text:
Chevrolet Lumina APV

The Chevrolet Lumina APV is a minivan that was produced by the Chevrolet division of General Motors. The first front-wheel drive minivan sold by Chevrolet, the Lumina APV was sold in a single generation from the 1990 to 1996 model years. Marketed alongside the Pontiac Trans Sport and Oldsmobile Silhouette, the Lumina APV competed against the Dodge Grand Caravan/Plymouth Grand Voyager, the extended-length Ford Aerostar, and the Mazda MPV.

Introduced a year before the second-generation Chrysler minivans, the Lumina APV was the first American-market minivan to adopt the form factor of the Dodge Caravan and Plymouth Voyager. Though manufactured on a model-specific chassis, the Lumina APV was front-wheel drive, deriving its powertrain from GM sedans. In terms of size, the Lumina APV was slotted between the Chevrolet Astro and full-size Chevrolet Van.

During its production, the Lumina APV and its Pontiac and Oldsmobile counterparts were assembled at the North Tarrytown Assembly facility, becoming the final vehicles produced there prior to its closure. For 1997, Chevrolet adopted a distinct nameplate for its front-wheel drive minivan, replacing the Lumina APV with the Chevrolet Venture.

Background
In response to the first-generation Chrysler minivans, General Motors introduced the rear-wheel drive Chevrolet Astro (and GMC Safari) for the 1985 model year. Sized closely to the short-wheelbase Chevrolet Van, the Astro was marketed in both passenger and cargo van configurations.

In 1986, GM unveiled the Pontiac Trans Sport concept vehicle, largely serving as a preview of the APV model lines. While far more radical in body design, the 1986 Trans Sport concept was the first minivan to adopt the front-wheel drive form factor used by the Chrysler minivans. This concept would eventually be put into production as the first-generation GMT199 (U) platform minivans, although some design elements from the concept were not utilized on the production models.

In contrast to the Astro/Safari, which used a variety of components from Chevrolet/GMC light trucks, the front-wheel drive GMT199 platform (also known as the U platform) was dedicated to the Chevrolet, Pontiac, and Oldsmobile minivans, sharing primarily engines and transmissions with other GM vehicles. In place of the official GMT199 platform designation, GM began to use the APV name, standing for All Purpose Vehicle. Chevrolet would receive the Lumina APV, Oldsmobile would receive the Silhouette, and Pontiac adopted the Trans Sport name from the 1986 concept van.

During its development, the APV model lines largely benchmarked the extended-length Chrysler vans, closely matching their length, width, and height (on a shorter wheelbase). To expand its market potential (and to mitigate any potential model overlap), GM sought to make distinct marketing objectives for each model lines. The Lumina APV was to compete directly with the higher-volume Voyager/Caravan, serving as a "volume leader", the Trans Sport was to be the sporty minivan equivalent of sporty Pontiac sedans, and the luxury-trim Silhouette was intended as a more contemporary competitor to the Chrysler Town & Country and Ford Aerostar Eddie Bauer.

Model overview
At the time of its 1990 release, the Lumina APV was marketed as a bodystyle of the Chevrolet Lumina model line. For the 1989 model year, Chevrolet introduced the Lumina, effectively consolidating the Celebrity and Monte Carlo into a single model line, with the Lumina APV replacing the Celebrity station wagon.

At its 1990 introduction, the Lumina APV was offered in two trim levels; a base trim and an up-level CL trim. There was also the Chevrolet APV cargo van, a two-seater commercial vehicle. Base-trim versions featured red exterior trim while CL versions were produced with chrome exterior trim. For 1993, the CL trim was renamed LS; the Lumina APV badging was removed from the doors. For 1994, the model underwent a mid-cycle revision and was renamed the Chevrolet Lumina Minivan (in place of the APV suffix). The final vans rolled off the assembly line on June 27, 1996.

Chassis specification
The Chevrolet Lumina APV is a GM U-body vehicle, using the GMT199 platform designation. In contrast to the unibody design used by the Astro/Safari and the Van/Vandura, the Lumina APV chassis uses a chassis design similar to the Pontiac Fiero and Saturn SL, with a galvanized steel spaceframe supporting exterior body panels. The Lumina APV has a 109.8 inch wheelbase, sized between the Lumina sedan/coupe and the Astro/Safari.

In line with the Chrysler minivans, the Lumina APV was fitted with independent front suspension with MacPherson struts. The rear beam axle was fitted with coil springs (the only other minivan besides the Ford Aerostar and Renault Espace at the time). As an option, Chevrolet offered the Lumina APV with load-leveling rear air springs, utilizing the air compressor that inflated the rear air springs for auxiliary use with an air hose kit. The front brakes were vented discs, with drum brakes at the rear; anti-lock braking (ABS) was introduced for 1992. During 1994, traction control was introduced as an option (with the 3.8L V6).

Powertrain
Upon its 1990 release, the Lumina APV was powered by a 3.1L V6, producing 120 hp; a 3-speed automatic was the sole transmission offering. For 1992, a 170 hp 3.8-liter V6 became an option, introduced with a 4-speed automatic. For 1996, both engines were replaced by a 180 hp 3.4-liter V6; the 3-speed automatic was discontinued.

Exterior
Distinguished by its large windshield and sloped hoodline, the Lumina APV was of a "one-box" design, a configuration similar to the Ford Aerostar and Renault Espace. In line with the Aerostar and Chrysler minivans, the Lumina APV was configured with a single sliding door and a rear liftgate. Closely matching the 1987-1990 Chrysler "Grand" minivans in length, width, and height, the Lumina APV is nearly 10 in lower than the Astro and 3 in narrower.

Coinciding with the use of a galvanized steel spaceframe (in place of a conventional unit-body design), the Lumina APV was fitted with composite plastic (SMC) body panels. Developed for the Pontiac Fiero and later expanded in use for the Saturn SL, the manufacturing technique largely eliminated the threat of corrosion and damage from minor dents and dings. The manufacturing also allowed GM to style the Lumina APV separately from its Pontiac and Oldsmobile counterparts at low cost; each model line is externally distinguished by its hood and front fascia.

Along from its front fascia, the Lumina APV is distinguished from its Pontiac and Oldsmobile counterparts in the styling of its roof. From the B-pillar to the windshield, the roof was painted black; on examples with tinted glass, this design was to mimic the style of the glass roof from the 1986 Trans Sport concept. The Trans Sport had its entire roof painted black (with the exception of a band joining the B-pillars) again mirroring the glass roof of the 1986 concept, whereas the Silhouette had body-color A-pillars and black B-pillars. Two-tone versions of the Lumina APV were available; an early configuration featured a blacked-out upper body. For 1992, Chevrolet standardized the folding sideview mirrors of the CL trim.

For the 1994 model year, the Lumina APV underwent an exterior revision, shortening the front overhang by nearly three inches. Largely intended to visually shorten the angle of the hoodline, the Lumina Minivan (dropping the APV suffix) was given a new hood, larger grille, and much larger headlights (shared with the Pontiac Bonneville SSEi). 15-inch wheels became standard, with the LS offering a (restyled) version of the 16-inch wheels of the Beretta Z26. The roof was restyled slightly, adopting painted A-pillars and a full-length body-color roof. Additionally, a center high-mount stop lamp (CHMSL) was added to the liftgate. As the APV's taillamps were mounted in the D-pillars, the CHMSL ended up being the lowest-situated of the three brake lamps. For this model year, the Lumina APV (and its counterparts) introduced a power-operated sliding door via remote control, the first American-market minivan to offer this design. They were originally planned to debut in the 1993 model year but failed to do so because of numerous quality control problems, which delayed the production of this feature until the 1994 model year.

Interior
Distinguished from its counterparts by trim, the interior design of the Lumina APV was centered around its modular rear seating system. Four configurations were offered: a two-seat cargo van, a five-seat passenger layout (2+3), six seats (2+2+2), and seven seats (2+3+2). In contrast to removable rear bench seats (a design derived from full-size vans), the 34-pound rear seats of the Lumina APV were individually removable and each seatback folded flat. To supplement the cupholders of the interior, each seatback was fitted with two built-in cupholders. As part of the 1994 revision, 7-passenger versions were offered with the option of integrated child seats. For 1996, the five and six-passenger configurations were deleted.

While sharing most of its dashboard design with the Trans Sport/Silhouette, the Lumina APV featured its own instrument panel design (derived from the Corsica). As a consequence of its sloped windshield design, the depth of the dashboard of the Lumina APV (and its counterparts) was among the highest ever seen in a mass-produced automobile. For 1991, the dashboard padding was revised to address complaints about glare. For 1992, the external radio antenna was replaced by an integrated design mounted between the headliner and the roof. The 1994 revision brought an update to the instrument panel, lower dashboard (and center console controls), and introduced a driver-side airbag (replacing the steering wheel of the Lumina Z34 with one from the Camaro).

Cargo van
From mid-1990 to 1996, Chevrolet produced the Lumina APV as a cargo van, known simply as APV (no Lumina badging was used on the exterior). Slotted below the Astro/Safari, the cargo van competed against the Grand Caravan C/V. While sharing an identical body with its passenger-van counterpart, Chevrolet deleted the rear interior of the cargo van to include a flat rubber-mat floor; the rear glass windows were replaced by body-color plastic panels bonded in place. The cargo space held 133 cuft and the max cargo capacity was 1135 lb.

Of the three GMT199/APV vans, only Chevrolet offered a cargo van configuration.

Chinese clone
Chevrolet marketed the Lumina APV in China from 1993 to 1996, selling a number of examples in the country. In 1996, Jiangsu Nushen Automobile (Nushen) debuted the Nushen JB6500. While nearly identical in dimensions and exterior design, the JB6500 is a rear-wheel drive vehicle, powered by an 87 hp-metric Chrysler-designed 2.2-liter inline-four, paired to a 5-speed manual transmission. In 2001, Nushen ended production of the JB6500.

title: Chevrolet Lumina APV


text:
Kevin Thompson

Kevin Thompson may refer to:

 * Kevin Thompson (baseball) (born 1979), Major League Baseball player
 * Kevin Thompson (basketball) (born 1971), American former basketball player
 * Kevin Thompson (pastor) (born 1958), pastor from San Leandro, California convicted of shark smuggling
 * Kevin Thompson (American football) (born 1977), former starting quarterback for Penn State Nittany Lions
 * Kevin Thompson (karate) (born 1962)
 * Kevin Thompson (politician), American politician and member of the Arizona Corporation Commission.
 * Kevin Rolland Thompson, physicist
 * Kevin Thompson (Daria), a fictional character on the MTV show Daria
 * Kevin Thompson, the real name for Jessica Jones villain Purple Man in the TV series of the same name

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kevin Thompson


text:
White Crane Journal

White Crane Journal was a quarterly magazine for exploring and enhancing gay wisdom, spirituality, and culture, published from 1989 to 2010. It was a non-profit publication supported entirely by the subscriptions of its readers. It was headquartered in San Francisco.

History
The White Crane Newsletter was created by Robert Barzan, a former Jesuit priest, in the Summer of 1989, and later renamed the White Crane Journal. The magazine's initial goal was to explore gay spirituality. Barzan published the journal for seven years.

In 1996, Barzan passed the journal on to Toby Johnson and became publisher emeritus. Johnson published White Crane Journal for seven years, converting it to a digital format. Johnson, in turn, handed over publishing responsibilities to Bo Young, previously a poetry editor and associate editor for the quarterly.

Bo Young invited Dan Vera share the work of publishing White Crane, where they intended to continue a forum of discussion and sharing in the 21st century in the spirit of the Heart Circles they learned from Harry Hay, where they met.

Final status
The journal appears to have ceased publication with White Crane number 81, the 20th Anniversary issue, released 4 January 2010.

The journal was published by the White Crane Institute, which also published books under the White Crane Books imprint. The White Crane Institute website has archived samples and table of contents from issues 31–58 (Winter 1997 – Fall 2003), and full copies of issues 69–81 (September 2006 – January 2010).

title: White Crane Journal


text:
Lutter, Thuringia

Lutter is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. On 1 January 2024 it became part of the municipality Uder.

title: Lutter, Thuringia


text:
User:Leifern

My thoughts on Wikipedia

The biggest threat to Wikipedia
Ever since I started editing Wikipedia, I have noticed a tendency among a certain class of editors - and they are in a minority - to use this as a place to exercise as much authority as the place affords them. They are prone to obstructionist behavior while self-righteously hiding behind guidelines and policy, typically by picking nits in other people's work rather than doing any of their own. And whenever they are called on this, they demand that others assume good faith.

This behavior typically provokes a response in kind, and we get bogged down in endless posturing in various conflict resolution stages, all too often ending up in Arbcom cases that tend to focus on eliminating the conflict rather than improving behavior.

Good Wikipedia editors should be guided by the credo that they first be helpful. If we see something that should be improved (and there is plenty of it), improve it rather than pointing out its limitations the way an armchair football fan would. And if you choose to be the kind of editor who criticizes other people's good efforts, you have to be prepared to be criticized for the way you do this.

Obstructionist behavior, no matter how well-founded it is in policy and guidelines, discourages editing. We should commit to each other's editorial skills, so editing becomes fun and rewarding rather than painful and frustrating.

Who I am
I am the same person as commons:User:Leifern and no:User:Leifern. --Leifern 15:31, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

I am a management consultant, presently working with a niche firm that focuses on clients that participate in market-intermediated capital formation. In the past I've worked with clients in a wide range of industries on problems on the best use technology to solve business problems. I've helped pharmaceutical companies with medical research programs, banks with risk and compliance issues, media and entertainment companies with new business development, and a number of companies on topics related to intellectual capital formation. I've had my own firm from time to time, and also been part of the consulting staff at McKinsey & Company, Accenture, and a now defunct but lovable firm known as Viant.

My interests include cooking, photography, ethics, current events, and various religious issues.

A native of Norway, I was raised there, Canada, and Austria. I have my university education from San Francisco State University and Columbia Business School. I live in the suburbs of New Jersey and commute to New York City.

Now an inclusionist
I got off the fence and joined the Association of Inclusionist Wikipedians, for all the reasons the association provides. The debacle over the article on Solveig Fiske finally convinced me, as I realized that deletionists want articles deleted simply for reasons that simply don't make any sense to me.

If you're going here because you're irritated by my edits

 * Slow down, take a deep breath, and relax.
 * No, Wikipedia is not a place for you to promote your version of the truth
 * A neutral point of view means, among other things, that a reader should walk away from an article with a clear sense of what the controversy is all about.
 * It is a true statement to say that "some people believe the earth is flat," even if the earth isn't flat.
 * Too many articles in Wikipedia are cluttered by editorial asides that belong in other articles.
 * I'm sorry - well not really - if facts don't fit your sense of reality.
 * Having said that, I appreciate that the same events look different depending on your point of view. This means that a neutral point of view should be recognizable to to both (or all) sides, even if there is much else they disagree about.
 * Looking to the majority to decide political issues makes sense; looking to the majority for the truth is foolish. Everything we hold to be true now was once only believed by a heretical minority.
 * The next question after someone says: "The majority of people/nations/experts believe X" should be "why?" not "why do you believe differently?"
 * I tend to strive for MECE structures. Look it up.
 * I am not above these standards myself, and I am far from infallible. But you still have to convince me that I'm wrong.
 * I do get annoyed sometimes. I shouldn't, but I care about the things I write about.

Did you know articles

 * 1) Louis Kaufman, whom I heard about on NPR - fascinating story about one of the most heard musicians of all time, yet until a Wikipedia entry until I wrote it.
 * 2) Alta controversy, a controversy that was way more interesting than I realized at the time
 * 3) Damsgård, a small architectural treasure in Norway that was a gaping red link in the Architecture of Norway article
 * 4) Trondheim prelature, a small Catholic jurisdiction that caught my interest on account of the controversy about Solveig Fiske's notability
 * 5) Siege of Lathom House, a fascinating bit of English history I learned about from the Steeleye Span song They Called Her Babylon
 * 6) Edwy Searles Brooks, aka  Berkeley Grey and others, a prolific action adventure writer active in the 1930s through the 1960s
 * 7) Kunstnernes Hus, an interesting building in Oslo.
 * 8) Jewish Children's Home in Oslo, a compelling episode in Norwegian and Jewish history
 * 9) Svinøy fyrstasjon, one of a series of articles on Norwegian lighthouses
 * 10) Plateau Station, a research and support station in Antarctica
 * 11) Ruth Maier, an incredibly talented writer lost in the Holocaust at age 22.
 * 12) Odd Nansen, an architect and humanitarian who deserves more publicity and recognition than he's had
 * 13) The organization he founded, Nansenhjelpen, which worked tirelessly and bravely to rescue Jews from Czechoslovakia before it was too late
 * 14) Kjesäter, now a tiny little hamlet, but once the main center for refugees from Nazi-occupied Norway.
 * 15) Knut Rød, the subject of one of the strangest trials in Norwegian history
 * 16) Karl Marthinsen, a committed Norwegian Nazi during World War II, assassinated by the Norwegian resistance
 * 17) Wanda Hjort Heger, a Norwegian war hero(ine) who functioned like a one-woman Red Cross to Norwegian prisoners in German concentration camps
 * 18) Lysakerelven, a suburban river in my immediate neighborhood growing up.
 * 19) Nic Waal, a pioneering pediatric and adolescent psychiatrist who was also a war heroine
 * 20) Henry T. Waskow, an interesting story of leadership
 * 21) Carl Fredriksens Transport, a clandestine refugee operation during World War II
 * 22) Niels Christian Ditleff, the driving force behind the White Buses operation
 * 23) Jørgine Boomer - a rags to riches story from a remote valley in Norway to the Waldorf-Astoria
 * 24) Anna Krefting - an accomplished Norwegian woman active in the last 17th, early 18th century
 * 25) Olav Selvaag - a Norwegian contractor who made a decisive difference on the housing crisis after World War II
 * 26) Otto Eisler - a Czech architect with nine lives and an important contribution to his home town of Brno
 * 27) Rats in New York City - more of them than humans, and at least as impressive
 * 28) Eiliv Austlid - war hero who posthumously got overdue recognition
 * 29) Kyriacos Demetriou - old-fashioned barber on Manhattan's Upper West Side who cut my hair, too. After interviewing me.

Norwegian Barnstar of National Merit
For a userbox you can add to your userbox page, see User:Rlevse/Today/Happy Me Day! and my own userpage for a sample of how to use it. — Rlevse • Talk • 00:04, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

no:Bruker:Leifern nn:Brukar:Leifern bar:Benutzer:Leifern

title: User:Leifern


text:
Mackenrode

Mackenrode may refer to the following places in Germany:

 * Mackenrode, Thuringia, in the Eichsfeld district, Thuringia
 * Mackenrode (Hohenstein), a locality in Hohenstein, in the Nordhausen district, Thuringia
 * Mackenrode (Landolfshausen), a locality in Landolfshausen, in the Göttingen district, Lower Saxony

title: Mackenrode


text:
Mackenrode, Thuringia

Mackenrode is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. On 1 January 2024 it became part of the municipality Uder.

title: Mackenrode, Thuringia


text:
Talk:Alt.suicide.holiday

Untitled
I posted a link to the ash documentary and the article was reverted. I don't see what the big deal is since I'm sure the film maker authorized the site to stream his work. So what now? --92.135.174.115 (talk) 02:55, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

A VANDAL HAS DELETED ALL THE INFO Belgian man 19:37, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

External links Removed
There were some recent back-and-forth edits removing and re-adding the external links section. They were removed citing WP:EL and WP:NOT. Thanks to Koolabsol for linking those two pages. After thinking it over, I do believe at least one external link should still remain:

The original official alt.suicide.holiday website is contained here, and it also includes the methods file, both of which were a huge part of alt.suicide.holiday and it's culture (the latter of which is discussed in the article as well). The original website mirrored would have been unambiguously an Official Link according to the guidelines were it still actively maintained, and should still qualify as such, considering it is an exact historical archive of it.

I propose adding just the above link within external links.

Secretions (talk) 06:00, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

 * The link to one of the archives as off 2023 links to a still online forum in a similar vain to ash, and I will be removing that link because of that. Article discussing the forum:https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/12/09/us/where-the-despairing-log-on.html 80.217.100.51 (talk) 21:23, 20 January 2023 (UTC)

Removed from article
I just removed this paragraph from the article because it's not very encyclopedic, no cites, just the opinion of someone who presumably participates. Anyone who wants to fix it up and reinclude it, feel free:

 * While maintaining a pro-choice position on suicide, ASHers do not encaurage anyone to carry out their plans. For most people who post on alt.suicide.holiday, the newsgroup is the only place where they can express their thoughts of suicide without being judged and ridiculed. That support is enough to keep many ASHers from ending their lives.

—Cleared as filed. 17:53, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

That position is clearly stated in the FAQ. Just put in a cite to the FAQ (I can't recall how to cite things). I thought about posting what one of the IRC channels was, but - no, I'd rather my refuge not be invaded by trolls.

ASH is just a place with a sense of... solidarity, for lack of a better word. I started on a related IRC channel 3 months ago, and it's been an incredible comfort. There's nothing that can replace talking to someone who actually knows how you feel and has felt it themself - theres no substitute. You think therapists know what you're going through, how you feel? I am no longer activly suicidal, in large part because of my friends in the IRC channel who conforted and helped me.

Heh, rant, sorry... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

How many lives has ash saved?
Unfortunately, the answer is "countless," so there's no way to post a stat on it. 68.83.72.162 (talk) 02:56, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

 * One, at least, that I can vouch for... Eve Hall (talk) 14:12, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Alt.suicide.holiday. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit User:Cyberpower678/FaQs for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110716221626/http://www.theatresmash.com/2008/07/29/norway-blog-get-in-on-the-conversation/ to http://www.theatresmash.com/2008/07/29/norway-blog-get-in-on-the-conversation/
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20080908150902/http://www.wired.com:80/culture/lifestyle/news/2003/02/57444 to http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2003/02/57444

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title: Talk:Alt.suicide.holiday


text:
Röhrig

Röhrig is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. On 1 January 2024 it became part of the municipality Uder.

title: Röhrig


text:
Sony Ericsson T610

The Sony Ericsson T610, released in 2003, is a mobile phone manufactured by Sony Ericsson. It was one of the first widely available mobile phones to include a built-in digital camera, Bluetooth, color screen, joystick navigation, and was a very high selling model. The T630 was a later variant.

The T610 is available in three distinct colors: Aluminium Haze, Abyss Blue, and Volcanic Red. Many customers of Sony Ericsson in the United Kingdom complained to providers about being unable to obtain the phone in any color other than Aluminium Haze, and to date it is still the most widely sold variant of the phone. The retro-style design of the phone was created by industrial designer Erik Ahlgren, and garnered appreciation in magazines, at expositions, and among buyers. The subtle curves of the body were divided vertically with thin metal or aluminum halves, which were colored. The keypad remained silver regardless of body color variation.

The T610 is a cameraphone that can take pictures in a resolution up to 288 × 352 pixels. It includes 2.5G technologies, supporting GPRS (Class 8) and HSCSD connections with Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) 2.0 capability. It supports polyphonic ringtones in MIDI, and mobile games in Java ME and Mophun formats, and comes with three games. It does not have built-in handsfree or speakerphone capabilities, however.

The latest firmware version for the T610 is R7A011.

Features

 * 770 mAh Li-Pol battery and travel charger
 * Triband (supports GSM 900/1800/1900 MHz bands)
 * Bluetooth wireless technology
 * Infrared port with the infrared eye on the top of the phone, next to the power button
 * Optional: USB cable (USB Cable DCU-11 or  USB Cable DCU-10)
 * Built-in GPRS modem
 * WAP 2.0/XHTML browser; the Internet icon appears when the phone is connected to the Web, using WAP or the built-in GPRS modem
 * E-mail
 * Polyphonic ringing tones
 * Vibrating alert
 * Dimensions: 102 × 44 × 19 mm
 * 128×160 display, 16-bit color (65536 colors)
 * PC synchronization SyncML
 * Digital camera, image size: 288 × 352 pixels (CIF) or 120 × 160 pixels (QQVGA), 24-bit color depth (16 million colors), storage format JPEG
 * Picture formats supported : JPEG, GIF, MBM, PNG and WBMP.
 * Specific absorption rate (SAR) = 0.89 W/kg

Variants

 * T616 - GSM 850/1800/1900 version for North America
 * T628/T630 - New version of the T610 with TFT display, along with new keypad and case, available in Frosty Silver (white/silver) and in certain markets, Liquid Black (black/grey). It can automatically enlarge pictures to VGA size (480×640). The T630 was released in 2004.
 * T637 - Same as T630, but with North American bands (GSM 850/1800/1900).

Bluetooth enabled T610 phone as a GPRS modem

 * Internet access via T610 to PDA
 * Connecting a G4 PowerBook to the internet via GPRS with a Bluetooth Sony Ericsson T610

title: Sony Ericsson T610


text:
Schönhagen

Schönhagen may refer to:

Germany

 * Schönhagen, Thuringia, in the Eichsfeld district, Thuringia
 * , in the Teltow-Fläming district, Brandenburg
 * A locality in Uslar, Lower Saxony
 * A locality in Brodersby, Rendsburg-Eckernförde, Schleswig-Holstein
 * Schönhagen Airport, Brandenburg

Poland

 * the former German name of Osina, Goleniów County, Poland

title: Schönhagen


text:
Ivory Coast national football team

The Ivory Coast national football team (French: Équipe de football de Côte d'Ivoire, recognized as the Côte d'Ivoire by FIFA ) represents Ivory Coast in men's international football. Nicknamed the Elephants, the team is managed by the Ivorian Football Federation (FIF). The team has won the Africa Cup of Nations three times, in 1992, 2015 and 2024, and has qualified for the FIFA World Cup three times, in 2006, 2010, and 2014.

Ivory Coasts's home colours are all orange. Since 2020 their home games have been played at Alassane Ouattara Stadium, in Abidjan. Prior to this their home ground was Felix Houphouet Boigny Stadium, also in Abidjan. Didier Zokora holds the record for number of caps, with 123. The nation's leading goalscorer is Didier Drogba, who scored 65 goals for the Elephants in 105 Appearances.

1960s
The team played its first international match against Dahomey, now known as Benin, which they won 3–2 on 13 April 1960 in Madagascar.

The team took a large 11–0 victory against the Central African Republic. In 1961 the team made their first appearance in the Africa Cup of Nations. After gaining independence from France, the team finished third in the 1963 and 1965 tournaments.

1970s
Ivory Coast's performances in the 1970s were mixed. In the 1970 African Cup of Nations, the team finished top of their group, but lost to Ghana – the powerhouses of African football at the time – in the semi-finals, and went on to finish 4th after losing the third-place play-off to the United Arab Republic (now Egypt). They failed to qualify for the 1972 edition, losing 4–3 to Congo-Brazzaville in the final qualifying round. They qualified in 1974 but finished bottom of their group with only a single point, then failed to qualify in 1976, again losing to Congo-Brazzaville (now simply known as the Congo) in the first round.

The team initially qualified for 1978, beating Mali 2–1 on aggregate, but were disqualified for fielding an ineligible player in the second leg. Mali were also disqualified, due to police and stadium security assaulting the match officials during the first leg, and so Upper Volta, who Ivory Coast had beaten in the first qualifying round, inherited their place.

1980s
In 1984, the team hosted the African Cup of Nations for the first time, but failed to get out of their group. In 1986, they narrowly qualified from their group on goals scored, and went on to finish third once more, beating Morocco 3–2 in the third-place play-off.

1990s
At the 1992 Africa Cup of Nations, Ivory Coast beat Algeria 3–0 and drew 0–0 with Congo to finish top of their group. An extra-time victory over Zambia and a penalty shoot-out win over Cameroon took them to the final for the first time, where they faced Ghana. The match again went to a penalty shoot-out, which became (at the time) the highest-scoring in international football; Ivory Coast eventually triumphed 11–10 to win the title for the first time. They were unable to defend their title in 1994, losing to Nigeria in the semi-finals.

The Ivory Coast team is notable for having participated in (and won) the two highest-scoring penalty shoot-outs in international football competition — the 24-shot shoot-out in the final of the 1992 African Cup of Nations when Ghana was defeated 11–10, and the 24-shot shoot-out in the quarter-final of the 2006 African Cup of Nations, when Cameroon was defeated 12–11. In 2015, Ivory Coast once again defeated Ghana in the final of an 2015 African Cup of Nations with a 22-shot shoot-out, winning 9–8.

2000s and World Cup debut
In October 2005, Ivory Coast secured qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, which was to be their first-ever appearance at the tournament. Having been drawn into a "Group of Death" that also featured Cameroon and Egypt, Ivory Coast went into the final match second behind Cameroon, but qualified after beating Sudan 3–1 while Cameroon could only draw with Egypt.

In the tournament itself, Ivory Coast were drawn into another Group of Death, against Argentina, Holland, and Serbia and Montenegro. They lost 2–1 to Argentina – with Didier Drogba scoring the team's first-ever World Cup goal in the 82nd minute – and then 2–1 to the Netherlands, meaning they had already been eliminated by the time they played Serbia and Montenegro. Despite going 2–0 down after just 20 minutes, Ivory Coast came back to win 3–2, with Bonaventure Kalou scoring an 86th-minute penalty to give Ivory Coast their first-ever World Cup victory.

After Uli Stielike left before the 2008 African Cup of Nations, due to his son's health, co-trainer Gerard Gili took his position. To compensate of the lack of another co-coach, Didier Drogba acted as a player-coach. This was only the second time that a player had also acted as a coach at the tournament, after George Weah was both player and coach for Liberia during the 2002 tournament.

2010s
Ivory Coast qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, and were again drawn in a "Group of Death", against five-time champions Brazil, Portugal, and North Korea. Having managed a 0–0 draw against Portugal, a 3–1 defeat to Brazil meant that in order to qualify from their group, they would have to beat North Korea, Brazil needed to beat Portugal, and (thanks to Portugal's 7–0 win over North Korea) there needed to be a substantial swing in goal difference. Ivory Coast won 3–0, but Portugal held Brazil to a 0–0 draw and Ivory Coast were once again eliminated in the group stages. The team made a third appearance in the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, where they were drawn in Group C against Colombia, Greece, and Japan. After coming from behind to beat Japan 2–1, Ivory Coast then lost 2–1 to Colombia, leaving their qualification in the balance. In their final match against Greece, the score was 1–1 going into stoppage time, and with Japan losing 4–1 to Colombia, Ivory Coast looked set to qualify. However, in the 93rd minute, Giovanni Sio gave away a penalty which Georgios Samaras converted, giving Greece both the victory and the place in the last 16; Ivory Coast, meanwhile, went out in the group stage for the third tournament in a row.

In 2015, the national team won the Africa Cup of Nations for a second time in Equatorial Guinea, defeating Ghana in a penalty shoot-out after a scoreless game.

The team's streak of World Cup qualifications came to an end at the 2018 tournament. Needing a win in their final match against Morocco, they instead lost 2–0, meaning Morocco qualified instead.

2020s
In early 2024, Ivory Coast hosted the Africa Cup of Nations for the second time. Following a 4–0 defeat to Equatorial Guinea and third-placed finish in the group stage, coach Jean-Louis Gasset was dismissed, and assistant coach Emerse Faé was hired as caretaker in the knockout stages, as the national team qualified as one of the best third-placed teams. Later on, Ivory Coast managed to defeat the defending champions Senegal in the penalty shoot-outs, Mali after extra-time, and DR Congo in the semi-finals. They eventually won the title, defeating Nigeria 2–1 in the final, marking their third victory. For the first time in the history of the African Cup of Nations, it was won by a team that changed coaches during the tournament.

Home stadium
From 1964 to 2020, Felix Houphouet Boigny Stadium, a 50,000-seater stadium in Abidjan was the main venue used to host home matches. In 2020, the 60,000-seat Alassane Ouattara Stadium, also in Abidjan, was opened ahead of the 2023 Africa Cup Of Nations.

Supporters
Supporters of the Elephants are known to be among the most colorful in Africa. At Ivory Coast matches, the Elephants supporter sections typically include a percussion band that mimics the sounds of an elephant traveling through a forest.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

2024
{{Football box collapsible }}
 * round     = Friendly
 * date      = 6 January
 * time      = {{UTZ|17:00|0}}}
 * team1     =
 * score     = 5–1
 * team2     = 🇸🇱 sierra leone
 * goals1    =
 * Diomande ⚽ 18'
 * Kessié ⚽ 36'
 * Bamba ⚽ 38'
 * Boga ⚽ 48'
 * Lazare ⚽ 84'
 * goals2    =
 * Michael ⚽ 86'
 * stadium   = Laurent Pokou Stadium
 * location  = San Pedro, Ivory Coast
 * attendance =
 * referee   = Dedjinnanchi Ahomlanto (Benin)
 * result    = w
 * report    = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2024/01/06/world/friendlies/cote-divoire/sierra-leone/4293719/

{{Football box collapsible }}
 * round     = 2026 FIFA WC Qualifier
 * date      = 7 June
 * time      = {{UTZ|19:00|0}}}
 * team1     =
 * score     = 1–0
 * team2     = 🇬🇦 gabon
 * goals1    =
 * Fofana ⚽ 36'
 * goals2    =
 * stadium   = Amadou Gon Coulibaly Stadium
 * location  = Korhogo, Ivory Coast
 * attendance = 17,522
 * referee   = Omar Abdulkadir Artan (Somalia)
 * report    = https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/match-centre/match/520/288282/288289/400018195
 * result    = W

Coaching history

 * 🇫🇷 Paul Gévaudan (1960)
 * 🇨🇮 Alphonse Bissouma Tapé (1965)
 * 🇫🇷 Paul Gévaudan (1967–68)
 * Peter Schnittger (1968–70)
 * 🇨🇮 Jean Tokpa (1970–72)
 * 🇧🇷 Santa Rosa (1972–74)
 * 🇨🇮 Gérard Gabo (1976–80)
 * Otto Pfister (1982–85)
 * 🇧🇷 David Ferreira "Duque" (1984)
 * 🇦🇷 Pancho Gonzales (1986)
 * 🇨🇮 Yeo Martial (1987–88, 1992)
 * 🇨🇮 Kaé Oulaï (1989)
 * Radivoje Ognjanović (1989–92)
 * 🇫🇷 Philippe Troussier (1993)
 * 🇵🇱 Henryk Kasperczak (1993–94)
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Pleimelding (1994–96)
 * 🇫🇷 Robert Nouzaret (1996–98, 2002–04)
 * 🇫🇷 Patrick Parizon (1999–2000)
 * 🇨🇮 Gbonke Tia (2000–01)
 * 🇨🇮 Lama Bamba (2001)
 * 🇫🇷 Henri Michel (2004–07)
 * 🇩🇪 Uli Stielike (2007–08)
 * 🇫🇷 Gérard Gili (2008)
 * 🇧🇦 Vahid Halilhodžić (2008–10)
 * 🇨🇮 Georges Kouadio (2010)
 * 🇸🇪 Sven-Göran Eriksson (2010)
 * 🇨🇮 François Zahoui (2010–12)
 * 🇫🇷 Sabri Lamouchi (2012–14)
 * 🇫🇷 Hervé Renard (2014–15)
 * 🇫🇷 Michel Dussuyer (2015–17)
 * 🇧🇪 Marc Wilmots (2017)
 * 🇨🇮 Ibrahim Kamara (2018–20)
 * 🇫🇷 Patrice Beaumelle (2020–22)
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Louis Gasset (2022–24)
 * 🇨🇮 Emerse Faé (2024–)

Current squad
The following players were selected for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Gabon and Kenya on 7 and 11 June 2024 respectively.

Caps and goals updated as of 11 June 2024, after the match against Kenya.

Recent call-ups
The following players have also been called up to the squad within the last twelve months and are still eligible to represent.

 * DEC Player refused to join the team after the call-up.
 * INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.
 * PRE Preliminary Squad.
 * SUS Suspended from the national team.

Records

 * Players in bold are still active with Ivory Coast.

Africa Cup of Nations

 * *Denotes draws include knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out.
 * **Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won.
 * ***Red border colour indicates tournament was held on home soil.

Honours

 * FIFA Confederations Cup:
 * Fourth-place: 1992
 * Coppa Africa.svg Africa Cup of Nations
 * Gold medal africa.svg Champions: 1992, 2015, 2023
 * Silver medal africa.svg Runner-up: 2006, 2012
 * Afro-Asian Cup of Nations:
 * Runners-up: 2003

title: Ivory Coast national football team


text:
Parliament Act 1949

The Parliament Act 1949 (12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6. c. 103) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It reduced the power of the House of Lords to delay certain types of legislation – specifically public bills other than money bills – by amending the Parliament Act 1911.

After the Labour Party's election in 1945, Attlee's government was worried that the Lords would delay their nationalisation programme. In particular, they feared that peers would reject the Iron and Steel Bill. To resolve the issue, the Commons passed the Parliament Bill in 1947, but it took until December 1949 for the law to be given royal assent under the provisions of the Parliament Act 1911.

This act is interpreted as one with the Parliament Act 1911. This act, and that act, may be cited together as the "Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949".

Parliament Act 1911
The 1911 act placed the relationship between the House of Commons and House of Lords on a new footing, removing the power of the Lords to veto money bills.

Other public bills could be delayed for up to two years. This two-year period meant that legislation introduced in the fourth or fifth years of a parliament could be delayed until after the next election, which could prove an effective measure to prevent its being passed. Specifically, two years had to elapse between the second reading in the House of Commons in the first session and the passing of the bill in the House of Commons in the third session.

Effects of 1949 act
The 1949 act amended the 1911 act, reducing this delay to a single year. Section 2 defined the act's short title as the "Parliament Act 1949" and stated that the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 should be construed together as one under that name.

Legal challenge
In Jackson v Attorney General, the validity of the Parliament Act 1949 was questioned because it used the 1911 act to ensure its passage. The challenge asserted that the 1949 act was delegated rather than primary legislation, and that the 1911 act had delegated power to the Commons. If this were the case, then the Commons could not empower itself through the 1949 act without direct permission from the Lords. Since it was passed under the 1911 act, it had never received the required consent of the Lords. However, the 1949 act was found to be legal. It was concluded that the 1911 act was not primarily about empowering the Commons, but rather was about restricting the ability of the Lords to affect legislation. This ruling also meant that efforts to abolish the House of Lords using the acts could be successful, although the issue was not directly addressed in the ruling.

title: Parliament Act 1949


text:
Talk:High-level assembler

A VANDAL HAS DELETED ALL THE INFO Belgian man 19:43, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Seems okay now? Zuiram 09:08, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Lack of notability
IMHO this subject should be deleted, because the term "high level assembler" is not established. I think I'm an assembler expert. None of my 20 or so books contains the term "high level assembler", and on the internet I only find the vagaries of Randall Hide. Adding conditional compilation, macro's or facilities to more easily call external facilities (in higher level languages like C) are unsufficient ground. Especially not because it is hard to find a serious tool that doesn't allow for conditional compilation and/or macro's. Once there are macro's you can easily add facilities for external calls.

If the information here is to be salvaged, the subject should be renamed. Even so the information could better be distributed over subjects like "calling high level languages from assembler". A good article would probably be dismissed as "original research". 80.100.243.19 (talk) 16:28, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

 * You're right about the Hyde system not being a real high level assembler despite its name - it's clearly a programming language, modelled on C# or some other equivalent modern language. However the term most definitely was in common use in the 60's and 70's.  I've added a reference link to Hamish Dewar's "HAL70" (the 70 refers to the Interdata minis, not the year) which was published in 1975.  If you read the manual it is very clearly in the style as described in the article section.  Dewar's HAL was relatively portable, and was also implemented for the ICL7502 editing station (by Dewar) as well as for the ICL 2900 series and the DEC KMC11 by others. 70.124.38.160 (talk) 05:39, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

PL/360
While PL/360 had features that the IBM D, F and XF assemblers lacked, it's lack of an equivalent to USING and its lack of macros left it arguably lower level than the assemblers bundled with the IBM S/360 and S/370 operating systems. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 19:07, 11 September 2013 (UTC)

ESPOL seems to be more than just an assembler
ESPOL seems to be more than just an assembler, even a "high-level" assembler; it does more than just "[provide] an ALGOL-like syntax around explicitly-specified Burroughs B5000 machine instructions" - it allows, for example, arbitrary high-level-language-style expressions, not just explicitly specified operand call and arithmetic instructions.

It's more of a system programming language, in that, while you can, at least with the B5xxx ESPOL, use POLISH to write machine-language instructions directly, and can make various machine-specific references, that's not the only kind of code you can put inside higher-language control flow constructs. Guy Harris (talk) 08:04, 15 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:High-level assembler


text:
Effelder

Effelder may refer to the following places in Germany:

 * Effelder, Eichsfeld, a municipality in the Eichsfeld district, Thuringia
 * Effelder-Rauenstein, a municipality in the Sonneberg district, Thuringia
 * Effelder (river), a river in Thuringia and Bavaria, tributary of the Itz

title: Effelder


text:
Flight (disambiguation)

Flight is the process by which an object moves without direct support from a surface.

Flight may also refer to:

Films

 * Flight (1929 film), an American adventure film
 * Flight (2009 film), a South Korean drama film
 * Flight (2012 film), an American film directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Denzel Washington
 * Flight (2021 film), an Indian action thriller film

 * The Flight (film), a 1970 Soviet film

Literature

 * "Flight" (Lessing story), a 1957 short story by Doris Lessing
 * Flight (novel), a 2007 novel by Sherman Alexie
 * Flight (play), a 1927 by Mikhail Bulgakov
 * "Flight" (Steinbeck story), a 1938 short story by John Steinbeck
 * Flights (novel), a 2007 novel by Olga Tokarczuk

Albums and EPs

 * Flight (Building 429 album) (2002)
 * Flight (Cesium 137 album) (2008)
 * Flight (Thorgeir Stubø album) (1988)
 * Flight, an album by Windsor Airlift (2010)
 * The Flight [Lux], an EP by Edge of Dawn (2005)

Songs

 * "Flight" (song), a 2014 song by Lifehouse
 * "Flight", a song by A Certain Ratio from The Graveyard and the Ballroom
 * "Flight", a song by Joe Morris from Singularity
 * "Flight", a song by Neurosis from Souls at Zero

Other uses in music

 * Flight (opera), an opera by Jonathan Dove (1998)
 * Flights (band), a British rock band
 * The Flight (band), a duo that produces music for film, television and video games

Television

 * Flight (TV series), a 1958 syndicated anthology series hosted by George Kenney
 * "Flight" (Grey's Anatomy), a 2012 episode of Grey's Anatomy
 * "Flight" (Prison Break), a 2006 episode of Prison Break

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * Flight (comics) (2005)
 * Flight (magazine), a magazine founded in 1909
 * Flight (sculpture), an artwork at the Lynden Sculpture Garden
 * Microsoft Flight, a video game/simulation
 * The Flight, a Marvel Comics superhero team of 1992

Military

 * Flight (military unit)
 * Flight sergeant, a senior non-commissioned rank in the Royal Air Force and several other air forces

Sports

 * Flight (cricket), a sports term
 * In flight, a condition in baseball before a batted ball has touched anything other than a fielder or their gear

Other uses

 * Flight (advertising)
 * Flight (horse), an Australian racehorse
 * Fletching or flight, part of an arrow
 * Flight of stairs
 * Air travel
 * A flight number designating an airline service
 * Attachment used to move material in a flight conveyor
 * A beer flight, used to sample many different beers

title: Flight (disambiguation)


text:
Schönhagen, Thuringia

Schönhagen is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. On 1 January 2024 it became part of the municipality Uder.

title: Schönhagen, Thuringia


text: Talk:Queen Philippa

title: Talk:Queen Philippa


text:
Steinheuterode

Steinheuterode is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, in the center of Germany. On 1 January 2024 it became part of the municipality Uder.

Location
It is located at an altitude of 316 m at the foot of the Steinberg hill, and is surrounded by forest. The houses are arranged around the St. Alban church and a community center.

Coat of arms
In the center of Steinheuterode's coat of arms is a billygoat, which refers to the nickname of the inhabitants: Steintreeder Zeggenböcke. There is a golden oak leaf on the left, representing the location of the municipality in Eichsfeld. The stump in the foreground is symbolic of the establishment of the village as a clearance village. The mountain at the bottom represents the location of Steinheuterode, at the foot of the Steinberg.

History
The first time the village was documented was in 1228, when it was called Hauwerterode. To distinguish it from the Eichsfeldian village Wüstheuterode, the prefix Stein was added. A manor was built in 1575 and in 1732 the fountain Regine was constructed in the courtyard of the manor, which today serves as a community center.

title: Steinheuterode


text:
Enter the Phoenix

Enter the Phoenix (Chinese: 大佬愛美麗, Daai lo oi mei lai, literally "Big brother loves beauty") is a 2004 Hong Kong film directed by Stephen Fung.

Plot
When gang master Hung died, his two followers Cheung and Chapman To were sent to Thailand to look for his son, Georgie Hung, to succeed him. Georgie, who is gay and lives as a cook with his boyfriend Frankie, is uninterested to continue his father's work. But his close friend Sam, adored the life of a gangster and took his position instead. Sam and Georgie thus returned to Hong Kong with their identities swapped.

Upon returning, they discovered that Hung had accidentally killed Cheng Chow's father and now Cheng Chow, a leading gangster of a friendly gang, led by Chan Wai-Man, is looking to avenge for his father's death.

Meanwhile, Chan Wai-Man wanted to let his daughter Julie to marry Sam in order to strengthen the bond between the two gangs. Sam initially agrees but later changed his mind when he discovered that Julie is not in love with him.

Finally, Cheng Chow kidnapped both Julie and Sam and forced Georgie to lead his gang on a rescue mission. Georgie, with help from Julie and Sam, defeated Cheng Chow in the final battle and told him to accept the fact that his father's death was an accident. Then Cheng Chow saved Georgie when one of his men tried to take his life.

Julie and Sam fell in love during the kidnapping and decided to get married while Sam and Georgie took joint leadership of the gang.

Full cast

 * Eason Chan - Sam
 * Daniel Wu - Georgie Hung Chi Kit
 * Karen Mok - Julie Lui
 * Chapman To - Chapman To
 * Law Kar-ying - Master 8 / Cheung / Father Fight
 * Stephen Fung - Cheng Chow
 * Yuen Biao - Georgie Hung's father
 * Nicholas Tse - Cock Head
 * Jackie Chan - Mr. Chan / Client of Julie (cameo)
 * Brian Lee - David
 * Michael Chan - Lui the Gang leader
 * Philip Ng - Bo
 * Chapman To - Kin
 * Sam Lee - Gay Man
 * Sammi Cheng - Head Restaurant Manager (cameo)
 * Hayama Go - Max Cheung (Chow's Henchman)
 * Chan Wai-Man - Lui
 * Lee Lik-Chi - Ma Leung
 * Glen Chin - Fat Ox
 * Maggie Lau - Breeze
 * Koey Wong - Precious
 * Tenky Kai Man Tin - Assassin
 * Courtney Wu - Mr. Ho
 * Ankee Leung - Kin's thug
 * Sam Hoh - Chow's thug
 * Chu Cho-Kuen (extra)

title: Enter the Phoenix


text: Category:Garza County, Texas

title: Category:Garza County, Texas


text:
Creative writing

Creative writing is any writing that goes outside the bounds of normal professional, journalistic, academic, or technical forms of literature, typically identified by an emphasis on narrative craft, character development, and the use of literary tropes or with various traditions of poetry and poetics. Due to the looseness of the definition, it is possible for writing such as feature stories to be considered creative writing, even though it falls under journalism, because the content of features is specifically focused on narrative and character development. Both fictional and non-fictional works fall into this category, including such forms as novels, biographies, short stories, and poems. In the academic setting, creative writing is typically separated into fiction and poetry classes, with a focus on writing in an original style, as opposed to imitating pre-existing genres such as crime or horror. Writing for the screen and stage—screenwriting and playwriting—are often taught separately, but fit under the creative writing category as well.

Creative writing can technically be considered any writing of original composition. In this sense, creative writing is a more contemporary and process-oriented name for what has been traditionally called literature, including the variety of its genres. In her work, Foundations of Creativity, Mary Lee Marksberry references Paul Witty and Lou LaBrant's Teaching the People's Language to define creative writing. Marksberry notes:

Witty and LaBrant...[say creative writing] is a composition of any type of writing at any time primarily in the service of such needs as
 * 1) the need for keeping records of significant experience,
 * 2) the need for sharing experience with an interested group, and
 * 3) the need for free individual expression which contributes to mental and physical health.

In academia
Unlike its academic counterpart of writing classes that teach students to compose work based on the rules of the language, creative writing is believed to focus on students' self-expression. While creative writing as an educational subject is often available at some stages, if not throughout, primary and secondary school (K–12), perhaps the most refined form of creative writing as an educational focus is in universities.

Following a reworking of university education in the post-war era, creative writing has progressively gained prominence in the university setting. In the UK, the first formal creative writing program was established as a Master of Arts degree at the University of East Anglia in 1970 by the novelists Malcolm Bradbury and Angus Wilson. With the beginning of formal creative writing programs: For the first time in the sad and enchanting history of literature, for the first time in the glorious and dreadful history of the world, the writer was welcome in the academic place. If the mind could be honored there, why not the imagination?

Programs of study
Creative Writing programs are typically available to writers from the high school level all the way through graduate school/university and adult education. Traditionally these programs are associated with the English departments in the respective schools, but this notion has been challenged in recent times as more creative writing programs have spun off into their own department. Creative Writing undergraduate degrees tend to be Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) degrees, but Bachelor of Science (BSc) degrees also exist. Some continue to pursue a Master of Arts or Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing. Once rare, Ph.D. programs are becoming more prevalent in the field, as more writers attempt to bridge the gap between academic study and artistic pursuit.

Creative writers often place an emphasis in either fiction or poetry, and it is normal to start with short stories or simple poems. They then make a schedule based on this emphasis including literature classes, education classes and workshop classes to strengthen their skills and techniques. Though they have their own programs of study in the fields of film and theatre, screenwriting and playwriting have become more popular in creative writing programs since creative writing programs attempt to work more closely with film and theatre programs as well as English programs. Creative writing students are encouraged to get involved in extracurricular writing-based activities, such as publishing clubs, school-based literary magazines or newspapers, writing contests, writing colonies or conventions, and extended education classes.

In the classroom
Creative writing is usually taught in a workshop format rather than seminar style. In workshops, students usually submit original work for peer critique. Students also format a writing method through the process of writing and re-writing. Some courses teach the means to exploit or access latent creativity or more technical issues such as editing, structural techniques, genres, random idea generating, or unblocking writer's block. Some noted authors, such as Michael Chabon, Sir Kazuo Ishiguro, Kevin Brockmeier, Ian McEwan, Karl Kirchwey, Dame Rose Tremain and reputed screenwriters, such as David Benioff, Darren Star and Peter Farrelly, have graduated from university creative writing programs.

Many educators find that using creative writing can increase students' academic performance and resilience. The activity of completing small goals consistently rather than unfinished big goals creates pride in one's brain, which exudes dopamine throughout the brain and increases motivation. It has been shown to build resilience in students by documenting and analyzing their experiences, which gives the students a new perspective on an old situation and allows sorting of emotions. It also has been proven to increase a student's level of compassion and create a sense of community among students in what could otherwise be deemed an isolating classroom.

Controversy in academia
Creative writing is considered by some academics (mostly in the US) to be an extension of the English discipline, even though it is taught around the world in many languages. The English discipline is traditionally seen as the critical study of literary forms, not the creation of literary forms. Some academics see creative writing as a challenge to this tradition. In the UK and Australia, as well as increasingly in the US and the rest of the world, creative writing is considered a discipline in its own right, not an offshoot of any other discipline. To say that the creative has no part in education is to argue that a university is not universal. Those who support creative writing programs either as part or separate from the English discipline, argue for the academic worth of the creative writing experience. They argue that creative writing hones the students' abilities to clearly express their thoughts and that creative writing entails an in-depth study of literary terms and mechanisms so they can be applied to the writer's work to foster improvement. These critical analysis skills are further used in other literary studies outside the creative writing sphere. Indeed, the process of creative writing, the crafting of a thought-out and original piece, is considered by some to constitute experience in creative problem-solving.

Despite a large number of academic creative writing programs throughout the world, many people argue that creative writing cannot be taught. Essayist Louis Menand explores the issue in an article for the New Yorker in which he quotes Kay Boyle, the director of the creative writing program at San Francisco State University for sixteen years, who said, "all creative-writing programs ought to be abolished by law." Contemporary discussions of creative writing at the university level vary widely; some people value MFA programs and regard them with great respect, whereas many MFA candidates and hopefuls lament their chosen programs' lack of both diversity and genre awareness.

The pedagogy of creative writing is also a source of controversy. Critics of MFA and English graduate programs argue that the methods of instruction discriminate against people with disabilities, emphasizing writing practices such as daily writing requirements or location-based writing that students with chronic illness, physical or mental health barriers, and neurodivergent students are unable to access. The selection of texts used in traditional creative writing programs is also being challenged, with critics pointing out that Western literary canon and writing pedagogy is "historically rooted and linked to exclusion and structural racism in creative writing programs."

In prisons
In the late 1960s, American prisons began implementing creative writing programs due to the prisoner rights movement that stemmed from events such as the Attica Prison riot. The creative writing programs are among many art programs that aim to benefit prisoners during and after their time in prison. Programs such as these provide education, structure, and a creative outlet to encourage rehabilitation. These programs' continuation relies heavily on volunteers and outside financial support from sources such as authors and activist groups.

The Poets Playwrights Essayists Editors and Novelists, known as PEN, were among the most significant contributors to creative writing programs in America. In 1971, PEN established the Prison Writing Committee to implement and advocate for creative writing programs in prisons throughout the U.S. The PEN Writing Committee improved prison libraries, inspired volunteer writers to teach prisoners, persuaded authors to host workshops, and founded an annual literary competition for prisoners. Workshops and classes help prisoners build self-esteem, make healthy social connections, and learn new skills, which can ease prisoner reentry.

Creative writing programs offered in juvenile correction facilities have also proved beneficial. In Alabama, Writing Our Stories began in 1997 as an anti-violence initiative to encourage positive self-expression among incarcerated youths. The program found that the participants gained confidence, the ability to empathize and see their peers in a more positive light, and motivation to want to return to society and live a more productive life.

One California study of prison fine arts programs found art education increased emotional control and decreased disciplinary reports. Participation in creative writing and other art programs result in significant positive outcomes for the inmates' mental health, relationship with their families, and the facility's environment. The study evidenced improved writing skills enhanced one's ability in other academic areas of study, portraying writing as a fundamental tool for building one's intellect. Teaching prisoners creative writing can encourage literacy, teach necessary life skills, and provide prisoners with an outlet to express regret, accountability, responsibility, and a kind of restorative justice.

Elements

 * Action
 * Character
 * Conflict
 * Dialogue
 * Genre
 * Narration
 * Pace
 * Plot
 * Point of view
 * Scene
 * Setting
 * Style
 * Suspense
 * Theme and motif
 * Tone
 * Voice

Forms and genres of literature

 * Autobiography/Memoir
 * Creative non-fiction (Personal & Journalistic Essays)
 * Children's books
 * Drama
 * Epic
 * Flash fiction
 * Graphic novels/Comics
 * Novel
 * Novella
 * Play
 * Poetry
 * Screenplay
 * Short story
 * Dialogues
 * Blogs

title: Creative writing


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Josh, Master of GameCube

Josh, Master of GameCube
Vanity. --jpgordon 19:50, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Thue | talk 20:15, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as the ultimate vanity. If not, the uppity little so-and-so gets to gloat for the next five days.  Sheesh. - Lucky 6.9 20:18, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. --R. S. Shaw 20:32, 2004 Oct 4 (UTC)
 * Delete or move to BJAODN. -- [[User:Bobdoe| Bob Doe ]] 21:07, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Someday, I'm going to vote keep on one of these to mess people up. This is not that day. Delete. Lord Bob 23:30, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Game troll vanity.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:42, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: prank. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:59, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Hard to believe that this is even up for discussion - AndrewH 10:43, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Vanity nonsense. Delete. -- Mike Rosoft 13:12, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Would have been an Early Delete candidate, if that had passed. However, since it hasn't, this cannot be speedied legally.  So we have to let him go global.  Josh will be famous. Geogre 16:54, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Please. Now. Gamaliel 08:49, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:64.8.142.14

title: User talk:64.8.142.14


text:
Ulster Transport Authority

The Ulster Transport Authority (UTA) ran rail and bus transport in Northern Ireland from 1948 until 1966.

Formation and consolidation
The UTA was formed by the Transport Act 1948, which merged the Northern Ireland Road Transport Board (NIRTB) and the Belfast and County Down Railway (BCDR). Added to this in 1949 was the Northern Counties Committee (NCC), owned by the British Transport Commission's Railway Executive since its previous owner, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), had been nationalised in 1948.

Branch railway closures
In January 1950 the UTA closed almost the entire BCDR network except the Queen's Quay, Belfast – Bangor commuter line. In the same year it closed the Macfin – Kilrea section of the former NCC's Derry Central Railway and the freight-only former NCC line from Limavady to Dungiven. It also withdrew passenger services from the former NCC branch lines to Cookstown, Draperstown and Limavady and the Magherafelt – Kilrea section of the Derry Central. That summer it closed Northern Ireland's last narrow gauge lines: the Ballycastle Railway and the Ballymena and Larne Railway.

In 1954 seven 6-coach diesel units were put on the Belfast-Bangor line, making it the first completely dieselised passenger service in Ireland.

In 1955 the UTA closed the (by then freight-only) branches to Cookstown and Limavady, and the line between Castlewellan and Newcastle, County Down (which was worked by the GNR).

In 1957 the Northern Ireland Government made the Great Northern Railway Board close much of its network in the province. This left no railways in many rural areas, including the whole of County Fermanagh. By 1958 the GNR main line was the only remaining railway across the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. In that year what was left of the GNRB was dissolved and split between Córas Iompair Éireann (the Republic of Ireland's nationalised transport company) and the UTA.

In 1959 the UTA closed the (by then freight only) remaining Magherafelt – Kilrea section of the Derry Central and the former GNR (by then freight only) branch from Dungannon to Cookstown. The UTA also took over the Londonderry Port and Harbour Commissioners' dual gauge railway that linked Derry's four railway termini, and in 1962 the UTA closed this railway as well.

The Benson Report
In 1962, on the recommendation of Dr Richard Beeching, the Government of Northern Ireland commissioned a senior Coopers & Lybrand accountant, Sir Henry Benson, to report on the future of the UTA's railways. In 1963 Benson submitted his report, which recommended closing all UTA railways except the Belfast commuter lines to Bangor and Larne and the main line between Belfast and Dublin, and the reduction of the main line between Portadown and Dundalk to single track.

Benson recommended the only reason for retaining the main line between Portadown and Dundalk was not for transport or economics but solely political. The Republic of Ireland's government objected to Benson's proposal to single the track between Portadown and Dundalk so the Northern Ireland Government withdrew it.

Derry had two rail links with Belfast: the former NCC main line via Coleraine and the former GNR one via Portadown. Benson's recommendation to close both lines provoked strong protest from Northern Ireland's second city and towns along both routes. The Northern Ireland Government responded by retaining the former NCC main line, which was slightly the shorter of the two but also served strongly Unionist parts of County Antrim, plus the short branch between Coleraine and the seaside resort of Portrush.

In 1965 the Northern Ireland government implemented Benson's recommendation to close the former GNR route between Portadown and Derry, informally known as the "Derry Road", at the cost of 400 jobs. This ended all railway services to stations including Dungannon, Omagh, Strabane, and left the entire southwest of the province, including the whole of County Tyrone, with no rail services. The government also closed the Belfast Central Railway, (that Benson had recommended retaining). The branch between Goraghwood and Newry Edward Street was also closed, leaving Newry with only the inconveniently sited Newry Main Line station some distance up a hill outside the town.

These closures left only the Belfast York Road – Londonderry Waterside, Bleach Green – Larne Harbour and Coleraine – Portrush lines in service.

Split into rail and road companies
Transport Acts in 1967 split the UTA into road and rail operations, the bus operations being taken over by a new company called Ulsterbus in the same year. The rail operations temporarily became Ulster Transport Railways (UTR) before being taken over by Northern Ireland Railways (NIR) in 1968.

title: Ulster Transport Authority


text:
Thalwenden

Thalwenden is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. On 1 January 2024 it became part of the municipality Uder.

title: Thalwenden


text:
Tangent half-angle formula

In trigonometry, tangent half-angle formulas relate the tangent of half of an angle to trigonometric functions of the entire angle.

Formulae
The tangent of half an angle is the stereographic projection of the circle through the point at angle $\pi$ radians onto the line through the angles $\pm \frac{\pi}{2}$. Among these formulas are the following:

$$ \begin{align} \tan \tfrac12( \eta \pm \theta) &= \frac{\tan \tfrac12 \eta \pm \tan \tfrac12 \theta}{1 \mp \tan \tfrac12 \eta \, \tan \tfrac12 \theta} = \frac{\sin\eta \pm \sin\theta}{\cos\eta + \cos\theta} = -\frac{\cos\eta - \cos\theta}{\sin\eta \mp \sin\theta}, \\[10pt]

\tan \tfrac12 \theta &= \frac{\sin\theta}{1 + \cos\theta} = \frac{\tan\theta}{\sec\theta + 1} = \frac{1}{\csc\theta + \cot\theta}, & & (\eta = 0) \\[10pt]

\tan \tfrac12 \theta &= \frac{1-\cos\theta}{\sin\theta} = \frac{\sec\theta-1}{\tan\theta} = \csc\theta-\cot\theta, & & (\eta = 0) \\[10pt]

\tan \tfrac12 \big(\theta \pm \tfrac12\pi \big) &= \frac{1 \pm \sin\theta}{\cos\theta} = \sec\theta \pm \tan\theta = \frac{\csc\theta \pm 1}{\cot\theta}, & & \big(\eta = \tfrac12\pi \big) \\[10pt]

\tan \tfrac12 \big(\theta \pm \tfrac12\pi \big) &= \frac{\cos\theta}{1 \mp \sin\theta} = \frac{1}{\sec\theta \mp \tan\theta} = \frac{\cot\theta}{\csc\theta \mp 1}, & & \big(\eta = \tfrac12\pi \big) \\[10pt]

\frac{1 - \tan \tfrac12\theta}{1 + \tan \tfrac12\theta} &= \pm\sqrt{\frac{1 - \sin\theta}{1 + \sin\theta}} \\[10pt]

\tan \tfrac12 \theta &= \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos\theta}{1 + \cos\theta}} \\[10pt]

\end{align} $$

Identities
From these one can derive identities expressing the sine, cosine, and tangent as functions of tangents of half-angles:

$$ \begin{align} \sin \alpha & = \frac{2\tan \tfrac12 \alpha}{1 + \tan ^2 \tfrac12 \alpha} \\[7pt] \cos \alpha & = \frac{1 - \tan ^2 \tfrac12 \alpha}{1 + \tan ^2 \tfrac12 \alpha} \\[7pt] \tan \alpha & = \frac{2\tan \tfrac12 \alpha}{1 - \tan ^2 \tfrac12 \alpha} \end{align} $$

Algebraic proofs
Using double-angle formulae and the Pythagorean identity $1 + \tan^2 \alpha = 1 \big/ \cos^2 \alpha$ gives

$$ \sin \alpha = 2\sin \tfrac12 \alpha \cos \tfrac12 \alpha = \frac{ 2 \sin \tfrac12 \alpha\, \cos \tfrac12 \alpha \Big/ \cos^2 \tfrac12 \alpha} {1 + \tan^2 \tfrac12 \alpha} = \frac{2\tan \tfrac12 \alpha}{1 + \tan^2 \tfrac12 \alpha}, \quad \text{and} $$

$$ \cos \alpha = \cos^2 \tfrac12 \alpha - \sin^2 \tfrac12 \alpha = \frac{ \left(\cos^2 \tfrac12 \alpha - \sin^2 \tfrac12 \alpha\right) \Big/ \cos^2 \tfrac1 2 \alpha} { 1 + \tan^2 \tfrac12 \alpha} = \frac{1 - \tan^2 \tfrac12 \alpha}{1 + \tan^2 \tfrac12 \alpha}. $$

Taking the quotient of the formulae for sine and cosine yields

$$\tan \alpha = \frac{2\tan \tfrac12 \alpha}{1 - \tan ^2 \tfrac12 \alpha}.$$

Combining the Pythagorean identity with the double-angle formula for the cosine, $ \cos 2\alpha =  \cos^2 \alpha - \sin^2 \alpha  =  1 - 2\sin^2 \alpha  =  2\cos^2 \alpha - 1, $

rearranging, and taking the square roots yields

$$ \left|\sin \alpha\right| = \sqrt {\frac{1-\cos2\alpha}{2}} $$ and  $$ \left|\cos \alpha\right| = \sqrt {\frac{1+\cos2\alpha}{2}} $$

which, upon division gives

$$ \left|\tan \alpha\right| = \frac {\sqrt {1 - \cos 2\alpha}}{\sqrt {1 + \cos 2\alpha}} = \frac { {\sqrt {1 - \cos 2\alpha}}{\sqrt {1 + \cos 2\alpha}} }{1 + \cos 2\alpha} =\frac{1 + \cos 2\alpha} = \frac{\left|\sin 2\alpha\right|}{1 + \cos 2\alpha}. $$

Alternatively,

$$ \left|\tan \alpha\right| = \frac {\sqrt {1 - \cos 2\alpha}}{\sqrt {1 + \cos 2\alpha}} = \frac {1 - \cos 2\alpha}{ {\sqrt {1 + \cos 2\alpha}}{\sqrt {1 - \cos 2\alpha}} } = \frac{1 - \cos 2\alpha} = \frac{1 - \cos 2\alpha}{\left|\sin 2\alpha\right|}. $$

It turns out that the absolute value signs in these last two formulas may be dropped, regardless of which quadrant $α$ is in. With or without the absolute value bars these formulas do not apply when both the numerator and denominator on the right-hand side are zero.

Also, using the angle addition and subtraction formulae for both the sine and cosine one obtains:

$$\begin{align} \cos (a+b) &= \cos a \cos b - \sin a \sin b \\ \cos (a-b) &= \cos a \cos b + \sin a \sin b \\ \sin (a+b) &= \sin a \cos b + \cos a \sin b \\ \sin (a-b) &= \sin a \cos b - \cos a \sin b \end{align}$$

Pairwise addition of the above four formulae yields:

$$ \begin{align} &\sin (a+b) + \sin (a-b) \\[5mu] &\quad= \sin a \cos b + \cos a \sin b + \sin a \cos b - \cos a \sin b \\[5mu] &\quad = 2 \sin a \cos b \\[15mu]

&\cos (a+b) + \cos (a-b) \\[5mu] &\quad= \cos a \cos b - \sin a \sin b + \cos a \cos b + \sin a \sin b \\[5mu] &\quad= 2 \cos a \cos b \end{align} $$

Setting $a= \tfrac12 (p+q)$ and $$b= \tfrac12 (p-q)$$ and substituting yields:

$$ \begin{align} & \sin p + \sin q \\[5mu] &\quad= \sin \left(\tfrac12 (p+q) + \tfrac12 (p-q)\right) + \sin\left(\tfrac12(p+q) - \tfrac12 (p-q)\right) \\[5mu] &\quad= 2 \sin \tfrac12(p+q) \, \cos \tfrac12(p-q) \\[15mu] & \cos p + \cos q \\[5mu] &\quad= \cos\left(\tfrac12(p+q) + \tfrac12 (p-q)\right) + \cos\left(\tfrac12(p+q) - \tfrac12(p-q)\right) \\[5mu] &\quad= 2 \cos\tfrac12(p+q) \, \cos\tfrac12(p-q) \end{align} $$

Dividing the sum of sines by the sum of cosines one arrives at:

$$ \frac{\sin p + \sin q}{\cos p + \cos q} = \frac{2 \sin \tfrac12(p+q) \, \cos \tfrac12(p-q)}{2 \cos \tfrac12(p+q) \, \cos \tfrac12(p-q)} = \tan \tfrac12(p+q) $$

Geometric proofs
Applying the formulae derived above to the rhombus figure on the right, it is readily shown that

$$\tan \tfrac12 (a+b) = \frac{\sin \tfrac12 (a + b)}{\cos \tfrac12 (a + b)} = \frac{\sin a + \sin b}{\cos a + \cos b}.$$

In the unit circle, application of the above shows that $t = \tan \tfrac12 \varphi$. By similarity of triangles,

$$\frac{t}{\sin \varphi} = \frac{1}{1+ \cos \varphi}.$$

It follows that

$$t = \frac{\sin \varphi}{1+ \cos \varphi} = \frac{\sin \varphi(1- \cos \varphi)}{(1+ \cos \varphi)(1- \cos \varphi)} = \frac{1- \cos \varphi}{\sin \varphi}.$$

The tangent half-angle substitution in integral calculus

In various applications of trigonometry, it is useful to rewrite the trigonometric functions (such as sine and cosine) in terms of rational functions of a new variable $$t$$. These identities are known collectively as the tangent half-angle formulae because of the definition of $$t$$. These identities can be useful in calculus for converting rational functions in sine and cosine to functions of $1⁄2 (a + b)$ in order to find their antiderivatives.

Geometrically, the construction goes like this: for any point $tan 1⁄2 (a + b) = (sin a + sin b) / (cos a + cos b)$ on the unit circle, draw the line passing through it and the point $sin 1⁄2(a + b)$. This point crosses the $cos 1⁄2(a + b)$-axis at some point $t$. One can show using simple geometry that $(cos φ, sin φ)$. The equation for the drawn line is $(−1, 0)$. The equation for the intersection of the line and circle is then a quadratic equation involving $y$. The two solutions to this equation are $y = t$ and $t = tan(φ/2)$. This allows us to write the latter as rational functions of $y = (1 + x)t$ (solutions are given below).

The parameter $t$ represents the stereographic projection of the point $(−1, 0)$ onto the $(cos φ, sin φ)$-axis with the center of projection at $t$. Thus, the tangent half-angle formulae give conversions between the stereographic coordinate $t$ on the unit circle and the standard angular coordinate $(cos φ, sin φ)$.

Then we have

$$ \begin{align} & \sin\varphi = \frac{2t}{1 + t^2}, & & \cos\varphi = \frac{1 - t^2}{1 + t^2}, \\[8pt] & \tan\varphi = \frac{2t}{1 - t^2} & & \cot\varphi = \frac{1 - t^2}{2t}, \\[8pt] & \sec\varphi = \frac{1 + t^2}{1 - t^2}, & & \csc\varphi = \frac{1 + t^2}{2t}, \end{align} $$

and

$$e^{i \varphi} = \frac{1 + i t}{1 - i t}, \qquad e^{-i \varphi} = \frac{1 - i t}{1 + i t}. $$

Both this expression of $$e^{i\varphi}$$ and the expression $$t = \tan(\varphi/2)$$ can be solved for $$\varphi$$. Equating these gives the arctangent in terms of the natural logarithm $$\arctan t = \frac{-i}{2} \ln\frac{1+it}{1-it}.$$

In calculus, the tangent half-angle substitution is used to find antiderivatives of rational functions of $y$ and $(−1, 0)$. Differentiating $$t=\tan\tfrac12\varphi$$ gives $$\frac{dt}{d\varphi} = \tfrac12\sec^2 \tfrac12\varphi = \tfrac12(1+\tan^2 \tfrac12\varphi) = \tfrac12(1+t^2)$$ and thus $$d\varphi = {{2\,dt} \over {1 + t^2}}.$$

Hyperbolic identities
One can play an entirely analogous game with the hyperbolic functions. A point on (the right branch of) a hyperbola is given by $t$. Projecting this onto $φ$-axis from the center $sin φ$ gives the following:

$$t = \tanh\tfrac12\psi = \frac{\sinh\psi}{\cosh\psi+1} = \frac{\cosh\psi-1}{\sinh\psi}$$

with the identities

$$ \begin{align} & \sinh\psi = \frac{2t}{1 - t^2}, & & \cosh\psi = \frac{1 + t^2}{1 - t^2}, \\[8pt] & \tanh\psi = \frac{2t}{1 + t^2}, & & \coth\psi = \frac{1 + t^2}{2t}, \\[8pt] & \operatorname{sech}\,\psi = \frac{1 - t^2}{1 + t^2}, & & \operatorname{csch}\,\psi = \frac{1 - t^2}{2t}, \end{align} $$

and

$$e^\psi = \frac{1 + t}{1 - t}, \qquad e^{-\psi} = \frac{1 - t}{1 + t}.$$

Finding $cos φ$ in terms of $(cosh ψ, sinh ψ)$ leads to following relationship between the inverse hyperbolic tangent $$\operatorname{artanh}$$ and the natural logarithm:

$$2 \operatorname{artanh} t = \ln\frac{1+t}{1-t}.$$

The hyperbolic tangent half-angle substitution in calculus uses $$d\psi = {{2\,dt} \over {1 - t^2}}\,.$$

The Gudermannian function
Comparing the hyperbolic identities to the circular ones, one notices that they involve the same functions of $y$, just permuted. If we identify the parameter $(−1, 0)$ in both cases we arrive at a relationship between the circular functions and the hyperbolic ones. That is, if

$$t = \tan\tfrac12 \varphi = \tanh\tfrac12 \psi$$

then

$$\varphi = 2\arctan \bigl(\tanh \tfrac12 \psi\,\bigr) \equiv \operatorname{gd} \psi.$$

where $ψ$ is the Gudermannian function. The Gudermannian function gives a direct relationship between the circular functions and the hyperbolic ones that does not involve complex numbers. The above descriptions of the tangent half-angle formulae (projection the unit circle and standard hyperbola onto the $t$-axis) give a geometric interpretation of this function.

Rational values and Pythagorean triples
Starting with a Pythagorean triangle with side lengths $a$, $b$, and $c$ that are positive integers and satisfy $t$, it follows immediately that each interior angle of the triangle has rational values for sine and cosine, because these are just ratios of side lengths. Thus each of these angles has a rational value for its half-angle tangent, using $t$.

The reverse is also true. If there are two positive angles that sum to 90°, each with a rational half-angle tangent, and the third angle is a right angle then a triangle with these interior angles can be scaled to a Pythagorean triangle. If the third angle is not required to be a right angle, but is the angle that makes the three positive angles sum to 180° then the third angle will necessarily have a rational number for its half-angle tangent when the first two do (using angle addition and subtraction formulas for tangents) and the triangle can be scaled to a Heronian triangle.

Generally, if $K$ is a subfield of the complex numbers then $gd(ψ)$ implies that $y$.

title: Tangent half-angle formula


text:
Bromham

Bromham may refer to:

 * Bromham, Bedfordshire, a village in the county of Bedfordshire, England
 * Bromham, Wiltshire, a village in the county of Wiltshire, England

title: Bromham


text:
Uder

Uder is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. On 1 January 2024, the former municipality Uder was merged with the former municipalities Birkenfelde, Eichstruth, Lenterode, Lutter, Mackenrode, Röhrig, Schönhagen, Steinheuterode, Thalwenden and Wüstheuterode to form the current municipality Uder.

title: Uder


text:
Wüstheuterode

Wüstheuterode is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. On 1 January 2024 it became part of the municipality Uder.

title: Wüstheuterode


text:
2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)

Listed below are the dates and results for the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds for Asia.

44 Asian teams are affiliated with FIFA, but Cambodia, Philippines, Bhutan and Brunei decided not to take part, and Myanmar were banned from the competition (for refusing to play a qualifier in Iran during 2002 qualifying), so a total of 39 teams took part, competing for 4.5 places in the World Cup.

Format
The qualification was composed of three rounds. Only the 14 last ranked teams according to FIFA took part in the Preliminary Round, where they were paired 2-by-2 and played home-and-away knock-out matches. The 7 winners joined the other 25 teams in the second round, where those 32 teams were divided in 8 groups of four teams each. The teams in each group would play against each other home-and-away, and the team with most points in each group would advance to the Third Round.

In the third round, the 8 remaining teams were divided in two groups of 4 teams each, that would again play against each other in a home-and-away basis. The two teams with most points in each group would qualify to the World Cup. The two third placed teams would play-off against each other home-and-away. Winner of this play-off would play against the fourth placed team in the final round of CONCACAF in an intercontinental play-off for a place in the World Cup.

First round
Guam and Nepal were scheduled to play against each other on November 21 and 25; Nepal withdrew, so Guam progressed to the 2nd round, but Guam later withdrew.

FIFA then decided to elect a "lucky loser", to select the best of the teams that lost, to advance to the second round.

The losers were compared, using the following criteria to break ties: a) number of points; b) goal difference; c) goals scored.

Laos advanced to the second round.

Second round
In the second round, the 25 teams who received byes, as well as the 7 play-off round winners, were split into eight groups of four teams each. Teams played home-and-away games with the other teams in their group, and the top-ranked team qualified for the third round.

Third round
In the third round, the 8 teams who won their groups in the earlier round were split into two groups of four teams each. Teams played home-and-away games with the other teams in their group, and the top two teams qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Meanwhile, the third-placed teams entered a play-off to determine who would contest the AFC–CONCACAF play-off.

Fourth round
Teams finishing 3rd in the third round groups played each other to determine a possible 5th qualifier from Asia. The first leg was originally played on 3 September 2005 but the match was ordered to be replayed by FIFA after a refereeing mistake. With Uzbekistan leading the tie 1–0, a penalty was awarded to them but the referee disallowed the resulting goal and offered an indirect freekick to Bahrain for encroachment. Uzbekistan had formally requested for the match to be recorded as an automatic 3–0 victory.

Bahrain advanced to the AFC–CONCACAF play-off on the away goals rule.

Inter-confederation play-offs
The Fourth Round winner then played the fourth-placed team of the CONCACAF qualifying group, Trinidad and Tobago, in a home-and-away play-off. The winner of this play-off qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals.

Qualified teams
The following four teams from AFC qualified for the final tournament.

 * 1 Bold indicates champions for that year. Italic indicates hosts for that year.

Top goalscorers
Below are full goalscorer lists for each round:

 * First round
 * Second round
 * Third round
 * Fourth round

title: 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)


text: File:Sucipe.jpg

title: File:Sucipe.jpg


text: User talk:82.37.218.253

title: User talk:82.37.218.253


text:
Solesmes, Sarthe

Solesmes is a commune in the Sarthe department and Pays de la Loire region of north-western France. Lying close to the small town of Sablé-sur-Sarthe and almost entirely agricultural in character, the commune is especially noted as the site of the Benedictine Abbey of St Peter, founded in 1010, suppressed by the National Constituent Assembly in 1791, and re-established by Dom Prosper Guéranger in 1833. A second abbey for women, St Cecilia's, is also located here.

title: Solesmes, Sarthe


text:
Detroit Stars

The Detroit Stars were an American baseball team in the Negro leagues and played at historic Mack Park. The Stars had winning seasons every year but two, but were never able to secure any championships. Among their best players was Baseball Hall of Famer Turkey Stearnes.

Founding
Founded in 1919 by Tenny Blount with the help of Rube Foster, owner and manager of the Chicago American Giants, the Detroit Stars immediately established themselves as one of the most powerful teams in the West. Foster transferred several of his veteran players to the team, including player-manager Pete Hill and legendary catcher Bruce Petway. Left-hander John Donaldson, Frank Wickware, Dicta Johnson, and Cuban great José Méndez took up the pitching duties, and Texan Edgar Wesley was brought in to handle first base, a job he would hold for several years.

League play
The Stars became a charter member of the Negro National League (NNL) in 1920. New outfielder Jimmie Lyons enjoyed a brilliant season at bat, and Detroit came in second with a 35–23 record. The next season Lyons was transferred to the American Giants, and the team slumped to 32–32 and fourth place. This would be their low point for some time. For the rest of their tenure in the NNL, the Stars were consistently good (finishing under .500 only twice), but not brilliant (finishing as high as second place only twice).

The mainstays of the Detroit Stars during the 1920s were Hall of Fame center fielder Turkey Stearnes, who ranks among the all-time Negro league leaders in nearly every batting category; Hall of Fame pitcher Andy Cooper, a workhorse southpaw; pitcher Bill Holland; and first baseman Wesley, who led the league in home runs twice and batting average once. Pete Hill left after the 1921 season. Bruce Petway took his place as manager until 1926, when Candy Jim Taylor briefly held the position. Bingo DeMoss, yet another Rube Foster protégé, took over in 1927, and finally led the team to its first postseason berth in 1930. The Stars won the second-half season title, only to lose the playoff series to the St. Louis Stars.

Decline and demise
After the collapse of the Negro National League at the end of 1931, the original Stars baseball team disbanded. They were replaced in 1932 by the Detroit Wolves of the East–West League.

Home fields
During the 1920s the Stars made their home at Mack Park before moving to Hamtramck Stadium during the 1930–1931 seasons.

Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
These Detroit Stars alumni have been inducted to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.

Notable players

 * Joe "Prince" Henry
 * Bruce Petway
 * Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe 1928–1930
 * John Donaldson 1919
 * Clint Thomas
 * Sam Crawford 1919

MLB throwback jerseys
The Detroit Tigers wear Stars uniforms on Negro League Day.

title: Detroit Stars


text:
Category:Gillespie County, Texas

 * Gillespie County — in the Texas Hill Country, central Texas.

title: Category:Gillespie County, Texas


text:
Talk:Betty White

Personal Life - year error
Hi, under the personal life of Betty White, the article states: "...Margaret McGloin Ludden, who had died of cancer in 1981." Per Allen Ludden's Wiki page, Margaret died of cancer in 1961, and after her death Allen proposed to and married Betty White in 1963. Allen died of cancer in 1981, which may be the cause of the typographical error. Stephrhoff (talk) 05:34, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 26 January 2024
Bio of Betty White states Alan Ludden's first wife died in 1981. She died in 1961 as per your bio of Alan Ludden. 2600:1017:B8C6:11E:B4D2:2045:1036:1BE7 (talk) 06:55, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Fixed. RudolfRed (talk) 22:48, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Betty White


text:
Tveiten

Tveiten is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Ivar Petterson Tveiten (1850–1934), Norwegian teacher and politician
 * John Tveiten (1933–1994), Norwegian wrestler
 * Margit Tveiten (born 1961), Norwegian diplomat
 * Ragnar Tveiten (born 1938), Norwegian biathlete
 * Rita Tveiten (born 1954), Norwegian politician

title: Tveiten


text: User talk:65.40.20.176

title: User talk:65.40.20.176


text:
Sant'Emiliano in Congiuntoli

Sant' Emiliano in Congiuntoli is a medieval abbey, now disused and private property, serving as a farmhouse in the comune (township) of Scheggia e Pascelupo in Umbria, central Italy. The large and almost windowless church is a powerfully austere example of Romanesque architecture.

title: Sant'Emiliano in Congiuntoli


text:
Shabby chic

Shabby chic is a style of interior design that chooses either furniture and furnishings for their appearance of age and signs of wear and tear or distresses new ones to achieve the same result. Unlike much genuine period décor, this style features a soft, pastel-colored, cottage look.

Description

Shabby chic furniture is often antiques that have been heavily painted through the years, with many layers showing through obviously time-worn areas. Furnishings that are not genuine relics are usually selected for their resemblance to older styles, and may be reproduction pieces with a distressed finish that is faux painted using glaze or rubbing and sanding away of a painted top coat to show the wood or base coats. Elaborate furniture appliqués depicting flower swags and garlands, cherubs, and other motifs may be added. Repurposed antique pieces of obsolete usage such as pie safes and jelly cupboards are popular in shabby chic décor. Also popular are pillows made of old barkcloth fabric, vintage bed linens, chenille bedspreads, antique chandeliers, jute, and patterns of flowers, especially roses.

Fabrics tend to be cottons and linens, with linen being particularly popular, inspired by old French linens. Pure whites, as well as ecrus and worn or bleached-out pastel colors, are favorites, and bleached and faded are typical descriptions, although fabric may also be stained with tea for an antique look. Vintage floral patterns with pale colors, earth tones, and cotton ticking patterns are typical of shabby chic style. Newsweek used the term shabby chic to describe the avant-garde fashion designer Martin Margiela's 1992 fall fashion show, which took place in a Salvation Army furniture store and featured models in "wrinkled jackets, baggy-kneed pants and coats with inner linings hanging down from unfinished hems."

The general color scheme, besides white, is soft and neutral, often sky blue, rose pink, and beige. Hints from French-style interior design often show in shabby chic homes, such as Rococo-style lighting fixtures, furniture or wall paneling. The shabby chic aesthetic also expands to the garden, with the same design principles of using timeworn garden furniture and soft-hued accessories. Rose gardens are popular with the shabby chic style of décor.

Decorators consider shabby chic a relaxed, romantic style that looks comfortable, inviting, and feminine. The masculine counterpart would be "rustic," with deeper or richer colors and rustic furniture using unfinished wood, denim, burlap, sailcloth and homespun cloth.

Varieties of shabby chic style include:

 * Cottage chic
 * Beach cottage chic
 * French country
 * Gustavian (Swedish)

History
The style started in Great Britain and evokes the type of decoration found in large country houses where there are worn and faded old chintz sofas, curtains, and paintwork and unassuming "good" taste, in understated contrast to the sentimental, overstated Victorian fashion. Though these forms were rather grand, the style has evolved to take in not just ornate decoration, as in the classic French château, but that of 18th-century Swedish and of the American Shakers, for whom simplicity and plainness was essential.

Recycling old furniture and fabrics has long been an important aspect of the look and was especially popular with the modern Bohemians and artisans who made up a sidelined counterculture movement during the 1980s, when expensive quality décor became very fashionable with the upper-middle classes. Rachel Ashwell founded a furniture chain called Shabby Chic and in 1996 published a book around the aesthetic, which she described as "the aura of old money, cushy comfort, and crafted indifference."

An offshoot of shabby chic is a trend towards "relicking" (from relic) of guitars and bass guitars to create a "roadworn" appearance.

Origin of term
The phrase was used descriptively through the 20th century for both fashion and décor,   and was popularized as an interior decorating style by Min Hogg in The World of Interiors magazine in the 1980s. It became popular in the United States in the 1990s with a certain eclectic surge of decorating styles with paints and effects, notably in metropolitan cultural centers on the West Coast of America, such as Los Angeles and San Francisco, with heavy influences from Mediterranean cultures such as Provence, Tuscany, and Greece.

title: Shabby chic