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Grosseto

Grosseto is a comune in the central Italian region of Tuscany, the capital of the province of Grosseto. The city lies 14 km from the Tyrrhenian Sea, in the Maremma, at the centre of an alluvial plain on the Ombrone river.

It is the most populous city in Maremma, with 82,284 inhabitants. The comune of Grosseto includes the frazioni of Marina di Grosseto, the largest one, Roselle, Principina a Mare, Principina Terra, Montepescali, Braccagni, Istia d'Ombrone, Batignano, Alberese and Rispescia.

History
The origins of Grosseto can be traced back to the High Middle Ages. It was first mentioned in 803 as a fief of the Counts Aldobrandeschi, in a document recording the assignment of the church of St. George to Ildebrando degli Aldobrandeschi, whose successors were counts of the Grossetana Mark until the end of the 12th century.

Grosseto steadily grew in importance, owing to the decline of Rusellae and Vetulonia until it was one of the principal Tuscan cities. In 1137 the city was besieged by German troops, led by Duke Heinrich X of Bavaria, sent by the emperor Lothair III to reinstate his authority over the Aldobrandeschi. In the following year the bishopric of Roselle was transferred to Grosseto.

In 1151 the citizens swore loyalty to the Republic of Siena, and in 1222 the Aldobrandeschi gave the Grossetani the right to have their own podestà, together with three councilors and consuls. In 1244 the city was reconquered by the Sienese, and its powers, together with all the Aldobrandeschi's imperial privileges, were transferred to Siena by order of the imperial vicar. Thereafter Grosseto shared the fortunes of Siena. It became an important stronghold, and the fortress (rocca), the walls and bastions can still to be seen.

In 1266 and in 1355, Grosseto tried in vain to win freedom from the overlordship of Siena. While Guelph and Ghibelline parties struggled for control of that city, Umberto and Aldobrandino Aldobrandeschi tried to regain Grosseto for their family. The Sienese armies were, however, victorious, and in 1259 they named a podestà from their city. But Grosseto gained its freedom and in the following year and fought alongside the Florentine forces in the Battle of Montaperti.

Over the next 80 years Grosseto was again occupied, ravaged, excommunicated by Pope Clement IV, besieged by emperor Louis IV and by the antipope Nicholas V in 1328, until it finally submitted to its more powerful neighbour, Siena.

The pestilence of 1348 struck Grosseto hard and by 1369 its population had been reduced to some hundred families. Its territory, moreover, was frequently ravaged, notably in 1447 by Alfons V of Sicily and in 1455 by Jacopo Piccinino.

Sienese rule ended in 1559, when Charles V handed over the whole duchy to Cosimo I de Medici, first grand duke of Tuscany. In 1574 the construction of a line of defensive walls was begun, which are still well preserved today, while the surrounding swampy plain was drained. Grosseto, however, remained a minor town, with only 700 inhabitants at the beginning of the 18th century.

Under the rule of the House of Lorraine, Grosseto flourished. It was given the title of capital of the new Maremma province.

In 1943, the city was heavily bombed by the Allies.

Climate
Grosseto has a Mediterranean climate with very mild wet winters and very hot dry summers. On average there are 25 nights a year where the low reaches or dips below freezing 0 °C but there are also 41 days where the high is at or surpasses 30 °C. There are 12 days of fog on an average year.

Subdivisions
The Municipality of Grosseto was subdivided into eight districts (circoscrizioni) from 1977 to 2011.

Alberese
Alberese, located 20 km south-east of the capital, is the heart of the Natural Park of Maremma. The name is also extended to the surrounding rural areas which go from the first foothills of the hinterland hills to the sea through the northern slopes of the Uccellina Mountains.

Batignano
Of uncertain origins, Batignano developed in the Medieval period, around the castle which controlled the outlet of the road towards Siena on the plain of Grosseto and some lead and silver mines. It was a feud of the Aldobrandeschi and in 1213 belonged to Manto da Grosseto. In the 14th century, it then passed under the dominion of Siena, hosting many immigrants from Corsica, and so in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In 1738 it was reunited with the comune of Grosseto.

Braccagni
Once being simply an appendix of Montepescali, Braccagni is seen today more independently as it is believed to be the nodal point of the economy of the area. The railway station, the Aurelia, many activities which have developed in the last few years, new habitations, these have all created its new identity as a modern town, in continuous evolution.

Istia d'Ombrone
Istia d'Ombrone is a town situated about 3 km east of the capital. The center of Istia emerged as a fortified settlement along the valley of the river Ombrone and it was owned by the bishops of Roselle since 862.

Marina di Grosseto
Marina di Grosseto is a famous tourist destination located 12 km from Grosseto; it is an important seaside resort in Maremma. Once a fishing village, it is known for its hilly hinterland, rich in macchia and wide beaches overlooking the Tyrrhenian Sea, with a vast pine forest that extends from Punta Ala to Alberese.

Montepescali
Montepescali is a small town of medieval origins. The site, from which the scenic panorama of the coastal strip and the Tuscan Archipelago up to Corsica can be seen, is also known as "Terrace or balcony of the Maremma".

Principina a Mare
Principina a Mare is a seaside resort. The center, sparsely populated land in winter, consists primarily of houses of holidaymakers, hotels, high class and a camp category average. However, the location is quite popular due to its proximity to the mouth of the river Ombrone and the Natural Park of Maremma.

Principina Terra
The village of Principina Terra is located south-west of the capital city, almost halfway between the city center and the seaside resorts of Marina di Grosseto and Principina a Mare. The area surrounding the village was washed from the shores of ancient Lake Prile.

Rispescia
Rispescia is a modern residential area, located about 10 km south-east of the capital, near the Natural Park of Maremma and the frazione of Alberese.

Roselle
Roselle, in Latin Rusellae, now a municipal frazione of Grosseto, was once the main city in the area. Of Etruscan origin, it was built on a hill that offered protection and commanded all the nearby valley. The extent of its dominion is not clear, but probably at its peak included most of the Vetulonia territory. The city's splendour ended in 294 BCE, when, according to Livy, the Roman Republic conquered it. After the end of the Roman Empire, in the 5th century, Roselle was still the most important centre of what is now southern Tuscany. Its gradual decline began in 1138, when the diocesan seat was moved to Grosseto.

Etruscan ruins had been discovered in Roselle, including cyclopean walls, 6 km in circumference, and sulphur baths, which in the last century were restored for medicinal uses. There was formerly an amphitheatre.

Literature
Andrea da Grosseto was born in Grosseto in the first half of 1200. He is very important in Italian literature, because he is considered the first writer in the Italian language. Andrea da Grosseto translated from Latin the Moral Treaties of Albertano of Brescia, in 1268. His texts were written in the Italian language, without too many redundancies and constructions, words and typical ways of speech of the vernacular and the dialect. The writer intended to not utilise his own Grossetan dialect, but to use a general "Italian national language". In fact he twice refers to the vernacular which he uses defining it italico (Italic). So Andrea da Grosseto was the first to intend to use vernacular as a national unifying language from the north to the south of the entire Peninsula.

Museums

 * Museo archeologico e d'arte della Maremma
 * Museo di storia naturale della Maremma
 * Museo Collezione Gianfranco Luzzetti

Cinema
Grosseto and Maremma have been settings for numerous works of fiction and movies, including the novels and associated films, such as The Easy Life (1962) with Vittorio Gassman; La vita agra (1964), from the novel of the same name by Luciano Bianciardi, with Ugo Tognazzi; An Ideal Place To Kill (1969) directed by Umberto Lenzi; In viaggio con papà (1982), with Alberto Sordi; Nothing Left to Do But Cry (1984), with Massimo Troisi and Roberto Benigni; It's Happening Tomorrow (1988); Viola bacia tutti (1997) with Asia Argento; The Talented Mr. Ripley with Matt Damon and Jude Law; Emma sono io (2002); Roberto Benigni's Pinocchio; Manuale d'amore 3 (2011) with Robert De Niro and Monica Bellucci; Swiss movie Summer Games, and some Leonardo Pieraccioni's movies. Famous Italian actress Elsa Martinelli and actor Luigi Pistilli were both born in Grosseto. Actress Laura Morante was born in Santa Fiora, and director Umberto Lenzi in Massa Marittima, both in the province of Grosseto.

Cuisine
Schiaccia alla pala (oven-baked bread with oil) and Schiaccia con cipolle e acciughe (oven-baked bread with onions and anchovies) are typical breads of the city of Grosseto. Acquacotta is typical of Mount Amiata: it is a poor soup, and the main ingredients are artichokes, broccoli, cabbage, beans, borage, pisciacane (dandelion) and similar vegetables. The Maremmana cattle is one of the two breeds used in the preparation of the florentine steak.

The Medicean Walls
The walls were commissioned by Cosimo I de Medici in 1564, in order to replace those from the 12th-14th centuries, as part of his policy of making Grosseto a stronghold to protect his southern border. The design was by Baldassarre Lanci, and construction began in 1565. Until 1757 the exterior was surrounded by a ditch with an earthen moat. There were two main gates: Porta Nuova on the north and Porta Reale (now Porta Vecchia) on the south.

The walls are now used as a public park and walking area.

Cathedral
The Romanesque cathedral, the main monument of the city, is named for its patron St. Lawrence, and was begun at the end of the 13th century, by architect Sozzo Rustichini of Siena. Erected over the earlier church of Santa Maria Assunta, it was only finished in the 15th century (mainly due to the continuing struggles against Siena).

The façade of alternate layers of white and black marble is Romanesque in style, but is almost entirely the result of 16th century and 1816–1855 restorations: it retains decorative parts of the originary buildings, including Evangelists' symbols. The layout consists of a Latin cross, with transept and apse. The interior has a nave with two aisles, separated by cruciform pilasters. The main artworks are a wondrously carved baptismal font from 1470–1474 and the Madonna delle Grazie by Matteo di Giovanni (1470).

The campanile (bell tower) was finished in 1402, and restored in 1911.

Churches in the city centre

 * Church of San Francesco. Situated in its homonymous square, it was built in the 13th century, initially an important Benedictine, later Franciscan convent. The complex underwent several restorations and reconstructions: the bell was rebuilt in the first half of the 20th century. Very characteristic is the wooden tabernacle that stands on the front and inside there are works of art from various historical periods. At the center of the cloister stands the characteristic Pozzo della Bufala (Well of the Buffalo) in travertine; another well is located in the square outside the church.
 * Convent of Clarisse. Located on strada Vinzaglio, the convent is annexed to the Church of Bigi. The convent of Clarisse and the church of Bigi are now deconsecrated. The entire complex is characterized by the probable medieval origins, which was followed by a series of restorations in Baroque style in the 17th century. Today the convent hosts the Museolab Città di Grosseto and the university.
 * Church of San Pietro. The oldest religious building in town, it was built along the stretch of the Via Aurelia that crossed the center and was originally a plebeian and stational church along the old consular road.
 * Church of Misericordia (19th century). It belonged to various religious orders during the following centuries, before moving on brotherhood in the early decades of the 19th century. In the past, there were several well-preserved works of art currently on display in the section on Sacred Art of the Archaeological and Art Museum of Maremma.

Churches outside the city walls

 * Sacro Cuore di Gesù, a minor basilica built in 1958, it was designed by engineer Ernesto Ganelli and it is located along via della Pace.
 * Medaglia Miracolosa, built in the early 20th century behind the Palazzo delle Poste in a neo-Romanesque style. It has a bell tower.
 * San Giuseppe, located in the western part of the urban area, it was built in the 1930s in neo-Romanesque style, divided into three naves. The capitals are adorned with very fine and decorative features.
 * San Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo, built on the eastern end of the urban area around the middle of last century, the style is neo-Romanesque, it is flanked by a bell tower and preceded by steps and a porch. It was designed by engineer Ernesto Ganelli in 1951.
 * Maria Santissima Addolorata, built in the 1970s in the neighbourhood of Gorarella, it was designed by architect Carlo Boccianti.
 * Santissimo Crocifisso, a modern church situated in an area called Cittadella dello Studente, it was designed by Carlo Boccianti.
 * Santa Lucia, a modern church situated in the neighbourhood of Barbanella.
 * Santa Teresa, built in the 2000s (decade) and consecrated in 2006, it is situated in an area called Cittadella, on the northern part of the urban area.

Abbeys

 * Abbey of San Rabano, at the southern end of the town of Grosseto in the heart of the Natural Park of Maremma. It was built in the Middle Ages as a Benedictine monastery, passed after the Order of the Knights of Jerusalem and it was finally abandoned in the 16th century.
 * Abbey of San Pancrazio al Fango, situated between Grosseto and Castiglione della Pescaia, in the heart of Nature Reserve Diaccia Botrona, not far from the Fattoria della Badiola. The church, which is in the form of ruins, was built in the Middle Ages on a slight hill overlooking the surrounding wetlands, once occupied by Prile Lake near a building from Roman times.

Palazzi

Within the walls of Grosseto are the following buildings:

 * Palazzo Aldobrandeschi. Of medieval origins, it was almost entirely rebuilt in the early 19th century. It is now a Neo-Gothic edifice with ogival mullioned windows and merlons in the upper part of the walls. It houses the seat of the province of Grosseto. The architect was Lorenzo Porciatti.
 * Palazzo Comunale (Town hall), located on the north side of piazza Dante, to the left of the churchyard of the Cathedral. It was built between 1870 and 1873.
 * Episcopal Palace. It hosts the offices and the curia of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Grosseto.
 * Palace of the former Convent (15th century), originally used as an unidentified convent structure.
 * Palace of Monte dei Paschi, built at the turn of the 20th century, it is a neo-Renaissance palace designed by Vittorio Mariani, with a large arms of the bank placed on its main façade.
 * Cassero del Sale, built during the 14th century as the point of production, distribution and export of salt coming from the salt marshes that once existed along the coast. For several centuries has hosted, therefore, the Customs Officer to control all activities related to production and trade of salt.
 * Former Misericordia Hospital, a complex on three levels from the 18th century. Now the building hosts the university center of Grosseto.
 * Former Palace of Banca d'Italia. Overlooking the southern side of piazza Socci, along Corso Carducci, it was renovated in the early 20th century to be the seat of the provincial Bank of Italy, then transferred out of the walls of Grosseto in a more modern and complex building.
 * Grand Hotel Bastiani, located in an impressive neoclassical style palace that facing on via Manin, with a short road that leads toward piazza Dante.
 * Palace of the Old Court, seat of the Museo archeologico e d'arte della Maremma since 1975, overlooking the south side of piazza Baccarini. The present building, formerly courthouse, was built in neo Renaissance in the second half of 19th century replacing an existing building of medieval origin.
 * Palazzo del Genio Civile, typical building located along Corso Carducci, it is adjacent to Palazzo Tognetti, which is in continuity with the right side. Built in the early 20th century, it shows fine decorations that recall both the neo-Renaissance and the Art Nouveau style.
 * Palazzo Chiarini, its present appearance dates back to the 17th century. The building has three levels, with round-arched entrance portal on the ground floor dominated by arms.
 * Palazzo Tognetti, an Art Nouveau style building on three levels located at an angle along Corso Carducci just before piazza Socci.
 * Palazzo Moschini, located in piazza Socci, it is a building of medieval origins, restored in the Renaissance and completely renovated during the 19th century. Currently, it houses the State Archives.
 * Palazzo Carmignani, a landmark building built in the 20th century, it presents a trapezoidal shape, appearing between piazza del Sale, strada Ricasoli and via Mazzini.
 * Palazzo Chiarini, located in via dell'Unione, its present appearance dates back to the 17th century. The building has three levels, with round-arched entrance portal on the ground floor dominated by arms.
 * Palazzo Berti. Overlooking on Corso Carducci in the front of the Church of San Pietro, it is a stately and elegant building built on four levels. Built in the Middle Ages, its current appearance is due to restructuring in the second half of the 19th century.
 * Palazzo Cappelli, located along Corso Carducci to the right of the Church of San Pietro, it is presented in an attractive neoclassical style.
 * Palazzo Pallini, an art nouveau building of the early 20th century, it is located along Corso Carducci. Very valuable are the decorations that adorn the façade.
 * Palazzo Mensini, built in 1898, it is the seat of the Biblioteca Chelliana.
 * Casa del Fascio, also known as the Palazzo Littorio, it was built during Fascism in the traditional architectural principles with the characteristic tower. In the past, it hosted the Casa del Fascio (Fascist House), but now it is headquarters of the Guardia di Finanza.

Outside the walls of Grosseto are the following buildings:

 * Villino Pastorelli, built between 1908 and 1913 by the architect Lorenzo Porciatti as the residence of the wealthy family of Millanta. The building was later owned by advocate Pastorelli, which retains the name. Purchased by the Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura after the war, suffered between 1948 and 1949 substantial changes, including the extension of the back.
 * Villino Panichi, located in Piazza della Vasca on the corner of via IV Novembre, the building was built in early 20th century designed by the architect Lorenzo Porciatti, whose name was given by the family who lived there originally.
 * Villino Guastini, built in 1928 by the architect Pistelli and located on via Matteotti, it is an Art Nouveau style house with a floor used as storage of agricultural machinery.
 * Former Boarding School Magistrale, known as Scuola Media Giovanni Pascoli, located in Piazza della Vasca, it was built in 1923 by the engineer Giuseppe Luciani to accommodate boarding and a school.
 * Palazzo delle Poste (Post Office), located on Piazza della Vasca, it was designed by the architect Angiolo Mazzoni in 1930, as a symbol of Fascist architecture.
 * Palazzo del Governo, located on Piazza della Vasca, it was designed by Vittorio Mariani and built in 1927.
 * Complesso polifunzionale Cosimini, located on Piazza della Vasca, it is a multipurpose facility (bank, offices, apartments and shops) designed by Ludovico Quaroni.

Theatres

 * Teatro degli Industri, located along via Mazzini, just beyond the palace of the Grand Hotel Bastiani but on the side facing toward the walls of Grosseto, it is an old building rebuilt in the 19th century. It is one of the main sites of the culture of Grosseto.
 * Teatro Moderno, a modern theatre located outside the city walls. It was used for the trial against Francesco Schettino in 2014/15.

Monuments

 * Canapone Monument, a sculpture dedicated to the Grand Duke Leopold II of Lorraine, located in the center of Piazza Dante, at the spot where formerly stood a well-cistern for water.
 * Roman column, located at the corner of the main façade and the right side of the Cathedral, it was brought in Piazza Dante in Middle Ages from nearby Roselle before its final abandonment.
 * Unknown Soldier Monument, built in 1921, it is located along the walls, on the Rimembranza bastion. It honors the victims of World War I and World War II.
 * Andrea da Grosseto Monument, made between 1973 and 1974 by sculptor Arnaldo Mazzanti, it is located in Piazza Baccarini, opposite the Archeological Museum, in honor of Andrea da Grosseto, the distinguished scholar who in 1268 translated the Moral Treatises of Albertanus of Brescia by providing a first example of Italian literary prose.
 * Ettore Socci Monument, built in 1907 by Emilio Gallori in honor of Ettore Socci, a Republican, an honorary citizen and member of the College of Grosseto.
 * Well of Spedale, made during the 15th century, it is located in Piazza San Francesco in front of the right lateral side of the Church of San Francesco.
 * Well of Buffalo, located in the courtyard of the cloister of San Francesco, was built by the Medici to replace an existing well to supply water to the men who lived in the convent.
 * Well of Fortezza, located in Piazza d'Armi inside the Fortezza bastion that surrounds the fortified Citadel, it was built in the 16th century for supply water of the guards stationed there.

Others

 * The Etruscan site of Roselle.
 * Medieval buildings in the frazioni of Batignano, Istia d'Ombrone and Montepescali.
 * Granducal villa of Alberese, built by the Knights Hospitaller in the 15th century, and later used as residence by the Grand Dukes of Tuscany.

Sports
Grosseto has enjoyed a long tradition in sports. Baseball and football are perhaps the most popular in Grosseto. However, other sports such as American football, cricket, horse racing and athletics are also widely practised.

The premier society of men's baseball in Grosseto is called Bbc Grosseto Orioles (also referred to by its sponsored name of Montepaschi). Grosseto participates in the highest level of play in Italy, Serie A1, and it won the national championship in 1986, 1989, 2004 and 2007. The team won the European Cup in 2005. Montedeipaschi Grosseto hosts his home games at Stadio Roberto Jannella.

The Unione Sportiva Grosseto Football Club was founded in 1912. It has participated in the National Championship of Soccer in Serie B (the second level of the Italian soccer leagues) since the 2007–2008 season. The football club U.S. Grosseto hosts its games at the Stadio Carlo Zecchini.

Other important teams are the Maremma Cricket Club (Serie A) and American Football Condor Grosseto (Serie B).

Horse racing is of considerable importance, with several races throughout the year that, in summer, often taking place at night. The sports facility where are played the various races is the hippodrome Casalone, located in the south of the city, at the beginning of the road that leads to Principina a Mare.

The city is also a major center for athletics: Stadio Carlo Zecchini has in fact hosted the European Junior Championships in 2001 and World Junior Championships in 2004.

Grosseto in 2006 was also the headquarters of the World Military Fencing Championships.

Trains
The city is served by the Pisa-Livorno-Rome railway line connecting Genoa to the capital and serves as the terminus of trains on the single track branch line from Grosseto via Monte Antico to Siena, where it converges with a line from Chiusi and proceeds north to Empoli and Florence.

Here is the list of railway stations in the city of Grosseto:

 * Grosseto Station, situated along the Pisa-Livorno-Roma line, it is also the terminus of the Siena-Grosseto line. It is the main railway station of the city, which serves the city center and the urban area.
 * Montepescali Station, located at the northern limits of the municipality, at the point of bifurcation between the Pisa-Livorno-Rome railway and the branch line towards Siena.
 * Alberese Station, located along the railway Pisa-Livorno-Roma to the southern limits of the municipal area, since 2010 only served by buses.
 * Rispescia Station, now disused, situated near the village of Rispescia and was a place of occasional stop for regional trains.

Buses
Local bus service in Grosseto was managed by Tiemme Toscana Mobilità one of the companies of the consortium ONE Scarl to accomplish the contract stipulated with the Regione Toscana for the public transport in the 2018-2019 period. Intercity buses depart from the main bus station in Piazza Marconi. There are also several bus services going from the city to Florence, Siena and other cities in Tuscany. A network of urban bus routes also operates in Grosseto, and the bus station serves as an interchange point between these, the intercity routes and extra-urban routes which extend into the rest of the Province of Grosseto.

Since 1 November 2021 the public local transport is operated by Autolinee Toscane.

Port
The city has a modern tourist dock opened in 2004 in the seaside resort of Marina di Grosseto, at the mouth of the San Rocco Canal. For passenger traffic in the medium range, the main port is Porto Santo Stefano (40 km), with ferry only for the islands of Giglio and Giannutri.

Airport
Grosseto and the Maremma are served by Grosseto Baccarini Airport, located midway between the capital and Marina di Grosseto. The airport is a military site which is also used as a commercial airport by civilian charter flights and private aircraft, and has a small terminal to accommodate these.

With regard to domestic and international flights, the airports of reference are the airports of Florence, Pisa and Rome-Fiumicino. All three airports are located about 150 km from the capital of the Maremma. For a few months in 2018, the airport was served by a flight to Bern, operated by SkyWork Airlines, until it went into liquidation.

Notable residents

 * Andrea da Grosseto (13th century), writer and translator
 * Luciano Bianciardi (1922–1971), novelist
 * Blind Fool Love (2005-2012), post-hardcore band
 * Jessica Brando (1994), singer
 * Carlo Cassola (1917–1987), novelist, lived in Grosseto from 1948 to 1971
 * Lucio Corsi (1993), singer-songwriter
 * Francesco Falaschi (1961), film director and screenwriter
 * Francesco Falconi (1976), fantasy writer
 * Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1194-1250), lived in Grosseto in the winters of 1243, 1244, 1245 and 1246
 * Egisto Macchi (1928–1992), composer
 * Elsa Martinelli (1935-2017), actress
 * Francesco Mori (1975), painter
 * Oreste Piccioni (1915–2002), physicist
 * Luigi Pistilli (1929–1996), actor
 * Quartiere Coffee (2004), reggae band
 * Alessandra Sensini (1970), windsurfer, winner of four medals in the Olympic Games (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008)

Twin towns – sister cities
Grosseto is twinned with:

 * 🇲🇹 Birkirkara, Malta
 * 🇩🇪 Cottbus, Germany
 * 🇧🇬 Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria
 * 🇯🇵 Kashiwara, Japan
 * 🇫🇷 Montreuil, France
 * 🇫🇷 Narbonne, France
 * 🇫🇷 Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, France

title: Grosseto


text:
Wein, Weib und Gesang

Wein, Weib und Gesang (Wine, Woman, and Song), Op. 333, is a Viennese waltz by Johann Strauss II. It is a choral waltz in its original form, although it is seldom heard in this version today. It was commissioned for the Vienna Men's Choral Association's so-called Fools' Evening on 2 February 1869 with a dedication to the Association's honorary chorus-master Johann Herbeck. Its fanciful title was drawn from an old adage: "Who loves not wine, women and song remains a fool his whole life long."

The waltz's admirers include the famous opera composer Richard Wagner and Strauss' good friend Johannes Brahms. There is an arrangement for piano, harmonium and string quartet by Alban Berg.

The waltz's primary home key is in E-flat major, with its introduction interpolating with B-flat major as well as B major. The first waltz melody, with its tapping quality is quintessentially Viennese in nature. Further waltz themes alternate between lush passion and good-humored cheekiness, ending with a swirling finish in the principal home key underlined by a brass fanfare and snare drumroll, as is the usual style of concluding a piece in Strauss' works dating around that period.

The title is also a German expression for having fun.

 * Waltz 1

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wein, Weib und Gesang


text:
Loren Murchison

Loren C. Murchison (December 17, 1898 – June 11, 1979) was an American athlete, double gold medal winner in 4×100 m relay at the Olympic Games.

Biography
Born in Farmersville, Texas, Loren Murchison was an AAU Champion in 100 yd in 1920 and 1923 and in 220 yd in 1918 and 1923. He also won the British AAA championships in both 100 yd and 220 yd in 1925.

At the 1920 Summer Olympics, Murchison finished fourth in 200 m and sixth in 100 m. He also ran the third leg in the gold medal winning United States 4x100 m relay team, which set a new world record of 42.2 s in the Olympic final. At the 1924 Summer Olympics, Murchison was again sixth in 100 m and won his second Olympic gold medal as an opening leg in the world record (41.0 s) setting American 4×100 m relay team.

Murchison was an outstanding indoor runner. He won 14 titles (9 individual and 5 in the relay) at the United States premier indoor athletics meet, the Millrose Games. He was also national indoor champion at the 60 y in 1919–20 and 1922–24, and 300 y in 1919–20 and 1923–24.

Murchison was also a prolific breaker of records indoors. Amongst the world best times he equaled or broke are:
 * equaled 60 y best of 6.4 s in 1920, 1922 and 1923;
 * established new 60 y best of 6.2 s in 1923;
 * 50 m of 6.0 s in 1925;
 * 300 y of 31.2 s;
 * 220 y best of 22.4 s.

It was such exploits that inspired Charley Paddock (1920 Olympic 100 m champion) to call Murchison "the greatest indoor sprinter of his generation and the finest starter of all-time.

In 1925 Murchison was struck with spinal meningitis and paralyzed from the waist down for the rest of his life.

A resident of Leisure Village in Lakewood Township, New Jersey, Murchison died at the age of 80 on June 11, 1979, at Point Pleasant Hospital in Point Pleasant, New Jersey.

title: Loren Murchison


text:
Nigeria Labour Congress

The Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) is an umbrella organization for trade unions in Nigeria.

History
The Nigerian Labour Congress was founded in December 1978, as a merger of four different organisations: the Nigeria Trade Union Congress (NTUC), Labour Unity Front (LUF), United Labour Congress (ULC) and Nigeria Workers' Council (NWC). However, the recently-established Federal Military Government, led by Murtala Mohammed, refused to recognise the new organisation, and instead set up the Adebiyi Tribunal to investigate the activities of trade unions and their leaders. The Tribunal reported in 1976 and claimed that all the existing trade union centres propagated Cold War ideologies, depended on funding from international union federations, and mismanaged funds. This was used as a justification to ban all four centres, with M. O. Abiodun appointed as the administrator of trade unions. He accepted the establishment of a new Nigeria Labour Congress, on the condition that the approximately 1,500 affiliated unions were restructured into 42 industrial unions, plus 19 unions representing senior staff.

In 1978, the Nigeria Labour Congress was established, with the 42 industrial unions affiliated. It was to be the only legal trade union federation. Its leadership included many of the leading figures from its four predecessors, with Wahab Goodluck becoming its founding president.

During its history, conflicts with the military regime twice led to the dissolution of the NLC's national organs, the first in 1988 under the military regime of General Ibrahim Babangida and the second in 1994, under the regime of General Sani Abacha. In 1996, the 42 affiliates of the NLC were merged into 29, by Act of Parliament. Under Nigeria's military governments, labour leaders were frequently arrested and union meetings disrupted. Following democratic reforms in the country, some of the anti-union regulations were abolished in January 1999. The same month Adams Oshiomhole was elected President of the reformed organisation.

In the early 2000s, conflict between the government and the NLC escalated due to the organisation's opposition to higher fuel prices. The price increases are the result of decisions by the Olusegun Obasanjo government to dramatically reduce subsidies and to deregulate the purchase and sale of fue The NLC has led several general strikes protesting the government's fuel price policy.

In September 2004, the NLC gave the federal government an ultimatum to reverse the decision to reintroduce the controversial fuel tax or face a nationwide protest strike. The strike threat was made despite the fact that a Federal High Court judgement in an earlier dispute had declared the organisation lacking legal power to call a general strike over government policies.

Following the announcement of the strike plans, the NLC claimed President Adams Oshiomhole was arrested October 9, 2004 at a protest at Nnamdi Azikiwe Airport. According to the organisation, Oshiomhole was "abducted by a team of operatives of the State Security Services (SSS) numbering over fifteen, who overpowered him, wrestled him to the ground and bundled him into a standby Peugeot 504 station wagon, which bore no licence plates." The State Security Services called the claim "sensational and inaccurate reporting", saying that the NLC president had a "misunderstanding" with field operatives, but that the matter was soon resolved. A presidential spokesperson claimed that Oshiomhole was only invited for a "chat" at the airport, no arrest having taken place.

In 2005, the law was changed to permit other trade union federation to receive government recognition, and also to permit senior staff unions to join the NLC. In 2016, about 25 affiliates left to form the United Labour Congress, but they rejoined the NLC in 2020. By the end of the year, it had 43 affiliates, which as of 2016 represented more than 4,000,000 members.

One of the strongest protest of the NLC can be traced to January 2012 during the President Goodluck Jonathan administration. The president and his economic team had argued that fuel subsidy payments was making the country lose billions of naira and it will save around "£4.2bn annually to invest in underperforming refineries that have forced Nigeria to import its own oil once it has been refined". The president said his government was no more interested in the payment of fuel subsidy to petroleum markerters. This will move fuel prices which was sold for N65 a litre with subsidy inclusive to around N141 which implies more than a hundred per cent increase.

The campaign for fuel subsidy removal was supported by the ministers in his cabinet and mostly chaired by the then finance minister/coordinating minister for economy Dr. Ngozi Okonjo Iweala. The government announced that fuel subsidy was going to be removed by January 2012 and this announcement was not welcomed by the Nigeria Labour Congress. Abdulwahed Omar, the then NLC president challenged the government that there will be wide spread mass protest in Nigeria if it continued with its plans to remove fuel subsdy. The NLC was able to rally other trade unions and civicl societies to support its planned protest. This challenge was marked by actions when the government moved on with the removal of payments for fuel subsidy. By 9 January 2012, massive protest erupted around Nigeria and in major cities including Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt and Kano. These protest crippled the economy as there was a total shutdown of the Nations different workforce and it lasted more than five working days. This led the then president Jonathan to announce on live TV that government will now subsidize fuel prices and reduce it to about $2.75 (£1.80) a gallon. The protest was eventually suspended after this broadcast by the federal government.

Together with the Trade Union Congress of Nigeria, the NLC supported Peter Obi and the Labour Party in the 2023 Nigerian general election, a party the NLC started in 2002. This is the first time the union has expressed explicit support for a political party.

Women's wing
The National Women Commission is the national women's wing of NLC. It was created in 2003 to increase the participation of women in the affairs of the union. Beginning in 1983, demand for more recognition of working women led to the establishment of women's wing in state capitals. Currently state branches of NLC have a women's committee and the chairperson of the committee is an automatic member of the administrative council of the state's NLC. On the national level, the head of the National Women Commission is automatically a Vice-President of NLC.The president of the National Women Commission is Comrade Rita Goyit. The women wing also engages in massive rallies and protest in support for women rights and against gender based violence against women.

Current affiliates
The following unions are affiliated to the NLC:

Presidents

 * 1978: Wahab Goodluck
 * 1979: Hassan Sunmonu
 * 1984: Ali Chiroma
 * 1988: Pascal Bafyau
 * 1994: Post vacant
 * 1999: Adams Oshiomhole
 * 2007: Abdulwaheed Omar
 * 2015: Ayuba Wabba
 * 2023: Joe Ajaero

General Secretaries

 * 1978: Aliyu Dangiwa
 * 1986: Lasisi Osunde
 * 1992: Post vacant
 * 2001: John Odah
 * 2014: Peter Ozo-Eson
 * 2019: Emmanuel Ugboaja

title: Nigeria Labour Congress


text:
Gloria Diaz

Gloria Maria Aspillera Diaz (born April 5, 1951) is a Filipino actress, model and beauty queen who won Miss Universe 1969, becoming the first Filipino to hold the Miss Universe title.

Early life and family
Diaz is one of the twelve children of lawyer Jaime Diaz and model and socialite Teresa Aspillera. Her sister, Rio Díaz, was also an actress and beauty queen.

Pageantry

Aged 18, while studying in college, Díaz entered and won Binibining Pilipinas 1969.

Díaz then entered and won Miss Universe 1969, at Miami Beach, Florida, U.S. on July 19, 1969. In the final question round, her answer to the question regarding "men in the moon" charmed the audience and the judges. She was the first Filipina to win the Miss Universe crown. News of her victory (and her measurements) were communicated to the Apollo 11 crew members during their space mission.

During her reign, Díaz travelled through several countries to promote the advocacies supported by the Miss Universe Organization as well as appeared in many public and television events in the United States.

Beginnings
Shortly after her reign as Miss Universe ended, she pursued an acting career in the Philippines, and in 1975, she was cast in her breakthrough performance as Isabel in the critically acclaimed Ang Pinakamagandang Hayop sa Balat ng Lupa. Her performance in the film was met with praise by film critics and was considered one of the most promising breakthroughs of any actress in Philippine cinema. Later that year, she was nominated for a FAMAS Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role.

Díaz continued acting in film for many years before trying out starring in television. It was in 1996 when she first appeared in the drama series Anna Karenina. She garnered popularity after appearing in the sitcom Kool Ka Lang on GMA Network in 1998. That same year, she appeared in the biopic film Jose Rizal where she played Rizal's mother Dona Teodora Alonso. Her portrayal of Rizal's mother won a Best Supporting Actress award at the 1998 Metro Manila Film Festival.

In 2006, Díaz was cast in the psychological thriller Nasaan Ka Man alongside award-winning actress Hilda Koronel, Claudine Barretto, Diether Ocampo and Jericho Rosales. For her role as Lilia, a woman trying to suppress her distraught as she tries to keep her family together, Díaz was once again nominated and eventually awarded as FAMAS Best Supporting Actress.

In 2009, she once again won a FAMAS Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the highly acclaimed film Sagrada Familia.

In 2010, she starred in two GMA projects, Beauty Queen and Diva. She returned to GMA for Mistaken Identity after a brief stint in 100 Days to Heaven. In 2011, she played a supporting role in her first TV5 project, Glamorosa, as Dra. Claudia Montesilva-Herrera.

Recent works
From 2012 to 2018, Díaz has appeared in several ABS-CBN television dramas including Kung Ako'y Iiwan Mo, May Isang Pangarap, Mirabella, Dream Dad and had roles in MMK and an appearance in Ipaglaban Mo. She returned to GMA again in 2018 to play an evil mother role on Pamilya Roces. She also appeared in the comedy films Sisterakas and Kung Fu Divas.

In 2019, Díaz returned to ABS-CBN and was recently cast in the afternoon drama series Los Bastardos where she portrayed the role of Soledad Cardinal, the long-lost wife of Don Roman Cardinal (Ronaldo Valdez), and Consuelo Cuevas, the mother of Lorenzo Cuevas (Joseph Marco). She also appeared as a fictional version of herself in the second season of the Netflix series Insatiable with Dallas Roberts and Debby Ryan.

In 2020, Díaz returned to TV5 to play the role of Belinda "Tyang Bella" Vasquez on Oh My Dad!.

In 2022, Díaz returned to ABS-CBN to play the role of Helena "Helena Agcaoili-Wilson" on 2 Good 2 Be True. Via Kapamilya Channel And A2Z

In 2023 Díaz Herself / Guest judge In Drag Race Philippines on HBO Go And WOW Presents Plus

Personal life
Diaz married businessman Gabriel Daza III in 1986, and had three children, including Isabelle. They separated in 1995, and she has since been in a relationship with Michael Osmeña de Jesus, a Filipino banker.

In 2010, the Cebu chapter of the Vice Mayors League declared Gloria Diaz persona non grata.

Through her sister, Diaz is an aunt of Georgina Wilson.

Controversy
In a TV Patrol interview shortly after the Miss Universe 2010 pageant on August 23, Díaz commented on Binibining Pilipinas contestant Venus Raj becoming 4th runner-up. She suggested in the interview that perhaps Raj and other Filipinas would benefit from answering pageant questions via the use of an interpreter rather than in English. Díaz further said that:

""Because when you think about a Cebuana can hardly speak English and of course Tagalog. Maybe she should answer in Bisaya.""

Her remark sparked outrage amongst many Cebuanos, who felt that Díaz insulted their English proficiency by championing the controversial issue of Tagalog imperialist culture in the Philippines. Cebuano politicians such as Cebu Governor Gwendolyn Garcia and Congresswoman Rachel del Mar called on her to apologise. In response to the controversy, Díaz declared there was no need to apologize and instead clarified her remarks:

"Let me clarify it once and for all. People should have the right to say or to answer (questions) in whatever language they want to say it in. If they're Cebuanos, they can say it in Cebuano. I did not say that they did not speak English. If you're Ilocano, say it in Ilocano. But if you're Ilocano who speaks good English, say it in English. If you're Cebuano who can speak Spanish, if you're comfortable with Spanish, say it in Spanish. That's what I said and that's what I meant."

On September 1, 2010, the Vice Mayors' League of the Philippines-Cebu passed a resolution declaring Díaz a persona non grata within Cebu City.

title: Gloria Diaz


text:
Wiener Bonbons

Wiener Bonbons (Vienna Sweets), Op. 307, is a waltz by Johann Strauss II written in 1866. It was first performed on 28 January 1866 at the ball of the Association of Industrial Societies held in the ball rooms of the Vienna Hofburg and was dedicated to the influential Princess Pauline Metternich-Winneburg, the wife of then Austrian ambassador to Paris.

The festivity was meant to raise funds to be donated to the construction of German hospitals in Paris and Strauss' younger brother Josef was initially supposed to be conducting music at the ball without his brother Johann's anticipated presence. Johann himself was happy to draw back from conducting at such occasions in addition to allowing Josef to compose a dedication piece for the event although at the last minute, the elder brother opted to contribute a waltz of his own to glorify the event. The result was the waltz "Wiener Bonbons", combining Viennese waltz with Parisian flair. The title, "Vienna Bonbons", draws on both nationalities.

 * Waltz 1

The waltz's introduction starts with clarinet and pizzicato strings in a relatively tense mood. Shortly, the first waltz theme makes a bold entry, long chords with a strong first beat in 3/4 time. Later sections are cheeky and flamboyant, contrasted with gentle and reflective melodies. After a short coda, the first waltz theme reappears before accelerating into its rousing finish, complete with a brass flourish underlined by a snare drumroll.

title: Wiener Bonbons


text:
Qasim Khanate

The Qasim Khanate was a Tatar-ruled khanate, a vassal of Russia, which existed from 1452 until 1681 in the territory of modern Ryazan Oblast in Russia with its capital at Kasimov, in the middle course of the Oka River. It was established in the lands which Grand Prince Vasily II of Moscow (reigned 1425–1462) presented in 1452 to the Kazan prince Qasim Khan (d. 1469), son of the first Kazan khan Olug Moxammat.

Pre-history
The original populations were the Volga Finnic tribes Meshchyora and Muroma, Mordvins. The land was under Kievan Rus' and Volga Bulgaria's influence. Local tribes were tributaries of Ruthenian dukes. Later, the area was incorporated into Vladimir-Suzdal. In 1152, Duke of Vladimir Yuri Dolgoruky founded Gorodets-Meshchyorskiy. After the Mongol conquest, the territory was incorporated into the territory of the Golden Horde. Turkic settlers appeared in those areas, and most of them accepted Islam under the influence from the Volga Bulgars. The semi-independent principality Mishar Yurt was founded by Hordian Mohammad Shirin beg. From 1393, the area became part of Muscovy. After the battle of Suzdal in 1445, Olug Moxammad claimed to return those lands to the Tatars.

According to some historians, such as Khudyakov, Vassily executed the claim and Moxammat's son Qasim was crowned as a ruler of Meshchyora lands. The area and capital were renamed after him. Another version is that Qasim came into Russian service and was granted those lands to create a buffer state between Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Khanate of Kazan. However, the Khanate was a vassal of Russia. From the beginning, Khans governed the Khanate's territory, but the outer politics were controlled by Russia.

Population
The land was inhabited mainly by Mordvins, some of them as well as other Volga Finnic peoples like the Meshchyora and Muroma have been assimilated by Tatars and became Mishar Tatars. Later, the land was settled by the Russians. Some Kazan Tatars resettled to Qasim lands, and were called Qasim Tatars. Most of the Qasim Tatars served at the khan's palace or served in the khan's military. This group had been assimilated into the Mishar Tatars, but nearly 1,000 Qasim Tatars are still living in the city of Kasimov.

The noble families were the Manghyt (Manğıt), Arghyn (Arğın), Jalair (Cälair), Qipchaq (Qıpçaq). Moscow's administrators elected the khans from ruling families of the Tatar khanates: Khanate of Kazan, the Crimean Khanate, and the Siberia Khanate.

History
Qasim khans with their guard participated in all of Moscow's raids into Kazan (1467–1469, 1487, 1552). Qasim khan Şahğäli (1515–1567) was three times crowned as Kazan khan with the aid of Muscovy. After the conquest of Kazan, the self-government of the khans was abolished and the khanate came to be governed by Russian voyevodas. However, khans still reigned. One of the khans, Simeon Bekbulatovich, was baptised and proclaimed Grand Duke of Moscow in 1574. He never really reigned and was used for a short period by Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible as a puppet head of state. At the reign of Sayed Borhan khan (1627–1679) Russia started a policy of Christianization. Begs, who had a status equal to Boyars, were switched to Serving Tatars, equal to Dvoryans. This policy provoked a Tatar revolt in 1656. After the death of khanbika (queen) Fatima Soltan in 1681, the Khanate was abolished.

title: Qasim Khanate


text:
Sabratha

Sabratha (صبراتة; also Sabratah, Siburata), in the Zawiya District of Libya, was the westernmost of the ancient "three cities" of Roman Tripolis, alongside Oea and Leptis Magna. From 2001 to 2007 it was the capital of the former Sabratha wa Sorman District. It lies on the Mediterranean coast about 70 km west of modern Tripoli. The extant archaeological site was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982.

Ancient Sabratha
Sabratha's port was established, perhaps about 500BCE, as the Phoenician trading-post of Tsabratan (,, or 𐤑𐤁𐤓𐤕𐤏𐤍, ). This seems to have been a Berber name, suggesting a preëxisting native settlement. The port served as a Phoenician outlet for the products of the African hinterland. Greeks called it Sabrata (Σαβράτα), Sabaratha (Σαβαραθά), Sabratha (Σαβράθα) and also Abrotonon (Ἀβρότονον). After the demise of Phoenicia, Sabratha fell under the sphere of influence of Carthage.

Following the Punic Wars, Sabratha became part of the short-lived Numidian kingdom of Massinissa before this was annexed to the Roman Republic as the province of Africa Nova in the 1st century BC. It was subsequently romanized and rebuilt in the 2nd and 3rd centuriesCE. The Emperor Septimius Severus was born nearby in Leptis Magna, and Sabratha reached its monumental peak during the rule of the Severans, when it nearly doubled in size. The city was badly damaged by earthquakes during the 4th century, particularly the quake of 365. It fell under control of the Vandal kingdom in the 5th century, with large parts of the city being abandoned. It enjoyed a small revival under Byzantine rule, when multiple churches and a defensive wall (although only enclosing a small portion of the city) were erected. The town was site of a bishopric. Within a hundred years of the Muslim invasion of the Maghreb, trade had shifted to other ports and Sabratha dwindled to a village.

Archaeological site
Sabratha has been the place of several excavation campaigns since 1921, mainly by Italian archaeologists. It was also excavated by a British team directed by Dame Kathleen Kenyon and John Ward-Perkins between 1948 and 1951. Besides its that retains its three-storey architectural backdrop, Sabratha has temples dedicated to Liber Pater, Serapis and Isis. There is a Christian basilica of the time of Justinian and also remnants of some of the mosaic floors that enriched elite dwellings of Roman North Africa (for example, at the Villa Sileen, near Khoms). However, these are most clearly preserved in the colored patterns of the seaward (or Forum) baths, directly overlooking the shore, and in the black and white floors of the theater baths. There is an adjacent museum containing some treasures from Sabratha, but others can be seen in the national museum in Tripoli.

In 1943, during the Second World War, archaeologist Max Mallowan, husband of novelist Agatha Christie, was based at Sabratha as an assistant to the Senior Civil Affairs Officer of the Western Province of Tripolitania. His main task was to oversee the allocation of grain rations, but it was, in the words of Christie's biographer, a "glorious attachment", during which Mallowan lived in an Italian villa with a patio overlooking the sea and dined on fresh tunny fish and olives.

Erosion and weathering damage
According to an April 2016 report, due to soft soil composition and the nature of the coast of Sabratha, which is mostly made up of soft rock and sand, the Ruins of Sabratha are undergoing dangerous periods of coastal erosion. The public baths, olive press building and 'harbor' can be observed as being most damaged as the buildings have crumbled due to storms and unsettled seas. As the most common building material in Sabratah, calcarenite, is highly susceptible to physical, chemical and biological weathering (particularly marine spray), the long-term conservation of the monuments is endangered. Rising sea levels can also compromise the integrity of the site.

This erosion of the coast of Ancient Sabratha can be seen yearly with significant differences in beach layout and recent crumbled buildings. Breakwaters set in the vicinity of the harbor and olive press are inadequate and too small to efficiently protect the Ancient City of Sabratha.

Modern Sabratha
The city is home to Sabratha University. Wefaq Sabratha is the football club, playing at Sabratha Stadium.

As noted in the 2021 documentary The Beatles: Get Back, directed by Peter Jackson, the Sabratha Theater was considered as a possible location where the Beatles could hold their final live concert as a group (they instead performed their last concert on the rooftop of their Apple Corps headquarters).

Climate
Sabratha has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh).

title: Sabratha


text:
Talk:Sabratha

Phoenician or Punic?
I followed my sources and called Sabratha "Phoenician" in its foundation (from Sidon or Tyre?), rather than Punic (from Carthage). Wetman 14:32, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

WP:ENGVAR
Please note that this page was established using American English and should maintain that consistently, pending a new consensus to the contrary. — Llywelyn II   10:01, 3 November 2018 (UTC)

WP:ERA
Similarly, it was established using the dating convention and that, too, should be maintained pending a new consensus to the contrary. — Llywelyn II   10:01, 3 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sabratha


text:
Sexten

Sexten (Sesto ) is a comune and a village in South Tyrol in northern Italy. The village is famous as a summer and winter sport resort in the mountains.

According to the 2011 census, 95.37% of the population speak German, 4.36% Italian and 0.27% Ladin as first language.

Geography
The town sits in a branch of the Puster Valley, near Innichen and Toblach, where the Drava rises. The district borders East Tyrol, Austria, to the north and the border is formed by the Carnic Alps. To the south lie the eponymous Sexten Dolomites and nature park, which includes the famous Drei Zinnen (Tre Cime di Lavaredo).

The commune is bordered, clockwise from the west, by Toblach, Innichen, Sillian (Austria), Kartitsch (Austria), Comelico Superiore (Belluno) and Auronzo di Cadore, (Belluno).

History
The village's name is of Latin origin: ad horam sextam, meaning "at the sixth hour", referring to its location south of Innichen. Sexta is documented starting from 965 AD, due to its connections to the Bavarian Prince-Bishopric of Freising. During World War I, Sexten was on the front line between Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and suffered much damage.

It was conquered by Italy in November 1918. Later it received further fortifications during the Fascist Era.

It is the hometown of tennis player Jannik Sinner.

Coat-of-arms
The emblem is azure and represents three argent peaks with a sable chamois standing in the centre; the three peaks symbolize the Tre Cime di Lavaredo. The emblem was granted in 1972 but was in use before World War I.

Twin towns
Sexten is twinned with:

 * 🇦🇹 Sankt Veit in Defereggen, Austria
 * 🇨🇭 Zermatt, Switzerland

Notable residents

 * Jannik Sinner (born 2001), tennis player

title: Sexten


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/G255

G255 was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Seems not to be real. No relevant google hits. Of course, that just may be what THEY want us to think. Dsmdgold 14:34, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete; It does fail the verifiability test. Posiduck 18:48, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fantasy. -R. S. Shaw 19:20, 2004 Oct 10 (UTC)
 * Delete: Again, stay away from the brown acid. Hallucinations. Geogre 21:15, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * "There is currently no evidence that this organization exists." Hence, Delete and BJAODN. - Mike Rosoft 12:21, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a place for wild conspiracy theories. -- Mithent 18:45, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Conspiracy theory. Lev 19:58, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/G255


text:
Talk:Cydoor

I believe
I believe that Cydoor is really adware. Yes, today we often use the terms spyware and adware interchangably. Andros 1337 21:13, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Why does nobody sue Cydoor? Are lawyers that uncreative? They would be heroes and make millions...

External Link to Cydoor
Umm. The "company web page" is just a "Congratulations! You have been selected to receive a FABULOUS PRIZE!" scam. Complete with the classic popup when you try to leave the page- this one reads, hilariously enough, "WAIT WAIT WAIT! get your ipad 2 now! Click cancel to stay on the page!"

I'm gonna go ahead and remove the link. I could cite WP:NOT but I really think this speaks for itself. If anybody objects, please explain why you feel the link should be included before restoring it. --Moralis (talk) 21:09, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

Tags
Quick explanatory note - the content, as it stands, is supported by very old refs, and is self-contradictory - is it 'impossible to remove by most anti-virus software', or can it 'be removed by most anti-spyware software' - needs clarification, tidying up, and ideally more up to date sourcing. Girth Summit  (blether) 23:20, 16 July 2019 (UTC)

Introduction Rewrite
Honestly I think the introduction to this article needs a rewrite. It's got broken English ("These spywares hijacks Windows or Macintosh...") and confusing information ("It is a malicious computer program, which cannot be removed by common antivirus software like Malware bytes, Microsoft Security Essentials, Norton, McAfee, Webroot, Kaspersky, Sophos or Avast."). I personally am pretty awful at writing articles, I'm mainly here to help stop vandalism on Wikipedia. But, someone has to do the work. If no one else is able to do it or doesn't have the time, I'll clean it up sooner or later. LewisTehMinerz💬✒ 17:24, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cydoor


text:
Tanith Lee

Tanith Lee (19 September 1947 – 24 May 2015) was a British science fiction and fantasy writer. She wrote more than 90 novels and 300 short stories, and was the winner of multiple World Fantasy Society Derleth Awards, the World Fantasy Lifetime Achievement Award and the Bram Stoker Award for Lifetime Achievement in Horror. She also wrote a children's picture book (Animal Castle), and many poems. She wrote two episodes of the BBC science fiction series Blake's 7 (Sand and Sarcophagus).

She was the first woman to win the British Fantasy Award best novel award (also known as the August Derleth Award), for her book Death's Master (1980).

Early life
Tanith Lee was born on 19 September 1947 in London, to professional dancers Bernard and Hylda Lee. Despite a persistent rumour, she was not the daughter of Bernard Lee (the actor who played "M" in the James Bond series films between 1962 and 1979). According to Lee, although her childhood was happy, she was the "traditional kid that got bullied," and had to move around frequently due to her parents' work. Although her family was poor, they maintained a large paperback collection, and Lee read weird fiction, including "Silken Swift" by Theodore Sturgeon and "Gabriel Ernest" by Saki, and discussed such literature as Hamlet and Dracula with her parents. Lee attended many different schools in childhood. She was at first "incapable" of reading due to a mild form of dyslexia, which was diagnosed later in life, but when she was aged 8, her father taught her to read in about a month, and she began to write at the age of 9.

Education
Because Lee's parents had to move for jobs, Lee attended numerous primary schools, then the Prendergast Grammar School for Girls. After secondary school, Lee attended Croydon Art College for a year. Realising that was not what she wanted to do, she dropped out of her course and held a number of jobs, including file clerk, waitress, shop assistant, and assistant librarian.

Writing career
She began publishing with The Betrothed (1968), a short story privately printed by a friend, but started serious writing with several children's fantasies. Of these, The Dragon Hoard (1971), her first novel, is a comic fantasy, in which an enchantress compels the quest-ridden protagonist to shapeshift into a raven at unpredictable moments. Princess Hynchatti & Some Other Surprises (collection of linked stories in 1972) puts its cast through various travails. In Companions on the Road (1975) the companions are the villains, a trio of hellish revenants who kill through their control of Dreams as they search for the holders of a magic chalice. The Winter Players (1976) – assembled with the previous book as Companions on the Road and The Winter Players: Two Novellas (1977) – dramatises the interaction between a young woman and the accursed wanderer whom she ultimately redeems. Even in these early works, several characteristic motifs dominate: the Rite of Passage whereby a young protagonist comes to terms – often via Metamorphosis – with his or her extraordinary nature, and strives for Balance in a riven world; vivid, but indeterminate, landscapes serving as almost interchangeable backdrops for psychic dramas; and a fine indifference to any moralistic settling of scores, her tales tending to close with Good and Evil characters settling into uneasy equipoise.

Her first professional sale came from "Eustace," a ninety-word vignette at the age of 21 in 1968. She continued to work in various jobs for almost another decade, due to rejection of her books. Her first novel (for children) was The Dragon Hoard, published in 1971 by Macmillan. Her career took off with the acceptance in 1975 by DAW Books USA of her adult fantasy epic The Birthgrave – a mass-market paperback. Many British publishers rejected The Birthgrave so she approached DAW Books. Lee subsequently maintained a prolific output in popular genre writing. The Birthgrave allowed Lee to be a full-time writer and stop doing "stupid and soul-killing jobs."

During the nineties her "career went through the doldrums" because of trends in publishing. Major publishing companies were less accepting of Lee's later works. The companies which Lee worked with for years refused to look at her proposals. Smaller companies were publishing just a few of Lee's works. The refusals did not stop her from writing and she had numerous unpublished novels and short stories. Letters from fans asked if she were dead because no new work had been published. Lee tried changing her genre, but to no success. However, Internet sales succeeded in reviving her writing.

Book sales
Lee had "quietly phenomenal sales" at certain periods throughout her career. When she tried changing genres, some of her works were liked by critics and published by small publishers, but it made no difference. The royalties were good before the publishers went bankrupt.

Personal life and death
In 1987, Lee met artist and writer John Kaiine. In 1992, the couple married. They lived in the south of England.

Lee died at her home in East Sussex of breast cancer on 24 May 2015.

Works
Lee often uses the transitional character of the bildungsroman, or coming-of-age stories. For instance, the protagonist of Lee's The Birthgrave undertakes a journey to understanding her identity and culture.

Lee's two longest werewolf stories, "Wolfland" and Lycanthia, follow Lee's custom of reversing the images of popular culture icons. Lee approximates the werewolves' behaviours according to the social and hunting patterns of wild wolves. In altering this trope, she endows werewolf stories with a new and more positive mythos.

Lee's 1971 debut was the children's book The Dragon Hoard; her first adult book was The Birthgrave in 1975. Lee's prolific output spans a host of different genres, including adult fantasy, children's fantasy, science fiction, horror, Gothic horror, Gothic romance, and historical fiction. Her series of interconnected tales called The Flat-Earth Cycle, beginning with Night's Master and Death's Master, is similar in scope and breadth to Jack Vance's The Dying Earth.

Night's Master contains allegorical tales involving Azhrarn, a demonic prince who kidnaps and raises a beautiful boy and separates him from the sorrow of the real world. Eventually, the boy wants to know more about the earth, and asks to be returned, setting off a series of encounters between Azhrarn and mankind, some horrific and some positive. Later tales are loosely based on Babylonian mythology. In the science fiction Four-BEE series, Lee explores youth culture and identity in a society which grants eternally young teenagers complete freedom. They are even killed and receive new bodies, gender and/or identity over and over again. Lee has also written a historical novel with The Gods are Thirsty, set during the French Revolution. During the late 1980s she published three collections - Dreams of Dark and Light (1986), Women as Demons (1989) and The Forests of the Night (1989).

A large part of Lee's output was children's fantasy, which has spanned her career from The Dragon Hoard in 1971 to the more recent The Claidi Journals containing Wolf Tower, Wolf Star, Wolf Queen and Wolf Wing in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Lee was published by various imprints, particularly depending on whether she is offering adult fiction or children's fantasy. Her earlier children's fantasy novels were published in hardcover by Macmillan UK and subsequently printed as paperbacks in the US often by DAW, with occasional hardcovers by St. Martin's Press. Some of her work was only printed in paperback, mainly in the US by DAW in the 1970s to the early 1980s. She has received some small press treatment, such as the Arkham House edition of short stories Dreams of Dark and Light: The Great Short Fiction of Tanith Lee in 1986, and in the first "Night Visions" instalment published by Dark Harvest.

Writing style
Lee's style is frequently remarked upon for its use of rich poetic prose and striking imagery. Critics describe her style as weird, lush, vibrant, exotic, erotic, rich, elegant, perverse, and darkly beautiful. The technique she used is very descriptive and poetic to match the themes she used in her mythical stories. She was praised for her ability to balance her weird style with the challenges of writing a faraway world, but some critics counter that her style is not always easy on the reader; she sometimes leaves the reader with unanswered questions.

Themes
Lee's writing frequently featured nonconformist interpretations of fairy tales, vampire stories, myths, and the fantasy genre; as well as themes of feminism and sexuality. She also wrote lesbian fiction under the pseudonym Esther Garber. Other than feminism and sexuality, Lee used a wide range of other themes in her stories. From 1975 to 1980, she began writing Gothic science fiction; her first Gothic novel "Sabella or the Bloodstone" features themes of loneliness and fear. Lee's most celebrated story "Elle Est Trois", which examines the relationship between self-destruction and creativity "has themes of psychosis and sexuality, the subjugation of women, and the persuasive power of myth interwoven through it". Myth is again apparent (along with race) in her stories "The Storm Lord", "Anackire", and "The White Serpent". Three unique horror series were produced by Lee in the '90s; the first story, The Book of the Damned, features themes of body thievery and shape-shifting. Themes of homophobia, racism, and sexism are seen in Lee's sequence The Blood Opera, and The Venus Cycle features themes of love, loss, and revenge. Her collection Disturbed By Her Song features themes of eroticism, despair, isolation, and the pressure of an unforgiving and unwelcoming society. These themes reoccur in her 1976 novel Don't Bite the Sun where the characters are involved in a very erotic lifestyle and the protagonist experiences despair. Eroticism shows up again in her novel "Death's Master" which examines the childhood origins of eroticism and the "later conflicts that arise from it". The sequel to Don't Bite the Sun, Drinking Sapphire Wine, is thematically similar to her other works, in that it features themes of Death and renewal, sexuality, and love. The theme of recognition also appears in Drinking Sapphire Wine, where the characters are forced to recognize others and themselves in a world where physical form is so readily alterable.

Influences
Tanith Lee was influenced by multiple genres, including other writers, music, movies, and "small things". Her Flat Earth Series was inspired by a game she played with her mother; some of her other works are influenced by fairy tales her mother told her. Much of her work comes from "small things" rather than major inspirations.

Authors
Lee was inspired by writers and playwrights, including Graham Greene, Rebecca West, Elizabeth Bowen, Jack Vance, Fritz Leiber, Theodore Sturgeon, Angela Carter, Jane Gaskell, Charles Dickens, William Shakespeare, William Blake, Anton Chekov, Harold Pinter, Tennessee Williams, Arthur Miller, Ibsen, August Strindberg, Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Bunin, James, Rosemary Sutcliff, Mary Renault, Jean Rhys, John Fowles, John le Carré, Brontë family, E.M. Forster, W. Somerset Maugham, Isabel Allende, Margaret Atwood, Ruth Rendell, Lawrence Durrell, Elroy Flecker, and Ted Hughes. Lee considered Virginia Woolf and C.S. Lewis to be influential on her from a young age.

Other genres
Lee was influenced by painters, movies, television, and music. She cites Sergei Prokofiev, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Dmitri Shostakovich (whose symphonies influenced certain scenes in Anackire), George Frideric Handel, Annie Lennox and Johnny Cash as musical influences. Film influences include Ben-Hur, Caesar and Cleopatra (with Vivien Leigh and Claude Rains), Coppola's Dracula, The Brotherhood of the Wolf (subtitled version), Olivier's Hamlet. The various Quatermass TV series and films inspired Lee, along with the films Forbidden Planet (1956), Ingmar Bergman's The Seventh Seal (1957) and Plunkett & Macleane (1999). The TV version of Georg Büchner's play Danton's Death (1978), inspired her to write her French historical novel. The painters that have inspired her include Vincent van Gogh, Cotman, J. M. W. Turner, Gustav Klimt, Rousseau, Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Lawrence Alma-Tadema, and several pre-Raphaelites.

Awards
Nebula Awards
 * 1975: The Birthgrave (nominated, best novel)
 * 1980: Red As Blood (nominated, best short story)

World Fantasy Awards
 * 1979: Night's Master (nominated, best novel)
 * 1983: "The Gorgon" (winner, best short story)
 * 1984: "Elle Est Trois, (La Mort)" (winner, best short story)
 * 1984: "Nunc Dimittis" (nominated, best novella)
 * 1984: Red As Blood, or, Tales From The Sisters Grimmer (nominated, best anthology/collection)
 * 1985: Night Visions 1 (nominated, best anthology/collection)
 * 1987: Dreams of Dark And Light (nominated, best anthology/collection)
 * 1988: Night's Sorceries (nominated, best anthology/collection)
 * 1999: "Scarlet And Gold" (nominated, best novella)
 * 2006: "Uous" (nominated, best novella)
 * 2013: Life Achievement Award

World Horror Convention
 * 2009: Grand Master Award

British Fantasy Awards
 * 1979: Quest for the White Witch (nominated, best novel)
 * 1980: Death's Master (winner, best novel)
 * 1980: "Red As Blood" (nominated, best short story)
 * 1981: Kill The Dead (nominated, best novel)
 * 1999: "Jedella Ghost" (nominated, best short story)
 * 2000: "Where Does The Town Go at Night?" (nominated, best short story)

Lambda Awards
 * 2010: Disturbed by Her Song (nominated, best LGBT speculative fiction)

Infinity Award
 * 2024: Posthumous lifetime achievement award

title: Tanith Lee


text:
Trust Company (band)

Trust Company (also typeset as TRUSTcompany and TRUST*CO) is an American rock band from Montgomery, Alabama. Formed in 1997 by guitarist/lead vocalist Kevin Palmer and drummer Jason Singleton. Trust Company has sold over 1 million albums worldwide. They are best known for their 2002 song "Downfall".

Formation and The Lonely Position of Neutral (1997–2002)
Originally formed in Montgomery, Alabama in 1997 under the name 41Down, the band began with vocalist/guitarist Kevin Palmer and drummer Jason Singleton before recruiting bassist Josh Moates and guitarist James Fukai. After building a local fan-base and releasing a self-titled album as well as a couple demos, the band went on to sign a major label deal with Geffen Records. On March 3, 2002, the band changed their name to Trust Company to avoid confusion with the Canadian band Sum 41.

Trust Company's debut album, The Lonely Position of Neutral, was released on July 23, 2002. The album was well received, with the lead single, "Downfall," gaining heavy exposure through MTV2. Subsequently, the song entered the Billboard Hot 100 singles charts. A second single "Running from Me" followed with more moderate success. "The Fear" was released in 2003 as the album's third single. The Lonely Position of Neutral was certified gold by the RIAA, and the band went on to tour with artists such as Thirty Seconds to Mars and Papa Roach. They also toured with Korn and Disturbed as part of the Pop Sux Tour in 2002.

True Parallels and hiatus (2003–2006)
Trust Company was scheduled to play at Ozzfest 2003 but was forced to back out by their label in order to work on their second album, True Parallels, which was belatedly released on March 22, 2005, after an 8–10 month delay. Several months prior to the album's release, original bassist Josh Moates left the group and was replaced by Walker Warren. Despite little promotion from their label, the album entered the Billboard album charts at No. 32, and has gone on to sell in excess of 200,000 copies. The first and only single from the album, "Stronger," made a moderate impact on mainstream rock radio. According to drummer Jason Singleton on the band's website message board, the second single may have been "The War is Over."

In August 2005, the band decided to take a break and focus on side projects and spend some time at home. Soon after the break, Palmer and original bassist Josh Moates came together to form a new band called Amity Lane. The band released its debut album The Sound of Regret on October 31, 2006. In an interview with IndyConcerts.com following their show in Indianapolis on April 6, 2011, Kevin Palmer was quoted as saying the Amity Lane album was never intended to be released. The whole album was just a fun side project and not even studio-produced. Palmer went on to say that he and Moates recorded the whole album on a computer. Jason Singleton played drums for several bands in Montgomery, including Arm in Arms, The Spicolis, and The Escape Frame. James Fukai reunited with his old band, Hematovore.

Reunion, Dreaming in Black and White and inactivity (2007–present)
On August 11, 2007, the four original members of the band – Palmer, Moates, Singleton, and Fukai – announced they were reuniting and planned two reunion shows in Montgomery, Alabama and that they will be writing and recording a new album for release sometime in 2008. On March 18, 2008, the band posted two new songs titled "Waking Up" and "Stumbling" on their Myspace page. The band stated in a blog that these were demos and may be re-recorded. They later announced that they would be handing out CDs with previously unreleased or rare material from past years at concerts with the purchase of a T-shirt.

Josh Moates chose to leave the band and was replaced by bassist Eric Salter. Eric Salter left the band in 2009 and was replaced by Wes Cobb.

Trust Company carried out a small US tour at the end of 2010 to promote their new single, "Heart in My Hands", from their third studio album, Dreaming in Black and White, which was released on March 8, 2011. The lead single was released on iTunes on October 5, 2010. In late October 2010, the band finished the music video for "Heart in My Hands" and the video premiered on Vevo on December 15, 2010. The music video features bass player Rachel Bolan of heavy metal band Skid Row. The band went on a two-month tour with Drowning Pool on the promotion of the album.

Trust Company's social media has been virtually untouched since 2015, except for on March 3, 2017, when the original unreleased music video for "Stronger" was posted on Facebook, and a post made on Twitter on March 7, 2017, marking 15 years since The Lonely Position of Neutral was released.

On October 16, 2017 the official Trust Company Twitter account replied to a fan and stated that a new album is currently in the process of being written. After another two years of inactivity, the band's Twitter again confirmed that a new album was in the process of being written on February 22, 2020, although the band stated that it did not have plans to tour at that time. Trust Company's original lineup performed at Blue Ridge Rock Festival in 2023.

Musical style
Trust Company has been described as alternative metal, nu metal,  hard rock, and alternative rock.

Members
Current members
 * Kevin Palmer – guitar, lead vocals (1997–2005, 2007–present)
 * James Fukai – guitar, backing vocals (1997–2005, 2007–present)
 * Jason Singleton – drums, backing vocals (1997–2005, 2007–present)
 * Josh Moates – bass (1997–2004, 2007–2008, 2022–present)

Former members
 * Walker Warren – bass (2004–2005)
 * Eric Salter – bass (2008–2009)
 * Wes Cobb – bass, backing vocals (2009–2011)

Discography

 * Studio albums

In 2010, via Myspace, Trust Company gave their fans the opportunity to obtain a Previously Unreleased LP for free after purchasing a T-shirt from their online store. The album contains rare demos and tracks not included in their previous two albums. The track listing is as follows:
 * Compilation album

1. "Stronger" (Piano with drum loop version)

2. "Closer"

3. "I Can't Breathe"

4. "Seasons Change"

5. "Today"

6. "Moving in Circles"

7. "Hover" (Quiet mix) [Underworld soundtrack]

8. "Sterilize"

9. "Something Perfect" (New version)

10. "Losing View"

11. "Rock the Casbah" (The Clash cover)

12. "Time After Time" (Cyndi Lauper cover)

 * Singles

title: Trust Company (band)


text:
Morris Kirksey

Morris Marshall Kirksey (September 13, 1895 – November 25, 1981) was an American track and field athlete and rugby union footballer who won two gold medals at the 1920 Summer Olympics. He is one of the few athletes to win gold medals in two different Olympic sports.

Biography
Born in Waxahachie, Texas, Kirksey moved to the San Francisco Bay Area when he was about thirteen years old, and graduated from the Palo Alto High School in 1913.

At the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp, Kirksey finished second in the 100-meter sprint behind Charley Paddock. Six days later, he anchored the United States 4x100-meter relay team that won the gold medal in a world record time of 42.2 seconds. Two weeks later, Kirksey won his second gold medal, helping the American rugby team defeat France 8–0.

As a Stanford University student, Kirksey won the IC4A championships in 100 yd in 1921, and repeated the Paddock's world record in 100 yd of 9.6.

Kirksey earned a bachelor's degree in philosophy from Stanford and then a degree from the St. Louis Medical College. He worked as a staff psychiatrist for the state Department of Corrections, assigned to San Quentin and Folsom prisons.

Morris Kirksey died in San Mateo, California, at the age of 86.

title: Morris Kirksey


text:
Creole pig

The Creole pig is a landrace of pig indigenous to Hispaniola.

Creole pigs are well adapted to local conditions, such as available feed and conditions needed for their management as livestock, and were popular with the Haitian peasant farmers until an extermination campaign in the 1980s. They served as a type of savings account for the Haitian peasant: sold or slaughtered to pay for marriages, medical emergencies, schooling, seeds for crops, or Voodoo ceremonies. The dark black pigs are known for their boisterous nature and have been incorporated into elements of vodou folklore and the oral history of the Haitian Revolution.

In the late 1970s an outbreak of African swine fever hit the neighboring Dominican Republic and spread to Haiti. Officials feared it would spread to the United States, where it could devastate the pork industry. The United States Agency for International Development, USAID, and the Haitian government led a campaign, known by the French acronym PEPPADEP, to exterminate Haiti's pigs. Farmers who were compensated received pigs imported from the United States that were far more vulnerable to Haiti's environment and expensive to keep. In the year following the slaughter, levels of enrollment in schools were dramatically lower throughout Haiti's countryside.

In the Haitian peasant community, the government's eradication and repopulation program was highly criticized. The peasants protested that they were not fairly compensated for their pigs and that the breed of pigs imported from the United States to replace the hardy Creole pigs was unsuitable for the Haitian environment and economy.

In recent years, Haitian and French agronomists have bred a new variety of pig similar to Haiti's Creole pig. An effort to repopulate Haiti with these pigs is underway. The original creole pig is reported to have survived in small numbers in the Haitian countryside.

title: Creole pig


text:
John Coyle (footballer)

John Cohen Coyle (28 September 1932 –14 May 2016) was a Scottish footballer.

Coyle started his career with Dundee United for whom he signed in 1950. His early years were interrupted by his National Service, while he also spent time on loan to Brechin City. As a result, by the beginning of the 1955-56 season he had made only eight first team appearances. From that point onwards however, his form was a revelation, with 77 goals in 88 appearances in the following two and a half seasons.

Despite Coyle's goals, United could do no better than mid-table mediocrity in the Division Two and when Clyde expressed interest in December 1957, Coyle expressed his desire to move to the Division One side. An £8,000 deal was concluded and Coyle moved to Glasgow where he made an immediate impression with the Bully Wee, scoring frequently during the second half of the 1957-58 season. He also scored the winning goal in the 1958 Scottish Cup Final, as Clyde defeated Hibernian 1–0 at Hampden Park.

Coyle's meteoric rise was confirmed when he was selected in the Scotland squad for the 1958 FIFA World Cup that summer. He did not make an appearance during the finals in Sweden however and indeed never actually played for the Scotland national side.

Coyle's younger brother Jimmy was also a professional footballer, being signed for Dundee United during the same period as his brother (Jimmy Reid and two other players also made the move at the same time) and playing alongside him at Tannadice Park for a season.

He died on 14 May 2016.

title: John Coyle (footballer)


text:
Peter Hansen (UN)

Peter Hansen (born 2 June 1941 in Aalborg), a Danish national, was commissioner-general of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) from 1996 to 2005.

Academic career
After completing graduate and postgraduate studies in political science at Aarhus University in 1966, Hansen joined the staff of the university as an assistant professor in international relations.

Diplomatic career
In 1978, Hansen joined the United Nations as assistant secretary-general for programme planning and coordination. Between 1985 and 1992, he served as assistant secretary-general and executive director of the United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations. In March 1994, he took over the post of Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator.

During his UN tenure, he has served as chairman of the organization's appointment and promotion board and various committees and as the secretary-general's representative to the World Food Programme. He also served as the special representative of the secretary-general to the ad hoc liaison committee established to follow up the Washington Conference in support of the Middle East peace process.

Commissioner-general of UNRWA
Hansen was appointed commissioner-general of UNRWA by UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali on 20 January 1996 and took office on 1 March 1996. His term ended on 31 March 2005 and he retired from United Nations service. Hansen had been critical of Israeli actions, and UN sources said the US had opposed his reappointment.

title: Peter Hansen (UN)


text: Category:Knights of the Garter

title: Category:Knights of the Garter


text:
Suwon Samsung Bluewings

The Suwon Samsung Bluewings (수원 삼성 블루윙즈) are a South Korean football club based in Suwon that competes in the K League 2, the second tier of South Korean football. Founded in December 1995, they have won the K League on four occasions (1998, 1999, 2004 and 2008), as well as the Asian Club Championship twice, in 2000–01 and 2001–02.

History
The club was officially founded in December 1995 by Samsung Electronics, becoming the ninth member of the K League from the 1996 season. It was also the first club to be founded in one specific city, a plan which led to the K-League initiating plans to encourage its other clubs to forge similar links with local communities.

Former South Korean national team manager Kim Ho took charge of the side from their first season in the K-League, and the team finished runners-up in the championship play-off that season. The championship was secured in 1998 and retained in 1999 as Suwon started to dominate Korean football.

Suwon lifted the Asian Club Championship twice in succession in 2000–01 and 2001–02, and also added the Asian Super Cup to their roll of honors on two occasions.

In the 2002 season, Suwon also won the Korean FA Cup for the first time, achieving a continental double.

The departure of Kim Ho in 2003 saw Korean football legend Cha Bum-kun appointed manager ahead of the 2004 season, and the club won its third league title in his debut season as manager.

Suwon finished runners-up in both major domestic competitions in 2006, as Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma claimed victory in the K-League championship play-off final and Chunnam Dragons won in the FA Cup final, thwarting Suwon's attempts to win the first ever domestic double in South Korean football.

The 2008 season became one of the most successful seasons in the club's history. Suwon achieved a domestic double by winning the K League Championship and the League Cup.

In the 2023 season, the club was relegated to the second-tier K League 2 for the first time in its history after finishing in last place.

Crest
The current crest has been used by the Bluewings since 2008. It depicts the Hwaseong Fortress, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a prominent symbol of the city of Suwon. The wing on the top of the crest is the club's first crest and symbolises their will to rise to the sky [sic] of world football.

Colours
The Bluewings' colours are blue, red and white. Blue is the colour of Samsung and also symbolises youth and hope. Red is the symbol of bravery, passion, challenge, vitality and dynamism. White represents benevolence, purity and fair play.

Stadium
The Suwon Samsung Bluewings used the 11,808-seat Suwon Sports Complex as their home stadium from 1995 through 2001.

Samsung began building the Suwon World Cup Stadium, the current home of the Bluewings, in 1996, but construction stopped in 1998 due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. With the support of the city of Suwon and Gyeonggi Province, the stadium was completed in May 2001. It was used as a venue for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Based on the shape of the roof of the stadium, fans sometimes call the stadium the "Big Bird".

The Bluewings' training ground is located in Dongtan, a district of Hwaseong.

Supporters

The Frente Tricolor is the official Suwon Samsung Bluewings supporters group.

The club's official theme song is "My Love, My Suwon" by the South Korean punk rock band No Brain. It is based on the song "Little Baby", released in 2003, and Suwon fans sang it by changing the lyrics.

Notable players

 * Hall of Fame
 * 🇰🇷 Seo Jung-won (1999–2004)
 * 🇰🇷 Park Kun-ha (1996–2006)
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Woon-jae (1996–2011)
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Byung-keun (1996–2006)
 * 🇰🇷 Kim Jin-woo (1996–2007)
 * 🇰🇷 Ko Jong-soo (1996–2004)
 * 🇷🇺 Denis Laktionov (1996–2003, 2006–2007)
 * 🇧🇷 Sandro (2000–2002, 2005–2007)
 * 🇧🇷 Nádson (2003–2008)
 * 🇰🇷 Kwak Hee-ju (2003–2013, 2015–2016)
 * 🇧🇷 Natanael Santos (2013–2017)
 * 🇰🇷 Yang Sang-min (2007–2022)
 * 🇰🇷 Yeom Ki-hun (2010–2023)

In the spring of 2005, as part of the club's celebration of its 10th anniversary, Suwon fans voted for the best players in the club's history. The players who received the most votes in each position were named in the club's greatest ever team.
 * Greatest ever team (10th anniversary)
 * Goalkeeper
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Woon-jae (1996–2011)

 * Defenders
 * 🇰🇷 Park Kun-ha (1996–2006)
 * 🇰🇷 Choi Sung-yong (2002–2006)
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Byung-keun (1996–2006)

 * Midfielders
 * 🇰🇷 Ko Jong-soo (1996–2004)
 * 🇷🇺 Denis Laktionov (1996–2003, 2006–2007)
 * 🇰🇷 Kim Do-heon (2001–2005, 2009–2014)
 * 🇰🇷 Seo Jung-won (1999–2004)
 * 🇰🇷 Kim Jin-woo (1996–2007)

 * Forwards
 * 🇧🇷 Nádson (2003–2008)
 * Saša Drakulić (1998–2000)

In the spring of 2015, as part of the club's celebration of its 20th anniversary, Suwon fans voted for the best players in the club's history. The players who received the most votes in each position were named in the club's greatest ever team.
 * Greatest ever team (20th anniversary)
 * Goalkeeper
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Woon-jae (1996–2011)

 * Defenders
 * 🇰🇷 Choi Sung-yong (2002–2006)
 * 🇭🇷 Mato Neretljak (2005–2008, 2011)
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Byung-keun (1996–2006)
 * 🇰🇷 Kwak Hee-ju (2003–2013, 2015–2016)

 * Midfielders
 * 🇷🇺 Denis Laktionov (1996–2003, 2006–2007)
 * 🇰🇷 Ko Jong-soo (1996–2004)
 * 🇰🇷 Kim Jin-woo (1996–2007)
 * 🇰🇷 Seo Jung-won (1999–2004)

 * Forwards
 * 🇰🇷 Park Kun-ha (1996–2006)
 * 🇧🇷 Nádson (2003–2008)

Domestic

 * K League 1
 * Winners (4): 1998, 1999, 2004, 2008
 * Runners-up (4): 1996, 2006, 2014, 2015

 * Korean FA Cup
 * Winners (5): 2002, 2009, 2010, 2016, 2019
 * Runners-up (3): 1996, 2006, 2011

 * Korean League Cup
 * Winners (6): 1999, 1999s, 2000, 2001, 2005, 2008

 * Korean Super Cup
 * Winners (3): 1999, 2000, 2005

International

 * Asian Club Championship
 * Winners (2): 2000–01, 2001–02

 * Asian Cup Winners' Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 1997–98

 * Asian Super Cup
 * Winners (2): 2001, 2002

 * A3 Champions Cup
 * Winners (1): 2005

Record
CW – Asian Cup Winners Cup, CC – Asian Club Championship, SC – Asian Super Cup, CL – AFC Champions League, A3 – A3 Champions Cup, PP – Pan-Pacific Championship, ST – Saitama City Cup
 * K League Championship results are not counted.
 * The 1998, 1999 and 2000 seasons had penalty shoot-outs instead of draws.
 * A – Adidas Cup, P – Pro-Specs Cup, PM – Philip Morris Cup, D – Daehan Fire Insurance Cup, S – Samsung Hauzen Cup, PK – Peace Cup Korea, PC – Posco Cup, RC – Rush & Cash Cup

AFC Champions League record
All results (home and away) list Suwon's goal tally first.

Award winners
The following players have won awards while at Suwon Samsung Bluewings:

Domestic
 * K League MVP Award
 * 🇰🇷 Ko Jong-soo (1998)
 * 🇧🇷 Nádson (2004)
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Woon-jae (2008)
 * K League Top Scorer Award
 * Saša Drakulić (1999)
 * 🇧🇷 Sandro (2004)
 * 🇧🇷 Natanael Santos (2014)
 * 🇧🇷 Johnathan (2017)
 * 🇦🇺 Adam Taggart (2019)
 * K League Top Assists Award
 * 🇷🇺 Denis Laktionov (1999)
 * 🇰🇷 Yeom Ki-hun (2015, 2016)
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Ki-je (2022)
 * K League Best XI
 * 🇰🇷 Yoon Sung-Hyo (1996)
 * Pavel Badea (1996)
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Jin-Haeng (1998)
 * 🇰🇷 Ko Jong-Soo (1998, 1999)
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Woon-Jae (1999, 2002, 2004, 2008)
 * 🇰🇷 Shin Hong-Gi (1999)
 * 🇰🇷 Seo Jung-Won (1999, 2001, 2002)
 * 🇷🇺 Denis Laktionov (1999, 2000)
 * Saša Drakulić (1998, 1999)
 * 🇧🇷 Sandro Cardoso (2001)
 * 🇦🇷 Javier Martín Musa (2004)
 * 🇰🇷 Kwak Hee-Ju (2004)
 * 🇰🇷 Kim Do-Heon (2004)
 * 🇧🇷 Nádson (2004)
 * 🇰🇷 Cho Won-Hee (2005, 2008)
 * 🇰🇷 Park Ho-Jin (2006)
 * Mato Neretljak (2006, 2007, 2008)
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Kwan-Woo (2006, 2007)
 * 🇧🇷 Edu (2008)
 * 🇰🇷 Yeom Ki-hun (2011, 2015, 2017)
 * 🇰🇷 Hong Chul (2014, 2015, 2018, 2019)
 * 🇧🇷 Natanael Santos (2014)
 * 🇰🇷 Kwon Chang-hoon (2015, 2016)
 * 🇧🇷 Johnathan (2017)
 * 🇦🇺 Adam Taggart (2019)
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Ki-je (2021)
 * K League Young Player of the Year
 * 🇰🇷 Park Kun-ha (1996)
 * 🇰🇷 Ha Tae-kyun (2007)
 * Korean FA Cup MVP Award
 * 🇰🇷 Seo Jung-won (2002)
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Woon-jae (2009)
 * 🇰🇷 Yeom Ki-hun (2010, 2016)
 * 🇰🇷 Ko Seung-beom (2019)
 * Korean FA Cup Top Scorer Award
 * 🇷🇺 Denis Laktionov (1996)
 * 🇰🇷 Yeom Ki-hun (2019)

International
 * AFC Champions League Top Scorer
 * 🇧🇷 José Mota (2010)
 * AFC Champions League MVP Award
 * Zoltan Sabo (2000–01)
 * AFC Champions League BEST XI
 * 🇲🇪 Dejan Damjanović (2018)
 * A3 Champion Cup Top Scorer
 * 🇧🇷 Nádson (2005)
 * A3 Champions Cup MVP
 * 🇧🇷 Nádson (2005)

World Cup players
The following players have represented their country at the FIFA World Cup whilst playing for Suwon Samsung Bluewings:

World Cup 1998
 * 🇰🇷 Ko Jong-soo

World Cup 2002
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Woon-jae
 * 🇰🇷 Choi Sung-yong

World Cup 2006
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Woon-jae
 * 🇰🇷 Song Chong-gug
 * 🇰🇷 Cho Won-hee
 * 🇰🇷 Kim Nam-il

World Cup 2010
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Woon-jae
 * 🇰🇷 Yeom Ki-hun

World Cup 2014
 * 🇰🇷 Jung Sung-ryong

World Cup 2018
 * 🇦🇺 Matthew Jurman

Olympic players
The following players have represented their country at the Summer Olympic Games whilst playing for Suwon Samsung Bluewings:

1996
 * 🇰🇷 Ko Jong-soo
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Kyung-soo
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Ki-hyung

2000
 * 🇰🇷 Ko Jong-soo

2004
 * 🇰🇷 Cho Byung-kuk
 * 🇰🇷 Kim Do-heon

2008
 * 🇰🇷 Baek Ji-hoon
 * 🇰🇷 Shin Young-rok

2012
 * 🇰🇷 Jung Sung-ryong

2016
 * 🇰🇷 Kwon Chang-hoon

2020
 * 🇰🇷 An Chan-gi
 * 🇰🇷 Kwon Chang-hoon

title: Suwon Samsung Bluewings


text: Category:Toilets

title: Category:Toilets


text:
John Chishull

John Chishull or John de Chishull (died 1280) was Lord Chancellor of England, Bishop of London, and Lord High Treasurer during the 13th century. He also served as Dean of St Paul's.

Life
Chishull was made rector of St Mary's Church, the parish church of Broadwater in Sussex (now part of the town of Worthing) in 1259.

Appointed as a King's Clerk in 1251, he was selected as Chancellor of the Exchequer in November 1263 and served until 25 February 1264. He also served as acting treasurer in November 1263. On 30 October 1268 he was reappointed Chancellor, serving until 29 July 1269. On 6 February 1270 he was appointed Treasurer and served in that office until 9 June 1271.

Chishull held the prebend of Chamberlainwood in the diocese of London before he had the office of Archdeacon of London. He was archdeacon by 15 January 1263. He was then appointed Provost of Beverley Minster from 1265 to 1274 and Dean of St Paul's in London between August and October 1268.

Chishull was elected bishop on 7 December 1273, confirmed 15 March, and consecrated on 29 April 1274.

Chishull died on 7 February 1280. There was a tomb memorial to him in the quire at Old St Paul's Cathedral.

title: John Chishull


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/JPCS

JPCS was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Seems non-notable, a Google search for "Junior Philippine Computer Society" yields 120 hits, and the article seems a little POV. Luigi30 14:57, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep I don't think Google is the only measure of notability. The group has 17 chapters in metro Manila alone. --LeeHunter 15:10, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Reads like a press release. Gamaliel 18:41, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Computer clubs need to do something to be notable or need to pave the way in some manner. Having a number of members won't do it, IMO, since there will always be American Legion posts that can swamp the biggest of them. Geogre 21:17, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep; you don't have to compare it to all similar clubs in the world, but perhaps in the same area, or in countries of the same size, etc. W/r/t it's POV nature, I suggest rewrite rather than delete.
 * Delete. Ambi 07:05, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * D I'm with Geogre on this one. When it's done something that makes it noteworthy, then it has to stay.  Otherwise, it goes. Chris 06:44, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/JPCS