text:
GFP

GFP may refer to:

Organisations

 * Gaelic Football Provence, a French Gaelic Athletic Association club
 * Geheime Feldpolizei, the German secret military police during the Second World War
 * French Group for the Study of Polymers and their Application, also called French Polymer Group, a French society for the promotion of polymer science

Politics

 * GFP Ramdir Sena, a militant Hindu nationalist group in Nepal
 * Goa Forward Party, a political party in Goa, India
 * Great Fatherland Party, a Russian political party

Science and technology

 * Generic Framing Procedure, a multiplexing technique
 * Greatest fixed point, in mathematics
 * Green fluorescent protein
 * Ground-fault protection, an electrical safety device
 * General factor of personality, in personality psychology

Other uses

 * Generalized first-price auction
 * Government-Furnished Property, a term of art for property furnished by the US Federal government to fulfill contract obligations under Federal Acquisition Regulations

title: GFP


text:
Blastoid

Blastoids (class Blastoidea) are an extinct type of stemmed echinoderm, often referred to as sea buds. They first appear, along with many other echinoderm classes, in the Ordovician period, and reached their greatest diversity in the Mississippian subperiod of the Carboniferous period. However, blastoids may have originated in the Cambrian. Blastoids persisted until their extinction at the end of Permian, about 250 million years ago. Although never as diverse as their contemporary relatives, the crinoids, blastoids are common fossils, especially in many Mississippian-age rocks.

Description
Like most echinoderms, blastoids were protected by a set of interlocking plates of calcium carbonate, which formed the main body, or theca. In life, the theca of a typical blastoid was attached to a stalk or column made up of stacked disc-shaped plates. The other end of the column was attached to the ocean floor by a holdfast, very much like stalked crinoids. The stalk was usually relatively short, and in some species, was absent, with the holdfast being attached directly to the base of the theca.

The mouth was at the summit of the theca. Radiating like flower petals from the center were five food grooves, or ambulacra. Each ambulacrum had many long thin fine structures called brachioles, which were used to trap food particles and bring them to the mouth. Brachioles were delicate structures, and in fossils are not usually preserved in place. A series of five spiracle plates surrounded the star-shaped mouth, which included the anus, mouth and entrances to a set of five complex, folded respiratory organs known as hydrospires. These spiracles prevented mixing of the various fluids. Waste elimination was through the anispiracle, an opening formed by the fusing of anus and adjacent spiracles. Like crinoids, blastoids were high-level stalked suspension feeders (feeding mainly on planktonic organisms) that inhabited clear-to-silty, moderately agitated ocean waters from shelf to basin. The food gathering system of blastoids consisted of several types of ambulacra. Food entered the brachiolar ambulacra, was transferred to the side ambulacra through the brachiolar pit, then transferred to the main (median) ambulacra, and finally entered the mouth. Each of these ambulacra was roofed by cover plates. The cover plates of the brachiolar groove were movable and could open, allowing food to enter, or close as needed. Other cover plates may also have been movable.

Taxonomy
Blastoids are assumed to have evolved from the Cystoids. Blastoids are subdivided into two orders: Fissiculata, which are characterized by direct entrance to the individual hydrospires by way of slits; and Spiraculata, which are characterized by indirect entrance to the hydrospires through canals by way of pores. The earliest blastoid yet found, Macurdablastus from the Middle Ordovician of Tennessee, cannot be classified as either order.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Blastoid


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2001 Gujarat earthquake

The 2001 Gujarat earthquake, also known as the Bhuj earthquake, occurred on 26 January at 08:46 am IST. The epicentre was about 9 km south-southwest of the village of Chobari in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch (Kachchh) District of Gujarat, India.

The intraplate earthquake measured 7.6 on the moment magnitude scale and occurred at 17.4 km depth. It had a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The earthquake killed 13,805 to 20,023 people (including 18 in southeastern Pakistan), injured another 167,000 and destroyed nearly 340,000 buildings.

Tectonic setting
Gujarat lies 300–400 km from the plate boundary between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, but the current tectonics are still governed by the effects of the continuing continental collision along this boundary. During the break-up of Gondwana in the Jurassic, this area was affected by rifting with a roughly west–east trend. During the collision with Eurasia the area has undergone shortening, involving both reactivation of the original rift faults and development of new low-angle thrust faults. The related folding has formed a series of ranges, particularly in central Kutch.

The focal mechanism of most earthquakes is consistent with reverse faulting on reactivated rift faults. The pattern of uplift and subsidence associated with the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake is consistent with reactivation of such a fault.

The 2001 Gujarat earthquake was caused by movement on a previously unknown south-dipping fault, trending parallel to the inferred rift structures. No major surface ruptures were associated with the shock, classifying it as a blind thrust earthquake. Lateral spreading was widely reported and strike-slip faulting was observed at Bharodia and Manfara.

Impact
Although the death toll varies mainly between 13,805 and 20,023, earlier reports had put the death toll at 125,000, a significant overestimate. Bhuj, which was situated only 20 km away from the epicentre, was devastated. Considerable damage also occurred in Bhachau and Anjar with hundreds of villages flattened in Taluka of Anjar, Bhuj and Bhachau. Over one million structures were damaged or destroyed, including many historic buildings and tourist attractions. The quake destroyed around 40% of homes, eight schools, two hospitals and 4 km of road in Bhuj, and partly destroyed the city's historic Swaminarayan temple and historic forts, Prag Mahal and Aina Mahal. The Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) inspected more than 250 heritage buildings in Kutch and Saurashtra and found that about 40% of them are either collapsed or seriously damaged. Only 10% were undamaged. A public hospital collapsed in Bhuj, killing about 150 patients inside.

In Ahmedabad, Gujarat's commercial capital with a population of approximately 8.2 million (according to data in 2011), as many as 80 multi-storey buildings collapsed and 729 people were killed. Total property damage was estimated at $7.5 billion. In Kutch, the earthquake destroyed about 60% of food and water supplies and around 258,000 houses, 90% of the district's housing stock. The biggest setback was the total demolition of the Bhuj Civil hospital. The Indian military provided emergency support which was later augmented by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society. A temporary Red Cross hospital remained in Bhuj to provide care while a replacement hospital was built.

Reconstruction
Four months after the earthquake the Gujarat government announced the Gujarat Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy. The policy proposed a different approach to urban and rural construction with the estimated cost of rebuilding to be US$1.77 billion.

The main objectives of the policy included repairing, building, and strengthening houses and public buildings. Other objectives included the revival of the economy, health support, and reconstruction of the community and social infrastructure.

Housing
The housing policies focused on the removal of rubble, setting up temporary shelters, full reconstruction of damaged houses, and the retrofitting of undamaged units. The policy established a community-driven housing recovery process. The communities affected by the earthquake were given the option for complete or partial relocation to in-situ reconstruction. The total number of eligible houses to be repaired was 929,682 and the total number of eligible houses to be reconstructed was 213,685. By 2003, 882,896 (94%) houses were repaired and 113,271 (53%) were reconstructed.

City planning
The Environmental Planning Collaborative (EPC) was commissioned to provide a new city plan for the city of Bhuj. The plan focused on creating a wider roadway network to provide emergency access to the city. The EPC used land readjustment (LR) in the form of eight town planning schemes. This was implemented by deducting land from private lot sizes to create adequate public land for the widening of roadways. The remaining land was readjusted and given back to the original owners as final plots.

Relief

The Government of Gujarat created four assistance packages worth up to US$1 billion to support the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the city. These packages assisted about 300,000 families. The government also announced a US$2.5 million package to revive small, medium, and cottage industries. The World Bank and Asian Development Bank also provided loans worth $300 million and $500 million, respectively.

Assistance was offered from many countries and organisations.

Memorials
Smritivan, a memorial park and museum dedicated to victims of the earthquake was built on top of Bhujia Hill in Bhuj, Kutch and opened in 2022. Spread over an area of 470 acre, it has more than 13,805 trees, each dedicated to a victim, planted in the garden and 108 small water reservoirs created on the hill.

Veer Balak Smarak in Anjar is memorial dedicated to 185 school children and 20 teachers who died during the earthquake.

title: 2001 Gujarat earthquake


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Ferraz de Vasconcelos

Ferraz de Vasconcelos is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The population is 196,500 (2020 est.) in an area of 29.56 km2.

History
Ferraz de Vasconcelos is one of the cities of São Paulo founded by immigrants.

Ferraz de Vasconcelos was founded by two Italian immigrants, Helmuth Hans Hermann and Henry Louis Baxmann Kaesemodel.

Polo Italy Grape production in Brazil, the city is a pioneer in the cultivation of fruit. The first seedlings reach the hands of Italian immigrants who fixate on site. With the coming of Japanese agriculture becomes the main economic source. Today, the town hall and public buildings of the city are baptized Palace of Grape Italy.

Location
Ferraz de Vasconcelos is situated in the eastern region of Greater São Paulo. Altitude: 759 meters above sea level. Limits are Poa and Suzano east, São Paulo west, Mauá southwest Ribeirão Pires and south Itaquaquecetuba north.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica da Borda do Campo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Notable people

 * Damiris Dantas, Brazilian basketball player
 * Edmilson Carlos Abel, Brazilian footballer

title: Ferraz de Vasconcelos


text:
Flora Rica

Flora Rica is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 1,430 (2020 est.) in an area of 225 km². The elevation is 382 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Religion
Christianity is present in the city as follows:

Catholic Church
The Catholic church in the municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Marília.

Protestant Church
The most diverse evangelical beliefs are present in the city, mainly Pentecostal, including the Assemblies of God in Brazil (the largest evangelical church in the country), Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others. These denominations are growing more and more throughout Brazil.

title: Flora Rica


text:
Scrameustache

The Scrameustache is a fictional character in a science-fiction Franco-Belgian comics series of the same name. He was created by the Belgian artist Gos. Gos has written and drawn all the Scrameustache's adventures since 1972. Since the mid-1980s he has been assisted by his son Walt. Another son, Benoit has contributed as colourist. It is a popular, ongoing series.

Premise
The adventures of the Scrameustache first started in issue 1806 of Spirou magazine in November 1972 under the title Khéna et le Scrameustache (Khena and the Scrameustache). The story tells of how Khena, a young Peruvian boy living in Europe, meets a cat-like alien who has come to Earth in his own flying saucer. Khena lives with his adoptive father Uncle Georges in the small town of Chambon-Les-Roses and the Scrameustache moves in with them.

What made it a little different from most Earth-kid-meets-alien stories was that a certain amount of mystery surrounded Khena himself. As a toddler he had been found in the remains of an earthquake in Peru. He was then adopted by Georges Caillau, a European scholar, archaeologist and ethnologist. Some ten years later, Khena met the Scrameustache and proved himself resistant to the alien's (non-lethal) weapons and other technology. This resistance made the Scrameustache curious and he stuck around hoping that time would provide an explanation.

Title and Names
Khena's name was later dropped from the title of the series which is now just called Le Scrameustache. He does however remain a leading character, some of the stories looking at his development from a boy in his early teens to an actual teenager.

The name "Khena" is taken from the word Quena which is an Inca flute.

The name Scrameustache does not appear to be based on any puns or wordplays. Gos claims that he simply came up with strange names as part of a game with friends. The same could be said about the Smurfs, or Schtroumpfs, created by Peyo, and which Gos worked on for a while. However, in D'où viens-tu, Scrameustache, p. 12, it seems that Scrameustache is a backronym for Sujet Créé par Radiations Artificielles et Manipulations Extra-Utérines Sans Toucher Aux Chromosomes Héréditaires Endogènes (Subject created by artificial radiations and extra-uterine manipulations without touching to hereditary endogenic chromosomes).

Khena's adoptive father is Uncle Georges Caillau. "Caillau" sounds like "caillou" which is the French for "stone". In Le dilemme de Khéna (Khena's Dilemma), the young man indicates that George is descended from an aristocratic family called de la Roche (Roche being the French for "rock")

The World of the Scrameustache
Over the years, Gos has expanded the Scrameustache's universe, with him and Khena travelling to other planets and mixing with other aliens, above all the Galaxians.

Using his saucer, he and Khena divide their time between Earth, planet Aktarka and its two neighbouring moons. Aktarka has at least two continents and a variety of archipelagos in its oceans. Due to the orbit of its moons, both can be seen from one continent, while the other continent only sees one; the continent with view on both moons is referred to as the Continent of the Two Moons. While referred to the other continent is so far not been visited in the series. Aktarka does not have cities like Earth, instead its human populations lives in towns and villages where each person has a bit of land to cultivate food. Aktarka is mostly tropical, with temperate zones existing near its poles.

It is hinted in later albums that the citizens of Aktarka are descendants of Atlantians who managed to flee before the destruction of their continent on Earth. In the series the destruction is the result of falling debris of Earth smaller moon, when the Atlantians had changed its orbit as a technological boast towards the inhabitants of the continent Mü, they inadvertently placed it in the path of a comet which smashed the moon.

Uncle Georges lives on Earth; some human friends live on Aktarka; the friendly Galaxians live on one of the moons (the smaller of the two); and the warlike Kromoks live on the other.

The Scrameustache
The Scrameustache is a genetically-created hybrid alien who resembles an upright cat. His feet are furry and hand-like and he can use them to grasp hold of handrails and other similar supports, in a way similar to a monkey. He was created by Najboul, a human scientist of planet Aktarka, who used elements of his planet's various species.

Aktarka's biggest mainland is known as the Continent of the Two Moons, and that is where the Scrameustache was trained as an astronaut. He later went to Earth on an undefined mission. It is hinted that the Aktarkian leaders feared his superior intelligence would turn against them and thus sent him into some kind of unofficial exile.

He now lives on Earth with Khena and Uncle Georges Caillau and is known to some of the locals.

The Scrameustache is a highly intelligent and charming character, always willing to go out of his way to help his friends. But he can also be cheeky and mischievous at times, especially towards Uncle Georges.

Clothing and Equipment
The Scrameustache wears a blue jumpsuit and an anti-gravity belt which slows down his falls. He does not wear shoes, except in winter time.

His main article is a bright red helmet with a brainwave-activated lamp that can be used to illuminate at will. It can also shoot a laser which paralyses people, turning then into pillars of salt for a short time. This is quite harmless unless they happen to be near water, in which case parts of their bodies may shrink as a result.

The aerials on the helmet can be used for communicating or listening into radio-emitted conversations, but this requires a certain amount of concentration on the part of the wearer.

His flying saucer is for intergalactic exploration and, by applying theories and calculations based on faster-than-light travel, can go back in time. He also has a two-seater wheel-less car-like vehicle called the Passe-partout which can fly within a breathable atmosphere.

Tobor is a robot owned by the Scrameustache. His "mouth" has the same functions as the Scrameustache's helmet "lamp": i.e. he can turn people temporarily into salt. He is also capable of flight.

Khena
Khena was found as a toddler in the remains of an earthquake in Peru. He was adopted by Georges Caillau. He first met the Scrameustache when he was in his early teens.

A later adventure established that Khena was himself an alien who came from Aktarka, the same planet as his cat-like friend. (There are hints in the earlier storyline that Gos intended this from the start.)

Khena and the Scrameustache now spend much of their time travelling to Aktarka and other planets to visit friends and relatives. But their main home is still on Earth where they loyally stick by Uncle Georges.

Uncle Georges
Uncle Georges Caillau is a European scholar, archaeologist and ethnologist. He adopted Khena while on an archaeological dig in Peru. He refrains from space travelling if he can avoid it and finds journeys back in time a bit nerve-racking. Although a very decent man he is quick-tempered at times, and especially finds his son's alien friends a bit of a handful. (On one occasion the Scrameustache unintentionally produced a clone of himself: "As if one wasn't enough !" groaned Uncle Georges. )

The Galaxians
The Galaxians are friendly, little green people who live on one of the moons that orbit planet Aktarka. Khena and the Scrameustache frequently visit them.

Galaxian society is very democratic, even in the sharing of tasks: for example, while away on missions, the crew members of a space ship take it in turn to be the ship's captain, or Chief-of-the-Day. The annual head of state is called the Prince-of-the-Year and is the Galaxian who received the most merit points over the past year.

In overall charge is the Council of Elders which is made up of five older long-bearded Galaxians. However, they are not as wise as they would like to make out and one or two of them are quite senile; in fact a lot of their time is spent arguing between each other. The younger Galaxians are quite aware of their deficiencies and often enjoy a good laugh at the Elder's expense (in one story a young Galaxian lawyer did warn the Elders in their faces that he could cause them to "lose what little credit for wisdom you have left".)

(From the early-1980s to the late-1990s, many one-page gags and short stories were published in Spirou magazine under the title Les Galaxiens, giving humorous descriptions of Galaxian society. Some of the longer stories, such as Le prince des Galaxiens (The Galaxian Prince) or L'oeuf astral (The Astral Egg) could be described as actual Galaxian adventures with Khena and the Scrameustache appearing simply because they were the stars of the series.)

The Galaxians are not native to the moon they inhabit, in the album [The Children of the Rainbow]. Khena, Scrameustache and friends are stuck on an island where a strange meteorite blocks their technology. They discover a 'temple' with the story of the first colony ship of the Galaxians, having crash landed on the island due to the same reasons our friends are stuck. The Galaxians left their world cause it was heating up without them knowing why. They later discover a ship sent by the descendants of those who stayed is also stuck on the island. Eventually the meteorite disrupting all the technology is found and neutralized. The colony ship is also found and its passengers awakened set to integrate into the new Galaxian society.

Khena's other family
Khena's actual parents are Torcal, an eminent scientist from planet Aktarka, and his wife. They were sent to Earth on a mission to Peru and took their baby son Gari with them. However, an enemy had sabotaged their spaceship and, while testing it, they were sent to an unknown period of time and space leaving Gari behind. He was found by local Peruvian Indians and named Khena. Adjusting to life in another period of Earth's past (the European 16th Century), Torcal and his wife had two more children, son Thibaut and a daughter Berengere. They were eventually found and returned to Aktarka. Khena knew that the local laws restricted families to two children each and used this in order to stay on Earth with Uncle Georges. During the school holidays he uses the Scrameustache's saucer to visit them on Aktarka.

Other Aktarkians include Torcal's brother Yamouth and his daughter Pilili.

The Ramouchas
Ramouchas are bear-like creatures from planet Aktarka. They live on an island separated from the main continent. One of them played an important role in the Scrameustache's upbringing. They are intelligent beings, though they are not capable of speaking. They are friendly and fun-loving but give off electric shocks as a form of humour.

Falzar, the Wizard of the Great Bear (Ursa Major)
Falzar, the Wizard of the Great Bear (Ursa Major), is the nearest the Scrameustache has to a sworn enemy. He is a powerful and power-crazed wizard. At one stage he was turned into a menhir by undetermined aliens and placed on Earth amongst the Carnac stones in Brittany, France. Falzar occasionally manages to break free of his imprisonment and gets up to all sorts of devilish plots, such as turning people into animals. In the end though, he usually ends up as a menhir again and is returned to the alignments. The word "Falzar" is French slang for trousers.

The Kromoks and the Stixes
Another set of enemies are the Kromoks and the Stixes. Planet Aktarka has two moons: the friendly Galaxians live on one of the moons; and the warlike Kromoks on the other. While the Stixes often visit Aktarka and its moons, there are no indications that they are native to either. The ape-like Kromoks aim to conquer Aktarka but being naturally stupid does not make it easy. The Stixes, yellow-skinned with pointed heads, are, on the other hand, ingenious and conniving characters and it is they who come up with the plans that the Scrameustache and his friends have to face.

Story Summaries
The Scrameustache's adventures have not been published in English. Below is a list of the French titles, their year of publication, an English translation of the titles and a brief description. They are listed in order of publication. All the stories have been written and drawn by Gos. Since 1985, his son Walt has assisted in the drawing.

Between 1972 and 2019, 44 books of the Scrameustache's adventures have been published.

title: Scrameustache


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Talk:Anzac Bridge

Untitled
10/01/04 - Added picture and quote from Microstran as well as related links. Note: this is the first time I've uploaded an image. Hope I got the copyright and credits & links etc done in an acceptable way. -Dennis (aka Paul D. Law)

move quote from article. information should be incorporated into article without directly quoting it. clarkk 13:09, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"Anzac Bridge - Glebe Island

Designer: Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW.

The main span of this concrete bridge is 345 m long and 32.2 m wide. A prestressed open grillage, it has two 1.85 m deep longitudinal edge beams, cross girders at 5.17 m spacing, and a 250 mm thick deck slab. The deck is supported by two planes of stay cables attached to the 120 m high reinforced concrete towers."

From Microstran Engineering Systems.

removed list of photo links, this many is overkill, it would be best to get permission to use one and upload it to wikipedia. see Manual_of_Style. clarkk 13:16, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Aerial photo showing the Anzac Bridge (top), as well as the Sydney Harbor Bridge (right) and the Sydney Opera House (center).
 * Aerial photo, straight down from above. Red spot in center of photo is near the location where the pedestrian/bike path starts at Saunders street on the City side. (Path shows in photo as the wide, pale "upper edge" of the bridge as seen.)The path continues across the bridge to a point near the left side of the photo where it passes under the bridge and continous along the "lower side" of the of Victorial Road as viewed in the photo.

10/19/2004 -Dennis (aka Paul D. Law) Fixed link that moved was moved to a different server: Also added "Further reading" link.
 * Description and history (with construction photos) of the Anzac Bridge, Sydney.

Image issues
Would someone in Sydney please take a free image to replace Image:ANZAC Bridge with Sydney Harbor Bridge in background.jpg, use of this image is incompatible with Wikipedias licencing poilcy. --nixie 05:32, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Commons Images / Separate Article
I have made a few mods and added the Bridge Infobox to the article today. I have also added a number of images to Commons here. Does anyone have an opinion on: amitch 23:52, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Should any of the images in the article be replaced with one or more from Commons?
 * The bridge is a difficult structure to photograph. Is there a better angle or location to get shots from? (I live nearby)
 * Should the former Glebe Island Bridge have a separate article? It currently redirects here. I have uploaded some images of this to Commons here and given the history associated with the bridge, it may need separating out.
 * With regard to separating GIB into another article, perhaps, but only if you can find enough information to warrant another artcile. What i reckon we should do is perhaps break the existing article up into sections (history, today, etc.) and have a sub section for the history of GIB and then one for the Anzac bridge. I think more attention should be paid to GIB, including one of the images off wiki commons appearing in the article - along with pyrmont bridge it's an engineering achievement, not to mention that is currently unused but has been retained in recognition of it's significance - so definitely more presence in the article, just not necessarily another article at this point Maudlingothic 14:03, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

One of Longest Bridges Claim
Isn't this claim in the article stretching it a bit? I had a look at the longest cable stayed bridges article and Anzac bridge was rather a long way down the list. I didn't count but it looked like around number 50. That and it's span of 340m isn't particulary long now that there are bridges with spans of 1,000m and over qwertytam (talk) 04:54, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:ANZAC which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 16:30, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

Vietnamese partnership
I do recall hearing somewhere that the Can Tho Bridge in southern Vietnam was the product of a design partnership with the makers of the ANZAC Bridge. Does anyone know about this? Pineapple Fez 00:05, 22 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Ooops, I just realized that is was the Mỹ Thuận Bridge. -- Pineapple Fez 00:09, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussions at the nomination pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:28, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
 * AUS Alphanumeric Route A34.svg (discussion)
 * AUS Alphanumeric Route A36.svg (discussion)
 * AUS Alphanumeric Route A38.svg (discussion)
 * AUS Alphanumeric Route A40.svg (discussion)
 * AUS Alphanumeric Route A44.svg (discussion)
 * AUS Alphanumeric Route M12.svg (discussion)

title: Talk:Anzac Bridge


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Floreal

Floreal is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 2,900 (2020 est.) in an area of 204 km².

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Floreal


text:
Atlanta Silverbacks FC

The Atlanta Silverbacks FC were an American professional soccer club based in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1998 as Atlanta Ruckus, the club played in many leagues over the years before folding after the 2015 season. The team played its home games at Atlanta Silverbacks Park, a large soccer complex featuring a 5,000-seat soccer-specific stadium in Atlanta, 15 miles northeast of downtown. The team's colors were red, black, grey, and white.

The club had 2 independent supporter groups, Westside 109 and the Atlanta Ultras. The Ultras were established in 2011 & were known to support both the Silverbacks men's and women's side. The Ultras were also to be known for their fanatical support at Silverbacks Park, as well as away matches. They had a reputation for their unfriendly or challenging attitude towards fans from opposing clubs.

The team had a Women's Premier Soccer League counterpart in the Atlanta Silverbacks Women from 2005 through 2016.

Atlanta Ruckus (1994–1998)
In July 1994, the American Professional Soccer League announced it had accepted the Atlanta Magic, owned by Sam Chase, as a new franchise for the 1995 season. At the time, the Magic played in the USISL. In October 1994, the team, still referred to as the Atlanta Magic, signed national team forward Bruce Murray. However, by November 1994, Chase had decided to enter an entirely new team, to be named the Atlanta Ruckus, in the APSL. Despite this decision, several Magic players moved to the Ruckus, including Bill Andracki, Chris Hellenkamp, Brian Moore and Mo Suri. Even after the creation of the Ruckus, the Atlanta Magic continued to play in the USISL, losing to the Baltimore Bays in the 1995–96 USISL indoor season championship.

The Ruckus nearly failed even before it had played a game. Six weeks before the 1995 season, Chase experienced financial difficulties and failed to post the required $100,000 letter of credit with the league by the March 1 deadline. The league nearly revoked the franchise, but, South African businessman Johnny Imerman quickly stepped in and bought the team. The Ruckus, under former U.S. national team coach Lothar Osiander, began its competitive existence on May 5, 1995, when it defeated the Vancouver Whitecaps in the first game of the newly renamed A-League. The Ruckus experienced a mid-season loss of form, but the addition of several new players, including Justin Fashanu, led to a resurgence. Atlanta made it to the championship series, only to lose to the Seattle Sounders in three games. After losing nearly $600,000 in 1995 and continuing to lose money in 1996, Imerman arranged for the league to take over team operations in June 1996. In August 1996, Vincent Lu purchased the franchise. In June 1998, the league suspended the team after Lu refused to sign a renewed franchise agreement with the league. The A-League continued to operate the team, now known as the A-League Atlanta. At the time Umbro had a promotional contract with the A-League and it contacted a local Atlanta law firm, Alston & Bird, about the possibility of litigation against the league and Lu. However, this contact resulted in Alston & Bird lawyer John Latham purchasing the team along with his friend Bobby Glustrom. In September 1998, Latham and Glustrom hired Mike Balson as general manager. Balson then hired 1996 USISL Coach of the Year Nuno Piteira as head coach.

Atlanta Silverbacks FC (1998–2015)
In a September 1998 press conference at Zoo Atlanta, the two partners also announced the team would be known as the Atlanta Silverbacks in honor of Willie B., a silverback gorilla who was a star attraction at the zoo. The team also moved to DeKalb Memorial Stadium for the 1999 season. From at least 1999 to at least 2001, the Silverbacks were affiliated with the Dallas Burn of Major League Soccer. In January 2000, David Cormack joined Latham and Glustrom as owners of the Silverbacks, but left in September to become the Chief Executive of Aberdeen F.C. In 2000, Atlanta and Tennessee Rhythm began an annual competition for the Willie B. Cup. Between 2000 and 2007, when the cup was discontinued, the Silverbacks won it four times. Despite the new ownership group, coach and stadium, the Silverbacks continued to struggle on the field. From 1996 through 2001, the team went through seven coaches and missed the playoffs six consecutive seasons. In 2002, the Silverbacks, under head coach Brett Mosen, made the playoffs and went to the third round of the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup. In 2003, Atlanta began another string of poor seasons, failing to make the playoffs for four seasons. Finally in 2007, for the first time since its inaugural season in 1995, Atlanta made it to the league championship, falling to the Seattle Sounders.

In November 2009, the Silverbacks announced their intent to leave the USL First Division to become the co-founders of a new North American Soccer League, which would begin play in 2010. The league, which at the time had yet to be sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation or the Canadian Soccer Association, would also comprise the Carolina RailHawks, Crystal Palace Baltimore, Miami FC, Minnesota Thunder, Montreal Impact, FC Tampa Bay, Vancouver Whitecaps and a brand new team led by St. Louis Soccer United. However, the NASL was not sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation and the Silverbacks did not play during the 2010 season. On November 20, 2010, the USSF sanctioned the NASL and the Atlanta Silverbacks immediately re-joined for the 2011 season.

On May 22, 2012, the Atlanta Silverbacks created controversy when they became the first team to sell the rights to host a 2012 U.S. Open Cup match to Seattle Sounders FC.

On July 2, 2012, the Silverbacks announced former United States men's national soccer team star Eric Wynalda would take over as the club's interim head coach and Director of Soccer, replacing Alex Pineda Chacón and Rodrigo Rios respectively. Wynalda appointed Brian Haynes as the team's permanent head coach, while Wynalda remained on the Silverbacks' staff as technical director. Under the leadership of Haynes and Wynalda, the team enjoyed a remarkable turnaround and captured the 2013 NASL Spring season title, thus earning the right to host the 2013 Soccer Bowl, which the Silverbacks lost 1–0 to the New York Cosmos. Haynes posted a regular season record of 13 wins, 10 losses, and 10 draws and won the 2013 NASL Coach of the Year trophy, but team leadership ultimately decided not to retain him as head coach, citing poor results during the 2013 fall season.

At the 2014 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, the Silverbacks defeated MLS teams Real Salt Lake and Colorado Rapids to reach quarterfinals, where they lost to Chicago Fire.

On December 2, 2014, the NASL licensed the Silverbacks name from Boris Jerkunica and Henry Hardin and continued to operate the team through the 2015 season. The league was not successful in finding new ownership, and the club ceased operations on January 11, 2016.

Legacy
The Silverbacks' reserve side in the amateur National Premier Soccer League adopted the Silverbacks name after the NASL club folded. Jerkunica maintained ownership of the name, and was part of the NPSL ownership group. In January 2019, the club announced that it had parted ways with Jerkunica, and consequently lost the right to use the Silverbacks name, choosing to be known as Atlanta SC.

Colors and badge
The Silverbacks official colors were red, black, silver, and white, and the club logo featured those four colors prominently. On January 23, 2013, a new logo was announced. The club's name was inspired by Willie B., a gorilla who was a main attraction of Zoo Atlanta until his death in February 2000.

In September 2012, a poll was posted on the Silverbacks' official website relating to a potential rebrand. The options were: to retain the Silverbacks name, a rebrand to Atlanta Chiefs to recall the team from the original NASL or a third write-in option. The name Atlanta FC was later added to the poll after receiving a "significant" number of the write-in votes.

Stadium

 * DeKalb Memorial Stadium; Clarkston, Georgia (2003–2005)
 * Atlanta Silverbacks Park; Atlanta (2006–2015)

The Silverbacks played their home games at Atlanta Silverbacks Park, a 5,000-seat soccer-specific stadium built in 2006 for use specifically by the team. Prior to the 2006 season the Silverbacks played at various municipal stadiums in the Greater Atlanta area, most notably DeKalb Memorial Stadium in Clarkston.

Notable former players
This list of former players includes those who received international caps while playing for the team, made significant contributions to the team in terms of appearances or goals while playing for the team, or who made significant contributions to the sport either before they played for the team, or after they left.

 * 🇺🇸 Danny Barrera
 * 🇺🇸 Pablo Cruz
 * 🇺🇸 Mark Bloom
 * 🇸🇻 Junior Burgos
 * 🇺🇸 Jeff Cassar
 * Alex Pineda Chacón
 * 🇺🇸 Nico Colaluca
 * 🇯🇲 Fabian Dawkins
 * 🇲🇽 Antonio de la Torre
 * 🇺🇸 John Doyle
 * 🏴 Justin Fashanu
 * Leslie "Tiger" Fitzpatrick
 * Anthony Wolfe
 * 🇮🇪 Liam George
 * 🇺🇸 David Hayes
 * 🇸🇳 Macoumba Kandji
 * 🇺🇸 Tim Martin
 * 🇺🇸 Tony McManus
 * Shaun McSkimming
 * 🇨🇩 Ignace Moleka
 * 🇺🇸 Edgar Espinoza
 * 🇺🇸 Bruce Murray
 * Reinaldo Navia
 * 🇧🇷 Felipe Nogueira
 * John Barry Nusum
 * 🇺🇸 Ciaran O'Brien
 * 🇺🇸 Bo Oshoniyi
 * 🇲🇽 Mario Pérez Zúñiga
 * 🇺🇸 Brian Piesner
 * 🇲🇽 Felipe Quintero
 * Rodrigo Ríos
 * Brent Sancho
 * 🇳🇴 Staale Soebye
 * Lenin Steenkamp
 * Danilo Turcios
 * 🇧🇬 Velko Yotov
 * 🇸🇻 Richard Menjivar
 * 🇧🇿 Deon McCaulay
 * 🇺🇸 Daryl Sattler
 * 🇱🇾 Fahmi El-Shami

 * See also All-time Atlanta Silverbacks roster

Head coaches

 * 🇩🇪 Lothar Osiander (1995)
 * 🇺🇸 Charlie Morgan (1996)
 * 🇺🇸 Angus McAlpine (1997)
 * 🇺🇸 David Eristavi (1997–1998)
 * 🇺🇸 Chris Hellenkamp (1998) (Interim)
 * 🇺🇸 Nuno Piteira (1999–2000)
 * 🇺🇸 John Dugan (2001)
 * 🏴 Brett Mosen (2002)
 * 🇧🇷 Jacenir Silva (2003)
 * 🇺🇸 David Vaudreuil (2004–2005)
 * 🇺🇸 Jason Smith (2005–2008)
 * 🇲🇽 José Manuel Abundis (2011)
 * Alex Pineda Chacón (2012)
 * 🇺🇸 Eric Wynalda (2012) (Interim)
 * Brian Haynes (2012–2013)
 * 🇺🇸 Eric Wynalda (2014)
 * 🇺🇸 Jason Smith (2014)
 * Alejandro Pombo (2014)  (Interim)
 * 🏴 Gary Smith (2014–2015)

 * Notes

Achievements
* -as co-champion
 * North American Soccer League
 *  Champion (Season) (1): 2013 Spring
 * A-League
 * Runner-up (Playoffs) (1): 1995
 * USL First Division
 * Runner-up (Playoffs) (1): 2007
 * Minor Trophies
 * Southern Derby (4): 2002, 2004, 2005*, 2006

title: Atlanta Silverbacks FC


text:
User:Share Bear

Hi, and welcome to Share Bear's wiki user page. Share Bear believes that Knowledge Should Always Be Free

As of Dec 2006, I had over 600 edits.

I have decided to stop contributing to Wikipedia. It is a waste of time when certain users can arbitrarily modify/delete articles.

I was working on [WikiFilms|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_films] adding info boxes and poster updates.

Share Bear's Wiki Commons Page

View My Contributions or My Edit Count

Articles Created

 * Jidoka
 * Wendy Yoshimura
 * Yu Kikumura
 * Karin Anna Cheung
 * Kozo Okamoto
 * Nancy Ling Perry
 * Brotherhood of the Wolf
 * Haruo Wako
 * Konica Magicolor 2400W <-- Deleted without any notice by an Admin.

Articles Significiantly Contributed To

 * Moisture Sensitivity Level
 * Heather Graham
 * Tugtupite
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 * Max Guevera
 * Rofecoxib
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 * Surface-mount technology
 * 21 Jump Street
 * Gattaca
 * Lost in Space (movie)
 * Blue Crush
 * The Sleeping Dictionary

Articles Contributed To Behind the Sun (film) | 28 Days (film) | 3 Needles | A Soldier's Daughter Never Cries (film) | Absence of Malice | Against the Ropes | Alien Nation (film) | All the King's Men (2006 film) | All the Right Moves | Angel Eyes (film) | Beaches (film) | One Fine Spring Day | Three... Extremes | Phone (film) | The Quiet Family | Dance with the Wind | The Classic | 12B | 50 Ways of Saying Fabulous | A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999 film) | I Am David | I Dreamed of Africa | I Love Your Work | A Good Lawyer's Wife | A Little Trip to Heaven | Land of the Blind (film) | Groove (film) | Black Cloud | Bomb the System | Bollywood/Hollywood | Wild Animals | White Valentine | Love, Sex and Eating the Bones | [[

Quick Reference of Tags

Template:PD-Sri Lanka

[{PUInonfree}] - Non free image [{PD-self}] - PD image

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_Film

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Film_stubs

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Drama_films

title: User:Share Bear


text:
Rentenmark

The Rentenmark (RM) was a currency issued on 15 November 1923 to stop the hyperinflation of 1922 and 1923 in Weimar Germany, after the previously used "paper" Mark had become almost worthless. It was subdivided into 100 Rentenpfennig and was replaced in 1924 by the Reichsmark.

History
After the Occupation of the Ruhr in early 1923 by French and Belgian troops, referred to as the Ruhrkampf, the German government of Wilhelm Cuno reacted by announcing a policy of passive resistance. This caused the regional economy of the Ruhr, the industrial heartland of Germany, to almost stop. The occupation authorities reacted to strikes and sabotage with arrests and deportations. Those displaced and left without income by the Ruhrkampf and their families fell back on public income support. Tax revenues plunged as economic activity slowed. The government covered its need for funds mainly by printing money. As a result, inflation spiked and the Papiermark went into freefall on the currency market. Foreign currency reserves at the Reichsbank dwindled.

As hyperinflation took hold, the cabinet of Cuno resigned in August 1923 and was replaced by the cabinet of Gustav Stresemann. After Stresemann reshuffled his cabinet in early October, Hans Luther became Minister of Finance. Working with Hjalmar Schacht at the Reichsbank, Luther quickly came up with a stabilization plan for the currency which combined elements of a monetary reform by economist Karl Helfferich with ideas of Luther's predecessor in office Rudolf Hilferding. With the help of the emergency law (Ermächtigungsgesetz) of 13 October 1923 which gave the government the power to issue decrees on financial and economic matters, the new Rentenbank was established that same day, 15 October 1923.

The newly created Rentenmark replaced the old Papiermark on 15 November. Because of the economic crisis in Germany after the First World War, there was no gold available to back the currency. Luther thus used Helfferich's idea of a currency backed by real goods. The new currency was backed by the land used for agriculture and business. This was mortgaged (Rente is a technical term for mortgage in German) to the tune of 3.2 billion Goldmarks, based on the 1913 wealth charge called Wehrbeitrag which had helped fund the German war effort from 1914 to 1918. Notes worth RM 3.2 billion were issued. The Rentenmark was introduced at a rate of one Rentenmark to equal one trillion (1012) old marks, with an exchange rate of one United States dollar to equal 4.2 Rentenmarks.

The Act creating the Rentenmark backed the currency by means of twice yearly payments on property, due in April and October, payable for five years. Although the Rentenmark was not initially legal tender, it was accepted by the population and its value was relatively stable. The Act prohibited the recently privatised Reichsbank from continuing to discount bills and the inflation of the Papiermark immediately stopped. The monetary policy spearheaded by Schacht at the Reichsbank and the fiscal policy of Finance Minister Hans Luther brought the period of hyperinflation in Germany to an end. The Reichsmark became the new legal tender on 30 August 1924, equal in value to the Rentenmark. This marked a return to a gold-backed currency in connection with the implementation of the Dawes Plan. The Rentenbank continued to exist after 1924 and the notes and coins continued to circulate. The last Rentenmark notes were valid until 1948.

Coins
Coins were issued dated 1923, 1924 and 1925 in denominations of 1 Rpf, 2 Rpf, 5 Rpf, 10 Rpf and 50 Rpf. Only small numbers of Rentenpfennig coins were produced in 1925. A few 1 Rpf coins were struck dated 1929. The 1 Rpf and 2 Rpf were minted in bronze, with the 5 Rpf, 10 Rpf, and 50 Rpf coins in aluminium-bronze. These coins had the same design features and motifs as coins of the Reichsmark from the Weimar and early Third Reich periods.

Banknotes
The first issue of banknotes was dated 1 November 1923 and was in denominations of RM 1, RM 2, RM 5, RM 10, RM 50, RM 100, RM 500 and RM 1000. Later issues of notes were RM 10 and RM 50 (1925), RM 5 (1926), RM 50 (1934) and RM 1 and RM 2 (1937).

title: Rentenmark


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User talk:Paullaw

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Charge of the Light Brigade
Hi User:Paullaw, don't get me wrong. It's not like I think the item on Charge of the Light Brigade is not worthy of mention. I'm trying to balance things out a bit. Besides diversity of topics (we do have too much war stuffs for one day), there are more things on the left side of the MainPage than the right side today. I wish Template:In the news gets updated and expanded soon (I tried) so that there isn't so much blank space at the bottom right. Considering that there is a soft cap on 5 historical anniversary per day, I decided to hide, not delete, one military-related item. Please feel free to cycle the items in and out. (I just did that.) Have a nice day. :-) -- PFHLai 19:18, 2004 Oct 25 (UTC)

 * Thanks for reminding me about the 'purge' thingie ... I keep forgetting ... ;-) -- PFHLai 20:12, 2004 Oct 25 (UTC)

Tasman Bridge
After you comment on my user page, I did a little research on bicycle access. I've updated the Tasman Bridge page with the new details! -- Chuq 22:50, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

New Yawking
Will we get to see you tomorrow at the meetup? +sj + 21:33, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Meetup
Your name is on the list at Meetup/NYC for December 12. In case you forgot to check the page, the venue and time have been both been set. We are planning on meeting at the Moonstruck Diner at 1:30pm. Just wanted to let you know. – Ram-Man (comment) (talk)  23:34, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

Your sig
I'm not sure what you are asking for with regards to your comment. I should note that the "talk" link in your sig is incorrect, so you may want to check that out before you talk to much and link to someone else's talk page. You'll have to explain what "commands" you are referring to? – Ram-Man (comment) (talk)  15:45, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * All I did to display the code for my sig was to surround the text with opening and closing   tags, like any other HTML tag.  Good luck! [[User:CatherineMunro|Catherine\talk]] 21:36, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Non-free images
Hi Paul,

I noticed that you recently add a couple of photos to the Millau Viaduct article. Unfortuately, 'non-commercial' use photos are no longer acceptable for Wikipedia (see Image_copyright_tags), due to the possibility that future print version of Wikipedia may have to be produced semi-commercially. Which is a shame, because Image:Millau Viaduct from the End .jpg is rather nice. An alterative might be to use the copyright fair-use image from the Foster and Partners page, but that is just a computer simulation. -- Solipsist 22:59, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The image I inserted into the Anzac Bridge article came from same source as the Millau Viaduct photos.

 * If such photos are not acceptable, then they should be deleted and replaced at the time when wikipedia decides to go commercial (first thing I've heard of that possibility). In the mean time, while wikipedia is still true to non-commercialism, why ruin a good article by substituting an inferior picture? If that's the way it has to be, I'll just stop wasting my time uploading images and just put a link. Sigh.    – Dennis (talk) (Wiki NYC Meetup)   20:38, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry Dennis/Paul - I agree its a bit annoying and somewhat against the original spirit of Wikipedia. It comes from a statement by Jimbo Wales in a comment to the mailing list that was highlighted on the Village pump earlier in the year (~August). Unfortunately that was before the Village pump was split in to sections, and I now can't find where the archive is in order to locate the original discussion. Its pretty poor that this isn't more easily found on the various image upload pages, so its not surprising that people don't always know about it.
 * The reasoning seems to be that there is an aspiration to distribute Wikipedia cheaply in the 3rd world. As most of the 3rd world won't have internet access, printed versions will be required and it was considered that the most efficient way to get cheapest print versions was to allow some commerical competition. Hence the change against 'non-commercial only' licenses.
 * The image from http://www.af.mil/media/photodb/photos/040315-F-9999G-021.jpg is most likely fine. Most images from US military sources are or one of the more specific military tags, except where the military site is using a photo licensed from an external source. -- Solipsist 21:52, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Well I've been asking on the Village Pump, and someone was able to point me to Jimbo's email from June, but I still haven't found the associated discussion which explained the background. -- Solipsist 23:12, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Forgot to mention the that licensing on Image:C82_Packet.jpg looks fine to me.
 * On the Village Pump, User:SimonP found the link to Jimbo Wales' letter about the switch against non-commercial at this link. I still haven't been able to find the related discussion which explained the background. There is some  similar discussion on the Wikimedia Commons here.  -- Solipsist 22:05, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Santy worm
Thanks for the update, but I'm not really the right person. You might leave a note for Brion Vibber. --82.130.13.39 20:44, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

To-Do List
While I think it's a good idea for you to make yourself a wiki to-do list, I think it's prudent that you make it a "sub-page" of your user page, as there is no "To Do List" namespace. In order to do this, just select "Move" in the page toolbar, and in the "To New Title" box, simply enter "User:Paullaw/To-Do List" or something of the like in place of To-Do List. 01:09, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)

"Wicca in popular culture"
I've responded at Talk:Wicca. Jkelly 19:22, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:FlyBar.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:FlyBar.jpg. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file agreed to license it under the given license.

If you created this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
 * make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
 * Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to , stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. If you take this step, add OTRS pending to the file description page to prevent premature deletion.

If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to .

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at File copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Kelly hi! 05:57, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Paullaw


text:
Florínea

Florínea is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 2,653 (2020 est.) in an area of 225.66 km². The elevation is 360 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Florínea


text:
Republic XF-103

The Republic XF-103 was an American project to develop a powerful missile-armed interceptor aircraft capable of destroying Soviet bombers while flying at speeds as high as Mach 3. Despite a prolonged development, it never progressed past the mockup stage.

Development
In 1949, the USAF issued a request for an advanced supersonic interceptor to equip the Air Defense Command. Known formally as Weapon System WS-201A, but better known informally as the 1954 interceptor, it called for a supersonic aircraft with all-weather capability, powerful aircraft interception radar, and air-to-air missile armament. Republic was one of six companies to submit proposals. On 2 July 1951, three of the designs were selected for further development, Convair's scaled-up XF-92 that evolved into the F-102, a Lockheed design that led to the F-104, and Republic's AP-57. AP-57 was an advanced concept to be built almost entirely of titanium and capable of Mach 3 at altitudes of at least 60000 feet.

A full-scale mock-up of the AP-57 was built and inspected in March 1953. A contract for three prototypes followed in June 1954. Work on the prototypes was delayed by continued problems with the titanium construction, and more by continuing problems with the proposed Wright J67 engine. The contract was later reduced to a single prototype. In the end, the J67 never entered production and the aircraft it had been chosen for were forced to turn to other engine designs, or were cancelled outright. Republic suggested replacing the J67 with the Wright J65, a much less powerful engine. The project was eventually cancelled on 21 August 1957 with no flying prototypes ever being completed.

The design was given a brief reprieve as part of the Long-Range Interceptor – Experimental (LRI-X) project that ultimately led to the North American XF-108 Rapier. Part of this project was the development of the advanced Hughes AN/ASG-18 pulse-doppler radar and the GAR-9 missile. Republic proposed adapting the F-103 as a testbed for these systems with additional fuel tanks taking up much of the original weapon bay spaces, although it wouldn't be able to come close to meeting the range requirements of LRI-X. Some work was carried out adapting the mockup to house the 40 inch antenna, which required the nose section to be scaled up considerably. Nothing ever came of the proposal, and testing of the ASG-18/GAR-9 was carried out on a modified Convair B-58 Hustler instead.

Propulsion
Mach 3 performance in the 1950s was difficult to achieve. Jet engines compress incoming air, then mix it with fuel and ignite the mixture. The resulting expansion of gases produces thrust. The compressors generally can ingest air only at subsonic speeds. To operate supersonically, aircraft use advanced intakes to slow the supersonic air to a usable speed. The energy lost in this process heats the air, which means the engine has to operate at ever-higher temperatures to provide net thrust. The limiting factor in this process is the temperature of the materials in the engines, in particular, the turbine blades just behind the combustion chambers. Using materials available at the time, speeds much beyond Mach 2.5 were difficult to achieve.

The solution to this problem is the removal of the turbine. The ramjet engine consists mostly of a large tube, and is relatively easy to air-cool by forcing extra air around the engine. Experimental ramjet aircraft of the era, like the Lockheed X-7, were reaching speeds as high as Mach 4. There are numerous problems with the ramjet engine, however. Fuel economy, or thrust specific fuel consumption in aircraft terms, is extremely poor. This makes general operations like flying from one airbase to another expensive propositions. More problematic is the fact that ramjets rely on forward speed to compress the incoming air, and only become efficient above Mach 1.

Alexander Kartveli, Republic's Chief Designer, devised a solution to these problems. He proposed using a Wright J67 turbojet (a license-built derivative of the Bristol Olympus) supplemented by an RJ55-W-1 ramjet behind it. Connecting the two were a series of movable ducts that could route air between the engines. At low speeds the aircraft would be powered by the J67, with the RJ55 acting as a traditional afterburner, producing a total of about 40,000 lbf (180 kN) thrust. At high speeds, starting above Mach 2.2, the jet engine would be shut down and the airflow from the intake would be routed around the jet engine and directly into the RJ55. Although the net thrust was reduced by shutting down the jet, operating on the ramjet alone allowed the aircraft to reach much higher speeds.

Both engines were located behind a single very large ventral Ferri-type intake, which used a prominent, swept-forward lip, a configuration also used for the wing-root inlets on the F-105 Thunderchief. The J67 was installed just behind the intake, angled with its intake below the centerline of the aircraft. The RJ55 was installed inline with the fuselage in the extreme rear, as if it were the exhaust of a conventional engine installation. There was a significant empty space above the J67 for ducting.

Wings and control surfaces
All of the control surfaces were pure delta wings. The main wing was swept at 55 degrees, and could be rotated around the spar to provide variable incidence. For takeoff and landing, the wing was tilted upwards to increase the angle of incidence while keeping the fuselage nearly horizontal. The length of the fuselage made it difficult to achieve the same end by tilting the entire aircraft upwards, which would have required a very long extension on the landing gear. The system also allowed the fuselage to fly flat to the airflow at various speeds, setting the angle of incidence independent of the aircraft as a whole. This decreased trim drag, thus improving range.

The wing was split at about two-thirds of the span. The portion outside of this line able to rotate independently of the rest of the wing. These movable portions acted as large ailerons, or as Republic called them, tiperons. To keep the surface area in front and behind the pivot point somewhat similar, the split line was closer to the fuselage in front of the pivot. Large conventional flaps ran from the fuselage to the tiperons. Hard points for drop tanks were available at about $1/undefined$ of the way out from the wing root.

The horizontal stabilizers were seemingly undersized, and mounted below the line of the wing. The larger vertical fin was supplemented by a ventral fin for high-speed stability. This fin folded to the right, as seen from behind, during takeoff and landing to avoid hitting the ground. Two petal-style air brakes were mounted directly behind the horizontal surfaces, opening out and up at about a 45° angle into the gap between the horizontal and vertical surfaces. A provision for a braking parachute is not evident on the mock-up or the various artwork, although this was common for aircraft of the era.

Fuselage
The fuselage was completely smooth, with a high fineness ratio for low drag at supersonic speeds. The design was developed prior to the discovery of the area rule, and does not display any of the wasp waisting common to aircraft primarily developed after 1952. The fuselage contours were mainly cylindrical, but blended into the intake starting around the wing root, giving it a rounded, rectangular profile through the middle, before reverting to a pure cylinder shape again at the engine nozzle.

Cockpit
The cockpit design originally featured a canopy, but low drag requirements for high speed suggested that it be removed. The idea of using a periscope arrangement for forward viewing on high speed aircraft was then in vogue, the Avro 730 selecting a very similar system. The Air Force demanded that it be used on the F-103. Kartveli was opposed to this layout, and continued to press for the use of a "real" canopy. Design documents throughout the program continued to include this as an optional feature, along with performance estimates that suggested the difference would be minimal.

The system shown on mockups used two large oval windows on the cockpit sides, and a periscope system projecting an image onto a Fresnel lens arrangement directly in front of the pilot. In 1955, the periscope concept was tested on a modified F-84G, which was flown on a long, cross-country flight with the pilot's forward vision blocked.

A unique supersonic escape capsule was designed for the XF-103. The pilot's seat was located in a shell with a large movable shield in front that was normally slid down into the area in front of the pilot's legs. In the case of depressurization, the shield would slide up in front of the pilot, sealing the seat into a pressurized pod. Basic flight instruments inside the capsule allowed the aircraft to be flown back to base, and a window in the front of the shield allowed the periscope system to be used. In an emergency, the entire capsule would be ejected downward, along with a small portion of the aircraft fuselage that provided a stable aerodynamic shape. To enter and exit the aircraft, the ejection module was lowered on rails out of the bottom of the aircraft, allowing the pilot to simply walk into the seat, sit down, and raise the module into the aircraft. The capsule was fully pressurized, allowing the pilot to continue operating the aircraft without a pressure suit when the capsule was locked up.

Avionics and armament
The entire nose of the aircraft was taken up by the large Hughes radar set, which (at the time) offered long detection ranges. Guidance and fire control were to be provided by the same MX-1179 package being developed for all of the WS-201 designs. Hughes had won this contract with their Hughes MA-1 fire control system, which was under development. Weapons were carried in bays located on the sides of the fuselage behind the cockpit, which opened by flipping upward, thereby rotating the missiles out of their bays. It was to be armed with six GAR-1/GAR-3 Falcon (then known as MX-904), with a likely arrangement of three or four each GAR-1s and GAR-3s, fired in pairs (one each radar and infrared guided) to improve the odds of a hit. The XF-103 also was to feature 36 2.75-inch "Mighty Mouse" FFARs.

title: Republic XF-103


text:
User talk:Bogota

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Oiga, ¿cuándo piensa hacer su página de usuario? --Fibonacci 06:25, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Notability of Andrés Caicedo
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title: User talk:Bogota


text:
Flórida Paulista

Flórida Paulista is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 14,790 (2020 est.) in an area of 524 km². The elevation is 410 m.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1948.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Religion
Christianity is present in the city as follows:

Catholic Church
The Catholic church in the municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Marília.

Protestant Church
The most diverse evangelical beliefs are present in the city, mainly Pentecostal, including the Assemblies of God in Brazil (the largest evangelical church in the country), Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others. These denominations are growing more and more throughout Brazil.

Notable people

 * Matilde Ribeiro, politician

title: Flórida Paulista


text:
Eupolis

Eupolis (Εὔπολις; c. 446 – c.  411 BC) was an Athenian poet of the Old Comedy, who flourished during the time of the Peloponnesian War.

Biography
Very little is known about Eupolis' life. His father was named Sosipolis. There are few sources on when he first appeared on the stage. A short history of Greek Comedy, written by an anonymous writer of antiquity, reported that Eupolis first produced a play in the year when Apollodorus was the Eponymous archon, which would be 430/429 BC. The same source claims Phrynichus also had his debut that year. However, the Chronicon of Eusebius of Caesarea places Eupolis' debut in 428–27 BC and adds that Aristophanes also produced a play that year. This is the version preserved in the Latin translation by Jerome. But the Armenian translation places the event in 427/426 BC.

Cyril of Alexandria placed the debut of Eupolis at some point between 428 and 424 BC, and placed the debuts of Aristophanes and Plato the comic poet during that same period. George Syncellus gives the same dates, but merely states that Eupolis and Aristophanes were becoming prominent, not when they had their debuts. Syncellus also includes Sophocles. Sophocles had actually become the pre-eminent playwright in Athens c. 456 BC, around when Aeschylus died.

Based on the primary sources above, modern historians conclude that Eupolis had his debut as a playwright during the 420s BC, probably in 429 BC. His first production was probably at the Lenaia, the lesser theatrical festival of his time. The Lenaia are thought to have allowed novices to compete, so they could prove themselves before presenting plays at the Dionysia festival. His first known play was either Prospaltioi or Heilotes. Surviving fragments from the Prospaltioi include allusions to, and near-quotations of, Sophocles' Antigone (442 BC). Scholars are convinced the play targeted Pericles, due to a famous reference to Aspasia. This makes it likely that Pericles, who died in 429 BC, was still alive when Eupolis was working on the text.

The Suda claims Eupolis was only 17 years old when he started his career. (This would place his birth around 447/446 BC.) Sources also claim Aristophanes and Menander were adolescents (epheboi) at the start of their own careers. This suggests a tradition concerning the precociousness of poets.

Although he was at first on good terms with Aristophanes, their relationship subsequently became strained, and they accused each other, in most virulent terms, of imitation and plagiarism. In the parabasis of his play The Clouds, Aristophanes publicly accused Eupolis' play Maricas of being a copy of fellow comic Phrynichus and his own Knights: "Eupolis, indeed, first of all craftily introduced his Maricas, / having basely, base fellow, spoiled by altering my play of the Knights, / having added to it, for the sake of the cordax, a drunken old woman, whom / Phrynichus long ago poetized, whom the whale was for devouring. —(Chorus [leader], in The Clouds, line 553–556, transl. William James Hickie, 1871)"

Works
Eupolis obtained first prize seven times, but only fragments remain of the 19 titles attributed to him. Of these, the best known are:
 * Kolakes ("Flatterers"), in which he pilloried the spendthrift Callias, who wasted his money on sophists and parasites. This play won first prize in the City Dionysia of 421 BC, defeating Aristophanes' Peace.
 * Maricas, an attack on Hyperbolus, the successor of Cleon, under a fictitious name.
 * Baptai ("Dippers," Latinization: Baptae), against Alcibiades and his groups, at which profligate foreign rites were practised. The word Baptai was a name given to the priests of the Thracian goddess Cotytto.
 * Demoi ("Demes") and Poleis ("Cities") were political plays, dealing with the desperate condition of the state and with the allied (or tributary) cities.

Other people he attacked in his plays were Socrates, Cimon, and Cleon. The following 14 titles (with associated fragments) are also ascribed to Eupolis:

Ian Storey estimates a total output of 14 or 15 works for Eupolis, noting the doubtful paternity of some of the works attributed to the poet. He considers his career to have lasted from 429 to 411 BC, a period of 18 years.

Death and burial
Ian Storey notes that there are "four ancient traditions" on the manner of death and burial of Eupolis, each with details impossible to reconcile to each other. The first tradition is "the well-known story" concerning Alcibiades. Eupolis targeted that politician in his play Baptai, but then found himself serving under Alcibiades in the Sicilian Expedition. Alcibiades retaliated by having the poet drowned on the way to Sicily. This would place Eupolis' death in "the late spring or early summer" of 415 BC. The story, with small variations, can be found in the writings of Juvenal, Aelius Aristides, Themistius, Platonios, John Tzetzes and the Anonymus Crameri. The latter two add two new details. First, that Eupolis made fun of Alcibiades' rhotacism. Second, that soldiers dunked the poet repeatedly in the sea, making it unclear if the poet drowned or survived the experience. The story was reported in several ancient sources, but it also had its detractors. Eratosthenes pointed out that there were works by Eupolis which were produced following the Sicilian Expedition. Cicero quoted Eratosthenes and considered him a reliable source on the matter.

The second tradition is recorded by Pausanias the geographer. He reported that Eupolis was buried away from Athens, his tomb being located in the vicinity of Sicyon and the river Asopus. Pausanias never explains the reason for a burial away from home. But it might point to Eupolis having a family connection with Sicyon. Storey notes that there was one Athenian family with known connections to this city: the Alcmaeonidae.

The third tradition is recorded by Claudius Aelianus. He first narrates a tale concerning Augeas, a Molossus dog owned by Eupolis, and how it protected the property of its master from a thief. He then mentions that Eupolis eventually died and was buried in Aegina. Augeas maintained a constant vigil and lamented over the grave of its master until passing away himself. The location was reportedly named "Dog's Lament" (Ancient Greek: Κυνὸς Θρῆνος) following that event. Modern scholars have pointed out that this account follows a familiar pattern in ancient literary biography of adding in a tale concerning a faithful dog and how its presence benefited its master (the said master invariably being the subject of the biography). Storey suggests that the story may have started as a tale mentioned in a comedy. Then later writers might have mistaken it for a historical account. He finds more intriguing the connection of Eupolis with Aegina. Verses 652-655 of "The Acharnians" imply that Aristophanes was also connected with this island.

The fourth tradition can be found in the Suda. It claims Eupolis was one of the casualties of the Peloponnesian War, dying "in a shipwreck" within the Hellespont (the Dardanelles). The source for the information is not given. Neither is the death associated with any particular naval battle. Storey notes that the death might be connected to any of three major battles in the region: the Battle of Cynossema (411 BC), the Battle of Arginusae (406 BC) or the Battle of Aegospotami (405 BC).

Reputation
Horace listed Eupolis, Cratinus, and Aristophanes (in that order) as the most prominent writers of Old Comedy, noting how they would "single out" the immoral in their comedies. Persius addressed his works to those inspired by "bold Cratinus", "angry Eupolis", and "the grand old man" (Aristophanes). The Saturnalia by Macrobius mentions: "Everyone knows Eupolis, who must be considered among the elegant poets of Old Comedy."

Eupolis combined a lively and fertile imagination with sound practical judgement. He was reputed to equal Aristophanes in the elegance and purity of his diction, and Cratinus in his command of irony and sarcasm.

title: Eupolis


text:
Nehemiah Dyer

Nehemiah Mayo Dyer (aka. N. Mayo Dyer; February 19, 1839 – January 27, 1910) was a rear admiral in United States Navy, who served during the American Civil War and Spanish–American War. He was one of the few individuals to have served in both the Battle of Mobile Bay during the Civil War and the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War.

Biography
Nehemiah Mayo Dyer was born in Provincetown, Massachusetts, to Henry and Sally (Mayo) Dyer. He was educated in the public schools. He "followed the sea" from 1854 to 1859. He had mercantile employment from 1859 to 1861.

Civil War service
With the outbreak of the American Civil War, he enlisted 13th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment in July 1861. He transferred to the Volunteer Navy as an acting master's mate on April 4, 1862. He served at the Boston Navy Yard from 1862 to 1863; the USS Eugenie from 1863 to 1864. He was promoted for gallant services to acting ensign on May 18, 1863.

He was assigned to the USS Metacomet in 1864 as part of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron under Rear Admiral David Farragut.

On June 30, 1864, Mayo, in command of the USS Glasgow, forced blockade-running steamer Ivanhoe to run aground near Fort Morgan at Mobile Bay. Because the steamer was protected by the fort's guns, Rear Admiral Farragut attempted at first to destroy her by long-range fire from the Metacomet and the USS Monongahela. When this proved unsuccessful, Farragut authorized his flag lieutenant, J. Crittenden Watson, to lead a boat expedition to burn Ivanhoe. Under the cover of darkness and the ready guns on board USS Metacomet and the USS Kennebec, Watson led four boats directly to the grounded steamer and fired her in two places shortly after midnight July 6.

Mayo was promoted to acting master for gallant service aboard USS Metacomet during the Battle of Mobile Bay, August 4–5, 1864.

After the war, he joined the Massachusetts Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and was assigned insignia number 8854.

Post–Civil War career
In April 1866, he was ordered to report to the Bureau of Navigation in Washington and remained there on special duty until May 1868. On March 12, 1868, he was promoted to lieutenant, and on August 27, joined the USS Dacotah at Valparaiso, Chile. He was promoted to lieutenant-commander on December 28, 1868, and from September 1869, to March 1870, commanded the USS Cyane at Sitka, Alaska. He then joined the USS Pensacola at San Francisco, and was soon transferred to the USS Ossipee, with which he cruised to lower California and Mexico. He received a medal from the Massachusetts humane society for saving the life of a sailor by jumping overboard from the Ossipee during a gale in the Pacific Ocean.

In September 1870, he was ordered to the South Pacific station and was sent home on August 22, 1871. In October 1871, he was assigned to the Charlestown Navy Yard. He took command of the dispatch boat USS Mayflower (1866) at Norfolk, Virginia, on November 24, 1873, and on April 10, 1874, was transferred to the USS Pinta. In February 1876, he was ordered as executive officer of the USS New Hampshire, fitting out at Norfolk, to be the permanent flagship at Port Royal. A few months later he was assigned to equipment duty at the Charlestown Navy Yard, and in 1879 was transferred to the receiving ship USS Wabash. In 1881 he joined the USS Tennessee, in 1883 became lighthouse inspector, and in the same year was promoted to the rank of commander. He commanded the USS Marion on the Asiatic station from 1887 to 1890.

He then served at the Portsmouth Navy Yard from 1890 to 1893 and was on special duty from 1893 to 1894. He returned to the Boston Navy Yard from 1895 to 1896 and served as light-house inspector for the 1st District at Portland, Maine, from 1896 to 1897.

He was promoted to the rank of captain on July 13, 1897, and assigned to command the cruiser USS Philadelphia in the Pacific squadron. He was at Mare Island, California on August 31, 1897, when he was ordered to the command of the cruiser USS USS Baltimore (C-3), with which ship he went to Honolulu and thence to Hong Kong, China where the Baltimore became part of the Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey.

He commanded the Baltimore at the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898. For eminent and conspicuous conduct in this battle he was advanced seven numbers in rank, which allowed him to be promoted sooner than he would have otherwise. For his service at Manila Bay, the Baltimore city council presented him an elaborate sword.

His final assignment was as second in command of the Boston Navy Yard, under Rear Admiral William T. Sampson, from February 1900. He reached the mandatory retirement age of 62 on February 19, 1901, and was retired in the rank of rear admiral in recognition of his service during the Civil War.

In retirement, he served as chairman of the board of commissioners of the Massachusetts Nautical Training School (forerunner of the Massachusetts Maritime Academy) from 1903 to 1904.

Rear Admiral Dyer died in Melrose, Massachusetts, on January 27, 1910. He is buried in the Wyoming Cemetery in Melrose, Massachusetts.

Admiral Dyer was one of the very few individuals who served with Admiral Farragut at the Battle of Mobile Bay and also with Commodore Dewey at the Battle of Manila Bay.

Awards
Admiral Dyer received the Civil War Campaign Medal, Battle of Manila Bay Commemorative Medal (the "Dewey Medal") and the Spanish Campaign Medal.
 * Civil War Campaign Medal ribbon.svg Civil War Campaign Medal
 * Blueyellowribbon.svg Battle of Manila Bay Medal
 * Spanish Campaign Medal ribbon.svg Spanish Campaign Medal

Dates of rank

 * Mate - 4 April 1862
 * Acting Master - 12 January 1864
 * Acting Volunteer Lieutenant - 22 April 1865
 * Lieutenant - 12 March 1868
 * Lieutenant Commander - 18 December 1868
 * Commander - 23 April 1883
 * Captain - 13 July 1897
 * Rear Admiral, Retired - 19 February 1901

Namesake
The destroyer USS Dyer (DD-84) was named in his honor.

title: Nehemiah Dyer


text:
Grunewald Tower

The Grunewald Tower or is a historical tower in the Grunewald forest of southwestern Berlin, Germany, built in 1897-99 according to plans designed by Franz Heinrich Schwechten. The viewing platform offers a view over the Havel at a height of 36 m.

Overview
In 1897 Teltow, a rural district of the Province of Brandenburg, mandated the construction of a memorial tower to mark the 100th birthday of the German Emperor Wilhelm I (d. 1888). On June 9, 1899 the landmark was opened to the public as "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Turm" (Emperor William Tower), though the inscription on the eastern facade reads "Koenig Wilhelm I zum Gedaechtniss" (to King William I, in memory), as he was also king of Prussia. A second inscription, on the western facade, facing the Havel river, reads: "Der Kreis Teltow baute mich 1897" (The district of Teltow built me in 1897).

Elizabeth of Wied, queen consort of Romania, visited the top of the tower in March 1916, during World War I. She was elderly and it took her over two and a half hours to make it to the top, from which she waved at a crowd of about 350 people below. Elizabeth, who was an accomplished writer and translator, died the following day.

In 1948, following World War II, the tower was renamed Grunewaldturm, after the surrounding forest, near the Havel River. A comprehensive renovation of the tower then took place in 1953. It was later closed in October 2007 due to significant structural damage to the staircase. The necessary renovation cost 1.5 million euros and lasted until Easter 2011, reopening on April 22.

Since the 1990s, the tower has also doubled as a cell tower.

Architecture
The tower, built in Brick Gothic Revival style and designed by Franz Schwechten, stands 55 m high and is located on the 79 m high Karlsberg hill of the Teltow plateau on the eastern shore of the Havel. The building contains a domed memorial hall with a marble statue of Wilhelm I by sculptor Ludwig Manzel, and four iron reliefs depicting Albrecht von Roon, Helmuth von Moltke, Otto von Bismarck and Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia. The neo-Byzantine ceiling mosaics in the hall are early works by the church painter and mosaic artist August Oetken, executed by the company Puhl & Wagner.

A decorative band, wraps around the tower. Inscriptions are on the east and west sides, with two coats of arms located above them. The coat of arms on the side facing the river shows the red Brandenburg eagle, while the one facing the forest has the black Prussian eagle.

204 steps lead to a platform offering a panoramic view over the Havelland region and the Grunewald forest. The building has a restaurant and a beer garden.

title: Grunewald Tower


text:
Franca

Franca is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The city is located in the northeastern portion of the state, distant 401 km (249 mi) from the state capital (São Paulo), and 676 km (420 mi) from Brasilia. It covers a total area of 605,679 km2 of which 86,92 km2 comprises the urban area. As of the 2021 Census, the city's population was 358,539.

In Brazil, the city is known as The National Capital of Footwear, and The National Capital of Basketball.

The city is the industrial and economic center of an urban agglomerate comprising 19 municipalities with a total of 672.053 inhabitants, being consecutively among the top Brazilian cities with the best urban sanitation.

The parish of Franca was founded in 1805, being part of Mogi Mirim until 1824. The city status was received in 1856.

History
The history of Franca begins with the bandeiras of Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva (The Anhanguera) in the 18th century.

During the opening of the route known as "Caminho de Goiás" (route to Goiás), new settlements were established along the route to serve as resting / stopping points for the entourages travelling along the way from São Paulo to Goiás, in search of gold.

The settlement where the city is now located was formerly known as Pouso dos Bagres (stop of the catfishes).

In 1819, Franca was visited by French naturalist Auguste de Saint-Hilaire who dedicated the following message:

"The village of Franca, where I landed, is pleasantly in the midst of vast pastures, in an uncovered region, sown by bushes and cut by deep valleys. This charming village occupies the center of a path of land, wide and rounded, on each side. bathed by a small stream. At the time of my voyage, there were only about fifty houses there, but the sites for the construction of a large number of them were already marked, and it was easy to see that Franca would not take long to acquire greatness.

The parish of Franca was founded on December 03, 1805, being part of the territory of Vila de Mogi Mirim until 1824, when it was emancipated by João VI and named Vila Franca do Imperador in honor of the Emperor Pedro I of Brazil. It received the status of city on April 24, 1856.

Around 1890, Franca was served by the Estrada de Ferro Mogiana, however, the railroad branch was deactivated after the construction of a new branch connecting Ribeirão Preto to Uberaba.

Due to the expansion of coffee production between the XIX and XX centuries, many italian immigrants settled in Franca, and the first shoe factory emerged in the late 1920s.

Franca took part in the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932, losing six residents who fought to death for São Paulo.

Economy
Franca is the largest footwear producer in Brazil and Latin America, housing thousands of medium and large industries, including the production of footwear components. The city houses reputed design centers intended for training new professionals to work in Brazil and abroad.

Franca is also traditionally connected to agriculture. It is located in the area of Alta Mogiana, one of the best coffee producing territories in the world, due to the abundance of purple soil, and favorable climate for cultivation.

The city houses a diversified industrial park, the production of metal, furniture, food, and beverage is very active. The industry of jewelry and diamond has been active for many years in Franca, placing the city as one of the largest diamond cutting centers in Brazil.

Air
The city is served by Ten. Lund Presotto Airport.

Roads

 * SP-334 – Candido Portinari (Franca to Ribeirão Preto)
 * SP-345 – Engenheiro Ronan Rocha (Franca to Minas Gerais)
 * SP-345 – Prefeito Fábio Talarico (Franca to Barretos)

Minor highways

 * Felipe Calixto (north quarter to Ribeirão Corrente)
 * Rio Negro e Solimões (south quarter to Batatais)
 * João Traficante (east quarter to Ibiraci)
 * Tancredo Neves (east quarter to Claraval)
 * Engenho Queimado (west quarter to Ribeirão Corrente)
 * Nestor Ferreira (west quarter to Restinga)

Geography
Franca is located in the northeastern region of the state of São Paulo, the fifth highest municipality in the state with an altitude of 1,040 m above the sea level. The territory of Franca is covered by sandy soils dominated by the sandstones of Bauru, and Botucatu. Vegetation is dominated by grasses, and the forests are restricted to mountainous slopes.

The basin of Rio Canoas (Canoas River) provide water for the city and the surrounding area.

The municipality of Franca borders Batatais, Cristais Paulista, Patrocínio Paulista, Ibiraci and Claraval.

Hydrography
Here is a list of waterways located in the municipality of Franca:
 * Rio das Canoas (en: Canoas River)
 * Rio Pouso Alegre (en: Pouso Alegre River)
 * Rio São João (en: São João / Saint John River)
 * Ribeirão Salgado (en: Salgado Brook)

Climate
Franca has a tropical savanna climate (Aw), milder due to the elevation, with dry winters, rainy summers and moderate temperatures throughout the year. It was humid subtropical (Cwa) before the current climatic table (1961-1990 period). Occurrence of rain is high and it is one of the rainiest cities in the State of São Paulo.

The lowest recorded temperature was 0 °C on July 5, 1953, and the highest temperature was 37.8 °C on October 15, 2014.

The highest recorded rainfall reached 146 millimeters on March 28, 1931, and recently, 133.7 millimeters was recorded on November 21, 2018.

Demographics
2011: IBGE, Ipeadata Brazil:
 * Total population: 321.012 inhabitants (2011 Census).
 * Urban: 315.355
 * Rural: 5.657
 * Demographic density (inhabitants/km2): 526,09
 * Child mortality until 1 year (in 1000): 12,66 = 1.26%
 * Life expectancy (years): 73,03
 * Fertility (children per women): 2,26
 * Literacy: 96.37%
 * HDI : 0,820
 * HDI-M Income: 0,755
 * HDI-M Longevity: 0,800
 * HDI-M Education: 0,906

Notable people

 * Hélio Rubens, former brazilian basketball coach
 * Adrianinha - basketball player, Olympic medallist
 * Guerrinha – brazilian basketball player
 * Gian & Giovani – brazilian sertanejo duo
 * João do Amaral Gurgel – Brazilian businessman.
 * Jaime Luiz Coelho – Archbishop.
 * Marquinhos – Brazilian footballer.
 * Estêvão Willian - Brazilian footballer.

title: Franca


text:
Leland River

The Leland River is a short river in the U.S. state of Michigan. Located in the unincorporated community of Leland, the river is 0.9 mi long and connects Lake Leelanau with Lake Michigan, winding past historic Fishtown, a dam and two restaurants. The dam was built in 1854 and it raised the water level in the river and in Lake Leelanau as much as 12 ft. As the dam prevents boat traffic, launches are provided on both sides.

The river was formerly known as Carp River, a term that is still often used today.

title: Leland River


text: Category:Ancient Greek cities

title: Category:Ancient Greek cities