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Farnaz Fassihi

Farnaz Fassihi (born 1971) is an Iranian-American journalist who has worked for The New York Times since 2019. She is the United Nations bureau chief and also writes about Iranian news. Previously she was a senior writer for The Wall Street Journal for 17 years and a conflict reporter based in the Middle East.

Fassihi's memoir, Waiting for An Ordinary Day, is based on her four years covering the Iraq War and witnessing the unraveling of social life for Iraqi citizens.

Early life and education
Farnaz Fassihi was born in 1971 in the United States to Iranian parents. She grew up in Tehran, Iran, and Portland, Oregon in the US.

She earned a Master of Journalism from the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University in New York City.

Early career
Fassihi worked as an investigative reporter and roving foreign correspondent for The Star-Ledger of Newark, New Jersey. She covered the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center, the war in Afghanistan, Second Palestinian Intifada and Iraq under Saddam Hussein for The Star-Ledger. She was also a reporter for The Providence Journal in Rhode Island covering local news. She led the paper's award-winning coverage of the crash of Egypt Air flight 990, traveling to Cairo to investigate the story.

She worked as a stringer for Western media organizations in Iran, including The New York Times at the age of 19, when she was studying in Iran.

The Wall Street Journal
Fassahi spent 17 years covering wars and uprisings across the Middle East as a senior writer and war correspondent for The Wall Street Journal, based Baghdad, Iraq, and then in Beirut, Lebanon, from 2003 to 2006, as deputy bureau chief for Middle East and Africa. She was sent to Afghanistan to cover the US-led invasion there, and covered topics such as elections in Zimbabwe, war in Gaza and the Arab Spring protests. She was one of the lead reporters for The Journal's 2011 award-winning investigative project titled "Censorship Inc.," a series of enterprise stories examining how western technology enabled censorship in authoritarian countries.

In 2004 she became more widely known, after a private email she had written to family and friends about the deteriorating situation in Iraq went viral on the Internet. It included criticism of U.S. activities in Iraq, saying "The genie of terrorism, chaos, and mayhem has been unleashed... as a result of American mistakes". It was published in newspapers, websites and blogs around the world and became the subject of a Doonesbury cartoon. The email later became the kernel of her book about life in Iraq for ordinary Iraqis, Waiting for an Ordinary Day (2008), and was published in full in the book.

Moving back to the United States, she worked in WSJ's Washington, D.C. office from 2015 to 2019, covering US foreign policy and diplomacy at the United Nations. She wrote about U.S. foreign policy and global diplomacy of some of the biggest stories: the missile crisis with North Korea, Myanmar's ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya minority, Venezuela's political upheaval, the Syrian civil war, Iran's nuclear deal, the refugee crisis and climate change.

The New York Times
Fassihi joined The New York Times as a reporter in July 2019, based in New York City.

Fassihi reported in November 2019 uprising in Iran and broke the story of the massacre of people in Mahshahr, reconstructing in detail how the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps shot down Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752, a passenger plane, with missiles on a night that the U.S. and Iran went to the brink of war, and lied about it for three days.

Also in November 2019, Fassihi was one of the reporters on a joint investigative project, "The Iran Cables", between the NY Times and The Intercept about a find of intelligence cables revealing how Iran wields influence in Iraq.

In October 2020, Fassihi's investigation into Iran's MeToo movement revealed allegations of sexual misconduct against prominent artist Aydin Aghdashloo.

In August 2021, it was reported that Fassihi had been the target of a series of cyber attacks and violent threats by certain Iranian opposition groups and internet trolls over several months. She was doxxed and threatened with death and rape. The New York Times put out a statement on Twitter on August 6 in support of her. The Coalition For Women In Journalism condemned the attacks, which they called "deeply gendered and misogynistic".

In October 2021, Fassihi and the New York Times were accused and called out in an open letter by critics for "fake news" reports for "[denial of (DARVO)] and normalizing Iranian government brutality", which The New York Times Editorial board, public relations and Fassihi rebutted in an official public statement.

In April 2022, The New York Times announced that Fassihi would be covering the United Nations in addition to continuing to cover Iran.

Recognition and awards

 * 2000: For EgyptAir Flight 990 crash
 * The New England News Executive Award-First place for General News category
 * Livingston Award for young journalists—Finalist
 * 2006: For Iraq coverage
 * Henry Pringle Lecture Award—Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism for reporting with the most impact in shaping policy in Washington. Fassihi is the youngest person honored with the award.
 * 2011: For "Censorship Inc." (Team award)
 * Malcolm Forbes Award—The Overseas Press Club's Best International Business Reporting
 * Investigate Award—from Society of American Business Editors and Writers
 * 2010: For "Hearts, Minds and Blood: the battle for Iran"
 * Robert F. Kennedy Award for best international reporting in print
 * Overseas Press Club's Hal Boyle Award —for Best newspaper or news service reporting from abroad
 * Payne Award for Ethics in Journalism from University of Oregon
 * Taylor Family Award for Fairness and Accuracy in print Journalism from Harvard University
 * Sigma Delta Chi Award for Best International Reporting from The Society of Professional Journalists
 * National Journalism Award for Best Reporting in Print from the Asian American Journalists Association
 * 2015: Career Award for coverage of Middle East
 * The Marie Colvin Front Page Award for Foreign Correspondence
 * 2015: Nieman fellow at Harvard University
 * 2018: recipient of an Ellis Island Medal of Honor for distinguished contribution to American society

Other roles
Fassihi's essays on the subject of journalism, conflict reporting and courage have been published by Harvard University's Nieman Reports magazine and Columbia Journalism Review. She has been a guest speaker at numerous panels and journalism classes and a commentator for television and radio news shows on CNN, MSNBC, BBC, WNYC, PBS, Charlie Rose and National Public Radio in the United States.

Fassihi has served as a judge for the annual Overseas Press Club's awarda, and as of September 2021 was serving on the OPC board.

She was a member of the Dag Hammarskjöld Fund For Journalists board for four years, and of the United Nations Correspondents Association from 2017 to 2019. She is also a member of the New York Chapter of the Iranian American Women Foundation, a non-partisan, non-political network of professional Iranian women. Fassihi is active in the organization's mentorship program and mentors a young female Iranian journalist each year.

She was selected by Microsoft Teams in 2019 as a leader to be featured in a documentary called Art of the Team, which featured a group of a dozen leaders from different fields, including scientists, Olympic athletes, CEOs and designers. Microsoft Teams uses Fassihi's interview in training sessions for corporations for team building and conflict resolution.

Monograph

 * Waiting for An Ordinary Day: the Unraveling of Life in Iraq (2008)—Fassihi's memoir of four years spent covering the Iraq war, and its impact on ordinary Iraqis

Contributing author

 * Women's Letters, America from the Revolutionary War to the Present—Fassihi's famous email from Iraq is included in this anthology of historical letters written by American women.
 * What Orwell Didn’t Know, Propaganda and the New Face of American Politics—Fassihi contributed an essay about the Iraq War and US administration's propaganda.
 * Eating Mud Crabs in Kandahar: Stories of Food during Wartime by the World's Leading Correspondents—Fassihi contributed a chapter on sharing meals in Iran with student activists.

title: Farnaz Fassihi


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User:Mumble

Sign language interpreter to be from Germany. Interested in languages and everything WWW. Likes proofreading.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Mumble


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Spectrum (topology)

In algebraic topology, a branch of mathematics, a spectrum is an object representing a generalized cohomology theory. Every such cohomology theory is representable, as follows from Brown's representability theorem. This means that, given a cohomology theory"$\mathcal{E}^*:\text{CW}^{op} \to \text{Ab}$,"there exist spaces $$E^k$$ such that evaluating the cohomology theory in degree $$k$$ on a space $$X$$ is equivalent to computing the homotopy classes of maps to the space $$E^k$$, that is"$\mathcal{E}^k(X) \cong \left[X, E^k\right]$."Note there are several different categories of spectra leading to many technical difficulties, but they all determine the same homotopy category, known as the stable homotopy category. This is one of the key points for introducing spectra because they form a natural home for stable homotopy theory.

The definition of a spectrum
There are many variations of the definition: in general, a spectrum is any sequence $$X_n$$ of pointed topological spaces or pointed simplicial sets together with the structure maps $$S^1 \wedge X_n \to X_{n+1}$$, where $$\wedge$$ is the smash product. The smash product of a pointed space $$X$$ with a circle is homeomorphic to the reduced suspension of $$X$$, denoted $$\Sigma X$$.

The following is due to Frank Adams (1974): a spectrum (or CW-spectrum) is a sequence $$E:= \{E_n\}_{n\in \mathbb{N}} $$ of CW complexes together with inclusions $$ \Sigma E_n \to E_{n+1} $$ of the suspension $$ \Sigma E_n $$ as a subcomplex of $$ E_{n+1} $$.

For other definitions, see symmetric spectrum and simplicial spectrum.

Homotopy groups of a spectrum
One of the most important invariants of spectra are the homotopy groups of the spectrum. These groups mirror the definition of the stable homotopy groups of spaces since the structure of the suspension maps is integral in its definition. Given a spectrum $$E$$ define the homotopy group $$\pi_n(E)$$ as the colimit $$\begin{align} \pi_n(E) &= \lim_{\to k} \pi_{n+k}(E_k) \\ &= \lim_\to \left(\cdots \to \pi_{n+k}(E_k) \to \pi_{n+k+1}(E_{k+1}) \to \cdots\right) \end{align}$$ where the maps are induced from the composition of the map $$\Sigma: \pi_{n+k}(E_n) \to \pi_{n+k+1}(\Sigma E_n)$$ (that is, $$ [S^{n+k}, E_n] \to [S^{n+k+1}, \Sigma E_n]$$ given by functoriality of $$\Sigma$$) and the structure map $$\Sigma E_n \to E_{n+1}$$. A spectrum is said to be connective if its $$\pi_k$$ are zero for negative k.

Eilenberg–Maclane spectrum
Consider singular cohomology $$ H^n(X;A) $$ with coefficients in an abelian group $$A$$. For a CW complex $$X$$, the group $$ H^n(X;A) $$ can be identified with the set of homotopy classes of maps from $$X$$ to $$K(A,n)$$, the Eilenberg–MacLane space with homotopy concentrated in degree $$n$$. We write this as"$[X,K(A,n)] = H^n(X;A)$"Then the corresponding spectrum $$HA$$ has $$n$$-th space $$K(A,n)$$; it is called the Eilenberg–MacLane spectrum of $$A$$. Note this construction can be used to embed any ring $$R$$ into the category of spectra. This embedding forms the basis of spectral geometry, a model for derived algebraic geometry. One of the important properties of this embedding are the isomorphisms $$\begin{align} \pi_i( H(R/I) \wedge_R H(R/J) ) &\cong H_i\left(R/I\otimes^{\mathbf{L}}R/J\right)\\ &\cong \operatorname{Tor}_i^R(R/I,R/J) \end{align}$$ showing the category of spectra keeps track of the derived information of commutative rings, where the smash product acts as the derived tensor product. Moreover, Eilenberg–Maclane spectra can be used to define theories such as topological Hochschild homology for commutative rings, a more refined theory than classical Hochschild homology.

Topological complex K-theory
As a second important example, consider topological K-theory. At least for X compact, $$ K^0(X) $$ is defined to be the Grothendieck group of the monoid of complex vector bundles on X. Also, $$ K^1(X) $$ is the group corresponding to vector bundles on the suspension of X. Topological K-theory is a generalized cohomology theory, so it gives a spectrum. The zeroth space is $$ \mathbb{Z} \times BU $$ while the first space is $$U$$. Here $$U$$ is the infinite unitary group and $$BU$$ is its classifying space. By Bott periodicity we get $$ K^{2n}(X) \cong K^0(X) $$ and $$ K^{2n+1}(X) \cong K^1(X) $$ for all n, so all the spaces in the topological K-theory spectrum are given by either $$ \mathbb{Z} \times BU $$ or $$U$$. There is a corresponding construction using real vector bundles instead of complex vector bundles, which gives an 8-periodic spectrum.

Sphere spectrum
One of the quintessential examples of a spectrum is the sphere spectrum $$\mathbb{S}$$. This is a spectrum whose homotopy groups are given by the stable homotopy groups of spheres, so"$\pi_n(\mathbb{S}) = \pi_n^{\mathbb{S}}$|undefined"We can write down this spectrum explicitly as $$\mathbb{S}_i = S^i$$ where $$\mathbb{S}_0 = \{0, 1\}$$. Note the smash product gives a product structure on this spectrum"$S^n \wedge S^m \simeq S^{n+m}$"induces a ring structure on $$\mathbb{S}$$. Moreover, if considering the category of symmetric spectra, this forms the initial object, analogous to $$\mathbb{Z}$$ in the category of commutative rings.

Thom spectra
Another canonical example of spectra come from the Thom spectra representing various cobordism theories. This includes real cobordism $$MO$$, complex cobordism $$MU$$, framed cobordism, spin cobordism $$MSpin$$, string cobordism $$MString$$, and so on. In fact, for any topological group $$G$$ there is a Thom spectrum $$MG$$.

Suspension spectrum
A spectrum may be constructed out of a space. The suspension spectrum of a space $$X$$, denoted $$\Sigma^\infty X$$ is a spectrum $$X_n = S^n \wedge X$$ (the structure maps are the identity.) For example, the suspension spectrum of the 0-sphere is the sphere spectrum discussed above. The homotopy groups of this spectrum are then the stable homotopy groups of $$X$$, so"$\pi_n(\Sigma^\infty X) = \pi_n^\mathbb{S}(X)$"The construction of the suspension spectrum implies every space can be considered as a cohomology theory. In fact, it defines a functor"$\Sigma^\infty:h\text{CW} \to h\text{Spectra}$"from the homotopy category of CW complexes to the homotopy category of spectra. The morphisms are given by"$[\Sigma^\infty X, \Sigma^\infty Y] = \underset{\to n}{\operatorname{colim}{}}[\Sigma^nX,\Sigma^nY]$|undefined"which by the Freudenthal suspension theorem eventually stabilizes. By this we mean"$\left[\Sigma^N X, \Sigma^N Y\right] \simeq \left[\Sigma^{N+1} X, \Sigma^{N+1} Y\right] \simeq \cdots$ and $\left[\Sigma^\infty X, \Sigma^\infty Y\right] \simeq \left[\Sigma^N X, \Sigma^N Y\right]$"for some finite integer $$N$$. For a CW complex $$X$$ there is an inverse construction $$\Omega^\infty$$ which takes a spectrum $$E$$ and forms a space"$\Omega^\infty E = \underset{\to n}{\operatorname{colim}{}}\Omega^n E_n$|undefined"called the infinite loop space of the spectrum. For a CW complex $$X$$"$\Omega^\infty\Sigma^\infty X = \underset{\to}{\operatorname{colim}{}} \Omega^n\Sigma^nX$|undefined"and this construction comes with an inclusion $$X \to \Omega^n\Sigma^n X$$ for every $$n$$, hence gives a map"$X \to \Omega^\infty\Sigma^\infty X$"which is injective. Unfortunately, these two structures, with the addition of the smash product, lead to significant complexity in the theory of spectra because there cannot exist a single category of spectra which satisfies a list of five axioms relating these structures. The above adjunction is valid only in the homotopy categories of spaces and spectra, but not always with a specific category of spectra (not the homotopy category).

Ω-spectrum
An Ω-spectrum is a spectrum such that the adjoint of the structure map (i.e., the map$$X_n \to \Omega X_{n+1}$$) is a weak equivalence. The K-theory spectrum of a ring is an example of an Ω-spectrum.

Ring spectrum
A ring spectrum is a spectrum X such that the diagrams that describe ring axioms in terms of smash products commute "up to homotopy" ($$S^0 \to X$$ corresponds to the identity.) For example, the spectrum of topological K-theory is a ring spectrum. A module spectrum may be defined analogously.

For many more examples, see the list of cohomology theories.

Functions, maps, and homotopies of spectra
There are three natural categories whose objects are spectra, whose morphisms are the functions, or maps, or homotopy classes defined below.

A function between two spectra E and F is a sequence of maps from En to Fn that commute with the maps ΣEn → En+1 and ΣFn → Fn+1.

Given a spectrum $$E_n$$, a subspectrum $$F_n$$ is a sequence of subcomplexes that is also a spectrum. As each i-cell in $$E_j$$ suspends to an (i + 1)-cell in $$E_{j+1}$$, a cofinal subspectrum is a subspectrum for which each cell of the parent spectrum is eventually contained in the subspectrum after a finite number of suspensions. Spectra can then be turned into a category by defining a map of spectra $$f: E \to F$$ to be a function from a cofinal subspectrum $$G$$ of $$E$$ to $$F$$, where two such functions represent the same map if they coincide on some cofinal subspectrum. Intuitively such a map of spectra does not need to be everywhere defined, just eventually become defined, and two maps that coincide on a cofinal subspectrum are said to be equivalent. This gives the category of spectra (and maps), which is a major tool. There is a natural embedding of the category of pointed CW complexes into this category: it takes $$ Y $$ to the suspension spectrum in which the nth complex is $$ \Sigma^n Y $$.

The smash product of a spectrum $$E$$ and a pointed complex $$X$$ is a spectrum given by $$(E \wedge X)_n = E_n \wedge X$$ (associativity of the smash product yields immediately that this is indeed a spectrum). A homotopy of maps between spectra corresponds to a map $$(E \wedge I^+) \to F$$, where $$I^+$$ is the disjoint union $$[0, 1] \sqcup \{*\}$$ with $$*$$ taken to be the basepoint. The stable homotopy category, or homotopy category of (CW) spectra is defined to be the category whose objects are spectra and whose morphisms are homotopy classes of maps between spectra. Many other definitions of spectrum, some appearing very different, lead to equivalent stable homotopy categories.

Finally, we can define the suspension of a spectrum by $$(\Sigma E)_n = E_{n+1}$$. This translation suspension is invertible, as we can desuspend too, by setting $$(\Sigma^{-1}E)_n = E_{n-1}$$.

The triangulated homotopy category of spectra
The stable homotopy category is additive: maps can be added by using a variant of the track addition used to define homotopy groups. Thus homotopy classes from one spectrum to another form an abelian group. Furthermore the stable homotopy category is triangulated (Vogt (1970)), the shift being given by suspension and the distinguished triangles by the mapping cone sequences of spectra
 * $$X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Y\cup CX \rightarrow (Y\cup CX)\cup CY \cong \Sigma X$$.

Smash products of spectra
The smash product of spectra extends the smash product of CW complexes. It makes the stable homotopy category into a monoidal category; in other words it behaves like the (derived) tensor product of abelian groups. A major problem with the smash product is that obvious ways of defining it make it associative and commutative only up to homotopy. Some more recent definitions of spectra, such as symmetric spectra, eliminate this problem, and give a symmetric monoidal structure at the level of maps, before passing to homotopy classes.

The smash product is compatible with the triangulated category structure. In particular the smash product of a distinguished triangle with a spectrum is a distinguished triangle.

Generalized homology and cohomology of spectra
We can define the (stable) homotopy groups of a spectrum to be those given by
 * $$\displaystyle \pi_n E = [\Sigma^n \mathbb{S}, E]$$,

where $$\mathbb{S}$$ is the sphere spectrum and $$[X, Y]$$ is the set of homotopy classes of maps from $$X$$ to $$Y$$. We define the generalized homology theory of a spectrum E by
 * $$E_n X = \pi_n (E \wedge X) = [\Sigma^n \mathbb{S}, E \wedge X]$$

and define its generalized cohomology theory by
 * $$\displaystyle E^n X = [\Sigma^{-n} X, E].$$

Here $$X$$ can be a spectrum or (by using its suspension spectrum) a space.

Technical complexities with spectra
One of the canonical complexities while working with spectra and defining a category of spectra comes from the fact each of these categories cannot satisfy five seemingly obvious axioms concerning the infinite loop space of a spectrum $$Q$$"$Q: \text{Top}_* \to \text{Top}_*$"sending"$QX = \mathop{\text{colim}}_{\to n}\Omega^n\Sigma^n X$|undefined"a pair of adjoint functors $$\Sigma^\infty: \text{Top}_* \leftrightarrows \text{Spectra}_* : \Omega^\infty$$, the and the smash product $$\wedge$$ in both the category of spaces and the category of spectra. If we let $$\text{Top}_*$$ denote the category of based, compactly generated, weak Hausdorff spaces, and $$\text{Spectra}_*$$ denote a category of spectra, the following five axioms can never be satisfied by the specific model of spectra:

X & \xrightarrow{\eta} & \Omega^\infty\Sigma^\infty X \\ \mathord{=} \downarrow & & \downarrow \theta \\ X & \xrightarrow{i} & QX \end{matrix}$$ where $$\eta$$ is the unit map in the adjunction.
 * 1) $$\text{Spectra}_*$$ is a symmetric monoidal category with respect to the smash product $$\wedge$$
 * 2) The functor $$\Sigma^\infty$$ is left-adjoint to $$\Omega^\infty$$
 * 3) The unit for the smash product $$\wedge$$ is the sphere spectrum $$\Sigma^\infty S^0 = \mathbb{S}$$
 * 4) Either there is a natural transformation $$\phi: \left(\Omega^\infty E\right) \wedge \left(\Omega^\infty E'\right) \to \Omega^\infty\left(E \wedge E'\right)$$ or a natural transformation $$\gamma: \left(\Sigma^\infty E\right) \wedge \left(\Sigma^\infty E'\right) \to \Sigma^\infty\left(E \wedge E'\right)$$ which commutes with the unit object in both categories, and the commutative and associative isomorphisms in both categories.
 * 5) There is a natural weak equivalence $$\theta: \Omega^\infty\Sigma^\infty X \to QX$$ for $$X \in \operatorname{Ob}(\text{Top}_*)$$ which that there is a commuting diagram: $$\begin{matrix}

Because of this, the study of spectra is fractured based upon the model being used. For an overview, check out the article cited above.

History
A version of the concept of a spectrum was introduced in the 1958 doctoral dissertation of Elon Lages Lima. His advisor Edwin Spanier wrote further on the subject in 1959. Spectra were adopted by Michael Atiyah and George W. Whitehead in their work on generalized homology theories in the early 1960s. The 1964 doctoral thesis of J. Michael Boardman gave a workable definition of a category of spectra and of maps (not just homotopy classes) between them, as useful in stable homotopy theory as the category of CW complexes is in the unstable case. (This is essentially the category described above, and it is still used for many purposes: for other accounts, see Adams (1974) or Rainer Vogt (1970).)   Important further theoretical advances have however been made since 1990, improving vastly the formal properties of spectra. Consequently, much recent literature uses modified definitions of spectrum: see Michael Mandell et al. (2001) for a unified treatment of these new approaches.

Historically relevant articles

title: Spectrum (topology)


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Cantley, South Yorkshire

Cantley is a village and civil parish in the City of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, England. The village is adjacent to Bessacarr, separated by Bawtry Road. It has a population of 2,830, reducing slightly to 2,817 at the 2011 Census.

Etymology
The second part of the name is the Old English –lēah meaning "a clearing, pasture, meadow". This is suffixed either to Canta-, an unrecorded but plausible Old English hypocorism, or the Brittonic cant meaning "a circumference, a boundary" and "a division, share of land" (Welsh cant).

Early history
Cantley Hall was probably a home from around the 7th or 8th century, owned by a Saxon called Tochi prior to the conquest of England by the Normans in 1066, after which it probably went to the Everingham's or Everingham Ancestors. By 1209 it was known as Kanteleia, and Cauntele in 1246. By 1280 it was in the possession of Robert de Everingham. The Everingham name lives on to this day in Everingham Road, one of the main roads through Cantley. By the late 15th century the name of Cantley had been established and remained, while the residents of the estate were the Smith family.

Today
Most of Cantley was built after the Second World War, with many of its houses 1950s built semi-detached or small terraces. It mainly consists of housing estates, some council estates, plus a large park and areas of woodland. There are two main sets of shops - Everingham Road has a local convenience store, post office, bakers, grocers, butchers, hairdressers, DIY, and the popular "Fish Dish" fish & chip shop. St Wilfrid's shops are near the local health centre and have several convenience stores, off licences, hairdresser's and a Chinese takeaway. The Cantley Library is situated at St Wilfrid's. There is also a Co-Op on Goodison Boulevard, and two petrol stations. A secondary school, The McAuley Catholic High School, is situated across two campuses towards Old Cantley, and primary schools include Hatchell Wood (previously South Cantley Middle School), and Hawthorn Primary School

There were three pubs in Cantley, one near the park ("Bechers Brook", named for the Grand National fence), another at Everingham Road shops ("The Palfreys Lodge") and a third ("The Paddock") at Cantley Lane roundabout. ("The Paddock") closed and was converted into a My Local convenience store, eventually closed when My Local collapsed in June 2016. The pub names were all linked to horse racing - The Palfreys Lodge was originally called "The Two Palfrey's".

The street names in Cantley have links to each other in groups. Examples are streets named after trees e.g. Lilac Grove, Pine Road, Willow Avenue. Another linked group are football grounds e.g. Ninian Grove, Anfield Road, Ewood Drive, Hillsborough Road. Race courses are another group of street names e.g., Ascot Avenue, Newmarket Road, York Gardens, and Epsom Road.

Cantley has two large landmarks in the form of two water towers. These can be seen from almost any high ground around the Doncaster district.

Cantley has good transport links into Doncaster with a regular bus service from First South Yorkshire route 57, which is now extended for certain journeys to take in the old 91 route to Finningley. Previously First routes 57, 59 and 91 served the village, and before that Leon services 89 and 191. Because of the bus connection, it is a popular retirement village for many people.

Old Cantley
The village of Old Cantley, around half a mile in the Armthorpe direction, is built around the Grade II listed Georgian manor house Cantley Hall, presently owned by Graham Kirkham, Baron Kirkham of Old Cantley the founder and chairman of sofa retailer Dfs.

title: Cantley, South Yorkshire


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Tim Winton

Timothy John Winton (born 4 August 1960) is an Australian writer. He has written novels, children's books, non-fiction books, and short stories. In 1997, he was named a Living Treasure by the National Trust of Australia, and has won the Miles Franklin Award four times.

Life and career
Timothy John Winton was born on 4 August 1960 in Subiaco, an inner western suburb of Perth, Western Australia. He grew up in the northern Perth suburb of Karrinyup, before he moved with his family to the regional city of Albany at the age of 12.

Whilst at the Western Australian Institute of Technology, Winton wrote his first novel, An Open Swimmer, which won The Australian/Vogel Literary Award in 1981, launching his writing career. He has stated that he wrote "the best part of three books while at university". His second book, Shallows, won the Miles Franklin Award in 1984. Winton published Cloudstreet in 1991, which properly established his writing career. He has continued to publish fiction, plays and non-fiction material.

Personal life
Winton has lived in Italy, France, Ireland and Greece, but currently lives in Western Australia. He met his wife Denise when they were children at school. When he was 18 and recovering from a car accident, they reconnected as she was a student nurse. They married when Winton was 21 and she was 20, and had three children together. They live in Fremantle, south of Perth.

Winton’s younger brother, Andrew Winton, is a musician and a high school chaplain. His younger sister is Sharyn O'Neill, who in 2018 became the Public Sector Commissioner of Western Australia, after 12 years as Director General of the WA Education Department.

As his fame has grown, Winton has guarded his and his family's privacy. He rarely speaks in public yet he is known as "an affable, plain-speaking man of unaffected intelligence and deep emotions."

Reception and honours
In 1995, Winton's The Riders was shortlisted for the Booker Prize for Fiction, as was his 2001 book, Dirt Music. Dirt Music (film) was released in 2019. He has won many other prizes, including the Miles Franklin Award a record four times: for Shallows (1984), Cloudstreet (1992), Dirt Music (2002) and Breath (2009). Cloudstreet regularly appears in lists of Australia's best-loved novels.

All his books are still in print and have been published in eighteen different languages. His work has also been successfully adapted for stage, screen and radio. On the publication of his novel, Dirt Music, he collaborated with broadcaster Lucky Oceans to produce a compilation CD, Dirt Music – Music for a Novel.

Winton has been named a Living Treasure by the National Trust and awarded the Centenary Medal for service to literature and the community. In 2023, Winton was awarded the ABIA Lloyd O’Neil Award for outstanding service to the Australian book industry. Curtin University has named a lecture theatre in his honour.

The Tim Winton Young Writers Award, sponsored annually since 1993 by the City of Subiaco, recognises young writers in the Perth metropolitan area. It is open to short story writers of primary school and secondary school age. Three compilations have been published: Destination Unknown (2001) Life Bytes (2002), and Hatched: Celebrating Twenty Years of the Tim Winton Award for Young Writers (2013). The latter features the winning story from each year of the award from 1993 to 2012. Winton is the patron of the competition.

Winton was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2023 King's Birthday Honours for "distinguished service to literature as an author and novelist, to conservation, and to environmental advocacy".

Style and themes
Winton draws his prime inspiration from landscape and place, mostly coastal Western Australia. He has said "The place comes first. If the place isn't interesting to me then I can't feel it. I can't feel any people in it. I can't feel what the people are on about or likely to get up to."

Dr Jules Smith for the British Council wrote about Winton, "'His books are boisterous and lyrical by turns, warm-hearted in their depictions of family life but with characters that often have to be in extremis in order to find themselves. They have a wonderful feeling for the strange beauty of Australia; are frequently flavoured with Aussie vernacular expressions, and a good deal of emotional directness. They question macho role models (his books are full of strong women and troubled men) and are prepared to risk their realist credibility with enigmatic, even visionary endings.'"

Winton revisits place and, occasionally, characters from one book to another. Queenie Cookson, for example, is a character in Breath who also appears in Shallows, Minimum of Two and in two of the Lockie Leonard books.

Environmental advocacy
Winton is actively involved in the Australian environmental movement. He is a patron of the Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS) and is involved in many of their campaigns, notably their work in raising awareness about sustainable seafood consumption. He is a patron of the Stop the Toad Foundation and contributed to the whaling debate with an article on the Last Whale website. He is also a prominent advocate of the Save Moreton Bay organisation, the Environment Defender's Office, the Australian Wildlife Conservancy and the Marine Conservation Society, with which he is campaigning against shark finning.

In 2003, Winton was awarded the inaugural Australian Society of Authors (ASA) Medal in recognition for his work in the campaign to save the Ningaloo Reef.

Winton keeps away from the public eye, unless promoting a new book or supporting an environmental issue. He told reviewer Jason Steger "Occasionally they wheel me out for green advocacy stuff but that's the only kind of stuff I put my head up for."

In 2016, species of fish from the Kimberley region was named after him.

In March 2017, Winton was named patron of the newly established Native Australian Animals Trust. He has always featured the environment and the Australian landscape in his writings. The trust was established to help research and teaching about native animals and their environment. Associate Professor Tim Dempster, School of Biosciences is quoted as saying, "Australia has a unique and charismatic animal fauna, but our state of knowledge about it is poor. Indeed species can go extinct before we even know of their existence. We have much to learn from our fauna, and a pressing need to do so."

In 2023, a mini documentary series was released by the ABC called Ningaloo Nyinggulu, which he was the presenter for.

Novels

 * An Open Swimmer (1982)
 * Shallows (1984)
 * That Eye, The Sky (1986)
 * In the Winter Dark (1988)
 * Lockie Leonard (1990–1997)
 * Cloudstreet (1991)
 * The Riders (1994)
 * Blueback (1997)
 * Dirt Music (2001)
 * Breath (2008)
 * Eyrie (2013)
 * The Shepherd's Hut (2018)

Short fiction

 * Collections
 * Scission (1985)
 * A Blow, A Kiss (1985)
 * Minimum Of Two (1987)
 * The Collected Shorter Novels of Tim Winton (1995)
 * The Turning (2004)
 * Stories

Plays

 * Rising Water (2011)
 * Signs of Life (2012)
 * Shrine (2013)

Children's books

 * Jesse (1988)
 * Lockie Leonard, Human Torpedo (1990)
 * The Bugalugs Bum Thief (1991)
 * Lockie Leonard, Scumbuster (1993)
 * Lockie Leonard, Legend (1997)
 * The Deep (1998) – picture book illustrated by Karen Louise

Non-fiction

 * Land's Edge (1993) – with Trish Ainslie and Roger Garwood
 * Local Colour: Travels in the Other Australia (1994), republished in the U.S. as Australian Colors: Images of the Outback (1998) – photography and text by Bill Bachman, additional text by Tim Winton
 * Down to Earth: Australian Landscapes (1999) – text by Tim Winton and photographs by Richard Woldendorp
 * "How the Reef was Won", The Bulletin, vol. 121 no. 6384, 5 August 2003
 * "Landing", A Place on Earth: An Anthology of Nature Writing from Australia and North America, Mark Tredinnick (ed), University of Nebraska Press and University of New South Wales Press, 2003
 * Smalltown (2009) – text by Tim Winton and photographs by Martin Mischkulnig
 * Island Home (2015)
 * Tide-Lands - Idris Murphy (2015) text by Tim Winton and art by Idris Murphy
 * The Boy Behind the Curtain (2016 memoir) — also available as 7-CD pack, read by Winton, pub. ABC/Bolinda

Dramatisations

 * That Eye The Sky adapted by Justin Monjo and Richard Roxburgh – stage New Theatre, Newtown
 * Cloudstreet adapted by Paige Gibbs – ABC radio
 * Cloudstreet adapted by Nick Enright and Justin Monjo. First performed by Black Swan Theatre Company. Toured internationally with Belvoir Street Theatre
 * Lockie Leonard, Human Torpedo adapted by Paige Gibbs. First performed by the Perth Theatre Company
 * Lockie Leonard, Scumbuster adapted by Garry Fry. First performed by Theatre South, Wollongong 1998
 * Bugalugs Bum Thief adapted by Spare Parts Puppet Theatre
 * Bugalugs Bum Thief adapted by Monkey Baa Theatre Company – live theatre
 * The Deep adapted by Spare Parts Puppet Theatre
 * Blueback adapted by Peta Murray for Terrapin Puppet Theatre and Spare Parts Puppet Theatre
 * The Turning adapted by Bill McCluskey performed by the Perth Theatre Company for the 2008 Perth International Writer's Festival (PIAF)

Adaptations

 * A film based on That Eye the Sky, directed by John Ruane, was released in 1994
 * A film based on In The Winter Dark directed by James Bogle was released in 1998
 * Two television series based on the Lockie Leonard books. The first series screened in 2007, the second in 2010.
 * A film adaptation of short story ' The Water Was Dark and Went Forever Down', 2009.
 * A TV miniseries based on Cloudstreet was aired in 2011.
 * A film based on The Turning was released in September 2013. It was nominated for and won many awards.
 * A film adaptation of The Riders was announced in 2018 but does not appear to have progressed.
 * An opera adaptation of The Riders Victorian Opera/Malthouse Theatre 2014
 * An opera adaptation of Cloudstreet State Opera of South Australia. Her Majesty's Theatre, Adelaide, premiered 12 and 13 May 2016.
 * A film adaptation of the short story 'Secrets' directed by Michael Rowe is in development.
 * A film adaptation of Breath was released in September 2017.
 * A film adaptation of Dirt Music, directed by Gregor Jordan, was released in October 2020.
 * A film adaptation of Blueback is scheduled for release on 1 January 2023.

Critical studies and reviews of Winton's work

 * The Fiction of Tim Winton: Earthed and Sacred, Lyn McCredden, Sydney University Press, 2017
 * Tim Winton: Critical Essays, Lyn McCredden and Nathanael O'Reilly (eds), University of Western Australia Publishing, 2014
 * Mind the Country: Tim Winton’s fiction, Salhia Ben-Messahel, University of Western Australia Press, 2006
 * Tim Winton: the writer and his work, Michael McGirr, Macmillan Education, 1999
 * Tim Winton: a celebration, Hilary McPhee (ed), National Library of Australia, (1999)
 * Reading Tim Winton, Richard Rossiter and Lyn Jacobs (eds), Angus & Robertson, (1993)

Awards and nominations

 * Four time Miles Franklin Award winner, 1984, 1992, 2002, 2009
 * Two time Booker Prize nominee 1995, 2002
 * Winton was included in the Bulletin's "100 Most Influential Australians" list in 2006
 * Australian National Living Treasure 1997
 * Centenary Medal for service to literature and the community 2001
 * Friends of the National Library of Australia Celebration Award 1999
 * Australian Society of Authors Medal for Community work re 'Save Ningaloo Reef' campaign 2003
 * ABIA Lloyd O’Neil Award 2023

Full list of awards and nominations:

An Open Swimmer Shallows Scission and Other Stories Minimum of Two and Other Stories Jesse (picture book) Cloudstreet
 * 1981 Australian Vogel National Literary Award
 * 1984 Miles Franklin Award,
 * 1985 Joint Winner Western Australian Premier's Book Award - Fiction
 * 1985 Western Australian Council Literary Award
 * 1985 Joint Winner Western Australian Premier's Book Award - Fiction
 * 1988 Winner Western Australian Premier's Book Award - Fiction
 * 1990 Winner Western Australian Premier's Book Award: Children's Book
 * 1991 NBC Banjo Award for Fiction
 * 1991 Western Australian Premier's Book Award Fiction
 * 1992 Miles Franklin Award
 * 1992 Deo Gloria Award

Related to Cloudstreet
Lockie Leonard, Human Torpedo Lockie Leonard, Scumbuster The Bugalugs Bum Thief The Riders Blueback Lockie Leonard, Legend
 * 1999 AWGIE Award (for playwrights Nick Enright & Justin Monjo)
 * 2002 Helpmann Award (Best Direction of a Play : Neil Armfield)
 * 2002 Helpmann Award (Best Play)
 * 1991 Joint winner Western Australian Premier's Book Award: Children's Book
 * 1993 American Library Association Best Book for Young Adults Award
 * 1996 Winner YABBA Awards: Fiction for Older Readers
 * 1993 Wilderness Society Environment Award
 * 1994 Winner CROW Award (Children Reading Outstanding Writers): Focus list (Years 3-5)
 * 1998 Winner YABBA Awards: Fiction for Younger Readers
 * 1995 Booker Prize for Fiction (shortlist)
 * 1995 Commonwealth Writers Prize (South East Asia and South Pacific Region, Best Book)
 * 1998 Bolinda Audio Book Awards
 * 1998 Wilderness Society Environment Award
 * 1999 WAYRBA Hoffman Award for Young Readers,
 * 1998 Family Award for Children's Literature,

Dirt Music The Turning Breath Eyrie Island Home : A Landscape Memoir The Boy Behind the Curtain The Shepherd's Hut
 * 2001 Western Australian Premier's Book Award Premier's Prize - Book of Year
 * 2001 Western Australian Premier's Book Award Premier's Prize - Fiction
 * 2001 Good Reading Award, 2001
 * 2002 Australian Booksellers Association Book of the Year Award
 * 2002 Man Booker Prize for Fiction (shortlist)
 * 2002 Miles Franklin Award
 * 2002 New South Wales Premier's Literary Award, Christina Stead Prize for Fiction
 * 2002 Kiriyama Pacific Rim Book Prize, Fiction, 2002 – shortlist
 * 2004 Colin Roderick Award, 2004 – joint winner
 * 2005 Queensland Premier's Literary Awards, Best Fiction Book
 * 2005 New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards, Christina Stead Prize for Fiction
 * 2005 Inaugural Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award – shortlisted
 * 2005 Commonwealth Writers Prize, South East Asia and South Pacific Region, Best Book – commended,
 * 2008 Age Book of the Year, Fiction – winner
 * 2008 Indie Awards – Fiction
 * 2009 Miles Franklin Award
 * 2009 Shortlisted Commonwealth Writers' Prize, South East Asia and the South Pacific Region
 * 2009 Shortlisted New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards, Christina Stead Prize
 * 2014 shortlisted Queensland Literary Awards – Fiction Book Award
 * 2014 shortlisted Voss Literary Prize
 * 2014 winner Western Australian Premier's Book Awards – People's Choice Award
 * 2014 shortlisted Western Australian Premier's Book Awards – Fiction
 * 2014 shortlisted Australian Book Industry Awards (ABIA) – Australian Literary Fiction Book of the Year
 * 2014 shortlisted Miles Franklin Literary Award
 * 2014 shortlisted Indie Awards – Fiction
 * 2014 shortlisted Victorian Premier's Literary Awards – Fiction
 * 2015 highly commended The Fellowship of Australian Writers Victoria Inc. National Literary Awards – FAW Excellence in Non-fiction Award I
 * 2015 shortlisted Colin Roderick Award
 * 2016 shortlisted New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards —Douglas Stewart Prize for Non-Fiction
 * 2016 winner Australian Book Industry Awards (ABIA) – Australian General Non-Fiction Book of the Year
 * 2016 shortlisted Prime Minister's Literary Awards – Non-Fiction
 * 2016 shortlisted Queensland Literary Awards – Non-Fiction Book Award
 * 2017 longlisted Indie Awards – Nonfiction
 * 2019 winner Voss Literary Prize
 * 2019 shortlisted NSW Premier's Literary Awards, Christina Stead Prize for Fiction

title: Tim Winton


text:
Pearsall

Pearsall may refer to:

 * Pearsall (surname)
 * Pearsall, Texas, an American city
 * Pearsall, Western Australia, an Australian suburb

title: Pearsall


text:
Exeter, New South Wales

Exeter is a village in the Southern Highlands district of New South Wales, Australia, in Wingecarribee Shire. It has a station on the Main Southern railway line south of Sydney.

History
The village was founded by James Badgery, who was born near the County Town of Exeter in Devon, England. He arrived in New South Wales in 1799, and by 1812 was operating ‘Exeter Farms’ near Bringelly. His fortunes prospered and he explored further south arriving in what is now Exeter in 1819. In 1821 Badgery took up a 500-acre land grant on the site of the present village calling the new property Spring Grove. His son Henry continued expansion in the locality and by 1841 there was a flourishing community on the various Badgery properties. Eleven households with 79 people appear on the NSW Census of that year. Their principal property, Vine Lodge, accommodated 33 residents, including 13 convicts and ex-convicts. Following the subdivision of Vine Lodge around 1888, the name of Exeter came into being in 1890 for the present village.

There was a railway accident at Exeter in fog on a single line on 13 March 1914, killing 14 people, when the Temora Mail collided with the locomotive of a goods train which had not completed backing into a siding to allow the Mail train to pass. This is NSW's third worst railway accident.

Population
At the, Exeter had a population of 949. At the 2021 census, there were 1,087 people living at Exeter.

Heritage listings
Exeter has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Main Southern railway: Exeter railway station

School
Schools in Exeter:

 * Exeter Public School

title: Exeter, New South Wales


text:
Tolkien research

The works of J. R. R. Tolkien have generated a body of research covering many aspects of his fantasy writings. These encompass The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion, along with his legendarium that remained unpublished until after his death, and his constructed languages, especially the Elvish languages Quenya and Sindarin. Scholars from different disciplines have examined the linguistic and literary origins of Middle-earth, and have explored many aspects of his writings from Christianity to feminism and race.

Biographical
Biographies of Tolkien have been written by Humphrey Carpenter, with his 1977 J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography and of Tolkien's wartime years by John Garth with his 2003 Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth. Carpenter edited the 1981 The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, assisted by Christopher Tolkien. The brief period after the war when Tolkien worked for the OED is detailed in the 2006 book The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary by Peter Gilliver, Jeremy Marshall and Edmund Weiner.

Institutions
A variety of institutions have developed to support Tolkien research. These include The Tolkien Society and The Mythopoeic Society. Tolkien archives are held in the Bodleian Library in Oxford and Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Publishers of scholarly books on Tolkien include Houghton Mifflin, McFarland Press, Mythopoeic Press, Walking Tree Publishers, Palgrave MacMillan, and Kent State University Press.

Journals
Early publications on Tolkien's writing were essentially fanzines; some, such as Mythlore, founded in 1969, developed into scholarly peer-reviewed (refereed) technical publications; among the "reputable" journals is Mallorn by the Tolkien Society. Other specialised journals include Tolkien Studies (2004–) and Journal of Tolkien Research (2014–). There are several journals that focus on the literary society The Inklings, of which Tolkien was a member, especially Journal of Inklings Studies (2011–).

Conferences
In 1992, the Tolkien Society and the Mythopoeic Society held a joint conference for the centenary of Tolkien's birth, combining papers that were published in the conference proceedings, with a mixed programme of events over a period of eight days, 17–24 August 1992, in Oxford. The Mythopoeic Society has been holding conferences in the U.S. (and once in Canada) nearly annually since 1970. In recent years some conferences have been virtual.

Omentielva is a European bi-yearly conference on research into Tolkien's invented languages.

Fields
A large literature examines Tolkien's Middle-earth fantasy fiction from numerous points of view. Some scholars have investigated its philological roots in languages such as Old Norse and Old English. Others have explored its influences from literature of periods from classical and medieval to antiquarian and modern. Many have examined its themes including its poetry, its Christian symbolism, issues of feminism, race, and sexuality, and questions such as Tolkien's theory of sound and language. Others again have studied the literary devices that Tolkien used, such as his use of frame stories, interlacing of narrative, and his intentional creation of an Impression of depth. These are overviewed in Blackwell's 2014 A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien, which effectively marked his acceptance into the English literary canon.

Constructed languages
Tolkien's constructed languages, Quenya and Sindarin, the main languages of Elves, have inspired linguistic research. Parma Eldalamberon and Vinyar Tengwar are published by the Elvish Linguistic Fellowship of the Mythopoeic Society a non-profit organization. The Vinyar Tengwar and Parma Eldalamberon material published at an increasing rate during the early 2000s is from the stock of linguistic material in the possession of the appointed team of editors (some 3000 pages according to them), consisting of photocopies sent them by Christopher Tolkien and notes taken in the Bodleian Library around 1992. An Internet mailing list dedicated to Tolkien's languages, called tolklang, has existed since November 1, 1990.

Major introductory books

 * (Revised and expanded 1992, 2005)
 * (Revised and expanded 1992, 2005)
 * (Revised and expanded 1992, 2005)
 * (Revised and expanded 1992, 2005)
 * (Revised and expanded 1992, 2005)
 * (Revised and expanded 1992, 2005)
 * (Revised and expanded 1992, 2005)
 * (Revised and expanded 1992, 2005)
 * (Revised and expanded 1992, 2005)

Journals

 * Current
 * Tolkien Studies (, West Virginia University Press)
 * Mythlore (, Mythopoeic Society)
 * Journal of Tolkien Research (, Valparaiso University)
 * Mallorn (, The Tolkien Society)
 * Vinyar Tengwar (, Elvish Linguistic Fellowship)

 * Transitory
 * Fastitocalon: Studies in Fantasticism Ancient to Modern: Immortals and the Undead briefly existed in the 2010s.

title: Tolkien research


text:
Les Hiddins

Major Leslie James Hiddins AM (born 13 August 1946 in Brisbane, Queensland), known as "The Bush Tucker Man" is a retired Australian Army soldier and war veteran who is best known for his love and knowledge of the Australian bush. Hiddins is recognized by his distinctively modified Akubra hat.

Military service
As a soldier with the Australian Army, Hiddins did two deployments in South Vietnam between 1966 and 1968, the first as a forward scout in the infantry. In 1980, he was awarded a Defence Fellowship to research survival in northern Australia. He was the principal author of the Australian Army's military survival manual (1987).

As part of this research, Hiddins was introduced to the Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana) by the Aboriginal people, who had used the plant for thousands of years. He claims that the analysis finding it to have the highest concentration of Vitamin C of any known natural substance in the world was made on fruit he provided.

Hiddins retired from the Australian Regular Army (ARA) in 1989 with the rank of Major but continued to serve with the Army Reserve (ARES) until 2001, working with Indigenous Australian communities in northern Australia.

Bush Tucker Man
This research turned into the TV series The Bush Tucker Man. The series involves Hiddins driving around in a Land Rover Perentie, in later episodes a white non-Army custom Land Rover Perentie (commonly confused with a Land Rover County) with his trademark hat, finding and describing native Australian bush food or "bush tucker". Hiddins appeared in two ABC TV series of Bush Tucker Man, and the series Bush Tucker Man – Stories of Survival. He also appeared in the TV documentaries Pandora – in the Wake of the Bounty and The Batavia. His other publications are Bush Tucker Man – Stories of Exploration and Survival (1996), Bush Tucker Man – Tarnished Heroes (1997), Explore Wild Australia with the Bush Tucker Man (1999), Bush Tucker Fieldguide (2002). In 2000, Hiddins published four books specifically for children: The Coral Coast, The Top End, The Tropical Rainforest, and The Living Desert. He has released two CD-ROMs, From the Rainforest to Cape York Peninsula and From Arnhem Land to the Kimberley Ranges. The National Museum of Australia in Canberra has a Bush Tucker Man display with some of his original bush gear. In 2001, Hiddins led an effort to establish a wilderness retreat, exclusively for war veterans, on a 9 km2 parcel of government land along the banks of the Normanby River at "Kalpowar Station", adjoining Rinyirru National Park in Cape York Peninsula. The remote and relatively inaccessible area, devoid of amenities of any kind, was named "Pandanus Park". After years of conflict with government over their illegal occupation, the group secured a 15-year lease when the entire Kalpowar Station was returned to Aboriginal title in 2005.

Ray Mears made a BBC programme about and with him, shown on BBC Two in June 2009 as part of his Ray Mears Goes Walkabout series.

Awards and honours
In 1987, Hiddins was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia.

On 28 March 2008, Hiddins was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science by James Cook University's Faculty of Science, Engineering and Information Technology:

"in recognition for his outstanding and distinguished contribution to Australia and the northern Queensland community through his work on the ABC TV series Bush Tucker Man, his time in the defence force (including two tours of duty) where he worked with indigenous communities and establishing a bush retreat in Cape York for Vietnam veterans to enjoy.'"

TV programmes
Series: Episode 1: Arnhem Land (Aborigines of Ngukurr, NT) Episode 2: The Wet in Port Keats (Northwest Northern Territory in the Wet Season) Episode 3: Desert (Desert Country) Episode 4: Prince Regent Gorge (Heart of the Kimberley) Episode 5: Rain Forest (Rainforest at Iron Range) Episode 6: Coastal (Northern Queensland Coastline) Episode 7: Doomadgee (Gulf Country) Episode 8: Aurukun (West Coast of Cape York)
 * Bush Tucker Man, Series One (1988 – 8 episodes, released on DVD in 2004) – ABC

Episode 1: Wet Season Episode 2: East To West Episode 3: Kimberley Episode 4: Top End Episode 5: Wildman Episode 6: Desert Story Episode 7: Coastal Story
 * Bush Tucker Man, Series Two (1990 – 7 episodes, released on DVD 1 October 2009) – ABC

Episode 1: The Coffee Royal Affair Episode 2: The Cannibal Convict Episode 3: The Great Misadventure Episode 4: The Best of Them All Episode 5: The Dutch Settlement Episode 6: Gold Fever Episode 7: The Passionate Prussian Episode 8: Into The Vilest Country
 * Bush Tucker Man – Stories of Survival (1996 – 8 episodes, released on DVD in 2004) – ABC

Books

 * Bush Tucker Man Series
 * Bush Tucker Man – Stories of Exploration and Survival (1996)
 * Bush Tucker Man – Tarnished Heroes (1997)
 * Explore Wild Australia with the Bush Tucker Man (1999)
 * Bush Tucker Field Guide (2002)
 * Children's Books
 * The Coral Coast
 * The Top End
 * The Tropical Rainforest
 * The Living Desert

title: Les Hiddins


text:
Talk:Callisto (moon)

Nature of Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere
Does anyone know the nature of the carbon dioxie atmosphere? I've always thought that it was unusual for the atmosphere to be composed of carbon dioxide. I've searched all through the internet and I haven't found an answer, so if anyone here knows anything about that it would be cool if you put it in the article.

---

For more info, see:

 * Carlson, R. W., A tenuous carbon dioxide atmosphere on Jupiter’s moon Callisto, Science 283, 820, 1999.

 * Liang, M.-C., B. F. Lane, R. T. Pappalardo, M. Allen, and Y. L. Yung, Atmosphere of Callisto, J. Geophys. Res. 110, E02003, doi:10.1029/2004JE002322, 2005.

Adjectival form
Anybody know the adjectival form of Callisto? The Greek accusative/oblique doesn't have any additional consonants, which is how we get Ionian from Io, for example. The only technical paper I've seen had Callistoan, but Callistonian (by analogy) and Callistan might also be possibilities. Any thoughts? kwami 21:31, 2005 May 27 (UTC)
 * The Classics reference librarian at the UCSD library couldn't find anything, but suggested Callistoan kal'-is-toe'-un, thus tentatively confirming the single instance I could find in the tech literature, as well as giving it a pronunciation. kwami 00:18, 2005 May 28 (UTC)
 * Found other astr. papers that use "Callistoan". E.g., age measures of Ganymedean and Callistoan surfaces. kwami 23:56, 2005 July 21 (UTC)
 * Found an earlier source, from a time when astronomers were more familiar with the Classics: "Callistonian" in Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, v.71, 1911. — kwami (talk) 06:46, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

The name
Any documentation for the analysis of Galileo's motives?
 * ...it is simply referred to by its Roman numeral designation (a system used by Galileo to snub Marius)

Maybe he used the numerals because he had used them in 1610 when he determined their orbital periods, four years before Simon Mayr (Marius) showed up with a claim to discovery. A 'snub" (though entirely justified by the facts of the case) is not supported by documentation. --Dandrake 00:31, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

Liquid Ocean
Does anyone know the source for the liquid ocean claim? One of my astro books says "Callisto is undifferentiated and hence apparently never melted". That doesn't directly contradict the liquid ocean claim but it makes me very dubious. It also shows a diagram of Callisto having a rock/ice mixture.

The induced magnetic field, which implies a conductor within:

Kivelson, M. G., K. K. Khurana, D. J. Stevenson, L. Bennett, S. Joy, C. T. Russell, R. J. Walker, C. Zimmer, and C. Polanskey, Europa and Callisto: Induced or intrinsic fields in a periodically varying plasma environment, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 4609–4626, 1999.

Reconciling an ocean and an only partially differentiated interior is certainly an unresolved problem!

- The Liquid Ocean is definitely  nitrogen. And there are magma pockets of iron everywhere. Fatum81 (talk) 12:57, 13 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Utter rubbish, Fatum81. Go away. HammerFilmFan (talk) 19:54, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Strange wording?
"It is the third-largest moon in the solar system, about 99% the size of the planet Mercury but much less massive."

to me, this sounds a bit.. off.. I would fix it, but I'm not sure about what is implied by "massive". is it weight/mass or to size (I'm assuming the former, but I'm not sure which)--DiogenesTheHobo 03:58, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The quote is correct. By massive, we're referring to mass, as opposed to the size, which is how far across it is. Mercury is very dense, with a large metal core, while Callisto is composed of rock and ice. --Patteroast 21:34, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Peer review
I have requested peer review of this article. Please, participate. Ruslik 13:53, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Copyediting
OK, I'm having a go at kneading the text a bit but a few words I'm not sure about:

 * unhomogeneous? why not heterogeneous.
 * Agree, Ruslik 09:38, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * make a definition for embay on wiktionary and link to there, rather than an explanation here
 * Agree, I wasn't the person who added it. Ruslik 09:38, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * dynamical should be dynamic shouldn't it?
 * Not sure here, it actually intends to mean that from the point of view of dynamics, Callisto is isolated. Ruslik 09:38, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * This is an old issue, but the text persists. I think "dynamic" and "dynamical" have subtly different meanings, at least to me as a science student. I'm pretty wary of the word "dynamic" anyway, but I usually take it as describing something that is constantly changing, versatile, or able to change rapidly. "Dynamical" describes a system that involves motion. The motion might be defined by parameters that are constant over long periods of time, but that there is motion is enough for it to be "dynamical".

 * In the light of "dynamic isolation" in the text, I'm pretty sure that "dynamic" should be changed to "dynamical". I, however, am not nearly bold enough to tinker with a featured article. Warrickball (talk) 16:42, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 * palimpsests -please define or link
 * I changed to "dynamical". Actually, tinkering with F articles it is not such a big thing :-). Ruslik (talk) 19:03, 12 August 2008 (UTC)
 * palimpsest is defined as a large circular or elliptic bright feature. The are probably unresolved impacts structures.Ruslik 09:38, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

More to come. cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 09:19, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

This sentence could be misleading to the beginning student - its really a non-seqitor, although its clear what the author was trying to say.

"It does not form part of the orbital resonance that affects three inner Galilean satellites—Io, Europa and Ganymede—and thus does not experience appreciable tidal heating."

Its the fact that Callisto is tidally locked with one face always facing Jupiter (mentioned a little later) that causes it to not experience tidal heating. Not being in the resonance made it possible for it to settle into this state but the resonance is not the direct cause of the heating in the other moons. A newly captured moon or one in a highly elliptical orbit will also experience tidal heating. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.134.137.71 (talk) 22:03, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Inner satellite - Mistake ?
Hello,

the article is stating Like most other inner planetary moons, Callisto's rotation is locked to be synchronous with its orbit. But the article Inner_satellite doesn't include this moon as an inner satellite of Jupiter. Poppy 18:44, 4 November 2007 (UTC)
 * To avoid confusion I changed 'inner' to 'regular'. Ruslik 19:11, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Evolution link?
There's a link to evolution in the article that currently points to the wrong article (evolution in the biological sense). I looked at the disambiguation page and didn't see any articles that matched the sense of the word used here very well (though I may have missed it). Should that stay linked, and to what? —AySz88\ ^ - ^ 05:23, 2 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Evolution (term)?   talk 16:38, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Tilt
The axial tilt is said to be "zero Greek". I am not sure what this means. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.176.147.218 (talk) 17:12, 2 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The word "Greek" has now disappeared.

Third largest?
it is definitely fourth largest after the Moon, Ganymede and Titan.--MathFacts (talk) 21:55, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

 * The Earth's moon (radius 1740km) is smaller than Callisto (radius 2410km). See also: List of moons -- Kheider (talk) 22:28, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Question about endogenic force
I have a question pertaining to endogenic forces. It is stated that Callisto does not have tectonic activities or any sorts of endogenic forces due to its distance from Jupiter and its non-participation in the Laplace resonance. However, in the section surface features, it is mentioned that some surface features "were believed to be connected with endogenic activity" or "are possible cryovolcanic deposits". Isn't this a contradiction? Thank you very much. Mimihitam (talk) 20:06, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

See earlier observation
The article says that Callisto was discovered in 1610. As it has a magnitude of 5.65 at opposition, it should be visible to the unaided eye. All four of the brightest moons of Jupiter are visible in this way, in theory.
 * Yes, but good luck seeing any of them next to the bright Jupiter! If you block out Jupiter with a line running perpendicular to the orbital plane of the Galilean moons, maybe Ganymede and/or Callisto would be visible, but almost certainly not Io or Europa. Those two are just too close to Jupiter. Ref. Double sharp (talk) 14:19, 22 September 2014 (UTC)

Merge discussion at Talk:Life on Callisto
There is an ongoing discussion at Talk:Life on Callisto about whether to merge Life on Callisto into Callisto (moon). Any reasoned comments would be helpful. A2soup (talk) 15:21, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Corrected figures for Callisto's ocean
Originally said it could be as close as 80 km from the surface. That seems very close, more like Europa. Anyway the citation says

"The thickness of the ice-I crust is 135–150 km, and that of the underlying water layer, 120–180 km."

And

" The allowed total (maximum) thickness of the outer water–ice shell is up to 270–315 km"

Have corrected the article accordingly Robert Walker (talk) 22:58, 3 January 2017 (UTC)
 * You confused the "maximum allowed crust thickness" with a realistic crust thickness. In addition these numbers are a summary of models from two papers. Ruslik_ Zero 20:51, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

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Problem in Spanish Wikipedia
In the Spanish Wikipedia Callisto's data talks about Callisto's perihelion and aphelion implying that they mean the same as periapsis and apoapsis (and those terms are only employed when the object is orbiting around the Sun). I spotted and explained the problem in the Spanish discussion page, but no answer was received, I would appreciate if any fellow English Wikipedian could go and change the wrong data in most of Jupiter's moons. I know this entry may break a rule of some protocol but, as it is considered a good article, I suppose all of its information should be correct as soon as possible. Thanks! 79.155.141.201 (talk) 20:44, 24 February 2020 (UTC)

It has been a few months since I last wrote this comment, and this article is in the 'good ones' category, so I'm sure that some people have read this comment. Please, would you mind helping us spaniards? --79.155.141.201 (talk) 18:26, 17 June 2020 (UTC)

Incomplete Sentence
In the first sentence of the third paragraph it seems to be missing the object of the sentence. Can someone please add this? "The surface of Callisto is the oldest and most heavily cratered WHAT in the Solar System.[16]" Editing leef (talk) 18:46, 20 September 2021 (UTC)
 * "object", per the ref. Praemonitus (talk) 05:27, 18 February 2023 (UTC)
 * "surface" is implied. —Tamfang (talk) 16:14, 12 March 2023 (UTC)

Jargon in Composition section
The statement "Callisto is not in hydrostatic equilibrium; its S22 coefficient from gravity data is an anomalous 10% of its C22 value" in the third paragraph of Callisto (moon) is not comprehensible. The two coefficients are not mentioned anywhere earlier, and skimming the reference (HOW DIFFERENTIATED IS CALLISTO?) doesn't leave me much enlightened. Presumably these are engineering terms relating to angular momentum, and can use some elucidation. Can someone who knows what they apply to provide an explanation or reference? Thanks, Tarl N. ( discuss ) 01:51, 2 December 2022 (UTC)

Atmosphere and ionosphere paragraph
There's a really long, dense paragraph at the end of the "Atmosphere and ionosphere" section that could use a bit of trimming down to make it more accessible. Praemonitus (talk) 21:50, 16 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Given Callisto's atmosphere have been modelled to gain better understanding of impact of collisional molecular interactions.[67] The modelling consisted of a kinectic method to simulate the collisions that take place between the constituent elements of the atmosphere. Callisto's environments were simulated on a single component and multi-component basis of radiolytic volatile compounds.[68] The constituent elements considered during the simulation are those observed in Callisto's atmosphere by the Hubble Space Telescope: carbon dioxide, molecular oxygen, and molecular hydrogen. Within the molecular kinetics model used for simulation, the seemingly high atmospheric density of Callisto can be described by the thermal accommodation and desorption of the compounds listed above. This thermal desorption is proposed to be a product of solar exposure, with high variation in temperature observed during the day and night cycle of the prospective moon.[69] Due to the transition from collisional to collision-less interactions, the direct simulation Monte Carlo method can describe Callisto's atmosphere with relative accuracy.[67] Each particle of the radiolytic volatiles were evaluated with factors such as initial position, velocity, and internal energy in mind. Given that the method is transient by nature, atmospheric collisions and thermal desorption take effect until each radiolytic volatile compound exhibits steady state properties at the macroscopic level. Radiative heating and cooling of the atmosphere is evaluated at noon and midnight, times that describe when the respective heat transfer are at the maximum for each end of the scale. The simulations were performed under the assumption that the carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen found in Callisto's atmosphere thermally desorb into the moon's regolith, and all thermal dynamics shown are only represented by molecular kinetic interaction. In an evaluation of the data presented throughout the simulation, the density of Callisto’s atmosphere can be described by the trapping of hydrogen gas by way of molecular interaction with the heavier gases, namely carbon dioxide and oxygen. The three radiolytic volatiles are presumed to be present throughout the moon's surface and are expelled by means of thermal excitation. Once the compounds are heated, they begin to radiate outward from the surface of the moon. Due to hydrogen’s lighter nature, it is observed that it is the primary constituent involved in molecular collision, attempting to escape through the macroscopic cracks between the heavier constituents. This simulation provides closer insight into how these kinetic interactions between molecules influence the excitation of each constituent and how it affects Callisto’s atmosphere. Although the simulations are limiting in terms of variables considered, it is concluded that the molecular kinetics model used provides simulated densities that correlate to thresholds expected by means of experimental detection.[68]

 * My summary, please correct me if I miss something or didn't understand it: Researchers used a kinetic method to model the collisions between the constituent elements of Callisto's atmosphere (carbon dioxide, molecular oxygen, and molecular hydrogen). The modeling took into account the thermal desorption of these compounds due to solar exposure and the resulting variations in temperature on the surface. The simulation showed that the density of Callisto's atmosphere can be explained by the trapping of hydrogen by the heavier gases, carbon dioxide and oxygen. The model shows how kinetic interactions between molecules affect the atmosphere, although it has limitations in terms of variables considered. The simulated densities correlate with expected thresholds for experimental detection. Artem.G (talk) 09:26, 10 March 2023 (UTC)
 * will publish it, feel free to revert. Artem.G (talk) 20:19, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Callisto (moon)


text: File:The Football Factory poster.JPG

title: File:The Football Factory poster.JPG


text:
The Football Factory (film)

The Football Factory is a 2004 British sports drama film written by AJ Lovell and directed by Nick Love and starring Danny Dyer, Tamer Hassan, Frank Harper, Roland Manookian, Neil Maskell and Dudley Sutton. The film is loosely based on the novel of the same name by John King and the first foray into filmmaking by video game producers Rockstar Games (publishers of games such as the Grand Theft Auto series, among others), credited as executive producers. The film was released in the United Kingdom on 14 May 2004.

Plot
Tommy Johnson (Danny Dyer) is a member of a violent Chelsea hooligan firm. His friends and fellow hooligans include Tommy's best friend Rod King (Neil Maskell), the hot-tempered Billy Bright (Frank Harper), and impulsive younger members Zeberdee (Roland Manookian) and Raf (Calum MacNab). Tommy spends his days drinking, using drugs, womanising and fighting, much to the disappointment of his grandfather Bill Farrell (Dudley Sutton), a pensioner and veteran who plans to move to Australia with his best friend Albert (John Junkin).

Tommy has an epiphany about his lifestyle during a fight with the Tottenham hooligan firm. Tommy, Billy and Rod are arrested for assaulting two Stoke City fans whilst travelling to an away match. These actions draw the fury of Harris (Tony Denham), the leader of the Chelsea firm, whose attempts to keep order are thwarted by Billy's aggressive outbursts.

Rod begins a relationship with Tamara (Sophie Linfield), the court clerk at their arraignment, and she pressures him to skip his weekend meets. Zeberdee and his friend Raff accidentally burgle Billy's house and are forced to stand in his living room, whilst Billy's children throw darts at them. Billy deals with his increasing loneliness after he overhears Harris discussing his irrelevance. Bill's plan to retire to Australia are postponed, when Albert dies the night before they are to leave.

Early in the film, Tommy is caught and held hostage by the brother of Sian (Michele Hallak), a girl he picked up at a club. He is saved when Rod hits the man on the head with a cricket bat. Sian's brother turns out to also be the brother of the rival Millwall firm's leader, Fred (Tamer Hassan), who then hunts Tommy down throughout the entire film. The film culminates in a pitched battle between the Chelsea and Millwall firms. Rod (after a few espressos and a line of cocaine), leaves a dinner with Tamara's parents after offending them, and attends the "meet". Tommy is severely beaten by Fred and a group of Millwall hooligans, and ends up in the hospital with Bill, who, in the meantime, has suffered a heart attack.

At the end of the film, a crippled Tommy decides that his place is at the firm with his friends, Bill gets cured and moves to Australia and Billy Bright is incarcerated for seven years after being arrested at the Millwall meet (whilst saving Harris from being arrested). Zeberdee is killed by a drug dealer, whom he had previously mugged, fulfilling a recurring nightmare that tormented Tommy throughout the film. In a pre-credits slideshow, Tommy is shown to have since moved on to watching Rugby. However, this is only a joke and he has not actually started to watch rugby.

Cast

 * Danny Dyer — Tommy Johnson, a disillusioned twenty-nine-year-old, who lives for the weekend football matches. The build-up of the derby between Millwall and Chelsea causes his life and mental-health to deteriorate as he tries to escape from his dangerous surroundings.
 * Frank Harper — Billy Bright is a man around forty, part of the older generation of the Firm. Throughout the film it is shown that he wants to be the leader of the firm but lacks the composure needed.
 * Neil Maskell — Rod King, Tommy's best friend and sidekick, carelessly strolling along the path led by his mates.
 * Roland Manookian — Zeberdee, younger breed coming through the ranks of Chelsea, his life has already run into a cul-de-sac of crime and drugs. With nothing to lose and no one to look out for him, Zeberdee aspires to be a future top boy; unfortunately, his naivety gets him into trouble.
 * Calum McNab — Raff, Zeberdee's best friend.
 * Tamer Hassan — Fred, the vicious head of the rival Millwall hooligan firm, an arch enemy of Chelsea. The war begins when Tommy gets caught by Fred’s brother having a one-night stand with their sister, and retribution is wanted.
 * Dudley Sutton — Bill Farrell, a representative of the older generation from a bygone era, a D-Day veteran in his late seventies, who lives out the remainder of his days with childhood friend Albert Moss; they plan to retire in Australia.
 * John Junkin — Albert Moss.
 * Jamie Foreman — A racist taxi driver, who is never afraid of letting his customers know his true feelings about society.
 * Tony Denham — Tony Harris, the Chelsea firm's head, who runs it like a military team.
 * Sophie Linfield — Tamara, a court clerk who becomes Rod's girlfriend.
 * Michele Hallak — Shian, Tameka's friend at the nightclub.
 * Kara Tointon — Tameka, a girl at a nightclub who is picked up by Tommy and is revealed to be Terry's sister.
 * Lin Blakley — Tamara's mother
 * Daniel Naylor — Fred's brother.
 * Alison Egan — Bright's wife.
 * Danny Kelly — Radio announcer
 * Pete Stevens — Radio announcer

Critical response
The Football Factory received negative reviews. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 38% of 8 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 4.70/10.

Box office
The Football Factory grossed a total of £623,138 in the United Kingdom.

Cultural influence
In 2004, Chelsea F.C. football supporters' fanzine cfcuk produced a special edition to coincide with the release of the film.

title: The Football Factory (film)


text:
Gabès

Gabès (, ; قابس), also spelled Cabès, Cabes, Kabes, Gabbs and Gaps, is the capital city of the Gabès Governorate in Tunisia. It is located on the coast of the Gulf of Gabès. With a population of 152,921, Gabès is the 6th largest Tunisian city. Gabes is 327 km away from Tunis and 113 km away from Sfax.

Etymology
Takapes, the ancient name of Gabès, is a Punic Numidian (Berber) toponym. Later, the prefix "Ta" (meaning "the" in Punic) was dropped, and the place became known as Kapes. As in Arabic the sound /p/ is unknown, Kapes became known as Kabes, and later known as Gabès.

Roman period
Gabès is the ancient Tacapae or Tacape (Τακάπη in Ancient greek)  or Tacapes of the Roman province of Tripolitania.

Strabo refers to this city as an important entrepot of the Lesser Syrtis. Pliny (18.22) remarks that the waters of a copious fountain at Tacape were divided among the cultivators according to a system where each had the use of the water during a certain interval of time.

The Tabula Peutingeriana shows Tacape between Macomades and Sabratha.

Bishopric
Tacapae became a Christian bishopric that, no longer being a residential see, is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.

Three of its bishops are known:
 * Dulcitius, legate of the bishops of Tripolitana to the Council of Carthage (403) and present at the Conference of Carthage (411);
 * Servilius, exiled by Huneric in 484;
 * Caius or Gallus, legate of the bishops of his province to the Council of Carthage (525).

After the Roman and Christian period

 * 7th century: The Umayyad Caliphate conquest. Muhammed's companion Sidi Abu Lubaba Al'Ansari settles in Gabès.
 * 1148: The Zirids sack Gabés
 * 1574: Gabès becomes part of the Eyalet of Tunis after the Ottoman conquest.
 * 1881: Gabès comes under a French protectorate.
 * 1940: Following the Fall of France, Gabès comes under German control.
 * 1941: Gabès pogrom
 * 1943: Gabès returns to French control with the help of the British (in the Mareth Line). The operation results in serious damage to the city infrastructure.
 * 1945: The rebuilding of Gabès starts.
 * 1956: Gabès reverts to Tunisian control with the independence of Tunisia from the French.

Education

 * University of Gabès (science university, engineering school...)

Economy
Gabès is one of the biggest industrial cities in Tunisia. Most industries are chemical oriented, this is why the city offers one of the best chemistry degrees in Africa from the University of Gabès. The main industries are:
 * Cement
 * Chemical products
 * Brick Factories
 * Oil refinery

The fast-growing numbers of factories has resulted in fairly serious pollution in the area and the Gulf of Gabès. In recent years the government has worked on new programs and laws to curb pollution.

Transport
Gabès – Matmata International Airport is in the city.

Gabès will soon be upgraded with one light rail system under the number 7 that will run from the railway station to the port of Gabès. Featuring rolling stock made by Alstom, Gabès will receive 15 new train sets.

Railways
Gabès is terminus of a narrow gauge branch railway from the capital, and is the nearest railway station to the Libyan border at Ras Ajdir. Gabès has also one of the biggest ports in Tunisia; it is used usually to ship the mineral products from the city of Gafsa.

Roads
Gabès will be linked soon with the national motorway A1 (Tunis – Ras Ajdir).

Climate
Gabès has a hot arid climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), bordering upon a hot semi-arid climate (BSh), characterised by hot summers and pleasant winters. Rainfall is low throughout the year and negligible during the hot summer.

Overview
Gabès is famous for its traditional Souqs in Jarah; it is known also for its attractive beach and the unusual seaside oasis (Gabès is located on the coast of the Mediterranean). The best parts of the beach are in the south of the city (Road to Djerba). The best one is the Lemawa or Lemaya beach. The government is planning to build a tourist zone there in the coming years. Gabès has a unique feature in the world, in this city you find the mountain, the sea, the oasis and the desert. The streets of Gabès come alive at night during Ramadan, where sooks (shops) are open on the streets and parties happen almost every day in the night during Ramadan. The most visited place in Gabès is the town Matmata.

Place to visit:
 * The traditional souks
 * The Kornich
 * Mosque of Sidi Boulbaba
 * The Mouradi school
 * Zaouia Sidi Ahmed Toujani

World Heritage Status
This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on May 28, 2008, in the Cultural category.

Notable people

 * Gladys Adda, activist, was born here in 1921
 * Juliette Bessis, Tunisian historian, was born here (1925–2017)
 * Silvan Shalom, Israeli politician, former minister and Knesset member
 * Tahar Haddad, writer, feminist advocator, activist, reformer (1899–1935)
 * Mohamed Ali El Hammi, one of the founding fathers of Tunisian syndicalism, an activist (1890–1928)

title: Gabès


text:
Grove Park, Lewisham

Grove Park is a district of South East London, England within the London Borough of Lewisham. It is located north east of Bromley and south east of Lewisham.

Known for its green spaces, Grove Park is flanked by the Grove Park Nature Reserve and Northbrook Park, and Downham Fields to the west, Horn Park to the East, as well as Chinbrook Meadows, Kings Meadow and Sundridge Park to the south. As well as these there are various sports grounds and fields.

Name and toponymy
There was a farm named Grove Farm, where Sometrees Avenue is now located, around 400 m north of Grove Park railway station. Grove Farm appeared named on maps from at least 1870, and it is thought this farm gave its name to Grove Park railway station, Grove Park Road, the road built to join Grove Park to Mottingham, and also gave its name to Grove Park itself. It is presumed the word "Grove" in the place name was simply derived from a grove of trees that existed in the area. Grove Park railway station opened in 1871; The name "Grove Park" referring to the station, appeared on maps from at least 1884, but the name Grove Park referring directly to the place itself appears on maps slightly later, from as early as 1896.

History
The area was developed as a London suburb in the 1870s. More development grew up around Grove Park railway station in the 19th century, though there had been settlements located here since Celtic times. Much of it consists of a housing estate built by the Metropolitan Borough of Lewisham in the 1920s.

A workhouse was built in the area in 1902. After use by the Army during the First World War it became Grove Park hospital. There are multiple public parks in the area, the largest of which is Chinbrook Meadows, through which the River Quaggy flows northward. The Quaggy runs through and joins the second park known as Mottingham playing fields (colloquially known as 'Foxes') which borders the neighbouring Mottingham area. Grove Park is also home to part of the Green chain walk, linking London's green spaces as well as Elmstead woods.

In recent times the area has received increased investment with local services and roads seeing vast improvements and the area around the station being completely modernisied.

Railway
Grove Park connects the area with National Rail services to London Charing Cross, London Cannon Street via Lewisham, Bromley North, Orpington and Sevenoaks.

Buses
Grove Park is served by several Transport for London bus routes and also has a bus garage. Routes 136, 181, 261, 273 and 284 serve the bus station whilst 124, 126, 136, 181, 261, 284 and night bus N136 serve Grove Park train station which is one bus stop away. Routes 136 and 181 terminate in the bus station.

The Routes:
 * 124 to Eltham via Mottingham or Catford via Downham, Walters Road and Sandhurst Road.
 * 126 to Eltham via Mottingham or Bromley South via Plaistow Green and Bromley North.
 * 136 to Elephant & Castle via Downham, Catford Bus Garage, Catford, Ladywell, Lewisham and New Cross.
 * 181 to Lewisham via Downham, Southend Lane, Lower Sydenham, Catford and Hither Green.
 * 261 to Lewisham via Lee station and Lee Green or Locksbottom Princess Royal Hospital via Plaistow Green, Bromley town centre and Bromley Common.
 * 273 to Lewisham Tesco via Lee Station, Lee Green, Lewisham town centre and Lewisham station or Petts Wood via Chislehurst and St Mary Cray.
 * 284 to Grove Park Cemetery or Lewisham via Downham, Northover, Sandhurst Road, Catford, Ravensbourne Park and Ladywell.

Nearest places
Grove Park borders Lee to the north, Horn Park to the north east, Mottingham to the east, Elmstead to the south east, Sundridge to the south, Downham to the south west and west and Hither Green to the north west.

Postal
Grove Park is mostly covered by the SE12 postcode district; as Lee was originally the district name for SE12, residents and other localities in Grove Park sometimes include Lee as part of their address. About one tenth of the area of Grove Park ward in its southeast corner, containing Chinbrook Estate, is within the SE9 postcode district. There are two post office branches in Grove Park, one near the train station on Baring Road, and the other about 2 km to the north of the station, on Sibthorpe Road, off Westhorne Avenue. The area at the South of Grove Park from the junction of Burnt Ash Lane and Ridgeway Drive becomes Bromley and has the BR1 postcode.

Churches
There are four main churches in the area representing different denominations.

St Augustine's Church (Church of England) is located at 336 Baring Road on the edge of South Lee and Grove Park. Archbishop Desmond Tutu ministered at St Augustine's between 1970 and 1974. The vicar is Rev Gavin Berriman.

Burnt Ash Methodist Church is located on Burnt Ash Hill on the edge of South Lee and Grove Park.

Word of Life Church is located at the church hall on Mayeswood Road in the Grove Park Estate, and backs onto Chinbrook Meadows. This is a Pentecostal church, part of the Elim Church network. The pastor is Rev Rowland Henshaw.

Kings Church Downham is located at 20 The Green, Downham Way. This church is a Charismatic church and part of the New Frontiers network. It is one of three sites that makes up Kings Church London, which is led by Steve Tibbert. The Site leader of the Downham Church is Joe MacNamara.

Schools
There are two primary schools located in the catchment area, Marvels Lane and Coopers Lane School. Marvels Lane School also houses a children's centre. There is also a local secondary school now called Knights Academy, it was formerly Malory School.

Notable places
Baring Hall Hotel is a Grade II listed building. Its designation describes it as a "restrained, carefully-proportioned and eloquent rendering of the ‘Queen Anne’ style, bearing the distinctive influence of Richard Norman Shaw's work of the 1870s."

The Archbishop Desmond Tutu Peace Garden was opened in 2009, in Chinbrook Meadows. Tutu lived nearby, at 29 Chinbrook Road, in the 1970s.

The Ringway Centre is a community hub developed on land across the route of the abandoned Ringway 2 urban motorway. The centre has a weekly 3-hour drop-in cafe with live music, hosts local groups and "Clay at the Ringway" venture, with a pottery kiln and classes subsidised for the community.

Grove Park Nature Reserve was opened in 1984 and provides an area for local schools to engage in forest school activities as well as public access. It is accessed via the Railway Children Walk, which is named after the book The Railway Children by Edith Nesbit, who lived in Grove Park for a time. The reserve is also part of the Green Chain Walk of South East London.

Famous former residents

 * Edith Nesbit
 * Desmond Tutu
 * Matthew Pennycook
 * Keeley Hazell
 * Shaun Wright-Phillips

title: Grove Park, Lewisham