text:
Talk:Woodstock, New York

Northern Exposure?
My understanding is that Woodstock or another town in that area (Pheoncia perhaps) was the inspiration for the tv show "Northern Exposure". A NYC doctor has to play off his debt in a "different" place. Both Woodstock and Pheoncia are "different".

Famous inhabitants
Someone added this category with one name listed (Lee Marvin). A added a bunch of others. I haven't provied any cites, but with the exception of Aniston/Pitt, ,most of the individuals are listed as woodstock residents in their existing wiki page. I used the "what links here tool" to find them. Anson2995 17:10, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

One of the inhabitants I added was Thelonious Monk, but I'm thinking now I have confused one jazz legend with another -- Charles Mingus. Paul Smart's book "Rock and Woodstock" mentions Mingus, but I can't find any other sources. Any long time residents know for sure? Or can anybody with knowledge of the musicians cite a source? Anson2995 00:30, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * 24.161.86.22 added these comments about famous inhabitants to the article, but I moved them here. Anson2995 17:36, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Members of The Band: (Actually the Big Pink is in nearby Saugerties --where Woodstock II was held, though Danko, Hudson and Helm all eventually moved to Woodstock. Levon Helm still lives there)
 * Gisele Bündchen: (Wrong --she lives in Ulster COunty --but not Woodstock)
 * Phil Jackson(Wrong --he had a vacation home about 20 minutes away)
 * Van Morrison (Wrong, he lived in Saugerties as well)
 * Brad Pitt/Jennifer Aniston: (A rumor, but he never had a place in WOodstock)
 * Of note Liv Tyler lived in Woodstock and David Bowie and Iman just bought land in Woodstock

 * In response to those comments, I'd like to reply as follows. The claim about Bündchen came from her page, but since the claim about living in Woodstock is no longer there, I think it's reasonable to remove it.  Both Phil Jackson and Van Morrison say in their biographies that they lived in Woodstock.  There are tons of articles where Morrison makes the claim   and it is widely reported that the album cover for Moondance (and other famous photos of Morrison) were taken by Elliot Landy at Morrison's Woodstock home. .  Here's an AP article that says Jackson's wife has been staying in their Woodstock home. . This article about Liv Tyler says that while she frequently visited Todd Rundgren's house in Woodstock as a child, she never lived there.  As for Pitt and Aniston, several news stories reported that they bought a home there  and that Pitt had visited KTD.  As for The Band, the house they shared was in West Saugerties, but as the anon poster noted, several members actually lived in Woodstock. Anson2995 17:36, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

I re-worked this whole section, grouping the individuals by category and adding a brief introduction. Per the advice of the anon poster above, I removed Pitt and Aniston. I also added about a dozen names based on using the "what links here" tool to identify individuals whose entries mention that they live/lived in Woodstock. Somebody appears to be creating or updating entries for painters who are buried in the artists cemetary, so I'll keep an eye out for future updates. Anson2995 16:38, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Standards for Including Inhabitants
I've got some concerns about recent additions to the list of Woodstock residents in this article. I'd like to propose two criteria for determining who should be included, otherwise I think this will get out of control. First, there should be a source cited to document that the person lives/lived in Woodstock. One of the names that keeps getting added is actress Liv Tyler, even though I have previously cited an interview where she herself says that's not true. Secondly, I'd like to suggest that in order ro be included, the subject should have a wikipedia entry. If there are cases of residents who merit one that dont have one, then go ahead and create one. Right now, half of the names listed under "Artist" don't have an entry, which doesn't make sense. I assume that they have all been added in good faith, but without any sort of criteria for inclusion, there's no way to know. Anson2995 15:58, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Title move
I just moved the article from "Woodstock (town), New York" to "Woodstock, New York". "Woodstock, New York" is the correct name, and is consistant with Wikipedia naming conventions. "Woodstock, New York" had, previous to this move, been a redirect to "Woodstock (town), New York", which as far as I can determine was a Wikipedia produced neologism, with no history of common use elsewhere and no reason for existance here. -- Infrogmation 03:27, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Caught a flagrant Ad
I found this: and I edited it out immediately. I suggest this editor be blacklisted and all the editor posts be reviewed. --Petebertine (talk) 19:03, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Woodstock Real Estate - Woodstock's number 1 real estate website*Stone_Ridge%2C_New_York

Bloated list of Inhabitants
The list of inhabitants has gotten out of hand. There are now 125 names on the list, many of which don't meet the guideline for inclusion proposed in 2006 -- namely, that they have their own wikipedia entry. if they aren't noteworthy enough to have their own entry, they shouldn't be included on this list. I have removed 31 such entries.

More troubling is the fact that many of the entries are clearly false. Someone added actor Chevy Chase with the notation "born here" -- although all you have to do is click the link to read his entry and see that isn't true. Liv Tyler keeps getting re-added, even though Tyler herself has said she never lived here, just visited. It's a gray area as to whether we ought to include other artists who stayed here while recording an album, people who vacationed here, or people like Tyler who visited.

I think the best way to address the latter problem is to add a source for each name listed, and some categorization. Those categories could be "born here", "lived here", "worked here", "current resident", etc. Any disagreements? Anson2995 (talk) 23:50, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Chevy
Actually Chevy Chase, his brother Ned, parents, all lived in a house very close to Woodstock, and West Hurley, his grandparents lived nearby too. And his mother is buried in the Woodstock artist cemetery. Also while I agree that listings should be in Blue and not Red; there were several very notable Woodstock artists like - Robert Angeloch, and Arnold Blanch for whom hopefully articles will be written, but who belong on the list. Modernist (talk) 13:20, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Famous musicians
Shouldn't Carlos Santana be included? --76.124.20.123 (talk) 16:37, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Famous Inhabitants, revisited
I guess I'm to blame for creating this section, but I feel that the problems with this section continue unabated and are ruining this article. I have stated the two problems, as I saw them. Specifically, that names should not be added for individuals that don't have an article about them, and that names are being added without references or citations to support that they actually lived here. Some of the additions are mind boggling. There are two other sets of criteria that we have ignored that I feel must be more rigidly adopted. One, did a person actually live in Woodstock or did they live nearby (Saugerties, Kingston, Bearsville, etc.). Two, did the person live here, stay here briefly, work here, visit here, etc. If an artist was here for a month recording an album, do they belong? What about someone who came and gave a speech or performed here in a play?

So, what I'm proposing to do is to remove the list from this article and create a new, separate article, listing everyone. It would enforce the criteria that everyone have a page and everyone be verified by a source. it would also give some explanation as to whether the individual is a current resident, a former resident, a visitor, etc.

This follows the model that Universities have adopted to list their famous alumni, and I think would not only make our list better, but make the original Woodstock article better. Unless there's any objection, I'll start working on that right away. Anson2995 (talk) 20:11, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I've started working on the new page here I'd appreciate any thoughts folks might have. Anson2995 (talk) 02:41, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

That ain't right!
Quote: ''In 1916, utopian philosopher and poet Hervey White built a "music chapel" in the woods. It was the Maverick Concert Series, the beginning of what is now the oldest, continuous chamber music festival in America.''

Someone please fix those two sentences, thanks. Maikel (talk) 09:46, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

Arts Reputation
Currently the article states that the arts & crafts movement came to Woodstock around 1902, and, afterwards, Woodstock was always considered an active artist colony in the 19th and early 20th century; the problem i see is that no part of the 19th century was after 1902. It looks to me, from the rest of the article, that it just needs to read an active artist colony in the early 20th century..., but it is too long since i've visited Woodstock, & i don't know enough of the history off-hand to make that change. Can someone closer, or more knowledgeable, check it and change the apparent contradiction? Cheers, LindsayHi 20:16, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

Split notable residents section
I have decided to be bold and split the notable residents section out of the main article. It had been proposed above, and no one has ever objected to it. The section has gotten to long, to the extend that I felt it was detracting from the overall quality of the article. The new list is List of people from Woodstock, New York. I hope my decision should be relatively uncontroversial, but I apologize in advance if anyone objects. Monty 845  07:00, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Woodstock, New York. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070322090522/http://www.hrvh.org:80/collections/inst-intro.htm?inst=9 to http://www.hrvh.org/collections/inst-intro.htm?inst=9

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 14:22, 25 February 2016 (UTC)

Apologies, please delete the suggestion. I see he is already there on the other page.

title: Talk:Woodstock, New York


text:
Talk:Naryn Castle, Meybod

from VfD
I remained perplexed a few minutes in front of this page and was finally reluctant to propose it for speedy delete. This is a very short page in very bad English (written by an Iranian schoolboy/schoolgirl ?) about mud castles in Iran. Problem : no Google hit for the proposed name of the page (bad spelling ? pure hoax ?). I'll try to find a talk page about Persian architecture to post an ad for this deletion page ; this should reasonably be checked by somebody knowing something about ancient Persia. --French Tourist 12:47, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I thought it was an article about a proper name -- a name story, the which we get quite a bit of. The article is unverifiable and therefore non-encyclopedic.  Geogre 14:03, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep at present, but it still needs work. Geogre 03:06, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * An emphatic Keep. Narin is a place where there is a particular castle, ghlaleh seems to be the common noun for "castle". Verifiable online, and of recent importance because of the destruction of the ghaleh at Alabama (that should have been Bam, my fast-type program got in the way, sorry!!) in that earthquake two or three years ago. See among others Castles in Iran. I'll clean it up a bit. — Bill 15:05, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * OK the page is rescued now... Remains the question of ghlaleh vs. ghaleh : there seems to be no Google hit at all for the first spelling, so the page should be moved to Narin ghaleh, or rather "Narin castle", I suppose. --French Tourist 15:25, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep changed article. Denni ☯ 02:58, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)
 * Keep as it stands — siro  χ  o  20:43, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * The correct spelling is almost certainly ghaleh. I think we should keep it as Narin ghaleh, on the model of Schloss X and Château de Y elsewhere in Wikipedia. It's under Castles in Iran, that's good enough to lead anyone to it who wouldn't know the word ghaleh. — Bill 21:41, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Chateau is an English word for a French castle; Schloss (but not the proper German spelling, "Schloβ") may well qualify as a loan-word in English. But "ghaleh" is simply a transliteration of a foreign word that's essentially unknown in English; it should be retained in the title of the redir but not in the title of the article. --Jerzy(t) 05:42, 2004 Oct 21 (UTC)
 * Damned nice stub. Keep new version. - Lucky 6.9 00:03, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I've seen it: It is a big castle
I visited the place last year. It was big: It stands 40 meters (130 ft) high from its base. I took a dozen or so pics from it. I posted one here. It deserves to be an article because it has some peculiarities, although built 2000 years ago, I saw what seemed to be some sort of plumbing made out of mortar inside its massive walls. It is also peculiarly similar in design to Ali Qapu palace of Isfahan. And it had a large underground chamber (filled now by rubble), probably a prison? The most interesting aspect of the structure was a huge platform or terrace of sorts which must have been used by the royals. The walls had caved in, and I wasnt able to reach it (the top royal platform) thru the helical staircase.

'''The reason it's not found anywhere on the internet, and looks like a humble "mud castle" is that it is EVEN TODAY being ignored entirely by the authorities. Iran is not very receptive and active in restoriung and preserving its pre-Islamic structures. It sees them as a sign of anti-Islamic decadence from the ages of monarchy. If the castle were located in France, or England, this castle too, would have looked something worth your scholarly consideration.'''--Zereshk 01:49, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I went there today and it's been preserved really nicely. There are walkways for tourists all around the castle and plenty of trash cans (but no trash whatsoever on the ground). The article needs a complete makeover. Shizawana (talk) 20:20, 6 April 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:17, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Takht-e-soleiman-1.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Naryn Castle, Meybod


text:
Rand, New South Wales

Rand is a town in the Riverina district of New South Wales, Australia. It is located in the Federation Council local government area. Based upon the, Rand had a population of 575.

It was formerly the terminus of the Rand railway line from Henty, which opened in 1920 and closed in 1975.

Rand formerly had a rugby league team, formed in 1938, who competed in the Group 13 Rugby League competition.

Rand Post Office opened on 1 January 1926.

title: Rand, New South Wales


text:
Roupaki

Roupaki (Ρουπάκι) is a community in the municipal unit of Gastouni, Elis, Greece. It is situated in a flat, rural area, south of the river Pineios. It is 2 km southeast of Agia Mavra, 2 km west of Sosti, 2 km east of Koroivos, 6 km east of Gastouni and 8 km northwest of Amaliada.

title: Roupaki


text:
Gloucester, New South Wales

Gloucester, a town in dairy and beef cattle country, is located in Mid-Coast Council, within the Barrington Coast hinterland of the lower Mid North Coast of the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is the closest town to world heritage Barrington Tops National Park.

Gloucester is situated on the North Coast railway line and can be accessed from the southeast from Newcastle, located 145 km via the Bucketts Way, or from the north via Thunderbolts Way. Gloucester River flows adjacent to the town, just above its junction with the Avon River.

At the 2016 census, Gloucester had a population of 2,390 people.

History
The Gloucester district was first visited by government surveyor Henry Dangar in January 1826 and then by Robert Dawson, Chief Agent for the Australian Agricultural Company later in the same year, accompanied by Henry Dangar. Settlement occurred in the 1830s. The township of Gloucester was first established in 1855, primarily for sheep farming, however it became apparent that the land was not entirely suitable. The main industries of the Gloucester area are tourism, timber, and cattle farming. The timber industry has been prevalent in Gloucester since the late 19th century, and it and cattle farming (dairy and beef cattle) are still major industries in and around Gloucester.

In 1876, gold was discovered in Copeland, a small town north-west of Gloucester. Copeland became a large town of over 3,000 inhabitants due to the gold discovery and the large number of red cedar trees. However, the population has since dwindled to a few hundred.

The Australian Agricultural Company was originally awarded mineral rights to 500000 acre between the Karuah River and the Manning River which covered the Gloucester district. The company employed surveyors in 1856-7 to undertake a trial survey for a railway between Port Stephens and Stroud and further north to the Manning River, passing what became Gloucester. At the time it was felt that with the "formidable obstructions" from ranges and rivers, a railway line would be impracticable and construction did not proceed, and coal mining was abandoned before it had commenced.

In 1923, electricity came to Gloucester. The Gloucester Electric Supply Company Ltd was formed by Fred Lowe, who was called to Gloucester by a syndicate (mainly of local graziers) to assist in the development of a Gloucester electric supply. He presented plans for a ‘turn key’ installation of the complete plant which was accepted by the syndicate. The shareholders in the new company were Fred and his brother Ernest, who jointly held the great majority of the shares, and a number of local people. There were many ups and downs, especially during 1929, the depression. In the middle 1930s, the State Government was offering subsidies for the construction of rural lines. The first rural line along the Bucketts Road was opened on 9 September 1938. Fred Lowe designed and surveyed the line exercising his expertise in surveying which he acquired whilst working in New Zealand as a young man. In 1943 the company’s 20-year franchise ended. However it was wartime and the Mid-Coast County Council did not exercise its right to acquire the company’s assets and take over the electricity undertaking till 1 July 1946. Fred was employed by the Council as its electrical engineer. He still persisted with rural line extensions and completed the Avon Valley line taking electricity to Stratford. He remained as council electrical engineer until he retired in 1951. At a farewell function the Shire President, Cr. J.N. Channon, said, "We cannot let the opportunity pass without expressing our deep appreciation and gratitude to Mr Lowe for what he has done for Gloucester."

In 1995, Gloucester Coal, originally Stratford Coal, began mining in Stratford, a small village 12 km south of Gloucester. The Stratford mine is now owned by Yancoal and is the only operating coal mine in the valley. Plans by mining company AGL to construct plans 330 coal seam gas wells in the Gloucestor Valley were cancelled in 2016 following a community campaign and blockade of exploration sites.

In March 1972 the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Roden Cutler, VC and Lady Cutler toured the district and attended a formal Civic Reception at the Gloucester Bucketts Motel.

For most of the twentieth century it boasted two cinemas in the main thoroughfare - Church Street: The Star (opposite Permewans, closed c. 1968), and the Majestic Theatre, that was built in the early 1920s. The Majestic permanently closed its doors c. 1980 and the building still stands, now redeveloped as a shopping arcade.

The district's weekly newspaper is The Gloucester Advocate.

Events
Gloucester was the venue for the first Groovin' the Moo music festival held at the Gloucester Showground on 24 April 2005. The festival included well known musical acts such as Screaming Jets, Killing Heidi and Evermore. Although the festival has not returned to Gloucester, it has gone on to be an annual event held in regional areas across Australia.

Population
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 2,390 people in Gloucester.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 10.8% of the population.
 * 87.7% of people were born in Australia and 92.7% of people spoke only English at home.
 * The most common responses for religion were Anglican 31.3%, No Religion 23.5% and Catholic 15.0%.

title: Gloucester, New South Wales


text:
Chettle

Chettle is a small village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England. It lies 6 mi northeast of Blandford Forum. It is sited at the head of a gently sloping valley on the dip slope of the chalk formation called Cranborne Chase. The A354 trunk road crosses the valley about 1 km to the south. In 2013 the estimated population of the civil parish was 90.

A 2008 report indicated that the entire village was owned by the Bourke family and operated in the mode of "benevolent feudalism". A news item from 2015 confirmed the ownership and provided the following update about the community: "The tiny hamlet, with its hotel, manor house, 40 cottages, farms and lumber yard has belonged to the Bourke family for more than 400 years, in a benign throwback to feudal times."

Chettle House, the village manor, is a red brick Baroque mansion designed by Thomas Archer, a pupil of Vanbrugh, and built by the Bastard brothers of Blandford Forum during the reign of Queen Anne. Pevsner called it "the plum among Dorset houses of the early 18th century, and even nationally outstanding as a specimen of English Baroque". Two rounded ends were added to the house in 1912. From the 1950s to 2015 the house was a series of flats. After 2015, extensive renovations were completed by new owners; the house and gardens were closed to the public.

A book about Chettle, "Enduring Village", was published in August, 2008.

title: Chettle


text: Category:Hockley County, Texas

title: Category:Hockley County, Texas


text:
Talk:Greek transcriptions of the Hebrew Divine Name

Trying to deal with a "scholars disagree with scholars" issue in "Iaoue"
There seems to be an almost 100% consensus among 20th century scholarly sources, that in Clement of Alexandria's Stromata Book V. Chapter 6, Clement of Alexandria wrote that the Tetragrammaton was pronounced "Iaoue".

However there seems to be an almost 100% consensus among pre 20th century scholarly sources, that in Clement of Alexandria's Stromata Book V. Chapter 6, Clement of Alexandria wrote that the Tetragrammaton was pronounced "Iaou".

I have attempted to deal with this issue by rewriting the introduction and section #1 of the present Wikipedia Article:Iaoue.

Comments are welcome.

Seeker02421 17:09, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Starting over with the 18:35, 21 March 2006 version of Wikipedia Article:Iaoue, I added information on two critical editions of the writings of Clement of Alexandria that were written in the 20th century.

 * The Greek scholars that wrote these two critical editions recognized the existance of the extant 11th century Greek Codex "L", that preserves the variant "ιαου" at Stromata Book V. chapter 6, where Clement writes how the Tetragrammaton is pronounced, yet in their critical editions, wrote "ιαουε" in the same verse.
 * Seeker02421 11:42, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Mpolo,

Thanks for making your changes to the Wikipedia Article "Iaoue".

Seeker02421 12:57, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Edit conflict
Seeker, I removed your additions by mistake (it was an edit conflict), but after reading them, I think they would be better in the Tetragrammaton article. I don't see how they relate to Clement's spelling direcly. Gadykozma 13:56, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Mission Impossible [Or Is It?]
"Mission Impossible" is to find a method of reading "יהוה",

[the Tetragrammaton without vowel points],

as "YaHWeH" without knowing beforehand that Clement of Alexandria pronounced "יהוה", as "ιαουε".

And we will have to use normal Biblical Hebrew Grammar rules,

that were in effect in the 1st or 2nd Century A.D.

And Gerard Gertoux will be looking over our shoulder,

because he believes that "יהוה" is pronounced "Yehua",

"according to its letters".

using normal Biblical Hebrew Grammar rules, that were in effect in the 1st and 2nd Century A.D.

We can probably safely say that the "yod" in "יהוה" will be pronounced "ee" in first century "Greek", and that this "ee" in combination with any vowel, [a or e or i or o or u] will probably sound like "Y" in 21st century English.

Some possible first syllable pronunciations of "יהוה" might be: Ya or Ye or Yi or Yo or Yu

or

Yah or Yeh or Yih or Yoh or Yuh

Gerard Gertoux chooses "YE" for the first syllable, and "h" is the first letter of the 2nd syllable.

Of course we know that Gerard Gertoux must be wrong, because if he is right,

we will not be able to pronounce "יהוה" as Yahweh.

HAHA

Seeker02421 01:58, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Seeker, your remarks (here and in other places) make it clear you think this Yahweh is the answer. Yahweh is no more than an educated guess. It might be — and it might be not. We simply do not have enough information to decide. Gadykozma 02:19, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Gadykozma,

I realize that "articles" are supposed to be written from a "neutral point of view" [NPOV], which I try to do.

However I myself am not neutral in the Yahweh/Jehovah controversy.

I assume that nobody is t-o-t-a-l-l-y neutral in the Yahweh/Jehovah controversy, although I try to be neutral, in what I write in Wkipedia articles.

I assumed that NPOV was not required during Wikipedia discussions, however if Wikipedia requires NPOV during discussions, I am quite willing to delete my previous mentioned text.

DOES WIKIPEDIA EXPECT NPOV IN THE DISCUSSION PORTIONS OF ARTICLES?

IF SO I WAS INCORRECT TO POST THE PREVIOUS THOUGHTS THAT I POSTED ABOUT TRYING TO DEMONSTRATE THAT "YAHWEH" CAN BE DERIVED FROM "יהוה"

[While I am not a member of any Sacred Name Group, I am aware that there are Sacred Name groups that present t-h-e-i-r evidence that "Yahweh" is the a-c-t-u-a-l pronunciation of "Yahweh", and clearly demostrate their transliteration methods.

I believe that they are in error in their presentation, yet I believe that their arguments should be examined from the neutral point of view.]

To be redundant: DOES WIKIPEDIA EXPECT NPOV IN THE DISCUSSION PORTIONS OF ARTICLES?

Seeker02421 10:07, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * No, NPOV is only for articles. In talk pages you only need to maintane civility. See some official policies: Policies and guidelines. There is also a policy on staying on topic: Talk page, however, I think it is safe to say that this is the most commonly broken Wikipedia policy. I just did it above... Gadykozma 12:22, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Zephyrus
I can't figure out when Zephyrus wrote his Catena, but from the name alone, it is clear that he is stringing together -- "chaining" -- commentaries of the Fathers. [I reconstructed the name of the book -- if it was published in Latin, the title would almost have to be what I cited.] Clement of Alexandria's only surviving work is the Stromata. After a bit more searching, I found out that Zephyrus was actually quoting Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea, 2nd century. That source, however, being in Latin, had to tranliterate iaoue, and did so with "Iehovah". (Which is to say that Nicetas went back to the original Hebrew rather than simply transliterating Clement.) Maybe the whole Nicetas/Zephyrus thing should be left out of the article, since it essentially ignores Clement's transliteration, which is the subject.

In any case, I edited as though we want to keep it.... Mpolo 10:47, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * I say this is sufficiently relevant to keep. Gadykozma 12:22, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Mpolo,

Back in January of 2002, an Article titled "JEHOVAH" by Scott Jones had the following text at the top of the article:

>>> That mystic name which is called the Tetragrammaton, by which alone they who had access to the Holy of Holies were protected, is pronounced JEHOVAH, which means, Who is, and who shall be."

Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea, 2nd century, From The Catena On The Pentateuch, Published In Latin By Francis Zephyrus, P 146. >>>

At that time the words "Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea, 2nd century" were being questioned, because no evidence could be found, other than the quote above, that "Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea, 2nd century" was actually involved.

Peter Kirk on b-hebrew questions whether "Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea, 2nd century" is actually involved in the above quote which is "attributed to Clement of Alexabdria"

For various reasons Scott Jones no longer posts this quote at the start of his article on "JEHOVAH"

Many websites that quote the above statement,

do not mention"Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea, 2nd Century".

Mpolo,

Are you sure that "Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea, 2nd Century" is involved in any way with the above quote which has been attributed to Clement of Alexandria?

Seeker02421 12:47, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I got the name from.

 * Nicetas of Heraclea published quite a bit of translation of Clement in his "Catena" (but it seems to have been a Catena on Job and the Gospels, not on the Pentateuch). He seems to have been from the 11th century, however, not the 2nd (somebody probably interpreted 11 as II at some point on the Internet): . The later date seems more likely anyway, since Latin was not widely used before the late 3rd century in the Church, and Clement was writing around 190, not leaving much time for his work to get translated. I can find no evidence of the connection of Nicetas with the particular quote, other than the cited page.

 * The "Fragments not given in the Oxford Edition" page is a selection of fragments of Clement preserved in other authors. And that page cites this Zephyrus guy (whose book is entitled "Catena in Pentateuchum".) I wish I knew from what era he is. On the Internet, he is only mentioned in citings of "Early Church Fathers", where as we well know, on P. 146 he translates the phrase in question from Clement.

 * According to Smith's Bible dictionary, the original text in the Stromata was iaou (without the e), with the e occuring in a Catena on the Pentateuch. Unfortunately, I have no copy of Stromata in Greek around. "Ancient Church Fathers" translates the phrase 'Again, there is the veil of the entrance into the holy of holies. Four pillars there are, the sign of the sacred tetrad of the ancient covenants. Further, the mystic name of four letters which was affixed to those alone to whom the adytum was accessible, is called Jave, which is interpreted, "Who is and shall be." The name of God, too, among the Greeks contains four letters.' Which more or less supports the reading Iaoue: I=J a=a ou=v e=e.

 * So, it appears to me that the sequence of events is the following. (1) Clement wrote Stromata, using Iaoue as his transliteration (2) Nicetas used portions of Clement in his "Catena" around the 11th century, but not the phrase we are concerned about. (3) (but possibly before 2) Zephyrus translated the phrase in question into Latin. "Early Church Fathers" would seem to indicate that he transliterated Iaoue as "Iehovah".

 * As for what should be done in the article, I think that Nicetas will have to come out. I don't like citing Zephyrus without knowing when he's from -- it would have been nice to have his Latin text as well.... Mpolo 14:19, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * I see you finally decided Nicetas was from the 2nd century... Gadykozma 16:25, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * No, actually put my comment tag in the wrong spot. (Or someone managed an edit that didn't show up in the history...) I have removed Nicetas altogether, since as far as I can tell, his translation of Stromata was restricted to other parts. I wish I knew who the Zephyrus guy is, though. :-( Mpolo 16:49, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

Mpolo,

It appears that I [seeker02421] am the original source of the comment in footnote #1, that:

"Necetas's statement in Latin, is a Greek to Latin translation of a quote that Clement of Alexandria made."

The source of footnote #1 even copied my incorrect spelling of Nicetas's name.

[http://p074.ezboard.com/fav1611godswordfrm1.showMessage?topicID=1086.topic In a discussion on How did Nicetas spell YHWH in Latin ( 2nd Century )? ],

on a KJVO Discussion Board I wrote:

>>>

In the second century, Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea, translated Clement of Alexandria's Greek pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton into Latin. Quote:

That mystic name which is called the Tetragrammaton, by which alone they who had access to the Holy of Holies were protected, is pronounced JEHOVAH, which means, Who is, and who shall be."

--- Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea, 2nd century, From The Catena On The Pentateuch, Published In Latin By Francis Zephyrus, P 146.

The statement above is an English translation, of a statement written in Latin by Nicetas [in the 2nd century].

Necetas's statement in Latin, is a Greek to Latin translation of a quote that Clement of Alexandria made.

Does any member of this board know what Latin name for YHWH, that Nicetas used in the 2nd century?

In the b-hebrew archives, a member says that in the statement above, Clement spelled the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton as "Iaou" [in Greek letters] not Iaoue [in Greek letters]

>>>

I am "Exodus Six Verse Three" when I post on Ezboards.

Seeker02421 17:32, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I have found information about the mysterious Zephyrus and his Catena from the online catalogue of the Bodleian library in Oxford (http://library.ox.ac.uk/). Here is the catalogue record:

> Title    Cathena, seu Explicatio locorum qui in Pentateucho subobscuriores occurrunt, ex antiquis Græcorum theologis deprompta, F. Zephyro interprete. Item Cathena explanationum veterum sanctorum patrum in omnia tam veteris, quam noui Testamenti cantica, ab A. Carafa in Lat. conversa.

> Publisher    Colon. Agripp. 1572

> Description    (80)

> Title as Subject    Pentateuch

> Other Names    Zephyris, Francisco Xaverius de, transl.

> Catena.

> Hierarchical Place Name    Germany -- Cologne

> Form, Genre or Physical Characteristics as Subject    Association copies (Provenance) -- Selden

> Local Control Number    14275606

> Library Holdings

> Location    Call Number     Status    Bodleian

> BOD Bookstack   80 C 9 Th.Seld. In place

So this book does exist, and was probably written by a Catholic, a Jesuit (from the name Francis Xavier), and published in Cologne in 1572. So it is no surprise that it apparently used the form Iehova, which was in common use at that time. This copy in the Bodleian is very likely the very one translated by William Wilson in the 19th century and included in Ante-Nicene Fathers.

Peter Kirk Peterkirk 00:02, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC) (I hope I have now found out how to get my user name here)

Scott Jones' article on "Jehovah" previously quoted Nicetas.
Scott Jones is a strong defender on the accuracy of the name "Jehovah". In early 2002 he was defending the name "Jehovah" on a KJVO website. At that time his article on Jehovah started out with the following text:

>>>

"That mystic name which is called the Tetragrammaton, by which alone they who had access to the Holy of Holies were protected, is pronounced JEHOVAH(Iehovah), which means, Who is, and who shall be." Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea, 2nd century, From The Catena On The Pentateuch, Published In Latin By Francis Zephyrus, P 146

>>>

This heading can be observed at the following link: Scott Jones earlier version of his article on Jehovah, where he quotes Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea, 2nd century.

Sometime in 2003, Scott Jones removed the above heading from his article on Jehovah. The present article, without that heading, can be observed at the link below: Scott Jones present version of his article on Jehovah where he quotes neither Nicetas nor Clement of Alexandria"

It is at least possible, that Scott Jones may have been the first person to write that "Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea, 2nd century", was involved in preserving the fragment "From The Catena On The Pentateuch, Published In Latin By Francis Zephyrus, P 146"

On my part, until recently, I have tried to defend the text:

>>> In the second century, Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea, translated Clement of Alexandria's Greek pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton into Latin. Quote:

That mystic name which is called the Tetragrammaton, by which alone they who had access to the Holy of Holies were protected, is pronounced JEHOVAH, which means, Who is, and who shall be."

--- Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea, 2nd century, From The Catena On The Pentateuch, Published In Latin By Francis Zephyrus, P 146.

>>>

because I had been led to believe that Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea, 2nd century was actually involved.

It was only in late 2003, that I reached the understanding that it was Clement of Alexandria, that originally wrote the text, and that he used "Iaoue" which was translated as "Jehovah", hundreds of years later.

And at that time I was still trying to understand Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea part on all this.

It helped when I discovered that a hebrew scholar on b-hebrew, questioned whether or not Nicetas, Bishop of Heraclea had anything to do with this issue

Seeker02421 12:14, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * As I said above, it appears to me that Nicetas of Heraclea is from the 11th century, not the 2nd. Since Heraclea is in the East, he almost certainly wrote in Greek. Logically, Nicetas couldn't be from the second century, because the text he is supposedly translating wasn't even written until 190. It is highly unlikely that a Greek in an area speaking only Greek in a Church that spoke only Greek for another hundred years could have translated the text into Latin. I don't know what language the 11th century Nicetas wrote in, but according to "Early Christian Fathers", the only source we have available to us of his writings, this section of Clement is not included, so I would think it better not to even bring him in. Mpolo 15:29, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * Further evidence that Nicetas is not a second century bishop: According to the "Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche" (German Catholic Encyclopedia, essentially), the diocese of Heraclea was founded in 297, that is, in the third century. Heraclea is in Thrace. It was originally a Greek diocese. A Latin diocese of Heraclea was founded during the Crusades (which might allow for Nicetas speaking Latin -- don't know). Today it is a titular archdiocese (that is, a Cardinal who works in the Vatican is named its bishop). As of 2003, no bishop was assigned to it. Mpolo 18:03, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)

According to the Catholic Encyclopaedia, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07242b.htm, Nicetas of Heraclea seems to have been "Nicetas, eleventh century, a writer of commentaries and other works". This confirms the suspicion that someone misread 11 as two. His Catenas on Job and Matthew are quoted in Ante-Nicene Fathers, http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-02/anf02-75.htm. This page taken in isolation gives the wrong idea that this is text written by Nicetas, but the wider context in ANF (http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.pdf) shows that this is material quoted by Nicetas from Clement. But there is nothing relevant to the divine name here.

Nicetas wrote a Catena on Job and one on Matthew. Corderius wrote one on Luke. And Zephyrus wrote one in Latin on the Pentateuch. All of them quoted Clement. But they are quite different works and whould not be confused. "Catena", literally "chain", seems to have been meant "commentary". So I can confirm that Nicetas is irrelevant to this issue.

Zephyrus (whoever he might have been) was simply quoting, in Latin translation, Clement's Stromata, book v. chap. vi. See the English translation of Clement's Greek in p. 452 of the printed edition of ANF (which is p.668 of the PDF file http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.pdf, or http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.vi.iv.v.vi.html). Zephyrus' Latin is rendered into English as "Jehovah". But maybe it is Zephyrus' Catena to the Pentateuch of which a Turin manuscript is mentioned in Smith's Bible Dictionary (see http://img.villagephotos.com/p/2003-7/264290/IaoueInformationfrom1863trimmed.JPG), which is said to read IAOUE in Greek letters. Or is this a reconstruction from a Latin form? The form "Jehovah" in the English translation of Zephyrus may come from the translator, William Wilson. Of course if Zephyrus actually wrote "Iehouah" or similar before about 1530, that would be of great interest as it would support the antiquity of "Jehovah".

And what did Clement actually write? This Wikipedia article assumes that he wrote IAOUE, in Greek. But a number of authorities (Smith's Bible Dictionary as cited above; Rudolf Kittel quoted by http://hanskrause.de/HKHPE/hkhpe_28_01.htm; the Catholic Encyclopaedia, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08329a.htm) state that Clement actually wrote IAOU in Greek. Does the Greek form IAOUE actually occur at all, at least before 19th century reconstructions? Has anyone seen it in a manuscript? If it doesn't exist, this whole Wikipaedia article is based on a false premise and should be totally rewritten.

Peter Kirk

 * Seeker just put that Clement had "Jave", which seems impossible, since Greek has no "v". The Catholic Encyclopedia certainly makes it look as though the text was Iaou, and not Iaoue. Is there a surviving Greek text of that section of the Stromata? I don't have one, certainly. What text is Ante-Nicene Fathers (which has "Jehovah", though that may only indicate a preference of the translator) based on? I don't think the current text can possibly be correct. (By the way, "Catena" means a stringing together of quotes from the Fathers of the Church to form a "patristic commentary" on a particular book. Many medieval theologians produced them, including Thomas Aquinas, whose "Catena Aurea" covers all four Gospels.) Mpolo 08:16, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

Mpolo,

Before I made my last edit, the first sentence of the “Clement's writing” sub-topic read:

“In the Stromata Clement of Alexandria wrote that "The mystic name which is called the Tetragrammaton...is pronounced ιαουε" 1.”

Footnote #1 pointed to an English translation of Clement of Alexandria’s Stromata, Book V. Chapter 6:34 which read:

"Further, the mystic name of four letters which was affixed to those alone to whom the adytum was accessible, is called Jave,"

Obviously the first sentence was written incorrectly.

I edited the first sentence to read:

“In Clement of Alexandria's Stromata, Book V. Chapter 6:34, it says: "Further, the mystic name of four letters...is called Jave..." 1."

Other than the fact that I left out the words “which was affixed to those alone to whom the adytum was acceptable,”, I quoted a particular English translation of Clement of Alexandria’s Stromata, Book V. Chapter 6:34 accurately.

I made no attempt to indicate that “Jave” was an accurate translation of the underlying Greek word which was written by Clement of Alexandria.

I merely quoted “Jave” because that was the word used by the person who translated Stromata Book V. Chapter 6:34 into English. I then added the following new sentence:

"Nineteenth Century scholars believed that the underlying Greek word that is translated as "Jave" was the Greek name "ιαουε"."

While I now realize that the Greek word used in Clement of Alexandria's Stromata Book V. Chapter 6:34 may have actually been "ιαου", I believe that I wrote the above sentence correctly, from a NPOV perspective.

Seeker02421 14:10, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * There are two translations of this passage from Clement in Volume 2 of "Ante-Nicene Fathers". The links under "Footnotes" in the article are to these two passages in the same volume, although copied from the original CCEL site to two different other sites. The full text of this volume is at http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.pdf, and I recommend you to download this (but it is 5 MB). I would also advise replacing the links by ones to the original online text, as follows:

 * 1. Stromata Book V, Chapter 6:34. See an online English translation (http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-02/anf02-65.htm#P7381_2229893).
 * 2. The Catena on the Pentateuch, Francis Zephyrus, P. 146. See an online English translation (http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-02/anf02-85.htm#P10423_2896810).

 * The translation of this passage made from the Greek text of Clement is the one with the rendering "Jave". The second translation is from the passage as quoted in Latin by Zephyrus, and here the rendering is "Jehovah". But it is not safe to use either of these renderings as a guide to the underlying Greek or Latin form of the name.

 * Concerning the Greek text of Clement, I found the following at http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/npnf201/htm/iii.xi.xiii.htm, i.e. taken from "Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers": "The standard edition of Clement’s works is that of Potter, Oxford, 1715, in two vols. (reprinted in Migne’s Patr. Gr., Vols. VIII. and IX.)." This is presumably the Oxford edition referred to when the Zephyrus passage is listed as among "Fragments Not Given in the Oxford Edition". It is also presumably the basis for the "Ante-Nicene Fathers" translation of the Greek text, although Migne's notes in "Patrologiae Graecae" (see http://phoenix.reltech.org/Migne.html) were probably also taken into account.

 * I would advise serious scholars of this subject to check their facts by looking at Migne, either in print or the (rather costly) online edition. This should be available at good theological libraries.

 * Peter Kirk 213.162.124.237 00:43, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Dissection table
Seeker, what is the purpose of this table? What is it trying to say?

BTW: the point inside the heh in "yah" is not a dagesh, it is a mapik. Gadykozma 03:04, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks Gady.

I did some checking in my Hebrew grammar books, and you are correct that the dot in the “heh” is a mapiq / mappiq and not a "dagesh".

My intended purpose for the table, was to demonstrate that in the Greek New Testament, “Ia” was  used to transliterate Hebrew word #3050 [e.g. Yahh]

The spelling [yod-qamets-heh-mapiq] is found in the underlying Hebrew of “LORD“ in the expression “Praise ye the LORD” [e.g. halelu-yahh]

I was trying to establish that there was a solid basis for the scholarly reconstruction of the first syllable of “YaH:WeH”, [e.g. yod-patah-heh-mapiq] while noting that the scholars used a “patah” not a “qamets” under the yod, and the scholars used a “silent shewa’ under the “heh” not a “mapiq” inside the “heh”.

I could possibly have quoted [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=165&letter=T&search=Tetragrammaton#627 the online Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906], under the heading: Tetragrammaton/Church Fathers and Magic Papyri. which states that “Ia” reprents “יה” and that “Iaoue” represents “יהוה”.

Seeker02421 13:47, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Seeker hi. To my great embarrassment, I am not that great with the rules of niqqud. However, this mapiq could not exist inside a word. So it would need to be removed, and that probably would curtail a change of qamats to patah. However, I feel we are again digressing into research. Gadykozma 14:15, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Gady,

I am not sure what you mean by your statement:

“However, this mapiq could not exist inside a word, so it would have to be removed....”

At The Tetragrammaton  under the heading: “short forms:”, you will see the Hebrew spelling of “Hallelujah”.

Strickly speaking I think "Hallelujah" is not "a" word, it is probably two words, the second one of which is Hebrew word #3050 [e.g. Yahh]

The last two letters of “Hallelujah”, are “yod” and “heh”. which make up Hebrew word #3050.

The “yod” has a qamets under it,

the “heh” has a mapiq inside it.

Seeker02421 17:56, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Gady,

I have rewritten the Wikipedia Article Reconstructing the Vowelized spelling of the Tetragrammaton.

Would you check it out, and determine if it meets Wikipedia requirements?

4.156.36.130 23:36, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Pronouncing Iaoue
Though "Yahweh" is commonly pronounced "Yah-way", the scholarly renderings actually have it as "Yah-weh" (e as in wet). The letter ε in Greek reflects this, as it is pronounced so. (The letter η is pronounced as a long e, as in "eat") Yahnatan 21:13, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

One-sided, biased article
It is amazing to me that such a drawn out article, citing chiefly one individual Clement of Alexandria as it main source, can state with such certainty that 'YAHWEH' is the name of God in Hebrew. The pronunciation 'YAHWEH' sounds like jibberish to a Hebrew speaker, and furthermore it does not mean anything in Hebrew in that form, contrary to what the article implies. Furthermore, the chance that YHWH represents a 2-syllabic word is, at best, slim. There is an abundance of historical evidence that the name was something like the 3-syllabic YE-HO-WAH (which does not have the same vowel points as ADONAI, contrary to what is constantly being repeated). Crucially this is the only pronunciation which correlates with the theophoric names beginning with Yeho- or Yo-. The name YAH, which is sometimes used as a thephoric suffix, is a stand-alone name for God separate from YHWH. YAHU is actually YAH HU, which means "God himself". Sorry if my views clash with those of Clement of Alexandria. Permit me to hypothesize why he may have arrived at his conclusion. The letter 'He' in Hebrew is equivalent to Epsilon in Greek, and were virtually identical in form in ancient Hebrew. 'He' would usually be transliterated as E. Thus, ignoring the rules of Hebrew pronunciation, the Hellenized form of YHWH would appear as YEWE, and by extention IAOUE. --JB


text:
Erasmus Programme

The Erasmus Programme ("EuRopean Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students") is a European Union (EU) student exchange programme established in 1987. Erasmus+, or Erasmus Plus, is the new programme combining all the EU's current schemes for education, training, youth and sport, which was started in January 2014.

Overview
Erasmus+ is the EU's programme to support education, training, youth and sport in Europe. The programme involves the 27 EU Member States and 6 non-EU associated countries with 55 National Agencies responsible for the decentralized management of most of the programme's actions. Other countries across the world may also participate in certain parts of the programme. The overall responsibility for the programme’s management, direction and evaluation lies with the European Commission (Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture), assisted by its Education, Audio-visual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA).

The objective of “Erasmus+” is to promote transnational learning mobility and cooperation between organisations and policy-makers, as a means of improving quality and excellence, supporting inclusion and equity, and boosting creativity and innovation in the fields of education, vocational education and training, youth and sport. In all these sectors, the aim is to provide support, through life-long learning, for the educational, professional and personal development of participants in Europe and beyond.

The programme's objective is pursued through three key actions:

 * Key action 1: Learning mobility of individuals
 * Key action 2: Cooperation among organisations and institutions
 * Key action 3: Support to policy development and cooperation

Other activities include “Jean Monnet” actions, which support teaching, learning, research and debates on European integration matters, e.g. on the EU’s future challenges and opportunities.

Full information on the current profile and the activities for which funding within the programme is available, can be found in the Erasmus+ Programme Guide.

Launched in 1987, the "Erasmus" programme was originally established to promote closer cooperation between universities and higher education institutions across Europe. Over time, the programme has expanded and is now referred to as Erasmus+, or Erasmus Plus, combining the EU's different schemes for transnational cooperation and mobility in education, training, youth and sport in Europe and beyond. The 'Erasmus+' programme concluded its first funding cycle from 2014 to 2020 and is now in its second cycle, spanning from 2021 to 2027. Noted for its participation among staff, students, young people, and learners across age groups, as of 2021, the programme has engaged over 13 million participants. The origins of its name refers to Erasmus of Rotterdam a leading scholar and inspiring lecturer during the Renaissance period who travelled extensively in Europe to teach and study at a number of universities. But at the same time, the word “Erasmus” also served as the acronym for "EuRopean Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students".

In 1989, the Erasmus Bureau invited 32 former Erasmus students for an evaluation meeting in Ghent, Belgium. The lack of peer-to-peer support was singled out as a major issue, but it was also a driving force behind the creation of the Erasmus Student Network. The organization supports students from Erasmus programme and other bilateral agreement and cooperates with national agencies in order to help international students. As of 23 July 2020, the Erasmus Student Network consists of 534 local associations ("sections") in 42 countries and has more than 15,000 volunteers across Europe.

As of 2014, 27 years after its creation, the programme has promoted the mobility of more than 3.3 million students within the European community. More than 5,000 higher education institutions from 38 countries are participating in the project.

The Erasmus Programme, together with a number of other independent programmes, was incorporated into the Socrates programme established by the European Commission in 1994. The Socrates programme ended on 31 December 1999 and was replaced with the Socrates II programme on 24 January 2000, which in turn was replaced by the Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013 on 1 January 2007.

Beside the more popular student mobility (SMS), the Erasmus+ programme promotes the teacher mobility (STA), by which university teachers can spend a short period, for a minimum of 2 teaching days and a maximum of 2 months, teaching at least 8 hours in a foreign partner university. The average and suggested stay is of 5 teaching days.

Origins of the name
The programme is named after the Dutch philosopher, theologian, Renaissance Humanist, monk, and devout Roman Catholic, Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists". Erasmus, along with his good friend Thomas More, became one of the main figures of European intellectual life during the Renaissance. Known for his satire, Erasmus urged internal reform of the Catholic Church. He encouraged a recovery of the Catholic Patristic tradition against what he considered to be contemporary abuses of the Sacraments and certain excessive devotional practices. He famously clashed with Protestant revolutionary Martin Luther on the subject of free will. ERASMUS is a backronym meaning European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students. Erasmus travelled widely across Europe and he was a pioneer of the European Republic of Letters. He was one of the first intellectuals to use as a vehicle of diffusion of his ideas a path-breaking technology, namely the movable type and spent a lot of his time inside printing workshops.

The programme's origins can be traced through a series of significant events documented on the official European Commission programme page:

 * From 1973 to 1976, the first European-level education action programme was established.

 * Between 1976 and 1987, the foundations for what would later become Erasmus were laid through the "Joint Study Programme" (JSP) scheme in higher education. This initiative gained traction as more universities and students participated, contributing to the development of mobility, partnership, and joint curricula.

 * From 1985 to 1987, the "Erasmus" proposal was developed and negotiated. In 1985, the Directorate for Education and Training presented the proposal to the Council and European Parliament. The Council officially adopted the "Erasmus" programme on June 15, 1987, and it was officially launched on July 1, 1987.

In 1969, the concept of promoting cultural, social, and academic exchanges among European students took root, thanks to the efforts of Italian educator and scientific consultant Sofia Corradi for the permanent conference of Italian university rectors. Her role allowed her to raise awareness about this idea and make it known in the academic and institutional spheres. The project was born after an initiative of the EGEE student association (now AEGEE) founded by Franck Biancheri (who later became president of the trans-European movement Newropeans) which in 1986–1987 convinced French president François Mitterrand to support the creation of the Erasmus programme.

This active collaboration between AEGEE and the European Commission and especially Domenico Lenarduzzi, Ministry of Public Education, allowed the approval of the Erasmus programme in 1987. It became an integral part of the Socrates I (1994–1999) and Socrates II (2000–2006) programmes. From 2007 it became one of the elements of the Lifelong Learning Programme (2007–2013).

In June 1984, the European Council decided in Fontainebleau to establish an ad-hoc European citizens' committee with the mission to make proposals in order to improve the image of the European Union. Each council member would select a member and together they should present a set of proposals to be approved at a future European Council. Under the chairmanship of Pietro Adonnino, the committee presented two successive reports that were approved at the Council session in Milano on the 28–29 of June 1985. Under the proposals that were advanced in these reports was the suggestion (to be found in the second report from number 5.6: University Cooperation) that the ministers for education and universities and higher-education establishments These suggestions were advanced by the Belgian member Prosper Thuysbaert and were discussed and approved by the committee.
 * 1) should establish a cross-frontier cooperation enabling students to pursue part of their studies in an establishment in a member state other than their own;
 * 2) should implement, a comprehensive European inter-university programme of exchanges and studies aimed at giving this opportunity to a significant section of the EU's student population.

1987 European Commission proposal
By the time the Erasmus Programme was adopted in June 1987, the European Commission had been supporting pilot student exchanges for six years. It proposed the original Erasmus Programme in early 1986, but reaction from the then member states varied: those with substantial exchange programmes of their own (essentially France, Germany and the United Kingdom) were broadly hostile; the remaining countries were broadly in favour. Exchanges between the member states and the European Commission deteriorated, and the latter withdrew the proposal in early 1987 to protest against the inadequacy of the triennial budget proposed by some member states.

European Court of Justice decision
This method of voting, a simple majority, was not accepted by some of the opposing member states, who challenged the adoption of the decision before the European Court of Justice. Although the court held that the adoption was procedurally flawed, it maintained the substance of the decision; a further decision, adapted in the light of the jurisprudence, was rapidly adopted by the Council of Ministers.

Adoption and growth
The programme built on the 1981–1986 pilot student exchanges, and although it was formally adopted only shortly before the beginning of the academic year 1987–1988, it was still possible for 3,244 students to participate in Erasmus in its first year. In 2006, over 150,000 students, or almost 1% of the European student population, took part. The proportion is higher among university teachers, where Erasmus teacher mobility is 1.9% of the teacher population in Europe, or 20,877 people.

From 1987 to 2006, over two million students benefited from Erasmus grants, and the European Commission aimed to reach a total of 3 million by 2012. In 2004 Erasmus Programme was awarded the Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation.

Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013
After 2007, the Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013 replaced the Socrates programme as the overall umbrella under which the Erasmus (and other) programmes operated.

Erasmus Mundus
The Erasmus Mundus programme is a parallel programme oriented towards globalising European education and is open to non-Europeans with Europeans being exceptional cases.

Citizens' initiative for more money 2014–2020
In May 2012, Fraternité 2020 was registered as Europe's first European Citizens' Initiative and a goal to increase the budget for EU exchange programmes like Erasmus or the European Voluntary Service starting in 2014. It ultimately collected only 71,057 signatures from citizens across the EU out of 1 million signatures needed by 1 November 2013.

Erasmus+ Programme 2014–2020
Erasmus+ also called Erasmus Plus, has been the new 14.7 billion euro catch-all framework programme for education, training, youth and sport from 2014 to 2020. The Erasmus+ programme combined all the EU's schemes for education, training, youth and sport, including the Lifelong Learning Programme (Erasmus, Leonardo da Vinci, Comenius, Grundtvig), Youth in Action and five international co-operation programmes (Erasmus Mundus, Tempus, Alfa, Edulink and the programme for co-operation with industrialised countries). The Erasmus+ regulation was signed on 11 December 2013.

Erasmus+ provided grants for a wide range of actions including the opportunity for students to undertake work placements abroad and for teachers and education staff to attend training courses. Projects are divided into two parts – formal and non-formal education – each of them with three key actions. Erasmus+ key action one provides a unique opportunity for teachers, headmasters, trainers and other staff of education institutions to participate in international training courses in different European countries.

The staff home institution must apply to receive the grant to send its staff members abroad for training.

Erasmus+ conducted projects in Central Asia's Kazakhstan, funding 40 projects involving 47 Kazach universities with more than 35.5 million euros.

With Brexit, the UK government decision not to participate in Erasmus+ meant UK students (9,993 in 2018) lost access to the Erasmus programme and EU students (29,797 in 2018) lost access to UK universities, despite some Conservatives such as Suella Braverman having benefitted from it and promises made by then-Prime Minister Boris Johnson that "There is no threat to the ERASMUS scheme." The UK deciding to utilise the funds it would have paid into Erasmus+ to create the Turing scheme, allowing 40,000 students p.a., from age 4 to University age, to gain experience overseas, without being limited to European destinations.

Erasmus+ Programme 2021–2027
On 30 May 2018, the European Commission adopted its proposal for the next Erasmus programme, with a doubling of the budget to 30 billion euros for the period 2021–2027. Further negotiations were expected to take place during the 2019–2024 European parliamentary term with the European Parliament and the European Council before the final programme is adopted. The agreement between the European Parliament and the European Council was adopted and the publication of the new regulation 2021/817 establishing the new Erasmus+ programme was made on 28 May 2021.

For the second phase of the programme, the EU has made the commitment to expand “Erasmus+” further and to enrich it by introducing a new ´greening´ dimension as well as a strong new digital education component. The new greening dimension is designed to contribute to combating climate change and addressing other global challenges including health, while the digital education strand seeks in particular to improve the quality of online education in Europe which has grown considerably in the aftermath of the Covid 19 pandemic. Further transversal priorities for the programme are the commitment to social inclusion and diversity, and to promoting stronger participation in democratic life, common values and civic engagement.

Participation and impact of the programme
Nearly 14 million people have participated in the Erasmus programme since its creation. The number of young participants has increased significantly since 1987. Nearly 300,000 a year compared with only 3,244 in 1987. Spain is the country that has allowed most people to participate in Erasmus with more than 40,000 per year, slightly ahead of France, Germany and Italy. The countries receiving the most Erasmus students are Spain with more than 47,000 students and then Germany with 32,800. Erasmus has positively impacted higher education, bringing educational, social, cultural, and economic benefits to institutions. It professionalizes international cooperation, strengthens academic ties, fosters research collaborations, and forms informal networks, creating friendships across borders. The programme has become a valued source of 'soft power' and diplomatic value for participating countries. There are currently more than 4,000 higher institutions participating in Erasmus across the 37 countries. In 2012–13, 270,000 took part, the most popular destinations being Spain, Germany, Italy and France. Erasmus students represented 5 percent of European graduates as of 2012.

Studies have discussed issues related to the selection into the programme and the representativeness of the participants. Some studies have raised doubts about the inclusiveness of the programme, by socio-economic background, level of study, or academic performance. Thus, one study analyses the financial issues and family background of Erasmus students, showing that despite the fact that access to the programme has been moderately widened, there are still important socio-economic barriers to participation in the programme. Another study uncovered what seems to be an adverse self-selection of Erasmus students based on their prior academic performance, with higher-performing students less likely to participate than lower-performing ones. However, this case was based on a number of four hundred graduates in a Spanish university only. Inversely, one study looking in details at French and Italian students found that the primary predictor of participation to Erasmus was students' prior academic records, not the occupation of their parents.

Requirements
The Erasmus Programme had previously been restricted to applicants who had completed at least one year of tertiary-level study, but it is now also available to secondary school students. Indeed, non-formal education programmes for adults, can expand opportunities for its students and staff through the development of international partnerships following the priorities of the Programme, such as inclusion and diversity, digital transformation, environment and climate change or participation in democratic life.

Details
Students who join the Erasmus Programme study at least three months or do an internship for a period of at least 2 months to an academic year in another European country. The former case is called a Student Mobility for Studies or SMS, while the latter case is called a Student Mobility of Placement or SMP. The Erasmus Programme guarantees that the period spent abroad is recognised by their university when they come back, as long as they abide by terms previously agreed. Switzerland has been suspended as a participant in the Erasmus programme as of 2015, following the popular vote to limit the immigration of EU citizens into Switzerland. As a consequence, Swiss students will not be able to apply for the programme and European students will not be able to spend time at a Swiss university under that programme.

A main part of the programme is that students do not pay extra tuition fees to the university that they visit. Students can also apply for an Erasmus grant to help cover the additional expense of living abroad. Students with disabilities can apply for an additional grant to cover extraordinary expenses.

In order to reduce expenses and increase mobility, many students also use the European Commission-supported accommodation network, CasaSwap, FlatClub, Erasmusinn, Eurasmus, Erasmate or Student Mundial, which are free websites where students and young people can rent, sublet, offer and swap accommodation – on a national and international basis. A derived benefit is that students can share knowledge and exchange tips and hints with each other before and after going abroad.

Impact
Erasmus has positively impacted higher education, bringing educational, social, cultural, and economic benefits to institutions. It professionalises international cooperation, strengthens academic ties, fosters research collaborations, and forms informal networks, creating friendships across borders. The programme has become a valued source of 'soft power' and diplomatic value for participating countries.

The "Erasmus experience"
For many higher education students, the "Erasmus" Programme is their first time living and studying in another country. Alongside academic study or practical training, the programme fosters learning and understanding of the host country, and the “Erasmus” experience is considered both a time for learning as well as a chance to socialize and experience a different culture, not to mention self-discovery. In this respect, and thanks to its popularity among students, it has emerged as a contemporary cultural phenomenon, inspiring books and films that explore the Erasmus experience.

Films
Most of the characters in the French-Spanish film L'Auberge espagnole (2002) are enrolled in the programme, which plays a central role in the film.

Various documentary films have been produced around the programme, notably the Italian documentary Erasmus 24 7 or Erasmus, notre plus belle année (2017).

Books
The self-finding experiences of “Erasmus” students in France form the basis for Davide Faraldi's first novel Generazione Erasmus (2008).

In David Mitchell's 1997 novel Slade House, an “Erasmus” party is the scene for an important experience for fresher student Sally Timms.

Pakistani novelist Nimra Ahmed's novel Jannat K Patte (Leaves of Heaven) is based on the Erasmus programme, where the protagonist Haya goes to Sabancı University Turkey through Erasmus Mundus, which marks a turning point in her life.

In the novel Normal People (2020) and its subsequent adaptation by Irish author Sally Rooney and its subsequent adaptation for television, Marianne goes to Sweden via the “Erasmus” programme.

Cafébabel
The online public forum Cafébabel was founded in 2001 by Erasmus exchange programme students, and is headquartered in Paris. The forum is based on the principle of participatory journalism. As of June 2020 it had over 15,000 contributors as well as a team of professional editors and journalists in Paris, Brussels, Rome, Madrid and Berlin. Volunteer contributors simultaneously translate the forum into six languages – French, English, German, Italian, Spanish and Polish.

The Erasmus generation
Some academics have speculated that former Erasmus students will prove to be a powerful force in creating a pan-European identity. In 2005, the political scientist Stefan Wolff, for example, has argued that "Give it 15, 20 or 25 years, and Europe will be run by leaders with a completely different socialisation from those of today", referring to the so-called 'Erasmus generation'. This term describes young Europeans who participate in Erasmus programme and are assumed to support European integration more actively when compared with their elder generations. The assumption is that young Europeans, who enjoyed the benefits of European integration, think of themselves as European citizens, and therefore create a base of support for further European integration. However, questions are raised about whether there is positive correlation between the programme and pro-European integration.

According to the former European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Youth and Sport, Tibor Navracsics, Erasmus programme is a soft power tool and it reflects the political motivation behind its creation, including the task of legitimising the European institutions. This conception has already presented in the project of Sofia Corradi, an Italian educationalist creator of the Erasmus Programme. She gives a particular attention to the need to activate an exchange between young people from all over Europe to contribute to the strengthening of its unity and integrity.

One issue discussed is whether participation in the Erasmus programma helps generate more European solidarity. A study carried out by the European Commission in 2010, shows that participating to Erasmus strengthens tolerance. Another issue is whether Erasmus enables the mixing of Europeans. For example, more than a quarter of Erasmus participants meet their life partner through it and participation in Erasmus encourages mobility between European countries. Umberto Eco called it sexual integration. The European Commission estimates that the program has resulted directly in the births of over 1 million children, sometimes called "Erasmus Babies".

As to whether Erasmus fosters a sense of European identity the results are mixed. Some research indicates that those participating in Erasmus exchanges are already significantly predisposed to be pro-European, leading some scholars to conclude that such exchange programmes are 'preaching to the converted'. However, more recent research has criticised the earlier findings for being methodically flawed, relying primarily on the experience of British students and for using relatively small samples. Relying on a larger scale survey conducted on some 1700 students in six countries, Mitchell found that 'participation in an Erasmus exchange is significantly and positively related to changes in both identification as European and identification with Europe'. In addition, it has also been submitted that the earlier literature confused cause and effect, since the existence of such programmes constitutes a tangible benefit provided by the EU to prospective students interested in going abroad, which may cause them to view the EU positively even prior to participation.

title: Erasmus Programme


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Polwarth sheep

Polwarth is a breed of sheep that was developed in Victoria (Australia) during 1880. They were of one-quarter Lincoln and three-quarters Merino bloodlines. They are large, predominantly polled sheep with long, soft, quite fine wool and produce good meat carcasses. They were developed in an attempt to extend the grazing territory of sheep because the Merino was found lacking in hardiness in this respect. A dual-purpose (meat and wool) breed with a major emphasis on wool production. Richard Dennis, of Tarndwarncoort in south west Victoria, bred the Polwarth, first known as Dennis Comebacks. Descendants of Richards Dennis continue to grow Polwarth wool at Tarndwarncoort, maintaining the original bloodlines in a flock referred to as the "Blue Dots".

Wool
Polwarth wool is well regarded for its application in woolcraft. The longer staple length, up to 130mm, makes it easy for handspinning and felting. The wool is soft enough to wear against skin, and is known for its drape. Millspun yarns made solely of Polwarth wool are commercially available.

Polwarth sheep were developed with white wool; however, natural black, brown, grey wool flocks have expanded the popularity of Polwarth wool for craft.

Characteristics
Mature ewes weigh 50 to 60 kg and mature rams weigh 66 to 80 kg. Ewes are excellent prime lamb mothers, producing lambs that have good lean carcasses. The high-yielding fleeces weigh an average six to seven kilograms, with a fibre diameter of 23 to 25 microns (58–60s).

Economy
The Polwarth Sheepbreeders' Association of Australia was formed in 1918 and the studbook closed in 1948.

Polwarths are now raised mostly in the higher rainfall regions of south-eastern Australia that have improved pastures. Polwarths have been exported into many countries, including South America, where they are known as Ideals. Polwarth and Corriedale form the main sheep breeds on the Falkland Islands.

title: Polwarth sheep