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List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies (2005–2010)

This is a list of the 646 previous constituencies of the United Kingdom parliament.

There are 650 in the 2010 election constituencies currently represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, as at the 2005 general election. Each constituency is represented by a single Member of Parliament (MP).

Constituency boundaries are subject to regular review by the four independent Boundary Commissions, usually once every 10 to 15 years, to keep the electorate of each constituency as close to the national average as is reasonably possible. New constituencies may be created, or existing ones abolished, by these reviews.

Constituencies were long based on boroughs (burghs in Scotland) and counties. Today, constituencies in England are mostly subdivisions of local authorities, with each constituency comprising a number of whole wards. In Scotland, constituencies are subdivisions of council areas, and in Wales they are subdivisions of the preserved counties. Northern Ireland is reviewed as a whole, and constituency boundaries may cross all district borders.

In some cases, particularly in urban areas, two or more local government areas may be combined to form a single review area, so that particularly large or small constituencies are not created. For example, if two adjacent areas are entitled to 1.5 constituencies each, they may be combined and awarded three constituencies, rather than having two constituencies each, all of which would be well below the average constituency electorate.

The average constituency size is approximately 74,000 registered voters, but they vary in size from the smallest (Na h-Eileanan an Iar at 22,200 voters) to the largest (the Isle of Wight at approximately 110,000 voters). A constituency has no physical size restrictions.

The Parliament of 2001 contained representatives from 659 constituencies. Most of the current constituency boundaries were last reviewed in the early 1990s, and are therefore based on administrative boundaries prior to the last series of local government boundary changes. However, a Boundary Commission for Scotland review in February 2005 resulted in the reorganisation of most Scottish constituencies to adjust for the historic over-representation of Scotland. This reduced the number of constituencies in Scotland by 13, from 72 down to the current 59. The Parliament of 2005 therefore had 646 representatives. In the 2010 Election on 6 May 2010 the number of seats contested has increased from 646 to 650 as a result of boundary changes. Technically an absolute majority would require one party to win 326 seats, or else there would be a hung parliament.

Derbyshire

 * Amber Valley
 * Bolsover
 * Chesterfield
 * Derby North
 * Derby South
 * Erewash
 * High Peak
 * North East Derbyshire
 * South Derbyshire
 * West Derbyshire

Leicestershire

 * Blaby
 * Bosworth
 * Charnwood
 * Harborough
 * Leicester East
 * Leicester South
 * Leicester West
 * Loughborough
 * North West Leicestershire
 * Rutland and Melton

Lincolnshire

 * Boston and Skegness
 * Gainsborough
 * Grantham and Stamford
 * Lincoln
 * Louth and Horncastle
 * Sleaford and North Hykeham
 * South Holland and The Deepings

Northamptonshire

 * Corby
 * Daventry
 * Kettering
 * Northampton North
 * Northampton South
 * Wellingborough

Nottinghamshire

 * Ashfield
 * Bassetlaw
 * Broxtowe
 * Gedling
 * Mansfield
 * Newark
 * Nottingham East
 * Nottingham North
 * Nottingham South
 * Rushcliffe
 * Sherwood

Bedfordshire

 * Bedford
 * Luton North
 * Luton South
 * Mid Bedfordshire
 * North East Bedfordshire
 * South West Bedfordshire

Cambridgeshire

 * Cambridge
 * Huntingdon
 * North East Cambridgeshire
 * North West Cambridgeshire
 * Peterborough
 * South Cambridgeshire
 * South East Cambridgeshire

Essex

 * Basildon
 * Billericay
 * Braintree
 * Brentwood and Ongar
 * Castle Point
 * Colchester
 * Epping Forest
 * Harlow
 * Harwich
 * Maldon and East Chelmsford
 * North Essex
 * Rayleigh
 * Rochford and Southend East
 * Saffron Walden
 * Southend West
 * Thurrock
 * West Chelmsford

Hertfordshire

 * Broxbourne
 * Hemel Hempstead
 * Hertford and Stortford
 * Hertsmere
 * Hitchin and Harpenden
 * North East Hertfordshire
 * St Albans
 * South West Hertfordshire
 * Stevenage
 * Watford
 * Welwyn Hatfield

Norfolk

 * Great Yarmouth
 * Mid Norfolk
 * North Norfolk
 * North West Norfolk
 * Norwich North
 * Norwich South
 * South Norfolk
 * South West Norfolk

Suffolk

 * Bury St Edmunds
 * Central Suffolk and North Ipswich
 * Ipswich
 * South Suffolk
 * Suffolk Coastal
 * Waveney
 * West Suffolk

North East London Boroughs

 * Barking
 * Bethnal Green and Bow
 * Chingford and Woodford Green
 * Dagenham
 * East Ham
 * Edmonton
 * Enfield North
 * Enfield Southgate
 * Hackney North and Stoke Newington
 * Hackney South and Shoreditch
 * Hornchurch
 * Hornsey and Wood Green
 * Ilford North
 * Ilford South
 * Islington North
 * Islington South and Finsbury
 * Leyton and Wanstead
 * Poplar and Canning Town
 * Romford
 * Tottenham
 * Upminster
 * Walthamstow
 * West Ham

North West London Boroughs

 * Brent East
 * Brent North
 * Brent South
 * Chipping Barnet
 * Cities of London and Westminster
 * Ealing, Acton and Shepherd's Bush
 * Ealing North
 * Ealing Southall
 * Finchley and Golders Green
 * Hammersmith and Fulham
 * Hampstead and Highgate
 * Harrow East
 * Harrow West
 * Hayes and Harlington
 * Hendon
 * Holborn and St. Pancras
 * Kensington and Chelsea
 * Regent's Park and Kensington North
 * Ruislip-Northwood
 * Uxbridge

South East London Boroughs

 * Beckenham
 * Bexleyheath and Crayford
 * Bromley and Chislehurst
 * Camberwell and Peckham
 * Croydon Central
 * Croydon North
 * Croydon South
 * Dulwich and West Norwood
 * Eltham
 * Erith and Thamesmead
 * Greenwich and Woolwich
 * Lewisham Deptford
 * Lewisham East
 * Lewisham West
 * North Southwark and Bermondsey
 * Old Bexley and Sidcup

South West London Boroughs

 * Battersea
 * Brentford and Isleworth
 * Carshalton and Wallington
 * Feltham and Heston
 * Kingston and Surbiton
 * Mitcham and Morden
 * Putney
 * Richmond Park
 * Streatham
 * Sutton and Cheam
 * Tooting
 * Twickenham
 * Vauxhall
 * Wimbledon
 * Wandsworth

Cleveland

 * Hartlepool
 * Middlesbrough
 * Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland
 * Redcar
 * Stockton North
 * Stockton South

Durham

 * Bishop Auckland
 * City of Durham
 * Darlington
 * Easington
 * North Durham
 * North West Durham
 * Sedgefield

Northumberland

 * Berwick-upon-Tweed
 * Blyth Valley
 * Hexham
 * Wansbeck

Tyne and Wear

 * Blaydon
 * Gateshead East and Washington West
 * Houghton and Washington East
 * Jarrow
 * Newcastle upon Tyne Central
 * Newcastle upon Tyne East and Wallsend
 * Newcastle upon Tyne North
 * North Tyneside
 * South Shields
 * Sunderland North
 * Sunderland South
 * Tyne Bridge
 * Tynemouth

Cheshire

 * City of Chester
 * Congleton
 * Crewe and Nantwich
 * Eddisbury
 * Ellesmere Port and Neston
 * Halton
 * Macclesfield
 * Tatton
 * Warrington North
 * Warrington South
 * Weaver Vale

Cumbria

 * Barrow and Furness
 * Carlisle
 * Copeland
 * Penrith and The Border
 * Westmorland and Lonsdale
 * Workington

Greater Manchester

 * Altrincham and Sale West
 * Ashton-under-Lyne
 * Bolton North East
 * Bolton South East
 * Bolton West
 * Bury North
 * Bury South
 * Cheadle
 * Denton and Reddish
 * Eccles
 * Hazel Grove
 * Heywood and Middleton
 * Leigh
 * Makerfield
 * Manchester Blackley
 * Manchester Central
 * Manchester Gorton
 * Manchester Withington
 * Oldham East and Saddleworth
 * Oldham West and Royton
 * Rochdale
 * Salford
 * Stalybridge and Hyde
 * Stockport
 * Stretford and Urmston
 * Wigan
 * Worsley
 * Wythenshawe and Sale East

Lancashire

 * Blackburn
 * Blackpool North and Fleetwood
 * Blackpool South
 * Burnley
 * Chorley
 * Fylde
 * Hyndburn
 * Lancaster and Wyre
 * Morecambe and Lunesdale
 * Pendle
 * Preston
 * Ribble Valley
 * Rossendale and Darwen
 * South Ribble
 * West Lancashire

Merseyside

 * Birkenhead
 * Bootle
 * Crosby
 * Knowsley North and Sefton East
 * Knowsley South
 * Liverpool Garston
 * Liverpool Riverside
 * Liverpool Walton
 * Liverpool Wavertree
 * Liverpool West Derby
 * St Helens North
 * St Helens South
 * Southport
 * Wallasey
 * Wirral South
 * Wirral West

Berkshire

 * Bracknell
 * Maidenhead
 * Newbury
 * Reading East
 * Reading West
 * Slough
 * Windsor
 * Wokingham

Buckinghamshire

 * Aylesbury
 * Beaconsfield
 * Buckingham
 * Chesham and Amersham
 * Milton Keynes South West
 * North East Milton Keynes
 * Wycombe

East Sussex

 * Bexhill and Battle
 * Brighton Kemptown
 * Brighton Pavilion
 * Eastbourne
 * Hastings and Rye
 * Hove
 * Lewes
 * Wealden

Hampshire

 * Aldershot
 * Basingstoke
 * East Hampshire
 * Eastleigh
 * Fareham
 * Gosport
 * Havant
 * New Forest East
 * New Forest West
 * North East Hampshire
 * North West Hampshire
 * Portsmouth North
 * Portsmouth South
 * Romsey
 * Southampton Itchen
 * Southampton Test
 * Winchester

Isle of Wight

 * Isle of Wight

Kent

 * Ashford
 * Canterbury
 * Chatham and Aylesford
 * Dartford
 * Dover
 * Faversham and Mid Kent
 * Folkestone and Hythe
 * Gillingham
 * Gravesham
 * Maidstone and The Weald
 * Medway
 * North Thanet
 * Orpington
 * Sevenoaks
 * Sittingbourne and Sheppey
 * South Thanet
 * Tonbridge and Malling
 * Tunbridge Wells

Oxfordshire

 * Banbury
 * Henley
 * Oxford East
 * Oxford West and Abingdon
 * Wantage
 * Witney

Surrey

 * East Surrey
 * Epsom and Ewell
 * Esher and Walton
 * Guildford
 * Mole Valley
 * Reigate
 * Runnymede and Weybridge
 * South West Surrey
 * Spelthorne
 * Surrey Heath
 * Woking

West Sussex

 * Arundel and South Downs
 * Bognor Regis and Littlehampton
 * Chichester
 * Crawley
 * East Worthing and Shoreham
 * Horsham
 * Mid Sussex
 * Worthing West

Avon

 * Bath
 * Bristol East
 * Bristol North West
 * Bristol South
 * Bristol West
 * Kingswood
 * Northavon
 * Wansdyke
 * Weston-Super-Mare
 * Woodspring

Cornwall

 * Falmouth and Camborne
 * North Cornwall
 * St Ives
 * South East Cornwall
 * Truro and St Austell

Devon

 * East Devon
 * Exeter
 * North Devon
 * Plymouth Devonport
 * Plymouth Sutton
 * South West Devon
 * Teignbridge
 * Tiverton and Honiton
 * Torbay
 * Torridge and West Devon
 * Totnes

Dorset

 * Bournemouth East
 * Bournemouth West
 * Christchurch
 * Mid Dorset and North Poole
 * North Dorset
 * Poole
 * South Dorset
 * West Dorset

Gloucestershire

 * Cheltenham
 * Cotswold
 * Forest of Dean
 * Gloucester
 * Stroud
 * Tewkesbury

Somerset

 * Bridgwater
 * Somerton and Frome
 * Taunton
 * Wells
 * Yeovil

Wiltshire

 * Devizes
 * North Swindon
 * North Wiltshire
 * Salisbury
 * South Swindon
 * Westbury

Hereford and Worcester

 * Bromsgrove
 * Hereford
 * Leominster
 * Mid Worcestershire
 * Redditch
 * West Worcestershire
 * Worcester
 * Wyre Forest

Shropshire

 * Ludlow
 * North Shropshire
 * Shrewsbury and Atcham
 * Telford
 * The Wrekin

Staffordshire

 * Burton
 * Cannock Chase
 * Lichfield
 * Newcastle-under-Lyme
 * South Staffordshire
 * Stafford
 * Staffordshire Moorlands
 * Stoke-on-Trent Central
 * Stoke-on-Trent North
 * Stoke-on-Trent South
 * Stone
 * Tamworth

Warwickshire

 * North Warwickshire
 * Nuneaton
 * Rugby and Kenilworth
 * Stratford-on-Avon
 * Warwick and Leamington

West Midlands (county)

 * Aldridge-Brownhills
 * Birmingham Edgbaston
 * Birmingham Erdington
 * Birmingham Hall Green
 * Birmingham Hodge Hill
 * Birmingham Ladywood
 * Birmingham Northfield
 * Birmingham Perry Barr
 * Birmingham Selly Oak
 * Birmingham Sparkbrook and Small Heath
 * Birmingham Yardley
 * Coventry North East
 * Coventry North West
 * Coventry South
 * Dudley North
 * Dudley South
 * Halesowen and Rowley Regis
 * Meriden
 * Solihull
 * Stourbridge
 * Sutton Coldfield
 * Walsall North
 * Walsall South
 * Warley
 * West Bromwich East
 * West Bromwich West
 * Wolverhampton North East
 * Wolverhampton South East
 * Wolverhampton South West

Humberside

 * Beverley and Holderness
 * Brigg and Goole
 * Cleethorpes
 * East Yorkshire
 * Great Grimsby
 * Haltemprice and Howden
 * Kingston upon Hull East
 * Kingston upon Hull North
 * Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle
 * Scunthorpe

North Yorkshire

 * City of York
 * Harrogate and Knaresborough
 * Richmond (Yorks)
 * Ryedale
 * Scarborough and Whitby
 * Selby
 * Skipton and Ripon
 * Vale of York

South Yorkshire

 * Barnsley Central
 * Barnsley East and Mexborough
 * Barnsley West and Penistone
 * Don Valley
 * Doncaster Central
 * Doncaster North
 * Rother Valley
 * Rotherham
 * Sheffield Attercliffe
 * Sheffield Brightside
 * Sheffield Central
 * Sheffield Hallam
 * Sheffield Heeley
 * Sheffield Hillsborough
 * Wentworth

West Yorkshire

 * Batley and Spen
 * Bradford North
 * Bradford South
 * Bradford West
 * Calder Valley
 * Colne Valley
 * Dewsbury
 * Elmet
 * Halifax
 * Hemsworth
 * Huddersfield
 * Keighley
 * Leeds Central
 * Leeds East
 * Leeds North East
 * Leeds North West
 * Leeds West
 * Morley and Rothwell
 * Normanton
 * Pontefract and Castleford
 * Pudsey
 * Shipley
 * Wakefield

Northern Ireland

 * Belfast East
 * Belfast North
 * Belfast South
 * Belfast West
 * East Antrim
 * East Londonderry
 * Fermanagh & South Tyrone
 * Foyle
 * Lagan Valley
 * Mid Ulster
 * Newry & Armagh
 * North Antrim
 * North Down
 * South Antrim
 * South Down
 * Strangford
 * Upper Bann
 * West Tyrone

Scotland
The Fifth Periodical Review of the Boundary Commission for Scotland related the boundaries of new constituencies to those of Scottish local government council areas and to local government wards. Apart from a few minor adjustments, the council area boundaries dated from 1996 and the ward boundaries dated from 1999. Some council areas were grouped to form larger areas and, within these larger areas, some constituencies straddle council area boundaries.

Dumfries and Galloway, Scottish Borders

 * Dumfries and Galloway
 * Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale
 * Berwickshire, Roxburgh and Selkirk

South Ayrshire, East Ayrshire, North Ayrshire

 * Central Ayrshire
 * Ayr, Carrick and Cumnock
 * Kilmarnock and Loudoun
 * North Ayrshire and Arran

North Lanarkshire, South Lanarkshire

 * East Kilbride, Strathaven and Lesmahagow
 * Lanark and Hamilton East
 * Rutherglen and Hamilton West
 * Coatbridge, Chryston and Bellshill
 * Cumbernauld, Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch East
 * Airdrie and Shotts
 * Motherwell and Wishaw

East Lothian, Midlothian

 * East Lothian
 * Midlothian

City of Edinburgh

 * Edinburgh East
 * Edinburgh North and Leith
 * Edinburgh South
 * Edinburgh South West
 * Edinburgh West

West Lothian, Falkirk

 * Linlithgow and East Falkirk
 * Livingston
 * Falkirk

West Dunbartonshire, East Dunbartonshire

 * West Dunbartonshire
 * East Dunbartonshire

Renfrewshire, East Renfrewshire, Inverclyde

 * Paisley and Renfrewshire North
 * Paisley and Renfrewshire South
 * East Renfrewshire
 * Inverclyde

Glasgow City

 * Glasgow Central
 * Glasgow East
 * Glasgow North
 * Glasgow North East
 * Glasgow North West
 * Glasgow South
 * Glasgow South West

Stirling, Clackmannanshire, Perth and Kinross

 * Ochil and South Perthshire
 * Perth and North Perthshire
 * Stirling

Fife

 * Glenrothes
 * Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath
 * Dunfermline and West Fife
 * North East Fife

Angus, Dundee City

 * Dundee East
 * Dundee West
 * Angus

Aberdeenshire, Aberdeen City

 * Gordon
 * West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine
 * Banff and Buchan
 * Aberdeen North
 * Aberdeen South

Moray, Argyll and Bute, Highland

 * Argyll and Bute
 * Moray
 * Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross
 * Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey
 * Ross, Skye and Lochaber

Outer Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland

 * Na h-Eileanan an Iar
 * Orkney and Shetland

Wales

 * Aberavon
 * Aberconwy
 * Arfon
 * Alyn and Deeside
 * Blaenau Gwent
 * Brecon and Radnorshire
 * Bridgend
 * Caerphilly
 * Cardiff Central
 * Cardiff North
 * Cardiff South and Penarth
 * Cardiff West
 * Carmarthen East and Dinefwr
 * Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire
 * Ceredigion
 * Clwyd South
 * Clwyd West
 * Cynon Valley
 * Delyn
 * Dwyfor Meirionnydd
 * Gower
 * Islwyn
 * Llanelli
 * Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney
 * Monmouth
 * Montgomeryshire
 * Neath
 * Newport East
 * Newport West
 * Ogmore
 * Pontypridd
 * Preseli Pembrokeshire
 * Rhondda
 * Swansea East
 * Swansea West
 * Torfaen
 * Vale of Clwyd
 * Vale of Glamorgan
 * Wrexham
 * Ynys Môn (formerly Anglesey)


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Phone bank

Phone bank or phone banking may refer to:

 * A collection of telephones within an organization such as a call centre
 * A banking institution that does business solely or mostly via telephone. See telephone banking.
 * A political campaign strategy to collect voter data and get out the vote. See canvassing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Phone bank


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Province of L'Aquila

The province of L'Aquila (provincia dell'Aquila) is the largest, most mountainous and least densely populated province of the Abruzzo region of Italy. It comprises about half the landmass of Abruzzo and occupies the western part of the region. It has borders with the provinces of Teramo to the north, Pescara and Chieti to the east, Isernia (in Molise region) to the south and Frosinone, Rome and Rieti (in Lazio region) to the west. Its capital is the city of L'Aquila.

The province of L'Aquila includes the highest mountains of the Apennines (Gran Sasso, Maiella and Velino-Sirente), their highest peak, Corno Grande, the high plain of Campo Imperatore, and Europe's southernmost glacier, the Calderone. The province's major rivers are the Aterno-Pescara, Sangro, Liri, Salto, and the Turano; its major lakes are Lago Scanno and Lago Barrea. It once included the third largest lake on the Italian peninsula, Lago Fucino, which was drained in one of the 19th century's largest engineering projects. The lake basin is today a flourishing agricultural area and an important technological district.

Economy and population
The province is known for its many castles, fortresses and pristine medieval hill towns. The province's two major cities, L'Aquila and Avezzano, have had rapid economic expansion since the late 20th century, with the growth of transportation manufacturing, telecommunications, and computer industries.

Throughout most of the 20th century, there were serious population declines in the rural areas, with the near collapse of the province's pastoral agricultural economy, as people moved to cities for work. Since the founding of the Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga and Majella national parks, and the Sirente-Velino Regional Park, tourists have been attracted to the mountainous landscapes. Tourism and associated services have boosted the economy of rural L'Aquila and begun to reverse its population decline.

Earthquakes
Earthquakes mark the history of the province, especially its capital city L'Aquila. The city suffered earthquakes in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, followed by the 1703 Apennine earthquakes and most recently on 6 April 2009. This caused extensive damage to the city and areas of the province just outside L'Aquila, particularly along SS 17. It also resulted in the deaths of 308 people, injured about 1,500, and left over 66,000 unhoused. At 01:32 GMT (03:32 CEST) on 6 April, an earthquake of 6.3 magnitude struck central Italy with its epicentre near L'Aquila, at 42.4228°N, 13.3945°W.

L' Aquila

Tourists in L'Aquila come mostly from Italy.

In the highest part of the town is the massive Spanish Fort (Forte Spagnolo), erected by the Spanish viceroy Don Pedro de Toledo in 1534. It is currently home to the National Museum of Abruzzo.

L'Aquila Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Maximus of Aveia (San Massimo), was built in the 13th century, but crumbled down during the 1703 earthquake. The most recent façade is from the 19th century, but after the earthquake of 2009 and subsequent aftershocks the transept and possibly more of the cathedral has collapsed.

The Basilica of San Bernardino (1472) has a fine Renaissance façade by Nicolò Filotesio (commonly called Cola dell'Amatrice), and contains the monumental tomb of the saint, decorated with beautiful sculptures, and executed by Silvestro Ariscola in 1480.

The church of Santa Maria di Collemaggio, just outside the town, has a very fine Romanesque façade of simple design (1270–1280) in red and white marble, with three finely decorated portals and a rose-window above each. The two side doors are also fine. The interior contains the mausoleum of Pope Celestine V erected in 1517. Many smaller churches in the town have similar façades (S. Giusta, S. Silvestro and others).

The town also contains some fine palaces: the municipality has a museum, with a collection of Roman inscriptions and some illuminated service books. The Palazzi Dragonetti and Persichetti contain private collections of pictures. Outside the town is the Fontana delle novantanove cannelle, a fountain with ninety-nine jets distributed along three walls, constructed in 1272. The source of the fountain is still unknown.

A well-known city landmark is the Fontana Luminosa ("Luminous Fountain"), a sculpture of two women bearing large jars, built in the 1930s. The local cemetery includes the grave of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, a 19th‑century German gay rights pioneer who lived in L'Aquila; every year, gay people from all over the world meet at the cemetery to honour his memory.

The surrounding area boasts Roman ruins (the important Roman city of Amiternum), ancient monasteries, and numerous castles. The best-known of these is Rocca Calascio (used in the 1980s as the location for the movie Ladyhawke), which is the highest castle in Italy and one of the highest in Europe. Also nearby are several ski resorts like Gran Sasso d'Italia, the highest of the Apennines where in its valley the movie The Name of the Rose was filmed in the end of the 1980s.

Sulmona
Sulmona has various piazzas, churches and palaces of historical and touristic interest. Some of these include:
 * Sulmona Cathedral, located on the northwest side of the old city and was built on the site of a Roman temple. It contains a crypt which retains its Romanesque appearance despite the 18th-century renovation of the main church.
 * Piazza XX Settembre. One of the main squares of the city, including a bronze statue of the Roman poet Ovid.
 * Corso Ovidio. The city's main thoroughfare connects the cathedral and the major piazzas and is lined by elegant covered arcades, shops, cafes, palaces and churches.
 * Palazzo Annunziata and Chiesa della SS. Annunziata. The Palace, one of the rare examples of late medieval/early Renaissance architecture in Sulmona that survived the earthquake of 1706. Its facade contains fine sculpture and tracery work. Inside the Palazzo is a museum showing the Roman history of the city as well as various artifacts. The church is a fine example of Baroque architecture and has a beautiful interior and bell tower.
 * Piazza Garibaldi is the largest square in town with a large baroque era fountain. A Palio style medieval festival and horse race known as the Giostra Cavalleresca takes place here every year in the Summer. At Easter, crowds gather to witness the Madonna che Scappa. This ceremony involves the procession of a statue of the Madonna which is carried across the square while the bearers run to encounter a statue of the resurrected Christ on the other side of the square. On the south side of the Piazza is the 12th Century Gothic aqueduct. The square hosts a market twice each week on Wednesdays and Saturdays.

The remains of the ancient city are of little interest as ruins, but indicate the existence of a considerable town; among them are the vestiges of an amphitheatre, a theatre, and thermae, all of them located outside the gates of the modern city. About 3 km from the city, at the foot of Monte Morrone, are some ruins of reticulated masonry, traditionally believed to be Ovid's villa. Today, they are more properly identified as the sanctuary of Hercules Curinus. Nearby is the Badia Morronese, a large (c. 119 × 140 m) religious complex located near Pope Celestine V's hermitage. It was founded by Celestine as a chapel in 1241, and was enlarged and later made into a convent.

Rocca Calascio

The Rocca Calascio is a mountaintop fortress or rocca in the municipality of Calascio. At an elevation of 1512 m, the castle is the highest fortress in the Apennines. Built of stone and masonry exclusively for military purposes and intended only to accommodate troops and never as residence for nobles, the fortress overlooks the Plain of Navelli at one of the highest points in the ancient Barony of Carapelle.

Construction of the fortress started in the tenth century as a single watchtower. A walled courtyard with four cylindrical towers at the corners around a taller inner tower was added in the thirteenth century. The lower half of the fortress is built with distinctively larger stones than its upper half. It is believed that this feature was to make its base impenetrable to invaders. The fortress was never tested in battle. However, it was badly damaged in November 1461 by an earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 7 to 8 on the Richter Scale. While the town of Calascio, which lies below the fortress, was rebuilt, the fortress was not.

Avezzano
Avezzano, having been completely destroyed by the earthquake of 1915, has no monuments of particular interest as do other locations in the region of Abruzzo. However, you can see some important remains of its ancient history. The remains of the ancient Roman site of Alba Fucens are located 7 kilometers north of the city.

The Castello Orsini-Colonna was built in 1490 by Gentile Virginio Orsini, who had it built around a pre-existing medieval tower of the twelfth century; it is square, with round towers at the angles. The castle project was probably led by the engineer Francesco di Giorgio Martini. In the sixteenth century the castle was expanded by the order of Marcantonio Colonna, becoming an elegant residence. Severely damaged by the earthquake of 1915, it was partially restored after 1990.

The Tunnels of Claudius are located south of the city. They were built by the emperor Claudius between 41 and 52 AD by which the emperor made the first attempts at draining the huge Lake Fucino. To create the tunnels and the main gallery, 25,000 slaves were needed. They dug 32 wells and six tunnels. The lake was largely drained, but with the fall of the Roman Empire the tunnels were obstructed and the lake returned to its previous levels. Many centuries later, Alessandro Torlonia completed the work by finally draining Lake Fucino, building on the original project of the emperor Claudius and turning the land under the great lake into a fertile plain. In 1977, the tunnels were opened as an archaeological park.

The Avezzano Cathedral was built in 1000 and documented in the thirteenth century. After its destruction as a result of the earthquake of 1915, it was rebuilt after 1940 in the new central square of Avezzano. The facade is neo-Renaissance travertine. The three portals are topped with mosaics depicting Christ and the two protectors of Avezzano, the Virgin Mary and St. Bartholomew. The church inside presents three large naves and a valuable organ placed in the church in 1955.

The original Sanctuary of the Madonna di Pietraquaria was destroyed by Charles I of Anjou after the battle of Tagliacozzo in 1268 and rebuilt a few centuries later. In 1915, it did not suffer serious damage and was home to many survivors of the quake.

Comuni
There are 108 comuni (: comune) in the province.

The largest are:

title: Province of L'Aquila


text:
N.M.A.M. Institute of Technology

N.M.A.M. Institute of Technology (NMAMIT), full name Nitte Mahalinga Adyanthaya Memorial Institute of Technology, is a deemed engineering college in Nitte, Karnataka, India. It was established in 1986, with programs in electronics and communication computer science, mechanical engineering, civil engineering and electrical engineering.

Currently it offers BTech programs in Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning,Artificial Intelligence and Datascience,Biotechnology Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer & Communications Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Information Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Robotics & Artificial Intelligence.

The college is run by the Nitte Education Trust, which was founded in 1979 by Justice Kowdoor Sadananda Hegde, former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and former Speaker of the Lok Sabha. The college was affiliated to the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum. It received the autonomous status in 2007–08. And now has been constituent college of Nitte University, Mangalore since June 2022.

Rankings
N.M.A.M. Institute of Technology was ranked 175 among engineering colleges by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2022. N.M.A.M Institute of Technology was ranked in the band of 101-150 among engineering colleges by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2023

Campus
The college is situated in the village of Nitte in an interior area of Udupi district. It is around 57 km from Mangalore. The various departments, laboratories, and hostels are located on a 100 acre campus.

Notable alumni

 * Rakshith Shetty, Actor
 * Kavya Shetty, Actress
 * Nabha Natesh, Actress
 * Nischal Shetty,Founder and CEO of WazirX

title: N.M.A.M. Institute of Technology


text:
Ocean Falls

Ocean Falls is a community on the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada. Formerly a large company town owned by Crown Zellerbach, it is accessible only via boat or seaplane, and is home for a few dozen full-time residents, with the seasonal population upwards of 100.

Geography and environment
Ocean Falls is noted for its abundance of rain - about 4390 mm annually, and its residents are sometimes referred to as the "Rain People". Situated around a waterfall from Link Lake straight into Cousins Inlet, it has considerable energy resources that are largely untapped.

History
The Heiltsuk native speaking people and the Nuxalk native speaking people inhabited the coastal region surrounding Ocean Falls for more than 9,000 years. In 1903, the Bella Coola Pulp and Paper Company surveyed the area and was impressed with the hydro power potential of the site. In 1906, following the company's acquisition of 260 acre of land, clearing began for the town and three years later, a sawmill, hospital and school were established. In 1912, the dam was erected and the pulp mill began operating. The Ocean Falls pulp and paper mill was the largest mill in British Columbia for many years. The mill produced mechanical, sulfite and sulphate pulp processed on two newsprint machines, two kraft paper machines and one tissue machine. Much of the electrical power for the mill and town was produced by four hydro turbines.

Ocean Falls' population numbered 250 in 1912 and grew to 3,500 by 1950. By 1970, the number of inhabitants had dropped to 1,500. Only about 70 people, mostly loggers, remained by 1990.

The profit structure of the original investment changed considerably during the mill's many years of operation. Low labour costs, inexpensive hydro power and low infrastructure costs made the Ocean Falls mill a viable proposition. Nevertheless, the remote location, rising labour costs and the high cost of operating a town site made further investment unattractive. The Ocean Falls pulp and paper mill was a very large and complex production facility and modernization costs were prohibitive.

By the early 1970s, the facility was inefficient and uneconomical. The owner at that time, Crown Zellerbach, decided to close the plant and effectively shut down the town by March 1973. The provincial government bought the town and mill at a minimal cost a few weeks before the planned closure and kept the mill operating until 1980. The Ocean Falls mill thus joined the ranks of other older, remote pulp and paper mills in British Columbia shut down during the latter part of the twentieth century.

Today, much of the town has been demolished, and many of the remaining buildings are in decay. Nevertheless, Ocean Falls maintains a residential community and a social network of former residents.

Several disasters have struck the town. A major apartment fire in 1950 killed eight, a mudslide in 1965 killed seven and the town's Charleson school burned down on the night between December 21 and 22, 1969. Although no one was seriously hurt in the school fire, the little community was traumatized nevertheless. The school was closed for only three days; several teachers went to Bella Bella to obtain school desks and classes were held throughout the community, from the community centre to the Royal Canadian Legion branch pub (grade 12 students) to part of the Martin Inn, a 600-bed hotel. The new school, with one of the largest indoor gymnasiums in British Columbia, opened in 1971.

Economy and infrastructure
At its largest, Ocean Falls was the home to around 3900 people, a K-12 school system, its own hospital, one of the province's largest hotels and a swimming pool where several swimming champions trained.

Ocean Falls was a typical single-employer town where the company operated and maintained the complete town site. A town site manager, working in a town site office, managed the allocation of apartments and houses on behalf of the people living in town. Utilities such as water, electricity, and heat were subsidized by the company. The rental cost of accommodation was also quite reasonable permitting the residents of Ocean Falls to live rather inexpensively. In the nearby Martin Valley, residents could purchase their own single-family houses. However, in most cases the company offered a buy-back option to protect the purchaser.

The town consisted of a blend of fairly large apartments, duplexes and single-family homes. Most of the buildings were located on the fairly steep slope of the Caro Marion mountain. The town's main store and several other smaller businesses were located along the harbour front. The Ocean Falls Court House, the Legion Hall, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police building and the Post office are also in the harbour area. Most of the roads leading up the hills away from the harbour area were heavily constructed timber roads. These roads were capable of carrying large vehicles such as trucks or fire engines. There were very few cars in town and usually only one taxi cab. Most of the cars were owned by people who lived in Martin Valley.

The harbour was well protected from most wind directions and there was plenty of dock space for local as well as visiting boaters. The harbour was kept dredged so that deep sea ships could tie up at the mill's paper warehouses. There were float planes arriving and departing every day. Larger amphibious planes such as Grumman Goose and Mallards were flying passengers in from Vancouver and other larger settlements. The town was also served by freighters which would bring in supplies from Vancouver.

The only cruise ship that ever called at Ocean Falls was Holland America's SS Rotterdam on May 18, 1997. The ship was chartered by a British Columbia tour operator, Wells Gray Tours. The town had only 50 residents, but they successfully hosted 1,100 visitors. There was hope that other Alaska-bound cruise ships would start to visit Ocean Falls, but it never happened. On October 6, 2019, the 400-passenger MV Seabourn Sojourn cruised off Oceans Falls in an unexpected visit when its planned day in Klemtu, British Columbia, was cancelled due to weather, but no-one went ashore.

There is a sign on the road that reads "July 13, 1929, Give to the world the best you have and the best will come back to you - Willy Buttner".

The town is now home to a Bitcoin mining operation due to the availability of electricity that would otherwise not be utilized. After the shut down of the pulp mill, only one third of the privately owned dam's power capacity was in use, as this is all that was needed by the powered communities of Ocean Falls, Shearwater, and Bella Bella. There are no power lines connecting the dam to the North American power grid, thus no opportunity to sell power to anywhere other than local communities.

Notable residents

 * John Horgan, Former Premier of British Columbia, worked at the Ocean Falls pulp mill as a university student
 * Ralph Hutton, silver medalist at the 1968 Olympics in swimming
 * Ian MacKenzie, former competition swimmer who represented Canada at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. MacKenzie was a member of Canada's team in the 4x200-metre freestyle relay which placed 7th in the event final. He also competed in the 100 and 200-metre backstroke events, advancing the semifinals of the 100-metre. MacKenzie won a gold medal during the 1974 Commonwealth games in Christchurch in the 4×100m freestyle, won a silver medal during the 1971 Pan American games in Cali in the 4×100m freestyle, and won a bronze medal in the 1973 World Championships in Belgrade in the 4×100m medley.
 * Jerrold Marsden, Caltech professor, was born here on August 17, 1942
 * Dick Pound, gold medalist at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in swimming, and former president of the World Anti-Doping Agency, was resident during his youth
 * Olive Sturgess, former actress of television and film, born in Ocean Falls in 1933

title: Ocean Falls


text:
Province of Chieti

The province of Chieti (provincia di Chieti; Abruzzese: pruvìngie de Chjìte) is a province in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Its provincial capital is the city Chieti, which has a population of 50,770 inhabitants. The province has a total population of 387,649 inhabitants and spans an area of 2599.58 km2. The province contains 104 comuni (: comune). Its provincial president is Mario Pupillo.

Chieti's cathedral was first constructed during the 9th century but was reconstructed during the 13th century. The province contains the National Archaeology Museum of Abruzzo, in Italian the Museo Archeologico Nazionale d'Abruzzo, which contains items from the area prior to Roman rule.

History
It was first settled by the Osci people near the Pescara River. In around 1000 BCE it was conquered by Marsi and Marrucini people. The city was also lived in by the Greeks, who named it Teate. It was conquered by the Romans in 305 BCE but after the fall of Rome in 476 CE, Theodoric the Great gained ownership of the city and it was subsequently used as a Lombard fortress. The city was then owned by the Franks, the Normans, the Hohenstaufen, the Angevins and Aragonese rulers until strong control over the city was gained by Charles V of France. Chieti was made the capital of Abruzzo Citra under its period of rule by the House of Bourbon.

The province of Chieti contains Ortona, a town founded by Fretani people for trading with the Greeks, which was the scene of a World War II battle between German and predominantly British and Canadian forces; over 2,000 civilians died and the town was largely destroyed.

Geography
The province of Chieti is one of four provinces in the region of Abruzzo, on the eastern coast of Italy. It is the most easternmost province in the region and is bounded to the northeast by the Adriatic Sea. The province of Pescara lies to the north and the province of L'Aquila to the northwest. To the south lies the province of Isernia and the province of Campobasso lies to the south east, both these provinces being part of the region of Molise. The provincial capital is Chieti, situated on a ridge a few miles inland and just south of the River Aterno-Pescara, which flows into the sea at nearby Pescara.

There has been a movement by farmers away from the land and the area. The outflow has been greatest from the hilly and mountainous areas, where the holdings are small and worked by the families who own them. In the period 1951 to 1971, the number of people employed in agriculture in Chieti fell from over 80% to around 45%, the number employed in industry tripled to around 20% and the number employed in the service sector, tripled to around 30%.

Chieti

 * The Gothic Cathedral, re-built by bishop Attone I in 1069. Of that building only parts of the Romanesque crypt remain. The church was remade in the 14th century and the bell tower was enlarged. After several earthquakes, the church was rebuilt again in the late 17th-18th centuries in Baroque style.
 * Oratory of Sacro Monte dei Morti
 * Church of San Francesco al Corso, founded in 1239. The façade shows an incomplete Baroque restoration.
 * Church of Santa Chiara

Under the church of SS. Pietro e Paolo and the adjoining houses are extensive substructures (in opus reticulatum and brickwork) of the 1st century CE, belonging to a building erected by M. Vectius Marcellus and Helvidia Priscilla. There are also remains of large reservoirs and of an ancient theatre. In the early 21st century, new archeological excavations are under way on the site of the former Campo Sportivo.

Lanciano

 * Cathedral of Santa Maria del Ponte ("St. Mary of the Bridge"), so called because it is built on bridgework along a precipice: is the work of Michitelli (1619) and has some paintings by Pozzulaniello (Giacinto Diana). It houses also an 8th-century Byzantine statue portraying the Madonna, probably brought here during the iconoclast controversy.
 * Chiesa di Santa Maria Maggiore, one of the most important architectural sites in Abruzzo. Built in 1227 according to Bourgogne-Cistercian lines, it was updated in 1540 in Baroque style, with the addition of two aisles and stucco decorations (recently stripped off). The main gate is from 1317.
 * Chiesa di San Francesco (1258), built over a pre-existing 7th-century church. The high altar houses the relics of the Eucharistic Miracle.
 * Chiesa di Sant'Agostino (1270). The façade has maintained the original rose window and the gate, while the single nave interior is a Baroque restoration.
 * Chiesa di San Biagio (11th century) is the oldest church of the city. It has a bell tower and it's always opened on 3 February for the anointing of the throat, a Catholic rite linked to the cult Saint Biagio.
 * Torri Montanare, a relic of the ancient walls (11th century). They consist in two massive towers, the most recent dating to the 15th century, offering a panoramic view of the area.
 * Porta San Biagio (11th century), the only one gate remaining of the nine once existing
 * Torre civica (19th century) was built over a pre-existing tower next to the cathedral. Nowadays it is a belfry and a clock tower.
 * Torre Aragonese (15th century) was a tower along the ancient walls.
 * Palazzo dell'Arcivescovado (16th century) is still the seat of the archbishop and houses a diocesan Museum.
 * Botteghe medievali was a house built in 1434. It has two floors and on the ground floor there are antique shops, with external bank according to the Roman use.

Vasto
The old part of the town (centro storico) features a number of interesting buildings and churches dating from the 12th to the 18th century, including:
 * Cathedral of San Giuseppe
 * Santa Maria Maggiore: largest and oldest church in the town, mentioned in a document as early as 1195, with a tall bell tower. Damaged by the Turks in 1566, and by a fire in 1645, it went a thorough restructuring in 1735 in which it got the current shape. It hosts one of alleged Jesus' crown of thorns (Sacra Spina).
 * Castello Caldoresco
 * D'Avalos Palace, which houses four museums, called Musei di Palazzo d'Avalos

Below the hill on which the town is located, the beach resort town of Marina di Vasto offers a large sandy beach and several hotels and other facilities.

Further north the coast becomes rocky and features interesting pebble and stone beaches and coves, as well as the typical trabocchi, that are typical wooden fishing machines of the Southern Abruzzo coast.

Amongst the most interesting natural areas, also featuring a number of sandy and rocky beaches, is the protected natural area of the Riserva Naturale di Punta Aderci, whose beaches were voted in 2014 3rd of the top 20 beaches in Italy.

Ortona
The origins of Ortona are uncertain. Presumably, it was first inhabited by the Frentani, an Italic population. In 2005, during works near the Castle, a Bronze Age settlement was discovered, and the Roman town largely coincided with this first settlement. Some sections of paved roads and urban walls, as well as some archaeological findings are the only remains of this period. Ortona remained a part of the Roman Empire i.e., the Byzantine Empire for several centuries, before it was annexed by the Kingdom of the Lombards. In 803 the Franks incorporated Ortona into the county of Chieti. From that date on, the town remained tied to Chieti and its territory. In 1258 the relics of the Apostle Thomas were brought to Ortona by the sailor Leone Acciaiuoli. In the first half of the 15th century its walls were built, and during this period Ortona fought with the nearby town of Lanciano in a fierce war that ended in 1427. On June 30, 1447, ships from Venice destroyed the port of Ortona; consequently the king of Sicily at that time commissioned the construction of a Castle to dominate the renovated port. In 1582 the town was acquired by Margaret of Parma, daughter of Emperor Charles V and Duchess of Parma. In 1584 Margaret decided to build a great mansion, known as Palazzo Farnese, which was never completed due to her death.

After the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1860, Ortona became one of the first sea resorts on the Adriatic Sea. On 9 September 1943, the royal family of the House of Savoy left German-occupied Italy from the port of Ortona. The defensive Gustav Line was established by the Germans at Ortona, extending towards Cassino on the opposite side of Italy. Ortona offered the Allies a supply port on the Adriatic and was fiercely defended by the Germans attracted the attention of that the international press in the struggle between the German paratroopers and the 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade. This led to this battle being known as "Little Stalingrad".

Guardiagrele

The biggest church in Guardiagrele is Santa Maria Maggiore of which it has been written: "The façade presents a splendid 14th-century gothic portal, among the most elegant in the Abruzzi Gothic style. The Coronation of the Virgin sculpture group in the portal lunette is also magnificent, attributed to the school of Nicola di Guardiagrele. Under the colonnaded portico, next to the lateral door, is the splendid fresco by Andrea De Litio (1473) portraying Saint Christopher. In the interior, completely rebuilt in the 18th century following an earthquake, crumbling stucco-work in the Baroque style and a shrine of the same period set off a 15th-century fresco representing the Madonna of the Milk."

In addition to Santa Maria Maggiore, there are several other churches and  palazzi or mansions of various ages which are of architectural interest, including   S. Nicola di Bari (founded in the 4th century), the convent of the Chapuchins (1599), Palazzo De Lucia (16th century), Palazzo Elisii (15th-18th century), the cloister of the  Palazzo Comunale Piazza San Francesco (17th century) and Palazzo Marini (1391).

Museums include:

 * Museo Civico (Civic Museum)
 * Museo del Costume e della Tradizione della Nostra Gente (Costume and Folk Museum)
 * Museo del Duomo ("Cathedral Museum"), in Santa Maria Maggiore
 * Museo Archeologico ("Archaeological Museum")

Frazioni

 * Brecciarola
 * Giuliopoli (Rosello)
 * Melone
 * Piane d'Archi
 * Pianibbie
 * Saletti

Twin towns — sister cities
The province of Chieti is twinned with:
 * 🇸🇪 Malmö Municipality, Skåne, Sweden

title: Province of Chieti


text:
Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke

Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (15 January 1953 – 29 August 2012) was a British historian and professor of Western esotericism at the University of Exeter, best known for his authorship of several scholarly books on the history of Germany between the World Wars and Western esotericism.

Early life and education
Goodrick-Clarke was born in Lincoln, UK, on 15 January 1953, and was an Open Exhibitioner at Lancing College. He studied German, politics, and philosophy at the University of Bristol, and gained a B.A. with distinction. Moving to St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, Goodrick-Clarke took a D.Phil. with a dissertation on the modern Occult Revival and Theosophy at the end of the twentieth century.

Career
Goodrick-Clarke's Ph.D. dissertation was the basis for his most celebrated work, The Occult Roots of Nazism. This book has been continually in print since its first publication in 1985, and has been translated into twelve languages. Later notable works include his well-regarded Paracelsus: Essential Readings, published in 1990, and Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity, published in 2001.

In his varied career, Goodrick-Clarke worked as a schoolmaster, banker, and a successful fundraiser for The Campaign for Oxford. In 2002, he was appointed a Research Fellow in Western Esotericism at the University of Lampeter, and then in 2005 he was appointed to a personal chair in the Department of History at Exeter University. As Professor of Western Esotericism and Director of the Exeter Centre for the Study of Esotericism (EXESESO), he developed a successful distance-learning M.A. in Western Esotericism and successfully supervised a number of doctoral students. While at Exeter he wrote The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction, published in 2008.

In 1983, Goodrick-Clarke was one of the founder members of "The Society", an informal London-based association of professional and amateur scholars of esotericism, including Ellic Howe, the publisher Michael Cox, John Hamill, and the scholar of Rosicrucianism, Christopher McIntosh. He was a founding member of both the European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism and the Association for the Study of Esotericism (ASE), in America. He was a faculty member of the New York Open Center from 1995.

Later life and death
Goodrick-Clarke was the Director of the Centre for the Study of Esotericism (EXESESO) within the College of Humanities at Exeter until his death on 29 August 2012.

Contributed

 *  Handbook of the Theosophical Current, 2013 ISBN 978-90-04-23596-0
 * Constructing Tradition: Means and Myths of Transmission in Western Esotericism, 2010 ISBN 978-90-04-19114-3
 * Emanuel Swedenborg: Visionary Savant in the Age of Reason by Ernst Benz, translated and introduced by Goodrick-Clarke – ISBN 0-87785-195-6.
 * Paracelsus: Essential Readings, edited by Goodrick-Clarke – ISBN 1-55643-316-6.
 * Swedenborg and New Paradigm Science by Ursula Groll, translated by Goodrick-Clarke – ISBN 0-87785-303-7.
 * The Rosicrucian Enlightenment Revisited, 1999 – ISBN 0-940262-84-3
 * Decadence and Innovation: Austro-Hungarian Life and Art at the Turn of the Century, 1989 ISBN 0-297-79559-7
 * Dreamer of the Day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International by Kevin Coogan, foreword by Goodrick-Clarke, Autonomedia, Brooklyn, NY 1998 – ISBN 1-57027-039-2.
 * Rudolf Steiner by Rudolf Steiner (Author), Richard Seddon (Editor), Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (Preface) Publisher: North Atlantic Books ISBN 1556434901 ISBN 9781556434907

title: Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke


text:
Standish O'Grady, 1st Viscount Guillamore

The Rt. Hon. Standish O'Grady, 1st Viscount Guillamore, PC (1766 – 21 April 1840), from Cahir Guillamore, County Limerick, served as Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer for Ireland for a number of years. He was created Viscount Guillamore by a patent of 28 January 1831.

Biography
O'Grady was the eldest son of Darby O'Grady of Mount Prospect, Limerick, and of Mary, daughter of James Smyth of the same county. He was born on 20 January 1766, and, entering Trinity College, Dublin, graduated B.A. in 1784. He was called to the bar, and went on the Munster circuit. He was remarkable for wit as well as learning, and built up a considerable practice. He inherited the Cahir Guillamore estate on the death of his uncle John and was appointed High Sheriff of County Limerick for 1790.

On 10 June 1803, after the murder of Lord Kilwarden, O'Grady became Attorney-General and was sworn of the Privy Council of Ireland. He was one of the prosecuting counsel at the trial of Robert Emmet. In October 1805 he was made Lord Chief Baron, in succession to Lord Avonmore. He was a sound judge, and David Richard Pigot, his successor as Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, expressed the opinion: "O'Grady was the ablest man whose mind I ever saw at work". His witticisms on and off the bench were long remembered. O'Grady was one of the first to suspect the duplicity of the notorious informer Leonard McNally. He clashed with his superiors in 1816 when they brought quo warranto proceedings to challenge his right to appoint his son Waller as a Court clerk.

On his retirement from the bench in 1831, O'Grady was created Viscount Guillamore of Cahir Guillamore and Baron O'Grady of Rockbarton, co. Limerick, in the peerage of Ireland. The O'Grady seat was Cahir Guillamore, close to Lough Gur. He was a handsome man, of a fine presence, and over 6 ft in stature. He died in Dublin on 20 April 1840.

Family
In 1790 O'Grady married Katharine (died 1853), second daughter of John Thomas Waller of Castletown, co. Limerick, with whom he had at least twelve children:

 * Sons
 * Standish O'Grady, 2nd Viscount Guillamore (1792–1848) Lieutenant-Colonel in the British Army, married Gertrude-Jane, daughter of Berkeley Paget: they had nine children, including the 3rd, 4th and 5th Viscounts.
 * Waller, barrister-at-law, married on 26 June 1823, Grace-Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Hugh, 3rd Baron Massy. He became a Serjeant-at-law (Ireland) and Commissioner of the Irish Insolvency Court.
 * John, joined the Royal Navy.
 * Thomas, an officer in the British Army.
 * William (1801-1859), a Church of England clergyman who became Archdeacon of Kilmacduagh.
 * *Richard 1808-1875), Chief Examiner to the Court of Exchequer (Ireland).
 * Daughters
 * Maria, married on 13 December 1814, John Vereker, 3rd Viscount Gort.
 * Katherine (d.1829), married Dudley Persse of Roxburgh, in County Galway, a cousin of the celebrated author Lady Gregory.
 * Isabella, who never married.


text:
Chapter Music

Chapter Music is one of Australia's longest-running independent record labels. Chapter Music has worked with a broad range of mostly Australian artists, in genres such as rock and roll, indie pop, post punk, country and western and folk. Between 1992 and 2013, the label released around 45 titles, including several compilation albums, such as ''Can't Stop It! Australian Post-Punk 1978-82 and Songs For Nao''. The label's 2014 roster features bands such as Dick Diver, Beaches and Twerps.

History
The label was founded by Guy Blackman in Perth, Western Australia in June 1992, after he released several issues of a Syd Barrett-inspired fanzine called Chapter 24, started in October 1990, when Blackman was seventeen. Initially, Blackman released compilation cassettes of local Perth underground bands, the first of which was Bright Lights, Small City in July 1992. A Sonic Youth tribute tape called Kill Yr Idols! was the label's next release, followed by a new fanzine called Salty & Delicious. The label released a further eight cassettes (mostly compilations), one CD, and four issues of the fanzine prior to Blackman's relocation to Melbourne, Australia. Blackman explained in 2012: "When I sold out of the first Chapter Music cassette on the night of the show, that was a huge success for me, as a 17-year-old boy."

Blackman relocated to Melbourne in mid-1995, where he released Chapter Music's first seven-inch vinyl single, pressed at Corduroy Records, a new pressing plant in Australia at the time. The single, a Molasses/Minimum Chips split single—Blackman is a member of the latter band—was released in September 1995. This was followed by a seven-inch single by Perth band Sulk, with a third release, a split single for Sleepy Township/Cannanes released in October 1996.

The label briefly closed for 18 months in 2002 when Blackman and his partner, Ben O'Connor, relocated to Japan. In a 2013 interview, Blackman explained that he made connections with a "little underworld of Japanese underground psychpop" during his time in Japan, in addition to playing his own live shows and collaborating with local artists. Blackman said that by the time his visa expired he felt like his time in Japan was merely starting; however, at the time of the interview, he explained that he retained connections with artists like Tenniscoats following his return to Australia.

Chapter Music reissued the 1980 self-titled live recording of Melbourne post-punk/noise band Primitive Calculators in 2004, which was the band's sole official release at the time. The label released the 17-track Primitive Calculators and Friends compilation in 2007, which featured the only Primitive Calculators studio recording ever released and the Little Bands compilation. In a 2009 interview, Stuart, of Primitive Calculators, said: "I think Guy Blackman is a kind of angel to do what he does and stay who he is."

The label's 20th anniversary occurred in 2012 and the label was co-managed by Blackman and O'Connor by this stage. In an interview with the Sydney Morning Herald (SMH) in November 2012, O'Connor explained: "We've only ever done things that we love and care about", while Blackman expressed his view on the label's longevity openly:

I've found myself becoming very sensitive to any perceived indifference to the anniversary ... To me it seems like a big deal. There's not that many record labels that last this long; Ben and I have watched a lot of them come and go.

Chapter Music released a compilation of rarities, 20 Big Ones, as part of the 20th anniversary commemoration—including a song by Minimum Chips —and an anniversary show was staged in Melbourne, during Melbourne Music Week, with performances from Crayon Fields, Twerps, Pikelet, Laura Jean and Primitive Calculators, among others.

In the 2012 SMH interview, Blackman described the label's health as "better than ever", and explained in an interview the following year that the label "can provide support for a long term career for a band ... The community aspect and the relationships are the most important thing about the label." During 2013, Chapter Music attended the CMJ Music Marathon and released albums by Dick Diver, Beaches, Primitive Calculators, Pikelet and Bushwalking. The Primitive Calculators release, The World Is Fucked, is the first-ever studio album by the band, which was 35 years old at the time of the release date.

An August 2014 announcement revealed that Twerps signed to US label Merge Records, while retaining their arrangement with Chapter Music for Australia and New Zealand. The Underlay EP—described by music journalist Anthony Carew as "the work of a band who’s already done a lap around the hype-bubble block and returned feeling jaded"—was released by the band in August 2014. Also in August 2014, Laura Jean released her self-titled album on Chapter Music, which was recorded in England, UK, with John Parish.

Accolades
Beaches' 2008 debut album was shortlisted for the Australian Music Prize, and listed in the 2010 book 100 Best Australian Albums. In December 2013, Chapter Music artists Dick Diver, Primitive Calculators, Bushwalking and Beaches featured in the critics' lists of the mess+noise and The Guardian websites, as they selected their best Australian albums of 2013. Dick Diver's Calendar Days was voted into the number 1 position by the Guardian critics; the album was then voted into the number 1 position of the mess + noise 2013 readers poll. In BuzzFeed's "The Very Best Australian Albums of 2013" list, published on 29 December 2013, both Beaches and Dick Diver appeared.

In 2019, Chapter Music won the AIR Award for Best Independent Label.

Artists

 * Always
 * Andreas & Oscar
 * Andrew Wilson
 * Beaches
 * Bum Creek
 * Bushwalking
 * Chris Robison
 * The Cannanes
 * Clag
 * Clare Moore
 * Coolies
 * Crayon Fields
 * Danny & The Parkins Sisters
 * Darren Sylvester
 * David Chesworth
 * Dick Diver
 * Driving Past
 * Essendon Airport
 * Fabulous Diamonds
 * Frida Hyvönen
 * Geoffrey O’Connor
 * The Goon Sax
 * Gregor
 * Gus
 * Guy Blackman
 * Hit The Jackpot
 * Jeremy Dower
 * Jonny Telafone
 * Karl Smith
 * Kath Bloom
 * Kath Bloom & Loren Connors
 * Lakes
 * Laura Jean
 * Letraset
 * Maher Shalal Hash Baz
 * Minimum Chips
 * Molasses
 * New Estate
 * Ninetynine
 * O!
 * Panel Of Judges
 * Pikelet
 * Primitive Calculators
 * Richard Lockwood
 * Riot Guy
 * Sachiko Kanenobu
 * Sleepy Township
 * Small World Experience
 * Standish/Carlyon
 * Sweet Whirl
 * Sulk
 * Tenniscoats
 * The Ancients
 * The Apartments
 * The Cannanes
 * The Stevens
 * Totally Mild
 * Tracey Read
 * Tully
 * Twerps
 * Wagons
 * Woelv

title: Chapter Music


text:
Province of Pescara

The province of Pescara (provincia di Pescara; Abruzzese: pruvìngie de Pescàre) is a province in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Pescara, which has a population of 119,483 inhabitants. As of 2017, it has a total population of 319,936 inhabitants over an area of 1230.33 km2. The provincial president is Antonio Zaffiri and the province contains 46 comuni (: comune).

History
Pescara's first indicators of settlement date to 1500 BCE, but it is unknown which tribe first settled in the city. It was conquered by the Romans in 214 BCE and remained "Aternum" after the city allied itself with Punic Carthaginian military commander Hannibal. The Romans developed the city and it became an important location for shipping and trade occurring between the Balkans and Rome; the Romans made the city of Pescara the capital of the Valeria region. During the barbarian raids it was almost completely destroyed, and it developed into a fishing village named Piscaria.

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor turned Piscaria into a military fort named Pescara during the sixteenth century, and Pescara survived a series of invasions from Turkish Muslims. It was ruled by the Austrians for a short period of the 1700s before falling under the control of the House of Bourbon; the House of Bourbon made it a component of Abruzzo Citra. It joined the Kingdom of Italy in 1860 and was still mainly fortified and Pescara was made a new provincial capital in 1927. In World War II, 78% of the city was destroyed by bombers.

Geography
The province of Pescara is the central of four provinces in the region of Abruzzo on the eastern coast of Italy. It is bounded to the northeast by the Adriatic Sea. The Province of Teramo lies to the north and the Province of L'Aquila to the west and south. To the south and east lies the Province of Chieti. The provincial capital is the city and port of Pescara, situated at the mouth of the Aterno-Pescara River.

Comuni

 * Abbateggio
 * Alanno
 * Bolognano
 * Brittoli
 * Bussi sul Tirino
 * Cappelle sul Tavo
 * Caramanico Terme
 * Carpineto della Nora
 * Castiglione a Casauria
 * Catignano
 * Cepagatti
 * Città Sant'Angelo
 * Civitaquana
 * Civitella Casanova
 * Collecorvino
 * Corvara
 * Cugnoli
 * Elice
 * Farindola
 * Lettomanoppello
 * Loreto Aprutino
 * Manoppello
 * Montebello di Bertona
 * Montesilvano
 * Moscufo
 * Nocciano
 * Penne
 * Pescara
 * Pescosansonesco
 * Pianella
 * Picciano
 * Pietranico
 * Popoli
 * Roccamorice
 * Rosciano
 * Salle
 * San Valentino in Abruzzo Citeriore
 * Sant'Eufemia a Maiella
 * Scafa
 * Serramonacesca
 * Spoltore
 * Tocco da Casauria
 * Torre de' Passeri
 * Turrivalignani
 * Vicoli
 * Villa Celiera

Pescara

The city is divided in two by the river.

The historic city center is located on the south shore, where once stood the Piazzaforte (fortified town), a military bulwark of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. There is the Bagno Borbonico (the old prison of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, built starting in 1510 by order of Charles V, which incorporated inside the remains of the Norman and Byzantine city walls). Today it houses the Museum of the Abruzzi people: the institution traces, towards 13 halls dedicated to the aspects of life, traditions and economy, 4,000 years of history of the Abruzzo people.

In the historic city center are the birthplace houses of Gabriele D'Annunzio and Ennio Flaiano, and the San Cetteo Cathedral, build between 1933 and 1938.

On the north shore of the river there's Piazza Italia (Italy Square), overlooked by the City Hall and the Government Building (which houses the headquarters of the province of Pescara), both built during the Fascist era according to the fascist rationalist style and designed by the architect Vincenzo Pilotti. Pilotti designed the majority of the public buildings of the city, including the seat of the local Chamber of Commerce, of the Liceo Classico "G. D'Annunzio" high school, and the old seat of the court (which now houses a museum).

In the very south part of the city, between the D'Avalos Park and the beach, there is an elegant Art Nouveau villas district designed in 1912 by Antonino Liberi (an engineer brother-in-law of D'Annunzio). There is also the Aurum, first headquarters of a social club (called the Kursaal), then liquor factory, and today public multipurpose space.

In 2007 was built the Ponte del Mare, the largest pedestrian and cycle bridge in Italy.

On the northern waterfront, close to the Salotto Square, the main square of the city, there is the Nave (trad. the ship), a sculpture by Pietro Cascella.

National Park of Majella

 * Abbey of San Clemente (Castiglione a Casauria)
 * Abbey of San Liberatore (Serramonacesca)
 * Hermitage of Sant'Onofrio (Serramonacesca)
 * Hermitage of Santo Spirito (Serramonacesca)
 * Hermitage of San Bartolomeo (Roccamorice)
 * Basilica of Holy Draw of Manoppello
 * Historical center of Penne
 * Historical center of Loreto Aprutino
 * Historical center of Città Sant'Angelo

title: Province of Pescara


text:
Mycobacterium xenopi

Mycobacterium xenopi is a slow-growing scotochromogenic species of Mycobacterium. It was first reported by Schwabacher in 1959, having been isolated in lesions found on a Xenopus laevis, but the possibility of human infection was not confirmed until 1965. It has been cultured from hot and cold water taps, hospital hot water generators and storage tanks, and other environmental sources.

It has low pathogenicity in humans, and where infections have been found they are closely associated with immunocompromised individuals, such as an extrapulmonary malignancy, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, or immunosuppressive therapy. Pulmonary disease may be chronic, subacute, or acute; symptoms are indistinguishable from those associated with disease caused by M. kansasii.

Radiographic findings with M. xenopi pulmonary disease are variable but most often include upper lobe cavitary abnormalities similar to tuberculosis.

Treatment is usually with macrolide, rifampin, and ethambutol with moxifloxacin.

Type strain: strain ATCC 19250 = CCUG 28011 = CCUG 31306 = CIP 104035 = DSM 43995 = NCTC 10042.

title: Mycobacterium xenopi


text:
Ted White (author)

Theodore Edwin White (born February 4, 1938) is an American science fiction writer, editor and fan, as well as a music critic. He writes and edits as Ted White. In addition to books and stories written under his own name, he has also co-authored novels with Dave van Arnam as Ron Archer, and with Terry Carr as Norman Edwards. He won a Hugo Award in 1968.

Fandom origins
Since the time he was a teenager, White has been a prolific contributor to science fiction fanzines, and in 1968 he won the Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer. His skill as an essayist is evident in "The Bet", a memoir of a tense day in 1960 when a dispute over a record owned by music critic Linda Solomon prompted fellow science fiction writer Harlan Ellison to bet his entire record collection against a single record in White's collection, and then renege on the deal.

Despite his considerable professional credits, White maintains that his achievements in fandom mean more to him than anything else he has done. In 1953, he edited and published Zip, the first of many fanzines he published over the following decades. In 1956–57, he co-edited Stellar with Larry Stark, followed by Void when he joined the founding editors, Gregory Benford and James Benford (1960), Minac, Egoboo and others. In addition to helping others publish their own fanzines, he was a regular columnist in Yandro and Richard E. Geis' Psychotic/SF Review. He also has been active in numerous fan events, such as organizing the 1967 World Science Fiction Convention in New York as co-chairman. As of 2018, he was still active on several of the fandom- and fanzine-oriented electronic mailing lists.

Radio
From 1977 into 1979, as Dr. Progresso, he did the Friday afternoon Dr. Progresso radio show on WGTB-FM (90.1).

Music critic
In 1959, at the age of 21, White moved from Falls Church, Virginia, to New York City with his first wife, Sylvia Dees White. That year, he began writing music criticism for Metronome and a column for Tom Wilson's Jazz Guide (later 33 Guide). As a music critic, he expanded into jazz writing and journalism for Rogue, along with LP liner notes, concert reviews and interviews. He was the only person to record an interview with Eric Dolphy (who died in 1964). Moving online, White became the music editor of the Collecting Channel website in 1999, and he maintains his own website of music commentary under his Dr. Progresso pseudonym.

Science fiction author
"Phoenix", a 1963 collaboration with Marion Zimmer Bradley, was White's first professionally published story, which he later expanded into the novel Phoenix Prime, beginning the Qanar series of books. His first novel, Invasion from 2500 (1964), was written in collaboration with Terry Carr under the pseudonym Norman Edwards. Between 1964 and 1978 he wrote two science fiction series and 11 standalone novels, including one Captain America novel. Two of the novels were written in collaboration with Dave van Arnam, one with David Bischoff and one, using White's Doc Phoenix character, with Marv Wolfman.

White was a 1966 Nebula nominee for his short story, "The Peacock King," written with Larry McCombs. He was also instrumental in kick-starting the professional careers of other writers, notably Lee Hoffman.

Editor
White held the position of assistant editor at The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction from 1963 to 1968. From October 1968 until October 1978, he edited Amazing Stories and Fantastic, upgrading the quality of the fiction while showcasing a variety of talented illustrators. He also edited two 1973 anthologies, The Best from Amazing Stories and The Best from Fantastic.

His reputation as an editor impressed the publishers of Heavy Metal magazine, who hired him to introduce non-fiction and prose fiction into the magazine, which featured mainly graphic stories until White's arrival in 1979. White lasted at the helm of Heavy Metal until August 1980.

In 1985, he was an associate editor of the magazine Stardate.

Musician
White also plays keyboards and saxophone. He performed with the Washington, D.C., area improvisational group Conduit.

Novels

 * Invasion from 2500 (with Terry Carr, both writing as Norman Edwards), Monarch Books, August 1964, 126p.
 * The Jewels of Elsewhen, Belmont, 1967, 172p.
 * Lost in Space (with Dave van Arnam as by "Ron Archer" and Dave van Arnam) (an original novel of Lost in Space), Pyramid Books, 1967, 157p.
 * Secret of the Marauder Satellite, Philadelphia, Westminster Press, 1967, 169p.
 * Captain America: The Great Gold Steal, Bantam, 1968, 118p.
 * Sideslip (with Dave van Arnam), Pyramid Books, 1968, 188p.
 * No Time Like Tomorrow, Crown Publishers, Inc., 1969, 152p.
 * By Furies Possessed, Signet, June 1970, 192p.
 * Trouble on Project Ceres, Philadelphia, Westminster Press, 1971, 157p.
 * Doc Phoenix. Weird Heroes #5: The Oz Encounter, (written by Marv Wolfman based on White's character), Pyramid Books, 1977, 216p.
 * Forbidden World (with David Bischoff), Popular Library, ISBN 0-445-04328-8, 1978, 224p.

 * Android Tanner series
 * 1) Android Avenger, Ace Double M-123 (with John Brunner's Altar of Asconel), 1965, 113p.
 * 2) The Spawn of the Death Machine, Paperback Library, July 1968, 175p.

 * Qanar series
 * 1) Phoenix Prime, Lancer Books, 1966.
 * 2) The Sorceress of Qar, Lancer Books, 1966.
 * 3) Star Wolf!, Lancer Books, 1971. (Part I originally appeared in the April 1971 issue of Fantastic, under the title Wolf Quest.)

Short fiction

 * Anthologies (edited)
 * The Best from Amazing Stories, Manor Books, 1973, 192p.
 * The Best from Fantastic, Manor Books, 1973, ISBN 0-532-95242-1, 192p.
 * Stories

title: Ted White (author)


text:
Timothy Guy Phelps

Timothy Guy Phelps (December 20, 1824 – June 11, 1899) was an American politician, businessman, and government official. He was the first president of the Southern Pacific Railroad from 1865 until 1868 and saw the railroad build its first tracks south of San Francisco, California.

Early years
Phelps was born in Oxford, New York, and completed preparatory schooling there and then moved to New York City in 1845 where he worked in mercantile for a short time, then returned to Chenango County to study law. As soon as word of the mid-century gold finds in California reached New York, Phelps took a boat to the west coast. He arrived in San Francisco, California, via Panama, on December 14, 1849 and he moved to Tuolumne County, California, where he tried his hand at mining. Failing to find a fortune in gold, he moved to San Francisco to resume a career in the mercantile, starting a merchant house in August 1850.

Career
Phelps's business losses were substantial in the great fire of May 1851, but Phelps rebuilt and soon recovered his loss. It was during this period of recovery that he purchased 3500 acres of land in what is now San Mateo County, California. He used the land for farming and soon decided to make the area, now the city of San Carlos, his home.

Living in San Carlos, in 1851 Phelps became involved in the local vigilance committee in an effort to uphold the law.

State assembly
Following a failed state assembly bid in 1854, when he ran with Col. E.D. Baker, Phelps was elected to the California State Assembly in 1855 and served until 1857 as the first Republican from San Francisco and San Mateo Counties. During his term, he served on the first Grand Jury on August 1, 1856. He introduced "An Act to reorganize and establish the County of San Mateo" in March 1857.

He then was served in the California State Senate from 1858 to 1861. During the 1859 Republican California state convention, his name was advanced as a potential nominee for governor, but he withdrew in favor of Leland Stanford.

In a subsequent 1861 Republican state convention, he ran for the Republican nomination for governor, but was defeated by Stanford, 197 votes to 104.

Congress
Following the 1861 convention, he was elected to the 37th United States Congress where he served from March 4, 1861, until March 3, 1863. When the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad was built in the 1860s, the right of way from Redwood City to Belmont was granted from Phelps's land.

Later career
His next job was in real estate until 1870 when he became the customs collector for the port of San Francisco (until 1872). In 1875, he won the Republican nomination for Governor of California, but he was defeated by the Democratic candidate William Irwin, in part aided by disgruntled Republicans who ran John Bidwell as an independent candidate. In 1888, Phelps ran for Congress again, but was defeated by the Democrat Thomas J. Clunie.

He also served as a regent of the University of California at Berkeley from 1878 until his death.

Personal life
He married Sophronia J. Jewell (born Nov 13, 1824), of Guilford, New York, on September 13, 1853. Sophronia died on September 12, 1869 and Phelps was remarried to Josephine A. McLean in 1870.

Death
He died at age 74 on June 11, 1899, near San Carlos, California, after he was struck by two boys on a tandem bicycle. The cyclists turned themselves in after learning of his death, and charges against them were dropped on June 20, 1899, after they related their account of the crash.

title: Timothy Guy Phelps


text:
Province of Teramo

The province of Teramo (provincia di Teramo; Abruzzese: pruvìngie de Tèreme) is a province in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Teramo. The province has an area of 1948 km2, a population of 313,029 (2012), and is subdivided into 47 comuni (: comune), see comunes of the province of Teramo. The province of Teramo shares its northern border with the province of Ascoli Piceno in the Marche region, southern and southwestern borders with the province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region, and a western border with the province of Rieti in the Lazio region. To the south is the province of Pescara in the Abruzzo region and to the east is the Adriatic Sea.

Geography
The landscape of the Province of Teramo is dominated almost entirely on the east by a large body of water with the beaches of the Adriatic Sea and by the Apennine Mountains which his highest peak of Gran Sasso d'Italia westside. The province is indeed divided latitudinally by the characteristic hills and valleys rich in vineyards and olive groves that begin in the Apennines and run almost to the coast. Colline Teramane (Teramo Hills) has become a trademark and are one of the most significant areas where extra virgin olive oil and Abruzzo wines are produced. Unique of the province of Teramo is the short distance between the beaches of the Adriatic Sea and the 3000 m snowcapped Gran Sasso peaks. They can be reached within an hour from one point to the other. The peaks of the Gran Sasso rise to the west of the Province of Teramo while those of the Monti della Laga dominate its northern border. These two ridges are among the most distinctive and the most relevant of the entire Apennine Mountain range. The majestic Gran Sasso rises at its peak, the Corno Grande, to an elevation of 2912 m and is characterized by steep, and in places virtually inaccessible, gorges with nature reserves and protected living species. A good part of Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park is nestled in the province. Calderone, the southernmost glacier in Continental European, is found nearby. In contrast to the rugged and isolated Gran Sasso area, the Monti della Laga are characterised by thick forests, shallow gorges, rolling slopes and valleys, and several spectacular waterfalls. In addition to the provincial capital, the most populous and important commercial centers include Roseto degli Abruzzi and Giulianova with populations of 25,000 and 24,000 inhabitants respectively. On the eastern portion of the province are the so-called "seven sister" beaches directly adjacent to the Adriatic Sea. These resorts are noted for one of the highest blue flag beaches density, very fine white sand and their mild and wholesome Mediterranean climates which support a rich flora of palm, pine and oleander trees. Much of the province is hilly and very few large flat plains are to be found. Running from the west to the east are a number of valley streams and rivers which eventually empty into the Adriatic Sea. The province of Teramo can easily be reached by car or bus from Rome via the A24 highway and it is also connected to the A14 highway.

Culture
Towns in the province of Teramo include Civitella del Tronto and Atri. The first stood as the northernmost protective point of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. In Atri there is a Roman Catholic cathedral and a theatre. The provincial capital of Teramo hosts a large cathedral and has for centuries served all of Abruzzo as a main administrative and economic center.

On 15 September 2005 the President of Italy, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, went to Teramo to make a special presentation in honour of the resistance movement that arose in this town against the Nazi forces during the Second World War. A special note was made of the young Italian partisans who gathered in the village of Bosco Martese. There they risked deportation, severe reprisals, and other barbarous acts.

Tourism
Main tourist attractions include:
 * Atri, including an erosion phenomenon called "Bolge" and see the treasures of the Count of Aquaviva.
 * Campli - a characteristic village once possession of the Farnese Family. Its St Paul Church holds a Scala Sancta.
 * Castelli is a village 25 miles away (40 km) from Teramo. It is known for its maiolicas. In the past local artisans produced ceramics for most of the royal houses of Europe.
 * Civitella del Tronto - Bourbon fortress which is the most visited monument of the Abruzzo region, surrounding village e and gole del Salinello. The place holds a significant importance in the history of Italy unification.
 * Colline Teramane (Teramo hills) are a very distinctive and significant area where extra virgin olive oil and Abruzzo wines are produced.
 * Giulianova - an example of renaissance ideal city on the Adriatic Sea founded by Giulio Antonio Acquaviva.
 * Montagne Gemelle (Twin Mountains) of the Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park are two suggestive mountains standing alongside. They are often taken as one of the symbols of the province of Teramo.
 * Montorio al Vomano - historical medieval town and its cathedral.
 * Teramo - cathedral and museums.
 * Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park.
 * The Shrine of Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows with average of 2 million visitors per year is one of the 15 most visited sanctuaries in the world.

From north to south, the province of Teramo boasts several blue flag beaches on the Adriatric Seacoast, called the seven sisters, are the following:
 * Martinsicuro
 * Alba Adriatica
 * Tortoreto
 * Giulianova
 * Roseto degli Abruzzi
 * Pineto
 * Silvi Marina

Major highways
The Province of Teramo can be reached from the north and the south by the main highway, the A14, that runs along the Adriatic Coast. It can be reached from the west by the A24 coming from Rome via L'Aquila.

Railroad lines
The central railroad station of the province is located in Giulianova. From here is it possible to follow the coastline to the north and south or to travel in a westerly direction towards the provincial capital.

Seaports
The port of Giulianova is the maritime terminal of the Province of Teramo.

Administration
Since 2009, the president of the province has been Valter Catarra of the centre-right political party.

Major comuni
The main comuni (municipalities) by population as of 2005 are:

Teramo (52,794), Roseto degli Abruzzi (23,669), Giulianova (21,875), Silvi Marina (15,247), Martinsicuro (15,047), Pineto (13,763), Atri (11,269), Alba Adriatica (11,219), Sant'Egidio alla Vibrata (9,177), Mosciano Sant'Angelo (8,559), Tortoreto (8,536), Montorio al Vomano (8,072), Campli (7,598), Bellante (7,208).

Frazioni
• Bellante Stazione

• Bivio Castelli

• Borgonovo, Torricella Sicura

• Caprafico

• Castrogno

• Cavuccio

• Leofara

• Molviano

• Montone, Mosciano Sant'Angelo

• Ponzano di Civitella del Tronto

• Ripe di Civitella

• Ripoli, Corropoli

title: Province of Teramo


text:
Getrag

Getrag, stylized as GETRAG, was a major supplier of transmission systems for passenger cars and commercial vehicles. The company was founded on 1 May 1935, in Ludwigsburg, Germany, by Hermann Hagenmeyer; as the Getriebe und Zahnradfabrik Hermann Hagenmeyer GmbH & Cie KG.

Headquartered in Untergruppenbach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, Getrag manufactured and developed passenger car transmission products and solutions for the important automotive markets Europe, Asia, and North America with 24 locations and about 12,500 employees worldwide. In 2011, the company had a turnover of three billion euros.

The company had three joint ventures: Getrag Ford Transmissions headquartered in Cologne with Ford Motor Company, Getrag (Jiangxi) Transmission Co. Ltd. with Jiangling Motors Corporation., Ltd. and Dongfeng Getrag Transmission with Dongfeng Motor Corporation. In addition, Getrag supplied transmissions to a variety of automotive manufacturers, including BMW (Mini), Daimler AG, Ferrari, Mitsubishi, Porsche, Qoros, Renault, Volkswagen Group and Volvo. Competitors include Aisin, BorgWarner, Graziano and ZF.

The portfolio ranged from classic manual transmissions, automated manual transmissions, and automatic transmissions based on dual-clutch transmission (DCT) technology to various hybridization solutions, range extender systems, and purely electric drivetrains.

In July 2015, Getrag was acquired by Magna Powertrain for $1.9 billion and was gradually integrated into the company.

Longitudinal orientation

 * (Getrag 5mt transmission) 5 speed (1st generation kia Sportage)
 * 217 — 6-speed
 * BMW 1 Series, BMW 3 Series, BMW 5 Series, BMW Z4, Alfa Romeo Giulia (952)

 * 220 — 5-speed
 * BMW 1 Series

 * 221 — 5-speed
 * Jaguar S-Type, Lincoln LS

 * 226 — 6-speed
 * BMW M3
 * Maserati 3200 GT

 * 226 AMT — 6-speed automated manual
 * BMW M3

 * 232 — 4-speed
 * 1968–1972 BMW 2002

 * 233 — 6-speed
 * Toyota Supra Twin Turbo
 * Nissan Skyline GT-R (R34)

 * 235 — 5-speed
 * 1975 Jensen-Healey, 1976 Jensen GT

 * 238 — 6-speed
 * Dodge Ram, Dodge Dakota

 * 240 — 5-speed (1983-1991)
 * 1983 BMW E21, Opel Manta, Opel Rekord, various other Opels
 * 1984–1991 BMW E30 (318i, 318is)

 * 242 — 4-speed (1972-1979)
 * 1972–1975 BMW 2002, 1977–1979 BMW E21

 * 245 – 5-speed (1980-1982)
 * BMW E21

 * 247 AMT — 7-speed automated manual (2004-2011)
 * BMW M5, BMW M6

 * 250 — 5-speed (1992-2002)
 * 1992–1999 BMW E36 for engines up to 2.5L
 * 1992–1995 BMW E34 M50
 * 1996–2000 BMW E39 for engines up to 2.5L
 * 1995–2002 BMW Z3 for engines up to 2.5L

 * 260 — 5-speed
 * BMW E28
 * 1984–1991 BMW E30 M20
 * 1988–1991 BMW E34 M20 M30
 * 1989–1991 BMW Z1
 * 1996–2004 Holden Commodore (VS, VT, VX, VY) for the ECOTEC
 * 2002–2005 Cadillac CTS

 * 265 — 5-speed
 * BMW E23
 * BMW E24
 * BMW E28
 * Jaguar XJS
 * Opel Monza
 * Opel Senator A
 * 1986–1992 BMW M3
 * 1987–1990 BMW 320is

 * 266 — 6-speed (1994-2001)
 * Maserati Quattroporte IV

 * 275 — 5-speed
 * Mercedes 240D, 300GD, 280GE, 280

 * 275 Z — "dogleg" 5-speed
 * Mercedes-Benz 190e 2.3–16, 2.5–16 (incl. evolution models) (717.404), C124 AMG 3.4 CE, R129 300SL (717.450)

 * 280 — 5-speed (1983-1994)
 * 1983–1989 BMW M635CSi/M6 (E24), 1985–1988 BMW M5 (E28), 1989–1994 BMW M5 (E34)

 * 290 — 5-speed (1990-1999)
 * 1990–1994 Jaguar XJS
 * 1995–1997 Jaguar XJR
 * 1996–1999 Holden Commodore (VS, VT) for the 5 litre V8
 * 1994–1999 Aston Martin DB7 for the 3.2 litre I6

 * 420G — 6-speed (1993-2006)
 * 1995 BMW E34 M5, 1993–1996 BMW E34 540i, BMW E38 740i/iL, BMW 840i/Ci, 1996–2003 BMW E39 M5, BMW E39 540i, BMW M3 (E46), BMW Z8

 * 560G — 6-speed (1990-1999)
 * BMW E31 850i, 850Ci, and 850CSi

 * 7DCI600 – 7-speed dual-clutch (2008-2021)
 * 2008–2018 BMW M3
 * 2008–2012 BMW 3 Series 335i Coupé / Convertible
 * 2008–2016 BMW Z4 sDrive35i
 * 2010–2013 BMW E82 1 Series 135i
 * 2011–2016 BMW M5
 * 2012–2018 BMW M6
 * 2014–2020 BMW M4
 * 2016–2021 BMW M2

 * MT82 – 6-speed (2011-Present)
 * 2011-2014 Ford Mustang (S197)
 * 2015-2023 Ford Mustang (S550)
 * 2024-Present Ford Mustang (S650)

 * MTI550 – 7-speed (2021-Present)
 * 2021-Present Ford Bronco (U725)

Transverse orientation

 * 252 — 5-speed
 * MINI One, MINI Cooper

 * 281 — 5-speed
 * Fiat Stilo, Fiat Croma, Fiat Idea, Lancia Musa

 * 282 — 5-speed
 * Buick Skyhawk, Chevrolet Cavalier, Chevrolet Beretta, Chevrolet Celebrity, Oldsmobile Achieva, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais, Pontiac 6000, Pontiac Fiero, Pontiac Sunbird, Pontiac Grand Am

 * 283 — 5-speed
 * Land Rover Freelander, Rover 75

 * 284 — 5-speed
 * Chevrolet Lumina, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Pontiac Grand Prix, Chrysler TC by Maserati (16v only), Chrysler Seled Mexico (Lotus 16v DOHC head)

 * 285 — 6-speed
 * Ford Focus ST170/SVT, MINI Cooper S

 * F20 — 5-speed
 * Chevrolet Vectra, Chevrolet Astra, Chevrolet Cobalt, Chevrolet HHR, Saturn Vue, Saturn Ion, Opel Corsa, Opel Meriva, Opel Combo, Opel Astra, Opel Vectra, Vauxhall Corsa, Vauxhall Meriva, Vauxhall Astra, Vauxhall Vectra, plus various other GM cars

 * F23 — 5-speed
 * Chevrolet Vectra, Chevrolet Astra, Chevrolet Cobalt, Chevrolet HHR, Saturn Vue, Saturn Ion, Opel Corsa, Opel Meriva, Opel Combo, Opel Astra, Opel Vectra, Pontiac G5, Vauxhall Corsa, Vauxhall Meriva, Vauxhall Astra, Vauxhall Vectra

 * F28/6 — 6-speed (with optional four-wheel drive)
 * Opel Calibra Turbo, Vauxhall Calibra Turbo, Vauxhall Cavalier Turbo

 * 288 — 5-speed
 * Chrysler PT Cruiser, Mercedes-Benz Vito W638

 * 431 AMT — 6-speed automated manual
 * Smart Fortwo, Smart roadster

 * 452 — 5-speed
 * Smart Forfour, Mitsubishi Colt

 * 452 AMT — 6-speed automated manual
 * Smart Forfour, Mitsubishi Colt

 * 453 — 5-speed
 * Smart Forfour, Mitsubishi Colt

 * 453 AMT — 6-speed automated manual
 * Smart Forfour, Mitsubishi Colt

 * ??? – 6-speed
 * Noble M12

 * 555 — 5-speed
 * Dodge Daytona Turbo II, Chrysler GS Turbo II

 * 6DCT470 — 6-speed dual-clutch
 * Mitsubishi Lancer, Mitsubishi Outlander, Peugeot 4007, Citroën C-Crosser

 * 6DCT450 — 6-speed dual-clutch (also known as Ford PowerShift transmission)
 * Dodge Journey, Chrysler Sebring, Dodge Avenger, Volvo C30, Volvo S40/V50, Volvo C70, Volvo V70, Volvo S80, Volvo S60/V60, Ford Focus, Ford C-Max, Ford S-Max, Ford Galaxy, Ford Mondeo, Ford Kuga

 * 6DCT250 — 6-speed dual-dry-clutch
 * Ford Fiesta, Ford EcoSport, Ford Focus, Renault Mégane, Renault Scénic, Renault Clio, 2015– Smart Fortwo, 2015– Smart Forfour, 2015– Renault Twingo

 * 6DCT150 – 6-speed dual-clutch for low torque applications
 * 6DCT200 – 6-speed dual-wet-clutch
 * 6HDT200 – 6-speed dual-clutch for hybrid applications
 * 7DCT300 – 7-speed dual-wet-clutch – Renault EDC and Mini/BMW Steptronic Doppelkupplung since MY2018 in FWD applications, Ford Puma and Ford Fiesta since MY2020
 * 7DCT400 – 7-speed dual-wet-clutch – Tougher version of the 7DCT300 that can handle up to 400 Nn of torque
 * 7HDT300/ 7HDT400 – 7-speed dual-wet-clutch for hybrid applications
 * 7DCT500 – 7-speed dual-wet-clutch – Renault EDC

Transaxles

 * 901 — 4 and 5-speed
 * Porsche 911 (1964–1968)

 * 902 — 4 and 5-speed
 * Porsche 912 (1965–1969)

 * 923 — 5-speed
 * Porsche 912E (1976)

 * 016 — 5-speed
 * Porsche 924 (1977–1980)

 * G31 — 5-speed
 * Porsche 924 GTS

 * G50 — 5-speed
 * Porsche 911 (1987–1989)

 * G50 — 5-speed
 * Porsche 911 (1987–1989) (G50/00-G50/02)
 * Porsche 911 Turbo (1989 type 930) (G50/50)
 * Porsche 964 Carrera 2 (1990–1994) (G50/03-04)
 * Porsche 964 Carrera 2 RS America (1992–1994) (G50/05)
 * Porsche 964 Carrera 2 RS (1993) (G50/10)
 * Porsche 964 Turbo (1991–1994 type 965) (G50/52)

 * G64 — 5-speed
 * Porsche 964 Carrera 4 (1989–1994) (G64/00-02)

 * G40/50 — 6-speed
 * Porsche 968

 * 440 — 5-speed all-wheel drive
 * 1990–1993 Mitsubishi GTO twin turbo (3000GT VR-4 in some export markets), Dodge Stealth R/T Twin Turbo – This transaxle carries the Mitsubishi designation W5MG1

 * 446 — 6-speed all-wheel drive
 * 1993–2000 Mitsubishi GTO twin turbo (3000GT VR-4 in some export markets), Dodge Stealth R/T Twin Turbo – This transaxle carries the Mitsubishi designation W6MG1

 * 448 — 6-speed
 * Porsche 911 Turbo, GT3, and Porsche (GT3) Carrera Cup vehicles

 * 466 — 6-speed
 * Audi A4, Audi A6, Porsche Boxster, Porsche Cayman, Škoda Superb, Volkswagen Passat

 * 466 four-wheel drive — 6-speed
 * Audi A4, Audi S4, Audi RS4, Audi A6, Volkswagen Passat

 * 7DCL750 – 7-speed dual-clutch
 * Mercedes SLS AMG
 * Mercedes-AMG GT
 * Ferrari California
 * Ferrari 458 Italia
 * Ferrari F12 Berlinetta
 * Ferrari FF – with all-wheel drive
 * Ferrari Portofino
 * Ford GT – 2nd Generation (3.5L TT)

 * 8DCL900 – 8-speed dual-clutch
 * Ferrari Roma
 * Ferrari Portofino M
 * Ferrari SF90 Stradale
 * Ferrari 296 GTB

Sites

 * Bad Windsheim, Germany
 * Bordeaux, France
 * Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
 * Gothenburg, Sweden
 * Irapuato, Mexico
 * Kechnec, Slovakia
 * Cologne, Germany
 * Ludwigsburg, Germany
 * Modugno, Italy
 * Nanchang, People's Republic of China
 * Neuenstadt am Kocher, Germany
 * Neuenstein, Germany
 * Rosenberg, Germany
 * Sanand, India
 * Schaffhausen, Switzerland
 * Shanghai, People's Republic of China
 * Sankt Georgen im Schwarzwald, Germany
 * Sterling Heights, Michigan, USA
 * Untergruppenbach, Germany
 * Yudu (in the province Jiangxi), People's Republic of China

title: Getrag


text:
Nappa

Nappa may refer to:

Places

 * Nappa, Finland, a village in northern Kymenlaakso
 * Nappa, North Yorkshire, a village in England
 * Nappa Hall, North Yorkshire, England

People

 * Francisco Nappa ( 1928), Maltese water polo player.
 * Mike Nappa (born 1963), American author

Fictional characters

 * Nappa, a character in Dragon Ball media
 * Antonio Nappa, a character in TV series Oz, played by Mark Margolis

Other uses

 * Nappa cabbage or napa cabbage, a type of Chinese cabbage
 * Nappa leather, a full-grain leather

title: Nappa


text:
ZF

ZF, Z-F, or Zf may refer to:

Businesses and organizations

 * ZF Friedrichshafen, a German supplier of automobile transmissions
 * Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland, an organization established to campaign for a permanent homeland for the Jewish people

Science and technology

 * Laminas, a web framework implemented with PHP that was formerly known as Zend Framework
 * Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, a system of axioms in mathematical set theory
 * Zinc finger, a protein domain that interacts with zinc ion to bind to DNA
 * Zona fasciculata, the middle zone of the adrenal cortex

Other uses

 * Zelda Fitzgerald, wife of F. Scott Fitzgerald
 * Z Fighters, the protagonists of the Dragon Ball saga

title: ZF


text:
Talk:Jablonec nad Nisou

Gablonz, which I turned into a redirect, contained this:
 * Gablonz is German name for town of Jablonec in Bohemia, Czech Republic and was derived from older Czech name Jablonecz (from 1356) in the line Jablonecz - Jablonicz - Gablonicz - Gablonz. _R_ 13:23, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jablonec nad Nisou


text:
Cidona

Cidona is an Irish apple-based soft drink that has been on sale since 1955. It is popular in Ireland and has some sales in the United Kingdom. It was once produced by cider producers Bulmers (part of C&C) and comes in a distinctive green bottle. It is now part of Britvic Ireland due to C&C selling their soft drink segment in 2007.

UK version
In 1940, it was being advertised in the UK Radio Times by H. P. Bulmer as 'The newest, non-alcoholic, sparkling apple drink' and priced at 10 pence for a 'big 5 glass flagon'.

title: Cidona