text:
Talk:Rab Butler

Title
On reflection would Rab Butler be the more natural place for this article?

And do we want a category/list page for Politicians in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland who served in all three of the "top jobs" roles (Chancellor of the Exchequer, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Secretary of State for the Home Department) by whatever snappy title we can come up with? Timrollpickering 22:20, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Category:Generally top-notch chaps, perhaps. Was he known as "Rab Butler", or just "Rab"? If the latter, perhaps R. A. Butler would be better. Proteus (Talk) 15:44, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * It's often pronounced "Rab" not "R. A. B." (as opposed to, say, A.J.P. Taylor whose initials are always pronounced individually), so I'd leave out the periods. He was often called just "Rab", probably because he was the only Rab about - similarly Winston and Enoch were often referred to without surnames as it was pretty clear who was meant, but "Rab Butler" is probably the best that combines his surname with his best known name and was often used to describe him. Timrollpickering 19:24, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * It just strikes me as odd, that's all (because of the repeated "B", I suppose, making me analyse it as "Richard Austen Butler Butler). But then I suppose we have Jeb Bush, so why not? Proteus (Talk) 00:25, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The analogy to Jeb Bush seems appropriate. BTW, how many men have held all three positions? Besides Butler, I can only think of James Callaghan and John Simon. Men who have held two of the three include Jack Straw, John Major, Kenneth Clarke, Geoffrey Howe, Douglas Hurd, Roy Jenkins, John Anderson, Samuel Hoare, Winston Churchill, Arthur Henderson, Herbert Morrison, Reginald Maudling, Selwyn Lloyd, Reginald McKenna, Austen Chamberlain, Charles Thomson Ritchie, Herbert Henry Asquith, William Harcourt, Hugh Childers, Robert Lowe, George Lewis, Lord Palmerston, Lord John Russell, Lord Liverpool, George Canning, Lord Goderich (Ripon), Robert Peel, Stafford Northcote... john k 01:05, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Off the top of my head I can only think of those three, though if you throw in the ther big posts of Lord Chancellor and Prime Minister as well then the list of politicians who've held a lot of top jobs gets interesting.

 * Of the one's who've held two posts, you might want to add Harold Macmillan but I can't think of any others off the top of my head.

 * If no-one's any objections I'll move the page to Rab Butler in 24 hours. Timrollpickering 18:41, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

For two, you also get Lord Grenville and the Duke of Wellington (although that's only because he was caretaker "Secretary of State" in Nov-Dec 1834, meaning that he was technically Home Secretary as well as Foreign Secretary. Adding Lord Chancellors wouldn't make a big difference - most Lord Chancellors went on a different track, starting as Solicitor General, then to Attorney General and finally Lord Chancellor. Biggest exceptions I can think of in the 20th century are Lord Haldane, who had been Secretary of State for War; Lord Cave, who had been Home Secretary; the aforementioned Lord Simon; the two Lord Hailshams, who held various notable posts; and Lord Kilmuir, who had also been Home Secretary. In the nineteenth century, I have difficulty finding any who held other cabinet level posts, although men like Lord Eldon and Lord Brougham had enough influence with just being Lord Chancellor (in very different ways in the case of those two, obviously). john k 20:04, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I strongly dislike the term "Rab Butler" because of the tautology involved. It would be better to refer to him in the title as 'Richard Austen "Rab" Butler", and then to use '"Rab" Butler' or '"Rab"' for shorter designations. I'm minded to change it, unless there are contrary views expressed. Hyuey 12 February 2006 14.22 (UTC)

 * There already have been "contrary views expressed". Proteus (Talk) 15:02, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

I rather agree with Hyuey, with a redirect from Rab Butler. And can't someone find a photo? Deipnosophista (talk) 10:44, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

I think the article should be moved to "R. A. Butler". "Rab" feels too informal.--Johnbull (talk) 21:37, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Wab?
What's the deal with "Wab or Hawold"? Is it vandalism or a trancription of a speech impediment? If the latter, a reference or elucidation would be good. 203.221.18.161 11:34, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Salisbury's speech impediment. Quite widely-quoted in accounts of the incident, though I can't trace where it started - presumably the memoirs of somebody who was in the Cabinet at the time.

 * Kilmuir's memoirsMissingMia (talk) 14:58, 20 July 2014 (UTC)

signature
How else would he have signed himself? W C Fields?

Speech anecdote deleted
I deleted the following:
 * He was an increasingly successful public speaker. At one dinner party in June 1957, he began a speech with the words: "An after-dinner speech should be like a lady's dress - long enough to cover the subject and short enough to be interesting.".

This is only notable if Butler is the one who came up with the joke. He's not; I just heard the line spoken in The Courtship of Andy Hardy (1942), and presumably it's older than that. YLee (talk) 19:10, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

Picture
Picture is awful. Can we get a better one? Drutt (talk) 19:06, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

Great Offices of State
Please see Talk:Great Offices of State for a query about how many politicians achieved the same as Butler. Timrollpickering (talk) 20:30, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

Butler and Macmillan
The article states "In January 1957 Eden resigned as prime minister, and did not give advice to Queen Elizabeth II as to who should succeed him." This is incorrect, and has been rebutted in the past. Eden (by then Lord Avon) wrote the following on 27 November 1970 to Sir Michael Adeane to place a proper record in the Royal Archives.

"I notice that Mr Macmillan's memoirs recently serialised repeat the statement first made in Lord Kilmuir's memoirs, that the Queen did not ask my advice about my successor. Mr Macmillan adds that neither did I volunteer such advice. These statements are incorrect. Her Majesty followed the constitutional procedure and asked me my advice as to her choice of successor. As I consider that all communications between the Sovereign and her Prime Minister are confidential, I do not propose to state here what that advice was, except to say that the course subsequently followed was consistent with that advice."

This is in the Avon Papers, and has been widely quoted in historical works. See also Robert Blake on Eden in the 1986 Dictionary of National Biography: "It is untrue, although often alleged, that the Queen did not consult him about his successor."

I am therefore amending the article accordingly. Salim555 (talk) 22:02, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

Photograph
That is just about the worst photograph I have ever seen in a biography article, and there's lots of terrible ones. Surely there are available public domain images of such a major British politician of the last century where you can actually make out the man's face? john k (talk) 16:54, 12 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Happily, now replaced by a rather good image. Tim riley (talk) 21:42, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

Overhaul and title
The article lacks citations at an alarming number of places. I have it on my to-do list and hope to get to it in the next few months. Meanwhile, may I resume the conversation, above, about the title of the page? When the exchanges petered out in 2009 they seemed to be heading towards renaming the page "R A Butler" rather than "Rab Butler", and I'd like to add my voice in favour of that. Glad to know if other editors have views. Tim riley (talk) 21:41, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

 * most of the "uncited" stuff could be cited easily enough from some pretty obvious sources - Butler's own memoirs ("The Art of the Possible"), the 1980s Anthony Howard biog etc.MissingMia (talk) 14:58, 20 July 2014 (UTC)

Conflicts with Great Offices of State
Great Offices of State says the following share Butler's position of holding only three of four of the Great Offices of State if the four are presumed to be PM, Home Sec, Chancellor, and Foreign Sec.

 * Asquith, Churchill – Chancellor, PM, Home Sec
 * Macmillan, Major – Chancellor, PM, Foreign Sec
 * Butler, Simon – Chancellor, Home Sec, Foreign Sec
 * Wellesley – PM, Home Sec, Foreign Sec (simultaneously)

Callaghan, meanwhile, is alone in holding all four, and so shouldn't be in the article at all in the context of being one of

"only four British politicians (the others being John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, John Major, and James Callaghan), to have served in three of the four Great Offices of State"

I think this needs some clarification and until this is done, I'm removing the section that I've recently been editing. Maragil (talk) 19:20, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

 * edit - instead I'm going to roll it back to just Simon & Butler by KasparBot. Maragil (talk) 19:22, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

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Deputy Prime Minister
I've already spoken on this topic on Eden's page, but did Butler ever hold the official office of Deputy Prime Minister? Rodney Brazier, in his new book 'Choosing a Prime Minister: The Transfer of Power in Britain' on pages 75 and 77, states that while Butler was the first First Secretary of State, he was never Deputy Prime Minister.

Hansard seems rather inconclusive and the BBC history website doesn't include any mention of the office either. However, both Britannica and Spartacus Educational state that he was Deputy Prime Minister.

I'm afraid that I don't think that I have access to many of the secondary sources used on this page, but does anybody have any thoughts or other sources on this? I think it should be bore in mind that there is a difference between being the Deputy (with a capital "D") and simply deputising for. FollowTheTortoise (talk) 13:01, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Sources are mixed on this and Wikipedia gets into a mess when different sources say different things and editors amend on the basis of the latest thing they've read. It doesn't help that Deputy Prime Minister was historically not a formal office in its own right and so like the Prime Minister in earlier periods it wasn't always the title that appeared in formal lists. (And capitalisation is little use these days because of the annoying habit of some to decapitalise everything and remove the important distinction between actual roles and generic descriptions.) In addition the "Deputy Prime Minister" has never been an official heir apparent who automatically becomes Prime Minister when the incumbent goes (unlike a US Vice President) which is why the role is often dismissed or even actively opposed and new DPMs sometimes get their ego publicly deflated on this precise point.
 * Some of Macmillan's comments in the Commons explain the confusion:
 * "My right hon. Friend the First Secretary of State will act as Deputy Prime Minister... This is not an appointment submitted to the Sovereign but is a statement of the organisation of Government. It follows a very high precedent, for it was exactly the arrangement made by my right hon. Friend the Member for Woodford (Sir W. Churchill) when Sir Anthony Eden was appointed Deputy Prime Minister."
 * "In several Administrations over the last 20 years it has been the practice of the Prime Minister to appoint a senior member of the Government to act as Deputy Prime Minister. This helps in the efficient dispatch of public business. But it is not an appointment submitted to the Sovereign and in my view it should not be so." (Note also the discussion about when the Prime Minister was actually recognised as a role.)
 * The confusion seems to be that the Deputy Prime Minister was a role appointed by the Prime Minister and acknowledged as such rather than a formal appointment upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister to the Queen, possibly precisely because of the tradition that there is no official heir apparent and the Sovereign notionally retains their freedom of choice when appointing a new PM. So some sources will zoom on official lists that say that Butler was appointed (and receiving a salary) as First Secretary of State whilst others will zoom in on government and parliamentary statements that Butler was Deputy Prime Minister. I've not read Brazier's book but given the title is he focused on the actual succession? That is precisely the area where DPMs are most actively denied and opposed rather than the month to month business of who fills in for the PM when they're unavailable. Timrollpickering (talk) 15:28, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you, that makes a lot of sense. The fact that "Deputy Prime Minister" has been used in both a formal (like for Clegg) and an informal (like for Butler, perhaps similar to the role now sometimes refered to as "senior minister on duty") way clears up a lot of the confusion. As an aside, do you think it's worth putting something more explictly about that in the article about the office of Deputy Prime Minister? On the downside, I suppose it could lead to a whole different type of article on who the Prime Minister's number two is, looking at nuclear deputies, who deputises at PMQs and the cabinet ranking, for example. As for the book, in the part that I referred to, Brazier was simply explaining the offices, as far as I am aware.

 * I'm afraid that I'm of the school of thought that the official lists, rather than informal descriptions, should be used on Wikipedia where offices are concerned (while, of course, not failing to mention when deputisations have taken place without the use of a office), so Butler should not be refered to as Deputy Prime Minister in his infobox, for instance. Do you or does anybody else have any thoughts about this? FollowTheTortoise (talk) 21:07, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

 * There's a big difference between the informal descriptions applied to the ministers who stood in for the PM in earlier times (and sometimes later) and an actual title used in government and parliament. That the appointment wasn't submitted to the Sovereign is an interesting detail but to claim that Butler wasn't Deputy Prime Minister because of this is like claiming there was no Prime Minister before at least 1878 because of the formal appointments (one of the Hansard links goes into this very detail). Timrollpickering (talk) 22:09, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Butler was certainly given the title "Deputy Prime Minister" in 1962 (even if it was largely an honorific as Macmillan was promoting younger men like Hailsham, Maudling and Heath from amongst whom he hoped to choose his successor). My understanding is that an Order in Council is required to create a new ministerial office (eg. Minister of Munitions in WW1). The existence of the Cabinet, on the other hand, is almost pure convention (in the hardest sense of the word), governed by rules which are quite strict and which are kept codified by the Cabinet Secretary ("Questions of Procedure For Ministers" or whatever the equivalent is nowadays) but which are not enforceable in law. The job titles "Prime Minister" (usually held by the First Lord of the Treasury, unless the PM is Lord Salisbury) and "Deputy Prime Minister" would come under the latter heading, surely.

 * As for the powers of the DPM (if there is one), it varies a lot with individuals. In the case of Geoffrey Howe, the press were briefed by Bernard Ingham in July 1989 that it was just an empty title. Hezza, on the other hand, insisted in 1995 on having a massive office, a clearly defined role, a swipecard so he could enter No 10 whenever he liked, and the right to attend any committee he chose.Paulturtle (talk) 00:44, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Butler was already, as Home Secretary until 1962, largely running the government's domestic agenda, apart from Economic Policy in which Macmillan took a strong interest. I don't think that aspect of his work changed very much.Paulturtle (talk) 00:50, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Although I do think that I still support the idea of only calling those who were officially appointed "Deputy Prime Minister" by the monarch "Deputy Prime Minister" in infoboxes etc. and refering to others as simply deputising instead, this does seem difficult to do in practice because of contradicting sources and you do raise a good point vis-à-vis the Prime Minister (though sources do generally seem united on this subject) and so I'm going to defer any decision of what to do on Wikipedia to someone else! FollowTheTortoise (talk) 15:24, 17 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I've now added a note to this article (and a similar one to Anthony Eden's article) to explain that while it's undoubtable that Butler deputised, sources are less clear as to whether he was ever officially appointed Deputy Prime Minister like, say, Nick Clegg was. I doubt whether a fully satisfactory answer can ever be found! Thanks for your help! FollowTheTortoise (talk) 19:57, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

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 * Rob Butler in 1951.jpg

title: Talk:Rab Butler


text: Category:Dutch football managers

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text:
Sixth grade

Sixth grade (also 6th grade or grade 6) is the sixth year of formal or compulsory education. Students in sixth grade are usually 11-12 years old. It is commonly the first or second grade of middle school or the last grade of elementary school, and the sixth school year since kindergarten.

Afghanistan
In Afghanistan, Grade 6 is the first year of middle school. Students are aged 11–12. Also known as year 6.

Australia
In Australia, this level of class is called Year 6. Children generally start this level between the ages of eleven and twelve. Grade 6 is generally the last grade for primary schools in Australia.

Brazil
In Brazil, grade 6 (6º Ano or 6ª Série) is the first year of middle school. It is the sexto ano do Ensino Fundamental II.

France
In France, the equivalent of sixth grade is Sixième and is the first year of Collège (middle school). Students are 10-11 years old.

Germany
In Germany, where the different federal states have different educational systems, Grade 6 (6. Klasse) is either the final year of primary school or the second year of secondary school.

Israel
In Israel, Grade 6 (called Kita Vav) is the final year of elementary school(except for the cities Lod, Givatayim and Ramat Gan).

Italy
In Italy, Grade 6 is the first year of secondary or middle school (called "Scuola secondaria di primo grado"). Students are 11-12 years old.

Kenya
In Kenya, the sixth grade is the 6th and last year of primary school in the CBC system. In the 844 system, there are 8 years in total of primary school. Students are usually 10 or 11 in this grade.

Kuwait
In Kuwait, Grade 6 can be the first year of middle school but it can also be the final year of elementary school (depending on the education system in place).

Laos
In Laos, Grade 6 is the first year of middle school.

Malaysia
In Malaysia, the equivalent is Year 6 also known as Standard 6, as the Malaysia academic year starts in January. Before 2021, students will sit for an important exam called Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah (UPSR), which translates from Malay into English as "Low/Elementary School Assessment Test", before graduating from elementary education. Now students take the newly implemented exam, called Ujian Akhir Sesi Akademik (UASA), or "End of Academic Session Exam", which runs until Form 3. Standard 6 is the final primary/elementary school year before embarking into secondary /high school (Form 1). In Malaysia, primary education are commonly broken down into primary school and secondary school.

Mexico
“Primaria” education, in its current form became compulsory in 2009, and runs from grade one through grade six, for students aged 6 – 12 years. The Secretariat of Public Education (SEP) officially determines primary school as a part of ‘Basic Education’, making it free of charge, with one year of mandatory pre-school education. SEP standardizes curriculum content for public and private schools, which includes Spanish, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, History, Geography, Art, and Physical Education. The National Institute for Assessment of Education monitors standards and provides quality control. Middle Education

Peru
In Peru, grade 6 is the final year of primary school.

Philippines
In the Philippines, Grade 6 (Baitang Anim) is the final year of Intermediate Level and Elementary School curriculum.

The 1945–2017 or K–10 educational system was entirely phased out upon the implementation of K–12 curriculum on Grade 6 in June 5, 2017 which completed the 9-year process of the implementation of K–12 (alongside the adding of Grade 12 into the pre-university cycle) and phaseout of the older K–10 that were started on May 20, 2008 and June 4, 2012, respectively.

Students usually in females can also start at the young age of 10.

Portugal
In Portugal, grade 6 (6º ano de escolaridade) is the second year of middle school.

Poland
In Poland, grade 6 (klasa szósta) is the sixth year of primary/elementary school. Until 2017, it was the last year of primary/elementary school, and at the end of it, students took the sprawdzian szóstoklasisty, which translates into "sixth grader's exam".

Saudi Arabia
In Saudi Arabia, Grade 6 is the last year of elementary school.

Singapore
In Singapore, the equivalent is Year 6 also known as Primary 6. They would have to take the Primary School Leaving Examination at around September to proceed to Secondary School.

During this time, students in Primary 6 would learn Algebra and 3D Shapes, age from 12–13 years old.

South Korea
In South Korea, Grade 6 is the final year of elementary school.

Sweden
In Sweden, Grade 6 is the final year of middle school (mellanstadiet). Students are often 12-13 years old unless they've been promoted or held back. The following grade (Grade 7) is then the start of high school (högstadiet). Students get grades for the first time in Grade 6; once at the end of the first term/winter term (Terminsbetyg) and one at the end of the grade (Sexans betyg).

Students also get to do their second national tests, called "Nationella prov" in Sweden. These tests are done at the end of Grade 3, Grade 6 and finally Grade 9. In Grade 6, the students participate in two different parts of the tests: First oral tests during the first term and then written tests in the second. The oral test is test A, then the written tests are done on separate days and are divided into Test B, C, D and E.

These tests are done in the subjects Swedish/Swedish as secondary language, Math and English. In Grade 3 students only do one oral test in Swedish and written tests in Swedish and Math and in Grade 9 students do oral tests in the subjects Swedish, Math and English and written tests in Swedish, Math, English, Social Studies (SO) and Science (NO). Some schools also do written tests in modern languages (German, French, Spanish).

Vietnam
In Vietnam, Grade 6 is the first year of middle school.

United States
The sixth grade is the sixth school year after Kindergarten. Students are usually 11—12 years old.

It is most commonly the first year of middle school, although it used to be the last year of elementary in most states.

Less commonly, it can also be the last year of intermediate school or the second year of middle school.

Uruguay
In Uruguay, the sixth grade is the sixth and final year of primary school. Students are usually 11 1/2 years old.

title: Sixth grade


text: Category:814 deaths

title: Category:814 deaths


text: Category:814 births

title: Category:814 births


text: Category:Swedish football managers

title: Category:Swedish football managers


text: Category:810s births

title: Category:810s births


text:
Fourth grade

Fourth grade (also 4th Grade or Grade 4) is the fourth year of formal or compulsory education. It is the fourth year of primary school. Children in fourth grade are usually 9–10 years old.

Argentina's equivalent
In Argentina, the minimum age required for the fourth grade is between 9 and 10 years old. In this situation, the children who are in the middle of primary school perform the "confirmation of loyalty to the homeland". This is an act in which a child will have to take an oath to defend Argentina for the rest of his or her life. Sometimes children take a trip to Rosario, where they raise the National Flag Memorial.

Australia's equivalent
In Australia, this level of class is called Year 4. Children generally start this level between the ages of nine and ten.

Brazil's equivalent
In Brazil, fourth grade is the quarto ano do Ensino Fundamental I. To enter in the fourth grade, all children students must be nine years old before the cut-off date. The minimum age to enter in the fourth grade is nine years old.

Canada's equivalent
In Canada, the fourth year of elementary education is referred to as Grade 4.

China's equivalent
In China, the fourth year of elementary education is referred to as Grade 4. Children are usually 9 or 10 years old at the fourth grade in elementary school.

The Dutch and Belgian equivalent
In The Netherlands, the fourth year of school is called group 6, and the pupils are 9 to 10 years old. Children start school at the age of four and end school at the ages of 12 or 13. In Belgium, it is called 4th (study) year. The children are also between the ages of 9 and 10.

France's equivalent
In France, the equivalent to the above-grade is the Level 1 Intermediate Course, known by its short-form CM1 (cours moyen 1re année).

Germany's equivalent
In Germany, the equivalent grade is 4. Klasse. In most German states this is the year where parents have to decide what kind of school their children should master: The "Mittelschule" that usually ends with 9th grade, the "Realschule" that ends with 10th grade and allows pupils to get a better starting point for their choice of working place or the "Gymnasium" that ends either with 12th grade or 13th grade (depending on the state) and is the only direct way to go to university.

Greece's equivalent
In Greece, the fourth school year of primary education school is referred to as the Fourth Grade of Primary (Tetarti - Τετάρτη Δημοτικού).

India's equivalent
In India, where children enter Class 4 at the ages 9 to 10 it is called Lower Primary, it is known as the fourth grade. 5-7 standard categories as Upper Primary (UP). Lower Primary gives the basic education necessary for a kid and when they get to the UP section, advanced knowledge will be provided via lessons or modules.

Ireland's equivalent
In The Republic of Ireland, the equivalent is Fourth Class or Rang a Ceathair (for 9- to 10-year-olds), which is year 6 of Primary School.

New Zealand's equivalent
In New Zealand, this level of class is called Standard 3 or Year 5. Children generally start at this level between the ages of nine and ten.

Philippines' equivalent
In Philippines, this level is called Grade 4. Mostly, students can start at age eight,

Portugal's equivalent
In Portugal, what North Americans would call the fourth grade (quarto ano, 4º ano to Portuguese people) is the fourth and last year of the four-year 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico which also includes the first grade, the second grade, and the third grade. Students take final exams (provas finais) for Portuguese and Mathematics at the end of the fourth grade since the school year of 2012/2013.

United Kingdom
In England, compulsory education begins with the first new term of the Reception year following a child's 5th birthday. In practice, many children enter Reception at the beginning of the school year, aged 4. Fourth grade is the equivalent of 'Year 5' (ages 9–10) in England and Wales, Primary 6 in Northern Ireland and Scotland – the sixth year of compulsory education in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

United States' equivalent
In math, kids learn about place value up to the millions, prime and composite numbers, multiplying 2-digit and 3-digit numbers, long division, fractions, decimals, the metric system, and geometry.

In Social Studies, they learn about geography skills such as map reading and longitude and latitude, state history, and early American history. Fourth grade is also the year that most U.S. students learn about their own state's history.

In science, most common topics include the rock cycle, fossils, erosion, electricity, forces and motion, light, and heat. Other topics may be taught depending on the school districts or state's curriculum.

In English, kids learn skills about reading, writing, and vocabulary. These skills include finding a story's theme, comparing and contrasting, citing textual evidence, main idea, writing objective summaries, writing narratives, writing research reports, writing explanatory essays, writing persuasive and argumentative pieces, figurative language, prefixes, suffixes and context clues.

Spain's equivalent
In Spain, Primaria (6 to 12 years old) is compulsory for all children. 4th grade is called cuarto de Primaria or simply cuarto curso. Primaria starts at six years old, so students usually start 4th grade on the year of their tenth birthday.

title: Fourth grade


text:
Saint-Estèphe, Gironde

Saint-Estèphe is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Geography
The village lies 60 km northwest of Bordeaux.

Wine
Saint-Estèphe is best known as the northernmost, and one of the four major wine-growing appellations of the Médoc. The area is separated from Château Lafite-Rothschild in Pauillac to the south by the Jalle de Breuil stream and its vineyards cover around 12 km2 on the banks of the Gironde estuary. The grounds of St.-Estèphe are varied centered in Château Phélan-Ségur. To the south-east corner of the appellation area, they are similar to those of Pauillac, with deep gravels lying on a hard sandstone base. Progressively to the west and north, they get more clayey, less gravelly, and become heavier. In parts, veins of alios (a reduced form of iron) can be found. The layers of gravel on top of clay lead to comparatively poor drainage, and the harvest is one of the latest of the whole region, although this water retention can be of use in vintages of low rainfall.

title: Saint-Estèphe, Gironde


text: Category:Spanish football managers

title: Category:Spanish football managers


text:
Thomas McMillan (Ontario politician)

Thomas McMillan (March 18, 1864 – June 7, 1932) was a Canadian politician and farmer.

McMillan ran and was narrowly defeated as a Laurier Liberal candidate in the 1917 federal election, losing by less than 600 votes. In 1919, he ran for the leadership of the Ontario Liberal Party, but received only eight votes in the leadership convention.

He ran as a Liberal candidate in the 1921 federal election, but lost by 44 votes. He was elected the Member of Parliament for Huron South in the 1925 election, and re-elected in the 1926 and 1930 elections.

He died in office in 1932.

title: Thomas McMillan (Ontario politician)


text: Category:747 deaths

title: Category:747 deaths


text: Category:740s deaths

title: Category:740s deaths


text:
Bid

Bid or BID may refer to:

Offer

 * Bidding, making a price offer in an auction, stock exchange, or card games
 * Bid, in a financial market, the price a market maker will buy a commodity at to buy a product in such a way; see bid–ask spread
 * Bid manager, an executive sales role within an organization, responsible for managing bids
 * Bid price, a price offered for a good by a potential buyer or a price offered by a potential vendor to perform a specific job
 * Bid, a formal invitation to join a fraternity or sorority

Places

 * Bid, Razavi Khorasan, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran
 * Bid, South Khorasan, a village in South Khorasan Province, Iran
 * Beed, a town in Maharashtra, India is sometimes referred to as Bid
 * Block Island State Airport, by IATA Code
 * Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, a hospital in Boston, USA

Science, medicine and technology

 * BH3 interacting domain death agonist, a pro-apoptotic protein
 * Binary integer decimal
 * Brought in dead, a patient found dead upon the arrival of medical assistance
 * bis in die, (Latin for "twice daily"), a medication dosage
 * Bugtraq ID, a list of security vulnerabilities
 * Bridge ID in networking, see Spanning Tree Protocol
 * Body integrity dysphoria, mental disorder
 * Body image disturbance, common symptom of eating disorders

Other uses

 * Bid, lead singer and songwriter of the band The Monochrome Set
 * Before I Disappear, a 2014 film
 * Shop at Bid, a defunct British shopping channel formerly known as Bid
 * Business improvement district
 * Sotheby's, by stock ticker symbol
 * French, Portuguese and Spanish acronym for the Inter-American Development Bank
 * Bachelor of Industrial Design (B.I.D.)

title: Bid


text: Category:740s births

title: Category:740s births


text:
Seventh grade

Seventh grade (also 7th Grade or Grade 7) is the seventh year of formal or compulsory education. The seventh grade is typically the first, second or third year of middle school. In the United States, children in seventh grade are usually around 12–13 years old. Different terms and numbers are used in other parts of the world.

Argentina
In Argentina, seventh grade is the final grade of primary school. In some parts of the country, the grade is the first of secondary school.

Australia
In Australia, Year 7 is the first year of secondary school. It is actually the eighth year of schooling (Prep/Foundation, 1 to 6, then Year 7). In Australia, Year 7 students are aged between twelve and thirteen years old.

Belgium
In Belgium, 7th grade is the first year of high school. When reaching the age of 12 or 13, the children go from primary school (“basisschool”) to secondary school (“middelbare school”).

7th grade is preparation for the rest of the high school period. It is also used to reference students' capability, to make sure they belong to the right level of education. Students here learn the languages Dutch and French in the northern part of Belgium (Flanders), and learn French or German and can choose between Dutch, English, German or French in the southern and German part of Belgium, just as their own language (Dutch, French or German) skills. Other classes in the 7th grade are: Biology, Mathematics, Chemistry, Art & Music, Geography, Physics, Physical Education (gym), Social Studies, Religion (depends on the school itself), and Computer Science (Computer science in 7th grade means learning to work with computers properly)

Belgium uses a system where specific education is accommodated in the high school period, which also is chosen by the student (Technisch secundair onderwijs, Beroepssecundair onderwijs, Kunstsecundair onderwijs) before they choose to go to work or continuing at a university.

Brazil
In Brazil, the period of elementary school was recently raised from 8 to 9 years, and the minimum age required to enter the seventh grade was not changed. The students are usually between 11 and 13. In the seventh grade, all students must be 12 years old before March 31 or May 31 depending on school.

Bulgaria
In Bulgaria, it would correspond to седми клас or 7-ми клас. Students are usually 13–14 years old.

Canada
Grade 7 in Canada is the first year of junior high school, middle school, or the second last grade of junior/elementary school. Intermediate schools (grades 6, 7 and 8) provide education in Literature and Mathematics, as well as History, Geography, Music, Drama, Dance, Science (Biology, Chemistry and Physics in particular), Art, French (English if in French Immersion), and Physical Education (phys ed. or gym). French and ‘foreign’ languages, which used to be taught only at high schools, are now introduced during the last 2 years of elementary school and all years of middle school.

Egypt
In Egypt, this is the first year of the Middle School. Usually, students who are in 7th grade are 11–13 years old.

Finland
In Sweden and Finland, this is the seventh year of compulsory school and either the second or first year of "junior high", depending on the size of the schools in the district.

France
In France, seventh grade is called cinquième (5ème), meaning 5th, as in 5 years before the class of Terminale, the last year of lycée (the French equivalent to high school).

Germany
In Germany, the equivalent grade is 7. Klasse.

Greece
In Greece, seventh grade is called the first year of gymnasium school or middle school, or lower secondary school (Proti Gymnasiou - Πρώτη Γυμνασίου)

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, pupils aged 12 to 13 are in Secondary 1 or Form 1, the first year of secondary education.

India
In India, seventh grade is known as Class 7. Class 7 is the second year in middle school. Pupils aged 12 to 13 attend class 7. Students are introduced to more complex mathematics and science among other subjects. In most schools, social studies is divided into history, civics and geography at this stage. Seventh class is the second last class in the secondary education system of India. Eleven-year-olds can also be enrolled in this grade if they are born between January and March 31 as the year ends here. This results in them being earlier off their batch.

Iran
In Iran, Grade 7 is the first year of highschool A. There are 2 stages of highschool in Iran: A and B. A ranges from grade 7 to 9 and B ranges from 9 to 12. Most Iranian seventh graders are 13 years old.

Ireland
The Irish equivalent to seventh grade is the First Year, which is the first year of secondary education. Students are usually 12–13 years old. This is usually the time when students begin having different teachers for different subjects, and move classrooms after each period.

Israel
In Israel, in most formal places, the seventh grade is the first year of middle school.

Japan
In Japan, 7th grade (or more commonly called 中１) is the first year of Japanese Junior High school. All students are 12 years old by April 1 of the school year. This is the seventh of nine years of compulsory school in Japan, as High School (10th to 12th grade) is not compulsory.

Malaysia
In Malaysia, the seventh grade can be referred as Form 1. It is the beginning of student's secondary school after completing primary school at the age of 12.

Netherlands
In the Netherlands the 7th grade is the first class of high school, also named "brugklas" (bridge classes). When reaching the age of 12 or 13, students graduate from primary school (“basisschool”) to high school (“middelbare school”).

Besides Dutch, students learn foreign languages such as German, French and English. Higher levels of the 7th grade curriculum include Latin, Greek, Chinese and/or Spanish.

Other classes in the 7th grade are: Biology, Mathematics, Chemistry, Art, Music, Geography, History, Physics, Physical education (“gym”), Social studies, Theatre Religion (depends on the school itself) and Computer science.

After 4, 5 or 6 years (depending on the level of education) one can get their diploma, which grants access to specific education, like the university or HBO and MBO education. These are educations that focuses on specific talents, chosen by the student to prepare them for a job environment.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, Year 8 (formerly Form 2) is the equivalent of seventh grade, with students aged 12 or 13 during the year. Seventh Grade is the last grade/year in Intermediate School.

Norway
In Norway, students enter the seventh grade the year they turn twelve years old. This is the final year of Barneskole (literally Kids School), equivalent to Elementary School.

Pakistan
In Pakistan, grade seven is called Class Seven and forms middle school. They are usually 13 years old.

Philippines
In the Philippines, Grade 7 or Freshman Year (Ikapitong Baitang) is the first year of Junior High School and High School curriculum. Students are usually 12–13 years old, but some students can also start at ages 11–12.

It was formerly named 1st Year or Year I (Unang Taon) until it changed to Grade 7 upon the implementation of the K-12 curriculum and the process of phasing out the 1945 or K-10 system that was first used on May 28, 1945 on April 24, 2012, both are part of the curriculum's 9-year implementation process.

Romania
In Romania, seventh grade is called Seventh Class, being the third year of secondary education, when students start preparing for the national exam, which takes place at the end of 8th grade as a form of high school admission test.

Russia
In Russia, students in seventh grade are usually 12–14 years old. It is third grade of the middle school. Children study such subjects as: Algebra, Geometry, Russian language, foreign language (often English), Physics, Biology, History, Social studies, Geography, Arts, Literature, Music, Physical Education, Information Technologies, labor training (wood processing, sewing, cooking), in some regions native languages.

Saudi Arabia
In Saudi Arabia, seventh grade is the first year of Middle School.

Singapore
In Singapore, seventh grade is called Secondary One, and it is the start of one's secondary education after one completes primary education. Pupils are typically at the age of 13 in seventh grade.

South Africa
In South Africa, Grade 7 is the final year of Primary school and is also the final year before High School as there is no such thing as Middle School in South Africa. Pupils (called Learners by the Department of Basic Education) are usually between the ages of 11,12 and 13.

Grade 7 is usually the last grade of Primary School within South African schools, grade 7 in South Africa adds 3 additional subjects, Economic management sciences, Creative Arts (which learners can choose between Drama and Music) and Life Orientation. This is also the year that Subjects go more in depth, Math gets more complex with Algebra as well as integers introduced and English begins to explore more complex topics such as literature and language study.

Grade 7 with the switch of standards to grades because of the SACA (South Africans Schools Act 1996) Grade 7 (or Standard 5) was the beginning of Secondary School but due to the fact High/Secondary Schools couldn't fit Standard 5 as more black, coloured and Indian students were now allowed in White and Afrikaans schools it was merged into Primary school.

Sweden
In Sweden and Finland, this is the seventh year of compulsory school and either the second or first year of "junior high", depending on the size of the schools in the district.

Taiwan
In Taiwan, seventh grade refers to two things: students in the first year of junior-high but also to people born between the years 70-79 (the seventh decade) of the Minguo calendar, which equates to between 1981 and 1990.

United Kingdom
In England and Wales, pupils aged between 12 and 13 are in Year 8, which is the second year of Secondary School. The Scottish equivalent is Secondary 2 or S2 - the second year of Secondary education. The Northern Irish equivalent is Year 9 or Second Form, the second year of secondary education. It is rare for pupils younger than 12–13 to enter Year 8.

United States
In the United States, in mathematics, 7th grade students begin to go more into pre-algebra or the beginnings of algebra including ratios, proportions, and percentages. New topics sometimes include scientific notation, concepts with negative numbers or integers, and more advanced geometry. Some schools allow advanced students to take an Algebra I course instead of following the standard 7th grade math curriculum.

In social studies, advanced pre-Civil War History is taught. Though American history is usually the most common, other cultures and time periods may be taught, including state and capital history (in, for example, Texas and South Carolina), European history (in Connecticut and New Jersey), and Civics (in Florida).

In science, 7th graders usually learn biology, although they may learn physical science or earth science topics too.

Foreign language is often introduced in 7th grade, with the most common language taught being Spanish. At many schools 7th graders can choose from several different languages depending on their school's language abilities and cultural/regional demographics.

In some parts of the United States, 7th grade students have a different class and teacher for each of their subjects, and the students move between classrooms at the end of each class period. Students in some schools may begin to have the option for electives for exploration and enrichment. Common electives include music ensembles such as band, orchestra, or choir, or electives such as  art, industrial arts, and computer technology.

title: Seventh grade


text: Category:Danish football managers

title: Category:Danish football managers


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Brain–body mass ratio

Brain–body mass ratio, also known as the brain–body weight ratio, is the ratio of brain mass to body mass, which is hypothesized to be a rough estimate of the intelligence of an animal, although fairly inaccurate in many cases. A more complex measurement, encephalization quotient, takes into account allometric effects of widely divergent body sizes across several taxa. The raw brain-to-body mass ratio is however simpler to come by, and is still a useful tool for comparing encephalization within species or between fairly closely related species.

Brain–body size relationship

Brain size usually increases with body size in animals (i.e. large animals usually have larger brains than smaller animals); the relationship is not, however, linear. Small mammals such as mice may have a brain/body ratio similar to humans, while elephants have a comparatively lower brain/body ratio.

In animals, it is thought that the larger the brain, the more brain weight will be available for more complex cognitive tasks. However, large animals need more neurons to represent their own bodies and control specific muscles; thus, relative rather than absolute brain size makes for a ranking of animals that better coincides with the observed complexity of animal behaviour. The relationship between brain-to-body mass ratio and complexity of behaviour is not perfect as other factors also influence intelligence, like the evolution of the recent cerebral cortex and different degrees of brain folding, which increase the surface of the cortex, which is positively correlated in humans to intelligence. The noted exception to this, of course, is swelling of the brain which, while resulting in greater surface area, does not alter the intelligence of those suffering from it.

Relation to metabolism
The relationship between brain weight and body weight of all living vertebrates follows two completely separate linear functions for cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals. Cold-blooded vertebrates have much smaller brains than warm-blooded vertebrates of the same size. However, if brain metabolism is taken into account, the brain-to-body relationship of both warm and cold-blooded vertebrates becomes similar, with most using between 2 and 8 percent of their basal metabolism for the brain and spinal cord.

Comparisons between groups
Dolphins have the highest brain-to-body weight ratio of all cetaceans. Monitor lizards, tegus and anoles and some tortoise species have the largest among reptiles. Among birds, the highest brain-to-body ratios are found among parrots, crows, magpies, jays and ravens. Among amphibians, the studies are still limited. Either octopuses or jumping spiders have some of the highest for an invertebrate, although some ant species have 14–15% of their mass in their brains, the highest value known for any animal. Sharks have one of the highest for fish alongside manta rays (although the electrogenic elephantfish has a ratio nearly 80 times higher—about 1/32, which is slightly higher than that for humans). Treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than any other mammal, including humans. Treeshrews hold about 10% of their body mass in their brain.

It is a trend that the larger the animal gets, the smaller the brain-to-body mass ratio is. Large whales have very small brains compared to their weight, and small rodents like mice have a relatively large brain, giving a brain-to-body mass ratio similar to humans. One explanation could be that as an animal's brain gets larger, the size of the neural cells remains the same, and more nerve cells will cause the brain to increase in size to a lesser degree than the rest of the body. This phenomenon can be described by an equation of the form E = CSr, where E and S are brain and body weights, r a constant that depends on animal family (but close to 2/3 in many vertebrates ), and C is the cephalization factor. It has been argued that the animal's ecological niche, rather than its evolutionary family, is the main determinant of its encephalization factor C. In the essay "Bligh's Bounty", Stephen Jay Gould noted that if one looks at vertebrates with very low encephalization quotient, their brains are slightly less massive than their spinal cords. Theoretically, intelligence might correlate with the absolute amount of brain an animal has after subtracting the weight of the spinal cord from the brain. This formula is useless for invertebrates because they do not have spinal cords, or in some cases, central nervous systems.

Criticism
Recent research indicates that, in non-human primates, whole brain size is a better measure of cognitive abilities than brain-to-body mass ratio. The total weight of the species is greater than the predicted sample only if the frontal lobe is adjusted for spatial relation. The brain-to-body mass ratio was however found to be an excellent predictor of variation in problem solving abilities among carnivoran mammals.

In humans, the brain to body weight ratio can vary greatly from person to person; it would be much higher in an underweight person than an overweight person, and higher in infants than adults. The same problem is encountered when dealing with marine mammals, which may have considerable body fat masses. Some researchers therefore prefer lean body weight to brain mass as a better predictor.

title: Brain–body mass ratio


text: Category:Brazilian football managers

title: Category:Brazilian football managers


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Talk:Brain–body mass ratio

Diagram faulty 1
The diagram indicates a brain weight of about a ton for our species. I suspect the y-axis should be grams rather than kilograms (cf. Dicke & Roth, 2005). Unfortunately I don't have the means to change the figure atm Ben1982 (talk) 14:08, 13 April 2015 (UTC)

 * It looks like this was fixed a while ago. - 68.207.248.247 (talk) 23:08, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

Diagram faulty 2
Also, the diagram seems to include only male humans "man", with "woman" not shown anywhere. Why are women not listed? If the data point labeled 'man' is supposed to represent both genders, surely it should be labeled 'human', right? T-bonham (talk) 21:26, 8 June 2016 (UTC)

Contradiction
The article contradicts itself. It says elephants among the lowest ratios among mammals and later it says they have among the highest. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:4898:D8:1004:E111:8355:1972:8529 (talk) 19:20, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

This contradiction has been ignored for over 2 years. All mention of elephants must be removed unless a reliable source is found to substantiate one of the claims. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Perlscrypt (talk • contribs) 20:28, 3 April 2015 (UTC)

 * It looks like this was fixed a while ago. - 68.207.248.247 (talk) 23:08, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

Stub and expand
Placed a stub and some basic articles to research. Plenty of room to expand this article with tables and graphs (see refs). :-) Kim Bruning 22:36, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Splitting article

 * As "Encephalisation Quotient" seems to be a far less common term have redirected (UK and US spellings) here. CheekyMonkey 23:01, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Encephalisation Quotient is not the same as brain to body mass ratio, and the current arrangement is not acceptable. The page on Homo floresiensis, for example, now says that H. floresiensis has a similar brain to body mass ratio to H. erectus. This is false: the ratio is dissimilar (and generally considered irrelevant), it is the EQ that is similar, and relevant, and discussed with interest on the talk page.

I think we need a few short articles to define EQ, brain to body mass ratio, brain to spinal cord mass, and any other measures that are used. Then other articles can talk about e.g. the EQs of hominids and the reader will know what the author means. These pages can then reference this one, which should be retitled something like 'relative brain size' (or encephalization, but I think it's worth keeping the existing article with that name). This article can explain current thinking on how to compare brain size between species, and the significance of relative brain size. Securiger's comments below are a good start.

2 other notes:
 * The Gould article linked suggests dividing brain mass by spinal cord mass, not subtracting. Was that what you mean, Ŭalabio?
 * The "Cosmic Evolution" link has a plot of log(brain mass) vs. log(body mass), labelled "A plot of brain mass versus body mass". Since this is confusing, and the relevant parts of the text are rather vague, I favour removing this link, interesting though it is.

Townmouse 13:24, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. Clearly these are different concepts as we have separate tables and values displayed for each. EQ should be broken out into its own page. I separated the terms in the intro to avoid additional confusion. Niluop (talk) 10:56, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I second the call to remove the incorrect identification between "encephalization quotient" and "brain to body mass ratio". Let's rename this article "encephalization quotient", and create a stub for "brain to body mass ratio" to caution against merging them again. Perhaps a more general article stub could be created to relate them, perhaps "inter-species scaling laws and intelligence". Bayle Shanks 06:25, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I have now spilt the article into one on Brain-to-body mass ratio (this one) and one on Encephalization quotient. Bout will require cleanup. I have copied the discussion over to the EQ article, and deleted the parts that obviously only pertained to EQ from this discussion. Petter Bøckman (talk) 10:28, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

Brain-mass minus spinal-cord-mass versus encephalization quotient
The discovery that the brain-size increases with the surface-area of an animal is great and all, but I remember reading in an Issue of Natural History from the 1980s an article by Stephen Jay Gould where he noted encephalization quotient is good and all, but he observed that animals with small brains for the size of their bodies have brains with about the same size as their spinal cords. He wrote about this in '' "Bligh's Bounty."  http://web.archive.org/web/20010709234346/http://yoyo.cc.monash.edu.au/~tzvi/GOULD.html  He figures that all other things being equal (which they never all),'' the intelligence of an animal should be proportional to the absolute mass of the brain minus the mass of spinal cord. Ŭalabio 22:27, 2004 Dec 4 (UTC)

I have nothing much to say, other than that I agree with the previous posters that this article needs a major overhauling. The article seems to give a weak description of what EQ is not. It would be nice if we could give a short description of the history of EQ, the problems it was attempting to solve, its current acceptence in evolutionary biology, along with an accurate description of how it is found and what value it has.

I also think it would be appropriate to give a few lines as to why simple brain to body mass ratios fail, along with why brain size is not very valuable for determining intelligence.

Another poster knowing this article is bad, but without the motivation and confidence to fix it himself.

Furthermore, what can we say about people who lost half of their brains, and yet still perform just as well on IQ tests as people who have not lost half of their brains? 24.16.15.81 22:30, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
 * What we can say is that it is an urban legend, probably widely distributed by self-improvement promoters, although the origin of the story is uncertain (see, e.g. Snopes). People can receive severe head injuries or strokes and yet still (sometimes, eventually) recover many of their faculties (sometimes at a cost of losing others), but even ~30% loss causes crippling debility (see, e.g. Scans show dramatic brain cell loss in Alzheimer's). -- Securiger 07:29, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Article Cleanup Co-Ordination Point
{| style="width:100%;background:none" ! bgcolor="#abcdef" colspan="2" bgcolor="#abcdef" | Cleanup Co-ordination The article may have been flagged as needing cleanup because it has been suggested that: For a full list of possible problems see Manual of Style.
 * width=60 bgcolor="#ffdead" |[[Image:Janitor's bucket with mop.jpg|100px]]
 * bgcolor="#ffdead" | This article has recently been tagged as requiring cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.
 * bgcolor="#ffdead" | This article has recently been tagged as requiring cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.
 * the article needs formatting, proofreading, or rephrasing in comprehensible English.
 * the article has multiple overlapping problems.
 * the article is very short and might need expanding, removal or merging with a broader article

You can use this section to discuss possible resolution of the problem and achieve consensus for action. When there is a consensus that the article is cleaned up please remove the cleanup tag from the article
 * colspan="2" bgcolor="white" |
 * colspan="2" bgcolor="white" |

Discussion
More important to me than "Brain-to-body-mass-ratio" would be the ratio of (neo?)cortex of the brain to medulla of the brain for various species. In particular, how would dolphins, shrews, and humans compare in this ratio for each of the three? 71.139.16.99 (talk) 04:04, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * }

Brain size in jumping spiders
Actually, jumping spiders have (by far) the highest brain/mass ratio of any invertebrates, and in maze-type intelligence tests, can outperform most primates.

Reprint of the 2006 article from New Scientist on jumping spider intelligence:

http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19025531.400-smarter-than-the-average-bug.html

full article can be read in the cache here: http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:VdTETgfIyw0J:www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/1640513/posts+Portia+labiata:+new+scientist&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us

This is despite their very tiny brain in overall mass!

In fact, I think they have the highest brain/mass ratio of any animal. See the anatomy figure in this article: http://tolweb.org/accessory/Jumping_Spider_Vision?acc_id=1946

Peters' elephantnose fish
I think that Peters' elephantnose fish should be included in this article. They have a higher brain-to-body mass ratio than humans as well, and are apparently fairly intelligent. Also they can do really neat metal detecting things in total darkness! Here's a blog entry about them:

http://scienceblogs.com/zooillogix/2007/08/hilariouslooking_fish_uses_chi.php Gary 00:33, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

 * According to Göran E. Nilsson's paper Brain And Body Oxygen Requirements Of Gnathonemus Petersii, A Fish With An Exceptionally Large Brain (1996) its brain-to-body mass ratio is 0.0309±0.0034 ≈ 1/34 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.189.3.25 (talk) 01:30, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I have added the elephantfish to the main page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Xiphoidp (talk • contribs) 21:11, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

The main problem seems to be that the matter is far from forgone conclusion
The various "citation needed" are irrelevant - I have found plenty. However, the criticism offered here by and others is viable. The problem is not lack of sources, but lack of research.

I think the best course of action is to state clearly that the issue is heavily criticized and to remove the numerous "citation needed" marks.

Zarnivop (talk) 10:26, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Roughly speaking
"Roughly speaking, the larger an organism is, the more brain weight is required for basic survival tasks, such as breathing, thermoregulation, senses, motor skill, etc"

How roughly? Whom are speaking? Can anyone find any explanation why more brain weight is required for breathing of larger animal? Same goes for motor skills. If something, larger animal breathes, thermoregulates, walks, and so on at lower rate (in actions per second), thus requiring less computation for doing this. That is just basic logic. If that logic is invalid and more brain weight is indeed 'required', that would be rather extraordinary and outstanding - and would require some research which explains why more brain mass is required for doing less computationally intensive task. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.56.104.90 (talk) 13:05, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't think this is entirely true. For mammals, the general rule of thumb is the larger the body, the larger the brain, but the larger the body the smaller the relative size. To the degree that we can draw any conclusion from this, then it appears that "basic survival tasks" (breating, heartbeat, thermoregulation) is rather idependent of body size in mammals. Petter Bøckman (talk) 08:49, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

"However, large animals need more neurons to represent their bodies and control specific muscles, so that relative rather than absolute brain size makes for a ranking of animals that coincide better with observed complexity of behaviour" Doesn't that contradict the walnut sized brains of some of the largest animals ever to have lived? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.66.112.5 (talk) 13:30, 9 September 2014 (UTC)

Criticism
The section on Criticism argues without having a good argument. It is only fluff at this point. It should be removed or completely re-written.

Recent research indicates that whole brain size is a better measure of cognitive abilities than EQ for primates at least.[13]

"While Stegosaurus was undoubtedly a simple and unintelligent animal, this fact undermines the idea on which EQ is based - that a larger animal requires a larger brain to look after its basic functions." This is not clear at all.

"If Stegosaurus could survive with this tiny brain, this can only mean that any animal with anything bigger must be using it for non-essential abilities." This is not necessarily true; humans evolved bigger brains so they could manipulate their environment; why couldn't stegosaurs have done the same with bigger brains? Answering, "No, because they were stegosaurs" would be a circular argument.

"Some of these abilities may be sensory and/or physical, and some may be intellectual. The actual intelligence of an animal therefore depends on the size of the brain and the proportion of the brain that is used for intellectual abilities, rather than advanced sensory or physical skills." This is similar to Larmarkianism. The quote basically says the animals get intelligent is by using their intelligence.

"Critics[who?] point out that EQ gives only a very rough estimate of these proportions." This sentence should either be supported or removed. 173.217.167.73 (talk) 18:02, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree with the above (unsigned) criticisms. I would go farther and say that many sentences in the article "should either be supported or removed."  The article appears to be no more than a rough draft, which may be used as a skeleton for other editors to build a real article out of, so it may warrant an "under construction" header before it's unsupported claims start getting cited by students unaware of how Wikipedia works. I don't want to put the header at the top since I lack the knowledge to build it.HkFnsNGA (talk) 19:46, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

A Bad Source?
The source from the table links to [1] serendip.brynmawr.edu. This is turn mentions another source: Kuhlenbeck, 735.

I have been looking for "Kulhenbeck, 735" on Google and all I get are different websites listing the same table. A quick look on Google Scholar using various search terms ("Kulhenbeck body-to-brain ratio" etc.) is of little help. The only data I've been able to find was on another page from serendip:

http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/~pgrobste/kinser/kinser2/How1.html

Even they suggest Kuhlenbeck may be wrong, even though everyone sources his data from their website. Long story short - this sounds like a mistake that has been repeated so often people think it's the truth. Should we remove it?

--Lyrical Jesse James (talk) 09:41, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

Improved precision in the language needed
I feel the article needs a big tidy-up. For example, it mixes mass, weight and size in a confusing manner. The table of "Simple brain-to body ratio" doesn't say which measurement is used and omits several of the species mentioned in the text (dolphins, shrews, etc). Is anyone managing the page? Thanks, --p.r.newman (talk) 12:58, 15 March 2013 (UTC)

 * The article suffers from being what was left after Encephalization quotient as split off and made into a new article. The remaining text has largely been ignored I think. You are most wellcome to tidy it up. I'll try to help if there's something that's unclear or badly sourced. Petter Bøckman (talk) 10:41, 16 March 2013 (UTC)

Are we really willing to describe the very vague "small ants" or "small birds" as 'species' in the table? Even terms like 'mouse' are far more generic than specific. Very poor science. Kevin McE (talk) 18:12, 8 February 2014 (UTC)

Discussion that relates to this page
Please see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Neuroscience. Thanks. --Tryptofish (talk) 23:40, 6 September 2014 (UTC)

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Errors in the Brain-body mass ratio diagram
The first diagram should probably be replaced. Perhaps by the one from http://brainmuseum.org/ (http://neurosciencelibrary.org/Evolution/paleo/brnBodWt.html)

Here is what makes me think the diagram should be replaced:
 * 1) Both Mouse and Shrew appear twice.
 * 2) The shrew is later said to have among the largest brain-to-body mass ratios. Then it should be above the trend line in the diagram. It isn't.
 * 3) Bat is below the trend line while in the diagram I linked to it is far above the trend line.
 * 4) At the time of writing there are two additional complaints about the diagram on this talk page.

It could be that the statement of shrews having such a large brain-to-body mass ratio is simply wrong. It says that they are relatively closely related to moles (Shrews) but in the diagram I linked to the mole is below the trend line. (Or the diagram I linked to is incorrect... Or the 'relatively close relationship' doesn't matter as much...) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.237.240.236 (talk) 10:04, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

 * There are lots of different types of shrews, notably tree shrews and true shrews. That might explain some of these issues.  I put a dubious marker on it, and where it discussed shrews below I asked them to clarify which type of shrew. - 68.207.248.247 (talk) 23:08, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

Here is a potential replacement in the article "Developmental mechanisms of cerebral cortex expansion and folding: evolving towards human uniqueness" published in 2015 in the journal, The Biochemist. See Figure 2. [] As is, the current figure is erroneous and should be deleted and/or replaced with another figure.

"Man" should read Human. Feoffer (talk) 06:01, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

Metabolism
There are at least two formatting problems in the new section on Metabolism that I have just added to the Wikipedia page of Brain-to-body mass ratio with three references. I hope that one of you can show me how to solve them. (1) the first reference is identical to an external link already on the page, but I cannot find out how to refer to an external link. (2) the second reference now links to the Physiology section of the Wikipedia page on Brain, but it should go to the Metabolism subsection and I could not find out how to link to a subsection. Hopefully the third reference is OK. Adams1peace (talk) 06:56, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

Calculations are incorrect.
A human brain is 1330cc (male) - 1190cc (female) while body mass is 90kg. That is a ratio of circa 1:70

A ratio of 1:40 would require a brain mass of 2250cc.

This needs to be corrected, or the ratio must be removed altogether until facts can be presented. 196.112.175.97 (talk) 21:24, 10 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brain–body mass ratio


text:
Talk:Louis Rossetto

Comments
Viajero: Moving some of the details (and simply excising others) of Rossetto's history with Wired to the Wired page is like moving the bulk of Clinton's bio to the American history page. It does not help the reader, nor does it give an accurate view of the person. Also, links are good; this is the Web, and this is a story about a Web pioneer. Systematically removing links that were painstakingly added does not do the reader a service. The 6 October version was more useful and more accurate.

Re: Design

 * Wired was greatly admired for its bold design[2] and its coverage of "digital culture".

I'm sure that's true, but it seemed to copy and take the design of Mondo 2000 to another level, so it wasn't exactly a revolution but more of an assimilation. Granted, Mondo 2000 was quite primitive compared to Wired but when you compared the two at the inception of Wired, the influence was obvious. Viriditas (talk) 01:00, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Louis Rossetto


text:
User talk:64.165.10.191

Nomination of Morris the Cat for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Morris the Cat is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Morris the Cat until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Lightburst (talk) 02:31, 7 December 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:64.165.10.191


text:
User talk:Bindureddy

Bindu Reddy is the Co-Founder of AiYo, a personalized recommendation network. Bindu has been involved in early-stage start-ups for eight years. Prior to AiYo, she was the director of product management and marketing at Elance. At Elance, she played a vital role in the design and development of Elance's online marketplace and was instrumental in acquiring Elance's marquee customers including GE, Motorola and FedEx.

Prior to Elance, Bindu helped grow [Exelixs], a small biotech company to a mid-sized pharmaceutical company and develop Exelixis's proprietary genomics technology. Bindu has a Masters degree from Dartmouth College and a Bachelor of Technology degree from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.

hangon

title: User talk:Bindureddy


text:
Cadillac Mountain

Cadillac Mountain is located on Mount Desert Island, within Acadia National Park, in the U.S. state of Maine. With an elevation of 1,530 ft, its summit is the highest point in Hancock County and the highest within 25 mi of the Atlantic shoreline of the North American continent between the Cape Breton Highlands, Nova Scotia, and peaks in Mexico. It is known as the first place in the continental U.S. to see the sunrise, although that is only true for a portion of the year.

History
Cadillac Mountain was originally inhabited by the Wabanaki People or the "People of the Dawn Land." The Wabanaki Confederacy consists of four tribes: Maliseet, Micmac, Passamaquoddy, and Penobscot. Mount Desert Island provided the Wabanaki with a place to meet, trade, fish, and hunt. Before its name Green Mountain, it was thought the natives referred to the mountain as the Passamaquoddy word Pesamkuk. Additional research indicates that Pesamkuk refers to Mount Desert Island in general, and the name of the mountain itself was Wapuwoc, meaning "white mountain of the first light.". In the 1500s, the natives were confronted with European colonization; however, they withstood the confrontation and continue to inhabit the land today.

Before being renamed in 1918, the mountain had been called Green Mountain. The new name honors the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de La Mothe Cadillac. In 1688, De la Mothe requested and received from the Governor of New France a parcel of land in an area known as Donaquec which included part of the Donaquec River (now the Union River) and the island of Mount Desert in the present-day U.S. state of Maine. Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, a shameless self-promoter who had already appropriated the "de la Mothe" portion of his name from a local nobleman in his native Picardy, thereafter referred to himself as Antoine de la Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, Donaquec, and Mount Desert.

From 1883 until 1893 the Green Mountain Cog Railway ran to the summit to take visitors to the Green Mountain Hotel. The hotel burned down in 1895 and the cog train was sold and moved to the Mount Washington Cog Railway in New Hampshire.

The summit also played a significant role during World War II as a base for early-warning warcraft detection. The mountain's height and location made it the ideal place for a radar facility to achieve strong signals. Today the mountain continues to be used for communication by the police, National Park Service, Coast Guard, and fire department.

Overview
There are various hiking trails and a paved road that lead to the summit of Cadillac Mountain. Going to the summit to see the first sunrise in the continental U.S. is a common activity; however, Cadillac only experiences the first sunrise from October 7 through March 6. For a few weeks around the equinoxes, the sun rises first at West Quoddy Head in Lubec, Maine. During the remainder of spring and throughout summer, the sun rises first on Mars Hill, 150 mi to the northeast.

title: Cadillac Mountain


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Glassdog

Glassdog
Is this really a notable blog that deserves an article? If not, I vote delete. RickK 22:40, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * sounds like a minor piece of Internet lore, I've never heard of it and I had my first webpage (not site) in 1995. Also not notable for being the very first or whatever. Delete. --Ianb 23:24, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It passes the more-Google-hits-than-I-get test, but it doesn't get nearly enough for a webpage of as much significance as the article claims. I frequently browse "HTML and Web design" sites and I have never heard of this one. Alexa rank 412,969 . [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 02:13, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable site. jni 13:18, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable! --Improv 18:01, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Eighth grade

Eighth grade (also 8th Grade or Grade 8) is the eighth year of formal or compulsory education in the United States of America. The eighth grade is the second, third, or fourth (and typically final) year of middle school. Students in eighth grade are usually 13-14 years old. Different terms and numbers are used in other parts of the world.

Africa

 * In Cameroon, Form 3 (8th Grade) is the third year of middle school.
 * In Morocco, 8th grade is the second year of middle school.
 * In Nigeria, Grade 8 (JSS2) is the second to last year of Junior high, as there are no middle schools in the Nigerian education system, elementary school (primary school) ends in grade 6. Pupils (called learners by the Department of Education) are between the ages of 13 and 14.
 * In Somalia, the eighth grade, which pupils are between the age of 12 and 14, is typically the final grade before high school.
 * In South Africa, Grade 8 is the first year of high school. It is required that a learner leaving grade seven registers online for admissions to the eighth grade in order to be recognised by the Department of Education.
 * InKenya,Grade 8 is the second to last class before going to Grade 9 and sitting for their final exams and entering senior high schools that they have chosen prior to the examinations.

Asia

 * In Iran, 8th grade is second year of high school A. There are 2 stages of high school in Iran, A and B. A ranges from Grade 7 (13 years old) across Grade 8 (14 years old) to Grade 9 (15 years old).
 * In India, 8th grade is the last grade before high school. 8th grade exam is the second last year the respective school will be setting the examination. Thereafter in tenth grade, the examinations are conducted by state or national boards. In India, 8th class education falls under the middle education system and the curriculum for 8th grade students typically includes subjects such as mathematics, science, social studies, languages and elective subjects.
 * In Israel (Lod, Givatayim and Ramat Gan),8th Grade (called Kita chet) is the final year of elementary school.
 * In Sri Lanka, 8th grade is the last grade before high school. 8th grade exam is the last year the respective school will be setting the examination. Thereafter (ninth grade and after) the examinations are conducted by state or national board.
 * In Pakistan, Grade 8 is one of the years in middle school. Students in this class are thirteen to fourteen years old. 8th grade exams are conducted and managed by the Boards of Education in Pakistan.
 * In Nepal Grade 8 is last grade before Secondary Education. In Grade 8, District Level Examination is conducted by District Education Office.
 * In the Philippines, Grade 8 or Sophomore Year (Baitang Walo) is the second year of Junior High School and High School curriculum. Topics mainly discussed are Intermediate Algebra (Math in Grade 8), Biology (Science in Grade 8), Filipino subject with Florante at Laura, English and World History (Political Studies in Grade 8). Values Education, World Literature, MAPEH (Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health), Computer and TLE (Technology and Livelihood Education) are some of the minor subjects. Students are usually 13–14 years old. It was formerly named as 2nd Year or Year II (Ikalawang Taon) until it changed to Grade 8 on June 3, 2013, upon the start of School Year 2013-2014 due to the 9-year implementation process of the K-12 curriculum. Students can also start at age of 12-13, mostly females.
 * In Singapore, 8th grade is equivalent of Secondary 2 level.
 * In Malaysia, 8th grade also known as Form 2 in secondary school. The students at this stage are 14 years old, and it is the second year in the secondary school.
 * In Indonesia, 8th grade is known as Kelas 2 SMP (Indonesian for the number 2). Pupils usually are aged from 13 to 14 years old and graduate from Kelas 1 SMP in the middle of the year (June 18 but the promotion to the next grade is at June 28).
 * In Hong Kong, 8th grade is called Form 2.
 * In Afghanistan, 8th grade is the final year of middle school.
 * In Oman, pupils usually are aged from 14 to 15 years old.
 * In Saudi Arabia, 8th grade is the second year of middle school.
 * In Mongolia, 8th grade is the third year of middle school. Usually children in 8th-grade ages from 13 to 14.

Europe

 * In Spain, eighth grade was called 8º de EGB (Educación General Básica) and is the last year in a colegio, before being enrolled into an instituto (Spanish for High School). However under the current ESO (educación secundaria obligatoria) system it is now the second year of ESO.
 * In Sweden, eighth grade is called 8:e klass, or Åttan for short. It's the second last year before enrolling into a Gymnasium, similar to high school. Pupils are aged 14–15 during eighth grade.
 * In Denmark, eighth grade is called 8. Klasse being the second last year before being enrolled into a Gymnasium, which is similar to high school.
 * In France, eighth grade is equivalent to the third year of collège, the Quatrième or '4ème'.
 * In Germany, eighth grade is called 8. Klasse.
 * In Turkey, eighth grade is called 8. Sınıf and is the last year in an ortaokul (middle school in Turkish), before being enrolled into a lise (high school in Turkish). Students are usually aged 13–14.
 * In Greece, aged 13–14, eighth grade is called second year of gymnasium school or middle school or lower secondary school (Deutera Gymnasiou – Δευτέρα Γυμνασίου).
 * In Poland, eighth grade is called 8. klasa. It's the last year of elementary school (szkoła podstawowa). Pupils are aged 13–15.
 * In Hungary, eighth grade is called 8. osztály, commonly the last year of elementary school. Other systems to group the grades are also present: for example, six years of elementary school then six years of high school; or four years of elementary then eight years of high school.
 * In Finland, children aged 14–15 are usually in 8th grade. 8th grade is called 8. luokka in Finland.
 * In Iceland, eighth grade is called 8. bekkur. Pupils are aged 13–14.
 * In Ireland, eighth grade is equivalent to 2nd Year. Students are between 13 and 14 years old at the beginning of the year.
 * In Italy, eighth grade is the final year of middle school. It is equivalent to what is colloquially referred to as terza media or terzo anno delle scuole medie (officially Scuola secondaria di primo grado). Students are usually between 13 and 14 years old.
 * In Latvia, eighth grade is called 8. klase. Children are aged 14–15.
 * In the Netherlands, eighth grade is equivalent to the second year in secondary school (also known as de tweede klas middelbaar onderwijs).
 * In Norway, the eighth grade is the first year of Ungdomsskole (literally Youth School), equivalent to Junior High School. The students enter the eighth grade the year they turn thirteen.
 * In Portugal, the eighth grade is called 8 Ano and pupils are aged between 12 and 13
 * In Belgium, eighth grade is the equivalent to the second year in middle school (called "2de middelbaar" or "2e secondaire").
 * In the United Kingdom:
 * In the English and Welsh school systems, eighth grade is equivalent to Year 9 (Form 3). These children are aged 13–14.
 * In Scotland eighth grade is equivalent to S3 ('S' represents Secondary), or 3rd year. In Scotland students start primary education at an age of 4–5 and then move to high school when 11–12. Children are between 13 and 14 years old in this year.
 * In Northern Ireland, children aged 13–14 are in year 10 or 3rd year (secondary school).
 * In Romania, 8th grade is called "Clasa a VIII-a", and it is the last year of Gymnasium, followed by high school. Children usually aged between 13 and 14 are in this grade.
 * In Croatia 8th grade is called "Osmi razred" and it is the last year of primary education before going to "gimnazija" (a type of high school) or another secondary school. Children are ages between 13 and 14. Grades beyond 8th are not called 9th and so on, but rather 1st grade of secondary school.
 * In Slovenia, 8th grade is the second to last year of primary school, with students 13–14 years of age. After primary school, students attend different High Schools.
 * In Bulgaria, children aged 13–15 are usually in 8th grade, which is the 1st year of high school.
 * in Kosovo, children aged 13–14 are in third year of middle school. In the old education system eighth grade was the first year of high school.

North America

 * In Belize, Std. 6 is the last year in elementary school.
 * In Mexico, eighth grade is equivalent to the second year of middle school for those who are aged 13–14.

Canada
Grade 8 typically forms a part of elementary or middle schools in Canada. In some parts of Canada (such as Newfoundland), and much of British Columbia, Grade 8 is the first year of secondary school. Students are usually 12–13 years old. In Quebec, Grade 8 is equivalent to Secondary II (French: 2e Secondaire ("2")) or Secondary Cycle 1, Year 2.

The Grade 8 mathematics curriculum in Canada usually includes either Pre-algebra or Algebra I. Occasionally, Geometry, or Algebra II are also taught in very advanced schools. In some schools, especially the ones that are witnessing the required Basic Standards Test, basic everyday "real world" mathematical skills such as check writing, money management, and geometry are taught as well.

United States
In the United States, Eighth Grade is usually a child's eighth year of education, aside from Kindergarten and Preschool. It is often the final year of middle school. Some students take English 1 and or Algebra 1 which are high school classes.

In cultural and language curriculum, many students may opt to take a foreign language course, either for a semester or the full school year. In the United States, American history is often the primary focus in eighth grade social studies. Other schools may also focus on other subject areas such as geography and world history.

In Mathematics, 8th graders learn about scientific notation, geometry and angles, linear equations, measurement, functions, and exponents. In Science, 8th graders are in physical science and learn about forces and motion, energy, the electromagnetic spectrum, and chemical reactions. In some schools, 8th graders may learn about the earth and space sciences such as astronomy, metereology,and geology. In English, 8th graders learn about themes, imagery, figurative language, textual evidence, analyzing sources, writing narratives, writing research reports, writing explanatory essays, writing persuasive and argumentative pieces, and compare and contrast.

In the United States, 41 states have implemented Common Core curriculum standards for English/Language Arts and Mathematics in 8th grade.

Key English/Language Arts Common Core standards for 8th grade students include:

 * Ability to write arguments and to support claims with relevant evidence; support with logical reasoning using accurate, credible source
 * Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences using relevant details and structured event sequences
 * Ability to write in a manner that the organization, development, and style are appropriate to the task, purpose and audience
 * Conduct short research products to answer questions, drawing on multiple print or digital sources; ability to assess credibility of each source

Key Mathematics Common Core standards for 8th grade students include:

 * Ability to use linear equations and systems to represent, analyze, and solve various problems
 * Students recognize (y/x=m) or (y-mx) as special linear equations (y=mx+b) and can interpret and express a relationship in terms of the situation
 * Students understand the concept of a function as a rule that assigns exactly one output for one input
 * Knowledge of distance and angles and ideas of translations, congruence, rotations, reflections, similarity
 * Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find distance between points on the coordinate plain, find lengths, and analyze polygons

Oceania

 * In Australia, this is called Year 8, which is the second year of high school.
 * In New Zealand, Year 9 is the equivalent of eighth grade, with students aged 13 or 14 at the beginning of the year. It is the first year of high school. Students in Year 9 typically study English, mathematics, science, social science, health and physical education, arts and technology.

South America

 * In Brazil, the equivalent is oitavo ano (eighth grade). All students must be 13 years old before March 31 or May 31 depending on school.
 * In Chile, eighth grade is equivalent to 8° Básico the last year of Enseñanza básica for those who are aged 13–14.
 * In Perú eighth grade is equivalent to 2do de secundaria, the second year of secondary education (also called "Media"), for those who are aged 13 to 14.
 * In Argentina eighth grade is called 2do de secundaria, which means it's the 2nd grade of secondary school

title: Eighth grade


text:
Saint-Julien-Beychevelle

Saint-Julien-Beychevelle is a commune on the left bank of the Garonne estuary in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Wine
The village lies 15 km northwest of Bordeaux and is considered by some to be the most underrated of the four major wine growing appellations of the Médoc.

The 9 km2 of vineyards around the villages of St-Julien and Beychevelle produce wine of relative lightness and balance. Its strength stems from the quality of its soil – the characteristic layer of gravel forcing the roots of the vine to go to extra depth to reach its nutrients, as well as retaining additional heat to see it through the cooling winds from the Atlantic away to the west.

St-Julien contains no First Growths but it does have estates ranked as Second, Third and Fourth Growths in the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855.

title: Saint-Julien-Beychevelle


text:
Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope

The Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope is a radio telescope in the Ahr Hills (part of the Eifel) in Bad Münstereifel, Germany. For 29 years the Effelsberg Radio Telescope was the largest fully steerable radio telescope on Earth, surpassing the Lovell Telescope in the UK. In 2000, it was surpassed by the Green Bank Observatory's Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope in Green Bank, US, which has a slightly larger elliptical 100 by 110-metre aperture.

Geography
The telescope is located about 1.3 km northeast of Effelsberg, a southeastern part of the town of Bad Münstereifel in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is less than 300 m west of the 398 m high Hünerberg, which is in neighbouring Rhineland-Palatinate. The boundary is a stream, the Effelsberger Bach, which runs only a few metres east of the telescope. The Effelsberger Bach is 6.5 km long, flowing from the Effelsberger Wald into the Sahrbach, which in turn flows south and into the Ahr river.

A hiking path leads past the telescope; in 2004 part of this was turned into a planet trail with information panels about the Solar System with its planets. The trail ends at the 39 cm model of the Sun next to the visitor centre.

Radio telescope
The Effelsberg radio telescope is operated by the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, the radio astronomy institute of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. It was constructed from 1968 to 1971 and inaugurated on 1 August 1972. A major technical difficulty in building a radio telescope of 100 m diameter was how to deal with the deformation of the mirror due to gravity when it is rotated to point in a different direction. The mirror must have a precise parabolic shape to focus the radio waves, but a conventionally-designed dish of this size would "sag" slightly when rotated so the mirror loses its parabolic shape. The Effelsberg telescope uses a novel computer-designed mirror support structure which deforms in such a way that the deformed mirror will always take a parabolic shape. The focus will move during such deformation, and the feed antenna suspended in front of the mirror is moved slightly by the computer control system as the telescope is rotated to keep it at the focus. Tests after completion of the telescope showed that the intended accuracy of the mirror surface of 1 mm had not only been met, but exceeded significantly.

About 45% of the observing time is available to external astronomers. The Effelsberg 100-m telescope was involved in several surveys, including the one at 408 MHz (73 cm) by Haslam et al.

title: Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope


text:
Category:Light rail

Light rail or light rail transit (LRT) is a form of urban rail public transportation that generally has a lower capacity and lower speed than heavy rail and metro systems, but higher capacity and higher speed than street-running tram systems.

title: Category:Light rail


text:
Mysteries

Mysteries may refer to:

 * Sacred mysteries in ancient esoteric religions
 * "The Mysteries: Renaissance Choros", a 1931 poem by H.D.
 * Mysteries (album), a 1975 jazz album by Keith Jarrett
 * Mysteries (novel), an 1892 psychological novel
 * The Mysteries, a 1977 English play cycle
 * The Mysteries (album), a 2013 album by composer John Zorn
 * Mysteries, a series of novels set in the Forgotten Realms of Dungeons & Dragons

title: Mysteries