text:
Strawbs

The Strawbs are an English rock band founded in 1964 as the Strawberry Hill Boys. The band started out as a bluegrass group, but eventually moved on to other styles such as folk rock and progressive rock.

They are best known for their hit "Part of the Union", which reached number two in the UK Singles Chart in February 1973, as well as for "Lay Down", a popular progressive rock hit from the same LP. Strawbs toured with Supertramp in their "Crime of the Century" tour, doing their own "Hero and Heroine" tour, which drew musical similarities and themes.

Early days
The Strawbs formed in 1964 as the Strawberry Hill Boys while the founder members were at St Mary's Teacher Training College, Strawberry Hill, London. The name was shortened to 'the Strawbs' for a June 1967 concert in which they wanted to display the band name on stage. Their long-time leader and most active songwriter is guitarist and singer Dave Cousins (guitar, dulcimer, banjo, vocals) (born David Joseph Hindson, 7 January 1945, Hounslow, Middlesex). In the early days, Strawbs played with Sandy Denny (later lead singer of Fairport Convention and Fotheringay).

Although they started out in the 1960s as a bluegrass band, the band's repertoire shifted to favour their own (mainly Cousins') material. While in Denmark in 1967, the Strawbs (Cousins, Tony Hooper and Ron Chesterman) with Sandy Denny recorded 13 songs for a proposed first album, All Our Own Work. It was apparently not issued in Denmark and the fledgling band could not get a UK record deal. (Meanwhile, Denny left to join Fairport Convention and the album was forgotten until it was issued on Pickwick Hallmark in the UK in the mid-1970s.)

They were the first UK group signing to Herb Alpert's A&M Records and recorded their first single, "Oh How She Changed" in 1968, which was produced and arranged by Gus Dudgeon and Tony Visconti, who also worked on their critically acclaimed first album, Strawbs (1969). Between the first and second A&M albums, in 1969, a sampler, Strawberry Music Sampler No. 1 was recorded. According to the 2001 CD reissue, only 99 copies of the original vinyl LP were pressed.

After the folk-tinged Dragonfly, Cousins and Hooper added Rick Wakeman on keyboards, Richard Hudson on drums, and John Ford on bass. The new line-up had their London debut at the Queen Elizabeth Hall, where they recorded their third album, Just a Collection of Antiques and Curios; the Melody Maker reported on the concert with the headline "Tomorrow's superstar" in reference to Wakeman. Wakeman stayed with them for one further album, From the Witchwood, then departed to join Yes, remarking to the press that "I'm sure we'll all benefit from the split because we were beginning to compromise a lot on ideas – like we'd use half of my ideas and half of theirs – and I don't think it was helping what was eventually coming out. We ended up lacking challenge. Complacency set in, and for the last couple of months we just weren't working."

He was replaced by Blue Weaver, who had previously been with Amen Corner and Fair Weather. This line-up produced what many feel to be the archetypal Strawbs album Grave New World, before yet another change, the departure of founding member Hooper, who was replaced by electric guitarist Dave Lambert, formerly of Fire and the King Earl Boogie Band.

Pop success
Lambert's arrival in 1972 coincided with a move towards a harder rock style on the next album, Bursting at the Seams. The first single from the album with Lambert on board, "Lay Down," hit the UK Singles Chart at number 12, followed by a further single from the album, "Part of the Union," which went up to number 2. The album also reached number 2 in the UK Albums Chart and the band undertook a 52-date UK tour to packed houses. The harder rock style was also evidenced by Cousins' solo album, Two Weeks Last Summer, recorded that summer, with guests such as Roger Glover from Deep Purple and Jon Hiseman from Colosseum.

During the course of a US tour, tensions came to a head and the Bursting at the Seams band did just that, with Hudson and Ford splitting off to record their own material, firstly as Hudson Ford, later as The Monks and High Society. Weaver also left the band, eventually finding a gig with the Bee Gees; he also played with Mott the Hoople.

Cousins and Lambert rebuilt the band, adding John Hawken (formerly of the Nashville Teens and Renaissance) on keyboards, Rod Coombes formerly with Stealers Wheel and Chas Cronk on bass. This line-up recorded the 1974 Hero and Heroine and Ghosts, and tended to concentrate on the North American market with relatively little touring in the UK. Strawbs still retain a great fan base today in the US and Canada. Hero And Heroine went platinum in Canada, and both albums sold extremely well in the US too. A further album, Nomadness, recorded without Hawken, was less successful, and was their last for A&M Records.

In a review in Rolling Stone in 1974, Ken Barnes wrote: "Strawbs moved from folkier days to a lush, stately and mellotron-dominated sound, with similarities to Yes, King Crimson and the Moody Blues. They wrote more compelling songs than the former two, and possessed more lyrical/musical substance than the latter."

Signed to the Deep Purple-owned Oyster label, they recorded two more albums with two keyboardists replacing Hawken – Robert Kirby, also known for his string arrangements (notably Nick Drake) and John Mealing of jazz-rock group If. Coombes was replaced by Tony Fernandez (known for working on Rick Wakeman's solo albums) for a further album, Deadlines, this time on the Arista label. Although recording was complete on a further album, Heartbreak Hill, featuring Andy Richards on keyboards, Cousins' decision in 1980 to leave the band to work in radio effectively signalled the band's demise, and the album remained in the vaults for many years.

Reformation
A reunion on Rick Wakeman's TV show Gas Tank in 1983 resulted in an invitation to reform to headline 1983's Cambridge Folk Festival. The Grave New World line-up plus Brian Willoughby (who had replaced Lambert when he left in 1978 during the making of Heartbreak Hill, and had also begun a partnership with Dave Cousins as an acoustic duo from 1979 onwards) went on from there to perform occasionally in the UK, US and Europe over the next few years, replacing Weaver with Chris Parren from the Hudson Ford band and Ford himself (when he relocated to the US) with bass player Rod Demick.

1993 saw the band touring in the UK for their 25th anniversary, but the next few years saw little activity. In the Summer of 1998 Cousins staged a 30th anniversary event in Chiswick Park in London, which saw several different line-ups of the band perform. The final of these – the Bursting at the Seams line-up plus Willoughby – became the ongoing version of the band, with annual tours in subsequent years.

Acoustic Strawbs and beyond
An injury to Cousins' wrist coinciding with a Cousins & Willoughby commitment brought Dave Lambert in to work with Cousins & Willoughby, which soon became "Acoustic Strawbs", recording an album Baroque & Roll in 2001. That trio began to tour on a regular basis – first in the UK, then the US and Canada, and on into Europe, the three guitars of Acoustic Strawbs effortlessly reproducing much of the majesty and depth of the "big" Strawbs keyboard-laden instrumentation.

Willoughby was replaced by Chas Cronk when Willoughby left in 2004 to spend more time working with his partner, Cathryn Craig. Cronk has brought bass and bass pedals, which further add to the depth of the Acoustic Strawbs sound. 2004 also saw the return of the Hero And Heroine line-up of the electric band, touring in tandem with the acoustic line-up, and recording their first new album for 25 years, Deja Fou, on the Strawbs' own label, Witchwood Records.

Spin-off bands
In 1973, Hudson and Ford quit to form Hudson Ford, with the line-up of Chris Parren (keyboards), Mickey Keen (guitar and sound engineer), and Ken Laws (drums). They produced four albums, three for A&M (Nickelodeon, Free Spirit, Worlds Collide) and a fourth for CBS (Daylight). They also had hit singles with "Pick Up the Pieces" and "Burn Baby Burn", and toured extensively in the UK, US and Canada.

Switching genres in the late 70s, Hudson, Ford and Terry Cassidy combined with Clive Pearce on drums (Hudson was then playing guitar, having switched from drums) to produce the punk-flavoured 1979 album, Bad Habits, as the Monks (not to be confused with the 1960s garage/beat group of the same name). The album spawned a number 19 hit in the UK singles chart, "Nice Legs, Shame About the Face", which featured a mildly risquė cover. They dabbled with 1930s-style music in 1980 as "High Society" before returning to the pseudo-punk format of the Monks for a follow-up album released in Canada only, Suspended Animation, with the addition of Brian Willoughby on guitar and Chris Parren on keyboards.

While the album failed to produce further UK chart success, the band were huge in Canada particularly, playing stadium gigs; Suspended Animation went platinum in Canada too. The CD re-release of Suspended Animation includes six bonus tracks, recorded for a third album but never before released, by Hudson, Ford and Cassidy — Huw Gower guests on one track on lead guitar. All details of Strawbs' activity and that of ex-members can be found at their official website.

Recently
Since 2007, the Strawbs have been recording and touring in two formats: the acoustic format with Cousins, Lambert and Cronk; and the entirely original Hero and Heroine/Ghosts line-up of the electric band from 1974: Cousins, Lambert, Cronk, Coombes and Hawken. The line-up undertook two tours in 2006.

For that particular recording, and other concerts on the same tour, vocalist and bass player John Ford (member of an earlier Strawbs line-up) flew over from New York to perform with members of the Hero and Heroine line-up. The Hero and Heroine line-up toured again in 2007 in the UK, including gigs at the Robin 2 (Bilston), The Stables (Wavendon), and several locations in Southern and South-Western England. This line-up also toured the UK and US in May–June 2008. Following the end of the US Tour, John Hawken announced his intention to leave the group. The remaining four members (the Nomadness line-up) continued as the core of the electric band. In January 2009, it was announced that Oliver Wakeman, would be playing keyboards with the band on tours of Canada, the UK and Italy.

In 2006, the Strawbs released a four-disc boxed set called A Taste of Strawbs. The Hero and Heroine/Ghosts line-up recorded a new studio album, The Broken Hearted Bride, released in September 2008.

Dave Cousins recorded a new solo album, The Boy in the Sailor Suit, with The Blue Angel Orchestra. In 2008, he released his third solo album, Secret Paths, with steel guitarist Melvin Duffy. Along with the album, he toured the US in Spring 2008 (joined by Ian Cutler for the early part of the tour). A concert album from this tour, entitled Duochrome, was released in September 2008.

"Lambert Cronk" also released an album in April 2007 entitled Touch the Earth, on which former Strawbs drummer Tony Fernandez and former Strawbs keyboard player Andy Richards both play. The Strawbs' website announced that neither Rod Coombes nor Oliver Wakeman were available for the October/November 2010 tours of Canada and the UK. (Coombes has educational commitments, and Wakeman was committed to recording a new Yes album). For these tours: Tony Fernandez (who played with Strawbs on Deadlines and Heartbreak Hill) was employed on drums, and John Young on keyboards.

The November 2012 tour featured a line-up of Cousins, Lambert, Cronk, Adam Wakeman and Adam Falkner. In February 2014 the band gigged with a line-up of Cousins, Lambert, Cronk, Wakeman and Fernandez. Their album Prognostic was issued in October 2014.

In 2017, the band released The Ferryman's Curse with a line-up of Cousins, Lambert, Cronk, Fernandez and Dave Bainbridge.

The band toured the US in 2019 as part of their 50th Anniversary Celebration. The tour included a special three day event in Lakewood, New Jersey, featuring former members along with special guests/friends appearing (Annie Haslam, Larry Fast, Tony Visconti, Wesley Stace among others).

The band released Settlement on 26 February 2021.

On 14 July 2023, the Strawbs released a new album, The Magic Of It All, recorded in Cape Town in 2022. It features David Cousins, Blue Weaver and John Ford.

South African documentary filmmaker Niel van Deventer approached singer David Cousins with the idea of producing a documentary about the Strawbs and the group's influence around the world. Niel wanted to film while new songs were being recorded at a studio in Cape Town. David Cousins came with a bunch of his best songs, keyboardist and producer Blue Weaver flew to Cape Town to produce the sessions and co-write some of the songs, while John Ford joined to collaborate on the songs from a studio in New York.

The Magic Of It All album was released simultaneously on vinyl, CD and download via Cherry Red on 14 July. The documentary The Magic Of It All will be released later.

On 11 August 2023, the Strawbs gave their final live show and farewell gig at Fairport's Cropredy Convention 2023.

Official band musicians

 * David Cousins - vocals, guitars, mandolin, dulcimer, banjo
 * Tony Hooper – guitar, vocals † (18 November 2020)
 * Ron Chesterman – double bass † (16 March 2007)
 * Sandy Denny – vocals, guitar † (21 April 1978)
 * Rick Wakeman – piano, Hammond organ, harpsichord, clavinet, mellotron
 * Lindsay L. Cooper – cello, double bass † (19 June 2001)
 * Claire Deniz – cello
 * Dave Lambert – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, vocals
 * John Ford – bass guitar, acoustic guitar, vocals
 * Blue Weaver – keyboards, Accordion
 * Richard Hudson – Drums, sitar, vocals
 * Chas Cronk – bass, guitar, vocals
 * John Hawken - keyboards † (15 May 2024)
 * Rod Coombes – drums, guitar, vocals
 * Robert Kirby – keyboards, acoustic guitar, string arrangements
 * John Mealing – organ, electric piano, piano, synthesizers
 * Rupert Holmes - harpsichord, piano, clavinet
 * Tony Fernandez – drums
 * Miller Anderson - guitars, vocals
 * Brian Willoughby – guitars, vocals
 * Chris Parren – keyboards
 * Rod Demick – bass, vocals
 * Andy Richards – keyboards
 * Adam Wakeman - keyboards
 * Oliver Wakeman - keyboards
 * John Young - keyboards
 * Joe Partridge - lead guitar
 * Dave Bainbridge - keyboards

Last album members
 * David Cousins
 * John Ford
 * Blue Weaver

Current members
 * Dave Cousins – vocals, guitar, banjo, dulcimer, autoharp (1963–1980, 1983–2001, 2004–present)
 * Dave Lambert – lead guitar, acoustic guitar, vocals (1972–1978, 1999–2001, 2004–present)
 * Chas Cronk – bass, acoustic guitar, vocals (1973–1980, 2004–present)
 * Tony Fernandez – drums, percussion (1977–1980, 2010–2012, 2014–present)
 * Dave Bainbridge – keyboards, programming, guitar, bouzouki (2015–present)

Acoustic Strawbs
 * Current members:

 * Dave Cousins – vocals, acoustic guitar, banjo, dulcimer (2000–present)
 * Dave Lambert – acoustic guitar, vocals (2000–present)
 * Chas Cronk – bass, acoustic guitar, vocals (2004–present)
 * Former member:

 * Brian Willoughby – acoustic guitar (2000–2004)

Discography

 * Strawbs (1969)
 * Dragonfly (1970)
 * ''Just a Collection of Antiques and Curios (partially recorded live) (1970)
 * From the Witchwood (1971)
 * Grave New World (1972)
 * Bursting at the Seams (1973)
 * All Our Own Work (1973; recorded 1967) - With Sandy Denny
 * Hero and Heroine (1974)
 * Ghosts (1975)
 * Nomadness (1975)
 * Deep Cuts (1976)
 * Burning for You (1977)
 * Deadlines (1978)
 * Don't Say Goodbye (1987)
 * Ringing Down the Years (1991)
 * Heartbreak Hill (1995)
 * Baroque & Roll (2001)
 * Strawberry Sampler Number 1 (2001; recorded 1969)
 * 30 Years in Rock (2001; Issued with "Wondrous Stories" magazine)
 * Blue Angel (2003)
 * Déjà Fou (2004)
 * Live at Nearfest (2006)
 * The Broken Hearted Bride (2008)
 * Dancing to the Devil's Beat (2009)
 * Hero & Heroine in Ascencia (2011)
 * Prognostic (2014)
 * The Ferryman's Curse (2017)
 * Live in Concert CD / DVD (2020)
 * Best of The Strawbs - Live in Concert Vinyl (2020)
 * Settlement (2021)
 * The Magic Of It All (2023) Vinyl / CD

Filmography

 * Grave New World (1973)
 * Shot on videotape and comprising videos of most of the songs from the album of the same name, this had a limited theatrical release supporting the video of Emerson, Lake & Palmer's Pictures at an Exhibition. The film, considered ahead of its time as an early music video, is paired with the Strawbs Live in Tokyo 75 DVD.
 * Complete Strawbs: The Chiswick House Concert (2002)
 * Strawbs Live in Tokyo 75 DVD, plus Grave New World, the movie (2003)
 * Acoustic Strawbs Live in Toronto (2004)
 * Acoustic Strawbs – Live At Hampton Court Palace (2009)
 * Strawbs Live in Gettysburg: Rites of Spring Festival (2016)

title: Strawbs


text: User talk:63.114.53.1

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:63.114.53.1


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Thury

Thury may refer to:

People

 * Pierre de Thury ( -1410), said the cardinal Maillezais, a French cardinal of the Avignon Obedience, see Council of Pisa
 * György Thury (1519-1571), a Hungarian nobleman (hu)
 * Louis-Pierre Thury (died in 1699), French missionary priest in Acadia
 * César-François Cassini de Thury (1714-1784), French geographer
 * Louis-Étienne Héricart de Thury (1776–1854), French scientist and politician
 * René Thury (1860-1938), a Swiss engineer

France

 * Thury, Côte-d'Or, in the Côte-d'Or (département)
 * Thury, Yonne, in the Yonne (département)
 * Thury-en-Valois, in the Oise (département)
 * Thury-Harcourt, in the Calvados (département)
 * Thury-sous-Clermont, in the Oise (département)
 * La Villeneuve-sous-Thury, French commune in the Oise (département)

Engineering

 * Abbreviation for Thury-System, an outdated mechanical HVDC-system developed by René Thury

title: Thury


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Thury-Harcourt

Thury-Harcourt is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Thury-Harcourt-le-Hom. The town is 24 km south of Caen, in the Orne valley. It is part of Norman Switzerland, which attracts visitors for various sports and outdoor activities with its hilly terrain.

History
The original name is Thury, but the Marquis of Thury received a benefice from Henry d'Harcourt under the name of the Duke of Harcourt in 1709, requiring a change of name. The town was occupied by the forces of Nazi Germany in June 1940 after France's surrender ended the Battle of France. For four years the village lived under Nazi occupation as part of the German military administration in occupied France during World War II. Thury-Harcourt was liberated by British soldiers who were part of the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division. The 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division fought their way into and through Thury-Harcourt in August 1944.

Administration

At the local elections of March 2014, the mayor Paul Chandelier was re-elected. The municipal council consists of 19 members, including the mayor and 5 deputy mayors.

Sights

 * The park and gardens of the Château of the Dukes of Harcourt were constructed in 1635 by Odet d'Harcourt and expanded upon in 1714 and 1723.

In the battles of the Second World War, after the Normandy landings the town was bombed for the first time on 30 June 1944; the château escaped damage. It was during fierce fighting against the British 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division on 13–4 August 1944 that the German forces retreated from the town and set fire to the chateau, which had suffered little damage up to that point. The fire destroyed many public archives, a library of nearly 15,000 volumes, and hundreds of family records. Thury-Harcourt railway station was destroyed by air strikes in 1944 and reconstructed in the 1950s. The passenger line opened in 1873 and was closed in 1971. Freight service stopped in 1983. A tourist train from Louvigny (close to Caen) to Clécy operated from 1991 to 1994.
 * Roman Catholic church of Saint Sauveur, 12th century, in the middle of the town. It was bombed in the summer of 1944, and only the nave remained. It has now been restored to what it was before the war.

 * The village of Saint-Benin merged with Thury-Harcourt in 1858. Its Roman Catholic church is from the 16th century. The gothic choir is in good condition, but the nave was lost in a fire in the 19th century. The church is constructed from limestone and mortar. It has a gable roof, crowned with a cross. The belltower is supported by four 13th century buttresses, decorated with gargoyles bearing human faces.

Notable people

 * Pierre Gringore, the poet laureate of Louis XII, was born here.
 * In 1863 Paul Héroult, invented the extraction of aluminium by electrometallurgy. He also invented the electric oven in 1900.
 * Jean Le Sueur (1598–1668), priest of the parish, accompanied many local families in their migration to Canada. He became the first secular priest in New France (now Quebec).
 * Jean Baptiste Legardeur de Repentigny, born at Thury-Harcourt about 1632, first lady of Québec.
 * Raoul Tesson, (1150–1213) Vicomte de Saint Sauveur, Seigneur de Thury et de la Roche Tesson, Sénéchal de Normandie.
 * Maurice Delaunay (1901–1995), politician, leader of Calvados 1936-1940.

Events
In the sixteenth century many families emigrated to Canada, taking with them the curate and abbot of the parish, (Lesueur). He founded the parish Saint-Sauveur, Quebec. Pierre Legardeur got general control of Nouvelle-France and gave his name to the towns of Le Gardeur and Repentigny in Quebec.

title: Thury-Harcourt


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East Earl, Pennsylvania

East Earl is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in East Earl Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 1,144.

Geography
East Earl is in northeastern Lancaster County, in the south-central part of East Earl Township. It is bordered to the northwest by Blue Ball. U.S. Route 322 (Division Highway) passes through East Earl, leading northwest 9 mi to Ephrata and southeast 20 mi to Downingtown. Pennsylvania Route 897 (Springville Road) leads south 11 mi to Gap and north 10 mi to Swartzville. Lancaster, the county seat, is 16 mi to the southwest.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the East Earl CDP has a total area of 2.4 sqkm, of which 6524 sqm, or 0.27%, are water. The community drains northeast and northwest to the Conestoga River and southwest to Mill Creek, a tributary of the Conestoga.

title: East Earl, Pennsylvania


text:
Talk:Koruna

Untitled
Had Antonin Zapotocky really a speech in TV? Czechoslovak TV started a test broadcasting just a month before the currency reform. Wasn't it just radio broadcasting?
 * Yes, you are right! All of the on-line sources I'm now able to get to indeed speak of evening news radio broadcasting. Correcting the article. Still it would be interesting to find out whether it appeared in the new TV or not... Matt 12:47, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Koruna


text:
Talk:Perverse incentive

Cleaning up a bit
Deleted the bit about forum shopping, because that's an unintended consequence, not a perverse incentive. (Unless a forum became friendly in order to handle fewer cases, but that doesn't make any sense at all.) I also deleted some unnecessary conjecture from the abortion bit that was mostly unrelated to the main point. — Preceding unsigned comment added by GrandOpener (talk • contribs) 10:32, 18 February 2011

Stories need to be reviewed
Have the stories listed here been fact-checked? The story behind the cobra effect is probably untrue: https://nitter.net/salonium/status/1696500231645368331#m

Major example skipped
In the 1950's, Mao decided that sparrows had to be killed as to protect the crops from the birds eating the grain. After billions of sparrows were killed, locusts had no more natural predator so they ate most of the crops leading to 50 to 100 million of dead Chinese. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:2F05:F20C:E400:D92:F2CC:E5F0:7828 (talk) 12:19, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

This makes me wonder how many of these stories have been embellished, invented etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.42.115.159 (talk) 15:00, 31 August 2023 (UTC)

Rio de Janeiro scorpion bounty
I believe it was in a 1970s Reader's Digest, about scorpion breeding in the favelas as a response to a city government bounty campaign. I can't find a reference with today's search engines, nor to several other stories I remember from RD.Makes me feel as if I had invented those... Once Google can't find something, it's like it never existed... Yama Plos  talk  23:40, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

Czechoslovakian chandeliers
This was told by my dad, who happened to work in the central planification ministry during early socialist Czechoslovakia (until he managed to escape).

Czechoslovakian crystal glass is famous worldwide, and thus chandeliers were produced, for export to get foreign currency. Problem is, there is a limited market for luxury chandeliers, which are purchased by the unit, some of them bespoke, all of them handmade, certainly not from one single design. Thus, worker productivity (very important in socialist countries, for any kind of bonus) cannot be measured by the unit, so let's measure the total weight produced... As a result, Czech crystal chandeliers grew to be so heavy, that clients were having engineering issues when trying to install those. Yama Plos  talk  23:50, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Perverse incentive


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Sudbury school

A Sudbury school is a type of school, usually for the K-12 age range, where students have complete responsibility for their own education, and the school is run by a direct democracy in which students and staff are equal citizens. Students use their time however they wish, and learn as a by-product of ordinary experience rather than through coursework. There is no predetermined educational syllabus, prescriptive curriculum or standardized instruction. This is a form of democratic education. Daniel Greenberg, one of the founders of the original Sudbury Model school, writes that the two things that distinguish a Sudbury Model school are that everyone is treated equally (adults and children together) and that there is no authority other than that granted by the consent of the governed.

While each Sudbury Model school operates independently and determines their own policies and procedures, they share a common culture. The intended culture within a Sudbury school has been described with such words as freedom, trust, respect, responsibility and democracy.

The name "Sudbury" originates from the Sudbury Valley School, founded in 1968 in Framingham, Massachusetts, near Sudbury, Massachusetts. Though there is no formal or regulated definition of a Sudbury Model school, there are now more than 60 schools that identify themselves with Sudbury around the world. Some, though not all, include "Sudbury" in their name. These schools operate as independent entities and are not formally associated in any way.

Underlying beliefs
Sudbury schools are based on:

 * 1) The educational belief that children are extremely good at (and therefore do not need to be taught) the main behaviors they will need as adults, such as creativity, imagination, alertness, curiosity, thoughtfulness, responsibility, and judgement. What children lack is experience, which can be gained if adults guide students in open ways.
 * 2) The sociopolitical belief that having full democratic rights in childhood is the best way to become an adult who is comfortable functioning within a democracy.

"The fundamental premises of the school are simple: that all people are curious by nature; that the most efficient, long-lasting, and profound learning takes place when started and pursued by the learner; that all people are creative if they are allowed to develop their unique talents; that age-mixing among students promotes growth in all members of the group; and that freedom is essential to the development of personal responsibility."

School democracy
All aspects of governing a Sudbury school are determined by the weekly school meeting, modeled after the traditional New England town meeting. School Meeting passes, amends and repeals school rules, manages the school's budget, and decides on hiring and firing of staff. Each individual present—including students and staff—has an equal vote, and most decisions are made by simple majority.

School rules are normally compiled in a law book, updated repeatedly over time, which forms the school's code of law. Usually, there is a set procedure to handle complaints, and most of the schools follow guidelines that respect the idea of due process of law. There are usually rules requiring an investigation, a hearing, a trial, a sentence, and allowing for an appeal, generally following the philosophy that students face the consequences of their own behavior.

Learning
The Sudbury pedagogical philosophy may be summarized as the following: Learning is a natural by-product of all human activity. Learning is self-initiated and self-motivated.

The educational model states that there are many ways to learn and that learning is a process someone does, not a process that is done to him or her; According to the model the presence and guidance of a teacher is not necessary.

The free exchange of ideas and free conversation and interplay between people provides broad exposure to areas that may prove relevant and interesting to students. Students are of all mixed ages. The older students learn from younger students and vice versa. The presence of older students provides role models, both positive and negative, for younger students. The pervasiveness of play has led to a recurring observation by first-time visitors to a Sudbury school that the students appear to be in perpetual "recess".

Implicitly and explicitly, students are given responsibility for their own education: The only person designing what a student will learn is the student. Exceptions are when a student asks for a particular class or arranges an apprenticeship. Sudbury schools do not compare or rank students—the school requires no tests, evaluations, or transcripts.

Reading is treated the same as any other subject: Students learn to read when they choose, or simply by going about their lives.

"Only a few kids seek any help at all when they decide to learn. Each child seems to have their own method. Some learn from being read to, memorizing the stories and then ultimately reading them. Some learn from cereal boxes, others from game instructions, others from street signs. Some teach themselves letter sounds, others syllables, others whole words. To be honest, we rarely know how they do it, and they rarely tell us."

Sudbury Valley School claims that all of their students have learned to read. While students learn to read at a wide variety of ages, there appears to be no drawback to learning to read later: No one who meets their older students could guess the age at which they first learned to read.

Comparison with related models
The model differs in some ways from other types of democratic schools and free schools, but there are many similarities:
 * De-emphasis of classes: There is no curriculum or set of required courses. Instead learner interest guides things, with students studying what they want to study. There are generally no classrooms, just rooms where people choose to congregate.
 * Age mixing: students are not separated into age-groups of any kind and are allowed to mix freely, interacting with those younger and older than themselves; free age-mixing is emphasized as a powerful tool for learning and development in all ages.
 * Autonomous democracy: parents have limited involvement or no involvement in the school administration; Sudbury schools are run by a democratic school meeting where the students and staff participate exclusively and equally. Such meetings are also the sole authority on hiring and firing of staff, unlike most other schools.

title: Sudbury school


text:
Thiéville

Thiéville is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

title: Thiéville


text: User talk:204.98.2.19

title: User talk:204.98.2.19


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Jhelum River

The Jhelum River is a river in the northern Indian subcontinent. It originates at Verinag and flows through the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, into Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir, then the Pakistani province of Punjab. It is the westernmost of the five rivers of the Punjab region, and flows through the Kashmir Valley. It is a tributary of the Chenab River and has a total length of about 725 km.

Etymology

A Pakistani author Anjum Sultan Shahbaz recorded some stories of the name Jhelum in his book Tareekh-e-Jhelum as: "Many writers have different opinions about the name of Jhelum. One suggestion is that in ancient days Jhelumabad was known as Jalham. The word Jhelum is reportedly derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow). The name thus refers to the waters of a river (flowing beside the city) which have their origins in the snow-capped Himalayas."

The Sanskrit name for the river is Vitástā, derived from an apocryphal legend regarding the origin of the river in the Nilamata Purana. The name survives in the Kashmiri name for this river, Vyath and in Punjabi (and more commonly in Saraiki ) as Vehat.

History
The river Jhelum was originally recognized by the name Vitasta. The river was called Hydaspes (Ὑδάσπης) by the ancient Greeks.

Alexander III of Macedon and his army crossed the Jhelum in BCE 326 at the Battle of the Hydaspes River, where he defeated an Indian king, Porus. According to Arrian (Anabasis, 29), he built a city "on the spot whence he started to cross the river Hydaspes", which he named Bukephala (or Bucephala) to honour his famous horse Bucephalus, buried in present-day Jalalpur Sharif. It is thought that ancient Bukephala was near the site of modern Jhelum. According to Gujrat district historian Mansoor Behzad Butt, Bukephalus was buried in Jalalpur Sharif, but the people of Mandi Bahauddin, a district close to Jehlum, believed that their tehsil Phalia was named after Alexander's dead horse, saying that the name Phalia was a distortion of Bucephala.

The waters of the Jhelum are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. India is working on a hydropower project on a tributary of Jhelum river to establish first-use rights on the river water over Pakistan as per the Indus Waters Treaty.

Legends

According to Hindu puranas, the goddess Parvati was requested by the sage Kashyapa to come to Kashmir to purify the land from the evil practices and impurities of the pishachas living there. Parvati assumed the form of a river in the netherworld. Her consort Shiva struck with his spear near the abode of Nila, (Verinag spring). With this stroke of the spear, Parvati emerged from the netherworld. He excavated a ditch measuring one vitasti using the spear, through which the river, originating from the netherworld, came out, and so he gave her the name Vitástā.

The ancient Greeks also regarded the river as a god, as they did most mountains and streams. The poet Nonnus in the Dionysiaca calls the Hydaspes a titan-descended god, the son of the sea-god Thaumas and the cloud-goddess Elektra, the brother of Iris, goddess of the rainbow, and half-brother to the harpies, the snatching winds. Since the river is in a foreign country, it is not clear whether they named the river after the god, or whether the god Hydaspes was named after the river.

Course
The river Jhelum rises from Verinag spring at the foot of the Pir Panjal in the southeastern Kashmir Valley administered by India. It is joined by its tributaries It flows through Srinagar and Wular Lake before entering Pakistan-administered Kashmir through a deep narrow gorge. The Kishanganga River/Neelum River, the largest tributary of the Jhelum, joins it at Domel, Muzaffarabad, as does the next largest, the Kunhar River of Kaghan Valley. It is then joined by the Poonch River, and flows into the Mangla Dam reservoir in the Mirpur District. The Jhelum enters Pakistani Punjab in the Jhelum District. From there, it flows through the plains of Pakistan's Punjab, forming the boundary between the Jech and Sindh Sagar Doabs. It ends in a confluence with the Chenab River at Trimmu in the Jhang District. The Chenab merges with the Sutlej to form the Panjnad River, which joins the Indus River at Mithankot.
 * Lidder River near village Mirgund at Khanabal
 * Veshaw River at Sangam in Anantnag
 * Sind River at Shadipora
 * Pohru River at Doabgah in Sopore, Jammu and Kashmir.

Most of the villages and important cities of Kashmir valley are situated on the banks of Jhelum.

Lakes
• Wular Lake

• Dal Lake

• Manasbal Lake

• Gangabal Lake

• Nigeen Lake

• Anchar Lake

• Khanpursar

• Gil Sar

• Ahansar Lake

Dams, barrages and bridges
The river has rich power generation potential in India. Water control structures are being built as a result of the Indus Basin Project, including the following:
 * Mangla Dam, completed in 1967, is one of the largest earth-fill dams in the world, with a storage capacity of 5900000 acre.ft
 * Karot Hydropower Project is an under-construction concrete-core rockfill gravity large dam in Pakistan, with a planned installed capacity of 720 MW.
 * Rasul Barrage, constructed in 1967, has a maximum flow of 850,000 ft³/s (24,000 m³/s).
 * Trimmu Barrage, constructed in 1939 some 20 km from Jhang Sadar at the confluence with the Chenab, has maximum discharge capacity of 645,000 ft³/s (18,000 m³/s).
 * Victoria Bridge, Haranpur, constructed in 1973, approximate 5 km from Malakwal near Chak Nizam village. Its length is 1 km, mainly used by Pakistan Railways, but there is a passage for light vehicles, motorcycles, cycles and pedestrians on one side.
 * Uri Dam with 480 MW Hydroelectric station is located in Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir.
 * Uri Dam II with 240 MW Hydroelectric station is also located in Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir.
 * Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant with 330 MW Hydroelectric station is located in Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir.

Canals

 * Canals in and around the city of Srinagar.
 * The Upper Jhelum Canal runs from Mangla Dam to the Chenab.
 * The Rasul-Qadirabad Link Canal.
 * The Chashma-Jhelum Link Canal runs from the Chashma Barrage on the Indus River to the Jhelum river downstream of Rasul Barrage. This is 40 km from Mari Shah Sakhira town.

title: Jhelum River


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Alfaião

Alfaião is a Portuguese civil parish in the municipality of Bragança. The population in 2011 was 173, in an area of 17.58 km².

History
Located in the central part of the municipality of Bragança, it was located a dozen of kilometres southeast of the Roman castro of Brigantina. The settlement had its beginnings in a local castro that existed during the Iron Age. In 1758, metallic objects were discovered in the remnants of a building, referred to as the castle by the locals. A later historian suggested that the castle was of Roman origin, owing to the discovery of old military implements from that period. The same author also alluded to a second fortification "in top of the mountain...there was an old ancient Castle, and it can still be seen the bowls used there..." Similar references were echoed by the Abbot of Baçal (and other investors), who confirmed the existence of two different settlements in Alfaião: Castelo das Freiras and Alto da Veiga (or also Vale de Castro.

Few references to Alfaião's founding exist, and the parish was only mentioned in documents during the middle of the 13th century. One of the records date back to the Inquirições (administrative inventory) of 1258 ordered by Afonso III include a reference to a "parrochia Sancti Martini de Alfayãa", in the lands near Bragança. Further references are sketchy, indicating that during the reign of King Sancho I the parishioners of Alfaião developed their community in parallel with the growth and establishment of Bragança. After the creation of the bishopric of Miranda do Douro, the local Church of São Martinho fell within the authority of that church, until the diocese was extinguished and the clergy transferred to the Sé in Bragnaça. At the time it had 70 inhabitants.

The parish had its own local magistrate, subordinate to the superior judges and government of the city of Bragança by 1775. The local community had no local postal authority, and a visitor from the University in Coimbra referred to a community of less than 30 homes.

Geography
The topography in this region is planar, with hilltops oscillating between 500 and 750 metres high. The rapids of the Sabor River cut across the southern portion of the parish.

Owing to its distance from Bragança, its demographic level has declined since the middle of the 20th century, when at the time its population hovered around 331 inhabitants.

It is connected primarily across the EN217 (Bragança-Izeda-Mogadouro corridor) and rural road (by way of São Pedro de Sarracenos) to the municipal seat.

Architecture

 * Church of São Martinho (Igreja Paroquial de Alfaião/Igreja de São Martinho), located in the middle of the main village, the parochial church includes two minor altars (with images of Nossa Senhora do Rosário and Nosso Senhor Crucificado) and a main altar (with an image of its patron saint São Martinho); the ecclesiastical parish of Alfaião pertained to the Monastery of Castro de Avelãs since 1490, the archbishop of Braga assigning the abbot at the time; between 1501 and 1514, its clergy were served from the monastery; the construction of the current church occurred in the 17th century; the first baptisms were registered in 1627; the first marriage was documented in 1628; in 1706, its second parish priest Father Carvalho da Costa, who was assigned by a canon at the Sé Church in Miranda, earned 150$000 réis, the parish included 66 neighbours; the first death was recorded in 1724; by 21 April 1758, the parish which was located between two mounts and pertained to the bishop of Miranda do Douro, comarca and seat of Bragança, and was subject to the House of Braganza. The church was considered "indecent and incapable" by a visiting vicar from the University, and reconstruction/remodelling works were begun in 1775, in order to enlarge the main chapel, create a new sacristy and parochial residences (which were in ruins and located half a league from the church). The parish holdings produced 15 alqueires of corn annually, but the University covered the tithes, as well as providing a stipend of 8$000 réis, candlewax, wine, hosts, repairs to the main chapel, sacristy and residences of the pastor (in addition to 16 alqueires of bread and $180 réis that covered the archdeacon). In 1798 a new image of Saint Martin was commissioned by a local benefactor.
 * Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Veiga (Capela de Nossa Senhora da Veiga), the first reference to this chapel, came from abbot João de Loureiro Medeiros (21 Abril 1758), who mentioned that it was dedicated to Nossa Senhora da Encarnação (Our Lady of the Incarnation), situated in this place called Veiga; the local religious brotherhood celebrated a festival on 25 March, with a sermon and procession; on 25 April by the locals; and it was believed that the patron saint granted miracles to the faithful, resulting in an annual pilgrimage to the small chapel.
 * Chapel of São Sebastião (Capela de São Sebastião), a chapel administered by the clergy at the Sé of Miranda do Douro; the abbot João de Loureiro Medeiros identified chapel to Saint Sebastian, which existed outside of Alfaião, on the road leading to Bragança;

title: Alfaião


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Paper soccer

Paper soccer (or paper hockey) is an abstract strategy game played on a square grid representing a soccer or hockey field. Two players take turns extending a line representing the position of a ball until it reaches one of the grid's two-goal spaces. A traditional paper-and-pencil game, it is commonly played in schools and can be found in some magazines. Many computer implementations of the game also exist. Despite the game's simple rules, paper soccer has various expanded strategies and tactics.

General rules
The game's pitch is drawn as a rectangle on a grid, with small extended rectangles in the center of each of the two shortest sides to represent the two goalposts. The grid can be of any size, although both sides should be an even number of squares to allow a center point for kickoff. The goal areas are typically 2 × 1 squares in size.

A "ball" is marked as a dot in the center of the pitch. Players alternately move the ball to a new point by drawing a line from its current position to a new one. Each move must be to a point orthogonally or diagonally adjacent. The ball cannot be moved beyond the boundary of the pitch, nor along a line that has already been drawn (including the boundary of the pitch).

If the ball is moved to a point that already has one or more lines connected to it, including the perimeter of the pitch, the ball "bounces" and the player immediately takes another turn. The player's move ends only when the ball reaches a point with no existing lines.

The winner is the player who places the ball in their opponent's goal. A player also wins if their opponent scores an own goal. If the ball reaches a point from which it cannot be moved (such as a corner of the pitch) this is regarded as a draw, or a loss for the player unable to move, depending on the rules being played. In some versions of the game, their own goals and moves that make it impossible to move are illegal.

Variants and modifications
The players can regulate the pitch's shape in various ways by altering the pitch's dimensions or the placement of the gates. In some variants, one or more special lines may be added to the pitch. This modification is found in computer applications, and expanded variants of this modification are used by PDE Football.

In some variants, gameplay can be continued from the central pitch's point after a goal is scored or after a play is blocked. The player who did not score moves first from the central point. The game is finished when a move from the central point is not possible, and the player who scored the most goals wins.

Another variant allows a player to make a "bounce" during any turn if the line of that bounce would cross an existing diagonal line.

Another variant is Texas Soccer which allows no "X" marks to be made as the ball can no longer cross through a diagonal line.

Strategy
Since the ball's movement cannot overlap previously drawn lines, a player can block their opponent's potential moves by filling strategic points on the board and limiting the mobility of their opponent. Another strategy is based on the use of "bounces" for streamlining mobility, which can greatly aid in scoring goals or blocking access to the player's own goal area. In versions of the game where a player who cannot move loses, a player can focus on moving the ball to a position where their opponent cannot move it further.

In some early computerized versions of this game, the AI player tends to choose the shortest path to the player's goal, ignoring bounces and other strategies. That strategy is not universal. Computer version of Paper Soccer include graphs and pathfinding (just as other games like Quoridor). Computer programs still do not play this game at competitive/top level.

Game notation
Each move in the game may be recorded as a string of one or more digits from 0 to 7, each digit representing the direction of a move (with 0 corresponding to 'north', 1 to 'north-east', 2 to 'east' and so on) across a single grid. Multiple digits are used to record bounce moves. This notation has been used in a PlayOK.com service.

Similar games
There are two similar games that imitate paper soccer. Their mechanisms also depend on drawing lines to describe a ball's movement on a field.

Paper soccer (Russian variant)
This paper-and-pencil game also involves drawing lines to adjacent points on a grid and is distinguished by a larger play area and players extending the line to three points each turn. The line can change direction at each point but must not touch any existing line (there are no bounce moves). If a player becomes trapped and unable to draw this line, then their turn is forfeited and the opponent gets a "penalty kick". This special move is a straight line in any of the eight compass directions, extending six points, and is the only occasion that other lines may be crossed. If the penalty lands on an already-occupied point or there are less than three unoccupied points available to move, an additional penalty kick is earned. After six such penalties, if there are insufficient valid moves then the other player starts with a penalty kick. Some versions with very large grids have players extend the line through four points per turn and penalty kicks across 13 points.

The strategy involves blocking an opponent's potential moves, outmaneuvering the opponent at the edges of the field, and setting traps for penalty kicks in range of the opponent's goal. If a trap is not executed successfully, the opponent may be able to reverse it in an extreme move.

The game was popular in many parts of the former Soviet Union. Several Russian magazines describe the game and there are a number of computer versions as well.

xrSoccer
Published in 2005, xrSoccer is a computer game by eXtreme Results International Inc. It may be adapted to paper-and-pencil form for two players. It has common features with the previously described versions of paper soccer but gameplay generally differs.

The pitch is a 14 × 20 grid (13 × 19 points) with goal gates on the shorter sides. Starting from the center point, the line is extended to three points per turn. The line can touch occupied points and cross existing lines (there are no bounce moves) but cannot move along an existing line. If a player has no place to extend the line, the computer repositions the ball on the nearest unblocked point. This can be favourable when executed properly, as the ball is usually moved depending on the last direction of the line before it became blocked, and can be used to maneuver closer to the opponent's goal. After scoring a goal, the ball is reset to the center point and the game continues until all possible goals are scored.

title: Paper soccer


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Aveleda

Aveleda may refer to the following places in Portugal:

 * Aveleda (Braga), a civil parish in the municipality of Braga
 * Aveleda (Bragança), a civil parish in the municipality Bragança
 * Aveleda (Lousada), a civil parish in the municipality of Lousada
 * Aveleda (Vila do Conde), a civil parish in the municipality of Vila do Conde

Other uses:
 * Aveleda (winery), a winery in the Vinho Verde region of Portugal

title: Aveleda


text: File:Supergirl Animated.jpg

title: File:Supergirl Animated.jpg


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Aveleda (Bragança)

Aveleda is a former freguesia ("civil parish") in the municipality of Bragança, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Aveleda e Rio de Onor. The population in 2011 was 196, in an area of 62.20 km2. It is situated close to the northern border with Spain.

History
The parish of Aveleda derives its name from the village, whose toponymy has a number of significances. For one, there is the Roman interpretation, derived from the Roman Avé Leda, which means beautiful place, while others assume that the name was derived from Veleda, a venerated Visigothic or Suebic priest of the 4th century. Another interpretation suggests that the name was derived from ave feliz.

What is certain, is that this name only appeared during the 1250 Inquirições of Afonso III. This is because the area around Aveleda was under the protection of Spanish monasteries of Moreirola and San Martin de Castanheda. It was there that the celebrated Abbott of Baçal was parish priest (between 1896 and 1910), always travelling by foot and complying a dossier of his thoughts in Memórias Arqueológico: Históricas do Distrito de Bragança, a twelve-tome work detailing the municipal history. In this case, he referred specifically to the village of Varge (on the southern perimeter of Aveleda), which was derived from varzena or varcena, a medieval term to designate artificial or natural low wetlands. The wells in this area are also referred to by the local peoples as varja or varjas, literally fish traps.

The Matriz Church, on a slight elevation, dates back to the 18th century.

The bridge that crosses the Pepim River in Aveleda, constructed on stone, was completed in 1952.

Geography
Aveleda is located along the Portuguese-Spanish border within the Parque Natural de Montesinho (Montesinho Natural Park), three kilometres northeast of the municipal seat of Bragança.

It is characterized by hills and river-valleys, along a plateau with an average of 500 metres altitude. It is crossed by two water courses that flow from north to south: the Ribeira das Igrejas, which crosses the village of Varge, and the Ribeira de Pepim, which intersects the village of Aveleda. Both ravines spring from the Serra de Pedralba, crossing from Spain, and flow as tributaries of the Sabor River.

Architecture
There are several vestiges of historical architecture and rural constructions in this parish, that include: the two main historical springs/wells (Fonte da Pinela and Fonte d'Aldeia), which were subterranean channels of potable water; watermills and ancient blacksmith's forge. The following were classified by IGESPAR as national monuments or architecturally significant heritage:

Civic

 * Fountain of Pinela (Fonte da Pinela)

Religious

 * Church of São Cipriano (Igreja Paroquial de Aveleda/Igreja de São Cipriano), built in the 17th century, the parochial church of Aveleda was directed by the abbey Meixedo, before falling under the administration of Miranda;
 * Church of São Miguel (Igreja Paroquial de Varge/Igreja de São Miguel/Igreja de Varge), a relatively small parish, the church of Varge had little more than 40 parishioners at the time of its institution, during the 17th century;
 * Chapel of São Sebastião (Capela de São Sebastião/Capelo de Santo Padre), constructed during the 18th century, the chapel has been a site for pilgrims, first for São Julião, but later Santo Padre (celebrated on 20 January), during the winter seasons. A register of azulejo is located above the main portal.

title: Aveleda (Bragança)


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Andy Hopper

Sir Andrew Hopper (born 9 May 1953) is a British-Polish computer technologist and entrepreneur. He is Chairman of lowRISC CIC, a Commissioner of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851, former Treasurer and Vice-President of the Royal Society, Professor Emeritus of Computer Technology at the University of Cambridge, an Honorary Fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.

Education
Hopper was educated at Quintin Kynaston School in London after which he went to study for a Bachelor of Science degree at Swansea University before going to the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory and Trinity Hall, Cambridge in 1974 for postgraduate work. Hopper was awarded his PhD in 1978 for research into local area computer communications networks supervised by David Wheeler.

Research and career
Hopper's PhD, completed in 1977 was in the field of communications networks, and he worked with Maurice Wilkes on the creation of the Cambridge Ring and its successors.

Hopper's interests include computer networks, multimedia systems, Virtual Network Computing, sentient computing and ubiquitous data. His most cited paper describes the indoor location system called the Active Badge. He has contributed to a discussion of the privacy challenges relating to surveillance. He is a proponent of Digital Commons industrial and societal infrastructure.

After more than 20 years at Cambridge University Computer Laboratory, Hopper was elected Chair of Communications Engineering at Cambridge University Engineering Department in 1997. He returned to the Computer Laboratory as Professor of Computer Technology and Head of Department in 2004.

Hopper's research under the title Computing for the Future of the Planet examines the uses of computers, data and AI for assuring the sustainability of the planet.

Hopper has supervised approximately fifty PhD students. An annual PhD studentship has been named after him.

Commercial activities
In 1978, Hopper co-founded Orbis Ltd to develop networking technologies. He worked with Hermann Hauser and Chris Curry, founders of Acorn Computers Ltd. Orbis became a division of Acorn in 1979 and continued to work with the Cambridge Ring. While at Acorn, Hopper contributed to design some of the chips for the BBC Micro and helped conceive the project which led to the design of the ARM microprocessor. When Acorn was acquired by Olivetti in 1985, Hauser became vice-president for research at Olivetti, in which role he co-founded the Olivetti Research Laboratory in 1986 with Hopper; Hopper became its managing director.

In 1985, after leaving Acorn, Hopper co-founded Qudos, a company producing CAD software and doing chip prototyping. He remained a director until 1989.

In 1993, Hopper set up Advanced Telecommunication Modules Ltd with Hermann Hauser. This company went public on the NASDAQ as Virata in 1999. The company was acquired by Conexant Systems on 1 March 2004.

In 1995, Hopper co-founded Telemedia Systems, now called IPV, and was its chairman until 2003.

In 1997, Hopper co-founded Adaptive Broadband Ltd (ABL) to further develop the 'Wireless ATM' project started at ORL in the early 90s. ABL was bought by California Microwave, Inc in 1998.

In January 2000, Hopper co-founded Cambridge Broadband which was to develop broadband fixed wireless equipment; he was non-executive chairman from 2000 – 2005.

In 2002 Hopper was involved in the founding of Ubisense Ltd to further develop the location technologies and sentient computing concepts that grew out of the ORL Active Badge system. Hopper became a director in 2003 and was chairman between 2006 and 2015 during which the company made its initial public offering (IPO) in June 2011.

In 2002, Hopper co-founded RealVNC and served as chairman until the company was sold in 2021.

In 2002, Hopper co-founded Level 5 Networks and was a director until 2008, just after it merged with Solarflare.

From 2005 until 2009, Hopper was chairman of Adventiq, a joint venture between Adder and RealVNC, developing a VNC-based system-on-a-chip.

In 2013 Hopper co-founded TxtEz, a company looking to commoditise B2C communication in Africa.

Since 2019 he has been Chairman of lowRISC Community Interest Company which develops industrial-strength open source hardware.

Hopper was an advisor to Hauser's venture capital firm Amadeus Capital Partners from 2001 until 2005. He was also an advisor to the Cambridge Gateway Fund from 2001 until 2006.

Awards and honours
Hopper is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (FIET) and was a Trustee from 2003 until 2006, and again between 2009 and 2013. In 2004, Hopper was awarded the Mountbatten Medal of the IET (then IEE). He served as president of the IET between 2012 and 2013.

Hopper was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1996 and awarded their silver medal in 2003. He was a member of the Council of the Royal Academy of Engineering from 2007 to 2010. In 2013, he was part of the RealVNC team to receive the MacRobert Award.

In 1999, Hopper gave the Royal Society's Clifford Paterson Lecture on Progress and research in the communications industry published under the title Sentinent Computing and was thus awarded the society's bronze medal for achievement. In May 2006, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was a member of the Council of the Royal Society between 2009 and 2011. In 2017, Hopper become treasurer and vice-president of the Royal Society and was awarded the Bakerian Lecture and Prize.

In the 2007 New Year Honours, Hopper was made an CBE for services to the computer industry.

In 2004, Hopper was awarded the Association for Computing Machinery's SIGMOBILE Outstanding Contribution Award and in 2016 the Test-of-Time Award for the Active Badge paper.

In July 2005, Hopper was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of Swansea University.

In 2010 Hopper was awarded an Honorary Degree from Queen's University Belfast.

In 2011 Hopper was elected as member of the Council and Trustee of the University of Cambridge and a member of the Finance Committee.

Hopper serves on several academic advisory boards. In 2005, he was appointed to the advisory board of the Institute of Electronics Communications and Information Technology at Queen's University Belfast. In 2008 he joined the advisory board of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford. In 2011 he was appointed a member of the advisory board of the School of Computer and Communication Sciences at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne.

Since 2018 he has been a Commissioner of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851.

He was knighted in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to computer technology.

Personal life
Hopper married Alison Gail Smith, Professor of Plant Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge, in 1988. They have two children, William and Merrill. He is a qualified pilot with over 6,000 hours logged, including a round the world flight, and his house near Cambridge has an airstrip from which he flies his six-seater Cessna light aircraft.

title: Andy Hopper


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Babe (Bragança)

Babe is a Portuguese civil parish in the municipality of Bragança. The population in 2011 was 238, in an area of 25.62 km2.

History
A. Pereira Lopo, writing in 1898, alludes to the greatness of the Castro of Babe, which had been an important station during the Roman era. This includes many monuments located in its shadow, including altar stone dedicated to Jupiter (with the inscription "I.O.M.") and funerary stone ("A1 e EQVITIAL (ae) II") with vestiges of three figures in low relief.

It was situated on the Roman road from Braga to Castile. Remains of the Roman settlement can be found in funerary crypts and Bronze Age implements. Popular tradition suggests that a road was built for Elizabeth of Portugal to pass through or beside the village.

There is no consensus about the origin of the name Babe. Some suggest باب, which means [small] door (portinha). Others suggest that the name originated from the Roman era.

The modern parish of Babe, dates to the medieval period, when it was referred to as Sancti Petride Babi, which it would continue to remain until the 13th-century Inquirições of King Afonso III. The documents associated with the King's inventory are the first records of a parochial institution (1258), although it is likely that the local church had existed prior to these records. The church dedicated to São Pedro (Saint Peter), which, already on the decline, was substituted by the new Church of Santa Maria de Laviados, later to the invocation of Nossa Senhora da Conceição.

The Treaty of Babe, between John I of Portugal and John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster, was signed here on 26 March 1387.

Babe's evolution has been affected by the population emigration and aging of the community.

Geography
Situated 10.5 kilometres from the municipal seat of Bragança, Babe occupies an area accessible by the EN218, or along the EN308 from Gimonde. It is located on the southern portion of the Montesinho Natural Park (Parque Natural de Montesinho, a mountainous plateau along the border between Spain and northern Portugal. At an average altitude of 750 metres, it is crossed by the Igrejas River and many of its tributaries.

The parish is bordered by Gimonde, Palácios, Caravela, São Julião and Laviados.

Civic

 * Fountains of Babe (Fontes em Babe).

Religious

 * Church of São Pedro (Igreja Matriz de Babe/Igreja de São Pedro). From 1258, most of the town belonged to the Hospitaller Order, under the Monastery of Castro de Avelãs since 1258. Only in the 17th century was a church built, supported in subsequent years by patronage from hereditary nobles, including the Dukes of Braganza. The plain single-nave church, in the Manueline style had two side altars, one dedicated to Nossa Senhora do Rosário, the other to the Souls of Purgatory (supported by the Confraternity of Souls (Irmandade das Almas);
 * Chapel of São Sebastião (Capela de São Sebastião). The first reference to this chapel is by the rector José Alvares da Silva on 17 April 1758.
 * Chapel of São José (Capela de São José), dating back to 1697 (from an inscription on the façade).

title: Babe (Bragança)


text:
Missouri v. Holland

Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416 (1920) is a United States Supreme Court case concerning the extent to which international legal obligations are incorporated into federal law under the United States Constitution.

The case centered on the constitutionality of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which prohibited the killing, capturing, and selling of certain migratory birds pursuant to a treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom. The state of Missouri challenged the enforcement of the Act within its jurisdiction, arguing that the regulation of game was not expressly delegated to the federal government by the United States Constitution and therefore was reserved for the states under the Tenth Amendment; accordingly, the United States government had no constitutional right to enter into a treaty concerning game regulation.

In a 7–2 decision, the Court upheld the Act as constitutional, since it was enacted pursuant to the federal government's express power to make treaties and to enact laws pursuant to treaties, which the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution elevates above state law. The Court also reasoned that protecting wildlife was in the national interest and could only be accomplished through federal action.

Missouri is also notable for Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes's articulation of the legal theory of a "living constitution", which purports that the Constitution changes over time and adapts to new circumstances without formal amendments.

Facts
Congress had previously passed laws regulating the hunting of migratory waterfowl on the basis that such birds naturally migrated across state and international borders freely, and hence the regulation of the harvest of such birds could not realistically be considered to be province solely of individual states or groups of states. However, several states objected to this theory, and twice successfully sued to have such laws declared unconstitutional, on the premise that the U.S. Constitution gave Congress no enumerated power to regulate migratory bird hunting, thereby leaving the matter to states pursuant to the Tenth Amendment.

Disgruntled with these rulings, Congress then empowered the State Department to negotiate with the United Kingdom—which at the time still largely handled the foreign relations of Canada—a treaty pertaining to this issue. The treaty was subsequently ratified and came into force, requiring the federal government to enact laws regulating the capturing, killing, or selling of protected migratory birds, an obligation that it fulfilled in the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.

The state of Missouri requested that U.S. Game Warden Ray Holland be enjoined from implementing the Act, arguing that it was "an unconstitutional interference with the rights reserved to the States by the Tenth Amendment, and [...] the acts of the defendant [...] invade the sovereign right of the State and contravene its will manifested in statutes." Additionally, Missouri claimed that states had an "absolute" right to regulate game within their borders as recognized by "ancient law, feudal law, and the common law in England" as an "attribute of government and a necessary incident of sovereignty." The state also warned that permitting the federal government to regulate birds could set a dangerous precedent for government to broaden its power over other domains for which it had no enumerated constitutional power.

Judgment
In an opinion authored by Justice Holmes, the Supreme Court dismissed Missouri's demand for an injunction against the federal government, holding that protection of a state's quasi-sovereign right to regulate game is insufficient jurisdictional basis to enjoin enforcement of the laws at issue.

The Supreme Court ruled the Migratory Bird Treaty Act constitutional, relying primarily on article VI, clause 2, sometimes known as the "Supremacy Clause", which establishes that treaties are the "supreme law of the land" and supersede state law accordingly. The ruling implied that treaty provisions were not subject to questioning by the states under the process of judicial review.

In the course of his judgment, Justice Holmes remarked on the nature of the Constitution as an "organism" that must be interpreted in contemporaneous terms:

"With regard to that we may add that when we are dealing with words that also are a constituent act, like the Constitution of the United States, we must realize that they have called into life a being the development of which could not have been foreseen completely by the most gifted of its begetters. It was enough for them to realize or to hope that they had created an organism; it has taken a century and has cost their successors much sweat and blood to prove that they created a nation. The case before us must be considered in the light of our whole experience and not merely in that of what was said a hundred years ago. The treaty in question does not contravene any prohibitory words to be found in the Constitution. The only question is whether it is forbidden by some invisible radiation from the general terms of the Tenth Amendment. We must consider what this country has become in deciding what that amendment has reserved."

Justice Willis Van Devanter and Justice Mahlon Pitney dissented without issuing an opinion.

Reception
Many legal analysts have argued that the decision implies that Congress and the President can essentially amend the Constitution by means of treaties with other countries. These concerns came to a head in the 1950s with the Bricker Amendment, a series of proposed amendments that would have placed restrictions on the scope and ratification of treaties and executive agreements entered into by the United States. More recently, a similar provision has been proposed as the fourth article of the Bill of Federalism, a list of ten proposed amendments drafted by law professor Randy Barnett.

Legal scholar Judith Resnik contests the implication that Missouri allows for treaties to expand the federal government's power, arguing that in the decades since the decision, courts have ruled that the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution provides Congress with broader regulatory power without the need for a treaty.

Jurist and law professor Thomas Healy has suggested that Missouri may not be good law, meaning more recent decisions could overturn the ruling and establish new limits on the Treaty power.

title: Missouri v. Holland


text:
Talk:Dalton Plan

What I'd really like to know after reading this text: Where does the name Dalton Plan come from? Why isn't it "Parkhurst Plan"? |l'KF'l| 17:00, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * See Dalton School. Parkhurst started her plan at a high school in Dalton, Massachusetts.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.86.194.52 (talk) 01:37, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Vague and undefined
I'm tagging this article, because it never actually states what the Dalton Plan is, or how it's incorporated/different from any other approach. Stating that the focus is the "House, the Assignment, and the Laboratory," is not enough.— DMCer ™  20:50, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

=
======

I completely agree. I came to this talk page specifically for that reason. I'm no more knowledgeable about the Dalton Plan after reading this article than I was before. I hope I don't sound harsh but, as an informative article, this one is useless. The listing of countries using this ephemeral plan is just filler.

More protein, less carbohydrate please. Tredzwater (talk) 01:43, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dalton Plan


text:
Baçal

Baçal is a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 484, in an area of 28.37 km².

title: Baçal


text:
Carragosa

Carragosa is a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 190, in an area of 27.77 km2.

title: Carragosa


text:
User:FoucaultYou

I've decided that this username is too vulgar for my liking.

My new username is User:TrevorPerry.

About me
Hi, I'm FoucaultYou, a new wiki participant, and I'm excited to get started and to get involved. I have a passion for literature, music, debate, and philosophy (obviously a fan of the dearly departed Michel Foucault). At any given time you can expect to find me listening to R.E.M., Depeche Mode, Garbage, Duran Duran, or any other assortment of 80's and 90's classic alternative.

I hope to get an article up on Mary Ann Glendon's book "Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse", but first I need to get used to the wiki.

Thanks for visiting my page!

title: User:FoucaultYou


text:
Carrazedo

Carrazedo can refer to the following parishes in Portugal:
 * Carrazedo (Amares)
 * Carrazedo (Bragança)

 * see also
 * Carrazeda de Ansiães

title: Carrazedo


text:
Carrazedo (Amares)

Carrazedo is a civil parish in the municipality of Amares, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 732, in an area of 2.71 km2.

title: Carrazedo (Amares)


text:
Kevin Robert Elz

Kevin Robert Elz, often referred to in computing circles as Robert Elz, or simply kre, is a computer programmer and a pioneer in connecting Australia to the Internet, and more recently, in connecting Thailand.

Career
Some of his achievements include developing a number of important Internet RFC documents, helping connect Australia to the world-wide Internet, developing the internet-based research network within Australia, and operating the .au domain registry from 1986 through to the late 1990s. He also managed the aus.* Usenet hierarchy from its inception in the 1980s until the mid-1990s. In 1979 he co-founded the Australian Computer Science network (ACSnet) and in 1989 with Torben Nielsen of the University of Hawaiʻi he completed the connection work that brought the internet to Australia, which enabled AARNet to develop soon after.

He is an Honorary Fellow at the University of Melbourne, where for some years he worked in the Computer Science department.

An ardent cricket fan, Elz is also credited for pioneering online text commentary for cricket matches.

Having previously lived and worked in Melbourne for many years, he currently lives in Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand, where he is an honorary lecturer in the Computer Engineering Department of the Prince of Songkla University.

Operation of .com.au
As the architect of the early domain-name eligibility criteria for ".com.au", Elz was largely responsible for Australia's not experiencing a domain name gold rush in the mid-1990s. The eligibility policy required a direct connection between a company's official name and its domain name, in contrast to the strictly first-come-first-served policy of the .com registry.

Elz was, however, criticised during his tenure, as domain name applications often took many months to be examined, despite the commercialisation of the Internet and customer demands for quick turnaround times. In 1990, Elz delegated responsibility for the ".gov.au" and ".edu.au" domains to Geoff Huston at the Australian National University. Elz handed the operation of ".com.au" to Melbourne IT in 1996. Responsibility for other domains was transferred to auDA in 2001.

title: Kevin Robert Elz


text:
Solarium (myrmecology)

In myrmecology, a solarium is an above-ground earthen structure constructed by some ant species for the purpose of nest thermoregulation and brood incubation. Solaria are usually dome-shaped and fashioned from a paper-thin layer of soil, connected to the main nest by way of subterranean runs. Some species, such as Formica candida, construct solaria using plant materials.

Tapinoma erraticum is an example of a solaria-constructing species whose skill at so doing was noted by Horace Donisthorpe in the early 20th century in his book British Ants, their Life Histories and Classification.

title: Solarium (myrmecology)


text:
Randy Shilts

Randy Shilts (August 8, 1951 – February 17, 1994) was an American journalist and author. After studying journalism at the University of Oregon, Shilts began working as a reporter for both The Advocate and the San Francisco Chronicle, as well as for San Francisco Bay Area television stations. In the 1980s, he was noted for being the first openly gay reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle.

His first book, The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk, was a biography of LGBT activist Harvey Milk. His second book, And the Band Played On, chronicled the history of the AIDS epidemic. Despite some controversy surrounding the book in the LGBT community, Shilts was praised for his meticulous documentation of an epidemic that was little-understood at the time. It was later made into an HBO film of the same name in 1993. His final book, Conduct Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in the US Military from Vietnam to the Persian Gulf, examined discrimination against lesbians and gays in the military.

Shilts garnered several accolades for his work. He was honored with the 1988 Outstanding Author award from the American Society of Journalists and Authors, the 1990 Mather Lectureship at Harvard University, and the 1993 Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Lesbian and Gay Journalists' Association. Diagnosed with HIV in 1985, Shilts died of an AIDS-related illness in 1994 at the age of 42.

Early life
Born August 8, 1951, in Davenport, Iowa, Shilts grew up in Aurora, Illinois, with five brothers in a conservative, working-class family. He majored in journalism at the University of Oregon, where he worked on the student newspaper, the Oregon Daily Emerald, as managing editor. While an undergraduate he came out publicly as gay, and ran for student office with the slogan "Come out for Shilts." Randy Shilts was one of the first openly gay journalists to write for a major US newspaper. His writing focused on LGBT issues, including the struggle for gay rights.

Journalism
Shilts graduated near the top of his class in 1975, but as an openly gay man, he struggled to find full-time employment in what he characterized as the homophobic environment of newspapers and television stations at that time. Shilts wrote for gay news magazine The Advocate but quit in 1978 after publisher David Goodstein began requiring employees to participate in EST; Shilts later wrote an exposé of Goodstein's brand of EST, the Advocate Experience. Shilts also says The Advocate was a "publication that had all these dirty classified ads in it. That I couldn’t send the publication to my parents that I worked for because it was all filled up with 'Gay white man wants somebody to piss on,' you know?" He subsequently worked as a freelance journalist until he was hired as a national correspondent by the San Francisco Chronicle in 1981, becoming "the first openly gay reporter with a gay 'beat' in the American mainstream press." AIDS, the disease that would later kill him, first came to nationwide attention that same year and soon Shilts devoted himself to covering the unfolding story of the disease and its medical, social, and political ramifications. During the early years of the AIDS crisis, he denounced San Francisco's gay leaders as "inept" and "a bunch of jerks," accusing them of hiding the emerging epidemic. In 1984, Shilts controversially supported closing the city's gay bathhouses.

Books
In addition to his extensive journalism, Shilts wrote three books. His first book, The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk, is a biography of openly gay San Francisco politician Harvey Milk, who was assassinated by a political rival, Dan White, in 1978. The book broke new ground, being written at a time when "the very idea of a gay political biography was brand-new."

Shilts's second book, And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic, published in 1987, won the Stonewall Book Award and would sell over 700,000 copies until 2004. The book made Shilts a trusted commentator on AIDS, to the point that he was the closing speaker at 1989's Fifth International AIDS Conference in Montreal. And the Band Played On is an extensively researched account of the early days of the AIDS epidemic in the United States. The book was translated into seven languages, and was later made into an HBO film of the same name in 1993, with many big-name actors in starring or supporting roles, including Matthew Modine, Richard Gere, Anjelica Huston, Phil Collins, Lily Tomlin, Ian McKellen, Steve Martin, and Alan Alda, among others. The film earned twenty nominations and nine awards, including the 1994 Emmy Award for Outstanding Made for Television Movie.

His last book, Conduct Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in the US Military from Vietnam to the Persian Gulf, which examined discrimination against lesbians and gays in the military, was published in 1993. Shilts and his assistants conducted over a thousand interviews while researching the book, the last chapter of which Shilts dictated from his hospital bed.

Shilts saw himself as a literary journalist in the tradition of Truman Capote and Norman Mailer. Undaunted by a lack of enthusiasm for his initial proposal for the Harvey Milk biography, Shilts reworked the concept, as he later said, after further reflection: "I read Hawaii by James Michener. That gave me the concept for the book, the idea of taking people and using them as vehicles, symbols for different ideas. I would take the life-and-times approach and tell the whole story of the gay movement in this way, using Harvey as the major vehicle."

Criticism and praise
Although Shilts was applauded for bringing public attention to gay civil rights issues and the AIDS crisis, he was also harshly criticized (and spat upon on Castro Street) by some in the gay community for calling for the closure of gay bathhouses in San Francisco to slow the spread of AIDS. Fellow Bay Area journalist Bob Ross called Shilts "a traitor to his own kind". In a note included in The Life and Times of Harvey Milk, Shilts expressed his view of a reporter's duty to rise above criticism: "I can only answer that I tried to tell the truth and, if not be objective, at least be fair; history is not served when reporters prize trepidation and propriety over the robust journalistic duty to tell the whole story."

Shilts was also criticized by some segments of the gay community on other issues, including his opposition to the controversial practice of outing prominent but closeted lesbians and gay men.

Nevertheless, his tenacious reporting was highly praised by others in both the gay and straight communities who saw him as "the pre-eminent chronicler of gay life and spokesman on gay issues". Shilts was honored with the 1988 Outstanding Author award from the American Society of Journalists and Authors, the 1990 Mather Lectureship at Harvard University, and the 1993 Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Lesbian and Gay Journalists' Association.

In 1999, the Department of Journalism at New York University ranked Shilts's AIDS reporting for the Chronicle between 1981 and 1985 as number 44 on a list of the top 100 works of journalism in the United States in the 20th century.

Illness and death
Although Shilts told The New York Times he had declined to be told the results of his HIV test until he had completed the writing of And the Band Played On, concerned that the 1987 test result would interfere with his objectivity as a writer, he had earlier announced knowing that he was HIV positive since 1985.

In 1992, Shilts became ill with Pneumocystis pneumonia and suffered a collapsed lung; the following year, he was diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma. In a New York Times interview in the spring of 1993, Shilts observed, "HIV is certainly character-building. It's made me see all of the shallow things we cling to, like ego and vanity. Of course, I'd rather have a few more T-cells and a little less character." Despite being effectively homebound and on oxygen, he was able to attend the Los Angeles screening of the HBO film version of And the Band Played On in August 1993.

Shilts died at 42 on February 17, 1994, at Davies Medical Center in San Francisco, California, being survived by his partner, Barry Barbieri, his mother, and his brothers. His brother Gary had conducted a commitment service for the couple the previous year. After a funeral service at Glide Memorial Church, Shilts was buried at Redwood Memorial Gardens in Guerneville; his longtime friend, Daniel R. Yoder (1952–1995), was later buried alongside him.

Legacy
Shilts bequeathed 170 cartons of papers, notes, and research files to the local history section of the San Francisco Public Library. At the time of his death, he was planning a fourth book, examining homosexuality in the Roman Catholic Church.

As a fellow reporter put it, despite an early death, in his books Shilts "rewrote history. In doing so, he saved a segment of history from extinction." Historian Garry Wills wrote of And the Band Played On, "This book will be to gay liberation what Betty Friedan was to early feminism and Rachel Carson's Silent Spring was to environmentalism." NAMES Project founder Cleve Jones described Shilts as "a hero" and characterized his books as "without question the most important works of literature affecting gay people."

After his death, his longtime friend and assistant Linda Alband explained the motivation that drove Shilts: "He chose to write about gay issues for the mainstream precisely because he wanted other people to know what it was like to be gay. If they didn't know, how were things going to change?"

In 1998, Shilts was memorialized in the Hall of Achievement at the University of Oregon School of Journalism, honoring his refusal to be "boxed in by the limits that society offered him. As an out gay man, he carved a place in journalism that was not simply groundbreaking but internationally influential in changing the way the news media covered AIDS." A San Francisco Chronicle reporter summed up the achievement of his late "brash and gutsy" colleague:

"Perhaps because Shilts remains controversial among some gays, there is no monument to him. Nor is there a street named for him, as there are for other San Francisco writers such as Jack Kerouac and Dashiell Hammett. ... Shilts' only monument is his work. He remains the most prescient chronicler of 20th century American gay history."

In 2006, Reporter Zero, a half-hour biographical documentary about Shilts featuring interviews with friends and colleagues, was produced and directed by filmmaker Carrie Lozano.

Shilts is the subject of a 2019 biography, The Journalist of Castro Street: The Life of Randy Shilts by Andrew E. Stoner, released May 30, 2019 from the University of Illinois Press.

In 2014 Shilts was one of the inaugural honorees in the Rainbow Honor Walk, a walk of fame in San Francisco's Castro neighborhood noting LGBTQ people who have "made significant contributions in their fields."

In June 2019, Shilts was one of the inaugural fifty American "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes" inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument in New York City’s Stonewall Inn.

In 2024, it was announced that author Michael Lee would write a biography about Shilts's life. About the biography, Lee stated, "I think that he has a very substantial and complicated legacy. And I think that that legacy still plays out today. And I'm hoping that with this book it captures more of that complexity in a way that actually portrays the full human that he was."

title: Randy Shilts


text:
Castrelos e Carrazedo

Castrelos e Carrazedo is a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Castrelos and Carrazedo. The population in 2011 was 241, in an area of 50.53 km2.

title: Castrelos e Carrazedo


text:
User:99of9

About me

I'm especially interested in improving scientific and Australian content, but also like helping newcomers or important neglected pages. I have a long watchlist, and enjoy seeing others expand or improve articles I've worked on.

Image contributions
I think high quality images and diagrams are very important for engaging wikipedia articles, so have developed my photography alongside my wiki editing. Visit my Commons user page to see the images I've contributed. Here's a taster:

Article contributions
Here are the peer reviewed articles I've made significant contributions to. The most recent pageview count was for the 90 days to 12 February 2013.

Featured articles

 * Cscr-featured.svgSymbol support vote.svg Redback spider (85375) (collaboration with User:Casliber)
 * Cscr-featured.svgSymbol support vote.svg Aleeta curvicosta (1233) (collaboration with User:Casliber)
 * Cscr-featured.svgSymbol support vote.svg Thopha saccata (934) (collaboration with User:Casliber)

Featured lists (pageviews 986)

 * Cscr-featured.svg 2000 Summer Paralympics medal table (986)

Good articles (pageviews ~40k)

 * Symbol support vote.svg Lord Howe Island (35620) (with User:Granitethighs)
 * Symbol support vote.svg Ionic compound (24560)
 * Symbol support vote.svg St John's Ashfield (2230)
 * Symbol support vote.svg Angie Ballard (2069)

Science (pageviews 10541)

 * Circle packing in a square (3036)
 * Tetrahedron packing (1998)
 * Circle packing in a circle (1895)
 * Enantiostasis (1847)
 * Circle packing in an equilateral triangle (979)
 * Circle packing in an isosceles right triangle (786)

Organizations (pageviews 7344)

 * List of Anglican churches in the Diocese of Sydney (3519)
 * St John's Ashfield (2230)
 * Gordon Research Conferences (1595)
 * Garrison Church (???)

Species (pageviews 9036)

 * Blacklip abalone (orig. Haliotis rubra) (581 + 900)
 * Xylocarpus granatum (906) Xylocarpus granatum.jpg
 * Bauhinia monandra (673)
 * Australian Emperor (669)
 * List of cicadas of Australia(557)
 * Actinia tenebrosa (542)
 * Persoonia oxycoccoides (412)
 * Calystegia affinis (369)
 * Noctepuna cerea (364)
 * Lomandra confertifolia (299)
 * Lachnagrostis (291)
 * Oedura lesueurii (278)
 * Diplodactylus vittatus (266)
 * Spilosoma glatignyi (258)
 * Anomalopus swansoni (219)
 * Eumorphia prostrata (196)
 * Gastrimargus musicus (194)
 * Oulactis (190)
 * Dark-capped Parrotfish (178)
 * Persoonia pauciflora (167)
 * Philotheca buxifolia (150)
 * Alpine Darner (149)
 * Australian Emerald (131)
 * Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point (120)
 * Lachnagrostis limitanea (115)

Other (pageviews 3628)

 * Between Hope and History (1632)
 * Disability in Australia (854)
 * The Hungry Mile (687)
 * Rewari metal work (370)
 * Kellie Lim (349)
 * North Rothbury, New South Wales (304)
 * Lawrence Nield (286)
 * Sally Crossing
 * Kerry Schott

Ideas for pages:

 * Frank–Kasper phases
 * Cubatic order/Cubatic phase (see Cubatic)
 * Pages for species endemic to Lord Howe Island: User:99of9/LordHowe
 * Biographies of Australians in the ADB: WikiProject_Australia/To-do/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography
 * Saissetia oleae
 * St Albans, Five Dock: 1909 preaching
 * Glen Helen Gorge
 * Three-striped Butterflyfish (Chaetodon tricinctus)
 * Long March for Justice, Freedom and Hope, 1988
 * Harman undertaking

Global interface edits
I occasionally edit Mediawiki space on other language Wikipedias. This uses the Global interface editor userright, for which I reapply each year. I translate customized terms on the Mediawiki:sidebar into English, to ensure that editors who specify the English language in their preferences can read the sidebar, even if they are not familiar with the local language. My edits should not affect anyone else. If you would like to supply a better translation, feel free to contact me or a local language administrator.

Paid contributions declaration
My employer The University of Sydney organized an editathon on 31 October 2014 focused on women historically or currently connected with the university. Due to my Wiki experience, I was asked to help both on the day and in preparation. So over a period of a few weeks around that date, some of my edits can be considered as (indirectly) "paid contributions", although it is not part of my job description per se. In any case, I always endeavour to edit in an objective manner, and take full personal responsibility for my edits. The project page is at Meetup/Sydney/University of Sydney Wikibomb. If you have any concerns about the event or edits associated with it, please contact me and I will be happy to investigate. Most of the editors were newcomers to Wiki - so please treat them nicely!

Similarly, we have organised other editathons which I participate in. The project pages are Meetup/Sydney/USyd2018 and WriteWomenUSYD.

The City of Sydney has contracted me to run three editathons during 2021 and four in 2022, during which time I will demonstrate editing using their content. These are documented at project pages GLAM/Australian libraries and WP/Events/City of Sydney Picture This GLAM/Australian_libraries_and_WP/Events/City_of_Sydney_First_Nations and GLAM/Australian libraries and WP/Events/City of Sydney Hands on history.

title: User:99of9


text:
Castro de Avelãs

Castro de Avelãs is a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 460, in an area of 13.48 km2.

title: Castro de Avelãs


text:
Coelhoso

Coelhoso is a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 319, in an area of 19.78 km2.

title: Coelhoso


text:
Olallieberry

The olallieberry, sometimes spelled ollalieberry, olallaberry, olalliberry, ollalaberry or ollaliberry, is the marketing name for the 'Olallie' blackberry released by the USDA-ARS (in collaboration with Oregon State University). The berry was a selection from a cross between the 'Black Logan' (syn. 'Mammoth'), developed by Judge James Logan in California, and the youngberry, which was developed by Byrnes M. Young in Louisiana.

According to Judge Logan, 'Black Logan' was a cross between the eastern blackberry 'Crandall' and the western dewberry 'Aughinbaugh'. 'Youngberry' was from 'Phenomenal' x 'Austin Mayes'. 'Phenomenal' in turn is a cross of the 'Aughinbaugh' western dewberry and 'Cuthbert' red raspberry and so has a similar background to Logan's 'Loganberry' because it shares a parent.

Development and cultivation
The original cross was made in 1935 by George Waldo with the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), who ran the cooperative blackberry breeding program between the USDA-ARS and Oregon State University from 1932 until the 1960s. Selected in 1937 and tested in Oregon, Washington and California as "Oregon 609" (OSC 609), it was named "Olallie" and released in 1950.

During the 20th century, the Olallieberry was hybridized with the Chehalem blackberry to produce the Marion blackberry or Marionberry, which – when used as the fruit in a pie – was named as the official state pie of Oregon in 2017.

In popular culture
"Olallie" means berry in the Chinook Jargon. Olallie Lake in Oregon's Cascade Range is named after the Chinook term due to the abundance of berries in that area.

title: Olallieberry


text:
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (historical)

The Communist Party of Spain (Marxist-Leninist) (in Spanish: Partido Comunista de España (marxista-leninista), PCE (m-l)) is a communist political party in Spain, formed in 1964 through the merger of splinter groups of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE).

PCE(m-l) followed the line of the Chinese Communist Party and Maoism until it took the side of the Party of Labour of Albania, which granted it official recognition, against the Chinese, during the events that led to the Sino-Albanian split.

History
The PCE(m-l) party was formed by communists dissatisfied that the Communist Party of Spain, under the leadership of Santiago Carrillo, had abandoned the armed struggle in 1964. It remained small throughout its existence and in 1968 it shrunk further when a sector of its militants abandoned the party to join the Organisation of Marxist–Leninists of Spain.

In January 1971, at the time when the need was felt to renew the fight against the Francoist rule of Spain, the then Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist), together with the Spanish National Liberation Front (FELN) and Vanguardia Socialista, took part in the foundation of the Revolutionary and Patriotic Antifascist Front (FRAP) at a meeting in Paris held in a house owned by American writer Arthur Miller. The PCE(m-l) launched then the Coordinating Committee of the Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front, which held its constituent conference in 1974, and was designed to coordinate student insurrections against the Francisco Franco dictatorial regime based on the model of the student demonstrations of May 1968 in France. Initially the Front was led by Julio Álvarez del Vayo, FELN leader and a former member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party.

Other fronts of PCE(m-l) were:
 * Convención Republicana de los Pueblos de España
 * Juventud Comunista de España (marxista-leninista)
 * Federación Universitaria Democrática Española
 * Unión Popular Antifascista

PCE(m-l) published Revolución Española. In 1977, during the Spanish transition to democracy, it started publishing Vanguardia obrera as the organ of the Central Committee of the party.

The party was legalized in 1981. That year, a split surged in the party, with a dissident group forming a parallel PCE(m-l) and publishing its own version of Vanguardia obrera.

The sixth and last congress of PCE(m-l) was held in 1992, voting to dissolve the party. An agreement was made to form a new group, the Partido Comunista Democratico, but that was never carried out. The main leader of PCE(m-l), Raúl Marco, had broken away in 1991 to form the Colectivo Octubre, which evolved into Organización Comunista Octubre.

The Organización Comunista Octubre merged with a number of other regional splits from the PCE (m-l) to form the Comité Estatal de Organizaciones Comunistas (CEOC).

The CEOC with four other communist organizations merged in 2007 to form the re-founded PCE(m-l). The new PCE (m-l) continues the Hoxhaist line of the old PCE (m-l) and is an active member of the ICMLPO, an international grouping of Hoxhaist communist parties.

Congresses of PCE(m-l)

 * 1st congress: 1973, Madrid
 * 2nd congress: 1977, Madrid
 * 3rd congress: 1979, Madrid
 * 4th congress: 1984
 * 5th congress
 * 6th congress: 1992