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Zafirlukast

Zafirlukast is an orally administered leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) used for the chronic treatment of asthma. While zafirlukast is generally well tolerated, headache and stomach upset often occur. Some rare side effects can occur, which can be life-threatening, such as liver failure. Churg-Strauss syndrome has been associated with zafirlukast, but the relationship isn't thought to be causative in nature. Overdoses of zafirlukast tend to be self-limiting.

Zafirlukast, like other LTRAs, works by inhibiting the immune system. Through its action on inflammatory cells in the lungs, zafirlukast reduces the production of inflammatory mediators that are implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Zafirlukast is extensively hepatically metabolized by an enzyme called CYP2C9. Zafirlukast inhibits the action of CYP3A4, leading to drug–drug interactions with other drugs that are metabolized by CYP3A4. Genetic differences in LTC4 synthase and CYP2C9 may predict how a person reacts to zafirlukast treatment.

Zafirlukast (brand name Accolate) was the first cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist approved in the United States. It is now approved in many other countries under other brand names.

Medical uses
Zafirlukast is FDA-approved for the prevention and treatment of asthma in adults and children older than 5 years old. Like other leukotriene receptor antagonists, zafirlukast is thought to be useful for the long-term treatment of asthma, but it is generally less effective than inhaled glucocorticoids as monotherapy (which are the standard of care) or long-acting beta-2 agonists in combination therapy. Notably, zafirlukast is ineffective in the event of an acute asthma attack.

Available forms
There are two dosage forms for zafirlukast, notable for their age-adjustments. The 20 mg tablet is for adults and children older than age 12, whereas the 10 mg tablet is for children between the ages of 5 and 12. Tablets should be stored at room temperature, out of direct sunlight, and away from sources of moisture.

Tablets are for oral administration only.

Pediatrics
As a general rule, leukotriene receptor antagonists like zafirlukast are more effective in children that are younger and whose asthma is less atopic. Atopy refers to a predisposition towards developing allergic conditions, including asthma, hay fever, and eczema.

Geriatrics
The hepatic clearance of zafirlukast is impaired in adults 65 years of age and older, resulting in a 2–3 fold increase in the maximum plasma concentration and the total area under the curve. Zafirlukast may increase the risk for infections (7.0% vs 2.9%, zafirlukast vs. placebo incidence respectively), especially lower respiratory tract infections, in older adults, though the infections noted were not severe.

Pregnancy
Zafirlukast is considered to be "pregnancy category B." This is due, in part, to the wide safety margin of zafirlukast in animal studies investigating teratogenicity. No teratogenicity has been observed in doses up to 2000 mg/kg/day in cynomolgus monkeys, representing an equivalent 20x exposure of the maximum recommended daily oral dose in human adults. However, spontaneous abortions occurred in cynomolgus monkeys at 2000 mg/kg/day, though the dose itself was maternally toxic.

Lactation
There is limited research on the use of zafirlukast in women whom are breastfeeding. Based on data from the manufacturer, it is expected that 0.6% of the maternal weight-adjusted dose would reach a breastfed infant, though the effects in the infant are unknown.

Renal impairment
Renal impairment does not appear to affect the pharmacokinetic profile of zafirlukast.

Hepatic impairment
The hepatic clearance of zafirlukast is impaired by significant hepatic impairment. Cirrhosis of the liver can result in an increase in the maximum plasma concentration and the total area under the curve (a measure of drug exposure) by 50–60%.

Contraindications
Zafirlukast is contraindicated in people that are hypersensitive or allergic to it.

Adverse effects
Zafirlukast is generally well tolerated, though headache and gastrointestinal (GI) upset can occur. The incidence of headache is between 12 and 20%, which is similar to the incidence of headache found in patients taking placebos in the studies that lead to zafirlukast's approval. GI upset may include nausea, stomach discomfort/pain, and diarrhea. GI complaints can be lessened by taking zafirlukast with food, though this can dramatically impair the amount of drug that gets absorbed into the body (see the section on drug-food interactions below).

Other common side effects include flu-like symptoms, sleep disturbances (abnormal dreams, insomnia), hallucinations, and daytime drowsiness.

Neuropsychiatric effects
Neuropsychiatric side effects have been reported with the use of zafirlukast and other LTRAs. While some side effects are less severe (e.g. abnormal dreams), others are more serious (e.g. hallucinations, tremor, suicidality). These effects were discovered through post-marketing reports, as the initial trials were not designed to monitor for neuropsychiatric side effects.

Hepatotoxicity
Zafirlukast can also cause rare but serious side effects like acute liver injury. Zafirlukast-induced hepatotoxicity generally occurs within the first 2–6 months of initiating therapy, though cases have been reported up to 13 months after starting zafirlukast. Zafirlukast-induced hepatotoxicity is characterized by a spectrum of liver damage symptoms, including fatigue, nausea, and right upper quadrant pain followed by dark urine, jaundice and pruritus. Liver enzyme elevations are common, and the pattern usually reflects hepatocellular damage, resembling acute viral hepatitis. It is unclear how the hepatotoxicity occurs, but it may be due to a metabolic intermediate of zafirlukast, since it is metabolized in the liver through the enzyme CYP2C9. When it does occur it can be fatal, and reexposure with zafirlukast may result in a worse injury. Switching zafirlukast to another medication in the same class (e.g. montelukast) or in the related class of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors can be attempted, but caution should be employed.

According to the "Dear Health Care Provider" letter from AstraZeneca, zafirlukast-induced hepatotoxicity has occurred predominantly in females.

Churg-Strauss syndrome
Several cases of Churg-Strauss syndrome, also known as allergic angiitis and granulomatosis, have been reported with the use of zafirlukast, montelukast, pranlukast, and other asthma medications. When Churg-Strauss syndrome occurs, it tends to occur in people with long-standing asthma and sinus inflammation, chronic oral corticosteroid use, and the recent initiation of a new anti-asthma therapy (like zafirlukast) in conjunction with tapering the corticosteroids. While the exact etiology of the development of Churg-Strauss symptoms in proximity to initiating zafirlukast is unknown, it is thought that withdrawal of chronic corticosteroids "unmasks" the previously undetected disease. Because corticosteroid withdrawal often happens while starting a new anti-asthma medication (like zafirlukast), this explains the rare but notable association. These cases may represent misdiagnosed asthma, as Churg-Strauss syndrome can induce symptoms of airway obstruction that are akin to an acute asthma exacerbation. As these asthma-like symptoms are reduced by zafirlukast, the symptoms of Churg-Strauss (e.g. neuropathy) increase due to the lack of the broader, anti-inflammatory coverage that the steroid was providing.

Overdose
The highest overdose reported with zafirlukast is 200 mg. All overdose patients have survived. Symptoms reported included rash and upset stomach.

Drug–drug interactions
Zafirlukast is an inhibitor of the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4 (CYP3A4). Zafirlukast may increase the concentration of drugs that are metabolized through CYP3A4, such as the anticoagulant medication warfarin and the antiepileptic drugs phenytoin and carbamazepine.

Drug-food interactions
The oral absorption (bioavailability) of zafirlukast is decreased by 40% when it is taken with high fat or high protein meals. To avoid this interaction, zafirlukast should be taken on an empty stomach. An empty stomach is classified as an hour before, or two hours after, consuming a meal.

Pharmacodynamics
Zafirlukast is an antagonist of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1), a receptor found throughout the smooth muscle of the lungs, within interstitial lung macrophages (white blood cells that operate in the interstitial space of the lungs), and rarely in epithelial cells. CystLT1 is a receptor for a specific class of leukotrienes that contain the amino acid cysteine. These cysteinyl leukotrienes include leukotriene C4, leukotriene D4, and leukotriene E4, all of which are produced by inflammatory cells like eosinophils, basophils, and macrophages in the lungs. Through their action on CysLT1 these leukotrienes can trigger bronchoconstriction, a state in which the bronchial passages of the lungs constrict, leading to the characteristic, reactive airway symptoms associated with bronchial asthma. The other pro-inflammatory effects of leukotrienes, such as their inhibition of mucus clearance and their stimulation of mucus secretion and edema, are thought to play a role in the characteristic symptoms of allergic rhinitis (also called hay fever ). By inhibiting the action of these specific leukotrienes, zafirlukast is thought to exert an anti-inflammatory effect against leukotriene-mediated inflammatory conditions.

Absorption
Zafirlukast is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream following oral administration, reaching peak plasma levels within 3 hours of taking the dose. The peak plasma level is the maximum concentration of zafirlukast in the blood.

Distribution
Zafirlukast is moderately distributed into the body's tissues, with an apparent steady state volume of distribution of 70 liters. Zafirlukast is highly plasma protein bound, 99% bound to albumin. Albumin is the most abundant protein found in human plasma and is capable of carrying and transporting drugs (like zafirlukast) throughout the body. In vivo research indicates that zafirlukast has low blood–brain barrier penetration. The blood–brain barrier is a protective system that prevents many chemicals from entering the brain.

Metabolism
Zafirlukast undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism into inactive metabolites. Zafirlukast is primarily metabolized by the enzyme CYP2C9 to a hydroxylated metabolite.

Elimination
Zafirlukast is primarily cleared through biliary excretion at a rate of 20 liters/hour. Zafirlukast is undetectable in urine. The mean terminal half-life ranges 8–16 hours, following linear kinetics up to doses of 80 mg.

LTC4 synthase
Genetic polymorphisms in the LTC4 synthase promoter may predict response to zafirlukast. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) A444C (the wild-type DNA base adenine, at the 444th position on the gene, is mutated; cytosine is there instead), which is associated with a severe asthma phenotype, has been shown to decrease the clinical response to zafirlukast (both when the genetic alteration was heterozygous or homozygous).

CYP2C9
Zafirlukast is metabolized through the hepatic enzyme CYP2C9. SNPs that decrease the function of CYP2C9 (such as CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*13) may decrease the hepatic clearance of zafirlukast, leading to increased exposure of zafirlukast. Notably, the CYP2C9*3 polymorphism is more commonly encountered in people of south/central Asian ancestry (10.165%) compared to people of Caucasian (7.083%), African American (1.170%), African (1.033%), middle eastern (9.312%), and east Asian (3.365%) ancestry.

Synthesis
Zafirlukast can be synthesized by the following method:

Physiochemical properties
Pure zafirlukast is described as a fine, white to pale yellow, amorphous powder. It is practically insoluble in water, slightly soluble in methanol, and freely soluble in tetrahydrofuran, dimethylsulfoxide, and acetone.

History
Zafirlukast was the first cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist approved in the United States. Zafirlukast was approved in 1996.

Economics
While preliminary evidence suggests that zafirlukast may reduce healthcare costs, the cost-effectiveness of using zafirlukast has not been established.

Mechanism of action
There is some research to suggest that zafirlukast actually acts as a partial inverse agonist at the CysLT1 receptor, though zafirlukast is still classified as an antagonist at this receptor. The possible clinical significance of this effect, if true, is unknown.

Other indications
There is some evidence that suggests that zafirlukast may be beneficial in the treatment of chronic urticaria (hives), whether due to a known cause such as cold-exposure or due to an unknown cause (idiopathic). A pilot study indicated that zafirlukast may be of some benefit in cystic fibrosis. In the setting of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), a disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the lungs, zafirlukast has been shown to improve lung function.

Veterinary use
Zafirlukast is sometimes used for the treatment of bronchial asthma in cats.

title: Zafirlukast


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User talk:Moulding

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --John Kerry + John Edwards 2004 22:42, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
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Request for rollback
Hi Moulding. Unfortunately I have to inform you that I have just declined your request for rollback. Reasons for this decision are provided in the aforementioned link. Regards, —αἰτίας •'discussion'• 13:12, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

Your rollback request
Hi! I regret that I must inform you that your request for the rollback permission has been denied. You can discover why by checking the archives at Requests for permissions/Denied/September 2008. SoxBot X (talk) 13:30, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Moulding


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Zileuton

Zileuton (trade name Zyflo) is an orally active inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, and thus inhibits leukotrienes (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) formation, used for the maintenance treatment of asthma. Zileuton was introduced in 1996 by Abbott Laboratories and is now marketed in two formulations by Cornerstone Therapeutics Inc. under the brand names Zyflo and Zyflo CR. The original immediate-release formulation, Zyflo, is taken four times per day. The extended-release formulation, Zyflo CR, is taken twice daily.

Although the 600 mg immediate release tablet (Zyflo) and extended release formulation of zileuton are still available (Zyflo CR), the 300 mg immediate release tablet was withdrawn from the U.S. market on February 12, 2008.

Indications and dosing
Zileuton is indicated for the prophylaxis and chronic treatment of asthma in adults and children 12 years of age and older. Zileuton is not indicated for use in the reversal of bronchospasm in acute asthma attacks. Therapy with zileuton can be continued during acute exacerbations of asthma.

The recommended dose of Zyflo is one 600 mg tablet, four times per day. The tablets may be split in half to make them easier to swallow. The recommended dose of Zyflo CR is two 600 mg extended-release tablets twice daily, within one hour after morning and evening meals, for a daily dose of 2400 mg. Do not split Zyflo CR tablets in half.

Related compounds include montelukast (Singulair) and zafirlukast (Accolate). These two compounds are leukotriene receptor antagonists which block the action of specific leukotrienes, while zileuton inhibits leukotriene formation.

Research on mice suggests that Zileuton used alone or in combination with imatinib may inhibit chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It has also been researched in a mouse model of dementia.
 * Research

Contraindications and warnings
The most serious side effect of Zyflo and Zyflo CR is a potential elevation of liver enzymes (in 2% of patients). Therefore, zileuton is contraindicated in patients with active liver disease or persistent hepatic function enzymes elevations greater than three times the upper limit of normal. Hepatic function should be assessed prior to initiating Zyflo CR, monthly for the first 3 months, every 2–3 months for the remainder of the first year, and periodically thereafter.

Neuropsychiatric events, including sleep disorders and behavioral changes, may occur with Zyflo and Zyflo CR. Patients should be instructed to notify their healthcare provider if neuropsychiatric events occur while using Zyflo or Zyflo CR.

Zileuton is a weak inhibitor of CYP1A2 and thus has three clinically important drug interactions, which include increasing theophylline, and propranolol levels. It has been shown to lower theophylline clearance significantly, doubling the AUC and prolonging half-life by nearly 25%. Because of theophylline's relation to caffeine (both being a methylxanthine, and theophylline being a metabolite of caffeine), caffeine's metabolism and clearance may also be reduced, but there are no drug interaction studies between zileuton and caffeine. The R-isomer of warfarin metabolism and clearance is mainly affected by zileuton, while the S-isomer is not (because of metabolism via different enzymes). This can lead to an increase in prothrombin time.

Chemistry
Zileuton is an active oral inhibitor of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase, which forms leukotrienes, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid from arachidonic acid. The chemical name of zileuton is (±)-1-(1-Benzo[b]thien-2-ylethyl)-l-hydroxyurea.

The molecular formula of zileuton is C11H12N2O2S with a molecular weight of 236.29. The formulation from the manufacturer is a racemic mixture of R(+) and S(-) enantiomers.

Pharmacokinetics
Following oral administration zileuton is rapidly absorbed with a mean time to peak blood serum concentration of 1.7 hours and an average half-life elimination of 2.5 hours. Blood plasma concentrations are proportional to dose, whereas the absolute bioavailability is unknown.

The apparent volume of distribution of zileuton is approximately 1.2 L/kg. Zileuton is 93% bound to plasma proteins, primarily to albumin, with minor binding to alpha-1-acid glycoprotein.

Elimination of zileuton is primarily through metabolites in the urine (~95%) with the feces accounting for the next largest amount (~2%). The drug is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzymes: CYP1A2, 2C9, and 3A4.

Adverse effects
The most common adverse reactions reported by patients treated with Zyflo CR were sinusitis (6.5%), nausea (5%), and pharyngolaryngeal pain (5%) vs. placebo, 4%, 1.5%, and 4% respectively.

Drug interactions
Zileuton is a minor substrate of CYP1A2, 2C8/9, 3A4, and a weak inhibitor of CYP 1A2. The drug has been shown to increase the serum concentration or effects of theophylline, propranolol, and warfarin, although significant increase in prothrombin time is not obvious. It is advised that the doses of each medication be monitored and/or reduced accordingly.

Other interactions
The avoidance of alcohol is recommended due to increased risk of CNS depression as well as an increased risk of liver toxicity. In addition, the herbal supplement St. John's wort may decrease the serum levels of zileuton.

Symptoms
Human experience of acute overdose with zileuton is limited. A patient in a clinical study took between 6.6 and 9.0 grams of zileuton immediate-release tablets in a single dose. Vomiting was inducted and the patient recovered without sequelae. Zileuton is not removed by dialysis.

The oral minimum lethal doses in mice and rats were 500-4000 and 300–1000 mg/kg, respectively (providing greater than 3 and 9 times the systemic exposure (AUC) achieved at the maximum recommended human daily oral dose, respectively). In dogs, at an oral dose of 1000 mg/kg (providing in excess of 12 times the systemic exposure (AUC) achieved at the maximum recommended human daily oral dose) no deaths occurred but nephritis was reported.

Treatment
Should an overdose occur, the patient should be treated symptomatically and supportive measures instituted as required. If indicated, elimination of unabsorbed drug should be achieved by emesis or gastric lavage; usual precautions should be observed to maintain the airway. A Certified Poison Control Center should be consulted for up-to-date information on management of overdose with Zyflo CR.

title: Zileuton


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Lincoln Almond

Lincoln Carter Almond (June 16, 1936 – January 2, 2023) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 72nd Governor of Rhode Island from 1995 to 2003. A member of the Republican Party, he was previously the United States Attorney for the District of Rhode Island from 1969 to 1978 and again from 1981 until 1993.

Early life, education and early career
Almond was born on June 16, 1936, in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, to Thomas Clifton Almond and Elsie (Carter) Almond. He grew up in Central Falls until his family moved to Lincoln in 1947. He attended nearby Central Falls High School because there was no high school in Lincoln at the time. He graduated Bachelor of Science degree from University of Rhode Island in 1959 and earned a Juris Doctor degree from Boston University School of Law in 1961. Afterward, he started his career as a practicing attorney in Rhode Island.

Almond was appointed Town Administrator of Lincoln, Rhode Island, in January 1963 and was subsequently elected to three terms, serving in that capacity until June 1969. As town administrator, Almond undertook significant upgrades of the municipal water system and a school construction program, including a high school, to accommodate a rapidly expanding population of school children. He also was responsible for the construction of a new police station and town hall in Lincoln. After his service as town administrator, Almond served as a director and later president of the Blackstone Valley Development Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation that developed industrial parks in Lincoln, Cumberland, and Smithfield.

Tenure as U.S. Attorney, District of Rhode Island
Before being elected governor, Almond served as the U.S. Attorney for the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island under Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush, from 1969 to 1978, and later from 1981 to 1993. With a total of 21 years of service, Almond was one of the longest-serving U.S. Attorneys in the District of Rhode Island. While serving as U.S. Attorney, Almond emphasized enforcement in the area of organized crime, drugs, and white collar crime, including political corruption.

Almond had a number of high-profile accomplishments during his tenure. In 1970, Attorney General Elliot Richardson created an advisory committee of 15 U.S. Attorneys to advise the Attorney General. Almond served on this committee advising Attorneys General Richardson, William Saxbe, Edward Levi, and Griffin Bell on matters of resource allocation, civil and criminal priorities, and federal legislation priorities. Almond oversaw significant drug prosecutions and drug forfeitures that received national attention. During Almond's tenure, Providence, Rhode Island, served as the base of the Patriarca crime family, leading to several high level prosecutions by the New England U.S. Attorneys, including Almond. He supervised a number of political corruption cases primarily in Providence and Pawtucket.

Tenure as governor
Almond ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Congress in 1968, and he was the unsuccessful Republican nominee for governor in 1978, when he was defeated by incumbent Governor J. Joseph Garrahy. In what was considered an upset in the 1994 Republican primary for governor, Almond marked his political comeback by defeating the heavily favored Republican candidate, U.S. Rep. Ron Machtley. He went on to defeat Democratic State Sen. Myrth York, who had scored her own upset by defeating incumbent Gov. Bruce Sundlun in the Democratic primary. He was the first governor to serve a four-year term under changes to the Rhode Island Constitution, and was the first to be bound by a two-term limit. Previous statewide terms of office were two years, with no term limits.

Health care
Health care and human services was an emphasis during the Almond administration. RIte Care, the state public health care program for children was significantly expanded during his administration, he instituted an aggressive childhood immunization program, and expanded state funded prenatal care programs, resulting in lowered rates of low-weight births. Almond greatly increased the number of state-subsidized child care slots, standards for child care providers were raised, and health care through the state also was offered to child care providers. During the Almond administration, Rhode Island was among the states with the highest percentage of its residents with health insurance coverage.

Education
In the realm of higher education, Almond advocated strongly for passage of a 2000 bond referendum that included funding for a new Newport campus of the Community College of Rhode Island (CCRI). With CCRI an affordable entryway to college for many lower income students, Almond was successful in having the tuition frozen there for most of his years in office. Almond directed funds to improve the buildings and dormitories at Rhode Island College (RIC), and promoted the building of the Nazarian Performing Arts Center at RIC.

As the first University of Rhode Island (URI) graduate to be elected governor, Almond made major investments in URI, starting with the physical infrastructure, which was badly neglected. The steam plant was upgraded and several dormitories were renovated and wired for Internet access. Several academic buildings were refurbished as well. The Ryan Center, a 7,600-seat sports and event complex that was completed in 2002, is located at One Lincoln Almond Way at URI.

Tax policy and regulatory reforms
Through tax incentives and regulatory reforms, the state was able to encourage the growth of industries such as financial services, biotechnology, and the marine trades. The historic preservation tax credit signed into law by Governor Almond in 2001 led to projects, such as the rehabilitation of the Masonic Temple as a hotel in Providence. The Quonset Davisville Port and Commerce Park, was greatly expanded in terms of number of businesses and level of employment. Almond was a strong advocate to transform the existing port at Quonset into a privately owned, compact container port.

To make the state more competitive, Almond was successful in overseeing a five-year plan to reduce the state's income tax by 10% and to begin the phase out of the tax on capital gains. There were 45 other tax reductions enacted during Almond's time in office, including instituting one of the nation's highest research and development and investment tax credits.

Capital projects and infrastructure
The Rhode Island Capital Plan Fund, created by Almond, allowed the state to pay for projects out of current revenues instead of seeking funds from bonds. Every part of the state has benefited from the Rhode Island Capital Plan Fund, from World War II Memorial Park in Woonsocket to the new pavilion at Misquamicut State Beach in Westerly. The Governor directed funds to many of the state's recreational areas, including the boat ramps in East Providence and Bristol, as well as fishing industry piers at Galilee and Newport. The years of renovating the Rhode Island State House was recognized by the National Trust for Historic Preservation in 2002.

During his tenure as governor, Almond was active in planning and authorizing a number of infrastructure projects in Quonset Point, including construction of Rhode Island Route 403. Additionally, he was planning for the construction of a third track along the rail line from Quonset Point to the point in Central Falls where the line branches off toward the CSX rail yard in Worcester, Massachusetts, including the raising of bridges to accommodate container and autoracks, thus allowing a heavy freight rail connection to most of the United States. The Iway project, a major relocation of Interstate 195 (Rhode Island-Massachusetts), was designed and construction began during the Almond administration.

Casinos and lottery
Almond was a strong opponent to the expansion of gambling in the state during his eight years as governor, despite the growth of two major casinos in nearby southeastern Connecticut. He successfully fought every attempt to bring casino gambling into Rhode Island, and repeatedly urged the Rhode Island Lottery Commission not to expand video lottery terminals at existing gaming establishments in the state.

Environmental policy
In the realm of environmental issues, as a result of the 1996 North Cape barge oil spill, Almond negotiated a safe dredging plan for Narragansett Bay with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The dredging project was important to allow direct delivery of petroleum products by ship to the ports of Providence and Fall River instead of barges that pose greater environmental risk. He also came to an agreement with the Narragansett Bay Commission on a funding plan and project scope for a major project to collect and store storm water runoff in the Providence area for storage and treatment before release into Narragansett Bay. However, Almond generated controversy in the fall of 2001 due to his refusal to declare a state of emergency when the town of Pascoag's water was contaminated with MTBE.

Later work
After leaving office, Almond was appointed in 2005 by Governor Donald Carcieri to lead an investigation of practices in the Beacon Mutual Insurance Company, a workers compensation insurer created by the State of Rhode Island in 1994. The highly critical report led to substantial changes of leadership and practices within the company.

In 2006, the Rhode Island General Assembly approved a voter referendum to allow Harrah's Entertainment to operate a casino in partnership with the Narragansett Indian Tribe. Almond led a coalition of opponents to the proposal, and despite heavy advertising expenditures by Harrah's, the proposal was defeated.

Personal life and death
Lincoln Almond and his wife Marilyn lived in Kingston, Rhode Island, and Wellfleet, Massachusetts. They had two children. Their son, Lincoln Douglas Almond, became a federal magistrate judge in Rhode Island.

Almond died on January 2, 2023, at the age of 86.

Electoral history

 * 1994 Race for Governor – Republican Primary
 * Lincoln Almond (R), 58%
 * Ron Machtley (R), 42%

title: Lincoln Almond


text:
Moshe Marzouk

Moshe Marzouk (משה מרזוק; or Musa Lieto Marzuk, موسى ليتو مرزوق; born 20 December 1926 – 31 January 1955) was an Egyptian Karaite Jew, hanged in 1955 for his involvement in a series of bombings in Cairo codenamed Operation Suzannah.

Marzouk was born in Cairo to a Karaite family who had emigrated from Tunisia in the early 20th century, though they retained French citizenship. While working as a surgeon at the Jewish Hospital in Cairo in the early 1950s, he was recruited as a spy by Israeli military intelligence, along with other young Egyptian Jews. In 1954 the group carried out a series of bombings, targeting the post office in Alexandria, two libraries in Cairo and Alexandria, and a movie theatre. There were no casualties. These actions triggered an Israeli political crisis later known as the Lavon Affair. Marzouk and his group were caught and tried, during which time they were allegedly tortured. Marzouk was executed in a Cairo prison. His remains were brought to Jerusalem and buried on Mount Herzl.

title: Moshe Marzouk


text:
Ørland Main Air Station

Ørland Main Air Station (Norwegian: Ørland hovedflystasjon) is situated at the mouth of the Trondheimsfjorden in the municipality of Ørland in Trøndelag county in the center of Norway. Ørland is operated by the Royal Norwegian Air Force and is an important air base not only for Norway, but also for NATO. The air station is the base of F-35A Lightning II and F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft, Westland Sea King search and rescue helicopters and a location for E-3A Sentry AWACS. It is also the host of many NATO exercises.

In addition, Danish Air Transport operates a scheduled route with an ATR 42 (Most commonly an ATR 42-320/500) 36-48 seater aircraft to Oslo Airport, Gardermoen operating two daily rotations, one in the morning and one in the late afternoon (Typical rush hours).

Operations
Air Wing 138 is stationed at the main air station. Under it are most operations at the air station, including Squadron 338, the Luftvernartilleribataljon (GBAD unit), the Base-Set I (mobile QRF unit), but not 330 Squadron.

Ørland is the only air station on the Scandinavian Peninsula that has ground handling equipment for the E-3A Sentry AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control System). It is considered a forward operations location (FOL), but not a base for these aircraft.

There is also a detachment of four Westland Sea King search and rescue helicopters from the 330 Squadron at Sola Air Station to assist any emergency at sea or in other unreachable places.

World War II
Ørland Main Air Station was built by the prisoners of war (mostly Serbs, Russians and Poles) exploited by the occupation forces in 1941 during the German occupation. The Germans wanted an airfield so that they could interdict the Allied convoys to Murmansk. At first, German Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condors were stationed here. In June 1942, a squadron of Junkers Ju 87 Stukas rebased here, later a squadron of Messerschmitt Bf 109s and then a squadron of Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighters.

The Germans decided to expand the airfield and built a second runway in 1944. This was later made the main runway. The Germans then made several taxiways and started planning a third runway. However, the war ended before the plans could be completed. 7000 Germans were stationed at Ørlandet during the war, with about 10 000 prisoners of war used as a work force. This meant that, at the end of the war, the Germans left a fully armed, defended airfield with docks, infrastructure and a cannon taken from the battleship Gneisenau.

Post war
After the war, a Norwegian Spitfire squadron was stationed here, but in 1946 the airfield was closed. All buildings were torn down and the wood transported to northern Norway to help rebuild Finnmark which the Germans had left in ruins. After that, the airfield was used for sporadic exercises.

It wasn't until 1950 that the government decided that the airfield should be made a permanent deployment-airfield. In 1952, a new runway had been made, and in 1954, it was expanded to handle NATO forces. It was then the airfield got today's looks. In October 1954, Squadron 338 was rebased from Sola and remains as the only fighter force at the airfield. In the summer of 1958, the SAM battery was established, and in August 1970, the detachment from Squadron 330 arrived. In November 1983, the airfield was customized to handle the NATO E-3A AWACS which routinely visits from Geilenkirchen air base to sustain the surveillance chain at the NATO border.

In February 2012 a proposition was passed in Stortinget which will make Ørland the principal air base of Norway and also replacing Bodø. The decision to move the other air station Bodø to Ørland is mainly due to the retreat from Cold War-era practices and the incorporation of the new F-35 Lightning II jet fighter into the Royal Norwegian Air Force which were recently ordered by the Norwegian government from Lockheed Martin. Beginning in 2012 the air base hosted the NATO trials for its joint technological interoperability exercises.

Ørland Main Air Station has facilities and stored equipment to receive United States Marine Corps fixed-wing aircraft which are maintained under the Marine Corps Prepositioning Program-Norway.

Between February and March 2021, the US Air Force deployed strategic bombers to Ørland as part of its Bomber Task Force Europe mission. Four B-1B Lancers and 200 personnel from 9th Expeditionary Bomb Squadron were deployed from Dyess Air Force Base in Texas.

Based units
Units based at Ørland Main Air Station.

Royal Norwegian Air Force

 * 132 Air Wing
 * 332 Squadron – F-35A Lightning II
 * The Norwegian Search and Rescue Service
 * 330 Squadron (Detachment) – Sea King Mk43B

NATO
Supreme Allied Commander Europe

 * NATO Airborne Early Warning & Control Force
 * Forward Operating Location – E-3A Sentry (periodic deployments)

Civil Aviation
A local aviation club operates from the civil side of the airport.

title: Ørland Main Air Station


text:
133 (number)

133 (one hundred [and] thirty-three) is the natural number following 132 and preceding 134.

In mathematics
133 is an n whose divisors (excluding n itself) added up divide φ(n). It is an octagonal number and a happy number.

133 is a Harshad number, because it is divisible by the sum of its digits.

133 is a repdigit in base 11 (111) and base 18 (77), whilst in base 20 it is a cyclic number formed from the reciprocal of the number three.

133 is a semiprime: a product of two prime numbers, namely 7 and 19. Since those prime factors are Gaussian primes, this means that 133 is a Blum integer.

133 is the number of compositions of 13 into distinct parts.

In the military

 * Douglas C-133 Cargomaster was a United States cargo aircraft built between 1956 and 1961
 * HMAS Betano (L 133) is a Balikpapan-class landing craft heavy heavy landing craft which launched in 1972
 * USNS Mission Santa Cruz (T-AO-133) was a United States Navy Mission Buenaventura-class fleet oilers during World War II
 * USS Beckham (APA-133) was a United States Navy Haskell-class attack transport during World War II
 * USS Burdo (APD-133) was a United States Navy Crosley-class high speed transport during World War II
 * USS General O. H. Ernst (AP-133) was a United States Navy General G. O. Squier-class transport ship during World War II
 * USS Hale (DD-133) was a United States Navy Wickes-class destroyer during World War I
 * USS Hawk (AM-133) was a United States Navy Hawk-class minesweeper during World War II
 * USS Pillsbury (DE-133) was a United States Navy Edsall-class destroyer escort during World War II
 * USS S-28 (SS-133) was a United States Navy S-class submarine during World War II
 * USS Seginus (AK-133) was a United States Navy Crater-class cargo ship during World War II
 * USS Toledo (CA-133) was a United States Navy Baltimore-class cruiser heavy cruiser during the Korean War
 * Frontstalag 133 was a temporary German prisoner of war camp during World War II located near Rennes, northern France
 * Caproni Ca.133 was a three-engine transport/bomber aircraft used by the Italian Regia Aeronautica from the Second Italo-Abyssinian War until World War II
 * Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 133 is an active duty Seabee battalion originally commissioned during World War II as the 133rd Naval Construction Battalion(NCB)

In transportation

 * London Buses route 133 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London
 * RATB route 133 is bus route run by RATB in Bucharest, Romania
 * The Fiat 133, also called SEAT 133, was a small rear-engine car developed in Spain between 1974 and 1979
 * STS-133 is a Space Shuttle Endeavour contingency mission which was Discovery's 39th and final mission. The mission launched on 24 February 2011, and landed on 9 March 2011.
 * The Bücker Bü 133 Jungmeister was a single-engine, single-seat biplane trainer of the Luftwaffe in the 1930s

In other fields
133 is also:
 * The nickname of Craig Jones
 * The year AD 133 or 133 BC
 * 133 AH is a year in the Islamic calendar that corresponds to 750 – 751 CE
 * 133P/Elst-Pizarro is a body with characteristics of both asteroids and comets, a prototype of main-belt comets
 * 133 Cyrene is an S-type main belt asteroid
 * The atomic number of an element temporarily called untritrium.
 * Xenon-133 is an isotope of xenon. It is a radionuclide that is inhaled to assess pulmonary function, and to image the lungs
 * 133 is the police emergency telephone number in Chile
 * "133" is the name of a David Guetta song, from the album Just a Little More Love (perhaps because it is a happy number)
 * Cosmos 133 was a Soviet Soyuz programme test satellite launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome aboard a Vostok rocket in 1966
 * PC133 is a computer memory standard defined by the JEDEC
 * FASB 133 is a Statements of Financial Accounting Standards No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, an accounting standard issued in 2001 by the Financial Accounting Standards Board that provides companies with the ability to measure assets and liabilities
 * OMB A-133 Compliance Supplement is a guide created by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for auditing United States Federal assistance and Federal grants
 * The 2006 film 133 Skyway starring Terry Barnhart from Big Soul Productions Inc.
 * Sonnet 133 by William Shakespeare
 * The Municipal District of Spirit River No. 133 is a municipal district in northwest Alberta, Canada, north of Grande Prairie
 * In Austria, the phone number for the police.

title: 133 (number)


text:
List of Karaite Jews

This list of Karaite Jews consists of notable individuals who are associated with Karaite Judaism. It includes not only those individuals who were explicitly a part of a Karaite community, but also those Jews who held Karaite or proto-Karaite views. The association of each individual with Karaite Judaism must be explained in that individual's entry.

Early Karaite period — 8th–9th centuries (700–899 CE)

 * ‘Anan ben David, founder of the Annanites which would later be absorbed into Kara'ism
 * Benjamin al-Nahawandi, regarded by some as the proper originator of Kara'ism as it has come down through the ages
 * Abu 'Imran Musa al-Za'farani al-Tiflisi, a 9th-century founder of Karaite sect of the Tiflisites

Golden Age — 10th–12th centuries (900–1199 CE)

 * Aharon ben Mosheh ben Asher (died c.960 CE), refiner of the Tiberian writing system, regarded as having produced the most accurate version of the Masoretic Text
 * Daniel al-Qumisi, Kara'ite scholar, polemicist, proto-Zionist, and compiler of the legal code Sefer ha-Mitzvot
 * Hasun ben Mashiach, scholar who flourished in Egypt (or Babylonia) in the first half of the tenth century
 * Ya'akov Qirqisani aka al-Kirkisani, dogmatist, author, and exegete of the early 10th century
 * Yehudah Hadasi, 12th century scholar, philosopher, and grammarian from Constantinople
 * Solomon ben Jeroham, exegete and controversialist
 * Yefet ben Ali, Babylonian commentator on the Bible

Middle period — 13th–17th century (1200–1699 CE)

 * Aaron ben Elijah of Nicomedia (1328/9–1369), perhaps the most prominent Kara'ite theologian, considered the Kara'ite equivalent of his rabbinic contemporary, Maimonides
 * Elijah Bashyazi (1420–1490), Hakham who codified Karaite laws
 * Caleb Afendopolo (1430–1499), Hakham and polyhistor.
 * Moses ben Elijah Bashyazi (1537–1555), wrote many Karaite books
 * Yiṣḥaq b. Avraham of Troki, 16th century Lithuanian Kara'ite philosopher and writer who wrote the important apology or defense of Judaism vis-a-vis Christianity entitled Ḥizzuq Emunah (Fortification of Faith)

Early-modern era — 18th–19th centuries (1700–1947 CE)

 * Mordecai Sultansky (1772–1862), prominent scholar who wrote about angelology and the origin of Karaite Jews
 * Abram Samoilovitch Besicovitch (1891–1970), Russian-English mathematician
 * Adolph Joffe (1883–1927), Russian communist revolutionary, Bolshevik politician, Soviet diplomat
 * Avraham Firkovich, famous leader of the Crimean Karaites, a very important collector of manuscripts, who was an amateur archeologist
 * Shlomo ben Afeda Ha-Kohen (1826–1893), considered the last sage of the Constantinopolitan Karaites
 * Solomon Krym (1864–1936), deputy in the Russian Duma
 * Samuel Maykapar (1867–1938), Soviet composer
 * Seraya Shapshal (1873–1961), ḥakham of the Lithuanian Karaite community
 * Sima Babovich (1790–1855), ḥakham of the Crimean Karaites

Current-modern era — 20th–21st centuries (1948 CE–present)

 * Mordecai Alfandari (1929–1999), Ḥakham, known as the restorer of Karaism; in the years 1956-1958 published a Karaite bulletin in Hebrew called "Ha'Or" ("The Light"); he is also the author of studies on the Light of Israel website.
 * Melech ben Ya'aqov, Ḥakham of the World Alliance of Qara'im and maintains the website Karaite Insights
 * Moshe ben Yosef Firrouz, former Chief Ḥakham and Vice-Chancellor of Karaite Jewish University, maintains the website Universal Karaite Judaism
 * Avraham Kefeli, Ḥazzan in Ashdod, Israel
 * Moshe Marzouk (1926–1955), Egyptian Karaite Jew, hanged by Egypt for his participation in Israel's Operation Suzannah, also called the Lavon Affair
 * Joe Pessah, Congregation leader of congregation B'nai Y'Israel in Daly City, California
 * Avraham Qanaï (1946–2021), Ḥakham of the Karaite congregation “Oraḥ Ṣaddiqim” in Albany, New York
 * Meir Rekhavi, Ḥakham and co-founder of the World Karaite Movement, holds the position of Chancellor for the Karaite Jewish University

title: List of Karaite Jews


text:
Talk:Green Hill Zone/Archive 1

from VfD:

EDIT: And after looking around on Wikipedia, Look what I found! Mushroom Kingdom, That almost exsactly like the GHZ Article except Its Mario related and it doesn't even have a Pic or stub message in it. And guess what, Nobodys voting against that are they? Louisisthebest_007 18:59, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC) *Delete, or perhaps merg/redir. Levels of general video games are not encyclopedic. Having ANY fiction on WP is controversial (sp?)--having _unlimited_ fiction is clearly unfounded. Just because some other fiction has slipped thru the cracks is not a reason to let _all_ fiction slip thru the cracks. Niteowlneils 20:23, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or at least merge - certainly an important experience for me growing up with the game aged 4 Barneyboo 15:39, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Article about a single level in a video game. I would support a merge without redirect though. No[[User_talk:norm|rm]] 22:49, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * it is a pretty significant game as such things go. It's linked from the "Sonic The Hedgehog" page. I see nothing objectionable about it beyond the triviality of its subject. My reaction on seeing it come up as a random page was to admire the comprehensiveness of Wikipedia. It made a welcome change from interminable details of terminally boring US villages keep Shoka 01:20, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I second that. Keep. Machinebuster
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a game guide. --Improv 02:43, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I wonder how many times Shoka hit the random page before coming across Green Hill Zone out of 364,000 articles.  -- WOT 03:13, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Quite a few. And keeping a rough count of what proportion of pages were "Local Guidebook" entries. By that count 30% plus of Wikipedia is a poor copy of the CIA world factsheet. Hell when this page stands out from most of the rest as "interesting" and then you notice its marked for deletion (the first I'd come across in my ramblings actually) ....   I've already voted Shoka
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a game guide.  The Sonic the Hedgehog article is too long to justify merging this info, and it isn't notable enough to stand on its own as an article.  SWAdair | Talk  03:40, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or Merge/redirect to Sonic the Hedgehog (Genesis), its probably the first thing anyone who turned on a genesis for the first time saw. (: — siro  χ  o  05:15, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Certainly it needs to be expanded, with a bit more of an explanation as to why it is significant, but that's no reason to attribute a Britannica-like "upper limit" on Wikipedia. - Scooter 05:18, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - the article consists of two sentences and a screenshot and probably can't be expanded by much more. -Sean Curtin 07:15, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gaming fan-cruft. jni 11:07, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Let's just keep it here. It's at this location merely as a consequence of having a flat namespace. Kim Bruning 12:47, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, or merge/redirect. A single level of a game doesn't deserve it's own article space. If there are other precendents for the same, they should be brought here also, not used as an excuse for this article. We are shooting for a CD release, and it will hamper creditability (sp?) if the majority of articles document fiction. (PS I accept some level of fiction, as it attracts new uses [I believe I found WP lokking for LotR info], but there's gotta be a limit. Niteowlneils 14:43, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Location is irrelevant, wikipedia is not paper. Information is organised in a MySQL db, and it doesn't take (much) more space to have single levels in separate articles than it takes to have it all on a single page. Lots of people simply do not get this, and it's starting to affect the signal to noise ratio on VfD :-( Kim Bruning 15:52, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Tracked it down, limiting factor for wikipedia is bandwidth, not storage space. (Current storage: 915G, used: 255G, Available: 615G Use%:30% ). If anyone complains that that's not enough, I'll pay for the space. Sorry to beat on your comment specifically, btw. :-) Kim Bruning 16:17, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * What? The article doesn't even mention the current GHZ Act 1 completion time. Not that that's notable enough. Delete it. —Rory ☺ 14:56, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pages on video games, fine, but pages on individual levels of video games? Are we going to see Centipede: level 8 next ("The spider moves really fast at this stage, and the plethora of mushrooms make shooting the now very swift centipede extremely difficult, as it comes at you vertically..."). -R. fiend 18:05, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, I know I'm the Article Starter and would obviously protect it from being deleted but the topic is valid and shouldn't be deleted just for being a singular level of a game. It MAY just be a level but this level happens to be one of the most famous level in the Sonicgame series. Its not much at the moment but it has enough 'Potential infomation' be at least get out of being a Stub. I'm not saying that all computer game levels should get their own article but out of all the Sonic Games...Green Hill is one of the well-known of them all.
 * Keep "Wikipedia is not a game guide" is not a logical anwser. Theres many different definitions of things like this. Its like saying you should have one defintion for Computer, when theres many different companies, parts, groups, etc. So I beleve its justified. Also, there is something exactly like this for the Mario series for Mushroom Kingdom, and I see no one voting to remove it.-MTP623 15:49, 7 Oct 2004 (EST)
 * Hold your horses. Propose deletion for mushroom kingdom, and I'll vote deletion on it too. I like sonic and mario -- own them both, but I think we have way too much fancruft. --Improv 03:14, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Note to reviewer: This user has voted twice (see above) in this discussion — siro  χ  o  03:45, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I don't see anything in the deletion policy to warrant deleting this. User:DragonGuyver 03:00 8 Oct 2004 (EST)
 * Redirect (but Delete is my second choice), good gravy, what's all this talk about server resources? Let someone else worry about that. Maybe it makes sense to talk about such things with images. However, just because we have the resources to have a bazillion substubs in the main article space doesn't mean we should do that (and with video games, it would be exceedingly easy to do so - a single game could easily spawn thousands of item, level, and character stubs, and with hundreds and hundreds of games released, it is easy to see that these things could subsume all other wikipedia content if given a chance). Readers are better served when the articles they read cover the topic in depth, not when the information they're after is spread out all over the place. Also, Mushroom Kingdom is more analagous to the planet Mobius (as it was called in the early days of the series and in the SatAM and at least one other show, and to which I would not object to an article on) than a single Sonic level. And the fact that we have "terminally boring US villages" articles does not mean that we should strive to create terminally boring articles on other subjects. Seriously, how can this be expanded? What more can we say? How will this ever be encyclopedic? - RedWordSmith 23:11, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. RustyCale 00:11, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: We're not a game guide. We're not a game guide.  We're not a game guide.  We're not a game guide.  We're not a game guide.  Play the stinkin' games.  Don't write about them here. Geogre 03:41, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I love Sonic, and this has always been the first sight as soon as you start the game. But this ain't notable enough for an article; why not just make separate articles on "Act 1," "Act 2" and "Act 3" of the level? However, the jury's out on Mushroom Kingdom - although the Mushroom Kingdom is a more encompassing locale for the entire Mario series, at present I can't think of a reason for it to be here. Ian Pugh 20:11, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete Pjacobi 16:50, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, or at the very least redirect and merge into Sonic the Hedgehog. I really can't see how this is encyclopaedic in its own right. Pnot 01:30, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge with Sonic the Hedgehog (Genesis) and redirect. Not encyclopaedic on its own. Michael Warren | Talk 14:21, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gazwim 14:31, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mark Richards 17:25, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

I'm again merging and redirecting this. I count votes as follows:

 * 8 keep only (discounting 1 anon, but counting 2 questionable votes)
 * 2 keep or redirect
 * 2 redirect
 * 3 delete or redirect
 * 11 delete (including me, but I will change my vote to delete or redirect if that will help with the consensus) One more should probably be added as the nominator, whose vote does not seem to have been transferred to this page.

All the info on this page is now at Sonic the Hedgehog (Genesis), and since that page has the only valid link to here, there's no reason to keep this as a separate page. If anyone has a real problem with this mention it on my talk page before reverting. Assuming the delete votes would prefer a redirect to a keep, I think we have a pretty good consensus for this action. -R. fiend 19:41, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Oh okay, You can redirect it if you want. I didn't like the idea of GHZ losing its page but since I did a redirect from 'Sonic 1' to Sonic the Hedgehog (Genesis) and all the infomation I did was kept...I'm happy with it ^_^ - Louisisthebest_007 21:56, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Green Hill Zone/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Koi

{{archivebox|auto=yes|search=kat I am a koi cat

Origin
In fact the fish and the Japanese Kanji "錦鯉" were both originated from China in Jin Dynasty (265–420). It was first developed by Buddhism monks in temple pools. It became popular in Tang Dynasty. The fish became a element of literature especially Tang poems. One example:

Tang poet Lu Guimeng 〈奉酬襲美苦雨〉: "層雲愁天低，久雨倚檻冷. 絲禽藏荷香，錦鯉繞島影. 心將時人乖，道與隱者靜. 桐陰無深泉，所以逞短綆. " (Buhuzu (talk) 21:08, 20 February 2010 (UTC))

A few links have been added as references to the origin of the common carp and selective breeding done for carp with mutations to arrive at koi. There seems to be some dispute as to the origins, which would be expected. But any dispute regarding Origins should have references to back it up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.240.1.2 (talk) 01:21, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

There is currently a reference that goldfish were selectively bred from the common carp. However, clicking into the reference indicates that the goldfish was selectively bred from the Gibel carp. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.2.124.130 (talk) 19:35, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

There was much information related to goldfish origins in the 'Origin' section that I don't see as related to Koi, being they originated from two seperate species of carp. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.2.124.130 (talk) 19:48, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

I agree that information related to the origins of goldfish should not be in the Origin section for Koi —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jediknight95758 (talk • contribs) 19:29, 10 April 2009 (UTC)
 * You're agreeing with yourself. Please do not engage in sockpuppetry. OhNo itsJamie Talk 19:41, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

I agree on several counts with the individuals (individual?) For one, the information was verified. The references were updated to not be commercial. All of the statements were verifiable in the sites listed. I also agree that origins of goldfish do not belong in origins of koi. In true 'encyclopedia' fashion, the origins of another species would not appear in the origin information of a different one.

I'm also not seeing this 'lawrencekhoo' individual participating in the Talk discussion. It seems odd to me that one user would be expected to use the Talk section first, but another user would not be.

This origins section for koi should also not address the broad group of carp as a whole. There is a wikipedia entry for carp that should capture that information. The Origins section for koi should specifically address the origins of Koi from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alexa415 (talk • contribs) 23:22, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

There are seperate articles to address the carp family origins as a whole, as well as the origins of goldfish. The origins of goldfish should not be comingled in an article about koi, specifically in a section related to the origins of koi. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.26.179.0 (talk) 08:26, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Currently the article states that Koi were developed in the 1820s. But the article also discusses Hanako, supposedly a koi born in the 1750s. Sound fishy? 140.180.34.83 (talk) 17:42, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

There was a revision that was altered with a claim of 'vandalism', from LawrenceKHoo. I saw no vandalism. All information was sourced, relevant to the article, and verifiable. How was any of that 'vandalism'. In fact, there is now more irrelevant information in the current version. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 148.78.243.111 (talk) 05:31, 7 September 2010 (UTC)
 * The prior version that was altered with the false allegation of 'vandalism' was from me. You are correct that there was no vandalism, and the prior version was fully verifiable and sources added.  The user LawrenceKHoo again reverted it back without making any attempt to utilize these talk pages, and made another false allegation that inaccuracies were introduced.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 153.48.52.241 (talk) 22:26, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A4#.E8.A6.B3.E8.B3.9E.E9.AD.9A.E3.83.BB.E9.8C.A6.E9.AF.89 歴史[編集] Question book-4.svg この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です. 出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください. （2015年7月） さまざまな色の鯉については中国の西晋時代（4世紀）の書物に言及されているが、錦鯉を育てることは19世紀の新潟県旧山古志村で始まったと一般的に考えられている[7]. 田で働く農民が、一部の鯉が他のものより明るい色をしているのに気づき、それを捕まえて育てたとされる. （通常であれば他よりも明るい色は鳥やその他の捕食者に見つかりやすいため、その魚は生存しにくくなる. ）山古志村で錦鯉の養殖が盛んになった背景に、1.冬期の非常食用として休耕田に鯉を養殖する習慣があり、2.山間部にある為、隠し田が多く存在し、比較的裕福であった、という2点が挙げられる. 余裕のある農家の趣味としての錦鯉の交配が進み、質の良い物が売買されるようになった. それ以降養殖は進み、20世紀までには数多くの模様が開発された. もっとも顕著なものは赤と白の「紅白」と呼ばれるものである. 1914年の東京博覧会に出品されるまでは、開発の程度が世に知られることはなかった. この東京博覧会から、錦鯉への関心は日本中で爆発的に広まった. さらに、錦鯉を飼う娯楽はプラスチック袋の発明以降世界に広まり、飛行機や船の技術の進歩により、錦鯉の輸出は速く安全なものとなった. これらの要因により、錦鯉を低い損耗率で、世界中へ輸出できるようになった. 現在は、ほとんどのペットショップで広く売られており、専門のディーラーを通せば特に高い品質のものを買うこともできる. なお、以後新潟県では錦鯉の養殖が盛んになるが、2004年の新潟県中越地震により、旧山古志村を始め、一時壊滅的な被害を受けている. また、コイヘルペスウイルスにより廃業になった業者もいる. Please try to translate this, if anybody thinks that koi are originated in Japan. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%A6%E9%B2%A4 培育历史[编辑] 锦鲤最早见于中国西晋时期的记载. 到了17世纪，锦鲤开始在日本的新潟县地区有规模的饲养. 在水稻田内工作的农民发现有些鲤鱼有着较光亮的色彩，于是捕捉它们回家饲养（而通常这种具有亮丽色彩的鱼较容易被发现而被鸟类或其他捕食者吃掉）. 许多的锦鲤色彩模式建立于19世纪，如著名的红白kohaku，但直到1914年当新潟锦鲤在东京展出并有一些作为礼物赠送给皇太子（后来的昭和天皇）后，外部世界才对锦鲤有所了解. 之后，对锦鲤的饲养由日本传播到了世界各地. 锦鲤现在可以在许多宠物商店买到. 锦鲤鱼最早原产于中国及东亚一带，但于日本被大量利用交配技术繁殖改良. Or try to translate this if anybody still can't understand what kind of info I'm trying to sent out.

Hanako Anachronism
If Koi truly were first developed in the 1820's, then allegations of Koi exceeding 200 years in age (e.g. Hanako born c. 1750, later in the article) are obviously false. The idea of 1 ring = 1 year is an assumption that does not appear to have been verified for this species. Fishbase gives a much more plausible maximum lifespan of 38 years for the common carp, likely applicable to the koi derivatives.

 * I've also been bothered by those statements for some time. We should inject the proper amount of skepticism into those reports of long lived koi. Please feel free to do so, I'll try to add something later. LK (talk) 08:55, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I take the 1820s date as the development of organized breeding, which doesn't preclude naturally-colored individuals having been found earlier. Indeed, if word got out to the countryside that brightly-colored fish were desirable and worth some money, that would be an incentive to try one's hand at making more... Stan (talk) 17:33, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

Koi pond: dup or ad?
Can someone examine the Koi pond article to double-check that it worths staying in Wikipedia as is, or merging here, or maybe removing? It is written a bit like in promo style, but definitely non-encyclopaedic. Honeyman (talk) 13:35, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

Should Asian Carp and Koi article be merged
Shouldn't these two articles be merged or make the Koi article a sub-section in the Asian Carp article. Seems redunant. Asian Carp is Chinese domesticated:

grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

largescale silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys harmandi)

bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)

black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)

common goldfish (Carassius auratus)

crucian carp (Carassius carassiu)

Koi is domesticated common carp (Which the Chinese already domesticated) Why do we have a separate article about Koi?

Isn't Koi just the shortened Japanese word for Asian Carp or Chinese domesticated Common Carp. Seems redundant, we can end up with all sorts of names (The vietnamese name for Carp then have an article on that, Thai name for Carp and have a article on that, and on and on, etc. Seems redundant. We should merge these articles. --165.214.4.23 (talk) 05:36, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

 * One of the things that should be noted. Koi is not the shortened word for Carp in Japanese.  Goi is the Japanese word for you standard common carp which has not been selectively bred.  Koi is the shortened form of the word, Nishikigoi which specifically refers to carp that have been selectively bred for color.

 * It should also be noted that if you look at the timeframes for domestication, from as early as 27 BC, the common carp was known to have been domesticated already in Europe in the Roman Empire. This would pre-date Chinese domestication.

 * Finally, under your logic, to merge all of these articles into one, under the premise that it is the same species of fish; you would need to merge all of the breeds of dog into one species since they are all Canis lupus and merge all of the breeds of domesticated cats into Felis catus. 153.48.52.241 (talk) 19:44, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

 * No, it is not the same as saying combine all the breeds of dogs, the Chinese already selectively bred the common carp for color in the Royal palaces. The Koreans had it as well, they always talk about the vibrant colors of the fish that were bred to make the colors stand out more, even in the the forbidden garden ponds. To take your dog example, what's happening is the Chinese have selectively already bred the Shih Tzu and the Japanese take the Shih Tzu and are calling it by a Japanese name lets say Koi Tzu and stating it is unique to Japan. Koi is completely ingoring the fact that selective breeding for Asian Common Carp already took place. They are picking a subjective concept like vibrance in color when it looks exactly the same, stating it is brighter and calling it another breed (It is like saying Japanese Shih Tzu is redder or has a brighter white coat so it should be called Koi Tzu and unique, but things like color brightness is so subjective it is impossible to argue. That does not work, you can't do that, especially when the Chinese already selectively bred it for vibrance in color, even the Koreans did it before Japan for crying out loud. The common domesticated carp can go under a subsection of European carp by your logic and Koi should go under the selectively domesticated royal common carp that was popular in China first. --50.46.243.60 (talk) 22:42, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

Koi can live for centuries???
Contradiction?!

"Koi can live for centuries. One famous scarlet koi, named "Hanako" (c. 1751 – July 7, 1977) was owned by several individuals, the last of whom was Dr. Komei Koshihara. Hanako was reportedly 226 years old upon her death.[12][13][14][15] Her age was determined by removing one of her scales and examining it extensively in 1966. She is (to date) the longest-lived vertebrate ever recorded."

Varieties/Asagi Koi : contradiction in Japanese text
The description of the Asagi Koi reads:

"Asagi (浅黄?) A koi that is light blue above and usually red, but also occasionally pale yellow or cream, generally below the lateral line and on the cheeks. The Japanese name means pale greenish-blue, spring onion colour, or indigo. Sometime incorrectly written as 浅黄 (light yellow)." [the question mark on the first text is a link to help displaying Japanese characters]

The name and the "sometimes incorrectly written as" are identical, Unicode hex codes 6D45-9EC4. Google Translate suggested 浅葱 (Ux6D45-8471), but I don't speak Japanese and therefore have no idea whether that's a better translation.

Lincmad (talk) 02:10, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I do read, write and speak Japanese, and also work in the koi business in Japan. The correct Japanese for Asagi, as used by koi breeders in Japan is 浅黄 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Paulman (talk • contribs) 07:22, 4 July 2011 (UTC)

Jawiki
ja:コイ is subspecies Koi or species Common carp? Newone (talk) 10:28, 2 March 2011 (UTC)

Hello
Are there koi in Central Park? I think I saw one there back in 2005 when I visited New York —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.108.211.43 (talk) 01:06, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

age of koi
in the article it says the koi were developed in the 1820s but later on its says the oldest koi was 226, so 1820+226=2046 this cant be right,

also this particular koi is mentioned to have been born in yr1751 both these things cant be true. i think we should put "it has been claimed that the koi lived for 226 yrs" since even common sense will tell you the story is absurd. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 123465421jhytwretpo98721654 (talk • contribs) 06:13, 4 September 2011 (UTC)

Japanese Koi are originally from the Caspian Sea? Really?
To the person that keeps on introducing this text:

"Cyprinus carpio or the common carp is a species of fish from the family Cyprinidae. The origins of the common carp trace to the Caspian Sea, where the fish naturally migrated to the Black and Aral Seas, east to eastern mainland Asia and west as far as the Danube River"'

Stop it. The source cited directly contradicts that statement. The other sources make it clear that Koi are descended from Carp domesticated in East Asia. Stop introducing factual errors. LK (talk) 05:06, 14 May 2012 (UTC)

Hanako the 225-year-old koi
Is it an WP:EXCEPTIONAL claim to suggest that a particular koi carp lived for 225 years, when the article goes on to say that "the greatest authoritatively accepted age for the species is little more than 50 years"? It sounds exceptional to me, but I am no carp breeder. --McGeddon (talk) 17:57, 20 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't know if this is a particularly WP:EXCEPTIONAL claim, I suspect that someone has a WP:RS saying that this was a hoax. That source should be introduced so we can put this claim to bed. CombatWombat42 (talk) 18:00, 20 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Deciding that it is an exceptionally remarkable claim, which can only be sourced to a single "here some old animals" fluff piece in a newspaper, would also be sufficient to put it to bed. --McGeddon (talk) 18:19, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

This might be the origin? -- Neil N  talk to me  21:16, 20 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I found these. and the translation. The image of her scale. There is a list of books written by Amano.  His 1966 book has a chapter of Koshihara family's old carp (page 57). Not all contents of his books is available, but I think the origin was one of his books. Oda Mari (talk) 16:51, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

A Suggestion?
This article is pretty in depth but I wanted to suggest maybe that when listing the different color patterns a chart like with Goldfish would be beneficial? Many of them are similar and I think it would be helpful to have pictures to reference off of since its sometimes hard to picture them and googling images for every one is tedious and not always accurate. 174.70.177.4 (talk) 02:51, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

To add to article
To add to article: are koi eaten as food in the modern day? 173.89.236.187 (talk) 04:39, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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File:Koi feeding, National Arboretum.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Koi feeding, National Arboretum.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on December 29, 2016. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2016-12-29. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. — Chris Woodrich (talk) 12:23, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

Errata inserted into history text
FYI The outside world was not aware of the development of color variations in Japanese koi until 1914, when the Niigata koi were exhibited at an annual exposition in Tokyo. From that time, interest in koi spread throughout Japan. It was from this original handful of koi that all other Nishikigoi varieties were bred, with the exception of the Ogon variety (single colored, metallic koi) which was developed relatively recently. The hobby of keeping koi eventually spread worldwide. Koi are now sold in many pet aquarium shops like Nom cat is a Badger204.64.198.50 (talk) 18:40, 29 December 2016 (UTC)paul mcgowan, with higher-quality fish available from specialist dealers.[5][6]

separated text should be deleted as it does not make sense.

Thank you

Wanting to add a new section
I really would like to add another section in the article that talks about how hobbyist travel to show off their koi at special shows and what an award winning fish looks like. I also wanna add something about the different types of awards they give out for the different types of koi. I am doing a wiki edit for my english class and I have never done this before. I also found a few sentences I would like to add to the breeding section of this article. One thing I am a little confused on is that there is no citation in that section of the article. Should I only add the sentences I have and also cite my sentences? Or should I do something for the whole section in general?Dee moose (talk) 15:26, 28 April 2017 (UTC)Dee moose

utsuri
"utsuri" does not mean "print". Wouldn't "showing through," etc be better? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.229.104.61 (talk) 19:06, 13 May 2017 (UTC)

Translation of Ghost koi
In the article, "人面魚" is referred to as translation of Ghost koi, but I'm pretty doubt about it. See ja:人面魚. --Akiyama(tentative) (talk) 09:48, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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An IP user changed the name from C. rubrofuscus to C. carpio
16:38, 2 July 2018 101.160.153.108, He changed the name from C. rubrofuscus to C. carpio. But author name remains "Lacépède, 1803". ''C. carpio was named by Linnaeus in 1758. So I think it's bad partial change. Recently, there is a similar change in the Wikipedia (Turbo cornutus 11:57, 14 June 2017). I can't decide what is correct. Can you correct it?--3代目窓屋 (talk) 23:50, 8 August 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:21, 15 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Hanako.jpg

"Globalize"
Since the editor in question apparently can't be bothered to actually explain on the talk page WHY they want the tag on the article, here is the edit summary rationale: the claim "Koi, though, were developed from common carp in Japan in the 1820s" is a heavily US-based bias. Nishikigoi was developed from common koi (Amur carp) much earlier in Mainland East-Southeast Asia. - Make of that what you will. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 00:16, 4 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Koi


text:
Stubaital

The Stubai Valley or Stubaital is an alpine valley in Tyrol, Austria. It is the central valley of the Stubai Alps. The river Ruetz flows through the valley.

This 35-km long valley runs in northeastern direction from the main chain of the Alps to Schönberg im Stubaital, near Innsbruck. Below Fulpmes, the villages lie on terraces above the Ruetz on either side of the river. South of Neustift im Stubaital, the largest side valley Oberbergtal joins from the west. The ÖBB operates a 16-MW hydroelectric power plant in Fulpmes.

The following five municipalities lie in the valley: Schönberg im Stubaital, Mieders, Telfes, Fulpmes and Neustift im Stubaital. Public transportation from Innsbruck into the valley is available via the Stubaital bus route or the Stubai Valley Railway, which runs from Innsbruck to Fulpmes.

At the end of the Stubaital valley the Stubai Glacier is used as a ski resort.

title: Stubaital


text:
Michael Zaslow

Michael Joel Zaslow (November 1, 1942 – December 6, 1998) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as villain Roger Thorpe on CBS's Guiding Light, a role he played from 1971 to 1980 and again from 1989 to 1997, earning multiple nominations – and one win – at the Daytime Emmy Awards.

Life and career
Zaslow was born in Inglewood, California. He played Dick Hart on the CBS soap opera Search for Tomorrow and Dr. Peter Chernak on Love Is a Many Splendored Thing. He also played David Renaldi on ABC's One Life to Live from 1983 to 1986.

Zaslow guest-starred on a number of other television shows and soap operas, including Barnaby Jones, The Love Boat, and Law & Order. In the episode "The Man Trap," the series' September 8, 1966 premiere of Star Trek, he played Crewman Darnell, the first Starship Enterprise crew member to be killed off. The incident sparked the first diagnosis of the now-famous line: "He's dead, Jim," by Enterprise crew-member Dr. Leonard McCoy (DeForest Kelley). He also appeared as Jordan in the episode "I, Mudd". He costarred in the 1977 feature film You Light Up My Life, and appeared in the 1979 sci-fi movie Meteor.

Zaslow's Broadway theatre credits included Fiddler on the Roof, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, and Onward Victoria.

Zaslow was also the godfather of actor Christian Slater.

However, it was for his work as Roger Thorpe on Guiding Light that Zaslow was always best known. One of the show's central villains of the 1970s, his first onscreen "death" was voted the top scene in the show's history when the series celebrated its 50th anniversary. In the late 1980s, he returned to the show and, once again, became a central figure. Zaslow received multiple Daytime Emmy nominations (and won once) for his work in the role, and continually appeared on both critics' and fans' lists of favorite soap opera performers.

Illness and death
In 1997, he began to experience difficulty speaking. When it became noticeable on screen, he was placed on leave at Guiding Light. (There are conflicting stories as to whether Zaslow was then fired; there was for some time a legal action against Guiding Light and sponsor Procter & Gamble, which was eventually settled.) It was some time before Zaslow was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Lou Gehrig's disease (it was first thought he had suffered a stroke ). Zaslow did not return to Guiding Light, and his role was briefly recast before being written off. (In 2004, Zaslow's character on Guiding Light died off-screen.)

Zaslow was hired at One Life to Live in 1998 to play David Renaldi again, appearing first in May of that year, his condition being written into the storyline. He made numerous appearances over the next seven months before he was too ill to continue working.

Zaslow died on December 6, 1998, at his New York City home. He was survived by his wife, psychologist/writer Susan Hufford; and two daughters, Helena and Marika.

His final appearance on One Life to Live was televised December 1. The character of David Renaldi was soon referred to as living off-screen, with mentions of him eventually dropped.

Legacy
Hufford founded ZazAngels, a foundation that seeks to raise funds in order to find a cure for Lou Gehrig's disease. Several of Zaslow's Guiding Light and One Life to Live castmates, along with many Broadway-based theater luminaries, have participated in tributes that were fundraisers for ZazAngels. Hufford released a book about Zaslow and his fight with ALS, titled Not That Man Anymore. Zaslow had begun writing the book several years earlier.

Helena Zaslow died on December 28, 2004, in Connecticut at age 19, only days after completing her first semester at Wellesley College.

Hufford died from cancer on November 28, 2006.

title: Michael Zaslow


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/International Correspondents

International Correspondents
Second person; non-encyclopedic. jengod 22:55, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Poorly formatted dump of some personal essay. Potential copyvio. Delete. --Slowking Man 23:02, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Whatever it is, it isn't an encycylopaedia article. Delete. Fire Star 23:17, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-encyclopaedic and un-salvageable. SamH 10:01, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: A c&p from something, I'm sure. Part of that "it hardens the nipples to be in battle" line of reasoning, too.  Silly stuff from career day at the college. Geogre 03:44, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)