text:
Electromagnetic interference

Electromagnetic interference (EMI), also called radio-frequency interference (RFI) when in the radio frequency spectrum, is a disturbance generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit by electromagnetic induction, electrostatic coupling, or conduction. The disturbance may degrade the performance of the circuit or even stop it from functioning. In the case of a data path, these effects can range from an increase in error rate to a total loss of the data. Both human-made and natural sources generate changing electrical currents and voltages that can cause EMI: ignition systems, cellular network of mobile phones, lightning, solar flares, and auroras (northern/southern lights). EMI frequently affects AM radios. It can also affect mobile phones, FM radios, and televisions, as well as observations for radio astronomy and atmospheric science.

EMI can be used intentionally for radio jamming, as in electronic warfare.

History
Since the earliest days of radio communications, the negative effects of interference from both intentional and unintentional transmissions have been felt and the need to manage the radio frequency spectrum became apparent.

In 1933, a meeting of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in Paris recommended the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) be set up to deal with the emerging problem of EMI. CISPR subsequently produced technical publications covering measurement and test techniques and recommended emission and immunity limits. These have evolved over the decades and form the basis of much of the world's EMC regulations today.

In 1979, legal limits were imposed on electromagnetic emissions from all digital equipment by the FCC in the US in response to the increased number of digital systems that were interfering with wired and radio communications. Test methods and limits were based on CISPR publications, although similar limits were already enforced in parts of Europe.

In the mid 1980s, the European Union member states adopted a number of "new approach" directives with the intention of standardizing technical requirements for products so that they do not become a barrier to trade within the EC. One of these was the EMC Directive (89/336/EC) and it applies to all equipment placed on the market or taken into service. Its scope covers all apparatus "liable to cause electromagnetic disturbance or the performance of which is liable to be affected by such disturbance".

This was the first time there was a legal requirement on immunity, as well as emissions on apparatus intended for the general population. Although there may be additional costs involved for some products to give them a known level of immunity, it increases their perceived quality as they are able to co-exist with apparatus in the active EM environment of modern times and with fewer problems.

Many countries now have similar requirements for products to meet some level of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulation.

Types
Electromagnetic interference divides into several categories according to the source and signal characteristics.

The origin of interference, often called "noise" in this context, can be human-made (artificial) or natural.

Continuous, or continuous wave (CW), interference arises where the source continuously emits at a given range of frequencies. This type is naturally divided into sub-categories according to frequency range, and as a whole is sometimes referred to as "DC to daylight". One common classification is into narrowband and broadband, according to the spread of the frequency range.

 * Audio frequency, from very low frequencies up to around 20 kHz. Frequencies up to 100 kHz may sometimes be classified as audio. Sources include:
 * Mains hum from: power supply units, nearby power supply wiring, transmission lines and substations.
 * Audio processing equipment, such as audio power amplifiers and loudspeakers.
 * Demodulation of a high-frequency carrier wave such as an FM radio transmission.
 * Radio frequency interference (RFI), from typically 20 kHz to an upper limit which constantly increases as technology pushes it higher. Sources include:
 * Wireless and radio frequency transmissions
 * Television and radio receivers
 * Industrial, scientific and medical equipment (ISM)
 * Digital processing circuitry such as microcontrollers
 * Switched-mode power supplies (SMPS)
 * Broadband noise may be spread across parts of either or both frequency ranges, with no particular frequency accentuated. Sources include:
 * Solar activity
 * Continuously operating spark gaps such as arc welders
 * CDMA (spread-spectrum) mobile telephony

An electromagnetic pulse (EMP), sometimes called a transient disturbance, arises where the source emits a short-duration pulse of energy. The energy is usually broadband by nature, although it often excites a relatively narrow-band damped sine wave response in the victim.

Sources divide broadly into isolated and repetitive events.

Sources of isolated EMP events include:

 * Switching action of electrical circuitry, including inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, or electric motors.
 * Power line surges/pulses
 * Electrostatic discharge (ESD), as a result of two charged objects coming into close proximity or contact.
 * Lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP), although typically a short series of pulses.
 * Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP), as a result of a nuclear explosion. A variant of this is the high altitude EMP (HEMP) nuclear weapon, designed to create the pulse as its primary destructive effect.
 * Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) weapons.

Sources of repetitive EMP events, sometimes as regular pulse trains, include:

 * Electric motors
 * Electrical ignition systems, such as in gasoline engines.
 * Continual switching actions of digital electronic circuitry.

Conducted electromagnetic interference is caused by the physical contact of the conductors as opposed to radiated EMI, which is caused by induction (without physical contact of the conductors). Electromagnetic disturbances in the EM field of a conductor will no longer be confined to the surface of the conductor and will radiate away from it. This persists in all conductors and mutual inductance between two radiated electromagnetic fields will result in EMI.

Coupling mechanisms

Some of the technical terms which are employed can be used with differing meanings. Some phenomena may be referred to by various different terms. These terms are used here in a widely accepted way, which is consistent with other articles in the encyclopedia.

The basic arrangement of noise emitter or source, coupling path and victim, receptor or sink is shown in the figure below. Source and victim are usually electronic hardware devices, though the source may be a natural phenomenon such as a lightning strike, electrostatic discharge (ESD) or, in one famous case, the Big Bang at the origin of the Universe.

There are four basic coupling mechanisms: conductive, capacitive, magnetic or inductive, and radiative. Any coupling path can be broken down into one or more of these coupling mechanisms working together. For example the lower path in the diagram involves inductive, conductive and capacitive modes.

Conductive coupling occurs when the coupling path between the source and victim is formed by direct electrical contact with a conducting body, for example a transmission line, wire, cable, PCB trace or metal enclosure. Conducted noise is also characterised by the way it appears on different conductors:

 * Common-mode coupling: noise appears in phase (in the same direction) on two conductors.
 * Differential-mode coupling: noise appears out of phase (in opposite directions) on two conductors.

Inductive coupling occurs where the source and victim are separated by a short distance (typically less than a wavelength). Strictly, "Inductive coupling" can be of two kinds, electrical induction and magnetic induction. It is common to refer to electrical induction as capacitive coupling, and to magnetic induction as inductive coupling.

Capacitive coupling occurs when a varying electrical field exists between two adjacent conductors typically less than a wavelength apart, inducing a change in voltage on the receiving conductor.

Inductive coupling or magnetic coupling occurs when a varying magnetic field exists between two parallel conductors typically less than a wavelength apart, inducing a change in voltage along the receiving conductor.

Radiative coupling or electromagnetic coupling occurs when source and victim are separated by a large distance, typically more than a wavelength. Source and victim act as radio antennas: the source emits or radiates an electromagnetic wave which propagates across the space in between and is picked up or received by the victim.

ITU definition
Interference with the meaning of electromagnetic interference, also radio-frequency interference (EMI or RFI) is – according to Article 1.166 of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR)  –  defined as "The effect of unwanted energy due to one or a combination of emissions, radiations, or inductions upon reception in a radiocommunication system, manifested by any performance degradation, misinterpretation, or loss of information which could be extracted in the absence of such unwanted energy".

This is also a definition used by the frequency administration to provide frequency assignments and assignment of frequency channels to radio stations or systems, as well as to analyze electromagnetic compatibility between radiocommunication services.

In accordance with ITU RR (article 1) variations of interference are classified as follows:
 * permissible interference (RR 1.167)
 * accepted interference (RR 1.168)
 * harmful interference (RR 1.169)

Conducted interference
Conducted EMI is caused by the physical contact of the conductors as opposed to radiated EMI which is caused by induction (without physical contact of the conductors).

For lower frequencies, EMI is caused by conduction and, for higher frequencies, by radiation.

EMI through the ground wire is also very common in an electrical facility.

Susceptibilities of different radio technologies
Interference tends to be more troublesome with older radio technologies such as analogue amplitude modulation, which have no way of distinguishing unwanted in-band signals from the intended signal, and the omnidirectional antennas used with broadcast systems. Newer radio systems incorporate several improvements that enhance the selectivity. In digital radio systems, such as Wi-Fi, error-correction techniques can be used. Spread-spectrum and frequency-hopping techniques can be used with both analogue and digital signalling to improve resistance to interference. A highly directional receiver, such as a parabolic antenna or a diversity receiver, can be used to select one signal in space to the exclusion of others.

The most extreme example of digital spread-spectrum signalling to date is ultra-wideband (UWB), which proposes the use of large sections of the radio spectrum at low amplitudes to transmit high-bandwidth digital data. UWB, if used exclusively, would enable very efficient use of the spectrum, but users of non-UWB technology are not yet prepared to share the spectrum with the new system because of the interference it would cause to their receivers (the regulatory implications of UWB are discussed in the ultra-wideband article).

Interference to consumer devices
In the United States, the 1982 Public Law 97-259 allowed the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to regulate the susceptibility of consumer electronic equipment.

Potential sources of RFI and EMI include: various types of transmitters, doorbell transformers, toaster ovens, electric blankets, ultrasonic pest control devices, electric bug zappers, heating pads, and touch controlled lamps. Multiple CRT computer monitors or televisions sitting too close to one another can sometimes cause a "shimmy" effect in each other, due to the electromagnetic nature of their picture tubes, especially when one of their de-gaussing coils is activated.

Electromagnetic interference at 2.4 GHz may be caused by 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n wireless devices, Bluetooth devices, baby monitors and cordless telephones, video senders, and microwave ovens.

Switching loads (inductive, capacitive, and resistive), such as electric motors, transformers, heaters, lamps, ballast, power supplies, etc., all cause electromagnetic interference especially at currents above 2 A. The usual method used for suppressing EMI is by connecting a snubber network, a resistor in series with a capacitor, across a pair of contacts. While this may offer modest EMI reduction at very low currents, snubbers do not work at currents over 2 A with electromechanical contacts.

Another method for suppressing EMI is the use of ferrite core noise suppressors (or ferrite beads), which are inexpensive and which clip on to the power lead of the offending device or the compromised device.

Switched-mode power supplies can be a source of EMI, but have become less of a problem as design techniques have improved, such as integrated power factor correction.

Most countries have legal requirements that mandate electromagnetic compatibility: electronic and electrical hardware must still work correctly when subjected to certain amounts of EMI, and should not emit EMI, which could interfere with other equipment (such as radios).

Radio frequency signal quality has declined throughout the 21st century by roughly one decibel per year as the spectrum becomes increasingly crowded. This has inflicted a Red Queen's race on the mobile phone industry as companies have been forced to put up more cellular towers (at new frequencies) that then cause more interference thereby requiring more investment by the providers and frequent upgrades of mobile phones to match.

Standards
The International Special Committee for Radio Interference or CISPR (French acronym for "Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques"), which is a committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) sets international standards for radiated and conducted electromagnetic interference. These are civilian standards for domestic, commercial, industrial and automotive sectors. These standards form the basis of other national or regional standards, most notably the European Norms (EN) written by CENELEC (European committee for electrotechnical standardisation). US organizations include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the US Military (MILSTD).

EMI in integrated circuits
Integrated circuits are often a source of EMI, but they must usually couple their energy to larger objects such as heatsinks, circuit board planes and cables to radiate significantly.

On integrated circuits, important means of reducing EMI are: the use of bypass or decoupling capacitors on each active device (connected across the power supply, as close to the device as possible), rise time control of high-speed signals using series resistors, and IC power supply pin filtering. Shielding is usually a last resort after other techniques have failed, because of the added expense of shielding components such as conductive gaskets.

The efficiency of the radiation depends on the height above the ground plane or power plane (at RF, one is as good as the other) and the length of the conductor in relation to the wavelength of the signal component (fundamental frequency, harmonic or transient such as overshoot, undershoot or ringing). At lower frequencies, such as 133 MHz, radiation is almost exclusively via I/O cables; RF noise gets onto the power planes and is coupled to the line drivers via the VCC and GND pins. The RF is then coupled to the cable through the line driver as common-mode noise. Since the noise is common-mode, shielding has very little effect, even with differential pairs. The RF energy is capacitively coupled from the signal pair to the shield and the shield itself does the radiating. One cure for this is to use a braid-breaker or choke to reduce the common-mode signal.

At higher frequencies, usually above 500 MHz, traces get electrically longer and higher above the plane. Two techniques are used at these frequencies: wave shaping with series resistors and embedding the traces between the two planes. If all these measures still leave too much EMI, shielding such as RF gaskets and copper or conductive tape can be used. Most digital equipment is designed with metal or conductive-coated plastic cases.

RF immunity and testing
Any unshielded semiconductor (e.g. an integrated circuit) will tend to act as a detector for those radio signals commonly found in the domestic environment (e.g. mobile phones). Such a detector can demodulate the high frequency mobile phone carrier (e.g., GSM850 and GSM1900, GSM900 and GSM1800) and produce low-frequency (e.g., 217 Hz) demodulated signals. This demodulation manifests itself as unwanted audible buzz in audio appliances such as microphone amplifier, speaker amplifier, car radio, telephones etc. Adding onboard EMI filters or special layout techniques can help in bypassing EMI or improving RF immunity. Some ICs are designed (e.g., LMV831-LMV834, MAX9724 ) to have integrated RF filters or a special design that helps reduce any demodulation of high-frequency carrier.

Designers often need to carry out special tests for RF immunity of parts to be used in a system. These tests are often done in an anechoic chamber with a controlled RF environment where the test vectors produce a RF field similar to that produced in an actual environment.

RFI in radio astronomy
Interference in radio astronomy, where it is commonly referred to as radio-frequency interference (RFI), is any source of transmission that is within the observed frequency band other than the celestial sources themselves. Because transmitters on and around the Earth can be many times stronger than the astronomical signal of interest, RFI is a major concern for performing radio astronomy. Natural sources of interference, such as lightning and the Sun, are also often referred to as RFI.

Some of the frequency bands that are very important for radio astronomy, such as the 21-cm HI line at 1420 MHz, are protected by regulation. However, modern radio-astronomical observatories such as VLA, LOFAR, and ALMA have a very large bandwidth over which they can observe. Because of the limited spectral space at radio frequencies, these frequency bands cannot be completely allocated to radio astronomy; for example, redshifted images of the 21-cm line from the reionization epoch can overlap with the FM broadcast band (88–108 MHz), and therefore radio telescopes need to deal with RFI in this bandwidth.

Techniques to deal with RFI range from filters in hardware to advanced algorithms in software. One way to deal with strong transmitters is to filter out the frequency of the source completely. This is for example the case for the LOFAR observatory, which filters out the FM radio stations between 90 and 110 MHz. It is important to remove such strong sources of interference as soon as possible, because they might "saturate" the highly sensitive receivers (amplifiers and analogue-to-digital converters), which means that the received signal is stronger than the receiver can handle. However, filtering out a frequency band implies that these frequencies can never be observed with the instrument.

A common technique to deal with RFI within the observed frequency bandwidth, is to employ RFI detection in software. Such software can find samples in time, frequency or time-frequency space that are contaminated by an interfering source. These samples are subsequently ignored in further analysis of the observed data. This process is often referred to as data flagging. Because most transmitters have a small bandwidth and are not continuously present such as lightning or citizens' band (CB) radio devices, most of the data remains available for the astronomical analysis. However, data flagging can not solve issues with continuous broad-band transmitters, such as windmills, digital video or digital audio transmitters.

Another way to manage RFI is to establish a radio quiet zone (RQZ). RQZ is a well-defined area surrounding receivers that has special regulations to reduce RFI in favor of radio astronomy observations within the zone. The regulations may include special management of spectrum and power flux or power flux-density limitations. The controls within the zone may cover elements other than radio transmitters or radio devices. These include aircraft controls and control of unintentional radiators such as industrial, scientific and medical devices, vehicles, and power lines. The first RQZ for radio astronomy is United States National Radio Quiet Zone (NRQZ), established in 1958.

RFI on environmental monitoring
Prior to the introduction of Wi-Fi, one of the biggest applications of 5 GHz band was the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar. The decision to use 5 GHz spectrum for Wi-Fi was finalized at the World Radiocommunication Conference in 2003; however, meteorological authorities were not involved in the process. The subsequent lax implementation and misconfiguration of DFS had caused significant disruption in weather radar operations in a number of countries around the world. In Hungary, the weather radar system was declared non-operational for more than a month. Due to the severity of interference, South African weather services ended up abandoning C band operation, switching their radar network to S band.

Transmissions on adjacent bands to those used by passive remote sensing, such as weather satellites, have caused interference, sometimes significant. There is concern that adoption of insufficiently regulated 5G could produce major interference issues. Significant interference can impair numerical weather prediction performance and incur  negative economic and public safety impacts. These concerns led US Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross and NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine in February 2019 to urge the FCC to cancel a proposed spectrum auction, which was rejected.

title: Electromagnetic interference


text:
Hearing the shape of a drum

To hear the shape of a drum is to infer information about the shape of the drumhead from the sound it makes, i.e., from the list of overtones, via the use of mathematical theory.

"Can One Hear the Shape of a Drum?" is the title of a 1966 article by Mark Kac in the American Mathematical Monthly which made the question famous, though this particular phrasing originates with Lipman Bers. Similar questions can be traced back all the way to physicist Arthur Schuster in 1882. For his paper, Kac was given the Lester R. Ford Award in 1967 and the Chauvenet Prize in 1968.

The frequencies at which a drumhead can vibrate depend on its shape. The Helmholtz equation calculates the frequencies if the shape is known. These frequencies are the eigenvalues of the Laplacian in the space. A central question is whether the shape can be predicted if the frequencies are known; for example, whether a Reuleaux triangle can be recognized in this way. Kac admitted that he did not know whether it was possible for two different shapes to yield the same set of frequencies. The question of whether the frequencies determine the shape was finally answered in the negative in the early 1990s by Gordon, Webb and Wolpert.

Formal statement
More formally, the drum is conceived as an elastic membrane whose boundary is clamped. It is represented as a domain D in the plane. Denote by λn the Dirichlet eigenvalues for D: that is, the eigenvalues of the Dirichlet problem for the Laplacian:

\begin{cases} \Delta u + \lambda u = 0\\ u|_{\partial D} = 0 \end{cases} $$

Two domains are said to be isospectral (or homophonic) if they have the same eigenvalues. The term "homophonic" is justified because the Dirichlet eigenvalues are precisely the fundamental tones that the drum is capable of producing: they appear naturally as Fourier coefficients in the solution wave equation with clamped boundary.

Therefore, the question may be reformulated as: what can be inferred on D if one knows only the values of λn? Or, more specifically: are there two distinct domains that are isospectral?

Related problems can be formulated for the Dirichlet problem for the Laplacian on domains in higher dimensions or on Riemannian manifolds, as well as for other elliptic differential operators such as the Cauchy–Riemann operator or Dirac operator. Other boundary conditions besides the Dirichlet condition, such as the Neumann boundary condition, can be imposed. See spectral geometry and isospectral as related articles.

The answer

In 1964, John Milnor observed that a theorem on lattices due to Ernst Witt implied the existence of a pair of 16-dimensional flat tori that have the same eigenvalues but different shapes. However, the problem in two dimensions remained open until 1992, when Carolyn Gordon, David Webb, and Scott Wolpert constructed, based on the Sunada method, a pair of regions in the plane that have different shapes but identical eigenvalues. The regions are concave polygons. The proof that both regions have the same eigenvalues uses the symmetries of the Laplacian. This idea has been generalized by Buser, Conway, Doyle, and Semmler who constructed numerous similar examples. So, the answer to Kac's question is: for many shapes, one cannot hear the shape of the drum completely. However, some information can be inferred.

On the other hand, Steve Zelditch proved that the answer to Kac's question is positive if one imposes restrictions to certain convex planar regions with analytic boundary. It is not known whether two non-convex analytic domains can have the same eigenvalues. It is known that the set of domains isospectral with a given one is compact in the C∞ topology. Moreover, the sphere (for instance) is spectrally rigid, by Cheng's eigenvalue comparison theorem. It is also known, by a result of Osgood, Phillips, and Sarnak that the moduli space of Riemann surfaces of a given genus does not admit a continuous isospectral flow through any point, and is compact in the Fréchet–Schwartz topology.

Weyl's formula
Weyl's formula states that one can infer the area A of the drum by counting how rapidly the λn grow. We define N(R) to be the number of eigenvalues smaller than R and we get

 * $$A = \omega_d^{-1}(2\pi)^d \lim_{R\to\infty}\frac{N(R)}{R^{d/2}},$$

where d is the dimension, and $$\omega_d$$ is the volume of the d-dimensional unit ball. Weyl also conjectured that the next term in the approximation below would give the perimeter of D. In other words, if L denotes the length of the perimeter (or the surface area in higher dimension), then one should have

 * $$N(R) = (2\pi)^{-d}\omega_d AR^{d/2} \mp \frac{1}{4}(2\pi)^{-d+1}\omega_{d-1} LR^{(d-1)/2} + o(R^{(d-1)/2}).$$

For a smooth boundary, this was proved by Victor Ivrii in 1980. The manifold is also not allowed to have a two-parameter family of periodic geodesics, such as a sphere would have.

The Weyl–Berry conjecture
For non-smooth boundaries, Michael Berry conjectured in 1979 that the correction should be of the order of

 * $$R^{D/2},$$

where D is the Hausdorff dimension of the boundary. This was disproved by J. Brossard and R. A. Carmona, who then suggested that one should replace the Hausdorff dimension with the upper box dimension. In the plane, this was proved if the boundary has dimension 1 (1993), but mostly disproved for higher dimensions (1996); both results are by Lapidus and Pomerance.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hearing the shape of a drum


text:
Lawrence, New Zealand

Lawrence is a small town in Otago, in New Zealand's South Island. It is located on State Highway 8, the main route from Dunedin to the inland towns of Queenstown and Alexandra. It lies 35 kilometres to the northwest of Milton, 11 kilometres northwest of Waitahuna, and close to the Tuapeka River, a tributary of the Clutha.

History
The discovery of gold at Gabriel's Gully by Gabriel Read in May 1861 led to the Central Otago goldrush with the population of the gold field rising from almost nothing to around 11,500 within a year, twice that of Dunedin at the time. Gabriel’s Gully was quickly dotted with tents and workings, stores and government “buildings”.

By December 1861, there were some 14,000 people on the Tuapeka goldfield and it continued to climb and by February 1864 was around 24,000. Around a third of these miners were English, a significant proportion were Irish, while some were European, with others of Chinese origin. The ground under the makeshift township site, was also gold rich. Gradually, the commercial and administrative services for the what became known as the Tuapeka fields were concentrated on non-gold bearing ground 3 km away at the entrance to the Gully. A new town was surveyed in 1862 by Robert Grigor and named Tuapeka with sections in the town auctioned on 5 November 1862. By 1864 most people had shifted from the canvas town across the stream to which quickly became the focal point for Otago's goldfield with a bank, hotels, ironmongers, drapers, a watchmaker, bookmaker, newsagent, and various other stores. The town became a municipality in 1866 and was renamed Lawrence in honour of Sir Henry Lawrence, hero of the Lucknow military campaign of 1857. The development of large scale sluicing in the area in the 1870s caused flooding of the low lying areas of the town, which forced government buildings, churches and schools to relocate up the hill to Colonsay Street, while Peel Street became the business street. In mid-1862, it is estimated that twice as many people lived around the banks of the Tuapeka River as did in Dunedin itself. By 1870 the settlement of Chinese miners just outside the town had 300 residents. The Black Horse Brewery, was established in the town in 1866. It closed in 1923. The tune to New Zealand's national anthem was composed in Lawrence by John J. Woods, a Lawrence school teacher.

In 1877, a branch line railway was built from the Main South Line to Lawrence, and the town remained the terminus of the line until an extension was built in 1910. Although originally known as the Lawrence Branch, this line ultimately became known as the Roxburgh Branch. The railway closed in 1968 and the town's station has subsequently been demolished, but some relics still remain, including the goods shed.

In 1978, two lions named Sultan and Sonia escaped from a circus in Lawrence. The circus' tranquilliser guns had accidentally been left behind in another town so they could not be shot with tranquillizer darts. They were eventually shot by police but not before one of them had scratched a seven-year-old boy across the face. The lions were stuffed and are now on display at Otago Museum.

In 2011, Lawrence became the first town in New Zealand to offer town-wide free Wi-Fi internet.

The Lawrence Rugby Football Club is based in the township.

Lawrence's sister city is Jacksonville, Oregon.

Demographics
Lawrence is described by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement. It covers 2.19 km2, and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the much larger Tuapeka statistical area.

Lawrence had a population of 447 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 36 people (8.8%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 18 people (4.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 210 households, comprising 210 males and 237 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.89 males per female, with 60 people (13.4%) aged under 15 years, 45 (10.1%) aged 15 to 29, 225 (50.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 114 (25.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 89.3% European/Pākehā, 19.5% Māori, and 0.7% Asian. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 53.7% had no religion, 36.9% were Christian, 1.3% had Māori religious beliefs and 0.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 48 (12.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 114 (29.5%) people had no formal qualifications. 24 people (6.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 156 (40.3%) people were employed full-time, 69 (17.8%) were part-time, and 6 (1.6%) were unemployed.

Tuapeka statistical area
Tuapeka, which also includes Beaumont and Waitahuna, covers 1235.19 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Tuapeka had a population of 1,155 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 78 people (7.2%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 24 people (−2.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 513 households, comprising 576 males and 576 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.0 males per female. The median age was 46.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 219 people (19.0%) aged under 15 years, 129 (11.2%) aged 15 to 29, 588 (50.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 219 (19.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 92.7% European/Pākehā, 14.8% Māori, 0.5% Pasifika, 1.6% Asian, and 0.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 10.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 54.3% had no religion, 34.0% were Christian, 0.5% had Māori religious beliefs and 1.3% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 129 (13.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 225 (24.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $27,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 105 people (11.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 474 (50.6%) people were employed full-time, 177 (18.9%) were part-time, and 21 (2.2%) were unemployed.

Holy Trinity Anglican church

Moves to establish the first Anglican Church in Lawrence were made in December 1866, but it was not until February 1868 that the first clergyman Rev. H.W. Martin from Victoria, Australia, was appointed. Initially the Anglicans held their services in the Methodist Church before constructing the original church at 9 Whitehaven Street constructed of timber, plainly-detailed, with Gothic elements complete with a small belfry at the gable end. It was opened by Bishop-Elect Samuel Nevill in May 1871. The first permanent vicar was the Reverend George P. Beaumont who had arrived in the district in 1870 and remained in that role for another 30 years. A freestanding wooden Gothic-styled belltower was built in the late 1890s beside the church. It was retained when the original church was demolished to make way for the current brick church, which was designed by Invercargill based architect E. R. Wilson.

Its foundation stone was laid in March 1925 and it was consecrated in August of that same year by Bishop Isaac Richards, a previous vicar of the parish. The belltower was restored and rededicated by Bishop Peter Mann in June 1980. It was granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 2005.

The regular congregation was down to less than 10 people, by the time the church held its last service in January 2015. With a ratable value of $90,000 it was sold in 2016 for use as a holiday home.

Lawrence Methodist church

The first services for Methodists in the district were provided by the Reverend Isaac Harding of Dunedin towards the end of 1862 in two canvas churches, one in Munro’s Gully, and another in Gabriel’s Gully. Eventually these were replaced by a permanent church at Gabriel’s Gully in 1870. In Lawrence itself a Methodist church was constructed of brick on Colonsay Street and opened free of debt in 1865. Unfortunately it was then discovered that due to a surveying error part of the building had been constructed on Catholic land. It was used for eight years and then pulled down. Meanwhile a new site was obtained on the corner of Whitehaven Street, where a 28 ft by 24 ft wooden church which cost £320 was constructed. It was officially opened on 14 September 1873, by the Rev. C. W. Rigg.

Lawrence Presbyterian church

The first Presbyterian services were held in the district in open air at Gabriel's Gully in July 1861 by layman John Gillies. By 1864 with the support of local congregation and the organisation of a soiree, enough money (including a donation of £50 from Gabriel Read) was raised to allow for the erection of a wooden church building at 7 Colonsay Street. The church's first permanent minister was the Reverend Dr James Copland.

By the mid-1880s it was decided to replace the existing church with a new church on the same section of land. The new building which was opened in September 1886 by D. M. Stuart of Knox Church in Dunedin was designed by Dunedin architect R.A. Lawson. The original church building remained on site and was used as a Sunday School. The new church was constructed of red brick on stone foundations and featured crenellations above the entrance. It was the first church in Otago to have an organ. Up until then a precentor had been used to lead the congregation. Over time the brick exterior was plastered, the spire and pinnacles were removed and a shorter belfry created.

Due to a declining congregation the church was sold around 1994 to a private owner who intended to use it as a holiday home.

In 1998 a fire started by an arson attack severely damaged the building. The building languished for a period, with much local concern expressed about its condition. In 2002 the building was purchased by Jo and Mike Romanes bought the church in 2002, who then spent the next six years, stabilizing the building, installing a new roof and floor before converting it into boutique accommodation.

The building was granted Heritage New Zealand historic place category 2 status in 2004.

St Patrick’s Church (Roman Catholic)

While Otago was established as a Presbyterian settlement the discovery of gold, resulted in miners of all nationalities and creeds emigrating to the province, among them a large number of Irish Catholics. To service their spiritual need, Father Delphin Moreau began visiting the goldfields from Dunedin, from the first weeks of the gold rush. Up until Cobb & Co’s established their coach service to the goldfields in October 1861 Moreau’s made his visits to Tuapeka on foot, holding Mass there once a month. By 1862 he was travelling to and holding Mass every alternate Sunday in a tent in Gabriel’s Gully. In October 1863 a section on the corner of Colonsay and Lancaster Streets house a church and school was donated by local businessman John Donovan. In 1864 Father Joseph Eccuyer was made the first priest permanently resident in Lawrence. A corrugated iron church named St Gabriel’s was erected on the site and blessed in November 1864 by Bishop Viard. It was the first Catholic church in Otago.

By the end of May 1871 Father William Larkin had been appointed Parish priest to Tuapeka and he was able to organize the construction of the large wooden Gothic church-school of St Patrick’s which opened on 17 March 1872, across the road from the now superseded St Gabriel’s. During Larkin’s tenure calls intensified for a separate church, distinct from St Patrick’s as it was felt that the existing building was essentially a school rather than a church. A building fund for a new church was initiated in 1880 and noted architect, Francis Petre, was selected to design the church, issuing tenders for its construction in November 1890 on the site of the former St Gabriels on the corner of 12 Colonsay Street and Lancaster Street. The contract was awarded on 7 December 1890 to Dunedin based Daniel W. Woods, who had submitted a price of £3000.

By the time the foundation stone was laid by Bishop Patrick Moran on 17 March 1891 the walls were at almost at their full height. The completed brick Gothic church with a belfry of Oamaru stone with seating for about 600 worshippers was officially opened by Bishop Moran on 6 January 1892. The six bay nave of the brick church is 70 ft long by 27 ft wide while the transept was 50 ft long by 27 ft wide. A convent for the Dominican nuns, was later constructed directly to the south of the Church and opened on Sunday 3 February 1893. In 1902, a Presbytery was constructed to the east, adjacent to the church. To protect the decaying bricks and mortar the church was roughcast in 1926. By the 1990s the church needed significant repairs, which were undertaken in 1995. The Presbytery is still owned by the Church, but is now rental accommodation.

Education
Lawrence Area School is a co-educational state composite school for Year 1 to 13 students, with a roll of as of.

It was a high school until the 1960s, when it became an area school catering to primary pupils as well. It also provides secondary education for students from Waitahuna School.

There were other primary schools previously in Lawrence. Blue Spur School closed some time in the 1930s or 40s; Forsythe School closed in the 1960s; and St Patrick's School closed at the end of 1980, leaving Lawrence Area School as the sole remaining school in Lawrence.

Notable residents

 * Archibald Durward FRSE (1902–1964), spent his youth here. He was the son of the local minister Rev Peter C. Durward.
 * James Graham (1884–1941), Otago rugby union player and All Black (1913–14),
 * Frank Mitchinson (1884–1978), rugby union player.
 * Frank Oliver (1948–2014), representative rugby union player and coach, All Black (1976–81), educated at Lawrence District High School.
 * Ella Spicer (1876–1958), painter.
 * Jack Williams (1918–1975), Member of Parliament.
 * David Wilson, the 14th Clerk of the New Zealand House of Representatives (2015–current), spent his childhood in Lawrence.

title: Lawrence, New Zealand


text: Category:Olympic wrestlers by year

title: Category:Olympic wrestlers by year


text:
User:Miyawaki

I am a doctoral student at the University of Tokyo.

My research field is surface science. Now I'm trying to investigate the magnetism and the structure of Co thin films on Ru(0001).

title: User:Miyawaki


text:
Taeko Kawata

Taeko Kawata (川田 妙子) is a freelance Japanese voice actress best known for voicing Amy Rose from the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise. While working at a confectionery shop after graduating from Jissen Commercial High School, she attended a voice acting school in the evenings and passed an audition for 81 Produce, where she was later employed until 2010. On October 1, 2019, she announced the formation of a private firm, T-River LLC, and the opening of a private school at the same time.

Television animation

 * 1990s
 * Chibi Maruko-chan (1990) (Toshiko Tsuchihashi)
 * Sailor Moon R (Momoko Momohara, Mie Sayama)
 * Battle Athletes (1997) (Ling-Pha Wong)
 * Dr. Slump (1997) (Arale Norimaki, Mame Soramame)

 * 2000s
 * Sonic X (2003) (Amy Rose)
 * Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart (2005) (Nozomi)
 * Futari wa Pretty Cure Splash Star (2006) (Queen Filia)
 * HeartCatch PreCure! (2010) (Chypre)

 * 2016
 * JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable (2016) (Invisible Baby/Shizuka Joestar)

Unknown date
 * Azuki-chan (Kaoru Nishino)
 * Bomberman B-Daman Bakugaiden V (Megamibon)
 * Bleach (Miyuki)
 * Bubu Chacha (Mary)
 * Cardcaptor Sakura (Yuuki Tachibana)
 * Casshern Sins (Niko)
 * Cosmic Baton Girl Comet-san (Rababou)
 * D.Gray-man (Level 4 Akuma)
 * D.N.Angel (Mio Hio, Emiko Niwa (younger version))
 * Futari wa Pretty Cure Splash Star (Queen Filia)
 * Hamtaro (Yume-chan, Mineko-chan)
 * Hatara Kizzu Maihamu Gumi (Marina Nikaidō)
 * Konjiki no Gash Bell!! (Rushka)
 * A Little Snow Fairy Sugar (Kanon)
 * One Piece (Milia)
 * Pita-Ten (Shino)
 * Pretty Cure All Stars DX2 (Chypre)
 * Pretty Cure All Stars DX3 (Chypre)
 * Princess Nine (Nene Mori)
 * R.O.D the TV (Hisami Hishishii)
 * Sailor Moon series (Momoko Momohara)
 * Seraphim Call (Tanpopo Teramoto)
 * Strange+ (Dorothy)
 * Sunset on Third Street (Michiko Ohkido (Micchan))
 * Wolf's Rain (Neige)
 * Cinnamon the Movie (Cinnamoroll/Cinnamon)

OVA

 * Here Is Greenwood (????) (Reina Kisaragi)
 * Ojamajo Doremi Na-i-sho (2004) (Nozomi Waku))
 * Tales of Phantasia: The Animation (????) (Suzu Fujibayashi)
 * "Find the Four-Leaf Crimson Clover!" (2003) (Kaede Yoshino)

Video games

 * Crash Team Racing (Pura)
 * Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games (Amy Rose)
 * Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games (Amy Rose)
 * Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 (Amy Rose)
 * Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games (Amy Rose)
 * Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games (Amy Rose)
 * Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games (Amy Rose)
 * Refrain Love 2 (Akane Misawa)
 * Shadow the Hedgehog (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic Advance 3 (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic Adventure (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic Adventure 2 (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic the Hedgehog series (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic and the Black Knight (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic and the Secret Rings (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic Battle (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic Boom: Rise of Lyric (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic Boom: Shattered Crystal (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic Colors (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic Free Riders (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic Frontiers (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic Generations (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic the Hedgehog (2006) (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic Heroes (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic Lost World (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic Riders (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic Riders: Zero Gravity (Amy Rose)
 * Sonic Unleashed (Amy Rose)
 * Tales of Phantasia (Suzu Fujibayashi)
 * Tales of the World: Radiant Mythology 2 (Suzu Fujibayashi)
 * Tales of the World: Radiant Mythology 3 (Suzu Fujibayashi)
 * Tales of Phantasia: Narikiri Dungeon X (Suzu Fujibayashi)
 * Team Sonic Racing (Amy Rose)
 * Tokyo Mew Mew (PlayStation game) (Ringo Akai)

Live-action

 * 3 Ninjas: High Noon at Mega Mountain (Michael "Tum Tum" Douglas) (James Paul Roeske II)
 * Aliens (1992 VHS/DVD edition) (Rebecca "Newt" Jorden) (Carrie Henn)
 * Annie: A Royal Adventure! (Hannah) (Emily Ann Lloyd)
 * Babel (Debbie Jones) (Elle Fanning)
 * Beethoven (Emily Newton) (Sarah Rose Karr)
 * Beethoven's 2nd (Emily Newton) (Sarah Rose Karr)
 * Edges of the Lord (Tolo) (Liam Hess)
 * Enough (Gracie Hiller) (Tessa Allen)
 * ER (Rachel Greene (Yvonne Zima), Mei-Sun (Lucy Liu))
 * Falling Down (1997 TV Asahi edition) (Adele Trevino (Joey Hope Singer))
 * Full House (Michelle Elizabeth Tanner) (Mary-Kate Olsen, Ashley Olsen))
 * Hope Floats (Bernice Pruitt (Mae Whitman))
 * Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (Sunny Baudelaire)
 * The Long Kiss Goodnight (Caitlin (Yvonne Zima))
 * Look Who's Talking Now (Julie Ubriacco (Tabitha Lupien))
 * My Life Without Me (Patsy (Kenya Jo Kennedy))
 * Poltergeist film trilogy (Carol Anne Freeling) (Heather O'Rourke)
 * Resident Evil: Extinction (White Queen (Madeline Carroll))
 * Sudden Death (1999 TV Asahi edition) (Emily McCord (Whittni Wright))
 * Two of a Kind (Ashley Burke (Ashley Olsen))
 * Village of the Damned (1998 TV Asahi edition) (David McGowan (Thomas Dekker))
 * Waterworld (Enola) (Tina Majorino)

Animation

 * Babar (TV series) (Flora)
 * My Little Pony: Equestria Girls (Sweetie Belle)
 * My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (Sweetie Belle)
 * The Oz Kids (Boris)
 * The Simpsons (Maggie Simpson) (Elizabeth Taylor)

Other

 * Hoshi no Kirby Talking CD Comic (1994) (Kirby)
 * Sanrio character ("Cinnamoroll") (Cinnamoroll/Cinnamon)

title: Taeko Kawata


text:
Talk:Sīrah

Bad title
Muhammad is not the only prophet in the world. The title assumes that he is. Title should be changed to something neutral like Biographies of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. I don't think you would want to use Biographies of Muhammad, because there have been many thousands of notable Muhammads. Zora (talk) 07:13, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I'd call this something like Biographies of the Prophet Muhammad or something similar. - Smerdis of Tlön - killing the human spirit since 2003! 15:22, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Could you make the change? I am embroiled in roommate drama right now and have no energy to spare. Zora (talk) 17:47, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, please - the title should change. This page could remain as a stub, pointing to the various pages of prophetic biographies extant. 111.193.179.65 (talk) 06:11, 24 April 2017 (UTC)

Untitled
According to the article on Muhammad, he died June 8, 632. Ibn Ishaq supposedly died (d. 768), according to that article. According to this article, Ibn Ishaq's "Sirat Rasul Allah" is the earliest traditional biography, and was written less than three hundred years after Muhammad's death.

Why three hundred years if he died 768? The dates don't seem to make sense. I will see if I can figure out the facts here.

The original book written by Ibn Ishaq is lost. Ibn Hisham wrote "Sirat Rasul Allah" entirely based on the original book.But he did leave outsections that he thought were too scandalous and injurious to Muhammad's reputation.

spelling and intro
we find sira and sirah, and the intro with sirat nabawiyya is confusing to non Arabic speakers. Needs fixing.

Page is a mess
It is written from a pious Muslim POV, uses pious interjections, and needs a complete rewrite. The hadith template should go too. Hadith are not sira. Zora 13:00, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Not? Isn't the book a colection of matn? Or is it writen like a cohesive narrative?--Striver 13:50, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

move to sira
I think we should move this to "Sira", and use "" template to link to the disambig page.Bless sins 20:55, 12 February 2007 (UTC) comment on suraZikrullah 09:31, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

slight changes and a question
fixed the language in the intro up to be less informal. Also, the introduction refers Sharia as Islamic Sciences. I'm 95% certain this is incorrect. Anyone care to comment 130.225.202.73 16:54, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It has been done. Howardcorn33 (talk) 21:14, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

criticism
Here's a piece from NEW LIGHT ON THE STORY OF BANU QURAYZA AND THE JEWS OF MEDINA, By W. N. ARAFAT. From Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland,(1976), pp. 100-107:

"One authority, Ibn Hajar, however, denounces this story and the other related ones as "odd tales".9 A contemporary of Ibn Ishaq, Malik,10 the jurist, denounces Ibn Ishaq outright as "a liar"11 and "an impostor"12 just for transmitting such stories. " 9. Tahdhib al-tahdhib, IX, 45. See also `Uyun al-athar, I, 17, where the author uses the same words, without giving a reference, in his introduction on the veracity of Ibn Ishaq and the criteria he applied. 10. d. 179. 11. `Uyun al-athar, I, 12. 12. ibid, I, 16. Faro0485 (talk) 08:13, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

Sirat(disambiguation)
there is a text at the top of the page " "Sirat" redirects here. For other uses, see Sirat (disambiguation). " The said disambiguation page doesn't exist. So what's the point in having this text at the top of the page? shouldn't it be removed? Jay (talk) 08:11, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

Dating of the biography
I certainly do not have detailed knowledge of this stuff, but it seems odd to me that the article states that that the sirat was written 150 years after Muhammad died, yet according to the article Ibn Ishaq died in 150-153 AH, 140 years after Muhammad died?

It does say that he collected the oral traditions, so perhaps someone else wrote it afterwards? Still, the article should make this clear.

Babloyi (talk) 07:41, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

Entire post only quotes from Orientalists
This entire article and related articles rely solely on Orientalist scholars many of whom are outwardly hostile to Islam. Should at the very least be balanced by contemporary Muslim scholars as well.￼ 113.211.119.150 (talk) 10:11, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sīrah


text:
Talk:Yagyū Jūbei Mitsuyoshi

Untitled
In pop culture Jubei always wears an eyepatch. Does anyone know if this has historical precedence? --Feitclub 04:01, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * The Japanese Wikipedia states that "He is often portrayed with a patch over one eye; this is said to be because he lost his vision during his youth when, while practicing with his father Munenori, he was hit in the eye with a bokken." Not a definitive answer, unfortunately. Fg2 04:55, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * One of the manga I have states that "there is no definitive proof of how Jubei lost his eye, if indeed he did." It also speculated that it's a holdover from kabuki exaggerations.--Mitsukai 19:08, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * as Legend... he was the first user in real life with a historical record of eye martial art techniques.
 * PadmaPhala (talk) 13:49, 21 April 2016 (UTC)

"Lone Wolf and Cub"?
The article contains the sentence, "Yagyu Jubei is also featured in other manga, anime and video games, ranging from the epic work, Lone Wolf and Cub to the modern parody Jubei-chan (where a young girl from modern times becomes the successor to the 300-year-old Yagyu clan)." I'm not familiar with the "epic work" (the book), but in the jidaigeki, it's a different Yagyu, not Jubei. Can anyone confirm whether it's Jubei who appears in the book?

 * I haven't read the original manga but I know the guy has two eyes, no eyepatch. Doesn't sound like Yagyu Jubei to me. --Feitclub 20:26, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * It's supposed to be Jubei. The work just went with the alternative view that Jubei didn't lose his eye.  But yes, that's Jubei.--Mitsukai 19:09, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually the thing about Lone Wolf and Cub is wrong. The main enemy for Ogami Itto is Yagyu Retsudo, who was Jubei's younger brother. Considering that in the manga Retsudo is a very old man, and Jubei died in his forties, the story would be taking place long after Jubei's death. One of Retsudo's sons, named Yagyu Gunbei fights with Itto. The name of the character is probably a tribute to Jubei, (although the two have very different natures), and also is the source of the confusion on this matter.

 * Retsudo loses his eye about halfway through the series in one of his encounters with the protagonist Lone Wolf and wears an eyepatch for the remainder, but I don't know how much of that is an intentional reference and can't remember from memory if Jubei is ever in the story, except that the entire Yagyu clan is wiped out by the end. -Insomniac By Choice 20:26, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Jubei in Ninja Scroll
I removed the Ninja Scroll Jubei reference because that character is named Jubei Kibegami. DarkSoldier 10:43, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * But it is a clear reference to the character... I will put it back, but state the character was done as a homage. - UnlimitedAccess 14:46, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

"Jubee" vs. "Jubei"
As far as I know (and that's what name my name dictionary and the Japanese Wikipedia article say too), in Japanese, his middle name is written with the less common vowel prolongation -ee instead of the usual -ei. So, it's supposed to be Jubee, not Jubei.

It looks like Jubei is a common romanisation outside Japan, though, so it might be okay to use it here. But I think it should at least be mentioned that the name is normally written "Jubee". I had a hard time finding it as "じゅべい" when I tried looking it up once. --84.227.154.98 23:37, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

thanks... -- Elvenmuse (talk) 11:57, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

 * ei = ee

 * PadmaPhala (talk) 13:51, 21 April 2016 (UTC)

 * It should be noted that while the name is most commonly romanized as "Jubei" (how/why this came about, I do not know and cannot understand or imagine) in English (indeed any Western) texts, this article uses Hepburn romanization. Writing Jūbei, is to mix accurate Hepburn, with the inaccurate common romanization. It is completely inconsistent. You can write "Jubei", arguing that this is the common romanization, but then you would have to consistently apply that romanization style/method, not only throughout his whole name, but also throughout the article, with every name in it. (whilst also noting, somewhere, that "Jubei" is actually Jūbē) Otherwise, it has to be written as Jūbē. (well, I think Wapuro vowel romanization, is actually superior in every way, but…)--213.113.123.236 (talk) 07:37, 2 May 2021 (UTC)

 * ei ≠ ee. Not ever. Ei can be pronounced as a long 'e' …but it is no less common to pronounce it as as 'ei'. Either way, though both おお and おう are romanized as ō/ô (or, as I prefer, oo and ou), えい is not, using any romanization system anywhere, ever written as ee/ē/ê. Only ええ is. As such, べい = bei, whilst べえ = bee/bē/bê.--213.113.123.236 (talk) 07:37, 2 May 2021 (UTC)

 * The kanji character in question (衞) is romanized as "ei": http://rut.org/cgi-bin/j-e/jis/nocolor/dosearch?sName=on&H=PW&L=J&T=%1B%24B1R%1B%28B&WC=none
 * It is used in many Japanese terms such as "衛星 eisei [えいせい] satellite" and "自衛 jiei [じえい] self-defense", along with many others terms and names.
 * Romanizing 十兵衛 as Jubei is the most common and is as accurate as Jubee, just as it is with similar names ending with the same 2 kanji (兵衛) like...
 * 安兵衛 Yasubei [やすべい] / Yasubee [やすべえ] http://rut.org/cgi-bin/j-e/jis/nocolor/dosearch?sName=on&H=PW&L=J&T=%1B%24B0BJ%3C1R%1B%28B&WC=none
 * 源兵衛 Genbei [げんべい] / Genbee [げんべえ] http://rut.org/cgi-bin/j-e/jis/nocolor/dosearch?sName=on&H=PW&L=J&T=%1B%24B8%3BJ%3C1R%1B%28B&WC=none Chanbara (talk) 18:00, 26 May 2021 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SonnyChibaSamuraiReincarnationScreenShot.jpg
Image:SonnyChibaSamuraiReincarnationScreenShot.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:36, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SonnyChibaSamuraiReincarnationScreenShot.jpg
Image:SonnyChibaSamuraiReincarnationScreenShot.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:06, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Mitsuyoshi or Mitsutoshi
(Originally posted on Talk:Yagyū Muneyoshi.)

Throughout Wikipedia, 柳生宗厳 is referred to as Yagyu Muneyoshi, and his grandsons 三厳 and 利厳 are known as Mitsuyoshi and Toshiyoshi, respectively. This represents common usage in English sources, and in many Japanese sources as well.

The problem is, common usage is most likely wrong. Among the Yagyu family, these names are "Munetoshi", "Mitsutoshi", and "Toshitoshi", as can be seen here.

The case for Muneyoshi When historians came across the name 宗厳, they weren't exactly sure how to read it. The first character was probably "Mune", but the second one was difficult. No furigana was provided in any Yagyu family records. In the Kansei Choshu Shokafu, a record of family lineages made in the late 18th century, furigana reading "yoshi" was provided for 宗厳 (Imamura, 1973). In the Dai-Kanwa Jiten, the largest Japanese Chinese character dictionary, 厳 is given possible name readings kane, tsuyo, and yoshi, among others. As a result, many Japanese publications use the "yoshi" reading of the character for these names. In fact, Japanese Wikipedia uses that reading.

The case for Munetoshi In his 1973 book Yagyu historian Imamura Yoshio actually suggests that "Munetoshi", etc., be used rather than "Muneyoshi." There are a number of very good reasons for this. For one, the Yagyu family uses the "toshi" reading. This by itself might not be very persuasive (although perhaps it should be), but as a check of the Shinkage Ryu lineage will show, the 厳 element, and it's reading as "toshi", goes all the way back every generation to 宗厳 himself (indeed, even past him to his own father, Ietoshi).

A most interesting example concerns Yagyu Hyogonosuke (Toshitoshi)'s second son, Toshikata (利方). This "toshi" is written 利, which is very common, and comes from Hyogonosuke's own name, 利厳. However, in the Renya-ou Ichidaiki (Life of the Venerable Renya), written in 1846 by many times removed descendant of Renya, "Toshikata" is mistakenly written 厳方, using the 厳 character for the "Toshi".

Of similar interest is that the Edo Yagyu line, after Yagyu Muneari, also begins a tradition of a "toshi" element in their names, although this "toshi" is rendered using the character 俊.

In his case for using "toshi" rather than "yoshi", Imamura further mentions that the hiragana よ is derived from a broken-down, cursive calligraphic form of 与. But one reading of 与 is "to". It's possible that, back in the 1780s, when Japanese orthographic rules were actually more just a number of common conventions, that someone wrote shorthand 与之 intending it to be read as "とし" toshi, but modern historians, following the stricter orthography of their day, misread it as "よし" yoshi. If that's the case, even the lone attested historical example of "yoshi" would actually reflect usage within the Yagyu family.

These days, the "toshi" reading is making inroads in Japan, particularly after some publications by the Yagyu family have gotten the "toshi" readings out there. I would say that "Muneyoshi", etc., is still in the majority in the Japanese literature, but it is by no means universal anymore.

My feeling is, at the moment the literature, in both English and Japanese, is so small and specialized that this is a situation where "ignore all rules" can be applied. The "yoshi" spread when information on Shinkage Ryu and the Yagyu family was still sparse. There's more information out there now, and the case for "toshi" seems much stronger. This is not a case, like Sun Tzu/Sunzi, where an alternate romanization for the same pronunciation is more widely known, but a case when early information was mistaken, and is in the process of being corrected. Re-directs for "yoshi" variants will solve the issue of any people using outdated material, and a small note in each entry can explain the discrepancy.

I'll copy this post into the Yagyu Jubei Mitsuyoshi and Yagyu Hyogonosuke Talk pages. After a period of time, if there are no objections, I'd like to edit to reflect the "toshi" reading.

My sources are 柳生遺聞 Yagyū Ibun, 1973 Imamura Yoshio (K.K. Elm), and for the 連也翁一代記 Renya-ou Ichidaiki, I referred to 資料　柳生新陰流 Shiryō Yagyū Shinkage-ryū, a collection of historical documents compiled and edited by Imamura Yoshio, and published in 1967 by K.K. Jinbutsu Ouraisha. —Preceding unsigned comment added by JReyer (talk • contribs) 13:29, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

 * This should be in the article. At the very least as a note under Mitsuyoshi.
 * --PadmaPhala (talk) 15:44, 8 March 2017 (UTC)

月之抄 vs 月見の諸
I believe the correct title of the book is 月之抄, not 月見の諸. I haven't been able to find any reference to a 月見の諸 outside of English language media, all of which seem to link back to this page as their source. There are several Japanese sources confirming the existence of 月之抄 with Jubei credited as the author. I'm not sure which would be the most appropriate source in this situation. Perhaps this one? http://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000001191281-00 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kailan7401 (talk • contribs) 23:23, 10 November 2015 (UTC)

 * It is 月見の諸, last kanji uncertain... the title of the book in japanese media is incorrect.
 * how I know this will be left... to time to prove, atm it is "my own research".
 * 侍仏陀画実蓮です.
 * PadmaPhala (talk) 13:54, 21 April 2016 (UTC)
 * PadmaPhala (talk) 05:55, 5 August 2018 (UTC)

Grave
Just curious what the source is about him being buried in a town called Ohkawahara Mura. I don't know if he was buried there initially and moved later, but now his grave is behind Hotokuji in Yagyu village sort of in front and to the right of his father's grave. I'd been under the impression he's always been there but I could be wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Erokengo (talk • contribs) 06:17, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yagyū Jūbei Mitsuyoshi


text:
Wikipedia talk:UK Wikipedians' notice board

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/David Bradley (soldier)
Dear UK experts: This abandoned AfC submission will soon be deleted as a stale draft. Is this a notable topic, and should the page be kept and improved instead? —Anne Delong (talk)

David Lammy
There is a discussion on how to describe David Lammy talk page. Although one editor has dropped their disagreement after realising how other comparable articles, another has not. Would like you to see the arguments, references and then provide input. Erzan (talk) 23:20, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

New MP articles.
If you're creating articles about our new MPs you might find useful a Boilerplate I've put together at User:PamD/MP, which reminds you about various useful bits of infrastructure. Pam D  18:13, 4 July 2024 (UTC)


text:
User:Gugilymugily/NewsRadio

NewsRadio.

NewsRadio was a sitcom broadcast from 1995 to 1999 by NBC. The series was set at a New York City radio station, WNYX.

The Show
The show NewsRadio was created by Paul Simms. Some people considered the show to be an example of screwball comedy, with frequent usage of physical comedy. The show had a number of problems with NBC, with the shows timeslot being changed seven times in five years. Also, one episode, "Injury", was delayed for over a year because of problems with its content. After the fourth season of the show, on May 28, 1998 Phil Hartman was killed. The show replaced him with Jon Lovitz. After the fifth season, the plan for the series was to have the setting moved to New Hampshire, but it was cancelled.

title: User:Gugilymugily/NewsRadio


text:
Routing (disambiguation)

Routing is the process of path selection in a network, such as a computer network or transportation network.

Routing may also refer to:

 * Route of administration, the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body
 * Hollowing out an area of wood or plastic using a router (woodworking)
 * National Routeing Guide, a guide to trains over the United Kingdom's rail network
 * Routing (hydrology), a technique used to predict the changes in shape of a hydrograph
 * ABA routing transit number, a bank code used in the United States
 * Routing number (Canada)
 * Weather routing

In electronics and computer technologies:
 * Routing (electronic design automation), a step in the design of printed circuit boards and integrated circuits
 * The packet forwarding algorithm in a computer network
 * The role of a router hardware in a computer network

title: Routing (disambiguation)


text:
Wildflower Triathlon

The Wildflower Triathlon was a triathlon (swim-bike-run race) held at Lake San Antonio in Central California from 1983 to 2019, the first winner being Dean "The Machine" Harper. It was held the first weekend in May each year.

The original course was expanded to the standardized half-Ironman distance (1.2 mi / 56 mi / 13.1 mi) in the late 1980s, and was often referred to as simply the long course. Two more races were subsequently been added to the event: an Olympic-distance (1.5 km / 40 km / 10 km) race and a short or "sprint" mountain-bike triathlon (0.25 mi / 9.7 mi / 2 mi).

Known for a particularly hilly and grueling course, it was one of the largest triathlon events in the world, with 7,500 athletes and 30,000 spectators attending each year at its peak. Traditionally it was associated with a Wildflower festival, though in later years the festival had been eclipsed by the increasingly large athletic event. A drastic drop in lake level in 2014 led to a modified course and lower attendance. Shortly after the 2015 event, the Monterey County Board of Supervisors announced it would close Lake San Antonio due to low water levels. The event was canceled in 2017 and 2019. It was canceled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In July 2023 it was announced that a new triathlon not associated with the previous Wildflower Triathlon would be held at the site. Wildflower organizers have announced their plans to bring back the race in May 2025.

Distances
1.2 m Swim, 56 m Bike, 13.1 m Run

Swim course
The 1.2 mi swim course began at the Lynch Ramp. The race started in waves, with the professional men, the professional women, age group men, age group women, and relay teams. Swimmers swam in a clockwise direction on a rectangular course. There were course marker buoys and lifeguards on kayaks lining the course. Swimmers exited the water, went up the ramp, through the timing area and into the transition area.

Bike course
The course was 56 mi long and was considered relatively difficult. Triathletes left the transition area to the north and made a quick left through the finish line chute. Athletes followed the road down Shoreline Drive to the beach area and as it turned right up "Beach Hill", a steep 1 mi climb. The course proceeded onto San Antonio Drive and out of the park onto Interlake Road past the first checkpoint at mile six. Bicyclists would proceed on Interlake Road over rolling hills before turning onto Jolon Road (19 miles). Triathletes would have small rolling hills along Jolon Road from mile 26 to 42. At mile 42, they followed Nacimiento left up "Nasty Grade", a nearly five-mile grade which climbs 1000 ft from bottom to top of "Heart Rate Hill." At the top of the hill they went back onto Interlake Road and then at the 50 mi point made a right turn onto San Antonio Drive and headed back to the park. Finally, they descended Lynch Hill for the last descent.

Run course
The 13.1 mi run course was 60% trails and 40% roads. Triathletes would depart the transition area to the southwest and climb the Lynch Ramp stairs. Once on the trail below the resort store lawn athletes crossed the bridge and proceed down the beach access road through "Beach City." At the base of "Beach Hill" athletes continued straight off of the road and on to the trails along the shoreline until the Harris Creek campgrounds. After this, they followed the paved road as it turned right past the launch ramp for a short climb up the hill. At mile 3 they turned left onto the backcountry trails. The trail followed the creek to Long Valley with two steep hills to climb out the other side at 5.7 mi. Triathletes proceeded back into the park alongside the road on trails and fire roads through Redondo Vista Campgrounds, the TNT campsite area, and the overflow camping area. At mile 9, the course returned to the roads, making a right turn at San Antonio Drive. Triathletes proceeded up the road and down the hill to the PowerBar turn-around point and at mile 10, then ran back up the hill and proceeded back on San Antonio Drive. Finally, athletes headed down Lynch Hill towards the finish chute and finish line.

Distances
1.5k Swim, 40k Bike, 10k Run

Swim course
The 1.5k (.93 mile) swim course began at the Lynch Ramp. There were more than 20 wave starts at 5-minute intervals beginning with collegiate men and women, age group men and women, Team in Training men and women, and relay teams. Swimmers would swim in a clockwise direction on the triangular course. The course would have sailboats, clearly marked, at the corners and there would be course marker buoys and lifeguards on long boards every 100 yards. The swimmers would exit the water, go through the timing area, up the ramp and into the transition area.

Bike course
The bike course was 40K (24.8 miles) long and was considered relatively difficult. Cyclist would leave the transition area to the north and proceed directly up "Lynch Hill." On San Antonio Drive athletes headed out of the park and onto Interlake Road. On Interlake Road, triathletes proceeded over rolling hills to the turn-around point at mile 12.4. Triathletes would return to the park on the same roads. As they re-entered the park, riders turned left and headed down Lynch Hill and back to the transition area.

Run course
The 10k (6.2 mile) run course was a combination of road and trails through campgrounds and challenging hills. Triathletes would depart the transition area to the southwest, and climb the Lynch Ramp stairs. Then they turned left on the trail below the resort store lawn. They crossed the bridge and proceeded down the beach access road through "Beach City." At the base of "Beach Hill," they continued straight off of the road and on to the trails along the shoreline. They followed the trails through Harris Creek campgrounds, and proceeded past the launch ramp parking lot and onto Lake San Antonio Drive. They turned right up San Antonio Drive and at the Beach Hill intersection triathletes left the road for trails and followed the fire access trail back to Lynch intersection. Finally, triathletes returned to the road and turned right down Lynch Hill to the finish chute and the finish line.

Distances
0.25m Swim, 9.7m Bike, 2 mi Run.

Distances
0.25 Swim, 20k Bike, 5k Run.

5K and 10K
In 2018, Wildflower added trail run events at 5K and 10K distances.

Stand-Up Paddleboard
Added to the event for 2018, Wildflower featured stand-up paddleboarding events as an alternative to the original long-run, Olympic, and sprint distance events.

Distances
2 & 6 miles.

Course closures
The AVIA Wildflower Triathlons Festival established course closures for each portion of the triathlon. These closures were based upon the start time of the last individual age group wave and were for the safety of participants and volunteers.

Long course

 * Swim: 10:10 AM (male), 10:30 AM (female) (1:05 after the start of the last individual age group wave)
 * Bike: 2:25 PM (male), 2:45 PM (female) (5:20 after the start of the last individual age group wave)
 * Run: 5:25 PM (male), 5:45 PM (female) (8:20 after the start of the last individual age group wave)

Olympic course

 * Swim: 11:20 AM (male), 12:05 PM (female) (1:20 after the start of the last individual age group wave)
 * Bike: 1:50 PM (male), 2:35 PM (female) (3:50 after the start of the last individual age group wave)
 * Run: 3:20 PM (male), 4:05 PM (female) (5:20 after the start of the last individual age group wave)

Mountain bike course
There were no course closures for the mountain bike event.

Course records
The current course records are held by Terenzo Bozzone and Heather Jackson. In 2006, Bozzone completed the half-Ironman distance in 3 hours, 53 minutes and 43 seconds, while Jackson posted a time of 4 hours, 26 minutes and 29 seconds in 2012.

Corporate sponsorship
The triathlon is owned and operated by See & Be Productions. It was previously sponsored by Avia and was known as the "Avia Wildflower Triathlons" until 2013. Jamba Juice was also a title sponsor of the event in the early 2000's.

title: Wildflower Triathlon


text:
Place and route

Place and route (also called PnR or P&R) is a stage in the design of printed circuit boards, integrated circuits, and field-programmable gate arrays. As implied by the name, it is composed of two steps, placement and routing. The first step, placement, involves deciding where to place all electronic components, circuitry, and logic elements in a generally limited amount of space. This is followed by routing, which decides the exact design of all the wires needed to connect the placed components. This step must implement all the desired connections while following the rules and limitations of the manufacturing process.

Place and route is used in several contexts:
 * Printed circuit boards, during which components are graphically placed on the board and the wires drawn between them
 * Integrated circuits, during which a layout of a larger block of the circuit or the whole circuit is created from layouts of smaller sub-blocks
 * FPGAs, during which logic elements are placed and interconnected on the grid of the FPGA

These processes are similar at a high level, but the actual details are very different. With the large sizes of modern designs, this operation is usually performed by electronic design automation (EDA) tools.

In all these contexts, the final result when placing and routing is finished is the "layout", a geometric description of the location and rotation of each part, and the exact path of each wire connecting them.

Occasionally some people call the entire place-and-route process "layout".

Printed circuit board
The design of a printed circuit board comes after the creation of a schematic and generation of a netlist. The generated netlist is then read into a layout tool and associated with the footprints of the devices from a library. Placing and routing the devices can now start.

Placing and routing is generally done in two steps. Placing the components comes first, then routing the connections between the components. The placement of components is not absolute during the routing phase, as it may still be changed by moving and rotating, especially with designs using more complex components such as FPGAs or microprocessors. Their large number of signals, and their signal integrity needs may require optimization of the placement.

The resulting design is then output in RS-274X Gerber format to load in the computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) system of the manufacturer. In contrast to an IC layout, where the entire finished layout is stored in one graphics file, different files and formats are needed for PCB manufacture. The fabrication data consists of a set of Gerber files, a drill file, and a pick-and-place file containing the location and alignment of the devices generated for automated placement of the devices in the assembly process.

Field-programmable gate array
The process of placing and routing for an FPGA is generally not performed by a person, but uses a tool provided by the FPGA Vendor or another software manufacturer. The need for software tools is because of the complexity of the circuitry within the FPGA and the function the designer wishes to perform. FPGA designs are described using logic diagrams containing digital logic and hardware description languages such as VHDL and Verilog. These will then be put through an automated place-and-route procedure to generate a pinout, which will be used to interface with the parts outside of the FPGA.

Integrated circuits
The IC place-and-route stage typically starts with one or more schematics, HDL files, or pre-routed IP cores, or some combination of all three. It produces an IC layout that is automatically converted to a mask work in the standard GDS II or the OASIS format.

History
The final layout of early ICs and PCBs was stored as a tape-out of Rubylith on transparent film.

Gradually, electronic design automation automated more and more of the place-and-route work. At first, it merely sped up the process of making many small edits without spending a lot of time peeling up and sticking down the tape. Later design rule checking sped up the process of checking for the most common sorts of errors. Later auto routers speed up the process of routing.

Some people hope that further improvements in autoplacers and autorouters will eventually produce good layouts without any human manual intervention. Further automation leads to the idea of a silicon compiler.

title: Place and route


text:
File:Volga riverside view.jpg

A view on river Volga from Chkalovskaya stair near Kremlin

title: File:Volga riverside view.jpg


text:
User:GeneralPatton/Drafts

Samedi 16 décembre 1944
Dès 05h30, une importante préparation d'artillerie est déclenchée. Après 06h00, des patrouilles de combat allemandes s'infiltrent entre les points d'appui américains afin de s'emparer de quelques passages obligés.

A 08h00, dans le brouillard, la véritable offensive allemande commence :
 * À la 6e SS Pz Armée
 * Au nord, l'avance est rapidement bloquée, suite, principalement, à l'action de la 2e Div Inf US et à la réaction de l'artillerie américaine.
 * Au sud, la progression de l'infanterie est freinée par l'ouverture des champs de mines et la résistance des points d'appui américains. Les blindés « piétinent » d'impatience surtout la 1re SS Pz Div qui dispose de 164 chars dont 45 « Royal Tigre » et 38 « Panther ». Sa colonne principale est commandée par le jeune Lieutenant-colonel SS Peiper (29 ans). Fin d'après-midi, il en a marre d'attendre, traverse volontairement un champ de mines en perdant quelques blindés et continue sa progression de nuit.
 * Devant la 5e Pz Armée, quatre malheureuses divisions du VIIIe Corps US déployées sur un front de 120 km résistent mais elles sont attaquées par des forces largement supérieures.
 * Plus au sud, la 7e Armée pénètre dans Echternach mais ne réalise qu'une percée de 5 km ; la 4e Div Inf US, solidement appuyée par l'artillerie, parvient à se maintenir.

En fin d'après-midi, Eisenhower et Bradley qui sont en réunion à Versailles, sont informés de l'attaque. Ils n'en mesurent pas encore l'ampleur mais Bradley donne des ordres à la 9e et à la 3e Armée pour envoyer respectivement les 7e et 10e Div Bl vers la 1re Armée. Ces unités commenceront leur mouvement dans la nuit.

Dimanche 17 décembre 1944
Vers 03h00, des Junkers 52 larguent un millier de parachutistes sous le commandement du Colonel von der Heydte sur le plateau des Fagnes au nord de Malmedy. La dispersion est extrême ; les colis avec l'armement lourd sont rarement retrouvés. L'action sera peu efficace. Beaucoup d'hommes seront capturés assez rapidement. Non rejoints, les derniers se rendront aux Américains le 23 décembre.

Les hommes de l'unité Skorzeny (Allemands parlant l'anglais, habillés et équipés à l'américaine) coupent les lignes téléphoniques et créent la confusion, surtout dans les mouvements US. Ils n'auront toutefois pas l'effet espéré.

Au nord de la pénétration, la colonne Peiper qui a déjà fait de nombreux prisonniers, s'empare à 07h00 d'un dépôt US à Bullange et peut faire le plein de carburant. Elle reprend ensuite sa progression vers l'ouest. La 7e Div Bl US qui descend vers Saint-Vith passe quelques kilomètres à l'ouest de la tête de la colonne allemande. À 12h30, Peiper capture, à Baugnez près de Malmedy, une centaine d'artilleurs de la colonne de la Div US. Ceux-ci sont rassemblés dans une prairie mais, vers 14h00, avec les troupes SS qui suivent, un officier déclenche le massacre des prisonniers. Plusieurs peuvent fuir et certains peuvent même rejoindre leurs lignes. L'information du «massacre de Baugnez» parviendra rapidement aux unités US qui, au lieu d'être terrorisées, penseront surtout à venger leur camarades. Le soir, la 1re SS Pz Div rejette vers le nord la jeune 99 Div Inf US et la colonne Peiper arrive devant Stavelot.

Au centre, soumis à l'attaque de la 5e Pz Armée :
 * à Saint-Vith, la 106 Div Inf US composée de jeunes recrues résiste comme elle peut. Presque encerclée, elle attend avec impatience le renfort de la 7e Div Bl US dont les premiers éléments arrivent vers 16h00. Il faut bien se rendre compte que le mouvement d'une Div Bl avec plus de 1000 véhicules dont des chenillés, dans les conditions qu'on imagine, constitue à lui seul une véritable opération.
 * En avant de Clervaux, la 28e Div Inf US, commandée par le Major General Cota (célèbre depuis son action sur Omaha Beach) est déployée sur un large front. Ce sont des vétérans mais ils sont attaqués par des forces cinq fois supérieures. Les points d'appui sont encerclés mais ils résistent et freinent ainsi la progression allemande.

Au sud, le flanc de la pénétration allemande est contenu sur la ligne Echternach-Diekirch.

A Reims, vers 20h30, les 82e et 101e Div Abn reçoivent leurs ordres de mouvement et partent dans la nuit.

Les 18 et 19 décembre 1944
Au nord :
 * Avec les renforts qui arrivent, le commandant de la 1re Armée US organise sa ligne de défense de la région d'Elsenborn vers le sud-ouest.

 * Le 18, la colonne Peiper prend Stavelot mais ne peut s'emparer d'un dépôt US qui est incendié à son approche. Elle s'engage dans la vallée encaissée de l'Amblève, prend La Gleize et s'avance vers Stoumont. Elle est immobilisée par une attaque aérienne, ce qui permet au génie US de faire sauter un pont devant les premiers chars, les obligeant à faire demi-tour. Dès le 19, des unités US dont la célèbre 82e Div Abn qui vient d'arriver, la stoppent à Stoumont et attaquent même ses arrières.

Au centre :

 * Dans la région de Saint-Vith, isolés, deux des trois régiments de la 106e Div Inf ont été fait prisonniers mais la 7e Div Bl tient fermement une position en forme de fer à cheval. Elle oblige les Allemands à adapter leurs plans et à engager prématurément des renforts.

 * Du nord de Clervaux à Diekirch, les points d'appui de la 28e Div US combattent jusqu'à l'extrême. Les rescapés des deux régiments nord s'exfiltreront vers Saint-Vith et Bastogne où ils continueront le combat.

 * A Bastogne, le 18 à 16h00, le groupement blindé B de la 10e Div Bl US et un bataillon anti-chars se sont déployés. À partir de 22h30, venant de Reims, la 101e Div Abn les rejoint. Le lendemain, ils subiront les premières attaques sérieuses.

Au sud :

 * Le 109e Régiment de la 28e Div, commandé par le Colonel Rudder (le chef des rangers de la pointe du Hoc) mène le combat retardateur depuis Diekirch. Il tiendra jusqu'à l'arrivée des renforts.

Au haut commandement allié

 * Le 19, Eisenhower a réunit Bradley, Devers et Patton. Il prescrit à Devers d'étendre le front de son 6e Groupe d'armées vers le nord afin de permettre à Patton de regrouper des unités en vue d'une attaque sur le flanc sud du saillant. Il charge Bradley d'agir de manière similaire au nord. Ces directives du commandant en chef auront pour effet le déplacement de centaines de milliers d'hommes. Lorsque Ike demande à Patton le temps qui lui sera nécessaire pour tourner son armée de l'est vers le nord, ce dernier répond promptement 2 jours. Ce délai irréaliste fait sourire les généraux présents. Ce qu'ils ignorent, c'est qu'avant de recevoir les instructions de Ike, Patton a déjà donné des ordres pour préparer le mouvement. La célérité de la 3e Armée sera surprenante.

Les 20, 21 et 22 décembre 1944
Depuis le 19 et jusqu'au 22, le temps bouché empêche toute action importante de l'aviation.

Au nord

 * Peiper est coupé de ses arrières. À Stoumont, la bataille est féroce le 20 et le 21. La nuit, il y a des combats corps à corps entre les parachutistes et les SS. Peiper doit se replier sur La Gleize.
 * La 6e SS Pz Armée est définitivement arrêtée et les Américains ont même repris Stavelot

Au centre

 * A Saint-Vith, les Allemands attaquent en force et prennent la ville le 21 vers minuit. La 7e Div Bl se rétablit à l'ouest mais reçoit l'ordre de se replier. Sa remarquable défense de Saint-Vith a brisé la marée allemande et a surtout permis aux autres unités américaines de venir former la digue nord du saillant.

 * Entre Saint-Vith et Bastogne, les 116e et 2e Pz Div de la 5e Pz Armée, après avoir attendu un ravitaillement en carburant, atteignent le 22 respectivement Hotton et Marche. Elles se heurtent à la 84e Div US qui y a pris position la veille.

 * A Bastogne, dès le 20, les « Panzer » allemands contournent par le nord et par le sud. La nuit du 21 au 22, la ville est complètement encerclée. Les Allemands mènent successivement mais infructueusement plusieurs attaques pour s'emparer de ce nœud routier particulièrement important. La place est défendue par 18 000 Américains comprenant la 101e Div Abn, un groupement blindé de la 10e Div Bl, un bataillon antichars, deux bataillons d'artillerie et des rescapés de la 9e Div Bl et de la 28e Div. La division est normalement commandée par le Général Taylor mais il est aux États-Unis. C'est le Brigadier-général Mac Auliffe qui assure l'interim. On lui a confié le commandement de toutes les unités encerclées. Officier d'artillerie, il utilise de manière remarquable le feu des sept bataillons d'obusiers dont il dispose (cinq organiques, deux en renfort). Le 22 à 12h00, les Allemands exigent la reddition de la ville sous menace de destruction. La réponse de Mac Auliffe est ferme et brève : « Nuts » (Version yankee du mot de Cambronne).

Au sud

 * Le 22, la Pz Lehr Div qui a contourné Bastogne par le sud, s'empare de Saint-Hubert

Plus au sud

 * Depuis le 20, la 4e Div Bl s'est déployée dans la région d'Arlon. Le 22 à 06h00, sans attendre l'arrivée de toutes ses unités, Patton démarre sa contre-attaque en direction de Bastogne.

Au haut commandement allié

 * Le 20 décembre, Eisenhower décide de confier le commandement temporaire des unités US nord du saillant, soit la 9e Armée et la 1re Armée (sauf son VIIIe Corps), à Montgomery. Vu la situation, Ike juge que ces forces échappent désormais au contrôle de Bradley. Il estime aussi que c'est la meilleure manière d'obtenir un engagement franc du XXXe Corps britannique, seule grande réserve tactique disponible.

 * Le XXXe Corps se porte en effet rapidement vers le sud afin de garantir d'abord la sûreté des passages sur la Meuse.

 * La décision de Monty sera mal accueillie par Bradley et d'autres généraux américains qui n'apprécient pas l'orgueilleux maréchal anglais.

title: User:GeneralPatton/Drafts


text:
User talk:RowlandReed

Thought you might want to glance at what I did in Charlotte Corday to see how you can link to an image page. Note the initial colon before "Image".

I won't be surprised if someone reverts this, though. We don't usually link from main space to image space. If you really want to do this, it might make more sense to write an article on the David painting, link Charlotte Corday to that, and includ the image in that article in the usual manner. -- Jmabel | Talk 04:10, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)

Bernadine Flynn
Why did you make this change? Her name is given in hundreds of sources as Bernadine. Pepso 22:35, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Here's a link to an autograph showing it signed as Bernardine. [] RowlandReed

title: User talk:RowlandReed