text:
Darren Anderton

Darren Robert Anderton (born 3 March 1972) is an English former professional footballer and pundit.

As a player, he was a midfielder who notably played in the Premier League for Tottenham Hotspur and Birmingham City. His twelve-year spell with Spurs yielded 299 league appearances, scoring 34 goals. He won the League Cup with Spurs in 1999, and was then runners-up in the same tournament again in 2002. He also played in the English Football League for Portsmouth and Wolverhampton Wanderers before finishing his career with AFC Bournemouth. In his final ever game as a professional player he came off the bench to score the winner with a spectacular volley in a 3–2 win for Bournemouth on 6 December 2008. He was capped 30 times by England, scoring seven goals and being ever present in the squads at UEFA Euro 1996 and 1998 FIFA World Cup.

Since retirement, Anderton has largely worked as a pundit, notably for Canada's The Sports Network.

Portsmouth
Anderton started his career in the Southampton Tyro League and played for Itchen Saints during a successful period for the side. His potential was evident and he was soon scouted and playing youth football at professional clubs.

Anderton was signed as an apprentice by Portsmouth manager Alan Ball, coming to prominence at 18 when he scored at Anfield in an FA Youth Cup match against Liverpool which ended 2–2. His first team debut came against Cardiff City in the second round of the League Cup in October 1990 as a substitute for youth team colleague Darryl Powell. Anderton made his full league debut against Wolverhampton Wanderers in a 0–0 draw, making 20 appearances in the 1990–91 season. Under new manager Jim Smith, Anderton became a regular in the attacking side of the 1991–92 season, scoring his first club goal in the season opener against Blackburn Rovers. His performances soon drew the attention of bigger clubs and after an impressive FA Cup run, during which he scored in a semi-final clash with Liverpool, he joined Tottenham Hotspur for £1.75 million in 1992.

Tottenham Hotspur
After a slow start, Anderton settled at Tottenham, playing as a right winger, forming part of an exciting attacking trio along with Teddy Sheringham and the young Nick Barmby. He turned down a move to Manchester United in the summer of 1995 following an exciting season spent playing with the likes of Jürgen Klinsmann at Tottenham, a decision that he later regretted.

In the 1998–99 season, Anderton won the League Cup with Tottenham, and signed a new reported £24,000-week contract in March.

In the summer of 2001 Anderton was heavily linked with a move to Liverpool but he remained at Tottenham for the 2001–02 season and went on to start for Spurs in his second Football League Cup final, where the team lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers.

Despite interest from Leeds United in 2002 and both Portsmouth and West Ham United in 2003, Anderton remained at Tottenham until the summer of 2004. He was keen to remain at the club and was promised a new contract by David Pleat but the club, under the advice of incoming manager Jacques Santini, reneged. In all, he appeared in 364 games for Spurs, scoring 51 goals.

Birmingham City and Wolverhampton Wanderers
Birmingham City swooped to sign Anderton on a free transfer for the 2004–05 season. His best moment for the Blues was scoring the winner in the 1–0 victory over Liverpool at Anfield.

Anderton left Birmingham on a free transfer after one year and reunited with his former Tottenham and England coach Glenn Hoddle at Wolverhampton Wanderers, signing a one-year deal at the start of the 2005–06 season. He played 24 times for Wolves, scoring once in the league against Sheffield Wednesday. He also scored in a 5–1 win over Chester City in the League Cup. His contract was not renewed at season's end.

AFC Bournemouth
On 8 September 2006, Anderton joined League One club AFC Bournemouth on a 'pay-as-you-play' basis, scoring a spectacular 40-yard free kick on his first-team debut against Scunthorpe United. On 10 February 2007, he scored his first career hat-trick against Leyton Orient. Following a pre-season friendly with Portsmouth in July 2007, Portsmouth boss Harry Redknapp heaped praise on Anderton, telling the Bournemouth Daily Echo: "In the right team and with the right players around him, I honestly think he could still be playing in the Premiership".

At the start of the 2007–08 season, Anderton was named as Bournemouth's club captain by manager Kevin Bond. Anderton spearheaded a survival bid at the end of the season, with the Cherries winning six of the seven last games, but, ultimately, a 1–1 draw with Carlisle on the final day saw Bournemouth relegated to League Two. Bournemouth were deducted 10 points earlier in the season for going into administration and had this not happened they would have finished 15th.

Anderton signed a new one-year contract with Bournemouth at the start of the 2008–09 season which would have taken him past his 37th birthday. However, on 4 December 2008, Anderton announced he would retire on 7 December 2008, one day after his last game for club against Chester City. In his last match, Anderton scored the winning goal with a spectacular volley in the 88th minute after coming on as a substitute in the second half of the game.

International career
In March 1994, Anderton was named in Terry Venables' first squad as England manager and went on to start in the friendly match against Denmark at Wembley Stadium. He scored his first goal for England in his second cap; opening the scoring in a 5–0 friendly win over Greece on 18 May 1994.

In June 1995, Anderton appeared for England at the Umbro Cup mini tournament where he scored the opening goal of a 2–1 win against Japan and a stoppage time equaliser in a 3–3 draw with Sweden.

Despite missing most of the 1995–96 season, first because of hernia surgery and then with a groin injury that kept him out for eight months, Anderton was named in England's squad for UEFA Euro 1996. He scored twice during his first England appearance in 11 months in a pre-tournament friendly against Hungary. He went on to play every match for the England team that reached the semi-finals of the tournament and, in the semi-final against Germany, Anderton came within inches of putting England into the final when his shot hit the post during Golden Goal extra time.

Anderton did not make a single appearance for England during the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifiers due to injury but was included in England's final squad by Glenn Hoddle. He appeared for the first time since Euro 96 in a pre-World Cup friendly against Saudi Arabia, where he started at right wingback as the team drew 0–0.

Anderton was again ever present during the 1998 World Cup and scored a spectacular opening goal in England's final Group G match against Colombia.

After missing UEFA Euro 2000 with an Achilles tendon injury, Anderton played in England's 1–1 draw away to France in September 2000 and also featured against Italy the following November.

In November 2001, Anderton made his final England appearance in a friendly against Sweden. He was selected in England's squad for their next game, a friendly against the Netherlands in February 2002 but withdrew due to injury and was not included in the squad for the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

One notable statistic about Anderton's England career is that his last five caps were given to him by five different managers. These were: vs Czech Republic (18 November 1998) by Glenn Hoddle, vs France (10 February 1999) by Howard Wilkinson, vs France (2 September 2000) by Kevin Keegan, vs Italy (15 November 2000) by Peter Taylor and vs Sweden (10 November 2001) by Sven-Göran Eriksson.

Personal life
Renowned as a player of huge potential, Anderton's career was constantly frustrated by injury, earning him the nickname "Sicknote", which was coined by Portsmouth goalkeeper Andy Gosney.

Anderton has worked as the in-studio analyst for Canadian network TSN's coverage of Euro 2012.

He now resides in California and states that he has no desire to move into coaching.

International

 * Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Anderton goal.

Honours
Tottenham Hotspur
 * Football League Cup: 1998–99; runner-up: 2001–02

England U21
 * Toulon Tournament: 1993

title: Darren Anderton


text:
Robomow

Robomow (also known as Friendly Robotics) is a manufacturer of robotic lawn mowers. Founded in Even Yehuda, Israel in 1995 by Udi Peless and Shai Abramson, the company provides robotic lawnmowers to the United States and Europe, with prices ranging from hundreds to thousands of dollars/Euros. Robomow mowers are rechargeable. Robomow also comes with its own mobile application for remote and interactive control. The company has been mentioned in several magazines including: Design News, Business Wire, Washington Home and Garden and Vanity Fair. In May 2017, MTD Products Inc announced their intent to purchase Friendly Robotics. In July 2017, MTD Products announced the completion of the purchase of Robomow.

Robotic Lawn Mowers
Robomow was originally named ‘Friendly Machines’ with the goal of constructing robots that will, as Udi Peless says in Space Daily, "move in and around the home, doing the mundane tasks that people do not like to do anymore".

The Robomow Classic model debuted in the GLEE exhibition in Birmingham, UK in 1997 and was the ‘father’ of Friendly Robotics’ official first model. This Classic model was launched for sale in 1998, selling approximately 4000 units between 1998 and 2001.

The company name was changed to Friendly Robotics in 1999.

In 2000, the second generation of robotic mowers arrived: the Robomow ‘RL’ platform. Compared to the Robomow Classic, Robomow RL was more advanced, smaller, lighter and significantly more user-friendly. Further enhancements included the Base Station, enabling users to create a periodic lawn mowing program.

In 2008, the Robomow ‘RM’ product line made its debut as the third generation of robotic lawn mowers. Smaller, lighter and an improved version of the RL line, RM was designed specifically for the smaller lawn, which up until now, had been largely ignored.

In 2011, Robomow introduced its ‘RED’ Robomow line; a younger and slightly lower cost version of the successful RL and RM models. These models were and still are sold at DIY and Consumer Electronics chains, as well as on the Internet.

2013 saw the birth of the Robomow ‘RS’ product line, the fourth generation of robotic mowers.

In 2014, Robomow introduced its fifth generation of robotic mowers: its ‘RC’ models. These mowers were designed for lawns of up to 1200 m2 and are programmable via the Robomow App.

Robotic Vacuum Cleaners
In 2002, Hoover and Friendly Robotics announced a strategic alliance for developing robotic vacuum cleaners. By 2004, the first model, Friendly Vac RV400, was on the market. Weighing in at 23 pounds, it is the largest robotic cleaner of all times. However, this line of products was discontinued, and the company now focuses only on robotic lawn mowers.

Mowing
All current Robomow models are able to mow grass inside a specified area by staying within an underground, electrified wire. The wire is installed around the mowing area by hammering it in with pegs just below the surface. Grass soon covers the wire so that it is not visible. Where areas within the specified are not to be mowed, 'islands' can be created by keeping two strands of the electrified wire together and creating internal areas.

The mowing that Robomow does is directed in accordance with its movement algorithm, which is not straight up and down. Therefore, although no traditional mowing lines can be seen, Robomow covers the entire mowing zone within a few operations. In between mows, the mower's batteries are recharged at its docking/charging station which it returns to automatically.

Robomow models
RC/MC: these models have a 28 cm wide blade that fit any lawn of up to 1200m2.

RS/MS: these models have a 56 cm cutting width supported by two 28 cm blades, which are suitable for any lawn up to 3500m2.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Robomow


text:
Sergey Sergeyevich Smirnov

Sergei Sergeevich Smirnov (Серге́й Серге́евич Смирно́в; 16 September 1895 (New Style) — 20 August 1947) was a Soviet geologist and mineralogist, academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1943).

The ridge Dorsa Smirnov on the Moon was named after him.

title: Sergey Sergeyevich Smirnov


text:
Michael Keyes

Michael John Keyes (21 March 1886 – 8 September 1959) was an Irish Labour Party politician and trade unionist.

He was born on 21 March 1886 at 41 Blackboy Pike, Limerick city, the second son of Michael Keyes, caretaker, and his wife Hannah (née White). After being educated by the Christian Brothers at Sexton Street, Limerick, he began work as a clerk on the Waterford–Limerick railway line and subsequently served an apprenticeship in carpentry in the workshop of the Great Southern and Western Railway where he remained until 1927.

He had also joined the National Union of Railwaymen and was chairman of the Limerick shopmens’ branch (1915–1926). In 1918 he was active in the anti-conscription campaign and the following year was appointed a delegate to the Irish Trades Union Congress in Drogheda. He was president of the Irish Trades Union Congress in 1943, and in February 1945 represented it at the World Federation of Trade Unions in London.

He was first elected to Dáil Éireann on his second attempt in 1927 as a Labour Party Teachta Dála (TD) for the Limerick constituency. He lost his seat in the second election in 1927 and failed to be elected at the 1932 general election, however, he returned to the Dáil at the 1933 general election.

During the Spanish Civil War he sided with the Irish Christian Front who supported Franco's Nationalists over the Republicans.

In 1949 he joined the cabinet of John A. Costello replacing the recently deceased Timothy J. Murphy and serving as Minister for Local Government from 1949 to 1951. During the Mother and Child Scheme controversy he urged the government to accept the Catholic Church in Ireland's rebuke of the scheme.

He served in government again between 1954 and 1957, serving as Minister for Posts and Telegraphs. Keyes fought his last election in 1954 and subsequently retired from the Dáil. He also served as Mayor of Limerick from 1928 to 1930, as did his son Christopher P. Keyes from 1957 to 1958 and his grand nephew, Joe Leddin in 2007.

title: Michael Keyes


text:
Chaplygin's equation

In gas dynamics, Chaplygin's equation, named after Sergei Alekseevich Chaplygin (1902), is a partial differential equation useful in the study of transonic flow. It is

\frac{\partial^2 \Phi}{\partial \theta^2} + \frac{v^2}{1-v^2/c^2}\frac{\partial^2 \Phi}{\partial v^2}+v \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial v}=0.$$

Here, $$c=c(v)$$ is the speed of sound, determined by the equation of state of the fluid and conservation of energy. For polytropic gases, we have $$c^2/(\gamma-1) = h_0- v^2/2$$, where $$\gamma$$ is the specific heat ratio and $$h_0$$ is the stagnation enthalpy, in which case the Chaplygin's equation reduces to

\frac{\partial^2 \Phi}{\partial \theta^2} + v^2\frac{2h_0-v^2}{2h_0-(\gamma+1)v^2/(\gamma-1)}\frac{\partial^2 \Phi}{\partial v^2}+v \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial v}=0.$$

The Bernoulli equation (see the derivation below) states that maximum velocity occurs when specific enthalpy is at the smallest value possible; one can take the specific enthalpy to be zero corresponding to absolute zero temperature as the reference value, in which case $$2h_0$$ is the maximum attainable velocity. The particular integrals of above equation can be expressed in terms of hypergeometric functions.

Derivation
For two-dimensional potential flow, the continuity equation and the Euler equations (in fact, the compressible Bernoulli's equation due to irrotationality) in Cartesian coordinates $$(x,y)$$ involving the variables fluid velocity $$(v_x,v_y)$$, specific enthalpy $$h$$ and density $$\rho$$ are

\begin{align} \frac{\partial }{\partial x}(\rho v_x) + \frac{\partial }{\partial y}(\rho v_y) &=0,\\ h + \frac{1}{2}v^2 &= h_o. \end{align} $$

with the equation of state $$\rho=\rho(s,h)$$ acting as third equation. Here $$h_o$$ is the stagnation enthalpy, $$v^2 = v_x^2 + v_y^2$$ is the magnitude of the velocity vector and $$s$$ is the entropy. For isentropic flow, density can be expressed as a function only of enthalpy $$\rho=\rho(h)$$, which in turn using Bernoulli's equation can be written as $$\rho=\rho(v)$$.

Since the flow is irrotational, a velocity potential $$\phi$$ exists and its differential is simply $$d\phi = v_x dx + v_y dy$$. Instead of treating $$v_x=v_x(x,y)$$ and $$v_y=v_y(x,y)$$ as dependent variables, we use a coordinate transform such that $$x=x(v_x,v_y)$$ and $$y=y(v_x,v_y)$$ become new dependent variables. Similarly the velocity potential is replaced by a new function (Legendre transformation)

 * $$\Phi = xv_x + yv_y - \phi$$

such then its differential is $$d\Phi = xdv_x + y dv_y$$, therefore

 * $$x = \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial v_x}, \quad y = \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial v_y}.$$

Introducing another coordinate transformation for the independent variables from $$(v_x,v_y)$$ to $$(v,\theta)$$ according to the relation $$v_x = v\cos\theta$$ and $$v_y = v\sin\theta$$, where $$v$$ is the magnitude of the velocity vector and $$\theta$$ is the angle that the velocity vector makes with the $$v_x$$-axis, the dependent variables become

\begin{align} x &= \cos\theta \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial v}-\frac{\sin\theta}{v}\frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial \theta},\\ y &= \sin\theta \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial v}+\frac{\cos\theta}{v}\frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial \theta},\\ \phi & = -\Phi + v\frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial v}. \end{align} $$

The continuity equation in the new coordinates become

 * $$\frac{d(\rho v)}{dv} \left(\frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial v} + \frac{1}{v} \frac{\partial^2 \Phi}{\partial \theta^2}\right) + \rho v \frac{\partial^2 \Phi}{\partial v^2} =0.$$

For isentropic flow, $$dh=\rho^{-1}c^2 d\rho$$, where $$c$$ is the speed of sound. Using the Bernoulli's equation we find

 * $$\frac{d(\rho v)}{d v} = \rho \left(1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}\right)$$

where $$c=c(v)$$. Hence, we have

\frac{\partial^2 \Phi}{\partial \theta^2} + \frac{v^2}{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}\frac{\partial^2 \Phi}{\partial v^2}+v \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial v}=0.$$

title: Chaplygin's equation


text:
Talk:Imperial Star Destroyer

To 69.44.40.206

I've temporarily crossed out some of the more dubious parts of your section, because I have not seen the sources for them, and they seem to contradict the sources I do have. If it turns out you have such sources, would you please return to remove the strikeouts and perhaps mention the sources? Thank you.

Not sure if this kind of thing is appropriate here, but I don't know where else to put it.

UPDATE: I just learnt from a more experienced Wikipedia editing friend that strikeouts are not favored here. Thus I'd make a fast update to remove the striked-out portions.

Where does this Imperator-class business come from? I have never seen it in any official source.

 * Before I try to look it up, just a question - Ever seen Imperial in an official source? --Golbez 06:27, Nov 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * How about this, from : "The ship class was named after the Imperator in the Mandel blueprints of 1978, long before the present generation of references. With the exception of a few modest references in LucasArts games, the first-wave references have been unreasonably ignored by newer works, despite being generally just as accurate. The Mandel plans definitely precede the recent "Imperial-class" referencing. " "... the common mile-long destroyer known to the forces of the Galactic Empire as the Imperator-class star destroyer, and colloquially known as Imperial star destroyer to rebel operatives."

 * Yes, I have seen it in official sources. Several, in fact. The thing with the article the above quotation is taken from is that the ship from Mandel's designs is obviously not an Imperial-class Star Destroyer. It's too small. It's more likely another class of Star Destroyer entirely. Also, the Technical Commentaries are not a part of Star Wars canon.

 * The Databank at the official website calls it Imperial-class.  I don't think there's much that can top that. Oberiko 00:28, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The official website's Databank is not canon. The site maintainer, Pablo Hildago, often ignores the movies and Lucasfilm's own canon policy in favor of EU material that he personally likes.

 * There are several reasons why many people prefer the name Imperator over Imperial. First, every other Imperial warship shown in the movies has a class name ending in -tor: Executor, Acclamator, and Venator. Imperator obviously fits that pattern and Imperial does not. Second, "Imperial-class" is the product of ignorance and incompetence. How the "Imperial" class name was created:

 * Random person: "The Enterprise is an American aircraft carrier."
 * EU writers: "zOMG, that must mean it's an American-class aircraft carrier!"

 * 3PO: "The odds of surviving a direct assault on an Imperial Star Destroyer...!"
 * EU writers: "zOMG, that must mean it's an Imperial-class Star Destroyer! I are teh smart!"

 * The smaller size of the Imperator on the Mandel blueprints doesn't mean much. It's clearly intended to be the same class as the ships in the movies. It's similar to the EU claims about the Executor's length. The size shown in the movies is what counts. -- Vermilion 12:27, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * "First, every other Imperial warship shown in the movies has a class name ending in -tor: Executor, Acclamator, and Venator."

 * The Acclamators aren't Star Destroyers, and the Venators never appeared in a movie. By your logic, the correct name of the Victory-class Star Destroyer is the Victor-class? What about the Sovereign-class and the Eclipse-Class?

 * "It's similar to the EU claims about the Executor's length. The size shown in the movies is what counts."

 * I fail to see how they are similar at all. Are you saying the Imperial Star Destroyer isn't 1.6 km long?

 * It's true that Acclamators aren't Star Destroyers, but it's still a canon class name. The Venator-class is in Revenge of the Sith. It can be seen in the ROTS trailer. The four -tor class ships are all supposed to have been built by Kuat Drive Yards. The Victory, Sovereign, and Eclipse classes were not built by KDY, so the -tor naming convention might not apply. It might also be possible that Victory was built before the -tor naming started or that Eclipse and Sovereign are code names and not class names.

 * "I fail to see how they are similar at all. Are you saying the Imperial Star Destroyer isn't 1.6 km long?"
 * No. Most EU references have the Executor as either 8 km or 12.8 km long, while the movies show it to be 17.6 km long. The Mandel blueprints have the Imperator as 686.5m long, while the movies and most other sources show it to be 1600m long. -- Vermilion 05:49, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Here are the disputed specs of the Star Destroyer in the book shown here.
 * Kuat Drive Yards Imperial I-Class Star Destroyer
 * Size: 1,600 meters long
 * Does that help? - Ryan (me) (talk) 17:36, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

The weapons systems are not very capable of targeting at point-blank range,
"The weapons systems are not very capable of targeting at point-blank range, a weakness exploited by the Rebel fleet at the Battle of Endor."

Since when? I recall Admiral Akbar stating the entire rebel fleet won't last long at that range. I've never seen any evidence that ISD's are not very capable of targeting at point blank range?

 * If I remember correctly, the main reason for attacking the Star Destroyers at point blank range was that the Death Star couldn't target them if they were that close to the Star Destroyers — it wasn't because the Star Destoyers couldn't fight at that range.

 * Count that as another vote to do something about the sentence in question. Aidje 15:17, 2005 Mar 10 (UTC)

Move
Shouldn't these conversations be located at Talk:Star Destroyer? This discussion page is for Imperial Star Destroyer, which is a redirect to Star Destroyer. - Ryan (me) (talk) 17:19, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Imperial Star Destroyer


text:
Upton, Dorset

Upton is a town in south-east Dorset, England. Upton is to the east of Holton Heath and Upton Heath, and to the north of the Poole suburb of Hamworthy. It is the second largest town in the Purbeck Hills.

Geography
The town is built around a road junction where the Blandford to Hamworthy road crosses the main Poole to Dorchester road. The Poole suburbs of Hamworthy and Turlin Moor adjoin to the south, and Lytchett Minster village lies a short distance to the west.

The town is bounded by several areas of open space. To the north, Upton Heath is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), while, eastwards, Upton Wood and the former estate Upton Country Park separate the town from Holes Bay. To the south, Lytchett Bay is part of Poole Harbour SSSI.

Although mostly residential, Upton features a small industrial estate with businesses including Southernprint.

In 2000, The Upton Clock Tower was built at the Upton Crossroads to celebrate the new millennium and represent the town pride. A dementia care home was opened at the Crossroads in 2015 on the prominent former site of The Greenridge pub opposite Upton Library and Upton Health Centre. It features a pharmacy and a coffee shop.

There are more shops in Moorland Parade, at the top of Moorland Way, where the Lytchett Minster & Upton Town Council offices are located.

Upton has two churches. Upton Methodist Church's Wesleyan Chapel was built in 1865, while planning permission for the present St Dunstan's church and the adjoining Community Centre was granted in 1991, replacing an older church on the same site.

Governance
Upton forms part of the civil parish of Lytchett Minster and Upton, which in turn forms part of the Purbeck local government district of Dorset. It is within the Mid Dorset and North Poole constituency of the House of Commons.

European Parliament
Between 1979 and 2020, Upton was represented in the European Parliament.

From 1979 to 1984, Upton was part of the single member district of Wessex, and represented by Conservative Member of the European Parliament James Spicer.

From 1984 to 1994, Upton was part of the Dorset East and Hampshire West constituency and from 1994 to 1999, Upton was part of the Dorset and East Devon constituency represented by Conservative Bryan Cassidy.

Upton was included in the South West England constituency for elections to the European Parliament from 1999 to 2020.

Education
Upton has two state schools, Upton Infant School and Upton Junior School, which are feeder schools for Lytchett Minster School. The Yarrells Preparatory School and Ladybirds Playschool (previously L.U.C.A. Ladybirds) are also based in the town. Upton Methodists Pre-School is based at the Methodist church

Transport
Upton lies at the intersection of the A35 and the A350. The town is served by Wilts & Dorset bus routes numbers 8, 9, 10 and 40 and FirstGroup's X54 service. Together, these provide links to Hamworthy, Creekmoor, Poole, Wareham, Lytchett Matravers, Swanage and Weymouth.

Hamworthy is the nearest railway station, with twice-hourly trains in each direction on the South West Main Line between London Waterloo and Weymouth. Poole station, while more distant, provides more frequent services.

title: Upton, Dorset


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Williams-Sonoma

Williams-Sonoma was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. 5 votes to keep, 2 votes to delete. Postdlf 13:35, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Williams-Sonoma
Now I'm not quite (yet) out of my mind, of course Williams-Sonoma is notable, and eventually this substub should be expanded, not deleted. But I couldn't figure out how else to call some potential spamming to everybody's attention. The photo is the obvious main item on this page; now notice that the photo doesn't in fact illustrate anything about the ostensible subject of the article; then that outside photos of other stores in the same mall have sprouted on other new pages this morning: Tommy Bahama, Disney Store, Pottery Barn, all by the same person.

Is this spam? What to do about it? If I had photos from other malls, or better yet, of the products sold by these firms, I'd substitute them; but I don't. — Bill 13:14, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Abstain. Surely, everyone agrees that chains like Pottery Barn deserve an article. Wyllium 14:58, 2004 Oct 21 (UTC)
 * Abstain - perhaps Images for deletion is a better place to deal with this issue. OTOH, the pictures in question are storefronts in a public place.  The uploader (at least on this one) gave the photo to the public domain.  They do in fact illustrate the articles in question.  It could be that someone wandering through this mall chose to take pictures of the stores for Wikipedia.  Even if it were done with the connivance of management, with a view to self-promotion, I doubt it's a sort of spam we can (or want to) do anything about.  Smerdis of Tlön 15:47, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Please don't use VfD for this. Try the Village Pump --Improv 17:46, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * What's the problem here? People making stubs to go with their photos? Find a better photo or improve the article. Gamaliel 20:28, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a well-recognized mall store. Article should be expanded - Lifefeed 20:53, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: We are not a place to show off your photos!  Photos serve the articles.  So, when the author feels like doing some damned research and writing an article about Williams Sonoma, then the author can show off his or her snaps.  Otherwise, this is bull, and I'm very disappointed to see people saying this isn't a VfD issue.  Substubs this mind bogglingly bad are an offense.  Why, with my dial up connection, should I spend :45 waiting to look at some goofy picture of a store the looks of which I know well just to read "it's a store that sells cookware?"  Give me a break, guys.  This is the kind of substub that should be speedy deleted. Geogre 21:22, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Absolutely disagree with Geogre (sorry). The article is lacking, but the subject is deserving--and the picture isn't spam, it's useful! Good photo, and we shouldn't lose it just because we don't have any text to go with it yet. There's few reasons to delete a substub if the topic is deserving, and this photo makes it even less worthy of deletion. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 22:39, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep tons of potential to become encyclopedic. Are not these guys at every mall in America now?  I highly doubt this is spam also, I believe it was a good natured attemptto add to wikipeida, one that was successful  — siro  χ  o  22:56, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. This is not a good photo: The name is barely visible, the corporate logo is invisible and there are no other design elements present for a store chain where design is crucial.  The text is useless.  Too bad, becasue just a paragraph or just a good photo could have been a good kickoff for an article on the chain as a design phenomenon. --AlainV 02:12, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

So there is (more or less) general agreement, including from me: obviously Williams-Sonoma is notable and needs an article, but the photo is worthless (whether spam, hard to say). I'm going thru the four articles now and removing the photos. — Bill 11:45, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep User:JamesMLane's new stub, which meets my low bar of "sorta-kinda-half-decent." And Keep the picture until and unless we get a better one. The picture IMHO adds something. It is an amateurish snaphot (barrel distortion, bad color temperature and all), not a professional photograph, but it gives a perfectly good impression of what one of these stores looks like. I wonder whether we could approach William-Sonoma and say, politely, give us a nice, glossy color 8x10 of your storefront licensed under GFDL or we'll continue to use this one? Nope, borrowing trouble... [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 17:32, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I photoshopped the image a bit. Hope everyone agrees it's an improvement. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 18:05, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Comment Did the page ever have a VfD tag on it? I don't think I accidentally removed it. Can't find it in the history. Should someone put one there? I guess I will... If this is a mistake and it shouldn't be tagged, my apologies. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 18:05, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think it never had the VfD tag because Bill listed it mainly to get comments on the photo issue.  When I looked at it, it was an untagged substub, so I turned it into a stub.  With or without the photo, we should have an article on this company.  Obviously, there's much room for expansion.  JamesMLane 20:21, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * That's correct. Someone else later removed the Vfd tag: which is fine by me, since of course I don't want to delete the (eventual) article. Still don't feel good about the photos though, and have a nagging feeling that that clump of 4 squiblets, all illustrated from the same mall, is an attempt at manipulating Wikipedia. — Bill 22:24, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
GNU Radio

GNU Radio is a free software development toolkit that provides signal processing blocks to implement software-defined radios and signal processing systems. It can be used with external radio frequency (RF) hardware to create software-defined radios, or without hardware in a simulation-like environment. It is widely used in hobbyist, academic, and commercial environments to support both wireless communications research and real-world radio systems.

Overview
The GNU Radio software provides the framework and tools to build and run software radio or just general signal-processing applications. The GNU Radio applications themselves are generally known as "flowgraphs", which are a series of signal processing blocks connected together, thus describing a data flow.

As with all software-defined radio systems, reconfigurability is a key feature. Instead of using different radios designed for specific but disparate purposes, a single, general-purpose, radio can be used as the radio front-end, and the signal-processing software (here, GNU Radio), handles the processing specific to the radio application.

These flowgraphs can be written in either C++ or Python. The GNU Radio infrastructure is written entirely in C++, and many of the user tools (such as GNU Radio Companion) are written in Python.

GNU Radio is a signal processing package and part of the GNU Project. It is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL), and most of the project code is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation.

History
First published in 2001, GNU Radio is an official GNU package. Philanthropist John Gilmore initiated GNU Radio with the funding of $320,000 (US) to Eric Blossom for code creation and project-management duties. One of the first applications was building an ATSC receiver in software.

The GNU Radio software began as a fork of the Pspectra code that was developed by the SpectrumWare project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In 2004, a complete rewrite of GNU Radio was completed, so today GNU Radio no longer has any original Pspectra code.

Matt Ettus joined the project as one of the first developers, and created the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) to provide a hardware platform for use with the GNU Radio software. In 2004, Matt founded Ettus Research LLC and began selling USRPs that worked with GNU Radio.

In September 2010, Eric Blossom stepped down as Project Lead and was replaced by Tom Rondeau.

Early in the project, the core developers began holding semi-annual Hackfests. In 2011, the GNU Radio project began holding a yearly conference, called "GRCon", which generally has a Hackfest on the last day of the conference.

In March 2016, Tom Rondeau stepped down and was replaced by Ben Hilburn as the Project Lead, and Johnathan Corgan, a long-time maintainer, as the Chief Architect.

In January 2018, Johnathan Corgan retired from his role as Chief Architect and was replaced by Marcus Müller.

In September 2020, GNU Radio became part of the SETI Institute (a non-profit, multi-disciplinary research and education organization) for all financial and contractual purposes.

In October 2020, Ben Hilburn and the project officers at the time voted to reorganize the GNU Radio Project's leadership, forming a General Assembly with a set of by-laws that regulate details of how the organization operates. A three-member Board made up of elected General Assembly members took over the roles previously handled by the Project Lead.

GNU Radio Companion

The GNU Radio Companion is a graphical UI used to develop GNU Radio applications. This is the front-end to the GNU Radio libraries for signal processing. GRC was developed by Josh Blum during his studies at Johns Hopkins University (2006-2007), then distributed as free software for the October 2009 Hackfest. Starting with the 3.2.0 release, GRC was officially bundled with the GNU Radio software distribution.

GRC is effectively a Python code-generation tool. When a flowgraph is compiled in GRC, it generates Python code that creates the desired graphical user interface (GUI) windows and widgets, and creates and connects the blocks in the flowgraph.

GRC currently supports GUI creation using the Qt toolkit.

Plotting and Displays
GNU Radio provides many common plotting and data visualization data sinks, including FFT displays, symbol constellation diagrams, and scope displays. These are commonly used both for debugging radio applications and as the user-interface to a final application.

PyBOMBS
Many users create "out-of-tree modules" for use with GNU Radio. To manage these, and the dependencies required to run GNU Radio, the organization created the PyBOMBS (Python Build Overlay Managed Bundle System) project.

title: GNU Radio


text:
Arne, Dorset

Arne is a village and civil parish in Dorset, England, situated 4 mi east of Wareham. The local travel links are located at Wareham railway station. Bournemouth International Airport is 11 mi away. The main road through the village is Arne Road connecting Arne to Wareham. The village is situated on the Arne Peninsula, which protrudes into Poole Harbour opposite the town of Poole.

Toponymy
The name "Arne" is first recorded in 1268. It probably derives from the ærn meaning a "house" or "building. Alternatively, it may derive from hær (dative plural hærum) meaning "at the heaps of stones" or "at the tumuli".

History
Evidence of prehistoric human activity within the civil parish consists of 19 barrows and the remains of 4 linear dykes. The most significant of the barrows is the 'King's Barrow' at Stoborough, which probably dates from the Early Bronze Age. The dykes are on Worgret Heath; they are undated but analogy with similar structures elsewhere suggests Romano-British origins. In the Roman period there was also a salt industry of significant size on the shore of Poole Harbour.

Arne village is not recorded in the Domesday Book. The earliest record of the village is from 1285, though the parish church, which consists of a single-cell chancel and nave, dates from around 1200, and has not been substantially altered since, though it was restored in the 19th century and in 1952.

The village was owned by the wealthy Shaftesbury Abbey until its dissolution in 1539, but was never a large village, and by 1894 its population was only 123. A school had been opened in the village in 1832, but the shrinking population forced it to close in 1922.

In medieval times the parish of Arne was much smaller; it covered 2700 acre on the Arne peninsula and adjacent heathland. In the late 19th century it was expanded to include the two parts of Wareham Holy Trinity parish that separately covered Stoborough and Middlebere, and the part of Wareham Lady St Mary parish that covered Worgret, resulting in Arne parish more than doubling in size.

During World War I Holton Heath, three miles north west of Arne in the neighbouring parish of Wareham St Martin, was chosen as the site of the Royal Navy Cordite Factory, a key site for the manufacture of explosives used in military shells. Its isolated location would have mitigated civilian losses should an explosion have occurred, but following the start of World War II, the factory was a clear target for bombing raids by German aircraft. With the main flight path to Holton Heath passing right over Arne, the government created several "Starfish" decoy sites in the village. These consisted of a heavily guarded site containing a network of tar barrels and pipes containing kerosene that could be ignited when needed to give the appearance of a burning factory, thus confusing pilots into bombing empty countryside.

On the night of 3–4 June 1942, the decoy was brought into action and aircraft heavily bombed the decoy site, causing a fire that burned for six weeks. The decoy operation was a success, leaving the Cordite Factory untouched, but Arne was devastated, with over 200 bomb craters counted on the Arne Peninsula. The Germans, on the other hand, were convinced they had heavily damaged the factory and even Lord Haw Haw reported that it had been badly hit. However, the village was left almost uninhabitable and the remaining occupants were given a month's notice that Arne was to be abandoned by 10 August.

After the war, the village remained largely derelict until the late 1950s, and in 1966 the Arne Peninsula was put under the protection of the RSPB.

Geography
Besides the village and peninsula of Arne, the civil parish includes a significant area to the west of Arne and south and west of Wareham, including the villages of Ridge, Stoborough, Stoborough Green and Worgret, and has an area of 6500 acre.

Demography
At the 2011 census, the parish had a population of 1,297.

Governance
Until 1 April 2019, Arne parish formed part of the Purbeck local government district;  it now forms part of the Dorset unitary authority area. The parish forms the majority of the population of Creech Barrow electoral ward, which extends to the English Channel at Kimmeridge. The population of the ward at the 2011 census was 1,764.

Bird reserve
Arne is well known for the Arne RSPB reserve (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds), which is adjacent to the village. It also lies within the Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

title: Arne, Dorset


text: Category:1559 births

title: Category:1559 births


text:
John Curtis (footballer, born 1978)

John Charles Keyworth Curtis (born 3 September 1978) is an English former professional footballer. He was a versatile defender who could play anywhere along the back four or as a defensive midfielder.

Manchester United
Born in Nuneaton, Warwickshire, Curtis began his career at Manchester United and was tipped as a huge star for the future, being part of their FA Youth Cup-winning team in 1995 (when he was still only 16 years old and in his final year of secondary school) and turning professional in 1997.

He proved himself as competent at right-back and centre-back after making his debut against Ipswich Town in the League Cup on 14 October 1997. His Premier League debut followed in a 7–0 home win over Barnsley on 25 October 1997, and he made a further six league appearances in 1997–98 as United finished second in the league, but he managed just five more league appearances before joining Division One promotion chasers Barnsley on loan on 19 November 1999, scoring twice in 28 league games as they qualified for the playoffs but lost 4–2 to Ipswich Town in the final at Wembley Stadium. The two goals he scored during his loan spell at Barnsley were the only goals he scored in his professional career. The first came against United's rivals Manchester City, and the other was scored against Port Vale.

Blackburn Rovers
Blackburn Rovers manager Graeme Souness was impressed by the young defender, and managed to prise Curtis away from Manchester United during the summer of 2000 for a fee of £1.5 million. During the next season he was a league ever-present as Blackburn were promoted to the Premier League as Division One runners-up. By this time he had also represented England at youth, Under-21 and 'B' level.

However, his 2001–02 FA Premier League campaign was hampered by the form of new signing Lucas Neill, limiting him to just 10 league appearances. He was an unused substitute in the 2002 Football League Cup Final which Blackburn won. He failed to regain his regular starting place, and spent the second half of the 2002–03 season on loan to Sheffield United. At the end of the season he was released by Blackburn on a free transfer, and was signed by Leicester City (newly promoted to the Premier League) on a two-year contract.

Leicester & Portsmouth
Curtis' spell at Leicester was an unhappy one, and after making just 17 Premier League appearances, he opted for a move to Portsmouth in February 2004, where he teamed up with Harry Redknapp.

After failing to win a regular starting place in the side, at the start of 2004–05 he was loaned to Preston North End. Preston manager Billy Davis was impressed by Curtis and offered him a permanent contract after his impressive loan spell. Upon Curtis' return to Portsmouth at the end of October, he spoke of his determination to win a regular place in the first team and get his career back on track. However, he made only five appearances under Harry Redknapp, and failed to play at all under Redknapp's successor Velimir Zajec.

Nottingham Forest
In January 2005, Curtis moved on a free transfer to Nottingham Forest, initially on a short-term contract before signing a two-year deal at the end of the season. He established himself as Forest's first-choice right-back, prompting them to offer to extend his contract by a further two years. However, Curtis rejected the offer when Forest missed out on promotion to the Championship. Shortly afterwards, Forest announced that they would not be re-offering Curtis an improved contract, and that he would therefore be free to leave after 30 June 2007.

Later career
Curtis signed for Queens Park Rangers on a free transfer on 30 June 2007. However, after the sacking of John Gregory, Curtis' first team opportunities dried up and his contract was terminated by QPR in December 2007.

Following a trial with Notts County, Curtis was badly injured and was forced to sit out the first half of the 2008–09 season. He joined Worcester City in January 2009 to gain valuable match fitness after his lengthy lay off, and then signed for Conference National side Wrexham at the end of February. He was reluctant to play in the Conference and turned down the chance of joining Wrexham for the following season. On 28 July, Curtis signed a one-year deal at Northampton Town after impressing manager Stuart Gray during a pre-season trial. He made his league debut in the defeat at Chesterfield. He was released by the club on 12 May 2010 along with five other players.

In May 2010, Curtis joined A-League club Gold Coast United on trial, signing a permanent deal with the club on 16 June. He made his debut in the home defeat against Melbourne Victory.

Coaching career
Curtis is the founder and technical director of NCE Soccer (National Center of Excellence), an organisation which provides elite coaching based in Fairfield, Connecticut.

Honours
Manchester United
 * FA Youth Cup: 1994–95

Blackburn Rovers
 * Football League First Division second-place promotion: 2000–01
 * Football League Cup: 2001–02

Individual
 * Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year: 1996–97

title: John Curtis (footballer, born 1978)


text:
Cyril Ramaphosa

Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa (born 17 November 1952) is a South African businessman and politician serving as the 5th and current president of South Africa since 2018. A former anti-apartheid activist and trade union leader, Ramaphosa is also the president (leader) of the African National Congress (ANC).

Ramaphosa rose to national prominence as secretary general of South Africa's biggest and most powerful trade union, the National Union of Mineworkers. In 1991, he was elected ANC secretary general under ANC president Nelson Mandela and became the ANC's chief negotiator during the negotiations that ended apartheid. He was elected chairperson of the Constitutional Assembly after the country's first fully democratic elections in 1994 and some observers believed that he was Mandela's preferred successor. However, Ramaphosa resigned from politics in 1996 and became well known as a businessman, including as an owner of McDonald's South Africa, chair of the board for MTN, member of the board for Lonmin, and founder of the Shanduka Group.

Ramaphosa returned to politics in December 2012 at the ANC's 53rd National Conference and served as the deputy president of South Africa under President Jacob Zuma from 2014 to 2018. He was also chairman of the National Planning Commission. At the ANC's 54th National Conference on 18 December 2017, he was elected president of the ANC. Two months later, the day after Zuma resigned on 14 February 2018, the National Assembly (NA) elected Ramaphosa as president of South Africa. He began his first full term as president in May 2019 following the ANC's victory in the 2019 general election. While president, Ramaphosa served as chairperson of the African Union from 2020 to 2021 and led South Africa's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ramaphosa's net worth was estimated at over R6.4 billion ($450 million) as of 2018. He has been criticised for his conduct and involvement in his business interests, including his harsh posture as a Lonmin director towards the Marikana miners' strike in the week ahead of the Marikana massacre.

On 19 December 2022, it was announced that the ANC's 55th National Conference had elected Ramaphosa to a second term as president of the ANC. On 14 June 2024, the National Assembly of South Africa elected Ramaphosa to a second term as president of South Africa.

Early life
Ramaphosa was born in Soweto, Johannesburg, on 17 November 1952, to Venda parents. He is the second of the three children to Erdmuth and retired policeman Samuel Ramaphosa. He attended Tshilidzi Primary School and Sekano Ntoane High School in Soweto. In 1971, he matriculated from Mphaphuli High School in Sibasa, Venda where he was elected head of the Student Christian Movement. He subsequently registered to study law at the University of the North (Turfloop) in Limpopo Province in 1972.

While at university, Ramaphosa became involved in student politics and joined the South African Students Organisation (SASO) and the Black People's Convention (BPC). This resulted in him being detained in solitary confinement for eleven months in 1974 under Section 6 of the Terrorism Act, 1967, for organising pro-Frelimo rallies. In 1976 he was detained again, following the unrest in Soweto, and held for six months at John Vorster Square under the Terrorism Act. After his release, he became a law clerk for a Johannesburg firm of attorneys and continued with his legal studies through correspondence with the University of South Africa (UNISA), where he obtained his Bachelor of Procurationis degree (B. Proc.) in 1981.

Anti-apartheid and labour activism
After completing his legal qualifications and obtaining his degree, Ramaphosa joined the Council of Unions of South Africa (CUSA) as an advisor in the legal department. In 1982, CUSA requested that Ramaphosa start a union for mineworkers; this new union was launched in the same year and was named the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM). Ramaphosa was arrested in Lebowa, on the charge of organising or planning to take part in a meeting in Namakgale which had been banned by the local magistrate.

In August 1982, CUSA resolved to form the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), and in December Ramaphosa became its first secretary. Ramaphosa was the conference organiser in the preparations leading to the formation of the Congress of the South African Trade Union (COSATU). He delivered a keynote address at Cosatu's launch rally in Durban in December 1985. In March 1986, he was part of COSATU's delegation which met the African National Congress in Lusaka, Zambia.

Ramaphosa was elected as the first general secretary of the union, a position he held until he resigned in June 1991, following his election as secretary-general of the African National Congress (ANC). Under his leadership, union membership grew from 6,000 in 1982 to 300,000 in 1992, giving it control of nearly half of the total black workforce in the South African mining industry. As general secretary, he, James Motlatsi (president of NUM), and Elijah Barayi (vice-president of NUM) also led the mineworkers in one of the biggest strikes ever in South African history.

In December 1988, Ramaphosa and other prominent members of the Soweto community met Soweto's mayor to discuss the rent boycott crisis.

In 1985, the NUM broke away from CUSA and helped to establish the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU). When COSATU joined forces with the United Democratic Front (UDF) political movement against the National Party government of P. W. Botha, Ramaphosa took a leading role in what became known as the Mass Democratic Movement (MDM).

Ramaphosa has claimed that he is a committed socialist.

Rise in the ANC (1990–1996)
After the ANC was unbanned in early 1990, Ramaphosa became increasingly close with the organisation. In January 1990, he accompanied released ANC political prisoners to the ANC headquarters in Lusaka, Zambia; and, later, that year, he served as chairman of the National Reception Committee, which coordinated arrangements for Nelson Mandela's release from prison, including concomitant celebratory rallies. Ramaphosa was elected Secretary-General of the ANC at the party's 48th National Conference in Durban in July 1991, and subsequently became head of the ANC's delegation to the negotiations that ended apartheid. He was also a visiting professor of law at Stanford University in October 1991.

Following the first fully democratic elections in 1994, he became a Member of Parliament (MP) and was elected the chairperson of its Constitutional Assembly on 24 May 1994, a central role in Mandela's Government of National Unity. He was also re-elected, unopposed, as ANC Secretary-General at the party's 49th National Conference in December 1994. However, in 1996, he resigned from ANC office and from Parliament and announced his retreat from politics, reportedly because he was disappointed that Thabo Mbeki had been anointed Mandela's successor.

Business career (1996–2014)
After he resigned from politics, Ramaphosa became a businessman, taking advantage of the conducive environment provided by the new Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) policy. Among other positions, he was executive chairman of the Shanduka Group, a company he founded, which invested in mineral resources, energy, real estate, banking, insurance, and telecoms (SEACOM). By 2014, Shanduka was worth more than R20-billion, and the Ramaphosa family's Tshivhase Trust was its majority shareholder.  Ramaphosa was also a chairman of Bidvest, MTN, and from March 2007, Mondi, a leading international paper and packaging group. His other non-executive directorships included Macsteel Holdings, Alexander Forbes, SABMiller, Lonmin, Anglo American, and Standard Bank. In 2011, Ramaphosa paid for a 20-year master franchise agreement to run 145 McDonald's restaurants in South Africa. He also belonged to the Coca-Cola Company International Advisory Board and the Unilever Africa Advisory Council.

Ramaphosa's various shareholdings made him one of South Africa's richest men. According to the Sunday Times, his estimated net worth of R2.22 billion made him the 13th richest person in South Africa in 2011, and that figure jumped to R3.1 billion in 2012. Both estimates, moreover, excluded his unlisted investments through Shanduka, including the McDonald's franchise agreement and a coal-mining partnership with Glencore.

Cattle farming
During a visit to Uganda in 2004, Ramaphosa became interested in the Ankole breed of cattle. Because of inadequate disease control measures in Uganda, the South African government denied him permission to import any of the breed. Instead, Ramaphosa purchased 43 cows from Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni and shipped them to Kenya, where they were artificially inseminated; the embryos were then removed and shipped to South Africa, to be transferred to quarantined cows. As of August 2017, Ramaphosa had 100 Ankole breeding cows at his Ntaba Nyoni farm in Mpumalanga. That year, he co-wrote a book about the breed, Cattle of the Ages: Stories, and Portraits of the Ankole Cattle of Southern Africa.

Public service
His resignation from politics notwithstanding, Ramaphosa occasionally accepted positions in the public eye, both abroad and in South Africa. He became the first Vice Chairman of the Commonwealth Business Council, and, in 1998, the Chairman of South Africa's BEE Commission. In 2000, he was appointed to the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning as an arms inspector, responsible for supervising the decommissioning of Irish Republican Army armaments in Northern Ireland. And, in April 2010, he was appointed by President Jacob Zuma to the National Planning Commission, where he served as deputy chairperson to Minister in the Presidency Trevor Manuel.

In the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis, which followed the disputed re-election of President Mwai Kibaki in December 2007, Ramaphosa was unanimously chosen by Kofi Annan's mediation team to be the chief mediator in charge of long-term talks. However, Kibaki's government protested Ramaphosa's involvement, saying that he had business links with Kibaki's opponent Raila Odinga. According to Ramaphosa, Odinga had visited him in 2007, but he did not have any "special interest" that would lead him to favour one side or the other; however, he said that he could not be an effective mediator without "the trust and confidence of all parties" and that he did not wish to become an obstacle to the negotiations. He therefore withdrew from the talks on 4 February. However, he returned to a peacemaking role in 2014, when – in his capacity as Deputy Chairperson of the National Planning Commission – he served as the South African President's Special Envoy to South Sudan during the South Sudanese civil war.

Ramaphosa also continued to accept nominations to the National Executive Committee of the ANC: at the 50th National Conference in 1997, he received the most votes of any candidate; and at the 51st National Conference in 2002, he received the second-most. Ahead of the 52nd National Conference in 2007, he denied persistent rumours that he intended to join the race to replace Mbeki as ANC president; that year, he ranked 30th on the list of most popular NEC candidates.

ANC Deputy Presidency (2012–2017)

Ramaphosa made his return to political leadership in 2012, ahead of the ANC's 53rd National Conference, when he received nominations to become ANC Deputy President. On 20 May 2012, Derek Hanekom, an ANC MP, publicly encouraged Ramaphosa to run for the ANC presidency, saying, "We need leaders of comrade Cyril's calibre. I know Cyril is very good at business, but I really wish he would put all his money in a trust and step up for a higher and more senior position". Ramaphosa dismissed the resulting speculation, saying, "You can't read anything [into what Hanekom said]. He was joking".

Indeed, Ramaphosa did not confirm his intention to accept the deputy presidential nomination until 16 December, the day before the conference began. However, he received strong backing from incumbent President Jacob Zuma – a partnership viewed as a strategic attempt by Zuma to "outsmart and punish" Kgalema Motlanthe, who was challenging Zuma for the presidency but whose constituency was similar to Ramaphosa's, given their shared union backgrounds and polished reputations. Ramaphosa elected ANC Deputy President in a resounding victory on 18 December: he received 3,018 votes, while Mathews Phosa received 470 votes and Tokyo Sexwale received 463 votes.

Deputy Presidency of South Africa (2014–2018)
After his reelection in the 2014 elections, President Zuma appointed Ramaphosa the Deputy President of South Africa on 25 May 2014; Ramaphosa was sworn into office by Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng the following day.

After his election as ANC Deputy President, Ramaphosa had begun the process of resigning from various business positions, and in 2014 he concluded the process, as required by the Executive Ethics Code. This entailed his exit from Shanduka, from McDonald's South Africa, from platinum producer Lonmin,  and from all other companies which might give rise to a conflict of interest, particularly in industries regulated by the government. His other interests – including a share trading company, his livestock farms, his property interests, and a sports car company  – were placed in a blind trust. Parliament's 2014 Register of Members' Interests reflected over R76-million in company shares held by Ramaphosa (although that figure excluded shares held together with private individuals), as well as his ownership of 30 townhouses in Johannesburg and two apartments in Cape Town.

Domestic role
Alongside his duties as Deputy President, Ramaphosa was made Leader of Government Business in the National Assembly in terms of section 91(4) of the Constitution, a role which involved coordinating between Parliament and Zuma's cabinet. On 3 June, Zuma also appointed him the Chairman of the National Planning Commission, with Jeff Radebe as his deputy. In addition, Ramaphosa was responsible for developing a proposal to implement a national minimum wage, leading consultation on the matter between Zuma's administration and representatives of labour and business. The proposal was approved by cabinet in November 2017.

In July 2014, Ramaphosa called for unity in the country after Julius Malema argued that the Afrikaans portion of the national anthem should be scrapped. Ramaphosa said, "We are about building a nation and we must extend a hand of friendship, a hand of continued reconciliation to those who feel that the national anthem does not represent them any longer, and it can happen on both sides". Late in Zuma's term, Ramaphosa also began to address publicly the widespread allegations of corruption in Zuma's administration.

Foreign relations

In 2018, Ramaphosa, in Zuma's stead, led South Africa's delegation to the World Economic Forum in Davos, to promote investment and business in South Africa. His other official trips abroad included a two-day working visit to Vietnam and Singapore, the objectives of which included consolidating trade relations, as well as the opportunity for South Africa to learn from the Singaporean economic model and the role it prescribed for state-owned enterprises. Ramaphosa also continued to serve as Zuma's Special Envoy during the mediation in the South Sudanese conflict, and participated in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) mediation in neighbouring Lesotho.

Election
Ramaphosa stood for the ANC presidency in 2017, at the expiry of Zuma's term. Although he received the NUM's endorsement as early as September 2016, his campaign did not begin until April 2017. Under the banner #CR17 Siyavuma, Ramaphosa ran on anti-corruption platform, with an emphasis on economic policies conducive to industrialisation and investment. He was endorsed by Cosatu and the SACP; by the provincial leadership of the ANC's Northern Cape, Eastern Cape, and Gauteng provinces; and by politicians including education minister Angie Motshekga, former finance minister Pravin Gordhan, Cosatu president Sdumo Dlamini, and former KwaZulu-Natal Premier Senzo Mchunu.

Ramaphosa's primary opponent was Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, who had the endorsement of Zuma, her ex-husband. On 18 December 2017, he was elected the President of the ANC at the party's 54th National Conference, defeating Dlamini-Zuma by 2,440 votes to 2,261.

Renewal project
In his first speech as ANC leader, Ramaphosa pledged to stamp out corruption in the party. He subsequently spearheaded what he said was a campaign to "renew" the ANC internally and to restore its integrity and public image. Among other things, this campaign entailed the implementation of the new step-aside rule to suspend ANC leaders accused of corruption. This, in turn, led to a confrontation with ANC Secretary-General Ace Magashule, who, upon his suspension from the party in May 2021, attempted to retaliate by suspending Ramaphosa, accusing him of irregularities in the financing of the CR2017 campaign. Magashule's attempt had no legal force because of his own suspension.

In December 2022, Ramaphosa was re-elected leader of the ANC, running against Zweli Mkhize, for a second five-year term. The next parliamentary general election which took place in 2024 saw the ANC lose its parliamentary majority. Despite this, Ramaphosa would secure a third term as president in June 2024 after the ANC secured a coalition with the Democratic Alliance (DA), the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) and the Patriotic Alliance (PA) parties. Ramaphosa received 283 votes to Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) leader Julius Malema’s 44 in the 400-member house.

Presidency of South Africa (2018–present)
Following President Jacob Zuma's resignation in February 2018, Ramaphosa was elected unopposed as President of South Africa by the National Assembly on 15 February 2018. Ramaphosa took his oath of office in the presidential guesthouse, Tuynhuys, by Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng.

Markets rallied strongly the day after Ramaphosa assumed the presidency with stocks rising and the rand reaching its firmest since early 2015. Government bonds also increased in strength.

On 16 February 2018, Ramaphosa gave his first State of the Nation Address as the president of South Africa, the first time in a democratic South Africa where the president delivered his State of the Nation Address without a deputy president. Ramaphosa emphasised the need to grow the economy of South Africa, increase tourism and youth employment, as well as reduce the size of the Cabinet. In this speech, Ramaphosa also focused on the importance of keeping Mandela's legacy alive.

Ramaphosa's speech was met with mostly positive reviews from opposition parties saying that his speech was positive and that it would bring about change, but that they would hold him accountable.

On 17 February 2018, Ramaphosa, as commander in chief of the South African National Defence Force, attended the Armed Forces Inter-Faith Service at the Mittah Seperepere Convention Centre in Kimberley and made his first public speech as the president of South Africa.

On 26 February 2018, Ramaphosa, who had inherited Jacob Zuma's cabinet, reshuffled cabinet for the first time removing many of the cabinet members who had been controversial through the Zuma era and who had close links to the Gupta family. Ramaphosa also named the deputy president of the African National Congress and the Premier of Mpumalanga, David Mabuza, as the country's Deputy President. On 8 May 2019, the African National Congress led by President Ramaphosa won 57.50% of the vote in the 2019 South African general election. Ramaphosa was subsequently elected unopposed to his first full term as president by the National Assembly on 22 May 2019. As Ramaphosa had previously been elected as president to fill the vacancy left by the resignation of his predecessor, he is constitutionally eligible to serve two full terms.

At the 2020 AU summit, Ramaphosa expressed support for the African Continental Free Trade Area and described it as a major driver for reigniting industrialization and paving the way for Africa's integration into the global market. Ramaphosa also stated that the free trade agreement will make Africa a player of considerable weight and scale in the global market as well.

At the 2020 AU Summit, Ramaphosa also expressed support for closing the gender gap and ending gender inequality.

His government responded to the 2021 South African unrest, the deadliest riots in South Africa since the apartheid era.

Ramaphosa was re-elected as President for a second term on 14 June 2024 with the support of the Democratic Alliance and other opposition parties after ANC failed to win an outright majority in the 2024 general elections. Ramaphosa was inaugurated and took his oath of office at the Union Buildings in Pretoria on 19 June 2024.

Domestic policy

Since Ramaphosa became president he has made land reform and the economy his main priorities, as well as dealing with the outbreak of listeriosis which has claimed the lives of over 100 since the start of 2018.

In February 2018, South Africa's parliament voted 241–83 to begin amending the "property clause" in the constitution to allow the expropriation of land without compensation.

On 19 March 2018, Ramaphosa suspended Tom Moyane as the Commissioner of the South African Revenue Service after Moyane had refused to step down.

Under his leadership, the African National Congress has pushed for a constitutional amendment allowing the government to confiscate farms owned by White South Africans. He has said that the state having the power to seize property for no compensation will encourage economic growth. In a time when the Rand is at a two-year low, economists have been doubtful over the possibility of this policy being successful.

On 14 August 2018, Ramaphosa appointed Dr. Silas Ramaite as the Acting National Director of Public Prosecutions (NDPP) following the ruling by the Constitutional Court that Director Shaun Abrahams had been appointed unlawfully by the former president, Jacob Zuma.

South Africa made world headlines because of attacks against foreign nationals within the borders of the country, with many South Africans blaming foreign nationals for the country's socio-economic issues.

On 10 June 2021, Ramaphosa announced that his government would raise the threshold for the amount of electricity that private companies could produce without a license – from 1 Megawatt to 100 Megawatts. The decision was taken in order to respond to the increasing challenges faced by the country during the ongoing energy crisis, and to give "oomph," in Ramaphosa's words, to South Africa's economic recovery.

On 11 February 2022, Ramaphosa announces that his government will formalise the South African cannabis industry, seeking to grow both production and exports.

Ramaphosa launched the Youth Employment Service (YES) initiative as a means to employ one million youth and giving them more experience in the working field, with the South African Government even introducing the Employment Tax Incentive, which would reduce employer's costs when hiring youth.

On 14 August 2018, President Ramaphosa addressed the launch of the Sanitation Appropriate For Education (SAFE) initiative in Pretoria to respond to the sanitary challenges facing the country's poorest schools.

Foreign policy
Ramaphosa made his first international trip as President of South Africa to the Republic of Angola and met with President João Lourenço in his capacity as chairperson of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) to talk about peace and defence. Ramaphosa made his first international trip as the president of South Africa on 2 March 2018 to the Republic of Angola and met with President João Lourenço as the chair of the SADC.

On 20 March 2018, Ramaphosa made a trip to Kigali, Rwanda, along with Foreign Minister Lindiwe Sisulu, and met with President Paul Kagame and spoke about restoring relations between South Africa and Rwanda, later participating as panelists on the African Continental Free Trade Area Business Forum (ACFTABF) ahead of the 10th African Union Extraordinary Summit. The following day, Ramaphosa signed the Kigali Declaration on the establishment of the ACFTABF at the 10th African Union Extraordinary Summit. Ramaphosa hosted the 11th BRICS summit for 25–27 July 2018, at the Sandton Convention Centre in Johannesburg.

On 10 May 2021, Ramaphosa said that the ANC condemned "in the strongest possible terms" the potential evictions of Palestinian families from their homes in Israeli-occupied East Jerusalem and the "brutal attacks on Palestinian protesters" at Al-Aqsa.

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, launched on 24 February 2022, Ramaphosa did not condemn Russia or agree to any sanctions against Russia. A month later, he stated that maintaining neutrality was essential to his having been asked to mediate between the two countries' leadership. Ramaphosa blamed NATO's proximity to Russian borders for the war: "The war could have been avoided if NATO had heeded the warnings from amongst its own leaders and officials over the years that its eastward expansion would lead to greater, not less, instability in the region." On 11 May 2023, the United States ambassador to South Africa alleged the country was supplying weapons and ammunition to Russia. Days later, Ramaphosa announced his Russian and Ukrainian counterparts have agreed that a delegation of African heads of state could visit Moscow and Kyiv to present a peace plan. "Whether that will succeed or not is going to depend on the discussions that will be held," he said.

In November 2022, Ramaphosa became the first foreign head of state to make a formal state visit to the United Kingdom during the reign of King Charles III. He was made an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath by Charles.

On 16 May 2023, Ramaphosa announced that the leaders of African countries came up with a new initiative for peace in Ukraine. In June 2023, Ramaphosa led a delegation to Russia and Ukraine, which also included heads of state from Zambia, the Republic of Congo, Egypt, Uganda and Senegal. After a meeting with Ramaphosa in Kyiv, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy said that peace talks with Russia would be possible only after Moscow withdraws its forces from the entire occupied territory. Ramaphosa visited the site of a mass grave in the town of Bucha, Ukraine and was in Kyiv during Russia's missile attack on the city. Putin later admitted to Ramaphosa that he had ordered the bombing of Kyiv that day despite the presence of an African delegation in the city. He met Russian President Vladimir Putin in St. Petersburg and told Putin that the war must end, but Putin rejected the delegation's peace plan based on accepting Ukraine's internationally recognized borders. In July 2023, Ramaphosa attended the 2023 Russia–Africa Summit in Saint Petersburg and met with Russian President Putin. Ramaphosa called for peace in Ukraine and expressed concern about the global food crisis and rising fertilizer prices.

Ramaphosa called for a ceasefire in the Israel–Hamas war, stating "as South Africans we can relate to what is happening to Palestinians". He condemned Israel's blockade of the Gaza Strip and the "collective punishment" of Palestinians in Gaza. Ramaphosa described Israel as an "oppressive regime".

In January 2024, he met with Hemedti, the leader of the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). The two men have firstly met since the start of the war that has plunged Sudan into a humanitarian crisis. He called for a ceasefire without reference to the humanitarian situation in the country. He has emerged to embrace civilian politicians and tour African capitals in a bid for international legitimacy, analysts said.

Coronavirus response
Ramaphosa has been internationally praised for his response to the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa with the BBC commenting that, in this regard, "Ramaphosa has emerged as a formidable leader — composed, compassionate, but seized by the urgency of the moment." In October 2020, Ramaphosa began a period of self-isolation after a guest at a dinner party he attended tested positive for coronavirus.

On 12 December 2021, Minister in the Presidency, Mondli Gungubele announced that Ramaphosa had tested positive for COVID-19, and deputy president, David Mabuza would take over "all responsibilities" for the following week.

Political philanthropy
Ramaphosa publicly declared in South Africa on 24 May 2018 that he would be donating half of his salary (R3.6 million annually) to charity in honour of late former South African president Nelson Mandela. He said the gesture was aimed at encouraging the wealthy to dedicate some of their pay to help build the nation. The donation was set to be managed by the Nelson Mandela Foundation (NMF).

Ramaphosa is also the founder of the Cyril Ramaphosa Foundation.

Marikana massacre
The Marikana massacre, as referred to in the media, occurred when police broke up an occupation by striking Lonmin workers of a "koppie" (hilltop) near Nkaneng shack settlement in Marikana on 16 August 2012. As a result of the police shootings, 34 miners died and an additional 78 miners were injured causing anger and outcry against the police and South African government. Further controversy emerged after it was discovered that most of the victims were shot in the back and many victims were shot far from police lines. The violence on 16 August 2012 was the single most lethal use of force by South African security forces against civilians since the end of the apartheid era.

During the Marikana Commission, it also emerged that Lonmin management solicited Ramaphosa, a Lonmin shareholder and ANC heavyweight, to coordinate "concomitant action" against "criminal" protesters and therefore is seen by many as being responsible for the massacre.

Under the investigation of Farlam committee, Ramaphosa said that Lonmin lobbied government and the SAPS firstly to secure a massive police presence at Lonmin and secondly to characterise what was taking place as a criminal rather than an industrial relations event.

The Marikana Commission of Inquiry ultimately found that given the deaths that had already occurred, his intervention did not cause the increase in police on site, nor did he know the operation would take place on 16 August.

He was employed on the board of directors of Lonmin while taking an active stance when the Marikana Massacre took place on Lonmin's Marikana premises. On 15 August 2012 he called for action against the Marikana miners' strike, which he called "dastardly criminal" conduct that needed "concomitant action" to be taken. He later admitted and regretted his involvement in the act and said that it could have been avoided if contingency plans had been made prior to the labour strike.

Alleged extramarital affairs
In August 2017, the Sunday Independent published an article alleging that Ramaphosa had had several extramarital affairs, including with some women to whom he had given money. Ramaphosa denied the allegations, claiming that they were politically motivated aimed to derail his presidential campaign.

CR17 campaign funds
On 19 July 2019, the Public Protector, Busisiwe Mkhwebane, released a report in which she claimed that Ramaphosa had intentionally misled the Parliament of South Africa over the controversial Bosasa donations to his CR17 ANC presidential campaign. COPE Leader Mosiuoa Lekota called for Ramaphosa to be impeached while DA Leader Mmusi Maimane proposed the establishment of an ad hoc committee to effectively investigate these allegations. Ramaphosa briefed the nation on 21 July 2019 and described the report as "fundamentally flawed" and called for a judicial review of Mkhwebane's findings.

Conduct of business interests
Ramaphosa has been criticised for the conduct of his business interests,    although he has never been indicted for illegal activity in any of these controversies. Controversial business dealings include his joint venture with Glencore and allegations of benefitting illegally from coal deals with Eskom which he has staunchly denied, during which Glencore was in the public spotlight for its tendentious business activities involving Tony Blair in the Middle East; his son, Andile Ramaphosa, has also been found to have accepted payments totalling R2 million from Bosasa, the security company implicated in corruption and state capture by the Zondo Commission.

Phala Phala robbery
On 9 February 2020, it is alleged about US$4 million in cash was stolen from Ramaphosa's Phala Phala game farm in Limpopo, although the exact amount was disputed.

Ramaphosa later said the amount was $580,000. In 2022, he was accused of corruption, obstruction of justice, kidnapping and bribing the burglars into silence. After delivery of a report on the matter commissioned by Speaker Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula, the parliament voted on 13 December 2022, 148 for and 214 against impeachment of the president.

Honours and awards
Ramaphosa received the Olof Palme Prize in Stockholm in October 1987. In 2009, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 2009, presented by Awards Council member Archbishop Desmond Tutu at a ceremony at St. George's Cathedral, Cape Town. He has also frequently been listed as an influential individual: he was voted 34th in the 2004 list of Top 100 Great South Africans, and was included in the Time 100 in 2007 and 2019.

He has received honorary doctorates from, among others, the University of Natal, the University of Port Elizabeth, the University of Cape Town, the University of the North, the National University of Lesotho, National University of Ireland Galway, the University of Massachusetts Boston, and the University of Pennsylvania.

State honours

 * 🇬🇳 Guinea: Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (2019)
 * 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia: Collar of the Order of King Abdulaziz (2018)
 * 🇸🇳 Senegal: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion (2021)
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB, 2022)

Personal life
Ramaphosa was married from 1978 to 1989 to Hope Ramaphosa, with whom he has a son, and from 1991 to 1993 to the now deceased businesswoman Nomazizi Mtshotshisa. In 1996, he married Tshepo Motsepe, a medical doctor and the sister of South African mining billionaire Patrice Motsepe. He is thought to have five children.

He owns a luxury mansion at the foot of Lion's Head in Cape Town, as well as 30 other properties. In 2018, Investing.com estimated his net worth at R6.4 billion ($450 million).

He is a polyglot, and is known for using a variety of South African languages when delivering his speeches.

title: Cyril Ramaphosa


text:
Wolf River (Fox River tributary)

The Wolf River is a 225 mi long tributary of the Fox River in northeastern Wisconsin in the Great Lakes region of the United States. The river is one of the two National Scenic Rivers in Wisconsin, along with the St. Croix River. The scenic portion is 24 mi long. The river and its parent the Fox River and associated lakes are known for their sturgeon which spawn every spring upstream on the lower river until blocked by the Shawano Dam. The river flows through mostly undeveloped forestland southerly from central Forest County in the north to Lake Poygan (west of Lake Winnebago) in the south. The lake is part of the Winnebago Pool of lakes fed by both the Fox and Wolf Rivers. The Fox-Wolf basin is usually considered to be a single unified basin and the rivers themselves may be referred to as the Fox-Wolf River system.

The river is known in the Menominee language as Mahwāēw-Sēpēw, "wolf river".

Course
The Wolf River rises in the southern Headwaters Wilderness of the Nicolet unit of Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, with the northernmost fork stemming from the confluence of Wildcat Creek and Pine Creek at Pine Lake in west central Forest County. The river flows south through Langlade and Menominee counties, where whitewater rafting is well known. Menominee County is mostly within the boundaries of the federally recognized Menominee Indian Reservation. Next the Wolf River flows through Shawano County, where it collects the Red River, passes by the city of Shawano. It then flows through Waupaca and Outagamie counties and back into Waupaca County, where it collects the Embarrass River and the Little Wolf at the city of New London. The Wolf River then collects the Waupaca River, then flows through Partridge Lake. The river then flows through Winnebago County and into Lake Poygan and Lake Winneconne. It finally goes through the village of Winneconne to empties into Lake Butte des Morts on the Fox River.

Hydrology
Principal tributaries of the river include Wildcat Creek and Pine Creek (headwaters), Pine River, Rat River, Waupaca River, Little Wolf River, Embarrass River, Shioc River, Red River, Evergreen River, Lily River, and Hunting River.

The river drains into the Fox River at Lake Butte des Morts then via the Fox River into Lake Winnebago and then into lower Green Bay of Lake Michigan. Lake Michigan drains northerly via the Straits of Mackinac into Lake Huron then south and east through the Great Lakes waterways into the St. Lawrence River, which flows northeasterly into the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the Atlantic Ocean.

Ecology
Environmentalists were concerned about preserving the river when the Crandon mine was proposed near a tributary of the river. The Crandon Mine was purchased by the Sokaogon Mole Lake Chippewa Band tribe in 2003 to prevent development that would adversely affect the river. The campaign to stop the Crandon Mine on the Wisconsin's Wolf River was the result of successful coalition-building efforts amongst Wisconsin's indigenous groups, environmentalists, and rural citizens.

Restoration of sturgeon spawning
Two dams on the upper Wolf River block sturgeon from returning to their historic spawning grounds at Keshena Falls on the Menominee Reservation: the Shawano Dam 125 mi. upstream from Oshkosh, Wisconsin and Balsam Row Dam 5.5 miles above the Shawano Dam, both constructed in the late 1800s. The result was that for over 100 years no sturgeon (or other fish) spawned in the waters above the Shawano Dam. Starting in 2012, the WDNR in conjunction with the Menominee tribe, implemented a sturgeon capture and relocation program to populate the river above the dams with mature sturgeon. Eggs and young fish were also used to achieve a breeding population of sturgeon in Legend Lake, a 1304 acre lake in Menominee County. Sturgeon successfully spawned at the falls the following year. The tribe has proposed that fishways be constructed around both dams to allow spawning from populations in Lake Winnebago. However, due to concerns about aquatic invasive species and Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), a deadly fish disease, the proposal has not yet been implemented, and the capture and relocation program has continued.

Zebra Mussels
Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are small, freshwater, bivalve shellfish native to the Caspian and Black Seas south of Russia and Ukraine. They can clog water intakes and pipes, encrust piers, boats and motors, and cut the feet of swimmers. Zebra mussels have been found in less than 5% of Wisconsin lakes predicted to be suitable for zebra mussels. However, they were detected in the Winnebago Pool including the Wolf River as early as 1999.

Fishing
There are many different species of fish in the river. In 2016, the Wisconsin state record Quillback was caught in the Wolf River. It was 25.0 in long and weighed 9 lb.

Sturgeon
The Winnebago system, including Wolf and Fox Rivers and associated lakes, is home to the largest population of Lake Sturgeon in the world. The sturgeon which spawn annually in the springtime in the Wolf River and its parent, the Fox River, between approximately April 15 and May 5, as they swim upstream from Lake Winnebago. It is estimated that the extent of the Lake Sturgeon has dropped to about one-tenth of its population in the state since year 1800. This species, which has existed since the time of the dinosaurs (100 million years ago), has a viable naturally reproducing population, which are highly prized for the taste of their flesh, and also for their eggs. Female sturgeon deposit their eggs only about every four to six years, starting at 20 years old, up to their life span of 50 years. At this age, the sturgeon are five feet long. The fish spawn in the shallows of the Wolf river, as they swim upstream.

In order to protect the spawning locations of the sturgeon from poaching when the fish are the most vulnerable, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources formed a citizen sturgeon guard called Sturgeon For Tomorrow in the early 1990s. They volunteer to watch over the spawning sites during the spawning season.

Walleye
The walleye is very popular during their spawning period, during the spring. Many fishermen set out to catch their daily limit. The walleye is probably the most prized fish on the river.

White bass
The white bass or sand bass (Morone chrysops) is a freshwater fish of the temperate bass family Moronidae that also spawns in the Wolf River. While different fishing methods and techniques are used, the most common is the river rig (also known as the Wolf River rig).

Points of interest
Two towns named for the river are on the river: Wolf River, Winnebago County and Wolf River, Langlade County.

title: Wolf River (Fox River tributary)


text:
Talk:Ivan Boesky

Untitled
Does anyone know where he is now? Vincent 13:30, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I thought I had heard something about hirfrm living in Hawaii without very much money after an ugly divorce. However, I was unable to find a source to substantiate this.

From a recent article:

Ivan Boesky, the once-jailed financier who was a model for Gordon Gekko in "Wall Street," gave [Hillary] Clinton $2,000. Michael Douglas, who played Gekko, gave her $4,600. "Clinton cashes in from A-list: Clinton's $28.6M in record-breaking fundraising comes from a list of nation's wealthy and famous;" Glenn Thrush Newsday, Melville, N.Y. Knight-Ridder/Tribune Business News  04-17-2007 The Sanity Inspector 01:28, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

I WAS TOLD HE HAD A RESIDENCE IN LA JOLLA CALIFORNIA, OUTSIDE OF SAN DIEGO. HE HAS A DAUGHTER WHO HAD DATED A MEXICAN BUSINESS MAN —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.0.50.189 (talk) 03:53, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

I know that a number of years ago, he went to Moscow, hoping to cash in as some sort of adviser, telling them how to set up their fledgling stock exchange, etc. Newspapers reported that the Russians wouldn't touch him and he went home empty-handed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.151.43.98 (talk) 05:49, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Article states "Boesky" rhymes with "whiskey." In the Books on Tape edition of The Crime and Punishment of Michael Milken, "Boesky" is pronounced "Boe skee." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.172.186.32 (talk) 06:55, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

More on background of Boeskyl
Can somebody who knows this stuff include what he did after law school but before going to Wall Street? As I recall, he was managing a nightclub in Detroit up until the age of 35 - was drinking and got into a couple of fights - that's why his fiance's father didn't approve of him. Also, can we have some info on the wife angle? I mean, she came from money, and that's where he got the money to start up on Wall Street to begin with (if he hadn't married somebody like her, we probably never would have heard of Ivan Boesky, and he might have spent his career as a nightclub manager). Thanks in advance to anybody that knows (I know it's in books - I've read it before). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.129.156.83 (talk) 20:18, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * If he is still alive and has not been convicted, there is BLP to worry about. He probably has enough money to start a libel action in America. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Greenmamba123123 (talk • contribs) 12:37, 27 February 2014 (UTC)
 * See www.businessinsider.com. This mentions his wife Seema Silberstein and much said above. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.68.119.201 (talk) 15:33, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

Questioning date on "Greed" speech
The article says a 1986 commencement speech, but I see alternate date in some newspaper and contemporary sources of 1985 -- Orlando Sentinal and abc news and Houma Times for example. It's also clear from Time cover that he's in disfavor by late 1986, but not when he got into it and wouldn't have been asked to speak. Many hits say the speech is 1986, but they're all recent and from share common phrasing "famously defending" so seem to be just copying a deriviative item. It only got prominence after the 1987 Wall Street film, so I'm not expecting anything directly from 1986 and think none of them would have any either, but is there anything from say 1990s covering the date of the speech or quoting the whole speech that's could clear this up ? Markbassett (talk) 15:25, 19 February 2016 (UTC)

It was on May 18, 1986 at what is now the Haas School of Business of the University of California at Berkeley. That was before the scandal broke in November. For an early piece here is an article from June 1987 in the Washington Post giving the place as Berkeley and the date as roughly a year previous.---- Work permit (talk) 03:03, 31 August 2019 (UTC)

Slapping criminals around in article leads
I do not believe ths reversal is necessary or constructive. Seems to me that we should excercize more caution in using harsh label-wording at the top of any article about a living person. Why do we need that? If nobody disagrees here, I will reverse this again soon. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 08:52, 29 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Are you a friend of Ivan's? YOU may not believe it is "necessary or constructive", but that doesn't mean it isn't.  Do you know much about Wall Street???  Boesky would not be notable except for his criminal activity and conviction.  I mean, there are literally THOUSANDS of hedge fund managers and arbitrageurs on Wall Street, and they are not notable to have an entry in Wikipedia.  Boesky is - and the ONLY reason is his felony conviction.  Look, he actually wasn't an arb (an arbitrageur) - a real legit arb makes calculated bets based on legit information on whether a company will get taken over.  Boesky wasn't doing that.  Are you aware of that?  Do you even know what he was doing???  He was getting inside information from criminal investment bankers and front-running the takeovers (go look up what "front-running" is).  I would agree with you if, say, his conviction was regarding taking drugs, or drug trafficking, or manslaughter of somebody he got into a fight with - why? - because those would have nothing to do with why he is famous (infamous), how he was making his money, with his profession.  Boesky MADE his reputation when he got caught being a criminal on Wall Street.  And he wasn't just any criminal - I think it is fair to say that Boesky is known as being one of the biggest criminals on Wall Street during the 1980's, if not THE biggest criminal - he's infamous for it - that is what he is known for - nothing else.  If you revert it, I will revert you again.  Go look at my entries (starting in June 2006) - most of them are regarding Wall Street - I'm an investment banker by profession.  I know this subject matter.
 * Go look at the profile box - it says, "Known for" and then it says "Insider trading scandal". That is literally what he is known for - his criminal activity - nothing else.
 * "Comment on content, not on the contributor: Keep the discussions focused on the topic of the talk page, rather than on the editors participating." is how I am used to working as per WP:TPYES. Shouting is another thing I am not accustomed to having to comment on.
 * The question here is whether or not "convicted criminal ... admitted informant ... infamous" etc belong in the lead of the article. The article text explains all that, & the actions & convictions of this living person do not warrant those words in the lead (just as the attempt to publish his address {4 april this year} was inappropriate). Personal opinions of the man on the part of any Wikipedian are per se irrelevant. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 19:28, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

Some more specifics. It is better to describe him as a merger arbitrageur.. He bet on merger and take over deals, and got inside information on those deals before they were announced.---- Work permit (talk) 22:31, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ivan Boesky