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Hamilton, Victoria

Hamilton is a city in south-western Victoria, Australia, at the intersection of the Glenelg Highway and the Henty Highway. The Hamilton Highway connects it to Geelong.

Hamilton is in the federal Division of Wannon, and is in the Southern Grampians local government area.

Hamilton claims to be the "Wool Capital of the World", based on its strong historical links to sheep grazing which continue today. The city uses the tagline "Greater Hamilton: one place, many possibilities".

Early history
Hamilton was built near the junction of three traditional indigenous tribal territories—the Gunditjmara land, stretching south to the coast; the Tjapwurong land, to the north east; and the Bunganditj territory, to the west. People who lived in these areas tended to be settled rather than nomadic. The region is fertile, with ample precipitation and an abundance of flora and fauna, lessening the need to travel far for food. Historical, physical items (such as the weirs and fish traps found in Lake Condah, south of Hamilton), as well as Aboriginal accounts of early white settlers, support the local oral histories of well-established, pre-European settlements in the area.

British colonisation
On 12 September 1836, the explorer Major Thomas Mitchell was the first European to travel through the region. His reports of the fertility and abundance of ‘Australia Felix’ (as he called this region of Western Victoria) encouraged pastoralists to move into the area and set up large sheep runs. In 1839, squatter Charles Wedge, with his brothers, arrived in the area and established ‘The Grange' sheep station near the banks of the Grange Burn rivulet—where the town of Hamilton now stands.

There soon followed significant conflict between Wedge's men and the local Aboriginal people. Wedge reported attacks on his shepherds, and the loss of hundreds of sheep and other livestock; in 1840, the killing of Patrick Codd—who had been employed on The Grange—led to at least three separate punitive expeditions by Wedge and co., resulting in the deaths of at least ten Aborigines. Wedge infamously had a swivel gun mounted outside of his homestead to ‘deter’ the local people from approaching the house. Regarding his extensive conflicts with the local tribes, Wedge claimed that the "depredations did not cease till many lives were sacrificed".

The "frequent collisions" compelled the squatters of the area to go so far as to request protection from the government. In 1842, temporary protection came from troopers of the Native Police, under Captain Henry Dana, and from the Border Police of New South Wales, under Captain Foster Fyans. The police magistrate from Portland, James Blair, and the new position of police magistrate to The Grange, Acheson French, were also appointed by Governor Charles Latrobe to "check the collision between the natives and the settlers".

Birth of the town
The proximity of The Grange to other properties and to important routes between Portland and New South Wales, led to the gradual emergence of a small town. This settlement featured an inn, a blacksmith, a small store and some random shanties and businesses nearby. The site was a local social centre and meeting point for the surrounding pastoral properties; horse races were held along the Grange Burn flat. A postal office opened on 1 July 1844 (Hamilton from 1 January 1854).

The desire for a school prompted a town survey, which commenced in 1849. The township of Hamilton was formally declared in 1851. The town was named in the following way as quoted by the book "Dundas Shire Centenary 1863-1963", page 58. Quote:  "In 1840, owing to police difficulties in controlling public houses on, or not on the imaginary boundary line, Henry Wade was sent from Sydney on a special mission to mark out the boundary. He completed the survey as far as Serviceton by the spring of 1847, and was then appointed District Surveyor and in 1850, laid out a township for the Grange, which he named Hamilton. It was then the prerogative of the surveyor to christen his lay-out. Wade and his family had made close friends of the Hamiltons and Gibsons of Bringalbert, there being intermarriages later."

The railway reached the town in 1877 and, along with the local railway station, would become a hub of several branch lines until their eventual closures in 1977 and 1979.

Hamilton was proclaimed as a city on 22 November 1949.

Heritage listings
Hamilton contains a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 43 Gray Street: Hamilton Mechanics Institute
 * 57 Gray Street: Hamilton Post Office
 * Kennedy, Martin, French and Thompson Streets: Hamilton Botanic Gardens
 * 14 Tyers Street: Hamilton Tuberculosis Chalet
 * 2-16 Craig Street: Hamilton Gas Holder
 * 34 Thompson Street: Napier Club
 * 429 Henty Highway: Hamilton Racecourse Grandstand
 * 70 Rogers Road: Correagh
 * Kent Road and Macarthur Street: Myrniong

Industry and employment
Sheep grazing and agriculture are the primary industries in the surrounding shire, the area producing as much as 15% of Australia's total wool clip. Inside the city of Hamilton the majority of employment is provided by the retail industry (20%) and the Health and Community Services sector (14.5%). Education is another large employer, with four Secondary Schools, two of which enrol both primary and secondary students, as well as a number of stand-alone primary schools. The unemployment rate at the 2001 Census was put at 6.1%, with a workforce participation rate of 58.9%.

Climate
Like most of South Western Victoria, Hamilton has a temperate mediterranean climate (Csb). Cold fronts regularly sweep in from the Southern Ocean. Although daytime temperatures occasionally reach into the 30s even 40s during summer, maximum temperatures in the mid teens will often linger until November and are not uncommon even during the summer months. On average Hamilton has 105 days per year with more than 1 mm of rain with a marked minimum during Summer. The town has 56.3 clear days annually. It is significantly cloudier than Melbourne due to its elevation and westerly exposure.

Newspaper
Hamilton and the surrounding areas is serviced by The Hamilton Spectator, a tri-weekly local newspaper published by the Spectator Observer newspaper group. Established in 1859 as the Hamilton Courier, it became the Hamilton Spectator and Grange District Advertiser in 1860, and later The Hamilton Spectator.

Television services
Local Television is transmitted from Mt Dundas Melville Forest in the VHF Band Channel 5 to 12. ABC TV, SBS TV, WIN (Nine), Seven and Southern Cross (Ten). UHF child sites exist in Coleraine ABC TV only on UHF from McKenrys Hill and Casterton from Seeleys Hill, All Services, which are on UHF. All services are DTV-B and require appropriate antenna to receive correctly. Unlike capital cities service runs on lower power and requires correct antenna. Caravan antenna for travellers might not work well. Neither will indoor aerials.

Radio
There are two radio stations based in Hamilton:

 * 3HA
 * Mixx FM

Both are owned by the Ace Radio network, which operates radio stations in the Western District of Victoria.

Many other radio stations broadcast into Hamilton, including national broadcasters the ABC transmitting from Mt Dundas Melville Forest over much of Western Victoria including outlets at Warrnambool, Portland, and Ballarat.

Stations are ABC News Radio 91.7, ABC Radio National 92.5, ABC Classic FM 93.3, ABC Local Radio 94.1, and JJJ Youth Radio 94.9. ABC local radio is broadcast out of Studios in Warrnambool via Mt Clay Portland on 96.9 which is relayed to Mt Dundas. Local Programming is during breakfast times only and often is sourced from Horsham and Ballarat Studios. AM radio 3WL on 1602 is audible in Hamilton as is 3WV on 594 from Horsham. There are also low power narrowcast services on fm in Hamilton which change from time to time. KIX Country is currently transmitting sport and racing. Vision FM currently transmits in Hamilton and Casterton. There are plans to convert 3HA to FM and change the AM service possibly to sport. Recent demolition at Melville oval saw the old 3HA broadcast box used for football since the 1949s removed.

Airports
Hamilton is serviced by an all weather airport located at Hensley Park approximately 11 km North of Hamilton. A long bitumen North South Runway can take up aircraft up to Dash 8 size as well as small jet aircraft. A gravel runway is aligned NW and SE. A CFA fire base and control centre is located at the Hamilton Airport as well as a modern terminal building and toilets. Hamilton Aero Club has its club rooms and hangar there and is open most Saturdays. AVGAS Key lock card fueling is available 24/7. Turbine fuel by arrangement. There is no airline service to Hamilton, only charter flights and as such the airport is not staffed. Pilot activated lights on:124.2 are available and an automatic weather service details on NAIPS. A non directional radio beacon on 203 kHz for instrument approaches, is one of very few NDBs remaining. For all details consult the Air Services ERSA.

Attractions and events
In 1881 William Guilfoyle, the director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne was employed to design the Hamilton Botanic Gardens. Set in 4 acres, the gardens are distinguished by rare botanic species, a superbly restored rotunda, a small zoo featuring rabbits, cockatiels and budgerigars and playground and the ornate Thomson Fountain. The garden at one point housed an emu, however, it was illegally shot in 2012. The National Trust of Australia classified the gardens in 1990 with eight tree species listed on the Register of Significant Trees in Victoria.

Hamilton Gallery Established in 1961, Hamilton Gallery's renowned collection features collection of gouache and watercolour pictures by English landscape painter Paul Sandby (1731-1809).

Sheepvention, a wool-related trade-show and exhibition is held in the Hamilton Show-grounds in the first Monday & Tuesday of August each year, and attracts up to 20,000 visitors. It has a similar feel to an Agricultural show but is focused on wool and sheep. The Hamilton Agricultural Show is normally held in November.

The Big Wool Bales was an attraction (now demolished) it consisted of five linked structures designed to resemble five gigantic woolbales - a tribute to the importance of the local wool industry. Together they formed a building and a cafe containing wool-related displays such as historical memorabilia, including farming and shearing equipment, wool scales, old horse harnesses, wool presses and weaving looms, along with wool samples and rural clothing.

The Keeping Place is a small museum and living history centre run by local indigenous people.

The Sir Reginald Ansett Transport Museum celebrates the founding of Ansett Australia in Hamilton in 1935 and displays items from the early days of the Ansett Airlines' operation.

Sport
There are many sporting clubs and leagues in the Hamilton area. The city is served by one Australian rules football team; Hamilton Kangaroos. This team competes in the Hampden Football League. The city formerly had 2 teams, Hamilton Magpies and Hamilton Imperials, which played in the Western Border Football League. The teams agreed to merge at the end of the 2012 season in order to make the move to the Hampden Football League.

Netball, field hockey, basketball, soccer, tennis and cricket are other popular sports in the city. Hamilton opened a large Indoor Sports and Aquatic Centre in March 2006, which contains four basketball courts, a twenty-five-metre indoor swimming pool, 4 squash courts, a table tennis centre with 8 courts and a large gym. The city is also the home of the Hamilton Rowing Club (HRC) which competes in Rowing Victoria regattas during the summer. The Hamilton and Alexandra College Rowing Club (HACRC) sometimes compete in such events or attempt to train. Tucked behind the Historical Society in Gray Street, is the Hamilton 8-Ball and Snooker Club.

Hamilton has a horse racing club, the Hamilton Racing Club, which schedules around nine race meetings a year including the Hamilton Cup meeting in April. As well as a harness racing club which has recently opened a new track, with state-of-the-art facilities. Golfers play at the Hamilton Golf Club or at the more minor course Parklands on Boundary and Hensley Park Roads.

Wildlife and parks
The eastern barred bandicoot is a marsupial native to the area, and a reserve has been built to protect this and other endangered species. In more recent decades (2007), the numbers of bandicoot (both within the reserve and outside of it) have declined significantly—to the point of nearing extinction—as a result of extended drought, and predation by introduced red foxes as well as feral cats. Competition for food with the introduced rabbits is another major issue affecting the marsupials. Within the city, the public lands adjoining the river and Lake Hamilton have been subject to spasmodic tree-planting projects.

Mount Napier—the highest point on the Western District Plains—is found 15 km south of Hamilton.

Education
Primary schools in Hamilton include Hamilton (Gray Street) Primary School, George Street Primary School, Hamilton North Primary School and Saint Mary's Primary School. Secondary schools include Hamilton and Alexandra College, Baimbridge College and Monivae College. There are two Primary to Year 12 schools: Hamilton and Alexandra College and Good Shepherd College.

Hamilton Special School caters to primary school-age students who have special education needs, predominantly autistic spectrum disorders and communication difficulties.

South West Institute of Technical and Further Education (TAFE) has a campus in Hamilton, offering post-secondary and trade courses and qualifications. RMIT maintains a training and research site 4 km from the centre of Hamilton, which is home to the Potter Rural Community Research Network. Vocational training at the site is delivered by South West TAFE while master's degrees and PhDs by research are facilitated by RMIT.

Prominent people

 * Sir Reginald Ansett, founder of Ansett Airways, started his first air service in Hamilton in 1936.
 * Mark Day, born 1943, prominent journalist, publisher and editor-in-chief of The Australian. At Hamilton High School edited the school magazine - The Grange - in the late 1950s.
 * Pat Dodson, Australian Labor Party Senator for Western Australia, attended Monivae College.
 * Alfred Dunbavin Butcher, biologist, manager of natural resources and public servant, was born in Hamilton in 1915.
 * Malcolm Fraser, a former Prime Minister of Australia and the former member for Wannon, lived at "Nareen" a station near Hamilton.
 * David Hawker, former speaker for the Australian Parliament and former member for Wannon 1983 - 2010.
 * Edward Kenna, the last living Australian Second World War recipient of the Victoria Cross, born 1919 in Hamilton.
 * Tony Noske, a former Australian motor racing driver and transport company proprietor
 * Mark Orval, a former Australian rules footballer, also known as #angrydad.
 * Liam Picken, born August 1986 is an Australian Rules football player. Picken began playing for Western Bulldogs in 2009 and in 2016 he played in the Bulldogs' premiership team.
 * Xavier Samuel, actor, born 1983 in Hamilton.
 * Clive Shields, medical practitioner and politician, born 1879.
 * Jan Smithwick, Australian basketball player was born in Hamilton in 1952.
 * Melissa Tapper, born 1990, an Australian table tennis player, the first Australian athlete to qualify for the Summer Olympics and Summer Paralympics.
 * Howard Taylor, artist
 * Sir Winton Turnbull, an auctioneer and a politician, born 1899.
 * Phil Walsh, a VFL/AFL footballer and coach, was born and raised in Hamilton.
 * Emma Kearney, AFLW and Women's Big Bash League player
 * Georgia Clarke, AFLW Player

title: Hamilton, Victoria


text:
Talk:Internetwork Packet Exchange

Disputed
Because of what appeared in the IPX/SPX page to be an inconsistency, I have looked around a little for IPX/SPX information and found some conflicting references. It seems like what we have about NetWare protocols and their corresponding OSI layers is probably wrong. IPX does do port multiplexing itself and so is largely also a layer 4 protocol, and SPX only appears to do a subset of TCP's work, so our comparisons to TCP/IP are misleading if not significantly wrong.

See: http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/netwarep.htm

I plan to do more reading but would really appreciate input from someone who knows more. --Heywood 00:48, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

I'm not sure what your problem with that is. It's the base protocol of IPX/SPX, running directly over the link layer, and as such it's the network layer. SPX runs on it just as TCP runs on IP. However, IPX doesn't need a transport layer running over it; unadorned, it sends datagram packets which can be used without the aid of an additional transport layer. So just as both articles state, it is analagous to both IP and UDP, where SPX is analagous to TCP. There really isn't a dispute here, so I'll remove the tags. Kundor 22:32, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

Advantage over TCP/IP?
is there any advantage of IPX over TCP/IP?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Efren (talk • contribs) 08:24, 24 October 2004 (UTC)

 * No. Its only reason for existence is that, at the time it was originally developed and deployed, the correct protocol choice was still unclear.  (Recall that this was the heyday of both OSI and ATM standards development, both of which at various times seemed to have legitimate claim to being "the protocol of the future".)  Novell took a well-known, simple protocol suite with multiple pre-existing implementations, XNS, and modified it slightly to suit their more limited goals.  In hindsight, we could wish that they had chosen the Internet protocol suite instead, but at the time it was a sensible decision -- and Novell was far from the only company to do so.  18.26.0.18 05:52, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree. It's reason for existence is that, at the time it was originally developed and deployed, there was no such thing as a single "correct" protocol choice.  The mid to late 80s (and into the early 90s) were the age of multi-protocol networking.  When did a TCP stack finally ship with Windows?  Not until 1994 with WfW 3.11, and even in Win95 TCP was not a default; IPX was.  Every computer and OS vendor had their own protocols; that's how the world was then.  It is also incorrect to say there are "no advantages" to IPX.  It is more correct to say that the advantages are not enough to outweigh the disadvantages today.  IPX has a larger address space: 48 bits (or is it 64?) instead of 32 bits in IPv4.  IPX addresses incorporate the local MAC address:  there is no "address assignment" like with IPv4.  There is no such thing as BootP or DHCP in IPX, because none is needed.  One of the reasons DHCP was invented from BootP was because IPv4 couldn't do what IPX did:  allow "plug-and-go" network addressing.  Guess what feature was added in IPv6?  Including the MAC address in the internetwork address, just like IPX.   Other things declared "bad" about IPX are bad about IP also, and most of the improvements made to the TCP/IP world in the last 10 years could have been made to the IPX world also.  A good example is RIP broadcasting.  It has the same problems in IPv4 as in IPX.  OSPF was invented to fix it in the IPv4 world, and Novell came up with a similar link-state routing protocol for IPX also.  The real advantage of TCP/IP is vendor-independent open standards and interoperability, not raw technical superiority.  IP may have that now, which is still debatable with some parts of IPv4, but it didn't at the time it competed with IPX. --Amillar 09:06, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

READING NEEDS TO BE DONE
I'm not going to try and take everyone to school so I'm going to tell you where to get the info needed on this. There is a text book called Networking Concepts written by James L. Antonakos and Kenneth C. Mansfield Jr. and, for that reason, I don't want to use their work and get Wikipedia in trouble. But I will say this: they're NOT the same and don't help each other either. IPX/SPX protocol and TCP/IP protocol are different, similar, but different. Comparing them should only be done in the sense of showing their similarities. Any further than that and you're just giving your opinion.

Sorry to upset you but people vote with their feet: note the industry stampede away from ipx and away from SNA, arcnet, NetBIOS, token ring, dlc, et al. Ergo hardware and software vendors stopped supporting it. Unfortunate because Shjacks45 (talk) 17:26, 22 February 2020 (UTC)

Unfortunate because noise resistant token passing networks are more determinate (access within given time) than IP. Important if you have dozens of machines on a factory floor all requiring time sensitive control. Shjacks45 (talk) 17:30, 22 February 2020 (UTC)

Disambiguation Needed?
It turns out there is another meaning for IPX. It's a rating system for levels of waterproofing, related to IEC 60529.

Examples are given at IPX Waterproof Specifications and IEC 60529 Ingress Protection.PeterBrooks 21:45, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

i agree. i actually got to this page looking for information on the waterproof standard. maybe we don't need a disambiguation page, but one of those one-liners. --21:53, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Support of IPX....
It says the following systems do not support the protocol .... Does that mean that every other os supports the protocol? Needs to be cleared up. Unless it means what it says, that every other system supports IPX Maybe saying the following systems are confirmed as not supporting the protocol. IMBlackMath (talk) 08:22, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

OSI vs TCP/IP
Should the article really reference which layer in the osi model it's in when it shows a box of the tcp/ip model on the right? I don't mind which but i'd prefer to reference and show only ONE. 86.44.153.109 (talk) 04:53, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

IPX doesn't scale well?
Radia Perlman disagrees in her book "Interconnections":

9.6.2 Ugly Rumors about IPX People believe, for some reason, that IPX is "unroutable", "doesn't work on WANs" or "doesn't scale." IPX is actually a wonderful network layer protocol, better than IP in almost every way (except for little things such as having a hop count that increments rather than decrements). Why do many people believe bad things about it? The answer is that there is a germ of truth in what they are saying, but it has nothing to do with IPX. IPX is, as I said, quite wonderful: it has large addresses, it is autoconfiguring, it is simple to implement, and it requires low overhead. But unfortunately, IPX hangs out with some unsavory company, such as SPX, a protocol just like TCP but with a window size of 1;...... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.159.13.2 (talk) 08:38, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

We had a call center with several hundred techs per floor. We were getting network saturation issues and seemed be packet storm from ipx. FYI, the original internet protocol (tests in 1971) was network core protocol, an ipx precursor. Shjacks45 (talk) 17:15, 22 February 2020 (UTC)

 * This is more likely a RIP problem, because IPX stations don't do much traffic by themselves. This problem in some IPX networks arises because the routing is determined by the RIP protocol, and if these routes are regularily announced, and the logical network is heavily fragmented, the announcements can take up some of the available network bandwidth. Another factor may be SAP, which announces and responds to GNS request. For most other purposes, a RIP request isn't much more expensive than a DNS query in IP networks (because the route nodes can be cached locally at the next router). Another problem in LANs might be the lack of multi port bridges/switches, because you only have few collision domains - but theses latter problems are the same for TCP/IP networks, which were established after hubs were replaced with switches around the same time the Internet became so important that terminals and client computers switched to TCP/IP. 212.12.37.98 (talk) 12:09, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

EtherType
There are at least two EtherType]s assigned to Novel for IPX: 0x8137 and 0x8138. Anyone know which is used and when? -—Kvng 14:34, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Thought at first that it related to the old "802.3" Novell framing vs proper 802.2 framing but it doesn't seem to be related. "802.3" isn't really indicated at all which is the main problem. EtherType 0x8137 is usually mentioned as "old" and that may be all there is to it. Zac67 (talk) 19:41, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * 0x8137 shows up more frequently in searches than 0x8138 but I have not found any refs that explain why there are two EtherTypes. -—Kvng 14:44, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

Could it be BigEndian vs LittleEndian? (I too am unable to find any documentation, but I also find no reference for distinguishing the byte order) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ntrcessor (talk • contribs) 15:11, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

 * As it is, EtherTypes 0x8137 & 0x8138 are assigned to Novell. Since there's no Novell doc any more, we'll probably never know for sure. However, I found this an interesting read (search Google groups for "novell.com 1993sep17"): 0x8137 indicate IPX over Ethernet_II (which probably only few people ever used) but we already have that. Designing Large Scale LANs by Kevin Dooley (2002) says "Type 8137 designates an older version of IPX that is not widely used anymore, while 8138 is the most typical for modern IPX installations." -- Zac67 (talk) 18:29, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

IPX
IPX within windows was disallowed by Microsoft Dod in any Microsoft software, due it's use to partition internal data traffic and external internet IP routing. IE: The Dod could NOT enter an internal network purely by using/upsurping domain servers and using IP.

That same for Apples protocole. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.88.226.115 (talk) 01:31, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

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ipx was the first internet protocol
UC Santa Barbara was involved wit the first internet tests in 1971. XNS based Network Core Protocol was used for the first few tests. Microsoft's MSN in Windows 95 requires ipx in the protocol stack to log in. MSN used unix servers. At the time AOL had Compaq unix servers, but AOL interserver communication was not IP. (Co-wrote knowledge base articles). Early Unix, e.g. Xenix, had ipx as available protocol, but not IP. Doubts? Read "Lions' Commentary on Unix" for Unix v6 source code. Shjacks45 (talk) 17:05, 22 February 2020 (UTC)

Merge with Article IPX/SPX
There is a huge overlap with the article IPX/SPX. Perhaps they should be merged and one of them should be deleted. 2001:9E8:E18A:C300:851B:34E2:7BF5:7EB1 (talk) 12:46, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Internetwork Packet Exchange


text:
Talk:Aristolochia

Untitled
"Nevertheless, aristilochic acid cures wounds or snakebites in a spectacular way." This is a mysterious statement indeed. --Wetman 08:24, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Many websites treat this subject (search under Google for "aristolochic acid" + snakebite"

This treatment was known by the Ancients in the West (cfr. Theophrastus) and by the Native Americans.

'Of the 350 or so species of Aristolochia, several carry the common name of snakeroot because many of the species were used by Native Americans to treat snake bites. They also employed the plants to treat stomachaches, toothaches, and fevers.' []

Very interesting is this site []

Effects of aristolochic acid []

Improved medical section needed
There is a lot of hearsay type stuff in the medical section. This plant has been abused as a diet herb, but there is no mention of it. Mba123 (talk) 03:38, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Aristolochia


text:
User:Joshk

My name is Joshua Kwan. I'm fairly recent to the world of Wikipedia editing. I'm also a Debian developer. My home has variously been in these places:

 * Santa Clara, CA -- birthplace
 * Fremont, CA
 * Singapore
 * Grenoble, France
 * Hong Kong

Now home is Los Altos, CA, and I'm a sophomore at UC Berkeley as of Fall 2006. I plan to major in the combined Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences major provided by Berkeley's College of Engineering.

Here's a link to my web page.

I believe that polluting my user page with templates is great.

I'm interested in editing articles related to computers, music theory and popular music albums. I wrote up most of the discography of the Mahavishnu Orchestra! I enjoy lots of music spanning most genres. If anything, I dislike most mainstream pop, rap and country, and like most everything else.

I previously made some contributions from IP 67.124.158.125 in 2004 and 68.126.186.117 in 2005 (only edits in 2005.)

title: User:Joshk


text:
Talk:Direct injection

This page should be turned into a disambiguation page and have the current content split off, as direct injection is also a feature of many internal combustion engines.

There is also a concept of direct injection of audiovisual media, concerning some EU directives. --2001:BB8:2002:1500:914D:2CE5:FEDF:37CC (talk) 11:13, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Direct injection


text:
Berwick, New Zealand

Berwick is a small farming community on the banks of the Waipori River at the southwestern limit of Dunedin city, New Zealand, some 40 kilometres from the city centre. It lies close to the border with Clutha District. To the south of Berwick is the Berwick Forest, a large pine plantation.

Berwick is also the location of one of the Otago Youth Adventure Trust's campsites.

It is unclear which Berwick the community is named after, but the leading candidate is Berwick-upon-Tweed in Northumberland.

title: Berwick, New Zealand


text:
Leonid Kravchuk

Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk (Леонід Макарович Кравчук, ; 10 January 1934 – 10 May 2022) was a Ukrainian politician and the first president of Ukraine, serving from 5 December 1991 until 19 July 1994. In 1992, he signed the Lisbon Protocol, undertaking to give up Ukraine's nuclear arsenal. He was also the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada and a People's Deputy of Ukraine serving in the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) faction.

After a political crisis involving the president and the prime minister, Kravchuk resigned from the presidency, but ran for a second term as president in 1994. He was defeated by his former prime minister, Leonid Kuchma, who then served as president for two terms. After his presidency, Kravchuk remained active in Ukrainian politics, serving as a People's Deputy of Ukraine in the Verkhovna Rada and the leader of the parliamentary group of Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) from 2002 to 2006.

Early life
Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk was born on 10 January 1934 in the village of Velykyi Zhytyn (Żytyń Wielki) to an ethnic Ukrainian peasant family. At that time the village was part of Poland (Second Polish Republic). It became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic after the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 when Kravchuk was a child. His father served in the Polish army during the 1930s, and later he and his wife worked for the local osadniks (Polish colonists). During World War II, Kravchuk's father perished on the front lines.

Kravchuk married a mathematics teacher, Antonina Mykhailivna Mishura, in 1957. First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993, Barbara Bush (wife of the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush), described Antonina in her memoirs: "She was the nicest young woman, a math teacher with absolutely no interest in politics".

Kravchuk went to a vocational school before studying Marxist political economy at Kyiv University. He graduated at 24 and became a political economy teacher in Chernivtsi, in southwest Ukraine, before entering politics. Kravchuk joined the Communist Party of Ukraine in 1958 and rose through the ranks of the party and of its agitprop department.

Kravchuk took part in the International Visitor Leadership Program, a professional exchange run by the US State Department.

Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR
He became a member of the Ukrainian Communist Party Bureau in 1989, and on 23 July 1990, became Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, becoming the republic's nominal head of state. On 24 October 1990, the monopoly of the Communist Party of Ukraine on power was abolished, and thus, Kravchuk became not only the nominal, but also the actual head of the republic.

After the 19–21 August 1991 Soviet coup attempt, Kravchuk, who did not support the attempt to remove Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev from power, resigned from the Communist Party. After the Verkhovna Rada passed the Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine on 24 August, the constitution was amended to create the post of President of Ukraine. Before the vote for the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine Kravchuk was instrumental in persuading the communists parliamentary majority to accept the opposition's demands of Ukrainian Independence. Participants in the Belovezha talks said Kravchuk rejected any efforts to keep the Soviet Union going with reforms.

Following the Act of Declaration of Independence Kravchuk was vested with presidential powers, thus becoming both de facto and de jure head of state. Later that year, on 5 December 1991, voters formally elected him president in Ukraine's first presidential election. Just a few days before on 1 December, the voters voted overwhelmingly to secede from the Soviet Union—a move which Kravchuk now fully supported. This made Kravchuk the first head of state of independent Ukraine.

President of Ukraine
On 25 February 1992, as President of Ukraine, Kravchuk, issued Presidential decree 98/92 About the changes in the system of central bodies of executive power of Ukraine.

On 6 May 1992, Kravchuk met President George H. W. Bush in the United States and signed an agreement for the full removal of all nuclear tactical weapons from Ukrainian territory by 1 July, and in return obtained a credit line of $110 million to buy U.S. commodities. It led to the signing of the Budapest Memorandum. The document was signed on 5 December 1994 at the summit of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in Budapest. In it, Ukraine, a nuclear power at that time, voluntarily gave up its nuclear weapons in exchange for security guarantees. Kravchuk achieved and strengthened the formal sovereignty of the country. He took a pro-European stance, developing relations with the West and signing a cooperation accord with the European Union. The Kravchuk administration walked a tightrope between escalation of Ukrainian–Russian tensions and a policy of cooperation with Moscow.

Kravchuk refused to retain the common armed forces and currency inside the Commonwealth of Independent States. On 2 July 1993, the Ukrainian parliament approved the statement; 'Ukraine advocates the creation of an all-embracing international system of universal and all-European security and considers participation [therein] a basic component of its national security'.

Ukraine under Kravchuk welcomed the idea of NATO enlargement. As president, he never opposed the expansion of the Alliance or the possibility of a future Ukrainian membership to NATO. This was reflected in his disdain for military cooperation with Eurasian structures, such as the Tashkent CIS Collective Security Treaty, in favour of European security structures. He said that "the best guarantee to Ukraine's security would be membership to NATO." He repeated his support for an immediate Ukrainian membership to NATO in 1994.

Ukraine and Russia argued over many issues, including how the Soviet Navy's Black Sea Fleet should be divided. In May 1992, Russia's Supreme Soviet voted to declare the Soviet government's 1954 grant of Crimea to Ukraine an illegal act. Ukraine opposed this decision. The status of the Russian Black Sea Fleet's presence in Sevastopol and the Crimea was not resolved by a 20-year lease agreement until 1997, three years after Kravchuk left office.

Under Kravchuk's leadership, Ukraine's economy slumped as corruption linked to privatization of Soviet-era industry thrived. Ukraine's economic woes caused a decline in Kravchuk's political popularity, sparking governmental infighting. Political tension reached a point in the fall of 1993 that the then-prime minister, Leonid Kuchma, resigned. By 1994, in less than three years of Kravchuk's presidency, the country's GDP had shrunk by 40 percent.

Kravchuk ran for a second term as president in 1994 but was defeated by Kuchma, with his loss being attributed to the rampant graft and the declining economy.

Post-presidency
Soon after his defeat in 1994, Kravchuk joined the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) (SDPU(o)). He served as a member of the Verkhovna Rada from 1994 until the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election.

In February 2003, Oleksandr Moroz, the leader of Ukraine's Socialist Party, accused Kravchuk and other 300 public high-ranked officials of being members of the Freemasons.

During the 2004 presidential elections Kravchuk actively supported the candidacy of Viktor Yanukovych, and was a member of the Yanukovych team that negotiated with the opposition in the aftermath of that disputed election. In November 2004 he told the media that he was afraid that the resulting crisis would cause the disintegration of the country, intensifying movements for certain regions of Ukraine to join other countries.

On 25 September 2009, Kravchuk declared during an interview with the newspaper Den that he left SDPU(o) and became unaffiliated again. He explained this based on the fact that his former party decided to join the Bloc of Left and Center-left Forces to run for the 2010 presidential elections. He was indignant due to the fact that the political council of the party decided to accomplish that behind the closed doors in non-democratic order. He called it [the] "block as the artificial union without any perspectives". Kravchuk endorsed Yulia Tymoshenko during the 2010 presidential elections campaign.

During the 2010 election campaign, he accused incumbent president Viktor Yushchenko of having "turned into Yanukovych's aide. He has actually turned into an also-ran. His task is to slander Yulia Tymoshenko every day and prevent her from winning [the presidential elections]". Kravchuk explained his shift in support from Yanukovych to Tymoshenko was caused because he felt Yanukovych "turned his back" on all the issues Kravchuk wanted him to address as president: the Ukrainian language, culture, and the Holodomor. "Only the dead or the stupid do not change their views", he stated in December 2009 when he also voiced the opinion that voting for Yanukovych in the second round of the 2010 elections would indicate an anti-Ukrainian position.

In July 2020, Kravchuk was chosen to represent Ukraine at the Trilateral Contact Group (formed to facilitate a diplomatic resolution to the war in Donbas), being appointed to replace Leonid Kuchma. He maintained this position until February 2022 when Russia invaded Ukraine.

Death and funeral
Kravchuk had heart surgery in June 2021. He was reportedly in ill health by this time. On 29 June 2021, he missed the solemn meeting of the Verkhovna Rada on the occasion of Constitution Day due to heart surgery. After surgery, Kravchuk was placed in intensive care and connected to a ventilator. In July, the media reported that Kravchuk had been in intensive care for a month.

On 10 May 2022, a family member told the Ukrainian News Agency that Kravchuk had died at the age of 88, after a long illness. His death was also confirmed by unnamed officials in Kyiv, as well as Andriy Yermak, head of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy's office. He died a week after Belarus's Stanislav Shushkevich, another signatory to the Belovezh Accords, died in Minsk. On 11 May, President Zelenskyy issued a decree establishing the Kravchuk Prize in his memory.

His funeral ceremony took place on 17 May at the Ukrainian House in Kyiv, and was attended by President Zelenskyy and First Lady Olena Zelenska as well as three former presidents of Ukraine: Leonid Kuchma, Viktor Yushchenko, and Petro Poroshenko. In addition, guests included his wife Antonina, Mayor Vitali Klitschko of Kyiv, Defence Minister Oleksii Reznikov, and former politicians Oleksandr Kuzmuk, Oleksandr Moroz, and Mustafa Dzhemilev. He was buried at Baikove Cemetery.

Personal life
Kravchuk married Antonina Mykhailivna Mishura in 1957. She rarely attended official events with her husband.

Kravchuk and his wife had one child, Oleksandr Leonidovych Kravchuk (born 1959), president of the State Company "Nafkom-Ahro" and the former FC Nafkom Brovary. Kravchuk had two grandchildren and one great-granddaughter. After Kravchuk stopped working for the Ukrainian state, he lived in a state-owned dacha in Koncha-Zaspa.

Legacy
He is often associated as a key figure in achieving Ukraine's independence and in giving up Ukraine's nuclear arsenal.

Former Belarusian leader, Stanislav Shushkevich, who took part in the Belovezha talks and signed the deal, said; "Kravchuk was focused on Ukraine's independence, he was proud that Ukraine declared its independence in a referendum and he was elected president on 1 December 1991." Following his death, Ukrainian Minister of Defense, Oleksii Reznikov, said, "Thank you for the peaceful renewal of our Independence. We're defending it now with weapons in our hands." Head of the Office of the President of Ukraine, Andriy Yermak, said it was "Sad news and a great loss," describing Kravchuk as "a wise patriot of Ukraine, a truly historical figure in gaining our independence." Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy paid tribute to Kravchuk, calling him not just a historical figure but "a man who knew how to find wise words and to say them so that all Ukrainians would hear them."

Awards and honors

 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine:
 * Hero_of_Ukraine_wearers_copy.png Hero of Ukraine (21 August 2001)
 * Medal-cabinet-ministrov-2010.png Honorary Diploma of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (2004)
 * Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (1st, 2nd and 3rd classes) (15 July 2020, 9 January 2007 and 10 January 2004)
 * Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_4th_and_5th_Class_of_Ukraine.png Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (4th and 5th classes) (10 January 1999 and 21 August 1996)
 * Order_of_Liberty_(Ukraine)_ribbon_bar.svg Order of Liberty (10 January 2014)
 * Ювілейна_медаль_«25_років_незалежності_України»_(стрічка).PNG Medal of 25 Years of Ukrainian Independence (19 August 2016)
 * Medal for the Glory of Chernivtsi
 * Winner of the Ukrainian Celebrity Awards 2020 in the category "Man of the Year"
 * Honorary Doctorate from Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv

 * Soviet Union:
 * Order october revolution rib.png Order of the October Revolution
 * Orderredbannerlabor_rib.png Order of the Red Banner of Labour, twice

title: Leonid Kravchuk


text:
Tudḫaliya IV

Tudhaliya IV was a king of the Hittite Empire (New kingdom), and the younger son of Hattusili III. He reigned c. 1245–1215 BC (middle chronology) or c. 1237–1209 BC (short chronology). His mother was the great queen, Puduhepa.

Early life
Tudhaliya was likely born in his father's court in Hattusa, after his brother and crown prince Nerikkaili, but still while their father was governing on his brother Muwatalli II's behalf. He was a good friend of Muwatalli's son, Kurunta, and Hattusili ordered that they stay on good terms.

After Hattusili as King wrote up a treaty with "Ulmi-Tessup" which confirmed Kurunta's rule over Tarhuntassa, Hattusili elevated Tudhaliya over his older brother to be his crown prince. Tudhaliya as king drew up a bronze tablet treaty confirming the links between him and Kurunta.

Tudhaliya had a sister, Maathorneferure, who served as Great Royal Wife to Pharaoh Ramesses II of Egypt.

Reign
The Hittite Empire covered large parts of Anatolia and Syria. Climate change set with drier conditions that caused a severe drought. Tudhaliya IV responded by building at least 13 dams to secure water supplies, one of which still survives to this day at Alacahöyük.

In the East, Tudhaliya IV faced the rival Assyrians. He suffered a severe defeat at the hands of Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria in the Battle of Nihriya, c. 1237 BC.

Tudḫaliya, king of the Hittites, was reeling from defeat by the Assyrians at the Battle of Nihriya, refers to the Babylonian king as his equal, in his treaty with his vassal, Šaušgamuwa of Amurru, hinting at the possible existence of an alliance or at least a tacit understanding between them. It reads:

"The kings who are equal to me (are) the king of Egypt, the king of Karanduniya (Babylon), the king of Assyria . And if the king of Karanduniya is My Majesty's friend, he shall also be your friend; but if he is My Majesty's enemy, he shall also be your enemy. Since the king of Assyria is My Majesty's enemy he shall also be your enemy. Your merchant shall not enter into Assyria and you shall not allow his merchant into your land. He shall not pass through your land. But if he enters into your land, you should seize him and send him off to My Majesty."

In the Southwest, the empire had been divided with parts of the territory controlled by Kurunta of Tarhuntassa.

A clay tablet (CTH 121), dating to the reign of Suppiluliuma II, tells that a statue was set ut by Tudhaliya IV to commemorate his conquest of the Land of Alasiya (Cyprus?).

He had two sons, Arnuwanda III and Suppiluliuma II, who were the final two kings of the Hittite Empire.

title: Tudḫaliya IV


text:
Sanky-panky

A sanky-panky or sanky is a male sex worker, found in the Dominican Republic. A sanky-panky solicits on beaches and has clients of either both sexes or only women. When with men, the sanky-panky assumes an active (a.k.a. top) role, but when with women, assumes the role of an ideal lover.

While strictly speaking they are not prostitutes, since they do not directly negotiate money for sex, sanky-pankies are more likely to develop a pseudo-relationship which can be continued after the guest returns home. They then might attempt to ask for money to be sent to them primarily by wire transfer, often using elaborate stories of need, involving (for example) sick relatives. A sanky's ultimate goal is often to obtain a marriage visa to the tourist's native country, and marry the tourist before abandoning her.

Another word used for a sanky panky is chapeador (or chapi chapi) A lady is called a chapeadora. This word is derived from the verb "chapear" (to trim or cut, especially with a machete).

Bricheros
In Peru they are known as bricheros (who are male and usually target female tourists) and bricheras (who are females targeting male tourists). They frequent popular tourist destinations and may involve themselves in tourist businesses in order to solicit customers.

"Puta-Tour"
In certain tourist cities of Venezuela, and specially in the city of Mérida, women following a similar pattern of conduct are known as "Puta-Tour," a pejorative term associated with travel-based prostitution. Nevertheless, there are cases where sexual intercourse is never consummated and long term friendships are the result. Such women usually target White American and European tourists, primarily in the interest of learning and/or practicing a foreign language other than Spanish, serving also as hosts and tourist guides, but with the expectation of being invited to travel to the tourist's native country. These relationships can range from friendship to marriage, and are based on cultural interchange and travel, supported by the foreign tourist.

Sanky-pankies in popular culture
The persona of the "sanky panky" was brought to the cinema in 2007 by Spanish director Jose E. Pintor. In his comedic film entitled Sanky Panky, audiences follow the life of a young Dominican man named Genaro (played by Dominican comedian Fausto Mata) who, thanks to his childhood friend Giuseppe (Massimo Borghetti), the manager of a hotel chain, travels to Bávaro to work at a resort in hopes of finding a "gringa" (or white American woman) who will give him a visa. In the process, he meets a young heartbroken woman and her two older and oversexed aunts. The story that follows highlights the attractions of Dominican resorts but also portrays the realities of poverty in the Dominican Republic, while immortalizing the figure of the "sanky panky" via the medium of a major motion picture.

A film that explores this topic in a Francophone context is Heading South.

title: Sanky-panky


text:
Jodi Phillis

Jodi Christine Phillis (born 11 April 1965 in Melbourne, Australia) is an Australian singer-songwriter-guitarist and founding member of the band The Clouds. Phillis is best known for her vocal ability in many of her songs, such as "Hieronymus", "Souleater" and "Ghost of Love Returned".

Early life
Born in Melbourne, Phillis spent her childhood in California, and moved back to Sydney, Australia to begin school. She quit school at 15, then spent eight years working as a graphic artist with surfwear company Mambo Graphics until she formed the band The Clouds, where she met fellow frontwoman and bassist Trish Young.

1989–1997: The Clouds
The Clouds formed in December 1989 and released four studio albums between 1990 and 1996, all of which peaked within the ARIA top 50.

1996–present: Solo
While still in The Clouds, Phillis explored a more mellow, acoustic direction with her debut solo album Lounge o' Sound, released in 1996.

In 2001, she released In Dreams I Live. The track "Waiting, Wanting, Holding" was featured in the ABC's series Love Is a Four-Letter Word. The album was nominated for two awards at the ARIA Music Awards of 2002. Her third solo album, For Lovers, Artists and Dreamers, was released in 2004.

In 2013, Phillis attended the Australian Film Television and Radio School (AFTRS), to study composition and graduated with a Certificate in Screen Music. Jodi's screen credits include the feature film Convict, and numerous TV commercials and television shows.

In 2017, Phillis spearheaded the composer's project, Seven Stories, in collaboration with Ensemble Offspring and six other prominent female composers, Amanda Brown, Caitlin Yeo, Sally Whitwell, Bree van Reyk, Kyls Burtland and Jane Sheldon with text by Hilary Bell. Seven Stories premiered during Sydney's Vivid Festival.

In 2018, Phillis released her Becoming album. Produced by Tim Oxley and penned by Jodi, it was an album that covered topics such as grief, loss, love and menopause. The album was rated at number 5 in Your Music Radar's "Top 20 Best Australian Albums of 2018", with Brian Parker opining, "An album that serves as a chronicle of one person's experience of change, yet ultimately becomes therapeutic for her listener – giving hope that life and love is worth it, and with change comes positivity. A beautiful album that marks Phillis as one of Australia’s vital singer-songwriters."

2005–2007: The Girls from the Clouds
In 2005, Phillis reunite with former Clouds band-mate Trish Young, under the moniker The Girls from the Clouds. Their EP Lalalala was released in early 2006. After 18 months, however, Phillis and Young once again went their separate ways.

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

 * rowspan="2"| 2001
 * rowspan="2"| In Dreams I Live
 * Best Adult Contemporary Album
 * Nominated
 * Best Female Artist
 * Nominated
 * Best Female Artist
 * Nominated

title: Jodi Phillis


text:
Japanese Chin

The Japanese Chin (狆, ), also known as the Japanese Spaniel, is a toy dog breed, being both a lap dog and a companion dog, with a distinctive heritage.

History

While most believe that the source breed for the Japanese Chin originated in China, the route by which the Chin arrived in Japan is a widely debated topic. One story claims that the dogs were given to the Japanese royalty in AD 732 as gifts brought by Kim Jangson (金長孫), an envoy from the kingdom of Silla on the Korean peninsula. Others maintain that they were given as gifts to the Empress of Japan as early as the middle of the sixth century or by the seventh century. Still others claim that the Chin first arrived in Japan around the year AD 1000.

In 1613, the Japanese Chin was brought to England. In 1853 one was acquired by American naval officer, Matthew Calbraith Perry. Since 1868 they have been lap dogs to ladies of the upper class and today are companion dogs.

Appearance
The Japanese Chin stand about approximately 25 cm in height at the withers for male dogs, with bitches being slightly taller. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale gives no weight requirement for the Chin. Its distinctive expression is characterized by a large rounded broad head, large wide-set dark eyes, a very short broad muzzle, ear feathering, and evenly patterned facial markings.

Coat and color
Japanese Chin are very cat-like in both appearance and traits. Most dogs have two types of hair in their coat: an under and over coat. However, the Japanese Chin only has an over coat. An adult coat can take up to two years to completely grow in and can be either black and white, red and white (including all shades of sable, lemon, or orange), or tricolour (black and white with reddish tan points) As of 11 November 2011, the colors not listed in the breed standard are grounds for disqualification in competitions.

The dogs have a dot or a line on their forehead, which is believed in Japanese history to be the touch of Buddha.

Temperament
This breed's attitude has been compared to that of cats more often than other breeds: it is alert, intelligent, and independent, and it uses its paws to wash and wipe its face. Other cat-like traits include their preference for resting on high surfaces, their good sense of balance, and their tendency to hide in unexpected places. Japanese Chin are loyal to their owners and are typically a friendly breed. While Japanese Chin prefer familiar surroundings, they also do well in new situations. This, alongside their friendly demeanor, makes them good therapy dogs. Early socialization of Japanese Chin puppies leads to a more emotionally well-balanced Chin that is more accepting of different situations and people.

Japanese Chin are defensive animals and thus although they are usually quiet, they will bark to alert the arrival of a visitor or to draw attention to something out of the ordinary.

Japanese Chin were also bred for the purpose of entertaining their owners. While typically calm, they are well known for performing many tricks such as the "Chin Spin", in which they turn around in rapid circles; dancing on their hind legs while pawing their front feet, clasped together, in the air; and some even "sing", a noise that can range from a low trill to a higher, almost operatic noise.

Health
A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 12.5 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.

Common health issues in the Japanese Chin include luxating patellas (slipping kneecaps), cataracts, and early-onset heart murmurs.

title: Japanese Chin


text:
Annabel Young

Annabel Margaret Young (born 1956) is a former New Zealand politician. She was a Member of Parliament from 1997 to 2002, representing the National Party.

Early life and family
Before entering politics, Young worked as a tax specialist and business consultant, being a lawyer and chartered accountant. She also spent nine years in the territorial army signal corps.

Young's father, Bill Young, was also a National MP, representing the Miramar electorate from 1966 to 1981. One of Young's sisters, Nicola, is a Wellington City Councillor and stood as a candidate in the Rongotai electorate in the 2005 general election, however lost to the incumbent, Annette King. Another sister, Rosemary, married National MP Max Bradford. Her great-grandfather was the early 20th-century Wellington mayor and Liberal–Reform MP John Luke.

Member of Parliament
Young sought the National Party candidacy in the Wellington Central electorate for the 1996 general election, but lost to Mark Thomas. Instead, she stood as a list-only candidate. Although she was not immediately successful, Young eventually entered Parliament on 23 April 1997, having been the next candidate on National's party list when list MP Jim Gerard resigned. As Gerard had been the first list MP to resign after New Zealand adopted the mixed-member proportional electoral system in 1996, Young was the first list MP to be elected not at a general election. She said her entry to Parliament in this way was ironic given she had not supported the electoral system change that led to the introduction of list MPs.

In Young's first term as a list MP, despite being a Wellingtonian, she was assigned by the party to be based in Hawke's Bay. She was appointed the National Party spokesperson for senior citizens by new leader Jenny Shipley in 1997. The National Party did not stand an electorate candidate in Wellington Central in the 1999 election (having previously endorsed ACT leader Richard Prebble for the seat). Young again stood as a list-only candidate, campaigning in Wellington city, and was re-elected. With the National Party now in opposition, Young served as National's revenue spokesperson under both Shipley and her successor, Bill English, based in Wellington.

In 2000, during debate on the Employment Relations Bill, Young was photographed yawning, and the photograph was subsequently published in The Evening Post. This prompted Speaker of the House Jonathan Hunt to ban television cameras and newspaper photographers from the House of Representatives.

In the 2002 election Young stood for a third time as a list-only candidate but, at 33rd on the list and the lowest of National's sitting MPs, was ranked too low to escape the collapse of National's vote that year. She had sought nomination to be the National candidate in Wellington Central, but lost to Hekia Parata. Also at that election, Young endorsed the candidacy of Judith Collins—a long-time friend—for the National candidacy in the new Clevedon electorate, over sitting MP Warren Kyd.

Life after parliament
After leaving Parliament, Young was tax director of the New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants. In 2005, she became chief executive of Federated Farmers, and in 2008 moved to the Pharmacy Guild of New Zealand as Chief Executive. She resigned from the Pharmacy Guild of New Zealand in April 2012 and later became executive director of the New Zealand Shipping Federation.

She has also written a book, The Good Lobbyist's Guide, about the most effective ways for citizens to become involved in the political process.

title: Annabel Young


text:
Michael Cole (wrestling)

Sean Michael Coulthard (born December 8, 1966), better known by his ring name Michael Cole, is an American professional wrestling commentator and journalist. Since 1997, he is signed to WWE, where he serves as the play-by-play commentator for the Raw brand and as the vice president of announcing since 2020.

Coulthard began his career in journalism in 1988 for CBS Radio before being hired by the then-World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1997 (WWF was renamed WWE in 2002). He has performed multiple on-screen hosting and commentary roles across his two-decade-plus-long career.

Early life and education
Sean Michael Coulthard was born on December 8, 1966, in Syracuse, New York. He attended the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications at Syracuse University, graduating in 1988 with a B.A. in broadcast journalism.

Journalism career
Coulthard began his career in the media as a journalist, working for CBS Radio. His first high-profile assignment was to cover the 1988 US presidential campaign of Democratic Party nominee Michael Dukakis. In 1992, he reported on the presidential campaign of Bill Clinton. He also covered the 51-day siege at the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas, in 1993, and the following year, spent nine months covering the Yugoslavian civil war. In 1995, he was also selected to cover the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing. He returned to the presidential campaign trail in 1996 to cover the campaigns of Steve Forbes and Sen. Bob Dole.

Backstage interviewer and Raw (1997–1999)
Coulthard came to the World Wrestling Federation in mid early-1997 after being recommended to company officials by Todd Pettengill, and started using the stage name "Michael Cole". He provided voice-overs for promotional videos and later became the host of the LiveWire show. Cole first appeared on screen at the June 30, 1997 episode of Raw is War, interviewing The Legion of Doom and replaced Todd Pettengill as a backstage interviewer after SummerSlam. In late 1997, Cole became one of the three announcers for the first hour of Monday Night Raw, alongside Jim Ross and Kevin Kelly. Eventually, Cole was permanently replaced by Jerry Lawler in mid-1998. In December 1998, Cole became the regular play-by-play announcer for Raw is War, subbing for Jim Ross when Ross was ill with Bell's palsy. He continued in this role until WrestleMania XV in March 1999.

SmackDown! (1999–2008)
When the promotion's new SmackDown! television program debuted later that year, Cole was chosen to be the show's play-by-play announcer. His broadcast partner was originally Jerry Lawler, but when Lawler briefly left the WWF in 2001, he was replaced by Cole's WWF Sunday Night Heat broadcast partner Tazz shortly before the WWF vs. WCW/ECW invasion storyline. After the WWE Brand Extension, Cole worked exclusively for the SmackDown! brand, cutting down to doing play-by-play on SmackDown!-only pay-per-views, while Raw-only pay-per-views were announced by Raw's announce team.

Cole was rarely involved in storylines; however, he has had minor roles in storylines involving Heidenreich, Stephanie McMahon, Vito, and D-Generation X (Triple H, Shawn Michaels, Chyna, and Rick Rude). His 2004 angle with Heidenreich became infamous due to an implied scene where Heidenreich "Heidenraped" him in the arena restroom; in a 2008 interview, Heidenreich explained that the Cole rape angle was McMahon's idea and that Pulp Fiction came to mind when Stephanie McMahon approached him with the idea. He called play-by-play at the 2006 Royal Rumble match because Jim Ross, who had commentated the last two Royal Rumble matches with Tazz, had been (kayfabe) "fired" and replaced by former ECW play-by-play man Joey Styles, reuniting the original SmackDown! team of Cole and Jerry Lawler. On February 3, 2006, it was announced that Cole and Tazz were starting a radio show on Howard Stern's Howard 100 on Sirius Satellite Radio, but the show was a trial run that only lasted a couple of weeks.

On the June 9 episode of SmackDown!, Cole's broadcast partner Tazz left SmackDown! to ECW, leaving Cole at that moment without a broadcast partner. At ECW One Night Stand, John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) announced he would replace Tazz as color commentator. This proved true five days later when JBL appeared on that week's episode of SmackDown! as Cole's new broadcast partner. After JBL left the broadcast booth and returned to wrestling action on Raw, Jonathan Coachman became Cole's new partner on the January 4, 2008 episode of SmackDown!. Coachman was then replaced by Mick Foley beginning at Backlash on April 27, 2008.

Return to Raw (2008–2009)
As a part of the 2008 WWE Draft, Cole was drafted to the Raw brand as Jim Ross was drafted to the SmackDown brand, ending Cole's nearly 10-year run as a play-by-play commentator on SmackDown. On the July 7, 2008 episode of Raw, Cole was attacked by Kane, who repeatedly asked Cole "Is he alive or dead?" before Cole was saved by Jerry Lawler. Cole made his in-ring debut as Lawler's partner against the tag team of Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase; a match for the World Tag Team Championship. Cole and Lawler lost after Cole inadvertently tagged himself in, and was quickly pinned by Rhodes after a lariat. At the 2009 Slammy Awards, Cole won The "Oh My God" Moment of the Year award for vomiting on Chris Jericho at SmackDown's 10th Anniversary show on October 2.

Heel turn and feud with Jerry Lawler (2010–2012)
Cole was the lead commentator for WWE NXT for its first three seasons, and during the first season in 2010, Cole began showing signs of arrogance and cockiness towards face wrestlers and WWE fans alike, turning heel for the first time in his WWE career. He also began to belittle Daniel Bryan and took a liking to The Miz, leading to confrontations with Bryan throughout the season. Meanwhile, on the Raw brand, Cole was made the official spokesman for the Anonymous Raw General Manager beginning on June 21, 2010. Cole returned to SmackDown to join Matt Striker and Todd Grisham on commentary beginning on October 1, and branded himself the "Voice of the WWE", stating that he should be on all WWE shows going forward. Cole showed particular over the top admiration for The Miz during his heel run. In particular Cole frequently praised his coaching abilities on NXT as well as praising his wrestling ability.

On the November 29, 2010 episode of Raw, Cole interfered in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match for the WWE Championship between Jerry Lawler and The Miz, costing Lawler the match and helping Miz retain his title. This began a feud with Lawler that built towards a match at WrestleMania XXVII. During this time, Cole revealed Jack Swagger as his trainer and antagonized Lawler with antics such as making light of his mother's death and inviting his son Brian Lawler to air family secrets. At WrestleMania, special referee Stone Cold Steve Austin announced Lawler won the match but the Anonymous Raw General Manager reversed the decision and declared Cole the winner by disqualification, due to Austin being involved in the match. A month later at Extreme Rules, Cole teamed with Swagger to defeat Jim Ross and Lawler in a Country Whipping match. Lawler and Cole had a final "Kiss My Foot" match at Over the Limit on May 22, which Cole lost; after the match, Bret Hart returned and put Cole in his signature submission move, the Sharpshooter, to help Lawler make Cole kiss his foot. Cole apologized to Lawler the following night on Raw, ending their feud. After the apology Cole and Lawler maintained a professional relationship onscreen although Cole would continue to bad mouth babyfaces and have various disagreements with Lawler on commentary until late 2012.

Cole continued to wrestle sporadically after this and still favored most heels while questioning the actions of the faces to regain control in matches. On the July 25 episode of Raw, Triple H placed Cole in a match against Zack Ryder, which Cole lost quickly. Cole and Alberto Del Rio lost a tag team match to John Cena and Jim Ross on the October 17 episode of Raw, prompting Cole to challenge Ross to the "Michael Cole Challenge" (a series of three contests); Cole said that if Ross won each challenge, Cole would quit his job. During the challenge on the November 14 episode of Raw, Ross won the first two challenges (arm wrestling and dancing), causing Cole to declare that the third contest was who weighed less, which Cole won. Ross was subsequently fired and CM Punk came out and attacked Cole; Cole vowed revenge and said he would sue Punk for injuring him. Cole was a surprise entrant in the 2012 Royal Rumble match but was quickly eliminated by Lawler, Booker T, and the returning Kharma. Cole was put in a match with John Cena on the June 4, 2012, episode of Raw, which he lost, and was forced to make an apology for all of his wrongdoings.

On the July 9 episode of Raw, Cole was booked against Jerry Lawler in a WrestleMania XXVII rematch, which he quickly lost. The Anonymous Raw General Manager reversed the decision, making Cole the winner by disqualification following interference by Booker T, but then Santino Marella then came out and pulled out Hornswoggle from hiding underneath the ring, claiming that he was the Anonymous Raw General Manager.

Face turn (2012–present)
Cole was lauded for his handling of his fellow commentary partner Jerry Lawler's legitimate on-air heart attack on the September 10, 2012 episode of Raw. Despite being a heel commentator for two years, Cole provided updates to television viewers on Lawler's condition throughout the episode and was described as "classy and professional". He was also praised for his handling of the emergency, turning face as he began favoring the face wrestlers and began receiving cheers. Cole also joined in commentary during Raw and pay-per-view events, including Night of Champions and Hell in a Cell by Jim Ross and John "Bradshaw" Layfield. Cole cemented his face turn when he hugged Lawler in the ring when Lawler returned on the November 12 episode of Raw.

On the March 30, 2015, episode of Raw, Cole, along with JBL and Booker T, was attacked by Brock Lesnar after Seth Rollins refused Lesnar his WWE World Heavyweight Championship rematch. Cole did not appear on commentary the following week as part of a storyline injury. On June 8, Cole welcomed Byron Saxton as the color commentator for Raw, replacing Booker T. On the January 15, 2018 episode of Raw, Cole was attacked by Braun Strowman due to Strowman's anger at being fired by General manager Kurt Angle and was subsequently replaced by Tom Phillips for the remainder of the broadcast.

Three days later after Raw, on September 26, 2019, WWE announced as a part of their "WWE Premiere Week" that a new commentary team would be on SmackDown. Cole returned to SmackDown as a full-time commentator for the first time in six years, appearing alongside former Raw commentators Corey Graves and Renee Young. He was joined on commentary with Pat McAfee on April 16, 2021, and the two were universally praised for their chemistry, with Cole stating working with McAfee was the highlight of every week for him. McAfee would take a break to work for ESPN's College Gameday, and Cole would be joined by Wade Barrett on commentary for SmackDown and for premium live events with Graves.

On August 5, 2023, WWE went with more on-air commentary changes as Cole returned to Raw on August 7, 2023, with Wade Barrett joining on commentary. He remained on SmackDown as Corey Graves would be returning on commentary with Kevin Patrick joining in. According to PWInsider, The changes of having Cole working both Raw and SmackDown on commentary were requested by WWE's future parent company Endeavor and its broadcast partners USA Network and Fox by having him as the face of the product. On January 1, 2024, Cole left SmackDown again, leaving Patrick and Graves as the two-man commentary team.

From 2020 onwards, Cole has engaged in longstanding feuds on commentary against Bayley, with whom he has had issues in storyline over the past few years, Top Dolla, whom Cole called out for a botched top rope spot on an episode of SmackDown, and Dominik Mysterio, whom Cole sides against in Dominik's feud with his father Rey Mysterio.

Reality of Wrestling (2013)
In December 2013, Cole served as a special guest announcer for fellow WWE employee Booker T's professional wrestling promotion Reality of Wrestling, along with Rich Brennan (formerly known as Anthony Pratt and Rich Bocchini).

Legacy
Arn Anderson has praised Cole stating, "I think he does a very good job. I think he is very professional. He can call a wrestling match very well". Legendary professional wrestling commentator, WWE Hall of Famer and former broadcast partner colleague Jim Ross has also praised Cole stating, "Michael works his ass off. He's a good family man, he's a company man, he works diligently to do his job. I respect him for all those things. I've always liked him, he's a good dude, and folks won't understand that. They only judge him for his television persona, rightly or wrongly. It's kind of frustrating". PWInsider's Dave Scherer called Cole "The GOAT (Greatest of All Time)", praising his work under Vince McMahon's pressure.

Other media
Cole has appeared as a commentator in numerous WWE video games, providing his voice. He has also appeared as a non-playable character in several and is a playable character in WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role, WWF No Mercy as an unlockable character and WWE '12 as a downloadable character.

Cole appeared on the September 12, 2012 episode of Fox & Friends to address fellow WWE commentator Jerry Lawler's heart attack that occurred during the September 10 live broadcast of Raw.

Personal life
Coulthard has been married to Yolanda since 1987 and together they have two sons. He is a fan of the New York Mets, New York Jets, and Boston Celtics. After being joined on commentary by Preston North End supporter Wade Barrett, Cole was photographed alongside Barrett in a Preston kit and expressed his support for the team on X.

Awards and accomplishments

 * The Baltimore Sun
 * Non-Wrestling Performer of the Year (2010)
 * World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE
 * Slammy Award (4 times)
 * "Oh My" Moment of the Year (2009)
 * "And I Quote..." Line of the Year (2010)
 * Most Regrettable Attire of the Year (2011) Dressing as Triple H
 * Favorite Web Show of the Year (2013) – with John "Bradshaw" Layfield and Renee Young for The JBL & Cole Show
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Worst Gimmick (2011)
 * Worst Television Announcer (2001, 2009–2012, 2020)
 * WrestleCrap
 * Gooker Award (2011) Antics throughout the years

title: Michael Cole (wrestling)


text:
Talk:Huazhong University of Science & Technology

Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) is located in Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei Province, in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The campus of HUST is beautifully nestled at the foot of Yujia hill and beside the East Lake with green grass scattered all round in 500 hectares of land. It is a key comprehensive university under the direct leadership of the Ministry of Education of P. R. China. The current Minister of Education Prof Zhou Ji, who graduated from this University, is the former president of the University.

The University ranks top of the Chinese leading universities in comprehensive strength. In the University there are eleven disciplines: philosophy, economics, law, education, literature, history, agriculture, science, engineering, medicine and management. The University offers a variety of programs, including 69 undergraduate programs, 200 Master programs, 139 doctoral programs and 17 post-doctoral research centers. It has 15 national key disciplines. A number of other leading research centers are located here; 4 National Engineering Research Centers, 3 National Leading Laboratories, 2 National Specialized Laboratories. The University has more than 10,000 faculty members, of whom over 4,000 are full time teachers, 9 are full academicians and 5 are part-time academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & the Chinese Academy of Engineering, over 900 are professors. The numberof resident students is over 60,000, of whom more than 10,000 are graduate students.

Since 1986, the University has been accepting international students studying in China under Chinese Government Scholarship. It also offers “University Scholarship” to outstanding international students as a means of promoting good attitude, conduct and distinguished performances during their study here. Friends from all parts of the world are welcome to HUST. A Language Teaching Center has been established for international students. On the side, an International Students Hostel is fully equipped with good teaching and learning, living and recreational facilities.

The University is active in setting up international academic exchanges and co-operation. It has established relations with around 100 foreign universities, research institutes and companies. Over 2 decades, the number of visiting experts and professors has amounted to over 2000. More than 200 of them have been awarded Honorary Professor, Guest Professor or Consultant Professor. About 3000 HUST staff members have studied overseas, excluding short-term visits, lectures and seminars. Approximately 1000 long-term international students have graduated here. Tongji Medical College is one of the most important institutions which have a very close tie with Germany in cultural exchange.


text: Category:Geography of New South Wales

title: Category:Geography of New South Wales