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His Majesty's Theatre, London

His Majesty's Theatre is a West End theatre situated in the Haymarket in the City of Westminster, London. The building, designed by Charles J. Phipps, was constructed in 1897 for the actor-manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree, who established the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) at the theatre. In the early decades of the 20th century Tree produced spectacular productions of Shakespeare and other classical works, and the theatre hosted premieres by such playwrights as Bernard Shaw, J. M. Synge and, later, Noël Coward and J. B. Priestley. Since the First World War the wide stage has made the theatre suitable for large-scale musical productions, and His Majesty's has accordingly specialised in hosting musicals. It has been home to record-setting musical theatre runs such as the First World War hit Chu Chin Chow and Andrew Lloyd Webber's The Phantom of the Opera, which has run at His Majesty's since 1986, except during the COVID-19 pandemic theatre closures.

The first theatre on the site was established in 1705 by the architect and playwright John Vanbrugh as the Queen's Theatre. Legitimate drama unaccompanied by music was prohibited by law in all but the two London patent theatres, and the theatre quickly became an opera house. Between 1711 and 1739 more than 25 operas by George Frideric Handel premiered here. The theatre burnt down in 1789, and a new theatre was completed in 1791. Some of Joseph Haydn's series of concerts in London took place at the theatre in the 1790s. In the early 19th century the theatre was home to an opera company (which moved to the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, in 1847) presenting the first London performances of Mozart's La clemenza di Tito, Così fan tutte and Don Giovanni. It also hosted the ballet of Her Majesty's Theatre in the mid-19th century, before returning to opera with the London premieres of such works as Bizet's Carmen and Wagner's Ring cycle. A third building was constructed in 1868.

The theatre's capacity is 1,216 seats, and the building was Grade II* listed by English Heritage in 1970. LW Theatres has owned the building since 2000. The land beneath it is on a long-term lease from the Crown Estate. The name of the theatre changes with the gender of the monarch. Throughout the reign of Queen Victoria it was called Her Majesty's Theatre, changing to His Majesty's on the accession of Edward VII in 1901. In 1952 the theatre again became Her Majesty's on the accession of Elizabeth II. Following the accession of Charles III in 2022 the name reverted to His Majesty's.

Background
There have been four theatres on the site, at the junction of the Haymarket and Charles II Street in the West End of London. The first opened as the Queen's Theatre on 9 April 1705. In the late 17th century there were two patent theatre companies, who were the only performers permitted by law to stage plays without music. They had been brought together as the United Company at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, built in 1663, but there were continual disagreements between the actors and their manager, Christopher Rich. In 1695 some of the actors broke away and set up a rival company at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre, managed by Thomas Betterton. The company did not prosper at that theatre, and in 1703 the dramatist and architect John Vanbrugh acquired a former stable yard, at a cost of £2,000, for the construction of a new theatre in the Haymarket. He was joined in the enterprise by his principal associate and manager William Congreve and Betterton's company. To build the theatre, Vanbrugh raised the money by subscription, possibly among members of the Kit-Cat Club. According to Colley Cibber:

"To recover them [Betterton's company], therefore, to their due Estimation, a new Project was form'd of building them a stately theatre in the Hay-Market, by Sir John Vanbrugh, for which he raised a Subscription of thirty Persons of Quality, at one hundred Pounds each, in Consideration whereof every Subscriber, for his own Life, was to be admitted to whatever Entertainments should be publickly perform'd there, without farther Payment for his Entrance."

Vanbrugh's theatre: 1705–1789
The land for the theatre was held on a lease renewable in 1740; the freeholder was, and remains, the Crown Estate. Building was delayed by the necessity of acquiring the street frontage, and a three-bay entrance led to a brick shell 130 ft long and 60 ft wide. Cibber described the audience fittings as lavish but the facilities for playing poor.

Vanbrugh and Congreve received Queen Anne's authority to form a Company of Comedians on 14 December 1704, and the theatre opened as the Queen's Theatre in April 1705 with imported Italian singers in Gli amori d'Ergasto (The Loves of Ergasto), a pastoral opera by Jakob Greber, with an epilogue by Congreve. This was the first opera sung in Italian in London. Later in the season Vanbrugh presented a comedy, The Confederacy, in which Thomas Doggett, later known for Doggett's Coat and Badge, scored one of his greatest successes, but overall, the season was a failure. The theatre proved too large for actors' voices to carry across the auditorium: according to a contemporary account, "the convenience of a good theatre has been sacrificed to exhibit a triumphal piece of architecture ... not one word can be distinctly heard". Another obstacle to success was that in the early 18th century the new theatre was too far from the homes of its potential patrons. Cibber commented that the City, the Inns of Court, and the middle part of the town, from which much of the clientele of theatres came, were not within easy walking distance, and for those in the cheaper seats, "Coach hire is often too hard a Tax upon the Pit and the Gallery".

Congreve departed and Vanbrugh bought out his other partners. As he became progressively more involved in the construction of Blenheim Palace, his management of the theatre became increasingly chaotic, showing "numerous signs of confusion, inefficiency, missed opportunities, and bad judgement". In May 1707, experiencing mounting losses and running costs, he sold a fourteen-year lease on the theatre to Owen Swiny and gave up active management of the theatre. The theatre was not licensed to present non-musical plays, and in 1708 the authorities enforced that provision. The actors moved to the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, and Queen's Theatre concentrated on opera.

Some performances of plays at Queen's were licensed in 1709 by the Lord Chamberlain, and the theatre's acoustics were altered to better support drama. After 1709, however, the theatre was devoted to Italian opera and was sometimes referred to as the Haymarket Opera House. The young George Frideric Handel made his English début with his opera Rinaldo, on 24 February 1711 at the theatre, featuring the two leading castrato singers of the era, Nicolo Grimaldi and Valentino Urbani. This was the first Italian opera composed specifically for the London stage. The work was well received, achieving a run, substantial for the time, of fifteen performances. Handel immediately became the most popular composer in London, but he left soon after the close of the opera season in June 1711 to take up an appointment in Hanover. Losses at the Queen's Theatre continued, and Swiny fled abroad to escape his creditors. John James Heidegger took over the management of the theatre and, from 1719, began to extend the stage through arches into the houses to the south of the theatre. A "Royal Academy of Music" was formed by subscription from wealthy sponsors, including the Prince of Wales, to support Handel's productions at the theatre. Under this sponsorship Handel conducted a series of more than twenty-five of his original operas, continuing until 1739. Handel was a partner in the management with Heidegger from 1729 to 1734, and he contributed incidental music for the theatre, including that for a revival of Ben Jonson's The Alchemist, opening on 14 January 1710.

On the accession of George I in 1714 the theatre was renamed the King's Theatre (and remained so named during the succession of male monarchs who occupied the throne until 1837). The two patent theatres remained the only ones permitted to perform dramas unaccompanied by music in London, and lacking letters patent, the theatre remained associated with opera. In 1762 Johann Christian Bach travelled to London to premiere three operas at the theatre, including Orione on 19 February 1763. This established his reputation in England, and he became music master to Queen Charlotte.

Sheridan

In 1778 the lease for the theatre was transferred from James Brook to Thomas Harris, stage manager of the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, and to the playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan for £22,000. They paid for the remodelling of the interior by Robert Adam in the same year. In November 1778, The Morning Chronicle reported that Harris and Sheridan had:

"... at a considerable expence, almost entirely new built the audience part of the house, and made a great variety of alterations, part of which are calculated for the rendering the theatre more light, elegant and pleasant, and part for the ease and convenience of the company. The sides of the frontispiece are decorated with two figures painted by Gainsborough, which are remarkably picturesque and beautiful; the heavy columns which gave the house so gloomy an aspect that it rather resembled a large mausoleum or a place for funeral dirges, than a theatre, are removed."

The expense of the improvements was not matched by the box office receipts, and the partnership dissolved; Sheridan took a mortgage on the theatre of £12,000 from the banker Henry Hoare to buy out his partner.

One member of the company, Giovanni Gallini, had made his début at the theatre in 1753 and had risen to the position of dancing master, gaining an international reputation. He had tried to buy Harris's share but had been rebuffed. He now purchased the mortgage. Sheridan quickly became bankrupt after placing the financial affairs of the theatre in the hands of William Taylor, a lawyer. The next few years saw a struggle for control of the theatre and Taylor bought Sheridan's interest in 1781. In 1782 the theatre was remodelled by Michael Novosielski, formerly a scene painter at the theatre. In May 1783 Taylor was arrested by his creditors, and a forced sale ensued, at which Harris purchased the lease and much of the effects. Further legal action transferred the interests in the theatre to a board of trustees, including Novosielski. The trustees acted with a flagrant disregard for the needs of the theatre or other creditors, seeking only to enrich themselves, and in August 1785 the Lord Chamberlain took over the running of the enterprise, in the interests of the creditors. Gallini, meanwhile, had become manager. In 1788 the Lord Chancellor observed "that there appeared in all the proceedings respecting this business, a wish of distressing the property, and that it would probably be consumed in that very court to which ... [the interested parties] seemed to apply for relief". Performances suffered, with the box receipts taken by Novosielski, rather than given to Gallini to run the house. Money continued to be squandered on endless litigation or was misappropriated. Gallini tried to keep the theatre going, but he was forced to employ amateur performers. The World described a performance: "... the Dance, if such it can be called was like the movements of heavy Cavalry. It was hissed very abundantly". On another occasion Gallini had to defend himself against a dissatisfied audience who charged the stage and destroyed the fittings, as the company ran for their lives.

Fire
The theatre burnt down on 17 June 1789 during evening rehearsals, and the dancers fled the building as beams fell on the stage. The fire had been deliberately set on the roof, and Gallini offered a reward of £300 for capture of the culprit. With the theatre destroyed, each group laid its own plans for a replacement. Gallini obtained a licence from the Lord Chamberlain to perform opera at the nearby Little Theatre, and he entered into a partnership with R. B. O'Reilly to obtain land in Leicester Fields for a new building, which would require another licence. The two quarrelled, and each planned to wrest control of the venture from the other. The authorities refused to grant either of them a patent for Leicester Fields, but O'Reilly was granted a licence for four years to present opera at the Oxford Street Pantheon (which burned to the ground in 1792). Meanwhile, Taylor reached an agreement with the creditors of the King's Theatre and attempted to buy the remainder of the lease from Edward Vanbrugh, but this was now promised to O'Reilly. A further complication arose as the theatre needed to expand into adjacent land that now came into the possession of a Taylor supporter. The scene was set for a further war of attrition between the lessees, but at this point O'Reilly's first season at the Pantheon failed miserably, and he fled to Paris to avoid his creditors.

By 1720 Vanbrugh's direct connection with the theatre had been terminated, but the leases and rents had been transferred to both his own family and that of his wife's through a series of trusts and benefices. After the fire the Vanbrugh family's long association with the theatre was terminated, and all their leases were surrendered by 1792.

Second theatre: 1791–1867
Taylor completed a new theatre on the site in 1791. According to the theatre historians Mander and Mitchenson: "it was at the time the largest theatre in England; it was generally regarded as one of the most resplendent theatres in the world". Novosielski had again been chosen as architect for the theatre on an enlarged site; the building was described by Malcolm in 1807 as

"fronted by a stone basement in rustic work, with the commencement of a very superb building of the Doric order, consisting of three pillars, two windows, an entablature, pediment, and balustrade. This, if it had been continued, would have contributed considerably to the splendour of London; but the unlucky fragment is fated to stand as a foil to the vile and absurd edifice of brick pieced to it, which I have not patience to describe."

The Lord Chamberlain, a supporter of O'Reilly, refused a performing licence to Taylor. The theatre opened on 26 March 1791 with a private performance of song and dance entertainment, but it was not allowed to open to the public. The new theatre was heavily indebted and spanned separate plots of land that were leased to Taylor by four different owners on differing terms. As a later manager of the theatre wrote, "In the history of property, there has probably been no parallel instance wherein the legal labyrinth has been so difficult to thread." Meetings were held at Carlton House and Bedford House attempting to reconcile the parties. On 24 August 1792 a General Opera Trust Deed was signed by the parties. The general management of the theatre was to be entrusted to a committee of noblemen, appointed by the Prince of Wales, who would then appoint a general manager. Funds would be disbursed from the profits to compensate the creditors of both the King's Theatre and the Pantheon. The committee never met, and management devolved to Taylor.

William Taylor
The first public performance of opera in the new house was on 26 January 1793, the dispute with the Lord Chamberlain over the licence having been settled. The King's Theatre became the home of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane company while its theatre was being rebuilt. From 1793 seven small houses at the east side of the theatre fronting on the Haymarket were demolished and replaced by a large concert room attached to the theatre. It was in this room that Joseph Haydn gave a series of concerts, in association with the impresario Johann Peter Salomon, on his second visit to London in 1794–95. For this second London season he conducted the last six of his 104 symphonies. The final three were premiered at the concert room of the King's Theatre. During the performance of one of them, No. 102, a chandelier fell from the ceiling and crashed into the auditorium below. There were no serious injuries, and there were shouts of "miracle, miracle" from the audience.

With the departure of the Drury Lane company in 1794 the theatre returned to opera, hosting the first London performances of Mozart's La clemenza di Tito in 1806, Così fan tutte and The Magic Flute in 1811, and Don Giovanni in 1816. Between 1816 and 1818, John Nash and George Repton made alterations to the façade and increased the capacity of the auditorium to 2,500. They also added a shopping arcade, called the Royal Opera Arcade, which has survived fires and renovations and still exists. It runs along the rear of the theatre. Between 1818 and 1820 the British premieres of Gioachino Rossini's operas Il barbiere di Siviglia, Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra, L'italiana in Algeri, La Cenerentola and Tancredi took place in the theatre.

In 1797 Taylor was elected as member of Parliament for Leominster, a position that gave him immunity from his creditors. When that parliament dissolved in 1802 he fled to France. Later he returned, and was member of Parliament for Barnstaple from 1806 to 1812 while continuing his association with the theatre.

John Ebers
John Ebers, a bookseller, took over the management of the theatre in 1821, and seven more London premieres of Rossini operas (La gazza ladra, Il turco in Italia, Mosè in Egitto, Otello, La donna del lago, Matilde di Shabran and Ricciardo e Zoraide) took place there in the following three years. Ebers sublet the theatre to Giambattista Benelli in 1824, and Rossini was invited to conduct, remaining for a five-month season, with his wife Isabella Colbran performing. Two more of his operas, Zelmira and Semiramide, received their British premieres during the season, but there was public complaint about Rossini's failure to provide a new opera, as promised. Benelli had defaulted on his contract and absconded without paying either the composer or the artists, but this was not known to the London press and public, who blamed Rossini.

Ebers engaged Giuditta Pasta for the 1825 season, but he became involved in lawsuits which, combined with a large increase in the rent of the theatre, forced him into bankruptcy, after which he returned to his bookselling business.

Pierre François Laporte
In 1828 Ebers was succeeded as theatre manager by Pierre François Laporte, who held the position (with a brief gap in 1831–1833) until his death in 1841. Two of Rossini's Paris operas (Le comte Ory and Le siège de Corinthe) had their British premieres at the theatre during this period, and Laporte was also the first to introduce the operas of Vincenzo Bellini (La sonnambula, Norma and I puritani) and Gaetano Donizetti (Anna Bolena, Lucia di Lammermoor and Lucrezia Borgia) to the British public. Under Laporte singers such as Giulia Grisi, Pauline Viardot, Giovanni Battista Rubini, Luigi Lablache and Mario made their London stage débuts at the theatre. Among the musical directors of this period was Nicolas Bochsa, the celebrated and eccentric French harpist. He was appointed in 1827 and remained for six years at this position.

When Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 the name of the theatre was changed to Her Majesty's Italian Opera House. In the same year Samuel Phelps made his London début as Shylock in The Merchant of Venice at the theatre, also playing in other Shakespearean plays there. In 1863 Robert Browning's Colombe's Birthday played at the theatre. The Morning Post described it as "a delicate wreath of poetic flowers", too subtle for theatregoers accustomed to coarser offerings, and it was not a success.

In 1841 disputes arose over Laporte's decision to replace the baritone Antonio Tamburini with a new singer, Colletti. The audience stormed the stage, and the performers formed "a revolutionary conspiracy". A London newspaper described the incident as "one of the most disgraceful scenes that ever occurred within the walls of any theatre".

Benjamin Lumley
Laporte died suddenly, and Benjamin Lumley took over the management in 1842, introducing London audiences to Donizetti's late operas, Don Pasquale and La fille du régiment. Initially, relations were good between Lumley and Michael Costa, the principal conductor at Her Majesty's, but they later deteriorated. Verdi's Ernani, and Nabucco, and I Lombardi received their British premieres in 1845–46, and Lumley commissioned I masnadieri from the composer. It received its world premiere on 22 July 1847, with the Swedish diva Jenny Lind in the star role of Amalia. The British premieres of two more Verdi operas, I due Foscari and Attila, followed in 1847–48. Lind's success was so great that it became known as "Lind mania", but other performers felt neglected, and disputes continued. In 1847 Costa finally transferred his opera company to the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden; the law allowing only the patent companies to perform straight plays had been repealed in 1843, and although opera continued to be an important part of the repertoire at Her Majesty's, a wider range of productions was now possible.

Lind's retirement from opera in 1849 was a blow to Lumley, but the appearance of the Cuban singer Donna Maria Martinez at the theatre in July 1850 was the subject of much attention from the press. She was dubbed "the Black Malibran" and was "vehemently applauded and encouraged", but she did not prove a sustained draw, and the highlight of the 1850 season was the premiere of Halévy's Shakespearean opera La Tempesta. The critics were moderately impressed by the music, though there was some regret that Mendelssohn had not lived to compose the work, as originally planned; the audiences were enthusiastic, and there was tumultuous applause for the composer, librettist, stars, conductor and impresario.

Mander and Mitchenson describe 1851 as "the last season of operatic prosperity for Her Majesty's". The orchestra seceded to Covent Garden in 1852 and the theatre closed until 1856, when a fire shut down its rival. After the reopening of Her Majesty's Lumley presented two more British premieres of Verdi operas: La traviata in 1856 and Luisa Miller in 1858.

Ballet
Ballet played an important part at Her Majesty's in the mid-19th century. From the early 1830s until the late 1840s the theatre was known for staging romantic ballet. The celebrated ballet master Jules Perrot began staging ballet at Her Majesty's in 1830. Lumley appointed him Premier Maître de Ballet (chief choreographer) to the theatre in 1842. The ballet historian Ivor Guest writes, "probably never before or since has there been a more brilliant period in the history of the ballet than those years when [Perrot] was ballet-master at Her Majesty's Theatre". Among the ballets he staged were Ondine, ou La Naïade (1843), La Esmeralda (1844), and Catarina, ou La Fille du Bandit (1846), as well as the celebrated divertissement Pas de Quatre (1845). Other ballet masters created works for the ballet of Her Majesty's throughout the period of the romantic ballet, most notably Paul Taglioni (son of Filippo Taglioni), who staged ballets including Coralia, ou Le Chevalier inconstant (1847) and Electra (1849, the first production of a ballet to make use of electric lighting).

The Italian composer Cesare Pugni was appointed "Composer of the Ballet Music" to the theatre in 1843, a position created for him by Lumley. Between 1843 and 1850 he wrote the music for most of the new ballets presented at the theatre. Throughout the era of the romantic ballet the theatre presented performances by celebrated ballerinas, including Fanny Cerrito, Fanny Elssler, Lucile Grahn, Carlotta Grisi, Lola Montez and Marie Taglioni.

J. H. Mapleson
From 1862 to 1867 the theatre was managed by J. H. Mapleson. He presented Italian, French and German opera, including the British premieres of La forza del destino, Médée, Faust, Orpheus in the Underworld and The Merry Wives of Windsor, and promoted such singers as Mario, Giulia Grisi, De Murska, Thérèse Tietjens, Antonio Giuglini, Charles Santley and Christine Nilsson.

On the night of 6 December 1867 the theatre was destroyed by fire, thought to have been caused by an overheated stove. Only the bare walls of the theatre remained, and most of the adjacent shops in Pall Mall, and the Clergy Club hotel in Charles Street (now called Charles II Street), suffered damage of varying severity. After the destruction of the theatre Mapleson took his company to the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.

Third theatre: 1868–1896
A third building was constructed in 1868 at a cost of £50,000, within the shell of the old theatre, for Lord Dudley. It was designed by Charles Lee and Sons and their partner, William Pain, and built by George Trollope and Sons. The designers had taken over John Nash's practice on his retirement. The new theatre was designed to be less susceptible to fire, with brick firewalls, iron roof trusses and Dennett's patent gypsum-cement floors. The auditorium had four tiers, with a stage large enough for the greatest spectaculars. For opera, the theatre seated 1,890, and for plays, with the orchestra pit removed, 2,500. As a result of a dispute over the rent between Dudley and Mapleson, and a decline in the popularity of ballet, the theatre remained dark until 1874, when it was sold to a Revivalist Christian movement.

Mapleson returned to Her Majesty's in 1877 and 1878, after a disastrous attempt to build a 2,000-seat National Opera House on a site subsequently used for the building of Scotland Yard. All the fittings of the theatre had been removed, including the seats, carpets and even the wallpaper. £6,000 was spent on fitting out the theatre, and on 28 April 1877 it returned to theatrical use with a revival of Bellini's opera Norma. The London premiere of Bizet's Carmen was given at the theatre on 22 June 1878, and the house hosted the Carl Rosa Opera Company in seasons from 1879 to 1882. Haverly's United Mastodon Minstrels played a season in 1880; a dramatisation of Uncle Tom's Cabin was seen in 1882; and the first complete performances in England of Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen were given at Her Majesty's in 1882. The tetralogy was presented twice: the first cycle was well attended, the second less so. The Musical Times congratulated the impresario Angelo Neumann on his enterprise in staging the cycle, but regretfully predicted a substantial financial loss for the production.

Sarah Bernhardt appeared at the theatre in La dame aux camelias in 1886. Mapleson returned in 1887 and 1889, but The Times observed that his repertoire comprised "works that had long ceased to attract a large public, the singers were exclusively of second-rate quality, and the standard of performance was extremely low". Mander and Mitchenson comment that in 1889 the house was even the scene of a boxing tournament. Over Christmas seasons pantomimes were staged; after one such – Cinderella, starring Minnie Palmer – the theatre closed in 1890. Its owners were insolvent and the courts ordered the sale of the building and its contents. One of the last things seen in the third theatre was another season by Bernhardt, in which she appeared as Joan of Arc in a play by Jules Barbier, and as Marguerite in a revival of La dame aux camelias.

With the rapid advances in theatre technology made since the 1860s, the third theatre quickly became outmoded, and the sub-lease of the theatre, still held by the Dudley family, was due to expire in 1891. The Commissioners of Woods, Forests and Land Revenues (forerunners of the Crown Estate) desired the entire block on which the theatre stood to be rebuilt, except for the Royal Arcade, where the lease did not expire until 1912. Problems were encountered in obtaining all the buildings and in financing the scheme, but the theatre and surrounding buildings were demolished in 1892. When the demolition of the building was about to begin The Times commented: "It is not fitting to dwell on the decay of a fine institution, and it is better to recall the magnificent series of operas from Rinaldo to Der Ring des Nibelungen which have been presented for the first time in England at the house in the Haymarket during its 180 years of active existence."

Fourth theatre: 1897–present
Plans were commissioned from the architect Charles J. Phipps for a theatre and a hotel. In February 1896 an agreement was reached with the actor-manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree for the erection of the theatre at an estimated cost of £55,000. Provisional plans were submitted in March 1896 and approved in February 1897; meanwhile, on 16 July 1896 the foundation stone of the new theatre was laid. The theatre opened in April 1897. Phipps died the following month; the theatre was his last work. After the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, the theatre's name reverted to His Majesty's Theatre.

Architecture
The theatre was designed as a symmetrical pair with the Carlton Hotel and restaurant on the adjacent site. The frontage formed three parts, each of nine bays. The hotel occupied two parts, the theatre one, and the two buildings were unified by a cornice above the ground floor. The buildings rose to four storeys, with attic floors above, surmounted by large squared domes in a style inspired by the French Renaissance. The theatre has a Corinthian colonnade at the first floor, rising to the second, forming a loggia in front of the circle foyer. This is above a canopy over the main ground floor entrances. The theatre lies on an east–west axis. The stage at the western end was 49 ft deep and 69.5 ft wide, reputedly the first British stage to be flat, rather than raked.

The interior of the new theatre was designed by the consulting architect, W. H. Romaine-Walker, in a style drawing on that of the Royal Opera of Versailles by Gabriel. The stalls and pit were entered at ground level, with two partly cantilevered tiers above accommodating dress and family circles on the first level, and upper circle, amphitheatre and gallery on the tier above. In all, there were 1,319 seats. Contemporary opinion was critical of the project. Edwin Sachs wrote in his 1897 guide to theatres, "The treatment is considered to be in the French Renaissance style and stone has been used throughout. The detail cannot, however, be termed satisfactory, nor does the exterior architecturally express the purpose of the building."

Later opinion of the theatre has been more favourable: English Heritage describes the building as both Phipps's finest work and one of the best planned theatres in London. The building was Grade II* listed in January 1970. The adjacent hotel was severely damaged by bombing in the Second World War and was demolished in 1957–58, replaced by the new High Commission for New Zealand (New Zealand House), completed in 1963 (now, like the theatre, a Grade II listed building). The 200-year-old Royal Opera Arcade, built by Nash and Repton, is all that survives of the second theatre and is one of the earliest examples of a London arcade.

Performance
The current theatre opened on 28 April 1897. Tree built the theatre with profits from his tremendous success at the Haymarket Theatre, and he owned, managed and lived in the theatre from its construction until his death in 1917. For his personal use, he had a banqueting hall and living room installed in the massive, central, square French-style dome.

The theatre opened with a dramatisation of Gilbert Parker's The Seats of the Mighty. Adaptations of novels by Dickens, Tolstoy, and others formed a substantial part of the repertoire, along with classical works by Molière and others. Tree presented the world premiere of J. M. Synge's The Tinker's Wedding, and the British premiere of Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion, in which he starred with Mrs Patrick Campbell, in 1914. Above all, Tree was known for his Shakespeare productions. His longest-running of these was Henry VIII, which had a record-breaking run of 254 consecutive performances from September 1910 to April 1911. His biographer B. A. Kachur writes: "Most of the Shakespeare revivals at Her Majesty's enjoyed equally unprecedented runs. Tree succeeded in popularizing Shakespeare with his audiences because he staged the plays in ways that appealed to spectators' taste for elaborate spectacle and realistic scenery and scenic effects."

His Majesty's no longer specialised in opera, but there were occasional operatic presentations in its early years, including seasons given by the conductor Thomas Beecham, in which the British premiere of Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos was presented, as well as revivals – then rare – of Mozart's operas, Die Entführung aus dem Serail and Così fan tutte.

In 1904 Tree founded the Academy of Dramatic Art (later RADA), which spent a year based in the theatre before moving in 1905 to Gower Street in Bloomsbury. Tree continued to take graduates of the Academy into his company at His Majesty's, employing some forty actors in this way by 1911.

The facilities of the theatre lent themselves to the new genre of musical theatre, and Percy Fletcher was appointed musical director in 1915, a post he held for the next 17 years, until his death. Chu Chin Chow opened in 1916 and ran for a world record 2,235 performances (almost twice as long as the previous record for musical theatre – a record that it held until surpassed by Salad Days, which opened in 1954). Music and drama were combined in Basil Dean's 1923 production of James Elroy Flecker's verse play Hassan, with music by Frederick Delius, which ran for 281 performances.

George and Ira Gershwin's musical Oh, Kay! had its London premiere at His Majesty's on 21 September 1927, starring Gertrude Lawrence and John Kirby; with 213 performances it failed to equal the Broadway run of 256. Noël Coward's operetta Bitter Sweet enjoyed a run of 697 performances beginning on 18 July 1929. The Good Companions, a dramatisation by J. B. Priestley of his novel, premiered on 14 May 1931 and ran for 331 performances.

In the years after the Second World War, musicals continued to dominate at the theatre; they included transfers of the successful Broadway productions Follow the Girls (1945; 572 performances) and the Lerner and Loewe musicals Brigadoon (1949; 685 performances) and Paint Your Wagon (1953; 477 performances). Leonard Bernstein's West Side Story opened in December 1958 for a run of 1,040 performances, transferring from Broadway via the Manchester Opera House.

The London premiere of Fiddler on the Roof was on 16 February 1967, starring Chaim Topol, and the production ran at Her Majesty's for 2,030 performances. Forty years after the first stage adaptation of Priestley's novel, André Previn's musical version of The Good Companions premiered on 11 July 1974 and ran until 15 February 1975, followed by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Alan Ayckbourn's collaboration, Jeeves, on 22 April 1975, which ran for just over a month, closing on 24 May.

John Cleese organised A Poke in the Eye (With a Sharp Stick) as a benefit for Amnesty International at the theatre in 1976, and it was broadcast as Pleasure at Her Majesty's. This was the first of The Secret Policeman's Balls, organised by and starring such performers as Peter Cook, Graham Chapman, and Rowan Atkinson. The venue was also the setting for the popular ITV variety series Live from Her Majesty's, which ran on television from 1983 to 1988. It was on this programme that Tommy Cooper collapsed and died on stage in 1984.

The Phantom of the Opera had its world premiere on 9 October 1986 at the theatre, winning the Olivier Award for Best New Musical; it featured Sarah Brightman and Michael Crawford, who won an Olivier award for his performance in the title role. The original Victorian stage machinery remains beneath the stage of the theatre; the designer, Maria Björnson, found a way to use it "to show the Phantom travelling across the lake as if floating on a sea of mist and fire", in a scene in the musical. As of 2023, the musical is still playing at the theatre. It is the second longest-running musical and third longest-running stage work in West End history.

The theatre is one of forty featured in the 2012 DVD documentary series Great West End Theatres, presented by Donald Sinden.

Capacity and ownership
The theatre's capacity is 1,216 seats on four levels. Really Useful Theatres Group purchased it in January 2000 with nine other London theatres formerly owned by the Stoll-Moss Group. Between 1990 and 1993, renovation and improvements were made by the H. L. M. and C. G. Twelves partnership. In 2014 Really Useful Theatres – now known as LW Theatres – split from the Really Useful Group and took ownership of the theatre. In conformity with the custom of matching the title of the theatre to the gender of the British monarch, the theatre once again became His Majesty's in 2023, marking the coronation of Charles III.

title: His Majesty's Theatre, London


text:
Natividade, Tocantins

Natividade (meaning the nativity) is a municipality (município) in the state of Tocantins in Brazil.

Geography
The estimated population in 2020 was 9,250, the area is 3,240 km2. The elevation is 323 m.

Commemoration
The Roman Catholic commemoration of Senhor do Bonfim is the most traditional in the state of Tocantins.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Natividade, Tocantins


text:
Natividade da Serra

Natividade da Serra (meaning "the nativity of the mountain") is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte. The population is 6,642 (2020 est.) in an area of 833.37 km2. The elevation is 720 m. The southern part is heavily forested and mountainous and there are few roads and tracks into the mountain. The hills and some mountains with farmlands dominate the rest of the municipality.

The municipality contains part of the 292000 ha Mananciais do Rio Paraíba do Sul Environmental Protection Area, created in 1982 to protect the sources of the Paraíba do Sul river.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Natividade da Serra


text: File:Bambusa-vulgaris.web.jpg

title: File:Bambusa-vulgaris.web.jpg


text:
Nazaré

Nazaré is Portuguese for Nazareth.

Other meanings of Nazaré include:

In Brazil

 * Nazaré, Bahia
 * Nazaré (neighbourhood), in Salvador, Bahia
 * Nazaré, Tocantins
 * Nazaré Paulista, São Paulo

In Portugal

 * Nazaré, Portugal, a Portuguese municipality in Oeste region and Leiria District, known as a popular surfing destination because of its high breaking waves

Television

 * Nazaré (TV series) a Portuguese telenovela starring Carolina Loureiro, first airing in 2019

title: Nazaré


text:
Trudeau (disambiguation)

Trudeau is a surname that is used primarily in the Canadian province of Quebec.

Trudeau may also refer to:

 * Trudeau family, Canadian political family, including premiers Pierre and Justin
 * Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport, in Montreal
 * Trudeau Landing, an archaeological site in Louisiana
 * Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau, a mountain in British Columbia
 * Trudeau Sanitorium, former New York tuberculosis sanitorium
 * Trudeau Institute, a biomedical institute in New York
 * Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation, a Canadian charity
 * Trudeau Corporation, a North American housewares and kitchenwares company
 * Trudeau (film), a 2002 television miniseries on Pierre Trudeau

title: Trudeau (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Alberto Olmedo

Untitled
Esta quedando bien, pero la lista de peliculas esta un poco de mas. Habria que decidir las dos o tres mejores y punto.

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title: Talk:Alberto Olmedo


text:
Talk:House dust mite

Idea to put forward, Should we include things about the body of a mite?
we seem to go on about what they do and how they effect us but we dont talk about their brains, bodily parts or genitals. look at this image for instance

Fingerprints??
Sorry if it sounds like im treating this as a forum but on the image we have displayed, is that fingerprints embedded into the dustmite? --Casket56 (talk) 12:19, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

Dust mites are the most common cause of asthma and allergic symptoms worldwide
it says that, yet it also says this about cockroaches I am a heavy asthmatic, and have no idea what to trust —Preceding unsigned comment added by Coheed56 (talk • contribs) 12:21, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Definitely not this. We've been trying to study house dust mites, but it's rather difficult when they seem nearly extinct. The only ones that we've been able to find were from straw mattresses, and those are getting rare these days. --84.250.69.87 (talk) 14:41, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

btw its cute that some SHILL has inserted Montelukast in the sentence
"Most treatment has relied so far on trying to counteract the released chemicals with anti-histamines, Corticosteroids or Salbutamol. Commercial brands of these medications include Montelukast or Ventolin."

as a "commercial brand" of "anti-histamines, Corticosteroids or Salbutamol", this is "cute" as it is none of these!

If anything ventolin should be first, and then secondly a corticosteroid. I am going to remove montelukast as it is a very recent treatment and doesnot have extensive epidemiological support as dose salbutamol and corticosteroids.

Further the montelukast article mentions; "June 12, 2009 the Food and Drug Administration concluded their review into the possibility of neuropsychiatric side effects with leukotriene modulator drugs. Although clinical trials only revealed an increased risk of insomnia, post-marketing surveillance showed that the drugs are associated with a possible increase in suicidal behaviour and other side effects such as agitation, aggression, anxiousness, dream abnormalities and hallucinations, depression, irritability, restlessness and tremor." So who ever takes the suggestion to try these leukotriene drugs just be aware that you are balancing the severity of your asthma against side effects that are not present in the widely accepted epidemiologically supported treatment, corticosteroids. I accept that these medications also have considerable side-effects. Remember to gargle, repeat*n (I am an asthmatic and I wish I could take a medication with tolerable side-effects which greatly improved my asthma, and would be willing to pay for this benefit!) 220.101.92.34 (talk) 08:13, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

Size
How big are these puppies? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.50.4.4 (talk • contribs) 13:57, 14 October 2004

 * A few hundred micrometers. Arvindn 19:48, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * that is less than half a millimeter, less than 1/32nd inch, so sometimes visible when properly illuminated -- works best when you already know that the speck of "dust" you are looking at is a mite, after using a magnifying glass. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.131.22.245 (talk • contribs) 16:34, 19 November 2006

 * They're large enough to see with a naked eye, as long as they're not on white or grey surface. --84.250.69.87 (talk) 14:38, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

 * the article says that these mites are 400+inches in height and length, that has to be micrometers right? I am changing that to micrometers from inches--Coppermallow (talk) 20:32, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I read an article from University of Sydney entomology department that agrees with that.--Coppermallow (talk) 20:36, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

If you actually look at the page on Acari you see that not all have eight legs. Quite variable in fact. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.225.81.78 (talk) 07:17, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

I reverted the description to an older version. It's absolutely ridiculous to claim that the mites cannot be seen by naked eye. The smallest particle visible to the human eye is about 40 microns, and these mites are ~400 microns in diameter. 80.222.145.74 (talk) 09:51, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Morning Breath and mites?
This statement seems to require a reference. If I cannot find one, I'm removing the comment. Roodog2k 16:11, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

Scientific proeminence in the 1600s ?
"gaining scientific prominence only in the 1600s after the importance of sanitation was recognized." Is it really the 1600 ? 1960s seems more believable to me, but I don't claim to know anything. I'm just correcting what I think looks like a typo (You don;'t usually say the 1600s right You'd say the 17th century ... or maybe it's the 1900s ? Also, "scientific proeminence" ... maybe it's the 1900s though. Flammifer 1 July 2005 07:16 (UTC)

Shedding skin?
Under "Habitat": 1.5g/day * 365day/year ≠ 3-4.5kg/year. Although I know nothing here, 3kg sounds really high. 1.5g sounds reasonable and is widely repeated in Google search results (although that means nothing). I don't see the 3-4.5kg figure in any reputable sources.

The OSU reference claims .2 oz/day (equal to .8g/day), so perhaps that figure should be used.

The figure of roughly a million mites also seems hard to reconcile. The OSU reference states 10^5-10^7, but in the next sentence talks about dead mites. It's unclear whether they are only counting live animals.

Assuming half of all skin is shed in bed, using a high estimate of .7g/day, rations .7µg/mite-day. I cannot find a mass estimate for each mite, so assume a 400µm spherical mite at 3.35*10^-5 cc and the density of water (overestimating size and underestimating density a bit), or 33.5µg for one mite. Most animals require well over 2% of their body mass in food per day.

All the numerical data I can find relating to these critters looks a little dubious, and perhaps totally invented by the bedding and air filter companies.

(Of course, this all assumes skin as the sole food source. Perhaps there may be as many mites, but nutrition is primarily something else.)

- Potatoswatter

— Preceding undated comment added 17:55, July 23, 2005

 * Someone has changed the sentence to read "An average person sheds about 1.5 grams of skin a day (approximately 0.3-0.45 kg per year), which is enough to feed roughly a million dust mites." I also have doubts about the statement. It doesn't seem that's enough food for a million dust mites. Can someone provide a more accurate statistic or a citation? —Lowellian (reply) 23:58, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Considering their size, a million house dust mites would take a rather large amount of space. We've never found more than few dozen samples from one mattress. --84.250.69.87 (talk) 14:44, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Haven't had time to read through it's info on dust mites yet, but in general, PubMed is a great source of accurate information on the biological and medical sciences. If you like reading actual papers, that is. It probably has the answers to those questions above. Luuknam 00:34, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Name in other languages
note that in other languages these little beasties have a single-word name, and that helps a lot to take it seriously. When a concept or thing has a single word to name it, people don't question whether it is real, and whether its effects are imagined. French is "acarien", Italian is "acaro / acari (plural)". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.131.22.245 (talk • contribs) 16:34, 19 November 2006

A First
This is the first Wikipedia article I've ever read that I really wish I hadn't, and I've read some weird ones. Suddenly sleeping is a little creepier. Where did that Morning Halitosis thing come from, by the way?Marstead 18:58, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * There are more articles I can suggest that will stop you sleeping at night :D --Coheed56 (talk) 07:55, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

dust mite and fecal particles
I heard that a mattress doubles in weight from the dust mites every ten years. It's crazy to think that were even possible...how much does the fecal stuff weigh...wouldn't it decompose before it accumulates anywhere? If the dust mite lives 80 days max; how long before it decomposes and do the mites feed on their dead friends? I spent a fair portion on pillows made from the best feather down...I threw them away because of the dust mites....I could have just washed them in hot water. I have seen people pull mattress from the refuse and take them home, I have not heard of anyone dying from those mattresses. How much of this information is propaganda and how much should we be concerned. We have bacteria living on us and in us (normal flora), can we really say just how much is deadly or how much can cause adverse affect? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 216.79.240.251 (talk) 16:40, 24 January 2007 (UTC).

Which species?
House dust mites seem to encompass two species, D pteronyssinus (European house dust mite) and D farinae (American house dust mite). Both names redirect here, but the taxobox only mentions one. How should this be fixed? --JianLi 04:15, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Only two species are mentioned, that may be correct, but the following, which reads as an essay-writer's addition, implying at least four, does not tally: "Some species of mites prefer to eat skin cells, a large component of household dust; others prefer flour dust."--SilasW (talk) 08:22, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I redirected all species to the article. --David Hedlund SWE (Talk) 03:14, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

Alimentary System
Can anyone provide more information on the Rudimentary alimentary system of dust mites? aka no stomach.

custiom: how to clear mite in my sofa and carpet? am in asia cuntrey the wether is diffren.

The *ADVANTAGES* of our dusty friends
Not that I'm a particular fan of intelligent design - but surely the dustmites are doing *some* favours for us and our mattresses/houses by disposing of all of this fecal matter? Isn't there some kind of minature ecosystem that dustmites set up within our houses? Given sufficient time, could dustmites not reverse all the environmental damage that buildings, tarmac and general human development on earth have caused?????

 * Well there IS a miniature ecosystem that can develop- depending upon how "dusty" you let your house become. Some dust mites eat other dust mites. They have mite predators. This might good info for someone to add to the article. I'm fascinated by these little critters! http://www.phe.bwk.tue.nl/Research/Documenten/House-dust_as_an_ecosystem.pdf  m z  (talk) 23:19, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Consider the mass of carbon within dead human skin cells. If dustmites eat dead skin - do they not reduce the mass of the stuff within human houses by converting it to CO2? Does anyone know of the chemistry of dust mite ecosystems?

Well, I can't imagine the EPSRC funding that one in a hurry....

Sorry, just being fecel-tious : —The preceding unsigned comment was added by ConcernedScientist (talk • contribs).

 * I'm sorry to report, but no--it seems that dust mites dont have ANY redeeming qualities or features that are advantageous in nature. (Currently known to man). Look here: http://www.articlesbase.com/health-articles/dust-mitesdo-they-do-any-good-in-the-world-1547581.html  m z  (talk) 23:16, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Effect of bleach on dust mites
This article states that bleach and strong soaps cannot kill dust mites. There is no source for this information and a quick Google search for "dust mites bleach" reveals at least one site which explicitly states bleach is capable of killing dust mites although there is little verifiable information either way. Verifiability Can anyone provide a source for this information or should it be removed? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fiber B (talk • contribs) 21:08, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Outdated information?
Has there actually been any major research during the past decade about the prevalence of these mites? The local university sampled several hundred mattresses (ranging from clean to extremely filthy) for them, and only about 3% had mites. Modern mattresses seem to be completely mite-free, and the statement that they're common cause of asthma seems bit doubtful. The only mites they found resided in hay mattresses, and hardly anyone uses those anymore. Certainly seems like the mite problem is 'slightly' exaggerated these days. Many parts of the article almost seem like urban legend... -- Andemon (talk) 19:11, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

 * ... Looks like they're almost extinct these days. I suppose they're big business for bedding manufacturers and such, but mass hysteria has no place here. The article is in a need of almost complete overhaul. 85.157.43.241 (talk) 17:48, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

I think some countrys have a climate that is good for mites, and other places have a climate where the mites cannot live. 212.120.84.45 (talk) 01:18, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * It's worth noting that while the house dust mites can survive in almost any climate, [i]Aspergillus repens[/i] requires high humidity. No fungus == house dust mites starve, no matter what the climate is. It probably should be mentioned in the article. ...and no, human body doesn't generate nearly enough humidity during sleep, unless we're talking about bedwetting. --84.250.69.87 (talk) 14:57, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Personally I agree, as an asthmatic the only mattresses ive found problematic were ones exposed to pets, which may not have been dust mites, as well as some futons not exposed to pets. but my point was just to say that although it may be true that many cases of asthma dont have a causative factor in the mattress there is also the rest of the bedding, I think wool covers are among those ive found problematic, particularly when they move around the house, including exposure to pets. In addition to bedding dust mites may still be present in other places in homes and our environments and thus be problematic, despite not being commonly detected in mattresses. Just my experience and some speculation. 220.101.92.34 (talk) 08:31, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

Attention by a Literate Expert Needed
This article is more of a hodge-podge of badly connected and badly written bits than most. Every keyboard and his wife seems to have put in its two bits worth every second day (perhaps in good faith but that does not excuse making an ill-considered article).

Take this solid lump under Life Cycle:

"A simple washing will remove most of the waste matter. Temperatures of over 60 degrees Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit) for a period of one hour, and freezing is usually fatal to dust mites;[1] a relative humidity less than 50 may also be fatal. Dust mites reproduce quickly enough that their effect on human health can be significant."

Whatever gumption tells you the editor was trying to say, one must ask how one washes a house mite. "Temps and fr is" (is they?).

Their effect on human health is hardly classifiable under Life Cycle.--SilasW (talk) 11:14, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The last section 'Eradication' especially seems to be suffering in this way. I tidied it up slightly, at least the grammar and spelling, but refrained from removing it despite the fact that there was little which made sense or hadn't been stated earlier in the article.
 * One thing that needs to be checked is though is the washing times. "It is recommended by the health government that beds, pillows and other soft furniture are washed regularly for 8 weeks". That's one darned long wash cycle! I'm assuming it's meant to be washed every 8 weeks but as there was no citation I couldn't corroborate. Plus from everything I've heard and read the bedding ought to be washed weekly.	OldYokel (talk) 20:56, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

Removal of dust mites
Hi All,

I've removed a paragraph from the bottom of the Habitat and Food section which I didn't believe and which lacked citations. Feel free to add it back in if you can find sources:

The best way to get rid of the dust mites is heat. Cover your mouth with your blanket and take a deep breath of air. Use your lungs as filtration. One deep breath can effectively kill 10,000 dust mites.

On the other hand, removal of dust mites is a topic that probably should be covered in the article.

Isaac (talk) 11:31, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * It's kind of obvious that it's vandalism. But not too obvious. These vandals are getting better. It's a far cry than the valdals that say things like "JESSIE HAS A BIG DICK!!!111?!", and the only thing that identifies this as valdalism is that it's retarded. Kevin (talk) 16:58, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I added how to do that. --David Hedlund SWE (Talk) 06:34, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

Proposed external link(s) to add
I propose that we add a link to this fact sheet on house dust mites that provides information on habits, habitat and prevention tips. If you approve, please add to external links. - http://pestworld.org/for-consumers/Pest-Guide/Pest/House-Dust-Mites 74.10.204.218 (talk) 17:32, 26 May 2010 (UTC) National Pest Management Association

Researching dust mites on the web is an endless maze of material put out by biased parties, but I believe I've come across a site that documents original research (actual science) on the growth of HDM in the home and I think is worth adding. Take a look:

Among its findings:
 * A Hygrothermal Model of House Dust Mite Response to Environmental Conditions in Dwellings, University College London/University of Cambridge, June 2002
 * a chart showing data on reproductive rates versus temperature and humidity
 * a computer model of the microclimate created by a sleeping person in a bed, which causes a zone of moist conditions under the person which persists for several hours after they leave the bed and assists HDM reproduction
 * migration speed of mites through materials (they definitely move through materials towards regions of higher RH)
 * building materials and ventalation practices are much stronger determinants of HDM population growth than bedding materials (contrary to the position of the industrial-bedding complex)

Anybody opposed to adding this (apart from folks who sell HDM-management products)? If not, will someone add it to the article in the right form? Thanks, 75.37.27.177 (talk) 23:53, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

I propose this link
 * house dust mites on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site. Trfasulo (talk) 15:14, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

I would like to propose a link the the following article * from the National Research Institute for Child Health and Development (Tokyo, Japan) about 'Preventive effect of bedding encasement with microfibre barriers on mite sensitization'. If no objections, thank you for adding. London3 (talk) 23:07, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

I propose these: *. Unfortunately the second one is written in Finnish, but to sum it up: zero dust mites found during past 15 years. They're not even remotely common in modern homes, 'Habitat and food' section needs fixing. 80.222.145.74 (talk) 17:07, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

seeing dust mites in tap water
can someone tell me if they have ever noticed some kind of bug, looks and sounds like a dust mite, in tap water? It is opaque white and only seen when light is reflected off of the water. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.240.135.127 (talk) 04:37, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Low temperatures that prove fatal.
As stated in the article, 20 Decrees C to kill dust mites. My house has been significantly below 20 Degrees C for most of this winter and yet they are still there, to put it plainly it has been as low as 10 Degrees C inside, though usually 12-14. This, therefore, is invalid.

Also for consideration, that in most climates in nature, temperatures regularily drop below 20 Degrees C, even in the Deserts.

I would like to know what low temperature actually kills them, or the effect of UV light and pesticides. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.71.66.13 (talk) 12:11, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

They are a contamination from the outside
A new hypothesis about house dust mites breaks with the idea, that the mites do live in our homes. Read more at www.tehallas.com about "house dust mites and common sense"94.145.240.242 (talk) 09:45, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * ❌ This is nonsense. --David Hedlund SWE (Talk) 06:29, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

Colour
Hi. At a size of just under half a milimetre for larger subtypes, some dust mites are likely within a visible size range for some human age groups. Thus, they would appear a certain colour, and the article would benefit from mentioning this. Other visual characteristics are also important. Thanks. ~ AH1 (discuss!) 01:53, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Color photo would be nice. The article claims that "Both male and female adult house dust mites are creamy blue"; but as far as I know, they're creamy yellow . There are many kinds of mites, some of them bluish, but this article is about Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. 80.222.145.74 (talk) 15:53, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I added colour photos. --David Hedlund SWE (Talk) 05:37, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

eradication
I saw that the section on “eradication” said that “Ten minutes in a household clothes dryer at lethal temperatures has been shown to be sufficient to kill all the dust mites in bedding.” I added the specification of “near 105 C.”  Please check to see if I interpreted the source correctly. 68.55.112.31 (talk) 23:38, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I revised this. --David Hedlund SWE (Talk) 06:25, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

 * If anyone can find a study which finds total eradication, that could be worth adding - or at least I'd be interested in hearing about it. The article Bedrooms without house dust mites : final report from a preliminary study pointed to a study that comes a bit close: Reducing relative humidity is a practical way to control dust mites and their allergens in homes in temperate climates where mite allergen was reduced tenfold in after maintaining relative humidity below 51% for 17 months. II  | (t - c) 19:27, 16 April 2019 (UTC)

articlesbase.com
I doubt that link to an articlesbase.com article in the page is much use to anyone. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 111.85.175.220 (talk) 15:42, 8 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Its not there any more. --David Hedlund SWE (Talk) 06:26, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

Article cleanup
What is this article even about? Classification shows [i]Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus[/i], but most of the references are about the North American Dust Mite ([i]D. farinae[/i]). Shouldn't just lump all the mites into one article. For instance, [i]D. pteronyssinus[/i] is larger and clearly visible to naked eye, but the article claims that it isn't because the american mites aren't that large. What a mess. 94.22.103.96 (talk) 10:05, 29 September 2013 (UTC)

Dear authors, could you make this article connected to the same article written in German language. Thx! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Reljicb (talk • contribs) 24 January 2016

It is really neccessary to decide what about this article should be. Maybe the best way would be to split it to three articles. House dust mites, European house dust mite and American house dust mite like in the frwiki: Dermatophagoides, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae. --Diwas (talk) 19:14, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

I think it is good to have an article specifically about 'dust mites' as this provides useful information. The different species are identified in the text. Dividing the article might be better for an etymologist, but not for the lay person. I see a need to 'lump all the mites together,' as they generally lumped together when describing household allergies. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.147.28.72 (talk) 23:13, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

HEPA filters
HEPA filters in the vacuum cleaner can trap the allergens (rather than blowing them through the room). But i have a hard time finding out which HEPA class is required for this. Is E12 sufficient or do you need H13, or even H14? Hope someone finds a reliable source on this.  PizzaMan  ♨♨♨  08:12, 2 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I did some more searching, but i can't find the size of the mite feces in any scientific article. Perhaps they're too varied? Thing is, the hepa classes are about the percentage of particles of a fixed size that will be filtered. Not about increasingly small particles they can filter. So essentialy the hepa classes are possibly not even appliccable. Even though HEPA filters are often sold to people with dust mite allergy for that purpose  PizzaMan  ♨♨♨  12:41, 27 February 2018 (UTC)

Difficult to read
This article is quite difficult to read for someone who does not know a lot about biology; maybe the vocabulary should be simplified, or more links should be added explaining the terms used. Cassie Schebel (talk) 19:32, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:House dust mite


text: File:Cattleya-sp.web.jpg

title: File:Cattleya-sp.web.jpg


text:
Nazaré Paulista

Nazaré Paulista is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 18,698 (2020 est.) in an area of 326.3 km². It is within the Atlantic Forest biome and is a major source of water for the city of São Paulo, hosting the Atibainha reservoir of the Cantareira System. Nazaré Paulista is also home to the nationally known conservation organization, the Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (Institute for Ecological Research).

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Nazaré Paulista


text:
Ring of Honor

Ring of Honor (ROH) is an American professional wrestling promotion based in Jacksonville, Florida. The promotion was founded by Rob Feinstein on February 23, 2002, and was operated by Cary Silkin from 2004 until 2011; when the promotion was sold to the Sinclair Broadcast Group.

Throughout the 2010s, ROH was considered the third largest wrestling promotion in the United States, behind WWE and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, initially operating on an internet distribution model. Under Sinclair's ownership, ROH began talent-sharing deals with wrestling companies outside the U.S., expanded their television visibility through Sinclair's broadcast stations, and eventually established its own streaming service in 2018 called Honor Club.

As Sinclair was struggling with debt in the late 2010s, ROH went on a hiatus at the end of 2021. The promotion would later be sold to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) founder, co-owner, president and CEO Tony Khan in March 2022, with the sale completed on May 4 of that year. Currently, ROH operates as a sister promotion to AEW.

2002–2011: Formation and early years
In April 2001, the pro wrestling video-distribution company RF Video needed a new promotion to lead its video sales when its best-seller – Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) – went out of business and WWE purchased its assets. RF Video also videotaped events held by other, less-popular, regional wrestling promotions; it sold these through its catalog and website. After months of trying to join Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW), RF Video's owner, Rob Feinstein, decided to fill the ECW void by starting his own pro wrestling promotion, and distributing its made-for-DVD/VHS productions exclusively through RF Video. The first event, titled The Era of Honor Begins, took place on February 23, 2002, in Philadelphia, the former home area of ECW. It featured nine matches, including a match between Eddy Guerrero and Super Crazy for the IWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship and a triple threat match between Christopher Daniels, Bryan Danielson, and Low Ki (who would become known as the "founding fathers of ROH"). In its first year of operation, Ring of Honor confined itself to staging live events in a limited number of venues and cities – primarily in the northeastern United States. Ten shows ran in Philadelphia, two in Wakefield, Massachusetts; one in metro Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and, one in Queens, New York. In 2003, ROH expanded to other areas of the United States, including Ohio, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Maryland. In Florida, ROH supported Full Impact Pro, which would serve as a sister promotion until 2009. It also began to build its international identity by co-promoting an event with Frontier Wrestling Alliance in London, England on May 17, 2003.

In 2004, Feinstein was caught in an internet-based sting operation, in which he allegedly tried to solicit sex on the internet from a person that he thought to be an underage boy (but was actually an adult, posing as a minor). After this was publicized by some news outlets, Feinstein resigned from ROH in March 2004. In the aftermath of the scandal, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) ended its talent-sharing agreement with Ring of Honor, abruptly withdrawing all of its contracted wrestlers from their prior commitments to perform in ROH shows—including major ROH draws A.J. Styles and Christopher Daniels, who each either held or were about to hold ROH championships. Doug Gentry eventually bought Feinstein's stake in ROH, and later sold it to Cary Silkin. ROH then started its own mail-order and online store operations, which sold DVDs of its live events, plus shoot interviews (dubbed The Straight Shootin' Series) with wrestlers and managers, DVDs of SHIMMER (which would serve as a second sister promotion from 2005 to 2010) and even some merchandise from competitors, such as Pro Wrestling Guerrilla. Under Silkin, ROH branched out across the world.

On January 23, 2007, ROH announced plans for a Japanese tour, resulting in a show on July 16 in Tokyo called "Live In Tokyo", co-promoted with Pro Wrestling Noah and a show on July 17 called "Live In Osaka" in Osaka co-promoted with Dragon Gate.

On May 2, 2007, Ring of Honor announced the signing of a PPV and VOD deal with G-Funk Sports & Entertainment to bring ROH into homes with In Demand Networks, TVN, and the Dish Network. The deal called for six taped pay-per-view events to air every 60 days. Because of the move to pay-per-view, TNA Wrestling immediately pulled its contracted stars (Austin Aries, Christopher Daniels, and Homicide) from ROH shows. The first pay-per-view, titled "Respect is Earned", taped on May 12, first aired on July 1 on Dish Network.

Ring of Honor continued to expand throughout 2008, debuting in Orlando, Florida on March 28 for Dragon Gate Challenge II, in Manassas, Virginia on May 9 for Southern Navigation and in Toronto, Ontario on July 25 for Northern Navigation. On May 10, 2008, Ring of Honor set an attendance record in its debut show, A New Level, from the Hammerstein Ballroom in the Manhattan Center in New York City. It had plans for shows in St. Louis, Missouri, Nashville, Tennessee, and Montreal before the end of 2008. On October 26, 2008, the company announced the departure of head booker Gabe Sapolsky, and his replacement by Adam Pearce.

On January 26, 2009, Ring of Honor announced that it had signed an agreement with HDNet Fights for a weekly television program. The first tapings for Ring of Honor Wrestling took place on February 28 and March 1, 2009, at The Arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and series premiered on HDNet on March 21, 2009. After nearly a year of producing weekly television broadcasts, RoH announced on January 20, 2010, that it would commission a new title, the ROH World Television Championship, to be decided in an eight-man tournament beginning February 5, 2010, and ending February 6, 2010, on its Ring of Honor Wrestling program. Due to a blizzard, however, the second half of the tournament did not take place until March 5, 2010, when Eddie Edwards defeated Davey Richards in the finals.

On August 15, 2010, Ring of Honor fired head booker Adam Pearce and replaced him with Hunter Johnston, who wrestles for the company under the ring name Delirious. On September 8, 2010, Ring of Honor and Ohio Valley Wrestling announced a working relationship between the two companies.

On January 11, 2011, Ring of Honor announced the ending of Ring of Honor Wrestling, after the completion of the promotion's two-year contract with HDNet. The final tapings of the show would be taking place on January 21 and 22, with the final episode airing on April 4, 2011.

2011–2019: Acquisition by Sinclair and expansion
On May 21, 2011, Ring of Honor and Sinclair Broadcast Group announced that the broadcast carrier had purchased ROH, with former owner Cary Silkin remaining with the company in an executive role. The promotion's programming began airing the weekend of September 24, 2011, with a relaunched Ring of Honor Wrestling airing on several Sinclair owned-or-operated stations; the show airs primarily on Saturday or Sunday afternoons or late nights, or on prime time on some of Sinclair's CW and MyNetworkTV affiliates (as those networks do not run programming on weekend evenings).

On June 22, Ring of Honor held their first live pay-per-view event, Best in the World, from the Nashville State Fairgrounds in Nashville, Tennessee. In September, Sinclair began syndicating ROH to other stations; the first deal was reached with WATL, a Gannett-owned Atlanta station, which began airing ROH on September 13, 2014.

On October 27, 2014, ROH announced a toy licensing deal with Figures Toy Company, which would see the distribution of action figures based on the Ring of Honor wrestlers, replica title belts and more.

On May 27, 2015, ROH announced a 26-week television deal with Destination America, beginning on June 3.

On December 13, 2015, ROH announced a partnership with Southern California promotion Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG), which would allow ROH contracted wrestlers to continue working for PWG. On August 30, 2016, ROH announced the creation of a new title, the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship. The inaugural champions were crowned in December.

On November 9, 2017, ROH COO Joe Koff announced that ROH would be developing an OTT streaming service, similar to WWE Network and Impact Wrestling's Global Wrestling Network. The service, Honor Club, would be unveiled on February 2, 2018, and launch on February 19. At Final Battle 2017, on December 15, 2017, ROH announced the creation of the Women of Honor Championship, adding its fifth championship and the first for its female roster.

On September 1, 2018, ROH wrestlers Cody Rhodes and The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson) promoted and wrestled at All In – an event that was produced in collaboration with ROH, featuring wrestlers from numerous promotions that drew over 11,000 fans in suburban Chicago. This was the first U.S. pro wrestling event not promoted by WWE or the defunct World Championship Wrestling (WCW) to reach the 10,000 attendance mark since the 1990s. Also in 2018, ROH and longtime partner New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) announced a joint event at Madison Square Garden in New York City called G1 Supercard, which was held on April 6, 2019. The event quickly sold out, and became the biggest and most attended event in ROH history.

2019–2021: Departures, effects of COVID-19, debt and hiatus
In early 2019, Rhodes, the Bucks, and several other talents left the company to start their own promotion – All Elite Wrestling (AEW). The departure of Ring of Honor's top talent for AEW was viewed by many wrestling journalists and commenters as the beginning of a decline for the promotion in 2019. Much of the criticism focused on the reign of then-ROH World Champion Matt Taven. ROH had fewer PPV buys and a reduced live show attendance that year. According to Dave Meltzer, ROH's average live show attendance in 2019 was 1,082—lower than its averages in 2018 and 2017. In October 2019, ROH producer/road agent Joey Mercury resigned in protest, criticizing ROH for a lack of creative direction as well as having no concussion protocol for wrestlers. Mercury would reveal that ROH allowed then-Women of Honor Champion Kelly Klein to wrestle after suffering a concussion during an October 26, 2019, event. Klein sought medical treatment after suffering post-concussion-syndrome symptoms. She would not be booked for the rest of the year and her contract would expire in December.

In January 2020, Ring of Honor re-signed Marty Scurll; the deal was said to be the most lucrative in ROH history. In addition to being a wrestler, Scurll was also made head booker, working with longtime booker Hunter "Delirious" Johnston. Scurll's deal allowed him to continue to make appearances in New Japan Pro-Wrestling and the National Wrestling Alliance, where he began a cross-promotional feud with NWA World Heavyweight Champion Nick Aldis. However, during the Speaking Out Movement, Scurll was accused of taking advantage of a 16-year-old girl who was inebriated. Scurll would release two statements in which he did not deny the allegations, but claimed the encounter was consensual. On June 25, the promotion announced that they launched an investigation concerning the allegations, and Scurll was removed from his position as booker. By January 2021, Ring of Honor announced that Marty Scurll was no longer under contract after the two parties mutually agreed to part ways.

On January 31, 2020, Ring of Honor announced the return of the ROH Pure Championship, with a tournament to crown the first Pure champion since 2006. The following month, the promotion announced another tournament to crown a new ROH Women's World Championship, following the deactivation of the Women of Honor World Championship title. However, in response to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, Ring of Honor would postpone live events beginning in March.

Television tapings for Ring of Honor Wrestling would resume in August at the Chesapeake Employers Insurance Arena (formerly known as the UMBC Event Center) from the promotion's homebase in Maryland but without fans in attendance. New episodes would begin syndication on September 12, with a revamped format, and the beginning of the Pure title tournament. Ten days prior, Ring of Honor launched a Free ad-supported television (FAST) channel on the Sinclair-owned streaming service Stirr called "ROH Best On The Planet". Final Battle would be the promotion's sole pay-per-view event in 2020, while live audiences would return on July 11, 2021, at Best in the World.

It was revealed during their 2021 Q3 financial results that Sinclair had $12,530,000 USD in debt, largely due to the Diamond Sports Group (the subsidiary that operates the Bally Sports networks). On October 27, 2021, Ring of Honor announced that it would go on a hiatus after Final Battle in December, with a return tentatively scheduled for April 2022. All personnel would also be released from their contracts as part of plans to "reimagine" the company as a "fan-focused product". In the interim, the men's and woman's championships were defended at events held by various other promotions, including Impact Wrestling and Jonathan Gresham's new Terminus promotion.

2022–present: Tony Khan era
On January 10, 2022, ROH announced that Supercard of Honor XV would take place at the Curtis Culwell Center in Garland, Texas, on April 1. These matches will also be seen on Ring of Honor Wrestling. In addition, it's been said that Ring of Honor would operate "like an indie", using non-contracted talent.

On the March 2 episode of All Elite Wrestling's live weekly series Dynamite, president and co-founder Tony Khan announced that he had purchased Ring of Honor from Sinclair Broadcast Group, including its brand assets, intellectual property, and video library. Khan also announced that he intends to make the ROH library available to the public in its entirety. It was clarified through a press release issued that night that the acquisition was made through an entity separate from AEW and wholly-owned by Khan. In a media scrum following AEW's Revolution PPV on March 6, Khan revealed that he eventually planned to run ROH separately from AEW, and also indicated that ROH could be used as a developmental brand for AEW.

On April 1 at Supercard of Honor XV, the first ROH event after the hiatus, Jonathan Gresham defeated Bandido in the main event to unify the ROH World Championship, and numerous other ROH titles changed hands. The event also saw the return of former ROH champion, and recently inducted ROH Hall of Famer, Samoa Joe.

On May 4, the sale of ROH to Tony Khan was officially completed. ROH matches began appearing on AEW programs, and Death Before Dishonor was the first ROH PPV under the new ownership. On December 10, after Final Battle, Khan announced that ROH's weekly televised program will be aired on the relaunched Honor Club streaming platform, starting in 2023.

On January 18, 2023, a one-off special tribute show to ROH mainstay Jay Briscoe, who had been killed in a car accident the day before, was taped for Honor Club.

On February 25 and 26, new episodes of the relaunched Ring of Honor Wrestling program were taped at Soundstage 21 in Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida. On March 2, the weekly series began to air exclusively through Honor Club.

During the December 16, 2023 TV tapings, Tony Khan debuted a new ROH Women's World Television Championship.

Code of Honor
ROH distinguishes its image from other wrestling promotions through the "Code of Honor", a set of rules dictating how wrestlers should conduct themselves during matches. The Code of Honor aimed to infuse Ring of Honor's matches with a feel similar to Japanese professional wrestling.

When the promotion began, the Code of Honor included five "Laws" mentioned at some point during each ROH production. ROH considered it a moral requirement to follow these rules, which usually appeared in the following order:

 * 1) You must shake hands before and after every match
 * 2) No outside interference
 * 3) No sneak attacks
 * 4) No harming the officials
 * 5) Any action resulting in a disqualification violates the Code of Honor

This initial Code of Honor (COH) (especially its first three rules) helped heels get over more quickly than in other promotions. The first rule applied especially to Christopher Daniels, whom the promotion pushed as its first major heel. Daniels and his faction, The Prophecy, rejected the Code of Honor and refused to shake anyone's hand. The fourth and fifth rules emphasized the finishes of ROH matches – the vast majority of which ended decisively (with clean pinfalls, submissions, or knockouts) – unlike what most rival promotions at the time did. On the rare occasion that a match did end with outside interference, with a "ref bump", or with some other traditional heel scenario, the live audiences reacted much more negatively than rival promotions' live audiences. In ROH's early days, on-air commentators even suggested (within kayfabe) that getting disqualified in a match may result in that wrestler never appearing in ROH again.

In early 2004, ROH's booker at the time, Gabe Sapolsky, began to feel that the Code of Honor had run its course. As a result, wrestlers no longer had to follow it.

The Code of Honor eventually re-appeared – revamped – as the following three rules:

 * 1) Shake hands before and after the match if you respect your opponent
 * 2) Keep the playing-field level
 * 3) Respect the officials

Future of Honor
Future of Honor (FOH) is a series of events featuring the promotion's young wrestlers and trainees from the ROH Dojo. The term "Future of Honor" is additionally used by the promotion to refer to their young wrestlers and graduates from the dojo system (regardless of gender).

Women of Honor
The ROH Women of Honor (WOH) division began in 2002, with women's wrestlers sporadically appearing on ROH events until the division was reformed into a permanent feature of the promotion in 2015. The term "Women of Honor" is additionally used by the promotion to refer to their female wrestlers and other female talent. The current top championship in the Women of Honor division is the ROH Women's World Championship and their other women's title is the ROH Women's World Television Championship. Previous women's championships used by ROH include the Women of Honor World Championship, the Shimmer Championship, and the Shimmer Tag Team Championship.

ROH Dojo
ROH also runs a professional wrestling school. Originally named the "ROH Wrestling Academy", and based in Bristol, Pennsylvania, ROH announced in July 2016 that the following month it was re-opening the school as the "ROH Dojo" in Baltimore, Maryland. Delirious operates as the head trainer of the school with Cheeseburger and Will Ferrara as his assistants. Previous head trainers of the academy include former ROH World Champions CM Punk, Austin Aries, and Bryan Danielson. From 2005 to 2008, ROH used a "Top of the Class" trophy to promote the students on the main show; while wrestlers win and lose the Trophy in matches, the School's head trainer chooses the winners.

ROH Hall of Fame
On January 26, 2022, the ROH Hall of Fame was introduced inducting the company's first four Hall of Famers plus one due to one induction being a ROH tag team.

"Proving Ground" matches
As part of ROH's re-launch the promotion added a new contest: the "Proving Ground" match. The match features an up-and-coming star against a seasoned professional who is a title-holder. If the up-and-coming star can defeat, or at least last 10 minutes with, the seasoned professional, the newcomer would earn a future title shot. To date, no newcomer has managed to do so.

"Proving Ground" matches were also relevant for new coming talent in Ring of Honor (ROH) back in 2011 as well.

Partnerships
Throughout its history, Ring of Honor has had working agreements with various domestic and international wrestling promotions at different times. ROH shows have had outside championships defended on them and on some occasions, wrestlers have held both ROH and outside championships simultaneously.

In February 2014, ROH and NJPW announced a working relationship which would see talent exchanges and dual events between the two promotions. The first co-promoted shows Global Wars and War of the Worlds, took place in May 2014, in Toronto and New York City respectively, with the two companies again co-promoting these events in May 2015 – with the War of the Worlds '15 taking place at the 2300 Arena in Philadelphia on May 12 and 13, and the Global Wars '15 event in Toronto on May 15 and 16. As part of the relationship with NJPW, ROH announced it would promote two shows, entitled Honor Rising: Japan 2016, in Tokyo in February 2016.

On August 10, 2016, Mexican promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) officially announced a working relationship with ROH. The two promotions were linked through their separate partnerships with NJPW. Their alliance ended on April 27, 2021.

In February 2017, ROH began a partnership with Japanese women's promotion World Wonder Ring Stardom.

In August 2017, ROH partnered with United Kingdom promotion Revolution Pro Wrestling (RPW), producing joint events such as War of the Worlds UK.

In 2018, ROH entered into a partnership with the independent promotion Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG).

In 2019, Maryland based independent promotion MCW Pro Wrestling was made an affiliate of ROH, serving as an additional training ground for ROH recruits.

Championships and accomplishments
As of July 29, 2024

title: Ring of Honor


text:
Arthur Edwin Shelton

Arthur Edwin Shelton (August 15, 1853 – February 1, 1937) was the third mayor of the town of Calgary, Alberta.

Shelton came to Calgary around 1884 running a furniture business on Stephen Avenue. He served as town councillor during the mayoral tenure of George Clift King from 1886 to 1888. Shelton was elected mayor in the 1888 election and served from January 16, 1888, to January 21, 1889. During his term, the Langevin Bridge was completed and the city begun construction of the waterworks system.

After his mayoral term, he returned to operate his furniture business. However, his name disappears from city directories in 1890.

Shelton's name appears in various corporate and government records in Vancouver, British Columbia, between 1892 and 1936. He died on February 1, 1937.

title: Arthur Edwin Shelton


text:
Talk:Wave function collapse

Distinguishing the two topics
Wave function collapse has two meanings: 1) a synonym for the mathematical procedure of state-reduction or projection used to calculate predicted observations from wave functions 2) a description of the fate of an ontological wave in some interpretations of quantum mechanics. The top half of this article reflects the first meaning and the bottom half seems to be about the second one.

I think the article would be much clearer if these two meanings where discussed explicitly. Johnjbarton (talk) 17:27, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I re-orged the article creating a section "Physical approaches to collapse" which I will next edit based on the Stamatescu encyclopedic article. Johnjbarton (talk) 01:37, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

Something about quantum non-demolition
The article has this cryptic sentence: The sentence has two refs. This one is interesting: This one is essentially a math review, there are tons of quantum probability theories beyond what they discuss. Neither ref says anything like the sentence. Both primary refs have a reasonable number of refs but no obvious review or summary needed to evaluate them.
 * Mathematically it can be shown that collapse is equivalent to interaction with a classical system modeled within quantum theory as systems with Boolean algebras of observables and equivalent to a conditional expectation value.
 * Belavkin, V. P. (May 1994). "Nondemolition Principle of Quantum Measurement Theory". Foundations of Physics. 24 (5): 685–714
 * Redei, Miklos; Summers, Stephen J. (2006-08-07). "Quantum Probability Theory"

I think it may be worth discussing quantum non-demolition, but maybe in the context of zeno rather than just a random paragraph. Johnjbarton (talk) 01:09, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

Something about C* algebra
Another cryptic paragraph includes: I guess that this obvious claim is not intended as the main import. Two refs are cited, an interesting but non-notable book and another quantum probability review article by the excellent J. Fröhlich: (The article here does not ref the one in the previous topic or vice versa).
 * the collapse of the wave function corresponds to a non-unitary quantum operation.

Again we have a complex topic in one paragraph with no secondary overview to verify how this is related to collapse. Johnjbarton (talk) 01:29, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

Mathematical description
@Johnjbarton Could you please stop removing all mathematics from this article (and subsequently renaming the subsection from "mathematical description" to "description)? The simple fact that it is not of interest to you, doesn't mean it's irrelevant.

The reason I made the edit today, was because what you wrote down was demonstrably false. The way you rephrased the beginning of the subsection would imply that the eigenstate of the Position operator; the dirac delta, is a wave function for example. Roffaduft (talk) 15:44, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi @Roffaduft. Thanks for your review.
 * In my view, a long mathematical buildup obscures this topic rather than clarifies it. If you look at Griffiths text you will see he agrees. He is already talking about collapse on page 18.
 * I don't follow what you consider "demonstrably false".
 * I do think we could try to do a better job on explaining the expansion. This mathematical aspect seems obvious but I think for an untrained reader (our audience), the idea that an arbitrary wavefunction can be written in terms of a complete set of measurement outcomes is not obvious. Simply stating it as a fact may be the best we can do. But I don't think we need to add a lot of other math facts that don't directly bear upon the "collapse' topic. If we do, then these topics should come later in the article. We're not "proving" collapse we are describing it. Johnjbarton (talk) 16:00, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Griffiths is not the best textbook if you're looking for a mathematical description. In fact, he implicitly says so in the preface of his book. Some physicists have a tendency to start hand-waving when it comes to mathematics ;).
 * The problem is that it's very easy to think that the wave function and the eigenstate of an observable are interchangeable concepts, while in fact they are not. It really depends, among other things, on how the quantum state space is defined, on normalizability and the continuous/discrete spectrum etc.
 * I do understand that it's a bad idea to discuss all those topics, that would be overkill. However, a clear distinction between the (eigen)state and the wave function is critical in understanding why the collapse of the wave function is completely valid from a mathematical point of view. Roffaduft (talk) 16:12, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry I think we completely disagree here.
 * I used Griffith because I'm not looking for a mathematical description. This is a page about physics. The entire topic is hand waving.
 * The collapse is not at all valid from any mathematical point of view. We wrote an expression with some greek letters with an arrow that is equivalent to "something strange happened to completely changed the problem we have to solve". I think more math layered on top just obscures this base reality.
 * I do agree my previous versions glossed over difference between wavefunction and state vector. So how can we express the key concepts without getting into an entire lecture on QM?
 * My proposal is to change to "quantum state" and "eigenstate" and "state reduction" and connect to 'wave-function collapse' and "wavefunction" just after collapse is defined. What do you think? Johnjbarton (talk) 00:13, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not going to argue about the mathematical validity, let's just agree to disagree for now. I do agree that from a physics point of view it makes little sense though.
 * I'm fine with your proposal. As long as it's clear that the eigenstate and wave function are different concepts (in line with the Quantum_state and observable) then that's more than sufficient.
 * If you're looking for books with a more mathematical approach toward quantum mechanics, i can recommend:
 * Hall, Brian C. (2013). Quantum theory for mathematicians
 * Teschl, Gerald (2009). Mathematical Methods in Quantum Mechanics
 * Pretty much anything by Barry Simon
 * Roffaduft (talk) 04:41, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ps. the reason I undid this revision was because in footnote 16 on page 107 of Griffith (2005) it was emphasized that $$|c_i|^2$$ is not the probability that a particle is in state $$\phi_i$$. Also, the linear expansion was already mentionned above, though I figure that's merely a consequence of the subsection being a work-in-progress at this point.
 * I'm fine with just referring to Griffith 2018 page 133, though I'd like to add $$c_i = \langle\phi_i|\psi\rangle$$ (function (3.43) from p133) as it makes it clear why $$c_i$$ is a probability amplitude and $$\phi_i$$ an eigenstate without having to elaborate on it being an orthonormal eigenbasis. Roffaduft (talk) 07:14, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * My text that you reverted did not say anything about a particle or a particle in a state $$\phi_i$$. Here is what I said:
 * According to the Born’s statistical interpretation, the square modulus is the probability that a measurement yields result corresponding the eigenstate $$\phi_i$$.
 * Johnjbarton (talk) 15:30, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * That's the point, it didn't say anything about it. Roffaduft (talk) 04:15, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ? Which 'it'? Which specific words did I use that are "demonstrably false"? Johnjbarton (talk) 15:31, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * In my first reaction I already gave an example why your original phrasing in the subsection “mathematical description” was wrong.
 * The “it” refers to your reply on 15:30 1 April.
 * I’ve agreed with your proposal and I see that you also included my proposed addition. To me the issue has been resolved. Roffaduft (talk) 16:11, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wave function collapse