text:
User talk:0101TSEps

Hi 0101TSEps, and welcome to Wikipedia.

Thankyou for finding the time to sign up and contribute to our little project. If you're in doubt about anything, you might want to check out some of these pages:

 * Welcome, newcomers - a general introduction, and a good starting point
 * The help centre and FAQs
 * The Manual of Style - a guide to the community's writing conventions

It's also a good idea to sign the new user log and add a little about yourself.

When contributing to a talk page, you can sign your name by typing four tildes after your comments, like this: ~. (Just so you know, some people won't pay attention to unsigned comments).

If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask me at my talk page, or at the Help desk or Village Pump.

Above all, make sure you be bold when contributing, and have fun!

– T.P.K. 15:28, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:0101TSEps


text:
Sokoke

The Sokoke (or Sokoke Forest Cat in long form, and formerly the African Shorthair) is natural breed of domestic cat, developed and standardised, beginning in the late 1970s, from the feral khadzonzo landrace of eastern, coastal Kenya. The Sokoke is recognized by four major cat pedigree registry organizations as a standardised cat breed. It is named after the Arabuko Sokoke National Forest, the environment from which the foundation stock was obtained, for breed development primarily in Denmark and the United States. The cat is long-legged, with short, coarse hair, and typically a tabby coat, though specific lineages have produced different appearances. Although once rumored to be a domestic × wildcat hybrid, genetic study has not borne out this belief. Another idea, that the variety is unusually ancient, remains unproven either way. The native population is closely related to an island-dwelling group, the Lamu cat, further north.

Original khadzonzo landrace
Coastal Kenya's distinctive, free-roaming, feral cats – known as khadzonzo or kadzonzo, and found from city streets to the Arabuko Sokoke national forest – were "discovered", in the Western cat fancy sense, by horse breeder and wildlife artist Jeni Slater in 1978 near Watamu coconut plantation, though of course the cats were known for much longer by native people. By that point, the rural population were thought to be nearly extinct due to human encroachment on the forest and its resources. Although there were ideas that it might be a new subspecies of wildcat, the tameness of the kittens Slater reared suggested that theoretical hybridisation with wildcats was unlikely, as did features like the long, tapered tail (not characteristic of any wild African species), a general form consistent with Asian domestic cat breeds (very unlike the cobby figure of wildcats), and the mottled, blotched coat pattern (a characteristic of urban cat populations). The feral khadzonzo were developed into a standardised breed, the Sokoke, which has a much more uniform appearance than the landrace cats.

Description
The forest population tend to consistently "breed true" for ticked coats in brown tones with prominent mottling with large rosette spots, which may fuse. They share this general feature with many other forest-dwelling felids, a natural form of camouflage. Aside from specific patterns, the cats in this population do not seem vary widely in appearance. The town-dwelling population (presumably through crossbreeding with non-native cats) come in a wider variety of colours and patterns, including white-spotted coats, and some that are mostly black. The urban variety are very similar to an island population a few hundred kilometres north, the subject of a book called The Cats of Lamu (by Jack Couffer, 1998, Lyons Press). All of these populations are characterized by narrow faces compared to other African domestic cats, as well as long ears, long legs, and a lean, not cobby, body.

Relation to other populations
Couffer hypothesises that, due to their isolation and Lamu's ancient history as a trade centre between Africa and Asia, they may be more closely related than even the Egyptian Mau breed to the original cats domesticated in the Fertile Crescent over 4,000 years ago and holding special favour in Ancient Egypt

While modern genetic work has yet to prove or disprove Couffer's idea, a DNA study by the Cat Genome Project (CGP) at the US National Cancer Institute has determined that the spotted khadzonzo street cats of eastern Kenya, the cats of the Lamu Archipelago off the Kenyan coast, and the standardized Sokoke are all closely related. CGP categorised them in its "Arabian Sea Racial Group" (among a total of 12 feline "race" groupings). The group's shared DNA is derived primarily from Asian domestic cats, with ancient Arabian wildcat progenitors. This dispels the suspicion of some breeders that the cats are at least part modern wildcat – they are no more wild than the rest of the domestic cats. Advances in DNA sequencing have now resulted in an ambitious whole-body sequencing effort, called the 99 Cat Genome Project, which may reveal much more about the origins of the khadzonzo and connections that it and the Sokoke has with other cat populations.

Status
The Lamu population are under pressure from a sterilisation campaign championed by recent immigrants, while the forest population have become rare for unclear reasons, and more secretive. Eight specimens (only two female) were captured for breeding from the forest in 2001; photographs show that several have very large dark blotches, somewhat reminiscent of the unrelated clouded leopard species (a trait now available in recent bloodlines of the pet breed), but share both tall ears and long body with the already-established formal breed. As with most native landrace populations of cats, these must be under threat of genetic erosion from modern cats introduced, and allowed to roam and interbreed, by foreign settlers to the area. For example, the Manx cat is nearly extinct in its homeland, the Isle of Man, being bred out by the imported cats of British and other immigrants, though the standardised form developed from the landrace is common and popular around the world. Similar threats to the Van cat have impelled the Turkish government to hastily set up an official breeding programme to save it in a more pure form than the weakly related Turkish Van and Turkish Angora standardised breeds which bear little resemblance to the landrace feral populations of Van city and the Lake Van area.

History
The Sokoke is a "natural breed", i.e., one developed and standardised from the local, free-breeding landrace population, and thus distinct from it by virtue of careful selective breeding for specific, fixed traits believed to epitomise the distinctions evolved by natural selection in the original population. As British cat geneticist and pedigree judge Pat Turner wrote in 1993, in the early days of recognition of the breed's standardisation, the fixing of traits like large "wild-looking" spots that are distinct from other blotched breeds "can only be done by selective breeding".

The breeding programme was begun in 1978 by Jeni Slater, who originally named the breed the African Shorthair. She used cats found in and around Watamu, both raised from kittenhood and enticed from the adult feral population with food rewards.

Gloria Moeldrop, a friend of Slater's, brought a pair of Slater's cats home with her to Denmark to breed in 1983, because Slater feared for the survival of the native cat in Kenya. The cats were first shown in Copenhagen in 1984, then in Odense. Slater introduced a darker Watamu street cat specimen into the breeding programme, in 1987, for genetic diversity. Breeder and North American Sokoke Association officer Pat Longley has suggested that this cat introduced the lynx point pattern seen in some Sokokes. In 1989, Moeldrop imported more cats from Kenya to strengthen her European breeding stock. Slater also provided at least one to a breeder named Bob Schwartz, in Italy.

Jeannie Knocker, an Englishwoman residing near Slater in Kenya, gathered several feral cats near the borders of the forest and kept them penned, producing litters that were exported to the US and Europe, registered to establish future pedigrees, and bred; these became known as the "new line" Sokoke cats, with distinctive features from those of the Slater-developed "old line". The cats caught in the forest from 2001 onward have been added to this breeding programme, as have some more recent specimens.

Whether extraneous (e.g., European or Asian) bloodlines were introduced by any breeders is unclear.

Breed recognition
The standardised breed was first recognised by a breed registry, the Belgium-based Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFe), under the name Sokoke, after the forest. This occurred in 1993, after a multi-breeder demonstration of the new breed's consistent development at a cat show in Denmark.

The breed is also registered by The International Cat Association (TICA), based in the United States; it is eligible to be shown in the "Preliminary New Breed" class at TICA-sanctioned events.

The Sokoke is now also recognised by two national cat registries, the UK Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF), and the Canadian Cat Association (CCA).

Standardised characteristics
The bodies of the Sokokes are medium-sized overall, long and thin, with long legs. The back legs are longer than the front legs, similar to those of a wildcat. They also have a unique tip-toe gait, in part due to a straighter stifle as well as the longer back legs. Their eyes are usually amber to light-green, set in a comparatively small head, with long ears, reminiscent of various species of wild cat, though these are traits intentionally reinforced by artificial selection. The tail is tapered.

Sokokes typically have blotched (i.e., large-spotted) tabby coats in shades of brown, broadly similar to those of the Bengal and Ocicat. The centers or "oysters" of the patterns are hollow-looking due to the agouti gene, which also produces a "ticked" or "salt and pepper" look to the coat, overall. This combination has been called "African tabby" or "African pattern", which may extend all the way to the tip of the tail. It is distinct from previously known blotched tabby patterns found in other breeds in this respect, but otherwise genetically identical, with all the normal tabby features (in cat fancier and judging terms, the patterns share the same ""butterflies" "eyeliner", "bonnet strings", "necklaces" and other characteristic markings). A particular "wood-grain" look is highly prized in show cats

Their coats are short, and coarse but lustrous, with little to no undercoat. Recessive colours and traits are rare. Noted so far (and not accepted for showing by most registries) are seal lynx point (accepted for showing in GCCF), melanistic (black or near-black), and "blue" (i.e. grey) colours. Long-haired specimens are almost unknown. "Chaotic", "chained", and "clouded" marbling patterns have been seen with the advent of the "new line", as deviations away from the earlier established modified blotched tabby pattern, but clearly based on the genetics of the landrace forest specimens from the 1990s. Perhaps owing to the admixture of city specimens, the original Slater lineage also fairly often produces small-spotted instead of blotched cats, perhaps indicating earlier crossbreeding with non-native cats (the Egyptian Mau, for example, has such a pattern).

Sokoke cats are very active and enjoy climbing. They tend to be vocal toward human keepers and other cats with whom they live. They bond deeply to each other, as well as their owners. This trait makes re-homing harder for them, with a longer adjustment period expected in adult cats and older, already-bonded kittens.

The Sokoke does best in a controlled environment, because of their limited resistance to common New World cat illnesses, often found in catteries and multi-cat homes. Like all of the short-haired Asian group of cats, they do not thrive in extreme cold temperatures for extended periods of time. However, contrary to previous reports, they can be acclimated to colder climates, and do not require special housing any more than similar short-haired, Asian-group cats.

Their expected lifespan is the same as any purebred domestic cat, with 15 years an average old age.

Breeding
It is typical for the male to help raise the kittens, getting in the nest box with them. If left together, the mother will often wait months to wean her kittens, even though their development is fairly rapid once they leave the nest box. Breeders expect one to two litters per year, per breeding pair. Sometimes two litters may come closely in a row, with a longer period of time before further reproduction. Sexual maturity is usually reached at around eight to ten months of age.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sokoke


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User talk:Axe-Lander

Hi Axe-Lander, and welcome to Wikipedia.

Thankyou for finding the time to sign up and contribute to our little project. If you're in doubt about anything, you might want to check out some of these pages:

 * Welcome, newcomers - a general introduction, and a good starting point
 * The help centre and FAQs
 * The Manual of Style - a guide to the community's writing conventions

It's also a good idea to sign the new user log and add a little about yourself.

When contributing to a talk page, you can sign your name by typing four tildes after your comments, like this: ~. (Just so you know, some people won't pay attention to unsigned comments).

If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask me at my talk page, or at the Help desk or Village Pump.

Above all, make sure you be bold when contributing, and have fun!

– T.P.K. 15:31, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Olympics medal count articles
Hi Axe-Lander, why did you move all the summer olympics medal count articles (ie. 1896 Summer Olympics medal count) into Category:Summer Olympic Games rather than the more specific categories for each event? -- Chuq 11:40, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Old_Glory.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Old_Glory.png, has been listed at Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —MetsBot 18:54, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Us flag 1896.png)
Thanks for uploading Image:Us flag 1896.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 00:52, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Axe-Lander


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Anne Clough

Anne Jemima Clough (20 January 1820 – 27 February 1892) was an early English suffragist and a promoter of higher education for women. She was the first principal of Newnham College.

Life
Clough was born at Liverpool, Lancashire, the daughter of cotton merchant James Butler Clough and Anne (née Perfect). James Butler Clough was a younger son of a landed gentry family that had been living at Plas Clough in Denbighshire since 1567.

Anne's brother was Arthur Hugh Clough, the poet and assistant to Florence Nightingale. When two years old she was taken with the rest of the family to Charleston, South Carolina. It was not till 1836 that she returned to Britain.

Anne's own education was entirely at home, as was common for middle and upper-class women of the time. She worked as a volunteer in a Liverpool charity school and became determined to run a school of her own.

When her father became bankrupt in 1841, she took the opportunity to set up a small day school. This enabled her to contribute financially, while fulfilling her interest in education. She subsequently worked at the Borough Road School and the Home and Colonial School Society. After her father's death, she moved to Ambleside, setting up a school for local children and boarders, Eller How.

On the death of her brother Arthur, she moved to Surrey, to support her sister-in-law Blanche Clough in bringing up their three small children. The youngest daughter, Blanche Athena Clough, would follow in her aunt's footsteps and herself become a notable educationalist.

Keenly interested in the education of women, she made friends with Emily Davies, Barbara Bodichon, Frances Buss and others. She gave evidence to a Royal Commission on secondary schooling, based on her own teaching experience. After helping to found the North of England Council for Promoting the Higher Education of Women, she acted as its secretary from 1867 to 1870 and as its president from 1873 to 1874. Her scheme for peripatetic lecturers was the germ of the University Extension Movement.

The foundation of Newnham College
When the ‘Lectures for Ladies’ were set up in Cambridge in the 1870s, it became clear that women who lived at a distance would need accommodation. Henry Sidgwick invited Clough to take charge of the first hostel and its first five students, setting up in Regent Street, Cambridge, in 1871.

The lectures and hostel swiftly became Newnham College, and Clough its first principal. The new college took a different approach to women's education from Girton College: where Girton focused on equality, Newnham focused on intellectual flourishing. Girton insisted women take all the same exams as men, where Newnham allowed women to skip the "Little-Go" exam of Latin, Greek and divinity and progress directly to studying their chosen subject. Similarly, while Girton's residence was a more surprising design, created by architect Alfred Waterhouse, Newnham Hall was designed to be more tranquil and domestic.

A later biographer described Clough as having "inexhaustible good humour, plenty of common sense and fun, and an enviable ability to admit when she was wrong. These qualities made her students cherish her and enabled her to work well and creatively with her colleagues." Though she had little experience of administration, she oversaw the building of the new college and negotiations over leasing the land.

Her personality, commitment and drive made her "a recognised leader in the education of women".

Death and legacy
She was cared for at the end of her life by her niece Blanche Athena Clough and her friend Edith Sharpley who was the classics lecturer. They were both present when she died at Cambridge on 27 February 1892. Two portraits of Clough are at Newnham College, one by Sir William Blake Richmond, the other by James Jebusa Shannon.

Her grave is in the churchyard of the Church of St Andrew and St Mary, Grantchester, near Cambridge.

Her legacy is marked in Clough Hall and the Clough memorial gates at Newnham College, a stained glass window at Liverpool Cathedral, the Hope Street sculpture "A Case History" in Liverpool. Her birthplace in Liverpool is marked with a plaque, commemorating both Anne Jemima and her brother Arthur Hugh.

Edge Hill University has a hall of residence called Clough in honour of her contribution to higher education and the history of education in Lancashire.

title: Anne Clough


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National Police Agency (Japan)

The National Police Agency (警察庁) is the central coordinating law enforcement agency of the Japanese police system. Unlike national police in other countries, the NPA does not have any operational units of its own aside from the Imperial Guard; rather, it is responsible for supervising Japan's 47 prefectural police departments and determining their general standards and policies, though it can command police agencies under it in national emergencies or large-scale disasters. It is under the National Public Safety Commission of the Cabinet Office.

As of 2017, the NPA has a strength of approximately 7,800 personnel: 2,100 sworn officers, 900 guards, and 4,800 civilian staff.

History
Police services of the Empire of Japan were placed under complete centralized control with the Police Affairs Bureau (警保局) of the Home Ministry at their core. But after the surrender of Japan, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers regarded this centralized police system as undemocratic.

During the occupation, the principle of decentralization was introduced by the 1947 Police Law. Cities and large towns had their own municipal police services (自治体警察), and the National Rural Police (国家地方警察) was responsible for smaller towns, villages and rural areas. But most Japanese municipalities were too small to have a large police force, so sometimes they were unable to deal with large-scale violence. In addition, excessive fragmentation of the police organization reduced the efficiency of police activities.

As a response to these problems, complete restructuring created a more centralized system under the 1954 amended Police Law. All operational units except for the Imperial Guard were reorganized into prefectural police for each prefecture, and the National Police Agency was established as the central coordinating agency for these Police Departments.

On April 1, 2022, the NPA created the Cyber Affairs Bureau and the National Cyber Unit. On December 2023, the NPA announced that the TAIT (Telecom Scam Allianced Investigation Team) will be established on April 2024 to unify investigation efforts across Japan on fraud cases.

Leadership
The Commissioner General of the National Police Agency (警察庁長官) is the highest ranking police officer of Japan, regarded as an exception to the regular class structure. For the Deputy Commissioner General (次長), the Senior Commissioner is supplemented. The Commissioner General's Secretariat (長官官房) are their staff. The civilian political leadership is provided by the National Public Safety Commission.

Community Safety Bureau
The Community Safety Bureau (生活安全局) is responsible for crime prevention, combating juvenile delinquency, and pollution control.

This bureau was derived from the Safety Division of the Criminal Affairs Bureau in 1994.

 * Community Safety Planning Division (生活安全企画課)
 * Personal Safety and Juvenile Division (人身安全・少年課)
 * Safety Division (保安課)
 * Director for Economic Crimes Investigation (生活経済対策管理官)

Criminal Affairs Bureau
The Criminal Affairs Bureau (刑事局) is in charge of research statistics and coordination of the criminal investigation of nationally important and international cases.

 * (Direct reporting divisions)
 * Criminal Affairs Planning Division (刑事企画課)
 * First Investigation Division (捜査第一課)
 * Second Investigation Division (捜査第二課)
 * Director for Criminal Intelligence Support (捜査支援分析管理官)
 * Director for Criminal Identification (犯罪鑑識官)
 * Organized Crime Department (組織犯罪対策部)
 * First Organized Crime Division (組織犯罪対策第一課)
 * Second Organized Crime Division (組織犯罪対策第二課)
 * Director for International Investigative Operations (国際捜査管理官)

Traffic Bureau
The Traffic Bureau (交通局) is responsible for traffic policing and regulations. This bureau was derived from the Safety Bureau (保安局) (later merged with the Criminal Affairs Bureau; predecessor of the Community Safety Bureau) in 1962 because of the expression indicating a high number of deaths from traffic accidents.

 * Traffic Planning Division (交通企画課)
 * Traffic Enforcement Division (交通指導課)
 * Traffic Management and Control Division (交通規制課)
 * License Division (運転免許課)

Security Bureau
The Security Bureau (警備局) is in charge of the internal security affairs, such as counter-intelligence, counter-terrorism or disaster response.

 * (Direct reporting divisions)
 * Security Planning Division (警備企画課)
 * Public Security Division (公安課)
 * Foreign Affairs and Intelligence Department (外事情報部)
 * Foreign Affairs Division (外事課)
 * Counter International Terrorism Division (国際テロリズム対策課)
 * Security Operations Department (警備運用部)
 * 1st Security Operations Division (警備第一課)
 * 2nd Security Operations Division (警備第二課)
 * 3rd Security Operations Division (警備第三課)

After the 1996 Japanese embassy hostage crisis in Peru, the Security Bureau established the Terrorism Response Team where officers liaise with foreign law enforcement and intelligence agencies when Japanese interests or nationals are in danger. It was later reformed to the Terrorism Response Team - Tactical Wing (TRT-2) for Overseas in order to meet with demands to coordinate with foreign police forces in assisting them whenever a terror attack has happened.

Cyber Affairs bureau
The Cyber Affairs bureau (サイバー警察局) is in charge of policing in cyberspace, combat with cybercrime and cyberterrorism. This bureau was restructured from the Info-Communications Bureau in 2022 by integrating cyber-related divisions in several bureaus.

 * Cyber-Policy Planning Division (サイバー企画課)
 * Cybercrime Investigation Division (サイバー捜査課)
 * Digital Analysis Division (情報技術解析課)

Regional Police Bureaus
There are six Regional Police Bureaus (管区警察局), each responsible for a number of prefectures as below:

 * Tōhoku Regional Police Bureau (東北管区警察局)
 * Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata, and Fukushima Prefectures

 * Kantō Regional Police Bureau (関東管区警察局)
 * Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa, Niigata, Yamanashi, Nagano, and Shizuoka Prefectures

 * Chūbu Regional Police Bureau (中部管区警察局)
 * Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Gifu, Aichi, and Mie Prefectures

 * Kinki Regional Police Bureau (近畿管区警察局)
 * Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, and Wakayama Prefectures

 * Chūgoku–Shikoku Regional Police Bureau (中国四国管区警察局)
 * Tottori, Shimane, Okayama, Hiroshima, and Yamaguchi Prefectures
 * Tokushima, Kagawa, Ehime, and Kochi Prefectures

 * Kyūshū Regional Police Bureau (九州管区警察局)
 * Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki, Kagoshima, and Okinawa Prefectures

They are located in major cities of each geographic region. The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and Hokkaido Prefectural Police Headquarters are excluded from the jurisdiction of regional police bureaus. Headed by a Senior Commissioner, each regional police bureaus exercises necessary control and supervision over and provides support services to prefectural police within its jurisdiction, under the authority and orders of NPA's Commissioner General. Attached to each Regional Police Bureaus is a Regional Police School which provides police personnel with education and training required of staff officers as well as other necessary education and training.

Police Communications Departments
Metropolitan Tokyo and the island of Hokkaidō are excluded from the regional jurisdictions and are run more autonomously than other local forces, in the case of Tokyo, because of its special urban situation, and of Hokkaidō, because of its distinctive geography. The National Police Agency maintains police communications divisions in these two areas to handle any coordination needed between national and local forces. In other area, Police Communications Departments are established within each Regional Police Bureaus.

 * Independent Communications Departments
 * Tokyo Metropolitan Police Info-Communications Department (東京都警察情報通信部)
 * Hokkaido Police Info-Communications Department (北海道警察通信情報部)

Subsidiary Organs

 * National Police Academy (警察大学校)
 * National Research Institute of Police Science (科学警察研究所)
 * Imperial Guard Headquarters (皇宮警察本部)

title: National Police Agency (Japan)


text: Category:Lebanese musicians

title: Category:Lebanese musicians


text:
Conway Pulford

Air Vice Marshal Conway Walter Heath Pulford, (26 January 1892 – 10 March 1942) was a senior Royal Air Force officer during World War II. Pulford commanded British forces in the Japanese invasion of Malaya and the subsequent fall of Singapore.

Pulford died of exhaustion and malaria after his evacuation vessel was attacked by Japanese aircraft and ran aground on an uninhabited island.

Early life
Pulford was born in Agra, India the son of Russell Richard and Lucy Anne Pulford.

Naval career
Pulford began his career in the Royal Navy in 1905 as a Naval Cadet at the Royal Naval College, Osborne. After serving as a midshipman on HMS Russell (1901) and HMS Lion (1910), and as a sub-lieutenant on HMS Larne (1910), he became a pilot on the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal (1914) in December 1914.

RAF career
In January 1920, Pulford left the Navy for the Royal Air Force, becoming a squadron commander in 1921. Pulford attended the RAF Staff College in 1922 and the Imperial Defence College in 1929.

Second World War

In 1941 he attempted to build up the RAF in the Far East to support all the forces under the Far East Command. But before the Japanese attacked on 8 December 1941, the Far East was given a low priority, so little was done. To bolster his very small staff now that the war had started, Air Vice Marshal Paul Maltby arrived and undertook duties as his deputy. Pulford was authorised to evacuate himself on 5 February 1942. Ten days later Pulford and his naval counterpart, Rear Admiral Ernest Spooner, were amongst the last to leave. Their vessel, the Royal Navy ML 310, was attacked by Japanese aircraft and forced to run aground on a malaria-ridden island called Chibia (Tjibia, Tjebia), part of the Juju group located north of Bangka Island, Indonesia, and was uninhabited. The survivors managed to hold out for two months before being forced to surrender to the Japanese, but the Air Vice Marshal and Rear Admiral had both died of exhaustion and malaria. When Pulford did not arrive in Java, Maltby took over command of RAF Far East Command, but was captured and spent the rest of the war as a prisoner of war of the Japanese.

title: Conway Pulford


text:
Infidels (Bob Dylan album)

Infidels is the twenty-second studio album by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, released on October 27, 1983, by Columbia Records.

Produced by Mark Knopfler and Dylan himself, Infidels is seen as his return to secular music, following a conversion to Christianity, three evangelical records and a subsequent return to a less religious lifestyle. Though he has never entirely abandoned religious imagery, Infidels gained much attention for its focus on more personal themes of love and loss, in addition to commentary on the environment and geopolitics. Christopher Connelly of Rolling Stone called those gospel albums just prior to Infidels "lifeless", and saw Infidels as making Bob Dylan's career viable again. According to Connelly, at the time of its release, Infidels was considered to be Dylan's best poetic and melodic work since Blood on the Tracks.

The critical reaction was the strongest for Dylan in years, almost universally hailed for its songwriting and performances. The album also fared well commercially, reaching  in the US and going gold, and   in the UK. Fans and critics were disappointed that several songs were inexplicably cut from the album just prior to mastering—primarily "Blind Willie McTell", considered a career highlight by many critics, and not officially released until it appeared on The Bootleg Series Volume III eight years later. The album was recorded and mixed entirely on digital recording equipment.

Recording sessions
Infidels was produced by Mark Knopfler, best known as the frontman of the band Dire Straits, and who had previously played guitar on Dylan's Slow Train Coming. Dylan initially wanted to produce the album himself, but feeling that technology had passed him by, he approached a number of contemporary artists who were more at home in a modern recording studio. David Bowie, Frank Zappa and Elvis Costello were all approached before Dylan hired Knopfler.

Knopfler later admitted it was difficult to produce Dylan. "You see people working in different ways, and it's good for you. You have to learn to adapt to the way different people work. Yes, it was strange at times with Bob. One of the great parts about production is that it demonstrates to you that you have to be flexible. Each song has its own secret that's different from another song, and each has its own life. Sometimes it has to be teased out, whereas other times it might come fast. There are no laws about songwriting or producing. It depends on what you're doing, not just who you're doing. You have to be sensitive and flexible, and it's fun. I'd say I was more disciplined. But I think Bob is much more disciplined as a writer of lyrics, as a poet. He's an absolute genius. As a singer—absolute genius. But musically, I think it’s a lot more basic. The music just tends to be a vehicle for that poetry."

Once Knopfler was aboard, the two quickly assembled a team of accomplished musicians. Knopfler's own guitar playing was paired with that of Mick Taylor, a former lead guitarist of the Rolling Stones. Having been introduced to Taylor the previous summer, Dylan had developed a friendship with him that resulted in the guitarist hearing the Infidels material first during the months leading up to the April sessions. In addition, the sessions benefited from Taylor's ability as a slide guitarist.

Knopfler said about the instrument he plays on Infidels: "I still haven't got a flat-top wooden acoustic, because I've never found one that was as good as the two best flat tops I ever played. One … was a hand-built Greco that Rudy Pensa of Rudy's Music Stop lent me. I used … the Greco on Infidels."

Knopfler suggested Alan Clark for keyboards as well as engineer Neil Dorfsman, both of whom were hired. According to Knopfler, it was Dylan's idea to recruit Robbie Shakespeare and Sly Dunbar as the rhythm section. Best known as Sly & Robbie, Shakespeare and Dunbar were famed reggae producers as well as recording artists signed to Island Records.

"Bob's musical ability is limited, in terms of being able to play a guitar or a piano," said Knopfler. "It's rudimentary, but it doesn't affect his variety, his sense of melody, his singing. It's all there. In fact, some of the things he plays on piano while he's singing are lovely, even though they're rudimentary. That all demonstrates the fact that you don't have to be a great technician. It's the same old story: If something is played with soul, that's what's important."

Songs
Beginning with Infidels, Dylan ceased to preach a specific religion, revealing little about his personal religious beliefs in his lyrics. In 1997, after recovering from a serious heart condition, Dylan said in an interview for Newsweek, "Here's the thing with me and the religious thing. This is the flat-out truth: I find the religiosity and philosophy in the music. I don't find it anywhere else … I don't adhere to rabbis, preachers, evangelists, all of that. I've learned more from the songs than I've learned from any of this kind of entity."

Though Infidels is often cited as a return to secular work (following a trio of albums heavily influenced by born-again Christianity), many of the songs recorded during the Infidels sessions retain Dylan's penchant for biblical references and religious imagery. An example of this is the opening track, "Jokerman". Along with biblical references, the song's lyrics reference populists who are overly concerned with the superficial ("Michelangelo indeed could've carved out your features") and more about action than thinking through the complexities ("fools rush in where angels fear to tread"). A number of critics have called Jokerman a sly political protest, addressed to an antichrist-like figure, a "manipulator of crowds … a dream twister".

The second track, "Sweetheart Like You", is sung to a fictitious woman. Oliver Trager's book Keys to the Rain: The Definitive Bob Dylan Encyclopedia mentions that some have criticized this song as sexist. Indeed, music critic Tim Riley makes that accusation in his book Hard Rain: A Dylan Commentary, singling out lyrics like "a woman like you should be at home/That's where you belong/Taking care of somebody nice/Who don't know how to do you wrong." However, Trager also cites other interpretations that dispute this claim. Some have argued that "Sweetheart Like You" is being sung to the Christian church ("what's a sweetheart like you doing in a dump like this?"), claiming that Dylan is mourning the church's deviation from scriptural truth. The song was later covered by Rod Stewart on his 1995 album A Spanner in the Works and translated and sung by the Italian songwriter Francesco De Gregori in his 2015 album De Gregori sings Bob Dylan. Dylan later stated that the line which some criticized "didn't come out exactly the way I wanted it to."

The song "Neighborhood Bully" is a song from the point of view of someone using sarcasm to defend Israel's right to exist; the title bemoans Israel's and the Jewish people's historic treatment in the popular press. Events in the history of the State of Israel are referenced, such as the Six-Day War and Operation Opera, Israel's bombing of the Osirak nuclear reactor near Baghdad on June 7, 1981, or previous bomb making sites bombed by Israeli soldiers. Events in the history of the Israelites as a whole are mentioned, such as being enslaved by Rome, Egypt, and Babylon. Events in modern Jewish secular history are noted as well, such as the Jews' historic role in the advancement of medicine ("took sickness and disease and turned them into health"). Historic restrictions on Jewish commerce are mentioned as well. In 1983, Dylan visited Israel again, but for the first time allowed himself to be photographed there, including a shot at Jerusalem's open-air synagogue wearing a yarmulkah and Jewish phylacteries, and tallith. Some described the song as a declaration of "full-throated Israel support", a "Zionist anthem" and a "bitter and indignant defense of Israel’s actions". However, when interviewed in 1984 by Rolling Stone, Dylan said that the song was "not a political song" because it did not "fall into a certain political party" while adding that the song might be an expression of heartfelt belief, he didn't "know what the politics of Israel" were, said he had "not really" resolved his views on the "Palestinian question" and stated that "the battle of the Armageddon" will be "fought in the Middle East." In 2001, the Jerusalem Post described the song as "a favorite among Dylan-loving residents of the territories". Israeli singer Ariel Zilber covered "Neighborhood Bully" in 2005 in a version translated to Hebrew.

A few critics like Robert Christgau and Bill Wyman claimed that Infidels betrayed a strong, strange dislike for space travel, and that it can be heard on the first few lines of "License to Kill". ("Man has invented his doom/First step was touching the moon.") A harsh indictment accusing mankind of imperialism and a predilection for violence, the song deals specifically with humanity's relationship to the environment, either on a political scale or a scientific one, beginning with the first line: "Man thinks because he rules the Earth/He can do with it as he please." A skeptical opinion toward the American space program was shared among evangelicals of Dylan's generation. In a Rolling Stone Review, he said he wasn't sure why he wrote the line critical of space travel, but believed what he stated in the song.

"Man of Peace" is the fifth track, and deals with the concept that Satan, or evil generally, may disguise himself to mislead humanity. In a 1984 interview, he told the reviewer that "you can't be for peace and be global" and compared it to the song.

"Union Sundown" is a political protest song against imported consumer goods and offshoring. In the song, Dylan examines the subject from several different angles, discussing the greed and power of unions and corporations ("You know capitalism is above the law/It don't count unless it sells/When it costs too much to build it at home you just build it cheaper someplace else...Democracy don't rule this world/You better get that through your head/This world is ruled by violence/Though I guess that's better left unsaid"), the hypocrisy of Americans who complain about the lack of American jobs while not paying more for American-made products ("Lots of people complainin' that there is no work/I say, 'Why you say that for? When nothin' you got is U.S.-made? They don't make nothin' here no more"), the collaboration of the unions themselves ("The unions are big business, friend/And they’re goin’ out like a dinosaur"), and the desperate conditions of the foreign workers who make the goods ("All the furniture, it says “Made in Brazil”/Where a woman, she slaved for sure/Bringin’ home thirty cents a day to a family of twelve/You know, that's a lot of money to her...And a man's going to do what he has to do/When he's got a hungry mouth to feed"). In a 1984 interview, Dylan said the song was based on what he had seen, personally, when growing up.

"I and I", according to author/critic Tim Riley, "updates the Dylan mythos. Even though it substitutes self-pity for the [pessimism found throughout Infidels], you can't ignore it as a Dylan spyglass: 'Someone else is speakin' with my mouth, but I'm listening only to my heart/I've made shoes for everyone, even you, while I still go barefoot.'" Riley sees the song as an exploration of the distance between Dylan's "inner identity and the public face he wears".

Infidels' closer, "Don't Fall Apart on Me Tonight", stands out on the album as a pure love song. On past albums like John Wesley Harding and Nashville Skyline, Dylan closed with love songs sung to the narrator's partner, and that tradition is continued with "Don't Fall Apart On Me Tonight", with a chorus that asks "Don't fall apart on me tonight/I just don't think that I could handle it/Don't fall apart on me tonight/Yesterday's just a memory/Tomorrow is never what it's supposed to be/And I need you, yeah, you tonight."

Final sequencing and mixing
While Dylan was known to be prolific and had numerous outtakes for most of his albums, Infidels in particular garnered considerable controversy over the years regarding its final selection of songs. By June 1983, Dylan and Knopfler had set a preliminary sequence of nine songs, including two songs that were ultimately omitted: "Foot of Pride" and "Blind Willie McTell". Other notable outtakes like "Someone's Got a Hold of My Heart" (later re-written and re-recorded for Empire Burlesque as "Tight Connection to My Heart (Has Anybody Seen My Love)") were recorded during these sessions, but only "Foot of Pride" and "Blind Willie McTell" received serious consideration for possible inclusion.

"Blind Willie McTell" is perhaps the most heatedly discussed outtake in Dylan's catalog. "On the surface, 'Blind Willie McTell' is about the landscape of the blues," writes Tim Riley, "and the figures Dylan pays respects to on his 1962 debut. But it's also about the landscape of pop, and how an aging persona like Dylan might feel as he casts his experienced gaze over the road he's walked. Always skeptical about the quality of his own voice, he didn't release 'Blind Willie McTell' at first because he didn't feel his tribute lived up to its sources. The irony here is that his own insecurity about living up to his imagined blues ideal becomes a subject in itself. 'Nobody sings the blues like Blind Willie McTell' becomes a way of saying how Dylan feels displaced not just by the industry … but by the music he calls home." Clinton Heylin gives "Blind Willie McTell" a more ambitious interpretation, describing it as "the world's eulogy, sung by an old bluesman recast as St. John the Divine".

Both "Foot of Pride" and "Blind Willie McTell" were dropped from consideration soon after Mark Knopfler ended his involvement with the album. In later years, Knopfler claimed that "Infidels would have been a better record if I had mixed the thing, but I had to go on tour in Germany, and then Bob had a weird thing with CBS, where he had to deliver records to them at a certain time and I was away in Europe … Some of [Infidels] is like listening to roughs. Maybe Bob thought I'd rushed things because I was in a hurry to leave, but I offered to finish it after our tour. Instead, he got the engineer to do the final mix."

Dylan spent roughly a month on remixing and overdubbing, holding a number of sessions in June re-recording vocal tracks using newly rewritten lyrics. During this time, he decided to cast aside "Foot of Pride" and "Blind Willie McTell", replacing them with "Union Sundown".

Outtakes
As with most Dylan albums, outtakes and rough mixes from Infidels were eventually bootlegged. This is a partial listing of known outtakes. All titles in parentheses are "working titles".

 * "16 Tons" (Merle Travis)
 * "Across The Borderline" (Ry Cooder, John Hiatt, Jim Dickinson)
 * "Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground" (Version 1), released as a B-side to the Infidel singles.
 * "Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground" (Version 2)
 * "Aquarium" (Robbie Sly)
 * "Back To The Wall"
 * "Blind Willie McTell" (electric take, different from The Bootleg Series take)
 * "Blind Willie McTell" (later released on The Bootleg Series Vol 1-3)
 * ("Buttons + Buns")
 * "Buttons" or ("Great Buttons Again")
 * "Choo Choo Ch'Boogie" (Horton/Darling/Gabler)
 * "Christmas Song" (Mel Tormé)
 * "Clean Cut Kid" (Brooklyn Anthem) (given to Carla Olson and the Textones for their debut A&M album, later reworked for the Empire Burlesque album)
 * "Cold Cold Heart" (Hank Williams)
 * "Columbus Georgia" or "Columbus Stockade Blues"
 * "Dark As A Dungeon" (Merle Travis)
 * "Dark Groove" (Instrumental)
 * "Death Is Not The End" (later reworked for the Down in the Groove album)
 * ("Diddling")
 * "Don't Drink No Chevy" (?)
 * "Don't Fly Unless It's Safe" (Instrumental)
 * "Foot of Pride" (later released on The Bootleg Series Vol 1-3)
 * "From Paul"

 * ("Goin' Up Let It Roll")
 * "Glory To The King"
 * "The Green, Green Grass of Home" (J. Curly Putman)
 * "Green Onions" (Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Lewis Steinberg, Al Jackson, Jr.)
 * ("Half-Finished Song I")
 * ("Half-Finished Song II")
 * "He's Gone" (?)
 * "Home, Home On The Range" (William Goodwin, Brewster M. Higley, Daniel E. Kelley)
 * "How Many Days" (?)
 * "I’m Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II)
 * "I'm Movin' On" (Hank Snow)
 * ("Instrumental Jam")
 * Instrumental (Blues)
 * Instrumental (Bluesy Jam: Slow)
 * Instrumental (Bluesy Jam: Bluesier)
 * Instrumental (Bluesy Jam: Pickup Again)
 * Instrumental (Blues Riff)
 * Instrumental (Bob Lead Jazz)
 * Instrumental (Bob Said Tape This)
 * Instrumental (Boogie 1)
 * Instrumental (Boogie 2)
 * Instrumental (End Bob 12-String)
 * Instrumental (G Boogie)
 * Instrumental (Harmonico Jam 1)
 * Instrumental (Harmonico Jam 2)
 * Instrumental (Harmonico Jam 3)
 * Instrumental (Harmonico Solo)

 * Instrumental (Instrumental Jam)
 * Instrumental (Jam Groove)
 * Instrumental (Mark Pickin' Groove)
 * Instrumental (Mark Soop Pick Up)
 * Instrumental (Mark Plunks Tasty)
 * Instrumental (Reggae Jam)
 * "Jesus Met The Woman At The Well" (trad.)
 * "Julius and Ethel" (fully realised outtake, never released)
 * ("KIM")
 * "Lord Protect My Child" (later released on The Bootleg Series Vol 1-3)
 * ("Love You Too Jam")
 * "A Lover's Concerto" (Sandy Linzer & Denny Randell)
 * "Prison Station Blues"
 * "Oh, Babe"
 * "Oh! Susanna" (Stephen Foster)
 * "Oklahoma Kansas"
 * ("Reggae Toms Toms Jam")
 * "Ripple"(Jerry Garcia, Robert Hunter)
 * "Silent Night" (Franz Gruber, Josef Mohr)
 * "Slow Try Baby"
 * "Someone's Got A Hold Of My Heart" (later reworked to "Tight Connection to My Heart)
 * "Tell Me" (later released on The Bootleg Series Vol 1-3)
 * "This Was My Love" (Jim Harbert) (Version 1)
 * "This Was My Love" (Jim Harbert) (Version 2)
 * ("4/20 Trees Hannibal Alps")
 * Unidentified Song 1
 * Unidentified Song 2

Also, alternate versions of every song on Infidels are in circulation as well. Some of these alternate takes were finally officially released in 2021 on The Bootleg Series Vol. 16: Springtime in New York 1980–1985.

 * "Jokerman"
 * "Sweetheart Like You" (alternate version 1)
 * "Sweetheart Like You" (alternate version 2)
 * "Sweetheart Like You" (Several rehearsals)
 * "Neighborhood Bully" (alternate version)
 * "License To Kill" (alternate version)
 * "Man Of Peace" (alternate version)
 * "Union Sundown" (alternate version 1)
 * "Union Sundown" (alternate version 2)
 * "I And I" (alternate version)
 * "Don't Fall Apart On Me Tonight" (alternate version)

Reception
While Infidels was better received than its predecessor, Shot of Love, Graham Lock of New Musical Express still referred to Dylan as "culturally a spent force … a confused man trying to rekindle old fires." Rolling Stone and The Village Voice critic Robert Christgau was not impressed either, writing that Dylan had "turned into a hateful crackpot". Greil Marcus dismissed it many years later as another "bad [album] that made no sense, didn't hang together, had no point, and did not need to exist".

But even some of the skeptics found some merit in Infidels. In the same review, Christgau wrote, "All the wonted care Dylan has put into this album shows." Indeed, critics were unanimous in praising the overall sound, "one case where the streamlined production doesn't seem to work against the rugged authority he can still command as a singer," wrote Tim Riley. Music critic Bill Wyman conceded that "the songs are mature and complex" even though "melodically they are similar sounding and the affair as a whole still has echoes of his crackpot Christian days."

Infidels would place tenth on The Village Voice's Pazz & Jop Critics Poll for 1983, Dylan's highest placement since 1975 when The Basement Tapes placed #1 and Blood on the Tracks placed #4. Years later, when outtakes like "Someone's Got a Hold of My Heart", "Blind Willie McTell" and "Foot of Pride" began to circulate, the album's stature would in some ways grow, becoming a missed opportunity at a potential masterpiece to some critics like Rob Bowman and Clinton Heylin.

Without a tour in 1983, Infidels still generated modest sales, selling consistently through the Christmas shopping season. CBS even produced a music video for "Sweetheart Like You", Dylan's first in the MTV era. Steve Ripley from Dylan's Shot of Love band was one of the guitarists in the video. The female guitar player featured who mimed Mick Taylor's guitar solo is Carla Olson. This appearance led to her recording a live album with Taylor as well as numerous studio sessions with him. And Dylan gave her the unreleased song "Clean Cut Kid" for her debut album Midnight Mission (A&M Records). "Sweetheart Like You" was followed by a second video for "Jokerman", which CBS issued as a single in February 1984.

Aftermath and legacy
Dylan spent the fall of 1983 recording demos and various songs at his home in Malibu, California. Rather than work alone, Dylan brought in a number of young musicians, including Charlie Sexton, drummer Charlie Quintana and guitarist JJ Holiday. As Heylin notes, "this was Dylan's first real dalliance with third-generation American rock & rollers." These informal sessions set the stage for Dylan's first public performances since 1982.

Dylan appeared on Late Night with David Letterman on March 22, 1984. He performed with Quintana, Holiday (introduced by Letterman as "Justin Jesting"), and bassist Tony Marsico. Performing three songs with his band of post-punk musicians, the Plugz, Dylan delivered what many consider to be his most entertaining television performance ever. The combo first performed an unrehearsed version of Sonny Boy Williamson's "Don't Start Me to Talking", then a radically different arrangement of "License To Kill". The final song was a peppy, somewhat new-wave version of "Jokerman" that ended with a harmonica solo. At the end of the performance, Letterman walked onstage and congratulated Dylan, asking him if he could come back and play every Thursday. Dylan smiled and jokingly agreed.

Track listing
All songs written by Bob Dylan.

Personnel

 * Bob Dylan – guitar, harmonica, keyboards, vocals, production
 * Alan Clark – keyboards
 * Sly Dunbar – drums, percussion
 * Clydie King – vocals on "Union Sundown"
 * Mark Knopfler – guitar, production
 * Robbie Shakespeare – bass guitar
 * Mick Taylor – guitar
 * Benmont Tench – keyboards

title: Infidels (Bob Dylan album)


text:
Cromford Canal

The Cromford Canal ran 14.5 mi from Cromford to the Erewash Canal in Derbyshire, England with a branch to Pinxton. Built by William Jessop with the assistance of Benjamin Outram, its alignment included four tunnels and 14 locks.

From Cromford it ran south following the 275 ft contour line along the east side of the valley of the Derwent to Ambergate, where it turned eastwards along the Amber valley. It turned sharply to cross the valley, crossing the river and the Ambergate to Nottingham road, by means of an aqueduct at Bullbridge, before turning towards Ripley. From there the Butterley Tunnel took it through to the Erewash Valley.

From the tunnel it continued to Ironville, the junction for the branch to Pinxton, and then descended through fourteen locks to meet the Erewash Canal at Langley Mill. The Pinxton Branch became important as a route for Nottinghamshire coal, via the Erewash, to the River Trent and Leicester and was a terminus of the Mansfield and Pinxton Railway.

A 6 mi long section of the Cromford canal between Cromford and Ambergate is listed as a Biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and a Local Nature Reserve.

In addition to purely canal traffic, there was a lively freight interchange with the Cromford and High Peak Railway, which traversed the plateau of the Peak District from Whaley Bridge in the north west, and which descended to the canal at High Peak Junction by means of an inclined plane.

Origins
At the end of the eighteenth century an extension was proposed to the Erewash Canal by various interested parties who wished to encourage coal mining further north. The suggestion was declined by the canal company, so local businessmen, including Benjamin Outram's father Joseph, Benjamin decided to go ahead on their own, asking William Jessop to design one between Langley Mill and Cromford, with a branch to Pinxton. This would carry coal to Cromford, which was becoming industrialised, and limestone from the area for the growing iron industry. Also important would be lead from Wirksworth and cotton from the Cromford mills. The connection to the Erewash Canal would provide an outlet to the Trent and Mersey Canal and the rest of the country.

The canal therefore attracted the support of some powerful figures such as Philip Gell of Hopton Hall and Sir Richard Arkwright - the latter initially at least. Matters were taken out of the Erewash Canal owners hands, for, without their co-operation, there was the implicit threat that a competing canal would be built to the Trent. The major opposition came from the water-powered mill owners along the Derwent, of which there were many, downstream of the proposed canal, fearful of loss of flow in dry weather. Since, between Cromford and Pinxton, the canal would be level, Jessop was able to give reassurance, carefully downplaying the problem of the descent, with its locks, to Langley Mill.

However, with the assistance of Benjamin Outram, he also spent over a year measuring the flow rate of the Derwent, a precaution which was invaluable when the bill was placed before Parliament. He also proposed to make the summit pound deep enough that it could be replenished on Sundays when the mills were closed, and hold enough water to supply the locks for a week even in the driest weather.

The length from the Erewash Canal would be built to match, accessible to barges from the Trent. Through the Butterley Tunnel and along the narrow Derwent valley it would be to narrow boat standards, similar to the Trent and Mersey.

At the last minute before the Bill was to be presented to Parliament, Richard Arkwright raised a problem. The assumption had been that water would come from Cromford Sough, the drainage from the Wirksworth lead mines. Arkwright complained that the canal crossed his land and insisted that water should be obtained from the river by raising the height of the weir at Masson Mill. This was an unwelcome complication (which would mainly benefit Arkwright himself and his mill) but the canal Committee reluctantly agreed.

Construction
The canal obtained its Act of Parliament in 1789. Perhaps because they had quoted too little, basing their estimates on Jessop's cost predictions which may themselves have been too optimistic, the contractors soon found themselves in financial difficulties and, at the end of 1790, simply walked off the site. Benjamin Outram hastily took over full management control and was awarded a salary increase. In January 1792 there was a problem when the Amber Aqueduct failed but, by May, the canal to the east of Butterley was virtually complete and most of the earthworks to the west.

The Butterley Tunnel was excavated by first sinking 33 shafts, about 75 yd apart as much as 57 yd deep to give a number of working faces. Most of the heading was through soil, with some coal measures and iron ore deposits, the final tunnel being lined through most of its length.

By 1793 the company had a balance in hand of only £273 and the cost had risen to half as much again as Jessop's original estimate. Nevertheless, the canal was showing an income, unfinished though it was.

In August, however, there were problems with the Derwent Aqueduct which required considerable modification. The spandrel walls had parted due to the horizontal forces imposed by the canal, and a longitudinal split had opened up in the arch. In his report to the canal committee, Jessop gave his opinion that the use of Crich lime, being unusually pure, had delayed the setting of the mortar. Later writers, with the benefit of engineering knowledge acquired after Jessop's time, have suggested that the spandrel walls were simply too slender for the forces imposed. At any rate, the arch was partly dismantled and steel tie bars and lateral reinforcing arches were installed, together with external buttresses. This Jessop did at his own expense.

In the end, despite costing about twice the initial estimate of £42,697 (£0 in ), the canal opened in 1794 and was a financial success.

Operation
Jessop had based his initial predictions for the expected returns on the carriage of limestone from Cromford and Crich and coal from Pinxton. However, the canal itself encouraged new enterprises. The canal mostly carried coal, lead and iron ore, some extracted from inside the Butterley Tunnel. Copper was brought from as far away as Ecton Hill in Staffordshire and the canal opening the way for lead from Ecton, as well as Wirksworth to be taken to the Lead Market at Hull and chert from Bakewell to the Potteries. It also allowed the finished products of the area to be exported widely, the Butterley Company's castings and Arkwright's spun cotton. The opening of the Derby Canal and the Nottingham Canal, both in 1796, further facilitated the latter's trade with these textile centres.

Although Arkwright had suggested that water should be drawn from the Derwent (by raising his weir at Masson Mill and feeding it via an aqueduct to Cromford Meadows - thus improving his plans for quarries behind Willersley and adding extra power to his mill wheels at the expense of the Canal Company), the canal committee had secretly no intention of so doing. The Proprietors changed the line of the canal to its present terminus, where a connection was made to the Cromford sough, even though they had to purchase the land from Arkwright at £1000 and landscape (at unknown cost) the grounds of his then house. Water could be drawn from the sough at night as well as on Sundays, when Cromford Mill was not working. Coming from underground, it was slightly warm, and it was said that it never froze. (Arkwright had been using the sough water to power Cromford Mill since the previous century.) The opening of the Nottingham Canal provided further water via the Butterley Reservoir, almost above Butterley Tunnel and on the summit level of the Cromford Canal.

The sign illustrated (left) was displayed at both ends of the Butterley tunnel, and stressed the importance of only using the narrow tunnel in any one direction at particular times. There are reported instances of fines levied for non-compliance with these rules.

In 1819 the Mansfield and Pinxton Railway opened up trade with Mansfield including moulding sand for the foundries.

In 1831, the Cromford and High Peak Railway opened a route up to Manchester

The canal also carried limestone from the Butterley Company's quarry at Crich with a plateway to the Amber Wharf at Bullbridge. In an attempt to avoid using cable-haulage or a rack and pinion system, a remarkable steam engine, the "Steam Horse" was tried out in 1813.

In 1840 when the North Midland Railway was built, George Stephenson was faced with the problem at Bullbridge of taking the line over the road but under the canal, thus the Bullbridge Aqueduct, in its final form, placed the river, road, railway and canal at four levels.

In 1846 the mining beneath Wirksworth had reached such a depth that Meerbrook Sough was built, draining into the Derwent near Whatstandwell, which deprived both Arkwrights mill and the canal of water, leaving the latter with only that from Butterley Reservoir. Accordingly, the canal owners first hired a pump and then built the Leawood Pump House in 1849 buying a Cornish-type beam engine from Grahams of Elsecar.

Decline
In 1802 the canal had carried over 150,000 tons and by 1842 nearly 300,000, then in 1849, the Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway was built alongside as far as Ambergate, which reached Manchester in 1867. A further line to Pye Bridge was built in 1875. By 1888 trade had shrunk to 45,000 tons a year.

In 1846, parliamentary assent was granted to merge with the MBM&MJR. The sale was not carried through until 1852 by which time the Midland Railway and the LNWR had assumed joint control and, with railway lines from Rowsley through Ambergate to the north and south, it was being used for little more than local traffic.

In 1889, subsidence closed the 3063 yd Butterley Tunnel for four years, and further subsidence in 1900 closed the Tunnel permanently. Most of the canal was abandoned in 1944 with the exception of a half-mile (800m) stretch to Langley Mill which was abandoned in 1962. The Bullbridge Aqueduct was removed in 1968 when the Ripley road was widened. In 1985 the Codnor Park Reservoir was lowered by 6 ft and a lock was removed as part of a flood prevention scheme.

Restoration
After closure, the canal was taken over by the British Waterways Board and acquired by Derbyshire County Council in 1974. Between 1968–69 and 1989 the 5 miles between Cromford and Ambergate were restored either partly or wholly by the Cromford Canal Society [CCS] together with the beam engine (the Leawood Pump) which was restored to full operation, pumping water from the River Derwent to the Canal above. CCS ran horse-drawn passenger boats (up to 15,000 passengers a year) on the 1½-mile section from Cromford to Leawood and steamed the beam engine on regular occasions. The lower section from Leawood to Leashaw (through Gregory Tunnel) was restored to navigation but storm damage to embankments prevented its use. CCS ceased to exist in 1990 and this part of the canal has nearly reverted to pre-restoration condition.

Attempts are being made to restore the canal and about 5 mi of it remains in water. In March 2013 dredging began on a 1.3 mi length between Leawood Pumphouse and Cromford Wharf with the aim of making it navigable for narrowboats. This section is now open for trips on an historic cargo narrowboat, Birchwood, now electric-powered.

The towpath from Ambergate to Cromford is now a very popular walking route, with the Derwent Valley Line adjacent, Leawood Pump House and the High Peak Junction of the Cromford and High Peak Railway.

Friends of the Cromford Canal
The Friends of the Cromford Canal is a charitable organisation whose aim is to see the restoration of the Cromford Canal for the benefit of the general public. The society promotes the restoration of the Canal to navigation, and to connect it to the national inland waterway system at the junction with the Erewash Canal at Langley Mill. The group runs a trip boat, Birdswood, between Cromford Wharf and Leawood Pump House, although even after dredging of the section in 2013 it is quite shallow. English actor Brian Blessed is the president of Friends of the Cromford Canal. His voice gives the recorded safety announcement for the tripboat Birdswood on the Canal.

title: Cromford Canal


text:
China National Highway 312

China National Highway 312 (312国道), also referred to as Route 312, is a key east-west route beginning in Shanghai and ending at Khorgas, Xinjiang in the Ili River valley, on the border with Kazakhstan. In total it spans 5,000 km, passing through Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu before ending in Xinjiang. Besides Shanghai, cities of note on the route include Suzhou, Wuxi, Nanjing, Hefei, Xinyang, Nanyang, Xi'an, Lanzhou, Jiayuguan and Ürümqi.

The road was the subject of Rob Gifford's 2007 book China Road, in which he describes traveling the entire length of Route 312 from the East China Sea to Central Asia.

The G40 Shanghai–Xi'an Expressway has replaced National Highway 312 as the main route between those two cities.

Accidents
On October 10 2019, a bridge of G312 crossing Xigang Road in Wuxi was collapsed by several overloaded trucks, killing 3 people and injuring 2 others.

title: China National Highway 312


text:
Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel

Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel (1 September 1727 – 13 April 1794) was a French Catholic cleric and politician of the Revolution. He was executed during the Reign of Terror.

Biography
Gobel was born in the town of Thann in Alsace to a lawyer to the Sovereign Council of Alsace and tax collector for the Seigneury of Thann. After outstanding success in his early schooling in Porrentruy, he studied at the Jesuit college in Colmar, then theology in the German College in Rome, from which he graduated in 1743.

Clerical career
Gobel was ordained a Catholic priest in 1750 and then became a member of the cathedral chapter of the Prince-Bishop of Basel, Simon Nikolaus Euseb von Montjoye-Hirsingen, based in Porrentruy, In 1771 he was appointed the auxiliary bishop of the diocese for the section that was situated in French territory, being named by the Holy See as a titular bishop in partibus of Lydda. He consecrated the next Prince-Bishop, Friedrich Ludwig Franz von Wangen zu Geroldseck, on 3 March 1776. Found to have been living beyond his means, he was relieved of his duties by Wangen zu Geroldseck's successor, Franz Joseph Sigismund von Roggenbach, in 1782. After this he began to espouse "reformist" ideas. His political life began when he was elected deputy to the Estates-General of 1789 by the clergy of the Bailiwick of Huningue.

The turning-point of his life was Gobel's action in taking the oath of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (3 January 1791), in favour of which he had declared himself since 5 May 1790. The document gave the appointment of priests to the electoral assemblies, and, after taking the oath, Gobel had become so popular that he was elected constitutional bishop in several dioceses. He chose the Archbishopric of Paris, and in spite of the difficulties which he had to encounter before he could enter into possession, he took up office on 17 March 1791 and was consecrated on 27 March by eight bishops, including Charles Maurice de Talleyrand. This action was rejected by the Holy See, which has never recognized him as a legitimate holder of the office, and continues to hold the canonical archbishop, Antoine-Eléonore-Léon Le Clerc de Juigné, as the legitimate Archbishop of Paris during that period.

Politics
On 8 November 1792, Gobel was appointed administrator of Paris. His public display of anti-clericalism was most likely a careful tactic to ensure the sympathy of politicians: among other things, he declared himself opposed to clerical celibacy. On the 17th Brumaire in the year II (7 November 1793), he came before the bar of the National Convention for his activities as civil commissioner in Porrentruy, and, in a famous scene, resigned his episcopal functions, proclaiming that he did so for love of the people, and through respect for their wishes. The previous night, a delegation from the Commune led by Hébert, Chaumette and Cloots had demanded that he publicly renounce his faith or be put to death by the people.

The followers of Jacques Hébert, who were then pursuing their anti-Christian policy, claimed Gobel as their representative. At the same time, Hébert's rival Maximilien Robespierre viewed Gobel as an atheist – although he was not accused of apostasy, and never publicly professed atheism.

Robespierre's vision of a deist Cult of the Supreme Being was threatened by the opposition of atheist Hébertists (see Cult of Reason), and Gobel shared the fate of the latter. Imprisoned, he was found guilty of the so-called 'Luxembourg prison plot' together with Chaumette; Lucile Desmoulins, wife of the recently executed Camille Desmoulins; Françoise Hebert, wife of the recently executed Hébert; and an assortment of other prisoners of various types. Gobel, on being thrown into prison, suffered the agonies of acute remorse. He hastened to do all in his power to repair his misconduct; he sent his written confession to the Abbé Lothringer, and signed the document, not as bishop of Paris, but of Lydda. He entreated the Abbé to give him the benefit of his ministrations in his last moments, to come to the Conciergerie at the time when he was leaving it for the guillotine, and to pronounce over him the form of absolution, not forgetting the clause "ab omni vinculo excommunicationis". Gobel's penitence was likewise attested by the Abbé Emery and the Abbé Gaston de Sambucy.

All of the alleged conspirators were sentenced to death on the morning of 13 April and guillotined that same afternoon.

General references

 * François Victor Alphonse Aulard, "La Culte de la raison" in the review La Révolution Française (1891).
 * Étienne Charavay, Assemble electorale de Paris (Paris, 1890).
 * H. Monin, La Chanson et l'Eglise sous la Révolution (Paris, 1892).
 * "Episcopat de Gobel" in vol. iii. (1900) of Jean Maurice Tourneux, Bibliographie de l'histoire de Paris pendant la Rév. Fr.

title: Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel


text:
Philip Bourke Marston

Philip Bourke Marston (13 August 1850 – 13 February 1887) was an English poet.

Life
He was born in London 13 August 1850, the son of John Westland Marston. Philip James Bailey and Dinah Maria Mulock were his sponsors, and the most popular of the latter's short poems, "Philip, my King," is addressed to him. At age three, Marston partially lost his vision due to the injudicious administration of belladonna (as a prophylactic against scarlet fever), potentially aggravated by an accidental blow. For many years he maintained enough vision to see, in his own words, "the tree-boughs waving in the wind, the pageant of sunset in the west, and the glimmer of a fire upon the hearth;" and this dim, imperfect perception may have been more stimulating to his imagination than either perfect sight or total blindness.

He indulged, like Hartley Coleridge, in a consecutive series of imaginary adventures and in the reveries called up by music.

His skills in verbal expression and melody were soon manifested in poems of remarkable merit for his years, and displaying a power of delineating the aspects of nature which, his affliction considered, seemed almost incomprehensible. These efforts met full recognition from the brilliant literary circle then gathered around his father. Marston was intensely happy for a time in the affection of Mary Nesbit. The death of his betrothed from rapid consumption, in November 1871, devastated him, and was the precursor of a series of calamities which may have produced the morbid element in his views of life and nature.

In 1874, a friend, Oliver Madox Brown, died suddenly. In 1878 Marston lost with equal suddenness his beloved sister Cicely, to whom one of his most beautiful poems is addressed. His surviving sister, Eleanor, died early in the following year; her husband, Arthur O'Shaughnessy, followed shortly. In 1882, the death of Marston's chief poetic ally and inspirer, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, was followed closely by that of another kindred spirit, James Thomson, who was carried dying from his blind friend's rooms, where he had sought refuge from his latest miseries early in June of the same year.

Marston's poetry became sorrowful and melancholy. The idylls of flower-life, such as the early The Rose and the Wind, were succeeded by dreams of sleep and the repose of death. These qualities and gradations of feeling are traceable through his three published collections, Songtide (1871), All in All (1873) and Wind Voices (1883). Marston's poetry was collected in 1892 by Louise Chandler Moulton, a loyal friend, and herself a poet.

In his later years Marston wrote short stories for Home Chimes, as well as American magazines, through the agency of Mrs. Chandler Moulton. His popularity in America far exceeded that in his own country.

The three volumes of poetry published in his lifetime, Song-Tide and other Poems (1871), All in All (1875), and Wind Voices (1883), abound with beautiful thoughts expressed in beautiful language. His short stories were collected by Mr. Sharp under the title of For a Song's Sake and other Stories (1887, 8vo).

He died on the 13th February 1887 and was buried on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery. The inscription on the headstone above his grave (plot no.27388) has now entirely worn away.

Literature

 * Coulson Kernahan, in Sorrow and Song (Philadelphia, 1894)
 * William Sharp, in Papers Critical and Reminiscent (New York, 1912)

title: Philip Bourke Marston


text:
Richard Glazebrook

Sir Richard Tetley Glazebrook (18 September 1854 – 15 December 1935) was an English physicist.

Education and early career
Glazebrook was born in West Derby, Liverpool, Lancashire, the son of a surgeon. He was educated at Dulwich College until 1870, Liverpool College from 1870 to 1872, and Trinity College, Cambridge, from which he graduated in Mathematics in 1876 and of which he was elected a fellow in 1877. He studied physics under James Clerk Maxwell and Lord Rayleigh at the new Cavendish Laboratory and, in 1880, was appointed a demonstrator at the laboratory.

The following year (1881), he was also appointed a college lecturer in mathematics and physics and a university lecturer in mathematics. His research focused on electrical standards and aviation. When defining electrical standards for the unit of resistance, the British Science Association were trying to determine what length a mercury column should be, to express the absolute value of the Ohm. A number of different values had been obtained over the years and Glazebrook determined the value at 106.3 cm.

Despite skepticism of mercurial standards this was the International value agreed on later by the 1893 Chicago conference.

Later career
He hoped to succeed Rayleigh as Cavendish Professor of Physics in 1884, but was surprisingly (given that he was also Rayleigh's choice) passed over in favour of Sir J.J. Thomson, which was a great disappointment to him. He was, however, appointed Assistant Director of the Cavendish in 1891 and Bursar of Trinity College in 1895. In 1898, he was appointed Principal of University College, Liverpool.

In June 1899, however, he left to become first Director of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in Teddington. During the First World War, he chaired the government's Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, located at the NPL, under the presidency of John Strutt, Lord Rayleigh.

He held his post at the NPL until his retirement (largely due to friction with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research) in 1919, successfully establishing the NPL as a world leader in physics research.

Retirement
Following his retirement, he moved back to Cambridge and edited the Dictionary of Applied Physics. From 1920 to 1923 he was Zaharoff Professor of Aviation and Director of the Department of Aeronautics at Imperial College, London. He remained on the General Board of the NPL and chaired the Executive Committee from 1925 to 1932.

Honours and awards
In 1882, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) at the very young age of 28. He was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1895. He served as Vice-President of the Royal Society in 1919–1920 and 1924–1928, and as its Foreign Secretary from 1926 to 1929. He was awarded the Hughes Medal in 1909 and the Royal Medal in 1931.

He was also awarded the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts in 1918, and the Gold Medal of the Royal Aeronautical Society in 1933.

He was President of the Physical Society, later the Institute of Physics, from 1903 to 1905, and president of the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1906.

Glazebrook was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1910, was knighted in 1917, and appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 1920 New Year War Honours and Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in 1934.

Personal life
He married Frances Gertrude Atkinson of Leeds in 1883; they had a son and three daughters. He died at Limpsfield, Surrey, on 15 December 1935, aged 81.

Works

 * A dictionary of applied physics (5 vols.) edited by Richard Glazebrook I. Mechanics, engineering, heat; II. Electricity; III. Meteorology, metrology; IV. Light, sound, radiology, aeronautics, metallurgy. General Index (London : Macmillan, 1922–1923)
 * Mechanics Dynamics (Cambridge University Press, 1911)
 * Mechanics Hydrostatics (Cambridge University Press, 1916)
 * Physical optics (London, New York: Longmans, Green, 1886)
 * Laws and properties of matter (London, K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & co., ltd., 1893)
 * Heat: an elementary text-book, theoretical and practical, for colleges and schools (Cambridge University Press, 1894)
 * Light, an elementary text-book, theoretical and practical (Cambridge University Press, 1912)
 * Electricity and magnetism. An elementary text-book, theoretical and practical (Cambridge University Press, 1903)
 * Practical physics (London, Longmans, 1889)
 * James Clerk Maxwell and modern physics (New York: Macmillan, 1896)
 * Science And Industry	The Rede Lecture 1917 (Cambridge University Press)

title: Richard Glazebrook


text:
Ziro Province

For the town in India, see Ziro.

Ziro is a province of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre-Ouest Region. It has an area of 5139 sqkm. The provincial capital is the town of Sapouy.

Education
In 2011 the province had 0 primary schools and 0 secondary schools.

Healthcare
In 2011 the province had 17 health and social promotion centers (Centres de santé et de promotion sociale), 2 doctors and 47 nurses.

Administrative divisions
Prior to 2004 Ziro was divided into three departments: Bougnounou, Cassou and Sapouy. After the 2004 reorganization Ziro was divided into six departments, listed with their administrative seat, and population as of 2006 census.

title: Ziro Province


text:
Category talk:British children's writers

underused?
Should this category perhaps be revived? Category:American children's writers seems to be quite well-populated and I'm sure this one could do just as well. [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 15:45, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Eight years later there are about 1100 in Category: American children's writers; 700 in Category: British children's writers --where it's necessary to add the English, Scottish, and Welsh because subcategories of Brit have different function than subcats of Amer. 2012-05-06, See the green census report.

British?
Why is English separate from British? Seems very arbitrary. I'm guessing there would be more objection to bringing in Welsh and Scottish, but perhaps for ease of use that should be done as well ... [2012-05-06, See the green census report]

Any thoughts?--Natcase 05:55, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I find it confusing (as a relative newcomer to Wikipedia) that there are categories for both British and English. As an Englishwoman myself, I incline to having English, Scottish, Welsh and NOT British, but if there are strong feelings elsewhere to have British I think Scottish and Welsh should disappear as well as English. But to me that would be like having a North American Category without separate categories for Canada, Mexico and USA - which has already appropriated American writers ... --Abbeybufo 13:29, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * No to the latter. Compare "North American" with (a) British, (b) Scandinavian, and (c) European. However little nationalization Europe may have accomplished, especially in the UK, I know that more UKBrit identify with Europe than USAmer identify with North America, which is no more than either identify with NATO!

 * pro British. One advantage of "British" is that more research may be required to place someone there. As an "American" I am comfortable calling anyone British who is a citizen or apparently permanent resident of the UK of GB & NI.
 * Another advantage is that some Brit subjects of biographies may prefer (to use) the coarser classification, for a variety of reasons. con: On the downside, if we will call some people British and some English ultimately by reference to self identification, that will require much more research or many more people unlabeled.

 * Description v. classification. Suppose that it is reasonable, even preferable, to leave someone unlabeled in running text. (Decline to call Jenny Nimmo any of the British author, the English author, or the Welsh author in the leads of articles on her books. Give the matter more attention in her biography.) It doesn't follow, nor does it work well here, to decline listing or categorizing her books as British or English or Welsh children's literature, or fantasy novels, etc. Readers expect, with justification, that list and categories by nationality, pardon the term, are comprehensive and exhaustive.
 * We might retain the latter nature of Wikipedia lists and categories by using "British" for what has not been (and may never be) allocated to "English", "Welsh", etc. Then every British list or category should include notice that of its residual nature, and should solicit pruning by allocation to English, etc.

 * For example, this Category: British children's writers now contains 227 British biographies while its children English, Scottish, and Welsh contain 435, 37, and 19 pages (nearly all biographies, i presume). Some may be double-classed as, say, British and English.

 * For another example, Susan Cooper is called "English-born American" in the lead sentence of her biography Susan Cooper. (She has lived since 1963 emigration & marriage in the US state of Massachusetts, iiuc. This week she won a major American lifetime award, primarily for her possibly primarily Welsh fantasy novels. I must be the main author of that lead paragraph; some time later i am exploring and asking questions.)
 * She is cat in part English fantasy writers; English children's writers.
 * Her award-winning book and series The Dark is Rising is cat in part Modern Arthurian fiction, Fantasy novel series, Low fantasy novels (implies explicit setting in our real world, iiuc), British fantasy novels, English fantasy novels, Welsh fantasy novels, Novels set in Buckinghamshire

 * Susan Cooper makes a good example and a bad one, in both respects because the issue of UK national devolution is mixed with the issue whether books in general, or realistic fiction in particular, should be classified [other than by language] by nationality of its author (English or American?); by location (one of these set in Buckinghamshire, England; three? out of five in Wales); by literary origin (all of these British in a pre-Anglo sense).
 * --P64 (talk) 23:09, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

 * For more information about the current state of affairs around here, visit the top level of this hierarchy and travel downward. At each stop, see English, Scottish, and Welsh subcategories (among other subcats in different dimensions).
 * Category: British literature
 * British fiction, British illustrators, British children's literature
 * British fantasy, British novels, British science fiction; — British children's writers
 * British fantasy writers, British fantasy novels
 * I feel certain that this approach breaks down elsewhere, where "Britain" and the UK cannot be blamed. But it must be worse here. --P64 (talk) 23:57, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

Missing
No Michael Rosen? Fewwords (talk) 12:13, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Three years later Michael Rosen is one of the 455 "English children's writers". See above.
 * For what it's worth he is also an English atheist, Jewish novelist, British republican, and British person of this and that descent. --P64 (talk) 23:09, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


text:
Talk:Hunter's bend

Picture
The article is too small at the moment to carry 2 pictures. Therefore, I'll temporarily move one to this talk page. The other one gives more info in my opinion. If you disagree, feel free to discuss. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 15:46, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

The water knot is different from the hunter's bend, and should not redirect here. Rracecarr 23:08, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Here is the link to The Times from 6 oct 1978 about it. I don't know enough about wiki to put it in the sources, but it might belong there: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/archive/article/1978-10-06/1/12.html?region=global#start%3D1977-12-31%26end%3D1978-12-31%26terms%3Dhunter%27s%20bend%26back%3D/tto/archive/find/hunter%252527s+bend/w:1977-12-31%7E1978-12-31/1%26next%3D/tto/archive/frame/goto/hunter%252527s+bend/w:1977-12-31%7E1978-12-31/2

title: Talk:Hunter's bend


text:
The Bottom

The Bottom (formerly Botte) is the capital and largest town of the island of Saba, the Caribbean Netherlands. It is the first stop on the way from Saba's Port in Fort Bay towards the rest of the island. In 2001, it had 462 inhabitants of the total 1,349 islanders. It is the administrative center of Saba.

History
The first European settlements occurred around 1640, by colonists from Zeeland. After a landslide destroyed their original settlement, these settlers established a village in The Bottom. The original name of the village was De Botte, old Dutch for "The Bowl", referring to its geographical position in a valley surrounded by the various mountains. "The Bottom" is an English corruption of this name. After the Dutch settlers, Irish, English, and Scottish settlers followed, along with enslaved Africans, and the main language of the island's villages became English. By the 1860s, The Bottom was one of 7 main districts, with St. John's, Windwardside, Booby Hill, Mary's Point (Palmetto Point), Hell's Gate, and Middle Island. The Bottom district had its own elected head, as did the other districts. In 1865, the population of The Bottom was 616 inhabitants. In 1877, construction of Sacred Heart Catholic Church began in The Bottom; the church is still operational today, although the building was replaced in 1909 and again in 1934.

Throughout the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, most men in The Bottom engaged in farming or fishing. Men in The Bottom also engaged in shipbuilding, which was one of Saba's industries in the 19th century. Most women engaged in domestic work in the home, as well as hatmaking and local drawn thread work known as Saba Lace. By 1900, The Bottom was one of four main villages on Saba, along with St. John's, Windwardside, and Hell's Gate. In 1909, a navigation school opened in The Bottom; it operated until 1922. In 1919, construction began on the Weselyan Holiness Church in The Bottom; the church is still operational today. In 1923,Queen Wilhemina Library opened in The Bottom; the library still operational today. Saba's first movie theater opened in 1953, and its second in 1964. In the early- to mid- 20th century, there was extensive emigration from Saba, and The Bottom's population was cut almost in half. By 1972, the population of The Bottom had decreased to 341 inhabitants.

In the mid- to late- 20th century, there was economic development on Saba, and especially in The Bottom and Windwardside. The first supermarket opened in The Bottom in 1964. In 1992, the Saba University School of Medicine opened in The Bottom. In 2001, the population of Windwardside was 462 inhabitants.

Infrastructure
The Bottom is home to the government offices, a hospital, a nursing home, a sports field, three churches, a library, the Queen's Hotel resort, and various shops, restaurants, and bars. The Bottom is also the location of the Saba University School of Medicine.

The city also has the smallest Cruyff Court in the world

Events
As capital of the island, The Bottom hosts a number of events throughout the year.

During the summer, the island's Carnival celebration (called Saba Carnival or Saba Summer Festival) takes place. Usually in late July, Saba Carnival is a weeklong festival that includes live music, food, dancing, games, and parades. Carnival Village, where the majority of the events take place, is located in The Bottom. Each night during the week, there is live music at Carnival Village. The jourvert parade (very early Saturday morning) begins in Windwardside and ends in The Bottom. The Grand Parade and the Second Parade take place in The Bottom on Saturday and Sunday. Locals and tourists congregate in The Bottom for the parades, which include energetic music, colorful floats, and troupes wearing colorful costumes.

Another event held in The Bottom is Saba Day. This is the celebratory national day of the island, when all offices, schools and businesses are closed. The islanders honour their diversity and culture through various activities, performances and parades. The Bottom hosts a concert at the sports field, where local (and neighbouring) Caribbean artists come to perform. There are fishing competitions at sea, drawing competitions for children, dance performances, cookouts, and more.

Hiking
The Bottom is the location of many trailheads.

 * The Ladder consists of 800 steps leading down to the sea. The trail starts in The Bottom between the hospital and Wells Bay. These stairs were used to bring cargo ashore and up to The Bottom. The trail takes approximately 1 hour round trip.

 * The Sandy Cruz Trail: It can begin in The Bottom near the Queen's Hotel, and end in Hell's Gate. The trail has views of Diamond Rock and the northern coastline. It takes roughly 2.5 hours to complete if begun in The Bottom, and 2 if begun in Hell's Gate.
 * The Crispeen Track (or Crispeen Trail): It can begin on the Mt. Scenery trail and leads down into The Bottom. The trail goes through secondary rainforest, and has overhead views of The Bottom. The trail takes approximately 1-1.5 hours one-way.
 * The Bottom Mountain Trail: It can begin in The Bottom near the Queen's Hotel, or the junction at Rendezvous on the Mt. Scenery trail. The trail goes through mostly dry forest and some rainforest, and has overhead views of The Bottom.
 * Tara Ground Trail: It can begin on the Bottom Mountain Trail or Crispeen Track. The Trail goes through secondary forest and passes by ruins of old farmland. The hike takes about 45 minutes (from the Bottom Mountain trail junction to the Crispeen Track junction).
 * Buds Mountain Loop: It is an alternate way to go up or down Mount Scenery. It connects to Bottom Mountain Trail. It goes though secondary rainforest, as well as rainforest near the top. It takes 1.5 hours uphill.
 * Parish Hill Trail: It can begin in two different locations in The Bottom, either behind the hospital or at the beginning of the road that leads down to Fort Bay from The Bottom. The trail goes up to the top of Parish Hill, which is a volcanic dome. The hike takes about 1.5 hours.

title: The Bottom