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German wine classification

The German wine classification system puts a strong emphasis on standardization and factual completeness, and was first implemented by the German Wine Law of 1971. Nearly all of Germany's vineyards are delineated and registered as one of approximately 2,600 Einzellagen ('individual sites'), and the produce from any vineyard can be used to make German wine at any quality level, as long as the must weight of the grapes reaches the designated minimum level. As the current German system does not classify vineyards by quality, the measure of wine ’quality’ is the ripeness of the grapes alone.

Approximately 200 wine makers have been organised since 1910 in the Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter (VDP). To counter the shortcomings of the 1971 law, the VDP nowadays classifies the best vineyards by its own rules into 'VDP.Grosse Lage' (Grand cru) and 'VDP.Erste Lage' (Premier cru) based on 19th century Prussian tax maps. Most of these wine makers are based in the regions of Mosel, Pfalz, and Franken.

The classification of wines has been reorganized since 1 August 2009 by the EU wine market organization. The traditional German wine classification remained mostly unchanged, as the European system follows the origin-related system like in Germany and most areas of France (AOC). The already existing protection of geographical indication was transmitted through this step as well to the wine classification.

Quality designations
There are two major categories of German wine: table and "quality" wine. Table wine includes the designations Deutscher Wein (previously Tafelwein) and Landwein. Unlike the supposed equivalents of "Vin de Table" / "Vino da Tavola" and "Indicazione Geografica Tipica" / "Vin de Pays", production levels are not high, and these wines are typically exported to the United States. In 2005, Tafelwein and Landwein only accounted for 3.6% of total production. In Baden, there is a growing trend to release high-end wines as Landwein.

Quality wine is divided into two types:

 * Qualitätswein, or quality wine from a specific region.
 * This is wine from one of the 13 wine-growing regions (Anbaugebiete), and the region must be shown on the label. It is a basic level of everyday, mostly inexpensive quaffing wines. The grapes are at a fairly low level of ripeness, with must weights of 51°Oe to 72°Oe. The alcohol content of the wine must be at least 7% by volume, and chaptalization (adding sugar to the unfermented grape juice to boost the final alcohol level, which in no way alters the sweetness) is often used. Qualitätswein range from dry to semi-sweet, and the style is often indicated on the label, along with the designation Qualitätswein and the region. Some top-level dry wines are officially Qualitätswein although they would qualify as Prädikatswein. All dry wines produced by members of the VDP association are always declared as Qualitätswein.

 * Prädikatswein, or superior quality wine.
 * Known as Qualitätswein mit Prädikat (QmP) (quality wine with specific attributes) until August 2007, this is the top level of German wines. These prominently display a Prädikat (ripeness level designation) on the label and may not be chaptalized. Prädikatswein range from dry to intensely sweet, but unless it is specifically indicated that the wine is dry or off-dry, these wines always contain a noticeable amount of residual sugar. Prädikatswein must be produced from allowed varieties in one of the 39 subregions (Bereich) of one of the 13 wine-growing regions, although it is the region rather than the subregion which is mandatory information on the label. (Some of the smaller regions, such as Rheingau, consist of only one subregion.)

The different Prädikat (superior quality wine) designations used are as follows, in order of increasing sugar levels in the must:

 * Kabinett – literally "cabinet"
 * fully ripened light wines from the main harvest, typically semi-sweet with crisp acidity, but can be dry if designated so. This term may have originated as indicating the winemaker felt it was good enough to put in his own cabinet rather than offer it for sale.

 * Spätlese – meaning "late harvest"
 * typically half-dry, often (but not always) sweeter and fruitier than Kabinett. The grapes are picked at least 7 days after normal harvest, so they are riper. While waiting to pick the grapes carries a risk of the crop being ruined by rain, in warm years and from good sites much of the harvest can reach Spätlese level. Spätlese can be a relatively full-bodied dry wine if designated so. While Spätlese means late harvest the wine is not as sweet as a dessert wine, as the "late harvest" term is often used in US wines.

 * Auslese – meaning "select harvest"
 * made from very ripe, hand selected bunches, typically semi-sweet or sweet, sometimes with some noble rot character. Sometimes Auslese is also made into a powerful dry wine, but the designation Auslese trocken has been discouraged after the introduction of Grosses Gewächs. Auslese is the Prädikat which covers the widest range of wine styles, and can be a dessert wine.

 * Beerenauslese – meaning "select berry harvest"
 * made from overripe grapes individually selected from bunches and often affected by noble rot, making rich sweet dessert wine.

 * Trockenbeerenauslese – meaning "select dry berry harvest" or "dry berry selection"
 * made from selected overripe shrivelled grapes often affected by noble rot making extremely rich sweet wines. "Trocken" in this phrase refers to the grapes being dried on the vine rather than the resulting wine being a dry style.

 * Eiswein (ice wine)
 * made from grapes that have been naturally frozen on the vine, making a very concentrated wine. Must reach at least the same level of sugar content in the must as a Beerenauslese. The most classic Eiswein style is to use only grapes that are not affected by noble rot. Until the 1980s, the Eiswein designation was used in conjunction with another Prädikat (which indicated the ripeness level of the grapes before they had frozen), but is now considered a Prädikat of its own.

The minimum must weight requirements for the different Prädikat designations are as follows. Many producers, especially top-level producers, exceed the minimum requirements by a wide margin.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Prädikat || Minimum must weight || colspan=2 | Examples of requirements || Minimum alcohol level in the wine
 * - bgcolor="lightgrey"
 * || Dependent on grape variety and wine-growing region || Riesling from Mosel || Riesling from Rheingau ||
 * Kabinett || 67–82°Oe || 70°Oe || 73°Oe || 7%
 * Spätlese || 76–90°Oe || 76°Oe || 85°Oe || 7%
 * Auslese || 83–100°Oe || 83°Oe || 95°Oe || 7%
 * Beerenauslese, Eiswein || 110–128°Oe || 110°Oe || 125°Oe || 5.5%
 * Trockenbeerenauslese || 150–154°Oe || 150°Oe || 150°Oe || 5.5%
 * }
 * Auslese || 83–100°Oe || 83°Oe || 95°Oe || 7%
 * Beerenauslese, Eiswein || 110–128°Oe || 110°Oe || 125°Oe || 5.5%
 * Trockenbeerenauslese || 150–154°Oe || 150°Oe || 150°Oe || 5.5%
 * }
 * Trockenbeerenauslese || 150–154°Oe || 150°Oe || 150°Oe || 5.5%
 * }

This does not necessarily determine the sweetness of the final wine, because the winemaker may choose to ferment the wine fully or let some residual sugar remain.

Special designations
In certain regions, additional rules are applied to how a wine is classified. These special names represent special characters.

Sweetness of the wine
The sugar content in the finished wine can be indicated by the following designations for Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein. For sparkling wines (Sekt), many of the same designations are used, but have a different meaning.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Designation || English translation || colspan =3 | Maximum sugar level allowed
 * - bgcolor="lightgrey"
 * || || Low acid wines || Medium acid wines || High acid wines
 * trocken || dry || 4 grams per liter || acid level in grams per liter + 2 || 9 grams per liter
 * halbtrocken || half-dry || 12 grams per liter || acid level in grams per liter + 10 || 18 grams per liter
 * feinherb || off-dry || colspan = 3 | Unregulated designation, slightly sweeter than halbtrocken
 * lieblich, mild or restsüß || semi-sweet || colspan = 3 | Usually not specially marked as such on the label. Follows by default from their Prädikat in the absence of the above designations.
 * süß or edelsüß || sweet || colspan = 3 | Usually not specially marked as such on the label. Follows by default from their Prädikat in the absence of the above designations.
 * }
 * feinherb || off-dry || colspan = 3 | Unregulated designation, slightly sweeter than halbtrocken
 * lieblich, mild or restsüß || semi-sweet || colspan = 3 | Usually not specially marked as such on the label. Follows by default from their Prädikat in the absence of the above designations.
 * süß or edelsüß || sweet || colspan = 3 | Usually not specially marked as such on the label. Follows by default from their Prädikat in the absence of the above designations.
 * }
 * süß or edelsüß || sweet || colspan = 3 | Usually not specially marked as such on the label. Follows by default from their Prädikat in the absence of the above designations.
 * }

Color
There are also color designations that can be used on the label:

 * Weißwein – white wine
 * May be produced only from white varieties. This designation is seldom used.

 * Rotwein – red wine
 * May be produced only from red varieties with sufficient maceration to make the wine red. Sometimes used for clarification if the producer also makes rosés from the same grape variety.

 * Roséwein – rosé wine
 * Produced from red varieties with a shorter maceration, the wine must have pale red or clear red color.

 * Weißherbst – rosé wine or blanc de noirs
 * A rosé wine which must conform to special rules: must be Qualitätswein or Prädikatswein, single variety and be labelled with the varietal name. There are no restrictions as to the color of the wine, so they range from pale gold to deep pink. Weißherbst wines also range from dry to sweet, such as rosé Eiswein from Spätburgunder.

Extra ripeness or higher quality
Some producers also use additional propriate designations to denote quality or ripeness level within a Prädikat. These are outside the scope of the German wine law. Especially for Auslese, which can cover a wide range of sweetness levels, the presence of any of these designations tends to indicate a sweet dessert wine rather than a semi-sweet wine. These designations are all unregulated.

 * Goldkapsel – gold capsule
 * A golden capsule or foil on the bottle. Denotes a wine considered better by the producer. Usually means a Prädikatswein that is sweeter or more intense, or indicates an auction wine made in a very small lot.

 * Stars *, ** or ***
 * Usually means that a Prädikatswein has been harvested at a higher level of ripeness than the minimum required, and can mean that the wine is sweeter or more intense.

 * Fuder (vat) numbers
 * Usually indicated for better wines and often the numbers are arranged in some logical order, although the same numbers need not return in each vintage. This practice seems to be most common for semi-sweet and sweet wines in the Mosel region.

Special and regional wine types
There are also a number of specialty and regional wines, considered as special version of some quality category. Here are some of them:

 * Liebfraumilch or Liebfrauenmilch
 * A semi-sweet Qualitätswein from the Rheingau, Nahe, Rheinhessen or Pfalz, consisting at least 70% of the varieties Riesling, Müller-Thurgau, Silvaner or Kerner. In practice there is very little Riesling in Liebfraumilch since varietally labelled Riesling wines tend to fetch a higher price. Liebfraumilch may not carry a varietal designation on the label. Liebfraumilch is one of Germany's most well known wines, and is in principle a medium-quality wine designation although more commonly perceived to be a low-quality wine both at home and on the export market.

 * Moseltaler
 * An off-dry/semi-sweet Qualitätswein cuvée from the Mosel wine region (Moseltal is Moselle Valley in German) made from the following white grape varieties: Riesling, Müller-Thurgau, Elbling and Kerner. May not carry a varietal designation on the label, and sold under a uniform logotype. Must have a residual sugar of 15–30 grams per liter and a minimum acidity of 7 grams per liter. Basically a Liebfraumilch-lookalike from Mosel.

 * Rotling
 * A wine produced from a mixture of red and white varieties. A Rotling must have pale red or clear red color

 * Schillerwein
 * A Rotling from the Württemberg wine-growing region, which must be Qualitätswein or Prädikatswein.

 * Badisch Rotgold
 * A Rotling from the Baden wine-growing region, which must be Qualitätswein or Prädikatswein. It must be made from Grauburgunder and Spätburgunder and the varieties must be specified on the label.

New classes for wines
There are two classes for wines with official status in all 13 Anbaugebiete and one regional class in Rheinhessen and the Rheingau, respectively.

 * Classic
 * Introduced with the 2000 vintage, Classic is in principle a dry or slightly off-dry Qualitätswein that conforms to slightly higher standards intended to make it food-friendly. It must be made from varieties considered classical in its region, have a potential alcohol of 1% (or 8°Oe) above the minimum requirements for its variety and region, and have an alcohol level of minimum 12.0% by volume, except in Mosel, where the minimum level is 11.5%. Maximum sugar level is twice the acid level, but no more than 15 grams per liter.

 * Riesling Hochgewächs
 * Literally meaning ”high growth”. A riesling with a natural alcohol level at least 1.5 percentage points above the minimum Qualitätswein requirement for the Anbaugebiet. Additionally, the wine has to score an average of at least 3 points in the official wine examination (Amtliche Weinprüfung).

 * Selection Rheinhessen
 * A wine made from hand-picked, fully ripe grapes (min. 90° Oechsle) originating in a single vineyard in Rheinhessen. The grapes have to be typical to the region (Silvaner, Riesling, Weißburgunder, Grauburgunder, Gewürztraminer, Portugieser, Frühburgunder or Spätburgunder) and the wine must pass a sensory test.

 * Rheingau Großes Gewächs
 * Literally meaning ”Rheingau great growth”. Limited to the Rheingau region through the state wine decree of Hessia, a legally dry riesling (min. 12% alc.) or spätburgunder (min. 13% alc.) from classified vineyard sites. The wine must pass a tasting test by the review board. Replaces the Erstes Gewächs designation starting from the 2018 vintage and is stylized as RGG on the wine label.

 * Charta Riesling
 * a 100% Rheingau Riesling of Qualitätswein or Prädikatswein quality with a residual sugar ranging from 9–18 grams/liter (off-dry) and a minimum acidity of 7.5 grams/liter. The wines must achieve higher starting must weights than required by law and undergo sensory testing by a special panel (in addition to the A.P.Nr. procedure). Uniform packaging.

Geographic classification
The geographic classification is different for Landwein, Deutscher Wein, Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein.

Geographic classification for Deutscher Wein (formerly Tafelwein) and Landwein
There are seven Deutscher Wein regions: Rhein-Mosel, Bayern, Neckar, Oberrhein, Albrechtsburg, Stargarder Land and Niederlausitz. These are divided into a number of subregions, which in turn are divided into 19 Landwein regions (and must be trocken or halbtrocken in style). (There is no Landwein region for Franken.) Names of individual vineyards are not used for Deutscher Wein or Landwein. Deutscher Wein must be 100% German in origin, or specifically state on the label where grapes were sourced from within the European Union. Sparkling wine produced at the Deutscher Wein level is often labeled as Deutscher Sekt and is made from 100% German grapes/wine.

Geographic classification for Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein
There are four levels of geographic classification, and any level of classification can be used on the label of Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein:

 * Anbaugebiet, wine growing regions, of which there are 13. Anbaugebiet is always indicated on the label of Qualitätswein and Prädikatswein.
 * Bereich, district, of which there are 39. Each Anbaugebiet is divided into one or more Bereiche.
 * Großlage, collective site, which is a collective name for a number of single vineyards, and which number about 170.
 * Einzellage, single vineyard, of which there are about 2,600.

The names of Großlagen and Einzellagen are always used together with the name of a wine village, because some Einzellage names, such as Schlossberg (castle hill) are used in several villages. Unfortunately, it is not possible to tell a Großlage from an Einzellage just by looking at the wine label. A few examples of how the names appear on labels:

 * The vineyard Sonnenuhr (meaning "sun dial") in the village Wehlen along the Mosel is designated as Wehlener Sonnenuhr.
 * The neighbouring village Zeltingen also has a vineyard called Sonnenuhr, and will appear on the label as Zeltinger Sonnenuhr.
 * Both these vineyards belong to Großlage Münzlay, which is assigned to the village Wehlen. A wine from any of these vineyards, or a blend from both of them, can be sold under the name Wehlener Münzlay.
 * These vineyards lie within Bereich Bernkastel, which provides an additional choice for labelling.
 * It is also possible to simply label the wine as a wine from Anbaugebiet Mosel.

There are a few exceptions to the rule that a village must be indicated together with the vineyard name, those are a handful of historical vineyards known as Ortsteil im sinne des Weingesetzes (village name in sense of the wine law). Examples are Schloss Johannisberg in Rheingau and Scharzhofberg along the Saar. They are of the same size as a typical Einzellage and could be thought of as Einzellagen which were so famous that they were excused from displaying the village name.

Labels

Unlike French wine labels, where key information about the grape variety is not included in the labeling and thus must be known by the consumer to make an informed choice, German wine labels must display much more important information about the wine. It must always include: Due to the amount of information the label some non-professionals and many consumers find German wine labels to be harder to understand than French or US labels. Jon Bonné describes German wine labels as a "thicket of exotic words and abbreviations" that require "the vinous equivalent of Cliff notes to parse."
 * 1) Geographic information with either the country, the city or the exact site of the wine (depending on the quality).
 * 2) The variety of grape(s) used and whether the wine is mix of grapes (see: cuvée).
 * 3) The EU law quality level of the wine.
 * 4) The year of grape harvest.
 * 5) Whether it is dry, semi-dry or sweet.
 * 6) The wine maker.
 * 7) If the wine is sparkling (sekt)
 * 8) Any other special information about the quality level.

Required Information
German wine law regulates that at least six items of information be present on the label.

German wine domaines/"châteaux" are often called "Kloster", "Schloss", "Burg", "Domaine" or "Weingut" followed by some other name.
 * Name of the producer or bottler (e.g.: Staatsweingüter Kloster Eberbach)

 * A.P.Nr Amtliche Prüfnummer Quality control number (e.g.: 33050 031 04)

The first number (1–9) relates to the German wine region where the wine was produced and tested (e.g. 3-Rheingau). The second 2 or 3 digit number indicates the village of the vineyard (e.g. 30-Rauenthal)). The next two digits represents the particular wine estate (e.g. 50-Kloster Eberbach). The following 2 to 3 digit number is the sequential order that the wine was submitted by that producer for testing (e.g. 031 – this was the 31st wine submitted by Kloster Eberbach for testing). The final two digits is the year of the testing, which is normally the year following the vintage (e.g. 04 – the wine was tested in 2004).

 * Anbaugebiet, i.e. region of origin (e.g.: Rheingau)
 * Volume of the wine (e.g.: 750ml)
 * Location of the producer/bottler (e.g.: Eltville)
 * Alcohol level (e.g.: 9.0% vol)

Additional information
German wine labels may also include
 * Grape variety (e.g., Riesling)
 * Prädikat level of ripeness (e.g., Spätlese)
 * Vintage year (e.g., 2003)
 * Taste, such as dry (trocken) or off-dry (halbtrocken)
 * Vineyard name (e.g.: Rauenthaler Baiken, a single vineyard). The village name (e.g.: Rauenthal") is normally identified by the possessive form "-er" suffix and is sometimes followed by the vineyard name ("Baiken").
 * If the wine is estate-bottled (Erzeugerabfüllung or Gutsabfüllung), bottled by a co-op (Winzergenossenschaft), or by a third party bottler (Abfüller).
 * Address of the winery
 * The logo of the Association of German Prädikat Wine Estates (Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter, or more commonly VDP) which is awarded to the top 200 producers, as voted among themselves. The logo is a black eagle with a cluster of grapes in the center. The winery in the image example has the VDP logo. While not a guarantee, the presence of the VDP logo is a helpful insight into the quality of the wine.

Criticism
In recent years, the official classification has been criticised by many of the top producers, and additional classifications have been set down by wine growers' organisations such as VDP, without enjoying legal protection. The two main reasons for criticism are that the official classification does not differentiate between better and lesser vineyards and that the quality levels are less appropriate to high-quality dry wines.

title: German wine classification


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User:Tullius

I am a user from the German Wikipedia, you'll find me sometimes in the English Wikipedia, or just visit my German user page, which you can find here.

Images created by me can be found on my gallery-page on Wikipedia Commons.

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User:Wizha

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text: Category:1516 births

title: Category:1516 births


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User:Nik11~enwiki

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Kilbarchan

Kilbarchan (Cill Bhearchain) is a village and civil parish in central Renfrewshire, in the west central Lowlands of Scotland. It is almost contiguous with Johnstone, about 5 miles or 8 km west of the centre of Paisley. The village's name means "cell (chapel) of St. Barchan". It is known for its former weaving industry.

History
The village was once one of many weaving villages, and at one time had 800 handlooms. Its weavers were active in the Radical movement which sought parliamentary reform, notably the agitation of the so-called Radical War of 1820. One cottage named the "Weavers Cottage" and built in 1723 has been conserved by the National Trust for Scotland, with weaving still in operation, and guides who demonstrate handloom weaving.

Kilbarchan was the birthplace of Mary Barbour, the political activist who led the Glasgow rent strike of 1915 and later became Glasgow Corporation's first woman councillor.

Kilbarchan was used as a location for the BBC TV show Dr. Finlay's Casebook in the 1960s.

Lilias Day
The main annual event is Lilias Day, on the first Saturday of June, when hundreds of visitors watch the parade and join in the festivities. The earliest records of the event are in 1931, 1933 and 1934. Annual celebrations were restarted in 1968 by the Kilbarchan Primary School Parents Association. A main event of the day is a "coming to life" of the statue of Habbie Simpson (a famous village piper) on the steeple. The statue is covered by a flag for the day.

Inhabitants of Kilbarchan are informally known as "Habbies" after Habbie Simpson.

Facilities
Kilbarchan is the home of Kilbarchan Amateur Athletics Club, and contains a nursery, a primary school, a Girl Guiding Centre, a Scout Hall, a pipe band and two churches, Kilbarchan West and Kilbarchan East which are now a united church in the former East church campus. There are two village pubs, the Trust and Habbies which was formerly known as the Glenleven. The Trust has been in establishment since 1904. It is also the village's source of live music on a Friday night.

Transport
Kilbarchan railway station opened on 1 June 1905, but closed to passengers on 27 June 1966. It now serves as the entrance to cycle track number seven. There are currently motions in the local transport authority to reopen the line. However, since the line closed, there has been much construction on the trackbed, including the A737 (Johnstone bypass); a Morrisons superstore on the site of Johnstone North; and housing on the site of Lochwinnoch station.

Notable people

 * Mary Nicol Neill Armour (1902–2000), artist
 * Mary Barbour, political activist, was born here
 * Campbell Douglas, architect, was born and raised here
 * Maud Galt (c. 1620 – c. 1670), lesbian accused of witchcraft, lived here with her husband.
 * Prof Thomas Gibson FRSE, professor of plastic surgery and bioengineering, born here
 * Agnes Lyle, a ballad singer, lived here in 1825.
 * Hugh McIver, recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * John Stirling (1654–1727), Principal of Glasgow University and Moderator of the General Assembly in 1707

title: Kilbarchan


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Mike Magee (soccer)

Michael Magee (born September 2, 1984) is an American former soccer player who last played for LA Galaxy in Major League Soccer as a forward. In the 2013 season with the Chicago Fire, Magee scored 21 goals and was named the MLS MVP.

MetroStars
Magee graduated from USSF's Bradenton Academy he entered the 2003 MLS SuperDraft, where the MetroStars traded the previous year's third overall selection, Brad Davis, to acquire Magee with the fourth overall pick.

With Metro coach Bob Bradley familiar with Magee from his youth soccer days, the youngster quickly stepped into the Metro lineup, and played every game of the 2003 season except the meaningless finale. He became the youngest player in team history to start a game and score a goal. He scored seven goals, nearing the rookie record, which included a couple of game-winning and game-tying efforts.

When the MetroStars signed a trio of foreign strikers before the 2004 season, Magee struggled for playing time early on. But he soon found a new niche as an attacking midfielder, as his skill on the ball, leadership, precise passing, and overall intelligence made him an important part of the Metro team. Magee ended up with three goals on the season, one of them in the 90th minute to give the Metros a 2–1 win over Los Angeles Galaxy. He scored five in 2005, adding five assists. Magee followed that with three goals in an injury-filled 2006. Magee's injury woes continued in 2007 as he was limited to 7 league matches. The 2008 season saw Magee receive significant playing time as an attacking midfielder, but it was apparent that he was not fully recovered from his injuries. He was then moved to his natural forward position and had a resurgence as he scored in 3 consecutive matches, helping the club to three straight wins. He ended the 2008 season scoring five key goals, helping the club reach the MLS Playoffs.

LA Galaxy
Magee was traded to Los Angeles Galaxy in January 2009 in exchange for a 2nd round pick in the 2010 MLS SuperDraft. In his first season with Los Angeles, Magee appeared in 23 league matches scoring 2 goals. During the 2009 MLS Cup Playoffs Magee started all 4 of the team's playoff matches scoring two goals in helping lead the club to the MLS Cup Final. At the MLS 2009 Cup Final Magee scored the Galaxy's only goal but the team ended up losing during an overtime penalty shoot out.

Magee made his first professional appearance as a goalkeeper on June 25, 2011, moving to the position in the 43rd minute of a match against San Jose Earthquakes, after starting goalkeeper Donovan Ricketts was injured and reserve goalkeeper Josh Saunders received a red card for an elbow to the face of Steven Lenhart. Magee made 4 saves, including a late stop on a 1-v-1 against Lenhart, preserving a clean sheet for the Galaxy in a 0–0 draw. It was the first time Magee had played in goal at any level of soccer. Magee had his most productive season during the 2011 campaign scoring 10 goals in all competitions for the Galaxy including 3 in the MLS playoffs, helping the Galaxy to capture the 2011 MLS Cup.

Magee has become LA's "Mr. November" due to his repeated ability to deliver goals and in form clutch performances in the post-season, having scored 8 goals in his 15 playoff matches for the team.

Chicago Fire
On May 24, 2013, Magee was traded to Chicago Fire for the MLS rights to Robbie Rogers. He made an immediate impact with the club, scoring 7 goals in his first 7 matches across all competitions. He won the June Player of the Month Award. The Fire missed the playoffs by three goals and Magee lost to Camilo Sanvezzo for the MLS Golden Boot. Camilo had 22 goals and 6 assists, while Magee had 21 goals and 4 assists. On November 20, Magee along with Robbie Keane and Marco Di Vaio, was nominated for the MVP Award. On December 5, he was named the MVP of MLS. Magee became the first Chicago Fire player ever to win the award.

In September 2014, Magee underwent a right hip surgery to address an injury of the labrum and to repair articular surface damage. He would miss eight months due to recovery. In May 2015, Magee was loaned to Chicago's USL affiliate, Saint Louis FC, to begin his on-field recovery from this injury.

Return to LA Galaxy
On January 14, 2016, the Galaxy announced that Magee would return after he became a free-agent.

International career
Magee has spent time with various U.S. youth national Teams. He played in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship in the United Arab Emirates, scoring the game-winner against Paraguay.

In November 2013, Republic of Ireland national team captain Robbie Keane revealed that he would recommend Magee to Martin O'Neill as a possible call-up.

Magee was called up by Jürgen Klinsmann for the 2014 January Camp. However, he was left out of the lineup on February 1 against South Korea due to food poisoning.

Personal life
Magee spent some of his earliest years living in Elmhurst, Illinois before moving away, and has lived considerable time in South Barrington. He played AYSO; one year, his team name was the "Green Slimers".

Magee and his wife, Kristen Pizzolato were married in 2012, had a daughter in 2010 and a son in 2015.

In 2018, Magee became the owner of Sneaky Fox Spirits and Sneaky Clean Hand Sanitizer in 2020.

Honors

 * Los Angeles Galaxy
 * MLS Cup (2): 2011, 2012
 * MLS Supporters' Shield (2): 2010, 2011
 * MLS Western Conference Playoffs (3): 2009, 2011, 2012
 * MLS Western Conference Regular Season (3): 2009, 2010, 2011
 * MLS Player of the Month (1): March 2013
 * MLS Player of the Week (2): 2011, 2013

 * Chicago Fire
 * MLS Player of the Month (1): June 2013
 * MLS Best XI (1): 2013
 * MLS MVP (1): 2013

title: Mike Magee (soccer)


text:
Spontoon

A spontoon, sometimes known by the variant spelling espontoon or as a half-pike, is a type of European polearm that came into being alongside the pike. The spontoon was in common use from the mid-17th century to the early 19th century, but it was used to a much lesser extent as a military weapon and ceremonial implement until the late 19th century.

Description
Unlike the pike, which was a very long weapon that was typically 4.3-4.9 m long, the spontoon on the other hand was much shorter and only measured around 1.8-2.4 m in overall length. Generally, this weapon featured a more elaborate head than the typical pike. The head of a spontoon often had a pair of blades or lugs on each side, giving the weapon the look of a military fork or a trident. There were also spontoon-style axes which used the same shaped blades mounted on the side of the weapon with a shorter haft.

Italians might have been the first to use the spontoon, and, in its early days, the weapon was used for combat, before it became more of a symbolic item.

After the bayonet and musket replaced the pike and arquebus as the primary weapons of the common foot soldier, the spontoon remained in use as a signalling weapon. In the British army commissioned officers carried the spontoon until 1786 as a symbol of their rank and used it like a mace, in order to issue battlefield commands to their men, whilst sergeants generally carried the halberd until 1792 when it was replaced by the sergeant's pike, a spontoon. British Army officers used spontoons at the Battle of Culloden.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the spontoon was used by sergeants to defend the colours of a battalion or regiment from a cavalry attack. The spontoon was one of few polearms that stayed in use long enough to make it into American history. As late as the 1890s, the spontoon accompanied marching soldiers.

The American Militia Acts of 1792 specified that commissioned officers were to be armed with an espontoon. Lewis and Clark brought spontoons on their expedition with the Corps of Discovery. The weapons came in handy as backup arms when the Corps travelled through areas populated by large bears. Today, a spontoon (or espontoon, as it is referred to in the manual of arms) is carried by the drum major of the U.S. Army's Fife and Drum Corps, a ceremonial unit of the 3rd US Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard).

title: Spontoon


text:
Talk:Mao Dun

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 September 2020 and 22 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Reuentahl404. Peer reviewers: Brittanyli, Siyuan Cheng, Ra5en.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:17, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

truncated pen name
I found this article weird in using only half of his penname to address him. It is like calling Shakespeare "Shake". If you want to use common English convention to address him by his surname, then you should use "Shen". Or you should use his full penname as Maodun.

Mao means spear, Dun means shield. The two put together means contradiction. The phrase came from a well known four-character idiom that was based on an ancient story about a weapon merchant. He boosted that his spears could penetrate anything. As the same time, he boosted that his shields could block any weapon. Any smart buyer could find he lying.

Kowloonese 18:40, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Disagree. In China, an author's penname sometimes represents his/her full name, which includes surname and given name. I've never heard someone called him "Shen Maodun". Another example is Jin Yong, where Jin is the surname and Yong, the given name. Nobody call him "Zha Jinyong".

 * Plus, this Mao bears grass head, which doesn't mean spear anymore. It is indeed one of Chinese surnames, with no explicit meaning. Of course, together with Dun, it insinuates the meaning of "contradiction". It just shows the wits of the author when creating this name. In addition, each Chinese character is a single entity, and pronounces distinctly. Thus, I prefer to leave these two seperate as such to render this nature. This is a Chinese writer, who used Chinese language to write his works. Common English convention may not necessarily apply, even in English Wiki. Ramtears (talk) 09:39, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

education
It would be better to have more education information because Mao Dun is quite famous in chinese literature's field.

0101CHEUNGht

error in education
"Mao Dun was admitted to the University of Beijing at the age of 17 and stayed there for three years, but he could not afford to further his study."

Mao Dun was actually admitted to foundation school (預科) offered by Peking University, instead of Degree course. He had to finished his 3 year foundation school study in order to be an eligible Peking U. Student.

0101WONGy

take a look at this...
I think the group doing Liang Qichao (梁啟超) has done a great job. Please take a look at it, and maybe we can divide our sections similar to that.

0101WONGy 7, Oct 2004

 * I strongly agree with you. The format there are more systemic because they have many subheadings. Then somehow we can divide the information into subheadings.

 * On other hand, I would like to suggest to create a chart for publications. Yet the problem is that I still have to confirm with the date of other books. Also, is there any function here to creat chart?

 * 0101CHEUNGht

Problems in first 2 years life in Commercial Press
Sorry the last post was by me, I have forgotten to log in According to Mao Dun, he didn't subscribe to New Youths. And I would summarize that his was influenced by all the books and magazines in the library of the Commercial Press as a whole.

0101LItc 7, Oct 2004

problems for subheadings
It seems not good looking because I have a bit confused about the function use. Sorry!

0101CHEUNGht

 * I also think that the headings are a bit confusing as some information repeats. We have to figure out some clear headings for easy understanding by further specifying them and adding some sub-headings like those in the topic of Liang Qi-chao.

 * 0101HOlm

Discuss and Enjoy!
Hi there. Don't worry let me help you out with that!

It is good to work with you guys, enjoy the assignment! I feel like we should make more discussion here to help understanding each others' ideas. Please write your thought here when you make any changes!

0101LItc

publication
The list of Mao Dun's publication is very long. Is it necessary? I think we'd better focus on his role as a journalist rather then a literary man.

0101CHAUwy

 * The list is long and somehow it is hard to find all the publication year.
 * I think that showing all items are not really meaningful.Or I suggest that to make a table and it may look nice. What I mean is to choose the more famous publications to show is enough.

 * 0101CHEUNGht

 * I have cancelled some publications and each category now has two pubilcations.
 * Is it better?

 * 0101CHEUNGht

Technical problem
I would like to ask if I can change the sequence of the headings. How can I combine two sections together to form a new paragrah under a new heading?

0101HOlm

 * Edit the whole page instead of editing one section at a time. With a full page edit, you can remove the = sign markers that split the text into sections.  Hope this help.

Things we need to focusMao Dun
Mao Dun (茅盾) (1896-1981)

•Need to focus on his influence on journalism AS WELL AS literature, or anything else he is famous for.

•Note you did not mention journalism in your lead paragraph, though your text states his influence on journalism.

These are encouraged by teaching assistant. 14:43, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)0101CHEUNGht

 * I believe beside Literature, we should also write about his political life. He had been an important person in the Communist party, but then he was expelled and even became the public enemy during the Cultural Revolution. It is an interesting topic to write about.

 * 0101LItc 19:10, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC) 0101LItc

Origin of Pen name
It seems to me that the origin of the name "Mao Dun" is a general knowledge to the readers, rather than something that related to his political life or influence.

0101LItc0101LItc

A Mixed-up in Literary, Journalistic and Political life
I find it a bit hard to classify the information into the three catagories. Sometimes he worked as an editor or writer, but he did worked to promote his political idea. So how should we put these data?

0101LItc 21:42, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)0101LItc

presentation style
As my tutor suggested today, we should present the information in a proper way. It is because wikipedia is open to everybody online. Then we have to rearrange the order to some extent, so that the great contribution of Mao Dun should be shown at once. As a result, it can draw the first attention from the readers and then they tend to follow up what's going on with Mao Dun. Otherwise, it is meaningles if we put important issues at the bottom.

0101CHEUNGht

 * Excuse me but what do you mean by 'contributions'? you mean his publications or his influence on Chinese literature, or politics? My doubt is that if some readers do not even know who Mao Dun is at the first hand, would it be meaningful to mention his contributions at the very beginning?

 * 0101LIdy

 * of course, we have to give a brief introduction to Mao Dun. What I mean is try to draw readers'attention and it is better to focus more on his journalist and literature field.
 * 0101CHEUNGht

the tiltle of the book
do we need to translate the title of the book of Mao dun?

Lost
As I discover our page has been lost for 90% information, then I try my best to add back in and change the headline in a more systemic way, like Liang Qichao. However, can anyone help me to post back the photos? 0101CHEUNGht

About the translation
I would like to know what is the original Chinese version of "'12 year old young child, can make this language, not says motherland nobody'. coz' the last sentence sounds weird to me.

Headings Changed
I have rearranged the sections and created two headings above the original ones. I hope our article can be presented more clearly in this way. What do all of you think? Moreover, can anybody help to find more pictures of Mao Dun and his publications? I think it will be more interesting to have more pictures in our article.

--0101HOlm 15:30, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I can find more pictures, but I do not know how to add it.
 * Can anybody tell me?

 * 0101CHEUNGht

 * You may try to seek help from the the link Editing help.
 * --0101HOlm 07:27, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

More links
Hey guys, I think you can do with more internal and external links. what are some useful websites about Mao Dun? good reference materials for people who want to get to know him better? keep up the good work. rewrite, edit, rewrite. (JMSC0101 TA - Li) Lfcho 14:51, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Reference list
Do we need to creat a reference list in order to tell the source of our information? Otherwise, we cannot show our respect to copyright.

--0101HOlm 07:43, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

His Surname
I'm pretty positive it's pronounced Shen in standard Mandarin. His mother's surname is indeed Chen.
 * I don't know who put in his name originally. I agree with you that Chen is a mispronunciation.  The Chinese word 沉 (sinking) is pronounced as Chen2, it is often written in a variation that is the same as the surname 沈.  The surname is pronounced as shen3.  Since the "sinking" chen variation and the "surname" shen are written the same way, some people may have mixed up their different pronunciations.  Cantonese also pronounce this character two different way depending on meaning.  When it is sinking, it is Chum, when it is surname, it is Shum.  The variations is consistent with Mandarin.  Kowloonese 08:32, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * That's true. I forgot it's a variation of Chen2 (sinking) because simplified Chinese has reduced a great number of variant forms of Chinese characters. However, Shen3 is not a rare family name at all (in Wikipedia we have entries Shen Kuo and Shen Congwen). I suggest we change it to Shen as all the other pinyin spellings are in standard Mandarin. And, Chen2 really sounds awkward to me. --Liuyao 07:01, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
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'12 year old young child, can make this language, not says motherland nobody'.
English, please. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.36.177.108 (talk) 18:04, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

added a new content
I found this transition is really interesting, which I found from Yu-shih Chen's "False Harmony: Mao Dun on Women and Family" Hope that would be helpful.Reuentahl404 (talk) 17:06, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

notification of changes
I've made changes almost in every section of this article, mainly in the leading section and the literary career section (which was originally named as "as a literary man") I also added some references on a small amount of pre-existed information and adjust some lay-out of other sections.Reuentahl404 (talk) 04:18, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mao Dun


text:
Berlingerode

Berlingerode is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Berlingerode


text:
User talk:Jengod/Archive 8

Archive1 Archive2 Archive3 Archive 4 Archive5 Archive 6 Archive7

Homogeneous magnetic field
You made a nice addition to Did You Know, however on magnetic field there is no description of type homogeneous, and homogeneity page is too general. Hfastedge 20:45, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks.
Dear Jengod: Thanks for the tip. I'm still new at this. I first thought about contacting whoever created the Cord article in the first place, but they didn't do so as a registered user. Also, I have a question about when (and how) to merge articles with similar names, e.g. "James Farley," "James A. Farley," "James Indus Farley." Any advice? I promise not to run off and do it on impulse. User:Cuppysfriend

History of popcorn
I see you've done some wikifying, but the whole thing seems to be a copyvio from http://www.tooter4kids.com/Popcorn/history.htm. --jpgordon {gab} 18:30, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Japanese toilet
Thanks for listing Japanese toilet on Did you know. Made my day! -- Chris 73 Talk 03:51, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

Ohio Counties
I came across your page User:Jengod/List of Ohio county name etymologies, but found it is blank. I was thinking of creating such a page, having seen the List of Texas county name etymologies. Would you have any objection to my doing such a list for the Buckeye state, basing it on your "list"? Ave! PedanticallySpeaking 18:01, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

Congo Civil War
Over at Featured article candidates, the Congo Civil War nod is being shot down quickly. Care to defend? -- user:zanimum

maps
very nice. :) -- Decumanus 23:58, 2004 Oct 15 (UTC)

United States
Jengod, I don't know if you were aware, but United States is protected. (You've been editing it.) I think all your edits are good ones, but it's verboten, you know. . .   – Quadell (talk) (help)   01:46, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

Smile ^_^
Did you make the smiley? I love the use of it in the meme article. Quite lightens a topic usually only associated with thought control.

Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
You could always just copyvio the thing (he says, feeling lazy.) It's right off. --jpgordon{gab} 19:04, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Free at Last!
Greetings, Jengod! Well, I'm finally finished with List of Ohio county name etymologies and the two subsidiary articles List of Ohio county name etymologies, A-K and List of Ohio county name etymologies, L-Z. All need another pair of eyes to go over them; at this point I doubt I'd see ever the most egregious of mistakes. I also created a category of namesakes. Someone has already objected because of the many things named for Washington, Franklin, and a couple others but most of these people are pretty obscure some are lacking even stubs here. (That's my next effort to at least give stubs to all the namesake people.) Any chance this article might qualify for featured status? Ave! PedanticallySpeaking 16:15, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

Image:Stamp-us-klondike-gold-rush.jpg
Do you know what the copyright status of this image is? Are stamps copyrighted, or are they public domain US government works? —No-One Jones (m) 03:56, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the information. Unfortunately noncommercial-only images are Not Allowed right now :(, but maybe deleting this won't be an irremediable loss; I found some PD photographs to illustrate Klondike Gold Rush. —No-One Jones (m) 19:13, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Template tests
Jen - since you created these back in February, can you delete them and the associated pages? -- Netoholic @ 19:17, 2004 Oct 26 (UTC)
 * Main Page/Test8 Talk:Main Page/Test8
 * Template:Dih-test Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:Dih-test
 * Template:Dyk-test Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:Dyk-test
 * Template:Feature-test Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:Feature-test
 * Template:Holidays-test Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:Holidays-test
 * Template:Itn-test Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:Itn-test

 * Thanks. There are some related redirects in the Whatlinkshere above. I'd mark them speedy deletes, but they are protected. -- Netoholic @ 19:51, 2004 Oct 26 (UTC)

Date separator on Georgian Uprising of Texel
Thanks for the Wikifying. I note you used am eMdash in your edit, but your User:Jengod calls for an eNdash. Have you changed your mind, or was the eMdash in Georgian Uprising of Texel a slip of the typing finger? StanZegel 17:59, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Category hierarchies
Hey Jen, thanks for undoing one of my over-eager categorizations. If, as you say, "LA. history" fits within "L.A." then I'll go clean up some others that I double categorized. Willmcw 06:08, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Nav tables: chronological versus order of preference
Just a quick note to let you know that I and one other Wikipedian have asked at WikiProject U.S. politicians about using chronological order rather than order of precedence for the nav tables. If you have time to respond to our reasoning, I'd be interested in reading it.

Thanks! Steve Casburn 02:42, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Remaining Speakers of the House
On the WikiProject U.S. politicians page, you list "Remaining Speakers of the U.S. House of Representatives" as a major to-do. I just wanted to let you know that I recently (after you wrote the to-do list) checked all of the Speakers, wrote at least a stub for the ones who had no page, and added a nav table to all Speaker pages. Steve Casburn 03:08, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

WP:LCOTW
Filiocht 10:36, Nov 10, 2004 (UTC)

Dear Ms. Pacifica
, in case you haven't seen it and need an excuse to be more fine-grained in your distribution of contributions. Fight the good fight. :) -- Decumanus 21:01, 2004 Nov 10 (UTC)

Image:Michiganterritory1834.jpg
--David Iberri | Talk 18:13, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

Ursus arctos stickeenensis
Where did you get the subspecies Ursus arctos stickeenensis from? I suspect it may be a joke. Lioncrusher doesn't list it, in fact the only Google hits I get are Wikipedia and its mirrors. Andrewa 01:40, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

See also Talk:Brown Bear. Andrewa 01:51, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I've now removed the references from both brown bear and ursus (biology), the only two occurences in the article namespace. Feel free to reinstate them if you feel I have done this in error. Andrewa 15:08, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Stanford Mausoleum
Haha are you serious about the site of the annual student Halloween party? That's hilarious!

Greetings
Hi, I am NSK. I found you from the history of the Homo floresiensis article. I think your work here in Wikipedia is very nice and I would like to congratulate you. I maintain a new but very dynamic website, not related to Wikipedia or Wikimedia, which may interest you: It is a federation of wikis on diverse subjects, mainly about Science. I am considering opening a culture-related wiki, and I thought you might be the right person to write about American culture on my site. You may like to have a look there and join now or whenever I start the culture wiki. If you are interested, you can find the web address in my userpage. I will not post any more messages in your talk page. Thank you very much, NSK 05:05, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
I've "started" the Free the Rambot Articles Project which aims to get users to release all of their contributions to the U.S. state, county, and city articles under the CC-by-sa 1.0 and 2.0 license (at minimum) or into the public domain if they prefer. A secondary goal is to get those users to release ALL of their edits for ALL articles. I've personally chosen to multi-license all of the rambot and Ram-Man contributions under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License so that other projects, such as WikiTravel, can use our articles. I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all your contributions (or at minimum those on the geographic articles) so that we can keep most of the articles available under the multi-license. Many users use the   template (or even    for public domain) on their user page, but there are other templates for other options at Template messages/User namespace. If you only prefer using the GFDL, I understand, but I thought I'd at least ask, just in case, since the number of your edits is in the top 50 most. If you do want to do it, simply just copy and paste one of the above two templates into your user page and it will allow us to track those users who have done it. For example:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain (which many people do or don't like to do, see Multi-licensing), you could replace   with    -- Ram-Man 15:30, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)

Changing Edits
Hi jen thankyou for the welcome on User Talk:80.255.219.52. I often forget to log on, but in this case wrote a whole article without doing so. How do I change it to my proper sing on name? Dainamo 20:45, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Metapicstub notice
Please do not forget to include the size for the Metapicstub as the stub's format has been recently changed. --[[User:AllyUnion|AllyUnion (talk)]] 07:39, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Look here for an example: Template_messages/Stubs --[[User:AllyUnion|AllyUnion (talk)]] 07:50, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Or at your medicine stubs, Med-stub: Edit this page
 * Also, although I have already done this, make sure you use the for your stub category.  You can see it's use on your medicine stub category: Category:Medicine stubs: Edit this page --[[User:AllyUnion|AllyUnion (talk)]] 07:53, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't forget to put the   for Category:Female-related_stubs.  The template tag is there so that people see what the category is for and what stub tag to use instead of    when they look at the category. --[[User:AllyUnion|AllyUnion (talk)]] 12:34, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Image pairing ideas for stubs
I have a list of ideas for image pairs for stubs: Just some suggestions if you run into them. --[[User:AllyUnion|AllyUnion (talk)]] 08:53, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 *  : A record or platinum album
 *  : A icon version of a hand held telescope or a starfield
 *  : A icon version of a Ford Model-T
 *  : A small, no background image, of a baseball
 *  : A small icon version of a desktop computer, something like the one in Microsoft Word ClipArt (got to find a free non-license version)
 *  : A small basketball or basket
 *  : The end of the hockey stick with a puck.
 *  : A icon version of a newspaper.
 *  : A icon version of a road, either leading into the horizon or slanted
 *  : Two or three icon versions of chemistry beakers with a colorful atom in the back.
 *  : A tennis racket icon

Partition of India
You voted for Partition of India, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article.

Image:Madhappyfaceblob.gif
Hi, I really like Image:Madhappyfaceblob.gif, and it looks cute on the page meme. I was wondering where you got the image; did you make it yourself? —Lowellian (talk)  13:17, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

US Regions Project
Hi Jengod. Thanks for the pointer to the US Regions project. Now I see why the Census Bureau region articles exist although I still don't quite understand the decision to include anything more than census data information in them. I thought fixing disambigs and redirects would be easier.Frank101 16:00, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

U.S. National Historic Sites
Thanks for getting the proper category set up for Category:U.S. National Historic Sites and for doing all that recategorization. Willmcw 22:50, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Channel Islands -double thanks!
Super double thanks for your work on the different Channel Islands of California articles and project. They are notable places and much can be written about them.

National parks
I am reverting your change to the infobox from national park to U.S. national park. If you want to change this take it up at WikiProject Protected Areas. The intent is to have the link go to a general article applicable to any country's park. Beside the stub you were directing it to had no content. Rmhermen 01:40, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * I have now reverted a number of your page moves. We don't disambiguate pages unless there is a conflict. There is unlikely to be any other country using the term, "Wild and Scenic River" for example. You have also left a number of broken double redirects from page moves - I noticed a number at U.S. National Monument and U.S. National Forest. And you now have pages about Ireland linking to U.S. national monument. Rmhermen 04:49, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * And several double and even a triple redirect at U.S. National Park. Rmhermen 14:20, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

Jengod
You're probably unaware that right now you are a redirect to a Senator Williams on the list of senators. I'll let you fix this if you want but am sure that you wanted to know about it. Rlquall 14:45, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

As Maine goes ...
Jengod, the version of this that I've heard is that it relates back to the 1936 presidential election. That year, the government of Maine decided that the weather there was likely to be really bad by the time in November set for the election, so they (quite unconstitutionally, I might add) decided to move the election in their state back to September. Republican nominee Alf Landon won Maine quite easily, and "As Maine goes, so goes the nation," became a major Republican slogan for the rest of the campaign. Of course, as you know, the only other state Landon wound up carrying was Vermont, and the Democratic response became, "As Maine goes, so goes Vermont," which has proven to be far truer (and as you also know, in recent years both have gone Democratic, mostly). I hope that this helps, but of course it may also have been exactly what you already knew ... Regards, Rlquall 14:54, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Nice work ...
... on Christmas. It would be nice if such efforts continued, and this thing might be front page-worthy in time for the holidays. It's a shame that parochial items like pepsi-can stove and japanese toilets sail through the nomination ordeal unscathed, while things that people actually want to read about (and for better or worse, to throw in their two cents on) get harpooned right off the bat.Sfahey 23:40, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Montebello, California
Hi. Not sure how strongly you feel about verbatim copying of copyrighted material, but most of the history section is taken verbatim from the city web site, with a few very minor alterations. I was about to remove it again, but noticed that you had started to wikify it. I'm of the opinion that it needs much more extensive rewriting to avoid plagiarism/copyvio, but I wasn't sure if you were interested in taking it up. (I know, I know, I could have done it myself by now--but there's a principle around here somewhere, I think). older ≠ wiser 15:36, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

From Lebite (The Plageriser) : Thanks for "wikifying" what I have added. I know Bkonrad just loves to completely erase things that he considers to be below his standards. I just hope he can relax enough to accept history I inserted. I don't think the mayor of my city is going to get mad that I used the structure of history report from the city's website to create one for Wikipedia. And yes, I am lazy... because I am not unemployed. But if someone feels the need to erase.. why not fix it up instead of destroying what some people actually care about. Lebite 15:56, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Lebite, making condescending remarks is not a good strategy for gaining respect. I really am glad to see you making contributions to Wikipedia. But please try to observe the guidelines here. Despite what you may think, I do not take any great pleasure in removing that material. But it is quite plainly plagiarized without even any attempt at attribution. older ≠ wiser 16:06, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

Please check out my new article
Please check out my new article Tennessee State Constitution when you get a chance. It is very long (at least by my standards), so you will need a little time. This is the first time that I have gotten up the courage to write a truly extensive article rather than either starting them with stubs, fleshing out other people's stubs, or writing a bio of just a few paragraphs. I'm sure that it needs dispassionate editing, probably some copyediting (although I did a lot before hitting "Submit"), and lots of input

Image copyright tags.
Howdy! I'm here because of the Humungous Image Tagging Project, and I'm curious about the copyright status of an image you uploaded. The picture in question is Image:10000.gif, and it doesn't currently have an image copyright tag on it. If you could tag it with something to let us know what the copyright is, that would be great. A couple of common tags are, if you made the picture and release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use. For a full page of these, you can go to the image copyright tags page. If none of this makes sense, you can leave a message describing the coypright status on my talk page, and I'll tag it for you. Thanks much! ^_^ --Sparky the Seventh Chaos 23:57, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

Categorizingization
Thanks for your work on coordinating the US history and organization categories. I appreciate the effort it takes to categorize, much less re-categorize. If there's a particular blueprint or nomenclature that you're following, let me and others know so we can work in parallel. -Willmcw 05:25, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Re:Counties, Dralwik
Dear Jengod, sorry for the confusion, I am just doing the county names with five and more counties. Dralwik 23:23, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

RFC pages on VfD
Should RFC pages be placed on VfD to be deleted? I'm considering removing Requests for comment/Slrubenstein, Requests for comment/Jwrosenzweig and Requests for comment/John Kenney from WP:VFD. Each of them was listed by CheeseDreams. Your comments on whether I should do this would be appreciated. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:50, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

DYK
Thanks for fixing the DYK template. I knew it had grammar issues but I was at loss for ideas on how to fix them.Thanks!!!! [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 11:20, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

Image tagging
Hi Jengod. I noticed you've been doing a lot of image-tagging lately. Would you like to sign up at Untagged Images? – Quadell (talk) (help)  02:10, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Demisemiquaver.gif

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 04:56, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

 * Also, Image:Postcard-ca-san-pedro-lighthouse.jpg --Kbh3rd 19:03, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

categorizing templates

 * Putting Category:Wikipedia sources on a template page like Template:DANFS puts the category link on every page that uses that template. Is that a good idea?
 * —wwoods 20:52, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

From A Naughty State
Salve, Jengod! Even though your home page says you are avoiding us in the "red states", I saw your edit on United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio when I was working on it yesterday. What do you think of the completed article? Any thoughts on my List of Ohio county name etymologies articles? Ave! PedanticallySpeaking 17:10, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

Image tag
Hi JG! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Echoparksmall.jpg
 * Image:Churchangle.jpg - I found another one so just added it to the list Sortior 22:17, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status?

You can use   if you wish to release your own work under the GNU Free Documentation License,    if you wish to release your own work to the public domain,    if you claim fair use of someone else's work, and so on. Click here for a list of the various tags.

If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the image from, and I'll tag it for you. (And if you know exactly what this means and are really tired of the constant reminders, please excuse me. They will stop once the tagging project is complete.) Thanks so much. Denni ☯ 23:56, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Image:Fold-us-flag-animated.gif
What is the source of this image, how is it fair use? I'm very tempted to remove it from Flag of the United States. ed g2s •  talk  21:06, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Request from fellow etymologist
Hi, Jengod. I have a request. On this website are the Indiana county name etymologies. Could you please create the List of Indiana county name etymologies? I'm currently working on the alphabetical List of U.S. county name etymologies and it would help significantly. Thanks. Dralwik 22:24, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Re:Request
A red state? Oh no! Poor Jengod! I should throw myself in the Iowa River! ;-) Dralwik 00:46, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jengod/Archive 8


text:
Parliament Act 1911

The Parliament Act 1911 (1 & 2 Geo. 5. c. 13) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is constitutionally important and partly governs the relationship between the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two Houses of Parliament. The Parliament Act 1949 provides that the Parliament Act 1911 and the Parliament Act 1949 are to be construed together "as one" in their effects and that the two acts may be cited together as the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949.

The act effectively removed the right of the House of Lords to veto money bills completely, and replaced its right of veto over other public bills with the ability to delay them for a maximum of two years (the Parliament Act 1949 reduced this to one). It also reduced the maximum term of a parliament from seven years (as set by the Septennial Act 1716) to five.

Following the House of Lords' rejection of the 1909 "People's Budget", the House of Commons sought to establish its formal dominance over the House of Lords, which had broken convention in opposing the bill. The budget was eventually passed by the Lords, after the Commons' democratic mandate was confirmed by holding a general election in January 1910. The following Parliament Act, which looked to prevent a recurrence of the budget problems, was also widely opposed in the House of Lords, and cross-party discussion failed, particularly because of the proposed act's applicability to the passage of an Irish Home Rule Bill. Following a second general election in December, the act was passed with the assent of the monarch, George V, after the House of Lords conceded due to the government's threat that the Conservative majority in the Lords could be overcome by creating many new peers.

Background
Until the Parliament Act 1911, there was no way to resolve disagreements between the two houses of Parliament except through the creation of additional peers by the monarch. Queen Anne had created twelve Tory peers to vote through the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. The Reform Act 1832 had been passed when the House of Lords dropped their opposition to it: King William IV had threatened to create eighty new peers by request of the prime minister, Earl Grey. This created an informal convention that the Lords would give way when the public was behind the House of Commons. For example, Irish disestablishment, which had been a major point of contention between the two main parties since the 1830s, was passed by the Lords in 1869 after Queen Victoria intervened and W. E. Gladstone won the 1868 election on the issue. However, in practice, this gave the Lords a right to demand that such public support be present and to decide the timing of a general election.

It was the prevailing wisdom that the House of Lords could not amend money bills, since only the House of Commons had the right to decide upon the resources the monarch could call upon. This did not, however, prevent it from rejecting such bills outright. In 1860, with the repeal of the paper duties, all money bills were consolidated into a single budget. This denied the Lords the ability to reject individual components, and the prospect of voting down the entire budget was seemingly unpalatable. It was only in 1909 that this possibility became a reality. Prior to the act, the Lords had had rights equal to those of the Commons over legislation but, by convention, did not utilise its right of veto over financial measures.

There had been an overwhelming Conservative-Liberal Unionist majority in the Lords since the Liberal split in 1886. With the Liberal Party attempting to push through significant welfare reforms with considerable popular support, problems seemed certain to arise in the relationship between the houses. Between 1906 and 1909, several important measures were considerably watered down or rejected outright: for example, Augustine Birrell introduced the Education Bill 1906, which was intended to address nonconformist grievances arising from the Education Act 1902, but it was amended by the Lords to such an extent that it effectively became a different bill, whereupon the Commons dropped it. This led to a resolution in the House of Commons on 26 June 1907, put forward by Liberal Prime Minister Henry Campbell-Bannerman, declaring that the Lords' power ought to be curtailed. In 1909, hoping to force an election, the Lords rejected the financial bill based on the government budget (the "People's Budget") put forward by David Lloyd George, by 350 votes to 75. This action, according to the Commons, was "a breach of the constitution and a usurpation of the rights of the Commons". The Lords suggested that the Commons demonstrate at the polls the veracity of its claim that the bill represented the will of the people. The Liberal government sought to do so through the January 1910 general election. Liberal representation in the House of Commons fell steeply, but the party retained a majority with the help of a significant number of Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) and Labour MPs. The IPP saw the continued power of the Lords as detrimental to the prospect of securing Irish Home Rule. Following the election, the Lords relented on the budget (which had been reintroduced by the government), and it passed the Lords on 28 April, a day after the Commons vote.

Passage
The Lords was now faced with the prospect of a Parliament Act, which had considerable support from the Irish Nationalists. A series of meetings between the Liberal government and Unionist opposition members was agreed. Twenty-one such meetings were held between 16 June and 10 November. The discussions considered a wide range of proposals, with initial agreement on finance bills and on a joint sitting of the Commons and the Lords as a means by which to enforce Commons superiority in controversial areas; the number of members of the Lords present would be limited so that a Liberal majority of fifty or more in the House of Commons could overrule the Lords. However, the issue of home rule for Ireland was the main contention, with Unionists looking to exempt such a law from the Parliament Act procedure by means of a general exception for "constitutional" or "structural" bills. The Liberals supported an exception for bills relating to the monarchy and Protestant succession, but not home rule. On 10 November, the discussions were declared to have failed.

The government threatened another dissolution if the Parliament Act were not passed, and followed through on their threat when opposition in the Lords did not diminish. The December 1910 general election produced little change from January. The second dissolution of Parliament now seems to have been contrary to the wishes of Edward VII. Edward had died in May 1910 while the crisis was still in progress. His successor, George V, was asked if he would be prepared to create sufficient peers, which he would only do if the matter arose. This would have meant creating over 400 new Liberal peers. The King, however, demanded that the bill would have to be rejected at least once by the Lords before his intervention. Two amendments made by the Lords were rejected by the Commons, and opposition to the bill showed little sign of reducing. This led H. H. Asquith to declare the King's intention to overcome the majority in the House of Lords by creating sufficient new peers. The bill was finally passed in the Lords on 11 August 1911, by 131 votes to 114, a majority of 17. This reflected a large number of abstentions.

Provisions
At the request of prominent Cabinet member Sir Edward Grey, the preamble included the words "it is intended to substitute for the House of Lords as it at present exists a Second Chamber constituted on a popular instead of hereditary basis, but such substitution cannot be immediately brought into operation". The long title of the act was "An Act to make provision with respect to the powers of the House of Lords in relation to those of the House of Commons, and to limit the duration of Parliament." Section 8 defined the short title as the "Parliament Act 1911".

The bill was also an attempt to place the relationship between the House of Commons and House of Lords on a new footing. As well as the direct issue of money Bills, it set new conventions about how the power the Lords continued to hold would be used. It did not change the composition of the Lords, however.

The Lords would only be able to delay money bills for one month, effectively ending their ability to do so. These were defined as any public bill which contained only provisions dealing with the imposition, repeal, remission, alteration, or regulation of taxation; the imposition for the payment of debt or other financial purposes of charges on the Consolidated Fund, or on money provided by Parliament, or the variation or repeal of any such charges; supply; the appropriation, receipt, custody, issue or audit of accounts of public money; and the raising or guarantee of any loan or the repayment thereof. But it did not cover any sort of local taxes or similar measures. Some finance bills have not fallen within this criterion; Consolidated Fund and Appropriation bills have. The Speaker of the House of Commons would have to certify that a bill was a money bill, endorsing it with a Speaker's certificate. The Local Government Finance Act 1988, which introduced the Community Charge ("Poll Tax"), was not certified as a money bill and was therefore considered by the Lords. Whilst finance bills are not considered money bills, convention dictates that those parts of a finance bill dealing with taxation or expenditure (which, if in an act alone, would constitute a money bill) are not questioned.

Other public bills could no longer be vetoed; instead, they could be delayed for up to two years. This two-year period meant that legislation introduced in the fourth or fifth years of a parliament could be delayed until after the next election, which could prove an effective measure to prevent it being passed. Specifically, two years had to elapse between the second reading in the House of Commons in the first session and the passing of the bill in the House of Commons in the third session. The Speaker also has to certify that the conditions of the bill have been complied with. There are significant restrictions on amendments to ensure that it is the same bill that has been rejected twice. The 1911 act made clear that the life of a parliament could not be extended without the consent of the Lords.

Parliament had been limited to a maximum of seven years under the Septennial Act 1716, but the Parliament Act 1911 amended the Septennial Act to limit Parliament to five years, reckoned from the first meeting of Parliament after the election. In practice, no election was absolutely forced by that limitation; until the Septennial Act was repealed by the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, all parliaments were dissolved by the monarch under the royal prerogative on request of the Prime Minister. The five-year maximum duration in the amended Septennial Act referred to the lifetime of the parliament, and not to the interval between general elections. For example, the 2010 general election was held five years and one day after the 2005 general election; the 1992 general election was held on 9 April 1992 and the next general election was not held until 1 May 1997. The reduction in the maximum length of a parliament was seen as a counterbalance to the new powers granted to the Commons. The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, in contrast, called for general elections every five years (unless called sooner, as in 2017), and provided for an earlier dissolution of Parliament only by certain specified legal procedures. The act was repealed in 2022, restoring the previous system of dissolution under the royal prerogative.

Result
The Lords continued to suggest amendments to money bills over which it had no right of veto; and in several instances these were accepted by the Commons. These included the China Indemnity Bill 1925 and the Inshore Fishing Industry Bill 1947. The use of the Lords' now temporary veto remains a powerful check on legislation.

It was used in relation to the Government of Ireland Act 1914, which had been under the threat of a Lords veto, now removed. Ulster Protestants had been firmly against the passing of the bill. However, the Government of Ireland Act 1914 never came into force because of the outbreak of the First World War. Amendments to the Parliament Act 1911 were made to prolong the life of the 1910 parliament following the outbreak of the First World War, and also that of the 1935 parliament due to the Second World War. These made special exemptions to the requirement to hold a general election every five years.

Legislation passed without the consent of the Lords, under the provisions of the Parliament Act, is still considered primary legislation, i.e. a fully valid act of Parliament. The importance of this was highlighted in Jackson v Attorney General, in which the lawfulness of the Parliament Act 1949 was questioned. The challenge asserted that the Parliament Act 1911 had delegated power from Parliament as a whole to the Commons, and that the Parliament Act 1949 was therefore delegated rather than primary legislation. If this were the case, then the House of Commons could not further increase its own powers through the Parliament Act 1949 without direct permission from the House of Lords. Since it was passed under the 1911 act, the 1949 act had never received the required consent of the Lords. However, the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords found that the 1911 act was not primarily about empowering the Commons, but rather had the purpose of restricting the ability of the Lords to reject legislation, i.e. altering the process by which Parliament as a whole enacts legislation. The 1949 act had therefore been lawfully enacted. This ruling also appears to mean that efforts to abolish the House of Lords (a major constitutional change) by using the act could be successful, although the issue was not directly addressed in the ruling.

Analysis
The Parliament Act 1911 can be seen in the context of the British constitution: rather than creating a written constitution, Parliament chose instead to legislate through the usual channels in response to the crisis. This was a pragmatic response, which avoided the further problems of codifying unwritten rules and reconstructing the entire government. It is commonly considered a statute of "constitutional importance", which gives it informal priority in Parliament and in the courts with regard to whether later legislation can change it and the process by which this may happen.

It is also mentioned in discussion of constitutional convention. While it replaced conventions regarding the role of the House of Lords, it also relies on several others. Section 1(1) only makes sense if money bills do not arise in the House of Lords, and the provisions in section 2(1) only if proceedings on a public bill are completed in a single session, otherwise they must fail and be put through procedure again.

title: Parliament Act 1911


text:
Brookfield, Renfrewshire

Brookfield is a small dormitory village in west central Renfrewshire, Scotland. It lies on the north of the A761 road, which runs through a number of towns and villages to join Port Glasgow and the city of Glasgow, via Paisley, and is roughly equidistant to the nearby settlements of Houston, Bridge of Weir, Kilbarchan, Johnstone and Linwood.

History
The village was effectively founded in the late 19th century from what was previously farmland. It continued to grow at a steady rate from this point onwards, and now includes some 200 houses – making it possibly Renfrewshire's smallest village.

Brookfield was also home to Donald J Malcolm (1925-2003), founder of The Malcolm Group, a significant haulage contractor whose fleet carried the Brookfield name.

The village was also home to Merchiston Hospital. After the demolition of the hospital buildings in 2013, the site was converted into a large housing estate, significantly increasing the size of the village.

Governance
For elections to Renfrewshire Council, Brookfield forms part of Ward 9 (Houston, Crosslee and Linwood).

title: Brookfield, Renfrewshire


text:
Isotone

In nuclear physics, isotones are nucleides of the different chemical elements. They have the same neutron number, but different nucleon number (mass number) due to different proton number (atomic number). For example, boron-12 and carbon-13 nuclei both contain 7 neutrons, and so are isotones. Similarly, 36S, 37Cl, 38Ar, 39K, and 40Ca nuclei are all isotones of 20 because they all contain 20 neutrons.

The term derives metaphorically suggesting the uniformity in one property (neutron count). It was formed by the German physicist K. Guggenheimer by changing the "p" in "isotope" from "p" for "proton" to "n" for "neutron".

The largest numbers of observationally stable nuclides exist for isotones 50 (five: 86Kr, 88Sr, 89Y, 90Zr, 92Mo – noting also the primordial radionuclide 87Rb) and 82 (six: 138Ba, 139La, 140Ce, 141Pr, 142Nd, 144Sm – noting also the primordial radionuclide 136Xe). Neutron numbers for which there are no stable isotones are 19, 21, 35, 39, 45, 61, 89, 115, 123, and 127 or more (though 21, 142, 143, 146, and perhaps 150 have primordial radionuclides). In contrast, the proton numbers for which there are no stable isotopes are 43, 61, and 83 or more (83, 90, 92, and perhaps 94 have primordial radionuclides). This is related to nuclear magic numbers, the number of nucleons forming complete shells within the nucleus, e.g. 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126. No more than one observationally stable nuclide has the same odd neutron number, except for 1 (2H and 3He), 5 (9Be and 10B), 7 (13C and 14N), 55 (97Mo and 99Ru), and 107 (179Hf and 180mTa). In contrast, all even neutron numbers from 6 to 124, except 84 and 86, have at least two observationally stable nuclides. Neutron numbers for which there is a stable nuclide and a primordial radionuclide are 27 (50V), 65 (113Cd), 81 (138La), 84 (144Nd), 85 (147Sm), 86 (148Sm), 105 (176Lu), and 126 (209Bi). Neutron numbers for which there are two primordial radionuclides are 88 (151Eu and 152Gd) and 112 (187Re and 190Pt).

The neutron numbers which have only one stable nuclide (compare: monoisotopic element for the proton numbers) are: 0, 2, 3, 4, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 37, 41, 43, 47, 49, 51, 53, 57, 59, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 109, 111, 113, 117, 119, 121, 125, 126, and the neutron numbers which have only one significant naturally-abundant nuclide (compare: mononuclidic element for the proton numbers) are: 0, 2, 3, 4, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21, 23, 25, 29, 31, 33, 37, 41, 43, 47, 49, 51, 53, 57, 59, 63, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 83, 87, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 109, 111, 113, 117, 119, 121, 125, 142, 143, 146.

title: Isotone


text: File:Chrisblore backnang.jpg

title: File:Chrisblore backnang.jpg


text:
Move-to-front transform

The move-to-front (MTF) transform is an encoding of data (typically a stream of bytes) designed to improve the performance of entropy encoding techniques of compression. When efficiently implemented, it is fast enough that its benefits usually justify including it as an extra step in data compression algorithm.

This algorithm was first published by Boris Ryabko under the name of "book stack" in 1980. Subsequently, it was rediscovered by J.K. Bentley et al. in 1986, as attested in the explanatory note.

The transform
The main idea is that each symbol in the data is replaced by its index in the stack of “recently used symbols”. For example, long sequences of identical symbols are replaced by as many zeroes, whereas when a symbol that has not been used in a long time appears, it is replaced with a large number. Thus at the end the data is transformed into a sequence of integers; if the data exhibits a lot of local correlations, then these integers tend to be small.

Let us give a precise description. Assume for simplicity that the symbols in the data are bytes. Each byte value is encoded by its index in a list of bytes, which changes over the course of the algorithm. The list is initially in order by byte value (0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 255). Therefore, the first byte is always encoded by its own value. However, after encoding a byte, that value is moved to the front of the list before continuing to the next byte.

An example will shed some light on how the transform works. Imagine instead of bytes, we are encoding values in a–z. We wish to transform the following sequence: bananaaa By convention, the list is initially (abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz). The first letter in the sequence is b, which appears at index 1 (the list is indexed from 0 to 25). We put a 1 to the output stream: 1 The b moves to the front of the list, producing (bacdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz). The next letter is a, which now appears at index 1. So we add a 1 to the output stream. We have: 1,1 and we move the letter a back to the top of the list. Continuing this way, we find that the sequence is encoded by: 1,1,13,1,1,1,0,0

It is easy to see that the transform is reversible. Simply maintain the same list and decode by replacing each index in the encoded stream with the letter at that index in the list. Note the difference between this and the encoding method: The index in the list is used directly instead of looking up each value for its index.

i.e. you start again with (abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz). You take the "1" of the encoded block and look it up in the list, which results in "b". Then move the "b" to front which results in (bacdef...). Then take the next "1", look it up in the list, this results in "a", move the "a" to front ... etc.

Implementation
Details of implementation are important for performance, particularly for decoding. For encoding, no clear advantage is gained by using a linked list, so using an array to store the list is acceptable, with worst-case performance O( n k ), where n is the length of the data to be encoded and k is the number of values (generally a constant for a given implementation).

The typical performance is better because frequently-used symbols are more likely to be at the front and will produce earlier hits. This is also the idea behind a Move-to-front self-organizing list.

However, for decoding, we can use specialized data structures to greatly improve performance.

Python
This is a possible implementation of the move-to-front algorithm in Python.

The inverse will recover the original text:

Example output:

In this example we can see the MTF code taking advantage of the three repetitive i's in the input word. The common dictionary here, however, is less than ideal since it is initialized with more commonly used ASCII printable characters put after little-used control codes, against the MTF code's design intent of keeping what's commonly used in the front. If one rotates the dictionary to put the more-used characters in earlier places, a better encoding can be obtained:

Use in practical data compression algorithms
The MTF transform takes advantage of local correlation of frequencies to reduce the entropy of a message. Indeed, recently used letters stay towards the front of the list; if use of letters exhibits local correlations, this will result in a large number of small numbers such as "0"'s and "1"'s in the output.

However, not all data exhibits this type of local correlation, and for some messages, the MTF transform may actually increase the entropy.

An important use of the MTF transform is in Burrows–Wheeler transform based compression. The Burrows–Wheeler transform is very good at producing a sequence that exhibits local frequency correlation from text and certain other special classes of data. Compression benefits greatly from following up the Burrows–Wheeler transform with an MTF transform before the final entropy-encoding step.

Example
As an example, imagine we wish to compress Hamlet's soliloquy (To be, or not to be...). We can calculate the size of this message to be 7033 bits. Naively, we might try to apply the MTF transform directly. The result is a message with 7807 bits (higher than the original). The reason is that English text does not in general exhibit a high level of local frequency correlation. However, if we first apply the Burrows–Wheeler transform, and then the MTF transform, we get a message with 6187 bits. Note that the Burrows–Wheeler transform does not decrease the entropy of the message; it only reorders the bytes in a way that makes the MTF transform more effective.

One problem with the basic MTF transform is that it makes the same changes for any character, regardless of frequency, which can result in diminished compression as characters that occur rarely may push frequent characters to higher values. Various alterations and alternatives have been developed for this reason. One common change is to make it so that characters above a certain point can only be moved to a certain threshold. Another is to make some algorithm that runs a count of each character's local frequency and uses these values to choose the characters' order at any point. Many of these transforms still reserve zero for repeat characters, since these are often the most common in data after the Burrows Wheeler Transform.

Move-to-front linked-list

 * The term Move To Front (MTF) is also used in a slightly different context, as a type of a dynamic linked list. In an MTF list, each element is moved to the front when it is accessed. This ensures that, over time, the more frequently accessed elements are easier to access.

title: Move-to-front transform


text:
Harpalus (crater)

Harpalus is a young lunar impact crater that lies on the Mare Frigoris, at the eastern edge of the Sinus Roris. To the southeast at the edge of the mare is the small crater Foucault, and to the northwest on the opposite edge is the walled plain named South.

The rim of Harpalus is sharp-edged with little sign of wear or erosion. The wall is not perfectly circular, and has a few outward notches and protrusions, especially along the eastern half. It is surrounded by an outer rampart of ejecta, most notably towards the north, and is at the center of a small ray system. Due to its rays, Harpalus is mapped as part of the Copernican System.

The inner surface is terraced, and flows down to the floor. The interior wall is the least wide along the northern face, making the floor slightly offset in that direction. Near the midpoint is a system of low central ridges.

Popular culture references
Harpalus was the rocket landing site in the 1950s science fiction film Destination Moon. It was chosen by artist Chesley Bonestell as it had a relatively high latitude and the Earth could be realistically displayed at a low altitude during camera shots. However, the resulting clay model depicted crazing (net-like cracks) across the crater floor, an addition to which Bonestell objected.

Satellite craters
By convention, these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Harpalus.

title: Harpalus (crater)


text:
Brehme

Brehme may refer to:

People with the surname

 * Albert Brehme (born 1903), German bobsledder
 * Andreas Brehme (1960–2024), German football player and coach
 * Anton Brehme (born 1999), German volleyball player
 * Bernd Brehme (born 1938), German football coach
 * Christian Brehme (1613–1667), German poet, librarian and mayor
 * Gerhard Brehme (1912–1943), German Wehrmacht officer and Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipient
 * Hans Brehme (1904–1957), German composer
 * Hugo Brehme (1882–1954), German-born photographer of Mexico
 * Karl Brehme (1858–1925), Saxon major general
 * Matthias Brehme (born 1943), German gymnast
 * Richard Brehme (1826–1887), German doctor
 * Stephanie Brehme (born 1970), German actress

Places

 * Brehme, Germany, a municipality in Eichsfeld district, Thuringia, Germany

title: Brehme


text:
Brehme, Germany

Brehme is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Brehme, Germany


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User:Hklevjer~enwiki

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title: User:Hklevjer~enwiki


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User:Fuzzie

I'm Alyssa. I live in the Netherlands, but my Dutch is dismal. See fuzzie.org for more on me. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you want to. As long as it's not about stub-sorting, darnit.

I used to be 'Fuzlyssa' (242 edits) here, but then I realised that the 'Fuzzie' account was tied to my e-mail address and I'd just forgotten the password. :) Therefore, despite what my contribution history might show, my first Wikipedia edit was on the 25th of June, 2004 - but I've only started making notable amounts of edits recently.

For those suspicious of socketpuppetry, I'm not Bz2 - that would be my boyfriend, so you'll find us occasionally tidying up things together.

Other sites
I'm an admin on the off-site Creatures Wiki, and claim to be an authority on the subject of Creatures, thanks to having wasted far too many months of my life on it.

I used to be involved with Everything2. My userpage there notes that all my 'nodes' are GFDL-licensed.

title: User:Fuzzie


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Ecklingerode

Ecklingerode is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Ecklingerode