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Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia

The Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya, PSUC) was a communist political party active in Catalonia between 1936 and 1997. It was the Catalan branch of the Communist Party of Spain and the only party not from a sovereign state to be a full member of the Third International.

History
The PSUC was formed on 23 July 1936 through the unification of four left-wing groups; the small Catalan Federation of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), the Partit Comunista de Catalunya (Communist Party of Catalonia, the Catalan branch of the Communist Party of Spain, PCE), the Unió Socialista de Catalunya (Socialist Union of Catalonia) and the Partit Català Proletari (Proletarian Catalan Party. a Catalan separatist far left party). Burnett Bolloten estimates that at unification, the party numbered some 2,500 members. Nine months later, the party ranks had swollen to 50,000 members.

The first leaders of the PSUC were Joan Comorera and Rafael Vidiella, both from the ranks of socialism. Comorera, a former USC leader, was elected general secretary of the new party, and Miquel Valdés, of the PCC, became secretary of the organization. Other leaders or prominent people of the PSUC came from the old PCC, as was the case of Víctor Colomer, Pere Ardiaca, José del Barrio Navarro, Antonio Sesé or Hilari Arlandis. Vidiella, Sesé or Del Barrio also came from the UGT workers union (del Barrio was secretary of the UGT in Catalonia) and a long time ago they had been members of the CNT.

The PSUC played a major role during the days of the Second Spanish Republic and the Spanish Civil War, and was the only non-state party affiliated to the Comintern. The PCE did not organize in Catalonia, but saw PSUC as its Catalan referent. This setup has been replicated by other Catalan communist groups. The setup is somewhat similar to the relation between the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and Christian Social Union of Bavaria. The PSUC defended the self-determination of Catalonia in accordance with Lenin's defense of the right of nations to self-determination, but not an explicit independentist position.

During the war, the Party took part in the fight against fascism following the slogan of anti-fascist unity, and after the initial veto of the CNT, it participated in the government of the Generalitat de Catalunya with several ministries. It had a conflicting relationship with the large National Confederation of Labour (CNT) and the small rival Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM).

At the beginning of the war the PSUC came to organize the "Carles Marx" Column, formed by militants from both the party and the UGT union and under the leadership of Del Barrio and Trueba, who went to the Front of Aragon in the early days of the struggle. Later this militia would serve as a base for the formation of the 27.ª Division of the Republican Army, a unit that had a prominent intervention in several military operations. In the rear, the JSUC (youth branch) led by Lina Odena and Margarida Abril played an important role in carrying out numerous tasks for the war effort, or also in recruiting volunteers for the Republican Army.

Allied with the government of Companys, of Catalan Republican Left (ERC), it faced the POUM and the initial dominion of the CNT, in a permanent political confrontation which ended with the events of May 1937, that marked the end of the stage of greater anarcho-syndicalist dominion in Catalonia.

PSUC members held positions of conseller (minister) in the governments of Lluís Companys between 1936 and 1939: Joan Comorera, as Minister of Public Services, Miquel Valdés as Minister of Labor, Rafael Vidiella as minister of Justice, Miquel Serra i Pàmies and Josep Miret i Musté conseller of supplies. Also a member of PSUC, Josep Moix i Regàs, was minister of Labor in Spanish republican government led by socialist Juan Negrin.

However, as the war progressed, the Republican cause was increasingly confronted with defeat. After the fall of Catalonia in February 1939, most of its leaders fled to France, although many of its cadres remained in Spain and suffered the repression of the Franco dictatorship.

In French exile they collaborated in the resistance against the Nazi occupation, and some of its members and leaders died in concentration camps, such as Josep Miret i Musté in Mauthausen in 1944.

In Francoist Spain, the PSUC was outlawed and remained active clandestinely in Catalonia and in exile, in France and Mexico.

Inside, they carried out a strong clandestine task that provoked strong repression. In January 1940, the first PSUC leadership was arrested underground. Alejandro Matos was killed at the police station. Otilio Alba Polo and Tomás Pons were executed. In 1942, Jaume Girabau, Isidoro Diéguez Dueñas and Jesús Larrañaga were executed after illegally arriving from Mexico and arrested at the Portuguese border.

Josep Serradell Román and Margarida Abril were more successful in 1943, while Joaquim Puig i Pidemunt republished Treball magazine and in 1944 Miquel Núñez González directed the guerrilla units of the Agrupació Guerrillera de Catalunya. In 1945, the March Resolution was agreed, the first political elaboration of the PSUC carried out in the interior where the impetus of the guerrilla struggle, the anti-fascist unity, and confidence in the victory of the allies would lead to the overthrow of the Franco's regime.

But falls and repression were too frequent. Francesc Serrat Pujolar and Joan Arévalo Gallardo were executed in 1946, and in 1947 the so-called fall of the eighties took place. In 1948 Gregori López Raimundo arrived in Catalonia, and the party agreed to the dissolution of the guerrilla groups. In 1949, Joaquim Puig Puidemunt, Numen Mestre Ferrando, Angel Carrero Sancho and Pere Valverde were executed in Barcelona. At the same time, the relationship with the PCE, despite mutual recognition, often had frictions due to the PCE leadership's attempts to limit the organic sovereignty of the PSUC, as a result of these frictions Joan Comorera was expelled from the PSUC accused of 'titoism' and 'nationalist deviations' and entered Catalonia clandestinely in 1951, where he was arrested by the Francoist authorities in 1954 and sentenced to 30 years in prison, He died in the prison of Burgos in 1958.

The leadership of the PSUC in exile would later be formed by Josep Moix, Rafael Vidiella, Wenceslau Colomer i Colomer, Josep Romeu, Margarida Abril and Pere Ardiaca. The direction inside takes strength. Gregori López Raimundo was arrested as a result of the 1951 tram strike. In 1956, the First Congress of the PSUC was held in France, where a new political and organizational starting point was proposed. 50 delegates from exile and the interior (university students and workers) take part. The policy of national reconciliation is approved. The Executive Committee is made up of: Josep Moix (Secretary General), Margarida Abril, Pere Ardiaca, Josep Bonifaci, Emilià Fàbregas, Gregori López Raimundo, Miquel Núñez, Carles Rebellón, Josep Serradell "Román", Antoni Senserrich and Rafael Vidiella.

In the following years, Emili Fàbregas, Miquel Núñez González, Carles Rebellón in 1960, Vicente Cazcarra in 1961, Antoni Gutiérrez Díaz and Pere Ardiaca in 1962 were arrested and imprisoned.

Josep Sendrós and Leonor Bornau are in charge of coordinating Treball and publishing a new magazine, Horitzons. In 1965, the II Congress of the PSUC was held in France, with the participation of 90 delegates, who approved a line of impetus to the student and labor movement. Thus it collaborated in the formation of union Working Commissions (CCOO). The line proved to be successful, and laid the foundations for the growing hegemony of the party in the fight against the Franco regime in Catalonia. Its influence among intellectuals and Catalan culture also grew.

PSUC continued in the 1960s decade organizing the neighborhood movement, workers commissions, the Democratic Student Union, and other mass experiences. In 1969 it participated in the Coordination of Political Forces of Catalonia and in 1971 in the Assembly of Catalonia (Assemblea de Catalunya), where his representative was Antoni Gutierrez Díaz. In 1973, the III Congress of the PSUC was held with the participation of 200 delegates. In 1975 he took part in the Council of Political Forces of Catalonia, sending Josep Solé i Barberà and Gregori López Raimundo as representatives.

The PSUC was the largest opposition party in Catalonia and upon Spain's transformation into a democratic state and constitutional monarchy, it became a mass party with more than 40.000 active members.

In 1977, during the Spanish transition to democracy, the PSUC was legalized after the PCE. He participated in the negotiations for the restoration of the Autonomy of Catalonia and the Statute.

In the first elections to the Parliament of Catalonia (1980) it was the third political force, with nearly 600,000 votes and 25 elected MPs.

PSUC aligned itself with the Eurocommunism of the Italian, Spanish and French Communist parties, but the rejection of much of the grassroots and some leaders led to the withdrawal of this term in the V Congress, in 1981. The party experienced a severe crisis and division. Tensions continued between the three factions, so-called Eurocommunists led by Antoni Gutierrez and Lopez Raimundo, the 'Leninists' led by Paco Frutos and the 'Historic' leftist prosovietic faction led by Pere Ardiaca. Under pressure from Santiago Carrillo (General Secretary of PCE) Eurocommunists and 'leninists' joined forces to expel prosoviet faction, led by Pere Ardiaca who would found the PCC (Communists Party of Catalonia) in 1982 claiming legitimacy of V Congress.

After the split, the election results fell sharply, with only 160,000 votes for the PSUC and 71,000 for the PCC in the 1984 Catalan parliamentary election.

From 1986 onwards, the strong mobilizations against Spain's accession to NATO alliance, and the NATO referendum in which Catalonia won the NO, led to a process of political convergence within the Catalan left.

Antoni Gutiérrez resigned as general secretary in 1986 and the central committee elected Rafael Ribó as his successor. The PSUC ran in coalition with the Entesa dels Nacionalistes d'Esquerra (Catalan left nationalist party) in the 1986 Spanish general election, but won only one seat. The collaboration between the PSUC and ENE was extended by the municipal elections of 1987 with the incorporation of the Partit dels Comunistes de Catalunya PCC into a federation of political parties that adopted the name of Iniciativa per Catalunya, which would be set up in 1989.

As PSUC became later involved in Iniciativa per Catalunya (IC) first, and Iniciativa per Catalunya-Els Verds, with the merger of some green and ecologist movements, it ceased acting as a separate party. When PSUC was finally submerged into ICV in 1997, a splinter group refounded the party as PSUC-viu (Living PSUC). PSUC-Viu became the new referent of PCE in Catalonia.The PSUC Viu would later form the United Left and Alternative coalition together with the PCC, and would later ally with the other heirs of the PSUC in the ICV-EUiA coalition.

They have been running together since 2003 in the elections to the Parliament of Catalonia, ICV-EUiA were part of the government of Catalonia between 2003 and 2010 in coalition with the PSC and ERC. In the Catalan governments led by presidents Pasqual Maragall and later by Josep Montilla, three former PSUC militants held the position of ministers: Francesc Baltasar, Salvador Milà and Joan Saura.

in 2015 ICV and EUIA formed a broader coalition with Podemos and Equo to form Catalunya En Comú Podem to contest the elections to the Parliament of Catalonia and En Comú Podem (ECP) to the Spanish Parliament.

In the 2015 Spanish election ECP was placed as the first force in Catalonia, with 12 seats and 927,940 votes. In the Catalan elections of 2017 the coalition obtained 8 deputies and 7.46% of votes. In the November 2019 Spanish election It fell to 4th position, with 14.2% and 7 deputies.

Parliament of Catalonia

 * * Within Initiative for Catalonia.
 * ** Within Initiative for Catalonia–The Greens.

title: Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia


text:
Bigram

A bigram or digram is a sequence of two adjacent elements from a string of tokens, which are typically letters, syllables, or words. A bigram is an n-gram for n=2.

The frequency distribution of every bigram in a string is commonly used for simple statistical analysis of text in many applications, including in computational linguistics, cryptography, and speech recognition.

Gappy bigrams or skipping bigrams are word pairs which allow gaps (perhaps avoiding connecting words, or allowing some simulation of dependencies, as in a dependency grammar).

Applications
Bigrams, along with other n-grams, are used in most successful language models for speech recognition.

Bigram frequency attacks can be used in cryptography to solve cryptograms. See frequency analysis.

Bigram frequency is one approach to statistical language identification.

Some activities in logology or recreational linguistics involve bigrams. These include attempts to find English words beginning with every possible bigram, or words containing a string of repeated bigrams, such as logogogue.

Bigram frequency in the English language
The frequency of the most common letter bigrams in a large English corpus is:

th 3.56%      of 1.17%       io 0.83% he 3.07%      ed 1.17%       le 0.83% in 2.43%      is 1.13%       ve 0.83% er 2.05%      it 1.12%       co 0.79% an 1.99%      al 1.09%       me 0.79% re 1.85%      ar 1.07%       de 0.76% on 1.76%      st 1.05%       hi 0.76% at 1.49%      to 1.05%       ri 0.73% en 1.45%      nt 1.04%       ro 0.73% nd 1.35%      ng 0.95%       ic 0.70% ti 1.34%      se 0.93%       ne 0.69% es 1.34%      ha 0.93%       ea 0.69% or 1.28%      as 0.87%       ra 0.69% te 1.20%      ou 0.87%       ce 0.65%

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bigram


text:
Talk:Vishishtadvaita

discussions
I don't think it should be deleted. But people should have access to the web site. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Raj2004 (talk • contribs) 13 october 2004 (UTC)

 * Donot add issues irrelevant to Visishtadvaita on the page. It is quite possible that Advaita was not influenced by Buddhism. That can be discussed in the space given for Advaita. Considering that Buddhism predated Advaita and the two having quite a bit in common besides originating in the Indian sub-continent, it is very much possible that the philosophy was influenced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Philosopher123 (talk • contribs) 29 september 2006 (UTC)

Ramanuja's Contribution
The role of Ramanuja in the propogation of Sri Vaishnavism is adequately presented in Ramanuja page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Philosopher4 (talk • contribs) 19 november 2006 (UTC)

Vishishtadvaita: Panentheism & Monotheism
Please note that Panentheism is a belief that God resides in all and everything resides in God. Monotheism is more related to religion. Panentheism is related to philosophy. Philosopher4 11:03, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Diacritics
The diacritics and spelling of Sanskrit words need to be severely fixed in this article. E.G.: the term sabda does not have a retroflex s (the diacritic should be over, not under, the 's'); "thathva" should be "tattva"; etc., etc., etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dharmapravartaka (talk • contribs) 4 november 2007 (UTC)

VishishtAdvaita vs Vishishtadvaita
i don't get why it is in some places written with a capital "a," and not in others. to my mind, it is best written as "vishishtadvaita." at least, if you really are gonna write it with a capital "a," write it that way everywhere (to everyone that feels concerned). /2 cents Twipley (talk) 17:29, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

 * It has to be written as viSishtAdvaitam if one were to write it in the ITRANS format for writing Indic text. In ITRANS, a longer syllable is denoted this way (an "aa" or "A"). The need for a longer syllable of "a" being the word viSishtAdvaitam is a union of two words viSishta and advaitam. According to Sanskrit Grammar when two words unite, if the first ends with a short vowel and the second word starts with a short vowel as well, the two short vowels combine to form a single longer vowel that corresponds to them.

Thus viSishta advaitam in one word would become viSishtAdvaitam (or) viSishtaadvaitam depending on the writing format. As for visishtadvaitam, the lack of a longer vowel there would mean the word would become viSishta dvaitam which in essence means "Qualified Dualism" as opposed to "Qualified Non-Dualism" which the school actually states. Hope it clarifies things. Sriram Murali (talk) 06:43, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

Break the detail on different schools etc down into several articles?
This is a very detailed and complex article and given that it is well written - yet on the other hand it could do with more specific quotations from scripture and gurus and in-line citations from modern commentators. There is a great deal of breaking down into various schools of though and comparisons between them which makes it hard to get an overall grasp balanced with enough detail. I'd like to have a more concise article with spin-off articles on the separate schools. I approached this article with a determination to learn more about the subject but found it hard to see the wood for the trees.Steve M Kane (talk) 13:16, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://sriramanujar.tripod.com/tVsv.html (there is no doubt this is the source as it was cited when the content was pasted here). Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Moonriddengirl (talk) 11:56, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

"Qualified" in "Qualified non-dualism" is convoluted
The article is quite confusing when it comes to explaining the "qualified" in "Qualified non-dualism". It concludes by stating that God, Soul and the Universe are the trinity. This is the non-dualist part. Next it states that matter (achit) and the souls are the attributes to a substance. This is the "qualified" portion. What does this mean?

Further in the Ethics section, the article states that,

"Individual Souls retain their separate identities even after moksha. They live in Fellowship with God either serving Him or meditating on Him. The philosophy of this school is SriVaishnavism, a branch of Vaishnavism."

If Souls are distinct (from God) even after moksha then how is this different from dualistic philosophies like Dvaita?

And where does "Sri" as in SriVaishnavism fit in all this? Sri is defined as the medium for salvation. If she is distinct from Vishnu, then is she another soul? Elsewhere it is written Sri is an avatar of Lakshmi. According to SriVaishnavism article, Sri is inseparable from Vishnu. Does this mean Sri is a soul distinct from Vishnu but is inseparable because she has already attained moksha or liberation? Does this also mean that the laws of Karma do not apply to Sri as she has already attained moksha (as Lakshmi is generally said to be waiting on Vishnu in Vaikuntha), or do they apply?

Care to explain, anyone? Nittawinoda (talk) 19:23, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

Dāmodariya Vaiśņava sampraday of Assam
I am researching on schools/sub-schools of Vedic philosophy and saw this tradition in the section for Traditions following Vishishtadvaita. Anyone has more information on this tradition? Any references or external links that I can read more on? I tried to look, but was not able to find any good sources. Asteramellus (talk) 22:43, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

Rounak vlog rv
It is the vlogger real name of rounak is rounak Narula the age of rounak Narula is 13 .the content of rounak is friend vlog family vlog This is third channel, second channel is terminated and first channel password is forgot...support this channel 103.149.160.182 (talk) 19:15, 1 March 2023 (UTC)

Secondary sources tag
Is this tag needed? It has been on this article since March 2017. As Vishistadvaita is part of a religion (Hinduism), I think it's acceptable for the article to use "texts from within a religion or faith system", and I don't see it as necessary for there to also be sources that critically analyse it? This doesn't seem to be the norm in religion articles. This tag is not on, for example, the article Vedanta which doesn't include a criticisms section nor does it seem to refer to any criticisms within the article. I'd suggest that a page providing information about a religion and its beliefs is primarily intended to be for information about that religion. If there is significant debate and criticisms they are often in a separate article, e.g. Criticism of Christianity. Snowpeek (talk) 19:32, 29 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vishishtadvaita


text:
Harry Bates (writer)

Hiram Gilmore "Harry" Bates III (October 9, 1900 – September 1981) was an American science fiction editor and writer. His short story "Farewell to the Master" (1940) was the basis of the science fiction movie The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951).

Biography
Harry Bates was born Hiram Gilmore Bates III on October 9, 1900, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He began working for William Clayton in the 1920s as the editor of adventure pulp magazines. When Clayton proposed a period adventure magazine, Bates suggested several alternatives that he said would be easier to edit, and Astounding Science Fiction was the result. Bates, who was not a fan of science fiction, edited the magazine from its inception in January 1930 until March 1933, when Clayton went bankrupt and the magazine was sold to Street and Smith. During that time, he edited other magazines for Clayton, including Strange Tales, intended to compete with Weird Tales.

Bates believed the science fiction stories of the time were poorly written: "Amazing Stories! Once I had bought a copy. What awful stuff I'd found it! Cluttered with trivia! Packed with puerilities. Written by unimaginables! But now at the memory I wondered if there might be a market for a well-written magazine on the Amazing themes." Bates wrote that the "science fiction of the early writers had little relation to science of the scientists." What science fiction writers did was to "extrapolate" and not "relate" because "almost all of what is called science fiction is fantasy and nothing else but."

In 1964, Bates recalled his editorship of Astounding: "Long ago I was a party to the genesis of a magazine which persisted through thirty years and thirty millions of words. ... Astounding was a living being. I served it in its infancy and childhood, Orlin Tremaine brought it through youth and adolescence, John Campbell guided it through adulthood and maturity."

Bates had a different opinion of science fiction than Hugo Gernsback, publisher of Amazing Stories. Bates felt that the science needed to be exciting, but not necessarily accurate, and that story and pacing were more important.

Using the pseudonyms Anthony Gilmore and H.G. Winter, Bates and his assistant editor Desmond Winter Hall collaborated on the "Hawk Carse" series and other stories. In 1952, the Hawk Carse stories were collected in Space Hawk: The Greatest of Interplanetary Adventurers. Bates's most famous story is "Farewell to the Master" (Astounding, October 1940), which was the basis for the well-known science fiction movie of 1951, The Day the Earth Stood Still, as well as the 2008 remake and the 1973 Marvel Comics Worlds Unknown series adaptation.

Bates recalled the creation of the Hawk Carse science fiction series in Requiem for Astounding (1964): "From the beginning I had been bothered by the seeming inability of my writers to mix convincing character with our not-too-convincing science; so after nearly two years, with the double hope of furnishing the writers an example of a vivid hero villain and my readers a whopping hero  villain, I generated the first Hawk Carse story."

Two novellas by Bates appeared in Gernsback's Science-Fiction Plus, edited by Sam Moskowitz; "The Death of a Sensitive" (May 1953) was ranked by Moskowitz as the best story he ever published in the magazine. Both Gernsback and Moskowitz, however, wanted changes in "The Triggered Dimension" (December 1953), and Bates agreed to make the changes and arrived at the magazine's offices at 25 West Broadway to do the revisions.

That same year Moskowitz began teaching what is believed to be the first college course on science fiction at City College. Bates had agreed to speak as a guest lecturer for the first class. As retaliation for the revision of his story, however, Bates intentionally did not go to the class, resulting in considerable awkwardness for Moskowitz. Moskowitz recalled later:

"Seven years later, I received a letter from Harry Bates dated October 2, 1960. In essence, it revealed that Bates was now totally disabled due to progressive arthritis and was trying to get early Social Security at 60. He had a doctor's statement that he was suffering from that condition at present, but they wanted proof that it was progressive and prevented him from writing stories for income. He asked if I would be willing to supply a statement that he had written stories for me with the greatest difficulty. He didn't know if he had ever mentioned it to me, but any validation would help. It so happened that he had shown me his swollen knuckles in 1953, but beyond that, I had a letter from him describing the difficulty, written earlier that year. I mailed him back the letter, for which I still had the dated envelope, and he got his Social Security—his only income for the next 20 years! Christmas of 1962 I received a card from him on which he scrawled: 'I ain't mad at you no more.'"

In 1964, Bates contributed an introductory essay, Editorial Number One, "To Begin", along with John W. Campbell, to A Requiem for Astounding by Alva Rogers, which examined the history of the science fiction magazine Astounding.

Writer Avram Davidson credited Bates as an early influence, stating that "I will admit to the bibliography something done when I was twelve, entitled 'The Slaveship from Space'. It was modeled after a magazine story entitled, curiously enough, 'The Slaveship from Space', and I believe the imitation was fully as bad as the original—no mean feat, I can assure you."

Bates died in September, 1981, at the age of 80.

The Day the Earth Stood Still
In 1951, Twentieth Century Fox released the movie The Day the Earth Stood Still, which was based on Bates' 1940 short story "Farewell to the Master". The science fiction movie featured Michael Rennie as Klaatu, Patricia Neal, Sam Jaffe, Hugh Marlowe, and Lock Martin as the giant alien robot Gort, called Gnut in Bates' short story. The movie was directed by Robert Wise and produced by Julian Blaustein. Screenwriter Edmund H. North adapted Bates' short story for the screen. The movie is rated consistently by critics as one of the greatest science fiction movies ever made.

The critical and commercial success of the 1951 movie relied on the novel themes Bates introduced in his short story. Ever since H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds (1898), aliens were often described as menacing, aggressive, and murderous, with a degraded moral and ethical sense. In Bates' story, aliens are the opposite, possessing a good moral character. The alien Klaatu's face "radiated kindness, wisdom, the purest nobility. In his delicately tinted robe he looked like a benign god." The giant alien robot, Gnut in the short story, Gort in the film, is immensely powerful, but can exhibit sadness and gentleness. In the surprise ending, Gnut tells the journalist, who is relating the story, "You misunderstand, ...  am the master".

While The Day the Earth Stood Still is inspired by Bates' short story, the 1951 context of the Cold War resulted in some changes to the story's themes. In the movie, Klaatu seeks to promote peace and to warn mankind of the dangers of science and technology when they are exploited and corrupted. The alien explains that Gort is a member of a race of all-powerful robots who were created to eliminate any civilizations which promoted warfare in space.

During 1983, The Day the Earth Stood Still was inducted into the Science Fiction Film Hall of Fame as part of the Balrog Awards, which were given from 1979 to 1985.

In 2008, director Scott Derrickson remade The Day the Earth Stood Still. The movie starred Keanu Reeves as the alien Klaatu and Jennifer Connelly as Dr. Helen Benson. David Scarpa wrote the screenplay based on Edmund H. North's 1951 screenplay.

Hawk Carse short stories
Under the pseudonym of Anthony Gilmore, Bates wrote the following stories in the Hawk Carse series with Desmond W. Hall, collected in Space Hawk: The Greatest of Interplanetary Adventurers (New York: Greenberg, 1952):

 * "Hawk Carse", Astounding, November, 1931
 * "The Affair of the Brains", Astounding, March, 1932
 * "The Bluff of the Hawk", Astounding, May, 1932
 * "The Passing of Ku Sui", Astounding, November, 1932

Boucher and McComas described the 1952 collection as "strongly commended to all connoisseurs of prose so outrageously bad as to reach its own kind of greatness." P. Schuyler Miller described the stories as "space opera of the old, raw, gloves-off school [including] every cliche of the period," concluding "Hawk Carse was so bad that he was almost good." Everett F. Bleiler characterized the series as "traditional pulp Western stories transplanted into space, with the addition of an Oriental villain in the mode of Sax Rohmer's Dr. Fu-Manchu."

Ten years later, Amazing Stories printed in July 1942 the final Hawk Carse novelette, "The Return of Hawk Carse", written by Bates alone. This story has never been collected or reprinted.

Science fiction stories
Harry Bates wrote the following science fiction short stories:

 * "The Hands of Aten", with Desmond W. Hall, under the pseudonym H.G. Winter, 1931
 * "The Slave Ship from Space", with the pseudonym A.R. Holmes, 1931
 * "The Tentacles from Below", with Desmond W. Hall, as Anthony Gilmore, 1931
 * "Four Miles Within", with Desmond W. Hall, as Anthony Gilmore, 1931
 * "The Midget from the Island", with Desmond W. Hall, as H.G. Winter, 1931
 * "Seed of the Arctic Ice", with Desmond W. Hall, as H.G. Winter, 1932
 * "A Scientist Rises", with Desmond W. Hall, Astounding, November 1932
 * "The Coffin Ship", with Desmond W. Hall, as Anthony Gilmore, 1933
 * "Under Arctic Ice", with Desmond W. Hall, as H.G. Winter, 1933
 * "A Matter of Size", Astounding, April 1934
 * "Alas, All Thinking", Astounding, June 1935
 * "The Experiment of Dr. Sarconi", Thrilling Wonder Stories, July 1940
 * "Farewell to the Master", Astounding, October 1940
 * "A Matter of Speed", Astounding, June 1941
 * "The Mystery of the Blue God", Amazing Stories, January 1942
 * "The Death of a Sensitive", Science Fiction Plus, May 1953
 * "The Triggered Dimension", Science Fiction Plus, December 1953

Essays

 * "Introducing: Astounding Stories", 1930
 * "Editorial: Just Around the Corner", 1933
 * "Editorial: The Expanding Universe", 1933
 * "Meet the Authors: Harry Bates", 1942
 * Editorial Number One, "To Begin", in  A Requiem for Astounding by Alva Rogers, with editorial comments by Harry Bates, F. Orlin Tremaine, and John W. Campbell. Chicago: Advent Publishers, 1964.

As magazine editor

 * Astounding Stories of Super-Science, 1930
 * Astounding Stories, 1931
 * Astounding Stories, 1932
 * Strange Tales of Mystery and Terror, October, 1932
 * Astounding Stories of Super-Science, 1933

title: Harry Bates (writer)


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Much Marcle

Much Marcle is a village and civil parish in Herefordshire, England, located 7 mi north-east of Ross-on-Wye. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 660. The name Marcle comes from the Anglo-Saxon word for a boundary field, mearc-leah. Much, in this case, means large or great, from the Middle English usage of the word.

Historic village
In the Domesday Book of 1086, Much Marcle was listed as Merchelai in the hundred of Wimundestreu and contained 36 households, a large settlement following the Norman Conquest.

Hellens Manor stands in the centre of the village. In 1096, the manor was granted by King William II to Hamelin de Balun, whose family later witnessed the signing of Magna Carta. It contains period furnishings, paintings and decorations, and has a Tudor garden. The manor is open to the public and provides a venue for educational, musical and literary events.

The other principal seat is Homme House, surrounded by ancient parkland. There are also two ruined medieval castles in the parish. One is Mortimer's Castle, also known as Much Marcle Castle. The second is Ellingham Castle which is situated at Quarry Wood.

The Church of England parish church of St Bartholomew is 13th-century with historic carvings and an ancient 'hollow' yew tree thought to be at least 1500 years old. The church contains the tomb of Blanche Mortimer, of the dynasty of Marcher Lords, the Mortimers; the tomb bears the Mortimer coat of arms. She married Peter de Grandison.

The Kyrle Tomb is located in the centre of the chapel. It has effigies of Sir John Kyrle of nearby Homme House and his wife Sybil Scudamore. Sir John was born in 1568 and served as High Sheriff of the county in 1609 and 1629. He was created a baronet in 1627. Later he protested against the payment of Ship Money, and in the English Civil War he supported the Parliamentarians. He died in 1650.

Following the Second World War, a plaque listing the names of those men who lost their lives serving in the military was placed in Saint Bartholomew's Church. Many of their surnames have been known in the region for many centuries.

The Wonder
About 3 mi north-north west of the village, on the eastern face of Marcle Ridge, a massive landslip, estimated at 2000000 cuft, took place over three days starting on 17 February 1575. Named "The Wonder", it was so large that full-grown trees were carried down the slope onto an adjoining property. In his book The Natural History of Selborne, Gilbert White (1720–93) quotes the words of John Philips: I nor advise, nor reprehend the choice Of Marcley Hill; the apple nowhere finds A kinder mould; yet 'tis unsafe to trust Deceitful ground; who knows but that once more This mount may journey, and his present site Forsaken, to thy neighbour's bounds transfer Thy goodly plants, affording matter strange For law debates!

In Victorian times, people came from far and wide to view "The Wonder". It is shown on the Ordnance Survey map at reference SO632365, but on the ground the site is not readily discernible.

Farming traditions
Notable local farms include the Bounds, home of Weston's Cider and the Scrumpy House Restaurant. Other principal farms include Chandois, Street Farm, Great Moor Court, Bickerton, Gammage Ford, Caerswall, Upper Woltan, Walls End and Noggin, all of which are of ancient origin but with buildings dating from the 17th and 18th centuries. Many of the ancient cottages that appear in the 18th century maps no longer exist, although there are several good examples of "black and white" half-timbered buildings that have survived, especially in the village's main street.

In 2012, Noggin Farm won the Flavours of Herefordshire "Sausage of the Year."

Modern times
The village has a Church of England primary school located next to the church. It also has local cider and perry mills, one producing Weston's brands. and another producing Gregg's brands.

Much Marcle Garage is housed in a re-purposed World War One aircraft hangar, designated a Grade II listed building. The hangar, of Belfast-truss construction, came from RAF Minchinhampton in Gloucestershire.

Notable people
Much Marcle was the birthplace of serial killer Fred West. Three of his victims were buried there: his nanny Anna McFall and their unborn child, in 1967; and his first wife, Rena, in 1971.

title: Much Marcle


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Little Monocacy River

The Little Monocacy River is a 10.1 mi tributary stream of the Potomac River. Despite its name, the stream does not feed into the Monocacy River. The Little Monocacy is located almost entirely in Montgomery County, Maryland, and enters the Potomac just downstream from where the Monocacy enters the Potomac. Its headwaters rise southwest of Comus, and most of its approximately 17 sqmi watershed is farmland and pasture (60.56%) or forested land (36.03%).

title: Little Monocacy River


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Talk:São José dos Campos

são Jose dos campos-sp )
eu moisés ferreira de lima, nascido em : são paulo-capital : no hospital do Ipiranga-sp dia 14/maio/1977 ,. filho de dina chagas de Araujo e Arlindo ferreira de lima.

Se colocamos Paraíba Valley, deveriamos mudar todos os nomes para o inglês, começando com Saint Joseph of the Fields (rs).

This should be Paraíba Valley, because valley is a geographical feature that should be in English. This is not changing a proper name. The same goes with many other names- such as Rio Amazonas is the Amazon River in English. Conversely, Brazilians call the Mississippi River Rio Mississippi, which is acceptable.--Adam (talk) 14:01, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

serve 2 milhões de pessoas???????
"Serving a population of approximately two million inhabitants, the city is also the regional hub for shopping and services for the Vale do Paraíba, the northern coast and southern Minas Gerais."

Eu acho que não é tudo isso, não tem esse tanto de gente no Vale do Paraiba, no Litoral e no Sul de Minas. E mesmo que tivesse 2 milhões de pessoas, falar que TODOS eles vão para São José trabalhar é sacanagem. Esse dado eu não corrigi por que não tenho como obter o número real.

 * I am doing some copy-editing and will fix the wording. The author estimated that the region has 2 million people. The number I got for the region was 1,170,381. That's much closer to 1 million people than two.--Adam (talk) 14:08, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * According to this site, Região de SJC has, 1,170,381 people. Direct us to the source that supports two million.--Adam (talk) 19:27, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

VAMOS ACHAR FOTOGRAFIAS SEM DIREITOS AUTORAIS PARA ILUSTRAR PAGINA..

Cleanup/General
I will assist in cleaning up this article. The English is very strange. Also, please keep your posts in English as this is the English wiki (Favor coloque somente inglês aqui, como é o Wiki em inglês)--Adam (talk) 23:12, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for your help..201.1.159.18 00:04, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * My cleanup is finished. --Adam (talk) 14:48, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Mind if I do some more tweaking on the English? Jasrandal 15:23, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Tenisclubesjc.GIF
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BetacommandBot (talk) 09:03, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Saojoseec.jpeg
Image:Saojoseec.jpeg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:48, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Joseense 0001 120.jpeg
The image Image:Joseense 0001 120.jpeg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

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title: Talk:São José dos Campos


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Pygmy marmoset

Pygmy marmosets are two species of small New World monkeys in the genus Cebuella. They are native to rainforests of the western Amazon Basin in South America. These primates are notable for being the smallest monkeys in the world, at just over 100 g. They are generally found in evergreen and river-edge forests and are gum-feeding specialists, or gummivores.

About 83% of the pygmy marmoset population lives in stable troops of two to nine individuals, including a dominant male, a breeding female, and up to four successive litters of offspring. The modal size of a standard stable troop would be six individuals. Although most groups consist of family members, some may also include one or two additional adult members. Members of the group communicate using a complex system including vocal, chemical, and visual signals. Three main calling signals depend on the distance the call needs to travel. These monkeys may also make visual displays when threatened or to show dominance. Chemical signaling using secretions from glands on the chest and genital area allow the female to indicate to the male when she is able to reproduce. The female gives birth to twins twice a year and the parental care is shared among the group.

The pygmy marmoset has been viewed as somewhat different from typical marmosets, most of which are classified in the genera Callithrix (where they were placed in a subgenus) and Mico, and thus is accorded its own genus, Cebuella, within the family Callitrichidae. Their biggest threats are habitat loss and the pet trade.

Evolution and taxonomy
Debate has arisen among primatologists concerning the proper genus in which to place the pygmy marmoset. An examination of the interstitial retinol binding protein nuclear gene (IRBP) in three marmoset species showed that Callithrix as constructed in the 1990s also needed to include C. pygmaea to be monophyletic, and that the times of separation of pygmaea and the argentata and jacchus species groups from one another are less than 5 million years ago, as might be expected for species of the same genus. However, subsequent separation of the argentata and jacchus species groups into different genera (the argentata group having been moved to Mico) justifies maintaining a separate genus for the pygmy marmosets, as Callithrix is no longer paraphyletic.

The two species described of the pygmy marmoset are:

Few morphological differences occur between these species, as they may only differ slightly in color, and they are only separated by geographical barriers, including large rivers in South America.

The evolution of this genus diverged in terms of body mass from typical primates, with a high rate of body-mass reduction. This involves large decreases in prenatal and postnatal growth rates, furthering the thought that progenesis played a role in the evolution of this animal.

Physical description
Pygmy marmosets are the smallest true monkey, with a head-body length ranging from 117 to 152 mm and a tail of 172 to 229 mm. The average adult body weight is just over 100 g with the only sexual dimorphism of females being a little heavier. The fur colour is a mixture of brownish-gold, grey, and black on its back and head and yellow, orange, and tawny on its underparts. Its tail has black rings and its face has flecks of white on its cheeks and a white vertical line between its eyes. It has many adaptations for arboreal living, including the ability to rotate its head 180° and sharp, claw-like nails used to cling to branches and trunks of trees. Its dental morphology is adapted to feeding on gum, with specialised incisors that are used to gouge trees and stimulate sap flow. The cecum is larger than usual to allow for the greater time gum needs to break down in the stomach. Pygmy marmosets walk on all four limbs and can leap up to 5 m between branches.

Geographic range and habitat
Pygmy marmosets can be found in much of the western Amazon Basin, in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. The western pygmy marmoset, C. pygmaea, occurs in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, eastern Peru, southern Colombia, and north-eastern Ecuador. The eastern pygmy marmoset, C. niveiventris, is also found in Amazonas, but also in Acre, Brazil, eastern Peru, and northern Bolivia. The distribution of both species is often limited by rivers. They typically live in the understory of the mature evergreen forests and often near rivers. Population density is correlated with food-tree availability. They can be found between ground level and about 20 m into the trees, but generally do not enter the top of the canopy. They are often found in areas having standing water for more than three months of the year.

Diet

These monkeys have a specialized diet of tree gum. They gnaw holes in the bark of appropriate trees and vines with their specialized dentition to elicit the production of gum. When the sap puddles up in the hole, they lap it up with their tongues. They also lie in wait for insects, especially butterflies, which are attracted to the sap holes. They supplement their diet with nectar and fruit. A group's home range is 0.1 to 0.4 ha, and feeding is usually concentrated on one or two trees at a time. When those become depleted, a group moves to a new home range. Brown-mantled tamarins are generally sympatric with pygmy marmosets and often raid pygmy marmosets' gum holes.

Pygmy marmosets have adapted insect-like claws, known as tegulae, to engage in a high degree of claw-clinging behaviors associated with plant exudate exploitation. Claw-clinging is primarily used during feeding, but also during plant exudate foraging.

Behaviour
A pygmy marmoset group, ranging from two to nine members, contains one or two adult males and one or two adult females, including a single breeding female and her offspring. Interbirth interval ranges from 149–746 days. In contrast to other callitrichines, no relationship exists between the number of adult males and the number of infants and offspring. A significant positive relationship exists, though, between the number of juveniles and the number of adult and subadult group members. Young marmosets typically remain in the group for two consecutive birth cycles. The pygmy marmoset uses special types of communication to give alerts and warning to its family members. These include chemical, vocal, and visual types of communication. It is believed to serve to promote group cohesion and avoidance of other family groups.

Social systems
Infant pygmy marmosets, along with their parents, twins, and other siblings, form co-operative care groups. Babbling, or vocalizing, by the infant marmoset is a key part of its relationships with its family members and is a major part of its development. As the infant develops, the babbling gradually changes to resemble and eventually become adult vocalization. Many similarities are seen between the development of vocalization in infant pygmy marmosets and speech in infant humans. Vocalizing gives the infant advantages, such as increased care, and allows the entire family to coordinate their activities without seeing each other.

Siblings also participate in infant care. Infant marmosets require the most attention, so having more family members participating in the care decreases the cost for any individual and also teaches parenting skills to the juvenile marmosets. Members of the group, usually female, may even put off their own reproduction through a temporary cessation of ovulation to care for the offspring of others in the group. The ideal number of caregivers for an infant marmoset has been shown to be around five individuals. Caregivers are responsible for finding food for the infants and helping the father watch for predators.

Pygmy marmosets are not seasonal breeders and usually give birth to twins once or twice a year. Single births, however, occur in 16% and triplet births occur in 8% of pregnancies. The pygmy marmoset is usually monogamous, though some variation happens within the species in terms of breeding systems. Polyandry also occurs, as male marmosets are responsible for carrying the infants on their backs. Having a second male to carry the offspring can be beneficial, as marmoset litters are often twins and this decreases the physiological cost to any particular male. The daily range of pygmy marmosets, however, is relatively small, which decreases the rate of polyandry.

Male and female pygmy marmosets show differences in foraging and feeding behavior, although male and female dominance and aggressive behavior vary within the species. Males have less time to search out food sources and forage due to the constraints of their infant-caring responsibilities and predator vigilance. Without an infant to carry, female pygmy marmosets have greater freedom to forage, giving them an apparent feeding priority, which may serve to compensate mothers for the energetic costs of carrying and lactating for two offspring at a time. Since breeding priority is also given to females without offspring, the argument is weakened. Instead, female feeding priority may have evolved through sexual selection. Females may choose mates that invest more time in infant care and predator vigilance. Such males have less time to look for food, allowing the female feeding priority.

Communication

Pygmy marmosets are well known for their communication abilities, including an intricate system of calls. The trill is used during feeding, foraging, and when travelling and the group is close together. The J-call is a series of fast notes repeated by the caller and is used at medium distances. Both calls are used as contact calls. The long call is used when the group is spread out over distances greater than 10 m or in response to a neighboring group. The pygmy marmoset uses the trill for short-distance communication, J-calls for intermediate distances, and long calls for long distances; these have respectively decreasing frequencies. They interpret these calls not only by type, but also through subtle sonic variance, by individual calling. Research based on audio playback tests shows that calls recorded from different individuals in captivity varied significantly in all seven auditory parameters analyzed for each type of call. Behavioral responses to trills were greatest when the caller was the dominant male of the group. Responses to J-calls were greatest when the caller was the monkey's mate or a same-sex monkey from outside the group. Varying responses to individual callers were only observed when the call was given spontaneously from another animal rather than being played back from a recording, with one exception. That exception was that male monkeys responded to playbacks of their own calls differently from those of other monkeys, when the call was played back from a familiar location. The pygmy marmoset is thought to react at first to the type of call that is being made and then adjusts its behavior slightly to react to the specific individual that is making the call. This allows the marmoset to react appropriately to all calls, but show some variation when the call gives extra information.

Environmental factors play a role in communication by affecting the frequency of the signal and how far the signal can travel and still be audible to communicate the desired message. Since pygmy marmosets are often found in the rain forest, plant life and the humid atmosphere add to the normal absorption and scattering of sound. Because low-frequency calls are affected less by the disturbances than high-frequency ones, they are used for communication across longer distances. The pygmy marmoset changes the characteristics of its calls when its social environment is changed. Adult marmosets show modifications in the structure of their calls, which mimic those of their group members. In addition to changes of existing calls, novel calls may be heard from marmosets after pairing.

Pygmy marmosets have other ways to communicate information about matters such as a female's ovulatory state. New World monkeys do not show genital swelling during ovulation as female Old World monkeys do. Instead, a lack of female aggression towards males can serve as a signal of ovulation. Scent glands on her chest, anus, and genitals are also rubbed on surfaces, which leave chemical signals about the reproductive state of the female. Pygmy marmosets also perform visual displays such as strutting, back-arching, and piloerection when they feel threatened or to show dominance.

Conservation
Both species of pygmy marmosets are listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. They are threatened by habitat loss in some areas of their range, and by the pet trade in others (i.e. Ecuador). Interaction between humans and pygmy marmosets is associated with a number of behavioral changes in the animal, including social play and vocalization, both of which are important to communication between animals in the species. Particularly in areas of heavy tourism, pygmy marmosets have a tendency to be less noisy, less aggressive, and less playful with other individuals. They are also pushed into higher strata of the rainforest than they would normally prefer. Tourism in areas native to the pygmy marmoset is also correlated with increased capture of the animal. Due to its small size and relatively docile nature, captured pygmy marmosets are often found in exotic pet trades. Capture causes even more behavioral variations, including a decrease in both the number and the sound level of vocalizations. Pygmy marmosets can also be found at local zoos, where they exist in groups.

As pets
Finger monkeys' (pygmy marmoset) value is associated with their being the smallest primate in the world. Although these primates are not in danger of extinction, they are rare to find in the market for purchase. Prices range from $1,000 to $4,000. Generally, a pygmy marmoset's lifespan is 15 to 20 years; they are known to have a shorter life in the wild mainly because they fall out of trees.

Another expense for these creatures as pets is the necessary essentials to maintain them. Creating an environment similar to where they are from is important. For food, these creatures as pets are often fed fruits, insects, and smaller lizards. As pets, a baby pygmy marmoset needs to be fed every two hours for at least two weeks. Understanding their natural diet is also important because it helps maintain their good health from the necessary protein, calcium, and other nutrients they need to survive.

In the United States, each state has different regulations for owning one of these creatures. Another factor that needs to be considered is that a regular veterinarian might not be able to help provide medical evaluations or care; one would need to seek out a veterinarian with a primate specialization. In South America, either importing or exporting these creatures is illegal. Understanding the laws within those countries is important when considering owning or taking care of a pygmy marmoset. Many people do not agree that pygmy marmosets should be pets. The argument is usually that they have a longer lifespan when they are in good care from a human. However, the UK RSPCA says they should "not be considered as pets in the accepted sense of the word. They are wild, undomesticated animals that cannot be house trained or fully tamed".

In popular culture

 * Fingerlings, the hit toy of Christmas 2017 produced by WowWee, is based on pygmy marmosets.

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Ancient woodland

In the United Kingdom, ancient woodland is that which has existed continuously since 1600 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (or 1750 in Scotland). Planting of woodland was uncommon before those dates, so a wood present in 1600 is likely to have developed naturally.

In most ancient woods, the trees and shrubs have been cut down periodically as part of the management cycle. Provided that the area has remained as woodland, the stand is still considered ancient. Since it may have been cut over many times in the past, ancient woodland does not necessarily contain very old trees.

For many species of animal and plant, ancient woodland sites provide the sole habitat, and for many others, conditions on these sites are much more suitable than those on other sites. Ancient woodland in the UK, like rainforest in the tropics, is home to rare and threatened species. For these reasons ancient woodland is often described as an irreplaceable resource, or 'critical natural capital'. The analogous term used in the United States, Canada and Australia (for woodlands that do contain very old trees) is "old-growth forest".

Ancient woodland is formally defined on maps by Natural England and equivalent bodies. Mapping of ancient woodland has been undertaken in different ways and at different times, and the quality and availability of data varies from region to region, although there are some efforts to standardise and update it.

Protection
Many ancient woodlands have legal protection of various types, but it is not automatically the case that any ancient woodland is protected. Some examples of ancient woodland are nationally or locally designated, for example as Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Others have no designations.

Ancient woodlands also require special consideration when they are affected by planning application. The National Planning Policy Framework published in 2012 is the government policy document relating to planning decisions affecting ancient woodland. The importance of ancient woodlands as an irreplaceable habitat is set out in paragraph 118 of the NPPF, which states: ‘planning permission should be refused for development resulting in the loss or deterioration of irreplaceable habitats, including ancient woodland and the loss of aged or veteran trees found outside ancient woodland, unless the need for, and benefits of, the development in that location clearly outweigh the loss.’

Characteristics
The concept of ancient woodland, rich in plant diversity and managed through traditional practices, was developed by the ecologist Oliver Rackham in his 1980 book Ancient Woodland, its History, Vegetation and Uses in England, which he wrote following his earlier research on Hayley Wood in Cambridgeshire. The definition of ancient woodland includes two sub-types: Ancient semi-natural woodland (ASNW) and Planted ancient woodland site (PAWS).

Ancient semi-natural woodland (ASNW) is composed of native tree species that have not obviously been planted; features of ancient woodland often survive in many of these woods as well, including characteristic wildlife and structures of archaeological interest.

Planted ancient woodland (PAWS) is an ancient woodland site where the native species have been partially or wholly replaced with a non locally native species (usually but not always conifers). These woodlands typically have a plantation structure, with even aged crops of one or two species planted for commercial purposes. Many of these ancient woodlands were converted to conifer plantations following war-time fellings. PAWS sites, whilst not being of such high ecological value as ASNW, typically contain remnants of semi-natural species where shading has been less intense, and restoration of more semi-natural structures through gradual thinning is often possible. Since the recognition of the ecological and historical values of ancient woodland, PAWS restoration has been a priority amongst many woodland owners and governmental and non-governmental agencies, and has been supported by various grant schemes. Some restored PAWS sites are now practically indistinguishable from ASNW. There is no formal method for reclassifying restored PAWS as ASNW, although some woodland managers now use the acronym RPAWS (Restored planted ancient woodland) for a restored site.

Species which are particularly characteristic of ancient woodland sites are called ancient woodland indicator species, such as bluebells, ramsons, wood anemone, yellow archangel and primrose for example, representing a type of ecological indicator. The term tends to be applied more usefully to desiccation-sensitive plant species, and particularly lichens and bryophytes, than to animals, as they are slower to colonise planted woodlands, and are thus viewed as more reliable indicators of ancient woodland sites. Sequences of pollen analysis are also indicators of forest continuity.

Lists of ancient woodland indicator species among vascular plants were developed by the Nature Conservancy Council (now Natural England) for each region of England, each list containing the hundred most reliable indicators for that region. The methodology involved studying the plants of known woodland sites and analysing patterns of occurrence to determine which species were most indicative of sites from before 1600. In England this resulted in the first national Ancient Woodland Inventory, produced in the 1980s.

Although ancient woodland indicator species can and do occur in post-1600 woodlands, and also in non-woodland sites such as hedgerows, it is uncommon for a site which is not ancient woodland to host a double-figure indicator species total. More recent methodologies also supplement these field observations and ecological measurements with historical data from maps and local records, which were not fully assessed in the original Nature Conservancy Council surveys.

History
Ancient woods were valuable properties for their owners, as a source of wood fuel, timber (estovers and loppage) and forage for pigs (pannage). In southern England, hazel was particularly important for coppicing, the branches being used for wattle and daub in buildings, for example. Such old coppice stumps are easily recognised for their current overgrown state, now that the practice has largely disappeared. Large boles emerge from a common stump in such overgrown coppice stools. Originally, the term of 'forest' did not refer solely to woodland; it also included parkland, open heathland, upland fells, and any other territory, between or outside of manorial freehold, and was the exclusive hunting preserve of the monarch, or granted to nobility. The ancient woods that were within forests, were frequently Royal Parks, enjoying special protection against poachers and other interlopers, and subject to tolls and fines where trackways passed through them or when firewood was permitted to be collected or other licence granted. The forest law was very strictly enforced, by a hierarchy of foresters, parkers and woodwards. In English land law, it was illegal to assart any part of a royal forest. This was the greatest trespass that could be committed in a forest, being more than a waste: for whereas waste of the forest involves felling trees, they can grow again; assarting involves completely rooting up trees within the woodland of the afforested area.

Boundary marking
Ancient woods were well-defined, often being surrounded by a bank and ditch, so that they could be easily recognised. The bank may also support a living fence of hawthorn or blackthorn to prevent livestock or deer entering. They are attracted by young shoots on coppice stools, so must be excluded if the coppice is to regenerate. Such indicators can still be seen in many ancient woodlands, and large forest are often sub-divided into woods and coppices with banks and ditches as before. The hedges at the edges are often overgrown and may have spread laterally owing to the neglect of many years.

Many ancient woods are listed in the Domesday Book of 1086, as well as the earlier Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, such was their value to early communities as a source of fuel, but also of food for farm animals. The boundaries are frequently described in terms of features such as large trees, streams or tracks, and even standing stones for example.

Ancient woodland inventories
Ancient woodland sites over 2 ha in size are recorded in Ancient Woodland Inventories, compiled in the 1980s and 1990s by the Nature Conservancy Council in England, Wales, and Scotland; and maintained by its successor organisations in those countries. There was no inventory in Northern Ireland until the Woodland Trust completed one in 2006.

Destruction
Britain's ancient woodland cover has declined greatly. Since the 1930s almost half of ancient broadleaved woodland in England and Wales has been planted with conifers or cleared for agriculture. Only 3090 km2 of ancient semi-natural woodland survive in Britain – less than 20% of the total wooded area. More than eight out of ten ancient woodland sites in England and Wales are less than 200000 m2 in area, only 617 exceed 1 km2 and only 46 are larger than 3 km2.

Management
Most ancient woodland in the UK has been managed in some way by humans for hundreds (in some cases probably thousands) of years. Two traditional techniques are coppicing (harvesting wood by cutting trees back to ground level) and pollarding (harvesting wood at about human head height to prevent new shoots being eaten by grazing species such as deer). Both techniques encourage new growth while allowing the sustainable production of timber and other woodland produce. During the 20th century, use of such traditional management techniques has declined while there has been an increase in large-scale mechanised forestry. Thus coppicing is now rarely practised, and overgrown coppice stools are a common sight in many ancient woods, with their many trunks of similar size. These changes in management methods have resulted in changes to ancient woodland habitats, and a loss of ancient woodland to forestry.

Examples

 * Bedgebury Forest, Kent
 * Bernwood Forest, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire
 * Bradfield Woods, Suffolk
 * Bradley Woods, Wiltshire
 * Burnham Beeches, Bucks
 * Cannock Chase, Staffordshire
 * Cherry Tree Wood, London
 * Claybury Woods, London
 * Coldfall Wood, London
 * Dolmelynllyn Estate, Gwynedd
 * Dyscarr Woods, Nottinghamshire.
 * Edford Woods and Meadows, Somerset
 * Epping Forest, Essex
 * Forest of Dean West Gloucestershire
 * Foxley Wood, Norfolk
 * Grass Wood, Wharfedale, Yorkshire
 * Hatfield Forest, Essex
 * Hazleborough Wood, Northamptonshire, part of Whittlewood Forest
 * Highgate Wood, London
 * Hollington Wood, Buckinghamshire
 * Holt Heath, Dorset
 * King's Wood, Heath and Reach, Bedfordshire
 * Lower Woods, Gloucestershire
 * New Forest, Hampshire
 * Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight
 * Puzzlewood, in the Forest of Dean
 * Queen's Wood, London
 * Ryton Woods, Warwickshire
 * Salcey Forest, Northamptonshire
 * Savernake Forest, Wiltshire
 * Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire
 * Snakes Wood, Suffolk
 * Titnore Wood, West Sussex
 * Vincients Wood, Wiltshire
 * Wentwood, Monmouthshire
 * Whinfell Forest, Cumbria
 * Windsor Great Park, Berkshire
 * Whittlewood Forest, Northamptonshire
 * Wormshill, Kent: Barrows Wood, Trundle Wood and High Wood
 * Wyre Forest, bordering Shropshire and Worcestershire
 * Yardley Chase, Northamptonshire
 * Wistman's Wood, Devon

title: Ancient woodland


text: Category:Russian and Soviet Navy submarine classes


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Promotion guidelines

History of admin promotion
In the early days of Wikipedia, adminship was widely granted ("this should be no big deal"), and there was a belief that the project would eventually lose the admin distinction chiefly as a result of Deletion management redesign. Adminship was granted by acclamation, originally to anyone who had been with the project for about two months making solid contributions. There was also a requirement to subscribe to the mailing list. Nominations were made on the mailing list and there was no vote. Few nominations were turned down.

The RfA page began to be utilized on June 14, 2003. Then, adminship was judged and granted by the handful of people who had write access to the database as a result of their software development activities, along with Ed Poor, who was given write access to the database chiefly for the purpose of dealing with administrative matters for which there was no user interface.

Over the next few months, RfA became more and more vote-like, and the 75%-80% threshold developed mainly in imitation of the threshold used at deletion discussions, which had already been in operation for some years.

The present system of "bureaucrats" who determine consensus and have the technical means and authority to grant adminship based on it began to be used on Feburary 17, 2004.

RfA requests gradually became more contentious. There were a handful of cases of good admins gone bad, and it appeared that only repeated, ongoing, egregious policy violation could lead to a suspension of sysop status. Requirements gradually crept up, with individual !voters' requirements varying from two months to twelve, and the number of edits required increasing from 500 up to as many  as 6,000. Some !voters insist on minimum daily/monthly activity levels, involvement in deletion discussions (AfD) and policy discussions, editing in a broad range of areas,  and significant  contributions to  article content. Some !voters have published their criteria for !voting; their essays can be located in Category:Matters related to requests for adminship.

Current status
At present, candidates undergo scrutiny of substantially all of their edits. Voters apply varying standards, since there is no lasting consensus on the requirements. The process is unpleasant for the candidate, who often ends up feeling undervalued by the community, even when adminship is ultimately granted.

While there have always been close votes, the number of these is increasing.

Categorizing adminship requests

 * About 50% of the adminship requests are from people who are clearly qualified and where there are relatively few objections.
 * About 40% of the adminship requests are turned down chiefly on tenure and experience grounds. These are rarely contentious, and in borderline cases the usual advice is that the candidate should try again in a few months.
 * The remaining 10% of the requests are from longtime contributors who exceed the experience and tenure requirements, but where there are some Wikipedians who oppose adminship due to mistrust. These requests are invariably acrimonious, and some (perhaps many) result in damage to the social fabric of Wikipedia.

Some proposals for RfA

 * 1) I believe that it would help candidates, bureaucrats, and voters alike to develop a set of tenure guidelines, achieve consenus on them, and stick to them.  At present, each voter may vote using whatever yardstick they choose, and this is unfair.  In particular, "oppose" votes made by someone who is pursing a policy agenda of stricter standards are unfair to the candidate.  The tenure/experience requirements need not be immutable and may still allow for some judgement, but we should at least agree on whether the basic number of edits required in most cases is 1000, 2000, or some other number.  In like fashion, we should agree whether 4, 6, or some other number of months is appropriate.
 * 2) Voting is evil.  I see little attempt to achieve consensus.  I believe that the decisionmaking process should involve more of an attempt by the community to resolve questions to the satisfaction of the "oppose" voters, especially in borderline cases.  In general, I believe the candidate should stay out of it and other members of the community should work it out as this makes the matter less contentious.
 * 3) Bureaucrats should work as facilitators.  They should ask oppose voters to clarify their position, where appropriate.  They should ask supporting voters to respond to the concerns of the oppose voters.  They should then ask oppose voters whether their concerns are satisfied.
 * 4) I believe that in contentious cases where trust is the issue, the request should be left open for a considerable length of time until discussion ceases, possibly several weeks.  Voters should be encouraged to change their votes if they change their mind.  Voters should be encouraged to ask the candidate questions and to give due consideration to the responses received.
 * 5) I think that bureaucrats should consider the rationale for votes, particularly of the opposition to a candidate.  Some votes are ill-considered and should be treated as such, particularly those made to further a campaign of stricter standards for adminship than the community requires (see #1 above), and those that offer no explanation.

Related proposals

 * 1) There appears to be no community consensus for periodic review of existing admins.  Instead, perhaps new admins should be given a probationary period (say, six months) with a review by their peers (other admins) at its conclusion.
 * 2) It may make sense to disallow probationary admins from blocking and unblocking users, since these actions cause the greatest amount of disagreement.  This need not require a software change; we could simply make it policy and expect new admins to follow it.

uc 15:31, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
F. Orlin Tremaine

Frederick Orlin Tremaine (January 7, 1899 – October 22, 1956) was an American science fiction magazine editor, most notably of the influential Astounding Stories. He edited a number of other magazines, headed several publishing companies, and sporadically wrote fiction.

Biography
Frederick Orlin Tremaine was born into an old Cornish American family on January 7, 1899, in Harrisville, New York. He had two brothers, DeWitt Carlton (1900–65) and Nelson Dowd Tremaine (1907–71), and one sister, Alice Leila M. Tremaine (1912–1998).

He was a veteran of World War I.

In 1921, he graduated with a B.O. degree from the College of Arts and Sciences, Valparaiso University, Indiana. At Valparaiso, he was active in his fraternity, participated in drama, and worked on the weekly school newspaper, The Torch.

In 1932, he married Vera Evangeline Kurtz (1905–92). They were no longer together by 1940.

He was a member of the Mystery Writers of America, the Washington (D.C.) Press Club and of the Sons of the American Revolution.

He died at Westmount Sanatorium, Glen Falls, New York, after a long illness, age 57, survived by two brothers and a sister.

Writing, editing, and publishing career
During his junior year at Valparaiso, in the spring term, 1920, Tremaine was News Editor of the weekly school newspaper, The Torch. He served as Editor-in-Chief during his senior year of 1920–21.

His first job, post-graduation, was on the staff of a New York City newspaper. In late 1922, he was associate editor for The Eastern Underwriter in NYC.

He moved on to the Macfadden magazine conglomerate. In May 1923, he was the managing editor of Macfadden's Brain Power and Beautiful Womanhood. On June 1, 1923, he became editor of the prestigious Metropolitan Magazine (retitled Macfadden Fiction-Lover's Magazine for the October 1924 issue). In early 1924, he became editor of the flagship title True Story Magazine. He also claimed credit for laying out the first issues of True Romances, True Detective, and True Experiences. Tremaine later credited John R. Coryell as a strong influence: "Coryell, approaching eighty of years of age, was fiction or story editor of the Macfadden Publications a quarter of a century ago when I first became an editor of a national magazine, and he taught me more about stories, simplicity of approach, and the technique of modern writing than any other person, before or since."

Later in 1924, he departed to become editor of The Smart Set, a tenure that lasted until mid-1926.

A sporadic fiction writer, his first known published story, One Burning Minute, received serialized newspaper syndication in August–October, 1926. Soon after, his first known pulp story, "The Throwback," appeared in Weird Tales (October 1926) under the pseudonym Orlin Frederick.

In 1927, Tremaine become president of a trust that attempted to take control of the Phelps Publishing Company, publisher of New England Homestead and other magazines. The deal collapsed when financing fell through. Tremaine rebounded with another group in incorporating the Crossroads Publishing Company. A year later, he was involved in yet another publishing enterprise, the Perennial Publishing Company.

In early 1928, he was slated to be editor of a new Christian magazine, Crossroads. No issues are known of.

Later in 1929, he joined the Clayton pulp publishing chain. He edited Miss 1929, soon renamed Miss 1930. After four issues, Miss 1930 was sold to Tremaine's Perennial Publishing Company, presumably part of Tremaine's departure from Clayton. Tremaine intended to continue editing Miss 1930, but there are no known issues for Perennial.

In late 1931, Alfred A. Cohen, publisher of Screenland and Silver Screen, purchased Everybody's Magazine from Butterick and attempted to revive it with Tremaine as editor. No known issues were produced and the magazine was soon declared discontinued.

Tremaine returned to Clayton, editing the humor magazine Bunk (late 1932), and My Love Story Magazine (and its retitling Love Classic Magazine) (late 1932 to early 1933). At one point, Tremaine was Clayton's editor-in-chief, but it's unclear when.

In 1933, Clayton went bankrupt and some of its assets were purchased by publisher Street & Smith. Tremaine joined Street & Smith, initially to edit three of the former Clayton titles: Astounding Stories (assisted by Desmond Hall, another Clayton transfer), Clues, and Cowboy Stories. At his peak, Tremaine was responsible for seven Street & Smith pulps:

 * October 1933 (2 titles): Astounding Stories, Clues
 * November 1933 (3): added Cowboy Stories
 * December 1933 (4): added Top-Notch Magazine
 * March 1935 (5): added Bill Barnes, Air Adventurer [retitled Bill Barnes Air Trails (October 1935), then Air Trails (February 1937)]
 * October 1935 (6): added Dynamic Adventures
 * November 1935 (7): added Romance Range (retitled Romantic Range after 5 issues)
 * June 1936 (6): last issue of Dynamic Adventures
 * mid-1937 (5): last edited issue of Clues
 * September 1937 (3): last edited issues of Astounding and Top-Notch
 * December 1937 (2): last edited issue of Cowboy Stories
 * late 1937 (0): last edited issues of Air Trails and Romantic Range

Tremaine and Desmond Hall founded Street & Smith's slick Mademoiselle in 1935. Hall was the listed editor.

In the December 1933 issue of Astounding, Tremaine's third as editor, his editorial "Thought Variant" encouraged contributing authors to seek new ideas for science fiction stories. According to Alva Rogers, "the thought variant policy was largely responsible for the rapid rise of Astounding to top position in the science fiction field." During the fifty issues of the magazine he edited, Tremaine launched the careers of authors L. Sprague de Camp, Eric Frank Russell, and others. He also published stories by his brother Nelson under the pseudonym Warner van Lorne; van Lorne's true identity was a matter of intense speculation in fandom.

As editor of Astounding, Tremaine bought such stories as H.P. Lovecraft's At the Mountains of Madness (sold by Julius Schwartz) and The Shadow Out of Time (sold by Donald Wandrei), apparently without reading them. Tremaine permitted both tales to be severely abridged and edited by copyeditors, although Lovecraft complained vociferously only about the former (it was on this occasion that he referred to Tremaine as "that god-damnn'd dung of a hyaena" (Lovecraft to Robert H. Barlow, June 4, 1936 (ms, John Hay Library)).

In late 1937, Tremaine hired John W. Campbell, Jr. to replace him as editor of Astounding, while Tremaine was appointed editorial director of Street & Smith, a position he held for a year before departing Street & Smith during a management shake-up.

From early 1939 through at least 1941, he ran his own New York book publishing company, the Orlin Tremaine Company. (See separate listing of publications below.) On June 23, 1941, an associate editor of the firm, William M. Gibson, was convicted of extortion. He and Prince Ludovic Pignatelli of Italy had threatened the prince's cousin, Prince Guido Pignatelli, with publishing a book that would challenge Guido's right to his title unless they were paid $50,000. The timing roughly corresponds with the last-known publications of the Orlin Tremaine Co., but it is unknown whether the two events are related.

Simultaneous to his publishing ventures, Tremaine produced the science fiction pulp Comet, which ran five issues from December 1940 to July 1941. Also, from late 1939 through early 1940, Tremaine published four stories in pulps as diverse as Thrilling Wonder Stories and South Sea Stories.

During World War II, Tremaine edited Magazine Plus, distributed to war industries, and edited government manuals for the armed forces. In 1943, he was business manager for the revived children's magazine St. Nicholas; it only lasted four issues. Thereafter, Tremaine had his most productive period as a fiction writer, contributing numerous stories to detective pulps (1944–45). A series for Detective Tales featured a character named Easy Bart.

When the war ended, Tremaine became an editor for Bartholomew House, which published the first paperback editions of Lovecraft, The Weird Shadow Over Innsmouth (1944) and The Dunwich Horror (1945). He also published a revision of T. C. McClary's novel Rebirth (first appearance in Astounding Stories) while at Bartholomew House. In less than a year, he was describing himself as a "free lance writer." The current record does not indicate much success as a writer. His next known publications appeared in late 1948 and early 1949.

In 1949, he became editor of a new magazine, Southerner, and published a book, Short Story Writing. He claimed, at this time, to have published over one hundred stories.

In May 1950, Tremaine described himself as the managing editor of Macfadden Publications.

In the early 1950s, under the name Arthur Lane, Tremaine was an editorial associate for the pulp Marvel Science Stories.

His greatest success appears to have been with Street & Smith, and his most lasting contribution his editorship of Astounding. The rest of his career illustrates the vicissitudes of the publishing business.

Published fiction

 * One Burning Minute, newspaper serial, King Features Syndicate (August–October 1926)
 * "The Throwback," Weird Tales (October 1926)
 * "Pigeon Street," Fire Fighters (April 1929)
 * "The Upper Level Road," Astounding Stories (August 1935)
 * "Marinorro," Astounding Stories (November 1937)
 * "Ormoly of Roonerion," Astounding Stories (January 1938)
 * "Vibratory," Astounding Stories (March 1938)
 * "Resilient Planet," Astounding Stories (August 1938)
 * "Wanted—7 Fearless Engineers!," Amazing Stories (February 1939)
 * "Golden Girl of Kalendar," Fantastic Adventures (September 1939)
 * "True Confession," Thrilling Wonder Stories (February 1940)
 * "Vengeance of Loana," South Sea Stories (February 1940)
 * "Jalu of Radiant Valley," Fantastic Adventures (March 1940)
 * "A Leader for Korcin," Future Fantasy and Science Fiction (December 1942)
 * "The Expendable Spy," Detective Tales (January 1944) [an Easy Bart story]
 * "The Dagger from Singapore," New Detective Magazine (May 1944)
 * "The Silent Scalpel Murders," Detective Tales (February 1945) [an Easy Bart story]
 * "Son of the Stars," Super Science Stories (April 1949)

Published nonfiction

 * Short Story Writing (Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 1949)

Books published by the Orlin Tremaine Company
[publication date in parentheses; category in brackets]
 * Arthur J. Burks (uncredited co-authorship with Tremaine), Who Do You Think You Are? (December 1939) [psychology]
 * Sander Ariza, Trujillo: The Man and His Country (1939) [biography]
 * Colonel Benjamin A. Franklin, Banners in the Wind (January 2, 1940) [inspirational]
 * Frank W. Kravigny, The Jungle Route (March 1, 1940) [true adventure]
 * Bob Carter, Little Things That Linger (June 1940) [potpourri from radio host]
 * Ed Bodin, Scare Me! A Symposium on Ghosts and Black Magic by Ed Bodin, Collector of Mystic Facts, and Descendant of Jean Bodin, Famous Mystic Writer of the XVIth Century (June 1940) [occult]
 * William Merriam Rouse, Bildad Road (July 1940) [novel]
 * William Richard Twiford, Sown in the Darkness A.D. 2000 (January 1941) [science fiction novel]
 * Horace J. Haase, The Economic Democracy (January 1941) [economics]
 * Louis Leon DeJean, Royalty Road (November 1941) [short story writing guide]

title: F. Orlin Tremaine


text: Category:Italian classical scholars

title: Category:Italian classical scholars


text: Category:Classical scholars by nationality


text:
Dwight Henry (politician)

Dwight Henry (born March 13, 1953) is an American politician and radio personality. A Republican, he served one term in the Tennessee House of Representatives (1989–1991), and was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Tennessee in 1990. He has also served as mayor of Cookeville, Tennessee (1985–1988), and has spent several years on the Cookeville City Council.

Life and career
Henry was born in Sweetwater, Tennessee. He attended Cleveland State Community College from 1971 to 1973 and then enrolled in Tennessee Technological University, graduating in 1976 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. He became involved in the radio broadcasting industry and in 1985 was elected mayor of Cookeville, Tennessee.

Henry, was elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1988 from the 42nd House District, a largely rural area centered on Cookeville, the site of Tennessee Tech, which had almost uniformly supported Democrats in the past.

When it became apparent that no prominent Republicans were going to challenge popular incumbent Tennessee governor Ned McWherter for re-election in 1990, Henry entered the fray, winning the primary election easily, apparently with the understanding that his chances of defeating McWherter in the general election were incredibly low, and that McWherter, a moderate who was also supported by many prominent Republicans, including many of their major contributors and fund raisers, would control the vast majority of all financial contributions made to the race. Henry's appeal was essentially solely to Republican straight-ticket voters and conservatives, and he received only about one-third of the votes in the November general election.

Henry was the youngest man ever elected to the office of mayor in Cookeville but is not the only record breaker in the Henry household. After taking office, his daughter, Brittany Kylene Henry became the first baby born to a mayor of Cookeville while he was still in office.

Henry ran for the State House again in 2000, but lost the general election to Jere Hargrove.

title: Dwight Henry (politician)


text: Category:German classical scholars

title: Category:German classical scholars


text:
Talk:Anhydrite

Untitled
Thanks for the expansion. Planning to work on this to meet the developing WikiProject Rocks and Minerals standards. Now I have more to work with. -Vsmith 15:34, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Uses of anhydrite
Anhydrite is used in the construction industry to prepare anhydrite screed. Maybe there are other industrial applications that could be mentioned in the article too. Everybody got to be somewhere! (talk) 21:08, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anhydrite


text: User talk:66.181.239.153

title: User talk:66.181.239.153


text: Category:British classical scholars

title: Category:British classical scholars


text:
Talk:Jamshedji Tata

Untitled
Hmm! I'm sure that Jamshetji did not set up these projects. JRD did. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alren (talk • contribs) of 13.10.04

 * I agree with you, and I shall bring the contents of the article to the right perspective. --Bhadani 6 July 2005 18:02 (UTC)>/s> corossed today: --Bhadani 18:31, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Wikify
This article needs to be cleaned up, its horriblely text-book style. It needs to be more devoid of emotion and more on facts without trying to sound like its worshipping the guy

Can someone clear this page up? Is his name Jamsetji or Jamshedji
Both of these surnames are used interchangeably throughout the whole entry? Volatileacid (talk) 01:36, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I believe it may be caused due to confusion between Jamshedjpur, the city where the iron mill was set. i believe the correct name is Jamsedji 240F:79:57A:1:E022:A35A:5F86:5653 (talk) 04:45, 6 August 2023 (UTC)
 * It's neither Jamsetji nor Jamsedji it's Jamshedji Maheep Singh24 (talk) 15:12, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

Update or Remove the Link at Bottom of the Page
The link is broken for "History of Tata through images". This link needs updating, as it no longer works. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 171.69.152.123 (talk) 19:49, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Legacy section
I have drastically cut the legacy section. The whole section is unsourced and looked like a fan site. I have cut it a lot to remove irrelevancies and unsourced statements. Kingsindian (talk) 18:58, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I have taken out some repetitions and made some minor condensations. The section appears extravagantly eulogistic in places.Cloptonson (talk) 21:55, 2 January 2014 (UTC)

Nauheim or Bad Nauheim?
The article lists both... but they're two different places. Can anyone shed light? -- Y not? 22:47, 15 October 2012 (UTC)

Concerns re: NPOV
This page is excessively laudatory by Wikipedia's internal standards re: neutrality.

I've read a lot of material of Indian origin that purports to be and may in fact be factually accurate but that contains substantial puffery whose tone clashes with the tone of objective detachment to which Wikipedia and other modern Western encyclopedias aspire, ...

... so perhaps the article's tone is fine according to its primary contributors, the cultural perspective from which they approach their writing, and the expectations of people who approach their reading from that same cultural perspective, ...

... but given the tone's mismatch against Wikipedia's internal standards, setting expectations and assigning offsetting/discounting weight according to those standards and those standards alone wouldn't be enough to ensure the accuracy of both the denotation and the connotation of the information that the reader eventually "takes home."

 * 96.36.104.238 (talk) 16:55, 8 May 2015 (UTC)

 * ✅ I've toned down the article and addressed the tag. ‑Ugog Nizdast (talk) 17:25, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:51, 25 January 2019 (UTC)
 * JAMSETJI N. TATA.jpg

Early Life
I have removed some repetition in the early life section so it reads more clearly Ericmakesthree (talk) 04:42, 24 May 2020 (UTC)

The following sentence doesn't make sense. Is it just two combined?
"The opium trade business was mostly confined Tata made many trips abroad, mainly to England, America, Europe, China, and Japan to establish branches for his father's business." DavidFarmbrough (talk) 00:03, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

Jamshedji Tata
A Village of Jharkhand state in India is Jamshedpur which founder was Jamshedji Tata. Shakir436 (talk) 20:33, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

 * what is ur question 240F:79:57A:1:E022:A35A:5F86:5653 (talk) 04:47, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

Why 2 date of birth is shown?
Why 2 date of birth is shown on his page? 27.63.163.99 (talk) 18:50, 9 June 2022 (UTC)

Why 2 dob in his page?
Why so 2 date of birth? 18.3 1822 . And next is 18 .3 .1839. 27.63.163.99 (talk) 18:56, 9 June 2022 (UTC)

Childhood
Nothing 122.177.48.121 (talk) 14:33, 19 January 2023 (UTC)

Ranking of TISCO
"Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited) is Asia's first and India's largest steel company. It became the world's fifth-largest steel company after it acquired Corus Group producing 28 million tonnes of steel annually.".

When i checked online there where many polls with widey diffrent rankings. Either this sentence is based on an unpopular poll or it needs updating(there have been at least 2-3 aquisations since then 240F:79:57A:1:916C:FF30:1C8E:B371 (talk) 03:27, 21 August 2023 (UTC)

Article says Tata was the first businessman despite working in his father's business
The article explicitly states that Jamsetji Tata 'broke tradition' and became the first businessman in his family; however, his father is also listed as a businessman and the article also says that Tata worked in his father's business. Where is the error? Semmal666 (talk) 05:44, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

Requested move 13 July 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Moved as an uncontested request with minimal participation. If there is any objection within a reasonable time frame, please ask me to reopen the discussion; if I am not available, please ask at the technical requests page. (closed by non-admin page mover) Safari Scribe Edits! Talk! 13:40, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

Jamsetji Tata → Jamshedji Tata – "Jamsetji Tata" is the wrong name, and we should revert to The actual name:-"Jamshedji Tata".Maheep Singh24 (talk) 11:00, 13 July 2024 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Jamshedji Tata


text: Category:French classical scholars

title: Category:French classical scholars


text: Category:French printers

title: Category:French printers


text: Category:Printers by nationality

title: Category:Printers by nationality


text: Category:1509 deaths

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text: Category:1509 births

title: Category:1509 births


text: Category:1546 deaths

title: Category:1546 deaths


text: Category:1546 births

title: Category:1546 births


text: Category:1591 deaths

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