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J. P. Losman

Jonathan Paul Losman (born March 12, 1981) is an American football coach and former player. Losman played professionally as a quarterback for seven seasons in the National Football League (NFL), primarily with the Buffalo Bills. He played college football for the Tulane Green Wave and was selected by the Bills in the first round (22nd overall) in the 2004 NFL Draft.

Intended to replace Drew Bledsoe as Buffalo's franchise quarterback, Losman was plagued with inconsistent play, injuries, and consistent coaching turnover during his stint with the team, and he was eventually replaced by Trent Edwards. Losman's Bills career was considered a disappointment due to the fact he was taken in the same round of the draft as Eli Manning, Philip Rivers, and Ben Roethlisberger, who all went on to have successful careers as franchise quarterbacks with their teams.

Upon leaving the Bills, Losman signed with the Las Vegas Locomotives in the upstart United Football League, leading the team to winning the inaugural UFL championship game before finishing out his career with stints with the Oakland Raiders, Seattle Seahawks, and Miami Dolphins.

College career
After a notable high school career at Venice High School in Los Angeles, where he earned Parade All-American honors and was rated the No. 3 quarterback in the nation by PrepStar magazine, Losman accepted an athletic scholarship to attend college at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He enrolled early during the spring quarter of 1999, in order to compete for the starting quarterback position. Losman wanted to be named the starting quarterback. However, UCLA informed him that he would not be the starter, and he transferred.

Losman eventually transferred to Tulane University in New Orleans to play for then-head coach Chris Scelfo, who had made a late recruiting run at him just prior to his committing to UCLA.

After sitting out the 1999 season due to NCAA transfer rules, Losman served as the backup quarterback for two seasons behind future NFL 1st round pick Patrick Ramsey. Losman would see spot starter's duty in his first two seasons. He passed for 299 yards and 2 touchdowns in his first start against East Carolina during his freshman season. In 2002, his first year as a full-time starter, Losman led the Green Wave to an 8–5 record and a 36–28 victory in the inaugural Hawaii Bowl against the host-team Hawaii Warriors. Following a 3–1 start in the 2003 season, Tulane suffered multiple injuries that depleted its already thin depth on defense, and slumped to a 5–7 finish. Losman completed his collegiate career having completed 570 of 987 passes (57.7 percent) for 6,754 yards, 60 touchdowns, and 27 interceptions. He also ran for 241 yards, with 10 scores on 237 carries.

While at Tulane, he earned a political science degree with a minor in media arts.

College statistics
Source:

2004
After the Buffalo Bills selected University of Wisconsin wide receiver Lee Evans with the 13th pick of the 2004 Draft, the Bills traded back into the first round by trading their second round pick to the Dallas Cowboys and selected Losman with the 22nd pick in the first round of the NFL Draft. He was the first quarterback to be drafted by the Bills in the first round since 1983, when the team drafted Jim Kelly. Like Kelly, Losman was drafted in a quarterback-rich class, and was the fourth (and final) quarterback taken in the first round that year, following Eli Manning, Philip Rivers, and Ben Roethlisberger.

Losman's NFL career got off to a shaky start during his first training camp when teammate Troy Vincent ran into Losman and broke his leg in a freak accident. Losman suffered a broken left fibula, which delayed his development as a rookie. He eventually recovered and saw limited action in the 2004 NFL season, appearing briefly in three games and completing 3-of-5 passes for 32 yards and 1 interception while backing up Drew Bledsoe. Following the Bills' February 2005 release of Bledsoe, Losman was named the team's starting quarterback by head coach Mike Mularkey.

2005
In the first game of the 2005 season (Losman's first professional start), Losman led the Bills to a 22–7 victory over the Houston Texans. Losman subsequently struggled with his accuracy and, consequently, his confidence; with those struggles followed consecutive Bills losses. This eventually led the Bills to bench Losman in favor of veteran quarterback Kelly Holcomb in the fifth game of the 2005 season. After Holcomb suffered a head injury in the first quarter of the Bills' Week 10 game against the Kansas City Chiefs, Losman returned to the lineup and threw two quick touchdown strikes to Lee Evans, leading the Bills to a 14–3 victory. The Bills went on to lose all but one of their remaining games in 2005 with Holcomb and Losman splitting time under center.

2006
The Bills cleaned house during the following off-season, with changes in management and the coaching staff. Marv Levy, the team's new general manager and former Bills head coach, and Dick Jauron, the new head coach, planned to have Losman compete for the starting job against Holcomb and free-agent signee Craig Nall. Losman won the job during the preseason.

Losman was considered by many to be a bust until his much-improved 2006 season, in which he threw 19 touchdowns and 14 interceptions in 16 games, with 300-yard games against the New York Jets and Houston Texans. Losman led last-minute, fourth quarter scoring drives to beat the Texans and Jacksonville Jaguars. Losman had a 62.5 completion percentage for the season, a record for Buffalo Bill quarterbacks in a full 16-game season. He was rated the 11th best passer in the NFL, with an 84.9 passer rating.

Losman's performance over the last half of the 2006 season was greatly improved. However, the offense as a whole was hurt by a below-average rushing attack that created many third down and long situations. After the season, the Bills traded Willis McGahee to the Baltimore Ravens and drafted University of California running back Marshawn Lynch with the 12th overall selection of the 2007 Draft and Fresno State College running back Dwayne Wright in the 4th round.

Losman was also mired behind a sieve-like offensive line for most of the first half of the 2006 season; subsequent personnel changes made during the Bills bye week resulted in improved offensive line play and, consequently, more improved and consistent production from Losman. Following the season, the Bills further bolstered their offensive line in free agency, signing guard Derrick Dockery, right tackle Langston Walker, and guard/center Jason Whittle.

2007
The Bills drafted Stanford University quarterback Trent Edwards with the 92nd overall pick in the 2007 NFL Draft. Edwards was considered by many to be the 3rd best available quarterback prospect in the draft (behind #1 overall JaMarcus Russell and #22 overall Brady Quinn), but waited until late in the 3rd round prior to the Bills selection. After the draft, statements from both Bills' coaching staff and management reaffirmed Losman's position as the starting quarterback.

For 2007, Buffalo offensive coordinator Steve Fairchild indicated that with the improved offensive line he plans to employ a more wide-open offense utilizing multiple wide receiver sets and taking greater advantage of the running backs in the passing game.

On September 23, Losman suffered a grade one sprain of his left knee in the first series of plays in a game against New England. Losman was hit late after completing a four-yard pass to Marshawn Lynch by New England Patriots nose tackle Vince Wilfork, who was assessed a 15-yard roughing the passer penalty.

"It was just a simple swing pass to get an early completion. The guy came in, hit me in the knee," said Losman, who stayed in the game for two plays "I knew something was wrong from the get-go, but I figured I'd play a few plays and maybe the pain would go away."

Losman was out for the next two games and was available for the October 21 home game against the Baltimore Ravens, but Dick Jauron chose to give Edwards the nod, just for the week. Edwards performance impressed Jauron enough that on October 23, Trent Edwards was named the starting quarterback for the Bills, having won 2 of the 3 games he started. Reports surfaced, however, that many players on the team were unhappy about Losman losing his job. The reports continued to allege that team owner Ralph Wilson, Jr. wanted Losman benched so that he could not reach the statistical milestones needed for his bonus.

In an October 28, 2007 game at the New York Jets, Edwards injured his wrist and was replaced by Losman. Losman led the Bills on two consecutive scoring drives, including one that ended with an 85-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Lee Evans. Starting the next game for injured Trent Edwards, Losman threw for almost 300 yards and one touchdown to lead the Bills to a win. He started three more games before being benched again for Edwards.

At the end of the season, Losman was upset about losing his job to Edwards and wanted to be traded, but said he would play out the season if necessary.

2008
Though he wanted to be traded, Losman continued playing for the Bills in 2008, filling in for an injured Trent Edwards intermittently throughout the season with limited success. The team did not win a game with Losman as the starter, including a game in which he lost a fumble to the New York Jets defense that resulted in the Jets' game-winning touchdown.

Losman's contract expired at the end of the 2008 season and the Bills made no effort to keep him, instead replacing him with Ryan Fitzpatrick.

Looking back at Losman's stint with Buffalo, former Bills vice president of player personnel John Guy was quoted as saying "J.P. never had a fair chance. I'll never forget his first day of practice and they were blitzing him every which way. I remember saying, 'This isn't the way to break in a quarterback.'" In his five-year stint with the team, Losman had three different offensive coordinators.

Las Vegas Locomotives
Losman was signed by the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League (UFL). He signed with the Locomotives on July 21, 2009. On November 27, 2009, he helped the Locomotives win the inaugural UFL Championship. Losman recorded 9 touchdowns and two interceptions on 1,193 passing yards for the Locomotives in 2009.

Losman worked out for the Indianapolis Colts on December 4, 2009, after their backup quarterback Jim Sorgi was injured in practice.

Oakland Raiders
With injury to starting quarterback Bruce Gradkowski, the Oakland Raiders signed Losman on December 15, 2009.

Losman made his first Oakland, California appearance against the Denver Broncos on December 20, 2009, throwing one incomplete pass after both quarterbacks Charlie Frye and JaMarcus Russell suffered injuries and had to leave the game.

Seattle Seahawks
On May 18, 2010, Losman signed with the Seattle Seahawks. He was released on September 4. On November 10, 2010, Seattle Seahawks head coach Pete Carroll reported on Sirius Radio that the Seahawks had signed Losman again. Losman participated in the January 8, 2011, playoff game between the Seahawks and the New Orleans Saints.

Miami Dolphins
The Miami Dolphins signed Losman on October 25, 2011. On December 11, he came in for injured quarterback Matt Moore in the third quarter. Losman retired after the end of the season.

Coaching career
Following his NFL career, Losman became a volunteer coach with the New Canaan High School football team after settling with his family in the Connecticut suburbs of New York City. His wife encouraged him to pursue a full-time coaching career after two years.

In 2017, Losman joined Clemson as a coaching intern. He eventually became an offensive coach, and in March 2019, while taking part in throwing drills at Clemson's Pro Day, was asked by an NFL scout if he would consider returning to the league despite not having played since 2011; Losman declined.

In 2022, Losman was hired as a Player Personnel and Football Administration Assistant at the University of Oklahoma.

title: J. P. Losman


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Mogi Mirim

Mogi Mirim is a municipality located in the eastern part of São Paulo State, in Brazil. The population is 93,650 (2020 est.) in an area of 498 km2. The elevation is 611 m.

Mogi Mirim is around 65 km from Campinas, the biggest city in the region, and 129 km from the capital São Paulo.

Name
The origin of the name Mogi Mirim is the Tupi language, a Brazilian indigenous language. The name of the city means "small snakes's river" in English.

 * Mog translates to Snake
 * i translates to River
 * Mirim translates to Small

Economy
The local economy have high contribution from agricultural and industrial activities.

The main agricultural goods produced are tomatoes, cassava, sugarcane and oranges.

The main industrial chain is auto parts manufacture, but there are also beverage, shoes and small size industry. Some large companies have operations in the City as Mars (Petcare), Alpargatas and Monroe.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Sport
The local soccer team is Mogi Mirim Sport Club that nowadays plays in the first division from State League Campeonato Paulista and in the second division from the National League Campeonato Brasileiro.

One famous player that played for this team in the 90's is Rivaldo, a world champion with the Brazilian team in the 2002 World Cup.

Religion
Christianity is present in the city as follows:

Catholic Church
The Catholic church in the municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Amparo.

Protestant Church
The most diverse evangelical beliefs are present in the city, mainly Pentecostal, including the Assemblies of God in Brazil (the largest evangelical church in the country), Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others. These denominations are growing more and more throughout Brazil.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mogi Mirim


text:
User:Eddideigel

 * User talk |  User contributions

My interests
I've used Wikipedia for a while and still do but, at the moment, I don't edit many articles. Due to over-administration I've found that the effort of contributing exceeds the reward of being a contributor. Still, I would like to recommend Wikipedia as a source of ideas and information. Everything is not here. It will never be. But it's a starting point.

One aim of my Wikipedian efforts has been to harmonise material on Norway in English, Norwegian (Bokmål) and Norwegian (Nynorsk). Of other interests I could mention information technology and natural sciences, in particular physics and chemistry, but don't mind if I meddle with historical, philosophical and social scientific issues, too.

Forum for others
See my user talk page.

Test pages
See my /Sandbox

da:user:Eddideigel de:user:Eddideigel es:user:Eddideigel fr:user:Eddideigel it:user:Eddideigel nl:user:Eddideigel no:user:Eddideigel nn:user:Eddideigel sv:user:Eddideigel simple:user:Eddideigel

title: User:Eddideigel


text: Category:Kenton County, Kentucky

title: Category:Kenton County, Kentucky


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Manfred Sakel

Manfred Joshua Sakel (June 6, 1900 – December 2, 1957) was an Austrian-Jewish (later Austrian-American) neurophysiologist and psychiatrist, credited with developing insulin shock therapy in 1927.

Biography
Sakel was born on June 6, 1900, in Nadvirna (Nadwórna), in the former Austria-Hungary Empire (now Ukraine), which was part of Poland between the world wars. Sakel studied Medicine at the University of Vienna from 1919 to 1925, specializing in neurology and neuropsychiatry. From 1927 until 1933 Sakel worked in hospitals in Berlin. In 1933 he became a researcher at the University of Vienna's Neuropsychiatric Clinic. In 1936, after receiving an invitation from Frederick Parsons, the state commissioner of mental hygiene, he chose to emigrate from Austria to the United States of America. In the USA, he became an attending physician and researcher at the Harlem Valley State Hospital.

Dr. Sakel was the developer of the insulin shock therapy from 1927 while a young doctor in Vienna, starting to practice it in 1933. It would become widely used on individuals with schizophrenia and other mental patients. He noted that insulin-induced coma and convulsions, due to the low level of glucose attained in the blood (hypoglycemic crisis), had a short-term appearance of changing the mental state of drug addicts and psychotics, sometimes dramatically so. He reported that up to 88% of his patients improved with insulin shock therapy, but most other people reported more mixed results and it was eventually shown that patient selection had been biased and that it didn't really have any specific benefits and had many risks, adverse effects and fatalities. However, his method became widely applied for many years in mental institutions worldwide. In the USA and other countries it was gradually dropped after the introduction of the electroconvulsive therapy in the 1940s and the first neuroleptics in the 1950s.

Dr. Sakel died from a heart attack on December 2, 1957, in New York City, NY, USA.

title: Manfred Sakel


text:
File:All the Little Animals DVD cover.JPG

Summary
DVD cover for All the Little Animals


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All the Little Animals

All the Little Animals is a 1998 drama film directed and produced by Jeremy Thomas and starring Christian Bale and John Hurt. Based on the 1968 novella of the same name by Walker Hamilton, it was adapted for the screen by Eski Thomas.

The film screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival. It was released in the United States on 3 September 1999.

Plot
The story centers on an emotionally challenged man named Bobby (Christian Bale). He runs away from home in order to escape his abusive stepfather (Daniel Benzali), nicknamed "The Fat", who had killed Bobby's pet mouse and, as Bobby puts it, screamed at his mother until she died as a result. He finds himself in woodlands near Cornwall in England, eventually meeting an old man after being involved in a car accident (John Hurt). Mr. Summers, as the man calls himself, spends his time traveling and giving burials to animals that have been killed by cars, a task he refers to as "The Work". Bobby, also having an affinity for animals, becomes friends with the old man and aids him in his task.

Eventually, the pair return to London to confront "The Fat".

Cast

 * John Hurt as Mr. Summers
 * Christian Bale as Bobby Platt
 * John Higgins as Dean
 * Daniel Benzali as Bernard 'The Fat' De Winter
 * James Faulkner as Mr. Stuart Whiteside
 * John O'Toole as Lorry Driver
 * Amanda Boyle as Des
 * Amy Robbins as Valerie Ann Platt, Bobby's Mother
 * Kaye Griffiths as Lepidopterist
 * Sevilla Delofski as Janet, De Winter's Secretary
 * Helen Kluger as Ice Cream Vendor
 * Shane Barks as Young Bobby
 * Sjoerd Broeks as Mark
 * Elizabeth Earl as Child in Van
 * Andrew Dixon as Philip

Background
Jeremy Thomas, by then an Academy Award-winning producer, later remembered his journey to becoming a director:

"I read the book when I was young, in my twenties, and it stayed with me, and I thought for a fiftieth birthday present I would try and make a movie, to direct a film. Which I had always intended to do when I started in the business as an editor, and I was arising to fifty and I had never made a film of my own, although I had been very involved with other people’s films. So I made this film. It was a personal film, because I think it is a nice thing to make a first film about some sort of centre that is important for you, to centre you on the movie and to keep you driven, with an ideology behind the film. So I wanted to make a film about the heart of this book, which is about simple animals that we see every day in nature. It is an antidote to the other movies basically. But I can see that theme in the other movies that I have chosen to produce as well underneath."

title: All the Little Animals


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Mombuca

Mombuca is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 3,508 (2020 est.) in an area of 134 km². The elevation is 550 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Religion
Christianity is present in the city as follows:

Catholic Church
The Catholic church in the municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Piracicaba.

Protestant Church
The most diverse evangelical beliefs are present in the city, mainly Pentecostal, including the Assemblies of God in Brazil (the largest evangelical church in the country), Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others. These denominations are growing more and more throughout Brazil.

title: Mombuca


text: User talk:64.86.248.31

title: User talk:64.86.248.31


text:
Julianne Malveaux

Julianne Marie Malveaux (born September 22, 1953) is an American economist, author, social and political commentator, and businesswoman. After five years as the 15th president of Bennett College in Greensboro, North Carolina, she resigned on May 6, 2012.

Education and career
Raised Catholic, Malveaux entered Boston College after the 11th grade, and earned a BA and MA degrees in economics there in three years. During her stay, she was initiated in the Iota chapter of Delta Sigma Theta sorority. She earned a PhD in economics from MIT, and holds honorary degrees from Benedict College, Sojourner-Douglass College and the University of the District of Columbia.

As a writer and syndicated columnist, her work has appeared regularly in USA Today, Black Issues in Higher Education, Ms. magazine, Essence magazine, and The Progressive. Her weekly columns appear in numerous newspapers including the Los Angeles Times, the Charlotte Observer, the New Orleans Tribune, the Detroit Free Press, the San Francisco Examiner and the San Francisco Sun Reporter.

Malveaux appeared regularly on CNN, BET, as well as on Howard University's television show, Evening Exchange. She has appeared on PBS's To The Contrary, KQED's Forum, ABC’s Politically Incorrect, Fox News Channel's The O'Reilly Factor, TV One's News One Now, with Roland Martin and stations such as C-SPAN, MSNBC and CNBC.

She hosted talk radio programs in Washington, San Francisco, and New York, as well as a nationally broadcast, daily talk show that aired on the Pacifica Radio network from 1995 to 1996. She appeared on Black in America: Reclaiming the Dream, hosted by Soledad O'Brien as a panelist on CNN in 2008.

Currently, Malveaux serves on the boards of the Economic Policy Institute as well as The Black Doctoral Network and she is President of PUSH Excel, the educational branch of the Rainbow PUSH Coalition. She is also the President and founder, of Economic Education a non-profit located in Washington, DC. Described by Cornel West as "the most iconoclastic public intellectual in the country", Malveaux contributes to the public dialogue on issues such as race, culture, gender, and their economic impacts.

In 1990, Malveaux, along with 15 other African-American women and men, formed the African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom.

She taught at San Francisco State University (1981–1985) and was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley (1985–1992). She has been visiting faculty at the New School for Social Research, College of Notre Dame (San Mateo, California), Michigan State University, and Howard University. In 2014, she was special guest lecturer at both Meharry Medical College, (Nashville, Tennessee) and in 2017 she delivered a three-part lecture as part of Hutchins Center for African and African American Research, Harvard University's W. E. B. Du Bois lecture series.

On June 1, 2007, Malveaux became the 15th President of Bennett College for Women in Greensboro, North Carolina. In February 2012, Malveaux announced that she would be stepping down from this position in May 2012, saying in a statement: "While I remain committed to [historically black colleges and universities] and the compelling cause of access in higher education, I will actualize that commitment, now, in other arenas. I will miss Bennett College and will remain one of its most passionate advocates."

In 2021, Malveaux was appointed dean of the new college of Ethnic Studies at California State University, Los Angeles.

Scholarship

 * Editor
 * Voices of Vision: African American Women on the Issues (1996)

 * Co-editor
 * Slipping Through the Cracks: The Status of Black Women (1986)
 * The Paradox of Loyalty: An African American Response to the War on Terrorism (2002).

 * Author

 * Sex, Lies, and Stereotypes: Perspectives of a Mad Economist (1994)
 * Wall Street, Main Street, and the Side Street: A Mad Economist Takes a Stroll (1999)
 * Surviving and Thriving: 365 facts in Black Economic History (2010)
 * Are We Better Off? Race, Obama and Public Policy (2016)

 * Co-author
 * Unfinished Business: A Democrat and A Republican Take On the 10 Most Important Issues Women Face (2002).

title: Julianne Malveaux


text:
.45 Schofield

The .45 Schofield / 11.5x27mmR, also referred to as .45 Smith & Wesson is a revolver cartridge developed by Smith & Wesson for their S&W Model 3 Schofield top-break revolver. It is similar to the .45 Colt cartridge, but with a shorter case and a larger rim. The. 45 Schofield will generally work in revolvers chambered for that cartridge; but the reverse is not true, since the .45 Colt case is longer. United States government arsenals supplied .45 Schofield cartridges for the Schofield revolver and the Colt Army revolver to help simplify their armament needs.

History
This cartridge was originally designed as a black powder round. The Schofield revolver (a variant of the Smith & Wesson Model 3) was patented in the USA on 20 June 1871 and 22 April 1873 by Smith & Wesson. It was a Smith & Wesson Model 3 that was modified, due to a suggestion by Major George Schofield, to make it easier for a cavalryman to reload while riding. While the Colt 45 had more power, the speed at which a cavalryman could reload a Schofield was less than 30 seconds, half of the time for a Colt 45. By 1879, the U. S. Army had purchased 8,285 of the revolvers. Due to its reduced power and recoil compared to the Colt .45, it was easier to shoot accurately, yet still retained effective stopping power on the battlefield. It became the standard cartridge of the Army, though the Colt 1873 still was the main issue side arm of the Army.

The .45 Schofield cartridge was shorter than the .45 Colt. It could be used in both the Schofield and the Colt 45 Peacemaker, but the .45 Colt was too long to use in the Schofield. As a result, by the late 1880s the army finally standardized on a .45 cartridge designed to fire in both revolvers, the M1887 Military Ball Cartridge. The M1887 was made at Frankford Arsenal, and was issued only to the military. It had the shorter case of the Schofield and the reduced rim of the Colt round; as it was short enough to fit the Schofield, and its rim was not needed for the rod-ejector Single Action Army, the M1887 would fire and eject from both revolvers.

The Schofield was quite a popular handgun in the old west, and may have been used by General Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. The effectiveness of the cartridge in battle, and its reputation for shootability and accuracy, led to the duplication of the cartridges' characteristics in the .45 ACP, which would be later chambered in Colt's M1911 pistol.

In the early 1880s the Benet type (internal) cartridge primer was retired and the modern Boxer type (external) primer was adopted for all future military production of revolver ammunition.

Synonyms

 * .45 S&W
 * .45 S&W Schofield
 * .45 M1877 ball revolver

title: .45 Schofield


text: Category:Geography of the United Kingdom


text:
Neurotrophin

Neurotrophins are a family of proteins that induce the survival, development, and function of neurons.

They belong to a class of growth factors, secreted proteins that can signal particular cells to survive, differentiate, or grow. Growth factors such as neurotrophins that promote the survival of neurons are known as neurotrophic factors. Neurotrophic factors are secreted by target tissue and act by preventing the associated neuron from initiating programmed cell death – allowing the neurons to survive. Neurotrophins also induce differentiation of progenitor cells, to form neurons.

Although the vast majority of neurons in the mammalian brain are formed prenatally, parts of the adult brain (for example, the hippocampus) retain the ability to grow new neurons from neural stem cells, a process known as neurogenesis. Neurotrophins are chemicals that help to stimulate and control neurogenesis.

Terminology
According to the United States National Library of Medicine's medical subject headings, the term neurotrophin may be used as a synonym for neurotrophic factor, but the term neurotrophin is more generally reserved for four structurally related factors: nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4). The term neurotrophic factor generally refers to these four neurotrophins, the GDNF family of ligands, and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), among other biomolecules. Neurotrophin-6 and neurotrophin-7 also exist, but are only found in zebrafish.

Function
During the development of the vertebrate nervous system, many neurons become redundant (because they have died, failed to connect to target cells, etc.) and are eliminated. At the same time, developing neurons send out axon outgrowths that contact their target cells. Such cells control their degree of innervation (the number of axon connections) by the secretion of various specific neurotrophic factors that are essential for neuron survival. One of these is nerve growth factor (NGF or beta-NGF), a vertebrate protein that stimulates division and differentiation of sympathetic and embryonic sensory neurons. NGF is mostly found outside the central nervous system (CNS), but slight traces have been detected in adult CNS tissues, although a physiological role for this is unknown. It has also been found in several snake venoms.

In the peripheral and central neurons, neurotrophins are important regulators for survival, differentiation, and maintenance of nerve cells. They are small proteins that secrete into the nervous system to help keep nerve cells alive. There are two distinct classes of glycosylated receptors that can bind to neurotrophins. These two proteins are p75 (NTR), which binds to all neurotrophins, and subtypes of Trk, which are each specific for different neurotrophins. The reported structure above is a 2.6 Å-resolution crystal structure of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) complexed to the ectodomain of glycosylated p75 (NRT), forming a symmetrical crystal structure.

Receptors

There are two classes of receptors for neurotrophins: p75 and the "Trk" family of Tyrosine kinases receptors.

Nerve growth factor
Nerve growth factor (NGF), the prototypical growth factor, is a protein secreted by a neuron's target cell. NGF is critical for the survival and maintenance of sympathetic and sensory neurons. NGF is released from the target cells, binds to and activates its high affinity receptor TrkA on the neuron, and is internalized into the responsive neuron. The NGF/TrkA complex is subsequently trafficked back to the neuron's cell body. This movement of NGF from axon tip to soma is thought to be involved in the long-distance signaling of neurons.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophic factor found originally in the brain, but also found in the periphery. To be specific, it is a protein that has activity on certain neurons of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system; it helps to support the survival of existing neurons, and encourage the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses through axonal and dendritic sprouting. In the brain, it is active in the hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum, and basal forebrain – areas vital to learning, memory, and higher thinking. BDNF was the second neurotrophic factor to be characterized, after NGF and before neurotrophin-3.

BDNF is one of the most active substances to stimulate neurogenesis. Mice born without the ability to make BDNF suffer developmental defects in the brain and sensory nervous system, and usually die soon after birth, suggesting that BDNF plays an important role in normal neural development.

Despite its name, BDNF is actually found in a range of tissue and cell types, not just the brain. Expression can be seen in the retina, the CNS, motor neurons, the kidneys, and the prostate. Exercise has been shown to increase the amount of BDNF and therefore serve as a vehicle for neuroplasticity.

Neurotrophin-3
Neurotrophin-3, or NT-3, is a neurotrophic factor, in the NGF-family of neurotrophins. It is a protein growth factor that has activity on certain neurons of the peripheral and central nervous system; it helps to support the survival and differentiation of existing neurons, and encourages the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses. NT-3 is the third neurotrophic factor to be characterized, after NGF and BDNF.

NT-3 is unique among the neurotrophins in the number of neurons it has potential to stimulate, given its ability to activate two of the receptor tyrosine kinase neurotrophin receptors (TrkC and TrkB). Mice born without the ability to make NT-3 have loss of proprioceptive and subsets of mechanoreceptive sensory neurons.

Neurotrophin-4
Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is a neurotrophic factor that signals predominantly through the TrkB receptor tyrosine kinase. It is also known as NT4, NT5, NTF4, and NT-4/5.

DHEA and DHEA sulfate
The endogenous steroids dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate ester, DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S), have been identified as small-molecule agonists of the TrkA and p75NTR with high affinity (around 5 nM), and hence as so-called "microneurotrophins". DHEA has also been found to bind to the TrkB and TrkC, though while it activated the TrkC, it was unable to activate the TrkB. It has been proposed that DHEA may have been the ancestral ligand of the Trk receptors early on in the evolution of the nervous system, eventually being superseded by the polypeptide neurotrophins.

Role in programmed cell death
During neuron development neurotrophins play a key role in growth, differentiation, and survival. They also play an important role in the apoptotic programmed cell death (PCD) of neurons. Neurotrophic survival signals in neurons are mediated by the high-affinity binding of neurotrophins to their respective Trk receptor. In turn, a majority of neuronal apoptotic signals are mediated by neurotrophins binding to the p75NTR. The PCD which occurs during brain development is responsible for the loss of a majority of neuroblasts and differentiating neurons. It is necessary because during development there is a massive over production of neurons which must be killed off to attain optimal function.

In the development of both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS) the p75NTR-neurotrophin binding activates multiple intracellular pathways which are important in regulating apoptosis. Proneurotrophins (proNTs) are neurotrophins which are released as biologically active uncleaved pro-peptides. Unlike mature neurotrophins which bind to the p75NTR with a low affinity, proNTs preferentially bind to the p75NTR with high affinity. The p75NTR contains a death domain on its cytoplasmic tail which when cleaved activates an apoptotic pathway. The binding of a proNT (proNGF or proBDNF) to p75NTR and its sortilin co-receptor (which binds the pro-domain of proNTs) causes a p75NTR-dependent signal transduction cascade. The cleaved death domain of p75NTR activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The activated JNK translocates into the nucleus, where it phosphorylates and transactivates c-Jun. The transactivation of c-Jun results in the transcription of pro-apoptotic factors TFF-a, Fas-L and Bak. The importance of sortilin in p75NTR-mediated apoptosis is exhibited by the fact that the inhibition of sortilin expression in neurons expressing p75NTR suppresses proNGF-mediated apoptosis, and the prevention of proBDNF binding to p75NTR and sortilin abolished apoptotic action. Activation of p75NTR-mediated apoptosis is much more effective in the absence of Trk receptors due to the fact that activated Trk receptors suppress the JNK cascade.

The expression of TrkA or TrkC receptors in the absence of neurotrophins can lead to apoptosis, but the mechanism is poorly understood. The addition of NGF (for TrkA) or NT-3 (for TrkC) prevents this apoptosis. For this reason TrkA and TrkC are referred to as dependence receptors, because whether they induce apoptosis or survival is dependent on the presence of neurotrophins. The expression of TrkB, which is found mainly in the CNS, does not cause apoptosis. This is thought to be because it is differentially located in the cell membrane while TrkA and TrkC are co-localized with p75NTR in lipid rafts.

In the PNS (where NGF, NT-3 and NT-4 are mainly secreted) cell fate is determined by a single growth factor (i.e. neurotrophins). However, in the CNS (where BDNF is mainly secreted in the spinal cord, substantia nigra, amygdala, hypothalamus, cerebellum, hippocampus and cortex) more factors determine cell fate, including neural activity and neurotransmitter input. Neurotrophins in the CNS have also been shown to play a more important role in neural cell differentiation and function rather than survival. For these reasons, compared to neurons in the PNS, neurons of the CNS are less sensitive to the absence of a single neurotrophin or neurotrophin receptor during development; with the exception being neurons in the thalamus and substantia nigra.

Gene knockout experiments were conducted to identify the neuronal populations in both the PNS and CNS that were affected by the loss of different neurotrophins during development and the extent to which these populations were affected. These knockout experiments resulted in the loss of several neuron populations including the retina, cholinergic brainstem and the spinal cord. It was found that NGF-knockout mice had losses of a majority of their dorsal root ganglia (DRG), trigeminal ganglia and superior cervical ganglia. The viability of these mice was poor. The BDNF-knockout mice had losses of a majority of their vestibular ganglia and moderate losses of their DRG, trigeminal ganglia, nodose petrosal ganglia and cochlear ganglia. In addition they also had minor losses of their facial motoneurons located in the CNS. The viability of these mice was moderate. The NT-4-knockout mice had moderate losses of their nodose petrosal ganglia and minor losses of their DRG, trigeminal ganglia and vestibular ganglia. The NT-4-knockout mice also had minor losses of facial motoneurons. These mice were very viable. The NT-3 knockout mice had losses of a majority of their DRG, trigeminal ganglia, cochlear ganglia and superior cervical ganglia and moderate losses of nodose petrosal ganglia and vestibular ganglia. In addition the NT-3-knockout mice had moderate losses of spinal moroneurons. These mice had very poor viability. These results show that the absence of different neurotrophins result in losses of different neuron populations (mainly in the PNS). Furthermore, the absence of the neurotrophin survival signal leads to apoptosis.

title: Neurotrophin


text:
Wayne Township, Warren County, Ohio

Wayne Township is one of the eleven townships of Warren County, Ohio, United States. It is located in the northeast part of the county and includes the village of Waynesville, Ohio. The population was 8,658 at the 2020 census. Caesar Creek State Park is located in the township.

Geography
Located in the northeastern corner of the county, it borders the following townships:
 * Sugarcreek Township, Greene County - north
 * Spring Valley Township, Greene County - northeast
 * Chester Township, Clinton County - east
 * Massie Township - southeast
 * Washington Township - south
 * Turtlecreek Township - southwest
 * Clearcreek Township - west
 * Washington Township, Montgomery County - northwest

The villages of Corwin and Waynesville in the township, as are the communities of Dodds, Mount Holly and Crosswick. The Little Miami River, which forms a portion of the township's boundary, flows through the middle of the township. The Little Miami Bike Trail, along the route of the former Little Miami Railroad, also passes through the township.

The portion of Wayne Township east of the Little Miami is in the Virginia Military District and was surveyed with the metes and bounds system, while the area west of the Little Miami was surveyed on the same plan as used in the Symmes Purchase.

Name and history
Named for General "Mad" Anthony Wayne, it is one of twenty Wayne Townships in Ohio.

One of the original townships of Warren County, Wayne Township was organized on May 10, 1803.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

Public services
Most of the township is in the Wayne Local School District, but parts are in the Lebanon, Spring Valley, Clinton Massie and Xenia districts.

The township is mainly in the Waynesville telephone exchange, but parts are in the Spring Valley, Bellbrook, Lebanon, and Centerville exchanges.

title: Wayne Township, Warren County, Ohio


text:
Mongaguá

Mongaguá is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Baixada Santista. The population is 57,648 (2020 est.) in an area of 141.87 km2. The name comes from the Tupi language. Its seal carries the motto "E pluribus unum".

The municipality's street plan is on a planned grid running from SSE to NNW and many of the houses are within sight of the Atlantic Ocean. The populated area of Mongaguá is near the bottom of steep-sloping and densely forested mountains. The BR-101 superhighway linking Santos and the southern part of the state runs through Mongaguá. The freeway to the city of São Paulo is also easily accessible. Housing developments near the beaches were built in the 1970s and the 1990s. Prior to the construction of the housing developments, the population was mainly rural. Housing development continues to this day.

There are two aboriginal villages in Mongaguá: Aldeia Itaóca and Aguapéu, located in the Atlantic Mata reserve. The aboriginal community of Aguapéu conceived of the project Jaguatareí Nhemboé (Walking and Learning).

Mongaguá Fishing Pier
The concrete Mongaguá Fishing Pier (or Plataforma de Pesca Amadora de Mongaguá) is a long T-shaped structure that provides access to line fishing as well as being a popular surfing area.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Notable residents
Raul Seixas, the "Father of Brazilian Rock" was known to spend large amounts of time in Bairro Pedreira in Mongaguá where for years he rented a small bungalo as a songwriting studio. And since 2010, the Greek-Californian artist and musician Ithaka Darin Pappas has worked and resided in Mongaguá at his small art ranch called Recanto Akahti (or AkahtiLândia, Brazil). His insect-inspired photo and sculpture works from the project Aliens Of AkahtiLândia were all created in Mongaguá as well as the recording of his instrumental album, Voiceless Blue Raven, which included a song entitled "Monday In Mongaguá."

title: Mongaguá


text:
John T. Biggers

John Thomas Biggers (April 13, 1924 – January 25, 2001) was an African-American muralist who came to prominence after the Harlem Renaissance and toward the end of World War II. Biggers created works critical of racial and economic injustice. He also served as the founding chairman of the art department at Houston's Texas State University for Negroes (now Texas Southern University), a historically black college.

Early life and education
Biggers was born in a shotgun house built by his father in Gastonia, North Carolina. His father Paul was a Baptist preacher, farmer, shoemaker, schoolteacher, and principal of a three-room school. His mother Cora was a housekeeper for white families. The youngest of seven, Biggers was reared in a close family that valued creativity and education.

When Cora's husband died in 1937, she took a job in an orphanage for Black children. She sent John and his brother Joe to Lincoln Academy, an American Missionary Association school for African-American children in Kings Mountain, North Carolina.

After graduating from Lincoln, Biggers attended Hampton Institute (now Hampton University), a historically black college. Biggers planned to become a plumber (his Hampton application included boiler room drawings). His life took a dramatic change of course when he took an art class with Viktor Lowenfeld, a Jewish refugee who in 1939 had fled from Nazi persecution in Austria before World War II. Lowenfield introduced his students to works by African Americans and helped them understand the religious and social context of African art, of which the Hampton Museum had a significant collection.

Afterward, Biggers began to study art. At Hampton, Biggers also studied under African-American painter Charles White and sculptor Elizabeth Catlett. He also began to learn the work of Mexican muralists Jose Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Diego Rivera; and American regionalists Grant Wood, Reginald Marsh, Thomas Hart Benton, and Harry Sternberg. He was exposed to and influenced by Harlem Renaissance artists William Artis and Hale Woodruf, and writers W. E. B. Du Bois and Alain Locke.

In 1943, Biggers was drafted and joined the U.S. Navy, which was segregated, like the other armed services. He remained stationed at the Hampton Institute and made models of military equipment for training purposes. In that same year, his talents were recognized when his work was included in a landmark exhibit Young Negro Art at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Biggers was discharged in 1945.

Education and career
When Viktor Lowenfeld left Hampton to teach art education at Pennsylvania State University, he persuaded Biggers to follow. In 1946, Biggers enrolled at Pennsylvania State where he earned bachelor's and master's degrees in art education in 1948. In that same year, he married Hazel Hales. He earned a doctorate from Pennsylvania State in 1954. He was awarded an honorary doctor of letters degree from Hampton University in 1990.

His works can be found at Hampton University in Hampton, Virginia, primarily in the campus library. The University Museum at Houston's Texas Southern University houses a collection of Biggers's works.

Biggers was hired to be founding chairman of the art department in 1949 at Houston's Texas State University for Negroes (now Texas Southern University). "Over the next thirty-four years Biggers trained the next generation of African American artists and teachers that form a vital part of Biggers's legacy." Mr. Biggers retired from Texas Southern University in 1983. He lived at 3527 Ruth Street while he taught at TSU.

In 1950, Biggers won first prize for his painting The Cradle at the annual exhibition at the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston. "Segregationist policies, however, allowed black visitors into the museum only on Thursdays, so he could not attend the show's opening."

From 1950 to 1956 Biggers painted four murals in African-American communities in Texas, the beginning of his work in murals. He painted many public murals in Houston and elsewhere, including two in 1991 for Winston-Salem State University in North Carolina. Most are still in place.

Biggers received a mural commission by the Young Women's Christian Association of Houston in 1952, for the Blue Triangle branch. Thinking of the YWCA as a place for African-American girls and women to be empowered, Biggers was inspired to draw from his mural for his doctoral thesis. His mural was titled The Contribution of the Negro Woman to American Life and Education. Biggers wanted the mural to represent the world of the girls and women who would see it.

It honors the sacrifices and endeavors of African American women on behalf of their families and communities, and human rights for women of all races. The mural was revolutionary, symbolizing the sociological, historical, and educational influences of heroic women.

UNESCO fellowship
Biggers received a fellowship in 1957 from UNESCO, the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. With it, he was one of the first African-American artists to visit Africa. Under the auspices of UNESCO, he and his wife Hazel traveled to Ghana, Benin, Nigeria and Togo to study West African cultural traditions first-hand. Biggers described his trip to Ghana and Nigeria as a "positive shock" and as "the most significant of my life's experiences."

He adopted African design motifs and scenes of life from his travels as important elements of his subsequent work. Biggers returned to Africa again in 1969, 1984 and 1987. In a 1975 Houston Oral History Project interview, Biggers spoke of his experiences. "We spent most of our time in the country. People call it "bush," you know, that's a name sort of like the hunter. I don't care for that name for the country people because country people have a great traditional culture. And these cultures are all over the country. They are beautiful. They have endured."

Biggers credits Lowenfeld with influencing his artistic development, giving him a larger perspective on the anguish that people have suffered because of race or religious beliefs. He died at age 76 in Houston.

Career
When Biggers studied African myths and legends, he was particularly drawn to the creation stories of a matriarchal deistic system, contrasting with the patriarchal images of the European world. As his ideas and images of Africa melded with memories of his rural Southern life, his work became more geometric, stylized and symbolic. He used quilt-like geometric patterning as a unifying element of his work and made his colors richer and lighter. In later years, Biggers shifted from creating works that were overtly critical of racial and economic injustice (Victim of the City Streets #2, 1946) to more allegorical works (Birth from the Sea, 1964 and Shotguns: Third Ward, 1987).

Robert Farris Thompson notes how Biggers gives iconic treatment to household items associated with everyday domestic life. For instance, he portrays the shotgun house as a symbol of collective dignity and cultural identity. The recurring symbol of the simple shotgun with a woman standing on the porch can be interpreted not only as the simplest type of housing but also as a reference to women, through whom all creation comes. He uses a repeated triangular roof shape similar to pieces of a quilt, a reference to making a beautiful whole cloth from many irregular pieces, as another symbol of the creative force.

In 1994, Biggers illustrated Maya Angelou's poem "Our Grandmothers".

In 1995, the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston hosted a retrospective exhibition of Biggers's work titled The Art of John Biggers: View from the Upper Room. The show also traveled to Boston, Hartford, Connecticut, and Raleigh, North Carolina. "He is someone who has retained, over 50 years, an emphasis on African-American culture," said Alvia J. Wardlaw, curator of the exhibition, a recognized author on African American Art, and professor and curator of Texas Southern University's Museum. The catalogue Wardlaw created for the retrospective, The Art of John Biggers: View from the Upper Room (published by Harry N. Abrams in 1995), includes a broad selection of Biggers's paintings, drawings, prints, and sculptures.

In 1996 Biggers was invited to create the original design for the Celebration of Life mural in North Minneapolis, a predominantly African-American community. The mural was completed by a number of local Minnesota artists, including a few of considerable reputation such as Seitu Jones and Ta-coumba Aiken. Due to the creation of a new housing development, the mural was taken down in 2001.

In 2016, The Mint Museum in Charlotte, N.C., opened a multi-year exhibit John Biggers: Wheels in Wheels, which includes 12 important paintings, drawings and prints, as well as a rare example of the artist's sculpture. "Through the use of a rich symbolic language and beautiful craftsmanship, Biggers found connections between personal, familial, and regional histories, traditions, symbols, which he wove together to articulate broader cultural and historical concerns," the exhibit promotion stated. Themes that repeat throughout his career - the importance of women, family and triumph over adversity - are evident in the works on display.

Auction records
On October 8, 2009, Swann Galleries set an auction record for any work by Biggers when they sold the painting Shotguns (1987), acrylic and oil on canvas, for $216,000 in a sale of African-American fine art. A stellar representation of the shotgun-style houses found in Southern black communities, the painting had been widely exhibited and was considered a culmination of Biggers's work. It had remained in a private collection since being acquired directly from the artist in 1987.

Biggers's papers, including correspondence, photographs, printed materials, professional materials, subject files, writings, and audiovisual materials documenting his work as an artist and educator are located at Emory University's Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library in Atlanta, Georgia. His works are in such collections as noted below.

Selected collections

 * Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN
 * Williams College Museum of Art, WCMA, Williamstown, MA
 * Hampton University, Hampton, VA
 * The University Museum at Texas Southern University, Houston, TX
 * Art Museum of Southeast Texas, Beaumont, TX
 * National Museum of African American History and Culture, Washington, D.C.

title: John T. Biggers


text:
Li Su (Han dynasty)

Li Su (died c. June 192 ) was a Chinese military officer serving under the warlords Dong Zhuo and Lü Bu during the Eastern Han dynasty of China.

Life
Li Su was from Wuyuan Commandery (五原郡), which was around present-day Baotou, Inner Mongolia. He served as a Cavalry Commandant (騎都尉) under Dong Zhuo, the warlord who controlled the Han central government and figurehead Emperor Xian between 189 and 192.

In May 192, Li Su joined Lü Bu and Wang Yun in a plot to assassinate Dong Zhuo in Chang'an. He led about a dozen soldiers and pretended to stand guard near the entrance. When Dong Zhuo arrived, Li Su tried to stab him with a ji, but Dong Zhuo's body armour saved him. Lü Bu then came up close and killed Dong Zhuo.

Later in 192, Lü Bu ordered Li Su to lead troops to attack and kill Niu Fu, Dong Zhuo's son-in-law. However, Niu Fu defeated Li Su in battle and forced him to retreat to Hongnong Commandery (弘農郡; south of present-day Lingbao City, Henan), where Lü Bu had him executed for his failure.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Li Su was also credited with persuading Lü Bu to kill his adoptive father Ding Yuan and join Dong Zhuo. Among the many gifts Li Su brought along with him when he visited Lü Bu, the most outstanding one was the horse called the Red Hare.

title: Li Su (Han dynasty)


text:
David Clennon

David Clennon (born May 10, 1943) is an American actor. He is known for his portrayal of Miles Drentell in the ABC series thirtysomething and Once and Again, as well as his role as Palmer in the John Carpenter film The Thing. He has been frequently cast in films directed by Hal Ashby, Costa-Gavras and Jordan Walker-Pearlman.

Life and career
Born in Waukegan, Illinois, the son of Virginia, a homemaker, and Cecil Clennon, an accountant, Clennon attended the University of Notre Dame from 1962 to 1965. He studied at the Yale School of Drama for three years and became a member of their professional acting company. In 1996 he married Perry Adleman, a writer, camera assistant and photographer. They have two children.

In 1980, Clennon provided the voice for Admiral Motti in NPR's Star Wars The Original Radio Drama. He was a regular on the TV shows Barney Miller, Almost Perfect, The Agency, and Saved. Clennon also played Carl Sessick (a.k.a. Carl the Watcher) on Ghost Whisperer and appeared on Star Trek: Voyager as Dr. Crell Moset. In 1993 he won an Emmy award for his guest appearance on the series Dream On.

Clennon often performs at New Haven, Connecticut's Long Wharf Theatre.

Political activism
Clennon staunchly opposed the Vietnam War, often participating in protests, and remains politically active. In 2013, he repeatedly spoke out against the film Zero Dark Thirty and refused to vote for it for an Academy Award, stating that it promoted using torture as acceptable.

I firmly believe that the film Zero Dark Thirty promotes the acceptance of the crime of torture as a legitimate weapon in America's so-called war on terror. In that belief, following my conscience, I will not vote for Zero Dark Thirty in any category. I cannot vote for a film that makes heroes of Americans who commit the crime of torture.

In 2018, he opposed the four Emmy nominations for Ken Burns's documentary program The Vietnam War, feeling that it contained "half-truths, distortions and omissions" about the war.

Filmography

 * The Paper Chase (1973) - Toombs
 * Helter Skelter (1976, TV Movie) - Harry Jones
 * Bound for Glory (1976) - Carl - Man in Gas Station
 * The Greatest (1977)
 * Coming Home (1978) - Tim
 * Gray Lady Down (1978) - Crew member of USS Neptune
 * Go Tell the Spartans (1978) - Lt. Finley Wattsberg
 * On the Yard (1978) - Psychiatrist
 * Billy in the Lowlands (1979) - Social Worker
 * Being There (1979) - Thomas Franklin
 * Hide in Plain Sight (1980) - Richard Fieldston
 * WKRP in Cincinnati (1981, TV Series) - Norris Breeze
 * The Thing (1982) - Palmer
 * The Escape Artist (1982) - Newspaper Editor
 * Missing (1982) - Consul Phil Putnam
 * Ladies and Gentlemen, The Fabulous Stains (1982) - Dave Robell - The Agent
 * Special Bulletin (1983, TV Movie) - Dr. Bruce Lyman
 * Star 80 (1983) - Geb
 * Hanna K. (1983) - Amnon
 * The Right Stuff (1983) - Liaison Man
 * Falling in Love (1984) - Brian Gilmore
 * Sweet Dreams (1985) - Randy Hughes
 * Legal Eagles (1986) - Blanchard
 * The Trouble with Dick (1986) - Lars
 * He's My Girl (1987) - Mason Morgan
 * The Couch Trip (1988) - Lawrence Baird
 * Betrayed (1988) - Jack Carpenter
 * Downtown (1990) - Jerome Sweet
 * Light Sleeper (1992) - Robert
 * Man Trouble (1992) - Lewie Duart
 * Matinee (1993) - Jack
 * And the Band Played On (1993, TV Movie) - Mr. Johnstone
 * Dos crímenes (1994) - Jim
 * Almost Perfect (TV series) - (1995-1997) - Neal Luder
 * Grace of My Heart (1996) - Dr. 'Jonesy' Jones
 * From the Earth to the Moon (1998, TV Mini-Series) - Dr. Leon (Lee) Silver
 * Playing by Heart (1998) - Martin (uncredited)
 * Nothing Human (Star Trek: Voyager) (1998) - Crell Moset
 * Just Shoot Me! (1999, TV Series) - Martin Spancer
 * The Visit (2000) - Parole Board Member Brenner
 * Antitrust (2001) - Barry Linder (uncredited)
 * Silver City (2004) - Mort Seymour
 * Constellation (2005) - Bear Korngold
 * Syriana (2005) - Donald
 * Life of the Party (2005) - Jack
 * Grey’s Anatomy (American TV series, 2005) - season 5 episode 4
 * Flags of Our Fathers (2006) - White House Official
 * Saving Sarah Cain (2007) - Homeless Man
 * Convention (2008) - Sen. Chuck McGee
 * Ghost Whisperer (TV series - season 4, 2008-2009) - Carl Sessick
 * Extraordinary Measures (2010) - Dr. Renzler
 * The Good Doctor (2011) - Dr. Harbison
 * Ghost Phone: Phone Calls from the Dead (2011) - Hamilton
 * J. Edgar (2011) - Senator Friendly
 * Mr. Jones (2013) - The Curator
 * House of Cards (2014, TV Series) - Ted Havemeyer
 * Gone Girl (2014) - Rand Elliott
 * Amigo Undead (2015) - Old Man Schumer
 * Vacation (2015) - Harry Co-Pilot
 * Reversion (2015) - Ciespy
 * Welcome to the Men's Group (2016) - Fred

title: David Clennon


text:
Innoko National Wildlife Refuge

The Innoko National Wildlife Refuge is a national wildlife refuge of the United States located in western Alaska. It consists of 3,850,481 acres (15,582 km2), of which 1,240,000 acres (5,018 km2) is designated a wilderness area. It is the fifth-largest national wildlife refuge in the United States. The refuge is administered from offices in Galena.

The refuge was established in 1980 by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act. The northern part of the refuge, called Kaiyuh Flats, is adjacent to the Yukon River southwest of Galena. It contains 751,000 acres (3,040 km2). The southern part contains approximately 3,099,000 acres (12,540 km2) of land surrounding the Innoko River. The land is swampy and is the nesting area for hundreds of thousands of birds including ospreys, northern hawk-owls, trumpeter swans, bald eagles, common ravens, short-eared owls, and red-tailed hawks. Mammalian species that habitat this refuge are brown and black bears, moose, wolves, Canadian lynx, marten, porcupine, beaver, caribou, river otter, red fox, wolverine, muskrat, and mink.

The refuge has no road access from outside and contains no roads. Air access can be arranged in McGrath.

title: Innoko National Wildlife Refuge


text:
Remsen, New York (disambiguation)

Remsen, New York is the name of two locations in Oneida County, New York, United States:

 * Remsen (village), New York
 * Remsen (town), New York

title: Remsen, New York (disambiguation)


text:
Monções

Monções is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 2,267 (2020 est.) in an area of 104 km2. The elevation is 406 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Monções


text:
Talk:Philip Roth

Revert
Just to explain my revert. The last edits by anonymous User:69.210.106.253 amounted to removing all of the links in the article with no substantive additions. --Polynova 18:27, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hysterical Realism
I'm removing the association between Roth and Hysterical Realism because his writing is definitely not an example of that genre of literary fiction. As someone who's read most of James Wood's essays over the last several years (including the one in which he coined the term hysterical realism), I know for a fact that Wood is a Roth admirer, and so it is highly unlikely he would include him in a category of fiction he was seeking to demolish.

Less subjectively, Roth's novels do not display any of the characteristics of hysterical realism, such as use of a plethora of subplots and minor characters, ostentatious display of encyclopedic knowledge on the part of the author, "multi-cultural" characters composed out of nothing but a collection of quirks and unlikely coincidences, etc. Roth is a pretty conventional practitioner of naturalism/literary realism who has added strong elements of meta-fiction to his work in the last half of his career.

Jewish-American?
Must Wikipedia refer to American Jews as "Jewish-American"? Most Jews I know reject this phrase, not wanting to compromise or express any sort of ambivalence about their Americanness, and not wanting to contribute to the ethnic balkanization that some on the far left and right would foist on us (see esp. David Hollinger, Postethnic America, rev. 2000). -- Mark Satin, Washington DC USA
 * I agree, but I only see a reference to "Jewish-American" in the second section, which I've changed slightly. I believe that it needs to be noted that Roth is Jewish as so many of his books revolve around Jewish themes, but I agree that "Jewish-American" is an awkward phrase. See the change I made. Moncrief 04:38, Apr 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * "Jewish-American" is no more awkward than "African-American," "Irish-American," "German-American," or "Native-American," and they are ALL commonly used phrases -- it seems that Jews love to celebrate their unique cultural heritage and ethnic separateness among themselves yet don't like to actually talk about it in public. Bring it out into the open; I'm doing my part and putting it back in. --64.12.116.196 11:55, 28 April 2006 (UTC)*
 * it seems that Jews love ... -- lovely anti-semitic sentiments there. -- 70.109.46.5 (talk) 07:01, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

"anti-Semitic"?

Really?

It is somewhat of a puzzle that this claim is made without any demonstration of whence the "anti-" component arises. It would make as much sense to claim that the sentence, "It seems that the moon shines at night." is "anti-lunar".

As noted literary critic, John McEnroe, said, "You can not be serious!" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.130.100.102 (talk) 08:02, 23 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I also agree. The term African-American is appropriate because originally their roots come from Africa. Irish-Americans came from Ireland. Native-American are native to America. Jewish-American gives me the indication that there would be a country that "Jewish-Americans" came from. Since Jews have been scattered throughout the world for so long I find it rather foolish to call them Jewish-Americans. Cptnspoon19 08:41, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

I'm taking it back out. How often do you hear of a Jewish-French or a Jewish-German author?I'll do my part, whenever I see it I'm taking it out. I think it is appropriate to mention his ethnicity (not "religion," because he is obviously secular) - in the first paragraph of the biography. Philip Roth is, first and foremost, an American author. The idea that all of his novels center around Zionism, infra, is similarly banal, but I won't remove the content. What about The Plot against America? (this explanation not signed)

May 18th, 2006: added it back in -- "Jewish-American" is certainly not awkward as it is used in academia and elsewhere all of the time; here are a few books (largely written and/or compiled by American Jews in and outside of academia) that prove this:

[NOTE: copied/pasted from Wiki-page Jewish American literature]: So, I say it should remain and will continue to switch it back, especially given that nearly all of Roth's books involve Jews and his peculiar brand of "American Jewishness." --205.188.117.10 02:25, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Chametzsky, Jules, et al. Jewish American Literature: A Norton Anthology. New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2001. ISBN 0-393-04809-8
 * Fried, Lewis, Ed. Handbook of American-Jewish Literature: An Analytical Guide to Topics, Themes, and Sources. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988. ISBN 0-313-24593-2
 * Kramer, Michael P. and Hana Wirth-Nesher. The Cambridge Companion to Jewish American Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-79293-2

Philip Roth has repeatedly stated, "I don't have a religious bone in my body." In his memoir PATRIMONY he says many times that he is totally, completely secular. Because of that, we have to suspect that he would not enjoy or prefer being referred to as "Jewish-American." Far from it. And since Jews come from countries all over the world, it is NOT the same as calling someone "African-American." Which, by the way, some Americans of African descent have begun to object to. Nor is it convincing for User:205.188.117.10 to refer to examples of "Jewish-American" usage in academics or other writers' novels. These are irrelevant to the preferences of Philip Roth. 70.226.165.172 (talk) 16:08, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

Margaret Martinson the Monkey?
I'm very skeptical about this assertion, currently at the end of the second paragraph of Roth's 'Life and Career':

Specifically, Martinson is the inspiration for female characters in several of Roth's novels, including Mary Jane Reed (aka "the Monkey") in Portnoy's Complaint.

I have never seen Margaret Martinson mentioned as a model for The Monkey, and I'd be very surprised if she was. We do know that she was the model for Maureen Tarnopol, the wife of protagonist Peter Tarnopol in My Life as a Man, a fact long assumed, and then confirmed in Roth's memoir The Facts. This character, with her solid build, tree-trunk legs, and lack of interest in sex, more closely resembles Portnoy's Pumpkin, Kay Campbell, than The Monkey, who is sexually voracious, and has a "hard little handful of a model's ass."

Of course, I'd be very intrigued to see a source which states otherwise.

-David Gooblar (August 30, 2005)

"confirmed in Roth's memoir The Facts" - I'm not 100% sure that this is a memoir; it may instead be a pseudo roman a clef. Same goes for Patrimony: A True Story. The claim to factuality in the title/subtitle may be deception. Does anyone know? Perhaps the two books would therefore be most comfortable under the "Roth novels" heading. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.31.32.30 (talk) 13:16, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

It's difficult to believe that the two books mentioned "would be most comfortable under the 'Roth's novels' heading," since Roth has repeatedly identified them as factual memoirs in the most unambiguous terms. There is nothing confusing, mysterious or hard to understand about the title "Patrimony: A True Story." Younggoldchip (talk) 16:16, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

Wrong Link
The link to "Letting go" is to a wrong page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.217.179.200 (talk) 14:14, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Philip Roth is arguably the most decorated American writer of his era
That seems like a subjective, unsupportable statement to me. Is he more "decorated" than John Updike? I don't think so. A more neutral "Roth has won numerous prestigious awards" would be more appropriate, in my opinion. 207.69.139.7 19:24, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that you're somewhat right about that statement. It is true that it is arguable as he's about neck and neck with Updike when it comes to decorations. I think it can be stated however that he is ONE of the most decorated American writers of his era. There's no doubt he is highly decorated and it can be substantiated that there are not many other writers than have been lauded as highly as Roth. Cptnspoon19 08:53, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

To me, the sentance is both objective and supported. No other author has received a Pulitzer Prize AND two National Book Awards AND a WH Smith Literary Award AND received designation from the Library of America. In addition, Roth is the only author to win three PEN/Faulkner Awards. Moreover, in the New York Times survey described in the article, Roth was, by a wide margin, the author with the most novels mentioned, and the author with the most mentions over all. By any standard, this supports the statement that Roth is "arguably the most decorated American writer of his era." Indeed, it would be accurate to drop the word "arguably" from that sentence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.165.201.47 (talk) 19:59, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

I removed "one of the most acclaimed writers in modern literary history" from the lede. The "arguably most decorated" epithet should suffice, as it is more easily proven and less POV. "Most acclaimed" is vacuous, as is some reference to "modern literary history," whatever that could mean. Grunge6910 (talk) 05:54, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

I restructured the first paragraph. It was too much of an understatement, reading like "George Washington was an American politician." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.165.201.47 (talk) 21:51, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

"Criticism" section
Not sure how far back the two line "criticism" section goes, but it seems rather silly to me atm. General languange ("Some have criticized Roth heavily") currently reads as though this is somehow a common view, but then cites one critic; the article then segues awkwardly into awards and honors section. Obviously, any major novelist is going to have critics on both sides of the fence, but Roth is a case where praise has been nearly universal. IMO the article would be better if the Crit and A&H sections were merged into something like "Critical Reception", and the prose was NPOV tempered a bit better to show that Roth, while heavily praised (by X, Y, etc. for reasons X, Y) has also had his detractors (X, Y, for reasons A, B) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.243.239.166 (talk) 13:02, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

where's the criticism section? i know the above comment claims that roth is "universally" praised, but that is certainly not true and i'm guessing it was written by a fan of roth's. there has been much criticism of his work as juvenile, solipsistic, pedantic, and shock for shock value. i am a fan of his work, but this article makes it seem like he is not a polarizing figure, which anyone in the literary world knows to be untrue. please expand the criticism section if this article is to be able to be used as a resource for students of his work.99.135.92.240 (talk) 20:05, 1 January 2011 (UTC)

"American Jews of Ukrainian descent"
Does Philip Roth belong in this category? At the time his ancestors left Europe, they would have been living in Austria-Hungary, not Ukraine which wasn't an independent nation at the time. There's no evidence that the Roths were ethnically Ukrainian either. In what sense is he "of Ukrainian descent"? —D. Monack talk 03:24, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

I've removed the category from this article. —D. Monack talk 04:27, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

Non Believer
In an interview on the October 3, 2010 episode of CBS Sunday Morning, Roth said, "I don't have a religious bone in my body," and in response to the question "Do you feel there's a god out there?" he answered "I'm afraid there isn't, no." He also said, "when the whole world doesn't believe in god, it'll be a great place." I'm sorry I don't know how to cite this or if it's worth using. Thanks. 71.193.165.73 (talk) 18:50, 3 October 2010 (UTC)

Dispute with Wikipedia
Should we add this in? Why? Span (talk) 13:37, 11 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Author Roth rebukes Wikipedia over Human Stain edit http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-19527797 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.250.138.33 (talk) 03:15, 8 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia told Philip Roth he's not "credible source" on book he wrote http://arstechnica.com/business/2012/09/wikipedia-told-philip-roth-hes-not-credible-source-on-book-he-wrote/ • Sbmeirow  •  Talk  •  10:32, 8 September 2012 (UTC)
 * the story clearly shows why Wiki now losing its editors *face-palm* (Idot (talk) 13:08, 11 September 2012 (UTC))
 * Becuase I thought it might be relevant to include information about a personal spat he had with Wikipedia on his biography on Wikipedia? But I've noticed since I first suggested this it's already on the Human Stain article and there is something about not duplicating information on Wikipedia, right? So I assume we don't need to add this now, correct? 212.250.138.33 (talk) 19:42, 15 September 2012 (UTC)

Here is the text of the open letter to wikipedia he wrote [] (September 7, 2012, An Open Letter to Wikipedia, Posted by Philip Roth; last access 2012, oct 21th) -- 84.180.126.248 (talk) 07:00, 21 October 2012 (UTC)

I vote yes. Kentuckian in NY (talk) 02:34, 17 November 2020 (UTC)

Google search result
When I searched for this page on Google the first sentence that was given as an example of what is written on the page was this: "Philip Milton Roth (born March 19, 1933) is a well-known asshole and novelist." Is there something Wikipedia can do about this or not?--Tomvasseur (talk) 11:22, 8 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I've just reverted that malicious edit and warned the user. Google must have spidered the change and will no doubt update the result shortly.  Esowteric + Talk  11:26, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

Excellent work, Esowteric. It's my understanding that someone from the Washington Post is currently writing an in-depth piece about this talk page with contributions from Roth himself. I think that's a really good answer and I would ask you not to delete it or allow any other user to delete it. This page is getting an incredible number of hits btw. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.159.58.210 (talk) 20:49, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Glad to be of help. If you click on "View history" you can still see the details (and you can also request that offensive edits are hidden from the public). BTW, the article on the author R. J. Ellory also makes interesting reading, perhaps as a counterpoint.  Esowteric + Talk  21:05, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

 * It should be noted that Philip Roth's case is perhaps an exception to a general rule: that generally speaking, secondary independent sources are more reliable than primary or self-published sources. Editing one's own biography or articles about one's own books can lead to possible conflicts of interest. Above all else, common sense should ultimately prevail, and that's something that is enshrined in Wikipedia's own policy, even if we sometimes get there in a rather convoluted or testing way. Regards,  Esowteric + Talk  21:46, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I find it puzzling why they're making such a big deal about this. First they complain about anonymous edits by users to biographies. Now they're complaining because we don't just take the word of any anonymous editor who claims to be acting under someone famous.

 * Even if the alleged biographer's identity was confirmed (which he never bothered to do so), information exchanged through personal communications is not available to the public, making it impossible to verify for the readers. The information that previously existed wasn't even from Wikipedia, but as Roth said from "literary gossip", i.e. literary critics and reviewers. He should've corrected them, not Wikipedia.-- O BSIDIAN  †  S OUL  09:21, 10 September 2012 (UTC)
 * That sounds sort of sensible, but isn't really. You have to remember that Wikipedia is the top Google link for practically anyone and anything you write about. As such, Wikipedia has a responsibility to get things right. There is a profound difference between an error in an obscure book or ephemeral press article, and that same error elevated to perennial wisdom in the article that is the top Google hit for someone, their work, or their company. Wikipedia does a very poor job indeed living up to that responsibility. Anonymous editors post malicious, incompetent or biased material every day. Wikipedia announced the flagged revisions feature years ago that would have ensured that each edit made by a new anonymous editor would be scrutinised by a more established editor before being shown to the public; yet even that minimal quality control feature was never implemented.  J N  466  14:35, 10 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Is not implemented? In the WP where I correct a lot, there is a difference between "current" and "revised" pages (showing me, when logged on, that an article has to be revised). Check once visiting the WP wihtout logging on, and try out the article and news of the day (the most often changed).--Mideal (talk) 11:40, 11 September 2012 (UTC)
 * The ironic thing about your comment is that the user who claimed to be Roth's biographer is an anonymous editor. Hence why we didn't just take his claims at face-value and explicitly asked for a verifiable source. -- O BSIDIAN  †  S OUL  11:56, 11 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I understand he wrote to UTRS; the man is a Pulitzer finalist and Roth's official biographer. He is not an anonymous nobody.  J N  466  15:21, 11 September 2012 (UTC)
 * And how would you reference an OTRS ticket?  ? Would that help our credibility more? Especially given how prominently Broyard is mentioned in verifiable independent sources. -- O BSIDIAN  †  S OUL  15:40, 11 September 2012 (UTC)
 * He asked for faulty information to be omitted. You do not need to reference information that is not included in the article. (OTRS agreements are sometimes mentioned on the article talk page, and/or in a non-displaying comment added to the article itself.) I don't know what happened, but the admin might have negotiated a different solution, such as taking this info out of the article's lead, and covering it as a minor point in the Reception section. As it was, the erroneous information about Broyard and Roth's rebuttal of it took up nearly half the entire article at the time the conflict began, if you discount the synopsis. In such a short article, this was grossly undue weight to give to erroneous speculation. And subsequently, even more was added, in an exercise of reflexive contrariness.  J N  466  16:42, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

The editor concerned, Barbara Osgood has been blocked by Floquenbeam indefinitely for repeated BLP abuse.  Esowteric + Talk  19:37, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

Roth and bodily functions
I assume that if I put this in someone would take it right out as unsourced, but maybe someone has a source.

Roth, while not an erotic writer, became known, or in the popular mind is linked with, bodily functions, including masturbation and bowel movements. This started with Goodbye Columbus, seconded by Portnoy's Complaint. If this is unfair I don't know, but for the association alone it should be in there. I do think that of major twentieth-century American writers he is the most into things like this. And in contrast with Henry Miller, Anais Nin, and John Updike, his characters think a lot about intercourse, and would love to have it, but there isn't as much of it. deisenbe (talk) 11:49, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

Category:Atheist writers
This article is listed in Category:Atheist writers, which is supposed to be used for people who write about atheism. Obviously Roth was both an atheist and a writer -- but I'm not convinced that he warrants inclusion in this category. However, I haven't read everything he wrote, so I'd appreciate some informed opinions on the subject. Thanks in advance. Anomalous+0 (talk) 12:25, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

 * The category seems to be Category:American atheist writers. But I don't think he wrote much about atheism per se. Martinevans123 (talk) 17:44, 19 January 2021 (UTC)

Several edits
I am noting several of my edits which, hopefully, helped improve this article for readers:
 * 1) In the first section following the intro, I created spacing for readability.
 * 2) I also removed an erroneous and unsourced sentence at the end of this section. According to  his obituary, Roth was injured during basic training and received a medical discharge. He did not spend 2 years in the army.
 * 3) I removed the section tag - this section has enough references.
 * 4) I also added a new section title -"Academic career" - again for readability. Thanks. ---Steve Quinn (talk) 04:18, 26 February 2020 (UTC)

Categories again
Hi User:Seqqndlyfe, why do we need both Category:Jewish American novelists and Category:Jewish writers? Surely the later is a parent Category for the former? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 17:42, 19 January 2021 (UTC)

Links Within Quotes
On the page for Franz Kafka, we read the following from Harold Bloom: "when he is most himself, Kafka gives us a continuous inventiveness and originality that rivals Dante and truly challenges Proust and Joyce as that of the dominant Western author of our century". The links to Dante, Proust and Joyce are in the quote. The Kafka page is a Certified Featured Article, and you'll find links within quotes elsewhere in it, and on other Featured Articles. On the page for William Shakespeare we read: "Shakespeare was larger than Plato and than St. Augustine. He encloses us because we see with his fundamental perceptions.'" Well, maybe, but more to my point, including links within quotes appears to be kosher.

In the Roth article, there is a quote from the same critic: "The complex influences of Kafka and Freud and the malaise of American Jewish life produced in Philip a new kind of synthesis..."

It would be worth linking to Kafka and Freud in the Bloom quote, and other quotes. Including links within quotes is common on Wikipedia, including Featured Articles. Charlie Faust (talk) 19:18, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Links within quotes are discussed, appropriately enough, at MOS:LINKQUOTE. As these names are entirely unambiguous—and the links would aid readers—linking them to respective articles is more than fine. — HTGS (talk) 04:01, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
 * That was my understanding. I think links would be particularly valuable here:
 * "the passion for specificity, the hypnotic materiality of the world one is in, is all but at the heart of the task to which every American novelist has been enjoined since Herman Melville and his whale and Mark Twain and his river: to discover the most arresting, evocative verbal depiction of every last American thing. Without strong representation of the thing—animate or inanimate—without the crucial representation of what is real, there is nothing. Its concreteness, its unabashed focus on all the particulars, a fervor for the singular and a profound aversion to generalities is fiction's lifeblood. It is from a scrupulous fidelity to the blizzard of specific data that is a personal life, it is from the force of its uncompromising particularity, from its physicalness, that the realistic novel, the insatiable realistic novel with its multitude of realities, derives its ruthless intimacy. And its mission: to portray humanity in its particularity."
 * Linking to Herman Melville and Mark Twain here would indeed aid readers. If Roth, like Kafka and Shakespeare, is to have a Featured Article, such links are worth including. Charlie Faust (talk) 04:41, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Philip Roth