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Talk:Human hair color

File:Hair-color-map by Peter Frost: is it relevant?
Hi! I have a question about the map showing hair color distribution. Regardless of the deletion mentioned above, I wonder if we should keep it, since the information we're given is totally wrong! According to it, people in Northern Russia and Ukraine are as dark-haired as people from Morocco, Southern Turkey or middle-east!!! This is totally wrong. I have family from these coutrnies, and I know perfectly that we do not thave the black hair of North African people! It also shows no difference between northern France (where I live!) and Irak. Do I need to explain how silly this sounds?

I think we should look for a more relevant map than this one, which does not show the difference between peoples with deep black hair and others whose hair is fairer. Thanks! --Elisheva 9:48, 4 april 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.167.84.2 (talk)

This map seems much more accurate if anyone is interested in the subject: http://shrani.si/f/v/zC/3j6pPoxQ/2/blonde-hair-europe.png — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.142.131.88 (talk) 19:42, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

Article should mention stress & worry. Does or does it not cause graying of hair?
Given that there is so much mention, in popular culture, of stress causing graying, shouldn't it be addressed in this article? For example, people often remark, "Look how gray the President's hair has turned in just 4 years," suggesting it is caused by the heavy burdens and stresses of being president." ChicagoLarry (talk) 16:47, 11 November 2012 (UTC)
 * It is mentioned currently, saying that no such link has been found. --Jhertel (talk) 22:23, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

 * I just removed this part of the same paragraph, though: "It is worth noting however, that while there is no definite link, high or chronic-stress jobs can have an observable impact on aging including but not limited to premature achromotrichia, such as comparing photographs of a politician when they enter the presidency with photographs of the same politician at the end of their first year term- especially when compared with before and after photographs of an average person over the same time period", as it was self-contradictory and unscientific, and even resembled original research. It said "there is no definite link" but then goes on to suggest there is one anyway, without any citations to scientific research showing it. That people often remark something doesn't make it a scientific truth or statistically significant. It is easy for anyone to find a few examples of things you want to "prove", but you have to conduct a proper scientific research to actually prove that the connection is what you believe it is, because you have to look at all the cases where it is not the case too, and you also have to prove the causality to a certain degree. For instance, maybe research would show that many politicians do turn white-haired during their time in office, but was it then really because of the stress or due to something completely different (a confounder)? --Jhertel (talk) 22:23, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

Pubic hair not mentioned
At the Science reference desk someone has asked a question about the colour of pubic hair. This article seemed an eminently sensible place to look for an answer. Sadly, pubic hair is not mentioned at all. This seems a significant oversight. HiLo48 (talk) 03:14, 17 January 2014 (UTC)

the 'blonde' in the header image of the five natural hair colors needs removed
This is obviously dyed hair and not natural. This article is not about dyed hair and the blonde does not belong in this article. I will attempt to remove her and replace her with a natural blonde.

24.239.124.140 (talk) 08:51, 3 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Why is it obviously dyed? It looks to me more like natural hair. The editor who uses the pseudonym "JamesBWatson" (talk) 10:50, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

Emma Stone image
She is a natural blonde, why is she listed under the "Natural hair colors" section with her dyed auburn brown hair? Xiggeh? (talk) 19:56, 9 April 2015 (UTC)

Orange hair and red hair
Please see my comment at Talk:Red_hair. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 03:18, 5 May 2014 (UTC)
 * note: it's in Archive 5. MBG02 (talk) 21:37, 9 February 2021 (UTC)

Photographies are all wrong
90% of those pictures are inaccurately captioned Brown hair is still blackish/orangish NOT Yellowish and Dark Blond is still pretty much closer to brown just because is not yellowy it does NOT necessarily have to be called brown as ammer of fact natural Mediun Blond (level 7 in the OFFICIAL chart) is slightly orangish but that does not make it "light brown" and let us not mention that obnoxiously wrong picture you show calling it "strawberry blond"

by the way the most correct spelling for the term is "BLOND" when used as an attributive noun or adjective also to refer to males'

by the way I AM a natural very light beige-blond-headed man level 9 but that's an oddity proper central Europe and those are not listed I assume because you the ones editing this NEVER see people like that in USA and therefore upload those horrid bleached people

Georg190.253.167.230 (talk) 06:40, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

This article is racist (& sexist)
There's very few PoC comparatively on this article. Hair color is not purely a white European thing. You should just come right out and say it what this article heavily implies: "White people (other than people with albinism) are only the people to have non-brown hair". Your racial bias is showing, Wikipedia. --5.64.150.94 (talk) 13:55, 23 May 2015 (UTC)

I agree, including that hair seems to be gendered, since all non-grey hair is of women.Nsae Comp (talk) 10:24, 4 April 2017 (UTC)

Addition of grey and white (salt and pepper) hair picture Suggestion
I see there isn't a picture of the grey and white type hair color listed. That color is an important color to list as it can be caused by several reasons, all that are discussed in the entry. I'm guessing the reason to why there isn't a picture because maybe there may not be a person an Wikipedia editor knows of, wither famous or not, that has TRUE grey and white hair. I would like to post a picture of of my hair as i have such color. My first grey strand grew when I was 18. It started from the middle forehead area (not growing out of my forehead, but the location of my head's hair) to where it's  a patch that is going towards the back of my head.It is a trait of my father's family; everyone greys early around their 20s or at the least young adult age. My opthalmologist told me the name of the genetic trait that causes it, but I forgot the name. I want to think he said that it's the BCL2 geme trait, but I'm not sure. I'll contact him to ask him. . I don't think that there is an issue in the Wikipedia guidelines where it wouldn't be against, but I wanted to post the question first before adding the picture.

RayGhost-Use way as no way; Use limitation as no limitation 22:32, 19 July 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rayghost (talk • contribs)

Good News
Swedish Blonde Is My Favorite! LaShonda Felton 01:56, 1 August 2017 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by LaShondaFelton11 (talk • contribs)

External links modified
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Way too many images
There's too many images in the image gallery. There should either be less images, or the images should be dispersed among the rest of the article. Korean Jesus111 (talk) 08:08, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

Example for "dark blond" wrong

This foto is not OK as example for natural "dark blond" hair. The german actress Uschi Glas is (and was ever) in reality a true and clear example for natural brown hair. Here (and in the last years) she has her hair faked blonde, - a bit surprisingly, because she is generally a quite dark, almost mediterranean type with dark brown eyes and a dark skin-type (always sun-tanned). Maybe she made it, because she surely has now (as a quite old lady) grey hair, and can hide this better with faked blonde than with a dark brown coloration. The blonde is softer than dark hair and she seemes younger with it - a good idea for her Look, but not as example for dark blond. Please look for a better image! Greetings,--Marie Adelaide (talk) 14:17, 28 April 2018 (UTC)

Evaluation
https://genius.com/Five-finger-death-punch-100-ways-to-hate-lyrics https://www.ft.com/content/439b2598-6fc8-11e8-92d3-6c13e5c92914

62.255.139.74 (talk) 19:05, 14 June 2018 (UTC)

Evaluation
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-37551735

62.255.139.74 (talk) 19:07, 14 June 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:39, 5 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Goldenblonde.JPG

Gray hair fact saying single hair shaft can't be pigmented and nonpigmented is false
I can't see the reference for where someone got this information. The only reference cited is for what part of the hair cycle pigmentation is made, not for the conclusion that hair can't be gray at the root while it is pigmented at the terminal. And I can't see the reference even for that part because it is in a scholarly journal I don't have access to so I can't say for certain that they came to that conclusion as well. BUT I can say that I have right in front of me hair plucked from my own head where it is brown at the end, gray further up, back to brown, and end at gray. It is quite obviously false. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:483:300:75E0:7835:E96B:8BDF:F5D (talk) 17:54, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

Aging: more info
Any info on greying with age by hair colour. Do redheads all go grey? MBG02 (talk) 21:39, 9 February 2021 (UTC)

Spelling of color
May I ask why this article is named "color" and not "colour" ? As a member of the Wikipedia community from 🇬🇧, I feel rather discomforted by the spelling and it upsets me greatly. Can we ensure that any reference to colour across Wikipedia is written in the correct way with the u? Thank yoU RyanPLB (talk) 21:08, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

 * That is not necessary, I am not sure of the rules on spelling in this Wikipedia but I think that your comment is out of place, Wikipedia is from the USA and it seems correct to use English from the USA :) Hastengeims (talk) 14:08, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

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 * Festival Ringing Cedars 2014 June 22 Димон 05.jpg

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title: Talk:Human hair color


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Somite

The somites (outdated term: primitive segments) are a set of bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form in the embryonic stage of somitogenesis, along the head-to-tail axis in segmented animals. In vertebrates, somites subdivide into the dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes and syndetomes that give rise to the vertebrae of the vertebral column, rib cage, part of the occipital bone, skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons, and skin (of the back).

The word somite is sometimes also used in place of the word metamere. In this definition, the somite is a homologously-paired structure in an animal body plan, such as is visible in annelids and arthropods.

Development

The mesoderm forms at the same time as the other two germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm. The mesoderm at either side of the neural tube is called paraxial mesoderm. It is distinct from the mesoderm underneath the neural tube, which is called the chordamesoderm that becomes the notochord. The paraxial mesoderm is initially called the "segmental plate" in the chick embryo or the "unsegmented mesoderm" in other vertebrates. As the primitive streak regresses and neural folds gather (to eventually become the neural tube), the paraxial mesoderm separates into blocks called somites.

Formation
The pre-somitic mesoderm commits to the somitic fate before mesoderm becomes capable of forming somites. The cells within each somite are specified based on their location within the somite. Additionally, they retain the ability to become any kind of somite-derived structure until relatively late in the process of somitogenesis.

The development of the somites depends on a clock mechanism as described by the clock and wavefront model. In one description of the model, oscillating Notch and Wnt signals provide the clock. The wave is a gradient of the fibroblast growth factor protein that is rostral to caudal (nose to tail gradient). Somites form one after the other down the length of the embryo from the head to the tail, with each new somite forming on the caudal (tail) side of the previous one.

The timing of the interval is not universal. Different species have different interval timing. In the chick embryo, somites are formed every 90 minutes. In the mouse the interval is 2 hours.

For some species, the number of somites may be used to determine the stage of embryonic development more reliably than the number of hours post-fertilization because rate of development can be affected by temperature or other environmental factors. The somites appear on both sides of the neural tube simultaneously. Experimental manipulation of the developing somites will not alter the rostral/caudal orientation of the somites, as the cell fates have been determined prior to somitogenesis. Somite formation can be induced by Noggin-secreting cells. The number of somites is species dependent and independent of embryo size (for example, if modified via surgery or genetic engineering). Chicken embryos have 50 somites; mice have 65, while snakes have 500.

As cells within the paraxial mesoderm begin to come together, they are termed somitomeres, indicating a lack of complete separation between segments. The outer cells undergo a mesenchymal–epithelial transition to form an epithelium around each somite. The inner cells remain as mesenchyme.

Notch signalling
The Notch system, as part of the clock and wavefront model, forms the boundaries of the somites. DLL1 and DLL3 are Notch ligands, mutations of which cause various defects. Notch regulates HES1, which sets up the caudal half of the somite. Notch activation turns on LFNG which in turn inhibits the Notch receptor. Notch activation also turns on the HES1 gene which inactivates LFNG, re-enabling the Notch receptor, and thus accounting for the oscillating clock model. MESP2 induces the EPHA4 gene, which causes repulsive interaction that separates somites by causing segmentation. EPHA4 is restricted to the boundaries of somites. EPHB2 is also important for boundaries.

Mesenchymal-epithelial transition
Fibronectin and N-cadherin are key to the mesenchymal–epithelial transition process in the developing embryo. The process is probably regulated by paraxis and MESP2. In turn, MESP2 is regulated by Notch signaling. Paraxis is regulated by processes involving the cytoskeleton.

Specification

The Hox genes specify somites as a whole based on their position along the anterior-posterior axis through specifying the pre-somitic mesoderm before somitogenesis occurs. After somites are made, their identity as a whole has already been determined, as is shown by the fact that transplantation of somites from one region to a completely different region results in the formation of structures usually observed in the original region. In contrast, the cells within each somite retain plasticity (the ability to form any kind of structure) until relatively late in somitic development.

Derivatives

In the developing vertebrate embryo, somites split to form dermatomes, skeletal muscle (myotomes), tendons and cartilage (syndetomes) and bone (sclerotomes).

Because the sclerotome differentiates before the dermatome and the myotome, the term dermomyotome refers to the combined dermatome and myotome before they separate out.

Dermatome
The dermatome is the dorsal portion of the paraxial mesoderm somite which gives rise to the skin (dermis). In the human embryo, it arises in the third week of embryogenesis. It is formed when a dermomyotome (the remaining part of the somite left when the sclerotome migrates), splits to form the dermatome and the myotome. The dermatomes contribute to the skin, fat and connective tissue of the neck and of the trunk, though most of the skin is derived from lateral plate mesoderm.

Myotome
The myotome is that part of a somite that forms the muscles of the animal. Each myotome divides into an epaxial part (epimere), at the back, and a hypaxial part (hypomere) at the front. The myoblasts from the hypaxial division form the muscles of the thoracic and anterior abdominal walls. The epaxial muscle mass loses its segmental character to form the extensor muscles of the neck and trunk of mammals.

In fishes, salamanders, caecilians, and reptiles, the body musculature remains segmented as in the embryo, though it often becomes folded and overlapping, with epaxial and hypaxial masses divided into several distinct muscle groups.

Sclerotome
The sclerotome (or cutis plate) forms the vertebrae and the rib cartilage and part of the occipital bone; the myotome forms the musculature of the back, the ribs and the limbs; the syndetome forms the tendons and the dermatome forms the skin on the back. In addition, the somites specify the migration paths of neural crest cells and the axons of spinal nerves. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. The lower half of one sclerotome fuses with the upper half of the adjacent one to form each vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch. Other cells move distally to the costal processes of thoracic vertebrae to form the ribs.

In arthropods
In crustacean development, a somite is a segment of the hypothetical primitive crustacean body plan. In current crustaceans, several of those somites may be fused.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Somite


text: Talk:Redruth

title: Talk:Redruth


text:
Pelješac

Pelješac (Chakavian: Pelišac; Sabbioncello) is a peninsula in southern Dalmatia in Croatia. The peninsula is part of the Dubrovnik-Neretva County and is the second largest peninsula in Croatia. From the isthmus that begins at Ston, to the top of Cape Lovišta, it is 65 km long.

Etymology
The name Pelješac is most likely derived from the name of a hill above town of Orebić, which is Pelisac. This is a relatively new name for the peninsula. Other names have been used throughout history, such as the South Slavic Stonski Rat, the Latin Puncta Stagni and the Italian Ponta di Stagno.

Geography
The Bay of Mali Ston separates the peninsula from the Klek peninsula of Bosnia and Herzegovina and from the Croatian "mainland". The Strait of Pelješac is located at its far western end, and it divides the peninsula from the island of Korčula. In the western part of the peninsula is the highest summit of Pelješac, the Zmijino brdo mountain (lit. Snake's Hill) with the peak Sveti Ilija at 961 m.

Municipalities
Administratively the peninsula is divided into the municipalities of:
 * Orebić in the western part, with 3,705 inhabitants (2021)
 * Trpanj in the northwest, a population of 683
 * Janjina in the center, with 522 people
 * Ston in the east, with 2,491 residents

Prehistory
The best known archeological site on the peninsula is Nakovana, which has preserved artifacts indicating continuous human settlement over several millennia.

The earliest known historic records of Pelješac are from ancient Greece. The area became part of the Roman province of Dalmatia after the Illyrian Wars (220 BC to 219 BC.). Roman migration soon followed.

Medieval history
In the 6th century Pelješac came under Byzantine rule. Upon the arrival of the Slavs, the area from the Neretva river to Rijeka Dubrovačka, and from the northern Herzegovina mountains to the Adriatic coast, new socio-political entities had been established, namely Neretva, Primorje, Travunija and Zahumlje, and ruled by newly risen local nobility. Ston with Rat (then the name for the Pelješac peninsula) and Mljet were under the rule of one of these principalities, namely under the knyazs of Zahumlje. These local rulers acknowledged the supremacy of Byzantium. After Mihajlo Višević, who acknowledged the authority of Bulgarian emperor Simeon, Zahumlje was ruled over by different dynasties. Around 950, it was briefly ruled by Duke Časlav. At the end of the 10th century, Samuilo was the Lord of Zahumlje, and the dukedom belonged to king Ivan Vladimir. In 1168, the Dukedom and Zahumlje were conquered by Raški major prefect Stevan Nemanja. Thirty years later, Zahumlje was invaded by Andrija, the Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia. In 1254, Béla IV of Hungary invaded Bosnia and Zahumlje. From 1304, Zahumlje was ruled by Mladen Šubić, then again for a short period by local župan, and from 1325 by Stjepan II Kotromanić. Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), acquired it from Bosnian rulers in several purchases over several decades, first in 1333 and then on 15 January 1399. King Tvrtko II confirmed purchase of the Bosansko Primorje to Dubrovnik on 24 June 1405.

The old Ston was located on the slopes of the hills of Gorica and St. Michael, south of the Ston field. There were several early Christian churches there, the largest of which was St. Stephen's Church. The bishopric church of Mary Magdalene stood until it was bombed by the Allies in 1944. The only church that still remains is the church of St. Michael, built in the middle of the late antique castrum.

The original old town was demolished in the earthquake of 1252. With the arrival of the Republic, a new city was built on today's location. When renovations were made at the church of St. Michael at the top of the hill, fragments of Roman decorative plaster, Roman tombstones and antique ceramics were found, confirming this assumption. According to some sources, Ston experienced a destructive civil war in 1250, and in these conflicts the city suffered a great deal of destruction.

The turbulent times at the beginning of the 14th century spread across the entire country of Zahumlje. The usurpation by the Branivojević brothers, forced the people of Dubrovnik to fight them in 1326 with the help of Stjepan II Kotromanić. That year, people from Dubrovnik settled Ston, and immediately began to invest and rebuild, and established a new Ston to defend the Pelješac and protect the slaves from which they had earned big revenue. Since the conflict between the Ban in Bosnia and Serbian king, the Dubrovniks purchased Pelješac with Ston from both rulers in 1333.

Modern history
At the end of the 12th century Orthodoxy appeared in the Peljesac area, at the same time Catholic bishop is expelled from Ston. Since the end of the 14th century Orthodox priests are no longer on Pelješac. When the Pelješac peninsula came under rule of Dubrovnik, since 1333 Catholic population predominantly live in this area, with Orthodox Christians and Bogomils present.

The Walls of Ston are large fortifications built by the Republic of Ragusa. They are the second longest walls in Europe. Ston also has one of the oldest salt planes in this part of the world.

The French Empire occupied the region in 1806, abolishing the old Republic, and in 1808 turned it into the Illyrian Provinces. In 1815 it was given to the Austrian Empire and since 1867 became part of the Cisleithania of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Between 1918 and 1941 it was a part Kingdom of Yugoslavia and from 1945 it was part of Socialistic Republic of Croatia within Socialistic Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. From 1991 it is part of Republic of Croatia.

Transport
The D414 road is the longest state road on the peninsula, connecting all municipalities, together with D415 towards Trpanj and D416 towards Prapratno. County roads in turn connect Lovište, Žuljana and Hodilje, and a number of local roads to the more remote villages. The Pelješac Bridge located near Brijesta connects the peninsula to the mainland near Komarna, and through it connects the southern semi-exclave of the Dubrovnik-Neretva County with the rest of the country via its territorial waters. It bypasses the narrow strip of coastline at Neum that grants Bosnia and Herzegovina sea access. There are car ferry routes connecting Trpanj to Ploče on the mainland, Orebić to Korčula on the eponymous island, and Prapratno to Sobra on Mljet.

title: Pelješac


text:
Battle rifle

A battle rifle is a service rifle chambered to fire a fully powered cartridge.

The term "battle rifle" is a retronym created largely out of a need to differentiate automatic rifles chambered for fully powered cartridges from automatic rifles chambered for intermediate cartridges, which were later categorized as assault rifles. Battle rifles were most prominent from the 1940s to the 1970s, when they were used as service rifles. While modern battle rifles largely resemble modern assault rifle designs, which replaced battle rifles in most roles, the term may also describe older military full-power semi-automatic rifles such as the M1 Garand, SVT-40, Gewehr 41, Gewehr 43, Type 4, FN Model 1949, and MAS-49.

Semi-automatic
First examples of semi-automatic fully powered-cartridge rifles used in World War I are the Fusil Automatique Modèle 1917 in 8×50mmR Lebel and the Winchester Model 1910 in .401 Winchester Self-Loading.

Select fire
During World War I, all of the world's armies were equipped with bolt-action rifles, and the thought of fully automatic fire in a design that was lightweight and controllable enough to be used by a single soldier was seen as something that would be extremely useful in the static conditions of trench warfare. The Russian Empire produced the world's first battle rifle, the Fedorov Avtomat, which was select-fire and fired the rather underpowered 6.5mm Arisaka round from a 25-round box magazine. Only about 100 were produced and used during the war, before the Russian Civil War forced Russia to withdraw its forces in 1917, and so there is an absence of reports on the combat effectiveness of Fedorov rifles, but they continued to be produced until 1925. Fedorov rifles were also used in limited numbers during the opening stages of the Winter War. France developed the Chauchat-Ribeyrolles 1918 submachine gun, an automatic shortrifle chambered in 8×50mmR Lebel, intended to defend tank crews.

World War II
The battle rifle was of major significance during World War II, with the United States, Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and Imperial Japan all producing them in some capacity. Millions were produced during this era, but overall, with the sole exception of the United States, bolt-action rifles were much more common on the battlefield.

M1 Garand
At the outbreak of World War Two, the United States was the only nation in the world to have formally adopted a battle rifle as their service rifle. The M1 Garand fired the .30-06 Springfield cartridge, which loaded from an eight-round en bloc clip. When empty, this clip would eject upwards out of the rifle, making a distinctive ping sound in the process, after which a new en bloc clip could be inserted into the rifle. The adoption of the semi-automatic rifle allowed American riflemen to field much greater sustained firepower than their Allied and Axis contemporaries, who were still using bolt-action rifles as their primary rifle. The Garand continued to see front line service during the Korean War, saw limited service during the Vietnam War, and served as the basis for the creation of the M14 rifle.

SVT-40
The Soviet Union issued one major battle rifle, the SVT-40, which was invented by Fedor Tokarev, who is also well known for creating the Tokarev pistol. It uses the 7.62×54mmR cartridge, and reloaded with a 10-round magazine, but the receiver was open-top, meaning it could also be loaded with 5-round stripper clips, the same ones used in the Mosin-Nagant. The SVT's performance was overall unsatisfactory, owing largely to its lack of reliability, in particular that it needed frequent cleaning, and the stock was of a poor quality. Nonetheless, over 1 million rifles were produced, and it continued to see service until the end of the war. Like the Mosin-Nagant, it was replaced by the AK-47 shortly after World War II. A select fire variant named the AVT-40 was also produced in limited numbers where regular machine guns such as the DP-27 were not available, but the weapon's 10 round capacity made it somewhat unsuitable for fully automatic fire.

FG-42
Nazi Germany was responsible for a large amount of experimental weaponry during the war. Among these was the FG-42, a rifle built specifically for the Fallschirmjäger (paratroopers). The rifle was meant to be a jack-of-all-trades that would be used during the first stages of an airborne operation, before heavier weapons like the MG-42 could be sent in. The FG-42 was a select fire rifle, which had a 20-round magazine that loaded on the left of the rifle, and it used the 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge. It was first used during the Battle of Rhodes (1943), and continued to see limited service until the end of the war, with a total of about 7,000 produced. Postwar observers were very impressed by the rifle, resulting in the British EM-2 rifle and the American M60 Machine Gun, which was standard issue in the U.S. during the Vietnam War. Both of these designs were heavily influenced by the FG-42.

Gewehr 41 and 43
Another German design built during the Second World War was the Gewehr 41, which was produced by Walther Arms and Mauser, and had a 10-round internal magazine, loaded with 2 stripper clips and used the 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge. About 145,000 were produced before the Mauser design was worked upon and made into the Gewehr 43. Externally, the two rifles look mostly identical, and the main difference that sets them apart is that the G43 reloads with external box magazines (10 rounds), and has a short-stroke piston, whereas the G41 uses the same system as that in the M1922 Bang rifle. Over 400,000 G43s were built.

Type 4
During the Pacific War, the Empire of Japan created the Type 4 rifle, also known as the Type 5, to act as a counter to the American M1 Garand. While initial attempts were made as rudimentary copies of the Garand, it was found that the Japanese 7.7×58mm Arisaka cartridge didn't respond well to being fitted into the Garand's internals, and so, the en-bloc clip design of the Garand was replaced with a 10-round internal magazine, loaded with stripper clips, as was seen in the German Gewehr 41. Only 250 were built, in 1945, when the Imperial Japanese Army was already at its breaking point, and production ceased with the surrender in August of that year.

FN FAL
The most enduring battle rifle of the Cold War is the FN FAL (Fusil Automatique Léger). The FAL is a rifle produced by Belgian company FN Herstal, firing 7.62×51mm NATO from 20 or 30 round box magazines. It was first produced in 1953, at which point all the nations of the Warsaw Pact except Czechoslovakia (which first used its own vz. 52 rifle before switching to the vz. 58 model), were all equipping with the AK-47, or some variant of it, but most NATO countries had their own, domestically produced designs. For instance, the United Kingdom used the Lee-Enfield, the United States used the M1 Garand, and France used the MAS-49. The FAL was supposed to solve this issue; however, the United States chose not to adopt it, primarily because their own design, the M14 rifle, was a pound lighter, less internally complex, and there was financial benefit for the United States in producing it domestically. At the time of its creation, it was adopted by several NATO countries, including Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, among many others. The United Kingdom manufactured their own version of the FAL, the L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle, which is semi-automatic only. Though assault rifles are typically more common in contemporary usage, the FAL is still in active service in many nations (none of which are in NATO), most notably Brazil. In total, the FAL has been used by over 90 countries and over 7,000,000 have been produced, leading to the rifle's other, unofficial name: "The Right Arm of the Free World."

Heckler & Koch G3

The 'Heckler & Koch G3 (Gewehr 3) is a roller-delayed blowback operating system rifle developed in the 1950s by the German armament manufacturer Heckler & Koch (H&K) in collaboration with the Spanish state-owned design and development agency CETME (Centro de Estudios Técnicos de Materiales Especiales), firing 7.62×51mm NATO from 5, 10, 20, 30, or 40 round detachable box magazines and 50 or 100 round detachable drum magazines. It was first produced in 1959. The modular designed G3 has over the years been exported to over 70 countries and manufactured under licence in at least 15 countries, bringing the total number built to around 7,800,000.

M14
The M14 rifle is an American design, made to replace the M1 Garand, which was used as the basis for the M14. It is a select fire weapon, firing 7.62×51mm NATO from 20-round detachable box magazines. It was the primary infantry rifle used during the Vietnam War, but once deployed into combat, there were complaints about the weapon's performance, such as it was too difficult to control in full auto, its profile was too long, and the weapon was generally unreliable. A 1962 Department of Defense report described it as "completely inferior" to the M1 Garand. It went into production in 1959 and about 1,300,000 M14 rifles have been produced. The M14 was eventually replaced by the M16 assault rifle, which was a controversial decision as the M16's less powerful 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge, combined with the fact it was much smaller and lighter, and had plastic furniture instead of wood, led some soldiers to sarcastically call the new rifle the 'Mattel 16'. Despite initial shortcomings, however, the M16 remains in American military service to this day, and it is the most produced rifle in 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge.

AR-10

The ArmaLite AR-10 is a 7.62×51mm NATO battle rifle designed by Eugene Stoner in 1955, as a late entrant to the United States Army's Light Rifle Trials to replace the M1 Garand in US service. It was initially manufactured by ArmaLite (then a division of the Fairchild Aircraft Corporation) and under a manufacturing license by Artillerie Inrichtingen. First introduced in 1956, the AR-10 used an innovative combination of a straight-line barrel/stock design with phenolic composite, a new  filed gas-operated bolt and carrier system and forged alloy parts resulting in a small arm significantly easier to control in automatic fire and over 1 lb lighter than other infantry rifles of the day. Over its production life, the original AR-10 was built in relatively small numbers, with fewer than 10,000 rifles assembled. However, the ArmaLite AR-10 (later developed into the ArmaLite AR-15, M16 rifle, and M4 carbine) would become the progenitor for a wide range of firearms.

Contemporary usage
After the United States formally adopted the M16 rifle the precedent was set. Because they were more controllable, much lighter, and still offered acceptable levels of penetration, intermediate cartridges were considered a better choice, and gradually battle rifles began to be replaced with weapons such as the Steyr AUG, Heckler & Koch G36, FAMAS, and SA80. However, battle rifles do continue to be used in certain roles where the extra power is appreciated, for example, designated marksmen in the Bundeswehr use the HK417. Other examples of contemporary battle rifles include the SCAR-H, Mk 14 Enhanced Battle Rifle, Desert Tech MDRx, and IWI Tavor 7.

title: Battle rifle


text: User talk:61.95.208.131

title: User talk:61.95.208.131


text: User talk:81.7.102.56

title: User talk:81.7.102.56


text:
Talk:Heckler & Koch G3

Rhodesian Use?
It's well known that in the final years of the Rhodesian Bush War as sources for FALs dried up that large numbers of G3s were imported to Rhodesia from Portugal. But they were mainly issued to police, paramilitray and other secondary formations. I would hardly call these "select units" which implies that quality formation got them. In fact the G3 was not popular amongst Rhodesian troops who prefered their FALs. The current article even mentiones the Grey's Scouts. I've never seen a photo of a Grey's Scout with a G3. Would someone like to provide some information supporting the current version of the text before I alter it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Trench raider (talk • contribs) 15:49, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Also, added a photo of a G3 in Rhodesian service. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Trench raider (talk • contribs) 16:15, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Indian use on G3s?
I am new to Wikipedia, so I don't know how things work, India uses HK G-3 special variants (Heckler & Koch PSG1) and MAYBE some G-3 battle rifles, used by the Indian army, MARCOS, National Security Guard, and more, can someone add India in the users list? Mig Pilot (talk) 08:07, 28 February 2021 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mig Pilot (talk • contribs) 08:04, 28 February 2021 (UTC)

 * You can, but provide citations regarding the user(s).--Francis Flinch (talk) 18:30, 28 February 2021 (UTC)

Merge Scandinavian variants?
I put up tags to merge the Swedish Ak 4 and Norwegian AG-3 into the main body. Not enough unique features or even information to warrant separate articles IMNSHO. Koalorka (talk) 01:33, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

US as user
Why do people keep deleting my mention of the US as G3 user? The List of individual weapons of the US armed forces clearly states to G3 as in use and the image on this page also shows a US marine using a G3. ANK —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.124.49.175 (talk) 21:06, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Please indicate your source. The G3 used by the Marine is likely captured from insurgents or confiscated from a civilian. The closest the US armed forces came to using an HK roller-delayed firearm was the H&R T223, which is a license version of the HK33, used in VERY small numbers by special task groups in the 1960s/70s. Koalorka (talk) 21:10, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

In List of individual weapons of the US Armed Forces the G3 is listed as in active service, so that is mainly my "source" if that counts. ANK —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.124.49.175 (talk • contribs)

As a member of the U.S. military and knowing many past and present soldiers, and by researching and finding no trace of the G3 being used by the U.S. Military or even U.S. Law Enforcement Agencies including the "List of individual weapons of the US Armed Forces". There is absoutly no prove that the G3 is or has ever been used by the U.S. in any offical way, and should thus be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.8.150.120 (talk) 01:02, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

 * It's not there, and if it ever was, it must have been a mistake or somekind of oversight.Koalorka (talk) 21:17, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, I removed it. It's one of those "Special Forces limited use" type of entries.  If so, the US used the Mig 15 and Mig 25 as well. --'''I am Asamuel''' (talk) 21:18, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Whatever man, I dont feel like debating so ill just let it go. ANK —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.124.49.175 (talk) 21:23, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

 * If we had a solid source, I don't see why it couldn't be included. We list individual PD's on some guns... Koalorka (talk) 00:54, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I added it as it was sourced as being used by US Army Rangers and Navy Seals in the 1970's/80's in the book "Small Arms Today" 2nd Edition (published 1988) by Edward Ezell. There's even an NSN number. --AdAstra2009 (talk) 22:24, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

Edit warring
There is obviously a dispute at this page; however I am not seeing corresponding discussion at talk. Please, as soon as reverts start, it is essential to explain things at the talkpage. Don't just battle it out in edit summaries. Thanks, Elonka 00:23, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

 * User Quicload insists on littering the development history with images from other linked articles. Also the CETME Modelo C is a divergent design that did not affect the G3, therefore it should be omitted. Koalorka (talk) 02:27, 29 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I'm having a bit of trouble following, since there are so many reverts...  I'm not seeing which images are being discussed?  The most recent reverts don't seem to have anything to do with pictures? --Elonka 02:37, 29 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay, I've stepped through the contributions here, and I have to say that I'm disturbed by the type of edit war that's been going on with this article. I see two editors who should know better, who are abusing the "undo" button in a content war, even for something as trivial as changing a paragraph spacing or moving an image from left to right, which is a completely inappropriate reason to revert.  Gentlemen, as a reminder, edit wars are a completely ineffective way of forcing through your desired changes, and using the UNDO button to revert every single thing that another editor did, is highly disruptive.  Instead, take conflicts to the discussion page, and work it out.  If there's disagreement about text that has been added, tag it with fact and request a source.  If no source is provided, the information can be removed.  As for the quantity of images, try to find a compromise, but do not just keep reverting each other. The next editor to revert the other, may have their account access blocked. --Elonka 03:04, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

Hello, there are very simple things to check:

1) I explained every significant addition and/or edition I did

2) The pictures I added were exactly the pictures with clear demonstration of the technical and historical points that were exposed in the text.

3)There are pictures of soldiers holding rifles in "development" section of every article related to one specific rifles that do not bring anything to the comprehension of the text. The one labeled as historically important by K that I replaced and it seems it started this war was an out of focus large size irrelevant picture showing a smiling german bearded soldier holding a rifle on his side, the rifle being almost totally hidden. K said (check edit explanation) that it was an historically important picture necessary to understand the early development of the G3 but at the same time he specified "1988" that means 30 years after the G3 appeared and one year before it went out of service. I replaced it by a clear sharp high definition picture of a US soldier aiming a G3 in the foreground where all details are present.

4) It looks like K has the same modus operandi to place pictures of soldiers holding rifles in all his article's development sections instead of going further to find technical drawings and historical pictures both relevant to the point that is being made. He does not like anybody to edit something he has done. He uses various irrelevant explanations to revert edits. When I posted pictures of MG42/MG3 roller system and G3 roller system that show both different and similar points of the designs that are the genesis of the H&K G3 rifles from a modified WW2 era machinegun short stroke gas operated locking roller system to a 1950s delayed roller blowback system without use of the gas, he simply asked me to prove the link between the MG and the rifle and removed the pictures. When I brought the evidence by citing some of the most significant historical and technical research works, K simply starting to revert without explaining.

5)K even goes to the extent he makes up reasons and the only weak reason he cites above, is: "User Quicload insists on littering the development history with images from other linked articles."

Since when posting an image demonstrating both an historical and a technical significant point is littering?

" Also the CETME Modelo C is a divergent design that did not affect the G3, therefore it should be omitted"

The Modelo C is not a divergent design as falsely/wrongly exposed by K but the model that is the closest to the G3 since its main drawback that was the use of a specific spanish weakened load of the ammunition has been solved by the use of a roller ramp angle identical to the one present on the G3. This was triggered by the refusal of Germany to employ the non NATO standard specification round called 7.62 CETME NATO as used with the Spanish Modelo 58 aka CETME B. Common work of H&K and CETME technicians produced both the H&K G3 and the CETME C using common parts and the common NATO ammunition.

and K comes with this weak and inaccurate justifications to back his reckless unjustified reverts? As per the quantity of images, there are 3 pictures only and they were the only pictures refering precisely to the technicalities exposed in the "development" section. I will repost these pictures, I will remove them at once if the irrelevancy of said pictures is demonstrated. I hope some expert will chime in and check the points I exposed, there are a few of them posting in Wiki as I noticed.

Sincerely

Edmond HUET (talk) 09:26, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

 * 2. The pictures you added to this page (and approx. 10 other pages) belong in the delayed blowback article, not every single firearm page that uses the same operating system. It's illogical to have these duplicate images in 10 or more related firearms when instead they could all be concentrated on the proper page through a link provided in the firearm description page. What you've done was spamming. Here are the following pages you have included the images in: MG42, MP5, HK33, MG3, G3.

 * 3. Very rarely do we have images that would correspond to each section of an article, i.e. development, variants, design details, users etc. Pictures of prototypes are extremely scarce, even more so for those that are free. It is unrealistic and impossible to illustrate every section, what I've decided to do is use the left block of text (usually occupied by the development section) to insert a representative in-service type image that would show the weapon's employment in common military/law enforcement type applications, a natural setting. I've received no complaints over the years save Quickload's latest disruptive edits.

 * 4. The roller locked short recoil system would only confuse the already complex roller delayed blowback system employed on the G3.

 * 5. What I meant to say about the Modelo C, is the G3 is not derived from the Modelo C. The Modelo C and later CETME rifles had no influence on the G3. The lineage split and the Modelo C was developed at a later stage. Therefore, not relevant to the G3.

 * You will not revert the pictures without consensus, and let me be the first to OPPOSE that. Good luck convincing others. Koalorka (talk) 16:53, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

No need to lose my time, those who will dig the subject and check the bibliography references I supplied will see by themselves what it is all about.

Edmond HUET (talk) 16:25, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

MC51 merge
I've noticed the MC51 page lacks content and is pretty much a copy-paste from Security Arms. It is nothing more than a custom-made chopped variant of the G3 manufactured by FR Ordnance in very limited numbers and has seen little use with the SAS. The mention of it on this page is sufficient in my view. Koalorka (talk) 02:26, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

SR9 Section
I've changed "get around the Semi-Auto Import Ban of 1989" to "comply with the Semi-Auto Import Ban of 1989", as the former version is in my view POV (i.e. it suggests that by introducing the SR9, H&K was attempt to circumvent US laws). I also changed "high-capacity magazine" to "standard-capacity magazine". The standard magazine capacity for all G3-variants is 20 rounds. 59.100.42.109 (talk) 11:51, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Short magazines?
On first inspection two of the images appear to show soldiers holding rifles that do not have magazines; the photograph with the telescopic sight, and notably the shot of the Portuguese soldiers disembarking from a helicopter. In theory there's nothing wrong with this (although the caption of the second image implies that they soldiers are in action) but just to make sure, is this really the case? Or is there e.g. a five-round magazine for the G3 which does not extend beneath the magazine slot? -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 22:42, 19 December 2009 (UTC) No, the second picture is a training excercise. A short, 5 round mag would probably be a real pain to pull out once you're done firing. And imagine trying to adjust that magazine if you don't seat it properly... you jammed that puppy in there with all the force your arm could generate, now lets see you pull it out with your fingertips...
 * A 5-round magazine makes sense for a sniper rifle, which would also explain the telescopic sight. Snipers do not put out large volumes of fire, but key in on select targets.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.64.0.252 (talk) 16:45, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Those aren't short magazines, those are G3's without magazine. Can't really say much more than that, other than that I served the German Army while the G3 was still in service, and am somewhat familiar with the design. ;-) -- DevSolar (talk) 14:45, 16 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Is it possible for a G3 to use a 10/15 round magazine? Hardtofindausername (talk) 18:59, 6 April 2013

DIO G3 Bullpup
I just have a few questions about the Iranian version of the G3:

 * Can it be mounted with an M203 or other 40mm grenade launcher?
 * Can it be modified with a collapsible and/or folding stock?
 * Can it be given the 50 round drum magazine as well as the 20 round box mag?
 * Does it have selective fire?

Any answers or possible answers to any number of the above questions would be useful and appreciated. BleedingEffect (talk) 00:27, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

Main picture of the Article is not a G3A3??
I noticed it doesn't have a paddle release, indicating it has a semi auto shelf welded in — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.99.16.225 (talk) 15:30, 6 January 2013 (UTC)

Assault Rifle or Battle Rifle?
The source on the page,http://world.guns.ru/assault/de/hk-g3-e.html, categorizes the G3 as an Assault Rifle. "Battle" rifle is a vague and poorly defined category of firearm created in the 1980s by American gun magazines such as Soldier Of Fortune, Battle Rifle is a term not used by any military or by other countries outside the US in the english speaking world. To some, a Battle Rifle is a variant of Assault Rifle, to others, it is distinct from an Assault Rifle. Since the G3 is German made gun, it would make sense to call it a Battle Rifle only if Heckler & Koch called it that, and I don't see a source of HK doing that. The assault rifles that are more generally categorized as Battle rifles by American gun magazines are heavier descendants of the M1 Garand such as the M14 and Springfield M1A. Then there is the FN FAL and its many variants, which all straddle the line between Assault Rifle and Battle Rifle. Not so much the select fire G3.Walterego (talk) 01:43, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
 * It doesn't matter what the definition of an assault rifle is in Russia, the definitions used on WP is that weapons chambered for full power cartridges, such as the 7.62x51mm, are battle rifles, not assault rifles. Thomas.W (talk) 07:29, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
 * According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the G3 is specifically categorized as an assault rifle. "Widely used assault rifles are the United States’ M16, the Soviet Kalashnikov (the AK-47 and modernized versions), the Belgian FAL and FNC, and the German G3." http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/39165/assault-rifle  Walterego (talk) 12:29, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Which, as I have pointed out to you, are examples that contradict the first sentence of Encyclopaedia Britannica's definition of "assault rifle". Thomas.W (talk) 12:32, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
 * The Encyclopedia Britannica doesn't contradict itself. It contradicts your notion of what that sentence means, a notion which you have formed from elsewhere. The source specifically supports that the G3 is an assault rifle. Can you supply a source that states otherwise? Walterego (talk) 12:51, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

50 Round drum on a G3
a 50 rd drum is seen on http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fDF0f-dOdA — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hardtofindausername (talk • contribs) 12:19, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

Vietnam War?
Who exactly used the G3 during Vietnam? Source?--172.162.2.93 (talk) 08:39, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

G3 never been used in Vietnam war. 80.184.90.162 (talk) 00:02, 29 March 2014 (UTC)
 * People keep saying the G3 was used by Navy SEALs as they have never heard of the Harrison Richards T223( a Heckler & Koch HK33 clone made under license.) However it seems that Thailand was using the G3 at that time. 174.22.22.233 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 05:35, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Twist rate?
The text reads "4 right-hand grooves with a 305 mm twist rate".

I'm familiar with twist rates specified as the number of turns in a given distance along the barrel, such as a rifle with a 1:10 twist being 1 turn in 10 inches. Is the text trying to say one turn in 305 mm? Let's clarify this. Poihths (talk) 23:55, 17 April 2017 (UTC)

 * 305mm is approximately 12 inches, so 1 in 12 is my guess. That's pretty standard for 147gr 7.62x51mm NATO. — Bardbom (talk) 05:22, 18 April 2017 (UTC)

Recent edit
Preserving here by providing this link. My rationale was: "WP:CATALOG: excessive and promotional detail; uncited; list of wars is non-informative". I also removed excessive external links. Please let me know if there are any concerns. --K.e.coffman (talk) 21:58, 25 March 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The file on Wikimedia Commons has been nominated for deletion. View and participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. Community Tech bot (talk) 21:55, 22 May 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:52, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Mexican army.jpg

Thousands separators
... is, according to ISO-Standard a (fixed) space. Points and commas are decimal signs - depending on language. Can somebody sober fix this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.64.113.107 (talk) 21:03, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

"Design Details" section is potentially improperly sourced
Most of, or all of the "Design Details" section appears to be sourced almost verbatim from this page: https://www.majesticconsultancy.net/land-force-army/automatic-rifle-g3a3-g3p4/ (edit, archived link: https://archive.ph/05e3k) but this page is not linked/included in either the "References" or "External Links" sections of this article. I haven't immediately added that link to those sections because I'm not sure whether the text on this article should be counted as plagiarizing or violating copyrights of the linked page and thus edited/removed entirely, or not. If it is plagiarized and should be removed, I have not yet found a page/source with as exhaustive descriptions as the Majestic Consultancy link, nor any sources leading from or to that page in particular. The text of the "Design Details" section is also nearly identical on the G41 and HK33 Wikipedia articles (with appropriate edits for each model), which I can see would make sense since they share manufacturers and specific components, but the issue remains of that text being sourced from the Majestic Consultancy page without being properly sourced, it seems. I also haven't found any indication that the Majestic Consultancy page or text on it is in the public domain. I started a talk topic because more experienced Wikipedians will probably know what to do here (if anything) better than me.

I noticed this when making minor edits to the "Sights" section of the HK G41 page: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heckler_%26_Koch_G41&action=history, and saw that a few of the sections under "Design Details" seem to be identical across the G3, G41, and HK33 Wikipedia articles. Trying to verify if "Drehvisier A" was a specific model name or just a typo led me to the aforementioned Majestic Consultancy page and finding that the "History" and "Design Details" sections are sourced nearly exactly from that page, for this G3 article and the G41 and HK33 articles.

Again, I gathered that starting a "Talk" topic about this observation was the first thing to do, to see if it's really an issue or not. Ngc1381 (talk) 00:57, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heckler & Koch G3


text:
Talk:Extreme II: Pornograffitti

He-Man Woman Hater
I can find no reference to who plays guitar in the begining of this song. I've heard it's Nuno, Dweezil, and Ygwie. Is there any one out there that can provide proof of who plays the intro (usually named "Flight of the Wounded Bumblebee".Padillah 17:37, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Release Date
I added a Release Date of August 7, 1990 (previously it only had the year with no date). This date is shown on the album's copyright registration and also in the RIAA Gold & Platinum Certifications page. I don't know how to create citation links for those. PatConolly (talk) 23:21, 24 January 2021 (UTC)

 * ✅ – RIAA source added. Mac Dreamstate (talk) 17:58, 25 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Extreme II: Pornograffitti


text:
Extreme II: Pornograffitti

Extreme II: Pornograffitti (also known as simply Pornograffitti) is the second studio album by the heavy metal band Extreme, released on August 7, 1990, through A&M Records. The album title is a portmanteau of pornography and graffiti.

Extreme II sold very well, peaking at No. 10 on the Billboard 200, and was certified double platinum in the U.S. by the RIAA. It is the band's best selling album. Two singles from Pornograffiti, "More Than Words" and "Hole Hearted", reached No. 1 and 4 respectively on the Billboard Hot 100. Two other tracks, "Decadence Dance" and "Get the Funk Out", became popular on MTV's Headbangers Ball.

Overview
Pornograffitti is a concept album,  its story is about lost innocence and uneasiness. Though the album "[focuses] on the same funk-metal vibe as [their debut]", it became massively popular due to the acoustic single "More Than Words".

According to authors HP Newquist and Pete Prown, the album has "a bewildering array of song styles—heavy metal, ballads, funk, etc.".

The title track, as well as "More than Words" and "It('s a Monster)", have been played live since at least early April 1989, and date back to shortly after the band's self-titled debut was released.

Reception
The album received largely positive reception. AllMusic reviewer Steve Huey gave the album four stars, and commented that "[the] band shows a strong desire to experiment and push the boundaries of the pop-metal format". Rolling Stone placed the album at thirteenth on their list of the "50 Greatest Hair Metal Albums of All Time". Ultimate Classic Rock ranked it at eighth in their "Top 30 Glam Metal Albums". Heavy metal author Martin Popoff, in his book The Big Book of Hair Metal, called the album, "a thinking man's hair metal album, with thoughtful lyrics and tasteful guitar work".

Lead guitarist Nuno Bettencourt garnered admiration from rock guitar enthusiasts, as he was voted "Best New Talent" in a 1991 readers' poll by Guitar World magazine, and that magazine later named him "Most Valuable Player" of 1991.

Legacy
In 2010, after the band's reunion in the previous years, rumors started about possible commemorative shows given the 20th anniversary of the record. In 2012, the band played the entire album for four tour dates in Japan. In January 2014, the band confirmed they would be performing Pornograffiti in its entirety on their 2014 European tour.

In 2015, the band embarked on an extensive US tour commemorating the album's 25th anniversary.

Personnel

 * Extreme
 * Gary Cherone – lead and backing vocals
 * Nuno Bettencourt – guitars, piano, percussion, backing vocals, arrangements, producer on tracks 9 and 13
 * Pat Badger – bass, backing vocals
 * Paul Geary – drums, percussion

 * Additional musicians
 * Barbara Glynn – backing vocals on "Decadence Dance"
 * Pat Travers – backing vocals on "Get the Funk Out"
 * Jeanine Moultrine – backing vocals on "Suzi (Wants Her All Day What?)"
 * Dweezil Zappa – intro/outro lead guitar on "He-Man Woman Hater"
 * Li'l Jack Horn Section in "Li'l Jack Horny", "Get the Funk Out" directed by Andy Armer
 * Bob Findley, trumpet
 * Chuck Findley, trumpet
 * Bill Watrous, trombone
 * Dick "Slyde" Hyde, bass trombone
 * Pete Christlieb, tenor sax
 * Joel Peskin, tenor sax

 * Production
 * Michael Wagener – producer, mixing
 * Bob St. John – engineer
 * George Marino –mastering at Sterling Sound, New York
 * Randy Badazz – orchestration
 * Ioannis/Third Image – art direction and design

title: Extreme II: Pornograffitti


text:
User:Tyan23

I am documenting video game and home computer history with screenshots. My current goal is to create a 4-8 screen screenshot section for every video game console and home computer that I can emulate. For those with many/important games or programs, I also create galleries.

Game-Content Tips

 * Always show game play! Never show the title, that's useless
 * Try to give a typical and representative impression of the game. In general, the first level is better than the last one.
 * Do not show characters in unusual animation frames, otherwise they are hard to recognize. For instance, show Pac-Man with the mouth open and not as a yellow circle. Avoid overlapping sprites for the same reason.
 * Try to show several elements of the game on the same screenshot (but not too many). For instance, this screenshot shows two enemy types and one of them in two states; this screenshot shows a second vehicle as well as a curve
 * Be careful that characters can be hard to spot in a picture without movement. Try to move the main character in front of background with good contrast, and wait for opponents to do the same. Game Boy Color games are the worst in terms of contrast; in this pic Donkey Kong is hard to recognize: DKC screenshot
 * Make many screenshots and chose the best one. In fast-paced games I usually do at least 10, sometimes up to 100, to find the right one

Technical Tips

 * if possible, use the emulator's screenshot function. If not, make sure that the game is displayed in a window at the original resolution and use a regular screenshot tool. Never capture in fullscreen or other scaled modes with a screenshot tool
 * Unless you have a high-res (512*200 or higher) game with photo-realistic or 3D graphics, always save as PNG and never as JPEG. JPEG compression ruins artificial-looking / hand-drawn graphics, often produces bad artifacts, and is usually even bigger than a PNG image. Example: Raiden PNG screenshot (17kb) and Raiden JPEG screenshot (38kb).
 * If you have such a high-res 3D game and you want to save it as JPEG (like this Nintendo 64 screenshot), you need a very high quality setting to avoid artifacts, because of the sharp contrasts of computer graphics. Most of my N64 screenshots use 0.95 (out of 1). This compresses them down to 100 kByte, instead of 300kByte PNGs.
 * Some games, especially on the Playstation, may use unusual resolutions such as 512x256. Grab them at this resolution and scale them up to the nearest 3:2 resolution (512x340 in this case). After doing this, efficient PNG compression is not possible anymore and you need to use JPEG
 * PNGs produced by regular programs do not have an optimal compression rate, you can often half the images in size with the right compressor. A good tool is Advance Mame's advpng from the AdvanceCOMP suite. Use with "-z -4" parameters for maximum compression, but be sure to backup your images first! It modifies the existing files, and it has some bugs and ruined a few pictures. (The author recommends to use it only with MAME-generated pictures, but it usually works with other PNGs as well). You can find it here: http://advancemame.sourceforge.net/comp-readme.html
 * It's impossible to do real screenshots of some games, especially on the Atari 2600: because of hardware limitations it can not show as many sprites as some games need, so it shows them alternating. The user sees the sprites flickering, but if you capture the screen, you won't see them at all. A classic example is the Atari 2600 Pac-Man screenshot. Only one of the 4 ghosts is visible at a time. The only real solution is to fake those pictures: make several screen shots and merge them with some image manipulation program (Photoshop, Paintshop, Gimp etc). I did this with the A2600 Asteroids screenshot and a few other. I kept Pac-Man as is, because the Pac-Man article explains the problem of the game.

Content-related tips

 * try to show a significant part of the program, but not too many unneccessary details. For instance, don't show the content of a pull-down menu (unless you want to demonstrate a specific function)
 * try to show the application with data that demonstrates its capabilities. For instance, this screenshot of a word processor shows the different styles and fonts.

Technical Tips

 * use the emulator's screenshot function. if this is not possible, display the emulator screen in a window in the emulator's original resolution (don't scale it up) and use a regular screenshot tool
 * always use PNG, never jpeg
 * in order to reduce the size of the image, try to convert the image to a indexed/palette color mode with a painting program (if possible). Use a recompressor tool like described in the game section

Game Screenshot Section / Gallery Selection Criteria
The first problem when doing a new screenshot gallery section is selecting the games:
 * Obviously, the best-selling and best-rated games should be included
 * I try to get a selection that spreads over the systems lifetime, beginning with first games and release titles (even if they are bad) and ending with the last
 * Even if the console's manufacturer did the most important games, I always try to include a few third-party manufacturer games
 * The screenshots should contain a variety of genres. E.g. i always try to include as least one sport game in the 8-screenshot-section, even if is is not as important as the other games
 * Dont ignore cheesy movie- or toy-games, like Atari 2600's E.T. or ColecoVision's "Masters of the Universe" in the gallery. Yes, they are bad, but they are a part of video game culture and history
 * The available games are often limited, because I cant get ROMs for some games (e.g. Mario and Zelda games are hard to find - Nintendo protects them) or because they can't be emulated (almost every console lacks a screenshot of an important game because of emulation problems)

Finished consoles and computers

 * Atari 2600 / Atari 2600 Screenshot Gallery
 * Atari 5200 / Atari 5200 Screenshot Gallery
 * Atari 7800 / Atari 7800 Screenshot Gallery
 * Intellivision / Intellivision Screenshot Gallery
 * ColecoVision / ColecoVision Screenshot Gallery
 * Nintendo Entertainment System / NES Screenshot Gallery
 * Sega Master System / Sega Master System Screenshot Gallery
 * SNES / SNES Screenshot Gallery
 * Game Boy
 * Game Boy Color
 * Game Boy Advance
 * Sega Genesis / Megadrive
 * Sega 32X
 * Atari Jaguar
 * Nintendo 64
 * Commodore 64 / Commodore 64/Software
 * PlayStation
 * Amiga Games
 * Atari ST / Atari ST/Games
 * Sega Game Gear
 * By others:
 * Atari Lynx
 * Sega_Mega-CD

To-Do

 * better table layout for galleries that does not break with long titles
 * Vectrex screenshots
 * There are some other systems, like PC Engine. Dreamcast, Sega Saturn, 3DO and PS2, but I cant emulate them..

Licensing
I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

Gallery articles up for deletion!
I noticed that these articles:
 * Gallery of Nintendo Entertainment System screenshots
 * Gallery of Super Nintendo Entertainment System screenshots
 * Gallery of Sega Mega Drive and Sega Genesis screenshots
 * Gallery of Sega Master System screenshots

that you worked on in the past are now are up for deletion. Would you vote in favor of keeping these articles? They show the history of the advancement of video game graphics over time and are useful as a source of images for graphics for video game articles. --ShaunMacPherson 19:58, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Tyan23


text:
Talk:Defibrillation

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Peer Review Suggestions
Hello! I’ve reviewed the Lead, Medical Uses, Types, and Interface with Person sections of this article for the UCSF Wikipedia Elective. Overall, great work revising this article. Here are some suggestions:

Lead: great expansion of content and references in a simple, easy-to-follow manner

Medical uses: I like the revisions you made to the content and references about outcomes, but I think the first few sentences could be improved for readability

Types: Additional need for references in “manual external defibrillator” section, but good content revisions overall. Good simplification of “manual internal defibrillator” section. “AED” section is a little long. Especially because there is a link to an external article. I might consider cutting down this section, especially the 4th and 5th paragraphs. “Wearable cardiac defibrillator” references “as of February 2011”, which is quite a bit out of date now.

Interface with person: Would add references to this section. Could add a picture of self-adhesive electrodes. Could add a picture for the anterior-posterior scheme. Also should label the current image as anterior-apex scheme.

Hope this is helpful--let me know if you have any questions!

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Query Trivia Section
It notes "This changed in 1990 after Australian media mogul Kerry Packer had a heart attack and, purely by chance, the ambulance that responded to the call carried a defibrillator." But a defibrillator is used for Cardiac Arrest NOT Heart Attack. Did he have a Heart Attack which ledt to a Cardiac Arrest? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.158.59.137 (talk) 08:18, 17 September 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:38, 26 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Cabinet .jpg

Energy only relates to damage, not to shock strength of defibrillation or cardioversion.
Experiments and research have since a long time established that energy is not a reliable parameter to determine the shock strength. It should be inserted in the article as it gives a better perspective on the relevant mechanisms. 84.58.249.189 (talk) 10:50, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Please read IEC 60479-1 and 2. The stimulus amplitude increases with charge, not energy. 84.58.249.189 (talk) 09:58, 26 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Valid point, but I am failing to see how the IEC standard works as a source for this article. (Part of that is because I am failing to see the full text, hah.) Maybe someone will find a more fitting and hopefully more accessible source. Artoria2e5 🌉 08:43, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

Electrical aspects
There is no mention of how a defibrillator generates the desired shock; that’s also a kind of "mechanism", but one that’s understood by humans. There seems to be at least two main "waveforms" that manufacturers aim to provide, the older monophasic and the newer biphasic.

I’m not sure whether the engineering aspect of a medical device requires a medical source. Well, the part that compares the therapeutic efficacy of different waveforms definitely will require one, if I get to writing it… eventually. Artoria2e5 🌉 06:51, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Defibrillation


text:
Béarnaise sauce

Béarnaise sauce is a sauce made of clarified butter, egg yolk, white wine vinegar, and herbs. It is regarded as a "child" of hollandaise sauce. The difference is only in the flavoring: béarnaise uses shallot, black pepper, and tarragon, while hollandaise uses white pepper or a pinch of cayenne.

The sauce's name derives from the province of Béarn, France. It is a traditional sauce for steak.

History
Legend has it that the sauce was accidentally invented by the chef Jean-Louis-François Collinet, the accidental inventor of puffed potatoes (pommes de terre soufflées), and served at the 1836 opening of Le Pavillon Henri IV, a restaurant at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The restaurant was in the former residence of Henry IV of France, a gourmet himself, who was from Béarn.

Although the sauce is a French invention, it caught on in the Nordic countries in the late 20th century, where it forms a major part of local steak cuisine with steaks and fries, and is occasionally used there as topping on pizza, whether as part of the pizza or as a cold dressing put on afterwards.

Preparation
As with hollandaise, there are several methods for preparing béarnaise.

The most common method of preparation uses a bain-marie, whisking to a temperature of 150 F, where a reduction of vinegar is used to acidify the yolks.

Auguste Escoffier calls for a reduction of wine, vinegar, shallots, fresh chervil, fresh tarragon, and crushed peppercorns (later strained out), with fresh tarragon and chervil to finish instead of lemon juice. Others are similar.

Alternatively, the flavorings may be added to a finished hollandaise (without lemon juice). Joy of Cooking describes a blender preparation with the same ingredients.

Derivatives

 * Sauce Choron (also called béarnaise tomatée) uses tomato purée instead of herbs. It is named after Alexandre Étienne Choron.
 * Sauce Foyot (also called Valois) is béarnaise with meat glaze (glace de viande) added.
 * Sauce Paloise uses mint instead of tarragon.

title: Béarnaise sauce