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AAR wheel arrangement

The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive (or unit) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads. Essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification, it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives (including third-rail electric locomotives). It is not used for steam locomotives, which use the Whyte notation instead (except geared steam locomotives, which are instead classified by their model and their number of trucks).

The AAR system (like UIC) counts axles, unlike Whyte, which counts wheels. Letters refer to powered axles, and numbers to unpowered (or idler) axles. "A" refers to one powered axle, "B" to two powered axles in a row, "C" to three powered axles in a row, and "D" to four powered axles in a row. "1" refers to one idler axle, and "2" to two idler axles in a row. A dash ("–") separates trucks or wheel assemblies. A plus sign ("+") refers to articulation, either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers.

1A-A1
"1A-A1" means there are two trucks (or wheel assemblies) under the unit. Each truck has one powered axle and one idler axle, with the idler axles to the outside. Examples include Budd RDC diesel multiple unit (DMU) cars.

1B-1B
"1B-1B" means there are two trucks with a leading idler axle in front of two powered axles. This arrangement was used to upgrade the B-B arrangement of two EMC 1800 hp B-B locomotives owned by the Santa Fe Railroad in 1938, for greater stability at speed.

1-D
"1-D" means there are two trucks or groups of axles; the "1" truck is under the front of the unit, and has one idler axle. The remaining 4 axles are rigidly mounted to the frame behind this lead truck (or grouped in a second truck). This is roughly the equivalent of a 2-8-0 Consolidation in the Whyte notation, particularly when built as a 1-truck/4 rigid axle locomotive. The only known examples are a series of diesel boxcab locomotives built and owned by the Texas Mexican Railway.

2-A1A
"2-A1A" means there are two trucks or wheel assemblies. The "2" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two idler axles in a row. The "A1A" truck is under the rear of the unit, and has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. An example is the FM OP800 800 hp railcar, six of which were built by the St. Louis Car Company exclusively for the Southern Railway in 1939.

2-B
"2-B" means there are two trucks or wheel assemblies. The "2" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two idler axles in a row. The "B" truck is under the rear of the unit, and has two powered axles. Examples include the three lightweight power cars built by ALCO/ACF in 1935 and 1937 for use with the Rebel streamliners.

3-A1A
"3-A1A" means there are two trucks or wheel assemblies. The "3" truck is under the front of the unit, and has three idler axles in a row. The "A1A" truck is under the rear of the unit, and has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. An example is the later built FM OP800 800 hp railcar, six of which were built by the St. Louis Car Company exclusively for the Southern Railway in 1939.

A1-1A
"A1-1A" means there are two trucks or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each truck has one powered axle and one idler axle, with the powered axles to the outside.

A1A-2
"A1A-2" means there are two trucks. The "A1A" truck is under the front of the unit, and has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. The "2" truck is under the back of the unit, and has two idler axles in a row. An example is the Silver Charger power car for the General Pershing Zephyr.

A1A-3
"A1A-3" means there are two trucks. The "A1A" truck is under the front of the unit, and has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. The "3" truck is under the back of the unit, and has three idler axles in a row. An example is the Baldwin DR-6-2-10 1000 hp cab unit, only one of which was built for the Chicago and North Western Railway in 1948.

A1A-A1A
"A1A-A1A" means there are two trucks under the locomotive. Each truck has two powered axles, with an idler axle between them. This spreads the weight of the locomotive more evenly over the track and counteracts the tendency of trucks to oscillate at high speeds, which is a problem with two axle trucks. The idler wheels may be smaller than the powered wheels.

Examples of locomotives with this wheel arrangement include the EMD E-units and ALCO PAs, which were high speed passenger locomotives, and the dual service FM Erie-built. BNSF took delivery of ES44C4 locomotives with this type of truck in 2009. In the UK, the Class 31 uses this wheel arrangement.

A1A-B+B
"A1A-B+B" means there are three trucks. The first truck has three axles, with the center one unpowered. A pair of two-axle trucks, each with both axles powered, are connected by a span bolster under the rear of the unit. The only example to date of this arrangement was a single experimental EMD SDP45.

B
"B" means there are two powered axles under the unit. These axles are not articulated relative to other parts of the locomotive. This arrangement is only used on very small locomotives, such as the EMD Model 40. It is also used on speeders. This arrangement is sometimes referred to as 0-4-0, the Whyte notation equivalent.

B-1
"B-1" means there are two trucks. The "B" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two powered axles. The "1" truck is under the back of the unit, and has one idler axle. Examples include the three EMD LWT12 locomotives built by EMD in 1956.

B1-1B
Twenty SD70ACe-P4 locomotives were built by EMD with a B1-1B arrangement that has two three axle trucks with each truck having two AC traction motors and one idler axle nearest the fuel tank. The locomotive was designed as an AC traction alternative to the SD70M-2 that uses three DC traction motors on each of two three axle trucks. Only BNSF ordered the model in 2014. The other locomotive with this wheel arrangement is the EMD SD70MACH, which is an SD70MAC rebuilt by Progress Rail for Metra and used for passenger service. In 2020, Metra approved of the purchase of 15 of these locomotives with options to purchase up to 27 more.

B-2
"B-2" means there are two trucks. The "B" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two powered axles. The "2" truck is under the back of the unit, and has two idler axles in a row. Examples include the three lightweight RP-210 locomotives built by Baldwin in 1956 and 1957 for use with Pullman-Standard Train-X equipment.

B-A1A
"B-A1A" means there are two trucks. The "B" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two powered axles. The "A1A" truck is under the back of the unit, and has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. Examples include some of the FM C-liners (most passenger units) built from 1950 to 1955, and the EMD FL9.

B-B
"B-B" means there are two identical trucks. Each truck has two powered axles, a currently popular configuration used in high-speed, low-weight applications such as intermodal trains and high-speed rail, as well as switcher locomotives. Examples include the EMD GP (General Purpose), EMD F-units, EMD SW1500, Acela Express Power Cars, Siemens Charger, Siemens ACS-64 and GE Genesis units. High speed ("time") freight trains, with guaranteed schedules often use B-B locomotives of 3,800 HP (950 HP per axle), but this application, too, has largely been replaced by higher-powered, 4,500 HP C-C locomotives (750 HP per axle). An American colloquialism of "B-B" is "Four axle".

B-2-B
"B-2-B" means there are three trucks. The center truck has two unpowered axles and the truck at each end has two powered axles. The locomotive frame must either articulate or allow for significant side play to be provided to the center truck. Examples of this type were built as light rail vehicles.

B-B-B
"B-B-B" means there are three trucks. Each truck has two powered axles. The locomotive frame must either articulate or allow for significant side play to be provided to the center truck. The Russian VL 85 and US-American EMD GM10B was a notable example. See also Bo-Bo-Bo.

B+B+B
"B+B+B" means there are three articulated sets of two powered axles each under the unit. The locomotive frame must allow for significant side play to be provided to the center axle set, as well as allowing for end play for the end sets. The ten Mexican Railway GE boxcab electrics of 1923 are examples of this wheel arrangement.

2-B+B-2
"2-B+B-2" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two idler axles, and inboard of it are two powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The PRR DD1 and DD2 electric locomotives used this arrangement.

2-B+B+B+B-2
"2-B+B+B+B-2" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two idler axles, and inboard of it are two powered axles, hinged to yet another set of two powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. Examples include the Milwaukee Road EF-1 "Boxcab" electrics.

B+B-B+B
"B+B-B+B" means there are four trucks under the unit. Within each truck, there are two powered axles, and pairs of them are connected by span bolsters. One example would be the General Electric U50, built from 1963 to 1965. The 4500 horsepower (3.4 MW) turbine locomotives built by GE for Union Pacific also used this arrangement. The EFVM railway of Brazil uses narrow gauge GE "BB" locomotives with this arrangement, both with "standard" and wide cabs. A GE Dash 9-40BBW, for instance, is a wide cab GE Dash 9-40CW series 4000 hp locomotive with a B+B-B+B wheel arrangement. The EMD SD70ACe-BB produced from 2015 onward also has a B+B-B+B arrangement.

B-B+B-B
"B-B+B-B" means that the locomotive has four trucks. Each truck contains two powered axles. The middle pair of trucks are connected by a span bolster. In most cases, the locomotive is articulated over the span bolster. The Union Pacific's M-10002 diesel streamliner and New York Central's T-Motor third-rail electric locomotives are examples of this type. This arrangement also includes locomotives made of two permanently coupled B-B units, such as some EMD FT units which had a solid drawbar connecting two units instead of the typical couplers.

B-B-B-B
"B-B-B-B" means there are four trucks. Each truck has two powered axles. The locomotive frame must allow for significant side play to be provided to the center trucks.

B-B+B-B+B-B
"B-B+B-B+B-B" means that the locomotive has six trucks. Each truck contains two powered axles. The only known locomotives to have this configuration were the two EMD TR3 locomotives made of three permanently coupled B-B units, which had solid drawbars connecting the units instead of the typical couplers.

C
"C" means there are three powered axles under the unit. They are not articulated relative to other parts of the locomotive. This arrangement is only used on very small locomotives (e.g. the PRR B1). This arrangement is sometimes referred to as 0-6-0, the Whyte notation equivalent.

C-B
"C-B" means there are two trucks. The "C" truck is under the front of the unit, and has three powered axles. The "B" truck is under the rear of the unit, and has two powered axles. The Japanese DE10, DE11, and DE15 and the British Rail Class 28 are the only locomotives to use this wheel arrangement.

C-C
"C-C" means there are two identical trucks. Each truck has three powered axles. Examples include the EMD SD (Special Duty), GMD GF6C, EMD GM6C, PRR E44, GE E60, Virginian EL-C and GE Evolution Series units, except the ES44C4 and ET44C4 which use the A1A-A1A wheel arrangement. This is a currently popular configuration used in low-speed, high-weight applications, such as unit coal trains. General ("manifest") freight trains also use C-C locomotives. See also Co-Co. An American colloquialism of "C-C" is "Six axle".

1-C+C-1
"1-C+C-1" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with one idler axle, and inboard of it are three powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The PRR FF1 and FF2 electric locomotives used this arrangement.

2-C+C-2
"2-C+C-2" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two idler axles, and inboard of it are three powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The Pennsylvania Railroad's GG1 and Companhia Paulista's electric locomotives were notable examples of this arrangement.

2+C-C+2
"2+C-C+2" means there are two sets of axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a guiding truck with two idler axles, and inboard of this, and hinged to it, is a truck with three powered axles. The GE steam turbine-electric locomotives of 1939 were notable examples of this arrangement.

2-C1+2-C1-B
"2-C1+2-C1-B" means there are five trucks. Only the first three axles on the four-axle trucks were powered, as were both axles in the last truck; the first and middle trucks had two unpowered axles each. The only examples of this arrangement were three unique coal-fired steam-turbine locomotives built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway between 1947 and 1948. This locomotive is sometimes called the M-1.

C-C+C-C
"C-C+C-C" means there are four trucks under the unit. Each truck has three powered axles. The only examples of this type were the 8500 horsepower (6.3 MW) turbine locomotives built by General Electric for Union Pacific. These locomotives consisted of two permanently coupled C-C units.

C+C-C+C
"C+C-C+C" means there are four trucks. Each truck has three powered axles and pairs of them are connected by span bolsters. This arrangement was used on the Jawn Henry coal-fired steam-turbine locomotive built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works for the Norfolk & Western Railway in May, 1954.

1-D-1
"1-D-1" means there are three trucks under the unit. At either end are trucks with one idler axle; the center truck has four powered axles. The original 1904–1909 New York Central S-Motor third-rail electric locomotives (for the Grand Central Terminal electrification) and the Great Northern Z-1 electric locomotives (for the Cascade Tunnel electrification) used this arrangement.

2-D-2
"2-D-2" means there are three trucks. At either end are trucks with two idler axles; the center truck has four powered axles. The PRR R1 electric locomotive used this arrangement.

D-D
"D-D" means there are two trucks. Each truck has four powered axles. Examples include the EMD DD units.

D-D locomotives so far have fallen out of favor as nearly all of these have been twin-engined locomotives, which placed too much horsepower in too few axles, thereby making these consists rather inflexible (each locomotive featured two prime movers, making each unit essentially a pair of high-powered B-B locomotives on a common frame as far as traction and power was concerned).

In fact, a usual consist of a D-D unit included a leading C-C unit and a trailing C-C unit, for a total of about 12,600 HP (with four total prime-movers).

With today's higher horsepower C-C units (about 4,300 HP apiece), three such C-C units exceeds the total power of the usual D-D consist by 300 HP (with one fewer prime-mover than a usual D-D consist, thereby significantly improving reliability and dramatically reducing maintenance).

Although at this time the term D-D is associated with twin-prime-mover locomotives of high power, this does not preclude the possibility of a D-D with a single prime mover of high power some time in the future, nor of the term being used to describe a two-truck, eight-axle electric locomotive. The EMD DDM45 is a narrow-gauge adaptation of the SD45, which required additional axles due to the use of smaller traction motors.

2-D+D-2
"2-D+D-2" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two idler axles, and inboard of it are four powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. Examples include the Baldwin DR-12-8-1500/2 "Centipede" diesel locomotives and the GE "Little Joe" electric locomotives.

B-D+D-B
"B-D+D-B" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two powered axles, and inboard of it are four powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The W-1 class of electric locomotives built by General Electric for the Great Northern Railway used this arrangement.

1B+D+D+B1
"1B+D+D+B1" means there are four sets of articulated axles under the unit. At each end, there is one unpowered axle and two powered axles, hinged to a set of four powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The "Bi-Polar" electric locomotives used by the Milwaukee Road used this arrangement.

(B+B-B+B)+(B+B-B+B)
"(B+B-B+B)+(B+B-B+B)" means there are 2 units, each with 4 trucks in a B+B-B+B wheel arrangement. An example was the Virginian Railway's EL-2B electric locomotives.

title: AAR wheel arrangement


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Talk:Correlative-based fallacies

This article's examples only confuse me... I understand some of the fallacies that are 'correlative based,' but I do not understand the examples given here, or the underlying theme that makes them all correlative based. It needs a better example and explanation.

merge?
Is there any reason these various types of correlative fallacies aren't merged? Would anybody mind if I did so? -Eleusinian 06:11, August 1, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Correlative-based fallacies


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Preventer

A gybe preventer, preventer, or jibe-guard, is a mechanical device on a sailing vessel which limits the boom's ability to swing unexpectedly across the boat due to an unplanned  accidental jibe.

During an unplanned accidental jibe (or gybe), neither the crew nor the boat is set up properly to execute a planned jibe. As a result, the uncontrolled boom will swing across the boat potentially inflicting injury or knocking crew members overboard. The mainsheet or traveller can also inflict serious injury. Uncontrolled jibes may also damage the boat itself.

Rigging a preventer on a yacht's mainsail is often performed when the wind is behind the beam (i.e. when it's coming from more than 90° off the bow). It can also be useful at other times when there is more swell than wind, a situation when the wind may not have the strength to keep the boom in place as the boat dips and rolls.

On any boat that is sailing downwind without a preventer, strict 'heads-down' procedures must be enforced anywhere within the boom's arc. Certain areas of the side-decks and maybe the cockpit also have to be strictly 'no-go' to all crew depending on what the boom and mainsheet could do in unchecked full swing.

The preventer with the most mechanical advantage is a line, from the end of the boom, led outside the shrouds and a long way forward - perhaps right up to the bow - through a block, back to the cockpit and secured within reach of the mainsheet.

Many cruising sailors prefer to rig two tackles (port and starboard) that run from the midpoint of the boom to blocks on a track such as the headsail-sheet-block track. These tackles are typically a 2 - 4 part tackles for greater purchase. This rig can also be used as a boom vang without taking up space under the mast that may be essential to the cruising sailor for dinghy stowage and other uses. There is a possibility of breaking the main boom with a preventer rig such as this, but many modern yachts are considered to have short enough booms and be beamy enough to overlook this possibility in normal use. For example, while running with the preventer cleated, a large swell could roll the boat, dipping the boom end into the water, snapping the boom in half.

Care should be taken when selecting the rope which is used for preventer lines. To reduce the shock loads on the tackles, for example in an unexpected jibe, three-strand nylon line may be preferred over braided cored line.

Boom Brake

Another form of preventer is the boom brake, which, when sailing downwind, can also be used to jibe the mainsail in a slow, measured action. The brake usually rides on a line running perpendicular to, and below the boom. When the boom brake is actuated, friction on the line either works as a preventer (stops the boom from moving in the direction that would slacken the main sheet), or slows the boom's speed while jibing. The brake is actuated by either tensioning the line upon which it rides or by using a second line to adjust the brake itself.

Jibing
When jibing a fully loaded mainsail in a following sea, the following procedure may be used. Using the steering, the stern of the boat is carefully brought up into the wind. Then the leeward, working preventer is released little by little, while the mainsheet is shortened to bring in the boom. It is important to maintain at least a turn or two around the preventer's cleat the whole time ready to catch an early jibe during this stage of the manoeuvre. The mainsheet should pull the preventer around its cleat, without it being offered any slack. All the while it is also necessary to take in slack on the lazy preventer to keep it under control (i.e. prevent it getting tangled around something) until it is needed.

When the boom is as near as possible to midships (near to running fore-and-aft along the boat's centreline), the working preventer is slackened, the lazy one tightened, and the mainsheet made very secure. It is important that all crew are safe from where the boom may swing, and a call of "Jibe-ho" is a traditional last warning for this. At this point, a slight steering adjustment will actually jibe the sail. The course of the boat may slew further than expected, which can be ignored as it gives a shorthanded crew time to do the next three things: Run out the mainsheet as fast as possible without burning the hands, ensuring that the newly-lazy preventer runs free, then tighten in and secure the newly working preventer.

title: Preventer


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User talk:Melkom

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Deletion nomination of Template talk:Infobox line
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Nomination for deletion of Template:Infobox line
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title: User talk:Melkom


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Lists of UK Singles Downloads Chart number ones

This is a list of the number-one singles of the UK Singles Downloads Chart.

 * List of UK Singles Downloads Chart number ones of the 2000s
 * List of UK Singles Downloads Chart number ones of the 2010s
 * List of UK Singles Downloads Chart number ones of the 2020s


text:
User talk:CTR1874

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Image authenticity
The image on file is fraudulent and clearly photoshopped. I would suggest more focus being applied in the area of observation skills, and less in poor quality propaganda 49.182.82.54 (talk) 05:19, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:CTR1874


text:
USS Ellis (DD-154)

USS Ellis (DD–154) was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was reclassified AG-115 on 30 June 1945. She was named for Chief Yeoman George Henry Ellis.

Ellis was launched on 30 November 1918 by William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia, sponsored by Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury. The destroyer was commissioned on 7 June 1919.

Service history
Ellis's first cruise, between 16 June and 15 August 1919, was to the Black Sea, carrying United States Food Administration officials for famine relief work, and British and American military officers between Constantinople, Turkey; Varna, Bulgaria; and Batum, Georgia. She returned to a year of exercises on the east coast and in the Caribbean Sea. From 29 September 1920 to 16 March 1921 she was in reserve at Charleston. She sailed north to fire test torpedoes off Newport, lay again at Charleston from October 1921 through February 1922. On 27 February she entered Philadelphia Navy Yard, where she was out of commission from 17 June 1922 to 1 May 1930.

Ellis served with the Scouting Fleet along the east coast, off Panama and Cuba, and from March 1932 through October in exercises between San Diego and San Francisco. She was in rotating reserve at Norfolk and Boston in 1932 and 1933. In April 1933, she searched for USS Akron (ZRS-4), and found wreckage off the New Jersey coast. Based on New York through the summer of 1933, she escorted the Presidential yacht along the New England coast to Campobello, New Brunswick, where on 1 July she embarked President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his party, transferring them to the cruiser USS Indianapolis (CA-35). She escorted Indianapolis to Annapolis, where the president again visited Ellis on 4 July. She also trained members of the Naval Reserve before departing New York 8 September for Key West.

The next year, Ellis cruised to Cuba, again escorted the president, this time in a private yacht, and on 24 October 1934 passed through the Panama Canal to be based on San Diego. Training operations took her to Alaska and Hawaii during the next year and a half, and on 7 June 1936 she returned to Miami for east coast reserve training duty until decommissioned at Philadelphia on 16 December 1936.

World War II
Ellis was recommissioned on 16 October 1939, and from her bases at Charleston and Norfolk, patrolled the east coast concentrating on anti-submarine warfare. Between 22 June and 21 July 1941, she sailed from Newport to escort transports carrying the first Marines to the occupation of Iceland, and a month later sailed to base at Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland for escort duty to Iceland and to mid-ocean rendezvous.

Returning at intervals to Boston for replenishment and repairs, she served thus until March 1942, when her operations were extended to the Virgin Islands. She escorted coastal convoys, on 15 July 1942 attacking a submarine off Cape Hatteras. From October 1942, she also guarded convoy routes between Trinidad and Brazil, and in March 1943 was assigned to transatlantic convoys.

On 12 October 1942, Ellis picked up the only German survivor of GERMAN SUBMARINE U-512, Matrosengefreiter Franz Machen who had been floating on a raft for ten days, and held him in captivity.

Between 20 March 1943 and 25 June, Ellis escorted two top priority tanker convoys with Aruba oil for North Africa, then troop transports to Derry. From August to November, she twice guarded escort carriers ferrying Army planes to Ireland and North Africa. Ellis escorted SS Abraham Lincoln to the Azores in January 1944, and while on patrol there rescued two downed British pilots. Returning to North African convoy duty, Ellis made two voyages from the east coast to Casablanca, Algiers, and Bizerte between February and June. On 11 May, off Bizerte, she was attacked by four bombers, three of which she had a hand in shooting down, and drove the fourth away.

The remainder of the war, Ellis guarded carriers training pilots, experimented with torpedo aircraft, twice made escort voyages to Recife, Brazil. She was decommissioned at Norfolk on 31 October 1945 and sold on 20 June 1947.

Awards
Ellis received one battle star for World War II service.

title: USS Ellis (DD-154)


text:
User:Kessler

Intro
My name is Jack Kessler. My primary interests are digital information, France, and globalization. Interests in the recent past have included geology, J.S. Bach, and Homer. The more distant past gets to politics, old maps, London, Spain, and Tamil Nadu. Earlier than that gets to The Sixties, and George Carlin figured nobody who was there remembers those... :-O

I've formally studied philosophy and city planning and "library and information studies". During the 1990s I was an Internet consultant, speaking / teaching / writing about the then-new Internet. Now I mostly just write about it. I have lived in California and New England, and in the UK, France, and Spain. For 15 years I was in business, traveling annually to my favorite part of the world, which was then and still is southern India.

Libraries interest me very much, particularly the application of older print library paradigms to the newer online digital information techniques, and whether that works or not: the Internet has needed a good "index" for a long time, now, and it seems to me that "Wikipedia" might be one.

email: [mailto:kessler@well.com kessler@well.com]

W3: www.fyifrance.com

Favorite Quotes
Current political:

 * "[This Constitution] can only end in Despotism... when the people shall become so corrupted as to need despotic Government, being incapable of any other..." -- Ben Franklin, at the close of the Constitutional Convention, 1787.

 * "They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety." -- Ben again, motto of An historical review of the constitution and government of Pennsylvania from its origin (1759) -- aka "The price of liberty is eternal vigilance", which I once tried to hunt down and had to conclude it is apocryphal, but still true.

 * "The American Republic will endure, until politicians realize they can bribe the people with their own money." -- Tocqueville.

General life-enhancing:

 * Online, adj.: The idea that a human being should always be accessible to a computer.

Lady Ada's First Rule of Cybernetic Entymology:

 * There's always one more bug...

Shortcuts
WP:CITET Citation formats -- Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles/Generic citation

WP:COPYEDIT

Category:Wikipedia articles needing copy edit

WP:ARCHIVE

WP:RFC

WP:HOI

Portal:France

title: User:Kessler


text:
Touffreville

Touffreville may refer to the following communes in France, in the region Normandy:

 * Touffreville, Eure, in the Eure département
 * Touffreville-la-Cable, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Touffreville-la-Corbeline, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Touffreville-sur-Eu, in the Seine-Maritime département

See also
 * Touffréville, in the Calvados département

title: Touffreville


text:
Sirenia (band)

Sirenia is a Norwegian gothic metal band from Stavanger, founded in 2001 by Morten Veland.

The band uses melodic instrumentals, synthesizers, and distorted guitars with female vocals, male death vocals, clean male vocals, a choir, and violins. The lyrics are concerned with human existence, emotion, and mental states.

2001–2003: Formation and At Sixes and Sevens
In January 2001, Veland, a founding member of Tristania left the band, within a few weeks Veland had a new band along with three other members. He had written material for Tristania's next release but because of the split, he used it towards Sirenia's debut album At Sixes and Sevens with other new material written for it as well. The band entered the studio by November or December 2001. The band failed to find a suitable singer prior to recording in France, so they hired a session female singer named Fabienne Gondamin.

2004–2007: An Elixir for Existence and Nine Destinies and a Downfall
On the subsequent tour Fabienne Gondamin was replaced by Henriette Bordvik, with whom the band recorded the album An Elixir for Existence and the EP Sirenian Shores.

The band signed with Nuclear Blast in May 2005.

In November 2005, Henriette Bordvik left the band, citing personal reasons.

In 2007 they released a third album – Nine Destinies and a Downfall. The album features new singer, Monika Pedersen from Denmark, who joined the band in April 2006, and new guitarist Bjørnar Landa (from Artifact), who joined the band during the recording.

On 5 November 2007 Monika Pedersen quit the band over musical disagreements. Her departure caused Sirenia to pull out of a planned European tour with Therion.

2008–2011: The 13th Floor and The Enigma of Life
Sirenia began looking for a new singer in November 2007. The process in finding their newest member took about six months. About 500 applied, at the end they wanted to find someone from the EU region for practical reasons. On 9 April 2008 Sirenia announced Spanish X Factor contestant Ailyn as their new female vocalist.

On 19 May 2008 it was announced that Bjørnar Landa left the band in order to have more time for his family and studies. He was replaced by Michael S. Krumins (Green Carnation).

On 12 June 2008 Sirenia announced that for the first time in their career, they had decided to work with a bass player for their live shows. The session bass player will be Kristian Olav Torp.

Sirenia started recording their fourth album in July 2008. It was recorded in Sound Suite Studios, France and Stargoth Studios, Norway. The mixing and mastering took place in Antfarm Studios, Denmark with Tue Madsen. The album, called The 13th Floor, was completed in September and the release date was 23 January 2009. The album features guest appearances by Jan Kenneth Barkved. The first single, "The Path to Decay", was released on 26 December 2008 as a digital download.

On 8 July 2010, the band announced that they started recording a new album. It was finished in November, and will be titled The Enigma of Life. It was released on 21 January 2011.

The first single, "The End of It All", was released on 21 December 2010 as a digital download.

On 19 April 2011, Michael left Sirenia to put in more time on his own bands and projects. Jan Erik Soltvedt joined the band and filled in as the lead guitarist. Soltvedt accompanied Sirenia on their American and European tours in 2011, including the Gallus Sonorus Musicallis festival (GSM Fest) held in June 2011 in Barcelos, Portugal, and the Wacken Festival in Germany, held in August.

On 16 July 2011, and as one of their most important performances of that year, was held at the famous heavy metal festival Masters of Rock, which takes place annually in the city of Vizovice, Czech Republic. Previously, their first and only participation dates from 2008.

By the end of July and the beginning of August 2011, Sirenia made their second Latin American tour, which took them back to countries such as Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and for the first time to Peru and Chile in October.

2012–2016: Perils of the Deep Blue, The Seventh Life Path and Ailyn's departure
On 16 October 2012 Sirenia announced that they have entered the studio to record their next album for an early 2013 release. The band on their sixth album, "The progress on the new album is going very well — we feel confident that the sixth Sirenia album will have some nice surprises up its sleeve, as we've been determined to make this record somewhat different from the previous two albums".

On 13 April 2013 the band announced the title of their album on their Facebook page: Perils of the Deep Blue. Their single "Seven Widows Weep" was released through Nuclear Blast on 12 May 2013. On 3 June 2013, the official music video of the song was released. It was filmed in April of the same year in Serbia by iCODE Team.

Perils of the Deep Blue represented the first Sirenia album in US charts, such as the Billboard Hard Rock Albums and the Heatseekers Albums.

The band announced they had returned to Napalm Records on 3 April 2014 with a pending album release for early 2015. On 10 February 2015 Sirenia announced the title of their next record called The Seventh Life Path. On 12 March 2015 the band announced on their Facebook page that Nightwatcher Films has signed Sirenia for the use of their song "Ducere Me In Lucem" of Perils of the Deep Blue for its soundtrack. The song will come out in the opening title sequence of a film called Abandoned Dead penned for release January 2016.

On 5 July 2016 Sirenia announced that after 8 years they were parting ways in good terms with longtime vocalist Ailyn but that the work with the upcoming album will proceed as normal. The same day, Ailyn released a statement disputing the bands claim, saying that the decision was not hers and she was not a part of it.

2016–2020: Dim Days of Dolor, new singer and Arcane Astral Aeons
On 29 August 2016 Sirenia revealed eighth full-length album Dim Days of Dolor before their official announcement of their new singer.

On 8 September 2016 Sirenia announced their new singer Emmanuelle Zoldan, a French mezzo-soprano singer from Aix-en-Provence who has worked with Sirenia for 13 years and is part of The Sirenian Choir. She has contributed to lead vocals before on the Sirenian Shores EP cover of "First We Take Manhattan" by Leonard Cohen.

Sirenia toured with Arkona and MindMaze in May 2017 for their debut in the United States and Canada.

In October 2017 before a European tour, French guitarist Nils Courbaron unexpectedly was invited to participate in the live performances replacing Jan Erik Soltvedt. In November, longtime drummer Jonathan Pérez left the band and joined Green Carnation. Consequently, Sirenia temporarily again included Austrian drummer Roland Navratil, a live member who had performed with the band before.

The band returned to North America to join various bands on the heavy metal cruise, 70000 Tons of Metal for two shows on 2 and 3 February 2018.

Sirenia toured North America for the second time with Canadian metal band Threat Signal in April 2018, with support from Valinor Excelsior, Graveshadow, Niviane and Dire Peril.

On 14 August 2018, Sirenia had revealed the title of their ninth studio album Arcane Astral Aeons, along with a European tour in the fall. The album was released 26 October of the same year.

A lyric video was made for the single "Love Like Cyanide" released on 21 September 2018. The song features a guest appearance by Yannis Papadopoulos from Finnish band Beast in Black. On 12 October, "Into the Night" was released as the second single, followed by a music video. Both videos were directed by Swedish filmmaker and musician Owe Lingvall.

In the fall of 2019, Sirenia went an extensive European tour with bands such as Leaves' Eyes, Forever Still and Lost in Grey. During the tour, a new official member was introduced, British drummer Michael Brush from Magic Kingdom.

2020–present: Riddles, Ruins & Revelations and 1977
On 8 December 2020, Sirenia announced the title of their tenth studio album Riddles, Ruins & Revelations, with the release of their first single off of the album, "Addiction No. 1". The album was released on 12 February 2021. The second single off of the album, "We Come to Ruins", was released on 12 January 2021. On 10 February 2021, the band released their third single off of the album which is a cover of Desireless' "Voyage, voyage". The tenth album was a remarkable stylistic shift for Sirenia, adding synth-pop to their usual symphonic metal musical style, opting for a more commercial bet.

On 22 March 2023, the band simultaneously announced the first single which is a cover of English singer Tanita Tikaram's "Twist in My Sobriety". It is the first single that was featured on the eleventh studio album, 1977, which was released on 26 May 2023. The other two singles were "Deadlight" and "Wintry Heart". The album followed in the same vein as the previous Riddles, Ruins & Revelations, but with a style influenced by the rock bands of the 70s-80s.

Extended plays

 * Sirenian Shores (2004)

Singles and promo singles

 * "My Mind's Eye" (2007)
 * "The Path to Decay" (2009)
 * "The End of It All" (2011)
 * "Seven Widows Weep" (2013)
 * "Once My Light" (2015)
 * "The 12th Hour" (2016)
 * "Dim Days of Dolor" (2016)
 * "Love Like Cyanide" (2018)
 * "Into the Night" (2018)
 * "Addiction No. 1" (2020)
 * "We Come to Ruins" (2021)
 * "Voyage, voyage" (2021, Desireless cover)
 * "Twist in My Sobriety" (2023, Tanita Tikaram cover)

Current members

 * Morten Veland – guitars, harsh vocals, other instruments on studio (2001–present), live bass (2018–2020)
 * Emmanuelle Zoldan – female vocals (2016–present), choir on studio (2003–present)

Former members

 * Kristian Gundersen – guitars and clean vocals (live only) (2001–2004)
 * Henriette Bordvik – female vocals (2003–2005)
 * Monika Pedersen – female vocals (2006–2007)
 * Michael S. Krumins – guitars and harsh vocals (live only) (2008–2011)
 * Ailyn – female vocals (2008–2016)

Live members

 * Nils Courbaron – guitars (2018–present)
 * Michael Brush – drums (2018–present)

Former live members

 * Bjørnar Landa – guitars (2004–2008)
 * Kristian Olav Torp – bass (2008)
 * Roland Navratil – drums (2004–2005, 2009, 2017)
 * Jonathan A. Perez – drums (2003–2017)
 * Jan Erik Soltvedt – guitars (2011–2020)

The Sirenian Choir

 * Damien Surian – choir on studio (2001–present)
 * Mathieu Landry – choir on studio (2003–present)
 * Emilie Bernou – choir on studio (2012–present)

Former Sirenian Choir members

 * Johanna Giraud – sirenian choir (2001–2004)
 * Hubert Piazzola – sirenian choir (2001–2004)
 * Emilie Lesbros – sirenian choir (2001–2010)
 * Sandrine Gouttebel – sirenian choir (2003–2010)

Session members

 * Fabienne Gondamin – vocals (2001–2002)
 * Pete Johansen – violin (2001–2002)
 * Anne Verdot – violin (2003–2004)
 * Jan Kenneth Barkved – clean vocals (2001–2002, 2008; died 2009)
 * Stephanie Valentin – violin (2008–2010, 2018)
 * Joakim Næss – clean vocals (2012–2016, 2021)

title: Sirenia (band)


text: User talk:68.93.185.149

title: User talk:68.93.185.149


text:
User talk:Lilcrabbygal

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Image copyright
You will need to put an image copyright tag on Image:Ruggie1 tr.jpg and Image:Bfgnbigred2.jpg, or they will be deleted as potential  copyright violation. Thue | talk 16:32, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Castdarkoracle.jpg
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The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images on Wikipedia is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. You can get help on image copyright tagging from Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. --OrphanBot 09:04, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

North Wollongong Photo
Thanks for the photo of North Wollongong railway station! (JROBBO 10:20, 30 May 2006 (UTC))

~ you're welcome :)

Survey Invitation
Hi there, I am a research student from the National University of Singapore and I wish to invite you to do an online survey about Wikipedia. To compensate you for your time, I am offering a reward of USD$10, either to you or as a donation to the Wikimedia Foundation. For more information, please go to the research home page. Thank you. --WikiInquirer 18:45, 9 March 2007 (UTC)talk to me

File source problem with File:Bfgnbigred2.jpg
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title: User talk:Lilcrabbygal


text:
Makkal Vizhippunarvu Iyakkam

Makkal Vizhippunarvu Iyakkam (மக்கள் விழிப்புணர்வ இயக்கம், "Popular Awareness Union") is a political party in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was founded in 1999.

title: Makkal Vizhippunarvu Iyakkam


text:
Warriors of the Wasteland

"Warriors of the Wasteland" is the sixth single by English pop band Frankie Goes to Hollywood. Released on 10 November 1986 as the second single from their album Liverpool, it stalled at number 19 in the UK Singles Chart (making it the group's first UK hit not to go Top Five), number 7 in Germany and number 13 in Switzerland.

Background
Having already referenced Dylan Thomas in "Rage Hard", for "Warriors of the Wasteland" Holly Johnson turned to T. S. Eliot for inspiration, citing Eliot's The Waste Land poem, Mad Max 2, and the 1979 film, The Warriors as inspirations.

Johnson stated to No. 1 magazine the song was of social inequality saying, "Warriors implies fighting tribal heroes. It is political in that it shows up the divide between those who have and those who have not. Society is designed to keep that division as wide as possible. Rich people and corporate businesses have got it worked out so they launder money and avoid tax while the education system keep a type of ignorance going. I believe in the conspiracy theory, the well to do pay for a better education and always keep control."

The single remix of the song is different in contrast to the album version. The album version is longer, has a extended atmospheric intro which hits a more aggressive metal sound with drums and prominent guitar riffs, while the single version has a more dance oriented groove. The remix was made by Trevor Horn, who produced their earliest releases.

Critical reception
Smash Hits described "Warriors of the Wasteland" as, "the Liverpool louts having lost their winning formula and 'Warriors (Of The Wasteland)' having none of the tongue-in-cheek humour or honest-to-goodness sleaze of earlier efforts. In fact, it sounds like they’ve been listening to too many Iron Maiden records." James Brown of Sounds also gave a negative review calling the song "a predictable piece of rock junk" which he believed showed how Frankie Goes to Hollywood had become "appallingly tame and useless" and "so bloody obviously boring that they have resorted to making competent rock records".

Billboard said of it that "art-rock megaproduction waxes critical of society's inequalities." Record Mirror praised the song saying, "Now they’re trying to be a rock band. This is very amusing and even danceable — if you’ve got a steady pulse — but what does it all mean?"

Chart performance
Despite the promotion, poor record sales caused "Warriors of the Wasteland" to stall at number 19 in the UK Singles Chart which made it Frankie Goes to Hollywood's first single in the UK to not enter the Top 5. It reached no higher than number 7 in Germany for two weeks, number 12 in Ireland and number 13 in Switzerland.

Track listing
All discographical information pertains to UK releases only unless noted.

 * 7": ZTT / ZTAS 25
 * 1) "Warriors of the Wasteland" (Twelve Wild Disciples mix edit) – 3:55
 * 2) "Warriors (Of the Wasteland)" – 5:00
 * The single version (A-side) is a remix by Trevor Horn, recreated digitally using samples and synths. The AA-side is the album version, with the spoken intro to "Rage Hard" tagged onto the end. The titles were swapped on most overseas releases, thus causing confusion on most fansites.

 * 12": ZTT / 12 ZTAS 25
 * 1) "Warriors" (Twelve Wild Disciples mix) – 9:45
 * 2) "Warriors" (instrumental) [unlisted] – 4:50
 * 3) "Warriors" (return) – 1:22
 * 4) "Warriors" (end) – 3:29

 * As with many ZTT releases, unlisted tracks have created confusion as to which track has which title. "Warriors" (return) can be taken to be the full 6:12 instrumental track, or just the 1:22 reprise. The 2014 digital reissue labelled both pieces as "Warriors" (return).
 * "Warriors" (end) began life as an unreleased track called "Pocket Vibrator".
 * On the sleeve notes to this release, producer Trevor Horn noted: "On Liverpool the members of Frankie Goes to Hollywood played "Warriors" with their own notoriously fair hands ... This so-called 12" is in fact a total cheat ... No-one played anything, in any orthodox sense. It was all done by computers, very powerful computers ... juggling and organising pre-recorded sounds."

 * 12": ZTT / 12 ZTAX 25
 * 1) "Warriors" (Turn of the Knife mix) – 8:09
 * 2) "Warriors" (instrumental) [unlisted] – 4:50
 * 3) "Warriors" (return) – 1:22
 * 4) "Warriors" (end) – 3:29

"Heavy Mental"
 * 12": ZTT / 12 ZTAK 25
 * 1) "Warriors" (attack mix) – 6:30
 * 2) "Warriors" (instrumental) [unlisted] – 4:50
 * 3) "Warriors" (return) – 1:22
 * 4) "Warriors" (end) – 3:29
 * The "Attack" mix featured additional guitar parts by Gary Moore. A 7" edited version of this track also exists on white label.

 * 12": Island / 0-96799 United States
 * 1) "Warriors of the Wasteland" (Twelve Wild Disciples mix) – 9:42
 * 2) "Warriors of the Wasteland" (Turn of the Knife mix) – 8:11

"Warriors" (compacted)
 * CD: ZTT / ZCID 25
 * 1) "Warriors" (introduction) – 2:25
 * 2) "Warriors" (Twelve Wild Disciples mix) – 9:45
 * 3) "Warriors of the Wasteland" [fewer lyrics] – 5:02
 * 4) "Warriors (Of the Wasteland)" – 3:57
 * 5) "Warriors" (Monopoly Re-solution) ['rats in a cage'] – 2:21

 * The CD is one track without a title list, and the titles above are for convenience of reference, apart from "Warriors" (Twelve Wild Disciples) and "Warriors (Of the Wasteland)".
 * "Introduction" starts with various vocal sounds, then sped-up samples re-edited, then slowed down samples, moving into what sounds like the "return" mix and some re-edited instrumental bits.
 * "Twelve Wild Disciples" is the first 12" mix – a reconstructed version with additional keyboards.
 * The "fewer lyrics" version is the album version with verse lyrics missing.
 * "Warriors (Of the Wasteland)" sounds similar to Twelve Wild Disciples, but a 7" edit.
 * "Monopoly Re-solution" is a stand-alone track.

"Warriors" (compacted) was re-released on the Sexmix compilation in 2012.

"Warriors" (cassetted)
 * MC: ZTT / CTIS 25

 * 1) "A Matter of Life and Death" – 0:04
 * 2) "Warriors of the Wasteland" [instrumental] – 2:59
 * 3) "Warriors (Of the Wasteland)" [7" version] – 3:09
 * 4) "Warriors" (Twelve Wild Disciples) [instrumental] – 8:32
 * 5) "we're rats" [various noises from 'Introduced'] – 0:43
 * 6) "Warriors" [excerpts from 'Return'] – 1:27
 * 7) "Warriors" (Monopoly Re-solution) ['rats in a cage'] – 3:03

 * As with the CD single, no individual tracks are listed on the sleeve, which simply states "... featuring Warriors (Twelve Wild Disciples mix) and a phenomenon of megabytes". The latter phrase, which does not specifically refer to any tracks in the cassette, is a ZTT coinage meaning "remix" or "collection of remixes" (i.e. remix album), and as such it was also used as a subtitle for The Art of the 12", a 2011 2-CD release featuring a selection of classic ZTT remixes, two more volumes of which followed in 2012 and 2014.
 * The opening voiceover and the instrumental version of the "Twelve Wild Disciples" mix were unique to this cassette, until CTIS25 was finally released on CD in 2011 as part of the Liverpool deluxe edition.

 * Digital download: ZTT
 * 1) "Warriors of the Wasteland" (7" A-side) – 5:02
 * 2) "Warriors of the Wasteland" (Twelve Wild Disciples mix) – 9:45
 * 3) "Warriors of the Wasteland" (Turn of the Knife mix) – 8:10
 * 4) "Warriors of the Wasteland" (Attack mix) – 6:32
 * 5) "Warriors of the Wasteland" (return) – 6:18
 * 6) "Warriors of the Wasteland" (end) – 3:36
 * 7) "Warriors (Of the Wasteland)" (7" B-side) – 3:56

 * Track 1 is actually the "fewer lyrics" version.

title: Warriors of the Wasteland


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Albums/Featured Albums Project

Issue with inactivity of the featured album project
I have noticed that Revolver (The Beatles, 1966 release) has been the featured album project for quite some time now. This would please me if the article had been enhancing — however, this does not appear to be the case. Judging by the number of edits that have been made in the history, it seems as though a collaboration on the article had never really commenced. The current five-hundredth edit was edited on the date of August 22 2002; had a collaboration been occurring, I am almost certain that the five-hundredth edit would not have taken place three and a half years ago. My proposal is simple: change the standards of the featured album project. The inactivity taking place in the article—also evident by the past fifty edits that were made (the fiftieth being made on September 20 2005)—has left a dead branch for other album articles that could have been significantly improved within that time period. It disappoints me so. The album project must be changed or even removed from Wikipedia if its inactivity is as great as it currently stands. —Hollow Wilerding. . . (talk) 01:54, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Proposing a change seems quite reasonable to me. Further, albums by bands that do not have a number of editors actively interested in them might be good choices.  The Beatles albums may not be ones in which the whole project needs to pay special attention to.  Jkelly 02:57, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

 * By all means, reorganize however you like. I had hoped this would take off, but it never did, so clearly a new proposal is necessary. Tuf-Kat 05:25, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I have also posted this message at the talk page on WikiProject Albums. Now for the infamous awkward part: how do I actually change the featured album in the template that appears on every album article talk page? —Hollow Wilerding . . . (talk) 13:56, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Go to Template:Album and edit away. Tuf-Kat

 * Am I allowed to add any name to the "current collaboration" section of the box or is there an election that must take place first? —Hollow Wilerding . . . (talk) 21:16, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, in the long run, there ought to be a process of some kind to decide the collaboration, but I don't think there's anything wrong with being bold and picking one arbitrarily to help get things started. Tuf-Kat 23:21, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. I do hope no one complains about my selection though. —Hollow Wilerding . . . (talk) 17:39, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Are you freaking kidding me? A Gwen Stefani album over so many other worthy, classic candidates?!? Use a little NPOV next time. --Cjmarsicano 19:41, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I figured someone would complain as much. No, you see, that's actually the problem: too many "classic" albums are receiving the treatment of article enhancement. A mainstream album should at least deserve the opportunity to be upgraded. So come on, let this collaboration run for, let's say, at least two weeks? I think it would be fair. —Hollow Wilerding . . . (talk) 20:12, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, first off, there needs to be references and sources indicated on the article. At the moment, the album is just a bunch of lists and to reach featured article status, the only lists that should be there are the track listing and maybe the musical personnel (which on this album is probably quite extensive). If you really think this album is worthy, I highly suggest writing more PARAGRAPHS about the album - how it was made, the history behind it, whatever impact (other than just sales - that means little here) it had, and so forth.  Go to my user page, check a lot of the albums that I've written about on here, so that you can get an idea of what the Gwen album entry needs. --Cjmarsicano 21:09, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The CotW ought to include anything of general notability, whether it's silly pop or a legendary recording. We ought to include some of each, so I think is entirely reasonable. Tuf-Kat 23:08, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Assessment of these articles for WP 1.0
Hi, I've begun assessing these articles for the WP1.0 project, with a partial listing of assessments now here. I wanted to make a couple of general points:
 * 1) The assessments are largely based on my rough judgement of layout, pictures, format, and length of content; it's hard for me to judge content, unless the language is atrocious.  I'm also not an expert in this field, although I am familiar with most of the albums, so please take a look at my assessments - if you disagree with any please feel free to comment, or change the assessment (along with an explanation of reasons, if possible).
 * 2) Most of the articles do not list any references, and that limits their use. Most of these articles contain large nos. of facts, where did all this information come from?  With major bands like the Beatles, there must be many well-researched books that can serve as sources of information, surely? In most longer articles, an extra picture or two (besides the standard cover picture) would also be nice, for example a concert promoting the album, the (different) cover used in France, or fans lining up to buy the album, if any of these are available.

I will try to complete the assessments soon. Thanks a lot for putting this list together, it's a great help! Walkerma 05:14, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Since there is no Amount in the WikiProject Albums, How many reviews are good?
Since there is no Amount in the WikiProject Albums guidelines, How many reviews are good? For example:
 * "The Dillinger Escape Plan - Miss Machine
 * Albumbox may need more reviews, with rating directly on it."
 * There are four with direct ratings on there...How much is "more"? I just want to create the best type of articles I can for Wikipedia, and make them WikiProject Albums compliant. Antmusic 18:25, 13 March 2007 (UTC)


text: Template:Canada class 2

title: Template:Canada class 2


text:
Phantom Planet (album)

Phantom Planet is the third album by the rock band Phantom Planet, released on January 6, 2004. The album marked a change in the band's sound, shifting from radio-friendly pop rock to garage rock, comparable to the sound of the Strokes. Produced by Dave Fridmann, it is their first album to feature drummer Jeff Conrad (ex-Big City Rock).

During the recording of the album, drummer and co-founder Jason Schwartzman left the band to pursue his acting career.

The music video for album's single, "Big Brat" cuts between scenes of an urban performance of the song to the band shooting a low budget zombie film in the relative location. The actual zombie film being shot was used as an alternate music video for the song available to fans on the band's website.

Recording and production
The album was Phantom Planet's first without drummer Jason Schwartzman, who announced midway through the sessions that he was leaving to pursue acting full-time. "He finally made the adult decision between the two sides of him," Greenwald said of his friend, with whom he co-founded the group at age thirteen. "It was a little strange at first, but there's no bad blood. We're still best friends." Schwartzman, the star of several films, including Rushmore, The Darjeeling Limited, Funny People, and television shows like Bored to Death, can be heard on half the album's tracks, while the rest feature new drummer Jeff Conrad.

Songs
The song "By the Bed" is about Alex's grandmother, and what she told him on her deathbed, and the song "Jabberjaw" deals with anger and frustration.

Alex Greenwald commented on "Jabberjaw" in Nylon magazine: There are references to this one girl- that's what "Jabberjaw" is about. She wouldn't stop complaining about how a guest spot on a TV show was going to ruin her and how she didn't want to turn out like me- credibility ruined by being in a Gap commercial. It infuriated me. And I drove home livid and wrote an angry song about it.

Musicians
Phantom Planet
 * Alex Greenwald – lead vocals, guitar, bass
 * Sam Farrar – bass guitar, backing vocals, guitar, drums (tracks 3 and 8)
 * Jacques Brautbar – rhythm guitar, bass, backing vocals
 * Darren Robinson – lead guitar
 * Jason Schwartzman – drums (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 and 9)
 * Jeff Conrad – drums (tracks 5, 10 and 11)

Additional musicians
 * Dean Keller – saxophone on "Big Brat" and "You're Not Welcome Here"
 * Bill Racine – additional saxophone on "Big Brat"

Production

 * Dave Fridmann – producer
 * Rob Bronco – artwork
 * Skullhead & Clark, Brandy Flower – artwork
 * Mike Myerburg – photography

title: Phantom Planet (album)


text:
Lovegod

Lovegod is the second studio album by the Soup Dragons, released in 1990. Four songs from the album were released as singles—"Backwards Dog", "Crotch Deep Trash", "Mother Universe" and "I'm Free". The latter, a cover of a Rolling Stones cut from their 1965 album Out of Our Heads, made the top 5 in the UK charts. First pressings did not include "I'm Free", but it was subsequently placed first on the re-release, which also dates to 1990.

The album peaked at No. 7 on the UK Albums Chart. It peaked at No. 88 on the Billboard 200. The video for "I'm Free" made it to the top spot on MTV's most requested list.

Critical reception
Trouser Press called the album "an effective, accessible (if ultimately tedious) trip of house-geared rhythms, semi-firm melodies and singer/guitarist/programmer Sean Dickson’s obviously mind-expanded lyrics." Spin deemed it "well-crafted danceable rock with immaculate production."

Track listing
All songs by Sean Dickson except where noted.
 * 1) "I'm Free" (featuring Junior Reid) (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards) – 3:58
 * 2) "Mother Universe" – 3:43
 * 3) "Backwards Dog" – 2:17
 * 4) "Softly" – 2:55
 * 5) "Drive the Pain" – 2:20
 * 6) "Lovegod" – 3:38
 * 7) "Dream-E-Forever" – 2:14
 * 8) "Sweetmeat" – 4:22
 * 9) "Kiss the Gun" – 2:31
 * 10) "Love You to Death" – 2:40
 * 11) "Beauty Freak" – 3:07
 * 12) "Lovegod Dub" – 4:14
 * 13) "Crotch Deep Trash" – 2:56

Personnel
The Soup Dragons
 * Sean Dickson – vocals, guitar
 * Jim McCullough – backing vocals, guitar
 * Sushil K. Dade – bass guitar
 * Paul Quinn – drums, percussion

title: Lovegod


text:
Category:Scottish athletes

 * Athletes from Scotland.

title: Category:Scottish athletes


text:
The Wilderness Society (Australia)

The Wilderness Society is an Australian, community-based, not-for-profit non-governmental environmental advocacy organisation.

The society is organized as a public company limited by guarantee. It has separately incorporated campaign centres, passed in the capital of each Australian state (plus Launceston and Newcastle). Most campaign centres are separately incorporated and operate as membership organizations: The Wilderness Society Newcastle Incorporated, The Wilderness Society (South Australia) Inc, The Wilderness Society (Tasmania) Inc, The Wilderness Society Victoria Inc, and The Wilderness Society WA Inc.

History
The Wilderness Society was formed initially as the Tasmanian Wilderness Society (TWS) and was transition from the South West Tasmania Action Committee.

The group was originally established in 1976 from the members of the Lake Pedder Action Committee and the South West Tasmania Action Committee Along with the United Tasmania Group, they had protested against the earlier flooding of Lake Pedder. The group already had established interstate branches as the South West Tasmania Action Committee (in NSW branch the word "Action" was not included), so it was already a nationwide organisation. Significantly, all but four of the twenty-three people attending the inaugural meeting of the Tasmanian Wilderness Society in 1976 were members of the United Tasmania Group.

The campaign to save the Franklin River took seven years, 1976-83. The Tasmanian Wilderness Society played a key role. On 1 July 1981, works were stopped on the Franklin Dam when the High Court ruled that, in upholding the World Heritage Convention, Labor Prime Minister Bob Hawke’s government could overrule Tasmanian premier Robin Gray. Following the success of the campaign against the Franklin Dam, and the national approach being more important due to other issues interstate, it became known as The Wilderness Society.

In the year 2005, Tasmanian forestry business Gunns brought a litigation case against the group in the Melbourne Supreme Court, in a case dubbed the "Gunns 20", claiming that the activities of environmental activists had damaged Gunns' profits. Gunns claimed $3.5 million from the Wilderness Society, but in March 2009, Gunns was ordered to pay the Wilderness Society $350,000 in damages and to cease the action.

Campaigns
The Wilderness Society spent considerable energy in its first decades of existence arguing that wilderness was a specific quality in parts of Australia's environment that was vital to preserve for future generations. The political response in most states of Australia is that there are now wilderness inventories and acknowledgement of areas of wilderness.

The Wilderness Society's campaigns have included:
 * the Franklin river (Franklin Dam controversy)
 * stopping logging in old growth forests
 * preventing destruction of endangered species habitats;
 * protecting Queensland's Wild Rivers and Cape York Peninsula;
 * nationwide campaign to mitigate the effects of climate change keep fossil fuels in the ground;
 * the Kimberley Campaign; as part of its long-running campaign against a proposal to industrialise the James Price Point headland near Broome, the organisation presented a concert on 5 October 2012. The concert featured performances from The John Butler Trio, Clare Bowditch and Missy Higgins, and a speech by the former leader of the Australian Greens and former TWS director, Dr Bob Brown.
 * since 2018 they have been focused on New Nature Laws - campaigning for strong, national nature laws and an independent watchdog agency to enforce these
 * protecting the Great Australian Bight from fossil fuel exploration and extraction, with four major oil companies abandoning plans to drill for oil in the Bight, Equinor being the latest to do so in 2020
 * On 4 May 2022, the NSW government ruled out a third coal lease site on the doorstep of Wollemi National Park. It came after tens of thousands of people signed submissions and wrote to MPs. It took a sustained effort from Wiradjuri Traditional Owners, the local community, the Wilderness Society and others
 * helping see an end to native forest logging in Victoria, which the Andrews government announced would start from 1 January 2024. It was the culmination of a decades-long campaign with other environmental groups and local communities
 * helping to protect the rivers and floodplains of the Channel Country in Queensland from fossil fuel expansion in 2023

Stance on nuclear energy
The Wilderness Society opposes nuclear energy.

Funding
Traditionally fundraising was performed through The Wilderness Society Shops. The shops were particularly popular for their calendars and posters by photographers such as Peter Dombrovskis and Olegas Truchanas, and were also central locations for the public to make donations and for members to meet.

Since the rise of the internet, fundraising has increasingly become centralised around internet based activities, such as the TWS website, online store and extensive email lists, although it also still contacts supporters through regular postal communications as well.

The Wilderness Society now raises funds through a number of sources, mainly donations, including advocacy gifts and gifts in wills (bequests), subscriptions from members, grants, sales of merchandise, and interest and other investment income.

In 2021 the Wilderness Society reported receiving $869,000 in COVID-19 relief subsidies.

Political involvement
The inaugural director of The Wilderness Society was Kevin Kiernan, followed by Norm Sanders, who was later elected to the seat of Denison in the Tasmanian Parliament in 1980 for the Australian Democrats. He was Australia's first parliamentarian to be elected on an environmental platform. Bob Brown became the director of The Wilderness Society in 1978, and with him the group increased their influence on Tasmanian politics. Brown was elected to the Tasmanian parliament in 1983 to fill the vacancy left when Sanders resigned his seat, and with the group of fellow conservationists elected subsequently, he went on to become part of the political party known as the Tasmanian Greens. Brown was later elected to represent Tasmania and the Greens in the Senate in the Federal parliament.

While The Wilderness Society has worked with the Australian Greens on certain campaigns, it is not affiliated with them or any other political party, as a politically unaligned environmental non-government organisation.

Wilderness Journal
The society publishes the Wilderness Journal, which covers a wide variety of stories about nature and people. Topics include the communities and forests of East Gippsland, a photo diary by Ben Baker of a road trip through bushfire damaged regions, a story about Marina DeBris and the ugly beauty of our trash, attempts to restore the giant kelp forests of Tasmania, and a journey into Mirning country, the coast and waters of the Great Australian Bight.

title: The Wilderness Society (Australia)


text:
Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv

Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv were three legendary brothersoften mentioned along with their sister Lybid' who, according to the Primary Chronicle, founded the city of Kyiv, which eventually became the capital of Kievan Rus'. Today, the city serves as the capital of Ukraine.

There is no precise and historically established information about the existence of the four legendary siblings and the establishment of the city of Kyiv. It has been claimed by some scholars that Kyi was also prince (knyaz) and founded the so-called Kyi dynasty, from the Slavic tribe of Polans.

Historical background
In the Primary Chronicle, which is traditionally believed to have been written by a monk of Kyiv Cave Monastery by the name of Nestor and finished in 1113, a special place is held by the legend of the foundation of Kyiv by three brothers. Nestor places those brothers onto various hills of Kyiv. Geographically, the old Kyiv is located on a higher right bank of the Dnieper, which is an extension of the Dnieper Upland, where remnants of the Church of the Tithes are located.

The Chronicle further states that there were people ("who did not know what they were saying") who considered Kyi a mere ferryman. But it later claims that Kyi, as a prince of his gens, was visiting Czargrad and received great honors from the Emperor. Dmitry Likhachov combined attestations of the Nikon Chronicle, which also recounts that Kyi with a great army marched onto Czargrad and received great honors from the Emperor. During his expedition to Constantinople, Kyi also founded a city of Kyivets on the Danube.

Nestor also names the approximate date of the assault on Kyiv by the Khazar Empire as "after the death of Kyi," which supports Boris Rybakov's hypothesis of the 6th–7th centuries. In his chronicle Nestor does not indicate the date of Kyi's death nor the existence or absence of heirs who continued to rule after his death. The chronicle does mention a meeting between local residents with the newly arrived Askold and Dir who asked them whose city Kjiv was, and received the answer that the three brothers who built it were long dead and the residents now paid tribute to the Khazars. However, the Polish historian Jan Długosz points out the Przemysł Chronicle that asserts, "after the death of Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv, their children and grandchildren who descended from them by direct lineage ruled for many years."

Text of the Primary Chronicle
The text of the legendary founding of Kyiv by the three brothers and their sister is found in the Primary Chronicle on page 9, lines 5–21. Each full sentence has been highlighted in the comparison below:

Historiographical interpretation
Many historians consider Kyi and his rule circa the 6th century to be actual history. Among such historians are Boris Rybakov, Dmitry Likhachov, Aleksey Shakhmatov, Alexander Presnyakov, Petro Tolochko, and Nataliia Polonska-Vasylenko.

The names of Kyi and his brothers have equivalents in an Armenian chronicle from the 7th century, History of Taron, by Zenob Glak. In it, Kyi and Khoryv have counterparts in brothers Kouar and Horian, while Polyans is paralleled in the Balounik district. An explanation for this can be found both in the common source (probably Scythian) of Ukrainian and Armenian legends, and in the common mythological plot used to explain the founding of the many cows that inhabit the city. The legend also has parallels in the Croatian origo gentis of five brothers and two sisters (Kloukas, Lobelos, Kosentzis, Mouchlo, Chrobatos, Touga and Bouga) from the 30th chapter of De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII (10th century), and the Bulgarian apocryphal chronicle (12th century) about the ethnogenesis of the Bulgarians. All three speak about people who migrated to a foreign land, whose leader was of the same name (Kyi in Kyiv, Chrobatos in Croats, and Slav in Bulgarians), while Kyivan and Croatian mention a sister. The female personality and number three can be found also in three daughters (youngest Libuše) of Duke Krok from Chronica Boemorum (12 century), two sons and daughter (Krakus II, Lech II, and Princess Wanda) of Krakus legendary founder of Kraków from Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae (12–13th century), and three brothers Lech, Czech, and Rus from Wielkopolska Chronicle (13th century).

Khoryv or Horiv, and his oronym Khorevytsia, some scholars related to the Croatian ethnonym of White Croats. Paščenko related his name, beside to the Croatian ethnonym, also to the solar deity Khors. Near Kyiv there is a stream where previously existed a large village named Horvatka or Hrovatka (it was destroyed in the time of Joseph Stalin), which flows into Stuhna River.

Lybid (Либідь) is the name of another tributary of the Dnipro, just south of Kyiv. As a river, Lybed' (Лыбедь) is mentioned twice in the Primary Chronicle, first on page 69.8 during the Pecheneg Siege of Kiev (968), and second on page 79.28–80.1 as the place where Vladimir the Great settled his wife Rogned' sub anno 980. In both cases, it takes the form of на Лыбеди (na Lybedi, "at/on the Lybed'"). It is unknown whether the sister was named after the river or vice versa.

Byzantine sources report that the Kyivan prince Kyi (originally Kuver) was brought up at the court of Emperor Justinian I in his youth, converted to Christianity in Constantinople, and was educated there. "He had the great honor of the king," received benefits in the Lower Danube, where he founded the "town of Kyiv", but due to resistance from local tribes could not gain a foothold there. That's why Kyi returned home, where he "laid" (probably rebuilt or moved from another city) his capital Kyiv.

According to other Byzantine testimonies, Kyi was a contemporary of Emperor Heraclius (575–641). As his contemporary John of Nicaea writes in detail, "by the power of the Holy and Life-Giving Baptism he received, he defeated all barbarians and pagans." The friendly ties of the ancient prince with the Byzantine imperial court is evidenced by the "Primary Chronicle".

Archaeological excavations
Archaeological excavations have shown that there was indeed an ancient settlement starting with the 6th century. Some speculate that Kyi was a real person, a knyaz (prince) from the tribe of the Polans. According to legend, Kyi, the eldest brother, was a Polianian Prince, and the city was named after him.

In the sixth to seventh centuries, the borders of three cultural groups of monuments converged on the Polans land — Kyiv Oblast — Prague, Penkiv and Kolochyn cultures, and in the eighth to tenth centuries — Luka-Raikovetska and Volyntsevo culture. From the very beginning, Kyiv was the center of not one, but several tribal groups.

Modern tributes
In addition to the respective hills and the river, there are Shchekavytska and Khoryva Streets in Kyiv's ancient neighborhood of Podil.

In 1982, Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv and Lybid were depicted (standing on an ancient riverboat) in a sculpture, called the Monument to the Founders of Kyiv by Vasyl Borodai, at the river-side of Navodnytsky Park. At the time of its unveiling, the Soviet authorities claimed that it was simultaneously on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the formation of the USSR, as well as the alleged "1500th anniversary" of the foundation of Kyiv in 482. Various scholars and commentators found "482" an odd attribution, as no such date is mentioned in the Primary Chronicle; historian Taras Kuzio said that 'the year 482 had no special signicance'. There was speculation that the two anniversaries were merged for the sake of convenience by the Soviet regime, to emphasise the common origins of Ukraine and Russia, and step around their many conflicts. Nevertheless, several politicians would go on to embrace 482 as the date of the legendary foundation, including former Kyivan mayor Oleksandr Omelchenko, who utilised it in order to argue the Ukrainian capital was much older than Moscow. The monument soon became iconic for the city and has been used as Kyiv's unofficial emblem. In 2001, another statue was installed at a fountain of the Maidan Nezalezhnosti.

In popular culture

 * In a 2019 episode of the satirical comedy series Servant of the People, Ukraine is in a political crisis, with several regions threatening to break away. Prime Minister Yuriy Ivanovich Chuiko (played by Stanislav Boklan) recommends President Vasily Petrovych Holoborodko (played by Volodymyr Zelenskyy) to hold an empassioned speech, referring to the common origins of all Ukrainians from when the capital was founded by Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv and their sister Lybid', to inspire everyone to reunite the country. Yuriy warns the President to correctly remember and pronounce the legendary founders' names, but then goes on to mix them up himself on live television, causing a huge political scandal.

title: Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv


text:
GNOME-DB

GNOME-DB is a database application by the GNOME community. The project aims to provide a free unified data access architecture to the GNOME project for all Unix platforms. GNOME-DB is useful for any application that accesses persistent data (not only databases, but data), since it contains a data management API.

Features
GNOME-DB has support for GObject Introspection and Vala. Starting with the 4.2 series, GNOME-DB corresponds to the libgda library. The libgnomedb library provides "widgets" that allow users to interact with data in databases. It uses the libgda generic database API, so it can use MySQL, Postgres, SQLite, etc.

GNU Data Access
GNU Data Access (GDA) is a set of plugin APIs, defined as generic as possible, so that any kind of data source can be accessed through them, to provide uniform access to different kinds of data sources (databases, information servers, mail spools, etc.). Similar to Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) or Java Database Connectivity (JDBC), GNU Data Access is a wrapper but with more features to access several database engines. GNU Data Access has been developed as a complete architecture that provides everything required to access data sources.

Libgda is mainly a database and a data abstraction layer. It is a library that implements the interfaces defined by the GDA architecture, for both the client and the server parts. It additionally provides a bunch of tools to help with the development and the management of data sources via the GDA APIs. Libgda was part of the GNOME-DB project but has been separated from it to allow non-GNOME applications to be developed based on it.

The libgda library is released under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), which allows for commercial applications to be developed based on libgda. Its command-line and UI tools are under the GNU General Public License (GPL).

Libgda is a (relatively small) database access library:
 * features a metadata extractor (to know all about database objects in a common way)
 * comes with an SQL console application (like mysql, psql or sqlite3 consoles)
 * Libgda is coded in C, depends on GLib (and integrates with it), and LibXML2.
 * Libgda's UI extension depends on GTK+
 * Libgda's graphical tools depend on GTK+ and optionally GooCanvas and GraphViz

title: GNOME-DB


text:
Sultan Ahmad Khan

Sultan Ahmad Khan b. Sardar 'Azim Muhammadzai, also known as Sultan Jan was the ruler of the Principality of Herat from September 1857 to April 1863. He was a nephew of Dost Mohammad Khan. In 1855-56, Sultan Ahmad Khan sent a petition to the Shah, Nasir al-Din. If the Iranians would support Sultan Ahmad Khan with an army, he would overthrow the Amir-i Kabir and incorporate Afghanistan into the Guarded Domains. However, Sultan Ahmad Khan was intercepted by Dost Mohammad Khan, who exiled Sultan Ahmad Khan to Iran.

After the conclusion of the Anglo-Persian War, he was installed as ruler of Herat by the Iranians. On May 24, 1857, Sultan Ahmad Khan arrived in Herat. The Iranians evacuated Herat in September 1857 in accordance with the Treaty of Paris. During Sultan Ahmad Khan's reign, he was completely dependent on Iran and not only minted coins in the Shah's name, but also given assistance against the Muhammadzais to the east. Naser al-Din Shah bestowed the title of Sirkar on Sultan Ahmad Khan and gave his son, Shah Nawaz Khan, the title of Amir Panji.

Khan captured Farah soon after in March 1862. Farah had been a Muhammadzai possession since their occupation of the town on October 30, 1856. This became Dost Mohammad Khan's casus belli to launch an attack on Herat. On June 29 or July 8 Farah was captured by the Muhammadzais. On July 22, Sabzawar was captured. By July 28, Herat was besieged. During the 10-month siege Ahmad died on March 6, 1863, being succeeded by his son Shah Nawaz Khan. Shortly before his death, he had been affected by a disease that causes limb paralysis. On May 27, 1863, Herat would finally fall to the Amir.

title: Sultan Ahmad Khan


text:
User talk:Voyelles

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Voyelles


text:
User talk:Rossmiester

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Rossmiester


text:
Wee Kim Wee

Wee Kim Wee  (4 November 1915 – 2 May 2005) was a Singaporean journalist and diplomat who served as the fourth president of Singapore between 1985 and 1993.

Prior to his presidency, Wee served as Singapore's High Commissioner to Malaysia between 1973 and 1980, Ambassador to Japan between 1980 and 1984, and Ambassador to South Korea between 1981 and 1984, before being elected by the Parliament.

For the ensuing initial presidential election, the first in Singapore to be decided by popular vote, Wee decided not to contest and retired after his second term had ended. He was also the first president to exercise custodial powers pursuant to the constitutional amendments in Singapore's history. He was succeeded by Ong Teng Cheong on 1 September 1993.

Wee died of prostate cancer in his home at Siglap Plain in Singapore on 2 May 2005, at the age of 89.

Early life and education
Born in Singapore on 4 November 1915, Wee Kim Wee was the son of Wee Choong Lay and Chua Hay Luan. His father was a ship purser, but went blind when Wee Kim Wee was six years old. His mother was the younger sister of Chua Kim Teng, the father of Chua Jim Neo and maternal grandfather of Lee Kuan Yew. Wee's father died when he was eight and his mother died when he was nineteen. Wee attended Pearl's Hill School and Outram School before enrolling into Raffles Institution but dropped out at the age of 15.

Journalism (1930–1973)
In 1930, Wee started out as a clerk working for the newspaper The Straits Times, before becoming a reporter focusing on political issues. He eventually became one of the paper's main reporters. He married his wife, Koh Sok Hiong in 1936 when he was a 21 year old reporter.

In 1941, he joined the United Press Associations, and was its chief correspondent in the 1950s. He returned to The Straits Times in 1959, and was appointed deputy editor in Singapore. In 1963, he was awarded the Public Service Medal.

In 1966, he interviewed the former Indonesian president Suharto, reporting the latter's intention to end the three-year confrontation with Malaysia (see Konfrontasi). He broke the news with a front-page headline using Suharto's own words: "Suharto: 'Peace: The sooner the better'". In 1973, he was awarded the Public Service Star as the editorial manager of the Straits Times.

Diplomacy (1973–1984)
Wee left journalism in 1973 to become Singaporean High Commissioner to Malaysia, a position he held for seven years. He was later appointed Ambassador to Japan in September 1980, and to South Korea in February 1981.

At the end of his diplomatic career in 1984, he was appointed Chairman of the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation, the predecessor of the current Mediacorp.

Presidency (1985–1993)
Wee was elected as the President of Singapore by Parliament in 1985, and was ex officio appointed Chancellor of the National University of Singapore and the Nanyang Technological University.

Prior to Wee's second term as president, the selection of the presidential candidate was determined solely by the Parliament. During Wee's second term, the Parliament amended the constitution in 1991, to allow for an elected president, who could veto key political appointments and the use of government reserves.

The creation of an elected presidency was a major constitutional and political change in the country's history as under the revision, as the president is empowered to veto government budgets and appointments to public office. They can examine the government's exercise of its powers under the Internal Security Act and religious harmony laws and investigate cases of corruption.

For the ensuing initial presidential election, the first in Singapore to be decided by popular poll, Wee decided not to enter his candidacy and went into retirement upon the completion of his second and final term. He was also awarded the Darjah Utama Temasek in 1993.

Later years (1994–2004)
After leaving office, Wee was appointed as deputy registrar of marriages. He was later conferred an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by the National University of Singapore for his contributions to public service and his contributions to the University of Singapore as its chancellor till 1993.

Wee became the Director of Cathay Organisation Holdings in 1999.

In 2004, Wee published his autobiography, Glimpses and Reflections. From the royalties and other donations, half a million Singapore dollars were donated to eight charities.

Death and legacy
Wee died of prostate cancer in his home at Siglap Plain on 2 May 2005, aged 89. Before his death, he had asked to be cremated and for the ashes to be placed at Mandai Columbarium with those of ordinary citizens instead of Kranji State Cemetery, where late dignitaries are usually buried. His state funeral saw a large crowd who attended to pay their last respects at the Istana, where his body was laid in state.

He was survived by his wife of 69 years, Koh Sok Hiong (1916–2018), their son Bill Wee Hock Kee (1936–2015), six daughters, 13 grandchildren, and 14 great-grandchildren.

In 2006, Nanyang Technological University renamed its School of Communication Studies after Wee to the Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information.

The Centre for Cross-Cultural Studies at Singapore Management University, renamed after Wee as the Wee Kim Wee Centre.

Wee Kim Wee Legacy Fund at Nanyang Technological University is named after him.

title: Wee Kim Wee