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Division of Bendigo

The Division of Bendigo is an Australian electoral division in the state of Victoria. The division was proclaimed in 1900, and was one of the original 65 divisions to be contested at the first federal election. It is named for the city of Bendigo.

The division is situated on the northern foothills of the Great Dividing Range in North Central Victoria. It covers an area of approximately 5496 km2 and provides the southern gateway to the Murray–Darling basin. In addition to the city of Bendigo, other large population centres in the division include, , Kyneton and.

The current Member for the Division of Bendigo, since the 2013 federal election, is Lisa Chesters, a member of the Australian Labor Party.

Geography
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

History
In the early years of federation the seat consisted of little more than Bendigo itself, but on later boundaries the seat has included towns such as Echuca, Castlemaine, Maryborough and Seymour.

Bendigo has been a marginal seat, changing hands regularly between the Labor Party and the conservative parties; typically mirroring voting patterns in state elections. However, it has remained a Labor seat since the 1998 federal election.

Unlike most marginal seats, Bendigo is not a barometer for winning government. Since 1949, all but one of its members has spent at least one term in opposition. Indeed, during two elections that saw a change of government, it elected an opposition MP.

Its most notable members include its first representative, Sir John Quick, who was a leading federalist, and Prime Minister Billy Hughes who, although from Sydney, represented Bendigo for two terms at a time when the federal Parliament met in Melbourne, and who moved to the seat after leaving the Labor Party over conscription, holding the seat as the leader of the Nationalist Party.

John Brumby, who held the seat from 1983 to 1990, would subsequently be elected to the Victorian Legislative Council in 1993. He then transferred to the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Broadmeadows a few months later, after being elected Victorian Opposition Leader, a position he would hold until 1999. After serving as a senior state minister under Steve Bracks, Brumby went on to become Premier of Victoria from 2007 to 2010.

Brumby was defeated in Bendigo at the 1990 election by a former state Legislative Councillor, Bruce Reid, who retained the seat narrowly in 1993 and 1996, before retiring at the 1998 election, when a 4.3% swing delivered the seat to Labor's Steve Gibbons. Reid has a minor claim to fame through being the third candidate in the contest for Liberal leadership between John Hewson and John Howard after the party's 1993 election defeat. Reid attracted one vote, presumably his own.

title: Division of Bendigo


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Category:Sulfide minerals

See sulfide mineral for definition.

The term "sulfide" often includes selenide, telluride, arsenide, and antimonide minerals.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Sulfide minerals


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Muhammad I of Córdoba

Muhammad I of Cordoba (823–886; محمد بن عبد الرحمن الأوسط) was a Muslim ruler of al-Andalus. He ruled during a time of thriving art, architecture and culture in Islamic Iberia in the 9th century, turning Cordoba into a cultural and political center.

Reign
Muhammad I engaged in diplomacy with Charles the Bald, the Carolingian king of the West Franks, sending him camels in 865.

Martyrs of Cordoba
Under the reign of Muhammad I, what became later known as the Cordoban Martyr Movement took place. While a majority of Cordoban Christians conformed to Islamic society and lived comfortably as a result, there were still some who fervently defended their faith. During the mid 9th century there was a group of outspoken Cordoban Christians who publicly denounced the Muhammad. As a result of their protests, 50 Christians were executed by the Umayyad government. The source of this event comes from a rediscovered 16th century manuscript.

Architecture
Muhammad I is credited with some of the work done on the Great Mosque of Cordoba in the 9th century. He may have completed the first major expansion of the mosque begun by his father, Abd ar-Rahman II. He also added a maqsura. In 855 he restored the entrance called ("Gate of the Viziers"), known today as the Puerta de San Esteban, which is an important early example of the prototypical Moorish gateway.

One of Muhammad I's wives, Umm Salama, also founded a cemetery and a mosque named after her in the northern suburbs of Cordoba. Over time, this cemetery turned into the city's largest.

title: Muhammad I of Córdoba


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Panorama (The Cars album)

Panorama is the third studio album by American new wave band the Cars, released on August 15, 1980, by Elektra Records. Like its predecessors, it was produced by Roy Thomas Baker and released on Elektra Records.

Background
The record marked a change from the upbeat pop rock and hard rock of the group's previous albums, representing a more aggressive and experimental sound. Billboard said that while Panorama retained the Cars' minimalist approach from their debut album, it sounded sufficiently different to avoid having the group sound like a caricature of itself.

Panorama peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 and has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The album's lead single, "Touch and Go", reached number 37 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Critical reception
The Spin Alternative Record Guide deemed the album "a dry, monotonous Wire imitation."

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Panorama.

The Cars

 * David Robinson – drums, backing vocals
 * Greg Hawkes – keyboards, saxophones, backing vocals
 * Benjamin Orr – vocals, bass guitar
 * Ric Ocasek – vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Elliot Easton – lead guitar, backing vocals

Technical

 * Roy Thomas Baker – production
 * Ian Taylor – engineering
 * John Weaver – engineering assistance
 * Jason Corsaro – engineering assistance
 * Thom Moore – production assistance

Artwork

 * David Robinson – cover design
 * Paul McAlpine – photography

title: Panorama (The Cars album)


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Trains/Todo

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 * Remove US and UK limitation of scope in general-matters articles, and related systemic bias in much of others.
 * on pages concerning Canadian railway items, add WikiProject Canada with relevant province switches, at least, if not also history and other relevant switches; many I've found that had only WikiProject Trains them were articles of national significance, including major railway hotels; in those cases please also add WikiProject Hotels
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title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Trains/Todo


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Billy Hardy

Billy Hardy (born 5 September 1964 in Sunderland) is a former bantamweight and featherweight boxer champion. He held the British championship at bantamweight and featherweight, as well as the European and Commonwealth featherweight titles.

The Billy Hardy Sports Centre, in Castletown, Sunderland bears his name.

He started boxing when he was six or seven, at the Hylton Castle Boys Club. He was an aggressive boxer who liked to come forward and take the fight to his opponent.

Being a dedicated fan of Sunderland Football Club, Hardy normally fought wearing red and white striped shorts, the club colours.

Professional career
He had his first professional fight in November 1983, beating Kevin Downer on points over six rounds at Eltham, Kent.

British bantamweight title
He built up a record of thirteen wins and three defeats before fighting for the British bantamweight title against the holder Ray Gilbody. The title fight was in February 1987 in St Helens and Hardy took the title when the fight was stopped in the fourth, Gilbody having been down four times.

In March 1988, he defended his British title against John Hyland in his hometown of Sunderland, knocking the challenger out in the second round.

In November 1988, he fought the Italian, Vincenzo Belcastro for the European bantamweight title. The fight was in Paola, Italy and Hardy lost a narrow points decision after twelve rounds.

In February 1989, he successfully defended his British title against Ronnie Carroll in Sunderland, winning on points.

In June 1989, he had a re-match with Belcastro for the European title. The fight was in Pavia, Italy, and this time the decision was even closer, being declared as a draw.

In October 1989, he defended his British title against Brian Holmes, in Sunderland. Hardy made short work of the challenger, knocking him out in the first round.

IBF bantamweight attempts
Hardy's impressive record at bantamweight had put him in line for a shot at the IBF world bantamweight title, held by the American, Orlando Canizales. The challenge was in January 1990 at the Crowtree Leisure Centre, Sunderland, and it went the full twelve rounds with Canizales retaining his title on a split decision.

In November 1990, Hardy defended his British title for the third time, again against Ronnie Carroll. This time the fight was stopped in the eighth with Hardy retaining his title.

In May 1991, Hardy had a re-match with Orlando Conizares, who so narrowly defeated him the previous year. This time the fight was in Canizares’ hometown of Laredo, Texas, and the champion won on a technical knockout in the eighth round. Hardy had also been knocked down in round three.

Featherweight titles
Hardy relinquished his British bantamweight title in 1991. In October 1992, he moved up a weight, when he fought Australian, Ricky Rayner for the vacant Commonwealth featherweight title. The fight was in Sunderland, and Hardy won the title when the fight was stopped in the tenth.

In May 1993, he defended his Commonwealth title in Sunderland, against Canadian Barrington Francis, winning on points.

In May 1994, he fought Alan McKay, a southpaw from Watford. The fight, in Sunderland, was for Hardy's Commonwealth title and the vacant British featherweight title. The fight was stopped in the eighth with Hardy now the holder of both titles. Later in the year, Hardy relinquished the British title.

In October 1994, he defended his Commonwealth title in Sun City, South Africa, against local challenger Stanford Ngcebeshe. Hardy won on points over twelve rounds.

In February 1995, he made a further defence, in Sunderland, against Percy Commey, of Ghana. Hardy won by a technical knockout in the eleventh round.

European title
In October 1995, Hardy challenged for the European featherweight title. He fought in Fontenay-sous-Bois, near Paris, against the Algerian holder, Mehdi Labdouni. Hardy won on points over twelve rounds to take the title.

In February 1996, he defended his Commonwealth title against English boxer, Michael Alldis, winning on points.

In June 1996, he defended his European title in Sanremo, Italy against Stefanno Zoff, winning on points.

In February 1997, Hardy defended his European title against Welsh boxer, Steve Robinson, who had held the WBO world featherweight title before losing it to Naseem Hamed. The fight, in Sunderland, was dominated by Hardy, and he claimed a points decision.

WBO and IBF featherweight attempt
In May 1997, Hardy had his biggest fight, when he challenged for the WBO and IBF world featherweight titles held by fellow Englishman, Naseem Hamed. The fight was held in Manchester and many of Hardy's fans travelled from Sunderland to support him. He tried to take the fight to Hamed but paid the price, when he was caught by a right-hand that broke his nose and his cheekbone. Hardy was knocked down twice, and the fight was stopped after only 93 seconds.

Remaining career
In January 1998, he defended his European title against Algerian, Mehdi Labdouni at York Hall, Bethnal Green, winning on points to retain the title.

In September 1998, Hardy had his last fight, when he defended his European and Commonwealth titles against Yorkshireman, Paul Ingle, former holder of the IBF world featherweight title. The fight was in York, and Hardy started well, but was caught in the eighth round, and the fight was stopped.

Following this defeat, Hardy retired aged thirty-four.

title: Billy Hardy


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Talk:Panorama (The Cars album)

Lead vocal credit in track listing section
Please do not change the article again without discussing it on the album discussion page. The standard format should be used unless there is a compelling reason to change it. Since nothing has been added to the discussion page to justify the deviation, I am reverting this edit. --Fantailfan 14:07, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Lead vocal credit in track listing section again
You have again changed the article without discussing it on the album discussion page. The standard format should be used unless there is a compelling reason to change it. Since nothing has been added to the discussion page to justify the deviation, I am reverting this edit again and requesting semi-protection. --Fantailfan 20:16, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, I don't know who you were referring to, but I just now, six years later, changed the article without asking permission first. Here's your "discussion": Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr both sing leads on track 8, "You Wear Those Eyes". Ben sings the verses, and Ric sings the choruses. Yes, I mean actual leads, one lone voice, apart and up front.

 * I have seen in this article's history where somebody reverted an edit, saying Correction: it's Ocasek's vocals on "You Wear Those Eyes", not Orr's. This is an example of why you should never, ever, EVER begin a statement with "Correction:" You look like a snot when you're right, which is bad enough, but you look like an ASS when you're WRONG. And he was. And he did.

 * Anyway: There's your discussion. I know my Ocasek from my Orr, and I have for a long time. It's like knowing John Lennon from Paul McCartney -- once you know it, it's so obvious, it seems absurd that you could've ever been confused. I'm completely certain. So I changed it.

 * What I really love about this, is that Orr sing-speaks the monotone, quiet and creepy, low-pitched bit, and Ocasek sings the open, emotional, melodic, higher-pitched bit. It's the dead opposite of what the journalists and the half-assed-fans think is The Cars's "formula"!

 * --Ben Culture (talk) 09:34, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:The Cars - Panorama.jpg
Image:The Cars - Panorama.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:39, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Cars - Panorama.jpg
Image:Cars - Panorama.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 20:43, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

"Touch and Go", #37 U.S. single, does not have its own article. Why?
"Touch and Go" does not have its own article. It wasn't even listed as a single in the template, until I added it (without discussing it with anybody, because it's indisputable). Here's the rest of what I have to say about it:

Template_talk:The_Cars — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ben Culture (talk • contribs) 09:39, 3 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The template doesn't list all singles, it lists singles with articles. -- Star cheers peaks news lost wars Talk to me 20:20, 4 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, the song does have its own article, NOW.
 * --Ben Culture (talk) 08:59, 2 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Panorama (The Cars album)


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Al-Mundhir of Córdoba

Al-Mundhir (المنذر بن محمد بن عبدالرحمن; c. 842 – 888) was Emir of Córdoba from 886 to 888. He was a member of the Umayyad dynasty of Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia), the son of Muhamad bin Abd al-Rahman.

Biography
Born in Córdoba, during the reign of his father he commanded the military operations against the neighbouring Christian kingdoms and the Muwallad rebellions.

In 865 he led the partially failed campaign against King Ordoño I of Asturias, in the Duero valley. On his way back to Córdoba, he defeated Rodrigo, count of Castile, at Burgos, pushing the Cordoban frontier northwards. He also tried to conquer León, but he was defeated in 878 at Valdemora, by king Alfonso III of Asturias.

Al-Mundhir launched an expedition against the Banu Qasi Muwallad family, who had allied with Alfonso III, but was again defeated in 883. The following year he was, however, able to expel the rebel emir Ibn Marwan from Badajoz.

In 886, upon his father's death, he inherited the throne of Córdoba. During the two years of his reign al-Mundhir continued the fight against the rebel Umar ibn Hafsun. He died in 888 at Bobastro, possibly murdered by his brother Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi, who succeeded him.

title: Al-Mundhir of Córdoba


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João Pereira dos Santos

João Pereira dos Santos (27 December 1917 – 9 December 2011), known as Mestre João Pequeno was capoeira Angola mestre and one of the principal students of mestre Pastinha.

He began his carrier in Capoeira as a student of Mestre Gilvenson and later became a disciple of Mestre Pastinha - the father of contemporary Capoeira Angola. Together with Mestre João Grande he is later to share the honour of being one of the late Mestre Pastinha's two most learned students - the ones to whom he entrusted his legacy. Mestre João Pequeno died on 9 December 2011 at the age of 93.

In 1970, Mestre Pastinha said the following about João Pequeno, "He will be the greatest Capoeira players of the future and I have worked hard with him, and for him, to achieve this. He will be a true master. Not just impromptu teacher, as can be found anywhere, who only destroy our tradition which is so beautiful. I've taught everything I know to this young man. Even the Cat's Leap (lit. Pulo do gato, the one move that is kept to oneself to use in dire circumstances. It is usually never taught to anyone, to keep its element of surprise). That's why I have the greatest hopes regarding their future."

The recession of 1973
During the recession of the late 70s (See Oil Crisis of 1973), Capoeira Mestres and dedicated practitioners amongst the populace faced great hardships to continue the practice of their beloved art. Many of them died poor and hungry. Those who were able to, chose to migrate to other countries in search of greener pastures. Many Capoeira schools couldn't survive. However the most significant loss of the time, was to be the closing down of Pastinha's Capoeira academy (Centro Esportivo de Capoeira Angola) and his death in 1981.

The impact of Pastinha's death was far reaching and even João Grande chose to stop playing Capoeira for a time (See Mestre João Grande). Despite these events, João Pequeno persevered these difficult years, biding his time to revive Pastinha's school.

Revival of Pastinha's academy
On 2 May 1982, with the world barely starting to recover from the recession, João Pequeno founded the Academia de João Pequeno de Pastinha with the purpose of continuing the lineage teaching of Capoeira Angola in the manner it was taught in Mestre Pastinha's academy. This lineage was very nearly destroyed when Pastinha's academy was closed down by the government to "renovate" the buildings. The subsequent death almost a decade later of the great Angoleiro only made things more difficult. (See Mestre Pastinha).

The authenticity of João Pequeno's academy in following Pastinha's academy was not limited exclusively to the technique and teaching methods, but also in the manner of spiritual and cultural development. In a way, João Pequeno revived and succeeded in achieving the original purpose for which Pastinha's Centro Esportivo de Capoeira Angola was established - that is, to preserve and promote the traditions of Capoeira Angola, the fundamental tenets of the Angoleiro and to provide a community based support for Capoeiristas.

His old friend and Capoeira brother, João Grande later did the same by establishing his academy in New York City the United States in 1990.

Lineage

Pastinha → João Pequeno

Later life and death
Mestre João Pequeno dedicated his life to teaching Pastinha's style of Capoeira Angola ever since and has graduated students who today are well-known Mestres in their own right. Into his 90s, Joao Pequeno continued to teach and practise capoeira at his academy in Forte de Santo Antônio Além do Carmo which has, through the work of Mestre João and GCAP, come to be called the Forte da Capoeira which is off to the north side of the historical center of Salvador, Bahia which is also called Pelourinho. Mestre João Pequeno died on 9 December 2011, at the age of 93.

title: João Pereira dos Santos


text:
Talk:Theodore Roosevelt Jr.

Redundant text removed; anyone disagree?
The WWII section contained a well established myth that he was the Assistant Division commander, the online OOB lists Brig. Gen. Henry A. Barber in this role from 28 January - 4 July CFUVZ (talk) 14:17, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

I just did a heavy edit on the "World War II service and death" section. In the process, I removed a block of text from the end of the "Roosevelt's leadership style clashes" subsection because it repeated material covered earlier.

 * He had wanted to be a soldier since early childhood. Talked out of West Point by his father, Ted nevertheless volunteered to attend the Plattsburgh Officer Candidates School in New York, and there had distinguished himself as a young officer candidate in the summers leading up to World War I. When the United States declared war on Germany, given a major's commission, Ted volunteered to be of the first soldiers to go France. There, Ted had distinguished himself as the best battalion commander in his division per the division commander, himself. He had braved hostile fire and gas and had led his battalion in combat. So concerned was he for his men's welfare that he had even purchased combat boots for the entire battalion with his own money. Before the troops even came home from France, he had originated and championed the idea of a soldier's organization that would become the American Legion. In between wars, Ted continued to attend professional officer training classes. Although not a West Point graduate or a career regular Army officer, any casual reader has to ask how Ted was not a soldier in almost every sense except in Patton's spit-shinned way.

This leaves the assertion that he was "a soldier's soldier" unsupported; maybe someone who knows the subject will have a better sense for how to address that than I do.

I also removed information about the D-Day landing because the sentence was hopelessly tangled and I couldn't quickly figure out the facts:

 * He was the first soldier off the landing craft on landed with Company E, 2nd Battalion, 8th US Army Regiment, permission to land with one of the first waves of troops at Utah Beach. On D-day, he led the U.S. 4th Infantry Division's landing at Utah Beach.

I took out the company, battalion, and regiment info and reworded. DoorsAjar 00:03, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Jr. vs. III

 * "He married his childhood sweetheart, Eleanor Butler Alexander, on June 20, 1910."

Shouldn't he be theodore roosevelt the third, since his father was the second? Wikiwarlock 04:47, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Since President Theodore Roosevelt's father died before Theodore Jr. was born, it was up to the discretion of the family as to the use of "Junior" and "III". The same situation applied with George S. Patton, Jr., the World War II general, whose grandfather, the first George S. Patton, died before he was born, although the general's own son called himself George S. Patton IV. 209.158.189.54 21:02, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Eleanor Roosevelt, wife/cousin?
Did they call his wife Eleanor Roosevelt? What an interesting coincidence! -- Toytoy 02:26, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC) Yes, Ted's wife was called Eleanor Roosevelt. During THE Eleanor Roosevelt's campaign against her first cousin, Ted's Eleanor found not only Eleanor's means of campaigning displeasing but also the fact the two of them had the same name and that voters would think that his wife was campaigning against him. 10:58 2 May 2006 (UTC)

One of the pictures has a caption that says he died less than a month after D-Day. But if he died on July 12 and D-Day was June 6, that is over a month.

Don't be picky :P Henners91 07:13, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Ted Jr's spouse's full name was "Eleanor Butler Alexander-Roosevelt". Well... I guess it might have been annoying for her association with FDR's "Eleanor Roosevelt-Roosevelt"? Aedwardmoch (talk) 03:36, 23 July 2008 (UTC) Alfred "Ed Moch" Cota Aedwardmoch (talk) 03:36, 23 July 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.106.209.153 (talk) 03:29, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Medal of Honor
It may be difficult to maintain NPOV, but Teddy Sr. and Jr's MoHs were both extremely political, and IMO that fact should be addressed. (Teddy Sr.'s award was one of the last things Bill Clinton did in office, presenting the gong to TR's grand-nephew, IIRC, 100 years after the event.) Teddy Jr. was a very popular officer, and certainly his name did not hurt the campaign to give him the award. But in all objectivity, neither award was merited because neither action was remotely "above & beyond." TR Sr. was a regimental commander who commanded his regiment, period. Jr. was an asst. division cdr. doing what BGs do. If anyone deserved an MoH for actions "below and beyond" it was Norman Cota, asst. cdr. of the 29th Div., who performed almost every function expected of 2nd lts. up to BGs, on Omaha Beach--a far, far tougher situation than Utah.

 * Correction on who Ted's medal was presented to. It was presented to TR's great-grandson, Tweed Roosevelt with several other great grandsons, various cousins and Dr. John Gable, Director of the Theodore Roosevelt Association, who had helped support the push with historicl information.

 * Re Norm Cota - I understand that there has been an organized  move to get Gen Cota the recognition he deserves for his actions at D-Day. SimonATL 12:42, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Where is your proof that Mr. Roosevelt, Jr's Medal of Honor was political? It sounds more of an opinion. He was the only general that went in on the first wave of D-Day and when the boats placed his unit far from the landing point, he did his own reconnaissance and made a new plan on the spot that was successful. It sounds like he went above and beyond what was expected of him. Azn Clayjar 05:15, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

 * As to the politics, There were both personal as WELL as political considerations re Ted's MOH, - Agree on the comparison of Ted and Cota (who was, by the way, a cousin of the Roosevelts). Omaha beach, indeed, was a far tougher situation that Utah.  But consider this - just HOW much information did Ted have that opposition-wise, the situation was much more difficult on Omaha than Utah did Ted have?  Ted was on the 1st wave at Utah. Norm Cota was on the second wave at Ohama.  Political and family considerations - If Ted had NOT died weeks after D-Day, being a hard core Republican, it is UNlikely that FDR would have backed a MOH recommendation for Ted on the part of its sponsors.  On an inner Roosevelt family perspective.  There had been an enormous rift between FDR and Eleanor, on one hand, and Ted and Alice Roosevelt, over Eleanor's effective blocking of Ted's success in the NY govenor campaign when Eleanor literally drove around from one appearance of Ted on the stump, with a tea pot on a car supplied by the democrats successfully (but UNfairly, as Ted and his brother Archie helped to UNcovered the scandal) linking Ted to the Teapot Dome Scandal.  This activity by Eleanor undoubtedly significantly hurt Ted's chances for success in New York.  Now, with Ted dead, and any political threat from him removed, supporting the MOH on his behalf CERTAINLY must have gone a LONG way to repair the damage, hurt and bad feelings between the Hyde Park and Oyster Bay Roosevelts. SimonATL 12:42, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Side note: According to Alfred "Ed Moch" Cota, additional family cousin connections between Gen. Theodore Roosevelt Jr.(III), and Gen. Norman D. Cota... Both Ted's spouse, Eleanore Butler Alexander-Roosevelt and Norman's spouse, Constance Martha Alexander-Cota are found to be related "distant cousins" as well. If politics played a part in the giving of the MOH to Ted, perhaps not to drag Norm (as a Roosevelt cousin) and extending the political rift outside the inner Roosevelt circle? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.116.245.117 (talk) 00:45, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Patton accurately characterized
On editor removed my description of Gen George Patton's "brashness, impetuosity, arrogance and a self-promoting style" shameless POV. While I actually admire much about Patton, can you list even ONE modern reputable professional historian or Patton biographer who does NOT consider Patton "brash, impetous, arrogant and self-promoting?" The evidence beyond my mere opinion is incredible. Patton himself spoke of these aspects of his personality. Please defend your points that this characterization of him is NOT simply common knowledge of anyone who has read 3-4 biographies. Hey, it gave the man color. I suggest you read both his own biography as well as 2-3 that are out there. I admire the guy's so-called good points but don't make excuses for the other less "friendly" aspects of his character. If you read several biographies of Ted Jr, you WILL see that he WAS, in fact, a soldier's soldier - a HECK of lot more than Omar Bradley, whom I've come to realize was NOT what he portrayed himself to be. Look at THAT man's pre-WWII record. SimonATL 12:42, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Are you referring to these edits by any chance ([1], [2])? Can you please tell me for example how you know that "Ted" was "a soldier's soldier"? Or that "U.S. Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall saw in Ted the kind of intelligence and aggressive instinct that would be needed as a new generation of young Americans, by the millions, went off to war largely untested by combat."? We are writing an encyclopaedia, not a Mills and Boon romance novel. No offence, but please familiarise yourself with e.g. WP:NPOV, WP:Reliable Sources etc etc etc. and then we can discuss it again. Those edits were blatantly your POV and had absolutely nothing by way of citation to back them up (not that such intrinsically POV material can ever really be sourced anyway). Any reasonable Wikipedia editor will remove this sort of nonsense on sight, as I did. I defy you to find any experienced editor who would do anything but giggle at that kind of prose, and I mean no offence by that, you are obviously invested in the article and no doubt have a lot to offer. But not with that kind of material. Badgerpatrol 12:56, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Personally, I must agree with Simon. It's said that his brashness and such was what made him the leader he was- the leader that took risks, didn't wait around for orders, but got out and did them himself. A professional which supports this is the respected author Stephen Ambrose, who mentions 2 excellent accounts of these traits in Citizen Soldiers- Patton saved the 101st in Bastogne (the story being as soon as he heard word of the counter-offensive, he told his generals to change directions and fight to the north and west, before given the command, getting it 2 days later, and already having his forces only 2 more days away from attacking the southern shoulder of the buldge) and of his brilliant offensive in Operation Cobra where he pushed his troops 600 miles in 2 weeks, with the help of a few other allied units. Also, the author Keith D. Dickson, a lt-colonel in the US army and professor of military studies at the joint forces staff college, national defense university, says of Patton in his book on WWII "He was ruthless in carrying out his plans and sought to move rapidly against th eenemy. He was at his best in exploiting enemy weaknesses and maneuvering rapidly. Patton was so emotionally tied to soldierly ideals sometimes he lashed out  at those who he believed did not live up to those ideals.... Patton chafed at restrictions placed on him due to political decisions and didn't hesitate to share his opinion with superiors, specifically Alllied Supreme Commander Eisenhower and American General Omar Bradley."--LtWinters 22:37, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * What a pleasant surprise to see you here. So, to clarify, you think that the text I removed, is encyclopaedic and conforms to WP:NPOV, WP:SOURCE, WP:V, etc.? Badgerpatrol 23:40, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is brilliant to see you as well. Yes, I must say, I see it as fair and truthful, because although it would normally be considered original research, I must say because it is in many of Patton's biographies, those certainly are common traits about him. However, I must disagree with part of what Simon was saying. The 2nd link you give me I would say is perfectly fair, common and widely documented and puplished knowledge, and even puts Ted in a good light, but the 1st link, although true, I think should be included, but not in that sort of way. He was brash, but brashness could be defined and misinterpreted as aggresivly rude, instead of agressiveness. So I would support putting in the 1st link with a few changes, and I would enthustiastically (or however you spell it) support the 2nd link. --LtWinters 00:29, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Per WP:NPOV WP:OR and WP:SOURCE these statements need to be sourced and they need to be expressed in neutral and encyclopaedic language which is "formal, impersonal, and dispassionate" (WP:BETTER). If you agree with the first link, find me a source that says that Roosevelt was "a soldier's soldier" and quote it directly. If you agree with the second link, find me a source (i.e. Marshall's own diaries or someone else's personal recollections of a dialogue with him) where he says "I see in Ted Roosevelt the kind of intelligence and aggressive instinct that will be needed..." yada yada yada. If you can, fine, it's still poorly phrased crap that adds nothing to the article, but at least it's sourced. But if you can't find suitable sources...then the material cannot go in. I'm afraid that's how Wikipedia works. Badgerpatrol 01:05, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * That will be Simon's perogative. I am simply supporting his claims. --LtWinters 02:05, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't dispute his claims re Patton- that wasn't the shameless POV I originally noted. It was the asinine rose-tinted "Ted was a soldier's soldier" nonsense that I particularly took umbrage with (although that is not to say that the Patton claims do not have to sourced too in themselves- "verifiability, not truth"). Badgerpatrol 02:27, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Roosevelt's Relation To Cota
A distant cousin to Ted Roosevelt Jr., Norman D. Cota's friendship with him would grow during The North African Campaign, when Cota served as Chief of Staff of The 1st. Division, under him and Division Commander, Major Gen. Terry Allen. They would team up again when Cota was given the rank of Brigadier General, and was assistant commander of the 29th. Division, that took Omaha Beach, that was next to Utah Beach during the D-Day Operations. Both Cota and Roosevelt's spouses, Constance Martha Alexander-Cota and Eleanore Butler-Rossevelt were also distant cousins.

71.135.229.211 (talk) 01:19, 27 July 2008 (UTC)Aedwardmoch71.135.229.211 (talk) 01:19, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Hunting
I don't know much about TR; but from what I've read in other articles and heard from common stereotypes he was quite a hunstman yes? Does that not deserve a mention? (Even if it is rather barbaric :P) Henners91 07:13, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

 * From Giant Panda:
 * Kermit and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., became the first foreigners to shoot a panda, on an expedition funded by the Field Museum of Natural History in the 1920s.
 * Funny that "teddy bear" comes from a hunting story involving TR Sr.
 * --Error (talk) 19:09, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't brag about shooting a panda for sport. Pandas seem to just want to be left unmolested and to mind their own business.Lestrade (talk) 19:03, 8 September 2009 (UTC)Lestrade
 * Anthropomorphism comes from Anthropocentrism. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 22:57, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

POV critiques of hunting have no place in the article. Otherwise, you will start irrelevant debates in the comment section. 2A00:23C5:E097:5D00:2D5C:6D3:5D4C:6E70 (talk) 00:06, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

Unsourced material
This article is almost entirely unsourced. It needs citations throughout. It is also full of POV statements. In other words, it needs a lot of cleaning up. --EECEE 17:47, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

This is a fine article!
Having recently read many of the available sources on Ted Roosevelt's life and accomplishments, I must say that this is one of the best Wikipedia articles I've ever read. So far as I am able to judge, it is spot-on, both in terms of accuracy and capturing the man's character. I don't see POV. It does need more documentations. But congratulations to the contributors for getting the big picture right.Bryan 23:30, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

144.59.12.230 (talk) 00:18, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

10/21/08:

Uh, isn't the grave given in this article that of his dad or grand-dad or second cousin? The article says some soldier's cemetery in normandy and shows a picture of a standard Government Issue grave cross (how insensitive - trying to impose christian evangelism on soldiers.....) but the link to the buried at site goes to some cemetery in NY (I think).

Oh yeah, and in my opinion, ALL MOH awards are political.

Thomas Aidan Bothwell

 * I've edited the article to somewhat clarify the present uncertainty here about the place of burial. Possibly someone more knowledgeable than I will clarify this further. -- Boracay Bill (talk) 22:51, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Reference?
'' Meanwhile, Roosevelt's son, Quentin Roosevelt II named after his uncle, would land in Normandy at Omaha Beach with the 1st. Division. It is the only known occurence at both beaches that both father and son would be involved.''

 * Source? Gordonofcartoon (talk) 03:27, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Decorations
I read in "The Lion's Pride," a book about Teddy Roosevelt and his family by Edward Renehan, that Ted, Jr. was the most decorated soldier of WW II. I always thought that Audie Murphy was the most decorated, but maybe he meant most decorated and surviving soldier. Can anyone confirm this as fact?98.170.196.173 (talk) 01:41, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

Name should be Thodore Roosevelt, III
His father is Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. and his grandfather is Thoedore Roosevelt, Sr. He has a son name Theodore Roosevelt, IV RM MARTIN (talk) 03:52, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

Overlord landings
The article states that Gen. Roosevelt was the only general to land with the first wave. I have no reliable data, but I understood that General Norman L Gotha, assistant division commander of US 29th division, came ashore with the first wave on Omaha beach; I cannot find a reliable source. Any confirmation/refutation would be welcome. My understanding comes only from the film "The Longest Day", which is based on first-hand accounts but obviously cannot be wholly trusted.--Anthony Bradbury"talk" 13:52, 20 March 2013 (UTC)

1936 Presidential election
What I wrote and on a couple of occasions has been removed and me putting it back together: "Although he did not seek it, Ted was mentioned as a potential candidate for the 1936 Republican presidential nomination. If Ted had gotten the 1936 Republican presidential nomination he would have face off against his Democratic incumbent cousin Franklin at the general election"

The removal is due to it not being sourced but I would point out that it is consistent to what it is said at the 1936 Republican National Convention article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention

"Other potential candidates included ....Theodore Roosevelt, Jr." There was no citation on him being a potential candidate in that article and therefore that statement should be in his article on the basis of consistency. 122.108.156.100 (talk) 08:55, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

Quentin and Archie
This edit caught my eye. It changed an unsupported assertion Archibald Roosevelt to name Archibald Roosevelt instead, saying "D-Day: Quentin Roosevelt was killed during WWI when he was shot during aerial combat. Only Ted, Archie, and Kermit survived". I noticed that the article about Archie does not mention this, that it says that he reentered service for WW-II as a lieutenant colonel, and that it says that Archie was Ted's brother -- not his son. I looked around a little for a supporting source, and came up with, which says (possibly incorrectly):

That contradicts information in the article about Quentin, which agrees with the edit summary quoted above that he was killed in WW-I, and which also asserts that Quentin was Ted's brother -- not his son. I've placed a cn tag following this unsupported assertion about Archie (or was it Quentin?). It looks like the article about Archie might need editing as well, depending on what other sources say about all this -- perhaps Ten had sons named Quentin and/or Archie who have no WP articles as well as brothers with those names who do have WP articles -- if so, some clarification about this is needed here. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 00:07, 23 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Ted had a son named Quentin (who was Quentin II) as well as a brother named Quentin. Anything WWII-related mentioning the name "Quentin Roosevelt" refers to Ted's son since Quentin I died in WWI. Snuggums (talk / edits) 00:48, 23 February 2016 (UTC)

CIB
No Combat Infantryman’s Badge? His son, Quentin, had one. 2A00:23C5:E097:5D00:2D5C:6D3:5D4C:6E70 (talk) 00:08, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 17 January 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: NO CONSENSUS. In the two weeks that this move request has been open, no one (including the nominator) has actually !voted for or against it. There is no prejudice for someone to immediately re-nominate, but per Dekimasu, it should only be done by someone actually advocating for such a move.  C Thomas3   (talk) 19:50, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

– This is a bit of confusion regarding the suffixes of Theodore Roosevelt's descendants. I added a hatnote at Theodore Roosevelt Jr. to fix confusion. I feel it would be best to let the community decide what article titles are best for these people. I am neutral on the outcome of this RM. Interstellarity (talk) 20:48, 17 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Theodore Roosevelt Jr. → Theodore Roosevelt III
 * Theodore Roosevelt III → Theodore Roosevelt IV
 * Theodore Roosevelt IV → Theodore Roosevelt V
 * Theodore Roosevelt V → Theodore Roosevelt VI
 * Comment even though such moves would avoid misleading impressions about their suffixes (the President's son was indeed Theodore III, so on and so forth), I'm not sure they'd comply with WP:COMMONNAME, which says to use what subjects are most commonly known by. SNUGGUMS (talk</b> / <b style="color:#009900">edits</b>) 01:48, 18 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Article names are based upon common names, as noted above. Beyond that, please avoid filing move requests that no one is requesting. The community has already been deciding what article titles are best for these people over a period of years, and yet Theodore Roosevelt VI was still a redlink as of the time I wrote this comment. If someone really wants to argue for moving these articles, a move request can be created at that time. Dekimasu よ! 05:39, 18 January 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. <b style="color:red">Please do not modify it.</b> Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 6 February 2020
<div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Jerm (talk) 20:25, 13 February 2020 (UTC)

– I am renominating this RM and this time I support this move. I support this move because the first Theodore Roosevelt was Theodore Roosevelt Sr., then the second was the Theodore Roosevelt Jr., the primary topic and president of the United States. I am nominating this again to correct the roman numerals regarding the names. Interstellarity (talk) 19:23, 6 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Theodore Roosevelt Jr. → Theodore Roosevelt III
 * Theodore Roosevelt III → Theodore Roosevelt IV
 * Theodore Roosevelt IV → Theodore Roosevelt V
 * Theodore Roosevelt V → Theodore Roosevelt VI
 * Oppose, the four page changes per common names. A move would shift the entire common name structure of the Roosevelt family. Randy Kryn (talk) 00:26, 7 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose, I strongly oppose. Not only would it be confusing, it would be incorrect. While TR Jr may have been the third in line to hold that name, his legal name appears to have been Theodore Roosevelt Jr. I can't find his birth certificate, but it is the name used in announcing his birth, the name used on his Affidavit of Marriage, on all of his official military records and his grave marker. His son, Theodore Roosevelt III used that name exclusively during his lifetime. This was the name he used on census records, his military records and grave marker. Next in line, Theodore Roosevelt IV is still living and has used that name exclusively during his life.  I think it is a good idea to add footnotes to each article in order to explain the numbering issue, but do not believe the titles should be changed.  Roam41 (talk) 02:56, 7 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose with some reluctance per my above comments. It actually would give their accurate identities (which often seem to have been missed on when it wrongfully gets downplayed how the President's father was the original Theodore), but not what they most often are known as. <b style="color:#009900">SNUGGUMS</b> (<b style="color:#009900">talk</b> / <b style="color:#009900">edits</b>) 12:40, 7 February 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. <b style="color:red">Please do not modify it.</b> Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Theodore Roosevelt Jr.


text:
Abdullah of Córdoba

Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman (عبد الله بن محمد بن عبد الرحمن; 11 January 844 – 15 October 912) was the seventh emir of Córdoba, reigning from 888 to 912 in Al-Andalus (Islamic Iberia).

Biography
Contemporary historians accused Abdullah of orchestrating the death of his half-brother, al-Mundhir, whereby he ascended to power. This is unlikely, as ibn Muhammad showed very little interest in governing, becoming a neurotic recluse who was only interested in hunting and his faith.

The most formidable threat for the emir was Umar Ibn Hafsun, who had conquered the provinces of Reyyo (including Bobastro),  Elvira (including Granada) and Jaén, and had allied with the populations of Archidona, Baeza, Úbeda and Priego. In 891 Ibn Hafsun was defeated near the castle of Polei and lost several cities. However, by the following year Ibn Hafsun had already recovered, and reconquered all the lost territories.

In 911, the emir signed a peace agreement with Ibn Hafsun. However, the war broke out again the following year, only to be halted by the death of Abdullah at Córdoba, who was improving his positions. He was succeeded by his grandson, Abd al-Rahman III.

Family
Abdullah was the son of Muhammad I and the younger brother of al-Mundhir.

Around 863, Abdullah married Onneca Fortúnez, daughter of Fortún Garcés, King of Pamplona and his wife Aurea (Orea). She was repudiated sometime before 880 and returned to the Kingdom of Pamplona, most probably with her father who returned that year, and took her cousin Aznar Sánchez of Larraun as her second husband with whom she had at least three children, including Queen Toda of Navarre who was, therefore, the aunt of Abd al-Rahman III.

Abdullah had several children:
 * Muhammed ibn Abd Allah (864 – 28 Jan 891). Recorded to be a son of Onneca. He was murdered by his brother al-Mutarrif (with the approval of their father). He married a Basque or Frankish woman named Muzna. They were the parents of Abd al-Rahman III who was born three weeks after his father's death.
 * al-Mutarrif, murdered in 895 after being accused of conspiracy.
 * Aban
 * al-Asi, executed in 921 after being accused of conspiracy.

title: Abdullah of Córdoba


text:
Shake It Up (The Cars album)

Shake It Up is the fourth studio album by American new wave band the Cars, released on November 6, 1981, by Elektra Records. It was the last Cars record to be produced by Roy Thomas Baker. A much more pop-oriented album than its predecessor, its title track became the band's first Billboard top-10 single. Spin magazine included it on their "50 Best Albums of 1981" list.

Critical reception
The Globe and Mail wrote that "Ric Ocasek and the boys have produced an understated and decidedly underwhelming package that makes no attempt to deviate from their patented, semi-robotic pop." The Boston Globe deemed the album "a conservative, cautious work that breaks no new ground."

Personnel

 * Ric Ocasek – rhythm guitar, vocals
 * Elliot Easton – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Benjamin Orr – bass guitar, vocals
 * David Robinson – drums, percussion
 * Greg Hawkes – keyboards, backing vocals

Production

 * The Cars – arrangements
 * Roy Thomas Baker – producer
 * Ian Taylor – recording
 * Thom Moore – assistant engineer
 * Walter Turbitt – assistant engineer
 * George Marino – mastering at Sterling Sound (New York, NY).
 * David Robinson – cover design
 * Clint Clemens – photography

title: Shake It Up (The Cars album)


text:
Talk:Shake It Up (The Cars album)

Lead vocal credit in track listing section
Please do not change the article again without discussing it on the album discussion page. The standard format should be used unless there is a compelling reason to change it. Since nothing has been added to the discussion page to justify the deviation, I am reverting this edit. --Fantailfan 14:08, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Lead vocal credit in track listing section again
You have again changed the article without discussing it on the album discussion page. The standard format should be used unless there is a compelling reason to change it. Since nothing has been added to the discussion page to justify the deviation, I am reverting this edit again and requesting semi-protection. --Fantailfan 20:15, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

I noted that the track listings do not match the lead vocal credits in terms of numbers (side two was listed 1, 2, 3, 4 instead of 6, 7, 8, 9), so I went ahead and fixed that-though the formatting is a bit off (if someone could clean that up that would be great). 70.91.35.27 (talk) 21:44, 29 November 2011 (UTC)Tim

Proposed move
A move request has been filed that would move this article to Shake It Up (album) and move the Disney show Shake It Up (TV series) to this title. Comments are welcome at the TV series' discussion page. Thanks, 28bytes (talk) 18:31, 16 May 2011 (UTC)

Cover Model
The cover model ISN'T Natalya Medvedeva. It's Mary Ann Walsh, a girl from New Jersey. Quit changing it. --Talk 19:49, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shake It Up (The Cars album)


text:
Lath and plaster

Lath and plaster is a building process used to finish mainly interior dividing walls and ceilings. It consists of narrow strips of wood (laths) which are nailed horizontally across the wall studs or ceiling joists and then coated in plaster. The technique derives from an earlier, more primitive process called wattle and daub.

Lath and plaster largely fell out of favour in the U.K. after the introduction of plasterboard in the 1930s. In Canada and the United States, wood lath and plaster remained in use until the process was replaced by transitional methods followed by drywall (the North American term for plasterboard) in the mid-twentieth century.

Description

The wall or ceiling finishing process begins with wood or metal laths. These are narrow strips of wood, extruded metal, or split boards, nailed horizontally across the wall studs or ceiling joists. Each wall frame is covered in lath, tacked at the studs. Wood lath is typically about 1 in wide by 4 ft long by 1/4 in thick. Each horizontal course of lath is spaced about 3/8 in away from its neighboring courses. Metal lath is available in 27 in by 8 ft sheets.

In Canada and the United States the laths were generally sawn, but in the United Kingdom and its colonies, riven or split hardwood laths of random lengths and sizes were often used. Early American examples featured split beam construction, as did examples put up in rural areas of the U.S. and Canada well into the second half of the 19th century. Splitting the timber along its grain greatly improved the laths' strength and durability. As Americans and Canadians expanded west, saw mills were not always available to create neatly planed boards and the first crop of buildings in any new western or northern settlement would be put up with split beam lath. In some areas of the U.K. reed mat was also used as a lath.

Temporary lath guides are then placed vertically to the wall, usually at the studs. Lime or gypsum plaster is then applied, typically using a wooden board as the application tool. The applier drags the board upward over the wall, forcing the plaster into the gaps between the lath and leaving a layer on the front the depth of the temporary guides, typically about 1/4 in. A helper feeds new plaster onto the board, as the plaster is applied in quantity. When the wall is fully covered, the vertical lath "guides" are removed, and their "slots" are filled in, leaving a fairly uniform undercoat.

In three coat plastering it is standard to apply a second layer in the same fashion, leaving about 1/2 in of rough, sandy plaster (called a brown coat or browning (UK)). A smooth, white finish coat goes on last. After the plaster is completely dry, the walls are ready to be painted. In this article's photo ("lath seen from the back...") the curls of plaster are called keys and are necessary to keep the plaster on the lath. Traditional lime based mortar/plaster often incorporates horsehair which reinforces the plasterwork, thereby helping to prevent the keys from breaking away.

Historical transition
In addition to wood lath, various types of metal lath began to be used toward the end of the 19th century. Metal lath is categorized according to weight, type of ribbing, and whether the lath is galvanized or not. Metal lathing was spaced across a 13.5 in center, attached by tie wires using lathers' nippers. Sometimes, the mesh was dimpled to be self-furring.

In use as early as 1900, rock lath (also known as "button board," "plaster board" or "gypsum-board lath"), is a type of gypsum wall board (essentially an early form of drywall) with holes spaced regularly to provide a 'key' for wet plaster. Rock lath was typically produced in sheets sized 2 by. The purpose of the four-foot length is so that the sheet of lath exactly spans three interstud voids (overlapping half a stud at each end of a four-stud sequence in standard construction), the studs themselves being spaced 16 in apart on center (United States building code standard measurements). By the late 1930s, rock lath was the primary method used in residential plastering.

Lath and plaster methods have mostly been replaced with modern drywall or plasterboard, which is faster and less expensive to install. Drywall possesses poor sound dampening qualities and can be easily damaged by moisture. Traditional lime based plasters are resistant to moisture and provide excellent sound isolation.

Advantages
One continued advantage of using traditional lath is for ornamental or unusual shapes. For instance, building a rounded wall would be difficult if drywall were used exclusively, as drywall is not flexible enough to allow tight radii. Wire mesh, often used for exterior stucco, is also found in combination or replacement of lath and plaster which serves similar purpose.

Traditional lath and plaster (including rock and metal lath varieties) has superior sound-proofing qualities when used with lime or gypsum plaster, which is denser than modern drywall.

In many historic buildings lath and plaster ceilings play a major role for the prevention of fire spread. They are critical to the protection of horizontal elements such as timber joisted floors, including the flooring on top, which in terms of fire performance is often in a poor condition due to the presence of gaps.

title: Lath and plaster


text:
Woomera Immigration Reception and Processing Centre

The Woomera Immigration Reception and Processing Centre (IRPC) was an Australian immigration detention facility near the village of Woomera in South Australia. It was opened in November 1999 in response to an increase in unauthorised arrivals, which had exceeded the capacity of other detention facilities. It was originally intended to hold 400 people, however at its peak in April 2000 it had nearly 1,500 detainees. After ongoing public pressure in response to several well publicised riots from 2000, accusations of human rights abuses, and capacity issues, the centre closed in April 2003.

The site was rebuilt during 2003, and then handed back to the Australian Department of Defence. The facility was renamed "Camp Rapier" in 2004 and has only supported Defence activities on the Woomera Test Range since that time.

For much of its time in operation, the facility was an immigration detention centre, it was run by Australasian Correctional Management (ACM), a subsidiary of Wackenhut Security Corporation, under a contract with the Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs. ACM was criticised over various practices, including failing to staff the Centre adequately, and concealing evidence of child abuse.

Background to the creation of the facility
During the early 1990s the Keating government enforced a policy of mandatory detention of unauthorised arrivals. All non-citizens arriving by boat without a valid visa were detained until they were either granted a visa, or deported.

Towards the end of the 1990s, a large increase in the number of unauthorised arrivals exceeded the capacity of the existing Immigration Reception and Processing Centres at Port Hedland and Curtin. The former, and at that time unused, 'Woomera West Construction Camp' was converted into an immigration detention facility in 1999, and the Woomera IRPC was opened to accommodate this increase.

Operation of the Woomera facility
The centre was opened in November 1999, with a capacity of 400. This capacity was very quickly exceeded, as the boat arrivals continued. Nursing and administrative staff working there at the time complained that facilities were totally inadequate, and that it was impossible to provide proper medical care. Management of the centre has been criticised for not providing adequate training to staff for confrontations. This resulted in psychological problems for staff including post-traumatic stress, marriage breakdowns, and in some cases, suicide attempts.

Most detainees applied for refugee status, and had no possibility for release until their claim had been finalised. Men, women, and children were detained at the centre. The highest number of children detained at any one time was 456, out of a total population of 1442, on 1 September 2001. As at 26 December 2003, the average length of detention for children was one year, 8 months, and 11 days. An unaccompanied child refugee had this to say:

 * I believe you [Australians] are nice people, peace seekers, you support unity. If you come to see us behind the fence, think about how you would feel. Are you aware of what happens here? Come and see our life. I wonder whether if the Government of Iran created camp like Woomera and Australians had seen pictures of it, if they would have given people a visa to come to Australia then.

In June 2000, there were two days of protests. Approximately 480 detainees broke out and walked into the township. In August 2000 there were three days of riots and fires; 60–80 detainees were involved, and tear gas and water cannons were used. 32 staff were injured during this riot. In November 2000, there was a hunger strike involving more than 30 detainees, some of whom were force fed in hospital. Throughout 2001, there were repeated riots and confrontations between ACM guards and detainees, with water cannons and tear gas often used as deterrents.

During 2002 there were a number of riots, hunger strikes, and lip-sewing, which included children. In January 2002, over 200 detainees started a hunger strike, while some threatened suicide in violent ways, some consuming poisons such as shampoos. Refugee advocates (such as the Woomera Lawyers Group and RASSA) argued that this showed the desperation of detainees. The refugees complained that conditions were harsh, that it took up to three years for their claims to be processed, and that processing their claims had been suspended.

There had been similar protests before, but the 2002 protests were taken up by the national and international media and by national and international organisations. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees felt Australia should reconsider its policy. Mary Robinson the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights was first denied access to the Woomera IRPC but later the Australian Government yielded to pressure.

Breakout
Over the Easter holiday of 2002, about 1000 protesters gathered at the gates of Woomera to voice their opposition to the mandatory detention of refugees. About 40 refugees escaped from the centre during this protest. Most were captured over the coming hours and subsequently deported, but some made it out of the desert, though some were reported to the police and later deported, and at least one was granted a temporary protection visa.

Approved for visas
80% of those detained over the years have been found to be genuine refugees, the majority being issued with a temporary protection visa.

Closure
The centre was closed in April 2003, and all remaining detainees were transferred to Baxter Immigration Reception and Processing Centre. With the hand back of the Woomera facilities to Defence as part of the wider upgrade of the Woomera Test Range, Woomera will not be used again as any form of IRPC as the facility is now part of the Test Range itself.

Reopening
There have been a number of calls for the detention centre to be reopened and used as a Covid site. At present, many Capital cities house a lot of quarantined international passengers. This site is away from major population centres.

Further controversy
The detention centre was a source of much controversy during its time of operation. There were a number of riots and escapes, as well as accusations of human rights abuses from groups as diverse as refugee advocates, Amnesty International, the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, ChilOut, Human Rights Watch, and the United Nations, although no charges have ever been laid against any person against such public accusations.

In March 2002, the Secretary General of Amnesty International, Irene Khan, said:

 * It is obvious that the prolonged periods of detention, characterised by frustration and insecurity, are doing further damage to individuals who have fled grave human rights abuses. The detention policy has failed as a deterrent and succeeded only as punishment. How much longer will children and their families be punished for seeking safety from persecution?

Throughout the controversy, then-Prime Minister John Howard and successive immigration ministers maintained that their actions at Woomera were justified in the interests of protecting Australia's borders and ensuring that immigration law was enforced. A 2004 Liberal Party election policy document stated:

 * The Coalition Government's tough stance on people smuggling stems from the core belief that Australia has the right to decide who comes to this country and the circumstances in which they come. Deterrence has been achieved through excision, boat returns, offshore processing and mandatory detention.

In popular culture
The centre is the subject of a video game, Escape From Woomera, an unfinished point-and-click adventure video game, intended to criticise the treatment of mandatorily detained asylum seekers in Australia, as well as the Australian government's attempt to impose a media blackout on the detention centres.

It is also the subject of a play, Woomera, which tells the story of Justin, a young prison guard recently arrived at the detention centre.


text:
Heartbeat City

Heartbeat City is the fifth studio album by American new wave band the Cars, released on March 13, 1984, by Elektra Records. This marks the band's first album not produced by long-time producer Roy Thomas Baker, instead opting to produce with Robert John "Mutt" Lange. Considered a "comeback" album for the Cars, Heartbeat City represented a return to the success of the band's self-titled debut album.

Music critic Robert Christgau noted that "the glossy approach the Cars invented has made this the best year for pure pop in damn near twenty years, and it's only fair that they should return so confidently to form." Numerous tracks from the album received airplay on modern rock and AOR stations, with the singles "Drive" and "You Might Think" reaching the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100, while the album peaked at number three on the Billboard 200.

Background and release
Heartbeat City was recorded at Battery Studios in London with producer Mutt Lange. The band followed a method where the keyboards, guitars and vocals were recorded first to a LinnDrum click track, then the bass and drums were added. According to drummer David Robinson, all the drums and keyboards were sampled into and played or programmed via the Fairlight CMI, which he felt gave "a much better, cleaner, more controllable sound" for the album.

Heartbeat City spawned six singles. "Drive" and "You Might Think" reached the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at numbers three and seven, respectively. A number of songs from the album gained significant radio and television exposure, notably "Drive", "You Might Think" and "Magic", which all received heavy rotation on MTV. The title track served as the album's sixth and final single outside North America.

The lead vocals on "Drive" were performed by bassist Benjamin Orr. The song's video was directed by actor Timothy Hutton and features Ric Ocasek arguing with a troubled young woman played by model Paulina Porizkova (whom Ocasek would later marry). "Hello Again" had a video directed by Andy Warhol, who also appeared onscreen.

Despite not being released as a single, "It's Not the Night" reached number 31 on the Top Rock Tracks chart. The song "Stranger Eyes" was used in the theatrical trailer of the 1986 film Top Gun, but never made it onto the soundtrack. "Looking for Love" was covered by Austrian singer Falco as "Munich Girls" on his 1985 album Falco 3.

When the Cars performed at Live Aid, they played three songs from the album ("You Might Think", "Drive", and the album's title track), alongside the fan favorite "Just What I Needed".

The album was produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange. His commitment to the Cars' album meant that he told Def Leppard he could not work on their album Hysteria. However, due to delays in that album's recording, Lange was eventually able to produce it.

Artwork
The cover art (including an image of a 1971 Plymouth Duster 340 and an Alberto Vargas pin-up model ) is from a 1972 piece by Peter Phillips called Art-O-Matic Loop di Loop.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Heartbeat City.

The Cars

 * Ric Ocasek – vocals, guitar
 * Ben Orr – vocals, bass guitar
 * Elliot Easton – guitar, vocals
 * Greg Hawkes – keyboards, vocals, Fairlight CMI programming
 * David Robinson – drums, Fairlight programming

Additional musicians

 * Andy Topeka – Fairlight CMI programming

Technical

 * Robert John "Mutt" Lange – production
 * The Cars – production
 * Nigel Green – recording engineering
 * Mike Shipley – mixing engineering
 * George Marino – mastering at Sterling Sound (New York City)
 * Andy Topeka – production assistance
 * David Heglmeier – production assistance
 * Steve Rance – production assistance

Artwork

 * Peter Phillips – cover painting
 * HSU – art direction
 * Cathy Henszey – art direction
 * Doris Kloster – photography
 * George Holz – photography
 * David Robinson – cover design

title: Heartbeat City


text:
Similitude

Similitude is a concept applicable to the testing of engineering models. A model is said to have similitude with the real application if the two share geometric similarity, kinematic similarity and dynamic similarity. Similarity and similitude are interchangeable in this context. The term dynamic similitude is often used as a catch-all because it implies that geometric and kinematic similitude have already been met.

Similitude's main application is in hydraulic and aerospace engineering to test fluid flow conditions with scaled models. It is also the primary theory behind many textbook formulas in fluid mechanics.

The concept of similitude is strongly tied to dimensional analysis.

Overview
Engineering models are used to study complex fluid dynamics problems where calculations and computer simulations aren't reliable. Models are usually smaller than the final design, but not always. Scale models allow testing of a design prior to building, and in many cases are a critical step in the development process.

Construction of a scale model, however, must be accompanied by an analysis to determine what conditions it is tested under. While the geometry may be simply scaled, other parameters, such as pressure, temperature or the velocity and type of fluid may need to be altered. Similitude is achieved when testing conditions are created such that the test results are applicable to the real design.

The following criteria are required to achieve similitude;
 * Geometric similarity – the model is the same shape as the application, usually scaled.
 * Kinematic similarity – fluid flow of both the model and real application must undergo similar time rates of change motions. (fluid streamlines are similar)
 * Dynamic similarity – ratios of all forces acting on corresponding fluid particles and boundary surfaces in the two systems are constant.

To satisfy the above conditions the application is analyzed;
 * 1) All parameters required to describe the system are identified using principles from continuum mechanics.
 * 2) Dimensional analysis is used to express the system with as few independent variables and as many dimensionless parameters as possible.
 * 3) The values of the dimensionless parameters are held to be the same for both the scale model and application. This can be done because they are dimensionless and will ensure dynamic similitude between the model and the application. The resulting equations are used to derive scaling laws which dictate model testing conditions.

It is often impossible to achieve strict similitude during a model test. The greater the departure from the application's operating conditions, the more difficult achieving similitude is. In these cases some aspects of similitude may be neglected, focusing on only the most important parameters.

The design of marine vessels remains more of an art than a science in large part because dynamic similitude is especially difficult to attain for a vessel that is partially submerged: a ship is affected by wind forces in the air above it, by hydrodynamic forces within the water under it, and especially by wave motions at the interface between the water and the air. The scaling requirements for each of these phenomena differ, so models cannot replicate what happens to a full sized vessel nearly so well as can be done for an aircraft or submarine—each of which operates entirely within one medium.

Similitude is a term used widely in fracture mechanics relating to the strain life approach. Under given loading conditions the fatigue damage in an un-notched specimen is comparable to that of a notched specimen. Similitude suggests that the component fatigue life of the two objects will also be similar.

An example
Consider a submarine modeled at 1/40th scale. The application operates in sea water at 0.5 °C, moving at 5 m/s. The model will be tested in fresh water at 20 °C. Find the power required for the submarine to operate at the stated speed.

A free body diagram is constructed and the relevant relationships of force and velocity are formulated using techniques from continuum mechanics. The variables which describe the system are:

This example has five independent variables and three fundamental units. The fundamental units are: meter, kilogram, second.

Invoking the Buckingham π theorem shows that the system can be described with two dimensionless numbers and one independent variable.

Dimensional analysis is used to rearrange the units to form the Reynolds number ($$ R_e$$) and pressure coefficient ($$C_p$$). These dimensionless numbers account for all the variables listed above except F, which will be the test measurement. Since the dimensionless parameters will stay constant for both the test and the real application, they will be used to formulate scaling laws for the test.

Scaling laws:

\begin{align} &R_e = \left(\frac{\rho V L}{\mu}\right) &\longrightarrow &V_\text{model} = V_\text{application} \times \left(\frac{\rho_a}{\rho_m}\right)\times \left(\frac{L_a}{L_m}\right) \times \left(\frac{\mu_m}{\mu_a}\right) \\ &C_p = \left(\frac{2 \Delta p}{\rho V^2}\right), F=\Delta p L^2 &\longrightarrow &F_\text{application} =F_\text{model} \times \left(\frac{\rho_a}{\rho_m}\right) \times \left(\frac{V_a}{V_m}\right)^2 \times \left(\frac{L_a}{L_m}\right)^2. \end{align} $$

The pressure ($$p$$) is not one of the five variables, but the force ($$F$$) is. The pressure difference (Δ$$p$$) has thus been replaced with ($$F/L^2$$) in the pressure coefficient. This gives a required test velocity of:

 * $$ V_\text{model} = V_\text{application} \times 21.9 $$.

A model test is then conducted at that velocity and the force that is measured in the model ($$F_{model}$$) is then scaled to find the force that can be expected for the real application ($$F_{application}$$):

 * $$ F_\text{application} = F_\text{model} \times 3.44 $$

The power $$P$$ in watts required by the submarine is then:

 * $$ P [\mathrm{W}] =F_\text{application}\times V_\text{application}= F_\text{model} [\mathrm{N}] \times 17.2 \ \mathrm{m/s}$$

Note that even though the model is scaled smaller, the water velocity needs to be increased for testing. This remarkable result shows how similitude in nature is often counterintuitive.

Fluid mechanics
Similitude has been well documented for a large number of engineering problems and is the basis of many textbook formulas and dimensionless quantities. These formulas and quantities are easy to use without having to repeat the laborious task of dimensional analysis and formula derivation. Simplification of the formulas (by neglecting some aspects of similitude) is common, and needs to be reviewed by the engineer for each application.

Similitude can be used to predict the performance of a new design based on data from an existing, similar design. In this case, the model is the existing design. Another use of similitude and models is in validation of computer simulations with the ultimate goal of eliminating the need for physical models altogether.

Another application of similitude is to replace the operating fluid with a different test fluid. Wind tunnels, for example, have trouble with air liquefying in certain conditions so helium is sometimes used. Other applications may operate in dangerous or expensive fluids so the testing is carried out in a more convenient substitute.

Some common applications of similitude and associated dimensionless numbers;

Solid mechanics: structural similitude
Similitude analysis is a powerful engineering tool to design the scaled-down structures. Although both dimensional analysis and direct use of the governing equations may be used to derive the scaling laws, the latter results in more specific scaling laws. The design of the scaled-down composite structures can be successfully carried out using the complete and partial similarities. In the design of the scaled structures under complete similarity condition, all the derived scaling laws must be satisfied between the model and prototype which yields the perfect similarity between the two scales. However, the design of a scaled-down structure which is perfectly similar to its prototype has the practical limitation, especially for laminated structures. Relaxing some of the scaling laws may eliminate the limitation of the design under complete similarity condition and yields the scaled models that are partially similar to their prototype. However, the design of the scaled structures under the partial similarity condition must follow a deliberate methodology to ensure the accuracy of the scaled structure in predicting the structural response of the prototype. Scaled models can be designed to replicate the dynamic characteristic (e.g. frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios) of their full-scale counterparts. However, appropriate response scaling laws need to be derived to predict the dynamic response of the full-scale prototype from the experimental data of the scaled model.

title: Similitude


text:
Talk:Heartbeat City

i could SWEAR i hear mutt lange on backing vocals on this album, though i don't remember seeing him mentioned in the credits.

Gringo300 14:22, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

The Cover
What is the car on the cover? I think it may be a Plymouth Duster. -- unsigned comment by 67.188.172.165 22:11, July 15 2006 (UTC)
 * It is a 1970 or 1971 Plymouth Duster 340. --Fantailfan 04:39, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Lead vocal credit in track listing section
Please do not change the article again without discussing it on the album discussion page. The standard format should be used unless there is a compelling reason to change it. Since nothing has been added to the discussion page to justify the deviation, I am reverting this edit. --Fantailfan 14:09, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Lead vocal credit in track listing section
You have again changed the article without discussing it on the album discussion page. The standard format should be used unless there is a compelling reason to change it. Since nothing has been added to the discussion page to justify the deviation, I am reverting this edit again and requesting semi-protection. --Fantailfan 20:15, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Title track
This album's title track embodies so clearly the style of music popular in 1984. The cool synths, strong melody, non-specific lyrics, everything. If an alien came to planet Earth wanting 80s music summed in one song, I might play "Heartbeat City." Classic. -- Globe199 02:02, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree, and what a nice sentiment. I wish it wasn't so difficult to play on guitar.  I mean (if you care), most of it is very easy, but then for the chorus, you have to play an Fmaj7 followed by a G with an F in the bass, and I've never figured out a fingering for G/F that sounds truly good.  In fact, all of the chords with the flatted seventh as the bass note generally sound crappy on guitar.  As The Cars arranged the song, neither Ric nor Elliot had to worry about it.  Elliot played G arpeggios on the higher strings, and I don't think Ric played anything for the chorus.  Ben held down the bass, and Greg played whatever he played.  For a four- or five-piece band, it's no problem.  But for a single singer/guitarist, it doesn't work too well.
 * I know we're both "off" the purpose of Wikipedia talk pages, especially me. Please indulge us these brief comments.  It's not every day that you see people praising this song.
 * --63.25.23.231 (talk) 08:31, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Mutt Lange confusion
On the page it says that due to this, Mutt was unable to work on the Hysteria album, yet on the Mutt Lange page and the page for Hysteria it says he produced it.

Probably around the time of Ric Allen's accident - perhaps some clarification? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.28.240.250 (talk) 20:17, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Initially, Mutt Lange was unable to begin producing "Hysteria" due to his commitment to The Cars and "Heartbeat City." Because Def Leppard took so long trying to perfect "Hysteria," Mutt was able to "save" the boys from Sheffield after he finished "Heartbeat City." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.216.158.183 (talk) 23:30, 22 June 2016 (UTC)

"Dark" Shake It Up?
I'm about to remove the following statement:

"The album was a return to form for the band, coming after their darker albums Panorama and Shake It Up."

I'll agree that Panorama is delightfully dark, with its dissonance, antisocial lyrics, mechanical arrangements, and the challenging polyrhythm of "Touch and Go". . . but Shake It Up is about as dark as a bowl of Lucky Charms. I'd love to talk to the person who wrote that. What were you thinking? In what way is this album "dark"? The background of the album cover? Hell, if you think SIU is dark, what must you think of the first album?

Anyway, since I can't figure out how to remove SIU and have the sentence still make sense (Panorama came first, then SIU, then Heartbeat City), I'm gonna have to delete it. Sorry.

Then, I guess I better head on over to the Shake It Up article.

--63.25.23.231 (talk) 07:39, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The reviews by Rolling Stone and Robert Christgau  both note the darkness of Shake It Up as a whole  but not the title track, which may be in part the attribution you're seeking. I'm not familiar with the album itself, so have no opinion on the matter, but it seems to be opinion. I have changed the comment you used when hiding the text to make it more neutral for future editors. Cheers!   Salamurai (talk) 20:36, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

final track name
On early releases of this album, the final track was called: "Jackie" then later replaced with the title (but same song) "Heartbeat City" (( http://www.themodernmusic.com/2006/01/cars-heartbeat-city.html )) could this be added to the article?

External links modified
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Ugh
Don't have time to attack it at the moment, but this page is a real mess. Horrible syntax flow and wording, weird info placement (the "background" section consists of nothing of the sort). and just too much general sloppy vagueness. Will try to fix it sometime soon. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.224.74.80 (talk) 07:37, 27 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heartbeat City


text:
Hisham II

Hisham II or Abu'l-Walid Hisham II al-Mu'ayyad bi-llah (ابو الولید ھشام المؤيد بالله, Abū'l-Walīd Hishām al-Muʾayyad bi-ʾllāh) (son of Al-Hakam II and Subh of Córdoba) was the third Umayyad Caliph of Spain, in Al-Andalus from 976 to 1009, and from 1010 to 1013.

Reign
In 976, at the age of 10, Hisham II succeeded his father Al-Hakam II as Caliph of Cordoba. Hisham II was a minor at the time of his accession and therefore was unfit to rule. In order to benefit the Caliphate, his mother Subh was aided by first minister Jafar al-Mushafi to act as regents with al-Mansur ibn Abi Aamir (better known as "Almanzor") as her steward. In 978 Almanzor manipulated his way into the position of royal chamberlain. In an attempt to position himself as a prospective ruler of the Caliphate, Almanzor and General Ghalib al-Siklabi sabotaged the brother of Al-Hakam II who was set to succeed his brother and become the next Caliph of Cordoba. Still too young to rule, Hisham II handed the reins of power over to Almanzor in 981, who became the de facto leader of the Caliphate until his death in 1002. Al-Mansur ibn Abi Amir perpetuated his position as the omnipotent ruler in charge of the empire while he exiled Hisham II and essentially kept him prisoner for most of his reign as the third Caliph of Cordoba. With his countless successful campaigns against Christian powers in the Spanish North such as Barcelona in 985, León in 988, as well as a major strike on the church of St. James in the Galician city of Santiago de Compostela in 998, Almanzor is known for bringing the Caliphate of Córdoba to its apex of power in Islamic Iberian history.

In 1002, after the death of his father (Almanzor), Abd al-Malik (1002–1008) became the ruler of the Caliphate and led successful campaigns against Navarre and Barcelona. In 1008 Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo (1008–1009) is said to have poisoned his brother (Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar) which led to his death in October 1008. In 1009, while Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo was waging war against Alfonso V in León, Muhammad II al-Mahdi usurped the throne from Hisham II then held him hostage in Cordoba. In November of the same year, just months after initiating his control as the ruler of the Caliphate, Muhammad II al-Mahdi was overthrown by a primarily Berber army (that he had previously commanded, but by which he was later abandoned) which was led by Sulayman ibn al-Hakam in the battle of Alcolea. After the battle, Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo was exiled to Toledo at which point Sulayman laid siege to Cordoba freeing Hisham II from the imprisonment that took place under the rule of Muhammad II al-Mahdi. Sulayman ibn al-Hakam was appointed to Caliph by his Berber army and maintained that position until Muhammad II al-Mahdi re-conquered the territory in May, 1010. Finally the Slavic troops of the Caliphate under al-Wahdid restored Hisham II as Caliph (1010–1013).

Hisham II was now under the influence of al-Wahdid, who was nevertheless unable to gain control of the Berber troops – these still supported Sulayman, and the civil war continued. In 1013 the Berbers took Cordoba with much plundering and destruction. What happened to Hisham after that is uncertain – supposedly he was killed on 19 April 1013 by the Berbers. In any case, Sulayman al-Mustaʿin (1013–1016) became Caliph.

Revival under the taifa kings
Due to his disappearance, and hence his possible survival, Hisham II was revived as a symbol of legitimacy by the taifa kings who appeared following the definitive collapse of the caliphate: in 1035, the ruler of the Taifa of Seville, Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad, announced that Hisham had reappeared, and declared his allegiance to him. Other taifas falling under Seville's sway during the following years followed suit. It was not until 1060 that the Sevillan ruler Abbad II al-Mu'tadid acknowledged that this supposed Hisham had died in 1044 without a successor, but the "convenient fiction" of his survival lasted until at least 1082–83, when his name still appears in the coins of the Taifa of Zaragoza.

title: Hisham II


text:
Khudiadadzai

The Khudiadadzai or Khoidadzai are a Pashtun tribe in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Most Khoidadzai are located in the Killa Saifullah District of Balochistan Province.

The Merdadzai tribe are related to the Khoidadzai but now most of them lives in Lorlai district. Sub tribes of the Khoidadzai include Adniaazai, Bigzai, Janbigzai, Shailzai, Haleemzai, Marsenzai, and Mirabzai.

Most of the khoidadzai tribe lives in qilla saifullah district.

Khoidadzai tribe has a conflict with Meerzai tribe where they lost almost 80 personals. the graveyard of those martyrs are still existing near NA50's right side when you are on the way to killa saifullah from Muslim bagh. Abdul Hakim Khoidadzai s/o Malik Haji Abdul Karim( father of shahzeb khoidadzai) played a vital role to capture the hills for Khoidadzai tribe from Meerzai tribe. MNA Abdul wasay is from khoidadzai tribe and is praised by locals for development of the tribal areas. Nisai muslimbagh is the stronghold of the tribe. Khoidadzai tribe is known for their resistance to foreign forces and protection of their Lands.

The khoidad zai tribe led by saifullah khoidadzai (Killasaifullah name of the district means home of Saifullah Khan or Castle of Saifullah Khan khoidad zai) who fought against Britishers in their zhob expedition.

The notable and historical personalities of khoidad zai were. Saif ullah Khan khoidad zai. Basharat khan khoidadzai ( son in law of shah jahan jogezai), shahzeb khoidadzai, (late) haji qudoos khoidadzai( uncle of shahzeb khoidadzai),( late) malak Hakeem khoidadzai ( father of shahzeb khoidadzai), haji mateen khoidadzai ), Malik Haji Abdul Wahab khoidad zai Baig zai of Nisai. Haji Malik Abdul Karim khoidad zai (grandfather of shahzeb khoidadzai), Baig zai of Muslim Bagh. Haji Malik Abdul Haq Khoidad zai, Adnia zai of Shina khora.

Haji Malik Muhammad Azam Merhab zai. Mulana Abdul Wasay x- Senior minister of Balochistan. And Present MNA of National Assembly of Pakistan.

title: Khudiadadzai