text:
Avinor

Avinor AS is a state-owned limited company that operates most of the civil airports in Norway. The Norwegian state, via the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications, controls 100 percent of the share capital. Avinor was created on 1 January 2003, by the privatization of the Norwegian Civil Aviation Administration known as Luftfartsverket. Its head office is in Bjørvika, Oslo, located on the seaside of Oslo Central Station.

Avinor owns and operates 44 airports in Norway, fourteen in association with the Royal Norwegian Air Force, and is responsible for air traffic control services in Norway. In addition to the 44 airports, it operates three Area Control Centers: Bodø Air Traffic Control Center, Stavanger Air Traffic Control Center and Oslo ATCC.

, the chief executive officer was Sverre Quale who has been in the job since 18 April 2006. He was previously the head of the Norwegian Accident Investigation Board. As of 2011, Sverre Quale has been employed as the CEO at Multiconsult. His replacement, Dag Falk-Petersen, was CEO of CHC Helicopters. In February 2021, Abraham Foss took on the role of CEO of the company. Avinor has about 3000 employees, including air traffic control, air navigation services, rescue, maintenance, administration and other airport operations personnel.

History
On 1 July 1947, the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communication created the Aviation Directorate (Luftfartsdirektoratet) to take over the responsibility for the civilian airports in Norway. Until then the Norwegian Ministry of Defence was responsible for operating airports, including the civilian ones. This responsibility had been delegated to the Aviation Council (Luftfartsrådet) within the ministry. The first director was Einar Bøe (1947–1964), followed by Erik Willoch (1964–1989), Ove Liavaag (1989–2000), Randi Flesland (2000–2005), Sverre Quale (2006–2010), Dag Falk-Petersen (2011-2021) and Abraham Foss (2021–).

The organisation changed its name to Luftfartsverket in 1967. In 1997, Oslo Airport, Fornebu and the then under construction Oslo Airport, Gardermoen, where merged into a separate subsidiary, Oslo Lufthavn AS. This company still operates Oslo Airport, Gardermoen. On 14 December 2005, CEO Randi Flesland resigned after an ongoing dispute with employees. She was temporarily replaced by Nic. Nilsen until Sverre Quale took over.

Awards

 * Palladium Balanced Scorecard Hall of Fame for Executing Strategy™ (class of 2016)

title: Avinor


text:
Talk:River Lea

Tributaries
There's no list of tributaries for this river, there's a note with instructions to follow the link at the bottom of the page but there's only links to the Thames major Tributaries. I can only recall the names of three of the tributaries of this river these being: The Beane, Hart and Mimram. Could some insert these and together the rest of them please?

87.112.227.68 (talk) 19:30, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Scroll to the bottom of the page, find a thin box called "River Lee / Lea, England" and click "show". I've made the description better on the page now. Jamsta (talk) 20:05, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

There is also a Lee in Ireland rroddy 16:29, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Several articles on Ireland link to the wrong River Lee. How is ambiguity resolved?

I would also like to know this could be resolved, also should one river be selected above others? surely there shold be a river lee page, hwere user could chouse which river the want to view [similar to other article with dual [or more meanings] [k]
 * I agree, it seems rather biased/unfair to assume people want to read about the English river. Stifle (talk) 00:57, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Yes, just make a disambiguation page and another article and add things at the top. Cheesypot 23:29, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

History
Should there be a section of this article about the history of the river lea? Apparently the thames used to join the thames, but there was a landslide at the source or some sort of blockage. which is why in the luton the river is tiny, but there is a load of space the little hills, probably where the river used to be. If anyone knows more information, please add it. Cheesypot 23:29, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

New River / River Lee Navigation
RE fact tag just added - it may be my reading of the para - which suggests a little crafting may be called for - or there may be genuine confusion here. What I see is a suggestion that RLN is now called the New River, which it isn't they're different. On a more general note, it would be most helpful to have more clarity between this article and the RLN page to make it aboslutely clear what the link is bwteen the two. Are the lower reaches properly termed RLN or is that another way of describing it? hjuk (talk) 14:28, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Water for the New River is taken from the upper reaches of the River Lee. The RLN is the canalised section of river below that, where the flow of water needs to be controlled to allow navigation. A further complication is that below Bow Locks, the river splits into the Bow Back rivers. Somewhere around Tottenham, there are other flood channels and water supply channels that may also cause confusion with the NR. My first reading of the para was that it was clear, but I'll see if I can do something to clarify. Kbthompson (talk) 14:34, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Wow, that was quick! I reread it again and I can see that it does say what it means, but it certianly wasn't clear to me. But maybe I'm thicker than I thought! Also I forgot to say that I followed footnote 4 to the Enfield Council page which doesn't mention the New River; perhaps the page has changed since the footnote was added.
 * Does the river stop being properly called the River Lee at some point and become RLN or is it 6 of one, half a dozen of the other? hjuk (talk) 14:43, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * They can't even agree the proper name for much of it's length! (Lea, Lee, etc - even Ordnance Survey gets confused). I think the name RLN came into being with the installation of the locks - as barges got bigger, and flow needed to be controlled. It was also to distinguish it from the 'flood channel' and the water supply channels between the King whatever reservoirs in Tottenham. (I'm sure someone will be along to correct me). (River Lee rapid rebuttal unit?) Kbthompson (talk) 14:51, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Suggested move to River Lea
I propose this article should be moved to River Lea, while mentioning in the introduction the variant spelling, Lee Navigation, Parliament, etc. It would recognise the wider occurrence of the name "Lea" (eg. Leamouth, Lea Bridge, Lea Valley), and solve the ambiguity vs. the Irish river. best, Sunil060902 (talk) 10:21, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

 * As a Hertfordian, I too prefer the Lea spelling, but bear in mind the official park authority for the area is called the "Lee Valley Park Authority" . I think this would have some bearing on it. Jamsta (talk) 10:42, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Sadly, Lee is the official name - established by Act of Parliament. I believe both names appear on ordinance survey maps - but for different parts of the River. (Lee applies to the canalised parts of the river). Certainly when I was drag'd up, around the lower reaches, we always called it the Lea; and I think that's what the geography teacher called it. So, the original name lives on long after its official excision.
 * I think we're stuck with the official name, with a redirect from Lea. Particularly as the Lee passes through the Olympic site. Kbthompson (talk) 11:07, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * That said, reviewing some of the Olympic Park material, it now refers to it as the River Lea. I think the status quo should be maintained at the moment, but if this continues, we may need to revisit the naming of this article. Renaming would create about 100 redirects. These need to be dealt with at the same time as any page move. Kbthompson (talk) 12:10, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Can an Act of Parliament dictate the name of a river (as distinct from the Navigation)? Shades of Académie française! I agree with Sunil060902 that the Lea spelling is more widespread in the real world, Lee generally only used for the Navigation and the Park Authority. However I'm not sure a move solves the ambiguity with Ireland, as the 'official' spelling will still need to be linked as a redirect or whatever. Pterre (talk) 15:36, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Both 'Lea' and 'Lee' are used for the river - just check any |clapton#map=51.57563,-0.05948|17|4&loc=GB:51.55469:-0.04064:14|clapton|Clapton,%20London,%20England,%20E5%200 OS-based map or street map, and frequently the river will be referred to as 'River Lea / Lee' or 'River Lee or Lea'. Neither takes precedence over the other as I see it so I don't see any logic in a move for the sake of it when the content will remain exactly as it is at present; reflecting that both names are and have been in current use both legally and socially. --AlisonW (talk) 20:03, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The OS simply recognises the fact that officialdom says Lee while the rest of us say Lea. Have a good look at the same maps and see if you can find any Lee- place names anywhere between Leagrave and Leamouth. All my serious sources on geography, geology, archaeology etc refer to the Lea Valley, never the Lee Valley - a random example is Jim Lewis's London's Lea Valley, Phillimore 1999, ISBN 1-86077-100-9. There are numerous rivers/streams called Lee. There is only one River Lea. Pterre (talk) 22:12, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The purpose of Wikipedia is not to be the arbiter on placenames, but as you ask. A quick look shows the "Lee Valley Park" and the "Lee Valley Footpath", for example. The latter follows the course of the "River Lee or Lea" whilst the "Lea Valley Walk" on the opposite (West) side of Hackney Marsh runs alongside the "River Lee Navigation"! Both are in use, and that usage is (quite clearly!) messed up in practice, but that is not a reason to change things here. What about the Lee Valley Athletics Centre, Lee Valley Youth Hostel, and many many more. It is not for us to change usage. --AlisonW (talk) 23:27, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * One additional thing. "officialdom says Lee while the rest of us say Lea" is a straw man. Apart from that being WP:OR it is self-selecting. I live not that far away and regular cross the area visiting friends or or on the North London Line going to Stratford, and I've always used "River Lee" as the primary name. What you use isn't material; what the reference sources say is, and OS use *both*. --AlisonW (talk) 23:29, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Hey Alison this is a talk page, flippancy is allowed! So you don't use the Lea Valley Lines or pass the former Lea Bridge railway station as you pass through Lea Bridge on your way to Stratford in the Lower Lea Valley then? ;-) I'm not disputing that both spellings are used, and I've already said I don't see much point in moving the article, because the Lee spelling is official in some contexts so would still have to be DABed. The real issue is which is most common, my point being that we should go with that, not with an act of parliament. Note that OS tend (I haven't checked exhaustively) to call it "Lea or Lee", not vice versa. I dare say the decision to use 'Lee' for the park in the late 60s has led to a degree of drift in that direction since. To speculate wildly, the famous Lee-Enfield may have confused matters further - although made on the river, this was named after James Paris Lee. My opinion of common usage (which, as you say, has no more weight than anyone else's) is based on my experience over 40 years or so which includes studying geography and geology at school a couple of miles away (and Uni elsewhere), living in Edmonton and running along the towpath daily, studying and working as a town planner in north London, being a continued member of a local history society whose publications often take in the area, and taking a keen interest in the geography, geology, industrial history of the Lea Valley. Within this context, in my reading of serious references across these fields (one of which I threw in at random simply to note the spelling used in its title), I hardly ever come across the spelling Lee except for the Lee Navigation and the Lee Valley Park Authority (which are defined by acts of parliament) and of course offshoots related to them such as the athletics centre. All long-established place and road names use Lea or Ley, never (but I'm willing to be proved wrong) Lee. Pterre (talk) 18:37, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * For historic interest (go on, prop up those eyelids) and slightly more exhaustively: On older OS maps only "Lea" is used for both the river and navigation. This is true of One Inch 1st Ed, 4th Ed 'Popular', 5th Ed (see St Albans sheet of 1937) and 6th Ed 'New Popular' (Popular and New Popular both available on-line). Also on large scale plans - see for example the Godfrey Edition reprint of the 1:2,500, "Pickett's Lock 1894" sheet. The first use of "Lee" I have spotted so far is my 1964 copy of One Inch 7th Series sheet 161. This consistently uses "River Lea or Lee" and "River Lee Navigation". Coincidentally it is roughly contemporaneous with the Civic Trust conference report on the proposed park. Do I have a point? Not really, just don't rely too heavily on OS maps when it comes to spellings. Oh, p.s. my better half points out a school geography text book (she's a librarian, can't help it poor dear) written by two teachers at her Lea Valley alma mater The Latymer School (Luxon D.G. & Morris J.A., The British Isles in map and diagram, Nelson, 1966), which refers repeatedly and exclusively to the Lea Valley. Pterre (talk) 23:01, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I always known the River as Lea beacuse Lea Bridge in Walthamstow were the river goes past as I lived in the area on the Lea Valley Line (the Chingford branch) Also Lea Bridge the former station & Lea Bridge the areaLikelife (talk) 13:28, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
 * See also River Lee - Our River - London's Waterway Partnership and Enfield Council! Kbthompson (talk) 13:39, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Well quite.. a publicly funded educational outfit which has apparently spelled millennium incorrectly on its front page since 7th Jan 2001. Nuff sed? Pterre (talk) 20:50, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I see they've corrected it now. Pterre (talk) 18:52, 27 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Hi everyone, sorry for completely ignoring this talk for three months, but I still think River Lea looks better than River Lee (England). How important is the Irish river out of interest? best, Sunil060902 (talk) 13:50, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
 * One of the more important rivers in Ireland, flowing as it does through the second city in the Republic, Cork. It would certainly be preferable to have its article at River Lee rather than that page being a disambiguation page. zoney ♣ talk 12:41, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

So two years on and the disambiguation still exists? best, Sunil060902 (talk) 22:45, 13 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree with you (as set out at nodding-off length above). Anyone care to vote on this? Pterre (talk) 12:32, 14 September 2010 (UTC)
 * You could suggest RM. Simply south...... 00:09, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

Jan 2011 move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Vegaswikian (talk) 20:05, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

River Lee (England) → River Lea — The discussion above was never concluded so let's have another so we can sort this out. Anyway, disambiguation and historical reasons. Am i doing this at the right time? Simply south...... 13:03, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Support More familiar name and bracketless Motmit (talk) 13:36, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Support Ditto Pterre (talk) 14:24, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Support because that's what I have always known it as and its bracketless. Likelife (talk) 16:36, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Support I've always known it as the Lea. Although it appears that both are commonly used, an available unbracketed name is clearly preferable. —WFC— 16:52, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Strongly oppose. Regardless of the fact that two names are in common usage, the official name is "Lee", as per all those "Welcome to the Lee Valley Park" signs along its length. This would purely be a move-for-the-sake-of-moving; it would solve no problem at all, since the redirects would still have to exist at every use of "Lee". Since the section that flows through the Olympic site—which is where the majority of readers will come from, over the next couple of years—is undoubtedly "Lee", renaming would cause more confusion, not less. – iridescent  17:10, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment. I don't really want to !vote because I don't know which name we should use but we should go for the most commonly known name rather than an undisambiguated title just for the sake of removing the disambiguator. Using Google is difficult because I can't be sure the results all refer to this river. However, on my OS maps it says "River Lea or Lee" and as Lea comes first maybe that's an indication. The maps also say things like "Upper Lea Valley Walk". Either way, there will still be redirects so it won't matter too much. Anemone  Projectors  17:35, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment (after ec) - what is the official name? I looked on the Ordnance Survey map of the source here and it lists both names "River Lea or Lee". I support using the official name, assuming there is one and only one. Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 17:38, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The official name is undoubtedly "Lee". The issue is that, especially in Hertfordshire, most people use the older spelling (resulting in such contortions as "between the new course of the River Lee and the Old River Lea" in LVRPA press releases). Since the Stratford section is undoubtedly "Lee", and that's the context in which most people will be searching, moving will solve nothing as the dab page at River Lee will be required in either case. – iridescent  18:08, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but I don't accept that there is an official spelling. The only undisputed fact is that Lee is the official spelling for the Navigation and the Park. Ruhrfisch: As I've previously noted (above), OS originally used only Lea for the river, adding "or Lee" (always in second place) from the 1960s on. Lea Valley and River Lea have in my experience always been used by geographers, geologists, archaeologists, etc. Pterre (talk) 19:17, 26 January 2011 (UTC)

 * As well as the various settlements already mention, there is one more, where the river meets the Thames: Leamouth. Simply south...... 11:09, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I think that is mentioned above somewhere. We also have (within the area where it is claimed Lee may be the official spelling for the river) Lea Road, Hoddesdon; Lea Road, Waltham Cross (and Lea Road Trading Estate); Lea Valley Road, Enfield EN3; Lea Valley High School, Bullsmoor Lane, Enfield; Leaside Road, E5; Leaside Canoe Centre; Lea Bridge Road, E10; Lea Bridge E10; Lower Lea Crossing E14; Lower Lea Valley (spelling as per London Thames Gateway Development Corporation's page "Lower Lea Valley"); Lea Valley Lines... I was toying with the idea of writing a Lea Valley article on the general industrial etc history of the area. I'd be very embarrassed if it ended up being called Lee Valley.Pterre (talk) 14:19, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Support. Regardless of the the actions of the park authorities (which in any case seem ambiguous), we go with the common name. We don't even try to predict which name will prevail. Andrewa (talk) 22:32, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMON. Note that the four "External Links" in the article are unanimous in using "Lea".  JonH (talk) 22:37, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Support per my previous comments in the sections above. best, Sunil060902 (talk) 05:39, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

Comment. See also: Categories_for_discussion/Log/2011_January_25. best, Sunil060902 (talk) 05:52, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Warning to all - Don't get involved with the CFD process. It will just muddy things Motmit (talk) 08:20, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Too late - you have done it now.Motmit (talk) 08:23, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Which was that a reply to? Simply south...... 20:33, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Support I have always known it as the River Lea for the river and the Lee Navigation for the boating part (with the River Lea often running alongside the navigation), and that's how we called it when I was on IWA committee for that area. As the Lee Valley park came later, it obviously took it's name from the navigation.  Ron h jones (Talk) 17:48, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment - I just want to make the extra note that I hope everyone has read the discussion before this. Simply south...... 11:09, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Good Move
It seems 80% of articles already linked to Lea rather than Lee, but there are still a number of piped redirects from Lee about. Have made a start, but if any one else wants to have a go...... Motmit (talk) 12:15, 4 February 2011 (UTC)
 * OK, I'll get stuck in, time permitting. Pterre (talk) 14:08, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

Polyolbion
Does this refer to the correct River Lea? I can't think of a Kempton Town (or anything similar) near Leagrave. Pterre (talk) 22:34, 16 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Hi, I just looked up this writer it seems much of his work concentrated on Hertfordshire. The nearest town of a similar spelling is Kempston in Bedfordshire. But, considering the book was written in the 17th century there have been boundary changes over the centuries perhaps.(Northmetpit (talk) 08:21, 17 July 2011 (UTC)).
 * You are probably right. It doesn't say much for Drayton's geography though - Kempston is in the catchment of the Great Ouse, draining to the Wash! It does not seem to be a very suitable quotation for the River Lea. Pterre (talk) 11:33, 17 July 2011 (UTC)
 * There is another problem with the section River Lea. The quoted text does not appear in Google's copy of Polyolbion, but it does occur in The Tale of Two Swannes by William Vallans .  Our article text now links "Kempton towne" to Kempston, but like Northmetpit above, I doubt this because Kempston is miles away from the River Lea and according to its article it did not even have a central village at the time, so why was it called "towne".  Instead, I think it was more likely a reference to Kimpton, Hertfordshire.  The whole of the description in The Tale of Two Swannes is rather confused (e.g. it seems to say the river passes Brocket Hall before Wheathampstead), and I wonder what is the point of including the quoted text or any other part of the poem.  JonH (talk) 13:58, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

More on naming
Now that the name has been resolved, I notice that the Template:River Lee England remains. Firstly this needs to be moved to Template:River Lea. Secondly its name and title fields need to be altered. In paticular it currently uses a pipe to render River Lea as' River Lee or Lea', which (according to consensus on the main article) should be Lea or Lee. Discuss, or shall I just do it? Pterre (talk) 11:44, 2 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Based on the current naming of the page, those things strike me as non-controversial; if the article is ever renamed again, those elements should again be changed accordingly. —WFC— 12:05, 2 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Please see my proposal here. I don't think we need a dab page in this case. Any thoughts? --John (talk) 21:19, 28 December 2012 (UTC)

Alleged predator
When I went the Lee Valley Country Park. Near Cheshunt station, there was a notice attached to a tree. Where a dog owner, who regularly lets his dog swim, had drowned. The notice was to warn other dog owners. August 2016. I think the location was Fishers Green.

The dog owner who posted the flyer on the free wanted to warn others. As there were no signs....

Coincidence? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.0.166.182 (talk) 20:04, 29 August 2016 (UTC)

The alleged predator section is quite whimsical. Love it. XavierItzm (talk) 18:43, 5 March 2017 (UTC)

Map/Diagram
I have added a map/diagram of the river in its upper reaches (source to Hertford). I have added a collapse state so it does not interfere with the layout of the article. A comprehensive map (Template:Lee Navigation Route Map) already exists of the section from Hertford to its mouth on the Thames.The joy of all things (talk) 23:00, 16 November 2016 (UTC)

Tollhouse Stream
Hi. I found this article on German wikipedia Tollhouse Stream. Personally never heard of this water before. Can anyone out there shed some light on it? Northmetpit (talk) 09:46, 11 July 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:River Lea


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/172/Proposed decision

Discussion
Firstly I hope I am allowed to speak here, if not, please let me know ASAP where I should be speaking (thats why I have largely remained silent, I am uncertain of the policies on these matters, and don't wish top break rules).

I take issue with:

 * "On the evidence provided to the Arbitration Committee, he has generally adequately discussed the reasons for his changes, or reverts of the changes of others, and engaged with those who disagree with them."

I feel I have presented evidence to the contrary. I feel 172 does not discuss his reversions properly. I will attempt to make this more clear on the evidence page.

IMO a temp ban is not appropriate in the case of 172, I ask that he be desysopped, and/or restricted from reversion. I do not see him as behaving in a manner worthy of a temp ban, the vast majority of his work here is productive, and I am concerned that he may not react well to such a stern measure. Sam [Spade] 16:31, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Sam, this is a fine place to offer your thoughts....you may not find that many arbitrators take time to respond, but do know that we read comments. I share some of your hesitancy concerning the principle about discussing reversions, and would welcome clarification on the evidence page (both from you and from 172 in his defense) -- I know 172 has often discussed his reversions, but I think that "generally" may be going too far as a characterization.  I will review the evidence page in a few days to see what further evidence is provided, and consider what other wordings might be more appropriate in the meantime.

 * As far as the temp ban, it appears that all the arbitrators agree with you. The only proposed consequence is a revert parole, and I can't envision supporting a ban myself, even if it were proposed.  Desysopping would likely only occur if it was clear admin privileges had been knowingly abused...it may be proposed, but I doubt it in this case.  I am glad, by the way, to hear you acknowledge 172's work as "productive" in a majority of cases -- arbitration is much easier on us all when users can see some of the shades of grey.  Thanks for your comments, and for remaining patient during this necessarily slow and careful process. Jwrosenzweig 04:50, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Absoloutely. I understand the point about desysopping, and I know of no example of 172 having abused admin powers. I do feel his actions as an editor have reflected poorly upon his position however. That said, I have seen these temp-bans drive quality editors away, and I very much do not wish to see this repeated. As I have tried to make clear to 172, the sum of what he does here is positive, and even if his errors are large, his contributions are yet larger. Sam [Spade] 11:28, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for posting, Sam, and for providing more evidence.
 * The problem is that revert paroles, potentially leading to temp bans, are the best method we have of restricting the level of reversion of a contributor. I suppose an alternative would be to forbid him from using the admin "rollback" feature. Hmm. Martin 13:22, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

172 has solicited my comments on this case, since I've been involved in trying to deal with previous disputes involving him. To the extent that the remedies here address edit wars, it appears that he has reduced his participation in such conflicts. The proposed revert parole seems okay to me - since it appears 172 now generally follows the three revert rule, he's hopefully not going to cause any trouble in that regard. It doesn't hurt him much to be forbidden from doing something he doesn't want to do, and if that makes the remedy "ineffective", well that's exactly what we want anyway, right?

The prohibition on using "rollback" concerns me, however. While 172 has used this feature inappropriately before during edit wars, he's in the company of quite a few other admins in doing that. Furthermore, he does also use rollback for its proper purpose of dealing with vandalism. So an absolute prohibition on pain of desysoping seems extreme to me, since it doesn't consider circumstances in which he might justifiably use the feature. Is he going to be automatically desysoped if he makes just one rollback for an edit that really was vandalism? I would suggest something more along the lines of a stern warning about the use of the rollback feature, and revisit the question if there are future infractions. --Michael Snow 22:39, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * A very important point. Thank you for raising it. Martin 16:15, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Caveats
Reading over the matter a few things occur to me. Much of the complaint seems to be that 172 reverts without giving explanations. It seems as well that when doing reverts he often uses the "rollback" feature available to admins. I think it should be pointed out to non-admins (and remembered by admins) that the rollback feature does not give the person using it the ability to provide an edit summary. Rather, the edit summary is automatically provided. If editors who are reverting are required to provide an explanation for each reversion then the rollback feature presents a problem since though being designed to automatically revert it gives no opportunity for one to give an explanation as to why the feature is being used. Perhaps the problem then is not with 172 as much as it is with the rollback feature? Perhaps one solution, rather than banning 172 from using the rollback, is to modify the rollback feature so that the user can provide an reason for its use?

Aside from rollback, this seems to be the case of one "edit warrior" going up against other "edit warrior"s and I think the ArbCom has to be very careful before taking sides in a conflict between edit warriors. Perhaps, if discipline is warranted it should be applied to both sides or perhaps some sort of mediation or perhaps a simple arbitration on the issues involved in the edit war (rarther than the edit war itself) is in order. Ie a ruling of which side is "right" in which conflict and a request that both sides now abide by that ruling. Snowspinner was quite good in mediating informally on the Lyndon LaRouche matter, perhaps he can be recruited here (ie to mediate on the issues rather than mete out punishment).AndyL 23:12, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Rollback is supposed to be used only for vandalism. If an explanation for the revert is required, rollback should not be used. --Michael Snow 23:55, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

That this is 172 and multiple others makes it feel reasonable to me to focus on 172. Most of those others will, if they likewise get into edit wars with many others, get here eventually, I hope. Not fast enough, I know. :( Martin 16:15, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Sockpuppets?
I notice from 172's user contributions that he has lately ceased the impassioned reversions which have in the past characterized his editing. This role seems to have been assumed by users Shorne and User:Ruy Lopez. While the only evidence I have is the sparse editing by 172 and the intense edit warring engaged in by Shorne and Ruy Lopez I am somewhat suspicious that we may be dealing with the same users. We are certainly dealing with a group with the same political agenda to shape Wikipedia articles from a revisionist (as in Holocaust denial) point of view. For example with regard to the article Communist state where he in the past aggressively defended his ownership of the article that role is now being played by Shorne and Ruy Lopez, while 172 stays in the background, only occassionally posting something on their talk pages to egg them on and acting as a supposedly objective administrator to protect pages they are edit warring on. Fred Bauder 15:38, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm going to refrain from stating the inferences that I draw regarding Fred Bauder's mental health after reading the above. He is embarrassing himself again. 172 16:43, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Is there not some way of determining the IP addresses of logged in users? A simple examination of IPs may prove that someone is a sockpuppet and may also rule out sockpuppetry (for instance when IP addresses are located in different cities or countries).AndyL 05:21, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * A developer can check IP logs, but frankly I don't see that it's necessary. I consider it somewhat possible that Ruy Lopez and/or Shorne may be new versions of the user(s) once known as Richardchilton, Hanpuk, etc. but the suggestion that 172 created any of these accounts as alter egos to play some kind of good-cop/bad-cop routine is pretty ludicrous. I've never known 172 to use sockpuppets and never observed any user with quite the same characteristics. In this case the patterns of editing, conduct, and writing style are all markedly and consistently different in my estimation. If this kind of allegation is worth taking seriously, we might as well decide that Fred and VeryVerily are the same person. --Michael Snow 21:47, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

In that case I would prefer it if allegations of sockpuppetry not be thrown around unless there is hard evidence. If Fred's suspicions are so strong he should contact a developer and see if his suspicions are supported by facts. Otherwise, throwing out allegations like this in the wikienvironment are really just a smear. AndyL 22:04, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * There are easy answers here. Ruy Lopez is an incarnation of Richardchilton/Hanpuk/etc.  Shorne is not, although he may have had other accounts in the past.  172 is not any of these people.  Believe me or not, but those are the facts, which I can say with definitiveness, being an expert on these users.  And I am not Fred Bauder. Very Verily  00:28, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Yes, Ruy Lopez and Richardchilton match while Shorne does not. Styles do differ between the three editors and 172 also. Fred Bauder 13:58, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * If anyone wishes to provide Evidence to back up this accusation, they are welcome to do so. Martin 16:15, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Asinine AC rulings
Re: This has caused disputes involving 172 to take on a prominence that they would not otherwise have had, disrupting the normal working of Wikipedia, and wasting the time of all concerned It takes two to tango in an edit war, but the AC is singling me out... With some AC members I'm sure that it's an editorial or personal bias... However, I think that the AC as a whole is out to single me out and discredit me because I have spoken out against its long history of asinine rulings. Whatever damage caused by a few back and forward reversions, it is nothing next to the damage caused by the AC itself. The AC systematically punishes serious editors like 168..., Wik, Adam Carr, RK, and now me while coddling the cranks and crackpots who are sabotaging our work. Because of the AC Wiki is falling under the control of an insular, legalistic cabal easily manipulated by trolls, fanatics, and fools... At this rate Wiki will turn into an utter joke within, say, six months. 172 17:15, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * What is asinine is giving this noted POV warrior a slap on the wrist. Fred Bauder 19:55, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Coming from Fred Bauder, the most fanatical POV warrior of them all and the Joe McCarthy of Wiki. 172 23:20, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I don't believe we have ever punished 168... If I recall, the case closed inconclusively. Martin 16:15, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

While we're at it
While we're at it, get around to providing evidence against the factual standing of the content of that you are trying to remove in History of the United States (1865-1918) instead of putting on this dog and pony show with the AC. 172 23:38, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thats a matter of POV, not of factual accuracy. I don't need to cite anything in order to correct obvious bias and editorial slanting. Sam [Spade] 23:51, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You have not provided any evidence demonstrating "obvious bias and editorial slanting." Nor was anyone else backing your position... I suppose, though, that you'll be able to continue to get away with these lies, as no one will probably bother to check the talk page. 172 23:56, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Jwrosenzweig's advice
I would prefer simply that 172 give edit summaries when reverting any established user, even those he finds trollish. Until the past few days-- when the rollback feature got brought up in Martin's votes-- I don't remember getting a warning about my use of this feature. But it's reasonable. I will follow Jwrosenzweig's advice and use it very sparingly, only in cases of obvious vandalism. 172 06:17, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Cool - I can change my votes accordingly. Martin 15:59, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Proposed enforcement
Should 172 be blocked as a result of violating his revert patrol, and should he unblock himself, he should be subject to de-adminship. I find this proposed decision an especially unwarranted slap in the face. I have been an administrator for a year and a half, indeed for a longer span of time than many arbitrators have had accounts on Wikipedia. Over this course of time, I have protected, deleted, and moved scores of pages; I have blocked dozens of vandals; and I have 'rolledbacked' a considerable amount of vandalism as an admin. I have volunteered a considerable amount of time to strengthening governance of Wiki; and I have never acted in an unprofessional or unethical manner as an administrator. I have never used my position inappropriately to 'get my way' in a dispute. So it's outrageous that the Arbitration Committee is implying that there's any risk that I'll circumvent its decision willingly. If I haven't acted unscrupulously as an admin so far, why should the Arbitration Committee imply that this likely to change following this ruling? 172 06:20, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * You're the only admin we've ever considered putting under a revert parole, and it might be a useful precedent in future cases, where some admin might be less professional. However, I don't think it's necessary in addition to the existing remedy.The slow speed of arbcom decision-making is the problem, really. Martin 19:06, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

More comments
Re: ''In past disputes, 172 has engaged in repeated "revert warring" with other editors - reverting articles many many times in the space of a few hours. This has caused disputes involving 172 to take on a prominence that they would not otherwise have had, disrupting the normal working of Wikipedia, and wasting the time of all concerned. While the individual disputes have been largely resolved, this underlying problem has not.''

This is not true. I was involved in 'revert wars' only sporadically since I'd privately negotiated an edit to the arbitration case between VeryVerily and me earlier in the Spring of this year. For nearly half a year, I've been involved in revert wars no more frequently than the typical admin who is also an active writer/editor of our history and politics articles. I now chose to rally other editors and favor consensus driven change (as opposed to reversions) to maintain the quality of our articles, given the changes brought by the development of a conflict resolution process, of which the Arbitration Committee is a core. (The conflict resolution process did not exist when I stated out as a contributor on Wikipedia)... The arbitrators seem to be overlooking the fact that 'revert wars' were far more common (and even considered inevitable) in the early days of Wiki's development, as I was getting stated. (Indeed several of the more senior members of the AC got into their fair share of 'revert wars' before users like, say, Raul654, first started work on Wiki.) My point is that the process of managing conflict has changed significantly in the past year with the increasing power of the AC, and that I have already adjusted my tactics to these changes (unlike the users Michael Snow is bringing before the AC). I did so months before the AC had agreed to hear this particular case. In other words, both the individual disputes have already been resolved, along with the "underlying problem."

Re: ''He has certainly made quite a few good contributions, although through edit warring he has also caused more than his share of problems. When talking about his legitimacy (whatever that is) I find it hard to seperate the two.'' (Raul654)

Do I lack the legitimacy as an editor to correct the spelling of "separate"? (Just a good-natured joke-- sorry I couldn't help myself.) A few good contributions? How about 'a few' featured articles? I'm not into self-promotion (hence my desire to contribute anonymously), but come on! The fact that the AC agreed to hear this case without limiting it to certain disputes and/or a certain period, without even considering the complainants, is a slap in the face. This certainly will call my legitimacy as an editor into question among users who haven't worked with me or read my work. (This is the broadest 'investigation' that this committee has ever heard, considering that I've been hear for nearly two years and that I'm among one of the most active editors in Wikipedia's history.)

Yes, I've made a few tactical mistakes; and I am the first to admit this. (The most regrettable were my reversions on the Fidel Castro and the Kim Jong-Il this July, which was brought up in the evidence. Though I certainly stand by my uncompromising stance in that dispute, I could have-- and should have-- rallied other editors as opposed to dealing with this user unilaterally.) But why should this overshadow how I've volunteered so much time doing so much for nearly two years? An admin had to take a minute to protect the pages, and that's it. I protect pages all the time and I don't consider it much of a disruption. It takes far more time to write articles, which I used to be able to do all the time before my entanglement in this arbitration case.

Re: I find "legitimate" to be an ambigous term.

I prefer the wording that asserts that Arbitration Committee's criticism of reversions does not diminish my "legitimacy" as an editor. I also appreciate Martin's statement that I'm a "valued contributor with expert knowledge of his subjects of interest." The affirmation of statements are necessary for me to be able to continue working on Wiki, as I will not be able to function in the community without it given the fallout from the other rulings. A positive statement will balance the fact that the AC is on the verge of placing me on 'revert parole' without placing the complainants on revert parole too.

Otherwise, the AC seems to be implying that I was consistently in the wrong... Consider what a ruling that only singles out only my use of reversion without even mentioning the other editors implies. Am I or am I not the editor who has the facts on my side? That's probably not within the committee's jurisdiction to decide, but the page histories thoroughly demonstrate that I've always been ready to defend my reasoning on talk. Even the AC seems to understand this:

"User:172 has, like many Wikipedians, engaged in a variety of debates, relating to specific articles. On the evidence provided to the Arbitration Committee, he has generally adequately discussed the reasons for his changes, or reverts of the changes of others, and engaged with those who disagree with them."

In addition, even a former arbitrator (UninvitedCompany) is able distinguish to my use of reversions and those of the complainants.

Thus, I'd like to ask the remaining members of the AC to join Jwrosenzweig's abstention on the revert parole. Considering uc's comments, it calls into question the fairness of the process to solely focus on my edits without considering the complainants. Moreover, I already adjusted my editing tactics months before this case was opened.

Thanks for reading my response,

172 07:50, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * As an addendum to my abstention, I will note that if at least one arbitrator joins my abstention, I will consider it enough of a sign that I am not alone that I will propose an alternative remedy in which all complainants are placed under revert parole also. I don't want to waste time with a proposal that no one prefers, but I do think it is more fair and reasonable.  To reiterate my stance on revert parole, I personally would be happy to have it imposed on me, and I honestly behave at all times as though I were on revert parole, so I think it a very reasonable consequence to impose on others. Jwrosenzweig 22:18, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd rather see no one placed on revert parole... I can understand a warning. But I doubt that I can continue working on Wiki with the stigma associated with such a ruling... I also question the fairness. After all, I already pledged to avoid reversions; and I'll reiterate right now my pledge to voluntarily follow the three revert rule In the past, revert wars were commonplace on controversial topics in history and politics, where I'd made the bulk of my edits. But with the strengthening of the conflict resolution process along with the growth in the number of admins, I understand already that reversions are now not only unacceptable but also ineffective. And I adjusted to these changes before this case was even opened. 172 01:57, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

You're right: it's certainly not within my remit to decide the facts. Really, how arrogant would it be for me, with a GCSE in history, to presume to judge the truth of some matter of historical controversy?

Actually, I suspect that Wik's two arbitrations were about as broad as yours. He made many more edits, each edit was smaller, and he got into more disputes.

You make a good defence, and your pledge is very welcome. I'm also aware that Sam Spade, who brought the case, is requesting only a warning (below). Martin 19:32, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks. But unlike Wik's case, not only have the individual disputes been largely resolved, so has the underlying problem has not, as I keep on saying, given the rise of a conflict resolution process (which means that repeated reversions are no longer an inevitable part of conflicts over point of view)... So I doubt that there will be any constructive consequences borne out of putting anyone involved in this case on revert parole (including Sam Spade). The problem has been solved without sanctioning anyone. The only effect of a revert parole would be negative-- diminishing the reputation of an editor among the community (which is likely to infer that a revert parole means that a certain editor is not to be trusted). 172 19:45, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Proposed findings of fact
I wrote this earlier, and it seems it was ignored. I feel a need to repeat:

2) user:172 has, like many Wikipedians, engaged in a variety of debates, relating to specific articles. On the evidence provided to the Arbitration Committee, he has generally adequately discussed the reasons for his changes, or reverts of the changes of others, and engaged with those who disagree with them.

3) In past disputes, 172 has engaged in insulting or disrespectful behaviour of the sort that is worthy of censure. However, 172 appears to have resolved the majority of these disputes via earlier steps in the dispute resolution process, and no evidence has been presented of more recent behaviour of this sort.

 * I ask that those arbitrators who have already voted on these two statements reconsider in light of recent developments, and additions to the evidence. 172 has been involved in revert wars far more than the average admin, and rarely discusses them in talk. Sam [Spade] 21:42, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I have reconsidered, but my opinion is unchanged. Martin 19:20, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, thanks. Sam Spade 22:42, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Whats most important
All other things aside, what is most important in all of this is that 172 become a better editor, not that he be driven away, or given a mandate to enforce his POV (which is legendary, even if he doesn't own up to it ;). I don't think anything official is needed other than a warning, perhaps a censure, and some stern advice should this situation repeat itself. he chose not to do it, but i have told him time and time again that if he only publically promises to strive to obey policy, and to lead by example, I would be completely satisfied! If this ends with him either feeling vindicated and able to do as he pleases, or so offended that he leaves the project, were all the worse from the experience. Lets make this a win/win, not a lose/lose situation! Sam [Spade] 02:08, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) I have already pledged repeatedly to avoid reversions. I repeated this over and over again in my postings above. 2) If anyone can provide concrete historical evidence challenging any of my work, I always can-- and will-- respond promptly in kind. 172 02:33, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * As I always tell you, yours is not a problem of factual innaccuracy, it is a problem of editorial bias. You state your opinions as tho they were fact, in the body of the article, and revert those who attempt to correct this. If yours was a problem of factual innacuracy or fraud, i'd want you banned, particularly given your copious contributions. Thank God thats not the case! Sam [Spade] 02:40, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Let me know if you can provide evidence of bias and the omission of important information in any of my work. Otherwise I'm not interested in empty finger-pointing. BTW, this conversation has digressed and should be continued on the relevant talk pages of any articles that you want to call to attention. 172 02:44, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Of course, see Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/172/Evidence. Let me know where you made such promises as I was expecting, I havn't been able to find them, only repitition of your innocence. Sam [Spade] 02:48, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Moved comments from non-arbitrator
I think the excessive numbers of reverts by 172 is worthy of censure, if we are considering a "general tendancy towards edit wars", as in the request for arbitration. The two pages Jimbo links to here, where 172 and Trey Stone edit war, seem particularly convincing. 72 apparently considers the matter to be "resolved", but I'm not sure what he means by that. The specific causes of individual edit wars may be resolved, but I don't see what is to stop the same thing happening again, the next time someone like Trey Stone or Lir or whoever refuses to give way to 172.

I'm currently feeling that a revert parole on 172 would be an appropriate sanction. My concern is that others with opposed points of view might take advantage of this. Martin 22:26, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Martin (In the unlikely event that [172 unblocked himself], I would expect the community to deal with it as they would any other instance of abuse of admin powers)

 * Since we are the ones putting him on revert patrol, I think it would be remiss on our part not to include some plan of action in the (admittedly unlikely) event that he uses his powers to unban himself. →Raul654 19:21, Nov 12, 2004 (UTC)


text:
The Four Loves

The Four Loves is a 1960 book by C. S. Lewis which explores the nature of love from a Christian and philosophical perspective through thought experiments. The book was based on a set of radio talks from 1958 which had been criticised in the U.S. at the time for their frankness about sex.

Need/gift love
Taking his start from St. John's words "God is Love", Lewis initially thought to contrast "Need-love" (such as the love of a child for its mother) and "Gift-love" (epitomized by God's love for humanity), to the disparagement of the former. However, he swiftly happened on the insight that the natures of even these basic categorizations of love are more complicated than they at first seemed: a child's need for parental comfort is a necessity, not a selfish indulgence, while conversely parental Gift-love in excessive form can be a perversion of its own.

Pleasures
Lewis continues his examination by exploring the nature of pleasure, distinguishing Need-pleasures (such as water for the thirsty) from Pleasures of Appreciation, such as the love of nature. From the latter, he developed what he called "a third element in love ... Appreciative love", to go along with Need-love and Gift-love.

Throughout the rest of the book, Lewis goes on to counterpoint that three-fold, qualitative distinction against the four broad types of loves indicated in his title.

In his remaining four chapters, Lewis treats love under four categories ("the highest does not stand without the lowest"), based in part on the four Greek words for love: affection, friendship, eros, and charity. Lewis states that just as Lucifer (a former archangel) perverted himself by pride and fell into depravity, so too can love – commonly held to be the arch-emotion – become corrupt by presuming itself to be what it is not.

A fictional treatment of these loves is the main theme of Lewis's novel Till We Have Faces.

Storge – empathy bond
Storge (storgē, Greek: στοργή) is liking someone through the fondness of familiarity, family members or people who relate in familiar ways that have otherwise found themselves bonded by chance. An example is the natural love and affection of a parent for their child. It is described as the most natural, emotive, and widely diffused of loves: It is natural in that it is present without coercion, emotive because it is the result of fondness due to familiarity, and most widely diffused because it pays the least attention to those characteristics deemed "valuable" or worthy of love and, as a result, is able to transcend most discriminating factors. Lewis describes it as a dependency-based love which risks extinction if the needs cease to be met.

Affection, for Lewis, included both Need-love and Gift-love. He considered it responsible for nine-tenths of all solid and lasting human happiness.

However, affection's strength is also what makes it vulnerable. Affection has the appearance of being "built-in" or "ready made", says Lewis, and as a result, people come to expect it irrespective of their behaviour and its natural consequences. Both in its Need and its Gift form, affection then is liable to "go bad", and to be corrupted by such forces as jealousy, ambivalence and smothering.

Philia – friend bond
Philia (Greek: φιλία) is the love between friends as close as siblings in strength and duration. The friendship is the strong bond existing between people who share common values, interests, or activities. Lewis immediately differentiates friendship love from the other loves. He describes friendship as "the least biological, organic, instinctive, gregarious and necessary...the least natural of loves". Our species does not need friendship in order to reproduce, but to the classical and medieval worlds, it is a higher-level love because it is freely chosen.

Lewis explains that true friendships, like the friendship between David and Jonathan in the Bible, are almost a lost art. He expresses a strong distaste for the way modern society ignores friendship. He notes that he cannot remember any poem that celebrated true friendship like that between David and Jonathan, Orestes and Pylades, Roland and Oliver, Amis and Amiles. Lewis goes on to say, "to the Ancients, Friendship seemed the happiest and most fully human of all loves; the crown of life and the school of virtue. The modern world, in comparison, ignores it".

Growing out of companionship, friendship for Lewis was a deeply appreciative love, though one which he felt few people in modern society could value at its worth, because so few actually experienced true friendship.

Nevertheless, Lewis was not blind to what he considered the dangers of friendships, such as its potential for cliquiness, anti-authoritarianism and pride.

Eros – romantic love
Eros (erōs, Greek: ἔρως) for Lewis was love in the sense of "being in love" or "loving" someone, as opposed to the raw sexuality of what he called Venus: the illustration Lewis used was the distinction between "wanting a woman" and wanting one particular woman – something that matched his (classical) view of man as a rational animal, a composite both of reasoning angel and instinctual alley-cat.

Eros turns the need-pleasure of Venus into the most appreciative of all pleasures; but nevertheless, Lewis warned against the modern tendency for Eros to become a god to people who fully submit themselves to it, a justification for selfishness, even a phallic religion.

After exploring sexual activity and its spiritual significance in both a pagan and a Christian sense, he notes how Eros (or being in love) is in itself an indifferent, neutral force: how "Eros in all his splendour ... may urge to evil as well as good". While accepting that Eros can be an extremely profound experience, he does not overlook the dark way in which it could lead even to the point of suicide pacts or murder, as well as to furious refusals to part, "mercilessly chaining together two mutual tormentors, each raw all over with the poison of hate-in-love".

Agape – unconditional "God" love
Charity (agápē, Greek: ἀγάπη) is the love that exists regardless of changing circumstances. Lewis recognizes this selfless love as the greatest of the four loves, and sees it as a specifically Christian virtue to achieve. The chapter on the subject focuses on the need to subordinate the other three natural loves – as Lewis puts it, "The natural loves are not self-sufficient" – to the love of God, who is full of charitable love, to prevent what he termed their "demonic" self-aggrandizement.

title: The Four Loves


text:
Robert Morris University

Robert Morris University (RMU) is a private university in Moon Township, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1921 and is named after Robert Morris, known as the "financier of the American revolution". It enrolls nearly 5,000 students and offers 60 bachelor's degree programs and 35 master's and doctoral programs. Most students are from the Pittsburgh area, while 16 percent of freshmen in 2018 were from outside Pennsylvania.

History
Robert Morris University originated in 1921 as the Pittsburgh School of Accountancy, founded by Andrew Blass using a curriculum similar to what he had overseen as dean of the Pace Institute in Washington, D.C. His successor, C.W. Salmond, oversaw an expansion in 1935 that added business and secretarial studies, and the school was renamed the Robert Morris School of Business in honor of the Founding Father popularly known as the "financier of the American Revolution." In 1942, the Robert Morris School moved to the William Penn Hotel to accommodate its growing enrollment, and in 1959 purchased its own Downtown building at 600 Fifth Ave.

In 1962 the school purchased Pine Hill Manor and Farm in Moon Township, Pennsylvania, formerly the home of Oliver Kaufmann, vice president of Kaufmann's department store in Pittsburgh, his wife, Freda, and their children. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania then granted the school permission to award associate degrees, and the school became Robert Morris Junior College, operating from two separate campuses. The first new buildings on the Moon Township campus, Franklin Center and three residence halls, were erected in 1963.

The school became Robert Morris College in 1969 when it began offering bachelor's degrees in business administration. The first graduate students were admitted in 1978 for master's degree programs in business administration, taxation, and business teacher education; the first doctoral program was offered in 1999. In 2002, the school attained university status and was thus renamed Robert Morris University. In 2010, the university sold its Downtown Center at 600 Fifth Avenue to Duquesne University.

In 2016, Christopher B. Howard became the university's eighth president. Howard was formerly the president of Hampden-Sydney College and the first African-American president in RMU's history. He was succeeded by Michelle L. Patrick in 2022, the first woman to serve as RMU president.

Campus
The core campus consists of a 230 acre tract in Moon Township, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh near Pittsburgh International Airport. The main campus building is Nicholson Center, which houses dining and meeting facilities, classrooms and faculty offices, and a bookstore. It is attached to the Patrick Henry Center, which houses the library, a TV studio, and numerous offices and classrooms. RMU participates in inter-library lending consortia PALINET and PALCI that allow RMU students to borrow books on site from most of the college and university libraries in the Pittsburgh area.

The School of Business building contains the PNC Trading Center, the United States Steel Corporation Video Conferencing and Technology Center, the ATI Center, classrooms, and the President's Office. Scaife Center is the newest academic building on campus, having opened in 2015; it is the home of the Regional Research and Innovation in Simulation Education (RISE) Center. Wheatley Center houses the School of Informatics, Humanities and Social Sciences. John Jay Center is the home of the School of Engineering, Mathematics and Science. Hale Center is the main university classroom building. The nondenominational Rogal Chapel is perched on a small hilltop overlooking campus.

Of 14 residence halls, three are newer apartment-style complexes; the university also has converted a former hotel nearby into Yorktown Hall, now entirely student housing. Nearly 2,000 students live in campus housing, including 85 percent of freshmen.

The UPMC Events Center and Peoples Court is the home of basketball and volleyball teams. The center also has extensive conference, classroom, and meeting facilities and is a venue for concerts, speakers, and other events. Football and lacrosse teams play on campus at Joe Walton Stadium.

Clearview Arena is the home of the men's and women's ice hockey teams at the RMU Island Sports Center, a 32 acre sports and recreation facility at nearby Neville Island in the Ohio River 9 mi from Downtown Pittsburgh. The center is open to the public year-round and contains two indoor and two outdoor ice rinks, an indoor hockey arena (home to the Steel City Icebergs), and a dome that accommodates an indoor golf driving range. The center also has an outdoor 18-hole miniature golf course.

The university also has classes online and at its Downtown campus at 339 Sixth Avenue in Pittsburgh, also the home of the Bayer Center for Nonprofit Management at Robert Morris University. The university offers training in additive manufacturing at a 3D printing lab and classroom in the Energy Innovation Center in the Lower Hill District.

Academics
RMU offers 60 undergraduate and 35 graduate degree programs. It also offers 39 professionally focused certificate programs.

The School of Engineering, Mathematics, and Science is one of only 17 universities in the country named a Center of Actuarial Excellence by the Society of Actuaries.

The School of Business offers a sport management course on the WWE. The course examines "the cutting-edge business and artistic presentation practices of a global leader in live entertainment" and "reviews the history covering the professional wrestling business, its talent development, theatrical influences/production practices, event/facility management operations as well as WWE's innovative branding, marketing and mass media strategies." RMU was the first university in Pennsylvania to join the Amazon Web Service Academy and offer cloud computing certification curriculum. On October 7, 2022, the university announced that the school would be renamed the Rockwell School of Business. This was a result of an $18 million gift from the S. Kent Rockwell Foundation and the Kent Rockwell family, the largest personal gift in the university’s history and a tremendous investment in entrepreneurial and business education.

To support students from underrepresented groups who want to pursue careers in technology or math, Netflix co-founder and CEO Reed Hastings made a $3 million gift in January 2021 to fund 20 full scholarships for RMU Next Century Scholars. The 20 scholarships were open to qualified applicants pursuing degrees in computer and information systems; cybersecurity; data analytics; actuarial science; mathematics; statistics and predictive analysis; computer science; and user experience user interface design (UX-UI).

In October 2022, Robert Morris University was one of two recipients of a record-setting $8.82 million gift from the Peirce Foundation for dyslexia education, the largest gift of its kind ever made in the state of Pennsylvania. The Peirce family previously committed $2 million to Robert Morris University in 2017 to establish the Bob and Joan Peirce Center for Structured Reading Teacher Training, which trains teachers to work with children with dyslexia and other learning disabilities.

Each semester, Robert Morris University hosts one Rooney International Visiting Scholar in residence on campus, who can teach a course, deliver presentations and guest lectures, and collaborate with RMU faculty on joint research projects. Past Rooney Scholars include Ambassador Robin R. Sanders, Andrea Jeftanovic, and Misha Segal.

Robert Morris University is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. The School of Business is accredited by AACSB International. On June 29, 2022, Robert Morris University announced that it earned the AACSB Accounting accreditation, the first university in Western Pennsylvania to do so. B.S. programs in information sciences and computer information systems are accredited by the Computing Accreditation Commission of ABET, while B.S. programs in engineering and manufacturing engineering are accredited by ABET's Engineering Accreditation Commission. Initial teacher preparation and advanced educator programs are accredited by the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP). Nursing programs are accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education, and nuclear medicine by the Joint Review Committee on Education Programs in Nuclear Medicine Technology; the Regional Research and Innovation in Simulation Education (RISE) Center at Robert Morris University is accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Healthcare Simulation Programs.

Student life
RMU offers more than 160 student organizations, clubs, and activities on campus. The Colonial Theatre program stages several productions annually, including some that have won honors at the Kennedy Center American College Theater Festival. The RMU Bands and Performing Ensembles features a marching show band, pep band, jazz band, wind ensemble, and fife & drum corps. The band's auxiliary includes a color guard, dance team, and majorette squad.

Students field 17 club sports teams including ice hockey, bowling, rugby and golf. There are several fraternities and sororities on campus.

Army ROTC is an elective program that serves in conjunction with students' existing degree programs began at Robert Morris University in the spring of 2006, and it is part of the Three Rivers Battalion hosted at the University of Pittsburgh. Currently, the Pittsburgh ROTC program has more than 250 students from 13 different universities in western Pennsylvania.

The student-run RMU Sentry Media website includes news and feature stories as well as programming from RMU-TV and RMU-Radio. The Sentry's sports affiliate, Colonial Sports Network, provides athletics news.

Athletics
Robert Morris' sports teams, nicknamed "the Colonials", wear the school colors of blue, white, and red. The Colonials compete in NCAA Division I (FCS, formerly Division I-AA, in football). Most of the school's teams play in the Horizon League, though the football team plays in the Big South Conference (Football and Men’s Lacrosse are returning to the NEC in 2024), the men's ice hockey team competes in Atlantic Hockey, the women's ice hockey team is a member of the College Hockey America, and women's rowing competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. Men's teams are basketball, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, cross country, and soccer. Women's teams are basketball, cross country, ice hockey, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, track and field, and volleyball.

The Colonials officially joined the NCAA in 1976 and appeared in its first NCAA tournament in 1982, in men's basketball. Robert Morris men's and women's teams have won 45 league championships in NCAA Division I.

Notable alumni

 * Olubowale Victor Akintimehin, rapper, stage name Wale
 * Charlie Batch, motivational speaker and former Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback
 * Kevin Colbert, general manager of the Pittsburgh Steelers
 * William J. Coyne, Former member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
 * Hank Fraley, NFL assistant coach and former NFL offensive lineman
 * Phyllis Hyman, R&B, disco, and soul singer
 * Brianne McLaughlin, women's ice hockey goalie
 * Robin R. Sanders, United States Ambassador to the Republic of the Congo (2003-2005) and Nigeria (2007–2010)
 * Kirsten Welsh, first female OHL linesperson

title: Robert Morris University


text: Category:Vanessa Carlton albums

title: Category:Vanessa Carlton albums


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chase Hall

Chase Hall was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 6 votes to delete, 1 vote to keep. Postdlf 23:21, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Chase Hall
As a former denizen of one of the other service academies, I can pretty much vouch for the truth of this one; but alas, the building per se is not notable enough. (The author sent us their piece from the server at the USCGA, though.) — Bill 16:34, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Funny (and true), but not really relavent. Just a little venting by a cadet(I would know!).
 * The same things can be said for most of the restaurants in my locality, but you don't see me writing articles about them. Delete. Fire Star 17:03, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Is the building notable? Novel architecture? Controversy over its design? Make a case. --Improv 17:49, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 20:31, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: four walls, floor, ceiling, occupying 3 dimensions of space. Geogre 21:16, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, I seem to recall Jimbo getting very annoyed the last time we started deleting university buildings. - SimonP 23:35, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * SimonP, this is a joke article! Symptoms of spending too much time in Chase Hall include headaches and insanity?  I don't think this is an article on a university building.  I think it's a cadet slagging off on his dorm room.  If you think Jimbo would get upset, that's fine, but it's not a reason to keep a joke article.  Geogre 01:09, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Note also that Jimbo doesn't always get his way. For example, he voted delete on the 3rd GNAA VfD, and (sadly) it failed to be deleted. --Improv 15:15, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: nonnotable. So what if Jimbo gets cheesed off about decisions made by others -- that's what he gets for hiring us to mind the store. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:05, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Ballingeary

Ballingeary is a village in the Shehy Mountains in County Cork, Ireland.

The village is located within the Muskerry Gaeltacht (Irish-speaking area). According to the 2016 census, over 42% of the population speak Irish on a daily basis outside the education system. It has an active Irish-language summer school, Coláiste na Mumhan (College of Munster), which was attended by Thomas MacDonagh in the summer of 1906. It also hosts a yearly agricultural and horticultural show.

Ballingeary is 19 km west of Macroom, on the R584 road. The River Lee rises a few kilometres west of the village, at Gougane Barra Park.

title: Ballingeary


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Robert Morris University Illinois

Robert Morris University Illinois, formerly Robert Morris College, was a private university with its main campus in Chicago, Illinois. It was founded in 1965 but its oldest ancestor was the Moser School founded in 1913. It changed its name to Robert Morris University Illinois in 2009. In 2020, it merged into Roosevelt University, which formed under it a new Robert Morris Experiential College as one of several colleges at Roosevelt. Robert Morris offered associate and bachelor's degrees and was regionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.

History
Robert Morris traces its history back to the founding of the Moser School of Business in 1913. Robert Morris College itself was founded in 1965 in Carthage, Illinois as a two-year college, buying the former campus of Carthage College for $1.1 million after Carthage College had left Illinois for its newer Wisconsin campus. In 1975 Robert Morris expanded to Chicago by acquiring and merging the Moser School.

Robert Morris opened a Springfield, Illinois campus in July 1988 and closed the Carthage campus in July 1989. The college later opened campuses in Orland Park in 1991, Naperville in 1997, Bensenville in 1999, Peoria in 2000. The Orland Park campus moved to Aurora and became the DuPage Campus in 2001. Waukegan opened as the Lake County Campus in 2003. The Graduate School was established in 2005 and became a separate campus in Schaumburg in 2008. Two more campuses followed: Elgin in 2009, Arlington Heights in 2011.

In March 2020, Robert Morris University Illinois merged with Roosevelt University to become one of its colleges.

Athletics
The Robert Morris athletic teams located at the Chicago campus were called the Eagles. The university was a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference (CCAC) from about 1995–96 to 2019–20. Men's and women's ice hockey competed in their respective divisions of the American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA). After the merger, the Roosevelt Lakers added football and ice hockey beginning in the 2020–21 season after acquiring Robert Morris's teams in those sports.

In 2014 RMU became the first university to offer gaming scholarships for a varsity esports team; they competed in League of Legends, Hearthstone, and Dota 2 competitions.

Sports sponsored
•  Men’s soccer began NAIA intercollegiate play in 2014 under the guidance of head coach Chuck Egeuz for 2 seasons with assistant coach Michael Ramirez who took over as head coach in 2016, previously played on Robert Morris soccer team at Robert Morris-Illinois and Robert Morris-Arlington heights. Led eagles to NAIA tournament and playoffs in 2016,2017, and 2018.
 * Men's basketball was one of the dominant programs in the NAIA, having reached the Final Four of the NAIA tournament three times. Othyus Jeffers, formerly of the Washington Wizards, Utah Jazz, and San Antonio Spurs, played for Robert Morris during the 2007–08 season. Then-head coach Al Bruehl has averaged 30 wins a season during that time and has never won fewer than 25 games in his nine years at the helm of the Eagles. In 2014, the team again reached the final four of the 2014 NAIA Men's Division II Basketball Tournament.
 * Men's bowling won the Men's Intercollegiate Team Championship in 2013.
 * Women's bowling won the Women's Intercollegiate Team Championship in Reno, Nevada in 2014.
 * Men's football began NAIA intercollegiate play in 2011 under the guidance of head coach Jared Williamson. They played at Morris Field (the old Forest View High School) in Arlington Heights, and competed in the Mideast League of the Mid-States Football Association (MSFA).
 * Men's ice hockey, under the guidance of former head coach Tom "Chico" Adrahtas (CSCHL Coach-of-the-Year 2010–11 & 2011–12), played in the American Collegiate Hockey Association at the Division I level in the Central States Collegiate Hockey League (CSCHL). The teams all practiced and played at the Edge Ice Arena in Bensenville. In addition, RMU fielded teams in Chicago at the ACHA Division II and ACHA Division III levels as independent teams. Robert Morris–Springfield and Robert Morris–Peoria fielded teams at the ACHA Division III and played in the Mid-American Collegiate Hockey Association. In 2014, the RMU-Gold team played in the ACHA Men's Division I National Championship game vs. Arizona State, and finished as national runners-up.
 * Women's ice hockey, under the guidance of former head coach Jennifer Wilson, played in the American Collegiate Hockey Association at the Division I level in the Central Collegiate Women's Hockey Association (CCWHA). The Lady Eagles played at the Edge Ice Arena in Bensenville. The team played a roughly 35-game schedule against ACHA Women's competition as well as games against NCAA Division I & Division III opponents. Beginning in the 2010–11 season the team joined the Central Collegiate Women's Hockey Association. The team won Women's ACHA Division I National Championships in 2005 and 2007 and were runners-up in 2006, 2008, and 2009.

Branch campus athletics
The university's branch location Robert Morris–Peoria were members of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA). Roosevelt's Peoria campus joined the USCAA by inheriting RMU Peoria's membership in that association.

Robert Morris–Peoria Eagles
Sports included baseball and club football.

 * Women's softball had much success at Robert Morris–Springfield, winning the USCAA National Championship in 2006 and 2010, reaching third place in 2007, and reaching second place in 2008 and 2009.

Notable alumni

 * Tiffany Henyard, mayor of Dolton, Illinois
 * Marshall Kent, professional bowler on the PBA Tour

title: Robert Morris University Illinois


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Milan Parivodić

Milan Parivodić Serbian Cyrillic Милан Париводић (born in 1966 in Belgrade) was the Minister of Foreign Economic Relations in the Government of Serbia from 2004 to 2007. Also, between 14 November 2006 and 15 May 2007, he served as the co-ordinator of the Ministry of Finance. Between 2007 and 2008 he was the advisor to the Prime Minister of Serbia for economy and law.

Education
Parivodić graduated in Laws in 1990 (cum magna laude) from the Faculty of Law of the University of Belgrade. There he also received a Master of Laws in 1995 and a Doctorate of Laws by defending his doctoral thesis "Franchising Contracts" in 2002. He was also awarded an LLM degree from University College London in 1997. He took and passed the Serbian Bar Examination in 2008.

University and Law Work
Milan Parivodić was a lecturer in civil law and property law at the University Of Belgrade Faculty Of Laws from 1991 to 2004. At this time he was a legal consultant for major foreign companies and banks. He also worked as a consultant for the World Bank.

In this period he served as member of several law reform commissions and participated in drafting new laws: Foreign investment law, Law on concessions, Draft law on trade, Law on registered pledge, Law on religious freedom, Law on music and scenic activities.

He lectured on judicial training programmes for commercial court judges organised by USAID.

He was included in the »list of 10 highly experienced law offices« by the Serbian investment and export promotion agency (SIEPA) and the Serbian ministry of foreign economic relations. He was on recommended lawyers list of the US, UK and German embassies in Belgrade. Also, he was registered as patent & trade mark attorney with the Yugoslav federal intellectual property. He is sworn-in court translator for English language of the district court of Belgrade.

Government
He was appointed as a Minister of Foreign Economic Relations on October 19, 2004, replacing Predrag Bubalo who became Minister of Economy.

In his ministerial position Parivodić reformed areas of commercial law: drafted and defended in Parliament the Foreign Trade Law, Mortgage Law, Arbitration Law, IP Enforcement Law, and Church Property Restitution Law.

Parivodić was awarded the Serbian Royal Order of the White Eagle, Grand Cross in February 2007.

Parivodic headed the Serbian WTO accession process from 2005-2007. He negotiated and signed the EU – Serbia Textile agreement, the first agreement between Serbia and EU. Also, he led negotiations and signed the Central European Free Trade Agreement in 2006 for Serbia.

He presided over the Government’s inter-ministerial Committee for improving business climate in Serbia and co-presided the Serbian - Bavarian Council from 2005-2007.

He was a member of the Democratic Party of Serbia until 2008.

Lawyer
After leaving the government in May 2007 Parivodić became a partner in the Austrian law firm Wolf Theiss, managing their Belgrade office (2007-2009).

Today he is practicing law at his Law firm Parivodic.

Awards and recognitions

 * 2007: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)

Publications
Milan Parivodic published "Exclusive Distribution in the Laws of Yugoslavia and the European Community" (Official Gazette of Yugoslavia, pp. 176) in 1996 and for his Ph.D. thesis he published "Law of International Franchising" (Official Gazette of Serbia, 380pp.) in 2003. He also has numerous Publications in International and Serbian Law Journals in the fields of International Trade Law, Contract Law, Intellectual Property, Competition Law, and Distribution Law.

title: Milan Parivodić


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Brannon Braga

Brannon Braga (born August 14, 1965) is an American television producer, director and screenwriter. Best known for his work in the Star Trek franchise, Braga was a key creative force behind three of the franchise's live action series. He later became an executive producer and writer on several Fox shows including 24, Terra Nova, and The Orville. His film credits include Mission: Impossible 2, Star Trek Generations and Star Trek: First Contact.

He served as an executive producer on the Fox primetime series, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, a re-launch of the 1980 miniseries hosted by Carl Sagan for which Braga won a Peabody Award, Critics Choice Award, and Producers Guild Award. In addition, Braga has been nominated for three Emmy Awards. Braga also served as writer, executive producer, and co-creator of the drama series Salem, WGN America's first original series.

Career
Braga started out as an intern on Star Trek: The Next Generation in 1990 as part of the Television Academy Foundation's internship program, eventually becoming a co-producer for the series' final season. He was part of the creative team nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in 1994 for Outstanding Drama Series, and won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation in 1995 for his work on the series finale, "All Good Things..." along with longtime collaborator Ronald D. Moore. His credits on that series include a number of popular episodes including "Cause and Effect", "Frame of Mind" and "Parallels".

He then joined Star Trek: Voyager as a producer and was tapped to serve as executive producer the following year. He served as showrunner for Voyager until the end of the sixth season when he moved to Star Trek: Enterprise. He teamed up with Moore to write two Star Trek feature films – Star Trek Generations and Star Trek: First Contact. They would also later develop the Mission: Impossible 2 screenplay. He went on to co-create Star Trek: Enterprise and led that series as executive producer until its fourth and final season.

Before the cancellation of Star Trek: Enterprise, Braga co-created the CBS science fiction drama series Threshold, he was brought on as an executive producer and writer on the Fox series, 24, penning episodes in the seventh and eight seasons. He was also an executive producer and writer on the 2009 ABC science fiction series FlashForward.

While at the helm of Terra Nova, Braga was approached to co-write a four-part comic book series Star Trek: The Next Generation: Hive for IDW, which made its debut in 2012.

Braga was the producer and one of the directors of the 2014 science education series Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, a sequel to the 1980 series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage that was hosted by Carl Sagan. The project saw Braga collaborating with the original series' writer and Sagan's widow, Ann Druyan, executive producer Seth MacFarlane and host Neil DeGrasse Tyson. The 13-episode series premiered March 9, 2014, and received mostly positive reaction from critics and viewers. Braga was nominated for an Emmy for his work on the show. The following month saw the premiere of the historical fantasy drama television series Salem, which Braga co-created with Adam Simon, and on which he serves as one of the executive producers. in 2014, he directed the Marilyn Manson music video "Cupid Carries a Gun" off The Pale Emperor album.

Braga is one of the producers of The Orville, a 2017 science fiction comedy drama inspired by Star Trek. He also directed several episodes of the series.

Personal life
Braga attended Kent State University and the University of California, Santa Cruz, studying Theater Arts and Filmmaking.

During production of Star Trek: Voyager, Braga dated star Jeri Ryan for several years after she joined the cast in the fourth season. Between February and November 2000, they were stalked by Marlon Estacio Pagtakhan, who was convicted for harassment and threats in May 2001.

Braga gave a speech at the International Atheist Conference in Reykjavík, Iceland in 2006, where he discussed mythologies, specifically the atheistic future for humanity that Gene Roddenberry imagined in Star Trek.

Filmography
Film

Television

title: Brannon Braga


text:
Thomas Hitzlsperger

Thomas Hitzlsperger (born 5 April 1982) is a German director of football and former footballer who played as a midfielder. In February 2019, he was appointed Head of Sport of VfB Stuttgart and was subsequently promoted to CEO. In March 2022, he stepped down from this position.

As a player he spent the early part of his career playing for Aston Villa in England (accompanied by a short loan spell at Chesterfield), before returning to Germany to play for Stuttgart, where he was a member of the team which won the Bundesliga in 2007. In 2010, he signed for Italian side Lazio, before moving back to England to join West Ham United later that year. He then had brief spells with Wolfsburg and Everton.

Hitzlsperger also represented the Germany national team, earning 52 caps and being selected for the 2006 World Cup and Euro 2008. Following a series of injuries, he retired from football in September 2013. After his retirement, he came out as gay, the highest-profile male footballer in the world to do so.

Early career
After joining the VfB Forstinning youth team in 1988, Hitzlsperger signed to the Bayern Munich Junior Team, but agreed to leave at the end of the 1999–2000 season.

Aston Villa
After a short trial with Celtic in August 2000, Hitzlsperger joined Aston Villa on a free youth transfer from Bayern Munich. He made his Aston Villa debut in a 3–0 home defeat to Liverpool on 13 January 2001 as an 84th-minute substitute for Jlloyd Samuel; it was his only appearance during his first season in England.

Whilst at Aston Villa, Hitzlsperger was briefly loaned out to Second Division club Chesterfield during the 2001–02 season, making his debut in a 1–0 home win against Kidderminster Harriers in the Football League Trophy second round. On 21 November, his link was extended for another month. In all he made six appearances for the Spireites, five of which were in the league. He was recalled by Aston Villa during the second month of the loan spell however, as the Birmingham club had several players injured or suspended. On 20 April 2002, away to already relegated Leicester City, he hit the post after five minutes, from which Peter Crouch opened the scoring from the rebound; Hitzlsperger later scored his first senior goal in the 2–2 draw, from a solo run.

Hitzlsperger moved into the Aston Villa first team following the arrival of new manager Graham Taylor. On 14 December 2002, his last-minute 30-yard strike past Russell Hoult sealed a 2–1 win over rivals West Bromwich Albion. He later played a significant part in the Aston Villa side that finished sixth under David O'Leary, before falling out of favour the following season. Hitzlsperger left Aston Villa as a fan favourite, and stated that he might return to the club when the opportunity comes. He gained the nickname Der Hammer (The Hammer) during his time at Villa Park, due to his powerful left-foot shot from long-range. A fluent speaker of English, he acquired an unusual Brummie-German hybrid accent during his spell at Villa.

Stuttgart
Hitzlsperger signed for VfB Stuttgart in the summer of 2005, having left Aston Villa on a Bosman free transfer. He became a regular for Stuttgart, particularly in his second season in which the team won the Bundesliga title. Hitzlsperger made a large contribution to their success, playing in 30 of the team's 34 league matches and scoring seven times. He scored a crucial equaliser in the 27th minute of Stuttgart's final match of the season against Energie Cottbus – had Stuttgart lost that match, Schalke 04 would have won the title. In the end, a 63rd-minute goal by Sami Khedira secured the title for Stuttgart.

On 14 August 2007, Hitzlsperger extended his contract until the summer of 2010. On 22 July 2008, he was appointed the new captain by manager Armin Veh following the departure of Fernando Meira. On 1 December 2009, he was deposed as team captain by Stuttgart's new manager Markus Babbel.

Lazio
On 31 January 2010, Hitzlsperger moved to Lazio on six-month contract, for around €550,000. He scored his only goal for Lazio on 15 May in a 3–1 win against Udinese.

West Ham United
Hitzlsperger signed a three-year deal with Premier League club West Ham United in June 2010, but due to an injury did not make his debut for the Hammers until an FA Cup fifth round match against Burnley on 21 February 2011, a game in which he scored in the 23rd minute of a 5–1 win with a "trademark thunderbolt" from 25 yards. Hitzlsperger made his league debut for the East London club six days later in a 3–1 win against Liverpool at the Boleyn Ground. He scored his first league goal for West Ham in the 3–0 home win against Stoke City on 5 March. At the end of the season West Ham were relegated to the Football League Championship and Hitzlsperger's contract was terminated.

Wolfsburg
On 17 August 2011, Hitzlsperger signed for Bundesliga club Wolfsburg on a three-year deal, after being released by West Ham three months earlier. His contract was terminated at the end of the season. He played for Stuttgart and Wolfsburg 131 matches in the Bundesliga and scored 20 goals in the German top flight.

Everton
On 19 October 2012, Hitzlsperger joined Premier League club Everton, after a spell on trial with the club, on a short-term contract until January 2013. He made his debut for the Toffees coming on as an 86th-minute substitute for Nikica Jelavić in a 2–1 victory against Sunderland at Goodison Park. He made his first Everton start away to Reading on 17 November. On 11 January 2013 he signed an extension to his contract, keeping him at the club until the end of the season. At the end of the season, he was released along with Ján Mucha.

In September 2013, aged 31, Hitzlsperger announced his retirement from football citing the strain of "many transfers and some injuries". Although he had received offers to resume his playing career, he reported, "I've noticed: I need something else."

International career

Hitzlsperger captained the Germany under-19 team, and also appeared for the national under-21 side. He was then called up to the senior side by Jürgen Klinsmann and made his debut in a 2–0 win against Iran in Tehran on 9 October 2004, replacing Bernd Schneider in the 68th minute. He appeared at the 2005 Confederations Cup and also at the 2006 World Cup, where he failed to make it into Klinsmann's starting eleven, playing just 11 minutes in the third-place play-off against Portugal. He scored his first international goals on 6 September 2006 in a European Championship qualifying game against San Marino. Hitzlsperger came on as a second-half substitute to score Germany's 9th and 11th goals in a record 13–0 win.

Germany's coach Joachim Löw included Hitzlsperger in his squad for the 2008 Euros, but did not start him in any of the three group games. Hitzlsperger came on as a second-half substitute in the victories over Poland and Austria, but did not feature at all in the surprise defeat to Croatia. In the knockout stages however, he started in all three matches, helping his team to defeat Portugal in the quarter-final and setting up Philipp Lahm for a 90th-minute winner against Turkey in the semi-final. Germany were defeated 1–0 by Spain in the final, in which Hitzlsperger was substituted in the second half.

Hitzlsperger remained first-choice in 2010 World Cup qualifying, playing in all but one match and scoring a goal, but he missed out on his nation's World Cup squad in June 2010. His international career ended on 11 August 2010 with his 52nd cap.

VfB Stuttgart management
On 12 February 2019, Hitzlsperger became Head of Sport of VfB Stuttgart. He was promoted to CEO and resigned in January 2022 to return to his television career.

Personal life
Hitzlsperger, the youngest child of Ludwig and Anneliese Hitzlsperger, was born in Munich and grew up in Forstinning, alongside his five brothers and one sister. Hitzlsperger has an interest in economics, and while in England studied investment strategies, although he did not complete the course. He regularly visited the Bank of England to discuss finance with the bank's governor, Mervyn King, a lifelong Aston Villa fan.

Hitzlsperger has blogged for Störungsmelder, an anti-racism site that encourages debate about xenophobia and racism in Germany.

In June 2007, Hitzlsperger split after an eight-year relationship from his longtime girlfriend, Inga, just one month before they were due to get married. On 8 January 2014, a few months after retiring, he became the highest-profile male footballer to come out as gay at the time. (In 2023, Czech Jakub Jankto became the first active male national footballer to come out as gay.) Hitzlsperger said that he had only realised that he was gay in the past few years. He received widespread support from former fellow players of the Germany national team, such as Lukas Podolski, who said of his coming out as "brave" and "an important sign of our time" as well as a reaction from Joachim Löw who said of his decision as "personal" and that he "deserved respect from every side."

On 9 April 2011, Hitzlsperger was caught travelling in his Range Rover at 107 mph on the A14 in Suffolk. On 14 July 2011, he was fined £750, plus £85 costs and a £15 victim surcharge, and was given six penalty points on his driving licence by Bury St Edmunds Magistrates' Court. However, he was spared a driving ban as he was at the time unemployed and his barrister, Craig Harris, successfully argued that he needed his car to drive around the country and look for a new club.

In January 2022, Hitzlsperger told ARD, that a "collective coming out" of gay footballers could be a solution to their problems of hiding their sexuality. Hitzlsperger took the example of 125 Catholic priests in Germany who decided to come out at once.

In January 2024, Hitzlsperger was named by Aston Villa as a member of the Honorary Anniversary Board ahead of the club's 150th anniversary season.

International

 * Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hitzlsperger goal.

Honours
VfB Stuttgart
 * Bundesliga: 2006–07
 * DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2006–07

Germany
 * UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2008
 * FIFA World Cup third place: 2006
 * FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 2005

Individual
 * kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2006–07
 * Federal Cross of Merit (2020)

title: Thomas Hitzlsperger