text:
Agriculture in the Russian Empire

Agriculture in the Russian Empire throughout the 19th-20th centuries Russia represented a major world force, yet it lagged technologically behind other developed countries. Imperial Russia (officially founded in 1721 and abolished in 1917) was amongst the largest exporters of agricultural produce, especially wheat. The Free Economic Society of 1765 to 1919 made continuing efforts to improve farming techniques.

The Russian peasant (male) was colloquially called a krestyanin (крестьянин), the female form of this word is krestyanka (крестьянка), plural - krestyane (крестьяне). Some arrogate this meaning to the word muzhik, moujik (мужи́к) (man), and this word was calqued into Western languages through translations of Russian literature of 19th century, that described Russian rural life of that times, and where really the word muzhik referred to the most common rural dweller - a peasant, but that was only a narrow contextual meaning of the word. Muzhik is a word that means "man" (mature male human), and in more civil language it can mean "plain man". In Russian, "муж" (muzh — husband; venerable man), "мужчина" (muzhchina — mature male human) and "мужик" (muzhik) are derived from the same root word. The female equivalent word is baba (баба).

Geography and crops
The black-earth belt (or chernozem) stretched in a broad band north-east from the Romanian border to include Ukraine, Central Agricultural Region, Middle Volga region, south-west Urals and south-western Siberia. This expanse, together with the alluvial zone of the Kuban in the North Caucasus, constituted the fertile `grain-surplus' steppe areas of cereal production. In the non-black earth grain-deficit areas, with their poor soils, the peasants turned to cottage industry (and increasingly factory industry), as well as livestock breeding and the cultivation of vegetables and industrial crops, to make up their livelihoods. They relied on `imports' from the grain-surplus regions to make up the deficiency of cereals.

Rye and oats were the traditional grains. Before the Emancipation of the serfs in 1861 wheat was mainly grown on the demesnes of the landlords of the grain-surplus areas, and mainly for export abroad. But during the 20th century wheat progressively replaced rye as the principal grain crop.

Row and industrial crops were more remunerative than grain, or at worst provided their cultivators with extra income or consumables (hence they were called `cash crops'). Their cultivation spread steadily during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and they were increasingly grown as part of improved crop rotations (see below). Flax and potatoes were grown in the west, north-west, Central Industrial Region and the Urals; sugar-beet in northern Ukraine and Central Agricultural region; sunflower in south-eastern Russia and southern Ukraine; cotton in central Asia and Transcaucasia. By 1917 most vegetables and industrial crops were grown by the peasants. By this time sugar-beet was the only culture to be grown mainly on large estates (and this too largely fell into peasant hands as a result of the Revolution). These cultures require much more work than grain (hence called `intensive cultures'). Before the mechanization of agriculture potatoes needed 64 man-days of labour a year per desyatin (1 desyatin is about 1.1 hectare), flax or cotton up to 110 man-days, sugar-beet as much as 180. This compared with only 30 and 23 man-days a year for winter and spring grain respectively.

Exports
The reign of Catherine II was associated with the beginning of mass grain exports, which had previously been banned under Elizabeth Petrovna. By the end of Catherine's reign, it amounted to 1.3 million rubles per year.

Throughout the 19th century the Russian wheat crop developed into a significant export commodity, with trading and shipping mainly in the hands of members of the Greek Diaspora from the Baltic Sea, Taganrog, and Odessa. Traders and shippers, such as the Vagliano and Ralli Brothers, helped to finance the international trade, with the Baltic Exchange of London developed the market for the Russian wheat crop, while hedging of Russian wheat through futures contracts helped establish the new American futures exchanges, especially during times of uncertainty.

By 1910, Russian wheat constituted 36.4% of the total world export of wheat. At the same time, agricultural efficiency was lower in comparison with other developed countries (e.g., grain throughout was 20% lower than in the United States). The growth observed in the beginning of the 20th century was driven mainly by the extensive development of agriculture stimulated by the Stolypin reform, while the mechanization and agrarian culture remained relatively low. Further development was arrested by the dramatic historical events of the period: revolts, World War I and the Russian Revolution.

The open fields
In most of Slavonic Russia the peasants practised the open field system. The fields lay beyond the village's houses and gardens. Here the peasants grew the extensive cereal cultures and, to a limited but increasing extent, row and industrial crops too. The crops were protected from livestock by temporary fencing. After the harvest the peasants opened the land to let their animals graze on the stubble (which provided manure for the soil as well). (In addition to the arable land, there was some permanent pasture-land, waste [unutilized land] and, in non-steppe areas, woodland as well.)

Each household held its arable land as a number of strips scattered throughout the fields. The strips were periodically redistributed by the mir (plural miry) so as to maintain equality among the households (see Repartition). The strips were supposed to be the length a horse-and-plough team could travel without `pausing for breath'. They were also narrow. In the Central Agricultural Region they were normally 80 sazhen (560 ft) long and 3-4 sazhen (21–28 feet) wide; in the Central Industrial Region strips 70–100 feet long and 7–14 feet wide were common. The number of strips for each household varied from region to region. In the centre and north there could be as many as 40 or 50. Large numbers of narrow strips were the consequence of a strict egalitarianism in sharing out land of differing qualities. Sometimes strips were too narrow for a harrow to travel along. In the large southern communities the problem was rather the distance of the strips from the household; in the Lower Volga it could be 15 kilometres or more. To farm such strips, temporary `camping out' was employed.

In dry areas (which included most of the black-earth belt) strips were divided from one another by grass borders and access paths. The amount of arable occupied by these borders has been estimated as high as 7%. In moist and rainy areas (the non-black earth) the basic strip-units were formed as a ridge-and-furrow system. As in medieval western Europe, perennial ploughing had gradually produced a `corrugated' landscape of raised ridges or selions with ditches or furrows between them. The furrows acted as drainage. Such a system was necessary before the introduction of modern under-field drainage.

Common field system
Miry usually practiced the common-field system, in which all peasants grew the same crop in the same part of the mir's arable at the same time. Thus the whole harvest on a particular area could be gathered at the same time. This was necessary because of the peasants' custom of pasturing their livestock on the stubble. To preserve soil fertility on the arable, the mir generally employed a crop-rotation with fallow. The distribution of different crops would be `cycled' around from year to year. The most widespread system in use was the three-course or triennial rotation. One-third of the land was dedicated to winter grain (rye or winter wheat), another third to spring grain (oats or spring wheat) and the remainder lay fallow. Other crops (e.g. legumes, vetches) were occasionally grown with the grain and took part in the same cycle. The three-course rotation was an inefficient system, one-third of the land always lying fallow. During the later 19th and earlier 20th centuries a start was made in introducing improved rotations with reduced or eliminated fallow (see `Improving Agriculture' below).

Agricultural calendar
Common cropping required adherence to an agricultural calendar. There was a latest time for harvesting, and hence for the previous ploughing and sowing. In Russia, with its short growing season, latest times tended also to be earliest, necessitating a fairly tight yearly schedule of tasks. Peasants carried out each field-work job simultaneously. This resulted in a pattern `of parallel columns of men, women and adolescents from the various households working the narrow strips at sowing and harvesttime'.

Grain farming occurred in two bursts of activity. Spring, after the melting of the snows, was dedicated to ploughing and sowing the spring field. But the late-summer/early-autumn period was the most intense. Within a six-week period, spring-sown crops had to be harvested and processed and the winter field ploughed and sown — all before the onset of cold inhibited operations.

Improved crop-rotations
Improved multi-course crop-rotations began slowly to be introduced on mir arable in the late 19th century. The early experiments were mainly on the non-Black-earth lands, especially the Central-Industrial, West and North-West regions. Flax was the first `new' crop to be introduced into the rotation. But within the three-course system flax exhausted the soil's fertility; peasants learned to replenish it by planting clover. Multi-course systems with sown fodder grasses and clover (travopolye (Травополье), travoseyanie) allowed more cattle and other livestock to be kept, who in turn provided more manure to increase soil fertility. This `fodder-crop revolution' had earlier been central to the 18th-century agricultural revolution in Western Europe. By 1924 multi-crop rotations covered 7.2% of the sown area of the Russian Federation. But these improvements were largely confined to the Central-Industrial, Western and North-Western regions. Moscow province was at the forefront; there the three-field system was almost eliminated by the end of 1926. But, up to the mid-1920s, such progress was largely confined to the Central-Industrial, Western and North-Western regions. The grain-surplus areas had as yet seen little progress. In 1924 multi-course systems covered just 3% of arable in the Central Black-Earth region, and the situation was even worse elsewhere. But thereafter rapid progress was made in the grain-surplus areas. It also continued in the grain-deficit areas. By 1927 multi-course rotations covered 17.3% of the sown area in the Russian Federation as a whole. And `[b]y 1928 grass had almost everywhere replaced fallow, the most important exception being the Central Black-Earth region'.

Broad-strip consolidation
The natural concomitant of the improved crop rotation was land consolidation. On wholly consolidated farms (khutory and otruby) multi-course systems had largely superseded the three-course one. But, after the Revolution, such farms had largely been broken up outside their established areas. The new regime generally favoured partial consolidation into broadened strips, which was less individualistic, and this was the form that consolidation usually took. Multi-course rotations were usually established on consolidated land, and the two were usually inaugurated simultaneously. A certain amount of strip-consolidation was necessary in such circumstances to prevent multiplication of strips (if a mir changed from a three-course to a six-course rotation, for example, the number of strips per household would have otherwise doubled). Broad-strip consolidation also addressed the problems of over-narrow strips and, in large communities, of the amount of travelling from strip to strip. In the advanced region of Moscow province, 32.1% of peasant households had improved open-field (i.e. broadened-strip) tenure in 1917. In 1925 almost 7.5% of miry in the USSR had broad strips. Further progress was made in the later 1920s. In the lead was the North Caucasus, in which 19.4% of the agricultural area had been converted to broad strips by the end of 1927, and 21.9% in 1928.

Horticulture
In the later 19th century the growth of towns and cities in central Russia encouraged the development of market gardening and truck farming in this region. By the eve of the 1917 Revolution the garden economy was developing quickly.

title: Agriculture in the Russian Empire


text:
1923 in Ireland

Events from the year 1923 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * Governor-General: Tim Healy
 * President of the Executive Council: W. T. Cosgrave (CnaG)
 * Vice-President of the Executive Council: Kevin O'Higgins (CnaG)
 * Minister for Finance:
 * W. T. Cosgrave (CnaG) (until 21 September 1923)
 * Ernest Blythe (CnaG) (from 21 September 1923)
 * Dáil:
 * 3rd (until 9 August 1923)
 * 4th (from 19 September 1923)

Events

 * 10 January – an order is signed creating the Revenue Commissioners.
 * 13 January – Beechpark, the residence of President W. T. Cosgrave in Dublin, is set on fire.
 * 16 January – Provisional Government of Ireland takes office.
 * 22 January – the Minister for Education, Eoin MacNeill, announces that Irish is to become a subject for examination in the Civil Service.
 * 18 February – an amnesty for IRA Irregulars expires on this day. It was introduced by the Minister for Home Affairs, Kevin O'Higgins.
 * 1 April – the Provisional Government establishes customs posts on the border with Northern Ireland.
 * 11 April – Liam Lynch, Chief of Staff of the Irregulars, is wounded and captured by the Free State's National Army in the Knockmealdown Mountains. His subsequent death in Clonmel is also announced by the army.
 * 14 April – Austin Stack is captured by National Army troops at the foot of the Knockmealdown Mountains.
 * 30 April – thousands turn up to greet Jim Larkin as he returns to Ireland after a nine-year absence in the United States.
 * 28 May – the Government releases two captured documents issued by the IRA on 24 May. The letters, signed by Éamon de Valera and Frank Aiken (the new Chief of Staff) call for the dumping of arms and the ending of armed struggle. The Civil War is officially over.
 * 31 May – obelisk of 1736 commemorating the Battle of the Boyne (1690) at Oldbridge (County Meath) is blown up.
 * 20 July – Éamon de Valera appeals to the American Association for the Recognition of the Irish Republic for $100,000 to fight the upcoming general election.
 * August – the British Royal Navy patrol ship HMY Helga is handed over to the Irish Coastal and Marine Service as the Public Armed Ship Muirchú.
 * 2 August – Joe Whitty dies on an independent hunger strike, the first of three IRA men to die in the 1923 Irish Hunger Strikes.
 * 15 August – Éamon de Valera is arrested at an election meeting in Ennis, County Clare.
 * 27 August – 1923 Irish general election: Cumann na nGaedheal under W. T. Cosgrave win most seats and form a minority government.
 * 10 September – Ireland is admitted into the League of Nations.
 * 17 September – 33 members present themselves at Leinster House for the swearing in of the new Dáil. No anti-Treaty republicans attend.
 * 19 September – the Fourth Dáil meets for the first time at Leinster House. Michael Hayes is elected Ceann Comhairle and W. T. Cosgrave is elected President of the Executive Council.
 * 13 October–23 November – 1923 Irish Hunger Strikes: IRA prisoners in Irish gaols stage a hunger strike; two die.
 * 15 October – the Mallow Viaduct over the River Blackwater is officially re-opened by President W. T. Cosgrave.
 * Full date unknown
 * The Royal Bank of Ireland buys the Irish Free State business of the Belfast Banking Company, which in turn buys the Northern Ireland business of the Royal Bank of Ireland. See Allied Irish Banks.
 * The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland calls for curbs on the immigration of Irish Catholics.

Arts and literature

 * 11 April – Seán O'Casey's drama The Shadow of a Gunman, the first of his "Dublin Trilogy" (set in 1920), opens at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin.
 * 14 November – W. B. Yeats is awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. This year he also publishes his poetry The Cat and the Moon (including "Leda and the Swan").
 * Elizabeth Bowen publishes her first book, a collection of short stories, Encounters, in London.
 * Liam O'Flaherty publishes his first novel, Thy Neighbour's Wife.
 * Mainie Jellett's Decoration is among the first abstract paintings shown in Ireland when it is exhibited at the Society of Dublin Painters Group Show.

Boxing

 * World light heavyweight championship
 * Winners: Mike McTigue defeated Battling Siki for the title on St Patrick's Day, 1923, at La Scala Theatre, Dublin.

Football

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: Shamrock Rovers
 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: Alton United 1 - 0 Shelbourne. Played at Dalymount Park, Dublin, on 17 March 1923.
 * Belfast side Alton United of the Falls District League are shock winners of the Free State Cup beating Shelbourne 1–0 in the final at Dalymount Park. Clubs and leagues in republican areas of Northern Ireland had affiliated to the FA of the Irish Free State after the 1921 split from the Belfast-based Irish Football Association.

Gaelic Games

 * The All-Ireland Champions are Galway (hurling) and Dublin (Gaelic football)

Births

 * 2 January – Cathal Goulding, Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army and the Official IRA (died 1998).
 * 15 January – Tommy Eglington, soccer player (died 2004).
 * 31 January – Joseph Burke, cricketer (died 2005).
 * 9 February – Brendan Behan, poet, novelist and playwright (died 1964).
 * 20 March – Con Martin, soccer player and manager (died 2013).
 * 8 April – Edward Mulhare, actor (died 1997).
 * 2 May – Patrick Hillery, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister, European Commissioner and sixth President of Ireland (died 2008).
 * 24 May – Siobhán McKenna, née Siobhán Giollamhuire Nic Cionnaith, actress (died 1986).
 * May – Seán Óg Ó Ceallacháin, journalist, author and broadcaster (died 2013).
 * 3 June – Maureen Flavin Sweeney, postmistress (died 2023).
 * 11 June – Seán Condon, Cork hurler (died 2001).
 * 17 June – W. M. Gorman, economist (died 2003).
 * 23 June – Peter Corr, international soccer player and father of The Corrs members (died 2001).
 * 8 July – John Wilson, Fianna Fáil TD and Cabinet Minister, previously Cavan Gaelic footballer (died 2007).
 * 10 September – Mickey Byrne, Tipperary hurler (died 2016).
 * 23 September – Seán Treacy, Labour Party Teachta Dála for Tipperary South, Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann (died 2018).
 * 8 October – Kathleen Mills, camogie player (died 1996).
 * 29 October – Paddy Donegan, Fine Gael TD and Cabinet Minister (died 2000).
 * 10 November – Tommy Moroney, soccer and rugby player (died 1981).
 * 17 December – Dennis Flynn, soldier in Canada, Chairman of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto (died 2003).
 * 21 December – Scott Huey, cricketer (died 2012).
 * 25 December – Jim Tunney, Fianna Fáil TD, Minister of State and Lord Mayor of Dublin (died 2002).
 * 28 December – Anthony Cronin, poet (died 2016).

Deaths

 * 28 January – George Richardson, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1859 at Kewane Trans-Gogra, India (born 1831).
 * 25 March – Thomas Crean, surgeon, rugby player and soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1901 at Tygerkloof Spruit, South Africa (born 1873).
 * 10 April – Liam Lynch, commanding general of the anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army during the Irish Civil War, shot and killed (born 1893).
 * 17 April – Laurence Ginnell, nationalist, lawyer and politician, member of 1st Dáil (born 1852).
 * 23 April – Seán Etchingham, Sinn Féin politician, member of 1st Dáil, Cabinet Minister (born 1868).
 * 29 April – Robert Carew, 3rd Baron Carew (born 1860).
 * 11 June – Herbert Trench, poet (born 1865).
 * 16 July – Sydney Mary Thompson, geologist and botanist (born 1847).
 * 9 August – O'Moore Creagh, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1879 at Kam Dakka, Afghanistan (born 1848).
 * 20 October – Thomas MacPartlin, trade union official, elected to 1922 Seanad (born 1879).
 * 9 November – Maurice Healy, lawyer, politician and MP (born 1859).
 * 20 November – Denny Barry, Irish Republican, in 1923 Irish Hunger Strikes (born 1883).
 * 22 November – Andy O'Sullivan, agriculturalist and Irish Republican, died after 40 days on hunger strike in St. Bricin's Military Hospital, Dublin in 1923 Irish Hunger Strikes (born 1882).
 * 5 December – Edward Martyn, playwright and activist (born 1859).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1923 in Ireland


text: User talk:68.85.93.56

title: User talk:68.85.93.56


text:
User:Nayra

Nayra is not related to (as in the same person as) Narya the great--naryathegreat 20:29, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Nayra


text:
Stinsford

Stinsford is a village and civil parish in southwest Dorset, England, about 1 mi east of Dorchester. The parish includes the settlements of Higher and Lower Bockhampton. The name Stinsford may derive from stynt, Old English for a limited area of pasture. In the 2011 United Kingdom census, the parish had a population of 334.

The parish has five large country houses - Birkin House, Frome House, Kingston Maurward House, the Elizabethan era Old Manor House and Stinsford House. Much of the land in the parish is occupied by Kingston Maurward College, a further education college.

St Michael's Church
There has been worship at the site since at least Norman times, but the only remaining parts of the earliest structure are the sculpture of St Michael, inside the west wall of the south aisle, and the restored Purbeck Marble font.

St Michael's was the local church of novelist and poet Thomas Hardy and he was baptised here. Stinsford is the original 'Mellstock' of Hardy's novels Under the Greenwood Tree and Jude the Obscure.

Hardy's heart was buried in the churchyard in 1928, alongside the grave of his first wife, Emma Lavinia Gifford, who died in 1912 and his second wife, Florence Dugdale, who died in 1937. The churchyard also contains the grave of Poet Laureate Cecil Day-Lewis, who died in 1972 and had arranged for his burial to be close to Hardy whom he admired. Also here are the remains of the actor and dramatist William O'Brien (died 1815) and his wife Lady Susan Fox-Strangways.

Football
Stinsford has a six-a-side football team which plays in the Dorset six-a-side leagues. The team is noted for its luminous orange strip and has provided players who have later moved on to play for football teams such as Yeovil Town F.C.

title: Stinsford


text:
Ken Fry

Kenneth Lionel Fry (8 November 1920 – 10 October 2007) was a Member of the Australian House of Representatives representing Fraser, Australian Capital Territory for the Australian Labor Party, from 1974 to 1984.

Early years
Fry was born in Inverell, New South Wales, the youngest of seven children, and spent many of his early years around Bathurst. He completed a diploma at the Hawkesbury Agricultural College in 1938. During World War II, he served in the Second Australian Imperial Force from 1939 to 1945, including service in New Guinea, Borneo and South East Asia. He married Audrey Clibbens in 1946 and then worked in business and farming in the Bathurst district from 1947 to 1967. He joined the Australian Public Service in 1968 as an agricultural officer. He completed a BA at the Australian National University (ANU) in 1973 and a BLitt in 1981.

Political career
Fry was a member of the Australian Capital Territory Advisory Council from 1970 to 1974. In 1973, he was elected as the first president of the Australian Capital Territory branch of the Labor Party. In 1974 he was elected as the first member for Fraser. From 1975, he became particularly involved in the campaign for the independence of East Timor. Subsequently, Fry addressed three international bodies on this issue: the UN Security Council in April 1976, the international conference on East Timor in Lisbon in May 1979 and the Permanent Peoples Tribunal hearing on East Timor in Lisbon in 1981. Fry retired from politics in 1984.

Life after politics
After retiring from Parliament, Fry returned initially to study, completing his PhD in Australian history under the guidance of Professor Manning Clark at ANU. Fry and his wife later retired to the South Coast of New South Wales.

title: Ken Fry


text:
Talk:Bahrain Grand Prix

Name Change?
Shouldn't this page be at Bahraini Grand Prix. We do not have Turkey Grand Prix or Australia Grand Prix.--Greasysteve13 02:44, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Bahrain is the correct term to use. Andreasu 14:44, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay. Should we note that it is inconsistant then?--Greasysteve13 07:30, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Same story with the Monaco Grand Prix, it isn't called the Monégasque Grand Prix or United States Grand Prix instead of American Grand Prix. Yes you do have a good point of that metioning it should be named as he "nationalilty" words, but it isn't as the FIA calls them different. Andreasu 23:15, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Lap Record
Don't you think it would be suitable to include the lap record of this track on the right hand side? (I don't know it myself) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.30.95.205 (talk) 07:23, 28 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Lap record belongs essentially to the circuit rather than the race, and can be found at Bahrain International Circuit. --Falcadore (talk) 07:51, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

New Layout
Perhaps we could have a picture of the old layout to compare with the new one? --MooBaloo (talk) 17:36, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

The layout for 2011 has reverted to the 2009 configuration. Should the picture be reverted, or a new one created to show this? Goetzathome (talk) 11:42, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

Links
>> Bahrain activists urge boycott of F1 raceLihaas (talk) 18:58, 4 April 2014 (UTC)

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Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
Which flag for Honda RBPT? GBR, AUT or JPN? Island92 (talk) 17:58, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I think it should be JPN since RBPT has little to do with the power units. They are also made in Japan, as confirmed by this source: "Watanabe underlined Honda's commitment to Red Bull until the end of the 2025 season and confirmed the majority of the production of the current power unit, which will now be called a Honda-RBPT, would continue to be carried out in Japan." Carfan568 (talk) 01:24, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Should the engine manufacturers even have flags? See this discussion from 2020. DH85868993 (talk) 05:43, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, they should. Consistency with other tables for the section "Winners". Island92 (talk) 10:51, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Let's go for JPN. Island92 (talk) 10:51, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bahrain Grand Prix


text:
Stoke Abbott

Stoke Abbott is a village and civil parish in west Dorset, England, 2 mi west of Beaminster. In 2013 the estimated population of the parish was 190.

The author Ralph Wightman, agriculturist, broadcaster, and native of Dorset, described the village as "a beautiful place of deep lanes, orchards and old houses, with a church of quiet charm", and, in a similar vein, Sir Frederick Treves in 1906 considered it "as pretty a village as any in Dorset".

On Waddon Hill to the northwest of the village are the remains of earthworks of an early settlement, consisting of a low bank 9 m wide and traces of a ditch, though historic quarrying around the hill may have destroyed more. Mid-1st-century Roman and Romano-British military artefacts were found on the hill's southern slopes in 1876–1878. In the Domesday Book in 1086 the village was recorded as Stoche and had 32 households.

The parish church of St Mary the Virgin has Norman origins but has been altered and added to over the centuries. The 12th-century font is notable. The poet William Crowe was rector here between 1782 and 1786; at the end of his incumbency he published his most well known piece, Lewesdon Hill, about the hill to the west of the village. The Very Rev Hedley Robert Burrows (1887–1983), who later became Archdeacon of Winchester and then Dean of Hereford, was incumbent at Stoke Abbott for a time.

Politics
In the UK national parliament, Stoke Abbott is within the West Dorset parliamentary constituency. As of 2024, the Member of Parliament (MP) is Chris Loder of the Conservative Party.

After 2019 structural changes to local government in England, Stoke Abbott is part of the Marshwood Vale ward which elects 1 member to Dorset Council.

title: Stoke Abbott


text:
List of mass media in Austria

General
German magazines and (private) TV stations have affected the development of Austria since their foundation. Because German TV stations broadcast by satellite, it is possible to receive them throughout Austria as well.

Broadsheet

 * Die Presse centre-right, classical liberal
 * Der Standard centre-left, social liberal
 * Salzburger Nachrichten centre-right, Christian liberal
 * Wiener Zeitung organ of the Republic of Austria

Intermediate

 * Kurier, centre, social liberal
 * Neues Volksblatt
 * Oberösterreichische Nachrichten
 * Tiroler Tageszeitung
 * Vorarlberger Nachrichten

Tabloid

 * Kronen Zeitung populist
 * Kleine Zeitung moderate, Catholic-liberal
 * Österreich populist
 * Heute populist [German link]

Historical Archive

 * ANNO - AustriaN Newspapers Online by the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (Austrian National Library) including online search of historical newspapers (1689-1946).

High brow

 * profil current events, moderate
 * Datum current events, liberal
 * Gewinn finance and economics

Low brow

 * NEWS society, current events

TV

 * ORF eins, 2, III and Sport+, the Austrian nationwide television channels by public broadcaster ORF
 * ATV, private TV channel in Austria
 * Puls 4, private TV channel in Austria
 * Servus TV, private TV channel in Austria
 * FS1, Community TV channel in Salzburg

Austria was the second last European country (Albania was the last one) when it officially allowed other TV stations in 2003.

Radio

 * ORF OE1 News and documentaries
 * ORF OE2 Regional Radioprogramm, featuring mostly folk- and folkish music
 * ORF OE3 Pop / Rock music
 * ORF FM4 Cutting edge music channel, youth oriented
 * Kronehit Private radio, Pop / Rock music
 * Antenne Private radio, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s music
 * Radiofabrik, Community radio in Salzburg
 * Orange 94.0, Community radio in Vienna Its self declared aim is to amplify those voices, which are ignored by the mainstream media.

Austria was the last European country where radio broadcasting was a state monopoly until 1998, when private radio stations were officially allowed.

Online

 * Kontrast.at (DE), social democratic political online magazine, published by SPÖ
 * mokant.at (DE), independent Austrian online magazine
 * ORF.at (DE), News service of the public broadcaster
 * Unzensuriert.at(DE), right-wing news-magazine, published by FPÖ

title: List of mass media in Austria


text:
Talk:Belgian Grand Prix

Punctuation
The use of the semi-colon in French differs from its use in English. In the French language, it is most commonly used as a list delimiter, a use which is almost absent from English, which uses it as a more emphatic separator of disjucted ideation than a colon, which indicates conjuntive ideation (or in plainer English, a colon indicates the content which follows is intended to be an extension of the preceding logic, whereas a semi-colon indicates the absence of such an extension, often being used to find a balance by adding a contrasting viewpoint). I have therefore removed the extensive use of semicolons from the original, mostly replacing them with full stops.

title: Talk:Belgian Grand Prix


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Talk:Brazilian Grand Prix

I'm gonna update this one, no worries. Bobo192

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Sao Paulo GP
We don't consider Emilio Romagna GP on the same page as the San Marino GP or the Styrian GP on the same page as the Austrian GP - so why would the Sao Paulo GP use the same page as the Brazilian GP?

I understand that there's a bit of murkiness creeping in with Malaysian to Malaysia and Mexico to Mexico City so it's not as clear cut as it used to be, but I still think that this should be considered as a separate page.SchueyFan (talk) 13:28, 16 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brazilian Grand Prix


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Talk:Agriculture in the Russian Empire

Old talk
This article is necessary for collecting facts used in comparisons with the Soviet Union. I wrote some, out of my head, but I know nothing better and have no special interest in the subject, sorry.

1913: Россия: 55 пудов хлеба с десятины, CША: 68, Франция: 89, Бельгия - 168. (1 "desyatina": cca. 2.75 acre, 1 "pood" = 16.4kg) Mikkalai 20:34, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Fursov talk
Here is a fascinating talk by Andrei Fursov about the productivity of Russian farms, compared to western farms: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRGNi7gqvcg

--Nanite (talk) 19:51, 31 March 2017 (UTC)

Short Description
This section has little to do with the subject or the rest of the article, it should be replaced with a concise summary.

--69.218.223.39 (talk) 15:02, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Agriculture in the Russian Empire


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Stour Row

Stour Row is a village in north Dorset, England, situated beside Duncliffe Hill 3 mi southwest of Shaftesbury. It lies within the parish of the neighbouring village of Stour Provost. Stour Row has approximately 150 houses and 300 residents. It has a village hall, which is used to run regular social events. Today it has few other amenities, but it had a petrol station, pub and shop prior to the early 1980s. It has a church, All Saints, which was built in 1867 but which has now closed due to falling congregation numbers. The last service was held in the church on 15 October 2015. Stour Row lies within the SP7 postcode area on the edge of the Blackmore Vale.

History
Stour Row developed as a small hamlet along the Shaftesbury to Marnhull road, some 3+1/4 mi west of Shaftesbury. Originally, known as Stower Row, it was part of the manor of Stour Provost which itself is mentioned in the Domesday Book simply as ‘Stur’.

The manor and lands of Stower had been granted to Eton College by Henry VI but the manor was later granted to the Provost, Fellows and Scholars of King's College, Cambridge, by Edward IV. King's College retained possession of much of the land until they sold it in 1925, at which point many farmers and cottagers were able to buy their property as sitting tenants.

Ownership of the 213 acre Duncliffe Wood rested with the Forestry Commission by 1980, who in turn put it up for sale for £120,000 in 1984. The Woodland Trust launched a successful campaign to raise funds through a public appeal and the purchase was completed that year, keeping this wonderful amenity open to the public.

Many of the houses in Stour Row were built alongside the main routes through the village in a typical "Dorset strip" fashion with long thin gardens running alongside the road. Most date from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Some of the farms, however, appear to date back far further and many take their names from former owners.

Formerly the village boasted a pub, The College Arms. It is not certain when the dwelling which housed it became an inn but it may have been around 1829 when Edward Painter, a ‘Common Brewer’ bought the house. The property was bought by the brewers Hall and Woodhouse in 1963 but they sold it on to the licensee Robert Martin on condition that is ceased to sell liquor, and the pub closed.

Village Hall
Stour Row village hall is a converted Congregationalist chapel built in 1847 and purchased by the village for £105/1s/6d in 1949 and became the Village Hall, and a registered charity. Among the necessary alterations a kitchen extension was built at the cost of £361/17s/3d.

During 2013 the Hall underwent major restructuring, redecoration and modernising as a result of the generous contributions of local residents in terms of time and finance. This has provided a clean, bright and airy hall with modern kitchen, a store room and toilet with disabled facilities. In addition, the small garden area is maintained as a picnic area with children’s swing set for use in all weathers.

title: Stour Row


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1st (African) Division

The 1st (African) Division was a British Empire colonial unit during the Second World War. The division was formed on 24 July 1940 in East Africa. On 24 November of that year, the division was re-designated as the British Army's 11th (African) Division. The division were composed primarily of West African and East African troops. It was disbanded on 23 November 1941 and its component units reassigned.

The division should not be confused with 11th (East Africa) Division which was raised in 1943 using solely East African units and which fought in Burma.

Background
In 1938, the King's African Rifles (KAR) in Kenya had been composed of 2 brigade-strength units organized as a Northern Brigade and a Southern Brigade. The combined strength of both units amounted to 94 officers, 60 non-commissioned officers, and 2,821 African other ranks. After the outbreak of war, these units provided the trained nucleus for the rapid expansion of the KAR.

By March 1940, the strength of the KAR had reached 883 officers, 1,374 non-commissioned officers, and 20,026 African other ranks. The size of a KAR battalion was established at 36 officers, 44 non-commissioned officers and other ranks, and 1,050 African other ranks.

Initially the KAR deployed as the 1st East African Infantry Brigade and the 2nd East African Infantry Brigade. The first brigade was responsible for coastal defence and the second was responsible for the defence of the interior.

By the end of July, 2 additional East African brigades were formed, the 3rd East African Infantry Brigade and the 6th East African Infantry Brigade. Initially a Coastal Division and a Northern Frontier District Division were planned. But, instead, on 19 July, the 1st (African) Division and the 2nd (African) Division were formed. On 24 November, these divisions became the 11th African Division and the 12th African Division.

By July 1940, under the terms of a war contingency plan, the Royal West African Frontier Force provided 2 brigades for service in Kenya. One brigade was from the Gold Coast (Ghana) and one brigade was from Nigeria. The 1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade, together with 2 East African brigades (KAR brigades) and some South Africans, formed 11th African Division. The 12th African Division had a similar formation with a Ghanaian brigade taking the place of a Nigerian brigade.

Combat history
The 1st (African) Division fought in East Africa. Between 4 February to 26 February, during the East African Campaign, the division fought its only battle on the Juba. On 28 July 1941 the headquarters closed in Ethiopia, transferring to Nairobi, where it opened again on 20 August. It took command of new formations upon the transfer to Kenya. On 23 November 1941 the division headquarters ceased to exist.

Commanding officers

 * Brigadier G. R. Smallwood (acting Commanding Officer) 24 July 1940 to 13 August 1940
 * Major-General H. E. de R. Wetherall 13 August 1940 to 23 November 1941

On formation
On formation, as 1st (African) Division, 24 July to 24 November 1940.

 * 1st (East African) Brigade
 * 1/4th Battalion, King's African Rifles
 * 2/6th Battalion, King's African Rifles (left 1 October 1940)
 * 1/2nd Battalion, King's African Rifles (from 9 October 1940)
 * 1st Battalion, Northern Rhodesia Regiment (from 21 November 1940)

Renamed the 21st (East Africa) Infantry Brigade on 18 November 1940.

 * 23rd (Nigeria) Infantry Brigade
 * 1st Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
 * 3rd Battalion, Nigeria Regiment

 * Artillery
 * 1st (Nigeria) Light Battery, West African Artillery

 * Engineers
 * 1st (Nigeria) Field Company, West African Engineers
 * 3rd (Gold Coast) Field Company, West African Engineers

Renamed the 51st and 53rd Field Companies, West African Engineers, respectively on 18 October 1940.

 * Division Troops
 * 1st (African) Divisional Signals

Renamed 11th (African) Divisional Signals on 18 November 1940.

As 11th (African) Division
As the 11th (African) Division, in East Africa and, from 15 February to 16 March 1941, Italian Somaliland.

 * 21st (East African) Brigade (left 27 February 1941)
 * 1/4th Battalion, King's African Rifles
 * 1/2nd Battalion, King's African Rifles
 * 1st Battalion, Northern Rhodesia Regiment

 * 22nd (East Africa) Infantry Brigade(from 3 December 1940 to 8 January 1941; 23 February to 1 March 1941; 12 March 1941)
 * 5th Battalion, King's African Rifles
 * 1/1st Battalion, King's African Rifles
 * 1/6th Battalion, King's African Rifles

The brigade brought, and took, with it the 22nd Indian Mountain Battery and 54th (East African) Field Company, East African Engineers, see below

 * 23rd (Nigeria) Infantry Brigade
 * 1st Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
 * 3rd Battalion, Nigeria Regiment (left 12 March 1941)

 * Artillery
 * 52nd (Nigeria) Light Battery, West African Artillery
 * 22nd Indian Mountain Battery (from 3 December 1940 to 8 January 1941; 23 February to 1 March 1941; 12 March 1941)
 * 53rd (East Africa) Light Battery, East African Artillery (from 6 February to 23 February 1941)

 * Engineers
 * 51st (Nigeria) Field Company, West African Engineers
 * 53rd (Gold Coast) Field Company, West African Engineers (left 23 February 1941)
 * 54th (East Africa) Field Company, East African Engineers (from 3 December 1940 to 8 January 1941; 23 February to 1 March 1941; 12 March 1941)

 * Division Troops
 * 11th (Africa) Divisional Signals

Abyssinia and after
From deployment in Abyssinia to the division's disbanding in East Africa on 23 November 1941.

 * 21st (East African) Brigade (from 20 August 1941)
 * 1/4th Battalion, King's African Rifles
 * 1/2nd Battalion, King's African Rifles
 * 1st Battalion, Northern Rhodesia Regiment

 * 22nd (East Africa) Infantry Brigade (left 26 July 1941)
 * 5th Battalion, King's African Rifles
 * 1/1st Battalion, King's African Rifles
 * 1/6th Battalion, King's African Rifles

 * 23rd (Nigeria) Infantry Brigade (left 20 July 1941)
 * 1st Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, Nigeria Regiment

 * 28th (East Africa) Infantry Brigade (from 20 August to 2 October 1941)
 * 4/6th Battalion, King's African Rifles
 * 2/1st Battalion, King's African Rifles
 * 7th Battalion, King's African Rifles

 * Artillery
 * 52nd (Nigeria) Light Battery, West African Artillery (left 20 July 1941)
 * 22nd Indian Mountain Battery (left 26 July 1941)
 * 18th Indian Mountain Battery (from 3 April to 26 July 1941)

 * Engineers
 * 51st (Nigeria) Field Company, West African Engineers (left 20 July 1941)
 * 53rd (Gold Coast) Field Company, West African Engineers (from 20 August 1941)
 * 54th (East African) Field Company, East African Engineers (left 26 July 1941)

 * Division Troops
 * 11th (African) Divisional Signals

Headquarters
This is a list of higher formations British 1st (African) Division served under.

 * Headquarters East Africa Force 24/07/40-14/09/41
 * Headquarters East Africa Command 15/09/41-22/11/41

title: 1st (African) Division


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E. T. Whittaker

Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker (24 October 1873 – 24 March 1956) was a British mathematician, physicist, and historian of science. Whittaker was a leading mathematical scholar of the early 20th century who contributed widely to applied mathematics and was renowned for his research in mathematical physics and numerical analysis, including the theory of special functions, along with his contributions to astronomy, celestial mechanics, the history of physics, and digital signal processing.

Among the most influential publications in Whittaker's bibliography, he authored several popular reference works in mathematics, physics, and the history of science, including A Course of Modern Analysis (better known as Whittaker and Watson), Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies, and A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. Whittaker is also remembered for his role in the relativity priority dispute, as he credited Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz with developing special relativity in the second volume of his History, a dispute which has lasted several decades, though scientific consensus has remained with Einstein. Whittaker served as the Royal Astronomer of Ireland early in his career, a position he held from 1906 through 1912, before moving on to the chair of mathematics at the University of Edinburgh for the next three decades and, towards the end of his career, received the Copley Medal and was knighted. The School of Mathematics of the University of Edinburgh holds The Whittaker Colloquium, a yearly lecture, in his honour and the Edinburgh Mathematical Society promotes an outstanding young Scottish mathematician once every four years with the Sir Edmund Whittaker Memorial Prize, also given in his honour.

Early life and education
Edmund Taylor Whittaker was born in Southport, in Lancashire, the son of Selina Septima (née Taylor) and John Whittaker. He was described as an "extremely delicate child", necessitating his mother to home school him until he was 11 years old, when he was sent off to Manchester Grammar School. Ernest Barker, a classmate of Whittaker's at the Grammar School with whom he shared the office of prefect, later recalled his personality: "He had a gay, lively, bubbling spirit: he was ready for every prank: he survives in my memory as a natural actor; and I think he could also, on occasion, produce a merry poem." While at the school, Whittaker studied on the "classical side", devoting three-fifths of his time to Latin and Greek. Whittaker struggled with the poetry and drama which was required by the upper school, and expressed gratitude for being allowed to leave these studies behind and specialise in mathematics.

In December 1891 Whittaker received an entrance scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge. After completing his education at the Manchester Grammar School he went on to study mathematics and physics there from 1892 to 1895. He entered Trinity College as a minor scholar in October 1892 to study mathematics. Whittaker was the pupil of Andrew Russell Forsyth and George Howard Darwin while at Trinity College and received tutoring throughout his first two years. With an interest more in applied than pure mathematics, Whittaker won the Sheepshanks Astronomical Exhibition in 1894 as an undergraduate. He graduated as Second Wrangler in the Cambridge Tripos examination in 1895. The Senior Wrangler that year was Thomas John I'Anson Bromwich and Whittaker tied John Hilton Grace for second, all three along with three other participants, including Bertram Hopkinson, went on to be elected Fellows of the Royal Society. He also received the Tyson Medal for Mathematics and Astronomy in 1896.

Career
Whittaker was a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge from 1896 to 1906 when took on the role of Royal Astronomer of Ireland. He held this post in Dublin until 1912, when he was appointed chair of mathematics at the University of Edinburgh, a role he went on to hold for just over a third of a century. Throughout his career, he wrote papers on automorphic functions and special functions in pure mathematics as well as on electromagnetism, general relativity, numerical analysis and astronomy in applied mathematics and physics, and was also interested in topics in biography, history, philosophy and theology. He also made several important innovations in Edinburgh that had a large impact on mathematical education and societies there.

Trinity College, Cambridge
In 1896, Whittaker was elected as a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and remained at Cambridge as a teacher until 1906. In 1897, Whittaker was awarded the Smith Prize for his work on the paper "On the connexion of algebraic functions with automorphic functions", published in 1888.

In 1902, Whittaker found a general solution to Laplace's equation, which received popular news coverage as a "remarkable discovery", though the mathematician Horace Lamb noted that it did not offer any new features. He also wrote several celebrated books in his early career, publishing A Course of Modern Analysis in 1902 and following it up with A Treatise on the Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies just two years later in 1904. In September of that year, Whittaker was forced to sell six silver forks at an auction to pay back taxes which he had previously refused to pay due to the Education Act 1902 requiring citizens to pay taxes to fund local Christian schools, such as the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England.

Prior to being compelled by a magistrate to repay the tax burden, Whittaker was one of several activists who engaged in passive resistance by refusing to pay the taxes. In 1905, Whittaker was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society in recognition of his achievements.

Trinity College Dublin
In 1906, Whittaker was appointed Andrews Professor of Astronomy at Trinity College Dublin, which came with the title Royal Astronomer of Ireland. He succeeded Charles Jasper Joly at the post and was appointed upon recommendation from the astronomer Robert Stawell Ball.

Ball's recommendation, which was published in a collection of his letters in 1915, stated that Whittaker was the only person he knew who could "properly succeed Joly" and that the role would "suit him in every way". He then describes Whittaker as "modest" and "charming" and as "a man who has infinite capacity for making things go". Ball said Whittaker was a world-leading expert in theoretical astronomy and that, in relation to Whittaker's discovery of a general solution to Laplace's equation, notes that he "has already made one discovery which the greatest mathematician of the last two centuries would be proud to have placed to his credit".

The Royal Astronomers acted as directors for the Dunsink Observatory, which used outdated astronomy equipment; it was understood that the primary responsibility of the role was to teach mathematical physics at Trinity College. During this time, the relative leisure of his post allowed him to complete the reading required to write his third major book A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, from the age of Descartes to the close of the nineteenth century. Also during this time, he wrote the book The Theory of Optical Instruments, published six astronomy papers, and published collected astronomical observations.

University of Edinburgh
Whittaker became Professor of Mathematics at the University of Edinburgh in January 1912, where he remained for the rest of his career. The role was left vacant by the death of his predecessor, George Chrystal in 1911. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1912, after being nominated by Cargill Gilston Knott, Ralph Allan Sampson, James Gordon MacGregor and Sir William Turner. He served as Secretary to the Society from 1916 to 1922, the Vice President from 1925 to 1928 and from 1937 to 1939, and was President of the Society from 1939 to 1944, through the war years. Whittaker began holding "research lectures" in mathematics at the university, typically given twice a week. He was said to be a great lecturer by one of his previous attendees, who stated that his "clear diction, his felicity of language and his enthusiasm could not fail to evoke a response" and that he was very good with illustrations.

Freeman Dyson commented on Whittaker's lecture style by saying that students were "warmed, not only by the physical presence of a big crowd packed together, but by the mental vigour and enthusiasm of the old man". Whittaker's efforts helped transform the Edinburgh Mathematical Society from a teachers society to an academic research society and was a major driving force in introducing computational mathematics education to the UK and America.

Shortly after coming to Edinburgh, Whittaker established the Edinburgh Mathematical Laboratory, one of the UK's first mathematical laboratories. The laboratory was the first attempt of a systematic treatment of numerical analysis in Great Britain and friends of Whittaker have said he believes it his most notable contribution to the education of mathematics. Subjects taught at the laboratory included interpolation, the method of least squares, systems of linear equations, determinants, roots of transcendental equations, practical Fourier analysis, definite integrals, and numerical solution of differential equations. The laboratory program was so successful, it resulted in many requests for an extra summer course to allow others to attend who previously were unable, ultimately leading to the establishment of a colloquium through the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. In 1913, Whittaker established the Edinburgh Mathematical Society Colloquium and the first was held over five days in August of that year.

The textbook The calculus of observations was compiled from courses given at the Laboratory over a ten-year period; the book was well received and ultimately went through four editions.

Fellowships and academic positions
Outside of the Royal Astronomer of Ireland and his roles in the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Whittaker held several notable academic posts, including president of the Mathematical Association from 1920 through 1921, president of the Mathematical and Physical Section (Section A) of the British Science Association in 1927, and was president of the London Mathematical Society from 1828 through 1829. Whittaker also held the Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize Lectureship for "his service to mathematics" with the Royal Society of Edinburgh from 1924 through 1928.

He was elected either Honorary Fellow or Foreign Member in a number of academic organisations, including the Accademia dei Lincei in 1922, the Societa Reale di Napoli in 1936, the American Philosophical Society in 1944, the Académie royale de Belgique in 1946, the Faculty of Actuaries in 1918, the Benares Mathematical Society in 1920, the Indian Mathematical Society in 1924, and the Mathematical Association in 1935. In 1956, he was elected as a corresponding member of the Geometry section of the French Academy of Sciences a few days before his death. Whittaker was also awarded honorary doctorates from several universities, including two LLDs from the University of St Andrews in 1926 and the University of California in 1934, an ScD from the Trinity College Dublin in 1906, and two D.Sc.s from the National University of Ireland in 1939 and University of Manchester in 1944.

Later life
Whittaker published many works on philosophy and theism in the last years of his career and during his retirement in addition to his work on the second edition of A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. He released two books on Christianity and published several books and papers on the philosophy of Arthur Eddington.

Christianity
Whittaker was a Christian and became a convert to the Roman Catholic Church in 1930. In relation to that, Pope Pius XI awarded him with the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice in 1935 and appointed him to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1936. He was a member of the academy from 1936 onward and served as Honorary President of the Newman Society from 1943 to 1945. Whittaker published two book-length works on the topic of Christianity, including The beginning and end of the world and Space and spirit. The first of which was the result of the 1942 Riddell Memorial Lectures at Durham while the second is based on his 1946 Donnellan Lecture at Trinity College Dublin. It has been remarked by physics historian Helge Kragh, that in these books, Whittaker was "the only physical scientist of the first rank" who defended the strong entropic creation argument, which holds that as entropy always increases, the Universe must have started at a point of minimum entropy, which they argue implies the existence of a god. Whittaker published several articles which draw connections between science, philosophy and theism between 1947 and 1952 in the BBC magazine The Listener, one of which Religion and the nature of the universe was republished in American Vogue, making him "a rare, if not unique, example of a man whose published work not only crossed disciplinary boundaries, but was published everywhere from Nature to Vogue."

Retirement
Whittaker retired from his position as chair of the mathematics department at the University of Edinburgh in September 1946, a role he held for over 33 years. He was awarded emeritus professor status at the university which he retained until his death. In retirement, Whittaker worked tirelessly on the second edition of his A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, releasing The Classical Theories just a few years later. He also continued publishing works in philosophy and theism. James Robert McConnell noted that Whittaker's research in the connection between physics and philosophy spanned nearly forty publications written over his last 15 years. During the three years prior to the publication of second volume of his History, Whittaker had already determined that he was going to give priority for the discovery of special relativity to Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz in the new book. Max Born, a friend of Whittaker's, wrote a letter to Einstein in September 1953 explaining that he had done all he could over the previous three years to convince Whittaker to change his mind about Einstein's role, but Whittaker was resolved in the idea and, according to Born, he "cherished" and "loved to talk" about it. Born told Einstein that Whittaker insists that all the important features were developed by Poincaré while Lorentz "quite plainly had the physical interpretation", which annoyed Born as Whittaker was a "great authority in the English speaking countries" and he was worried that Whittaker's view would influence others.

Death
Whittaker died at his home, 48 George Square, Edinburgh, on 24 March 1956. He was buried at Mount Vernon Cemetery in Edinburgh, with "mathematical precision at a depth of 6 ft. 6 inches", according to the cemetery register. His entry in the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society was written by George Frederick James Temple in November 1956. He received published obituaries from Alexander Aitken, Herbert Dingle, Gerald James Whitrow, and William Hunter McCrea, among others. His house was owned by the University of Edinburgh and was demolished in the 1960s to expand the campus and now holds the William Robertson Building.

Personal life
In 1901, while at Cambridge, he married Mary Ferguson Macnaghten Boyd, the daughter of a Presbyterian minister and granddaughter of Thomas Jamieson Boyd. They had five children, two daughters and three sons including the mathematician John Macnaghten Whittaker (1905–1984). His elder daughter, Beatrice, married Edward Taylor Copson, who would later become Professor of Mathematics at the University of St Andrews.

George Frederick James Temple noted that Whittaker's home in Edinburgh was "a great centre of social and intellectual activity where liberal hospitality was dispensed to students of all ages", and went on to note that Whittaker had a happy home life and was well loved by his family. Whittaker kept a piano in his home which he did not know how to play, but enjoyed listening to friends play when they would come to visit. Whittaker was also known to take a personal interest in his students and would invite them to social gatherings at his house. He also continued to keep track of his Honours students over the years. His home was also the location of many unofficial interviews that would have a large impact on a student's future career. After his death, William Hunter McCrea described Whittaker as having a "quick wit" with an "ever-present sense of humour" and being "the most unselfish of men with a delicate sense of what would give help or pleasure to others". He notes that Whittaker had a "vast number of friends" and that he "never missed an opportunity to do or say something on behalf of any one of them".

Legacy
In addition to his textbooks and other works, several of which remain in print, Whittaker is remembered for his research in automorphic functions, numerical analysis, harmonic analysis, and general relativity. He has several theorems and functions named in his honour. In June 1958, two years after his death, an entire issue of the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society was dedicated to his life and works. The volume included an article by Robert Alexander Rankin on Whittaker's work on automorphic functions, an article on Whittaker's work on numerical analysis by Alexander Aitken, his work on Harmonic functions was covered in an article by Temple, John Lighton Synge wrote about his contributions to the theory of relativity, and James Robert McConnell wrote about Whittaker's philosophy. Among others, Whittaker coined the terms cardinal function and Mathieu function. The School of Mathematics of the University of Edinburgh holds the annual Whittaker Colloquium in his honour. Funded by a donation from his family in 1958, the Edinburgh Mathematical Society promotes an outstanding young Scottish mathematician once every four years with the Sir Edmund Whittaker Memorial Prize, also given in his honour.

Namesakes and notable research
Whittaker is the eponym of the Whittaker function or Whittaker integral, in the theory of confluent hypergeometric functions. This makes him also the eponym of the Whittaker model in the local theory of automorphic representations. He published also on algebraic functions, though they were typically limited to special cases. Whittaker had a lifelong interest in automorphic functions and he published three papers on the topic throughout his career. Among other contributions, he found the general expression for the Bessel functions as integrals involving Legendre functions.

Whittaker also made contributions to the theory of partial differential equations, harmonic functions and other special functions of mathematical physics, including finding a general solution to Laplace's equation that became a standard part of potential theory. Whittaker developed a general solution of the Laplace equation in three dimensions and the solution of the wave equation.

Notable works
Whittaker wrote three scientific treatises which were highly influential, A Course of Modern Analysis, Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies, and The Calculus of Observations. In 1956, Gerald James Whitrow stated that two of them not only were required reading for British mathematicians, but were regarded as fundamental components of their personal libraries. Despite the success of these books and his other researchers and their influence in mathematics and physics, the second edition of Whittaker's A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity has been called his "magnum opus". In reference to the title's popularity, William Hunter McCrea predicted that future readers would have a hard time acknowledging it was the result of just "a few years at both ends of a career of the highest distinction in other pursuits."

Whittaker also wrote The theory of optical instruments during his time as Royal Astronomer of Ireland as well as several books on philosophy and theism. Whittaker's bibliography in the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society includes 11 books and monographs, 56 mathematics and physics articles, 35 philosophy and history articles, and 21 biographical articles, excluding popular and semi-popular articles published in magazines such as Scientific American. In the bibliography compiled by McCrea in 1957, there are 13 books and monographs and the same journal articles, also excluding popular articles. Among other topics, Whittaker wrote a total of ten papers on electromagnetism and general relativity.

Whittaker & Watson
Whittaker was the original author of the classic textbook A Course of Modern Analysis, first published in 1902. There were three more editions of the book all in collaboration with George Neville Watson, resulting in the famous colloquial name Whittaker & Watson. The work is subtitled an introduction to the general theory of infinite processes and of analytic functions; with an account of the principal transcendental functions and is a classic textbook in mathematical analysis, remaining in print continuously since its release over a hundred years ago. It covered topics previously unavailable in English, such as complex analysis, mathematical analysis, and the Special functions used in mathematical physics. George Frederick James Temple noted that it was unmatched in these aspects "for many years". The book was an edited set of lecture notes from the Cambridge Tripos courses Whittaker taught and contained results from mathematicians such as Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Karl Weierstrass which were relatively unknown to English speaking countries. A. C. Aitken noted the books have been widely influential in the study of special functions and their associated differential equations as well as in the study of functions of complex variables.

Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies
Whittaker's second major work, A Treatise on the Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies was first published in 1904, and quickly became a classic textbook in mathematical physics and analytical dynamics, a branch of classical mechanics. It has remained in print for most of its lifetime, over more than a hundred years, and has been said to have "remarkable longevity". The book represented the forefront of development at the time of publication, where many reviewers noted it contained material otherwise non-existent in the English language. The book was a landmark textbook, providing the first systematic treatment in English for the theory of Hamiltonian dynamics, which played a fundamental role in the development of quantum mechanics. A. C. Aitken called the book "epoch making in a very precise sense", noting that just before the development of the theory of relativity, the book provided a detailed summary of classical dynamics and the progress that had been made in Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics, including work from Henri Poincaré and Tullio Levi-Civita. The book has received many recommendations, including from Victor Lenzen in 1952, nearly 50 years after its initial publication, who said the book was still the "best exposition of the subject on the highest possible level". It was noted in a 2014 article covering the book's development, published in the Archive for History of Exact Sciences, that the book was used for more than just a historical book, where it was pointed out that of the 114 books and papers that cited the book between 2000 and 2012, "only three are of a historical nature". In that same period, the book was said to be "highly recommended to advanced readers" in the 2006 engineering textbook Principles of Engineering Mechanics.

A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity
In 1910, Whittaker wrote A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, which gave a detailed account of the aether theories from René Descartes to Hendrik Lorentz and Albert Einstein, including the contributions of Hermann Minkowski. The book was well received and established Whittaker as a respected historian of science. A second, revised and extended edition was later released. The first volume, subtitled the classical theories, was published in 1951 and served as a revised and updated edition of the first book. The second volume, published in 1953, extended this work covering the years 1900–1926. Notwithstanding a notorious controversy on Whittaker's views on the history of special relativity, covered in volume two of the second edition, the books are considered authoritative references on the history of classical electromagnetism and are considered classic books in the history of physics. Due to the book's role in the relativity priority dispute, however, the second volume is cited far less than the first volume and first edition, except in connection with the controversy.

Relativity priority dispute
Whittaker is also remembered for his role in the relativity priority dispute, a historical controversy over credit for the development of special relativity. In a chapter named "The Relativity Theory of Poincaré and Lorentz" in the second volume of the second edition of A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, Whittaker credited Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz for developing the theory; he attributed relatively little importance to Einstein's special relativity paper, saying it "set forth the relativity theory of Poincaré and Lorentz with some amplifications, and which attracted much attention". Max Born, a friend of Whittaker's, wrote to Einstein expressing his concern about the book's publication and wrote a rebuttal in his 1956 book. The controversy was also mentioned in one of Whittaker's obituaries by Gerald James Whitrow, who said that he had written Whittaker a letter explaining how the latter's views "did not do justice to the originality of Einstein's philosophy", but remarked that he understood why Whittaker felt the need to correct the popular misconception that Einstein's contribution was unique. Max Born's rebuttal, published in his 1956 book, also argues that while the contributions of Lorentz and Poincaré should not be overlooked, it was the postulates and philosophy of Einstein's theory that "distinguishes Einstein’s work from his predecessors and gives us the right to speak of Einstein’s theory of relativity, in spite of Whittaker’s different opinion". Though the dispute has lasted decades, most scholars have rejected Whittaker's arguments and scientific consensus has continued to hold that special relativity was Einstein's development.

Philosophy
Whittaker's views on philosophy was analysed by James Robert McConnell for the Whittaker Memorial Volume of the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. McConnell noted that Whittaker's research into the connections between physics and philosophy were spread across approximately forty publications. Whittaker's worldview was classified as neo-Cartesianism in the volume, a philosophy described as being "founded on the principle that the search for a universal science should be modelled on the procedure of physicomathematicians." McConnell notes several of Whittaker's original contributions to René Descartes' philosophical system, but goes on to sum up the work by saying that while he admired Whittaker's attempt at the problem, he was not satisfied with the many transitions between mathematics, aesthetics, ethics. He stated that "If the transitions from mathematics to moral values are not firmly established, Whittaker's attempt does not succeed in remedying the defects of Descartes' solution." Whittaker published work in several other areas of philosophy, including research on Eddington's principle, a conjecture by Arthur Eddington that all quantitative propositions in physics can be derived from qualitative assertions. In addition to publishing Eddington's Fundamental Theory, Whittaker wrote two other books pertaining to Eddington's philosophy. Whittaker also wrote at length about the impacts of then-recent discoveries in astronomy on religion and theology, determinism and free will, and natural theology. In the conclusion of his article, McConnell sums up Whittaker's philosophic works as appearing as though it came from "that of the scholarly Christian layman". On metaphysics, he goes on to note that there are few scholars who are competent in both physics and metaphysics and states that future work could benefit and draw inspiration from Whittaker's research in the area.

Awards and honours
In 1931, Whittaker received the Sylvester Medal from the Royal Society for "his original contributions to both pure and applied mathematics". He then received the De Morgan Medal from the London Mathematical Society in 1935, an award given once every three years for outstanding contributions to mathematics. He received several honours in his 70s, including being knighted in 1945 by King George VI, and in 1954, receiving the Royal Society's Copley Medal, its highest award, "for his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics". In the opening remarks of the 1954 address of President Edgar Adrian to the Royal Society, Adrian announces Whittaker as that years Copley medallist saying he is probably the most well-known British mathematician at the time, due to "his numerous, varied and important contributions" as well as the offices he had held. Noting contributions to nearly all fields of applied mathematics and then-recent contributions to pure mathematics, relativity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics, Adrian goes on to say that the "astonishing quantity and quality of his work is probably unparalleled in modern mathematics and it is most appropriate that the Royal Society should confer on Whittaker its most distinguished award."

Whittaker also gave several distinguished lectures, some of which formed the base of books he would later write. He held the Rouse Ball lectureship at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1926, the Bruce-Preller lectureship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1931, and the Selby lectureship at the University of Cardiff in 1933. He also held the Hitchcock professorship at the University of California in 1934, the Riddell lectureship at the University at Durham (Newcastle) in 1942, the Guthrie lectureship of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh in 1943, and the Donnellan lectureship at the Trinity College Dublin in 1946. He gave the Tarner Lecture at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1947 and held the Larmor lectureship of the Royal Irish Academy and the Herbert Spencer lectureship at the University of Oxford, both in 1948.

title: E. T. Whittaker


text:
Template talk:Formula One Grands Prix

Czechoslovakian Grand Prix
As the Czechoslovakian Grand Prix was never part of the Formula One calendar, should it be removed from the Formula One races template? -slowpokeiv 19:48, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it was one of the early-1900s grand prix races, so perhaps "Past championship Grand Prix events" should be changed to "Past Grand Prix events" to permit the inclusion of discontinued pre-F1 races. — Dan | Talk 20:00, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

European/German Grand Prix
I realise it could be contentious but I have changed the current lists to include german/european rather than european, and moved european to future due to the valencia race. I realise there is the issue over the naming rights, but there are a variety of sources stating both, so it would seem safest to name it as both —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jrphayes (talk • contribs) 15:58, 10 May 2007 (UTC).

Possible/Future Venues
Is this template really the place for potential future races. Clearly there is a place for confirmed future races (Abu Dhabi, European and Korean), but I'm not so convinced by possible future races, even if they have sources saying that they are possible (which they do). If we go down that road there are many more races we could add, all of which have sources, for example Mexico, Russia and Las Vegas. I won't take any action at the moment, but am interested in what you think. John Hayes 09:50, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

American Races
We Shouldnt we have the Las Vegas, Indy 500, Us east and west in this template. Arent we talking about countries that have hosted a Gp? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pattav2 (talk • contribs) 14:05, 15 August 2008 (UTC)
 * No, the template lists races which have been part of the Formula One World Championship. Nothing to do with countries. DH85868993 (talk) 16:47, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

French Grand Prix
There are sources on the 2013 Formula One season article of the French Grand Prix returning to the calendar. Editadam 22:14, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Formula One Grands Prix


text:
Polar stratospheric cloud

Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are clouds in the winter polar stratosphere at altitudes of 15000 - 25000 m. They are best observed during civil twilight, when the Sun is between 1 and 6 degrees below the horizon, as well as in winter and in more northerly latitudes. One main type of PSC is made up mostly of supercooled droplets of water and nitric acid and is implicated in the formation of ozone holes. The other main type consists only of ice crystals which are not harmful. This type of PSC is also referred to as nacreous (, from nacre, or mother of pearl, due to its iridescence).

Formation
The stratosphere is very dry; unlike the troposphere, it rarely allows clouds to form. In the extreme cold of the polar winter, however, stratospheric clouds of different types may form, which are classified according to their physical state (super-cooled liquid or ice) and chemical composition.

Due to their high altitude and the curvature of the surface of the Earth, these clouds will receive sunlight from below the horizon and reflect it to the ground, shining brightly well before dawn or after dusk.

PSCs form at very low temperatures, below -78 C. These temperatures can occur in the lower stratosphere in polar winter. In the Antarctic, temperatures below -88 C frequently cause type II PSCs. Such low temperatures are rarer in the Arctic. In the Northern hemisphere, the generation of lee waves by mountains may locally cool the lower stratosphere and lead to the formation of lenticular (lens-shaped) PSCs.

Forward scattering of sunlight within the clouds produces a pearly-white appearance. Particles within the optically thin clouds cause colored interference fringes by diffraction. The visibility of the colors may be enhanced with a polarising filter.

Types

PSCs are classified into two main types each of which consists of several sub-types
 * Type I clouds have a generally stratiform appearance resembling cirrostratus or haze. They are sometimes sub-classified according to their chemical composition which can be measured using LIDAR. The technique also determines the height and ambient temperature of the cloud. They contain water, nitric acid and/or sulfuric acid and are a source of polar ozone depletion. The effects on ozone depletion arise because they support chemical reactions that produce active chlorine which catalyzes ozone destruction, and also because they remove gaseous nitric acid, perturbing nitrogen and chlorine cycles in a way which increases ozone depletion.
 * Type Ia clouds consist of large, aspherical particles, consisting of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT).
 * Type Ib clouds contain small, spherical particles (non-depolarising), of a liquid supercooled ternary solution (STS) of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and water.
 * Type Ic clouds consist of metastable water-rich nitric acid in a solid phase.
 * Type II clouds, which are very rarely observed in the Arctic, have cirriform and lenticular sub-types and consist of water ice only.

Only Type II clouds are necessarily nacreous whereas Type I clouds can be iridescent under certain conditions, just as any other cloud. The World Meteorological Organization no longer uses the alpha-numeric nomenclature seen in this article, and distinguishes only between super-cooled stratiform acid-water PSCs and cirriform-lenticular water ice nacreous PSCs.

Research

 * Nacreous Clouds at atoptics.co.uk
 * Polar Stratospheric Clouds Above Spitsbergen at Alfred Wegener Institute

News reports

 * https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060801/ap_on_sc/antarctica_clouds_4
 * http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/08/01/antarctica.clouds.ap/index.html
 * http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/08/01/antarctica.clouds.ap/index.html

title: Polar stratospheric cloud


text:
Stourpaine

Stourpaine is a village and civil parish in the ceremonial county of Dorset in southern England. It is situated in the valley of the River Stour in the Dorset administrative district, 3 mi northwest of Blandford Forum. The A350 road, which connects Blandford to Shaftesbury to the north, passes through the village. The chalk hills of Cranborne Chase and the Dorset Downs lie immediately northeast and southwest respectively. In the 2011 census the civil parish had 277 dwellings, 265 households and a population of 617.

It was the original site of the Great Dorset Steam Fair, which has been held at nearby Tarrant Hinton in more recent years.

The joint benefice of Pimperne, Stourpaine, Durweston and Bryanston is in the Church of England Diocese of Salisbury.

History
A gift of land to the church is recorded in the Domesday Book (1086). The church of the Holy Trinity is medieval; in the 15th century the tower and nave were rebuilt in the Perpendicular style so that the nave was enlarged. Box pews were installed in the 18th century but by the 19th century the church was so dilapidated that rebuilding was undertaken (apart from the tower); the architect for the rebuilding was T. H. Wyatt.

After a funeral service at the Holy Trinity Church in Stourpaine on 16 June, Major Bruce Shand's body was cremated. The funeral of his son Mark was also at Stourpaine.

title: Stourpaine


text: Talk:Battlestar Galactica (reimagining)

title: Talk:Battlestar Galactica (reimagining)


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Ffirehorse

Ffirehorse
(19/3/0) ending 20:37, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)

Fantastic user. Been with us for a few months now, and wholly deserving. Neutralitytalk 20:37, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your nomination and your gracious words. I humbly accept. ffirehorse 21:16, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * If, for any reason, Ffirehorse's nomination does not reach a consensus by its time limit, I volunteer to re-nominate him for 7 more days. --  ℛ yan! |  Talk  16:51, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) Neutralitytalk 20:39, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) He's seen so many (other peoples') adminship requests go by so many times that he well deserves one for himself now. :) -- Grunt 🇪🇺 21:50, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)
 * 3) Andre ( talk )A| 23:22, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, let's have more admins who don't keep a watchlist. It's all too easy to use it as a crutch to article ownership. --Michael Snow 01:22, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Rhobite 01:52, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Support. {Ανάριον} 07:39, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Lst27 23:13, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Happy to. Even moreso considering the shoddy reasoning for opposing. Ambi 07:50, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) *At least I don't oppose people on the basis of their username, or because of Manual of Style disputes like some people. :-) BLANKFAZE | (что??) 22:08, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) **Now THAT's lame. :-D Neutralitytalk 00:07, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Fire Star 20:55, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Support. Btw why the double Ff? JFW | T@lk  23:51, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Stewart Adcock 15:50, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 10)  ℛ yan! |  Talk  16:40, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, I can overlook the bizarre double-F. Seriously...strong support! - Lucky 6.9 23:21, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Excellent contributor. Enough edits for me. --Slowking Man 05:56, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) I'd prefer nominations to come up after more time on the project (time, not edits) to see the user in interaction with disagreeing and disagreeable folks, but I've already seen ffirehorse in situations like that, and he or she has responded reasonably. Geogre 18:16, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Support. Good contributions, committed, good attitude.   — Gwalla | Talk 20:03, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Jayjg 17:31, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) I like how you patrol cleanup. Support. Cool Hand Luke (Communicate!)  18:46, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Lots of people like him, and he doesn't meet blankfaze's standards. Ambi 14:02, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Ambi, you voted twice. Andre ( talk )A| 04:26, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Support --fvw 12:12, 2004 Oct 24 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) I admire the user and his work, however, he does not currently meet my personal standards for admin candidates. BLANKFAZE | (что??) 01:39, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Has not been here long enough. Passw0rd 12:47, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Possible sock puppet vote? User has ~100 edits, and a lot of them are putting wikiversity tags, categories, etc. on pages and voting on RfA. Andre ( talk )A| 16:03, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) 120 edits is too low, IMO. -- Netoholic @ 04:52, 2004 Oct 24 (UTC)
 * Um...that would be 1201 edits. Neutralitytalk 04:54, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)

Neutral

Comments
 * 1201 edits since 2 July 2004. BLANKFAZE | (что??) 01:39, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * There's no special significance to my user name, other than I've tried to use the "single f" variation as a name on other sign-in sites and had other users beat me to it. Thus the "double f." Fairly banal, I know. ffirehorse 01:54, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. I view adminship as an opportunity to help further contribute to the Wikipedia project and community. I will use admin rights sparingly and consider my highest priority the essential housekeeping chores that are mentioned at Administrators as being vital to the admin responsibility (e.g, VfD and keeping an eye on recent changes for vandalism). I also look forward to acting in any way I can to give help to users seeking it.

 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. I'm happy with the material I've added to historical and pop culture figures (Luis Echeverría Álvarez, Fred LaRue, Ambrose Bierce, Leo Baekeland, Timothy Leary, Jennifer Lopez, Lily Tomlin, Whoopi Goldberg, Fatty Arbuckle, Franz Marc; also greatly expanded John Demjanjuk). I'm also happy with the work I've done on music acts, including Bailter Space, Smithereens, Rare Earth, Laura Branigan, Kool and the Gang, etc. I also added some to Elvis Presley. That said, there's always more to do, and I intend to do as much as I can going into the future, with an emphasis on creating more new articles and expanding stubs.

 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. I try to avoid conflict as much as possible. I had a watchlist at the start of my time here but discovered that the best way to detach yourself from the outcome of any contributions you make is not to have a watchlist. I have not had any major conflicts with any other users; there have been a few misunderstandings (especially when I first started out), and I am certain that I have irritated some users (usually when I have been overbold in making additions or corrections to articles), but these have generally been quickly cleared up (I hope). I try my best to maintain civility, because my firm belief is that asset is what makes a project like Wikipedia work.


text:
Talk:British Grand Prix

Flags
Could I just ask why Scottish drivers get to display the Scottish flag in the rankings but English born drivers are labelled with the Union Jack. I think this is grossly unfair, where is the St. George's Cross for England please? --86.130.30.88 22:20, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

This question comes up all the time. There was a discussion at 2006 Formula One season not so long ago. The FIA seem to work at the level of the UK, not the individual elements, as do the Olympics, so they should all have the UK flag. I'll correct them. 4u1e 23:00, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

The Austrian flag is broken. The icon graphic is attempting to link to: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 91.84.28.61 (talk) 17:33, 5 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Seems to be working OK now. DH85868993 (talk) 01:34, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Donington Park
I added Donington Park into the infobox due to recent confirmation that it will host the GP from 2010 onwards. If there is any issue with it being included in the infobox please discuss. TestUser001 (talk) 11:59, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Ferrari's wins
I notice recently Ferrari has been demoted from 15 BGP wins to 14, presumably because of the Lancia D50 chassis the team used to win the 1956 Grand Prix. One of the problems with the 'Constructor' nomenclature is that it creates this little inconsistencies. The Ferrari team has won 15 British Grands Prix, but can't claim it in the infobox now? Comments before an edit war ensues? --Falcadore (talk) 00:35, 30 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I noticed that too. I support the listing of constructors rather than teams in the infobox (I think listing teams would cause us more grief); I think the issue here is whether the car Fangio was driving was a "Ferrari" or a "Lancia-Ferrari". We currently have some inconsistency on this issue: 1956 British Grand Prix and Ferrari Grand Prix results call it a "Ferrari" (as do FORIX, ChicaneF1 and www.formula1.com) whereas this article and Juan Manuel Fangio call it a "Lancia-Ferrari". DH85868993 (talk) 02:55, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

Brooklands Track Map
The track map used in this article for Brooklands is not the same as the layout actually used for the British Grand Prix, so I feel it needs to be replaced, or at least removed if no other images are available. It is inappropriate for the same reasons as why the current Brands Hatch layout is not used, for example. I am going to remove the image from the 1926 and 1927 articles, as given that this was discussed briefly in Talk:1926 British Grand Prix nearly 7 years ago I think having the incorrect image there discourages someone from making a correct map (something I don't have the know-how to do myself). A7V2 (talk) 23:05, 27 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Since there has been no other comments either way, I've removed the incorrect Brookslands image.A7V2 (talk) 11:00, 27 April 2019 (UTC)

Official Race Names
Doug Nye's book "The British Grand Prix 1926-1976" (published 1977) mentions in the introduction that the British Grand Prix's history can be considered to have ended in 1971, since from 1972 the race was know as the "John Player Grand Prix". Now of course this is no-longer the case, but I'm quite suspicious of some of the "official name"s given in a few articles. Of course the headings should still be "197x British Grand Prix", but I wonder how the "official" names were chosen for 1972-1976? Nye is very clear that from 1972-1974 at least, the race was known as the "John Player Grand Prix", with "British" removed entirely, and doesn't mention it again for '75 or '76, but surely at the very least the official name for '75 would have included "John Player"? I can't find much out, but this poster https://www.internationalposter.com/product/john-player-grand-prix--silverstone-july-14th/?i=86&&k=Motor&&sw=&bw=&sh=&bh=&m=in&s=&o=0 certainly suggests the name did NOT include the word "British" in at least 1973. A7V2 (talk) 23:27, 27 January 2019 (UTC)
 * You're right. Looking at the official programmes from 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975 and 1976 those races' name was John Player Grand Prix. The 1977 and 1978 races were named "John Player British Grand Prix". Given the approach we have taken with regards to the names of the Grands Prix held in the US, I feel we have no option but to rename the articles on the 1972-1978 races held in the UK.Tvx1 02:35, 28 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Might want to point out WP:COMMONNAME at this point as those John Player Grands Prix have pretty much unanimously been refered to as British Grands Prix by everyone pretty much from the moment John Player & Sons ceased their financial backing of the race. That's over 40 years of being refered to as the British Grand Prix and without any form of correction from official bodies. --Falcadore (talk) 02:42, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

 * I certainly don't think the article names should be changed, as Doug Nye mentions in his book (and as you can see if you look at old news articles) pretty much everyone called them "British Grand Prix", but I still think the "official name" section of the articles should reflect reality. A7V2 (talk) 03:49, 28 January 2019 (UTC)
 * (edit) I've changed the names for 1972-1976, and also 1971 (The Woolmark British Grand Prix) and 1977 (John Player British Grand Prix). It looks like most of the ones after that already have the correct names (well up to about 1983 anyway). A7V2 (talk) 04:16, 28 January 2019 (UTC)
 * However, we should also practice what we preach. We cannot justify rigorously sticking to Ceasars Palace Grand Prix while dismissing John Player Grand Prix. There are also plenty of sources for Las Vegas Grand Prix for the former.Tvx1 18:29, 28 January 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't know, given that the arrangement didn't last long, and was mostly ignored, I can't see how "British Grand Prix" wouldn't be the common name. In line with WP:OFFICIAL, I've made sure the official name is at the very start of each of the 1972-76 articles, and also I created redirects from [197x John Player Grand Prix] although I don't know how useful that will be... Maybe a note could be added to this article as well? A7V2 (talk) 00:00, 29 January 2019 (UTC)

1949 Silverstone Track Map
The track map for 1949 was also incorrect, as it doesn't show the chicane at club. This isn't as bad as the Brooklands map, but for the moment I've removed it from 1949 British Grand Prix as it is incorrect, but as I mentioned with regard to the Brooklands map, I don't have the know-how to make a better one myself. A7V2 (talk) 22:48, 24 February 2019 (UTC)

Ferrari Dave says this is wrong
Ferrari Dave from the Queens Head Pub in Meriden says this race was also held at Donnington! 81.86.86.242 (talk) 12:27, 17 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Several grands prix have been held at Donington (pre-WW2 "Donington Grand Prix" and in 1993 the European Grand Prix), but never the British Grand Prix JamesHT1967 (talk) 18:14, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:British Grand Prix