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Agricultural lime

Agricultural lime, also called aglime, agricultural limestone, garden lime or liming, is a soil additive made from pulverized limestone or chalk. The primary active component is calcium carbonate. Additional chemicals vary depending on the mineral source and may include calcium oxide. Unlike the types of lime called quicklime (calcium oxide) and slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), powdered limestone does not require lime burning in a lime kiln; it only requires milling. All of these types of lime are sometimes used as soil conditioners, with a common theme of providing a base to correct acidity, but lime for farm fields today is often crushed limestone. Historically, liming of farm fields in centuries past was often done with burnt lime; the difference is at least partially explained by the fact that affordable mass-production-scale fine milling of stone and ore relies on technologies developed since the mid-19th century.

Some effects of agricultural lime on soil are:
 * it increases the pH of acidic soil, reducing soil acidity and increasing alkalinity
 * it provides a source of calcium for plants
 * it improves water penetration for acidic soils
 * it improves the uptake of major plant nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) of plants growing on acid soils.

Other forms of lime have common applications in agriculture and gardening, including dolomitic lime and hydrated lime. Dolomitic lime may be used as a soil input to provide similar effects as agricultural lime, while supplying magnesium in addition to calcium. In livestock farming, hydrated lime can be used as a disinfectant measure, producing a dry and alkaline environment in which bacteria do not readily multiply. In horticultural farming it can be used as an insect repellent, without causing harm to the pest or plant.

Spinner-style lime spreaders are generally used to spread agricultural lime on fields.

Agricultural lime is injected into coal burners at power plants to reduce the pollutants such as NO2 and SO2 from the emissions.

Determining the need for agricultural lime
Lime can improve crop yield and the root system of plants and grass where soils are acidic. It does this by making the soil more basic, allowing the plants to absorb more nutrients. Lime is not a fertilizer but can be used in combination with fertilizers.

Soils become acidic in several ways. Locations that have high rainfall levels become acidic through leaching. Land used for crop and livestock purposes loses minerals over time by crop removal and becomes acidic. The application of modern chemical fertilizers is a major contributor to soil acid by the process in which the plant nutrients react in the soil.

Aglime can also benefit soils where the land is used for breeding and raising foraging animals. Bone growth is key to a young animal's development, and bones are composed primarily of calcium and phosphorus. Young mammals get their needed calcium through milk, which has calcium as one of its major components. Dairymen frequently apply aglime because it increases milk production.

The best way to determine if the soil is acidic or deficient in calcium or magnesium is with a soil test which a university can provide with an agricultural education department for under $30.00 for United States residents. Farmers typically become interested in soil testing when they notice a decrease in crop response to applied fertilizer.

"Corrected lime potential" is used in soil testing laboratories to indicate whether lime is required.

Quality
The quality of agricultural limestone is determined by the chemical makeup of the limestone and how finely the stone is ground. To aid the farmer in determining the relative value of competing agricultural liming materials, the agricultural extension services of several universities use two rating systems. Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (CCE) and the Effective Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (ECCE) give a numeric value to the effectiveness of different liming materials.

The CCE compares the chemistry of a particular quarry's stone with the neutralizing power of pure calcium carbonate. Because each molecule of magnesium carbonate is lighter than calcium carbonate, limestones containing magnesium carbonate (dolomite) can have a CCE greater than 100 percent.

Because the acids in soil are relatively weak, agricultural limestones must be ground to a small particle size to be effective. The extension service of different states rate the effectiveness of stone size particles slightly differently. They all agree, however, that the smaller the particle size the more effective the stone is at reacting in the soil. Measuring the size of particles is based on the size of a mesh that the limestone would pass through. The mesh size is the number of wires per inch. Stone retained on an 8 mesh will be about the size of BB pellets. Material passing a 60 mesh screen will have the appearance of face powder. Particles larger than 8 mesh are of little or no value, particles between 8 mesh and 60 mesh are somewhat effective and particles smaller than 60 mesh are 100 percent effective.

By combining the chemistry of a particular product (CCE) and its particle size the Effective Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (ECCE) is determined. The ECCE is percentage comparison of a particular agricultural limestone with pure calcium carbonate with all particles smaller than 60 mesh. Typically the aglime materials in commercial use will have ECCE ranging from 45 percent to 110 percent.

Brazil's case
Brazil's vast inland cerrado region was regarded as unfit for farming before the 1960s because the soil was too acidic and poor in nutrients, according to Nobel Peace Prize winner Norman Borlaug, an American plant scientist referred to as the father of the Green Revolution. However, from the 1960s, vast quantities of lime (pulverised chalk or limestone) were poured into the soil to reduce acidity. The effort continued, and in the late 1990s, between 14 million and 16 million tonnes of lime were spread on Brazilian fields each year. The quantity rose to 25 million tonnes in 2003 and 2004, equalling around five tonnes of lime per hectare. As a result, Brazil has become the world's second biggest soybean exporter, and thanks to the boom in animal feed production, Brazil is now the biggest exporter of beef and poultry in the world.

Effect on prehistoric mobility studies
A 2019 study demonstrated that agricultural lime affects strontium-based mobility studies, which attempt to identify where individual prehistoric people lived. Agricultural lime has a significant effect in areas with calcium-poor soils. In a systematic study of a river system in Denmark, the Karup River, more than half of the strontium in the river's catchment area was found to come from runoff of agricultural lime, and not from the surrounding natural environment. Such introduction of agricultural lime has resulted in researchers wrongly concluding that certain prehistoric individuals originated far abroad from their burial sites, because strontium isotopic results measured in their remains and personal effects were compared to burial sites contaminated by agricultural lime.

title: Agricultural lime


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Greenwood, Ontario

Greenwood, Ontario, may refer to:

 * Greenwood, Durham Regional Municipality, Ontario
 * Greenwood, a community in Laurentian Valley, Renfrew County, Ontario
 * Greenwood (Ontario federal electoral district), a federal electoral district in Toronto, represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1935 to 1979

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Greenwood, Ontario


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Compliance (physiology)

Compliance is the ability of a hollow organ (vessel) to distend and increase volume with increasing transmural pressure or the tendency of a hollow organ to resist recoil toward its original dimensions on application of a distending or compressing force. It is the reciprocal of "elastance", hence elastance is a measure of the tendency of a hollow organ to recoil toward its original dimensions upon removal of a distending or compressing force.

Blood vessels
The terms elastance and compliance are of particular significance in cardiovascular physiology and respiratory physiology. In compliance, an increase in volume occurs in a vessel when the pressure in that vessel is increased. The tendency of the arteries and veins to stretch in response to pressure has a large effect on perfusion and blood pressure. This physically means that blood vessels with a higher compliance deform easier than lower compliance blood vessels under the same pressure and volume conditions. Venous compliance is approximately 30 times larger than arterial compliance. Compliance is calculated using the following equation, where ΔV is the change in volume (mL), and ΔP is the change in pressure (mmHg):
 * $$C = \frac{ \Delta V}{ \Delta P} $$

Physiologic compliance is generally in agreement with the above and adds dP/dt as a common academic physiologic measurement of both pulmonary and cardiac tissues. Adaptation of equations initially applied to rubber and latex allow modeling of the dynamics of pulmonary and cardiac tissue compliance. Veins have a much higher compliance than arteries (largely due to their thinner walls.) Veins which are abnormally compliant can be associated with edema. Pressure stockings are sometimes used to externally reduce compliance, and thus keep blood from pooling in the legs.

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are complex phenomena; they are functions not merely of the fluid mechanics of pressure and tissue elasticity but also of active homeostatic regulation with hormones and cell signaling, in which the body produces endogenous vasodilators and vasoconstrictors to modify its vessels' compliance. For example, the muscle tone of the smooth muscle tissue of the tunica media can be adjusted by the renin–angiotensin system. In patients whose endogenous homeostatic regulation is not working well, dozens of pharmaceutical drugs that are also vasoactive can be added. The response of vessels to such vasoactive substances is called vasoactivity (or sometimes vasoreactivity). Vasoactivity can vary between persons because of genetic and epigenetic differences, and it can be impaired by pathosis and by age. This makes the topic of haemodynamic response (including vascular compliance and vascular resistance) a matter of medical and pharmacologic complexity beyond mere hydraulic considerations (which are complex enough by themselves).

The relationship between vascular compliance, pressure, and flow rate is Q=C(dP/dt) Q=flow rate (cm3/sec)

Arterial compliance
The classic definition by MP Spencer and AB Denison of compliance (C) is the change in arterial blood volume (ΔV) due to a given change in arterial blood pressure (ΔP). They wrote this in the "Handbook of Physiology" in 1963 in work entitled "Pulsatile Flow in the Vascular System". So, C = ΔV/ΔP.

Arterial compliance is an index of the elasticity of large arteries such as the thoracic aorta. Arterial compliance is an important cardiovascular risk factor. Compliance diminishes with age and menopause. Arterial compliance is measured by ultrasound as a pressure (carotid artery) and volume (outflow into aorta) relationship.

Compliance, in simple terms, is the degree to which a container experiences pressure or force without disruption. It is used as an indication of arterial stiffness. An increase in the age and also in the systolic blood pressure (SBP) is accompanied with decrease on arterial compliance.

Endothelial dysfunction results in reduced compliance (increased arterial stiffness), especially in the smaller arteries. This is characteristic of patients with hypertension. However, it may be seen in normotensive patients (with normal blood pressure) before the appearance of clinical hypertension. Reduced arterial compliance is also seen in patients with diabetes and also in smokers. It is actually a part of a vicious cycle that further elevates blood pressure, aggravates atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), and leads to increased cardiovascular risk. Arterial compliance can be measured by several techniques. Most of them are invasive and are not clinically appropriate. Pulse contour analysis is a non-invasive method that allows easy measurement of arterial elasticity to identify patients at risk for cardiovascular events.

title: Compliance (physiology)


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User:Shomanjk

Jerrod K. from Austin, TX

title: User:Shomanjk


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Happy Valley, Ontario

Happy Valley, Ontario can refer to:

 * Happy Valley, King, Ontario
 * Happy Valley, Greater Sudbury, Ontario

title: Happy Valley, Ontario


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Bodysong (album)

Bodysong is the debut solo album by Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood. It is the soundtrack to the documentary film Bodysong. It was released on October 27, 2003 in the UK and on February 24, 2004 in the United States. Bodysong was digitally remastered and reissued on CD and vinyl on 18 May 2018.

Greenwood's brother, the Radiohead bassist Colin Greenwood, contributed to the album. "Convergence" was later included in Greenwood's score for the 2007 film There Will Be Blood.

Track listing

 * All songs written and produced by Jonny Greenwood:
 * 1) "Moon Trills" – 5:17
 * 2) "Moon Mall" – 1:12
 * 3) "Trench" – 2:38
 * 4) "Iron Swallow" – 2:07
 * 5) "Clockwork Tin Soldiers" – 3:48
 * 6) "Convergence" – 4:26
 * 7) "Nudnik Headache" – 2:16
 * 8) "Peartree" – 3:06
 * 9) "Splitter" – 3:57
 * 10) "Bode Radio/Glass Light/Broken Hearts" – 4:36
 * 11) "24 Hour Charleston" – 2:39
 * 12) "Milky Drops from Heaven" – 4:44
 * 13) "Tehellet" – 3:40

Personnel
Adapted from the liner notes.

 * Jonny Greenwood - piano, ondes Martenot, guitar, banjo, production

 * Graeme Stuart - production, recording
 * Shin Katan - artwork
 * Stanley Donwood - artwork
 * Julian Arguelles - saxophone (tracks 9,12)
 * Gerard Presencer - trumpet (tracks 9, 12)
 * Colin Greenwood - bass guitar, programming (track 11)
 * Jeremy Brown - bass guitar (tracks 9, 12)
 * Gene Calderazzo - drums (tracks 9, 12)
 * The Emperor Quartet - strings (tracks 4, 10, 13)
 * Martin Burgess - violin
 * Clare Hayes - violin
 * Fiona Bonds - viola
 * William Schofeld - cello

title: Bodysong (album)


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User talk:66.169.68.10

Unfortunately, we can't copy and paste text from other webpages for use here. This results in copyright violations. If you'd care to put the material in your own words, please do, but try to refrain from copy and pastes. Thank you. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 02:37, 2004 Oct 16 (UTC)

title: User talk:66.169.68.10


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The CooCoo Nut Grove

The CooCoo Nut Grove is a 1936 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies short animated film, set in the famed Cocoanut Grove of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. This is a caricature cartoon, with recreations of celebrities from the time. The cartoon was directed by Friz Freleng, with animation by Robert McKimson and Sandy Walker, caricature design by T. Hee, and musical score by Carl Stalling. The short was released on November 28, 1936.

Plot
The short opens with a scene of a full moon reflecting on water lined with palm trees. "Thru' the Courtesy of Love" (Scholl/Jerome) plays during the opening scene. The camera pans to the Coo-Coonut Grove, 'Dine and Dance with the Stars', reflecting the Cocoanut Grove of the Ambassador Hotel, where many Academy Award shows were held in the 30s and 40s. The camera pans to a star lined hall, with various caricatures of Hollywood stars from the 1930s. Noticeable are Fred Astaire in the lower right corner, Bette Davis(left side, 2nd table from the bottom), Lionel Barrymore (right side, 3rd from the bottom) and Jean Harlow, 2nd table from the bottom.

Master of Ceremonies Ben Birdie (bandleader Ben Bernie, voiced by Tedd Pierce) is accosted by Walter Windpipe (Walter Winchell, voiced by Danny Webb), and proceeds to blow Windpipe out of the tuba he emerges from. Winchell and Bernie had a mock feud at the time of creation. The short then proceeds to showcase many Hollywood stars in the form of Ralph Barton-esque caricatures, starting with Hugh Herbert, W.C Fields as a pig (voiced by Tedd Pierce), speaking with Katharine Hepburn (as a horse named Miss Heartburn), Ned Sparks (voiced by Dave Barry) stating "I go everywhere, I do everything, and I never have any fun'. Following this, the camera pans up the tree to where Tarzan and Jane are sitting on a table, played by Johnny Weissmuller and Maureen O'Sullivan. Weissmuller proceeds to give Tarzan's signature call, wearing a leopard skin suit.

The camera cuts back to Birdie, who calls to the 'profile of profilers', John Barrymore, who refuses to turn his head to display his signature profile. A woman in a yellow dress with purple flowers and a purple hat runs with her face away from the camera. She is being chased by Harpo Marx, one of the Marx Brothers, who is drawn as a bird honking a horn. He skids to a stop, without talking, a call to his silent roles.

Birdie suggests the club members start dancing, all depicted as birds. Many of the male birds are wearing turtlenecks and smoking. A blonde bird with a large black hat dances with an old turtle, the bird being Mae West (voiced by Verna Deane), the turtle George Arliss. There is no seemingly no reason for the caricatures; the fun is in the animation. Laurel and Hardy appear as a pig (Hardy) and a monkey (Laurel), watching the dancing.

There is then a shot of the caricatures at their tables. Clockwise from the top we see Laurel and Hardy, John Barrymore, still facing profile, Greta Garbo, Clark Gable (with his ears prominently shown, a joke on his large ears ), W. C. Fields, and Katharine Hepburn. The lights dim, and Edna May Oliver takes the centre of the room (as the 'Lady in Red'), with a spotlight shining on her. Gable claps his ears instead of his hands. The camera flips between Oliver, and Gary Cooper. Three monkeys comment on Cooper, a reference to the three old women in Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, before turning to Oliver one last time. She leaves, and a curtain rises, depicting the Dionne quintuplets (voiced by Bernice Hansen), who sing a song. The quintuplets finish their number, and Tarzan and Jane are clapping atop their tree. A mouse scares Tarzan enough that he faints, Jane taking on his signature scream and flying through the treetops, a joke on Tarzan swinging on the vine. The same woman in the yellow dress is once again chased by Harpo Marx, though this time he catches her. She turns to face the camera, and it is revealed to be Groucho Marx, before Harpo runs away, fading to black.

The screen then opens with drops of water falling against the ground, and a singer sings a sad song. The camera pans up to a woman in a black dress crying as she sings a Torch Song. This woman is Helen Morgan (voiced by Verna Deane). Wallace Beery squeezes something onto a knife, eating it while crying. The camera shows Morgan crying again, before switching to Harpo crying. Actors Edward G. Robinson (in green, on the left) and George Raft (in red, on the right), continue with their 'straight man' persona before giving up and crying as well.

The closing shots have Morgan on the piano, while the Marx Brothers, Hepburn, Fields, Beery, Laurel and Hardy float away on their tables, the CooCoo Nut Grove flooded with tears. Arliss as a turtle paddles away with oars. Ben Birdie closes the cartoon with his signature 'cheerio, pip-pip, and good night'.

Production notes

 * The title is sometimes mis-labeled as The Coo-Coo Nut Groove. This cartoon was followed by The Woods Are Full Of Cuckoos (1937) and Have You Got Any Castles? (1938), both parodying Hollywood personalities.
 * The 1935 song “Rhythm Steps” by Herbie Kay and his orchestra is heard after the Ben Bernie caricature says, “Now we’ll indulge in a bit of the light fantastical, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera.”
 * T. Hee, the cartoonist hired for this picture, was hired by to do caricatures after Frank Tashlin (or Tash) saw his drawings in the Examiner (particularly of Clark Gable and Greta Garbo). Taking the opening at Warner Brothers, he was then selected by Isadore 'Friz' Freleng to work on the 'CooCoo Nut Grove'. Hee was then so sought after he left Warner Bros to work for Disney, noteably Mother Goose Goes Hollywood

title: The CooCoo Nut Grove


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Antonga Black Hawk

Antonga, or Black Hawk (born c. 1830; died September 26, 1870), was a nineteenth-century war chief of the Timpanogos tribe in what is the present-day state of Utah. He led the Timpanogos against Mormon settlers and gained alliances with Paiute and Navajo bands in the territory against them during what became known as the Black Hawk War in Utah (1865–1872). Although Black Hawk made peace in 1867, other bands continued raiding until the US intervened with about 200 troops in 1872. Black Hawk died in 1870 from a gunshot wound he received while trying to rescue a fallen warrior, White Horse, at Gravely Ford Richfield, Utah, June 10, 1866. The wound never healed and complications set in.

The names "Black Hawk" and "Antonga" by which he was known are not Ute Indian names. "Black Hawk" was a name that Brigham Young, in jest, called the Ute leader. Young's term became the name by which he is now most commonly known. There were some three or more Indians the whites referred to as Black Hawk in Utah history. It is reminiscent of Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Meskwaki peoples and the Black Hawk War of 1832 in Illinois, where the Mormons had migrated from.

To the Mexicans he was known as "Antonga", also not a Ute name. The Timpanogos had long established trade relations with the Mexicans. Utah's Black Hawk was the son of Chief Sanpitch; in the Dominguez Escalante Journal: Their Expedition Through Colorado Utah Arizona and New Mexico in 1776, Escalante describes having come in contact with aboriginal peoples who were Snake-Shoshoni who called themselves "Timpanogostzis", an Aztecan-Shoshonian word meaning "People of the Rock water carriers" (referring to rock salt), whose leader was Turunianchi. Turunianchi had a son named Munch.

Munch was the father of Sanpitch, Wakara, Arropeen, Tabby, Ammon, Sowiette, and Grospeen, who occupied a land that is now known as Utah. Dominguez named Mount Timpanogos, Timpanogos River (Provo River), Timpanogos Lake (Utah Lake) and Timpanogos Valley (Utah Valley) in honor of these people, an honor that remains to this day. Government maps that predate Mormon settlement support this fact. Then in 1824, explorer Etienne Provost entered what is now Utah and reported having come in contact with a Snake-Shoshone tribe (Timpanogos) living along the Timpanogos River (Provo River) and Timpanogos Lake. Provo City derives its name from this early explorer.

History
In 1847 the first Mormon pioneers arrived in the territory, where indigenous peoples had lived for thousands of years. Historic tribes included the Timpanogos, Paiute and Navajo. In 1865 Black Hawk and the Timpanogos started raiding the livestock and goods of the steadily encroaching settlers. The white population had dramatically increased to about 50,000 at a time when the Timpanogos population is estimated to have been 15,000 to 20,000. Epidemics of measles and smallpox had caused many deaths among the Timpanogos, as they had no immunity to the new diseases; the rate of tuberculosis (TB) was high because of the weakened condition of the people. Mormon farming of domesticated crops and animals had altered the environment, driving off the game which was the Timpanogos' main source of food. By 1865 hundreds of Timpanogos were starving. .

When Chief Wah-Kara died unexpectedly in 1855, his brother Arapeen succeeded him and, when Chief Arapeen too died in 1860, his son Jake Arropeen (also known as Yene-wood) became chief by succession. In 1865 the Mormons and Utes were negotiating to reach some sort of agreement at Manti; discussions ended when Arropeen was pulled from his horse by the settler John Lowry, who was believed to be drunk at the time. Dishonored before his people, Chief Arropeen considered the incident a grave insult in a 30-year history of encroachment and depredations against the Ute people. Retaliating for the insult, that day Black Hawk raided some settlers for cattle and soon his forces killed five men. He was then about 35 years old. This marked the start of what the Mormons later named "The Black Hawk War".

The Black Hawk War in Utah began in 1865 and ended in 1872. It was a three-part war, involving 16 tribes of the Timpanogos, and allied bands of Paiute and Navajo, who declared war against the Mormon settlers. For years the US government ignored requests for aid from the Mormons, as many Federal leaders wanted to displace the LDS Church from its dominance of settlers in Utah. Mormon settlers fought to maintain control of what they called "Zion", long the traditional territory of the Ute people.

The 21st-century Utah historian John Alton Peterson describes Black Hawk as having

"remarkable vision and capacity. Given the circumstances under which he operated, he put together an imposing war machine and masterminded a sophisticated strategy that suggest he had a keen grasp of the economic, political, and geographic contexts in which he operated. Comparable to Cochise, Sitting Bull and Geronimo, Black Hawk fostered an extraordinary pan-regional movement that enabled him to operate in an enormous section of country and establish a three-face war. Black Hawk worked to establish a barrier to white expansion and actually succeeded in collapsing the line of Mormon settlement, causing scores of villages in over a half dozen counties to be abandoned. For almost a decade the tide of white expansion in Utah came to a dead stop and in most of the territory actually receded. Like other defenders of Indian rights, though, Black Hawk found he could not hold his position, and his efforts eventually crumbled."

Ute history notes that Black Hawk made peace with the "pale-faces" in 1867. He visited every white village from Cedar City to Payson to plead with the settlers to try to make peace. Without his leadership, the conflict was reduced, but raids continued until US forces intervened in 1872. Black Hawk died in 1870, before the end of the war, of tuberculosis.

The Black Hawk War was not a single incident, but a series of raids and small-scale conflicts. More than 150 engagements took place over a seven-year period throughout Utah territory and the conflict spilled over into Colorado, Idaho, and Wyoming. Although migration had slowed during the war years, soon tens of thousands of Mormon pioneers entered the area again, at the rate of 3,000 a month.. By contrast, in 1909 an official government census showed that the Ute population had declined to just 2,400..

title: Antonga Black Hawk


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Harmony, Ontario

Harmony, Ontario can refer to:

 * Harmony, Perth County, Ontario
 * Harmony, Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry United Counties, Ontario
 * Harmony, St. Joseph, Ontario
 * Harmony Bay, Unorganized North Algoma District

title: Harmony, Ontario


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Spira (Final Fantasy)

Spira is the fictional world of the Square role-playing video games Final Fantasy X and X-2. Spira is the first Final Fantasy world to feature consistent, all-encompassing spiritual and mythological influences within the planet's civilizations and their inhabitants' daily lives. The world of Spira itself is different from the mainly European-style worlds found in previous Final Fantasy games, being much more closely modeled on a setting influenced by the South Pacific, Thailand and Japan, most notably with respect to its vegetation, topography and architecture.

The creation of Spira includes distinct ethnic minorities including a portrayal of the fictional Al Bhed language that is prevalent throughout the game's dialogue. The backstory and concept behind the dark religious themes of Final Fantasy X were a central theme to the story and their ultimate resolution was well received. The popularity of the Eternal Calm video served as the impetus of Square Enix to do Final Fantasy X-2 to make their first direct sequel in video game form and depict the evolution of Spiran society after religious and political upheaval results in new factions and instability in the world. Spira and its inhabiting characters have been featured in several other Square Enix works including Dissidia Final Fantasy and its prequel Dissidia 012, three games within the Kingdom Hearts series and Theatrhythm Final Fantasy.

There have been numerous academic essays on the game's presentation, narrative and localization aspects. Washburn writes that mastering the game comes with the mastering of the cultural knowledge of Spira to unlock skills and abilities. O'Hagan writes on the localization of the games that impact the game experience, detailing alterations to the script and dialogue with modifications, additions and omissions. Another aspect was that the presentation of Spira without an overworld view can be considered a pioneer in 3D role-playing game maps.

Concept and creation
In speaking about the inspiration behind Spira, producer Yoshinori Kitase recounted that players had found fault with the science fiction atmosphere of Final Fantasy VII and VIII, instead desiring a "simple fantasy world". To Kitase, the word "fantasy" did not indicate a purely medieval European setting, so he intentionally set out with the objective of redefining the stereotype held in players' minds. Nomura identified the South Pacific, Thailand, and Japan as major influences on the cultural and geographic design of Spira, particularly in regard to the geographic locations of Besaid and Kilika. Yusuke Naora, the art director, noted that during the concept stage many people on the project were interested in Asian themes including Nojima and Kitase. For Zanarkand, the Tajik city of Samarkand has been cited as an inspiration.

Nomura said that Spira deviates from the worlds of past Final Fantasy games most notably in the level of detail incorporated, something he has expressed to have made a conscious effort to maintain during the design process. Fumi Nakashima, the sub-character chief designer, concentrated on giving characters from different regions and cultures distinct styles of clothing. Nakashima wanted the machine-oriented society of the Al Bhed to stand out and had them wear masks and goggles to give them a strange and eccentric appearance.

Koji Sugimoto, main programmer for characters, said that the complexities of the PlayStation 2 hardware made mastering it difficult, but more rewarding because the details on Yuna's sleeves to the depiction of shine and shadow could be rendered more realistically. Final Fantasy X was the first game that allowed for 3-D model rendering of backgrounds that increased the presentation, including small details like grass blowing in the wind and cloud movement. Takayoshi Nakazato decided to abandon the typical world map concept for a more realistic depiction. Final Fantasy X's spatial presentation of Spira is tied to progression, with a player's progress being marked through the panoramic introduction and depiction of the area upon first entry. Chiharu Minekawa, the supervising sound editor, commented that the transition in sound from one environment to the next was done seamlessly in order to mimic the natural surroundings of these environments as the player moved through them.

The decision to create Final Fantasy X-2 came after fan response to the "Eternal Calm" in the International Edition of Final Fantasy X which depicted events two years following Yuna's final battle. The dark religious theme of the first game was concluded and the cultural changes were explored as the people of Spira focus on fashion that "reflects their state of mind". Toriyama believes the most important element incorporated into X-2 was the "peaceful world of Spira achieved in X and unification of characters' state of mind". Kitase identified Final Fantasy Xs theme as "independence from the ties of law and customs" and X-2s theme is about "the changes that occurred from the chaos after gaining that independence".

For Final Fantasy X-2 many pop culture references were used, including Charlie's Angels and with the transformation of the dress spheres being a reference to the magical girl genre of anime.

Remastering
Square Enix chose to update Final Fantasy X and X-2's graphics for a remastered release in high-definition. With a production cycle longer than two years, the graphics were not merely upscaled to higher resolutions and feature updated models and textures. Kitase commented that he wanted to excite new and returning players and added more depth to do so and opened up the possibility of further remasters based on reception. Many views could not simply be reframed to 16:9 because that would reveal characters waiting for their cues off-screen, so the remastering team performed a lot of redrawing and additions to the visuals.

Geography
The main landmass of Spira is surrounded by small islands, including: Besaid, a tropical town serving as the origin of Yuna's pilgrimage; Kilika, a larger island featuring dense jungles and numerous conflicts during the games; and the desert island of Bikanel, which is also the location of the Al Bhed's headquarters — "Home". The ruins of Baaj Temple are on an island to the south of the Spira mainland; this is where Tidus begins his journey in Spira.

The mainland of Spira is where the bulk of Final Fantasy X takes place. The southernmost location of the mainland, Luca, is a large city home to Spira's pastime, Blitzball. North of Luca is the mountainous area of Djose, which features a Yevonite temple. Connecting Luca and Djose are several roads: the Mi'ihen Highroad, a historical path that features Chocobos for transportation; the Mushroom Rock Road, home of the failed operation to defeat Sin; and Djose Highroad, a rocky path that forks north into the Moonflow and east to Djose Temple.

The Moonflow is a large river running through the heart of Spira, featuring shoopuf rides, ancient ruins, and a high density of pyreflies. A path from the Moonflow leads to Guadosalam, home of the Guado race and the gateway to the "Farplane" (異界). North of Guadosalam are the Thunder Plains, which are the site of a never-ending thunderstorm made safe by lightning rods calibrated by the Al Bhed. The Thunder Plains lead into Macalania, a sparkling forest complemented by a frozen lake and a Yevonite temple.

Bevelle, the spiritual center of the Yevon religion, lies on a thin strip of land slightly north of Macalania. The city is built as a series of layers, with the headquarters of Yevon located at the top. The Via Purifico, located beneath Bevelle, serves as an oubliette for outcasts. Further north are the Calm Lands, a series of plains that have been the site of numerous battles in Spira's history; the Cavern of the Stolen Fayth, an equally historical area; and Mt. Gagazet, home of the Ronsos. Lastly, the sacred city of Zanarkand is on the northern tip of the Spiran mainland, reduced to ruins by Sin one thousand years before the events of FFX.

Final Fantasy X-2 features several changes to the locations of Spira. The Djose Temple, abandoned by a faltering Yevon after X, becomes the headquarters of the Machine Faction; likewise, the Youth League sets up their headquarters at the site of the failed operation on the Mushroom Rock Road. Bevelle remains the capital of the New Yevon faction, although the game introduces a large, technological area hidden beneath the city. Several new enterprises have been started, including a new pastime in Luca called Sphere Break; a group of entertainers at the Moonflow; a tourist service at the Zanarkand Ruins; and machina transportation in favor of Chocobos on the Mi'ihen Highroad. Lastly, the death of the Aeons at the end of X causes the Macalania forest and lake to melt, sinking the former Yevon temple and destroying the forest's life. X-2 also introduces floating ruins atop Mt. Gagazet and previously unexplored caverns throughout Spira.

Creatures and races
Although it is predominantly populated by humanoids, Spira features a variety of races. The people of Spira mainly reside in small towns and villages and cities like Bevelle and Luca. The Al Bhed is a unique ethnic group which plays an important role in the storyline and world of the games with distinctive green eyes with spiral-shaped pupils. The culture and conflicts of the Al Bhed permeate the games. The main character Rikku is Al Bhed, and Yuna is part Al Bhed on her mother's side and assistance in gaining through a cast of supporting Al Bhed character's, prevalent in Final Fantasy X-2. With the collapse of the teachings of Yevon and the wider acceptance of machina at the end of X, prejudice against the Al Bhed seems to have eased significantly by the time of X-2, though it is still present.

The Al Bhed speak their own "language" which is really just a substitution cipher of Japanese (English in the English localization of the game), a system of transposing certain letters for others; however, within the game world, it is intended to be an actual language. The original Japanese version of the cipher uses the syllable-based kana system of writing where each symbol represents a combination of "consonant + vowel" or simply a vowel. Certain keywords are not translated into Al Bhed in the game, to give the impression of use of loanwords compared to modern foreign languages. Most keywords are proper nouns, but some common nouns also are not translated, such as "fiend" (e.g. Y fiend! Eh risyh teckieca! [A fiend! In human disguise!]). Alexander Smith decided to "map common phonemes in English to common phonemes in Welsh" and gave preference to Welsh pronunciations, but had to work with new diphthongs to maintain consistency in the Al Bhed language.

Several other races are found throughout Spira, including the Guado, the Hypello, and the Ronso races. The Guado are an arboreal humanoid race with long limbs and fingers, pale skin, and wild, tangled hair. The Guado are the keepers of the entryway to the Farplane, where the dead are sent and have the unique ability to "smell the deceased" and other abilities related to pyreflies. The Ronso are a race of horned, blue-furred, lion-like humanoids who live on Mt. Gagazet, which they consider sacred and guard fiercely. Ronso are tall and formidable warriors with a strong sense of honor and loyalty. A subplot of FFX involves Kimahri Ronso's conflict with his social status that results in his leadership of the Ronso in X-2. The Hypello are a docile, amphibious race with blue skin and live primarily in and around the area of the Moonflow. Though extremely quick and agile swimmers, they are the only race in Spira that does not participate in Blitzball tournaments. The male Hypello are all voiced by John DeMita.

Spira also features various animal species and fictional species, such as the gigantic shoopuf and the chocobo that are used primarily for transport purposes. Most other unusual creatures encountered in Final Fantasy X are "fiends", monsters created from the restless dead by Pyreflies to devour the living. Aeons and the unsent are also forms created by pyreflies. Sin, the bringer of destruction, is a powerful fiend that is made of high-density pyreflies; it can control gravitation forces to replenish its strength and even fly. Sin's high concentration of pyreflies affect the pyreflies present in the bodies of those present, and is known as "Sin's toxin". Despite the Final Summoning being able to destroy Sin itself, the central core of Sin, which is an entity known as Yu Yevon, would survive. From this, Sin is "reborn" after a time.

Fictional history
Spira's history centers around an ancient war a thousand years prior to the start of the game between Bevelle and Zanarkand, the latter's ruler deeming his city's eventual demise and reserve to preserve its memory. Yevon's people became the fayth to create this manifestation and Yevon made himself the core of a powerful monster known as Sin to protect it, though the process destroyed his mind as he continuously maintains Sin's summoning as the creature is compelled to destroy. Through the machinations of Yevon's daughter Yunalesca, Bevelle established a religious faith built on atonement and sacrifice to conceal the spiral of death that runs throughout Spira's history. This process involves Yunalesca teaching a summoner a ritual known as "the Final Summoning", which would give Spira a brief reprieve from Sin's terror in a period known the "Calm" (ナギ節). However, the Final Summoning is based on a strong bond, and requires a summoner to turn their guardian into the Fayth of a Final Aeon whose summoning kills the summoner who is memorialized as a high summoner. Though the Final Aeon can destroy Sin, it would become a new vessel of Yu Yevon and turned into a new Sin.

A thousand years following the establishment of the Yevon Order, Spira became a rustic land, almost completely devoid of large cities and higher civilization. Due to the actions of Sin, and the Yevon ban on machina, few territories reached larger than hamlet size, as they were destroyed by Sin and their populations decimated before they were able to develop. The only cities left larger than small villages were Luca, which houses the only blitzball stadium in Spira, and Bevelle, the center of the temples of Yevon. Yuna and her guardians break the cycle and bring about the "Eternal Calm".

As a result of the events in Final Fantasy X, in X-2 the teachings of Yevon were deemed invalid after the order's secrets were exposed while the Al Bhed accepted by the Spirans with association with machina no longer sacrilegious. Spirans in general had a positive outlook with the onset of the Eternal Calm. New political groups fought for power, two being the Youth League, the New Yevon Party, while Machine Faction seeks to salvage machina. Yuna ultimately restores peace and saves Spira a second time with multiple endings based on the player's performance.

Mythos
In the world of Final Fantasy X and its sequel, many supernatural elements influence events in the fictional world of Spira, defining the life of the planet's inhabitants. Magic, spiritual energy, and the power of memories are heavily intertwined, and their effects manifest in a number of situations, including sporting events, religious practices, technology, and even in some of the native wildlife of the planet. The most popular pastime is Blitzball. The depiction of Sin as an "existence that agonizes the world" and as a "disaster with form" plays an important role in Spira's everyday life throughout the game. In X-2, the population of Spira pursues additional leisures including attending concerts and a coin-collecting fad called Sphere Break.

In Spira, when a person dies suddenly and unexpectedly, his or her life force, manifested as pyreflies, must be released from the body and sent to the Farplane, the final resting place of departed souls. If the sending is not performed, the body's spirit may remain trapped in the physical plane and take on the form of a fiend. A spirit of the dead may resist the transformation into a fiend, even when not sent and remain among the living, they are "unsent". The unsent play a prominent role in the storyline and mythos, including the playable character Auron and other characters including Maester Jyscal Guado, Shuyin, and Lady Yunalesca.

Pyreflies
Pyreflies are a mysterious, naturally occurring phenomenon that heavily influence the events of Final Fantasy X and X-2, as well as the world of Spira at large. Heavily prevalent throughout Spira, these "bundles of life energy" are closely associated with death and other spiritual events and entities by the people of Spira. At high concentrations, Pyreflies are capable of recording memories, sights and sounds. Pyreflies are also associated with many commonplace technological innovations including sphere-shaped recording devices and large, suspended spherical conglomerations of congealed water (called "sphere pools") that serve as the playing field for blitzball games. The pyreflies are also a source of raw energy to empower the giant machina, Vegnagun. Shinra of the Gullwings suggests that the life energy flowing through Spira on the Farplane could possibly be harnessed for the purpose of supplying electricity to a city. In interviews published in the Final Fantasy X Ultimania Ω and Final Fantasy X-2 Ultimania guidebooks, scenario writer Kazushige Nojima and producer Yoshinori Kitase revealed that Final Fantasy VII and X-2 share a plot-related connection, in which the Shin-ra corporation in VII is founded on another planet after about one thousand years, after space travel became possible, by descendants of Shinra of the Gullwings in X-2. This connection was conceived only after Final Fantasy X was already finished and realized in X-2 riding on the success of the original game and is not reflected in the gameplay or storylines of Final Fantasy VII or X.

Religion
Religion is an important part of life for many of the peoples of Spira, with a large majority of the population describing themselves as "Yevonites". Though by the end of Final Fantasy X some people had begun to question them, nevertheless the teachings of Yevon were millennium-old and heavily influential. The Yevonite clergy taught that Sin was a divine punishment set upon the people for their pride in the use of machines. As a result, the temples forbade the use of modern technology, and promoted a culture of atonement for past sins in the hopes of appeasing Sin.

While the Yevon church forbids most machina including weapons, their capital Bevelle retains machina to ensure its dominance. The Al Bhed are seen as dangerous to the Yevon clergy because they use machina and pose a threat to the church's uncontested control of Spira. The church retains its power by role in using the Final Summoning which results in the sacrifice of the summoner and her guardian to prevent its secrets from being divulged. Though Yevon set up Operation Mi'ihen to instill further loyalty to the teachings by making the Crusaders use machina that would never win against Sin. By the end of FFX, the Yevon religion was effectively disbanded once evidence of its corruption was discovered, and its remaining priests volunteered the truth. Half a year later, the moral teachings of Yevon were revitalized in the form of the New Yevon Party, later led in Final Fantasy X-2 by Praetor Baralai. Although technically a splinter group of Yevon, the New Yevon party was not a religion, but a simple philosophy, their motto and position on Spira's advancement being "One thing at a time".

In Final Fantasy X the "Hymn of the Fayth" (祈りの歌) is an important song. Its fictional history started as a song of defiance turned scripture and has numerous variations that is played throughout the game throughout Yuna's journey, primarily as the music of the temples. Though the Hymn's words apparently have no discernible meaning within the context of Spira, the lyricist and scenario writer, Kazushige Nojima, composed a small puzzle with the lyrics, using Japanese syllables. When properly deciphered, they form sentences that translates thus: ''Pray to Yu Yevon. Dream, fayth. Forever and ever, grant us prosperity''. The hymn was composed and arranged by Nobuo Uematsu and Masashi Hamauzu.

Final Fantasy X's negative depiction of organized religion has been compared to the Catholic Church and the corruptibility of organized religion in general with the ultimate battle against a god. Stark writes that the game is a thesis on religion and the final battle with Yu Yevon offers a discourse on how to defeat it, by "let[ting] it die a slow death, murder it with sheer force, or utilize one's knowledge of the (game) world to give it no power to stand on". The Game Theorists add additional concepts, going further as to cite Final Fantasy as "anti-religion".

Aeons and fayth
The fayth (祈り子) are humans who willingly give up their lives to have their souls sealed in statues and commune with summoners with whom they have established a mental link. This link grants a summoner access to a fayth's dreams and enables him or her to physically realize those dreams as aeons (召喚獣), powerful creatures which may be employed to aid the summoner in battle or in a time of special need. During the events of Final Fantasy X, the fayth of the aeon Bahamut serves as the chosen representative of the fayth as a collective. The fayth aids High Summoner Yuna and her guardians in bringing the spiral of death to an end, which results in their own passing. In X-2, the fayth return in their aeon forms, this time having been overcome by the despair and malice of Shuyin, rendering them his unwilling puppets of chaos. Yuna and her allies free both the fayth and Shuyin from the darkness that has consumed them. Ten aeons are identified in Final Fantasy X: Valefor, Ifrit, Shiva, Ixion, Bahamut, Anima, Yojimbo and the three Magus Sisters. The game builds on mythological figures through the inclusion of the aeons, such as the Arabic Ifrit, the Hindu deity Shiva and even the Jungian figure Anima and the demon Valefor. Wilder wrote on the Jungian analysis of Anima and tied Square Enix's depiction of the Aeon as both a representation of Seymour's corruption. Wilder analyzes the chained and blinded depiction of the figure that is Seymour's mother and tying the form to her bound to servitude to Seymour in his descent into madness.

Militant factions
The Crusaders (formerly known as the "Crimson Blades") were a loosely-knit army that existed to protect towns and temples from Sin. The group was founded by Lord Mi'ihen, who made a journey to Bevelle 800 years ago to calm the maesters' fears that he was assembling an army to conquer them. Mi'ihen managed to win their trust, and the Crimson Blades were thereafter inducted into the Yevon clergy as the Crusaders. The road Mi'ihen had walked was renamed the "Mi'ihen Highroad" in his honor. Unlike guardians, Crusaders are directly related to the temples. No non-Yevonite is permitted to serve as a Crusader, although there are unofficial chapters composed entirely of people who have been excommunicated. All of the Crusaders were excommunicated, however, when they set up Operation Mi'ihen, a joint Crusader-Al Bhed attempt to destroy Sin with a giant machina weapon. The operation failed and the Crusaders were largely eradicated in the process. A group known as the Crimson Squad was also formed around Operation Mi'ihen. Three candidates survived the final exercise; Baralai, Nooj and Gippal, all of whom would eventually lead one of the three political factions during the events of Final Fantasy X-2.

Appearances
Spira is the world of Final Fantasy X and X-2, but elements of its world and characters have been included in other Final Fantasy media. For Dissidia Final Fantasy and its prequel Dissidia 012 the characters Tidus, Yuna, Jecht and an area known as The Dream's End (夢の終わり) were featured. The Dreams' End shares similarities to the final area of Final Fantasy X complete with a large replica of Jecht's sword in the center. Tidus and Wakka are supporting characters in Kingdom Hearts and its follow-ups Chain of Memories and Coded. Auron makes an appearance in Kingdom Hearts II as a supporting team member and Final Fantasy X-2's main cast of Yuna, Rikku and Paine appear also make an appearance as supporting characters. Tidus, Auron and Yuna are also playable characters in Theatrhythm Final Fantasy.

Analysis
In Imagined History, Fading Memory: Mastering Narrative in Final Fantasy X, Washburn writes that Final Fantasy X "makes the relationship of memory, history, and the struggle for control of knowledge a central element of both its gameplay and its narrative". Washburn gives a synopsis of the game's alternate history and describes Spira's development as "evok[ing] a number of culturally vital discourses in Japan that the designers of the game drew on: the modernist aesthetics of evanescence, the loss of faith and belief in a society where technology and religion clash, the desire for a dream realm of memories as the source of an alternative history, and the nostalgic desire for the sublime experience of the annihilation of the past and the completion of history". Washburn uses FFX and the analysis of its narrative to make the case for academic study of the medium and counter the critical views held by detractors like Espen Aarseth, summarizing that "the ability to complete the game requires mastering not only the instrumental controls needed to acquire and perfect game skills but also the narrative itself, the cultural knowledge of Spira that facilitates the acquisition of skills and abilities". In Languages Of Navigation Within Computer Games Flynn asserts that Final Fantasy X's navigation is a representative and symbolic language, writing that "[a]lthough FFX establishes itself through the opening cut scene as narrative based, it becomes clear that a poetic and mythic experience of space rather than a cinematic sense of space is in operation".

The localization process of Final Fantasy X and X-2 was analyzed as a case study by Mangiron and O'Hagan to highlight the liberties of localization. Technical limitations include localizing over a thousand weapons with unique names that must be conveyed in 15 characters yet have no English equivalent as in the case of 花鳥風月 (kachōfūgetsu) that became "Painkiller" in English. Other cases include the addition of accents as in the case of Final Fantasy X-2's O'aka, a merchant, who speaks Cockney despite no accent being present in Japanese. Also included were references to Lollapalooza and humorous references to speech, with Rikku's verb conjugation of a noun having been modified for English audiences. Other differences like Sano's name being changed to Ormi for the English version, with Mangiron and O'Hagan noting a possible issue with the Spanish meaning of "Sano" as "healthy" in stark contradiction to Ormi's obese appearance. Mangiron and O'Hagan conclude that these changes and contextualisation by addition result in transcreation instead of just translation. Using the games as a case study, Mangiron and O'Hagan highlight that the freedom to modify, omit or add content results in the traditional concept of fidelity being discarded to maintain the "game experience".

In the Marie Curie Euroconference on the Challenges of Multidimensional Translation, Minako O'Hagan expanded on the localization issue including the extreme rewrite of Final Fantasy X-2's theme song 1000 words and the International Edition, saying that in-game dialogues were produced fresh to match the dubbed American version, instead of using the original Japanese script. O'Hagan noted a point of contention raised by fans were Yuna's final words to Tidus in Final Fantasy X as "Thank you" (Arigato) being translated in English as "I love you"; this translation would extend to the European release and the voice dialogue would be in English. Other academic publications refer to the localization process of Final Fantasy X including Hevian and Marco.

Final Fantasy X's depiction of Spira set a new standard with the traversing of real-time 3D environments instead of an overworld map, making the portrayal of Spira a pioneer in 3-D RPG maps.

title: Spira (Final Fantasy)


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Unit operation

In chemical engineering and related fields, a unit operation is a basic step in a process. Unit operations involve a physical change or chemical transformation such as separation, crystallization, evaporation, filtration, polymerization, isomerization, and other reactions. For example, in milk processing, the following unit operations are involved: homogenization, pasteurization, and packaging. These unit operations are connected to create the overall process. A process may require many unit operations to obtain the desired product from the starting materials, or feedstocks.

History
Historically, the different chemical industries were regarded as different industrial processes and with different principles. Arthur Dehon Little developed the concept of "unit operations" to explain industrial chemistry processes in 1916. In 1923, William H. Walker, Warren K. Lewis and William H. McAdams wrote the book The Principles of Chemical Engineering and explained that the variety of chemical industries have processes which follow the same physical laws. They summed up these similar processes into unit operations. Each unit operation follows the same physical laws and may be used in all relevant chemical industries. For instance, the same engineering is required to design a mixer for either napalm or porridge, even if the use, market or manufacturers are very different. The unit operations form the fundamental principles of chemical engineering.

Chemical engineering
Chemical engineering unit operations consist of five classes:
 * 1) Fluid flow processes, including fluids transportation, filtration, and solids fluidization.
 * 2) Heat transfer processes, including evaporation and heat exchange.
 * 3) Mass transfer processes, including gas absorption, distillation, extraction, adsorption, and drying.
 * 4) Thermodynamic processes, including gas liquefaction, and refrigeration.
 * 5) Mechanical processes, including solids transportation, crushing and pulverization, and screening and sieving.

Chemical engineering unit operations also fall in the following categories which involve elements from more than one class:
 * Combination (mixing)
 * Separation (distillation, crystallization)
 * Reaction (chemical reaction)

Furthermore, there are some unit operations which combine even these categories, such as reactive distillation and stirred tank reactors. A "pure" unit operation is a physical transport process, while a mixed chemical/physical process requires modeling both the physical transport, such as diffusion, and the chemical reaction. This is usually necessary for designing catalytic reactions, and is considered a separate discipline, termed chemical reaction engineering.

Chemical engineering unit operations and chemical engineering unit processing form the main principles of all kinds of chemical industries and are the foundation of designs of chemical plants, factories, and equipment used.

In general, unit operations are designed by writing down the balances for the transported quantity for each elementary component (which may be infinitesimal) in the form of equations, and solving the equations for the design parameters, then selecting an optimal solution out of the several possible and then designing the physical equipment. For instance, distillation in a plate column is analyzed by writing down the mass balances for each plate, wherein the known vapor-liquid equilibrium and efficiency, drip out and drip in comprise the total mass flows, with a sub-flow for each component. Combining a stack of these gives the system of equations for the whole column. There is a range of solutions, because a higher reflux ratio enables fewer plates, and vice versa. The engineer must then find the optimal solution with respect to acceptable volume holdup, column height and cost of construction.

title: Unit operation


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User talk:Mary Bahr

This is a brief written history regarding Leonard Marion Bahr and Florence Elizabeth Riefle Bahr and their families.

Leonard Marion Bahr, was a well-known Maryland artist, specializing in portraiture and receiving many commissions from individuals and from corporate entities. He also taught for 52 years at the Maryland Institute of Art, being a student there himself in the late 1920's. Leonard was born May 12, 1905 in Lansdowne, the second of two sons to "of German heritage" parents - Leonard Bahr and Caroline Fox. His first job as a young man was as a photo retoucher at the Lynchburg Engraving Co., owned by his uncle, Edward Stevens. He then worked in a printing firm in Baltimore City, but soon attended the Maryland Institute of Art on scholarship. He was an assistant teacher when his professor was out, and he worked hard - showing himself a talented student and winning further scholarships. He won a school prize to tour Europe and upon returning to the U.S., found the Depression had hit. He then worked for federal cooperatives, set up to help artists survive by creatively working at government-sponsored jobs. Leonard painted murals and a preparatory sketch for one in particular is at the Smithsonian Museum. These particular murals told the histories of Elkridge and of Catonsville, and were installed in the Catonsville High School library. But, the murals disappeared and to this day, remain a mystery. Though he started his career painting portraits, his heart was also to paint for "the church." He drew a series illustrating the 23rd Psalm and had them published. He also painted a "Gethsemane" scene for installation above a church altar, as well as other paintings depicting scenes from the Bible. His heart loved the Lord and he wanted to follow through with his art. And he did, as many of his portraits were of various church leaders of different faiths. In 1934, he married Florence Riefle, also a student at the Maryland Institute of Art. Leonard moved his family to Elkridge in 1947, and his studio from Baltimore City to that property in 1966, and in 1973, added a new house attached to it -including a studio for Florence. For many years they painted, exhibited and traveled. Leonard's art is owned nationally, by private collections, government entities, corporations and churches. A partial list includes the Maryland State House, the Maryland Club, the Maryland Archdiocese, Evangelical Luthern Church of Our Savior, The Peabody Conservatory, and Union Memorial Hospital - again to name a few. Leonard died July 20, 1990, and is interred at MeadowRidge Cemetery.

Florence Elizabeth Riefle [Bahr] was born February 2, 1909, in Baltimore City, and was raised in the neighborhoods of Forest Park and then Homeland. Her "of German heritage" parents were Florence Horn Shafer and Henry Riefle. She was raised in a musical family and was the third child of six siblings and the only sibling to continue seriously in the "arts" - becoming a painter. She attended Dickinson Collage for two years and then continued her higher education at the Maryland Institute of Art. She was quite creative as a child and after marriage, continued in that field, as well as having three children. Her art was eclectic and varied in medium: woodcuts, etchings, watercolors, oils, designing and creating rugs, dolls and clothes, illustrating children's books, and later in life, lending her artistic ability to the causes of civil rights, and other political issues. She marched in civil rights demonstrations, including the historic march with Martin Luther King in Washington, DC. She later donated approximately 340 of her politically-oriented sketchbooks to the State of Maryland for reference regarding Maryland history and gave the NAACP a work dedicated to Martin Luther King. She was also a collector of antiques, including antique dolls, and had her own "doll museum" in Ellicott City, Maryland. She was Maryland Woman Artist of the Year for 1999 by the State of Maryland and the Maryland Commission for Women. Her biography is on the internet and was also written in Woman of Achievement in Maryland History, by C. Stegman, in 2002. Above all, like her husband, she had an abiding faith in the Lord. A house fire in 1998, which claimed Florence's life, also destroyed Leonard's studio and many of the art works of the family. She was interred next to her husband. Florence's works are owned internationally in private collections and in government entities.

They both live on in spirit, as well as in legacy found untouched by flames.

Their three children are: Elizabeth Bahr [Fox], homemaker; Leonard Bahr Jr., advisor to the Governor of Louisianna on Coastal Affairs; and Mary Shafer Bahr, artist, writer, and keeper of legacies.

title: User talk:Mary Bahr


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Us Weekly

Us Weekly is a weekly celebrity and entertainment magazine based in New York City. Us Weekly was founded in 1977 by The New York Times Company, who sold it in 1980. It was acquired by Wenner Media in 1986, and sold to American Media Inc. in 2017. Shortly afterward, former editor James Heidenry stepped down, and was replaced by Jennifer Peros. The chief content officer of American Media, Dylan Howard, oversees the publication.

Us Weekly covers topics ranging from celebrity relationships to the latest trends in fashion, beauty, and entertainment. As of 2017, its paid circulation averaged to more than 1.95 million copies weekly and total readership of more than 50 million consumers.

The magazine currently features a sharply different style from its original 1977–2000 format. Originally a monthly industry news and review magazine along the lines of Premiere or Entertainment Weekly, it switched format in 2000 to its current themes of celebrity news and style.

The web site Usmagazine.com was launched in fall 2006. In addition to features from the magazine, the site has a breaking celebrity news blog, exclusive photos, red carpet galleries from premieres and events, plus games, videos, quizzes and polls.

History
Us was launched as a fortnightly publication in 1977 by the New York Times Company. The magazine lost money before turning its first profit in 1980. It was sold later that year to Macfadden Media. It was acquired by Jann Wenner in 1985 and is a part of Wenner Media LLC, which also publishes Rolling Stone and Men's Journal. In 1991, Us became a monthly publication.

In 1999, the company announced plans to shift the Us publication schedule from monthly to weekly. The shift coincided with a change in style from industry news and reviews to a celebrity-focused news magazine. The move was a response to several market forces, including the success of Time, Inc.'s Entertainment Weekly and People magazines. Wenner expressed his intention to keep Us "celebrity-friendly" in contrast with the more gossipy character of its competitors. He told The New York Times: "We will be nice to celebrities. A lot of my friends are in the entertainment business." The publication focuses on celebrity fashion as well as Hollywood gossip. Kelli Delaney, current New York designer for Members Only, formerly served as fashion director of the publication (1992–95). The change took effect in March 2000.

In February 2001, Wenner partnered with The Walt Disney Company. Bonnie Fuller worked as editor-in-chief of the publication from 2002 to 2003. She redesigned the title, creating the modern celebrity newsweekly. She created such signature sections as "Stars Are Just Like Us." In July 2003, Janice Min took over as editor in chief with Victoria Lasdon Rose as publisher, and Michael Steele as executive editor. Steele took over for Min in 2009. Melanie Bromley served as the magazine's West Coast bureau chief from 2007 to 2012.

In August 2006, Wenner Media re-acquired Disney's 50 percent stake, making the publication once again fully owned and operated by Wenner Media. In 2017, the publication was sold to American Media, Inc.

Timeline

 * 1977: Us founded by The New York Times Company
 * 1980: Us acquired by Peter J. Callahan's Macfadden Group.
 * The staff of Photoplay and TV Mirror, the merger of Photoplay, Movie Mirror, and TV-Radio Mirror, is merged.

 * 1986: Us acquired by Straight Arrow Publishers, Inc., now known as Wenner Media LLC
 * 1991: Us changes its bi-weekly frequency to become monthly
 * March 2000: Us changes from a monthly format and goes weekly, changing its title
 * February 2001: Us Weekly partners with The Walt Disney Company
 * January 2006: Us Weekly increases rate base to 1.75 Million
 * July 2006: Us Weekly launches Usmagazine.com
 * August 2006: Wenner Media re-acquires Disney's 50 percent stake in Us Weekly
 * March 2017: American Media, Inc. bought Us Weekly from Wenner Media LLC

Sections of the magazine

 * Just Like Us: photos of celebrities doing things everyday people do. Inspired by a regular Sesame Street feature about animals
 * Who Wore It Best?: reader polls of which celebrity wore an outfit better
 * Hot Stuff: the latest gossip from inside Hollywood
 * The Red Carpet: the looks and styles from Hollywood's hottest parties and premieres
 * Hot Pics: celebrity sightings of stars around the globe
 * Fashion Police: famous comedians cite the fashion disasters of the stars, and the best "look of the week"
 * The Record: a roster of changes in the lives of stars—births, marriages, divorces, etc.
 * Loose Talk: quotes from the stars
 * Us Musts: according to Us Weekly, the must-see films, TV shows and DVDs

In the media
In a July 2006 Variety article, Janice Min, Us Weekly editor-in-chief, cited People for the increase in cost to publishers of celebrity photos: "They are among the biggest spenders of celebrity photos in the industry. ... One of the first things they ever did, that led to the jacking up of photo prices, was to pay $75,000 to buy pictures of Jennifer Lopez reading Us magazine, so Us Weekly couldn't buy them.

That was the watershed moment that kicked off high photo prices in my mind. I had never seen anything like it. But they saw a competitor come along, and responded. It was a business move, and probably a smart one."

In a June 2007 New York article, Tina Brown was asked, "Do you actually read the tabloids?" "Of course. I read everything. I adore Us Weekly. I think it's a genius magazine. I'm a big fan of magazines that fulfill the goal of what they're trying to be."

From a May 2007 New York Post article profiling New York's 50 Most Powerful Women, "Janice Min, 37, editor, Us magazine. With her mag's profits placed as high as $90 million a year and readership up 191 percent in the last five years, Janice is not just like us. Nonetheless, the success of Us is attributed partly to the mother of two's reputation as perky and well liked – as well as its addictive features like the new 'Faux Biz', which makes fun of off-base gossip."

Of her front cover appearance in November 1997, Courtney Love remarked, "'I wanted to do a kind of mock-Eagles, decadent '70s California-type thing, and I ended up looking like Pamela Anderson on the cover! Bad, dirty Pam! It was terrible. But I didn't do it on purpose and it was gone in thirty days.'"

The magazine was criticized for allegedly biased coverage of the 2008 Republican National Convention. The September 5, 2008, issue featured Alaska Governor Sarah Palin on the cover with the headline "Babies, Lies & Scandal", while the June 19, 2008, issue featured U.S. Senator from Illinois Barack Obama and wife Michelle Obama with the headline "Why Barack Loves Her". Senior Editor Bradley Jacobs claimed that the "lies" on the cover referred to unspecified "liberal bloggers" who had speculated on the parentage of Governor Palin's child, not to the governor herself. However, nothing on the cover indicated "liberal bloggers" were the alleged liars. It was reported that the magazine had lost over 10,000 subscribers. Since then it was reported that Us Weekly sent e-mails to each of those subscribers, apologizing for the cover, and promised to send them five free copies of the magazine.

In 2009, Us Weekly partnered with Involver to become the first media company to sell sponsorships on their Facebook Page.

Recognition

 * Adweek's "The Hot List: Top 10 Magazines" 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
 * Advertising Age's Magazine of the Year, 2004
 * Adweek Magazine's Editor of the Year, editor in chief Janice Min
 * Advertising Age A-List, No. 3 in 2005, No. 1 in 2004
 * Capell's Circulation Report "Top 10 Best Performers in Circulation" in 2005

title: Us Weekly


text:
ICE Advertisements

iCE Advertisements (or more commonly and accurately simply "iCE") is a digital art group founded in Canada by Many Axe (later Frozen Tormentor) in 1991. Although the expanded title is rarely ever used, iCE is an acronym for Insane Creators Enterprise. iCE, along with ACiD Productions, was one of the most prominent and critically successful groups on the underground computer artscene.

History
The group originally specialized in the creation of ANSI artwork for BBSes and MCGA graphics. During the BBS-era, their biggest competitor was ACiD Productions.

The ANSI artscene was in a continual state of flux, with intense rivalry between artists and groups. In addition, ANSI artists tended to switch loyalties often, moving from group to group. Groups would merge and restructure, or completely disband, but iCE was generally viewed by artscene regulars as one of the more stable groups. iCE was known to have particularly effective artistic leadership, and benefited from early artscene leaders such as Tempus Thales.

iCE, like their peers in the artscene, released artwork on a monthly basis in the form of an artpack. iCE released their first monthly artpack, referred to as an "iCEpack", in August 1992.

During the transition between BBS to the Internet, interest in iCE began to wane somewhat during the late 1990s. This was quickly reversed after the introduction of their well received Tiles collaborative art project in December 2000.

In 2006 iCE branched out into collaborative art, photography and digital art with members worldwide. Although iCE has continued to release monthly galleries of art, they abandoned the traditional artpack format after the release of their July 2002 artpack (dated August 6, 2002) in favor of an online presentation via their website.

title: ICE Advertisements


text:
Hickory Beach, Ontario

Hickory Beach, Ontario may refer to:

 * Hickory Beach, Kawartha Lakes, Ontario
 * Hickory Beach, Haldimand County, Ontario

title: Hickory Beach, Ontario


text:
Peirce (surname)

Peirce is an English surname. Notable people with this surname include:

 * Augustus Baker Peirce (1840–1919) American traveler; riverboat captain and artist in Australia
 * Benjamin Peirce (1809–1880), American mathematician, known for Peirce's Criterion, father of Charles
 * Charles Sanders Peirce (C. S. Peirce) (1839–1914), American philosopher, founder of pragmatism
 * Clarence V. Peirce (1850–1923), American farmer and politician
 * Cyrus Peirce (1790–1860), American educator, Unitarian minister
 * Ebenezer W. Peirce (1822–1902), American brigadier general (Union) in the Civil War.
 * Gareth Peirce (born c. 1940), British solicitor, known for human rights cases
 * George James Peirce (1868–1954), American botanist
 * Hayford Peirce (1942–2020), American writer of science fiction, mysteries, and spy thrillers
 * Joseph Peirce (1748–1812), U.S. Representative from New Hampshire
 * Juliette Peirce (died 1934), second wife of the mathematician and philosopher Charles Peirce
 * Henry A. Peirce (1808–1885) of Massachusetts. U.S. Minister to Hawaiian Islands
 * Kimberly Peirce (born 1967), American film director
 * Leslie P. Peirce, American historian
 * Lincoln Peirce, American cartoonist known for the comic strip Big Nate
 * Robert B. F. Peirce (1843–1898) U.S. Representative from Indiana
 * Victor Peirce (1958–2002), Australian criminal from Melbourne
 * Waldo Peirce (1884–1970), American painter, born in Bangor, Maine
 * Robert Peirce (engineer) (1863–1933), Municipal Water Engineer, Penang and Singapore

title: Peirce (surname)


text:
Hillcrest, Ontario

Hillcrest, Ontario, may refer to:

 * Hillcrest, a place in Prince Edward County, Ontario
 * Hillcrest, Norfolk County, Ontario, a hamlet

title: Hillcrest, Ontario


text:
User:Guido1970

Welcome to Guido's World
Please use horizontal lines sparingly.

Why?

Love the Wikipedia way.
Of life.

Or death in the Edit Wars.

Flay. Slay. Make my Day.

'''Wiki needs to change, no more rewards for the extremists. Wiki cannot afford to be the refuge of ultra-nationalists, extremists, religious nuts. It is ruining itself through hatreds and inability to manage.'''

Bold text How about living a bold life. Bold text is not enough. Walk away from your PC NOW and start living it.

Live for the moment but plan for the future.

If Arnold Schwarzenegger can do it then so can you. Ever thought about the injustices of life. Poor old Gray Davis, career politician body-slammed by an actor known for "behaving badly". God bless America, we love it. Go Doogie Hauser you too can reach the Sky.

This is my page for ranting. No allowed elsewhere in wiki except on any page to do with politics, history etc. Try to make them NPOV and get inflamed. It's a jungle out there. But I'm Guido, cousin of Johnny Rambo and associate of the the Man.

title: User:Guido1970


text:
User talk:Guido1970

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

I protected the article in an attempt to get you guys talking, rather than reverting. I've never heard of the guy (I'm Australian), and I'm not taking any side. Also, you might want to watch calling people vandals - he may be biased (though, once again, I'm not familiar with this guy, so I wouldn't know), but he doesn't appear to be a vandal, and personal attacks are somewhat frowned upon here. Apart from that, it's a pleasure to be of service. Ambi 13:37, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi., just letting you know I listed your on requests for Arbitration, Requests_for_arbitration with the following complaint "User:Reithy has a request for comments open: Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Reithy detailing his vandalism spree and his attack on other users. Since this every single day he has been creating a new account to insult me on his user/page talks pages, Talk about what a vandal I i'm, Revert other editors edits with his different accounts to make it seem like he has concenus. etc...(please see request for comments for basis for major problems.

He has been conducting a general campaign against me in the past week, with a different account per day to make it seem as if I have a large base of hatred from different users being directed at how awful I am.

Impossible to talk/reason with because he actually seems to like to believe that he's a sockpuppet and a unique indivudal any time you try to confront him.

His accounts he has created in just the past week are: User:Chuckschneider User:Schweppes42 User:144.132.89.151 user:Guido1970 user:ReithySockPuppet (pay particular attention to this one's user page) User:Lukewilson user:CorporalPunishment user:MunchieRonnie and user:PockyChoc."

please respond if you wish to. Chuck F 08:55, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Guido1970


text:
Penang Sign Language

Penang Sign Language (Bahasa Isyarat Pulau Pinang) was developed in Malaysia by deaf children, outside the classroom, when oralism was predominant. It is now mainly used by older people, although many younger people can understand it.

History
Penang Sign Language began when the first school for the deaf, Federation School for the Deaf (FSD), was established by Lady Templer, the wife of the British High Commissioner in Malaya, in 1954. Deaf students went to FSD, to learn oral skills, not sign language. However, the students would sign by themselves in the dormitory of FSD every night.

In the 1960s, Tan Yap went to Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C. to learn deaf culture and sign language. He brought an ASL book back with him to Malaysia. But Tan Yap's suggestions were rejected by the Government.

An American, Professor Frances Parsons, travelled around the world in 1976 in order to introduce Total Communication and Sign Language to poor schools for the deaf, in order to better prepare them for education. In the same year, Frances Parsons went to Kuala Lumpur to meet with Mahathir Mohamad, the Minister of Education. After a 45-minute discussion, Mahathir agreed with Parsons's suggestions and theory. In the next few days, Mahathir announced new legislation that obliged schools in Malaysia to teach Total Communication and Sign Language. As a result, BIM (Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia) or MSL (Malaysian Sign Language) became similar to American Sign Language after 1976.

title: Penang Sign Language


text:
Category:Fencing

This category is for articles related to fencing and swordplay.

For articles about fences see Category:fences.

title: Category:Fencing


text:
Wikipedia:Most frequently edited pages

For updated lists of most frequently edited unused pages, see Statistics.

This page is a thing of pages ordered by number of edits in the thirty days from 24 April to 23 May 2008, for all namespaces, in the English Wikipedia.

The list is derived from the file " " found at http://download.wikimedia.org/enwiki/, by computer program (ref. How to generate the lists).

/Past versions

List
Period: 2008-04-24 — 2008-05-23 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Most frequently edited pages


text:
Benveniste affair

The Benveniste affair was a major international controversy in 1988, when Jacques Benveniste published a paper in the prestigious scientific journal Nature describing the action of very high dilutions of anti-IgE antibody on the degranulation of human basophils, findings that seemed to support the concept of homeopathy. As a condition for publication, Nature asked for the results to be replicated by independent laboratories. The controversial paper published in Nature was eventually co-authored by four laboratories worldwide, in Canada, Italy, Israel, and France.

After the article was published, a follow-up investigation was set up by a team including physicist and Nature editor John Maddox, illusionist and well-known skeptic James Randi, as well as fraud expert Walter W. Stewart, who had recently raised suspicion of the work of Nobel laureate David Baltimore. With the cooperation of Benveniste's own team, the group failed to replicate the original results, and subsequent investigations did not support Benveniste's findings. Benveniste refused to retract his controversial article, and he explained (notably in letters to Nature) that the protocol used in these investigations was not identical to his own. However, his reputation was damaged, so he began to fund his research himself, as his external sources of funding were withdrawn. In 1997, he founded the company DigiBio to "develop and commercialise applications of Digital Biology".

Nature publication and investigation
Jacques Benveniste, a French immunologist, published a paper in the prestigious scientific journal Nature describing the action of very high dilutions of anti-IgE antibody on the degranulation of human basophils. Biologists were puzzled by Benveniste's results, as only molecules of water, and no molecules of the original antibody remained in these high dilutions. Benveniste concluded that the configuration of molecules in water was biologically active; a journalist coined the term water memory for this hypothesis. Much later, in the 1990s, Benveniste also asserted that this "memory" could be digitized, transmitted, and reinserted into another sample of water, which would then contain the same active qualities as the first sample.

Unusual disclaimer
Following replication, the article was then published in Nature, which printed an editorial titled "When to believe the unbelievable" in the same issue of the journal and attached the following disclaimer to the article: "Editorial reservation: Readers of this article may share the incredulity of the many referees. ... There is no physical basis for such an activity. ... Nature has therefore arranged for independent investigators to observe repetitions of the experiments." The last time such a disclaimer had been added was in 1974 to an article on Uri Geller.

Critical investigation
A week after publication of the article, Nature sent a team of three investigators to Benveniste's lab to attempt to replicate his results under controlled conditions. The team consisted of Nature editor and physicist Sir John Maddox, American scientific fraud investigator and chemist Walter W. Stewart, and skeptic and former magician James Randi.

The team pored over the laboratory's records and oversaw seven attempts to replicate Benveniste's study. Three of the first four attempts turned out somewhat favorable to Benveniste; however, the Nature team was not satisfied with the rigor of the methodology. Benveniste invited them to design a double blind procedure, which they did, and conducted three more attempts. The samples were randomized, and Randi wrapped the codes which identified the samples in tinfoil before fixing it on to the ceiling with adhesive tape. Before fully revealing the results, the team asked if there were any complaints about the procedure, but none were brought up. These stricter attempts turned out negative for Benveniste. In response to Benveniste's refusal to withdraw his claims, the team published in the July 1988 edition of Nature. Since multiple readings of the samples were closer than statistically expected for the non-double blind tests, the team argued that unintentional bias was the culprit.

In the same issue of the journal Nature, and in subsequent commentary, Benveniste denied all the claims and stated that such "Salem witchhunts or McCarthy-like prosecutions will kill science."

After Dark
On 3 September 1988 Channel 4 broadcast an After Dark television discussion featuring Benveniste, James Randi and Walter W. Stewart among others (including Jonathan Miller), reviewed the following week by Sean French in the New Statesman.

Academy of Sciences
In 1991, Benveniste found the French Academy of Sciences willing to publish his latest results, obtained under the supervision of Alfred Spira, a statistician, in its weekly Proceedings. Eric Fottorino writing in Le Monde relates how the remorseful Academy of Science noticed that an earlier edition contained a study critical of the memory of water. Seizing on this opportunity, the Academy ordered the printing to stop and the already printed copies destroyed, so that it could print a revised edition, in which Benveniste's article was labeled a mere "right of reply"—downgraded from the status of an article. The study is a replication of early high dilution experiments, in collaboration with Inserm U292.

Although the new findings fell substantially short of confirming the patterns previously claimed by Benveniste, writer Yves Lignon quotes study co-author and statistician Alfred Spira, who said that "the transmission of information persisted at high dilution", and acknowledged that a "weakness in the experimental procedure was possible".

Ovelgonne et al.
A group of Dutch researchers reported their failure to duplicate the results in Experientia in 1992:

"In fact, in our hands no effect of extreme dilutions was shown at all. We conclude that the effect of extreme dilutions of anti-IgE, reported by Davenas et al., needs further clarification and that in this process the reproducibility of results between experimenters should be carefully determined."

Hirst et al.
A group of English researchers reported another failure to duplicate the results in Nature in 1993: "Following as closely as possible the methods of the original study, we can find no evidence for any periodic or polynomial change of degranulation as a function of anti-IgE dilution." However, Benveniste in a 1994 letter to Nature argued that the study neglected to faithfully follow his methods. The study has also been criticized on the grounds that its results were more favourable to Benveniste's claims than the study authors acknowledged in their conclusion.

Josephson and the APS
After the Nature controversy, Benveniste gained the public support of Brian Josephson, a Nobel laureate physicist with a reputation for openness to paranormal claims. Experiments continued along the same basic lines, culminating with a 1997 paper claiming the effect could be transmitted over phone lines. This was followed by two additional papers in 1999 and another, in the controversial non-peer reviewed Medical Hypotheses, on remote-transmission in 2000 by which time it was claimed that it could also be sent over the Internet.

Time magazine reported in 1999 that, in response to skepticism from physicist Robert Park, Josephson had challenged the American Physical Society (APS) to oversee a replication by Benveniste. This challenge was to be "a randomized double-blind test", of his claimed ability to transfer the characteristics of homeopathically altered solutions over the Internet: "[Benveniste's] latest theory, and the cause of the current flap, is that the 'memory' of water in a homeopathic solution has an electromagnetic 'signature.' This signature, he says, can be captured by a copper coil, digitized and transmitted by wire--or, for extra flourish, over the Internet--to a container of ordinary water, converting it to a homeopathic solution." The APS accepted the challenge and offered to cover the costs of the test. When he heard of this, Randi offered to throw in the long-standing $1 million prize for any positive demonstration of the paranormal, to which Benveniste replied: "Fine to us" in his DigiBio NewsLetter. Randi later noted that Benveniste and Josephson did not follow up on their challenge, mocking their silence on the topic as if they were missing persons.

Ennis et al.
An article published in Inflammation Research in 2004 brought new media attention to the issue with this claim: "In 3 different types of experiment, it has been shown that high dilutions of histamine may indeed exert an effect on basophil activity. This activity observed by staining basophils with alcian blue was confirmed by flow cytometry. Inhibition by histamine was reversed by anti-H2 and was not observed with histidine these results being in favour of the specificity of this effect. We are however unable to explain our findings and are reporting them to encourage others to investigate this phenomenon." Following up on a study they had published in 1999 in the same journal, the researchers concluded that an effect did exist. Some of the researchers had not been involved in homeopathic research before, while others had, such as former Benveniste collaborator Philippe Belon, research director at the homeopathic company Boiron. It was Madeleine Ennis who received the most attention in the media. Ennis led the activities at the British lab, with other labs in Europe, running a variation of Benveniste's water memory experiments. Ennis states that she began the research as a skeptic, but concluded that the "results compel me to suspend my disbelief and start searching for rational explanations for our findings."

BBC Horizon
In 2002 BBC Horizon broadcast its failed attempt to win James Randi's $1 million prize to prove that a highly diluted substance could still have an effect. Prominent spokespersons on both sides of the debate were interviewed, including Benveniste.

A report was published in 2005 on the prestigious journal of statistics Significance by the statistician Martin Bland, professor at the University of York.

Further study
With the support of Brian Josephson, the experiments continued, culminating in a 1997 paper claiming a water memory effect could be transmitted over phone lines. This culminated in two additional papers in 1999 and another on remote-transmission in 2000.

Intrigued by Benveniste's claims that biological interactions could be digitized, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) asked Wayne Jonas, homeopath and then director of the US National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, to organize an attempt at independently replicating the claimed results. An independent test of the 2000 remote-transmission experiment was carried out in the US by a team funded by the US Department of Defense. Using the same experimental devices and setup as the Benveniste team, they failed to find any effect when running the experiment. Several positive results were noted, but only when a particular one of Benveniste's researchers was running the equipment. Benveniste admitted to having noticed this himself, and offered a variety of reasons to explain what appeared to be another example of experimenter effect. The experiment is also notable for the way it attempted to avoid the confrontational nature of the earlier Maddox test. The study implemented "A social and communication management process that was capable of dealing with conflicting interpersonal dynamics among vested parties in the research effort." One of Benveniste's machines was used, and, in the design and pilot project phase in 2001, Benveniste and other members of his DigiBio lab participated as consultants. Interviews at the time indicated study participants were satisfied with the way the study was being conducted. In the end, the authors reported in The FASEB Journal in 2006 that "Our team found no replicable effects from digital signals".

INSERM
The July 1989 edition of Nature reported that INSERM placed Benveniste on probation following a routine evaluation of his lab. Although INSERM found that his laboratory activities overall were exemplary, it expressed severe discomfort with his high dilution studies, and criticized him for "an insufficiently critical analysis of the results he reported, the cavalier character of the interpretations he made of them, and the abusive use of his scientific authority vis-à-vis his informing of the public".

title: Benveniste affair


text:
User talk:Cavalier~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cavalier. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cavalier~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:51, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:25, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cavalier~enwiki


text:
Waipori River

The Waipori River is in Otago in the South Island of New Zealand. Rising in the Lammerlaw Range, it flows southeast for 50 km before joining the Taieri River near Henley, 30 km southwest of Dunedin of which it is officially the southernmost border. Google Maps erroneously shows the stretch of Taieri river from the confluence to the mouth as Waipori River. The correct name is shown on the New Zealand government's official NZ Topo Map.

The upper reaches of the Waipori flow through rough hill country, much of it covered by the Berwick Forest. An artificial lake, Lake Mahinerangi is formed on the river behind a small hydroelectric station at Waipori Falls, which was built in 1880 to provide power for the city of Dunedin. Much of this area is within the Waipori Falls Scenic Reserve.

The lower reaches of the river pass through an area of wetlands around Lakes Waihola and Waipori, both of which drain into the river. This area is a habitat for many species of wading birds. The Sinclair Wetlands reserve is located in this area.

The name Waipori comes from Māori words meaning "dark water".

title: Waipori River