text:
User talk:Kmsiever

WikiProject Canada rating
I've reverted your change to the Lethbridge rating - see my reasoning. Mind matrix  22:12, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

Re: Lethbridge College
I added the "not to be confused with University of Lethbridge" hatnote to the top of Lethbridge College because both institutions are in the same town, Lethbridge, Alberta, and share a similar name. Someone unfamiliar with the schools or the area (like me) might be looking for a college or university named "Lethbridge" that is in Lethbridge unaware that there are two (in the United States there is no established difference between terms "college" and "university"). If you disagree, please let me know why. -Mabeenot (talk) 22:10, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

 * The only thing similar about their names is the word “Lethbridge”. In Canada, where these two institutions are located, there is an established difference. Lethbridge College doesn’t even offer degrees. I feel that such a practice could lead down a slippery slope, especially given the American usage. After all, it wouldn’t make sense to create college redirects for every US university article, and university redirects for every US college. --Kmsiever (talk) 03:46, 2 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. You're more familiar with Canadian higher education. In response to your slippery slope comment, we already have redirects and disambiguation pages that mix universities and colleges in the United States (for examples, see the hatnotes for Boston University and Trinity University (Texas)). -Mabeenot (talk) 05:44, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Kmsiever! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are  Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to these articles, it would greatly help us with the current  article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 07:22, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Jim Unger -
 * 2) Stacy Roest -

AfD nomination of Brocket, Alberta
An article that you have been involved in editing, Brocket, Alberta, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. 117Avenue (talk) 01:08, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

GA reassessment of Lethbridge Collegiate Institute
I have conducted a reassessment of the above article as part of the GA Sweeps process. You are being notified as you have made a number of contributions to the article. I have found some concerns which you can see at Talk:Lethbridge Collegiate Institute/GA1. I have placed the article on hold whilst these are fixed. Thanks. Jezhotwells (talk) 04:53, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Online business directories and Crime Stoppers
Hi Kmsiever, FYI, please see User talk:Maleficant. Your assistance in explaining why these links shouldn't be included would be appreciated and may put the current edit/revert cycle to bed sooner rather than later. Cheers, --Hwy43 (talk) 06:20, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

Project: Canadian Sport
I noticed you recently updated an article dealing with Sport in Canada. You might be interested to know that there is a project aimed at improving articles on this subject. Feel free to stop by and help out, we'd love to have you! HalifaxRage (talk) 11:24, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

You are now a Reviewer
Hello. Your account has been granted the "reviewer" userright, allowing you to review other users' edits on certain flagged pages. Pending changes, also known as flagged protection, will be commencing a two-month trial at approximately 23:00, 2010 June 15 (UTC).

Reviewers can review edits made by users who are not autoconfirmed to articles placed under flagged protection. Flagged protection is applied to only a small number of articles, similarly to how semi-protection is applied but in a more controlled way for the trial.

When reviewing, edits should be accepted if they are not obvious vandalism or BLP violations, and not clearly problematic in light of the reason given for protection (see Reviewing process). More detailed documentation and guidelines can be found here.

If you do not want this userright, you may ask any administrator to remove it for you at any time. Karanacs (talk) 03:41, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Cool. Thanks! --Kmsiever (talk) 15:50, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Lethbridge Journal

The article Lethbridge Journal has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Non-notable local paper

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. HJ Mitchell |  Penny for your thoughts?   17:23, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Send you an email
Regarding Lethbridge. -- Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 16:46, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

Article for deletion

 * Hello. Given your history of contributions to Brocket 99 you may have insight to provide to the discussion about deletion of Articles for deletion/Tim Hitchner Canuckle (talk) 15:39, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Oh, thank goodness. —Kmsiever (talk) 22:51, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Lethbridge Centre

The article Lethbridge Centre has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * NN 330,000 sq ft mall.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Epeefleche (talk) 20:36, 4 June 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Dave Siever (February 22)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by SwisterTwister was:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.

 * If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Dave Siever and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
 * If you need any assistance, you can ask for help at the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Dave_Siever Articles for creation help desk] or on the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SwisterTwister&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Dave_Siever reviewer's talk page].
 * You can also use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.

SwisterTwister  talk  04:54, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the update and for the time you spent reviewing it. I will see if I can find anything else more in-depth. —Kmsiever (talk) 21:58, 10 March 2016 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Dave Siever

Hello, Kmsiever. It has been over six months since you last edited your Articles for Creation draft article submission, "Dave Siever".

In accordance with our policy that Articles for Creation is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the  or  code.

If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. JMHamo (talk) 20:29, 27 August 2016 (UTC)

File:Lethbridge map.gif
Hello. File:Lethbridge map.gif is an image you uploaded as the owner and had released it into public domain. It is marked as ready to be moved to Commons, where it can be used by other Wikimedia projects. Can you please/can I move the image to Commons, assuming there is no problem with the license? Thanks. We can use CommonsHelper. --DenizTC 23:09, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks for asking! By all means, feel free to move it. :) —Kmsiever (talk) 17:33, 2 May 2017 (UTC)

ARCHES
Hello, why did you remove contents related to their hiring of relatives in Special:Diff/996891573 even though it is properly sourced? "A senior executive’s family member was hired, earning $9,900. The auditors could not locate a resume or personnel file to verify any qualifications." "Proper personal conflict of interest declarations were not recorded when related individuals or vendors were hired or utilized." Graywalls (talk) 09:06, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Because it had nothing to do with the $13,000 in interest income earned on SCS funding, which is what the sentence was implying. —Kmsiever (talk) 16:43, 31 December 2020 (UTC)

Managing a conflict of interest
Hello, Kmsiever. We welcome your contributions, but if you have an external relationship with the people, places or things you have written about in the page Draft:Kim Siever, you may have a conflict of interest (COI). Editors with a conflict of interest may be unduly influenced by their connection to the topic. See the conflict of interest guideline and FAQ for organizations for more information. We ask that you:

 * avoid editing or creating articles about yourself, your family, friends, colleagues, company, organization or competitors;
 * propose changes on the talk pages of affected articles (you can use the request edit template);
 * disclose your conflict of interest when discussing affected articles (see Conflict of interest);
 * avoid linking to your organization's website in other articles (see WP:Spam);
 * do your best to comply with Wikipedia's content policies.

In addition, you are required by the Wikimedia Foundation's terms of use to disclose your employer, client, and affiliation with respect to any contribution which forms all or part of work for which you receive, or expect to receive, compensation. See Paid-contribution disclosure.

Also, editing for the purpose of advertising, publicising, or promoting anyone or anything is not permitted. Thank you. Dan arndt (talk) 03:23, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Dan, for reaching out. I was afraid this might end up being the case, even though I tried to be strict about following notability and citation guidelines while creating the sandbox article. While reading through the COI guidelines you linked to (thank you, by the way), I noticed that editors with COI can use the AfC process for such articles. Do you think the article I submitted for review could be a candidate for AfC? Kmsiever (talk) 03:33, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Lethbridge Bulls

The article Lethbridge Bulls has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:NBASE; could not find reliable secondary sources on Google or DDG"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Dudhhr (talk) 04:27, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Kim Siever has been accepted
 Kim Siever, which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created.

Congratulations, and thank you for helping expand the scope of Wikipedia! We hope you will continue making quality contributions.

Since you have made at least 10 edits over more than four days, you can now create articles yourself without posting a request. However, you may continue submitting work to Articles for creation if you prefer.

If you have any questions, you are welcome to ask at the  [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_talk/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Kim_Siever help desk] . Once you have made at least 10 edits and had an account for at least four days, you will have the option to create articles yourself without posting a request to Articles for creation.

If you would like to help us improve this process, please consider.

Thanks again, and happy editing! ― Qwerfjkl talk  06:25, 9 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Qwerfjkl! —Kmsiever (talk) 20:22, 9 July 2021 (UTC)

Nomination of Kim Siever for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Kim Siever is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Kim Siever until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Madg2011 (talk) 13:54, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

James Poapst
Do you know James Poapst? he is a wiki admin from Lethbridge Mynameisfakeisthatok (talk) 23:17, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

 * No, I don’t believe that I do. The name doesn’t sound familiar. But there are over 100,000 people in this city. :) —Kmsiever (talk) 19:20, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Kmsiever


text:
Imbas forosnai

Imbas forosnai, is a gift of clairvoyance or visionary ability practised by the gifted poets of ancient Ireland.

In Old Irish, Imbas imeans "inspiration," and specifically refers to the sacred poetic inspiration believed to be possessed by the fili (Old Irish: inspired, visionary poets) in Early Ireland. Forosnai means "illuminated" or "that which illuminates". Descriptions of the practices associated with Imbas forosnai are found in Cormac's Glossary and in the mythology associated with the hero Fionn mac Cumhaill. In the Táin Bó Cúailgne, the woman poet Fedelm uses her imbas forosnai to predict the outcome of a battle. Imbas forosnai involved the practitioner engaging in sensory deprivation techniques in order to enter a trance and receive answers or prophecy.

In the Celtic traditions, poetry has always served as a primary conveyance of spiritual truth. Celtic texts differentiate between normal poetry, which is only a matter of learned skill, and "inspired" poetry, which is seen as a gift from the gods.

Some Celtic reconstructionists are involved in the revival of the practices connected with Imbas forosnai.

title: Imbas forosnai


text:
Talk:Shadow Hearts

Trivia source
Yeah, I have no idea how to do this but I did find the trailer that implies that Nicolai is the main character of SH2 ( at the bottom). It's actually quite hilarious because I saw it after beating the game and being like WTF? Anyway, any help on telling me how to cite it or whatever? Axem Titanium 02:27, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

"Harmonixer"
this is going to seem fairly trivial but, "Shania, who has the powers of the Harmonixer as Yuri did"

now while shania has the power to fusion and change shape as yuri and kurando both have in the past I don't believe the powers are the same for yuri and kurando, the powers were dormant within them and merely had to be awoken or unlocked to tap into the power while for shania's fusion ability she has to contact and defeat spirits external to her for them to bind their power to her

didn't make the edit cause I'm not sure if my point is valid

 * The word "Harmonixer" never appears in Shadow Hearts: From The New World. Shania calls it contracting with the spirits of the land, and with the trials you have to go through in order to gain the spirits, I'm inclined to stick with her explanation.  I, personally, would phrase it "Bearing similar powers to Yuri the Harmonixer, Shania can lend her body to the spirits of the land."  71.31.194.26 05:45, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Old Stuff
(Note: Moving the unsorted earlier comments into a general "old stuff" category.)

Heh. Wrote this article long ago, and I return more than a year later to see it's blossomed. A few comments/questions, and explanations on some specific changes I made.

"Disheartened by the political friction within Sacnoth, as well as the financial condition of SNK, Kikuta resigned."

I rewrote this to mention the fairly critical fact that the game was a failure, and tried to hint that assuming it was true that he resigned due to disgust at having his work compromised, he would have been forced out anyway. This is Japan, after all, I'm sure we've all heard of some of the rather draconian punishments for failure in the corporate world they have there... look at Gunpei Yokoi for one example. Also note that the Koudelka section was rewritten by 24.87.12.54 on July 17th fairly extensively to have a much more pro-Kikuta view; Koudelka is not my area of expertise, but can anyone else confirm their statements?

"However, fans of Alice Elliot need not fear, for Alice still has a vital role in Shadow Hearts: Covenant."

This seems to be near a spoiler, and seems an odd thing to have in a more encylopedic entry. For way of comparison, would the back of the book for The Two Towers assure readers that fans of Gandalf won't be let down?

", although the game has been made much more mainstream than Shadow Hearts and much of the creepy atmosphere is gone. "

While it's par for the course to include somewhat subjective comments in items like video game articles, this doesn't quite sit right. I'll grant that SH2 had somewhat more humor than SH1, but SH1 leavened its horror a good bit too. It feels a bit like a comment added to the end by someone who was dissapointed in SH:C. Maybe I'm totally out of line here; say if so.

Anyway, I deleted the above two passages. Most of the rest are flow items, things like moving the historical reference back to the bottom of the article again (since it was awkwardly sitting beneath SH:C before). One other thing to consider:

"Other characters include Gepetto (a puppeteer and his puppet Cornelia), Blanca (a wolf), Princess Anastasia (of the Russian Romanov Dynasty) Lucia (an Italian fortune teller and aromatherapist), Kurando (a swordsman and fledgling Harmonixer), and Joachim (a strange vampire wrestler who is also the half-brother of Keith from Shadow Hearts)."

Is this necessary? Seems like it detracts from the flow a bit to list the characters. I left it in, but I wonder if there's a better way to put it. SnowFire 02:26, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

The following could use some revision:

-Japanese release dates. Don't have any at the moment.

-Better explanation of the Judgement Ring that's still succinct. It's hard to describe in a sentence, but the again, it's only worth about a sentence of explanation.

-"more unusual considering the seriousness of some of its subject matter and the horror elements in the setting." Can't say I like that statement. Can someone improve this bit of prose? I'm trying to express drama + comedy + horror all living together happily.--SnowFire 04:42, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

-Requesting to have all the games split up into seperate entries. They are all vastly different games and deserves their own pages.

Question -- there seems to be some debate about whether Halley Brancket (SH character) is Edward Plunkett's son (Koudelka character). I'm told that "Brancket" might be a mistranslation; anybody here read Japanese?

~metroid composite

- I can't read any Japanese but it's pretty much understood Edward Plunkett is Halley Brancket's father; it's just a mistransliteration. ~68.45.30.71 (Heh, I am an enigma!)

Informativeness and Flow, and 137.240.136.81 's changes
Brief History: 137.240.136.81 added a few comments to the article. JIFish reverted part (correct -> canonical and back), and I later came along and reverted most of the rest. JIFish then came and reverted my reverts, saying the other version was "more informative." This is true, but... I can't extrapolate too much of your argument for that, but an encylopedia's goal is not merely to pile information on. Narrative, concise flow is also important for people who perhaps don't want to find every single fact about the game at once, and would prefer to see a summary. It's also important for at least most of the article to be accessible to anyone with a reasonable knowledge of the subject (video games). Additionally, avoiding spoilers is also a good thing.

Now, note that I say this as someone who also made the original "Historical References in Shadow Hearts" page, so I'm all about gathering up a bunch of information to stick on Wikipedia. That said, not all of that information should be on the main page, even if perhaps it should be easily accessible. Continuing to pile information on here leads to size creep and can make the article as a whole worse.

Anyway, getting to the point...

 * However, the 'Demon of Domremy' is, of course, actually the Harmonixer Yuri from the first Shadow Hearts, shapeshifted into the guise of Amon, a powerful demon.

The change was the addition that 137.240.136.81 made. I think that it disrupts the sentence flow and adds nothing to that statement- we already know that Yuri is the "Demon of Domremy," so mentioning "a powerful demon" doesn't help. Plus, it's a vague spoiler, since I don't recall the word Amon being mentioned for some time in SH2. It does become a plot point later. It's hardly a huge spoiler, but that combined with the fact that this fragment adds very little information aside from that name leaves me inclined to not include it. The fact that this change was made by an IP Address means that it's hard to talk back at the person and inquire as to the purpose of the change on the talk page. So I just reverted it.

As for the later change...

 * Yuri, Karin, and Nicolai soon become entangled in a plot involving secret conspiracies, the Russian royal family, the Japanese foreign minister, the Émigré Manuscript, and more.

I didn't re-revert this one quite yet, but quite simply, the Emigre Manuscript is fictional, and there's no way you'd know this name if you hadn't played the game. Saying that the game includes it is like saying that my new movie includes the Faragaj book; not very helpful. That's why I prefer "the mystical tome from Koudelka." It's very clear this way that SH2 ties into the previous games' major artifacts and plot points, something not at all clear from simply saying "the Emigre Manuscript" (is this new? historical?  what?).

Anyway, if someone wanted to make a new page with "Plot Summary and Analysis of Shadow Hearts," perhaps for people who'd already played the game wanting to check up on certain parts, I'd be totally in favor of that. It could be linked it in the "See Also" section. Now, that page could legitimately contain all the information on the Emigre Manuscript, the deal with Amon, and so on in an extensive treatment of the plot of the games.
 * Well, you've convinced me. I've reverted the second part back too. Much like the reason for my orginal partial revert, we should respect the uninitiated. I have to say though, I found your revert comment a little agressive. I wasn't going to start an edit war over this (or anything else for that matter.) --JiFish(Talk/Contrib) 16:06, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Half-brother?
Minor nitpick, but I thought Joachim was Keith's full brother. Where does it state he's only his half-brother?
 * Good question. I have added a fact tag. Hopefully someone will provide a reference. --JiFish(Talk/Contrib) 18:33, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Proposed Split
I don't see any need to split the article at this time. When the article is becoming too long or if another game is released it may be necessary to split the article. But for the moment I say: if it ain't broke, don't fix it. --JiFish(Talk/Contrib) 23:34, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

If anything, as I've said before, I'd be up for shaving the article down, not increasing its size. I agree with keeping it one article. Djungelurban, please at least post something as to why you think this should be the case. SnowFire 01:52, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
Shadow Hearts is also considered unique by its fans for its quirky style — the alternate setting of an Earth where monsters and mystical forces seem common is well-done, and the game boasts a sense of humor unusual considering the seriousness of some of its subject matter and the horror elements in the setting. -- This section strikes me as rather non-neutral, espcially the 'well-done' part. Shouldn't this be rewritten in a more neutral way? -- Bakabaka 18:34, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * You have a point; that said, the entire statement is written in the sense of what fans think, which by definition is generally going to be positive sentiment (otherwise they wouldn't be fans). It's a bit weasaly to just say "fans," but unlike science or politics, it's not like there's an authoritative "Voice of the Fans" out there we can quote and reference.  The closest to that in gaming are critical reviews...  and gaming journalism is, uh, a suspect source at best.  Besides, Shadow Hearts was one of those games that got lukewarm reception at first, but "aged well," which makes the critical reception look worse than it turned out (contrast this with Black & White, a game that seems incredible for the first 5 hours and thus got great critical reviews, but aged very poorly after people realized it really wasn't that deep.).

 * If you have a better idea as to how to phrase it, take a shot, I just don't see one off the top of my head. SnowFire 16:05, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

There seem to be people who agree with me that SH are great games, but who insist to state as such without citing their sources. I added a Fact tag, but I'm quite prone to remove the statement altogether again when a good citation doesn't show up soon. I'm sorry, SH:C was reviewed with an 8/10 on average, and I'm sure there's turn-based combat RPGs that've made better scores than that. -- Bakabaka 11:16, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Keith and Joachim -- eldest?
I removed the 'elder' adjective about Joachim Valtentine that has been changed to 'younger' and back numerous times last few weeks. I don't have any recollection of the birth order being referenced in at least the English version I played. If you change it back, maybe a reference would be nice? Thanks-- Bakabaka 11:54, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

After Keith's sidequest in SH where he has to fight the Golden Bat (Joachim) in order to get his best sword, you can check the Golden Bat entry in the Monster List, where it calls the Golden Bat the "oldest brother". Also, in SH2, you can check the descriptions for the Peach Bat (possibly Hilda, although she is pink in SH3) and the Silver Bat (Keith) after you meet them, and they are referred to as Joachim's younger sister/brother. Haplar 03:20, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Splits
This article is getting bigger, plus I want to tidy it up somewhat and expand some of the sections. I believe it may now need a split. --JiFish(Talk/Contrib) 23:47, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Go for it. I'll help whereever I can. Axem Titanium 01:44, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

New Sections
I agree with Axem about not making new articles. So would it be a good idea to add a section or sections about the recurring things from the series into this article? I was thinking about the Judgment Ring & Ring Spirits, the Valentine Family, and Roger Bacon and the Emigre Manuscript. I was thinking about writing this after I contribute to the other articles. Waymond Tang 04:42, 10 December 2006 (UTC)
 * A section here about recurring stuff should be great. Go for it! Axem Titanium 17:29, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Merge & Sections
If the articles were to be merged, the whole article should be re-worked. I was thinking of making sections like Games or Titles(instead of a section for each game), Common themes and recurring elements, Historical References etc. Of course this is not set in stone. I am just suggesting types of sections and not the exact names for the sections. Waymond Tang 02:38, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * That sounds good. You're doing a great job with these articles. It's always nice to see someone motivated for improvement. Axem Titanium 02:48, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I strongly disagree with the merge. There is far too much information to place on this page. If anything the information should be merged into each title's respective article. --JiFish(Talk/Contrib) 23:46, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I was actually typing up Historical references on each page when I found this. There is some incorrect or missing references, but I strongly agree with the merge. But I agree with JiFish as well, they should go in their respective articles. If the decision to merge become final, place them in the right articles and fix them up myself. DSMeatte 01:14, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Japanese seiyu
I was considering adding the Japanese seiyu. I feel that it is necessary to list the seiyu in the Shadow Hearts-related articles. I should also note that this will improve all of the overall Shadow Hearts-related articles greatly and I will add them myself from the Japanese interwiki sites for Shadow Hearts-related articles. Sjones23 00:13, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

If anyone adds any seiyu for each game and character, let me know. Plus, all of the Shadow Hearts articles have only the English voice actors, so I feel that adding the Japanese seiyu will greatly improve the overall articles. Sjones23 00:31, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Plus, in the cast section as well as the articles on the characters, they only have the English voice actors, so the Japanese seiyu are needed. Sjones23 00:33, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Page title.
I agree with the earlier proposal (not sure who made it- I suppose the Requested moves log will have it) to keep the page title at Shadow Hearts for the entire series. If someone is interested in just the first game, it's still easily accessible. SnowFire 05:08, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, I moved it to the current title to keep with the naming convention of including "(series)" for the series article. Also, since there are only three games in the series, rather short compared to some older ones, most people would think of the first game first, rather than the series as a whole. Axem Titanium 21:31, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Does the Saga Continue?
I was a bit surprised in how the additions to the Shadow Hearts saga have been spread. The second one was released in 2004, and the third a year later. It has been three years since the last release and no fourth addition has been produced.

I assumed that it could be due to historical issues. Shadow Hearts: From the New World took place in 1929. So any future additions must take place shortly afterwards. But in the 1930s and 40s, Japan engauged in unrestrained conquest that forever scarred the world. If there would be a Shadow Hearts 4, Japan's brutal past must be made true, lest the rest of the world criticize them for not accepting their past as an aggressor. But at a price, the Japanese hoped to set aside their past. A game such as Shadow Hearts 4 might keep such guilt and nostalgia alive.

Could this be the reason why no new additions of Shadow Hearts haven't been released? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.89.207.91 (talk) 13:53, 2 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The team who made the series disbanded after the third game. I think it's more that than running out of ideas. Sake neko (talk) 08:05, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shadow Hearts


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Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds

Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds is a real-time strategy video game set in the Star Wars universe. It was developed by LucasArts. It was released in November 2001. An expansion pack, Clone Campaigns, was released on May 14, 2002, adding two new factions and campaigns. Later that year, both Galactic Battlegrounds and Clone Campaigns were released in a box set, Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds Saga.

The games were built on the Genie engine by Ensemble Studios, the same one used in Age of Empires and Age of Empires II.

Gameplay
The player starts the game with a Command Center, a scout, and three workers (in a normal random map game) for whichever of the six original factions they choose. The player searches and gathers resources such as Food, Carbon, Nova Crystals, and Ore and then uses the resources in order to create new buildings, combat units, and workers. Food is used for low-end units and troopers, as well as the work force. Carbon is used in place of Wood in Age of Empires 2 for buildings and artillery. Nova Crystals create the more high-end units and can be gathered through getting special "holocrons" (similar to Relics in Age of Empires 2). Ore is used for defensive structures as well as the Gungan unique unit Fambaa. The player can build separate units at separate buildings designed specifically for different types of units. The player can advance through the four Tech Levels by paying a certain amount of resources. When a player advances a Tech Level, more units, buildings, and upgrades become available.

There are a total of seven military structures in the game. These are the Troop Center, the Shipyard, the Mech factory, the Jedi Temple or Sith Temple depending on the faction, the Heavy Weapons Factory, the Airbase, and the Fortress. The Troop center produces 'cannon fodder' early game units. These are the Grenadier, the Anti-Air trooper, the Mounted Trooper, and the ubiquitous Trooper. The Shipyard produces ships, these being the Frigate, the Destroyer, the Cruiser, and the Anti-Air Frigate. The Mech Factory produces Scouts, Assault Mechs, Strike Mechs, and Mech Destroyers. The Jedi Temple or Sith Temple is a depository for Holocrons and produces Jedi Padawans/Sith Apprentice and Jedi Knights/Sith Knights as well as Jedi Masters/Sith Masters. The Airbase produces aircraft such as fighters, bombers and transports, and the Heavy Weapons Factory produces pummels, artillery, anti-air mobiles, basically the big guns needed to mount a full-scale assault. The Fortress serves as a defensive structure and produces the civilization's unique unit and an anti-jedi Bounty Hunter, as well as long-range cannons, and the massive Air cruiser. It fires high-damage, area-of-effect shells at air, sea or ground targets over long reload times while being durable and having passive shielding. It is the most directly powerful unit in the game (not including cheats.)

If Victory is set to standard, the player can win in three different ways. The player may win by destroying all of the enemies buildings and units with their army. Also, the player can use a Jedi/Sith to bring all of the Holocrons to the Jedi/Sith Temple and preserve them for 200 "days". The final way to win is to build a monument that is only available at Tech Level 4. If the monument stays standing for 300 days, then the player wins.

Campaigns

 * Tutorial - The campaign sees the player assume the role of Chewbacca's father, Attichitchuk. In this campaign, the player gradually learns the game's play mechanics as Attichitchuk marshals a Wookiee army to force the Trade Federation off Alaris Prime.
 * Trade Federation - The campaign has the player assume the role of OOM-9, a droid ground commander leading the Trade Federation's actions during the blockade of Naboo in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace which includes a conquest of Theed city, the capital of Naboo. The campaign also features the movie's ground battle between the Trade Federation and the Gungans but as an alternate history simulation wherein Darth Maul has killed Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi while Federation droid ships destroy the Naboo starfighters.
 * Gungans - The Gungan campaign begins millennia in the past as a sub-faction of Gungans under the command of Boss Gallo try to unite the other warring tribes under a single banner, then continues as the Gungans fight back against the Trade Federation invasion. It also features a bonus mission featuring The Phantom Menace's climactic ground battle, and the Naboo's assault against Trade Federation forces in Theed.
 * Galactic Empire - The Imperial campaign begins just after the events of A New Hope, as Darth Vader personally leads the assault on the Rebels' Massassi Ruins base and captures General Jan Dodonna. The rest of the campaign focuses on suppressing other Rebel bases, including a mission to protect an AT-AT prototype, with a cameo by The Empire Strikes Back character General Veers (a colonel in the mission). The campaign's last mission is the Imperial attack on Hoth, where the player has a chance to destroy Echo Base and prevent Han Solo and company's escape. The bonus missions depict the Empire's hostile takeover of Bespin and an alternate retelling of the Battle of Endor where the Empire routs the Ewoks.
 * Rebel Alliance - The Rebel campaign is mostly set between the events of A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back. It features the Rebels' efforts to recover a Jedi artifact, the Vor'Na'Tu, while fending off Imperial forces. The bonus missions include the Battle of Hoth, the ground phase of the Battle of Endor, and a mission to attack an Imperial asteroid base.
 * Wookiee - The mission features Chewbacca's efforts to liberate Kashyyyk from Trandoshan slavers and the Empire. Its bonus mission is the liberation of Kessel.

Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds: Clone Campaigns
Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds Clone Campaigns is an expansion pack that was released two days before the theatrical release of Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones on May 14, 2002. It introduced two playable factions and campaigns: that of the Confederacy of Independent Systems and the Galactic Republic. Clone Campaigns added more units, such as the Decimator and the Air Cruiser, support for movable power supplies, and more. Clone Campaigns occurs during the first months of the Clone Wars.

Confederacy campaign
In the Confederacy campaign, the hero is Chiss warrior Sev'rance Tann, and guided by Count Dooku. The player's goal is to capture the energy-mining platforms of the Galactic Republic so that they can effectively hold Coruscant hostage, and take control of the Decimators, a secret weapon developed by the Republic.

The campaign begins with the Battle of Geonosis as Tann's forces clear an escape route for Count Dooku. After rebuilding the Separatist army, Count Dooku directs her to Tatooine, where she finds Boorka the Hutt. In exchange for destroying a Republic outpost, she is given information regarding the location of a Decimator testing base on Eredenn Prime. General Tann manages to capture the base and the Decimators, but their Wookiee manufacturers include a fail-safe locking code and prevent the CIS from using them. However, Tann manages to also capture a Data Droid, which she takes with her to the Wookiee colony on Alaris Prime. Alaris Prime soon serves as one of many probing attacks by the CIS on Wookiee territory before the Battle of Kashyyyk. After destroying the Wookiee Decimator facilities, Tann makes the droid unlock the Decimators. At this point the objective is revealed: Sarapin, a world providing much of the Republic's power. The Decimators' firepower enables Tann to crush the Republic defenses and kill the base's commander, Jedi Knight Jor Drakas.

Republic campaign
The Galactic Republic campaign begins at the Battle of Geonosis. Jedi Master Echuu Shen-Jon leads a force of clone troopers and Jedi including his young Padawan, Stam Reath, in destroying Trade Federation core ships. The mission is successful, but Reath is brutally killed by Sev'rance Tann, sinking Echuu into depression. The campaign follows the climax of the CIS campaign. The Jedi Council sends Shen-Jon to the planet along with his new padawan, Stam Reath's sister Naat, to reactivate Sarapin's energy platforms. The wreckage of a Decimator found on the planet reveals the usage of stolen Republic technology. The Republic forces successfully take back Sarapin and Shen-Jon interrogates CIS officer Zian Finnis, who gives away the Confederacy's presence on Tatooine.

Shen-Jon goes to Tatooine and strikes an alliance with Jabba the Hutt, who tips him off about the CIS' alliance with Boorka the Hutt (a rival in the planet's criminal industry). After defeating a band of Tusken Raiders and the combined Confederate and mercenary forces, Echuu discovers some supply crates destined for the distant world of Krant. Shen-Jon and Reath head to the planet and destroy a Trade Federation mining camp on Krant's moon, creating a staging area for the invasion of Krant. Wookiee stragglers assist the Republic forces in destroying the CIS Decimator factories, but Tann catches Reath and challenges Shen-Jon to a duel. The Jedi Master kills the Chiss commander, but his brush with the Dark Side of the Force leaves him with enough guilt to go on a self-imposed exile. Echuu later meets with Princess Leia on Krant during the Rebel campaign, where Darth Vader kills him.

The last mission follows the Rebel Alliance in their conquest of Coruscant's Imperial Palace, a few years following the Battle of Endor.

Development
Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds was developed by LucasArts by licensing the Genie game engine from Ensemble Studios. The game, as well as the Clone Campaigns expansion pack, was designed and directed by Garry M. Gaber.

Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds
In the United States, Galactic Battlegrounds sold 225,000 copies and earned $9.8 million by August 2006, after its release in November 2001. It was the country's 94th best-selling computer game during this period. Combined sales of all versions and expansions of Galactic Battlegrounds reached 480,000 units in the United States by August 2006.

Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds received generally positive reviews. GameRankings gave the game a score of 77.33%, while Metacritic gave it 75 out of 100. GameSpot gave the game an 8.2/10, calling it "perfect for a generation of gamers raised on Star Wars". However, Brian Gee of Game Revolution gave the game a "C" and said that it "doesn't feel very Star Wars".

Carla Harker reviewed the PC version of the game for Next Generation, rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "Age of Empires and Star Wars? Bring it on."

Clone Campaigns
The Clone Campaigns expansion pack was met with positive to average reception; GameRankings gave it a score of 73.78% while Metacritic gave it 71 out of 100.

title: Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds


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Directmedia Publishing

Directmedia Publishing is a German publishing house created in January 1995 by Ralf Szymanski and Erwin Jurschitza as a publisher of digital media. The emphasis of the publishing house's content lies within the field of digital libraries, particularly scientific collections of texts, and encyclopaedias.

In co-operation with the Reclam publishing house in Stuttgart, Directmedia Publishing published the series Reclam Klassiker auf CD-ROM (Reclam classical authors on CD-ROM), which presents individual works of the German language literary canon. The first German Wikipedia CD was published by Directmedia Publishing in October 2004, and was followed by a DVD-ROM (and CD-ROM) in April 2005. In the first ten days the second edition was presold, 10,000 copies were purchased, 8,000 on Amazon.de.

Directmedia's sister enterprise, The Yorck Project (based in Yorck road, Berlin), specialises in the publication of CDs or DVDs with extensive picture collections including art, photography and historical illustrations. The software used to display content runs under Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X, with a beta version for Linux also available. In April 2005, Directmedia contributed scans of 10,000 public domain paintings to the Wikimedia Commons project. In 2007 The Yorck Project was renamed to Zenodot Verlagsgesellschaft mbH and started the online digital library Zeno.org in October 2007.

In 2008 Directmedia Publishing and its sister Zenodot were sold and transferred to Brașov (Romania), led by Claudia Maria Buflea. Zeno.org is meanwhile owned by a non-related company named Contumax. The content of Zenodot and DirectMedia Publishing remains nonetheless available.

title: Directmedia Publishing


text:
Om Puri

Om Prakash Puri, (18 October 1950 – 6 January 2017) was an Indian actor who appeared in mainstream commercial Hindi films as well as Urdu, Malayalam, Bengali, Kannada, English, Punjabi, Gujarati, Telugu, and Marathi films, as well as independent and art films and also starred in several international cinema. He is widely regarded as one of the finest actors in world cinema. He won two National Film Awards for Best Actor, two Filmfare Awards and India's fourth highest civilian award Padma Shri in 1990. In 2004, he was made an honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire.

He is best known for his author-backed roles in films like Aakrosh (1980), Arohan (1982), Ardh Satya (1983), television films like Sadgati (1981) and Tamas (1987), light-hearted roles in Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro (1983), Chachi 420 (1997), Hera Pheri (2000), Chup Chup Ke (2006) and Dhol (2007) and several mainstream commercial films throughout his career. He had various collaborations with director Shyam Benegal and Govind Nihalani. Puri also appeared in non-Indian productions in the United States, Pakistan and Britain. In the 1990s, he appeared in My Son the Fanatic (1997) and the comedy drama East Is East (1999), receiving a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role.

Early life
Puri was born to a Hindu Family in Ambala, Haryana. His father, Tek Chand Puri, worked on the railways and in the Indian Army. Puri's parents received no birth certificate and had no records, so his family was unsure of his birth date. But his mother told him he had been born two days after the Hindu festival Dussehra. When he began his schooling, his uncle chose 9 March 1950 as his "official" birthday. However, as an adult when he moved to Mumbai, Puri looked up when Dussehra was celebrated in 1950, to establish his birth date as 18 October.

Puri came from an underprivileged background. When he was six years old, his father who was a railway employee was put behind bars on allegations of theft of cement. This resulted in their family becoming homeless. To make ends meet, Puri's brother, Ved Prakash Puri, worked as a coolie (railway porter) and Puri worked in a local tea shop, did odd jobs and collected coal from nearby railways tracks to support his family. He and his brother's children were later brought up by a maid servant, Shanti. While working, Puri continued to study. After his primary education, he joined the National School of Drama in Delhi to study theatre acting. A fellow NSD student who became a long-term friend, Naseeruddin Shah, encouraged Puri to follow him to the Film and Television Institute of India in Poona (present-day Pune). In an interview with The Times of India, Puri later recounted his family was so poor that he did not have a decent shirt to wear when he joined FTII. According to Shah, Puri was disappointed by his education at FTII, and also was unable to pay tuition fees—when he became well-known, the institute followed up the debt of ₹280, which Puri refused to pay due to the "impish thrill" of owing them money.

Career
Puri's first film was Chor Chor Chhup ja, a children's film. During this time, to make ends meet he also worked at the Actors' Studio, where future actors such as Gulshan Grover and Anil Kapoor would be his students.

Subsequently, Puri worked in numerous Indian films, as well as many films produced in the United Kingdom and the United States.

Puri made his debut in the mainstream films genre in the 1976 Marathi film Ghashiram Kotwal, based on a Marathi play of the same name by Vijay Tendulkar. It was directed by K. Hariharan and Mani Kaul in cooperation with 16 graduates of the FTII. He has claimed that he was paid "peanuts" for his best work. Along with Amrish Puri, Naseeruddin Shah, Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil, he was among the main actors who starred in what was then referred to as art films such as Bhavni Bhavai (1980), Sadgati (1981), Ardh Satya (1982), Mirch Masala (1986) and Dharavi (1992).

He was critically acclaimed for his performances in many unconventional roles such as a victimized tribal in Aakrosh (1980); Jimmy's manager in Disco Dancer (1982); a police inspector in Ardh Satya (1982), for which he got the National Film Award for Best Actor; a humble husband in Seepeeyan (1984), Vinod's uncle in Zamana the leader of a cell of Sikh militants in Maachis (1996); as a tough cop again in the commercial film Gupt in 1997; and as the courageous father of a martyred soldier in Dhoop (2003).

In 1999, Puri acted in a Kannada film A.K. 47 as a strict police officer who tries to keep the city safe from the underworld—it became a huge commercial hit. Puri's acting in the film is memorable. He rendered his own voice for the Kannada dialogues. In the same year, he starred in the successful British comedy-drama film East is East, where he played a first-generation Pakistani immigrant in Northern England, struggling to come to terms with his far more westernised children. Puri had a cameo in the highly acclaimed film Gandhi (1982, directed by Richard Attenborough). In the mid-1990s, he diversified to play character roles in mainstream Hindi cinema, where his roles are more tuned to mass audiences than film critics. He became known internationally by starring in many British films such as My Son the Fanatic (1997), East Is East (1999) and The Parole Officer (2001). He appeared in Hollywood films including City of Joy (1992), opposite Patrick Swayze; Wolf (1994) with Jack Nicholson; and The Ghost and the Darkness (1996) opposite Val Kilmer. In 2007, he appeared as General Zia-ul-Haq in Charlie Wilson's War, which stars Tom Hanks and Julia Roberts.

He has worked in Hindi television serials like Kakkaji Kaheen (1988) (roughly meaning "Uncle Says") as a paan-chewing 'Kakkaji', which was a parody on politicians, and Mr. Yogi (1989) as a suave 'Sutradhaar' who enjoys pulling the protagonist's leg. These two serials underlined Om Puri's versatility as a comedian. He received critical acclaim for his performance in Govind Nihalani's television film Tamas (1988) based on a Hindi novel of the same name. He played comic roles in Hindi films like Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro which reached a cult status, followed by Chachi 420 (1997), Hera Pheri (2000), Chor Machaye Shor (2002), Deewane Hue Pagal, Chup Chup Ke, Kismet Connection and Malamaal Weekly (2006) and Oh My God. He was regular in films directed by Priyadarshan and Kamal Haasan.

His notable roles in commercial Hindi films included Drohkaal, In Custody, Narsimha, Ghayal, Mrityudand, Aastha, Hey Ram, Pyar Toh Hona Hi Tha, Farz, Gadar, Lakshya, Dev (2004), Rang De Basanti, Yuva, Singh Is Kinng, Mere Baap Pehle Aap, Billu, Kyunki, Lakshya, Dabangg, Bhaji in Problem, Khap, Bajrangi Bhaijaan, Ghayal Once Again. Puri was seen in the role of Mohammad Ali Kasuri in Road to Sangam (2009). In 2010, he appeared in The Hangman. In 2011 he was in the Indian action film Don 2.

He has also worked in some episodes of the TV series Aahat during the second season which was aired between 2004 and 2005 on Sony channel. Other notable television appearances included Bharat Ek Khoj, Yatra, Mr. Yogi, Kakaji Kahin, Sea Hawks, Antaral and Savdhaan India second season.

In 2014, he appeared opposite Helen Mirren in the comedy-drama The Hundred-Foot Journey. At the time of his death in January 2017, he was working on the Marathi film, 15 August Bhagile 26 January.

Several of his completed films released after his death including Viceroy's House and Tubelight.

Personal life
Puri married director/writer Seema Kapoor, the sister of actor Annu Kapoor, in 1991, but their marriage ended after eight months.

In 1993, he married journalist Nandita Puri, with whom he had a son named Ishaan. In 2009, Nandita wrote a biography of her husband titled Unlikely Hero: The Story of Om Puri. Upon the book's publication, Puri spoke of his anger at the inclusion of explicit details of his previous relationships. In 2013, Nandita filed an allegation of domestic violence against him, and the two opted for a judicial separation shortly afterwards.

His second wife reported that they kept a "secular house", but that "while Om is not ritualistic, he does not mind others being so". He took "solace in spiritual reading", particularly in the writings of spiritual teacher Eknath Easwaran, many of whose books he shared with friends. Puri seldom took politics seriously, and often found relaxation by cooking or gardening. In an interview to Rajya Sabha TV in 2012, Om Puri spoke about his interest in agriculture and cooking, and suggested that his dream was to open a dhaba by the name Daal Roti.

Controversies
In October 2016, Puri appeared for a debate on a news channel regarding a Hindi film producer's ban on Pakistani actors after the Uri attack. During the debate, he made insulting comments about Indian soldiers which led to heavy criticism on social media. However, Puri later apologised for his comments.

Death
On 6 January 2017, Puri died at the age of 66, after having a heart attack at his residence in Andheri, Mumbai. He was honoured at the 89th Academy Awards in memoriam segment for his contribution in world cinema.

Civilian awards

 * 1990: Padma Shri – India's fourth highest civilian award.

Other honours

 * 1998: Grand Prix Special des Amériques at the Montreal World Film Festival for exceptional contribution to the cinematographic art.
 * 2004: Honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to The British Film Industry.

title: Om Puri


text:
Florida breaks

Florida breaks, which may also be referred to as The Orlando Sound, Orlando breaks, or The Breaks, is a genre of breakbeat dance music that originated in the central region of Florida, United States. Florida Breaks draws on hip-hop, Miami bass and electro. It often includes samples of early jazz or funk beats from rare groove or popular film. It often features vocal elements. Compared to the hip-hop on which it is based, the style is faster, more syncopated, and has a heavier and unrelenting bassline. The beat frequently slows and breaks down complex beat patterns and then rebuilds. The genre has been described as being easy to dance to while creating an uplifting, happy, or positive mood in the listener.

Late 1980s – early 1990s
The style emerged during the late '80s at the Beacham Theatre in Orlando and gained popularity in the local underground music subculture during the city's Summer of Love era, roughly 1989 to 1992. Genre pioneer Eddie Pappa, influenced by nights spent at the Beacham, honed his skill at The Edge when it opened in 1992. In 1993, it gained prominence state-wide and, propelled by large events at the Edge, elsewhere in the U.S. and Europe.

Mid-1990s popularity
The Breaks influenced producers who mixed breakbeat with progressive and trance, producing a mixture that became known as "The Orlando Sound" or Florida breaks. The sound became popular among DJs and club goers during the mid-1990s. It was marketed internationally as "Orlando friendly."

English breaks DJ and producer Nick Newton released a 1996 record Orlando.

There is only general consensus on the defining elements of the genre, which spawned regional and preference variations. For example, the Orlando Sound of Central and Northern Florida were influenced by new beat, trance, and progressive house sounds. Producers in South Florida and Tampa chose a deep house flavor or retained more of the funk and hip-hop influence of Miami's "ghetto-bass" or funky breaks.

The genre received limited local radio play in Central Florida on radio stations WXXL (106.7 FM) and on college radio WPRK (91.5 FM), as well as WUCF (89.9 FM), WFIT (89.5 FM on Space Coast), and WMNF (88.5 FM in Tampa).

2000s
The international and local popularity of Florida breaks began to wane in 2000, though it remains popular in Central Florida.

Early Florida breaks venues
AAHZ at the Beacham Theatre (Orlando), The Edge (Orlando). The Abyss (Orlando), The Club at Firestone (Orlando), The Beach Club (Orlando), Icon (Orlando), Simon's (Gainesville), Marz (Cocoa Beach), The Edge (Fort. Lauderdale), and Masquerade (Tampa).

title: Florida breaks


text: User talk:152.16.59.190

title: User talk:152.16.59.190


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User talk:Fredleal~enwiki

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Renamed
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User talk:Halo and horns

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Talk:Historical references in Shadow Hearts

- Heh. You'll note below that I was worried about the original Goreme Valley comments, but 68.62.174.251's approach isn't remotely encylopedia worthy. As a concession, I added that the Turkish government denies the claims of genocide and referred to the article where that debate is actually taking place, but as an encylopedia... who do we go with, the historians or the government officials? According to the Soviet Union & T.D. Lysenko, Lamarck had the right idea and Watson & Crick were charlatans. We all see how trustworthy that turned out. SnowFire 04:59, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Yes, this is a bit unorthodox for a page, but considering some of the more esoteric entries I've seen, I hope this falls within Wikipedia standards for encylopedianess.

Some things that I'd like to know: -Did Domremy ever fall to the Germans in real life? Domremy is on the Meuse river, so it was certainly near the front, and I found a random webpage that described American troops training there in late days of the war, but no comment on whether the French held it the whole time, or if it was eventually taken back.

-Does Apoina mean anything in Italian? I ran it through Google & Babelfish's translator, and got nothing. Neither wanted to translate Atonement either, although it seems "to atone" ends up with an extremely similar word that isn't Apoina.--SnowFire 04:28, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

-As a warning: The Armenian Genocide is kind of hard to present in a neutral point of view. I've done my best, but I must admit, I have nothing but contempt for Turks not honest enough to admit it happened with the gigantic pile of evidence saying that it did.--SnowFire 04:38, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

--What does the Armenian Genocide have to do with the game? Is it actually mentioned, or does every mention of Turkey demand treatment of the Armenian genocide? --Hashshashin 04:13, 12 May 2006 (UTC)


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User talk:Chrisu87

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Charlet
Can you please add more to Charlet? Without adding reasons for its notability the article runs the risk of getting deleted. Cheers, Kingturtle (talk) 17:55, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

RE: Winnona Park Elementary
In general, elementary schools aren't notable. They can be, however, if they've won some kind of national award, are listed on a best schools list (ex. Newsweek), have notable alumni, or have an abundance of third party sources. Hope that helps. Nikki 311  18:07, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chrisu87


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vice Presidential Action Rangers

Vice Presidential Action Rangers was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE AND REDIRECT to Futurama (TV series - season 2). 2 votes to merge and redirect, 1 vote to delete. Postdlf 07:02, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Vice Presidential Action Rangers
Another Futurama VfD. Great episode, great joke (you haven't lived 'til you hear Al Gore say "Vice Presidential Action Rangers") but non-notable. I call it a Hawking-deletion. Ian Pugh 04:40, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't be lazy. Merge and redirect to Futurama (TV series - season 2). Already done, so now this vote gets to sit here for 5 days. -- Netoholic @ 05:56, 2004 Oct 20 (UTC)
 * I don't totally agree with that, but I suppose it works for the purposes of keeping episode guides on the site (which may be best for compromise on fancruft). Vote withdrawn. Ian Pugh 07:13, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete no redirect. Fancruft. --Improv 20:08, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. I agree with Netoholic. I know it isn't that note worthy but as long as it is in the Futurama article, it's fine. NeoJustin 17:47 Oct 23, 2004.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Gregg~enwiki/Cabinet Council

In what I think is Order of Precedence, though I'm not sure how relevant that ordering is...
 * 1660-67:
 * Lord Chancellor
 * Lord Treasurer
 * Lord Steward
 * Master of the Horse
 * Southern Secretary
 * Northern Secretary
 * Secretary to the Admiralty (from 1665)
 * 1667-73:
 * Lord Chancellor
 * Lord Treasurer (from 1672)
 * Lord High Admiral
 * Master of the Horse
 * Southern Secretary
 * Northern Secretary
 * Secretary of State for Scotland
 * Comptroller of the Household (to 1672)
 * Chancellor of the Exchequer
 * Prince Rupert (when? why?)
 * 1673-79:
 * 1679
 * None (Privy Council)
 * 1680-85:
 * ? Committee for Intelligence. Purged of those not in King's favour in 1681.
 * 1685-89:
 * Lord Chancellor
 * Lord Treasurer
 * Lord President
 * Lord High Admiral
 * Southern Secretary
 * Chamberlain to the Queen
 * ? others
 * 1689-90:
 * None
 * 1690-94:
 * 1694 to 1702:
 * Archbishop of Canterbury
 * Lord Chancellor
 * Lord Treasurer
 * Lord President
 * Lord Privy Seal
 * Lord High Admiral
 * Lord Steward
 * Lord Chamberlain
 * Southern Secretary
 * Northern Secretary
 * Master-General of the Ordnance
 * Comptroller of the Household (sometimes)
 * Chancellor of the Exchequer (sometimes)
 * 1702 to 1720s:

 * 1720s to ?1760s:
 * Archbishop of Canterbury
 * Lord Chancellor
 * Lord Treasurer
 * Lord President
 * Lord Privy Seal
 * First Lord of the Admiralty
 * Lord Steward
 * Lord Chamberlain
 * Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland (sometimes)
 * Master of the Horse (sometimes)
 * Southern Secretary
 * Northern Secretary
 * Third Secretary of State (sometimes)
 * Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
 * Master-General of the Ordnance
 * Chancellor of the Exchequer (sometimes)
 * Lord Chief Justice (sometimes)
 * Groom of the Stole
 * Others, and at least one without any office (Ld Bath, 1742-46)

title: User:Gregg~enwiki/Cabinet Council


text:
Semi-empirical mass formula

In nuclear physics, the semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF) (sometimes also called the Weizsäcker formula, Bethe–Weizsäcker formula, or Bethe–Weizsäcker mass formula to distinguish it from the Bethe–Weizsäcker process) is used to approximate the mass of an atomic nucleus from its number of protons and neutrons. As the name suggests, it is based partly on theory and partly on empirical measurements. The formula represents the liquid-drop model proposed by George Gamow, which can account for most of the terms in the formula and gives rough estimates for the values of the coefficients. It was first formulated in 1935 by German physicist Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, and although refinements have been made to the coefficients over the years, the structure of the formula remains the same today.

The formula gives a good approximation for atomic masses and thereby other effects. However, it fails to explain the existence of lines of greater binding energy at certain numbers of protons and neutrons. These numbers, known as magic numbers, are the foundation of the nuclear shell model.

Liquid-drop model
The liquid-drop model was first proposed by George Gamow and further developed by Niels Bohr, John Archibald Wheeler and Lise Meitner. It treats the nucleus as a drop of incompressible fluid of very high density, held together by the nuclear force (a residual effect of the strong force), there is a similarity to the structure of a spherical liquid drop. While a crude model, the liquid-drop model accounts for the spherical shape of most nuclei and makes a rough prediction of binding energy.

The corresponding mass formula is defined purely in terms of the numbers of protons and neutrons it contains. The original Weizsäcker formula defines five terms:
 * Volume energy, when an assembly of nucleons of the same size is packed together into the smallest volume, each interior nucleon has a certain number of other nucleons in contact with it. So, this nuclear energy is proportional to the volume.
 * Surface energy corrects for the previous assumption made that every nucleon interacts with the same number of other nucleons. This term is negative and proportional to the surface area, and is therefore roughly equivalent to liquid surface tension.
 * Coulomb energy, the potential energy from each pair of protons. As this is a repelling force, the binding energy is reduced.
 * Asymmetry energy (also called Pauli energy), which accounts for the Pauli exclusion principle. Unequal numbers of neutrons and protons imply filling higher energy levels for one type of particle, while leaving lower energy levels vacant for the other type.
 * Pairing energy, which accounts for the tendency of proton pairs and neutron pairs to occur. An even number of particles is more stable than an odd number due to spin coupling.

Formula
The mass of an atomic nucleus, for $$N$$ neutrons, $$Z$$ protons, and therefore $$A = N + Z$$ nucleons, is given by

 * $$m = Z m_\text{p} + N m_\text{n} - \frac{E_\text{B}(N,Z)}{c^2},$$

where $$m_\text{p}$$ and $$m_\text{n}$$ are the rest mass of a proton and a neutron respectively, and $$E_\text{B}$$ is the binding energy of the nucleus. The semi-empirical mass formula states the binding energy is

 * $$E_\text{B} = a_\text{V} A - a_\text{S} A^{2/3} - a_\text{C} \frac{Z(Z - 1)}{A^{1/3}} - a_\text{A} \frac{(N - Z)^2} A \pm \delta(N, Z).$$

The $$\delta(N, Z)$$ term is either zero or $$\pm\delta_0$$, depending on the parity of $$N$$ and $$Z$$, where $$\delta_0 = {a_\text{P}}{A^{k_\text{P}}}$$ for some exponent $$k_\text{P}$$. Note that as $$A = N + Z$$, the numerator of the $$a_\text{A}$$ term can be rewritten as $$(A - 2Z)^2$$.

Each of the terms in this formula has a theoretical basis. The coefficients $$a_\text{V}$$, $$a_\text{S}$$, $$a_\text{C}$$, $$a_\text{A}$$, and $$a_\text{P}$$ are determined empirically; while they may be derived from experiment, they are typically derived from least-squares fit to contemporary data. While typically expressed by its basic five terms, further terms exist to explain additional phenomena. Akin to how changing a polynomial fit will change its coefficients, the interplay between these coefficients as new phenomena are introduced is complex; some terms influence each other, whereas the $$a_\text{P}$$ term is largely independent.

Volume term
The term $$a_\text{V} A$$ is known as the volume term. The volume of the nucleus is proportional to A, so this term is proportional to the volume, hence the name.

The basis for this term is the strong nuclear force. The strong force affects both protons and neutrons, and as expected, this term is independent of Z. Because the number of pairs that can be taken from A particles is $$A(A - 1)/2$$, one might expect a term proportional to $$A^2$$. However, the strong force has a very limited range, and a given nucleon may only interact strongly with its nearest neighbors and next nearest neighbors. Therefore, the number of pairs of particles that actually interact is roughly proportional to A, giving the volume term its form.

The coefficient $$a_\text{V}$$ is smaller than the binding energy possessed by the nucleons with respect to their neighbors ($$E_\text{b}$$), which is of order of 40 MeV. This is because the larger the number of nucleons in the nucleus, the larger their kinetic energy is, due to the Pauli exclusion principle. If one treats the nucleus as a Fermi ball of $$A$$ nucleons, with equal numbers of protons and neutrons, then the total kinetic energy is $$\tfrac{3}{5} A \varepsilon_\text{F}$$, with $$\varepsilon_\text{F}$$ the Fermi energy, which is estimated as 38 MeV. Thus the expected value of $$a_\text{V}$$ in this model is $$E_\text{b} - \tfrac{3}{5} \varepsilon_\text{F} \sim 17~\mathrm{MeV},$$ not far from the measured value.

Surface term
The term $$a_\text{S} A^{2/3}$$ is known as the surface term. This term, also based on the strong force, is a correction to the volume term.

The volume term suggests that each nucleon interacts with a constant number of nucleons, independent of A. While this is very nearly true for nucleons deep within the nucleus, those nucleons on the surface of the nucleus have fewer nearest neighbors, justifying this correction. This can also be thought of as a surface-tension term, and indeed a similar mechanism creates surface tension in liquids.

If the volume of the nucleus is proportional to A, then the radius should be proportional to $$A^{1/3}$$ and the surface area to $$A^{2/3}$$. This explains why the surface term is proportional to $$A^{2/3}$$. It can also be deduced that $$a_\text{S}$$ should have a similar order of magnitude to $$a_\text{V}$$.

Coulomb term
The term $$a_\text{C} \frac{Z(Z - 1)}{A^{1/3}}$$ or $$a_\text{C} \frac{Z^2}{A^{1/3}}$$ is known as the Coulomb or electrostatic term.

The basis for this term is the electrostatic repulsion between protons. To a very rough approximation, the nucleus can be considered a sphere of uniform charge density. The potential energy of such a charge distribution can be shown to be
 * $$E = \frac{3}{5} \frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \frac{Q^2}{R},$$

where Q is the total charge, and R is the radius of the sphere. The value of $$a_\text{C}$$ can be approximately calculated by using this equation to calculate the potential energy, using an empirical nuclear radius of $$R \approx r_0 A^{\frac{1}{3}}$$ and Q = Ze. However, because electrostatic repulsion will only exist for more than one proton, $$Z^2$$ becomes $$Z(Z - 1)$$:
 * $$E = \frac{3}{5} \frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \frac{Q^2}{R} = \frac{3}{5} \frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \frac{(Ze)^2}{r_0 A^{1/3}} = \frac{3 e^2 Z^2}{20 \pi \varepsilon_0 r_0 A^{1/3}} \approx \frac{3 e^2 Z(Z - 1)}{20 \pi \varepsilon_0 r_0 A^{1/3}} = a_\text{C} \frac{Z(Z - 1)}{A^{1/3}},$$

where now the electrostatic Coulomb constant $$a_\text{C}$$ is
 * $$a_\text{C} = \frac{3 e^2}{20 \pi \varepsilon_0 r_0}.$$

Using the fine-structure constant, we can rewrite the value of $$a_\text{C}$$ as

 * $$a_\text{C} = \frac{3}{5} \frac{\hbar c \alpha}{r_0} = \frac{3}{5} \frac{R_\text{P}}{r_0} \alpha m_\text{p} c^2,$$

where $$\alpha$$ is the fine-structure constant, and $$r_0 A^{1/3}$$ is the radius of a nucleus, giving $$r_0$$ to be approximately 1.25 femtometers. $$R_\text{P}$$ is the proton reduced Compton wavelength, and $$m_\text{p}$$ is the proton mass. This gives $$a_\text{C}$$ an approximate theoretical value of 0.691 MeV, not far from the measured value.

Asymmetry term

The term $$a_\text{A} \frac{(N - Z)^2}{A}$$ is known as the asymmetry term (or Pauli term).

The theoretical justification for this term is more complex. The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two identical fermions can occupy exactly the same quantum state in an atom. At a given energy level, there are only finitely many quantum states available for particles. What this means in the nucleus is that as more particles are "added", these particles must occupy higher energy levels, increasing the total energy of the nucleus (and decreasing the binding energy). Note that this effect is not based on any of the fundamental forces (gravitational, electromagnetic, etc.), only the Pauli exclusion principle.

Protons and neutrons, being distinct types of particles, occupy different quantum states. One can think of two different "pools" of states – one for protons and one for neutrons. Now, for example, if there are significantly more neutrons than protons in a nucleus, some of the neutrons will be higher in energy than the available states in the proton pool. If we could move some particles from the neutron pool to the proton pool, in other words, change some neutrons into protons, we would significantly decrease the energy. The imbalance between the number of protons and neutrons causes the energy to be higher than it needs to be, for a given number of nucleons. This is the basis for the asymmetry term.

The actual form of the asymmetry term can again be derived by modeling the nucleus as a Fermi ball of protons and neutrons. Its total kinetic energy is
 * $$E_\text{k} = \frac{3}{5} (Z \varepsilon_\text{F,p} + N \varepsilon_\text{F,n}),$$

where $$\varepsilon_\text{F,p}$$ and $$\varepsilon_\text{F,n}$$ are the Fermi energies of the protons and neutrons. Since these are proportional to $$Z^{2/3}$$ and $$N^{2/3}$$ respectively, one gets
 * $$E_\text{k} = C (Z^{5/3} + N^{5/3})$$ for some constant C.

The leading terms in the expansion in the difference $$N - Z$$ are then
 * $$E_\text{k} = \frac{C}{2^{2/3}} \left(A^{5/3} + \frac{5}{9} \frac{(N - Z)^2}{A^{1/3}}\right) + O\big((N - Z)^4\big).$$

At the zeroth order in the expansion the kinetic energy is just the overall Fermi energy $$\varepsilon_\text{F} \equiv \varepsilon_\text{F,p} = \varepsilon_\text{F,n}$$ multiplied by $$\tfrac{3}{5} A$$. Thus we get
 * $$E_\text{k} = \frac{3}{5} \varepsilon_\text{F} A + \frac{1}{3} \varepsilon_\text{F} \frac{(N - Z)^2}{A} + O\big((N - Z)^4\big).$$

The first term contributes to the volume term in the semi-empirical mass formula, and the second term is minus the asymmetry term (remember, the kinetic energy contributes to the total binding energy with a negative sign).

$$\varepsilon_\text{F}$$ is 38 MeV, so calculating $$a_\text{A}$$ from the equation above, we get only half the measured value. The discrepancy is explained by our model not being accurate: nucleons in fact interact with each other and are not spread evenly across the nucleus. For example, in the shell model, a proton and a neutron with overlapping wavefunctions will have a greater strong interaction between them and stronger binding energy. This makes it energetically favourable (i.e. having lower energy) for protons and neutrons to have the same quantum numbers (other than isospin), and thus increase the energy cost of asymmetry between them.

One can also understand the asymmetry term intuitively as follows. It should be dependent on the absolute difference $$|N - Z|$$, and the form $$(N - Z)^2$$ is simple and differentiable, which is important for certain applications of the formula. In addition, small differences between Z and N do not have a high energy cost. The A in the denominator reflects the fact that a given difference $$|N - Z|$$ is less significant for larger values of A.

Pairing term
The term $$\delta(A, Z)$$ is known as the pairing term (possibly also known as the pairwise interaction). This term captures the effect of spin coupling. It is given by

 * $$\delta(A, Z) = \begin{cases}

+\delta_0 & \text{for even } Z, N ~(\text{even } A), \\ 0 & \text{for odd } A, \\ -\delta_0 & \text{for odd } Z, N ~(\text{even } A), \end{cases}$$

where $$\delta_0$$ is found empirically to have a value of about 1000 keV, slowly decreasing with mass number A. The binding energy may be increased by converting one of the odd protons or neutrons into a neutron or proton, so the odd nucleon can form a pair with its odd neighbour forming and even Z, N. The pairs have overlapping wave functions and sit very close together with a bond stronger than any other configuration. When the pairing term is substituted into the binding energy equation, for even Z, N, the pairing term adds binding energy, and for odd Z, N the pairing term removes binding energy.

The dependence on mass number is commonly parametrized as
 * $$\delta_0 = a_\text{P} A^{k_\text{P}}.$$

The value of the exponent kP is determined from experimental binding-energy data. In the past its value was often assumed to be −3/4, but modern experimental data indicate that a value of −1/2 is nearer the mark:
 * $$\delta_0 = a_\text{P} A^{-1/2}$$ or $$\delta_0 = a_\text{P} A^{-3/4}.$$

Due to the Pauli exclusion principle the nucleus would have a lower energy if the number of protons with spin up were equal to the number of protons with spin down. This is also true for neutrons. Only if both Z and N are even, can both protons and neutrons have equal numbers of spin-up and spin-down particles. This is a similar effect to the asymmetry term.

The factor $$A^{k_\text{P}}$$ is not easily explained theoretically. The Fermi-ball calculation we have used above, based on the liquid-drop model but neglecting interactions, will give an $$A^{-1}$$ dependence, as in the asymmetry term. This means that the actual effect for large nuclei will be larger than expected by that model. This should be explained by the interactions between nucleons. For example, in the shell model, two protons with the same quantum numbers (other than spin) will have completely overlapping wavefunctions and will thus have greater strong interaction between them and stronger binding energy. This makes it energetically favourable (i.e. having lower energy) for protons to form pairs of opposite spin. The same is true for neutrons.

Calculating coefficients
The coefficients are calculated by fitting to experimentally measured masses of nuclei. Their values can vary depending on how they are fitted to the data and which unit is used to express the mass. Several examples are as shown below.

The formula does not consider the internal shell structure of the nucleus.

The semi-empirical mass formula therefore provides a good fit to heavier nuclei, and a poor fit to very light nuclei, especially 4He. For light nuclei, it is usually better to use a model that takes this shell structure into account.

Examples of consequences of the formula
By maximizing $E_{b}(A, Z)$ with respect to Z, one would find the best neutron–proton ratio N/Z for a given atomic weight A. We get
 * $$N/Z \approx 1 + \frac{a_\text{C}}{2a_\text{A}} A^{2/3}.$$

This is roughly 1 for light nuclei, but for heavy nuclei the ratio grows in good agreement with experiment.

By substituting the above value of Z back into $E_{b}$, one obtains the binding energy as a function of the atomic weight, $E_{b}(A)$. Maximizing $E_{b}(A)/A$ with respect to A gives the nucleus which is most strongly bound, i.e. most stable. The value we get is A = 63 (copper), close to the measured values of A = 62 (nickel) and A = 58 (iron).

The liquid-drop model also allows the computation of fission barriers for nuclei, which determine the stability of a nucleus against spontaneous fission. It was originally speculated that elements beyond atomic number 104 could not exist, as they would undergo fission with very short half-lives, though this formula did not consider stabilizing effects of closed nuclear shells. A modified formula considering shell effects reproduces known data and the predicted island of stability (in which fission barriers and half-lives are expected to increase, reaching a maximum at the shell closures), though also suggests a possible limit to existence of superheavy nuclei beyond Z = 120 and N = 184.

title: Semi-empirical mass formula


text:
Motivational salience

Motivational salience is a cognitive process and a form of attention that motivates or propels an individual's behavior towards or away from a particular object, perceived event or outcome. Motivational salience regulates the intensity of behaviors that facilitate the attainment of a particular goal, the amount of time and energy that an individual is willing to expend to attain a particular goal, and the amount of risk that an individual is willing to accept while working to attain a particular goal.

Motivational salience is composed of two component processes that are defined by their attractive or aversive effects on an individual's behavior relative to a particular stimulus: incentive salience and aversive salience. Incentive salience is the attractive form of motivational salience that causes approach behavior, and is associated with operant reinforcement, desirable outcomes, and pleasurable stimuli. Aversive salience (sometimes known as fearful salience ) is the aversive form of motivational salience that causes avoidance behavior, and is associated with operant punishment, undesirable outcomes, and unpleasant stimuli.

Incentive salience
Incentive salience is a cognitive process that grants a "desire" or "want" attribute, which includes a motivational component to a rewarding stimulus. Reward is the attractive and motivational property of a stimulus that induces appetitive behavior – also known as approach behavior – and consummatory behavior. The "wanting" of incentive salience differs from "liking" in the sense that liking is the pleasure that is immediately gained from the acquisition or consumption of a rewarding stimulus; the "wanting" of incentive salience serves a "motivational magnet" quality of a rewarding stimulus that makes it a desirable and attractive goal, transforming it from a mere sensory experience into something that commands attention, induces approach, and causes it to be sought out.

Incentive salience is regulated by a number of brain structures, but it is assigned to stimuli by a region of the ventral striatum known as the nucleus accumbens shell.  Incentive salience is primarily regulated by dopamine neurotransmission in the mesocorticolimbic projection, but activity in other dopaminergic pathways and hedonic hotspots (e.g., the ventral pallidum) also modulate incentive salience.

Addiction
The assignment of incentive salience to stimuli is dysregulated in addiction. Addictive drugs are intrinsically rewarding (not to be confused with pleasure) and therefore function as primary positive reinforcers of continued drug use that are assigned incentive salience.  During the development of an addiction, the repeated association of otherwise neutral and even non-rewarding stimuli with drug consumption triggers an associative learning process that causes these previously neutral stimuli to act as conditioned positive reinforcers of addictive drug use (i.e., these stimuli start to function as drug cues). As conditioned positive reinforcers of drug use, these previously neutral stimuli are assigned incentive salience (which manifests as a craving) – sometimes at pathologically high levels due to reward sensitization – which can transfer to the primary reinforcer (e.g., the use of an addictive drug) with which it was originally paired. Thus, if an individual remains abstinent from drug use for some time and encounters one of these drug cues, a craving for the associated drug may reappear. For example, anti-drug agencies previously used posters with images of drug paraphernalia as an attempt to show the dangers of drug use. However, such posters are no longer used because of the effects of incentive salience in causing relapse upon sight of the stimuli illustrated in the posters.

In addiction, the "liking" (pleasure or hedonic value) of a drug or other stimulus becomes dissociated from "wanting" (i.e., desire or craving) due to the sensitization of incentive salience. In fact, if the incentive salience associated with drug-taking becomes pathologically amplified, the user may want the drug more and more while liking it less and less as tolerance develops to the drug's pleasurable effects.

Dopaminergic psychostimulants
Amphetamine improves task saliency (motivation to perform a task) and increases arousal (wakefulness), in turn promoting goal-directed behavior. The reinforcing and motivational salience-promoting effects of amphetamine are mostly due to enhanced dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway.

title: Motivational salience


text:
Talk:Laver table

The definition needs to be clarified. Why is the (4,1) entry of the example equal to 1, when the definition given here gives 5? --Zero 04:47, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I corrected that. But yeah, I agree that the article in general needs clarification; unfortunately, outside of the article in Spektrum der Wissenschaft (the german edition of Scientific American), I have not been able to find anything on the topic really. The papers mentioned are not on arXiv, and Google finds no pages that would shed further light on this subject, either. -- Schnee 14:54, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

MO comment
is interesting and maybe someone here can add something about it. 67.119.15.96 (talk) 10:29, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laver table


text:
Tarot (band)

Tarot is a Finnish heavy metal band. They are most famous for being one of the earliest metal bands in Finland, and for the song "Wings of Darkness" from the 1986 album Spell of Iron. While having enjoyed a broad underground popularity in Finland, the band has never been notable elsewhere until gaining new success in recent years, with their singer and bassist Marko Hietala in the largely successful Nightwish for nearly two decades. With a more global audience, the band re-recorded Spell of Iron for its 25th anniversary.

History
Tarot was originally formed by the Hietala brothers in the early 1980s. Back then the band was called "Purgatory". As Purgatory reached the point when they got the record deal, they changed their name to "Tarot" at the insistence of the label Flamingo Records. The line-up settled into the form of Marko Hietala (bass/vocals), Zachary Hietala (guitars), Mako H (guitars) and Pecu Cinnari (drums).

The "Wings of Darkness" single saw the daylight in April 1986 and in December that same year Tarot released their first full-length album Spell of Iron. In April 1988, following the release of a single "Rose on the Grave", their second album Follow Me into Madness was released.

After the second album, there was a hiatus in the band. During this "vacation" the line-up changed a little bit and a keyboardist was added to the band as Janne Tolsa joined Tarot and replaced the second guitarist Mako H. After long preparation, the third album To Live Forever came out in February 1993. Tarot received good publicity in Japan, making their first live album To Live Again to be released as a Japanese special edition in November 1994. The live album was recorded at Tavastia Club, Helsinki in August 1994. Some of the songs from the live album were released the following year on a limited edition bonus CD with the next studio album, Stigmata. To Live Forever was remixed and re-released in 2006 together with all the previous albums.

Much anticipated For the Glory of Nothing came out in 1998. Shining Black, a Tarot compilation album, came out in Japan in December 1998. While Tarot was inactive, Marko also played in the bands Conquest and Sinergy. Together with other members of Conquest, Marko played cover songs under the name Metal Gods. Marko became a member of Nightwish in 2001. Tolsa played the keyboards for Virtuocity's Secret Visions album as Marko sang a few songs on it. In summer 2002 Tarot played a special '80s gig in Kuopio, playing material only from the first two albums.

In March 2003, the compilation Shining Black was released again in the rest of the world. Tarot signed a new record deal with Spinefarm Records and the new studio album Suffer Our Pleasures was released. While the album did well in Finland, it was barely noticed elsewhere.

During these years Marko was busy with his other band Nightwish by recording and touring around the world. Tolsa worked on an album with Eternal Tears of Sorrow and toured with the industrial metal band Turmion Kätilöt. Early 2006, Tarot's earlier label Bluelight Records released a collection of the band's first six albums remastered with a large amount of bonus material, unreleased demos, live and special versions of the songs and some covers. Some of the albums were also remixed.

The fans had been expecting the re-releases for years and the collection was so successful that in May 2006, when Tarot released the new single "You", it made number one on the Finnish charts for the first time in the history of the band. During that time, the band formalized their long-time roadie/backing vocalist Tommi Salmela as a band member after being with the band for more than a decade.

Early 2006, Tarot was signed to KingFoo Entertainment in Finland, with Nuclear Blast covering the rest of Europe. During summer of 2006, the band not only toured various clubs and festivals but also composed, demoed and recorded new material. The album Crows Fly Black was released in October 2006.

On 11 June 2008, Tarot released their first live DVD, Undead Indeed. The DVD also had a live album counterpart. They followed the release with a short tour in support of Undead Indeed, which began 30 January 2009.

Their new album, entitled Gravity of Light, was released in Finland on 10 March 2010, in Europe on 23 April 2010, the UK on 26 April 2010, and in North America on 8 June 2010.

On 11 September 2016, it was announced on Facebook that drummer Pecu Cinnari had died due to a long-term illness. Since then, the band was on hiatus, during which Marko departed from Nightwish, though he stated in an interview that new material from Tarot is still "up in the air".

In March 2023, the band announced they will reunite for a one-off show on 26 July in Kuopio, Finland, with Turmion Kätilöt drummer Antero Seppänen filling in Cinnari. They will also perform at Tuska Festival in June 2024.

Members
Current
 * Marko Hietala – lead vocals, bass, acoustic guitar (1982–2016, 2023–present)
 * Zachary Hietala – guitars (1982–2016, 2023–present)
 * Janne Tolsa – keyboards (1988–2016, 2023–present)
 * Tommi Salmela – sampler, vocals (2006–2016, 2023–present)
 * Antero Seppänen – drums (2023–present)

Former
 * Mako H – guitars (1982–1988)
 * Pecu Cinnari – drums (1982–2016); died 2016

Timeline

Studio

 * Spell of Iron (1986)
 * Follow Me into Madness (1988)
 * To Live Forever (1993)
 * Stigmata (1995)
 * For the Glory of Nothing (1998)
 * Suffer Our Pleasures (2003)
 * Crows Fly Black (2006)
 * Gravity of Light (2010)
 * The Spell of Iron MMXI (2011)

Live

 * To Live Again (Live CD, 1994)
 * Undead Indeed (Live 2CD, 2008)

Singles and EPs

 * Wings of Darkness (1986)
 * Love's Not Made for My Kind (1986)
 * Rose on the Grave (1988)
 * Angels of Pain (1995)
 * As One (1995)
 * Warhead (1997)
 * The Punishment (1998)
 * Undead Son (2003)
 * You (2006)
 * I Walk Forever (2010)

Compilations

 * Shining Black – The Best of Tarot (2003)
 * Metallic Emotions (2007)

DVDs

 * Undead Indeed (2008)

Music videos

 * Wings of Darkness (1986)
 * Love's Not Made for My Kind (1986)
 * I Don't Care Anymore (1988)
 * The Punishment (1998)
 * Pyre of Gods (2003)
 * Ashes to the Stars (2006)
 * I Walk Forever (2010)
 * Wings of Darkness (2011)

title: Tarot (band)