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Femke Halsema

Femke Halsema (born 25 April 1966) is a Dutch politician and filmmaker. On 27 June 2018, she was appointed Mayor of Amsterdam and began serving a six-year term on 12 July 2018. She is the first woman to hold the position on a non-interim basis. She previously was a member of the House of Representatives for the leftist green party GroenLinks from 1998 to 2011, and served as the party's parliamentary leader from 2002 to 2010.

Family background
Halsema was born in 1966 in Haarlem in a Dutch social democratic family. They moved to Enschede, a town in the east of the Netherlands, close to the German border (Twente). Her father W. Halsema was a sports teacher and director of the municipal service for physical education, sports and recreation (Dienst lichamelijke opvoeding, sport en recreatie) of Enschede. For a long time, from 1982 until 1994, her mother Olga Halsema-Fles was an alderwoman responsible for social affairs and employment for the Labour Party (PvdA) in Enschede. Her mother was also a member of the Dutch Social Insurance Advisory Board (College van Toezicht Sociale Verzekeringen).

Religious origin
Halsema and her mother are of Christian descent. Halsema's mother Olga Margaretha Bertha Fles was born in 1941 in Velsen-Driehuis near harbour town IJmuiden north of Amsterdam. Olga Fles' parents Cornelis Nicolaas Fles and Truus Corbee married in 1939 in the Noorsche Kerk, Nederlands Hervormd, a Dutch Protestant church in Hilligersberg, near Rotterdam. Olga lived with her husband Willem Halsema and son in Haarlem until 1966, where Femke was born. Then the family moved to Enschede and Olga became wethouder (alderwoman) of Enschede's municipal council. In an interview with the Reformatorisch Dagblad (RD), a Dutch Protestant Christian Reformed newspaper, in 2002 Femke Halsema presumed members of her maternal family to have been "assimilated Jews", because two nephews of her maternal grandfather Cornelis Nicolaas Fles were named Abram and Izaak, whom she supposed had been tailors. Halsema referred to some families with the surname Fles in the region (Twente) Enschede being Jewish. But Halsema's own family is not related to them.

Olga Halsema-Fles’ family originates from Leiden, with a few ancestors residing in Rotterdam, amongst whom Abram and Izaak Fles, her uncles. Both Abram and Izaak Fles belonged to the Nederlands Hervormde Kerk (Dutch Reformed Church). As such they were registered in the Rotterdam municipal archive. They worked as civil servants, married and died in 1961 in Rotterdam. Abram, Izaak and Jacob are common first names in Dutch Protestant churches, chosen from the Hebrew Bible, next to New Testament names. Abram and Izaak Fles belonged to the Nederlands Hervormde Kerk (Dutch Reformed Church), just like their father Izaak, a brother to Halsema's great-grandfather Cornelis Fles, and their grandfather was. Halsema's family tree in the maternal line shows, that all ancestors in this family Fles since the start of the 18th century were baptised in Leiden, a historical stronghold of Protestantism in the Netherlands. Before, in the 17th century all ancestors were baptised in Roman Catholic churches as was their first known forefather Johannes Fles (Flessinghe), born ca. 1640 in Sarbrug (Saarbrücken, Germany), who settled in Leiden, in Holland.

Dutch historian Bart Wallet included Femke Halsema in a chapter on contemporary Dutch Jewry in an entirely revised edition (2017) of “Geschiedenis van de joden in Nederland" ("History of the Jews in the Netherlands"). But after some genealogical research in 2020 Wallet published an article in the Dutch Jewish internet magazine Jonet "Waarom Femke Halsema toch niet joods is" ("Why Femke Halsema is not Jewish after all"), admitting his mistake, indicating he will correct this in the next edition of this book. The article was reprinted in the Dutch Nieuw Israëlitisch Weekblad (New Israelitic Weekly).

Career before politics
In 1983, Halsema graduated from the Kottenpark-college in Enschede with a Havo-diploma. Between 1984 and 1985 she attended the Vrije Hogeschool (teachers program for Waldorf schools) in Driebergen. In 1985 she started training as a Dutch and history teacher in Utrecht. In 1988 she left her training without graduating. After that she worked for a year in a Utrecht café. She then started studying general social sciences at Utrecht University, specialising in criminology. During these studies she had a number of jobs related to her specialisation. Between 1991 and 1993, she was an intern at the working group "police and immigrants" at the Ministry of the Interior and she was a student assistant for professor Frank Bovenkerk. In 1992, she worked as an "supernumerary lecturer in scientific methods and techniques" at the Faculty of Social Sciences of Utrecht University, teaching statistics to first year students.

After Halsema graduated in 1993, she joined the staff of the Wiardi Beckman Stichting (WBS), the research institute of the Labour Party. She was seen as a rising talent in the Labour Party. In 1995, she published the book ''Ontspoord. Opstellen over criminaliteit & rechtshandhaving'' ("Derailed, essays about crime and law enforcement") for the WBS. In 1996, she travelled through the United States as a fellow for the German Marshall Fund. In 1996 she became an editor for the De Helling, the magazine of the research institute of GroenLinks. In the same year, she started combining her work at the WBS with work for De Balie, a political and cultural centre in Amsterdam, where she met Kees Vendrik, who before that worked for the GroenLinks in the House of Representatives. For De Balie, she led the project Res Publica about the meaning of the Constitution of the Netherlands for the modern society. She also joined the programme committee of the Labour Party for the 1998 election. She also published the book Land in zicht: een cultuurpolitieke benadering van de Ruimtelijke Ordening ("Land ho, cultural-political essays about spatial planning") with Maarten Hajer. She was asked to be a candidate for the Labour Party in the 1998 election.

In the autumn of 1997, Halsema left the Labour Party and the WBS. The direct cause was the authoritarian way in which the police had handled the protests against the European summit that was working on the Treaty of Amsterdam. The social democratic mayor Schelto Patijn had put 500 people in preventive detention. Her dissatisfaction with the course of the Labour Party had grown. In her view the party was unable to renew its social democratic manifesto and use the rising economic tide to invest in the public sector. After leaving the WBS, she continued to work at De Balie and also was a columnist at Het Parool and for IKON radio. She also works as an editor at the publisher Van Gennep.

Member of the House of Representatives
In the 1998 election, she was a candidate on the list of GroenLinks after being courted by Paul Rosenmöller. She was the third candidate on the list, making her the highest new candidate and practically guaranteed her a seat in the House. The seventh was her former De Balie-colleague Vendrik. GroenLinks more than doubled its seat total from five to eleven. In her first period in the House, Halsema was spokesperson justice, asylum seekers and home affairs. She became well known due to her opposition to the tougher migration law proposed by Job Cohen.

In the 2002 election, she was given the second place on the list. The party lost one seat. Halsema became vice-chair of the parliamentary party and among others spoke for the party in the first debate with the First Balkenende cabinet. In November of that year Paul Rosenmöller unexpectedly announced that he would leave politics. He asked Halsema to succeed him, and she immediately agreed. Ten days before the party congress she was announced as the only candidate for the party leadership and became top candidate for the 2003 election. The party lost another two seats. In addition to the party leadership she was spokesperson on areas of culture and media, healthcare, spatial planning and the environment. As party leader she had a more prominent position and put forth a number of private member's bills, including one concerning judicial review and another that sets a fixed price for books (together with the leader of the Democrats 66 (D66) Boris Dittrich).

Between October 2003 and January 2004, Halsema was on maternity leave. She got twins. Marijke Vos, the vice-chair of the parliamentary party took over as party leader. After her return to the House of Representatives, Halsema started a debate about the course of the left in general and GroenLinks in particular. She claimed that her party was the last "left liberal party in the Netherlands". She called for increased cooperation with the Socialist Party, the Labour Party and GroenLinks, aiming at a left-wing majority government after the 2007 election. She asked Labour Party leader Wouter Bos to speak out in favour of such a cabinet, but he refused in order to allow for a possible coalition of the Labour Party and the Christian Democratic Appeal. In January 2006, she was elected "Liberal of the Year" by the Youth Organisation Freedom and Democracy, the youth organisation of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), because of her new political course, in particular where it came to reforming the welfare state. In June 2006, she was the only candidate for the top spot on her party's list. During the campaign, she published Linkse lente (Left-wing Spring), a book co-authored by Michiel Zonneveld, which blends her political vision and personal biography. In the 2006 election the party lost another seat.

In 2007, she took over the private member's bill of Wijnand Duyvendak, who worked together with Niesco Dubbelboer of the Labour Party and Boris van der Ham of D66, to allow for a non-binding corrective referendum. In April 2010 the party congress voted against including the referendum in the party manifesto.

In the run-up to the 2010 elections, Halsema's political profile rose: she was given the Thorbecke prize for political eloquence. and she was elected by Intermediair as the best candidate for Prime Minister.

During the 2010 election, GroenLinks went from seven to ten seats. The party, under Halsema, negotiated with the VVD, the Labour Party and D66 to reach agreement on a new "Purple Plus"-government, but the negotiations failed.

On 17 December 2010, Halsema announced that she would leave parliament and that Jolande Sap was elected as the new leader of GroenLinks. She formally left parliament in January 2011.

In 2016, she made public in her political memoire Pluche (Plush) that after the 2012 election she was asked to consider becoming minister of Development Cooperation by Lodewijk Asscher, the Labour Party leader, but the VVD vetoed this.

Mayor of Amsterdam
On 27 June 2018, she was appointed Mayor of Amsterdam and began serving a six-year term on 12 July 2018. She is the first woman to hold the position fully as Guusje ter Horst and Kajsa Ollongren held the position previously in an ad interim manner (for 14 days in 2001 and 21 days in 2017 respectively). Also, Halsema was a first GreenLeft member to become Amsterdam's mayor.

In the Netherlands, protests were also taking place on the Dam on 1 June 2020 for George Floyd. Halsema was criticised because of the crowd gathering and the 1.5 meter (5') safety issue from COVID-19, it was impossible to manage the 1.5 meter rule between the protesting citizens which was a must for safety reasons. Halsema was criticised on the Dutch news by a lot of people in the medical field for not taking action and lack of responsibility. In Den Haag and Rotterdam, there were also protests but where the 1,5 meter safety measurement had been followed and the second protest became too crowded and further protests where cancelled and stopped.

On 1 July 2021, Halsema apologised for the city's involvement in the Atlantic slave trade.

Work outside of politics
After she left politics in January 2011, Halsema worked as freelancer: she has been active as an administrator, member of advisory committees, in science, as an author and television creator.

Immediately after her political career, Halsema joined De Volkskrant, for which she wrote number of articles and columns in 2011 and 2012. In 2013, she was involved in De Correspondent, for which she also wrote articles for two years. In 2016 she wrote her political memoir Pluche. In 2017 she wrote the Essay ''Nergensland. Nieuw Licht op migratie'' ("Nowhereland. A new light on migration"), where she proposed a utopian alternative to the international refugee question. In 2018 she wrote the essay Macht en Verbeelding ("Power and Imagination").

In 2011, she became professor by special appointment at Tilburg University occupying the Leonardo Chair for half a year. She taught at the Tilburg School of Humanities. In 2012 she became a temporary professor at University of Utrecht, occupying the Peace of Utrecht Chair. She researched the meaning of social media for human rights and democracy.

In December 2012, she led an inquiry into the behaviour of administrators at the school board of Amarantis. She succeeded Martin van Rijn, who had become junior minister of Health. The committee Halsema found that the board had acted within the law but that their behaviour was not desirable. After that she led a committee on the governance code for the semi-public sector at the request of the Minister of Economic Affairs Henk Kamp The final report of the committee concluded that a governance code would not lead to the desired culture change in the semi-public sector. The committee focused its attention on the old boys network and political cooperation. In 2015 she was asked by employees and students at the University of Amsterdam to lead the committee concerning the financial policy of the University. After a month she returned the assignment. The committee felt that elementary conditions were not met for independent, careful research. Since January 2018, Halsema at the request of the Council of the Judiciary chair of the quadrennial review committee.

Since 2011, Halsema has been President-Commissioner at WPG Uitgevers, which is among other responsible for the publisher De Bezige Bij, Vrij Nederland and Voetbal International. Since 2015 Halsema has been chair for the Trade Organisation for Healthcare for the Handicapped (VGN). Because of that office she is chair of the Executive Consultation for Healthcare (BOZ), a partnership between employers' organisations and patients' organisations in the realm of healthcare. In addition to this she has a number of functions in the public and private sector: between 2012 and 2014 she was chair of the Advisory Council of ASN Bank. Since 2015 she is a member of the board the Start Foundation, a fund for people who have "distance to the labour market". And since 2016 she has been a commissioner at Independer. Additionally, Halsema has been a member of the executive of a number of non-profits: between 2011 and 2017 she was chair of the board of Stichting Vluchteling. Since 2017, she has been chair of the board of Aidsfonds/Stopaidsnow. She chairs the board of Adelheid Roosen's theatre company and of IDFA.

In 2014, Halsema made the six-part documentary series Seks en de Zonde ("Sex and Sin") with Hassnae Bouazza about women in the Islamic world. She interviewed activists Veena Malik and Souad al-Shammary for this. Together with Gijs van de Westelaken, she developed and produced the TV-series De Fractie ("The Parliamentary Party") about politics in The Hague. Recently she has been working with her partner Robert Oey on a documentary series on terrorism. In the Spring of 2017, she made a theatre tour with her theatre-lecture Een Vrij Land ("A Free Country").

Political views

Halsema sees herself as a left-liberal. In Dutch she prefers vrijzinnig (free-thinking) over liberaal (liberal) because the conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is seen as the pre-eminent liberal party. In 2004, she started a debate within her party about a new political course. Her new course emphasises two concepts: freedom and pragmatism.

With the concept freedom, Halsema seeks to connect herself with the "freedom-loving traditions of the left". Like Isaiah Berlin, Halsema discerns two traditions of freedom: negative and positive liberty. For Halsema negative liberty is the freedom of citizens from government interference. She wants to apply this concept especially to the multicultural society and rule of law, where she seeks to reduce the influence of government. Positive liberty is, according to Halsema, the emancipation of citizens from poverty. Halsema wants to apply this concept especially to the economy, the welfare state and the environment, where the government should take more action.

With pragmatism, Halsema has contrasted her politics with those of the new populist political right, such as Pim Fortuyn. While the right, in Halsema's eyes, had become dogmatic and tried to reform society on the basis of new principles, Halsema claimed that the left has got more feeling for the "narrow margins of politics." According to Halsema, the left has emphasised equitable outcomes, as opposed to merely fair-minded principles.

This new course has been integrated into several practical proposals on the economy, which together form Vrijheid Eerlijk Delen ("Sharing Liberty Fairly"). These proposals have led to considerable debate. Halsema proposes that the main goal of the welfare state should be the emancipation of citizens from poverty. To ensure this, she proposes a new model for the welfare state, which is modelled on the Danish welfare state. In her perception of the welfare state, the government should endeavour to ensure full employment by cutting taxes on labour, increasing labour flexibility and creating more government jobs. If there is more work, so this theory goes, everybody can get a job, after a maximum of one year of unemployment. She also called for the implementation of a partial basic income.

Personal life
Halsema married the tv documentary maker Robert Oey. Oey made among others the film De Leugen (The Lie) in which Halsema participated amongst others by singing. On December 20, 2022 they announced that they had been separated for a year. Their twin children are Bruno and Suzy. Halsema resides in an official residence on Herengracht while Oey kept the house in Holysloot.

title: Femke Halsema


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David Hall

David or Dave Hall may refer to:

Sports

 * David Hall (runner) (1875–1972), American middle-distance runner, track and basketball coach, and university professor
 * David Hall (footballer) (born 1950s), English professional footballer active in the 1970s
 * David Hall (horse trainer) (born 1963), Australian horse trainer
 * Dave Hall (rugby league), rugby league footballer of the 1980s for Great Britain, and Hull Kingston Rovers
 * David Hall (rugby league) (born 1968), Australian rugby league footballer of the 1980s and 1990s
 * David Hall (rugby union) (born 1980), New Zealand
 * David Hall (Australian tennis) (born 1970), Australian wheelchair tennis player
 * David Hall (American tennis), American tennis player
 * David Hall (baseball coach), Rice Owls baseball head coach, 1981–1991

Politicians

 * David Hall (Australian politician) (1874–1945), Australian politician
 * David Hall (Canadian politician), first leader of the Prince Edward Island New Democratic Party in Canada
 * David Hall (Delaware politician) (1752–1817), American lawyer and governor of Delaware
 * David Hall (Irish politician), Irish Labour party politician, represented Meath in the 1920s
 * David Hall (Oklahoma politician) (1930–2016), U.S. Democratic Party politician
 * David Hall (Swedish politician), served as Minister of Finance of Sweden, 1949
 * Dave Hall (Dayton mayor) (died 1977), American politician of the Ohio Republican party
 * Dave Hall (Indiana politician), State Representative from Indiana
 * Dave Hall (Ohio state representative) (born 1960), Republican member of the Ohio House of Representatives
 * David McKee Hall (1918–1960), Representative from North Carolina

Arts

 * David Hall (sound archivist) (1916–2012), American sound archivist and writer
 * David Hall (video artist) (1937–2014), British video artist
 * Dave Hall (record producer), American record producer
 * David S. Hall (art director) (1905–1964), British art director
 * Dave U. Hall, American musician

Others

 * David D. Hall, American historian
 * David J. Hall (photographer) (born 1943), underwater wildlife photographer
 * David M. Hall, writer and corporate trainer
 * David S. Hall (RFC officer) (1892–1917), World War I flying ace
 * David Hall (campaigner), Irish businessman and campaigner
 * David Hall (chemist) (1928–2016), New Zealand chemist
 * David Hall (printer) (1714–1772), American printer and business partner with Benjamin Franklin
 * David Locke Hall (born 1955), former Assistant United States Attorney, Naval Intelligence officer, and author
 * David Hall (paediatrician) (born 1945), British paediatrician
 * Davey Hall (born 1951), British trade unionist
 * David Hall, American inventor and businessman, founder of Velodyne, Velodyne Lidar and Velodyne Marine

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: David Hall


text: Talk:David Hall

title: Talk:David Hall


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Template:Pax

  Revenue passenger traffic, in millions of  {{documentation|content= {{Uses TemplateStyles|Template:Rail freight/styles.css}}

Parameters
The default units are miles, for kilometres, use kilometre. To float the table to the right, use right. To add a note, use note. To add a footnote for the numbers in the table, use footnote.

title: Template:Pax


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Font family (HTML)

The font family selection in (X)HTML, CSS, and derived systems specifies a list of prioritized fonts and generic family names; in conjunction with correlating font properties, this list determines the particular font face used to render characters. The family selection is available in two forms: in the deprecated (X)HTML  element with its face attribute, and in the CSS font-family property.

The CSS term font family is matched with the typographical term typeface, which is a grouping of fonts defined by shared design styles. A font is a particular set of glyphs (character shapes), differentiated from other fonts in the same family by additional properties such as stroke weight, slant, relative width, etc. The CSS term font face is matched with "font"; it is decided by a combination of the font family and the additional properties.

In both HTML and CSS, the list is separated by commas. To avoid unexpected results, the last font family on the font list should be one of the generic families which are by default always available. In the absence of a font being found, the web browser will use its default font, which may be a user-defined one. Depending on the web browser, a user can in fact override the font defined by the code writer. This may be for personal taste reasons, but may also be because of some physical limitation of the user, such as the need for a larger font size or the avoidance of certain colors.

In addition to local fonts, modern web browsers support linking custom font files directly by using the  declaration. Once included, such fonts can be listed in the  property, alongside all local and fallback fonts.

Examples
The following example defines the same font face (Times or a default serif, 14 points, italics) in three ways:
 * With CSS in a separate stylesheet.
 * With inline CSS applied to an element via the style attribute.
 * With the deprecated presentational element  and its non-standard attribute face. ( is not deprecated in general, but its presentational use is.)

It is a best practice to put a space after the comma, and to put any name containing spaces between quotation marks.

Font name as family name
Although CSS tries to define a font family as the same as a typeface, the font-family entry and its non-standard HTML predecessor has also historically been used to identify the entire font face. This usage is due to font files not describing themselves as part of a family, partially motivated by the fact that few editors at the time supported the selection among more than four font styles (bold/regular and italics/regular).

As a result, it used to be common to see declarations such as font-family: 'Gill Sans Extrabold', 'Heisei Mincho W9' in place of the pedantically correct font-family: 'Gill Sans', 'Heisei Mincho'; font-weight: 900. Neither CSS2 nor CSS3 endorse such a use (they are not found in examples), but most browsers accept them as valid "names" nevertheless.

Generic fonts
The font-family can use a specific named font (like Heisei Mincho W9), but the result depends on the fonts installed on the user machine. The actual appearance will depend on the browser and the fonts installed on the system. A default installation of Firefox on Microsoft Windows, for instance, will display both serif as Times New Roman, and both sans-serif as Arial.

Usually only a small subset of them, chiefly the Serif, Sans-serif, Monospace and Cursive are easily configurable by user in web browsers.

Many systems also perform special-cased font substitution to replace missing "well-known" families with metric-compatible alternatives. For example, Windows substitutes Helvetica with Arial, and Times with Times New Roman. These families are not generic in the CSS sense, and are generally not handled at the browser level.

title: Font family (HTML)


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Milsons Point (Lavender Bay sites) railway stations

The first Lavender Bay railway station was opened on 30 May 1915 at a site 300 metres north of the original Milsons Point station on the North Shore line on the edge of Lavender Bay. The station was created by building platforms beside the existing lines. An overbridge was constructed leading to a new ferry wharf. Southbound trains used to drop their passengers at Lavender Bay station and then proceed to Milsons Point railway station to reverse.

Passengers discovered that it was easier to stay on the train until it reached Milsons Point and then alight. The walk from Milsons Point platforms was almost level because it was a terminal station. The ferry company was also unhappy about servicing two wharves. On 18 July 1915, after a mere seven weeks, the service reverted to Milsons Point station.

The second Lavender Bay Station was a redesign of the first station, and came into use on 27 April 1924. This station was necessary because a contract had been let for the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Milsons Point land was required for workshops associated with the construction. The second Lavender Bay station was a terminus as the lines to Milsons Point were actually removed. Thus it was a more passenger-friendly version of its predecessor. The electric tram terminus was also moved to Glen Street on the cliff above the station. Lifts and escalators, the first in Australia, were installed.

After the Sydney Harbour Bridge opened on 19 March 1932, North Shore line services were diverted to the new stations at North Sydney and Milsons Point and onward over the bridge into the city. Ferry services were greatly reduced and rail services ceased to Lavender Bay. The station became the "North Sydney Electric Car Sidings", with the track used for storage of rolling stock between the morning and afternoon peak periods. A walking path is now provided for the public.


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Gordon Bottomley

Gordon Bottomley (20 February 1874 – 25 August 1948) was an English poet, known particularly for his verse dramas. He was partly disabled by tubercular illness. His main influences were the later Victorian Romantic poets, the Pre-Raphaelites and William Morris.

Background
Bottomley was born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire on 20 February 1874, the only child of Maria and Alfred Bottomley. He was educated firstly at home by his mother and then at the local grammar school. Aged seven, Bottomley contracted a tubercular illness that would affect him for the rest of his life. As a result he was invalided for long periods of time and was unable to travel widely or live in a town.

Bottomley became a junior clerk at the Craven Bank in Keighley at the age of 16. However, after an illness in 1891 he was transferred to the Bradford branch. Here he first visited the theatre and saw the Oscar Wilde play Lady Windermere's Fan. This stimulated his interest in plays.

Following another bout of illness in 1892 Bottomley left the bank and moved to Cartmel, Lancashire to live a life of passionate intense meditation and contemplation and began writing poetry. It was here in 1895 that he met Emily Burton. They married in 1905. The couple lived from 1914 in Silverdale, near Carnforth until their deaths. In the 1920s he was president of the Village Drama Society. In 1944 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters at the University of Leeds. Bottomley died in 1948, outliving his wife by less than a year. Their ashes are interred at St. Fillan's Chapel at the base of Dundurn, Perthshire.

Influences and writing
Bottomley began writing poetry in the 1890s and was influenced by the Romantic poets and even more so by such later figures as Rossetti and Algernon Swinburne. Bottomley included many famous writers, poets and artists as friends. While he mainly kept in contact with them through letters, he did make occasional visits to London, and also received visitors such as Arthur Ransome and Edward Thomas at his home.

His first book The Mickle Drede and Other Verses was printed privately at Kendal in 1896, and he wrote many more poems and plays, generally performed by amateurs or in experimental theatre. Bottomley also edited the poetry of Isaac Rosenberg in 1922, whom as a correspondent he had encouraged from 1915; while his close associate the composer Edgar Bainton (1880–1956) set The Crier by Night to music.

An early environmentalist, Bottomley's writing was always closely grounded in geographical location. A Scottish influence (echoing Yeats' Irish revival) appears in his late plays, while much of his earlier writing was rooted in Lakeland. Thus for example the ghost or bogle of Claife Heights, Windemere - the so-called Claife Crier - is used to resolve the conflict between a cruel farmers-wife and a serving maid in The Crier by Night; while one of his best-loved poems is known as Cartmel Bells:

"O, Cartmel bells ring soft tonight/And Cartmel bells ring clear, But I lie far away tonight,/Listening with my dear;

Listening in a frosty land/ Where all the bells are still..."

A collection of Bottomley's poems and plays was edited and introduced by his literary executor, Claude Colleer Abbott, in 1953.

Art collecting
Among the most notable of his friendships was that with the artist Paul Nash. The two men were brought together in 1910 by Nash’s love of poetry and Bottomley’s extensive knowledge of painting. Bottomley encouraged the young artist and in exchange Nash made several designs for Bottomley’s plays that he exhibited or used as illustrations. Despite increasingly divergent tastes in art, their friendship survived and a prolific lifelong correspondence between the two men was published in 1955.

Bottomley studied the work of artists and was a dedicated collector. He bought artworks when he could afford to and his friends also gave him their art in gratitude for his support and friendship. In the 1940s Bottomley and his wife Emily gave their personal art collection of six hundred paintings, prints and drawings to the Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery in Carlisle, Cumberland. The bequest included a nationally important collection of works by the Pre-Raphaelites including pictures by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Edward Burne-Jones, William Morris, Arthur Hughes, Ford Madox Brown, Elizabeth Siddal and Simeon Solomon. The collection also included work from artists of other genre including those of Stanley Spencer, Samuel Palmer, Albert Moore, Frederic, Lord Leighton, Henri Fantin-Latour, Lucien Pissarro, William Nicholson, Walter Crane, Charles Conder, Jessie Marion King, William Morris's daughter May Morris, William Rothenstein, Charles Ricketts and of course Paul Nash. About 150 of these works were displayed in a temporary exhibition at Tullie House, "Pre-Raphaelites and Beyond: the Emily and Gordon Bottomley Bequest", from 7 July to 16 September 2001.

Poetry
• The Mickle Drede and Other Verses (1896)

• Poems at White Nights (1899)

• The Gate of Smaragdus (1904).

• Chambers of Imagery (1907, 1912)

• A Vision of Giorgione (1910)

• Poems of Thirty Years (1925)

• Darn and lies

Plays
• The Crier by Night (1902)

• Midsummer Eve (1905)

• Laodice and Danaë (1909)

• The Riding to Lithend (1909)

• King Lear's Wife (1915)

• Gruach (1921)

• Britain's Daughter (1921)

• Scenes and Plays (1929)

• Festival Preludes (1930)

• A Carol for Christmas - Day    before Dawn (1930)

• "A Parting"

• Lyric Plays (1932)

• The Acts of St. Peter (1933)

• Choric Plays (1939)

• Kate Kennedy (1945)

Editions

 * The Poems and Plays of Gordon Bottomley, edited with an introduction by C. Colleer Abbott (1953)

As editor

 * The Collected Poems of Isaac Rosenberg (1937) edited with Denys Harding, Schocken Books, New York ISBN 978-0-80523-036-9

title: Gordon Bottomley


text: User talk:68.49.25.198

title: User talk:68.49.25.198


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Lunt Roman Fort

The Lunt Roman Fort is the archaeological site of a Roman fort, of unknown name, in the Roman province of Britannia. It is open to the public and located in the village of Baginton on the south eastern outskirts of Coventry. The fort has now been fully excavated and partially reconstructed; the wooden gateway rebuild was led by archaeologist Margaret Rylatt, using the same tools and techniques that the military engineers of the Roman Army would have used. In 2001, Anglo Saxon artefacts dating to Sub-Roman Britain were discovered on the site.

Location
The site has a large steep bank just beyond the northern boundary of the fort, which descends to the River Sowe. The elevation from the top of the bank provides good views of the landscape to the north for two or three miles (2.5 mi)

History
Four periods of occupation of the fort during periods of unrest in Roman Britain have been identified by excavation. The fort was built around AD 60 to act as a supply depot and headquarters for an unknown legion during the final campaign against Boudica.

From AD 64 it was used, in the second phase, by a cohort which reduced the size of the fort, but from which the principia, praetorium, two granaries and six barrack blocks have been excavated. A number of buildings were demolished to construct a gyrus. Many horse fittings, possible stabling, an extensive metalworking area, granary and storage space suggests a cavalry unit was present at this time. This second phase lasted until AD 77/8.

The third period of AD 77/78-79 included construction of a double ditch system, a twin-portalled gateway on the south and occupation outside the defences until the fort was decommissioned.

After AD 260, perhaps during the rebel Gallic Empire, it was recommissioned as a temporary fort with ditches on a similar alignment but slightly larger than that of Period 2. This is based on the discovery of a single coin found in the post hole of a gateway at the site of the fort that dates to the reign of Gallienus (r. 260–268), but the coin could have been a casual loss long after the fort had been abandoned.

Gyrus
The north, south and west sides followed the usual pattern for a Roman camp of straight ditches and ramparts. However, on the eastern side the defences bulge out around a circular structure with a diameter of 32 m. The sand and gravel subsoil had been dug out to a depth of 600 to 900 mm and the area surrounded with a timber stockade.

This ring, the only known "gyrus" in the Roman Empire, may have been used for training horses. The gyrus was added to the fort during its second period of occupation and its construction caused significant disruption to the fort. Having the gyrus within the fort affects not just the wall which curves to accommodate the structure deviating from the Roman playing card shape pattern but also the layout of the fort which is significantly different from the standard layout. This makes the fort unique not just in Britain but also in the Roman Empire.

Archaeology and preservation
The site was identified when large quantities of Roman pottery were found in the 1930s. In the 1960s, Brian Hobley, keeper of field archaeology at the Coventry Museum, commenced a long-term project to combine excavation with a study of the methods by which Roman camps were built. Archaeological excavations identified three distinct periods of occupation of the Roman military site. During the 1970s some features of the fort were reconstructed upon the original foundations: these are a section of the wall, a gateway modelled on images of Trajan's column, one of the three granaries and the gyrus.

In 2001 a team of Canadian students unearthed a fragment of Roman Samian pottery and a Nero's head coin dating from 65 AD. Other finds have included a ring etched with a palm leaf. This type of design symbolized victory and was worn by successful gladiators.

Evidence of Saxon settlement was unearthed in 2001 and finds evidencing mediaeval occupation include large post holes and a post-Roman ditch filled with pottery fragments.

The fort is open for public, school visits and organised tours and has hosted many holiday excavation trips.

title: Lunt Roman Fort


text:
Integral Equations and Operator Theory

Integral Equations and Operator Theory is a journal dedicated to operator theory and its applications to engineering and other mathematical sciences. As some approaches to the study of integral equations (theoretically and numerically) constitute a subfield of operator theory, the journal also deals with the theory of integral equations and hence of differential equations. The journal consists of two sections: a main section consisting of refereed papers and a second consisting of short announcements of important results, open problems, information, etc. It has been published monthly by Springer-Verlag since 1978. The journal is also available online by subscription.

The founding editor-in-chief of the journal, in 1978, was Israel Gohberg. Its current editor-in-chief is Christiane Tretter.

title: Integral Equations and Operator Theory


text:
Biodynamic wine

Biodynamic wines are wines made employing the biodynamic methods both to grow the fruit and during the post-harvest processing. Biodynamic wine production uses organic farming methods (e.g., employing compost as fertilizer and avoiding most pesticides) while also employing soil supplements prepared according to Rudolf Steiner's formulas, following a planting calendar that depends upon astrological configurations, and treating the earth as "a living and receptive organism."

Biodynamic viticulture
Biodynamic methods are used in viticulture (grape growing) in a variety of countries, including France, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Austria, Germany, Australia, Argentina, Chile, Peru, South Africa, Canada, and the United States. In 2013, over 700 vineyards worldwide comprising more than 10,000 ha/24,710 acres were certified biodynamic. A number of very high-end, high-profile commercial growers have converted recently to biodynamic practices. According to an article in Fortune, many of the top estates in France, "including Domaine Leroy in Burgundy, Château de la Roche-aux-Moines in the Loire, Maison Chapoutier in the Rhone Valley, and Domaine Zind-Humbrecht in Alsace," follow biodynamic viticulture. For a wine to be labeled “biodynamic” it has to meet standards laid down by the Demeter Association, an internationally recognized certifying body.

Biodynamic agriculture is a form of alternative agriculture based on pseudo-scientific and esoteric concepts developed by Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925), who gave Agriculture Course in 1924, predating most of the organic movement. It includes ecological principles, emphasizing spiritual and mystical perspectives. Biodynamics aims at the ecological self-sufficiency of farms as cohesive, interconnected living systems.

Efficacy
Some grape growers who have adopted biodynamic methods claim to have achieved improvements in the health of their vineyards, specifically in the areas of biodiversity, soil fertility, crop nutrition, and pest, weed, and disease management. For example, the late Anne-Claude Leflaive of Domaine Leflaive estate in Burgundy claimed that the use of biodynamic methods saved a badly diseased vineyard, to the point that it now produces some of her most highly prized wines. A long-term study of one California winery found that improved quality for both biodynamic and organic could not be explained. This study in different vineyard blocks at a commercial vineyard in Ukiah, California found no difference between biodynamic methods with general organic farming methods with respect to soil quality, nor in the yield per vine, clusters per vine, and cluster and berry weight. However, one of the authors, Leo McCloskey has made the case that consumer quality scores, 100-point scores, are expected to be higher for both biodynamic and organic over traditional farming.

Biodynamic grapes claim to have noted stronger, clearer, more vibrant tastes, as well as wines that remain drinkable longer. Biodynamic wines are more "floral", according to Spanish biodynamic vintner Pérez Palacios. Biodynamic producers also claim that their methods tend to result in better balance in growth, where the sugar production in the grapes coincides with physiological ripeness, resulting in a wine with the correct balance of flavor and alcohol content, even with changing climate conditions.

In a blind tasting of 10 pairs of biodynamic and conventionally made wines, conducted by Fortune and judged by seven wine experts including a Master of Wine and head sommeliers, nine of the biodynamic wines were judged superior to their conventional counterpart. The biodynamic wines "were found to have better expressions of terroir, the way in which a wine can represent its specific place of origin in its aroma, flavor, and texture." Critics caution that such comparisons of wines of the same type need to be controlled for differences in soil and subsoil, and the farming and processing techniques used.

Critics acknowledge the high quality of biodynamic wines, but question whether many of the improvements in vineyard health and wine taste would have happened anyway if organic farming were used, without the mysticism and increased effort involved in biodynamics. Other critics attribute the success of biodynamic viticulture to the winemakers' higher craftsmanship and meticulous attention to detail. Ray Isle, managing editor of Wine & Spirit magazine, says, "So what if they also think burying cow horns full of manure will help them channel new life forces from the cosmos?"

title: Biodynamic wine


text:
User:MarcoosPL

 * Name: Marek A. Stępień
 * Nickname: Marcoos (How to pronounce it? It's just an intentionally mis-spelled Marcus ;-))
 * Hometown: Złotoryja, Lower Silesia
 * Current location: Wrocław
 * Weblog: http://blog.marcoos.org/
 * Education: MSc in Computer Engineering from the Opole University of Technology
 * Free software projects involvement, formerly: Mozilla (Polish l10n for Firefox and other Mozilla products, bug hunting, technology evangelism), [AviaryPL Team] member
 * Political orientation: a social democrat

ang:User:Marcoos

title: User:MarcoosPL


text:
Cotonou Agreement

The Cotonou Agreement is a treaty between the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ("ACP countries"). It was signed in June 2000 in Cotonou, Benin's largest city, by 78 ACP countries (Cuba did not sign) and the then fifteen Member States of the European Union. It entered into force in 2003 and was subsequently revised in 2005 and 2010.

Following the 2010 revision, the agreement was due to expire on 29 February 2020, but it was extended temporarily to no later than 31 October 2023, pending adoption of a new agreement (the Samoa Agreement).

Aims
The Cotonou Agreement is aimed at the reduction and eventual eradication of poverty while contributing to sustainable development and to the gradual integration of ACP countries into the world economy. The revised Cotonou Agreement is also concerned with the fight against impunity and promotion of criminal justice through the International Criminal Court.

Main principles
The Cotonou Agreement replaced the Lomé Convention, which had been the basis for ACP-EU development cooperation since 1975. The Cotonou Agreement, however, is much broader in scope than any previous arrangement has ever been. It is designed to last for a period of 20 years and is based on four main principles:

 * Equality of partners and ownership of development strategies. In principle, it is up to ACP states to determine how their societies and their economies should develop.
 * Participation. In addition to the central government as the main actor, partnership under the Cotonou Agreement is open to other actors (e.g., civil society, the private sector, and local governments).
 * Dialogue and mutual obligations. The Cotonou Agreement is not merely a pot of money. The signatories have assumed mutual obligations (e.g., respect for human rights) which will be monitored through continuing dialogue and evaluation.
 * Differentiation and regionalisation. Cooperation agreements will vary according to each partner's level of development, needs, performance and long-term development strategy. Special treatment will be given to countries that are considered least developed or vulnerable (landlocked or island states).

Political dimension
The Cotonou Agreement wishes to give a stronger political foundation to ACP-EU development cooperation. Therefore, political dialogue is one of the key aspects of the arrangements and addresses new issues which have previously been outside the scope of development cooperation, such as peace and security, arms trade and migration.

Furthermore, the element of "good governance" has been included as an "essential element" of the Cotonou Agreement, the violation of which may lead to the partial or complete suspension of development cooperation between the EU and the country in violation. It was furthermore agreed that serious cases of corruption, including acts of bribery, could trigger a consultation process and possibly lead to a suspension of aid.

New actors
A second new feature of the Cotonou Agreement relates to the participation of non-state actors and local governments in development cooperation. They are now considered complementary actors to central governments who traditionally have been the key actors of cooperation between the EU and the ACP countries.

Although ACP governments continue to be responsible for determining their own development strategy, non-state actors and local authorities are now involved being consulted with regard to its formulation. They are furthermore provided with access to financial resources and involved in implementation. They also receive capacity building support. The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU (CTA) operates within the framework of the ACP-EU Cotonou Agreement with a mission to "strengthen policy and institutional capacity development and information and communication management capacities of ACP agricultural and rural development organisations". This it does, in part, through its magazine Spore, which is widely circulated in ACP states.

The Cotonou Agreement focuses especially on the private sector as an instrument for sustainable economic development. A new comprehensive programme has been introduced in Cotonou in order to support the private sectors of the ACP countries with new tools such as access to funding via the European Investment Bank (EIB).

Trade cooperation
Probably the most radical change introduced by the Cotonou Agreement concerns trade cooperation. Since the First Lomé Convention in 1975, the EU has granted non-reciprocal trade preferences to ACP countries. Under the Cotonou Agreement, however, this system was replaced by the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), a new scheme that took effect in 2008. This new arrangement provides for reciprocal trade agreements, meaning that not only the EU provides duty-free access to its markets for ACP exports, but ACP countries also provide duty-free access to their own markets for EU exports.

True to the Cotonou principle of differentiation, however, not all ACP countries have to open their markets to EU products after 2008. The group of least developed countries is able to either continue cooperation under the arrangements made in Lomé or the "Everything But Arms" regulation.

Non-LDCs, on the other hand, who decide they are not in a position to enter into EPAs can for example be transferred into the EU's Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), or the Special Incentive Arrangement for Sustainable Development and Good Governance (GSP+).

Programming
The Cotonou Agreement introduces the idea of performance-based partnerships and abandons "aid entitlements" like fixed allocations regardless of performance.

Under the new agreement, the EU can be more selective and flexible in the way it allocated and uses its development resources. Aid allocations are based on an assessment of a country's needs and performance and include the possibility to regularly adjust financial resources accordingly. In practice, it means that more money can be channelled to "good performers" and that the share of "bad performers" can be reduced.

Aid is allocated to ACP countries in five-year cycles under the Financial Protocol of the Cotonou Agreement. Under the ninth European Development Fund (EDF) (2002–2007) €13.5 billion was allocated to the ACP region.

The 10th EDF (2008–2013) has a significantly increased budget of €22.7 billion, with €5.6 billion earmarked to support regional programmes, especially investments in regional African infrastructure projects through the EU-Africa Partnership on Infrastructure, which was launched in October 2007 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, by the African Union Commission (AUC) and the European Commission.

Through the flexibility provided by the Cotonou Agreement, the 10th EDF enables the EU to funnel more aid money (called "incentive amounts") to countries that improve their governance, especially financial, tax and legal systems. While some funds of the 10th EDF have been set aside for unforeseen needs (e.g., related to humanitarian and emergency assistance or to FLEX compensations), most are being programmed in the multi-annual framework for 2008–2013. In the first half of 2012, the programming exercise for the 11th EDF began which for geographic programmes will involve for the first time the European External Action Service as well as the European Commission. As of early 2012 most of the details of the process of programming were contained in internal documents to the European institutions yet independent analysis and a description of the process were provided by the independent foundation the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM).

Fight against impunity
In recognising that impunity is one of the factors that contribute to cycles of violence and insecurity, the preamble and article 11.7 of the revised Cotonou Agreement include a clear commitment of ACP and EU states to combat impunity and promote justice through the International Criminal Court. Since the International Criminal Court is based on the principle of complementarity, the 2005 revised Cotonou Agreement innovates with obligations to ensure prosecution of the most serious crimes at the national level and through global cooperation. Additionally, article 11.6 of the Agreement includes a clearcut provision that obliges States parties to: (a) Share experience on the adoption of legal adjustments required to allow for the ratification and implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and (b) Fight against international crime in accordance with international law, giving due regard to the Rome Statute. The parties shall seek to take steps towards ratifying and implementing the Rome Statute and related instruments.

Revision
In accordance with the revision clause, the Cotonou Agreement was twice subject to a revision to enhance the effectiveness and quality of the ACP-EU partnership. The first revision was concluded in Luxembourg on 25 June 2005 and the revised Agreement entered into force on 1 July 2008.

The second revision of the ACP-EU Partnership Agreement was signed during the 35th meeting of the ACP-EU Council of Ministers held in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, on 22 June 2010 and entered provisionally into force on 1 November 2010.

Samoa Agreement
The Contonou Agreement is expected to be replaced by the Samoa Agreement. This new agreement consists of three separate protocols. These maintain European funding for the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States secretariat, while giving the EU full authority over where its development funds are issued (the agreement provides the legal basis for European Investment Bank funding outside of the EU), and is intended to ease the repatriation of undocumented migrants. The text of this new arrangement was agreed in April 2021, however its ratification on the EU side was delayed by Hungary and Poland. At a meeting in Samoa in November 2023, 44 ACP states signed the agreement.

Criticism
It has been argued that although the main pillar of the Cotonou Agreement is poverty reduction, aid allocated to Africa under the 9th European Development Fund has had a limited impact on the majority of the poor.

title: Cotonou Agreement


text:
Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States

The Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS, French: Organisation des États d'Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique) is a group of countries in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific that was created by the Georgetown Agreement in 1975. Formerly known as African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP), the organisation's main objectives are sustainable development and poverty reduction within its member states, as well as their greater integration into the world's economy. All of the member states, except Cuba, are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement with the European Union.

The Cotonou Agreement (signed in Cotonou, Benin, in June 2000) is the successor to the Lomé Conventions. One of the major differences from the Lomé Convention is that the partnership is extended to new actors such as civil society, private sector, trade unions and local authorities. These will be involved in consultations and planning of national development strategies, provided with access to financial resources and involved in the implementation of programmes.

Many small island developing states are OACPS states; the fourth Lomé Convention was revised in 1995 in Mauritius and gives special attention to island countries in this agreement. Combined the EU and the members of the OACPS represent over 1.5 billion people and more than half of the seats at the United Nations.

Africa
The African OACPS countries negotiate in five Economic Partnership Agreements groups (West Africa, Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa, Southern Africa Development Community, East African Community, Eastern and Southern Africa) with the EU.

Caribbean
All countries of the Caribbean Community plus Dominican Republic group negotiate in the CARIFORUM Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the European Union (EU). The Caribbean-bloc is sometimes co-represented at EU-LAC (Latin America and the Caribbean).

Pacific
All developing member states of the Pacific Islands Forum group and Timor-Leste negotiate in the Pacific EPA with the EU.

North Atlantic EU OCTs
In this region are located the EU overseas countries and territories (OCTs) of Greenland and Saint Pierre and Miquelon, but there are no OACPS states.

South Atlantic dependent territories
In this region are located the U.K. overseas territories of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha and Falkland Islands, but there are no OACPS states. Nevertheless, Saint Helena is developing links with the SADC EPA group.

Uninhabited territories
The uninhabited EU OCT does not participate in regional integration and does not receive development funding from the EU. The uninhabited U.K. overseas territories are not OACPS states and do not receive development funding from the EU.
 * French Southern and Antarctic Territories, located in the Indian Ocean
 * British Indian Ocean Territory, located in the Indian Ocean
 * South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, located in the South Atlantic

Special designations
The Cotonou agreement recognises the specific challenges faced by less developed countries, land-locked countries, and islands in their economic development. Therefore, those countries are granted a more favourable treatment than other OACPS member countries. The text of the Cotonou agreement has been updated in 2005 and 2010, but the lists have not, despite the fact that the actual list of LDCs as defined by the United Nations has changed: Cape Verde has graduated from LDC status in December 2007, while Senegal has acquired the status in 2001 and Timor-Leste in 2003. The following lists should thus not be considered as the actual lists of OACPS LDCs and islands (a few islands are also not listed).

Annex VI of the Cotonou agreement lists the following designations:

Least-developed OACPS states
Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, the Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Tuvalu, Togo, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia.

The Least developed OCTs are the following: Anguilla, Mayotte, Montserrat, Saint Helena, Turks and Caicos Islands, Wallis and Futuna, Saint Pierre and Miquelon.

Landlocked OACPS states
Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Island OACPS states
Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cape Verde, Comoros, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Kiribati, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Vanuatu.

Organs

 * ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly
 * ACP–EU development cooperation
 * European Centre for Development Policy Management
 * Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU (CTA)

Trade and legal framework

 * EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) with the ACP countries


text:
Category:Papal bulls

A Papal bull is a written communication from the Vatican Chancery.

title: Category:Papal bulls


text:
Face Dances

Face Dances is the ninth studio album by English rock band the Who. It was released in 1981 by Warner Bros. in the United States (the band's first release on that label) and on Polydor in the United Kingdom. It is one of two Who studio albums with drummer Kenney Jones, who joined the band after Keith Moon's death three years earlier.

Despite mixed reviews from Rolling Stone and other critics, the album peaked at No. 4 on the US Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart and No. 2 on the UK Albums Chart.

Title
The album was originally to be titled The Who, but the name Face Dances replaced it just before release. The phrase was inspired by a friend of Pete Townshend's who was rhythmically moving a match between her teeth, an action that Townshend jokingly termed "face dances". This incident is described in the first verse of Townshend's song "Face Dances, Pt. 2". He later realised that he had been inspired by the s in Frank Herbert's Dune series: "It was only later that someone pointed out to me that in the Dune trilogy there are a group of characters called 'face dancers,' sort of like chameleons; they can change completely for special purposes. That must have stuck in my head because I really loved the first one."

Album cover
The album cover features 16 paintings of the band members by 16 British painters, who were commissioned by Peter Blake, designer of the cover of the Beatles' album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967). Artists include Tom Phillips, Richard Hamilton, Allen Jones, David Hockney, Clive Barker, R. B. Kitaj, Howard Hodgkin, Patrick Caulfield, David Inshaw, Mike Andrews, Joe Tilson, Patrick Procktor, David Tindle and Blake himself.

Photographer Gavin Cochrane took a reference photo of each of the four members of the band (Pete Townshend, Roger Daltrey, John Entwistle and Kenney Jones ) which the 16 artists used to paint on 6 x canvases the portraits of each member of the band for the front cover of Face Dances.

R. B. Kitaj did a charcoal portrait on Ingres paper of John Entwistle. Kitaj (1932-2007) was a Jewish American from Chagrin Falls, Ohio but made his home in England for many years and was elected to the Royal Academy in 1991 – the first American to do so since John Singer Sargent in the 1890s.

David Inshaw painted a portrait of Roger Daltrey that features on the cover of Face Dances. David Inshaw was a member of the Brotherhood of Ruralists along with Peter Blake and Jann Howarth and Graham and Annie Ovenden in the 1970s. In 1973, his painting 'The Badminton Game' was exhibited at the ICA Summer Exhibition and was subsequently acquired by the Tate.

Richard Hamilton did a portrait of Pete Townshend for the cover of Face Dances. Hamilton was one of the first British Pop artists, known for his painting and collage work. Hamilton was the cover designer of The Beatles' self-titled 1968 album and its poster insert, and for his painting 'Swingeing London 67 (f)' which depicted Mick Jagger and art dealer Robert Fraser in handcuffs following their arrest on drug charges.

Release
In 1993, Polydor re-released the album on CD. It only included the songs from the original LP.

In 1997, the album was remixed, remastered and rereleased by MCA with three outtakes as well as two live tracks. The live track "How Can You Do It Alone" is an edited version of the live performance.

"You Better You Bet" was the first single released from the album; its music video was one of the first music videos aired on MTV in 1981, and was the first to be repeated on the channel. "Don't Let Go the Coat" was the second single to be released from the album, and it also had its own music video. While a video was shot for "Another Tricky Day", the song was not released as a single commercially but it was a US Album Rock Top 10 track.

Face Dances celebrated its 40th anniversary with the release on 12 June 2021 on Record Store Day 1 of a 2-LP expanded coloured vinyl version (LP1 is blue and LP2 is yellow). Both discs have been mastered by Jon Astley at Close To The Edge and cut at half speed by Miles Showell at the Abbey Road Studios. The pressing was limited to 6500 copies. LP1 is the newly re-mastered version of the album, while LP2 has a side of studio out-takes and four live tracks from the band's 1981 Rockpalast show which appear for the first time on vinyl.

Personnel
The Who
 * Roger Daltrey – lead vocals
 * Pete Townshend – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals, lead vocals on "I Like Nightmares", "Somebody Saved Me" and "How Can You Do It Alone (Live, 1979)"
 * John Entwistle – bass, backing vocals, lead vocals on "The Quiet One"
 * Kenney Jones – drums

Additional musicians
 * John "Rabbit" Bundrick – keyboards

Production
 * Allan Blazek – engineering
 * Chris Charlesworth – executive producer
 * Bill Curbishley – executive producer
 * Greg Fulginiti – mastering
 * Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound, NYC – mastering
 * Bob Ludwig – remastering
 * Jimmy Patterson – assistant engineering
 * Teri Reed – assistant engineering
 * Robert Rosenberg – executive producer
 * Bill Szymczyk – production, engineering
 * Jon Walls – AIR Studios, recording engineer

Artwork and design
 * Michael Andrews – paintings
 * Brian Aris – photography
 * Clive Barker – paintings, photography, paintbox bronze on rear cover
 * Peter Blake – album cover design, concept, paintings
 * Patrick Caulfield – paintings
 * Gavin Cochrane – photography
 * Richard Evans – graphic design and cassette cover design
 * Richard Hamilton – paintings
 * David Hockney – paintings
 * Howard Hodgkin – paintings
 * David Inshaw – paintings
 * Bill Jacklin – paintings
 * Allen Jones – paintings
 * R. B. Kitaj – paintings
 * Tom Phillips – paintings
 * Patrick Procktor – paintings
 * Colin Self – paintings
 * Joe Tilson – paintings
 * David Tindle – paintings

In the order they are presented on the sleeve (left to right, top to bottom), the pictures are painted by:

Pete Townshend: Bill Jacklin, Tom Phillips, Colin Self and Richard Hamilton

Roger Daltrey: Michael Andrews, Allen Jones, David Inshaw and David Hockney John Entwistle: Clive Barker, R. B. Kitaj, Howard Hodgkin and Patrick Caulfield

Kenney Jones: Peter Blake, Joe Tilson, Patrick Procktor and David Tindle

title: Face Dances


text:
Template talk:Wikisource full (the)

This page answers to a probably-unsolvable deficiency in Template:Wikisource full, by which sentences would be generated such as "Wikisource has the full text of United Nations Charter." -- Itai 12:39, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Wikisource full (the)


text:
Talk:Minor-planet moon

Numbers of moons
The numbers of moons should be updated frequently. The reference web page appears to be updated regularly. 115.128.18.201 (talk) 12:03, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

Rephrasing
"An example of a binary asteroid is 90 Antiope, where two equal-sized components orbit each other's centre of gravity." Surely this should be "their common centre of gravity"? Acanon 12:37, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It should be and it now is. In future you should just make changes like that unless you're really unsure about it (in which case I don't think you'd have said "surely"). Be bold in editing. —Rory ☺ 12:45, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

Nomenclature?
Is there an official ruling from the IAU we can look up on the moonlet nomenclature? As best I can tell, the usage is arabic numerals for temporary designations (e.g. S/2002 (121) 1) but roman numerals for permanent designations (e.g. (87) Sylvia I Romulus). Urhixidur 23:28, 2005 September 1 (UTC)

An example is IAUC 6082, announcing (243) Ida I Dactyl's naming. Urhixidur 23:44, 2005 September 1 (UTC)

Also IAUC 8177, announcing (22) Kalliope I Linus' naming, and IAUC 7503, announcing (45) Eugenia I Petit-Prince's naming. Urhixidur 00:04, 2005 September 2 (UTC)

Speaking on the topic of moons.........
As we are on the subject of moons (in general), does anyone know of any Extrasolar moons? Any information will be helpful on this subjext as I have not yet heard of any "real case" of an extrasolar moon.
 * I suggest you move this question to Extrasolar planet, as that is where any extrasolar moons would be. And when you do, please sign your post. Jonathunder 19:30, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * You can sign by typing 4 tildes (~) after your post. To answer your question, no extrasolar moons are known, although no doubt some of the planets known do have moons. CFLeon 21:59, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Previous Claims
I rephrased the sentence about discovery; Dactyl was the 1st asteroid moon CONFIRMED. Something needs to be said about the Herculina occultation (and others) in the '80s. CFLeon 07:56, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I rewrote the history and included the Herculina report; offhand I don't recall the particular asteroids those other early claims involved. (When I'm online, I do not have access to my print sources.) My phrasing is rather clumsy, though- if anyone can rephrase this better, please have a go at it. CFLeon 21:59, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Notable?
I don't understand what is "notable" about most of the moons listed -- it seems to duplicate the Main Belt list down to 1509 Esclangona, with a few random additions thereafter. I suggest emending it as follows, to include just named moons and those with their own articles:

 * Sounds reasonable, list of asteroid moons is more complete, anyway. While we're on the topic I have two comments
 * The list seems to include Trans-Neptunian moons. Is this what we want? There seems to be disagreement over whether "asteroid" refers only to bodies out to about Jupiter, or to all "small solar system bodies".
 * A systematic criterion would be to include all moons above a certain size cutoff, plus any others who have their own article (hence presumably being more "notable" than others of similar size). For example, 10km diameter for bodies within the orbit of Jupiter and Trojans, and 100 km for TNOs.
 * Deuar 13:20, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the name of the article could be changed to something other than "asteroid". I don't know what the correct terminology would be; in the past I've used "minor planet", but this usage seems to be deprecated, at least in Wikipedia. But some term ought to include main belt asteroids, KBOs, Centaurs, Trojans, etc. (but not comets or meteors).RandomCritic 13:44, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
 * On checking, I see that Wikipedia's "List of Asteroids" includes all bodies numbered by the MPC (including 1, 134340, and 136199). So perhaps "asteroids" is all right. RandomCritic 13:46, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure that verifying the name by way of the title of another Wikipedia article is the best way to go. Furthermore, isn't it stretching things a bit to label Pluto and Eris as asteroids? I'm thinking that - unless we can get some official confirmation of this - we should avoid making what appeears to be an arbitrary designation. --Ckatz chat spy   08:10, 26 September 2006 (UTC) (definitely not one of the "Plutonuts")
 * Okay, I filled up the table according to your criteria, except that I used a 150km cutoff for TNOs -- otherwise the table would have been overburdened by TNO moons.RandomCritic 14:45, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I see your point about overburdening. Your original smaller table above was more pleasing visually. Maybe we should purge it further, making the cutoff 200 km? Or maybe we should put a dividing line before the first TNO to give it a bit of structure? Deuar 15:24, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I removed some of the moons under 200km. Now the two parts of the table are about the same size.RandomCritic 18:52, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Bear with me, I just discovered this article. I find the topic interesting and to be extended. I’m not comfortable with the term asteroid implied to the TNO (can you imagine if one of the "Pluto as planet" fan will do if he finds Pluto here?). Minor Planet Center assigns numbers not only to the asteroids, of course. Again, I feel putting together all small binary objects together is right. Just the title is not. Eurocommuter 22:51, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
 * It seems Solar System Binaries is the fashionable term for 2006. TNB stands for trans-Neptunian Binaries. Binary does not need to have the baricenter outside the primary i.e. the term applies for small satellite orbiting much bigger object as well. Further, among TNO terms close/distant binary are also used. Among asteroids ‘distant’ are probably seriously doomed (not known?). Eurocommuter 23:28, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Scope
I intended to start an article about binary objects in the Solar system when I discovered this one. I’ve drafted a few sections in assumption that we can find consensus to change the title (my preference) to include non-asteroids, as the the table already does (see the comments above). Alternatively, we could have separate articles on binary asteroids and binary TNO and the new content can be moved there. Eurocommuter 09:08, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Indeed, TNOs aren't asteroids and they shouldn't be treated like them. --Perfection 21:12, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Title definitely doesn't work. It would be nice to keep all the minor bodies with moons together, though. And don't forget Orcus's moon. kwami 01:23, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I thought that, from a terminology basis at least, "minor planet" was a cognate with "asteroid". That's why we have "main belt" asteroids - any minor planet that's outside that belt, but isn't large enough to count as a dwarf planet, is still an asteroid. It's just *also* a minor planet at the same time, in the same way that all the asteroids in the main belt except for Ceres are also minor planets. And even the dividing line between those and comets is extremely fuzzy these days.
 * For example, Chaos has been described as a trans-Neptunian asteroid in some places, and that's as valid a name as calling it a TNO minor planet. It's an irregularly shaped lump of rock some dozens of kilometres across, orbiting the sun directly rather than some other larger planet. Sounds like an asteroid to me. 146.199.0.203 (talk) 18:24, 3 March 2018 (UTC)

Scope (again)
More than a year later after the comments above, I’d like to suggest (again) splitting the asteroids and TNOs binaries (TNB). My main reasons: As Wikipedia already has binary asteroid in addition to this article, I did not want to add to the confusion by creating binary trans-Neptunian object without some support. On the other hand, adding substantial TNB-related content to this article would imbalance it completely IMO. Eurocommuter (talk) 13:41, 11 May 2009 (UTC)
 * there is a growing literature for the TNBs, an excellent source for a separate article
 * the significance of the binaries for TNOs is crucial for the physical properties (less so for the established asteroids’ science)
 * TNB have a distinct set of researchers and scientific articles (and to some extend, I believe, somehow different sets Wikipedia editors and readers).
 * the models of origin, physical characteristics, orbits etc are quite different for TNB and binary asteroids
 * the title of this article is at odds with the term binary (triple, multiple) used exclusively in the TNO literature.
 * we do have (rightly, of course) separate articles on TNOs, main-belt asteroids and Centaurs. We could afford one for TNBs.

Merge
This article overlaps (indeed, swallows) List of minor planet moons, and should be merged with it, I think.  Serendi pod ous  10:03, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

✅

Punctuation
"Minor planet moon" does not seem to be a set term that would warrant overriding normal English punctuation and the MOS. There are zero hits at GScholar, for example, and most (maybe all?) of the few hits on GBooks are WP mirrors. Any reason not to punctuate it properly as "minor-planet moon"? — kwami (talk) 23:02, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

Split?
Asteroid moon is a rather different animal than trans-Neptunian moon. People aren't normally thinking of Charon. Split the article? — kwami (talk) 22:38, 31 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Different in what way exactly? --JorisvS (talk) 16:52, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

 * The original topic of interest for this article was asteroid moons. You can see that throughout the top half of the page: we have photos of the moons of Ida and Pulcova, and in the history section we don't even mention Charon, despite it being the first MP moon discovered. This reads as an article on asteroid moons, with "BTW, TNOs are also MPs" tacked on here and there so we could rename the article. — kwami (talk) 18:48, 1 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Granted, the article needs work. But what is the added value of having separate articles on asteroid moons and trans-Neptunian moons? --JorisvS (talk) 22:35, 1 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Do we even need an article on TNO moons? So many TNOs have moons that I doubt it would be interesting; any generic info could be merged into natural satellite. Asteroid moons, however, were a notable discovery and got a fair amount of press. — kwami (talk) 23:05, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

Orbital period
Is there a reason that the table(s) do not include the "Orbital period"? -- Kheider (talk) 14:25, 14 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't think so, and it looks like a good thing to include. --JorisvS (talk) 14:52, 14 June 2015 (UTC)

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Does Lempo still count as having two moons?
With better imaging resolution of the system, it's become clear (since like 2009!) that Lempo is actually a binary system (maybe more properly Lempo-Hiisi, as it's former "larger moon" Hiisi is actually only about 20km smaller than Lempo (92% of its size), and Lempo took a serious hit to its own estimated size when that analysis came in), with just the one moon, Paha, orbiting *both* of the central bodies. That in itself is probably noteworthy for maintaining an individual link as it being "a binary system with one moon", but it's not a single-primary system with two moons as listed... 146.199.0.203 (talk) 18:19, 3 March 2018 (UTC)

Triple-system table...
On top of that alteration, this table is... well, a mess, and I'm not even sure why it exists when there's no other table nearby for the other categories. It needs either fixing or deleting.

The age of the data in it seems extremely variable for one thing - e.g, it contains the information that Lempo is a trinary, but then asserts that Pluto is ALSO trinary system... even though we now know it to be composed of (at least!) six bodies. The structure being, depending on who you believe, either a central dwarf planet with one unusually large (would individually still be a strong DP candidate), close-orbiting moon and four other much smaller, more distant ones, OR a central lopsided binary (ie, Pluto-Charon) with four small moons orbiting *that*. Either way, it's certainly not a trinary by any stretch of the imagination.

I can't claim comprehensive knowledge of all the other items on that list, but given the range of discovery / determination dates listed in there, I would be surprised to find that Pluto is the only piece of misleadingly stale information. 146.199.0.203 (talk) 18:33, 3 March 2018 (UTC)

Conflicting Statements
The articles for 3122 Florence, (136617) 1994 CC, and (153591) 2001 SN263 all state that these are the only three trinary asteroids, with the latter two saying that they have been “unambiguously identified [as] triple asteroids,” implying that other triple asteroids have not been confirmed.

Seeing the long list of trinary asteroids here, I can only surmise that these statements are mistaken. Can someone please confirm? In which case, one will need to update the three above-mentioned pages accordingly.

Thanks!

CielProfond (talk) 23:40, 31 January 2021 (UTC)

Source of the provisional designations?
What is the source of the provisional designations shown in the various tables? There are only two sources for official IAU satellite designations (whether of major planets or minor planets): Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (for objects reported prior to the 2015 IAU General Assembly); and the Minor Planet Center (for objects reported after). I do not see any mention of a lot of these designations in any publications of either the CBAT or the MPC. MPCBod (talk) 01:40, 2 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Minor-planet moon


text:
Krakout

Krakout is a Breakout clone that was released for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, BBC Micro, Commodore 64, Thomson computers and MSX platforms in 1987. One of the wave of enhanced Breakout variants to emerge in the wake of Arkanoid, its key distinctions are that gameplay is horizontal in layout, and that it allows the player to select the acceleration characteristics of the bat before playing. It was written by Andy Green and Rob Toone and published by Gremlin Graphics. The music was composed by Ben Daglish.

Reception
In 1990, Dragon gave the game 4 out of 5 stars, calling it "one of our favorites, this is Breakout with a different flavor".

Reviews

 * Computer Gamer (June 1987)
 * Tilt (May 1987)
 * Happy Computer (1987)
 * ASM (Aktueller Software Markt) (March 1987)
 * Tilt (July 1987)
 * Computer Gamer (April 1987)
 * Commodore User (April 1987)
 * Your Sinclair (February 1989)
 * Zzap! (April 1987)
 * Crash! (February 1989)
 * Jeux & Stratégie #45

title: Krakout