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Kodiak bear

The Kodiak bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi), also known as the Kodiak brown bear, sometimes the Alaskan brown bear, inhabits the islands of the Kodiak Archipelago in southwest Alaska. It is one of the largest recognized subspecies or population of the brown bear, and one of the two largest bears alive today, the other being the polar bear. They are also considered by some to be a population of grizzly bears.

Physiologically and physically, the Kodiak bear is very similar to the other brown bear subspecies, such as the mainland grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) and the extinct California grizzly bear (U. a. californicus), with the main difference being size, as Kodiak bears are on average 1.5 to 2 times larger than their cousins. Despite this large variation in size, the diet and lifestyle of the Kodiak bear do not differ greatly from those of other brown bears.

Kodiak bears have interacted with humans for centuries, especially hunters and other people in the rural coastal regions of the archipelago. The bears are hunted for sport and are encountered by hunters pursuing other species. Less frequently, Kodiak bears are killed by people whose property (such as livestock) or person are threatened. In recent history there has been an increasing focus on conservation and protection of the Kodiak bear population as human activity in its range increases. The IUCN classifies the brown bear (Ursus arctos), of which the Kodiak is a subspecies, as being of "least concern" in terms of endangerment or extinction, though the IUCN does not differentiate between subspecies and thus does not provide a conservation status for the Kodiak population. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game however, along with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to a lesser extent, closely monitor the size and health of the population and the number of bears hunted in the state.

Taxonomy
Taxonomist C.H. Merriam was the first to recognize the Kodiak bear as a unique subspecies of the brown bear, and he named it "Ursus middendorffi" in honor of the celebrated Baltic naturalist, Dr. A. Th. von Middendorff. Subsequent taxonomic work merged all North American brown bears into a single species (Ursus arctos). Genetic samples from bears on Kodiak have shown that they are most closely related to brown bears on the Alaska Peninsula and Kamchatka, Russia, and all brown bears roughly north of the US. Kodiak bears have been genetically isolated since at least the last ice age (10,000 to 12,000 years ago) and very little genetic diversity exists within the population. Although the current population is healthy, productive, and has shown no overt adverse signs of inbreeding, it may be more susceptible to new diseases or parasites than other, more diverse brown bear populations.

Color
Hair colors range from pale blonde to orange (typically females or bears from southern parts of the archipelago) to dark brown. Cubs will often retain a white "natal ring" around their neck for the first few years of life. The Kodiak bear's color is similar to that of its close relatives, the mainland American Grizzly bear and Eurasian brown bears.

Size

While there is generally much variation in size between brown bears in different areas, most usually weigh between 115 and 360 kg (254 and 794 lb); the Kodiak bear illustrates island gigantism, commonly reaching sizes of 300 to 600 kg. The size range for females (sows) is from 181 to 318 kg, and for males (boars), it is 272 to 635 kg. Mature males average 477 – over the course of the year, and can weigh up to 680 kg at peak times. Females are typically about 20% smaller and 30% lighter than males, and adult sizes are attained when they are six years old. Bears weigh the least when they emerge from their dens in the spring, and can increase their weight by 20–30% during late summer and fall. As with other animals, captive Kodiak bears can sometimes weigh considerably more than their wild counterparts.

An average adult male measures 244 cm in length, and stands 133 cm tall at the shoulder. The largest recorded wild male weighed 751 kg, and had a hind foot measurement of 46 cm. A large male Kodiak bear stands up to 1.5 m tall at the shoulder when it is standing on all four legs. When standing fully upright on its hind legs, a large male could reach a height of 3 m. The largest verified size for a captive Kodiak bear was for a specimen that lived at the Dakota Zoo in Bismarck, North Dakota. Nicknamed "Clyde", he weighed 966 kg when he died in June 1987 at the age of 22. According to zoo director Terry Lincoln, Clyde probably weighed close to 1089 kg a year earlier. He still had a fat layer of 9 in when he died. . Kodiak bears are the largest brown bear and are even comparable in size to polar bears. This makes Kodiak bears and polar bears both the two largest members of the bear family and the largest extant terrestrial carnivorans.

The standard method of evaluating the size of bears is by measuring their skulls. Most North American hunting organizations and management agencies use calipers to measure the length of the skull (back of sagittal crest on the back of the skull to the front tooth), and the width (maximum width between the zygomatic arches — "cheek bones"). The total skull size is the sum of these two measurements. The largest bear ever killed in North America was from Kodiak Island, with a total skull size of 78.1 cm, and eight of the top 10 brown bears listed in the Boone and Crockett record book are from Kodiak. The average skull size of Kodiak bears that were killed by hunters in the first five years of the 21st century was 63.8 cm for boars, and 55.4 cm for sows.

Also, an individual named Teddy, which portrayed a killer bear in the movie Grizzly, stood 3.4 m tall on its hind legs and was the largest bear in captivity at the time.

Distribution and density
This brown bear population only occurs on the islands of the Kodiak Archipelago (Kodiak, Afognak, Shuyak, Raspberry, Uganik, Sitkalidak, and adjacent islands). The Kodiak bear population was estimated to include 3,526 bears in 2005, yielding an estimated archipelago-wide population density of 270 bears per 1000 km2 (700 per 1000 sq. mi). During the past decade, the population has been slowly increasing.

Home range
Bears on Kodiak are naturally active during the day, but when faced with competition for food or space, they adopt a more nocturnal (active at night) lifestyle. This behavior is especially evident in the bears that live near and within Kodiak City. Kodiak bears do not defend territories, but they do have traditional areas that they use each year (home ranges). Because of the rich variety of foods available on Kodiak, the bears on the archipelago have some of the smallest home ranges of any brown bear populations in North America and a great deal of overlap occurs among the ranges of individual bears. Home ranges of adult sows on Kodiak Island average 50 sqmi, while boar home ranges average 97 sqmi.

Denning
Kodiak bears begin entering their dens in late October. Pregnant sows are usually the first to go to dens; males are the last. Males begin emerging from their dens in early April, while sows with new cubs may stay in dens until late June. Bears living on the north end of Kodiak Island tend to have longer denning periods than bears in the southern areas. Most Kodiak bears dig their dens in hill or mountain sides and they use a wide variety of denning habitats depending on which part of the archipelago they live. Almost a quarter of the adult bears forgo denning, staying somewhat active throughout the winter.

Reproduction and survival

Kodiak bears reach sexual maturity at age five, but most sows are over nine years old when they successfully wean their first litter. The average time between litters is four years. Sows continue to produce cubs throughout their lives, but their productivity diminishes after they are 20 years old. Mating season for Kodiak bears is during May and June. They are serially monogamous (having one partner at a time), staying together from two days to two weeks. As soon as the egg is fertilized and divides a few times, it enters a state of suspended animation until autumn when it finally implants on the uterine wall and begins to grow again. Cubs are born in the den during January or February. Weighing less than 1 lb at birth with little hair and closed eyes, they suckle for several months, emerging from the den in May or June, weighing 15 –. Typical litter sizes on Kodiak are two or three cubs, with a long-term average of 2.4 cubs per litter. However, Kodiak bears have six functional nipples and can litter up to six cubs have been reported. Sows are sometimes seen with five or six cubs in tow, probably due to adopting cubs from other litters. Most cubs stay with their mothers for three years. Almost half of the cubs die before they leave, with cannibalism by adult males being one of the major causes of death.

Kodiak bears that have recently left their mothers, at ages 3–5 years, have high mortality rates with only 56% of males and 89% of females surviving. Most young female bears stay within or near their mother's home range, while most males move farther away. Most adult sows die of natural causes (56%), while most adult male bears are killed by hunters (91%). The oldest known male bear in the wild was 27 years old, and the oldest female was 35.

Habitat
The islands of the Kodiak Archipelago have a subpolar oceanic climate with cool temperatures, overcast skies, fog, windy conditions, and moderate to heavy precipitation throughout most of the year. Although the archipelago only covers about 5000 sqmi, a rich variety of topography and vegetation ranges from dense forests of Sitka spruce on the northern islands, to steep, glaciated mountains rising to Koniag Peak's 4,470 ft along the central spine of Kodiak Island, to rolling hills and flat tundra on the south end of the archipelago. About 14,000 people live on the archipelago, primarily in and around the city of Kodiak and six outlying villages. Roads and other human alterations are generally limited to Afognak Island and the northeastern part of Kodiak Island. About half of the archipelago is included in the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge.

Feeding habits

Bears live throughout the archipelago, adapting to local resources and retaining relatively small home ranges and comparable densities in most habitats. With such a variety and abundance of food sources, bears are surprisingly intelligent in their eating habits. The first foods bears eat in the spring are emerging vegetation (such as grasses and forbs) and animals that may have died during the winter. This allows the bear to quickly replace the weight that was lost during hibernation. As summer progresses, a wide variety of vegetation supplies nutritional needs until salmon return. Salmon runs extend from May through September on most of the archipelago and bears consume the five species of Pacific salmon that spawn in local streams and lakes. Bears often prioritize the brain, flesh, and eggs of salmon for their high nutritional value. In the late summer and early fall, bears consume several types of berries when they reach their ripest point, and have the highest levels of sugar. As climate change causes elderberries to ripen earlier, berry season is now overlapping with salmon season and some bears are abandoning salmon runs to focus on the berries. Bears also feed on wind-rowed seaweed and invertebrates on some beaches throughout the year. When eating deer, mountain goats, elk, or cattle, internal organs are eaten first for their high-fat content, however even though there is an abundance of the animals found on the archipelago, few Kodiak bears actively prey on them as other methods of finding food are more energy efficient. Another food source available year-round is the garbage made by the human population of Kodiak Island.

Behavior
The Kodiak bear is much like other brown bears in intelligence, although its tendency to feed in large dense groups leads to more complex social behaviors. Kodiak bears are generally solitary in nature; however, when food is concentrated in small areas, such as along salmon spawning streams, grass/sedge flats, berry patches, a dead whale, or even an open garbage dump, they often occur in large groups. Along a few streams on Kodiak, up to 60 bears can be seen simultaneously in a 2.6 km2 area. To maximize food intake at these ecologically important areas, bears have learned to minimize fighting and fatal interactions by developing a complex communication (both verbal and body posturing) and social structure.

Interactions with people
Usually, Kodiak bears attempt to avoid encounters with people. The most notable exceptions to this behavior pattern occur when bears are surprised, threatened, or attracted by human food, garbage, or hunter-killed game. However, there has been an increase in Kodiak encounters due to increases in the local population as well as increased hunting of Kodiak bears. Bear safety precautions aim at avoiding such situations, understanding bear needs and behavior, and learning how to recognize the warning signs bears give when stressed.

One fatal bear attack on a person on the Kodiak archipelago occurred in 1999. The National Geographic Society filmed a television program about brown bears, which included a segment on two brown bear attacks. Both incidents involved hunters who were hunting by themselves and were returning to game they had killed previously, and left alone in order to continue hunting. One of the attacks was fatal, with the hunter being killed by the bear, and occurred on Uganik Island (November 3, 1999), which is part of the Kodiak archipelago. In the other incident, after being attacked by the bear, the hunter stabbed it with a knife, then recovered their rifle and killed the attacking bear. This occurred on Raspberry Island, home to two full-service wilderness lodges. Prior to that, the last fatality was in 1921. About once every other year, a bear injures a person on Kodiak. In October 2021, a father and son hunting duo survived an attack from a Kodiak bear during an elk registration hunt on Afognak Island.

Prehistory
Early human occupants of the archipelago when the land was locked into the ice age looked to the sea for their sustenance. At that time, Kodiak Natives (Alutiiqs) occasionally hunted bears, using their meat for food, hides for clothing and bedding, and teeth for adornment. Traditional stories often revolved around the similarity between bears and humans, and the mystical nature of bears because of their proximity to the spirit world.

Commercial harvests
Russian hunters came to the area in the late 18th century to capitalize on the abundant fur resources. Bear hides were considered a "minor fur" and sold for about the same price as river otter pelts. The number of bears harvested increased substantially when sea otter populations declined and after the United States acquired Alaska in 1867, bear harvests on Kodiak increased, peaking at as many as 250 bears per year. Commercial fishing activities increased in the late 1880s and canneries proliferated throughout the archipelago. Bears were viewed as competitors for the salmon resource and were routinely shot when seen on streams or coasts. At the same time, sportsmen and scientists had recognized the Kodiak bear as the largest in the world, and they voiced concerns about overharvesting the population.

Guided hunters and competition for resources
Professional interest in guided Kodiak bear hunts and concern for unregulated resource use in frontier lands such as Alaska prompted the territorial government's newly established Alaska Game Commission to abolish commercial bear hunting (selling the hides) on the archipelago in 1925. The impacts of the new regulations seemed to restore bear populations on the Kodiak Islands. By the 1930s, ranchers in northeast Kodiak reported an increase in bear problems and demanded action. Bears were wrongly seen as a threat to the expanding commercial salmon-fishing industry. To address the dilemma of conserving bears while protecting cattle, salmon, and people, President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge by executive order in 1941. The 1900000 acre refuge roughly encompasses the southwestern two-thirds of Kodiak Island, Uganik Island, the Red Peaks area on northwestern Afognak Island, and all of Ban Island.

Alaska achieved statehood in 1959 and assumed responsibility for managing the state's wildlife. The Alaska Board of Game reduced bear-hunting seasons on Afognak and Raspberry Islands and on the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, but liberalized bear seasons on nonrefuge lands on Kodiak. During the 1960s, state biologists worked with ranchers along the Kodiak road system to examine and reduce the predation problem. Biologists reported that cattle and bears were not compatible on the same ranges and potential solutions included poisons, fences to isolate cattle ranges, and aerial shooting of bears. Again, sport hunters voiced their support for Kodiak bears. Despite public pressure, the state continued actively pursuing and dispatching problem bears until 1970.

Changes in land status
In 1971, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) resolved many long-standing land issues with Aboriginal Alaskans statewide. The impacts were felt strongly on the archipelago as large areas were conveyed to the Native corporations. Federal management of the National Forest lands on Afognak was transferred to Native Corporation ownership with the passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act in 1980 (ANILCA), and the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge lost control of 310,000 acre of prime bear habitat (more than 17% of refuge lands).

In 1975, construction of a logging road began on Afognak Island, and timber harvesting began in 1977. In 1979, work began on an environmental impact statement for the Terror Lake hydroelectric project on Kodiak Island. That project included an earthen dam on Terror Lake with Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge and a 6 mi tunnel through a mountain ridge to a penstock and powerhouse in the Kizhuyak River drainage. The hydro project was the first significant invasion of inland bear habitat on Kodiak Island. To address the opposition encountered from the public and agencies, a mitigation settlement was negotiated in 1981 which included brown bear research and the establishment of the Kodiak Brown Bear Trust. The hydroelectric project was completed in 1985. Human alteration of bear habitat on Kodiak and Afognak Islands spurred renewed interest and funding for bear research on the archipelago, resulting in a surge of baseline and applied bear research on Kodiak through the 1980s and 1990s.

Bears were not directly harmed by the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, although some were displaced from traditional feeding and traveling areas by cleanup crews. No one was injured by a bear, and no Kodiak bears were killed. To mitigate the adverse impacts of the spill, Exxon reached a settlement with the state and federal governments. Paradoxically, the impacts of the oil spill and the subsequent cleanup and settlement proved to be beneficial to bears on Kodiak. Bear-safety training exposed thousands of workers to factual information about bears, and money from the settlement fund was used for funding land acquisitions. By the close of the 20th century, over 80% of the refuge lands that had been lost as a result of ANCSA and ANILCA were reinstated into the refuge, either through direct purchase or utilizing conservation easements. Lands were also purchased in America, Westtown, and Shuyak Islands and transferred into state ownership. The Kodiak Brown Bear Trust coordinated a coalition of sportsmen and other wildlife conservation groups from around the nation to lobby for the use of settlement funds to acquire Kodiak lands. The groups also directly contributed funding to protect small parcels of important bear habitat around the islands.

Kodiak Archipelago Bear Conservation and Management Plan

In 2001, a citizens advisory committee was established to work closely with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), with the cooperation of Kodiak NWR, to develop a management plan addressing several problems that affect bears, including hunting, habitat, and viewing. The resulting Kodiak Archipelago Bear Conservation and Management Plan was crafted over several months by representatives from 12 diverse user groups, which, after hearing from a variety of experts from agencies and receiving extensive public input, developed more than 270 recommendations for managing and conserving Kodiak bears. Despite the diversity of viewpoints expressed by members of the group, all of the recommendations were by consensus.

The underlying themes of the recommendations were continued conservation of the bear population at its current level, increased education programs to teach people how to live with bears on Kodiak, and protection of bear habitat with allowances for continued human use of the archipelago. Although the group's role is merely advisory, government management agencies expressed a commitment to implement all of the regulations that were feasible and within their legal jurisdictions.

Genetic diversity and endangerment
The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List does not list subspecies. The brown bear species, of which the Kodiak subspecies is a member, is listed as Lower Risk or Least Concern. The Kodiak is not listed as an endangered species by the Endangered Species Act of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Hunt-management
Kodiak bear research and habitat protection is done cooperatively by the ADF&G and Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge. Bear hunting is managed by the ADF&G, and hunting regulations are established by the Alaska Board of Game. Currently, a finely tuned management system distributes hunters in 32 different areas during two seasons (spring: April 1 – May 15, and fall: October 25 – November 30). Each year, about 4,500 people apply for the 496 permits offered for Kodiak bear hunts (two-thirds to Alaska residents, one-third to non-residents). Nonresidents are required to hire a registered guide who is authorized to hunt in a particular area, and this can cost from $10,000 to $22,000. All hunters must come into the Alaska Department of Fish and Game office in Kodiak before going into the field for a brief orientation and must check out before they leave the island. Every bear that is legally killed on the archipelago must be inspected by an ADF&G wildlife biologist before it can be taken from the islands. Pelts receive a stamp from an ADF&G officer if the hunter and guide provide proper documentation to prove licensing. Pelts cannot be transported or legally preserved or sold without the official stamp. Hunting laws are strictly enforced by the ADF&G officers who often have the full support of the local community. Illegal hunting and fishing is frowned upon by the community which maintains a healthy respect for the island's environmental laws, as well. Stiff penalties accompany illegal hunting and fishing. The island's remote location makes trafficking in illegal pelts difficult for would-be poachers.

Since statehood, the reported number of Kodiak bears killed by hunters has ranged from 77 (1968–1969) to 206 (1965–1966). From 2000 to 2006, an average of 173 Kodiak bears were killed by hunters each year (118 during the fall season and 55 in the spring season). Over 75% of those were males. An additional nine bears were reported killed annually in defense of life or property during the same time. The number of large, trophy-sized bears (total skull size at least 28 in) killed by hunters in recent years has been increasing. In the 1970s, only 2.5% of the bears killed on Kodiak were trophy-sized; in the 1990s and 2000s, the proportion increased to almost 9%.

Bear-viewing

In the past 20 years, bear viewing has become increasingly popular on Kodiak and other parts of Alaska. The most accessible bear-viewing location on Kodiak, Frazer River, had over 1,100 people come in 2007. Visitor numbers have been increasing at about 10% annually and development of additional bear viewing areas on Kodiak is planned. Also, other bear viewing opportunities exist through air-taxi, charter boat, remote lodge, and trekking operations on the archipelago. Although bear-viewing is often considered a "nonconsumptive" use, it can have serious impacts on bear populations if it is not conducted properly. Most viewing occurs at places where bears congregate because of feeding opportunities that are critical to their survival. If some bears avoid these areas because people are there, those bears may not get the fat and protein they need to make it through the upcoming winter. Consequently, unmanaged bear viewing could affect several bears, especially productive sows with cubs. Often, bear-viewing and bear-hunting are considered incompatible. Even if the bear population is healthy and bear hunting is sustainable, ethical questions arise especially if hunting occurs near viewing areas and either during or soon after the viewing season. Many feel that it is not fair to encourage bears to be close to people during the summer, only to allow them to be shot in the fall. The Kodiak bear plan recognized bear hunting as a legitimate, traditional, and biologically justifiable activity. It recommended that agencies find ways to make bear hunting and bear viewing compatible on the archipelago.

Cultural significance
The bear is important to the Alutiiq people. Its Alutiiq name is Taquka’aq (Bear), with the pronunciation varying between Northern and Southern dialects.

title: Kodiak bear


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Will Jordan

Will Jordan (born Wilbur Rauch, July 27, 1927 – September 6, 2018) was an American character actor and stand-up comedian best known for his resemblance to, and impressions of, television host and newspaper columnist Ed Sullivan.

Early life
Born in the Bronx, Rauch grew up in Flushing, Queens. His father was a pharmacist and his mother owned a hat store. Jordan graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Manhattan.

As Ed Sullivan
In his act, Jordan came up with the catch-phrase, "Welcome to our Toast of the Town 'Shoooo'", which became a stereotypical joke for nearly every Sullivan impersonator after that, usually as the more generic "Really Big 'Shoooo'" (or "shoe").

Jordan appeared as Sullivan in the Broadway production of the musical Bye Bye Birdie in 1960–1961 (a role he would reprise in the revival from October 15, 2009, through January 24, 2010).

Most of Jordan's film and television performances since the 1970s have been as Sullivan in films that feature characters appearing on Sullivan's famous variety series. These include:
 * I Wanna Hold Your Hand (1978), The Beatles
 * The Buddy Holly Story (1978), Buddy Holly and The Crickets
 * The Doors (1991), The Doors

In 1983, Jordan appeared as Sullivan in the 1960s-TV-style video for "Tell Her About It", the Billy Joel hit single.

Other work
Jordan's other impressions included Bing Crosby, Groucho Marx and Jack Benny. He imitated Peter Lorre and James Mason as one of the actors in "Psycho Drama" on Rupert Holmes's 1974 debut album Widescreen.

Jordan performed on the 1970 P.D.Q. Bach recording The Stoned Guest in the role of Milton Host, a send-up of Metropolitan Opera radio announcer Milton Cross.

He also participated in a recording project, called "The Sicknicks", with Sandy Baron. The pair produced a comedy single, "The Presidential Press Conference", which was a minor hit in 1961.

Personal life and death
Jordan had a son, Lonnie Saunders.

September 6, 2018, writer Mark Evanier announced Jordan died that morning at his Manhattan home at age 91.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Will Jordan


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Lenny Dykstra

Leonard Kyle Dykstra (born February 10, 1963) is an American former professional baseball center fielder who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Mets (1985–1989) and Philadelphia Phillies (1989–1996). Dykstra was a three-time All-Star and won a World Series championship as a member of the 1986 Mets. Since retirement, Dykstra has been mired in financial and legal troubles. In 2009, he filed for bankruptcy. In 2011, he was arrested and charged with bankruptcy fraud, followed by grand theft auto and drug possession charges on an unrelated case, as well as indecent exposure. He served $6 1/2$ months in federal prison.

Early life and family
Lenny Dykstra was born Leonard Kyle Leswick on February 10, 1963, in Santa Ana, California. Dykstra's father, Terry Leswick, abandoned the family when Dykstra was four years of age. Dykstra's mother, Marilyn, later married Dennis Dykstra, a phone company employee. Dennis Dykstra adopted Lenny. Lenny Dykstra has two brothers: Brian and Kevin.

Dykstra's uncles, Pete, Jack, and Tony Leswick played in the National Hockey League.

Dykstra attended Garden Grove High School in Orange County, California. During his senior year, he hit .494 with 50 hits on the season, which was just two short of the state record. He had a career total of 89 stolen bases, second best in state history at the time, and recorded a hit in all 27 games of his senior season. In both his junior and senior seasons he was named all-league, all-county, and all-state. He was named 3-A co-player of the year in 1981. In the Orange County All-Star baseball game he reached base all eight times he came to bat, earning five hits, a walk, and reaching base on two errors, and stole five bases. He also played football, where he was named 2nd team all-county and team MVP as a defensive back.

New York Mets
Dykstra was originally committed to play baseball at Arizona State University for Jim Brock but said he would sign to play professionally if drafted high enough. The Mets signed Dykstra as a 13th-round draft pick in 1981. A star in the minors, in 1983 he led the Carolina League in at-bats, runs, hits, triples, batting average and stolen bases. That season, he hit .358 with 8 HR, 81 RBI, 105 stolen bases (a league record for 17 years), 107 walks and only 35 strikeouts. He was consequently named the Carolina League's MVP, and soon emerged as one of the Mets' prized prospects. While playing in Double-A in 1984 he befriended fellow outfielder and teammate Billy Beane, who later said that Dykstra was "perfectly designed, emotionally" to play baseball and that he had "no concept of failure." According to Beane, his first comments on seeing future Hall of Fame pitcher Steve Carlton warming up were, "Shit, I'll stick him."

In 1985, Dykstra was promoted to the Mets when the team's starting center fielder, Mookie Wilson, was placed on the disabled list. The rookie's play and energy was a big boost to a Mets team that surged to a 98-win season and narrowly missed out on the NL East crown. The following season, Dykstra was intended to be platooned in center field with Wilson, but took over the position as outright starter and leadoff hitter when Wilson suffered a severe eye injury during spring training. As the season progressed, Wilson began to get more playing time in left field, as the incumbent leftfielder, George Foster, was struggling, eventually getting released. This allowed Dykstra and Wilson to start in the outfield together, along with star rightfielder Darryl Strawberry. Dykstra earned the nickname "Nails" for his hard-nosed personality and fearless play. Also in 1986, Dykstra posed shirtless for a "beefcake" poster under the "Nails" nickname. Dykstra and #2 hitter Wally Backman were tagged as "The Partners in Grime" for their scrappy play as spark plugs for the star-studded Met lineup.

1986 season
With Dykstra as leadoff hitter, the 1986 Mets coasted to the division crown, beating the second-place Philadelphia Phillies by 21.5 games en route to a 108–54 season. The Mets ended up in the World Series after a victory over the NL West champion Houston Astros in the 1986 NLCS, 4 games to 2. Dykstra hit a walk-off home run in Game 3, which is considered one of the biggest hits in Mets franchise history and of Dykstra's career. He hit .304 in the 1986 NLCS, and then .296 in the World Series against the Boston Red Sox. His leadoff home run in Game 3 at Fenway Park sparked the Mets, who had lost the first games of the Series at home at Shea Stadium. Dykstra's leadoff home run in Game Three made him the third Met in team history (along with Tommie Agee and Wayne Garrett, both of whose home runs also came in a Game 3, in the 1969 and 1973 World Series respectively), to hit a leadoff home run in the World Series. Following Dykstra's home run, the Mets won Game Three in blowout fashion, eventually rallying to defeat the Red Sox in seven games.

1987–1989
Dykstra continued to play in a platoon with Wilson. In the 1988 NLCS against the Los Angeles Dodgers, he continued his postseason success by hitting .429 in a losing effort.

On June 18, 1989, the Mets traded Dykstra to the Phillies along with pitcher Roger McDowell and minor-leaguer Tom Edens in exchange for second baseman Juan Samuel. Teammate Keith Hernandez later characterized Dykstra, in his book Pure Baseball, as being "on the wild and crazy side", which he cites as one of the reasons the Mets chose to trade him and the Phillies chose to acquire him.

Philadelphia Phillies
Dykstra was initially upset over the trade since he enjoyed playing in New York, but Phillies fans loved him and he soon became a fan favorite there as well. He was known for his trademark cheek full of tobacco and hard-nosed play. With the Phillies, Dykstra's career was marked by incredible highs and lows. In 1990, he started the All-Star Game, led the league in hits and finished fourth in batting average, hitting over .400 as late as June.

Dykstra's next two seasons were marred by injury. In 1991, he lost two months of playing time due to injuries sustained in an auto accident. In late August, he re-broke his collarbone in Cincinnati running into the outfield wall and missed the rest of the season.

On Opening Day 1992, Dykstra was hit by a pitch that broke his hand. He played in just 145 of 324 possible games for the Phils in 1991 and 1992.

It all came together again in 1993 for Dykstra and the Phillies. The team, which had been rebuilding since its last playoff appearance ten years before, when they won the 1983 pennant but lost the World Series to Baltimore, returned to the top of the National League East and won the pennant again. He played in 161 games, setting a then major league record with 773 plate appearances. Despite being overlooked for the 1993 All-Star team he led the league in runs, hits, walks and at-bats, and was runner-up to the Giants' Barry Bonds in voting for NL Most Valuable Player. He led the Phillies into the World Series, which they lost to the defending World Series champion Toronto Blue Jays in six games. In the series, Dykstra batted .348 and hit four home runs, including two in a futile 15–14 loss at home in Game 4.

In October 2015, Dykstra told Colin Cowherd that beginning in 1993, he paid a team of private investigators $500,000 to dig up dirt on MLB umpires. He used the information, he said, to leverage a more favorable strike zone during games. He said it was not a coincidence that he led the majors in walks in 1993, going from 40 in 392 plate appearances in 1992 to 129 in 773 at-bats the following year. In 1994, Dykstra walked 68 times in 386 plate appearances. Dykstra's claim of blackmailing umpires was met with considerable skepticism.

Dykstra went on to play in two more All-Star games, in 1994 and 1995.

Retirement
Injuries plagued Dykstra for the rest of his career. He last played in 1996, although he launched one final comeback attempt in spring training of 1998 before retiring at the age of 35.

Post-baseball career
Dykstra first ran a car wash in Simi Valley, California, but sold it in 2007.

Dykstra purchased NHL superstar Wayne Gretzky's $17 million estate (built at a cost of $14,999,999 ) hoping to flip it; however, this endeavor was unsuccessful. The house was eventually sold in January 2011 for "an undisclosed amount".

In September 2008, Dykstra began a high-end jet charter company and magazine marketed to professional athletes known as the Player's Club, LLC. The magazine was part of a business plan to offer financial advice to professional athletes, according to a profile article in The New Yorker magazine.

In early 2009, stories and evidence began to emerge indicating that Dykstra's financial empire was in a tailspin. A GQ article by Kevin P. Coughlin, a former photo editor for the New York Post, detailed Coughlin's 67-day employment with Dykstra producing The Players Club, a magazine geared toward athletes and their expensive lifestyles. Coughlin detailed incidents and accused Dykstra of credit card fraud, failure to pay rent on the magazine's Park Avenue offices or for bounced checks, lawsuits, and printing costs.

In March 2009, press reports alleged that Dykstra's businesses were facing financial ruin. They also alleged that he had used offensive terms when speaking about blacks, women, and homosexuals.

An extensive ESPN article published in April 2009 asserted that Dykstra had been the subject of at least two dozen legal actions since 2007.

On June 28, 2016, Dykstra released an autobiography titled House of Nails: A Memoir of Life on the Edge. House of Nails landed at No. 11 on the New York Times nonfiction best-seller list for July 17, 2016.

On October 5, 2016, Dykstra and Rebound Finance, a credit referral company, announced their partnership. The partnership is still ongoing with Dykstra acting as the brand's ambassador. According to a press release published by Rebound Finance, the main goal of the partnership is to "provide hard working Americans with the credit they deserve."

Public appearances and media appearances
In 2000, Dykstra and other members of the 1986 Mets' World Championship team threw out the ceremonial first pitch before Game 5 of the World Series at Shea Stadium against the New York Yankees.

On June 28, 2016, Dykstra appeared on The Howard Stern Show for the first stop on his promotional tour for his bestselling book House of Nails: A Memoir of Life on the Edge and to discuss his sexual conquests. Dykstra also revealed that he is a gigolo for elderly women.

On July 27, 2016, Dykstra appeared on Larry King Now to discuss his book, his MLB career, his use of steroids, and his close friendship with Charlie Sheen.

On November 28, 2016, Dykstra returned to The Howard Stern Show, bringing with him two women to verify the claims he made during his first visit in June. Dykstra also promoted his partnership with Rebound Finance.

Then, on December 17, 2019, Dykstra returned again to The Howard Stern Show playing on Stern's "Hollyweird Squares" game.

Legal issues
In 1991, Dykstra crashed his red Mercedes-Benz SL 500 into a tree on Darby-Paoli Road in Radnor Township, Pennsylvania, after attending the bachelor party of Phillies teammate John Kruk. Dykstra suffered broken ribs, a broken collarbone and a broken facial bone, in addition to second-degree burns on his left arm and lower back. Darren Daulton, also a teammate, was a passenger in the car at the time; his injuries included an injured eye and a broken facial bone. According to Radnor Township Police, Dykstra's blood alcohol content was measured at 0.179% shortly after the crash, over double the legal limit of 0.08% in the state. Dykstra was charged with "driving under the influence of alcohol, speeding and reckless driving".

In 1999, he was arrested for sexual harassment of a 17-year-old girl who worked at his car wash. The criminal charges were later dropped.

Dykstra was sued in relation to his car wash in 2005. The lawsuit, filed by former business partner Lindsay Jones, alleged that Dykstra used steroids and told Jones to place bets on Phillies games in 1993, when Dykstra was on that pennant-winning team. He denied those allegations, but other accusations of steroid use also surfaced.

Dykstra, whose net worth was estimated at $58 million in 2008, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in July 2009, listing less than $50,000 in assets against $10 million to $50 million in liabilities. He claimed to be a victim of mortgage fraud after he lost the house he purchased from Wayne Gretzky to foreclosure. Fireman's Fund Insurance Company provided Dykstra and his wife with a temporary residence pending resolution of the outstanding claim. According to papers filed in court, one of Dykstra's houses was in "unshowable" condition as "the home was littered throughout with empty beer bottles, trash, dog feces and urine, and other unmentionables." Raw sewage had been leaking inside the house, and electrical wiring had been damaged or removed by vandals.

On October 6, 2009, the Wall Street Journal reported that Dykstra's World Series ring had been auctioned off for $56,762 "to help pay the former major-leaguer's $31 million debt." On November 20, 2009, the case was converted to a Chapter 7 bankruptcy to liquidate the estate and pay creditors.

In September 2009, Dykstra was banned from both of his foreclosed multimillion-dollar properties in Lake Sherwood. He was accused of vandalizing the properties and failing to maintain homeowners' insurance on them, and the court assigned a trustee to manage them.

In June 2010, a court-appointed federal trustee in Dykstra's bankruptcy case charged he had lied under oath, improperly hidden and sold assets, and repeatedly acted "in a fraudulent and deceitful manner" during his ongoing bankruptcy case. The trustee accordingly asked the bankruptcy court to deny Dykstra's request for a bankruptcy discharge.

In December 2010, adult entertainment star and escort Monica Foster claimed Dykstra had hired her on December 13, 2010, and had paid her with a bad check. In January 2011, Dykstra was accused of sexual assault by his housekeeper. She alleged that he had forced her to perform oral sex on him. The woman told investigators "she needed the job and the money, so she went along with the suspect's requests rather than lose her job".

In April 2011, the Los Angeles Police Department Commercial Crimes Division arrested Dykstra on separate grand theft charges related to the purchase of vehicles. He was held on $500,000 bail. On April 13, 2011, Dykstra was arrested for investigation of grand theft by Los Angeles police at his Encino home on suspicion of trying to buy a stolen car, the day after Dykstra, in an unrelated federal complaint, had been charged with embezzling from a bankruptcy estate. He faced up to five years in federal prison if convicted. Federal prosecutors contended that after filing for bankruptcy Dykstra hid, sold, or destroyed more than $400,000 worth of items from the $18.5 million mansion in question without permission of a bankruptcy trustee.

In May 2011, Dykstra was sentenced to house arrest after his bankruptcy fraud indictment. Under the terms of his plea agreement, he was allowed to leave the house only to go to work, attend church, or undergo mandatory drug testing. On June 13, 2011, Dykstra appeared in federal bankruptcy court and pleaded not guilty to 13 charges. He was represented by a public defender. Dykstra faced up to 80 years in prison if convicted of all charges relating to embezzlement, obstruction of justice, bankruptcy fraud, making false statements to bankruptcy court, and concealing property from the bankruptcy court. The bankruptcy fraud trial was set to start on June 5, 2012.

On June 6, 2011, Dykstra was arrested and charged with 25 misdemeanor and felony counts of grand theft auto, identity theft, filing false financial statements and possession of cocaine, ecstasy and the human growth hormone (HGH) known as somatropin. He first pleaded not guilty to the charges, but later changed his plea to no contest to grand theft auto and providing false financial statements in exchange for getting the drug charges dropped. On March 5, 2012, after unsuccessfully trying to withdraw his nolo-contendere plea, he was sentenced to three years in state prison, receiving nearly a year's credit for time already served.

On August 25, 2011, Dykstra was charged with indecent exposure. The Los Angeles City Attorney accused him of placing ads on Craigslist requesting a personal assistant or housekeeping services. The victims alleged that when they arrived, they were informed that the job also required massage service and that Dykstra then exposed himself to them. He was given a nine-month sentence for lewd conduct.

On July 13, 2012, Dykstra pleaded guilty in federal court to three felonies: one count each of bankruptcy fraud, concealment of assets, and money laundering. He admitted to hiding, selling, or destroying over $400,000 worth of items that were supposed to be part of his bankruptcy filing. On December 3, 2012, he was sentenced to six-and-a-half months in prison and 500 hours of community service, and was ordered to pay $200,000 in restitution.

Dykstra was released from the federal penitentiary in Victorville, California, in June 2013 after serving six-and-a-half months of his sentence for the bankruptcy fraud and money laundering charges, which ran concurrently with the grand theft auto and false financial statements charges. As part of his release, he was required to serve three years of supervised release (including 500 hours of community service), enroll in a substance abuse program, submit to drug testing, and pay $200,000 to his creditors. Dykstra finished his probation in April 2014 and had undergone weekly drug testing.

On May 23, 2018, Dykstra was arrested for drug possession and for uttering terroristic threats. He allegedly held a gun to his Uber driver after the driver refused to change destinations. On October 10, 2018, Dykstra was indicted by a New Jersey grand jury on these charges.

In his book 108 Stitches, former Dykstra teammate Ron Darling alleged that Dykstra hurled racist taunts at Red Sox pitcher Oil Can Boyd from the on-deck circle during the 1986 World Series. Dykstra publicly and vociferously denied the story and was publicly supported in his denial by former teammates Dwight Gooden, Kevin Mitchell, Darryl Strawberry and Wally Backman. Dykstra sued Darling for defamation in April 2020 but the case was dismissed on June 1, 2020, with the judge citing Dykstra's documented reputation as being "among other things, racist, misogynist and anti-gay, as well as a sexual predator, a drug-abuser, a thief and an embezzler" as the reason.

Family
Dykstra married wife, Terri, in 1985. Lenny and Terri Dykstra have two sons, Cutter and Luke; Lenny also adopted Terri's son, Gavin, from a prior relationship. Terri Dykstra filed for divorce in April 2009.

Cutter Dykstra was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the second round of the 2008 Major League Baseball Draft, and played in the Washington Nationals organization until being released on June 14, 2016. Through Cutter's relationship with actress Jamie-Lynn Sigler, Dykstra has two grandsons. Luke Dykstra was drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the seventh round of the 2014 MLB Draft and last played for the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball in 2018.

As of August 2014, Dykstra lived with his ex-wife, Terri, who said that she had no plans to remarry him.

Health
On February 14, 2024, Dykstra suffered a stroke and was hospitalized in a Los Angeles hospital.

Mitchell Report; steroid use
Dykstra was named in the Mitchell Report on steroid use in Major League Baseball on December 13, 2007. The report cited multiple sources, including Kirk Radomski, as stating that Dykstra had used anabolic steroids during his MLB career. It also stated that the Commissioner of Baseball's office had known about Dykstra's steroid use since 2000. Dykstra did not agree to meet with the Mitchell investigators to discuss the allegations.

In Randall Lane's book The Zeroes, Dykstra admitted in his hotel room to Lane, editor of Trader Monthly, that he used steroids to perform better than those he felt might replace him; otherwise, his $25 million would be "on the line".

On December 20, 2007, Dykstra was also named in former MLB pitcher Jason Grimsley's unsealed affidavit as an alleged user of steroids.

title: Lenny Dykstra


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User:Jasondeli

Wikipedia...

title: User:Jasondeli


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Robert Sacchi

Robert Patsy Sacchi (March 27, 1932 – June 23, 2021) was an Italian-American character actor who, since the 1970s, was known for his close resemblance to Humphrey Bogart. He appeared in many films and TV shows playing either Bogart or a character who happens to look and sound like him. He was best known for his role in the 1980 film The Man with Bogart's Face.

Early life
Sacchi was born in Rome on March 27, 1932. His father, Alberto, worked as a carpenter; his mother was Marietta (D’Urbano). They emigrated to the United States when Sacchi was an infant, and settled in The Bronx. He attended Cardinal Hayes High School, where his friends and neighbors first noted his physical resemblance to Humphrey Bogart. He studied business and finance at Iona College, before obtaining a master's degree from New York University.

Career
Sacchi's first three film credits in The French Sex Murders, Pulp, and Across 110th Street (all released in 1972) saw him play roles not connected with Bogart. He began playing Bogart during the early 1970s, starting with Woody Allen's touring comedy Play It Again, Sam. He also played the role while touring college campuses.

Sacchi played the title role in the 1980 comedy The Man with Bogart's Face (also titled Sam Marlow, Private Eye) about a private investigator who gets plastic surgery to take after Bogart. He starred alongside Franco Nero, Michelle Phillips, Olivia Hussey, Yvonne De Carlo, Mike Mazurki, and George Raft (making his final film appearance). Writing in The New York Times, Tom Buckley was of the opinion that Sacchi "shows considerable acting skill in the title role, although his hopes for future employment in films would seem to be limited". In spite of this prediction, he went on to gain more roles as Bogart. These included Phil Collins's music video in 1990 titled "I Wish It Would Rain Down", as well as Sacchi's one-man show called Bogey’s Back. He also played Bogart in Fantasy Island (1981), Sledge Hammer! (1987), and the Cybill episode "In Her Dreams" (1997). He later recounted how he "never thought Bogie was too terrific-looking", adding that "like most kids at the time, I wanted to look like Gregory Peck".

During the 1990s, Sacchi played minor roles in Die Hard 2 (1990) and The Naked Truth (1992). In a notable episode of Tales from the Crypt entitled "You, Murderer" in 1995 (season 6 episode 15), Sacchi only provided the voice of a character who looks like Bogart. Computer manipulated film footage of Bogart provided the visuals. Also in 1995, he had a television role in the Pointman episode titled "The Psychic". One of his final film credits came in 1999 with Blast from the Past.

Personal life
Sacchi had six children from his first marriage: Robert Jr., Barbara, Felicia, Maria, Lisa, and Anthony. His second marriage was to Peruvian artist Angela De Hererera. They remained married for 51 years until his death. Together, they had two children: Trish, and John who worked as a film producer.

Sacchi died on June 23, 2021, at Barlow Respiratory Hospital in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles. He was 89, and suffered from a brief illness prior to his death.

Film

 * 1972: The French Sex Murders (Casa d'appuntamento) – Inspector Fontaine
 * 1972: Pulp – The Bogeyman
 * 1972: Across 110th Street – Hood
 * 1975: Shhh
 * 1980: The Man with Bogart's Face – Sam Marlow
 * 1984: E. Nick: A Legend in His Own Mind – Mr. Trowel
 * 1987: Funland – Mario DiMauro / Bogie
 * 1989: Another Chance – Mickey "Bogart" Pinco
 * 1989: Cold Heat – Mikey Musconi
 * 1990: Die Hard 2 – Engineer No. 3
 * 1992: The Naked Truth – Gesundheim II
 * 1992: The Erotic Adventures of the Three Musketeers – Athos
 * 1999: Blast from the Past (1999) – Bogart DJ

Television

 * 1981: Fantasy Island (episode: "Hard Knocks/Lady Godiva") – Humphrey Bogart
 * 1983: Cadence 3 (episode dated March 9, 1983) – Himself
 * 1983: Vorsicht Musik! (episode 1.4) – Himself
 * 1987: Sledge Hammer! (episode: "Play It Again Sledge") – Bogie
 * 1988: Simon & Simon (episode: "The Merry Adventures of Robert Hood") – Cyril Linehart
 * 1989: Katts and Dog (episode: "Murder She Sang") – Nick McGee
 * 1989: Der Stoff, aus dem die Filme sind
 * 1994: Burke's Law (episode: "Who Killed Nick Hazard?") – Nick Hazard
 * 1995: Tales from the Crypt (episode: "You, Murderer") – Lou Spinelli (voice)
 * 1995: Pointman (episode: "The Psychic") – Humphrey Bogart
 * 1997: Cybill (episode: "In Her Dreams") – Humphrey Bogart Look-Alike
 * 1999: Oh Baby (episode: "Sitting on Babies") – Detective No. 1
 * 2003: Biography (episode: "Humphrey Bogart") – Himself; Actor and Historian

Music Videos

 * Phil Collins: "I Wish It Would Rain Down" – Humphrey Bogart

Songs

 * "Jungle Queen" (1982)
 * "Casablanca" (1982)

title: Robert Sacchi


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User talk:Jasondeli

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:08, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. Please note that page blanking, addition of random text, deliberate misinformation, and repeated and blatant violation of WP:NPOV are considered vandalism. If you wish to make useful contributions, you may come back after the block expires. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:11, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Semi-automated template substitution

 * This page was modified to semi-automatically substitute templates using Pathoschild's template list. // Tawker 10:52, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jasondeli


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Bill Ballance

Willis Bennett Ballance (October 27, 1918 – September 23, 2004) was an American radio talk show host.

Ballance was born in Peoria, Illinois, and studied journalism at the University of Illinois before serving in the United States Marines. He had radio station stints in Denver, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Honolulu and San Diego. In the early 1950s his "Ballance of the Night" hosted celebrities on KNX in Los Angeles. Ballance was the evening Top 40 personality in the late 1950s to early '60s on #1-rated KFWB in Los Angeles.

In 1971, Ballance’s “Feminine Forum” radio show was launched on KGBS in L.A. The provocative show became one of the top rated shows in L.A. He is known as the forerunner to "shock jocks" like Tom Leykis and Howard Stern, having been accused of exploiting women's rights activists who called in to his show.

The Feminine Forum was dropped in 1973, and he began the Bill Ballance Show. He left Los Angeles in 1978 and went to KFMB in San Diego, where he remained for fifteen years. While his early years in San Diego were successful from a ratings standpoint, his core audience was much smaller than what he had in Los Angeles. Ballance continued his practice of mixing open-topic callers with various in-studio guests (psychologists like Vince and Sally Huntington, counselors, physicians, etc.), as well as his own hand-written monologues. By the late 1980s, however, his popularity began to wane. As other talk show hosts copied and changed the "shock jock" format, and as the format itself began to evolve into racier topics and discussions, the "Bill Ballance Show" began to seem tame by comparison. He retired from radio in 1993, after more than 50 years in the industry.

Ballance caused another stir in 1998, when a judge ruled that nude images of Dr. Laura Schlessinger could continue to be posted on a website. Ballance had sold the pictures to Internet Entertainment Group for $50,000.00 because he had been snubbed by Schlessinger at a Beverly Hills luncheon honoring her. He claimed that they were the product of a 1970s affair between himself and Schlessinger, while Schlessinger was married. Schlessinger admitted the affair but claimed she was legally separated and had filed for divorce from her first husband at the time of their affair. Ballance was 28 years older than Schlessinger.

Ballance appeared on television in the episode "Lover's Quarrel" of the 1973 ABC situation comedy A Touch of Grace, playing himself. Ballance also appeared in the 1975 Barnaby Jones episode "Fatal Witness" as fictional talk show host Bill Edwards.

After undergoing quadruple bypass surgery and suffering a stroke in June 2002, Ballance died on September 23, 2004.

title: Bill Ballance


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Leptoglossus phyllopus

Leptoglossus phyllopus or eastern leaf-footed bug is a species of leaf-footed bugs in the same genus as the western conifer seed bug (L. occidentalis. The Eastern leaf-footed bug is found throughout the southern United States, from Florida to California, through Mexico, and as far south as Costa Rica.

These bugs are a common garden insect which may damage a wide variety of crops including cotton, peaches and tomatoes, and seeds such as beans, black-eyed peas and sorghum. Like other bugs L. phyllopus suck juices from plants by puncturing them with their sucking mouth parts, making them resistant to ingested pesticides. A toxin is injected into the plant when piercing its skin, causing discoloration and hard spots on fruits. The adult bugs are highly resistant to pesticides; however, they are vulnerable in their bright orange nymph stage. Trap crops can be used to lure them away from desired plants and to encourage predator populations, and in small garden plots handpicking, the use of trap crops, and bug traps baited with methyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate can be effective controls.

Acetosyringone is produced by the male leaffooted bug and used in its communication system. Leptoglossus phyllopus emits a foul odor when it is handled

title: Leptoglossus phyllopus


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Signet

Signet may refer to:
 * Signet, Kenya, A subsidiary of the Kenyan Broadcasting Corporation (KBC), specifically set up to broadcast and distribute the DTT signals
 * Signet ring, a ring with a seal set into it, typically by leaving an impression in sealing wax
 * Signet ring cell, a malignant cell type associated with cancers
 * Signet Books, a book-publishing imprint of the New American Library
 * Signet Press, a publisher in India.
 * SigneT, a class of racing dinghy, designed in 1961 by Ian Proctor
 * Signet (Phi Sigma Kappa), a publication produced by the fraternity Phi Sigma Kappa published four times a year
 * Signet Jewelers, the world's largest speciality retail jeweller
 * USS Signet (AM-302), a minesweeper
 * Kodak Signet, Kodak 1950s 35mm still camera line
 * Signet (automobile)
 * Signature Bank's proprietary payment network

Places

 * Signet, Ontario, a community in Canada
 * Signet, Oxfordshire, a hamlet in England

title: Signet


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Caifanes

Caifanes is a Mexican rock band formed in Mexico City in 1986. The group achieved commercial success during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The original lineup of members consisted of Saúl Hernández (vocals and guitar), Sabo Romo (bass), Alfonso André (drums) and Diego Herrera (keyboards, saxophone). Alejandro Marcovich later joined as lead guitarist. Caifanes' style can be described as a hybrid of British new wave, progressive rock and Latin percussion underscored by deep, somber and Latin American-Mexican Spanish-influenced lyrics and the vocal style of Saúl Hernández. Members of Caifanes have cited The Cure, The Beatles and King Crimson as major influences. Adrian Belew produced their third studio album, El Silencio, and made a guest appearance on the track Piedra.

The name "Caifanes" is said to be derived from the 1940s Mexican pachuco (zoot suiter) slang "cae fine". Its equivalent in English would be "cool dude". The word has also been used to describe the proverbial Mexican pachuco, delinquent or outsider.

Early years
The seeds of what later became Caifanes were planted in 1984 with Las Insolitas Imágenes de Aurora (The Unusual Images of Aurora), a band that included Saúl Hernández, Alfonso André and Alejandro Marcovich. According to Marcovich, Insólitas started as a side project for the purpose of performing as a party band for the filming of his brother's film project. (Marcovich's brother went on to direct videos for Caifanes). At the time, both Hernández and Marcovich were playing in different bands. They enjoyed the experience of playing in Insolitas and decided to continue. As the seriousness of the project grew the band began to play in different venues in Mexico City like Rockotitlán, High Tower and El Jabalí. In May 1986, Insolitas recorded a live demo at Rockotitlán. Insólitas developed a strong cult following in Mexico City.

Insólitas broke up in 1986. Saúl and Alfonso reformed as Caifanes with the bass guitar player/producer Sabo Romo and Diego Herrera on keyboards and saxophone. Caifanes' first live show was on April 11, 1987, in Rockotitlán. The building was filled to capacity and many people were left outside. Their popularity began to grow throughout Mexico City. By late 1987, Caifanes had carved a niche for themselves as a dark contrast to the corporate pop/rock and light ballads that dominated Mexican radio and television during the 1980s. At times the image and the sound were considered radical for the Mexican music industry. Between December 28, 1986, and January 3, 1987, Juan Aceves produced a four-song demo for the band using "free" studio time at night at Arco Studio (where Aceves was chief engineer). The demo was showcased on the independent radio program Espacio 59 (Space 59), a show that promoted up-and-coming rock bands. With demo in hand, Caifanes approached CBS Mexico. The musical director at the time shunned them for dark new wave attire and said, "You look like fags." At the time, Caifanes' sound and look was influenced by British post-punk groups such as The Cure and The Jesus and Mary Chain. They dressed in black suits and sported frizzly hair and make-up. Upon hearing the demo of "Será Por Eso" (English: "That's Why"), the CBS executive said, "At CBS, our business is to sell records, not coffins."

Nevertheless, the movement of Rock en Español or rock en tu idioma (Rock in your language) was too strong to ignore by record executives. The flood of groups from Spain and Argentina forced Mexican labels to take a second look at up-and-coming Mexican bands. Caifanes received a big break when Ariola records invited them to open for the Argentinean rocker Miguel Mateos' Mexico City show. The show brought Cafaines to the attention of Miguel Mateos' producer and back then Mateos band bass player, Oscar Lopez aka "cachorro". He fell in love with the band and took them to the studio to record a demo. Lopez was instrumental in their signing to RCA-Ariola and went on to produce their first two albums.

Caifanes' first album, Caifanes was released in August 1988 by RCA-Ariola. It was preceded by an EP of three songs, in order to test the market. The immediate sale of 300,000 copies of the EP cemented the band's appeal. The first single, "Mátenme Porque Me Muero" ("Kill Me Because I'm Dying"), became a minor hit in Mexico City. The first three singles received radio play.

In December 1988, Caifanes released a cover of the Cuban folk singer Guillermo Rodriguez Fiffe's classic cumbia (tropical dance song), "La Negra Tomasa" (The Black Woman Tomasa) as a Maxi single. It was a massive hit in Mexico and introduced Caifanes to a wider audience nationally and abroad.

National success
By 1989, Caifanes had emerged as one of the hottest rock acts from central Mexico. In June, Caifanes played two sold-out shows at the National Auditorium, a 10,000 person venue – a first for a Mexican rock band.

In late 1989, Caifanes began to record a second album in New York City. Again, it was produced by Lopez, assisted by Gustavo Santaolalla and Daniel Freiberg. El diablito (The Little Devil) or Vol.2 was released in July 1990 by BMG Records. The band now included the former Insolitas Imagenes de Aurora guitarist Alejandro Marcovich. His textural guitar work considerably changed Caifanes' sound and cemented the "classic" Mexican rock sound for which Caifanes became famous. "La Célula Que Explota" (The Cell that Explodes), with its brushes of mariachi and bolero guitars and a crescendo of mariachi trumpets and its music video directed by Juan Carlos Colín became both a signature of the band as well as a massive hit in 1990 and 1991.

By this time, Caifanes along with Maná, Fobia, Maldita Vecindad, La Lupita, Café Tacuba and Los Amantes de Lola, helped to move Mexican rock toward a wider audience and catapulted the Rock En Español movement of the 1990s.

In 1992, Caifanes released El Silencio (The Silence). Recorded in Wisconsin and produced by Adrian Belew of King Crimson, El Silencio had a more direct guitar driven sound. "No Dejes Que" (Don't Let It), "Estas Dormida" (You're Sleeping), "Debajo de Tu Piel" (Under Your Skin), and the soaring "Nubes" (Clouds) went on to become Mexican rock staples. The influence of Belew, who also played guitar on the album, was felt strongest in "Hasta Morir" (Until Death), "Tortuga" (Turtle) and "Vamos a Hacer un Silencio" (Let's Make a Silence). With its string of hits and hybrid of rock and traditional Mexican music, El silencio is considered to be one of the most influential records of the Rock En Español genre. Caifanes toured extensively in support of it. By this time, the group had started to make inroads into Central and South America as well as in the United States. In August 1992, Caifanes sold out the Hollywood Palladium. In 1993, Caifanes became the first Mexican rock group to sell out Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City.

By late 1993, Caifanes became a three piece with the exit of Romo and Herrera. Federico Fong filled in on bass guitar and Yann Zaragoza played keyboards. El nervio del volcán (The Volcano's Nerve, 1994, released by BMG, showed Caifanes with a heavier, more progressive sound. Without the distractions of Romo's lively and fluid bass guitar playing or Herrera's atmospheric keyboards, Marcovich's staccato guitar work, Alfonso's polyrythmic drumming and Hernandez's brooding and haunting vocal style became even more prominent. "Afuera" ("Outside"), the first single, fused rock grooves with an ethnic-inspired guitar solo. "Aquí No Es Así" ("It's Not Like That Here") and "Ayer Me Dijo Un Ave" ("Yesterday a Bird said to me...") became radio favorites. "Aquí No Es Así" achieved great success in Mexico and several countries of Latin America. It became the last massive hit of the band, shortly before their break up, and its music video, directed by Carlos Marcovich (Alejandro's brother, who also directed "Afuera") tells the history of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in just one shot.

In 1994, Caifanes were at the height of their popularity and was, along with Maná, one of Mexico's top stadium rock acts, selling out stadiums in Mexico and large venues throughout Latin America and the United States. They were a staple on Latin MTV, Rock en Español radio and appeared regularly at music festivals. In 1994, Caifanes opened for the Rolling Stones in Mexico City and participated in Peter Gabriel's WOMAD festival.

Breakup
1995 was the end for Caifanes. The relationship between Hernández and Marcovich was strained. On 18 August 1995, Caifanes played the final show in San Luis Potosí. A legal scuffle over the name "Caifanes" ensued, forcing Saúl Hernández to choose the name Jaguares (Spanish for "jaguars") for his new project, which was not a radical departure from the Caifanes sound. Hernández was joined by the former Caifanes and Insolitas drummer Alfonso André.

Reunion
On December 14, 2010, it was announced that the band would reunite for the Vive Latino festival and the Coachella Festival of 2011, after a reconciliation between Hernández and Marcovich.

After not having recorded since 1994, the band released a new single, "Heridos" in 2019. The band's intention was that the release of the single would be the starting point of what could be the recording of a fifth studio album. Since then, the band has released two further singles, "Sólo Eres Tú" in 2022, and "Inés" in 2023. As of June 2024, a full-length album has not been released by Caifanes since 1994's "El Nervio del Volcán".

Influence on popular culture
Caifanes collaborated in the de-sanitization of rock — its condition was one of marginalization and veiled in a conservative Mexico of the 1980s. Their arrival marked a total rupture in structures and of many taboos of the time, and their look collided with social norms. It was extremely unusual for a Mexican band at the time to wear make-up, dress in black, and have disheveled hair.

Influence on Mexican rock
The presence of Caifanes and the media coverage forced record companies to take existing groups seriously as well as to revitalize veteran rock figures who had long careers behind them, such as El Tri. Neon, Bon y los Enemigos del Silencio, Alquima and Maldita Vecindad. Maná and El Tri already had records out to take advantage of the surge in media support. Fobia gives enormous credit to the influence of Caifanes on their music -Hernandez collaborated in the production of the demos "Puedo Rascarme Solo", "La Iguana" and "Moscas" for a television show. Saul offered moral support to Fobia and helped them sign with BMG Ariola. Many other bands owe their existence in the media to Caifanes, including Santa Sabina, La Castañeda, Los Amantes de Lola, Maldita Vecindad, La Cuca, La Lupita, the ska band Sekta Core!, Victimas del Doctor Cerebro, Botellita de Jerez. All of these bands have commented on the support of Caifanes for their careers.

Current

 * Saúl Hernández - vocals, guitars  (1987–1995, 2011–present)
 * Alfonso André - drums (1987–1995, 2011–present)
 * Diego Herrera - keyboards (1987–1993, 2011–present)
 * Rodrigo Baills - lead guitar (2014–present)
 * Marco Renteria - bass (2020–present)

Former

 * Alejandro Marcovich - lead guitar (1989–1995, 2011–2014)
 * Sabo Romo - bass (1987–1993, 2011–2020)
 * Juan Carlos Novelo - drums (1986–1987)
 * Santiago Ojeda - lead guitar, backing vocals (1987)
 * Jorge "Gato" Arce - drums (1987)

Guest musicians and collaborators
Rodrigo Baills (guitars), Chucho Merchán (bass guitar), Federico Fong (bass guitar, 1993–95), (guitar, 1994–95), Stuart Hamm (bass guitar, 1993), Gustavo Cerati (guitar, 1988), Adrian Belew (guitar, 1992), Yann Zaragoza (keyboards, 1993–95), Leo (percussion), Graham Nash (harmonica/bass, 1993), Lenny Castro (percussion drums, 1994–95), Jimmy Z. Zavala (harmonica/saxophone, 1994)

Studio albums

 * 1988: Caifanes (Matenme porque me muero, Volumen 1)
 * 1990: El Diablito (Volumen 2)
 * 1992: El Silencio
 * 1994: El Nervio Del Volcán

Compilations

 * 1997: La Historia (History)
 * 1999: Rock Milenium: Caifanes
 * 2009: Essential Caifanes
 * 2011: Recupera tus clásicos - Caifanes

Live album

 * 1994: Caifanes MTV Unplugged

title: Caifanes


text:
Primary tumor

A primary tumor is a tumor growing at the anatomical site where tumor progression began and proceeded to yield a cancerous mass. Most solid cancers develop at their primary site but may then go on to metastasize or spread to other parts of the body. These further tumors are secondary tumors.

Most cancers continue to be called after their primary site, as in breast cancer or lung cancer for example, even after they have spread to other parts of the body. Cancer of unknown primary origin is cancer that is determined to be at the metastatic stage, but a primary tumor cannot be identified.

title: Primary tumor


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Man Faye

Man Faye
Silly, not notable. Delete or move to BJAODN. - Furrykef 04:41, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Showing your hairy arse in public does not establish notability. [[User:Livajo|力伟|т]] 04:58, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not even notable among anime fans. (Sad, really.) --Aponar Kestrel (talk) 05:05, 2004 Sep 27 (UTC)
 * Comment: I think they've made fun of this guy at SomethingAwful and SpaceBattles. I KNOW I've heard about this guy somewhere before. He might actually be notable, ala goatse. - RedWordSmith 05:08, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd wait until it becomes more well-known, which I doubt it will. Chances are it'll be forgotten quickly. - Furrykef 05:14, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * At 635 Google hits, I can't tell if anyone will really remember this next year or not. Google's caches shows that it has been brought up a few times in the SA forums, which is odd, as I don't read them. - RedWordSmith 16:49, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete CryptoDerk 05:49, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup. Sadly, (or amusingly,) it's notable. This first showed up a year or so ago, and since has been a common tool for frightening one's friends online. It's appeared all over, thanks to the Internet's huge population of goofballs and pranksters, has been included in Flash animations, AMVs, etc. Not exactly All your base are belong to us, but one of those Internet meme-things that refuses to die.   — Gwalla | Talk 19:32, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Every single act in every decent circus in the world is more notable than this. Its main hope of notability is probably Wikipedia! Andrewa 02:19, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * As fanatical as some people are about this, you may want to watch out for an influx of articles on circus acts that may be written in an attempt to justify keeping this. ;) - Furrykef 02:02, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just a "you had to be there" type thing. Maybe would deserve a mention in an article on anime fan subculture. And maybe not. Jallan 16:58, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete disgusting joke. -- Cyrius|✎ 23:49, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Disgusting, Hairy, and Obese Keep C'mon. It's made it to the Tonight Show, TechTV, other TV spots. For such a geeky fan in-joke, that's damn impressive.


text:
Small-cell carcinoma

Small-cell carcinoma is a type of highly malignant cancer that most commonly arises within the lung, although it can occasionally arise in other body sites, such as the cervix, prostate, and gastrointestinal tract. Compared to non-small cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma is more aggressive, with a shorter doubling time, higher growth fraction, and earlier development of metastases.

Extensive stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is classified as a rare disorder. Ten-year relative survival rate (combined limited and extensive SCLC) is 3.5% (4.3% for women, 2.8% for men). Survival can be higher or lower based on a combination of factors including stage, age, sex and race. While all lung cancers are associated with tobacco smoking, SCLC is very strongly associated with tobacco smoking.

Types of SCLC
Small-cell lung carcinoma has long been divided into two clinicopathological stages, termed limited stage (LS) and extensive stage (ES). The stage is generally determined by the presence or absence of metastases, whether or not the tumor appears limited to the thorax, and whether or not the entire tumor burden within the chest can feasibly be encompassed within a single radiotherapy portal. In general, if the tumor is confined to one lung and the lymph nodes close to that lung, the cancer is said to be LS. If cancer has spread beyond that, it is said to be ES.

LS-SCLC
In cases of LS-SCLC, combination chemotherapy (usually cisplatin or carboplatin plus etoposide) is administered together with concurrent chest radiotherapy (RT).

Chest RT has been shown to improve survival in LS-SCLC.

Exceptionally high objective initial response rates (RR) of between 60% and 90% are seen in LS-SCLC using chemotherapy alone, with between 45% and 75% of individuals showing a "complete response" (CR), which is defined as the disappearance of all radiological and clinical signs of tumor. However, relapse rate remains high, and median survival is only 18 to 24 months.

Because SCLC usually metastasizes widely very early on in the natural history of the tumor, and because nearly all cases respond dramatically to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, there has been little role for surgery in this disease since the 1970s. However, recent work suggests that in cases of small, asymptomatic, node-negative SCLC's ("very limited stage"), surgical excision may improve survival when used prior to chemotherapy ("adjuvant chemotherapy").

ES-SCLC
In ES-SCLC, platinum-based combination chemotherapy is the standard of care, with radiotherapy added only to palliate symptoms such as dyspnea, pain from liver or bone metastases, or for treatment of brain metastases, which, in small-cell lung carcinoma, typically have a rapid, if temporary, response to whole brain radiotherapy.

Combination chemotherapy consists of a wide variety of agents, including cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and carboplatin. Response rates are high even in extensive disease, with between 15% and 30% of subjects having a complete response to combination chemotherapy, and the vast majority having at least some objective response. Responses in ES-SCLC are often of short duration, and the evidence surrounding the risk of treatment compared to the potential benefit of chemotherapy for people who have extensive SCLC is not clear.

If complete response to chemotherapy occurs in a subject with SCLC, then prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is often used in an attempt to prevent the emergence of brain metastases. Although this treatment is often effective, it can cause hair loss and fatigue. Prospective randomized trials with almost two years of follow-up have not shown neurocognitive ill-effects. Meta-analyses of randomized trials confirm that PCI provides significant survival benefits.

In August 2018, the FDA approved nivolumab to treat patients with metastatic small cell lung cancer (SCLC) who failed to respond to platinum-based chemotherapy and at least one other line of treatment. Nivolumab is approved in more than 60 countries. According to LUNGevity Foundation, “This approval marks a major milestone for the patients touched by this unrelenting disease and may motivate them to pursue further treatment where there previously were no other approved options.”

In September 2018, the results from the global, randomized phase I/III IMpower 133 trial were announced at the World Congress on Lung Cancer in Toronto, ON. In this study, patients with ES-SCLC were treated with standard carboplatin plus etoposide and were randomized to receive atezolizumab or placebo. Atezolizumab was associated with a significant improvement in overall survival (HR for death = 0.70)

Signs and symptoms
Small-cell carcinoma of the lung usually presents in the central airways and infiltrates the submucosa leading to narrowing of bronchial airways. Common symptoms include cough, dyspnea, weight loss, and debility. Over 70% of patients with small-cell carcinoma present with metastatic disease; common sites include liver, adrenals, bone, and brain.

Due to its high grade neuroendocrine nature, small-cell carcinomas can produce ectopic hormones, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). Ectopic production of large amounts of ADH leads to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion (SIADH). Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a well-known paraneoplastic condition linked to small-cell carcinoma.

Small-cell lung cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, accounting for the highest mortality rates among both men and women. When associated with the lung, SCLC is sometimes called "oat cell carcinoma" due to the flat cell shape and scanty cytoplasm. Caution is required when diagnosing SCLC because small cell mesothelioma – an extremely rare subtype of lung cancer – can be mistaken for small cell lung cancer.

It is thought to originate from neuroendocrine cells (APUD cells) in the bronchus called Feyrter cells (named for Friedrich Feyrter). Hence, they express a variety of neuroendocrine markers, and may lead to ectopic production of hormones like ADH and ACTH that may result in paraneoplastic syndromes and Cushing's syndrome. Approximately half of all individuals diagnosed with Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) will eventually be found to have a small-cell carcinoma of the lung.

Small-cell carcinoma is most often more rapidly and widely metastatic than non-small-cell lung carcinoma (and hence staged differently). There is usually early involvement of the hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes. The mechanisms of its metastatic progression are not well-understood.

Combined small-cell lung carcinoma (c-SCLC)
When SCLC is found with one or more differentiated forms of lung cancer, such as squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma, the malignant tumor is then diagnosed and classified as a combined small cell lung carcinoma (c-SCLC). Small-cell lung carcinoma can occur in combination with a wide variety of other histological variants of lung cancer, including extremely complex malignant tissue admixtures. C-SCLC is the only currently recognized subtype of SCLC.

Although combined small-cell lung carcinoma is currently staged and treated similarly to "pure" small-cell carcinoma of the lung, recent research suggests surgery might improve outcomes in very early stages of this tumor type.

Smoking is a significant risk factor. Symptoms and signs are as for other lung cancers. In addition, because of their neuroendocrine cell origin, small-cell carcinomas will often secrete substances that result in paraneoplastic syndromes such as Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome.

Extrapulmonary small-cell carcinoma
Very rarely, the primary site for small-cell carcinoma is outside of the lungs and pleural space; in these cases, it is referred to as extrapulmonary small-cell carcinoma (EPSCC). Outside of the respiratory tract, small-cell carcinoma can appear in the cervix, prostate, liver, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, or bladder. It is estimated to account for 1,000 new cases a year in the U.S. Histologically similar to small-cell lung cancer, therapies for small-cell lung cancer are usually used to treat EPSCC. First-line treatment is usually with cisplatin and etoposide. In Japan, first-line treatment is shifting to irinotecan and cisplatin. When the primary site is in the skin, it is referred to as a Merkel-cell carcinoma.

Extrapulmonary small-cell carcinoma localized in the lymph nodes
This is an extremely rare type of small cell, and there has been little information in the scientific community. It appears to occur in only one or more lymph nodes, and nowhere else in the body. Treatment is similar to small cell lung cancer, but survival rates are much higher than other small-cell carcinomas.

Small-cell carcinoma of the prostate
Small-cell carcinoma of the prostate (SCCP) is a rare form of prostate cancer (approx. 1% of PC). Due to the fact that there is little variation in prostate specific antigen levels, SCCP is normally diagnosed at an advanced stage, after metastasis.

Symptomatic metastasis of SCCP to the brain is rare, and carries a poor prognosis.

Genetics
TP53 is mutated in 70 to 90% of SCLCs. RB1 and the retinoblastoma pathway are inactivated in most SCLCs. PTEN is mutated in 2 to 10%. MYC amplifications and amplification of MYC family members are found in 30% of SCLCs. Loss of heterozygocity on chromosome arm 3p is found in more than 80% of SCLCs, including the loss of FHIT. One hundred translocations have so far been reported in SCLCs (see the "Mitelman Database" and the Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology, ).

Diagnosis
When
 * Localized: the cancer is confined to the lung (aka: limited stage SCLC).
 * Regional: the cancer has spread to lymph nodes (or glands) within the chest (between limited and extensive stage SCLC). Lymph nodes act as a filtering system outside the lung, collecting cancer cells that are beginning to migrate out of the lung.
 * Distant: the cancer has spread (or metastasized) to other parts of the body (aka: extensive stage SCLC).

At the time of diagnosis, 60–70% of people already have metastases.

Small-cell carcinoma is an undifferentiated neoplasm composed of primitive-appearing cells. As the name implies, the cells in small-cell carcinomas are smaller than normal cells, and barely have room for any cytoplasm. Some researchers identify this as a failure in the mechanism that controls the size of the cells.

Treatment
Small-cell lung cancer is most commonly treated with a combination of two drugs, which is more effective than one drug alone.

Chemotherapy

 * 1) Cisplatin and etoposide,
 * 2) Carboplatin and etoposide.

Cisplatin-resistance
The drug paclitaxel may be useful in the treatment of cisplatin-resistant cancer. About 68.1% of cisplatin-resistant cells appear to be sensitive to paclitaxel and 66.7% of paclitaxel-resistant cells to cisplatin. The mechanism for this activity is unknown. Paclitaxel-based chemotherapy showed modest activity in SCLC patients refractory to both etoposide- and camptothecin-based chemotherapy. The newer agent lurbinectedin is active in relapsed SCLC and was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2020.

Immunotherapy
The FDA has approved three immunotherapies for small cell lung cancer:

 * Nivolumab (Opdivo), (2018)
 * Atezolizumab (Tecentriq) (2018)
 * Tarlatamab (2024)

Funding controversy
Tecentriq treatment costs on average $13,200 per month, depending on the dosage schedule. Despite updated data showing 30% more people with extensive stage small cell lung cancer are alive at 24 months compared to those who received chemotherapy alone, Canadian regulator had rejected funding Tecentriq for extensive stage small-cell lung cancer "as too costly" followed by United Kingdom also citing "drug’s cost-effectiveness."

Radiation therapy
Chest radiation helps SCLC patients live longer by killing cancer cells and helping prevention of cancer recurrence. Another type of radiation, prophylactic cranial radiation, prevents central nervous system recurrence and can improve survival in patients with good performance status who have had a complete response or a very good partial response to chemoradiation in LD or chemotherapy in ED.

In case of relapse
If small cell lung cancer comes back after treatment, the following combination of drugs may be used as a salvage therapy:
 * 1) Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Procytox),
 * 2) Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and
 * 3) Vincristine (Oncovin)
 * 4) Paclitaxel (Taxol)
 * 5) Irinotecan (Camptosar)

Current guidelines recommend that patients who relapse > 6 months from initial therapy should be retreated with the original chemotherapy regimen. For patients who relapse in < 6 months, single-agent chemotherapy either topotecan second-line therapy, or paclitaxel can be used.

Novel agents
Several newer agents, including temozolomide and bendamustine, have activity in relapsed SCLC. Of note, temozolomide yielded a response rate of 38% for brain metastases due to SCLC.

In a clinical trial of 50 patients, combination of olaparib and temozolomide in relapsed small-cell lung cancer yielded an overall response rate of 41.7%, median progression-free survival 4.2 months, and overall survival was 8.5 months.

Lurbinectedin is the most promising new agent that substantially increased overall survival rate in relapsed small cell lung cancer among sensitive disease patients. As a single agent, lurbinectedin demonstrated following clinical results in refractory small cell lung cancer trial:
 * Overall survival rate of 15.2 months for sensitive disease (chemotherapy-free interval of ≥ 90 days) with a disease control rate of 79.3% and overall response rate of 46.6%, and
 * Overall survival rate of 5.1 months for resistant (chemotherapy-free interval of < 90 days) with a disease control rate of 46.8% and overall response rate 21.3%.

Lurbinectedin is also being investigated in combination with doxorubicin as second-line therapy in a randomized phase 3 trial. While overall survival in this trial is not yet known, response rates at second line were
 * 91.7% in sensitive disease with median progression-free survival of 5.8 months, and
 * 33.3% in resistant disease with median progression-free of 3.5 months.

Lurbinectedin is currently available in the U.S. under an expanded access program (EAP).

Trilaciclib, a CKD4/6 inhibitor, reduces chemotheraphy-induced toxicity in patients being treated for small-cell lung cancer. Trilaciclib’s developer, G1 Therapeutics, makes the drug available in the U.S. under expanded access while the FDA considers its New Drug Application (NDA). An approval decision on the NDA is expected by February 15, 2021. On February 12, 2021, the FDA approved trilaciclib (brand name Cosela) as a treatment to reduce the frequency of chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression for patients receiving certain types of chemotherapy for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer.

Prognosis
5-year survival rates for small cell lung cancer (extensive and limited) range between 3.6% and 32.2% for women, and between 2.2% and 24.5% for men. Relative 5-year survival rate for both sexes has increased from 3.6% in 1975 to 6.7% in 2014.

Small-cell carcinoma is very responsive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and in particular, regimens based on platinum-containing agents. However, most people with the disease relapse and median survival remains low. The overall incidence and mortality rates of SCLC in the United States have decreased during the past few decades.

Long-term survival of more than 5 years can be achieved with proper treatment. According to the 17th World Conference on Lung Cancer (WCLC), "patients who received chest radiation and prophylactic cranial irradiation along with a mean of five chemotherapy cycles could achieve a median survival of more than 5 years." In some cases, long-term survival of 10+ years is achieved with chemotherapy and radiation alone.

According to a European study published in BMJ Open,

"Despite recent advances adding immunotherapy to chemotherapy in the frontline setting, the median [OS] remains at about 1 year, the worst of any lung cancer subtype. There is a clear need for further trials and drug development to combat these poor outcomes.”

In limited-stage disease, relative 5-year survival rate (both sexes, all races, all ages) is 21.3%; however, women have higher 5-year survival rates, 26.9%, and men have lower survival rates, 21.3%.

The prognosis is far grimmer in extensive-stage small-cell lung carcinoma where 5-year relative survival rate (both sexes, all races, all ages) is 2.8%; however, women have higher 5-year survival rates, 3.4%, and men have lower 5-year survival rates, 2.2%.

5-year survival rates
The SEER database tracks 5-year relative survival rates based on age, sex, and race and is considered the most accurate source of survival information. This database uses terms "Localized," "Regional," and "Distant" to describe various stages of small cell lung cancer.

5-year relative survival rate for "both sexes" and "all races" affected by
 * "Localized" small cell lung cancer is 28.5%;
 * "Regional" small cell lung cancer 14.9%; and for
 * "Distant" small cell lung cancer 2.9%.

Survival rates by sex
Women affected by small-cell lung cancer have higher 5-year survival rates than men.
 * Localized: Women – 32.2% | Men – 24.5%
 * Regional: Women – 17.0% | Men – 12.3%
 * Distant: Women – 3.6% | Men – 2.2%

Survival rates by race, sex, age
5-year relative survival statistics are more accurate and, in some cases, higher when specific race and age range are combined with sex and stage at diagnosis. For example,
 * Black / Female | Ages < 50 (at diagnosis) | Distant (ES SCLC) | = 7.0%.
 * White / Female | Ages < 50 (at diagnosis) | Distant (ES SCLC) | = 6.1%

National Cancer Institute's SEER maintains publicly accessible database for specific survival rates.

Epidemiology
15% of lung cancers in the US are of this type. Small cell lung cancer occurs almost exclusively in smokers – most commonly in heavy smokers and rarely in non-smokers.

Recalcitrant Cancer Research Act
In 2013, the US Congress passed the Recalcitrant Cancer Research Act, which mandated increased attention to certain recalcitrant cancers, including small cell lung cancer. That led to the National Cancer Institute supporting small cell–specific research through a consortium.

As a result, new experimental drugs for small cell lung cancer are currently being tested, including Iadademstat (ORY-1001) and Keytruda (pembrolizumab).

Notable cases

 * Dustin Diamond, perhaps best known as an actor on Saved by the Bell, died one month after the diagnosis.
 * Asbjørn Sennels, Danish football player, died three months after the diagnosis.

title: Small-cell carcinoma


text:
IFB

IFB may refer to:
 * Illinois Farm Bureau
 * Independent Fundamental Baptist, Independent Baptist Christian congregations
 * Institute of Forest Biodiversity, Indian research agency
 * International Freedom Battalion in the Syrian Civil War started in 2011
 * Interruptible foldback (or interruptible feedback), electronic monitoring in TV and filmmaking
 * Instituto Federal de Brasília (Federal Institute of Brasília), an institute of technology in Brazil
 * Irish Film Board (now Fís Éireann/Screen Ireland), Irish film production agency
 * IFB Home Appliances, India
 * Independent Forward Bloc, a political party in Mauritius
 * Invitation for bid, a formal letter for generating competing proposals

title: IFB


text:
Cat show

A cat show is a judged event where the owners of cats compete to win titles in various cat registering organizations by entering their cats to be judged after a breed standard. Both pedigreed and companion (or moggy) cats are admissible, although the rules differ from organization to organization. Cats are compared to a breed standard, and the owners of those judged to be closest to it are awarded a prize. Moggys are judged based on their temperament. Often, at the end of the year, all of the points accrued at various shows are added up and more national and regional titles are awarded.

Australia
In Australia, the shows can be either "closed style" or "open style" judging. In closed shows, the cats are placed in undecorated cages with white curtains and a bed. The owners must then leave the hall. The judges for each ring will examine each animal in turn and decide on awards. Then the owner may return. In open style, the owners and other spectators may stay to watch the judging, as the judges talk to them about the cats. Some popular events that hosts cat shows include the annual Sydney Royal Easter Show held at Sydney's Olympic Park, and the Cat Lovers Show, held in Melbourne and Sydney.

Europe
In Europe, many times the cats are judged in a so-called traditional style. Traditional judging is often combined with ring style judging, so a cat show may consist of several rings plus traditional judging. With traditional judging, each cat is assigned to a judge, who gives a written report to the owner. Each judge may nominate a cat to the final judging, when all judges examine the finalists, and the final rewards are given by voting of the judges.

The Supreme Cat Show is held each October at the National Exhibition Centre, Birmingham, England.

United States
In the US, each judge has a separate ring with cages. The cats are brought up to the judge, who removes each cat in turn and then replaces them when they are done. Spectators, including the owners of the cats, are present and in the audience. The cats' owners are given a number for each cat and are responsible for getting them to the ring when they are called.

CFA cat shows and titles
The US Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) is the world's largest registry of pedigreed cats and the predominant pedigreed cat registering association in North America. While no two shows are identical, CFA cat shows follow certain procedures and guidelines:

A CFA cat show actually consists of a number of simultaneous cat shows running at the same time within the same place. Depending on the size of the show, there are anywhere from 4 to 12 "rings" (or miniature shows) which generally run one to two days in length. Each "ring" has its own judge who independently scores cats and awards the top 10 places (or top 15 depending on the size of the show).

Rings are of two kinds:
 * "All Breed" rings allow cats of every breed approved by the CFA to be judged.
 * "Specialty" rings separate out cats into one of two types: "Long Hair" category include cats like Persians, Maine Coons, and other long-haired cats. "Short Hair" include Burmese, Sphynx, American Short Hair and other short-haired cats.

Points are awarded to cats based multiple of their placement within each ring combined with the number of cats that the cat has "beaten" in the ring.
 * At the end of each show season, the top 25 cats in the country with the most points for the show season are awarded the coveted title of "National Winner" (NW).
 * Cats in the top 25 of their "region" (usually several states) are awarded the prestigious title of "Regional Winner".
 * Adult cats which are not neutered and achieve a point ranking of over 200 points are awarded the title of "Grand Champion".
 * Neutered cats can be shown in a class called "Premier" and achieve the title of "Grand Premier" once they have achieved a point ranking of over 75 points.
 * Cats which meet the standards of the breed as confirmed by six judges at one show are awarded "winners ribbon" by each judge and are awarded the lowest title of "Champion" or "Premier".
 * Kittens from the age of 4 to 8 months compete in a separate "Kitten" class, and are also able to achieve the title of "National Winner" and "Regional Winner", but can not become Grand Champions or Grand Premiers until reaching adulthood at 8 months of age.
 * Adult cats being shown at a show with no existing title are referred to as "Open".

title: Cat show