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Escambia County School District

Escambia County Public Schools (ECPS), officially the Escambia County School District (ECSD), is the organization responsible for the administration of public schools in all of Escambia County, Florida, in the United States. The district currently administers 35 elementary schools, nine middle schools, and seven high schools, as well as a number of specialized centers.

The district is administered by an appointed superintendent and a five-member school board. As of the 2023-2024 school year, the superintendent of schools is Keith Leonard, who serves as the interim superintendent following the dismissal of Dr. Timothy Smith in May 2023.

The Escambia County electors voted in November 2018, to switch from an elected superintendent to an appointed superintendent. Prior to 2020, the superintendent was elected in presidential election years. The deputy superintendent of schools is Shenna Payne, a former principal of West Florida High School.

Book banning
On May 17, 2023, the Escambia County School District was sued for allegedly engaging in discriminatory book bans in public school libraries. The lawsuit was filed by Escambia County parents, the PEN America nonprofit, and Penguin Random House. The plaintiffs allege that the School District is engaged in an "ideologically driven campaign to push certain ideas out of schools." The suit refers to Island Trees School District v. Pico, which says that School Districts cannot decide what content to provide based on narrowly partisan or political grounds. The suit alleges that the School District's logic could be used to ban books on Christianity, America's Founding Fathers, and American war heroes. The case is currently pending before the Florida Northern District Court.

Supporters argue that the book bans help remove inappropriate content. However, researchers determined that less than 3% of the books banned across the United States in 2022 were mature (17+) rated. In addition, Vicki Baggett, a Northview High School language-arts teacher, asked for over 100 books to be challenged due to their "political pushes."

Books that have been banned include Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye, Khaled Hosseini's The Kite Runner, and Sapphire's Push.

Governance
The members of the school board are:
 * District 1 - Kevin Adams
 * District 2 - Paul H. Fetsko
 * District 3 - David Williams (vice chair)
 * District 4 - Patty Hightower (chair)
 * District 5 - Bill Slayton

Members are elected in their respective districts for a four-year term. Representatives from districts 1, 2, and 3 are elected in non-presidential election years. Representatives for districts 4 and 5 are elected in presidential election years. Although elected by districts, each member is charged by statute with representing the entire school district.

Because the school board elections are non-partisan, these races are frequently decided in the primary election. If a candidate gets a majority of the vote in the primary, he or she wins, and the race is not on the general election ballot in November. If no candidate has a majority of the vote, the top two are in a run-off on the November ballot.

The school board appointed Tim Smith as superintendent. Smith was sworn in on November 17, 2020, replacing Malcolm Thomas, whose term ended. In May 2023, the school board voted (3 to 2) to terminate Smith's contract. The decision was highly controversial. Assistant Superintendent of Human Resources, Keith Leonard, was selected to serve as the interim superintendent for the 2023-2024 school year.

Prior to 2018 voters directly elected the superintendent; voters chose to make the superintendent chosen by the school board that year. In 2023 the school board rejected a proposal to make the superintendent an elected position again.

Adult Centers

 * Dixon Educational Center
 * George Stone Technical Center

High schools

 * Escambia High School (Gator)
 * Northview High School (Chief)
 * Pensacola High School (Tiger)
 * Pine Forest High School (Eagle)
 * J. M. Tate High School (Aggie)
 * Booker T. Washington High School (Wildcat)
 * West Florida High School of Advanced Technology (Jaguar)

Middle schools

 * Bellview Middle School
 * Beulah Academy of Science (Charter)
 * Beulah Middle School
 * Brown-Barge Middle School
 * Ernest Ward Middle School
 * Ferry Pass Middle School
 * Jim C. Bailey Middle School
 * Ransom Middle School
 * Warrington Middle School
 * Workman Middle School

Closed

 * Woodham Middle School, formerly Woodham High School, was converted to a middle school following the 2006–07 school year. Closed the summer after the 2017-18 school year and began renovations to be converted into the new West Florida High School of Advanced Technology campus.
 * Wedgewood Middle School
 * Brentwood Middle School
 * Brownsville Middle School

2007 Changes
Effective for the 2007–08 school year, Wedgewood Middle School and Brentwood Middle School students were transferred to Woodham High School, now Woodham Middle School. Brownsville Middle School students were transferred to Warrington Middle School, Brown Barge Middle School students were transferred into the Brentwood Middle School building, and Brownsville, Brentwood, and Wedgewood schools were closed.

2018 Changes
Effective for the 2018-19 school year, Woodham Middle School students were transferred to Ferry Pass Middle School, Workman Middle School, Warrington Middle School, and Beulah Middle School. This was in preparation for Woodham's former campus to be refitted into a new campus for West Florida High School of Advanced Technology.

Elementary schools

 * A.K. Suter Elementary School
 * Bellview Elementary School
 * Beulah Elementary School
 * Blue Angels Elementary School
 * Bratt Elementary School
 * C.A. Weis Elementary Community School
 * Cordova Park Elementary School
 * Ensley Elementary School
 * Ferry Pass Elementary School
 * Global Learning Academy
 * Hellen Caro Elementary School
 * Holm Elementary School
 * Jim Allen Elementary School
 * Kingsfield Elementary School (opened August 2018)
 * Lincoln Park Elementary School
 * Lipscomb Elementary School
 * Longleaf Elementary School
 * McArthur Elementary School
 * Molino Park Elementary School
 * Montclair Elementary School
 * Myrtle Grove Elementary School
 * N.B. Cook Elementary School
 * Navy Point Elementary School
 * O.J. Semmes Elementary School
 * Oakcrest Elementary School
 * Pine Meadow Elementary School
 * Pleasant Grove Elementary School
 * R.C. Lipscomb Elementary School
 * Scenic Heights Elementary SChool
 * Sherwood Elementary School
 * Warrington Elementary School
 * West Pensacola Elementary School

Pensacola Beach Elementary School, which became a charter school in 2001, is a part of the ECSD.

Alternative Schools

 * Escambia Virtual Academy (Virtual School)

Failing schools
The Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) determines which schools in the state of Florida should be considered "Failing." The Florida Standards Assessments (FSA) began phasing out the FCAT in the 2010–11 academic year in response to the inauguration of the Common Core State Standards Initiative under the administration of US President Barack Obama in 2010.

FCAT and FSA scores are calculated per subject on a 0 to 100 scale, and ratings in the 0 to 20 or 20 to 40 range are rated "F" or "D" respectively, indicating severe performance shortcomings and contributing to a 2 and 3-year process respectively of "restarting" the school.

In the 2017–18 school year, Escambia County placed as 52nd of 64 counties in the state by FSA performance, with eleven of thirty-five elementary schools receiving a D rating and three of ten middle schools receiving a D rating. No high school performed at a rating of D or below, though Escambia High School and Ferry Pass Middle School both recorded an "I," or Incomplete rating for the 2017-18 school year.

title: Escambia County School District


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Pinus pinaster

Pinus pinaster, the maritime pine or cluster pine, is a pine native to the south Atlantic Europe region and parts of the western Mediterranean. It is a hard, fast growing pine bearing small seeds with large wings.

Description
Pinus pinaster is a medium-size tree, reaching 20–35 m tall with a trunk diameter of up to 1.2 m, exceptionally 1.8 m. The bark is orange-red, thick, and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, somewhat thinner in the upper crown.

The leaves ('needles') are in pairs, very stout (2 mm broad), up to 25 cm long, and bluish-green to distinctly yellowish-green. The maritime pine features the longest and most robust needles of all European pine species.

The cones are conic, 10–20 cm long and 4–6 cm broad at the base when closed, green at first, ripening glossy red-brown when 24 months old. They open slowly over the next few years, or after being heated by a forest fire, to release the seeds, opening to 8–12 cm broad.

The seeds are 8–10 mm long, with a 20–25 mm wing, and are wind-dispersed.

Similar species
Maritime pine is closely related to Turkish pine, Canary Island pine, and Aleppo pine, which all share many features with it. It is a relatively non-variable species, with constant morphology over the entire range.

Distribution and habitat
Its range is in the western Mediterranean Basin and the southern Atlantic coast of Europe, extending from central Portugal and Northern Spain (especially in Galicia) to southern and Western France, east to western Italy, Croatia and south to northern Tunisia, Algeria and northern Morocco. It favours a Mediterranean climate, which is one that has cool, rainy winters and hot, dry summers.

It generally occurs at low to moderate altitudes, mostly from sea level to 600 m, but up to 2,000 m in the south of its range in Morocco. The high degree of fragmentation in the current natural distribution is caused by two factors: the discontinuity and altitude of the mountain ranges causing isolation of even close populations, and human activity.

Ecology
Pinus pinaster is a popular topic in ecology because of its problematic growth and spread in South Africa for the past 150 years after being imported into the region at the end of the 17th century (1685–1693). It was found spreading in the Cape Peninsula by 1772. Towards the end of the 18th century (1780), P. pinaster was widely planted, and at the beginning of the 19th century (1825–1830), P. pinaster was planted commercially as a timber resource and for the forestry industry. The pine tree species invades large areas and more specifically fynbos vegetation. Fynbos vegetation is a fire-prone shrubland vegetation that is found in the southern and southwest cape of South Africa. It is found in greater abundance close to watercourses. Dispersal, habitat loss, and fecundity are all factors that affect spread rate. The species favors acidic soils with medium to high-density vegetation, but it can also grow in basic soils and even in sandy and poor soils, where only few commercial species can grow.

Pinus pinaster is a diagnostic species of the vegetation class Pinetea halepensis.

Larvae of the moth Dioryctria sylvestrella feed on this pine. Their boring activity causes large quantities of resin to flow from the wounds which weakens the tree and allows fungi and other pathogens to gain entry.

Results of invasion
Pinus pinaster is a successful invasive species in South Africa. One of the results of its invasion in South Africa is a decrease in the biodiversity of the native environment. The increase of extinction rates of the native species is correlated with the introduction of these species to South Africa. Invasive species occupy habitats of native species often forcing them to extinction or endangerment. For example, invasive species have the potential to decrease the diversity of native plants by 50–86% in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. P. pinaster is found in shrubland in South Africa; when compared to other environments, shrublands have the largest decline of species richness when invaded by an invasive species (Z=–1.33, p<0.001). Compared to graminoids; trees, annual herbs, and creepers have a larger effect on decline of species richness (Z=–3.78; p<0.001). Lastly, compared to other countries, South Africa had the largest species richness decline when faced with invasive species. South Africa is not home to many insects and diseases that limit the population of P. pinaster back in its native habitat. Not only is there evidence that alien plant invasions decrease biodiversity, but there is also evidence that the location of P. pinaster increases its negative effect on the species richness.

In addition, depending on the regions P. pinaster invades, P. pinaster has the potential to dramatically alter the quantity of water in the environment. If P. pinaster invades an area covered with grasses and shrubs, the water level of the streams in this area would lower significantly because P. pinaster are evergreen trees that take up considerably more water than grasses and shrubs all year around. They deplete run-off in catchment areas and water flow in rivers. This depletes the resources available for other species in the environment. P. pinaster tends to grow rapidly in riparian zones, which are areas with abundant water where trees and plants grow twice as fast and invade. P. pinaster takes advantage of the water available and consequently reduces the amount of water in the area available for other species. The fynbos catchments on the Western Cape of South Africa are a habitat negatively affected by P. pinaster. Twenty-three years after planting the pines, there was a 55% decrease in streamflow in this area. Similarly, in KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg there was an 82% reduction in streamflow 20 years after introducing P. pinaster to the area. In the Mpumalanga Province, 6 streams completely dried up 12 years after grasslands were replaced with pines. To reinforce that, there is a negative effect from the invasive species P. pinaster, these areas of dense P. pinaster were thinned and the number of trees in the area decreased. As a result, the streamflow in the fynbos catchments of the Western Cape increased by 44%. The streamflow in the Mpumalanga Province increased by 120%. As a result of P. pinaster growth, there is often less understory vegetation for livestock grazing. Once again there was a positive effect when some of the pines were removed and agreeable range grasses were planted. The grazing conditions for the sheep of the area were greatly improved when the P. pinaster plantation was thinned to 300 trees per hectare. The invasion of P. pinaster leads to the decrease of understory vegetation and therefore a decrease in livestock.

It is sporadically naturalizing in Oakland and San Leandro in northern California.

Ecological interactions
Pinus pinaster is particularly successful in regions with fynbos vegetation because it is adapted to high-intensity fires, thus allowing it to outcompete other species that are not as well adapted to high-intensity fires. In areas of fire-prone shrubland, the cones of P. pinaster will release seeds when in a relatively high-temperature environment for germination as a recovery mechanism. This adaptation increases the competitive ability of P. pinaster amongst other species in the fire-prone shrubland. In a 3-year observational study done in Northwestern Spain, P. pinaster showed a naturally high regeneration rate. Observations showed a mean of 25.25 seedlings per square metre within the first year and then slowly decreased the next two years due to intraspecific competition. So not only does P. pinaster compete with other species, they also compete within their own species as well. When the height of P. pinaster increased there was a negative correlation with the number of P. pinaster seedlings, results showed a decrease in P. pinaster seedlings (r=–0.41, p<0.05).

Several other characteristics contribute to their success in the regions they have invaded, including their ability to grow rapidly and to produce small seeds with large wings. Their ability to grow quickly with short juvenile periods allows them to outcompete many native species while their small seeds aids in their dispersal. The small seeds with large wings are beneficial for wind dispersal, which is the key to reaching new areas in regions with fynbos vegetation. Vertebrate seed dispersers are not commonly found in mountain fynbos vegetation; therefore those species that require the aid of vertebrate dispersal would be at a disadvantage in such an environment. For this reason, the small seed, low seed wing loading, and high winds found in mountainous regions all combine to provide a favorable situation for the dispersal of P. pinaster seeds. Without this efficient dispersal strategy, P. pinaster would not have been able to reach and invade areas, such as South Africa, that are suitable for its growth. Its dispersal ability is one of the key factors that have allowed P. pinaster to become such a successful invasive species.

In addition to being an efficient disperser, P. pinaster is known to produce oleoresins, such as oily terpenes or fatty acids, which can inhibit other species within the community from growing. These resins are produced as a defense mechanism against insect predators, such as the large pine weevil. According to an experiment done in Spain, the resin canal density was twice as high in the P. pinaster seedlings attacked by the weevils compared to the unattacked seedlings. Since P. pinaster has the ability to regulate their production of defense mechanisms, it can protect itself from predatory in an energy-efficient manner. The resins make the P. pinaster less vulnerable to damage from insects, but they are only produced in high concentrations when P. pinaster is under attack. In other words, P. pinaster does not waste energy producing resins in safe conditions, so the conserved energy can be used for growth or reproduction. These characteristics enhance the ability of P. pinaster survive and flourish in the areas it invades. Both the traits of P. pinaster and the habitat in South Africa are conducive to the success of P. pinaster in this region of the world.

Options for biological control
Insects and mites that feed on the seeds and cones of P. pinaster can be effective biological control options. An insect or mite that acts as an ideal biological control should have a high reproductive rate and be host-specific, meaning that it preys specifically on P. pinaster. The life cycle of the predator should also match that of its specific host. Two key characteristics the predator should also exhibit are self-limitation and the ability to survive in the presence of a declining prey population. Seed feeding insects are an effective control because they have high reproductive rates and target the seeds without diminishing the positive effect of the plant on the environment. Controlling the spread of P. pinaster seeds in the region is the key to limiting the growth and spread of this species because P. pinaster has the ability to produce a large number of seeds that are capable of dispersing very efficiently. One possible option is Trisetacus, an eriophyid mite. The main advantage to using this mite to control the population of P. Pinaster is its specificity to P. pinaster; it can effectively control the population of P. pinaster by destroying the growing conelets in P. pinaster while limiting its impact to only this species. Another possible option is Pissodes validirostris, a cone-feeding weevil that lays eggs in developing cones. When the larvae hatch, they feed on the growing seed tissue, preventing P. pinaster seeds from forming and dispersing. Although the adults feed on the trees as well, they do not do any damage to the seeds and only feed on the shoots of the tree, so they do not appear to negatively impact the growth of the trees. Different forms of P. validirostris have diverged to become host-specific to different pine trees. The type of P. validirostris that originated from Portugal appears to have specialized to P. pinaster; therefore, this insect may be used in the future to control the spread of P. pinaster in South Africa. The uncertainties regarding the host-specificity of different types of P. validirostris, however, require more research to be completed before the introduction of the weevils into South Africa. An introduction of a species that is not host-specific to P. pinaster can lead to detrimental effects on both the environment and industries that are dependent on certain tree species. Two other biological control possibilities include the pyralid moth species Dioryctria mendasella and D. mitatella, but these species attack the vegetative tissue instead of just the seeds of P. pinaster, harming the plant itself. As of now, the eriophyid mite and cone-feeding weevil seem to hold the most potential to controlling the spread of P. pinaster in the regions it has invaded because they destroy the reproductive structures of the target invasive species.

Uses
Pinus pinaster is widely planted for timber in its native area, being one of the most important trees in forestry in France, Spain and Portugal. Landes forest in southwest France is the largest man-made maritime pine forest in Europe. It has also been cultivated in Australia as plantation tree, to provide softwood timber. P. pinaster resin is a useful source of turpentine and rosin.

In addition to industrial uses, maritime pine is also a popular ornamental tree, often planted in parks and gardens in areas with warm temperate climates. It has become naturalised in parts of southern England, Uruguay, Argentina, South Africa and Australia.

It is also used as a source of flavonoids, catechins, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids. A dietary supplement derived from extracts from P. pinaster bark called Pycnogenol is marketed with claims it can treat many conditions; however, according to a 2012 Cochrane review, the evidence is insufficient to support its use for the treatment of any chronic disorder.

Pests
Pestalotiopsis pini (a species of ascomycete fungi), was found as an emerging pathogen on Pinus pinea (Stone pine) and also on Pinus pinaster in Portugal. Evidence of shoot blight and stem necrosis were found in 2020. The fungus was found on needles, shoots and trunks of the pines.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pinus pinaster


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User talk:Demiguru

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Wikipedia and copyright
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It's very important that contributors understand and follow these practices, as policy requires that people who persistently do not must be blocked from editing. If you have any questions about this, you are welcome to leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. C679 07:31, 13 June 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Demiguru


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Russell L. Ackoff

Russell Lincoln Ackoff (February 12, 1919 – October 29, 2009) was an American organizational theorist, consultant, and Anheuser-Busch Professor Emeritus of Management Science at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Ackoff was a pioneer in the field of operations research, systems thinking and management science.

Biography
Russell L. Ackoff was born on February 12, 1919, in Philadelphia to Jack and Fannie (Weitz) Ackoff. He received his bachelor degree in architecture at the University of Pennsylvania in 1941. After graduation, he taught at Penn for one year as an assistant instructor in philosophy. From 1942 to 1946, he served in the U.S. Army in the Philippines. He returned to study at the University of Pennsylvania, where he received his doctorate in philosophy of science in 1947 as C. West Churchman’s first doctoral student. He also received a number of honorary doctorates, from 1967 and onward.

From 1947 to 1951 Ackoff was assistant professor in philosophy and mathematics at the Wayne State University. He was associate professor and professor of operations research at Case Institute of Technology from 1951 to 1964. In 1961 and 1962 he was also visiting professor of operational research at the University of Birmingham. From 1964 to 1986 he was professor of systems sciences and professor of management science at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania.

Nicholson and Myers (1998) report that, in the 1970s and 1980s, the Social Systems Sciences Program at the Wharton School was "noted for combining theory and practice, escaping disciplinary bounds, and driving students toward independent thought and action. The learning environment was fostered by distinguished standing and visiting faculty such as Eric Trist, C. West Churchman, Hasan Ozbekhan, Thomas A. Cowan, and Fred Emery".

Beginning in 1979, Ackoff worked together with John Pourdehnad as consultants in a broad range of industries including aerospace, chemicals, computer equipment, data services and software, electronics, energy, food and beverages, healthcare, hospitality, industrial equipment, automotive, insurance, metals, mining, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, utilities, and transportation.

From 1986 to 2009, Ackoff was professor emeritus of the Wharton School, and chairman of Interact, the Institute for Interactive Management. From 1989 to 1995 he was visiting professor of marketing at Washington University in St. Louis.

Ackoff was president of Operations Research Society of America (ORSA) from 1956 to 1957, and he was president of the International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS) in 1987.

In 1965 Ackoff was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science at the University of Lancaster, UK in 1967. He got a Silver Medal from the Operational Research Society in 1971. Other honors came from the Washington University in St. Louis in 1993, the University of New Haven in 1997, the Pontificia Universidad Catolica Del Peru, Lima in 1999 and the University of Lincolnshire & Humberside, UK in 1999. That year from the UK Systems Society he got an Award for outstanding achievement in Systems Thinking and Practice.

Ackoff married Alexandra Makar on July 17, 1949. The couple had three children: Alan W., Karen B., and Karla S. After his wife's death, Ackoff married Helen Wald on December 20, 1987.

Between 2003 and 2007, Ackoff delivered an annual series of public lectures, both half-day and full-day, for which the Ackoff family has granted permission for public viewing at this link.

Russell L. Ackoff died unexpectedly Thursday, October 29, 2009, after complications of hip replacement surgery.

Work
Throughout the years Ackoff's work in research, consulting and education has involved more than 250 corporations and 50 governmental agencies in the U.S. and abroad.

Operations research
Russell Ackoff started his career in operations research at the end of the 1940s. His 1957 book Introduction to Operations Research, co-authored with C. West Churchman and Leonard Arnoff, was one of the first publications that helped define the field. The influence of this work, according to Kirby and Rosenhead (2005), "on the early development of the discipline in the USA and in Britain in the 1950s and 1960s is hard to over-estimate".

In the 1970s Ackoff became one of the most important critics of the so-called "technique-dominated Operations Research", and started proposing more participative approaches. His critiques, according to Kirby and Rosenhead (2005), "had little resonance within the USA, but were picked up both in Britain, where they helped to stimulate the growth of Problem Structuring Methods, and in the systems community world-wide", such as soft systems methodology from Peter Checkland.

Purposeful systems
In 1972 Ackoff wrote a book with Frederick Edmund Emery about purposeful systems, which focused on the question how systems thinking relates to human behaviour. "Individual systems are purposive", they said, "knowledge and understanding of their aims can only be gained by taking into account the mechanisms of social, cultural, and psychological systems".

Any human-created systems can be characterized as "purposeful system" when its "members are also purposeful individuals who intentionally and collectively formulate objectives and are parts of larger purposeful systems". Other characteristics are:
 * "A purposeful system or individual is ideal-seeking if... it chooses another objective that more closely approximates its ideal".
 * "An ideal-seeking system or individual is necessarily one that is purposeful, but not all purposeful entities seek ideals", and
 * "The capability of seeking ideals may well be a characteristic that distinguishes man from anything he can make, including computers".

According to Kirby and Rosenhead (2005), "the fact that these systems were experiencing profound change could be attributed to the end of the "Machine Age" and the onset of the "Systems Age". The Machine Age, bequeathed by the Industrial Revolution, was underpinned by two concepts – reductionism (everything can in the end be decomposed into indivisible parts) and mechanism (cause-effect relationships)". Hereby "all phenomena were believed to be explained by using only one ultimately simple relationship, cause-effect", which in the Systems Age are replaced by expansionism and teleology with producer-product replacing cause-effect. "Expansionism is a doctrine maintaining that all objects and events, and all experiences of them, are parts of larger wholes." According to Ackoff, "the beginning of the end of the Machine Age and the beginning of the Systems Age could be dated to the 1940s, a decade when philosophers, mathematicians, and biologists, building on developments in the interwar period, defined a new intellectual framework".

f-Laws
In 2006, Ackoff worked with Herbert J. Addison and Sally Bibb. They developed the term f-Law to describe a series of over 100 distilled observations of bad leadership and the misplaced wisdom that often surrounds management in organizations. A collection of subversive epigrams published in two volumes by Triarchy Press, these f-Laws expose the common flaws in both the practice of leadership and in the established beliefs that surround it. According to Ackoff "f-Laws are truths about organizations that we might wish to deny or ignore – simple and more reliable guides to managers' everyday behavior than the complex truths proposed by scientists, economists, sociologists, politicians and philosophers".

White House Communications Agency
In collaboration with Dr. J. Gerald Suarez, Ackoff's ideas were introduced and implemented at the White House Communications Agency and The White House Military Office during the Clinton and Bush administrations, a historic effort to bring the White House into the age of systems thinking.

Relationship to Peter Drucker
Russell Ackoff was friends with Peter Drucker from the earliest days of their careers. Mr. Drucker acknowledged the early, critical contribution Ackoff made to his work – and the world of management in general – in the following letter, which was delivered to Ackoff by former General Motors V.P. Vince Barabba on the occasion of the 3rd International Conference on Systems Thinking in Management (ICSTM) held at the University of Pennsylvania, May 19–24, 2004:

"I was then, as you may recall, one of the early ones who applied Operations Research and the new methods of Quantitative Analysis to specific BUSINESS PROBLEMS—rather than, as they had been originally developed for, to military or scientific problems. I had led teams applying the new methodology in two of the world’s largest companies—GE and AT&T. We had successfully solved several major production and technical problems for these companies—and my clients were highly satisfied.  But I was not—we had solved TECHNICAL problems but our work had no impact on the organizations and on their mindsets.  On the contrary: we had all but convinced the managements of these two big companies that QUANTITATIVE MANIPULATION was a substitute for THINKING.  And then your work and your example showed us—or at least, it showed me—that the QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS comes AFTER the THINKING—it validates the thinking; it shows up intellectual sloppiness and uncritical reliance on precedent, on untested assumptions and on the seemingly “obvious.”  But it does not substitute for hard, rigorous, intellectually challenging THINKING. It demands it, though—but does not replace it. This is, of course, what YOU mean BY system. And your work in those far-away days thus saved me—as it saved countless others—from either descending into mindless “model building” – the disease that all but destroyed so many of the Business Schools in the last decades—or from sloppiness parading as ‘insight.’"

Publications
Ackoff authored or co-authored 35 books and published over 150 articles in a variety of journals. Books:
 * 1946, Psychologistics, with C. West Churchman.
 * 1947, Measurement of Consumer Interest, with C. W. Churchman and M. Wax (ed.).
 * 1950, Methods of Inquiry: an introduction to philosophy and scientific method, with C. W. Churchman. Educational Publishers: St. Louis.
 * 1953, The Design of Social Research.
 * 1957, Introduction to Operations Research, with C. W. Churchman and E. L. Arnoff. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
 * 1961, Progress in Operations Research, I. Wiley: New York.
 * 1962, Scientific Method: optimizing applied research decisions, Wiley: New York.
 * 1963, A Manager's Guide to Operations Research, with P. Rivett. Wiley: New York.
 * 1968, Fundamentals of Operations Research, with M. Sasieni. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
 * 1970, A Concept of Corporate Planning. Wiley-Interscience: New York.
 * 1972, On Purposeful Systems: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Individual and Social Behavior as a System of Purposeful Events, with Frederick Edmund Emery, Aldine-Atherton: Chicago.
 * 1974, Redesigning the Future: A Systems Approach to Societal Problems. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
 * 1974, Systems and Management Annual, (ed.).
 * 1976, The SCATT Report, with T. A. Cowan, Peter Davis (ed.).
 * 1976, Some Observations and Reflections on Mexican Development.
 * 1978, The Art of Problem Solving: accompanied by Ackoff's Fables. John Wiley & Sons: New York. Illustrations by Karen B. Ackoff.
 * 1981, Creating the Corporate Future: plan or be planned for. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
 * 1984, A Guide to Controlling Your Corporation's Future, with E.V. Finnel and Jamshid Gharajedaghi.
 * 1984, Revitalizing Western Economies, with P. Broholm and R. Snow.
 * 1986, Management in Small Doses. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
 * 1991, Ackoff's Fables: Irreverent Reflections on Business and Bureaucracy. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
 * 1994, The Democratic Corporation: a radical prescription for recreating corporate America and rediscovering success. Oxford Univ. Press: New York.
 * 1998, Exploring Personality: an intellectual odyssey. CQM: Cambridge, MA.
 * 1999, Ackoff's Best: his classic writings on management. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
 * 1999, Re-Creating the Corporation: a design of organizations for the 21st century. Oxford Univ. Press: New York.
 * 2000, "A Theory of a System for Educators and Managers", with W. Edwards Deming
 * 2003, Redesigning Society, with Sheldon Rovin. Stanford Univ. Press: Stanford, Calif.
 * 2005, Beating the System, with Sheldon Rovin. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
 * 2006, Idealized Design: How to Dissolve Tomorrow's Crisis Today, with Jason Magidson and Herbert J. Addison. Wharton School Publishing. Upper Saddle River, NJ.
 * 2006, A Little Book of f-Laws, with Herbert J. Addison and Sally Bibb. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
 * 2007, Management f-Laws, with Herbert J. Addison and Sally Bibb. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
 * 2008, Turning Learning Right Side Up: Putting Education Back on Track (pdf) with Daniel Greenberg.
 * 2010, Memories. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
 * 2010, Differences that Make a Difference. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK
 * 2012, Ackoff's F/Laws: The Cake. Triarchy Press, Devon, UK

Articles, a selection

 * 1967. "Management Misinformation Systems". In: Management Science, 14(4), 1967, 147–156.
 * 1968, "General Systems Theory and Systems Research Contrasting Conceptions of Systems Science." in: Views on a General Systems Theory: Proceedings from the Second System Symposium, Mihajlo D. Mesarovic (Ed.).
 * 1971, Towards A System of Systems Concepts.
 * 1973, "Science in the Systems Age: Beyond IE, OR, and MS", Operations Research 21(3), pp. 661–671. Reprinted as "Science in the Systems Age" in Wharton Quarterly 1973. 7 (2); pp. 8–13.
 * 1974, "The Social Responsibility of Operational Research" Operational Research Quarterly 25 (3), pp. 361–371.
 * 1975, "Advertising Research at Anheuser-Busch, Inc. (1963-68)", with James R. Emshoff, Sloan Management Review, 16 (2), pp. 1–15.
 * 1975, "A Reply to the Comments of Yvan Allaire", with James R. Emshoff, Sloan Management Review, 16 (3), pp. 95–98.
 * 1977, "The Corporate Rain Dance", The Wharton Magazine, Winter, pp. 36–41.
 * 1996, On Learning and Systems That Facilitate it, in: Center for Quality of Management Journal Vol. 5, No.2.
 * 1998, A Systemic View of Transformational Leadership
 * 2003, Terrorism: A Systemic View, with Johan P. Strumpfer, in: Systems Research and Behavioral Science 20, pp. 287–294.
 * 2004, Transforming The Systems Movement
 * 2006, A major mistake that managers make

Some Ackoff center blogs:
 * 2006, Thinking about the future
 * 2006, Why few organizations adopt systems thinking in: Systems Research and Behavioral Science. 23, pp. 705–708.

Podcast:
 * 2005, Doing the Wrong Thing Right by Russell Ackoff, October 2005.

title: Russell L. Ackoff


text:
Avallon

Avallon is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in central-eastern France.

Name
Avallon, Latin Aballō, ablative Aballone, is ultimately derived from Gaulish *Aballū, oblique *Aballon- meaning "Apple-tree (place)" or "(place of the) "Apple Tree Goddess" (from Proto-Celtic *abalnā, cf. Old Irish aball, Welsh afall, Old Breton aball(en), "apple tree").

Geography
Avallon is located 50 km south-southeast of Auxerre, served by a branch of the Paris–Lyon railway and by exit 22 of the A6 motorway. The old town, with many winding cobblestone streets flanked by traditional stone and woodwork buildings, is situated on a flat promontory, the base of which is washed on the south by the river Cousin, on the east and west by small streams.

History
Chance finds of coins and pottery fragments and a fine head of Minerva are reminders of the Roman settlement carrying the Celtic name Aballo, a mutatio or post where fresh horses could be obtained. Two pink marble columns in the church of St-Martin du Bourg have been reused from an unknown temple (Princeton Encyclopedia). The Roman citadel, on a rocky spur overlooking the Cousin valley, has been Christianized as Montmarte ("Mount of the Martyrs").

Avallon (Aballo) was in the Middle Ages the seat of a viscounty dependent on the duchy of Burgundy; on the death of Charles the Bold in 1477, it passed under the royal authority. The castle, mentioned as early as the seventh century, has utterly disappeared.

King Arthur and the French Avallon theory
A theory exists which proposes that the Isle of Avalon mentioned in Arthurian legend is, in fact, Avallon in Burgundy.

Geoffrey Ashe first mentioned the French Avallon theory in his 1985 book, The Discovery of King Arthur. His theory is that "King Arthur" is based on the historical Romano-British supreme king Riothamus, who reigned between 454–470, and whose life and campaigns have parallels to the accounts of "King Arthur" in the first medieval accounts of King Arthur by Geoffrey of Monmouth (Historia Regum Britanniae, c. 1136). According to Ashe, in the year 470, Riothamus disappeared (and presumably died) in the neighborhood of Avallon after being defeated in the battle of Déols by Euric king of the Visigoths, whom the Western Roman Emperor Anthemius had hired Riothamus to fight against. This, and other aspects of his reign, made Ashe propose him as a candidate for the historical King Arthur, with Avallon becoming the Arthurian Avalon. No ancient source mentioning Riothamus places him anywhere near Avallon and Geoffrey of Monmouth, who is the first to mention "the isle of Avalon" (Latin insula Auallonis) and based his description of the isle on Classical descriptions of the Fortunate Isles, is explicit that it was an island in the western seas. In Geoffrey's day (and, indeed, dating back to geographers of antiquity), the Fortunate Isles were identified with the Canary Islands.

Sights
Its chief building, the formerly collegiate church of Saint-Lazare, dates from the twelfth century, on an earlier foundation dedicated to Notre Dame. Vestiges of the earlier church were revealed beneath the high altar in an excavation of 1861. The acquisition of a relic of Saint Lazare prompted its rededication: Saint Ladre is attested in the fourteenth century. It was the seat of an archdeaconate answering to the bishop of Autun. The two western portals are densely adorned with sculpture in the Romanesque style; the tower on the left of the facade was rebuilt in the seventeenth century. The Tour de l'Horloge, pierced by a gateway through which passes the Grande Rue, is an eleventh-century structure containing a museum on its second floor. Remains of the ancient fortifications, including seven of the flanking towers, are still to be seen. Avallon has a statue of Vauban, the military engineer of Louis XIV.

Economy
As of the early 20th century, the manufacture of biscuits and gingerbread, and the leather and farm implements supported the economy in Avallon, and there was considerable traffic on wood, wine, and the live-stock and agricultural produce in the surrounding country.

Miscellaneous
As of the early 20th century, the public institutions included the subprefecture, a tribunal of first instance, and a départemental college.

Twin towns
Avallon is twinned with:
 * 🇧🇪 Pepinster, Belgium
 * 🇩🇪 Cochem, Germany
 * Tenterden, United Kingdom
 * 🇯🇵 Saku, Japan

title: Avallon


text:
Mines and Works Act

The Mines and Work Act was a piece of legislation in South Africa, originally passed in 1911, amended in 1912 and 1926 before undergoing further changes in 1956 and 1959. This act legally established South Africa's employment "colour bar." and was enacted to establish the duties and responsibilities of workers in Mines and Works in South Africa.

Colour Bar Act Reference
This act (with/without/or its amendments) is sometimes referred to as the COLOUR BAR or the COLOUR BAR ACT. The term colour bar, however, usually refers to a group of labor practices, informal trade union practices, government regulations, and legislation, all of which were developed over time to prevent blacks from competing for certain categories of jobs monopolized by whites.

Original 1911 Act
At any rate, this act included various regulations which gave "white workers a monopoly of skilled operations". However, The Act did not specify that blacks should be discriminated against in any way. Indeed, it made no mention of race or colour. Nor did it specifically and clearly give the government Mining Engineer powers to introduce a legal colour bar. But under section 4(n) it gave the Governor-General powers to grant, cancel and suspend certificates of competency to mine managers, mine overseers, mine surveyors, mechanical engineers, engine-drivers and miners entitled to blast. It also gave him the power to decide which other occupations should be required to possess certificates of competency.

MINES & WORKS REGULATIONS ACT of 1912
Some or other commission had criticized mine managements for employing large numbers of unskilled whites 'often entirely ignorant of mining, and whose principal and often only recommendation is their physical fitness and their suitability for rough work'. Yet when the commission reported in 1910, it submitted draft regulations that were heavy with colour bars. Some appeared in the interpretation of terms, as when the words 'white person' were inserted in the definition of banksman, onsetter, ganger and mine manager. Some took the form of an injunction to employ only whites in specified occupations, such as blasting, running elevators, driving engines, supervising boilers and other machinery; or as shift boss and mine overseer. Furthermore, only whites would be allowed to obtain the certificates of competence required, for instance, by engine drivers and boiler attendants. With some modifications, these draft regulations served as model for the MINES & WORKS REGULATIONS ACT of 1912.

MINES & WORKS AMENDMENT ACT of 1926
In contrast to the 1912 REGULATIONS, this Act bracketed Coloured with whites in a position of privilege. For there was no question of segregating the coloured who spoke the Afrikaner's language, shared his outlook and stood closer to one than to the black population. Furthermore, the key section of this act "stated that the minister, before announcing regulations for issuing certificates of competency (including the key blasting certificate, for nearly a century of license of the white miner), should seek the advice of the owners and of the organizations whose members hold a majority of the certificates, that is, the white unions, including the Mine Worker's Union. He was to do this through the formation of advisory committees." This act was further revised in 1956 to deal with the declaration of work in the national interest.

title: Mines and Works Act


text:
Hugh Ross Williamson

Hugh Ross Williamson (1901–1978) was a prolific British popular historian, and a dramatist. Starting from a career in the literary world, and having a Nonconformist background, he became an Anglican priest in 1943.

In 1955 he converted to Roman Catholicism and wrote many historical works in a Catholic apologist tone. In 1956, he published his autobiography, The Walled Garden. Ross Williamson was critical of the reforms introduced by the Second Vatican Council.

Works

 * The poetry of T. S. Eliot (1932)
 * John Hampden: a life (1933)
 * Rose and glove: a play (1934)
 * After the event: a play in one act (1935)
 * King James I (1935)
 * Gods and mortals in love (1936)
 * The seven deadly virtues; In a glass darkly; Various heavens: a play sequence. (1936)
 * Cinderella's grandchild: a play in one act (1936)
 * Mr Gladstone: a play in three acts (1937)
 * Stories from history: ten plays for schools (1938)
 * Who is for liberty? (1939)
 * George Villiers, first Duke of Buckingham: study for a biography (1940)
 * A.D. 33: a tract for the times (1941)
 * Captain Thomas Schofield (1942)
 * Paul, a bond slave: a radio play (1945)
 * Charles and Cromwell (1946)
 * The arrow and the sword: an essay in detection (1947)
 * Queen Elizabeth: a play in three acts (1947)
 * The story without an end (1947)
 * Were you there ... ?: six meditations for Holy Week (1947)
 * A wicked pack of cards (1947)
 * The silver bowl (1948)
 * The seven Christian virtues (1949)
 * Four Stuart portraits (1949)
 * The evidence for the Gunpowder Plot (1950)
 * The Gunpowder Plot (1951)
 * Sir Walter Raleigh (1951)
 * Conversation with a ghost (1952)
 * Jeremy Taylor (1952)
 * The story without an end (1953)
 * The ancient capital: an historian in search Of Winchester (1953)
 * Canterbury Cathedral (1953)
 * The children's book of British saints (1953)
 * His eminence of England: a play in two acts (1953)
 * The children's book of French saints (1954)
 * The children's book of Italian saints (1955)
 * The great prayer: concerning the canon of the Mass (1955)
 * James: by the grace of God (1955)
 * Historical whodunits (1955)
 * The walled garden: an autobiography (1956)
 * The beginning of the English Reformation (1957)
 * Enigmas of history (1957)
 * The day they killed the king (1957)
 * The challenge of Bernadette (1958)
 * The children's book of German saints (1958)
 * The sisters (1958)
 * The children's book of patron saints (1959)
 * The conspirators and the crown (1959)
 * Young people's book of the saints (1960)
 * Teresa of Avila (1961)
 * The day Shakespeare died (1961)
 * The flowering hawthorn (1962)
 * Guy Fawkes (1964)
 * The modern Mass: a reversion to the reforms of Cranmer (1969)
 * The cardinal in England (1970)
 * The Florentine woman (1970)
 * The last of the Valois (1971)
 * Paris is worth a mass (1971)
 * Kind Kit: an informal biography of Christopher Marlowe (1972)
 * Catherine de' Medici (1973)
 * Lorenzo the Magnificent (1974)
 * Historical enigmas (1974)
 * The princess a nun!: a novel without fiction (1978; completed by Julian Rathbone)

title: Hugh Ross Williamson


text:
User talk:Just-rewards

By "legitimate contributions" I presume you mean all the material he/she lifted directly from other websites? Mackensen 20:52, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Just-rewards


text:
German-American Day

German-American Day (Deutsch-Amerikanischer Tag) is a holiday in the United States, observed annually on October 6 under. It celebrates German-American heritage and commemorates the founding of Germantown, Pennsylvania (now part of Philadelphia), in 1683.

History
Germantown was inhabited by 54 German families who had accompanied Johan Printz to the Swedish settlement on the Delaware several years earlier and had resettled themselves. In 1688, the inhabitants organized the first petition in the English colonies to abolish slavery. Originally known as "German Day", the holiday was celebrated for the first time in Philadelphia in 1883, on the 200th anniversary of the founding; similar celebrations developed later in other parts of the country. The custom died out during World War I as a result of the war, but the holiday was revived in 1983 in joint resolution 108. Senator Richard G. Lugar introduced the bill on April 8, 1987.

Observances
In 1983, President Ronald Reagan proclaimed October 6 as German-American Day to celebrate and the 300th anniversary of German immigration to and culture in the United States. On August 6, 1987, Congress approved S.J. Resolution 108, designating October 6, 1987, as German-American Day. It became when President Reagan signed it on August 18. A proclamation (#5719) to this effect was issued on October 2, 1987, by President Reagan in a formal ceremony in the White House Rose Garden, at which time the President called on Americans to observe the day with appropriate ceremonies and activities.

Presidents since then have continued to make proclamations to observe German-American Day.

title: German-American Day


text:
Talk:Parameter (computer programming)

Argument vs. Parameter
There are no sources for the article. Could someone please provide a source for the distinction between parameters and arguments? Otus (talk) 18:39, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I've been a PhD computer scientist for over 20 years, and I'm also an amateur stickler about English word usage. I have never seen the rigid distinction between "parameter" and "argument" that this article attempts to make.  On the contrary, the terms "formal parameter" and "actual parameter" are well established terms in computer science and have been for decades, thus clearly suggesting that a "parameter" is not necessarily only a formal parameter.  This article needs to be re-written to remove this misleading distinction between "parameter" and "argument".   -- DBooth (talk) 17:17, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

 * For example, see Formal and Actual Arguments -- DBooth (talk) 17:33, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I'm notably younger than DBooth, but I've worked with programming in several companies, and they made the same distinction. The course I teach also makes that distinction.  I tell students that both "formal parameter / actual parameter" and "parameter / argument" are used, which has been my experience.  I prefer "parameter / argument" because it's far simpler, and "actual parameter" is a bit silly sounding when you're referring to something that may be passed in by copy (in which the "actual parameter" is not what is accessed inside the method).  But people do use that terminology, yes. TricksterWolf (talk) 01:28, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

I am also a Ph.D. (and an associate professor) in computer science (programming language theory, in particular - my thesis was about parametricity of some lambda-calculi) and have not heard of such a distinction (not that it is wrong, in particular since I am not a native English speaker). Please give a reliable source (or, better, multiple reliable sources) that "parameter" by itself means a formal parameter and "argument" by itself means an actual argument. (I am aware that some language standards such as ISO C and JLS say "formal parameter" and "actual argument".) Ejrsmi (talk) 21:40, 3 January 2013 (UTC)

The use of the term "unbound" here is confusing and misleading. It is used to mean "not bound to a value", which is a programming-language specific usage. Typically we say that a (formal) parameter is *bound* in the function definition, taking that terminology directly from mathematical logic. Cerberus (talk) 19:34, 18 January 2019 (UTC)

Section 2.1 on Eiffel needs improving. It says that arguments and parameters are different, defines arguments, then fails to define parameters. It says they can be formal or actual, and it gives one way that formal generic parameters can be used (which presumably does not apply to all formal parameters), but neither of these constitutes a definition. Adam1729 (talk) 22:53, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

Error
Parameter and argument are considered as same in this article. It's wrong and sloppy. Arguments are values binded to the parameters. For example in function definition  has two parameters, a and b. When we make a function call max(1,2), the numbers 1 and 2 are function arguments. This is common use of these terms in computer sciense/engineering. Somehow wikipedia has mixed these two together. Please correct this.

 * I made quite a lot of changes to address this. Should be clear now. --Alan 23:18, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks good, though there was a bit of confusion reintroduced regarding call-by-name/call-by-value (which are actually orthogonal to calling conventions -- an evaluation strategy for parameter passing is a property of the language, whereas a calling convention is a property of a particular compiler, platform, and/or build). --bmills 02:40, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I've been a PhD computer scientist for over 20 years, and I'm also an amateur stickler about English word usage. I have never seen the rigid distinction between "parameter" and "argument" that this article attempts to make.  On the contrary, the terms "formal parameter" and "actual parameter" are well established terms in computer science and have been for decades, thus clearly suggesting that a "parameter" is not necessarily only a formal parameter.  You may personally believe that this distinction should be made, but it does not reflect the long-established usage of these terms in the field of computer science.  Please feel free to lobby for such usage on your own blog, but this article needs to be re-written to reflect the actual, long-established use of these terms, which does ''not' make such a distinction.   -- DBooth (talk) 17:17, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

 * For example, see Formal and Actual Arguments -- DBooth (talk) 17:33, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

call-by
What is the difference between call-by-result and call-by-copy-restore? They seem to be defined identically. Derrick Coetzee 20:53, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

call-by-result is call-by-copy-restore with an uninitialzed variable. There are some factual errors in the "calling conventions" section of this article, which will hopefully be corrected in the migration to evaluation strategy. --bmills 21:09, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup
This article is not very encyclopedic. It would be great for a programming tutorial, but not for an encyclopedia. – flamurai (t) 02:52, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm working on a cleanup and rewrite this week. I'm going to move a cleaned-up version of the "calling conventions" (which are really evaluation strategies) into a forthcoming article I've stubbed (evaluation strategy); I think the rest of the article is pretty much redundant with subroutine (which is much larger and therefore likely to be better maintained), so I'm going to recommend that the rest of the article be dropped and redirected to subroutine.  --bmills 07:10, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

I rewrote the article somewhat. I removed the notice based on the number of individual articles that could be considered sub-articles of this, or that could be merged into this. They include function argument (I just merged it to here), default argument, and named parameter. There are also four foreign-language pages for this specific article. I also moved the overloading section to subroutine, as, IMHO, it doesn't have anything to do with specific arguments per-se, as in strongly-typed languages, it's implemented by creating a second copy of the subroutine. --Interiot 21:29, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks like a positive change — the article as now phrased is surprisingly not redundant with subroutine, and the level of quality is much higher! --bmills 19:54, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

It might be worth pointing out that in some languages (C++ at least), in formal usage, there's a distinction between the meaning of 'argument' and 'parameter', as per. --samdutton 08:30, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

 * These are covered somewhat at Parameter in case anyone wants to incorporate some of that text here. I don't quite grok the distinction myself though.  Is it just like the difference between a function prototype, and instances of calling a function?  Or is there more to it than that?

 * Also, regarding things like Macro...  it would be nice if someone who is an expert in functional languages could expand the article to include some of the formal concepts from functional programming.  --Interiot 18:22, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

In Parameters and Out Parameters.
What do you mean by in parameter and out parameter? Does in parameter means call by value and out parameter means call by reference? This is respect to C programming language. (TC). Bold text Strike-through text

Note: the above comment was added 2006 October 18 by Rsb161702, in this edit; this is the user’s only contribution (as of this writing). The revision of the page at that time (this edit) did not mention “in parameter” or “out parameter”; I believe the original poster was asking for clarification on these. As of this edit and earlier ones, I have added a section on Output parameters (more abstractly, “parameter modes”), which explains these. The original poster also expressed the common confounding of these with call by value and call by reference; I have explained (with references) that these are not the same (as discussed in Ada ’83 Rationale), and may even be backwards (as in PL/SQL)!

To answer the original question: C has no built-in notion of in parameter and out parameter, but the same effect as output and input/output parameters is very commonly used in C by passing pointers to functions and modifying the value that they point at, and one calls these “input parameters” and “output parameters” based on how they are used, though there is no specific language support for them. C is call by value, but this value may be a pointer, which allows one to get the same effects as call by reference, though with different syntax. One can get the effect of an input/output variable by passing a pointer to C function and then reading or modifying the value that it points at. Many other languages do have built-in notions of input parameters and output parameters. Hope this helps future readers!
 * —Nils von Barth (nbarth) (talk) 11:11, 5 October 2013 (UTC)

unclear wording
The article says "At runtime, the values assigned to these variables are passed to the subroutine sum. In the sum subroutine, the parameters addend1 and addend2 are evaluated, yielding the arguments 40 and 2, respectively. The values of the arguments are added, and the result is returned to the caller, where it is assigned to the variable sumValue."

Am I the only one who thinks this might make someone believe that the C programming language uses lazy evaluation? Could we somehow make clear that the values for parameters 'addend1 and 'addend2' aren't evaluated in the subroutine? That the values are in fact evaluated before the subroutine call, and the only 'evaluation' of the parameters that happens in the actual subroutine is trivial?

--Avl (talk) 11:31, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

PowerShell
What is with the obsession with PowerShell? It seems out of place, given that PowerShell originated none of these technologies. Superm401 - Talk 00:33, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

I agree, PowerShell is probably the worst language to explain these concepts. Blecchi--88.197.144.239 (talk) 17:27, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

Adding More synonyms
I came here looking for some clarity on the different names by which these concepts are reffered to. The following would be a good addition :

Value Parameter == ByValue == Formal Parameter

Reference Parameter == ByReference == Actual Parameter

These are already in the article, but for sake of clarity, a summary would be interesting.

Blecchi.

--88.197.144.239 (talk) 17:33, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't think your interpretation is correct! Whether a subroutine uses pass-by-copy or pass-by-reference, it has both parameters (formal parameters) and arguments (actual parameters).

 * In the case of pass-by-reference, the parameter is an alias for the argument, and both must be variables.

 * In the case of pass-by-copy, the parameter is a separate variable which holds a (shallow usually, but depends on language) copy of the argument's value. In this case the argument can be a literal or a variable, but the parameter is always a variable (a local variable that exists only for the duration of that subroutine).  TricksterWolf (talk) 01:38, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

"Distinguished" Argument and Parameter?
The place I teach uses the term "distinguished" argument or parameter to refer to the object off of which an instance method is invoked. Is there another more common name for this?

A quick search of relevant pages turned up no common definition for the distinguished argument (the invoking object) or the distinguished parameter (e.g., "this" in Java). TricksterWolf (talk) 01:32, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

Distinction between "argument" vs. "parameter" does not reflect real-world usage
This article makes a big deal about the distinction between the terms argument vs. parameter, but I asked several career programmers and computer scientists, and none are used to making this distinction in practice, and in looking at a variety of programming and computer science books, the names argument and parameter are often used interchangeably (other sources just pick one or the other). I’m sure there are sources that make a careful distinction between "formal parameter" vs. "actual argument" or whatever, but in a quick search I can't find any sources which shorten these separate things to just "parameter" vs. "argument", which seems likely to lead to confusion since the two are routinely conflated and given one name or the other.

If there is no survey of reasonably definitive sources backing up the claims of this article, I would recommend rewriting the lead section to make it clear that these terms are widely used interchangeably, and where a distinction is made, the terminology is often source-specific.

The article is also long and rambling with quite a bit that seems off topic or out of scope. –jacobolus (t) 18:44, 23 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parameter (computer programming)


text:
Goleta

Goleta or La Goleta may refer to:

 * Goleta (spider), a spider genus
 * Goleta, California, United States, a suburban city in Santa Barbara County
 * La Goleta, the Spanish and Portuguese name for La Goulette, a municipality and the port of Tunis, Tunisia

title: Goleta


text:
Sue Records

Sue Records was also the name of a Louisiana-based record company which owned Jewel Records (Shreveport record label). Sue Records ("The Sound of Soul") was an American record label founded by Henry 'Juggy' Murray and Bobby Robinson in 1957. Subsidiaries on the label were Symbol Records, Crackerjack Records, Broadway Records and Eastern Records. Sue also financed and distributed A.F.O. Records owned by Harold Battiste in New Orleans.

History
In 1957, Juggy Murray partnered with Bobby Robinson to create Sue Records in New York City. The label's first release was "Vengeance (Will Be Mine)" by the Matadors later that year. Sue's first hit record came in 1958 with "Itchy Twitchy Feeling" by Bobby Hendricks which peaked at #25 on the Billboard Hot 100. Success continued into the sixties with a handful of singles by R&B duo Ike & Tina Turner between 1960 and 1962. "Mockingbird" by brother-and-sister duo Inez and Charlie Foxx was a hit on the subsidiary label Symbol in 1963. Sue also had hits on the charts with "Stick Shift" by the Duals, "Hurt by Love" by Inez Foxx and "That's How Heartaches Are Made" by Justine "Baby" Washington. Sue also released early recordings by the soul singer Don Covay and albums by the soul-jazz organist Jimmy McGriff. Guitarist Jimi Hendrix signed his first recording contract with Sue in 1965, but no recordings were released.

Murray initially released his records in the UK through Decca's London Records but switched to a licensing deal with Island Records in 1964. This deal resulted in a split in the ownership of the Sue name. Island used the label to distribute Sue in the UK. Problems began when Island also leased discs from other US labels that interested them and released them on UK Sue too - which was not in the agreement. Murray terminated the agreement and returned to Decca in 1966.

After failing to chart in the U.S., Murray sold the Sue masters to United Artists Records in 1968. A reissue of the "Harlem Shuffle" by Bob & Earl made the Top 10 in Britain in 1969. Murray retained rights to the Sue name and constantly attempted to re-activate the label until his death in 2005. The Sue Records catalog eventually ended up with EMI, and then with Universal Music Group upon EMI's being bought out in 2012.

EMI released a 4-CD box-set The Sue Records Story: The Sound of Soul in 1994, while Ace Records later released four volumes of The UK Sue Label Story.

Discography
Sue Records were best known for their R&B and Rock 'n' Roll singles but released a number of LPs between 1958 and 1966 featuring popular and jazz artists.

Other Releases

 * LP-3001: Thank You, Lord - National Independent Gospel Singers of Atlanta Georgia (1960)
 * LP-8000: Things with Strings - Julie & Jack (1963)
 * SSLP-8801: Let's Work Together - Wilbert Harrison

Symbol Records
Symbol was launched in 1958 and lasted until 1966. The label issued 47 singles and one album, most which were produced by Murray. Brother-and-sister duo Inez & Charlie Foxx were the label's most successful artist. Their hit single, "Mockingbird" reached #2 on the Billboard R&B chart and #7 Billboard Hot 100 in the summer of 1963. Inez Foxx had a few solo singles reach the charts. It wasn't until 1966, that another artist on the label had a hit record. "She Blew a Good Thing" by The Poets peaked at #45 on the pop chart and #2 on the R&B chart. Artist who recorded on the label include King Coleman, Art Lassiter, the Hollywood Flames, the Shockettes, and the Parliaments.

Albums

 * 1963: Inez Foxx – Mockingbird

Crackerjack Records
Crackerjack was launched in 1961 and released its last record in 1964. Artist on that label included The Spy Dels, Ike Turner's Kings Of Rhythm, Eddie Carlton, Linda And The Del Rios, Pearl Woods, The Dramatics, Derek Martin, Chuck Leonard, and Betty Green.

Eastern Records
Eastern was launched in 1964 and lasted until 1966. The label produced the singles "The Real Thing" by Tina Britt which reached #20 on the R&B chart in 1965, and "Time Waits For No One" by Eddie & Ernie which reached #34 on the R&B chart in 1965. Geraldine Jones, Johnny Starr, and Duke Daniels also recorded on the label.

Broadway Records
Singles were released on Broadway between 1964 and 1966. Artists on the label included Tommy Andre, Johnson Sisters, Ocie Smith, Sandra Phillips, The Inverts, Johnny Burton, and The Thieves.

title: Sue Records


text:
Tomohiro Nishikado

Tomohiro Nishikado (西角 友宏) is a Japanese video game developer and engineer. He is the creator of the arcade shoot 'em up game Space Invaders, released to the public in 1978 by the Taito Corporation of Japan, often credited as the first shoot 'em up and for beginning the golden age of arcade video games. Prior to Space Invaders, he also designed other earlier Taito arcade games, including the shooting electro-mechanical games Sky Fighter (1971) and Sky Fighter II, the sports video game TV Basketball in 1974, the vertical scrolling racing video game Speed Race (also known as Wheels) in 1974, the multi-directional shooter Western Gun (also known as Gun Fight) in 1975, and the first-person combat flight simulator Interceptor (1975).

Early life and career
Tomohiro Nishikado was born in 1944. He began conducting his own science experiments at an early age and, in junior high school, started working with electronics by building radios and amplifiers. He graduated with an engineering degree from Tokyo Denki University in 1967. He had originally planned to work for Sony, but failed the final round of the company's testing process, so he instead joined an audio engineering company called Takt in early 1967. But after completing his training there he was not put in the development department, so he quit a year later and looked for a new job, eventually accepting a job offer from a communications company. Before beginning work, he met an old colleague at a train station who told him about the work he was doing at Taito, which Nishikado found interesting. His friend told him that Taito were desperately searching for new engineers, so Nishikado decided to join Taito instead of the communications company.

He joined Pacific Industries Ltd in 1968, a subsidiary of Taito Trading Company. He began working on arcade electro-mechanical games, developing the hit target shooting games Sky Fighter (1971) and Sky Fighter II. His bosses at Taito believed transistor-transistor logic (TTL) technology would play a significant role in the arcade industry, so they tasked Nishikado with investigating TTL technology as he was the company's only employee who knew how to work with integrated circuit (IC) technology, and one of the few engineers at any Japanese coin-op company with significant expertise in solid-state electronics.

He began working on video game development in 1972. He was interested in creating arcade video games, so he spent six months dissecting Atari's Pong arcade unit and learning how the game's integrated circuits worked, and began modifying the game. He developed Elepong (similar to Pong), one of Japan's earliest locally produced arcade video games, released in 1973. He produced more than ten video games up until 1977, before Space Invaders was released in 1978.

Sky Fighter and Sky Fighter II
Nishikado developed Sky Fighter, a target shooting electro-mechanical game released by Taito for amusement arcades in 1971. The game used mirrors to project images of model planes in front of a moving sky-blue background from a film canister on a rotating drum. The game was a hit, but too large for most locations, so it was followed by a scaled-down version, Sky Fighter II, which sold 3,000 arcade cabinets.

Soccer and Davis Cup
His first original arcade video games were the Pong-style sports video games Soccer and Davis Cup, with Soccer developed first but both released in November 1973. Davis Cup was a team sport video game, a tennis doubles game with similar ball-and-paddle gameplay to Pong but played in doubles, allowing up to four players to compete, like Atari's Pong Doubles (1973) released the same year. Soccer was also a team sport video game, based on association football. Soccer was also a ball-and-paddle game like Pong, but with a green background to simulate a playfield, allowed each player to control both a forward and a goalkeeper, and let them adjust the size of the players who were represented as paddles on screen. It also had a goal on each side. Nishikado considers Soccer to be Japan's first original domestically produced video game, in comparison to Japanese Pong clones released earlier, including Sega's Pong Tron and Taito's Elepong.

TV Basketball
TV Basketball (バスケットボールTV) was an arcade basketball video game released by Taito in April 1974. It was designed by Tomohiro Nishikado, who wanted to move beyond simple rectangles to character graphics. Taito released the game in Europe as Basketball in 1974.

It was the earliest use of character sprites to represent human player characters in a video game. The gameplay was largely similar to earlier ball-and-paddle games, but with human-like characters rather than simple rectangles. Nishikado came up with the concept by taking "a typical pong game" and rearranging the shapes so that they looked like objects such as a basketball hoop. It was also the earliest basketball video game in arcades, and the second basketball-themed video game in general, after the Basketball overlay released for the Magnavox Odyssey console in 1973.

In February 1974, TV Basketball became the earliest non-American video game to be licensed for release in North America, with a deal initially made with Atari. However, the game instead ended up being licensed to Midway Manufacturing, who released the game in North America as TV Basketball in June 1974. It sold 1,400 arcade cabinets in the United States, a video game production record for Midway, up until the release of Wheels. TV Basketball was the first basketball video game released by Midway, which later followed with Arch Rivals (1989) and NBA Jam (1993).

Speed Race (Wheels)
Nishikado's Speed Race was a driving racing video game, released in November 1974. He considers it to be his favourite among the games he had worked on prior to Space Invaders. It was also one the first Japanese video games released in North America, where it was distributed by Midway. Running on Taito Discrete Logic hardware, the game used sprites with collision detection. The game's most important innovation was its introduction of scrolling graphics, where the sprites moved along a vertical scrolling overhead track, with the course width becoming wider or narrower as the player's car moves up the road, while the player races against other rival cars, more of which appear as the score increases. The faster the player's car drives, the more the score increases. The game's concept was adapted from two earlier electro-mechanical driving games: Kasco's Mini Drive (1958) and Taito's Super Road 7 (1970).

In contrast to the volume-control dials used in his earlier Pong-inspired machines, Speed Race had a realistic racing wheel controller, with a accelerator, gear shift, speedometer and tachometer. It could be played in either single-player or alternating two-player, where each player attempts to beat the other's score. The game also had selectable difficulty levels, giving players an option between "Beginner's race" and "Advanced player's race". The game was re-branded as Wheels by Midway for released in the United States and was influential on later racing games. Midway also released a version called Racer in the United States. Wheels and Wheels II sold 10,000 cabinets in the United States to become the best-selling arcade game of 1975.

The game received nine sequels:

 * Speed Race Deluxe (1975)
 * Speed Race Twin (1976)
 * Super Speed Race (1977)
 * Super Speed Race V (1978)
 * T. T. Speed Race CL (1978)
 * Speed Race CL-5 (1980)
 * Super Speed Race GP V (1980)
 * Super Speed Race Jr. (1985)
 * Automobili Lamborghini: Super Speed Race 64 (1998)

Western Gun (Gun Fight)
His next major title was Western Gun (known as Gun Fight in the United States), released in 1975. The game's concept was adapted from a Sega arcade electro-mechanical game, called Gun Fight (1969), with the cowboy figurines adapted into character sprites and both players able to maneuver across a landscape while shooting each other. The game is historically significant for several reasons. It was an early on-foot, multi-directional shooter, that could be played in single-player or two-player. It also introduced video game violence, being the first video game to depict human-to-human combat, and the first to depict a gun on screen. The game introduced dual-stick controls, with one eight-way joystick for movement and the other for changing the shooting direction, and was one of the earliest video games to represent game characters and fragments of story through its visual presentation.

The player characters used in the game represented avatars for the players, and would yell "Got me!" when one of them is shot. Other features of the game included obstacles such as a cactus, and in later levels, pine trees and moving wagons, that can provide cover for the players and are destructible. The guns have limited ammunition, with each player limited to six bullets, and shots can ricochet off the top or bottom edges of the playfield, allowing for indirect hits to be used as a strategy.

Western Gun was his next game licensed to Midway for release in the United States, with the title changed to Gun Fight for its American release. Midway's Gun Fight adaptation was itself notable for being the first video game to use a microprocessor. Nishikado's Western Gun allowed the two players to move around anywhere on the screen, whereas Midway's version Gun Fight restricts each player to their respective portions of the screen, with the characters made larger in size. Nishikado believed that his original version was more fun, but was impressed with the improved graphics and smoother animation of Midway's version. This led him to design microprocessors into his subsequent games.

Gun Fight was a success in the arcades, selling 8,600 arcade cabinets in the United States, where it was the third highest-grossing arcade game of 1975 and the second highest-grossing arcade game of 1976. The game was ported to the Bally Astrocade console and several computer platforms. Gun Fight's success helped pave the way for Japanese video games in the American market.

Interceptor
Interceptor (インターセプター) is a first-person combat flight simulator designed by Tomohiro Nishikado. The game was first demonstrated in 1975, before releasing in Japan in March 1976, and in Europe the same year. It involved piloting a jet fighter, using an eight-way joystick to aim with a crosshair and shoot at enemy aircraft that move in formations of two, can scale in size depending on their distance to the player, and can move out of the player's firing range. The game used a form of pseudo-3D object-scaling to create the illusion of 3D space, a technique that was later used in racing video games such as Atari's Night Driver (1976) and Namco's Pole Position (1982), and more extensively in Sega Super Scaler arcade games during the mid-to-late 1980s.

Space Invaders
In 1977, Nishikado began developing Space Invaders, which he created entirely on his own. In addition to designing and programming the game, he also did the artwork and sounds, and engineered the game's arcade hardware, putting together a microcomputer from scratch. Following its release in 1978, Space Invaders went on to become his most successful video game. It is frequently cited as the "first" or "original" in the shoot 'em up genre.

Space Invaders pitted the player against multiple enemies descending from the top of the screen at a constantly increasing speed. The game used alien creatures inspired by The War of the Worlds because the developers were unable to render the movement of aircraft; in turn, the aliens replaced human enemies because of moral concerns (regarding the portrayal of killing humans) on the part of Taito. As with subsequent shoot 'em ups of the time, the game was set in space as the available technology only permitted a black background. The game also introduced the idea of giving the player a number of "lives". It sold over 360,000 arcade cabinets worldwide, and by 1981 had grossed more than $1 billion, equivalent to $2.5 billion in 2011.

As one of the earliest shooter games, it set precedents and helped pave the way for future titles and for the shooting genre. Space Invaders popularized a more interactive style of gameplay with the enemies responding to the player controlled cannon's movement. It was also the first video game to popularize the concept of achieving a high score, being the first game to save the player's score. It was also the first game where players had to repel hordes of creatures, take cover from enemy fire, and use destructible barriers, in addition to being the first game to use a continuous background soundtrack, with four simple chromatic descending bass notes repeating in a loop, though it was dynamic and changed pace during stages. It also moved the gaming industry away from Pong-inspired sports games grounded in real-world situations towards action games involving fantastical situations. Space Invaders set the template for the shoot 'em up genre, with its influence extending to most shooting games released to the present day, including first-person shooters such as Wolfenstein, Doom, Halo and Call of Duty.

Game designer Shigeru Miyamoto considers Space Invaders a game that revolutionized the video game industry; he was never interested in video games before seeing it, and it would inspire him to produce video games. Several publications ascribe the expansion of the video game industry from a novelty into a global industry to the success of the game, attributing the shift of video games from bars and arcades to more mainstream locations like restaurants and department stores to Space Invaders. The game's success is also credited for ending the video game crash of 1977 and beginning the golden age of video arcade games. The launch of the arcade phenomenon in North America was in part due to Space Invaders. Game Informer considers it, along with Pac-Man, one of the most popular arcade games that tapped into popular culture and generated excitement during the golden age of arcades. The game also played an important role during the second generation of consoles, when it became the Atari 2600's first killer app, establishing Atari as the market leader in the home video game market at the time. Space Invaders is today regarded as one of the most influential video games of all time.

Later career
Nishikado's later credited games for Taito included the racing video game Chase HQ II: Special Criminal Investigation in 1989, the scrolling shooters Darius II (Sagaia) in 1989 and Darius Twin in 1991, the platform game Parasol Stars: The Story of Bubble Bobble III in 1991, the SNES role-playing video game Lufia & the Fortress of Doom in 1993, the beat 'em up Sonic Blast Man II in 1994, and the puzzle game Bust-A-Move 2 (Puzzle Bobble 2) in 1995.

He left Taito in 1996 to found his own company, Dreams. Under Dreams when it was owned by Nishikado, his credited games include Bust-A-Move Millennium, published by Acclaim Entertainment in 2000.

Dreams is also credited for Chase HQ: Secret Police published by Metro3D for the Game Boy Color in 1999, the 3D eroge visual novel Dancing Cats published by Illusion for the PC in 2000, Super Bust-A-Move (Super Puzzle Bobble) published by Taito for the PlayStation 2 in 2000, Rainbow Islands (Bubble Bobble 2) and Shaun Palmer's Pro Snowboarder for the Game Boy Color in 2001, and the 2008 Nintendo DS version of Ys I & II. He personally oversaw the development of Space Invaders Revolution, released by Taito in 2005, and was involved in the development of Space Invaders Infinity Gene, released by Taito's current owner Square Enix in 2008. Dreams was involved in the development of the fighting game Battle Fantasia, released by Arc System Works in 2008.

As of 2013, he is no longer with Dreams, and presently works for Taito as a technical advisor.

title: Tomohiro Nishikado


text: Talk:Alpha Epsilon Pi

title: Talk:Alpha Epsilon Pi


text:
The Last Defender of Camelot

The Last Defender of Camelot is an annotated anthology of science fiction and fantasy short stories by American writer Roger Zelazny.

Contents
This is a list of the short stories included in the 1980 edition. The ones with (UM) were only in the limited Underwood-Miller editions.

 * "Passion Play"
 * "Horseman!"
 * "The Stainless Steel Leech"
 * "A Thing of Terrible Beauty"
 * "He Who Shapes"
 * "Comes Now the Power"
 * "Auto-Da-Fe"
 * "Damnation Alley" (magazine version)
 * "For a Breath I Tarry"
 * "The Engine at Heartspring's Center"
 * "The Game of Blood and Dust"
 * "No Award"
 * "Is there a Demon Lover in the House?"
 * "The Last Defender of Camelot"
 * "Stand Pat, Ruby Stone"
 * "Halfjack"
 * "Exeunt Omnes" (UM)
 * "Fire And/Or Ice" (UM)
 * "Shadowjack" (UM)
 * "A Very Good Year" (UM)

title: The Last Defender of Camelot


text:
Frost & Fire

Frost & Fire is a 288-page collection of short stories and essays by Roger Zelazny. It was printed in 1989 by William Morrow.

Contents

 * "An Exorcism, of Sorts"
 * "Permafrost"
 * "LOKI 7281"
 * "Dreadsong"
 * "Itself Surprised" - a story set in the Berserker shared universe.
 * "Dayblood"
 * "Constructing A Science Fiction Novel"
 * "The Bands of Titan"
 * "Mana from Heaven" - a story set in Larry Niven's Warlock universe, updated to modern times.
 * "Night Kings", first published in Worlds of If, September-November 1986
 * "Quest's End"
 * "24 Views of Mt. Fuji, by Hokusai"
 * "Fantasy and Science Fiction: A Writer's View"

title: Frost & Fire


text:
Talk:Mines and Works Act

Untitled
from VfD:

No clear content or context. If a sub-stub, it's a very bad one. — Bill 21:01, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Should be a speedy - no meaningful content (which jurisdiction passed this law, when, etc...?) OK, revised version is meaningful. Jongarrettuk 21:07, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I rewrote this to be a better stub. It merits further expansion, but I think it now is probably worth keeping, even if not improved. --Improv 22:54, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as stubbed by Improv. I added a   tag and added it to the category "History of South Africa". (In the process of doing that, I noted that apartheid wasn't even categorized under "History of South Africa"...or, indeed, under any category at all. Like, um, kinda silly.) Bearcat 07:05, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as improved by Improv. — Bill 11:34, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

Copyright problem removed
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The cause of mines and works Act
105.245.122.198 (talk) 12:57, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mines and Works Act


text:
Manna from Heaven

Manna from Heaven is a collection of fantasy short stories by American writer Roger Zelazny. It was published in 2003 by Zelazny's estate eight years after Zelazny's death.

Contents
Manna from Heaven contains 22 stories. The first 16 are stand-alone stories, while the last six tie into Zelazny's Chronicles of Amber series.

 * "Godson"
 * "Mana from Heaven"
 * "Corrida"
 * "Prince of the Powers of This World"
 * "The Furies"
 * "The Deadliest Game"
 * "Kalifriki of the Thread"
 * "Come Back to the Killing Ground Alice, My Love"
 * "Lady of Steel"
 * "Come to Me Not in Winter's White" (written with Harlan Ellison)
 * "The New Pleasure"
 * "The House of the Hanged Man"
 * "Epithalamium"
 * "The Last Inn on the Road"
 * "Stowaway"
 * "Angel, Dark Angel"
 * "Prologue from the Trumps of Doom"
 * Merlin walks the Logrus, wearing his strangling cord Frakir.

 * "The Salesman's Tale"
 * Luke flees the Pattern – having just spilled on it, not his own blood (which he apparently was in a position to do) but a harmless cup of tea, and bought himself a split second to trick even the Pattern that way – and takes refuge in the Crystal Cave. He and Vialle learn that the redistribution of the spikards will force a confrontation involving Amber and the Courts of Chaos.

 * "Blue Horse, Dancing Mountains"
 * Corwin flees the Courts of Chaos through a part of Shadow called the Dancing Mountains, having been given a new steed – a sentient shapechanger named Shask – as a gift by his son Merlin. He eavesdrops on a game of chess between Dworkin and Suhuy, and learns he has an appointment at the Hall of Mirrors in Amber Castle.

 * "The Shroudling and the Guisel"
 * Merlin's childhood sweetheart Rhanda appears. She warns him of an unknown sorcerer who seeks the throne of the Courts of Chaos and has sent a beast called a guisel to kill him. He succeeds in destroying it with the help of the Vorpal Blade, and sends another one back to pursue the mystery sorcerer.

 * "Coming to a Cord"
 * Frakir escapes from Brand's bedpost where Merlin left her, locates Flora, and eventually asks Luke's help in returning to Merlin. A conversation with Flora is interrupted by a mystery sorcerer who enters and exits through mirrors, pursued by a weird beast called a guisel. Luke uses the power of Werewindle – revealed to be a transformed spikard, like Merlin's ring (and also Corwin's sword Grayswandir) – to destroy it.

 * "Hall of Mirrors"
 * Corwin discovers that traveling through the Dancing Mountains made him the subject of an unusual spell. He returns to Amber Castle and meets Luke – who apparently prefers to be called by his alter-ego name, rather than his true name Rinaldo, even by those who know him as Rinaldo – and they enter the Hall of Mirrors and are forced to duel. Fiona and Mandor are present: It is unclear whether they are in charge, or merely blameless observers as they claim to be. Both are seriously wounded (their weapons forcing them into confrontation against their wills) but both survive. It is revealed that Castle Amber itself appears to be sufficiently sentient to be attempting to influence affairs.

title: Manna from Heaven


text:
Sebastian Santa Maria

Sebastian Santa Maria (September 24, 1959-October 20, 1996) was a Chilean-Swiss musician. He was born in 1959 in Santiago, Chile, but settled in Lausanne, Switzerland at age 17.

He played the piano in several clubs in Lausanne until beginning a fertile career as a composer, composing a number of songs including some made for Catherine Lara, Bernard Lavilliers, for Viktor Lazlo's album My Delicious Poisons and Isabelle Adjani.

Besides these composing activities, he also played numerous piano duet jazz concerts with François Lindemann, and a few years later, he founded with Lindemann a unique group of seven Steinways called Piano Seven.

He also participated in the reincarnation of British band The Zombies, playing on their 1991 album, New World. As a solo artist, he released a few singles and one full-length album (Latino, 1994). A second album, Corpus, was released posthumously in 1997.

Santa Maria died of adrenoleukodystrophy in 1996 in Lausanne.

title: Sebastian Santa Maria