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Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan

Buyantu Khan (Mongolian: Буянт хаан; Mongolian script: ; ), born Ayurbarwada (Mongolian: Аюурбарбад ; ), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Renzong of Yuan (, April 9, 1285 – March 1, 1320), was the fourth emperor of the Yuan dynasty of China. Apart from Emperor of China, he is regarded as the eighth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. His regnal name "Buyantu Khan" means "blessed/good Khan" in the Mongolian language. His personal name "Ayurbarwada" was derived from a Sanskrit compound "Āyur-parvata" (आयुर् पार्वत), which means "the mountain of longevity", in contrast with Emperor Wuzong's name Qaišan (海山, "mountains and seas" in Chinese).

Ayurbarwada was the first Yuan emperor who actively supported the adoption of Confucian principles into the administration system. The emperor, who was mentored by the Confucian academic Li Meng, succeeded peacefully to the throne and reversed his older brother Khayisan's policies. More importantly, Ayurbarwada reinstituted the civil service examination system for the Yuan dynasty.

Struggle for succession
Ayurbarwada was the second son of Darmabala and Dagi (Targi) of the Khunggirat, and a great-grandson of Kublai Khan (r. 1260–1294). He had been tutored by the Confucian scholar Li Meng, who strongly affected his future political attitudes since his early teens.

In 1305 Bulugan Khatun removed Ayurbarwada from the court and sent him to Honan as the prince of Huai-ning. However, his uncle Temür Khan died without an heir on February 2, 1307, because his son Tachu had died a year earlier before him.

Temür's widow Bulugan of the Bayaud tribe had kept away the Khunggirad-mothered brothers of Khayishan and Ayurbarwada and attempted to set up her favorite, the Muslim Ananda, their uncle and the governor of Ningxia. The Darkhan Harghasun, the right chancellor of the government who became aware of Bulugan's plan, recalled Ayurbarwada and Li Meng from Huaizhou  to the capital Dadu. They successfully developed a strategy to imprison both Ananda and Bulugan. Afterwards, Ayurbarwada welcomed his older brother Khayishan, who was still far away from Dadu, to succeed to the throne. After the latter's coronation, Ayurbarwada was appointed the Crown Prince in June 1307. The brothers promised each other that their descendants would rule in succession.

Early career under Külüg Khan and enthronement
Ayurbarwada was made head of the top central administrative organs known as the Zhongshu Sheng under his brother and predecessor Khayishan Külüg Khan. He had surrounded himself with the Chinese scholars Chen Hao, Wang I, Wang Yueh, Zhao Mengfu, Wang Chieh, Chan Yaoho, Shang-ye, Yao sui, and Hsia ku; the artists Shang cheng and Wang Cheng-peng; Chagaan, a scholar from Balkh and Haiya, the Uyghur lyricist.

He was able to read and write Chinese and appreciate Chinese paintings and calligraphy in addition to his deep knowledge of Confucianism and Chinese history. Strongly influenced by Confucian political ethics, he was naturally opposed to his brother's exploitative policies. Khayishan's partisans had accused Li Meng of having advised Ayurbarwada to keep the throne for himself; Li Meng left the court immediately after Khayishan's accession. Ayurbarwada spoke out in Li Meng's defence but accomplished nothing much in the end. His disagreement with his brother's high officials remained concealed until his own enthronement.

Khayishan died in January 1311. Unlike the succession struggle over Yuan throne in 1307, Ayurbarwada's succession to his elder brother Khayishan's throne in April 1311 was a peaceful and smooth transition of the Yuan imperial history. This was made possible by the fact that he was designated by Khayishan as the heir apparent in June 1307, in accordance with their earlier agreement, and had subsequently appointed him as the titular head of the Zhongshu Sheng, similar to Kublai Khan had done when grooming Zhenjin to be his successor. He was saluted under the title of Buyantu in his accession kuriltai.

Reformation
While one might expect a general continuity in policy and personnel between the two reigns in view of the fraternal love between Khaishan and Ayurbawada and the peaceful way in which one succeeded the other, what was to happen early in Ayurbarwada's reign was actually the opposite: a political purge of Khaishan's chief ministers and a reversal of most of his policies. These reversals of policies can be traced to Ayurbarwada's cultural and ideological orientation and his uneasy political relationship with his late brother. Strongly influenced by Confucian political ethics as he was, he was naturally opposed to the exploitative policies carried out by the Department of State Affairs under Khaishan.

Ayurbarwada was highlighted for his reform efforts based on Confucianism principle for the Yuan government, though these reforms were made at the displeasure of some Mongol nobility. As soon as he ascended to the throne, he disbanded of the Department of State Affairs set up during Khayishan's reign, which resulted in the execution of 5 high-ranking officials. He also abolished the Zhida paper notes and coins issued by the court of Khayishan; and restored the Zhongtong and Zhiyuan notes as the only official currency. The bureaucracy was trimmed to the 1293 level and new high offices were reduced to the original status they had had in Kublai's reign. The various public building projects of Khayisan were halted. He made Li Meng and Zhang Kui grand councillors in addition to appointing others including Mongols and Semuren (a caste of assorted peoples from Central Asia and the west). The Office of Market Taxes, which was set up to supervise merchants, was abolished with the attempt at abolition by the Semuren.

The most prominent reform he made was the reintroduction of the imperial examination system for public officials similar to the one in previous dynasties of China. The imperial examination system, though had repeated been debated during Kublai's reign, had not put into effect until this time. It was now based entirely on Neo-Confucianism, which was thus established as the state philosophy of China for many centuries ever since. A race-based quotas were set for these examinations, allowing a certain number of both Mongol and Han Chinese to enter the government as civil officials. For example, starting in 1313 examinations were introduced for prospective officials – testing their knowledge on significant historical works – in 1315 300 appointments went to the court, with an extra quarter of the positions being given to non-Han Chinese people.

Codification of the law was another area in which Ayurbarwada's efforts to reform the Yuan Dynasty produced the desired results. In the same month that he was enthroned in 1311, he instructed the Zhongshu Sheng to systematize the codes and regulations promulgated since the beginning of Kublai's reign. This compilation and editing was completed in 1316, though the process of reviewing the collection was not completely until 1323, under his son and successor Shidibala, who formally promulgated it under the title Da Yuan Tong Zhi (Chinese: 大元通制, "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"). In some ways the new code also reflected certain Mongolian customs and the institutional features peculiar to the Mongol dynasty in the history of China.

He believed that the Mongol elites and the Semuren had to learn from Confucian political philosophy and Chinese historical experience in order to govern China. During the reign of Ayurbarwada, a number of Chinese books and works were translated or published with Ayurbarwada's authorization. This can also reveal his fondness for Chinese culture and his and his officials' (especially the Mongols and Central Asians) desire to benefit from Confucian political wisdom and Chinese historical experience. Examples of these translated or published books and works include the Confucian classic Shang Shu (Chinese: 尚書, "Book of history"), Daxue Yanyi (Chinese: 大學衍義, "Extended meaning of the Great Learning"), Zhenguan Zhengyao (貞觀政要, "Essentials of the government of the Zhenguan period"), and the Xiao Jing (孝經, "Books of filial piety").

In the winter of 1311 Ayurbarwada ordered the abolition of the jarghuchi (judge) of the princely establishments that was created by Ögedei Khan (r. 1229–1241) and placed all Mongolian violators under the jurisdiction of chienbu while attempting to restrict separate appanage judges. He restricted the position jarghuchi to judicial affairs and organized them under the Court of the Imperial Clan.

Early in his reign Ayurbarwada encouraged agriculture to increase the state revenue. His senior councillor, Temuder, took drastic measures which included collecting salt and iron monopoly taxes and the state monopoly over foreign trade under the Maritime Trade Supervisorate. Despite commercial ties with Europe increased, Ayurbarwada's administration, led by Temuder, unsuccessfully attempted a new cadastral survey called Yanyou Jingli which involves a comprehensive land survey in 1314. If it had been implemented properly, this survey would have greatly increased the state revenue and helped a more effective tax structure. Ineffective implementation of the survey by corrupt officials caused widespread hardship and resentment. As a result, a serious revolt broke out in Jiangxi in the fall of 1315. Although the revolt was suppressed within two months, it forced the government to abandon the survey program completely to relieve the situation.

Ayurbarwada also granted diploma (yarliq) to exempt the Franciscans from any taxation in 1314. The friars were still expected to pray for the Emperor's life and give their blessing on ceremonial occasions.

Temuder chipped away at the autonomy of the princely appanages and executed Confucian opponents. Since Temuder was viewed by Confucians as an "evil minister", opponents of fiscal centralization charged Temuder with corruption; and Buyantu Khan had to dismiss him in 1317. Unwilling to oppose his mother Dagi (Targi), Ayurbarwada could not eliminate Temuder.

Internationally, Ayurbarwada continued his ancestors' imperialistic policies. He reminded the vassal states of his accession, and told them to remember and send their tribute at the proper time, and assured them that he would make punitive actions if they failed. Among the tributary princes to whom he notified his advent to the throne are named those of Champa, Annam, an island near Japan, Malabar, and kingdoms on the borders of Yunnan.

The reign of Ayurbarwada also saw the Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war between the Chagatai Khanate under Esen Buqa I and the Ayurbarwada's Yuan dynasty and its ally the Ilkhanate under Öljaitü. The war ended with the victory for the Yuan and the Ilkhanate, but the peace only came after the death of Esen Buqa in 1318.

Aftermath

Ayurbarwada died on March 1, 1320. After Khayishan died, Ayurbarwada reneged his promise later in his reign by making his own son Shidibala the new Crown Prince in 1316. Therefore, his son succeeded him instead of one of Khayisan's sons.

His death created two decades of political turmoil. The Khunggirat faction under Temuder and Dagi became even more powerful at the court. After the assassination of Shidibala in 1323, none of his descendants ruled the Empire.

Family
He had three consorts, only two gave him sons:

He also had a daughter named Princess Kökelün who married to Duoluben Küregen - one of the descendants of Dai Setsen, Khongirad tribal leader and father of Börte.
 * 1) Radnashiri Khatun (d. 1322) — from Khongirad tribe
 * 2) * Shidibala, later Gegeen Khan
 * 3) Dharmashiri Khatun - Korean from Kim clan
 * 4) * Udus Buqa, King of An (安王) from 1315 and Prince of Shunyang (順阳王) from 1320
 * 5) Bayan Qutugh Khatun - Korean from Wang clan

title: Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan


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Mazzano

Mazzano (Brescian: Mazà) is a comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, northern Italy. The Municipality of Mazzano has a population of 12500 inhabitants and consists of three hamlets, Mazzano, Molinetto and Ciliverghe

Twin towns
Mazzano is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Germain-des-Fossés, France

The Municipality of Mazzano is twinned with the French town of Saint-Germain-des-Fossés, located in the Allier (Auvergne), ten kilometers from Vichy. The oath of brotherhood that sanctioned the formalization of the twinning was held in October 2002 in Saint-Germain-des-Fossés and on April 25, 2003 in Mazzano. Since 2010 the municipal administration, led by the mayor Maurizio Franzoni, has no longer considered continuing relations with the French citizen without confirming the municipal commission for twinning.

Alpine regularity race
Starting from 1986 in Mazzano there is a regularity march in the mountains of the FIE (Italian Hiking Federation) called Renato Malossi trophy in honor of the historical leader of the Alpine group.

The competition is organized by the Alpine Sports Directorate of Mazzano under the aegis of the Italian Hiking Federation and is sponsored by the Municipality of Mazzano and the Province of Brescia.

In the 34 previous editions, the race was a regional championship race and on some occasions an Italian championship race. Combined with the same gear is the Boioni and Cerqui cups for the youth and student sector and the Comune di Mazzano trophy awarded to the winners of the promotional race in pairs.

In 2019 the race was held on March 17 starting from the Mazzano Alpini's house

Football
A.S.D.P. Ciliverghe di Mazzano is the football team of the city. It plays in Italy's Serie D after the promotion from Eccellenza Lombardy Girone C in the 2013–14 season.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mazzano


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Milzano

Milzano (Brescian: Melsà) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. Surrounding comunes include Alfianello, Cigole, Pavone del Mella, Pralboino, San Gervasio Bresciano, Seniga.

title: Milzano


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Salon-de-Provence

Salon-de-Provence (, ; Selon de Provença or Seloun de Prouvènço, ), commonly known as Salon, is a commune located about 52 km northwest of Marseille in the Bouches-du-Rhône department (Metropolis of Aix-Marseille Provence), region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Southern France. It is the home of an important French Air and Space Force (Armée de l'Air et de l'Espace) air base.

History
Salon was a Gallo-Roman oppidum well positioned on the salt trade routes between Adriatic, Atlantic and Mediterranean seas, hence its name. This region was under the Phocaean influence since the sixth century BC, and stretches of the Via Aurelia can still be recognized just outside the town, but the earliest mention of the place under its familiar name is of the ninth century, as Villa Salone. The archbishops of Arles controlled the site.

Its principal claim to fame today is as the place where Nostradamus spent his last years and is buried. His dwelling is maintained as a museum, and for four days every June or July, the city celebrates its history during the time of Nostradamus, attracting tourists.

The historic center still lies within its circuit of walls, entered through two seventeenth-century gateways, the Porte de l'Horloge and the Porte du Bourg Neuf.

In 1559 the engineer Adam de Craponne opened the Canal de Craponne to bring fresh water from the river Durance to the town and the surrounding plain of Crau. Inexpensive freight brought commerce to Salon, and the town prospered.

Château de l'Emperi
The castle, which was the biggest in Provence during the 12th and 13th centuries and was mentioned as early as the tenth, still dominates the old town. It was the preferred residence of the bishops of Arles, when Provence was part of the Holy Roman Empire, hence its name. It became the property of the city after the French Revolution. After damage caused by the 1909 earthquake, it has been restored and now hosts a museum of military history. Every summer, it hosts an international classical music festival.

Fontaine Moussue
The fountain in Place Crousillat has existed since the 16th century. During the 20th century, limestone concretions and vegetation developed, giving the familiar mushroom aspect.

St Michel Chapel
Built during the 13th century, this chapel boasts a remarkable Romanesque tympanum featuring the paschal lamb.

Collégiale Saint Laurent
The current edifice was erected during 15th century by Cardinal Louis Aleman, who was then bishop of Arles.

Salon-de-Provence Air Base
Salon-de-Provence Air Base is the site of the French Air Force Academy, as well as the home of the French Aerial Demonstration team, the Patrouille de France.

Market
Every Wednesday the Place Morgan is host to a Provençal market.

Culture
Each summer, the Château de l'Empéri hosts a festival of chamber music.

Some years the Château is the venue for Nostradamiques – an historical re-enactment of the time of Nostradamus which includes processions and a transformation of the old medieval downtown. One such re-enactment was performed by the television presenter Jean-Pierre Foucault. In 2006 Robert Hossein compered the closing ceremony of the re-enactment.

Personalities

 * Abba Mari ben Eligdor (fl.1335), distinguished Talmudist, philosopher, resident 14th Century
 * Nostradamus (1503–1566), resident 1547–66, place of death
 * Adam de Craponne (1526–1576), engineer, born in Salon
 * Miquèu Tronc (16th century), Occitan language writer
 * Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet (1720–1778), French botanist and explorer, birthplace
 * Joan Montseny (1864-1942), Catalan anarchist, place of death
 * Charles Trenet (1913-2001), French singer, resident for military reasons, 1939–1940
 * Romain Gary (1914–1980), French novelist and pilot, learnt to fly with military in Salon-de-Provence before Nazi occupation of France
 * Patrick Baudry (1946-), and Léopold Eyharts (1957-), French astronauts, military training
 * Daniel Goossens (1954-), Cartoonist, birthplace
 * Christine Boisson (1956-), French actor, birthplace
 * Franck Esposito (1971-), French swimmer, birthplace
 * Michaël N'dri (1984-), footballer, birthplace and early Football career
 * Mathieu Arzeno (1987-), racing driver, birthplace
 * Simon Porte Jacquemus (1990-), Fashion Designer
 * Nassourdine Imavov (1995-), MMA fighter, former resident
 * Sakina Karchaoui (1996-), footballer for Paris Saint-Germain and the France national team

Twin towns – sister cities
Salon-de-Provence is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Blanzy-la-Salonnaise, France
 * 🇪🇸 Aranda de Duero, Spain
 * 🇮🇹 Gubbio, Italy
 * 🏴 Huntingdon, England, United Kingdom
 * 🏴 Godmanchester, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇭🇺 Szentendre, Hungary
 * 🇩🇪 Wertheim am Main, Germany

title: Salon-de-Provence


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Moniga del Garda

Moniga del Garda (Gardesano: Mùniga) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in the Italian region Lombardy. The municipality, located on the southwest side of Lake Garda, is bounded by other communes of Padenghe sul Garda, Manerba del Garda and Soiano del Lago.

History
Thanks to the remains of a pile-dwelling village it has been possible to ascertain that this area was already populated during the Early Bronze Age (1800–200 b.C.).

In the second half of the 12th century it became a feud of Ugone da Poncarale and in 1196 it was donated to the monks of Leno. Moniga was subjected to a series of rules, among which that by the Republic of Venice and subsequently the Austrian Empire, with which it belonged until 1859.

From 1928 to 1947 it became a part of the Commune of Padenghe. Its unusual name is believed to come from that of the goddess Diana Muchina, who, according to the legend, was said to have a sanctuary in the area.

Culture
Chiaretto, a rosé wine of a light cherry colour, owes its creation to local citizen Pompeo Molmenti, who dedicated his attention intensively to the cultivation of vines and wine on his estate in 1896. Moniga dedicates one events a year to this wine, the "Italia in Rosa" fair, held in June.

title: Moniga del Garda


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Talk:Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan

Untitled
If one tries to move the title or make any significant changes to any article, always try to discuss first, thanks. --Chinyin (talk) 21:52, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

Article name
See Talk:Toghon Temür. Should there be a rename of this article? --Evecurid (talk) 01:09, 24 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan


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Talk:Emperor Renzong of Yuan China/to do

 * Biography
 * Impact (if any)
 * Birth/death dates
 * Posthumous names


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Monno

Monno (Camunian: Mòn) is a village and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. It is situated above the right bank of the river Oglio, in upper Val Camonica.

Location
Monno is located along the road which from Val Camonica goes to Mortirolo Pass.

Religious architecture
The churches of Monno are:

 * San Pietro e Paolo Church, built on the ruins of a 14th-century building. The gate, which dates back to 1629, is made of marble of Vezza. In 1895, Antonio Guadanini painted on the apse the Annunciation with the Evangelists in the hackle.
 * San Francesco Oratory – its structure dates back to the 16th century; it was designated as a cinema.
 * San Sebastiano e Fabiano Church, built on an older building.
 * San Brizio Church

Military architecture

 * Castello di Monno, owned by the Federici family and then the Corata family which disappeared without heirs in 1733. There are no traces, except for the base of San Pietro e Paolo Church.
 * WWII cannon on the peak of Monte Pagano.

Places of natural interest

 * Conca of Mortirolo Pass.

title: Monno


text: User talk:67.106.6.35

title: User talk:67.106.6.35


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Talk:Figure (music)

Fragment vs phrase
I changed the opening sentence back to read fragment rather than phrase as phrase (music) already means something else, something usually taken to be larger than a figure. Hyacinth 22:36, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Requested move: "Musical scale" → "Scale (music)"
I have initiated a formal RM action to move Musical scale to Scale (music). Contributions and comments would be very welcome; decisions of this kind could affect the choice of title for many music theory articles.

N oetica Tea? 00:11, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

References to Grove Dictionary
Hello,

I have added the Grove's Dictionary under general references and page number to corresponding description within the book.

The Grove dictionary has an extensive description of figures in music and I'm thinking of incorporating the whole text in this article. Don't worry; the book is in PD.

Thank you, Marino 23:46, 24 January 2021 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marino108LFS (talk • contribs)

"Music of a high order"?
What on God's green Earth is going on in the latter part of this article? Whence comes all the ideology about what makes music a "work of art" separating from the "mass of slovenly" popular works...? I mean come now. Agree or not, this has absolutely no place in an encyclopedia article.

- OffUse 2601:647:C900:C8A0:7C47:1C5C:AE89:240F (talk) 04:27, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Figure (music)


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James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope

James Richard Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope, (11 November 1880 – 15 August 1967), styled Viscount Mahon until 1905, was a British Conservative politician.

Background
Stanhope was the eldest son of Arthur Stanhope, 6th Earl Stanhope, and Evelyn Henrietta (née Pennefather), daughter of Richard Pennefather of Knockeevan, County Tipperary and Lady Emily Butler. The Hon. Edward Stanhope and Philip Stanhope, 1st Baron Weardale, were his uncles.

Lord Mahon was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Grenadier Guards on 5 January 1901, and went with his battalion to serve in South Africa during the Second Boer War. Following the end of this war in June 1902, he returned with a large contingent of men from the guards regiments on board the SS Lake Michigan, which arrived in Southampton in October 1902.

Political career
Stanhope entered the House of Lords on the death of his father in 1905, and made his maiden speech in November 1909. He held his first office as Parliamentary Secretary to the War Office under David Lloyd George between 1918 and 1919. In 1924 he was appointed Civil Lord of the Admiralty under Stanley Baldwin, a post he held until the Conservatives lost power in 1929. The latter year he was also sworn of the Privy Council. After the formation of the National Government in 1931 he served under Ramsay MacDonald as Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty in 1931, as Under-Secretary of State for War between 1931 and 1934 and as Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the last year under the premiership of Stanley Baldwin. In 1934 he was made a Knight Companion of the Garter.

He entered the cabinet in June 1936 when Baldwin appointed him First Commissioner of Works. When Neville Chamberlain became Prime Minister in May 1937 Stanhope was made President of the Board of Education, and in February 1938 he also succeeded E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax as Leader of the House of Lords. In October 1938 he became First Lord of the Admiralty while continuing as Leader of the House of Lords. After the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, he was succeeded as First Lord of the Admiralty by Winston Churchill and appointed Lord President of the Council. He remained as Leader of the House of Lords and Lord President until Churchill became Prime Minister in 1940. However, he did not serve in the Churchill coalition government and never returned to ministerial office. He made his last speech in the House of Lords in December 1960.

In July 1940, Stanhope and several other national politicians—including Baldwin and Chamberlain—were targeted in the polemic Guilty Men. This publication accused these men of failing to prepare Britain for the looming war, and of appeasing Nazi Germany during the 1930s. The accusations made in Guilty Men have subsequently been questioned by some critics.

Family
Lord Stanhope married Lady Eileen Browne (1889–1940), the eldest daughter of George Browne, 6th Marquess of Sligo, and Agatha Stewart Hodgson, granddaughter of William Forsyth. They had no children. She died in September 1940, aged 51. With the death of Edward Scudamore-Stanhope, 12th Earl of Chesterfield, in 1952, Lord Stanhope inherited the peerage titles Earl of Chesterfield and Baron Stanhope, but did not apply for a writ of summons for the more senior Earldom of Chesterfield, and continued to be known as The Earl Stanhope. Stanhope died in August 1967, aged 86. On his death both earldoms and the barony of Stanhope became extinct, whereas the viscountcy of Stanhope of Mahon and the barony of Stanhope of Elvaston passed to his nearest heir, William Stanhope, 11th Earl of Harrington. Lord Stanhope left his country seat Chevening to the nation.

title: James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope


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Thistle (dinghy)

The Thistle is an American planing sailing dinghy that was designed by Sandy Douglass as a one-design racer and first built in 1945.

Production
The design was originally built by Douglass & McLeod in the United States, but the company went out of business in 1971. Since then production has passed to several American builders, including the Clark Boat Company, W. D. Schock Corp, Northwest One Design and the current builder since 1975, Great Midwest Yacht Company. More than 4,000 boats of this design have been completed.

W. D. Schock Corp records indicate that they built 250 boats between 1959 and 1975.

Design
The Thistle is a recreational sailboat, with the earlier production models made from molded plywood and the more recent models built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood structural members and trim. The seats are a fiberglass-sandwich construction, and provide built-in flotation. It has a fractional sloop rig with aluminum spars and three spreader bars. The hull has no decks, a plumb stem and transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a retractable, drum-mounted centerboard. It displaces 515 lb.

The boat has a draft of 4.50 ft with the centerboard extended and 6 in with it retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.

For sailing the design is equipped with symmetrical spinnaker of 220 sqft and built-in flotation.

The design has a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 83.0 and is normally raced with a crew of three sailors, although it has a capacity of six people.

Operational history
By 1994 the design was being raced in more than 150 fleets.

In a 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote, "the Thistle was influenced by English dinghy design and is similar to the International 14, another racing dinghy with a plumb bow and flat run. Originally, boats were of molded wood. Racing crew is three, but the Thistle will carry six. She will fit into a garage. The Thistle has a lot of sail and a lot of speed. Class rules are strict. Gear that may be technically legal but provides an advantage is not allowed ... The Thistle is the boat used as the primary yardstick for Portsmouth Numbers."

title: Thistle (dinghy)


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Granada Hills

Granada Hills may refer to the following places in the United States:

 * Granada Hills, Los Angeles
 * Granada Hills, Austin, Texas

title: Granada Hills


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Monte Isola

Monte Isola (also known by the name of the main island Montisola; Brescian: Muntìsola) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

It is located on the islands Montisola (the major island, from which it takes the name), Loreto and San Paolo in Lake Iseo and,, its population is 1,770. Monte Isola's population is approximately spread over eleven villages and hamlets. There are several churches built between the 15th and the 17th century with frescoes, statues, altars in vernacular art.

Geography
The municipality covers a total area of 12.8 km²; the main island, Monte Isola, with an area of 4.5 km² ranks as the largest lake island not only in Italy, but also in South and Central Europe, but is dwarfed by the large lake islands in Northern Europe. The peak of the island at 600 m above sea level is 415 m above the average surface elevation of Lake Iseo (185 m), making Monte Isola one of the highest lake islands in Europe.

Monte Isola includes 12 frazioni: Carzano, Cure, Masse, Menzino, Novale, Olzano, Peschiera Maraglio, Porto di Siviano, Sensole, Senzano, Sinchignano and Siviano.

The bordering municipalities are Iseo, Marone, Sale Marasino, Sulzano, Parzanica, Tavernola Bergamasca and Sarnico.

There are two main ports Carzano and Peschieria with a frequent ferry service with the surrounding mainland villages, including Iseo.

History
There are indications of a Roman settlement. The first written document mentioning "Insulae curtis" dates from 905, when the island was listed among the properties of the monastery of S. Salvatore in Brescia. The family Oldofredi, rulers of Iseo, built on the island two strongholds in the 11th-12th centuries. Members of the powerful Visconti family came here to hunt in 1400. In 1497 Francesco Sforza, duke of Milan, gave the islanders some fishing rights and reduced the taxes. In the same year, Caterina Cornaro, queen of Cyprus, resided a while on the island. During the 19th century the main industry on the island was the construction of boats and the manufacturing of fishing nets.

Peschiera Maraglio and Siviano (the municipal seat) merged in 1929 to create the actual comune.

In June and early July, 2016, Monte Isola was the site of The Floating Piers by artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude.

Main sights
The single-nave church of San Michele in Peschiera Maraglio was consecrated in 1648. This baroque church is notable for the many frescoes on the walls and on the ceiling and for its wooden carvings.

The shrine of Madonna della Ceriola stands 600 m above sea level, the highest spot on the island. It can only be reached by walking from the small village of Cure.

The fortress Martinengo can be reached from Menzino. It was built in the 15th century by the Oldofredi family and enlarged in the 16th century by Martinengo. After a long period of neglect, it has been renovated in an elegant residence by the architect Vittorio Faglia. In 1497 Catherine Cornaro, queen of Cyprus, sojourned here for a short stay.

Transportation
Monte Isola can be reached through a network of ferry connection with regular schedules.

Driving restrictions are currently enforced, with mopeds and bicycles only allowed on the island. An extensive grid of dedicated bike lanes and hiking trails span all over the island, reaching the peaceful fishing villages with lakeside cafés and the Madonna della Ceriola chapel, nested near the summit of the island. A circular trail of almost 9 km allows a complete tour of Monte Isola.

A regular bus service, with special buses, is operated by the municipality of Monte Isola.

title: Monte Isola


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Man from Atlantis

Man from Atlantis is an American science fiction/fantasy television series that ran for 13 episodes on the NBC network during the 1977–78 season, following four television films that had aired earlier in 1977. Ratings success by these movies led to the commissioning of a weekly series for the 1977–78 season, but it was canceled at the end of the first season due to a declining audience and high production costs.

Series description

The series stars Patrick Duffy as an amnesiac man given the name of Mark Harris, believed to be the only surviving citizen of the lost civilization of Atlantis. He possesses exceptional abilities, including the ability to breathe underwater and withstand extreme depth pressures, and superhuman strength. His hands and feet are webbed, his eyes are unusually sensitive to light, and he swims using his arms and legs in a fashion suggestive of an underwater butterfly stroke or dolphin kick. Following his discovery, he is recruited by the Foundation for Oceanic Research, a governmental agency that conducts top secret research and explores the depths of the ocean in a sophisticated submarine, the Cetacean.

The supporting cast includes Belinda J. Montgomery as Dr. Elizabeth Merrill (who had nursed Mark Harris back to health) and Alan Fudge as C. W. Crawford, Jr., both of the Foundation for Oceanic Research. Victor Buono played the villainous Mr. Schubert in the pilot and several episodes of the series. Kenneth Tigar appeared in the second, third, and fourth movies as Miller Simon, M.D., also of the Foundation for Oceanic Research. The series added an ensemble cast as "The Crew of the Cetacean", consisting of Richard Laurance Williams, J. Victor Lopez, Jean Marie Hon (who had also been seen in Ark II), and Anson Downes. In the 12th episode, a new female lead character replaced Elizabeth Merrill, Dr. Jenny Reynolds, played by actress Lisa Blake Richards. (Belinda Montgomery had managed to get out of her contract with the help of lawyers. ) The last episode did not feature any female lead character.

Production
The show was produced by Herbert Franklin Solow's studio Solow Production Company, a company spun off from the live-action arm of American animation studio Hanna-Barbera Productions. The Foundation for Oceanic Research headquarters building was represented by the Point Fermin lighthouse in San Pedro, California. The Cetacean submarine's voyages were shown through miniature work by the special effects team of Gene Warren.

Critical reaction
Critic Tom Shales, reviewing the show for the Washington Post, opined that "kids may be impressed" by the heroics and special effects, but the show lacked "adult appeal" and that the stories would "soon wear thinner than water".

Home media
The pilot film was released on VHS in 1986 by Worldvision Home Video, and re-released in 1987 by Goodtimes Home Video. It was later released on DVD as a part of the Warner Archive collection from Warner Home Video on October 6, 2009. On July 26, 2011, Warner Bros. released Man from Atlantis: The Complete TV Movies Collection, featuring all four television films, as well as Man from Atlantis—The Complete Television Series for Region 1 DVD. The pilot film was released on Blu-ray by Warner Archive Collection on March 12, 2019.

International releases
Man from Atlantis was the first American television series to be shown in the People's Republic of China in 1980, with the title translated to "The Man from the Bottom of the Atlantic". It was at the time when the "Gang of Four" lost power to Deng Xiaoping, and science research began to get attention, along with economic development. The impact of the series in China was so high that, around the time it started airing, the start time of a concert of a foreign pianist had to be changed. The series aired on Saturday nights; its novelty came at a time when much of television in China was dominated by propaganda.

In Brazil it was named O Homem do Fundo do Mar (The Man from the Bottom of the Sea in Portuguese). In Portugal, the title was a direct translation of the original, O Homem da Atlântida, being screened on RTP1. In Kuwait, it was released in the early 1980s in English with Arabic subtitles. In the Netherlands, the series was broadcast by TROS broadcasting association, from June 15, 1978 until September 5, 1980. In Germany, the series was broadcast by ARD from 1982 to 1983 and in 1988 by RTL plus with the title translated to Der Mann aus Atlantis. The show preserved its name in France as well, where it aired as L'Homme de l'Atlantide. In Turkey, the series also preserved its name and was broadcast as Atlantis'ten Gelen Adam. It was also shown on SABC in South Africa in 1979, with the original title.

In the United Kingdom, Man from Atlantis was shown, in most regions, in an early Saturday evening slot on ITV starting 24 September 1977. After airing the four television movies, the series was shown at an earlier time from 5 November 1977, opposite the BBC's long-running sci-fi series Doctor Who, which was then in its 15th season. Although Man from Atlantis had not been a ratings/audience-share or demographic success in the US, the series actually beat Doctor Who during its transmission in the UK. (This happened again in 1980–81 when ITV screened Buck Rogers in the 25th Century against Doctor Who.) In Italy, the series was one of the early successes of the then interregional network Telemilano, future Canale 5, that began to air the series on February 11, 1980 under the name L'Uomo di Atlantide. The first TV-film, Man from Atlantis, was released on video in Norway in the 1980s. In Israel, the Man from Atlantis was shown on Channel 1, the only channel at that time. HaIsh MeAtlantis, a literal translation of the English title, also enjoyed reruns.

Adaptations
In 1977, Dell Publishing published a novelization titled Man from Atlantis #1, written by Richard Woodley, which was followed by Man from Atlantis #2: "Death Scouts" from the same author. The line continued unnumbered with Killer Spores (1977) and Ark of Doom (1978), also by Woodley, the latter being the retitled novelization of "The Disappearances". In 1978, Marvel Comics published seven issues of a Man from Atlantis comic book, written by Bill Mantlo with art by Frank Robbins and Frank Springer. At the same time as Marvel, Look-In, in the UK, began publishing a comic strip; this one was drawn by Mike Noble (and later John Cooper for one story). It was short-lived, lasting less than a year before being replaced with Enid Blyton's Famous Five. Kenner began development on a Man from Atlantis line of action figures and toy vehicles in 1977, but it never proceeded past the prototype stage, while Denys Fisher Toys passed on making Star Wars action figures for the UK as they thought the Man from Atlantis would be more successful.

Series star Patrick Duffy wrote a sequel novel, titled simply Man from Atlantis, which was published in June 2016. The blog space1970, which reported on this novel, described it thus:

"When TV unveiled the series Man from Atlantis, no one knew the how, where and why of Mark Harris. Over time the show's star, Patrick Duffy, formulated his own version of the history of Mark and his people. Here at last is the book that gives every reader and fan of the show the life and mythology of Atlantis, who they were and where they came from. Patrick Duffy's close connection to his fictional character makes this a behind the scenes fantasy story."

title: Man from Atlantis


text:
Dialysis catheter

A dialysis catheter is a catheter used for exchanging blood to and from a hemodialysis machine and a patient.

The dialysis catheter contains two lumens: venous and arterial. Although both lumens are in the vein, the "arterial" lumen, like natural arteries, carries blood away from the heart, while the "venous" lumen returns blood towards the heart. The arterial lumen (typically red) withdraws blood from the patient and carries it to the dialysis machine, while the venous lumen (typically blue) returns blood to the patient (from the dialysis machine). Flow rates of dialysis catheters range between 200 and 500 ml/min.

If a patient requires long-term dialysis therapy, a chronic dialysis catheter will be inserted. Chronic catheters contain a dacron cuff that is tunneled beneath the skin approximately 3–8 cm. The tunnel is thought to add a barrier to infection. The most popular dialysis catheter sold on the market today is the Symmetrical-Tip dialysis catheter. This catheter is in the form spiral Z shape.

Temporary access
Central venous catheters used for temporary access are typically used for less than 21 days. These types of catheters are usually smaller in size, placed directly in the vein, and are two or three lumens in design. The third lumen is useful for administration of fluids, antibiotics, medicines, or contrast without having to find other places for intravenous access. This type of catheter is useful for initiating venous access for acute renal failure patients quickly for dialysis before a permanent catheter is inserted for long term access.

Permanent access
The lumens of this type of catheter is larger, have a cuff that tunnel under the skin away from the venous insertion site with only two lumens. The catheter course under the skin helps to prevent infection going into bloodstream, as seen in temporary catheters.

Catheter placement
Common site of catheter placement is placed by puncturing the right internal jugular vein (IJV) in the neck, advancing into superior vena cava (SVC) towards the right atrium of the heart due to its straightforward path into the SVC. Alternatively, a SVC catheter can be inserted via the right external jugular vein (EJV) if right IJV is inaccessible. If both IJV and EJV are both not accessible, left IJV can be assessed. However, left IJV access is more difficult that right IJV because of its tortuous course to the SVC.

Complications
Some common malfunctions of dialysis catheters include clotting, infection, and kinking. One of the most common errors of tunnel hemodialysis catheter insertions is failure to locate the arterial limb of the catheter medially and the venous limb laterally. This must be done, because most catheters have a memory in the plastic, which will cause the catheter to try to resume its natural straight form. If the arterial limb is placed laterally, this will cause the arterial inlet to float up against the vein wall, or even up against the rim of the inlet of the atrium. This has the same effect as a vacuum cleaner hose sucking up against curtains. This results in poor blood flows, and can force the dialysis staff to reverse flow, using the venous limb of the catheter as the arterial. This will result in more inefficient dialysis, as there will be admixing of blood from the catheter (cleaning the same blood, over again). A dialysis catheter must have infusion of 30cc or greater to keep the line open. Intravenous fluids at 30ml per hour should be hung if being used for infusion.

Fistulas versus catheters
Surgically created arteriovenous fistulae are preferred over catheters for patients with chronic kidney failure, as the risk of infections (e.g., endocarditis, bacteremia), hospitalization and death are lower.

title: Dialysis catheter


text:
Talk:Tuckerman Ravine

Picture
Needs a better picutre - one with snow.

M@ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.21.235.112 (talk) 22:41, 20 October 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep this one, which portrays a good way to the summit, but it should appear below one from the same point, with snow and skiers. --Jerzy (t) 04:38, 2005 Mar 10 (UTC)

Sno-Cat trail
I can't make any sense out of
 * the moderate, 2.4 mi "cat" trail, and a separate ski trail for the return

--Jerzy (t) 06:00, 2005 Mar 10 (UTC)
 * 1) The trails have names, which don't include "cat" (although there are lots of "... Cat Trail" names of downhill ski trails, across the road from the Prezzies within the commercial Wildcat Ridge ski area).
 * 2) AFAIK no sno-cats are used in Tucks, altho there is a proposal (unlikely, i am told, to win the needed consent of the White Mtn Ntl Forest managers) to chauffeur skiers who probably aren't hardy enough to be up there in winter, starting in 2006.
 * 3) This may be a muddling of the fact that the rangers do use a snowmobile or two at a time to make the trip between Pinkham Notch and the Hermit Lake ranger cabin in the Ravine. But i'm pretty sure (from having seen their tracks in the snow) that they cut back and forth between the Tuckerman Ravine Trail and the parallel ski trail, which would make the statement misleading even if they carried non-employees up (or non-injured non-employees down).
 * 4) Sno-Cats do operate on Mt W in winter, along the Auto Road.
 * 5) They supply & rotate staff for the Observatory at the summit.
 * 6) They carry skiers as far as the tree line (i'm told state law, and not just common sense about public safety, forbids carrying them higher), but all of Huntington Ravine lies between those skiers and Tucks.

 * Think of "Cat trail" is an engineering term, like "logging road" or "railroad grade", which should help those unfamiliar with the trail understand the width and grade of the trail (since it's used for sno-cats). Case in point: my group was returning from Hermit in Tucks last week, Sunday afternoon, down the Tucks Trail, and a red Sno-cat and two snowmobiles forced us off the trail while they passed us, right at the switchbacks!  The snow ranger was driving the cat. Hence, I assumed it was a cat-trail when I wrote about the trail. I have also see photos of other enclosed cat machines using that trail for SAR evac and moving equipment. Lupinelawyer 02:08, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for correcting my misconception! This input makes me maybe want a link to an article not on a specific class of machinery but to classes of roads and trails, including grade (geography) and some rating that reflects traction provided and acrobatics required (for vehicles and walkers respectively!) with various recent weather histories, and the capabilities of classes of machinery (and typical calorie consumption by walkers?).
 * In any case, can we agree that we lack evidence (barring the eventual success of the proposed commercial operation in getting the permission i understand to be needed) of relevance of the Sno-Cats to uninjured tourists? In that case, Sno-Cats are IMO not just irrelevant but misleading, since they distract from the importance of the individual qualifications and the exposure, the windspeeds, and the unusual degree of weather instability, that are really as important to tourists (among whom i'm including you, and my true love, who descended the same route as you, the day before you [smile]) as is the mechanical properties of the trail itself.
 * --Jerzy (t) 23:14, 2005 Mar 13 (UTC)

 * Pretty sure the cat-trail terminology is somewhat relevant to hikers and skiers. It just means this isn't a hiking trail, but rather a graded "road" that is also used by hikers.Lupinelawyer 02:10, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Here again, your info abt the terminology may be better than mine, but have you see the trail w/o snow? It is far less accessible to, e.g., SUVs than is, e.g., a trail i saw go in an hour or so from an unequivocal mere foottrail to a fire road. It's not only full of big rocks that haven't been removed for three-season access by vehicles: the many water bars across it, that have been built up on their downhill sides and dug or eroded deeper on their uphill sides, are an object of griping by three-season hikers, and far more hostile to vehicles than even the sort of logging roads that have protruding rocks painted day-glo red in the middle of them, and annually need work to reopen after spring washouts.  My (admittedly untutored) notion of "graded road" doesn't include this; i would believe it if i were told the two or three broad bridges are that wide just for the winter vehicles we've been discussing. --Jerzy (t) 06:20, 2005 Mar 14 (UTC)

Consulting a White Mtn. pro reveals that "cat-trail" is right on the money, with the cat being used to intentionally dress the trail -- i think that means they make a trip in fresh snow, whether or not there's need for delivering some-thing/-one, lest the climbers pack down a narrower hard path that could eventually interfere with the sno-cat's progress. (The snowmobiles' detours apparently reflect mainly access to intermediate destinations, e.g., to resupply emergency caches of first-aid supplies, avalanche probes, etc.) I reworded rather than restoring the original language, hoping it will be clearer in various ways. --Jerzy (t) 22:12, 2005 Mar 23 (UTC)

Powered transport of skiers
On a different topic: Where can we wedge in the rule that says you can't ski into Tucks from the autoroad or from the Cog, or anywhere else above the headwall? Local news sources say it's a $500 fine to enter on skis from any direction except from below. Lupinelawyer 02:10, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree this is relevant; let's find a way. (Do they back me up on citing state rather than Natl Forest Svc authority?  If not clear, i know the state's general statutes are on-line.)
 * This also brings to mind the tale of a snowmobiler, a year or two back, being stopped at Hermit Lake despite the intent of continuing beyond it! I wish i knew enough detail to write abt that.
 * --Jerzy (t) 06:20, 2005 Mar 14 (UTC)

Need to add the Toni Matt story. The Inferno race(s) etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Skifree47 (talk) 02:29, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Speaking of fines, I've heard rumors that it is illegal to ski naked in the ravine, a thing I have seen time at least 4 times. M@ 04:50, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Correction: There is absolutly a $100 Fine for skiing naked in the ravine. The citation is "Being Publicly Nude" M@ 21:03, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

TUX
It's called TUX. Please actually visit this place and look at the thousands of repetitive T shirts that say TUX in 300 point font. Thank you. - Forgot my IP address. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.232.116.147 (talk) 02:22, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I don't go up there during the spring crowds, so I stand corrected. I moved the statement farther down, though.  Having it at the top would be like saying in the New Hampshire article, "New Hampshire (casually called New Hamster) is a state in northern New England".--Ken Gallager 12:57, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Besides, everybody knows it's spelled New Hampster! - DavidWBrooks 15:42, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually they sell the shirts all year round. BTW, personally I dont know anyone who says Hampster. Must be a racial thing. That Nashua article also has Tuckerman's casually shortened to Tux. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.24.2.22 (talk) 21:49, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * "a racial thing" - "hampster"? You lost me. (Also, I wrote the Nashua Telegraph article, so it's not real good backup!) - DavidWBrooks 22:15, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The shirts are actually sold at the ski shops around there...meaning during the time of the winter crowds. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.19.97.7 (talk) 00:18, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Sheesh, I don't mean the crowds at the ski shops, I meant the crowds in the ravine. Are people up there skiing in January or August these days?  Or are April through June now considered winter?--Ken Gallager (talk) 12:27, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Wow, you replied a year after this first came up? That's dedication.. I accept your "casually called TUCKS" part. High five and a butt bump. 76.19.97.7 (talk) 00:34, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't get why you're changing the dates of your comments, but whatever.--Ken Gallager (talk) 12:42, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Expert Rescuer
The guy was a kid. Expert in what sense? Calamitybrook (talk) 14:51, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Trail Difficulty
I disagree with a couple of the trail difficulty descriptions - and question if they should be in here at all. The main reason is that the difficulty of a trail varies greatly with the snow conditions. If anything, the realitive danger of the various runs should be indicated. I.e. A fall going over the lip usually gives you enough time to self-arrest without any special gear/technique. Compare this to a fall on any of the runs right above the lunch rocks... which could cause serious harm if you do not self-arrest. —Preceding unsigned comment added by M@ (talk • contribs) 21:05, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 April 2019
Add a link to the Mount Washington Avalanche Center website for snow safety and avalanche information for Tuckerman Ravine : https://mountwashingtonavalanchecenter.org Jeff Fongemie (talk) 16:35, 6 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Pictogram voting wait.svg Already done This link is already in the External Links section its the first one.   Alucard 16  ❯❯❯ chat?    07:25, 9 April 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 December 2019
Add page under the category "Civilian Conservation Corps in New Hampshire" 162.246.195.106 (talk) 18:12, 18 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Good call. Done. --Ken Gallager (talk) 20:12, 18 December 2019 (UTC)

Skiing in July?
The lede says skiing "into July." It's plausible, historically, but as a practical matter this is incorrect. Depending on actual coverage, such skiing in the past -- if it happened -- might have been merely for a few yards (& a novelty "for the record" rather than for the pure sake of skiing). Seems unlikely in future. Anyway, a pleasure to read any good source (historical?) for skiing in July in Tuck's.

Purely an aside: I have (or had) photographs of a snow patch near bottom of Tucks from July 4, 1949 and another from same spot on 4th of July. 1992. Patch is impressive for season -- not remotely large enough to ski. I think the '92 patch was smaller, but I don't remember. 32.221.212.116 (talk) 15:52, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 February 2024
Under History, this sentence:

"According to the New England Ski Museum, the first recorded use of skis on Mount Washington was by a Dr. Wiskott of Breslau, Germany, who skied on the mountain in 1899, while the first skier in Tuckerman was John S. Apperson of Schenectady, New York, in April 1914."

It should read as:

"According to the New England Ski Museum, the first recorded use of skis on Mount Washington was by a Dr. Wiskott of Breslau, Germany, who skied on the mountain in 1899, while the first skier in Tuckerman [Ravine or just ravine] was John S. Apperson of Schenectady, New York, in April 1914."

EDIT NOTE: In my opinion, in this sentence, after "Tuckerman" [see bracketed content] the sentence would read better by adding "Ravine" or removing "Tuckerman" altogether and adding "ravine". Redline Guiding (talk) 17:41, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ --TheImaCow (talk) 13:37, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tuckerman Ravine


text:
Monticelli Brusati

Monticelli Brusati (Brescian: Muntasel) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, in northern Italy.

title: Monticelli Brusati


text:
Mendel

Mendel may refer to:

People

 * Mendel (name), includes a list of people with the name
 * Gregor Mendel (1822–1884), the "father of modern genetics"

 * Mendel (Hungarian family), a prominent Hungarian family that flourished in the 15th century
 * Yiddish diminutive of Hebrew name Menahem or Menachem

Other

 * Mendel University in Brno in the Czech Republic (formerly Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry)
 * Mendel Biotechnology, a plant biotechnology company in Hayward, California
 * Mendel (lunar crater), a crater on the Moon
 * Mendel (Martian crater)
 * 3313 Mendel, an asteroid named after Gregor Mendel
 * Mendelpass, a mountain pass in Northern Italy
 * RepRap 2.0 (Mendel), a self-replicating machine

title: Mendel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ben McGarety

Ben McGarety was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 7 votes to delete. Postdlf 22:22, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ben McGarety
Delete this vanity stub about "an exciting new Australian rock sensation in the making." Need I say more? Postdlf 22:43, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Vanity, thy name is not notable. Fire Star 22:50, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * you could mention he's recorded three songs, and we've got almost the entire article. As anyone can record songs, Delete. --Ianb 22:53, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete for vanity, though I must point out I'm not allowed to record songs by court order. But they didn't say anything about selling the old stuff! Mwahahahahahahaha! Ian Pugh 23:36, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: And it's how they're making him that's the really grotesque part. (Band vanity.)  Geogre 01:35, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Google shows a grand total of 13 pages with the name Ben McGarety: none of which appears to relate to this bloke. Google asked if I meant Ben McGarry. Capitalistroadster 07:22, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Let's wait until he's done being made. Delete. --Improv 17:38, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:64.26.72.143

title: User talk:64.26.72.143


text:
Montichiari

Montichiari (Brescian: Munticiàr) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on December 27, 1991. The town is home to the Gabriele D'Annunzio airport (Italian: Aeroporto Gabriele D'Annunzio), the fair center Centro Fiera del Garda and the Bonoris castle (Italian: Castello Bonoris). Giovanni Treccani, publisher of the eponymous encyclopedia, was born in Montichiari.

Twin towns
Montichiari is twinned with:

 * 🇮🇹 Gambettola, Italy
 * 🇮🇹 Pescara, Italy

title: Montichiari


text:
Montirone

Montirone (Brescian: Montirù) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, Italy.

title: Montirone


text:
User talk:Desdemona47

Elaine, User:RK was banned for four months as the result of his constant fighting, mostly on articles which relate to Jewishness, so feel free to jump in and edit that Chiropractory article to suit yourself. It would be good if you could add some of the flavor of contemporary chiropractry. Fred Bauder 22:48, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

Classic Rock
Hello. I was wondering if you would like to participate in my classic rock survey. I'm trying to find the most liked classic rock song. There is more information on my user page. Hope you participate! 02:59, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Desdemona47


text:
Bamboo floor

A bamboo floor is a type of flooring manufactured from the bamboo plant. The majority of today's bamboo flooring products originate in China and other portions of Asia. Moso bamboo is the species most commonly used for flooring.

Characteristics
Bamboo has been used as an alternative for flooring because of its physical similarities to true hardwoods. Bamboo floor manufacturers and sellers promote its strength, durability, its eco-friendliness and its natural resistance to insects and moisture. The hardness of traditional bamboo flooring ranges from 1180 (carbonized horizontal) to around 1380 (natural), while newer manufacturing techniques including strand woven bamboo flooring range from 3000 to over 5000 using the Janka hardness test. Other flooring materials have comparable Janka ratings, with a higher number indicating a harder material: red oak (1290); white oak (1360); rock maple (1450); hickory (1820); and Brazilian Cherry / Jatoba (2350).

Manufacture
Different forms of bamboo flooring exist. Each varies in its manufacturing process and differs largely based on economic viability and local preferences.

The most common form, particularly in southeast Asia, uses thin bamboo stems that are cut as flat as possible. They are cut to similar lengths and can be stained, varnished, or simply used as is. They are then nailed down to wooden beams or bigger pieces of bamboo stems. This form results in more space between each bamboo stem; flatness and tightness is not emphasized. This technique is usually used on stilted houses, resulting in better air circulation especially during the warmer summer months.

The manufactured bamboo flooring commonly found in North American markets is very highly processed. A Bamboo flooring is typically made by slicing mature bamboo poles or culms into strips. These culms are crosscut to length and then sliced into strips depending on the width desired. The outer skin and nodes are removed. To remove starch and sugars the strips of bamboo are boiled in a solution of boric acid or lime. The bamboo is then dried and planed. Natural bamboo color is similar to beech wood. If a darker color similar to oak is desired, the bamboo goes through a carbonizing process of steaming under controlled pressure and heat. The carbonizing process can reduce the floor's final hardness significantly compared to non-carbonized bamboo, rendering it softer than some pines and softer than more common red oak.

Most bamboo flooring uses a urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive in the lamination process. Though the use of UF resins, which emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), is harmful to indoor air quality, bamboo flooring uses a relatively small amount compared with other materials, such as particleboards. Bamboo flooring products that avoid formaldehyde use are available, including some listed in the GreenSpec Directory. The panels are then heat pressed to cure the adhesive. The cured boards are then planed, sanded, and milled. Finally an ultraviolet curing lacquer is applied to the boards.

Manufactured bamboo floors are typically made available in planks with either vertical- or horizontal-grain orientation. In vertical bamboo floors, the component pieces are stood vertically on their narrowest edge and then press laminated side to side. The effect is a lined, almost uniform look to the surface of the finished floor plank. In horizontal bamboo floors, the slats are arranged in a horizontal direction, on their widest edge, and then joined side by side with adjacent pieces using a high-pressure laminate system. The characteristic nodes of the bamboo are visible on the finished horizontal surface.

Locking bamboo flooring is the easiest to install. Individual flooring planks have interlocking joints that click precisely into place. By combining plank alignment and color a lot of different styles can be produced.

Strand woven bamboo flooring can be refinished with a clear-coat quite easily, however applying a stain on-site can be challenging.

Environmental impact
Bamboo is an eco-friendly, highly renewable source of material. As a grass, bamboo grows much faster than wood. Moso Bamboo is the primary species used for the manufacturing of flooring and plywood. Moso bamboo can grow up to 119 cm in 24 hours and 24 m high in 40 to 50 days. It takes about 3–5 years for bamboo to reach full maturity. Traditional hard woods can take 20–120 years to mature.

Bamboo can be harvested without the need to replant because the root system is left intact when it is harvested. The rhizome root structure has the ability to hold the soil in place preventing erosion. Rhizome root structures are horizontal stems that grow below the surface and help a plant reproduce vegetatively. Plants with rhizomes will colonize or spread laterally. In the United States of America, The Lacey Act recently strengthened the accountability in the sourcing of timber products. However enforcement is still in question.

Bamboo reaches maturity in five years which is the optimal age to harvest. In a sustainably harvested forest only 20% of the forest is harvested annually allowing for 100% harvest in a five-year period. In its natural environment it will need no irrigation, no pesticides, and no fertilizer. Bamboo has few pests so pesticides are not required. Bamboo certified to the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) meets criteria for environmental sustainability and social responsibility, and several flooring products are available with this option. Bamboo can sequester up to 70% more carbon per year than a hardwood forest. All these factors keep the carbon footprint low.

The United States Green Building Council's LEED program allows points for the use of bamboo floors by virtue of it being a rapidly renewable resource.

Since the majority of bamboo timber comes from China, it has to be shipped to the international destinations by boat and then by truck to vendors. A study which compared the embodied energy (including transportation) of bamboo flooring from Hunan Province, China to Denver, Colorado favored locally sourced concrete above bamboo flooring due to the additional carbon costs associated with transport.

Controversy exists over agricultural and manufacturing issues related to the production of bamboo floors, including the environmental effects of deforestation in order to plant bamboo and the use of carcinogenic chemicals such as urea-formaldehyde in the glues used for lamination in some products.

Bamboo flooring has led to deforestation, as existing trees are cut down to be replaced with bamboo plantations; this results in soil erosion in the often hilly and mountainous areas occupied by forestland, along with a loss of biodiversity in the region as other flora and fauna are cleared for bamboo. Additionally, the use of pesticides, weed killers and fertilizers in bamboo production can have an effect on the environment.

During the manufacturing of bamboo floors, some manufacturers use urea-formaldehyde as the adhesive for bonding the bamboo strips. According to the stringent California Air Resources Board (CARB) standards there can be no more than 0.05 ppm (parts per million) of outgassed formaldehyde. According to the USGBC's LEED standard products with Urea-formaldehyde do not qualify for the EQ 4.4 Low-Emitting Products category. Manufacturers are now offering formaldehyde-free bamboo flooring, but they can claim that they have "no added urea-formaldehyde" without providing substantial proof. Manufacturers may make use of equipment that may in itself be dangerous and polluting. Some manufacturers may require their products to be registered under International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards 9001 for quality control and 14001 for environmental management systems EMS, although these standards are not necessarily very high.

Maintenance
Like most hardwood floors, bamboo floors should be treated carefully. When mopping, it is best to use a dust mop to remove the dust and grime. A stiff bristled broom can be used to remove more stubborn dirt from the crevices of the floor. Wet mops should be avoided on the bamboo flooring. When it is necessary to mop the floor, wring the mop out thoroughly to prevent any extra water from being released onto the floor. Cleaning detergents should be checked to make sure that they are safe for hard wood floors before they are added to the mop water. Many detergents contain a waxing agent which will dull the color of the flooring and leave behind a filmy glaze.

title: Bamboo floor


text:
Mura, Lombardy

Mura (Brescian: Müra) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy.

title: Mura, Lombardy


text:
Talk:Brocken

Brocket Spectre
I think perhaps it's time to move Brocken Spectre to its own article.... Catherine | talk 22:50, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Crazy politics
Should the events described here be added to the article?

http://www.thisistrue.com/peak_perfection_5604.html--Tiberius47 02:25, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Blocksberg
The Blocksberg is not everywhere the same mountain. The Blocksberg is the dance floor of the witches in Walpurgis night. In and around the Harz, the Blocksberg is the Brocken but in other regions, other mountains serve the witches. I don't want to say that witches exist, I only explain that "Blocksberg" is not the name of a specific mountain. There are other Blocksbergs like the Hörselberg in Thuringia, the Kandel in the Black Forest and the Staffelberg in Franconia.--Stanzilla (talk) 14:41, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

 * what a load of rubbish: i live right here in the Harz mountains and can tell you that the BROCKEN, the BLOCKSBERG, and the BOCKSBERG are 3 different mountains in their own right!
 * The Blocksberg is located in the close vicinity to the Brocken, on the western side of the former 'Iron curtain' (the Brocken was located on the eastern side), while the Bocksberg lies several km to the west in the 'Nordharz' near the town of Hahnenklee. It actually sports a large american radio antenna from the post-war era, and is talked of now in the planning for an adventure park... (by 'waltwide' /13.05.2012) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.20.137.21 (talk) 16:58, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

 * According to this article and the German version of the Brocken, the Blocksberg is an alternative name for the Brocken, albeit there are other hills or mountains that bear the name. I can't find a separate Blocksberg in the Harz. The Bocksberg (Harz) is a separate mountain and has its own article - I can find no evidence that this also an alternative name for the Brocken, so intend to delete it from the lede until further information comes to light. --Bermicourt (talk) 17:28, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: move agreed Kotniski (talk) 14:25, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

The Brocken → Brocken — ...and move Brocken to Brocken (South Georgia). There is no reason for it to be titled "The" Brocken and it contravenes WP:TITLE. Most European mountains are called "the FOO" in English and "FOO" on Wikipedia (Zugspitze, Wetterstein, Matterhorn, etc.), so there is no reason why this mountain should be different. It is easily the primary over the one in the South Georgia which is named after it. Bermicourt (talk) 06:34, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Support – I closed the other move request at Talk:Brocken because it can all be sorted with one request. It appears that the current Brocken article is a duplicate of Brocken, South Georgia, so there is no need to move to your suggested redlink. Instead it would be better to do just the first part of the request i.e. "The Brocken" to "Brocken". Green Giant (talk) 14:17, 29 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Support It's not often we place 'The' before a name and it doesn't seem to be needed here.--Labattblueboy (talk) 20:21, 29 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Comment the edit history for and  is intertwined. Someone needs to history splice the edits from 2010 on Brocken to the South Georgia article. 76.66.203.138 (talk) 13:46, 30 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Comment. @Green Giant. Thanks and very happy with your changes - I hadn't spotted that there was a Brocken, South Georgia. --Bermicourt (talk) 16:09, 30 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

What write you for a shit?
The Brocken is far far far from Oder or Oder valley. At the ground of Brocken is the river Bode, that is the Bode Valley. The Oder is in the near of polish border. The brocken is the highest point of east germany, what was called GDR. I´m from germany!

 * Whoever you are, you need to check your facts and curb your unnecessary bad language. The Oder referred to here is the river in the Harz - see Oder (Harz) - as opposed to the better known Oder forming part of the German-Polish border. And BTW I think you'll find that the highest mountain in East Germany (GDR) was actually the Fichtelberg (1,215 m), not the Brocken (1,141 m). I'm from England. --Bermicourt (talk) 19:54, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 10:22, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Brocken


text:
Muscoline

Muscoline (Brescian: Musculine) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, Italy.

title: Muscoline


text:
Mike Hargrove

Dudley Michael Hargrove (born October 26, 1949) is an American former Major League Baseball first baseman and manager. He is currently employed as an advisor with the Cleveland Guardians. Hargrove batted and threw left-handed. He played for the Texas Rangers (1974–78), San Diego Padres (1979), and Cleveland Indians (1979–85). After retiring, he went on to manage the Indians, Baltimore Orioles, and Seattle Mariners.

Playing career
During his 12-year playing career, Hargrove batted .290 with 80 home runs and 686 runs batted in. He won both the AL Rookie of the Year and The Sporting News Rookie of the Year awards in 1974, after hitting a career-high .323 with the Rangers (he was the first Ranger ever to be so honored). Afterwards, he made the AL All-Star squad in 1975 and led the league first basemen in assists twice. He was most effective in getting on base, moving runners, and not giving up an easy out—unusual for a first baseman which is usually considered a power position.

Though he would later be honored as one of the Cleveland Indians' top 100 players in team history, one of Hargrove's early visits to Cleveland was less than memorable. As a rookie with the Rangers, Hargrove was one of the early targets of Cleveland fans during the infamous Ten Cent Beer Night incident on June 4, 1974.

Hargrove also attained the nickname "The Human Rain Delay" for his deliberate routine at the plate before each at-bat and before each pitch. He irritated pitchers by stepping out of the batter's box after each pitch and starting his routine, which consisted of (1) adjusting his helmet, (2) adjusting his batting glove, making sure it was tight on his hand and especially the thumb, (3) pulling each sleeve on his uniform up about an inch, and (4) wiping each hand on his uniform pants – and then sometimes repeating the whole process again – before finally settling back into the box. Towards the end of his career this trait was very well known and often commented upon by broadcasters. Adding further to his "Human Rain Delay" moniker was his extremely fine bat control, which allowed him to foul off pitches.

Through June 16, 2009, Hargrove was tied for second of all Rangers players ever in career leadoff home runs, one behind the 9 by Ian Kinsler.

Cleveland Indians
Hargrove worked as first base coach for Cleveland before being promoted to manager in 1991 to replace John McNamara, who was fired 77 games into the season. The Indians finished with 105 losses, most in team history while finishing in last place in the division. For the rest of Hargrove's tenure, they would finish above last place. The next two Cleveland teams finished with 76 wins each, but the talent would rise to cultivation soon enough. The 1994 team was 66–47 and fighting for a potential playoff spot before the August strike killed the season.

He led his team to five consecutive AL Central Division titles in 1995–99 (being the first and so far only Cleveland manager to reach the postseason in five straight years), and World Series appearances in and.

The 1995 Indians won 100 games in the 144 game season (shortened due to the late start by the 1994 strike), becoming the first American League team to win 100 games in fewer than 154 games, comprised by a confident team led by Albert Belle (2nd in MVP voting) Jose Mesa (1.13 ERA), Kenny Lofton (54 stolen bases), Manny Ramirez (.308), Jim Thome, among others. They made their first playoff appearance since 1954. They won the 1995 American League Division Series in a three game sweep of the Boston Red Sox for their first postseason series victory since 1948 and then won the 1995 American League Championship Series over the Seattle Mariners for their first pennant since 1954. They played the Atlanta Braves in the 1995 World Series and lost in six games, as a team that hit .291 in the regular season hit .179 in the Series against Greg Maddux, John Smoltz, and Tom Glavine. The 1996 team won 99 games, making it the first time Cleveland had back-to-back 90-win seasons since the 1950-1955 seasons. Despite having eleven more wins than the Wild Card Baltimore Orioles, they lost in four games in the 1996 American League Division Series.

The 1997 team won 86 games, which was good enough to win the AL Central. They beat the defending world champion New York Yankees in a tight five game series before facing the Orioles, who had the best record in the AL. The series was a tight affair that saw five games be decided by one run (the biggest margin was three, in Game 1) while Cleveland won two of the games in extra innings. They won the series in six games despite being outscored 19–18. In the 1997 World Series, they faced the Florida Marlins, a team in their fifth season of play. The Indians won Games 2, 4, and 6 and were two outs from winning the Series in Game 7 before José Mesa allowed the tying run to score in the 9th inning. Charles Nagy would give up the winning run in the 11th, as Cleveland lost the series despite outscoring the Marlins 44-37.

On June 20, 1998, Hargrove, who had been wearing #21 to that point, switched to #30 to accommodate the Indians retiring #21 in honor of Bob Lemon. In the 1998 American League Championship Series, the Indians led the series by winning two of the first three against the New York Yankees. However, they were outscored by a margin of 18-8 in the next three games to lose the series, which was the last ALCS appearance for Cleveland until 2007.

A managing error by Hargrove on July 22, 1999, led to the first Indians pitcher to bat in an American League park since 1977, as Manny Ramirez was penciled in at the designated hitter position while Alex Ramirez was listed at right field, but somehow Manny entered the game at right field, thereby nullifying the DH when the opposing manager noticed. Charles Nagy had to bat and pitch at the DH spot (7th) in the eventual loss. The Indians lost in the 1999 American League Division Series after winning the first two games over Boston (in their third matchup in the last five years), as their starting pitching faltered, seeing their Game 3 starter leave after four innings and their Game 4 starter have to start on three days rest. In Game 4, Cleveland lost 23–7 and then lost 12–8 in Game 5 in Cleveland. He was fired on October 15, 1999, by general manager John Hart despite being under contract for 2000 with an option for 2001. The decision was made not due to the collapse in the series but rather one done over internal discussions internally past week, citing a need for a new atmosphere. Hargrove felt that the team lacked a true ace in pitching, while Hart felt that the team they had assembled on budget was a quality one; private sources felt Hargrove had lost the clubhouse, and he admitted that he may have been thought of as a distant manager. He was the longest tenured Indian manager since Lou Boudreau (1942–1950), and his 721–591 record was second best in club history.

Baltimore Orioles
On November 3, 1999, the Baltimore Orioles signed him to manage the club on a three-year contract. Hargrove was the second manager hired after the Orioles had fired Davey Johnson in 1997 (who Hargrove had faced in the 1996 ALDS and 1997 ALCS, winning the latter). He proved to be the second of seven managers that led Baltimore to a fifteen year drought from the postseason, with Hargrove finishing in fourth place in four seasons from 2000 to 2003. On October 29, 2003, he was let go by the Orioles.

During an exhibition series between players from the US and Japan, Hargrove infamously stated that future MLB All Star and Gold Glove fielder Ichiro Suzuki, whom he would later manage, would be easy to defend on grass.

Seattle Mariners
On October 20, 2004, Hargrove was hired to manage the Seattle Mariners and turn around the team after its worst season since 1983. He agreed to a three-year deal through the 2007 season.

On April 13, 2005, he won his 1,000th game as manager, leading the Mariners to a win over the Kansas City Royals. Despite having star Ichiro Suzuki, the Mariners lost 93 games that year and finished 4th. The next year saw marginal improvement but another 4th place finish. In 402 total games, Hargrove won 190 while losing 212 while becoming the second manager of an eventual nine Mariners manager carousel from 2002 to 2021 that failed to reach the postseason.

On July 1, 2007, Hargrove resigned his position as manager of the Mariners, saying in a prepared statement that his "passion has begun to fade" and it would not be "fair to myself or the team" to continue. The departure was unusual, since the Mariners had been playing quite well at the time. Hargrove became the first big league manager since at least 1900 to depart while on a winning streak of more than seven games, according to the Elias Sports Bureau. Sources indicated that differences between Hargrove and Mariners superstar Ichiro Suzuki were the actual reason for the departure. Despite officially having resigned, Hargrove was paid for the remainder of his contract, and Ichiro signed a contract extension only weeks after Hargrove left. Hargrove flatly stated that it was not a rift with Ichiro that caused him to leave, saying that it was his loss of passion for the position of manager that made him resign. He attempted to apply for the Indians job in 2009, but he did not get an interview.

Hargrove holds a career major league managerial record of 1,188–1,173.

Post managing career
From 2007 to 2009, Hargrove managed the Liberal BeeJays, a summer collegiate wood-bat team in southwest Kansas, whom he'd previously played for in 1972 while on the roster of Northwestern Oklahoma State University.

After taking the 2010 season off, Hargrove returned to Major League Baseball with the Indians in 2011 as a special advisor. His duties consist of assisting the coaching staff during spring training, and working in the front office during the regular season. He also worked a few games as a color analyst during select Indians TV games during the 2011 campaign.

title: Mike Hargrove


text:
Sound energy density

Sound energy density or sound density is the sound energy per unit volume. The SI unit of sound energy density is the pascal (Pa), which is 1 kg⋅m−1⋅s−2 in SI base units or 1 joule per cubic metre (J/m3).

Mathematical definition
Sound energy density, denoted w, is defined by
 * $$w = \frac{p v}{c}$$

where
 * p is the sound pressure;
 * v is the particle velocity in the direction of propagation;
 * c is the speed of sound.

The terms instantaneous energy density, maximum energy density, and peak energy density have meanings analogous to the related terms used for sound pressure. In speaking of average energy density, it is necessary to distinguish between the space average (at a given instant) and the time average (at a given point).

Sound energy density level
The sound energy density level gives the ratio of a sound incidence as a sound energy value in comparison to the reference level of 1 pPa (= 10−12 pascals). It is a logarithmic measure of the ratio of two sound energy densities. The unit of the sound energy density level is the decibel (dB), a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI Units.

The sound energy density level, L(E), for a given sound energy density, E1, in pascals, is

L(E) = 10\, \log_{10}\left(\frac{E_1}{E_0}\right) ~ \text{dB} $$,

where E0 is the standard reference sound energy density

E_0 = 10^{-12}\ \mathrm{Pa} $$ .

title: Sound energy density


text:
Old South Arabian

Old South Arabian (also known as Ancient South Arabian (ASA), Epigraphic South Arabian, Ṣayhadic, or Yemenite) is a group of four closely related extinct languages (Sabaean/Sabaic, Qatabanic, Hadramitic, Minaic) spoken in the far southern portion of the Arabian Peninsula. The earliest preserved records belonging to the group are dated to the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE. They were written in the Ancient South Arabian script.

There were a number of other Old South Arabian languages (e.g. Awsānian), of which very little evidence has survived, however. A pair of possible surviving Sayhadic languages is attested in the Razihi language and Faifi language spoken in far north-west of Yemen, though these varieties of speech have both Arabic and Sayhadic features, and it is difficult to classify them as either Arabic dialects with a Sayhadic substratum, or Sayhadic languages that have been restructured under pressure of Arabic.

Classification issues
It was originally thought that all four members of this group were dialects of one Old South Arabian language, but in the mid-twentieth century, linguist A.F.L. Beeston finally proved that they did in fact constitute independent languages.

The Old South Arabian languages were originally classified (partly on the basis of geography) as South Semitic, along with Modern South Arabian and Ethiopian Semitic; more recently however, a new classification has come in use which places Old South Arabian, along with Arabic, Ugaritic, Aramaic and Canaanite/Hebrew in a Central Semitic group; leaving Modern South Arabian and Ethiopic in a separate group. This new classification is based on Arabic, Old South Arabian and Northwest Semitic (Ugaritic, Aramaic and Canaanite) sharing an innovation in the verbal system, an imperfect taking the form *yVqtVl-u (the other groups have *yVqattVl); Nebes showed that Sabaean at least had the form yVqtVl in the imperfect.

Even though it has been now accepted that the four main languages be considered independent, they are clearly closely related linguistically and derive from a common ancestor because they share certain morphological innovations. One of the most important isoglosses retained in all four languages is the suffixed definite article -(h)n, another proposed common innovation being the formation of 1st and 2nd person perfect verbal forms with -k (which is also a feature of Yemeni Arabic attributable to a Sayhadic substrate). There are however significant differences between the languages, so much so that Stein proposes a relationship between Sabaic and Aramaic, with a primary split setting it apart from the other Sayhadic languages on the basis of the h/s isogloss in the formation of the personal pronouns and the causative stem further positing a closer relationship between Minaic and Hadramitic with the Ethiopian Semitic and Modern South Arabian branches.

The four main Sayhadic languages were: Sabaean, Minaeic (or Madhabic), Qatabanic, and Hadramitic.

Sayhadic had its own writing system, the Ancient South Arabian Monumental Script, or Ms3nd, consisting of 29 graphemes concurrently used for proto-Geʿez in the Kingdom of Dʿmt, ultimately sharing a common origin with the other Semitic abjads, the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet. Inscriptions in another minuscule cursive script written on wooden sticks have also been discovered.

The last inscription of these languages has been dated to 554 CE, 60 years before the appearance of Islam.

Languages
Old South Arabian comprised a number of languages; the following are those that have been preserved in writing (the dates follow the so-called long chronology). Besides these, at least Razihi may be a surviving Old South Arabian language.

 * Sabaean: the language of the kingdom of Saba and later also of Ḥimyar; also documented in the Ethiopian kingdom of Da'amot; very well documented, ca. 6,000 Inscriptions
 * Old Sabaean: 8th until 2nd century BC.
 * Middle Sabaean: 1st century BC until the 4th century AD (the best documented language)
 * Ḥaramitic: the language of the area to the north of Ma'īn
 * Central Sabaean: the language of the inscriptions from the Sabaean heartland
 * South Sabaean: the language of the inscriptions from Radman and Ḥimyar
 * "Pseudo-Sabaean": the literary language of Arabian tribes in Najrān, Haram and Qaryat al-Fāw
 * Late Sabaean: 5th and 6th centuries AD.

 * Minaean: (also called Madhabian): the language of the city states in al-Jawf − with the exception of Haram − especially the later sparsely populated state of Ma'in (recorded from the 8th until 2nd century BC). Inscriptions have also been found outside Ma'īn in the commercial colonies of Dedan and Madā'in Ṣāliḥ, in Egypt and also on Delos. (ca. 500 inscriptions)

 * Qatabānian: the language of the kingdom of Qatabān, recorded from the 5th century BC until the 2nd century (barely 2,000 inscriptions)
 * Awsānian: the language of the kingdom of Awsān, poorly recorded (ca. 25 inscriptions, 8th/ 1st century BC until about the 1st century AD). Indistinguishable from Qatabānian.
 * Other varieties such as the language of the tribe of Radmān

 * Hadramautic (or Ḥaḑramitic): the language of Ḥaḑramaut, with an additional inscription from the Greek island of Delos. 5th century BC until the 4th century AD, with ca. 1,000 inscriptions.

Written records
Old South Arabian was written in the Old South Arabian script, a consonantal abjad deriving from the Phoenician alphabet. Compared with other parts of the ancient world, Palestine for instance, the number of surviving inscriptions is very high. Something in the region of 10,000 inscriptions exist. The Sabaean lexicon contains about 2,500 words.

Categories of written records

 * 1) Inscriptions in stone
 * 2) Votive inscriptions, which often preserve historical accounts of the events that led to the dedication
 * 3) Inscriptions on buildings: give the names of the person who commissioned the work and the historical circumstances among other things
 * 4) Laws and legislation
 * 5) Protocols and deeds
 * 6) Inscriptions written for atonement or repentance
 * 7) Graffiti on rocks
 * 8) Literary texts: if large numbers of any such texts ever existed, they have been almost completely lost
 * 9) Inscriptions on wooden cylinders (only Middle Sabaean and Hadramite). There are about 1,000 so far; very few published, mostly from Nashshān, in Wādī Madhāb.
 * 10) Private texts
 * 11) Contracts and orders
 * 12) Inscriptions on everyday objects

The inscriptions on stone display a very formal and precise wording and expression, whereas the style of the wooden inscriptions written in the cursive script is much more informal.

History of research and teaching
Although the inscriptions from ancient South Arabia were already known by the 18th century, it was Wilhelm Gesenius (1786–1842) and his student Emil Rödiger who finally undertook the deciphering of the script, actually independently of each other, in the years 1841/42. Then in the second half of the 19th century Joseph Halévy and Eduard Glaser brought hundreds of Old South Arabian inscriptions, possible tracings and copies back to Europe. On the basis of this large amount of material Fritz Hommel prepared a selection of texts in 1893 along with an attempt at a grammar. Later on the Sabaean expert Nikolaus Rhodokanakis made especially important steps towards understanding Old South Arabian. A completely new field of Old South Arabian script and texts has opened up since the 1970s with the discovery of wooden cylinders on which Sabaean has been written with a pen. The unknown script and numerous incomprehensible words present Sabaean studies with new problems, and to this day the wooden cylinders are not completely understood.

In the German-speaking world, Old South Arabian is taught in the framework of Semitic Studies, and no independent university chair has been dedicated to Old South Arabian (or Sabaean) Studies. Learning Old South Arabian at least furthers the student’s knowledge of the characteristics of Semitic by introducing him or her to a less well-preserved example of the group. Students normally begin to learn the grammar of Old South Arabian and then they finally read a few of the longer texts.

title: Old South Arabian