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Octopussy and The Living Daylights

Octopussy and The Living Daylights (sometimes published as Octopussy) is the fourteenth and final James Bond book written by Ian Fleming in the Bond series. The book is a collection of short stories published posthumously in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape on 23 June 1966.

The book originally contained two stories, "Octopussy" and "The Living Daylights", with subsequent editions also including "The Property of a Lady" and then "007 in New York". The stories were first published in different publications, with "Octopussy" first serialised in the Daily Express in October 1965. "The Living Daylights" had first appeared in The Sunday Times on 4 February 1962; "The Property of a Lady" was commissioned by Sotheby's for the 1963 edition of their journal, The Ivory Hammer; while "007 in New York" first appeared in the New York Herald Tribune in October 1963.

The two original stories, "Octopussy" and "The Living Daylights", were both adapted for publication in comic strip format in the Daily Express in 1966–1967. Elements from the stories have also been used in the Eon Productions Bond films. The first, Octopussy, starring Roger Moore as James Bond, was released in 1983 as the thirteenth film in the series and provided the back story for the film Octopussy's family, while "The Property of a Lady" was more closely adapted for an auction sequence in the film. The Living Daylights, released in 1987, is the fifteenth Bond film produced by Eon and stars Timothy Dalton in his first appearance as Bond. "007 in New York", meanwhile, provided character and plot elements for the first two films starring Daniel Craig as Bond, Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace.

In 2008, the stories in Octopussy and the Living Daylights were combined with those of For Your Eyes Only to form a new Penguin Books compilation titled Quantum of Solace as a tie-in with the film.

"Octopussy"
The Secret Service operative James Bond, code name 007, is assigned to apprehend a hero of the Second World War implicated in a murder involving a cache of Nazi gold. Bond appears only briefly in this story, which is told mostly in flashback from the perspective of Major Dexter Smythe, the man Bond has been sent to bring in. Smythe remained in Kitzbühel, Austria, after the war, found the gold with the help of a mountain guide, and killed the guide to keep the gold for himself. Bond was put on the case after the guide's body fell out of a glacier, over 15 years after the murder, and he recognised the man as a ski instructor and father figure from his youth. Smythe is now a melancholy alcoholic widower living alone on the beach, interacting mainly with the residents of its coral reef – including the titular Octopussy, a beloved 'pet' octopus that he feeds and talks to.

Bond chooses not to take Smythe into custody immediately, but leaves him to contemplate his options – suicide or a court martial. While hunting for scorpion fish to feed Octopussy, Smythe suffers a sting and is dragged underwater by Octopussy as the poison sets in. Bond views the death as a suicide, but classifies it as an accidental drowning in order to spare Smythe's reputation.

"The Living Daylights"
An unusually morose Bond is assigned sniper duty to help British agent 272 escape from East Berlin. Bond's duty is to safeguard his crossing into West Berlin by eliminating a top KGB assassin codenamed "Trigger", who has been dispatched to kill him. Bond takes up a position on the western edge of the border, in a hotel overlooking the no-man's land of broken, brightly lit ground that 272 will have to cross. On each of three nights, he sees a female orchestra arrive for rehearsal and leave, taking particular notice of a beautiful blonde cellist. Once 272 starts to cross the border, Bond sees Trigger get in position to kill him and realises that it is the cellist. He adjusts his aim at the last moment and shoots her weapon instead of killing her, allowing 272 to reach safety.

Afterward, Bond admits to his spotter that he did not try for a kill shot only because Trigger had been a woman. The spotter is obliged to include this fact in his report, but apologises for having to do so. Bond muses that even though 272 is safe, the mission will be considered a failure because he did not kill Trigger, and he hopes that M will strip him of his 00 number for it.

"The Property of a Lady"
The Secret Service learns that Maria Freudenstein, an employee known to be a double agent working for the Soviet Union, has just received a valuable item of jewellery crafted by Peter Carl Fabergé and is planning to auction it at Sotheby's. Bond suspects that the resident director of the KGB in London will attend the auction and underbid for the item, to drive the price up to the value needed to pay Maria for her services. Bond attends the auction, spots the man, and leaves to make arrangements for his expulsion from London as persona non grata.

"007 in New York"
A brief tale in which Bond muses about New York and his favourite recipe for scrambled eggs, he is on a quick mission to the titular city to warn a female MI6 employee that her new boyfriend is a KGB agent. It is notable for including a rare humorous conclusion and for its mention of Solange, a young lady of Bond's intimate acquaintance who works in a shop, Abercrombie's, "appropriately employed in their Indoor Games Department".

Characters and themes
The author of the "continuation" Bond stories, Raymond Benson, noted that in "The Living Daylights", Bond's thoughts on killing are examined once again, showing that although 007 did not like doing it, he considered that he must kill as part of his duty to complete an assignment. Once the mission is completed, with Bond deliberately not killing the assassin, an attitude of complacency arises, with Bond shrugging off his colleague's complaints about the incident. Academic Jeremy Black sees the colleague, the officious Captain Sender, as the antithesis of Bond and an echo of Colonel Schreiber, the head of security at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, who appeared in "From a View to a Kill".

In the act of not killing the assassin, the theme of disobedience is raised in "The Living Daylights", with Bond calling what he has to do "murder" and subsequently dismissing his actions by saying "with any luck it will cost me my Double-0 number". Raymond Benson considered "Octopussy" to be a morality tale, with greed bringing repercussions years later to the main protagonist, Dexter Smythe.

Background
On the morning of 12 August 1964, Fleming died of a heart attack; eight months later, The Man with the Golden Gun was published. The rights to Fleming's works were held by Glidrose Productions (now Ian Fleming Publications) and the company decided that two short stories, "Octopussy" and "The Living Daylights", would be published in 1966.

The story "Octopussy" was written in early 1962 at Fleming's Goldeneye estate in Jamaica. The story is told in the manner of "Quantum of Solace", with Bond as catalyst for story told in flashback, rather than as a main character for action. The topics chosen by Fleming were familiar ground for him to cover, with hidden gold, tropical fish and the wartime exploits of commandos all coming from elements of his past. Also from the past, or from his acquaintance, were other references used in the story and Miscellaneous Objectives Bureau was a fictional version of Fleming's 30 AU unit. One of Fleming's neighbours in Jamaica, and later his lover, was Blanche Blackwell, mother of Chris Blackwell of Island Records. Fleming had previously used Blackwell's name as the guano-collecting ship in Dr. No, calling it Blanche. Blackwell had given Fleming a coracle called Octopussy, the name of which Fleming used for the story. Octopussy was posthumously serialised in the Daily Express newspaper, 4–8 October 1965.

Fleming originally titled "The Living Daylights" as "Trigger Finger", although when it first appeared, in The Sunday Times colour supplement of 4 February 1962, it was under the title of "Berlin Escape". It was also published in the June 1962 issue of the American magazine Argosy under the same name. For The Sunday Times, Fleming had commissioned Graham Sutherland to undertake the artwork to accompany the piece, at a cost of 100 guineas, although the artwork was not used in the published edition.

As background research to the story, Fleming corresponded with Captain E.K. Le Mesurier, secretary of the National Rifle Association at Bisley for information and to correct some of the more specialist areas of knowledge required for sniper shooting. Part of the background to the plot, of using the noise of the orchestra to cover the crossing over no-man's land, was inspired by Pat Reid's escape from Colditz prisoner-of-war camp, with two escapers having to run across a courtyard under the cover of the noise from an orchestra. The conductor of the Colditz orchestra was Douglas Bader, who played golf with Fleming on a number of occasions. The assassin, Trigger, was partly based on Amaryllis Fleming, Ian's half-sister, a concert cellist with blonde hair, and Fleming managed to get a passing reference to her in the story, saying: "Of course Suggia had managed to look elegant, as did that girl Amaryllis somebody."

"Property of a Lady", which was written in early 1963, was commissioned by Sotheby's for use in their annual journal, The Ivory Hammer, and was published in November 1963 and later in Playboy; Sotheby's chairman Peter Wilson is mentioned by name in the story. Fleming was so unhappy with the final piece, he wrote to Wilson and refused payment for something he considered so lacklustre.

In 1959 Fleming was commissioned by The Sunday Times to write a series of articles based on world cities, material for which later was collected into a book entitled Thrilling Cities; while travelling through New York for material, Fleming wrote "007 in New York" from Bond's point of view. "007 in New York" was originally titled "Reflections in a Carey Cadillac" and it contains a recipe for scrambled eggs, which came from May Maxwell, the housekeeper to friend Ivar Bryce, who gave her name to Bond's own housekeeper, May. The story was first published in the New York Herald Tribune in October 1963 as "Agent 007 in New York", but was subsequently renamed as "007 in New York" for the 1964 US editions of Thrilling Cities.

Release and reception
Octopussy and The Living Daylights was published in Britain on 23 June 1966 by Jonathan Cape and cost 10s.6d. The hardback edition of the book contained only the two stories mentioned in the title, although when the paperbacks editions were published, "The Property of a Lady" was also included. Once again the artist Richard Chopping provided the cover art, although his fee rose, to 350 guineas. The book was published in US by New American Library with illustrations from Paul Bacon. By 2002, "007 in New York" had been added to the book by Penguin Books.

Reviews
Philip Larkin wrote in The Spectator "I am not surprised that Fleming preferred to write novels. James Bond, unlike Sherlock Holmes, does not fit snugly into the short-story length: there is something grandiose and intercontinental about his adventures that require elbow room and such examples of the form as we have tend to be eccentric or muted. These are no exception." The critic for The Times Literary Supplement wrote that the book was "slight and predictable, and usual sex and violence yield to a plausible use of ballistics and marine biology". Writing in The Listener, Anthony Burgess thought that "in their fascinated poring on things...remind us that the stuff of the anti-novel needn't necessarily spring from a thought-out aesthetic", going on to note that "it is the mastery of the world that gives Fleming his peculiar literary niche". On a personal note, Burgess added "I admired all the Bond books and I'm sorry there'll be no more. A sad farewell to Fleming".

Adaptations
Comic strip adaptation (1966–1967) Two of the short stories were adapted for publication in comic-strip format, which were published daily in the Daily Express newspaper and syndicated worldwide. The Living Daylights ran from 12 September to 12 November 1966, adapted by Jim Lawrence and illustrated by Yaroslav Horak; the same pair also worked on Octopussy, which ran from 14 November 1966 to 27 May 1967. The story lines for the strips were altered from the original Fleming version to ensure that they contained a glamorous reason for being Bond involved and to include Bond in action. The strips were reprinted by Titan Books in 1988 and then again in The James Bond Omnibus Vol. 2, published in 2011.

Octopussy (1983) In 1983 Eon Productions loosely adapted elements of two of the stories, "Octopussy" and "The Property of a Lady" for the thirteenth film in their Bond series, starring Roger Moore as Bond. "Octopussy" provided the title of the film and the background for the character Octopussy, the daughter of a character Bond had allowed to commit suicide, rather than face the shame of arrest and imprisonment. The film also used the plot device of auctioning of a Fabergé egg at Sotheby's from "The Property of a Lady"; as with the story the auction item was described as being the same "property of a lady".

The Living Daylights (1987) In 1987 Eon used the plot of "The Living Daylights", almost unchanged, for a section of their 1987 film of the same name. The film starred Timothy Dalton in his first role as Bond, while the character of Trigger became that of cello player Kara Milovy.

Spectre (2015) In the 2015 film Spectre, the character of Oberhauser was used as the father of Ernst Stavro Blofeld, and a former caretaker of Bond in his youth. The film strongly hinted that Blofeld killed Oberhauser because he felt that Oberhauser loved Bond more than he loved his own son.

title: Octopussy and The Living Daylights


text:
Hy

HY or Hy may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Hy (programming language), a Lisp dialect for Python
 * HY (satellite), a series of Chinese marine remote sensing satellites
 * H-Y antigen, a male tissue specific antigen

Other uses

 * HY (band), a Japanese band
 * Hy (island), a pre-Christian and early Christian name for the Scottish island Iona
 * Hy (name), a given name, nickname, or surname
 * Armenian language (ISO 639-1 language code: hy)
 * Uzbekistan Airways (IATA code: HY), the national airline of Uzbekistan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hy


text:
Talk:Ritsuko Okazaki

Why I created the page
I wrote this article because I heard that Miss Ritsuko Okazaki had passed away only now. I love her music and i think this article is approprate, seen how many fans she has, and the fact that there is also a Japanese Wikipedia page about her. --Beoran 21:15, 2004 Sep 29 (UTC)
 * Certainly, but what about soundtracks? For example, the 12人のエンディング cd with 12 tracks from Sister Princess: RePure is quite a prize to have, one of my most musical cds ever. Since all of the tracks are hers, shouldn't it be included in her discography? fbjon ^^ 4649
 * Yes, the soundtracks should be added. Please feel free to add any confirmed works of Miss Okazaki to the discography. You will need to look up the year of publication. It might be nessecary to mention that it is a soundtrack, and what it is a soundtrack for.--Beoran 21:47, 2004 Nov 22 (UTC)

NPOV and references
The biography section sufferes from serious point of view issues that need to be removed in order for this article to meet the neutral POV guidelines established by Wikipedia. References need to be provided for some of the claims, as well. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjo e  22:53, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Since edits by others after your tagging have done little, I've requested that it should be translated from the non-NPOV offending ja: article... Ranma9617 04:50, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I've changed the tag, as the problem with this article seems to be weasel words. Most of the biography section consists of unadorned statements of fact. The only two parts which have a point-of-view problem seem to be the following.

 * From 2001 to 2004, the duo had great success with several singles.

and

 * According to many of her fans, Okazaki's songs were characterised by poetic imagery, depth of emotion, gentle optimism and simplicity. Her voice was considered to be of a particularly remarkable litheness and subtlety. For these reasons, some describe her as an "angelic singer."

Citing sources for these quotations would solve the problem. The Japanese article hasn't been tagged, but it isn't much different from the English article in this respect, so translating it is unlikely to help. -- Grgcox 18:01, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

I'm the original author of this article. I removed most weasel words now. It was certainly not my idea to be biased. However, it is difficult to describe music and poetry, such as songtexts in a completely neutral way. I excised my comments about her voice, but left in thiose about her lyrics,, since people can judge those for themselves by reading the linked wikiquotes. And I do understand some Japanese, but not enough yet to expand the article more from the Japanese one. As for references, They are welcome, and I will also look for some more. Most info was gleaned from the external links, so referring to that mmight be enough. --Beoran 06:47, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

Picture
D'you think it'd be worthwhile to grab a screenshot of one of her music videos (like maybe A Happy Life) and use that as a picture? I don't think we'd have to worry about fair use since she is dead now. --Gwern (contribs) 20:22 3 August 2007 (GMT)

As much as I'd like to add a photo, thanks to international copyright treaties such as the Convention of Berne, copyrights extends until 70 years (or more, 90 years in the USA) after the death of a person. So, no, copyright remains an issue. IMO, it is a silly law, but unless some Japanese fan contributes an image he made himself as a live concert or such, we're out of luck, I guess. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Beoran (talk • contribs) 19:03, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ritsuko Okazaki


text:
Talk:Y

Phonetic vs.Glyph
I see these errors on a lot of alphabet and alephbet pages. I is the latin/greek phonetic derivative of Y (Yud) Y & I are the latin/greek morph of the semitic Y (Yud)

V,U,W is the latin/greek phonetic derivative of V (Vav / Waw) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.36.143.156 (talk) 11:13, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

Unix command?
In Unix, y is a command to join the output of two streams.

Is it, really? I have never heard about that (not that I would be some kind of Unix hacker), that program is not on the List of Unix programs, nor could I find anything using Google (but trying to search "y" is quite difficult). Could you point to anything about the program? --Mormegil 21:16, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I may be wrong. I realized that I know it from the JP Software command shells (4DOS, 4OS2, Take Command and the like). I would be surprised if 4DOS would have better support for piping than Unix shells.
 * I may have misremembered the function of the program. From help
 * Purpose: Copy standard input to standard output, and then copy the specified file(s) to standard output.''
 * Format: Y file ...
 * The Y command copies input from standard input (usually the keyboard) to standard output (usually the screen). Once the input ends, the named files are appended to standard output.
 * [c:\] y memo1 memo2 > memos
 * [c:\] dir | y dirend > dirall
 * -- Error 23:19, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Well, in Unix, you can achieve the same thing with, so I don't think there would be a special tool for it. So I think it probably is not a Unix command; I'm going to change the article to refer to 4DOS instead. Thanks, Mormegil 09:07, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)of atticle refer thands and achieve the same normal wind

Spanish names
Does anyone know how 'y' fits into the convention for names? I think it's a spanish thing. For example if a person's name is 'Manuel Luis' and his last name is 'Quezon', and his mother's maiden name is 'Molina', then the full name would be "Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina". I think. Any insight? -TheCoffee 10:58, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Is the current version enough? --Error 01:52, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Seems good. Thanks. -TheCoffee 22:48, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * You are not completely right, In spain women don't change their surnames with the marriage therefore they don't have maiden name. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.109.48.202 (talk) 12:07, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

The German Y
The German name for Y is Üpsilon, not Upsilon.

 * No, the german name is "Ypsilon". But it's true that the Y in the name is pronounced like an Ü. --188.104.139.25 (talk) 14:38, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

Sorting Out
I tried to sort it out by use in similar languages, but the history at the top is all Greek-Old=English-French and it's a mess (like a child's vacation report: "First we did this, then we did that, and next we did this, and at last we did that"). So it needs work. --Sobolewski 03:35, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

What letter is this?
Ｙ --FlareNUKE 05:54, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

That is Unicode character U+FF39: FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y. See Fullwidth form. Nohat 07:00, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Use of Y as a consonant
The article covers a lot of information about the use of Y in places where it forms a vowel, but I see no information that describes its use as a consonant (e.g. in "yes"). How has this emerged historically? Why is it now normally classed as a consonant despite historically being a vowel? A link to Semivowel may be necessary. Unfortunately I don't know enough about linguistics to write such a section. JulesH 10:07, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Four years later this still hasn't been addressed. Y is officially a consonant, at least that's how I was always taught at school. Yet this article says it's a vowel. Research needed I think. Digifiend (talk) 13:59, 8 June 2010 (UTC)
 * A further 2 years later and still nothing. I brought this up on the wiki entry for typewriter which had more mention of y (currently) being a vowel then occurrences of the letter y itself. I even pointed out that children are taught that y is a consonant at school and that there wasn't even a source for the claim that y was a vowel. Of course there was no shortage of editors willing to cover their eyes/ears going "na na can't here you na na naa" and all my requests for citations and edits were reverted. I even had snotty messages left to tune of "it was a vowel 2000 years ago, so deal with it" (and no actual references btw). The whole thing came across as a research paper that a student was protecting as if his doctorate in "winning arguments despite being wrong" counted on it. If Y is a vowel, or used as a vowel (instead of a replacement for a vowel) as so many Wikipedeans insist, why is there not a single reliable source that plainly states "Y is a vowel". Conversely, every school-child is taught in every school, in every English speaking country that Y is a consonant. Articles like this give Wiki a bad name quite frankly! MrZoolook (talk) 16:54, 25 July 2012 (UTC)
 * "Y" is a letter and letters are neither vowels nor consonants. Vowels are sounds in spoken language. Letters can denote sounds but they are not sounds. "Y" can stand for vowels, semivowels or consonants, but it is not any one of those. --Surfo (talk) 07:21, 26 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Excuse my bluntness. This very clearly states that "The word consonant is also used to refer to a letter of an alphabet that denotes a consonant sound." This suggests the same is true of A, E, I, O, U and sometimes Y (at least as written vowels). Therefore, the letters themselves are vowels or consonants, or those 2 articles need a re-write to clarify things. MrZoolook (talk) 14:02, 29 July 2012 (UTC)
 * What exactly do you (or your teachers) mean when you (they) say that this or that letter is a vowel or this or that letter is a consonant? Is there something about the essence of Y to be either a consonant or a vowel? The only intelligible answer that I can find - that makes sense from a linguistic point of view - is that Y is a consonant (letter) when it represents a consonant (sound), and a vowel (letter) when it represents a vowel (sound). 1700-talet (talk) 04:40, 2 September 2012 (UTC)
 * There actually is information on Y as a consonant. Check out the section Consonant. It's not as well explained as it could be (which I can say since I think I wrote it), but it's there. — Eru·tuon 01:55, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

By Coochie 3
So is y a consonant??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.35.78.112 (talk) 21:45, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Old English Y
Has anyone a reference for this article's hypothesis that Old English Y was a ligature of I and V independent from Greek-Latin Y? -- machᵗᵃˡᵏ 15:05, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I think I may've added that way back when (it came up in my winter 2005 LING 381 at UCalgary). It might be that that analysis has no modern proponents, so I've removed its first mention. But there is a mention in the First Grammatical Treatise so it was certainly a current hypothesis then. 4pq1injbok (talk) 18:39, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Turkish Y
Y in turkish is *not* always pronounced "ya" as the article states. Examples: Kaynana, yine, kaydirak. Infralite (talk) 01:06, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Fixed. That's the sort of thing you can fix yourself, though. 4pq1injbok (talk) 18:43, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Y in way / day / yard
It seems that English Y is often related to German/Dutch g, as in way/weg/weg, day/tag/dag, yard/garten/garden. The article doesn't say anything about this. I think it would be good if someone with more knowledge of this matter can add something about this? Math1985 (talk) 21:02, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, Proto-Germanic /g/ ended up as /j/ sometimes in English. That's why in Old English the rune ᚷ and the Latin letter G could stand for /j/. I believe English swapped from spellings like dæg/dag/daȝ to spellings like dai/day roughly around 1250-1350 under French influence, as French at the time had spellings like ay, ey, oy, and uy. Hurlebatte (talk) 16:41, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

Y & Ĳ
To make English spelling more like Afrikaans/Dutch/German/Scandinavian, try to replace all "Y/y" with all "Ĳ/ĳ", keeping rest as is. Note that there in Dutch only "Y/y" and "Ĳ/ĳ" alternates. Examples:

83.30.139.212 (talk) 13:18, 29 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Fujiyama-Fujiĳama
 * Miyako-Miĳako
 * Yeti-Ĳeti
 * Yokohama-Ĳokohama

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Wikipedia:Template messages/Moving which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 12:14, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

"without stress and with stress"
This phrase appears in the section "Usage", subsection "English". I read it as a contradiction, like "not alive and alive" or "not connected and connected". Could somebody who understands the phrase rewrite it for clarity? 213.122.13.158 (talk) 20:49, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

Shady redirect
The article for ⅄ redirects here, but I don't see anything about ⅄ on this article. 124.188.145.86 (talk) 00:11, 19 January 2014 (UTC)

Czech etc
Could someone add the use in Czech and other Slavic languages written with Roman letters; currently only Polish is mentioned from that corner of the world. Colapeninsula (talk) 16:38, 7 March 2016 (UTC)

Penultimate?
The letter Y is not "penultimate" it is simply Ultimate. Both a vowel and a consonant, it is the symbol of transformation, of positivity, and of peace. A grave error on the part of these so called "editors". Get your facts straight. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yllrauei (talk • contribs) 03:51, 9 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Penultimate - "Next to last, second to last; immediately preceding the end of a sequence, list, etc."
 * Ultimate - "Final; last in a series."
 * Pull the log from your eye before pointing out the speck in another's. Ian.thomson (talk) 02:43, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

Y (consonant) vs J
Perhaps this article also could deal with "consonant-Y" vs "J" ? Does for instance "j" in "jet" pronounces differently from "y" in "yet" ? And perhaps "Jerusalem" vs "Yemen". Boeing720 (talk) 02:19, 7 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Y. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101230134236/http://www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000018.nsf/(voAnexos)/arch8100821B76809110C12571B80038BA4A/$File/CuestionesparaelFAQdeconsultas.htm to http://www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000018.nsf/(voAnexos)/arch8100821B76809110C12571B80038BA4A/$File/CuestionesparaelFAQdeconsultas.htm

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Dutch name
cf. here: https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypsilon - the Greek name is also used in Dutch. Wathiik (talk)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 January 2019
Change "As a consonant, ⟨y⟩ represents [ʝ] in Spanish." to something like "As a consonant, ⟨y⟩ represents [ʝ] in most Spanish dialects; however, in many others, it represents [ʒ] or even [ʃ]." 88.6.76.171 (talk) 17:32, 7 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. DannyS712 (talk) 20:20, 7 January 2019 (UTC)

semi-protected edit request: add yttrium to "Other uses" section
I would propose adding one sentence to the "Other uses" section: Y is used as the symbol for the chemical element yttrium.

66.90.198.127 (talk) 14:15, 4 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Not done, this article is about the letter itself, on the top of the article they link to the disambiguation page Y (disambiguation) which includes yttrium. – Þjarkur (talk) 14:51, 4 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply! I understand what you're saying about the disambig page.  However, the current "Y" article includes this sentence: In mathematics, y is commonly used as the name for a dependent variable or unknown.  If the article mentions other uses in mathematics, why not mention the use in chemistry and physics?  cheers, 66.90.198.127 (talk) 15:50, 4 April 2019 (UTC)
 * That section has been cleaned up, and the article no longer mentions that use. RudolfRed (talk) 20:01, 7 April 2019 (UTC)

As [j] after [i]
As [j] after [i] in Russian first and last names: Dmitriy, Gorkiy. Often i is omitted: Dmitry, Gorky. In this case 'y' is pronounced as [ij]. In passport offices they often write 'i' instead of 'y': Dmitrii Gorkii. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:569:700C:EB00:D50F:3A1C:3925:70C8 (talk) 22:54, 5 July 2019 (UTC)

In Hungarian
Y is only used after "g," "l," "n," and "t" in Hungarian, which are considered consonants (exception for loanwords). It's also called "ipszilon," which comes from Greek "upsilon." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dragonman9001 (talk • contribs) 17:49, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

"I griega" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect I griega. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. 1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 14:12, 19 March 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 September 2020
Change "USually" to "Usually" (typographical error) in the table Pronunciations of Yy, Swedish row 27.99.17.205 (talk) 07:22, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done – Thjarkur (talk) 08:43, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

?
The disambiguation leads to a disambiguation. 2A02:C7F:861D:6A00:A174:247B:8029:B93A (talk) 22:28, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Second reference needs to be updated
The second reference is currently being used as a footnote, rather than as a reference [Quote: "Also spelled wy, plural wyes."] despite being indicated as a citation validating the usage of "wye(s)" within the wiki page. Since I'm unclear as how to handle that (namely, in regards to how to determine which of the many validating sources [eg, Merriam-Webster, Encyclopedia.com, Grammarist, etc] would be best suited for placement into the reference), I'll leave a note here in hopes of catching the eyes of someone more familiar with the matter. Editing advice is welcomed.

Wispered (talk) 18:48, 1 May 2021 (UTC)

𓅱
The infobox lists both 𓅱 and 𓌉 as precursors of Y. But the article's body text and the linked article waw (letter) only have 𓌉 so the appearance of 𓅱 in the infobox is left unexplained. 92.67.227.181 (talk) 16:26, 16 July 2022 (UTC)

Error: the "y" in pyjama is a schwa, not an "ɪ" sound.
Please someone change this; It's just factually incorrect. Kromium3434 (talk) 18:58, 1 December 2022 (UTC)
 * According to my Concise Oxford Dictionary of English, [ɪ] is correct. Do you have a wp:reliable source that supports your understanding? --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 20:50, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

Hm, well upon further research it seems that there are different interpretations. In the Cambridge and Collin's English dictionary, it is indeed pronounced with an "ɪ" sound, however Macmillan and Google dictionary (deriving from Oxford Languages), seems to cite the pronunciation with a schwa sound. I apologise if these might not seem like reliable sources; I am only citing online dictionaries and I don't currently have physical copies to reference. Kromium3434 (talk) 22:52, 1 December 2022 (UTC)
 * It may be an accent issue? Pitter/patter distinction. Certainly some people say pih-jamas and others say pah-jamas (and many just say pjamas or even jammies ). Can you suggest an alternative word? --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 23:24, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

"Oxygen" could be a good alternative. In English it doesn't seem that there are many "y"s pronounced as "ɪ" that aren't stressed. Kromium3434 (talk) 02:05, 2 December 2022 (UTC)
 * , yes, good suggestion that I missed when you wrote it nearly two months ago. Done now. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 21:21, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

Original phoneme of Y
It is unknown what Y originally sounded like in Latin. Only visual documentation (text, illustrations, sculptures, etc., usually kept in museums), could remain registered and intact at the time. Sound waves couldn't, since audio recorders weren't invented yet. You would require time traveling to the era of Classical Latin to listen to how native speakers pronounced certain words containing Y, and recording it. Since no physical phenomenon give us the possibility to travel back in time, it's impossible to verify the accuracy of the fact that its original sound value was /y/. Y was used for Υυ (ypsilon) when Ancient Greek words were borrowed into Latin. As the letter İ wasn't used instead, it may lead you think it represented an originally distinct phoneme. It could be /y/, but also /ɪ/, /ɨ/, /ʏ/, /ɯ/, and even /i/. It may even be possible that they just introduced Y to indicate that a word had a Greek source, and wasn't written with conventional Ιι (iota), in the same way as the romanization of Φφ (fi), “ph”, for example, which may have been used just to show a word had Ancient Greek origins. There should be written documentation in Latin stating Y sounded like a rounded İ vowel. By the way, some documentation may not be even authentic. They could have been created by somebody in modern era just to deceive historians, or paleontologists, etc. 177.44.147.36 (talk) 13:32, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:59, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Maryland 2014 license plate.jpg

Ÿ
There is a discussion at talk:Ÿ that may interest editors of this page. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 08:24, 17 May 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 April 2024
I simply want to add a link to the history part of the article by making the text 'Proto-Sinaitic', 'Phoenician', 'Western Greek', and 'Latin' link to their respective pages:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet. Tyjl34 (talk) 17:59, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Actually they won't be linked. Charliehdb (talk) 08:53, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Y


text:
Security Pacific Bank

Security Pacific National Bank (SPNB) was a large U.S. bank headquartered in Los Angeles, California. It was acquired by Bank of America in 1992.

History

On September 1, 1868, Hellman, Temple and Co. opened their first bank branch in Los Angeles. The banking firm was the predecessor of Farmers and Merchants Bank (1870), which was the predecessor of Security First National Bank. The bank earned a reputation for aggressive business practices and benefited from economic and population growth in the Western United States. By the mid-20th century it had an international presence, and was ranked the fifth-largest bank in the United States and third-largest in California in terms of deposits.

In 1967, Security First National Bank bought Pacific National Bank of San Francisco and became Security Pacific National Bank. In 1971, SPNB Security Pacific National Bank (SPNB) bought 69% of Bank of Canton. In 1975, Security Pacific Bank constructed a 55-story tower in downtown Los Angeles, now known as Bank of America Plaza.

In 1978, computer consultant Stanley Rifkin learned the electronic codes Security Pacific used to telegraph funds to other banks. On October 25 he stole $10,200,000 from a non-existent account, executing one of the largest bank robberies in history. He used the funds to buy some 115,000 Russian diamonds in Switzerland, which he smuggled back into the United States and attempted to sell, but he was captured. Security Pacific took ownership of the diamonds but received few offers for such a large quantity. Eventually it was forced to sell them on unfavorable terms to a Liechtenstein firm affiliated with the De Beers company.

On May 9, 1980, five men robbed the Security Pacific branch in Norco, California. They were among the most heavily armed bank robbers in history, carrying semi-automatic firearms, handguns, and improvised explosive devices, and succeeded not only in stopping several patrol cars but forcing a San Bernardino police helicopter to give up pursuit. By the end of the Norco shootout, a police officer and two robbers had been killed, with the other three suspects arrested and sentenced to life in prison.

In 1984, the boards of SPNB and Bank of Canton announced that SPNB wanted to acquire the ordinary and preferred shares of the Bank of Canton it did not already own. The agreement stipulated that the management of Bank of Canton would remain in place and that Russell Fok would continue as chairman of the board. Furthermore, a company associated with Fok would be entitled, upon completion of the acquisition, to purchase a limited equity position in BoC. SPNB agreed to pay $59.31 per share for the 714,128 common shares (31%) that it did not already own for a total cost of about $42 million.

In 1985, a class action lawsuit against Security Pacific accused it of overcharging some 2,500 trust accounts going back to 1974. Also in 1985, Security Pacific acquired The Arizona Bank.

In 1986, SPNB acquired California Pacific National Bank, a small bank that primarily served Los Angeles' Chinese business community, for US$11.5 million. Earlier, BoC had revealed plans for a major expansion in the United States, concentrating on the growing Asian community in California. SPNB also entered into talks with American Asian Bank. This Chinese ethnic bank operated four branches around San Francisco and four in the Los Angeles area.

In 1987, Security Pacific acquired Rainier Bancorp, which served the Pacific Northwest.

In 1988, Security Pacific denied a job to hacker Kevin Mitnick for his failure to disclose prior convictions. Four days later, a false press release circulated stating that the bank had lost $400 million in the first quarter, hurting the bank's share price. The Federal Bureau of Investigation attempted to use this circumstantial evidence in their case against Mitnick, but no proof of a connection was ever uncovered. Mitnick, in particular, denied the allegation in his book Ghost in the Wires, saying it was not his style, while admitting other crimes unrelated to the bank.

Also in 1988 SPNB completed the acquisition of Bank of Canton and renamed it Security Pacific Asian Bank. SPNB finally acquired American Asian Bank, controlled by individuals associated with the ailing Hong Kong-based Tung Group. (Earlier American Asian had acquired a portion of the failed American City Bank in 1983 and Toronto Dominion Bank of California in 1984).

The 1980s boom for a time sustained the bank, but its aggressive acquisition strategy, unfavorable financial engineering arrangements, and the 1990 recession and Southern California real estate crash devastated its loan portfolio and balance sheet. Banking regulators, concerned problems at Security Pacific could compound the emerging savings and loan crisis, placed the bank under heightened scrutiny.

On April 22, 1992, Security Pacific Bank merged with San Francisco-based BankAmerica (now called Bank of America), a deal that was at the time one of the largest bank mergers in history. Federal regulators, however, forced the sale of Security Pacific's Washington subsidiary, Rainier Bank, as the combination of Seafirst and Rainier would have given BankAmerica too large a share of the market in that state. The Rainier Bank branches were divided and sold off to West One Bancorp (now U.S. Bancorp) and KeyBank. Later that year, BankAmerica expanded into Nevada by acquiring Valley Bank of Nevada.

In 1993, Bank of America changed Security Pacific Asian Bank's name to Bank of America (Asia). In 1994 Arab-Malaysian Bank acquired Security Pacific Asian Bank operations in Malaysia.

In 2000, Robert H. Smith, Security Pacific's last chairman and CEO, published a book called Dead Bank Walking: One Gutsy Bank's Struggle For Survival And The Merger That Changed Banking Forever, which chronicled the merger with Bank of America.

New Security Pacific Bank
A new Security Pacific Bank emerged in February 2005, the result of a name change by a bank formerly known as Network Bank USA and, prior to that, Golden Pacific Bank. The new Security Pacific Bank (which failed on November 7, 2008) had no relation to Bank of America or the former Security Pacific National Bank, although it did use a similar interlocking "S" logo as the former bank. After its closure, it was acquired by Pacific Western Bank.

title: Security Pacific Bank


text:
Mieczysław Wolfke

Mieczysław Wolfke (29 May 1883 – 4 May 1947) was a Polish physicist, professor at the Warsaw University of Technology, the forerunner of holography and television. He discovered the method of solidification of helium as well as two types of liquid helium. He was a Masonic Grand Master of the National Grand Lodge of Poland from 1931 to 1934. He served as president of the Polish Physical Society between 1930 and 1934.

Biography
Mieczysław Władysław Wolfke was born on 29 May 1883 in Łask near Łódź. His father, Karol Juliusz Wolfke, was a road engineer.

In 1892 Mieczysław and his parents moved to Częstochowa where his father became a district roadside engineer. At the age of 12, Wolfke wrote a dissertation about interplanetary travelling (especially to the Moon). It contained the theory of spaceships driven by the jet force. He also presented scientific hypotheses supported by mathematical models.

In Częstochowa Mieczysław completed five years of the gymnasium for boys. Then he continued his education in Realschule in Sosnowiec which he graduated in 1902. At the age of 17, Wolfke developed a device which he called "telektroskop" (telectrosope). This invention was used to send images at a distance via electromagnetic waves. It was a prototype of television and Wolfke patented it in Russia and Germany. This patent received appreciation at the exhibition of the Polytechnic Society in Lviv in 1902 and gave him recognition in the world.

In 1902 Mieczysław Wolfke moved to Leodium, Belgium to start studying at the university. Because of the low standard of laboratories and inadequate equipment, he went to Sorbonne in Paris. In Paris he got acquainted with ideas of Freemasonry. In 1907 he failed the bachelor's exam and moved to Wroclaw (at that time Germany). He entered the University of Breslau and in 1910 he passed with the doctorate of philosophy (PhD) for his dissertation on the ability of resolution of optical systems on the example of microscope. Professor Otto Lummer was his supervisor. After the annulment of his first marriage, in March 1912 he married Agnes Erica Ritzmann.

After the patent of the cadmium-mercury lamp, which he and Karl Ritzmann (in the next years his brother-in-law) received in 1909, Wolfke was employed at the Carl Zeiss Company in Jena. However, working in the industry did not match his ambitions, in 1912 he went to Karlsruhe, where he worked as an assistant of professor Otto Lehmann at the Faculty of Physics at the local Polytechnic for four months. Soon after that, he moved to Zurich, where on 26 May 1913 he received a habilitation at the ETH (reviewers: Albert Einstein and Pierre Weiss) and in the next year – at the kantonal University (reviewers Max von Laue and Alfred Kleiner). Until the end of his stay in Zurich he lectured at both of these universities. He also worked for Carl Zeiss and Brown Boveri, but he consistently rejected any propositions of permanent and well-paid jobs in the industry. In 1915 his son, Karol Wolfke, was born and in 1918, the daughter, Lucyna was born.

After the restoration of Poland's independence in 1918, Wolfke obtained a Polish passport. In 1920 he got a proposal to take the position of professor at the University of Warsaw and accepted the nomination, but due to the financial problems and the lack of a laboratory, he did not undertake this job. In 1921 he obtained a successive habilitation at the University of Zurich (reviewers: Edgar Meyer and Erwin Schrödinger).

In 1922 Wolfke got a position of professor at the Warsaw University of Technology and returned to Poland. At the Warsaw University of Technology he led the Department of Physics on the Faculty of Electrotechnics. In 1924 he started the cooperation with the Institute of Low Temperatures in Leiden.

In 1926 his second son, Stefan Wolfke, was born.

In the early thirties, Wolfke started to organize the Low Temperatures Institute. In 1938 he took part in the organization of the flight of Polish stratospheric balloon called "Star of Poland". The first flight was unsuccessful and the second one was precluded by the World War II.

After the beginning of the World War II Wolfke was arrested (10@th November 1939), sent to Pawiak where he spent a week in cell number 49. After the release Mieczysław Wolfke managed (with the agreement of the occupier) the Research Department of Technical Physics and then lectured at the Higher State Technical School created in polytechnic buildings. He also organized support for the conspiracy and participated in underground teaching.

In May 1944, Mieczysław's daughter Lucyna Rassalska died.

The events of 1944 separated Mieczysław from his family. Mieczysław went to Cracow, while his wife, son-in-law and grandson stayed in the Warsaw University of Technology until the end of the Warsaw Uprising. After the end of it they were resettled to Cracow. Mieczysław's sons stayed in camps in Germany until the end of the war. In 1944 Mieczysław Wolfke married Krystyna Chądzyńska in Kraków.

After the end of military actions, Wolfke took part in the reconstruction of Polish science. He lectured at the University of Mining and Metallurgy in Cracow and at the Gdansk University of Technology. He also was involved in the formation of the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice. In December 1945 he returned to Warsaw where he started to organize the Faculty of Physics at Warsaw University of Technology. At the time of reconstruction of the Faculty of Physics (building was destroyed during the Warsaw Uprising) Mieczysław Wolfke was delegated to foreign scientific centers to acquire the knowledge about an actual situation of world's scientific research, an organization of institutes and also to buy a modern apparatus.

4 May 1947 Mieczysław Wolfke died suddenly in Zurich and was buried at Sihlfeld cemetery.

Scientific activities
Mieczysław Wolfke became interested in science at a pretty early age. In 1895 he wrote "Planetostat" – a dissertation about interplanetary communication and in 1901 – "Abstraktyka" – a philosophical dissertation about "science of science". However, these treatises were only in the form of manuscripts. In 1898 he patented in Russia and Germany a telectroscope. It was based on modified, rotating Nipkow disk, photosensitive selenium electrode and Geissler tube with brightness modulation. Wolfke was inspired by Jan Szczepanik's telectroscope (invented a few years earlier), but his project was wireless using electromagnetic waves. Two years later he devised a mathematical theory of surface displacements on a plane.

His first science publication: "Electron, considered as a center of pressure in ether" was written in 1907 in Paris. In the same year he had a presentation in the Astronomical Society in Paris about the idea of a telescope with a concave mirror – it was giving larger magnification than before. In recognition the Society invited him to participate in it.

After arrival to Wrocław, Wolfke invented in 1908 a cathode tube with a glass window, and in 1909 with Karl Ritzmann he patented a cadmium-mercury lamp. He later sold his rights to it to the Carl-Zeiss Jena company, where he worked for a year after obtaining his doctorate. At University of Wrocław in the Otto Lummer’s team Wolfke worked at the generalization of the Abbe’s theory of optical imaging for non-linear gratings. In 1910 he obtained degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) for dissertation about the resolving power of optical systems on example of microscope. Despite many great scientific achievements in his later years, Mieczysław Wolfke judged its content the most valuable.

During the stay in Zurich Mieczysław Wolfke was a member of a narrow group of physicists who created the paths of the world physics. In 1916 he started to study subject of Anode rays and – in 1917 – melting of tungsten (together with Gmür e CO company) and also on mercury Rectifiers. One year later his interests changed to carbon lamps, tungsten smelting and nitrogen combustion. At this time he published also dissertation "Über die Möglichkeit der optischen Abbildung von Molekulargittern" – (About a possibility of optical imaging of molecular gratings) – the world's first concept of holography and the second of the achievements cherished the most by himself. This thesis refers to Wolfke's stay in Karlsruhe in 1912, where he was an assistant to Professor Otto Lehmann – a physicist known as the father of Liquid crystals. In his laboratory Wolfke noticed that it was possible to first record the image on a photographic plate by illuminating the X-ray crystal and then read it with the use of additional optical unit and visible light. Dennis Gabor, during his Nobel lecture said: “I did not know at that time, and neither did Bragg, that Mieczysław Wolfke had proposed this method in 1920, but without realizing it experimentally”.

In 1922, after returning to Poland, Mieczysław Wolfke took up the problem of low temperatures. In 1924 Józef Wierusz-Kowalski – physicist, professor at the Warsaw University of Technology and from 1921 – Polish ambassador in the Hague – offered him a trip to Leiden and cooperation with the Institute of Low Temperatures in Leiden, where professor H. K. Kamerlingh-Onnes and (later) Willem Keesom studied the dielectric constant of liquid helium at various temperatures. The theoretical experiments led him to the discovery of two liquid phases of helium and solidification of helium what Mieczysław Wolfke considered as the third of his greatest achievements. In the early thirties Wolfke started to organize the separated Institute of Low Temperatures at Warsaw University of Technology, even running the first installation.

In 1927 Wolfke worked on the liquid helium dielectric constant and in the next year on the association in liquid dielectrics. He also started cooperation with the Polish Army in Temporary Advisory and Scientific Committee and created many inventions for the soldiers.

In 1930 he presented the theory of multiple associations. He also conducted the research on the point of change in the liquid phase and worked on the experimental finding of light molecules. Einstein mentioned his work at the Berlin Academy of Science.

In 1936 he checked the electric conductivity of liquid helium and started to organize the institute of low temperature at the Warsaw University of Technology. He also worked on the magnetocalorimetric of liquid helium.

In 1937 he found the direct evidence of fulfilment of the law of "action and reaction" for the electrical circuit of any shape. In 1938 he made his final measurements of magnetostriction of liquid oxygen and began researching autoprotonal discharges from palladium hydrogenated anodes.

All Wolfke's plans were crossed by the World War II. From his Institute the German soldiers stole the lab equipment. During the occupation, Wolfke led the Research Institute of Technical Physics at the Warsaw University of Technology (which was controlled by the occupier) and had lectures at the Higher State Technical School. He also organized support for the conspiracy and participated in the underground teaching.

Before the war, in May 1939, Wolfke wrote an article in the magazine "Polish Armed Forces" which was a warning against Nuclear weapons, and in 1945 he wrote a book entitled "Atomic bomb".

During his life he had many opened lectures which were very popular and gathered many listeners.

Organizations
Mieczysław Wolfke belonged to many different organizations and associations, for example: Prussian Academy of Sciences, Academy of Technical Sciences, Commission of the International Institute of Refrigeration, Warsaw Scientific Society, Polish Physical Society, Polish Academy of Learning in Kraków, Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, Schweizerische Physikalische Gesellschaft, Warsaw Polytechnic Society, Polish Society of Scientific Expeditions, International Cryogenic Commission, French Physical Society, Swiss Physical Society, Polish National Committee of the International Physical Society, Physical Education and Applied Sciences Committee, YMCA and the Grand National Assembly.

Awards and honors
Mieczysław Wolfke was decorated the Commander's Cross of Polonia Restituta.

title: Mieczysław Wolfke


text:
Congo Bongo

Congo Bongo, (コンゴボンゴ) also known as Tip Top, (ティップタップ) is a platform game released as an arcade video game by Sega in 1983. A message in the ROM indicates it was coded at least in part by the company Ikegami Tsushinki. The game is viewed in an isometric perspective, like Sega's earlier Zaxxon (1982), but does not scroll. Numerous home ports followed.

The player takes the role of a red-nosed safari explorer attempting to catch an ape named Bongo who set fire to the explorer's tent. The goal in each of the four screens is to move from the lower left corner to the location of the ape on the right or upper right. He must climb ledges, jump over water and gaps in the terrain, and avoid animal attackers.

Gameplay

Congo Bongo has similar elements and gameplay to Nintendo's Donkey Kong from 1981, with the isometric perspective from Sega's Zaxxon released in Japan in early 1982. Both Congo Bongo and Donkey Kong involve primates who throw objects at the player from a vantage point atop a structure. Both games involve a large-nosed protagonist whose only ability is to jump. Both games have four different, single-screen stages. The goal of the first stage in both games is to climb to the top. Even the graphics of the bonus timer are similar to Donkey Kong's.

Stages

 * 1) In the first stage, the hunter must avoid coconuts thrown by Bongo and he has to climb a series of cliffs to reach the ape, while at the same time shaking off three monkeys that try to throw the hunter off the mountain.
 * 2) In the second stage, the hunter must cross a swamp platform by riding on the backs of diving and swimming hippopotamuses and avoiding both venomous snakes and scorpions.
 * 3) The third stage requires the hunter to cross a plain and crouch into holes to evade the horns of charging rhinoceroses, while climbing up large flights of stairs to proceed to the next area.
 * 4) In the fourth and final stage, the hunter crosses a second swamp with lily pads, fish, and hippos, to reach a gate of charging rhinos that are blocking the entrance to Bongo in a hot tub.

The game repeats from the first level with increased difficulty.

Ports
Congo Bongo was ported to the Apple II, SG-1000, MSX, Intellivision, ColecoVision, Commodore 64 (first as a cartridge, then disk), VIC-20, IBM PC compatibles, Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Atari 8-bit computers, and TI-99/4A. Sega's ports for the Atari 2600, 5200, Atari 8-bit, Intellivision, and Commodore 64 (cartridge version) include two of the four levels from the arcade original, while the ColecoVision release is missing the "Snake Lake" level.

The Atari 2600 version was released in March 1984. The ColecoVision version was released in October 1984.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Congo Bongo on their June 15, 1983 issue as being the fifth most-successful table arcade unit of the month. In the United States, Time magazine initially reported in 1983 that the arcade game was a commercial failure, before it went on to become a popular arcade game according to Computer Games magazine in early 1985. The game went on to have a number of home conversions, which were commercially successful in the United States.

Computer and Video Games magazine gave the arcade game a generally favorable review. They called its concept of Donkey Kong (1981) "in three dimensions" a "fascinating idea" while also noting the final level has similarities to Frogger (1981).

The home conversions received a mixed reception. The ColecoVision, Atari 5200 and Intellivision versions were awarded "Best Videogame Audio-Visual Effects" at the 1984 Arkie Awards. Ahoy! in 1984 stated that Congo Bongo for the Commodore 64 and VIC-20 "is fraught with problems; gameplay is repetitive, frustrating, tedious, inconsistent, and at times confusing, and the music not only got on my nerves but stomped on them. Plus, the whole thing is derivative". Computer Games magazine gave the Atari VCS version a C− rating, calling the "VCS version of" the arcade game, "for the most part, a disappointment". ST. Game readers named the Atari version of the game the worst Atari program of 1983, even worse than the notorious E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.

Legacy
The original arcade release is included in the PlayStation Portable version of Sega Genesis Collection (as an unlockable game) and Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. An enhanced remake was released for the PlayStation 2 under the Sega Ages label as a part of Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 23: Sega Memorial Selection.

title: Congo Bongo


text:
Virgin Interactive Entertainment

Avalon Interactive Group, Ltd. was a British video game distributor based within Europe that formerly traded as the video game publishing and distributing division of British conglomerate the Virgin Group.

During the company's time under the Virgin brand, they had developed and published games for major platforms and employed developers, including Westwood Studios co-founder Brett Sperry and Earthworm Jim creators David Perry and Doug TenNapel. Others include video game composer Tommy Tallarico and animators Bill Kroyer and Andy Luckey.

Formed as Virgin Games in 1983, and built around a small development team called the Gang of Five, the company grew significantly after purchasing budget label Mastertronic in 1987. As Virgin's video game division grew into a multimedia powerhouse, it crossed over to other industries from toys to film to education. To highlight its focus beyond video games and on multimedia, the publisher was renamed Virgin Interactive Entertainment in 1993.

As result of a growing trend throughout the 1990s of media companies, movie studios and telecom firms investing in video game makers to create new forms of entertainment, VIE became part of the entertainment industry after being acquired by media companies Blockbuster and Viacom, who were attracted by its multimedia and CD-ROM-based software development. Being located in close proximity to the thirty-mile zone and having access to the media content of its parent companies drew Virgin Interactive's U.S. division closer to Hollywood as it began developing sophisticated interactive games, leading to partnerships with Disney and other major studios on motion picture-based games such as The Lion King, Aladdin, RoboCop, and The Terminator, in addition to being the publisher of popular titles from other companies like Capcom's Resident Evil series and Street Fighter Collection and id Software's Doom II in the European market.

Within the late-1990s, the North American operations were sold to Electronic Arts, while the European division later went under the hands of Interplay Entertainment and Titus Interactive. They soon transitioned exclusively as a distributor and were rebranded by Titus as Avalon Interactive in August 2003, and closed in 2005 following the former's bankruptcy. Currently, the VIE library and intellectual properties are owned by Interplay Entertainment as a result of its acquisition of Titus. A close affiliate and successor of Spanish origin, Virgin Play, was formed in 2002 from the ashes of former Virgin Interactive's Spanish division and kept operating until it folded in 2009.

Early history (1983–1987)
Nick Alexander formed Virgin Games in 1983 after leaving Thorn EMI. It was headquartered in Portobello Road, London. The firm initially relied on submissions by freelancer developers, but set up its own in-house development team in 1984, known as the Gang of Five. Early successes included Sorcery and Dan Dare. The company expanded with the acquisition of several smaller publishers, Rabbit Software, New Generation Software and Leisure Genius (publishers of the first officially licensed computer versions of Scrabble, Monopoly and Cluedo).

Purchase of Mastertronic and rebranding to Virgin Mastertronic (1987–1991)
1987 marked a turning point for Virgin after its acquisition of struggling distributor Mastertronic. Mastertronic had opened its North American headquarters in Irvine, California just a year earlier to build on its success at home, though growth exhausted its resources after expanding in Europe and acquiring publisher Melbourne House. Richard Branson stepped in and offered to buy 45 percent of Mastertronic stake, in exchange Mastertronic joined the Virgin Group. The subsequent merger created Virgin Mastertronic Ltd. in 1988 with Alper as its president which enabled Virgin to expand its business reach overseas. Mastertronic had been the distributor of the Master System in the United Kingdom and is credited with introducing Sega to the European market, where they expanded rapidly. The Mastertronic acquisition enabled Virgin to compete with Nintendo in the growing home console market.

Return to publishing (1991–1993)
To gain a foothold in its newly established market, Sega Enterprises, Ltd. acquired Mastertronic in 1991 while Virgin retained a small publishing unit, which was renamed Virgin Interactive Entertainment in 1993.

Hasbro, who had previously licensed some of its properties to Virgin, bought 15 percent—later increased to 16.2 percent—stake in VIE in August 1993. Hasbro wanted to create titles based on its brands, which included Transformers, G.I. Joe and Monopoly. The deal cut off competitors like Mattel and Fisher-Price who were interested in a similar partnership.

In late 1993, Virgin Interactive spun off a new company, Virgin Sound and Vision, to focus exclusively on CD-based children's entertainment.

Purchase by Blockbuster Entertainment and Spelling Entertainment (1994–1998)
As more media companies became interested in interactive entertainment, Blockbuster Entertainment, then the world's largest video-store chain, acquired 20 percent of Virgin Interactive Entertainment in January 1994. It acquired 75 percent of VIE's stock later in 1994 and purchased the remaining shares held by Hasbro in an effort to expand beyond its video store base. Hasbro went on to found their own game company, Hasbro Interactive the following year. The partnership with Blockbuster ended a year later when Blockbuster sold its stake to Spelling Entertainment, at the time being a subsidiary of Viacom. Viacom is the owner of Paramount Pictures and MTV, which made Virgin Interactive part of one of the world's largest entertainment companies. Viacom had planned to sell Spelling and buy Virgin Interactive out of Spelling before the sale. While it abandoned the Spelling sale some time ago, the collapse in the games market appears to have killed off any interest in buying Virgin.

Blockbuster and Viacom invested heavily in the production of CD-based interactive multimedia—video games featuring sophisticated motion-picture video, stereo sound and computer animation. VIE's headquarters were expanded to include 17 production studios where expensive SGI "graphics supercomputers" were used to build increasingly complicated games, eventually becoming one of the five largest U.S.-based video game companies.

In 1995, VIE signed a deal with Capcom to publish its titles in Europe, supplanting Acclaim Entertainment as Capcom's designated European distributor. VIE later published titles released by other companies, such as Hudson Soft. That year, the company expanded their distribution arm over to Spain, by forming Virgin Interactive España SA. In the same year, the company launched a budget reissue brand for their PC titles called "The White Label".

Re-independence and purchase of US operations by Electronic Arts (1998–1999)
Spelling put its ownership of Virgin up for sale as a public stock offering in 1997, stating that Virgin's financial performance had been disappointing. Since Spelling's purchase of the company, Virgin had lost $14 million in 1995 and was expected to post similar losses for 1996.

In 1998, Virgin Interactive's US operations were divested to Electronic Arts as part of its $122.5 million (£75 million) acquisition of Westwood Studios that same year. Electronic Arts also acquired the Burst Studios development studio, which was renamed to Westwood Pacific by its new owners.

The European division though was put out in a majority stake buyout backed by Mark Dyne, who became its chief executive officer in the same year. Tim Chaney, the former managing director was named president.

Purchase by Interplay and Titus (1999–2001)
On February 17, 1999, Virgin Interactive announced they had entered into a distribution agreement with Interplay Entertainment, where Interplay would distribute Virgin Interactive's titles in North America and several other territories including South America and Japan, while Virgin Interactive would exclusively distribute Interplay's titles in Europe, folding their own distribution arm in the process. To coincide with the distribution agreement, Interplay acquired a 43.9% minority stake (Initially a 49.9% stake) in the company. The deal was made as part of Interplay's attempt to gain profits, and the deal did not include publishing, which would remain as stand-alone entities.

In July 1999, French publisher Titus Interactive announced plans to purchase 50.6% of Interplay's shares. Shortly after the purchase, they announced they would purchase a 50.1% majority stake in Virgin Interactive, with the publisher's shareholders and management retaining a 6% stake. The following year in May 2000, Titus acquired the shareholders' 6% stake, with Titus now holding 56.6% in Virgin while Interplay retained their 43.9% stake. Titus also announced on the same day that Virgin Interactive would now distribute its titles in Europe and replace their standalone distribution arm. The deal was made following a similar distribution agreement in North America that would allow Interplay to market Titus' titles in the territory. A week later, Virgin signed a deal with Swing! Entertainment Media AG to distribute their titles in all European territories.

Virgin's presence outside Europe at this point was almost non-existent, with only a few titles such as Viva Soccer and Jimmy White's 2: Cueball, which was distributed in the North American market by Bay Area Multimedia instead of Interplay. However, in 2001, the North American branch of Titus; Titus Software, announced to resurrect the Virgin Interactive brand in North America to release several of Virgin's existing European PC releases as $20 budget titles.

Acquisition by Titus, sale of Spanish operations, rebranding, and fate (2002–2006)
On 16 April 2001, Titus announced they had expanded their shares in Interplay to 72.5% and purchased their stake in Virgin Interactive, making Virgin a fully-owned subsidiary of Titus Interactive, S.A. The deal was done to simplify their publishing and distribution sides, with Virgin continuing to be Titus and Interplay's exclusive European distributor.

On June 11, 2002, Titus announced they had accepted a management buyout of Virgin's Spanish operations; Virgin Interactive España SA, by Virgin's former CEO Tim Chaney along with former Spanish president and founder Paco Encinas. The deal was done for Titus to focus more on the UK, French and German subsidiaries. The business was renamed as Virgin Play in October, and would continue to distribute Titus and Interplay titles in Spain.

On July 1, 2003, Titus announced that Virgin Interactive would be renamed Avalon Interactive, with the French, Benelux and German operations soon following afterward.

In August 2004, the company launched a PC budget range titled "Just2Play" with Dutch publisher Xing Interactive for the UK and Benelux territories. The range was aimed to be similar to Avalon's White Label range, but with the addition of titles from Xing Interactive.

Closure
In January 2005, Titus Interactive filed for bankruptcy with €33 million ($43.8 million) debt. Avalon France and all of Titus' French operations were closed down immediately, while the UK branch continued to trade as Titus' non-French operations were unaffected. Avalon's UK operations were dissolved by November 2005.

Games

 * Falcon Patrol (1983)
 * Falcon Patrol II (1984)
 * Sorcery (1984)
 * The Biz (1984)
 * Strangeloop (1985)
 * Doriath (1985)
 * Gates of Dawn (1985)
 * Hunter Patrol (1985)
 * Now Games compilation series (1985–1988)
 * Dan Dare: Pilot of the Future (1986)
 * Shogun (1986)
 * Action Force (1987)
 * Action Force II (1988)
 * Clue: Master Detective (1989)
 * Double Dragon II (European computer versions) (1989)
 * Risk: The World Conquest Game, The Computer Edition of (1989)
 * Silkworm (1989)
 * Golden Axe (European computer versions) (1990)
 * Conflict: Middle East Political Simulator (1990)
 * Supremacy: Your Will Be Done (Overlord) (1990)
 * Spot: The Video Game (1990)
 * Wonderland (1990)
 * Chuck Rock (1991)
 * Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991)
 * Corporation (1991)
 * Jimmy White's Whirlwind Snooker (1991)
 * Realms (1991)
 * Alien 3 (American Amiga version) (1992)
 * Prince of Persia (American NES version) (1992)
 * Dune (1992)
 * Dune II (1992)
 * Archer McLean's Pool (1992)
 * European Club Soccer (1992)
 * Floor 13 (1992)
 * Global Gladiators (1992)
 * The Terminator (1992)
 * M.C. Kids (1992)
 * Monopoly Deluxe (1992)
 * Jeep Jamboree: Off Road Adventure (1992)
 * Cannon Fodder (1993)
 * Chuck Rock II: Son of Chuck (1993)
 * Superman: The Man of Steel (Europe only) (1993)
 * Dino Dini's Goal (1993)
 * Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story (1993)
 * Lands of Lore: The Throne of Chaos (1993)
 * Reach for the Skies (1993)
 * The 7th Guest (1993)
 * Cool Spot (1993)
 * Chi Chi's Pro Challenge Golf (1993)
 * Super Slam Dunk (1993)
 * Super Caesars Palace (1993)
 * Super Slap Shot (1993)
 * Disney's Aladdin (1993)
 * RoboCop Versus The Terminator (1993/1994)
 * The Terminator (Sega CD version) (1993)
 * Cannon Fodder 2 (1994)
 * Doom II: Hell on Earth (European PC version only) (1994)
 * Earthworm Jim (Europe only) (1994)
 * Jammit (America only) (1994)
 * Super Dany (Europe only) (1994)
 * Super Bomberman 2 (Europe only) (1994)
 * Beneath a Steel Sky (1994)
 * Walt Disney's The Jungle Book (1994)
 * Dynamaite: The Las Vegas (1994)
 * The Lion King (1994)
 * Demolition Man (1994)
 * Battle Jockey (1994)
 * The 11th Hour (1995)
 * Creature Shock (1995)
 * Earthworm Jim 2 (Europe only) (1995)
 * Super Bomberman 3 (Europe only) (1995)
 * Spot Goes To Hollywood (American Mega Drive/Genesis version published by Acclaim Entertainment) (1995)
 * Cyberia 2: Resurrection (1995)
 * The Daedalus Encounter (1995)
 * F1 Challenge (1995)
 * Flight Unlimited (1995)
 * Hyper 3-D Pinball (1995)
 * SuperKarts (1995)
 * Zone Raiders (1995)
 * Sensible Golf (1995)
 * Lost Eden (1995)
 * Kyle Petty's No Fear Racing (1995)
 * Command & Conquer (1995)
 * Gurume Sentai Barayarō (1995)
 * World Masters Golf (1995)
 * Rendering Ranger: R2 (1995)
 * Agile Warrior F-111X (1995)
 * Lone Soldier (Japan only) (1996)
 * The Mask (Japan only) (1996)
 * Resident Evil (Europe and PC versions only) (1996)
 * Ghen War (Europe/Japan) (1996)
 * NHL Powerplay '96 (1996)
 * Street Fighter Alpha 2 (Europe only) (1996)
 * Time Commando (Japan only) (1996)
 * Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars (1996)
 * Command & Conquer: Red Alert (1996)
 * Disney's Pinocchio (1996)
 * Queensrÿche's Promised Land (1996)
 * Toonstruck (1996)
 * Slamscape (Europe only) (1996)
 * Super Puzzle Fighter II Turbo (PS1 and Saturn versions, Europe only) (1996)
 * Golden Nugget (1997)
 * Grand Slam (1997)
 * Subspace (1997)
 * Agent Armstrong (1997)
 * Black Dawn (1997)
 * Blam! Machinehead (Japan only) (1997)
 * CrimeWave (Japan only) (1997)
 * Marvel Super Heroes (Europe only) (1997)
 * NanoTek Warrior (1997)
 * Lands of Lore: Guardians of Destiny (1997)
 * Broken Sword II: The Smoking Mirror (1997)
 * Mega Man X3 (PS1 and Saturn versions, Europe only) (1997)
 * NHL Powerplay '98 (1997)
 *  Sabre Ace: Conflict Over Korea (1997)
 * Ignition (1997)
 * Viva Football (titled as Viva Soccer in North America) (1998)
 * Bloody Roar: Hyper Beast Duel (Europe only) (1998)
 * Bomberman GB (Europe only) (1998)
 * Magic & Mayhem (Europe only) (1998)
 * Pocket Fighter (European PS1 version) (1998)
 * R-Types (Europe only) (1998)
 * Rival Schools: United by Fate (Europe only) (1998)
 * Resident Evil 2 (Europe only) (1998)
 * Street Fighter Collection 2 (European publishing rights only) (1999)
 * Bloody Roar 2 (European publishing rights only) (1999)
 * Bomberman (European publishing rights only) (1999)
 * Bomberman Quest (European publishing rights only) (1999)
 * Capcom Generations (Europe only) (1999)
 * Kagero: Deception II (European publishing rights only) (1999)
 * Dino Crisis (European publishing rights only) (1999)
 * Holy Magic Century (European publishing rights only) (1999)
 * Street Fighter EX2 Plus (European publishing rights only) (1999)
 * Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter (European publishing rights only) (1999)
 * Street Fighter Alpha: Warriors' Dreams (European publishing rights only) (1999)
 * Marvel vs. Capcom: Clash of Super Heroes (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Tech Romancer (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Operation WinBack (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Bomberman Fantasy Race (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Plasma Sword: Nightmare of Bilstein (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Street Fighter III: Double Impact (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Street Fighter Alpha 3 (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Dino Crisis 2 (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Gunlok (Europe only) (2000)
 * Super Runabout: The Golden State (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Strider 2 (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Giga Wing (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Capcom vs. SNK (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Resident Evil 3: Nemesis (European Dreamcast version only) (2000)
 * Trick'N Snowboarder (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Jimmy White's 2: Cueball (Distributed in North America by BAM! Entertainment) (2000)
 * Pocket Racing (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Mr. Driller (Dreamcast and GBC versions, Europe only) (2000)
 * JoJo's Bizarre Adventure (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Evolva (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Project Justice (European publishing rights only) (2000)
 * Heist (titled as Raub in Germany) (2001)
 * Gunbird 2 (European publishing rights only) (2001)
 * European Super League (Europe Only) (2001)
 * 3D Pocket Pool (Europe Only) (2001)
 * Project Justice: Rival Schools 2 (European publishing rights only) (2001)
 * Bloody Roar III (European publishing rights only) (2001)
 * Original War (2001)
 * Screamer 4x4 (2001)
 * Codename: Outbreak (2001)
 * Lotus Challenge (European PS2 version) (2001)
 * Magic & Mayhem: The Art of Magic (European publishing rights only) (2001)
 * Jimmy White's Cueball World (Europe exclusive game) (2001)
 * Resident Evil: Gaiden (European publishing rights only) (2001)
 * Nightstone (2001)
 * Guilty Gear X (European publishing rights only) (2002)

European distributed titles
This category includes titles that were distributed by Virgin Interactive in European territories.

title: Virgin Interactive Entertainment


text:
Talk:Boston Lyric Opera

Text removal
Previous inaccurate and unsourced text in this article has been removed. Please expand this article if you can! --bbatsell | « give me a ring »  15:54, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

PR-like tone
I have removed most of the text of the prior version, which was taken directly from BLO's website and was much too hagiographic in tone. The purpose of wikipedia is to present "just the facts" and not to be a PR-machine for any individual or group. DJRafe (talk) 00:28, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boston Lyric Opera


text:
Talk:Karl Barry Sharpless

Remove the rumors?
I am submitting a suggestion that the unsubstantiated rumors be removed from the entry. Although they may add to the KBS legend, such content is not appropriate for an encyclopedia. If I do not observe any objections from this page after a week, I will edit the entry. 16 October 2005

 * Do it immediately, if not sooner!
 * put it under a unsubstantiated rumors heading, I do not pretend to know where Wiki is going but I would be dissapointed if it would look just like any ordinary encyclopedia. A biography is not complete without a description of character, and are the 400 articles on the Simpsons appropiate content?. V8rik 17:05, 17 October 2005 (UTC) PS 4 tildes in a row makes a name and date in wiki

Now I have a name. Although I think that a separate heading is an excellent suggestion if the content remains, I am having trouble understanding how such rumors fit into the official Wikipedia policy of verifiability, WP:V. I am, obviously, new and therefore seeking advice. --Nosyl 04:39, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

There are published or at least written reports out there that could be referenced, especially regarding the condensation of liquid oxygen in an NMR tude. --Nosyl 05:12, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

strange
i would suspect this is an article written by a TSRI student for the purposes of fluffing his mentor. the prose switches aren't nice either

 * The last two paragraphs are indeed a little bit strange and probably unverifiable. Everyking 01:07, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

not strange
This talk was given in munich germany on his eurpean tour. And I never met him before!

As far I remember, he is Kristopher Barry Sharpless and not Karl —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.126.113.137 (talk) 15:08, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Karl Barry Sharpless


text:
John Dobson (architect)

John Dobson (9 November 1787 –8 January 1865) was a 19th-century English neoclassical architect. During his life, he was the most noted architect in Northern England. He designed more than 50 churches and 100 private houses, but he is best known for designing Newcastle railway station and his work with Richard Grainger developing the neoclassical centre of Newcastle. Other notable structures include Nunnykirk Hall, Meldon Park, Mitford Hall, Lilburn Tower, St John the Baptist Church in Otterburn, Northumberland, and Beaufront Castle.

Early life
Dobson was born on 9 December 1787 in High Chirton, North Shields, in a building which is now the site of The Pineapple Inn. He was the son of an affluent market gardener, John Dobson, and his wife Margaret.

Educated in Newcastle, he had an exceptional gift for drawing as a young child. Aged 11, he took the role of Hournary Draftsman for a well-renowned local damask weaver producing designs and sketches. At 15, he was placed as a pupil with David Stephenson, the leading architect-builder in Newcastle and the designer of All Saints' Church and the original Theatre Royal on Mosley Street. Dobson completed his studies in 1810, when he was 23.

He left Newcastle to study art in London as a pupil of the watercolourist John Varley. At first, Varley refused the offer of Dobson studying under him, saying he could not spare the time. However, upon seeing his disappointment, he agreed to give him lessons and quickly developed a mutual rapport. During his time in London, he formed lasting friendships with the likes of J. M. W. Turner, William H. Hunt, William Mulready and Robert Smirke. His Friends strongly encouraged him to stay and work in London, but he was back in Newcastle by 1811 assisting Sir Charles Monck design Belsay Hall. Monck, a passionate devotee of Grecian art and architecture, is thought to have strongly influenced Dobson, who adopted that architectural style in many of his future works. At the time, Dobson and Ignatius Bonomi in County Durham were the only practising architects between York and Edinburgh. The first building Dobson designed is unclear, but his daughter maintained it was North Seaton Hall, near Ashington, built in 1813 and demolished in 1960.

Country houses
Dobson was very versatile and could design in Gothic or Tudor style if his clients desired, but Georgian was his preferred style. His country houses are not well-known, as they generally are privately held, not large enough to be open to the public, and landscaped behind parkland and trees. Architectural features of Dobson country houses include the use of golden sandstone, Corinthian or Ionic pillared entrance porticos, elegant staircases with beautiful ironwork balustrades leading to an upper gallery with matching iron balustrades, and an entry hall with a domed ceiling and glass centrepiece. Often the ground-floor design includes a curved or bow end at one side of the house, like Nunnykirk Hall and Longhirst Hall. The quality of the stonework in all Dobson homes is superb, and it is believed that he regularly used the same team of stonemasons as he did with other craftsmen he employed.

Plans for Newcastle
In 1824, several years before Richard Grainger did the same, Dobson presented plans to the council to purchase and develop Anderson Place in Newcastle's centre. Dobson proposed a Mansion House as a "civic palace" with grand squares linked by wide tree-lined streets. Dobson's scheme called for an elegant city centre, but it was hugely expensive, and he lacked financial backing. Grainger's later Newcastle plan was not as grand but showed greater business acumen, a reason it was accepted.

Church of St Thomas the Martyr
In 1820, the Newcastle City Council authorized the demolition of the Chapel of St Thomas the Martyr at the north end of the Tyne Bridge so the road could be widened. The council chose Barras Bridge on Magdalene Meadow, belonging to St Mary Magdalene Hospital, as the location for the new chapel. Dobson designed it in the modified Gothic style in 1827, featuring a novel hollow tower. Construction was completed by 1830, at the cost of £6,000. Dobson also designed the Watergate Building, Sandhill, which replaced the demolished Chapel of St. Thomas the Martyr.

Central Station
In 1849 the High Level Bridge was built over the River Tyne, bringing the railway to Newcastle and north to Scotland. A suitably impressive station was required for a thriving town such as Newcastle, and Dobson provided it in his plans. His original plan of 1848 showed an ornate façade with a vast portico having double colonnades and an Italianate tower at the east end. Behind this was an enormous train shed made up of three arched glass roofs built in a curve on an 800 ft radius. This design won an award at the Paris Exhibition of 1858. Unfortunately, Dobson was forced to alter his plans to produce a much less substantial portico and remove the Italianate tower. The station was completed in 1850 without the planned portico, and it was not until 1863 that this was added. John Dobson argued for the role of the architect in building railway stations, and his Newcastle Central is regarded by many as the finest in England. According to Gordon Biddle and Oswald Nock in The Railway Heritage of Britain: "Undoubtedly it would have been one of the finest 19th-century classical buildings in Europe had it been completed... Even so, Newcastle Central today is magnificent inside for its spectacular combination of curves and outside for its sheer size and length". The train shed at Newcastle, the authors state, "was the first of the great arched roofs and represented a bold step forward which was copied by others". It was the first use of malleable rolled iron ribs – indeed the first large glass and iron vault in England, predating the Crystal Palace. Gibson Kyle, Dobson's nephew, was the clerk of works on this project.

The Royal Arcade
In 1830, the Newcastle City Council rejected Richard Grainger’s proposed corn exchange on a site at the bottom of Pilgrim Street, opposite Mosley Street. Grainger then built a Dobson-designed shopping arcade on the site, completed in 1832. Modelled after an elegant London shopping arcade, it had two office blocks facing Pilgrim Street and Manor Chare. The two were connected by a narrow block that formed the arcade. The arcade's front façade had six fluted Corinthian columns, and its interior was 250 ft long with an arched Grecian-style ceiling with several domed skylights. Although elegant, the Royal Arcade was not a commercial success. It was located too far from the town centre's main shopping areas. Demolition was considered as early as the 1880s, but the arcade survived until the 1960s.

Eldon Square
In 1824, Richard Grainger commissioned Dobson to produce designs for Eldon Square. Dobson's clean Grecian-inspired design had three two and story terraces facing a central square. The east and west terraces had 27 bays of windows, and the north terrace had 39 bays. The first floors had continuous cast-iron balconies with Grecian honeysuckle decoration. Giant Doric pilasters at the end of each terrace were faced with finely cut ashlar, more elegant and clean than the stucco used extensively in London at the time. Only the east terrace survives, as the other two were demolished by 1973 for the Eldon Square Shopping Centre.

Grainger Market
Grainger's plans for the development of Newcastle town centre involved the demolition of the existing flesh market. Grainger, therefore, offered to build a new meat market and vegetable market. The meat market was placed between two new streets, Grainger Street and Clayton Street, and the vegetable market was placed on the west side of Clayton Street. Both were designed by Dobson. The meat market had pilastered arcades, 360 windows, fanlights and wooden cornices, and four avenues each 338 ft long. It contained 180 butchers' shops when it opened. The vegetable market was given an open-plan layout, 318 ft long, 57 ft wide and 40 ft high, with a fine timber roof. In 1835, to celebrate the opening of the markets, a grand dinner was given in the vegetable market, with 2,000 guests and presided over by the Mayor. Surprisingly, in the after-dinner speeches, no mention was made of Dobson.

Grey Street
The crowning piece of Grainger's plan for the development of Newcastle was a new street leading up from Dean Street to intersect with Blackett Street. Originally called Upper Dean Street, it was eventually renamed Grey Street. Dobson was originally credited for the whole street's design (by Pevsner for one), possibly due to his daughter's assertions. It is now believed that Dobson was responsible only for the east side from Shakespeare Street to Mosley Street, and architects from Grainger's office, John Wardle and George Walker, designed the west side.

Contribution to Grainger Town

Richard Grainger exercised close control over the master plan for Grainger Town and the quality of the work. John Dobson is given much of the credit for the detailed design, but other architects made significant contributions, especially Thomas Oliver and John and Benjamin Green. Substantial work was also done by two architects in Grainger's office, John Wardle and George Walker. They designed the west side of Grey Street, as well as Grainger Street, Clayton Street and Market Street. Dobson's daughter, Jane, confused crediting by claiming her father did the work of other architects. For instance, she claimed that Dobson designed Leazes Terrace and Leazes Crescent, although Thomas Oliver actually designed them.

Break with Grainger
In 1841, Grainger, unknown to Dobson, had serious financial difficulties and owed Dobson a large sum of money for his work. Grainger attempted to reduce the indebtedness by charging Dobson £250 for a staircase and painted ceiling removed from Anderson Place. Dobson thought the amount was outrageous and an underhanded trick, expressing his indignation to Grainger in various surviving letters. It is believed these circumstances led to the final break of their professional relationship.

Personal life
Dobson married Isabella, the eldest daughter of Alexander Rutherford of Warburton House, Gateshead. She had great artistic talent and was an excellent painter of miniatures. They had three sons and five daughters. His youngest son, Alexander, Ralph, Dobson born November 1834, inherited his father's artistic genius, gaining first prize in architecture at University College. He had just returned to his father's office full of enthusiasm to work when he was killed aged just 19 in the great explosion on Gateshead quayside on 4 October 1854 whilst helping to extinguish the Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead.

Later life
Dobson's wife, Isabella, died at 51 in 1846. Thirteen years later, in 1859, he was elected first President of the newly formed Northern Architectural Association at 72. He suffered a stroke, from which he never fully recovered, and retired in 1863. He lived for a time in Ryton but died on 8 January 1865 at 77 in his home at 15 New Bridge Street, leaving a comfortable £16,000 fortune. He is buried in Jesmond Old Cemetery, where a memorial was erected circa 1905.

The house in which Dobson died still stands. It was fully restored in 2019 after having been the Oxford Galleries and a series of nightclubs.

List of major works with dates

 * Belsay Hall (as assistant to Sir Charles Monck), Belsay (1810–1817)
 * The Scottish Presbyterian Church, North Shields (later a Salvation Army hall)
 * Newbrough Hall (1812)
 * North Seaton Hall near Ashington (1813) (demolished 1960)
 * Prestwick Lodge (later Prestwick Hall), Ponteland (1815)
 * Sandyford Park (later Nazareth House), Newcastle (1817)
 * Doxford Hall near Embleton (1818)
 * Morpeth Gaol and Courthouse (1822–1828), the gaol was demolished in 1891 but the courthouse is still extant.
 * Newcastle Gaol, Carliol Square (1823), (demolished 1925)
 * Angerton Hall, Hartburn (1823)
 * Mitford Hall, Mitford (1823–1829)
 * Eldon Square, Newcastle (1824–1826), (partially demolished 1969, nos. 1-4 remain)
 * Nunnykirk Hall, near Netherwitton (1825)
 * Church of St Thomas the Martyr, Barras Bridge, Newcastle (1825)
 * Numerous houses, villas and terraces in the New Bridge/Pandon area, Newcastle (1820s) (of these only Dobson's own house at New Bridge Street West survives)
 * Lying-In Hospital, New Bridge Street, Newcastle (1826)
 * Scotch Church, North Bridge Street, Monkwearmouth (1827) (demolished 1891)
 * St Mary's Place, Newcastle (1829)
 * Longhirst Hall, Morpeth (1824)
 * Benwell Towers, Newcastle (1831)
 * Royal Arcade, Newcastle (1831–32), (demolished 1969)
 * Meldon Park, near Morpeth (1832)
 * Holme Eden Abbey, Wetheral, (1833–1837)
 * Grainger Market, Newcastle (1835)
 * Nos. 18 - 96 (even) Grey Street, Newcastle (1836)
 * Beaufront Castle, Sandhoe parish, near Hexham (1835–1841)
 * Newcastle General Cemetery (later Jesmond Cemetery) (1836).
 * Carlton Terrace, Jesmond, Newcastle (1840)
 * Market Keeper's House and Office of Cattle Market, Newcastle (1842)
 * Lilburn Tower, near Wooler (1842)
 * Church of St James, Newcastle, (1833)
 * Collingwood Monument (base and plinth), Tynemouth, (1845)
 * Royal Station Hotel, Newcastle, (1847–1850)
 * Flax Mill (now the Cluny public house), Ouseburn Valley (1848)
 * Church of St Cuthbert, Consett, (1849–50)
 * Central railway station, Newcastle (1849–50)
 * Elswick Dene, Newcastle (1850)
 * Barber Surgeons Hall, Newcastle (1851)
 * Dobson Wing of Newcastle Infirmary, Newcastle (1852-1855) (demolished 1954)
 * Warrington Museum & Art Gallery, Warrington 1855–1857
 * Hartlepool Cemetery, now known as Spion Kop Cemetery Local Nature Reserve (1856)
 * Clayton Memorial Church (Jesmond Parish Church), Jesmond, Newcastle (1857–61)
 * Church of St Edward the Confessor, Sudbrooke, Lincolnshire (1860).
 * Jesmond Dene Banqueting Hall, Newcastle (1860–1862)

title: John Dobson (architect)


text:
File:Coleco Spy Hunter.png

Description
screenshot ColecoVision Spy_Hunter.

Fair use in Spy Hunter
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
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 * 2) The image is being used for no purpose other than to identify the subject of the article.
 * 3) The image resolution has been significantly decreased from the original, so copies made from it would be of inferior quality.
 * 4) The use of this image neither detracts from the game nor inhibits its salability in any way.

title: File:Coleco Spy Hunter.png


text: Category:Polish physicians

title: Category:Polish physicians


text: Wikipedia:U.S. Southern wikipedians' notice board/to do