text:
User talk:Ecoresearch

Consumed Crustacean

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Ecoresearch


text:
Up All Night

Up All Night or Up All Nite may refer to:

Film, television and radio

 * Up All Night (film), or Friday Download: The Movie, a 2015 British film
 * Up All Night (TV series), a 2011 American sitcom on NBC
 * USA Up All Night, a 1989–1998 movie/variety show on the USA Network
 * Up All Night (radio show), a UK news programme

Television episodes

 * "Up All Night" (30 Rock), 2007
 * "Up All Night" (The Adventures of Chuck and Friends), 2010
 * "Up All Night" (The Angry Beavers), 1997
 * "Up All Night" (The Bill), 1992
 * "Up All Night" (Doctor Who), 2011
 * "Up All Night" (Dream On), 1992
 * "Up All Night" (Little Bear), 1995
 * "Up All Night" (Mad About You), 1994
 * "Up All Night" (Man Up!), 2011
 * "Up All Night" (Modern Family), 2010
 * "Up All Night" (My Gym Partner's a Monkey), 2006
 * "Up All Night" (The Secret Life of the American Teenager), 2010
 * "Up All Night" (Squirrel Boy), 2006
 * "Up All Night" (Whitney), 2011

Music

 * Up All Night Tour, a 2011–2012 concert tour by One Direction
 * Up All Night: The Live Tour, a 2012 video documenting the tour
 * Up All Nite Records, a record label founded by Too Short

Albums

 * Up All Night (The Chic Organization album), 2013
 * Up All Night (East 17 album), 1995
 * Up All Night (John Scofield album), 2003
 * Up All Night (Kip Moore album) or the title song, 2012
 * Up All Night (One Direction album) or the title song, 2011
 * Up All Night (Pajama Party album), 1989
 * Up All Night (Razorlight album) or the title song, 2004
 * Up All Night (Rob Mills album), 2004
 * Up All Night (The Waifs album) or the title song, 2003
 * Up All Night – Deric Ruttan Live or the title song (see below), 2011
 * Up All Night, by the Procussions, 2004

Songs

 * "Up All Night" (Alex Clare song), 2010
 * "Up All Night" (Blink-182 song), 2011
 * "Up All Night" (Beck song), 2017
 * "Up All Night" (Drake song), 2010
 * "Up All Night" (Jon Pardi song), 2013
 * "Up All Night" (Khalid song), 2019
 * "Up All Night" (Matt Willis song), 2006
 * "Up All Night" (Slaughter song), 1990
 * "Up All Night" (Take That song), 2009
 * "Up All Night" (Unwritten Law song), 2001
 * "Up All Night" (Young Knives song), 2008
 * "Up All Night", by Best Coast from The Only Place, 2012
 * "Up All Night", by the Boomtown Rats from V Deep, 1982
 * "Up All Night", by Charlie Puth from Nine Track Mind, 2016
 * "Up All Night", by Charlotte Martin from On Your Shore, 2004
 * "Up All Night", by David Archuleta from Postcards in the Sky, 2017
 * "Up All Night", by Deric Ruttan from Sunshine, 2010
 * "Up All Night", by Hinder from Take It to the Limit, 2008
 * "Up All Night", by iamnot, 2018
 * "Up All Night", by Joe Walsh from Ordinary Average Guy, 1991
 * "Up All Night", by Lionel Richie from Coming Home, 2006
 * "Up All Night", by Rachel Crow, 2019
 * "Up All Night", by the Records from Shades in Bed, 1979
 * "Up All Night", by Rosemary's Sons, 2002
 * "Up All Night", by Suburban Legends from Rump Shaker, 2003
 * "Up All Night", by the War on Drugs from A Deeper Understanding, 2017
 * "Up All Night", by Widespread Panic from Free Somehow, 2008
 * "Up All Nite", by DJ Maj from BoogiRoot, 2005

Other uses

 * Nuit debout, a 2016 French protest movement known in English as Up All Night
 * Up All Night, a young-adult novel by Sarah Weeks
 * Up All Night, a comic strip by Michael Kupperman

title: Up All Night


text: User talk:203.134.176.68

title: User talk:203.134.176.68


text:
History of the judicial system of Iran

A nationwide judicial system in Iran was first implemented and established by Abdolhossein Teymourtash under Reza Shah, with further changes during the second Pahlavi era.

After the 1979 overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty by the Islamic Revolution, the system was greatly altered. The legal code is now based on Islamic law or sharia, although many aspects of civil law have been retained, and it is integrated into a civil law legal system. According to the constitution of the Islamic Republic, the judiciary in Iran "is an independent power" with a Ministry of Justice, head of the Supreme Court, and also a separate appointed Head of the Judiciary.

Islam
According to one scholar, the administration of justice in Islamic Iran has been until recent times

a loosely sewn and frequently resewn patchwork of conflicting authority in which the different and sometimes conflicting sources for Islamic law—the jurists, the actual judges, and the non-Islamic law officials of the king - disputed with each other over the scope of their jurisdictions. ... some aspects of the law always remained in the hands of the mullahs ... The village mullah was the natural arbiter in matters of marriage, divorce, and inheritance; and the exalted jurisconsult, in order to carry out the very function for which he was exalted, gave opinions on those matters of law on which he was consulted. In between the village mullah and the jurisconsult there were mullahs with courts which, while sometimes sanctioned by the royal government, depended for their power on the prestige of the presiding mullah judge as much or more than on the government's sanction

Since the sixteenth century AD Iran has been the only country in the world having Shi'ah Islam as its official religion, consequently the general principles of its legal system differed somewhat from those of other countries which followed Islamic law.

Among the ways, law in Iran and the rest of the Muslim world differed from European law was in its lack of a single law code. "Thirteen centuries of Islamic—more particularly Shiah—tradition" called for jurists to base decisions on their legal training as it applied to the situation being judged. There was also no appeal in traditional Islamic law. "One jurists's 'discovery' of the ruling of law for a specific case would not have been invalidated by some other jurist's discovery of a different ruling for that case; only God could choose between them, and until the Resurrection (or in the case of the Shiah, the return of the Twelfth Imam) God had left the matter to the jurists, and the first actual judgment was final, as otherwise there would have been an infinite regress of opinions without any final judgment. For the Shiah, ... resistance to a single written code was even stronger; the jurisconsult's right to describe the law in his own way was the very essence of the doctrine that had revived the jurisconsult school at the end of the 18th century.'"

As far as the judicial system is concerned, the changes were quite minor until the end of the nineteenth century.

20th century
Major events marking the judicial history of Iran during the modern era include the Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which gave the country its first Constitution and Bill of Rights, the fall of the Qajars and the rise of the Pahlavi Dynasty in the 1920s, when accession to a modern judicial organisation became one of Iran's greatest challenges, and the Islamic Revolution.

"Regime of capitulations"
As European military and technological power began to be felt in 19th century Iran, Westerners insisted on special treatment in Iranian courts. This came in the form of treaties between most European governments and Iran requiring the presence at the trial of any European in Iran of a representative of that European's home country, who would countersign the decision of the Iranian court, and without whose countersignature the "decision of the Iranian court could have no effect". The Europeans insisted on this legal veto right—" called the regime of capitulations"—on the grounds that Iran had no written legal code so that "no one knew what laws foreigners would be judged by." Iran followed the traditional Islamic practice of each judge giving his own interpretation of Islamic law for a given litigation, with no right of appeal.

Iranians in general opposed these capitulations, and secular Iranians such as Mohammed Mossadeq, wanted to establish a fixed written law they believed would not only end the capitulations but facilitate the building of a strong and unified state.

Reza Shah
Under the secularist reign of Reza Shah many changes were made in Iran's judicial system, and the establishment of a fixed written law with appeals courts was one of them. In March 1926, Minister of Judicial Affairs Ali-Akbar Davar dissolved Iran's entire judiciary, with the approval of the parliament, and initiating a wave of fundamental restructuring and overhauling reforms with the aid of French judicial experts. By April 1927 Iran had 600 newly appointed judges in Tehran. Davar subsequently attempted to expand the new system into other cities of Iran through a programme involving training of 250 judges.

Reza Shah represented his legal reforms as "tentative experiments" and allowed the religious judges to keep their courts for matters such as inheritance. In 1936, however, the new system was made permanent and the religious courts were abolished. However, there were still sharia courts that ruled on issues of family and inheritance up to the Islamic Revolution (working alongside secular ones). Some aspects of sharia law were also unofficially retained in criminal law, for example compensation was still unofficially given in a similar manner to blood money, in exchange for pardoning a murder death sentence in some cases.

According to Banakar and Ziaee, the history of the Iranian Bar Association (Kānūn-e Vūkalā-yeh Dādgūstarī) "can be traced back to the period after the 1906 Constitutional Revolution, when a modern legal system was established in Iran. The IBA was founded in 1915 and organised under the supervision of the judicial system until 1953, when it was granted legal personality. It operated as an independent civil society organisation for the next twenty-seven years, until it was closed in 1980 by the revolutionary government and its ranks and files were purged. It was reopened in 1991 under the control of the Head of the Judiciary and regained some of its independence in 1997 when President Khatami […] won the general election. Since then, the numbers of lawyers have grown steadily to an estimated 60,000, and perhaps most significantly a large number of women have passed the Bar and joined the legal profession". "Since the 1979 Revolution, the IBA has been struggling to maintain its independence from the judiciary. As part of this conflict, a new body of lawyers was created by the Iranian government in 2001 and 'authorized to present cases in court' under Article 187 of the Law of Third Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan (adopted in May 2000). […] This group, whose membership in 2014 was estimated to exceed 20,000, is officially known as the Legal Advisors of the Judiciary."
 * The legal profession

Islamic Republic
In 1979 the secular, westernizing Pahlavi Dynasty was overthrown and replaced by an Islamic Republic under the rule of Ayatollah Khomeini. While the revolution did not dismantle the Pahlavi judiciary in its entirety, it replaced secular-trained jurists "with seminary-educated ones, and codified more features of the sharia into state laws—especially the Law of Retribution." Women judges were also removed (although they could still be lawyers, or after 1997, secondary judges in civil cases).

Between 1979 and 1982, the entire pre-Revolutionary judiciary was purged, and their duties replaced by "Revolutionary Tribunals" set up in every town. These tribunals ruled on "Islamic law", but were in practice unfair, biased, and the judges were inexperienced and often incompetent. Many people were executed or given harsh punishments for both political and criminal acts. There were no appeals either, and trials often lasted minutes in an un-orthodox "court". In 1982, the regular court system was reinstated, but with the judges now trained in Islamic law. The Revolutionary Courts became a part of this court system, ruling in matters of "national security" such as drug trafficking and political and "anti-revolutionary" crimes, and were considered the "judicial arm of the regime". In 1982, in response to military coup threats, a separate "Military Revolutionary Court" was formed, handling military cases. The Retribution Law (Qisas) of 1982 replaced sections of the Public Punishment Law (1924).

Current system
The 1979 Constitution of the Islamic Republic calls Iran to have a Head of the Judiciary, also known in English as 'Chief Justice of Iran', who is to be a "just Mujtahid" (high level Islamic cleric) appointed by the Supreme Leader and to serve for "a period of five years." He is responsible for the "establishment of the organizational structure" of the judicial system; "drafting judiciary bills" for Parliament; hiring, firing, promoting and assigning judges. Judges cannot be dismissed without a trial.

Iran's prison system was "centralized and drastically expanded" by the Islamic Republic. Under the Shah prisons had been administered separately by SAVAK, the urban police, and the gendarmerie. The new regime entrusted their management "to a supervisory council of three clerics".

The Islamic Republic uses the Shia based Jaafari school of Islamic jurisprudence. After the election of the first Majles of the Islamic Republic in 1980, the Majles and the Guardian Council quickly codified important features of the sharia law by passing two landmark bills in July 1982: Sharia law includes Hudud ("claims against God", punishable by a mandatory, fixed sentence), Qisas (the law of retaliation/retribution), diyyeh, or blood money (to compensate for the death/injury), Qanon-e Ta'zir (tazir is a crime that receives a discretionary sentence by a judge), Qanon-e Qisas (Retribution Law).

The Supreme Audit Court of Iran regulates banking and financial operations and interest (riba) is forbidden.

In 1991–1994, Iran combined all of these laws into the unified "Islamic Penal Code" which consisted of five "Books". The new Islamic Penal Code was adopted in January 2012 and incorporates the bulk of penal laws in the IRI, replacing Books One through Four of the old code. Book Five of the Islamic Penal Code ("the only part of the Penal Code that has been adopted permanently and is not subject to experimental periods") passed on May 22, 1996.

Sharia in the IRI has been modified to some degree, according to one source, the new laws of the Islamic Republic "modify the sharia" (i.e. what Muslims believe is God's legislation) "in three significant ways": allowing the appeal of decisions, the use of circumstantial evidence in cases, and long-term imprisonment as a punishment.

In a 2013 poll by Pew Research Center, while 83% of Iranians favored the use of Islamic law, but only 37% of Iranians believed that Iran's legal system closely follows Islamic law.

title: History of the judicial system of Iran


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Miskel Spillman

Miskel Spillman (September 8, 1897 – March 30, 1992) was the winner of the only "Anyone Can Host" contest on NBC's late-night variety series Saturday Night Live, and hosted the December 17, 1977, broadcast of the show. An 80-year-old German immigrant and grandmother from New Orleans, Spillman held the record as the oldest host in SNL's history (two weeks older than Ruth Gordon when she hosted on January 22, 1977) for thirty-two years, until it was broken on May 8, 2010, by 88-year-old Betty White. Spillman remains the only non-celebrity to host the program.

Contest entry in Saturday Night Live
Entrants to Saturday Night Live's "Anyone Can Host" contest were asked to write, in 25 words or less, why they should be selected to host the program. Spillman's winning entry read: "I'm 80 years old. I need one more cheap thrill, since my doctor told me I only have another 25 years left." Her appearance as host (the Season 3 Christmas episode, also featuring Buck Henry) began with a joke involving herself and cast member John Belushi sharing a joint, followed by a marijuana-induced obsession with a bowl of fruit (going so far as to swat away Henry's hands whenever he tried to grab the bowl).

After hosting, Spillman remained a fan of the program and stayed up to watch it in her later years, proclaiming herself to particularly enjoy Dana Carvey.

title: Miskel Spillman


text: Category:Chinese dissidents

title: Category:Chinese dissidents


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Category:Hungarian writers

See also Category:Hungarian literature

title: Category:Hungarian writers


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Pam Grier

Pamela Suzette Grier (born May 26, 1949) is an American actress and singer. Described by many as cinema's first female action star, she achieved fame for her starring roles in a string of 1970s action, blaxploitation and women in prison films for American International Pictures and New World Pictures. Her accolades include nominations for an Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, a Satellite Award and a Saturn Award.

Grier came to prominence with her titular roles in the films Coffy (1973) and Foxy Brown (1974); her other major films during this period included The Big Doll House (1971), Women in Cages (1971), The Big Bird Cage (1972), Black Mama White Mama (1973), Scream Blacula Scream (1973), The Arena (1974), Sheba, Baby (1975), Bucktown (1975) and Friday Foster (1975). She portrayed the title character in Tarantino's crime film Jackie Brown (1997), nearly three decades after her first starring role. Grier also appeared in Escape from L.A. (1996), Mars Attacks! (1996), Jawbreaker (1999), Holy Smoke!, (1999), Bones (2001), Just Wright (2010), Larry Crowne (2011) and Poms (2019).

On television, Grier portrayed Eleanor Winthrop in the Showtime comedy-drama series Linc's (1998–2000), Kate "Kit" Porter on the Showtime drama series The L Word (2004–2009), and Constance Terry in the ABC sitcom Bless This Mess (2019–2020). She received praise for her work in the animated series Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child (1999).

IndieWire named Grier one of the best actors never to have received an Academy Award nomination.

Early life
Grier was born on May 26, 1949, in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, the daughter of Gwendolyn Sylvia (née Samuels), a homemaker and nurse, and Clarence Ransom Grier Jr., who worked as a mechanic and technical sergeant in the United States Air Force. She has one sister and one brother. Grier said she is of Black, Hispanic, Chinese, Filipino, and Cheyenne heritage. She was raised Catholic and later baptized as a Methodist.

Because of her father's military career, the family moved frequently during Grier's childhood. In 1956, they moved to Swindon in South West England, United Kingdom, where her father worked on an air force base. By Grier's account, hers was one of the only Black families in town, though she recalled that they faced no racism or segregation compared to that in the United States: "They didn't care that I was Black since they hadn't been raised to hate Blacks. Instead, they'd been raised to hate Germans... In the U.S., especially in the South, we were never able to get buses to stop for us, we couldn't eat in certain restaurants, couldn't use certain bathrooms. Up until 1969, there were department stores in which my father and I weren't even allowed to try on clothing."

The family returned to the United States in 1958, when Grier's father was transferred to California's Travis Air Force Base, eventually settling in Denver, Colorado, near Lowry Air Force Base. Grier spent part of her upbringing on her maternal grandparents' sugar beet farm in rural Wyoming, where their ancestors had homesteaded after fleeing west via the Underground Railroad to escape slavery. Grier attended East High School in Denver, and appeared in a number of stage productions, as well as participating in beauty contests to raise money for college tuition at Metropolitan State College.

Career
Grier moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1967, where she was initially hired to work the switchboard at American International Pictures (AIP). She is believed to have been discovered by the director Jack Hill, and was cast in Roger Corman women-in-prison films such as The Big Doll House (1971), Women in Cages (1971) and The Big Bird Cage (1972). While under contract at AIP, she became a staple of early 1970s blaxploitation films, playing bold, assertive women, beginning with Hill's Coffy (1973), in which she plays a nurse who seeks revenge on drug dealers. Her character was advertised in the trailer as the "baddest one-chick hit-squad that ever hit town!". The film, which was filled with sexual and violent elements typical of the genre, was a box-office hit. Grier is considered to be the first African-American woman to headline an action film, as protagonists of previous blaxploitation films were men. In his review of Coffy, critic Roger Ebert praised the film for its believable female lead. He noted that Grier was an actress of "beautiful face and astonishing form" and that she possessed a kind of "physical life" missing from many other attractive actresses.

Grier played similar characters in the AIP films Foxy Brown (1974), Sheba, Baby and Friday Foster (both 1975). With the demise of blaxploitation later in the 1970s, Grier appeared in smaller roles for many years. She acquired progressively larger character roles in the 1980s, including a druggie prostitute in Fort Apache, The Bronx (1981) and a witch in Something Wicked this Way Comes (1983). In 1985, Grier made her theatrical debut in Sam Shepard's Fool for Love at the Los Angeles Theatre Center.

Grier returned to film as Steven Seagal's detective partner in Above the Law (1988). She had a recurring role on Miami Vice from 1985 to 1989, and made guest appearances on Martin, Night Court and The Fresh Prince of Bel Air. She had a recurring role in the TV series Crime Story, between 1986 and 1988. Her role in Rocket Gibraltar (1988) was cut due to fears by the film's director, Daniel Petrie, of "repercussions from interracial love scenes". She appeared on Sinbad, Preston Chronicles, The Cosby Show, The Wayans Brothers Show and Mad TV. In 1994, Grier appeared in Snoop Dogg's video for "Doggy Dogg World".

In the late 1990s, Grier was a cast member of the Showtime series Linc's. She appeared in 1996 in John Carpenter's Escape from L.A. and 1997 with the title role in Quentin Tarantino's Jackie Brown, films that partly paid homage to her 1970s blaxploitation films. She was nominated for numerous awards for her work in the Tarantino film. Grier appeared on Showtime's The L Word, in which she played Kit Porter. The series ran for six seasons and ended in March 2009. Grier occasionally guest-stars in such television series as Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (where she is a recurring character).

In 2010, Grier began appearing in a recurring role on the hit science-fiction series Smallville as the villain Amanda Waller, also known as White Queen, head agent of Checkmate, a covert operations agency. She appeared as a friend and colleague to Julia Roberts' college professor in 2011's Larry Crowne.

In 2010, Grier wrote her memoir, Foxy: My Life in Three Acts, with Andrea Cagan.

Grier received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from the University of Maryland Eastern Shore in 2011. That same year, she received an honorary Doctorate of Science from Langston University.

Essence magazine wrote in 2012,"So revolutionary were the characters Grier played that women reportedly would stand on chairs and cheer".

Grier founded the Pam Grier Community Garden and Education Center with the National Multicultural Western Heritage Museum. The purpose is to teach people about organic gardening, health, and nutrition among other things. The museum named its first garden in honor of Grier in 2011.

In January 2018, Grier said that a biopic based on her memoir is in the works, entitled Pam.

In April 2022, Turner Classic Movies (TCM) announced the fourth season of their podcast, The Plot Thickens, would focus on Grier's life and career.

Personal life
Grier met basketball player Ferdinand Lewis (Lew) Alcindor in 1969. Early in their relationship, he converted to Islam and changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Abdul-Jabbar proposed to Grier on the condition that she immediately convert to Islam. Grier refused, and he married a different woman that day.

Grier met the comedian Freddie Prinze while promoting her film Coffy in 1973. They began a relationship and considered marriage. Prinze wanted her to have his baby, but she was reluctant due to his history of depression and drug addiction. They remained in touch after their break-up. She was one of the last people Prinze spoke to before he died in 1977.

Grier met the comedian Richard Pryor through her relationship with Prinze; they began dating after they were both cast in 1977's Greased Lightning. She helped Pryor learn to read and tried to extricate him from drug abuse. After six months of sobriety, he relapsed. In her memoir, Grier described how her sexual relationship with Pryor caused cocaine to enter her system. Grier confronted Pryor about protecting her health, but he refused to use a condom. Pryor married Deborah McGuire while dating Grier in 1977.

Grier was formerly romantically linked to Jimmie "Big Wheel" Wheeler, a famous boxing promoter; Soul Train host Don Cornelius; and basketball player Wilt Chamberlain. In 1998, Grier was engaged to RCA Records executive Kevin Evans, but the engagement ended in 1999.

Grier was diagnosed with stage four cervical cancer in 1988, and was told she had 18 months to live. Through vigorous treatment, she recovered and has since been in remission.

Grier lives on a ranch in Colorado.

Although she is close with actor and Protestant minister Rosey Grier, she denies the rumor that they are related.

Honors and awards
For her the culture-shaping effect of cultural contributions made throughout her career, Pam Grier was recognized with a lifetime achievement award at the 2024 Toronto Black Film Festival.

For Valentine's Day 2024, Quentin Tarentino paid homage to Pam Grier with the opening of a Los Feliz coffee shop carrying the namesake of the 1973 American-culture-shaping character famously portrayed by Grier for Coffy.

Discography

 * "Long Time Woman" (1971, from the film The Big Doll House)
 * Communication by Bobby Womack (1971, backing vocals)
 * Understanding by Bobby Womack (1972, backing vocals)

Awards

 * 1998: San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress – Jackie Brown
 * 1999: Acapulco Black Film Festival Career Achievement Award
 * 2000: Csapnivalo Award for Best Female Performance – Jackie Brown
 * 2001: High Falls Film Festival Susan B. Anthony 'Failure is Impossible' Award
 * 2003: Special Achievement in Film Trumpet Award
 * 2008: RiverRun International Film Festival Master of Cinema Award
 * 2012: National Multicultural Western Heritage Museum.
 * 2018: 20/20 Award for Best Actress – Jackie Brown
 * 2018: Catalonian International Film Festival Time-Machine Honorary Award
 * 2018: Tallgrass International Film Festival Ad Astra Award

Nominations

 * 1997: Awards Circuit Community Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role – Jackie Brown
 * 1998: Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress – Jackie Brown
 * 1998: Empire Award for Best Actress – Jackie Brown
 * 1998: Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy – Jackie Brown
 * 1998: NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture – Jackie Brown
 * 1998: Online Film & Television Association for Best Drama Actress – Jackie Brown
 * 1998: Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy – Jackie Brown
 * 1998: Saturn Award for Best Actress – Jackie Brown
 * 1998: Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role – Jackie Brown
 * 1999: NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series – Linc's
 * 2000: NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series – Linc's
 * 2000: Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program – Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child
 * 2002: Black Reel Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Bones
 * 2002: NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special – 3 A.M.
 * 2002: Black Reel Award for Best Actress in Network/Cable Series – 3 A.M.
 * 2003: NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series – Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
 * 2004: NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series – Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
 * 2005: NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series – The L Word
 * 2006: NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series – The L Word
 * 2008: NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series – The L Word

title: Pam Grier


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pixels Of Death

Pixels Of Death was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Extremly badly written, confusing article about non-notable band. Oh. And the creator was User:AlanFisk. Vanity, to boot. RickK 05:09, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * No speaken der English? Besides, it's some guy's one-man hobby show. Delete. --Slowking Man 05:35, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * All track is lost on them! Delete --jpgordon {yammer} 05:53, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No notability. Clearly created to promote their website/blog/whatever. jni 06:51, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:45, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: All track are lost on them? It took me a minute to realize that he meant "we've lost all track of them," which is very funny considering the author is the band and does not know where he is. Perhaps he can be Ross Perot's vice presidential pick? (Non-notable music project.) Geogre 13:18, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 19:00, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Vernon Singer

Vernon Milton Singer (March 26, 1919 – September 20, 2003) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1959 to 1977 who represented the North York ridings of York Centre, Downsview and Wilson Heights.

Background
Singer was born in Toronto, Ontario, the son of lawyer and politician Joseph Singer who was the first Jewish-Canadian to be elected to the Toronto Board of Control. After serving in World War II with the Royal Canadian Dragoons, Singer returned to Canada and became president of the Young Liberals in 1947. He worked for a while as a lawyer before entering politics. He and his wife Elaine had three children.

Politics
He became a councillor in North York, Ontario eventually becoming reeve from 1957 to 1958. He ran for the leadership of the Ontario Liberal Party at the 1958 Ontario Liberal leadership convention, placing fourth.

He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1959 provincial election. Singer became deputy leader of the Ontario Liberal Party and, as a Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP), pushed for reforms to municipal law, automobile insurance and electoral laws as well as for the establishment of a provincial ombudsman.

He served as Liberal House Leader in the 1970s and, in 1973, sued fellow Liberal MPP Eddie Sargent for libel after Sargent made remarks about Singer's retainer fee from a developer while he was appearing before a legislative committee to explain how he obtained the contract to build Ontario Hydro's new headquarters in Toronto. Singer was deputy leader of the Liberals from 1966 until 1973, when he was asked to step down by leader Robert Nixon, after he filed the lawsuit but was allowed to remain in the shadow cabinet.

Singer was re-elected to the legislature on four successive occasions before retiring in 1977. His retirement was controversial as he announced it on the eve of that year's election campaign without giving his Liberal colleagues advance notice. The Progressive Conservatives won Singer's previously safe seat in the election and, the next year, the government appointed Singer to the first of five two-year terms on the Ontario Municipal Board including several years as its chairman. The incident resulted in accusations by NDP MPP Ed Ziemba that the government had bought Singer's seat, and that of fellow Liberal Philip Givens who left in similar circumstances, through political patronage.

Later life
Following his retirement from the Ontario Municipal Board in 1989, Singer won election to North York's committee of adjustment filling a seat vacated by Patti Starr when she was forced to resign as the result of a wider political scandal.

title: Vernon Singer


text:
Mugihito

Makoto Terada (寺田 誠), better known by his stage name of Mugihito (麦人), is a Japanese actor, voice actor and narrator from Musashino, Tokyo. Mugihito was formerly credited under his birth name and also Mugihito Amachi (天地 麦人).

Television animation

 * 1976
 * Dokaben (Domon)

 * 1978
 * Future Boy Conan (Many minor characters)

 * 1979
 * Mobile Suit Gundam (Rose)

 * 1980
 * Space Battleship Yamato III (Dagon)

 * 1981
 * Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds (Original Japanese version' WanWan Sanjushi) (Cardinal Richelieu)
 * Dr. Slump (Bubibinman)
 * Urusei Yatsura (Mendou's Father)

 * 1982
 * Andromeda Stories (as "Makoto Terada") (Shopkeep)
 * Asari-chan Ai no Marchen Shōjo (Kanpachi)
 * Sasuga no Sarutobi (Torazô Demon)

 * 1983
 * Ai Shite Knight (Kumahachi, Fujiki)
 * Armored Trooper Votoms (Kanzellman)

 * 1984
 * The Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross (Rolf Emerson)

 * 1986
 * Maison Ikkoku (Mitaka's Uncle)

 * 1987
 * City Hunter (Announcer)

 * 1990
 * Robin Hood (Richard I of England)

 * 1992
 * Crayon Shin-chan (Shijuurou Ōhara)
 * Tekkaman Blade (Kouza Aiba)

 * 1993
 * The Irresponsible Captain Tylor (Vice Admiral Mifune)

 * 1994
 * Mobile Fighter G Gundam (Kyral Mekirel)

 * 1995
 * Neon Genesis Evangelion (Seele Leader Keel Lorenz)

 * 1996
 * City Hunter: The Secret Service (Gonzales)
 * Ijiwaru Baa-san (1996 edition) (Jun'ichi)

 * 1997
 * One Piece (Tamago)

 * 1998
 * Master Keaton (Victor)

 * 1999
 * Betterman (Mugito Mamon)
 * Corrector Yui (Professor Inukai, Grosser)
 * Crest of the Stars (Former Baron Febdash Sluf)
 * Hoshin Engi (Kiyou)
 * Starship Girl Yamamoto Yohko (Zenger)

 * 2000
 * Inuyasha (Spider Head)
 * Saiyuki (Jade Emperor)
 * Vandread (Grand Pa)

 * 2001
 * Babel II (Yomi)
 * Baki the Grappler (Doppo Orochi)
 * Cyborg 009 (Dr. Gilmore)
 * Rune Soldier Louie (Carwess)
 * The SoulTaker (Daigo Tokisaka)

 * 2002
 * Bomberman Jetters (Souto Bagura)
 * Mirmo! (Jidan)
 * Princess Tutu (Karon)
 * Seven of Seven (Rokuzo Suzuki)

 * 2003
 * Papuwa (Itou, Kamui)
 * Someday's Dreamers (Kazuo Takahashi)

 * 2004
 * Keroro Gunsō (Bob)
 * Kyo Kara Maoh! (Maxine)
 * Monkey Turn (Kanichi Koike)
 * Ragnarok: The Animation (Baphomet)
 * Rockman EXE Stream (Cardamon)
 * Tsukuyomi -Moon Phase- (Ryuuhei Midou)
 * Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters GX (Kagemaru)

 * 2005
 * Basilisk: The Kouga Ninja Scrolls (Nankobo Tenkai)
 * Eureka Seven (Braya)
 * Honey and Clover (Professor Shouda)
 * Oh My Goddess! (Oshō)
 * Pani Poni Dash! (Alien Commander)
 * Patalliro Saiyuki! (God)

 * 2006
 * Binbou Shimai Monogatari (Genzou Hayashi)
 * Crash B-Daman (Kyouju Toriga)
 * Gintama (Old Man)
 * Negima!? (Narration)
 * Shōnen Onmyōji (Abe no Seimei)
 * Souten no Ken (Old Kasumi Ramon)

 * 2008
 * Ga-Rei: Zero (Naraku Isayama)
 * (Zoku) Sayonara, Zetsubou-Sensei (Otonashi Meru's father)
 * Strike Witches (Junzaburo Sugita)

 * 2009
 * Fresh Pretty Cure! (Genkichi Momozono)
 * Umineko no Naku Koro ni (Kinzô Ushiromiya)

 * 2012
 * Tamagotchi! (Mannenphiltchi)
 * The Ambition of Oda Nobuna (Dōsan Saitō)

 * 2014
 * No Game No Life (Ino Hatsuse)
 * Space Dandy (Dr. H)
 * Tokyo ESP (Sukezaburou)

 * 2015
 * Cute High Earth Defense Club Love! (Wombat, Mr Tawarayama)
 * Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans (Togonosuke Makanai)

 * 2016
 * Cute High Earth Defense Club LOVE! LOVE! (Wombat)
 * The Great Passage (Tomosuke Matsumoto)
 * Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World (Old Man Rom)
 * Kamiwaza Wanda (Don Bugdez)

 * 2017
 * Senki Zesshō Symphogear AXZ (Fudō Kazanari)

 * 2019
 * Fairy Gone (Cain Distaroru)
 * Dr. Stone (Kaseki)
 * Kochoki: Wakaki Nobunaga (Hirate Masahide)
 * Senki Zesshō Symphogear XV (Fudō Kazanari)

 * 2020
 * Jujutsu Kaisen (Yoshinobu Gakuganji)

 * 2021
 * Peach Boy Riverside (Kiki)
 * How a Realist Hero Rebuilt the Kingdom (Albert Elfrieden)
 * Tesla Note (Jingo Negoro)

 * 2022
 * Shinobi no Ittoki (Jūzen Jiraibо̄)

 * 2023
 * Reborn to Master the Blade: From Hero-King to Extraordinary Squire (Old King Inglis)

 * 2024
 * Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest (Elefseria)

ONA

 * JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stone Ocean (2022) (Kenzou)
 * Lupin III vs Cat's Eye (2023) (Sadatsugu Nagaishi)

OVA

 * Devil Hunter Yohko (1990) (Demon World Voice)
 * Dragon Knight (1991) (Dragon Knight Overlord)
 * Getter Robo Armageddon (1998) (Professor Saotome)
 * Iria: Zeiram the Animation (1994) (Puttubayh)
 * Kyokujitsu no Kantai (1997) (Shōin Tomimori)
 * JoJo's Bizarre Adventure (2001) (J. Geil)
 * The Day of Sigma (2005) (Sigma)
 * ''Seven of Seven (2002) (Rokuzo Suzuki)
 * Urusei Yatsura (1985) (Mendou's Father)
 * Vandread (2001) (Grand Pa)

Theatrical animation

 * Be Forever Yamato (1980) (Kazan)
 * Urusei Yatsura: Only You (1983) (Lum's Commander)
 * Mobile Suit Gundam (1981) (Rose)
 * Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984) (Mayor of Pejite)
 * Urusei Yatsura 4: Lum the Forever (1986) (Mendou's Father)
 * Tekkonkinkreet (2006) (The Boss)
 * Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie (2015) (Robert Lee)
 * Night Is Short, Walk On Girl (2017) (Ri Haku)
 * Burn the Witch (2020) (Wolfgang Slashhaut)

Tokusatsu

 * Ike! Ushiwaka Kotarou (1974) (yokai) (Name : Makoto Terada)
 * Akumaizer 3 (1976) (Dracurda (ep. 20)) (Name : Makoto Terada)
 * Shuriken Sentai Ninninger (2015) (Gengetsu Kibaoni (eps. 1 - 5, 13, 19, 34, 44 - 47)

Video games

 * Mortal Kombat 3 (1995), Narrator – Japanese PlayStation Release
 * Mega Man X4 (1997), Sigma
 * Heart of Darkness (1998), Master of Darkness
 * Ace Combat 3: Electrosphere (1999), Gilbert Park
 * Growlanser III: The Dual Darkness (2001), Gerhard Auvers
 * Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy (2001), Red Sage – Japanese Dub
 * Mega Man X6 (2001), Sigma, Metal Shark Player
 * SkyGunner (2001), Ventre
 * Super Robot Wars MX (2004), Kiral Mekrial
 * Valkyrie Profile: Lenneth (2006), Ganossa, Jake Linas's Father, Lorenta's Husband
 * BioShock (2007), Sander Cohen - Japanese dub
 * Kane & Lynch: Dead Men (2007), Lynch - Japanese Dub
 * Castlevania: Lords of Shadow (2010), Zobek
 * Fate/Extra (2010), Dan Blackmore
 * 2nd Super Robot Wars Z (2011), Professor Saotome
 * Terror of the Stratus (2011), Takenosu Iwao
 * Anarchy Reigns (2012), Douglas
 * Tales of Xillia 2 (2012), Rowen J. Ilbert
 * Lego Marvel Super Heroes (2013), Professor X – Japanese Dub
 * Sonic Lost World (2013), Master Zik
 * Project X Zone 2 (2015), Sigma
 * Kirby: Planet Robobot (2016), President Haltmann
 * Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse (2016), YHVH
 * Horizon Zero Dawn (2017), HADES – Japanese Dub

Live-action

 * Patrick Stewart
 * Star Trek: The Next Generation (Jean-Luc Picard second voice (after Kei Yoshimizu))
 * Death Train (Malcolm Philpott)
 * Star Trek Generations (Jean-Luc Picard)
 * Star Trek: First Contact (Jean-Luc Picard)
 * Star Trek: Insurrection (Jean-Luc Picard)
 * X-Men (2003 TV Asahi edition) (Professor X)
 * Star Trek: Nemesis (Jean-Luc Picard)
 * X2 (2006 TV Asahi edition) (Professor X)
 * The Game of Their Lives (Older Dent McSkimming)
 * Mysterious Island (Captain Nemo)
 * X-Men: The Last Stand (2009 TV Asahi edition) (Professor X)
 * Logan (Charles Xavier)
 * Dragonheart: Battle for the Heartfire (Drago)
 * The Kid Who Would Be King (Old Merlin)
 * Charlie's Angels (John Bosley)
 * Star Trek: Picard (Jean-Luc Picard)
 * Ben Kingsley
 * House of Sand and Fog (Colonel Massoud Amir Behrani)
 * Thunderbirds (The Hood)
 * The Dictator (Tamir)
 * Ender's Game (Mazer Rackham)
 * Iron Man 3 (Trevor Slattery)
 * Robot Overlords (Robin Smythe)
 * The Walk (Papa Rudy)
 * Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (Trevor Slattery)
 * The Addams Family (Fester Addams (Christopher Lloyd))
 * Aliens (1992 VHS/DVD edition) (Bishop (Lance Henriksen))
 * Aliens (1989 TV Asahi edition) (Sergeant Al Apone (Al Matthews))
 * Arachnophobia (Delbert McClintock (John Goodman))
 * Baahubali: The Beginning (Kattappa (Sathyaraj))
 * Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (Kattappa (Sathyaraj))
 * Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey (Col. Oats (Chelcie Ross))
 * The Blacklist: Redemption (Howard Hargrave (Terry O'Quinn))
 * The Blues Brothers (1983 Fuji TV edition) (Reverend Cleophus James (James Brown))
 * The Bodyguard (Old Man #2 (Karl Maka))
 * Coming 2 America (Cleo McDowell (John Amos))
 * Conan the Barbarian (1989 TV Asahi edition) (Rexor (Ben Davidson))
 * The Crow (Top Dollar (Michael Wincott))
 * CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (Jim Brass (Paul Guilfoyle))
 * Cyborg (VHS edition) (Fender Tremolo (Vincent Klyn))
 * Dances with Wolves (Timmons (Robert Pastorelli))
 * Deep Rising (2000 TV Asahi edition) (Hanover (Wes Studi))
 * Desperado (1998 TV Asahi edition) (Bartender (Cheech Marin))
 * Die Hard (1990 TV Asahi edition) (Special Agent Johnson (Robert Davi))
 * Die Hard 2 (Sergeant Al Powell (Reginald VelJohnson))
 * Die Hard 2 (1994 TV Asahi edition) (Major Grant (John Amos))
 * The Distinguished Gentleman (Elijah Hawkins (Charles S. Dutton))
 * Doctor Sleep (Dick Hallorann (Carl Lumbly))
 * Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman (Robert E. (Henry G. Sanders))
 * End of Days (Bobby Chicago (Kevin Pollak))
 * Falling Down (1997 TV Asahi edition) (Nick (Frederic Forrest))
 * Geronimo: An American Legend (Geronimo (Wes Studi))
 * The Godfather (2001 DVD, 2008 Blu-ray and TV Tokyo editions) (Don Vito Corleone (Marlon Brando))
 * The Golden Compass (Farder Coram (Tom Courtenay))
 * Growing Pains (Sid (Kenneth Tigar))
 * A History of Violence (Richie Cusack (William Hurt))
 * IF (Lewis (Louis Gossett Jr.))
 * It (2002 NHK Edition) (Pennywise the Dancing Clown (Tim Curry))
 * Jurassic World (Hal Osterly (James DuMont))
 * Kickboxer (Eric Sloane (Dennis Alexio))
 * Kill Switch (The Coroner (Isaac Hayes))
 * Knight Rider (K.A.R.R.)
 * Last Action Hero (John Practice (F. Murray Abraham))
 * The Last Castle (Jim Wheeler (Delroy Lindo))
 * Licence to Kill (TV edition) (Franz Sanchez (Robert Davi))
 * A Life Less Ordinary (2001 TV Asahi edition) (Jackson (Delroy Lindo))
 * Lost (John Locke (Terry O'Quinn))
 * The Lost World: Jurassic Park (Roland Tembo (Pete Postlethwaite))
 * Mackenna's Gold (Old Adams (Edward G. Robinson))
 * Mad Max 2 (1997 TV Asahi edition) (The Humungus (Kjell Nilsson))
 * The Man Who Invented Christmas (Jacob Marley (Donald Sumpter))
 * The Marine 2 (Church (Michael Rooker))
 * Marked for Death (Max Keller (Keith David))
 * The Matrix Reloaded (2006 Fuji TV edition) (Councillor Hamann (Anthony Zerbe))
 * The Matrix Revolutions (2007 Fuji TV edition) (Councillor Hamann (Anthony Zerbe))
 * Mission: Impossible (Jim Phelps (Peter Graves))
 * Money Talks (Raymond Villard)
 * The Mummy (Pharaoh Seti I (Aharon Ipalé))
 * The Mummy Returns (Baltus Hafez (Alun Armstrong))
 * My Own Private Idaho (Bob Pigeon (William Richert))
 * Naked Gun $33 1/3$: The Final Insult (Rocco Dillon (Fred Ward))
 * The Next Karate Kid (Sergeant Keisuke Miyagi (Pat Morita))
 * Night of the Living Dead (Harry Cooper (Tom Towles))
 * Out for Justice (1994 TV Asahi edition) (Richie Madano (William Forsythe))
 * The Peacemaker (Gen. Aleksandr Kodoroff (Aleksandr Baluev))
 * Phenomena (2020 Blu-ray edition) (Professor John McGregor (Donald Pleasence))
 * Platoon (1989 TV Asahi edition) (Rhah (Francesco Quinn))
 * The Practice (Denny Crane (William Shatner))
 * Predator (Mac Eliot (Bill Duke))
 * The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (Joe (Héctor Elizondo))
 * Rambo III (1994 TV Asahi edition) (Colonel Zaysen (Marc de Jonge))
 * Raw Deal (1991 TV Asahi edition) (Max Keller (Robert Davi))
 * Red Heat (1990 TV Asahi edition) (Viktor Rostavili / Viktor Rosta (Ed O'Ross))
 * Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins (Conn 'Mac' MacCleary (J. A. Preston))
 * RoboCop 3 (Kanemitsu (Mako))
 * The Rock (2000 TV Asahi edition) (Ernest Paxton (William Forsythe))
 * The Running Man (1990 TV Asahi edition) (William Laughlin (Yaphet Kotto))
 * Scarface (1991 TV Tokyo edition) (Omar Suarez (F. Murray Abraham))
 * Scrooged (The Ghost of Christmas Past (David Johansen))
 * Shoebox Zoo (Michael Scot (Peter Mullan))
 * Single White Female (Mitch Myerson (Stephen Tobolowsky))
 * Small Soldiers (Archer (Frank Langella))
 * Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (Watto (Andy Secombe))
 * Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (Watto (Andy Secombe))
 * Street Fighter (Sagat (Wes Studi))
 * Switchback (Bob Goodall (Danny Glover))
 * Thank You for Smoking (Senator Ortolan Finistirre (William H. Macy))
 * They Live (1990 TV Asahi edition) (Drifter/Collaborator (George Buck Flower))
 * Top Gun (1989 Fuji TV edition) (LCDR Rick "Jester" Heatherly (Michael Ironside))
 * Top Gun (2009 TV Tokyo edition) (CDR Tom "Stinger" Jordan (James Tolkan))
 * The Towering Inferno (1984 Nippon TV edition) (Harry Jernigan (O. J. Simpson))
 * Two Much (Gene (Danny Aiello))
 * The Unknown Woman (Matteo (Alessandro Haber))
 * The Untouchables (Al Capone (William Forsythe))
 * V (Ham Tyler (Michael Ironside))
 * The Wraith (1992 TV Asahi edition) (Sheriff Loomis (Randy Quaid))
 * The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (Remy Baudouin (Ronny Coutteure))
 * Zack Snyder's Justice League (DeSaad (Peter Guinness))

Animation

 * Adventure Time (Gumbald)
 * Baahubali: The Lost Legends (Kattappa)
 * Batman: The Animated Series (Professor Hugo Strange)
 * Cars (Sarge)
 * Cars 2 (Sarge)
 * Cars 3 (Sarge)
 * Home on the Range (Jeb the Goat)
 * Looney Tunes (The Tasmanian Devil)
 * Monkey King: Hero Is Back (Old Monk)
 * Pucca (Tobe, season 1)
 * The Raccoons (Cyril Sneer)
 * Ratatouille (Django)
 * Spider-Man (Uncle Ben, Kingpin, Red Skull, others)
 * Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends (Uncle Ben, Kingpin, Red Skull)
 * X-Men (Toon Disney edition) (Red Skull)

title: Mugihito


text:
Kamchatka (river)

The Kamchatka (Камча́тка) is the longest river in Kamchatka peninsula, located in Kamchatka Krai in the Russian Far East. It flows into the Pacific Ocean at the town Ust-Kamchatsk, on the east coast of Kamchatka. It is 758 km long, and has a drainage basin of 55900 km2. The river is rich with salmon, millions of which spawn yearly and which once supported the settlements of the native Itelmen.

Climate
Like most of its namesake peninsula, the basin of the Kamchatka River has at low altitudes a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) with short, cool-to-comfortable summers and freezing, snowy winters.

title: Kamchatka (river)


text:
Shape of Despair

Shape of Despair is a funeral doom metal band from Finland.

History
The band was founded in 1995 as Raven by Jarno Salomaa (guitars, later also keyboards), Tomi Ullgrén (bass, later also guitars) and Toni "Otso" Mäensivu (drums, later also vocals) as a faster, instrumental black metal influenced band following the footsteps of their contemporaries like Strid, Burzum, Darkthrone and Unholy. The trio soon realized that the music they played was not as good as they would have wanted, lacking the atmosphere and emotion of the bands that influenced them. During the summer of 1995 Raven recorded their rehearsals with a simple cassette recorder, capturing all the songs that later became the Alone In The Mist demo, for the first time on tape. After listening to the rehearsal tape and realizing they actually had something in their hands they could stand behind, Raven wanted to record the tracks in a proper studio. It took the band three years to do it. Raven entered Arkki-studio in early 1998. They still had not tried any vocals until the very last minute, when they decided they wanted to test how the songs would sound with Mäensivu's vocals and were surprised how well they actually fit. The Alone In The Mist demo was not released until 2016, when the band thought it was the proper time to do it. They changed their name in September 1998 to Shape Of Despair. The decision to change the name came down to basically not wanting to be confused with the UK hard rock stalwarts Raven. They believed their new moniker fit their new sound better too.

In 2000 they signed a deal with Spikefarm Records and released their debut album Shades of... with Samu Ruotsalainen on drums.

The second album Angels of Distress, released in September 2001, featured Pasi Koskinen on lead vocals. Sami Uusitalo joined up in 2002 to play bass for the third album Illusion's Play. It was released in 2004.

In 2005, the band released a compilation titled Shape of Despair, featuring rare and unreleased material from the group, including tracks from the band's first demo Alone in the Mist and a new song called Sleeping Murder, recorded over a four-day period at Sundicoop Studios in Savonlinna, Finland. After a 5-year lull the band released the EP Written in My Scars and a split EP with Before The Rain.

Their 4th full-length album Monotony Fields was released on June 15, 2015, by Season of Mist.

Current members

 * Jarno Salomaa – lead guitars (1995–present), keyboards (1998–present)
 * Tomi Ullgrén – rhythm guitars (1998–present), bass (1995–2002)
 * Natalie Koskinen (formerly known as Natalie Safrosskin) – vocals (1998–present)
 * Sami Uusitalo – bass (2002–present)
 * Henri Koivula – vocals (2011–present)
 * Samu Ruotsalainen – drums (1999–2015, 2020–present)

Former members

 * Toni Mäensivu – drums (1995–1999), vocals (1998–2001)
 * Pasi Koskinen – vocals (2001–2010)
 * Daniel Neagoe – drums (2015–2019)

Albums

 * Shades of... (2000 - Spikefarm Records, Reissued in 2006 by Season of Mist)
 * Angels of Distress (September 25, 2001 - Spikefarm Records, Relapse Records)
 * Illusion's Play (September 27, 2004 - Spikefarm Records, Reissued in 2005 by Season of Mist)
 * Monotony Fields (June 15, 2015 - Season of Mist)
 * Return to the Void (February 25, 2022 - Season of Mist)

EPs

 * Written in My Scars (October 31, 2010 - Solarfall Records)
 * Shape of Despair / Before the Rain (June 30, 2011 - Avantgarde Music)

Compilation albums

 * Shape of Despair (August 3, 2005 - Spikefarm Records, Reissued in 2006 by Season of Mist)

Demos

 * Rehearsal I (1995, as Raven, instrumental demo with 2 songs)
 * Rehearsal II (1995, as Raven, instrumental demo with 5 songs)
 * Alone In The Mist (recorded in 1998 as Raven, though never officially released as Raven, released in 2016 by Season of Mist under Shape Of Despair)
 * Promo 1998 (1998, as Raven)

title: Shape of Despair


text:
Vivian Mercier

Vivian Mercier (1919 – 4 November 1989) was an Irish literary critic. He was born at Clara in County Offaly and educated, first, at Portora Royal School, Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, and then, at Trinity College Dublin. He was elected a Scholar of the college in 1938, and edited the student magazine T.C.D. Miscellany.

After taking his doctorate at Trinity, he taught in American universities from the 1940s to the 1980s; his last post was Professor of English at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is perhaps best known for his famous summation of the plot of Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot: "... has achieved a theoretical impossibility—a play in which nothing happens, that yet keeps audiences glued to their seats. What's more, since the second act is a subtly different reprise of the first, he has written a play in which nothing happens, twice." (The Irish Times, 18 February 1956, p. 6.). Despite what may sound like a somewhat disparaging criticism, Mercier was one of the foremost Beckett scholars of his day, and wrote extensively about Godot. He also wrote a critically acclaimed study of Beckett's work as a whole, Beckett/Beckett.

Mercier died in 1989, the same year as Beckett. His last marriage (1974–1989) was to the Irish novelist and children's writer Eilís Dillon, who edited his posthumous book, Modern Irish Literature: Sources and Founders (Oxford, 1994). He is buried beside his wife in his hometown of Clara.

title: Vivian Mercier


text:
File:VivianMercier.jpeg

Irish literary critic, Vivian Mercier

License: none (fair use)

Source: http://homepage.tinet.ie/~writing/04.VivianMercier.html

Fair use in the Vivian Mercier for the following reasons - few/no readily available pictures of subject in public domain; small resolution; makes article significantly more informative

title: File:VivianMercier.jpeg


text:
Tokyo Actor's Consumer's Cooperative Society

The Tokyo Actor's Consumer's Cooperative Society (東京俳優生活協同組合), also known as Haikyō (俳協), is a Sendagaya, Shibuya-based talent management agency and cooperative representing Japanese voice actors.

Current members
The members of Haikyō, as of this date, are:

Male

 * Wataru Abe
 * Chō (Yūichi Nagashima)
 * Issei Futamata
 * Yūichi Iguchi
 * Masaru Ikeda
 * Shūichi Ikeda
 * Dai Matsumoto
 * Akira Murayama
 * Masatomo Nakazawa
 * Masanori Shinohara
 * Junichi Suwabe
 * Gakuto Kajiwara
 * Yasuaki Takumi
 * Kōichi Tōchika
 * Kentarō Kumagai

Female

 * Miho Arakawa
 * Masako Ikeda
 * Sawa Ishige
 * Shizuka Ishikawa
 * Reiko Katsura
 * Juri Kimura
 * Hisako Kyōda
 * Junko Minagawa
 * Saki Miyashita
 * Kaoru Morota
 * Kazusa Murai
 * Tomo Muranaka
 * Akiko Nakagawa
 * Saki Nakajima
 * Yūko Nakamura
 * Rio Natsuki
 * Sayaka Ohara
 * Sumie Sakai
 * Nozomi Sasaki
 * Yōko Sasaki
 * Rina Satō
 * Toshiko Sawada
 * Ai Shimizu
 * Yū Sugimoto
 * Hina Suguta
 * Eri Suzuki
 * Hiroko Taguchi
 * Minami Takahashi
 * Nao Tamura
 * Atsumi Tanezaki
 * Masumi Tazawa
 * Azumi Waki
 * Hibiku Yamamura

Former members
Former members of Haikyō, as of this date, are:

Male

 * Shin Aomori (moved to Sigma Seven)
 * Tōru Furuya (moved to Aoni Production)
 * Goblin (moved to Across Entertainment)
 * Kōichi Hashimoto (moved to Production Tanc)
 * Michio Hazama (represents Mouvement)
 * Shōzō Iizuka (moved to Sigma Seven)
 * Seizō Katō (deceased)
 * Kazuhiko Kishino (deceased)
 * Kōichi Kitamura (Hajimu Kimura) (moved to Mausu Promotion before death)
 * Motomu Kiyokawa (deceased)
 * Kiyoshi Kobayashi (deceased)
 * Yasuaki Kurata (represents Kurata Promotion)
 * Hiroshi Masuoka (deceased)
 * Tatsuo Matsumura (deceased)
 * Bandō Mitsugorō X (Bandō Yasosuke V)
 * Katsuji Mori (represents Office Mori)
 * Ichirō Nagai (moved to Aoni Production before death)
 * Shūsei Nakamura (retired)
 * Tadashi Nakamura (deceased)
 * Ryūsei Nakao (moved to 81 Produce)
 * Daisuke Namikawa (moved to Across Entertainment)
 * Toku Nishio (deceased)
 * Nachi Nozawa (moved to Ken Production before death)
 * Tamio Ōki (moved to Mausu Promotion before death)
 * Teiji Ōmiya (deceased)
 * Ryūzaburō Ōtomo (moved to Aoni Production)
 * Ikuya Sawaki (moved to Arts Vision)
 * Tomokazu Seki (moved to Atomic Monkey)
 * Hidekatsu Shibata (moved to Aoni Production)
 * Akira Shimada (moved to Engekishūdan Mitō before death)
 * Daisaku Shinohara (moved to 81 Produce)
 * Hirotaka Suzuoki (moved to Ken Production before death)
 * Kazuya Tatekabe (became manager of Kenyū Office before death)
 * Naoki Tatsuta (moved to Aoni Production)
 * Kenjirō Tsuda (moved to Mediarte Entertainment Works as a voice actor and to Stardust Promotion as an actor)
 * Toshiya Ueda (moved to 81 Produce)
 * Takeshi Watabe (moved to 81 Produce before death)
 * Kōichi Yamadera (moved to Across Entertainment)
 * Naoki Yanagi (manages deux and represents FreeMarch)
 * Jōji Yanami (moved to Aoni Production before retirement and death)
 * Kazuki Yao (moved to Sigma Seven)
 * Daisuke Kishio (moved to Horipro)

Female

 * Miyoko Asō (deceased)
 * Fumi Hirano (moved to Horipro)
 * Chieko Honda (moved to Max Mix before death)
 * Kazue Ikura (moved to Aoni Production)
 * Yō Inoue (deceased)
 * Midori Katō (went freelance)
 * Ryōko Kinomiya (Deceased)
 * Rica Matsumoto (moved to Sun Music)
 * Yōko Matsuoka (moved to 81 Produce)
 * Chiaki Morita (affiliated with Across Entertainment)
 * Rie Murakawa (moved to Stay Luck)
 * Miki Nagasawa (moved to Atomic Monkey)
 * Michiko Nomura (general manager of Ken Production)
 * Fumiko Orikasa (moved to Atomic Monkey)
 * Yoshino Ōtori (moved to Ken Production)
 * Yoshiko Sakakibara (went freelance)
 * Chika Sakamoto (Chinatsu Ishihara) (moved to Arts Vision)
 * Eri Sendai (moved to Amuleto)
 * Masako Sugaya (moved to Arts Vision)
 * Hiroko Suzuki (moved to Ken Production)
 * Sanae Takagi (moved to Aoni Production)
 * Gara Takashima (moved to Across Entertainment)
 * Sakiko Tamagawa (moved to Sigma Seven)
 * Michie Tomizawa (moved to Aoni Production)
 * Keiko Yokozawa (Keiko Nanba) (represents Yūrin Pro)
 * Konami Yoshida (moved to Production Tanc)


text:
Nakajima Ki-44

The Nakajima Ki-44 Shoki (鍾馗, "Devil Queller") was a single-seat fighter-interceptor which was developed by the Nakajima Aircraft Company and operated by the Imperial Japanese Army from 1942 to 1945 during World War II. Its official designation was Army Type 2 Single-Seat Fighter (二式単座戦闘機) and its Allied reporting name was Tojo.

The design and development of the Ki-44 differed greatly from that of other Japanese fighters of the time, incorporating speed and rate-of-climb in preference to maneuverability. This was a result of a need for a heavy fighter aircraft that followed a more offensive doctrine and the Ki-44 is often classified as an Air Defence Fighter. Its development ran almost in parallel to its predecessor, the lighter and nimbler Nakajima Ki-43, and yet the two aircraft differed. The Ki-44 had a higher landing speed but was less maneuverable. These were concerns for pilots who would compare it to the Ki-43 or Ki-27 which were far more agile and responsive. As a result, the Ki-44 was first restricted to pilots with at least 1000 hours of flying time due to its tricky handling characteristics. However, it was later found that younger pilots who had not been instilled with the extensive aerobatic training of earlier cadres could manage the aircraft perfectly well, so the restriction was removed.

Nonetheless, the Ki-44 was the fastest climbing Japanese fighter at the time. It was the Imperial Japanese Army's only interceptor type when the USAAF's B-29 Superfortresses began bombing the Japanese mainland in June 1944. While there were performance restrictions at high altitude, it was superior to the Ki-43 in that it was capable of matching Allied aircraft in climbs and dives, giving pilots more flexibility in combat and greater pilot confidence than the Ki-43; the basic armament of four 12.7mm machine guns or two 12.7mm guns and two 20 mm cannons (or, in a few aircraft, two Ho-301 40mm cannons of limited range) was far more powerful than the older Ki-43's two 12.7mm machine guns.

Production of the Ki-44 was terminated in late 1944 in favour of the more advanced Nakajima Ki-84, and when the war ended, only three sentai units were still equipped with them.

No examples survive today.

Design and development
Nakajima began development of the Ki-44 in 1940 as a pure interceptor with emphasis being placed on airspeed and rate of climb rather than maneuverability, a departure from the usual Japanese standards. The Japanese Army Air Force specification called for a maximum speed of 600 km/h (370 mph) at 4,000 m (13,130 ft), to be attained in five minutes. A set of Ki-43-like "butterfly" combat flaps was fitted for improved maneuverability. Armament consisted of a pair of 7.7 mm (.303 in) and a pair of 12.7 mm (.50 in) machine guns.

The engine selected for the new interceptor was Nakajima's Ha-41 (a development of the Nakajima Ha-5) 14-cylinder double-row radial, originally intended for bomber aircraft. Although the Ha-41 was not the ideal choice due to its large-diameter cross section, the design team was able to marry this engine to a much smaller fuselage with a narrow cross section. At 1,260 mm in diameter, the Ha-41 was 126 mm larger in diameter than the 1,144 mm Nakajima Sakae (used in the Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" and Nakajima Ki-43 "Hayabusa"). However, the Sakae was only 27.8L in displacement and 1,000 hp, while the Ha-41 was 37.5L and made 1,260 hp (1,440 in the later Ha-109 version). In any case, since the Sakae wasn't powerful enough, the only alternative available was the Mitsubishi Kinsei, which was slightly smaller than the Ha-41 in diameter, five liters smaller in displacement, and was less powerful. Unfortunately, this was already in demand for many other aircraft, so the Ha-41 was chosen as the best powerplant. In order to achieve its design goals, the wing area was relatively small leading to a high wing loading and a comparatively high landing speed that could be daunting to the average Japanese pilot, who was more used to aircraft with a low wing loading like the Ki-44's predecessors, the Ki-43 and Ki-27.

With an all-metal structure, the Ki-44 was metal-skinned except for the control surfaces, which were fabric covered. Relatively small wings gave the aircraft a high wing loading and consequently a high landing speed, which many pilots disliked.

The first Ki-44 prototype flew in August 1940 and the initial test flights were generally encouraging, with handling considered acceptable considering the high wing loading. Problems encountered included a high landing speed and poor forward visibility during taxiing due to the large radial engine.

A second pre-production batch of 40 aircraft were ordered, which featured four 12.7mm machine guns, a relocated air cooler and main gear doors.

Operational history
The Nakajima Ki-44 at one point equipped 12 sentai ("groups/wings") of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force: 9, 22, 23, 29, 47, 59, 64, 70, 85, 87, 104 and 246 Sentai. The Manchukuo Air Force also operated some Ki-44s. Pre-production Ki-44 aircraft and two of the prototypes were turned over to the Army for service trials on 15 September 1941. The type commenced operations when nine aircraft were received by an experimental unit, 47th Chutai "Kawasemi Buntai" ("Kingfisher Flight, 47th Squadron"), commanded by Major Toshio Sakagawa at Saigon, Indochina in December 1941.

The Ki-44 also saw significant action with 87th Sentai in the air defense role, while based at Palembang, Sumatra. Other units equipped with the Ki-44 during the early part of the war were stationed in China, Burma, the Philippines and Korea.

Later in the war, the type saw action in an air defense role over the home islands – mainly around Japan's large industrial cities. 47 Chutai, after it was transferred to air defense roles in Japan, was expanded to become 47 Sentai.

The Ki-44-II Otsu (also known as the Ki-44-IIb) could be armed with a Ho-301 40 mm autocannon. While this was a relatively high-caliber weapon, it used caseless ammunition with a low muzzle velocity and short range, which was effective only in close attacks. Some of these aircraft were used against USAAF bombers by a special Shinten Seiku Tai (air superiority unit), comprising at least four aircraft, that was part of 47th Sentai, based at Narimasu airfield in Tokyo. Pilots from such units attempted to shoot down B-29s and, once their ammunition was expended, to ram them – effectively a suicide attack. While the concept appeared straightforward, ramming a B-29 at high altitudes was difficult to achieve in practice.

By the end of the war, Ki-44 variants were being replaced by the Nakajima Ki-84 Hayate, which was regarded as vastly superior – in aspects other than maintenance and reliability.

During 1946–49, both sides in the Chinese Revolution operated Ki-44s surrendered or abandoned by Japanese units. Air units of the People's Liberation Army obtained aircraft formerly belonging to 22 and 85 Sentai, which had disbanded in Chosen. Some of these aircraft were reportedly flown by Japanese veterans. Within the Republic of China Air Force 18th Squadron (12th Fighter Group) was equipped with Ki-44s formerly of 9th Sentai, which had disbanded in Nanking, and 29th Sentai, which had disbanded at Formosa and they saw action in. Following the retreat of the Nationalists the People's Liberation Army Air Force (formed in 1949) used the Ki-44 until the early 1950s.

Surviving aircraft
No complete surviving examples of the Ki-44 exist today. However, a wing center section is preserved at the Northwestern Polytechnical University Aviation Museum, at Xi'an in China.

Variants

 * Ki-44: First prototype (s/n 4401) with Ha-41 engine with a complex cooling system, unique for the first prototype.
 * Ki-44: Nine pre-production aircraft (s/n 4402-4410), the first of which were quite different than the later ones. These aircraft were used for combat evaluation with the 47th Independent Fighter Chutai at the start of the Pacific War. Their armament consisted of two 7.7 mm (.303 in) Type 89 machine guns in the nose and two 12.7 mm (.50 in) Ho-103 machine guns in the wings. Type 89 telescopic gunsight protruding through the windscreen. Provision for a single drop tank under the fuselage centre line or two drop tanks under the wings. Recognisable by their pointed spinner caps.
 * Ki-44-I: Powered by a 930 kW (1,250 hp) Nakajima Ha-41 engine with annular oil cooler, with a maximum speed of 580 km/h (363 mph). Armament and gunsight were unchanged from the pre-production models. Provision for two drop tanks under the wings. Rounded spinner caps with provision for Hucks starter. Late models had external fuel coolers. Forty produced (s/n 111-150).
 * Ki-44-II Ko (Ki-44-IIa): Powered by a 1,074 kW (1,440 hp) Nakajima Ha-109 engine with external oil cooler and a top speed of 604 km/h (378 mph). Armament, gunsight and drop tank provision as for Ki-44-I. Rectangular cockpit access doors replaced the rounded version of earlier models. 355 produced (s/n 1001-1355).
 * Ki-44-II Otsu (Ki-44-IIb):Standard armament reduced to just two 12.7 mm (.50 in) Ho-103 machine guns in the nose. Optional provision for two 40 mm (1.57 in) Ho-301 cannons in the wings. These were not always installed due to disappointing combat results and were sometimes replaced with two 12.7 mm (.50 in) Ho-103 machine guns. This variant retained the Type 89 telescopic gunsight as standard. 394 produced (s/n 1356-1749).
 * Ki-44-II Hei (Ki-44-IIc):Standard armament of four 12.7 mm (.50 in) Ho-103 machine guns, two in the nose and two in the wings. Type 100 reflector gunsight mounted as standard. 427 produced (s/n 1750-2176).
 * Ki-44-III: A single prototype built, powered by a Ha-145 two-row 18-cylinder engine of 1,491 kW (2,000 hp).
 * Ki-44-III Ko (Ki-44-IIIa): Proposed variant with an armament of four 20 mm Ho-5 cannons.
 * Ki-44-III Otsu (Ki-44-IIIb): Proposed variant with armament of two 20 mm Ho-5 cannons and two 37 mm (1.46 in) Ho-203 cannons.

Total production: 1,227

Operators

 * Wartime:
 * Manchukuo
 * Manchukuo Air Force
 * Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
 * Imperial Japanese Army Air Force

 * No. 9 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
 * No. 22 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
 * No. 23 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
 * No. 29 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
 * No. 47 Dokuritsu Hikō Chutai IJAAF/Hikō Sentai IJAAF
 * No. 59 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
 * No. 64 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
 * No. 70 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
 * No. 85 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
 * No. 87 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
 * No. 104 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
 * No. 246 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
 * Akeno Army Flight Training School
 * Hitachi Army Flight Training School

 * Post-War:
 * Chinese Nationalist Air Force operated some captured aircraft
 * No. 18 Chungtui (中隊 ~ Squadron) CNAF October 1945 – August 1946
 * No. 18 Chungtui (中隊 ~ Squadron) CNAF October 1945 – August 1946

title: Nakajima Ki-44


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Richard Croker

Richard Welstead Croker (November 24, 1843 – April 29, 1922), known as "Boss Croker", was an Irish American political boss who was a leader of New York City's Tammany Hall. His control over the city was cemented with the 1897 election of Robert A. Van Wyck as the first mayor of all five boroughs. During his tenure as Grand Sachem, Boss Croker garnered a reputation for corruption and ruthlessness and was frequently the subject of investigations. As his power waned following the 1900 and 1901 elections, Croker resigned his position and returned to Ireland, where he spent the rest of his life.

Biography
Richard Croker was born in the townland of Ballyva, in the parish of Ardfield, six miles south of Clonakilty in County Cork on November 24, 1843, son of Eyre Coote Croker (1800–1881) and Frances Laura Welsted (1807–1894). He was taken to the United States by his parents when he was just two years old. They boarded the Henry Clay in Cobh, County Cork and headed for the land of opportunity.

There were significant differences between this family and the typical family leaving Ireland at that time. They were Protestant, and were not land tenants. Eyre Coote Croker owned an estate in Ardfield, in southwest Cork. Upon arrival in the United States, Eyre Coote Croker was without a profession, but he had a general knowledge of horses and soon became a veterinary surgeon. During the Civil War, he served in that same capacity under General Daniel Sickles.

Richard Croker was educated in New York public schools. Croker dropped out of school at age twelve or thirteen to become an apprentice machinist in the Harlem Railroad machine shops. Not long after, he became a valued member of the Fourth Avenue Tunnel Gang, a street gang that attacked teamsters and other workers that gathered around the Harlem line's freight depot. Croker eventually became the gang's leader. He joined one of the Volunteer Fire Departments in 1863, becoming an engineer of one of the engine companies. That was his gateway into public life. James O'Brien, a Tammany associate, took notice of Croker after Croker won a boxing match against Dick Lynch whereby Crocker knocked out all of Lynch's teeth. Croker became a member of Tammany Hall and active in its politics. In the 1860s, he was well known for being a "repeater" at elections, voting multiple times at the polls. He was an alderman from 1868 to 1870, Coroner of New York County, New York, from 1873 to 1876. Croker was charged with the murder of John McKenna, a lieutenant of James O'Brien, during a fight on election day of 1874 with O'Brien's rival political group. O'Brien was running for Congress against the Tammany-backed Abram S. Hewitt. John Kelly, the new Tammany Hall boss, attended the trial, and Croker was freed after the jury was undecided. Croker moved to Harrison, New York by 1880. He was appointed the New York City Fire Commissioner in 1883 and 1887 and city Chamberlain from 1889 to 1900.

After the death of John Kelly, Croker became the leader of Tammany Hall and for some time almost completely controlled that organization. As head of Tammany, Croker received bribe money from the owners of brothels, saloons and illegal gambling dens. Croker was chairman of Tammany's Finance Committee but received no salary for his position. Croker also became a partner in the real estate firm Meyer and Croker with Peter F. Meyer, from which he made substantial money. The money was often derived from sales under the control of the city through city judges. Other income came by way of gifts of stock from street railway and transit companies, for example. The city police were largely still under the control of Tammany Hall, and payoffs from vice protection operations also contributed to Tammany income. Croker survived Charles Henry Parkhurst's attacks on Tammany Hall's corruption and became a wealthy man. Several committees were established in the 1890s, largely at the behest of Thomas C. Platt and other Republicans, to investigate Tammany and Croker, including the 1890 Fassett Committee, the 1894 Lexow Committee, during which Croker left the United States for his European residences for three years, and the Mazet Investigation of 1899.

Croker's greatest political success was his bringing about the 1897 election of Robert A. Van Wyck as first mayor of the five-borough "greater" New York, and during Van Wyck's administration Croker is popularly supposed to have completely dominated the government of the city.

Croker was in the newspapers in 1899 after a disagreement with Jay Gould's son, George Gould, president of the Manhattan Elevated Railroad Company, when Gould refused Croker's attempt to attach compressed-air pipes to the Elevated company's structures. Croker owned many shares of the New York Auto-Truck Company, which would have benefited from the arrangement. In response to the refusal, Croker used Tammany influence to create new city laws requiring drip pans under structures in Manhattan at every street crossing and the requirement that the railroad run trains every five minutes with a $100 violation for every instance. Croker also held 2,500 shares of the American Ice Company, worth approximately $250,000, which came under scrutiny in 1900 when the company attempted to raise the price of ice in the city.

After Croker's failure to carry the city in the 1900 presidential election and the defeat of his mayoralty candidate, Edward M. Shepard in 1901, he resigned from his position of leadership in Tammany and was succeeded by Lewis Nixon. Croker departed the United States in 1905. An associate described Croker as having "[a] strong frame, a deep chest, a short neck and a pair of hard fists.... He speaks in monosyllables, [and] commands a vocabulary that appears to be limited to about three hundred words...."

Thoroughbred racing
Croker operated a stable of thoroughbred racehorses in the United States in partnership with Mike Dwyer. In January 1895, they sent a stable of horses to England under the care of trainer Hardy Campbell Jr. and jockey Willie Simms. Following a dispute, the partnership was dissolved in May but Croker continued to race in England.

In 1907, his horse Orby won Britain's most prestigious race, The Derby. Orby was ridden by American jockey John Reiff, whose brother Lester had won the race in 1901. Croker was also the breeder of Orby's son Grand Parade, who won the Derby in 1919.

Death
Croker returned to Ireland in 1905 and bought an estate in Malahide, county Dublin where he bred horses. He died on April 29, 1922, at Glencairn House, his home in Stillorgan outside Dublin. His funeral, celebrated by South African bishop William Miller, drew some of Dublin's most eminent citizens; the pallbearers were Arthur Griffith, the President of Dáil Éireann; Laurence O'Neill, the Lord Mayor of Dublin; Oliver St. John Gogarty; Joseph MacDonagh; A.H. Flauley, of Chicago; and J.E. Tierney. Michael Collins, Chairman of the Provisional Government, was represented by Kevin O'Shiel; the Lord Lieutenant, Viscount FitzAlan, was represented by his under-secretary, James MacMahon.

In 1927, J. J. Walsh claimed that, just before his death, Croker had accepted the Provisional Government's invitation to stand in Dublin County in the imminent Irish election.

Family
Croker married twice; first, in 1873, to Elizabeth Fraser. They had several children.

He married Beulah Benson Edmondson in November 1914 when he was 71 years old. She was of American Indian descent, her tribal name being Ketaw Kaluntuchy.

Disputed will
Croker left an estate estimated to $3–5 million to his second wife, Beulah, disinheriting his estranged children. He had converted to Catholicism shortly before his death but this does not appear to have played a role in his disinheriting his children. A note in his handwriting, dated at Glencairn, November 15, 1919 read as follows:

Croker's other surviving children, Richard, Ethel, and Howard, unsuccessfully challenged the will in a celebrated probate lawsuit in the Court of King's Bench in Ireland. They claimed that their father in 1919 was of unsound mind and unduly influenced by his wife, and that the 1914 marriage was void as she was already married to one Guy R. Marone. A jury rejected all these allegations. The widow and children had related lawsuits in the United States.

title: Richard Croker


text:
Education in Seattle

Education in Seattle is an important part of many Seattleites' lives, particularly due to the high concentration of technology, engineering, and other jobs that require advanced degrees. Of the city's population over the age of 25, 53.8 percent (vs. a national average of 27.4 percent) hold a bachelor's degree or higher; 91.9 percent (vs. 84.5 percent nationally) have a high school diploma or equivalent. In fact, the United States Census Bureau surveys indicate that Seattle has one of the highest rates of college graduates among major U.S. cities. In addition to the obvious institutions of education, there are significant adult literacy programs and considerable homeschooling. Seattle is also the most literate city in the United States, based on a study done by Central Connecticut State University.

Colleges and universities

Seattle is home to one of the nation's most respected public universities, the University of Washington. With over 40,000 under-graduates and post-graduates, UW is the largest school in the Pacific Northwest and many of its departments are ranked in the top 10 for research universities in the United States according to the Chronicle of Higher Learning. A study by Newsweek International in 2006 cited UW as the twenty-second best university in the world. Additionally, the University of Washington was ranked 16th internationally by the Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2008.

The city's other prominent universities are Seattle University, a Jesuit university, and Seattle Pacific University, a Free Methodist university.

There are also a handful of smaller schools, such as the City University of Seattle, a private university. Antioch University Seattle provide undergraduate and graduate degrees for working adults. Cornish College of the Arts, The Art Institute of Seattle, Gage Academy of Art and the School of Visual Concepts offer bachelor's degrees in the fine arts as dance, music, and theatre. Seattle also has three colleges within the Seattle Colleges District system, comprising North, Central, and South. Time magazine chose Seattle Central College for best college of the year in 2001, stating the school "pushes diverse students to work together in small teams".

Since 2013, Northeastern University has a satellite graduate campus in the South Lake Union neighborhood.

Primary and secondary education
Seattle Public Schools is the school district for the vast majority of the city. It desegregated without a court order but continue to struggle to achieve racial balance in a somewhat ethnically divided city (the south part of town having more ethnic minorities than the north). In 2006, a challenge to Seattle's racial tie-breaking system made it to the United States Supreme Court. Where the Supreme Court decided that race was not a legal criterion for desegregation, but left the door open for desegregation formulas based on other indicators (e.g., income or socio-economic class). And in 2002, West Seattle's West Seattle High School made headlines in the midst of protests of the school's "Indian" mascot. Despite bitter battles between SPS and Alumni Association President and Attorney Robert Zoffel, the school would later change its mascot to the "Wildcats".

A small section of the city is in the Highline School District.

Public Schools
Most public schools in Seattle are part of the Seattle School District, but a few in the southern portion of the city are part of the Renton School District.
 * Seattle Public Schools: High Schools
 * Seattle Public Schools: K-12
 * Seattle Public Schools: Middle Schools
 * Seattle Public Schools: K-8
 * Seattle Public School: Elementary Schools

Private Secondary Schools
The public school system is supplemented by a moderate number of private schools: five of the high schools are Catholic, one is Lutheran, and seven are secular.

 * Bishop Blanchet High School
 * Holy Names Academy
 * O'Dea High School
 * Seattle Preparatory School
 * Seattle Lutheran High School
 * The Bush School
 * Lakeside School
 * Seattle Waldorf School
 * Northwest School
 * Seattle Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * University Prep
 * Dartmoor School
 * Puget Sound Community School

Weekend education
The Seattle Japanese School, a Japanese weekend supplementary school, holds its classes in nearby Bellevue.

Archives

 * Seattle Education Association records. 1958-1985 2.00 cubic feet. At the University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
 * Seattle Teachers' Association records. 1958-1969. 16 boxes. At the University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.

title: Education in Seattle


text:
Talk:RT-23 Molodets

Permission
content is from this site. i do not think we have permission to use this. could not find any not on useage other than "all right reserved." putting up for speedy. Cavebear42 05:27, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I can't see where anything in this article comes directly from the site mentioned above. They're talking about the same rocket so they make the same points but it does not seem to be copied from there. I don't see the problem. Nvinen 14:37, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Infobox?
The appropriate infobox is Infobox Weapon -MBK004 06:59, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

Shifted numbers
The article states that 36 of RT-23 was silo-based and 56 railbased but in links the numbers are shifted: 36 on railcars and 56 silo based...What is more -I do remember that previous versions of that article also stated numbers as such.....

193.25.0.13 (talk) 13:49, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

RT-25 RT-15 error oder confusion
i know, we know those stuff, RT15 25 are from RT2\M\P for srbm mr ir ranges , there was projects for RT-22 26 other twenty class rt mean raket tvjordytoplivo, solidpropellant rocket , RT-25 is correct ?! i think need to be checked i can advice militarytomsk, russianspaceweb astronautix , have other two three good info sites ik. --Zafer14ur8 (talk) 19:30, 29 August 2015 (UTC) saphire&rubine

title: Talk:RT-23 Molodets