text:
User talk:David Falk

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 13:24, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Emerald City Supporters Collage.jpg
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 * P.S. You indicated it's source, but not what license it's under. Broken S 15:06, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Emerald City Supporters Shield.jpg)
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File permission problem with File:Michael Fucito.jpg
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title: User talk:David Falk


text:
Doris Hart

Doris Hart (June 20, 1925 – May 29, 2015) was an American tennis player who was active in the 1940s and first half of the 1950s. She was ranked world No. 1 in 1951. She was the fourth player, and second woman, to win a Career Grand Slam in singles. She was the first of only three players (all women) to complete the career "Boxed Set" of Grand Slam titles, which is winning at least one title in singles, doubles, and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slam events. Only she and Margaret Court achieved this during the amateur era of the sport.

Hart played collegiate tennis for the Miami Hurricanes at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida.

Tennis career
Hart reached 67 Grand Slam finals and won 35 titles, tying with Louise Brough for sixth on the all-time list (behind Margaret Smith Court (64), Martina Navratilova (59), Billie Jean King (39), Serena Williams (39), and Margaret Osborne duPont (37)). Six of her titles were in women's singles, 14 in women's doubles, and 15 in mixed doubles. Hart is one of only three players, all women, to have a "boxed set" of Grand Slam titles — every possible title (singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles) from all four Grand Slam tournaments. The others are Margaret Smith Court and Martina Navratilova. Hart was the first person to accomplish this feat.

As a child, Hart suffered from osteomyelitis, which resulted in a permanently impaired right leg. She started playing tennis when she was 10 years old, greatly encouraged by her brother Bud.

After losing seven Grand Slam finals from 1942 through 1946, Hart won her first Grand Slam title at the 1947 Wimbledon Championships in women's doubles. At that point, she was still a student at the University of Miami.

Her first Grand Slam singles title came at the 1949 Australian National Championships, where she was the only non-Australian player in the draw. She also won singles titles at the 1950 and 1952 French International Championships, the 1951 Wimbledon Championships (routing doubles partner Shirley Fry in the final), and the 1954 and 1955 U.S. National Championships. The 1955 U.S. singles final was the last Grand Slam singles match of her career.

Hart won the singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles titles at the 1951 Wimbledon Championships, playing the finals of all three events on the same day (July 7, 1951). She also won the "triple crown" at the 1952 French International Championships and the 1954 U.S. National Championships.

During her Wightman Cup career from 1946 through 1955, Hart was a perfect 14–0 in singles matches and 8–1 in doubles matches.

Hart did not lose a Grand Slam women's doubles match from the 1951 French International Championships through the semifinals of the 1954 Wimbledon Championships, 43 matches in total, although she skipped 4 Grand Slam tournaments during this period. She also did not lose a mixed doubles match at the 13 Grand Slam tournaments she played from the 1951 French International Championships through the 1955 U.S. National Championships. She (and partner Stan Smith) lost in the third round of the 1968 Wimbledon Championships to Frew McMillan and Annette Van Zyl Du Plooy 6–3, 12–10.

According to John Olliff and Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail, Hart was ranked in the world top 10 from 1946 through 1955 (no rankings issued from 1940 through 1945), reaching a career high of world No. 1 in those rankings in 1951. Hart was included in the year-end top 10 rankings issued by the United States Lawn Tennis Association from 1942 through 1955. She was the top ranked U.S. player in 1954 and 1955.

Hart retired from the tour in late 1955 to become a tennis teaching professional. Her autobiography Tennis with Hart was published that year.

She was inducted into the inaugural Class of 1967 inductees to the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame and inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1969.

She died on May 29, 2015, at her home in Coral Gables, Florida, at age 89.

Mixed doubles
R = tournament restricted to French nationals and held under German occupation. 1In 1946 and 1947, the French Championships were held after Wimbledon. 2Hart did not play at this event. Her opponent got a walkover.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Doris Hart


text:
Farnley Hall

Farnley Hall may refer to the following stately places in England:
 * Farnley Hall, North Yorkshire
 * Farnley Hall, West Yorkshire
 * Farnley Hall Park, a park in Farnley, Leeds

title: Farnley Hall


text:
Talk:Block-oriented terminal

I think this should be turned into basically a "character-cell vs. block-oriented terminals" article, because most of the information would be duplicated among two separate articles. Basically the description of each is short: the interesting part is how they compare and what they're each good for. I can't think of a good name offhand though. Character-cell and block-oriented terminals? --Delirium 13:26, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

web browsers equated to terminals?
That calls for some substantial reliable sources pointing out that web browsers might be mistaken for a terminal by people who are unfamiliar with either TEDickey (talk) 00:40, 15 September 2017 (UTC)
 * SPLAT shrugs SPLAT it's obvious to me, but if you want some sources, I'll try to find some. Like I pointed out on your talk page, I have no problems being reverted, but you could've stated the real reason in your summary when doing so. 85.207.110.58 (talk) 07:08, 15 September 2017 (UTC)
 * There's an obvious inheritance, just like the inheritance of CGI programming from CICS, but rather than a simple "see also" link, maybe a sentence or two in a section called something like "legacy." Peter Flass (talk) 11:32, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Block-oriented terminal


text: User talk:80.58.14.44

title: User talk:80.58.14.44


text:
File:The Alice microrobot.jpg

The Alice microrobot

This picture has been taken by Gilles Caprari. For more information including latest pictures and videos of the Alice and its extension modules, please visit the Alice homepage

title: File:The Alice microrobot.jpg


text:
Urs Samyuktha Paksha

Urs Samyuktha Paksha (Urs United Party), political party in the Indian state of Karnataka. USP was founded by businessman Hari L. Khoday on 16 January 2004. The goal of USP is to work for the rights of the Backward Castes. USP considers that it upholds the legacy of the former Chief Minister of Karnataka, Devaraj Urs. In the Lok Sabha elections 2004 USP launched three candidates.

title: Urs Samyuktha Paksha


text: User talk:62.3.240.132

title: User talk:62.3.240.132


text:
Isfield

Isfield is a small village and civil parish in the Wealden District of East Sussex in England, located north-east of Lewes.

History
The village of Isfield originally grew adjacent to the ford where the London to Lewes Way Roman road crossed the river River Ouse. The village had an active history through the Saxon, Norman eras, when a Norman castle motte was built on the river bank near the church to guard the crossing. Local legend, as recalled by William Wratten, had it that King Harold spent the night before the Battle of Hastings in the village, at his demesne located where Isfield Place now stands.

Isfield became the home of John Shurley (died 1527), who was Cofferer of the Household to King Henry VIII. Isfield Place is a 17th-century manor house, incorporating part of the original 16th-century mansion of the Shurley family. Its design was influenced by Laughton Place nearby, following the marriage of Thomas Shurley, John's grandson, with Anne Pelham, daughter of Sir Nicholas Pelham of Laughton.

The herbalist Nicholas Culpeper spent his childhood in the village at the home of his grandfather, Rev. William Attersole, who was vicar at St Margaret's.

The area was heavily involved in the Wealden iron industry from the 15th century onwards. Isfield again became a busy place in the 19th century. Much of its traffic was river-borne: coal and building materials, together with other products, used the Ouse as its transport. A paper-mill and a large flour-mill both made use of the river.

Governance
Isfield Parish Council is the lowest level of government, above which are Wealden District Council and East Sussex County Council. It is in the Wealden parliamentary constituency in the House of Commons.

Geography
The parish of Isfield stands on the flood-plain of the River Ouse, at its confluence with the River Uck and a convenient crossing point, a ford, which the Romans used; the road through the village crosses the Uck by bridge, and the erstwhile Wealden Line did likewise. The main A26 road, while crossing the parish, runs to the East of the village. The land hereabouts is a floodplain of the rivers and streams. The area can grow fine crops as a result of its rich soils with superficial deposits of Alluvium, River Terrace Deposits and Chalk Head, over Lower Chalk, Gault and Lower Greensand.

The ancient ecclesiastical parish, which is very similar to the modern civil parish, was 1,822 acres (736 ha) in size. Today's population is relatively small. The village centre lies adjacent to the river crossing; a more modern part is further south.

The two miles of Ouse brooks from Oaktree Wood, opposite Isfield church, north to Sharpsbridge,  are important brook meadows botanically. The University of Sussex had a project to restore some of the brook meadows east of Vuggles and Bunce's Farms.

Like many places in Sussex, increased pressure for farm productivity has come at the expense of much of its natural beauty. North of Isfield was a densely wooded area, but much of the ancient woodland has been cut down, including large parts of Park Wood, Owlsbury Wood, Grove Wood, Stroodland Woods, and Foxearth Wood (a bit further west). Equally this area of the River Ouse and its tributaries have seen many losses. Just thirty years ago countless silvery Elvers (young Eels) rose up the Ouse weirs at Isfield, but they have long since gone due to pollution (nitrates, phosphates and trace chemicals) from farming and sewage with low flows from extraction and summer droughts.

Isfield lock and weir
The old Isfield Lock and weir has recently been restored by Sussex Ouse Restoration Trust. It is much loved, "The waters thunder down the weir to a sheltered pool, whilst above, the embayed river is still enough for water lilies". On the banks of the Isfield Weir to Rocky Wood there is archaic vegetation, such as dame's violet and hemlock.

Transport
The village proper is located at the intersection of three roads. Two of these – Horsted Lane and Lewes Road – both connect directly to the A26 road, which runs along the eastern edge of the parish (through the hamlet of Rose Hill), and links the parish with Uckfield and Lewes. The third road – Station Road – runs north and eventually reaches the A272 road near Piltdown.

The parish is served by two bus routes, both part of Brighton & Hove's Regency Route brand. Route 29 runs along the A26, serving Rose Hill and linking it every 30 minutes with Lewes and Brighton to the southwest and Uckfield, Crowborough and Tunbridge Wells to the northeast. Route 29A, meanwhile, runs directly through the village and operates every hour in each direction, southwest to Lewes and Brighton and northeast to Uckfield and Heathfield.

The village was once served by a railway – Isfield station, on the Wealden Line, was open from 1858 to 1969, and linked the village with Brighton, Lewes, Uckfield, Eridge and Tunbridge Wells (and on to London). Only the Brighton–Lewes and Uckfield–Eridge sections remain open today; there have been several campaigns to reopen the line between Lewes and Uckfield, although not all proposals have envisaged the reopening of Isfield station itself. A short section of the old railway, centred around the former Isfield station, has been preserved as the Lavender Line Steam Railway.

Religion
The parish church is dedicated to St Margaret of Antioch. Within the church are tombs of the Shurley/Shirley family.

Leisure, culture and sport
The Laughing Fish is a small public house with a garden.

title: Isfield


text:
User talk:Anggarda

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 13:31, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Connectionless routing

The article Connectionless routing has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Topics already covered in Reliability (computer networking) and Connectionless communication. No relevant incoming links. No other indication that this is a term of art."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ~Kvng (talk) 17:43, 24 November 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anggarda


text:
User talk:MadFunk

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 13:31, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:MadFunk


text:
XMF

XMF (Extensible Music Format) is a tree-based digital container format used to bundle music-oriented content, such as a MIDI file and optionally the sounds it uses, liner notes or other content grouped by language-codes.

The first XMF definitions were to allow the bundling of a musical performance with the musical sounds used. For instance, a MIDI file could be stored together with a Downloadable Sounds file, and both files would travel together inside one XMF file. This specific use of an XMF file is referred to as XMF File Type 0 (streaming) or XMF File Type 1 (non-streaming), depending on whether the type of the MIDI file is 0 or 1, respectively.

There are currently five XMF File Types defined. The latest of which is XMF File Type 4 (counted from zero) and is called Interactive XMF (iXMF).

The specifications for the XMF were first published in 2001 by the MMA.

Features

 * Resources can be referenced internally (in the XMF file) or referenced externally using a URI.
 * Resources can be country- and language-coded so that text could be shown in the right language depending on context.
 * Resources can be compressed using ZLIB.
 * Size information is stored using variable-length quantities, ensuring that the format can support an infinite number, while at the same time saving storage space.

title: XMF


text:
Aériane

Aériane is a Belgian engineering firm based in Gembloux that manufactures aircraft and other structures from composite materials. Currently concentrating on the Aériane Swift, they also built and supported the Aviasud Sirocco before this was taken over by Aero Consult Light Aircraft. The company also supports the Aviasud Mistral.

title: Aériane


text:
Dean Smith (sprinter)

Finis Dean Smith (January 15, 1932 – June 24, 2023) was an American track and field athlete, winner of a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 1952 Summer Olympics; he was also an actor and noted stuntman, appearing in many films and TV series.

Early life, education, and sports career
Born in Breckenridge, Texas, Smith won the Amateur Athletic Union championships in 100 m in 1952. At the Helsinki Olympics, he was fourth in the 100 m and ran the leadoff leg for the American gold medal-winning 4 × 100 m relay team. As a sprinter on the Longhorn track team, Smith ran a 100-yard dash in 9.4 seconds, one-tenth of a second off the world record at the time.

After graduating from University of Texas at Austin where he ran track and was a member of the Silver Spurs, Smith played professional football for the Los Angeles Rams and the Pittsburgh Steelers ahead of his career in Hollywood.

Later sports career
Later on, Smith competed in amateur rodeo. His events were bareback bronc riding and calf roping. He won championships in both events. The Professional Rodeo Cowboys Associations made him an honorary member. He also participated in the team roping event in Reba McEntire's Pro Celebrity Rodeo in May 1997.

Post-sports/Hollywood career
Following his sports career, Smith performed as a professional rodeo cowboy and stuntman in various Western movies such as The Alamo, The Comancheros, How The West Was Won, McLintock!, Rio Conchos, Big Jake, El Dorado, and Rio Lobo. He also appeared in such Western TV shows as Tales of Wells Fargo, Maverick, Gunsmoke, Lawman, Have Gun Will Travel, The Iron Horse and Walker, Texas Ranger.

Some of what Variety called his "most impressive" stunts included falling out of a two-story building into a hay wagon in McLintock! (1963) starring Maureen O'Hara. Smith was noticed by famed director John Ford when working on the 1958 Rosalind Russell project, Auntie Mame, and as a result went on to be featured in many of Ford's subsequent films.

Honors
In 2006 he was inducted into the Texas Rodeo Cowboy Hall of Fame. In 2009 he was inducted into the National Multicultural Western Heritage Museum and Hall of Fame. He is also a member of the Texas Track and Field Coaches Association Hall of Fame. Smith is a member of the Hollywood Stuntman's Hall of Fame. In 1997 he was named "All American Cowboy", and in 1998 he received a Golden Boot Award. In 2007 he received the Silver Spur award for his contributions as a stuntman in the film business.

Personal life
Smith died on June 24, 2023, at age 91.

title: Dean Smith (sprinter)


text:
Talk:GLARE

Glare is NOT a composite!!!
I see that Glare has again been pushed into the "composite material" category, when I clearly explain in the introduction that it is NOT!

If it must be classified, then "heterogenous mixture" is the only correct description.

Glare is itself a MIXTURE of a METAL and a COMPOSITE. The Wikipedia description of a composite material (at the time of writing) states quite clearly that a composite consists of reinforcement and matrix... which only describes the fibre layers, totally ignoring the metal layers which make up the majority component!

I will have to edit the article again since people seem unable to grasp this concept.

Geoff Morris, February 2006

 * The above Wikipedia definition was not in accord with industry or materials science usage of "composite material"; the current WP article is, and quite properly GLARE matches the current (and industry and materials science) definitions of being a composite material. I have put the category back in and fixed the description in the article intro.  Georgewilliamherbert 19:01, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

How about filling this in for Glare?
this is copied from its competitor material aluminium Andries 19:50, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
 * density gplstp=
 * density gpcm3nrt=2.70
 * heat capacity=24.200
 * thermal conductivity=237
 * thermal conductivity 2=
 * thermal diffusivity=
 * thermal expansion=
 * thermal expansion at 25=23.1
 * speed of sound rod at r.t.=(rolled) 5000
 * Young's modulus=70
 * Shear modulus=26
 * Bulk modulus=76
 * Poisson ratio=0.35
 * Mohs hardness=2.75
 * Vickers hardness=167
 * Brinell hardness=245
 * CAS number=7429-90-5

Nice idea, but impossible to fill in such figures since they vary depending on the layup and layer thicknesses... as well as the alloy, glass type and matrix materials applied. - MossMan (talk • contribs) 09:40, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

References or Sources
I see that the article has been flagged as missing sources. Well I used my own work and experience - so apart from the "Around Glare" book, there's not a lot of generic description to cite from. MossMan 09:50, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

Thanks. Someone directed me to this page in a Patent search.

There is a phrase in this article:

"GLARE is currently (2004) the most successful FML, patented by Akzo Nobel in 1987"

I found this Patent, or at least the Published Application, EP 0 323 660.

The Patent can be found here:

http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=EP&NR=0323660A1&KC=A1&FT=D&ND=3&date=19890712&DB=worldwide.espacenet.com&locale=en_EP

If you want to add that as a "source" please do so. I leave it up to you expert Wikipedians to figure out whether it is relevant or not.

Good article!

2602:306:CCB2:C180:FCD5:282D:A443:E768 (talk) 13:11, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved to GLARE. Favonian (talk) 08:09, 20 August 2011 (UTC)

GLARE (material) → GLARE –
 * Superfluous dab. Miracle Pen (talk) 05:24, 13 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The new name differs from glare only by case of letters. Is that enough? Anthony Appleyard (talk) 07:54, 13 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I put a hatnote, which should do it. Hatnotes, not title dabs, are the customary way of doing it. Miracle Pen (talk) 12:19, 13 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Support - Capitalization is sufficient disambiguation. Marcus   Qwertyus   21:08, 14 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Support. The page GLARE already redirects here, and as what User:Marcus Qwertyus said, the capitalisation is a sufficient disambiguation. Yours faithfully, Kotak  kasut . 13:26, 18 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:GLARE


text:
Strömgren sphere

In theoretical astrophysics, there can be a sphere of ionized hydrogen (H II) around a young star of the spectral classes O or B. The theory was derived by Bengt Strömgren in 1937 and later named Strömgren sphere after him. The Rosette Nebula is the most prominent example of this type of emission nebula from the H II-regions.

The physics
Very hot stars of the spectral class O or B emit very energetic radiation, especially ultraviolet radiation, which is able to ionize the neutral hydrogen (H I) of the surrounding interstellar medium, so that hydrogen atoms lose their single electrons. This state of hydrogen is called H II. After a while, free electrons recombine with those hydrogen ions. Energy is re-emitted, not as a single photon, but rather as a series of photons of lesser energy. The photons lose energy as they travel outward from the star's surface, and are not energetic enough to again contribute to ionization. Otherwise, the entire interstellar medium would be ionized. A Strömgren sphere is the theoretical construct which describes the ionized regions.

The model
In its first and simplest form, derived by the Danish astrophysicist Bengt Strömgren in 1939, the model examines the effects of the electromagnetic radiation of a single star (or a tight cluster of similar stars) of a given surface temperature and luminosity on the surrounding interstellar medium of a given density. To simplify calculations, the interstellar medium is taken to be homogeneous and consisting entirely of hydrogen.

The formula derived by Strömgren describes the relationship between the luminosity and temperature of the exciting star on the one hand, and the density of the surrounding hydrogen gas on the other. Using it, the size of the idealized ionized region can be calculated as the Strömgren radius. Strömgren's model also shows that there is a very sharp cut-off of the degree of ionization at the edge of the Strömgren sphere. This is caused by the fact that the transition region between gas that is highly ionized and neutral hydrogen is very narrow, compared to the overall size of the Strömgren sphere.

The above-mentioned relationships are as follows:
 * The hotter and more luminous the exciting star, the larger the Strömgren sphere.
 * The denser the surrounding hydrogen gas, the smaller the Strömgren sphere.

In Strömgren's model, the sphere now named Strömgren's sphere is made almost exclusively of free protons and electrons. A very small amount of hydrogen atoms appear at a density that increases nearly exponentially toward the surface. Outside the sphere, radiation of the atoms' frequencies cools the gas strongly, so that it appears as a thin region in which the radiation emitted by the star is strongly absorbed by the atoms which lose their energy by radiation in all directions. Thus a Strömgren system appears as a bright star surrounded by a less-emitting and difficult to observe globe.

Strömgren did not know Einstein's theory of optical coherence. The density of excited hydrogen is low, but the paths may be long, so that the hypothesis of a super-radiance and other effects observed using lasers must be tested. A supposed super-radiant Strömgren's shell emits space-coherent, time-incoherent beams in the direction for which the path in excited hydrogen is maximal, that is, tangential to the sphere.

In Strömgren's explanations, the shell absorbs only the resonant lines of hydrogen, so that the available energy is low. Assuming that the star is a supernova, the radiance of the light it emits corresponds (by Planck's law) to a temperature of several hundreds of kelvins, so that several frequencies may combine to produce the resonance frequencies of hydrogen atoms. Thus, almost all light emitted by the star is absorbed, and almost all energy radiated by the star amplifies the tangent, super-radiant rays.

The Necklace Nebula is a Strömgren sphere. It shows a dotted circle which gives its name.

In supernova remnant 1987A, the Strömgren shell is strangulated into an hourglass whose limbs are like three pearl necklaces.

Both Strömgren's original model and the one modified by McCullough do not take into account the effects of dust, clumpiness, detailed radiative transfer, or dynamical effects.

The history
In 1938 the American astronomers Otto Struve and Chris T. Elvey published their observations of emission nebulae in the constellations Cygnus and Cepheus, most of which are not concentrated toward individual bright stars (in contrast to planetary nebulae). They suggested the UV radiation of the O- and B-stars to be the required energy source.

In 1939 Bengt Strömgren took up the problem of the ionization and excitation of the interstellar hydrogen. This is the paper identified with the concept of the Strömgren sphere. It draws, however, on his earlier similar efforts published in 1937.

In 2000 Peter R. McCullough published a modified model allowing for an evacuated, spherical cavity either centered on the star or with the star displaced with respect to the evacuated cavity. Such cavities might be created by stellar winds and supernovae. The resulting images more closely resemble many actual H II-regions than the original model.

Mathematical basis
Let's suppose the region is exactly spherical, fully ionized (x=1), and composed only of hydrogen, so that the numerical density of protons equals the density of electrons ($$n_e = n_p$$). Then the Strömgren radius will be the region where the recombination rate equals the ionization rate. We will consider the recombination rate $$N_R$$ of all energy levels, which is

 * $$N_R = \sum_{n=2}^{\infty}N_n, $$

$$N_n$$ is the recombination rate of the n-th energy level. The reason we have excluded n=1 is that if an electron recombines directly to the ground level, the hydrogen atom will release another photon capable of ionizing up from the ground level. This is important, as the electric dipole mechanism always makes the ionization up from the ground level, so we exclude n=1 to add these ionizing field effects. Now, the recombination rate of a particular energy level $$N_n$$ is (with $$n_e=n_p$$):

 * $$N_n=n_e n_p \beta_{n}(T_e)=n_e^2 \beta_{n}(T_e),$$

where $$\beta_{n}(T_e)$$ is the recombination coefficient of the nth energy level in a unitary volume at a temperature $$T_e$$, which is the temperature of the electrons in kelvins and is usually the same as the sphere. So after doing the sum, we arrive at

 * $$N_R=n_e^2 \beta_2(T_e),$$

where $$\beta_2(T_e)$$ is the total recombination rate and has an approximate value of

 * $$\beta_2(T_e) \approx 2 \times 10^{-16} T_e^{-3/4} \ \mathrm{[m^{3} s^{-1}]}.$$

Using $$n$$ as the number of nucleons (in this case, protons), we can introduce the degree of ionization $$0\leq x \leq1 $$ so $$n_e=xn$$, and the numerical density of neutral hydrogen is $$n_h=(1-x)n$$. With a cross section $$\alpha_0$$ (which has units of area) and the number of ionizing photons per area per second $$J$$, the ionization rate $$N_I$$ is

 * $$N_I=\alpha_0 n_h J.$$

For simplicity we will consider only the geometric effects on $$J$$ as we get further from the ionizing source (a source of flux $$S_*$$), so we have an inverse square law:

 * $$\alpha_0 n_h J(r)=\frac{3 S_*}{4 \pi r^3}.$$

We are now in position to calculate the Stromgren radius $$R_S$$ from the balance between the recombination and ionization

 * $$\frac{4 \pi}{3} (nx)^2 \beta_2 R_S^3 = S_*$$

and finally, remembering that the region is considered as fully ionized (x = 1):

 * $$R_S=\left( \frac{3}{4 \pi} \frac{S_*}{n^2 \beta_2} \right)^{\frac{1}{3}}.$$

This is the radius of a region ionized by a type O-B star.

title: Strömgren sphere


text: User talk:146.87.82.158

title: User talk:146.87.82.158


text:
National Radio Club

The National Radio Club (NRC) is a non-profit hobbyist organization in the United States focused on the pursuit of DXing on the AM broadcast band. The group was founded in 1933 as a result of merging several regional radio clubs.

The NRC produces a magazine, DX News, which is issued 20 times annually. The club has also authored numerous books and radio station directories over the years. In 1985, to cater to the needs of visually impaired DX enthusiasts, the "DX Audio Service" was introduced. This was an audio cassette version of the newsletter, supplemented with additional content. However, this service ceased in 2014.

In 2005, the NRC set up an online platform, which enabled subscribers to download DX News. The site hosts several forums, with some open to all DX enthusiasts. However, forums with columns from DX News are exclusively accessible to NRC members.

The NRC organizes an annual convention, generally held in late summer. The location rotates between different American cities each year and the event is usually hosted by one or more of its members.

title: National Radio Club


text:
User talk:Natelipkowitz

In Remembrance...
--nat Alo! Salut! Sunt eu, un haiduc?!?! 23:46, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Natelipkowitz


text:
User talk:Kolberg~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Kolberg~enwiki


text: User talk:202.52.255.244

title: User talk:202.52.255.244


text: User talk:65.41.162.151

title: User talk:65.41.162.151


text:
User talk:Drangon

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
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 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
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Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
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 * Peer review
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

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ClockworkTroll 13:41, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Drangon


text:
User talk:Tym~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

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 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
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Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
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 * Wikiquette
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 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 13:41, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:27, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

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text:
Reformed epistemology

In the philosophy of religion, Reformed epistemology is a school of philosophical thought concerning the nature of knowledge (epistemology) as it applies to religious beliefs. The central proposition of Reformed epistemology is that beliefs can be justified by more than evidence alone, contrary to the positions of evidentialism, which argues that while non-evidential belief may be beneficial, it violates some epistemic duty. Central to Reformed epistemology is the proposition that belief in God may be "properly basic" and not need to be inferred from other truths to be rationally warranted. William Lane Craig describes Reformed epistemology as "One of the most significant developments in contemporary religious epistemology ... which directly assaults the evidentialist construal of rationality."

Reformed epistemology was so named because it represents a continuation of the 16th-century Reformed theology of John Calvin, who postulated a sensus divinitatis, an innate divine awareness of God's presence. More recent influences on Reformed epistemology are found in philosopher Nicholas Wolterstorff's Reason within the Bounds of Religion, published in 1976, and Alvin Plantinga's "Reason and Belief in God", published in 1983.

Although Plantinga's Reformed epistemology developed over three decades, it was not fully articulated until 1993 with the publication of two books in an eventual trilogy: Warrant: The Current Debate, and Warrant and Proper Function. The third in the series was Warranted Christian Belief, published in 2000. Other prominent defenders of Reformed epistemology include William Lane Craig, William Alston, Michael C. Rea, and Michael Bergmann.

The argument from a proper basis is an ontological argument for the existence of God related to fideism. Alvin Plantinga argued that belief in God is a properly basic belief, and so no basis for belief in God is necessary.

Concepts, definitions, and background
Alvin Plantinga is the best-known defender of reformed epistemology. Reformed epistemology includes two arguments against classical foundationalism. The first grew out of his earlier argument in God and Other Minds (1967). In that work Plantinga argued that if our belief in other minds is rational without propositional or physical evidence, then belief in God is also rational. In his 1993 works, Plantinga argued that according to classical foundationalism most of us are irrational for having many beliefs we cannot justify, but which foundationalism does not accept as properly basic. Plantinga's second argument against classical foundationalism is that it is self-referentially incoherent. It fails the test of its own rules, which require that it be either self-evident, incorrigible, or evident to the senses.

In Plantinga's view, warrant is defined as the property of beliefs that makes them knowledge. Plantinga argues that a properly basic belief in God is warranted when produced by a sound mind, in an environment supportive of proper thought in accord with a design plan successfully aimed at truth. Because there is an epistemically possible model according to which theistic belief is properly basic and designed to form true belief in God, belief in God is probably warranted if theism is true. Plantinga does not argue that this model is true, but only that if it is true, theistic belief is also likely true, because then theistic belief would result from our belief-forming faculties functioning as they were designed.

This connection between the truth value of theism and its positive epistemic status suggests to some that the goal of showing theistic belief to be externally warranted requires reasons for supposing that theism is true (Sudduth, 2000). This point is answered by many theistic arguments which purport to provide sufficient propositional and physical evidence to warrant that belief, apart from reformed epistemology.

Plantinga's Reformed epistemology
According to Reformed epistemology, belief in God can be rational and justified even without arguments or evidence for the existence of God. More specifically, Plantinga argues that belief in God is properly basic, and due to a religious externalist epistemology, he claims belief in God could be justified independently of evidence. His externalist epistemology, called "Proper functionalism", is a form of epistemological reliabilism.

Plantinga discusses his view of Reformed epistemology and proper functionalism in a three-volume series. In the first book of the trilogy, Warrant: The Current Debate, Plantinga introduces, analyzes, and criticizes 20th-century developments in analytic epistemology, particularly the works of Roderick Chisholm, Laurence BonJour, William Alston, and Alvin Goldman. Plantinga argues that the theories of what he calls "warrant"—what many others have called justification (Plantinga draws out a difference: justification is a matter of fulfilling one's epistemic duties, whereas warrant is what transforms true belief into knowledge)—put forth by these epistemologists have failed to capture in full what is required for knowledge.

In the second book, Warrant and Proper Function, he introduces the notion of warrant as an alternative to justification and discusses topics like self-knowledge, memories, perception, and probability. Plantinga's "proper function" account argues that as a necessary condition of having warrant, one's "belief-forming and belief-maintaining apparatus of powers" are functioning properly—"working the way it ought to work". Plantinga explains his argument for proper function with reference to a "design plan", as well as an environment in which one's cognitive equipment is optimal for use. Plantinga asserts that the design plan does not require a designer: "it is perhaps possible that evolution (undirected by God or anyone else) has somehow furnished us with our design plans", but the paradigm case of a design plan is like a technological product designed by a human being (like a radio or a wheel). Ultimately, Plantinga argues that epistemological naturalism – i.e. epistemology that holds that warrant is dependent on natural faculties – is best supported by supernaturalist metaphysics – in this case the belief in a creator God or in some designer who has laid out a design plan that includes cognitive faculties conducive to attaining knowledge.

According to Plantinga, a belief, B, is warranted if: (1) the cognitive faculties involved in the production of B are functioning properly...; (2) your cognitive environment is sufficiently similar to the one for which your cognitive faculties are designed; (3) ... the design plan governing the production of the belief in question involves, as purpose or function, the production of true beliefs...; and (4) the design plan is a good one: that is, there is a high statistical or objective probability that a belief produced in accordance with the relevant segment of the design plan in that sort of environment is true.

Plantinga seeks to defend this view of proper function against alternative views of proper function proposed by other philosophers which he groups together as "naturalistic", including the "functional generalization" view of John Pollock, the evolutionary/etiological account provided by Ruth Millikan, and a dispositional view held by John Bigelow and Robert Pargetter. Plantinga also discusses his evolutionary argument against naturalism in the later chapters of Warrant and Proper Function.

In 2000 Plantinga's third volume, Warranted Christian Belief, was published. In this volume, Plantinga's warrant theory is the basis for his theological end: providing a philosophical basis for Christian belief, an argument for why Christian theistic belief can enjoy warrant. In the book, he develops two models for such beliefs, the "A/C" (Aquinas/Calvin) model, and the "Extended A/C" model. The former attempts to show that a belief in God can be justified, warranted and rational, while the Extended model tries to show that core Christian theological beliefs, including the Trinity, the Incarnation, the resurrection of Christ, the atonement, salvation, etc. can be warranted. Under this model, Christians are warranted in their beliefs because of the work of the Holy Spirit in bringing those beliefs about in the believer.

James Beilby has argued that the purpose of Plantinga's Warrant trilogy, and specifically of his Warranted Christian Belief, is firstly to make a form of argument against religion impossible—namely, the argument that whether or not Christianity is true, it is irrational—so "the skeptic would have to shoulder the formidable task of demonstrating the falsity of Christian belief" rather than simply dismiss it as irrational. In addition, Plantinga is attempting to provide a philosophical explanation of how Christians should think about their own Christian belief.

In 2016, Plantinga published Knowledge and Christian Belief, which is intended as a shortened version of Warranted Christian Belief. However, Plantinga does add brief sections on the latest developments in epistemology and how they relate to his work. He is especially critical of New Atheism owing to their reliance on de jure objections to the Christian faith.

Criticisms
Although Reformed epistemology has been defended by several theistic philosophers, it has both Christian and non-Christian critics.

Great Pumpkin objection
A common objection, known as "The Great Pumpkin objection", which Alvin Plantinga in Warrant (1983) describes as follows: "It is tempting to raise the following sort of question. If belief in God can be properly basic, why cannot just any belief be properly basic? Could we not say the same for any bizarre aberration we can think of? What about voodoo or astrology? What about the belief that the Great Pumpkin returns every Halloween? Could I properly take that as basic? Suppose I believe that if I flap my arms with sufficient vigor, I can take off and fly about the room; could I defend myself against the charge of irrationality by claiming this belief is basic? If we say that belief in God is properly basic, will we not be committed to holding that just anything, or nearly anything, can properly be taken as basic, thus throwing wide the gates to irrationalism and superstition? (p. 74)"

Rebuttal
Plantinga's answer to this line of thinking is that the objection simply assumes that the criteria for "proper basicality" propounded by classical foundationalism (self-evidence, incorrigibility, and sense-perception) are the only possible criteria for properly basic beliefs. It is as if the Great Pumpkin objector feels that if properly basic beliefs cannot be arrived at by way of one of these criteria, then it follows that just 'any' belief could then be properly basic, precisely because there are no other criteria. But Plantinga says it simply doesn't follow from the rejection of classical foundationalist criteria that all possibility for criteria has been exhausted and this is exactly what the Great Pumpkin objection assumes.

Plantinga takes his counter-argument further, asking how the Great Pumpkin objector "knows" that such criteria are the only criteria. The objector certainly seems to hold it as 'basic' that the classical foundationalist criteria are all that is available. Yet, such a claim is neither self-evident, incorrigible, nor evident to the senses. This rebuts the Great Pumpkin objection by demonstrating the classical foundationalist position to be internally incoherent, propounding an epistemic position which it itself does not follow.

Other objections
Other common criticisms of Plantinga's Reformed epistemology are that belief in God – like other sorts of widely debated and high-stakes beliefs – is "evidence-essential" rather than properly basic; that plausible naturalistic explanations can be given for humans' supposedly "natural" knowledge of God; and that it is arbitrary and arrogant for Christians to claim that their faith-beliefs are warranted and true (because vouched for by the Holy Spirit) while denying the validity of non-Christians' religious experiences.

title: Reformed epistemology


text:
Talk:Year and a day rule

Untitled
From the article:
 * In mediaeval England, a runaway serf became free after a year and a day. Hence the saying "Town air makes free."

How exactly does that saying following from the "year and a day" rule? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.92.67.68 (talk) 13:43, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Because "town air" sounds like "year an' a day"? Obviously it also sounds like a public place ("the town") ie if you are in the 'town air' (place) for a 'town air' (which sounds like 'year an' a day') you become free. so, it's a pun or double entendre. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.88.122.226 (talk) 23:40, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

It might not necessarily be a pun. It could just be referencing that living in a town (where most runaway serfs would live), would make one free. 107.77.203.5 (talk) 12:15, 30 May 2021 (UTC)

I miss a mention of the relevance of this concept/rule in folklore and paganism. Is there an article that should be linked here? Maybe a disambiguation? 37.10.128.163 (talk) 18:00, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Year and a day rule


text:
Dick Haymes

Richard Benjamin Haymes (September 13, 1918 – March 28, 1980) was an Argentine singer, songwriter and actor. He was one of the most popular male vocalists of the 1940s and early 1950s. He was the older brother of Bob Haymes, an actor, television host, and songwriter.

Background
Haymes was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1918. According to Haymes's obituary in the New York Times, "His father was a rancher of English descent and his Irish mother had been a musical comedy singer. His parents traveled widely and he grew up in France, Montreal, California and Switzerland."

Career
At the age of 17, Haymes moved to Los Angeles where he initially worked as a stunt man and film double. At the age of 19, he moved to New York City, where he worked as a vocalist in a number of big bands. On September 3, 1942, Frank Sinatra introduced Haymes on radio as Sinatra's replacement in the Tommy Dorsey band. Prior to joining Dorsey's group, Haymes sang with the Harry James orchestra.

In 1945, Haymes co-starred with Jeanne Crain, Dana Andrews and Vivian Blaine in the musical State Fair. He teamed with female vocalist Helen Forrest for many hit duets during World War II, including "Together," "I'll Buy That Dream," and "Long Ago and Far Away"; he sang with Judy Garland on two Decca recordings of songs from the film The Shocking Miss Pilgrim, in which he appeared with Betty Grable. From 1944 to 1948, he had his own radio program, The Dick Haymes Show, first on NBC and later on CBS.

He paired repeatedly with the Andrews Sisters on a dozen or so Decca collaborations, including the Billboard hit "Teresa," "Great Day," "My Sin," and a 1952 rendering of the dramatic ballad "Here in My Heart," backed by the sisters and Nelson Riddle's lush strings. His duets with Patty Andrews were also well received, both on Decca vinyl and on radio's Club Fifteen with the sisters, which he hosted in 1949 and 1950. He also joined Bing Crosby and The Andrews Sisters for 1947 session that produced the Billboard hit "There's No Business Like Show Business," as well as "Anything You Can Do (I Can Do Better)". His popular renditions of tender ballads such as "Little White Lies" and "Maybe It's Because" were recorded with celebrated arranger Gordon Jenkins and his orchestra and chorus.

World War II and attempted deportation
Haymes's birth in Argentina to non-U.S. citizens meant he was not an American citizen. In order to avoid military service during World War II, Haymes asserted his nonbelligerent status as a citizen of Argentina, which remained neutral until almost the end of the war. Hollywood-based columnists Louella Parsons and Hedda Hopper questioned Haymes' patriotism, but the story had surprisingly little effect on his career. About that time, he was classified 4-F by the draft board because of hypertension. As part of his draft examination, he was confined for a short period to a hospital on Ellis Island, which confirmed his diagnosis of hypertension.

In 1953, Haymes went to Hawaii (then a territory and, technically, not part of the United States) to visit Rita Hayworth (who he later married). On returning to the mainland United States, he was arrested in August for deportation under the McCarran–Walter Act on the basis that Haymes refused to sign up for military service and therefore was not entitled to live in the United States. After appeal, he won his battle to remain in the United States in 1955 on the basis that Hawaii was a geographical part of the United States so he had never left the country.

Later years
Haymes experienced alcoholism and had serious financial problems later in life, by the early 1960s declaring bankruptcy with $500,000 in debts.

He appeared as unscrupulous doctor Elroy Gantman in a 1974 episode of the TV show Adam-12.

Through his mother's nationality, Haymes spent his last years as an Irish citizen.

Marriages
Haymes was married six times. His first marriage to Edith Harper (1939) occurred when she claimed to be pregnant but was annulled by Haymes after he discovered that she was not. Haymes wives included film actresses Joanne Dru (1941–1949), Nora Eddington (a former wife of Errol Flynn) (1949–1953), Rita Hayworth (1953–1955), and Fran Jeffries (1958–1964). Haymes had a total of six children—three with Joanne Dru, one with Fran Jeffries, and two with his sixth and final wife, British model Wendy Smith (1966).

Death
Haymes died from lung cancer on March 28, 1980, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. He was 61 years old.

78rpm albums
Dick Haymes Sings – Carmen Cavallaro at the Piano – Irving Berlin Songs (1948 Decca Record)

Original LPs

 * Rain or Shine (1955)
 * Moondreams (1957)
 * Look at Me Now! (1957)
 * Richard the Lion-Hearted – Dick Haymes that is! (1960)

LP compilations

 * Dick Haymes (1950s)
 * Little White Lies (1958)
 * Dick Haymes – Maury Laws Orchestra / Featuring Cy Coleman (1960s)
 * Love Letters (1960s)
 * Spotlight On – Dick Haymes Sings Romantic Ballads – Featuring Johnny Kay (1960s)
 * Easy (1973)
 * Imagination (1982) (also available on CD)

Live LP albums

 * Dick Haymes Comes Home! (1973)

Selected CD compilations

 * (2016) Dick Haymes You'll Never Know His 53 Finest 2 CDset (Retrospective)
 * (1990) Richard the Lion-Hearted – Dick Haymes that is! (1990) re-issue of the vinyl album
 * Imagination (1992)
 * The Very Best of Dick Haymes, Vol. 1 (1997)
 * The Very Best of Dick Haymes, Vol. 2 (1997)
 * The Complete Columbia Recordings – with Harry James and Benny Goodman (1998)
 * Little White Lies: 25 Original Mono Recordings 1942-1050. Living Era. ASV Mono. CD AJA 5387 (2001)
 * Christmas Wishes (2002, radio transcriptions)
 * Golden Years of Dick Haymes (2003)
 * The Complete Capitol Collection (2006)

Filmography
–
 * Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) – Able-Bodied Seaman (uncredited)
 * Dramatic School (1938) – Student (uncredited)
 * Du Barry Was a Lady (1943) – Singer (uncredited)
 * Girl Crazy (1943) – Member, The Pied Pipers (uncredited)
 * Four Jills in a Jeep (1944) – Lt. Dick Ryan
 * Irish Eyes Are Smiling (1944) – Ernest R. Ball
 * I Am an American (Short film, 1944) – Himself (uncredited)
 * Diamond Horseshoe (1945) – Joe Davis Jr.
 * State Fair (1945) – Wayne Frake
 * Fallen Angel (1945) – Himself – JukeBox Vocalist (voice, uncredited)
 * Do You Love Me (1946) – Jimmy Hale
 * The Shocking Miss Pilgrim (1947) – John Pritchard
 * Carnival in Costa Rica (1947) – Jeff Stephens
 * Up in Central Park (1948) – John Matthews
 * One Touch of Venus (1948) – Joe Grant
 * Words and Music (1948) – Himself
 * St. Benny the Dip (1951) – Benny
 * Screen Snapshots – Hollywood Fun Festival (1952) – Master of Ceremonies
 * All Ashore (1953) – Joe Carter
 * Let's Do It Again (1953) – Singer – 'I Could Never Love Anyone But You' (voice, uncredited)
 * Cruisin' Down the River (1953) – Beauregard Clemment / Beau Clemment III
 * Adam-12 (1974) (TV) – Dr. Elroy Gantman
 * Hec Ramsey (1974) (TV – S2E04 – Scar Tissue) – Hamilton Hobbs
 * Betrayal (1974) (TV) – Harold Porter
 * Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) – James Crawford
 * The Eddie Capra Mysteries (1978) (TV – episode "Murder on the Flip Side") – Jason Lamb

Musical theatre
The Big Broadcast of 1944, - A Lee Gruber, Shelly Gross off Broadway production, fall of 1979 – Devon, PA, Detroit, MI, and Westbury, NY
 * Miss Liberty (1951, Dallas Theatre)

title: Dick Haymes


text:
User talk:Zorilla

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
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 * Civility
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 * Peer review
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 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 13:44, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Replaced image.
Your image, Image:Jill screenshot.jpg, has been listed on images and media for deletion---I've replaced it with a new PNG, which is about the same pixel size, but a less than a tenth of the bytes, and less fuzzy. Just a notification; keep up the good edits. grendel|khan 04:35, 2005 Mar 2 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Zorilla


text:
Frisco, North Carolina

Frisco is a small unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) on the barrier island of Hatteras Island, between the villages of Buxton and Hatteras. It is located in Dare County, North Carolina, United States, and was previously named "Trent", or "Trent Woods", but received a new name with the coming of the post office in 1898. Most of the land is taken by houses available for rental during the summer months, and as such the community's population varies seasonally. As of the 2010 census, the permanent population of the community was 200. North Carolina Highway 12 serves as the primary road in Frisco and connects the community to others on the island.

Billy Mitchell Airport is located in Frisco and was named after former Army General Billy Mitchell. Across the street from the small, local airfield is the Frisco Native American Museum.

The residents of Frisco are governed by the Dare County Board of Commissioners. Frisco is part of District 4, along with Avon, Buxton, Hatteras, Rodanthe, Waves and Salvo.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 994 people, 76 households, and 28 families residing in the CDP.

Public services

 * Billy Mitchell Airport

Notable attractions and museum

 * Cape Hatteras National Seashore
 * Frisco Pier (Destroyed by Hurricane Earl, 2010)
 * Frisco Native American Museum

Climate
According to the Trewartha climate classification system, Frisco, North Carolina has a humid subtropical climate with hot and humid summers, cool winters and year-around precipitation (Cfak). Cfak climates are characterized by all months having an average mean temperature > 32.0 °F (> 0.0 °C), at least eight months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (≥ 10.0 °C), at least one month with an average mean temperature ≥ 71.6 °F (≥ 22.0 °C) and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. During the summer months in Frisco, a cooling afternoon sea breeze is present on most days, but episodes of extreme heat and humidity can occur with heat index values ≥ 100 °F (≥ 38 °C). Frisco is prone to hurricane strikes, particularly during the Atlantic hurricane season which extends from June 1 through November 30, sharply peaking from late August through September. During the winter months, episodes of cold and wind can occur with wind chill values < 15 °F (< -9 °C). The plant hardiness zone in Frisco is 8b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of 19.9 °F (-6.7 °C). The average seasonal (Dec-Mar) snowfall total is < 2 inches (< 5 cm), and the average annual peak in nor'easter activity is in February.

Ecology
According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Frisco, North Carolina would have a dominant vegetation type of Live oak/Sea Oats Uniola paniculata (90) with a dominant vegetation form of Coastal Prairie (20).

Education
Residents are zoned to Dare County Schools. Zoned schools are Cape Hatteras Elementary School and Cape Hatteras Secondary School.

title: Frisco, North Carolina


text: User talk:80.65.71.214

title: User talk:80.65.71.214


text: Category:Fictional health professionals

title: Category:Fictional health professionals


text:
Arabia Petraea

Arabia Petraea or Petrea, also known as Rome's Arabian Province (Provincia Arabia; العربية الصخرية; Ἐπαρχία Πετραίας Ἀραβίας) or simply Arabia, was a frontier province of the Roman Empire beginning in the 2nd century. It consisted of the former Nabataean Kingdom in the southern Levant, the Sinai Peninsula, and the northwestern Arabian Peninsula. Its capital was Petra. It was bordered on the north by Syria, on the west by Judaea (merged with Syria from AD 135) and Egypt, and on the south and east by the rest of Arabia, known as Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix.

The territory was annexed by Emperor Trajan, like many other eastern frontier provinces of the Roman Empire, but held onto, unlike Armenia, Mesopotamia and Assyria, well after Trajan's rule, its desert frontier being called the Limes Arabicus. It produced the Emperor Philippus, who was born around 204. As a frontier province, it included a desert populated by Arabic tribes, and bordering the Parthian hinterland.

Though subject to eventual attack and deprivation by the Parthians and Palmyrenes, it had nothing like the constant incursions faced in other areas on the Roman frontier, such as Germany and North Africa, or the entrenched cultural presence that defined the other more Hellenized eastern provinces.

Geography
The geographic makeup of Arabia has some variation. It includes the comparatively fertile Moab plateau, which received 200mm of annual rainfall, at the southernmost tip of which lies Petra which, along with Bostra (or Busra), together constitute the political foci of the province.

Inhospitability is the norm, though, and along with the desert proper that is the Sinai, the arid Negev, which extends north of the Sinai, is practically such. Along with this are the coastal areas around the Red Sea; the badlands known as Hismā that develop to the north of that coast; and the ever-present rocky terrain.

Major cities
Most of Arabia's territories were sparsely populated, as urban settlements was concentrated to the north toward the Jordan river and the region of Hauran. In addition to Petra, major cities included Bosra, Jerash (Gerasa), Canatha, Adraa, Maximianopolis, Philippopolis and Amman (Philadelphia). The only major sea port was Aqaba, at the tip of the wide Gulf of Aqaba at the Red Sea.

In AD 106, when Aulus Cornelius Palma Frontonianus was governor of Syria, the part of Arabia under the rule of Petra was absorbed into the Roman Empire as part of Arabia Petraea, and Petra became its capital. Petra declined rapidly under Roman rule, in large part from the revision of sea-based trade routes. In 363, an earthquake destroyed many buildings and crippled the vital water management system. The old city of Petra was the capital of the Eastern Roman province of Palaestina III and many churches from the Byzantine period were excavated in and around Petra. In one of them, the Byzantine Church, 140 papyri were discovered, which contained mainly contracts dated from 530s to 590s, establishing that the city was still flourishing in the 6th century.

Petra served as the base for Legio III Cyrenaica, and the governor of the province would spend time in both cities, issuing edicts from both.

Roman conquest
Before Roman control in 106 AD, the area had been ruled by Rabbel II, last king of the Nabataeans, who had ruled since 70 AD. When he died, the Third Cyrenaica legion moved north from Egypt into Petra, while the Sixth Ferrata legion, a Syrian garrison unit, moved south to occupy Bostra. The conquest of Nabataea can be best described as casual, an act by Trajan to consolidate control of the area before acting on his designs for territory across the Tigris and eventually into Mesopotamia proper.

There is no evidence of any pretext for the annexation: Rabbel II had an heir by the name of Obodas and though there was little fighting (attested to by the fact that Trajan did not adopt the appellation "Arabicus"), there does seem to have been enough of a defeat to humiliate the Nabataeans. The two cohorts that eventually found themselves in Arabia had sailed from Egypt to Syria in preparation for the action. Apart from some units of the Nabataean royal guard, this seems not to have been strongly resisted, as suggested by the fact that some Nabataean troops served as auxiliary Roman troops shortly after the conquest.

The conquest of Arabia was not officially celebrated until completion of the Via Nova Traiana. This road extended down the center of the province from Bostra to Aqaba. It was not until the project was finished that coins, featuring Trajan's bust on the obverse and a camel on the reverse, appeared commemorating the acquisition of Arabia. These coins were minted until 115, at which time the Roman imperial focus was turning farther eastward.

The road linked not only Bostra and Aqaba, which other than being a port does not seem to have held much significance to the imperial government, but also Petra, which sat at the center of the province, between the road's two termini. Though Trajan declared Bostra to be the capital of the province, he also awarded Petra the status of metropolis, as a sign that he agreed about its importance with his successor, Hadrian, who considered it to be dignified and historic.

In the 1960s and 1970s, evidence was discovered that Roman legions occupied Mada'in Salih under Trajan in the Hijaz mountain area of northeastern Arabia, increasing the extension of the Arabia Petraea province south.

Romanization
With Roman conquest came the imposition of Latin and Greek in official discourse. This was standard for a province in Eastern Rome, but Arabia had far less of the history of Hellenization and Romanization than its neighbors, and the Greek language was little used before its introduction by the Romans. After the conquest, though, Greek was adopted popularly, as well as officially, practically supplanting Nabataean and Aramaic, as evidenced by inscriptions at Umm al Quttain. The occurrence of Latin in the province was rare and limited to such cases as the tomb inscription of Lucius Aninius Sextius Florentinus, governor in 127, and, somewhat paradoxically, in personal names.

Millar makes a case for a Graeco-Roman Hellenization in Arabia. It is an area, after all, that was not significantly hellenized during the rule of Alexander, and the locals originally spoke their native language, not Greek. So with the introduction of Roman rule, along with many aspects of classic Roman socialization, such as public works and glorification of the military, came an introduction of some Greek cultural and social values. Arabia acclimated to the new culture so fully that it seems the original linguistic groups faded away. There were scattered Nabataean inscriptions during the period of imperial Roman rule.

The Era of Bostra, a year numbering system specific to the province, was introduced. Its year one began on the date corresponding to 22 March 106 AD.

Arabia during late Roman Empire
When Avidius Cassius rebelled against what he believed was a deceased Marcus Aurelius, he received no support from Arabia province, overlooked by some historians likely due to the fact that Arabia did not have the wealth or political might of Syria. Arabia responded similarly when the governor of Syria, Pescennius Niger, proclaimed himself emperor in 193.

When Septimius Severus came into power and stripped the Syrian city of Antioch of its status as Metropolis for its part in the rebellion and meted out punishment to any others who were unlucky enough to choose the wrong side, the Third Cyrenaica received the honorific "Severiana". In addition, the governor of Arabia, Publius Aelius Severianus Maximus, was allowed to continue in his post in reward for his loyalty. Syria was later split into two and Arabia was expanded to include the Lajat and Jebel Drūz, rough terrain south of Damascus, and also the birthplace of M. Julius Phillipus, better known as Philip the Arab.

Severus had enlarged a province that was already huge. He then proceeded to enlarge the empire through the conquest of Mesopotamia. The transfer of the Leja’ and Jebel Drūz seemed to have been part of a shrewd series of political acts on the emperor's part to consolidate control of the area before this conquest. Arabia became the ideological power base for Septemius Severus in the Roman Near East. The obvious need to mitigate and tame the power of the province of Syria, which had shown itself over and over to be a hotbed of rebellion, was then accomplished in three parts: The reorganization of Syria into two political units, the reduction of its territory in favor of Arabia, and the marriage of the emperor to the shrewd Julia Domna.

Arabia became such a symbol of loyalty to Severus and the empire that during his war against Clodius Albinus, in Gaul, Syrian opponents propagated a rumour that the Third Cyrenaica had defected. That it would matter to an issue in Gallia that a single legion in a backwater province on the other side of the empire would rebel indicates the political sway that Arabia had amassed. Not a land of significant population, or resources or even strategic position, it had become a bedrock of Roman culture. That it was an Eastern Roman culture did not seem to dilute this importance in the west. It is precisely because Arabia had so little that it was able to define itself as Roman and that spurred its loyalty to Imperial Rome.

With Emperor Diocletian's restructuring of the empire in 284–305, Arabia province was enlarged to include parts of modern-day Israel. Arabia after Diocletian became a part of the Diocese of the East, which was part of the Prefecture of Oriens.

Byzantine rule
As part of the Diocese of the East, Arabia became a frontline in the Byzantine-Sassanid Wars. In the 5th or 6th century it was transformed into Palaestina Salutaris.

Episcopal sees
Ancient episcopal sees of the Roman province of Arabia listed in the Annuario Pontificio as titular sees : • Adraa (Daraa)

• Bacatha in Arabia (ruins of Khirbet-El-Bascha?)

• Bosana (Syria) (Busan)

• Bostra, the Metropolitan Archbishopric

• Canatha

• Constantia in Arabia (Buraq)

• Chrysopolis in Arabia

• Dionysias

• Erra (Es-Sanamein?, Aere?, Ire?)

• Esbus (Hesbân)

• Eutyme

• Gerasa (now Jerash)

• Maximianopolis in Arabia

• Medaba (now Madaba)

• Neapolis in Arabia

• Neila (ruins of Khirbet-En-Nila)

• Neve

• Parembolae in Arabia

• Phaena (Al-Masmiyah)

• Philippopolis in Arabia (Shahba)

• Zorava (Ezra')

title: Arabia Petraea


text:
Fiber metal laminate

Fiber metal laminate (FML) is one of a class of metallic materials consisting of a laminate of several thin metal layers bonded with layers of composite material. This allows the material to behave much as a simple metal structure, but with considerable specific advantages regarding properties such as metal fatigue, impact, corrosion resistance, fire resistance, weight savings, and specialized strength properties.

During the past decades, increasing demand in aircraft industry for high-performance, lightweight structures have stimulated a strong trend towards the development of refined models for fiber metal laminates (FMLs). Fiber metal laminates are hybrid composite materials built up from interlacing layers of thin metals and fiber reinforced adhesives. The most well known FMLs are:

 * ARALL (aramid reinforced aluminum laminate), based on aramid fibers
 * GLARE (glass reinforced aluminum laminate), based on high-strength glass fibers
 * CentrAl, which surrounds a GLARE core with thicker layers of aluminum
 * CARALL (carbon reinforced aluminum laminate), based on carbon fibers

Taking advantage of the hybrid nature from their two key constituents: metals (mostly aluminum) and fiber-reinforced laminate, these composites offer several advantages such as better damage tolerance to fatigue crack growth and impact damage especially for aircraft applications. Metallic layers and fiber reinforced laminate can be bonded by classical techniques, i.e. mechanically and adhesively. Adhesively bonded FMLs have been shown to be far more fatigue resistant than equivalent mechanically bonded structures.

Being mixtures of monolithic metals and composite materials, FMLs belong to the class of heterogeneous mixtures.

Examples of FMLs include aramid fibers, GLARE, and basalt aluminum infusion (B.Al.i).

title: Fiber metal laminate