text:
Talk:List of Formula One circuits

Untitled
I noticed that the South African Grand Prix held in East London is listed in years before 1950 whereas the title mentions circuits listed from 1950 till 2008! So this should be changed, also 1960, 1961 and 1966 were not part of the F1 World Championship and should be removed as well. The Dutch Grand Prix held on Circuit Park Zandvoort shows the current layout of the circuit used nowadays for e.g. the A1 Grand Prix. It should show the layout as they used to drive F1 races on till 1985. Belanda Gila (talk) 05:45, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

I corrected the coordinates of all of the current circuits in their respective pages and included the coordinate header to allow the use of the "Coordinates:" feature.--Ciroa 14:09, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

I noticed that the list included has only 64 circuits. The introductory text mentions that 65 tracks have hosted WDC races. I do not know why the discrepancy.--Ciroa 23:15, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

I found that Le Mans - La Sarthe is missing from the list and added it. It hosted the 1967 French GP.--Ciroa 06:27, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I've gone through a full list and found no missing entries apart from the Bugatti Circuit, which is now added.
 * There are a few thing that could be the cause of this:
 * The Nürburgring Nordschleife that hosted Grands Prix before 1976 was a completely different track to the Nürburgring that has hosted Grands Prix since 1984. There is only one Nürburgring entry on this list currently.
 * The Österreichring and A1-Ring are located at the same place but they differ in the actual course somewhat. It currently has two entries here, that is inconsistant when Nürburgring has only one.
 * The Indianapolis 500 (on the oval track) was counted as a Formula One race from 1950-1960, while the Indianapolis road course layout has hosted since 2000, about as much of a difference as the Österreichring and A1-Ring. This currently only has one entry here which only covers races since 2000.
 * In my opinion the Nürbringring Nordschleife, Nürburgring, Indianapolis Oval and Indianapolis Road Course should all have separate entries on this list, while the Österreichring and A1-Ring should be in the same entry, as they only differ slightly in course design, like many others on this list. - MTC 07:03, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I corrected the number of GP's from 27 to 28 and modified the years from 1982-2006 to 1978-1986, 1988-2006 at Gilles Villeneuve entry.

 * What a track is:

 * I agree with MTC. The "kml" list I keep, with the coordinates of F1 tracks, locate the point that represents the track at "the inner side of the finish line". Thus, in my list I follow MTC recommendation, and have separate entries for Nürburgring and Nürburgring-Nordschlieffe and one entry for A1 Ring - Österreichring. In the "coordinates" list I keep, Indy is an exception, as its finish line has always been at the "brickyard".

 * I believe that the only definition of what an F1 circuit is, consistent with the present form of the article, is based on the "common site" where the race occurs. By common, I mean common for the potential readers of the article. I wouldn't touch the list much, it is well done.

 * For example, there is only one article in Wikipedia for Nürburgring Circuit, article that includes the actual layout and the Nordschliefe one. This is the way I see the track depicted in sites devoted to track layouts.

 * Another "encyclopedic example", racingcircuits.com, has only one entry for Nürburgring, Indy and Österreich, and at each entry there are differente images with the different layouts through the years, no matter what radical changes the "track" has sustained in time. Minute changes alter a track from the racing point of view, like the chicanes at Monza, so it would be hard to define a "track" based only on the layout (or only on the coordinates, like I do).

 * Besides, Nürburgring is not the only circuit whose layout has changed radically: older circuits, like Le Mans, that have hosted races for a century, have been altered enormously through the years and have "kept the name". I believe the readers of the article wouldn't expect different entries for Le Mans Grand Prix that keep some record of all these layout changes. Even Nürburgring had (1960's) the Nordschliefe and the current circuit (in its original version) joined in one big track, to add to the confusion.

 * However, the crucial point, I think, is that to follow MTC (and mine) advice we need different articles in Wikipedia for each track (one for Indy oval and other for Indy inner course, etcetera).

 * So, for the sake of simplicity, I propose to have as many tracks in this list as Wikipedia articles we have and let to the discussion at each track article decide what a "track name" is, based on its historical or otherwise, particular characteristics.

 * I had located the Bugatti Circuit under "Le Mans - Bugatti Circuit" in the letter "L", as I thought most people tends to look for the "common name" of the circuit. This is another thing I find a little strange in this article: there we have a "quasi-alphabetic" name list, where the Autodromo Nazionale, at Monza, is under the "M" (Monza, I guess) and the Autodromo Enzo y Dino Ferrari at Imola is under the "E" (again, I guess is Enzo). It is clear that the list is ordered with the reader in mind, as I said before.

 * It is Monza and Imola (under "M" and "I") or Autodromo Nazionale y Autodromo Enzo y Dino Ferrari (under "N" and "E")? Why then, the famous Interlagos is under the "J" as "Autodromo José Carlos Pace" and "Circuit Gilles Villeneuve" is under the "G"? In this list "Autodrom" and its derivates, or "Circuit" apparently does not count as part of the name.

 * Even some articles do not use the "official name": for example the Circuit Fernanda Pires da Silva Wikipedia article is under the name Estoril, the same way is ordered and mentioned in this list. Meanwhile, Magny-Cours is under the "M" in this list while its article has the title "Circuit Nevers Magny-Cours", its correct official name. Where do we put it? Under the "C" of circuit, the "N" of Nevers or the "M" of Magny?

 * I guess we could add a new column or heading with the "common name" ("common" for the readers of this article): Imola, Monza, Le Mans, Giles Villeneuve, Interlagos, Estoril, Magny-Cours etcetera and left the present "Name" under the heading of "Oficial circuit name", because that is the way the list seem to be ordered, in first place.

 * I'll wait for a while to correct the article, before following my own recommendations, provided there are no other suggestions.

 * After that I will join Österreichring with A1-Ring, as they have the same Wiki article and left a list with 64 tracks.

 * Besides that (perhaps) I'll include the common name column and order the list by that column (or better yet, I'll devote my time to other things if somebody does not agree). I believe this is the way to modify the less the present list.

 * Finally, I couldn't find a non-copyrighted image of the Bugatti Circuit, I hope somebody has time to draw it. The present article we have on it is a stub. --Ciroa 05:35, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

SVG-Maps
I find it great that all trackmaps are included, that they have a consistent style and legends. However I wanted to note, that it would be great if future versions could be done in SVG, so they are scalable. Imho I haven't found many ressources for scalable trackmaps. So this would be quite great. Dahie (talk) 08:18, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

Valencia
Added Valencia Street Circuit as it is confirmed for 2008 John Hayes 14:37, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

street circuit
I adding marks on tipe of the track.The Tramp 21:23, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

2011
I'm not very happy with future dates in the table. There is - just - a case for adding 2008 for tracks which are in next year's published calendar, but nothing's a fact till it has happened! -- Ian Dalziel 10:19, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. I think including future years in the "Season(s)" column opens the possibility for confusion regarding the "Total" column. Consider Albert Park: The "Season(s)" column says "1996-2008" and the "Total" column says "12". I can imagine a casual reader saying "1996-2008 - isn't the 13 races?". I'd like to see the "Season(s)" column split into two column: "Races which have already been held" (but with a better/shorted name) and "Planned/expected/contracted future races". I'd even consider putting current season races which haven't actually been held yet in the "future" column, and then move them across to the "races which have been held" column once the race is run. DH85868993 10:29, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Aintree
"Aintree was a purpose built race circuit, not a road circuit. (80% is still intact.) On the plan, Sefton Straight should be shown as the straight between points 2 & 3 (a commonly repeated mistake). Railway Straight (singular) is the straight between points 6 & 7. Please amend." Comment added to article by Speedsport (Talk); transferred to talkpage by DH85868993 (talk) 20:34, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

Column for countries
I added a column for the countries in which the circuits are located. I find it good to be able to sort the table along that line. It was undid because the flags was deemed unnecessary. Why not just remove the flags then??? John  Anderson  (talk) 11:58, 20 June 2010 (UTC)
 * The flags have definitely got to go. The country column itself I don't have a huge problem with, but it's certainly superfluous. There's already a column for the Grand Prix and in 95% of cases, the name of the country and the name of the Grand Prix are the same. What's the point? Bretonbanquet (talk) 12:06, 20 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Flags definately need to be erased. They should never be used purely for decorative purposes, which they are here. --Falcadore (talk) 13:33, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

 * OK, the flag may be removed, they are not important. I find it interesting, however, to be able to sort and see which and how many circuits have been used in different countries. That is the main reason for the column. What do you have against that? John  Anderson   (talk) 05:01, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * That explanation is on my talk page where you asked me directly. --Falcadore (talk) 05:36, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I didn't, I directed you here. John  Anderson   (talk) 09:04, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

 * and yet the power could be yours... --Falcadore (talk) 11:34, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't understand why we don't want flags on the list. It's a list of circuits, which are actual places of a country. Bly000 (talk) 13:14, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

2011 Bahrain
Should there be a * or something similar next to the dates on the Bahrain GP and a section of text at the bottom saying that it was originally on the 2011 calendar and it has not yet been decided if it will happen. Sas1998 (talk) 13:29, 12 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Done, but I added the * next to the circuit's name rather than the dates, since the dates are now only updated after a race has been held. DH85868993 (talk) 03:40, 15 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't think we should, unless we are going to include a note for every cancelled Grand Prix. --Falcadore (talk) 00:43, 16 April 2011 (UTC)
 * But that's the point: as I understand it, it hasn't yet been decided whether the race will be cancelled or held later in the year. If it's decided in May that the race is cancelled, I would then remove the note. DH85868993 (talk) 01:21, 16 April 2011 (UTC)
 * You don't think that's speculatory? --Falcadore (talk) 01:35, 16 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Not really. There will be a meeting on May 1 to decide whether or not there will be a F1 race held at the circuit in 2011 (see http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/3/11797.html). My main rationale for adding the note was to clarify the term "current tracks": since we don't know for sure the race will be held, I don't think we can definitively state that Bahrain is a current circuit, but since the race hasn't definitely been cancelled, I also don't think we can definitely state that it's not a current circuit. Having said that, I'm not especially passionate about the note being there - feel free to remove it if you want to. If you do, you may also choose to remove the similar note from List of Formula One Grands Prix. DH85868993 (talk) 04:55, 16 April 2011 (UTC)

Track direction
Someone left a feedback suggesting that it might be a good idea to have a short note explaining which circuits are anti-clockwise circuits. Most are clockwise, so the note could go something like, "All circuits are clockwise apart from x, y and z". Thoughts? Bretonbanquet (talk) 19:47, 22 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. DH85868993 (talk) 02:11, 23 September 2012 (UTC)
 * If it can be reliably sourced then I'm all for it. NapHit (talk) 16:17, 23 September 2012 (UTC)

Proposed circuits?
There is a section which is named Proposed circuits. I think that it should be re-named to Future circuits, because if we were to put every proposed track in there it would also include Rome and London. The two circuits which are currently present in that section are officially announced (if not contracted). Sas 1998 (Talk) 16:31, 10 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't think there is an issue. The prose in the section clearly states that these circuits will be included in the future, whereas there is no clarification that either of the Rome or London circuits will be included anytime soon. NapHit (talk) 18:22, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

1984 Dallas track
I have an issue with the "Fair Park" name. I've heard it described as "State Fair Park", "Texas State Fair Park" of even just "Dallas", but never "Fair Park". My friend who lives in the area and was at the race in question just laughed when I mentioned the name used here. Could we get a realistic revision?Will102 (talk) 02:49, 9 March 2015 (UTC)
 * The circuit is named after the park, which is, in fact, named Fair Park. If you have sources that state otherwise, I would suggest posting on the Talk Page for the park. JohnMcButts (talk) 03:26, 9 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Is google wrong? Google maps has Fair Park written all over everything around the old Cotton Bowl. --Falcadore (talk) 09:43, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Google lists several places on their map, which are in white font, as "XXXXX at Fair Park", such as Music Hall at Fair Park, Children's Aquarium at Fair Park, as well as Fair Park itself. In green font, which is an event/attraction, it lists Texas State Fair. For what it's worth, here is their official website. Twirlypen (talk) 05:49, 29 July 2015 (UTC)
 * The debate was about the name of the venue, not the name of the event (which is Dallas Grand Prix in any event). --Falcadore (talk) 06:36, 29 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Which was why I said what I said. There's no mention of State Fair Park or Texas State Fair Park, and I provided a link to the official website, which is simply fairpark.org ... and mentioning that the event labeled as Texas State Fair had no bearing on what the area of the circuit was and is actually called. Twirlypen (talk) 07:00, 29 July 2015 (UTC)
 * We seem to be pretty inconsistent about it as well. Here we call it Fair Park. At the season article we just call it Dallas and at the circuit's article we call it "Dallas Grand Prix circuit. Tvx1 21:53, 30 July 2015 (UTC)

Inappropriate map of F1 circuits (Crimea peninsula)
I would like to point at inappropriate map of F1 circuits: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Formula_1_all_over_the_world-2016-new.svg

Concretely, the map shows Russian borders including Crimea, a Ukrainian terrirory, annexed by Russia on March, 2014: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation

This territory is not recognized as Russian one by UN and majority of countries: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation#Recognition

As any sport tends to be apolitical, I recommend to make changes to the map, excluding Crimea peninsula from the territories (actually, countries) marked as those which have hosted a Grand Prix in 2015. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.118.123.231 (talk) 14:21, 19 February 2016 (UTC)

Track's elevation change
It would be maybe a good idea to include the track elevation change values for each circuit if known. Pvass68 (talk) 09:30, 21 June 2016 (UTC)
 * I think this is getting into the realm of WP:CRUFT and WP:NOTSTATS. I don't think it's necessary at all. NapHit (talk) 09:33, 21 June 2016 (UTC)
 * The banking of oval tracks are in the articles, too. I don't see a big difference between a banking info and a elevation change info. --Mark McWire (talk) 12:41, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

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Indianapolis Motor Speedway
Shouldn't the two layouts for the Indianapolis Motor Speedway track be one entry as it is the same facility but another layout? — Preceding unsigned comment added by SSSB (talk • contribs) 17:35, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Also for the track layout used between 1950 and 1960 the track map shows the wrong layout. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SSSB (talk • contribs) 17:41, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Demolished circuits
Could there be a colour code for the circuits that are no longer in existence or no longer viable? For example the Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet was demolished in 2012 for the Olympics. Edd of Mercia (talk) 13:00, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

Circuit Gilles Villeneuve
Circuit Gilles Villeneuve is not listed in Street circuit. There is no mention of "street" on its page. The images on its page show no public streets. So how is it a street circuit? --Vossanova o< 14:19, 15 November 2018 (UTC)

2020 Vietnam and Italy
I thought they canceled Vietnam and Italy. The Mo-Ja'al (talk) 22:36, 24 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Italy has been confirmed for 5 September and Vietnam has been postponed indefinitely. See F1 2020 for refs on this. SSSB (talk) 22:45, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

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Circuits run in both directions
Currently there are listed just one direction for each circuit used. However, Indianapolis ran anti-clockwise when Indianapolis 500 was in the calendar as opposed to clockwise in United States Grand Prix. Another circuit to change is Kyalami, as the old circuit used until 1985 was clockwise and 1992-93 one anti-clockwise.

Also, Monza was a figure-of-eight circuit when oval section was used, right? BleuDXXXIV (talk) 12:01, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Monza wasn't a figure of eight. Yes, it crossed itself, but both "loops" ran in the clockwise direction. Anyway, I think that the current approach is to list the direction which corrosponds to the citcuit layout (i.e. the last used direction) SSSB (talk) 12:23, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

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No Ukrainian grands prix
There has never been a Grand Prix in Ukraine, but the south of Ukraine is currently shaded. This needs to be corrected. 188.95.54.29 (talk) 14:09, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

Where is Nordschleife?
Nordschleife is missing. Tangost1 (talk) 18:08, 10 May 2024 (UTC)

 * No its not. It is listed under Nürburgring which is the venue name (Nordschleife is simply the name of a configuaration of the circuit). As per the info at the top the article, the most recent layout used (from 2020 Eifel Grand Prix) is shown. SSSB (talk) 21:30, 10 May 2024 (UTC)
 * they need to be separated because the page is a "list of circuits" and GP-strecke, Nordschleife are different circuits. They are not just a minor curve tweak or something they are distinctly two very different tracks. The page is a farce if it does include a famous long one... how am I supposed to accurately compare lengths over time? Tangost1 (talk) 15:30, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * "Circuit" describes the venue. Nordschliefe and GP-Strecke are alternate layouts of the same circuit/venue - the Nurburgring. Otherwise we would need a new entry every time a layout changed (your idea to determine how different a layout is before deciding whether it seserves its own entry would be arbitary WP:OR and unencylopdic.) How would you compare laps over time? Even with your proposed change you couldnt do that. Spa's length has halved, so has Interlagos and Zandvoort. Hockenheim and Monza are about 40% shorter. Paul Ricard went from 5.8 k, to 3.8 back to 5.8. How layouts have chnaged over time is beyond thr scope of this list. SSSB (talk) 16:03, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of Formula One circuits


text:
Talk:Human Development Index

North korea hdi contradiction
there are two very contradictory reports regarding the north korea hdi. One is the one from algora publishing presently mentioned in this article. the other is the 1998 U.N report mentioned in the 2009 version hdi a wiki article which states a far higher hdi of 0.766. Which one is correct? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index_(2009)#Countries_missing_from_latest_report — Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.79.245.49 (talk) 02:54, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Quite likely neither of them. It is difficult to accurately assess the situation in North Korea, since their government refuses to allow any independent and objective analysis of their economy and social conditions. At best we can only assume any total to be a reasonable guess. Mediatech492 (talk) 17:36, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

Move sentence about not-inclusion of wealth per capita to "criticism" section
Hey,

I would move the sentence

"The index does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country."

to the criticism section because it does not really belong in the summary imho. Geldbogen (talk) 17:58, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

Too many see alsos
If I replace the unrelated indices with just List of international rankings, and remove links that seem only tangentially connected, I get this:

{{tqb|

Indices and rankings

 * Broad measures of economic progress
 * List of countries by planetary pressures–adjusted Human Development Index (PHDI)
 * List of international rankings

Development
}}
 * Developing country
 * Economic development
 * Human Development and Capability Association
 * International development
 * Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

But I'm not very familiar with this topic or its controversies, so I'm bringing it here for discussion instead of making the change myself. Jruderman (talk) 03:02, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Human Development Index


text:
Bordon

Bordon is a town in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It lies in the interior of the royal Woolmer Forest, about 5 mi southeast of Alton. The town forms a part of the civil parish of Whitehill which is one of two contiguous villages, the other being Lindford. The civil parish is on the A325, and near the A3 road between London and Portsmouth, from which it is buffered by the rise of the wooded Woolmer Ranges. Bordon is twinned with Condé-sur-Vire in Normandy, France.

Unlike its nearest towns, Petersfield, Farnham and Alton, Bordon has not been a market town, having developed as a military area. Many of the facilities are near the former A325, a toll road (turnpike) that connected Farnham to the A3 to its south and passed though Bordon and Whitehill; the A325 now by-passes the built-up area. Local facilities include The Phoenix Theatre and Whitehill and Bordon Leisure Centre.

Education
Primary schools in Bordon include Bordon Infant School, Weyford Nursery, Woodlea School and Weyford Primary. Secondary education facilities include Oakmoor School on Budds Lane and Hollywater School, a Special Education establishment. Bordon is also home to the Future Skills Centre, a £3.8 million construction training centre which is part of the Basingstoke College of Technology group.

In November 2019, Mill Chase Academy closed after 60 years, being replaced by Oakmoor School.

History
The town has been an army base with a defunct railway station. Bordon Camp was first laid out in 1899 by the Highland Light Infantry, directed by Royal Engineers, and following interruption by the Second Boer War, was occupied by the army from 1903. The first occupants of Quebec barracks were the Somersetshire Light Infantry, returning from South Africa in April, and the 2nd Battalion Devonshire Regiment arrived at St. Lucia Barracks from South Africa in June. Bordon Camp was home to the Canadian Army during both of the world wars and the town is dotted with concrete slabs on which tanks and armoured cars were parked. Bordon is home to the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME), providing trade training, both basic and supplementary, to its soldiers, supported by the School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (SEME). The Longmoor Army Ranges, a forest firing range, is south of the town. Bordon railway station was linked to both the main railway network, and by light railway to the Longmoor Military Railway.

Eco-town proposal
In 2009, the governing Labour administration nationally announced Bordon as one of its tentative Eco-towns in consultative, outline plans. This, dovetailed with the Town Council's 'Green Town Vision', would see the development of Whitehill-Bordon as a carbon-neutral town with sustainable housing and business facilities. The existing Green Town Vision aimed to ensure that all new development of the town would by beneficial to the local environment, and the Eco-town would provide support and funding felt necessary to regenerate the few low standard homes and streets. The proposal initially earmarked 5000 new homes, along with supporting infrastructure, which would require extensive use of greenfield land and reallocation of ex-military land following discontinuance of local military bases.

The scheme was generally supported by the local authority. Local residents objected to the plan's scale and features, citing the road-centric transport network, inevitable net loss of visual amenity, forest, few remaining cultivated fields, scale and diversity of habitats for the remnant Woolmer Forest. After the announcement of the Eco-town plan, a group of residents formed the Bordon Area Action Group, and opposed the scheme. They argued that the development failed sustainability tests, and claimed that consultation was rigged. Other residents supported the scheme and consultation continued. During the coalition government of 2010-15 its likelihood waned. Funding was cut by half, government looked more critically and skeptically into certain aspects.

The raft of project proposals continues and those awarded funding, such as free public-amenity internet, have been implemented. The Whitehill & Bordon Masterplan was finalised in 2012.

Rail
The nearest railway station is 4 mi south-east in Liphook, which is on the Portsmouth Direct Line. The town had its own station on the Bordon Light Railway, which was closed in 1966. In 2009, the Association of Train Operating Companies proposed reinstating a rail link with the town, and a feasibility study, concluded in February 2012, was undertaken. The outcome was a plausible link to the existing Alton Line at Bentley, Hampshire, with an estimated cost of £170m.

Road
Bordon and Whitehill are by-passed by the A325, which links them to the A3 (which passes through the parish) and to Farnham. The town is served by Stagecoach South bus routes to Aldershot, Liphook, Haslemere, Alton and Basingstoke.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC South and ITV Meridian. Television signals are received from either the Midhurst or Hannington TV transmitters.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Surrey, Greatest Hits Radio Surrey & East Hampshire, and Wey Valley Radio, a community based station which broadcast from Alton.

The town is served by the local newspapers, Bordon Herald and Petersfield Post.

Places of worship

 * Sacred Heart Catholic Church, High Street.
 * St Mark's Shared Church, Pinehill Road.

title: Bordon


text:
1958 in Ireland

Events from the year 1958 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Seán T. O'Kelly
 * Taoiseach: Éamon de Valera (FF)
 * Tánaiste: Seán Lemass (FF)
 * Minister for Finance: James Ryan (FF)
 * Chief Justice: Conor Maguire
 * Dáil: 16th
 * Seanad: 9th

Events

 * 6 February – Association football player, 22-year-old Billy Whelan, who played four times for the Irish national team, was among 21 people killed in the Munich air disaster involving English football team Manchester United.
 * 18 March – Taoiseach Éamon de Valera said he would be willing to have talks with the government of Northern Ireland on wider economic co-operation.
 * 20 March – Work began on the £80,000 restoration of the State Rooms at Dublin Castle.
 * 10 May – The Independent Teachta Dála (TD), Jack Murphy, resigned in protest at the indifference of the main political parties to the plight of the unemployed.
 * 12 May – The Ardmore Film Studios were opened by the Tánaiste, Seán Lemass.
 * 22 May – The Minister for Education, Jack Lynch, told the Dáil that the ruling requiring women teachers to retire upon marriage was to be revoked.
 * 25 July – £100 damages were awarded to a nine-year-old boy who was beaten by his teacher in a national school.
 * 28 July – The Carlisle Monument, an eight-foot bronze statue in the Phoenix Park in Dublin, was blown up by an Irish republican bomb in the early hours.
 * 8 August – The United States Embassy in Merrion Square, Dublin displayed plans for a new embassy.
 * 8 September – Pan Am's Boeing 707 became the first jetliner to touch down on European soil at Shannon Airport.
 * 1 October – Assets and management of the Great Northern Railway were divided between Córas Iompair Éireann and the Ulster Transport Authority.
 * 29 October – The Government announced that the question of ending the proportional representation method of voting was to be put to the people in a referendum.
 * 4 November – In the Vatican, Taoiseach Éamon de Valera attended the four-hour coronation of Pope John XXIII.
 * 31 December – The Harcourt Street railway line in Dublin closed, having served Ranelagh, Milltown, Dundrum, Stillorgan, Foxrock, Carrickmines, Shankill and Bray.

Arts and literature

 * 21 February – Desmond Guinness established the Irish Georgian Society for the promotion of Georgian architecture.
 * 16 June – Brendan Behan's one-act Irish language play An Giall was first performed at the Damer Theatre in Dublin.
 * 14 October – The English adaptation of An Giall, (The Hostage), was first performed by Joan Littlewood's Theatre Workshop at the Theatre Royal Stratford East, London.
 * 28 October – Samuel Beckett's monologue Krapp's Last Tape was first performed by Patrick Magee at the Royal Court Theatre, London.
 * Samuel Beckett's novel The Unnamable was published in English.
 * Brendan Behan's autobiographical Borstal Boy was published in London. On 12 November it was banned in Ireland by the Censorship of Publications Board.
 * Thomas Kinsella's poetry Another September was published in Dublin.
 * Patrick MacDonogh's poetry One Landscape Still was published.
 * John Montague's poetry Forms of Exile was published.
 * The Oxford Book of Irish Verse, XVIIth century-XXth century, edited by Donagh MacDonagh and Lennox Robinson, was published.

Association football

 * Football World Cup

(The Republic of Ireland did not qualify for the 1958 world cup)

Northern Ireland:

 * Group stage
 * Northern Ireland 1–1 Czechoslovakia
 * Northern Ireland 1–1 Argentina
 * Northern Ireland 1–1 West Germany
 * Northern Ireland entered group playoff stage
 * Northern Ireland 2–1 Czechoslovakia AET
 * Northern Ireland qualified for the quarterfinal stage
 * Northern Ireland 0–4 France
 * Northern Ireland were knocked out at the quarterfinal stage

Births

 * 1 January – Liam Fennelly, Kilkenny hurler
 * 27 January – Synan Braddish, association football player
 * 1 February – Seán Fleming, Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for Laois–Offaly
 * 2 February – Paddy Prendergast, Kilkenny hurler
 * 16 February – Fintan O'Toole, journalist and drama critic
 * 1 April – Stephen O'Rahilly, Irish-British physician and academic
 * 19 April – Denis O'Brien, entrepreneur
 * 30 April – James Hewitt, soldier and lover of Diana, Princess of Wales
 * 6 May
 * Tommy Byrne, motor racing driver
 * Ivor Callely, Fianna Fáil politician, member of the 23rd Seanad Éireann, TD and Minister of State
 * 8 May – Roddy Doyle, novelist, dramatist and screenwriter
 * 11 May – Conor Hayes, Galway hurler and manager
 * 2 June – John Buckley, Cork hurler
 * 7 June – Aidan Fogarty, Offaly hurler
 * 8 June
 * Louise Richardson, political scientist and university vice-chancellor
 * Niall Williams, writer
 * 5 July – Veronica Guerin, journalist (murdered by drug dealers in 1996)
 * 10 July – Fiona Shaw, actress
 * 11 July – Martin Doherty, member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army
 * 16 July – Michael Flatley, American dancer
 * 10 September – Siobhan Fahey, musician
 * 16 September – Maura O'Connell, singer
 * 18 September – John Aldridge, Irish international association football player, in England of Irish descent
 * 11 November – John Devine, association football player
 * 21 November – Eddie O'Sullivan, head coach of the Ireland national rugby union team

 * Full date unknown
 * Noel Hill, concertina player
 * Glenn Meade, fiction writer

Deaths

 * 1 January – Richard Hayes, doctor and Sinn Féin Member of Parliament (born 1878)
 * 17 January – Michael Donohoe, Irish-born American politician, Democratic U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (born 1864)
 * 24 March – Seamus O'Sullivan, poet and editor (born 1879)
 * 29 March – Jimmy Archer, Major League baseball player (born 1883)
 * 24 April – Mabel McConnell Fitzgerald, republican, suffragette and socialist (born 1884]
 * 6 July – John Esmonde, soldier, Fine Gael TD (born 1893)
 * 28 July – Dick Walsh, Kilkenny hurler (born 1878)
 * 13 August – James Lennon, member of 1st Dáil representing the County Carlow constituency
 * 24 August – Paul Henry, artist (born 1876)
 * 9 September – Máire Nic Shiubhlaigh, actress and Republican activist (born 1883)
 * 15 October – Lennox Robinson, dramatist, poet and theatre director and producer (born 1886)
 * 2 December – Alan McKibbin, businessman and Ulster Unionist Party MP (born 1892)
 * 8 December – Peig Sayers (Máiréad Ó Gaoithín), seanachaí (traditional storyteller) (born 1873)
 * 19 December – Arthur Gore, 6th Earl of Arran, Anglo-Irish peer and soldier (born 1868)
 * 23 December – Dorothy Macardle, author and historian (born 1889)
 * 24 December – Martin O'Brien, hurler (Thurles Sarsfields, Tipperary) (born 1885)

title: 1958 in Ireland


text:
Talk:List of Formula One drivers

-(Minus) vs –(EN DASH) Edit 29th February
When "Seasons competed" contains a range '–(EN DASH)' is used rather than '-(Minus)' as the separator. When the new season(2024) started new ranges were formed(I think only Oscar Piastri and Logan Sargeant). These have used the minus symbol. As there is very little visual difference between the two symbols I think it would cause less confusion if minus was used as this is readily available on the keyboard and, in my experience, what is generally used. 92.29.132.127 (talk) 09:58, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Formula One drivers


text:
Shipton Gorge

Shipton Gorge is a village and civil parish in southwest Dorset, England, 3 mi east of Bridport. Dorset County Council's 2013 mid-year estimate of the population of Shipton Gorge parish is 350. In the 2011 national census, results have been published for the parish of Shipton Gorge combined with the small neighbouring parish of Chilcombe to the east; the population of these areas was 381.

In 1086 in the Domesday Book Shipton Gorge was recorded as Sepetone. The village is named after the de Gorges family who owned the land hundreds of years ago. The parish church of St Martin—which used to be a chapel of Burton Bradstock—was rebuilt in 1862, except for its west tower which dates from around 1400.

The terrain surrounding the village is hilly. Northeast of the village is Shipton Hill, which offers good views of the surrounding countryside from its 170 m summit. On the hill is evidence of a prehistoric settlement.

Squadron Leader Ted Flavell, who in 1956 had carried out the first British air drop of an atomic bomb during Operation Buffalo, lived in Shipton Gorge during his retirement.

title: Shipton Gorge


text:
Talk:Buffalo, Texas

Untitled
Bold text Hello. I am doing a search on an old oil well that has dried up. my father and a few others were owners of this well and I am trying to find the list to contact these people. If you know how I can obtain this list please contact me.

My email is Skeeter5108@aol.com

Thank you

Sherry

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title: Talk:Buffalo, Texas


text:
Uzi Hitman

Uzi Hitman (עוזי חיטמן; 9 June 1952 – 17 October 2004) was an Israeli singer-songwriter, composer, musician, actor, director and television personality.

Biography
Uzi Hitman was born in Giv'at Shmuel and lived all his life in Ramat Gan. His parents, Holocaust survivors, followed a traditionalist Jewish lifestyle; his father served as a cantor. He and his sibling Chaim, who lives in Ra'anana, attended secular schools. At home they listened to the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Enrico Macias and opera along with liturgical and religious songs. When Hitman was 11, his parents gave him his first guitar, which he taught himself to play. When he turned 17, he received a piano from his grandmother. From 1971 to 1973, he served in the Israeli Central Command military entertainment troupe, along with Shem Tov Levy, Shlomo Bar-Aba, Dorit Reuveni and others.

He was married to Aya (nee Waldman) and they had three children: Ido, Yoav and Oded.

Music career
His career began in 1976, when he composed a popular melody for Adon Olam. He became a popular Israeli artist during the 1980s and 1990s. He composed and wrote over 650 songs. His most famous songs include "Noladati Lashalom" ('I Was Born for Peace'), "Ratziti Sheteda" ('I Wanted You to Know'), "Todah" ('Thank You'), "Mi yada' sh'kach yihiye" ('Who Knew It Would Be Like This') and "Kan" ('Here'), which reached third place during the 1991 Eurovision Song Contest. Hitman also appeared on the 1980s children's programmes Parpar Nechmad, Hopa Hei and Shirim K'tanim which was the first video set to be published in Israel in 1989.

Hitman was a devoted supporter of Maccabi Haifa, and even wrote its 1993–94 championship song named "Green in the Eyes", (ירוק בעיניים) which he gave to Haim Moshe. He also wrote and performed its 2001 championship song "Here She Rises", (הנה היא עולה).

Death and commemoration
Hitman died following a heart attack at age 52. Following a funeral in Ramat Gan, he was buried at the Yarkon Cemetery near Tel Aviv. The City of Ramat Gan renamed Kikar Hashoshanim ('Roses Square') in his neighborhood of residence to Kikar Hitman (Hitman Square).

A minute of silence was given to Hitman during a Maccabi Haifa match against Bnei Yehuda, followed up by fans singing the chorus of the championship song he wrote for the club.

title: Uzi Hitman


text:
1957 in Ireland

Events from the year 1957 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Seán T. O'Kelly
 * Taoiseach:
 * John A. Costello (FG) (until 20 March 1957)
 * Éamon de Valera (FF) (from 20 March 1957)
 * Tánaiste:
 * William Norton (Lab) (until 20 March 1957)
 * Seán Lemass (FF) (from 20 March 1957)
 * Minister for Finance:
 * Gerard Sweetman (FG) (until 20 March 1957)
 * James Ryan (FF) (from 20 March 1957)
 * Chief Justice: Conor Maguire
 * Dáil:
 * 15th (until 4 February 1957)
 * 16th (from 20 March 1957)
 * Seanad:
 * 8th (until 28 March 1957)
 * 9th (from 22 May 1957)

Events

 * 1 January – Border Campaign: Seán South and Fergal O'Hanlon were killed in an Irish Republican Army (IRA) attack on a Royal Ulster Constabulary barracks in Brookeborough, County Fermanagh. The Government of Ireland used the current Offences Against the State Act to arrest most of the IRA's leadership, including its Chief of Staff, Seán Cronin.
 * 12 January – Over a hundred republicans were arrested under the Special Powers Act in Northern Ireland.
 * 24 January – Sir Alfred Chester Beatty became the first person granted honorary citizenship of Ireland.
 * 4 February – St. Mary's Church of Ireland Cathedral at Elphin, County Roscommon, was severely damaged in a violent storm, leading to its abandonment.
 * 3 March – Éamon de Valera told a crowd in Cork that a United Ireland could be achieved with time and the support of the people.
 * 5 March – 1957 Irish general election: The Fianna Fáil party under Éamon de Valera returned to power, winning 78 seats. Members of the 16th Dáil assembled on 20 March.
 * 7 March - A Percival Provost aircraft crashed on the lower eastern slope of Table Mountain, County Wicklow with the loss of one life.
 * 11 March – Prize Bonds were introduced; the Bank of Ireland operated the scheme on behalf of the Minister for Finance.
 * May–September – Fethard-on-Sea Ne Temere boycott: a Roman Catholic priest and some of his parishioners organised a boycott of Protestant-owned local businesses.
 * 4 July – Following the killing of a Royal Ulster Constabulary officer, the new Government of Ireland introduced wholesale internment without trial for IRA suspects.
 * 4 July – The Dáil debated the Fethard-on-Sea Ne Temere boycott.
 * 22 July – The Gough Monument in the Phoenix Park in Dublin was wrecked by an explosion so violent that it was heard all over the city.
 * 7 August – A 20-foot high war memorial in Limerick was blown up. It was erected to commemorate British soldiers from Limerick who died in World War I.
 * 30 September – Last day of operation of 97 miles (155 km) of railway in Northern Ireland (Great Northern Railway (GNR) branches and the entire Sligo, Leitrim and Northern Counties Railway) following government instructions. County Fermanagh lost all its lines. The GNR closed a further 84 miles (134 km) of connecting lines in the Republic on October 12.
 * 2 October – The Minister for Health, Seán MacEntee, launched the Voluntary Health Insurance Board.
 * 7 October – President Seán T. O'Kelly's country residence, Roundwood House, County Wicklow, was destroyed by fire.
 * 10 October – The Windscale fire began with a fire in a graphite core of a reactor at the Windscale Nuclear Power station and reprocessing centre on the Cumberland coast of North West England. Years later there were claims that the radiation caused cancers and birth defects in County Louth.
 * 27 October – The foundation stone of Galway Cathedral was blessed.
 * 1 November – The Soviet satellite Sputnik was visible over Dublin for the second time in a month.
 * November – Border Campaign: The premature explosion of a bomb at a farmhouse in County Louth killed four IRA men and a householder.
 * Undated – Cyril Lord opened a new factory for the production of tufted carpets at Donaghadee, County Down.

Arts and literature

 * 13 January – Samuel Beckett's All That Fall (set in a fictionalised Foxrock) was first broadcast (on the BBC Third Programme in the U.K.), with J. G. Devlin in a leading role.
 * 12 May – The Pike Theatre in Dublin staged the Tennessee Williams play The Rose Tattoo. During its short run the theatre was invaded by Gardaí (police) and director Alan Simpson was arrested for producing "a lewd entertainment" for a mime of dropping a condom onto the floor.
 * The Bachelors musical group formed as The Harmonichords in Dublin.
 * Publication of Tomás de Bhaldraithe's English-Irish Dictionary.
 * Publication of Heinrich Böll's Irisches Tagebuch (Irish Journal).

Association football

 * 19 May – Ireland 1–1 England (at Dalymount Park).

Golf

 * 27 June – Philomena Garvey won the British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship at Gleneagles.

Births

 * 17 January – Colm Burke, Fine Gael Lord Mayor of Cork, MEP.
 * 22 January – Ray Flynn, Irish-American runner
 * 7 February – Regina Joyce, long-distance runner.
 * 15 February
 * Dave Langan, association football player.
 * David Stanton, Fine Gael TD for Cork East.
 * 26 February – Charlie Nelligan, Kerry Gaelic footballer.
 * 6 April – Dermot Mac Curtain, Cork hurler.
 * 8 April – Richie Power, Kilkenny hurler.
 * 23 April – Tommy Quaid, Limerick hurler (died 1998).
 * 13 March – Patricia McKenna, Green Party politician.
 * 7 March – Seán Crowe, Sinn Féin TD for Dublin South-West.
 * 21 March – Pat Breen, Fine Gael TD for Clare.
 * 20 May – Dermot Gallagher, association football referee.
 * 23 May – Jimmy McShane, singer
 * 28 May – Dick O'Hara, Kilkenny hurler.
 * 17 June – Philip Chevron, born Philip Ryan, Celtic punk singer-songwriter and guitarist (died in 2013).
 * 20 June – Kieran Brennan, Kilkenny hurler and Irish Army general.
 * 17 July – Terry Eviston, association football player.
 * 2 August – Ashley Grimes, association football player and coach.
 * 7 August – Daire Brehan, actress, broadcaster and barrister (died in 2012).
 * 28 August – Tom Cashman, Cork hurler.
 * 26 September – Finbar Wright, singer.
 * 8 October – Martha Kearney, radio journalist.
 * 14 October – John Henderson, Kilkenny hurler.
 * 16 October – Eoin Liston, Kerry Gaelic footballer.
 * 6 November – Siobhán McCarthy, actress.
 * 19 November – Jack O'Shea, Kerry Gaelic footballer.
 * 24 November – John Minihan, soldier, Progressive Democrats Seanad Éireann member.
 * 12 December – Jon Kenny, comedian.
 * 17 December – Robbie Gaffney, association football player.
 * 25 December – Shane MacGowan, English-born Celtic punk singer-songwriter (died in 2023).

 * Undated
 * Desmond Dinan, academic and author.
 * Angela Downey, Kilkenny camogie player.
 * Shani Mootoo, fiction writer and visual artist.
 * Paul Woodfull, writer, actor, comedian and musician

Deaths

 * 1 January – Fergal O'Hanlon, Irish Republican Army member killed with Seán South attacking the Royal Ulster Constabulary barracks in Brookeborough (born in 1936).
 * 1 January – Seán South, IRA leader fatally wounded during an attack on a Royal Ulster Constabulary barracks in Brookeborough (born in 1929).
 * 11 January – Anthony Mulvey, editor and Nationalist Party MP (born in 1882).
 * 16 February – John Sealy Townsend, mathematical physicist (died in 1868).
 * 25 March
 * Ernie O'Malley, prominent officer in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence and on anti-Treaty side in the Irish Civil War and a writer (born in 1897).
 * George Townshend, writer, clergyman who converted to the Baháʼí Faith (born in 1876).
 * 28 March – Jack B. Yeats, artist (born in 1871).
 * 29 March – John J. O'Kelly, politician, author and publisher, president of the Gaelic League and Sinn Féin (born in 1872).
 * 11 April – Freeman Wills Crofts, novelist (born in 1879).
 * 23 May – William Meldon, cricketer (born in 1879).
 * 26 May – Edward Hutchinson Synge, theoretical physicist (born in 1890)
 * 26 June – Colm Gallagher, Fianna Fáil TD for Dublin North-Central and boxing referee.
 * 1 August – Cathal O'Byrne, singer, poet and writer (born in 1867).
 * 22 September – Oliver St. John Gogarty, physician, poet and writer (born in 1878).
 * 25 October – Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron Dunsany, writer and dramatist (born 1878).
 * 9 November – Peter O'Connor, athlete (born in 1872).
 * 16 November – Seán Moylan, member Irish Volunteers, Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister and Seanad Éireann member (born in 1888).
 * 6 December – Michael James O'Rourke, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1917 at Hill 70 near Lens, France (born in 1878).
 * 21 December – Thomas Sadleir, genealogist (born in 1882).

title: 1957 in Ireland


text:
Compact Linear Collider

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a concept for a future linear particle accelerator that aims to explore the next energy frontier. CLIC would collide electrons with positrons and is currently the only mature option for a multi-TeV linear collider. The accelerator would be between 11 and 50 km long, more than ten times longer than the existing Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) in California, US. CLIC is proposed to be built at CERN, across the border between France and Switzerland near Geneva, with first beams starting by the time the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has finished operations around 2035.

The CLIC accelerator would use a novel two-beam acceleration technique at an acceleration gradient of 100 MV/m, and its staged construction would provide collisions at three centre-of-mass energies up to 3 TeV for optimal physics reach. Research and development (R&D) are being carried out to achieve the high precision physics goals under challenging beam and background conditions.

CLIC aims to discover new physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics, through precision measurements of Standard Model properties as well as direct detection of new particles. The collider would offer high sensitivity to electroweak states, exceeding the predicted precision of the full LHC programme. The current CLIC design includes the possibility for electron beam polarisation.

The CLIC collaboration produced a Conceptual Design Report (CDR) in 2012, complemented by an updated energy staging scenario in 2016. Additional detailed studies of the physics case for CLIC, an advanced design of the accelerator complex and the detector, as well as numerous R&D results are summarised in a recent series of CERN Yellow Reports.

Background
There are two main types of particle colliders, which differ in the types of particles they collide: lepton colliders and hadron colliders. Each type of collider can produce different final states of particles and can study different physics phenomena. Examples of hadron colliders are the ISR, the SPS and the LHC at CERN, and the Tevatron in the US. Examples of lepton colliders are the SuperKEKB in Japan, the BEPC II in China, DAFNE in Italy, the VEPP in Russia, SLAC in the US, and the Large Electron–Positron Collider at CERN. Some of these lepton colliders are still running.

Hadrons are compound objects, which lead to more complicated collision events and limit the achievable precision of physics measurements. This is for instance why the Large Hadron Collider was designed to operate at such a high energy even while it was already known the Higgs particle ought to be found at around the energies it eventually was: the lesser accuracy of a hadron collider necessitated more numerous and higher energy impacts to compensate. Lepton colliders on the other hand collide fundamental particles, therefore the initial state of each event is known and higher precision measurements can be achieved.

Another means of categorizing colliders is by their physical geometry: either linear or circular. Circular colliders benefit from being able to accelerate particles over and over to reach very high energies, and from being able to repeatedly intersect their beams, to reach very high numbers of collisions between individual particles.

On the other hand they are limited by the fact that keeping the particles circulating means constantly accelerating them inwards. This makes charged particles emit synchrotron radiation, eventually leading to a significant energy loss and a limit on achievable collision energy. This so called synchrotron loss is especially harmful to lepton colliders, because it scales as the fourth power of particle speed, and the only stable leptons around (electrons and positrons) are, as the name says, very light. They will have to be accelerated to much higher speeds than heavier particles (baryons) in order to gain the same energy, and suddenly synchrotron loss becomes the limiting factor.

As a linear collider, CLIC will not have this problem. It still has to tackle the problems of not being able to recirculate its beams, though, which despite it being called "compact", necessitates massive scale and a rather unconventional design to reach the high linear accelerations required.

Three energy stages
CLIC is foreseen to be built and operated in three stages with different centre-of-mass energies: 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV, and 3 TeV. The integrated luminosities at each stage are expected to be 1 ab−1, 2.5 ab−1, and 5 ab−1 respectively, providing a broad physics programme over a 27-year period. These centre-of-mass energies have been motivated by current LHC data and studies of the physics potential carried out by the CLIC study.

Already at 380 GeV, CLIC has good coverage of Standard Model physics; the energy stages beyond this allow for the discovery of new physics as well as increased precision measurements of Standard Model processes. Additionally, CLIC will operate at the top quark pair-production threshold around 350 GeV with the aim of precisely measuring the properties of the top quark.

Physics case for CLIC
CLIC would allow the exploration of new energy ranges, provide possible solutions to unanswered problems, and enable the discovery of phenomena beyond our current understanding.

Higgs physics
The current LHC data suggest that the particle found in 2012 is the Higgs boson as predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics. However, the LHC can only partially answer questions about the true nature of this particle, such as its composite/fundamental nature, coupling strengths, and possible role in an extended electroweak sector. CLIC could examine these questions in more depth by measuring the Higgs couplings to a precision not achieved before. The 380 GeV stage of CLIC allows, for example, accurate model-independent measurements of Higgs boson couplings to fermions and bosons through the Higgsstrahlung and WW-fusion production processes. The second and third stages give access to phenomena such as the top-Yukawa coupling, rare Higgs decays and the Higgs self-coupling.

Top-quark physics
The top quark, the heaviest of all known fundamental particles, has currently never been studied in electron-positron collisions. The CLIC linear collider plans to have an extensive top quark physics programme. A major aim of this programme would be a threshold scan around the top quark pair-production threshold (~350 GeV) to precisely determine the mass and other significant properties of the top quark. For this scan, CLIC currently plans to devote 10% of the running time of the first stage, collecting 100 fb−1. This study would allow the top quark mass to be ascertained in a theoretically well-defined manner and at a higher precision than possible with hadron colliders. CLIC would also aim to measure the top quark electroweak couplings to the Z boson and the photon, as deviations of these values from those predicted by the Standard Model could be evidence of new physics phenomena, such as extra dimensions. Further observation of top quark decays with flavour-changing neutral currents at CLIC would be an indirect indication of new physics, as these should not be seen by CLIC under current Standard Model predictions.

New phenomena
CLIC could discover new physics phenomena either through indirect measurements or by direct observation. Large deviations in precision measurements of particle properties from the Standard Model prediction would indirectly signal the presence of new physics. Such indirect methods give access to energy scales far beyond the available collision energy, reaching sensitivities of up to tens of TeV.

Examples of indirect measurements CLIC would be capable of at 3 TeV are: using the production of muon pairs to provide evidence of a Z boson (reach up to ~30 TeV) indicating a simple gauge extension beyond the Standard Model; using vector boson scattering for giving insight into the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking; and exploiting the combination of several final states to determine the elementary or composite nature of the Higgs boson (reach of compositeness scale up to ~50 TeV). Direct pair production of particles up to a mass of 1.5 TeV, and single particle production up to a mass of 3 TeV is possible at CLIC. Due to the clean environment of electron-positron colliders, CLIC would be able to measure the properties of these potential new particles to a very high precision. Examples of particles CLIC could directly observe at 3 TeV are some of those proposed by the supersymmetry theory: charginos, neutralinos (both ~≤ 1.5 TeV), and sleptons (≤ 1.5 TeV).

However, research from experimental data on the cosmological constant, LIGO noise, and pulsar timing, suggests it's very unlikely that there are any new particles with masses much higher than those which can be found in the standard model or the LHC. On the other hand, this research has also indicated that quantum gravity or perturbative quantum field theory will become strongly coupled before 1 PeV, leading to other new physics in the TeVs.

Beams and accelerators
To reach the desired 3 TeV beam energy, while keeping the length of the accelerator compact, CLIC targets an accelerating gradient up to 100 MV/m. CLIC is based on normal-conducting acceleration cavities operated at room temperature, as they allow for higher acceleration gradients than superconducting cavities. With this technology, the main limitation is the high-voltage breakdown rate (BDR), which follows the empirical law $$BDR \propto E^{30}\tau^5$$, where $$E$$ is the accelerating gradient and $$\tau$$ is the RF pulse length. The high accelerating gradient and the target BDR value (3 × 10−7 pulse−1m−1) drive most of the beam parameters and machine design.

In order to reach these high accelerating gradients while keeping the power consumption affordable, CLIC makes use of a novel two-beam-acceleration scheme: a so-called Drive Beam runs parallel to the colliding Main Beam. The Drive Beam is decelerated in special devices called Power Extraction and Transfer Structures (PETS) that extract energy from the Drive Beam in the form of powerful Radio Frequency (RF) waves, which is then used to accelerate the Main Beam. Up to 90% of the energy of the Drive Beam is extracted and efficiently transferred to the Main Beam.

Main beam
The electrons needed for the main beam are produced by illuminating a GaAs-type cathode with a Q-switched polarised laser, and are longitudinally polarised at the level of 80%. The positrons for the main beam are produced by sending a 5 GeV electron beam on a tungsten target. After an initial acceleration up to 2.86 GeV, both electrons and positrons enter damping rings for emittance reduction by radiation damping. Both beams are then further accelerated to 9 GeV in a common booster linac. Long transfer lines transport the two beams to the beginning of the main linacs where they are accelerated up to 1.5 TeV before going into the Beam Delivery System (BDS), which squeezes and brings the beams into collision. The two beams collide at the IP with 20 mrad crossing angle in the horizontal plane.

Drive beam
Each Drive Beam complex is composed of a 2.5 km-long linac, followed by a Drive Beam Recombination Complex: a system of delay lines and combiner rings where the incoming beam pulses are interleaved to ultimately form a 12 GHz sequence and a local beam current as high as 100A. Each 2.5 km-long Drive Beam linac is powered by 1 GHz klystrons. This produces a 148 μs-long beam (for the 1.5 TeV energy stage scenario) with a bunching frequency of 0.5 GHz. Every 244 ns the bunching phase is switched by 180 degrees, i.e. odd and even buckets at 1 GHz are filled alternately. This phase-coding allows the first factor two recombination: the odd bunches are delayed in a Delay Loop (DL), while the even bunches bypass it. The time of flight of the DL is about 244 ns and tuned at the picosecond level such that the two trains of bunches can merge, forming several 244 ns-long trains with bunching frequency at 1 GHz, separated by 244 ns of empty space. This new time-structure allows for further factor 3 and factor 4 recombination in the following combiner rings with a similar mechanism as in the DL. The final time structure of the beam is made of several (up to 25) 244 ns-long trains of bunches at 12 GHz, spaced by gaps of about 5.5 μs. The recombination is timed such that each combined train arrives in its own decelerator sector, synchronized with the arrival of the Main Beam. The use of low-frequency (1 GHz), long-pulse-length (148 μs) klystrons for accelerating the Drive Beam and the beam recombination makes it more convenient than using klystrons to directly accelerate the Main Beam.

Test facilities
The main technology challenges of the CLIC accelerator design have been successfully addressed in various test facilities. The Drive Beam production and recombination, and the two-beam acceleration concept were demonstrated at the CLIC Test Facility 3 (CTF3). X-band high-power klystron-based RF sources were built in stages at the high-gradient X-band test facility (XBOX), CERN. These facilities provide the RF power and infrastructure required for the conditioning and verification of the performance of CLIC accelerating structures, and other X-band based projects. Additional X-band high-gradient tests are being carried out at the NEXTEF facility at KEK and at SLAC, a new test stand is being commissioned at Tsinghua University and further test stands are being constructed at INFN Frascati and SINAP in Shanghai.

CLIC detector
A state-of-the-art detector is essential to profit from the complete physics potential of CLIC. The current detector design, named CLICdet, has been optimised via full simulation studies and R&D activities.  The detector follows the standard design of grand particle detectors at high energy colliders: a cylindrical detector volume with a layered configuration, surrounding the beam axis. CLICdet would have dimensions of ~13 × 12 m (height × length) and weigh ~8000 tonnes.

Detector Layers
CLICdet consists of four main layers of increasing radius: vertex and tracking system, calorimeters, solenoid magnet, and muon detector. The vertex and tracking system is located at the innermost region of CLICdet and aims to detect the position and momenta of particles with minimum adverse impact on their energy and trajectory. The vertex detector is cylindrical with three double layers of detector materials at increasing radii and has three segmented disks at each end in a spiral configuration to aid air flow cooling. These are assumed to be made of 25x25 μm2 silicon pixels of thickness 50 μm, and the aim is to have a single point resolution of 3 μm. The tracking system is made of silicon sensor modules expected to be 200 μm thick.

The calorimeters surround the vertex and tracking system and aim to measure the energy of particles via absorption. The electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) consists of ~40 layers of silicon/tungsten in a sandwich structure; the hadronic calorimeter (HCAL) has 60 steel absorber plates with scintillating material inserted in between.

These inner CLICdet layers are enclosed in a superconducting solenoid magnet with a field strength of 4 T. This magnetic field bends charged particles, allowing for momentum and charge measurements. The magnet is then surrounded by an iron yoke which would contain large area detectors for muon identification.

The detector also has a luminosity calorimeter (LumiCal) to measure the products of Bhabha scattering events, a beam calorimeter to complete the ECAL coverage down to 10 mrads polar angle, and an intra-train feedback system to counteract luminosity loss due to relative beam-beam offsets.

Power pulsing and cooling
Strict requirements on the material budget for the vertex and tracking system do not allow the use of conventional liquid cooling systems for CLICdet. Therefore, it is proposed that a dry gas cooling system will be used for this inner region. Air gaps have been factored into the design of the detector to allow the flow of the gas, which will be air or Nitrogen. To allow for effective air cooling, the average power consumption of the Silicon sensors in the vertex detector needs to be lowered. Therefore, these sensors will operate via a current-based power pulsing scheme: switching the sensors from a high to low power consumption state whenever possible, corresponding to the 50 Hz bunch train crossing rate.

Status
, approximately two percent of the CERN annual budget is invested in the development of CLIC technologies. The first stage of CLIC with a length of around 11 km is currently estimated at a cost of six billion CHF. CLIC is a global project involving more than 70 institutes in more than 30 countries. It consists of two collaborations: the CLIC detector and physics collaboration (CLICdp), and the CLIC accelerator study. CLIC is currently in the development stage, conducting performance studies for accelerator parts and systems, detector technology and optimisation studies, and physics analysis. In parallel, the collaborations are working with the theory community to evaluate the physics potential of CLIC.

The CLIC project has submitted two concise documents as input to the next update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) summarising the physics potential of CLIC as well as the status of the CLIC accelerator and detector projects. The update of the ESPP is a community-wide process, which is expected to conclude in May 2020 with the publication of a strategy document.

Detailed information on the CLIC project is available in CERN Yellow Reports, on the CLIC potential for New Physics, the CLIC project implementation plan and the Detector technologies for CLIC. An overview is provided in the 2018 CLIC Summary Report.

title: Compact Linear Collider


text:
1956 in Ireland

Events from the year 1956 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Seán T. O'Kelly
 * Taoiseach: John A. Costello (FG)
 * Tánaiste: William Norton (Lab)
 * Minister for Finance: Gerard Sweetman (FG)
 * Chief Justice: Conor Maguire
 * Dáil: 15th
 * Seanad: 8th

Events

 * 15 February – Senator Owen Sheehy-Skeffington introduced a motion calling for the prohibition of all corporal punishment for girls in Irish national schools.
 * 2 April – President Seán T. O'Kelly unveiled a bust of politician, revolutionary, and suffragist Constance Markievicz in St Stephen's Green, Dublin.
 * 1 May – the Minister for Education Richard Mulcahy introduced the debate on a separate government department for the Gaeltacht.
 * 21 May – President Seán T. O'Kelly opened the first Cork International Film Festival.
 * 29 May – T. K. Whitaker was appointed new Secretary at the Department of Finance.
 * 12 August – The Gaelic Athletic Association postponed the All-Ireland Hurling and Football Finals due to an outbreak of polio.
 * 21 November – Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children was opened in Crumlin.
 * 30 November – Petrol rationing was due to be introduced from next January 1 due to the Suez Crisis.
 * 1 December – At the Olympic Games in Melbourne, Australia, Ronnie Delany won Ireland's first Olympic gold medal for 24 years.
 * 12 December – The Irish Republican Army launched its Border Campaign in Northern Ireland with the bombing of a BBC relay transmitter in County Londonderry, burning of a courthouse in Magherafelt by a unit led by 18-year-old Seamus Costello, and of an Ulster Special Constabulary post near Newry and blowing up of a half-built British Army barracks at Enniskillen. A raid on Gough Barracks in Armagh was beaten off after a brief exchange of fire.
 * Undated
 * The second Coimisiún na Gaeltachta redefined the boundaries of the Gaeltacht.
 * Robert Briscoe became the first Jewish Lord Mayor of Dublin.

Arts and literature

 * June – Painter Louis le Brocquy represented Ireland at the Venice Biennale.
 * Samuel Beckett's novel Malone Dies was published in English.

Association football

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: St Patrick's Athletic

 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: Shamrock Rovers 3–2 Cork Athletic.

Births

 * 1 January – John O'Donohue, poet and philosopher (died in 2008).
 * 16 January – Denis Moran, Kerry Gaelic footballer.
 * 17 January – Joe Hennessy, Kilkenny hurler.
 * 27 January – Joe Duffy, radio presenter.
 * 11 February – Pat Carroll, Offaly hurler (died 1986).
 * 13 February – Liam Brady, international soccer player.
 * 21 February – Johnny Crowley, Cork hurler.
 * 4 March – Ciarán Brennan, singer, songwriter, producer and instrumentalist.
 * 13 April – Jim Lynagh, Provisional Irish Republican Army member killed in an ambush by the Special Air Service during an attack on Loughgall RUC station (died in 1987).
 * 16 April – Paul Drechsler, businessman.
 * 29 April – Kevin Moran, Gaelic footballer and soccer player.
 * 30 April – Liam T. Cosgrave, Fine Gael politician, Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann 1996–1997
 * 4 May – Steve Barron, film director and producer.
 * 5 May – Mary Coughlan, singer.
 * 9 May – Brendan Howlin, national school teacher, Labour Party Teachta Dála (TD) for Wexford and cabinet minister.
 * 15 May – Pat Byrne, soccer player and manager.
 * 18 May – Pat Fleury, Offaly hurler, manager.
 * 21 May – Sean Kelly, cyclist and broadcaster.
 * 24 May – Michael Jackson, Church of Ireland Bishop of Clogher.
 * 28 May – John O'Donoghue, Fianna Fáil TD for Kerry South and Cabinet Minister.
 * 1 June – Brendan Smith, Fianna Fáil TD for Cavan–Monaghan and Minister of State.
 * 4 June – Gerry Ryan, RTÉ radio presenter. (Died in 2010)
 * 7 June – Marty Whelan, RTÉ radio and television presenter.
 * 1 July – Liz O'Donnell, Deputy Leader of the Progressive Democrats, TD and Minister of State.
 * 10 July – Frank Stapleton, soccer player and manager.
 * 12 July – Cathal Ó Searcaigh, poet.
 * August – Denis Mulcahy, Cork hurler.
 * 26 August – Dick Hooper, long-distance runner.
 * 5 September – Willie Mullins, jockey, racehorse trainer.
 * 4 October – Mary Kennedy, television presenter.
 * 13 October – Joe Connolly, Galway hurler.
 * 1 November – Charles Flanagan, Fine Gael TD for Laois–Offaly.
 * 5 November – Marita Conlon-McKenna, children's writer.
 * 4 December – Nia Griffith Welsh Labour Member of Parliament.
 * 19 December – Shane McEntee, Fine Gael TD for Meath East.
 * Undated
 * Patrick Cassidy, composer.
 * Dorothy Cross, sculptor and installation artist.
 * Frankie Gavin, fiddle and flute player.
 * Alice Maher, painter and sculptor.
 * Valerie Mulvin, architect.
 * Tadhg Murphy, Cork hurler.
 * Richie Reid, Kilkenny hurler.
 * Fran Rooney, businessman.

Deaths

 * 30 January – Sir John Keane, 5th Baronet, barrister, member of Seanad (born in 1873).
 * 20 February – James Cousins, poet and writer (born in 1873).
 * 21 February – Louis Meldon, cricketer (born in 1886).
 * 13 March – Alfie Byrne, Irish Nationalist politician, served both as an Member of parliament in the British House of Commons and as a Teachta Dála in Dáil Éireann (born in 1882).
 * 18 March – Benjamin Glazer, Academy Award-winning writer, film producer and director (born in 1887).
 * 19 March – Matt Goff, Kildare Gaelic footballer (born in 1901).
 * 24 March – Bob Lambert, cricketer (born in 1874).
 * 20 April – Ida Mary Costello, wife of Taoiseach John A. Costello (born in 1891).
 * 17 May – John Tudor Gwynn, cricketer (born in 1881).
 * 22 May – Elizabeth Cronin, traditional singer (born in 1879).
 * 11 June – Seán Óg Murphy, Cork hurler, Gaelic Athletic Association administrator (born in 1892).
 * 23 July – Ella Young, poet (born in 1867).
 * 5 August – J. M. Andrews, second Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (born in 1871).
 * 23 September – Arthur Duff, composer and conductor (born in 1899).
 * 6 November – Leo Whelan, painter (born in 1892).
 * 19 November – Thomas Derrig, Fianna Fáil TD and Cabinet Minister (born in 1897).
 * 25 November – Robert Bruce Bowers, cricketer (born in 1897).
 * 11 December – Frederic Charles Dreyer, British Royal Navy Admiral (born in 1878).
 * 27 December – Lambert McKenna, Jesuit priest and writer (born in 1870).
 * Undated – Geoffrey Taylor, born Jeoffrey Phibbs, poet (born 1900 in England).

title: 1956 in Ireland


text: Category:American mathematicians

title: Category:American mathematicians


text:
1955 in Ireland

Events from the year 1955 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Seán T. O'Kelly
 * Taoiseach: John A. Costello (FG)
 * Tánaiste: William Norton (Lab)
 * Minister for Finance: Gerard Sweetman (FG)
 * Chief Justice: Conor Maguire
 * Dáil: 15th
 * Seanad: 8th

Events

 * 6 January – The National Farmers' Association was formed during a meeting of 1,200 people in Dublin.
 * 14 January – Tony O'Reilly was named in the Irish rugby squad for his first cap in an international match against France.
 * 17 March (Saint Patrick's Day) – The Church of Ireland hallowed Trim Cathedral.
 * 4 July – Denis Larkin was elected Lord Mayor of Dublin defeating 73-year-old Alfie Byrne.
 * 21 July – The BBC brought its Divis television transmitter into service, marking the launch of a television service for Northern Ireland; the 35-kilowatt transmissions could also be readily received in much of Ireland.
 * September – United States Senator John F. Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline visited Dublin for two days.
 * 29 November – Publication of the Greyhound Industry Bill paved the way for the establishment of the greyhound board, Bord na gCon.
 * 14 December – Ireland was admitted to the United Nations. Frederick Boland was appointed as its first ambassador.

Arts and literature

 * March – English language publication of Beckett's novel Molloy (in Paris and New York).
 * 3 August – English language première of Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot, directed by Peter Hall, at the Arts Theatre in London.
 * 28 October – Irish première of Waiting for Godot at the Pike Theatre in Dublin.
 * 12 December – The Cork Opera House at Emmet Palace was destroyed by fire.
 * Sigerson Clifford published his poetry collection, Ballads of a Bogman.
 * Michael Sheehy's modern history Divided We Stand: A Study In Partition was published.

Association football

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: St Patrick's Athletic

 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: Shamrock Rovers 1–0 Drumcondra.

Births

 * 15 January – Paddy Burke, Fine Gael Senator.
 * 18 January – Fergus Martin, artist.
 * 29 January – Liam Reilly, rock singer-songwriter (died 2021).
 * 2 February – Dermot Ahern, Fianna Fáil TD for Louth and Cabinet Minister.
 * 15 March – John McGuinness, Fianna Fáil TD for Carlow–Kilkenny.
 * 27 March – Patrick McCabe, novelist.
 * 29 March – Brendan Gleeson, actor.
 * 1 April
 * Bobby Aylward, Fianna Fáil TD for Carlow–Kilkenny.
 * Joe O'Reilly, Fine Gael Senator.
 * 7 April – Kevin Fennelly, Kilkenny hurler.
 * 14 April – Simon Crowe, drummer with The Boomtown Rats.
 * 17 April – Austin Brady, footballer.
 * 24 April – Eamon Gilmore, Labour Party TD for Dún Laoghaire, leader of the Labour Party.
 * 28 April – Mae Sexton, Progressive Democrats TD.
 * 16 May – Páidí Ó Sé, Kerry Gaelic footballer and manager.
 * 23 May
 * Mary Black, folk singer.
 * Luka Bloom, singer-songwriter and guitarist.
 * 30 May – Colm Tóibín, novelist and critic.
 * 20 June – Aonghus McAnally, broadcast producer and presenter, actor, guitar player, billiards champion and magician.
 * 25 June - Paula Meehan, poet, playwright and teacher.
 * 5 July – Sebastian Barry, playwright, novelist and poet.
 * 6 July – William Wall, novelist, poet and short story writer.
 * 20 July – Jem Finer, musician and composer.
 * 16 August – James Reilly, Fine Gael TD for Dublin North and Minister for Health.
 * 15 September – Brendan O'Carroll, comedian.
 * 24 November – Jerry Holland, Munster rugby union player and coach (died 2022).
 * 1 December – Pat Spillane, Kerry Gaelic footballer.
 * 2 December – Joachim Kelly, Offaly hurler.
 * 11 December – John Fenton, Cork hurler.
 * 29 December – Pat Loughrey, Controller of BBC Northern Ireland, Director of BBC Nations and Regions and academic.
 * Full date unknown
 * John Allen, Cork hurler and manager.
 * John Callinan, Clare hurler.
 * Michael Gleeson, Tipperary hurler.
 * Peter Wyse Jackson, Director of the National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin.
 * Maighread Ní Dhomhnaill, traditional singer.
 * Sean Power, Member of the States of Jersey.

Deaths

 * 22 January – Moira O'Neill, poet (born in 1864).
 * February – John Dulanty, diplomat (born in 1883).
 * 12 February – Thomas J. Moore, actor (born in 1883).
 * 13 March – Evie Hone, painter and stained glass artist (born in 1894).
 * 26 March – Thomas Farren, elected to Seanad Éireann in 1922 and 1931, member of the Labour Party.
 * 4 May – Michael Colivet, manager Shannon Foundry, member of 1st Dáil (Anti Treaty), representing Limerick (born in 1882).
 * 14 May – Robert Quigg, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1916 at the Battle of the Somme (born in 1885).
 * 16 June – Stanislaus Joyce, scholar and writer, brother of James Joyce (born in 1884).
 * 11 July – Frank Duffy, labour leader in the United States (born in 1861).
 * 15 July – James Dolan, merchant, member of 1st Dáil (Pro Treaty), representing Leitrim (born in 1882).
 * 16 July – May Guinness, writer (born 1863).
 * 18 July – Billy McCandless, footballer and football manager (born in 1893).
 * 14 September – Kathleen Lynn, physician and politician (born in 1874).
 * 26 October – Michael Staines, Sinn Féin TD, member of 1st Dáil, first Commissioner of the Garda Síochána (born in 1885).

title: 1955 in Ireland


text:
Operation -- Annihilate!

"Operation -- Annihilate!" is the twenty-ninth and final episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by Steven W. Carabatsos and directed by Herschel Daugherty, it was first broadcast April 13, 1967.

In the episode, the crew of the Enterprise must find a way to exterminate behavior-altering parasites that have taken over the bodies of residents of a Federation colony, including Captain Kirk's brother, Sam, and family. The episode is popular for revealing new facts about Vulcan physiology.

Plot
The USS Enterprise is tracking a path of mass insanity that has affected several planets, causing the collapse of their civilizations. They approach Deneva, a Federation colony where Captain Kirk's brother, Sam, has been stationed along with Sam's wife Aurelan and son, Peter. After entering the system, they try to stop a ship as it dives into the local sun, its pilot raving about being "free" before the ship is destroyed.

Transporting to Deneva's main city, Kirk, First Officer Spock, Chief Medical Officer Dr. McCoy and a security detail find the town quiet. A group of men armed with clubs try to warn the landing party away, and then attack. Kirk has the men stunned, but McCoy finds that their brains are still being violently stimulated. The party locates the Kirk family home; Sam (played by William Shatner) is dead, while Aurelan (Joan Swift) acts irrationally before passing out and Peter (Craig Hundley) is comatose. Kirk and McCoy return with the survivors to Enterprise, where McCoy finds they are suffering from a condition similar to that of their attackers. McCoy gives both painkillers, and Aurelan wakes briefly to tell Kirk of horrible "things" spreading from planet to planet, using others' bodies to build ships.

Kirk returns to the planet and joins Spock in search for these entities. They find a number of single-celled creatures attached to the walls and ceiling of one building. The creatures fly, and attempt to attack the humans; the landing party finds they are nearly immune to phaser fire. One makes contact with Spock before Kirk can pry it off, and Spock falls in pain. They transport back to the Enterprise, and McCoy determines that the creature has injected some of its tissue into Spock's spinal column; it will be impossible to remove surgically. When Spock regains consciousness, he attempts to take control of the ship but McCoy sedates him in time. Later, Spock apologizes to Kirk and asserts that his mental discipline can control the pain, but that he must return to the surface to acquire a specimen to study. Kirk and McCoy agree, and Spock, on return to the colony, is able to stun a creature. Returning to the Enterprise, Spock and Kirk determine that the creatures are part of a hive mind. Spock and McCoy fail in their attempts to destroy the creature.

Kirk holds a senior staff meeting, asserting they must find a solution before the creatures reach the next inhabited planet, holding over a million people; a solution that does not kill the hosts. Kirk recalls the ship's pilot stating that he was free before diving into the sun, and suspect the sun's properties may harm the creatures. He realizes that they have not tried visible light as a means to defeat the creatures. An initial test of blinding light results in the death of the specimen in sick bay. Spock then volunteers to be exposed to intense light, without eye protection, to prove that a creature infecting a host can be killed. Though the test is successful, Spock is now blind. Analysis of the initial test shows that only ultraviolet light was necessary to kill the creature. The Enterprise floods the colony with ultraviolet light from an array of satellites, killing the creatures on the planet and purging the parasites from the survivors. As the Enterprise prepares to leave orbit, Spock reveals that his Vulcan inner eyelids had prevented permanent blindness and that he can see again.

Production

The script, which was written by Steven W. Carabatsos, was originally titled "Operation: Destroy". Aurelan was a Denevan woman in love with a man named Kartan, and it was Kartan who flew the ship into the Denevan sun in the cold open sequence. Aurelan's father was also a major character in the teleplay, and the two colonists were not infected by the "Denevan neural parasites". Instead, they helped Dr. McCoy and Mr. Spock with the research into how light could destroy the parasites. The script did not originally end with the Enterprise crew using light to destroy the parasites. Instead, the ship learns the location of the aliens' home world, and destroys the central controlling "brain" located there. Author James Blish used this draft of the script when adapting the episode for print, and this ending appears in the chapter "Operation -- Annihilate!" in the anthology Star Trek 2.

This was the first episode of the series to be directed by Herschel Daugherty. Daugherty would later direct Season Three's "The Savage Curtain" as well. It was also the first appearance in Star Trek for child actor Craig Hundley, who played Peter Kirk. He would also portray Tommy Starnes in the third-season episode "And the Children Shall Lead".

Location shooting occurred in two places. The scene where the Enterprise landing party beams down to the surface was filmed at the TRW campus, Space Park (now Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems) in Redondo Beach, California. The entrance of Sam Kirk's laboratory is the cafeteria in bldg. S at Space Park. The exterior of Sam Kirk's laboratory, which features white pylons, is Schoenberg Hall at the University of California, Los Angeles. Filming at TRW occurred on February 15, 1967.

The neural parasites were created by prop designer Wah Chang from bags of fake vomit.

The episode aired on April 13, 1967, and was the final episode to air in the series' first season. One scene did not make it into the episode. This scene came at the end of the story, and featured Peter Kirk (dressed in a command division tunic) sitting in the captain's chair on the bridge while his uncle, James T. Kirk, agrees to let him return to Deneva to live with Sam Kirk's research partner and friend. Although filmed, it was edited out due to time constraints. This left actor Hundley with no lines in the finished episode; the character of Peter Kirk spends the entire show unconscious. It also left the episode with no explanation of what becomes of Peter.

Reception
Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode a 'B+' rating, describing it as "a little rocky in places" but otherwise praising the alien menace and Nimoy's acting.

In 2016, TVLine ranked this as having one of the top twenty moments of Star Trek, noting the terrifying moment when the alien attacks Spock.

In popular culture
Galaxie 500, an American alternative rock band, wrote a song about the episode for their 1990 album This Is Our Music. The song was titled "Spook," but the band secretly used the title "Spock" since the lyrics referred to Spock's blindness in this episode:

When you went blind Then I nearly lost my mind It didn't last 'Cause you have another eyelid

Rock band Powerman 5000 sampled Aurelan's line, "They came... Things...! HORRIBLE things!" from this episode for the beginning of their song, "Public Menace, Freak, Human Fly," the first track on their ''Mega!! Kung Fu Radio'' album.

title: Operation -- Annihilate!