text:
United States Attorney for the Northern District of California

The United States attorney for the Northern District of California is responsible for representing the federal government in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California.

The Northern District of California encompasses 15 Northern California counties from Del Norte in the north to Monterey in the south. The District contains three major metropolitan areas in San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose; an expanse of suburban and rural area; and more than 300 public companies centered on Silicon Valley. Nearly 9 million people live, work, and raise their families in the Northern District of California.

In an effort to help protect these individuals, the United States Attorney’s Office prosecutes violations of federal law and represents the United States in civil litigation in the District. The Assistant United States Attorneys (“AUSAs”) who work in the U.S. Attorney's Office prosecute criminal violations, defend civil lawsuits against the United States, and litigate actions to collect judgments and restitution on behalf of victims and taxpayers.

the United States attorney is Ismail Ramsey.

The United States Attorney's Office for the Northern District of California has offices in San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose.

Divisions

 * Criminal Division: Responsible for prosecutions of federal crimes, including bank and bankruptcy fraud; consumer, elder, government, and health care fraud; child exploitation and human trafficking; civil rights; criminal immigration; cybercrimes; environmental crimes; national security; narcotics; public corruption; securities fraud; tax; trade secrets theft; and violent crimes. Sections within the Criminal Division are:  Appellate; Asset Forfeiture; General Crimes; Corporate Fraud Strike Force; Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF); Organized Crime Strike Force; Special Prosecutions.
 * Civil Division: Responsible for representing the United States in civil suits. The Civil Division includes Civil Defensive, Affirmative Civil Enforcement, and the Financial Litigation Unit.
 * Administrative Division: Responsible for providing a full range of office support and employee services.

Formed
The U.S. Attorney’s Office was formed by Act of September 28, 1850, Chap. 86, P.L. 81-36, 9 Stat. 521.


text:
Jinbei

A jinbei (甚平) (alternately jinbē (甚兵衛) or hippari (ひっぱり)) is a traditional set of Japanese clothing worn by men, women and children during summer as loungewear. Consisting of a side-tying, tube-sleeved kimono-style top and a pair of trousers, were originally menswear only, though in recent years, women's  have become popular.

Description
typically come in a matching set of a top and trousers that are either short or long. Though the trousers resemble Western trousers, the top resembles a kimono, with a wrapped front and a long collar set on a diagonal angle. However, unlike kimono, typically do not have an overlapping front panel (known as the ), and feature two sets of ties – one inside and the other outside – to fasten the top shut. The top is roughly hip-length, and is wrapped left over right, with the internal ties fastened before the external ones.

Traditional are made from hemp or cotton, and are typically dyed a solid colour – such as indigo, blue or green – with either a muted or nonexistent pattern. Modern frequently feature prints ranging from simple textures to complicated and colourful floral patterns. Ladies' tend to be more brightly coloured, and often feature prints of popular culture characters and motifs.

seams are very loosely sewn to allow for ventilation during hot weather, and from a distance appear to form a short gap between different fabric pieces.

Use
are usually worn as a form of nightwear or house clothes, and are considered very informal clothing. Normally, are typically only worn outside of the house when travelling short distances, such as to go on a local errand, collecting the mail or while shopping. The formal use of, or wearing it outside of the house for a long duration, is frowned upon.

can also be used as a substitute for during the summer months, particularly at summer festivals.

The whale shark is also known as the "jinbei shark" (ジンベイザメ（甚平鮫)) or "jinbee shark" (ジンベエザメ 《甚兵衛鮫》) in Japanese, due to its skin patterns resembling those seen on.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jinbei


text:
United States Attorney for the District of Maryland

The U.S. attorney for the District of Maryland is the chief federal law enforcement officer for the State of Maryland. Since October 2021, the United States attorney for the District of Maryland is Erek Barron.

The United States District Court for the District of Maryland has jurisdiction over all cases prosecuted by the U.S. Attorney.

Organization
The office is organized into divisions handling civil, criminal, and civil rights matters.

U.S. attorneys for the District of Maryland

 * Richard Potts 1789–1792
 * Zebulon Hollingsworth 1792–1806
 * John Stephen 1806–1810
 * Thomas Beale Dorsey 1810–1812
 * Elias Glenn 1812–1824
 * Nathaniel Williams 1824–1841
 * Zaccheus Collins Lee 1841–1845
 * William L. Marshall 1845–1850
 * Zaccheus Collins Lee 1850–1853
 * William M. Addison 1853–1862
 * William Price 1862–1865
 * William J. Jones 1865–1866
 * William Price 1866–1867
 * Andrew Sterett Ridgley 1867–1869
 * Archibald Stirling Jr. 1869–1886
 * Thomas Gordon Hayes 1886–1890
 * John T. Ensor 1890–1894
 * William L. Marbury 1894–1898
 * John C. Rose 1898–1910
 * John P. Hill 1910–1915
 * Samuel K. Dennis 1915–1920
 * Robert R. Carman 1920–1922
 * Amos W. W. Woodcock 1922–1931
 * Simon E. Sobeloff 1931–1934
 * Bernard J. Flynn 1934–1953
 * George Cochran Doub 1953–1956
 * Walter E. Black Jr. 1956–1957
 * Leon H. A. Pierson 1957–1961
 * Joseph D. Tydings 1961–1963
 * Robert H. Kernon 1963
 * Thomas J. Kenney 1963–1967
 * Stephen H. Sachs 1967–1970
 * George Beall 1970–1975
 * Jervis S. Finney 1975–1978
 * Russell T. Baker 1978–1981
 * Herbert Better* 1981
 * J. Frederick Motz 1981–1985
 * Catherine C. Blake* 1985–1986
 * Breckinridge L. Willcox 1986–1991
 * Richard D. Bennett 1991–1993
 * Gary P. Jordan* 1993
 * Lynne A. Battaglia 1993–2001
 * Stephen Schenning* 2001
 * Thomas M. DiBiagio 2001–2005
 * Allen F. Loucks* 2005
 * Rod Rosenstein 2005–2017
 * Stephen M. Schenning* 2017–2018
 * Robert K. Hur 2018–2021
 * Jonathan F. Lenzner* 2021
 * Erek Barron 2021–present

* designates interim U.S. Attorneys who served when there was no presidentially-appointed U.S. Attorney.


text:
User talk:Renatus~enwiki

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Whosyourjudas (talk) 02:53, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Renatus~enwiki


text: Template:Jiangsu

title: Template:Jiangsu


text:
First Whig Junto

The First Whig Junto controlled the government of England from 1694 to 1699 and was the first part of the Whig Junto, a cabal of people who controlled the most important political decisions. The Junto was reappointed twice following the elections of 1695 and 1698.

History
The Whig elite rose to government ascendancy while Lord Danby held office through three shortly-spaced changes of Sovereign (dating to the Royal-dominated ministries of Charles II). The Junto established its dominance in 1694 with the appointment of Sir Charles Montagu as Chancellor of the Exchequer on 10 May. Danby, who had been created Duke of Leeds on 4 May, remained in office, under a diminished role while still Lord President of the Council, but the Junto controlled the government of England from 1694 to 1699.

It was led by six prominent members: Montagu, John Somers, Wharton, Romney, Orford, and Shrewsbury. Supporting these peers were two unofficial whips in the House of Lords: the earls of Sunderland and Portland. Only one of these held at the time an office, albeit less senior, as Lord Chamberlain. The Whig Party held a majority in the House of Commons after the election in 1695, although not all Whig MPs were unswervingly loyal to the Junto.

The Junto oversaw the creation of the Bank of England in 1694, but by 1699 the Junto's power had declined in the face of opposition by Robert Harley and the Tories. Many members of the Junto would return to government from 1706 to 1710 as part of the Godolphin-Marlborough ministry.

Ministry
The government was led by the six most prominent members of the Junto.

Other members of the ministry had less power.

James Vernon was appointed Secretary of State in 1697, with responsibility for the Northern Department. The following year, after the Duke of Shrewsbury left the government, he took responsibility for the Southern Department as well.

title: First Whig Junto


text:
United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey

The U.S. attorney for the District of New Jersey is the chief federal law enforcement officer in New Jersey. On December 16, 2021, Philip R. Sellinger was sworn in as U.S. Attorney. The U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey has jurisdiction over all cases prosecuted by the U.S. attorney.

Organization
The office is organized into divisions handling civil, criminal, and appellate matters, in addition to the Special Prosecutions Division, which oversees political corruption investigations. The District of New Jersey is also divided into three vicinages: Newark, Trenton and Camden, with the southern two offices supervised by a Deputy U.S. Attorney. The office employs approximately 170 Assistant U.S. Attorneys. It is the fifth-largest U.S. Attorney's Office in the nation, behind those in the District of Columbia, Los Angeles, Manhattan, and Miami.

High-profile cases

 * Hugh Addonizio - Conviction of former Newark mayor on conspiracy and extortion charges
 * BitClub Network (2019) - Indicted five individuals for operating and promoting the BitClub Network, an elaborate, worldwide Ponzi scheme that law enforcement estimates took in more than $1 billion from investors.
 * Wayne Bryant - Conviction of former chairman of New Jersey Senate Budget & Appropriations Committee for funneling money to the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey in exchange for a no-show job at the University.
 * Joseph Centanni (2020) - Filed a civil rights lawsuit against a major landlord who repeatedly engaged in a pattern or practice of sexual harassment of numerous tenants and applicants.
 * Cognizant (2019) - Charged the former President and the former Chief Legal Officer of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corp. with violations of the FCPA in connection with a foreign bribery scheme.
 * Crazy Eddie - Conviction of Eddie Antar, founder and CEO of Crazy Eddie, a consumer electronics chain, for fraud
 * Walter Forbes - Conviction of former chairman of Cendant Corporation for fraud.
 * EDGAR Hacking Attack (2019) - Indicted Artem Radchenko and Oleksandr Ieremenko for a large-scale, international conspiracy to hack into the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval (EDGAR) system and profit by trading on critical information they stole.
 * Fort Dix Six (2007) - Conviction of group of six radical Islamist men allegedly plotting attack on Fort Dix military base
 * Fort Lee lane closure scandal (2014)
 * Cornelius Gallagher - Guilty plea of New Jersey Congressman for tax evasion
 * Nelson G. Gross - Conviction of former Republican state chairman on perjury and obstruction of justice charges
 * Sharpe James (2008) - Conviction of former Newark mayor on corruption charges
 * Robert C. Janiszewski (2002) - Guilty plea of Hudson County Executive for tax evasion and bribery
 * John V. Kenny - Conviction of former Jersey City mayor and chairman of Hudson County Democratic Party on conspiracy, bribery, and extortion charges
 * Charles Kushner (2004) - Guilty plea of real estate developer—and largest campaign donor to former New Jersey Governor James E. McGreevey—for filing false tax returns and for attempting to retaliate against a witness in a federal criminal case
 * Hemant Lakhani (2005) - Conviction of black market arms dealer attempting to sell shoulder-fired missiles
 * Gene Levoff (2019) - indicted former Corporate secretary and Director of corporate law at Apple Inc. for orchestrating a five-year insider trading scheme.
 * John A. Lynch, Jr. - Guilty plea of former president of New Jersey Senate for mail fraud and tax evasion
 * Newark Violent Crime Initiative (VCI) (2018-2020) - awarded an Attorney General’s Award in October 2019 as the model for cooperative law enforcement among federal, state, county and city agencies. The VCI led to a 30 percent reduction in the number of shooting victims city-wide between 2017 and 2018 and another 39 percent decline in 2019. In 2020, a year in which violent crime spiked in various places across the country, Newark maintained the same low in the number of murders.
 * Novartis/Alcon (2020) - Two deferred prosecution agreements regarding significant violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act at Greek and Vietnamese subsidiaries of the Swiss pharmaceutical company Novartis, resulting in penalties of $345 million, representing the second largest criminal and regulatory fine imposed against pharmaceutical companies under the FCPA.
 * Operation Bid Rig (2002–2009) - Multi-stage political corruption sweep, resulting in arrest of Hoboken Mayor Peter Cammarano, Secaucus Mayor Dennis Elwell, New Jersey Assemblymen Daniel Van Pelt and L. Harvey Smith, and Jersey City Council President Mariano Vega
 * Operation Brace Yourself (2019) - Investigation and prosecution of sweeping durable medical equipment kickback schemes that resulted in the largest healthcare fraud takedown yet pursued by the Department.
 * Purdue Pharma (2020) - prosecution of opioid manufacturer Purdue Pharma L.P. for three felonies, including conspiracy to defraud the DEA and Anti-Kickback Statute violations—for its gross misconduct in misbranding and mismarketing OxyContin that amounted to over $8 billion in penalties.
 * Samsam Ransomware (2018) - Indicted two Iranians—Faramarz Shahi Savandi and Mohammad Mehdi Shah Mansouri—for conducting the largest ransomware attack in the U.S. that crippled institutions in New Jersey and elsewhere.
 * Sarah Brockington Bost (2002), Mayor of Irvington, New Jersey
 * Martin Taccetta & Michael Taccetta (1987) - Unsuccessful prosecution of high-ranking members of The Jersey Crew, a faction of the Lucchese crime family
 * UMDNJ (2005) - Deferred prosecution agreement overseen by federal monitor Herbert Stern involving Medicaid double-billing and other cases of health care fraud at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.
 * Thomas J. Whelan - Conviction of mayor of Jersey City on conspiracy, bribery and extortion charges
 * Woodcliff Lake (2018) - Filed a civil rights lawsuit against the Borough of Woodcliff Lake for violations of RLUIPA resulting from the Borough’s efforts to prevent an Orthodox Jewish congregation from building a new place of worship.

Prominent officeholders
Prominent assistant US attorneys
 * Samuel Alito - associate justice, U.S. Supreme Court
 * Carolyn Arch - partner, Arch & Goodwin, Newark, N.J.
 * Maryanne Trump Barry - U.S. circuit court judge, Third Circuit
 * John Winslow Bissell - U.S. district court judge
 * Matthew Boxer - comptroller, State of New Jersey
 * Garrett Brown, Jr. - U.S. district court judge
 * Renée Marie Bumb - U.S. district court judge
 * Michael Chagares - U.S. circuit court judge, Third Circuit
 * Michael Chertoff - Former secretary, Department of Homeland Security
 * Stanley R. Chesler - U.S. district court judge
 * Chris Christie - Former governor of New Jersey
 * John Farmer Jr. - Former attorney general, State of New Jersey
 * Joseph Greenaway - U.S. circuit court judge, Third Circuit
 * Gurbir Grewal - Former Bergen County prosecutor and former attorney general of New Jersey
 * Peter C. Harvey - Former attorney general, State of New Jersey
 * Katharine Hayden - U.S. district court judge
 * Noel Hillman - U.S. district court judge; Former chief, Public Integrity Section, U.S. Department of Justice
 * Richard J. Hughes - Former governor of New Jersey; Former chief justice, New Jersey Supreme Court
 * David Lat - blogger, Underneath their Robes and Above the Law
 * William Martini - U.S. district court judge; Former congressman (NJ-8)
 * Stuart Rabner - chief justice, New Jersey Supreme Court
 * Jerome Simandle - U.S. district court judge
 * Herbert Stern - former U.S. district court judge; former federal monitor, UMDNJ Medicaid fraud investigation


text:
User talk:Martin t~enwiki

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Whosyourjudas (talk) 02:57, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
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autobiographical articles
based on your user name and the fact that you've created the articles Marty Terra and The Kavlotics, you are one and the same. we strongly discourage people creating articles about themselves, especially anything with the whiff of self-promotion, and especially if you create multiple articles about projects you are involved (especially about a band that started in 2004!) in with almost identical titles in the hope of getting more hits. wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a hosting service. see our policy on auto-biography. there is a good chance such articles will be deleted. clarkk 14:11, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Martin t. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Martin t~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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title: User talk:Martin t~enwiki


text:
Talk:Winner's curse

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Adam0115.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:02, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): FarrahO.

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Savvy bidders?
Is that the correct term to use? -LeinaD natipaC 12:59, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * If there's a technical term, I don't know it. The point is that a bidder who understands bidding strategy will adjust for the winner's curse when setting their bid. "Savvy" gets the idea across, I think. Isomorphic 06:43, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Google IPO
It's worth noting that in the Google IPO, the Winner's curse did not strike--instead the stock doubled within a quarter. I think the model of human behaviour is overly simplistic--which is probably just as well, or no-one would ever buy anything at auction at all! -- anon in August 2005

 * there was not only one good.
 * all bidders underestimated (the stock price at the next possible sale moment)
 * Tobias Conradi (Talk) 16:58, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

Seen vs. Unseen
I agree that this is a simplistic concept. But this just means that sometimes there will be realities that make the concept inapplicable. It is still useful when additional complexities don't apply to a significant degree...and applicability is always by degrees.

For example. The "Winner's curse" concept focuses on multiple bidders on a single auction item. What if, as is often the case, there is not just one item for auction, but many identical ones for auction? Instead of a winner's curse scenario, what develops are standard supply and demand market equilibria. And remember, the winner's curse is referring to an overpayment relative to market price, not labor cost. Further, every good can be measured in opportunity costs of possibly very different goods. We can therefore state that the winner's curse of auctions is applicable to the degree that multiple bidders consider the particular auction better than the perceived cost of their next best opportunity. Also, good examples of winner's curse involve goods or services intended to be used as capital, expecting a measurable return on investment (ROI), where realized return on investment would be compared to actual ROI where the effect of winner's curse could be measured. If it could apply to objects like celebrity memorabilia, it would be difficult to measure any financial loss created by overpaying for the good.

Unless I get further comments, I may eventually add a version of the above paragraph to the article. Carltonh 20:25, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Battle of attrition?
Maybe I'm exposing my own ignorance here, but how are winner's curse and battle of attrition related? I mean, I guess they both deal with situations that could be described according to game theory, but is there a better connection I'm not seeing? - JustinWick 21:46, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah, it was War of attrition (game), I disambiguated. - JustinWick 09:21, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

balancing effect
It appears to me that if the resulting prices in auctions were systematically too high, not many people would be interested in buying, but there would be a huge amount of sellers. Thinking about this in terms of demand and supply, would this not drive prices down so that the winner's curse effect is cancelled? Kokkokanta 17:04, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

To be added
One way to systemically avoid Winner's Curse is the Vickrey auction: it is the best system for determining the "real price" of a goods, given sufficient amount of bidders, because then the optimal strategy is to bid "honestly".

See [http://www.tcs.informatik.uni-muenchen.de/~brandtf/papers/agents2001.pdf Vicious Strategies for Vickrey Auctions. Felix Brandt, Gerhard Weiß. Technische Universität München. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents. 2001]�

-- Sigmundur (talk) 15:08, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

worse off and value
Regarding this edit, the standard notion in auction theory (and lots of economics) is that the bidder has a reservation price for the thing they're bidding for, and that reservation price is based on their expectations of what the characteristics of the thing will be. Frequently, for auctions to businesses, the reservation price is the expected additional profit the item will bring to the business. If the buyer later finds out that the item is not what they expected, their recomputed reservation price for the item may be less than their original reservation price, and even less than they paid for the item. So, yes, the main crux of the winner's curse is that the winner may pay more for an item than it is worth to them. I think the current phrasing is clear, but if you disagree, it might not be clear and could perhaps be changed. C RETOG 8(t/c) 16:34, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

Just wanted to know
User:Flyer22 Reborn Hi, a couple of days ago you reverted my edits with a diff browser called Huggle and I was just wondering why. Not in a "why would you do that" kind of way. I just wanted to know what I did wrong. FarrahO (talk) 02:58, 20 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I reverted you with WP:Huggle. The only issues I can see with your edits is that you changed the spelling (see WP:ENGVAR) and that you capitalized the heading (see WP:HEAD). Feel free to restore the other content. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 06:51, 20 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Alright, thanks for letting me know. FarrahO (talk) 05:12, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

Ex Post value
"Savvy bidders [...] place a bid that is [...] equal to their ex post belief about the value of the item" How do they do this? Isn't the whole point that they don't know the ex post value of the item? Sleekpylon (talk) 04:10, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Winner's curse


text:
Armscor M16 22

The Armscor M1600 is a semi-automatic rifle made by Armscor (formerly Squires Bingham Co.). The rifle bears a resemblance to the AR-15/M16 family of firearms but is chambered in .22 LR. As they are two entirely different firearms, there is no interchangeability of parts.

There are some prominent differences between the two. For example, the carry handle on the M16 22 is considerably smaller and moved farther forward along the body of the rifle than the Colt, and the stock of the Armscor model is made of wood as opposed to plastic. There is also a model with a collapsible stock (designated M1600R). The rifle was conceived out of want of an M16-like rifle in .22 caliber. This is a reasonably accurate semi-automatic rifle for plinking.

As compared to the AR-15-style rifles, chambered in 5,56x45mm cartridge, the M1600 has less recoil, as it is chambered in the weaker .22LR (LR standing for long rifle) making it easier to handle. This rifle is suitable for hunting small game.

title: Armscor M16 22


text:
George Cabot

George Cabot (1751 or 1752 – April 18, 1823) was an American merchant, seaman, and politician from Massachusetts. He represented Massachusetts in the U.S. Senate and was the presiding officer of the infamous Hartford Convention.

During and after his term in the Senate, Cabot was a major figure in the Hamiltonian faction of the Federalist Party and was a vocal supporter of war with Revolutionary France.

Early life
Cabot was born in Salem, Massachusetts. His father was Joseph Cabot, a ship merchant. His mother was Elizabeth Higginson. George was the seventh of ten siblings, including John Cabot (b. 1745), Joseph Cabot Jr. (b. 1746), and Samuel Cabot (b. 1758). The Cabot family is originally from Jersey and Norman-French.

In 1766, Cabot enrolled at Harvard College. After two years there, his father died. George inherited 600 pounds and rather than become a charge on his father's estate, dropped out to go to sea, where he became a cabin boy on the ship of his brother-in-law Joseph Lee. By the age of 21, he was captain of his own ship. While traveling, he became fluent in French and Spanish.

Business career
In 1775, Cabot and Lee formed a partnership in Beverly, Massachusetts, as merchants, trading the same goods they had transported as sailors.

American Revolution
During the American Revolution, the Cabot family were ardent patriots. Cabot ships served as privateer vessels, raiding British merchants to support the revolutionary cause and turning a profit in the process. Some of their ships were captained by the famous privateer Hugh Hill.

Some time after the Revolution, Cabot's business took him to New York City, where he was acquainted with Alexander Hamilton, who became a lifelong friend and political ally. The visit strengthened Cabot's preference for a strong federal government and led to his founding membership in the Federalist Party.

His business interests were suspended in 1794, during his service as Senator.

Early political career
Cabot's political career began in 1775, when he became a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress. In 1777, Cabot was elected as Beverly town fire-ward and director and president of the Bridge Company, tasked with constructing the Essex Bridge, which first connected Beverly with Salem across the Danvers River.

In 1777, the town of Beverly voted to reject the proposed Massachusetts Constitution, and Cabot was a member of a committee selected to draft objections. He opposed the proposed system of weighted representation and price controls, but was unsuccessful. That constitution was ultimately rejected by voters.

In August 1780, he was elected to the convention for a new Massachusetts Constitution. Populist Governor John Hancock, who supported the failed 1778 Constitution, accused his conservative opponents of being controlled by an "Essex Junto," including Cabot, which soon became a popular invective metonym.

In 1788, Cabot was a delegate to the Massachusetts convention to ratify the new United States Constitution, which he strongly supported. Along with Rufus King, Theophilus Parsons, and Fisher Ames, he successfully engineered Massachusetts ratification by persuading Hancock and Samuel Adams to support ratification.

In 1789, President George Washington breakfasted with Cabot at the latter's Beverly home when he was in town inspecting the country's first cotton mill and the new Essex Bridge.

2nd United States Congress (1791–1793)
In 1791, midway through the first presidential term of George Washington, Cabot was elected to the U.S. Senate. During his time in the Senate, he was principally concerned with finance and commerce, and was a supporter of his friend Alexander Hamilton's policies as Secretary of the Treasury.

During his first Congress, Cabot was a member of the Committee on Appropriations and chair of the Committee on Fisheries. He became a founding member of the new Federalist Party, led by Hamilton and Vice President John Adams. Hamilton frequently consulted with Cabot on matters of revenue, commerce, and manufacturing. Cabot's bill to subsidize fishermen became a major feature of Hamilton's economic program.

Throughout the Congress, tensions with the Jeffersonian faction intensified both in the capital of Philadelphia and in the newspapers. Party differences were deepened by the ongoing French Revolution, which drew Jeffersonian support and Federalist revulsion. Cabot himself stood out as an ardent Francophobe, and by extension, an Anglophile. After the Genêt affair, Cabot called for the French ambassador's dismissal and personally persuaded Vice President Adams to urge Washington to remove Genêt.

3rd United States Congress (1793–1795)
In his second Congress, Cabot opposed Secretary Jefferson's attempts at establishing favorable trade with France, blocking the election of Jeffersonian Albert Gallatin of Pennsylvania to the Senate. He remained a leader in matters of commerce and finance and helped pass a bill laying the groundwork for a national Navy. In 1793, he was named a director of the First Bank of the United States.

Amid rising United States tensions with Great Britain, Cabot joined Senators Rufus King, Oliver Ellsworth, and Caleb Strong in calling for the appointment of Hamilton as special minister to negotiate a treaty with Britain. However, the public clamor that would be aroused by Hamilton's appointment led Washington to appoint John Jay instead. Though he thought it less than ideal, Cabot was one of the most uncompromising defenders of the resulting Jay Treaty with Great Britain as the best possible compromise at a time when war would have destroyed the Union.

4th United States Congress (1795–1796)
During the debate over the Jay Treaty in his final Congress, Jefferson accused Cabot of supporting the dissolution of the Union, based on Cabot's belief that rejection of the treaty would lead to ruinous war. Jefferson also quoted Cabot as supporting a "President for life and an hereditary Senate."

In May 1796, Cabot returned to Massachusetts and resigned from office, citing the growing bitterness and personal character of Philadelphia politics. He waited until his friend Benjamin Goodhue was elected as his successor, then promptly sent his resignation to the Massachusetts General Court. It became effective in June.

John Adams era (1797–1801)
Shortly after Cabot's resignation from the Senate, fellow Massachusetts Federalist John Adams was elected to the presidency. Though he did not actively participate in the campaign, Cabot supported Adams over Hamilton's preferred choice, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, the current Minister to France.

Quasi-War
As a private citizen, Cabot remained intensely interested in the progress of the French Revolution and intensely opposed to the Francophile policy of Thomas Jefferson, now serving as Vice President. He wrote that "the first and highest duty of the electors was to prevent the election of a French President." Hamilton and Fisher Ames each urged the appointment of Cabot as part of a three-man mission to France, but Washington and Adams each declined. Adams instead chose Elbridge Gerry, whose reputation in France, particularly with French Foreign Minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, was more positive.

Cabot himself was opposed to the appointment of such a commission, believing that the time for negotiation with France had passed. After Pinckney's dismissal as Minister to France, Cabot called for war measures against France, including opposition to the establishment of any embassy whatsoever. He firmly believed that any continued diplomacy with France would only encourage Jacobinism in the United States.

In the winter of 1797–98, tensions with France escalated. Cabot, along with Pickering, Ames, Oliver Wolcott, and James McHenry, formed the faction of "war Federalists" led by Hamilton. They opposed the moderate (mostly southern) Federalists and Jefferson's Republicans, who sought peace with France at any cost.

In March, President Adams declared to Congress that negotiations had failed and that the United States must arm for potential war. The revelation of the XYZ affair effectively silenced all opposition and enabled Federalists to pass legislation creating a separate Department of the Navy. Adams appointed Cabot as the first United States Secretary of the Navy, but Cabot refused the appointment. Benjamin Stoddert filled the position in his place.

Cabot became involved in the debate over the organization of a provisional army. Former President Washington suggested Hamilton, Pinckney, and former Secretary of War Henry Knox, in that order, serve as major generals. Despite this, Adams granted Knox the first rank. Cabot sided with Washington, Hamilton, and other leading Federalists in objecting to Knox's elevation; President Adams gave in, but the entire affair created divisions within the Federalists. Some Federalists suggested the Jeffersonian Elbridge Gerry, now returned from his mission to France, had undue influence over Adams's decision-making.

In 1799, Adams, without consulting his cabinet, appointed Minister to the Netherlands William Vans Murray to lead a commission to renew peace negotiations with France, disappointing the war Federalists. Cabot remained strictly opposed to any negotiation with France without first advances toward reconciliation by the French.

Despite his ardent opposition to Adams's policy toward France, Cabot sought to reconcile the factions within the Federalist Party, for fear of the party's destruction. Despite his efforts and frequent correspondence with leaders of both factions, the Federalist Party divided between the Adams and Pinckney-Hamilton campaigns through the remainder of 1799.

Alien and Sedition Acts
Cabot's distance from the Adams administration also grew over the Alien and Sedition Acts. Cabot defended John Marshall, a Federalist opponent of the Acts, to the shock of Cabot's friend Fisher Ames.

Campaign of 1800
As the 1800 campaign approached and Adams prepared to seek a second term, tensions within the Federalist Party were exacerbated by the publication of the 1792 Tench Coxe letter, in which Adams insinuated that the Pinckney family were British sympathizers, and the death of President Washington. At this point, Adams dismissed Pinckney as Secretary of State; Cabot understood this as "the complete abandonment by Mr. Adams of all the best principles of the Federalist Party." Cabot was also distressed by the use of "British sympathies" as a bludgeon against critics of Adams.

When Adams returned to Quincy in the spring, Cabot made no effort to visit him.

While Hamilton openly supported Pinckney for President over Adams, Cabot felt such a course was impossible and instead supported an equal electoral vote for Adams and Pinckney, to be resolved by the House of Representatives and urged Hamilton not to attack Adams openly. Hamilton disregarded these pleas, publishing his attack on Adams. Though they remained friends, Cabot strongly admonished Hamilton for damaging Federalists' chances in the election.

Jeffersonian era (1801–1811)
After Adams's loss in the 1800 election, Cabot withdrew from politics. He played no part in Hamilton's plot to elect Aaron Burr over Thomas Jefferson in the 1801 contingent election, though he still passively opposed Jefferson's administration. Though he supported the appointments of James Madison and Albert Gallatin to Jefferson's cabinet, Cabot saw the 1800 election as the total defeat of the Federalist Party, and his mantra became, "Things must grow worse before they are better."

Cabot tended to his Brookline farm for a time, but grew tired of the work and leased his estate to a tenant. He remained President of the U.S. Bank of Boston, and occasionally entertained friends who were in Boston on business.

The deaths of his son Edward in 1803 and his friend Alexander Hamilton in 1804 put Cabot in a period of mourning, both for his personal loss and the loss of any conceivable future for the Hamiltonians. Cabot sold some lands to provide for Hamilton's family.

Cabot opposed Jefferson's acquisition of the Louisiana Territory and his removals of Federalist appointees and judges, but resisted Timothy Pickering's calls for dissolution of the Union.

Tensions with England
In 1805, Cabot made his only public pronouncement during the Jefferson administration. He reluctantly led a committee of Boston merchants opposed to British policy of seizing American ships in commerce with France.

After the Battle of Trafalgar and Napoleon's declaration of the Continental System, Cabot privately adopted a stance of definite alliance with the British in opposition to Napoleonic France. After the 1807 Chesapeake–Leopard affair, Cabot urged forgiveness and acceptance of the British terms of reparation. Jefferson's response, instead, was the Embargo Act of 1807. Cabot, like most Federalists and most of New England, opposed Jefferson's embargo against Britain, which he believed was designed to draw the United States into a war with Great Britain and would injure American business.

Campaign of 1808
The Embargo Act and the ensuing 1808 campaign drew Cabot and many other Federalists back into politics.

Cabot published and distributed a letter on behalf of Timothy Pickering, now representing Massachusetts in the Senate and the most prominent Federalist in public life. This pamphlet was widely read and revitalized support for the Federalists. Cabot, however, feared that Pickering's approach could revitalize accusations the Federalists were a "British faction" and wrote to him urging caution. When Pickering persisted, Cabot suppressed several anti-Jeffersonian diatribes from the Senator.

Nonetheless, Cabot could not remain withdrawn from public life. Though Federalists did not win a resounding victory in Massachusetts, the party won sufficient seats in the General Court to elect Cabot to a one-year term on the Governor's Council.

In the concurrent presidential election, Cabot advised against a union with the Clintonian faction of the Republican Party and any strategy that might suggest that Federalists supported dissolution of the Union or regional separatism, including Pickering's proposal to hire a French engineer to fortify the port of Boston, traditionally a duty of the national government. Though the Federalists were unsuccessful in electing a President, the party did succeed in forcing repeal of the Embargo Act, after which Cabot withdrew from public life again. He withdrew further after the death of his eldest son, Charles, in 1811.

War of 1812
Cabot opposed the War of 1812 from the outset as unjust and wicked and publicly determined to refrain from aiding its prosecution in any way. However, he refrained from political commentary until 1814.

Hartford Convention
Cabot was elected as a delegate to the Hartford Convention, organized in 1814 by Federalist politicians of New England who were unhappy with the conduct of the War of 1812, in particular the conscription of state militias into national service. On his journey to Hartford, Cabot was joined by Dr. James Jackson. Cabot reportedly told Jackson he was going to Hartford to "keep you young hot-heads from getting into mischief."

Cabot chaired the secretive meeting and later certified the official proceedings and platform of the convention, which called for constitutional reforms but stopped short of calling for secession. In his role, Cabot remained reticent regarding his own views, drawing the ire of more radically anti-war Federalists like Pickering and John Lowell Jr.

After the war ended, the convention was widely viewed as unconstitutional, bordering on treasonous. The Treaty of Ghent, signed while the convention was meeting, effectively ended both the Federalist Party and Cabot's political career. He made no further public appearances and no longer maintained his correspondence with public figures, save a brief discussion with Pickering weighing the merits of free trade.

Retirement
After the Hartford Convention, Cabot returned to a life largely of leisure. He remained president of the Boston Marine Insurance Company, which kept him in touch with his merchant colleagues. He was an active member of Boston society and devoted much of his time to his wife, daughter Elizabeth, and son Henry who lived nearby with his family.

Personal life
Cabot steadfastly refused to have his portrait painted during his lifetime; most depictions of him are posthumous. He was described by contemporaries as tall and "powerfully built." Samuel Griswold Goodrich, a witness to the Hartford Convention, described him as bearing a striking resemblance to George Washington.

Cabot was raised as a member of the Congregational Church of New England but later in life became a Unitarian.

He was averse to public speaking but considered an excellent conversationalist in private. Among his close friends was Josiah Quincy II, who later became President of Harvard University. Historian George Bancroft credited Cabot with encouraging him to study abroad at the University of Göttingen, where he was among the first Americans awarded a Ph.D.

He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1788.

Family
Cabot married his second cousin Elizabeth Higginson in 1774. They had four children:
 * Charles (d. 1811)
 * Henry
 * Edward (d. 1803)
 * Elizabeth

Charles became a merchant like his father, taking long voyages to the East Indies. Henry and Edward both began their careers in Boston, in a law office and counting-house, respectively. Edward died in 1803. Charles died of consumption in Havana in 1811. Henry and Elizabeth lived into adulthood.

Elizabeth married John Thornton Kirkland, the fifteenth President of Harvard University.

Through Henry's daughter Anna, George Cabot was the great-grandfather of Henry Cabot Lodge, who held Cabot's seat in the United States Senate from 1893 until his death in 1924. Lodge's grandson Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. also represented Massachusetts in the Senate from 1937 to 1943 and again from 1947 to 1953.

In 1795, Cabot was briefly the guardian of Georges Washington de La Fayette, son of the Marquis de Lafayette, who had fled France to live in the United States in exile. Lafayette lived in Boston under the assumed name "Motier" and studied at Harvard College. Lafayette later entered the care of Hamilton before finally being adopted by Washington until he could return to France.

Residence
In 1794, Cabot moved his family from Beverly to Brookline, Massachusetts, where he built an estate named "Greenhill." Among his guests there was Supreme Court Justice James Iredell. In 1803, to permit his daughter Elizabeth to enter society, Cabot sold his Brookline estate and moved to Boston, where he spent the rest of his life. After Fisher Ames died on July 4, 1808, Cabot hosted his funeral in his home.

Death
In 1821, Cabot suffered his first case of kidney stones and suffered from them for the remaining two years of his life.

He died in Boston, Massachusetts, on April 18, 1823, and was buried the Granary Burying Ground. He was later reinterred in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Legacy
Cabot's only full-length biography was published by his great-grandson Henry Cabot Lodge in 1877. Lodge also named his son George Cabot Lodge.

title: George Cabot


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Arena (Star Trek: The Original Series)

"Arena" is the eighteenth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by Gene L. Coon (based on a 1944 short story of the same name by Fredric Brown) and directed by Joseph Pevney, the episode was first broadcast on January 19, 1967.

In the episode, while pursuing a Gorn vessel for an apparently unprovoked attack on a Federation outpost, Captain Kirk is forced by powerful entities to battle the opposing captain.

Plot
The USS Enterprise arrives at the Cestus III Outpost by invitation of its commanding officer, but the crew find the outpost obliterated. Captain Kirk, First Officer Spock, Chief Medical Officer Dr. McCoy, and a security force beam down to find one survivor who says the base came under heavy bombardment from an unknown enemy. The landing party find themselves under fire from nearby, with two of the security team killed in the initial volley. The Enterprise is also under attack from an unknown vessel, preventing the crew from beaming up the landing party. On the surface, Kirk finds a grenade launcher from the outpost's stores, and uses it to scatter the alien forces. The alien ship recovers its crew from the surface and begins to retreat. The landing party is beamed back aboard Enterprise before they give chase.

Both ships enter an unexplored sector of space, and shortly thereafter, lose all propulsion power. Enterprise is contacted by a species calling themselves the Metrons, who zealously guard their sector of space from intrusion. They announce that they will pit the respective captains against each other in "trial by combat", a one-to-one battle to the death, with the ship of the losing captain to be destroyed and the other ship free to leave. Captain Kirk is suddenly transported to the surface of a rocky, barren asteroid along with the captain of the other ship, who is of a reptilian species known as the Gorn. The Metrons speak to Kirk, explaining that while neither captain has communication with his ship, each has been given a vocal recording device that will transmit their words to their ships; however, they are unaware that they also translate their words to the opposing captain as well. Kirk is told that the asteroid has numerous resources either captain can use to defeat the other. Aboard Enterprise, the crew are allowed to watch Kirk's actions.

Kirk attempts to communicate with the Gorn, but receives no response. The Gorn tracks down Kirk, and Kirk realizes he is outmatched physically and relies on his speed and agility to outrun the Gorn. Kirk gets caught in a rope trap set by the Gorn that injures his leg and slows him down. The Gorn finally communicates with Kirk via the translation device and offers to put him out of his misery. Kirk accuses the Gorns of being butchers, but the alien defends their attack on Cestus III, stating the outpost had been built in what the Gorns considered to be their territory. They viewed the Federation's presence in this part of space as an intrusion and a possible prelude to full-scale invasion.

Trying to stay ahead of the Gorn, Kirk discovers numerous valuable minerals and resources on the asteroid, seemingly useless at this point. He is inspired upon finding stalks of bamboo and raw chemicals that can be mixed into a black powder formula. He constructs a makeshift weapon, using chunks of diamond as ammunition. Kirk barely completes the assembly as the Gorn arrives and fires it, severely wounding the Gorn. As Kirk prepares to deal a death blow, he considers the Gorn's claims that the attack on Cestus III was only in self-defense, and allows him to live. Suddenly, the Gorn disappears, and a Metron appears to Kirk, congratulating him on not only winning the battle but showing the advanced trait of mercy for one's enemy. Kirk declines the Metrons' offer to destroy the Gorn ship, leading the Metron to comment that "you are still half savage, but there is hope", and that the Federation should seek out the Metrons again in several thousand years time. Suddenly Kirk finds himself back aboard Enterprise, his injuries healed, and the crew finds itself 500 parsecs from Metron space, the Gorn ship nowhere in range.

Production

The episode was filmed in part on location at Vasquez Rocks, which was subsequently used as a shooting location in other Star Trek episodes and films.

The episode marked the directorial debut of Joseph Pevney, who was hired by Gene L. Coon.

The Gorn captain's vocalizations were provided by actor Ted Cassidy, who also appeared in person in the Star Trek episode "What Are Little Girls Made Of?" and provided the menacing voice of Balok in the episode "The Corbomite Maneuver". The Gorn was portrayed by stuntmen Bobby Clark and Gary Combs and by extra Bill Blackburn in close-ups.

William Shatner recalls standing too close to a stage prop explosion during the filming of the episode, causing tinnitus, which became chronic. Leonard Nimoy was also afflicted. Shatner has it in his left ear and Nimoy had it in his right ear.

"Arena" was the first episode of Star Trek to be broadcast in colour in the UK (BBC, November 1969).

Writing
"Arena" was the first episode scripted by Gene L Coon. According to an account by Herbert F. Solow in the book Inside Star Trek, The Real Story, the episode's similarity to the often-reprinted Fredric Brown original short story may have come from a subconscious inspiration. After Coon had written what he believed to be an entirely original script, Desilu's research department, headed by Kellam de Forest, noted the similarity. It was therefore agreed that Desilu's Business Affairs office would call Brown and offer a fair price for the story, before it was shot and broadcast. Brown, not knowing that the script had already been written; was granted screen credit for the story.

Connections
This episode introduced elements to the Star Trek canon, including the Gorn species, the Metron species and the planet Cestus III. Cestus III is mentioned later as the home planet of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine character Kasidy Yates, and is referenced in non-canonical Star Trek novels.

In the 2010s, actor William Shatner re-enacted his battle fighting the Gorn, for an advertisement for the 2013 Star Trek video game (Kelvin timeline). In the spot they have a similar fight, but it takes place in a modern-day living room and starts with the two playing a console video game together in co-op mode.

Reception
In 2009, Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode an 'A−' rating, noting the episode's influence and noting the use of a theme of Star Trek, the "uncertainty of exploration".

In 2010, SciFiNow ranked this in the Top 10 episodes of the original series.

In 2013, The Hollywood Reporter, ranked the Kirk vs. Gorn fight as one of the top 15 key moments of the original series.

In 2016, Newsweek ranked "Arena" as one of the best episodes of the original series, and they note it was a popular episode.

In 2016, Empire ranked this the 41st best out of the top 50 episodes of all the 700 plus Star Trek television episodes. They note that Kirk wins in this episode, not by killing a dangerous alien, called the Gorn, but by showing mercy which impresses the powerful aliens that pitted them against each other.

In 2016, IGN ranked "Arena" number 10 in a top ten list of the original series episodes.

In 2016, Radio Times ranked the battle between Kirk and the Gorn, as the seventh best moment of all Star Trek film and television. They note that the action scene was filmed at the Vasquez rocks in southern California, USA. They also praised Shatner's unique acting style in his mission logs, and noted how many aspects of this episode are great examples of the science fiction genre in this period.

In 2017, Business Insider ranked "Arena" the 12th best episode of the original series.

In 2017, ahead of the debut of Star Trek: Discovery, Patrick Cooley of The Plain Dealer ranked "Arena" as the 6th best episode in the first 50 years of the Star Trek franchise.

In 2018, Collider ranked this episode the 7th best original series episode. They praised the Gorn costume and noted that this episode introduces the powerful Metron aliens.

In 2019, Nerdist included this episode on their "Best of Kirk" binge-watching guide.

In 2019, Comic Book Resources ranked "Arena" as one of the top eight most memorable episodes of the original Star Trek.

In 2020, PopMatters ranked this the 6th best episode of the original series.

title: Arena (Star Trek: The Original Series)


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Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door

Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door is a 2004 role-playing video game developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the GameCube. The Thousand-Year Door is the second game in the Paper Mario series following Paper Mario, and is part of the larger Mario franchise. In the game, when Mario and Princess Peach get involved in the search for a mystic treasure that holds great fortune, Peach is kidnapped by an alien group called the X-Nauts; Mario sets out to find the treasure and save the princess. A remake of the game for the Nintendo Switch was released on May 23, 2024.

The Thousand-Year Door borrows many gameplay elements from its predecessor, such as a drawing-based art style, and a turn-based battle system with an emphasis on timing moves correctly. For the majority of the game, the player controls Mario, although Bowser and Princess Peach are playable at certain points. The game was announced at a 2003 Game Developers Conference and was released late-July 2004 in Japan and late 2004 for the rest of the world.

The game was acclaimed by critics, generally lauded for its engaging plot and gameplay. The Thousand-Year Door won the "Role Playing Game of the Year" award at the 2005 Interactive Achievement Awards, and is often considered the best game in the series. The game was followed by Super Paper Mario, which was released for the Wii in 2007.

Gameplay

The Thousand-Year Door is a role-playing video game (RPG) with other nontraditional RPG elements. The player controls a two-dimensional version of Mario and explores a variety of worlds designed to look like paper. In these locales, he is tasked with retrieving seven Crystal Stars which involves Mario completing puzzles and defeating enemies to proceed.

In the overworld, the player can find items that can be used in and outside of combat. The effects of these items range from healing Mario or his partner to damaging the opponent. Mario can also purchase "badges" from non-player characters (NPCs), find them hidden in the environment, or occasionally obtain them from defeated enemies. Each badge requires a certain amount of Mario's badge points (BP) in order to be equipped. When equipped, these badges can permanently enhance a particular skill or aspect, or, in some cases, give Mario new abilities. Throughout the game, up to seven characters are permanently added to the player's party; one character is present alongside Mario at any given time and can be switched out at any point. Each character has a specialized skill, some of which are required to solve puzzles. These skills include activating switches and removing physical barriers. Mario is also "cursed" with abilities that allow him to fold into a boat or a paper airplane; these are performed when he stands on a special "activation panel". During the interlude between the game's chapters, the player controls Peach in the X-Naut Fortress and Bowser in multiple side-scrolling levels based on the original Super Mario Bros.

Combat

Similar to its predecessor, combat in The Thousand-Year Door follows a turn-based battle system. When Mario comes into contact with an enemy in the overworld, the game transitions to a battle screen, taking place on a stage. Jumping or hammering an enemy before entering combat mode will cause a "First Strike." This allows Mario to damage the enemy before the regular combat starts. Likewise, some enemies can strike first and damage Mario before the regular combat starts. The player controls both Mario and his currently selected partner and chooses actions for each of them, which include attacking an enemy, using an item, or swapping the partner with another. Attacking and defending can be enhanced by executing timed button presses. For example, pressing the button when Mario jumps on an enemy causes him to jump on it a second time. Enemies have advantages based on their position on the stage or on their qualities. Some player attacks, such as Mario's hammer, can only target enemies on the ground, and spiky enemies will instead damage Mario if he jumps on them.

Each character has its own heart points (HP) that decreases each time it is attacked by an enemy. When a partner's HP is reduced to 0, the partner becomes inactive and cannot be used until revived. If Mario's HP is reduced to 0, however, the game ends and the player must start again from the last saved point. Stronger attacks require Flower Points (FP) to execute and are shared among Mario and his partners. Special attacks, which are unlocked each time the player acquires a Crystal Star, are more powerful and require varying amounts of Star Power to execute. If the player wins the battle, the player is awarded Star Points; for every 100 Star Points, the player levels up and chooses to increase Mario's maximum HP, FP, or BP.

Also during battle, a spectating audience reacts to how well the player performs. If the player performs well, the audience's cheers will replenish Star Power. If the player performs spectacularly, they may throw items to the player, such as a mushroom. Conversely, the audience may throw damage-causing objects at the player or leave if the player performs poorly in a battle. The audience starts with a maximum size of 50 and can grow up to 200 as the player levels up during the game.

Plot
The Thousand-Year Door is set in the Mushroom Kingdom. The town of Rogueport serves as the hub world, connecting to all other locations in the game. The story is divided into eight chapters and a prologue, each of which primarily takes place in one of the unique areas. Each of the major locations are designed around a specific theme; Glitzville, for example, is a floating city known for its fighting arena. The enemies and town inhabitants in the game range from recurring Mario characters, like Boo, to characters exclusive to the game, such as the X-Nauts.

Characters
The Thousand-Year Door contains several characters, the majority of whom are not playable. Progression in the game is sometimes dependent on interaction with non-player characters, although many are used in the game's various minor sidequests. In particular, the Goomba Professor Frankly, who knows the most about the mysteries relating to Rogueport, must be visited every time Mario retrieves a Crystal Star. The game continues the tradition of Paper Mario, in which Mario can be accompanied by one assistant character at a set time. There are seven party members in total: Goombella the Goomba, Koops the Koopa, Madame Flurrie the wind spirit, a Yoshi who is named by the player, a shadow being named Vivian, Admiral Bobbery the Bob-omb, and the optional Ms. Mowz the Squeek. In the original Japanese and some European translations, Vivian is a transgender woman, while the script in the initial English and German releases were altered to remove any mention of her transgender status. Despite this, she is often cited as a popular LGBTQ+ video game character.

Mario is the main character of The Thousand-Year Door, although the story also rotates between portions where the player plays briefly as Princess Peach and Bowser. Most of Peach's story is spent on her interaction with the X-Nauts' computer AI TEC, who falls in love with Princess Peach despite not fully understanding the concept of love. Princess Peach agrees to teach TEC about love in exchange for the ability to contact Mario via e-mail. The series antagonist Bowser tries to collect the Crystal Stars before Mario does, instead of directly opposing Mario, though his attempts mostly become comedic relief.

Story
The game opens with an introduction about a seaside town that was destroyed by a cataclysm and consequently sunk into the depths of the earth. Rogueport was later built at this site, with the fortunes of the lost kingdom fabled to exist behind the eponymous Thousand-Year Door, located in the ruins of the old town. Peach mails Mario a magical treasure map she had purchased in Rogueport, beckoning him to come. Before Mario arrives, she is captured by the X-Nauts, led by Grodus, who had intended to obtain the map. With the help of Goombella and Professor Frankly, Mario learns that the map can potentially reveal the location of the seven legendary Crystal Stars, which are required to unlock the Thousand-Year Door. Mario then sets out and collects all the Crystal Stars, acquiring new partners on the way.

Meanwhile, Peach is held captive at the X-Nauts' base on the Moon. She gradually learns about the X-Nauts' plan, and she e-mails her findings to Mario. Meanwhile, Bowser attempts to steal the Crystal Stars for himself to attempt to take over the world. The "treasure" is the dormant Shadow Queen, the demon responsible for the ancient cataclysm. Grodus intends to resurrect the Shadow Queen by using Peach's body as its new vessel, believing that he can control it and conquer the world. Peach is removed from their base before Mario arrives. Mario unlocks the Thousand-Year Door with the Crystal Stars but is unable to prevent the Shadow Queen's possession of Peach. With the help of the Crystal Stars, Mario defeats and exorcises the Shadow Queen, preventing her dark magic from engulfing the world. Days after Mario returns home, Toadsworth informs him that Peach found another treasure map and invites Mario to find the treasure in Rogueport once again, much to his dismay.

Development and release
Nintendo revealed The Thousand-Year Door at the Game Developers Conference of 2003. Before its release, the game was confirmed to be a direct sequel to the Nintendo 64 game Paper Mario and was known tentatively as Mario Story 2 in Japan and Paper Mario 2 in North America. A preview of the game was available at E3 2004; it included Hooktail Castle and a Bowser bonus level as playable stages. The game was released on July 22, 2004, in Japan, October 11 in North America, November 12 in Europe, and November 18 in Australia.

Reception
Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door was well-received, with review aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings both gave the game an 87/100. Critics particularly praised the plot: GameSpot's Greg Kasavin stated that "each [chapter] provides a thrill of discovery.", while Eurogamer's Tom Bramwell welcomed the whimsical storyline in comparison to traditional role-playing games, commenting that "[it is] something closer to Finding Nemo than Final Fantasy, which is very much a compliment." The game's characters were also well received, with reviewers complimenting the use of NPCs and text. Despite this, some commentators complained that the story developed slowly in the game's beginning stages. Eurogamer rated the large amount of text as "the only major stumbling block" of the game.

One of The Thousand-Year Door main features, the use of a paper-based gameplay mechanic, was welcomed by reviewers. When referring to the paper theme, 1UP commented that "It's a cohesive, clever approach that turns the game's visual style into more than just a look." Critics also commented extensively on the game's battle system, which deviated from traditional RPGs. GameSpy praised the use of timing in the battle system, stating that "these twitch elements were designed to be fun and engaging, and they succeed wonderfully at this." Reviewers also praised the concept of having an audience to reward or berate Mario during battle.

The game's visuals received a mixed response from critics. GameSpot enjoyed the game's presentation, writing that "it exhibits a level of visual artistry and technical prowess matched or exceeded by few other GameCube games." Conversely, other reviewers complained that the graphics were not much of a visual upgrade from its predecessor, Paper Mario. For the game's use of audio, IGN declared it "game music at its purest", but proceeded to question the absence of voice acting in the text based game. RPGamer commented that the music "for the most part is done very well", but that the perceived repetitive battle music was "one of the biggest flaws" of the game. The game won "Console Role-Playing Game of the Year" at the 8th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards (now known as the D.I.C.E. Awards), and was nominated for GameSpot's 2004 "Best Story", "Best Graphics, Artistic" and "Funniest Game" awards. The game was ranked 56th in Official Nintendo Magazine's "100 Greatest Nintendo Games" feature. Edge Magazine placed the game 93rd on their 100 best video games in 2007. In 2023, Time Extension included the game on their "Best JRPGs of All Time" list. In 2023, GameSpot writer Brandon Hesse rated the game as the best Mario RPG of all time, describing it as the "pinnacle of the Paper Mario series" and "one of the best RPGs ever made".

In its first week of release in Japan, The Thousand-Year Door was the best-selling game, selling about 159,000 units. It proceeded to sell 409,000 units in the country and 1.23 million copies in North America. The game has since been included in the Player's Choice line. As of December 2007, the GameCube game had sold 1.91 million copies worldwide.

Legacy
The Thousand-Year Door is considered by many to be the best game in the Paper Mario series. Later games to appear in the series, starting in 2007 with Super Paper Mario, began to change the format and genre after each release to fit the scope of an action-adventure series, by removing certain role-playing game elements and other features, such as turn-based combat. The new approach was often critiqued by critics, and most reviewers compare the game to The Thousand-Year Door to highlight what the games were lacking. Paper Mario: The Origami King returned some minor elements that had been removed from the games that it followed, such as Paper Mario: Sticker Star, but most critics still derided the game for missing classic features.

Remake
A remake of Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door for the Nintendo Switch was announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on September 14, 2023. The remake features redone graphics, animations and music, along with quality of life changes and some new features exclusive to the Switch version. These include an updated fast travel system, increased item and coin capacity, the ability to toggle the original GameCube soundtrack using a badge, a gallery for viewing art and music, and two additional secret bosses. Intelligent Systems returned to develop the remake, with Tose assisting on development.

Alterations were made to the game's English script, including some removals such as a scene where Goombella is catcalled by villainous Goombas and defends herself against it, and some restorations to match the original Japanese script, such as restoring Vivian's portrayal as a trans character. It was released on May 23, 2024. Nintendo Life reported that the game runs at 30 frames per second as opposed to the original's 60, but noted that it did not majorly affect their gameplay experience.

Reception
The remake was equally well received upon release, with an average score of 88/100 on Metacritic. While some criticism was directed towards the game's lower frame rate and lack of additional material, praise was directed toward the improved visuals and improvements made to reduce backtracking, which was a common criticism of the original. Many critics directed praise that had already been given to the GameCube original, including the story, battle system and locations.

Lawsuit
In 2008, Morgan Creek Productions filed a lawsuit against Nintendo alleging that they illegally used the song "You're So Cool" from the film True Romance in an advertisement for the game. Morgan Creek dropped the case six days later, after Nintendo revealed that the advertising agency, Leo Burnett USA, Inc., had licensing for the song.

title: Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door


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Talk:Tom Schieffer

Houston Astros?
Is this the same Tom Schieffer from the Houston Astros? ClockworkTroll 03:01, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

NPOV- Canberra
There seems to be a lot of discussion about the Australian opposition's disaffection for the Ambassador. This may have been a primary issue of his tenure in Canberra, but I don't believe it deserves quite this much attention-- redundant quotes and all. I would propose paring it down to one paragraph. This would also make the Canberra section proportional in length and importance to the rest of the article. Aconnelly 20:35, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * With the concurrence of the section's original author, I have pared down the section and removed the NPOV notice. Aconnelly 01:36, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Split sections
This is bizarre. We should not have a separate "Detailed Bio" section. All sourced material should be integrated into a single article. Heroeswithmetaphors (talk) 10:43, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Tom Schieffer


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Fighting (Thin Lizzy album)

Fighting is the fifth studio album by Irish rock band Thin Lizzy, released in 1975. Following the release of four studio albums, the band finally forged an identifiable sound featuring the twin guitars of Scott Gorham and Brian Robertson. This sound draws from hard rock, folk, pop and rhythm and blues. It set the stage for the big commercial breakthrough of the follow-up album, Jailbreak. The album was also their first album to chart in the UK, hitting No. 60.

Songs
The track "Suicide" was originally performed by Thin Lizzy when guitarist Eric Bell was still in the band, including on a BBC broadcast recorded in July 1973. It was first performed with different lyrics under the title "Baby's Been Messing", and lacked the middle section that appears on Fighting. The non-album track "Half-Caste" was released on the B-side of the original "Rosalie" single. Another track recorded at the Fighting sessions was "Try a Little Harder", which was eventually released on the Vagabonds, Kings, Warriors, Angels boxed set in 2002.

Fighting is the only Thin Lizzy album aside from their 1971 debut where band members other than Phil Lynott receive sole songwriting credits for certain tracks. Bell wrote "Ray Gun" on the debut, and Robertson and Gorham wrote "Silver Dollar" and "Ballad of a Hard Man", respectively.

Although the distinctive Thin Lizzy logo (designed by Jim Fitzpatrick) was frequently used on compilation albums, merchandise and as stage scenery at the band's gigs over the years, this was the only Thin Lizzy studio album to feature it on the cover.

Europe guitarist John Norum covered "Wild One" on his 1987 debut solo album Total Control, and Europe covered "Suicide" on their 2008 live album Almost Unplugged.

Reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described Fighting as a "tense, coiled, vicious rock & roll album", with which Thin Lizzy began their classic era. Highlighting Gorham and Robertson's twin-guitar interplay, he described this line-up as "vital and visceral", and added that Lynott had made a leap forward as a songwriter, "fully flourishing as a rock & roll poet". In his Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal Martin Popoff called Fighting a "soulful, stirring hard rock classic", where "Robertson and Gorham's fluid guitar harmonies become an integral part of the Lizzy sound, woven in the very fabric of the arrangements" and "the tales of outlaws and outcasts" reach "a fairly grandiose, history-encompassing, tragic scale."

"I was a Lizzy fan," recalled Sounds writer and future Kerrang! founder Geoff Barton, "but Fighting just didn't cut it for me at the time. 'The band's second LP with their new twin-guitar line-up is an adequate rock album, no more,' I wrote. 'This one suffers from the familiar Lizzy studio trait: lack of any real energy or aggression.' The following month I went to see Lizzy live… About halfway through the show, Phil went into a bit of a diatribe against rock critics and I wondered if he knew I was in the audience. It turned out he did! At the end of the monologue, Phil just kind of shrugged his shoulders and said, with a wry smile on his face, 'But, no matter what, this next song is for Geoff Barton: Still in Love with You.' That was probably the most humbling moment of my entire career."

Remastered edition
A remastered 2-CD set deluxe edition of Fighting was released on 12 March 2012.

Singles

 * "Rosalie" / "Half Caste" – 27 June 1975
 * "Wild One" / "For Those Who Love to Live" – 17 October 1975
 * In the US and Canada, "Wild One" was released with "Freedom Song" as the B-side, and in Greece with "Rosalie" as the B-side.

Personnel

 * Thin Lizzy
 * Phil Lynott – bass, vocals, acoustic guitar on "Wild One", producer
 * Scott Gorham – guitar
 * Brian Robertson – guitar, backing vocals, piano on "Song for Jesse"
 * Brian Downey – drums, percussion

 * Additional musicians
 * Roger Chapman (from Family) – backing vocals on "Rosalie"
 * Ian McLagan (from Faces) – piano on "Rosalie" and "Silver Dollar"

 * Production
 * Keith Harwood – engineer and mixing
 * Jeremy Gee – assistant engineer
 * Gilbert Kong – mastering

title: Fighting (Thin Lizzy album)


text: Talk:Fighting (Thin Lizzy album)

title: Talk:Fighting (Thin Lizzy album)


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Toasted ravioli

Toasted ravioli, colloquially known as T-Ravs, is breaded deep-fried ravioli, usually served as an appetizer and also used to consume dipping sauce. It was created and popularized in St. Louis, Missouri.

Origin
Most accounts of toasted ravioli trace its origins to a predominantly Italian-American neighborhood of St. Louis, The Hill. Supposedly, in the early 1940s, a raviolo was accidentally dropped into the fryer by a chef. Shortly thereafter, the item began appearing on menus across The Hill.

While many restaurants on The Hill claim its creation, Charlie Gitto's "On The Hill" restaurant (then known as "Angelo's") is where it was made famous. That story claims that a chef at Angelo's, Mario Battocletti, accidentally dropped the pasta into oil after a misunderstanding. Chef and restauranteur, Charlie Gitto, Jr., inherited the original recipe and still serves it at his restaurants to this day.

Another claim is from Mama Campisi's as well as Louis Oldani. Oldani is said to have named the dish 'toasted' ravioli because he thought 'toasted' was more appealing than 'fried'.

Lombardo's Restaurants, located around the St. Louis area, also claim to have been among the first to bring toasted ravioli to the States from Sicily; their current owner, Tony Lombardo, shows menus from the 1930s that include it. Lombardo's toasted ravioli frequently top lists as the "best t-ravs in St. Louis".

Composition, varieties, and service
Generally, some type of meat is wrapped in square ravioli, breaded and deep fried until the pasta shell becomes slightly crispy, dry and browned. Toasted ravioli is generally served with marinara sauce for dipping and Parmesan cheese may also be sprinkled on top. Toasted ravioli can be stored pre-made and frozen, which allows it to be easily prepared by fry cooks or bar staff without special skill or training.

title: Toasted ravioli


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List of Master System games

The Master System which was renamed with a redesigned casing from the original Sega Mark III, which had been released in the Japanese market in 1985—is a video game console released by Sega in the North American market in September 1986 to compete with the Nintendo Entertainment System, which had been released in the same market in February 1986 (an earlier test market for NES in New York and California occurred in October 1985). Originally priced at US$200, North American distribution rights for the console were acquired by Tonka before Sega re-acquired the rights themselves and released a further streamlined redesign of the console during the launch of the Sega Genesis. The Master System was later released in Europe in September 1987, in South Korea in April 1989 and in Brazil in September 1989 where distribution rights were given to Tec Toy. A re-release of the console in the Japanese market under the new Master System brand and redesign also occurred in 1987.

There are  game titles for the Master System. 20 were released only in Japan, 4 were released only in North America, 158 were released only in PAL regions and 22 were released only in Brazil.

title: List of Master System games


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Reid, Australian Capital Territory

Reid is a suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. With a population of 1,544 at the, located directly next to Civic, Reid is one of the oldest suburbs in Canberra. It is named after George Reid, the fourth prime minister of Australia.

Separating the suburbs of Reid and Campbell is Anzac Parade, a ceremonial boulevarde running along Canberra's primary design axis (the land axis) from Lake Burley Griffin to the Australian War Memorial.

Located in Reid are the Canberra Institute of Technology and St John the Baptist Church, which is the oldest church in Canberra.

History
The foundation stone of St John the Baptist Church was laid in 1841 and it was consecrated on 12 March 1845. It listed by the ACT Heritage Council.

Most of the suburb was constructed in 1926 and 1927 to provide housing for public servants in preparation for the opening of the provisional Parliament House in 1927. It was a housing precinct planned on Garden City principles and is now heritage-listed. The Uniting Church (now the Canberra Korean Church) on Coranderrk Street was built in 1927 and is also heritage listed.

Reid was named in 1928 after Australia's fourth Prime Minister, Sir George Reid. It was previously considered to be part of Ainslie. The streets in Reid are named after aboriginal words.

The four-storey Bega flats (containing 114 two-bedroom flats) were completed east of Cooyong street and south of Ainslie in 1957 in order to cope with a critical lack of accommodation for public servants transferred to Canberra. The ACT Heritage Council described them as having been designed in the Post-War International style "similar to post-war housing in Europe, particularly in English new towns. The fine proportions, crisp detailing and low scale of [the Allawah Court] and their siting continuing the street pattern made them more architecturally successful than the three eight-storey blocks of flats along Currong Street" (nearby in Braddon). The Heritage Council declined to heritage list the buildings and despite some local opposition they were demolished in 2017/18 and will be replaced by more modern and denser accommodation along with some commercial uses.

Demographics
At the, the population of Reid was 1,544, including 16 (1.0%) Indigenous persons and 986 (63.9%) Australian-born persons. 36.2% of dwellings were separate houses (compared to the Australian average of 72.3%), while 22.0% were semi-detached, row or terrace houses (Australian average: 12.6%) and 41.3% were flats, units or apartments (Australian average: 14.2%). 39.9% of the population were professionals, compared to the Australian average of 24.0%. Notably 21.7% worked in central government administration, compared to the Australian average of 1.1%, although the ACT-wide average was a similar 17.1%. Reid was favoured by students and young adults with 31.6% of its population in the 20 to 34-year-old age group (compared to the Australian average of 20.5%). 49.9% of the population had no religion (compared to the ACT average of 43.5% and the Australian average of 38.4%), 13.9% were Catholic, 9.7% were Anglican, 7.7% had no stated religion and 2.5% were Hindu.

Politics
Reid is located within the federal electorate of Canberra, which is currently represented by Alicia Payne in the House of Representatives. In the ACT Legislative Assembly, Reid is part of the electorate of Kurrajong, which elects five members on the basis of proportional representation, currently two Labor, two Greens and one Liberal.

Geology
Calcareous shale from the Canberra Formation is overlain by Quaternary alluvium. This rock is the limestone of the original title of Canberra "Limestone Plains". Tertiary age pebbly gravels are around Anzac Parade left from when the Molonglo river was at a higher level.

title: Reid, Australian Capital Territory


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Ted Drewes

Ted Drewes is a family-owned frozen custard company in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. The business was founded by Ted Drewes, Sr. in 1929. There are two locations, one on Chippewa Street (part of U.S. Route 66), with the other on South Grand Boulevard.

Its signature item is the "concrete", a serving of frozen custard so thick that it is customarily presented to the customer upside down.

History
A noted local athlete who starred for his high school basketball team and later dominated municipal tennis tournaments for more than a decade, Ted Drewes started making frozen custard while working for a carnival and opened his first fixed location near St. Petersburg, Florida, in 1929. The first St. Louis shop began serving in 1930 on Natural Bridge Avenue near Goodfellow Blvd. Less than a year later, it was moved westward along the avenue. A second location was opened at 4224 South Grand Blvd. in 1931. In 1941, a third location opened at 6726 Chippewa Street, on one of the alignments of U.S. Route 66 through St. Louis. The Natural Bridge and Florida locations had closed by 1958, but the Chippewa and South Grand locations remain open. When Ted Drewes, Sr. died in 1968, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch noted his passing in an obituary that focused on his tennis.

For decades, the Grand Avenue location was the flagship store, serving what was then a densely populated urban area in the neighborhood of Dutchtown and near the neighborhoods of Tower Grove South, Gravois Park, Bevo Mill, Holly Hills, and Carondelet. Each year, it would open in April and close on October 31. The Chippewa location served as an outpost near the city limits for travelers heading to or returning from an Ozark weekend getaway. In those days, it was open from Memorial Day to Labor Day.

Between the population shifting west in the city and Route 66 drawing more crowds, the Chippewa store became the flagship location. Its season extended to more of the year, while the shop on Grand shortened its seasonal operation. In the weeks leading up to Christmas, Ted Drewes began selling live Christmas trees. In the wake of the transition, the Chippewa store expanded its building and bought a neighboring property to accommodate parking. By 2006, the company was making more than 150,000 gallons of custard every year.

The Chippewa store is closed only during the month of January. In 2013, it closed briefly after a minor electrical fire. The South Grand location now operates only seasonally during summer months.

In 2013, Ted Drewes Jr. said he has declined numerous requests to franchise nationally.

Due to effects from the COVID-19 pandemic, the South Grand location closed temporarily prior to the summer of 2020. It reopened for the summer of 2023.

In the press
Ted Drewes' shops and frozen custard have drawn the attention of The New York Times several times over the years, including in 1986, 1997, and 1999. In 2004, reporter R.W. Apple Jr. extolled the custard in an article on Midwestern sweets.

In 1986, The New York Times revealed that the origin of the Blizzard from Dairy Queen was an attempt by a franchisee to mimic the Ted Drewes concrete.

In 2006, Alton Brown featured the Route 66 location on the Food Network show Feasting on Asphalt.

In 2010, Bobby Flay recommended Ted Drewes on the "Sweet Tooth" episode of The Best Thing I Ever Ate.

In 2011, Ted Drewes was featured in a "Route 66" episode of Man v. Food Nation, hosted by Adam Richman.

In 2014, the Riverfront Times 2014 award for "Best Frozen Custard in St. Louis" went to Ted Drewes.

In 2017, Ted Drewes was named "Best Ice Cream Shop in the World" by SoolNua, an Irish marketing firm that publishes a world ice cream index every year.

In 2024, Ted Drewes was featured in History Channel's The Food That Built America. During the episode entitled "Ice Cream Revolution", it' i stated that the concept of the Blizzard from Dairy Queen was copied from the Ted Drewes concrete.

title: Ted Drewes