text:
Talk:Major-General's Song

Gilda Radner on Muppet Show Dubious
Why is the reference to Gilda Radner on the Muppet Show dubious? It was in season 3 episode 61 "tv.com link". I remember she was misheard and got the six-foot talking carrot, but I don't recall exactly what she had requested (parrot or something else).

Easter eggs
Whoever wikified the song lyrics is brilliant. Fishal 13:46, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Yes, this is a fantastic article! We should list it under Category schemes. ^_^ -- Toby Bartels 17:19, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

See Piped link for the advice on easter egg links. This article makes a marvelous exception to it. JRM 23:04, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)

 * I could hardly disagree more with the top statement. It's great that the entire lyrics to this song are provided.  But they would look a million times better without the idiotic links to every WIkipedia entry that happens to occur in the song.  Sometimes the "rules" are inappropriate, and never more than here.   A  far better idea would be to *first* display the full lyrics in a normal typeface with uniform color -- and *following*, list such links as deemed annotative.  (The links to vegetable, animal, mineral, whistle, tactics, century, airs, equation and the like can be safely omitted.)71.224.204.167 09:02, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I have to say that I agree with you... it is slightly irritating. I also have to comment that the song is not what you would find in the original Libretto... The line originally was written "I am the very pattern of a modern major gineral"  Eat that bitch!!!

 * The final version of the song — what Gilbert & Sullivan finally settled on — is, "I am the very model of a Modern Major-General." This is the appropriate version to display in the article. Marc Shepherd 20:39, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Wow, someone needs to grow a sense of humour :(  The links -- admittedly some of them more than others -- really enhance this article. 91.107.189.190 (talk) 02:33, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Irrelevant external link
I've tried, but I cannot figure out what relevance the Reboot link has- the end lyrics don't strike me as a parody of the song at all. --maru (talk) contribs 00:00, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The tune is the same, the lyrics don't try to match at all though. --Falcorian | Talk 00:19, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Garnet Wolseley?
Wasn't the song supposed to be about Garnet Wolseley? m.e. 10:45, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, he is often thought to be the "model" for the Major-General, although other figures have been suggested. Marc Shepherd 11:11, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

moving
Please read Help:Moving a page on how to move pages properly. Tim! 21:20, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Repetition
There is some repetition between the References section and the "External links" section. What's the WP: policy on how to correct this? --Ssilvers 01:33, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I've resolved it by renaming a heading. Marc Shepherd 01:46, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Lyrics of parodies
I don't think this is the correct article to place the entire lyrics of Parodies. If we did so, it would become far too clutered. Any opinions? --Falcorian (talk) 01:28, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree heartily. We can't add in all the lyrics to all these parodies.   Parodies that are online can be linked.  Otherwise, it is enough, I think to say what the topic of the parody is (if the title doesn't say it all).  I already removed the parody lyrics once, and the editor replaced them.  I request that they be removed.  -- Ssilvers 01:41, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Not only that, but most parodies are probably in copyright. Adam Cuerden talk 12:18, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * A good point, I'll remove them... Unless they already have been. ;-) Missed it on my watch list. --Falcorian (talk) 20:19, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with the copyright observation. However, 'becoming too cluttered' is no better a rationale that having 'too much information'- surely Wikipedia's mandate. We should act as architects of information, not slash-and-burn datacops. --216.239.122.102 (talk) 11:31, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps, but I'd prefer linking to parodies (as they're only slightly-relevant) or putting them on Wikisource if they're out of copyright to putting them in the article themself. Clutter may not be a valid criterion, but focus is. Adam Cuerden talk 17:20, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Parodies shouldn't be the focus of this article anyway. If anything, the parodies have taken over the article and the less notable ones could be weeded out.  -- Ssilvers 16:28, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Proliferation of links; most removed
Wikipedia isn't a compendium of links to every page/satire out there. I find many of the links irrelevant. As per WP:NOT and WP:NOT, I have removed the following from the article. I urge anyone hoping to add links to the section to discuss it first if the targets are similar. In particular, I think ReBoot was already discussed in the article and any links can be inserted there, if at all.

 * Synopsis of ReBoot episode 39, "End Prog", with lyrics to the Recap Song
 * Parody: "I swear this is the last time I'll go boating with Odysseus"
 * Parody: "I am the very model of a heroine barbarian"
 * Parody: "I am the very model of a modern Unitarian"
 * Parody: "I am the very model of a modern sadomasochist"
 * Parody: "I am the very model of a modern labour minister"
 * Parody: "I am the very model of a Usenet individual"
 * Parody: Several Harry Potter Filks
 * Parody: The Pointy Haired Manager's Song
 * Parody: "I am the very model of the student Theological
 * Parody: "I Am the Very Model of a Modern Libertarian"
 * Parody: "I've built a Better Model Than the One at Data General"
 * "I am the very model of a medieval Anglian", another parody, sung by King Théoden of Rohan.
 * Parody: "I Am the Very Model of a Blogging Evangelical"
 * Parody: "I am the very model of a popular YouTube auteur"
 * Parody: "The Uncyclopedian's Song"
 * Wikipedia related parodies: RfA Candidate's Song Wikipedia Editor's Song, Web Encyclopedia Song
 * Parody: "I am the very model of a Usenet personality", by Tom Holt
 * Parody: "He was the very model of a neighborhood podiatrist", by Calvin Trillin — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:282:8102:44B0:511F:C5FB:E0B2:73F9 (talk) 20:36, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

I think some people will be very unhappy about my keeping the Animaniacs link, which I think is notable, or the amiright.com link, which I consider a better fansite exception than of the links I've removed. Xiner 16:11, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for trimming this list!! I agree that the Anamanicas example is notable, and that your choices for what to keep were the best.  I have, however, resored one notable example, the widely copied and destributed Usenet parody.  Best regards, -- Ssilvers 16:25, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I again rm this link, "I am the very model of a modern libertarian" as it promotes one author and one political POV. Appears to have been replaced after the removal listed above. (Attention, admins?) I agree with keeping the link to the Amiright gallery, as it contains scores (no pun intended) of parodies by many different authors with many different topics and POV. Incidentally, isn't it self-defeating to rm a link, then copy here on the talk page exactly the link that was removed? Authors who are trying to promote their own work are still achieving this, if only on the talk page. Hence, I cited the name of the parody removed, but not the whole link. Perhaps the above list of links removed should be edited thusly? Just a thought... Unimaginative Username 20:04, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

I agree with removing the link, but it doesn't hurt to have the list of removed links above, as it shows which of the darn things have already been removed before. I don't think that listing them on the talk page gives them any significant promotion. The biggest problem is simply the constant accumulation of links. See WP:LINKFARM. But, every few months, I just go through and clean it up if it hasn't already been done. Best regards, -- Ssilvers 23:47, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

One more has been added, the one to TV Tropes. If the guillotine were taken to the article again, that would be one of the few that you'd want to leave in place as it can be a holder of all the external links (parody and otherwise) that you could ever add here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.254.87.182 (talk) 04:30, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

Television references
The same applies here as to the parodies. There is absolutely no reason to have a list of every single appearance anyone can think of. For example: "In season 2 of Slings & Arrows, Richard Smith-Jones uses the song to audition for the festival's musical." So what? 86.143.52.18 13:56, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I have made an effort to consolidate the references and to give the section a semblance of narrative thrust. -- Ssilvers 23:49, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Another unrelated G&S reference is in season 4 of West Wing in the "Inaugural 1" episode President Bartlet describes Will Bailey's father (former supreme commander NATO) as "speaking of the very model of the modern major general." --MountainLogic (talk) 04:31, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

Enough already. The most recent addition to §Television references describes an insurance agency advert. Umm, who cares? §Television references has enough (too many) mostly uninteresting and useless factoids. It is time to stop adding references to the song's occurrence in "popular culture". The article is about the Song. If there is something about the song that truly makes a significant and notable impact in the current culture, add that to the article. Don't be adding all of these instances of some hack writer being "clever" and adapting G&S to his little sitcom or his advert that 50 years from now will be long forgotten. It is time to stop. -- Trappist the monk (talk) 00:01, 3 December 2011 (UTC)

Last Night of the Proms
Andrew Davis, lead conductor of the BBC Proms during the 2000 season, craftily fitted the contents of the traditional speech at the end of the Last Night into the format of the Major-General's Song - "This is the very model of a modern music festival". Unfortunately, internet links alluding to this are very scarce - generally a brief throwaway comment in newspaper reviews, e.g. New York Times and The Guardian. Interestingly, The Guardian's review suggests "...modern music festival..." was performed in previous seasons as well, which, were it not for the aforementioned scarcity of internet links, would have enhanced its notability as a parody (albeit with slightly different lyrics each season!). If anyone can find more comprehensive sources for this event, it might be worth adding to the main page, but until then, it's probably best left here... Mittfh (talk) 01:11, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The NY Times article is clear enough. I added a mention to the article.  -- Ssilvers (talk) 01:22, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

"Stailish vales"
It's not clear what "the contemporary stailish vales …" refers to here. Was there a book with this title? Is this a quote from the opera? Unfortunately the only Google hits for this phrase are from this article and its mirrors. --Cam (talk) 01:56, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Since no one has come up with a ref, I'm removing the statement. -- Ssilvers (talk) 01:15, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Video Game Reference
I added a link to a YouTube video with a character from the upcoming (as of this edit) game Mass Effect 2. While I saw that there was a general discontent with extraneous links, this is the first reference to it in a video game... so I figured it would be relevant. However, I'm not good at Wiki editing, and followed the example of other citations in the section to cite... could anyone fix that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.151.63.78 (talk) 18:51, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

 * OK. I moved it up next to the Unix parody.  -- Ssilvers (talk) 19:01, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

False TV reference
I cannot find any reference of "Pinky and the Brain" having a parody of Modern Major General, but I can find the Animaniacs series one of "I am the very model of a cartoon individual". I suggest we strike the Pinky and the Brain reference as it really has no foundation. I've spent the better part of an hour looking with no luck. There is no wealth like knowledge, no poverty like ignorance. - Ali ibn Abi-Talib (talk) 11:15, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

 * OK, deleted. Thanks for finding the refs.  -- Ssilvers (talk) 16:05, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

"model" v "pattern"
Once, in the UCLA music library, I picked up the libretto for Pirates, and found that it had as the first line of this song I am the very pattern of a modern major-general, rather than model. A little googling confirms that I wasn't hallucinating -- see e.g. http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/the-modern-major-general/ (but turn off Flash before you follow the link, if you don't like ads).

I would love to see a mention of this alternative lyric in the article, with some more information about it that I don't have (e.g. was it an early version? a later revision that never caught on?). --Trovatore (talk) 08:14, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Interesting idea. Perhaps you could research the matter and come up with a proposal to insert?  I do not believe that this was in the first night libretto or any Savoy libretto.  Mind, there would have to be some showing that this is relevant and important, as the Savoy operas were filled with minor text changes, some occurring well into the 20th century.  If it was simply done by Randy in Boise in 1976 and two or three other amateur productions borrowed the idea, it is probably not notable.  Let us know what you find out!--Wehwalt (talk) 13:19, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

 * It is in the first night version. See Allen 1975, p. 120. vvvt 14:01, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

 * G&S changed the word from pattern to model. This was one of dozens (or hundreds?) of changes made to the libretto of Pirates.  Maybe a footnote would be appropriate, but there is not much to say about it, except that G&S quickly changed it to "model".  It is a distracting piece of information for a reader who is encountering the song for the first time.  BTW, VV, does Allen say that the word "pattern" was actually sung on the first night?  I don't think any version of the vocal score has "pattern".  -- Ssilvers (talk) 15:48, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Allen claims to print libretti as they were "presented" on first night. I am not sure about whether it was actually sung. Allen says that there are so many minor changes that he does not list them. Searle in his bibliographical adventures (1931) claims that it is "pattern" in first edition of the libretto, but not in vocal score or Macmillan edition. Bradley (1996) just says that it was "original version" (I don't have my copy of Bradley right now, so I'm referring to Google Books). Most probably it was changed due to singability during some of rehearsals or the first night and the libretto was printed before the change. Some of reviews may mention the title (but I'm not into checking them). vvvt 16:22, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm sure nobody would ask you to do such a thing, VV. But if Trovatore is interested enough to research the matter that he has raised, nobody will gainsay him, I'm certain. - Tim riley (talk) 18:03, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Perhaps Gilbert said something interesting about the change in wording. A research project awaits someone ... Travatore.--Wehwalt (talk) 19:40, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Here is just an FYI regarding Allen. All he is able to do is print the libretti as they were sold to audiences on the opening nights. There are countless examples where the libretti and scores disagreed with one another for decades, before finally being brought into agreement. Nobody really knows when all of these discrepancies were rectified. There are plenty of cases where the libretti and scores disagreed from the very beginning; clearly, they could not both have been correct. Marc Shepherd (talk) 19:04, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Thanks, all. I have to confess that it was largely my personal curiosity that led me to pose the question. But I'll toss it into my queue of low-priority tasks that may be addressed opportunistically if I happen to run across a document or if a wild hare takes me. If it's true that it's just one of many minor changes then it doesn't seem so important (although this would be more prominent than most, just because it comes in the first line of what I suspect is the single-best-known G&S song). --Trovatore (talk) 20:13, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Note that a new series of reference books is being published (the first volume is out now) providing a variorum for all of the G&S operas. Our own Marc Shepherd is co-editor. -- Ssilvers (talk) 22:21, 23 March 2016 (UTC)

Lyrics
Do we really need to link every sodding other word in the lyrics? I don't think so. It looks ugly as sin and violates WP:OVERLINK. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Otters want attention) 16:16, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Please explain, using specifics, which links violate WP:OVERLINK. I believe that these links help to explain the meanings of these somewhat obscure phrases and complex references - in the words of the guideline, they "will help readers to understand the current article more fully".  One of the purposes of this article is to annotate the song, and Wikipedia provides the perfect way to do that with these links.  Thanks.  Please keep all the discussion here where other editors can participate, rather than on my talk page, from which I delete old messages that I no longer need.  -- Ssilvers (talk) 16:29, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

TenPoundHammer, please stop posting to my talk page. Per WP policy, I can and do delete old messages there that I no longer need. -- Ssilvers (talk) 16:52, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

 * The editing that Ssilvers recently did to remove some of the overlinking, was definitely warranted. However, the context provided by the remaining links is very informative. If you primarily dislike the aesthetics, then you could try converting the links into footnotes, or try duplicating the lyrics in a sidebox (unlinked lyrics at left, linked version at right, kind of thing). There are options, but completely eliminating all links to air (music) and Mamelon (fort) and the rest, is not one of them. -- Quiddity (talk) 20:13, 3 November 2010 (UTC)
 * The article is fine as it is. Any potential changes need to be discussed here first. Jack1956 (talk) 22:28, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

citation needed: fugue
The fact that a fugue consists of multiple voices is common knowledge, at least to any musician, so I don't see any reason for a citation. Fugues are imitative which is impossible with only one voice, and therein lies the humour of the lyric. The very first line in wikipedia's entry for fugue confirms this. The rest of the comment about throat singing is perhaps unnecessary but still indeed true. Throat singing is a way for one person to sing 2 voices at once. (Perhaps overtone singing is a more accurate term for what the initial author intended.) However, this is irrelevant to the humour in the lyric so could be deleted anyway. Ibonyun (talk) 13:18, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comment. What is common knowledge to a musician is not necessarily common knowledge to a general encyclopedia reader, and I agree that "fugue" is not common knowledge and requires a citation in this encyclopedia.  I have added a reference.  However, the main problem was the "throat singing" bit, which I have now relegated to a footnote.  I would not mind if someone deleted the reference to throat singing in the footnote, but I kept it on the basis of WP:PRESERVE.  -- Ssilvers (talk) 17:12, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I would say get rid of the footnote. If one can hum the subject and/or counter-subject of the fugue, that's pretty much the essence of it.  What you are both saying is pedantic and suggests that I can't hum or rock or pop song because I can't hum the drums or guitar at the same time.  The "tune" of a fugue is the subject. Vkgfx (talk) 06:52, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Haha! It has nothing to do with your being able to hum each subject separately: the joke is that you can't hum them simultaneously.  So the footnote is needed to explain the joke.  The fact that even you didn't get it makes it even more important that we need the footnote.  -- Ssilvers (talk) 21:42, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm a composer and frequently write fugues on scratch paper to practice my counterpoint and ability to compose away from the piano. The problem is not a lack of understanding on my part.  I can hum the tune of the Bach's Art of Fugue.  Likewise, you could probably hum the tune of "A British Tar" from Pinafore despite it being polyphonous. I'm saying that it is not necessary to hum every voice concurrently to claim to be able to hum something, especially since a fugue only has (usually) one or two melodies despite it having multiple *voices*. Vkgfx (talk) 22:17, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

 * One more comment on this... I would just recommend doing away with all of these footnotes except for the first one, and replacing the battle links with a link to that article for "Marathon to Waterloo". This is basically a trivia section, and it's open to interpretation as I think these are missing the point of the song.  Things like the frog chorus highlight the breadth of his classical training versus the shallowness of the martial trivia he possesses; they don't need to be impressive in and of themselves. Vkgfx (talk) 06:04, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

There probably are readers to whom the meaning of "fugue" isn't common knowledge, but those who need to know can follow the link. The real question is whether this "joke" needs to be explained. I have no doubt that the article's explanation is correct, and when I am at home I could provide references (probably multiple of them) to that effect. The real question is whether we want to be explaining all the jokes, as there are others that don't get footnotes. Marc Shepherd (talk) 15:00, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

 * When you write: "as there are others that don't get footnotes", what do you mean? They can't see the footnotes?  They don't understand footnotes?  Something else?

 * Leave the footnote in the article. The reader came to the article to learn about the the Song, not necessarily to embark on a research project to discover why the fugue stanza is a joke. --Trappist the monk (talk) 15:40, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the lack of clarity. What I meant is that, if the aim was to explain all the jokes to a general reader, more footnotes would be needed than the article currently has. Marc Shepherd (talk) 15:47, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

 * What else do you think needs an explanatory footnote? I'd be happy to add a couple more if something would be obscure to the general reader.  I don't think we need to explain all the jokes, just the ones that would be hard for a general reader (especially a non-British one) to follow. -- Ssilvers (talk) 17:43, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's worth investing in. I mean, to me the fugue joke is totally obvious, but Vkgfx doesn't even think it's a joke at all, and he's a musician for heaven's sake, who of all people ought to see it. So it's hard for me to guess what the general reader will understand. There has been a ton written about this song, so one could write a full treatise on it. I'm just not sure it is a priority, given that no other Gilbert & Sullivan song has its own article. Marc Shepherd (talk) 19:06, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

 * It's not as important that I don't agree where the joke is. I acknowledge that the provided explanation of the impossibility of humming a fugue could be the intention, however I don't know that it is universally accept that this is the case.  Furthermore, as another posted above, explaining every joke in the song would fill up the page quickly.  It seems silly therefore to shoehorn in the explanations with footnotes.  This whole "present my knowledge of the reference this work is making" is the idea behind Trivia sections, and the current policy is to avoid that kind of content. Vkgfx (talk) 08:19, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I assume you're referring to WP:TRIVIA, which is a guideline, not a policy. It says, "Avoid creating lists of miscellaneous information." This article doesn't really meet that description. Marc Shepherd (talk) 14:48, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Except for the part in which there is a list of miscellaneous information.Vkgfx (talk) 22:35, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

I agree with Marc Shepherd. These explanations are not miscellaneous. They are explanations of terms used in this article that are not understood by many readers of this article and are, in my opinion, well-selected. -- Ssilvers (talk) 05:11, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

I have a memory from years ago, when black and white televisions were still the norm. Yeah, I am that old. I remember watching a program with (I think) Leonard Bernstein where he did a simple demonstration of how two completely different melodies combine to make a third, also different melody. He was using the first and second violins from a Tchaikovsky symphony if memory serves. So, from this, I wonder if the fugue tune that one might hum might not be the actual theme but rather, the derived melody from two or more voices.

--Trappist the monk (talk) 12:51, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

Anchor
This message was left on my user page. Better here:

"Just wondering: What does the "anchor" that you added to the Benford book ref do? -- Ssilvers (talk) 18:29, 7 May 2012 (UTC)"

There are references in the article text that look like this:. At the bottom of §References is a with a   parameter.

==Notes==

==References==

Clicking on the superscripted text (example 1) in the above paragraph changes the page view to that reference item in §Notes. Click on the Benford 1999 link and the page view shifts to the  citation. Very handy for single works cited multiple times where the difference in the citations is a minor detail like page numbers. Given my druthers, though, I'd rather use templates to accomplish the same thing. It's better to use standardized Wikipedia templates than to use this rather esoteric method.

--Trappist the monk (talk) 19:05, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Thanks, also for reviewing for dead links today.  I am changing the short refs to .  It is simpler and easier for all readers to work with.   BTW, I think the citation templates are exclusionary and prefer a plain ref format.  I was sorry to see that you went with the templates when conforming the refs instead toward the simpler method.  I'm not going to undo it, but I think it's unfortunate. -- Ssilvers (talk) 20:42, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I'm all for simplicity. And, if all of us knew intuitively, or even by training, how to make reference citations that matched those of other editors, I'd agree with you about the cite-family of templates. However, not a one of us would do referencing in the same way and another of us as can be seen in so many Wikipedia articles.  Many if not most editors on Wikipedia are amateurs who haven't been trained in the arcana of properly rendered citations.  At least with the cite-family templates, there is a framework that yields nominally consistent output for the reader, who, after all, is the consumer of our product.  I think that we editors forget that sometimes.

 * Similarly, while it isn't really an issue for this article, the links and anchors à la Bedford, are very useful when the cited sources are listed separately from the references (MACV–SOG for example).

 * --Trappist the monk (talk) 22:45, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I find the new format introduced to the article unwieldy. Can we stick to the original formatting, please, as ordained by the MoS: "Editors should not attempt to change an article's established citation style merely on the grounds of personal preference, or without first seeking consensus for the change. If you think another system or style would be more appropriate for the article than what is already in use, then propose the change on the talk page, and wait for consensus to emerge." Tim riley (talk) 08:35, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that quote from WP:CITEVAR. If you look back at the article before I made the changes, you will see that there wasn't a uniform citation system and style. Of the 25 reference citations in the article, I changed only seven. That would seem to suggest that using cite-family templates is the preferred method for citing references in this article.

 * --Trappist the monk (talk) 12:55, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Gracious me! If we have to try and master this convoluted rigmarole I for one will stop editing Wikipedia. Tim riley (talk) 17:05, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

Lyrics linking "Gee" to "Horse"?
Why does the word "gee" in the lyrics link to the wikipedia page "horse"? (There's no trace of the word on the Horse page.) The disambiguation page on "gee" doesn't shed any light on the meaning in the lyrics82.46.44.23 (talk) 10:52, 11 July 2012 (UTC) either.

 * According to this Google definition, gee is a synonym for horse. Google's source isn't identified.

 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 12:26, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

"Gee-up" is used as an alternate for "get up", which riders or carriage drivers say as the command to a horse to walk forwards, and (as you note above) "gee" became a slang term for horse in 19th century England. So, when Gilbert wrote "sat a gee" he means "sat on a horse" (see, for example, Benford, Harry. The Gilbert & Sullivan Lexicon, Third Edition, p. 57, Houston: Queensbury Press (1999) ISBN 0-9667916-1-4). Since this term is not a commonly known one, the cross-reference to horse is needed to explain it. -- Ssilvers (talk) 16:14, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Except, as IP Editor points out, the term gee isn't used on the Horse page. I've added a note defining it and used the Benford ref you cited.

 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 15:04, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

OR removed
I have removed [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major-General%27s_Song&diff=515916114&oldid=515867652 this] again. In the case of the "hum a fugue" the annotation is quite obviously WP:OR speculation. As previous discussion has shown, there are multiple other ways of reading that bit, and we simply don't have any reliable source about how it should be interpreted. The note about the "Frogs" is OR of the same type, plus, it is also quite simply factually wrong. The chorus of frogs does not only say "brekekex-koax-koax". It's a long, complex piece of choral lyrics. Note that Ssilvers' claim that these annotations are "referenced" is wrong: the footnote on the "fugue" bit points merely to a music theory text that defines what a fugue is, but of course contains no analysis of whether you could "hum" one, let alone an analysis of what the intended joke in this song is. Likewise, the footnote to the "Frogs" bit is merely to a standard text edition of that play, which, if anything, can only prove the exact opposite of what the note claims. Fut.Perf. ☼ 06:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

 * I have now added a reference to Benford, which discusses the fugue issue. -- Ssilvers (talk) 16:23, 4 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Can't verify from here. What does he say about the Frogs? If he's seriously claiming the chorus is only brekekekex-koax-koax, he's ipso facto not a reliable source. It's plain wrong; read the play. WP:V is not a suicide pact; it doesn't force us to repeat obvious plain errors of fact when we know that's what they are. Fut.Perf. ☼ 16:28, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

I agree about The Frogs - On rereading it, I see that Benford was only indicating that his source finds the "croaking chorus" (brekekekex-koax) lively. On the other issue, I have now added a reference to Benford's discussion that verifies the fugue footnote. A human cannot hum two or more musical lines in counterpoint, as Benford notes. -- Ssilvers (talk) 16:23, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Okay. Although incidentally I, personally, wouldn't agree, but that's of course just my OR now. I hum fugues all the time when I come home from choir practice. (As somebody else said further above, what you do is you just hum the theme and perhaps the response or something, just like with other music with accompaniment.) For me, the joke is not that it's impossible, but that it's just so unlikely: fugue themes are usually a highly abstract, learned type of music, not "catchy" tunes that you would be likely to pick up. Just like many of the other items in the song, such as reciting Latin verse about Heliogabalus or writing notes in Babylonic cuneiform, where the joke is really neither about things being impossible nor about things being trivially easy, but about things being just extremely obscure, unlikely and remote from practical use. Fut.Perf. ☼ 16:39, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

Vegetable, animal, and mineral
I believe the phrase "vegetable, animal, and mineral" is much more likely to be a reference to Linnean taxonomy in general, rather than the parlour game. Had anybody even heard of the latter in 1879? The link seems to have been added in, and has apparently gone unquestioned since. Gabbe (talk) 17:53, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Ian Bradley's The Complete Annotated Gilbert & Sullivan, p. 220, refers to Twenty Questions, although he doesn't say if the game is the origin of the phrase in the song. This 1882 book refers to it as a game originating in the mists of antiquity: http://books.google.com/books?id=VzoVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=%22twenty+questions%22+origin+game&source=bl&ots=-bWgsHcpyb&sig=u-zOeYeYGWTkr7oQQ1ZXtbpri60&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ttVtUOyuGM_W0gGemoGgCA&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22twenty%20questions%22%20origin%20game&f=false. -- Ssilvers (talk) 18:17, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

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Lyrics - "Gineral"
The fact that this hasn't been corrected leads me to wonder - however unlikely - if it was originally spelled that way. PurpleChez (talk) 19:45, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

 * There's my answer. Sorry. PurpleChez (talk) 19:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Gilbert originally spelled it "Gineral" in his manuscripts of The Pirates of Penzance, as the footnote notes. See also  That is also how Gilbert spelled it in Songs of a Savoyard (1890). Many later editions, though not all, spell it "General", but apparently no one knows why. -- Ssilvers (talk) 05:42, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Presumably Stanley has pen-pin merger and the spelling was to indicate that to the actors (that's WP:OR though). Similar to the orphan/often confusion in that half the joke is the delivery. Arlo James Barnes 17:54, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:08, 3 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Major-General's Song.ogg

Link "libretto"
I made "libretto" a link https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major-General%27s_Song&diff=1079271561&oldid=1077268308, but that was reverted https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major-General%27s_Song&diff=1079292226&oldid=1079271561. Why? I read the referenced MOS section and it says "technical terms that many readers are unlikely to understand at first sight" should "almost certainly" be linked, which seems to apply. So, thanks for the MOS link, but I think the link should be reinstated. 79.179.70.90 (talk) 02:12, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Libretto is not a "technical term". It is a common word, especially in articles about operas and songs from operas, which is the context here. MOS:OVERLINK says "Everyday words understood by most readers in context" should not be linked. Do others think that our readers should be encouraged to click away from this article to read the article libretto? -- Ssilvers (talk) 12:12, 26 March 2022 (UTC)
 * As no others have chimed in yet: Granted, readers familiar with opera terms will know the term already, but what about readers with other backgrounds? The song has been performed/referenced/parodied in many places (as the article itself says), and the "What links here" list (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Major-General%27s_Song) is not short of non-opera-related articles, such as Attorney general and Doctor Who and the Pirates.
 * (I'm the person who opened the discussion. My IP has changed.) 79.179.29.199 (talk) 23:11, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree with the IP. Libretto is a technical term for general readers; those who are familiar with it won't click through, but those who aren't familiar with it and are curious can easily have the meaning clarified without having to search for it themselves. Schazjmd   (talk)  23:16, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Just to add: there are a number of very clever parodies going around twitter recently (variations on "A modern Russian general"). I wouldn't be surprised if there were people not familiar with opera looking up the article as a result. Schazjmd   (talk)  23:21, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Necroposting to say that I believe that libretto is a word that is increasingly rare and linking it is not an example of MOS:OVERLINK. It aids in understanding, even being able to hover over it and read a synopsis. Zorblin (talk) 02:33, 17 May 2023 (UTC)

Tv reference to add Star Trek: short Treks
Star Trek:Short Treks, air date 10/9/19 title “Q&A” Spock and Number 1 get trapped in turbo lift and #1 sings “modern major general” 2601:541:700:3600:2092:923F:EDC4:9325 (talk) 16:54, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Major-General's Song


text:
Talk:Phineas Taylor Barnum

If no one objects, I'd like to delete the redirect P. T. Barnum and move the article there. He is widely known by that name; the full name is a mere footnote. Everyking 13:46, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. —Morven 23:19, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Phineas Taylor Barnum


text:
Vaubadon

Vaubadon is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Balleroy-sur-Drôme.

title: Vaubadon


text:
Vaucelles

Vaucelles is a commune located to the west of Bayeux in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Vaucelles


text:
Vaudeloges

Vaudeloges is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

title: Vaudeloges


text:
Category:Charlevoix County, Michigan

Articles related to Charlevoix County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

title: Category:Charlevoix County, Michigan


text:
Directional drilling

Directional drilling (or slant drilling) is the practice of drilling non-vertical bores. It can be broken down into four main groups: oilfield directional drilling, utility installation directional drilling, directional boring (horizontal directional drilling - HDD), and surface in seam (SIS), which horizontally intersects a vertical bore target to extract coal bed methane.

History
Many prerequisites enabled this suite of technologies to become productive. Probably, the first requirement was the realization that oil wells, or water wells, do not necessarily need to be vertical. This realization was quite slow, and did not really grasp the attention of the oil industry until the late 1920s when there were several lawsuits alleging that wells drilled from a rig on one property had crossed the boundary and were penetrating a reservoir on an adjacent property. Initially, proxy evidence such as production changes in other wells was accepted, but such cases fueled the development of small diameter tools capable of surveying wells during drilling. Horizontal directional drill rigs are developing towards large-scale, micro-miniaturization, mechanical automation, hard stratum working, exceeding length and depth oriented monitored drilling.

Measuring the inclination of a wellbore (its deviation from the vertical) is comparatively simple, requiring only a pendulum. Measuring the azimuth (direction with respect to the geographic grid in which the wellbore was running from the vertical), however, was more difficult. In certain circumstances, magnetic fields could be used, but would be influenced by metalwork used inside wellbores, as well as the metalwork used in drilling equipment. The next advance was in the modification of small gyroscopic compasses by the Sperry Corporation, which was making similar compasses for aeronautical navigation. Sperry did this under contract to Sun Oil (which was involved in a lawsuit as described above), and a spin-off company "Sperry Sun" was formed, which brand continues to this day, absorbed into Halliburton. Three components are measured at any given point in a wellbore in order to determine its position: the depth of the point along the course of the borehole (measured depth), the inclination at the point, and the magnetic azimuth at the point. These three components combined are referred to as a "survey". A series of consecutive surveys are needed to track the progress and location of a wellbore.

Prior experience with rotary drilling had established several principles for the configuration of drilling equipment down hole ("bottom hole assembly" or "BHA") that would be prone to "drilling crooked hole" (i.e., initial accidental deviations from the vertical would be increased). Counter-experience had also given early directional drillers ("DD's") principles of BHA design and drilling practice that would help bring a crooked hole nearer the vertical.

In 1934, H. John Eastman and Roman W. Hines of Long Beach, California, became pioneers in directional drilling when they and George Failing of Enid, Oklahoma, saved the Conroe, Texas, oil field. Failing had recently patented a portable drilling truck. He had started his company in 1931 when he mated a drilling rig to a truck and a power take-off assembly. The innovation allowed rapid drilling of a series of slanted wells. This capacity to quickly drill multiple relief wells and relieve the enormous gas pressure was critical to extinguishing the Conroe fire. In a May, 1934, Popular Science Monthly article, it was stated that "Only a handful of men in the world have the strange power to make a bit, rotating a mile below ground at the end of a steel drill pipe, snake its way in a curve or around a dog-leg angle, to reach a desired objective." Eastman Whipstock, Inc., would become the world's largest directional company in 1973.

Combined, these survey tools and BHA designs made directional drilling possible, but it was perceived as arcane. The next major advance was in the 1970s, when downhole drilling motors (aka mud motors, driven by the hydraulic power of drilling mud circulated down the drill string) became common. These allowed the drill bit to continue rotating at the cutting face at the bottom of the hole, while most of the drill pipe was held stationary. A piece of bent pipe (a "bent sub") between the stationary drill pipe and the top of the motor allowed the direction of the wellbore to be changed without needing to pull all the drill pipe out and place another whipstock. Coupled with the development of measurement while drilling tools (using mud pulse telemetry, networked or wired pipe or electromagnetism (EM) telemetry, which allows tools down hole to send directional data back to the surface without disturbing drilling operations), directional drilling became easier.

Certain profiles cannot be easily drilled while the drill pipe is rotating. Drilling directionally with a downhole motor requires occasionally stopping rotation of the drill pipe and "sliding" the pipe through the channel as the motor cuts a curved path. "Sliding" can be difficult in some formations, and it is almost always slower and therefore more expensive than drilling while the pipe is rotating, so the ability to steer the bit while the drill pipe is rotating is desirable. Several companies have developed tools which allow directional control while rotating. These tools are referred to as rotary steerable systems (RSS). RSS technology has made access and directional control possible in previously inaccessible or uncontrollable formations.

Benefits
Wells are drilled directionally for several purposes:

 * Increasing the exposed section length through the reservoir by drilling through the reservoir at an angle.
 * Drilling into the reservoir where vertical access is difficult or not possible. For instance an oilfield under a town, under a lake, or underneath a difficult-to-drill formation.

 * Allowing more wellheads to be grouped together on one surface location can allow fewer rig moves, less surface area disturbance, and make it easier and cheaper to complete and produce the wells. For instance, on an oil platform or jacket offshore, 40 or more wells can be grouped together. The wells will fan out from the platform into the reservoir(s) below.  This concept is being applied to land wells, allowing multiple subsurface locations to be reached from one pad, reducing costs.
 * Drilling along the underside of a reservoir-constraining fault allows multiple productive sands to be completed at the highest stratigraphic points.
 * Drilling a "relief well" to relieve the pressure of a well producing without restraint (a "blowout"). In this scenario, another well could be drilled starting at a safe distance away from the blowout, but intersecting the troubled wellbore.  Then, heavy fluid (kill fluid) is pumped into the relief wellbore to suppress the high pressure in the original wellbore causing the blowout.

Most directional drillers are given a blue well path to follow that is predetermined by engineers and geologists before the drilling commences. When the directional driller starts the drilling process, periodic surveys are taken with a downhole instrument to provide survey data (inclination and azimuth) of the well bore. These pictures are typically taken at intervals between 10 and 150 meters (30–500 feet), with 30 meters (90 feet) common during active changes of angle or direction, and distances of 60–100 meters (200–300 feet) being typical while "drilling ahead" (not making active changes to angle and direction). During critical angle and direction changes, especially while using a downhole motor, a measurement while drilling (MWD) tool will be added to the drill string to provide continuously updated measurements that may be used for (near) real-time adjustments.

This data indicates if the well is following the planned path and whether the orientation of the drilling assembly is causing the well to deviate as planned. Corrections are regularly made by techniques as simple as adjusting rotation speed or the drill string weight (weight on bottom) and stiffness, as well as more complicated and time-consuming methods, such as introducing a downhole motor. Such pictures, or surveys, are plotted and maintained as an engineering and legal record describing the path of the well bore. The survey pictures taken while drilling are typically confirmed by a later survey in full of the borehole, typically using a "multi-shot camera" device.

The multi-shot camera advances the film at time intervals so that by dropping the camera instrument in a sealed tubular housing inside the drilling string (down to just above the drilling bit) and then withdrawing the drill string at time intervals, the well may be fully surveyed at regular depth intervals (approximately every 30 meters (90 feet) being common, the typical length of 2 or 3 joints of drill pipe, known as a stand, since most drilling rigs "stand back" the pipe withdrawn from the hole at such increments, known as "stands").

Drilling to targets far laterally from the surface location requires careful planning and design. The current record holders manage wells over 10 km away from the surface location at a true vertical depth (TVD) of only 1,600–2,600 m (5,200–8,500 ft).

This form of drilling can also reduce the environmental cost and scarring of the landscape. Previously, long lengths of landscape had to be removed from the surface. This is no longer required with directional drilling.

Disadvantages
Until the arrival of modern downhole motors and better tools to measure inclination and azimuth of the hole, directional drilling and horizontal drilling was much slower than vertical drilling due to the need to stop regularly and take time-consuming surveys, and due to slower progress in drilling itself (lower rate of penetration). These disadvantages have shrunk over time as downhole motors became more efficient and semi-continuous surveying became possible.

What remains is a difference in operating costs: for wells with an inclination of less than 40 degrees, tools to carry out adjustments or repair work can be lowered by gravity on cable into the hole. For higher inclinations, more expensive equipment has to be mobilized to push tools down the hole.

Another disadvantage of wells with a high inclination was that prevention of sand influx into the well was less reliable and needed higher effort. Again, this disadvantage has diminished such that, provided sand control is adequately planned, it is possible to carry it out reliably.

Stealing oil
In 1990, Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing Iraq's oil through slant drilling. The United Nations redrew the border after the 1991 Gulf war, which ended the seven-month Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. As part of the reconstruction, 11 new oil wells were placed among the existing 600. Some farms and an old naval base that used to be in the Iraqi side became part of Kuwait.

In the mid-twentieth century, a slant-drilling scandal occurred in the huge East Texas Oil Field.

New technologies
Between 1985 and 1993, the Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory (NCEL) (now the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC)) of Port Hueneme, California developed controllable horizontal drilling technologies. These technologies are capable of reaching 10,000–15,000 ft (3000–4500 m) and may reach 25,000 ft (7500 m) when used under favorable conditions.

Wellbore Surveys
Specialized tools determine the wellbore's deviation from vertical (inclination) and its directional orientation (azimuth). This data is vital for trajectory adjustments. These surveys are taken at regular intervals (e.g., every 30-100 meters) to track the wellbore's progress in real time. In critical sections, measurement while drilling (MWD) tools provide continuous downhole measurements for immediate directional corrections as needed. MWD uses gyroscopes, magnetometers, and accelerometers to determine borehole inclination and azimuth while the drilling is being done.

Trajectory Control

 * Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA): The configuration of drilling equipment near the drill bit (BHA) profoundly influences drilling direction. BHAs can be tailored to promote straight drilling or induce deviations.
 * Downhole Motors: Specialized mud motors rotate only the drill bit, allowing controlled changes in direction while the majority of the drill string remains stationary.
 * Rotary Steerable Systems (RSS): Advanced RSS technology enables steering even while the entire drill string is rotating, ensuring greater efficiency and control.

title: Directional drilling


text:
Tavira

Tavira is a Portuguese town and municipality, capital of the Costa do Acantilado, situated in the east of the Algarve on the south coast of Portugal. It is 28 km east of Faro and 75 km west of Huelva across the river Guadiana into Spain. The Gilão River meets the Atlantic Ocean in Tavira. The population in 2011 was 26,167, in an area of 606.97 km2. Tavira is the Portuguese representative community for the inscription of the Mediterranean Diet as a Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO.

Bronze Age to the Roman Empire
Tavira's origins date back to the late Bronze Age (1,000-800 BC). In the 8th century BC it became one of the first Phoenician settlements in the Iberian West. The Phoenicians created a colonial urban center here with massive walls, at least two temples, two harbours and a regular urban structure which lasted until the end of 6th century BC, when it was destroyed by conflict.

It is thought its original name was Baal Saphon, named after the Phoenician Thunder and Sea god. The Romans later called it Balsa.

After laying abandoned for a century, it was revived and became an even larger settlement during the so-called Tartessian Period of Tavira, was again abandoned by the end of the 4th century BC. Another urban center emerged at nearby Cerro do Cavaco, a fortified hill occupied until the time of Emperor Augustus.

The Roman Empire to the Moorish Conquest
During the time of Caesar, the Romans created a new port, some 7 km from Tavira, named Balsa. Balsa became a big town, in fact much bigger than Tavira, that grew, prospered and decayed in parallel with the Roman Empire. When the Moors conquered Iberia, in the 8th century, Balsa was already extinct as a town.

Under Roman rule, Tavira was a secondary passing place on the important road between Balsa and Baesuris (today Castro Marim).

Moorish Rule
The Moorish occupation of Tavira between the 8th and 13th centuries left its mark on the agriculture, architecture and culture of the area. That influence can still be seen in Tavira today with its whitewashed buildings, Moorish style doors and rooftops. The Tavira Castle, two mosques and palaces were built by the Moors. The impressive seven arched "Roman bridge" is now not considered to be Roman after a recent archaeological survey, but originates from a 12th-century Moorish bridge. This was a good time economically for Tavira, which established itself as an important port for sailors and fishermen. The area remained rural until the 11th century when Moorish Tavira (from the Arabic Tabira, "the hidden") grew rapidly, becoming one of the important towns of the then Gharb al-Andalus (the west), today's Algarve.

The Reconquista
In 1242 Dom Paio Peres Correia took Tavira back from the Moors in a bloody conflict of retaliation after seven of his principal Knights were killed during a period of truce. Dom Paio's Christian troops decimated most of Tavira's population and the few survivors were kept in a tiny quarter known as "Mouraria".

The 1755 earthquake
In the 18th century, the port on its river was of considerable importance for shipping produce such as salt, dried fish and wine. Like most of the Algarve, its buildings were virtually all destroyed by the earthquake of 1755. This earthquake is thought to have reached 8.5–9.0 on the moment magnitude scale and caused extensive damage throughout the Algarve due to high intensity shaking (XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale) and tsunamis.

The earthquake is referred to as the Lisbon earthquake due to its terrible effects on the capital city, although the epicentre was some 200 km west-southwest of Cape St. Vincent in the Algarve region.

Tavira today

The city has since been rebuilt with many fine 18th-century buildings along with its 37 churches. A bridge links the two parts of the town across the River Gilão. The church of Santa Maria do Castelo, built on the ruins of a mosque, holds the tombs of Dom Paio Peres Correia and his knights. The church dates back to the 13th century, with the clock tower having been recreated from what was once a minaret. A bust of Dom Paio who died in Tavira in 1275, can be seen on the corner of the town hall.

At one time fishing was the area's primary industry but that declined, partly due to the changing migration patterns of tuna fish and advancing silt in the river Gilão. The population is in the region of 25,000 inhabitants (municipality of Tavira) supporting a military base. Although still relatively untouched by mass tourism, there are several golf courses in the vicinity. The local beach lies past the salt pans and can be reached via the nearby Santa Luzia footbridge or by ferry, taking visitors to the sand-bar island known as Ilha de Tavira, part of the Ria Formosa natural wetlands park.

In recent years the Gran Plaza shopping centre, incorporating a cinema, supermarket shops, and restaurants, was built on the outskirts of the town. House prices have increased sharply in recent years. The development of many golf clubs close to the town has also had an effect.

As one of the popular towns in the Algarve, Tavira benefits from tourism which is the primary aspect of the region's economy.

Climate
Tavira has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Together with Faro, it is among the sunniest cities in Portugal and in Europe, typically averaging around 3,150 hours of sunshine. Due to its location on the Algarvian Sotavento, Tavira is sheltered from frontal systems coming from the west but exposed to the influences of humid air masses coming from the south. The city receives predominantly western winds. Temperatures below 0 C are registered, on average, once a year. In contrast to the western coasts of Portugal, fog is very uncommon in Tavira, occurring on average only three times a year.

Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 6 civil parishes (freguesias):

 * Conceição e Cabanas de Tavira
 * Cachopo
 * Luz de Tavira e Santo Estêvão
 * Santa Catarina da Fonte do Bispo
 * Santa Luzia
 * Tavira (Santa Maria e Santiago)

Transport
Tavira has its own railway station on the line from Vila Real de Santo António to Faro and Lagos. Trains are operated by Comboios de Portugal (CP). Connections are available at Faro station for trains to Lisbon and the rest of Portugal.

The A22 toll motorway passes near to the town. This offers fast road access along the Algarve coast and eastwards to Seville.

The nearest international airports are Faro and Seville.

International relations
Tavira is twinned with:

 * 🇲🇦 Kenitra, Morocco
 * 🇵🇱 Łańcut, Poland
 * 🇫🇷 Perpignan, France
 * 🇨🇻 Porto Novo, Cape Verde
 * 🇪🇸 Punta Umbría, Spain
 * 🇪🇸 San Bartolomé de la Torre, Spain

The Associação Internacional de Paremiologia / International Association of Paremiology (AIP-IAP) is based in Tavira. It hosts an annual conference of proverb scholars in Tavira.

Notable people

 * The Corte-Real family nobles originated in the 14th century in Tavira
 * Diogo de Mendonça Corte-Real (1658–1736) a diplomat and statesman
 * Józef Karol Konrad Chełmicki (1814-1890) a Polish-born Portuguese general
 * Estácio da Veiga (1828–1891) a Portuguese archeologist
 * António Cabreira (1868–1953) aristocrat, mathematician, polygraph and publicist
 * Álvaro de Campos (1890–1935) heteronym of the poet Fernando Pessoa, known for his powerful and wrathful writing

Sport

 * Miguel Cabrita (born 1974) swimmer, competed at the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics
 * António Livramento (born 1982) a former footballer with 369 club caps
 * João Neves (footballer) (born 2004) international footballer currently playing for Benfica

title: Tavira


text:
Néstor Cerpa Cartolini

Néstor Cerpa Cartolini (14 August 1953 – 22 April 1997) was a member, then leader of the Peruvian Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA). He was sometimes known by the nom de guerre "Evaristo". He was killed by Peruvian government forces during Operation Chavín de Huántar in 1997.

Early years
Cerpa was born in the Lima working class district of La Victoria. As a union leader in the 1970s he was involved in the takeover by workers of the Cromotex textile factory in December 1978, which was violently ended by the military government in February 1979, resulting in the deaths of several workers. Following the release of the survivors in late 1979, Cerpa organized a sit-in at the United Nations communications office in Lima.

Terrorism
In the early 1980s he became involved with the nascent MRTA and quickly rose to be the leader of the San Martín Zone Committee, and thence to the national leadership of the MRTA. As an MRTA militant he is alleged to have led and/or participated in:
 * Takeover of the Lima head offices of El Nacional newspaper, forcing its workers to print an MRTA communiqué.
 * Arson at the Plaza Unión, in Lima, on 9 September 1984.
 * Putting a terrorism flag by the KFC on Avenida Benavides, Surco, Lima, on 20 March 1985.
 * Attempted attack on the office of Sedapal, located in the intersection of Avenida Benavides and La Paz in Miraflores.
 * Assault and armed robbery against the San Borja Galleria on 30 March 1985, also in Lima.
 * Assault on the Julio C. Tello Technological Institute in Villa el Salvador on 6 May 1985.
 * Assault and armed robbery against Electro Perú, Lima, on 25 May 1985.

In late 1985 Cerpa travelled to Colombia, where he headed the "Leoncio Prado" Squad, one of three MRTA squads that participated in a joint military venture with Colombia's M-19 movement and Ecuador's ¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo! and Quintín Lame guerrillas.

After his return to Peru, and following the capture of Victor Polay, Cerpa became the most prominent leader within the MRTA and one of the few publicly known faces within the movement.

Following the April 1992 "self-coup" by Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori, the MRTA suffered heavy losses at the hands of the Peruvian police and military, which coupled with internal problems, had brought the organization to the brink of defeat. In this context, Cerpa and the MRTA leadership looked to a spectacular action to break the MRTA out of its growing isolation.

In December 1996, Cerpa led an MRTA commando squad in seizing the Japanese ambassador's residence in Lima, which started what is now called the Japanese embassy hostage crisis. The MRTA's main demand was for the exchange of the hostages for 465 members of the MRTA in prison, including Cerpa's wife Nancy Gilvonio, the Chilean members of the organization, and U.S. citizen Lori Berenson. The government rejected the demands, and on 22 April 1997, after 126 days, a 140-man team of commandos of the Peruvian Armed Forces stormed the Japanese ambassador's residence to rescue all the hostages. One hostage and two soldiers died in the assault, as did Cerpa along with the rest of the MRTA squad. His lasts words were "¡Vete a la mierda!"

On 24 April 1997, Cerpa's body was interred without ceremony in Nueva Esperanza Cemetery, located in the Lima suburb of Villa María del Triunfo.

title: Néstor Cerpa Cartolini


text:
Vaudry

Vaudry is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire Normandie.

title: Vaudry


text: User talk:83.108.37.136

title: User talk:83.108.37.136


text:
Richard Axel

Richard Axel (born July 2, 1946) is an American molecular biologist and university professor in the Department of Neuroscience at Columbia University and investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. His work on the olfactory system won him and Linda Buck, a former postdoctoral research scientist in his group, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2004.

Education and early life
Born in New York City to Polish Jewish immigrants, Axel grew up in Brooklyn. He graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1963, (along with Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alexander Rosenberg), received his B.A. in 1967 from Columbia University, and his M.D. in 1971 from Johns Hopkins University. However, he was poorly suited to medicine and graduated on the promise to his department chairman that he would not practice clinically. He found his calling in research and returned to Columbia later that year, eventually becoming a full professor in 1978.

Research and career
During the late 1970s, Axel, along with microbiologist Saul J. Silverstein and geneticist Michael H. Wigler, discovered a technique of cotransformation via transfection, a process which allows foreign DNA to be inserted into a host cell to produce certain proteins. A family of patents, now colloquially referred to as the "Axel patents", covering this technique were filed for February 1980 and were issued in August 1983. As a fundamental process in recombinant DNA research as performed at pharmaceutical and biotech companies, this patent proved quite lucrative for Columbia University, earning it almost $100 million a year at one time, and a top spot on the list of top universities by licensing revenue. The Axel patents expired in August 2000.

In their landmark paper published in 1991, Buck and Axel cloned olfactory receptors, showing that they belong to the family of G protein coupled receptors. By analyzing rat DNA, they estimated that there were approximately one thousand different genes for olfactory receptors in the mammalian genome. This research opened the door to the genetic and molecular analysis of the mechanisms of olfaction. In their later work, Buck and Axel have shown that each olfactory receptor neuron remarkably only expresses one kind of olfactory receptor protein and that the input from all neurons expressing the same receptor is collected by a single dedicated glomerulus of the olfactory bulb.

Axel's primary research interest is on how the brain interprets the sense of smell, specifically mapping the parts of the brain that are sensitive to specific olfactory receptors. He holds the titles of University Professor at Columbia University, Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and of Pathology at Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In addition to contributions to neurobiology, Axel has also made seminal discoveries in immunology, and his lab was one of the first to identify the link between HIV infection and immunoreceptor CD4.

In addition to making contributions as a scientist, Axel has also mentored many leading scientists in the field of neurobiology. Seven of his trainees have become members of the National Academy of Sciences, and currently six of his trainees are affiliated with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's investigator and early scientist award programs.

Awards and honors
In addition to the Nobel Prize, Axel has won numerous awards and honors. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1983. In 2005, Axel received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

Axel was awarded the Double Helix Medal in 2007. CSHL Double Helix Medal Honoree and was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2014. His nomination reads:

Personal life
Axel is married to fellow scientist and olfaction pioneer Cornelia Bargmann. Previously, he had been married to Ann Axel, who is a social worker at Columbia University Medical Center. Owing to his tall stature, Axel played basketball during high school.

title: Richard Axel


text:
Talk:Peugeot 206

Untitled
I have removed this sentence because it seemed to be POV:

 * "The build quality was a big step forward over previous models."

However, if it can be substantiated (e.g. by customer satisfaction surveys) then it should be reinstated. SamH 13:54, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

hehe as an owner of both 205s and 206s, there is no comparison in terms of build quality. The 206 is vastly superior by an order of magnitude. Sjc 10:54, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

No novel Synthesis or original research 21C117 (talk) 22:43, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

Citroën version
nique ta grosse mere la reine des putes

4-door sedan version
4-door sedan version is not available in mainland China. The only version that is in production now in mainland China is 5-door hatchback with 1.6 L petrol engines. I have no idea if the sedan version is selling in Taiwan.

on the other hand, 4-door sedan version IS available in Serbia, should be listed imo 77.105.54.175 (talk) 00:31, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

metric
made the metric system constant through the article

The "problems" area has problems
It starts out ok but by the end it reads like an advertisement for that club that's linked.
 * Agreed. The mention should either be removed or rephrased in a better way. Nbettencourt 12:46, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Its relative importance on this page suggests that problems are its major distinction and thus contradicts my experience of the car. This seems to me to be the unsubstantiated POV of a dissatisfied customer who perhaps thinks that most 206 drivers will agree with him or her. As an unqualifiedly happy driver of a 206, this is diametrically opposite to my opinion and that of many other 206 drivers whom I know to be equally as offended as I am by its presence here at all.

Limited editions models?
Is it worth creating extra pages for limited editions of the 206, or just adding them to the main page?

Removed problems statement
This paragraph was added by an anonymous contributor. However, with the statements it makes, it definitely needs to be sourced: Bob talk 13:56, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

''Another problem in the 206 is not a problem as such, but a handling characteristic of the car chasis. zbeub zbeub

Commercial
I added a YouTube link to the commercial mentioned in the article, to make an error clear. Unfortunately a bot has removed it. Anyone who can re-add it somehow without breaching Wikipedias copyright policy? "There is however a slight error: the steering wheel of the 206 replica is now on the left hand side. " 213.197.253.49 (talk) 08:56, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

hi guys well i was hoping that someone could help me ??? i have just got a 5 door 206 1999 model v reg but the inside is really bad !!! so i hope that someone could give me some good information ?? i want to buy a new interior for the car but the interior i am looking at is a 5 door 206 2005 model now i have been told to see if the door cars,dashboard,handbrake and gearbox casings plus rear seats and 2 fronts seats will fit the 1999 model ??? they think everything will fit but not 100% so he said the main thing is the door cards but no one wants to give me a 100% yes it will fit from a 2005 model to a 1999 model ??? plz help if u have tried to fit 2005 to a 1999 or u have fitted them and it does work ??? plz could u mail me on lynzi1418@hotmail.com thanks guys —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.41.63.229 (talk) 10:16, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

It's not a good car.
I have a 206, but it's a bad car. I've spent lots of money (about US $4000 a year in maintenance). Could we say that is a terrible automobile? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.177.205.98 (talk) 02:50, 8 June 2010 (UTC)
 * No, we couldn't say that. Anecdotical evidence is irrelevant for this article. 190.17.55.192 (talk) 23:13, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

bat les coquille frère  8==================================}

For $4000 you could buy three used ones. Not sure where you'd find $4000 worth of repairs in this car at all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.162.185.60 (talk) 17:02, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

 * The comment was posted back in 2010, when the car was pretty much new 750h+ 09:33, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

Missing editions
It appears that the Peugeot 206 LX is not mentioned on this page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jamesx94 (talk • contribs) 09:55, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:09, 6 April 2023 (UTC)
 * 207iMc1.jpg

title: Talk:Peugeot 206


text:
Vauville

Vauville may refer to the following communes in France:

 * Vauville, Calvados
 * Vauville, Manche

title: Vauville


text:
Vauville, Calvados

Vauville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Vauville, Calvados


text:
Terrence Higgins Trust

Terrence Higgins Trust is a British charity that campaigns about and provides services relating to HIV and sexual health. In particular, the charity aims to end the transmission of HIV in the UK; to support and empower people living with HIV, to eradicate stigma and discrimination around HIV, and to promote good sexual health (including safe sex).

The Trust is generally considered the UK's leading HIV and AIDS charity, and the largest in Europe. It was also the lead organisation for Public Health England's HIV prevention partnership HIV Prevention England.

History
Established in 1982, Terrence Higgins Trust was the first charity in the UK to be set up in response to HIV and AIDS. It was initially named Terry Higgins Trust, after Terry Higgins, who died aged 37 on 4 July 1982 at St Thomas' Hospital, London. He was among the first people in the UK known to have died from the AIDS virus, which was only identified the previous year. Princess Margaret was an early prominent patron, becoming the first member of the royal family to publicly associate themselves with a charity focusing on AIDS and sexual health.

Terry's close friends Martyn Butler, Tony Harris-Calvert and Terry's partner Rupert Whitaker along with other friends started the Trust to raise funds for research as a way of preventing suffering due to AIDS. Shortly, with the generation of a groundswell of support for the organisation at a meeting at Red Lion Square, Tony Whitehead and others joined the group and formally founded the organisation and saw it through registration as a charity to provide direct services to those affected by HIV.

The trust was named after Terry to personalise and humanise the issue of AIDS. It was formalised in August 1983 when it adopted a constitution and opened a bank account, and the name of the trust was changed (Terrence rather than Terry) to sound more formal. It incorporated as a limited company in November 1983 and gained charitable status in January 1984. "Since its inception 12 years ago, most of its fund-raising events have been hip and low-key affairs, from its first disco at the London club Heaven to gala screenings of Dracula and the comedy shows Hysteria and Filth..."

Hysteria 1 was a comedy benefit for Terrence Higgins Trust, produced by Stephen Fry.

Hysteria 2, on 18 September 1989 at the Sadler's Wells Theatre in London, benefited Terrence Higgins Trust. It was produced by Stephen Fry and broadcast on Channel 4, with a telethon.

Hysteria 3, at the London Palladium on Sunday, 30 June 1991, benefited Terrence Higgins Trust. Stephen Fry hosted, with Steven Wright, Hugh Laurie, Elton John, Ruby Wax, Rowan Atkinson, Eddie Izzard, Craig Ferguson, Lenny Henry, Julian Clary, Josie Lawrence, Jools Holland, Dawn French, Jennifer Saunders, Ian McKellen, Edwin Starr, Clement Freud, Beverly Craven, Ben Elton, and Tony Slattery.

The charity received almost a million pounds in donations over the Christmas of 1991, with the proceeds of Queen's re-released chart-topper "Bohemian Rhapsody" going entirely to the charity, following the recent AIDS-related death of lead singer Freddie Mercury. After being diagnosed as HIV positive in 1987, Mercury had been concerned that financial support should be available to those less fortunate than himself.

Lisa Power, former corporate head of policy at the Terrence Higgins Trust, denounced the views of Pope Benedict XVI on the use of condoms to prevent AIDS and said: "We deeply regret the continued misinformation around condoms, which remain the most effective way of preventing the spread of HIV."

In August 2015 first-team players from Hull Kingston Rovers teamed up with 1980s band Erasure to record a charity version of the band's single "A Little Respect", with a third of the proceeds going to the trust.

People
Activist Nick Partridge, who joined the Trust in 1985, was its chief executive until 2013. Ian Green was the charity's Chief Executive from 2016-23. Richard Angell became CEO on 1 March 2023.

The charity's celebrity patrons have included Sir Richard Branson, Freddie Mercury, Simon Callow, Lord Cashman, Julian Clary, Dame Judi Dench, Tracey Emin, Stephen Fry, Paul Gambaccini, Sir Elton John, Caroline Quentin, Gaby Roslin, Dr Miriam Stoppard and George Michael.

title: Terrence Higgins Trust


text: Category:Mass media by country

title: Category:Mass media by country


text:
Congress of South African Trade Unions

The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU or Cosatu) is a trade union federation in South Africa. It was founded in 1985 and is the largest of the country's three main trade union federations, with 21 affiliated trade unions.

Founding and early history
On 30 Nov 1985, 33 unions met at the University of Natal for talks on forming a federation of trade unions. This followed four years of unity talks between competing unions and federations that were opposed to apartheid and were "committed to a non-racial, non-sexist and democratic South Africa." COSATU was officially established on 1 December 1985. Among the founding unions were the affiliates of the Federation of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU), the small National Federation of Workers, and some independent unions, notably the National Union of Mineworkers. Elijah Barayi was the organisation's first president and Jay Naidoo the first general secretary.

Several resolutions were passed at this first meeting that defined the aim of the federation and how the federation operates, namely:
 * To establish one union for each industry within six months.
 * To focus on the exploitation of women workers.
 * To call for the lifting of the state of emergency, withdrawal of troops from the townships and release of all political prisoners.
 * To continue the call for international pressure, including disinvestment.
 * To demand for the right to strike and picket.
 * To determine a national minimum wage.
 * To extend the struggle for trade union rights in the homelands.

On 5–6 May 1987 a strike as part of COSATU's Living Wage Campaign was held coinciding with 1987 General Election. More than 2.5 million workers took part in the stay-away. On 7 May 1987, in the early hours of the morning two bombs exploded near the support columns in the basement of the federation headquarters, COSATU House. The resulting damage caused the building to be declared unsafe.

Fight against Apartheid
At the second national congress held from 14 to 18 July 1987, the Freedom Charter was adopted by the federation after the resolution was proposed by the National Union of Mineworkers

At the third congress held from 12 to 16 July 1989, a resolution was adopted that called on the members of COSATU to join a campaign of "sustained action" against apartheid, in the week leading up to the 1989 General Election of South Africa.

On 26 July 1989, COSATU, the United Democratic Front and the Mass Democratic Movement, instigated the National Defiance Campaign, in which facilities reserved for whites were invaded, and organisation that had been banned by the state declared themselves 'unbanned'.

Post apartheid activities
The COSATU congress decided in 2012 to affiliate with the class-struggle oriented World Federation of Trade Unions, while maintaining its membership within the International Trade Union Confederation.

During the 2016 congress that was held in Durban, Michael Mzwandile Makwayiba, president of COSATU affiliate NEHAWU Michael Mzwandile Makwayiba was elected President of the World Federation of Trade Unions.

By 2012 the trade union had a total of 2,191,016 members and 20 affiliated unions. Since then Cosatu experienced a large drop in membership partially due to a decline in affiliate membership numbers, between 2015 and 2022 it lost over 416 000 members.

Current affiliates
The following unions were listed by COSATU as their affiliates:

Expulsion of the National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa
On 8 November 2014, Irvin Jim, the general secretary of the largest COSATU affiliate, the National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa (NUMSA), announced that the union had been expelled from the COSATU after a vote at a special central executive committee had been convened resulting in a 33–24 vote in favour of the expulsion. NUMSA was charged with violating the constitution of COSATU

On 6 November 2014, an urgent legal application by NUMSA to prevent the special central executive committee from being convened was postponed by South Gauteng High Court, thus allowing the meeting to take place.

On 10 November 2014, 7 unions announced they were voluntarily suspending their participation in COSATU's decision-making bodies due to the expulsion of NUMSA and called for a special national congress to be convened.

Irvin Jim described the expulsion as "a dark day for workers".

Government
COSATU is part of an alliance with the ANC and the South African Communist Party, called the "Tripartite Alliance". COSATU's role in the alliance has been the subject of debate, since the organisation has been critical of some of the ANC government's policies. While some affiliates have argued for greater independence from the ruling political party, others have argued that the arrangement gives COSATU a political influence beneficial to its members."

Labour and social movements
South Africa has one of the largest incidence of HIV/AIDS in the world, with a 2005 estimate of 5.5-million people living with HIV – 12.4% of the population. In 2020, around 20.6-million people in eastern and southern Africa were living with HIV. The trade union movement has taken a role in combating this pandemic. COSATU is a key partner in the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), a registered charity and political force working to educate and promote understanding about HIV/AIDS, and to prevent new infections, as well as push for greater access to antiretrovirals. In 1998, COSATU passed a resolution to campaign for treatment. "It was clear to the labour movement at that time that its lowest paid members were dying because they couldn’t afford medicines", says Theodora Steel, Campaigns Coordinator at COSATU. "We saw TAC as a natural ally in a campaign for treatment. We passed a formal resolution at our congress to assist and build TAC.

Notwithstanding the formal alliance of COSATU with the ruling ANC party, it has been at odds with the government, calling for the roll-out of comprehensive public access to antiretroviral drugs.

Abahlali baseMjondolo offered a strong statement of support to the 2010 Public Sector Worker's strike.

Logo
The wheel in the logo represents the economy. The gold colour of the wheel represents the wealth of the country. The figures pushing the wheel, consisting of two men and a woman carrying a baby, represent the challenges that workers face namely, racial and gender oppression as well as economic exploitation. These figures are black as they represent the black majorities struggle against racial oppression. The figures are holding a red flag that represents the working class.

The slogan on the logo is "An injury to one is an injury to all" signifies the vision the union has of social solidarity that binds the working class.

Zimbabwe
In October 2004 and February 2005 COSATU sent delegations to Zimbabwe to judge conditions in that country before the 2005 Zimbabwe parliamentary elections. They were expelled from the country on both occasions.

COSATU has arranged protests and border blockades against the regime in Harare.

In 2016, COSATU voiced support for #ThisFlag protestors in Zimbabwe, stating "heavy-handedness of the Zanu-PF regime in dealing with perceived enemies was similar to that of Operation Restore Order/Murambatsvina in 2005."

Palestine activism
In 2020, COSATU voiced their solidarity with Palestinian peoples on 15 May (Nakba Day) and have linked the Palestinian right to land to COSATU's struggle against apartheid in South Africa. In 2021 Palestinians protested against an Israeli court ruling which stated that residents of Sheik Jarrah need to be evicted from their homes in Jerusalem. Israeli troops attacked Al-Aqsa during Ramadan, a holy month for many Palestinians. COSATU marched to the US Embassy in Sandton, Johannesburg as a show of support for Palestinians, stating that the US government needs to recognize the sovereignty of Palestine as well as the gross human rights violations against Palestinians.

Current officeholders
National Office Bearers:
 * President: Zingiswa Losi
 * First Deputy-President: Mike Shingange
 * Second Deputy-President: Louise Thipe
 * Secretary General: Bheki Ntshalintshali
 * Deputy General Secretary: Solly Phetoe
 * Treasurer: Freda Oosthuysen

Provincial Secretaries:
 * Eastern Cape: Xolani Malamlela
 * Free State: Monyatso Mahlatsi
 * Gauteng: Dumisani Dakile
 * KwaZulu-Natal: Edwin Mkhize
 * Limpopo: Gerald Twala
 * Mpumalanga: Thabo Mokoena
 * North West: Job Dliso
 * Northern Cape: Orapeleng Moraladi
 * Western Cape: Malvern de Bruyn

title: Congress of South African Trade Unions


text:
Ubermorgen

UBERMORGEN.COM is a Swiss-Austrian-American artist duo founded in 1995 and consisting of lizvlx and Luzius Bernhard. They live and work in Basel, S-chanf near St. Moritz and in Vienna, where both are professors at the University of Applied Arts Vienna.

Work
Their main body of work consists of internet art/net.art, installation, video art,  photography, software art, performance and uses the convergence of digital media to produce and publish online and offline.

Their early works were media hacking projects using low-tech tools to reach very large audiences. During the work on their best known project Voteauction (2000) CNN.com called them "Maverick Austrian Businessmen". The project resulted in an onslaught of lawsuits issued by Illinois, Texas, Arizona, California, Missouri, Massachusetts, and Wisconsin.

In 2001, they started a collaboration with Christoph Schlingensief for the development and staging of a Hamlet project in Zurich: NAZI~LINE, a bigger than life fake neo-Nazi helpline and exit strategy finding agency.

In 2005 they started the EKMRZ Trilogy, a series of conceptual hacks (GWEI – Google Will Eat Itself, Amazon Noir and The Sound of eBay).

Between 2007–2011 their focus went into research-based productions (Superenhanced, WOPPOW, KRAFT Series) and Rock Art productions such as TORTURE CLASSICS and CLICKISTAN (commissioned by the Whitney Museum of American Art). They started to work extensively with video during this period.

Since 1999 their work has been shown in museums and galleries in Europe, America, Africa, Australia and Asia and include venues such as SFMOMA, Centre Pompidou, Konsthall Malmoe, NTT ICC Museum Tokyo, Gwangju Design Biennale, ZKM Karlsruhe, MUMOK Vienna, Ars Electronica Linz, WRO Media Art Biennale Wroclaw, MoCA Taipei, Witte de With Rotterdam, Lentos Art Museum Linz, Biennale of Sydney, ARCO Madrid and the New Museum New York.

They have been represented by Fabio Paris Brescia, [DAM] Berlin and Carroll / Fletcher London.

Injunction generator
The Injunction Generator is an artistic software module by Ubermorgen which claims to generate on request legal injunctions and personalized documentation in .rtf/.pdf format to force a website into taking its contents offline.

Carrying on with their principles of "radical corporative marketing strategy" (media hacking), the artists produced an effective and credible interface which helps creating one's own documented cease-and-desist request, which is then automatically sent to the DNS administrators, to the site's owner and to some journalists to trick them into supporting the "public trial".

The project is published at ipnic.org, an acronym which mimics the official protocols (Internet Protocol - Network Information Center), revisited as "Internet Partnership for No Internet Content".

This sarcastic provocation (a "public shutdown service") was conceived after experiencing a similar mishap during the Voteauction art project, which in 2000 invited American citizens to put up their vote for auction. At the time an email injunction by an American court was sent to the Swiss internet service provider hosting the site, who immediately took them offline even though emailed documents aren't legally considered official and even though Switzerland is outside of American jurisdiction.

Life and career
Lizvlx and Luzius Bernhard are an artist duo but also a couple in private life. They are engaged and have two children, Billie-Ada (2003) and Lola Mae (2007).

Lizvlx was born in Linz (AT) and grew up in Wels, Salzburg and Elmira (Upstate New York). Luzius Bernhard was born at the Yale University Hospital in New Haven (USA), grew up in New Haven and Basel (CH) and moved to Vienna (AT) to study with Prof. Peter Weibel, and later on with Prof. Lev Manovich (UCSD), Prof. Peter Lunenfeld (Art Center College of Design) Pasadena and Prof. Bazon Brock (emeritus) de:Bazon Brock (Wuppertal) and completed his studies in 1999.

Due to his drug abuse and a manic episode in Cape Town 2002, Luzius Bernhard was diagnosed bipolar.

Their earliest works were part of the avantgarde Net.art movement (etoy, 1994–1998, 194.152.164.137, 1996) and were exclusively shown online (World Wide Web/WWW). This work became part of the Internet art and Digital art history and is researched at universities (dissertations, thesis) and taught in (Art history).

The collaboration with both their children (Superenhanced & Spielendes Baby – Schlafendes Baby (original title) ), the inclusion of Luzius's mental illness and the merger of private and public life led some critics and academics to consider UBERMORGEN.COM as a Gesamtkunstwerk.

Important personal and artistic influences were early meetings with Jean Tinguely, Joseph Beuys, Daniel Spoerri and Eberhard W. Kornfeld in the Basel art scene of the 1980s and with Niki de Saint Phalle in St. Moritz, and the long-time relationship (going back to 1916 during the first world war and the purchase of a Giovanni Giacometti painting by the grand-grandfather of Luzius Bernhard) with the Giacometti family (Giovanni Giacometti, Alberto Giacometti) in the nearby mountain valleys Val Bregaglia and Engadin in the canton Grisons in Switzerland.

Network
Over the last 15 years UBERMORGEN.COM has been part of the global contemporary technology art scene. Some mentionable connections and collaborations from this period: Net.Artists Alexei Shulgin, Heath Bunting, Olia Lialina, Vuk Ćosić and with contemporary artists Aram Bartholl, Paolo Cirio, James Powderly and Evan Roth from Free Art and Technology Lab and Graffiti Research Lab, Franco and Eva Mattes (0100101110101101.org), IRWIN, Franz West, Janez Janša, Johannes Grenzfurthner (monochrom), Carsten Nicolai, Minerva Cuevas, The Yes Men, Zhang Peili, Jodi, Miltos Manetas, Rafael Lozano-Hemmer, Trevor Paglen, Douglas Rushkoff, Lev Manovich, Olga Goriunova and Nicolas Bourriaud.

Publications

 * Domenico Quaranta (ed), UBERMORGEN.COM, FPEditions, Brescia 2009 (ISBN 978-8890330858)
 * Alessandro Ludovico (ed), UBERMORGEN.COM – MEDIA HACKING VS. CONCEPTUAL ART, Christoph Merian Verlag, Basel 2009 (ISBN 978-3856164607)
 * Coded Cultures – New Creative Practices out of Diversity", Series: Edition Angewandte, Russegger, Georg; Tarasiewicz, Matthias; Wlodkowski, Michal (Eds.), SpringerWienNewYork Publisher, 1st Edition., 2011, 384 p. 50 illus, Softcover, ISBN 978-3-7091-0457-6, p. 334–355, "From Somebody's Desire to Everyone's Responsibility", Yukiko Shikata/UBERMORGEN.COM,
 * This is a magazine, Pink Laser Beam, Compendium #6, , "Pink Laser Beam" Paper, Plastic, Glue, Thread, Metal-foil, Edition of 666, 2009, "Amazon Noir project" (with Alessandro Ludovico and Paolo Cirio).

Awards

 * Pax Art Award 2023
 * Swiss Art Award 2011, TORTURE CLASSICS
 * ARCO Beep Award 2009, EKMRZ-Trilogy
 * IBM AWARD FOR NEW MEDIA/Stuttgarter Filmwinter, 2007, Amazon Noir
 * Ars Electronica 2005, Award of Distinction for Vote-Auction
 * Ars Electronica, Honorary Mentions for Injunction Generator (2003) and GWEI – Google Will Eat Itself (2005)
 * Ars Electronica 1996, Golden Nica for etoy/digital hijack (Luzius Bernhard)

title: Ubermorgen


text:
General Motors Theta platform

Theta is General Motors' automobile platform for compact/mid-size crossover SUVs. The architecture debuted in 2002 with the Saturn Vue and was later used for the Chevrolet Equinox and Captiva and similar models.

Development
The Theta uses a four-wheel independent suspension. Engine choices include the Family II straight-4, Ecotec straight-4, 3400 V6, and even a Honda V6, the L66. A 5-speed automatic and two 5-speed manual transmissions are used.

The original Saturn Vue used a short 106.6 in (2708 mm) wheelbase, with a 61 in (1549 mm) track. The Chevrolet Equinox and Pontiac Torrent use a stretched 112.5 in (2857 mm) wheelbase, but share much with the Saturn.

The Suzuki Grand Vitara, although similar in size and appearance to a Saturn Vue, was developed by Suzuki using some Theta components, but should not be considered a Theta derivative.

Engineering for the Opel Antara and Chevrolet Captiva was performed in large part in Korea by GM Daewoo Auto & Technology, and by Opel in Germany.

Hybrids
The Saturn Vue was one of the first of General Motors' vehicles to be offered with a hybrid powertrain, GM's belt alternator starter (BAS) system, in 2006.

Vehicles

 * Short wheelbase
 * 2002-2007 Saturn Vue
 * 2006–2015 Opel Antara
 * 2006-2011 Daewoo Winstorm MaXX*
 * 2006–2017 Chevrolet Captiva Sport*
 * 2008-2010 Saturn Vue*
 * 2008-2010 GMC Terrain sold in Middle East*
 * 2006-2008 Holden Captiva Maxx*
 * 2009–2017 Holden Captiva 5*
 * 2006–present Chevrolet Captiva
 * 2006-2011 Daewoo Winstorm**
 * 2006–2017 Holden Captiva 7**

Note: Vehicles with "*" are rebadged versions of the Opel Antara Note: Vehicles with "**" are rebadged versions of the Chevrolet Captiva

 * Long wheelbase
 * 2005-2009 Chevrolet Equinox
 * 2006-2009 Pontiac Torrent
 * 2006-2009 Suzuki XL7
 * 2010–2017 Chevrolet Equinox
 * 2010–2017 GMC Terrain

Concepts
 * Chevrolet S3X/T2X

Theta Premium
General Motors has created a premium version of Theta for luxury applications. It mixed elements of the current Theta and the new Epsilon 2 architecture. Thus this platform is sometimes also referred to as Theta-Epsilon (GMT166). Theta Premium supports larger models than the standard platform.

Vehicles using Theta Premium:
 * 2010-2016 Cadillac SRX
 * 2011 Saab 9-4X

title: General Motors Theta platform