text:
Garden Island (New South Wales)

Garden Island is an inner-city locality of Sydney, Australia, and the location of a major Royal Australian Navy (RAN) base. It is located to the north-east of the Sydney central business district and juts out into Port Jackson, immediately to the north of the suburb of Potts Point. Used for government and naval purposes since the earliest days of the colony of Sydney, it was originally a completely-detached island but was joined to the Potts Point shoreline by major land reclamation work during World War II.

Today, Garden Island forms a major part of the RAN's Fleet Base East. It includes active dockyards (including the Captain Cook Graving Dock), naval wharves and a naval heritage and museum precinct. Approximately half of the major fleet units of the RAN use the wharves as their home port.

The northern tip of Garden Island is open to the public and contains the Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre museum and an outdoor heritage precinct. Immediately south and above Garden Island on the Potts Point ridgeline is HMAS Kuttabul, the RAN's major administrative, training and logistics support establishment for the Sydney area. Although HMAS Kuttabul is administratively a separate facility to Garden Island, the two names are often referred to interchangeably.

Geography
Garden Island was originally an island in Sydney Harbour, but extension of the base and the construction of a dry dock in the channel between the island and the mainland have resulted in its connection to the mainland shore at Potts Point from the 1940s. The wharves of the naval base now stretch the length of the eastern side of Woolloomooloo Bay, from the suburb of Woolloomooloo to the end of the original island.

History
'Bayinguwa’ is the First Nations name for a small island at the end of Woolloomooloo Bay in Port Jackson Harbour. - It was renamed Garden Island in 1788 after it was planted in the first months of European settlement in Australia, to serve as a kitchen-garden by officers and crew of the First Fleet vessel HMS Sirius (1786). Initials carved into a sandstone rock on the site are believed to be the oldest colonial graffiti in Australia, comprising the letters "FM 1788," representing Frederick Meredith who served as Sirius' steward. On 7 September 1811, ownership of Garden Island was declared to have transferred to the Governor's estate with produce dedicated for the exclusive use of Government House. The transfer had practical effect but due to an administrative error it was not formally registered, leaving the land in the legal ownership of the Navy, which successfully sought its return in 1866.

Sandstone fortifications, built on the island during the 1820s to protect Sydney from a much-feared Russian attack, also survive. Garden Island also boasts what is claimed to be Australia's first lawn tennis court. Built in 1880, it is still in use, although the lawn was replaced in 1960.

Captain Cook Graving Dock
Prior to World War II, the nearest sizable naval graving dock was at Singapore Naval Base; an 8,000 nmi round trip for a potentially damaged warship. Consequently, in 1938, the Australian cabinet approved the idea of building a large naval graving dock. The cost of construction was predicted at around A£3 million. A far cheaper alternative, a second-hand floating drydock being sold by Southern Railway was considered early on. Despite the A£175,000 cost, the acquisition was opposed by Admiral Ragnar Colvin, as it would be expensive and difficult to maintain, would be unable to accommodate the draught of ships being acquired for the RAN, and would be incredibly risky to tow from England to Australia. Three sites were considered (one in Adelaide, and two in Sydney Harbour: Potts Point or near the Sydney Harbour Bridge), with Potts Point chosen as the cheapest location. The dock itself was built by the reclamation of 30 acre of land, connecting Garden Island to the mainland.

By September 1944, work had been completed to the stage where initial flooding tests could occur. On 2 March 1945, the British aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious (87) underwent an emergency docking: although the drydock was not due to open for another three weeks, the advanced state of building made the docking possible. The Captain Cook Graving Dock was formally opened by Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester in his role as the Governor-General of Australia, with the ribbon cutting performed by the bow of the frigate HMAS Lachlan (K364). During the first year of operations, the drydock received the British battleship HMS Anson (79); the 45,360-ton displacement warship is the largest vessel to use the dock.

The dock is 1,139 ft long, with a width of 147 ft. The dock is 45 ft deep at spring tide. When filled, the dock has a capacity of 50,000,000 impgal. The dock can be drained in a four-hour period through the use of three 60 in centrifugal pumps (each with a discharge capacity around 70,500 impgal per minute).

Hammerhead crane
The hammerhead crane was built between 1944 and 1951 on the Fitting Out Wharf at Garden Island. The electrically powered crane had a radius of 131 ft and a total height of 203 ft. The electrical and mechanical equipment was sourced from England, while the steel frame was fabricated in Sydney. Although officially declared completed in January 1952, the crane was operational from March 1951. The crane's primary purpose was the removal and installation of warship gun turrets, although it was regularly used for other machinery and loads, and had a lifting capacity of up to 250 tonnes. It was last used in 1996.

In August 2013, the Federal Government announced the removal of the hammerhead crane, at an estimated cost of $10.3 million. Other options, such as preserving the crane as a heritage structure and tourist attraction, restoring it to working order, or converting it to a new purpose, were ruled out due to cost and the risk to security at the naval base. The removal was also seen as necessary to free up wharf space for the Canberra-class amphibious warfare ships. The Hammerhead Crane was the largest crane in the southern hemisphere on completion, and as of 2005, was still the largest crane in Australia. At the time of its demolition, it was only 15 cranes of that style worldwide. Removal was completed by November 2014, with some components preserved for heritage purposes.

Tunnel system
There is a tunnel system under Garden Island that was once used by the Royal Australian Navy. Within this tunnel system was a power station, offices and air raid shelters. This tunnel complex also had a command centre. Other tunnels also exist which headed further in towards Kings Cross. The island also has a pit that was built in the 1800s and was used as a storage facility in case the island was ever attacked. The entrance to this pit has now been sealed.

Dockyard
The dockyard facilities are today leased to and operated by the defence contractor Thales Australia, a part of the international Thales Group. They are used to service naval and civilian vessels.

Wharves
The various wharves that line Garden Island remain under the control of the navy and are used as the home port facilities for about half the Royal Australian Navy's major ships. The wharves on the western side of the island have sufficient depth of water to berth the largest United States Navy aircraft carriers.

Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre
The Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre was opened in 2005 and is the official museum of the Royal Australian Navy. It is located in the Public Access Precinct of Garden Island: a section at the northern end of the island opened in 2002 that includes several heritage buildings and structures, historical relics, and naval monuments. The museum's exhibits include the conning tower from one of the Japanese midget submarines that attacked Sydney Harbour in 1942. The heritage precinct is isolated from the mainland by the naval and dockyard facilities, with public access limited to the Sydney Ferries service between Circular Quay and Double Bay, with the Garden Island ferry wharf at the north end of the island. Private pre-booked bus groups are allowed to transit through the naval base and dockyard to the heritage precinct under strict conditions.

Other facilities
Various workshops and other buildings on the island are under the control of the nearby HMAS Kuttabul naval base and are used for training and other logistical purposes.

Proposed future usage
Since 2000 the global cruising industry has been building a number of very large ships, some of which were too large to berth at the Overseas Passenger Terminal at Circular Quay, although modifications were made in 2014 to accommodate some larger vessels. Some large ships are permitted to berth at Garden Island's naval wharves, initially on an ad-hoc basis, followed in 2012 by an agreement to permit three cruise ships to berth per year. There have been calls for increased cruise ship access to the naval wharves, with some suggesting that the RAN should relocate entirely. Replacing the naval base with a cruise ship terminal would also free up the island to be redeveloped as harbourfront residential housing.

The RAN and the Department of Defence have opposed these proposals due to the security risks and loss of capability the increased civilian presence would bring, and the enormous cost of replicating the existing capability at a new location (a 2013 defence white paper estimated a cost of over $6 billion, although naval personnel stated that this did not include the creation of support facilities like the graving dock, or relocating supporting companies and industries like Thales). Most of the potential locations for a replacement base would require large-scale, ongoing dredging works to allow access to large naval ships, and have narrow access channels which could be easily blocked in wartime.

Historic buildings and structures
The first naval buildings on the site were minor structures, but in the 1880s the Admiralty (with financial incentives from the Government of New South Wales) began to invest more heavily in the site as a base for the Royal Navy in the southern hemisphere. A number of sizeable buildings were constructed (several designed by James Barnet) providing accommodation, office space, stores of various kinds and a sizeable steam engineering factory. These were later taken over by the Royal Australian Navy, and most remain in use today.

Heritage listings
Garden Island has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Cowper Wharf Roadway: Sydney Harbour Naval Precinct

title: Garden Island (New South Wales)


text:
Talk:Chancellor of France

Michel de L'Hospital
Hi, I just created a page for Michel de L'Hospital, a 16th Century chancellor. Somebody ought to add him to the list, but I'm not sure what to do, as there seem to be a few missing between him, and the earliest one listed. [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 08:56, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You'd think eventually somebody would take care of this.. -Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy) 05:16, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Pierre Doriole
Has an article on the French Wikipedia page. Jackiespeel (talk) 09:34, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

Mismatch with the list in the French version
French version of this page does not match this list for the Carolingian period. I am not sure which source is more trustworthy, but one is clearly wrong.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Chancellor of France


text:
Suicide Slum

Suicide Slum (official name Southside) is a notorious fictional slum in publications from DC Comics. The area was first introduced in the "Newsboy Legion" feature as a slum in New York City. It was later placed in Superman's city, Metropolis, when the Newsboy Legion was reintroduced. The Southside is also known as The Simon Project in the Post-Crisis continuity.

Fictional history
Southside, also known as The Simon Project (in the Post-Crisis continuity), and most notably, Suicide Slum, has been at various times the stomping ground of several superheroes, including the Guardian (who protected the Newsboy Legion) and Black Lightning. It was based on the Lower East Side neighborhood of New York City in which Jack Kirby grew up. In the comics the district's real name is Hob's Bay. It was occasionally referred to by this name in the alternate continuity of Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman.

Suicide Slum is also the site of The Ace o' Clubs, a bar owned by Superman supporting character Bibbo Bibbowski. The human personification of the New God Black Racer lives, paralyzed, in a hospital in Suicide Slum. This was also where he was murdered. The Slum is also where the villain called Sleez operates from for some time, until he is slain. It is also the childhood home of Jose Delgado (schoolteacher-turned-vigilante Gangbuster) and Jefferson Pierce (the superhero known as Black Lightning).

The early years of Suicide Slum are examined through the perspectives of two civilians, Paul Lincoln and Jimmy Mahoney. They encounter many original members of the Justice Society of America, who had been working to clear mob influence out of the area.

The "Slum" is where one of the many canines who go by the name of Krypto got his start. He was born with two siblings under the care of an elderly lady who did not understand the nature of charity assistance available, such as millionaire Bibbo Bibbowski who was handing out food nearby. Thinking the puppies were doomed to starve, she tosses them in the river. Bibbo rescues the animals. Sadly, only Krypto survives. Bibbo takes the dog into his care.

In a notable single issue story, "They Call It Suicide Slum", on Superman (vol. 2) #121, written and art by Dan Jurgens, its central theme is about real-life issues against urban crimes and gun violence instead of the usual superhero and fantastic actions. Superman made less appearances in this story, instead it was more about Clark Kent and the column he is writing about "The Simon Project" for The Daily Planet. Known as "Southside" and "Suicide Slum", the area is believed by many to be beyond help, even Superman's. When a child, Lateesha Johnson, witnessed a local gang murder a group of local kids who were playing basketball for no apparent reason, she became a target. The criminals feared she would tell the police of what she saw.

Clark Kent learns the residents believe Superman does not care. As Superman, he targets every known criminal and destroys every gun, hoping to also protect Lateesha.

However, an unnamed arms dealer, who works for "Mr. L.", supplies more unregistered guns to the neighborhood's criminals. Lateesha is injured and Clark, not caring that he is risking his secret (although it is safe as no one noticed him using his powers during the chaos that resulted from the attack), gets her to safety. He feels the overwhelming fear, helplessness and outrage of the citizenry. As Clark Kent his column garners enough attention that Lateesha's family is able to move and more officers are assigned to patrol the Project. Superman himself also steps up his patrolling of the area.

Later, the superhero Steel, AKA John Henry Irons, establishes his base of operations in the area, in an old warehouse. Another superhero moves into the area. Superboy, the clone known as Kon-El, becomes a supervisor of the building called "Calvin Gardens". Residents of the building generally admire Superboy. This soon includes a murderous super-criminal (Brother Yellow) who cons his way into renting the unit just below Superboy's place of residence. Kon's later elimination of the Run Riot gang simply earns him more respect from the Slum residents, who despised the criminals. Another super-battle destroys the popular Slum restaurant The Feedbag, turning many residents against Superboy. Calvin Gardens is obliterated due to a mad bomber. While Superboy saves the lives of the citizens, he decides to move to Smallville to gain control over his powers. Superman reassures Kon-El the B-13 virus will rebuild the actual Gardens, allowing the citizens at least a place to live.

City of tomorrow
When Brainiac-13 turns Metropolis into a "city of tomorrow", Southside becomes the site of vast engines and uncontrolled conduits. Its harbor area is lost to a huge hydroelectric dam, creating a sheer drop that became a popular suicide point. John Henry Irons helps CAELOSS (Citizen's Army for the Economic Liberation of Suicide Slum) in trying to ensure the residents are not totally disenfranchised by the "new" Metropolis. Like the rest of the city, the Slum has since reverted to its old form.

The area is featured visually during a destructive battle between Superman and the villain Ruin. It is also a purchasable property in the in-universe board game based on the city, Metrolopoly.

Luthor's roots
According to then-current Post-Crisis continuity (1986–2004), Lex Luthor grew up in Southside (Suicide Slum) alongside Perry White; he was able to escape the slum and set up his first company with the insurance payout following his parents' apparently accidental deaths, which he had orchestrated. In Pre-Crisis continuity, Lex grew up in Smallville alongside Clark Kent, and subsequent continuity retcons (in Birthright and further changes post-Action Comics #850) have reintroduced new variations of the Smallville origin to the modern Luthor, largely to create greater similarity with the TV show Smallville.

Other versions
A 1940s version of Suicide Slum was spotlighted in volume one of Elseworld's Finest. A more modern version became the focus of a two-part story when Metropolis was trapped up an alien dome for a full year. Catwoman, who had been visiting when the dome went up, adopted the Suicide Slum. She attempted to protect it and the city from Bruno Mannheim, a gangster who had gained power through advanced technology. A future version exists on Takron-Galtos in the year 3001.

Television

 * In the television series Smallville, Lionel Luthor grew up in Suicide Slum and befriended future crime lord Morgan Edge there. Clark Kent visited the district several times, first during the episode "Run" where he had to track down a fence who threatened to kill Bart Allen and during "Vengeance" where he and a masked vigilante were tracking the same criminal there. During the episode "Persona", a severely weakened Brainiac hides in the district posing as a homeless man until he is visited by Bizarro (who asks for assistance against the returning Clark Kent).
 * In the Black Lightning TV series, the setting of Freeland sports many of the same issues as Suicide Slum.
 * Suicide Slum appears in DC Super Hero Girls, although in this continuity, it is known as "Sinister Slum".
 * Suicide Slum (Hob's Bay) appears in the third season of Superman & Lois.

Video games

 * Suicide Slum is featured in DC Universe Online. The Ace O' Clubs, Metropolis Shipyards, and Steelworks are located here and can be visited by the players. It is around here where Circe mind-controls Aquaman into leading the Atlantean armies into attacking Metropolis.
 * Suicide Slum is featured in Superman Returns video game.

title: Suicide Slum


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Parramatta Road

Parramatta Road is the major historical east-west artery of metropolitan Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, connecting the Sydney CBD with Parramatta. It is the easternmost part of the Great Western Highway. Since the 1990s its role has been augmented by the City West Link and M4 Motorway.

The road begins in the east as a continuation of George Street, which becomes Broadway west of Harris Street, and Parramatta Road west of the City Road junction, and ends at the junction with Church Street in Parramatta. Its 23 km distance is dominated by caryards and small marginally-viable shops. At the same time, however, it has over 100 abandoned and derelict stores. Owing to this and its abrasively noisy traffic, it has rarely been considered beautiful.

Opened in 1811, it is one of Sydney's oldest roads and Australia's first road between two cities (before Sydney and Parramatta coalesced). As at 2015, over three million commuters every year drove Parramatta Road. The road is the hub of Sydney's motor dealership industry - with 67% of the adjacent land used for motor retailing and services.

1790s–1800s: Development
British settlement in Parramatta began in the same year (1788) as it did in Sydney. The Parramatta River was used as navigation between them. Sometime between 1789 and 1791 an overland track was made to provide an official land route between the two settlements.

Parramatta Road dates to the 1792 formation of a route linking Sydney to the settlement of Parramatta. This route was formalised under the direction of Surveyor–General Augustus Alt in 1797. Parramatta Road became one of the colony's most important early roads, and for many years remained one of Sydney's principal thoroughfares. The early road was a poorly built and poorly maintained track through bush. In 1794, the governor of the colony reported that he had caused a very good road to be made, but there is no evidence that any bridges were built over the streams. The road subsequently deteriorated and on 9 June 1805 the Sydney Gazette reported that the road was impassable as the result of heavy rain. Attempts to improve the road continued over the years.

1810–1815
By 1811, Parramatta Road had officially opened to traffic and was financed during a large portion of the 19th century by a toll, with toll booths located at what now is Sydney University and the Duck River. Governor Macquarie called tenders for the repair of the road, raised a three shilling per gallon levy on spirits and levied a toll to pay for the work. The road was to be 10 metres wide. This turnpike road was opened on 10 April 1811. The toll barriers were at the present Railway Square and at Becket's Creek (near Parramatta).

In 1814, a stage cart service was established along Parramatta Road. Fares were 10 shillings for passengers and 3 pence for letters. Heavy rain again nearly destroyed this road, so in 1817 it was announced that all tree-stumps would be removed and the road paved with stone which would be covered with earth and gravel. This improvement was announced as finished on 15 January 1815.

In 1815 the "profit" from the Sydney toll reached £465. The growth of Sydney caused the toll barrier to be moved to Grose Farm (present University of Sydney) in April 1836. In 1839 it was moved further west to Annandale.

1820s–1880s
The colony's first stage coach (valued at £300) was imported in 1821 but did not begin regular service until 1823. The stage left the city at 7:00 am, arrived in Parramatta at 9:30 am and left Parramatta for the return journey at 4:00 pm. Inside passengers were charged six shillings. Hazards on the road included the threat of attacks by Indigenous people and bushrangers. Hotels and settlements sprang up along the road to serve coaching traffic.

The importance of the road declined with the advent of the Sydney-Parramatta railway in 1855. In 1883, a steam tram line opened along Parramatta Road as far as Annandale, and was extended onward to Norton Street in 1884, where it turned to run along Norton Street to Short Street.

In the 1800s, the government acquired a strip of land from Ashfield to Burwood from the Rosebank Estate, owned by the Sisters of the Good Samaritan, Australia's first religious congregation. Rosebank College now stands on the former Rosebank Estate, and the heritage-listed building of the private school stands adjacent to the road at Five Dock.

1900s–present: Motorisation
Sydney Municipal Council began widening the major routes into the city centre in 1911, including the construction of Broadway and the widening of the cutting on Parramatta Road adjacent to Sydney University. In the 1920s, the road was sealed and tramlines were removed from the road. Sheep and cattle were still crossing Parramatta Road at Homebush as late as the 1960s.

Increased traffic congestion along the road steadily made it less attractive for residential and commercial use during the 20th century. By the last quarter of the 20th century, the only active businesses on many stretches of the road were car dealerships. The decline of industry in the Inner West also drove the decline of commercial areas formerly catering to factory workers. By the end of the 20th century, proposals to revitalise Parramatta Road and make it more attractive were regularly made.

One of these proposals was made in 2012, which would have widened and lowered the road below street level in a "slot" as part of the Roads & Maritime Services WestConnex motorway proposal. This plan was abandoned, and the WestConnex proposal was later changed to a pair of tunnels parallel to Parramatta Road and connecting to the existing M4 motorway. The new extension was known as M4 East and was eventually built between the end of the existing M4 motorway in North Strathfield and Haberfield, where it connected to the A4 road. The new tunnels opened to traffic in July 2019. The project resulted in the creation of a new entry and exit ramp on Parramatta Road in Ashfield, the narrowing of westbound traffic lanes for through-traffic to one lane at either end of the tunnel, and the demolition of a large number of houses in Ashfield and Haberfield to make way for the tunnel ramps.

Criticism
The road has been criticised by the community for its traffic pollution, congestion, and for its vacant shops and rundown buildings, particularly between Leichhardt and Concord, and local government has been accused of failing to adopt policies to encourage the redevelopment and regeneration of vacant sites.

A local mayor described it as a "varicose vein". A NSW Business Chamber Executive Patricia Forsythe said that the road is "one of the least attractive commercial areas of Sydney". Former NSW premier Nick Greiner thought the road looked "like Beirut on a bad day". The Sydney Morning Herald writer Elizabeth Farrelly described it as "filthy, noisy, sclerotic and dull". On a lighter note, Tess De Quincey, an Australian performer/director said, "Every chapter of Sydney's history has been written on Parramatta Road." A Sydney Morning Herald editor said that whilst the road is "ugly in parts, drab in others, and generally unpleasant", it is still "fundamental to the economic and social viability of the greater city".

Since the 1970s many buildings fronting Parramatta Road, especially those in the prime locations of the Inner West (from Newtown to Homebush), have become vacant and fallen into disrepair, with many vandalised. Previously these buildings were a major part of local life for the suburbs along Parramatta Road, providing employment, retailing and other services. The buildings with graffiti and broken windows provide a sight that is sought out by graffiti vandals and proficient urban photographers.

Nicholas Munning, an owner of a music store in Annandale, described the road as, "A lost cause...You can see the hodgepodge of buildings - abandoned buildings, abandoned shops - [with people thinking] let’s just let this sit here for four years until we get council approval to knock it down and build apartments...They don’t care if it sits there vacant with broken windows and looks like shit, The problem is the whole road looks like that. So nobody is going to say, 'hey, this is a great area. I’m going to spend $x making a really classy looking shop or restaurant'.”

Redevelopment plan
The Government of New South Wales published the 'Parramatta Road Urban Transformation Strategy' in 2016, with a 30-year plan for redeveloping the area through planning and infrastructure investment. Among the strategy's goals are housing an additional 56,000 people in 27,000 new homes on the corridor (with minimum five percent affordable housing); 50,000 workers employed in the area; and 66 hectares of new open space is provided through linear parks and along watercourses or infrastructure.

The proposed development rights are worth millions of dollars to developers but are also controversial due to the density of some of the proposals and the likely impact on an already over-congested road. As a result, many of the development proposals are controversial with local residents and are opposed by local councils. A number of the disputes between developers and councils have led to court disputes.

The Inner West Council and City of Canada Bay, through which the road runs for much of its length, have proposed using an electric guided bus running on the centre of the road for public transport, as opposed to kerbside buses as suggested in the strategy.

Location
The highway forms the boundaries of various suburbs along the way and ends at the junction of Church Street, Parramatta, where the Great Western Highway briefly turns to the north. Parramatta Road forms the southern boundary of the following suburbs:

 * Ultimo
 * Glebe
 * Forest Lodge
 * Annandale
 * Leichhardt
 * Haberfield
 * Five Dock
 * Concord

Parramatta Road forms the northern boundary of the following suburbs:

 * Chippendale
 * Camperdown
 * Stanmore
 * Lewisham
 * Petersham
 * Summer Hill
 * Ashfield
 * Croydon
 * Burwood

West of Concord and Burwood, Parramatta Road passes through Strathfield, Homebush, Auburn and Granville before reaching Parramatta.

Former route numbers
Parramatta Road has many former route allocations including former National Route 32. Where and when the former route numbers were implemented are stated below.

Chippendale – Summer Hill: Summer Hill – Haberfield: Haberfield – North Strathfield: North Strathfield – Auburn: Auburn – Clyde: Clyde – Granville:
 * National Route 32 (1954–1992)
 * Metroad 4 (1992–2000)
 * Metroad 5 (1992–2001)
 * State Route 31 (2001–2013)
 * A22 (2013–present)
 * National Route 32 (1954–1992)
 * Metroad 4 (1992–2000)
 * unallocated: (2000–present)
 * National Route 32 (1954–1992)
 * Metroad 4 (1992–2013)
 * A4 (2013–2019)
 * A44 (2019–present)
 * National Route 32 (1954–1982)
 * State Route 44 (1982–2013)
 * A44 (2013–present)
 * National Route 32 (1954–1984)
 * State Route 44 (1982–2013)
 * A44 (2013–present)
 * National Route 32 (1954–1986)
 * State Route 44 (1982–2013)
 * A44 (2013–present)

title: Parramatta Road


text:
Talk:Culture of Ireland/to do

To begin

 * Print media
 * Film
 * Cultural organisations and events
 * Minority cultures

To expand

From my point of view, it would be interesting to add to this section some more information about the origins of Christianism in Ireland and the ancient Celtic traditions.
 * Religion
 * Sport
 * Irish Dance

title: Talk:Culture of Ireland/to do


text:
Green Linnet Records

Green Linnet Records was an American independent record label that specialized in Celtic music. Founded by Lisa Null and Patrick Sky as Innisfree Records in 1973, the label was initially based in Null's house in New Canaan, Connecticut. In 1975 the label became Innisfree/Green Linnet and Wendy Newton joined Null and Sky as operating officer. In 1976 Newton took over control of the now Green Linnet label and moved it to Danbury, Connecticut in 1985. Newton became sole owner in 1978. Newton's love of Irish music had been sparked during a visit to Ireland where she heard traditional music for the first time in a small pub in County Clare.

Artists and imprints
Green Linnet signed Altan, Capercaillie, The Tannahill Weavers and many other significant bands and musicians. From its founding until its sale in 2006 Green Linnet was one of the most influential Celtic music labels, releasing hundreds of albums by a wide range of Irish, Scottish, Breton, Galician and Irish-American musicians. In 1992 a subsidiary called Xenophile Records was added to feature world music from Madagascar, Nigeria, Cuba and other countries. In 1997 Green Linnet launched Celtophile Records to offer budget-priced compilations. There was also a Green Linnet/Redbird series that featured singer-songwriters.

Artist lawsuit and legacy
In 2002 Green Linnet was sued for unpaid royalties by bands Cherish the Ladies and Altan and artists Mick Moloney, Joanie Madden and Eileen Ivers. Most artists were paid and most claims were settled in 2006. But there remain a number of outstanding claims that have yet to be resolved, clouding the legacy left behind by Green Linnet and its then-owner Wendy Newton. Bands have been known to leave the label because of poor management from the label, including Wolfstone and Lúnasa.

In May 2006 Newton sold the label to the Digital Music Group, an aggregator of downloadable music. DMG in turn sold the rights to manufacture and distribute Green Linnet and Xenophile physical compact discs to Compass Records. Both the Green Linnet and Xenophile catalogs remain available through Compass.

Label name
A linnet is a red-breasted song bird known for its trills and twitters. However, in the Irish rebel song tradition, the name "Green Linnet" has a specific meaning. It was the code name for Napoleon Bonaparte who they hoped would break the chains of British rule. Indeed in the early 19th century the Society of United Irishmen (the Irish independence organization led by Theobald Wolfe Tone and Robert Emmet), allied themselves with France against Britain, but as history would prove, to no effect. The songs, however, were passed down to latter generations.

Roster

 * 3 Way Street
 * Ad Vielle Que Pourra
 * Altan
 * Joe Burke
 * Kevin Burke
 * Buttons & Bows
 * Dennis Cahill
 * Capercaillie
 * Liz Carroll
 * Celtic Fiddle Festival
 * Celtic Thunder
 * Cherish the Ladies
 * Jack Coen
 * Johnny B. Connolly
 * Seamus Connolly
 * Brian Conway
 * Michael Cooney
 * Terry Corcoran
 * Kevin Crawford
 * Johnny Cunningham
 * Marty Cutler
 * Deanta
 * Tony DeMarco
 * Joe Derrane
 * Oisín Mac Diarmada
 * Tom Doherty
 * Seamus Ennis
 * Ensemble Choral Du Bout Du Monde
 * Fairport Convention
 * John Faulkner
 * Ffynnon
 * Green Fields of America
 * Martin Hayes
 * The House Band
 * Irish Tradition
 * Andy Irvine
 * Eileen Ivers
 * Ron Kavana
 * Brian Keane
 * James Keane
 * Jimmy Keane
 * Pat Kilbride
 * Kips Bay
 * Kornog
 * Donna Long
 * Lunasa
 * Manus Lunny
 * Joanie Madden
 * Debby McClatchy
 * Billy McComiskey
 * Manus McGuire
 * Susan McKeown
 * Matt Molloy
 * Mick Moloney
 * Pan Morrigan
 * Moving Cloud
 * Martin Mulhaire
 * Brendan Mulvihill
 * Paddy O'Brien
 * Robbie O'Connell
 * Eugene O'Donnell
 * Jerry O'Sullivan
 * Old Blind Dogs
 * Orealis
 * Niamh Parsons
 * Rare Air
 * Red Clay Ramblers
 * Reeltime
 * Relativity
 * Tommy Sands
 * Sileas
 * Daithi Sproule
 * Andy M. Stewart
 * Patrick Street
 * The Tannahill Weavers
 * Teada
 * Touchstone
 * Trian
 * The Tulla Céilí Band
 * Brooks Williams
 * John Williams
 * Wolfstone

title: Green Linnet Records


text:
Papyrus 46

Papyrus 46 (P. Chester Beatty II), designated by siglum (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is an early Greek New Testament manuscript written on papyrus, and is one of the manuscripts comprising the Chester Beatty Papyri. Manuscripts among the Chester Beatty Papyri have had several provenances associated with them, the most likely being the Faiyum. It has been paleographically dated between 175 and 225, or early 3rd century CE. It contains verses from the Pauline Epistles of Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Colossians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Hebrews. Some leaves are part of the Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, and others are in the University of Michigan Papyrus Collection.

In November 2020, the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts (CSNTM) in conjunction with Hendrickson Publishers released a new 1:1 high-resolution imaged facsimile edition of on black and white backgrounds, along with  and.

Description
The codex is made from papyrus in single quire, with the folio size approximately 28 ×. The text is written in single column, with the text-block averaging 11.5 cm, between 26 and 32 lines of text per page, although both the width of the rows and the number of rows per page increase progressively. Lines containing text at the bottom of each page are damaged (lacunose), with between 1–2 lines non-extant in the first quarter of the codex, 2–3 lines non-extant in the central half, and up to seven lines non-extant in the final quarter. Though unusual for ancient manuscripts, has each page numbered.

Throughout Romans, Hebrews, and the latter chapters of 1 Corinthians, small and thick strokes or dots are found, usually agreed to be from the hand of a reader rather than the initial copyist, since the ink is always much paler than that of the text itself. They appear to mark sense divisions (similar to verse numbering found in Bibles), and are also found in portions of, possibly evidence of reading in the community which held both codices. Edgar Ebojo made a case that these "reading marks" with or without space-intervals were an aid to readers, most likely in a liturgical context.

Nomina Sacra
uses an extensive and well-developed system of nomina sacra. It contains the following nomina sacra in abbreviated form (nominative case): $$ (κυριος / Lord) $\overline{ΚΣ}$ or $\overline{ΧΣ}$ (χριστος / anointed) $\overline{ΧΡΣ}$ (Ιησους / Jesus) $\overline{ΙΗΣ}$ (θεος / God) $\overline{ΘΣ}$ (πνευμα / Spirit) $\overline{ΠΝΑ}$ (υιος / Son) $\overline{ΥΙΣ}$ (σταυρος / cross).

The use of nomina sacra has featured in discussions on the dating for, with Bruce Griffin arguing against Young Kyu Kim, in part, that such an extensive usage of the nomina sacra system nearly eliminates any possibility of the manuscript dating to the 1st century. He admitted, however, that Kim's dating cannot be ruled out on this basis alone, since the exact provenance of the nomina sacra system itself is not well-established.

On the other hand, Philip Comfort (preferring a date c. 150–75) notes indications the scribe's exemplar made limited use of nomina sacra or none at all. In several instances, the word for Spirit is written out in full where the context should require a nomen sacrum, suggesting the scribe was rendering nomina sacra where appropriate for the meaning but struggling with Spirit versus spirit, without guidance from the exemplar. The text also inconsistently uses either the short or the long contracted forms of Christ.

Contents
contains most of the Pauline epistles, though with some folios missing. It contains (in order): the last eight chapters of Romans; Hebrews; 1–2 Corinthians; Ephesians; Galatians; Philippians; Colossians; and two chapters of 1 Thessalonians. All of the leaves have lost some lines at the bottom through deterioration.

(CB = Chester Beatty Library; Mich. = University of Michigan)

Missing contents
The contents of the seven missing leaves from the end is uncertain as they are lost. Kenyon calculated that 2 Thessalonians would require two leaves, leaving only five remaining leaves (10 pages) for the remaining canonical Pauline literature — 1 Timothy (estimated 8.25 pages), 2 Timothy (6 pages), Titus (3.5 pages) and Philemon (1.5 pages) — requiring ten leaves in total (19.25 pages). Thus Kenyon concluded as originally constructed did not include the pastoral epistles.

Overall, Kenyon was open to different possibilities regarding the contents of the lost leaves at the end of the codex. He entertained the idea that the last five leaves could have been left blank or that additional leaves could have been added to the quire to create space for the pastoral letters. In 1998, Jeremy Duff vigorously argued in favor of Kenyon's second suggestion, emphasizing that the scribe of was increasing the number of letters per page in the second half of the codex. Duff argued that this indicated that the scribe intended to include all of the traditional 14-letter collection and would most likely have added extra leaves if the original quire lacked sufficient space. Duff also pointed to several ancient codices that he considered as good evidence for the attachment of additional leaves to codices to allow for the inclusion of more material. The relevance of the ancient evidence that Duff presented has been challenged, but a survey of surviving examples of ancient single-quire codices does show evidence for the practice of leaving some blank pages at the end of a codex. However, this survey also showed that single-quire codices sometimes had more inscribed pages in the second half of the codex than in the first half (due to, for example, blank front fly-leaves). This leaves open the possibility that the original quire may have contained the traditional 14-letter collection after all. Brent Nongbri summarizes: "We still have much to learn about early single-quire codices and what constituted 'normal' practice for the makers of these books. Duff’s article performed a service by challenging a complacent and largely unreflective consensus with regard to the contents of the Beatty-Michigan Pauline epistles codex. Duff’s positive hypothesis about the addition of extra folia as an afterthought is, however, impossible to prove. And as we have seen, the material comparanda he adduced did not support his case. Yet, Duff’s argument serves as a good reminder that we cannot simply assume the contents of the missing folia. We cannot say, for instance, that the Beatty-Michigan codex is secure evidence for the circulation of a ten-letter collection of Paul’s letters, as has occasionally been argued. In fact, as we have seen, we must be cautious about assuming the contents of the missing folia at the end of the quire because we may have had too much confidence about our knowledge of the number of missing folia at the end of the quire. ...By tying his estimate of the size of the quire to the numbering of the pages, Kenyon may have created a false problem that has needlessly frustrated subsequent generations of scholars." The question of the contents of the codex as originally constructed thus remains open.

Text
The text of the codex is considered a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. The text-types are groups of different manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups, which are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine. Biblical scholar Kurt Aland placed it in Category I of his New Testament manuscript classification system. Category I manuscripts are those "of a very special quality, i. e. manuscripts with a very high proportion of the early text... To this category have also been assigned all manuscripts to the beginning of the fourth century, regardless of further distinctions which should also be observed[.]"

Romans 8:28
 * Some notable readings
 * παντα συνεργει ό θεος εις αγαθον (God works all things together for good) -  A B 81 sa eth
 * παντα συνεργει εις αγαθον (all things work together for good) - Majority of manuscripts

 * Βηρεα και Αουλιαν -  (singular reading)
 * Ιουλιαν, Νηρεα - Majority of manuscripts

 * μυστηριον (mystery) -  * Α C 88 436 ita, r syrp bo
 * σωτηριον (salvation) - ℓ 598 ℓ 593 ℓ 599
 * μαρτυριον (witness) - $\overline{ΣΤΡΟΣ}$ B Ψ Majority of manuscripts

 * πειθοις σοφιας (plausible wisdom) -  G
 * πειθοις σοφιας λογοις (plausible words of wisdom) - Majority of manuscripts

 * τη προσευχη (prayer) -  * Α B G Ψ 6 33 81 104 181 629 630 1739 1877 1881 1962 it vg cop arm eth
 * τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (fasting and prayer) - $c2$ 0150 256 365 Majority of manuscripts

 * εν τω πνευματι (by the Spirit) -  (singular reading)
 * εν τω ενι πνευματι (by one Spirit) - A B 0150 33 81 104 436 459 1175 1881 220 2464 vg

 * ανθρωπος πνευματικος (spiritual man) -  (singular reading)
 * ανθρωπος (man) - * B C G 0243 33 1739 it vg bo eth
 * ανθρωπος ο κυριος (man, the Lord) - c2 A Ψ 81 104 181 Majority of manuscripts

 * τηλικουτων θανατων (deadly perils) -  630 1739c itd, e syrp, h goth
 * τηλικουτου θανατου (a deadly peril) - Majority of manuscripts

 * αποπληρωσετε -  (singular reading)
 * αναπληρωσατε - Majority of manuscripts

 * και ενεργειας -  (singular reading)
 * κατ ενεργειαν - Majority of manuscripts

 * μεθοδιας -  (singular reading)
 * αρχας προς τας εξουσιας - Majority of manuscripts

Provenance
The provenance of the papyrus is unknown. Kenyon believed this codex and the other Beatty Biblical Papyri came from the region of the Fayyum. The coptologist Carl Schmidt was told that the books were found in "‘Alâlme, a village on the east bank of the Nile in the area of Aṭfiḥ, ancient Aphroditopolis." However, the archaeologists who bought the University of Michigan's portion of the codex believed that it had come from Asyut (ancient Lykopolis). Thus, there is no consensus on the precise find spot.

Date
As with all manuscripts dated solely by palaeography, the dating of is uncertain. H. A. Sanders, the first editor of parts of the papyrus, proposed a date possibly as late as the second half of the 3rd century. F. G. Kenyon, editor of the complete editio princeps, preferred a date in the first half of the 3rd century. The manuscript is now sometimes dated to about 200. Young Kyu Kim has argued for an exceptionally early date of c. 80. Kim's dating has been widely rejected. Griffin critiqued and disputed Kim's dating, placing the 'most probable date' between 175 and 225, with a '95% confidence interval' for a date between 150 and 250.

Comfort and Barrett have claimed shares palaeographical affinities with the following: They conclude this points to a date during the middle of the 2nd century for. More recently, in a wide-ranging survey of the dates of New Testament papyri, P. Orsini and W. Clarysse have assigned "to the early third century," specifically "excluding dates in the first or the first half of the second century."
 * P. Oxy. 8 (assigned late 1st or early 2nd century),
 * P. Oxy. 841 (the second hand, which cannot be dated later than 125–50),
 * P. Oxy. 1622 (dated with confidence to pre-148, probably during the reign of Hadrian (117–38), because of the documentary text on the verso),
 * P. Oxy. 2337 (assigned to the late 1st century),
 * P. Oxy. 3721 (assigned to the second half of the 2nd century),
 * P. Rylands III 550 (assigned to the 2nd century), and
 * P. Berol. 9810 (early 2nd century).

title: Papyrus 46


text:
Sansai

Sansai (山菜) is a Japanese word literally meaning "mountain vegetables", originally referring to vegetables that grew naturally, were foraged in the wild, and not grown and harvested from fields. However, in modern times, the distinction is somewhat blurred, as some sansai such as warabi have been successfully cultivated. For example, some of the fern shoots such as bracken (fiddlehead) and zenmai shipped to market are farm-grown.

They are often sold pre-cooked in water, and typically packaged in plastic packs in liquid. The fern shoots warabi (bracken), fuki stalks in sticks, and mixes which may contain the above-mentioned combined with baby bamboo shoots, mushrooms, etc., are available in retail supermarkets, and ethnic foodstores in the US.

Sansai are often used as ingredients in shōjin ryōri, or Buddhist vegetarian cuisine.

Examples
Sansai include:
 * Chishimazasa (チシマザサ), Nemagaridake - bamboo shoots of Sasa kurilensis.
 * Fuki-no-tō (Petasites japonicus) - flower shoots of butterbur (tō refers to a plant beginning to bolt)
 * Gyojaninniku (Allium ochotense) - similar to ramps (A. tricoccum)
 * Hana-ikada (ハナイカダ), Helwingia japonica, young leaves.
 * Harigiri (Kalopanax)- Acer species, young leaves tarter than tara.
 * Itadori (Reynoutria japonica, syn. Fallopia japonica - Japanese knotweed
 * Kogomi - fernbrakes of kusasotetsu (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
 * Koshiabura (コシアブラ), Chengiopanax sciadophylloides - young leaves.
 * Mitsuba (ミツバ), Cryptotaenia canadensis subsp. japonica
 * Niyama-irakusa (ミヤマイラクサ), Laportea macrostachya - Nettlelike plants, which though young leaves and stems are eaten have stinging hairs requiring caution
 * Nomijigasa (モミジガサ), Parasenecio delphiniifolius, syn. Cacolia delphiniifolia) - an aster family plant, for young leaves and shoots
 * Nirinsō (ニリンソウ), Anemone flaccida - young leaves are eaten but may be mistaken for wolfsbane
 * Nobiru (ノビル), Allium macrostemon - similar to field garlic
 * Nogeshi - sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), for young leaves
 * Seri - Japanese parsley (Oenanthe javanica)
 * Sarunashi (Actinidia arguta) - fruits are eaten raw or to flavor alcohol
 * Shiode (Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis) - young leaves
 * Tara no me - young shoots of the Japanese angelica tree
 * Tade (Persicaria hydropiper) - Water pepper, leaves and shoots used as an ingredient for sauces or as a garnish
 * Tsuwabuki (Farfugium japonicum) - Stems prepared like fuki
 * Udo - Japanese spikenard.
 * Uwabamisō (Elatostema umbellatum var. majus)
 * Warabi - bracken shoots
 * Zenmai - another type of fern top, more prized than kogomi or warabi, and also sold dried.

title: Sansai


text:
Aleksandr Martynov (Russian politician)

Alexandr Martynov (Alexandr Martinov; also, Aleksandr Samoilovich Pikker; ) (Russian: Александр Самойлович Мартынов) (12 December 1865 – 5 June 1935) was a leading Menshevik politician before the Russian Revolution of 1917, and for a few years after the revolution a critic of Leon Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution (1923).

Biography
The son of a Jewish timber merchant, Martynov joined The People’s Will in 1884, and was arrested three times in 1886-1889, and deported for ten years to the Kolyma region. He became a Marxist after his release, and joined the social democrats in 1899. In 1901, he emigrated to Switzerland and joined the Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad As chief editor of the magazine Rabocheye Delo he was a leader of the Economist faction of the RSDLP. He proposed that the RSDLP should be guided by spontaneous initiatives by Russian workers, and confront the government on specific issues of pay and working conditions, where there was a reasonable chance of achieving specific improvements, because “the economic struggle is the most widely applicable means of drawing the masses into active political struggle.” He accused the editors of Iskra of focusing too much on long term political issues that were too far removed from the workers' immediate experience. Lenin devoted whole sections of his pamphlet What Is to Be Done?. published in 1902, to attacking 'Economists' for being "determined always to follow behind the movement and be its tail..." Specifically, he said that Martynov's error was thinking that "it is possible to develop the class political consciousness of the workers from within" when, according to Lenin, "class political consciousness can be brought to the workers only from without."

Martynov was one of two 'Economist' delegates to the RSDLP congress in Brussels in July 1903, and gave a lengthy response to Lenin's attack, claiming that Lenin's reliance on professional revolutionaries "opens a deep fissure between the leading elements of the movement and the working-class masses, between the activity of an exclusive party and the broad struggle of the working class." But he and his fellow Economist Vladimir Makhnovets walked out after the Congress declined to recognise the Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad as a constituent organisation, so neither was present when the RSDLP split into two factions, the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Later, he joined the Mensheviks, and was one of the faction's leading theorists. Trotsky described him as the "semi-official philosopher of Menshevist tactics."

In January 1905, just before the start of the 1905 revolution, Martynov published an essay Two Dictatorships in which he forecast that the Russian aristocracy was about to be overthrown and replaced by a 'bourgeois' government, and argued that the RSDLP "is and should remain the party of the extreme opposition, unlike all the other parties, which can count on joining in the government of a bourgeois society." Later in the year, he acknowledged that there had been a "tremendous explosion" of working class resistance, and only a "timorous" reaction from the bourgeoisie, but "It does not at all contradict the fact that the present Russian revolution is a bourgeois revolution." Lenin's sarcastic response was that "admirers of Martynov repeat the lessons of peaceful parliamentarism just at a time when, as they themselves state, actual hostilities have commenced. There is nothing more ridiculous than this pompous emphasis of the slogan 'extreme opposition'."

Returning to Saint Petersburg late in summer 1905, Martynov took on the editorship of the newspaper Nachalo, and seeing how little the Kadets were able to control events, he concluded: "The Social Democrats alone have boldly raised the slogan of permanent revolution at the present time, they alone will lead the masses to the last and decisive victory. 'Permanent revolution' was a slogan used by Trotsky, who believed that the revolution would be led by the workers' soviets. But, going back into exile after the revolution had been suppressed, Martynov disowned what he called this "fantastic theory". He was a member of the Menshevik Organisation Committee from 1912, and supported the Menshevik Internationalists during the war, most of which he spent in Switzerland. He returned to Russia by train through with Julius Martov and others, and like Martov, was one of the minority who opposed the war effort. He was elected to the Menshevik Central Committee in December 1917, but he broke with the party in 1918, during the Russian Civil War.

After the introduction of the NEP, Martynov claimed that there no longer was an ideological difference between him and the Soviet government. He was admitted to the Communist Party in 1923, and loyally supported Joseph Stalin for the rest of his life.

In the 1920s, Martynov worked as a researcher at the Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute and a lecturer at the Communist Academy and the Sverdlov Communist University, and from 1924, he worked for the Communist International. He became one of the Soviet Union's leading spokesmen on world communism. He advocated for the Chinese Communist Party to subordinate itself to the Kuomintang, until the debacle of the Guangzhou Uprising. In 1930, he claimed that the rise of the Nazi party was "necessary condition" for the "decisive" victory of the workers' revolution.

Personality
According to Nikolai Valentinov, who met Martynov in exile in Switzerland in 1904, he was a fine raconteur. "No one could have imagined that this fat, unattractive-looking man with a lisp, who suffered from a dreadful form of eczema on his hands and head, had a tremendous gift of poetical description," he wrote, adding that he "could not understand" how Martynov could have become a communist.

title: Aleksandr Martynov (Russian politician)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Multilingual ranking/October 2004

Denny, in next ed. of your ranking en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_ranking_November_2004 be carefull, you and David omit frisian wiki, and record wrong no. of artls for welsch wiki - David now correct his table. Ency 09:11, 2004 Oct 8 (UTC)

 * Corrected this, mehopes. --denny vrandečić 14:05, Nov 13, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Chippendale

heh, this looks like a candidate for a move to Chippendale, Australia and an ancillary disambiguation page for the word Chippendale which imo is synonymous with (expensive) furniture Please let me know if you have any problems with this. Sjc 09:12, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chippendale


text:
Chippendale, New South Wales

Chippendale is a small inner-city suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on the southern edge of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Sydney. Chippendale is located between Broadway to the north and Cleveland Street to the south, Central railway station to the east and the University of Sydney to the west.

History
The area was first occupied by the Gadigal people of the Dharug Nation. William Chippendale was granted a 95 acre estate in 1819. It stretched to the present day site of Redfern railway station. Chippendale sold the estate to Solomon Levey, emancipist and merchant, in 1821, for 380 pounds. Solomon Levey died while in London in 1833. Levey's heirs sold over 62 acre to William Hutchinson.

Chippendale has a number of heritage-listed sites, including the Regent Street railway station or 'Mortuary Station', located on the eastern side of the suburb. The John Storey Memorial Dispensary was built in 1926 as a memorial to John Storey, a former Premier of New South Wales. It is located on Regent Street and still functions as a pathology and methadone clinic.

Commercial area
The eastern side of Chippendale, being adjacent to the CBD, has a greater mix use than other parts of the suburb. It includes smaller offices and warehouses as well as cafes and pubs. Transport for NSW has its headquarters here.

The western side of Chippendale is mainly residential with businesses interspersed in some parts of the precinct.

Central Park, Sydney
The 168-year-old Carlton & United brewery closed in December 2006. Frasers Property purchased the brewery site from the Foster's Group in 2007 and lodged a plan for a major renewal project of the 5.8 hectare site. The development proposal "Central Park" included approximately 255,000 m2 of commercial and residential space, retention of a number of heritage buildings and the development of a large new park called Chippendale Green. One Central Park is a large mixed-use residential and commercial building on the site.

Balfour Street Park, at the corner of Balfour and O'Connor Streets, acts as a pedestrian gateway to Central Park. Chippendale has the lowest open space per person of any Sydney suburb (City of Sydney open space study, 2006). The addition of Chippendale Green has provided much needed green space; however, given the corresponding population increase from new developments, Chippendale now has less than 1 square metre of green space per resident.

Urban heat island problem
Chippendale is currently a suburb under study, examining the problems of the urban heat island effect. The bitumen-surfaced roads surrounding infrastructures are reportedly driving temperatures 6 - 8 C-change higher than normal. The road network, which constitute over 23 percent of the suburb's land area, measured over 34 C on average.

Schools
The University of Notre Dame Australia sits along the northern border with campus buildings scattered through the suburb. The University of Technology, Sydney and the University of Sydney have campuses nearby. The Sydney campus of Curtin University is located at the eastern edge of Chippendale on Regent Street. The Boston University Sydney Campus is located on Regent Street in Chippendale.

Culture
Chippendale has become known as one of the key creative art districts of Sydney with more than a dozen galleries in the small neighbourhood (including White Rabbit Gallery, MOP Projects, and Pine Street Creative Arts Centre). Various creative events in the suburb also take place each year such as the Beams Festival. Artist residencies were offered with the cooperation of Frasers during the construction of Central Park and Chippendale houses a lively creative community.

Demographics
The demographics of Chippendale changed significantly since the development of Central Park. At the 2021 census there were 7,803 people living in Chippendale.

At the there were 8,617 residents in Chippendale. 26.7% of people were born in China. The most common other countries of birth were Australia 20.9%, Indonesia 5.3%, Thailand 3.6%, Hong Kong 2.3% and England 2.3%. 29.4% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 26.4%, Cantonese 5.5%, Indonesian 4.7%, Thai 3.4% and Vietnamese 1.8%. The most common religious affiliation was "No Religion" 50.3%, followed by Buddhism 10.0%, Catholic 9.7% and Anglican 2.5%.

In contrast, at the, there were 4,057 residents; 38.3% were born in Australia and 50.1% only spoke English at home.

The 2016 census continued to show that the majority of people in Chippendale were attending an educational institution (58.2%). Of these, 67.3% were in a tertiary or technical institution.

Notable residents

 * William Chippendale, Sydney land owner and farmer whose surname the suburb's name is derived from
 * David Malouf, writer
 * Michael Mobbs, author of Sustainable House

title: Chippendale, New South Wales