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Kapan

Kapan (Կապան ) is a town in southeast Armenia, serving as the administrative centre of the Kapan Municipality and also as the provincial capital of Syunik Province. It is located in the valley of the Voghji River and is on the northern slopes of Mount Khustup. Kapan is the most populous town in the Syunik Province as well as the entire region of southern Armenia. According to the 2011 census, the population of Kapan was 43,190, a slight decline from 45,711 in the 2001 census. According to the 2023 official estimate, the current population of the town is around 41,300.

Etymology
The name Kapan derives from the Classical Armenian common noun (կապան), meaning mountain pass (related to the verb  to tie). In later centuries, the name evolved into (Ղափան), which was in use until 1991, when the older form of the name was restored.

Ancient history and Middle Ages
The area of modern-day Kapan was first mentioned in the 5th century as a small settlement within the properties of the Siunia dynasty. Historically, it was part of the  canton of Syunik, the ninth province of the historic Greater Armenia. Though originally a small settlement, by the late 9th and early 10th century, it was fortified by Prince Dzagik, becoming the residence of the Dzagikian princes. By the end of the 10th century, the ruler of Syunik, Prince Smbat II, moved to the town of Kapan and founded the Kingdom of Syunik, proclaiming himself a king under the protectorate of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia. As the capital of the Kingdom of Syunik, Kapan flourished throughout the 11th century, reaching around 20 thousand inhabitants, composed of mostly Armenians with a prominent Jewish minority, and being a center of trades, crafts, and metallurgy.

In 1103, Kapan was entirely ruined by the Seljuk invaders. The medieval Armenian historian Stephen Orbelian of Syunik states that the Seljuks began massacring from the Jewish quarter of Kapan. After the fall of the Kingdom of Syunik in 1170, Syunik and the rest of the historic territories of Armenia suffered from the Seljuk, Mongol, Aq Qoyunlu and Kara Koyunlu invasions, in that order, between the 12th and 15th centuries.

Iranian rule
At the beginning of the 16th century, Kapan became part of the Erivan Province within the Safavid Iran. In 1722, the Armenian principality of Kapan was established by uniting the noble families of Syunik into one state in order to fight against Muslim oppression. By the beginning of the 18th century, Kapan was associated with the Armenian military leader David Bek, who led the liberation campaign of the Armenians of Syunik against the Iranians and the invading Ottoman Turks. David Bek started his battles in 1722 with the help of thousands of local Armenians, including Avan Yuzbashi and Mkhitar Sparapet, taking control of Syunik. The centre of Bek's struggle was the Baghaberd Fortress northwest of Kapan and the Halidzor Fortress southwest of Kapan, where he died in 1728. In 1747, Kapan was incorporated into the Nakhichevan Khanate and by 1750, Kapan became part of the newly formed Karabakh Khanate. It was turned into a significant urban settlement during Qajar Iranian rule by the end of the 18th century.

Russian rule
In 1813, the territory of historic Syunik, including the region of Kapan, officially became part of the Russian Empire as a result of the Russo-Persian War of 1804–13 and the following Treaty of Gulistan signed between Russia and Iran. In 1828–30, many Armenian families from the Iranian cities of Khoy and Salmast migrated to the region. In 1868, it became part of the Zangezur uezd within the Elizavetpol Governorate of the Russian Empire. By the last quarter of the 19th century, Kapan formed an important urban community for the region as a result of merging several villages together.

Modern history

Both the Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic claimed Kapan between 1918 and 1920. As a result of the sovietisation of Armenia in December 1920, Kapan was included in the Republic of Mountainous Armenia under the commandment of Garegin Nzhdeh, who fought against the Bolsheviks between 26 April and 12 July 1921. After the Soviet Red Army entered the Zangezur region in July 1921, Kapan, along with the towns of Goris, Sisian and Meghri, fell under the Soviet rule, where it was administered as part of the Armenian SSR.

In September 1930, the Kafan raion was formed with Kapan as its administrative center. In 1938, Kapan received city status. Until 1991, the city was called in Russian and  in Armenian.

Following the independence of Armenia in 1991, Kapan became the centre of the newly formed Syunik Province as per the 1995 administrative reforms of the republic. Many streets bearing the name of Bolshevik activists were changed. The town's central square was renamed after Garegin Nzhdeh, while the central park of the town was named after Vazgen Sargsyan.

During the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, Kapan was bombarded by artillery coming from the neighboring Zangilan District of Azerbaijan, causing deaths among the civilian population. This prompted an Armenian operation to capture several nearby Azerbaijani border villages in December 1992.

Geography and climate
Kapan is the largest town in the Syunik province as well as the entire region of southern Armenia. It is located in the eastern part of Syunik, within the narrow valley of the Voghji River with a length of 13 km from the east to the west, at the southeastern slopes of the Zangezur Mountains, between the Bargushat and Meghri ridges.

The town is about 80 km north of the Iranian border. With a height of 3201 meters, Mount Khustup is the highest peak of the region. The elevation of Kapan is 750–1050 meters above sea level, with an average height of 910 meters. Two tributaries of the Voghji River, Vachagan and Kavart, flow through the town.

Kapan has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with very warm summers and cold winters. Temperatures can reach up to 38 °C during summer, and can fall to -15 °C during winter.

The Shikahogh State Preserve, founded in 1958, is located around 14 km south of Kapan, near the Shikahogh village. The preserve is home to about 1,100 species of plants, 70 of which have been registered in the Red Book of Armenia. The fauna of Shikahogh has not been fully explored, but studies have revealed rare species of animals such as leopard, wild goat, bear, viper, and hedgehog.

Demographics
Kapan is a major historic centre of the Armenian civilization within historic Syunik. A sizable Jewish community lived in its own quarter in Kapan during the Middle Ages.

During the first half of the 19th century, many Russian and German engineers and workers arrived in Kapan to work in the copper mines of the region. In 1850, Greek specialists also arrived in the town. The Greeks built the Saint Catherine Orthodox church near Kapan in 1865.

The population of Kapan was at its peak with 45,711 citizens as per the 2001 census. However, the population has greatly declined during the first decade of the 21st century to 34,600 as per the 2016 official estimate.

Currently, Kapan is almost entirely populated by ethnic Armenians who belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church. The town's Saint Mesrop Mashtots Church opened in December 2001 and is regulated by the Diocese of Syunik of the Armenian Apostolic Church, based in the nearby town of Goris.

The town is served by the Kapan Medical Center, which was fully modernized in 2015.

Culture
The historic part of Kapan is located around 10 km km west of the modern-day town. As one of the historic settlements of Armenia, Kapan and the surrounding areas are home to many heritage monuments of Armenian architecture, including: The town has several statues of prominent Armenian patriotic figures, such as the equestrian statue of Davit Bek erected in 1983, and Garegin Nzhdeh's memorial opened in 2001. Other decorative statues in the town include the bear statue of Kajaran's Key erected in 1966, the statue of the Girl from Zangezur erected in 1978, the World War II memorial opened in 1987, and the memorial to Armenian genocide erected in 1988. Currently, the town is home to the Kapan Museum of Geology and the Kapan history museum named after Shmavon Movsisyan. Other cultural institutions of Kapan include the Children's School of Fine Arts opened in 1972, the House of Culture opened in 1977, the Children's School of Arts opened in 1981, the public library, the children's and youth creativity centre opened in 1990, the Alexander Shirvanzade drama theatre of Kapan, as well as two schools of music, which opened in 1977 and 1986. A branch of the Modern Art Museum of Yerevan is also operating in Kapan.
 * Baghaberd Fortress of the 4th century, also known as the castle of Davit Bek.
 * The medieval bridge of Kapan dating back to 871.
 * Tatev Monastery of the 9th century, founded in the place of an ancient tabernacle well known in ancient times.
 * Vahanavank Monastery of the 11th century.
 * Halidzor Fortress of the 17th century.

The Wings of Tatev cableway connecting Halidzor village with the Tatev Monastery is located 24 km north of Kapan. It is the longest reversible aerial tramway built in one section only.

Media
Kapan has two local TV companies: Khustup TV and Sosi TV. Khustup TV was founded in 2004 and covers the entire region of Syunik. Sosi TV was founded in 2012 and covers the central and southern parts of Syunik.

Transportation
The M-2 main road that connects the capital Yerevan with southern Armenia and the Iranian border passes through Kapan.

In late 2008, the road between Kapan and Meghri on the Iranian border was redeveloped. However, the Kapan-Zangilan-Mincivan railway line is currently inactive.

Prior to the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, the nearby airport accommodated the YAK-40 and AN-14 cargo aircraft. In February 2017, the governor of Syunik Province, Vahe Hakobyan, announced that the airfield would become a modern airport serving the town of Kapan and southern Armenia, and on June 6 a test landing was conducted at the airfield with the governor on board. According to the plan, the reconstruction of Kapan Airport was expected to be completed in 2018, with an estimated cost of US$2 million. The airport was reopened in 2023 and operates flights between the town and the capital city of Yerevan, thus making Kapan the third city in Armenia with an operating airport after Yerevan and Gyumri.

Economy

Tourism is growing in the region of Kapan. The nearby Wings of Tatev aerial tramway connecting Halidzor village with Tatev Monastery has greatly contributed to the development of the tourism sector. Many hotels and mountain resorts are set to open in the near future, while the upcoming opening of the Syunik Airport of Kapan will increase tourist access. Ark Ecological NGO, headquartered in Kapan, has been working on the development of ecotourism in the Syunik region since 2013, and is currently building hiking trail infrastructure to connect Kapan and the Tatev Monastery.

Education
The Kapan campus of the National Polytechnic University of Armenia is home to two faculties:
 * Faculty of Technologies and Sectoral Economics,
 * Faculty of Natural Sciences and Communication Systems.

Sport

In May 2013, Gandzasar Kapan opened their football pitches, including one with artificial turf. The academy became the first developed technical football centre in the Syunik Province.

Consulates
In October 2022, Iran opened a consulate general in Kapan. In 2023, Russia and France announced plans to establish consulates in Kapan.

Twin towns – Sister cities

 * Seal of Glendale, California.png Glendale, California, United States
 * Coat_of_arms_of_Barysaŭ.png Borisov, Belarus

Notable people

 * David Ambartsumyan, Soviet Armenian diver, European champion
 * Tatoul Markarian, ambassador of Armenia to the European Union
 * Armen Movsisyan, former Minister of Energy of Armenia
 * Karen Sargsyan, principal choirmaster of the Armenian Opera Theater
 * Lusine Gevorkyan, lead singer of Russian nu metal bands Tracktor Bowling and Louna
 * Artsvik Harutyunyan, singer and Armenia's entrant in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017
 * Levon Aghasyan, Olympic athlete
 * Vardan Ghazaryan, football coach and former player

title: Kapan


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International Working Union of Socialist Parties

The International Working Union of Socialist Parties (IWUSP; also known as the 2½ International or the Vienna International; Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft Sozialistischer Parteien, IASP) was a political international for the co-operation of socialist parties.

History
The IWUSP was founded on February 27, 1921, at a conference in Vienna, Austria, by ten parties, including the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD), the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), the Independent Labour Party (ILP), the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (SPS), the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ), and the Federation of Romanian Socialist Parties (FPSR, created by splinter groups of the Socialist Party of Romania). In April 1921, it was joined by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. The Maximalist faction of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) also joined.

Members
The secretary of the IWUSP was the Austrian Friedrich Adler of the SPÖ; other prominent members were Otto Bauer and Julius Martov. The group was heavily influenced by Austromarxism. It published Nachrichten der Internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Sozialistischer Parteien ("News of the IWUSP"). Poale Zion (labour Zionist) leaders David Ben-Gurion and Shlomo Kaplansky were active in the movement behind the Two and a Half International.

Ideology
The founders of the IWUSP were parties that saw neither the reformist Second International nor the Communist and pro-Soviet Third International as alternatives for affiliation. The IWUSP criticized the other two Internationals for what it perceived to be dogmatism, and advocated that more consideration should be given to the particularities of the political situation in each country. It worked for the unification of the Second and Third Internationals. From April 2 to April 5 1922 the Conference of the Three Internationals was held in Berlin with delegations from the three different international bodies to discuss a merger, but unity was not achieved and the Comintern withdrew from the talks.

Dissolution
In Germany on September 24, 1922, the USPD, one of the main components of the IWUSP, merged with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), a member of the Berne International. Discouraged by the intransigent position of the Third International, the Berne International and the IWUSP merged to form the Labour and Socialist International (LSI) at a joint congress in Hamburg in May 1923. Some, such as the FPSR, refused to join the new body.

In the 1930s, a similar effort was made to create an international between the reformism of the Second and the Stalinism of the Third, as the London Bureau of left-wing socialist parties. Sometimes called the "Three-and-a-Half International", it involved many of the same parties.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Category:El Paso County, Texas

title: Category:El Paso County, Texas


text: Category:Ellis County, Texas

title: Category:Ellis County, Texas


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CYP3A4

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) is an important enzyme in the body, mainly found in the liver and in the intestine, which in humans is encoded by CYP3A4 gene. It oxidizes small foreign organic molecules (xenobiotics), such as toxins or drugs, so that they can be removed from the body. It is highly homologous to CYP3A5, another important CYP3A enzyme.

While many drugs are deactivated by CYP3A4, there are also some drugs that are activated by the enzyme. Some substances, such as some drugs and furanocoumarins present in grapefruit juice, interfere with the action of CYP3A4. These substances will, therefore, either amplify or weaken the action of those drugs that are modified by CYP3A4.

CYP3A4 is a member of the cytochrome P450 family of oxidizing enzymes. Several other members of this family are also involved in drug metabolism, but CYP3A4 is the most common and the most versatile one. Like all members of this family, it is a hemoprotein, i.e. a protein containing a heme group with an iron atom. In humans, the CYP3A4 protein is encoded by the CYP3A4 gene. This gene is part of a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome 7q22.1. Previously another CYP3A gene, CYP3A3, was thought to exist; however, it is now thought that this sequence represents a transcript variant of CYP3A4. Alternatively-spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.

Function
CYP3A4 is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases that catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of steroids (including cholesterol), and other lipids.

The CYP3A4 protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, and its expression is induced by glucocorticoids and some pharmacological agents. Cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolize approximately 60% of prescribed drugs, with CYP3A4 responsible for about half of this metabolism; substrates include acetaminophen (paracetamol), codeine, ciclosporin (cyclosporin), diazepam, erythromycin, and chloroquine. The enzyme also metabolizes some steroids and carcinogens. Most drugs undergo deactivation by CYP3A4, either directly or by facilitated excretion from the body. Also, many substances are bioactivated by CYP3A4 to form their active compounds, and many protoxins are toxicated into their toxic forms (see table below for examples).

CYP3A4 also possesses epoxygenase activity in that it metabolizes arachidonic acid to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), i.e. (±)-8,9-, (±)-11,12-, and (±)-14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. EETs have a wide range of activities including the promotion of certain types of cancers (see epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid). CYP3A4 promotes the growth of various types of human cancer cell lines in culture by producing (±)-14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, which stimulate these cells to grow. The CYP3A4 enzyme is also reported to have fatty acid monooxgenase activity for metabolizing arachidonic acid to 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). 20-HETE has a wide range of activities that include growth stimulation in breast and other types of cancers (see 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid).

Evolution
The CYP3A4 gene exhibits a much more complicated upstream regulatory region in comparison with its paralogs. This increased complexity renders the CYP3A4 gene more sensitive to endogenous and exogenous PXR and CAR ligands, instead of relying on gene variants for wider specificity. Chimpanzee and human CYP3A4 are highly conserved in metabolism of many ligands, although four amino acids positively selected in humans led to a 5-fold benzylation of 7-BFC in the presence of the hepatotoxic secondary bile acid lithocholic acid. This change in consequence contributes to an increased human defense against cholestasis.

Tissue distribution
Fetuses do not express CYP3A4 in their liver tissue, but rather CYP3A7, which acts on a similar range of substrates. CYP3A4 increases to approximately 40% of adult levels in the fourth month of life and 72% at 12 months.

Although CYP3A4 is predominantly found in the liver, it is also present in other organs and tissues of the body, where it may play an important role in metabolism. CP3A4 is the major CYP enzyme in the intestine. CYP3A4 in the intestine plays an important role in the metabolism of certain drugs. Often this allows prodrugs to be activated and absorbed, as in the case of the histamine H1-receptor antagonist terfenadine.

Recently CYP3A4 has also been identified in the brain, but its role in the central nervous system is still unknown.

Mechanisms
Cytochrome P450 enzymes perform an assortment of modifications on a variety of ligands, utilizing its large active site and its ability to bind more than one substrate at a time to perform complicated chemical alterations in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds. These include hydroxylation, epoxidation of olefins, aromatic oxidation, heteroatom oxidations, N- and O- dealkylation reactions, aldehyde oxidations, dehydrogenation reactions, and aromatase activity.

Hydroxylation of an sp3 C-H bond is one of the ways in which CYP3A4 (and cytochrome P450 oxygenases) affects its ligand. In fact, hydroxylation is sometimes followed by dehydrogenation, leading to more complex metabolites. An example of a molecule that undergoes more than one reaction due to CYP3A4 includes tamoxifen, which is hydroxylated to 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and then dehydrated to 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen quinone methide.

Two mechanisms have been proposed as the primary pathway of hydroxylation in P450 enzymes. The first pathway suggested is a cage-controlled radical method ("oxygen rebound"), and the second involves a concerted mechanism that does not utilize a radical intermediate but instead acts very quickly via a "radical clock".

Inhibition through fruit ingestion
In 1998, various researchers showed that grapefruit juice, and grapefruit in general, is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4, which can affect the metabolism of a variety of drugs, increasing their bioavailability. In some cases, this can lead to a fatal interaction with drugs like astemizole or terfenadine. The effect of grapefruit juice with regard to drug absorption was originally discovered in 1989. The first published report on grapefruit drug interactions was in 1991 in the Lancet entitled "Interactions of Citrus Juices with Felodipine and Nifedipine", and was the first reported food-drug interaction clinically. The effects of grapefruit last from 3–7 days, with the greatest effects when juice is taken an hour previous to administration of the drug.

In addition to grapefruit, other fruits have similar effects. Noni (Morinda citrifolia), for example, is a dietary supplement typically consumed as a juice and also inhibits CYP3A4. Pomegranate juice has shown some inhibition in limited studies, but has not yet demonstrated the effect in humans.

Variability
While over 28 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in the CYP3A4 gene, it has been found that this does not translate into significant interindividual variability in vivo. It can be supposed that this may be due to the induction of CYP3A4 on exposure to substrates.

CYP3A4 alleles that have been reported to have minimal function compared to wild-type include CYP3A4*6 (an A17776 insertion) and CYP3A4*17 (F189S). Both of these SNPs led to decreased catalytic activity with certain ligands, including testosterone and nifedipine in comparison to wild-type metabolism. By contrast, CYP3A4*1G allele has more potent enzymatic activity compared to CYP3A4*1A (the wild-type allele).

Variability in CYP3A4 function can be determined noninvasively by the erythromycin breath test (ERMBT). The ERMBT estimates in vivo CYP3A4 activity by measuring the radiolabelled carbon dioxide exhaled after an intravenous dose of (14C-N-methyl)-erythromycin.

Induction
CYP3A4 is induced by a wide variety of ligands. These ligands bind to the pregnane X receptor (PXR). The activated PXR complex forms a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), which binds to the XREM region of the CYP3A4 gene. XREM is a regulatory region of the CYP3A4 gene, and binding causes a cooperative interaction with proximal promoter regions of the gene, resulting in increased transcription and expression of CYP3A4. Activation of the PXR/RXR heterodimer initiates transcription of the CYP3A4 promoter region and gene. Ligand binding increases when in the presence of CYP3A4 ligands, such as in the presence of aflatoxin B1, M1, and G1. Indeed, due to the enzyme's large and malleable active site, it is possible for the enzyme to bind multiple ligands at once, leading to potentially detrimental side effects.

Induction of CYP3A4 has been shown to vary in humans depending on sex. Evidence shows an increased drug clearance by CYP3A4 in women, even when accounting for differences in body weight. A study by Wolbold et al. (2003) found that the median CYP3A4 levels measured from surgically removed liver samples of a random sample of women exceeded CYP3A4 levels in the livers of men by 129%. CYP3A4 mRNA transcripts were found in similar proportions, suggesting a pre-translational mechanism for the up-regulation of CYP3A4 in women. The exact cause of this elevated level of enzyme in women is still under speculation, however studies have elucidated other mechanisms (such as CYP3A5 or CYP3A7 compensation for lowered levels of CYP3A4) that affect drug clearance in both men and women.

CYP3A4 substrate activation varies amongst different animal species. Certain ligands activate human PXR, which promotes CYP3A4 transcription, while showing no activation in other species. For instance, mouse PXR is not activated by rifampicin and human PXR is not activated by pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile In order to facilitate study of CYP3A4 functional pathways in vivo, mouse strains have been developed using transgenes in order to produce null/human CYP3A4 and PXR crosses. Although humanized hCYP3A4 mice successfully expressed the enzyme in their intestinal tract, low levels of hCYP3A4 were found in the liver. This effect has been attributed to CYP3A4 regulation by the growth hormone signal transduction pathway. In addition to providing an in vivo model, humanized CYP3A4 mice (hCYP3A4) have been used to further emphasize gender differences in CYP3A4 activity.

CYP3A4 activity levels have also been linked to diet and environmental factors, such as duration of exposure to xenobiotic substances. Due to the enzyme's extensive presence in the intestinal mucosa, the enzyme has shown sensitivity to starvation symptoms and is upregulated in defense of adverse effects. Indeed, in fatheaded minnows, unfed female fish were shown to have increased PXR and CYP3A4 expression, and displayed a more pronounced response to xenobiotic factors after exposure after several days of starvation. By studying animal models and keeping in mind the innate differences in CYP3A4 activation, investigators can better predict drug metabolism and side effects in human CYP3A4 pathways.

Turnover
Estimates of the turnover rate of human CYP3A4 vary widely. For hepatic CYP3A4, in vivo methods yield estimates of the enzyme half-life mainly in the range of 70 to 140 hours, whereas in vitro methods give estimates from 26 to 79 hours. Turnover of gut CYP3A4 is likely to be a function of the rate of enterocyte renewal; an indirect approach based on the recovery of activity following exposure to grapefruit juice yields measurements in the 12- to 33-hour range.

Technology
Due to membrane-bound CYP3A4's natural propensity to conglomerate, it has historically been difficult to study drug binding in both solution and on surfaces. Co-crystallization is difficult since the substrates tend to have a low KD (between 5–150 μM) and low solubility in aqueous solutions. A successful strategy in isolating the bound enzyme is the functional stabilization of monomeric CYP3A4 on silver nanoparticles produced from nanosphere lithography and analyzed via localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (LSPR). These analyses can be used as a high-sensitivity assay of drug binding, and may become integral in further high-throughput assays utilized in initial drug discovery testing. In addition to LSPR, CYP3A4-Nanodisc complexes have been found helpful in other applications including solid-state NMR, redox potentiometry, and steady-state enzyme kinetics.

Ligands
Following are lists of selected substrates, inducers and inhibitors of CYP3A4. Where classes of agents are listed, there may be exceptions within the class.

Substrates
The substrates of CYP3A4 are:
 * some immunosuppressants:
 * ciclosporin (cyclosporin),
 * tacrolimus,
 * sirolimus,
 * upadacitinib;
 * many chemotherapeutics:
 * docetaxel,
 * tamoxifen,
 * paclitaxel,
 * cyclophosphamide,
 * doxorubicin,
 * erlotinib,
 * etoposide,
 * ifosfamide,
 * teniposide,
 * vinblastine,
 * vincristine,
 * vindesine,
 * imatinib,
 * irinotecan,
 * sorafenib,
 * sunitinib,
 * vemurafenib,
 * temsirolimus,
 * anastrozole,
 * gefitinib;
 * azole antifungals:
 * ketoconazole
 * itraconazole
 * macrolides (except azithromycin):
 * clarithromycin,
 * erythromycin,
 * telithromycin;
 * dapsone (in leprosy),
 * tricyclic antidepressants:
 * amitriptyline,
 * clomipramine,
 * imipramine,
 * cyclobenzaprine;
 * SSRI antidepressants :
 * citalopram
 * norfluoxetine
 * sertraline
 * some other antidepressants:
 * mirtazapine (NaSSA),
 * nefazodone (atypical),
 * reboxetine (NRI),
 * venlafaxine (SNRI),
 * trazodone (SARI),
 * vilazodone (serotonin modulator),
 * buspirone (anxiolytic),
 * antipsychotics:
 * haloperidol,
 * aripiprazole,
 * risperidone,
 * ziprasidone,
 * pimozide,
 * quetiapine,
 * lurasidone;
 * opioids (mainly analgesics):
 * alfentanil,
 * buprenorphine (analgesic, addiction maintenance treatment),
 * codeine (analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal),
 * fentanyl,
 * hydrocodone (partial involvement, not the bioactivation factor),
 * methadone (analgesic, addiction maintenance treatment),
 * levacetylmethadol,
 * tramadol (analgesic, refractory RLS treatment);
 * benzodiazepines:
 * alprazolam,
 * midazolam,
 * triazolam,
 * diazepam, (bioactivation to desmethyldiazepam)
 * clonazepam;
 * some hypnotics:
 * zopiclone,
 * zaleplon,
 * zolpidem,
 * donepezil (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor),
 * statins (except pravastatin and rosuvastatin ):
 * atorvastatin,
 * lovastatin,
 * simvastatin,
 * cerivastatin;
 * calcium channel blockers:
 * diltiazem (sensitive substrate ),
 * felodipine (sensitive substrate    ),
 * nifedipine (sensitive substrate   ),
 * verapamil (sensitive substrate       ),
 * amlodipine (sensitive substrate ),
 * lercanidipine,
 * nitrendipine,
 * nisoldipine,
 * amiodarone (class III antiarrhythmic),
 * dronedarone (class III antiarrhythmic),
 * quinidine (class I antiarrhythmic),
 * PDE5 inhibitors:
 * sildenafil,
 * tadalafil,
 * kinins (vasodilators, smooth muscle contractors),
 * steroids:
 * sex hormones (agonists and antagonists):
 * finasteride (antiandrogen),
 * estradiol (estrogen),
 * progesterone,
 * ethinylestradiol (hormonal contraceptive),
 * testosterone (androgen),
 * toremifene (SERM),
 * bicalutamide;
 * glucocorticoids:
 * budesonide,
 * hydrocortisone (cortisol),
 * dexamethasone,
 * fluticasone;
 * some H1-receptor antagonists (H1 antihistamines):
 * ketotifen,
 * terfenadine,
 * astemizole,
 * chlorphenamine;
 * protease inhibitors:
 * indinavir,
 * ritonavir,
 * saquinavir,
 * nelfinavir;
 * non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (antiretroviral drugs):
 * nevirapine
 * delavirdine,
 * efavirenz,
 * etravirine,
 * rilpivirine;
 * albendazole (antihelminthic)
 * cisapride, (5-HT4 receptor agonist)
 * aprepitant, (antiemetic)
 * caffeine, (stimulant)
 * cocaine, (stimulant)
 * cilostazol, (phosphodiesterase inhibitor)
 * dextromethorphan, (antitussive)
 * domperidone, (antidopaminergic)
 * eplerenone, (aldosterone antagonist)
 * lidocaine, (local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic)
 * ondansetron, (5-HT3 antagonist)
 * propranolol, (beta blocker)
 * salmeterol, (beta agonist)
 * warfarin, (anticoagulant)
 * clopidogrel becoming bioactivated (antiplatelet),
 * 2-oxo-clopidogrel,
 * omeprazole, (proton pump inhibitor)
 * nateglinide, (antidiabetic)
 * methoxetamine,
 * montelukast (leukotriene receptor antagonist),
 * vilaprisan (selective progesterone receptor modulator),
 * certain angiotensin II receptor blockers:
 * losartan, (sensitive substrates)
 * irbesartan.

Inhibitors
Inhibitors of CYP3A4 are classified by potency:
 * a Strong inhibitor causes at least a 5-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or more than 80% decrease in clearance.
 * a Moderate inhibitor causes at least a 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or 50–80% decrease in clearance.
 * a Weak inhibitor causes at least a 1.25-fold but less than 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or 20–50% decrease in clearance.

The inhibitors of CYP3A4 are the following substances.

Strong inhibitors

 * boceprevir,
 * protease inhibitors:
 * ritonavir,
 * indinavir,
 * nelfinavir,
 * saquinavir;
 * some macrolide antibiotics:
 * clarithromycin,
 * erythromycin (although FDA lists it as a moderate inhibitor, and inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, defined as those increasing the AUC of digoxin to ≥1.25-fold);
 * telithromycin
 * ceritinib
 * mibefradil (used for the treatment of hypertension and chronic angina pectoris)
 * nefazodone (antidepressant)
 * ribociclib
 * tucatinib
 * chloramphenicol (antibiotic)
 * some azole antifungals:
 * ketoconazole,
 * itraconazole,
 * posaconazole,
 * voriconazole;
 * cobicistat,
 * green tea extract,
 * grape seed extract,
 * dillapiole (compound present in dill plants),
 * apigenin (compound present in plants such as celery, parsley, and chamomile)
 * Artemisia annua

Moderate inhibitors

 * amiodarone (class III antiarrhythmic),
 * aprepitant, (antiemetic)
 * ciprofloxacin,
 * conivaptan,
 * crizotinib,
 * rutin (in vitro) (dietary flavonoid),
 * tofisopam,
 * some calcium channel blockers:
 * verapamil,
 * diltiazem;
 * some azole antifungals:
 * fluconazole,
 * miconazole;
 * bergamottin (constituent of grapefruit juice),
 * cyclosporine,
 * donedarone,
 * fluvoxamine,
 * imatinib,
 * valerian.

Weak inhibitors

 * berberine   (an alkaloid found in plants such as berberis or goldenseal),
 * buprenorphine (analgesic),
 * cafestol (in unfiltered coffee)
 * cilostazol,
 * cimetidine,
 * fosaprepitant,
 * lomitapide,
 * orphenadrine,
 * omeprazole (proton pump inhibitor),
 * quercetin,
 * ranitidine,
 * ranolazine,
 * tacrolimus,
 * ticagrelor,
 * valproic acid,
 * amlodipine,
 * azithromycin (macrolide antibiotic).

Inhibitors of unspecified potency

 * bergaptol (a furocoumarin in citrus),
 * cannabidiol,
 * dithiocarbamate (functional group),
 * flavonoids,
 * mifepristone (abortifacient),
 * norfloxacin (fluoroquinolone antibiotic),
 * some non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors:
 * delavirdine;
 * gestodene (hormonal contraceptive),
 * star fruit,
 * milk thistle,
 * niacin (nicotinic acid) and its form – niacinamide (nicotinamide), collectively called as Vitamin B3,
 * ginkgo biloba,
 * sesamin (a lignan constituent in sesame seeds and oil),
 * piperine,
 * isoniazid,
 * serenoa.

Inducers
Strong and moderate CYP3A4 inducers are drugs that decrease the AUC of sensitive substrates of a given pathway where CYP3A4 is involved by ≥80 percent and ≥50 to <80 percent, respectively. Weak inducers decrease the AUC by ≥20 to <50 percent.

The inducers of CYP3A4 are the following substances.

Strong inducers

 * carbamazepine,
 * antiandrogens:
 * enzalutamide,
 * apalutamide;
 * primidone
 * phenytoin (anticonvulsant),
 * rifampin.

Weak inducers

 * upadacitinib.

Inducers of unspecified potency

 * anticonvulsants, mood stabilizers:
 * oxcarbazepine,
 * topiramate;
 * barbiturates:
 * phenobarbital,
 * butalbital:
 * St. John's wort,
 * some bactericidals:
 * rifampicin,
 * rifabutin;
 * some non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors:
 * efavirenz,
 * nevirapine;
 * troglitazone (hypoglycemic),
 * glucocorticoids (blood glucose increase, immunosuppressive),
 * modafinil (stimulant),
 * capsaicin,
 * brigatinib,
 * clobazam,
 * dabrafenib,
 * elagolix,
 * eslicarbazepine,
 * letermovir,
 * lorlatinib,
 * oritavancin,
 * perampanel,
 * telotristat.

title: CYP3A4


text:
Category:Junior colleges in Singapore

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Junior colleges in Singapore


text:
User:MacGyverMagic/Editing

 * Signpost article on new tools
 * User:Bluemoose/AutoWikiBrowser

My templates

 * Left and Right box on my user page
 * DYK update notice
 * Bookmarks for WP pages box
 * DYK featured notice
 * Personal "In use" notice
 * Contest notice

 * Numeral table
 * Small table

 * Chemical
 * Old links table
 * User:MacGyverMagic/Ripper victims - colored template

gives:

Hieroglyphs Test
evil written in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs

Useful Box
 'Put your text here'

User box
There is actually a template for making up your own boxes stemming from babel: Template:Userbox. Inserting displays as:

(copied from Paul Klenk's talk page)

Inserting pictures

Variables
July 	- 05 July 	 - May -	May 29 	- 10 Monday 	- Monday 2024 	- 2004  	- 10:56   	- 263229

Dashed Lines
(Taken from the Village Pump)  Shorthand: WP:VP

Infobox table coding
see edit screen for code

Bio box
Template:Infobox Biography or thingy on the right.

Birth date and Age template
February 20, 1993 renders as February 20, 1993

Hiding Text in Articles
Hello. I was editing (or trying to edit) some Wikibooks pages and I wanted to enter some problems and answers. My problem has to do with hiding the text so that the user can click a text line (ostensibly "Solution" or something like that) to see the answer. Is there any way to do this on Wikipedia? Thanks a lot for your help in advance.Robinson0120 02:07, 25 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know if that's possible, but there is a way to hide text so that only people editing the test will see it. So, it's possible to instruct readers to click the edit button, view the solution, then hit the back button.  Edit this text to see what I mean...  — K  e  akealani  02:09, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Well, there's: Question Answer

Which renders like: Question Answer

... So surely there must be some simpler template out there. I don't quite know how to make it hidden by default, though. — Kieff 02:17, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Wow, that was quick! Thanks to both of you. (If anybody DOES know how to make that template hidden, a chime in would be really appreciated!) Robinson0120 02:22, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Alright! That's exactly what I'm looking for, thanks Flcelloguy!Robinson0120 02:29, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Text/Input boxes

 * from Help Desk

Is there a way to insert Text/Input boxes into pages? Ajl772 17:57, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Only in some specific cases. You can do this:

 * or this:

 * but the general case is impossible. (See 'edit' for this section to see how I've done this, or m:Help:Inputbox for full information about the syntax.) --ais523 18:11, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

to do task box
todo includes the following template:

Collapsible boxes
I would like to have a few boxes on my user page that can collapse (be hidden until [Show] is selected). I can't seem to find a template or an HTML tag to help me. Can you point me in the right direction? Thx! ←Signed:→ Mr. E. Sánchez Get to know me! / Talk to me! ←at≈:→ 03:52, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

 * There's several ways, but one of the simplest is to use "collapsible collapsed" in the heading of a table.

 * Another Method is this:

Example #3: Using divs This method uses divs instead of table syntax. You can display some text here, and then have the user Click Show to display additional text. Hidden Text goes in here. I like this method best.

-- GateKeeper(X) @    05:45, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Super awesome. I also like your favorite box. Thanks!! ←Signed:→ Mr. E. Sánchez Get to know me! / Talk to me! ←at≈:→ 07:17, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

 * And there is the template hidden. --—— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk  -  08:36, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

title: User:MacGyverMagic/Editing


text: User talk:69.143.64.117

title: User talk:69.143.64.117


text:
User:Einar Myre

I'm more active on the Norwegian Wikipedia. See my user page there.

title: User:Einar Myre


text:
User talk:Rajnarang

Could you please refrain from adding commercial links to wikipedia pages. Thanks -- Chuq 12:11, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hi Chug, I am just trying to add a link to a content which I found interesting, I am by no way associated with them.

Thanks Raj

title: User talk:Rajnarang


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chrismukkah (0th nomination)

Chrismukkah was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

It was funny on that one episode of The O.C., but on Wikipedia...no...Ambi 12:06, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism from single episode of TV series, not otherwise used. Oh, and the term "jewfro" definitely predates "The O.C.".   — Gwalla | Talk 19:06, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Useless pseudoinformation. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:04, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fancruft. --Improv 12:18, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't Delete wikipedia is a source of information.  People who hear chrismukkah and do not know what it is will want to know.  I don't think you people "get" wikipedia.  This place is for information.  It also has usage in Christian-Jewish families, I know at least one that uses it.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
List of chief ministers of Maharashtra

The Chief Minister of Maharashtra (IAST: Mahārāṣṭrāce Mukhyamaṃtrī) is the head of the executive branch of the government of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Following elections to the Legislative Assembly, the governor invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government and appoints the chief minister. If the appointee is not a member of either the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of Maharashtra, then the Constitution stipulates that they need to be elected within six months of being sworn in. The office of the CM is coterminous with the concurrent Assembly provided the CM commands confidence in the house and hence does not exceed five years. However, it is subject to no term limits.

Maharashtra was formed by dissolution of Bombay State and Hyderabad State on 1 May 1960. Yashwantrao Chavan, who was serving as the third CM of Bombay State since 1956, became the first CM of Maharashtra. He belonged to the Indian National Congress and held the office until the 1962 Assembly elections. Marotrao Kannamwar succeeded him and was the only CM to die while in office. Vasantrao Naik, who was in office from December 1963 to February 1975 for more than 11 years, has by far been the longest serving CM. He also was the first and only CM to complete his full term of five years (1967-1972) till Devendra Fadnavis matched it (2014-2019). With the exceptions of Manohar Joshi (SS), Narayan Rane (SS), Devendra Fadnavis (BJP), Uddhav Thackeray (SS) and Eknath Shinde (SS), all other CMs have been from the Congress or its breakaway parties.

So far, President's rule has been imposed thrice in the state: first from February to June 1980 and again from September to October 2014. It was again imposed on 12 November 2019.

The current incumbent is Eknath Shinde of the Shiv Sena since 30 June 2022.

Key
Colour key for political parties {{legend||Indian National Congress|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|Aqua|Indian National Congress (Urs)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|Blue|Indian Congress (Socialist)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Shiv Sena|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Bharatiya Janata Party|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|White|N/A (President's rule)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

=== Prime Ministers of Bombay (1937–50) ===

Chief Ministers of Maharashtra

 * Key
 * No.: Incumbent number
 * Died in office
 * Returned to office after a previous non-consecutive term
 * Resigned
 * Resigned following a no-confidence motion

 * Legend
 * {{legend|wheat|Interim Chief Minister|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

title: List of chief ministers of Maharashtra


text:
Talk:Biała Podlaska

Stub
Why is this a stub? It seems like a pretty good article to me. Admittedly a bit short but then Biała isn't London! I think the person who wrote this has done a good job and fitted lots of information in a concise manner, so off with the stub slur!

And no, it wasn't me who wrote it.

http://img509.imageshack.us/my.php?image=jewishpoliceordnungsdielb0.jpg

Jews
I have added to the history by adding information about the Jewish 64% of the town's population that was destoyed by the Nazis and the local anti-semites between 1939 - 46. Without this information readers will get the wrong impression of what went on there in those dark days. 202.61.162.155 02:42, 11 November 2005 (UTC)(DZ - Melbourne Australia)
 * Thank you for your contributions. This section should probably be moved off to its own article at some point, especially when the article is expanded.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 14:58, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I removed some claims which level serious charges of anti-semitism at the population in the 1940s, and so should be backed up with reliable citations and sources. Once these are provided, they can be put back in. Balcer 20:28, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Dear Balcer these are not "claims", my mother and father were there at the time and I have photos in my posession showing the bloodied and ahcked bodies of the two Jews murdered by the AK Facsists at the Biala train station in 1946. I have visited their graves in Mizrich in 2002. My mother (a survivor of Auscwicz and Maidenek)and father ( a Zorin parisan) were in Biala in 1946 when the martyred Jews killed by the Nazis and buried in mass graves were reburied in the destroyed Jewish cemetary in 1945. The survicors then errected a monument to them which was TWICE destrot=yed by local AK anti semites. Eye witness accounts of these events are also available in Yiddish in the Sefer Biala Podlaska (Tel Aviv 1963) along with photos which I will mount on the Wiki website. I have therefore reinstated the original text. --Sandz 10:59, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Dear Sandz. I see that this is a very emotional subject for you, so please consider making a greater effort to treat it with the impartiality and objectivity that Wikipedia requires.  I am glad you are willing to provide some sources for your changes, though given that they are in Yiddish, it will be difficult to obtain and check them. Your revert introduces back some statements which are either incorrect, or violate Wikipedia neutrality policy (NPOV).  Still, I believe we can work together to make improvements.

 * For example, your statement that the AK was a fascist organisation. This may well be the way your family feels about them, but Wikipedia articles cannot be written based on such feelings, but on reputable scholarly sources. At present, your formulation contradicts our Home Army article and so it must be changed.  If you feel you can prove with scholarly sources that the AK was fascist, please do so in the Home Army article.  Once you achieve that, then the formulation can be placed here.

 * Anyway, I would be willing to accept the more neutral description of the postwar events given in this article, based on text from Encyclopedia Judaica. I invite you to modify your text along those lines. Balcer 11:21, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe the Home Army article needs editing. There are numerous verified reports of Jews returning to their home towns in Poland after the German withdrawal, only to murdered by the AK. --Redaktor 19:05, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

?
it's history of Biała or history Biała Jewish? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zaciekawiony (talk • contribs) 14:49, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Founder of the city
On article it was claimed that Piotr Janowicz founded the city, however on official webpage of the city, they talk about Jerzy Illinicz. ROFI44WIK (talk) 16:52, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

Ukrainian Bila
Why Ukrainian name is so relevant to be given next to the Polish one? To my knowledge, Biała Podlaska has no (and never had) connections with Ukraine whatsoever. 89.67.124.84 (talk) 17:42, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

WP:COPYVIO
I've learned one thing for sure over the years. When a single purpose IP like adds to Wikipedia +11,494 bytes in one broad sweep, it is most certainly stolen, and surely enough it was... The only question is by whom? The WP:COPYVIO was posted to Wikipedia on 11 November 2005, but the same text was copyrighted by H.E.A.R.T under © 2007 apparently: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/bialapodlaska.html. Go figure... I don't even mention the fact that most of it was crap anyway. Don't worry. All is well now, after several hours of work. Poeticbent talk 05:03, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120320155129/http://www.galeriapodlaska.mokbp.nazwa.pl/news.php to http://www.galeriapodlaska.mokbp.nazwa.pl/news.php

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title: Talk:Biała Podlaska


text:
Bulgarian Muslims

The  Muslim Bulgarians (Българи-мохамедани, Bǎlgari-mohamedani, as of recently also Българи-мюсюлмани, Bǎlgari-mjusjulmani, locally called Pomak, ahryan, poganets, marvak, or poturnak) are Bulgarians who follow the faith of Islam. They are generally thought to be the descendants of the indigenous Slavs who converted to Islam during Ottoman rule. Most scholars have agreed that the Bulgarian Muslims are a "religious group of Bulgarian Slavs who speak Bulgarian as their mother tongue and do not understand Turkish, but whose religion and customs are Islamic". Bulgarian Muslims live mostly in the Rhodopes – Smolyan Province, the southern part of the Pazardzhik and Kardzhali Provinces and the eastern part of the Blagoevgrad Province in Southern Bulgaria. They also live in a group of villages in the Lovech Province in Northern Bulgaria. The name Pomak is pejorative in Bulgarian and is resented by most members of the community, The name adopted and used instead of Pomak is Bulgarian Muslims.

Bulgarian Muslims do not represent a homogenous community and have a multitude of ethnic and religious identities. A clear majority of them (127,350 according to the latest census in 2001) declare themselves to be ethnic Bulgarians of Islamic faith. However, a significant percentage, in particular in the Central and Eastern Rhodopes (the Smolyan and Kardzhali Province) are strongly religious and have preserved the Muslim name system, customs and clothing, the Smolyan Province, which is largely populated by Bulgarian Muslims (approximately 117,000 or 71% of the population according to the Ministry of Interior in 1989 ), According to the 2001 census, 43 municipalities out of 262 have a Muslim majority. There were five municipalities with a Muslim population over 90 percent: Chernoochene (96.8 percent) has the highest share of Muslims, followed by Venets (95.9 percent), Satovcha (91.3 percent), Ruen (90.9 percent) and Kaolinovo (90.0 percent)(122,806 or 87.7% ) and that only 58,758 people or 41.9% of the population of the province declared to profess Islam in 2001.

Muslims in Bulgaria have slightly better demographic indicators compared to the Orthodox Christians in Bulgaria. The reason for this difference is mostly because of ethnicity most Muslims in Bulgaria have different reproductive traditions and they have a younger age structure compared to the ethnic Bulgarians which leads to higher fertility and birth rates. In provinces with large Muslim concentrations, birth rates are a little bit higher while death rates are lower than the country average. For example: Bulgaria had a total birth rate of 10.5‰ in 1992 while Muslims formed about 13 percent of the total population. However, in provinces with large Muslim populations the birth rate ranged from in 11.0% in Smolyan and 11.6% in Silistra to 13.1% in Razgrad (>50 percent Muslim) and 14.7% in Kardzhali (about 70 percent Muslim).

A small number of Bulgarian Muslims less than 50, from the Central and Eastern Rhodopes, have converted into Orthodox Christianity or have adopted a Christian identity since 1990.

The use of Bulgarian names among Muslims is common. For example, only one-third of the Muslim Bulgarian population of the region of Kirkovo, mostly people aged over 60, have Turkish or Arabic names.

Unlike the Bulgarian Muslims in the Central and Eastern Rhodopes, who usually have a Bulgarian identity, the ones living on the western fringes of the Rhodopes (in the provinces of Pazardzhik and Blagoevgrad) largely Identify as Turkish. For example, out of 62,431 self-declared Muslims in the Blagoevgrad Province in 2001, 31,857 (more than half) have opted for Turkish ethnicity although the self-declared speakers of Turkish as a mother tongue are only 19,819.

Considering that mother tongue in the Bulgarian census is counted on the basis of a declaration of the respondent and not on actual proof of what language this person speaks at home and that an inquiry of the Ministry of the Interior in 1989 gave only 3,689 ethnic Turks and 56,191 Pomaks for the Blagoevgrad Province, it is highly likely that the vast majority of the Turks in the province are actually Pomaks. A similar phenomenon exists in the Pazardzhik Province where there may be between 10,000 and 15,000 Pomaks.

Almost 64% of Muslims in Bulgaria that are ethnically Turks live in Kardzhali, Razgrad, Targovishte, Shumen, Silistra, Dobrich Ruse, and Burgas. They live mostly in rural settlements. Muslims in Bulgaria that are ethnically Roma mainly live in Shumen, Sliven, Dobrich, Targovishte, Pazardzhik and Silistra. Pomak Muslims mainly live around the Rhodope Mountains, especially in the province Smolyan and the municipalities of Satovcha, Yakoruda, Belitsa, Garmen, Gotse Delchev, Ardino, Krumovgrad, Kirkovo and Velingrad.

A large part of the population in those areas did not respond to the census questions which makes it difficult to calculate the exact number of Pomaks. In the municipality of Dospat for example, only 4746 people out of 9116 answered the question on their religion and in the municipality of Satovcha only 9562 out of 15444 people did so. Tatar Muslims live in northeastern Bulgaria and the small Arab diaspora is based mainly in the capital, Sofia.

Finally, there are those Bulgarian Muslims who have chosen not to declare their ethnicity in the 2001 Census. The percentage of undeclared in the Smolyan Province (9,696 or 6.9%), the Kardzhali Province (4,565 or 2.8%) and the Blagoevgrad Province (4,242 or 1.2%) is well above the national average of 0.8%. These are most likely to be Muslim Bulgarians who would have opted for another ethnicity, for example "Pomak" or "Muslim", if these were allowed as answers at the census or are unclear themselves about their own ethnic identity.

Due to the multitude of different ethnic and religious identities of the Muslim Bulgarians, it is extremely difficult to calculate the exact number of the members of the community in Bulgaria. An inquiry conducted by the Bulgarian Ministry of the Interior in 1989 estimated their number at 269,000.

A summation of the different groups with different ethnic identities (approximately 130,000 Muslim Bulgarians, approximately 55,000-65,000 Bulgarians, up to 50,000 Muslim Turks, 15,000 to 20,000 undeclared) yields approximately the same number. Despite the multitude of different ethnic the predominant ethnic identity would be Bulgarian (approximately 200,000 or three-quarters of the total population) and the predominant religious identity would be Muslim.

Muslim Bulgarians in the Rhodopes speak a variety of archaic Bulgarian dialects. Under the influence of mass media and school education, the dialects have been almost completely unified with standard Bulgarian among Muslim Bulgarians living in Bulgaria.

Turkey
Thracian Bulgarians in East Thrace in Turkey, descended from the people and families who converted to Islam in order to stay and avoid being deported to Bulgaria. Bulgarian historian Lyubomir Miletich wrote a book in 1918 detailing these events called the Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913.

title: Bulgarian Muslims


text:
Taylor–Proudman theorem

In fluid mechanics, the Taylor–Proudman theorem (after Geoffrey Ingram Taylor and Joseph Proudman) states that when a solid body is moved slowly within a fluid that is steadily rotated with a high angular velocity $$\Omega$$, the fluid velocity will be uniform along any line parallel to the axis of rotation. $$\Omega$$ must be large compared to the movement of the solid body in order to make the Coriolis force large compared to the acceleration terms.

Derivation
The Navier–Stokes equations for steady flow, with zero viscosity and a body force corresponding to the Coriolis force, are

\rho({\mathbf u}\cdot\nabla){\mathbf u}={\mathbf F}-\nabla p,$$ where $${\mathbf u}$$ is the fluid velocity, $$\rho$$ is the fluid density, and $$p$$ the pressure. If we assume that $$F=\nabla\Phi=-2\rho\mathbf\Omega\times{\mathbf u}$$ is a scalar potential and the advective term on the left may be neglected (reasonable if the Rossby number is much less than unity) and that the flow is incompressible (density is constant), the equations become:

2\rho\mathbf\Omega\times{\mathbf u}=-\nabla p,$$ where $$\Omega$$ is the angular velocity vector. If the curl of this equation is taken, the result is the Taylor–Proudman theorem:

({\mathbf\Omega}\cdot\nabla){\mathbf u}={\mathbf 0}. $$

To derive this, one needs the vector identities

 * $$\nabla\times(A\times B)=A(\nabla\cdot B)-(A\cdot\nabla)B+(B\cdot\nabla)A-B(\nabla\cdot A)$$

and

 * $$\nabla\times(\nabla p)=0\ $$

and
 * $$\nabla\times(\nabla \Phi)=0\ $$

(because the curl of the gradient is always equal to zero). Note that $$\nabla\cdot{\mathbf\Omega}=0$$ is also needed (angular velocity is divergence-free).

The vector form of the Taylor–Proudman theorem is perhaps better understood by expanding the dot product:

\Omega_x\frac{\partial {\mathbf u}}{\partial x} + \Omega_y\frac{\partial {\mathbf u}}{\partial y} + \Omega_z\frac{\partial {\mathbf u}}{\partial z}=0. $$

In coordinates for which $$\Omega_x=\Omega_y=0$$, the equations reduce to

\frac{\partial{\mathbf u}}{\partial z}=0,$$ if $$\Omega_z\neq 0$$. Thus, all three components of the velocity vector are uniform along any line parallel to the z-axis.

Taylor column
The Taylor column is an imaginary cylinder projected above and below a real cylinder that has been placed parallel to the rotation axis (anywhere in the flow, not necessarily in the center). The flow will curve around the imaginary cylinders just like the real due to the Taylor–Proudman theorem, which states that the flow in a rotating, homogeneous, inviscid fluid are 2-dimensional in the plane orthogonal to the rotation axis and thus there is no variation in the flow along the $$\vec{\Omega}$$ axis, often taken to be the $$\hat{z}$$ axis.

The Taylor column is a simplified, experimentally observed effect of what transpires in the Earth's atmospheres and oceans.

History
The result known as the Taylor-Proudman theorem was first derived by Sydney Samuel Hough (1870-1923), a mathematician at Cambridge University, in 1897. Proudman published another derivation in 1916 and Taylor in 1917, then the effect was demonstrated experimentally by Taylor in 1923.

title: Taylor–Proudman theorem


text:
François-Joseph-Philippe de Riquet

François-Joseph-Philippe de Riquet (21 September 1771 - 2 March 1843), comte de Caraman was the 16th Prince de Chimay from 24 July 1804 to 1843.

Early life
François-Joseph-Philippe was born in Paris on 21 September 1771. He was a son of Victor Maurice de Riquet de Caraman-Chimay and Marie Anne Gabrielle Josephe Francoise Xaviere de Henin-Liétard.

Career
During the French Revolution, he emigrated but came back during the First French Empire, and received the title of chef de cohorte from Napoleon.

He became the sixteenth Prince of Chimay after the death of his childless uncle in 1804, inheriting the Chimay estates (now in Belgium). After the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, these became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and, after 1830, of the current Kingdom of Belgium.

Personal life
On 22 August 1805, he became the third husband of Thérésa de Cabarrus, who was known as Madame Tallien, former wife of Jean Lambert Tallien who bore eleven children by various husbands and lovers. After their marriage, they lived quietly in Hainaut on the Chimay estate (today a province of Belgium). Their children were:

 * 1) Joseph Philippe (1808-1886), 17th Prince de Chimay, Prince de Caraman
 * 2) Michel Gabriel Alphonse Ferdinand (1810-1865) - father of Marie-Clotilde-Elisabeth Louise de Riquet, comtesse de Mercy-Argenteau
 * 3) Marie Auguste Louise Thérèse Valentine (1815-1876)

François-Joseph-Philippe de Riquet died in Toulouse on 2 March 1843. He and Thérésa were interred under the sacristy of the church of Chimay.

title: François-Joseph-Philippe de Riquet


text:
John Hondorp

John Hondorp (born 1964 in Doetinchem, Netherlands) is a professor at the Enschede Conservatory. He was the first to teach Hammond organ as a fully autonome jazz major.

His international class of students come from all over the world to study with him in Enschede. In the last 10 years they came from the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Japan and Indonesia. In March 2007 John was playing with the Enschede az Quintet "5-ESSENCE" (Quintessence) at the Indonesian "Java Jazz Festival" in Jakarta.

He has a master's degree in Hammond Organ from the Enschede Conservatory. He plays the jazz stages throughout Europe and toured with many European jazz artists like Ferdinand Povel, Judy Niemack, Bruno Castellucci, Nippy Noya. In 2004 he founded the John Hondorp Trio, with guitarist/composer Dominik Korte and drummer Marco Schmitz. After two seasons of playing they recorded the CD Open Stories in February 2006 at Organic Music Studio in Obing, Germany.

In 2007 John Hondorp was invited twice to perform and teach at Jazz festivals in Indonesia. His teaching activities were at UNJ (Universitas Negeri Jakarta), DAYA Music Institute and Universitas Pelita Harapan.

In 2008 John started his collaboration with German drummer Markus Strothmann. This collaboration grew into a strong duo "Transitions Organ duo". An energetic, flexible and highly interactive jazz playground. Regularly combined with featured soloists. In the last couple of years Transitions Organ Duo toured with Jeanfrançois Prins, Frederik Köster, Bart van Lier, Nippy Noya, Fredrik Lundin, Adrienne West Linley Hamilton, Bruno Castellucci and Darmon Meader.

Starting March 1, 2013, John was appointed teacher for Hammond Organ at the Institut für Musik in Osnabrück, Germany. This institute is the only music academy in Germany where one can study Hammond Organ as an independent jazz major instrument. He left the Osnabrück Institute in the summer of 2019.

Recordings

 * Session (1995)
 * Lara's Dream - Martin Senders Quartett (2002)
 * JH Trio (2004)
 * Renn Kwartet (2004)
 * Open Stories, John Hondorp Trio, DKP 0601, (June 2006)
 * No Idea, Transitions (2013) Unit Records UTR 4493
 * New Blues (Ruud Weber Band; 2014)
 * Some Favourite Songs (Ansgar Specht; 2016)
 * Ain't givin'up (Blues Company; 2019)
 * VPRO TV series "Naar Bed" (2022)

title: John Hondorp


text:
Clifford Bax

Clifford Lea Bax (13 July 1886 – 18 November 1962) was a versatile English writer, known particularly as a playwright, a journalist, critic and editor, and a poet, lyricist and hymn writer. He also was a translator (for example, of Goldoni). The composer Arnold Bax was his brother, and set some of his words to music.

Life
The youngest son of Alfred Ridley Bax (1844–1918) and his wife, Charlotte Ellen (1860–1940), daughter of Rev. William Knibb Lea, of Amoy, China, Bax was born in Upper Tooting, south London (not Knightsbridge, as sometimes stated). His father was a barrister of the Middle Temple, but having a private income he did not practise. In 1896 the family moved to a mansion in Hampstead. He was educated at the Slade and the Heatherley Art School. He gave up painting to concentrate on writing. Independent wealth gave Bax time to write, and social connections. He had an apartment in Albany, the apartment complex in Piccadilly, London. He was a friend of Gustav Holst, whom he introduced to astrology, the critic James Agate, and Arthur Ransome, among others. He met and played chess with Aleister Crowley in 1904, and kept up an acquaintance with him over the years, later in the 1930s introducing both the artist Frieda Harris and the writer John Symonds to him. An early venture (1908–1914) was Orpheus, a theosophical magazine he edited. His interest in the esoteric extended to editing works of Jakob Boehme, and helping Allan Bennett, the Buddhist.

His first play on the commercial stage was The Poetasters of Ispahan (1912), and he became a fixture of British drama for a generation. He was involved in the Phoenix Society (1919–1926), concerned with reviving older plays, and the Incorporated Stage Society.

He also edited, with Austin Osman Spare, Golden Hind, an artistic and literary magazine that appeared from October 1922 to July 1924.

A cricket enthusiast, he was a friend of C. B. Fry and wrote a biography of W. G. Grace.

Family
He married actress and jewellery-maker Gwendolen Daphne Bishop, née Bernhard-Smith, on 21 September 1910. Their daughter, Undine, was born 6 August 1911.

In 1927, Bax married Vera, née Rawnsley, a painter and poet (1888–1974). Rawnsley was previously married to Stanley Kennedy North, an artist, and Alexander Bell Filson Young (1876–1938), a journalist with whom she had two sons: William David Loraine Filson-Young and Richard Filson-Young; they—Bax's stepsons—were both killed in World War II.

Works

 * Twenty Chinese poems (1910) with Arthur Bowmar-Porter
 * Poems Dramatic and Lyrical (1911) attributed (also to his brother Arnold Bax)
 * The Poetasters of Ispahan (1912) play
 * Friendship (1913)
 * The Marriage of the Soul (1913)
 * Shakespeare (1921) play (with Harold F. Rubinstein)
 * The Traveller's Tale (1921) poems
 * Polly (1922) adapted from John Gay
 * The Insect Play (1923) adaptation with Nigel Playfair
 * Studio Plays: Three Experiments in Dramatic Form (1924) illustrated by Dorothy Mullock
 * Midsummer Madness (1924) ballad opera
 * Inland Far. A book of thoughts and impressions (1925)
 * Up Stream (1925)
 * Mr. Pepys (1926) ballad opera
 * Many a Green Isle (1927) short stories
 * Bianca Cappello (1927) biography
 * Waterloo Leave (1928) play
 * Square Pegs: A Polite Satire (1928) One-act plays
 * Rasputin (1929)
 * The Wandering Scholar (1929) libretto
 * Socrates (1930)
 * The Immortal Lady (1930)
 * The Venetian (1931)
 * Twelve Short Plays, serious and comic (1932)
 * Leonardo da Vinci (1932)
 * Pretty Witty Nell. An account of Nell Gwynn and her environment (1932)
 * Farewell, My Muse (1932) collected poems
 * The Rose Without a Thorn (1933) play
 * April in August (1934)
 * Ideas and People (1936)
 * The House of Borgia (1937)
 * Highways and Byways in Essex (1939)
 * The Life of the White Devil (1940) biography of Vittoria Accoramboni
 * Evenings in Albany (1942)
 * Time with a Gift of Tears. A modern romance (1943) novel
 * Vintage verse; an anthology of poetry in English (1945)
 * The Beauty of Women (1946)
 * Golden Eagle (1946) play
 * The Silver Casket Being love-letters and love poems attributed to Mary Stuart (1946)
 * All the world's a stage: theatrical portraits (1946) editor
 * The Buddha (1947) radio play
 * Day, a Night and a Morrow (1948)
 * The Relapse (1950)
 * Some I Knew Well (1951) memoirs
 * Hemlock for Eight (1946) radio play with Leon M. Lion
 * Rosemary for Remembrance (1948)
 * Circe (1949) muse
 * The Distaff Muse. An anthology of poetry written by women (1949) with Meum Stewart
 * W.G. Grace (1952)

title: Clifford Bax


text:
File:Su-20 front RB.JPG

Sukhoi Su-20
 * photo by Radomil
 * Poznań, 29 May 2004, Muzeum Uzbrojenia na Cytadeli

title: File:Su-20 front RB.JPG


text:
Salisbury, New Brunswick

Salisbury is a town located in Westmorland County, New Brunswick, Canada.

Previously a village for 57 years from 1966 to 2023, in January 2023 Salisbury was amalgamated with parts of four local service districts to become a new town with the same name.

History
Salisbury first became a permanent settlement when settlers from Yorkshire, England, settled there in 1774 (History, Village of Salisbury Website).

It grew quickly as a fox farming community, a special mutation of fox with grey/white fur, which was imported, was commonly bred in the many fox farms in Salisbury. This is where the saying "Home of the Silver Fox" comes from. While no fox farms are known to operate locally some wild foxes now share these genes.

Geography
Salisbury is situated on the north bank of the Petitcodiac River, approximately 25 KM West of Moncton / Riverview, and 5 KM East of River Glade, New Brunswick.

Services
The town has elementary, middle, and high schools and an outdoor swimming pool. Several family-owned shops and churches serve the surrounding area. There is also a Royal Canadian Air Cadet Squadron, 580 A/M Hugh Campbell Squadron.

Salisbury is a local service centre for several farming communities in the Petitcodiac River AKA Three Rivers, New Brunswick area. The town and many surrounding communities are served by Ambulance New Brunswick, Salisbury Fire & Rescue.

One of the first acts of the new council was to approve construction of a new fire hall.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, at this time the Village of Salisbury had a population of $2,387$ living in $972$ of its $996$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $2,284$. With a land area of 13.56 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Population trend

Income (2015)

Mother tongue (2016) According to the 2022 Election Results a total of 327 citizens voted in the last Municipal election for the region.

Education

 * JMA Armstrong High School (9–12)
 * Salisbury Middle School (5–8)
 * Salisbury Elementary School (K–4)

Notable people

 * Hugh Campbell, former Canadian air marshal.
 * Austin Claude Taylor, farmer, merchant and political figure.
 * Claude Taylor, former Air Canada President
 * Stacy Wilson, former women's hockey player.

Bordering communities

 * Boundary Creek, New Brunswick
 * Gallagher Ridge, New Brunswick
 * Price, New Brunswick
 * Lewis Mountain, New Brunswick
 * Moncton, New Brunswick
 * Second North River, New Brunswick
 * Kay Settlement
 * Upper Coverdale
 * River Glade, New Brunswick
 * Middlesex, New Brunswick

title: Salisbury, New Brunswick


text:
James Albert Bonsack

James Albert Bonsack (October 9, 1859, – June 1, 1924) was an American inventor who developed an early cigarette rolling machine in 1880, and patented it the following year.

Early life
James A. Bonsack was born in eastern Roanoke County, Virginia. His father, Jacob Bonsack, owned a woolen mill where James learned about industrial machinery. In 1878 he was admitted to the Lutheran Roanoke College, but decided to withdraw to work on designing a cigarette rolling machine. After building a successful prototype and patenting his invention, he registered the Bonsack Machine Company of Virginia on March 27, 1883. Following a court battle of alleged patent infringement by the inventor of a competing rolling machine, Bonsack paid $18,000 to buy out the competitor's patent claim.

Bonsack Cigarette Machine
Prior to that time, cigarettes had been rolled by hand. Readymade cigarettes were a luxury item, but were becoming increasingly popular. The slow manual fabrication process—a skilled cigarette roller could produce only about four cigarettes per minute on average —was insufficient to satisfy demand by the 1870s. In 1875, the Allen and Ginter company in Richmond, Virginia, offered a prize of $75,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) for the invention of a machine able to roll cigarettes.

Bonsack took up the challenge and left college to devote his time to building such a machine. In 1880, he had a first working prototype, which was destroyed by a fire while in storage at Lynchburg, Virginia. Bonsack rebuilt it and filed a patent application on September 4, 1880. The patent was granted the following year (U.S. patents 238,640 from March 8, 1881 and 247,795 from October 4, 1881). Allen and Ginter had ordered a Bonsack machine but quickly rejected it, eager to save their prize money and fearing that consumers would balk at a machine-made product.

Bonsack's partnership with tobacco industrialist James Buchanan Duke made full commercial use of the invention, which could produce 120,000 cigarettes in 10 hours, (200 per minute), and thereby revolutionized the cigarette industry. Duke set a deal with the Bonsack Machine Company in 1884. Duke agreed to produce all cigarettes with his two rented Bonsack machines and in return, Bonsack reduced Duke's royalties from $0.30 per thousand to $0.20 per thousand. Duke also hired one of Bonsack’s mechanics, resulting in fewer breakdowns of his machines than his competitors’. This secret contract resulted in a competitive advantage over Duke's competitors; he was able to lower his prices further than others could. Bonsack's machine was so efficient that by 1888, Duke had laid off all the company's cigarette rollers, who had been replaced by Bonsack's machine.

Legacy
The census-designated place of Bonsack, Virginia, located in Roanoke County, was named after James Bonsack, who lived in this town located along Route 460 between Roanoke and Bedford.

title: James Albert Bonsack


text: User:Curtsurly

title: User:Curtsurly


text:
Talk:List of Metro-North Railroad stations

New Haven Line
Where's the New Haven Line (jointly operated by MTA and Conn. DOT)? If I get "unlazy" later, I might add them myself.--[[User:Nricardo|Nelson Ricardo >>Talk<<]] 12:32, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)

Reformat this list
This list should be reformatted. I recommend putting everything in alphabetical order, and using charts that include the lines and former railroads that used the stations, much like I tried to do with the SEPTA Regional Rail stations before somebody else beat me to that list. And in cast you forgot, yes, I said the same thing about List of New Jersey Transit stations, and I still feel the same way. ---User:DanTD (talk) 03:05, 8 April 2013 (UTC)
 * ✅ All that's needed is to fix up the ADA tags. -User:DanTD (talk) 19:07, 6 July 2013 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Roman Army

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - merged

Roman Army
This article is heavily out of date, given existence of Military history of Rome. Both it and the redirect Roman army should be redirected to the latter article. If some of the old article's content is useful, it can be merged wherever apppropriate; however, I'll leave it to others. (I am not an expert on history.) -- Mike Rosoft 12:34, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: You do not need to list an article here if your preferred solution is a merge and redirect.  Be bold and do it yourself.  A merge and redirect can be easily reversed if it turns out to be controversial.  Deletions get special discussion because the page history will be destroyed and so are not easily reversible decisions.  Rossami 15:11, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * While both articles could be expanded into separate works, for now I think it is a good idea to combine the two very poor articles creating one mediocre article. - SimonP 16:07, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't believe that copying the content of "Roman Army" into "Military history of Rome" was a good idea. After all, "Military history of Rome" was not an independent article, but rather a list of related topics. (Basically an unmarked category listing.) The content of listed articles is pretty good, and this is where the content belongs - if anywhere. Namely, Roman legion, and possibly Legionary. -- Mike Rosoft 22:15, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * If this is not an appropriate place to discuss such issues, what is? Talk:Roman Army doesn't seem to be, because chance of it being noticed is remote. -- Mike Rosoft 22:15, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Why do you need to list it for deletion to do this? Mark Richards 18:00, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Neave

Neave may refer to:

Places

 * Neave, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
 * Neave Township, Darke County, Ohio
 * Neave Island, off the coast of northern Scotland

Other uses

 * Neave (surname)
 * Neave baronets, a title in the Baronetage of Great Britain

title: Neave


text:
Johansson

Johansson is a patronymic family name of Swedish origin meaning "son of Johan", or "Johan's son". It is the most common Swedish family name, followed by Andersson. (First 18 surnames ends -sson. ) The Danish, Norwegian, German and Dutch variant is Johansen, while the most common spelling in the US is Johnson. There are still other spellings. Johansson is an uncommon given name.

Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 91.2% of all known bearers of the surname Johansson were residents of Sweden (frequency 1:39), 2.5% of Finland (1:802), 1.5% of Norway (1:1,274), 1.4% of the United States (1:93,010) and 1.0% of Denmark (1:2,022).

In Sweden, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:39) in the following counties:
 * 1. Kalmar (1:21)
 * 2. Kronoberg (1:21)
 * 3. Halland (1:21)
 * 4. Jönköping (1:25)
 * 5. Västra Götaland (1:26)
 * 6. Blekinge (1:29)
 * 7. Östergötland (1:30)
 * 8. Värmland (1:30)
 * 9. Västerbotten (1:36)
 * 10. Gotland (1:36)
 * 11. Örebro (1:39)

In Finland, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:802) in the following regions:
 * 1. Åland (1:51)
 * 2. Southwest Finland (1:383)
 * 3. Ostrobothnia (1:487)
 * 4. Uusimaa (1:521)

People

 * Anders Johansson, Swedish heavy metal drummer
 * Annika Johansson, Swedish freestyle skier
 * Ann-Sofie Johansson, Swedish fashion designer, former Head of Design for H&M
 * Bernt Johansson, Swedish road bicycle racer, 1976 Olympic champion
 * Bo Johansson, football (soccer) coach
 * Calle Johansson, a retired professional ice hockey defenceman
 * Carl Edvard Johansson, Swedish inventor (of the gauge block set)
 * Elinore Johansson (born 1996), Swedish handball player
 * Ejner Johansson (1922–2001), Danish art historian and documentary film director
 * Emil Johansson (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Fannie Gaston-Johansson, American professor of nursing
 * Ingebrigt Johansson, Norwegian mathematician
 * Inge Johansson, Swedish chess player
 * Ingemar Johansson, Swedish boxer, heavyweight world champion
 * Ivar Lo-Johansson, Swedish proletarian author
 * Jan Johansson, jazz pianist
 * Jens Johansson, heavy metal keyboardist
 * Joachim Johansson, Swedish tennis player
 * Jóhann Jóhannsson, Icelandic Composer
 * Johan J. Johansson, American Medal of Honor recipient
 * Jonatan Johansson, Finnish footballer
 * Josef Johansson, Swedish pop singer and songwriter
 * Karl Henrik Johansson, Swedish engineer
 * Leif Johansson (businessman), Swedish Chairman of Ericsson
 * Lena Johansson (born 1969), Swedish politician
 * Lennart Johansson, Swedish sports official, former President of the European Football Federation
 * Marcus Johansson, multiple people
 * Martin Emanuel Johansson, Swedish chess master
 * Martina Johansson, Swedish politician
 * Mathilde Johansson, French female tennis player
 * Nanna Johansson, Swedish cartoonist
 * Olof Johansson, Swedish politician, former leader of Centerpartiet
 * Ove Johansson, native Swede and American football placekicker
 * Scarlett Johansson, American actress, singer and producer
 * Stefan Johansson, Formula One driver
 * Stefan Johansson (racewalker), Swedish race walker
 * Thomas Johansson, Swedish former tennis player
 * Victor Johansson, Swedish swimmer
 * Viktoria Johansson, Swedish chess player
 * Wiktoria Johansson, Swedish singer and songwriter
 * Ylva Johansson, Swedish politician, European Commissioner for Home Affairs

title: Johansson


text:
Ratfucking

Ratfucking is an American slang term for behind the scenes (covert) political sabotage or dirty tricks, particularly pertaining to elections. It was brought to public attention by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein in All the President's Men (1974), the book that chronicled their investigative reporting of the Watergate scandal.

Origins
As a term, ratfucking was commonplace in Southern California and possibly other college slang from the late 1950s to at least the early 1960s, meaning a prank. Around that time, Tony Auth was the cartoonist for the Daily Bruin. One of his cartoons showed a large, inebriated rat suggesting to another rat, "Let's go PF-ing tonight!", a play on ratfucking or "RF-ing". The lead story in the January 6, 1961, California Tech, Caltech's student newspaper, was headlined, "Tech Scores First Televised RF". The article chronicled the Great Rose Bowl Hoax, which had just taken place. A political context was irrelevant to such usage. At the end of the article, an Editor's Note both explained and bowdlerized: "RF (for Royal Flush) is a contemporary college colloquialism for a clever prank."

Woodward and Bernstein's account in All the President's Men reports that many Republican staffers—H. R. Haldeman (pre-1948), Donald Segretti (early 1960s), White House aide Tim Elbourne, Ronald Louis Ziegler, and Dwight Chapin—had attended the University of Southern California (USC) and participated in the highly competitive student elections there. Additionally, there were strategists such as Roger Stone whose work continued on for decades. At USC, future Watergate scandal participants Chapin, Ziegler, Elbourne, Segretti, Gordon Strachan, and Herbert Porter were members of Trojans for Representative Government. United Press International reporter Karlyn Barker sent Woodward and Bernstein a memo, "Notes On the USC Crowd", which outlined the connection. Fraternities, sororities, and underground fraternal coordinating organizations—such as Theta Nu Epsilon and their splintered rival "Trojans for Representative Government"—engaged in creative tricks and underhanded tactics to win student elections. Officially, control over minor funding and decision-making on campus life was at stake; the positions also gave bragging rights and prestige. The young operators called these practices ratfucking. The tactics were either promoted by or garnered the interest of major political figures on the USC board of trustees, such as Dean Rusk and John A. McCone.

Usage
The term received media attention in Australia after it was reported that Prime Minister Kevin Rudd used the term in a speech at the 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change Summit. During the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, candidate Ted Cruz said that "Trump may be a rat, but I have no desire to copulate with him", a euphemized reference to the term. That same year, Rolling Stone magazine wrote about the term and Roger Stone. In August 2017, journalist Marcy Wheeler received the disapproval of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) when she used the term in a radio broadcast. Wheeler maintained that the word has become a term of art in political science and is thus not an obscenity; FCC officials disagreed.

On May 23, 2019, scholar Svetlana Lokhova filed a claim in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia against Stefan Halper, claiming that "Stefan Halper is a ratfucker and a spy" with a footnote that "ratfucking" is a well-known political term. After the results of the 2020 United States presidential election were called for Joe Biden and there were attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election as Trump refused to concede, John Oliver, host of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, said on one of his shows following the set up of the Trump voter fraud hotline that "a political term for election shenanigans is rat[s fucking]. So if you, say, happen to have any access to images of Pennsylvania-based rats fucking, it's frankly your patriotic duty to send them to the Trump campaign straight away." While saying this, Oliver displayed an image of rats engaged in sexual intercourse titled Stay Up Late and the online link to the voter fraud hotline's website.

title: Ratfucking


text:
Cherubini

Cherubini is an Italian surname. Cherubini may refer to:

People

 * Bruno Cherubini (1897-1947), Italian lyricist, brother of Bixio
 * Bixio Cherubini (1899–1987), Italian lyricist, playwright and poet
 * Caterina Cherubini (died 1811), Italian miniature painter
 * Corkin Cherubini (born 1944), American educator, musician, and writer
 * Francesco Cherubini (1585–1656), Catholic cardinal who served as Bishop of Senigallia
 * Gianluca Cherubini (born 1974), Italian professional football player
 * Laerzio Cherubini (1556–1626), Italian criminal lawyer and jurisconsult in Rome
 * Lorenzo Cherubini (born 1966), birthname of the Italian singer Jovanotti
 * Luigi Cherubini (1760–1842), Italian Classical and pre-Romantic composer, close friend of Beethoven
 * Mattia Cherubini (born 1988), former Italian footballer
 * Nicole Cherubini (born 1970), American visual artist and sculptor
 * Sallustio Cherubini (died 1659), Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Città Ducale

Other uses

 * Cherubini Quartet, German string quartet from Düsseldorf, founded in 1978
 * Conservatorio Luigi Cherubini, Italian academic music school located in florence
 * Cherubini Group, bridge building firm, see Villiers Island

title: Cherubini


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Leo Blair

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - kept

Leo Blair
Non-notable relative of politician. Susvolans 12:42, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Tony Blair. Average Earthman 12:59, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or redirect to Blair. Timrollpickering 13:29, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a British tabloid. -- WOT 18:53, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable kid.   — Gwalla | Talk 19:08, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * When I first came across this article, I wondered if it was a valid article. However, as the only child to be born under a serving British prime minister, I think there is some notabilty. I don't think many people in Britian don't know who Leo Blair is. I'm going to abstain for now. Darksun 19:33, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The son of the British Prime Minister. Should we delete Laura Bush as well? Mark Richards 22:27, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Clearly within our bounds of notability. Gzornenplatz 22:37, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. Gamaliel [[Image:Watchmensmiley20.gif]] 23:17, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Kathryn Blair was put up on VfD a few weeks ago but survived. I'd be inclined to delete but surely the notability of Kathryn Blair is less than Leo, who was a figure of political controversy over his MMR and notable as the first child of a sitting Prime Minister since 1851.Dbiv 23:18, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Obviously notable. James F. (talk) 23:58, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * If Barbara and Jenna Bush are notable enough to have an article then so should Leo Blair be. Keep. -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 00:27, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, if Kathryn survived Leo should as well. - SimonP 00:57, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - notable enough. --DMG413 01:07, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable enough. --Improv 12:19, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Sarge Baldy 12:34, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Wolfman 16:02, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * The first child born to an incumbent Prime Minister of the UK since 1851? I'd say that's notable enough to keep. Bearcat 23:35, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I was going from memory - turns out to be July 11, 1849. Dbiv 01:08, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * keep— weak, weak, weak keep. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:42, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. What Daniel said, except with less impressive formatting. GWO 18:23, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:194.72.50.153

title: User talk:194.72.50.153


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Henry of Essex

Henry of Essex or Henry de Essex (died c. 1170) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman who was feudal baron of Rayleigh in Essex (by inheritance) and of Haughley in Suffolk (by right of his second wife). He served as one of the royal constables during the reigns of Kings Stephen and Henry II by right of his second wife, which office included the duty of bearing the royal standard to indicate the location of the king when on campaign or in battle. In 1163 he was convicted as a traitor, having been defeated in trial by battle, and took the habit of a monk, spending his last years at Reading Abbey.

Life
Henry was the son and heir of Robert fitz Swein of Essex, a descendant of the pre-Conquest landowner Robert fitz Wimarch who was favoured by King Edward the Confessor.

Henry is mentioned in several chronicles, including that of Jocelin of Brakelond. His influence at the royal court was greatest during the reign of Stephen, but it continued into the early years of Henry II's. He served Henry as Sheriff of Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire from 1156 to 1159, and as a justiciar, as well as being his constable. Henry participated in the king's Toulouse campaign in the spring and summer of 1159.

After he dropped the royal standard in a Welsh ambush during Henry II's campaign into Wales of 1157, however, his political importance waned. As royal constable, his office required that he hold the standard to indicate the king's position during any military engagement. Dropping the standard seemed to signal the king's death. At the royal court held at Easter, 1163, Henry was accused of treason for that act by a claimant to the Montfort estate of Haughley. The two men fought a judicial duel a few months later. Jocelin details Henry's judicial duel with Robert de Montfort (a rival for Henry's wife's inheritance) on Fry's Island in the River Thames at Reading. Henry's body was carried senseless from the site of the duel by monks of the nearby Reading Abbey, but he survived and took the Benedictine cowl. As he was a convicted traitor, however, his estates and offices were forfeit, and his family was disgraced. Henry was allowed to remain as a monk at Reading Abbey, where he remained for the rest of his life.

Henry of Essex is thought to have died at Reading Abbey in the same year that Archbishop Thomas Becket was murdered, 1170.

Family
Henry married firstly Cecily, daughter of Roger de Valognes; they had least at two sons, Henry and Hugh. His second wife was Alice, probably the daughter and heiress of Robert de Ver, the royal constable (d. circa 1151). It is unknown which wife was the mother of Henry's daughter, Agnes, who married Aubrey de Vere, first Earl of Oxford, but Cecily seems most likely.

title: Henry of Essex


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Kreutzer

Kreutzer may refer to:

People

 * Andrew L. Kreutzer (1863-1905), member of the Wisconsin State Senate
 * Conradin Kreutzer (1780-1849), German composer and conductor
 * Daniel Kreutzer (born 1979), German professional ice hockey forward
 * Frank Kreutzer, former Major League Baseball pitcher.
 * Idar Kreutzer (born 1962), a Norwegian CEO
 * Joseph Kreutzer (1790-1840), German violinist, composer, and conductor
 * Léon Charles François Kreutzer (1817—1868), French music critic, music historian, and composer
 * Leonid Kreutzer (1884-1953), German classical pianist.
 * Rodolphe Kreutzer (1766-1831), French violinist, teacher, conductor, and composer
 * Samuel Kreutzer (1894-1971), Australian rugby player
 * Volker Kreutzer, West German sprint canoer
 * William Kreutzer, Jr. (born 1969), American soldier infamous for assassinating his commander and opening fire on his fellow soldiers at Fort Bragg

Other uses

 * Kreutzer, a synonym for Kreuzer, a silver coin and unit of currency in Southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland
 * Kreutzer Air Coach, an American-built light trimotor transport aircraft of the late 1920s
 * Kreutzer Etudes, a set of works for solo violin composed by Rodolphe Kreutzer around 1796

title: Kreutzer


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title: User talk:70.60.56.30


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Bériot

Bériot or de Bériot is a French surname which may refer to:

 * Charles Auguste de Bériot (1802–1870), Belgian violinist, artist and composer
 * Charles-Wilfrid de Bériot (1833–1914), French pianist, teacher and composer
 * Olivier Bériot (born 1962), French costume designer

title: Bériot