional cheer was given to the Emperor and other dignitaries, or on special commemorations, was Tenno Heika Banzai (天皇陛下万歳 or 萬歲, 'long live the Emperor') or the shortened form,  Banzai.

The latter term, which means "ten thousand years," is an expression of Chinese origin (万歳) adopted by the Japanese in the Meiji period. In its original sense, it is meant to represent an indeterminably lengthy time and is used to wish long life to a person, state, or project. As co-opted by the Japanese, it originally was simply used in this sense to wish long life to the Emperor (and by extension the Japanese state). As the war progressed, it became the typical Japanese war cry or victory shout and was used to encourage Imperial troops in combat.

Other nationalist symbols

 * Flag of Japan
 * Rising Sun Flag
 * Z
 * Good Luck Flag (signed war banner)
 * Five-point star badge (Imperial Japanese Army symbol)
 * Cherry blossom badge (with or without anchor) (Imperial Japanese Navy symbol)
 * Hachimaki headband
 * Senninbari ("One-thousand stitch belt")
 * Kimigayo (His Imperial Majesty's Reign)
 * Umi Yukaba
 * Yasukuni Shrine

Post-war developments
In February 1946, General Douglas MacArthur was set the task of drafting a model constitution to serve as a guide for the Japanese people. The U.S. intention was to ensure that the sources of Japanese militarism were rooted out through fundamental reforms of the Japanese government, society, and economic structure. Perhaps the most lasting effect that came out of this constitution is Article 9 that reads:

 * "Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as a means of settling international disputes. To accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as another war potential, will never be maintained. The right to belligerency of the state will not be recognized."

With the renunciation of war and military power, Japan looked to the United States for security. As the Cold War began, the United States fostered a closer relationship with Japan due to the latter's strategic location in respect to the USSR. Japan became, as stated by the Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, an "unsinkable aircraft carrier" for the United States. Ensuing from this close relationship with the United States, Japan hoped that in time their country would become the "third leg in a triangle involving two superpowers." While the mainstream Japanese politics maintained a pro-American attitude, scholars noted that the nationalist Other' ''' during post-war Japan was the United States. Left-wing nationalists criticized the United States's military presence whilst the conservative nationalists criticized the imposed military limitation by the United States. China later substituted the United States as the nationalist Other in contemporary Japanese politics '''. ''' In academia, some scholars argue that postwar Japanese intellects and politicians constructed the mono-ethnic identity through public discourses and education. Japanese elites' tendency towards homogeneity and ethnic nationalism is from their desire to differentiate postwar Japanese identity from pre-war imperialist identity and multi-ethnic identity that include formerly colonized ethnic groups.

Since the 1960s, economic growth in the Japanese miracle periods started to mitigate public distrust towards the central government. Japanese economic progress after World War II undermined the appeal of pre-war militarist nationalism, showing a path to prosperity was possible without colonies. The 1970s witnessed Japan's adoption of three fundamental tenets that would seek to define and direct Japanese internationalism, all concerning the need for Japanese initiatives in fostering a liberal internationalism. Some criticism points out that politicians in the 1970s selectively remembered the past, preferring narratives of Japan as atomic weapon victim to consciously and unconsciously alienate Japan from its undesired aggressive past. Some scholars note the apolitical nature of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and the 1970 Osaka World Exposition, which allow politicians to forge Japan as peaceful and internationalist for a unified national identity.

The rather implicit elite advocacy of conservative nationalism has become more salient since the 1990s, where regional competitions from Asian tigers, and later China, created economic anxieties which reflected in political divisions. Many scholars have pointed out that the liberal internationalism has started to turn into conservative revisionist nationalism since the 1990s. The clashes of nationalism and the contemporary rise of ultra-nationalism, accompanied by military expansions and historical revisionism, are the hot topics of current academic discussions on post-war Japanese nationalism. The illiberal turn of nationalism started with new right-wing movements that created history textbooks from revisionist perspectives, which denies Japanese imperialist atrocities, including 'comfort women' issues and Nanjing Massacre. Their emergences can be seen as a direct discontent towards pacifists' low posture to former colonized countries but also motivated by economic anxiety in globalization. Although right-wing movements surfaced in the 1990s, the Japanese public still remain largely pacific.

Since the 2000s, xenophobic online posts and nationalist claims against foreigners, mostly Chinese and Koreans, have risen due to anxieties over economic growth, regional competition, and globalization. Prime ministers Junichiro Koizumi and Shinzo Abe's visits to the controversial Yasukuni Shrine has created huge controversies and received international backlashes. Japanese top political leaders have started to adopt more explicit conservatism nationalist stances and expansionist military ambitions. Abe tended to use ambiguous terms to describe his national agenda on controversial issues such as history education and intentionally avoided backlash from the public to equate him as an imperial leader. In order to justify military expansions, Abe framed his security agenda as proactive pacifism, enabling Japan to exercise collective self-defense. Japan's remilitarization is mostly due to security concerns of North Korea's nuclear weapon program and China's rise in the East, as well as aligning with the US's aim to create alliances to contain China's global rise and deter North Korea's nuclear threat. Both the Obama administration and the Trump administration encouraged Japan's rearmament. Trump openly called for rapid Japanese rearmament, more due to discontent that the US support Japan while Japan does not have to do anything in return, less on prudence. Some scholars argue that the resurgence of ultra-nationalist tendency as solely an elite-driven process as the public remains pacifist, and overall public support is not required for politicians to achieve a nationalist agenda because of the low voter turnout.

Uyoku dantai
In 1996, the National Police Agency estimated that there were over 1,000 extremist right-wing groups in Japan, with about 100,000 members in total. These groups are known in Japanese as Uyoku dantai. While there are political differences among the groups, they generally carry a philosophy of anti-leftism, hostility towards China, North Korea, South Korea and occasionally the United States of America, and justification of Japan's role in World War II. Uyoku dantai groups are well known for their highly visible propaganda vehicles fitted with loudspeakers and prominently marked with the name of the group and propaganda slogans. The vehicles play patriotic or wartime-era songs.

Activists affiliated with such groups have used Molotov cocktails and time bombs to intimidate moderate politicians and public figures, including former Deputy Foreign Minister Hitoshi Tanaka and Fuji Xerox Chairman Yotaro Kobayashi. An ex-member of a right-wing group set fire to LDP politician Koichi Kato's house. Koichi Kato and Yotaro Kobayashi had spoken out against Koizumi's visits to Yasukuni Shrine.

Openly revisionist, Nippon Kaigi is considered "the biggest right-wing organization in Japan".

Nationalist right-wing and far-right political parties

 * Greater Japan Patriotic Party (1951–present)
 * Liberal Democratic Party (1955–present)
 * National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party (1982–present)
 * Japan Nation Party (1988–present)
 * Ishin Seitō Shimpū (1995–present)
 * Sunrise Party (2010–2012)
 * Japan Restoration Party (2012–2014)
 * Japan Innovation Party (2014–2016)
 * Party for Japanese Kokoro (2014–2018)
 * Nippon Ishin no Kai (2015–present)
 * Japan First Party (2016–present)
 * Kibō no Tō (2017–2018, 2018–2021)
 * Sanseitō (2020–present)
 * Conservative Party of Japan (2023–present)

Asian and Pacific geopolitics

 * Shaw, B. Earl, article "United States Pacific Defense" in Van Valkenburg, Samuel Book America at War Prentice-Hall, (1942).
 * Weigerth, W. Hans." Haushofer and the Pacific", Foreign Affairs, XX (1942), P.732-742.
 * Mackinder, J. Halford, Democratic Ideals and Reality, New York, Holt, (1942).
 * Bowman, Isaiah. The New World, Yonker-on-Hudson, World Book, (1928), 4th Ed.

Official publications of the Japanese and Manchukuo governments

 * Imperial Japanese Government Railways, Official guides to Eastern Asia, I, Manchuria and Chosen, Tokio, 1913 and later years.
 * South Manchurian Railway Company Ed, 1929. - Progress in Manchuria (Report), 1907–28
 * Manchurian Year Books (various editions)
 * Far East Yearbooks (from 1941)
 * Review of Contemporary Manchuria (since 1937)
 * Review of Contemporary Manchuria, 1939. Official Publications of Manchukuo Government.
 * Manchuria Annals, Vol.,1933-39. Official Publications of Manchukuo Government.
 * Hayashide, Kenjiro, Epochal journey to Nippon. Official Publications of Manchukuo Government.
 * Japan Yearbook, Tokio, (since 1941)
 * Tokio Nichi-Nichi, Osaka Mainichi (newspapers), English language supplements (from the 1930s)
 * The newspapers Nippon Dempo and Tenshin Nichi-Nichi Shimbun, Review Bungei Shunju
 * Voice of the People of Manchukuo. Manchoukuoan Government edition.
 * Japan-Manchukuo Yearbook (the 1940s)
 * Governments-General of Taiwan, Chosen and Karafuto, Official Annual Reports on the administration of these Provinces (1924–1926 and other years).
 * Mitsubishi Economics Research Bureau. "Japanese Trade and Industry, Present and Future", Mcmillan, London (1936)
 * Reviews and other publications of Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai (International Cultural Relations Society), Tokyo (the 1930s/40s).
 * Publications of Kan-Ichi Uchida, Tokyo, Kobunsha Co. (same period)

title: Japanese nationalism


text:
List of coffee companies

This is a worldwide list of notable coffee companies that roast or distribute coffee.

title: List of coffee companies


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/William Kwok

William Kwok was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

May be a future astronaut at some point but in the meantime has done nothing else of note. Delete. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 01:55, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * He is a former astronaut. He has done something of note in the past and will do something of note in the future. KEEP 66.74.217.132 04:52, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Normally I'd encourage a healthy imagination, but we're not meant to write fiction here. -- Hadal 05:04, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, because it's not true. Average Earthman 10:22, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, obviously fabricated lies. [[User:Livajo|力伟|т]] 12:21, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. What a weird nomination though! --Improv 12:38, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * The reason why it was a weird nomination is because the anon user overwrote my original nomination, effectively deleting it. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 21:43, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Appears to be fictional. If the guy has been on a shuttle mission, there would be at least one link from  a relevant page.Ianb 14:06, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * This one should have stayed IN HIS PANTS with the salmon. Fiction, delete. Fire Star 23:05, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Félix Battanchon

Félix Battanchon (9 April 1814 – 1893) was a French cellist, composer, and one of the venerated teachers at the Paris Conservatory.

Life
He studied at the Conservatory with Olive Charlier Vaslin (1794–1889) and Louis Pierre Martin Norblin (1781–1854). In 1840 he entered the orchestra of the Grand Opéra. He applied for second teacher of cello in 1851. Little is known about his life until his death in Paris in 1893.

Selected works
Battanchon wrote some sixty compositions, mainly salon pieces and studies for cello.

 * Orchestral
 * An-Ini-Goz, Fantaisie caractéristique sur des airs bretons in D minor for 2 violins, viola, cello and double bass, Op. 14
 * Ronde des veilleurs de nuit for chamber orchestra, Op. 48 (1885)

 * Concertante
 * Concerto No. 1 in E minor for cello and orchestra, Op. 20
 * Caprice in E minor for cello and orchestra (or piano), Op. 28

 * Chamber music
 * 2 Mélodies for cello and piano, Op. 3
 * Souvenir de la Sérénade de Beethoven for cello and piano, Op. 8
 * Une Barcarolle et deux romances sans paroles for cello and piano, Op. 9
 * 25 Préludes dédiés aux artistes for cello solo, Op. 10
 * Une Sérénade et deux pensées fugitives for cello and piano, Op. 11
 * Solo de Concert in D major for cello and string quartet (or orchestra, or piano), Op. 12
 * 3 Duos dédiés aux Amateurs for 2 cellos, Op. 15
 * Rêverie for cello and piano, Op. 16
 * 6 Duettinos faciles et progressifs for 2 cellos, Op. 18
 * Chants du Soir, Trio for cello with viola and double bass, Op. 19
 * Fantaisie sur un thème de Beethoven for cello and string quintet (or piano), Op. 22 (1862)
 * Souvenir d'un bal, Fantaisie for cello and piano, Op. 23
 * Élégie in G major for cello and piano, Op. 24
 * Valse brillante in A major for cello and piano, Op. 26
 * La Primavera, Pastorale for cello and piano, Op. 27
 * Pensées des champs for cello and piano, Op. 29 (1863)
 * 3 Duos for 2 cellos, Op. 31
 * Les Regrets, 2 Rêveries for cello and piano, Op. 32 (1867)
 * Réminiscences de Beethoven, Caprice for cello and string quartet (or piano), Op. 33
 * 2 Romances sans paroles (2 Songs Without Words) for cello and piano, Op. 34
 * Les Rêves dorés, 3 Pensées fugitives for cello and piano, Op. 35
 * Boléro in E minor for cello and string quartet (or piano, or orchestra), Op. 36
 * Trio No. 1 in G major for 3 cellos, Op. 38
 * Sonata in G major for cello and piano; transcription of the Trio, Op. 38
 * Souvenirs d'enfance, 3 Pieces for cello and piano, Op. 39
 * Trio No. 2 in C minor for 3 cellos, Op. 40 (1869)
 * Les matinées du printemps, Idylle for cello and piano, Op. 42
 * Spanische Serenade, Duo for violin and cello, Op. 43 (1880)
 * Gavotte dans le style ancien for cello or violin and piano, Op. 45
 * Berceuse et chanson d'enfant for cello or violin and piano, Op. 46
 * La Gioventu!, 3 Pièces for cello and piano, Op. 50
 * Romance et scherzetto for cello or violin and piano, Op. 51 (published 1888)
 * Barcarolle for cello and piano, Op. 52 (1887)
 * Prière du matin for cello and piano, Op. 53 (1887)
 * Élégie for cello or violin and piano, Op. 55 (1888)
 * Dans les près, Chansonnette for cello (or violin, or oboe) and piano, Op. 57
 * 3 Pièces mélodiques et faciles for cello or violin and piano (1891)
 * Souvenirs, Op. 60
 * Dis-moi pourquoi, Op. 61
 * Une nuit à Grenade, Op. 62

 * 2 Pièces caractéristiques for cello or violin and piano (1892)
 * Le Rêve, Op. 63
 * Gavotte préférée, Op. 64

 * 4 Pièces caractéristiques for cello solo (published 1895)

 * Pedigogical works for cello
 * 3 Études en double cordes (3 Etudes in Double-Stopping), Op. 1 (1843?)
 * 24 Études adoptées pour l'enseignment dans les classes du Conservatoire de Musique à Paris, Op. 4
 * 6 Études-caprices, Op. 5
 * 12 Pièces faciles ou petites études de style mélodique for 2 cellos, Op. 6
 * 50 Études méthodiques for 2 cellos, Op. 7
 * Études des doubles cordes (Etudes in Double-Stopping), 2 Thèmes variés en forme d'études, Op. 13
 * 18 Études sur les compositions de J. Stiastny, Op. 21 (1862)
 * 12 Études aux positions du pouce (12 Etudes in Thumb Position), Op. 25
 * 6 Études artistiques, Op. 30 (1863)
 * 12 Études dans le manche précedant les 12 études aux positions du pouce (12 Etudes on the Neck Preceding 12 Studies in Thumb Position), Op. 49 (published 1885)
 * 6 Études sur des difficultés nouvelles (Etudes on New Challenges), Op. 56 (1888)

 * Piano
 * 6 Pièces faciles et caractéristiques, Op. 54 (1887)

 * Vocal
 * Le Rêve, Mélodie for baritone, cello and piano with chorus ad libitum, Op. 17 (1859)

title: Félix Battanchon


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Talk:Don Pierson

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September 28: I am in the process of constructing this biography but I have had to take a break. I will return to complete this page within the next 6 hours. MPLX/MH 01:55, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 11:16, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Don Pierson


text: Category:Citroën vehicles

title: Category:Citroën vehicles