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Child prostitution

Child prostitution is prostitution involving a child, and it is a form of commercial sexual exploitation of children. The term normally refers to prostitution of a minor, or person under the legal age of consent. In most jurisdictions, child prostitution is illegal as part of general prohibition on prostitution.

Child prostitution usually manifests in the form of sex trafficking, in which a child is kidnapped or tricked into becoming involved in the sex trade, or survival sex, in which the child engages in sexual activities to procure basic essentials such as food and shelter. Prostitution of children is commonly associated with child pornography, and they often overlap. Some people travel to foreign countries to engage in child sex tourism. Research suggests that there may be as many as 10 million children involved in prostitution worldwide. The practice is most widespread in South America and Asia, but prostitution of children exists globally, in undeveloped countries as well as developed. Most of the children involved with prostitution are girls, despite an increase in the number of young boys in the trade.

All member countries of the United Nations have committed to prohibiting child prostitution, either under the Convention on the Rights of the Child or the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography. Various campaigns and organizations have been created to try to stop the practice.

Definitions
Several definitions have been proposed for prostitution of children. The United Nations defines it as "the act of engaging or offering the services of a child to perform sexual acts for money or other consideration with that person or any other person". The Convention on the Rights of the Child's Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography defines the practice as "the act of obtaining, procuring or offering the services of a child or inducing a child to perform sexual acts for any form of compensation or reward". Both emphasize that the child is a victim of exploitation, even if apparent consent is given. The Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999, (Convention No 182) of the International Labour Organization (ILO) describes it as the "use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution".

According to the International Labour Office in Geneva, prostitution of children and child pornography are two primary forms of child sexual exploitation, which often overlap. The former is sometimes used to describe the wider concept of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC). It excludes other identifiable manifestations of CSEC, such as commercial sexual exploitation through child marriage, domestic child labor, and the trafficking of children for sexual purposes.

The terminology applied to the practice is a subject of dispute. The United States Department of Justice states, "The term itself implies the idea of choice, when in fact that is not the case." Groups that oppose the practice believe that the terms child prostitution and child prostitute carry problematic connotations because children are generally not expected to be able to make informed decisions about prostitution. As an alternative, they use the terms prostituted children and the commercial sexual exploitation of children. Other groups use the term child sex worker to imply that the children are not always "passive victims".

Causes and types
Children are often forced by social structures and individual agents into situations in which adults take advantage of their vulnerability and sexually exploit and abuse them by selling them or selling their bodies. Structure and agency commonly combine to force a child into commercial sex: for example, the prostitution of a child frequently follows from prior sexual abuse, often in the child's home. Many believe that the majority of prostituted children are from Southeast Asia and the majority of their clients are Western sex tourists, but sociologist Louise Brown argues that, while Westerners contribute to the growth of the industry, most of the children's customers are Asian locals.

Prostitution of children usually occurs in environments such as brothels, bars and clubs, homes, or particular streets and areas (usually in socially run down places). According to one study, only about 10% of prostituted children have a pimp and over 45% entered the business through friends. Maureen Jaffe and Sonia Rosen from the International Child Labor Study Office write that cases vary widely:"Some victims are runaways from home or State institutions, others are sold by their parents or forced or tricked into prostitution, and others are street children. Some are amateurs and others professionals. Although one tends to think first and foremost of young girls in the trade, there is an increase in the number of young boys involved in prostitution. The most disquieting cases are those children who are forced into the trade and then incarcerated. These children run the possible further risk of torture and subsequent death."Deputy Attorney General James Cole, of the United States Department of Justice, stated, "Most of the victimized children who face prostitution are vulnerable children who are exploited. Many predators target runaways, sexual assault victims, and children who have been harshly neglected by their biological parents. Not only have they faced traumatic violence that affects their physical being, but become intertwined into the violent life of prostitution."

Human trafficking
Human trafficking is defined by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) as "the recruitment, transport, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a person by such means as threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud or deception for the purpose of exploitation". The UNODC approximates the number of victims worldwide to be around 2.5 million. UNICEF reports that since 1982 about 30 million children have been trafficked. Trafficking for sexual slavery accounts for 79% of cases, with the majority of victims being female, of which an estimated 20% are children. Women are also often perpetrators as well.

In 2007 the UN founded United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN.GIFT). In cooperation with UNICEF, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) the United Nations took a grant from the United Arab Emirates to establish UN.GIFT. UN.GIFT aims to fight human trafficking through a mutual support from its stakeholders which includes governments, businesses, and other large global actors. Their first initiative is to spread the word that human trafficking is immoral and has become a growing problem that it will take a global cooperation to cease its continuation. UN.GIFT strives to lower the demand for this exploitation and create a safe environment for potential victims.

In some cases, victims of sex trafficking are kidnapped by strangers, either by force or by being tricked into becoming involved through lies and false promises. They may also be lured through the internet, as child victims of cybersex trafficking are transported and then coerced to perform sexual acts and or raped in front of a webcam on commercialized live streams. In these incidents, consumers use cryptocurrencies and other digital technologies to hide their identities. In other cases, the children's families allow or force them to enter the industry as a result of severe poverty. In cases where they are taken out of the country, traffickers prey on the fact that the children are often unable to understand the language of their new location and are unaware of their legal rights.

Research indicates that traffickers have a preference for females age 12 and under because young children are more easily molded into the role assigned to them and because they are assumed to be virgins, which is valuable to consumers. The girls are then made to appear older, and documents are forged as protection against law enforcement. Victims tend to share similar backgrounds, often coming from communities with high crime rates and lack of access to education. However, victimology is not limited to this, and males and females coming from various backgrounds have become involved in sex trafficking.

Psychotherapist Mary De Chesnay identifies five stages in the process of sex trafficking: vulnerability, recruitment, transportation, exploitation, and liberation. The final stage, De Chesnay writes, is rarely completed. Murder and accidental death rates are high, as are suicides, and very few trafficking victims are rescued or escape.

Survival sex
The other primary form of prostitution of children is survival sex. The US Department of Justice states:

""Survival sex" occurs when a child engages in sex acts in order to obtain money, food, shelter, clothing, or other items needed in order to survive. In these situations, the transaction typically only involves the child and the customer; children engaged in survival sex are usually not controlled or directed by pimps, madams, or other traffickers. Any individual who pays for sex with a child, whether the child is controlled by a pimp or is engaged in survival sex, can be prosecuted."

A study commissioned by UNICEF and Save the Children and headed by sociologist Annjanette Rosga conducted research on prostitution of children in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina. Rosga reported that poverty was a strong contributing factor. She stated,"The global sex trade is as much a product of everyday people struggling to survive in dire economic straits as it is an organized crime problem. Attacking the crime and not the poverty is treating the symptom but not the disease...It's not uncommon for girls to know what they're entering into, and to enter voluntarily to some degree. Maybe they think they'll be different and able to escape, or maybe they'd rather take the risk than feel powerless staying at home in poverty."Jaffe and Rosen disagree and argue that poverty alone does not often force children into prostitution, as it does not exist in a large scale in several impoverished societies. Rather, a number of external influences, such as poor family situations and domestic violence, factor into the problem.

Prostitution of children in the form of survival sex occurs in both undeveloped and developed countries. In Asia, underage girls sometimes work in brothels to support their families. In Sri Lanka, parents will more often have their sons prostitute themselves rather than their daughters, as the society places more weight on sexual purity among females than males. Jaffe and Rosen write that prostitution of children in North America often results from "economic considerations, domestic violence and abuse, family disintegration and drug addiction". In Canada, a young man was convicted of charges relating to the prostitution of a 15-year-old girl online in 2012; he had encouraged her to prostitute herself as a means of making money, kept all of her earnings, and threatened her with violence if she did not continue.

In the United States, where many prostituted children are homeless and runaways, the view of adolescent prostitution as primarily driven by pimp-exploiters and other "sex traffickers" was challenged by SNRG-NYC in their 2008 New York City study which interviewed over 300 under-age prostitutes and found that only 10% reported having pimps. In 2020, the cost of sex with a minor was reportedly $3,000 a night. A 2012 study done in Atlantic City, New Jersey, by the same group incorporated an extended qualitative ethnographic component that looked specifically at the relationship between pimps and adolescents engaged with street based sex markets. This study found the percentage of adolescents who had pimps to be only 14% and that those relationships were typically far more complex, mutual, and companionate than has been reported by social service providers, not-for-profits, and much of the news media. On the other hand, youths' status as being a runaway, homeless, or in the foster care system greatly increases their likelihood of being involved in commercial sex, according to the National Runaway Switchboard and the New York State Office of Children, with one-third of runaway youths in America being lured into prostitution within 48 hours on the streets.

Treatment of prostituted children
Prostituted children are often forced to work in hazardous environments without proper hygiene. They face threats of violence and are sometimes raped and beaten. Researchers Robin E. Clark, Judith Freeman Clark, and Christine A. Adamec write that they "suffer a great deal of abuse, unhappiness, and poor health" in general. For example, Derrick Jensen reports that female sex trafficking victims from Nepal are broken in' through a process of rapes and beatings, and then rented out up to thirty-five times per night for one to two dollars per man". Another example involved mostly Nepalese boys who were lured to India and sold to brothels in Mumbai, Hyderabad, New Delhi, Lucknow, and Gorakhpur. One victim left Nepal at the age of 14 and was sold into slavery, locked up, beaten, starved, and forcibly circumcised. He reported that he was held in a brothel with 40 to 50 other boys, many of whom were castrated, before escaping and returning to Nepal.

Criminologist Ronald Flowers writes that prostitution of children and child pornography are closely linked; up to one in three prostituted children have been involved in pornography, often through films or literature. Runaway teenagers, he states, are frequently used for "porn flicks" and photographs. In addition to pornography, Flowers writes that, "Children caught up in this dual world of sexual exploitation are often victims of sexual assaults, sexual perversions, sexually transmitted diseases, and inescapable memories of sexual misuse and bodies that have been compromised, brutalized, and left forever tarnished."

Physical and psychological effects
According to Humanium, an NGO that opposes the prostitution of children, the practice causes injuries such as "vaginal tearing, physical after-effects of torture, pain, infection, or unwanted pregnancy". As clients seldom take precautions against the spread of HIV, prostituted children face a high risk of contracting the disease, and the majority of them in certain locations contract it. Other sexually transmitted diseases pose a threat as well, such as syphilis and herpes. High levels of tuberculosis have also been found among prostituted children. These illnesses are often fatal.

Children are often medicated to make them appear more mature. Corticosteroids like Oradexon (a glucocorticoid) are commonly provided to prostituted children in places such as Bangladesh, to help make them look and feel more robust (i.e. less frail) and healthier, which in turn helps to keep them going. When use of these drugs is not monitored through bloodwork by a healthcare professional they can cause diabetes and high blood pressure, can weaken the immune system leaving patients more susceptible to illnesses, and can be highly psychologically addictive. In India, some girls are injected with oxytocin to make their breasts grow faster.

Former prostituted children often deal with psychological trauma, including depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Other psychological effects include anger, insomnia, sexual and personality confusion, inability to trust adults, and loss of confidence. Drug-related health problems included dental problems, hepatitis B and C, and serious liver and kidney problems. Other medical complications included reproductive problems and injuries from sexual assaults; physical and neurological problems from violent physical attacks; and other general health issues including respiratory problems and joint pains.

Prohibition
Prostitution of children is illegal under international law, and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 34, states, "the State shall protect children from sexual exploitation and abuse, including prostitution and involvement in pornography." The convention was first held in 1989 and has been ratified by 193 countries. In 1990, the United Nations appointed a Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography. Over at least the last decade, the international community has increasingly acknowledged the importance of addressing problems posed by the trafficking of children, child prostitution, and child pornography; activities that undermine the rights of children and are frequently linked to organized crime. While the legality of adult prostitution varies between different parts of the world, the prostitution of minors is illegal in most countries, and all countries have some form of restrictions against it.

There is a dispute surrounding what constitutes a prostituted child. International law defines a child as any individual below the age of 18, but a number of countries legally recognize lower ages of consent and adulthood, usually ranging from 13 to 17 years of age. In the Czech Republic, for example, prostitution is legal for children older than 14. Thus, law enforcement officers are sometimes hesitant to investigate cases because of the differences in age of consent. The laws of some countries do, however, distinguish between prostituted teenagers and prostituted children. For example, the Japanese government defines the category as referring to minors between 13 and 18. However, it is currently defined as being under the age of 18.

Consequences for offenders vary from country to country. In the People's Republic of China, all forms of prostitution are illegal, but having sexual contact with anyone under the age of 14, regardless of consent, will result in a more serious punishment than raping an adult. By contrast, Argentina's Criminal Code criminalizes the prostitution of minors, but only sanctions those who "promote or facilitate" prostitution, not the client who exploits the minor. In the United States, the legal penalty for participating in the prostitution of children includes five to twenty years in prison. The FBI established "Innocence Lost", a new department working to free children from prostitution, in response to the strong public reaction across the country to the news of Operation Stormy Nights, in which 23 minors were released from forced prostitution.

Statistical summary
Prostitution of children exists in every country, though the problem is most severe in South America and Asia. The number of prostituted children is rising in other parts of the world, including North America, Africa, and Europe. Exact statistics are difficult to obtain, and in some cases, such as that of Argentina, child prostitution is considered to be on the rise but without reliable statistics. However, it is estimated that there are around 10 million children involved in prostitution worldwide.

 * Note: this is a list of examples; it does not cover every country where child prostitution exists.

Demographics
The people who buy sex from minors are most often men who try to "rationalize their sexual involvement with children."

Though most child prostitutes are girls, advocates point out that boys are also exploited, and that this is often overlooked and more strongly stigmatized. An ECPAT-USA study found that though gay, bisexual, and questioning boys were represented at higher percentage than the general population, the majority of boys in prostitution were heterosexual in sexual orientation despite typically performing homosexual acts.

Public perception
Anthropologist Heather Montgomery writes that society has a largely negative perception of prostitution of children, in part because the children are often viewed as having been abandoned or sold by their parents and families. The International Labour Organization includes the prostitution of children in its list of the "worst forms of child labour". At the 1996 World Congress Against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children it was called "a crime against humanity", "torture", and "slavery". Virginia Kendall, a district judge and expert on child exploitation and human trafficking, and T. Markus Funk, an attorney and law professor, write that the subject is an emotional one and that there are various perspectives about its prevention:

"The topic of proscribing and punishing child exploitation triggers intense emotions. While there is general consensus that child sexual exploitation, whether through the Internet, forced prostitution, the international or domestic trafficking of children for sex, or molestation, is on the rise, observers in the United States and elsewhere find little common ground on the questions of how serious such conduct is, or what, if anything, must be done to address it."

Investigative journalist Julian Sher states that widespread stereotypes about the prostitution of children continued into the 1990s, when the first organized opposition arose and police officers began working to dispel common misconceptions. Criminologist Roger Matthews writes that concerns over pedophilia and child sexual abuse, as well as shifting perceptions of youth, led the public to see a sharp difference between prostitution of children and adult prostitution. While the latter is generally frowned upon, the former is seen as intolerable. Additionally, he states, children are increasingly viewed as "innocent" and "pure" and their prostitution as paramount to slavery. Through the shift in attitude, the public began to see minors involved in the sex trade as victims rather than as perpetrators of a crime, needing rehabilitation rather than punishment.

Opposition
Though campaigns against prostitution of children originated in the 1800s, the first mass protests against the practice occurred in the 1990s in the United States, led largely by ECPAT (End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism). The group, which historian Junius P. Rodriguez describes as "the most significant of the campaigning groups against child prostitution", originally focused on the issue of children being exploited in Southeast Asia by Western tourists. Women's rights groups and anti-tourism groups joined to protest the practice of sex tourism in Bangkok, Thailand. The opposition to sex tourism was spurred on by an image of a Thai youth in prostitution, published in Time and by the publication of a dictionary in the United Kingdom describing Bangkok as "a place where there are a lot of prostitutes". Cultural anthropologists Susan Dewey and Patty Kelly write that though they were unable to inhibit sex tourism and rates of prostitution of children continued to rise, the groups "galvanized public opinion nationally and internationally" and succeeded in getting the media to cover the topic extensively for the first time. ECPAT later expanded its focus to protest child prostitution globally.

The late 1990s and early 2000s also saw the creation of a number of shelters and rehabilitation programs for prostituted children, and the police began to actively investigate the issue. The National Human Trafficking Resource Center (NHTRC) was later established by the Polaris Project as a national, toll-free hotline, available to answer calls from anywhere in the United States, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, every day of the year. The hotline was designed to allow callers to report tips and receive information on human trafficking.

The opposition to prostitution of children and sexual slavery spread to Europe and elsewhere, and organizations pushed for prostituted children to be recognized as victims rather than offenders. The issue remained prominent in the following years, and various campaigns and organizations continued into the 2000s and 2010s.

History
Prostitution of children dates to antiquity. Prepubescent boys were commonly prostituted in brothels in ancient Greece and Rome. According to Ronald Flowers, the "most beautiful and highest born Egyptian maidens were forced into prostitution... and they continued as prostitutes until their first menstruation." Chinese and Indian children were commonly sold by their parents into prostitution. Parents in India sometimes dedicated their female children to the Hindu temples, where they became "devadasis". Traditionally a high status in society, the devadasis were originally tasked with maintaining and cleaning the temples of the Hindu deity to which they were assigned (usually the goddess Renuka) and learning skills such as music and dancing. However, as the system evolved, their role became that of a temple prostitute, and the girls, who were "dedicated" before puberty, were required to prostitute themselves to upper-class men. The practice has since been outlawed but still exists.

In Europe, child prostitution flourished until the late 1800s; minors accounted for 50% of individuals involved in prostitution in Paris. A scandal in 19th-century England caused the government there to raise the age of consent. In July 1885, William Thomas Stead, editor of The Pall Mall Gazette, published "The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon", four articles describing an extensive underground sex trafficking ring that reportedly sold children to adults. Stead's reports focused on a 13-year-old girl, Eliza Armstrong, who was sold for £5 (the equivalent of around £500 in 2012), then taken to a midwife to have her virginity verified. The age of consent was raised from 13 to 16 within a week of publication. During this period, the term white slavery came to be used throughout Europe and the United States to describe prostituted children.

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Talk:Hiram Paulding

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a photo of paulding is available in this montage http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h53000/h53377c.htm if someone has software to separate out his image, it would go nicely on this page. Wolfman 03:36, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Added. Thanks for the pointer. Jinian 11:10, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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Knish

A knish or  is a traditional Ashkenazi Jewish snack food consisting of a filling covered with dough that is typically baked or sometimes deep fried.

Knishes are often purchased from street vendors in urban areas with a large Jewish population, sometimes at a hot dog stand, or from a butcher shop. They are still strongly associated with New York City cuisine, possibly because of the iconic Yonah Schimmel's Knish Bakery restaurant, located on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, traditionally a Jewish neighbourhood. Knishes were popularized in North America by Ashkenazi Jewish refugees from the Pale of Settlement (mainly from present-day Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine, and eastern Poland).

In most traditional versions, the filling is made entirely of mashed potato, kasha (buckwheat groats), or cheese. Other varieties of fillings include beef, chicken, sweet potatoes, black beans, or spinach.

Knishes may be round, rectangular, or square. They may be entirely covered in dough or some of the filling may peek out of the top. Sizes range from those that can be eaten in a single bite hors d'oeuvre to sandwich-sized.

Knishes are also well known due to a meme, by small YouTuber ratboygenius. 'Potato Knishes', is a song in which a rat shows off a machine he has, which creates Potato Knishes.

History in the United States
Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants who arrived sometime around 1900 brought knishes to the United States. Knish (קניש) is a Yiddish word of Slavic origin, related to the Ukrainian knysh (книш) and Polish knysz. The ancestor of the knish was a medieval fried vegetable patty or fritter called knysz; eventually it became a stuffed item. In Ukraine, the knysz evolved into a filled yeasted bun, and today is usually sweet rather than savoury; the Russian cousin to the Jewish knish is the pyrizhok (пирожки́). The traditional food spread to neighbour countries, migration from which helped spread the food further. Knishes began to be baked (rather than fried) around the same time that the potato was popularized in Eastern Europe, and the dough wrapper gradually became more like pastry than bread.

The first knish bakery in America was founded in New York City in 1910. Generally recognized as a food made popular in New York City by Jewish immigrants in the early 20th century, the United States underwent a knish renaissance in the 2000s driven by knish specialty establishments such as Knishes and Dishes in Philadelphia, the Knish Shop in Baltimore, Maryland, Buffalo and Bergen in Washington, DC, or My Mother's Knish, in Westlake Village, California.

In the 20th century, New York City and state politicians portrayed themselves eating knishes to show solidarity with Jewish working-class people. The trend declined after suburbanization and the policies of Ed Koch and Rudy Giuliani that restricted the sale of knishes from food carts.

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Wikipedia talk:Regional notice boards

Name issue
Would anyone object if I change the name of the notice boards from "XXXX Wikipedians' notice board" to "XXXX topics notice board" or "XXXX-related topics notice board"? -spencer195 03:38, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I would, so I'm glad this didn't happen. I thought I'd objected long ago. Ambi 08:56, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

This issue recently came up at Village_pump_%28policy%29/Archive and Portal_talk:Poland/Poland-related_Wikipedia_notice_board. I'd strongly advocate changing to the "XXXX-related topics notice board" format.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 18:34, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

how to promote RWNBs?
I set up a Malta RWNB and I've put notices on major Talk pages, user Talk pages of interested users, and on the main page of the malta-geo-stub page. This seems to be getting things going, but I wondered long term what the usual way to find these things are. Srl 01:00, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Long term we did not have much contributions by various users Maltesedog 11:50, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
 * No, but i think the board is useful in coordination.. look at the history etc.. 「ѕʀʟ·✎」 09:40, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

A uniform naming scheme
The notice boards are now named almost haphazardly, with many of them implying that they are only for people from a particular country, and not for all wikipedians who are interested in and/or knowledgeable about that country. Some of the noticeboards even state this explicitly. I propose that we adopt a standardized naming scheme which should avoid such an impression, and keep the page names short. For e.g. Ireland, it could be any of:
 * Noticeboard Ireland
 * Noticeboard for Ireland
 * Ireland noticeboard
 * Noticeboard for Irish topics

Any other ideas? Zocky | picture popups 00:40, 14 July 2006 (UTC) Can somebody please explain what useful purpose for the encyclopedia do regional noticeboards serve if "the function of topic-specific noticeboards is already filled by WikiProjects"? Zocky | picture popups 01:48, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it's the fine the way it is. Ardenn  00:51, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I also think it is fine the way it is. This move is aimed to deal with a problem which has never occurred, and has the potential to interfere with some of the local Wikipedian communities that are use their local noticeboard as a focal point. Rebecca 00:53, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think renaming is necessary. These are regional notice boards: they were originally created to promote collaboration about geographical regions, but they have come to facilitate collaboration between Wikipedians in geographic proximity to each other (and Wikipedians with long experience of that region, or a very strong interest in that region). The function of topic-specific noticeboards is already filled by WikiProjects. --bainer (talk) 01:35, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm unconvinced of the need to move. I'm also worried about renaming things that aren't UN-recognised countries, because it may spark a pointless "debate" on whether or not they are "legitimate" entities or not. Andjam 01:45, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Stay with status-quo. Re-visit if and when there's a real problem. zoney ♣ talk 01:47, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with the others - I am from the Filipino notice board, and we haven't had any problems. I don't see any reason to move. --Chris S. 05:20, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with Zocky. Promoting nationalism and myspace-esque socialization aren't good uses of encyclopedia resources. If these noticeboards are redundant with wikiprojects maybe they ought to be merged. — GT 02:00, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * They're not always the same. Wikiprojets target specific areas, such as Law, or Education. The notice boards inform people of various nationalities about stuff relating to them. Ardenn  02:06, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Care to provide an example where people of a particular nationality have a legitimate common interest based on the fact that they are from the same nationality (as opposed to being interested in/knowing about a country)? Zocky | picture popups 02:13, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Btw, we do have regional wikiprojects, some of which redirect to regional noticeboards. Zocky | picture popups 02:22, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Huh? Ardenn  02:19, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * We all know why pages for groups of wikipedians that are interested in a particuar country are good for the project. Why would a page for wikipedians from a particular country be good for the project? Zocky | picture popups 02:22, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * A noticeboard that was existing purely to advance an ethnic agenda would be shot on sight. Rather, a local noticeboard is a good means of developing a local community. Articles that need urgent attention can be brought there. It provides a safe place to newbies to ask questions relating to their edits and meet people interested in similar areas. It provides an easy and central place to go if someone has a question about notability or accuracy of a topic pertaining to that country. It provides a place to arrange wikimeets and to get to know your fellow users. This is why the Australian and Irish noticeboards have been such a success. I know you deal primarily with Balkan countries, but the ethnic divisions that apply there are simply not relevant in either of these situations. Never in either of our history has a call to arms been issued over some sort of dispute, and for good reason. If a problem does, god forbid, arise in the future, let us deal with this then. In the meantime, let us not fuck up something that has been really successful because we viewed everything through Balkanised glasses. Rebecca 03:06, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Only one of the things that you mention is better served by a page for Wikipedians in Australia than with a page for Wikipedians interested in Australia, and that's "providing a place to arrange wikimeets and to get to know your fellow users." But shouldn't that be handled in other places, like meta? Zocky | picture popups 03:15, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The Australian Wikipedians' notice board has listings about Australia-related articles up for deletion, peer review, or featured article candidacy, it maintains a to-do list of Australian topics, has "in the news" and "on this day" sections customised for Australian readers, is a place to discuss new WikiProjects related to Australia, and centralises discussion about topics likely to be of interest mainly to Australian Wikipedians (who are also most likely to have the knowledge and resources to contribute to whatever the issue is). A noticeboard for Australian Wikipedians fulfils many important functions. --bainer (talk) 13:05, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * And what damage would the "something that has been really successful" suffer if renamed Australia noticeboard? Zocky | picture popups 03:20, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I get the impression that this is not just about renaming noticeboards, it's about opposing noticeboards of communities who you are opposed to. See Rebecca's comment above, you appear to have a history with the Balkan region noticeboards - I suggest that you deal with those directly if you have problems with them. --bainer (talk) 13:05, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I have no history with any Balkan notice boards, and AFAICT, none exist for my corner of the Balkans. But I do oppose pages for groups of Wikipedians defined by their native country. Zocky | picture popups 13:41, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * If I can refer you to my discussion of the AWNB above, I think the role of noticeboards in centralising discussion, for people who are not only most likely to be interested in a subject but also more likely to be knowledgeable in the subject area (and have access to useful resources existing in the real world), is valuable. If an individual noticeboard is not fulfilling that role then that is an issue for that noticeboard.
 * As to the point about Balkan boards, I was just referencing what Rebecca said, sorry if there was any offence. I think the point stands, however, that you're more concerned about the concept of editing communities based around nationalities or ethnic groups than you are about page names. --bainer (talk) 15:12, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Since I write that openly since the beginning that's rather obvious. "People who are not only most likely to be interested in a subject but also more likely to be knowledgeable in the subject area (and have access to useful resources existing in the real world)" are people who are interested and knowledgeable about Australia, not necessarily people who are in or from Australia. Nobody has shown any encyclopedic purpose of excluding non-Australians that know about Australia or non-Irish who know about Ireland from these noticeboards. And if you tell me they are not excluded, I'll again ask why use a name that suggests they are. Zocky | picture popups 18:26, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, we need to clarify what we're actually talking about. (a) The names? (b) Whether there should be a more clearly defined difference between Wikiprojects and regional noticeboards? (c) Whether and how it should be made clear that noticeboards are not only for people in the region but also for people interested in the region? (d) Whether there is a danger that noticeboards can be abused for POV-pushing, and how to counter that? Fut.Perf. ☼ 13:18, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * (a) for the purpose of (c), as far as I'm concerned. (b) is a matter that might need discussion, and (d) is something that needs to be dealt with on case-by-case basis, although (a) may discourage it. Zocky | picture popups 13:41, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * (d) Any page on Wikipedia can be abused for POV pushing. Pages set up specifically for the purpose of POV pushing have been dealt with in the past, and setting one up under the guise of being a regional noticeboard is unlikely to fool anyone. (c) Change the text at the project page. --bainer (talk) 15:12, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I particularly like Ireland noticeboard. Kudos to Zocky for approaching this the right way. --Usgnus 02:25, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I must say I'm rather torn on this. On the one hand, I've learned that most of these sorts of things on Wikipedia are just not worth the bother of arguing over (or working to change); it's just too much effort, and too many people hold to too many differing opinions. On the other hand, I really really love organization and consistency; it's almost an addiction for me. And as an active member/user of the "Japanese Wikipedians' notice board" despite not being Japanese, I think the issue of misleading titling is a real one. I'm curious to see what sort of consensus ends up emerging out of this morass. LordAmeth 04:36, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Quote: "A noticeboard that was existing purely to advance an ethnic agenda would be shot on sight". Would it? I just chanced across the Iranian Wikipedians' notice board yesterday, and must say I find it pretty awful in that respect. It seems to have been around for a good while, and is used for not much else than coordinated POV-pushing. Fut.Perf. ☼ 06:15, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * As a relative newcomer, I'm struggling to understand the difference between noticeboards, projects, and portals. They seem to overlap and usage appears not to be the same in each language version of Wikipedia. There's also no consistency in what's on the main page and what goes on the talk page. Kahuzi 07:37, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I would fully support a standardization in the form of Ireland noticeboard. I also share Fut.Perf.'s concerns heqs 10:42, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd support the "Ireland noticeboard" (or "Ireland-related noticeboard") version too. – Alensha 寫 词 18:03, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I suggest "Ireland-related noticeboard", several noticeboard used this variant.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 20:08, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I support the "Country-related noticeboard" form. It is harder to infer nationalism from this naming. "Noticeboard for country topics" would also be fine. Kimchi.sg 20:58, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I am also watching what comes out of this. I want to know the difference between country based Notice board and a WikiProject. Why can't discussions happen on the Wikiproject instead of the noticeboard? I feel the WikiProject would be easier to find for a newcomer than the notice board that has different naming conventions. - Ganeshk  ( talk ) 21:08, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I guess there are several countries that don't have their own Wikiproject yet. Besides, if there are only a few editors of a certain nationality, it's easier to get them involved if the page is simply a noticeboard, not a project – the name project implies they'll actually have to work hard, while a noticeboard is just a place where they can mention the articles they've written just because they felt like to. ;-) – Alensha 寫 词 14:17, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Zocky, thanks for the invitation. I was actually just reading this when I saw your note on our message board. I can say that WP:MALTA is not ethnic specific, as I am (for one) not native Maltese. From the top of my head, a WikiProject sounds like it would require people actually committing to doing stuff, which might be hard whilst we are getting momentum going among Malta-interested-editors.  I looked at other RWNBs while setting up ours, and saw a wide range of usages.  WP:MALTA is certainly not myspace type socialization, and I think it has been very useful in bringing attention to projects, such as getting articles for all of the major villages. Noticeboard Malta doesn't sound like a bad idea if the decision is to standardise, I chose Malta-related topics notice board and described it as related to the country of Malta and the Maltese language, to make it clear that it is not about Wikipedians in Malta nor Wikipedians of Maltese Descent.  So, I would support for a consistent naming scheme. 「ѕʀʟ·✎」 16:18, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * To the renaming proposal I'd say no thanks. I'm all for standardization in article space, but this is meta space, and besides the esthetic appeal of having neatly parallel names, I see no reason to spark a lot of arguments when the renaming team comes around. I don't really understand the objections to country-based noticeboards. In the case of Argentina, we have a noticeboard and a project; the project pages are used as a repository of editing resources and references, and are generally less visited and more focused. The noticeboard is employed to notify people about new articles and for some requests. They overlap at times. It's not a problem. It hasn't been a problem for any of our readers or contributors so far. Neither the NB or the project are restricted to Argentine membership. They've both been extremely useful and they haven't been abused for mere "socialization" at any time (though nobody objects to a little chat). —Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 18:34, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think there's sufficient reason to force a rename of all of the noticeboards. I've never felt excluded from the Australian Wikipedians' notice board regardless of its name. I had more of an issue with the categories being renamed since I am a UK Wikipedian, but not a Wikipedian in the UK. Angela. 18:52, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Not all listed
I'm curious why not all are listed here. Maurreen 17:49, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Name of project page doesn't seem sensible
It's a bit strange that while this page is called Wikipedia talk:Regional notice boards, only a single page is listed, and that's under a section called Non-regional noticeboards. Hum. --MichaelMaggs 20:22, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * They're all listed in the template that displays on the right hand side of the page. --bainer (talk) 04:15, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Still seems odd to have essentially all of the substance of a page in a sidebar. I have added an extra heading to point the reader to the bar.--MichaelMaggs 06:29, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

New template
Hmm, I sense extreme deadness in this discussion page (last edit was 4(!) years ago). Not sure how many are watching, but I just wanted to promote a new template I created, Template:Regional Wikipedian notice boards. It was requested at Template talk:RWNBs before. For those interested in using it, have at it. --Bxj (talk) 00:22, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

 * [[File:Thumbsup emote.gif]] Great job ;) I added it to WP:Dashboard. -- œ ™ 13:06, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Regional notice boards


text: Category:1570 deaths

title: Category:1570 deaths


text:
Usurp Synapse

Usurp Synapse is a screamo band from Lafayette, Indiana. The group combines fast and frantic grindcore influenced drumming and guitar work, and raw screams.

History
Usurp Synapse formed in 1998 in Lafayette, Indiana. Their line up changed somewhat frequently during their initial run. Antonio Leiriao, their second vocalist, originally lived in New York before he moved to Indiana in 1999 to join the group. Most of their music was released through split albums with other artists, perhaps their most famous split being their Just Do It! record with Hassan I Sabbah, which included razor blades. Unconventional marketing methods such as this was utilized by the band throughout their run.

In 2000, they toured the United States along with Jeromes Dream, who they also released a split with, and Racebannon from May to June. This would become the only major nationwide tour for the band. In 2001, they announced plans to do another tour in the United States, Europe, and Japan over the summer. They also announced plans to release a split with Pg. 99, a split with Mara'akate shaped as Indiana, and what would have been the band's first full-length album, which was under the working title of ATM Diatribe. That same year Mike Dixon (who previously worked in the band Rep Seki) joined Usurp Synapse as the keyboardist.

Later that same year it was announced that all plans, except for ATM Diatribe, had to be cancelled. ATM Diatribe was initially supposed to be released on compact disc and vinyl through Happy Couples Never Last, however that too was cancelled when the band broke up in the spring of 2001. The tracks from the ATM Diatribe sessions, along with the rest of the band's recorded discography, was eventually released on Disinformation Fix, a discography compilation released through Alone Records.

In 2008, the group released A Vile Contamina through their Myspace page for free. The EP included material recorded during their reformative period.

Former members of the band would later join other projects such as Fax Arcana and The Drago Miette, both of whom are now disbanded. Antonio Leirao would move on to the indie rock band Thin Fevers and is now a funk DJ. Chance now works as a session drummer in New York and was one of the many drummers who played in The Boredoms 2008 88 Boadrums event.

Band members

 * Current members
 * Antonio Leiriao – vocals (1999–2001, 2023–present)
 * John Scott – vocals, keyboards (1998–2001, 2004, 2023–present); bass (2023–present)
 * Don Kirkland – guitars (1998–2001, 2004, 2023–present); trombone (2000)
 * Travis Chance – drums, percussion (1998–2000, 2004, 2023–present); keyboards (2000)

 * Former members
 * Mike Dixon – guitars, bass (2000); keyboards (2001)
 * Dean Duval – guitars (1998–1999)
 * Brandon Harris – guitars (1999–2001)
 * Dustin Redington – bass (1998–1999)
 * Tony Dryer – bass (1999–2001, 2004)
 * Jeremy King – drums, percussion (2000)
 * Heather Rae – keyboards (2000)
 * Jerry Atwood – keyboards (2000)
 * Stephanie Shankel – keyboards, trombone, trumpet (2000)
 * Christopher Williams – vocals (2000)
 * David Britts – vocals (2000)

title: Usurp Synapse


text:
Talk:Origins of the American Civil War (1/4)

Is there any reason that this article, unlike the other three (2, 3, 4), hasn't been redirected to Origins of the American Civil War? —No-One Jones (m) 03:38, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree and have redirected it. If anyone has a problem with this feel free to revert me. - SimonP 22:01, May 8, 2005 (UTC)


text:
File:Bif Naked - I Bificus.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album I Bificus by Bif Naked

title: File:Bif Naked - I Bificus.jpg


text:
Hierarchical INTegration

Hierarchical INTegration, or HINT for short, is a computer benchmark that ranks a computer system as a whole (i.e. the entire computer instead of individual components). It measures the full range of performance, mostly based on the amount of work a computer can perform over time. A system with a very fast processor would likely be rated poorly if the buses were very poor compared to those of another system that had both an average processor and average buses. For example, in the past, Macintosh computers with relatively slow processor speeds (800 MHz) used to perform better than x86 based systems with processors running at nearly 2 GHz.

HINT is known for being almost immune to artificial optimization and can be used by many computers ranging from a calculator to a supercomputer. It was developed at the U.S. Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory and is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

HINT is intended to be "scalable" to run on any size computer, from small serial systems to highly parallel supercomputers. The person using the HINT benchmark can use any floating-point or integer type.

HINT benchmark results have been published comparing a variety of parallel and uniprocessor systems.

A related tool ANALYTIC HINT can be used as a design tool to estimate the benefits of using more memory, a faster processor, or improved communications (bus speed) within the system.

title: Hierarchical INTegration


text: User talk:69.29.244.181

title: User talk:69.29.244.181


text:
Talk:Hierarchical INTegration

search for "Hierarchical INTegration"
Hi, i would like a search for "Hierarchical INTegration" be redirected to this article? How do you do that or would someone just go ahead and do it for me. Thanks wkm

results database?
Is there a database somewhere of results from running this benchmark on a variety of computers? -96.237.1.85 (talk) 13:48, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

 * The article now has links to references that show the results from running this benchmark on a dozen or so very different computers. If you find a database of results, please add a link to it into the article. Thank you. --DavidCary (talk) 06:22, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hierarchical INTegration


text:
Châteauponsac

Châteauponsac (Chastel Ponçac), also known locally as Château Lorraine, is a commune in the Haute-Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

Geography
The village lies between the river Semme to the north and the Gartempe to the south, both flowing westward. The Gartempe formed a deep valley, passing below the 12th century church.

Population
Inhabitants are known as Châtelots in French.

Sights
Its twelfth-century church is dedicated to Saint Thyrsus.

Births

 * Jean Baubérot (born on 26 July 1941), French historian  and sociologist

title: Châteauponsac


text:
User talk:FireEagle

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
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ClockworkTroll 03:44, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:AerialLadder.jpg

The file File:AerialLadder.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned, unlikely to be of encyclopedic use."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ~ Rob 13 Talk 19:01, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:FireEagle


text:
Eisleben

Eisleben is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is famous as both the hometown of the influential theologian Martin Luther and the place where he died; hence, its official name is Lutherstadt Eisleben.

First mentioned in the late 10th century, Eisleben is divided into the old town of Alstadt, and new town of Neustadt. Neustadt was created for Eisleben's miners in the 14th century. As of 2020, Eisleben had a population of 22,668. It lies on the Halle–Kassel railway.

History
Eisleben was first mentioned in 997 as a market called Islebia, and in 1180 as a town. The counts of Mansfeld governed the area until the 18th century. During the Protestant Reformation, Count Hoyer VI of Mansfeld-Vorderort (1477–1540) remained loyal to his Catholic faith, but the family's Mittelort and Hinterort branches sided with Martin Luther.

The German Peasants' War devastated the area, about a century before the Thirty Years War. Count Albert VII of Mansfeld-Hinterort (1480–1560) signed the Protestant Augsburg Confession in 1530 and joined the Schmalkaldic League, a defensive confederation of Protestant princes which ultimately lost the Schmalkaldic War over Saxony to the forces of Emperor Charles V but gained Lutheranism's recognition as an official religion within the Holy Roman Empire, letting princes determine the official religion within their lands.

After the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, the Countess of Mansfield, Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben, a Protestant canoness at the Abbey of Gerresheim to the east, converted Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne to Calvinism. Their marriage and his declaration of religious parity throughout his lands caused another round of religious war, the Cologne War. The couple fled numerous times through various German states before Gerhard relinquished his claims in 1588. He was unable to convert his electorate into a dynasty. He died and was buried in Strasbourg in 1601. His lady, who could not return to the convent, was afforded protection by the Dukes of Württemberg. She died in 1601, terminating the family's Mittelort branch.

In 1574, the surviving Mansfeld counts Hans Hoyer, Hans Georg, Hans Albrecht and Bruno concluded an agreement with the Elector of Saxony to repay the family's extensive debts, but some properties were forfeited by 1579 anyway. The Hinterort branches died out in 1666, but the Mansfeld-Vorderort line lasted until 1780, when it too became extinct and Eisleben came directly under the Electorate of Saxony. After the Napoleonic Wars ended, the Vienna Congress assigned Eisleben to the Kingdom of Prussia, which had long been allied with House of Welf which held the Duchy of Magdeburg, and after secularization in 1680 was administered by the Elector of Brandenburg.

20th century
The Prussian Province of Saxony became part of the Free State of Prussia after World War I. It was the scene of fighting during the March Action in 1921.

On 6 June 1927, American aviator Clarence D. Chamberlin landed in a wheat field outside Eisleben, completing the first transatlantic passenger flight (Charles Albert Levine was the passenger), and breaking Charles Lindbergh's distance record that set only two weeks earlier in Paris.

In 1947, after World War II, Eisleben became part of the new state of Saxony-Anhalt within the German Democratic Republic (GDR). During the 1952 administration reform it became part of Bezirk Halle. After Germany's reunification in 1990, it became part of the re-created state Saxony-Anhalt. Eisleben was the capital of the former district of Mansfelder Land and of the former Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ("collective municipality") Lutherstadt Eisleben.

21st century
Between 2004 and 2010, the town Eisleben absorbed 10 former municipalities: Volkstedt in 2004, Rothenschirmbach and Wolferode in 2005, Polleben and Unterrißdorf in 2006, Bischofrode, Osterhausen and Schmalzerode in 2009, and Burgsdorf and Hedersleben in 2010.

Historical population
The population has been declining since the mid-1960s due to declining birth rates and outward migration, although the municipal area has been enlarged several times by merging with neighboring districts.
 * * population as of 31 December, except for 1964–1981: census

Geography
The town Eisleben consists of Eisleben proper and the following 11 Ortschaften or municipal divisions:

 * Bischofrode
 * Burgsdorf
 * Hedersleben
 * Helfta
 * Osterhausen
 * Polleben
 * Rothenschirmbach
 * Schmalzerode
 * Unterrißdorf
 * Volkstedt
 * Wolferode

Helfta
The Counts of Mansfeld in 1229 endowed a nunnery on the grounds of their castle, then built another monastery at Helfta near Eisleben, which was founded in 1258. Governed under either Benedictines or Cistercians, Helfta became known for its powerful and mystical abbesses, most of all Gertrude of Hackeborn, Gertrude the Great and Mechtild of Magdeburg. However, Duke Albrecht of Brunswick destroyed the nunnery in 1342. Rebuilt the following year, it was sometimes called the "crown of German convents". It closed in 1524, during the religious wars sometimes associated with Martin Luther, but reopened on a smaller scale until 1542, after which it became secularized, and controlled by local farmers. In 1712 it became a farm run by the Prussian state, and the buildings were reused accordingly. In 1950, the German Democratic Republic turned it into a fruit farm. In 1994, after Germany's reunification, the Catholic Diocese of Magdeburg bought the property using donations from all over the world and soon began restoration. Cistercian nuns from Seligenthal in Bavaria moved into the cloister starting circa 1999, Since 2006 Helfta has been on the southern portion of a major European cultural route, the Romanesque Road.

Martin Luther
The Protestant reformer Martin Luther was born in Eisleben on 10 November 1483. His father, Hans Luther, was a miner like many in Eisleben. Luther's family moved to Mansfeld when he was only a year old and he lived in Wittenberg most of his life. Seemingly by chance Luther preached his last sermon and died in Eisleben in 1546.

Eisleben took steps to preserve its Luther memorials as far back as 1689, and pioneered "heritage tourism." Danish poet Hans Christian Andersen came to Eisleben while researching Lutheran links as well as touring through Saxony and the Harz Mountains in 1831.

In 1997, Martin Luther's "Birth House" and "Death House" were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, together with the Luther sites in Wittenberg, because of their testimony to the lasting worldwide effects of Luther's religious and political reforms. Also, Luther was baptised in Eisleben's St. Peter and Paul Church (the original font survives) and preached his last sermons at St. Andreas Church, both of which continue in use.

Notable people

 * Johannes Agricola (1494–1566), Protestant reformer
 * Jana Bach (born 1979), actress, model and television host
 * Gudrun Berend (1955–2011), hurdler
 * Ingo Bodtke (born 1965), German politician
 * Gertrude the Great (1256–1301), mystic, saint of the Catholic Church
 * Ludwig Geyer (1779–1833), painter, playwright and actor
 * Egbert Hayessen (1913–1944), major and resistance fighter
 * Timo Hoffmann (born 1974), boxer
 * Friedrich Koenig (1774–1821), printer
 * Thomas Lange (born 1964), rower, two-time Olympic champion
 * Hermann Lindrath (1896–1960), CDU politician and minister
 * Martin Luther (1483–1546), Protestant reformer, author and professor of theology
 * Werner Rataiczyk (1921–2021), painter
 * Max Schneider (1875–1967), music historian
 * Caspar Schütz (c. 1540–1594) historian
 * Ute Starke (born 1939), gymnast
 * Friedrich August von Quenstedt (1809–1889), geologist and paleontologist

Twin towns – sister cities
Eisleben is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Herne, Germany
 * 🇩🇪 Memmingen, Germany
 * 🇫🇷 Raismes, France
 * 🇩🇪 Weinheim, Germany

title: Eisleben


text:
User talk:0101YAUtc

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
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 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 03:45, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:0101YAUtc


text:
User talk:Lrmagistocchi

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 03:46, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Diario Los Andes (logo).jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 20:14, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Diario Los Andes (portada).jpg
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AfD nomination of TuxGuitar
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Image copyright problem with Image:Emerson logo.png
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Orphaned non-free image (File:Emerson logo.png)
 Thanks for uploading File:Emerson logo.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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title: User talk:Lrmagistocchi


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Category:Foodborne illnesses

The following category includes foodborne illnesses, their causative factors, and topics related to foodborne illness:

title: Category:Foodborne illnesses


text: Category:Companies of South Africa

title: Category:Companies of South Africa


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Eliot Rosewater

Eliot Rosewater is a recurring character in the novels of American author Kurt Vonnegut. He appears throughout various novels as an alcoholic, and a philanthropist who claims to be a volunteer fireman. He runs the Rosewater Foundation, an organization created to keep the family's money in the family. He is among the few fans of the novels of Kilgore Trout (another of Vonnegut's creations).

God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater
God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater, or, Pearls Before Swine, the first of Vonnegut's novels to feature the character of Eliot Rosewater, is also the one in which he is the most prominent.

The 1965 novel follows much of his life as the liberal son of a rich, conservative Senator from Rosewater County, Indiana who founded the Rosewater Foundation. Eliot Rosewater is convinced that he should spend the family riches to help the poor and uses the Foundation to this end, an idea looked down upon by his father. Norman Mushari, an opportunistic former associate of the Rosewater family lawyer, attempts to have Eliot declared insane so that the family wealth can be inherited by his new client, a distant relative to the east. This and other crises lead to a year-long mental blackout, after which Rosewater's favorite writer, Kilgore Trout, tries to explain to the Senator that Eliot's actions were sane and compassionate.

The New York Times called it "[Vonnegut] at his wildest best" and Conrad Aiken said that it's "a brilliantly funny satire on almost everything".

Slaughterhouse-Five
Slaughterhouse-Five, or The Children's Crusade, first published in 1969, features Eliot Rosewater in Chapter Five. Billy Pilgrim, the main character of the novel, has committed himself to a psychiatric hospital during his last year of optometry school, and finds himself sharing a room with Eliot Rosewater. Eliot introduces Billy Pilgrim to the works of Kilgore Trout, which set the foundation for Billy's adventures through time and with the Tralfamadorians, aliens that Billy claims abducted him.

Film appearances

 * Slaughterhouse-Five (1971), played by Henry Bumstead
 * Breakfast of Champions (1999), played by Ken Hudson Campbell

Appearances in Vonnegut's novels

 * God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater (1965)
 * Slaughterhouse-Five (1969)
 * Breakfast of Champions (1973)
 * Hocus Pocus (1990)

Namesake award
The Eliot Rosewater Indiana High School Book Award (often shortened to Rosie Award) is given to one young adult book each year as selected by Indiana high school students.

title: Eliot Rosewater


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Fir Park

Fir Park Stadium is a football stadium situated in Motherwell, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. The stadium plays host to the home matches of Scottish Premiership club Motherwell and was the temporary home of Gretna for the 2007–08 SPL season. Motherwell moved to the stadium in 1896, previously playing their football at Dalziel Park.

History and facilities
Motherwell F.C. was formed in 1886. It played at sites on Roman Road and Dalziel Park until 1895, when Fir Park was opened. The ground was laid out in a wooded area belonging to Lord Hamilton of Dalzell, whose racing colours were claret and amber. Motherwell then adopted these colours themselves. Fir Park did not get off to a convincing start, with low attendances leading to rumours that Hibernian were ready to take over the stadium, something that didn't materialise.

The record attendance for the stadium is 35,632 against Rangers in a 1951–52 Scottish Cup replay (Motherwell went on to win the competition).

Stands
The stadium has an unbalanced look about it, with one large stand contrasting with three smaller structures, one of which does not extend the full length of the pitch. It has been an all-seater stadium since the 1990s, with a capacity of.

For most of the 20th century, Fir Park consisted of one main stand and a ring of terracing around the other three sides In 1977, Fir Park came within the terms of the Safety of Sports Grounds Act 1975. Only routine work was needed to keep the ground within the legislation, but it reduced capacity from 35,000 to 22,500 (including 3,500 seats in the Main Stand and two open terraces behind each goal). The Taylor Report in 1990 mandated that all top division clubs develop all-seater stadiums. At that time the community of Motherwell also had to overcome the economic challenges caused by the closure of the nearby Ravenscraig steelworks. The east side's covered enclosure was soon seated and within five years the open ends were demolished and new stands built.

Phil O'Donnell Main Stand
Construction of a new two tier main stand began in 1962. The £92,000 cost of this work was financed by a small quote and the selling of two players, Pat Quinn and Ian St John. To minimise disruption to the smaller old stand, the steel frame was built over and behind it. Construction of the stand stopped 20 yards short of the south end, however, because a local resident successfully objected to a full-length structure because it would have restricted light to the garden and reduced the value of the property. By the time the property owner had decided to sell, Motherwell did not have the funds or will to complete a full-length main stand, leaving a section of the frame intact but unused to this day. The club instead bought the house and used it for their offices.

During the construction of the new end stands in the 1990s, the main stand was re-clad and given a makeover to complement the modernised stadium, with windshields constructed at each end offering protection to fans. The stand has two hospitality suites, named The Centenary Suite and The Millennium Suite. It also has a roof-mounted gantry for television cameras, and press facilities. The Main Stand was renamed the Phil O'Donnell Stand in January 2008, to honour the Motherwell captain who died on the Fir Park pitch. A sculptured tribute to O'Donnell was added to the north wall of the stand in 2011.

John Hunter (east) Stand
The East Enclosure was formerly an area of open terracing, which was roofed in 1954 costing £6,500. Floodlight lamps were built on its roof and that of the main stand to host floodlit matches, and the first of these, against Preston North End, was played in 1956. The enclosure roof was damaged by strong winds, however, which meant that large corner floodlight pylons were built in 1959. To meet the Taylor Report requirements, it was converted to seating and re-cladded in the early 1990s, the £750,000 work financed partly by the club's Scottish Cup win in 1991. Although the East Enclosure is shallow, it allows sufficient legroom by only having seats on every second step. It houses the more vocal home support at Fir Park. The Scottish Health Council slogan "Keep cigarettes away from the match" adorned the roof for many years, but this was replaced by a Cash Converters advertisement in 2011. The Enclosure backs onto a concourse and then Knowetop Primary School.

In 2016, the East Enclosure was renamed in honour of John Hunter, manager of the club's only Scottish Football League title-winning team in 1931–32. This stand's roof suffered from leaks, eventually repaired in 2017. Further refurbishments, including the replacement of all seats, took place in early 2021, following the recent club record sale of David Turnbull, and with supporters unable to attend the stadium due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland.

Tommy McLean (south) Stand
The South Stand is named after former manager Tommy McLean and was previously named the Maxim Office Park Stand for sponsorship reasons. The structure dominates the surrounding area, as it can be seen from all around Motherwell and the nearby M74 motorway. It is a two-tiered structure holding 4,856 fans and was opened on 26 April 1993 with a friendly match against Coventry City. The upper deck offers a panoramic view, beyond the centre of Motherwell to the distant Ochil Hills and Ben Lomond. It normally houses the away support. When the South Stand was first opened, Motherwell offered £20 debentures guaranteeing tickets for the games played by the relevant visiting team at Fir Park. This offer targeted supporters of the Old Firm clubs, with 600 debentures sold by late 1995, mostly to Rangers fans. Unusually for a stand designated for away fans, it has a row of corporate boxes running along between the two tiers. The South Stand also houses a gymnasium and warm up area.

The stand was renamed the Tommy McLean Stand in November 2021 after Tommy McLean, manager of Motherwell from 1984 to 1994 and winner of the 1991 Scottish Cup Final.

Davie Cooper (north) Stand
The Davie Cooper Stand is of relatively similar design to the South Stand – both were designed by the company WH Dickie Architects, owned by Bill Dickie who was also a club director and SFA president – but only has one tier and a capacity of 2,373 seats. Motherwell were refused planning permission to construct a two tier structure, of similar design as the South Stand, at that end. This stand was officially opened on 6 May 1995, completing the stadium in its present format, and is dedicated to former player Davie Cooper who died in the year that it was opened. It houses the club shop, the Davie Cooper Suite, an IT department and hospitality boxes.

Pitch
The layout of the Fir Park pitch is unusual in that there is a slope of around 6 ft from its east side down to the west side. This is perhaps most noticeable on the Davie Cooper Stand, where the east pitchside entry points are at ground level but those on the west side require a flight of steps; this can also be seen on the South Stand, but is not as obvious due to its larger size. The slope causes issues with drainage and turf quality, as does the shadow over the grass for most of each sunny day created by the looming South Stand. A less specific issue is the high levels of rainfall experienced in the west of Scotland. The pitch received negative publicity during the late 2000s for being sparsely-turfed in parts and frequently waterlogged, and several games were postponed. The pitch and the consequent fixture congestion forced Gretna, who were ground-sharing with Motherwell in the 2007–08 season, to play one of their league games at Almondvale Stadium in Livingston. In the 2008–09 season, a Motherwell game against Hearts was called off due to the pitch being frozen, which prompted media criticism as the required under-soil heating should have prevented this.

The pitch underwent extensive remedial work, costing £350,000, in preparation for the 2009–10 Scottish Premier League season. There was a severe winter in 2009–10, however, which damaged the pitch greatly. The club tried to make the best of the situation by relaying both goal mouths. In season 2010–11, the club removed the top few inches of the pitch and completely relaid the pitch. They also added twisted sand fibre which should prevent the pitch from tearing as easily. On 2 December 2011, a match against Hibernian was abandoned at half-time due to a floodlight fire causing safety concerns.

In recent seasons, the pitch at Fir Park has been considered one of the best in the UK, winning the best pitch in the Scottish Premiership in the 2017–18 season. The drastic change in the playing surface came after considerable investment including the purchase of several lighting rigs to encourage turf growth, the cessation of all activities other than first team matches – preserving its condition and promoting an idea of grandeur and exclusivity among the youth squads hoping to play on it – and expert refurbishment led by head groundskeeper Paul Matthew who joined the club in 2014.

Between 2021 and 2022, Motherwell's board invested part of the income from the club's record sale of David Turnbull in the installment of a new hybrid surface, mainly made of grass and strengthened by synthetic fibers, at Fir Park, becoming the fourth club in Scotland (after Celtic, Rangers and Heart of Midlothian) to do so in the process.

Other uses
During the 2007–08 season, Gretna rented Fir Park from Motherwell and played all but one of their home SPL games there. The now-defunct club also played their UEFA Cup tie against Derry City at the stadium in 2006. Over the years the stadium has played host to several Scottish Challenge Cup finals and hosted Scottish League Cup semi-finals in 2007 and 2010. Fir Park also hosted the opening ceremony of the 2011 International Children's Games, which were being held in Lanarkshire.

Fir Park was used as the home venue for the Scotland women's national football team during the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifying campaign.

Future
At the 2008 annual general meeting, Motherwell announced plans to investigate the possibility of a redevelopment of Fir Park, or the possibility of a move to a new ground. Motherwell chairman John Boyle indicated at the following year's AGM that the club would not be leaving Fir Park within the next five to ten years. In June 2010, the club said that the repair of the pitch, which had come in for some fierce criticism in the latter part of the 2009–10 season, would be the last major investment at the stadium. In September 2011, vice-chairman Derek Weir indicated that the club are 'nowhere near' a ground move, insisting that the £15 million it would cost would be beyond their means.

In November 2019, with the club almost free of debt, chief executive Alan Burrows stated that the possibility of leaving Fir Park for a new ground "probably has to be a debate and a question that is put on the agenda quite high in the not too distant future" due to the age and standard of some of the facilities; however in early 2021, extensive refurbishments were carried out on the John Hunter Stand, with Burrows indicating work would also be carried out on the other stands.

Transport
Motherwell railway station is approximately 15 minutes walking distance from Fir Park. Local trains on the Argyle Line serve Airbles railway station, which is closer to the ground. People travelling by car can use the M74 motorway, leaving at junction 6. The A723 and B754 (Airbles Road) roads lead to Fir Park. Alternatively, visitors from the east or north who come to Motherwell via Newhouse (junction 6 of the M8 motorway) should follow the A723 through Carfin to Motherwell and then take the A721 road to Fir Park. Car parking is available in the surrounding streets.

title: Fir Park