text:
International Harvester

The International Harvester Company (often abbreviated IH or International) was an American manufacturer of agricultural and construction equipment, automobiles, commercial trucks, lawn and garden products, household equipment, and more. It was formed from the 1902 merger of McCormick Harvesting Machine Company and Deering Harvester Company and three smaller manufacturers: Milwaukee; Plano; and Warder, Bushnell, and Glessner (manufacturers of Champion brand). Its brands included McCormick, Deering, and later McCormick-Deering, as well as International. Along with the Farmall and Cub Cadet tractors, International was also known for the Scout and Travelall vehicle nameplates. In the 1980s all divisions were sold off except for International Trucks, which changed its parent company name to Navistar International (NYSE: NAV).

Given its monumental importance to the building of rural communities the brand continues to have a massive cult following. The International Harvester legacy non-profits host some of the largest agriculture related events in the United States.

Following years of financial and economic decline, International began selling its separate equipment divisions, starting with the sale of the construction division to Dresser Industries in 1982. In November 1984 IH finalized a deal with Tenneco to sell the farm equipment division to Tenneco's subsidiary Case Corporation, and the brand continues as Case IH, which is owned by CNH. The European division exists today as McCormick Tractors and is owned by ARGO SpA of Italy. International became solely a truck and engine manufacturer and brand and reorganized as Navistar International in 1986. Throughout its existence International Harvester was headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. In 2020 Volkswagen agreed to fully purchase the remaining shares of Navistar.

Founding

The roots of International Harvester run to the 1830s, when Virginia inventor Cyrus Hall McCormick perfected his version of a horse-drawn reaper, which he field-demonstrated in 1831 and for which he received a patent in 1834. Together with his brother Leander J. McCormick, he moved to Chicago in 1847 to be closer to the Midwestern grain fields and founded the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company. The reaper sold well, partially as a result of savvy and innovative business practices. Their products came onto the market just as the development of railroads offered wide distribution to distant territories. He developed a vast support network to demonstrate field operations. McCormick died in 1884 and his company passed to his son, Cyrus McCormick, Jr., whose antipathy toward organized labor helped spark the Haymarket affair, the origin of May Day as a labor holiday.

In 1902, the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company and Deering Harvester Company, along with three smaller agricultural equipment firms (Milwaukee Harvesting Machine Co., Plano Manufacturing Co., and Warder, Bushnell, and Glessner—manufacturers of Champion brand) merged to create the International Harvester Company. The most important motivation for the merger was elimination of competition in order to increase profits. Banker J. P. Morgan provided the financing. The architect of the merger was George W. Perkins, one of the Morgan executives who Cyrus McCormick described as the "most brilliant negotiator he had ever known." The new company was valued at $150 million. In 1919, IH bought the Parlin and Orendorff factory in Canton, Illinois, a leader in plow manufacturing, renaming it Canton Works. International Harvester was one of the main clients of Product Miniature Company.

Sustained success
In 1926, IH's Farmall Works built a new plant in Rock Island, Illinois. By 1930, the 100,000th Farmall was produced. IH next set their sights on introducing a true 'general-purpose' tractor to satisfy the needs of the average American family farmer. The resulting 'letter' series of Raymond Loewy-designed Farmall tractors in 1939 proved a huge success. IH dominated the market through the 1950s despite stiff competition from Ford, Allis Chalmers, Massey Ferguson and John Deere.

IH ranked 33rd among United States corporations in the value of World War II production contracts. Different plants of the corporation produced torpedoes and their components, artillery systems and their parts, artillery shells and some civilian products for the military like bulldozers and truck engines. In 1946 IH acquired a defense plant in Louisville, Kentucky, which was adapted for production of the Farmall A, B, and the new 340 tractors. It acquired the Metropolitan Body Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1948. The commercially successful Metro line of forward control vans and trucks were produced here from 1938 until 1964.

In 1970, Pacific Trucks was purchased. In 1974, the five-millionth IHC tractor, a 1066, was produced at the Rock Island Farmall plant.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, despite good sales, IH's profit margins remained slim. The continual addition of unrelated business lines created a somewhat unwieldy corporate organization. Overly conservative management and a rigid policy of in-house promotion tended to stifle new management strategies and technical innovation. IH faced strong competition and increased production costs, primarily due to labor and government-imposed environmental and safety regulations.

Downfall
In 1977 IH named a new CEO, Archie McCardell, who was determined to improve profit margins and drastically cut costs. Unprofitable lines were terminated and factory production was curtailed. By the end of the year, profits were at their highest levels in 10 years but cash reserves were still low. Union members became increasingly irate over these measures and in the spring of 1979, IH prepared to face a strike. On November 1, IH announced McCardell had received a $1.8 million bonus. After he pressed for more concessions from the United Auto Workers, a strike was called on November 2, 1979. By the time it ended, the strike had cost the company almost $600 million (over $1 billion today).

By 1981, IH's finances were at their lowest point ever, and investors had lost faith in the company and its management. In 1982, Louis W. Menk, who was a former president and CEO of the Burlington Northern Railroad, was appointed as IH's new chairman and CEO. Under Menk's guidance, IH went through a twenty-month reorganization process, and he hired a new management team. Menk also ensured that IH made necessary cutbacks, and it involved the sale of the company's Payline division of construction equipment to Dresser Industries. Further assets were sold to Tenneco, Inc., in 1984.

Following the merger, tractor production at Farmall Works ceased in 1985. Production of the new Case IH tractors moved to J.I. Case in Racine, Wisconsin. Production of IH Axial-Flow combines continued at the East Moline, Illinois, factory. The Memphis Works plant was closed. The truck and engine divisions remained and in 1986, Harvester changed the corporate name to Navistar International Corporation, having sold the International Harvester name to Tenneco. Navistar International Corporation continues to manufacture medium- and heavy-duty trucks, school buses, and engines under the International brand name.

Agriculture Division

The International Harvester Agricultural Division may have been second to the Truck Division but it was the best-known subsidiary. One of its early products was the Traction Engine, a frame manufactured by Morton Traction Truck Company (later bought by IHC) featuring an IHC engine.

From 1902 to the early 1920s, the McCormick and Deering dealerships kept their original branding with Mogul tractors sold by McCormick and Titan tractors at Deering due to the still-present competitiveness of the former rivals.

The early tractors
IH produced a range of large gasoline-powered farm tractors under the Mogul and Titan brands. Sold by McCormick dealers, the Type C Mogul was little more than a stationary engine on a tractor chassis, fitted with friction drive (one speed forward, one reverse). Between 1911 and 1914, 862 were built. These tractors had varied success but the trend going into the mid-1910s was toward "small" and "cheap".The company's first important tractors were the 10-20 and 15-30 models. Introduced in 1915, they were primarily used as traction engines to pull plows and for belt work on threshing machines. The 10-20 and 15-30 had similar Mogul and Titan versions.

Concurrently, IHC purchased a number of smaller competitors. Parlin & Orendorff (P&O Plow) and Chattanooga Plow were purchased in 1919. Other brand names they incorporated include Keystone, D.M. Osborne, Kemp, Meadows, Sterling, Weber, Plano, and Champion.

In 1924 IH introduced the Farmall, a smaller general-purpose tractor, to fend off competition from Ford Motor Company's Fordson tractors. Farmall was a leader in the emerging row-crop tractor segment.

Following the introduction of Farmall, several similarly styled "F Series" models were introduced while the original design continued to be produced as the "Regular."

In 1932, IH produced their first diesel engine for the McCormick-Deering TD-40 crawler. This engine would start on gasoline and then switch to diesel. Other diesel engines of this era were difficult to start in cold weather and using gasoline allowed the engine to thoroughly warm up first. In 1935, it was used in the WD-40, becoming the first diesel tractor on wheels in North America (the world's first diesel tractor was Germany's Benz-Sendling BS 6 in 1922).

Heavy tractors
The market for industrial tractors grew in the 1930s. The TD-40, the first of IH's heavy-equipment crawlers, was suited for a wide range of environments. As demand for construction equipment grew, so did the competition. The diversification of the agricultural tractor range into genuine construction equipment whetted appetites for further expansion. In 1937 IH engaged designer Raymond Loewy to revamp its product line and logo. In 1938 the first such model was the TD-65 heavy tractor, later renamed the TD-18.

The letter and standard series

For model year 1939, Raymond Loewy created the styling for the Farmall "letter series" (A, B, BN, C, H, and M) and the McCormick-Deering "standard series" (W-4, W-6, and W-9). For 1941 the MD model was introduced as the first row crop diesel-powered tractor; over a decade later, IH's largest competitor, John Deere, introduced a diesel option on their row crop models. The letter series tractors were updated to the "super" series in 1953 (with the exception of the A, which had become a "super" in 1947, and the B and BN, which were discontinued in 1948). Many of these tractors (especially the largest, the H, M, and W models) are still in operation on farms today. Especially desirable are the diesel-powered MD, WD-6, and WD-9's.

The letter and standard series of tractors was produced until 1954 and was a defining product in IH history.

In 1947, the smallest tractor in the Farmall line was introduced, the Cub. With a 60-cu. in., four-cylinder engine and a 69-inch wheelbase, the Cub was aimed at small farms which had previously relied on horse-drawn equipment. Like the various John Deere L/LA/LI models, one of the "mechanization-resistant" markets it hoped to penetrate was the small one-mule family farms of the rural American Deep South, but the Cub also sold to owners of larger farms needing a second tractor. Production of the Cub commenced at the newly acquired and updated Farmall Works-Louisville plant (formerly the wartime Curtiss-Wright Aircraft factory in Louisville, Kentucky). Selling for $545 in 1947, the Cub proved extremely popular and its design continued largely unchanged mechanically until 1979.

For 1955 in IH tractors, the numbered "hundred series" was offered. Although given slightly different styling and few new features, they were still updates to the models introduced in 1939. The only new tractor in the 1955 lineup was the 300 Utility. In 1957 power was increased in some models and the 230 Utility was introduced.

Heavy tractors: the 1950s
IH would sell 38,000 TD-18 series tractors between 1938 and 1958. The TD-18 would be replaced by an upgraded TD-18A in 1949 and 181/182 variants in 1955. In 1958 the TD-20 crawler was introduced.

60 Series recall
In July 1958, IH launched a major campaign to introduce a new line of tractors, the 60 series. At the Hinsdale, Illinois, Testing Farm, IH entertained over 12,000 dealers from over 25 countries. The series included the first-of-its-kind six-cylinder 460 and 560 tractors. Unfortunately just a year later, these models were recalled due to final drive component failures. They had not been updated since 1939 and would fail rapidly under the stress of the more powerful 60-series engines. Some customers lost faith in IH and migrated to John Deere's New Generation of Power tractors introduced in 1960.

1960s

Throughout the 1960s, IH introduced new tractors and new sales techniques. As producing tractors was the lifeblood of the company, IH would have to remain competitive in this field. They both succeeded and failed at this goal but farming was about to change. In 1963, IH introduced the 73 hp 706 and 95 hp 806 tractors. Until the 88 series, all numbered series tractors followed a simple numbering system. The first 2-3 digits was the horsepower rating, and the last number was the number of cylinders, so a 1486 was rated 148 hp and had a 6 cyl. engine, while the 1468 had 146 hp and a v8 engine. In 1964, IH made its four-millionth tractor, an 806. In 1965, IH introduced its first 100 hp two-wheel-drive tractor, the 1206. Another option became available in 1965 for the 706, 806, and the new 1206: a factory-installed cab (made by Stopler Allen Co.), often called the "ice cream box" due to its shape. It could be equipped with a fan and heater. By 1967, over 100,000 models 706, 806, and 1206 were built. The 276 was also built at this time, becoming popular for smaller farms with tighter lanes and fields due to its lighter weight.

In 1967 was the introduction of the bigger and more powerful 56 series tractors as replacements for the popular "06" series. These new models included the 65 hp 656, 76 hp 756, the 101 hp 856, and the 116 hp 1256. The "ice cream box" cab was still an option. In 1969 IH introduced the 1456 Turbo at 131 hp. Also that year, the 91 hp 826 was introduced with the option of gearshift or hydrostatic transmissions. The "ice cream box" cab was dropped and replaced with a new "custom" cab made by Exel Industries which could be equipped with factory air-conditioning, heat, and an AM radio. Another milestone was the 1970 introduction of the 1026 Hydro, basically a hydrostatic version of the 1256 and at that time the most powerful hydrostatic transmission tractor made in the US with 114 hp.

1970s
In 1971, IH introduced the 66 series line. The new models included the 85 hp 766, the 101 hp 966, the 125 hp 1066 turbo, the 145 hp 1466 Turbo, and the 145 hp 1468 V-8. The 130 hp 4166 4WD was also introduced. The 966 and 1066 were available with Hydro or gearshift transmissions and the choice of two-post roll over protection structures (ROPs) or two different cabs, the "custom" and the "deluxe". Both could be equipped with air conditioning, heat, and AM-FM radios.

In 1972, the 666 replaced the long-running 656, the 150 hp 1568 V-8 replaced the 1468, and the 160 hp 1566 and the 163 hp 4366 4WD were introduced. Also later that year, four-post ROPs replaced two-post; the "custom" cab was dropped and the "deluxe" cab was now painted red instead of white. Due to horsepower confusions, the 966 and 1066 Hydro models were restriped; the Hydro 100 and the 666 Hydro became the Hydro 70. On February 1, 1974, at 9:00 am, the five-millionth tractor came off the assembly line at the Farmall Plant in Illinois. IH was the first tractor manufacturer to accomplish this. Also in 1973, IH officially dropped the "Farmall" name from its tractor. This ended an era that began with the first Farmall "Regular" back in 1924.

The 230 hp 4568 V-8 4WD was introduced in 1975. In 1976, the entire tractor line got a new paint job and decal pattern. No longer were the side panels all white with chrome and black decals: they were now all red with a black-striped sticker. This was done to clear inventory for the forthcoming Pro Ag Line.

In September 1976, IH released their 86 series Pro Ag Line. The models included the 80 hp 786, the 90 hp 886, the 101 hp 986, the 104 hp 186 Hydro, the 135 hp 1086, the 146 hp 1486 and the 161 hp 1586. These new tractors had a new cab dubbed the Control Center that came standard with air conditioning, heat, and several radio-CB options. The driver sat well ahead of the rear axle and the fuel tank was mounted behind the cab over the rear axle. This increased balance and ride. Also in 1976, the 62 hp 686 along with the "86" series four-wheel-drives were introduced, including the 4186, 4386, 4586, and 4786.

In 1977, International Harvester introduced the first Axial-Flow rotary combine. This machine, produced at East Moline, Illinois, was the first generation of over 30 years of Axial-Flow combines.

In 1979, IH introduced two all-new tractors: the 3388 and 3588, known as the 2+2 4WD line. These tractors were the result of taking two 1086 rear ends and hooking them together with a transfer case. A year later, the 3788 was introduced. Although these tractors performed well in the field, they never sold well.

1980s
As the 1980s began, IH faced a stable economy, yet an unknown fate. In September 1981, IH announced at a dealership meeting the new "50 Series" of tractors, which included the 136 hp 5088, the 162 hp 5288 and the 187 hp 5488. IH also released the "30 series", which included the 81 hp 3088, the 90 hp 3288, the 112 hp 3488 Hydro, and the 113 hp 3688. These new tractors proved once again that IH was innovative. Designed and styled by IH industrial designer Gregg Montgomery (Montgomery Design International), the new stylish design of the 50 and 30 series changed the look of tractors from that time forward. IH spent over $29 million to develop this new series, and the result was the last great lineup of tractors from International Harvester.

Many technology-related innovations were used in the new series. A computer monitoring system (Sentry) was developed, and IH became the first manufacturer to add a computer to a farm tractor. Other innovations included a "Z" shift pattern, an 18-speed synchronized transmission, a forward air-flow cooling system which sucked air from above the hood and blew it out the front grille, "Power Priority" three-pump hydraulic system, color-coded hydraulic lines and controls, and a new rear-hitch system. The 50 Series had an unprecedented three-year or 2,500-hour engine and drive-train warranty, which later became an industry standard. Although no new sales records were set, IH sold a respectable number of these tractors during their short production time. IH also released the "60 series 2+2s" and planned on making the "Super 70 series" 2+2s, but only a handful of these exist today. On May 14, 1985, the last IH tractor rolled off the factory line, a 5488 FWA.

In the late 1970s, IH entered a deal with Spain's Enasa to build diesel engines there as Internacional de Motores. After a downturn in the market coupled to problems with Spain's entry into the European Economic Community threatened the profitability of this project, International Harvester withdrew in 1982. In return for being allowed to escape all conditions of the joint venture, IH lost their up-front investment in the engine plant and ended up selling British truck manufacturer Seddon Atkinson (which had belonged to IH since 1974) to Enasa in 1983.

Brand names of the agriculture division
IH over the years used a number of brand names to market their tractor and harvesting products:
 * International (1902–1985)
 * Titan (1910–1924)
 * Mogul (1911–1924)
 * McCormick–Deering (1922–1947)
 * McCormick (1947–1958)
 * Farmall (1924–1973)
 * Fairway (1924–1938)
 * Electrall (1954–1956)
 * Cub (1947–1985)

Other agricultural products
Along with the prominent tractor division, IH also sold several different types of farm-related equipment, such as balers, cultivators, combines (self-propelled and pull behind), combine heads, corn shellers, cotton pickers, manure spreaders, hay rakes, crop dusters, disk harrows, elevators, feed grinders, hammer mills, hay conditioners, milking machines, planters, mills, discs, plows, and miscellaneous equipment.

Also produced were twine, stationary engines and wagons.

Earthmoving division
IH built up its earthmoving division over a period of time, buying companies and acquiring technology. Its heavy tractor range was an established offering, however IH wanted to offer innovative new construction technology. Significant moves included the purchase of the Frank G Hough company which produced an iconic machine called a PayLoader, and the purchase of French company Yumbo, which produced hydraulic excavators.

Between 1956 and 1982 IH developed and sold a range of off-road dump trucks, which were known commercially as 'PayHaulers'.

International manufactured and sold an extensive range of heavy equipment. In 1974 IH renamed this division the 'Payline' division.

Payloaders
The original payloader model was literally a tractor which had forks welded to the front. Frank Hough was the man who invented the concept and Hough's company worked closely with IH until it was purchased in 1952. The terminology came to mean any type of front loader machine, and loaders were manufactured in a number of varieties, included wheeled and track loaders, rear wheel loaders or an articulated steering design.

PayScrapers
In the early 1950s contractors worldwide began using motor scrapers as a means of shifting dirt. IH had a hole in its product range; it did not offer a motor scraper product to the market. One of IH's suppliers, a company named Heil Earthmovers, manufactured a range of scrapers called 'Heiliners.'

Rather than spend money on R&D and enter the market at a later date, in 1953 IH bought Heil's road machinery division, incorporating a range of motor and towed scrapers.

Attachments: blades, buckets, rippers and compaction equipment
IH International had a supply agreement for its heavy tractor attachments with a company called Bucyrus-Erie. Amongst a variety of attachment solutions Bucyrus-Erie made a range of cable and hydraulically operated blades which fitted International-Harvester track type tractors.

IH purchased the blades range from Bucyrus-Erie in the 1950s and absorbed these into its machinery division.

IH also purchased attachments for the tractor range from Isaacson, including logging arches and dozer blades. Carrying on with its expansion IH purchased Isaacson's attachments division in 1952.

Electrall
The Electrall system was introduced in 1954; it was a short-lived attempt to market electrically operated farm equipment and accessories. The system, co-developed with General Electric, consisted of a 208 V three-phase alternating-current generator connected with electric cables to the device to be powered. The generator could even power a household. A 10 kW Electrall generator was an option on the Farmall 400 tractor, and a 12.5 kW PTO-driven version was made. The possible applications of Electrall power were many, but few made it to market. IH marketing materials showed a haybaler being Electrall powered. One of the more novel applications of the Electrall was a device to electrocute insects in the field at night (basically like a modern-day bug zapper, but on a larger scale).

Light duty trucks
IH is often remembered as a maker of relatively successful and innovative "light" lines of vehicles, competing directly against the Big Three. The most common were pickup trucks. IH made light trucks from 1907 to 1975, beginning with the Model A Auto Wagon (sometimes called the "Auto Buggy"). Production commenced in February 1907 at IH's McCormick Works in Chicago, although production was moved to Akron, Ohio, in October that year. Powered by a horizontally opposed, air-cooled twin around 15 hp, it was a right-hand-drive model popular in rural areas for high ground clearance on the poor roads typical of the era. It featured a rear seat convertible to a carrier bed. The Auto Wagon was renamed the Motor Truck in 1910, and was a forerunner to the successful modern pickup truck. They were called IHC until 1914, when the 'International' name was first applied. The final light line truck was made on May 5, 1975.

Following the early success with the Auto Buggy, International released their K and KB series trucks in the mid-1940s. They were simpler and sturdier than other trucks released in that era. This was followed by the L series in 1949, which was replaced by the R series in 1952, followed by the S series (a name re-used later for IH's larger medium-duty trucks) in 1955. In 1957, to celebrate IH's golden anniversary as a truck manufacturer, this was replaced by the new A line. 'A' stands for anniversary. With light modifications to its appearance, but more serious changes under the shell (and a number of new names), this design continued in production until replaced by the 1100D in late 1969, which looked very similar to the Scout which was already in production.

Corresponding with the truck "letter lines" was the Metro line of step (delivery) vans. Starting in 1938 and manufactured through 1975, the Metro series was produced and updated with each iteration of IH's truck lines. Also, special-use variants were sold, such as the Metro Coach (a bus version with windows and passenger seats) and Metro front-end section and chassis for full commercial customization. Additional variants were based on the medium-duty engine and chassis lines.

IH abandoned sales of passenger vehicles in 1980 to concentrate on commercial trucks and school buses.

The Scout and Light Truck parts business was sold to Scout/Light Line Distributors, Inc. in 1991.

Sport-utility vehicles
One of the company's light-duty vehicles was the Travelall, which was similar in concept to the Chevrolet Suburban. The Travelette was a crew cab, available in two- or four-wheel drive. A three-door version was available starting in 1957, and a four-door version was available starting in 1961. The 1961 Travelette four-door (crewcab) was the first six-passenger, four-door truck of its time.

The Scout, first introduced in 1961, is a small, two-door SUV, similar to a Jeep. In 1972, the Scout became the Scout II, and in 1974, Dana 44 axles, power steering, and power disc brakes became standard. After the Light Line pickups and Travelall were discontinued in 1975, the Scout Traveler and Terra became available, both with a longer wheelbase than a standard Scout II.

Motorhomes
In the 1970s, motorhomes were manufactured using IHC engines and bare chassis. Most of the bodies were constructed of fiberglass.

Commercial trucks (Truck and Engine Division)
International Harvester was an early manufacturer of medium- and heavy-duty trucks. Although based upon truck chassis, IH also became the leading manufacturer of the chassis portion of body-on-chassis conventional (type C) school buses. In 1962, IH offered the International Harvester Loadstar which became the premier medium-duty truck. In 1978, IH offered the International Harvester S-Series, which replaced the Loadstar in 1979.

With the truck and engine divisions remaining following the 1985 sale of the agricultural division, International Harvester Company changed their corporate name to Navistar International in 1986. Today, Navistar International's subsidiary, International Truck and Engine Corporation, manufactures and markets trucks and engines under the International brand name. From 1983 to 2010, Ford Motor Company offered International V8 diesel engines in heavy-duty pickup trucks, vans, and SUVs (using the Power Stroke name after 1994).

1960s
In 1961, the DCO-400 "Emeryville" model line was expanded with a conventional; officially named the D-400, the model line shared its cab with the COE and was the first International conventional produced with a tilting hood.

In 1962, International began to phase out the R-line series of trucks (dating to 1953). In place of a comprehensive model line ranging from half-ton pickup trucks to its largest Class 8 trucks, International introduced two purpose-built model lines for commercial use. Slotted above its Light Line pickup trucks, the Loadstar was a medium-duty conventional-cab truck. For 1963, International introduced the heavier-duty Fleetstar, a short-hood conventional slotted between the Loadstar and the heavier-duty R and V-Line conventionals. While no longer serving as a comprehensive model range, the Loadstar shared its cab with the A-series pickup truck (and its derivatives); as a cowled chassis, the Loadstar was produced for bus use (the IHC Schoolmaster). Sharing only its name with its conventional-cab namesake, the Loadstar CO was a low-cab COE (with a forward-tilting cab).

In 1965, International introduced the CO-4000, the first heavy-duty COE designed entirely by the company, replacing the DCO-400 "Emeryville" COE (which sourced its cab design from Diamond T). In a design feature that would be adopted by International COEs into the 1990s, the cab was designed with a large trapezoidal grille.

In 1968, International redesigned the Fleetstar, adopting the cab of the Light Line pickups. Renamed the Fleetstar-A, the redesign marked the consolidation of the Fleetstar with the previous R-line and V-line trucks. The largest R-210 and R-230 remained (dropping their R prefix) alongside the newly introduced M-series as the largest International trucks, sharing a common cab (dating back to 1952). The Transtar name made its first appearance, as the CO-4000 was replaced by the Transtar CO4070/4090; while visually similar to its predecessor, the Transtar CO was designed with an all-new cab (to accommodate larger diesel engines).

For 1969, International introduced the final version of the Emeryville model line, with the DC-400 Transtar 400 replacing the D-400.

1970s
In 1970, International split the CO Loadstar into its own product line, dubbed the Cargostar. As part of a model update, the Cargostar received a larger grille and wider cab over its predecessor. Competing directly against the Ford C-Series, the Cargostar was a medium-duty truck fitted with both gasoline and diesel engines (shared with the Loadstar conventional).

1971 marked the end of the "Emeryville" product lines, as the DC-400 Transtar 400 was replaced by the Transtar 4200/4300. Developed as a Class 8 highway tractor, the Transtar 4200/4300 introduced an all-new cab that would be used for International heavy-duty trucks through 1999. Competing against a wide range of manufacturers, the Transtar conventional was offered in both short and long-hood configurations for both regional and long-distance shipping.

In 1972, the Paystar 5000 series was introduced, replacing the 210/230 and M-series trucks (dating to 1952). Developed for severe-service use (primarily construction and related applications), the Paystar shared its cab with the Transtar, using a heavier-duty chassis, steel fenders, and a flat-panel hood. The medium-duty Loadstar received an optional tilting hood with a larger grille and straighter-edge fenders (updating its appearance for the first time in 10 years).

In 1974, the Transtar II COE was introduced, following a redesign of the Transtar. Distinguished by top-mounted windshield wipers, the Transtar II standardized the previous raised-cab option, as the previous 852 cubic-inch Detroit Diesel 12V71 V12 was replaced by some of the largest-displacement engines ever fitted to a road-going vehicle, including the Cummins KTA diesel I6 (1,150 cubic inches) and the Caterpillar 3408 diesel V8 (1,099 cubic inches). On the other end of the size scale, the Cargostar underwent a second update, with a slightly wider cab and a much larger grille (sharing the black trim band of the Transtar COE grille).

For 1976, International launched its "Eagle" flagship brand, used into the 2010s.

In 1977, the International S-series was introduced, consolidating the Fleetstar and Loadstar into a single model range. While less comprehensive than the product ranges of the 1930s to the 1950s, the S-series product line included medium-duty, heavy-duty, severe-service, and highway trucks (along with a new generation of the Schoolmaster bus chassis) from the Class 5 to Class 8 size ranges. At its 1977 launch, the S-series was introduced to replace the Fleetstar, with lighter-duty models phased in to replace the Loadstar during 1979. Competing against an extensive segment of the truck industry, the S-Series was produced in multiple layouts, hood lengths, and axle configurations; gasoline and diesel engines were offered.

Produced as a cowled chassis (Schoolmaster), straight truck, or semitractor, the S-Series was produced from 1977 to 2004, remaining the longest-produced vehicle line ever produced by International (as either International Harvester or Navistar).

1980s
In 1981, International introduced the CO9670, replacing the Transtar II. Sharing only the trapezoidal grille with the previous Transtar II, the CO9670 was designed with a larger cab with improved visibility and improved access (larger windshield, shared doors with the Transtar/Paystar conventional); to increase fuel economy, the Cummins KTA diesel was replaced by a turbocharged Cummins N-series I6.

For 1985, the Transtar conventional was reintroduced, becoming the International 9000 series; while the short-hood Transtar was discontinued (overlapped by the S2200 and S2300 Class 8 tractors), the long-hood 4300 was renamed the International 9370. Sharing its cab with the Transtar, the 9370 was restyled with a larger grille and vertically stacked quad headlamps.

After seeing almost no change since 1974, International ended production of the Cargostar (the final Loadstar-based truck). As the company did not develop a tilt-cab truck derived from the S-series (or a distinct vehicle), International introduced the 400/500/700/900 low-cab COE, produced by Nissan Diesel (UD). The first imported vehicle marketed by the company, the 400-900 was marketed through 1991.

Australian Army designs
International Harvester Australia, a subsidiary of the US manufacturer, had a long relationship with the Australian Army with the US-designed AS series trucks in the early 1950s. The AS164 4x2 used as a tractor unit and the 4x2 AS161 used as a trayback troop transport

The association between International Harvester Australia and the Australian Army developed and in conjunction with the Army Design Establishment of the Australian Commonwealth Department of Supply, designed and constructed a range of trucks for the Australian Army. With the body loosely based upon the design of cab 13 of the Canadian Military Pattern truck, the first prototype built in 1959 was the International Truck Cargo $2 1/2$ Ton General Service, Australian No.1 Mk1. which was followed by the Mk2 prototype. A variant with a midmounted, 20,000-lb winch, resulted in the first production model, the Mk3 entering service in 1963 – just in time for Australia's entry into the Vietnam War.

A five-ton 6×6 version was to follow with three major variants the Truck Cargo 5 Ton with winch F1 which replaced the Mk3 in Vietnam service.

The F2 a tipper version that replaced the International Harvester AB160 "teaspoon Tipper" in both Vietnam and Borneo theatres of operations.

The F5 wrecker with a lack of 4×4 $2 1/2$ ton trucks available because of the Vietnam War, the Mk3 was supplemented with further 4×4 production with the updated Mk4 version which shared the cab with the 6×6 variants Production of The Australian No.1. range of trucks were produced until 1973. The Mk3, Mk4, F1, F2 and F5 saw service until the late 1980s.

ACCO
The Australian designed and built International Australian A-line Cab Over (AACO) was first produced in the late 1960s and later in 1972 the Australian C-line Cab Over (ACCO). The ACCO is a cab over engine type truck and has been offered in 4x2, 4x4, 6x2, 6x4, 8x4, and 10x4 configurations. Engines used have been Cummins, Caterpillar, Detroit Diesel, Perkins, Neuss or GMC with Road-Ranger or Allison transmissions and Rockwell differentials. The ACCO range were built to order, serving private operators, fire departments, military services, and municipal departments across Australia and New Zealand. The cabs for NZ assembled Accos were welded, painted, wired, glazed and trimmed, using locally sourced parts and materials, by Steel's Motor Assemblies which was formed by the parent truck trailer making company in the mid-1960s to assemble Prince/Nissan Gloria sedans and later also assembled Toyota Corona sedans and other models. Upholstery vinyl was shared with the contemporary Toyota cars. The ACCO became the most popular product of International Harvester in Australia. The ACCO was discontinued in November 2019 and replaced by a locally built European designed ACCO, under the ownership of Iveco.

Brazilian subsidiary
International Harvester Máquinas S.A. was established with Brazilian government support as part of a project to develop a vehicle industry there. Their first product was the International S-184 heavy truck. In 1966 Chrysler purchased International's Brazilian plant.

Home appliances

Although best known for farm equipment, IH produced home appliances for farmers and nonfarmers alike. This included refrigeration equipment such as refrigerators, air conditioners, and freezers. IH had a refrigeration division of its own, as did other vehicle manufacturers of the time: Ford had Philco, Chrysler had Airtemp, General Motors had Frigidaire, Nash-Kelvinator Corporation (and then American Motors) had Kelvinator, Studebaker had the Franklin Appliance Company, and Crosley had Crosley.

The IH appliance division had originally been developed to manufacture commercial-grade items to farmers, most of whom had just received electricity by way of the many electrification projects in the U.S. before and after World War II. Among the offerings were milk coolers and walk-in freezers for produce and meat. Later on, IH courted the farmer's wife with kitchen refrigerators available in the latest designer styles. The IH spokeswoman for these products was Irma Harding, a factory trademark. These products were introduced in 1947 and sold for less than 10 years. The refrigeration division was sold to Whirlpool Corporation in 1955. Since the duration of production was short, IH appliances are rare today.

On the American sitcom Friends, the refrigerator in Monica's apartment is a circa 1950 International Harvester. Several close-ups can be seen in Season 8, Episode 17, "TOW The Tea Leaves."

Lawn and garden

IH branched out into the home lawn and garden business in 1961 with its line of Cub Cadet equipment, which included riding and walk-behind lawn mowers and snow blowers. Also produced were compost shredders, rotary tillers, Cadet garden tractors, and power washers.

The Cub Cadet line was sold to MTD Products in 1981.

Defense
IH manufactured light, medium, and heavy vehicles for military use. Examples include a Metro van sold to the Czechoslovakian Army in 1938, M5 Tractors and 2.5-ton M-5H-6 trucks for the US Navy and Marines in 1942, and around 3,500 2.5 ton M-5-6-318 cargo trucks provided mostly to the Soviet Union and China.

Weapons
In early 1951, the United States Army through the Springfield Armory contracted International Harvester to produce M1 rifles, and from 1953 to 1956 IH produced 337,623 rifles in total, according to the Army Ordnance Department.

HT-341
In 1959, International Harvester created a jet turbine-powered tractor called the International HT-341. It was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in 1967.

title: International Harvester


text:
Industrial District, Seattle

The Industrial District is the principal industrial area of Seattle, Washington. It is bounded on the west by the Duwamish River and Elliott Bay, beyond which lies Delridge of West Seattle; on the east by Interstate 5, beyond which lies Beacon Hill; on the north by S King and S Dearborn Streets, beyond which lie Pioneer Square and southwest International District of Downtown; and on the south by the main lines of the BNSF Railway and Union Pacific Railroad, or about S Lucille Street, beyond which is Georgetown. SoDo is the name of the northwest portion of the neighborhood, named for its being South of Downtown. SoDo is the location of T-Mobile Park, home of the Seattle Mariners, and Lumen Field, home of the Seattle Seahawks and Seattle Sounders FC. Lumen Field was also the site of the former Kingdome.

The Industrial District may also be defined by land use, with the primarily residential and open space Delridge district extending west from W Marginal Way SW and south of SW Spokane Street, and with the heavy industrial-zoned lower Duwamish River east of Marginal and north of Spokane as part of the Industrial District.

Most of the Industrial District is built on what was once the mudflats and lowlands of Elliott Bay and the Duwamish estuary, dredged, straightened, and filled 1902 and 1907. Much of the area is also built on landfill which is prone to liquefaction. This makes buildings in this area highly prone to earthquake damage.

Principal arterials are First and Fourth Avenues S, Alaskan Way, East Marginal and Airport Ways S (north- and southbound); and S Spokane, the Spokane Street Viaduct, West Seattle Bridge, and S Royal Brougham Way (east- and westbound; Royal Brougham was formerly S Atlantic Street). Minor arterials are 6th Avenue S, S Holgate and S Lander Streets, and S Industrial Way.

History
What is now Seattle has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period (c. 8,000 BCE—10,000 years ago). For example, the villages of tohl-AHL-too ("herring house") and later hah-AH-poos ("where there are horse clams") at the then-mouth of the Duwamish River in what is now the Industrial District, had been inhabited since the 6th century CE. The D kh w’Duw’Absh and Xacuabš ("People of the Inside" and "People of the Large Lake", now the Duwamish tribe) of the Lushootseed (Whulshootseed, Skagit-Nisqually) Coast Salish nations inhabited at least 17 villages in the mid-1850s, living in some 93 permanent longhouses ( kh waac'ál'al) along Elliott Bay, Salmon Bay, Portage Bay, Lake Washington, Lake Sammamish, and the Duwamish, Black, and Cedar rivers.

In 1905 the Seattle Box Company relocated to the southeast corner of 4th Avenue S and S Spokane Street becoming one of the first residents of the Industrial District.

Starbucks moved its world headquarters to the Industrial District in 1997, occupying the 1912 building constructed for Sears, Roebuck and Company as a catalog distribution center.

Some current industrial business owners are concerned about the future of the Industrial District. The area is seen by some city developers as an ideal zone in which to expand non-industrial businesses and residential land use south of Downtown Seattle.

Economy
Uwajimaya has its headquarters in the Industrial District.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Industrial District, Seattle


text: Category:Anorectics

title: Category:Anorectics


text:
Said bin Sultan

Sayyid Saïd bin Sultan al-Busaidi (سعيد بن سلطان,, Saïd bin Sultani) (5 June 1791 – 19 October 1856) was Sultan of Muscat and Oman, the fifth ruler of the Busaid dynasty from 1804 to 4 June 1856. His rule began after a period of conflict and internecine rivalry of succession that followed the death of his father, Sultan bin Ahmad, in November 1804. He is often referred to as the Lion of Oman (أسد عمان), as one of the greatest Omani sultans.

Said's uncle Qais bin Ahmad finally agreed to Said's primacy after Said had killed his cousin, Badr bin Saif, a pretender to the throne. Said is noted for moving his capital to Zanzibar, where it remained during the time when the Omani Empire reached the zenith of its power and wealth.

Early years
Said bin Sultan was son of Sultan bin Ahmed, who ruled Oman from 1792 to 1804. Sultan bin Ahmed died in 1804 on an expedition to Basra. He appointed Mohammed bin Nasir bin Mohammed al-Jabry as the Regent and guardian of his two sons, Salim bin Sultan and Said bin Sultan. Sultan's brother Qais bin Ahmad, the ruler of Sohar, decided to attempt to seize power. Early in 1805 Qais and his brother Mohammed marched south along the coast to Muttrah, which he easily captured. Qais then started to besiege Muscat. Mohammed bin Nasir tried to bribe Qais to leave, but did not succeed.

Mohammed bin Nasir called on Badr bin Saif for help. After a series of engagements, Qais was forced to retire to Sohar. Badr bin Saif became the effective ruler. Allied with the Wahhabis, Badr bin Saif became increasingly unpopular. To get his wards out of the way, Badr bin Saif made Salim bin Sultan governor of al Maṣna'ah on the Batinah coast and Said bin Sultan governor of Barka.

In 1806, Said bin Sultan lured Badr bin Saif to Barka and murdered him nearby. There are different accounts of what happened, but it seems clear that Said struck the first blow and his supporters finished the job. Said was acclaimed by the people as a liberator from the Wahhabis, who left the country. Qais bin Ahmad at once gave his support to Said. Nervous of the Wahhabi reaction, Said blamed Mohammed bin Nasir for the murder.

Sultan
Said bin Sultan became the sole ruler of Oman, apparently with the consent of his brother. Their aunt, the daughter of the Imam Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi, seems to have influenced this decision.

In 1820, he launched a punitive expedition against the Bani Bu Ali with the assistance of the East India Company. It was defeated, but the following year a larger Company force returned and defeated the tribe.

In 1835, he ratified a treaty with the United States on very favorable terms, that had been negotiated by Edmund Roberts at Muscat on 21 September 1833, and returned by USS Peacock.

In 1837, he conquered Mombasa (now in Kenya). In 1840, Said moved his capital from Muscat to Stone Town in Zanzibar, where Richard Waters was American Consul, and sent a ship to the United States to try to further a trading relationship.

In 1843 he nominated a nominal representative in Mogadishu and was forced to pay tribute to Sultan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim of the Sultanate of the Geledi.

Upon Said's death in 1856, his realm was divided. His third son, Thuwaini bin Said, became the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, and his sixth son, Majid bin Said, became the Sultan of Zanzibar.

The National Museum in Muscat houses numerous items of silverware and other possessions that belonged to Said.

Children
Said had 36 children:
 * 1) Sayyid Sultan bin Said al-Said (c. 1815–1851): an alcoholic, according to Ruete (Ch. 15), he left three sons, Saud, Faisal, and Muhammed
 * 2) Sayyid Khalid bin Said al-Said (c. 1819–1854)
 * 3) Sayyid Thuwaini bin Said al-Said (also called Tueni) (−1866):  Sultan of Muscat and Oman, 1856–1866
 * 4) Sayyid Muhammad bin Said al-Said (1826–1863):  he "...was considered the most pious of our entire family.... cared little for the world and worldly goods.... possessed by... antipathy against Zanzibar" (Ch. 14, Ruete); he lived most of his life in Oman; father of Hamoud bin Mohammed, Sultan of Zanzibar.
 * 5) Sayyid Turki bin Said (1832–1888): Sultan of Muscat and Oman, 1871–1888
 * 6) Sayyid Majid bin Said Al-Busaid (1834/5-1870): 1st Sultan of Zanzibar, 1856–1870
 * 7) Sayyid Ali bin Said al-Said (?-1893)
 * 8) Sayyid Barghash bin Said Al-Busaid (1837–1888): 2nd Sultan of Zanzibar, 1870–1888
 * 9) Sayyid Abdu'l-Wahhab bin Said al-Said (1840–1866)
 * 10) Sayyid Jamshid bin Said al-Said (1842–1870)
 * 11) Sayyid Hamdan bin Said al-Said (1843–1858)
 * 12) Sayyid Ghalib bin Said al-Said
 * 13) Sayyid Sawedan bin Said al-Said (1845–?)
 * 14) Sayyid Abdu'l-Aziz bin Said al-Said (1850–1907)
 * 15) Sayyid Khalifah bin Said Al-Busaid, 3rd Sultan of Zanzibar (1852–1890): Sultan of Zanzibar, 1888–1890
 * 16) Sayyid Hamad bin Said al-Said
 * 17) Sayyid Shuwaid bin Said al-Said
 * 18) Sayyid Abbas bin Said al-Said
 * 19) Sayyid Manin bin Said al-Said
 * 20) Sayyid Ali bin Said Al-Busaid, 4th Sultan of Zanzibar (1854–1893): Sultan of Zanzibar, 1890–1893
 * 21) Sayyid Badran bin Said al-Said (?-1887)
 * 22) Sayyid Nasir bin Said al-Said (also called Nasor) (?-1887) went to Mecca with his older sister Chadudj: died in his twenties
 * 23) Sayyid Abdu'l-Rab bin Said al-Said (?-1888)
 * 24) Sayyid Ahmad bin Said al-Said
 * 25) Sayyid Talib bin Said al-Said
 * 26) Sayyid Abdullah bin Said al-Said
 * 27) Sayyida Sharîfe of Zanzibar and Oman: the daughter of a Circassian woman, she was "a dazzling beauty with the complexion of a German blonde. Besides, she possessed a sharp intellect, which made her into a faithful advisor of my father's" (described in Ruete, Ch. 15)
 * 28) Sayyida Chole (or Khwala) of Zanzibar and Oman (died 1875): the daughter of a Mesopotamian woman, she "was particularly close to our father; her enchanting personality, her cheerfulness and charm won him over completely" (Ruete, Ch. 15)
 * 29) Sayyida Aashe of Zanzibar and Oman: full sister of Chole; after the death of their brother Hilal (1851), she "took motherly care of his eldest son Suud" (Ruete)
 * 30) Sayyida Chadudj of Zanzibar and Oman: full sister of Majid; after his death (1870), she went with her younger brother Nasir to Mecca and died not long afterward (Ruete)
 * 31) Sayyida Shewâne of Zanzibar and Oman: the daughter of an Abyssinian woman; "a classical beauty ... endowed with a keen mind", she died early (Ruete)
 * 32) Sayyida Mettle of Zanzibar and Oman: the daughter of an Abyssinian woman, she married a "distant cousin" in Stonetown and had "two charming twin boys" (Ruete)
 * 33) Sayyida Zeyâne of Zanzibar and Oman: the daughter of an Abyssinian woman (Ruete)
 * 34) Sayyida Semsem of Zanzibar and Oman: full sister of Zeyâne, she was married "rather late in life [to] our distant cousin Humud" (Ruete)
 * 35) Sayyida Nunu of Zanzibar and Oman: the daughter of a Circassian woman, she was born blind; after the deaths of her parents, she lived with her sister Aashe (Ruete)
 * 36) Sayyida Salme of Zanzibar and Oman (1844–1924): she became known as Emily Ruete

title: Said bin Sultan


text:
Talk:Lake Okutama

Initial content
from Japanese Wikipedia Fg2 23:36, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lake Okutama


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kettle Falls Elementary School

Kettle Falls Elementary School
Non-notable elementary school Dsmdgold 23:39, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable elementary school.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:09, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Antandrus 04:27, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  RickK 04:49, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * So, it's an elementary school in Kettle Falls. I could have guessed that without the article. I see nothing of note here, so delete. Average Earthman 15:11, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability not established in article. Low-quality article, BEEFSTEW point D only, 1/10. User wrote the article User:Amandaemily has established an account, hope she/they will not be discouraged. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 17:17, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC) This user seems to be contributing many stubby articles about schools. I have placed the following note on User_talk:Amandaemily
 * Contributing articles on schools is never a sure thing, but the chance of acceptance depends a lot on how good the article is. Articles like Kettle Falls Elementary School have the odds stacked against them, because a) they're about elementary schools; even articles about high schools are controversial; and b) they do not provide anything but rudimentary facts that would be obtained easily, and would be more up-to-date, from an ordinary web search, or by consulting a telephone book.

 * Your first article notes that: "Local-interest articles are articles about places like schools, or streets that are of interest to a relatively small number of people such as alumni or people who live nearby. There is no consensus about such articles, but some will challenge them if they include nothing that shows how the place is special and different from tens of thousands of similar places. Photographs add interest. Try to give local-interest articles local color."

 * For examples of very good articles about schools that survived VfD, see Moanalua High School and Montgomery Bell Academy.

 * If you are going to contribute articles about schools, please try to show us, in the articles what's special about these schools. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 17:23, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment I've decided to put articles like these into the category School stubs, which can be added to a page by means of the template . I am doing this, not to legitimize them, but to track them. I believe they should be deleted, but If articles like this do not get deleted, I want an easy way to assess the suggestion that such articles, if kept, "will grow." [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 17:37, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a school, with nothing exceptionally noteworthy. --Improv 21:26, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a school.  That makes it noteworthy. anthony (see warning) 21:50, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article provides no content that justifies inclusion in an encyclopedia. --Michael Snow 16:00, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Whereas Kettle Falls, Washington does? anthony (see warning) 16:14, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Kettle Falls, Washington provides a locator map and tells you when the city was incorporated. Even if you disregard the Rambot material, which there's certainly no consensus to remove, those provide the minimal content necessary to warrant inclusion for a city article in my judgment. --Michael Snow 16:23, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * So when I add a locator map and date the school was founded you'll change your vote to keep? I've already got the latitude and longitude (and a number of shp files detailing Kettle Falls, based on the census data). Making the map is as simple as throwing it into ArcExplorer.  See Maine Mall.  anthony (see warning) 20:07, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * A school is a different kettle of fish, if I may use the expression, than a city. The bare minimum content that would satisfy my criteria for including one will not necessarily apply by analogy to the other. --Michael Snow 20:37, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Of course a school is different, but there's no reason to have a town of 30 and not have a school of 200. Schools are as important as towns, even more so in many cases, and there's no reason to have one in an encyclopedia and not another. But whatever, you've basically made up your mind that this school doesn't deserve and entry, whereas every single populated place in the world does, so there's no sense trying to discuss why. By the way, I added the map. anthony (see warning) 20:41, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: Non-notable. Let's not follow the distractions of whether this is "as notable as" that.  Is notability established?  No.  That = delete.  Anthony is free to list any Rambot article on VfD, and he should do so if he feels that the place fails notability. Geogre 02:31, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * If I listed a rambot article on VfD I would almost surely be blocked. As for your simple explanation, it begs the question.  Why is this school non-notable?  anthony (see warning) 02:50, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
User:Hooloovoo/Otherland

Notes to self: Link to Simulated reality, describe characters, add jacket shots, etc.

Otherland is a novel by Tad Williams consisting of four books, a so-called quadrilogy. The story is set in the not too distant future in which many technologies have developed, like the ability for people to attach themselves fully to a computer via a nerve interface in order to experience an online world as being practically real. Tad Williams weaves an intricate plot spanning four thick volumes, that paints a realistic picture of what our society may look like in the near future, with technologies that are only emerging now fully integrated into everyday life. His proposed ability to immerse oneself fully in a simulation gives Tad Williams a lot of artistic freedom, and the story winds through many classical literary works, such as Alice in Wonderland, Homer's Iliad & Odyssey or the Wizard of Oz, which (not unrealistically) are in the book available as entertainment simulations.

The Story
The book starts with the little brother of one of the main characters suddenly falling into a mysterious coma. His older sister, Irene "Renie" Sulaweyo, investigates what happened and starts discovering some strange goings on in the internet, where she discovers the world of Otherland. Once inside she meets several other people all gathered together by a man named Sellars. After a while they discover that they are no longer able to disconnect themselves from this world and they are stuck.

Major Protagonists

 * Irene "Renie" Sulaweyo - A South African teacher of Virtual Reality who's brother Stephen Sulaweyo lapses into a strange coma. The event leads her to Otherland, a meeting with Sellars and eventually the machinations of the The Grail Brotherhood.
 * Joseph "Long Joseph" Sulaweyo - Irene and Stephen's mostly-drunk father, a once proud man who took to full-time drinking after his wife died. His favourite drink is a brand of wine called Mountain Rose, a cheap kind that comes in plastic squeeze bottles.
 * Stephen Sulaweyo - Renie's little brother.
 * !Xabbu - A Bushman student of Renie's who for the better part of the book finds himself confined to a Monkey body inside Otherland.
 * Jeremiah Dako
 * Orlando (Thargor)
 * Fredericks (Sam, Pitlith)

Minor Protagonists

 * Isabel Sorenson, Major Sorenson (guarding Sellars)
 * Sellars
 * Javier
 * Paul Jonas

Major Antagonists

 * The Twins / The Pankies (Undine Pankie)
 * Dread
 * Felix Jongleur

Minor Antagonists
other grail members like Yacoubian, also the hacker girl (Dulceana Anwin, a.k.a. Dulcie)

Special Characters

 * Azador (construct) / Emily (construct)
 * The Other

todo: describe the others

Volume 1: City of Golden Shadow

 * Published as a Hardcover in 1996 with ISBN 0099683016
 * Published as a Paperback in 1998 with ISBN 1857236041

Short excerpt here... Add cover shot image floating to the right.

Volume 2: River of Blue Fire

 * Published as a Hardcover in 1998 with ISBN 0886777771
 * Published as a Paperback in 1999 with ISBN 1857237641

Short excerpt here...

Volume 3: Mountain of Black Glass

 * Published as a Hardcover in 1999 with ISBN 185723748X
 * Published as a Paperback in 2000 with ISBN 1857239903

Short excerpt here...

Volume 4: Sea of Silver Light

 * Published as a Hardcover in 2001 with ISBN 0886779774
 * Published as a Paperback in 2002 with ISBN 1841490644

Short excerpt here...

title: User:Hooloovoo/Otherland


text: User talk:68.97.93.195

title: User talk:68.97.93.195


text:
Talk:Figure skating spins

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 September 2021 and 15 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Nquinn23.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:23, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
This article just cries out for images of the various types of spins. JesseW 23:40, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Wouldn't that be better if it stays as a "general spin article" and detailful articles on different spins, with pictures etc. should be created separately. There isn't enough space here to put so many photos. (MarikaGirl 14:18, 23 October 2005 (UTC))
 * Yes, perhaps if the page gets big enough. --Fang Aili talk 13:25, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

ISI levels
I'm not sure the stuff about ISI levels belongs here; there's no context in the article to explain what ISI levels are, and the use of the word "level" is probably going cause confusion with the "levels" assigned to spins in the ISU Judging System. Rather than going into a big digression to explain the whole concept of ISI levels in this article, how about moving the information to the Ice Skating Institute article as part of a general enumeration of the skills required at each level? Dr.frog 05:03, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Categorization of spins
Regarding the ongoing revert wars over the way spins are categorized on this page....

I think it really needs to be reorganized to reflect the terminology for spins in the ISU Judging System. In particular, the ISU recognizes upright (including layback), camel, and sit as distinct "positions", and a number of "difficult variations" on those positions. That's the only categorization scheme for spins that has any official standing, or for which a definitive reference can be cited.

If nobody else gets around to rewriting the article first, I'll do it when I have time. In the meantime, let's stop moving stuff around pointlessly in the article. Dr.frog 13:54, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I think this is an excellent idea. The ISU, as the sport's highest governing body, is the definitive source for this information and Wikipedia should reflect that. As far as I could find, the ISU doesn't classify "difficult variations", but since there are several that are so common that they have been given names recognized widely in the sport (illusion, catch-foot, etc), that should be included and explained. Vesperholly 09:04, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Missing refs
I have added refs covering most spin types. I could not find ref for the following types:
 * "I" spins and shotgun spin - Added by Mark Jahnke
 * "Y" spins - Added by 83.23.235.242
 * doughnut spin - Added by Fang Aili
 * butterfly spin - Added by Fang Aili
 * corkscrew sit spin

Note: While going through the history - I saw that Dr.frog rejected Don Korte's site as a reference to a edit. I added Don Korte's site as a ref on the page before I saw this. I feel that his site should be considered as a reliable sources. Don Korte's can be considered authoritative because, as he is qualified as a judge, we know that he is well versed on the rules, and there interpretation.

Gary van der Merwe (Talk) 11:49, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

What I would like to see this article include
I would like to see this article include the following information. Unfortunately I do not have sufficient knowledge and reference materials necessary to do it myself.
 * A bit on the technique of spinning. How the skater initiates the spin. Controlling/increasing the rotational velocity (Maintaining rotational momentum.) There is a bit of info on Kay's page, but we should really be looking for references like published coaching manuals.
 * Names and Descriptions of the different pairs and dances spins, like we have for single FS spins.

Gary van der Merwe (Talk) 12:14, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

How are spins executed without athletes getting dizzy and falling? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.175.100.152 (talk) 07:03, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

Toward the end of the Olympics, I noticed that skaters seem to do spins counterclockwise. Once I started paying attention, all of them counterclockwise spins. Why? Did I just not sample a large enough group? Does the proportion relate to right-handedness? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.184.20.126 (talk) 01:31, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Figure skating spins


text:
Jay Gibbons

Jay Jonathan Gibbons (born March 2, 1977) is an American former professional baseball right fielder in Major League Baseball. He played college baseball at California State University, Los Angeles and in the Major Leagues for the Baltimore Orioles and Los Angeles Dodgers. He attended Mayfair High School in Lakewood, California.

Minor leagues
Gibbons was selected by the Toronto Blue Jays in the 14th round, 411th overall, of the 1998 amateur draft and that season captured the Pioneer League Triple Crown with the Medicine Hat Blue Jays, hitting .397 with 19 home runs and 98 RBI. After the 2000 season, he was picked up by the Baltimore Orioles in the Rule 5 draft.

Baltimore Orioles
As a rookie for the Orioles in 2001, he hit 15 home runs before a hand injury cut short his season. The next year, he hit a career-best 28 homers. In 2003, Gibbons had another excellent season. Playing in a career-high 160 games, he established personal bests with a .277 batting average and 100 RBI and was voted Team MVP.

In 2004, Gibbons suffered multiple injuries and only played in 97 games. Because of his hobbling injuries, his numbers plummeted: his batting average was a mere .246, and he hit only 10 homers. After the 2004 season, he had LASIK eye surgery to improve his declining eyesight, which went from 20–10 to 20–35 in only a few months. He bounced back with a solid 2005 season as he hit .277 with 26 home runs and 79 RBI in 139 games.

He wore No. 25 until Rafael Palmeiro signed a contract with the Orioles in 2004. Out of respect for the older and more established Palmeiro, Jay switched to No. 31, which he wore for the rest of his time with the Orioles, even after Palmeiro left the Orioles.

Steroid allegations
On September 30, 2006, the Los Angeles Times reported that former relief pitcher Jason Grimsley, during a June 6, 2006, federal raid, told federal agents investigating steroids in baseball that Gibbons was a user of anabolic steroids. The Times reported that Gibbons was one of five names blacked out in an affidavit filed in federal court. However, on October 3, 2006, the Washington Post reported that San Francisco United States attorney Kevin Ryan said that the Los Angeles Times report contained "significant inaccuracies." Gibbons, along with the other four players named, denounced the story. However, on September 9, 2007, Sports Illustrated reported that a source close to an Orlando-based compound pharmacy alleged that Gibbons had received multiple shipments of performance-enhancing steroids and human growth hormone (HGH) between October 2003 to July 2005.

On December 13, 2007, he was cited in the Mitchell Report.

He was suspended for the first 15 games of the 2008 season on December 6, 2007, and performed so poorly in 2008 spring training that the Orioles cut him even though he was owed nearly $12 million for the last two years of his contract. The Orioles management claimed that the release was a "baseball decision" unrelated to the steroid allegations.

Long Island Ducks
On June 12, 2008, Gibbons wrote an emotional letter to all 30 MLB clubs, asking to return to baseball, promising to donate his salary to charity. The only team that gave him a chance was the independent Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League, a team unaffiliated with MLB. He played in 27 games for the Ducks, hitting .280 with five home runs in 107 at-bats.

Milwaukee Brewers
On July 22, 2008, Gibbons signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers and was assigned to the Double-A Huntsville Stars. Gibbons spent approximately one week at Double-A Huntsville before being promoted to Triple-A Nashville on July 27. He became a free agent after the season.

Florida Marlins
Gibbons signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Florida Marlins on January 13, 2009. He was released by the Marlins on March 13, 2009; the Marlins stated that they did not have room on the roster for him.

Newark Bears
On May 11, 2009, Gibbons agreed to play for the Newark Bears of the Atlantic League.

Los Angeles Dodgers
Gibbons signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers prior to the 2010 season. He was assigned to the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes to start the season and was selected to the mid-season Pacific Coast League all-star team. In 94 games with the Isotopes, he hit .347 with 19 home runs.

Gibbons was called up to the Dodgers on August 8, 2010. In the game that day against the Washington Nationals, he hit a pinch-hit RBI single. Two days later, Gibbons started in left field against the Philadelphia Phillies, finishing 3–4 with a home run and three RBI.

He appeared in 37 games with the Dodgers, getting extensive playing time after the trade of Manny Ramirez. He finished hitting .280 with five home runs and 17 RBI.

On November 4, 2010, Gibbons signed a one-year deal to remain with the Dodgers. He began to experience some vision problems while playing winter ball in Venezuela and saw some eye specialists when the problem persisted through spring training, causing him to lose his chance to be the team's regular left fielder. The problems continued into April and he began the season on the disabled list while trying out different contact lenses. He was even concerned that his career might be over. After an extended rehab assignment at AAA Albuquerque that lasted for most of April, he was activated on May 3. He appeared in 24 games, hitting .255 before he was designated for assignment on June 6. He returned to the Isotopes, where he played in 76 games the rest of the season, hitting .300 with nine home runs and 46 RBI. He became a free agent after the season.

Milwaukee Brewers
Gibbons signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers in February 2012. He retired from baseball as an active player on July 9.

Coaching
In 2015, he became a hitting coach for the Dodgers Class-A team in the Midwest League, the Great Lakes Loons. The following season, he was promoted to the hitting coach job with the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes in the California League.

title: Jay Gibbons


text:
File:BGratzBrown.gif

A picture of Senator B. Gratz Brown of Missouri

title: File:BGratzBrown.gif


text:
Jim Penner

Jim Penner (September 4, 1939 – January 17, 2004) was a businessman and politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Manitoba legislature from 1999 to 2003.

Penner was born in Rosthern, Saskatchewan and moved to Steinbach, Manitoba in 1946 at the age of 7, where his father bought a grocery store. Penner grew the store into Penner Foods Limited, with six locations, a company for which he was President and CEO from 1962 to 1998 (overseeing a business which employed 800 workers). Penner was appointed to Trinity Western University's Board of Governors in 1981. He was a graduate of Trinity University in Chicago and was awarded an honorary degree in 2001.

In 2002 Penner was honoured as the Humanitarian of the Year by the Variety Club of Manitoba.

Penner was elected to the Manitoba legislature in the general election of 1999, running as a Progressive Conservative in the rural, southern riding of Steinbach. Penner defeated his nearest opponent by almost 5000 votes, despite the fact that the Progressive Conservatives were defeated provincially.

In the Manitoba Legislature, Penner served as opposition critic for Consumer and Corporate Affairs and Finance. He chose not to run for re-election in 2003, having been diagnosed with cancer. Penner died on January 17, 2004.

title: Jim Penner


text:
Russell W. Peterson

Russell Wilbur Peterson (October 3, 1916 – February 21, 2011) was an American scientist and politician from Wilmington, Delaware. He served as Governor of Delaware as a member of the Republican Party. An influential environmentalist, he served as chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality and president of the National Audubon Society.

Early life and family
Peterson was born in Portage, Wisconsin, the son of Emma (Anthony) and Johan Anton Peterson. The eighth of nine children, his father was an immigrant from Sweden who worked as a bartender and barber. Peterson attended the University of Wisconsin where he received a B.S. in 1938, working as a dishwasher in the chemistry lab to pay the bills and a Ph.D. in Chemistry in 1942. In 1937 he married Lillian Turner, with whom he had four children: R. Glen, Peter J., Kristin P. Havill and Elin. Lillian died in 1994. He married his second wife, June Jenkins, who had been recently widowed, in 1995. He was a Unitarian Universalist.

At Wisconsin, Peterson was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society.

Professional and political career
After graduate school, Peterson was recruited by the E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company to work as a research chemist at its Experimental Station in Wilmington. For over 26 years he held prominent jobs in research, manufacturing and sales, and finally in corporate management, becoming director of research and development in 1963.

All the while, Peterson had become a well-known civic activist from suburban New Castle County. He had been involved in the "New Day for Delaware" attempt at governmental reform in the Boggs administration and had organized an effort at prison reform known as the "Three-S Citizen's Campaign," salvage people, save dollars, and shrink the crime rate. His leadership skills inspired Henry B. du Pont to appoint him to the executive committee of the Greater Wilmington Development Council. He was put in charge of the Neighborhood Improvement Program, tasked with solving poverty in the black community. By 1968 Delaware had experienced rioting following the murder of Martin Luther King, Jr., and National Guard troops were still on the streets of Wilmington on the orders of the conservative Democratic Governor, Charles L. Terry, Jr. Peterson seemed to have a fresh, progressive approach for addressing these and other issues and was drafted by Republican state leaders to run for governor.

Governor of Delaware
Peterson was elected Governor of Delaware in 1968, narrowly defeating the incumbent Governor Charles L. Terry Jr. (51%-49%) His first act was to remove the National Guard from Wilmington. His administration was one that enacted several substantial changes, with perhaps the biggest change being the successful implementation of the old "New Day for Delaware" plan that transformed the organization of state government. Delaware's executive departments had been run by commissions, appointed by the governor, but with considerable policy independence, and overlapping terms. As a result, the governor had control over his departments only through persuasion and the budget. The newly enacted law provided for an eleven-person cabinet organization, with department leadership provided by persons serving at the pleasure of the governor. In all, Peterson eliminated 100 commissions and boards. Neither Peterson nor his successor, Sherman W. Tribbitt, were fully able to take advantage of this change, but their successors all made it one of the foundations of the present Delaware state government.

Peterson was also a dedicated environmentalist and the guiding force behind the Coastal Zone Act of 1971. This act protected Delaware's inland bays and waterways by banning heavy industry from a two-mile-wide strip of Delaware's 115 mile coastline, about 20% of the state. The major consequence of the Act was preventing Shell from building a $200m oil refinery. This piece of legislation has since been used by other states to protect their shorelines. During his tenure as governor Peterson chaired the Education Commission of the States from 1970 to 1971. When Maurice Stans, the Secretary of Commerce under Richard Nixon complained to Peterson that the Act harmed America's security and prosperity, Peterson listed a dozen ways in which companies could continue their work without harming Delaware's coastline. The Act was unsuccessfully challenged in court, and Peterson led the environmental movement in Delaware by sporting a badge on his lapel that said, "To Hell with Shell!"

These were a breathtaking number of changes for normally conservative Delaware – Peterson appointed the first person of color, Arva Jackson, to the University of Delaware's board of trustees, insisted on the hiring of black people to the State Police, pressed for the state's open housing law and relaxed abortion laws. In 1972, Delaware became the last state to outlaw flogging as a form of punishment, removing Red Hannah, America's last whipping post.

Meanwhile, in spite of warnings, Peterson seemed to be unaware of growing financial problems for the state. Finally, in June 1971, Peterson admitted he had made revenue miscalculations resulting in a $5 million deficit. The mistake opened the door to opponents of the other changes to unleash a barrage of criticism. As a result, when he sought a second term the next year, he won the Republican primary by 8% of the vote over former Lieutenant Governor David P. Buckson. In the general election, he was narrowly defeated by Democratic former Lieutenant Governor And then State House minority leader Sherman W. Tribbitt (51%-48%) after announcing an unexpected tax increase in the middle of the campaign. He left office with Delaware enjoying a budget surplus.

Later career
After leaving office, Nixon, impressed by Peterson's answers to Stans' questions, appointed Peterson as Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality. Peterson served from 1973 to 1976, leading a taskforce on the elimination of chlorofluorocarbons and helping to shape environmental reviews as mandated by the National Environmental Policy Act. In November 1973, Peterson worked with then-Governor of New York Nelson Rockefeller to establish the Commission on Critical Choices for Americans.

A keen bird watcher, Peterson took up the hobby after taking his son to the Everglades in 1954 and identified over 1,000 birds during his life. Peterson served as the president of the National Audubon Society from 1979 to 1985. He fought Ronald Reagan's attempts to weaken environmental regulations, pushed the society beyond its traditional remit into areas like energy policy, toxic waste and population control. He hired more scientists, started an environmental curriculum for school children and got Ted Turner to finance the TV series The World of Audubon, narrated by Robert Redford, amongst others.

Peterson served as a visiting professor at Dartmouth College in 1985, Carleton College in 1986, and the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1987. He also served as president of the International Council for Bird Preservation, as a principal officer in three international environmental organisations, worked for the United Nations on various activities and as chairman of the Center on the Long-Term Biological Consequences of Nuclear War, working with Carl Sagan, Paul R. Ehrlich and Peter Raven to employ scientists to inform world leaders of the dangers of nuclear weapons. In October 1996 Peterson switched his party affiliation to the Democratic Party, after endorsing Democrats in presidential elections since 1988. In 1971 the National Wildlife Federation gave Peterson the Conservationist of the Year award. In 1974, Peterson received the Charles Lathrop Parsons Award for public service from the American Chemical Society. In 1982, Russell W. Peterson was honored to be selected as the Swedish-American of the year by the Swedish Council of America (previously the Vasa Order of America). In 1984 he was given the Robert Marshall Award by the Wilderness Society. In 1995, the League of Conservation Voters awarded him its lifetime achievement award. In 2007 he was inducted into the Wisconsin Conservation Hall of Fame.

The Russell W. Peterson Urban Wildlife Refuge, just outside Wilmington, has been named in his honor.

In April 2008, a small ship was rechristened "Russell W. Peterson." The ship, owned by Aqua Survey Inc. was used for the study of migratory bird routes. However, on May 12, 2008, the "Russell W. Peterson" was destroyed in a storm off the Delaware coast, killing one of its two crew members.

Peterson suffered a stroke on the morning of Monday, February 21, 2011, and died at 8:10pm that evening at home. He was survived by his wife, four children, seventeen grandchildren and sixteen great-grandchildren.

Almanac
Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1. The governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and has a four-year term.

title: Russell W. Peterson


text:
Talk:Otherland

Temp in-progess version
I'm working on a more thorough version of this article on my scratchpad, see User:Hooloovoo/Otherland for the work in progress. --Hooloovoo 23:45, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Just me
Is it just me or does the plotline of the .Hack series of anime/games/manga sopund awfully similar to Otherland's plot? --Kross 07:40, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * The chronology is wrong; besides, the idea of being trapped in a virtual world is positively antique. --maru 21:10, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I saw the resemblance, too. And what do you mean by "the chronology is wrong", exactly? Just wondering. The idea of being trapped in a virtual world "positively antique", though? Excuse me? I seriously doubt there was much science fiction involving computers before the 20th century, let alone ones advanced enough to have internet (which probably wasn't concieved of before the 20th century and certainly had little chance of having reached the public imagination before computers did) please correct me if I'm wrong. Themes get repeated a lot, but this one is comparitively new due to the proposed technology (you do say "virtual world" which implies advanced virtual reality computers, presumably extrapolated from the still-advancing digital computers of today, as opposed to analog machines) required. I'll freely admit that the idea of being a "stranger in a strange land" trapped and unable to escape probably has considerable precedent for hundreds if not thousands of years (I wouldn't know, I've never tried to research the oldest story in that vein before), but the twist of it being a computerized world can't possbily be older than the earliest research into the creation of the computing machines that led to today's modern computers. So agian - what on Earth do you mean by "postively antique"? I'm trying to assume good faith here, but that verges on sounding insulting to the entire subgenre of SF stories that make use of this theme (after all, antique computers are practically worthless except as objects of interest). I just hope this connotation is completely unintentional, is all I'm saying.

 * In any case, I was really surprised to see there WASN'T a mention of .hack//SIGN (the version of .hack I know of that includes that specific subplot of being trapped in the World) here, considering that usually articles for such things do list notable instances where they share themes with other popular stories - this would seem to fit the bill, and despite your dismissive tone, Maru, the fact is it is a comparitively rare subgenre, as even series that include virtual reality (see for instance Reality Check (manga)), which are only nowadays really getting popular it seems, don't always include the part about being trapped in it. Your tone says "don't even bother to mention it", but my head says "there's no reason not to mention it". Do you just not like .hack//SIGN? Well, I don't care much for the series either (it's too long and drawn out and frankly, bores me to tears, I gave up after only a few episodes), but the fact is I would still think it could and perhaps should be included as a brief mention because of the similar theme. After all, we do it for fairy tales and just about anything else. Runa27 21:35, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

It has been a while since I've read Otherland
But isn't Sam Fredericks' first name Salome? Not Samantha? I don't have the books on me to check, so I won't edit the article until I'm certain. --Talyma 02:06, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I thought it was Sam, for what it is worth. It's been a while for me, too. --Maru (talk) 17:57, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

You're right Maru, the name is Sam for what it is worth. I'm pretty sure her full first name is Salome, not Samantha. I'll find out soon (reading the novels again atm). Amperehelion 04:57, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

I just finished reading the novel and it is Salome. Orlando makes the mistake of calling her Samantha when he first descovers her true identity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.9.98.190 (talk) 20:01, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Realistic?
Removed the section, "that paints a realistic picture of what our society may look like in the near future" as it is simply PoV. The books are fantasy hence being realistic is an oxymoron. Candy 04:03, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The books aren't fantasy, they're science fiction. ;o)
 * But you're right, it certainly is POV. Changing to "a credible or believable picture" might be more acceptable - and accurate. --dllu 22:05, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

What is this?
At my local library, they seemingly have a series of 5 books, titled Otherland 1-5. "Universe on the Side", "The Other Land", "The City of Golden Shadows", "The River of Blue Fire" and "False Gods". All at around 200 pages. However, from what I read on other sites, the Otherland 1-4 detailed here are each 1000+ pages. It would seem these 5 books are just "The City of Golden Shadows", ie Otherland 1, split up into 5 volumes. So, am I correct in assuming that these 5 books are really just the first part of the Otherland quartology? And if so, how come book 4 in this quintology shares name with book 2 in the quartology? Confusing, no?

Source: https://www.genvej.gentofte.bibnet.dk/sites/XBS/pub/search.html# (Search for "Otherland") -85.24.87.178 (talk) 03:48, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, you must have found a very annoying hole in a system....The 3 otherland books I've so far read are around 500-700pages, and "Blue Fire" is one book.....and I've never heard of "False Gods"......who knows?.......(Beau) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Arothus (talk • contribs) 22:02, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Caliope
Is it correct to call her a lesbian? She may be bisexual. In any event it seems non-salient. Rich Farmbrough, 09:38, 3 September 2009 (UTC).

Audio play
Would it be notable that in 2005, Hessischer Rundfunk has turned all four Otherland books into a German audio play, utilizing the official German translation published by Klett-Cotta and Heyne-Verlag? It's also Guiness Book-worthy by being the longest audio play in radio history at a complete running time of 24 hours, involving 250 individual voice actors. German Wikipedia already has a separate article for the audio play, and here's a link to the 25 CD box set on Amazon.de: http://www.amazon.de/Otherland-Iiv-Various/dp/B000S5L7OU/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=music&qid=1273867788&sr=1-2-spell --79.193.59.142 (talk) 20:13, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Seems notable to me, for one. (fwiw)  rags (talk) 07:38, 18 July 2017 (UTC)

Inspiration
just heard a fascinating interview with Williams in which he admits to Otherland having been inspired by, of all things, a childhood visit to Disneyland.

when i say 'i heard', i mean 'i was in the room when he was being interviewed at a convention'. it's gonna be online sometime soon. 66.131.30.42 (talk) 19:49, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
 * dicecast dot blogspot is where it'll be. Soonish. 66.131.30.42 (talk) 00:21, 3 October 2010 (UTC)

Nemesis
I am not completely sure, but shouldn't the section about characters inside Otherland contain a reference to Nemesis as well? I would also suggest to include references to the Wicked Tribe, the Stone Girl and members of the Circle as the organization opposing the Grail brotherhood. EugealCrayfish (talk) 17:29, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

Yes, the activities of Nemesis and the Circle seem to be some of the reasons for the chaos in Otherland. It's so poor that they aren't even mentioned in the whole article! --84.58.51.115 (talk) 02:52, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

Cease mentioning the Xhosa Language!
I'm from Germany, so please don't mind my bad English. The Xhosa Language is mentioned twice when talking about !Xabbu's name. "(note: the ! in !Xabbu is representative of one of the postalveolar clicks from the Xhosa language)" The first mention is acceptable, but the citation above is really humiliating! Xhosa is a Bantu Language, that means a language of black Africans, while !Xabbu is a San (usually called Bushmen), they are a different race than black Africans (having light skin) and the ancient conflict between Bushmen and black Africans is one of the main topics of the storyline Renie/!Xabbu. And it should be well-known, that the click sounds originally came from these San-languages, spreading later to some Bantu-languages like Xhosa. And these language families are not related. --84.58.51.115 (talk) 02:28, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

Book cover in article
The book cover shown is "Otherland" (the original Hardcover title for City of Golden Shadow) yet the mouse hover text) 18:00, 3 September 2013 (UTC) says it is the paperback cover of Sea of Silver Light.68.97.202.187 (talk

This is the worst book I've ever read
The plot is nonsensical, the characters are not just not doing anything, but even their every action is revealed to be doomed from the start.

The whole thing just constantly flushes down ideas, breakes it own rules, pulls things out of nothing, and generally relies on deus ex machinas.

Do not fall for the first book, this series is the worst thing in existence. 2A02:AB88:5181:5300:6191:A9D2:6C32:36CD (talk) 14:12, 23 July 2017 (UTC) →So what? Why would you post this here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.38.75.60 (talk) 15:40, 9 October 2017 (UTC)

Not sure why this was added to the wikipedia page, as wikipedia should focus on facts, and not personal reviews Corhen (talk) 20:44, 27 April 2021 (UTC)

Cleaning up the introduction paragraphs
I'd like to remove the following part from the introduction

→"Orlando Gardiner, one of the main characters in the books, spent most of his teenage years in this world's equivalent to MMORPGs based upon J. R. R. Tolkien's fiction. The overall series's events also bear a strong resemblance to The Lord of the Rings."

This is describing a character, and is better left to the characters section of the article, rather than calling out one of the multiple main characters in the series. Corhen (talk) 20:44, 27 April 2021 (UTC)

Noteworthy?
Is Josh Strife Hayes' play through of the mmo (Otherland - The complete playthrough) noteworthy?--174.99.238.22 (talk) 02:27, 23 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Otherland


text:
Unrolled linked list

In computer programming, an unrolled linked list is a variation on the linked list which stores multiple elements in each node. It can dramatically increase cache performance, while decreasing the memory overhead associated with storing list metadata such as references. It is related to the B-tree.

Overview
A typical unrolled linked list node looks like this:

record node { node next      // reference to next node in list int numElements // number of elements in this node, up to maxElements array elements // an array of numElements elements, //  with space allocated for maxElements elements }

Each node holds up to a certain maximum number of elements, typically just large enough so that the node fills a single cache line or a small multiple thereof. A position in the list is indicated by both a reference to the node and a position in the elements array. It is also possible to include a previous pointer for an unrolled doubly linked list.

To insert a new element, we find the node the element should be in and insert the element into the  array, incrementing. If the array is already full, we first insert a new node either preceding or following the current one and move half of the elements in the current node into it.

To remove an element, we find the node it is in and delete it from the  array, decrementing. If this reduces the node to less than half-full, then we move elements from the next node to fill it back up above half. If this leaves the next node less than half full, then we move all its remaining elements into the current node, then bypass and delete it.

Performance
One of the primary benefits of unrolled linked lists is decreased storage requirements. All nodes (except at most one) are at least half-full. If many random inserts and deletes are done, the average node will be about three-quarters full, and if inserts and deletes are only done at the beginning and end, almost all nodes will be full. Assume that: Then, the space used for n elements varies between $$(v/m + s)n$$ and $$(2v/m + s)n$$. For comparison, ordinary linked lists require $$(v + s)n$$ space, although v may be smaller, and arrays, one of the most compact data structures, require $$sn$$ space. Unrolled linked lists effectively spread the overhead v over a number of elements of the list. Thus, we see the most significant space gain when overhead is large,  is large, or elements are small.
 * m =, the maximum number of elements in each   array;
 * v = the overhead per node for references and element counts;
 * s = the size of a single element.

If the elements are particularly small, such as bits, the overhead can be as much as 64 times larger than the data on many machines. Moreover, many popular memory allocators will keep a small amount of metadata for each node allocated, increasing the effective overhead v. Both of these make unrolled linked lists more attractive.

Because unrolled linked list nodes each store a count next to the next field, retrieving the kth element of an unrolled linked list (indexing) can be done in n/m + 1 cache misses, up to a factor of m better than ordinary linked lists. Additionally, if the size of each element is small compared to the cache line size, the list can be traversed in order with fewer cache misses than ordinary linked lists. In either case, operation time still increases linearly with the size of the list.

title: Unrolled linked list


text: Template:Imperial Japanese Navy

title: Template:Imperial Japanese Navy


text: User talk:64.24.211.97

title: User talk:64.24.211.97


text:
Sekitori

A sekitori (関取) is a rikishi (力士, sumo wrestler) who is ranked in one of the top two professional divisions: makuuchi and jūryō. The name literally translates to having taken the barrier, as only a relatively small fraction of those who enter professional sumo achieve sekitori status.

Currently there are 70 rikishi in these divisions. The benefits of being a sekitori compared to lower ranked wrestlers are significant and include:
 * to receive a salary and bonus (those in the lower divisions merely receive an allowance)
 * to have one's own supporters' club
 * to wear high quality men's kimono and other items of attire
 * to have a private room in the training stable
 * to be able to get married and live away from the training stable
 * to have junior rikishi to effectively act as their personal servants
 * to wear a silk mawashi with stiffened cords (called sagari) in tournament bouts
 * to participate in the ring entrance ceremony and wear a keshō-mawashi
 * to wear the more elaborate ōichō chonmage hairstyle in competition and on formal occasions
 * to become an elder in the Sumo Association if one is sekitori for long enough

Memorabilia associated with sekitori

The item of memorabilia most often associated with sumo wrestling is tegata (literally hand shape). Only sekitori are allowed to make them for fans. They could be equated to the sumo version of an autograph. Tegata consist of a print of a wrestler's hand using black or red ink accompanied by his ring name written in calligraphic style by the wrestler himself. Original tegata are given out to fans and members of one's supporter club. Printed copies of tegata can also be bought inexpensively.

Supporter clubs
When a wrestler achieves sekitori status, he is allowed to have a fan/supporter club called a kōenkai if he has enough popularity. This is in addition to kōenkai associated with his sumo stable. These clubs often pool their money to buy the wrestler such items as his decorative apron called a keshō-mawashi. For their support, supporter club members expect and receive access to the wrestlers and are given invitations to post-tournament parties and other events where they will have direct contact with them.

title: Sekitori


text:
Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman

Faisal bin Turki, GCIE (8 June 1864 – 4 October 1913) (فيصل بن تركي), historic spelling Fessul bin Turkee, ruled, from 4 June 1888 to 4 October 1913 as Sultan of Muscat and Oman, as the state of Oman was known at the time. He succeeded his father Turki bin Said as Sultan. Upon his death in 1913, he was succeeded by his eldest son Taimur bin Faisal.

Life
On assuming power in 1888, Faisal ibn Turki gradually found his authority over the interior weakened as tribal leaders increasingly perceived his dependence on British advisers as an inherent weakness. In 1895 he was forced to seek refuge at Jalali Fort after Muscat was captured. British political agents frustrated his efforts to recapture Muscat, compelling him to court the French. He granted the French coaling facilities for their fleet at Bandar Jissah near Muscat.

Determined to thwart any growth in French presence in what Britain considered its sphere of influence, Britain presented Faisal ibn Turki with an ultimatum in 1899 ordering the sultan to board the British flagship or Muscat would be bombarded. Having little recourse, Faisal ibn Turki capitulated. Publicly humiliated, his authority was irreversibly damaged. In 1903 he asked Lord George Nathaniel Curzon, viceroy of India, for permission to abdicate, but his request was denied. Responsibility for the capital was delegated to Said ibn Muhammad Al Said, while affairs of the interior fell to an ex-slave, Sulayman ibn Suwaylim. By 1913 control over the interior was completely lost, and a reconstituted imamate was again a threat to Muscat. In May 1913, Salim ibn Rashid al Kharusi was elected imam at Tanuf and spearheaded a revolt against the sultan that combined both Hinawi and Ghafiri tribal groups.

On Faisal's death, he was succeeded by his second son, Taimur bin Faisal. Sultan Haitham, the current ruler of Oman, is a direct descendant of Faisal bin Turki.

Family
Faisal Bin Turki had 24 children:

 * 1) Sayyid Badran bin Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 2) Sultan Taimur bin Faisal Al-Sa'id
 * 3) Sayyid Nadir bin Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 4) Sayyid Muhammad bin Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 5) Sayyid Hamad bin Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 6) Sayyid Hamud bin Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 7) Sayyid Salim bin Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 8) Sayyid Ali bin Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 9) Sayyid Malik bin Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 10) Sayyid Shihab bin Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 11) Sayyid Abbas bin Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 12) Sayyid Matar bin Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 13) Sayyida … bint Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 14) Sayyida Burda bint Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 15) Sayyida Rahma bint Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 16) Sayyida Ruma bint Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 17) Sayyida Taimura bint Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 18) Sayyida Aliya bint Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 19) Sayyida Walyam bint Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 20) Sayyida Shatu’ bint Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 21) Sayyida Saraya bint Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 22) Sayyida Taimura bint Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 23) Sayyida Shirin bint Faisal Al-Sa’id
 * 24) Sayyida Shuruqa bint Faisal Al-Sa’id

Honours

 * Delhi Durbar gold medal – 1903
 * Honorary Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) – 1904
 * Delhi Durbar gold medal – 1911
 * Order of the Praiseworthy, 1st Class in brilliants of the Sultanate of Zanzibar