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Talk:Colonel general

Untitled

 * Article: de:Generaloberst
 * Corresponding English-language article: none, perhaps place at Colonel-General?
 * Worth doing because: It's the next rank below Generalfeldmarschall in the WWII German military hierarchy, and the German article looks comprehensive
 * Originally Requested by: Ellsworth 17:18, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Status: Translation done -- Jmabel | Talk 08:46, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Other notes: It's possible that some of the names -- especially the Austrian names -- could use further work to match the "correct" forms under which articles might exist. Also, I've made a couple of commented-out notes in the article on some major missing information about Austria. Basically, the dates for which this rank was used in Austria are unclear; so is whether the Austrian list is complete. Obviously, lists for Germany in other than the Wehrmacht era could be added. -- Jmabel | Talk 08:49, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)

Untitled 2
"Generaloberst mit dem Rang eines Generalfeldmarschalls": correct might be: "Generaloberst im Rang eines Generalfeldmarschalls"

 * Every source I have, including original German publications from the Second World War, list the title of Colonel General with Field Marshall rank as Generaloberst mit dem Rang eines Generalfeldmarschalls -Husnock 4 Jan 2004
 * Sounds right to me. -- Jmabel | Talk 22:38, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)

I think that General-Colonel (with or without the hyphen) is preferable for the following reasons: the lower ranks Lieutenant General and Major General are, respectively, three- and two-star ranks in most Western armies but in the Soviet military General-Lieutenant (SIC) and General-Major are two-and one-star ranks and thus all ranks which do not carry the same number of stars as Major/Lieutenant/Colonel General should, IMHO, be written in the order General-Colonel/Lieutenant/MajorGwgoldb (talk) 21:08, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

acknowledging sources
The following was removed by Mikkalai. I restored it. He removed it again. "This article draws heavily on the corresponding article in the German-language Wikipedia." I'm not going to have an edit war over this, but I think the removal is absolutely wrong. The German and Austrian material here came almost entirely from my translation of material from the German-language Wikipedia. I have no other source to cite for it. If they have made errors, then I have necessarily replicated their errors, and they don't cite sources for their material (or at least they didn't at the time I translated). This is exactly why one cites sources. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:39, May 16, 2005 (UTC)

List needed
I invite someone to move out all the names from htis article into a seperate list. I feel they are really cluttering up the article. Opinions? -Husnock 09:00, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Austrian colonel-generals
It says now in the article: Colonel General (Generaloberst) was also the second-highest rank in the Austrian Army, although it was not used between 1915 and 1918. It's my understanding that it was exactly the opposite: the rank of Generaloberst was introduced in 1915 following the German model. -62.183.251.50 08:09, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Lost in Translation?
I am not entirely happy with Generaloberst being translated as Colonel-General. The logic of this seems to come from the fact that a colonel in german is "Oberst" a word in german that is also an adjective meaning utmost or superior. The title Oberst is therefore an appropriate derrivation as a noun to apply to the leader of a regiment. Generaloberst is best translated as "Senior General" and (given the time for citation) has been used in other Enlglish language historical articles when refering to those who held the rank. Breakfast in French is "petit-dejeuner" but we don't refer to eating "little lunch" when breakfasting in Paris and, that said, I'm not even sure if colonel-general works as a literal translation as the "oberst" changes meaning in a subtle sense - e.g. saying "colonel general" would be as bad as tranlating "Air Chief Marshal" into language X to appear to a speaker of X as "Air Head of Tribe Marshal" if you get my drift. I am not sure how this relates to the armies of Russia or any other country mentioned but I suspect the same principle would apply. Dainamo 00:21, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Literal translation is "General Colonel". "Colonel General" is used by nearly every professional rank comparison guide I've ever seen.  Documents at the Nuremburg trials also list the Generaloberst defendents as having the rank of "Colonel General" and some German officers from World War II, who were interviewed in later life (and who knew English) would call themselves Colonel General.  So, as it is an accepted translation by sources used in the article, not to mention many others, changing it to a different translation would not be supported. -00:32, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

I was unaware of the above. Thank you for your insight Dainamo 00:33, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

 * You're absolutely right, Dainamo. "Generaloberst" in the German original rather means something like "the top general" - after all, that's the root of the word "oberst" too: the superlative form of "ober" (upper). I think a more correct translation would be something like your "Senior General" or maybe "Superior General".
 * Unfortunately, the anonymous poster is also right. Apparently the first english speakers who had to translate this rank (at Nuremberg, maybe?) made the mistake of calling it "Colonel General", which seems logical when you have Lieutenant Gen. and Major Gen., but is never the less incorrect. Anyway, the error stands, and that's the internationally accepted term. --dllu 20:11, 1 April 2007 (UTC)
 * FWIW, after six years, translating "Generaloberst" with "Supreme General" or something similar is gramatically wrong. That would be "Oberster General" in German, as the adjective has to stand before the noun, not after. "General-Colonel" or "Colonel General" is the literally and functionally correct translation. -- megA (talk) 13:54, 10 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Except that the adjective also proceeds the noun in English, yet there are exceptions such as Attourney General and President Elect etc.. Curously the rank of General is itself a contraction of Captain General in which general was the adjective rather than the noun.  I take your point though that Supreme General would not work if we were going for a perfect translation but it is closer than Colonel General.  Having said all that, Colonel General, it appears, is doubtlessly acceptable through general use in the same way in English in the same way the English language has invented the word Sultana (the wife of a Sultan which is not used in places where they have a Sultan!) and it is further compunded by the fact that other countries like Russia have transposed the rank as Colonel General in their own language. Dainamo (talk) 22:53, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

First time at doing this so please give me a break. I think people are attacking this the wrong way - there are several ways to prove this. Firstly, "Oberst" means highest (or similar). By itself the highest rank below a general or combined as the highest general (below a Generalfeldmarschall). The second proof is to look at the units commanded by various ranks and compare them to the US Army rank structure (in brackets). Generalmajor/Brigade (Brigadier General-1 star); Generalleutnant/Division (Major General-2 stars); General/Corps (Lieutenant General-3 stars); Generaloberst/Army (General-4 stars). The size of unit commanded by these ranks holds true in most cases, except late in the war. The final proof is to look at the dual ranks of Waffen-SS generals. Remember Gruppe/Gruppen means Division/s, and Fuhrer means leader. A Brigadefuhrer (Brigade Leader or Brigadier General) had the equivalent of Generalmajor; Gruppenfuhrer (Division Leader or Major General) was equal to a Generalleutnant; Obergruppenfuhrer (Above Division Leader/Lieutenant General) equalled a General; and a Oberstgruppenfuhrer (Highest Division Leader/General) equalled a Generaloberst. Imagine the British and Americans didn't speak the same language and you had to transpose. A Brigadier and a Brigadier-General both command a Brigade, so are equivalent ranks. Same goes for Commodore and Rear-Admiral (lower half). What would it matter if the Germans renamed a Generalleutnant "Elmer Fudd"? Elmer would still command a Division, so would still translate as Major-General. Aspie aussie (talk) 20:04, 24 May 2011 (UTC)
 * LOL good argument except you are conusing equivalence with translation. By the same argument you might also translate Generalfeldmashall into American English as General of the Armies (five star general), but Field Marshal is always used instead. Dainamo (talk) 22:53, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Incorrect data
"(...) because it occupies the position normally designated Lieutenant General in Western armies (Colonel General (three stars) is one position higher than Lieutenant General (two stars)"

That's just not true - It's normally designated full general. I'm not really a wikipedian, so I'll leave the edit to somebody that knows how to edit it appropriately. There is a rank for Lt. Gen. - "генерал-лейтенант", the one in question is the one in command of the army, not corps.

Full General?!
The rank is also closely associated with Germany, where Generaloberst has been the full General and a rank below Generalfeldmarschall. ^ That quota is actually entirely incorrect. A General in the german Army was a full general by all means.

Generaloberst im Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls ^ To say something here - according to my knowledge that had also something to do with payment/salary.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_%28Germany%29 ^that sums it up nicely for the generalobersten im range eines generalfeldmarschall

Russian "colonel general"
There are some problems with the Russian "colonel general" section.

 * 1) The traditional translation of генерал-полковник as "colonel general" leaves a lot to be desired (as per the German discussion above), but this not made clear in the text.
 * 2) The section states that "The rank of colonel general did not exist in Imperial Russia", but Russian Wikipedia says that it was introduced in 1852 (генерал-полковник article) or used from the time of Peter the Great (Генерал-лейтенант article), depending on which article you read.
 * 3) None of this is helped by the confusion in Wikipedia over the comparative ranks of Russian army officers - does a colonel general rank with a 4-star general per Comparative officer ranks of World War II or a 3-star OF-8 lieutenant general per Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation? The fact he wears 3 stars doesn't mean he is the same as a US 3-star lieutenant general - after all, a full Russian general only wears one star!

Shem (talk) 21:38, 28 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Actually, the problem with comparative ranks ain't serious at all, because Russians got the same number of supreme officer positions as the British and Americans - five. Here is the comparison:

Though Russian MRF is unused in peacetime exactly as American GA. Lex4570 (talk) 01:58, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

Revert explained
For an explanation of my revert to this article, see User talk:94.221.58.197. Shem (talk) 17:36, 23 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Ditto User talk:92.72.224.185. Shem (talk) 17:43, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Colonel general


text:
Seduction of the Innocent

Seduction of the Innocent is a book by German-born American psychiatrist Fredric Wertham, published in 1954, that warned that comic books were a negative form of popular literature and a serious cause of juvenile delinquency. The book was taken seriously at the time in the United States, and was a minor bestseller that created alarm in American parents and galvanized them to campaign for censorship. At the same time, a U.S. Congressional inquiry was launched into the comic book industry. Subsequent to the publication of Seduction of the Innocent, the Comics Code Authority was voluntarily established by publishers to self-censor their titles. In the decades since the book's publication, Wertham's research has been disputed by scholars.

Overview and arguments
Seduction of the Innocent cited overt or covert depictions of violence, sex, drug use, and other adult fare within "crime comics" – a term Wertham used to describe not only the popular gangster/murder-oriented titles of the time, but superhero and horror comics as well. The book asserted that reading this material encouraged similar behavior in children.

Comics, especially the crime/horror titles pioneered by EC, were not lacking in gruesome images; Wertham reproduced these extensively, pointing out what he saw as recurring morbid themes such as "injury to the eye". Many of his other conjectures, particularly about hidden sexual themes (e.g. images of female nudity concealed in drawings or Batman and Robin as gay partners), were met with derision within the comics industry. Wertham's claim that Wonder Woman had a bondage subtext was somewhat better documented, as her creator William Moulton Marston had admitted as much; however, Wertham also claimed Wonder Woman's strength and independence made her a lesbian. At this time homosexuality was still viewed as a mental disorder by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Wertham also claimed that Superman was both un-American and fascistic.

Wertham critiqued the commercial environment of comic book publishing and retailing, objecting to air rifles and knives advertised alongside violent stories. Wertham sympathized with retailers who did not want to sell horror comics, yet were compelled to by their distributors' table d'hôte product line policies.

Seduction of the Innocent was illustrated with comic-book panels offered as evidence, each accompanied by a line of Wertham's commentary. The first printing contained a bibliography listing the comic book publishers cited, but fears of lawsuits compelled the publisher to tear the bibliography page from any copies available, so copies with an intact bibliography are rare. Early complete editions of Seduction of the Innocent are collected avidly by book and comic book collectors.

Beginning in 1948, Wertham wrote and spoke widely, arguing about the detrimental effects that comics reading had on young people. Consequently, Seduction of the Innocent serves as a culminating expression of his sentiments about comics and presents augmented examples and arguments, rather than wholly new material. Wertham's concerns were not limited to comics' impact on boys: He also expressed a concern for the effect of impossibly proportioned female characters on girl readers. Writer A. David Lewis claims that Wertham's anxiety over the perceived homosexual subtext of Batman and Robin was aimed at the depiction of family within this context, rather than focused on the moral character of homosexuality itself. Will Brooker also writes in Batman Unmasked: Analyzing a Cultural Icon that Wertham's notorious reading of Batman and Robin as a homosexual couple was not of his own invention, but was suggested to him by homosexual males whom he interviewed.

Influence
Seduction of the Innocent caught the attention of Senator Estes Kefauver. Kefauver had a reputation as a mob hunter, and it was a known fact that the mob had strong connections with the distribution of comics and magazines. He saw Wertham's agenda as a tool he could use against the organized crime within the industry. As a platform from where he could spread his message more efficiently, Wertham appeared before the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency. In testimony before the committee, he compared the comic book industry to Adolf Hitler.

The hearing was broadcast on television, which was quickly becoming a new mass medium, and made other media join in. It made headlines on The New York Times's front page. Even if the government didn't act beyond the hearing, and Kefauver lost interest in comics after he was selected as a presidential candidate, the public damage was already done. The hearing was in April, and the same summer 15 publishers went out of business. At EC Comics, Mad was the only surviving title.

The committee's questioning of their next witness, EC publisher William Gaines, focused on violent scenes of the type Wertham had described.

At the time, Wertham was also the Court's appointed psychiatric expert during the trial of the Brooklyn Thrill Killers, a gang of youths who had brutalized people and killed two men during the summer of 1954. Wertham asserted that the gang leader's behaviour had been caused by comic books, and most specifically pornographic ones. The case helped fuel the public outrage against comic books. Nights of Horror, an underground fetish series that Wertham had used as evidence during the trial, was banned by the State of New York: the case against that comic eventually went to the Supreme Court, which upheld the ban in 1957.

Although the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency's final report did not blame comics for crime, it recommended that the comics industry tone down its content voluntarily. Publishers then developed the self-censorship body the Comics Code Authority.

Criticism
According to a 2012 study by Carol L. Tilley, Wertham "manipulated, overstated, compromised, and fabricated evidence" in support of the contentions expressed in Seduction of the Innocent. He misprojected both the sample size and substance of his research, making it out to be more objective and less anecdotal than it truly was. He generally did not adhere to standards worthy of scientific research, instead using questionable evidence for his argument that comics were a cultural failure.

Wertham used New York City adolescents from troubled backgrounds with previous evidence of behavior disorders as his primary sample population. For instance, he used children at the Lafargue Clinic to argue that comics disturbed young people, but according to a staff member's calculation seventy percent of children under the age of sixteen at the clinic had diagnoses of behavior problems. He also used children with more severe psychiatric disorders which required hospitalization at Bellevue Hospital Center, Kings County Hospital Center, or Queens General Hospital.

Statements from Wertham's subjects were sometimes altered, combined, or excerpted so as to be misleading. Relevant personal experience was sometimes left unmentioned. For instance, in arguing that the Batman comics condoned homosexuality because of the relationship between Batman and his sidekick Robin, there is evidence Wertham combined two subjects' statements into one, and did not mention the two subjects had been in a homosexual relationship for years prior. He failed to inform readers that a subject had been recently sodomized. Despite subjects specifically noting a preference for or the superior relevance of other comics, he gave greater weight to their reading Batman. Wertham also presented as firsthand stories that he could have only heard through colleagues.

His descriptions of comic content were sometimes misleading, either by exaggeration or elision. He mentions a "headless man" in an issue of Captain Marvel while the comic only shows Captain Marvel's face splashed with an invisibility potion, not a decapitated figure. He exaggerated a 13-year-old girl's report of stealing in a comic from "sometimes" to "often". He compared the Blue Beetle to a Kafkaesque nightmare, failing to mention that the Blue Beetle is a man and not an insect.

In other countries
While it had been the US comic industry itself that imposed self-censorship in the form of the Comics Code Authority, France had already passed the Loi du 16 juillet 1949 sur les publications destinées à la jeunesse (Law of July 16, 1949 on Publications Aimed at Youth) in response to the post-liberation influx of American comics. As late as 1969, the law was invoked to prohibit the comic magazine Fantask —which featured translated versions of Marvel Comics stories — after seven issues. The government agency charged with upholding the law, particularly in the 1950s and the first half of the 1960s, was called the Commission de surveillance et de contrôle des publications destinées à l'enfance et à l'adolescence (Committee in Charge of Surveillance and Control over Publications Aimed at Children and Adolescents). After the May 1968 social upheaval in France, key comics artists, including Jean Giraud, staged a revolt in the editorial offices of the comic magazine Pilote, demanding and ultimately receiving more creative freedom from editor-in-chief René Goscinny.

West Germany from 1954 had the Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien (Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons), a government agency intended to weed out publications, including comics, considered unhealthy for German youth. This agency came about because of the "Gesetz über die Verbreitung jugendgefährdender Schriften" law passed on June 9, 1953, itself resulting from the "provisions for the protection of young persons" clause in Article 5 of the German constitution, regulating freedom of expression. The German comics industry in 1955 instituted the Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle für Serienbilder (Voluntary Self-Control for Comics).

Dutch Minister of Education Theo Rutten of the Catholic People's Party published a letter in the October 25, 1948, issue of the newspaper Het Parool directly addressing educational institutions and local government bodies, advocating the prohibition of comics. He stated, "These booklets, which contain a series of illustrations with accompanying text, are generally sensational in character, without any other value. It is not possible to act against the printers, publishers or distributors of these novels, nor can anything be achieved by not making paper available to them, as the necessary paper is available on the free market". Exceptions were made for a small number of "healthy" comic productions from the Toonder studio, which included the literary comic strip Tom Poes.

Legacy
Comics publisher Dynamite Entertainment (The Lone Ranger, The Shadow, Conan) would adopt the title for a series of crime comics, beginning in 2015.

Max Allan Collins crime novel, Seduction of the Innocent (June 2013), the third book in his Jack & Maggie Starr series, is a murder mystery set around a fictionalized version of Frederic Wertham's crusade against comic books.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Seduction of the Innocent


text:
Arona, Piedmont

Arona (Aron-a ; Aruna ) is a town and comune on Lake Maggiore, in the province of Novara (northern Italy). Its main economic activity is tourism, especially from Milan, France and Germany.

History
Archaeological findings have shown that the area of what today is Arona was settled from the 18th–13th centuries BC. Prehistoric pile-dwellings have been found near the town and are part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps UNESCO World Heritage Site. Later it was a possession of the Celts, the Romans and the Lombards.

In the 11th century the Benedictine abbey of Saints Gratianus and Felinus, Martyrs, was founded.

After the siege and destruction of Milan in 1162 by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, many of the exiled took refuge in Arona.

Later the town was a possession of the Torriani and (from 1277) of the Visconti families. In the early 14th century, the town became a free commune under the suzerainty of the abbey. In 1439 it was acquired by Vitaliano Borromeo and, as a result, the House of Borromeo.

It was in Arona that the twenty-year-old Oscar Wilde wrote his poem "Rome Unvisited" in 1875, travelling with his former Trinity College Dublin Classics Tutor, J.P. Mahaffy, lamenting that he had to leave Italy before having a chance to visit Rome.

Geography
The city of Arona is located on the Piedmontese shore of Lake Maggiore and is crossed by the Vevera stream, which flows into the lake. Around there are the hilly bas-reliefs of morainic origin incorporated into the Lagoni di Mercurago Natural Park where, in 1860, the first pile-dwelling settlement found in Italy was identified. The hills are generally covered by woods that occupy more than half of the territory. 33% of the surface is occupied by urbanized areas, 9% by meadows or pastures; smaller percentages are allocated to parks, gardens and green sports areas (2.3%), vegetable gardens, orchards, nurseries and vineyards (1.7%), uncultivated herbaceous (1%) and arable land (0.4%).

Main sights

Arona's main attractions include:

 * Sancarlone. This giant statue of Saint Charles Borromeo was commissioned by Cardinal Federico Borromeo, and construction began in 1614, completed in 1698. At 35.10 m it was the largest bronze standing statue in the world, still second only to the Statue of Liberty. It is said that the architects behind the Statue of Liberty consulted the blueprints of the Sancarlone when laying out their own. The statue was intended as part of a complex of buildings and chapels celebrating the life of St. Charles, of which only three chapels were completed. Next to the statue are the 17th-century basilica and the former Archbishop's Palace. A smaller version of the statue, the Sancarlino, can be seen in Corso Cavour in the town.
 * La Rocca ("The Castle") is a park owned by the Borromeo family. The park used to contain the castle of Arona, destroyed by the Napoleonic armies, and was the birthplace of St. Charles Borromeo himself. The park is freely open to the public and is a favourite of many locals; many animals are kept in semi-captivity in various areas of the park.
 * The Lungolago ("Lakeside") offers a view of the castle on the opposite shore, the Rocca Borromeo di Angera, the lake and the Alps. Swimming in Lake Maggiore is now possible, after years of pollution. A beach has been refurbished by this group close to Piazza del Popolo in the town centre, called Le rocchette ("The little rocks").
 * Collegiata della Natività di Maria Vergine (1482) - church has paintings of the life of the Virgin Mary by Pier Francesco Mazzucchelli, also known as Morazzone, and a Holy Family by Gaudenzio Ferrari.
 * Santi Martiri
 * Sacro Monte di Arona

The frazione of Mercurago is home to Lagoni Park, a protected area including a peat-bog, pastures dedicated to the breeding of thoroughbred horses and a woodland area. There are also some archaeological findings from the Bronze Age, including ancient wheels.

Transport

Arona is 25 km north of Milan's Malpensa International Airport, actually closer than Milan itself. It is also connected to the railway network, being one of the main stops in the important link between Milan and Switzerland that passes Domodossola (another parallel link travels through Como). Arona is also the last station for two minor rail lines, connecting Arona to Novara and to Santhià; the latter uses single-car diesel trains.

Due to the town's size, there is no public transport, but some bus companies connect the town to its frazioni of Dagnente, Campagna, Mercurago and Montrigiasco, and to neighbouring municipalities.

Arona is near a confluence of motorways, and from there one can head for Milan, Genoa, and Gravellona Toce (where the motorway becomes a simple highway to Domodossola and continues into Switzerland). Whereas there is a motorway exit named after Arona, the exit at Castelletto Ticino is usually more convenient for the traveller coming from the direction of Milan.

The headquarters of Navigazione Lago Maggiore (Lake Maggiore's ferry company) is located in Arona, along with its shipyard. Arona is the southernmost port on Lake Maggiore, and transport by boat or hydrofoil is available to both sides of the lake up to the Swiss city of Locarno.

Surrounding municipalities

 * Oleggio Castello
 * Meina
 * Comignago
 * Dormelletto

Twin towns – sister cities
Arona is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Compiègne, France
 * 🇪🇸 Arona, Spain
 * 🇧🇪 Huy, Belgium

title: Arona, Piedmont


text:
User talk:Punchi

Martha's Vineyard
I've just reverted your changes to Martha's Vineyard. Unless you're calling my edits nonsensical, I assume you were trying to revert the Jim Belushi reference (or possibly the removal of "Ron Styron" from the Tourism section). Please revert only the portions of the article that you object to or if you object to large portions, please use the article's talk page (Talk:Martha's Vineyard). Feel free to respond here, on my talk page, or on the MV talk page. Mike Dillon 05:47, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Oops, I realize I got mixed up in which version I was editing. Complete mistake on my part. Thanks for catching and correcting it. --Punchi 06:09, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of World Resources Institute

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Nomination of World Resources Institute for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article World Resources Institute is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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title: User talk:Punchi


text:
User talk:MiB~enwiki

I am wondering if i can use Wikipedia to write down all the stuff the i m learning and the problems i am facing at a particular phase of my life. So it would be something like my view of the world. But furthermore, i want to structure it in a way, that i could pass it on to my doughter. So when she comes to the same points in life, she might be able to check out my wikipedia and when my friends would use the wiki entries to comment on things, it would be defenitly give her a lot...

Your account will be renamed
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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called MiB. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name MiB~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:MiB~enwiki


text:
Vraclav

Vraclav (Wratzlau) is a municipality and village in Ústí nad Orlicí District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants.

Administrative parts
The villages of Sedlec and Svatý Mikuláš are administrative parts of Vraclav.

Etymology
The initial name of the village was Vratislav, derived from the same personal name. From the 16th century, the shortened form Vraclav appeared.

Geography
Vraclav is located about 22 km west of Ústí nad Orlicí and 23 km southeast of Pardubice. It lies in the Svitavy Uplands. The highest point is the Kamenec hill at 337 m above sea level.

History
A gord was established here in the mid-11th century. The first written mention of Vraclav is from 1073.

Transport
The I/17 road (which is here shortly a part of the European route E442) passes through the northern part of the municipality.

Sights
The main sight is the Baroque complex of the former pilgrimage Church of Saint Nicholas. In 1711, a spa was established here, near a spring of water that was considered curative. A local chapel was replaced by the church in 1724–1726. The spa and the pilgrimage site almost disappeared in the first half of the 19th century. The complex was reconstructed in 1976–1986. In the former church there is an exposition administered by Vysoké Mýto Regional Museum.

Notable people

 * Jiří Paďour (1943–2015), Roman Catholic bishop

title: Vraclav


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anal abscess

Anal_abscess
Seems like a bad joke to me, and unencylopedic. --Yuje 09:04, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've already deleted it once; don't know how it returned so quickly, but it's going the same way. Deb 09:21, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Out, out damn spot! Fire Star


text:
Richard Adler

Richard Adler (August 3, 1921 – June 21, 2012) was an American lyricist, writer, composer and producer of several Broadway shows.

Life and career
Adler was born in New York City, the son of Elsa Adrienne (née Richard) and Clarence Adler. His mother was a debutante from Mobile, Alabama. Adler had a musical upbringing, his father being a renowned Jewish concert pianist, as well as teacher of such composers as Aaron Copland. He graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1943 and served in the U.S. Naval Reserve during World War II. After his Navy service he began his career as a lyricist, teaming up with Jerry Ross in 1950. As a duo they worked in tandem, both taking credit for lyrics and music.

Adler and Ross years (1950–1955)
After establishing their partnership, Adler and Ross quickly became protégés of composer, lyricist and publisher Frank Loesser. Their first notable composition was the song "Rags to Riches", which was recorded by Tony Bennett and reached number 1 on the charts in late 1953.

At the same time Bennett's recording was topping the charts, Adler and Ross began their career in Broadway theater with John Murray Anderson's Almanac, a revue for which they provided most of the songs.

Adler and Ross's second Broadway effort, The Pajama Game, opened in May 1954 and was a popular as well as a critical success, winning Tony Awards as well as the Donaldson Award and the Variety Drama Critics Award. Three songs from the show were covered by popular artists and made the upper reaches of the US Hit Parade: Patti Page's version of "Steam Heat" reached No. 9; Archie Bleyer took "Hernando's Hideaway" to No. 2; and Rosemary Clooney's recording of "Hey There" made it to No. 1.

Opening almost exactly a year later, their next vehicle, Damn Yankees replicated the awards and success of the earlier show. Cross-over hits from the show were "Heart", recorded by Eddie Fisher, and "Whatever Lola Wants", by Sarah Vaughan.

The duo had authored the music and lyrics for three great Broadway successes in three years, and had seen over a half-dozen of their songs reach the US top ten, two of them peaking at No. 1. However, their partnership was cut short when Ross died of leukemia in November 1955, aged 29.

Ross is believed to have died from complications related to the lung disease bronchiectasis.

Later work
Adler continued to write both alone and with other partners, and composed a major 1958 hit in collaboration with Robert Allen: "Everybody Loves a Lover", as recorded by Doris Day. However, after 1955 Adler had no further successes on Broadway either as a composer or a producer, although revivals of The Pajama Game and Damn Yankees have proved popular. The 1973 revival of The Pajama Game included one new Adler song, which was retained for the 2006 revival.

His later musicals included Kwamina, which he wrote for his then-wife, Sally Ann Howes, who starred in the show opposite Terry Carter. The musical centered around an interracial love story and was too controversial in a time when civil rights were hotly contested. It has not had a Broadway revival.

Adler wrote the musical Olympus 7-0000 for the show ABC Stage 67. His last original Broadway musical was 1976's Music Is (lyrics by Will Holt, music by Adler), based on Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.

In 2000, Debelah Morgan based her song "Dance With Me" on a sample of the Adler & Ross song "Hernando's Hideaway" from The Pajama Game. Adler & Ross consequently received co-composer credits on the track, which reached No. 8 on the US Billboard charts—and made Adler the unlikely 79-year-old co-composer of a 21st-century popular R&B hit.

In 2001, some Adler & Ross songs originally written for The Pajama Game and Damn Yankees were featured in the Broadway musical Fosse, about the work of Bob Fosse.

He also composed several symphonic and ballet pieces, including one to celebrate the Statue of Liberty's centennial.

Adler staged and produced several shows for U.S. presidents; the most notable of these was a 1962 Madison Square Garden birthday celebration for John F. Kennedy that included Marilyn Monroe singing a version of Happy Birthday to the president in her trademark breathy voice.

He is a member of the Songwriter's Hall of Fame.

Personal life
Adler was married three times. His second marriage was to English actress Sally Ann Howes in 1958. She adopted his two sons, Andrew and Broadway lyricist Christopher, after the death of his first wife in 1964. Howes appeared in her husband's TV musical Gift of the Magi, based on the O. Henry short story of that name, and starred in his Broadway musical Kwamina. They divorced in 1966. Christopher died of AIDS-related cancer in 1984 at age 30.

Richard was a Democrat and, along with Democratic National Committee (DNC) Chairman John Bailey, Lena Horne, Carol Lawrence, Sidney Salomon, Vice-Chairwoman of the DNC Margaret B. Price, and Secretary of the DNC Dorothy Vredenburgh Bush, visited John F. Kennedy at The White House on November 20, 1963, two days prior to his assassination.

Death
Adler died on June 21, 2012, at his home in Southampton, New York, at age 90. He was survived by his third wife, Susan A. Ivory; his son, Andrew; his daughter, Katherine; and his stepson, Charlie Shipman.

Broadway and television work
As composer/lyricist, unless otherwise noted:
 * Stop the Music – Writer; series aired 1949 to 1956
 * John Murray Anderson's Almanac – Musical December 10, 1953 – June 26, 1954 (with Jerry Ross)
 * The Pajama Game – Musical, Comedy May 13, 1954 – November 24, 1956 (with Jerry Ross)
 * Damn Yankees – Musical, Comedy May 5, 1955 – October 12, 1957 (with Jerry Ross)
 * The Sin of Pat Muldoon – Play March 13, 1957 – March 16, 1957 (Producer only – no music in play)
 * Little Women - TV musical featuring Florence Henderson, Jeannie Carson, Zina Bethune, Margaret O'Brien, and Joel Grey. October 16, 1958
 * Gift of the Magi (musical) – TV musical featuring then wife Sally Ann Howes. December 9, 1958
 * Kwamina – Musical. Featured then-wife Sally Ann Howes. October 23, 1961 – November 18, 1961
 * A Mother's Kisses – September 21 to October 19, 1968 – three weeks of out-of-town tryouts in New Haven and Baltimore only. It was canceled before it reached Broadway. Featured Bea Arthur and Bernadette Peters
 * Rex – Musical April 25, 1976 – June 5, 1976 (Producer only. Music by Richard Rogers, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick)
 * Music Is – Musical comedy December 20, 1976 – December 26, 1976 (Composer only. Lyrics by Will Holt.)
 * Fosse – Musical, Revue, Dance January 14, 1999 – August 25, 2001 (Includes Adler & Ross works originally written for Damn Yankees and The Pajama Game)

Broadway revivals

 * The Pajama Game – December 9, 1973 – February 3, 1974
 * Damn Yankees – March 3, 1994 – August 6, 1995
 * The Pajama Game – February 23, 2006 – June 11, 2006 (starring Harry Connick Jr, Kelli O'Hara, Michael McKean)

Popular songs

 * "Rags To Riches" (with Jerry Ross)
 * "Hey, There" (with Jerry Ross)
 * "Hernando's Hideaway" (with Jerry Ross)
 * "Steam Heat" (with Jerry Ross)
 * "Whatever Lola Wants" (with Jerry Ross)
 * "Everybody Loves A Lover" (Words by Adler, music by Robert Allen)
 * "Another Time, Another Place" (Words and music by Adler, from the 1961 musical Kwamina)
 * "Heart" (with Jerry Ross)
 * "I'm Not at All in Love" (with Jerry Ross)

Awards, nominations and honors

 * Tony Awards
 * 1955 Best Musical – The Pajama Game (music and lyrics)
 * 1956 Best Musical – Damn Yankees (music and lyrics)
 * 1962 Best Composer nomination – Kwamina (music)
 * Four Pulitzer Nominations
 * Two Donaldson Awards
 * Two Variety Critics Awards
 * London Evening Standard Award
 * Colgate Distinguished Service Award
 * Inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1984.
 * National Park Service Honorary Ranger Award
 * Emmy Award
 * Southampton Cultural Center Achievement Award for Theater (1993)
 * University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lifetime Achievement Award
 * ASCAP Richard Rodgers Award
 * Honorary Doctorate in Music and Theater Wagner College

title: Richard Adler


text:
Jean Dieudonné

Jean Alexandre Eugène Dieudonné (1 July 1906 – 29 November 1992) was a French mathematician, notable for research in abstract algebra, algebraic geometry, and functional analysis, for close involvement with the Nicolas Bourbaki pseudonymous group and the Éléments de géométrie algébrique project of Alexander Grothendieck, and as a historian of mathematics, particularly in the fields of functional analysis and algebraic topology. His work on the classical groups (the book La Géométrie des groupes classiques was published in 1955), and on formal groups, introducing what now are called Dieudonné modules, had a major effect on those fields.

He was born and brought up in Lille, with a formative stay in England where he was introduced to algebra. In 1924 he was admitted to the École Normale Supérieure, where André Weil was a classmate. He began working in complex analysis. In 1934 he was one of the group of normaliens convened by Weil, which would become 'Bourbaki'.

Education and teaching
He served in the French Army during World War II, and then taught in Clermont-Ferrand until the liberation of France. After holding professorships at the University of São Paulo (1946–47), the University of Nancy (1948–1952) and the University of Michigan (1952–53), he joined the Department of Mathematics at Northwestern University in 1953, before returning to France as a founding member of the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques. He moved to the University of Nice to found the Department of Mathematics in 1964, and retired in 1970. He was elected as a member of the Académie des Sciences in 1968.

Career
Dieudonné drafted much of the Bourbaki series of texts, the many volumes of the EGA algebraic geometry series, and nine volumes of his own Éléments d'Analyse. The first volume of the Traité is a French version of the book Foundations of Modern Analysis (1960), which had become a graduate textbook on functional analysis.

He also wrote individual monographs on Infinitesimal Calculus, Linear Algebra and Elementary Geometry, invariant theory, commutative algebra, algebraic geometry, and formal groups.

With Laurent Schwartz he supervised the early research of Alexander Grothendieck. Later from 1959 to 1964 he was at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques alongside Grothendieck, and collaborating on the expository work needed to support the project of refounding algebraic geometry on the new basis of schemes.

Selected works

 * 9 volumes of Éléments d'analyse (1960-1982), éd. Gauthier-Villars
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title: Jean Dieudonné


text:
User:DBeyer

Pictures.

title: User:DBeyer


text:
Hermitage Castle

Hermitage Castle is a semi-ruined castle in the border region of Scotland. It stands in the remote valley of the Hermitage Water, part of Liddesdale in Roxburghshire. It is under the care of Historic Scotland. The castle has a reputation, both from its history and its appearance, as one of the most sinister and atmospheric castles in Scotland.

Origins of the name
It is thought that the name derives from Old French: l'armitage – guardhouse. The castle was known as the guardhouse of the bloodiest valley in Britain, and the "Strength of Liddesdale".

Hermitage Castle was supposedly built by one Nicholas de Soulis around 1240, in a typical Norman Motte and Bailey pattern. It stayed in his family until approximately 1320 when his descendant, William de Soulis, forfeited it because of suspected witchcraft and the attempted regicide of King Robert I of Scotland. Legend has it that Soulis's tenantry, having suffered unbearable depredations, arrested him, and at the nearby Ninestane Rig (a megalithic circle), had him encased in lead sheet and boiled to death. In actuality, he died, a prisoner, in Dumbarton Castle.

Under the Douglases
In 1338, the then incumbent, Englishman Sir Ralph de Neville was besieged by Sir William Douglas, The Knight of Liddesdale, known as the "Flower of Chivalry" (this sobriquet had to do with his abilities as a knight, although it is often misinterpreted by people with a rather romantic view of history). It was here that Douglas imprisoned and starved to death Sir Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie. his competitor for royal favour. After the Battle of Neville's Cross and Liddesdale's capture by the English, the castle fell into the hands of the English for a time and was given to the care of William Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre. Upon Liddesdale's death, brought about by a near kinsman, William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas, the castle was given to the then baron but later 1st Earl of Douglas. He enabled the construction of most of the present building, possibly with the help of John Lewin, master mason at Durham Cathedral. The castle remained in the hands of the Black Douglases until 1455. The Black Douglas line had so incensed the King that James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas was forfeited, never to return to Scotland, and the beneficences that they had enjoyed passed to the Red Douglas line, including Hermitage Castle.

Under the Hepburns
King James IV was suspicious of the then Earl of Angus, Archibald, Bell the Cat and his relationship with Henry VII of England, and ordered him to relinquish The Hermitage to the Crown. On 6 March 1492 Patrick Hepburn, 1st Earl of Bothwell had a charter of the lands and lordship of Liddesdale, including The Hermitage Castle, etc., upon the resignation of the same by Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus, the latter getting the lordship of Bothwell (but not the Earldom) which Patrick in turn had resigned for the exchange. The Hepburns of Bothwell, then rising in favour with the king, became keepers and lords of The Hermitage.

In time, James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, held the castle. Mary, Queen of Scots, made a famous marathon journey on horseback from Jedburgh to visit the wounded Bothwell there, only a few weeks after the birth of her son. Bothwell had been injured by John Elliot of Park. He had captured Elliot with other border reivers, and brought him to the Hermitage. Elliot tried to escape and Bothwell shot him with his pistol. The wounded man managed to injure Bothwell with a two-handed sword.

Mary and Bothwell were to marry shortly after the murder of her 2nd husband Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, regardless of the fact that Bothwell was implicated amongst the conspirators. After Mary's forced abdication following the confrontation at Carberry Hill, Bothwell, facing charges of treason, fled to Norway and his titles and estates were forfeited by Act of Parliament. Whilst attempting to raise an army to restore Mary to the throne, he was arrested by King Frederik's men for breach of marriage contract with Anna Throndsen, and imprisoned at Dragsholm Castle in Denmark, where he died insane and in appalling conditions. His mummified body could at one time be seen at nearby Fårevejle Church.

Thomas Kerr of Ferniehirst was made keeper of Liddesdale and Hermitage Castle in 1584. Bothwell's nephew, Francis Stewart, 1st Earl of Bothwell received a new creation as Earl of Bothwell, and was made Keeper of the castle. As a grandson of James V, albeit through an illegitimate line, he was viewed by some as a potential replacement for James VI. In 1591, Bothwell was arrested, tried, gaoled and forfeited for his supposed involvement with the infamous North Berwick Witches. He obtained a pardon in 1593 but again became involved in intrigue and he was again attainted, by Act of Parliament, on 21 July 1593. The Hermitage once again reverted to the Crown.

Under the Scotts
The following year, James granted the castle to Sir Walter Scott of Buccleuch ("the bold Buccleuch"), a notorious Border reiver, Warden of the western marches, Keeper of Liddesdale, and leader of the daring and infamous attack on Carlisle Castle to rescue Willie Armstrong of Kinmont.

Decline
The castle became obsolete after the Union of the Crowns, in 1603 and fell into disrepair; by the turn of the eighteenth century it was a ruin. Hermitage gave its name to the Viscountcy of Hermitage, conferred in 1706 on Henry, third son of the first Duke of Buccleuch as a subsidiary title of the Earldom of Deloraine. This title became extinct in 1807. Some repairs to the castle were carried out in 1820 by the fifth Duke of Buccleuch. The Scotts are descended matrilinearly from the Douglases of Drumlanrig, a cadet branch, and sometimes use the surname Montagu-Douglas-Scott, thus maintaining a continuity with earlier times.

Today
The castle remained a property of the Scotts until 1930, when it was handed over to the care of the Nation. It is now cared for by Historic Environment Scotland, an executive agency of the Scottish Government, and is open to visitors from 1 April - 31 October each year. It is closed during the winter season. The castle, together with a series of ancillary features, is protected as a scheduled monument.

Ghostlore
Hermitage Castle is the subject of local ghostlore stories where it is reputed to be haunted by both Redcap Sly, de Soulis's familiar spirit, and by Mary, Queen of Scots.

title: Hermitage Castle


text:
User:Wpopp~enwiki

Hello, I'm new to Wikipedia, and totally fascinated by this concept. Being a translator (check out my website), I love languages and try to be present in the English, French and German versions of Wikipedia. Being German, my contributions to English and French pages will be rather limited, maybe adding interlanguage links to topics that I find interesting. Although I prefer contributing articles over translating, I might have a stab at the translation of English or French stuff if I like it. Apart from languages and related subjects, I'm interested in pop music, food, photography, and politics, and everything that might make us more knowledgeable.

 * My other user pages: wpopp (Commons) with link to my photos - wpopp-de - wpopp-fr

--Wpopp 09:13, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Popp Wpopp

title: User:Wpopp~enwiki


text:
Lola Berthet

Lola Berthet (born January 3, 1977) is an Argentine actress.

Berthet began acting at a young age, in her hometown of Buenos Aires, eventually becoming a well known telenovela actress in her home country as an adult. She made her first feature film, Nueces para el amor, in 2000. As of 2005, she has participated in five movies and produced one, Perro amarillo (2003).

Berthet became internationally famous in 2004, when she was chosen to participate in the major hit soap opera Los Roldán, alongside Miguel Ángel Rodríguez and Claribel Medina, among others. Her youthful looks (she played Rodríguez's teenage daughter), along with her experience as an actress helped her get chosen. Los Roldán became a hit in such places as Chile, Russia, and Hungary, making Berthet a well known actress in those countries as well as in the rest of Latin America.

Berthet is contractually attached to one of Argentina's main television networks, Telefé. In the 2007 telenovela, Lalola, she played the role of Soledad. In 2013, Berthet is hired by Sebastián Ortega, to form part of Vecinos en Guerra, the new TV series to be aired by the channel Telefe.

Filmography

 * 2000: Endless Summer (TV Series, 1 episode)
 * 2000: Illusions (TV Series)
 * 2000: Nuts for Love
 * 2000: The Road
 * 2001: Déjala correr
 * 2001: Las devotas (Kurzfilm)
 * 2002: Un día de suerte
 * 2002: ¿Y dónde está el bebé?
 * 2003: Family Affairs (TV Series, 262 episodes)
 * 2002-2003: Sweethearts (TV Series, 245 episodes)
 * 2003: Puerto de Partida (Kurzfilm)
 * 2004: Susana Giménez (TV Series, 2 episodes)
 * 2004-2005: The Roldans (TV Series 2004-2005, 373 episodes)
 * 2005: Perro amarillo
 * 2007: Mujeres elefante (TV Movie)
 * 2007-2008: Lalola (TV Series, 77 episodes)
 * 2009: The Call
 * 2009: All the Lonely People
 * 2009: France
 * 2010: The Hooker and the Transvestite Ep. 2 (Kurzfilm)
 * 2009-2010: Botineras (TV Series, 63 episodes)
 * 2010: Pájaros volando
 * 2011: Sr. y Sra. Camas (TV Series, 108 episodes)
 * 2011: Memory of the Dead
 * 2013: Los vecinos en guerra (TV Series, 137 episodes)
 * 2013: Historias de diván (TV Mini Series, 1 episode)
 * 2013: Dos por una mentira (TV Mini Series 2013, 1 episode)
 * 2014: 100 años de cine argentino (Kurzfilm)
 * 2015: The Rotten Link
 * 2020: El secretario (TV Series, 2 episodes)
 * 2021: The Attachment Diaries

title: Lola Berthet


text:
Talk:Nippon and Nihon

Regarding "Nihon-shiki", I don't think I've ever heard that. Isn't it "wa-shiki" or "wa-fuu"? Then again, I'm not the expert, so I'll let someone more authoritative pass judgement. madoka 09:19, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)

I havn't heard of "Nihon-shiki" either but definitely a question for a native speaker. --Sekizaru 18:59, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Or you could just do a search on google http://www.google.com/search?ie=utf8&oe=utf8&q=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BC%8F Zubari 03:11, 2004 Dec 4 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nippon and Nihon


text:
Talk:Conceptual semantics

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): KalenTheGreat.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:42, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conceptual semantics


text:
The Princess and the Warrior

The Princess and the Warrior (Der Krieger und die Kaiserin) is a 2000 German romantic drama film written and directed by Tom Tykwer. It follows the life of Sissi (Franka Potente), a psychiatric hospital nurse who, after a near-death experience, enters into a relationship with Bodo (Benno Fürmann), an anguished former soldier who lapses into criminality.

Plot
Sissi, a nurse in a psychiatric hospital, receives a letter from her old friend Meike, asking for her help in retrieving a bequest from Meike's recently deceased mother. Sissi cares for her patients to the extent that they appear to be her extended family (in fact, she states that her own father is a patient in the hospital). As such, she has little experience of life outside the hospital. Meanwhile, Bodo, living with his brother, applies for a funerary job but is quickly dismissed because of his inability to control his emotions. He later robs a grocery store and during the ensuing chase indirectly causes a truck to hit Sissi. Taking cover from the police underneath the truck, Bodo finds Sissi, who cannot speak or breathe. In order to save her life, he performs an emergency tracheotomy. Once Sissi is in medical care, they are separated without Sissi ever learning his name.

The circumstances of her accident prevent Sissi from re-adjusting to her mundane life at the hospital, as she obsesses about tracking down her saviour. One of her patient friends, who had accompanied her on the day of her accident, helps her do so. She manages to track down Bodo, who is not interested in maintaining contact with her or any other woman. Bodo is seen several times, in a semi-conscious state, embracing a hot stove, having to be restrained by his brother Walter. It later becomes clear that Bodo is hallucinating (or perhaps dreaming) about his deceased wife, having never fully recovered from her death. Walter tells Sissi that Bodo's wife was killed in an explosion at a filling station, while Bodo was in the washroom. After Walter finishes his explanation, Bodo arrives and throws Sissi out.

Walter, employed as a security guard at a local bank, involves Bodo in a planned robbery (in preparation for their impending move to Australia together). As they are overpowering the money couriers in the vault, Sissi visits the bank, following Meike's instructions. As she enters, she notices that Walter is employed at the bank. The alarm is tripped by one of the couriers and Walter is shot when a security guard comes to investigate. Without thinking about it, Sissi prevents the guard from shooting the brothers and helps them escape. They deliver Walter to an emergency room, where his last words to his brother are "get off the toilet, Bodo" (referring to Bodo's inability to move on after his wife's death, seeing himself stuck in the gas station's restroom). Sissi hides Bodo at the institution, where he suffers a violent breakdown upon learning of his brother's death on TV. This incident brings Bodo to the attention of the head doctor at the institution, and he is treated and kept as a patient. It is during this period that Bodo explains to Sissi the true nature of his wife's death; a flashback shows Bodo and his wife engaged in a serious argument at the filling station. After heading to the washroom, Bodo witnesses his wife engulfed in a huge explosion caused by her deliberate dropping of a cigarette into a pool of gasoline.

Sissi makes the decision to leave and asks Bodo to come with her, telling him of her dream in which they were "brother and sister, father and mother, husband and wife". Meanwhile, Steini, one of the patients, who recognized Bodo's identity and is jealous of him spending time with Sissi, calls the police and in a delusion tries to kill Bodo by electrocution (by throwing a toaster into Bodo's bathtub). The delusion, really a flashback, reveals that Steini had killed Sissi's mother the same way. Bodo however catches the toaster out of the air before it can fall into the tub and chases Steini into the attic. Meanwhile, the police arrive, and Sissi realizes that her mother was in fact murdered and did not commit suicide. She follows Steini to the roof, who offers to jump to atone for his actions. She declines, saying "You're not going to jump anyway", grabs Bodo's hand, and together they jump from the roof of the building, into a small pond.

The final scene (taking place at the scene of Bodo's wife's accident) strays into a bit of surrealism: Bodo's past personality, unkempt and finally emerging from the gas station restroom, takes a seat behind the wheel, while the real Bodo gets in the back of the car. As they drive off, Sissi touches (old) Bodo's face to wipe away his tears, but he stops her and does so himself, pushing her away yet again. This visibly stirs (real) Bodo, who leans forward and covers his former self's eyes, forcing him to brake. "Real" Bodo tells "old" Bodo to get out and leaves him standing in the middle of the road thus symbolically taking over "old" Bodo's life; perhaps a visual metaphor for beginning anew.

In the international version of the movie, a small scene commences with the abandoned "old" Bodo as a more resolved ending to this surrealistic character and moment. Turning, he notices a sign indicating a bus stop in the field off the road; he waits by it, and an empty bus, driven by Walter, soon arrives to pick up this "dead" version of Bodo. The brothers do not speak, and they drive off a short distance before disappearing.

The film ends with Bodo's redemption through his acceptance of Sissi, as he is shown at last content and dry-eyed as the couple arrive at Meike's seaside house on the edge of a cliff.

Cast

 * Franka Potente as Simone, "Sissi"
 * Benno Fürmann as Bodo
 * Joachim Król as Walter
 * Lars Rudolph as Steini
 * Melchior Beslon as Otto
 * Ludger Pistor as Werner
 * Natja Brunckhorst as Meike

title: The Princess and the Warrior


text:
Lion head symbol of Singapore

The lion head symbol was introduced in 1986 as an alternative national symbol of Singapore. The lion head was chosen as a nice logo, as it best captures the characteristics of Singapore's reputation as a Lion City. It is used in less formal occasions mainly to promote Singapore's national identity.

When it was first unveiled, some sections of the public felt that it should have been facing rightwards to represent a more forward looking nature. However, the original left-facing lion was maintained.

Origin
In the 13th-century Malay Annals, Sang Nila Utama, a prince from Palembang was shipwrecked and washed ashore to an island. There he saw a creature which he believed was a lion. So he named the island "Singa Pura" which means "Lion City" in Malay, from which the name Singapore was derived.

Meaning
According to the Singapore government: The lion head symbolises courage, strength and excellence, as well as resilience in the face of challenges. It is in solid red against a white background - the colours of the national flag. Its mane's five partings represent the same five ideals that are embodied in the five stars of the national flag, namely democracy, peace, progress, justice and equality. Its tenacious mane symbolises the nation's single-minded resolve to rise to any challenges and overcome any obstacles.

Guidelines for use
Extracted from Guidelines on the use of National Symbols: The Singapore Lion Symbol (July 1999) published by the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts:

 * 1) Subject to approval, organisations can use the Singapore Lion Symbol for the purpose of identifying with the nation and with the endeavour to achieve excellence for Singapore.
 * 2) In application, the symbol should not be modified in any way. However, the symbol in outline, embossed or portrayed as a watermark, are acceptable forms of depiction. It should preferably face left and be used together with the word "Singapore".
 * 3) The symbol should preferably be in red on a white background or white on a red background. However, it may also appear in gold, silver or in the corporate colours of the user organisation. Users must ensure that the symbol is depicted only in one colour.

title: Lion head symbol of Singapore


text: User talk:80.178.100.142

title: User talk:80.178.100.142


text:
Henry Fok

Henry Fok Ying Tung (10 May 1923 – 28 October 2006) was an entrepreneur and politician in Hong Kong. From 1993 until his death, Fok served as Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He was one of the Hong Kong's wealthiest persons.

Biography
Fok was born on 10 May 1923 in Hong Kong to an ethnic Tanka family. Fok's father died in a boating accident when he was just seven. He studied at Queen's College, but was not able to finish junior high due to the Japanese invasion in 1937. He worked as a labourer during that time while helping to run the family's small boat business.

Business
After the war, he became a successful businessman. His business interests included restaurants, real estate, casinos and petroleum. Fok reportedly made his first fortune gun-running into the mainland during the Korean War in the early 1950s, circumventing a United Nations arms embargo. Fok vigorously denied weapons trafficking, but admits having violated sanctions by smuggling steel and rubber as well as other items.

He was the President of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong, the President of the Hong Kong Football Association, and the President of the Real Estate Developers Association of Hong Kong. He was also the Chairman of Henry Fok Estates Ltd and the Yau Wing Co of Hong Kong.

In the 1980s Fok organized the effort to bail out OOCL from bankruptcy shortly after its founder Tung Chao-yung died.

In 2006, Forbes magazine listed Fok as the seventh wealthiest person in Hong Kong and the 181st in the world, with a fortune of US$3.7 billion.

Political
Before the handover of Hong Kong in 1997, Henry Fok was a member of the Drafting Committee for the Basic Law of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), the vice-chairman of the Preliminary Working Committee of Preparatory Committee of the Hong Kong SAR, and the vice-chairman of the Preparatory Committee of Hong Kong SAR. He was also Standing Committee member of 7th National People's Congress.

The press frequently reports that Henry Fok had introduced Tung Chee Hwa to Jiang Zemin as a possible candidate of the first Hong Kong Chief Executive.

Henry Fok helped Tung Chee Hwa out of a near-bankruptcy of his family's Orient Overseas Container Line in the 1980s. Because of this relationship, it was often said while Tung was the Chief Executive of Hong Kong that Fok 'intervened/advised' if times, or rather Beijing, called for it.

Philanthropy
Henry Fok founded the Fok Ying Tung Foundation in 1984, and it is now one of the largest philanthropic organisations in Hong Kong. Fok founded a high-technology business park in Nansha District, Guangzhou. He is said to have visited the site more than 500 times, and through the Foundation, pledged HK$800 million (US$100 million) to the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in 2005 to support the initiative.

Personal
Fok's wife was Elaine Lui, and he had two concubines, Elaine Fung and Lam Sook-duen , according to the Great Qing Legal Code, which remained in force for Chinese people in Hong Kong until 1971. Among Fok's children, the best-known are:
 * Timothy Fok Tsun-ting – Hong Kong Football Association chairman and Legislative Council member.
 * Ian Fok Chun-wan – managing director, Yau Wing Co. Ltd.; Director, Fok Ying Tung Foundation Ltd, a former chairman of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce, whose son was convicted for drug possession in 2005.

Fok had family roots in Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong.

Death
On 28 October 2006, Fok died at the age of 83 at the Peking Union Medical College in Beijing, where he was being treated for cancer. He had been diagnosed with lymphoma in 1984 and the cancer had reappeared in 2004. His body was flown back to Hong Kong for a traditional funeral in accordance with his wishes. Fok was one of the first Hong Konger to have his casket draped in the Chinese national flag since the handover (the others being T. K. Ann and Wong Ker-lee). He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Reform Pioneer.

title: Henry Fok


text:
Vexilloid

A vexilloid is any flag-like (vexillary) object used by countries, organisations, or individuals as a form of representation other than flags. American vexillologist Whitney Smith coined the term vexilloid in 1958, defining it as

"An object which functions as a flag but differs from it in some respect, usually appearance. Vexilloids are characteristic of traditional societies and often consist of a staff with an emblem, such as a carved animal, at the top."

This includes vexilla, banderoles, pennons, streamers, heraldic flags, standards, and gonfalons. Examples include the Sassanid battle standard Derafsh Kaviani, and the standards of the Roman legions such as the eagle of Augustus Caesar's Xth legion and the dragon standard of the Sarmatians; the latter was allowed to fly freely in the wind, carried by a horseman, but depictions suggest that it bore more similarity to an elongated dragon kite than to a simple flag.

The use of flags replaced the use of vexilloids for general purposes during late medieval times between about 1100 to about 1400. However, vexilloids still remain in use for specialised purposes, such as for some military units or to symbolise various organisations such as fraternal organisation in street parades.

History
Vexilloids originally started as a staff of office for leaders of groups, such as tribes, and were also used as a visible sign to rally around or point to a direction of attack. They were originally made of wood, horns, tails, hooves, and skins of animals, with other ornaments being made of carved and painted wood or metal. Aztec vexilloids were composed of green quetzal feathers, metals such as gold, and precious stones. Modern vexilloids used by tribes of New Guinea are made of wood, dried grass and feathers, and emblems painted on wood, feathers, and cloth.

The oldest known vexilloids appear as depictions on Egyptian pottery from the Gerzeh culture and on the reverse of the Narmer Palette. These vexilloids were symbols of the nomes of pre-dynastic Egypt. The oldest surviving vexilloid was carried in Persia around 5,000 years ago. It consists of a metal staff topped with an eagle, and a square of metal covered with reliefs. Two vexilloids are depicted on the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin. In Alaca Höyük, archaeologists have discovered Hittite vexilloids dating from c.2400–2200 BCE, having finials depicting bulls, stags, as well as abstract forms often interpreted as solar symbols.

Ancient Greek armies used a vexillum-like banners, such as the so-called phoinikis, a cloth of deep red, suspended from the top of a staff or spear. It is not known to have carried any device or decoration though.

Ancient Romans adopted the use of vexilloids, as well as their eagle emblem, from the Persians. The standards of Roman legions consisted of a lance with a silver-plated shaft, topped with a crosspiece carrying figures of various beasts, the most important being the eagle. Attached to the shaft were several metal rings which took the form of laurel wreaths and medallions with images of gods, the Emperor, and members of the Imperial House.

Ancient Mongolians also used vexilloids in the form of a staff topped with a metal ball or spearhead, with a horse's tail attached to it. This vexilloid, called a tug, spread among Turkish people and became military symbols in Turkish forces. In the 17th and 18th centuries they were carried before commanders-in-chief of the Polish Army.

Ancient

 * The Achaemenid Empire used a stylised falcon on its vexilloid.
 * The vexilloid of Alexander the Great's Macedonian Empire displayed the Vergina Sun.
 * The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom has an Elephant as their symbol.
 * The Indo-Greek Kingdom has The Buddhist Triratna as their symbol.
 * The Indo-Scythians has a Lion or a Leopard standing right as their symbol.
 * The vexilloid of The Indo-Parthian Kingdom is likely pretty similar to The Parthian Sun and it is related with The Derafsh Kaviani.
 * The vexilloid of The Kushan Empire is suspended on the point of a Spear or Trident
 * The symbol of the Mauryan Empire was the Ashoka Chakra.
 * The Gupta Empire has The Garuda as their symbol.
 * The vexilloid of Ancient Carthage most probably consisted of a spear with a disk and crescent (points upwards), symbolising the god Baal (sun = disk) and the goddess Tanit (moon = crescent).
 * The Ptolemaic Kingdom has The Eagle of Zeus as their symbol.
 * The vexillum of Ancient Rome displayed the slogan S·P·Q·R (senātus populusque Rōmānus), "The Roman Senate and People", in gold on a field of crimson.
 * The Sassanian Empire, which is called Eran Shahr (Aryan Empire) in Middle Persian, used lotus symbol on its vexilloid, which is called the Derafsh Kaviani.

Medieval

 * The tugh of Central Asian and Turkic peoples of the pre-Ottoman and Ottoman periods.
 * The vexilloid of the Mongol Empire, the "Yöson Khölt tsagaan tug" (Есөн хөлт цагаан туг) or the "Nine Base White Banners", was composed of nine flag poles decorated with nine off-white horse tail hairs hanging from a round surface with a flame or trident-like shape on the top at the centre. The Nine White Banners was a peacetime emblem used by the Khan in front of his yurt. The war flag of the Mongol Empire was the same as the banner at right, except the horse tails were off-black instead of off-white as they were cut from black instead of white horses.
 * Heraldic flags are forms of vexilloids with designs based on heraldry, a famous example being the Oriflamme of France.
 * The Chola empire had the tiger as their symbol and flag.

Modern

 * The French Imperial Eagle was a figure of an eagle on a staff carried into battle by the Grande Armée of Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars.
 * In Nazi Germany, also referred to as the Third Reich, the SS used vexilloids which they marched with in street parades and at the Nuremberg rallies. These vexilloids were topped with an eagle and a swastika and with the name of the particular locale of the SS contingent carrying the vexilloids. Inscribed on them was the slogan Deutschland Erwache, which means Germany Awake.

title: Vexilloid


text:
Talk:Conceptual Semantics/to do

 * 1) Expand the article :)
 * 2) Add the Mentalist Postulate
 * 3) Sketch development of theory (Jackendoff 1983, 1990, 1992, Goddard 1998 pp. 64-68)
 * 4) Add & update references
 * 5) Expand to do list (I love self reference)

Last update: Strangeloop (talk)  09:27, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conceptual Semantics/to do


text:
Talk:Modbus

Neutral point of view
I went to the site, and I can say it contains nothing useful from encyclopedic point of view. This link belongs to 'yellow pages'. Deleting. --matusz 09:32, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This is trying to sell Modbus and is wrong. I'm a senior automation specialist of multiple decades, and it's false that modbus is popular and easy to deploy because royalty free. Bacnet, however, *IS* those things, and is modern and functional while modbus is obviously immature, crude, featureless, difficult, not automatic. This article is not serving the public. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.169.8.25 (talk) 16:41, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

I think this page was written by a MODbus salesman. It is very POV.

Where are the sources to state that Modbus "is the most commonly used communication interface". I could have easily said the same about EtherNET/IP, Profibus, DeviceNET, DH+, ControlNET or RemoteI/O.

Wikipedia is a place to learn and share information, not to advertise.

ProdigalSon 08:51, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Count the devices. A reference refuting the statement would be most welcome. Modbus is everyone's second-favorite protocol (with their own, proprietary, superior protocol being offered to their customers who are englightened enough to realize that one vendor has every solution they could ever possibly need). I suspect that its popularity is due to being available royalty-free, though I have no reference for that. There's no such thing as a "Modbus" salesman any more than there's an "Ethernet" salesman. --Wtshymanski 13:34, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

As an engineer for a company which is an end-user of these products, I agree with Wtshymanski. We absolutely prefer Modbus because it's universally useful - we don't need NDAs or expensive licensing fees to make devices work with our in-house software. Just a modbus mapping spec, a day or two writing a new device module for our software, and it just works. Contrast to Profibus or DeviceNET... not a happy experience. Even getting HART specs out of some device manufacturers is like trying to get blood out of a stone. For Modbus, companies like Emerson, General Monitors, etc. have an appendix in the user manual which is all you need to make things work. Generally, it's the DeviceNet/ProfiBus manufacturers who want to lock you into their software. Such manufacturers who want vendor lock-in do NOT use Modbus.

As someone who helps in software development for natural gas equipment, I would agree that Modbus is the most widely used. However this is from my point of view and I have no physical proof to back this up. I would agree that without references, that statement does not belong here.

Alshain01 13:05, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Removed commercial (non free) link from Free section. Moved to commercial section -- user:wpostma

I think it is time to remove the NPOV warning, the article has been cleaned as requested by polite comments. If you think otherwise please justify. Jimwelch (talk) 14:43, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree with Jimwelch. I'll try removing the warnings and see if that edit sticks. If not, then I'd like more specifics about exactly what wording is objectionable. RussNelson (talk) 20:11, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

most commonly?
Written in article: "It has become a de facto standard communications protocol in industry, and is now the most commonly available means of connecting industrial electronic devices." But http://www.controldesign.com/industrynews/2010/021.html says it's number 3. That is a contradiction.--UlrichAAB (talk) 03:01, 21 August 2010 (UTC)
 * That reference talks about Ethernet. This article is about Modbus. --Wtshymanski (talk) 12:59, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Indeed the link above only covers Modbus over TCP; but are there any surveys/sources supporting this claim in the article? -- intgr [talk] 16:33, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Gosh, there's no references. Better delete it, then. After all, Wikipedia doesn't run on common sense or knowledgeable editors. --Wtshymanski (talk) 18:00, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry, that was supposed to be a polite reference request, don't take it personally. I didn't say anything about deleting.
 * Stating that something is "the most common" is a big claim to make. The statement is fairly ambiguous, so I don't think it's unreasonable to ask for sources. Obviously you wouldn't cover surveying methodology in the article, hence why pointing to a source is useful. -- intgr [talk] 18:41, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I've just spent 15 minutes with Google Books, which is 14 3/4 more minutes research than most Wikipedia articles get. One would hope a subject matter expert would add more, although one's touching faith in the notion that someone who gets paid to know about things would spend his valuable time on Wikipedia might be ill-founded in reality. --Wtshymanski (talk) 18:48, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I've made an edit for it. "Modbus is now a commonly available means of connecting industrial electronic devices"
 * is not technically correct as "a commonly available means of connecting" refers to physcial connection like RF, RS485,... while Modbus is an application protocol, i,e it has its specific data frame, and operates in a wide range of communication channel in wire and wirelessnot technically correct as "a commonly available means of connecting" refers to physcial connection like RF, RS485,... while Modbus is an application protocol, i,e it has its specific data frame, and operates in a wide range of communication channel in wire and wireless
 * So I change it to "Modbus has become a de facto standard communication protocol for communication between industrial electronic devices in a wide range of buses and network". This is based on the official doc of the MODBUS organization. Anonymous Agent (talk) 09:50, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

Which industry? I work with automation systems focused on residential and commercial (The "CEDIA Industry") but not industrial, and I have implemented drivers for hundreds of devices over the years and I rarely come across devices supporting the Modbus protocol. No VCR/DVD player speaks it, nor Jandy or Compool controllers, nor Lutron or Vantage lighting controllers, nor GE security systems - just to name a few off the top of my head. Maybe the statement is true among industrial automation systems - it seems popular in that realm - but very far from the truth among other commercial and residential applications. --108.95.137.143 (talk) 00:49, 11 April 2012 (UTC)IanEpperson

I have been working as an automation engineer for many years using most common industrial fieldbuses. Modbus is not my favorite, but I still agree with the article. It's definitely one of the most spread protocols, supported by many companys. I do not think the article is like an advertisment. I think it's quite balanced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.16.173.217 (talk) 21:31, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Protocol or society?
Paragraph 1: "Modbus is a serial communications protocol...."

Paragraph 3: "Suppliers large and small, .... can become Modbus members." 80.45.129.137 (talk) 17:37, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Good remark. And the answer is: (a) Modbus is a protocol, while Modbus Organization is ... right, the organization, and (b) I clarified this point in the article. --Marius 12:20, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

Protocol Variants and Stack
Why has the section on Modbus Protocol Variants been removed? My first introduction to Modbus was via this article, and the section on protocol variants was very useful in developing my understanding. I feel the article is much less useful and informative as a result of removing this section. Also, there is now no indication (except in passing) of how Modbus sits within a protocol stack. There is only reference to Modbus over TCP/IP in passing, and no reference to RS485 as a physial layer for ModbusRTU. Stevegoobermanhill (talk) 12:33, 28 August 2013 (UTC)Steve

Seconded. I expect a wikipedia article to give a good general overview. No indication of physical layer (RS485), or any indication of exactly how slave units respond with their data, or relative timings. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.29.242.49 (talk) 11:13, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Yes. I just reviewed, and the October 2011 version of this article is better than the current version. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.189.182.242 (talk) 11:53, 7 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Reverted the 2013 vandalism that deleted that section — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.206.162.148 (talk) 11:48, 28 September 2015 (UTC)

error in chapter 6.1
6.1 example for response to function code 1

If data example is: 1010 0111 011(0 0000) last digits not requested, the output is "E5 06" and not "06 E5". 84.144.140.73 (talk) 11:08, 13 June 2016 (UTC)LPA

Some examples would help
The article here is pretty bad, looks like it came from someone's preliminary data sheets for a product or something, it actually lacks enough information to be useful. The whole article is pretty useless. What would salvage the article is some examples, in hex, data streams of commands and responses showing holding registers being requested and retrieved, coils being turned on or off, if they're controlling IO, a break down of addressing is what would help the most. As it is, the article likely could be removed from Wikipedia as useless. SoftwareThing (talk) 19:02, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

I have tried to add links to free software that logs/parses messages and labels the commands but a..h... editors continue to remove the links. Crap about not a link farm, etc., that the links/programs help people understand, what an encyclopedia was intended to do, the protocol does not matter. WP is stuck in the past of text and pictures that is all a printed encyclopedia offered. In years past I donated money to support WP. I stopped donating long ago after enough time on WP and seeing the f..... attitude of editors. So sad. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.207.14.179 (talk) 01:10, 18 October 2018 (UTC)

And is it not typical that an editor removed my comment because it told the truth (IMHO) about some editors and that is not allowed. Grow a thicker skin.

Possible to add more about history / background / motivation?
I'm currently writing a ModbusRTU implementation in C on an embedded device (STM32) and often get extremely curious about some aspects of the protocol that don't seem to be mentioned in the public specification. For example, function codes in the range 1-65 are "public" (though some are "unassigned function codes reserved for future use"), but the defined ones seem to frequently "skip" values such as 9-10, 13-14, and 18-19. I found names for these in the "Modicon" spec (http://modbus.org/docs/PI_MBUS_300.pdf):

 * 9: "Program 484"
 * 10: "Poll 484"
 * 13: "Program Controller"
 * 14: "Poll Controller"
 * 18: "Program 884/M84"
 * 19: "Reset Comm. Link"

However, these seem like specialized, "private" functions. So why are they in the "public" space? Is there some historical reason?

Jrquant (talk) 22:13, 16 July 2019 (UTC)

Modbus Plus, different protocol or not?
Under the "Modbus Plus" section we read:

But Modbus Plus is still listed under the "Protocol versions" section. Which is it? 93.66.24.54 (talk) 17:27, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

The statement "...and 123 registers for Modbus TCP can be read at once" is probably wrong.
The current procotol version V1_1b3 states the following:

 * "TCP MODBUS ADU = 253 bytes + MBAP (7 bytes) = 260 bytes."

A total of 253 bytes for a Modbus PDU means that up to 125 registers can be read (there are no extra CRC bytes required for TCP connections). With function code 0x03 (Read Holding Registers) or 0x04 (Read Input Registers), the RESPONSE message size calculation is as follows:

253 bytes - function code (1 byte) - byte count (1 byte) = 251 data bytes

This is equal to 251/2 = 125 registers.

The calculation is slightly different for function code 0x10 (Write Multiple registers). Here, the REQUEST message size can be calculated by:

253 bytes - function code (1 byte) - starting address (2 bytes) - quantity of registers (2 bytes) - byte cound (1 byte) = 247 bytes

This is equal to 247/2 = 123 registers.

So, for read operations the maximum is 125 and for write operations the maximum is 123 registers.

 * I think the OP is correct, and the current lemma statement "[...] only 125 registers for Modbus RTU and 123 registers for Modbus TCP can be read at once." is wrong. The limit for function code 03 Read Holding Registers seems 125, regardless of whether its RTU or TCP. See MODBUS Application Protocol Specification V1.1b3 section 6.3 (p15). I suggest to fix accordingly: "[...] ''only 125 registers can be read."
 * There is a 123 register limit, but its for function code 16 Write Multiple registers, see section 6.12 (p30). The current lemma statement "Because register values are 2-bytes wide and only 127 bytes worth of values can be sent, only 63 holding registers can be preset/written at once." ought to be reviewed. --nils (talk) 15:16, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I now edited the Read Holding Registers section accordingly, see . The limit mentioned in the Write Multiple registers section still requires review --nils (talk) 00:10, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

Start / Stop bits for each byte
Is it worth adding some information about the start/stop bits for each transmitted byte (as distinct from the start/stop bits for the entire frames as are already tabulated). This confused me a bit when comparing to the baseline Modbus documentation, e.g. section 2.5.1 at https://modbus.org/docs/Modbus_over_serial_line_V1_02.pdf for the RTU transmit mode. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bodypillow (talk • contribs) 21:46, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

I totally agree with you, the information state in Modbus RTU frame format missed the important information about the Start/Stop bit information which makes me confuse like you. By the way, according to me, this part also has the issue when they state the length of Start and End are 28 bytes but I don't find that information in section 2.5.1 of Modbus over serial line V1 02 --Anonymous Agent (talk) 15:48, 11 August 2021 (UTC)

I think there is some confusion. The 3.5 character times delays aren't start or stop bits, they are silence periods (no bits, just silence) so devices know where the packet boundaries are located. They are not 28 bytes, they are 28 bits, which is simply 3.5 character times for 8 bit characters -- 3.5 times 8 = 28. Start and stop bits are for framing characters on a communications line. The transmitter will begin a character with a "start" bit, typically the low voltage state ("idle" is the high voltage state), transmit 8 data bits, then end the character with a "stop" bit, typically the high voltage state (which you'll recall is "idle"). This article probably needs some judicious links to the RS-485 article which describes the signaling in more detail. Tall Girl (talk) 22:55, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

Client and Server
The Modbus Organization has declared that

The organization is using "client-server" to describe Modbus communications, characterized by communication between [client device (s), which initiates communication and makes requests of server device(s), which process requests and return an appropriate response (or error message).

That's from reference number 5, from 2020: https://modbus.org/docs/Client-ServerPR-07-2020-final.docx.pdf

I've restored that sense is one place: there may be others. I also restored the text which explicitly notes that this 'client server' relationship (which is the normal unix sense, and the normal unix networking sense, ie tcp/ip), inverts the normal and historical English and Latin sense. That extra sentence is in their precisely because people get this wrong, and confused.

I see that somewhere along the line, someone added a (now broken) link to something about "client server". It doesn't matter. It doesn't matter what *other* people think client-server means. It doesn't matter what you think client-server *should* mean. You do a disservice to readers if you here choose a meaning of "client-server" other than that chosen by the Modbus Organization 121.200.27.15 (talk) 06:24, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

What a terrible mess - changes in late 2023
One meaning of "encyclopedic" is "comprehensive in terms of information", but that's supposed to mean knowledge about lots of different things: an encyclopedia is not a collection of poorly written textbooks or poorly written application notes. This is now unfocussed and full of fluff, with tutorial and technical content hiding the introductory and exploratory content. It's unreadable. It's worthless garbage.

I considered just reverting it to April 2023, but why argue? It's now a private project for someone who is learning how to write and learning about Modbus. Perhaps one day that person will realize what a mess this is, and take it back to something useful to other readers. 121.200.27.15 (talk) 07:02, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I agree this article is a complete mess and needs a rewrite. I'm not a Modbus expert so I'm not going to rewrite it, though. PhotographyEdits (talk) 09:22, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modbus


text:
Harry Duynhoven

Harry James Duynhoven (born 1955) is a New Zealand politician and member of the New Zealand Labour Party. He was the mayor of the city of New Plymouth and surrounding districts from 2010–2013. He was a Member of Parliament for the New Plymouth electorate from 1987–1990, from 1993–2003, and again from 2003–2008.

Duynhoven was elected as Mayor of New Plymouth in October 2010 but was defeated after serving a single term. He was elected as a councillor for the city ward of the New Plymouth District Council in a by-election, and was re-elected to that role and elected as a board member on Taranaki's district health board in 2016 and 2019.

Early life
Duynhoven was born in New Plymouth on 22 June 1955. He left Spotswood College at age sixteen to become an electrician, and eventually became a technical teacher at the collegiate and polytechnic level.

Member of Parliament
Duynhoven entered Parliament in the 1987 election, winning the New Plymouth seat from incumbent National Party MP, Tony Friedlander. In the 1990 election, he lost the seat to National's John Armstrong, but won it back in the 1993 election. In the 2008 election he lost to New Zealand National Party candidate, Jonathan Young by 105 votes, the smallest margin in the election.

In 2003, Duynhoven raised with the Speaker of Parliament his status, and whether he might have breached electoral law, thus disqualifying him from retaining his seat. The Speaker was responsible for determining whether a vacancy existed. This matter arose after Duynhoven applied to resume his citizenship of the Netherlands. His father was from the Netherlands, and Duynhoven had possessed citizenship from birth, but had temporarily lost it due to a change of Dutch law. According to electoral law, applying for foreign citizenship would disqualify Duynhoven from retaining his seat. The Speaker ruled on 23 July 2003 that Parliament's Privileges Committee, who were until 2002 responsible for determining whether a vacancy exists, would consider the matter, and that he would be guided by their report. The Solicitor General advised the Privileges Committee that the law was clear, and that Duynhoven's seat became vacant on 11 June 2003. The majority decision of the Privileges Committee was that Duynhoven was disqualified from holding his seat, and that it had accordingly been vacated. However the government introduced an act retroactively amending the law, to allow Duynhoven to resume his seat.

Duynhoven served as a Minister outside Cabinet of Helen Clark's Labour Government with the portfolio of Associate Minister of Transport, and later, Minister for Transport Safety and Associate Minister of Energy until his government's defeat. He did not stand as a party list candidate in the 2008 general election.

In 1990, Duynhoven was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. He was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order in the 2012 New Year Honours, for services as a Member of Parliament.

Local government politics
In October 2010, Duynhoven was elected Mayor of New Plymouth. Three years later, on 12 October 2013, Mr Duynhoven became the first New Plymouth mayor since Edward Hill in 1956 to be ousted after one term." He attributed his defeat at that election to being overshadowed by maverick councillor John McLeod.

McLeod, along with fellow councillor Len Houwers, resigned in late 2014. On 11 January 2015, Duynhoven confirmed months of speculation that he would stand in the by-election to fill the vacancies. Duynhoven said his decision to stand in the by-election came after receiving "a huge number of phone calls and visits from people asking me to stand." Duynhoven was one of the two successful candidates. He was re-elected in the 2016 local elections and the 2019 local elections. In both of those elections, he was also elected to the Taranaki District Health Board.

title: Harry Duynhoven


text:
The Treachery of Images

The Treachery of Images (La Trahison des Images) is a 1929 painting by Belgian surrealist painter René Magritte. It is also known as This Is Not a Pipe, Ceci n'est pas une pipe and The Wind and the Song. Magritte painted it when he was 30 years old. It is on display at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

The painting shows an image of a pipe. Below it, Magritte painted, "Ceci n'est pas une pipe", French for "This is not a pipe". "The famous pipe. How people reproached me for it! And yet, could you stuff my pipe? No, it's just a representation, is it not? So if I had written on my picture 'This is a pipe', I'd have been lying!"

The theme of pipes with the text "Ceci n'est pas une pipe" is extended in Les Mots et Les Images, La Clé des Songes, Ceci n'est pas une pipe (L'air et la chanson), The Tune and Also the Words, Ceci n’est pas une pomme, and Les Deux Mystères.

The painting is sometimes given as an example of meta message like the Alfred Korzybski's "The word is not the thing" and "The map is not the territory", as well as Denis Diderot's This is not a story.

On December 15, 1929, Paul Éluard and André Breton published an essay about poetry in La Révolution surréaliste (The Surrealist Revolution) as a reaction to the publication by poet Paul Valéry "Notes sur la poésie" in Les Nouvelles littéraires of September 28, 1929. When Valéry wrote "Poetry is a survival", Breton and Éluard made fun of it and wrote "Poetry is a pipe", as a reference to Magritte's painting.

In the same edition of La Révolution surréaliste, Magritte published "Les mots et les images" (his founding text which illustrated where words play with images), his answer to the survey on love, and Je ne vois pas la [femme] cachée dans la forêt, a painting tableau surrounded by photos of sixteen surrealists with their eyes closed, including Magritte himself.

title: The Treachery of Images