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Mormonism and Freemasonry

The relationship between Mormonism and Freemasonry began early in the life of Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Smith's older brother, Hyrum, and possibly his father, Joseph, Sr. were Freemasons while the family lived near Palmyra, New York. In the late 1820s, the western New York region was swept with anti-Masonic fervor.

Nevertheless, by the 1840s, Smith and several prominent Latter Day Saints had become Freemasons and joined the Masonic Lodge in Nauvoo, Illinois. Soon after joining Freemasonry, Smith introduced the temple endowment ceremony including a number of symbolic elements that were very similar to those in Freemasonry. Smith remained a Freemason until his death; however, later leaders in the movement have distanced themselves from Freemasonry. In modern times, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) has clarified in its Now You Know series that its members may become Freemasons.

Historical connections
A significant number of leaders in the early Latter Day Saint movement were Masons prior to their involvement in the movement, including Heber C. Kimball and John C. Bennett.

Joseph's brother, Hyrum, was a Freemason; their father, Joseph, Sr. is also believed to have been a Freemason:

"[The Joseph Smith family] was a Masonic family which lived by and practiced the estimable and admirable tenets of Freemasonry. The father, Joseph Smith, Sr., was a documented member in upstate New York. He was raised to the degree of Master Mason on May 7, 1818 in Ontario Lodge No. 23 of Canandaigua, New York. An older son, Hyrum Smith, was a member of Mount Moriah Lodge No. 112, Palmyra New York."

In regard to Joseph Smith Sr, however, nine men in total lived in Ontario County, New York (where Canandaigua is located) named Joseph Smith, according to the 1820 census for that county. There is, therefore, only a 1 in 9 chance that the documentation cited in Terry Chateau's quote references Joseph Smith Sr and not some other man by the same name.

On 15 October 1841, Abraham Jonas (then the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge AF&AM of Illinois) issued a dispensation empowering a Lodge in Nauvoo and appointed the following individuals to be its officers: George Miller, Esq. as its first Worshipful Master; John Parker as its first Senior Warden; and Lucius Scovil as its first Junior Warden. This dispensation empowered the Masons in Nauvoo to meet as a Lodge. The Lodge met on 29 December 1841 and accepted this dispensation. Officers for the Lodge were then elected and appointed. Bylaws for the Lodge were thereafter penned and adopted.

On 17 February 1842, the Lodge voted to hold off on installing its officers until 15 March; a request was also sent to Grand Master Jonas for him to preside over that Installation, which he accepted. Joseph Smith (who was not yet a Mason) was appointed to serve in a pro-tempore position as Grand Installing Chaplain for this Installation. He and Sidney Rigdon were initiated as Entered Apprentices in the evening after the Installation, thereby became members of the newly-formed Nauvoo lodge; Abraham Jonas presided over that degree ceremony.

"Tuesday, [March] 15. — I officiated as grand chaplain at the installation of the Nauvoo Lodge of Free Masons, at the Grove near the Temple. Grand Master Jonas, of Columbus, being present, a large number of people assembled on the occasion. The day was exceedingly fine; all things were done in order, and universal satisfaction was manifested. In the evening I received the first degree in Freemasonry in the Nauvoo Lodge, assembled in my general business office."

It appears that John C. Bennett had a particularly strong influence in the spread of Freemasonry among the Mormons. Within the year, there were over 300 Masons in Nauvoo Lodge, which resulted in Meredith Helm (the then-Grand Master who had succeeded Jonas) to issue dispensations to form two other Lodges in the Spring of 1843. One was called Nye Lodge (named for Rev. Jonathan Nye, who would later become Grand Master of the Grand Encampment of Knights Templar, USA) and Helm Lodge (named for the Grand Master who issued this dispensation).

Soon after this, over 1,500 Mormon men in the city of Nauvoo were practicing Masons.

"'By 1840, John Cook Bennett, a former active leader in Masonry had arrived in Commerce and rapidly exerted his persuasive leadership in all facets of the Church, including Mormon Masonry. ... Joseph and Sidney [Rigdon] were inducted into formal Masonry ... on the same day ...' being made 'Masons on Sight' by the Illinois Grandmaster.('Is There No Help for the Widow's Son?' by Dr. Reed C. Durham, Jr., as printed in 'Joseph Smith and Masonry: No Help for the Widow's Son', Martin Pub. Co., Nauvoo, Ill., 1980, p. 17.) (This freed Joseph from having to complete the ritual and memorization necessary to work one's way through the first three degrees.) Making one 'A Mason on Sight' is generally reserved as an honor and is a rarity in occurrence."

Smith and Rigdon were raised to the third degree of Master Mason "on sight" by Grand Master Jonas of the Grand Lodge of Illinois. At the time and in the jurisdiction of that Grand Lodge, this meant that Joseph and Sidney could go through the three degree ceremonies in a relatively short time without having to prove their respective proficiencies between each degree. They each were passed to the degree of Fellowcraft on the morning of 16 March 1842 and raised to the degree of Master Mason later that day.

"Wednesday, March 16. — I was with the Masonic Lodge and rose to the sublime degree."Note that Joseph Smith's journal does not mention the sublime degree on Mar 16, 1842, stating only "Continued with the Lodge". However, minutes from the Nauvoo lodge on the same day do state, "Joseph Smith applied for the third and sublime degree...he was duly raised..."

On 17 March 1842, the Relief Society was established as an auxiliary group for the female members of the church. Its structure originally had similarities to that of the Masonic Lodge; however, the Relief Society never had its own degree ceremonies nor did it ever purport to confer degrees of any kind on its members.

Hyrum Smith was not only one of Joseph's older brothers but also succeeded their father as Presiding Patriarch and Cowdery as Assistant President of the Church.

Bodley Lodge No. 1 in Quincy, IL presented concerns that the special dispensation granted to Nauvoo Lodge, U.D., was improper, and on August 11, 1842, the special dispensation was suspended by Grand Master Abraham Jonas until the annual Communication of the Illinois Grand Lodge. "During the short period covering its activities, this Lodge initiated 286 candidates and raised almost as many. John C. Bennett reports an instance in which 63 persons were elected on a single ballot." This suspension was later lifted and the Mormon Lodges resumed work although several irregularities in their practice were noted. The irregularities centered on mass balloting (voting on more than one candidate at a time) and not requiring proficiency in each degree before proceeding to the next degree (in many cases, initiates were being passed to the Fellowcraft degree and raised to the Master Mason degree within two days of being initiated as an Entered Apprentice).

There were 5 Masonic Lodges in Mormon communities by April 27, 1843:

 * Nauvoo Lodge, U.D. (Nauvoo, IL)
 * Helm Lodge, U.D. (Nauvoo, IL)
 * Nye Lodge, U.D. (Nauvoo, IL)
 * Rising Sun Lodge No.12 (Montrose, IA)
 * Keokuk Lodge, U.D. (Keokuk, IA)

There were eventually 1,492 members of these lodges, but only a total of 414 Masons in all the other Illinois lodges. A resolution passed in the Grand Lodge of Illinois on October 3, 1843 to revoke the charter of Rising Sun Lodge, revoke the dispensations of and refuse to provide charters for the rest of these Lodges for the following reasons:

Rising Sun Lodge No. 12

 * had not paid its dues to the Grand Lodge
 * was doing its Masonic work irregularly (or improperly).

Nauvoo Lodge, U.D.

 * was doing its Masonic work irregularly.
 * failed to bring its record books to the Grand Lodge for inspection.
 * was making men Masons without regard to character.
 * was not requiring its candidates to become proficient in one degree before being pushed through another degree.

Helm Lodge, U.D.

 * was doing its Masonic work irregularly, particularly by "acting on four petitions in one day".
 * was pushing candidates from the first degree to the third within two-day time-periods.
 * failed to present their records to the Grand Lodge for inspection.
 * had only paid a portion of its dues to the Grand Lodge.

Nye Lodge, U.D.

 * had the same problems as Helm Lodge.
 * initiated candidates within a day of receiving their petitions (thereby not leaving any time for the petitions to be examined, the petitioner to be investigated, and the Lodge to elect the petitioner to become a candidate for the degrees).

Keokuk Lodge, U.D.

 * was doing its Masonic work irregularly.
 * had allowed petitions to be received and acted upon "within one lunar month."

Following this resolution, Grand Master Alexander Dunlap later sent a representative of the Grand Lodge to Nauvoo Lodge to revoke its dispensation. According to the records of the Grand Lodge, its representative was "treated with contempt," the Lodge refused to part with its charger, and the Lodge stated that they would continue to do Masonic work. Because of this, a resolution in the Grand Lodge of Illinois passed on October 10, 1844 that withdrew all fellowship with Nauvoo Lodge, Helm Lodge, Nye Lodge, and all members thereof; that the Masons working in these Lodges be considered clandestine (or illegitimate), and that all members thereof be suspended from the privileges of Masonry in Illinois. The Lodge in Keokuk seems not to have been given the courtesy of being properly informed by the Grand Lodge of its charter being revoked or its members suspended following the 1843 resolution:

"On September 24, 1844, the Mormon brethren from the Keokuk lodge addressed a long communication to the Grand Lodge, demanding an explanation for the attitude toward the Mormon brethren. 'We have written twice to the Grand Secretary,' they asserted, 'and received no answer.' They concluded by saying that since they had been informed from outside sources that they had been suspended, 'We have ceased to meet and work as a lodge of Masons.'"

It is theorized that, when Smith was in Carthage Jail in 1844, after he fired his last round in a small pepper-box pistol, he ran to the window and held up his arms in what may have been a Masonic call of distress, hoping Masons in the contingent would honor this call and not fire on him. It is recorded that he ran towards the open window with uplifted hands, and proclaimed, "O Lord my God." Most people see this as only a plea to God for aid, although others suspect otherwise. There is no evidence that any Masons participated in the attack on Carthage Jail (aside from the four victims of the attack; namely, Joseph Smith, Jr, Hyrum Smith, John Taylor, and Willard Richards). Three of the five men who were later indicted for conspiring to murder Smith were later initiated as Freemasons in Warsaw Lodge:

 * Levi Williams
 * Thomas Sharp
 * Jacob Davis

However, because Freemasonry requires its members to be law-abiding citizens, this resulted in the Grand Lodge of Illinois initiating an investigation into improper conduct of Warsaw Lodge. Warsaw Lodge later relinquished their charter (which allowed it to meet and work as a Masonic Lodge) to the Grand Lodge of Illinois, citing lack of space as the reason why they did not want to meet anymore; since their meeting space was never an issue prior to the investigation, many assume that Warsaw Lodge used this as a pretext to avoid investigation and save face. There are claims that Mark Aldrich, another of the five men who were indicted for conspiracy to murder, was already a Mason of Warsaw Lodge. These five men were cleared of all wrongdoing by the courts.

The Lodge in Nauvoo continued its activities until April 10, 1845, when Brigham Young and George A. Smith advised Lucius Scovil to suspend the work of the Masons in Nauvoo. Only a few additional meetings were held prior to departure of those who followed Young to the Great Basin in 1846 after the succession crisis. After arriving to the Great Basin, some Latter-day Saints who were Masons sent requests for dispensations to other Grand Lodge jurisdictions in the hopes of being able to meet regularly as a Lodge. Such requests were sent to the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) and to one of the Grand Lodges in Mexico; the UGLE never received the letter, and the Grand Lodge in Mexico denied the request.

Lodges were later established in the Utah Territory by Masons who were not adherents of the LDS Church. Four such Lodges were formed: Rocky Mountain Lodge No. 205 (formed by dispensation by the Grand Lodge of Missouri), Mount Moriah Lodge No. 62 (formed by dispensation by the Grand Lodge of Kansas), Wasatch Lodge, U.D. (formed by dispensation from the Grand Lodge of Montana Territory, now the Grand Lodge of Montana), and Argenta Lodge, U.D. (formed by dispensation by the Grand Lodge of Colorado). Rocky Mountain Lodge was a military Lodge made up of US Army soldiers who had come out to what is now Utah because of Buchanan's Blunder; the Lodge eventually came to an end because of the Civil War, which required that these troops withdraw out of the area; in January 1872, the other three of these Lodges went on to establish the Grand Lodge AF&AM of Utah.

From 1872 until 1925, the Grand Lodge of Utah had an informal ban against Latter-day Saints due to the question of polygamy. Polygamy was a federal crime and, although the LDS Church had issued a prohibition against the practice in 1890, it was believed by many outside of the Church that it still practiced polygamy in secret.

In 1925, the Grand Lodge of Utah adopted a formal ban against members of the LDS Church (including church members who had already become Freemasons under other recognized grand lodge jurisdictions)—no reason was given except that the church was not compatible with Freemasonry; this ban was lifted in 1984. In 2008, a Latter-day Saint served as the Grand Lodge's first LDS Grand Master; it was estimated that he was the first Latter-day Saint to serve as Grand Master of any jurisdiction in approximately 100 years.

Prophets who were Freemasons
At least the first four presidents of the LDS Church were confirmed Freemasons: They had all joined while living in Nauvoo, Illinois, bringing the practice westward when the Saints migrated to Utah.
 * 1) Joseph Smith Jr
 * 2) Brigham Young
 * 3) John Taylor
 * 4) Wilford Woodruff

Lorenzo Snow also went through the degree ceremonies in Nauvoo Lodge; however, he was initiated on 5 June 1843 after Nauvoo Lodge's dispensation had been suspended by the Grand Lodge of Illinois in the spring of that year; in October of that year, the dispensation was revoked. He therefore would not have been considered a regular (legitimate) Mason by the mainstream Masonic community, as his initiation—as well as his passing and raising, for that matter—was done by a Lodge acting without a dispensation.

Similarities in symbolism and ritual in the LDS Church
LDS Church temple worship shares a limited commonality of symbols, signs, and vocabulary with Freemasonry, including aprons, tokens, ritualistic raising of the arms, etc. Many of these symbols have been adopted and adapted from Masonry to illustrate the principles taught in the movement. For example, whereas Masons exchange secret tokens to identify fellow Freemasons, the ceremonies of the church teach that these tokens must be given to sentinel angels so that disciples of Jesus Christ may be admitted into the highest kingdom of heaven. The LDS Church's temple garments also bear the symbols adopted and adapted from Masonry: those of the Square and Compass; although the movement has imbued these symbols with religious meaning that wholly differs from the meaning of the symbols as used in Freemasonry. The Square and Compasses were a part of the first Angel Moroni statue, hanging above a horizontal Moroni (which doubled as a weather vane). Additionally, the symbols of the square and compasses exist in other ancient traditions far older than Masonry such as in Christian art and the Chinese legend Fuxi and Nüwa.

"Portions of the temple ritual resembled Masonic rites that Joseph had observed when a Nauvoo lodge was organized in March 1842 and that he may have heard about from Hyrum, a Mason from New York days. The Nauvoo endowment was first bestowed just six weeks after Joseph's induction. The similarities were marked enough for Heber Kimball to quote Joseph saying that Freemasonry 'was taken from the priesthood but has become degen[e]rated. but many things are perfect.'"

Brigham Young is quoted as describing the origin of the temple rituals in a fashion that directly relates to the story of Hiram Abiff from Masonic folklore. Although Young changed some of the key Masonic aspects about Abiff to fit better with the view of LDS Church temples, the story is the same:

"It is true that Solomon built a temple for the purpose of giving endowments, but from what we can learn of the history of that time they have very few if any endowments and one of the high priests [Hiram Abiff] was murdered by wicked and corrupt men, who had already begun to apostatize, because he would not reveal those things appertaining to the priesthood that was forbidden him to reveal until he came to the proper place."

Historical position and official policy of the LDS Church
After the Saints' failed attempts to obtain charters from England and Mexico, Brigham Young decided not to pursue the goal any further.

Eventually, trade unions that were ritualistic and oath-bound started to come into the Utah Territory that were perceived by the leadership of the church to be destabilizing the territorial economy. We see an example of this in a letter written by church president Wilford Woodruff and his two counselors, George Q. Cannon and Joseph F. Smith concerning whether members of the Ancient Order of United Workmen could hold temple recommends in the church: "'You Ask the question, Are members of the A. O. U. W., who are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints entitled to recommends to the Temples for marriages and Temple work?'

In reply, we would say that we are not in favor of our Brethren joining organizations of any kind outside of our Church. But we are more especially impressed with the wrongfulness of their joining organizations which interfere with the rights of their fellow citizens in regard to labor. To illustrate: We think it is wrong, contrary to our religion, and contrary to good citizenship, for men to combine together in any organization to prevent their fellow men from working because they do not join them or work for such an amount as they think workmen ought to have. This, we think, states our position clearly in regard to those organizations. But this A. O. U. W., as we understand, is not in the strictest sense an organization of that kind. Still we think it would be better for our brethren not to join it. It would not do, however, to refuse a young man who wanted to be married in the Temple a recommend because of his being a member of the Church and from its ordinances. At the same time we would not like this to be a precedent and for others to say, 'Well, the Church has no objection to our belonging to the A. O. U. W., because So and So has received a recommend and he is a member of that Order.' From this we think you will understand our position. If a man desires a recommend, and this is the only objection, we think you should grant it to him, at the same time giving him these views.'" In 1901, the following circular letter from church president Lorenzo Snow and his first counselor, Joseph F. Smith, to all stake presidencies concerning church members' desires to join "secret orders":

"DEAR BRETHREN:

The following question has recently been asked us by one of our Stake Presidencies:

How strict shall we be with young men who wish to go to the temple who have united themselves with secret orders?

That our views might be known and acted upon by Presidents of Stakes generally, we send you herewith a copy of the same, as follows:

'The counsel of the First Presidency in all such cases has been against our brethren joining secret organizations, and where any of them have already done so their counsel to them is to withdraw themselves from such organizations as soon as circumstances permit and wisdom dictate.

'It is true that many of our people have been led to join some of these societies on the ground that their aims and objects are purely charitable and social in their character, and besides, inducements are held out of procuring life insurance at greatly reduced rates. But however worthy their aims and objects may be, this fact remains: They are outside the pale of the church and kingdom of God, and brethren in allying themselves with them divide their allegiance with organizations that are man-made, and which have not been devised of the Lord for the building up of Zion; and in doing this they render themselves liable to have their feelings alienated, in whole or in part, from the church which requires their all. We may say on this point, that it is the testimony of brethren who have joined organizations of this character and severed their connections with them, that their tendency is to draw away from the church; and it may be said and expected, without question, if the lines were sharply drawn between Mormon and non-Mormon, that all such organizations would be found in e ranks of our enemies, on the principle set forth in the saying of our Savior, 'Those who are not for us are against us.'

We understand that plausible excuses are given for joining these organization [sic] which amount to certain financial advantages which it is expected our brethren will obtain either for themselves during their lifetime or for their families, at their death. Like excuses might reasonably be given by brethren who have run after the things of the world in the hope of accumulating wealth and who, by doing so, have as a general thing made shipwreck of their faith. While we cannot consent to aught calculated to bring division and consequent weakness to the church, at the same time with have no desire whatever to deal harshly with brethren who have been led to become members of lodges or secret societies; but to all such who have faith enough to withdraw from them, and never be found again associating yourselves with any organization which has not been instituted of the Lord for the building up of His Zion in the earth, and to all brethren who manifest a desire to receive this advice we would give temple recommends, also permit them to join in prayer circles if found otherwise worthy.

In addition to the above we feel to direct your attention to the importance of the young men under your jurisdiction receiving proper instruction on this subject before they join secret societies; and we would suggest, instead of making this a subject for public discourse, that it be talked of at priesthood and quorum meetings."

Snow's outlook on secret societies in general may have been formed from:

 * the tense relationships between Nauvoo Lodge, U. D. (in which he was initiated after the Lodge had been suspended) and the Grand Lodge of Illinois.
 * the tense relationships between the members of the Church in Utah and the Grand Lodge of Utah.
 * the Rock Springs massacre (which had happened only about 15 years prior, in which members of a secret society called the Knights of Labor had killed scores of Chinese immigrants and drove the rest out of Wyoming).
 * the 1896 circular from the First Presidency concerning the A. O. U. W. quoted above.

Later policies in the church against joining secret societies in general had been formed more due to such trade unions and organizations as noted above; however, when the Grand Lodge of Utah lifted its formal ban against members of the Church, the Church removed mention of secret societies from its policies. Since this time, the LDS Church's First Presidency has not made an official statement as to whether Freemasonry in particular is compatible with its membership. Don LeFevre, a past church spokesman said that the LDS Church and in outdated reference to such policies, "strongly advises its members not to affiliate with organizations that are secret, oath-bound, or would cause them to lose interest in church activities." A more tolerant statement is found in the book Encyclopedia of Mormonism, written by church members, stating, "The philosophy and major tenets of Freemasonry are not fundamentally incompatible with the teaching, theology, and doctrines of the Latter-day Saints. Both emphasize morality, sacrifice, consecration, and service, and both condemn selfishness, sin, and greed. Furthermore, the aim of Masonic ritual is to instruct—to make truth available so that man can follow it."

Today there is no formal obstacle in the Grand Lodge of Utah or in any other grand lodge preventing Latter-day Saints from becoming Freemasons. Exceptions have historically been those grand lodges that employ the Swedish Rite system, which requires a Christian Trinitarian belief of its members; these are located in the Nordic/Scandinavian countries. However, the Danish Order of Freemasons (whose Lodges use the Swedish Rite) is affiliated with two Grand Lodges that do not require its members to subscribe to Christian Trinitarian beliefs: The Ancient Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons of Denmark and the Saint John's Lodge Association. In Sweden and Finland, one can choose between joining the Swedish Order of Freemasons (which uses the Swedish Rite) or the Grand Lodge of Finland (which does not use the Swedish Rite and which does not have the requirement of Christian Trinitarian belief to join). So, even in some of the countries where the Swedish Rite is employed, there still exist alternate options for Latter-day Saints to become Masons.

In 2019, the LDS Church produced a YouTube video in its Now You Know series entitled "Joseph Smith and Masonry." The video states that "the policy [of whether it is acceptable for members of the Church to become Freemasons] is simple: members of the Church […] are not prohibited from becoming Freemasons. Nor are Masons prohibited from becoming members of the Church. Latter-day Saints believe that good can be found in many places."

Since 1984, there have been many Masons in Utah who are Latter-day Saints and who serve and/or have served in various leadership positions, including Grand Masters, other Grand Officers, and Worshipful Masters. Outside of Utah, there have been many members of the LDS Church who have been Masons continuously since its early days.

20th-century explorations of the issue

 * In 1924, S. H. Goodwin (who served as thirty-eighth Grand Master of the Grand Lodge F&AM of Utah in 1912 ) wrote Mormonism and Masonry (published by the Grand Lodge of Utah), a work defending the formal ban against members of the Church that was implemented the next year.
 * In 1934, Anthony W. Ivins (who served in the First Presidency of the LDS Church from 1921 until his death in 1934) wrote Relationship of Mormonism and Freemasonry, a response to S. H. Goodwin's above-mentioned work; it was published by Deseret News Press.
 * In 1947, E. Cecil McGavin (who worked in the Church Historian's Office ) wrote Mormonism and Masonry, a response to S. H. Goodwin's above-mentioned work; it was published by Bookcraft Publishers.
 * In 1989, Robin L Carr (a Freemason but not a Mormon) wrote Freemasonry and Nauvoo, which was published by The Masonic Book Club and The Illinois Lodge of Research; this work explores the history of the "Mormon Lodges" that were established in Nauvoo during the early period of the Church.
 * In 1992, Michael W. Homer (a Mormon) wrote "'Similarity of Priesthood in Masonry': The Relationship between Freemasonry and Mormonism" for Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought.
 * In 1995, Glen A. Cook (a Mormon who later served as the 137th Grand Master of the Grand Lodge F&AM of Utah in 2008 ) wrote an article called “A Review of Factors Leading to Tension Between the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Freemasonry,” which was published in Vol. XLVII, No. 4 of The Philalethes Magazine, the official publication of the Philalethes Society, a Masonic research society.
 * In 1999, Sir Knight Joseph E. Bennett, KYCH, 33°, FPS wrote a three-part series entitled "Buck and the Mormons", which includes some Masonic history in Nauvoo; it was published in the October, November, and December issues of Knight Templar, an official publication of the Grand Encampment of Knights Templar, USA.

21st-century explorations of the issue

 * In 2004, Clyde R. Forsberg authored Equal Rites: The Book of Mormon, Masonry, Gender, and American Culture, which was published by Columbia University Press.
 * In 2005, Greg Kearney, a temple-endowed Mormon who is also a Freemason, gave a presentation of the issue of Mormonism and Freemasonry at the annual conference of the Foundation for Apologetic Information and Research.
 * In 2005, Sir Knight James A. Marples, 32°, wrote the article "A Tribute to Masonic Brother Hyrum Smith … A True Nauvoo Mason," which includes some history of Masonry in Nauvoo, in that year's September issue of Knight Templar, an official publication of the Grand Encampment of Knights Templar, USA.
 * In 2006, Gilbert W. Scharffs wrote Mormons and Masons: Setting the Record Straight, which was published by Millennial Press.
 * Sometime during the years that the podcast Mormon Expression was active (2009-2014), there were a handful of episodes where a Mormon Mason under the pseudonym George Miller (after the Charter Master of Nauvoo Lodge) was interviewed concerning the history and relationship between Freemasonry and the LDS Church.
 * In 2009, Matthew B. Brown wrote Exploring the Connection Between Mormons and Masons, which was published by Covenant Communications, Inc.
 * In 2010, Kerry Shirts (a founder and former director of research of FAIR), a former believer of the LDS Church, and a Mason released a series of videos on his YouTube channel TheBackyardProfessor, both analyzing Brown's above-mentioned book      and expounding on the general issue.
 * In 2012, Mark Koltko-Rivera (a Freemason and a Mormon) gave a presentation called "Of Masons and Mormons: The Relationship Between Freemasonry's Rituals of Initiation and the Latter-day Saint Temple Ceremonies" at a conference of the Worldwide Exemplification of Freemasonry (a project started by the Grand Lodge of Indiana and the Dwight L. Smith Lodge of Research).
 * In 2012, a Mormon Mason under the pseudonym George Miller (the same who gave interviews on Mormon Expression mentioned above) also spoke on the matter of Freemasonry and the LDS Church on FMH Podcast.
 * In 2014, the Joseph Smith Foundation produced the documentary Statesmen & Symbols: Prelude to the Restoration exploring Joseph Smith's involvement in Freemasonry. The DVD also details connections with Masonic symbols among the Chinese, Hopewell Indians, Early Christians, American Founding Fathers and the Egyptians.
 * In 2014, Michael W. Homer published Joseph's Temples: The Dynamic Relationship Between Freemasonry and Mormonism, a condensation of the last 40 years of scholarship on the issue.
 * In 2015, Jeffrey M. Bradshaw published a 78-page article entitled "Freemasonry and the Origins of Modern Temple Ordinances" in which he discusses how Freemasonry in Nauvoo helped prepare the Saints for the temple endowment — both familiarizing them with elements they would later encounter in the Nauvoo temple and providing a blessing to them in its own right. He also discusses evidence that the most significant features of modern temple-related doctrines and practices of the movement were already known to Joseph Smith by 1836, and provides a summary of resemblances between modern temple work and ancient ritual practices that pre-date Masonry.
 * Since at least 2017, the Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon AF&AM have had a section of their online library dedicated to the relationship between Freemasonry and the LDS Church.
 * In 2019, the LDS Church published an essay entitled "Masonry" as a part of its Church History Topics series.
 * In 2019, Latter-day Saint History (a YouTube channel operated by the LDS Church) released a brief video called "Freemasonry and Relief Society in Nauvoo" wherein historians Christian Heimburger and Alex D. Smith discuss the effect that Freemasonry had in the formation of the Relief Society of the LDS Church.
 * In 2020, Saints Unscripted (a YouTube channel that explores issues concerning the LDS Church) released a video called "FREEMASON and MORMON?! | With Brandon Cole" in which a host of the channel interviewed Brandon Cole (a temple-endowed Mormon and a Freemason) concerning Freemasonry and its similarities with the LDS Church.
 * In 2022, Jason Smith (a former member of the LDS Church and a Freemason) gave a presentation on Sapere Aude (a YouTube channel geared towards Masonic education) entitled "Sapere Aude 282 - Freemasonry and Mormonism by Bro. Jason R. Smith" concerning Freemasonry, its general history, and its shared history/similarities with the LDS Church. A short while later, Mormon Book Review (a YouTube channel that explores issues concerning Mormonism) released a video called "A Freemason Talks About Mormonism and Masonic Connections! w/Jason Smith" in which the host of the channel interviewed Smith concerning the subject.
 * In 2022, Method Infinite: Freemasonry and the Mormon Restoration, authored by Cheryl L. Bruno (a member of the LDS Church), Joe Steve Swick III (a member of the LDS Church and a Freemason), and Nicholas S. Literski (a Freemason and a former member of the LDS Church), was made available by Greg Kofford Books after at least thirteen years of anticipated release.
 * In 2022, Freemasonry and the Origins of Latter-day Saint Temple Ordinances, authored by Jeffrey M. Bradshaw, was published.
 * In 2024, Scripture Central released on its YouTube channel a video entitled "Exploring Freemasonry, Joseph Smith, and Temple Connections," wherein Scripture Central interviewed Lorenzo "Lon" Tibbitts (a Latter-day Saint, a Past Grand Master, and the Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Utah), and received from him a tour of the Salt Lake Masonic Temple.
 * In 2024, Mormonism with the Murph released on its YouTube channel a video entitled "The Relationship between the LDS Temple Endowment and Masonry," wherein he interviewed Jeffrey M. Bradshaw, the aforementioned author.

title: Mormonism and Freemasonry


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Mystic Towers

Mystic Towers is an isometric platform game developed by Animation F/X, and published in 1994 by Manaccom domestically and Apogee Software internationally. Originally exclusive to MS-DOS compatible operating systems, it was re-released on Steam in 2015 with Microsoft Windows and Mac OS support. It stars Baron Baldric, an old wizard with a magic staff and an array of amusing mannerisms, who must quest through twelve towers and rid them of monsters. Mystic Towers is a sequel to Baron Baldric: A Grave Adventure, a platform game in which Baron Baldric battled an evil sorcerer ancestor.

Gameplay
Each tower consists of 45 rooms (5 floors with 9 rooms each), 15 monsters, and 1 monster generator. In each tower, Baldric must defeat all the monsters, destroy the monster generator, and obtain the Large Red Tower Key that opens the tower entrance.

Baron Baldric has a health bar showing his hit points, which decrease as Baldric takes damage from monsters, is poisoned, or steps on traps. When his health meter runs out, Baldric loses a life. He begins with nine lives in reserve (one life in Practice Mode), and gains more with every 10,000 points he earns. Points are earned by collecting treasure.

Baldric must consume enough food and drink to avoid starvation and thirst. If his food or drink bars reach zero, Baron Baldric slowly loses life until the bar is replenished. Otherwise, Baldric's health slowly recharges over time. Food can be found in a variety of places, and some monsters can be eaten after they are killed. Drinks come in bottles and flasks, as well as water fountains. Some bottles contain wine, which makes Baron Baldric intoxicated (characterised by spinning and hiccuping) for a short while.

Baron Baldric can become poisoned by stepping on a poison tile, drinking slime, or getting hit by a venom cloud. Baron Baldric slowly loses health when poisoned. To cure poison, the player can use a heal spell, drink slime from outlets, or eat a mushroom. If Baron Baldric eats a mushroom when he is not poisoned, he dies instantly.

There are 6 towers in the game. Each tower has an "Apprentice" version, which Baldric visits on the first half of his quest, and a "Wizard" version, which he visits on the second. In Wizard towers, Baldric does not start with maps of each floor, the monsters are significantly stronger and faster, teleporters do not link in a ring but direct, the Red Tower Key is not in the starting room, and there are new classes of obstacles to overcome.

Baldric starts each tower afresh, with his food, drink, and health bars all refilled, and his inventory of spells and coins lost. Only his extra lives and score are carried over.

The game's "Practice Mode" is the opposite of what its name suggests, an extra difficult mode suited only to those who have already mastered the game's mechanics. In this mode, players select a single tower to play through, with both apprentice and wizard versions of all the towers available. All the same dangers are present as in the story mode, but the player has only one extra life and cannot save their game.

Spells
There are a total of ten spells in the game. The first five are damage spells (Ice, Sulphur, Venom Cloud, Fireball and Lightning) for killing monsters and differ from each other only in the specific amount of damage they do and the fact that Ice has unlimited ammunition. The other five spells (Reveal, Heal, Teleport, Levitate, and Bomb) are utility spells. The Reveal spell lights up dark rooms, and reveals hidden doors, treasure, and poison tiles. The Heal Spell restores Baldric's health and cures poison. Teleport can only be used on a teleport pad, which transports him to the floor indicated by the number on the pad. Levitate makes Baldric float one level higher, and can be stacked. Baron Baldric can return to the ground by jumping. Finally, the Bomb can be cast only on a monster generator, as part of the criteria of completing the level.

Coins can be collected to purchase spells. The higher the floor of the tower in which a spell is purchased, the more powerful the spell generally is. Although all the spells except Ice are collectable, only the damage spells are purchasable.

Several monsters can cast spells, with seemingly no limits. Venom Cloud has the ability to poison Baron Baldric, and Lightning can kill in two hits.

Power-ups
There are three types of power-ups, all of which last a limited amount of time:

 * Meta-power greatly boosts the power of Baron Baldric's currently equipped spell.
 * Invisibility makes Baron Baldric invisible. Monsters will not attack Baron Baldric unless they run into him, and auto-fire rooms (rooms that sense the presence of Baldric and fire) will not activate.
 * Shields make Baldric invulnerable. Monsters will not attack, and Baldric is immune to poison tiles, traps and fire. He can still be poisoned from drinking slime and killed from eating a poisonous mushroom when not poisoned.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mystic Towers


text:
Parekura Horomia

Parekura Tureia Horomia (9 November 1950 – 29 April 2013 ) was a New Zealand Labour Party politician who served as Minister of Māori Affairs between 2000 and 2008.

Early life
Horomia was born in Tolaga Bay of Ngāti Porou, Te Aitanga Hauiti, Ngāti Kahungunu and Ngāi Tahu descent. He had seven brothers and sisters. As a schoolboy he used to walk five kilometres to school and back without shoes.

In his early life, he worked as a manual labourer, then as a printer in the newspaper industry. Later, Horomia became involved in the Department of Labour's East Coast work schemes and was appointed to supervisory positions—rising to general manager of the Community Employment Group by 1992. At the same time, he began to take on a number of prominent positions with Māori community organisations. In 1990, Horomia was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal.

Member of Parliament
In the 1999 election, Horomia stood as the Labour Party candidate for the Ikaroa-Rāwhiti electorate, a Māori electorate on the east coast of the North Island, stretching from Gisborne to Upper Hutt. He defeated Derek Fox, a prominent figure in Māori politics, who was standing as an independent candidate.

In the new Labour government formed after that election, Horomia became a minister outside cabinet, being Associate Minister of Māori Affairs, Associate Minister for Economic Development, Associate Minister of Employment, and Associate Minister of Education. In 2000, Dover Samuels was forced to step down as Minister of Māori Affairs after criminal allegations were made against him, and Horomia was appointed in his place. Although Samuels was cleared, it was decided that Horomia would retain the Māori Affairs portfolio.

Labour was defeated in the 2008 general election, but Horomia retained his seat – increasing his majority to about 1600. This was despite a challenge from well-known broadcaster Derek Fox.

Achievements
Horomia played a significant role in setting up Māori Television and expanding the role of iwi radio in New Zealand. Former Prime Minister Helen Clark said she had frequently relied on his knowledge of Māoridom and Māoritanga and his input was crucial to the Foreshore and Seabed legislation, which Labour passed in 2004 while he was minister. After the controversial bill became law, Associate Māori Affairs Minister Tariana Turia resigned from Labour to form the Māori Party. The law was repealed by the National Government in 2011.

Death
Horomia was overweight for much of his life. He talked about his health battles and tried to lose weight many times. In 2004, he went on a public diet to encourage others to do the same. He died at his home on 29 April 2013 at the age of 62. As Horomia was an electorate MP, a by-election was held on 29 June 2013 to elect a replacement.

Tributes after his death came from not only his Labour MP colleagues, but also from the National Government. Labour leader David Shearer cut short a trip to Washington to attend his funeral and said he had "an incredible work ethic, travelling to all parts of the country. He was accepted at pretty much every marae in the country, he was incredibly well-liked, had enormous heart, who worked so hard for his people."

His tangi was held the following week, and the funeral on 4 May.

title: Parekura Horomia


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User talk:Boredzo

Berlin U-Bahn
HI! you revised the list of Berlin U-Bahn Route numbers... I know it´s logical to list the routes in a number sequence... unfortunately that isn´t the Berlin way of doing it... the U15 is part of the U1 (half the U1) and the U55 is part of the U5 (or will be at a later date) and is also half the U5.. check out the Berlin S-Bahn Routes listing and you´ll see the same thing happens there... gruss aus Berlin IsarSteve 08:46, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

OpenStep/OPENSTEP
I know it's difficult because different capitalization means different things, but please make yourself aware of the general differences before 'unifying' the occurences next time: Thanks Dysprosia 03:14, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * OpenStep - is a standard, not an implementation
 * OPENSTEP - is an extension of OpenStep and and implementation.

Apple Store (retail)
Recently, you added a clean up tag to the Apple retail stores article and I just was wondering something. Why. What is your basis of it being a substandard level of quality? Honestly, I'd love to know. --Hersch 17:35, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

thanks for the edit on George P
Thanks for reverting the article to its previous condition. I only wanted to reduce the size of the photo but ended screwing up the article. 12:52, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

thanks for the edit on George P
Thanks for reverting the article to its previous condition. I only wanted to reduce the size of the photo but ended screwing up the article. Tomhongs 12:52, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Car Washing Techniques
I saw your edits to that page and I was just wondering if we could make a link to a subpage that includes these words or if some sort of template could be used... Jaberwocky6669 July 4, 2005 05:34 (UTC)

mdash
Thanks for fixing the typo. Interested in why you changed the — to an mdash though? The editing panel inserts the former… — Barefootguru (talk)

 * my understanding is that raw Unicode characters confuse some browsers (especially text-based ones). entity references can easily be changed to substitutes, like '--' or '...', for viewing only.

 * I don't use the editing panel, though that certainly explains why I see so many of the raw characters. I'll see about posting a complaint somewhere.

 * — boredzo (✍) July 9, 2005 05:04 (UTC)

 * never mind… I just tested it on the sandbox and it generates a raw character anyway. so I guess I need not worry about it. — boredzo (✍) July 9, 2005 06:08 (UTC)

RFID "inappropriate content"
your edit message on RFID:
 * Unwik Intelligent traffic systems redlink generating a constant stream of inappropriate content

how does a 404 link generate inappropriate content? — boredzo (✍) 08:34, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for asking. The link I removed isn't technically a 404, it's a redlink--a link to a Wikipedia article that doesn't exist yet.  Normally that is okay but in this case the target article already has a history of nonsense articles being created (for instance "Abhinav Garg I like to read philosophy and indulge myself in reading about sciemtific innovations." as the entire contents), which then have to be deleted by administrators on RC (Recent Changes) patrol.

 * Some of them are quite amusing. For instance:
 * An intelligent traffic system is one which is capable of achieving many pre determined goals. These goals may be field goals or even tries but mostly only to systemise traffic. For example the HQ of a large network of vehicular by-ways could detect if a one armed unicyclist who was known to frquently juggle flaming chickens was manouvering the wrong way down a legislatbly approved accessway. This would have great ramifications for all users as if he also supplied heroin they would know when they were going to score.

 * But obviously not appropriate for Wikipedia.

 * This kind of thing tends to happen when a redlink is so placed that people reading it and clicking on it are unlikely to have anything to say about the subject or are not yet familiar enough with wikis to be able to add it.

 * When I detect a situation like that, usually I add a stub article which at least tends to halt the stream of nonsense. If as in this case I cannot do so, even after a little research (I looked at the Road Beacon System external link but it wasn't very helpful, as it was rather vague), then if as in this case the stream of nonsense articles has been going on for months I consider two options: creating the article as a redirect to an appropriate alternative article, if one exists, or editing out the redlink.  In this case I could find no suitable alternative so I edited out the redlink.

 * If you are capable of writing a stub article on the subject in question, or you know of an article that deals with this use of RFIDs and can create the article as a redirect, please do so and restore the link. If you cannot do so, but still feel strongly that the redlink should be allowed to exist, please restore it. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:36, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Classic on Mac OS
Hi Boredzo. I re-added the "nearly" from "nearly complete" because Mac OS X Tiger is missing some of the Mac OS Classic components. If you feel strongly about calling it "complete," perhaps we should figure out why it matters and see if we can come up with a compromise. I don't want to get into an edit war, I'm just trying to be helpful. :) --Steven Fisher 18:25:39, 2005-08-11 (UTC)
 * I like your idea. Go for it. :) --Steven Fisher 21:14:19, 2005-08-16 (UTC)

List of Apple Stores
Just thought I'd let you know that your list of Apple stores is up for VfD. VFD of Apples Store list. Gateman1997 21:31, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

iMac peer review
Hi there, Boredzo

I see that you've contributed to the Apple computer article. I've recently edited the iMac article and put it up for peer review; but beyond owning an iMac, and loving it, I have little in-depth knowledge on the topic, historically or technically. I wonder whether you have time to read it and add your critical comments at the peer review page? Tony 08:39, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

looking for wikipedia and macintosh support
I'm a Mac user and contributor to wikipedia and wondered if there were any software-assist programs out there - I've looked around Macupdate.com and generals searches of the internet and all I see are ways to add wikipedia searches to other situations, but nothing to help contributors who use Macs.... I see you are a big contributor to Macintosh oriented sites and thought you and a few others might be good people to ask. Thanks.--Smkolins 13:43, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * No idea. I just use my browser. —boredzo, 12:12, 2007-02-02 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on 7th Son, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because it is an article about a certain website, blog, forum, or other web content that does not indicate the importance or significance of that web location. Please read our criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 7 under Articles, as well as notability guidelines for websites. Please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources which verify their content.

Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait a while for you to add contextual material, please affix the template  to the page, and put a note on Talk:7th Son. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Thanks. Carados (talk) 05:03, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

List of Carbon applications
Hello. Since you have contributed to this article in the past, could you spare a minute to discuss the fate of this article? xpclient (talk) 12:21, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Growl help
Hi, sorry to bring Growl business onto your wiki page, but I was wondering if you could help me with something. I just installed Growl 1.2.1, including HardwareGrowler. I'm trying to make the application not use a dock icon, but I can't access boredzo.org to download Configure Application Dock Tile. Could you post the manual instructions so I can do it without the download? Just like how you used to do it pre 1.2.1.

Thank you! Electrosaurus (talk) 04:44, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Please try the CADT page again, and if it still doesn't work, contact us (the Growl team). Peter Hosey (talk) 07:47, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Nomination for merging of Template:American English
Template:American English has been nominated for merging with Template:American English editnotice. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 13:39, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination for merger of Template:Scottish English
Template:Scottish English has been nominated for merging with Template:British English. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. — Red-tailed hawk  (nest) 14:45, 22 April 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Boredzo


text: Category:Olympic swimmers for Japan

title: Category:Olympic swimmers for Japan


text:
Northern Meeting

The Northern Meeting is a gathering held in Inverness, Scotland, best known for its solo bagpiping competition in September.

History
The Northern Meeting was set up in 1798 "for the purpose of promoting a Social Intercourse", and early editions featured dinners, balls, concerts, and horse races.

"An exhibition of Pipers and Dancers" was included in the 1841 meeting, and in 1848 the Highland Society of London donated a Gold Medal, after their own piping competition ceased in 1844.

In 1789 the Northern Meeting built its own rooms on the corner of Church Street and Baron Taylor's Street, and in 1864 the Northern Meeting Park in the centre of Inverness was established as a venue for the Highland Games. The Highland Games ceased to be run by the members of the Northern Meeting with the onset of World War II, and in 1946 the Northern Meeting Park was sold to Inverness Burgh Council who took over responsibility for running the Games and renamed it "The Inverness Highland Games" The rooms were sold in 1962 and since then the Ball and piping competitions have been held in venues around Inverness, except for between 2005 and 2007 when the piping competition was held in Aviemore due to the renovation of Eden Court Theatre.

In 1926 there were 850 people attending the ball. The bicentenary in 1988 was celebrated with a week of events reminiscent of earlier gatherings, with the centre-piece being a ball at Beaufort Castle attended by 1000 people.

The piping competition is currently held in early September, one or two weeks after the Argyllshire Gathering in Oban. Many pipers come to Scotland to compete in both events. Other events throughout the year include reel parties, cocktail parties and lunches.

Piping competition
The annual solo bagpiping competitions at the Northern Meeting are among the most prestigious in the calendar, especially the competition for the Gold Medal donated by the Highland Society of London. A maximum of between 25 and 35 pipers are in each competition.

The Senior piping competitions consist of three pibroch competitions and five light music competitions. The pibroch competitions are for the Gold Medal, the Silver Medal, and the Clasp for former winners of the Gold Medal. For light music, there are March, Strathspey and Reel competitions for A and B grades as well as one for former winners, and A and B grade Hornpipe and Jig competitions.

Eligibility for the Senior competitions is decided by a Joint Eligibility Committee, comprising representatives of the Northern Meeting, the Argyllshire Gathering, competition judges and the Competing Pipers Association.

There are also Junior competitions, with piobaireach and March, Strathspey and Reel (MSR) for under 15 and under 18 age grades.

title: Northern Meeting


text:
Category:Dutch tennis players

This category lists tennis players with Wikipedia articles who have notably represented the Netherlands. Note that articles are sub-categorized by whether a player has done so in male or female competition, and also by particular notable competitions.

title: Category:Dutch tennis players


text:
Joshua Humphreys

Joshua Humphreys (June 17, 1751 – January 12, 1838) was an American ship builder and naval architect. He was the constructor of the original six frigates of the United States Navy and is known as the "Father of the American Navy". Humphreys was born in Ardmore, Haverford Township, Pennsylvania, and died in the same place. He was the son of Joshua Humphreys and Sarah Williams, grandson of Daniel Humphreys and Hannah Wynne (daughter of Dr. Thomas Wynne). He was a nephew of Charles Humphreys. His residence, Pont Reading, is still a private residence.

Career
As a youth, Humphreys was apprenticed to a shipbuilder in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During his apprenticeship, his instructor died and he was placed in charge of the establishment. During the American Revolutionary War he was active as a designer, and played a major part in planning the 32-gun frigate USS Randolph (1776) before the British Army occupation of Philadelphia halted that effort.

In postwar Philadelphia, Humphreys became a shipbuilder in Philadelphia and was one of the most sought after and busiest. His main shipyard complex was on the Delaware River in the Southwark neighborhood.

When Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 providing for the construction of six frigates, it called on him to design them. He was appointed naval constructor on June 28, 1794, and began work on these ships, the beginnings of the U.S. Navy.

Reputedly, one of the inspirations for his frigate designs was the South Carolina. His designs called for ships that were longer and wider than usual, sat lower in the water and were able to equal the speed of any other fighting ships. The ships Humphrey built were more stable than other ships at the time and could carry as many guns on one deck as others did on two decks. The USS United States was built by Humphreys in Philadelphia, and was the first of the new ships to be launched on May 10, 1797. These vessels were larger than other ships of their class and formed the core of the Navy during the War of 1812, and scored several victories against British ships, although two were captured. His six frigates were:

In 1789, Humphreys was elected to the American Philosophical Society.
 * USS United States (1797)
 * USS Constellation (1797)
 * USS Constitution (1797)
 * USS Chesapeake (1799)
 * USS Congress (1799)
 * USS President (1800)

Family
His uncle was Charles Humphreys, a member of the Continental Congress. His son was another noted naval architect, Samuel Humphreys. His grandson, General Andrew Atkinson Humphreys, served throughout the American Civil War.

Legacy
Two ships, USS Humphreys (DD-236) and USNS Joshua Humphreys (T-AO-188), were named for Humphreys.

Building 197 of the Washington Navy Yard was completely renovated in 2014 and renamed in honor of Humphreys. The building was the site of the Washington Navy Yard shooting on September 16, 2013.

title: Joshua Humphreys


text:
Talk:Emanationism

Untitled
Well, I guess anything with an "-ism" on it is an "ism." But this "ism" doesn't stand up all by itself... Wetman 04:29, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The only unresolved issue with the assumptions above is that an eternal has neither a beginning nor an end. I established this easily describing the irrational number as being and not being concurrently, the two valid premises of a paradox which becomes a contradiction in applying either one.

Thus, "Creationism" in common lore as an event and moment of origin is a misconception. Things always were and will be - that is the meta concept of "God" - separation of an entity from a "creation" is extrinsic nonsense.

The will is also distracting as it implies a sentient being but does not imply consciousness or motivation beyond the primal expression of life and survival as is the non-alternative character of an eternal being. GeMiJa 02:37, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

This could do with explaining what an emanation is, as it redirects to here. I'm finding this article pretty hard going, it seems to require a philosophy degree. Secretlondon 22:25, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Maybe emanation in Tibetan Buddhism needs its own article as it seems to be a key concept which this article isn't helping with. Secretlondon 22:29, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

 * deleted, should be reinserted. What kind of source do you want, Mitsube?
 * Austerlitz -- 88.75.193.130 (talk) 20:51, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

 * A reliable one! As per WP:RS. For the record "emanationism" is quite foreign to earliest Buddhism. Mitsube (talk) 21:06, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

To account for the origin of the world there arose the Neoplatonic Notion of 'emanation'. The basic image behind the concept is light streaming from a source. As light streams from the sun - by the sun's very nature, not because of any intent or decision it makes - so the universe streams forth (emanates) from the One. The One neither wills nor knows of it, but simply emits its existence, as the sun emits light. From Education for Ministry, Third Year, by The University of the South,Revised 2006, Ch 6 pg 85. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.177.113.243 (talk) 13:20, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

Ainur?
In what way are Tolkien's Ainur emanations? They seem to me to be clearly created beings, distinct from Iluvatar (God). The fact that they are the main agents of organizing creation doesn't make them emanations. Vultur (talk) 05:06, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

I have a descriptive diagram to submit, but I can't figure out how to paste it into this article
any tips would be helpful Apiaries (talk) 20:41, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emanationism


text: Category:Iranian diplomats

title: Category:Iranian diplomats


text:
Darren Hughes

Darren Colyn Hughes (born 3 April 1978) is a New Zealand former Member of Parliament between 2002 and 2011, first elected at the age of 24. He represented the Labour Party and was a Minister outside Cabinet in the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand.

In 2011, Hughes resigned from Parliament and in 2012, he relocated to the United Kingdom to become the Campaigns and Research Director of the Electoral Reform Society. In 2017, Hughes became Chief Executive of the Electoral Reform Society, based in South London.

Early life and education
Hughes attended Coley Street Primary School in Foxton, St Josephs and then Horowhenua College in Levin. While at school Hughes was involved in the school and wider community including a three-year stint as Student Representative on the Board of Trustees.

In 1994, Hughes was a Youth MP. He was the first Youth MP to later be elected to Parliament. Hughes attended Victoria University of Wellington, and was a member of Vic Labour, where he completed a Bachelor of Arts in public policy and social policy. In 2017, Hughes completed a master's degree at the London School of Economics.

In government (2002–2008)
Hughes was elected to parliament as member for Otaki in the 2002 general election, standing for the Labour Party. For the next six years he was New Zealand's youngest MP. In 2005, he was re-elected with the country's smallest majority, 382.

As a local MP, Hughes had a strong record of delivering for the communities in the Otaki constituency. One example was Horowhenua Health Centre in Levin which opened in 2007. The $16 million facility was one of Hughes' proudest achievements. He also organised a local campaign to save the centre when it was threatened by budget cuts in 2010.

Voting record
Hughes voted in favour of a law allowing same sex civil unions and the decriminalisation of prostitution, but against a Death with Dignity law.

Party responsibilities and ministerial positions
Hughes was his party's junior whip and a Member of the Officers of Parliament Select Committee. In November 2007, as a part of the fifth Labour government's final reshuffle, Prime Minister Helen Clark made him a Minister outside Cabinet with the Statistics portfolio. He was also made the associate minister for Social Development and Employment. He also served as deputy Leader of the House. As a government minister and member of the Executive Council, Hughes is able to use the title "the Honourable" for life.

In opposition (2008–2011)
In the 2008 general election the National Party defeated Labour. Hughes lost his Otaki seat to Nathan Guy but, being listed by Labour at 19, returned to Parliament as a list MP. Opposition Leader Phil Goff appointed him Transport Spokesperson. He was also made the opposition's senior whip.

On 15 June 2010, as part of a shadow-cabinet reshuffle, Hughes became the Spokesperson for Infrastructure. Later, he was also given the Education portfolio and served as Shadow Leader of the House from 2009 to 2011.

In 2010, Darren Hughes submitted a private members' bill to lower the drink driving limit to 0.05 (its full name was the Land Transport (Safer Alcohol Limits for Driving) Amendment Bill). The bill was his response to an earlier government decision to not lower the limit. It was placed on the ballot in June, August and November, but not drawn. According to the New Zealand Herald at the time, Hughes "…drafted his legislation only after the Government decided not to lower the limit. But, commendably, he has been careful not to make it an exercise in points-scoring." Hughes was quoted as saying he wanted politicians to "put aside their party differences and work together on issues of road safety".

Police investigation and resignation
Hughes's time as an MP ended abruptly in March 2011 after a young man laid a police complaint of a sexual nature against him. The complaint concerned events that occurred on 2 March. Shortly after the complaint became public, and while the police were still investigating, Hughes resigned from Parliament. His resignation was announced on 25 March and effective from 5 April. Louisa Wall replaced him as a Labour list MP.

On 8 June the Police confirmed that they would not lay any charges against Hughes.

Sequence of events
On 23 March 2011 Hughes confirmed that he was "being investigated by police after an alleged late night incident." This announcement was designed to end speculation surrounding his Labour party colleagues.

Hughes denied any wrongdoing but later offered to resign from Parliament. Labour leader Phil Goff, who had known about the complaint for two weeks, initially refused the resignation but changed his mind a day later. Goff announced Hughes' resignation on 25 March 2011.

On the same day Hughes released another statement which in part said:

"My position as an MP has become untenable. In order to be able to exercise my basic rights as a citizen, it is necessary for me to resign as a Member of Parliament. I have informed Phil Goff of my decision.

Although people are commonly thought to be innocent until proven guilty, it has become clear to me that this doesn't apply in the political arena.

I have done nothing wrong, and I remain confident that the legal process will have the right outcome.

My immediate focus is on clearing my name. I will continue to co-operate fully with the police inquiry ..."

Speaker of the House Lockwood Smith confirmed Hughes's resignation on 1 April and it took effect on 5 April 2011.

Over three months after the original incident, on 8 June, the Police announced that they did not have enough evidence to press charges against Hughes. They also revealed that an anonymous letter containing allegations against Hughes had been sent to "some media outlets". They had investigated these allegations but "there were no matters which arose that required police attention".

Reallocation of portfolios
The roles that Hughes had filled for the Labour opposition went to Sue Moroney, David Shearer and Rick Barker. Moroney took over the education portfolio, with specific responsibility for primary and secondary schooling, and joined the party's front bench. Shearer took over the tertiary education portfolio and Barker became the new senior whip.

Replacement by Louisa Wall (as MP) and Peter Foster (as Otaki candidate)
Because he had been elected through the party list rather than by an electorate, Hughes' seat passed down Labour's party list to Louisa Wall without a by-election. There were five people listed before Wall who could have taken the seat, but they all stood aside. (Wall, unlike the others, was due to stand for Labour in the general election later that year.) The five were all former MPs, listed at numbers 38–42: Judith Tizard (number 38), Mark Burton, Mahara Okeroa, Martin Gallagher and Dave Hereora (42).

With Hughes not running for re-election, Labour named Raumati lawyer Peter Foster as their Otaki electorate candidate for 2011.

Current role
, Hughes is Chief Executive of the Electoral Reform Society (ERS). The ERS is a civil society organisation striving to make British democracy fit for the 21st century. Since joining the ERS in 2012, Hughes has been responsible for driving the Society's campaigns and research priorities.

Under the leadership of Hughes and former Chief Executive Katie Ghose, the Electoral Reform Society has broadened its remit beyond its traditional focus on voting systems, to promote other issues that are vital to the health of British democracy. These priorities fall within the campaign and research fields of "A Fair Franchise", "Who Runs Britain?", and "Democratic Futures".

title: Darren Hughes