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Fred Silverman

Fred Silverman (September 13, 1937 – January 30, 2020) was an American television executive and producer. He worked as an executive at all of the Big Three television networks, and was responsible for bringing to television such programs as Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! (the original incarnation of the Scooby-Doo franchise, 1969–1970), All in the Family (1971–1979), The Waltons (1972–1981), and Charlie's Angels (1976–1981), as well as the miniseries Rich Man, Poor Man (1976), Roots (1977), and Shōgun (1980). For his success in programming such successful shows, Time magazine declared him "The Man with the Golden Gut" in 1977.

Early life and career
Silverman was born in New York City, the son of Mildred, a homemaker, and William Silverman, a radio and television service repairman. His father was Jewish and his mother was Catholic. He grew up in Rego Park, Queens, and attended Forest Hills High School. He graduated with a bachelor's degree from Syracuse University, where he was a member of Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity, and then earned a master's degree from Ohio State University. His 406-page masters thesis analyzed ten years worth of ABC programming and led to his hiring at WGN-TV in Chicago. At WGN, Silverman pioneered the concept of airing family-friendly feature films in prime time with Family Classics, which later inspired the major networks to do the same. This was followed by positions at WPIX in New York, and then at CBS. His first job at CBS was to oversee the network's daytime programming. Silverman married his assistant, Cathy Kihn, and they had a daughter, Melissa, and son, William.

CBS
In 1970, Silverman was promoted from vice-president of program planning and development to vice president, Programs, heading the entire program department at CBS. Silverman was promoted to bring a change in perspective for the network, as it had just forced out the previous executive in that position, Michael Dann; Dann's philosophy was to draw as many viewers as possible without regard to key demographics, which the network found to be unacceptable, as advertisers were becoming more specific about what kind of audience they were aiming for. To boost viewership in demographics that were believed to be more willing to respond to commercials, Silverman orchestrated the "rural purge" of 1971, which eventually eliminated many popular country-oriented shows, such as Green Acres, Mayberry R.F.D., Hee Haw, and The Beverly Hillbillies from the CBS schedule. In their place, however, came a new wave of classics aimed at the upscale baby boomer generation, such as All in the Family, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, M*A*S*H, The Waltons, Cannon, Barnaby Jones, Kojak, and The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour.

Silverman had an uncanny ability to spot burgeoning hit material, especially in the form of spin-offs, new television series developed with characters that appeared on an existing series. For example, he spun off Maude and The Jeffersons from All in the Family, and Rhoda from The Mary Tyler Moore Show (as well as The Bob Newhart Show from MTM's writers). In early 1974, Silverman ordered a Maude spin-off titled Good Times; that series' success led Silverman to schedule it against ABC's new hit, Happy Days, the following fall.

In other dayparts, Silverman also reintroduced game shows to the network's daytime lineups in 1972 after a four-year absence; among the shows Silverman introduced was an updated version of the 1950s game show The Price Is Right, which remains on the air over five decades later. After the success of The Price Is Right, Silverman established a working relationship with Mark Goodson and Bill Todman and most of their game shows appeared on CBS, including a revival of Match Game.

On Saturday mornings, Silverman commissioned Hanna-Barbera to produce the series Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, and the character Fred Jones is named after Silverman. The success of Scooby-Doo led to several other Hanna-Barbera series airing on CBS in the early 1970s.

Move to ABC
Silverman was named president of ABC Entertainment in 1975, putting him in the ironic position of saving Happy Days, the very show that Good Times had brought to the brink of cancellation. Silverman succeeded in bringing Happy Days to the top of the ratings and generating a hit spin-off from that show, Laverne & Shirley (another spin-off, Mork & Mindy, was also a ratings winner initially ending its first season at number three but the ratings quickly free fell).

At ABC, Silverman also greenlit other popular series such as The Bionic Woman (a Six Million Dollar Man spin-off), Family, Charlie's Angels, Donny & Marie, Three's Company, Eight Is Enough, The Love Boat, Soap, Fantasy Island, Good Morning America, long-form pioneer Rich Man, Poor Man, and the award-winning miniseries, Roots. These moves brought ABC's long-dormant ratings from third place to first place. However, Silverman was criticized during this period for relying heavily on escapist fare (it was Silverman who conceived the infamous The Brady Bunch Hour with Sid and Marty Krofft in late 1976) and for bringing T&A or "jiggle TV" to the small screen with numerous ABC shows featuring buxom, attractive, and often scantily-clad young women (such as the popular Battle of the Network Stars).

ABC Daytime had mediocre ratings, so in order to increase them, Silverman hired Gloria Monty to produce the ailing General Hospital. He gave Monty thirteen weeks to increase the serial's ratings or it would be cancelled. He later expanded General Hospital, All My Children, and One Life to Live to a full hour, and created a $3 1/2$-hour afternoon serial block. Among game shows, Silverman introduced Goodson and Todman's Family Feud to the network.

During Silverman's time at ABC, he overhauled the network's Saturday-morning cartoon output, dumping Filmation (which had produced the failed Uncle Croc's Block) and replacing it with content from Hanna-Barbera, including a continuation of Scooby-Doo. He also oversaw the creation of Ruby-Spears Productions, poaching two of Hanna-Barbera's lead writers, Joe Ruby and Ken Spears, to produce their own content in hopes of keeping Hanna-Barbera from becoming complacent. ABC abandoned the wiping of video-taped programs under Silverman's tenure in 1978, as CBS had done while he was at that network.

Move to NBC
Although Silverman's tenure at ABC was very successful, he left to become president and CEO of NBC in 1978. In stark contrast with his tenures at CBS and ABC, his three-year tenure at NBC proved to be a difficult period, marked by several high-profile failures such as the sitcom Hello, Larry, the variety shows The Big Show and Pink Lady, the drama Supertrain (which also was, at the time, the most expensive TV series produced; its high production costs and poor ratings nearly bankrupted NBC), and the Jean Doumanian era of Saturday Night Live. (Silverman hired Doumanian after Al Franken, the planned successor for outgoing Lorne Michaels, castigated Silverman's failures on-air in a way that Silverman took very personally. ) Even in daytime, the network struggled as the expansion of Another World from 60 to 90 minutes drove away not only viewers, but longtime head writer Harding Lemay, while Regis Philbin's talk show proved to be nowhere near as popular as his later syndicated talk show would prove to be. Compounding this was the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott costing the network millions in lost ad revenue, and multiple industry strikes pushing back the premieres of new shows.

Despite these failures, there were high points in Silverman's tenure at NBC, including the launch of the critically lauded Hill Street Blues (1981), the epic mini-series Shōgun, and The David Letterman Show (daytime, 1980), which would lead to Letterman's successful Late Night with David Letterman in 1982. Silverman had Letterman in a holding deal after the morning show which kept the unemployed Letterman from going to another network (NBC gave Letterman a $20,000 per week [$1,000,000 for a year] to sit out a year). However, Silverman nearly lost his then-current late night host, market leader Johnny Carson, after Carson sued NBC in a contract dispute; the case was settled out of court and Carson remained with NBC in exchange for the rights to his show and a reduction in time on air, along with a deal with Carson Entertainment Group that eventually resulted in the hit TV sitcom Amen as well as the TV's Bloopers and Practical Jokes series and specials along with a handful of shows that proved short-lived.

Silverman also developed successful comedies such as Diff'rent Strokes, The Facts of Life, and Gimme a Break!. Silverman also pioneered entertainment reality programming with the 1979 launch of Real People. His contributions to the network's game show output included Goodson and Todman's Card Sharks and Password Plus, both of which enjoyed great success in the morning schedule, although he also canceled several other relatively popular series, including The Hollywood Squares and High Rollers, to make way for The David Letterman Show (those cancellations also threatened Wheel of Fortune, whose host, Chuck Woolery, departed the show in a payment dispute during Silverman's tenure, although the show survived). Silverman also oversaw the hiring of Pat Sajak as the new host of Wheel of Fortune in 1981, a position Sajak holds to this day on the syndicated version that started in 1983, although Silverman himself objected to Sajak's hiring. On Saturday mornings, in a time when most of the cartoon output of the three networks was similar, Silverman oversaw the development of an animated series based on The Smurfs; the animated series The Smurfs ran from 1981 to 1990, well after Silverman's departure, making it one of his longest-lasting contributions to the network.

In other areas of NBC, Silverman revitalized the news division, which resulted in Today and NBC Nightly News achieving parity with their competition for the first time in years. He created a new FM Radio Division, with competitive full-service stations in New York, Chicago, San Francisco and Washington. During his NBC tenure, Silverman also brought in an entirely new divisional and corporate management, a team that stayed in place long after Silverman's departure. (Among this group was a new Entertainment President, Brandon Tartikoff, who would help get NBC back on top by 1985.) Silverman also reintroduced the peacock as NBC's corporate logo in the form of the proud 'N' (which combined the peacock with the 1975 trapezoid 'N' logo) in 1979; the logo was used until 1986.

Foundation of The Fred Silverman Company
In 1981, Silverman left NBC and formed The Fred Silverman Company (formerly Intermedia Entertainment) to produce shows to sell to television. The company would generate several hits including the Perry Mason TV movie series (1985–1994), Matlock (1986–1995), Jake and the Fatman (1987–1992), In the Heat of the Night (1988–1995), Father Dowling Mysteries (1987–1991), and Diagnosis: Murder (1993–2001). Most of these continue to run in syndication. Most of these series were co-produced with Dean Hargrove and Viacom Productions.

History
After he quit NBC, Silverman formed his own production company in order to sign a deal with MGM and United Artists, who had specialized in film and television production, with George Reeves as Silverman's partner. Shortly afterwards, he named his production company InterMedia Entertainment Co. In 1982, Silverman had sixteen development projects, but none of them got to series. It was reported that the company was working on The World of Entertainment with Gene Kelly.

In 1982, his InterMedia Entertainment Company had partnered with Marvel Productions to create a joint venture. In 1983, he partnered with Alan Thicke, along with Metromedia Producers Corporation for a syndicated late night show Thicke of the Night, which was designed to compete against The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. After several failed attempts to sell a primetime show, Silverman and MGM/UA successfully sold We Got It Made to NBC in 1983. It didn't catch on and was gone after one season, although it did see a one-year revival in syndication for the 1987 season.

In 1984, Silverman secured a deal with Walt Disney Pictures to produce theatrical motion pictures, with the first release slated by late 1985, but it never happened. Silverman also produced the first Perry Mason telemovie, which came out in 1985, and marked the first writing-producing collaboration partnership between Silverman, writer Dean Hargrove and production company Viacom Productions.

Silverman also produced, with Earl Hamner, the drama Morningstar/Eveningstar, which was produced by Lorimar Productions and debuted on CBS in 1986. Later that year, he reunited with We Got It Made producer Gordon Farr and movie studio De Laurentiis Entertainment Group to produce Isabel Sanford's Honeymoon Hotel for access syndication, which aired a trial week in January 1987, but was cancelled after DEG went bankrupt just before production was set to resume. Silverman and Farr also produced the sitcom California Girls, with DEG and Viacom as distributor, but it failed to sell. It was around that time that InterMedia was renamed The Fred Silverman Company. Also later that year, NBC had reached a deal with syndicator MGM Television to revive We Got it Made for the 1987–88 season in syndication.

Silverman also produced One of the Boys for NBC, in association with Stefan Phillips, Blake Hunter, Martin Cohan and Columbia Pictures Television.

During the game-show revival that followed the success of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, Silverman resurrected the 1950s game show Twenty One for NBC in 2000. A few years later, he returned to ABC in an advisory capacity.

In 1995, he was awarded the Women in Film Lucy Award in recognition of excellence and innovation in creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television. In 1999, Silverman was inducted into the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Hall of Fame.

Death
Silverman died from cancer on January 30, 2020, at his home in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles. He was 82.

title: Fred Silverman


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File:Spin Doctors - Up for Grabs...Live.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album "Up for Grabs...Live" by Spin Doctors

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Donati (crater)

Donati is a lunar impact crater that is located in the rugged south-central highlands of the Moon. It lies just to the northwest of the crater Faye, and the two outer rims are separated by a gap of less than 10 kilometers. To the north is the comparably sized Airy, and farther to the southeast is Playfair. Donati is 36 kilometers in diameter.

The outer wall of Donati has been eroded by subsequent impacts, particularly in the south and east, where craterlets overlie the rim. The distorted northern rim is joined with the irregularly shaped satellite crater Airy C. The inner floor of Donati is irregular and marked by small craters, particularly in the south and southwest. At the midpoint of the interior is a central rise. The crater is from the Pre-Imbrian period, 4.55 to 3.85 billion years ago.

It is named after the 19th-century Italian astronomer Giovanni Battista Donati.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Donati.

title: Donati (crater)


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Category:Politics stubs

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 * If it is about a liberal political party or subject, please use liberal-stub instead (it will then also be listed in this category).
 * If it is about another political party, or about political parties in general, please use party-stub instead.
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User talk:Nat Krause/Archive2

Re CESNUR
Reading your inquiries re CESNUR on Andries's talk page, let me add my opinion on them (you said that you are interested in CESNUR because you want to make Aum Shinrikyo article neutral). To my knowledge, CESNUR doesn't position itselves as expert on Aum more than on other NRMs. At CESNUR's page you find his review of Littman's book and collection of newspaper articles, that's basically all. Introvigne once (couple of years ago) was interviewed by BBC and said that "Aum does not pose a threat". I don't remember reading anything by Introvigne or his students on this topic apart of that.

As to CESNUR itself, CESNUR is not some association of cult apologists, though anti-cult movement seems to pay much attention to it. Please take into consideration the fact that while anti-cult groups maintain websites, actively post in usenet etc., scholars usually tend to make their research available to other scholars and do not pay much attention to internet advertisements of their works. In other words, scholars publish their works in scientific magazines and usually don't counter-attack websites accusing them in pro-cult bias. The do not maintain counter-anti-cult websites to "expose" the anti-cult activists as well, so in order to get scholarly points of view you will need to extract references to these scholars from works published on CESNUR's page and try to google them to see if anything is available on the Web. Works that are copyrighted will not be available.

Pali Canon in Japanese
Dear NatKrause, thank you for your input to Aum Shinrikyo article. I ventured to add more to its 'doctrine' section today, please review the changes when you have time. By the way, could you give me some more info on Pali Canon translation to Japanese? This is important as I thought that Aum is strangely the only group in the world that translated the full Pali Canon and you said that it was already translated into Japanese. If this is true, Aum would not be the first, but then Japanese is the only language into which the full Canon was ever translated from original Pali, so I am interested to check this. If this is indeed true, we could add to the Buddhism section, as this is a very interesting fact.

normativity
Yeah, I tend to avoid normativity in general. :P Seriously tho, I have to stop editing controvercial articles or I'm gonna get chased off the wiki. Every troll, wingnut and crackpot on the wiki gravitates to them naturally, and thats not the worst. The worst thing is a normally good editor who loses their NPOV over some issue or topic, or assumes bad faith in another editor due to their presumed POV, or otherwise malfunctions in regards to a particular topic. I have noticed which parts of editing here I enjoy, and which parts I hate. I like creating new pages, and editing obscure ones. I am beginning to think that w so many pages, I should just abandon any page that becomes unfriendly. I am tired of unfriendliness. Prob is, that is a cycle on the wiki. Somehow the meta-issue of trolls/majority POV chasing off those who differ from them must be solved if we are to ever be a reliable reference. I do ramble on, don't I? :) Sam [Spade] 10:37, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Zen

 * (Dear Mandel: Sorry, I have to revert this. I'm not sure what the distinction making is, but "contemplative" sounds incorrect. And we might as well point out that "Zen" is a Japanese word.)

No problem. I thought having two Zens redundant because it is mentioned as the first word. Hence the delete.

As for the latter ("contemplative"), maybe I have to check it out.

If for the good of the article, I don't see why you can't revert my change. Esp when I may be wrong. :-) Mandel May 15, 2004

Nat at his best (smiley removed so as not to offend)
My favourite Nat Krause quote at the moment: "Robert of Ketton translated the Quran, but that didn't make him a Christian."

Well - it is my favourite because it made me laugh for a few minutes. As to 'best' - yes. probably meant in an ironic manner All the best to you (20040302 07:00, 24 May 2004 (UTC))

Anarchism
I think arguing that Rand wasn't an anarcho-capitalist is a tough sell, regardless of what she claimed on the matter. (It's hardly the only suspect claim of hers). Regardless, I think both Libertarians and Rand show the importance of anarcho-capitalist philosophy. I'm not averse to explanation, or even expansion, of the discussion on types of anarchist thought, and of the conflicts and arguments over what "real" anarchism is, as I've said. I'm opposed to the article taking a point of view on that debate. Snowspinner 06:57, Jun 24, 2004 (UTC)

Religion in India
Hey man... heh heh... I answered in the affirmative to the U.S. question, that I'd support it, holding a condition for the (unlikely) possibility it fights against India. :) But I don't think president's coming any time soon.

As for the Religion of India page, it sucks, and completely unsubstantiated bullcrap about Hindu fundamentalists wiping out Buddhists and their 'fleeing' India need to be taken care of. In general, you're right, it's sparse and does no justice whatsoever to the spiritual kaleidoscope that is India, possibly the most religiously diverse country in the world. I'll work on it over this week or so. Gotta think of a plan. Shanti Out... no, that doesn't work... peace out. --LordSuryaofShropshire 18:08, Jun 25, 2004 (UTC)

snarkiest
Well, I don't really agree w your characterization, but I can't say it isn't true. I go way out of my way not to edit war (not that anybody notices) and as far as "leftist forces"... My experience here on the wiki has done a pretty good job of shaking the gears out of what I think left and right are sposed to mean. For the record, I like the test here, which says I'm a Leftist (and modest authoritarian) myself. If wiki articles tended to say gays should get an arse kicking and anarchists are all sociopathic maniacs, I'd prob get criticized for my opposition to "rightist forces". I like to think my bias here is pro-NPOV, and anti-B.S. ;). And as far as Kev, when anybody starts muttering about cabals and conspiracies, I tend to roll my eyes. Not mention that he is very difficult to wrangle sense out of, and has a habit of hurling ad hominem's (troll) my way. Drop a note anytime you’re in the mood to conspire, Sam [Spade] 04:23, 26 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Me, of course :-)
I originally used the name as a semi-troll account on Kuro5hin, but I kind of grew into it and it sort of stuck. - Ta bu shi da yu 13:21, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Anarcho-wikipediaism
Superb work over at anarcho-fascism. I would go so far as to say that while you glanced over the facts/history/philosophy of the article, you definately grasped the essence. Kev 08:48, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Three schools of Buddhism
Thanks, it is much better. Engrish isn't my strong point. :) FWBOarticle

 * No problem. - Nat Krause 17:41, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

short "i"
Nat, hi,

The trouble with pinyin, or one trouble with pinyin, is that they have used some letters for multiple purposes. Zhi, chi, shi, ri all end in "i". But it isn't the "i" in "bi3 jiao3". Unfortunately Japanese people in Taiwan didn't understand that. It took me learning pinyin to figure out why they always called themselves "reee ben ren." I think of the "i" in the retroflex series as a kind of "vowel r." At least that's what I say to students, which seems to satisfy them. I also say that I would have liked it better if they had spelled them "zhr, chr, shr, r," and if they thought they just had to have a vowel they could have dotted their Rs. I guess there is a bit of unintended humor in that. Never noticed it before.

Anyway, if you check my website, http://www.wfu.edu/~moran/Cathay_Cafe/IPA_NPA_4.htm, you will see that the NPA that the other teachers who communicate on the Kenyon listserv will let me get by with are a kind of backwards capital S for the retroflex series and sort of the top half of that symbol, something that looks like a candy cane.

By the way, the SIL software makes me pretty sure that I have the right symbol for the "ri" initial consonant. It doesn't involve any initial tongue contact (as "f" does in English), but it does involve very close proximity. That's why they call it an "approximant" I guess. It's like the "f" used in Japanese where the tongue is held freely between the teeth, which I would guess is also some kind of approximant -- even if they have another word for it. "Ri" is also like "xi" in respect of there being restricted airflow, a narrow channel between the tongue and the roof of the mouth, but no initial contact.

Anyway, the short answer to your question is that the "short i" isn't an "i". P0M 18:27, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Sino-Japanese
Sino-Japanese has been deleted. Quadell (talk) 14:07, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)

Consciousness of Differences
I put an answer to your comments on my own discussion page. P0M 22:09, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Buddhas
So far as I know they are all representations of the Buddha. Some temples have dozens of Buddhas, donated by benefactors over many years. Adam 07:59, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

It is not at all strange. I visited a temple in Bangkok which had at least fifty Buddhas, all in a row. For Buddhists, more Buddhas equals more merit. Adam 08:39, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I can assure you they are all images of the Buddha. There were a lot more than three, that was just a nice group of three that I photographed. Adam 11:37, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Re: welcome
Hi Nat! -- Yeah - good to be back, though Ladakh is awesome. Regarding Vajrayana, I don't really like to go near Vajrayana.. It seems to be highly politicised by a load of people who say lots, but don't appear to be able to back any of it. I feel unqualified to begin, and also it is hard enough to come to agreement with a term like 'Hinayana', let alone Vajrayana! 20040302

Your edit on list of religions
Earlier today you removed the three Buddhist sects from the list of religions. Your comment was: I think Buddhism is usually regarded as one religion, and Schools is the best place to look for more information. There was no mention that Buddhism was three religions. Besides what is a religion? There is no clear definition, appealing common thought is a logical fallacy. Your page may be the best place to look for schools however, the title on the top of the page is: Religions, sects and denominations. The three major denominations (or sects or traditions) of Buddhism belong under it. If we remove the three schools we must remove Catholicism from under Christianity. It would be better to put a note to see the schools page and leave the three traditions up. --metta, T he  S unborn  ☸  16:37, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * By the way, do we have any idea why someone thinks (Indian subcontinental) is a necessary qualifier? <-- from Sunborns talk page

 * Yeah, I don't know why LordSuryaofShropshire wanted it that way, something about Indic roots or something. He is comming from a Hindu POV however and may not fully mesh with my western Buddhist POV. His exact words are: However, in this regard, both the Dharma and Indic connection are fundamental to understanding the genesis of Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and, much later on, Sikhism. I think they can stand side by side without interfering with one the other's purport. If you want to remove the indian subcontenental section heading go for it. I just wait around week before reverting something that was reverted on me to see if they really care. --metta, T he  S unborn  ☸  04:58, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I was actually just adding a separate section below on the Indic topic, but I couldn't help seeing this comment. I'll just add that there's no Hindu bias here. This has nothing to do with religious background of the writer. I study Buddhist texts (from Nagarjuna to Zen) all the time. I was merely pointing to the origin of the faiths, which is clearly in India. It also has nothing to do with my being Indian. As I've mentioned below, any neutral observer and/or commentator dealing with Eastern religion will readily acknowledge that Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism are all Indian in their original conception and that it has nothing to do with POV. --LordSuryaofShropshire 20:36, Aug 27, 2004 (UTC)

Nikaya
Hey there - Please can you deal with the Nikaya article for the mo? I am still trying to get some sleep in from the Hinayana discussion! 20040302

List of Religions: Dharmic religions
I mention the Indian subcontinent because all the religions listed find their origin and much of their primary development in the Indian subcontinent. I am aware that both Buddhism and Hinduism, the latter to a lesser extent of course, both spread to the South East outside of India and that modern Buddhism includes Dhyana/Zen Buddhism (Chinese) in its fold. However, even the most neutral Chinese or Japanese Buddhist, Christian or Hindu scholar will refer to Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism (and Sikhism) as Indic religions in origin. I think this primary link is important enough to be mentioned.--LordSuryaofShropshire 20:21, Aug 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * The origin of the Abrahamic religions is not quite analagous to that of the Indic faiths. While the Dharma religions all saw their birthing in the Indian subcontinent and are routinely referred to by all sorts of scholars as "Indic religions," Abrahamic faiths cannot be pointed to as "Middle Eastern faiths." No one calls them that and nor does it make sense. Christianity's primary growth was witnessed in massive fluctuations from Jerusalem to Italy. Buddhism, on the other hand, had over a millenium of growth in India and can be called an Indian religion. Later developments certainly have led to a Chinese and other variant forms, but this doesn't change the relationship the Indic religions have with one another. I don't know why it's so upsetting to have them called Indic. --LordSuryaofShropshire 20:11, Aug 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * First of all, you're applying anachronistic labels to Ancient India. The subcontinent in general is known as India, including strethes of Afghanistan and the North-West (i.e. Taxila, etc.). Nepal and Tibet were also a part of greater India. Buddhism had about a millenium or more, as I said before, of growth in India unlike Christianity, which can't be said to have developed a fully concretized structure in one single place. Also, no one calls Christianity a "Middle Eastern" religion. Simple. People do call Buddhism an Indic/Indian religion. I recall a great deal of discussion about Wikipedia's preference for standard forms of reference. Indic religion is a standard form, whereas "Middle Eastern" has rarely, if ever, been used as a catch-all for the Abrahamic faiths. The page isn't helping people understand the origins and linkages between sets of religions by presenting them with jargon (Dharma for many is alien and means nothing). By giving the most reasonable, standard and universally accepted classifications one renders the List of religions practical, as opposed to unrealistically homogenous throughout. --LordSuryaofShropshire 07:25, Aug 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well not really, Tibet isn't a part of an ancient greater India. I sort of kept thinking of it in terms of Nepal. But regardless, Buddhism only developed a uniquely Tibetan strand almost 1500 years after its (vague period of) inception, so my point that Buddhism makes much more sense as an Indian religion than does Christianity as a Middle Eastern religion (obviously in my opinion) still stands. --LordSuryaofShropshire 07:45, Aug 29, 2004 (UTC)

List of Buddhists
Oh, it was yours. Hmmm, the reason is that with your standard, you have to include about 100 or 1000 of Japanese names because the country are predominantly buddhist. And what about China, Korea or Thailand. I think for famous political figures from buddhist countries to qualify for inclusion, you have to shows that he was uniquely devout or had unique influence to Buddhism. Tojo doesn't qualify for either case. As of Noriega, I wasn't aware that he was a Buddhist and I thought I should checke the source. If he is indeed a buddhist, yes, for South American, that is very rare case so he should be included. FWBOarticle 07:02, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Most Japanese have buddhist burial and i would say that older generation was more religious. That is why it is problematic to include political figures from Buddhist countries whose religious practice was entirely private matter for them.  For example, Bismark was a committed Christian but I think it would be odd to list him in Famous Christian Politicvian.  And what about Al Gore, JFK, George Bush, Kerry, or for that matter majority of U.S. politicans or what about Tony Blair.  And let not forget Queen Eliabeth or Queen Victoria.  I think the section itself has bit of problem. FWBOarticle 07:18, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

O.K. I just think that it would be difficult to complie meaningful list but I will see how the list turns our. FWBOarticle 09:12, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Michael Colley
Actually, I got it from a paper version at the convention which didn't have a copyright mark, but I'll get permission. Is there a particular wikipedia-approved method for this? Mcarling 20:29, 5 Sep 2004

Wise decision, I think, to delete the ever-growing quote section from "property" -- who on earth has never had anything to say about property! the growth prospects were literally unbounded, as is that of kudzu. Nice swordsmanship with that Gordian knot. --216.47.180.111 14:33, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

David Frawley
Yes, I've certainly heard of him. I would, first of all, hesitate to ascribe to him all of India's acceptance as a true spiritual teacher from the West. Rather, he was titled a true acharya/teacher by one major group. But you would be hard-pressed to mention his name to the average Hindu in India and find true recognition. Essentially, he's an extremely well-read Vedic scholar as well as a hardline Hindu, his compass limited to educated and elite circles of academics in India. In my opinion, his learning plus his white background seems to inspire in Hindu right-wingers great excitement as if a truly Western voice has taken up the cause of Hinduism. As a liberal (and I would like to believe well-read) American, I take everything of his with a grain of salt. He definitely has an amazing grasp of scriptures and anybody could learn from him, but his association with the more virulently fanatic Indian cliques worries me sometimes. As for the page, I edited the 'recognized in India' part to reflect reality. Aside from that, it seems accurate.--LordSuryaofShropshire 20:45, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)

Karmapa
Nat, there could be a bit of conflict going on between supporters of the two claimants to the title of Karmapa going on over on that article. I noticed you tried to set a NPOV earlier, perhaps you could keep an eye on it? 18:29, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I know you are avoiding working on this page, but it several people have put in some work now, and the controversial part moved to Karmapa controversy. So you may be pleasantly surprised when you come back to it. Billlion 06:56, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Other Wiki Languages
Oh? Where are they? I don't see them. I must be sitting here too long. Are they on every page? I am workingon some Karate stuff at themoment and thought this was a good place to get some 'free' material very quickly. Show me those links and how I can use them, please! :-) [[User:Whiskers|whiskers (talk)]] 07:00, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Oh! I see it on the left. Is it on every page? I have never noticed it before. But is it only there for pages of the same name, I think. If I want to link other pages on the same subject, then I do need to put them in manually, don't I? So how do they work, anyway? I have seen those blahblah entries at the bottoms of the edit page before and have added some myself, without actually ever knowing what they do, but just putting the proper translated word in the blank. Is this how it works? [[User:Whiskers|whiskers (talk)]] 07:02, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Oh, gee! That sure is complicated with the other skin. I find even this default monoface a bit confusing yet. There are so many buttons and sometimes I'm not really so sure what's happening, but I have gotten the hang of it pretty quickly. I tried classic, but think I want to revert to mono agian, because I couldn't see the + button in classic - I guess it's hiding somewhere. I suppose I should read more of the tutorial about languages. I am trilingual and like the idea of full integration of the data in a seamless way, regardless of language. [[User:Whiskers|whiskers (talk)]] 07:17, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hank Hanegraaff
As far as I know, Hank is involved in all sorts of polemics against many Charismatic and Pentecostal leaders. That's why I put him on the category list. In other words, Hank is involved directly in criticising Charismatic teaching. Surely this deserves space on the category:Charismatic and Pentecostal Topics page! I wish to revert - can you please contact me about this issue? One Salient Oversight 07:41, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Introvigne and CESNUR
Hello Nat Krause, I read what you wrote on talk:Aum Shinrikyo. Let me first state my background. I am an ex-member of Sathya Sai Baba and because of my unfortunate involvement with this group am critical of new religious movements. I have an opinion on CESNUR, based on a lot of reading of works of its scholars, and that is that the quality of CESNUR's work depends very much on the scholar. I consider myself an anti cult activist but I oppose making general negative statements about CESNUR affiliated scholars. I have my doubts though if even the best of CESNUR scholars fully understand the psychological traumas that NRMs can cause. Andries 17:16, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Nat, I do not have an opinion about the quality of Introvigne's articles even though it is fact that he is controversial. Sorry. Andries 18:53, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Wisconsin towns
I left a rather verbose reply to your query on my talk page. older ≠ wiser 12:25, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

An oldy but a goody
Well, it's not me who added that. It's Imran. See. And the sentence "Go-Yozei is regarded as the father of the Toyotomi family." is odd. I don't know what "father" means in this context, but Emperor Go-Yozei just bestowed the surname (uji) Toyotomi on Hideyoshi. And the imperial family is never to adopt its subjects. --Nanshu 03:46, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Mahayana
Good editorial Nat - I liked the changes. (20040302)

- Chuck Muller here. I'm a pretty extensive contributor to the Buddhism area. Suggestion: regarding the Buddhism box, I think the entry at the top "terms and concepts," is a redundant piece of human labor that does not well utilize Wikipedia's built-in tools, like ((Category:Buddhist terms)). In other words, rather than building a separate word list, we can just add Category links at the bottom of all these terms. I've begun to do it. Eventually, I would suggest the same kind of strategy for Buddhist persons, temples, texts, etc. Acmuller

Korean Buddhism
Hi Nat, after Acmuller wanted to remove his text and later seriously mutilated the article, I did a rewrite. However, in this process a few questions popped up. Could you take a look at Talk:Korean Buddhism and the article and see if you can help? Thanks, Lupo 06:35, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Re:God
See my reply @ User_talk:Sam_Spade. Cheers, Sam [Spade] 11:25, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

URGENT: Opposition to "Sam Spade": See User:Spleeman/Sam Spade
See a critic's tracking of SamSpade's activities on Wikipedia at User:Spleeman/Sam Spade Vote "NO", or reverse your vote, even at this late hour. This is criticle (and critical) information! IZAK 10:00, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

See: User:Spleeman/Sam Spade:

 * From Sam's own user page: User:Sam_Spade/Theoretical_Biases
 * Removes references to groups such as the KKK as "right-wing"
 * Attempts to sugarcoat racist views
 * The claim the Geli Raubal was Hitler's mistress is just that, a claim.
 * Wants Hitler labeled as a socialist on the communism page (see Talk:Communism)
 * Insists on including his personal theories regarding a relationship between nazism and Chinese communism in nazism article:
 * User_talk:Andries
 * Talk:Nazism
 * From Talk:Socialism:
 * "I intend to do what I always have, which is insist that the Nazi's were socialist because... they were." (Sam Spade 00:32, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC))
 * Called another editor a "fascist" (Talk:Socialism). This is similar to his attempts to try to provoke me by implying that I was a nationalist, or not an anarchist:
 * "Enforcing american spelling is a sign of nationalism, and would therefore seem to suggest your not an anarchist? Or perhaps your a "anarcho-nationalist"? ;p" (Sam Spade 08:06, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC), User_talk:Spleeman)
 * "Censorship isn't very anarchist" (Sam Spade 23:25, 27 Jun 2004 (UTC), Talk:Anarchism/Archive10)
 * More on belief in non-racial eugenics: Why Sam is Right Wing (a list by User:Stopthebus18)
 * Stopthebus18: "People (including our country) have done horrible things in the name of eugenics." (StoptheBus18 16:02, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC))
 * Sam Spade: "Seems to work in Singapore. Bad things have been done in the name of all sorts of medicine, but we don't stop going to the doctor, do we?" (Sam Spade 17:21, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC))
 * Guess what everybody!!! "The attempt to paint them [the Nazis] as "reactionaries" is a propagandistic fraud." (Sam Spade 16:11, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC), Talk:Nazism) Wow! You learn something new everyday.... Not.
 * Hmm. For some reason, Sam doesn't want anybody to know that white-supremacist Wolfgang Droege was involved in drug trafficking.

 * You've got to be kidding. For one thing, I don't think Sam is going to have the votes necessary to become an admin anyway, so what's the point of this? - Nat Krause 10:03, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Brahma
I did the move, but I'm also posting it to the Pump to see if this is the best dab method. Never mind, it seems good to me. Thanks for giving me my first personal admin power request. :) Incidentally, you can only move a page over another if the victim page is a redirect, only has 1 history, and is a redirect to the page being moved there. That was the problem. --Golbez 07:21, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

Idolatry
Re: Idolatry From a Hindu point of view, Hindus would consider the Abrahmanic God (Yahweh) to be the same as Narayana or Shankara. Furthermore, Muslims, Christians and Jews all supposedly worship the same God yet Jews wouldn't consider Allah to be equivalent to Yahweh even though Muslims state that Yahweh and Allah are the same God. The same goes with Christians and Jews. All paths to God are different but equivalent. As the Vedas state, "Truth is one, the wise call by different names." Additionally, Sikhs are not idolators either as they have similarities with Abrahmanic religions as their religion has both Muslim and Hindu influences even though Sikhism is a separate and independent religion. This differences between Jews, Muslims and Christians are not that different from Vaishnavities and Shaivites (in Hinduism) who have differences. Vaishnvaites believe Vishnu is the supreme God while Shaivites believe Shiva is the supreme God even though both sectarian scriptures state that Shiva and Vishnu are the same God but different roles of God, one as Preserver and the Destroyer. Also many consider Sikhism in the Abrahmanic religious tradition (see wikpedia article on Abrhamanic religions) as it is influenced by Islam.

Thank you for your respected criticism.

Also you placed an alternative view for the note on idolatry. I respectfully disagree. THis would be the view of practically all Hindus. Truth is one, the wise call by different names. Please read the following sites.

http://www.hinduism-today.com/archives/2004/4-6/37-52_ten_questions.shtml

http://www.hinduism-today.com/archives/2003/10-12/44-49_four_sects.shtml

Idolatry
Re: Idolatry From a Hindu point of view, Hindus would consider the Abrahmanic God (Yahweh) to be the same as Narayana or Shankara. Furthermore, Muslims, Christians and Jews all supposedly worship the same God yet Jews wouldn't consider Allah to be equivalent to Yahweh even though Muslims state that Yahweh and Allah are the same God. The same goes with Christians and Jews. All paths to God are different but equivalent. As the Vedas state, "Truth is one, the wise call by different names." Additionally, Sikhs are not idolators either as they have similarities with Abrahmanic religions as their religion has both Muslim and Hindu influences even though Sikhism is a separate and independent religion. This differences between Jews, Muslims and Christians are not that different from Vaishnavities and Shaivites (in Hinduism) who have differences. Vaishnvaites believe Vishnu is the supreme God while Shaivites believe Shiva is the supreme God even though both sectarian scriptures state that Shiva and Vishnu are the same God but different roles of God, one as Preserver and the Destroyer. Also many consider Sikhism in the Abrahmanic religious tradition (see wikpedia article on Abrhamanic religions) as it is influenced by Islam.

Thank you for your respected criticism.

Also you placed an alternative view for the note on idolatry. I respectfully disagree. THis would be the view of practically all Hindus. Truth is one, the wise call by different names. Please read the following sites.

http://www.hinduism-today.com/archives/2004/4-6/37-52_ten_questions.shtml

http://www.hinduism-today.com/archives/2003/10-12/44-49_four_sects.shtml

title: User talk:Nat Krause/Archive2


text:
Lestat de Lioncourt

Lestat de Lioncourt is a fictional character from Anne Rice's The Vampire Chronicles novel series. Born in the late 1700s, Lestat is an immortal vampire and the antihero of the franchise.

Publication history
Lestat is introduced in Rice's 1976 novel Interview with the Vampire, the first book of what would become The Vampire Chronicles. His full backstory is explored in The Vampire Lestat (1985), which follows Lestat's exploits from his youth in the Auvergne region of France to his early years as a vampire fledgling. Lestat is the lead character in most novels in the main series, including The Queen of the Damned (1988), The Tale of the Body Thief (1992), Memnoch the Devil (1995), and Blood Canticle (2003). Rice later revisited the Lestat-centric series, starting with Prince Lestat (2014), followed by Prince Lestat and the Realms of Atlantis (2016) and Blood Communion: A Tale of Prince Lestat (2018).

Character development
According to Rice, Lestat was largely inspired by her husband, the poet and artist Stan Rice; both have blond hair and they share November 7 as a birth date. In a 2003 interview, Rice noted that the character had also taken on some of her own attributes, stating, "Stan was Lestat; he was the inspiration. Perhaps it is best to say Lestat was Stan and me. He was Stan and what Stan taught me. Lestat was inspired by Stan, and then I became Lestat." The name "Lestat" was a misspelling of "Lestan," which Rice believed to be an old Louisianan name. According to the characters themselves, who discuss the issue in Blackwood Farm, Blood Canticle and Memnoch the Devil, the name is pronounced "les-dot" "with a rather French flair."

Physical appearance
Lestat describes himself as six feet tall. He has blond hair that is not quite shoulder length, and that is rather curly, which sometimes appears white under fluorescent lighting. His eyes are gray-blue, but they reflect the colors of blue or violet easily from surfaces around them. He has a short narrow nose, and a mouth that is well shaped, but has always been slightly large for his face. His mouth can look very mean or extremely generous, but always sensual. He has a continuously animated face. Lestat's fingernails (like those of all vampires in The Vampire Chronicles) look like they are made of glass.

Personality
Because of his boldness, enthusiasm, and defiance, Lestat's seniors refer to him affectionately as "The Brat Prince", a title of which he is very fond. He is very vain and concerned with fashion, and will pause mid-narrative to remind the reader what he is wearing. He enjoys performing on stage, which he does as both a mortal actor in Paris and a vampire in his rock band called The Vampire Lestat, that he forms with a group of humans in the 1980s. Lestat is also fond of music; he sings and plays the piano and violin. Although he is illiterate as a mortal man, he learns to read and loves literature as a vampire. In one period of his life, he becomes a hermit and spends every night holed up at home, reading.

The first language that Lestat learns is French, although he "writes" his novels in English. In The Vampire Lestat, he notes that despite his French accent, he speaks English "like a cross between a boatman and Sam Spade" and is fond of slang.

Lestat in the books is bisexual, and has male and female lovers as both a vampire and a mortal. He is attracted to whoever most interests him at the time. Most of his early experiences are with male companions; he himself explains this by saying the women in previous centuries simply were not as interesting as men. Later in the series, Lestat offhandedly mentions that he is frightened of women and finds them extremely and egregiously distracting.

Throughout his long life, Lestat is plagued by common philosophical questions, such as "Are my actions good or bad?", "Is there a God?", "Am I in His plan?", "What happens after death?", and "What makes a person happy?" He finds himself more in love with humanity than ever before, despite his relationship with mankind being savage. For a while, he sees life as "the Savage Garden", filled with beauty and death.

Lestat exhibits a strong altruistic nature at several points in the series. For instance, after he first becomes a vampire, he sends large gifts to his family and friends, purchases the theatre where he once worked, and settles the debts of his old manager, Renaud. Later, after his brothers and family are killed in the French Revolution, he steps forward to care for his ailing father, the only survivor, despite their hateful relationship. Lestat also frequently hunts evildoers instead of feeding from innocent victims, although he does not always abide by this rule.

As a vampire, Lestat's abilities include telepathy, mind reading, superhuman physical attributes, and rapid healing. After receiving blood from several ancient vampires, including Magnus, Marius de Romanus, and Akasha, Lestat's strength increases dramatically and allows him to fly, perform feats of telekinesis and pyrokinesis, and survive exposure to the sun. After Lestat ate the brain of Mekare, he was infused with the spirit of Amel and became the Host of the Sacred Core, effectively making himself the most powerful vampire on the planet.

Although he is painted as an anti-hero in Interview with the Vampire, he is quick to defend his own behavior. In The Vampire Lestat, he spends much of the book telling people he is hardly the monster previous narrators have made him out to be. In much of the book, (and its follow up, The Queen of the Damned), he is instead painted as a fun-loving anti-hero who is duplicit in the destruction of Akasha, the vampire queen. He loved her completely but, yet did not fundamentally agree with her "morality". This leading to her demise.

History
Lestat was born on November 7, 1760, as the seventh son of the marquis d'Auvergne in the Auvergne region of France. Only two of his brothers survive to adulthood. While they are technically aristocrats, the de Lioncourt family's fortune has been squandered, and they live in relative poverty in their medieval castle. Lestat's mother, Gabrielle, is the only literate member of the family. Lestat's father is blind and spends his days playing chess.

Lestat's relationships with his father and brothers are bad - he tells his mother "I dream sometimes that I might kill them all. I kill my father and my brothers in the dream. I go from room to room slaughtering them as I did the wolves." He attempts to escape from them several times, first by asking to remain at a monastery, and later by running away with a troupe of traveling players. In both instances, he is returned to his family. Encouraged by his mother, who sells her family heirloom jewels to purchase horses, guns, and mastiff dogs for him, Lestat takes up hunting, and soon becomes the family breadwinner.

The townspeople of Lestat's village request his help with a pack of wolves that are terrorizing the town. He rides into the mountains and kills the entire pack of eight, losing his horse, dogs, and nearly his own life in the process. Although his bravery wins him the respect and admiration of the villagers, who present him with a lush red velvet cloak and boots made from the pelts of the wolves, he goes into a deep depression.

Prodded by Gabrielle, he eventually leaves Auvergne with friend and lover Nicolas and heads for Paris, intending to become an actor. During performances, he attracts the attention of an ancient vampire named Magnus, who later abducts him and transforms him into a vampire against his will.

Immediately after turning Lestat, Magnus commits suicide, leaving Lestat to fend for himself without any kind of guidance. Lestat finds himself heir to a nearly inexhaustible fortune, and begins an adventure that leads him all around the world.

Relationships with other characters
Despite his charisma, Lestat is portrayed as a lonesome individual. In his childhood, the only member of his family whom he had any connection with was his mother, Gabrielle. She is the only member of the family who could read, and she often immersed herself in novels, neglecting the mundane life around her. Lestat both admires and hates her for this, yet he is the only person of her family she can confide in; they develop a silent but strong bond. For this very reason Lestat makes a dying Gabrielle his first vampire companion when she comes to Paris in search of her son, wishing to see him before she succumbs to consumption.

Lestat also makes his friend and lover, Nicolas de Lenfent, a vampire. They find work at a small theatre called "Renaud's". Lestat starts off as a stage hand and then, to his surprise, becomes star of the show when he steps in for another actor. Nicolas is a violinist and performs with the theatre's small orchestra. After Lestat is abducted and made a vampire, he tries to distance himself from his mortal friends and family, but he still provides for them. He buys Nicolas an apartment and many other luxuries, such as a Stradivarius violin, with his newly acquired "coin of the realm". Nicolas is suspicious, and insists that Lestat was in fact abducted from their room at night, calling out to Nicolas. Lestat gives in to the love he feels for Nicolas and makes him a vampire as well after saving him from the self-proclaimed Children of Darkness, a coven of vampires led by Armand. But Nicolas rejects Lestat and sinks into 'madness'. Lestat collapses Armand's coven, buys Renaud's old theatre, and gives it to Nicolas and Eleni, one of Armand's former acolytes. Nicolas founds the Théàtre des Vampires, while Lestat and Gabrielle leave Paris to explore the world. Unhappy with life as a vampire, Nicolas immolates himself in a bonfire, leaving Lestat scarred with his insanity and death.

Another fledgling and long-term companion is Louis de Pointe du Lac. Louis is from a family who emigrated from France to North America when he was very young, he is described as young beautiful man like an angel with "fine black hair" and deep green eyes, whom Lestat turns into a vampire in 1791. For many years, Lestat and Louis live, travel, and kill together. Though Louis claims that Lestat made him into a vampire because Lestat merely wanted his fortune, Lestat refutes these claims in the following novel. He points out that he was heir to a vast fortune well before meeting him, and says that he "fell fatally in love with Louis", who reminded him of Nicki.

Lestat and Louis "adopt" a dying orphan named Claudia in 1795. Lestat turns her into a vampire in order to tie Louis to him. While Lestat spoils Claudia and tries to teach her how to behave like a vampire, she largely ignores him and reserves her love for Louis. In 1860, after 65 years of living together, Claudia rebels and tries to kill Lestat by giving him two dead boys poisoned with absinthe and laudanum, then cutting his throat and stabbing him in the chest. With Louis's help, she dumps him in a swamp near the Mississippi River. After Lestat comes back and assaults them with the help of a young composer he has transformed into a vampire, Louis flees with Claudia. In desperation, they burn down their French Quarter house while Lestat is still inside.

Louis and Claudia flee to Europe. Lestat follows them, and encounters them at the Théâtre des Vampires. Claudia dies from sun exposure while Louis is held captive by Armand and his followers. Armand leaves with Louis, finally feeling that he has had his revenge on Lestat for ruining his coven.

At the turn of the 20th century, Louis once again discovers Lestat living in New Orleans in a weakened state. Louis turns his back on him in pity and disgust. This version of events, however, is also refuted by Lestat, who made no mention of contact with Louis in that era, though he had been visited by Armand and freely admits that his memory of this period is fragmented. Louis and Lestat reunite in the 1980s with a new understanding, only to be caught up and briefly separated again in the events that are detailed in The Queen of the Damned, though in later books Lestat refers to Louis as his lover.

Lestat has a disdain for rules and order, and states, in The Queen of the Damned, that he has always had to be his own teacher. He openly disregards and refuses to show fear to Armand, the leader of the Paris coven, even when confronted with the possibility of execution. The only immortal Lestat appears to openly respect and defer to is Marius. Lestat seeks him out as a mentor in the late 18th century, leaving him messages across Europe and Asia until Marius decides to reveal himself. While Lestat eagerly learns from Marius, he also openly breaches many of the rules Marius seeks to impress upon him, such as the prohibition on revealing himself to mortals. Such behavior inspires Marius to refer to Lestat as "the damnedest creature" and nickname him "the Brat Prince." Lestat sought Marius out to be his teacher but the relationship turned out also to be a father-son relationship.

Lestat is entirely responsible for the epic triumph and tragedy told in The Queen of the Damned, after he presents himself to the world through his autobiography and formation of a rock band, singing vampire secrets. His songs waken Akasha, the Queen of the Damned, from her sleep, and she takes Lestat on as her lover while she enacts a horrible plan to take over the world. This adventure forces Lestat to think of things and people other than himself for one of the first times in his long life, and the adventure changes him forever, forcing him to begin fighting for a kind of redemption—though, as displayed in The Tale of the Body Thief, Lestat remains his old, devilish self, revelling in his identity as the Brat Prince.

After the mysterious and mystical events of Memnoch the Devil, Lestat falls into a vampiric sleep from which the Mayfair witch Merrick eventually manages to wake him, forging a bond between them. After the spiritual, emotional and mystical changes within Lestat during his adventures in the heavenly and hellish realms he visited, Lestat became a legend amongst the remaining vampires, taking control of New Orleans and killing any fledgling vampires who killed mortals in his city. While it is largely due to his actions that the Talamasca—an order of scholars who study the supernatural world but vow to never interfere in it—declare a kind of war on vampires, it is also due to his efforts that no lives are taken over the course of the dispute between the two groups.

Lestat is sought out by a desperate Tarquin Blackwood in the novel Blackwood Farm to help him with a problem the young vampire feels only the legendary Lestat can help him with. Though Lestat suffers losses from this adventure, he falls somewhat in love with Quinn, and the two stay close after their adventure together reaches its conclusion.

In Blood Canticle, Lestat falls in love with a witch of the Mayfair clan named Rowan Mayfair, who shares the same feelings towards him. Rowan eventually asks Lestat to turn her into a vampire but, despite their feelings toward one another, he painfully chose not to, because she is a guiding figure in the Mayfair family and he cannot take her away from it or from her faithful and loving husband Michael.

In Prince Lestat and the Realms of Atlantis, Lestat (now the leader of the vampire tribe) reunites with Louis, who left Armand and his home at Trinity Gate. Lestat requests Louis return with him to the chateau in France as his companion and confidante; Louis agrees and becomes consort to Lestat, taking an active role in solving the dilemma the tribe face in that novel.

Films
Lestat appears as a major character in both motion picture adaptations of The Vampire Chronicles novels.
 * In Neil Jordan's 1994 film adaptation of Interview with the Vampire, he is portrayed by Tom Cruise.
 * In the 2002 film adaptation of Queen of the Damned, he is portrayed by Stuart Townsend.

Theatre
On stage, Lestat was portrayed by Hugh Panaro in the short-lived Broadway show Lestat: The Musical composed by Elton John and Bernie Taupin, with Drew Sarich, who was playing Armand, as the understudy.

Television
In the 2022 television series adaptation of Interview with the Vampire on AMC, he is portrayed by Sam Reid.

In popular culture
Lestat became the name and focus of a gothic rock band in Cleveland, Ohio, signed by Jevan Records who split up in 1999.

title: Lestat de Lioncourt


text:
Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate – Wideband

Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate – Wideband (AMR-WB+) is an audio codec that extends AMR-WB. It adds support for stereo signals and higher sampling rates. Another main improvement is the use of transform coding (transform coded excitation – TCX) additionally to ACELP. This greatly improves the generic audio coding. Automatic switching between transform coding and ACELP provides both good speech and audio quality with moderate bit rates.

As AMR-WB operates at internal sampling rate 12.8 kHz, AMR-WB+ also supports various internal sampling frequencies ranges from 12.8 kHz to 38.4 kHz. AMR-WB uses 16 kHz sampling frequency with a resolution of 14 bits left justified in a 16-bit word. AMR-WB+ uses 16/24/32/48 kHz sampling frequencies with a resolution of 16 bits in a 16-bit word.

3GPP originally developed the AMR-WB+ audio codec for streaming and messaging services in Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) and Third Generation (3G) cellular systems. Its primary target applications are Packet-Switched Streaming service (PSS), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) and Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service (MBMS).

File storage of AMR-WB+ encoded audio is specified within the 3GP container format, 3GPP-defined ISO-based multimedia file format defined in 3GPP TS 26.244.

The AMR-WB+ codec has a wide bit-rate range, from 5.2 to 48 kbit/s. Mono rates are scalable from 5.2 to 36 kbit/s, and stereo rates are scalable from 6.2 to 48 kbit/s, reproducing bandwidth up to 20 kHz (approaching CD quality). Moreover, it provides backward compatibility with AMR wideband.

Software support
In September 2005, VoiceAge Corporation announced availability of AMR-WB+ decoder in Helix DNA Client.

Licensing and patent issues
AMR-WB+ compression incorporate several patents of Nokia Corporation, Telefonaktiebolaget L. M. Ericsson and VoiceAge Corporation. VoiceAge Corporation is the License Administrator for the AMR and AMR-WB+ patent pools. VoiceAge also accepts submission of patents for determination of their possible essentiality to these standards.

The initial fee for applications using "real-time channels" with AMR-WB+ is $6,500. Minimum annual royalty shall be $10,000, excluding the initial fee in year 1 of the license agreement.

AMR-WB+ monaural decoder in a category of personal computer products is licensed for free. Stereo AMR-WB+ decoder for personal computer products is licensed for $0.30.

title: Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate – Wideband


text:
Hase (crater)

Hase is a lunar impact crater that is located in the rugged southeast part of the Moon, to the south-southwest of the prominent walled plain Petavius. Palitzsch and Vallis Palitzsch are attached to the northeastern rim of Hase.

The rim of this crater has been damaged and eroded by a long history of subsequent impacts. The most prominent of these is Hase D, a comparably sized crater that has overlain the southern rim, leaving only a low rim between the two formations. Hase A is a small crater that lies in the interior of Hase, near the irregular northern rim. The remainder of the floor is rough and irregular.

To the southeast of Hase D is a system of linear rilles designated Rimae Hase. Their north-western extension transects western part of Hase and Hase D.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Hase.

title: Hase (crater)


text:
User:Solitude/Photo album

These pictures were shot by me and are all included in at least one Wikipedia article. You are encouraged to use these photos in the Wikipedia, its sister projects or any other project for that matter, as long as you adhere to the license.http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Solitude/Photo_album&action=edit

title: User:Solitude/Photo album


text:
Up for Grabs...Live

Up for Grabs...Live is the first live album by American rock band Spin Doctors, released in 1991. It is also their first release.

Track listing
Notes
 * Studio versions of tracks 1 and 2 appear on their 1994 album Turn It Upside Down; a studio version of track 5 appeared later in 1991 on Pocket Full of Kryptonite.
 * Tracks 3, 4 and 6 were later incorporated into the band's Homebelly Groove...Live album.

Personnel

 * Chris Barron – lead vocals
 * Eric Schenkman – guitar, backing vocals
 * Mark White – bass
 * Aaron Comess – drums

Production
 * Peter Denenberg – producer, mixing, engineer
 * Frankie La Rocka – producer
 * Karen Kuehn – photography
 * Paul LaRaia – photography

title: Up for Grabs...Live


text:
User talk:Paragon

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
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 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 15:01, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Paragon


text:
British Rail Class 122

The British Rail Class 122 diesel mechanical multiple units were built by Gloucester RC&W in 1958. Twenty single-car, double-ended driving motor vehicles, nicknamed "Bubble Cars", were built, numbered 55000–55019. These were supplemented by nine single-ended trailer vehicles, numbered 56291–56299 (some of which were later renumbered into the 54291–54299 block).

Operation
The Class 122s were built mainly for use on the London Midland Region of British Railways, although some were also used in Scotland. They were used on a variety of lightly used lines, many of which were closed during the Beeching Axe in the 1960s including the ex-LSWR lines in West Devon and North Cornwall. Routes served included the Stourbridge Town and St Albans Abbey branch lines, as well as local services between Dundee and Arbroath. (The similar Pressed Steel Company built Class 121 single units were also used on the Western Region).

During the 1990s, refurbished Class 122 units were used on the Cornish branches between Liskeard and Looe and St Erth and St Ives.

Parcels conversion
In 1968, three cars (55013–55015) were converted for use on the Scottish Region to carry parcels traffic and were reclassified Class 131, though the vehicles themselves were not renumbered. The converted vehicles were given the TOPS classification DXV.

Usage after passenger service
Upon privatisation of Britain's railways, the Class 122 fleet has been withdrawn from normal service. However several units were operated by EWS and Network Rail (previously Railtrack) in departmental service, reclassified as Class 960.

Preservation
"Bubble Cars" have proved popular for preservation on heritage railways.

Models
Dapol has released models of the class 122 railcar in both O gauge and OO gauge in a variety of liveries.

title: British Rail Class 122


text:
Heaviside (lunar crater)

Heaviside is a large lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon. It is attached to the eastern rim of the equally large walled plain Keeler, although Keeler is somewhat less eroded. To the northwest lies the crater Stratton, and to the southeast is the prominent Aitken.

The outer wall of Heaviside has been worn and eroded by subsequent impacts, particularly to the north and south. Only the eastern rim remains relatively intact, while the western rim has been slightly distorted by the adjacent Keeler impact.

The relatively flat interior floor is marked by many small craters and rugged terrain to the southeast and west. The most notable of these are the satellite craters Heaviside N in the south, Heaviside Z in the north, and the bowl-shaped Heaviside E near the eastern rim.

The crater was named after British mathematician and physicist Oliver Heaviside by the IAU in 1970. Heaviside was known as Crater 305 prior to naming.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Heaviside.

title: Heaviside (lunar crater)


text: Category:Spin Doctors albums

title: Category:Spin Doctors albums


text:
Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976

The Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (ALRA) is Australian federal government legislation that provides the basis upon which Aboriginal Australian people in the Northern Territory can claim rights to land based on traditional occupation. It was the first law by any Australian government that legally recognised the Aboriginal system of land ownership, and legislated the concept of inalienable freehold title, as such was a fundamental piece of social reform. Its long title is An Act providing for the granting of Traditional Aboriginal Land in the Northern Territory for the benefit of Aboriginals, and for other purposes.

The most significant amendments to the Act were effected by the passing of the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Amendment Bill 2006, effective 1 July 2007.

History
The results of the 1967 Australian referendum meant that the Federal Government could make special laws relating to Aboriginal people which could override any state-based legislation; this was seen as a great victory in the struggle for Aboriginal land rights in Australia.

The Labor government under Gough Whitlam, after making land rights one of his election campaign priorities, first introduced a land rights Bill to Parliament. Whitlam chose to establish a precedent in the Northern Territory (NT), which was controlled by the Commonwealth (federal) government, rather than attempt federal legislation first off. He appointed Justice Woodward in February 1973 to head an inquiry into how best to recognise Aboriginal land rights in the NT, called the Aboriginal Land Rights Commission (also known as the "Woodward Royal Commission"). Woodword produced his final report in April 1974, expressing the opinion that one of the main aims of land rights was "The doing of simple justice to a people who have been deprived of their land without their consent and without compensation". He said that Aboriginal land should be granted as inalienable freehold title, meaning "it could not be acquired, sold, mortgaged or disposed of in any way", and title should be communal.

The Bill lapsed upon the dismissal of the government in 1975. The Liberal government, led by Malcolm Fraser, reintroduced a similar Bill, and this was signed by the Governor-General of Australia on 16 December 1976.

Significance
It was the first law by any Australian government that legally recognised the Aboriginal system of land ownership, legislating the concept of inalienable freehold title, and thus the first of all Aboriginal land rights legislation in Australia. The Land Rights Act is a fundamental piece of social reform. It established the legal basis on which Aboriginal people could claim rights to land based on customary or traditional occupation, also known as native title, if evidence could be shown. (The South Australian Pitjantjatjara Lands Act 1956 had granted land to the Pitjantjatjara people, but as a one-off, did not provide a basis for future claims by others.)

Description
The main purpose of the Act is "to reinstate ownership of traditional Aboriginal land in the Northern Territory to Aboriginal people" (Austrade). It provides for the grant of inalienable freehold title for Aboriginal land, meaning that the land cannot be bought or otherwise acquired, including by any NT law.

In the original Act, only claims to unalienated Crown land in the NT were permissible, under three district sections, and the Act specified an end date of June 1997 by which claims had to be lodged. The Act allows for a claim of Australian native title if claimants can provide evidence of their traditional association with land. About 50% of the Northern Territory land and 85% of its coastline are owned communally by Aboriginal peoples.

Since 1976, many amendments to the Act have been passed. , the most recent compilation (No. 41) came into force on 4 April 2019. , the major sections of the Act are:
 * Part I—Preliminary
 * Part II—Grants of land to Aboriginal Land Trusts
 * Part IIA—Executive Director of Township Leasing
 * Part III—Aboriginal Land Councils
 * Part IV—Mining
 * Part V—Aboriginal Land Commissioners
 * Part VI—Aboriginals Benefit Account
 * Part VII—Miscellaneous
 * Schedules 1–7

Part II: Aboriginal Land Trusts
Aboriginal Land Trusts are established under the Act. Their main functions are:

 * to hold title to land vested in it in accordance with this Act; and
 * to exercise its powers as owner of land for the benefit of the Aboriginal people concerned.

Title to the land granted under the Act is held by these land trusts;, there are 151 Aboriginal land trusts, each administered by the a land council, dependent on location of the trust.

Part III: Land Councils
The Act specified that at least two Land Councils must be created. The Central Land Council, covering the southern part of the NT, and the Northern Land Council, covering the northern part of the NT, were created by the Act. The Tiwi Land Council, covering Bathurst and Melville Islands north of Darwin, and the Anindilyakwa Land Council, covering Groote Eylandt and Bickerton Island in the Gulf of Carpentaria, were later created from parts of the Northern Land Council.

New Land Councils can be created under the Act: Section 23 of the Act specifies the functions of Land Councils; however, the four original land councils continue to exist.

Part IV: Mining
Land development, including exploration and mining activities, on Aboriginal land are undertaken through negotiations with traditional owners groups and facilitated by land councils. Various types of payment for the land, other financial and non-financial benefits may be included in negotiations. The Act prescribes how the land councils and land trusts may grant usage rights and access, but in some circumstances a federal or NT Minister's approval is also required. Income received for the use of the land is distributed by the land councils according to the agreements with the traditional owners and as the Act provides.

Royalties paid to the NT and Federal governments for the use of the land are processed and directed to the Aboriginals Benefit Account (ABA) (Part VI of the Act ) and the funds are to be used for certain purposes prescribed by the Act which benefit Aboriginal peoples in the NT.

Sacred sites
Section 69 (under "Part VII - Miscellaneous") of the Act defines a special category of land, the sacred site, which is a site of significance according to Aboriginal tradition. It prohibits a person from entering a sacred site, with penalties of a fine or prison sentence. (There is also additional protection for sacred sites in the NT under the Northern Territory Aboriginal Sacred Sites Act 1989. )

Local decision making
The Act specifies methods for Land Councils to support local Aboriginal groups to make decisions regarding their land, including:
 * Part II (Grants of Land to Aboriginal Land Trusts): Section 19A: Land Trust may grant headlease over township
 * Part III (Aboriginal Land Councils), Section 28A: Delegation of a Land Council’s functions or powers to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander corporation

1997 Reeves Report and 2006 amendments
A significant review of the Act (referred to as ALRA) was undertaken from October 1997, when the government appointed barrister John Reeves to examine its effectiveness, operation of aspects relating to mining and the Aboriginal Benefits Trust Account, and the role of the Land Councils. The Reeves Report concluded that the ALRA had been very effective in granting traditional Aboriginal land in the NT, with benefits exceeding their costs for the Aboriginal people, but it also made many recommendations for change.

After examination of the recommendations by various bodies in the following years, the Northern Territory Government and the Land Councils produced a joint response in June 2003, in their Detailed Joint Submission to the Commonwealth - Workability Reforms of the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (ALRA). Over some years, the issue of private versus communal ownership of Aboriginal land was considered and debated by many parties, including Warren Mundine, Mick Dodson, Galarrwuy Yunupingu, Noel Pearson and others. Tom Calma, as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, said in his Native Title Report 2005 that it was "not necessary to put the communal tenure of Indigenous land at risk" by converting to individual freehold titles.

It was agreed that there were benefits in the new proposals, but various details were debated at length. Following the Government making changes to the ALRA in 2005, Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation expressed concern about Land Council funding and function changes and the establishment of new Land Councils. Tom Calma commented at length in July 2006, starting with three main concerns: that the amendments had been made without the full understanding and consent of traditional owners and Indigenous Northern Territorians; that the intention of the amendments was to reduce the capacity for Indigenous people to have decision making influence over their lands; and that it was likely that the amendments would have a range of negative impacts on Indigenous peoples’ rights and interests.

On 17 August 2006, the Howard government amended the Act. The Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Amendment Bill 2006, in effect from 1 July 2007, added several clauses intended to promote economic development in remote townships. Among these, low-interest loans were provided to promote private home ownership. The amendment does away with communal ownership of certain parcels of lands previously vested as parts of inalienable Aboriginal Land Trusts.

The summary of the amendments includes the following effects of the amendments: they "increase access to Aboriginal land for development, especially exploration and mining; facilitate the leasing of Aboriginal land and the mortgaging of leases; provide for a tenure system for townships on Aboriginal land that will allow individuals to have property rights; devolve decision-making powers to regional Aboriginal communities", and change the provisions governing land councils to increase accountability.

Before the amendments, land in the NT was owned communally through the local Land Council, and people rented properties from the Council. The amendments meant that the land would be moved into private ownership. The Amendment also allowed for the fast-tracking of mining negotiations between corporations and Indigenous communities, making the processing of agreements on royalties to be completed more quickly. This meant that communities would get paid sooner and new mines will get into production more easily.

title: Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976


text: User talk:69.133.81.187

title: User talk:69.133.81.187


text:
Kayes

Kayes (Bambara: ߞߊߦߌ tr. Kayi, Soninké: Xaayi) is a city in western Mali on the Sénégal River with a population of 127,368 at the 2009 census. Kayes is the capital of the administrative region of the same name. The name "Kayes" comes from the Soninke word "karré", which describes a low humid place that floods in rainy season. The city is located 420 km northwest of the capital Bamako.

History
Prior to French colonial expansion, Kayes was a small village. Its location on the path of the future Dakar-Niger Railway, and the French need for trade centers, led to the creation of the Kayes market town in 1881. It remains a transport hub, primarily for Senegalese trade, to this day. In 1892, Kayes became the capital of the French Sudan; Bamako replaced it as the capital, first of the state of Haut Sénégal-Niger on October 17, 1899, then as the capital of all of French Sudan in 1908.

During World War II, a portion of Poland's gold reserve, evacuated during the German-Soviet invasion in 1939, was stored for several years in Kayes before being transported to the United States in 1944, to be returned to Poland after the occupation and war ended.

Economy and transport
Kayes lies on the Route Nationale 1 (RN1) highway and is 612 km by road from Bamako and 96 km from the border with Senegal. The town has an international airport (Kayes Airport), and lies on the Dakar-Niger Railway which offered regional passenger train service to Bamako three times a week via Kati and Diamou as of 2013. The area is rich in gold and iron.

Climate
Kayes has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh). The climate is subject to the West African Monsoon with all the rainfall occurring between June and October. August is the wettest month. There is almost no rainfall during the other seven months of the year. The total annual rainfall is around 650 mm. Kayes is nicknamed the "pressure cooker of Africa" due to its extreme heat; the town is surrounded by iron-rich mountains which contribute to the temperature. The town has been described as the hottest continuously inhabited town in Africa. The average daily high temperature in the city is 36.4 °C, with temperatures usually peaking in April and May at an average of nearly 42 °C.

Area
Sites found in and around Kayes include:
 * Fort du Médine
 * Félou Falls, 15 km upstream on the Senegal river
 * Gouina Falls, 100 km to the southeast on the Senegal river
 * The tata (fortification) of Koniakari, constructed by El Hadj Umar Tall, 70 km to the northeast
 * Lake Magui and Lake Doro, both watered by the Kolimbiné River
 * The Manantali Dam

title: Kayes


text:
Legendre (crater)

Legendre is a lunar impact crater that is located near the eastern limb of the Moon. Just to the southwest is the crater Adams. To the northwest is Palitzsch and the prominent Petavius.

The rim of Legendre is worn and eroded, with many small craterlets along the rim and the sides of the outer wall. A small crater approximately 25 kilometers in diameter lies across the southern rim. There is also a narrow gap in the northeast rim that provides a valley leading into the interior. The crater floor is relatively flat, but is marked by multiple small craterlets.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Legendre.

title: Legendre (crater)