text:
Tom London

Tom London (born Leonard T. Clapman; August 24, 1889 – December 5, 1963) was an American actor who played frequently in B-Westerns. According to The Guinness Book of Movie Records, London is credited with appearing in the most films in the history of Hollywood, according to the 2001 book Film Facts, which says that the performer who played in the most films was "Tom London, who made his first of over 2,000 appearances in The Great Train Robbery, 1903. He used his birth name in films until 1924.

Life and career
Born in Louisville, Kentucky, London got his start in movies as a props man in Chicago, Illinois. His debut was in 1915 in the Western Lone Larry, performing under his own name. The first film in which he was billed under his new name was Winds of Chance, a World War I film, in which he played "Sgt. Rock". London was a trick rider and roper, and used his trick skills in scores of Westerns. In the silent-film era, he often played villainous roles, while in later years, he often appeared as the sidekick to Western stars such as Sunset Carson in several films.

One of the busiest character actors, he appeared in over 600 films. London made many guest appearances in television shows through the 1950s, such as The Range Rider, with Jock Mahoney and Dick Jones. He also played Sam, the attendant of Helen Ramirez's (Katy Jurado) in High Noon. His last movie was Underworld U.S.A. in 1961, and his final roles on TV were in Lawman and The Dakotas.

Personal life
London married actress Edith Stayart (1890 - August 7, 1970), born Edythe B. Stayart, who has several roles in films in the 1920s including Nan of the North. On July 5, 1952, he married Louvie Munal in Del Rio, Texas.

Death
London died at his home in North Hollywood at age 74.

Selected filmography

 * 1900s
 * The Great Train Robbery (1903, Short)

 * 1910s
 * Liberty (1916)
 * The Purple Mask (1916) - Robert Jackson, Inventor
 * The Lion's Claws (1918) - Reglis
 * The Heart of Humanity (1918) - Minor Role
 * Leave It to Susan (1918) - Minor Role
 * The Lone Star Ranger (1919) - Minor Role
 * The Last of the Duanes (1919)
 * The Great Air Robbery (1919) - Minor Role
 * The Heart of Humanity (1918)
 * The Lion Man (1919) - Lacey
 * The Heart of Texas (1919)

 * 1920s

 * His Nose in the Book (1920, Short)
 * Her Five-Foot Highness (1920) - Slim Higgins
 * Wolf Tracks (1920, Short)
 * Masked (1920, Short)
 * Under Northern Lights (1920) - Jacques Foucharde
 * 'In Wrong' Wright (1920, Short)
 * King of the Circus (1920, Short)
 * Colorado (1921) - David Collins
 * Ghost City (1921) - Bob Clark
 * Nan of the North (1922) - Dick Driscoll
 * The Long Chance (1922) - John Corbaly
 * The Cowboy and the Lady (1922) - Joe
 * The Social Buccaneer (1923) - Louis Lenoir
 * To the Last Man (1923) - Guy
 * Our Hospitality (1923) - James Canfield (uncredited)
 * The Call of the Canyon (1923) - Lee Stanton
 * Mile-a-Minute Morgan (1924) - Kenneth Winster
 * Heritage of the Desert (1924) - Dave Naab
 * The Right of the Strongest (1924) - Fred Dearing
 * The Perfect Alibi (1924) - Ollie Summers
 * Not Built for Runnin' (1924) - Lem Dodge
 * The Loser's End (1924) - Barney Morris
 * The Air Hawk (1924) - Kellar
 * Not Guilty for Runnin' (1924) - Lem Dodge
 * Headin' Through (1924) - Roy Harlan
 * The Trouble Buster (1925) - Larry Simons
 * The Shield of Silence (1925) - Harry Ramsey
 * The Blood Bond (1925)
 * Border Vengeance (1925) - Flash Denby
 * Winds of Chance (1925) - RCMP Sgt. Rock
 * Three in Exile (1925) - Jed Hawkings
 * Win, Lose or Draw (1925) - Fred Holt
 * Ranchers and Rascals (1925) - Larry Simmons
 * Silent Sheldon (1925) - Bill Fadden
 * Luck and Sand (1925) - Sanger
 * The Demon Rider (1925) - Black Hawk
 * The Cowboy Musketeer (1925) - Joe Dokes
 * Clicking Hoofs (1926)
 * The Bar-C Mystery (1926)
 * Chasing Trouble (1926) - Jerome Garrett
 * Dangerous Traffic (1926) - Marc Brandon
 * Snowed In (1926, Serial) - U.S. Marshal Thayer
 * Code of the Northwest (1926) - Pvt. Frank Stafford
 * West of the Rainbow's End (1926) - Harry Palmer
 * Desert Greed (1926) - Ranger (uncredited)
 * The Grey Devil (1926)
 * The Long Loop on the Pecos (1927) - Laird
 * The Golden Stallion (1927) - Jules La Roux
 * The Return of the Riddle Rider (1927) - Buck White
 * The King of Kings (1927) - Roman Soldier (uncredited)
 * The Little Boss (1927)
 * Border Blackbirds (1927)
 * The Devil's Twin (1927) - Otis Dilbre
 * The Boss of Rustler's Roost (1928) - 'Pronto Giles', the Foreman
 * The Apache Raider (1928) - Griffin Dawson
 * The Bronc Stomper (1928) - Alan Riggs
 * Put 'Em Up (1928) - Jake Lannister
 * The Yellow Cameo (1928) - Spraker
 * The Michigan Kid (1928) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 * Yellow Contraband (1928) - Drag Conners
 * The Price of Fear (1928) - 'Flash' Hardy
 * The Mystery Rider (1928) - David Manning / The Claw
 * In Old Arizona (1928) - Man in Saloon (uncredited)
 * Untamed Justice (1929) - Henchman Jim
 * The Lawless Legion (1929) - Henchman (uncredited)
 * The Harvest of Hate (1929) - Martin Trask
 * Chinatown Nights (1929) - Cop (uncredited)
 * The Border Wildcat (1929) - Joe Kern
 * The Black Watch (1929) - 42nd Highlander (uncredited)
 * Queen of the Northwoods (1929) - Garvin / The Wolf-Devil
 * No More Children (1929) - Detective
 * Hell's Heroes (1929) - Croupier (uncredited)
 * New York Nights (1929) - Cop (uncredited)

 * 1930s

 * The Woman Racket (1930) - Hennessy
 * Firebrand Jordan (1930) - Ed Burns
 * Bar-L Ranch (1930) - Henchman (uncredited)
 * Troopers Three (1930) - Sgt. Hank Darby
 * All Quiet on the Western Front (1930) - 1st Medic Orderly (uncredited)
 * Safety in Numbers (1930) - Motorist (uncredited)
 * Romance of the West (1930) - 'Kayo' Mooney
 * The Storm (1930) - Head Mountie
 * Borrowed Wives (1930) - Mac - Motorcycle Cop (uncredited)
 * River's End (1930) - Mountie (uncredited)
 * Under Texas Skies (1930) - Fake Captain Hartford
 * The Third Alarm (1930) - Fireman Tom
 * See America Thirst (1930) - Spumoni Hood (uncredited)
 * Westward Bound (1930) - Dick - Rustler
 * The Spell of the Circus (1931) - Butte Morgan
 * Sheer Luck (1931) - Police Lieutenant
 * Trails of the Golden West (1931)
 * Dishonored (1931) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 * Air Police (1931) - Spike - Joe's Henchman
 * Gun Smoke (1931) - Hank Bailey (uncredited)
 * Quick Millions (1931) - Atlas Newsreel Man (uncredited)
 * The Secret Six (1931) - Blackjacking Gangster (uncredited)
 * The Two Gun Man (1931) - Lem Tolliver
 * East of Borneo (1931)
 * Lightnin' Smith Returns (1931) - Lightning' Smith
 * The Galloping Ghost (1931, Serial) - Mullins - Henchman
 * Arizona Terror (1931) - Chuckawalla - Henchman
 * Range Law (1931) - Henchman Cleve
 * Lasca of the Rio Grande (1931) - (uncredited)
 * Platinum Blonde (1931) - Reporter (uncredited)
 * Men in Her Life (1931) - Court Bailiff (uncredited)
 * West of Broadway (1931) - Cowhand (uncredited)
 * The Sea Ghost (1931) - Barroom Sailor (uncredited)
 * Valley of Badmen (1931) - Horton
 * Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 * Without Honors (1932) - 'Sholt' Fletcher
 * One Man Law (1932) - Syndicate Land Buyer (uncredited)
 * Cock of the Air (1932) - Military Policeman (uncredited)
 * The Beast of the City (1932) - First Policeman Killed in Final Raid (uncredited)
 * Shopworn (1932) - 'Pa' Lane (uncredited)
 * Outlaw Justice (1932) - Henchman Hank
 * The Boiling Point (1932) - Pete Mallis
 * The Silver Lining (1932) - Central Park Mugger (uncredited)
 * The Trial of Vivienne Ware (1932) - Cop at Door (uncredited)
 * Ghost Valley (1932) - Henchman Red (uncredited)
 * Honor of the Mounted (1932) - Henchman (uncredited)
 * Beyond the Rockies (1932) - Henchman Kirk Tracy
 * The Thirteenth Guest (1932) - Detective Carter (uncredited)
 * The Lost Special (1932, Serial) - Jim Dirk / Detective Dane
 * Laughter in Hell (1933) - Guard (uncredited)
 * The Iron Master (1933) - Turner
 * Clancy of the Mounted (1933, Serial) - Corporal McGregor
 * The Thundering Herd (1933) - Henchman (uncredited)
 * King of the Jungle (1933) - Lion Attendant (uncredited)
 * Gabriel Over the White House (1933) - Secret Service Man (uncredited)
 * The Whispering Shadow (1933, Serial) - Dupont - Henchman #5 [Chs. 1–8,12] (uncredited)
 * Justice Takes a Holiday (1933) - Convict (uncredited)
 * The Big Cage (1933) - Ship Captain (uncredited)
 * Made on Broadway (1933) - Plainclothesman (uncredited)
 * The Phantom of the Air (1933, Serial) - Jim - Radio Man (uncredited)
 * The Nuisance (1933) - Kelley's Associate (uncredited)
 * Sunset Pass (1933) - Ben
 * The Man from Monterey (1933) - Lt. Adams (uncredited)
 * The Fugitive (1933) - Tom - Foreman
 * Gordon of Ghost City (1933, Serial) - Pat Campbell (Ch's. 6 & 7) (uncredited)
 * One Year Later (1933) - Taxicab Driver (uncredited)
 * Man of the Forest (1933) - Ranch Hand (uncredited)
 * Lady for a Day (1933) - Reception Guest (uncredited)
 * Brief Moment (1933) - Thug (uncredited)
 * Police Car 17 (1933) - Detective (uncredited)
 * The Wolf Dog (1933, Serial) - Brooks
 * I'm No Angel (1933) - Sideshow Spectator (uncredited)
 * Broadway Thru a Keyhole (1933) - Member of Rocci's Mob (uncredited)
 * The Perils of Pauline (1933, Serial) - Soldier at American Consulate (uncredited)
 * Lone Cowboy (1933) - Conductor (uncredited)
 * Smoky (1933) - Horse Trader (uncredited)
 * Beggars in Ermine (1934) - Steel Worker (uncredited)
 * The Crime Doctor (1934) - Detective at Airport Arrest (uncredited)
 * The Countess of Monte Cristo (1934) - Police Detective (uncredited)
 * I Believed in You (1934) - Policeman (uncredited)
 * Mystery Ranch (1934) - Blake
 * St. Louis Woman (1934) - Lions Coach Ryan
 * The Vanishing Shadow (1934, Serial) - Policeman [Chs. 1, 4] (uncredited)
 * Ferocious Pal (1934) - Dave Brownell
 * Twisted Rails (1934) - Sheriff James
 * Monte Carlo Nights (1934) - Blondie's Brother (uncredited)
 * Hollywood Party (1934) - Paul Revere (uncredited)
 * Rawhide Mail (1934) - Al - Barfly (uncredited)
 * Such Women Are Dangerous (1934) - Bailiff (uncredited)
 * Burn 'Em Up Barnes (1934, Serial) - Parsons - Oil Speculator [Chs. 10-12] (uncredited)
 * Baby, Take a Bow (1934) - Man on Train (uncredited)
 * Fighting Hero (1934) - Sheriff
 * Bachelor Bait (1934) - Detective (uncredited)
 * The Cat's-Paw (1934) - Murph - Cop (uncredited)
 * The Captain Hates the Sea (1934) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 * The Oil Raider (1934) - Oil Well Driller (uncredited)
 * Outlaw's Highway (1934) - Chet
 * The Prescott Kid (1934) - Henchman Slim (uncredited)
 * Men of the Night (1934) - Dave Burns (uncredited)
 * Jealousy (1934) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 * Mystery Mountain (1934, Serial) - Morgan - Rattler Henchman
 * Mills of the Gods (1934) - Workman (uncredited)
 * When Lightning Strikes (1934) - Wolf
 * The Cactus Kid (1935) - Sheriff
 * Law Beyond the Range (1935) - Jerry Grant (uncredited)
 * The Whole Town's Talking (1935) - Guard (uncredited)
 * The Revenge Rider (1935) - Deputy Peters (uncredited)
 * Million Dollar Haul (1935) - Henchman Joe
 * The Miracle Rider (1935, Serial) - Sewell - Henchman
 * The Tia Juana Kid (1935) - Gang Leader
 * Goin' to Town (1935) - Cowboy (uncredited)
 * $10 Raise (1935) - Warehouse Foreman (uncredited)
 * Toll of the Desert (1935) - Sheriff Jackson
 * The Test (1935) - Trapper (uncredited)
 * Let 'Em Have It (1935) - Penitentiary Guard (uncredited)
 * Justice of the Range (1935) - Barfly (uncredited)
 * The Roaring West (1935, Serial) - Henchman Butch
 * Rio Rattler (1935) - Ranger Bob Adams
 * Trails End (1935) - Randall's Henchman
 * Tumbling Tumbleweeds (1935) - Henchman Sykes (uncredited)
 * Red Salute (1935) - Navy Officer (uncredited)
 * Cappy Ricks Returns (1935) - Sailor (uncredited)
 * Courage of the North (1935) - Mordant
 * Timber Terrors (1935) - Burke
 * This Is the Life (1935) - Highway Patrol Officer (uncredited)
 * Barbary Coast (1935) - Ringsider with Bar Girl (uncredited)
 * Way Down East (1935) - Town Choir Singer (uncredited)
 * Grand Exit (1935) - Policeman (uncredited)
 * Hong Kong Nights (1935) - Blake
 * The Sagebrush Troubadour (1935) - Sheriff (uncredited)
 * The Last of the Clintons (1935) - Luke Todd
 * The Fighting Marines (1935, Serial) - Miller - Henchman M-90
 * Gallant Defender (1935) - Smiley, Wounded Henchman (uncredited)
 * Gun Play (1935) - Meeker
 * Skull and Crown (1935) - Jennings - Henchman
 * Just My Luck (1935) - Plant Manager
 * Five Bad Men (1935)
 * The Mysterious Avenger (1936) - Henchman (uncredited)
 * The Lawless Nineties (1936) - Ward - Henchman
 * Wildcat Saunders (1936) - Pete Hawkins
 * Call of the Prairie (1936) - Dealer (uncredited)
 * O'Malley of the Mounted (1936) - Lefty - Henchman
 * Heroes of the Range (1936) - Bud
 * The Clutching Hand (1936, Serial) - Nellie D Sailor [Chs. 1,11-14] (uncredited)
 * Avenging Waters (1936) - Henchman Huffy (uncredited)
 * Pinto Rustlers (1936) - Rustler (uncredited)
 * The Border Patrolman (1936) - Johnson
 * Guns and Guitars (1936) - Henchman Connor
 * The Crime of Dr. Forbes (1936) - Iron Worker (uncredited)
 * The Phantom Rider (1936, Serial) - Henchman Tom (Ch's 12–14) (uncredited)
 * The Bride Walks Out (1936) - Ship's Officer (uncredited)
 * Pepper (1936) - Guard (uncredited)
 * Sworn Enemy (1936) - Gangster (uncredited)
 * Bulldog Edition (1936) - Henchman (uncredited)
 * Ramona (1936) - American Settler (uncredited)
 * Sworn Enemy (1936) - Henchman Sneed
 * Career Woman (1936) - Bailiff—Clarkdale (uncredited)
 * Secret Valley (1937) - 2nd Taxi Driver (uncredited)
 * Santa Fe Rides (1937) - Sheriff (uncredited)
 * The Silver Trail (1937) - Looney
 * I Promise to Pay (1937) - Arresting Detective (uncredited)
 * Bar-Z Bad Men (1937) - Sig Bostell
 * The Frame-Up (1937) - Fred (uncredited)
 * Law of the Ranger (1937) - Henchman Pete
 * Venus Makes Trouble (1937) - Stanton Crony (uncredited)
 * This Is My Affair (1937) - Lil's Flustered Spectator (uncredited)
 * Angel's Holiday (1937) - Truck Driver (uncredited)
 * Roaring Timber (1937) - Henchman 'Duke'
 * Three Legionnaires (1937) - Joe- Motorcycle Military Policeman (uncredited)
 * Outlaws of the Orient (1937) - Red (uncredited)
 * Western Gold (1937) - Clem
 * Jungle Menace (1937, Serial) - Detective Interrogating Pete (uncredited)
 * Sky Racket (1937) - Detective in Chase Car (uncredited)
 * Radio Patrol (1937, Serial) - Eddie Lewis (uncredited)
 * The Old Wyoming Trail (1937) - Townsman (uncredited)
 * Springtime in the Rockies (1937) - Tracy
 * Blossoms on Broadway (1937) - Cop (uncredited)
 * Zorro Rides Again (1937, Serial) - O'Shea [Ch. 1]
 * Courage of the West (1937) - Gold Guard (uncredited)
 * The Mysterious Pilot (1937, Serial) - Kilgour - Henchman [Chs.1,3-4,6-9]
 * The Lone Ranger (1938, Serial) - Felton - Henchman
 * The Painted Trail (1938) - Towers (uncredited)
 * Outlaws of Sonora (1938) - Sheriff Trask
 * Flight Into Nowhere (1938) - Mechanic (uncredited)
 * Six Shootin' Sheriff (1938) - Bar X Foreman
 * Phantom Ranger (1938) - Reynolds
 * The Fighting Devil Dogs (1938, Serial) - Henchman Wilson [Chs. 2–5, 9]
 * Riders of the Black Hills (1938) - Henchman Red Stevens
 * Stagecoach Days (1938) - Sheriff (uncredited)
 * Squadron of Honor (1938) - Legionnaire (uncredited)
 * The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok (1938, Serial) - Henchman Kilgore (Ch.2) (uncredited)
 * Pioneer Trail (1938) - Sam Harden
 * Little Tough Guy (1938) - Detective Driving Car (uncredited)
 * Smashing the Rackets (1938) - Dixon - Detective (uncredited)
 * Sunset Trail (1938) - Jake, Trail Patrol Captain (uncredited)
 * The Colorado Trail (1938) - Townsman (uncredited)
 * Juvenile Court (1938) - Policeman at Accident (uncredited)
 * The Renegade Ranger (1938) - Red
 * Black Bandit (1938) - Tom - Cowhand (uncredited)
 * Prairie Moon (1938) - Henchman Steve
 * The Spider's Web (1938, Serial) - Cop in Bank (uncredited)
 * Guilty Trails (1938) - Greasy - Rustler (uncredited)
 * In Early Arizona (1938) - Fred - Town Councilman (uncredited)
 * Rhythm of the Saddle (1938) - Red Malone (uncredited)
 * Santa Fe Stampede (1938) - Marshal Jim Wood
 * Song of the Buckaroo (1938) - Sheriff Wade
 * California Frontier (1938) - Sheriff Tom Watkins (uncredited)
 * Jesse James (1939) - Soldier (uncredited)
 * Made for Each Other (1939) - Ranger (uncredited)
 * Rollin' Westward (1939) - Sheriff
 * Lure of the Wasteland (1939) - Carlton Foreman
 * Southward Ho (1939) - Union Sergeant
 * Trouble in Sundown (1939) - Doctor (uncredited)
 * Mexicali Rose (1939) - Alcade's Aide (uncredited)
 * Let Us Live (1939) - Police Sergeant (uncredited)
 * North of the Yukon (1939) - Carter
 * The Night Riders (1939) - Rancher Wilson
 * Man from Texas (1939) - Henchman Slim
 * The Rookie Cop (1939) - Detective Ryan (uncredited)
 * Mandrake the Magician (1939, Serial) - Mill River Inn Henchman (uncredited)
 * Mountain Rhythm (1939) - Deputy Tom
 * Timber Stampede (1939) - Cattle Thief (uncredited)
 * The Oregon Trail (1939, Serial) - Pete Cave Henchman [Ch. 12] (uncredited)
 * Frontier Marshal (1939) - (scenes deleted)
 * Fangs of the Wild (1939) - Larry Dean
 * Konga, the Wild Stallion (1939) - Cowhand (uncredited)
 * Full Confession (1939) - Prison Guard (uncredited)
 * Flaming Lead (1939) - Bart Daggett
 * Allegheny Uprising (1939) - Settler at McDowell's Mill (uncredited)
 * Westbound Stage (1939) - Parker - Henchman

 * 1940s

 * The Shadow (1940, Serial) - Hijacked Truck Driver (uncredited)
 * Five Little Peppers at Home (1940) - Miner (uncredited)
 * Northwest Passage (1940) - Ranger (uncredited)
 * Phantom Rancher (1940) - Sheriff Parker
 * Viva Cisco Kid (1940) - Town Marshal (uncredited)
 * Ghost Valley Raiders (1940) - Sheriff
 * Dark Command (1940) - Messenger (uncredited)
 * Shooting High (1940) - Eph Carson
 * Covered Wagon Days (1940) - Martin
 * Gaucho Serenade (1940) - Sheriff Tom Olson (uncredited)
 * Lillian Russell (1940) - Frank (uncredited)
 * The Kid from Santa Fe (1940) - Bill Stewart
 * Prairie Law (1940) - Nester (uncredited)
 * Wild Horse Range (1940) - Arnold
 * Winners of the West (1940, Serial) - Henchman Webb [Ch. 13] (uncredited)
 * Deadwood Dick (1940, Serial) - Jake (uncredited)
 * When the Daltons Rode (1940) - Lyncher (uncredited)
 * Stage to Chino (1940) - Dolan - Henchman
 * The Ranger and the Lady (1940) - Independent Freight Wagon Driver (uncredited)
 * Roll Wagons Roll (1940) - Henchman Matt Grimes
 * Brigham Young (1940) - Raider (uncredited)
 * Boom Town (1940) - Sheriff Harris (uncredited)
 * Junior G-Men (1940, Serial) - Kearney - Riot Squad Cop [Ch. 1] (uncredited)
 * Wagon Train (1940) - Charlie (uncredited)
 * The Gay Caballero (1940) - Man at Fiesta (uncredited)
 * Trailing Double Trouble (1940) - Henchman Kirk
 * Youth Will Be Served (1940) - Engineer (uncredited)
 * Melody Ranch (1940) - Joe #2 - Henchman (uncredited)
 * Lone Star Raiders (1940) - Ranch Hand
 * Romance of the Rio Grande (1940) - U. S. Marshal
 * The Green Hornet Strikes Again! (1940, Serial) - Thug with Explosives (uncredited)
 * San Francisco Docks (1940) - Longshoreman (uncredited)
 * Riders from Nowhere (1940) - Mason
 * Ridin' on a Rainbow (1941) - Rancher Harris (uncredited)
 * Western Union (1941) - Slade Henchman #3 (uncredited)
 * Across the Sierras (1941) - Man on Wagon (uncredited)
 * The Lone Wolf Takes a Chance (1941) - Cop Getting Crane (uncredited)
 * Pals of the Pecos (1941) - Sheriff Jeff
 * Robbers of the Range (1941) - Henchman Monk Saunders
 * The Spider Returns (1941, Serial) - Detective [Ch. 13] (uncredited)
 * The Cowboy and the Blonde (1941) - Horse Stable Groom (uncredited)
 * Adventure in Washington (1941) - Guard (uncredited)
 * Billy the Kid (1941) - Leader (uncredited)
 * Men of the Timberland (1941) - Lumberjack (uncredited)
 * Broadway Limited (1941) - Engineer (uncredited)
 * Two in a Taxi (1941) - Police Officer (uncredited)
 * The Son of Davy Crockett (1941) - Logan - Ranger (uncredited)
 * Wanderers of the West (1941) - Montana Sheriff
 * The Parson of Panamint (1941) - Mining Forman (uncredited)
 * Fugitive Valley (1941) - Marshal Warren
 * The Lone Rider in Frontier Fury (1941) - Curley
 * Dynamite Canyon (1941) - Captain Gray
 * Wild Geese Calling (1941) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 * Bad Man of Deadwood (1941) - Townsman (uncredited)
 * Stick to Your Guns (1941) - Waffles - Bar 20 Cowhand
 * Last of the Duanes (1941) - Bland Henchman (uncredited)
 * Twilight on the Trail (1941) - Henchman Gregg
 * Riding the Sunset Trail (1941) - Sheriff Hays
 * Underground Rustlers (1941) - Henchman Tom Harris
 * Dude Cowboy (1941) - Silver City Sheriff
 * Forbidden Trails (1941) - Marshal Tom (uncredited)
 * Arizona Terrors (1942) - Rancher Wade
 * West of Tombstone (1942) - Morris
 * Cowboy Serenade (1942) - Checker (uncredited)
 * Valley of the Sun (1942) - Trooper Parker (uncredited)
 * Riding the Wind (1942) - Silent Townsman (uncredited)
 * Lone Star Ranger (1942) - Henchman (uncredited)
 * Ghost Town Law (1942) - Ace
 * Spy Smasher (1942, Serial) - Crane
 * Land of the Open Range (1942) - Henchman Tracy Briggs
 * Down Texas Way (1942) - Pete
 * Stardust on the Sage (1942) - MacGowan
 * Perils of the Royal Mounted (1942) - Gaynor - Trapper / Townsman
 * Tombstone, the Town Too Tough to Die (1942) - Jailer (uncredited)
 * Sons of the Pioneers (1942) - Joe #1 - Henchman (uncredited)
 * Riders of the West (1942) - Slim - Lanky Henchman (uncredited)
 * Shadows on the Sage (1942) - Franklin
 * The Secret Code (1942, Serial) - Weather Bureau Guard (uncredited)
 * Bandit Ranger (1942) - Cattle Rustler (uncredited)
 * The Omaha Trail (1942) - Oxen Train Bullwhacker (uncredited)
 * West of the Law (1942) - Charlie the Bartender (uncredited)
 * War Dogs (1942) - Hinkel - Fifth columnist (uncredited)
 * Junior Army (1942) - State Trooper (uncredited)
 * Red River Robin Hood (1942) - Sheriff Del Auston
 * The Ox-Bow Incident (1942) - Deputy (uncredited)
 * American Empire (1942) - Rider with Crowder's Posse (uncredited)
 * The Valley of Vanishing Men (1942, Serial) - Slater - Henchman
 * Ridin' Down the Canyon (1942) - Henchman (uncredited)
 * Fighting Frontier (1943) - Henchman Snap
 * Tenting Tonight on the Old Camp Ground (1943) - Henchman Pete
 * No Place for a Lady (1943) - Air Raid Warden (uncredited)
 * Carson City Cyclone (1943) - 1st Sheriff (uncredited)
 * Bad Men of Thunder Gap (1943) - Hank Turner
 * Idaho (1943) - Henchman (uncredited)
 * Santa Fe Scouts (1943) - Billy Dawson
 * Wild Horse Stampede (1943) - Henchman Westy
 * Daredevils of the West (1943, Serial) - Miller - Henchman (Ch. 1) (uncredited)
 * West of Texas (1943) - Steve Conlon
 * Song of Texas (1943) - Race Official (uncredited)
 * The Stranger from Pecos (1943) - Deputy Steve (uncredited)
 * Batman (1943, Serial) - Andrews - Henchman (uncredited)
 * The Masked Marvel (1943, Serial) - Marine Café Patron #2 (uncredited)
 * Six Gun Gospel (1943) - Murdered Gambler
 * Silver Spurs (1943) - Henchman (uncredited)
 * The Black Hills Express (1943) - Quitting Driver (uncredited)
 * Wagon Tracks West (1943) - Lem Martin
 * The Renegade (1943) - Henchman Pete
 * Hail to the Rangers (1943) - Jessup
 * The Man from the Rio Grande (1943) - King City Marshal (uncredited)
 * False Colors (1943) - Poncho Townsman (uncredited)
 * Overland Mail Robbery (1943) - Sheriff
 * Canyon City (1943) - Sheriff Slocum (uncredited)
 * In Old Oklahoma (1943) - Tom - Farmer on Train (uncredited)
 * California Joe (1943) - Whitey (uncredited)
 * The Woman of the Town (1943) - Crockett Henchman (uncredited)
 * The Fighting Seabees (1944) - Johnson (uncredited)
 * Captain America (1944, Serial) - Mack - Garage Thug [Ch. 7] (uncredited)
 * Beneath Western Skies (1944) - Earl Phillips
 * Mojave Firebrand (1944) - Miner (uncredited)
 * Hidden Valley Outlaws (1944) - Sheriff McBride
 * Rosie the Riveter (1944) - 1st Policeman Arresting Rosie (uncredited)
 * The Lady and the Monster (1944) - Man Who Tails Cory (uncredited)
 * Tucson Raiders (1944) - Matthews (voice, uncredited)
 * Riding West (1944) - Gubbins (uncredited)
 * The Tiger Woman (1944, Serial) - Capt. Dumont [Chs. 1, 9-10] (uncredited)
 * Silent Partner (1944) - Cop (uncredited)
 * Man from Frisco (1944) - Old Salt (uncredited)
 * The Yellow Rose of Texas (1944) - Sheriff Allen
 * Marshal of Reno (1944) - Sheriff
 * Call of the Rockies (1944) - Henchman Hansen
 * Silver City Kid (1944) - Sheriff Gibson
 * Three Little Sisters (1944) - Twitchell
 * The Girl Who Dared (1944) - Neilson - Gas Station Owner (uncredited)
 * The San Antonio Kid (1944) - Henchman Long
 * Stagecoach to Monterey (1944) - Chester Wade
 * Cheyenne Wildcat (1944) - Harrison Colby
 * Code of the Prairie (1944) - Henchman Loomis
 * My Buddy (1944) - Guard (uncredited)
 * Sheriff of Sundown (1944) - Sheriff Tom Carpenter
 * Vigilantes of Dodge City (1944) - Denver
 * Zorro's Black Whip (1944, Serial) - Commissioner James Bradley
 * Faces in the Fog (1944) - Auto Court Manager
 * Firebrands of Arizona (1944) - Wagon Driver
 * Thoroughbreds (1944) - Pop
 * Grissly's Millions (1945) - Policeman Ralph
 * The Topeka Terror (1945) - William Hardy
 * Great Stagecoach Robbery (1945) - Townsman (uncredited)
 * Sheriff of Cimarron (1945) - Frank Holden
 * Earl Carroll Vanities (1945) - Tom - Doorman
 * Corpus Christi Bandits (1945) - Rocky
 * Three's a Crowd (1945) - Grayson
 * Flame of Barbary Coast (1945) - Thompson - Townsman in Mob (uncredited)
 * Bells of Rosarita (1945) - Studio Gate Guard (uncredited)
 * Federal Operator 99 (1945, Serial) - Prof. Crawford [Chs. 5-6]
 * Road to Alcatraz (1945) - Guard (uncredited)
 * Trail of Kit Carson (1945) - John Benton
 * Oregon Trail (1945) - Sheriff Plenner
 * Phantom of the Plains (1945) - Duchess Suitor (uncredited)
 * Behind City Lights (1945) - Andrew Coleman
 * Sunset in El Dorado (1945) - Sheriff Gridley
 * Marshal of Laredo (1945) - Barton
 * Sunset in El Dorado (1945) - Ben Duncan - Sheriff of Twin Wells
 * Rough Riders of Cheyenne (1945) - Sheriff Edwards
 * Dakota (1945) - Old-timer (uncredited)
 * Girls of the Big House (1945) - Sheriff at Alma's Cell (uncredited)
 * Colorado Pioneers (1945) - Sand Snipe
 * The Cherokee Flash (1945) - Utah
 * Wagon Wheels Westward (1945) - Fake Judge James E. Worth
 * The Phantom Rider (1946, Serial) - Ceta - Medicine Man
 * Days of Buffalo Bill (1946) - Banty McCabe
 * California Gold Rush (1946) - Sheriff Peabody
 * Crime of the Century (1946) - Dr. Jackson
 * Sheriff of Redwood Valley (1946) - Sheriff
 * Murder in the Music Hall (1946) - Ryan - Police Officer
 * The Undercover Woman (1946) - Lem Stone
 * Alias Billy the Kid (1946) - Dakota
 * King of the Forest Rangers (1946, Serial) - Tom Judson [Ch. 1]
 * Sun Valley Cyclone (1946) - Sheriff
 * Passkey to Danger (1946) - Gerald Bates
 * In Old Sacramento (1946) - Bartender (uncredited)
 * Man from Rainbow Valley (1946) - Healey
 * My Pal Trigger (1946) - Hotel Clerk (uncredited)
 * Night Train to Memphis (1946) - Train Conductor (uncredited)
 * Red River Renegades (1946) - Pop Underwood
 * Conquest of Cheyenne (1946) - Sheriff Dan Perkins
 * G.I. War Brides (1946) - (uncredited)
 * The Invisible Informer (1946) - Eph Shroud
 * Rio Grande Raiders (1946) - Sheriff Tom Hammon
 * Roll on Texas Moon (1946) - Sheriff Bert Morris
 * Santa Fe Uprising (1946) - Lafe Dibble
 * Affairs of Geraldine (1946) - Studio Actor (uncredited)
 * Out California Way (1946) - Johnny
 * Son of Zorro (1947, Serial) - Mark Daniels (uncredited)
 * Last Frontier Uprising (1947) - Skillet - Ranch Cook
 * Homesteaders of Paradise Valley (1947) - Rancher
 * Twilight on the Rio Grande (1947) - Tom - U.S. Customs Agent (uncredited)
 * Dick Tracy's Dilemma (1947) - Cop in Squad Car (uncredited)
 * That's My Man (1947) - Racetrack Man (uncredited)
 * Saddle Pals (1947) - Dad Gardner
 * Rustlers of Devil's Canyon (1947) - The Sheriff
 * Blackmail (1947) - Tom - Cashier (uncredited)
 * Wyoming (1947) - Will Jennings
 * Jesse James Rides Again (1947, Serial) - Sam Bolton
 * Marshal of Cripple Creek (1947) - Baker
 * Along the Oregon Trail (1947) - Wagon Boss
 * Heaven Only Knows (1947) - Townsman (uncredited)
 * Driftwood (1947) - Townsman (uncredited)
 * The Wild Frontier (1947) - Patrick MacSween
 * Under Colorado Skies (1947) - Sheriff Blanchard
 * Superman (1948, Serial) - Old-Timer at Mine (uncredited)
 * Marshal of Amarillo (1948) - Mr. Snodgrass
 * Mark of the Lash (1948) - Lem Kimmerly
 * The Far Frontier (1948) - Anderson (uncredited)
 * Frontier Investigator (1949) - Jed
 * Brand of Fear (1949) - Marshal Blackjack Flint
 * South of Rio (1949) - Jim Weston
 * Sand (1949) - Clem (uncredited)
 * San Antone Ambush (1949) - Tim - Bartender
 * Riders in the Sky (1949) - Old Man Roberts
 * Texas Manhunt (1949) - Colonel

 * 1950s

 * Cody of the Pony Express (1950, Serial) - Doc Laramie
 * The Old Frontier (1950) - Banker
 * Gunfire (1950) - Barfly (uncredited)
 * The Blazing Sun (1950) - Tom Ellis
 * Rough Riders of Durango (1951) - Evans - Rancher
 * The Secret of Convict Lake (1951) - Jerry - Posse Member (uncredited)
 * The Hills of Utah (1951) - Mayor Donovan (uncredited)
 * The Old West (1952) - Chadwick (uncredited)
 * Trail Guide (1952) - Old Timer
 * Rancho Notorious (1952) - Deputy in Gunsight (uncredited)
 * High Noon (1952) - Sam (uncredited)
 * Apache Country (1952) - Patches - Stage Driver (uncredited)
 * Blue Canadian Rockies (1952) - Pop Phillips
 * The Marshal's Daughter (1953) - Sheriff Bill (uncredited)
 * Pack Train (1953) - Dan Coleman
 * Calamity Jane (1953) - Prospector (uncredited)
 * Tarantula (1955) - Jeb - First Tramp (uncredited)
 * Top Gun (1955) - Casey (uncredited)
 * Tribute to a Bad Man (1956) - Cowboy (uncredited)
 * Quincannon, Frontier Scout (1956) - Livery Stableman (uncredited)
 * The Young Guns (1956) - Lookout (uncredited)
 * Friendly Persuasion (1956) - Farmer on Front Line with Gard (uncredited)
 * The Storm Rider (1957) - Todd (uncredited)
 * Outlaw's Son (1957) - Ore Wagon Driver (uncredited)
 * Domino Kid (1957) - Davis - Rancher (uncredited)
 * The Tall Stranger (1957) - Ranch Hand (uncredited)
 * Day of the Badman (1958) - Roy (uncredited)
 * The Sheepman (1958) - Townsman (uncredited)
 * Once Upon a Horse... (1958) - Old-Timer (uncredited)
 * Man of the West (1958) - Tom (uncredited)
 * The Saga of Hemp Brown (1958) - Floyd Leacock (uncredited)
 * Good Day for a Hanging (1959) - Farmer Driving Wagon (uncredited)
 * Lone Texan (1959) - Old Dan (uncredited)
 * Bat Masterson (1959) - Once as the Town sheriff and another as drunken prisoner (uncredited)

 * 1960s
 * Let No Man Write My Epitaph (1960) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 * Underworld U.S.A. (1961) - Drunk (uncredited)
 * Bat Masterson (1961, TV Series) - Eddie
 * 13 West Street (1962) - Prisoner (uncredited)

title: Tom London


text: Category:Copy editing

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Copy editing


text:
Vito Marcantonio

Vito Anthony Marcantonio (December 10, 1902 – August 9, 1954) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the socialist leader of East Harlem for seven terms in the United States House of Representatives.

For most of his political career, he was a member of the American Labor Party, believing that neither major American political party supported the interests of the working class. For two years prior to his party switching to Labor, he was a New Deal coalition member of the progressive branch of the Republican Party as a supporter of Fiorello LaGuardia (the progressive, pro-New Deal Republican mayor of New York at the time). Marcantonio was a socialist and avid supporter of political causes and positions which he deemed in the interests of the working class, poor, immigrants, labor unions, and African-American civil rights.

Marcantonio represented the neighborhood of East Harlem in New York City (containing the smaller neighborhoods of Italian Harlem and Spanish Harlem), which was home to many ethnic Italians, Jews, African-Americans, and Puerto Ricans. He spoke Spanish, Italian, and English. Marcantonio advocated fiercely for the rights of African-Americans, Italian-American immigrants, and Puerto Rican immigrants in Harlem, as well as for unions and workers in general.

Early life and education
Marcantonio was the son of an American-born father and Italian-born mother, both with origins in Picerno, in the Basilicata region of Southern Italy. He was born on December 10, 1902, in the impoverished Italian Harlem ghetto of East Harlem, New York City. He attended New York City public schools, becoming the only member of his class from East Harlem to graduate from De Witt Clinton High School in Hell's Kitchen, and eventually received his LL.B. from the New York University School of Law in 1925.

Career
In the 1920 United States presidential election, Marcantonio campaigned for Parley P. Christensen, the candidate of the Farmer-Labor Party. In 1924, he became campaign manager for the congressional campaign of Fiorello La Guardia, then a Progressive–Socialist. Together, LaGuardia and Marcantonio also campaigned for U.S. Senator Robert M. La Follette for President. Marcantonio also became secretary of the Tenants League, which fought high rents and evictions.

After passing the New York bar examination in 1925, Marcatonio began practicing law, first for Foster, La Guardia, and Cutler. He clerked at the law firm of Swinburne Hale, Walter Nelles, and Isaac Shorr, known for its representation of politically radical individuals and organizations. There, he worked with labor lawyer Joseph R. Brodsky, who "significantly contributed to his left orientation" toward Marxism.

From 1926 to 1932, Marcantonio ran La Guardia's campaigns every two years. From 1930 to 1931, he worked as an assistant United States attorney.

U.S. Congress
Marcantonio was first elected to the United States House of Representatives from New York in 1934 as a Republican. He received a warm write-up in the New Masses in the November 1936 issue. He served in the House from 1935 until 1937 but was defeated in 1936 for re-election. Marcantonio's district was centered in his native East Harlem, New York City, which had many residents and immigrants of Italian and Puerto Rican origin. Fluent in Spanish as well as Italian, he was considered an ally of the Puerto Rican and Italian-American communities, and an advocate for the rights of the workers, immigrants, and the poor.

In 1939, Marcantonio criticized the 1936 prosecution and conviction of Puerto Rican Nationalist Party president Pedro Albizu Campos on charges of sedition and other crimes against the United States. In addition to defending the Puerto Rican and Italian communities and common workers, Marcantonio was a strong advocate of Harlem's African-American communities and fought vehemently for black civil rights decades before the civil rights movement of the 1950s–1960s. In either 1937 or 1938, Marcantonio became a member of the American Labor Party (ALP). He was elected to the House again from New York in 1938, and served this time for six terms, from 1939 to 1951, being reelected in the elections of 1940, 1942, 1944, 1946, and 1948. He was so popular in that district that he cross-filed in the cross-filing primaries between Democratic and Republican primaries, and won the nominations of both parties. He also gained the endorsement of the ALP, in an example of electoral fusion.

Aside from Marcantonio, the only other ALP congressman was Leo Isacson, who served in Congress from 1948 to 1949, after winning a special election; he was defeated in the next general election. On election day in 1946, a Republican election captain named Joseph Scottoriggio, who was supporting Marcantonio's opponent, was severely beaten and died days later. New York City mobster Mike Coppola is believed to have been responsible.

On November 25, 1947, the day after the House voted for indictment of the Hollywood Ten for contempt of Congress, Representative Walter Judd attacked Marcantonio by likening the ALP to the China Democratic League in China at that time. He said: "The history of the Democratic League is astonishingly like that of the American Labor Party to which the gentleman belongs. It was originally a coalition of labor groups, liberals and Communists. Then the genuine liberals discovered that it and they were being used as fronts or tools of the Communists, and, as the gentleman from New York is well aware, they broke off and established the Liberal Party."

In 1948, Marcantonio was an avid supporter of former Vice President Henry A. Wallace, who ran for President on the Progressive Party ticket. A campaign film by Carl Marzani shows Marcantonio's district and his efforts on its behalf. Marcantonio was reelected. In 1949, Marcantonio ran for Mayor of New York City on the ALP ticket but was defeated.

Marcantonio was able to win reelection in 1948 due to the Democrats and Republicans splitting the vote. Republican Thomas J. Curran and Democratic Ferdinand Pecora worked together to find a compromise candidate. Jonathan Brewster Bingham, John Ellis, James J. Lanzetta, Thomas Francis Murphy, and Wendell Willkie's wife Edith Willkie were considered. James G. Donovan was selected.

Marcantonio attacked Donovan as a "Sutton Place Dixiecrat". He was defeated by Donovan in the 1950 election. The Liberals opposed Donovan in later elections. The passage of the Wilson Pakula Act in 1947 also played some part in Marcantonio's defeat. The law prevented candidates from running in the primaries of parties with which they were not affiliated. It was widely perceived as being directed against Marcantonio. As the sole representative of his party for most of his years in Congress, Marcantonio never held a committee chairmanship. After his defeat in 1950 and the withdrawal of the Communist Party support for the ALP, the party soon fell apart.

Political ideology
Marcantonio was inspired politically by his Roman Catholic faith. He had always identified himself as a Catholic. In 1939, while speaking at the National Conference of the ILD, he described himself as "a Roman Catholic who has not deserted the faith of his fathers."

Marcantonio, who was arguably one of the most left-wing members of Congress, said that party loyalty was less important than voting with his conscience. He was sympathetic to the Socialist and Communist parties, and to labor unions. He was investigated by the FBI in the 1940s and 1950s because of his extensive affiliation with members of the Communist Party and known Communist front groups.

Civil rights
In 2010, historian Thaddeus Russell described Marcantonio as "one of the greatest champions of black civil rights during the 1930s and 1940s." He sponsored bills to prohibit the poll tax, used by the Southern United States to disenfranchise poor voters, and to make lynching a federal crime.

Foreign policy
In 1940, Marcantonio helped form the American Peace Mobilization (APM), a group whose aim was to keep the U.S. from participating in World War II. Before the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in Moscow August 23, 1939, the APM's precursor organization, the Comintern-directed American League for Peace and Democracy, had been anti-Nazi. Marcantonio served as the APM's vice-chair. He appeared in a newsreel in 1940 denouncing "the imperialist war", a line taken by Joseph Stalin and his supporters in the Soviet Union (USSR) until Operation Barbarossa. The Pact lasted until the Germans broke it by invading the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. In 1942, Marcantonio worked to expand the U.S. military commitment to a second front in Europe against the Nazi German expansion, which became Operation Torch. The USSR ordered Communist parties throughout the world to promote the idea to help it defeat Nazism. Marcantonio was also a vice president of the International Workers Order, a fraternal benefit society unofficially affiliated with the Communist Party.

In 1947, when the U.S. Congress passed legislation to provide financial aid to fight communism in Turkey and Greece, such as during the Greek Civil War, Marcantonio was the only congressman to not applaud the action, symbolizing his disagreement with the Truman Doctrine. In 1950, Marcantonio opposed American involvement in the Korean War. He argued that North Korea had been the victim of an unprovoked attack by South Korea. He cited articles by I. F. Stone, a radical journalist.

Freedom of expression
In 1941, Marcantonio represented Dale Zysman, a high school coach and board member of the New York City Teachers Union also known as Jack Hardy, a communist writer for International Publishers, in a New York Board of Education hearing. Marcantonio asked for a ten-day stay because the Board had failed to present "an itemized bill of particulars", which stay the Board denied. Zysman walked out.

Spanish in Puerto Rico's schools
In 1946, Marcantonio introduced legislation to restore Spanish as the language of instruction in Puerto Rico's schools asking President Harry S. Truman to sign the bill "in the name of the children of Puerto Rico who are being tortured by the prevailing system…to fight cultural chauvinism and to correct past errors." President Truman signed the bill. In 1948, schools were able to return to teaching in the Spanish language, but English was required in schools as a second language.

Later life and death
After his defeat in mayoral and congressional elections, Marcantonio continued to practice law. It was his law practice, maintained while in Congress, that had generated the money by which he substantially self-financed his political campaigns. At first, he practiced in Washington, D.C., but he soon returned to New York City. At the time of his death in 1954, Marcantonio was running for Congress as the candidate of a newly formed third party, the Good Neighbor Party. He died on August 9, 1954, from a heart attack after coming up the subway stairs on Broadway by City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan. As a devout Catholic, he was given conditional absolution and extreme unction, the last sacrament of the Church.

Legacy
Marcantonio's collection of speeches, I Vote My Conscience (1956), edited by Annette Rubinstein, influenced the next generation of young radicals. His defense of workers rights, his mastery of parliamentary procedure, his ability to relate to the workers in his district while also engaging in worldwide issues, made him a hero to a certain section of the left. Rubinstein's book was reprinted in a new edition in 2002.

Tony Kushner's play The Intelligent Homosexual's Guide to Capitalism and Socialism with a Key to the Scriptures has a main character who is a fictional "cousin" of Vito Marcantonio.

Works
Pamphlets written by Marcantonio include:
 * Labor's Martyrs': Haymarket 1887, Sacco and Vanzetti 1927 (1941)
 * Should America Go to War? (1941)
 * Marcantonio Answers F.D.R.! (1941)
 * Security with FDR (1944)

title: Vito Marcantonio


text:
Lise Thibault

Lise Thibault DStJ (born 2 April 1939) is a Canadian politician who served as the 27th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec from 1997 to 2007. She later spent six months in jail for misuse of public funds, which she was ordered to repay the government. As of, she is the only Canadian vice-regal representative to have been incarcerated.

Early life
Born in Saint-Roch-de-l'Achigan, Quebec, she was the eldest daughter of Paul Trudel and Laurenza Wolfe. She was educated at the Académie Marie-Anne de Montréal, and then went on to teachers' college at Cégep de Saint-Jérôme. She married René Thibault in 1959. Thibault was permanently disabled in a tobogganing accident as a teenager, and uses a wheelchair.

Career
Thibault taught with the adult education department of the Milles-Îles and Des Écores school boards from 1973 to 1978. She worked for Télé-Métropole from 1977 to 1981. From 1982 to 1984 she was a host and researcher at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation as for programs about family and community issues. She was the vice president for Quebec's Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (CSST) from 1987 to 1993. She was president and CEO of the Office des personnes handicapées du Québec from 1993 to 1995.

She was closely associated with the federal Liberal Party for many years, and on the advice of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, the Governor General appointed her Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec, following the resignation of Jean-Louis Roux in 1997. She became Quebec's first female viceroy, and the first disabled lieutenant governor in Canada. In February 2005 Thibault had a stroke. She was one of the longest serving lieutenant governors in Canadian history, serving for over ten years.

Trial and imprisonment for fraud
Beginning in 2007, Thibault was accused of spending beyond the limits of her expense account. Questions on her spending continued after her departure, with federal and provincial auditors general pointing to $700,000 in unjustified expenses. Among the expenses were:
 * $45,000 for "gifts" without the names of recipients.
 * $24,000 to transport her official van to the United States while she was on vacation, rather than renting a car there.
 * $12,000 to the provincial air service for a one-day fishing trip in the Gaspe region.
 * $44,000 in "tips" paid by her bodyguards during hotel stays and sporting activities.

The files were turned over to the Sûreté du Québec (SQ) and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) for investigation. She was criminally charged for offences involving fraud, breach of trust, forgery and fabrication of false documents related to the misspending of public funds during her ten years in office. Thibault's lawyer argued unsuccessfully in Quebec Superior Court that Thibault should receive sovereign immunity, because "the Crown's prosecution cannot prosecute the Crown"—referring to her prior office as the Queen's representative in Quebec.

In September 2015 she was sentenced 18 months in jail and was ordered to repay the government $300,000 ($200,000 to Ottawa and $100,000 to Québec) after pleading guilty to fraud and breach of trust in 2014. Judge Carol St-Cyr outlined her crimes, pointing out that she "took advantage of holes in the system and abused her position of authority to pay for trips, golf lessons and birthday parties... [and] forgot that her role as lieutenant-governor was to be a good example for Quebecers."

On 24 February 2016, the Quebec Court of Appeal upheld Thibault's 18-month sentence, and the next day Thibault surrendered at the Quebec City Detention Centre. She was transferred in late February 2016 to the Leclerc Detention Centre in Laval, Quebec. She was granted a conditional release on 2 June 2016, and was fully discharged on 17 August 2017. In the meantime, she filed for bankruptcy in June of that year, citing of debt of $1.5 million to Canada Revenue Agency and Revenu Québec (the initial $300,000 she was ordered to pay had already been reimbursed).

Honours
As a former viceregal representative of Elizabeth II, as Queen in Right of Quebec, Thibault is styled The Honourable for life.

Thibault has received 3 honorary degrees:

title: Lise Thibault


text:
Bess Flowers

Bess Flowers (November 23, 1898 – July 28, 1984) was an American actress best known for her work as an extra in hundreds of films. She was known as "The Queen of the Hollywood Extras," appearing in more than 350 feature films and numerous comedy shorts in her 41-year career.

She holds the record for appearances in films nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture (23).

Career
Born in Sherman, Texas, Flowers' film debut came in 1923, when she appeared in Hollywood. She made three films that year, and then began working extensively. Many of her appearances are uncredited, as she generally played non-speaking roles.

By the 1930s, Flowers was in constant demand. Her appearances ranged from Alfred Hitchcock and John Ford thrillers to comedic roles alongside of Charley Chase, the Three Stooges, Leon Errol, Edgar Kennedy, and Laurel and Hardy.

She appeared in the following five films which won the Academy Award for Best Picture: It Happened One Night, You Can't Take it with You, All About Eve, The Greatest Show on Earth, and Around the World in 80 Days. In each of these movies, Flowers was uncredited. Including these five movies, she had appeared in twenty-three Best Picture nominees in total, making her the record holder for most appearances in films nominated for the award. Her last movie was Good Neighbor Sam in 1964.

Flowers's acting career was not confined to feature films. She was also seen in many episodic American TV series, such as I Love Lucy, notably in episodes, "Lucy Is Enceinte" (1952), "Ethel's Birthday" (1955), and "Lucy's Night in Town" (1957), where she is usually seen as a theatre patron.

Outside her acting career, in 1945, Flowers helped to found the Screen Extras Guild (active: 1946–1992, then merged with the Screen Actors Guild), where she served as one of its first vice-presidents and recording secretaries.

Personal life
Flowers was first married on September 2, 1923, in Ventura County, California, to Cullen Tate, an assistant director for Cecil B. DeMille. They had a daughter, and they were divorced in 1928 in Los Angeles.

Death
Flowers died on July 28, 1984, at age 85 in the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, California.

Selected filmography

 * 1920s
 * Hollywood (1923) as Hortense Towers
 * The Silent Partner (1923) as Mrs. Nesbit
 * Irene (1926) as Jane Gilmour
 * Lone Hand Saunders (1926) as Alice Mills
 * Hands Across the Border (1926) as Ysabel Castro
 * Glenister of the Mounted (1926) as Elizabeth Danrock
 * Old Ironsides (1926) (uncredited)
 * Blondes by Choice (1927) as Olga Flint
 * Show People (1928) (uncredited)
 * We Faw Down (1928, Short) as Mrs. Laurel
 * The Saturday Night Kid (1929) as Customer (uncredited)
 * Their Own Desire (1929) as Miriam the Polo Player (uncredited)
 * 1930s
 * Ten Cents a Dance (1931) as Bridge Player
 * Strangers May Kiss (1931) as Diner (uncredited)
 * A Free Soul (1931) as Birthday Party Guest (uncredited)
 * Monkey Business (1931) as Indian's Wife (uncredited)
 * Possessed (1931) as Party Guest (uncredited)
 * Sinister Hands (1932) as Mary Browne
 * Sin's Pay Day (1932) as Jane Webb
 * It Happened One Night (1934) - Agnes, Gordon's Secretary (uncredited)
 * One Exciting Adventure (1934)
 * Star of Midnight (1935) as Mary Smith (uncredited)
 * The Whole Town's Talking (1935) as Miss Gower, the Secretary (uncredited)
 * A Night at the Opera (1935) as Ship Passenger (uncredited)
 * Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) as Party Guest (uncredited)
 * Forgotten Faces (1936) as Nurse
 * Two-Fisted Gentleman (1936) as Matron
 * My Man Godfrey (1936) as Mrs. Merriweather (uncredited)
 * Dodsworth (1936) as Ship Passenger (uncredited)
 * Theodora Goes Wild (1936) as Reception Guest (uncredited)
 * Topper (1937) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * The Awful Truth (1937) as Viola Heath (uncredited)
 * Nothing Sacred (1937) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * Paid to Dance (1937) as Suzy
 * The Shadow (1937) as Marianne
 * Ever Since Eve (1937) as Woman at Dance (uncredited)
 * Termites of 1938 (1938, Short) as Mrs. Muriel Van Twitchell (uncredited)
 * Holiday (1938) as Dorothy the Party Guest (uncredited)
 * You Can't Take It With You (1938) as Martin's Neighbor (uncredited)
 * Mutts to You (1938, Short) as Mrs. Manning
 * The Lady Objects (1938) as Miriam Harper
 * Midnight (1939) as Party Guest (uncredited)
 * Rose of Washington Square (1939) as Dinner Guest (uncredited)
 * The Roaring Twenties (1939) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * Ninotchka (1939) as Gossip (uncredited)
 * Gone with the Wind (1939) as Hospital Nurse (uncredited)
 * 1940s
 * A Plumbing We Will Go (1940, Short) as Mrs. Hadley (uncredited)
 * The Boys from Syracuse (1940) as Woman
 * Boom Town (1940) as Office Worker (uncredited)
 * Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * The Lady Eve (1941) as Party Guest (uncredited)
 * Meet John Doe (1941) as Mattie (uncredited)
 * Ziegfeld Girl (1941) as Palm Beach Casino Patron (uncredited)
 * An Ache in Every Stake (1941, Short) as Mrs. Lawrence (uncredited)
 * The Man Who Came to Dinner (1942) as Fan at Train Station (uncredited)
 * I Married an Angel (1942) as Woman (unconfirmed)
 * The Palm Beach Story (1942) as Gerry's Maid of Honor / Nightclub Extra (uncredited)
 * The Glass Key (1942) (uncredited)
 * Now, Voyager (1942) as Concert Audience Member (uncredited)
 * I Married a Witch (1942) as Matron of Honor (uncredited)
 * Springtime in the Rockies (1942) as Mrs. Jeepers (uncredited)
 * Tahiti Honey (1943) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * Heaven Can Wait (1943) as Party Guest (uncredited)
 * Mr. Skeffington (1944) as Mrs. Thatcher (uncredited)
 * Double Indemnity (1944) as Norton's Secretary (uncredited)
 * Hail the Conquering Hero (1944) as Woman at Train Station (uncredited)
 * Laura (1944) as Party Guest (uncredited)
 * The Woman in the Window  (1944) as Bar Patron (uncredited)
 * Hollywood Canteen (1944) as Hostess (uncredited)
 * A Song for Miss Julie (1945) as Woman in Audience (uncredited)
 * The Affairs of Susan (1945) as Party Guest (uncredited)
 * Mildred Pierce (1945) as Restaurant Patron (uncredited)
 * Micro-Phonies (1945) as Party Guest (cameo) (uncredited)
 * Gilda (1946) Gambler at Roulette Table (uncredited)
 * The Blue Dahlia (1946) as Cocktail Party Guest (uncredited)
 * Notorious (1946) as Party Guest (uncredited)
 * The Big Sleep (1946) as Woman with Bumped Man (uncredited)
 * The Razor's Edge (1946) as Party Guest (uncredited)
 * Humoresque (1946) as Boray Fan (uncredited)
 * Dead Reckoning (1947) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * The Farmer's Daughter (1947) as Party Guest (uncredited)
 * The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer (1947) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947) as Illustrator (uncredited)
 * Song of the Thin Man (1947) as Jessica Thayer
 * Cass Timberlane (1947) as Mary Ann Milligan (uncredited)
 * A Double Life (1947) as Theater Patron (uncredited)
 * The Bride Goes Wild (1948) as Wedding Guest (uncredited)
 * The Big Clock (1948) as Conference Room Stylist (uncredited)
 * The Noose Hangs High (1948) as Fainting Psychiatrist's Patient (uncredited)
 * Romance on the High Seas (1948) as Ship Passenger (uncredited)
 * A Date with Judy (1948) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * A Song Is Born (1948) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * Neptune's Daughter (1949) as Woman at Swimsuit Show (uncredited)
 * The Great Gatsby (1949) as New York Woman (uncredited)
 * Mighty Joe Young (1949) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * Sky Liner (1949) as Mother (uncredited)
 * My Friend Irma (1949) as Gypsy Tea Room Diner (uncredited)
 * 1950s
 * Young Man with a Horn (1950) as Galba's Patron (uncredited)
 * No Man of Her Own (1950) as Woman at Country Club Dance (uncredited)
 * The Damned Don't Cry (1950) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * Father of the Bride (1950) as Wedding Reception Guest (uncredited)
 * Born to Be Bad (1950) as Mrs. Worthington
 * All About Eve (1950) as Sarah Siddons Awards Well-Wisher (uncredited)
 * Lullaby of Broadway (1951) as Ship Passenger (uncredited)
 * Show Boat (1951) as Racetrack Spectator (uncredited)
 * The Greatest Show on Earth (1952) as Spectator (uncredited)
 * Singin' in the Rain (1952) as Audience Member (uncredited)
 * The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) as Joe's Friend at Party (uncredited)
 * Angel Face (1953) as Shirley, Bennett's Secretary (uncredited)
 * Murder Without Tears (1953) as Bank Customer (uncredited)
 * Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * The Band Wagon (1953) as Lady on Train / Investor / Girl Hunt Ballet Extra (uncredited)
 * The Robe (1953) as Trial Bystander (uncredited)
 * Torch Song (1953) as Woman at Rehearsal (uncredited)
 * Calamity Jane (1953) as Officer's Life in Reception Line (uncredited)
 * Easy to Love (1953) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * Executive Suite (1953) as Woman at Bar (uncredited)
 * Dial M for Murder (1954) as Woman Departing Ship (uncredited)
 * The Student Prince (1954) as Restaurant Patron (uncredited)
 * Rear Window (1954) as Songwriter's Party Guest with Poodle (uncredited)
 * A Star Is Born (1954) as Academy Awards Attendee (uncredited)
 * White Christmas (1954) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * Désirée (1954) as Lady of the Court Holding Baby (uncredited)
 * Interrupted Melody (1955) as Party Guest (uncredited)
 * To Catch a Thief (1955) as Woman at Costume Ball (uncredited)
 * You're Never Too Young (1955) as Lobby Extra (uncredited)
 * Guys and Dolls (1955) as Spectator at Hot Box Club (uncredited)
 * I'll Cry Tomorrow (1955) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1956) (Season 1 Episode 35: "The Legacy") as Club Patron (uncredited)
 * Ride the High Iron (1956) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * Never Say Goodbye (1956) as Restaurant Patron (uncredited)
 * Anything Goes (1956) as Ship's Passenger (uncredited)
 * Giant (1956) as Guest at Banquet (uncredited)
 * Around the World in 80 Days (1956) as Tourist at Bombay Baggage Check (uncredited)
 * The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956) as Woman in Albert Hall (uncredited)
 * Funny Face (1957) as Fashion Show Guest (uncredited)
 * Designing Woman (1957) as Lady at Fashion Show (uncredited)
 * Sweet Smell of Success (1957) as Patron at 21 (uncredited)
 * Jailhouse Rock (1957) as Van Alden Party Guest (uncredited)
 * Pal Joey (1957) as Charity Ball Guest (scenes cut)
 * Witness for the Prosecution (1957) as Courtroom Spectator (uncredited)
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1958) (Season 3 Episode 19: "The Equalizer") as Club Patron (uncredited)
 * Vertigo (1958) as Diner at Ernie's (uncredited)
 * Houseboat (1958) as Country Club Patron / Wedding Guest (uncredited)
 * I Married a Monster from Outer Space (1958) as Wedding Guest (uncredited)
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1959) (Season 4 Episode 36: "Invitation to an Accident") as Party Guest (uncredited)
 * Imitation of Life (1959) as Geraldine Moore (uncredited)
 * North by Northwest (1959) as Hotel Lounge Patron (uncredited)
 * 1960s
 * Please Don't Eat the Daisies (1960) as Elevator Passenger (uncredited)
 * Where the Boys Are (1960) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
 * The Absent-Minded Professor (1961) as Wedding Guest (uncredited)
 * Return to Peyton Place (1961) as Townswoman at Meeting (uncredited)
 * Blue Hawaii (1961) as Maile's Tourist Customer (uncredited)
 * Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) as Concert Attendee (uncredited)
 * Pocketful of Miracles (1961) as Pedestrian Entering Club (uncredited)
 * The Notorious Landlady (1962) as Courtroom Spectator (uncredited)
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1962) (Season 7 Episode 17: "The Faith of Aaron Menefee") as Meeting Guest (uncredited)
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1962) (Season 7 Episode 27: "Act of Faith") as Bookstore Customer (uncredited)
 * Sweet Bird of Youth (1962) as Finley Supporter at Rally (uncredited)
 * The Manchurian Candidate (1962) as Gomel's Lady Counterpart (uncredited)
 * The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1963) (Season 1 Episode 29: "The Dark Pool") as Mrs. Pradanos
 * Who's Minding the Store? (1963) as Gourmet Department Shopper (uncredited)
 * Move Over, Darling (1963) as Seymour's Wife (uncredited)
 * 7 Faces of Dr. Lao (1964) (uncredited)
 * The Carpetbaggers (1964) as Wedding Guest (uncredited)
 * Good Neighbor Sam (1964) as Mrs. Burke (uncredited)

title: Bess Flowers


text:
Talk:Rogue planet/Archive 1

Rouge vs Rogue
Just a wee nit-picky thought. It is ROUGE planet and not ROGUE? ping 07:34, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Only if they're red. :) RickK 07:39, Sep 26, 2004 (UTC)

Definition
I've never heard of the definition proposed in this article about just being highly inclined. Can we get a reference on it? If it gets removed, then the sumerian stuff should probably be removed too. McKay 14:20, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * okay, I did it, I was bored and WP:BOLD McKay 20:55, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Merger with Interstellar planet?
At this point it's not really clear to me what the benefit is from having separate articles about "rogue planet" and "interstellar planet". The nomenclature is not absolutely fixed, but right now neither article makes any clear distinction between those two terms. Kevin Nelson 04:41, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, I think there should be a merge. Until about last week, someone had an entry here that mentioned that Rogue Planet could also mean a planet with a highly elliptical orbit or orbit off of the ecliptic. That was recently removed (lack of verifiablity). Personally, I think Rogue Planet is a much more common term (but my background in this regard comes from Science Fiction, where the term Rogue Planet is used more, probably because it sounds cooler than interstellar planet). McKay 06:46, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rogue planet/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Ian Frazier

Uncle?
Who cares whom he's the uncle of?

Untitled
I wasn't able to find Frazier's birthday (it doesn't seem to be mentioned in Family or on the Web). If anybody has reliable information, please add his birthdate to the entry. --Tomgally 07:35, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Fun link
http://www.newyorker.com/fiction/poetry/2009/05/18/090518po_poem_frazier "And so, at last, I am turning forty, In just a couple of days. The big four-oh. Yes, that is soon to be my age. (And not fifty-eight. No way. That Wikipedia is a bunch of liars.) Nope, not any other age, just forty. What other age could someone born in 1969 (and not 1951) Possibly be? (And please do not listen to my ex-wife, that sad, bitter woman in her late fifties.) What does it feel like, old bones? Yes, I have lost a step or two in the hundred-metre dash. I accept these changes. But if a guy says in a published poem that he is forty, As I am doing here, It’s obvious that must be the age that he is, Officially."

--Gwern (contribs) 14:21 13 May 2009 (GMT)

Oui
A men's magazine or a pornographic magazine? There seems to be no difference between these in the english (which meens american) Wikipedia. Is this characteristic for this project? Very interesting. --13Peewit (talk) 17:01, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Ian Frazier. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101207090910/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/bios/ian_frazier/search?contributorName=ian%20frazier to http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/bios/ian_frazier/search?contributorName=ian%20frazier
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110927061232/http://www.stmarys-ca.edu/external/Mary/archive/Mary_spring2006/reviews_frazier_mcfate.html to http://www.stmarys-ca.edu/external/Mary/archive/Mary_spring2006/reviews_frazier_mcfate.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:28, 20 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ian Frazier


text:
Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania

The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania (ELCT; Kanisa la Kiinjili la Kilutheri Tanzania) is the federation of Lutheran churches in Tanzania and one of the largest Lutheran denominations in the world, with more than 6 million members, or 13% of the Tanzanian population. It is the second largest Lutheran church in the world and the largest Lutheran church in East Africa.

The church is led by a presiding bishop and twenty-eight diocesan bishops, representing 28 dioceses. The head office of the church is in Arusha, where it has owned the New Safari Hotel since 1967. The church is affiliated with the All Africa Conference of Churches (AACC), the Christian Council of Tanzania, the Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum, and the Lutheran World Federation.

The ELCT is an organization which reaches out to the people of Tanzania offering worship opportunities, Christian education, and numerous social services, including disaster response, healthcare, and AIDS education and relief.

History
The first Lutheran missionaries arrived in what was then German East Africa in 1887, when the Evangelical Missionary Society for East Africa (EMS), based in Berlin, Germany, established a missionary station at Kigamboni, Dar es Salaam. The second group of missionaries was also from Germany, entering via South Africa and settling in the Southern Highlands region of Tanzania. Similar missions from Germany continued to arrive in the region continuously throughout the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. This mission activity continued in spite of the interruption of the Hehe Wars in 1891, the Maji Maji Uprising of 1905–1907, World War I, and World War II.

In 1938, seven Lutheran churches were loosely gathered into the Federation of Lutheran Churches in Tanganyika. The member churches then merged to become the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania.

In 1964, Johannes Lilje, then presiding bishop of the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany, consecrated Stefano Moshi, who had been elected as the first president of the newly formed church body and who had been an advocate for the establishment of episcopacy, as the first presiding bishop of the ELCT.

Organization
The seat of the church is in Arusha. It is financed mainly from collections and donations as well as through project grants from churches in the Global North.

The ELCT is led by a presiding bishop, or "Mkuu", who is elected to serve four year terms, and 24 bishops who preside over their local dioceses. The presiding bishop is elected for a four-year term from amongst the bishops of the dioceses. The ELCT's current presiding bishop is Alex Malasusa.

Clergy and church body
The ELCT employs 1360 ordained pastors (28 of them overseas), 3000 lay evangelists, and 300 community officers to aid the work of the church (2014 figures). Women are not ordained in all ELCT dioceses; however, as of 1990, the national church does ordain women. Ordination of women is a sensitive topic in the ELCT and the church is largely split. Currently, local dioceses make their own decision on whether to ordain women or not.

The ELCT is one of the fastest growing churches in the world, with an annual growth in baptized members of around 8%.

Social services
Social service programming is central to the mission of the ELCT. The social services offered by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania include the following departments:

 * Education (Secondary and University)
 * Finance and Administration
 * Health and Medical Care (21 hospitals and numerous local pharmacies)
 * Mission and Evangelism
 * Planning and Development
 * Social Services and Women's Work
 * HIV/AIDS Program
 * Disaster Response

Dioceses
The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Tanzania consists of the following regional dioceses:

 * Central Diocese
 * Dodoma Diocese
 * East of Lake Victoria Diocese
 * Eastern & Coastal Diocese
 * Iringa Diocese
 * Karagwe Diocese
 * Konde Diocese
 * Lake Tanganyika Diocese
 * Mara Region Diocese
 * Mbulu Diocese
 * Meru Diocese
 * Morogoro Diocese
 * Mufindi Diocese
 * Mwanga Diocese
 * Northern Diocese
 * North-Central Diocese
 * North-Eastern Diocese
 * North-Western Diocese
 * Pare Diocese
 * Ruvuma Diocese
 * Southern Diocese
 * South-Central Diocese
 * South-East of Lake Victoria Diocese
 * South-Eastern Diocese
 * South-Western Diocese
 * Ulanga Kilombero
 * West Central Diocese

Lutheranism
Lutheranism is associated with the theology of Martin Luther, with its official confessional writings found in the Book of Concord. Lutheranism generally accepts the unaltered Augsburg Confession (not the variata) as a true witness to the Gospel. Lutheran clergy tend not to subscribe to a doctrine of Biblical inerrancy, but see validity in various scholarly methods of analysis to help in understanding the Bible. This is in concord with most moderate Protestant bodies and in contrast to the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod in the United States, which practices the historical-grammatical method of biblical interpretation.

Like other Lutheran church bodies, the ELCT confesses two sacraments: Communion (or the Eucharist) and Holy Baptism (including infant baptism). Confession and absolution is often included as a sacrament; however, as it is a return to the forgiveness given in baptism, strictly speaking, there are only two sacraments.

With respect to the eucharist or communion, the ELCT holds to the Lutheran doctrine of the sacramental union, that is, that Christ's body and blood is truly present "in, with and under" the bread and wine. All communicants orally receive not only bread and wine, but also the same body and blood of Christ that was given for them on the cross. Members of other denominations sometimes refer to this as a belief in consubstantiation. Lutherans, however, reject the philosophical explanation of consubstantiation, preferring to consider the presence of the Lord's body and blood as mysterious rather than explainable by human philosophy. The Lutheran belief in the holy mystery character of the consecrated bread and wine is more similar to that of Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox belief than to the views of most Protestants. In contrast, most Protestant church bodies doubt or openly deny that the actual body and blood of Christ is eaten in the Lord's Supper.

Relations with other churches
The ELCT decided to establish a relationship with the North American Lutheran Church, and both churches approved a "Memorandum of Understanding" at a convocation held in August 2013, paving the way for full communion between the two churches.

title: Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Melbourne/Scopetemp

Scope
The areas covered by this project are listed below. Each area has its own page for the discussion and formulation of guidelines and conventions, as well as for listing examples of the best articles. If a page does not yet exist for a particular area, feel free to create it and propose how that part of the Project might be organized.

Note that progress and the number of articles is estimated and shown as a guide only.

Transport
{| style="border: 1px solid gray" width=100% {| width=100% With the largest tram network in the Western world, Melbourne held onto its trams when almost every other city dumped them in the mid-20th century. Trams in Melbourne |  Category: Melbourne trams  |  Category: Melbourne tram routes
 * Tramways
 * width=10%|
 * rowspan=3 width=50%|Most articles don't exist

Of about 50 articles, 12 articles exist. {| width=100% Melbourne's freeway network is growing all the time. List of Melbourne freeways |  List of Melbourne highways Category: Melbourne highways and freeways
 * }
 * Freeways and highways
 * width=10%|
 * rowspan=3 width=50%|We're half-way

Of 31 articles, 21 articles exist.
 * }
 * }

Landmarks
{| style="border: 1px solid gray" width=100% {| width=100% Melbourne central business district
 * Streets
 * width=10%|
 * rowspan=3 width=50%|Not started yet

{| width=100%
 * }
 * Institutions
 * width=10%|
 * rowspan=3 width=50%|Not started yet

 * }
 * }


text:
Joseph M. Acaba

Joseph Michael Acabá (born May 17, 1967) is an American educator, hydrogeologist, and NASA astronaut. In May 2004, he became the first person of Puerto Rican ancestry to be named as a NASA astronaut candidate, when he was selected as a member of NASA Astronaut Training Group 19. He completed his training on February 10, 2006, and was assigned to STS-119, which flew from March 15 to 28, 2009, to deliver the final set of solar arrays to the International Space Station. He is the first person of Puerto Rican origin, and the twelfth of fifteen people of Ibero-american heritage to have flown to space.

Acabá served as a flight engineer aboard the International Space Station, having launched on May 15, 2012. He arrived at the space station on May 17 and returned to Earth on September 17, 2012. Acaba returned to the International Space Station in 2017 as a member of Expedition 53/54. In 2023, Acaba was appointed the Chief of the Astronaut Office.

Early years
Acaba's parents, Ralph and Elsie Acabá, from Hatillo, Puerto Rico, moved in the mid-1960s to Inglewood, California, where he was born. They later moved to Anaheim, California. Since his childhood, Acaba enjoyed reading, especially science fiction. In school, he excelled in both science and math. As a child, his parents constantly exposed him to educational films, but it was the 8-mm film showing astronaut Neil Armstrong's Moon landing which really intrigued him about outer space. During his senior year in high school, Acaba became interested in scuba diving and became a certified scuba diver through a job training program at his school. This experience inspired him to further his academic education in the field of geology. In 1985, he graduated with honors from Esperanza High School in Anaheim.

Education
In 1990, Acaba received his bachelor's degree in geology from the University of California, Santa Barbara and in 1992, he earned his master's degree in geology from the University of Arizona. Acaba was a sergeant in the United States Marine Corps Reserve where he served for six years. He also worked as a hydrogeologist in Los Angeles, California. Acaba spent two years in the United States Peace Corps and trained over 300 teachers in the Dominican Republic in modern teaching methodologies. He then served as island manager of the Caribbean Marine Research at Lee Stocking Island in the Exumas, Bahamas.

Upon his return to the United States, Acaba moved to Florida, where he became shoreline revegetation coordinator in Vero Beach. He taught one year of science and math in high school and four years at Dunnellon Middle School. He also briefly taught at Melbourne High School in Melbourne, Florida. Upon his return to Florida in fall 2012, Acaba began coursework in the College of Education at Texas Tech University. He earned his Master of Education, curriculum and instruction from Texas Tech University in 2015.

NASA career
On May 6, 2004, Acaba and ten other people were selected from 99 applicants by NASA as astronaut candidates. NASA's administrator, Sean O'Keefe, in the presence of John Glenn, announced the members of the "19th group of Astronaut Candidates", an event which has not been repeated since 1958 when the original group of astronauts was presented to the world. Acaba, who was selected as an Educator Mission Specialist, completed his astronaut training on February 10, 2006, along with the other ten astronaut candidates. Upon completion of his training, Acaba was assigned to the Hardware Integration Team in the International Space Station branch, working technical issues with European Space Agency (ESA) hardware.

STS-119
Acaba was assigned to the crew of STS-119 as mission specialist educator, which was launched on March 15, 2009, at 7:43 p.m., after NASA engineers repaired a leaky gas venting system the previous week, to deliver the final set of solar arrays to the International Space Station. Acaba, who carried on his person a Puerto Rican flag, requested that the crew be awakened on March 19 (Day 5) with the Puerto Rico folklore song "Qué Bonita Bandera" (What a Beautiful Flag) referring to the Puerto Rican flag, written in 1971 by Florencio Morales Ramos (Ramito) and sung by Jose Gonzalez and Banda Criolla.

On March 20, he provided support to the first mission spacewalk and on March 21, he performed a spacewalk with Steve Swanson in which he helped to successfully unfurl the final "wings" of the solar array that will augment power to the ISS. 2 days later, Acaba performed his second EVA of the mission, with crew member Ricky Arnold. The main task of the EVA was to help move the CETA carts on the outside of the station to a different location. On March 28 the and its crew of seven safely touched down on runway 15 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 3:14 p.m. EDT. Acaba said he was amazed at the views from the space station.

Expedition 31/32
On May 15, 2012, Acaba was one of three crew members launching from Kazakhstan aboard the Soyuz TMA-04M spacecraft to the International Space Station. He and his fellow crew members, Gennady Padalka and Sergei Revin, arrived and docked with the space station two days after launch, on May 17 at 4:36 UTC. Acaba, along with Padalka and Revin, returned to Earth on September 17, 2012, after nearly 125 days in space.

Between space missions
Acaba served as the Branch Chief of the International Space Station Operations branch. The office is responsible for mission preparation and on-orbit support of space station crews. Until being selected as flight engineer for Expedition 54\Expedition 55 Acaba served as Director of Operations Russia in Star City supporting crew training in Soyuz and Russian Segment systems.

In September 2019 Acaba served as cavenaut in ESA CAVES training (between Italy and Slovenia) spending six nights underground simulating a mission exploring another planet.

Expedition 53/54
In 2017 it was announced that Acaba would be returning to the ISS for his third mission, onboard Soyuz MS-06. The Soyuz vehicle was originally slated to launch with a crew of 2, due to the Russian crew cuts on the ISS for 2017, however, at short notice, it was decided that the 3rd seat would be filled by an experienced astronaut and would be funded by Roscosmos to cancel out owed debts. Acaba's backup for the mission was Shannon Walker, who was scheduled to fly as prime crew on Soyuz MS-12 as part of Expedition 59/60, although as of December 2018, she is not assigned to that crew

Acaba launched on Soyuz MS-06 on September 12, 2017, performing a 6-hour rendezvous with the ISS. On October 20, 2017, Acaba and Randy Bresnik performed an EVA to continue with the lubrication of the new end effector on the robotic arm, and to install new cameras. The duration was 6 hours and 49 minutes. During the mission Acaba's home in Houston was flooded by Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Maria struck his native Puerto Rico.

 * Statistics

Chief of the Astronaut Office
In February, 2023, Acaba became Chief of the Astronaut Office at NASA. Acaba replaced Drew Feustel who was acting chief after Reid Wiseman stepped down from the position.

Recognition
On March 18, 2008, Acaba was honored by the Senate of Puerto Rico, which sponsored his first trip to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico since being selected for space flight. During his visit, which was announced by then President of the Puerto Rican Senate, Kenneth McClintock, he met with schoolchildren at the Capitol, as well as at the Bayamón, Puerto Rico Science Park, which includes a planetarium and several surplus NASA rockets among its exhibits.

Acaba returned to Puerto Rico on June 1, 2009. During his visit, he was presented with a proclamation by then Governor Luis Fortuño. He spent seven days on the island and came into contact with over 10,000 persons, most of them schoolchildren.

He received the Ana G. Mendez University System Presidential Medal and an Honorary Doctorate from the Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, where he inaugurated a flight simulator on February 7, 2013, during one of his visits to Puerto Rico to promote the study of math and science among students, as well as to visit his relatives. Caras Magazine named him one of the most influential and exciting Puerto Ricans of 2012.

title: Joseph M. Acaba


text:
Sopwith 1½ Strutter

The Sopwith $1 1/2$ Strutter is a British single- or two-seat multi-role biplane aircraft of the First World War. It was the first British two-seat tractor fighter and the first British aircraft to enter service with a synchronised machine gun. It was given the name $1 1/2$ Strutter because of the long and short cabane struts that supported the top wing. The type was operated by both British air services and was in widespread but lacklustre service with the French Aéronautique Militaire.

Design and development
In December 1914, the Sopwith Aviation Company designed a small, two-seat biplane powered by an 80 hp Gnome rotary engine, which became known as the "Sigrist Bus" after Fred Sigrist, the Sopwith works manager. The Sigrist Bus first flew on 5 June 1915 and although it set a new British altitude record on the day of its first flight, only one was built, serving as a company runabout.

The Sigrist Bus formed the basis for a new, larger, fighter aircraft, the Sopwith LCT (Land Clerget Tractor), designed by Herbert Smith and powered by a 110 hp Clerget engine. Like the Sigrist Bus, each of the upper wings (there was no true centre section) was connected to the fuselage by a pair of short (half) struts and a pair of longer struts, forming a "W" when viewed from the front; this giving rise to the aircraft's popular nickname of the $1 1/2$ Strutter. The first prototype was ready in mid-December 1915, undergoing official testing in January 1916.

The $1 1/2$ Strutter was of conventional wire-braced, wood and fabric construction. The pilot and gunner sat in widely separated tandem cockpits, with the pilot in front, giving the gunner a good field of fire for his Lewis gun. The aircraft had a variable-incidence tailplane that could be adjusted by the pilot in flight and airbrakes under the lower wings to reduce landing distance.

The Vickers-Challenger synchronisation gear was put into production for the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) in December 1915 and in a few weeks, a similar order for the Scarff-Dibovski gear was placed for the RNAS. Early production $1 1/2$ Strutters were fitted with one or the other of these gears for the fixed .303-in Vickers machine gun; due to a shortage of the new gears some early aircraft were built with only the observer's gun. Later aircraft were either fitted with the Ross or the Sopwith-Kauper gears. No early mechanical synchronisation gear was reliable and it was not uncommon for propellers to be damaged or shot away.

The Scarff ring mounting was also new and production was at first slower than that of the aircraft requiring them. Various makeshift Lewis mountings as well as the older Nieuport ring mounting, were fitted to some early $1 1/2$ Strutters as a stopgap. The two-seaters could carry four 25 lb bombs underwing, which could be replaced by two 65 lb bombs for anti-submarine patrols. From the beginning, a light bomber version was planned, with the observer's cockpit eliminated to allow more fuel and bombs to be carried in the manner of the Martinsyde Elephant and the B.E.12, with an internal bomb bay capable of carrying four 65 lb bombs.

In British service
The prototype two seater flew in December 1915 and production deliveries started to reach the RNAS in February 1916. By the end of April, No. 5 Wing RNAS had a flight equipped with the new aircraft. The Sopwiths were used to escort the wing's Caudron G.4 and Breguet Bre.4 bombers and for bombing. The War Office had ordered the type for the RFC in March but because Sopwith's production capacity was contracted to the navy, the RFC orders had to be placed with Ruston Proctor and Vickers. Sub-contract production from these manufacturers did not get into its stride until August. Since the Battle of the Somme was planned for the end of June and with the RFC having a shortage of modern aircraft, it was agreed that a number of Sopwiths would be transferred from one service to the other, allowing 70 Squadron to reach the front by early July 1916 with Sopwith-built $1 1/2$ Strutters, originally intended for the Navy.

At first, 70 Squadron did very well with their new aircraft. The period of German ascendency known as the Fokker scourge was over and the $1 1/2$ Strutter's long range and excellent armament enabled offensive patrolling deep into German-held territory. By the time 45 Squadron reached the front in October, the new Albatros fighters were arriving at the Jagdstaffeln. By January 1917, when 43 Squadron arrived in France, the $1 1/2$ Strutter was outclassed as a fighter; a more powerful 130 hp Clerget 9B improved performance slightly but too late to reverse the situation. It was still a useful long-range reconnaissance aircraft when it could be provided with adequate fighter escort but was one of the types to suffer severely during "Bloody April", 43 squadron alone suffering 35 casualties, from an officer establishment of 32.

Like other early Sopwith types, the $1 1/2$ Strutter was very lightly built and its structure did not stand up very well to arduous war service. It was far too stable to make a good dogfighter and the distance between the pilot and the observer's cockpits impeded their communication. The last operational $1 1/2$ Strutters in the RFC were replaced by Sopwith Camels in late October 1917.

The type's long range and stability were good qualities for a home defence fighter and it served with 37, 44 and 78 squadrons. Most of the $1 1/2$ Strutters supplied to home defence units had been built as two-seaters but many were converted locally to single-seaters to improve performance. Some of these single-seaters were similar to the bomber variant but others were of a different type, known (like similarly adapted Sopwith Camels) as the Sopwith Comic. The cockpit was moved back behind the wings and one or two Lewis guns, either mounted on Foster mountings or fixed to fire upwards, outside the arc of the propeller, replaced the synchronised Vickers.

The RNAS used most of their $1 1/2$ Strutters as bombers (in the Aegean and Macedonia as well as in France) and as shipboard aircraft, where it was known as the Ship's Strutter and flew from aircraft carriers, other warships of the Royal Navy and HMAS Australia (1911). The RNAS and the RFC (and after April 1918 the Royal Air Force [RAF]) used the type as a trainer after it had been withdrawn from operational service and like the Sopwith Pup, it proved a popular personal aircraft for senior officers.

In French service
The largest user of the Sopwith was actually the French Aéronautique Militaire. By May 1916 it was obvious that the pusher Farman and Breguet bombers and reconnaissance aircraft were obsolete and with the failure of their tractor aircraft replacements, particularly the Nieuport 14, the Sopwith was ordered in large numbers from French manufacturers in three versions, the SOP. 1A.2 (two-seat reconnaissance), SOP. 1B.2 (two-seat bomber) and SOP. 1B.1 (single-seat bomber). While in French service, they equipped a large portion of the French bomber and artillery-observation squadrons and carried out many bombing attacks against industrial and military targets, including the German front lines. It was not as successful against fighters, suffering substantial casualties and downing fewer enemy aircraft than either the aircraft used before it or after. With the belated introduction of the Breguet 14 A.2 and B.2, the last of the Sopwiths were withdrawn from operational service in early 1918 although they would continue in service with training units until after the end of the war.

In other foreign service
Three Belgian squadrons also flew French-built Sopwiths, and surplus French Sopwiths were used by several countries postwar. During the war, several $1 1/2$ Strutters that were interned after landing in the Netherlands were purchased for the Dutch Luchvaart Afdeeling.

Over 100 $1 1/2$ Strutters were also built in Russia by Duks and Lebedev, supplemented by large numbers delivered directly from Britain and France. The $1 1/2$ Strutter remained in large scale use by both the Soviet forces and White Russians during the Russian Civil War and Polish-Soviet war. Three were captured during this war and used by the Poles in 1919–1920. Other captured ones were used by Baltic states.

The American Expeditionary Force purchased 384 two-seat Strutter observation aircraft and 130 single-seat bombers from France in 1917–18. While mainly used for training, they were used operationally by the 90th Aero Squadron as an interim measure, due to a shortage of later types. The U.S. Navy used a number of the two-seat Sopwiths, along with Nieuport 28s and Hanriot HD.1s and 2s as ships' aircraft in the early postwar years, testing the use of aircraft from platforms mounted on the turrets of battleships.

The $1 1/2$ Strutter also served with the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force – some examples serving in the Japanese expeditionary force in Siberia during 1918.

Around 1,500 $1 1/2$ Strutters were built for the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service and between 4,200 and 4,500 were built in France.

Variants and designations

 * Sopwith Land Clerget Tractor (or Sopwith LCT): Sopwith company designation.
 * Sopwith Type 9400: Admiralty designation for two seater, number from serial of last aircraft in first batch ordered.
 * Sopwith Type 9700: Admiralty designation for single- seater bomber, number likewise assigned.
 * Sopwith Two seater: RFC designation.
 * Sopwith $1 1/2$ Strutter: Unofficial name due to configuration of struts, also used by US Navy.
 * Sopwith Comic: Single seat home defence fighter
 * Ship(s) Strutter: Shipboard version
 * SOP. 1: French built version.
 * SOP. 1A.2 two-seat reconnaissance aircraft
 * SOP. 1B.1 single-seat bomber
 * SOP. 1B.2 two-seat bomber
 * SOP. 1E.2 two-seat trainer

 * LeO 1: Lioré et Olivier licence-built version.
 * So-shiki Model 1: Japanese licence-built bomber version.
 * So-Shiki Model 2: Japanese licence-built LeO 1 reconnaissance version.

Military

 * 🇦🇫 afghanistan
 * Afghanistan Air Force received a single aircraft from the Soviet Union in September 1921, which remained in existence until at least December 1924.
 * Australian Flying Corps
 * No. 2 Squadron AFC operated one aircraft for training only.
 * No. 4 Squadron AFC used Strutters for training.
 * No. 6 (Training) Squadron AFC in the United Kingdom
 * Aviation Militaire Belge
 * 2ème Escadrille
 * 3ème Escadrille
 * 4ème Escadrille
 * 6ème Escadrille
 * Escola de Aviação Militar used three aircraft for liaison and army co-operation duties.
 * undefined
 * Czechoslovak Legion used four SOP 1 A.2 delivered by the French Aviation Mission in Russia, and at least one Strutter captured from bolsheviks.
 * Escola de Aviação Militar used three aircraft for liaison and army co-operation duties.
 * undefined
 * Czechoslovak Legion used four SOP 1 A.2 delivered by the French Aviation Mission in Russia, and at least one Strutter captured from bolsheviks.

🇲🇽 A single aircraft acquired from Russia in 1918.
 * Estonian Air Force operated a single ex-Soviet aircraft.
 * Aéronautique Militaire – A total of 72 Escadrilles equipped either wholly or partly.
 * Aéronautique Navale
 * Hellenic Navy – Six aircraft used in the Asia Minor Campaign against Turkey, 1918–21.
 * Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
 * Latvian Air Force operated four ex-Soviet aircraft.
 * Aizsargi
 * Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
 * Latvian Air Force operated four ex-Soviet aircraft.
 * Aizsargi
 * Latvian Air Force operated four ex-Soviet aircraft.
 * Aizsargi
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania
 * Lithuanian Air Force operated a single ex-Soviet aircraft that landed behind Lithuanian lines during the Lithuanian–Soviet War. Two others may also have been operated.
 * Arma de Aviación Militar operated one example (TNCA registration 1-S-68) from c1920–1924.
 * Luchtvaart Afdeling used five $1 1/2$ Strutters that forced landed in neutral the Netherlands and were interned and subsequently purchased.
 * Polish Air Force operated three aircraft captured from the Soviets in 1919–1920.
 * 🇷🇴 Romania
 * Romanian Air Corps
 * Grupul 1 Aviație
 * Grupul 2 Aviație
 * Grupul 3 Aviație
 * Grupul 5 Aviație
 * Imperial Russian Air Force and White Russian forces
 * Soviet Air Force
 * Imperial Russian Air Force and White Russian forces
 * Soviet Air Force
 * Soviet Air Force
 * Soviet Air Force
 * Royal Flying Corps
 * No. 37 Squadron RFC
 * No. 39 Squadron RFC
 * No. 43 Squadron RFC
 * No. 44 Squadron RFC
 * No. 45 Squadron RFC
 * No. 46 Squadron RFC
 * No. 70 Squadron RFC
 * No. 78 Squadron RFC
 * No. 143 Squadron RFC
 * Royal Naval Air Service
 * No. 2 (Naval) Squadron
 * No. 5 (Naval) Squadron
 * No. 8 (Naval) Squadron
 * 🇺🇸 united states
 * Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps
 * United States Army Air Service
 * 88th Aero Squadron
 * 90th Aero Squadron
 * 99th Aero Squadron
 * United States Navy
 * United States Navy

Civil
Two aircraft registered in 1928. R-105 (later LV-BAA) and R-106 (later LV-CAA). One of these two preserved in Florida. 55 aircraft on French civil register in 1922. At least seven aircraft registered. Possibly one aircraft from Switzerland in 1926. Two aircraft, CH-53 registered 9 April 1921, cancelled 9 October 1923. CH-67 registered 5 December 1923, cancelled December 1926 as sold to Sweden. One civil registered aircraft, G-EAVB.

Survivors
Original Sopwith $1 1/2$ Strutter aircraft are preserved at the following locations.
 * Belgium
 * S-88 – On static display at the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History in Brussels.

 * Canada
 * Replica (C-FSOP) – Airworthy at The Great War Flying Museum in Caledon, Ontario.

 * France
 * 556 – Sop.1A.2 on static display at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace in Paris, Île-de-France.
 * 2897 – Sop.1B.2 airworthy at the Memorial Flight Association in La Ferté-Alais, Île-de-France.

 * New Zealand
 * Unknown – Under restoration at The Vintage Aviator Limited in Masterton, Wellington. It was previously owned by Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida, and was operated by Argentina before that.

 * United Kingdom
 * Airworthy replica (G-CMDN) – built using original plans by the Aviation Preservation Society of Scotland at Congalton Gardens, North Berwick, East Lothian, EH39 5JP. Due to fly in late Summer 2023.

title: Sopwith 1½ Strutter