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Raymond Bailey

Raymond Thomas Bailey (May 6, 1904 – April 15, 1980) was an American actor on the Broadway stage, films, and television. He is best known for his role as greedy banker Milburn Drysdale in the television series The Beverly Hillbillies.

Early life and attempts at acting
Bailey was born in San Francisco, California, the son of William and Alice (née O'Brien) Bailey. When he was a teenager he went to Hollywood to become a movie star. He found it was harder than he had thought, however, and took a variety of short-term jobs. He worked for a time as a day laborer at a movie studio in the days of silent pictures, but was fired for sneaking into a mob scene while it was being filmed. He also worked for a while as a stockbroker and a banker.

Having no success receiving movie roles of any kind, Bailey then went to New York City where he had no better success obtaining roles in theatre. Eventually, he began working as a merchant seaman and sailed to various parts of the world, including China, Japan, the Philippines and the Mediterranean. While docked in Hawaii, he worked on a pineapple plantation, acted at the community theatre and sang on a local radio program.

Success on the second try at acting
In 1938, he decided to try Hollywood again. His luck changed for the better when he actually began getting some bit parts in movies. He appeared as the character of Mr. West in the action adventure serial The Green Hornet (1940). After the United States entered World War II he again served in the United States Merchant Marine. When the war was over he returned to Hollywood and eventually began getting bigger character roles.

Television
In the early 1950s, Bailey was cast in many character roles in television series, such as Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Tales of Tomorrow (episode "Ice from Space"), Frontier, Crusader, My Friend Flicka (episode "When Bugles Blow"), Gunsmoke (episodes "General Parsley Smith" and "The Big Con"), Tightrope, State Trooper, Coronado 9, and Johnny Ringo.

Other appearances were on The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, Private Secretary, Playhouse 90, The Rifleman, Laramie, Bat Masterson, The Jack Benny Program, Yancy Derringer, Riverboat, Bourbon Street Beat, 77 Sunset Strip, Hennesey, The Twilight Zone, three times on Bonanza, One Step Beyond, The Untouchables, Have Gun – Will Travel, The Tab Hunter Show, Pete and Gladys, The Donna Reed Show, Bachelor Father, Going My Way, The Tom Ewell Show, The Investigators, Science Fiction Theatre (episode "The Long Day"), Whirlybirds, twice on Mister Ed, and twice on Wagon Train.

Bailey made two guest appearances on Perry Mason, playing banker Mr. Hilliard in "The Case of the Caretaker's Cat," and Dr. Bell in "The Case of the Injured Innocent." During its 1960–1961 season, he had a regular role on My Sister Eileen and guest-starred on Pat O'Brien's ABC sitcom Harrigan and Son. He appeared in the 1962–1963 season as Dean McGruder on CBS's The Many Loves Of Dobie Gillis.

Broadway plays
Bailey appeared in four Broadway plays, as Howard Haines in Last Stop (1944), playing an unknown man in The Bat (1953), A. J. Alexander in Sing Till Tomorrow (1953), and Captain Randolph Southard in The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial (1954–1955), which starred Henry Fonda.

Film roles
Bailey's film roles include playing a member of the board in the comedy/romance Sabrina (1954) starring Humphrey Bogart, Audrey Hepburn and William Holden; Mr. Benson in the drama Picnic (1955) starring William Holden and Kim Novak; a doctor in Hitchcock's drama/thriller Vertigo (1958) starring James Stewart and Novak; a Colonel in the comedy No Time for Sergeants (1958) starring Andy Griffith; the warden of San Quentin in the crime/dramas I Want to Live! starring Susan Hayward and as Philip Dressler in The Lineup (1958); lawyer Brancato in the crime drama Al Capone (1959) starring Rod Steiger; and Major General Alexander "Archie" Vandegrift in the World War II drama The Gallant Hours (1960). He also played a plantation owner in Band of Angels (1957) starring Clark Gable, Sidney Poitier and Yvonne De Carlo. He also played in the low-budget horror classic, Tarantula! (1955), and had a small role in Irwin Allen's Five Weeks in a Balloon (1962).

Mr. Drysdale on The Beverly Hillbillies
In The Beverly Hillbillies, Nancy Kulp portrayed Bailey's ever loyal and by-the-book secretary, Miss Jane Hathaway. Banker Drysdale managed the millions of dollars in oil money royalties in the bank account of country gentleman Jed Clampett (portrayed by Buddy Ebsen). He was so keen on keeping an eye on the Clampetts that he convinced them to buy the mansion right next door to his own, in ritzy Beverly Hills. Often, Mr. Drysdale would be required to talk with Clampett about how strange "city life" and "city folk" are (when compared to Mr. Clampett's view of "normal" country folk). On occasions when Mr. Clampett was considering withdrawing all his funds and returning to the country (his home near Bug Tussle), the miserly Mr. Drysdale would often panic and desperately work to try keep the family (and their fortune) in Beverly Hills.

Bailey began feeling the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease around the time of the final episodes of The Beverly Hillbillies. He made only two film appearances after the show's 1971 cancellation — the Disney features Herbie Rides Again (1974) and The Strongest Man in the World (1975) — before retiring in 1975 due to the effects of the disease.

In his final years, Bailey divided his time between a condominium and a houseboat in Laguna Niguel, California. He kept in touch with former co-star Nancy Kulp (whom he nicknamed "Slim") but was primarily a recluse.

Death
Bailey died of a heart attack on April 15, 1980, aged 75, in Irvine, California. His body was cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea.

Selected filmography

 * Blackwell's Island (1939) as Cash Sutton, a Henchman (uncredited)
 * Made for Each Other (1939) as Salt Lake City Hospital Chemist (uncredited)
 * Secret Service of the Air (1939) as Klune – Henchman Starting Fight (uncredited)
 * The Adventures of Jane Arden (1939) as Vanders' Henchman Driving Car (uncredited)
 * S.O.S. Tidal Wave (1939) as Roy Nixon
 * Daredevils of the Red Circle (1939, Serial) as Stanley, Secretary [Chs. 1–3, 11]
 * Hell's Kitchen (1939) as Whitey
 * They All Come Out (1939) as Hughie (uncredited)
 * Each Dawn I Die (1939) as Convict (uncredited)
 * I Stole a Million (1939) as Cabby (uncredited)
 * Coast Guard (1939) as First Officer (uncredited)
 * Flight at Midnight (1939) as Bill Hawks
 * Sabotage (1939) (uncredited)
 * The Roaring Twenties (1939) as 2nd Ex-Con (uncredited)
 * Invisible Stripes (1939) as Bookie (uncredited)
 * The Green Hornet (1940) as Mr. West [Ch. 6] (uncredited)
 * Black Friday (1940) as Louis Devore (uncredited)
 * Forgotten Girls (1940) as Reporter (uncredited)
 * Island of Doomed Men (1940) as Mystery Killer (uncredited)
 * Florian (1940) as White-haired Soldier (uncredited)
 * I Love You Again (1940) as First Man Greeting Wilson in Pottery Office (uncredited)
 * The Secret Seven (1940) as Racketeer (uncredited)
 * A Man Betrayed (1941) as Amato Henchman (uncredited)
 * The People vs. Dr. Kildare (1941) as Father (uncredited)
 * The Male Animal (1942) as Reporter on Porch (uncredited)
 * The Mystery of Marie Roget (1942) as Gendarme (uncredited)
 * Embraceable You (1948) as Truck Driver (uncredited)
 * The Girl from Jones Beach (1949) as Party Guest (uncredited)
 * The Kangaroo Kid (1950) as Quinn
 * Sabrina (1954) as Member of the Board (uncredited)
 * Tarantula! (1955) as Townsend
 * The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing (1955) as Judge Fitzgerald (uncredited)
 * The Return of Jack Slade (1955) as Professor
 * Picnic (1955) as Mr. Benson
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents
 * (Season 1 Episode 7: "Breakdown") (1956) as Ed Johnson
 * (Season 1 Episode 10: "The Case of Mr. Pelham") (1956) as Dr. Harley
 * (Season 1 Episode 28: "Portrait of Jocelyn") (1956) as Jeff Harrison
 * (Season 2 Episode 30: "The Three Dreams of Mr. Findlater") (1957) as uncredited Psychiatrist in introduction
 * (Season 3 Episode 12: "Miss Paisley's Cat") (1957) as Inspector Graun
 * (Season 3 Episode 16: "Sylvia") (1958) as Dr. Jason
 * (Season 3 Episode 27: "Disappearing Trick") (1958) as Herbert Gild
 * (Season 5 Episode 18: "Backward, Turn Backward") (1960) as Mr. Harris
 * (Season 6 Episode 5: "The Five-Forty-Eight") (1960) as Mr. Watkins
 * (Season 7 Episode 38: " Where Beauty Lies") (1962) as The Doctor
 * Time Table (1956) as Sam Hendricks (uncredited)
 * Outside the Law (1956) as Philip Bormann
 * Congo Crossing (1956) as Peter Mannering
 * I've Lived Before (1956) as Joseph Hackett, Federal Airways
 * Away All Boats (1956) as RAdm. Stacy Bender (uncredited)
 * The Girl He Left Behind (1956) as General
 * The Great American Pastime (1956) as George Carruthers
 * The Incredible Shrinking Man (1957) as Doctor Thomas Silver
 * Band of Angels (1957) as Mr. Stuart
 * Darby's Rangers (1958) as Brig. Gen. W.A. Wise
 * Underwater Warrior (1958) as Adm. Ashton
 * Lafayette Escadrille (1958) as Amos J. Walker
 * The Lineup (1958) as Philip Dressler
 * Vertigo (1958) as Scottie's Doctor
 * No Time for Sergeants (1958) as Base Colonel
 * The Space Children (1958) as Dr. Wahrman
 * King Creole (1958) as Mr. Evans – School Principal
 * I Want to Live! (1958) as San Quentin Warden
 * Al Capone (1959) as Lawyer Brancato
 * Wake Me When It's Over (1960) as Gen. Weigang
 * The Gallant Hours (1960) as Maj. Gen. Archie Vandergrift
 * From the Terrace (1960) as Mr. Eugene St.John
 * The Absent Minded Professor (1961) as Admiral Olmstead
 * The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1962) (Season 1 Episode 1: "A Piece of the Action") as Allie Saxon
 * The Beverly Hillbillies (1962–1971, TV Series) as Milburn Drysdale
 * Five Weeks in a Balloon (1962) as Randolph
 * Herbie Rides Again (1974) as Lawyer
 * The Strongest Man in the World (1975) as Regent Burns (final film role)

title: Raymond Bailey


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Bird of Prey (disambiguation)

Bird of prey refers to several species of carnivorous birds.

Bird of Prey may also refer to:

Aviation

 * Boeing Bird of Prey, a black project Boeing aircraft
 * Bird of Prey, a specific Boeing EC-135E aircraft

Albums

 * Bird of Prey (album), an album by Zozobra

Songs

 * "Sunset (Bird of Prey)", a 2000 song by Fatboy Slim
 * "Bird of Prey" (Jim Morrison song), a song on the 1995 remastered edition of An American Prayer
 * "Bird of Prey" (Uriah Heep song)
 * "Bird of Prey", a song by Natalie Prass from Natalie Prass
 * "Birds of Prey", a song by Christina Aguilera from her 2010 album Bionic

Television

 * Bird of Prey (TV serial), a 1982 BBC drama series starring Richard Griffiths
 * "Bird of Prey" (The Batman), an episode of The Batman

Other uses

 * Bird of Prey, part of the Batgirl: Year One comic series by DC Comics
 * Bird of Prey (Star Trek), a fictional type of spacecraft in the Star Trek universe

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bird of Prey (disambiguation)


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Talk:Ku-ring-gai Council

Untitled
Ku-ring-gai has never been a "shire", it's always been a "council" (see the website, it says "ku-ring-gai council"). the "shire" term is not a generic term that is used consistently for all lga's. some are councils, some are municipalities, some are shires. i think it makes more sense to leave the article at ku-ring-gai as it's mostly likely to get the most hits that way, or at the very least move it to Ku-ring-gai Council, but not ku-ring-gai shire. clarkk 09:18, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * What's wrong with redirects? - Ta bu shi da yu 09:16, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * because it makes serendiptious links more difficult and makes it more likely that we'll have double redirects, and is breaks the naming conventions that articles should be at the most common name (see my post on the sydney wikiproject page). clarkk 13:36, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Shires are for rural council areas.
 * Municipalities are for urban council area.
 * Thus Ku-ring-gai Municipal Council (KMC).
 * Syd1435 05:58, 2004 Oct 25 (UTC)

How did Warrimoo get into the Kuringai Shire? It used to live in the Blue Mountains. Thortful 13:26, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * perhaps there are two warrimoo's, according to the nsw department of local government (who should know), warrimoo is part of ku-ring-gai clarkk 13:35, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * the dlg SHOULD know better than to create two Warrimoos. Thortful 13:59, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * looks like they have: 2075 for the ku-ring-gai one and 2774 is the blue mountains one, bad dlg, bad. clarkk 14:05, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

2075 is post code for St. Ives
2075 is post code for St Ives, St. Ives Chase, etc.

There are no suburbs starting with the letter "W" with the post code 2075.

Warrimoo is a street within St Ives Chase, and therefore has the post code 2075.

The DLG must have a typographic error somewhere.

Warrimoo postcodes
The following postcodes can get easily confused

 * Warrimoo 2774
 * Warrawee 2074

Note: Warrimoo (Suburb)is not part of Ku-Ring-Gai. Warrimoo is a street situated within St Ives Chase (2075) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.136.64.100 (talk) 15:40, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

Syd1435 05:55, 2004 Oct 25 (UTC)

 * Back in the 60's and 70's, Warrimoo was actually an accepted name for the part of St Ives now known as 'St Ives Chase'.   The name was discouraged,  partly to avoid confusion with the suburb in the Blue Mountains.Eregli bob (talk) 07:34, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

Council vs LGA
The LGA is the geographical area; the Council is the administrative body for that area. As such Kur-ring-gai Council is not a LGA, rather Ku-ring-gai Council is the body administrating the Ku-ring-gai LGA.

Either the article should be moved to "Ku-ring-gai" or the content should be changed to reflect that fact that the council administers the area, but is not the name of the area itself.

Pedantic? Yes... but this is an encyclopaedia.

Cheers, --Daveb 03:14, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, intellectually challenged idiots in the New South Wales government insist that large and inanimate tracts of land are actually called 'councils'.   A 'council' is actually the elected committee in charge of the local government administrative organisation that administers some local functions for specific areas,  and isn't really an appropriate name for the area itself.Eregli bob (talk) 07:32, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

East Turramurra
I have just created a page on East Turramurra and I was wondering should it be part of the lists of suburbs in Ku-ring-gai council? I put that reference box there but I wasn't sure if it was official enough to be part of it. Ziperingzap 23:58, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Infobox Update
This page has had its infobox updated to Infobox Australian Place. This update has been automatically preformed by [[User:TheJoshBot|TheJoshBot. Please be aware that poorly filled templates can have infomation lost in the transition that is unknown to the bot. Check the page history for more infomation. The following infomation has been lost in the transition, and will need to be converted to the document prose:

Suburbs and Localities
Various parts of Ku-ring-gai have always been known by descriptive designations such as 'east' and 'west' to indicate their location in relation to other places.

For some reason, some of these, such as 'East Lindfield' and 'West Pymble' are now classified as separate suburbs which are distinct from 'Lindfield' and 'Pymble',   where as other places such as 'West Killara'  and  'East Gordon',  are not classified as separate suburbs,  but as 'localities' within the suburbs of 'Killara' and 'Gordon' respectively.

Does anyone know why this is so ? It thought it might have something to do with postcodes,  but Lindfield,  East Lindfield, and West Lindfield  all have the same postcode. I thought it might have something to do with having their own shopping centre,  but West Lindfield has shops, but is not a 'separate' suburb from Lindfield,   while East Killara has no shops, but it IS a separate suburb.

If anyone knows the reason for this, some explanation would be useful.Eregli bob (talk) 07:41, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ku-ring-gai Council


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Clive Matthewson

Clive Denby Matthewson (born 1944) is a New Zealand civil engineer and former politician.

Early life and career
Matthewson was born in Wellington in 1944. He was educated at Waitaki Boys' High School and University of Canterbury. He has a PhD in Civil Engineering which he completed in 1970. The title of his PhD thesis was: "The elastic behaviour of a laterally loaded pile". He worked as a civil engineer until he was elected to parliament in 1984.

Political career
He was chairman of the electorate for the Labour Party and also a member of Labour's governing body the New Zealand Council. In 1977, he sought the Labour nomination for the Christchurch electorate of, but was beaten by former MP Mike Moore. Two years later he stood for the Labour candidacy for the seat in a by-election, but was again unsuccessful. Matthewson then unsuccessfully contested the electorate in the  for the Labour Party.

In the 1983 electoral redistribution, the number of Dunedin electorates was reduced from three to two. Brian MacDonell, who had since represented, was supposed to represent the new Dunedin West electorate. However, Labour's president, Jim Anderton, presided over MacDonell's de-selection and installed his personal friend Matthewson instead. Matthewson was elected to Dunedin West in. Matthewson was considered one of the most effective backbenchers in the Fourth Labour Government. In August 1989, he was appointed by Prime Minister Geoffrey Palmer as Under-Secretary to the Minister of Health and Labour.

In February 1990, he was elected to cabinet and was appointed by Palmer as Minister of State Services, Minister of Science, Minister in charge of the Audit Department and Associate Minister of State Owned Enterprises, Energy, Commerce and Labour.

After the government was defeated he was appointed Shadow Minister of Social Security and State Services by Labour leader Mike Moore in 1991. He left Labour in 1995 to jointly establish the United New Zealand party with six other sitting MPs. Matthewson became United's leader, and when the party formed a coalition with the governing National Party in 1996 he was made a Cabinet Minister. In the 1996 election, Peter Dunne was the only United politician to keep his seat, and Matthewson, who had contested the new electorate, did not return to Parliament.

In the 1998 New Year Honours, he was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for public services as a Member of Parliament.

At the 1998 local-body elections Matthewson ran for the position of Mayor of Dunedin, but was defeated by incumbent Sukhi Turner.

Post-politics
He was the Director of Development and Alumni Relations at the University of Otago from 2002 to 2008, and between 23 July 2004 and 30 September 2008 was on the board of directors for the New Zealand Railways Corporation.

Personal life
Matthewson is married with five children. Katherine Rich, a former National Party MP, is his niece.

title: Clive Matthewson


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Shift work

Shift work is an employment practice designed to keep a service or production line operational at all times. The practice typically sees the day divided into shifts, set periods of time during which different groups of workers perform their duties. The term "shift work" includes both long-term night shifts and work schedules in which employees change or rotate shifts.

In medicine and epidemiology, shift work is considered a risk factor for some health problems in some individuals, as disruption to circadian rhythms may increase the probability of developing cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, diabetes, altered body composition and obesity, among other conditions.

History
The shift work system in modern industrial manufacturing originated in the late 18th century.

In 1867 Karl Marx wrote on the shift work system in Capital, Volume 1: "Capitalist production therefore drives, by its inherent nature, towards the appropriation of labour throughout the whole of the 24 hours in the day. But since it is physically impossible to exploit the same individual labour-power constantly, during the night as well as the day, capital has to overcome this physical obstacle. An alternation becomes necessary, between the labour-powers used up by day and those used up by night ... It is well known that this shift-system, this alternation of two sets of workers, predominated in the full-blooded springtime of the English cotton industry, and that at the present time it still flourishes, among other places, in the cotton-spinning factories of the Moscow gubernia. This 24-hour process of production exists today as a system in many of the as yet 'free' branches of industry in Great Britain, in the blast-furnaces, forges, rolling mills and other metallurgical establishments of England, Wales and Scotland."

The Cromford Mill, starting from 1772, ran day and night with two twelve-hour shifts.

Health effects
Shift work increases the risk for the development of many disorders. Shift work sleep disorder is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by insomnia, excessive sleepiness, or both. Shift work is considered essential for the diagnosis. The risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 is increased in shift workers, especially men. People working rotating shifts are more vulnerable than others.

Women whose work involves night shifts have a 48% increased risk of developing breast cancer. This may be due to alterations in circadian rhythm: melatonin, a known tumor suppressor, is generally produced at night and late shifts may disrupt its production. The WHO's International Agency for Research on Cancer listed "shift work that involves circadian disruption" as probably carcinogenic. Shift work may also increase the risk of other types of cancer. Working rotating shift work regularly during a two-year interval has been associated with a 9% increased the risk of early menopause compared to women who work no rotating shift work. The increased risk among rotating night shift workers was 25% among women predisposed to earlier menopause. Early menopause can lead to a host of other problems later in life. A recent study, found that women who worked rotating night shifts for more than six years, eleven percent experienced a shortened lifespan. Women who worked rotating night shifts for more than 15 years also experienced a 25 percent higher risk of death due to lung cancer.

Shift work also increases the risk of developing cluster headaches, heart attacks, fatigue, stress, sexual dysfunction, depression, dementia, obesity, metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and reproductive disorders. Shift work also can worsen chronic diseases, including sleep disorders, digestive diseases, heart disease, hypertension, epilepsy, mental disorders, substance abuse, asthma, and any health conditions that are treated with medications affected by the circadian cycle. Artificial lighting may additionally contribute to disturbed homeostasis. Shift work may also increase a person's risk of smoking.

The health consequences of shift work may depend on chronotype, that is, being a day person or a night person, and what shift a worker is assigned to. When individual chronotype is opposite of shift timing (day person working night shift), there is a greater risk of circadian rhythms disruption. Nighttime workers sleep an average of one–four hours less than daytime workers.

Different shift schedules will have different impacts on the health of a shift worker. The way the shift pattern is designed affects how shift workers sleep, eat and take holidays. Some shift patterns can exacerbate fatigue by limiting rest, increasing stress, overworking staff or disrupting their time off.

Muscle health is also compromised by shift work: altered sleep and eating times, changes to appetite-regulating hormones and total energy expenditure, increased snacking and binge drinking, and reduced protein intake can contribute to negative protein balance, increases in insulin resistance and increases in body fat, resulting in weight gain and more long-term health challenges. Compared with the day shift, injuries and accidents have been estimated to increase by 15% on evening shifts and 28% on night shifts. Longer shifts are also associated with more injuries and accidents: 10-hour shifts had 13% more and 12-hour shifts had 28% more than 8-hour shifts. Other studies have shown a link between fatigue and workplace injuries and accidents. Workers with sleep deprivation are far more likely to be injured or involved in an accident. Breaks reduce accident risks.

One study suggests that, for those working a night shift (such as 23:00 to 07:00), it may be advantageous to sleep in the evening (14:00 to 22:00) rather than the morning (08:00 to 16:00). The study's evening sleep subjects had 37% fewer episodes of attentional impairment than the morning sleepers.

There are four major determinants of cognitive performance and alertness in healthy shift-workers: circadian phase, sleep inertia, acute sleep deprivation and chronic sleep deficit.
 * The circadian phase is relatively fixed in humans; attempting to shift it so that an individual is alert during the circadian bathyphase is difficult. Sleep during the day is shorter and less consolidated than night-time sleep. Before a night shift, workers generally sleep less than before a day shift.
 * The effects of sleep inertia wear off after two–four hours of wakefulness, such that most workers who wake up in the morning and go to work suffer some degree of sleep inertia at the beginning of their shift. The relative effects of sleep inertia vs. the other factors are hard to quantify; however, the benefits of napping appear to outweigh the cost associated with sleep inertia.
 * Acute sleep deprivation occurs during long shifts with no breaks, as well as during night shifts when the worker sleeps in the morning and is awake during the afternoon, prior to the work shift. A night shift worker with poor daytime sleep may be awake for more than 18 hours by the end of his shift.  The effects of acute sleep deprivation can be compared to impairment due to alcohol intoxication, with 19 hours of wakefulness corresponding to a BAC of 0.05%, and 24 hours of wakefulness corresponding to a BAC of 0.10%.  Much of the effect of acute sleep deprivation can be countered by napping, with longer naps giving more benefit than shorter naps.  Some industries, specifically the fire service, have traditionally allowed workers to sleep while on duty, between calls for service.  In one study of EMS providers, 24-hour shifts were not associated with a higher frequency of negative safety outcomes when compared to shorter shifts.
 * Chronic sleep deficit occurs when a worker sleeps for fewer hours than is necessary over multiple days or weeks. The loss of two hours of nightly sleep for a week causes an impairment similar to those seen after 24 hours of wakefulness.  After two weeks of such deficit, the lapses in performance are similar to those seen after 48 hours of continual wakefulness.  The number of shifts worked in a month by EMS providers was positively correlated with the frequency of reported errors and adverse events.

Sleep assessment during shift work
A cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between several sleep assessment criteria and different shift work schedules (3-day, 6-day, 9-day and 21-day shift) and a control group of day shift work in Korean firefighters. The results found that all shift work groups exhibited significant decreased total sleep time (TST) and decreased sleep efficiency in the night shift but efficiency increased in the rest day. Between-group analysis of the different shift work groups revealed that day shift sleep efficiency was significantly higher in the 6-day shift while night shift sleep efficiency was significantly lower in the 21-day shift in comparison to other shift groups (p < 0.05). Overall, night shift sleep quality was worse in shift workers than those who just worked the day shift, whereas 6-day shift provided better sleep quality compared to the 21-day shift.

Safety and regulation
Shift work has been shown to negatively affect workers, and has been classified as a specific disorder (shift work sleep disorder). Circadian disruption by working at night causes symptoms like excessive sleepiness at work and sleep disturbances. Shift work sleep disorder also creates a greater risk for human error at work. Shift work disrupts cognitive ability and flexibility and impairs attention, motivation, decision making, speech, vigilance, and overall performance.

To mitigate the negative effects of shift work on safety and health, many countries have enacted regulations on shift work. The European Union, in its directive 2003/88/EC, has established a 48-hour limit on working time (including overtime) per week; a minimum rest period of 11 consecutive hours per 24-hour period; and a minimum uninterrupted rest period of 24 hours of mandated rest per week (which is in addition to the 11 hours of daily rest). The EU directive also limits night work involving "special hazards or heavy physical or mental strain" to an average of eight hours in any 24-hour period. The EU directive allows for limited derogations from the regulation, and special provisions allow longer working hours for transportation and offshore workers, fishing vessel workers, and doctors in training (see also medical resident work hours).

Aircraft traffic flight controllers and pilots
For fewer operational errors, the FAA goal calls for Flight Controllers to be on duty for 5 to 6 hours per shift, with the remaining shift time devoted to meals and breaks. For aircraft pilots, the actual time at the controls (flight time) is limited to 8 or 9 hours, depending on the time of day.

Industrial disasters
Fatigue due to shift work has contributed to several industrial disasters, including the Three Mile Island accident, the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and the Chernobyl disaster. The Alaska Oil Spill Commission's final report on the Exxon Valdez oil spill disaster found that it was "conceivable" that excessive work hours contributed to crew fatigue, which in turn contributed to the vessel's running aground.

Management practices

The practices and policies put in place by managers of round-the-clock or 24/7 operations can significantly influence shift worker alertness (and hence safety) and performance.

Air traffic controllers typically work an 8-hour day, 5 days per week. Research has shown that when controllers remain "in position" for more than two hours, even at low traffic levels, performance can deteriorate rapidly, so they are typically placed "in position" for 30-minute intervals (with 30 minutes between intervals).

These practices and policies can include selecting an appropriate shift schedule or rota and using an employee scheduling software to maintain it, setting the length of shifts, managing overtime, increasing lighting levels, providing shift worker lifestyle training, retirement compensation based on salary in the last few years of employment (which can encourage excessive overtime among older workers who may be less able to obtain adequate sleep), or screening and hiring of new shift workers that assesses adaptability to a shift work schedule. Mandating a minimum of 10 hours between shifts is an effective strategy to encourage adequate sleep for workers. Allowing frequent breaks and scheduling 8- or 10-hour shifts instead of 12-hour shifts can also minimize fatigue and help to mitigate the negative health effects of shift work.

Multiple factors need to be considered when developing optimal shift work schedules, including shift timing, length, frequency and length of breaks during shifts, shift succession, worker commute time, as well as the mental and physical stress of the job. Even though studies support 12-hour shifts are associated with increased occupational injuries and accident (higher rates with subsequent, successive shifts), a synthesis of evidence cites the importance of all factors when considering the safety of a shift.

Shift work was once characteristic primarily of the manufacturing industry, where it has a clear effect of increasing the use that can be made of capital equipment and allows for up to three times the production compared to just a day shift. It contrasts with the use of overtime to increase production at the margin. Both approaches incur higher wage costs. Although 2nd-shift worker efficiency levels are typically 3–5% below 1st shift, and 3rd shift 4–6% below 2nd shift, the productivity level, i.e. cost per employee, is often 25% to 40% lower on 2nd and 3rd shifts due to fixed costs which are "paid" by the first shift.

Shift system
The 42-hour work-week allows for the most even distribution of work time. A 3:1 ratio of work days to days off is most effective for eight-hour shifts, and a 2:2 ratio of work days to days off is most effective for twelve-hour shifts. Eight-hour shifts and twelve-hour shifts are common in manufacturing and health care. Twelve-hour shifts are also used with a very slow rotation in the petroleum industry. Twenty-four-hour shifts are common in health care and emergency services.

Shift schedule and shift plan
The shift plan or rota is the central component of a shift schedule. The schedule includes considerations of shift overlap, shift change times and alignment with the clock, vacation, training, shift differentials, holidays, etc., whereas the shift plan determines the sequence of work and free days within a shift system.

Rotation of shifts can be fast, in which a worker changes shifts more than once a week, or slow, in which a worker changes shifts less than once a week. Rotation can also be forward, when a subsequent shift starts later, or backward, when a subsequent shift starts earlier. Evidence supports forward rotating shifts are more adaptable for shift workers' circadian physiology.

One main concern of shift workers is knowing their schedule more than two weeks at a time. Shift work is stressful. When on a rotating or ever changing shift, workers have to worry about daycare, personal appointments, and running their households. Many already work more than an eight-hour shift. Some evidence suggests giving employees schedules more than a month in advance would give proper notice and allow planning, their stress level would be reduced.

Management
Though shift work itself remains necessary in many occupations, employers can alleviate some of the negative health consequences of shift work. The United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends employers avoid quick shift changes and any rotating shift schedules should rotate forward. Employers should also attempt to minimize the number of consecutive night shifts, long work shifts and overtime work. A poor work environment can exacerbate the strain of shift work. Adequate lighting, clean air, proper heat and air conditioning, and reduced noise can all make shift work more bearable for workers.

Good sleep hygiene is recommended. This includes blocking out noise and light during sleep, maintaining a regular, predictable sleep routine, avoiding heavy foods and alcohol before sleep, and sleeping in a comfortable, cool environment. Alcohol consumption, caffeine consumption and heavy meals in the few hours before sleep can worsen shift work sleep disorders. Exercise in the three hours before sleep can make it difficult to fall asleep.

Free online training programs are available to educate workers and managers about the risks associated with shift work and strategies they can use to prevent these.

Scheduling

Algorithmic scheduling of shift work can lead to what has been colloquially termed as "clopening" where the shift-worker has to work the closing shift of one day and the opening shift of the next day back-to-back resulting in short rest periods between shifts and fatigue. Co-opting employees to fill the shift roster helps to ensure that the human costs are taken into account in a way which is hard for an algorithm to do as it would involve knowing the constraints and considerations of each individual shift worker and assigning a cost metric to each of those factors. Shift based hiring which is a recruitment concept that hires people for individual shifts, rather than hiring employees before scheduling them into shifts enables shift workers to indicate their preferences and availability for unfilled shifts through a shift-bidding mechanism. Through this process, the shift hours are evened out by human-driven market mechanism rather than an algorithmic process. This openness can lead to work hours that are tailored to an individual's lifestyle and schedule while ensuring that shifts are optimally filled, in contrast to the generally poor human outcomes of fatigue, stress, estrangement with friends and family and health problems that have been reported with algorithm-based scheduling of work-shifts.

Mental (cognitive) fatigue due to inadequate sleep an/or disturbances of circadian rhythms is a common contributor to accidents and untoward incidents. While this risk cannot be eliminated, it can be managed through personal and administrative controls. This type of management is conducted through a Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS). One method used within an FRMS is objective fatigue modeling to predict periods of high risk within a 24-hour shift plan.

Missing income is also a large part of shift worker. Several companies run twenty-four-hour shifts. Most of the work is done during the day. When the work dries up, it usually is the second and third shift workers who pay the price. They are told to punch out early or use paid time off if they have any to make up the difference in their paychecks. That practice costs the average worker $92.00 a month.

Medications
Melatonin may increase sleep length during both daytime and nighttime sleep in people who work night shifts. Zopiclone has also been investigated as a potential treatment, but it is unclear if it is effective in increasing daytime sleep time in shift workers. There are, however, no reports of adverse effects.

Modafinil and R-modafinil are useful to improve alertness and reduce sleepiness in shift workers. Modafinil has a low risk of abuse compared to other similar agents. However, 10% more participants reported adverse effects (nausea and headache) while taking modafinil. In post-marketing surveillance, modafinil was associated with Stevens–Johnson syndrome. The European Medicines Agency withdrew the license for modafinil for shift workers for the European market because it judged that the benefits did not outweigh the adverse effects.

Using caffeine and naps before night shifts can decrease sleepiness. Caffeine has also been shown to reduce errors made by shift workers.

Epidemiology
According to data from the National Health Interview Survey and the Occupational Health Supplement, 27% of all U.S. workers in 2015 worked an alternative shift (not a regular day shift) and 7% frequently worked a night shift. Prevalence rates were higher for workers aged 18–29 compared to other ages. Those with an education level beyond high school had a lower prevalence rate of alternative shifts compared to workers with less education. Among all occupations, protective service occupations had the highest prevalence of working an alternative shift (54%).

One of the ways in which working alternative shifts can impair health is through decreasing sleep opportunities. Among all workers, those who usually worked the night shift had a much higher prevalence of short sleep duration (44.0%, representing approximately 2.2 million night shift workers) than those who worked the day shift (28.8%, representing approximately 28.3 million day shift workers). An especially high prevalence of short sleep duration was reported by night shift workers in the transportation and warehousing (69.7%) and health-care and social assistance (52.3%) industries.

Industries
It is estimated that 15–20% of workers in industrialized countries are employed in shift work. Shift work is common in the transportation sector as well. Some of the earliest instances appeared with the railroads, where freight trains have clear tracks to run on at night.

Shift work is also the norm in fields related to public protection and healthcare, such as law enforcement, emergency medical services, firefighting, security and hospitals. Shift work is a contributing factor in many cases of medical errors. Shift work has often been common in the armed forces. Military personnel, pilots, and others that regularly change time zones while performing shift work experience jet lag and consequently suffer sleep disorders.

Those in the field of meteorology, such as the National Weather Service and private forecasting companies, also use shift work, as constant monitoring of the weather is necessary. Much of the Internet services and telecommunication industry relies on shift work to maintain worldwide operations and uptime.

Service industries now increasingly operate on some shift system; for example a restaurant or convenience store will normally be open on most days for much longer than a working day.

There are many industries requiring 24/7 coverage that employ workers on a shift basis, including:

 * Caregiver
 * Direct support professional
 * Customer service including call centers
 * Data center and IT Operations
 * Death care (medical examiner or coroner)
 * Emergency services
 * Police
 * Firefighting
 * Emergency medical services
 * Entertainment
 * Casino workers
 * Health care
 * Funeral workers
 * Hospitality
 * Logistics & transportation
 * Railways
 * Ship Crew
 * Manufacturing
 * Flight Test
 * Military
 * Mining
 * Public utilities
 * Nuclear power
 * Fossil fuel
 * Solar, wind, and hydro power
 * Retail
 * Telecommunications
 * Television
 * Radio broadcasting
 * Security
 * Weather

title: Shift work


text:
Talk:Armoured personnel carrier

BRDM's aren't APCs
BRDMs are not armored personnel carriers. they are armored reconnaissance vehicles. --Numerousfalx 09:20, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC) I agree, they're scout cars, not APCs. We should get an M113 in here. Night Gyr 20:46, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Similarly BMP are technically known and mechanised infantry combat vehicles (MICVs). The distinguishing features are heavier armanent, often firing ports for infantyr and often a smaller dismaount squad size 6-8. I'm remvoviong the reference to teh BMP on this basis.

Urban warfare consequences
I removed the following paragraph: ''Another result of urban warfare is the spreading of wheeled APCs, such as the American/Swiss Stryker, Italian Centauro or the German Fuchs. The Strykers are very versatile and they come with several configurations: APCs, CEV, 105mm gun, mortar, anti-tank gun, recon, communication etc.''

The connection between urban warfare and wheeled APCs is a bit odd, and ignores 60 years of Soviet preference for wheeled APC (the BTR series). Harald Hansen 06:31, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually wheeled vehicles are preferred for 'street use' in some countries as when deployed they are less likely to be referred-to as 'tanks' by the Press and news media. The UK used Alvis Saracens in Northern Ireland during The Troubles for this reason long after the Saracen had been replaced by the tracked FV432. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.112.49.232 (talk) 10:55, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Vietnam
This article needs mention of APC's in the Vietnam War, especially the M-113.
 * Not everything needs mention of the Vietnam war, which according to the article, and historical fact, didn't do very much in that conflict. The current blurb regarding the M113 would be more suited to the page of the M113 itself, as it contributes little to the more general context of the article.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.245.230.124 (talk) 12:14, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

Difference between APC and IFV?
Whats the deffrence between an "Infantry fighting vehicle" and the "APC" ? Ammar (Talk - Don't Talk) 12:10, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Infantry Fighting Vehicles are for dismounting troops and providing fire support, an Armoured Personnel Carrier is just for moving troops 73.170.61.95 (talk) 18:10, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

Merge from Infantry mobility vehicle
The article Infantry mobility vehicle is just about the latest technology in APCs (and titled with the latest buzzword in APCs). It can practically be cut-and-paste as a new section for this article. Please register your objections here, or I will go ahead and merge them. —Michael Z. 2007-09-18 01:05 Z

 * Agreed. No need for a separate stub, about what is basically still an APC. Raoulduke47 18:32, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Disagree - IMVs are basically armoured trucks which can't be used to directly support infantry during firefights. Australian Army doctrine aparantly makes a very clear distinction between the roles IMVs and APCs fill so they shouldn't be conbined. --Nick Dowling (talk) 09:49, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Disagree. I think its a separate type of vehicle. APC's are tracked, flat-bottomed, and related to tanks. IMVs are V-hulled with wheels, and go through a completely different design process. Tmaull (talk) 13:38, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Disagree. An IMV is more like an armoured car than an APC. If anything iit should be merged with armoured car. F-451 (talk) 21:49, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The IMV article's first sentence says that IMVs are basically wheeled APCs, while the Bushmaster IMV article explains that the vehicle is classified as such because of its lighter armour compared to traditional APCs. The latter sounds a bit odd considering the Stryker has a greater level of protection than an M113? Is the term IMV used by any armed forces other than Australia and New Zealand? --Edward Sandstig (talk) 02:28, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Agree. The IMV seems to be nothing more than a modern sub-type of APC, without too much information about it having been provided to justify a different wikiarticle. It should have at least its own "section" in the main article, and ideally a valid and neutral source or reference for this denomination should be provided (as an example of "political classification" of armoured vehicles, please remember how light tanks in the 30's were classified by the US Army Cavalry). Kind Regards, DPdH (talk) 06:51, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Disagree. An IMV is only lightly armoured against small arms. Its V-shaped bottom distinguishes it from APCs. And let's face it, it's basically a car.BringItOn TheAteam (talk) 03:45, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

OK then, let's go through these objections:

 * "it is more of an armoured car": The first phrase of the Infantry mobility vehicle says "An infantry mobility vehicle (IMV) is a wheeled armored personnel carrier (APC)", so an IMV is defintely NOT an armoured car. Its main purpose is carrying troops, not recconnaissance missions, which is the main function of armoured cars.

 * "it is basically an armoured truck": So are many other APCs like the Russian BTR-152. Nothing new there.

 * "APC's are tracked, flat-bottomed, and related to tanks": There is no consensus on this. AFAIK, APCs come in all shapes and sizes, they can be either wheeled or tracked. No reliable source states that all light wheeled APCs should be considered IMVs. A quick google search for "infantry mobility vehicle" shows that almost all results concern the Bushmaster IMV, and not any other model. The current IMV article includes a wide range of different wheeled APCs from different countries in this category, but this is pure OR.

 * "The Australian military says they're different" I have the greatest respect for the Australian army, and the Bushmaster is without a doubt a highly effective vehicle, having more than proved its worth in Afghanistan. Nevertheless, the advent of a new type of light wheeled APC in one army does not constitute a revolution in military doctrine per se. It is only logical that the Australian army should use a light wheeled APC like the Bushmaster in a different way than a tracked APC like the M113 or a wheeled IFV like the ASLAV. The Bushmaster still IS an APC, despite the erroneous claims that have been made above, there's nothing fundamentally new about its design or its use. "Infantry mobility vehicle" is just a non-notable neologism, applied to a non-notable sub-type of APC. --Raoulduke47 (talk) 21:53, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

"Box On Wheels" links to Gavin - why?
|This edit changed the plaintext "Box on tracks" to a wikilink, leading to Gavin. Gavin is a disambig page which just lists a load of people named Gavin - any reason why this was added? Does "Gavin" have some meaning, and should the wikilink be changed to some appropriate? Danny252 (talk) 02:46, 10 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I have heard Gavin used as an unofficial name for the M113. 81.109.179.175 (talk) 13:59, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

Awkward/ Unclear ?IFV vs APC
"Although the M113 was designed as an APC, it was among the first to be used in battle in the early 1960s when South Vietnam ARVN troops fought while mounted against infantry which sometimes lacked effective antitank weapons"

 * not sure what you are driving at here. are you trying to say that the M113 was designed as an APC, but was employed as an IFV? perhaps too much detail given here of incremental M113 upgrades. The armour upgrade isn't that relevant to the overall idea of an APC, although it is an interesting detail for the article on the M113 itself

-perhaps a clarfication/discussion of APC versus IFV versus transport (truck) is what is needed here --a "battle taxi" versus "something you fight" from? Feldercarb (talk) 03:25, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

-oh, I see there is a short reference up in the first or second paragraph to IFV. Anyways, still awkwardly phrased here. Feldercarb (talk) 03:27, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

Missing History / Missing Assesment? Seems to me the article explains origin in WWII, and mentions M113 usage in Vietnam - but doesn't describe employment (?deployment?) or operational history in other cases. (Balkans? Gulf War I or II? Russians in Afganistan. Various Israeli conflicts) If I look at the article on Phoenix missle (for example) it has a short assessment of the operational history. e.g. is the concept sucessful? we've built a lot of them ... have they worked out in practise?

"Currently Israel has bought and is manufacturing over 150 new Wolf's" -- not sure how relevant this is --are there other examples of current APCs? or has the IFV mostly replaced/superceded the APC concept (sorry I am using IFV as my sort of personal shorthand here)

mechanised infantry combat vehicles -- the talk page mentions this, but I don't think the article does —Preceding unsigned comment added by Feldercarb (talk • contribs) 03:48, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

Given that the IDF has been using superseded tank hulls of recent times as a Heavy Armoured Personnel Carrier (HAPC) and that the "Kangaroo" of WWII was perhaps the progenitor of this class of armoured carrier, is there now a need to discriminate between the common APC and the HAPC? Clearly the HAPC is a design to offer greater protection to those carried from heavier calibre weapons and improvised weapons, for the common APC has as one of its design parameters protection of those carried from small arms (7.62mm?) and up to .50 inch calibre armour piercing ammunition. The HAPC far exceed this specification.

Any thoughts? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sapperk9 (talk • contribs) 07:49, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

Kangaroo
The vehicle was called Kangaroo, after the codename of the workshop which did the conversion.

This is unlikely - they were named 'Kangaroo's because the Australian animal is a marsupial and carries it's young around in a pouch. If anything, I would bet the workshop was named AFTER the Kangaroo name was applied to the modified tank-hull APCs. The 'Kangaroo' name may even be pre-war, or possibly even from as early as WW I. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.40.254.32 (talk) 16:59, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

 * That's highly unlikely since they were created by the Canadian Army, not the Australian Army, and Kangaroos are not found in Canada. 64.229.101.183 (talk) 02:56, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

Riot control APCs?
I cannot find any (English) articles that deal specifically with APCs used in riot control, so perhaps a section in this article should address the issue?

In the German Wikipedia there is an article titled 'Sonderwagen' ('Special vehicle') which describe this particular phenomenon (http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderwagen), so perhaps a seperate article might be in order?

All of course depends on whether one is a 'splitter' or a 'lumper', as to whether police and military armoured vehicles should be classified as one or two categories (and warranting seperate articles), but at least a mention in this article does seem (at least to me) to be in order.

Mojowiha (talk) 11:06, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

"dangerous tank desant tactics"
Some forces practiced dangerous tank desant tactics before the widespread adoption of APCs. I think the word "dangerous" in the picture's caption is unnecessary. If you look up the article for desant tactics, you'll see, near the bottom, a picture of a marine crew utilizing the age-old practice on an Abrams. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.0.106.231 (talk) 03:32, 17 September 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Armoured personnel carrier


text:
Milwaukee Wave

The Milwaukee Wave is an American professional indoor soccer team based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Founded in 1984, they have been the oldest continuously operating professional soccer team in the United States and are seven-time league champions, most recent being the 2018–19 champions of the Major Arena Soccer League.

The team plays their games at the UW–Milwaukee Panther Arena. The team colors are black and yellow. The team has won 7 league championships in their history, three in the NPSL, three in the MISL, and one in the MASL.

History
The team was founded on August 3, 1984, as a member of the American Indoor Soccer Association and played in every season and incarnation of that league (see MISL). They have also played in the Xtreme Soccer League and the third version of the MISL. The team is currently a member of the Major Arena Soccer League. Milwaukee also hosted the 2003 and 2006 MISL II All-Star Games.

Keith Tozer was the team's coach for 21 years before leaving to become United States national futsal team head coach. While with the Wave, he was the all-time winningest coach in North American indoor soccer, with six league championships and more than 700 wins.

The Wave played in the first season of the Xtreme Soccer League in the 2008 – 2009 season, but moved to the new Major Indoor Soccer League for the 2009–2010 season.

After the 2013–2014 season, the team announced that it was leaving the MISL along with five other teams and join the MASL.

In 2014 the ownership group ROC Ventures, headed by Mike Zimmerman, became a partner in the team's ownership.

Just before the 2014–15 season began, the Wave replaced their traditional green artificial turf with a black turf to match the team's colors and marketing strategy. Reception by fans and the press was mixed but generally positive.

Retired numbers

 * 5 – 🇺🇸 Peter Knezic
 * 11 – 🇺🇸 Steve Morris
 * 27 – Victor Nogueira
 * 13 – 🏴 Michael King
 * 17 – 🇺🇸 Todd Dusosky
 * 19 – 🇺🇸 Troy Dusosky

Other notable former players

 * 🇺🇸 Brian Loftin
 * 🇺🇸 Jimmy Banks

Year-by-year
* Regular season ended early due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Head coaches
* Keith Tozer missed parts of the 1997–98 & 1999–00 season coaching the US Futsal team. Both times, Art Kramer filled in.

Owners

 * 🇺🇸 Luis Antonio Ramos - Tony (1984)
 * 🇺🇸 Ron Creten, Wayne Lueders, Dr. Christiansen (1985–87)
 * 🇺🇸 Michael H. Bazelon (1987–2002)
 * 🇺🇸 Charles Krause (2002–09)
 * 🇺🇸 James Lindenberg (2009–2013)
 * 🇺🇸 Sue Black (2013–2014)
 * 🇺🇸 Mike Zimmerman (2014–present)

Arenas

 * MECCA Auditorium 1984–1988
 * Bradley Center 1988–2003
 * UW–Milwaukee Panther Arena 2003–present

title: Milwaukee Wave


text:
Priest (Latter Day Saints)

Priest is a priesthood office in the Aaronic priesthood of denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement, including the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Priests in the LDS Church
In the LDS Church, priest is the third of four offices of the Aaronic priesthood. Male members who turn 16 in the coming year are eligible to become ordained priests in January. An interview with and approval by the bishop is required before ordination. Prior to ordination, the proposed ordination must also be accepted by common consent by the members of the ward. With the approval of the bishop, a priest or a holder of the Melchizedek priesthood may ordain a person to the office of priest by the laying on of hands. All priests in a ward are members of a priests quorum. A priests quorum can have a maximum of 48 members.

The president of the priests quorum is the bishop, who holds the keys of the priesthood for this quorum. The bishop typically chooses a first and second assistant and a secretary from among the members of the quorum. These officers may not be set apart until after they have been accepted by the common consent of the members of the quorum.

According to the Doctrine and Covenants, the duty of a priest is to "preach, teach, expound, exhort, and baptize, and administer the sacrament". Accordingly, priests bless the sacrament and are permitted to perform baptism. They can also ordain deacons, teachers, and priests and confer the Aaronic priesthood upon others. A priest must receive the approval of the bishop prior to performing any of these actions. Usually, a priest will be paired with a man (often their father) as a ministering brother (formerly known as home teacher ). Priests also have all the duties and authority of a teacher and a deacon.

In 1908, Joseph F. Smith organized a committee to standardize and reform the Aaronic Priesthood quorums. This committee standardized the age requirements for young men to be ordained to the office of Teacher or Priest. Before that time there were not set ages for ordination.

A priest who turns 18 years old, or graduates from high school, depending on the situation, is integrated into the elders quorum. Those who are 18 years old and approved by the bishop and stake president may receive the Melchizedek priesthood and become an elder.

Priests usually spend much time preparing for future service as a missionary. All suitable young men in the church are asked to serve missions, with the option to do so at age 18 if they have graduated from high school.

Priests in the Community of Christ
In the Community of Christ, a priest is an adult, who is a congregation-focused "Minister of Presence" in the Aaronic Priesthood. Their stated purpose is to "express their ministry of presence and model Jesus as Friend by being a spiritual friend to families, congregations, and community." Each congregation should have a designated bishop or stewardship commissioner who is responsible for Aaronic ministry in that congregation. A priest is to meet the needs of their congregation by following the annual Aaronic Ministry Plan in place for their specific congregation.

Priest in the Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)
The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) does not recognize priest as a specific office of the priesthood.

title: Priest (Latter Day Saints)


text:
Tsukune

Tsukune (つくね、捏、捏ね) is a Japanese chicken meatball most often cooked yakitori style (but also can be fried, baked, or boiled) and sometimes covered in a sweet soy or yakitori tare, which is often mistaken for teriyaki sauce.

Summary
Thickeners are added to ground material such as beef, pork, or fowl, and occasionally fish or lamb. The mixture is then kneaded and molded into a dumpling or skewered.

It also refers to a fish meatball, which is added to hot soup and called tsumire-jiru (つみれ汁), or fish ball soup. Tsukune is also enjoyed as tsukune nabe, a Japanese steamboat dish with local varieties found in regions in Japan.

Traditionally, a fish fillet was ground using suribachi (すり鉢（すりばち or 擂鉢)) grinding-bowl in Japan, but blenders are now typically used.

Tsukune are traditionally placed on a bamboo skewer grilled over fire or charcoal but can also be prepared unskewered in a frying pan on the stove top.

Preparation
Thickeners such as egg, crushed yam, and bread crumbs are added after the meat is mashed or minced finely, along with seasonings such as ground ginger root, salt, and soy sauce. The mixture is shaped into dumplings or meat sticks.

Finely chopped garden vegetables are mixed into the minced meat to taste. Vegetables and herbs such as Welsh onion, red perilla, and at times, chopped cartilage of fowl may be added to create a crunchy texture.

Commonly, tsukune is found in oden (おでん or 田楽(でんがく)), a Japanese stew consisting of several ingredients in a light dashi (出汁（だし）) broth.

Varieties

 * Boil: Nabemono (鍋物), a dish cooked at the table
 * Broil: Yakimono (焼き物), broiled or char-broiled dishes, including barbecued meatball
 * Fry: Agemono (揚げ物) or deep-fried
 * Stew: Tsuyumono (汁物（つゆもの） or 団子汁（だんごじる）), stewed with vegetables and herbs

title: Tsukune


text:
Maisonneuve fracture

The Maisonneuve fracture is a spiral fracture of the proximal third of the fibula associated with a tear of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis and the interosseous membrane. There is an associated fracture of the medial malleolus or rupture of the deep deltoid ligament of the ankle. This type of injury can be difficult to detect.

The Maisonneuve fracture is typically a result of excessive, external rotative force being applied to the deltoid and syndesmotic ligaments. Due to this, the Maisonneuve fracture is described as a pronation-external rotation injury according to the Lauge-Hansen classification system. It is also classified as a Type C ankle fracture according to the Danis-Weber classification system.

The Maisonneuve fracture is similar to the Galeazzi fracture in the sense that there is an important ligamentous disruption in association with the fracture. The fracture is named after the surgeon Jules Germain François Maisonneuve.

Cause
Forceful, external rotation of the ankle joint is the main cause of a Maisonneuve fracture. Engaging in high-intensity sports or falling over can increase the risk of tearing the deltoid ligament or cause an avulsion fracture of the medial malleolus from external rotation of the foot. In some cases, motor vehicle accidents can also result in a Maisonneuve fracture.

Signs and symptoms
Common symptoms of a Maisonneuve fracture are pain, swelling, tenderness, and bruising around the ankle joint and inferior (or distal) tibiofibular joint. More specifically, as a pronation-external rotation injury, pain during external rotation of the ankle joint is expected. Additionally, there is a reduced range of motion of the foot and an inability to weight-bear due to ankle pain. Pain may also be felt around the medial and lateral aspects of the ankle, and more rarely around the superior (or proximal) tibiofibular joint. Damage to the deltoid ligament or interosseous membrane can cause haemorrhaging around the surrounding tissues, resulting in a localised oedema.

As the syndesmotic ligaments are responsible for stabilising the ankle mortise and tibiotalar joint, disruption to this syndesmosis can cause a reduction of the space between the distal tibia, fibula, and talus. A long-term effect of this is painful ankle osteoarthritis due to the direct contact between the tibia and talus.

If a Maisonneuve fracture is left untreated, instability of the tibiotalar joint and deltoid ligament can cause a valgus deformity of the ankle. This leaves the ankle joint in a state of chronic pronation, characterised by a protrusion of the medial malleolus into the subcutaneous tissue.

Pathophysiology
The Maisonneuve fracture generally follows a specific pattern of injury. The following are described as subsequent events that result in a Maisonneuve fracture:

 * Forceful, external rotation of the ankle joint results in the tearing of the deep deltoid ligament and/or an avulsion fracture of the medial malleolus.
 * The ankle mortise is subjected to excessive torque, rupturing the syndesmotic ligaments and anteromedial ankle joint capsule.
 * Rotative energy is transferred upwards along the interosseous membrane, damaging it in the process.
 * The force results in a spiral, sometimes an oblique, fracture at the neck of the proximal fibula.

In cases where the anterior aspect of the tibiofibular syndesmosis can resist mechanical stress, only an oblique fracture of the lateral malleolus is produced. Diastasis of the lateral malleolus may also occur, in which it is posterolaterally displaced from the tibia.

Although most Maisonneuve cases report a pronation-external rotation mechanism of injury, clinical studies have recorded instances of supination-external rotation being the mechanism of injury. Slight or high degrees of plantarflexion prior to supination-external rotation of the foot have been identified in patients with proximal fibular fractures.

Diagnosis
Diagnosing a Maisonneuve fracture requires a combination of medical history, physical examination, and radiographic imaging. Patients generally do not report pain near the proximal fibula, so physical examination such as palpation along the fibula is effective for differentiating a Maisonneuve fracture from an isolated syndesmotic injury. Feeling pain near the proximal fibula during palpation is a positive indication of a Maisonneuve fracture. Ankle instability is often associated with a damaged proximal fibula in a Maisonneuve fracture, so patients are typically asked about the mechanism of injury. Mortise stability is examined to rule out the possibility of an isolated fibular fracture.

Ankle radiographs are used to detect widening of the tibiofibular syndesmosis or medial clear space. The medial clear space is the area between the talus of the ankle and the medial malleolus. Damage to the deltoid ligament and syndesmotic ligaments result in mortise instability, causing the talus to laterally shift and widen the medial clear space. A clinical study, conducted in 2006 and published in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, found that the medial clear space size of a normal ankle and an injured ankle measured at 4 millimetres and 5.4 millimetres in length respectively. To confirm diagnosis, full-leg radiographs are used to inspect for fractures of the proximal fibula and widening of the interosseous clear space (or tibiofibular clear space). The interosseous clear space is the area between the medial side of the fibula and lateral side of the tibia. A peer-reviewed study, published in Injury in 2004, found that an interosseous clear space greater than 10 millimetres indicates diastasis of the syndesmotic ligaments.

If necessary, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may also be used to clarify diagnosis. MRI scans can check for interosseous membrane or tibial tubercle damage if high instability of the ankle is diagnosed. Arthroscopy may be used to diagnose a syndesmotic lesion but is often not recommended due to operative difficulty. Stress radiographs of the ankle are used to assess the integrity of the deltoid ligament and tibiofibular syndesmosis. The size of the medial clear space can also be measured using stress radiography.

Classification
A Maisonneuve fracture may be a simple fracture or comminuted fracture:

 * A simple fracture, in the case of a Maisonneuve fracture, only refers to the fibula being broken in one place without any damage being done to the surrounding tissues.
 * A comminuted fracture is when the bone is broken in more than two places.

X-ray, CT, or MRI scans can be used to diagnose the extent of the Maisonneuve fracture's damage and determine whether it is a simple or comminution fracture. During diagnosis, a supination-external rotation pattern of injury may also be concluded if there is an isolated fracture of the posterior tubercle of the tibia.

Treatment

 * Reduce the proximal fibula and medial malleolus to achieve stabilisation
 * Repair the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis and deltoid ligament
 * Restore ankle mortise stability

Treatment can be achieved by either non-operative (or conservative) or operative means. The main operative treatments for a Maisonneuve fracture are open-reduction surgery and closed-reduction surgery, both of which usually preceding internal fixation of the injury. These procedures are known as Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) and Closed Reduction Internal Fixation (CRIF).

Internal fixators
Syndesmotic screws are the main, internal fixators used in surgeries for a Maisonneuve fracture. Two main types of syndesmotic screws are used: trans-syndesmotic screws (positioned at the level of the syndesmosis) and supra-syndesmotic screws (positioned above the syndesmosis).

Based on several clinical results, syndesmotic screws are recommended to be fixed at least 1 centimetre proximal to the tibiofibular syndesmosis or 4 to 6 centimetres proximal to the tibiotalar joint line. Cadaveric analyses, from a comparative study published in Foot & Ankle International in 1997, suggest that screw fixation at 2 centimetres proximal to the tibiotalar joint line is also adequate. Biodegradable implants such as bioabsorbable screws, which do not require postoperative removal, may be used as an alternative to metallic hardware. However, biodegradable implants still limit rotation of the ankle and dorsiflexion of the foot.

Non-operative treatment
In cases where only the posterior ligaments of the tibiofibular syndesmosis are partially damaged, non-operative treatment such as long-leg casting for at least 6 weeks is recommended. Immobilisation techniques such as casting are often paired with non-weight bearing precautions. Gradually, physiotherapy rehabilitation programs allow patients to weight-bear after at least 8 weeks of postoperative casting. Orthopaedic surgeons also administer these non-operative treatments for cases where the medial malleolus remains intact.

Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF)
Open-reduction surgery is typically not performed at the level of the proximal fibula, as dissection near the proximal end may risk severing the common peroneal nerve. Instead, reducing the proximal fibula at the level of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis is recommended. A hook test is performed, using a curved hook, to assess the stability of the fibula. If instability is detected, further distraction of the fibula can be done to repair the full bone. The fibula can then be guided into the fibular notch located on the tibia, effectively restoring its length. Internal rotation of the foot may then be used to correct anatomical alignment.

Following open-reduction, internal fixation is usually performed to stabilise the ankle mortise. To account for the distal fibula being slightly posterior to the distal tibia, drill holes are angled at 30° from the anteromedial aspect of the tibia to the posterolateral aspect of the fibula. Trans-syndesmotic screws can be inserted in this way to ensure tibia fixation. Additional supra-syndesmotic screws may be temporarily inserted, for approximately 3 to 6 months, if instability is still present after fibular reduction. To reduce the fibula and restore the ankle mortise to its proper anatomical configuration, partial dorsiflexion of the foot is maintained prior to intraoperative screw fixation. This is because, in a neutral or maximally dorsiflexed position of the foot, the trochlear surface of the talus may reduce maximal postoperative dorsiflexion due to rigidity after screw fixation.

Assessing the severity of syndesmotic lesions can be performed with fluoroscopic screening. Guidance under fluoroscopy can also assist with syndesmotic screw fixation. Restoration of the anteromedial joint capsule of the ankle can be achieved with suturing techniques.

Closed Reduction Internal Fixation (CRIF)
Closed-reduction surgery requires no dissection or incisions being made into the leg to operate. It is most commonly applied in cases where the Maisonneuve fracture has only extensively damaged the anterior portion of the syndesmotic ligaments. That is, the posterior hinge of the ankle is still stable, and the foot can be internally rotated using traction to restore fibular bone length. Long-leg casting or short-leg casting is applied postoperatively to maintain this alignment.

It is generally recommended that medial malleolar fractures do not require surgical intervention if closed reduction is sufficient enough for the restoration of bone length. Otherwise, large medial malleolar fractures can be fixed using trans-syndesmotic screws, figure-of-8 wires, or Kirschner wires. For smaller medial malleolar fractures, repair with a wire-tension band is sufficient enough.

Complications
Delaying diagnosis and treatment can result in intraoperative complications. In one case of a clinical study, conducted in 2000 and published in Orthopedics, the insertion of a super-syndesmotic screw caused the lateral malleolus to be further shifted laterally; subsequent removal of the screw was necessary.

Complications that may postoperatively occur include:

 * the development of osteoarthritis around the ankle joint.
 * the development of peroneal nerve palsy following damage to the common peroneal nerve.
 * extra-osseous ("outside of the bone") calcification of vessels or tissues surrounding the tibiofibular joint.

Surgical hardware complications
Incorrectly positioned screws can potentially make contact with articular surfaces, which can cause calcification around the affected area. Screw breakage can also cause pain in these areas.

Postoperative hardware removal can cause problems such as infection, joint rigidity, or diastasis if fixation was not sufficiently long enough. In areas where residual stiffness has persisted, patients may report feeling pain or a mild aching sensation. Generally, it is recommended that hardware removal should be done anywhere from 6 weeks to 12 weeks after internal fixation to allow the tibiofibular syndesmosis to properly heal. Syndesmotic screws should be removed prior to rehabilitative training; bearing weight without prior hardware removal may result in ankle stiffness due to reduced dorsiflexion of the foot and potential screw breakage.

Postoperative follow-ups
Postoperative follow-ups are done to ensure that treatment has produced satisfactory results, such as checking if malreduction of any of the associated structures in a Maisonneuve fracture has occurred. Follow-ups may be performed from 6 months to 2 years after the surgery and are applicable for both non-operative and operative treatments.

Epidemiology
Exact incidence rates are unknown, but it is believed that the Maisonneuve fracture accounts for 5% of all ankle injuries treated in surgery. The Maisonneuve fracture has been reported in patients as young as 17–19 years old, and up to 42–70 years old. The injury is mostly seen in male patients. A clinical article on studies conducted between 2014 and 2019, published in Orthopaedic Surgery in 2020, reported that 78% of admitted patients with a Maisonneuve fracture were male.

Sporting injuries are the most common risk factor of causing a Maisonneuve fracture. Sport-related injuries were associated with 50% of all Maisonneuve fracture cases examined in one clinical study. Comorbidity of the Maisonneuve fracture and other health conditions, such as hypertension, obesity, and psoriatic arthritis, have been identified in patient medical histories.

title: Maisonneuve fracture


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Talk:Working time

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 30 June 2019 and 3 August 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Alcoalco.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:05, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

911
911 24.42.250.222 (talk) 22:14, 12 September 2021 (UTC)

 * wth dude 66.165.1.180 (talk) 21:29, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

India
Despite being one of the world's largest countries and having a huge work force. This article is lacking a lot of data regarding India's work culture. I guess, we should address this. 103.253.203.132 (talk) 04:12, 22 December 2021 (UTC)

Bad Routing
There is no way to get to the movie or the song "9 to 5" UNLESS you do it in the search-slot itself. What a user would EXPECT from Wikipedia, the USUAL practice, is one of two things: "9 to 5" goes to an article but the first sentence is "For the song, see blah blah blah, for the play, see blah blah blah, for the movie, see blah blah blah" where "blah blah blah"s are links. OR, "9 to 5" would go directly to a disambiguation-page that says "9 to 5 could refer to ..." and a list of links to articles. Why kind of world do we live in where someone (and someone whose opinion matters enough to implement it in Wikipedia) thinks that "9 to 5" as an encyclopedia-search is so OBVIOUSLY a reference to a standard 35-hour workweek (and not to ANY OTHER TOPIC, no, not POSSIBLY) that no route FROM that search to the song, movie, or play by that name needs to be built in?2600:8804:8C40:401:1C64:8308:33BC:E2D6 (talk) 06:21, 6 November 2022 (UTC)Christopher L. Simpson

title: Talk:Working time


text:
Craig McCracken

Craig McCracken (born March 31, 1971) is an American cartoonist, animator, director, writer, and producer known for creating the Cartoon Network's The Powerpuff Girls and Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Disney Channel and Disney XD's Wander Over Yonder, and Netflix's Kid Cosmic.

Regarded as "one of the most successful creators of episodic comedy cartoons", his style was "at the forefront of a second wave of innovative, creator-driven television animation" in the 1990s, along with that of other animators such as Genndy Tartakovsky, and has been credited as "a staple of American modern animated television".

Early life and education
McCracken was born March 31, 1971, in Charleroi, Pennsylvania. He began drawing at an early age. He attended California High School in Whittier, California and the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts), where he met his friend and future collaborator, Genndy Tartakovsky. During his first year, he created a series of short cartoons featuring a character named No Neck Joe, which were picked up by Spike and Mike's Sick and Twisted Festival of Animation. While at CalArts, he also created a short entitled Whoopass Stew!, which would later become the basis for The Powerpuff Girls.

Career
In 1993, McCracken was hired by Hanna-Barbera Cartoons as an art director on the Turner Broadcasting System series 2 Stupid Dogs, alongside Tartakovsky. As his first job in the animation industry, he was "never really happy with how that [show] worked". While McCracken was at Hanna-Barbera, studio president Fred Seibert began a new project: an animation incubator consisting of 48 new cartoons running approximately seven minutes each. Dubbed What a Cartoon!, it motivated McCracken to further develop his Whoopass Girls! creation. He recalled that the network could not market a show with the word "ass" in it, so two of his friends came up with The Powerpuff Girls as a replacement for the original title. His new pilot, "The Powerpuff Girls in: Meat Fuzzy Lumkins", premiered on February 20, 1995, on Cartoon Network's World Premiere Toons-In, and a second short, "Crime 101", followed on January 28, 1996. The first short to be picked up by the network was Tartakovsky's Dexter's Laboratory, which McCracken would contribute to in early seasons. McCracken's Powerpuff Girls was the fourth cartoon to be greenlit a full series, which premiered on November 18, 1998, with the final episode airing on March 25, 2005. The show has won Emmy and Annie awards. In 2002, McCracken directed The Powerpuff Girls Movie, a prequel to his series. The film received generally positive reviews but was a box office failure. McCracken left The Powerpuff Girls after four seasons, focusing on his next project, Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. It premiered with the 90-minute television special "House of Bloo's" on August 13, 2004, on Cartoon Network. He developed the series with wife Lauren Faust and Mike Moon. The show ran for six seasons, all directed by McCracken, and concluded on May 3, 2009. It also won Emmy and Annie awards.

In April 2008, he became executive producer of a new Cartoon Network showcase project called The Cartoonstitute. After 17 years of employment, he resigned from Cartoon Network in 2009, after it shifted focus to live-action and reality shows. He created Wander Over Yonder for Disney Television Animation and Disney Channel in August 2013. After Wander Over Yonder was cancelled, McCracken pitched a new show to Disney, based on his 2009 comic strip The Kid from Planet Earth. Disney ultimately passed on the project, and he eventually left the company in 2017. He then pitched his idea to Netflix and it was greenlight under the name of Kid Cosmic. The show premiered on February 2, 2021, and ended on February 3, 2022. It is the first of McCracken's original works to have a serialized format and his return to the superhero genre since The Powerpuff Girls. He pitched 10 projects to Netflix in August 2021, but eventually left by April 2022 due to mass layoffs at Netflix Animation.

On July 18, 2022, it was announced that McCracken began developing reboots of The Powerpuff Girls and Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends at Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe. Foster's Home will take form in a pre-school show focused on new characters. In 2023, McCracken received the Winsor McCay Award at the Annie Awards ceremony for his "unparalleled achievement and exceptional contributions to animation". The Hollywood Reporter also named him one of the most powerful people in kids entertainment, in pair with Lauren Faust.

Style and influences
Since his early years of career, McCracken has chosen to design characters in a simplistic way (as opposed to the realism of Warner Bros. or Disney feature films) because it is more practical for television production, as money and time limits what the animators can do. In addition to this, he claimed that the crew at Hanna-Barbera wanted their shows "to be different than what was on Nick and Disney". Some of his main inspirations were comic book artists such as Charles M. Schulz, Bill Watterson and Hergé. All of his series have had diverse influences in terms of design, comedy and storytelling. To mention some: 1960s Batman, Underdog and Rocky and Bullwinkle in The Powerpuff Girls, The Muppet Show and SpongeBob SquarePants in Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends (which also has a visual style inspired by 60s psychedelia), Yellow Submarine and Looney Tunes in Wander Over Yonder, and Dennis the Menace and The Adventures of Tintin in Kid Cosmic.

During his time at CalArts, he discovered the cartoons of United Productions of America (UPA), which also heavily influenced the visual style of his creations. His shows often present the underdog as the main focus. For example, Kid Cosmic is about a group of "punk rock" characters who "may not have the skill or the talent, but they have the determination and conviction" to create a superhero team. Foster's also revolves around a group of misfit creatures that have been abandoned by their original owners. Although the Powerpuff Girls are not typical underdogs, the fact that they are little girls might make people underestimate them as superheroes. He also liked to present "the contrast of cute characters being strong and tough". Although the Powerpuff Girls have been widely regarded as feminist icons, McCracken has claimed that the real background for their creation was finding "a fun idea" or "a cool concept".

Personal life
McCracken married animator Lauren Faust on March 13, 2004. Faust took maternity leave in mid-2016 to take care of their newborn daughter, Quinn.

title: Craig McCracken