text:
Help talk:URL

Encoding
As best I can see, only these characters require encoding:

For example, contrary to documentation, the caret does not need encoding: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/^

The apostrophe really applies to sequential use, as it gets parsed as wikimarkup: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12345

The pipe automatically gets encoded: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/|

---— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk 21:57, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

"="sign
At the Buddha-nature page, there appears a problem with the = sing: The following url appears as a full url in the reflist, beside the assigned title/name, due to the = sign:

I've tried to fix it, by using %3D, but it doesn't work:

Using = doesn't work either:

Friendly regards, Joshua Jonathan (talk) 08:05, 7 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The problem with these examples isn't caused by the equals sign; it's because the title is split over two lines. If you replace that with a space, all is well:

 * -- John of Reading (talk) 08:15, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

That's it?!? What a joke to miss that one. Thanks!!! Joshua Jonathan (talk) 08:39, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I think is misleading. Below the table with = and %3d it says "Equals signs only need to be encoded when the url is used as an unnamed template parameter". But most url's are broken if = is replaced by %3d. For example, https://www.google.com/search?q=feral works but https://www.google.com/search?q%3dferal doesn't. In an unnamed parameter neither of them work: https://www.google.com/search?q=feral (the source has a template here) and https://www.google.com/search?q%3dferal both fail. A reliable fix is to replace = by = as explained at unnamed template parameter. This is an issue with Wikipedia template syntax and not with unsupportred url characters so if we mention it here then I think it should be outside the conversion table. PrimeHunter (talk) 12:50, 7 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I've reverted to Gadget850's version of this table. -- John of Reading (talk) 12:59, 7 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Three years on: Note that PrimeHunter's comment in the above thread has been broken by the deletion of Template:Identity. -- John of Reading (talk) 07:07, 8 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh, I have often used Template:Identity to test something, mostly in previews. My use here was removed in [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help_talk:URL&diff=prev&oldid=680023022]. A new version of the broken part of the comment: https://www.google.com/search?q=feral(the source has a template here) and https://www.google.com/search?q%3dferal both fail. PrimeHunter (talk) 11:58, 8 September 2015 (UTC)

HTTPS changes
I think that this page and WP:EL need to be updated now that "http" etc. are no longer necessary, and the links' destination (if it is within Wikimedia) will change automatically depending on whether you are viewing the HTTP or the HTTPS version of a Wikimedia site.  It Is Me Here  t / c 20:54, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

 * [scroogle.org test] — Seems like you still need http:// (or https://) in the link code for it to work for me?

 * I would totally agree if not because Firefox and other browsers are starting to phase out showing HTTP to people as it's as no longer necessary for most people and just useless spam, in fact the only reason most people ever need to see a HTTP:// is because of sites like Wikipedia not parsing links that don't have it! -- Mistress Selina Kyle  ( Α⇔Ω ¦ ⇒✉ )  14:22, 11 February 2012 (UTC)

 * The MediaWiki software uses CSS to detect the URI scheme and render it as a linked URL; see Help:External link icons for details. ---— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk 15:25, 11 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Yeah, but why not have the default be HTTP:// since 99% of links use that, it would add up to a lot of space saved overall when you consider the scale of Wikipedia and make things more pleasant for users to type If you look at most browsers they don't require people to type HTTP:// anymore and in Firefox they actively hide HTTP:// these days because most people just don't need to see it  It shouldn't be there at all for common usage really, the only time people need it is when sites like Wikipedia fail to recognise .com/.net links as links!  Most forums these days and social networks catch any mention of .whatever and parse it as a link  Better for everyone -- Mistress Selina Kyle   ( Α⇔Ω ¦ ⇒✉ )  02:17, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

 * If you want to change the current scheme, then file a bug. I don't see how your link to Blackle.com is related to this. ---— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk 12:09, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Oh, as I said while each one is small, when you consider the scale of Wikipedia all the "http://"s added up, well, I haven't done the maths but I think be a lot of space overall saved? Definitely a lot more convenient for people when browsers are starting to phase out http://  -- Mistress Selina Kyle   ( Α⇔Ω ¦ ⇒✉ )  12:22, 12 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Don't worry about performance. Browsers are simply hiding the URI scheme— it is still a vital part of the naming structure. ---— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk 12:34, 12 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Still it'd be nice for the size (not performance) to get rid of those gazillion http://

 * But most importantly make it more convenient writing references for editors, because when browsers are starting to delete http:// this is going to be more and more important as people are going to start growing up never seeing an http:// and for good reason, really, we know something .TLD is always going to be http unless otherwise specified, and computers should understand that too - most social network sites do, Wikipedia is still in the 2000s!  -- Mistress Selina Kyle   ( Α⇔Ω ¦ ⇒✉ )  12:07, 15 February 2012 (UTC)
 * http:// is a URI scheme, not a TLD (which would be .com or the like). Again: browsers don't delete the URI scheme, they just hide them. If you have better way to do this, then ask for a feature enhancement. ---— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk 12:14, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I know, that's why I said "something .TLD is always going to be http" — there is no . in http://

 * Well, we don't see DNS being converted into IP addresses either, hiding stuff is good for humans *shrug* -- Mistress Selina Kyle  ( Α⇔Ω ¦ ⇒✉ )  12:26, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Can someone clarify link behavior with parenthesis?
Wiki-text markup treats a final right parenthesis in special ways. Consider:

 * (http://www.example.com) closing parenthesis is NOT part of the link
 * (http://www.example.com/parens=
 * (http://www.example.com/parens=)
 * http://www.example.com/some/more) closing parenthesis is NOT part of the link.
 * http://www.example.com/some(/more)
 * http://www.example.com/some(/more)/and/more)
 * http://www.example.com/some(/more)/and(/more)

I think the rule is that wikipedia drops the closing parenthesis unless the URL contains a left parenthesis. Can anyone confirm this, or give a pointer to the appropriate documentation? Blevintron (talk) 13:35, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

 * MediaWiki detects a URL by the URI scheme as noted, so no character before the URI will be included in the link.

 * No character that requires encoding will be included in the link:
 * http://www.example.com>

 * And some characters are included in the link, and otheres are not. I am not sure why.
 * http://www.example.com/parens=(
 * http://www.example.com/parens=)
 * http://www.example.com/parens=&
 * http://www.example.com/parens=!
 * http://www.example.com/parens=#
 * http://www.example.com/parens=$

 * ---— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk 13:49, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Definitive answer: According to includes/parser/Parser.php, function makeFreeExternalLink (lines 1238--1243),
 * The following characters are stripped from the end of a free external link: comma ',', semicolon ';', backslash '\', period '.', colon ':', bang '!', question mark '?'.
 * A right parenthesis ')' is only stripped if the link does not contain a left parenthesis '('
 * Blevintron (talk) 16:06, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Looks like the encoding chart needs some updates. ---— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk 19:28, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

 * No, this is a different concern than encoding. These characters are allowed within URLs unescaped unencoded.  My comment relates to how wikipedia chooses to highlight links, not about what characters are allowed in a URL.  I think it's incorrect to update the encoding charts.
 * For Example: http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Theory_(mathematics) is a valid link, and the parentheses do NOT need to be escaped. Blevintron (talk) 21:57, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

Unsupported?
According to the table at Fixing links with unsupported characters, the characters "," (comma), ";" (semicolon) and "?" (question mark) are unsupported and need to be encoded. But as far as I can see these three work just fine in their original forms. Did something change or is the text just overly cautious? --Lambiam 19:40, 6 June 2012 (UTC)

Ah, I see what the issue is. They are problematic at the end of a bare url (one not enclosed in square brackets): the parser does not parse them as part of the url. But the same problem also arises with these unlisted characters:
 * "!", ")", ".", ":" and "\".

--Lambiam 20:09, 6 June 2012 (UTC)

space not encoded per this help page
For some reason (now) gives  not test%20test as advertised on this help page. /37.197.83.144 (talk) 14:10, 31 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The encodings at Help:URL are needed to get an external URL working properly inside Wikipedia markup. The urlencode parser function has a different purpose, to encode arbitrary text so that it can be part of a URL. -- John of Reading (talk) 14:31, 31 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I did mean in the context of encoding urls inside Wikipedia markup. That section specifically says "For example, a space must be replaced by %20 (this can be done using the parser function)." So if I want to link to http://test.com?test test then the required url is  but using urlencode as suggested we get . So the properties of urlencode have changed and either the help page should be updated or a bug has sneaked in and should be reported. /37.197.83.144 (talk) 15:09, 31 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Now I see what you are getting at. The job can be done with the urlencode function, but only by using one of its optional keywords:  is . I've added a few words to the help page to make this clearer. -- John of Reading (talk) 15:23, 31 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Ah. That explains it. Many thanks. /37.197.83.144 (talk) 16:11, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

Open a new page with a hyperlink
It appears that hyperlinks from Wiki replace the page that you are on and the back and forward arrows are used to navigate between hyperlinked locations once they are visited.

Is there a way to specify a hyperlink to launch a new page?

THANKS for your help!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.37.249.100 (talk) 18:55, 9 January 2015 (UTC)
 * What browser do you use? In Firefox I right-click on a link and select "Open Link in New Tab". A click with the middle mouse button does this too. -- John of Reading (talk) 19:08, 9 January 2015 (UTC)
 * (edit conflict) Wikipedia has no way to specify this for others who click a link. Your browser probably has a feature to do it for you, maybe Ctrl+click or Shift+click. Registered users have the option "Open external links in a new tab/window" at Special:Preferences. PrimeHunter (talk) 19:11, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

Short urls
How can we create a short url of a Wikipedia article for Twitter? Snurl wouldn't cut it.Oceanflynn (talk) 16:39, 6 March 2015 (UTC)

 * If snurl doesn't cut it then use another service like http://tinyurl.com at URL shortening. I have just created http://tinyurl.com/7u8sx2y for https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_shortening as a test. URL shortening services are blacklisted as external links in Wikipedia (for good reasons) so I couldn't save tiny.url as a clickable link. PrimeHunter (talk) 17:52, 6 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't have a Twitter account and don't know what they actually allow but if you still have problems then the place to ask is Reference desk/Computing. PrimeHunter (talk) 18:01, 6 March 2015 (UTC)
 * By clicking "Permanent link" in the left pane of a Wikipedia page you can get a link to the latest revision of that page. See Help:Permanent link. If the page is edited later then the link will still go to the version at the time of your click. The url is long but can be shortened. For URL shortening I currently get https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=URL_shortening&oldid=650127212. Testing shows it can be reduced to https://en.wikipedia.org/?oldid=650127212. I give no guarantee such url's will continue to work, and it will fail with no trace of the page name if that revision is deleted for some reason. enwp.org is currently a redirect to en.wikipedia.org (also no guarantee this will continue), so http://enwp.org/?oldid=650127212 works now. PrimeHunter (talk) 18:20, 6 March 2015 (UTC)
 * If you want the current revision of the same page, try http://enwp.org/?curid=3919945 which is shorter by two characters. -- Red rose64 (talk) 19:51, 6 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Nice. I wondered whether the page ID could be used in a link. The ID can be found by clicking "Page information" in the left pane.  is not documented at Help:URL but it is at mw:Manual:Parameters to index.php. Newer pages have 8-digit ID's. PrimeHunter (talk) 01:00, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm a little surprised that the slash after the domain can also be dropped, at least in my tests where http://enwp.org?curid=3919945 works, both when clicked and when copy-pasted to the browser address bar. I don't know how stable it is but it worked in all five tested browsers. PrimeHunter (talk) 01:10, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I have added mention of this to the page.[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:URL&diff=650529973&oldid=636670658] PrimeHunter (talk) 00:27, 9 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Perhaps it's worth mentioning somewhere that in a Wikipedia query string, the  parameter overrides , as does a   with numeric value; and that   overrides   -- Red rose64 (talk) 14:44, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

"Dropping http: and https:" section apparently contradicts more recent recommendation
The following recommndation in this help article to use protocol-relative URLs seems to be outdated:  Dropping http: and https:

If you make an external style link using square brackets [...] from a Wikimedia page to other Wikimedia page, including Wikipedia of course, it's better to drop the protocol  or , so that the URL begins with  , e.g..

Otherwise, readers are forced to use the specified connection method. If you don't specify the protocol, readers can continue to use the protocol to read that page.

The URL returned by magic word begins with //.
 * Example:
 * Result: [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:URL no protocol] (Read this page both with http and https.)
 * Example:
 * Result: [/w/index.php?title=Help:URL no protocol] (Read this page both with http and https.)

In contrast to the above, see Help:Link §http: and https:

 http: and https:

In mid-2015, Wikipedia and all other Wikimedia sites were changed to use HTTPS to encrypt all traffic. Accessing a URL like  will result in the webserver redirecting you to. Therefore, when making an external-style link to an internal page (that is, using single square brackets, or a bare URL),  should be specified to avoid the needless redirect, as in.

In the past, when Wikipedia could be accessed via either HTTP or HTTPS, a protocol-relative URL could be used to make an external link (or external-style link to an internal page) which would use  or   depending on how the page the link appeared on was accessed, as in. However, as all Wikimedia sites now require HTTPS, this linking style is obsolete and should no longer be used. or  should be explicitly specified as appropriate for the target site (preferring , where available).

Should it therefore be updated here to match? That said, the explanation in the latter blockquote is actually wrong at a technical level; there is not a redirection happening with the protocol-relative URL for fellow Wikimedia pages, as it now will always be coming from an HTTPS Wikipedia page and causing the user to navigate to another HTTPS Wikimedia page; "https://" and "//" will always result in the exact same request, now. (Well, at least as long as this is happening from a Wikimedia-hosted site. That is, the two would give different results when navigating from one of those copies of Wikipedia that exist, if it's on an HTTP site. Also, if a user saves a page locally, the browser will futilely try to load the linked page with the "file://" protocol, unless the user's browser automatically changed URLs to fully qualified ones when saving the originating HTML file.) —Undomelin (talk) 23:03, 24 January 2019 (UTC)

underscores as spaces
I couldn't find mentioned here how browsers (at least mine) accept the _ character in place of spaces. Let's take an example - our Gravity (2013 film) article as external URLs:

 * encoded with underscores
 * encoded with percent-twenties

Assuming both work in general, please update the documentation. CapnZapp (talk) 18:45, 4 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Your browser treats  the same as a space, and similarly treats   the same as an underscore. It treats spaces and underscores differently (whether percent-encoded or not); it is the MediaWiki software that treats them as equivalent. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 19:44, 4 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you but I'm asking why our Help page only talks about %20 and not underscores. (The underscore is mentioned exactly once, where its function is taken for granted). We should not treat our readers as browser experts and wiki beginners at the same time. Since you can't use URLs on Wiki without the use of a browser, the distinction "it's your browser that does it, not MediaWiki" is irrelevant. Or, perhaps not irrelevant - if the distinction is important it can be mentioned but the main point is that we can't just explain %20's but not underscores... CapnZapp (talk) 22:41, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Help talk:URL


text:
User talk:Gelsamel

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 11:42, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

List of songs about fantasy-thoughts
Hi, I listed the article for deletion at Articles for deletion/List of songs about fantasy-thoughts. If you come upon something else you want to list for deletion, please follow the instructions on the main page of WP:AFD. Thanks. - Bobet 11:30, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Sorry about that, new to Wikipedia (actually this account isn't. But I don't really do that much editing etc. I just browse alot). Thanks for the help Gelsamel 11:48, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Civility
I see that you are new. You may want to see WP:CIV. The use of heavy words is rude so before the admins bother you I thought I would inform you. Take care mate, Brusegadi 02:26, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Gelsamel


text:
Talk:2003 invasion of Iraq 2

Can someone fix the double redirect? It should point to → 2003 invasion of Iraq. Thanks. AmiDaniel (Talk) 01:27, 2 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. --RobertG ♬ talk 16:44, 4 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks. AmiDaniel (Talk) 23:29, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Protected
This article has been protected against further attempts to install a fork (a textual copy without editing history) of 2003 Invasion of Iraq. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 20:18, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:2003 invasion of Iraq 2


text:
Rokosz

A rokosz originally was a gathering of all the Polish szlachta (nobility), not merely of deputies, for a sejm. The term was introduced to the Polish language from Hungary, where analogous gatherings took place at a field called Rákos. With time, "rokosz" came to signify an armed, semi-legal rebellion by the szlachta of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against the king, in the name of defending threatened liberties. The nobles who gathered for a rokosz formed a "confederation".

The institution of the rokosz, in the latter sense, derived from the medieval right to resist royal power. The rokosz took its authority from the right to refuse obedience to the king, as stipulated in the Privilege of Mielnik (przywilej mielnicki, signed October 23, 1501) and later in the Henrician Articles of 1573.

Two of the best-known rokoszes are the 17th-century Zebrzydowski Rebellion and the 16th-century Chicken War.

title: Rokosz


text:
Talk:Orcs

 * Orcs
 * Ed Poor June 21, 2002, because : All "Orcs" links now changed to orc
 * I disagree. For one thing, there are talk links that have not been changed. But more importantly, this could well become a spontaneous link in the future. The redirect now is fine. — Toby Bartels, Friday, June 21, 2002
 * I disagree as well. I prefer to have names of mythological races in a plural version (e.g. Elves, Dwarves), and while in Orcs it's not strictly necessary (justifying a redirect to Orc), I prefer to keep the plural version as well. Uriyan, Friday, June 21, 2002.

title: Talk:Orcs


text:
Talk:AbdicatioN

 * AbdicatioN -- a mere typo ?  --  isis 21:57 Sep 17, 2002 (UTC)
 * No - not a typo. Once upon a time, when Wikipedia used much older software, all pages had wierd titles like this.  They have all long since been given sensible names, but the old names still exist as redirects.  There are thousands of redirects like that, and they do no harm - no need to delete. Enchanter
 * But nothing links to it anymore, so what reason for keeping it is there now? It may do no harm, but it doesn't do any good either. -- isis 19:43 Sep 21, 2002 (UTC)
 * It's possible that somebody may have linked to the page from an external website - deleting AbdicatioN will break that link. So then it still does no harm, but it does some good :) I think it should stay. --Camembert

title: Talk:AbdicatioN


text:
Template:Rfd-keep

From WP:RFD

 * The following discussion has been archived from Redirects for deletion, where there was no consensus to delete this redirect. Please do not edit this discussion.

title: Template:Rfd-keep


text:
Confederation (Poland–Lithuania)

A konfederacja (, "confederation") was an ad hoc association formed by Polish–Lithuanian szlachta (nobility), clergy, cities, or military forces in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth for the attainment of stated aims. A konfederacja often took the form of an armed rebellion aimed at redressing perceived abuses or trespasses of some (e.g. royal) authority. Such "confederations" acted in lieu of state authority or to force their demands upon that authority. They could be seen as a primary expression of direct democracy and right of revolution in the Commonwealth, and as a way for the nobles to act on their grievances and against the state's central authority.

History and function
In the late 13th century, confederations of cities, aiming to support public safety and provide security from rampant banditry, appeared, with the first confederation being that of several towns (Poznań, Pyzdry, Gniezno and Kalisz in Greater Poland) in 1298. In the mid-14th century, confederations of nobility, directed against the central authorities, emerged, with the first such confederation being that of 1352. During interregnums, confederations (essentially vigilance committees) formed to replace the inactive royal court, protect internal order, and defend the country from external dangers. The confederations, as a right of revolution, were recognized in Polish law through the Henrician articles (1573), part of the pacta conventa sworn by every Polish king since 1576. They stated (in the articulus de non praestanda oboedientia, a rule dating to 1501 from Privilege of Mielnik ) that if the monarch did not recognize or abused the rights and privileges of the nobility (szlachta), the nobles would no longer be bound to obey him and would have the legal right to disobey him.

With the beginning of the 17th century, confederations became an increasingly significant element of the Commonwealth's political scene. In the 17th and 18th centuries, confederations were organized by magnates, and were either pro- or anti-royal. A confederation not recognized by the king was considered a rokosz ("rebellion"), although some of the rokosz would be eventually recognized by the king, who could even join them himself. Most pro-royal confederations were usually formed as a response to an anti-royal one, and some would take a form of an extraordinary session of the parliament (sejm), as happened in 1710, 1717 and 1735.

Confederations where usually formed in one part of the country, and could expand into "general confederations" taking in most or all of the voivodeships of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, even such general confederations would be formed separately for the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Each confederation had a key document explaining its goals, known as the act of the confederation, which was deposited with the court (usually the local court for the region the confederation was formed). Additional resolutions of the confederates, known as sanctia, would also be deposited with the court. Membership of the confederation was voluntary, and required an oath. The executive branch of a confederation was headed by a marshal, and a group of advisers, each known as konsyliarz konfederacji. A marshal and associated konsyliarze were known as a generality (generalność). A confederation would also have a larger council, similar to a parliament (walna rada), which made decisions by majority vote. Until around the mid-18th century, resolutions of the council had to be unanimous, but afterwards, majority voting became more common. The chief military commanders of confederations were known as regimentarze.

Also in the 18th century an institution known as a "confederated sejm" evolved. It was a parliament session (sejm) that operated under the rules of a confederation. Its primary purpose was to avoid being subject to disruption by the liberum veto, unlike the national Sejm, which was paralyzed by the veto during this period. On some occasions, a confederated sejm was formed from the whole membership of the national Sejm, so that the liberum veto would not operate there.

Confederations were proscribed by law in 1717, but continued to operate, indicating a weakness of the Commonwealth's central authority. They were also abolished by the Constitution of May 3, 1791 (adopted by the Four-Year Sejm of 1788–1792, itself a confederated sejm). But in practice this prohibition was not observed. The May 3rd Constitution was overthrown in mid-1792, by the Targowica Confederation of Polish magnates backed by Russian Empire and eventually joined, under extreme duress, by King Stanisław II August. The ensuing Russian military intervention led (to the Confederates' surprise) to the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. In 1812 the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland was formed in Warsaw to Napoleon I's campaign against the Russian Empire.

List of confederations
Some confederations from Polish history included:
 * a confederation of towns in Greater Poland in 1298, aiming to provide public safety, recreated in 1302;
 * a confederation of towns in Silesia in 1311, aiming to provide public safety;
 * a confederation of towns from 1349–1350, aiming to provide public safety;
 * Confederation of Maciej Borkowic in Greater Poland, opposing the disliked starost Wierzbięta of Paniewice (1352–1358);
 * Confederation of Bartosz of Odolanowo, formed in Radom, aiming to provide security for the period of interregnum following the death of king Louis I (1382);
 * a confederation in Radom, formed by magnates, nobility and town, in support of Queen Jadwiga;
 * Piotrków Confederation, during a dispute about clergy's right to collect tithe (1406–1407);
 * Wieluń Confederation, supporting the king against the Hussite invasion (1423–1424);
 * Sieradz Confederation and Korczyn Confederation (1438);
 * Confederation of Spytek of Melsztyn supporting the Hussites (1439);
 * Prussian Confederation of Prussian towns, formed in Kwidzyn, against the Teutonic Order;
 * Lwów Confedeeration of the town and the nobility against a disliked official;
 * Chicken War (1537);
 * Warsaw Confederation, formed in Sejm (1573);
 * Zebrzydowski Rebellion (1605);
 * Tyszowce Confederation military and nobility against the Swedish invasion (1655);
 * Lubomirski's Rokosz (1665–1666);
 * Szczebrzesz Confederation against the election of Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki (1672);
 * Gołąb Confederation for the election of Michał Korybut Wiśnowiecki (1673);
 * Starogard Confederation supporting Sweden (1703–1709);
 * Greater Poland Confederation (Wielkopolska Confederation) (1703);
 * Opatów Confederation and Warsaw Confederation, both formed against the Saxon king Augustus II of Poland (1704);
 * Sandomierz Confederation formed in support of the Saxon king Augustus II of Poland (1704);
 * Gorzyce Confederation and Tarnogród Confederation, both formed against the Saxon king Augustus II of Poland (1715);
 * Grudziądz Confederation supporting Stanisław Leszczyński (1733–1734);
 * Kolbuszowa Confederation supporting Stanisław Leszczyński (1734);
 * Dzików Confederation supporting Stanisław Leszczyński (1734);
 * Wilno Confederation formed by Czaroryski family against Karol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł (1764);
 * Słuck Confederation formed by Greek Orthodox believers, demanding the restoration of rights (1767);
 * Toruń Confederation (Thorn Confederation) formed by Protestant believers, demanding the restoration of rights (1767);
 * Radom Confederation formed by the religious minorities (dissidents) in support of Karol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł (1767);
 * Bar Confederation formed by opponents of king Stanisław August Poniatowski, Russian Empire and the religious minorities (1768–1772);
 * Targowica Confederation formed by conservatives opposing the Constitution of 3 May (1792–1793);
 * Grodno Confederation (1793); and
 * General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland, formed in Warsaw, in support of Napoleon I and against the Russian Empire (1812–1813).

title: Confederation (Poland–Lithuania)


text:
Confederated sejm

Confederated sejm (sejm skonfederowany) was a form of sejm in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century. After 1764, sejms were frequently confederated. Under rules of confederation, decisions were made by the majority of deputy votes cast, and so the privilege of liberum veto did not apply.

Examples of confederated Sejms: Repnin Sejm, Great Sejm.

title: Confederated sejm


text:
Talk:Wages

 * Wages -> Wage -- Delete because it's a redundant and unnecessary plural redirect. All pages linking to  Wages  have been edited to point to  Wages  instead, except for the user page User:Mike martone@yahoo.com/Taxonomy DDC 300, the purpose of which I cannot discern and which also links to many many (many) other nonexistent pages.  The use of simple plural->singular redirects (where XXXs will work instead) clutters the wiki and encourages sloppy linking. Chris 19:45, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. There are literally thousands of plural redirects on Wikipedia and setting a precedent to delete them would be foolish. This one is particularly useful, since "wages" is a common form of the word "wage" and not obviously thought of as a plural. — David Remahl 20:44, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The above reasoning is exactly right. Rlquall 20:47, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Economists tend to talk about wages in the plural. - RedWordSmith 05:21, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep; please read the section, above. • Benc • 09:20, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * OK. All y'all win.  :)  I reverted it back.  Chris 19:51, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wages


text:
Euler system

In mathematics, an Euler system is a collection of compatible elements of Galois cohomology groups indexed by fields. They were introduced by in his work on Heegner points on modular elliptic curves, which was motivated by his earlier paper  and  the work of. Euler systems are named after Leonhard Euler because the factors relating different elements of an Euler system resemble the Euler factors of an Euler product.

Euler systems can be used to construct annihilators of ideal class groups or Selmer groups, thus giving bounds on their orders, which in turn has led to deep theorems such as the finiteness of some Tate-Shafarevich groups. This led to Karl Rubin's new proof of the main conjecture of Iwasawa theory, considered simpler than the original proof due to Barry Mazur and Andrew Wiles.

Definition
Although there are several definitions of special sorts of Euler system, there seems to be no published definition of an Euler system that covers all known cases. But it is possible to say roughly what an Euler system is, as follows:
 * An Euler system is given by collection of elements cF. These elements are often indexed by certain number fields F containing some fixed number field K, or by something closely related such as square-free integers. The elements cF are typically elements of some Galois cohomology group such as H1(F, T) where T is a p-adic representation of the absolute Galois group of K.
 * The most important condition is that the elements cF and cG for two different fields F ⊆ G are related by a simple formula, such as
 * $$ {\rm cor}_{G/F}(c_G) = \prod_{q\in \Sigma(G/F)}P(\mathrm{Fr}_q^{-1}|{\rm Hom}_O(T,O(1));\mathrm{Fr}_q^{-1})c_F$$
 * Here the "Euler factor" P(τ|B;x) is defined to be the element det(1-τx|B) considered as an element of O[x], which when x happens to act on B is not the same as det(1-τx|B) considered as an element of O.

 * There may be other conditions that the cF have to satisfy, such as congruence conditions.

Kazuya Kato refers to the elements in an Euler system as "arithmetic incarnations of zeta" and describes the property of being an Euler system as "an arithmetic reflection of the fact that these incarnations are related to special values of Euler products".

Cyclotomic units
For every square-free positive integer n pick an n-th root ζn of 1, with ζmn = ζmζn for m,n coprime. Then the cyclotomic Euler system is the set of numbers αn = 1 − ζn. These satisfy the relations
 * $$N_{Q(\zeta_{nl})/Q(\zeta_l)}(\alpha_{nl}) = \alpha_n^{F_l-1}$$
 * $$\alpha_{nl}\equiv\alpha_n $$ modulo all primes above l

where l is a prime not dividing n and Fl is a Frobenius automorphism with Fl(ζn) = ζ$l n$. Kolyvagin used this Euler system to give an elementary proof of the Gras conjecture.

Heegner points
Kolyvagin constructed an Euler system from the Heegner points of an elliptic curve, and used this to show that in some cases the Tate-Shafarevich group is finite.

Kato's Euler system
Kato's Euler system consists of certain elements occurring in the algebraic K-theory of modular curves. These elements—named Beilinson elements after Alexander Beilinson who introduced them in —were used by Kazuya Kato in to prove one divisibility in Barry Mazur's main conjecture of Iwasawa theory for elliptic curves.

title: Euler system


text:
Janette Howard

Janette Howard (née Parker; born 11 August 1944) is the wife of John Howard, who was the Prime Minister of Australia from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007 and the second-longest-serving Australian Prime Minister.

Early life, education, and personal life
Alison Janette Parker was born in the suburb of Kingsford, Sydney, in 1944. Her father was an engineer with the New South Wales Government Railways. The family later moved to Vaucluse. She was educated at Sydney Girls High School and trained as a teacher, graduating from the University of New South Wales with a Bachelor of Arts.

She joined the Liberal Party and met John Howard at a Liberal Party function. They were married on 4 April 1971, at St Peter's Anglican Church in Watsons Bay.

The Howards have three children, Melanie (born 1974, married Rowan McDonald in 2003), Timothy (married Sarah Mackintosh in 2010) and Richard (married Ellen Dadanina in 2017); as well as five grandchildren, Angus (born 2007), Alexander (born 2012), and Ariah (born 2015), Winston (born 2018) and Henry (born 2020).

Janette Howard adopted a relatively low profile during her husband's tenure as prime minister; however, in 1999, a journalist alleged that she had intervened with the Prime Minister concerning an appointment to the board of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Janette issued a rare public statement denying the allegation as "not only wrong but deeply offensive to me".

In 1996, Janette Howard was diagnosed with cervical cancer and underwent surgery; the type of cancer was not revealed to the public until 2006. John Howard said at the time that he would leave politics immediately if it seemed necessary in the interests of his wife's health. Since then, Janette has been active in advocating early screening for breast cancer for Australian women.

Janette Howard's public duties included accompanying the Prime Minister on official tours and carrying out the duties of official host at the Prime Minister's official residences, The Lodge in Canberra and Kirribilli House in Sydney. She is also a patron of the National Portrait Gallery.

Political views
Janette Howard was always seen at the Prime Minister's side during election campaigns. According to John Howard's biographer Pru Goward, Janette "lives and breathes" politics. She also devoted time to "nursing" John Howard's electorate of Bennelong, which, although a Liberal seat since its creation in 1949, gradually became less Liberal and culminated in the defeat of John Howard at the 2007 election by the Labor Party's Maxine McKew (the seat returned to Liberal hands at the 2010 election when McKew was defeated by John Alexander).

Although she rarely made any public comment on political issues, she did break this pattern by deciding to speak out against Kevin Rudd during the 2007 election campaign.

title: Janette Howard


text:
User talk:Tromp

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 12:10, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image:John0.jpg
If you could please add a copyright tag to your image, visit Image_copyright_tags for all of them. Thanks --Admrboltz 4 July 2005 07:30 (UTC)

Invariance theorem
John,

I took a look at the article on the invariance theorem in Algorithmic information theory, and as you see, it needs some work. Apparently the original editors simply lifted the definition out of Planet math, which might be better than nothing.

As I recall, the statement, an informal proof, and a formal proof appeared in Li and Vitanyi's book. Since you are in Paul Vitanyi's group (and I am not), I don't feel fully confident in fleshing out that article. (I also will not be returning to cwi until Aug 15, and I cannot seem to locate a copy of their book).

Could you be so kind as to take a look at this stub and flesh it out? I took some guesses, and a reference to their book on talk:Invariance theorem. Vonkje 15:12, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

User: stuff in articles...
If you want to cite your solution in Connect Four, plesae do so in a way that does not refer to User:. The ref to User: is a cross-namespace reference that breaks when the article exported. Fplay 01:08, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

TOO MANY CAPITAL LETTERS
It was hardly a surprise that your link to "Turing Machines" (capital initial "M"; plural) would fail to work. It now works since I created a redirect page. I also changed the link so it said Turing machines. That makes it link to the singular (and with lower-case "m"), but the reader sees the whole word, not just the part in brackets, as a clickable link.

I moved the article to binary lambda calculus, with lower-case initials, as required by WP:MOS, and fixed the links to the new redirect page. Michael Hardy (talk) 04:14, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Connection between Goodstein sequences and Woodall numbers
Hi Tromp, you added notes claiming that all Goodstein sequences after G(4) have length equal to a Woodall number. This is interesting to me, do you have a reference/proof of it? I would be very interested in understanding more. Thanks, — sligocki (talk) 21:07, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

--

There's no reference as far as I know. I discovered it myself.

For starting numbers of at least 4, the goodstein sequence will at some point reach b^b in hereditary notation. The next step yields b'^b' - 1 which is b * b'^b + b * b'^(b-1) + .... + b, where b' = b+1 is the next base. It's a nice exercise to figure out what will be the final base. You will see how the Woodall number arises.

When you start with 3, the final base of 7 happens to also be a Woodall number, so the property holds for any input >= 3.

regards, -John —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tromp (talk • contribs) 21:05, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

--

Thanks John, actually, after asking here, I played with them a bit and discovered it myself. It is interesting. Do you know if this connection shows any properties? For example, do you know if there are interesting properties or uses of Woodall numbers that might be used for the Goodstein sequences? Cheers, — sligocki (talk) 02:30, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

Proof-of-work system Cuckoo Cycle : Conflict of interest
"Cuckoo Cycle" lacks Verifiability. I've removed it from the list of proofs of work. Furthermore it appears you have a strong Conflict_of_interest on that subject. Please read and consider both of those articles before adding more content. Thanks, Chris Arnesen 14:54, 27 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi, Chris. Some comments on your undoing of my PoW entry: As to verifiability, my paper has the same status as some other PoWs listed there. Since its original announcement in early January, it has been looked at by many people in the cryptography and cryptocurrency people, including people who designed their own PoWs, and none have found any flaw in it. It has also just been published on the cryptology eprint server at http://eprint.iacr.org/2014/059, just like e.g. the Hokkaido PoW listed there. As to conflict of interest, it would be limited to "Citing yourself", which, quoting "is allowed within reason, but only if it is relevant, conforms to the content policies, including WP:SELFPUB, and is not excessive. Citations should be in the third person and should not place undue emphasis on your work." I see you are very interested in bitcoin yourself. You should be able to assess the paper's qualities. Let me know if you find any problems with it. regards, -John — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tromp (talk • contribs) 14:29, 28 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Welcome to Wikipedia, by the way! We can always use more folks around here who have both in-depth content knowledge and good writing skills, like yourself. The Wikimedia software is pretty deficient when it comes to talk page discussions. I find it's easiest to keep the conversation on one person's talk page (let's use yours). You can alert me to a new comment by adding markup to beginning of your post. It renders like this : . Also, please sign your posts with four tildes, ~ . Conventionally, a comment on a comment is proceeded by an extra colon for indentation. If at some point we get too far indented, you can

Anyway, as for verifiability, "Self-published and questionable sources may be used as sources of information about themselves, usually in articles about themselves or their activities". I read that to mean that I could add as a reference to an article about YOU, something YOU had self-published. A self-published reference on the proof-of-work page isn't that thing. As for COI, the last sentence of the paragraph that you quoted from is, "When in doubt, defer to the community's opinion." The Hokkaido reference, like yours, is self-published. Though that citation doesn't properly verify that content, a Google search indicates to me that the content probably is verifiable. (Remove it if I'm wrong). In your case, that doesn't appear to be true yet. Heck the preprint was just posted two days ago. I hope this helps. Cheers, Chris Arnesen 15:05, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

Cryptocurrency task force Invite
-- 1Wiki8 ........................... (talk) 09:49, 29 September 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Binary lambda calculus for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Binary lambda calculus is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Binary lambda calculus until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.--greenrd (talk) 23:18, 29 December 2016 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of MimbleWimble

The article MimbleWimble has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence of notability. No coverage that I could find in RSes on a WP:BEFORE - all coverage is primary or crypto sites. No suitable redirect targets."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. David Gerard (talk) 23:22, 23 July 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of MimbleWimble for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article MimbleWimble is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/MimbleWimble until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. David Gerard (talk) 22:03, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tromp


text:
Creole cuisine

Creole cuisine (cuisine créole; culinária crioula; cocina criolla) is a cuisine style born in colonial times, from the fusion between African, European and pre-Columbian American traditions. Creole is a term that refers to those of European origin who were born in the New World and have adapted to it (melting pot). A less divergent or more coherent definition of Creole identity was proposed by Norwegian anthropologist Thomas Hylland Eriksen who concludes: "'A Creole society, in my understanding, is based wholly or partly on the mass displacement of people who were, often involuntarily, uprooted from their original home, shedding the main features of their social and political organisations on the way, brought into sustained contact with people from other linguistic and cultural areas and obliged to develop, in creative and improvisational ways, new social and cultural forms in the new land, drawing simultaneously on traditions from their respective places of origin and on impulses resulting from the encounter.'"

Creole cuisine is found in different regions of the world that were previously European colonies. Creole food can be found in Louisiana (USA), Cuba, Brazil, Peru, the French Antilles, French Guiana, La Reunion (France), Jamaica, Annobón (Equatorial Guinea), Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cape Verde, Dominican Republic, etc. In each region, Creole cuisine has been adapting to local products (so there is no "single" Creole cuisine), however, they share certain features in common:

 * Association of very different products on the same dish (compared to traditional European cuisine).
 * Very spicy flavors, mixtures of sweet and salty, and pungent preparations.
 * Relatively simple common culinary techniques, such as frying or stewing meat (called ragout). Adobos (marinades) are also common. Grilled dishes rarely exist.

In Hispanic America, many Creole dishes are named with the ending a la criolla, such as pollo a la criolla or colitas de res a la criolla or simply with the adjective criollo/a, as in vinagre criollo (Creole vinegar) or chorizo criollo. Also in French, the terms à la créole or just créole are used, such as in pâté créole.

Terminology
Creole comes from the Portuguese crioulo, from the verb 'to raise.' In French, the term is créole. The word can refer to many things, but all of these things are the product of the mixing of three continents: the creole languages are a mix between a European language, a Native American language, and the languages brought by enslaved Africans. The term can also refer to the Criollo horse, creole music, the creole circus, or to the popular Cuban dance called the "creole."

A creole person can be a black person descended from African slaves or a creole person can be descended from European slave owners born in the Europeans' American colonies. By extension, the term can refer to any person native to a Latin American country.

By region

 * Argentinian Creole cuisine
 * Brazilian Creole cuisine
 * Guianan Creole cuisine
 * Louisiana Creole cuisine
 * La Réunion Creole cuisine
 * Mauritius Creole cuisine
 * Caribbean Creole cuisine
 * Mexican Creole cuisine
 * Peruvian Creole cuisine

Creole cuisine in Brazil
In Brazilian cuisine, people speak of culinária crioula to refer, in particular, to the notable influence that African cuisine (and, in a broader sense, the whole of African culture) had on colonial Brazilian society. African slaves' cuisine adapted to local ingredients, such as mandioca (cassava) or milho (corn), although they also imported ingredients from the other side of the Atlantic, such as azeite de dendê (palm oil), cuscuz (couscous), the coconut, or coffee. In terms of dishes, one that has its origins in African slaves' cuisine is feijoada, which is today considered to be the national dish of Brazil.

Brazilian creole cuisine is related to candomblé, an Afro-American religion with its origins in the Yoruba religion, just like Cuban Santeria. In this religion, "food plays a fundamental role, since it is considered to be a link between men and the Orishas." Dishes representative of candomblé are acarajé, caruru, or vatapá.

Creole cuisine in Louisiana
Creole cuisine in Louisiana is influenced by African, Caribbean, French, Spanish, and American cuisines. While it shares many traits with Cajun gastronomy (both originated in Louisiana), the two differ in terms of their origins. Louisiana Creole cuisine was developed by creoles from Louisiana—in other words, Spaniards and French born in Louisiana—while Cajun cuisine originated from Cajuns or Acadians (originating from the Acadiana region) and with great influence from Creole Cuisine.

Creole cuisine in Réunion
Réunion is an island that was populated principally by French, Africans, Indians, and Chinese. This small island in the Mascarene archipelago can be found in the Indian Ocean near Madagascar and the African continent, and has long been a French territory. Reunionese cuisine is also considered to be creole, since much of its culinary tradition comes from France (such as bonbons or civet), but the ingredients used are local (from Asia and Africa) and are considered to be exotic in metropolitan France.

Mauritian Creole cuisine
The creole cuisine is eaten by every Mauritian and has its influences from African, Indian, and French cuisine. Mauritian Creole dishes typically involves the consumption of seafood, fresh vegetables, pulses, beans, and corn.

Creole cuisine in Hispanic America
Hispanic American creole cuisine fuses Spanish and indigenous elements from Spanish-speaking areas. It is prepared with key local ingredients such as potato, tomato, or corn, planted and harvested in their place of origin. Creole influence is clear in the case of Cuban, Puerto Rican, Dominican, Central American, Colombian, Ecuadorian, Venezuelan, Peruvian, Mexican, and Bolivian creole cuisine.

Cuba
Cuban creole cuisine is typically centered around beans, pork, and rice as the main ingredients. In the 1850s, the emergence of Cuban cookbooks on the island began to highlight a distinct "Cuban" or "creole" cuisine. In addition to making use of foreign ingredients, Cuban creole cuisine also made regular use of produce endemic to the island of Cuba, especially viandas, which are a category of carbohydrate-rich produce that include sweet potatoes, cassava, and green plantains. Interestingly, besides their seeming ubiquity in Cuban creole cuisine, viandas are also known for their medicinal qualities, commonly being used to ease upset stomachs.

Mexico
In Mexico, the term creole differs slightly, since it refers to agricultural products native to Mexico that are considered to be vegetable relics, meaning, fruits or vegetables that are cultivated on a local scale (typical to a particular region), following the ancient techniques that pre-Columbian societies used, without variations in the cultivar (their size, color, and flavor are all the same). Examples of this include creole corn, cacao, and chili, which are the "purest" of their cultivar types.

Creole can also refer to an imported fruit or vegetable that, after adapting to the local climate, has taken on a new form entirely. One example of this is the creole peach, which is smaller in size and is sweeter, yellower, and harder than the original peach. Or, in rarer cases, the term can refer to hybrid varieties.

Peru
A creole cuisine has also developed along the coast of Peru, with Spanish, African, Italian, and Chinese influences. One of the signature dishes of Peruvian creole cuisine is ceviche, which is prepared with fresh fish that has been cured in lemon juice. Other dishes are ají de gallina, carapulca, and .

title: Creole cuisine


text:
File:JAG Tempest 2000.png

screenshot Atari Jaguar Tempest_2000, made myself.

title: File:JAG Tempest 2000.png


text:
Catherine Barton

Catherine Barton (1679–1739) was an English homemaker who oversaw the running of the household of her uncle, scientist Isaac Newton. She was reputed to be the source of the story of the apple inspiring Newton's work on gravity, and his papers came to her on his death. She was rumoured to have been the mistress of the poet and statesman Charles Montagu and later married politician John Conduitt.

Early life
Barton was the second daughter of Robert Barton and his second wife, Hannah Smith, half-sister of Isaac Newton. She was baptized at Brigstock, Northampton on 25 November 1679.

Barton's social circle
Barton was remarked upon by several men to be beautiful, witty and clever. She was known as a brilliant conversationalist, and attracted the admiration of such famous figures as Jonathan Swift and Voltaire.

Her uncle was also fond of her; an excerpt of an uncharacteristically warm letter from Newton survives, regarding her contraction of smallpox: "Pray let me know by your next how your face is and if your fevour be going. Perhaps warm milk from ye Cow may help to abate it. I am Your loving Unkle, Is. Newton." Sometime after her uncle Newton moved to London to become Warden of the Mint in April 1696 she moved there to live with him. Barton was said to have been the source of the story about Newton and the apple, as she told the story to Voltaire who later wrote about it in his Essay on Epic Poetry of 1727.

Voltaire also insinuated that Newton's preferment to the Royal Mint was the result of Barton's alleged affair with Charles Montagu. However, although it is true that Isaac was appointed under the patronage of Charles Montagu, the claim that this was due to Barton's influence is dubious: Catherine Barton came up to London and met Montagu after the appointment, not before.

Relationship to Charles Montagu
Barton became the housekeeper to Charles Montagu following the death of his wife in 1698. There was much contemporary gossip about their relationship being sexual, and thinly disguised accusations appeared in print. Delariviere Manley's Memoirs of 1710 featured a character called Bartica who was widely taken to represent Barton.

Montagu, by then Earl of Halifax, died of an inflammation of the lungs in May 1715. His will contained two codicils: the first dated 12 April 1706, left the sum of £3000 and all his jewels to Barton; a second dated 1 February 1713 left her an additional £5000 plus his interest in the rangership of Bushey Park and his manor of Apscourt in Surrey to pay for the repairs to Bushey Lodge. On 30 August, however, he revoked the first codicil and begged his executor, his nephew George Montagu, not to make a dispute over her legacies. Montagu wrote that these bequests were "as a token of the sincere love, affection and esteem, I have long had for her person, and as a small recompense for the pleasure and happiness I have had in her conversation".

Halifax's official life defended Barton against accusations that she might have been sexually involved with him, stating:"as this Lady was young, beautiful and gay, so those that were given to censure, pass'd a Judgment upon her which she no Ways merited, since she was a Woman of strict Honour and Virtue; and tho' she might be agreeable to his Lordship in every Particular, that noble Peer's Complaisance to her, proceeded wholly from the great Esteem he had for her Wit and most exquisite Understanding."Based on the generosity of the bequest, astronomer John Flamsteed wrote, apparently sarcastically and spitefully, that Barton must have "excellent conversation".

Marriage
Barton then returned to live with her uncle at his home in St Martin's Street. On 9 July 1717 she became engaged to marry John Conduitt who had arrived in England a few weeks earlier in May of that year. On 23 August they were issued a licence to marry at St Paul's Covent Garden, but actually married three days later at St Martin in the Fields. Barton had one daughter with Conduitt, Catherine, who was born in 1721.

Later life
Barton lived with Conduitt at Cranbury Park, near Winchester. She took in Newton towards the end of his life, and he resided with her until his death in 1727. After Newton's death, his papers were in Barton's care and then passed down through her family until 1936 when they were auctioned at Sotheby's.

Conduitt died on 23 May 1737; Catherine died in 1739 and was buried with her uncle and husband in Westminster Abbey. Their only daughter and heir, Catherine, married John Wallop, Viscount Lymington, the eldest son of the first Earl of Portsmouth, and their son, John Wallop, succeeded as second Earl of Portsmouth.

In fiction
A fictional Barton has a small role in Neal Stephenson's novel The System of the World, the final installment in Stephenson's Baroque Cycle.

She also has a role in Philip Kerr's novel Dark Matter: The Private Life of Sir Isaac Newton.

title: Catherine Barton


text:
Ompa til du dør

Ompa til du dør (Dance 'till you die) is the debut album by Norwegian alternative rock band Kaizers Orchestra. It was released on 1 September 2001. In early 2002, Ompa til du dør won the "Best Album Award" at Spellemannprisen. In 2003, the album had sold around 100,000 copies worldwide.

Track listing
Lyrics and music by Janove Ottesen, unless otherwise noted.

Kaizers Orchestra

 * Janove Ottesen – vocals, back-up choir, guitar, piano, marimba
 * Geir Zahl – guitar, vocals, back-up choir
 * Terje Winterstø Røthing – guitar, back-up choir, mandolin, tambourin
 * Rune Solheim – drums, percussion
 * Helge Risa – pump organ, piano
 * Jon Sjøen – double bass, electric bass

Additional musicians

 * Stian Carstensen – banjo, kaval
 * Jan Kåre Hystad – Saxophone

Technical

 * Jørgen Træen – producer, mixing, recording
 * Stian Carstensen – producer
 * Janove Ottesen – producer
 * Geir Zahl – producer
 * Audun Strype – mastering

title: Ompa til du dør


text:
User:Leochan~enwiki

Leo CHAN studied in

Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Warwick University, United Kingdom

Universteit van Tilburg, the Netherlands

St. Paul's College, Hong Kong.

title: User:Leochan~enwiki


text: Template:Buddhist state

title: Template:Buddhist state


text:
Lota (vessel)

A lota (लोटा; ଲୋଟା/ନୋଟା; لوٹا) is a small, spouted, and rounded vessel that has been used in the Indian subcontinent since the 2nd millennium BCE or earlier. The design itself serves multiple purposes; a copper lota is commonly used in Indian religious ceremonies, such as yajna during puja, for wedding rituals, and other sacred traditions. It is also used for serving water and liquor. According to the ancient Indian/Hindu-origin traditional medicine system of ayurveda, drinking water stored in the copper lota has health and nutritional benefits.

The vessel's regional variations include the bodna (বদনা) in Bengal, the kindi in Kerala, and the Karuwa in Nepal.

History
The earliest known examples of lota and kindi in ancient India are from the Chalcolithic period, notably in the Savalda Culture and two well-preserved examples from the pottery of the Jorwe Culture, dating back to the 2nd millennium BCE. Highly decorative spouted vases with floral motifs are also known from Chandraketugarh, dating back to around the 2nd century BC or the 1st century CE.

Regional variations
In West Bengal and parts of Bangladesh, the term bôdnā (বদনা) describes spouted (teapot-like) vessels, and the vessels used for puja are called ghôt or ghôti, while lotā is used for cleansing mugs. In Odisha, vessels without the spout is also known as lota, while spout vessel is known as Jeri, used for prayer rituals and serving liquor. They are also known as Karwa, Jharis and Achaman Jharis (utensils with spouts) in Hindi Belt and Gujarat in northern and western India, used for prayer rituals. It is also known as Mooku sombu and Pal Kindi used as milk feeder for babies in southern parts of India. In Nepal, it is known as Karuwa which is used for religious rituals, serving water and liquor.

Reception
American designers Charles and Ray Eames in their The India Report expressed a great admiration for the lota, saying about its design, "Of all the objects we have seen and admired during our visit to India, the Lota, that simple vessel of everyday use, stands out as perhaps the greatest, the most beautiful."

Idioms and literature
In some parts of the Indian subcontinent, the use of the phrase "bependi ka lota" (a "lota without a base") is colloquially used to refer to a person who may switch their loyalties. This comes from the observation that a spherical lota without a base tends to roll over in unpredictable directions when kept on uneven ground. The neologism "lotacracy" was coined in Pakistan to describe politicians who switch parties for their convenience.

Ayurveda
According to the ancient Indian/Hindu-origin traditional medicine system of ayurveda, drinking water stored in the copper lota has health and nutritional benefits. It is used for jala neti, a traditional ayurvedic and yogic practice that is used for cleansing the nose and sinus passages through nasal irrigation.

Sacred ceremonies
In the Indian-origin religions, the lota is a multi-purpose utensil. It is also used in the sacred rituals, such as yajna, puja, for wedding rituals, and other sacred ceremonies.

Cleansing
Throughout the Indian subcontinent, the lota is commonly used to assist with hygiene, such as during baths or anal cleansing.

In Bengali, the term lotā is used for bath mugs.

title: Lota (vessel)


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Category talk:Science fiction magazines

...not that it is to say that magazines of science fiction criticism, comics, or science fiction media coverage don't deserve their own category. Notinasnaid 12:22, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

And I added Category:Science fiction related magazines. Notinasnaid 11:45, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Science fiction magazines


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Joseph M. Reeves

Joseph Mason "Bull" Reeves (November 20, 1872 – March 25, 1948) was an admiral in the United States Navy and an early and important supporter of U.S. Naval Aviation. Though a battleship officer during his early career, he became known as the "Father of Carrier Aviation" for his role in integrating aircraft carriers into the fleet as a major part of the Navy's attack capabilities.

Reeves retired in the mid-1930s but was recalled to active duty during World War II to serve in high-level staff positions within the Office of the Secretary of the Navy. He retired again in December 1946 with the rank of full admiral.

Early life and career
Joseph Mason Reeves was born on November 20, 1872, in the village of Tampico, Illinois.

He received an appointment in 1890 to attend the United States Naval Academy, where he became a football hero. In addition to his on-field heroics, he is credited with the invention of the modern football helmet, which he had a shoemaker create for him after being told by a Navy doctor that another kick to his head could result in "instant insanity" or death. Reeves graduated from the academy in 1894.

Upon graduation, Reeves was assigned to the cruiser USS San Francisco (C-5). He served on the battleship USS Oregon (BB-3) during the Spanish–American War, taking part in the action against Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete's fleet at Santiago de Cuba in June and July 1898.

Start of the 20th century Through World War I
After the start of the 20th century, Reeves served in San Francisco and on the battleships USS Wisconsin (BB-9) and USS Ohio (BB-12) in addition to tours ashore at Newport and Annapolis, where he was an instructor in the Naval Academy's Department of Physics and Chemistry, 1906–08. He served as the academy's head football coach in 1907, guiding the team to a 9–2–1 record and a 6–0 victory over Army.

Following duties as ordnance officer on board the battleship USS New Hampshire (BB-25), Reeves served as ordnance officer in the staff of the Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet. He followed this with assignment to the Board of Inspection and Survey and a tour as Commanding Officer, Naval Coal Depot, Tiburon, California.

In April 1913, Commander Reeves assumed command of the collier USS Jupiter (AC-3), the Navy's first electrically propelled vessel. The ship was rebuilt and recommissioned in 1922 as USS Langley (CV-1), the Navy's first aircraft carrier.

Detached from Jupiter in April 1914, he commanded the cruiser USS St. Louis (C-20) and various other ships until assigned to the battleship USS Oregon (BB-3) in June 1915 as Commanding Officer.

Detached for shore duty at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in California in June 1916, he then commanded the battleship USS Maine (BB-10) during World War I, earning the Navy Cross for "exceptionally meritorious service" during that tour.

Post–World War I Assignments
After the war he served as Naval Attaché at Rome and in April 1921 assumed command of the cruiser USS Pittsburgh (ACR-4). Captain of the Mare Island Navy Yard at the end of that year, he afterwards commanded the battleship USS North Dakota (BB-29) in 1922–23, then attended the Naval War College at Newport. After completing his coursework, he spent a year as a member of the staff.

Entering Naval Aviation
Upon completing his tour at the War College, Captain Reeves decided to enter the new world of naval aviation. In order to hold a command post, however, he needed to receive aviation training. Like other older officers—notably, RADM William A. Moffett, Chief of the Navy's new Bureau of Aeronautics—Reeves qualified as a "Naval Aviation Observer" rather than as a "Naval Aviator" (i.e., a pilot). He received his qualification in 1925 and assumed the post of Commander, Aircraft Squadron, Battle Fleet. Though a captain by rank, his position as squadron commander permitted him to fly a commodore's pennant. His flagship was the experimental carrier USS Langley—his old ship, Jupiter, modified for aviation operations. The wooden flight-deck was installed over the Langley's existing deck structures, giving the vessel the nickname of "Covered Wagon."

While in this command, Reeves worked hard to develop carrier aviation tactics, seeking to increase sortie rates and the use of dive-bombing. He proved these concepts by the success of his pilots and aircrew during the Navy's annual fleet exercises (known as "Fleet Problems").

Reeves served on the Navy's General Board, June 1929–June 1930. Fifteen months later he became Senior Member of the Board of Inspection and Survey, Pacific Coast Section. Another tour at Mare Island followed and in June 1933 he became Commander, Battleships, Battle Force, with the rank of vice admiral. In July, he was assigned as Commander, Battle Force, U.S. Fleet, with the rank of admiral.

On February 26, 1934, Admiral Reeves was designated Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Fleet. He held this command until June 1936, when he was ordered to Washington, D.C., to serve on the General Board. He held the Board position until November 23, 1936, and retired seven days later.

Recall during World War II
The admiral's retirement was short-lived, as his nation again needed his services to fight another World War. Reeves was recalled to active duty on May 13, 1940, advanced to vice admiral on the retired list, and was attached to the Office of the Secretary of the Navy. Reeves served simultaneously as Lend-Lease Liaison Officer from March 1941 to December 1945, Senior Military Member of the Munitions Assignments Board and Chairman of the Munitions Assignment Committee (Navy) from 13 February 1942 to 8 November 1945, and Chairman of the Joint Munitions Allocation Committee from 11 January 1944 to 2 September 1945.

In diplomatic relations with the senior military representatives of the United Nations, Admiral Reeves displayed unusual qualities of leadership and rendered invaluable service in carrying out his duties. His skill and initiative in bringing about the harmonious distribution of finished materials to meet the demands of all United Nations Services, were essential to the integration of the Allied military organization, and his brilliant analyses of the overall situation were substantial factors in executing logistic plans in accordance with strategic requirements.

Reeves retired from the Navy as an Admiral in June 1947 and received the Distinguished Service Medal and Legion of Merit for his service. He spent his last years living in Maryland and died at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, on March 25, 1948.

Together with his wife Eleanor Watkins Reeves, Reeves had three children.

In popular culture
Reeves was portrayed by Jack Holt in Task Force (film).

Reeves's legacy
A warship and two airfields have been named in honor of Admiral Reeves.
 * The guided missile frigate USS Reeves (DLG/CG-24) was commissioned 15 May 1964 and won three battle stars for Vietnam service. The Reeves was reclassified on 30 June 1975 as a guided missile cruiser (CG-24). Reeves was decommissioned and stricken from the Navy Register on 12 November 1993 at Pearl Harbor. She was sunk at sea 31 May 2001 off the coast of Australia.
 * Joseph Mason Reeves Field ("Reeves Field") at NAS Lemoore, California, was dedicated November 20, 1961.
 * NAS Reeves Field San Pedro in California (later NAS Terminal Island), was dedicated during the 1930s. This airfield is no longer active.

Awards and decorations
Reeves earned the following awards and decorations:

title: Joseph M. Reeves


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Similarity (psychology)

Similarity refers to the psychological degree of identity of two mental representations. It is fundamental to human cognition since it provides the basis for categorization of entities into kinds and for various other cognitive processes. It underpins our ability to interact with unknown entities by predicting how they will behave based on their similarity to entities we are familiar with. Research in cognitive psychology has taken a number of approaches to the concept of similarity. Each of them is related to a particular set of assumptions about knowledge representation.

Mental distance approaches
Mental distance approaches assume that mental representations can be conceptualized as some kind of mental space. Concepts are represented as points within the space. Similarity between concepts is a function of the distance between the concepts in space. Concepts represented by points that are near to each other are more psychologically similar than are points that are conceptually distant. A strength of this approach is there are many mathematical techniques for deriving spaces from data such as multidimensional scaling and latent semantic analysis.

Featural approaches
Featural approaches were developed to address limitations of the mental distance approaches. For example, spaces are symmetric. The distance between two points is the same regardless of which point you start from. However, psychological similarity is not symmetric. For example, we often prefer to state similarity in one direction. For example, it feels more natural to say that 101 is like 100 than to say that 100 is like 101. Furthermore, many metaphors are also directional. Saying "That surgeon is a butcher" means something quite different from saying "That butcher is a surgeon."

Featural approaches assumed that people represent concepts by lists of features that describe properties of the items. A similarity comparison involves comparing the feature lists that represent the concepts. Features that are shared in the feature lists are commonalities of the pair and features that are contained in one feature set but not the other are differences of the pair. It is possible to account for people's intuitions or ratings of the similarities between concepts by assuming that judgments of similarity increase with the number of commonalities (weighted by the salience of those commonalities) and decreases with the number of differences (weighted by the salience of the differences).

Structural approaches
Structural approaches to similarity were developed to address limitations of the featural account. In particular, featural approaches assume that the commonalities and differences are independent of each other. However, commonalities and differences are not psychologically independent. In fact, determining the differences between a pair requires finding the commonalities. Consider the comparison between a car and a motorcycle. Both have wheels. That is a commonality. However, cars have four wheels, while motorcycles have two wheels. That is a difference. Because this difference required first finding a commonality between the pair, it is called an alignable difference. Alignable differences contrast with nonalignable differences which are aspects of one concept that have no correspondence in the other. For example, cars have seatbelts and motorcycles do not. Research suggests that alignable differences have a larger impact on people's judgments of similarity than do nonalignable differences. Thus, the relationship between the commonalities of a pair and the differences is important for understanding people's assessments of similarity. Structural approaches to similarity emerged from research on analogy.

Transformational approaches
Transformational accounts of similarity were developed to evaluate similarity independently of the type of mental representation. On this view, any mental representation can be transformed into another mental representation through some series of steps. For any representation system and set of transformations, it is possible to define the shortest set of steps (i.e., the shortest program) that will transform one representation into another. The shorter this minimal program, the more similarity the pair of concepts. found some evidence against this view, showing that the number of steps to transform the colors and shapes of geometric objects does not predict people's similarity judgments for those objects.

Social psychological approaches
In social psychology large amounts of empirical evidence indicate that similarity breeds liking; this is known as the similarity effect. Similarity refers to personality, attitudes, values, interests, and attraction shared between to individuals. Similarity is closely related to Bryne's social psychology model of interpersonal attraction (1961) which is determined by four variables: propinquity (how our environment and situation play a role in determining how often and to what degree we come in contact), need for affiliation, overt stimulus characteristics (refers to the observable attributes of an individual that serve to elicit positive or negative responses from others), and similarity. In short we determine our attraction or liking of another by positive and negative reinforcements and our emotions concerning the matter. When Individual A receives positive reinforcement from individual B, A's attraction toward B, increases the reverse is also true. Attitude similarity has also been found to serve as a strong foundation for long lasting friendship. Friends who share a similar interest in activities where more likely to perceive similarity and liking then those who shared similar attitudes. An individual's perceived similarity with another has been proven to show potential for romantic relationships even though actual similarity was reported to be low. These findings explain that individuals are more likely to be attracted to those who they perceive to share similar activities with such as occupation and hobbies. Propinquity also explains the relationship between liking and activities, those with similar interests tend to put themselves into similar types of settings increasing their chances of interaction. As frequency of interaction between 2 or more people increases, the degree of perceived similarity and liking for one another increases eventually leading to long lasting relationships.

Several explanations have been offered to explain in what way similarity increases interpersonal attraction (like-prefers-like). First, people with similar interests tend to put themselves into similar types of settings. For example, two people interested in literature are likely to run into each other in the library and form a relationship (involving the propinquity effect). Another explanation is that we notice similar people, and expect a relationship to be interpersonally validating and beneficial because of similar attitudes, behaviours and values. People are susceptible to making negative judgements about those who are 'out of group' than 'in group' from them socially, behaviorally or of different morals and values. Specifically, the 'Big Five' personality trait dimensions (extroversion and introversion, agreeableness and disagreeableness, openness and closeness, conscientiousness and apathetic, as well as mental stability and neuroticism) are behavioural traits often used to assess similarity or dissimilarity in relationships.

title: Similarity (psychology)


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Hålogaland

Hålogaland was the northernmost of the Norwegian provinces in the medieval Norse sagas. In the early Viking Age, before Harald Fairhair, Hålogaland was a kingdom extending between the Namdalen valley in Trøndelag county and the Lyngen fjord in Troms county.

Etymology and history
Ancient Norwegians said that Hálogaland was named after a royal named Hǫlgi. The Norse form of the name was Hálogaland. The first element of the word is the genitive plural of háleygr, a 'person from Hålogaland'. The last element is land, as in 'land' or 'region'. The meaning of the demonym háleygr is unknown. Thorstein Vikingson's Saga, 1, describes it as a compound of Hial, "Hel" or "spirit," and "loge", "fire" – although this is largely discredited.

The Gothic historian Jordanes in his work De origine actibusque Getarum (also known as Getica), written in Constantinople c. AD 551, mentions a people "Adogit" living in the far North. This could be an old form of háleygir and a possible reference to the petty kingdom of Hålogaland. Alex Woolf links the name Hålogaland to the aurora borealis — the "Northern Lights" —, saying that Hålogaland meant the "Land of the High Fire", loga deriving from logi, which refers to fire. This is also discredited.

A legendary interpretation is found in the medieval accounts of Ynglingatal and Skáldskaparmál; "Logi" is described as the personification of fire, a fire giant, and as a "son of Fornjót". In the medieval Orkneyinga saga and the account of Hversu Noregr byggðist ('How Norway was inhabited'), Fornjót is described as king of "Gotland, Kænland and Finnland". The royal lineages of his children are discussed in these and other medieval accounts. The beginning of the Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar ("Saga of Thorstein son of Víking") discusses King Logi, who ruled the country north of Norway. Because Logi was larger and stronger than any other man in land, his name was lengthened from Logi to Hálogi, meaning "High-Logi". Derived from that name his country became called Hálogaland, meaning "Hálogi's land". The spelling of the name changed to modern-day Hålogaland. Another interpretation of the name is presented by Halvdan Koht and Alfred Jacobsen (in Håløyminne 1, 1920): 'Háleygr' is derived from Proto-Scandinavian *HaÞulaikaR, with the elements *haÞu 'battle' and *laik- 'pledge', i.e., a wartime alliance of the many settlements in times of conflict.

The Hversu Noregr byggðist is a legendary account of the origin of various legendary Norwegian lineages. It traces the descendants of the primeval ruler Fornjót (Fornjotr) down to Nór, who unites the Norwegian lands. The Hversu account then gives details of the descendants of Nór and of his brother Gór in the following section known as the Ættartölur ("Genealogies", or Fundinn Noregr, "Founding of Norway"). The Hversu account is closely paralleled by the opening of the Orkneyinga saga.

In 873 AD, according to the Egil's saga (written c. 1240) the Kvens and Norse cooperate in battling against the invading Karelians. The chapter XVII of Egil's saga describes how Thorolf Kveldulfsson (King of Norway's tax chief starting 872 AD) from Namdalen, located in the southernmost tip of the historic Hålogaland, goes to Kvenland again:

"That same winter Thorolf went up on the fell with a hundred men; he passed on at once eastwards to Kvenland and met King Faravid."

Based on medieval documents, the above meeting took place during the winter of 873–874. Hålogaland's rather close vicinity to Kvenland is also demonstrated c. 1157 in the geographical chronicle Leiðarvísir og borgarskipan by the Icelandic Abbot Níkulás Bergsson (Nikolaos), who provides descriptions of lands around Norway:

"Closest to Denmark is little Svíþjóð (Sweden), there is Eyland (Öland); then is Gotland (Gotland); then Helsingaland (Hälsingland); then Vermaland (Värmland); then two Kvenlönd (Kvenlands), and they extend to north of Bjarmaland (Bjarmia)."

As recorded in Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, King Hákon Hákonarson settled some of the people of Bjarmaland in the area surrounding the Malangen fjord near modern Tromsø in the 1230s or 1240s. According to Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum, King Helgi of Hålogaland married a Princess Thora of Lappland and Bjarmaland, daughter of Prince Gusi, but in other sources he is only given as King of Lappland. In any event, for centuries the Norwegians of Hålogaland had extensive relations with both the Bjarmar and Saami, and to some extent also the Kvens.

Modern usage
In modern times, the term Hålogaland is used in a variety of senses. For some purposes, all of Northern Norway, Svalbard and Jan Mayen are covered under the term Hålogaland. For other purposes the counties of Nordland and Troms constitute Hålogaland. Hålogaland or even Mid Hålogaland are frequent terms covering the smaller districts of Ofoten, Lofoten and Vesterålen, as well as the municipalities Bjarkøy, Gratangen, Harstad, Ibestad, Kvæfjord and Tjeldsund of Troms county. The term has also been used in this last sense, minus the Lofoten archipelago.

The name is currently used by the Dioceses of Nord-Hålogaland, Sør-Hålogaland, as well as by a Court of Appeal, a theater and a large bridge. A derived name is Helgeland which refers to southern Nordland.

History
Hålogaland figures extensively in the Norse sagas, and in the Heimskringla, especially the Ynglinga Saga and Háleygjatal. It was inhabited by the race of Hölgi (Háleygja ætt) who was the eponymous hero of Hålogaland.

In the saga, Heimskringla, a man called Gudlög led a number of Norwegian pirates that were fought by the Swedish king Jorund and king Godgest of Hålogaland was given a horse by the Swedish king Adils. The first earl of Lade, Håkon Grjotgardsson, ruler of Trøndelag, came from Hålogaland, and sought to extend his kingdom southwards. Here, he met with Harald Fairhair, and joined him.

Archaeologists have uncovered the Chieftain House at Borg in Lofoten (På Borg på Vestvågøya i Lofoten), a large Viking Age building believed to have been already established around the year 500. Archaeological studies commenced here in 1983 and in 1986–89, a joint Scandinavian research project was conducted at Borg. Excavations brought to light remains of the largest building ever to be found from the Viking Era in Norway, 83 meters long and 9 meters high. The chieftain's seat at Borg is estimated to have been abandoned around AD 950. Today the site is the location of the Lofotr Viking Museum.

Geography
Hålogaland is a drowned coastline containing extensive mountainous fjords and islands. It was a refuge for Viking ships as well as a way station for voyagers to the White Sea, which offered access to Russia. Narvik was an important World War II objective. In 2008, the name was proposed as the possible name of an independent Northern Norway.

Other sources

 * Berglund, Birgitta (1994) Helgeland historie (Mosjøen) ISBN 82-90148-55-0
 * Bertelsen, Reidar (1985) Lofoten og Vesteralens historie: Fra den eldste tida til ca. 1500 e (Kommunene i Lofoten og Vesteralen) ISBN 978-82-90412-37-6
 * Bertelsen, Reidar (1985) Lofoten og Vesteralens historie: Fra den eldste tida til ca. 1500 e (Kommunene i Lofoten og Vesteralen) ISBN 978-82-90412-37-6

title: Hålogaland