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Pierre S. du Pont

Pierre Samuel du Pont (January 15, 1870 – April 4, 1954) was an American entrepreneur, businessman, philanthropist and member of the prominent du Pont family.

He was president of DuPont from 1915 to 1919, and was on its board of directors until 1940. He also managed General Motors from 1915 to 1920, became GM's president in 1920, and was on GM's board of directors until 1928. Among other notable accomplishments, he was among the founding board of directors of the Empire State Building which opened in 1931.

Early life
Du Pont was born January 15, 1870, on the family estate near Wilmington, Delaware, and was named after his great-great-grandfather, Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours. He was the eldest of three sons born to Lammot du Pont and Mary Belin.

His great-great-grandfather, and namesake, was a French economist (who had been granted the ennobling suffix "de Nemours" after election to the Constituent Assembly) and patriarch of the du Pont family. Du Pont de Nemours immigrated to America with relatives including his son, Eleuthère Irénée du Pont, who founded the DuPont company in 1802, and whose descendants would form one of the richest American business dynasties of the ensuing two centuries.

In 1884 his father was killed in an industrial accident. As the eldest son of ten children he was patriarch of the family. For the rest of their lives, his siblings, even his older sisters, addressed him as "Dad" or "Daddy."

He attended MIT and graduated with a degree in chemistry in 1890.

Career
Following graduation from MIT in 1890, he became assistant superintendent at Eleutherian Mills on the Brandywine River.

He and his cousin Francis Gurney du Pont developed the first American smokeless powder in 1892 at the Carney's Point plant in New Jersey.

Most of the 1890s he spent working with the management at a steel firm partly owned by DuPont (primarily by T. Coleman du Pont), the Johnson Street Rail Company in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Here he learned to deal with money from the company's president, Arthur Moxham. In 1899, unsatisfied with how conservative DuPont's management was, he quit and took over the Johnson Company. In 1901, while du Pont was supervising the liquidation of Johnson Company assets in Lorain, Ohio, he employed John J. Raskob as a private secretary, beginning a long and profitable business and personal relationship between the two.

Expansion of DuPont
He and his cousins, Alfred I. du Pont and T. Coleman du Pont, purchased E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company in 1902, in order to keep the company in family hands, after the death of its president, Eugene I. du Pont. They set about buying smaller powder firms. Until 1914, during Coleman du Pont's illness, Pierre du Pont served as treasurer, executive vice-president, and acting president.

In 1915, a group headed by Pierre, which included outsiders, bought Coleman's stock. Alfred was offended and sued Pierre for breach of trust.

Pierre was DuPont's president until 1919. Pierre gave the DuPont company a modern management structure and modern accounting policies and made the concept of return on investment primary. During World War I, the company grew very quickly due to advance payments on Allied munition contracts. He also established many other DuPont interests in other industries.

He was featured on the cover of Time magazine's January 31, 1927, issue. That same year he was elected an honorary member of the Delaware Society of the Cincinnati. In 1930, he was elected a director of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

General Motors
In 1915, Du Pont was elected a director of General Motors. where he was a significant figure in the success of the company and was noted for building a sizeable personal investment in the company as well as supporting John J. Raskob's proposal for DuPont to invest in the automobile company.

In 1920, he became president of General Motors succeeding William C. Durant, and resigned in 1923, when he was succeeded by Alfred P. Sloan Jr. Pierre du Pont resigned the chairmanship of GM in response to GM President Alfred Sloan's dispute with Raskob over Raskob's involvement with the Democratic National Committee. When du Pont retired from its board of directors, GM was the largest company in the world.

DuPont and MIT
Du Pont was one of the first of many of his family members to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Both his younger brothers, Irénée du Pont (1897) and Lammot du Pont II (1901), graduated from MIT. Du Pont, his relations and the DuPont corporation were generous benefactors over the years, and helped set up multiple endowments, fellowships, scholarships and faculty chairs for the university. When MIT moved to its current location in Cambridge in 1917, Pierre, T. Coleman du Pont and Charles Hayden donated $215,000 to house the Department of Mining, Engineering and Metallurgy (now the Department of Materials Science and Engineering).

Du Pont was on multiple boards and committees, and from 1916 to 1951 he was a member of the MIT Corporation, the university's board of trustees. Along with his brother Lammot, he was given the honor of being made a life member emeritus when he stepped down from the board in 1951.

In 2000, the DuPont MIT Alliance (DMA) was formed. Over the next 10 years, the DuPont corporation donated $55 million to the university to fund as many as 20 different research projects.

Later life
Pierre retired from DuPont's board in 1940. He also was on the Delaware State Board of Education and donated millions to Delaware's public schools, financing the replacement of Delaware's dilapidated Negro schools.

In 1943, his genealogical research book, Genealogy of the Du Pont family, 1739–1942, was published.

Personal life
He was a bachelor until age 45. On October 16, 1915, after the death of his mother, he married his first cousin Alice Belin (1872–1944), a daughter of Henry Belin Jr., from Scranton, Pennsylvania. The ceremony was at 400 Park Avenue in Manhattan, the home of her brother F. Lammot Belin. They were married in New York City because Pennsylvania law prohibited first cousins from marrying. They had no children.

His wife died at their home in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, on June 23, 1944.

Du Pont died nearly ten years later on April 4, 1954, at Memorial Hospital in Wilmington, Delaware. After a funeral held at Longwood, he was buried in the Du Pont family cemetery near the Brandywine River.

Legacy
Du Pont was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1917. In 1919 du Pont became a member of the Delaware board of education, becoming president in the 1920s. At the time, state law prohibited money raised from white taxpayers from being used to support the state's schools for black children. Appalled by the condition of the black schools, du Pont donated four million dollars to construct eighty-six new school buildings. By 1927, it was reported that he had provided school buildings for 43% of Delaware's schoolchildren. In 1925 he became Delaware's tax commissioner, and used his position to modernize the tax office and ensure tax collection.

In 1927, du Pont became the president of the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment. He and his family were among the major donors to the group.

Du Pont is famous for opening his personal estate, Longwood Gardens, with its beautiful gardens, fountains, and conservatory, to the public. Its construction was inspired by his international travels, visiting the great gardens of the world.

The former P. S. Dupont High School in Wilmington, now a middle school, is named in his honor. A building at the University of Delaware, Du Pont Hall, is also named for him. It houses the offices and laboratories for the College of Engineering. Du Pont also donated $900,000 towards the construction and establishment of Kennett High School in 1924, equal to over $12.8M today.

title: Pierre S. du Pont


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Project Liberty Ship

Project Liberty Ship is a non-profit organization in the United States dedicated to the preservation of the Liberty ship SS John W. Brown. Project Liberty Ship began in 1978, when a seminar on Liberty ship preservation was held aboard the John W. Brown, which was then serving as a nautical high school operated by the City of New York. Those attending the seminar could foresee the day, rapidly approaching, when the last ship of that great fleet of over 2700 Liberty Ships would face the breaker's torch or be sunk as an artificial reef, and they were determined to preserve at least one ship as a memorial museum on the east coast of the United States.

With the backing of the National Maritime Historical Society, an organization was formed to work toward the preservation of the John W. Brown. Although there were, at that time, several Liberty Ships that might have been candidates for restoration, the John W. Brown was the logical choice. A small staff of volunteers began planning for the day when New York would close down its floating high school and the ship would become available. A membership drive was commenced and publication of a newsletter, "Liberty Log", was begun.

The ship's career as a schoolship ended in 1982, and the group, now called Project Liberty Ship, was in the midst of a search for a suitable berth in New York Harbor at which to display the John W. Brown. Despite their best efforts, Project Liberty Ship could not locate a single berth in the entire harbor that would accept the ship. They were forced to stand and watch as the John W. Brown was towed out of the harbor and down the coast to the James River, Reserve Fleet in July 1983.

While its membership slowly grew, Project Liberty Ship's volunteer staff continued to search for a berth in New York and accomplished several other important steps. A law was passed in the United States Congress transferring title of the ship from the United States Maritime Administration to Project Liberty Ship. Application was made, and accepted, to list the ship on the National Register of Historic Places. SS John W. Brown became a National Register Ship, one of the very few such ships in the nation.

Finally, late in 1987, Project Liberty Ship officers gave up their attempts to berth John W. Brown in New York and turned to Baltimore, Maryland. In January 1988, a meeting was held at the Baltimore Museum of Industry to discuss the idea. They expected half a dozen people to attend, and they got 40. From the original group who met at the museum a core committee was formed to begin the effort. "Project Liberty Ship Baltimore" went to work, with the full backing and support of the parent group in New York, to permanently display John W. Brown in the harbor of her birth.

Mission
The stated mission of the project is

Project Liberty Ship is a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of the Liberty ship SS John W. Brown as a living memorial to the men and women of American industry who built the great Liberty Fleet and to the merchant seamen and Naval Armed Guards who sailed the ships across all the oceans of the world.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Project Liberty Ship


text:
Talk:Chloroplast membrane

Untitled
Merge with thylakoid since only chloroplasts have the thylakoid membrane?--nixie 01:44, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * er.. chloroplasts have more than just thylakoid membranes, hence why there is an article about them. Joe D 02:36, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Of course they do. I think a better entry would be about chloroplast membranes and include the thylakoid entry- otherwise there is too much redundancy between articles.--nixie 02:39, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Does everyone concur with the current "widely accepted" concept of endosymbiosis and chloroplasts? Uwagradstudent 04:04, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Hydrogen ions are H+ not H-. And the pH scale only goes up to 14, not 15 as shown in the article. However I do not know the pH value of the thylakoid innermembranous space so I will not change the value shown. Also a thousand-fold difference from pH 7 would be pH 10. Plus, the CO6.... equals glucose is rubbish. [User: djc biology teacher] 11:38, 3 February 2007

title: Talk:Chloroplast membrane


text: File:The B-52's - Good Stuff.jpg

title: File:The B-52's - Good Stuff.jpg


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Hypnotize the Moon

Hypnotize the Moon is the third studio album by American country music singer Clay Walker. It was released October 17, 1995, on Giant Records. It was the third consecutive album of his career to earn RIAA platinum certification for U.S. shipments of one million copies, although it was also the first album of his career not to produce any Number One hits. Released from this album were, in order: "Who Needs You Baby", the title track, "Only on Days That End in 'Y'", and "Bury the Shovel". Respectively, these reached #2, #2, #5, and #18 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts. "Love You Like You Love Me" was co-written by Steve Wariner, who later recorded it on his 1998 album Burnin' the Roadhouse Down.

Background
In an interview with the Houston Chronicle Walker stated about the album "I'm not trying to change country music; I want to be part of it, country music radio has really been the key for us. They've been behind us from the beginning, especially in this area." During an interview with The Grand Rapids Press Walker said, "The third album has to be a landmark album for us. It has to take me to the next level." He also stated, "I know for sure that this is the best album I've ever done. I'm just so proud of it."

Walker told Country Song Roundup, "The first album, I had a lot of very raw sound and it was a new beginning for me. The second album I stretched out of that one and tried to find my limitations. This album is something that I'm going to be proud of 20 years from now." In a press release for the album Walker stated, "I really wanted this album to be more traditional country than anything I've ever done. That's why I wrote and looked for songs that were more in that vein." In another interview with Country Song Roundup Walker said, "I try to record music that is going to be played on the radio twenty years from now. It's hard to make songs stand out with so many artists and songs out there."

Critical reception
The editors at Billboard wrote in their review of the album "Walker is a big-voiced Texas singer with smart song selection and a minimalist honky-tonk production. He sounds unassuming until you realize that's what he's all about. He gets in your yard without ever getting in your face. Very intelligent use of fiddle and steel here." Helen Thompson of Texas Monthly wrote, "Hypnotize the Moon, is already flying out of stores. Attribute his success to a knack for writing mainstream country songs or to his engaging modesty--or even to his tight blue jeans, which he wears in his sexy videos and onstage."

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote, " Walker shines on both polished, contemporary ballads and gritty traditional country, and his consistently excellent performance is what carries the album over the weak spots." David Zimmerman of USA Today gave the album two stars and wrote, "The follow-up to Walker's successful debut album, If I Could Make a Living, doesn't have as much verve or as many catchy hooks. But Walker's workmanlike approach and believable delivery give emotional heft to the waltz." Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B+ rating and wrote that Walker is "only as memorable as his songs, and in this case, that's enough. Whether you favor the Haggardesque Let Me Take the Heartache (Off Your Hands) or the MOR title ballad, he's one cookie-cutter sensation who isn't likely to crumble.

Richard McVey II of Country Standard Time gave the album a positive review and wrote, "Be prepared for an abundance of fiddle and steel guitar on an album that will no doubt continue Walker's string of platinum success." Mario Tarradell of The Dallas Morning News said, "His third album, Hypnotize the Moon, is filled with the same type of radio-friendly ballads and mass-appeal up-tempo numbers that took his first two CDs to platinum."

Personnel

 * Eddie Bayers - drums
 * Larry Byrom – acoustic guitar
 * Mike Brignardello – bass guitar
 * Stuart Duncan – fiddle
 * Paul Franklin – Dobro
 * Kyle Frederick – acoustic guitar
 * Sonny Garrish – steel guitar
 * Johnny Gimble - fiddle
 * John Hobbs - piano
 * Byron House – bass guitar
 * Dann Huff - electric guitar
 * Van Rentz – piano
 * Jason Roberts – fiddle
 * Matt Rollings – piano
 * Brent Rowan – electric guitar
 * Maxwell Schauf — drums
 * Tim Sergeant – steel guitar
 * Joe Spivey – fiddle
 * Landon Taylor – electric guitar
 * Clay Walker – lead vocals
 * Glenn Worf – bass guitar
 * Curtis Wright - background vocals
 * Curtis Young - background vocals

Strings performed by the Nashville String Machine, contracted by Carl Gorodetzsky, conducted and arranged by Steve Dorff.

Chart performance
The album debuted at number 11 and moved 20,000 units during its first week.

title: Hypnotize the Moon


text:
Talk:List of political parties in Benin

Untitled
Due to difficulties getting reliable information on the internet, this article is probably not accurate - Xed 01:49, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:List of political parties in Abkhazia which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:19, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of political parties in Benin


text:
Expressome

Expressome may refer to:
 * A supramolecular complex consisting of RNA polymerase and a trailing ribosome linked by a shared mRNA. The expressome complex mediates a mechanism of gene expression regulation termed transcription-translation coupling.
 * The whole set of gene expression in a cell, tissue, organ, organisms, and species. Expressome is a slightly larger concept than transcriptome. The transcriptome is the set of transcripts, while expressome includes transcripts, proteins and other ligands (abundance or concentration).

title: Expressome


text:
Googie Withers

Georgette Lizette "Googie" Withers, CBE, AO (12 March 1917 – 15 July 2011) was an English entertainer. She was a dancer and actress, with a lengthy career spanning some nine decades in theatre, film, and television. She was a well-known actress and star of British films during and after the Second World War.

She often featured in British productions, primarily in films with actor and producer John McCallum, whom she married and, in the late 1950s, emigrated together to her husband's native Australia, where they became best known in theatre. During the 1970s, she played prison governor Faye Boswell in the TV series Within These Walls, and continued to feature in films.

Biography
Withers was born in Karachi, British India (now Pakistan), to Edgar Withers, a captain in the Royal Navy, and Lizette Wilhelmina Katarina, of Dutch, French and German descent. She was named after her aunt Georgette Ottolina, but was fondly given the name "chota ghugi'" at a young age by her Punjabi ayah (nanny), chota ghugi' being Punjabi for "little dove", which became Anglicised to "Googie". She became used to the nickname and decided to keep it as her stage name. As a child, she showed interest in learning the Urdu language.

After her father left the Royal Navy to manage a foundry in Birmingham, England, Googie was sent to a boarding school near Dover, and a secondary day school in London.

Acting career
Withers began acting at the age of twelve, and was student at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, and at the dance school of Buddy Bradley, where she learnt ballet and tap. She was a dancer in a West End production when she was offered work as a film extra in Michael Powell's The Girl in the Crowd (1935). She arrived on the set to find one of the major players in the production had been dismissed, and she was immediately asked to step into the leading role, beginning a seven year contract with Warner Brothers, after which she worked for Fox British, Ealing Studios and The Rank Organisation.

During the 1930s, Withers was constantly in demand in lead roles in minor films, and supporting roles in more prestigious productions. She was in Windfall (1935) and The Love Test (1935), and she had the lead in All at Sea (1935).

Withers supported in Dark World (1935), King of Hearts (1936), and Accused (1936). Her Last Affaire (1935) was her third film with Powell.

She followed it with She Knew What She Wanted (1936), Crown v. Stevens (1936) (directed by Powell), Crime Over London (1936), Pearls Bring Tears (1937), Action for Slander (1937), and Paradise for Two (1937).

Withers had the lead in You're the Doctor (1938) and was back to support for Kate Plus Ten (1938). Her best-known work of the period was as one of Margaret Lockwood's friends in Alfred Hitchcock's The Lady Vanishes (1938).

She continued in support roles in Paid in Error (1938) and Strange Boarders (1938). She was in a Will Hay film Convict 99 (1938) and supported Jack Buchanan in The Gang's All Here (1939). Then she appeared in crime films Murder in Soho (1939) and Dead Men are Dangerous (1939).

She supported George Formby in Trouble Brewing (1939) and Tommy Trinder in She Couldn't Say No (1939). She was in a Robert Montgomery film Busman's Honeymoon (1939) and was reunited with Buchanan in Bulldog Sees It Through (1940). She was still supporting comics in Back-Room Boy (1942) with Arthur Askey.

Rising fame
Among her successes of the 1940s, and a departure from her previous roles, was the Powell and Pressburger film One of Our Aircraft Is Missing (1942), a topical World War II drama, in which she played a Dutch resistance fighter who helps British airmen return to safety from behind enemy lines.

Powell and Pressburger then used her in a film they produced but did not direct, The Silver Fleet (1943). She played Helen, a significant second lead in the Clive Book-directed 1944 comedy On Approval.

Withers was in They Came to a City (1945), directed by Basil Dearden, and was one of several stars in Dead of Night (1945).

She was given a star part in Pink String and Sealing Wax (1945). It was well received, and Withers was given the title role in The Loves of Joanna Godden (1947), which was a hit. In the cast was actor John McCallum, whom Withers later married. They remained married until McCallum died in 2010.

Withers then starred in It Always Rains on Sunday (1948), which was one of the biggest hits of the year. In 1948, British exhibitors voted her the 8th most popular British star in the country.

Three comedies followed: the hugely popular Miranda (1948), with McCallum, and Once Upon a Dream (1949) and Traveller's Joy (1949), both directed by Ralph Thomas. Next, she was third-billed after Hollywood stars Gene Tierney and Richard Widmark in the tense thriller Night and the City (1950).

Withers took 13 months off following the birth of her first child, then returned to star as a doctor in White Corridors (1951), one of the most popular films of the year in Britain. She was one of many cameos in The Magic Box (1951) and was in a play Winter Journey.

Withers made three films with her husband, Derby Day (1952), Devil on Horseback (1954), and Port of Escape (1956).

In 1954, she starred with McCallum in the West End play Waiting for Gillian, by Ronald Millar.

Australia
Withers first toured Australia in the stage play Simon and Laura. After McCallum was offered the position of running J.C. Williamson theatres, they moved to Australia in 1959. Withers starred in a number of stage plays, including Rattigan's The Deep Blue Sea, Desire of the Moth, The First 400 Years (with Keith Michell), The Circle, A. R. Gurney's The Cocktail Hour, Time and the Conways, The Importance of Being Earnest, Beekman Place (1965), for which she also designed the set. Desire of the Moth, The Kingfisher, Stardust, Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard and Wilde's An Ideal Husband for the Melbourne Theatre Company; both productions toured Australia. They appeared together in the UK in The School for Scandal at the Duke of York's Theatre in London's West End and on the subsequent British Council tour of Europe in 1983–84, and in W. Somerset Maugham's The Circle at the Chichester Festival Theatre. Withers starred on Broadway with Michael Redgrave in The Complaisant Lover, and in London with Alec Guinness in Exit the King.

Later career
Withers returned to films with the lead in Nickel Queen (1971), directed by McCallum.

She was in The Cherry Orchard (1974) on Australian TV.

In 1974, she appeared as Faye Boswell, the original governor of a women's prison, in the television series Within These Walls. Because Within These Walls had been a moderate success in Australia, she was approached by producers to play the role of the Governor in the Australian version titled Prisoner, but she declined and the role was given to Patsy King.

Withers starred in the BBC adaptation of Hotel du Lac (1986), which was followed a year later by another BBC production, Northanger Abbey.

In 1989, she appeared at Brighton in England in The Cocktail Hour alongside her husband John and her daughter, Joanna. In the previous year, the play had been a success in New York, starring Nancy Marchand. In 1990, she appeared in ITV's adaptation of Ending Up. Her last screen performance was as the Australian novelist Katharine Susannah Prichard in the film Shine (1996), for which she and the other cast members were nominated for a Screen Actors Guild award for "Outstanding performance by a cast".

In 2002, aged 85, Withers, with Vanessa Redgrave, appeared in London's West End, in Oscar Wilde's Lady Windermere's Fan.

In October 2007, aged 90 and 89 respectively, Withers and McCallum appeared in an extended interview with Peter Thompson on ABC TV's Talking Heads programme.

Death
Withers died on 15 July 2011 at her Sydney home, aged 94. Her husband, actor, television producer and studio executive John McCallum predeceased her on 3 February 2010.

Honours
Withers was appointed an Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for services to drama, in the 1980 Australia Day Honours List. In the 2001 Queen's Birthday Honours List (UK), she was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). Withers was a JC Williamson Award recipient for lifetime achievement in 1999. In 1992 Googie Withers and John McCallum were founding patrons and active supporters of the Tait Memorial Trust in London. A Charity established by Isla Baring OAM, the daughter of Sir Frank Tait of J. C. Williamson's to support young Australian performing artists in the UK.

She was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1971, when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews whilst thinking she was going to be interviewed by her close friend Godfrey Winn. Although she knew Andrews, when he appeared as she entered the set, she asked him why he was no longer working as a presenter and was instead working as a floor manager.

Selected filmography

 * The Girl in the Crowd (1935) – Sally
 * The Love Test (1935) – Minnie
 * Windfall (1935) – Dodie
 * Her Last Affaire (1935) – Effie
 * Dark World (1935) – Annie
 * All at Sea (1935) – Daphne Tomkins
 * She Knew What She Wanted (1936) – Dora
 * Crown v. Stevens (1936) – Ella Levine
 * Crime Over London (1936) – Miss Dupres
 * Accused (1936) – Ninette Duval
 * King of Hearts (1936) – Elaine
 * Action for Slander (1937) – Mary
 * Pearls Bring Tears (1937) – Doreen
 * Paradise for Two (1937) – Miki
 * The Green Cockatoo (1937) – (uncredited)
 * Paid in Error (1938) – Jean Mason
 * If I Were Boss (1938) – Pat
 * Strange Boarders (1938) – Elsie
 * Convict 99 (1938) – Lottie
 * Kate Plus Ten (1938) – Lady Moya
 * The Lady Vanishes (1938) – Blanche
 * You're the Doctor (1938) – Helen Firmstone
 * Trouble Brewing (1939) – Mary Brown
 * Murder in Soho (1939) – Lola Matthews
 * The Gang's All Here (1939) – Alice Forrest
 * Dead Men are Dangerous (1939)
 * She Couldn't Say No (1940) – Dora
 * Busman's Honeymoon (1940) – Polly
 * Bulldog Sees It Through (1940) – Toots
 * Jeannie (1941) – Laundry Girl
 * Back-Room Boy (1942) – Bobbie
 * One of Our Aircraft Is Missing (1942) – Jo de Vries
 * The Silver Fleet (1943) – Helène van Leyden
 * On Approval (1944) – Helen Hale
 * They Came to a City (1945) – Alice
 * Dead of Night (1945) – Joan Cortland (segment "Linking Story") / (segment "The Haunted Mirror")
 * Pink String and Sealing Wax (1945) – Pearl Bond
 * The Loves of Joanna Godden (1947) – Joanna Godden
 * It Always Rains on Sunday (1947) – Rose Sandigate
 * Miranda (1948) – Clare Martin
 * Once Upon a Dream (1949) – Carol Gilbert
 * Night and the City (1950) – Helen Nosseross
 * Traveller's Joy (1950) – Bumble Pelham
 * White Corridors (1951) – Dr. Sophie Dean
 * The Magic Box (1951) – Sitter in Bath Studio
 * Lady Godiva Rides Again (1951) – Susan Foster (actress in clip, "The Shadow of the Orient") (uncredited)
 * Derby Day (1952) – Betty Molloy
 * Devil on Horseback (1954) – Mrs. Cadell
 * Port of Escape (1956) – Anne Stirling
 * The First 400 Years (1964)
 * Nickel Queen (1971) – Meg Blake
 * The Cherry Orchard (1974, TV Movie) – Ranevskaya
 * Within These Walls (1974–1975, TV Series) – Prison Governess – Faye Boswell
 * Screen Two (1986, TV Series) – Mrs. Allen / Mrs. Pusey / Leda Klein
 * Melba (1988, TV Mini-Series) – Lady Armstrong
 * Country Life (1994) – Hannah
 * Shine (1996) – Katharine Susannah Prichard (final film role)

title: Googie Withers


text: Category:Relient K albums

title: Category:Relient K albums


text:
2004 Oregon Ballot Measure 36

Ballot Measure 36 was a 2004 initiative in the U.S. state of Oregon. It amended the Oregon Constitution to define marriage as a union of one man and one woman. The initiative passed with 1,028,546 votes in favor, and 787,556 votes against (57% to 43%) in the November 2, 2004 general election. It is one of a number of U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage. However, unlike other similar ballot measures passed on or near the same election date, the amendment did not explicitly ban civil unions between same-sex couples.

On May 19, 2014, the measure was declared unconstitutional by a U.S. federal district court judge, who ruled that it violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Amendment to Constitution
Measure 36 added the following text to Article 15 of the Oregon Constitution, as Section 5a: "Policy regarding marriage. It is the policy of Oregon, and its political subdivisions, that only a marriage between one man and one woman shall be valid or legally recognized as a marriage. [Created through initiative petition filed March 2, 2004, and adopted by the people Nov. 2, 2004]"

Political context
The measure was placed on the ballot through an initiative petition brought by the Oregon Defense of Marriage Coalition, a group dedicated to "preserving marriage as a union only between one man and one woman." The group was formed in reaction to same-sex marriages performed in Multnomah County and Benton County after their respective county commissions interpreted the Oregon Constitution and Oregon law as authorizing the issuing of marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Supporters of the measure, in addition to opposing same-sex marriage on principle, were also angry by the controversial means by which the Multnomah County Commission had come to its decision: no public hearings were held before the commission voted to allow the marriages and one of the commissioners, Lonnie Roberts, was not informed of the move until after the other commissioners began issuing licenses. Roberts criticized the "clandestine way" that the decision was made and speculated that he had not been included in the discussion because the other commissioners knew that he wouldn't support their decision. Supporters also wanted to prevent the state courts from coming to the same conclusion as the county commissions—that the state constitution and law required the government to license same-sex marriage—before several standing civil rights lawsuits on the issue could be resolved.

Basic Rights Oregon led the campaign against Measure 36. Opponents of the measure made several arguments. Many were supporters of same-sex marriage. In addition, some argued that regardless of voters' feelings on same-sex marriage, the state constitution was an inappropriate place to dictate marriage policy, which should have been statutory. Opponents also argued that the measure added discriminatory language to the state constitution, which, they predicted, would later be seen in the same negative light as earlier constitutional language against African Americans. They also feared that the measure could be used as a legal basis for denying benefits to same-sex couples which are automatically granted to heterosexual married couples.

According to Daniel June in JD Journal, Judge Harry Pregerson effectively undermined the ban by declaring it unconstitutional, when he ruled in favor of Allison Clark that she should receive the same work benefits with her homosexual partner as heterosexual couples would receive.

On May 19, 2014, United States District Judge Michael McShane ruled that Oregon's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. Since then, same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Oregon.

Satirical arguments
Marvin Dennis Moore, a Portland church organist, wrote satirical arguments on several Oregon ballot measures, including Measure 36. Moore's arguments, ostensibly in favor of the measure, were printed in the official voters' pamphlet. For example, reacting to some supporters' claims that the purpose of marriage is for procreation, he argues that "couples who fail to conceive within two years ought to have their marriage licenses revoked." Measure 36 supporters criticized the placement of Moore's arguments in the "Arguments in Favor" section of the pamphlet, but the Oregon Secretary of State's Office countered they had no choice under the law but to print his arguments as specified.

title: 2004 Oregon Ballot Measure 36


text:
Talk:Jerusalem Talmud

Language
"The language of the Jerusalem Talmud is Western Aramaic", "The Aramaic of the Jerusalem Talmud is Western Aramaic" , "The Talmud of the land of Israel (=Talmud Yerushalmi [TY] or Palestinian Talmud [PT]) is a treasure house for all those who are interested in halakhic development, customs, history, realia, social and economic conditions, superstition, midrash, and folklore. This extensive work, written in a mixture of postbiblical (Mishnaic) Hebrew and Jewish Western Aramaic,"  "The Mishnah is written in a late literary form of Hebrew; but the Gemara is in Aramaic (except the Baraithas), that of the Bab. T. being an Eastern Aram. dialect (akin to Mandaitic), that of the Pal. T. being Western Aram. (akin to Biblical Aram. and the Targums)." etc. Jayjg 01:58, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The secondary sources above actually contradict each other... If you take a look at the primary source (the Yerushalmi itself), you may probably find that your third source (incidentally the academic one out of the three) is the one actually describing the situation most precisely. And I do of course agree with them that the Yerushalmi is a very good source for the study of Jewish Western Aramaic. I agree that there are significant portions of (western) Aramaic there. But is "is" not in Aramaic — rather, it contains a mix of Hebrew and Aramaic, where the Hebrew component is quite dominant. Quite typically, the Hebrew has its normal -in endings rather than the Biblical -im, and you'll find the occasional Aramaic word — maybe a word per every two or three lines or so. Occasionally, there is an Aramaic sentence or two...

 * I agree that it would be a mistake to say that the Yerushalmi is "in Hebrew" without mentioning the Aramaic part of things. But isn't it at least equally wrong to call it "Aramaic" without mentioning the Hebrew component, which as far as I can judge is much more prominent...? (And I am (of course) not talking about the Mishna sections here...)

 * Kol tub, Olve 02:47, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Commentary by anon editor
The Jerusalem/Palestinian Talmud was written down a while before the Talmud Bavli (Babylonian) and so when it comes down to a contrast between the two, Yerushalmi (Jerusalem) is probably the more correct one. By correct I mean a truer rendition of the tradition, not the correct practice to be followed. When there is a conflict between the two, Jerusalem and Babylonian, the ruling of the Babylonian is the universally accepted one in practice. Why is this so? The Jerusalem Talmud applies to the land of Israel, whereas the Babylonian is specific to the Diaspora. Jerusalem therefore included rules about tithes and land that applied only to a VERY small portion of Jews throughout history (those in the land of Israel). Because most Jews lived in the scattered Diaspora, the Bavli was much more relevant to their lives. In Talmud Bavli, there are many parts of the Mishna not treated at all, because of their irrelivance to diaspora Jews. Even though Yerushalmi includes many of these things, is is shorter overall for two reasons: one its commentary is shorter, less comprehensive, and harder to interpret; and two many parts of it are missing. It is also more difficult than the Bavli and because it seems less "essential" to knowing how to conduct ones life (because of the more heeded rulings of Bavli) its study had historically been ignored by all but the most eminent or interested scholars.

See also Talmud.

Palestinian Talmud
Regarding the recent edit, there are two basic facts that cannot be denied:
 * The vast majority of Jews who study Talmud have nearly always called this the Jerusalem Talmud ("Yerushalmi"), up to and including today. They have also sometimes called it "The Talmud of the Land of Israel" or the "The Talmud of the West".
 * Some but not all scholars, Jewish & non-Jewish alike, have been calling it the "Palestinian Talmud" for the past century or more, something that began long before the term "Palestine" had such heavy political baggage associated with it.

To me this seems to mean that "Palestinian Talmud" should be noted along with the other names that have been used, and nothing more than that. The basic info shouldn't be deleted based on the claim that it is political. Dovi 07:59, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's a good summary. This name should be mentioned.  It is easy to find examples from the 1880s, but the Jewish Encyclopedia implies that it is very much older:

The Palestinian Talmud. Before entering into any discussion of the origin and peculiar form of the Talmud, the two recensions of the work itself may be briefly described. The general designation of the Palestinian Talmud as "Talmud Yerushalmi," or simply as "Yerushalmi," is precisely analogous to that of the Palestinian Targum. The term originated in the geonic period, when, however, the work received also the more precise designations of "Talmud of Palestine," "Talmud of the Land of Israel," "Talmud of the West," and "Talmud of the Western Lands." --Zerotalk 02:14, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Exactly so. No one was ever in danger of associating this Talmud with "Palestinians" in the modern ethnic/political sense. "Palestine" was a purely geographical term for the region in question, applicable at any time from its invention by Hadrian to Israeli independence. The correct name is "Talmud shel Eretz Yisrael": "Palestinian Talmud" is simply a translation of that.

It is undeniable that Western scholarship has sometimes applied the term, however much we dislike it: see for example Strack and Billerbeck's Introduction to Talmud and Midrash. To argue, as User:Simulacra11 does, that, because it is not Jewish usage, "no true scholar" would ever use it is an instance of the No true Scotsman fallacy.

In discussing either the Talmudic or the Geonic period, we often have to distinguish between the customs and scholars of Babylonia and those of "Eretz Yisrael" or "the West". I see no reason for not using "Palestine" for this: to call it "Eretz Yisrael" is incomprehensible to non-Jewish readers, and to call it "Israel" is a glaring anachronism. (In some articles, say on the liturgy, when faced with zealous editors that keep replacing "Palestine" with "Israel", I have had to give up and use phrases like "Judaea and Galilee"; but that won't do here.) --Sir Myles na Gopaleen (the da) (talk) 11:41, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Palestinian Talmud - However - but that is what is is commonly called. Even if you dislike it - which I do by the way. :: Kevinalewis  : (Talk Page) /(Desk)  13:48, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

 * This should be debated before such a draconian set of change be made. :: Kevinalewis  : (Talk Page) /(Desk)  15:02, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

 * See for instance Jerusalem Talmud page on Britannia :: Kevinalewis  : (Talk Page) /(Desk)  15:07, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

 * What are you talking about? What "draconian set of change"? In addition, I see discussion here. In short, what is your problem? Debresser (talk) 20:08, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Exactly my thought but in reference to the changes by User:69.22.242.52 - it has been reverted since and the user blocked. Also appologies for not leaving a more explanatory message. Short of time! :: Kevinalewis  : (Talk Page) /(Desk)  09:51, 17 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Oh. Okay. Debresser (talk) 15:22, 17 December 2015 (UTC)
 * “ The correct name is "Talmud shel Eretz Yisrael": "Palestinian Talmud" is simply a translation of that.”
 * the literal translation of Talmud shel Eretz Yisrael is Talmud of the Land of Israel. Eframgoldberg (talk) 13:59, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

 * This is incorrect. The name used in religious circles is always "Talmud Yerushalmi" or just "Yerushalmi". The principal name used in scholarly circles for at least 200 years (hard to check before then) is "Palestinian Talmud", and this arose from the knowledge that it was not written in Jerusalem. "Talmud of the Land of Israel" is an equivalent to "Palestinian Talmud" that originated in Babylonian circles but is much less common in English. In the English Wikipedia we use the common English names, but in the introduction we can mention both. Zerotalk 02:44, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

Idea for Talmud articles
I am reposting the following request from User on my user talk page for wider notification:

 * I was thinking of trying to stimulate development of a series of articles on Gemara concepts and doctrines, maybe to help children or newcomers to Gemara with explanations of some fundamental concepts that recur throughout the Gemara. Some examples might be articles on Yiush, Chazakah, Ta'aninun (as in "Ta'aninun L'Yoresh"), Eidim Zomemin (forgive my awful transliterations), Migu, etc., etc. Maybe we could even create a category or subcategory for it. I created Breira in this vein. As I don't have the experience or expertise in Wikipedia to know what to do to best develop this idea, I figured I'd come to you for your opinions on: (1) whether it's a good idea; and (2) How to best go about implementing it. Thanks Sh76us (talk) 15:56, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Centralized discussion at: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Judaism. Thank you. IZAK (talk) 03:39, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Steinsaltz and the Yerushalmi
To clarify why I put the fact template on the sentence about Adin Steinsaltz, (and why I'm about to put it back), I know Steinsaltz has published peah (and that fact is well cited), my question is whether or not he plans to do any more of the Yerushalmi as the article claims. (For the record I have no idea, but I can't find any evidence one way or the other, and I just know that such a claim requires citation on wikipedia). --Bachrach44 (talk) 17:20, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Point taken. I have inserted a reference to a Time article speaking of it as a general project.  I don't know whether more volumes are still planned or whether it has now run into the sand. --Sir Myles na Gopaleen (the da) (talk) 11:20, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Excellent - (a great article too). As you said people's plans change over time, but that appears to be the most up to date information we've got. --Bachrach44 (talk) 13:31, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Stop ARABWASHING the Jewish history
Stop adding "Palestine" in order to add some form of ancient legitimacy to the false Palestinian history. Do not take away from our beautiful Jewish history to add to your disgusting false history. The Jerusalem Talmud was never widly known as the "Palestinian Talmud" and this name was never recognised by big rabbonim or chochamim.

Kind regards, me Zexlo (talk) 13:01, 18 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Zexlo, I suggest that you read this page, as you may find yourself sanctioned due to the 3 revert rule. The material you are reverting has been there for some time, and it is widely used elsewhere in wikipedia. Regards. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reverting Pngeditor (talk) 14:51, 18 December 2022 (UTC)
 * If wikipedia is meant to provide accurate and correct information it should be changed. the term "Palestinian" wasnt even invented until the 60's. Before that it was Palestina. atleast edit it to the correct terms Zexlo (talk) 15:01, 18 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The problem is that you don't know the facts. It has nothing to do with Arabs. The name "Palestinian Talmud" has been a very common name for about 200 years at least. Many scholars prefer it over "Jerusalem Talmud" because this talmud was not written in Jerusalem. The Encyclopaedia Judaica uses it 48 times over multiple articles. Go to Google Scholar and search for "Palestinian Talmud" (including the quotes). Do the same at Google Books. No mention of Arabs. You are also wrong about the history of "Palestinian" but that is irrelevant here. Zerotalk 01:49, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 May 2024
Please rename the "Contemporary estimates" section to "Modern estimates". These estimates are not contemporary with the Talmud; they're more than a millennium newer. 123.51.107.94 (talk) 06:35, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ It isn't wrong. Two things are contemporary when they happen at the same time, but when only one thing is mentioned we have to guess what the second thing is. Often the correct answer is "now" and this is very common, see for example contemporary art. Anyway, I changed it to "modern" as less ambiguous. Zerotalk 11:35, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

Misleading Lede
During the time the Jerusalem Talmud was created, the area was called Palestine and thus it's technically correct to call it as such. But does it have to appear so prominently in the lede. I would imagine most people looking at it won't differentiate the Palestine of now to that of then and so it would be confusing. The way it's done in the name section is great - can it emulate that?? MaskedSinger (talk) 12:10, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It is in the lead because it has been a common name of the work for the last several centuries and remains a common name today. Not because of the name of the region when it was written, though, but rather because of what the region has been primarily called in modern scholarship and because it was not written in Jerusalem. The treatment here is similar to how we usually treat multiple common names. Zerotalk 12:27, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for getting back to me. Interesting - I had no idea it was that common. MaskedSinger (talk) 14:01, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jerusalem Talmud


text:
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title: Demolition (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:List of members of the United Nations Security Council

Untitled
Furthermore, the table is wrong - it lists each year they were in the council. However, countries are elected to two-year terms. --Golbez 02:04, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * A half is elected each year. Maybe you could do a:

 * 2004-2005: Country1, Country2, etc.
 * 2003-2004: CountryX, CountryY, etc.

--Cantus 03:10, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * I meant the table at the bottom; Brazil is listed as being in 18 times, which is true - 18 years means elected 9 times, though. --Golbez 04:35, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

Israel has never been elected? It is a small country, but its population is larger than that of some other countries on the list, including Lebanon, Guinea-Bissau, Gabon, Mauritania, Bahrain, and Djibouti.

 * Israel was never elected to the council, perhaps because of its regional grouping. Dave 22:59, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Also, Lichtenstein is not listed. Are they a member of the UN?

 * Yes, but it was never elected to the council. Dave 22:59, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Formatted Table
It'd be a good idea to have a formatted table to show the country's time they were elected. It'd also solve the aforementionned problem. Whatdy'all think? Dandin1 21:14, 26 March 2006 (UTC) Example:

 * I agree, this is a better way to show the elected members. Dave 22:59, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It's quite a nifty table, but from 1982 onwards the last two columns have been accidentally switched. Is there an easy way to repair this? Classical geographer (talk) 14:52, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
 * It was surprisingly easy to fix, just undoing the vandalism of the last edit (removing Ireland?) fixed it again. -- 23230 talk 17:10, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Classical geographer (talk) 09:25, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Improving the page
I'm thinking about changing the format of the list into a tabular form. I created as a first sketch this:

Few question:
 * Should the first row be the current SC or the first one?
 * Which format should I choose to represent countries and flags? Using the Template:Flagicon or the templates in Country referencing templates? Thank you. CG 15:27, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Sumatra
On the map, Sumatra is coloured as if it is either independent from Indonesia, or perhaps the author mistakenly thought it was part of Malaysia. Either way it needs to be fixed, I'd do it myself but I'm not an expert on images wikipedia-wise. Perhaps someone more experienced could complete the necessary adjustments. Basser g 20:13, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Flags?
Would people support the use of flag templates on this article? doktorb wordsdeeds 16:17, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Edit: Heh, whoops. Didn't see the table above =/ I think it looks alright, as it goes doktorb wordsdeeds 16:21, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

New Table
I formatted User:Cedar-Guardian's table for all the years and added which seat the countries took. Unless anyone has any objections, I will replace the current list with it: User:Martin23230/UNSCtable

Martin23230 20:10, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I added it. I hope you like it. Martin23230 19:22, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

FYI
Good link with information on this: http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/membship/electind.htm — Nightstallion 15:22, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

germany
why does germany include west but not east germany's tally? perhaps because the capital was Bonn initially?

In that case Yugoslavia should count for Serbia (with notes on the side), and Czech Rep should get Czechoslovakia's for Prague, amongst others?

Some terrible inconsistencies here. Lihaas (talk) 00:26, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

I think you are right about Germany and West Germany, so I split them up. However, this does move Germany much further down the table.-- 23230 talk 14:01, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The Federal Republic of Germany (there never was any such country as West Germany officially) existed before 1990, and exists today. It absorbed the territory that contained the no longer existent country of the Democratic Republic of Germany (popularly, but unofficially, known as East Germany), but remains the same country.   When Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia ceased to exist, new (or at least restituted) countries took over their territories.  The location of the capitals are irrelevant: caital cities are not members of the UN. Kevin McE (talk) 17:18, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Number of years: 0
Why are countries with 0 years in the UNSC not in the table?Mátyás (talk) 10:05, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
 * ??? Why on earth would a "List of members of the United Nations Security Council" have a load of countries listed that have never been members of the United Nations Security Council? Kevin McE (talk) 17:03, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
 * It would be nice to know exactly which countries never were in the UNSC, like Israel, for instance. If you think they don't belong on that specific list, a different one could be made with the countries that were left out. It is relevant info, in my opinion, but it doesn't deserve a page of its own, so it should be here.--Mátyás (talk) 09:49, 24 February 2009 (UTC)
 * If a country is not on the list of countries that have been members, they have never been members: it's as simple as that. To my mind, your proposal is equivalent to appending a list of all the teams that have ever been in the Japanese second division without winning it to   this list.  The UNSC list is sortable, and so if one wanted to see quickly whether Israel, or any other UN member, has been a UNSC member, they simply need to click on the top of the "Country" column, and sscan down the list until the find the nation of interest to them.   However, if you really think that the article would genuinely benefit from an addition, the Wikipedia way is to add it yourself, not bemoan the fact that no-one else has done so.  Kevin McE (talk) 16:23, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

I've made a table, you can take a look at User:Mátyás. I have been searching at the UN home site for elections data, but no such luck, for now I only have the data for 2006-9, for only those are processed on Wikipedia for now. If nobody objects, I will put the Table on this page.--Mátyás (talk) 12:06, 27 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm not keen personally, and would like to see more people involved in the discussion. But:
 * Noting former colonial status would need to be more specific as to date: we cannot state was a colony of the United Kingdom during its time on the UNSC, because the UK's time on the UNSC continues to date, and will do for many years, but the colonial relationship does not.
 * I'm not sure what the situation was vis-a-vis the Soviet Republics and UN membership: I presume that Ukraine and Belarus SSRs must have been members to be eligible to have been elected to the UNSC, but you have listed the other former SSRs as only becoming members post-independence.
 * Regional grouping should be by current groupings, not those relating back to the era of a commonwealth seat: if the groups that a country formerly belonged to is to be recorded, the info should be complete for all UN members, not only those that have never managed to secure a seat.
 * The same equitability principle would apply to date of membership and founder member status, and number of unsuccessful.
 * 1946 November 19 is not a standard date format in any form of English, nor does it work for sorting: this could be solved by using  1946-11-19 November 19 1946
 * I commend you entirely on the effort and research: I wouldn't delete it, but if it came to a !vote, I would be inclined to be against.  Kevin McE (talk) 20:06, 27 February 2009 (UTC)
 * 1. A from-to formed date will be added to the colonial status
 * 2. Take a look at United_Nations_member_states
 * 3. It is according to current groupings, the only countries in the Commonwealth Seat are Tanganyika and Zanzibar, for those were the current regional groups in their time. They are color-coded as former members.
 * 5. I shall change the date to the day-month-year format, but as for sorting, it sorts alphanumerically, not by date, so I used a special sorting code, as used on United Nations member states--Mátyás (talk) 11:29, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

 * After thinking on it a bit, I shall stay with the current date format, see Calendar_date--Mátyás (talk) 12:06, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

 * As to the date, because the UN is based in New York, I would suggest date should be displayed in the month day year format: the suggestion I make above makes that sortable chronologically. BUT  I would maintain that it is illogical that an article entitled List of members of the United Nations Security Council should give more information about countries that have never been members of that council than those that have.  Kevin McE (talk) 17:48, 2 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I told you that I am using a special code for the sorting of dates (see the code), so it makes no difference, what format are the dates themselves given. Now, on the asymmetrical nature of the two tables: ex-colonial info can be added to the members table, and a total number of candidacies, which gives the relative success coefficient. Just, where does one find the data for the UNSC elections? I tried the UN sites, but it's just too huge for me to navigate with any success.--Mátyás (talk) 09:31, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

 * It does make a difference, because information in wikipedia articles should be presented in accordance with the relevant part of wikipedia's style guide, in this case WP:Date. I have no idea where you would find info on older election results I'm afraid. Kevin McE (talk) 17:36, 3 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Dam it, I will have to rewrite all those dates... Dam!--Mátyás (talk) 11:19, 4 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Moved the table to a subpage: User:Mátyás/Table--Mátyás (talk) 12:01, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Non-members
As I finally finished all the details with the dates, I decided to add this list to the article. The only country I could not figure out whose colony it practically was and from when till when, is Papua New Guinea, so if someone could figure it out, please correct it according to the "from-to" form used. Another problem is that my sole source for the list was non other than Wikipedia. I tried to find the UNSC elections data on the UN sites, but failed, so the table is mostly blank considering that aspect, but I hope that can be helped in the near future. And as for the question of importance and notability - Israel and Saudi Arabia are some nice examples of countries that have been UN members for some time, are "relevant", but have never been on the UNSC.--Mátyás (talk) 11:45, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
 * PS: There should be a total of 192 currently existing countries on the two lists (members and non-members) together, but I always get lost in the counting... Could someone validate or disprove this somehow? Or is there a reliable method for such counting?--Mátyás (talk) 12:39, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Countries in the lists
To make things clear: the lists in this article should not contain any countries that are not UN members or haven't been historical UN members. As we cannot know about any future UN members, let us go with the current state of affairs, OK?--Mátyás (talk) 08:59, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

Status of article?
I note that the Polish equivalent of this article is now raised to FA status. I don't read Polish, but it looks as though it has little if anything, other than a nice 2005 photo, that this does not have. It appears to be recently started, with a translation of this. So, is this good enough to submit for ranking, or are the expected standards not as high on pl.wiki? Kevin McE (talk) 18:40, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

When to update
The 2009 elections have passed, the new elected members are known. However, I see no change in the tables - are we waiting for New Years day for the new elected members to claim their seats? Or is it just a slow day?--Mátyás (talk) 10:31, 18 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Which table? The one headed Elections by year has been updated, because the elections are a historical fact.  The one entitled By number of years as Security Council member should not be updated before 1 Jan, because the newly elected nations have not increased their number of years on the SC "including current year where relevant" yet.  Your baby, the Non members table, should also remain as it is until the new year, because B&H is still not, as of today, a country that has been a member of the SC.  Kevin McE (talk) 18:39, 18 October 2009 (UTC)
 * You do make sense. Then until New Years'...--Mátyás (talk) 16:51, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

No Arab for 1967?
The table has no Arab country in the UNSC for 1967. First I thought it was an error, but the source gives the same. Seems the system was quite new (being established in 1966), and the UN wasn't consistent on the issue. Or? It is an anomaly, in any case...--Mátyás (talk) 08:44, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

New edits to Non-members table
Kevin, why remove the dates of admission to the UN? And founder status? That way you could sort the countries to see who's been outside the UNSC the longest. Otherwise I agree with your edits.--Mátyás (talk) 16:03, 15 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Ever since that list was in your sandbox I have been saying that it is unreasonable, bearing in mind the title of the article, to provide more detail on those nations that have never been members of the UNSC than those that have. If Guatamala is elected at the end of next year, we would have the daft situation of presenting less info about the country in 2012 than we do now.  That is untenable, as I explained 18 months ago. Kevin McE (talk) 18:41, 15 September 2010 (UTC)
 * We could add admission dates to the members list. But then it would be rather cluttered... damn. Guess you are right. That would be just too much detail for this article. Info like that should go into each specific countries "Country and the UN" article.--Mátyás (talk) 19:31, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

New Source
http://www.unelections.org/?q=node/33

Actually says that being a small country is a negative factor when considering candidates, etc. Should be included and processed.--Mátyás (talk) 09:12, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

Greece planning ahead
http://www.greeceun.org/greeceun/content/Folder.aspx?d=3&rd=-1&f=1326&rf=840755231&m=-1&rm=0&l=1

Yes, Greece wants a seat on the UNSC in 2025-26... so I don't know where to put that info, if anyplace, should it be put somewhere in the election articles or put it here in the Future Candidacies section or what. Thoughts? --Mátyás (talk) 09:20, 15 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I'll just put it here then.--Mátyás (talk) 12:18, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

Map
The map under the current members table seems to indicate that both PRC and ROC are members. 198.151.130.131 (talk) 22:13, 22 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Actually, it indicates that Taiwan is a part of the People's Republic of China. This is the position of the UN. --... there's more than what can be linked. 10:16, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

Future members in Membership by year section
Those countries that are to take their place on the SC on 2012 should not, I would contend, be shown on the list of members by year. At present, they are not members, and anyone looking at the table without paying proper attention to the years column could be mislead in that regard. We already have them indicated clearly elsewhere on the article as elected to be on the council from January. Logical consistency would require that, if we are going to post what we know about next year's membership of the council, we should also post what we know about 2013's composition. But I don't think we should be doing either. Kevin McE (talk) 12:32, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

By Years table not sorting
This table does not sort, even though it is set to be a sortable table. Any ideas how to fix this problem? --... there's more than what can be linked. 15:46, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅ Kevin McE (talk) 00:10, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

Number of times elected
Can we have a table for that? – H T  D  06:36, 12 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Feel free. Kevin McE (talk) 09:34, 12 April 2013 (UTC)

Wrong map (2015 composition)
Lithuania should be in green on the firs map. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.85.84.115 (talk) 17:01, 2 January 2015 (UTC) the probleme arises from the map used for "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_election,_2014". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.85.84.115 (talk) 17:04, 2 January 2015 (UTC) Plus, from the UN's point of view, Taiwan is part of the PRC and the map should reflect that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.85.84.115 (talk) 17:15, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on List of members of the United Nations Security Council. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
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France
I don't see the point of saying that France replaced the French Fourth Republic.--Jack Upland (talk) 21:27, 11 September 2016 (UTC)

"Regional Groups" section map legend discrepancy
The map legend on this page and the legend on the page for the image itself are in disagreement, including different explanations for same item and items present only on one:

The main difference is the lack of observer states for bright green in the article legend (they are marked on the image) and "disputed" vs "non-UN" for grey. While the Observers are obviously just omitted, I cannot verify which of the Disputed/Non-UN interpretations is the correct one. MreeBiPolar (talk) 14:59, 22 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Given that the Western Sahara is the only territory coloured grey, both of these labels are accurate. The official UN position is that the Western Sahara is a non self-governing territory under Spanish administration, making it non-UN territory. On the other hand, both Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claim the entirety of the territory, so the disputed label works just as well. Sir Sputnik (talk) 15:15, 22 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added tag to http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/documents/propositions-and-reports/reports-to-the-storting/2011-2012/meld-st-33-20112012-2/3/2.html?id=717920

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1948-49 Ukraine
Question: Why was Ukraine in the Eastern Europe seat from 1948-1949? It was a S.S.R at the time, not an independent nation. RedRiver660 (talk) 22:52, 12 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Which is why there is an explanatory note in the list of members. Same thing applied to Byelorussian SSR in '74-5.  They were UN members in their own right. Kevin McE (talk) 09:43, 13 April 2020 (UTC)

Current membership
Just to clarify, should the newly elected, not yet serving non-permanent members be included in the current membership section, or should a separate section be added to accommodate them? Klohinx (talk) 06:59, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
 * No, those who are not current members should not be listed as current members. What will happen in the future should be in a section about future members.  Kevin McE (talk) 21:22, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

Chinese Membership in Membership by Year Ambiguous naming
In the "Chinese Seat" column of the "Permanent" table in the "Membership by Year" section of the article, the ROC is split into two different periods because of the fact they moved from being the sovergein nation in Mainland China to the one known as Taiwan. Even though this is historically correct, this should probably be clarified by adding "Taiwan" after "ROC" in the second period, no? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sir Patoot (talk • contribs) 10:07, 11 March 2021 (UTC)


text:
Memory of water

Memory of water may refer to:

 * Memory of Water (1994 film), (Spanish: La memoria del agua), a Spanish-Argentine drama film directed by Héctor Fáver
 * Memory of Water, a novel by Finnish author Emmi Itäranta
 * Memory of Water (2022 film), a film adaptation based on the novel
 * The Memory of Water, a comedy by English playwright Shelagh Stephenson
 * The Memory of Water (film), a 2015 Chilean drama film written and directed by Matías Bize
 * Water memory, a refuted theory behind homeopathic remedies

title: Memory of water


text:
User talk:Lukewilson

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 02:05, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi., just letting you know I listed your on requests for Arbitration, Requests_for_arbitration with the following complaint "User:Reithy has a request for comments open: Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Reithy detailing his vandalism spree and his attack on other users. Since this every single day he has been creating a new account to insult me on his user/page talks pages, Talk about what a vandal I i'm, Revert other editors edits with his different accounts to make it seem like he has concenus. etc...(please see request for comments for basis for major problems.

He has been conducting a general campaign against me in the past week, with a different account per day to make it seem as if I have a large base of hatred from different users being directed at how awful I am.

Impossible to talk/reason with because he actually seems to like to believe that he's a sockpuppet and a unique indivudal any time you try to confront him.

His accounts he has created in just the past week are: User:Chuckschneider User:Schweppes42 User:144.132.89.151 user:Guido1970 user:ReithySockPuppet (pay particular attention to this one's user page) User:Lukewilson user:CorporalPunishment user:MunchieRonnie and user:PockyChoc."

please respond if you wish to. Chuck F 08:55, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lukewilson


text:
Padishah

Padishah (lit. 'Master King'; from Persian: [or Old Persian: *], 'master', and shāh, 'king'),  sometimes romanised as padeshah, patshah, padshah or badshah (پادشاه; padişah, ;, बादशाह), is a superlative sovereign title of Persian origin.

A form of the word is known already from Middle Persian, or Pahlavi language, as pātaxšā(h) or pādixšā(y). Middle Persian pād may stem from Avestan paiti, and is akin to Pati (title). Xšāy, "to rule", and xšāyaθiya, "king", are from Old Persian.

It was adopted by several monarchs claiming the highest rank, roughly equivalent to the ancient Persian notion of "Great King", and later adopted by post-Achaemenid and the Mughal emperors of India. However, in some periods it was used more generally for autonomous Muslim rulers, as in the Hudud al-'Alam of the 10th century, where even some petty princes of Afghanistan are called pādshā(h)/pādshāʼi/pādshāy.

The rulers on the following thrones – the first two effectively commanding major West Asian empires – were styled Padishah:

 * The Shahanshah of Iran, originating mainly with the Safavids
 * The Padishah of the Ottoman Empire
 * The Badshah of Hindustan, used by the Mughals
 * Some Seljuk rulers, like Grand Seljuk Ahmad Sanjar (as, a translation of the Arabic [King of the East and the West]), Sultan of Rum Kaykhusraw I (as Padishah of Islam), and Sultan of Rum Kayqubad I (as ).
 * Mongol Ilkhan Ghazan took the title Padshah-i Islam after he converted to Islam in 1295, possibly in order to undermine the religious prestige of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt. The title Ilkhan, that came into use c. 1259–1265, may be an equivalent of Padishah, if it is taken to mean "sovereign khan" (and not "subordinate khan" as often posited).
 * Miangul Golshahzada Abdul Wadud (predecessor styled Amir-i shariat, successors [Khān and] Wali) of the Pakistani North-West Frontier state of Swat, who called himself badshah from November 1918 to March 1926.
 * Ahmad Shah Durrani, who founded the Durrani Empire in 1747 with the title Pādshah-i Afghanistan in Persian and Badcha Da Afghanistan in the Pashto language. The Sadduzai were overthrown in 1823 but there was a brief restoration by Shah Shujah in 1839 with the help of British India & Ranjit Singh and the Sikh Empire. The title became dormant from his assassination in 1842 until 1926 when Amanullah Khan resurrected it (official from 1937) and was finally laid to rest with the abdication of Mohammed Zahir Shah in 1973 following a coup; at other times the Afghan monarchy used the style Emir (Amir al-Momenin) or Malik ("King").
 * The last Basha bey of Tunisia, Muhammad VIII al-Amin (proclaimed bey on 15 May 1943), adopted the sovereign style padshah 20 March 1956 – 25 July 1957.
 * The female monarch Razia of the Delhi Sultanate used the masculine title padshah.

The compound Pādshah-i-Ghazi ("Victorious Emperor") is only recorded for two individual rulers:

 * 1) Ahmad Shah Durrani, Emperor of the Durrani Empire ((r. 1747 – 1772))
 * 2) Rustam-i-Dauran, Aristu-i-Zaman,  Asaf Jah IV, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Farkhunda 'Ali Khan Bahadur [Gufran Manzil], Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Ayn waffadar Fidvi-i-Senliena, Iqtidar-i-Kishwarsitan Muhammad Akbar Shah Padshah-i-Ghazi, Nizam of Hyderabad ((r. 1829 – 1857))

 * The Sikhs usе the term Padishah for God and the 10 gurus. Padishah is also used for the 10th and last Guru of Sikhs Guru Gobind Singh.

Like many titles, the word Padishah was also often used as a name, either by nobles with other (in this case always lower) styles, or even by commoners.

Padshah Begum is the title of consorts of padishahs.

Ottoman Empire

In the Ottoman Empire the title padishah was exclusively reserved for the Ottoman emperor, as the Ottoman chancery rarely and unwillingly addressed foreign monarchs as padishahs. The Habsburg emperors were consequently denied this title and addressed merely as the "kings of Vienna" (beç kıralı). With the Peace of Zsitvatorok in 1606, it was the first time that the Sublime Porte recognized Rudolf II as equal of the padishah. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774, gave similar concessions to the Russian Empire.

In Ottoman sources
According to Ahmedi's İskendernâme, one of the earliest Ottoman sources, alongside the titles sultan and beg, Orhan and Murad I bore the title padishah as well.

title: Padishah


text:
Regulome

Regulome refers to the whole set of regulatory components in a cell. Those components can be regulatory elements, genes, mRNAs, proteins, and metabolites. The description includes the interplay of regulatory effects between these components, and their dependence on variables such as subcellular localization, tissue, developmental stage, and pathological state.

Components
One of the major players in cellular regulation are transcription factors, proteins that regulate the expression of genes. Other proteins that bind to transcription factors to form transcriptional complexes might modify the activity of transcription factors, for example blocking their capacity to bind to a promoter.

Signaling pathways are groups of proteins that produce an effect in a chain that transmit a signal from one part of the cell to another part, for example, linking the presence of substance at the exterior of the cell to the activation of the expression of a gene.

Measuring
High-throughput technologies for the analysis of biological samples (for example, DNA microarrays, proteomics analysis) allow the measurement of thousands of biological components such as mRNAs, proteins, or metabolites. Chromatin immunoprecipitation of transcription factors can be used to map transcription factor binding sites in the genome.

Such techniques allow researchers to study the effects of particular substances and/or situations on a cellular sample at a genomic level (for example, by addition of a drug, or by placing cells in a situation of stress). The information obtained allows parts of the regulome to be inferred.

Modeling
One of the objectives of systems biology is the modeling of biological processes using mathematics and computer simulation. The production of data from techniques of genomic analysis is not always amenable to interpretation mainly due to the complexity of the data and the large number of data points. Modeling can handle the data and allow to test a hypothesis (for example, gene A is regulated by protein B) that can be verified experimentally.

Applications
The complete knowledge of the regulome will allow researchers to model cell behaviour entirely. This will facilitate the design of drugs for therapy, the control of stem cell differentiation, and the prognosis of disease.

title: Regulome


text:
Jan Letzel

Jan Letzel (9 April 1880 – 26 December 1925) was a Czech architect who was active in early 20th century Japan. He is most famous for designing the Hiroshima Products Exhibition Hall that was partially destroyed in the atomic bombing of the city. The ruins of the Exhibition Hall is now the Hiroshima Peace Memorial, also known as the A-Bomb Dome, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Biography
Jan Letzel was born in the town of Náchod, Bohemia. His parents were hotel owners Jan Letzel and his wife Walburga, née Havlíčková. After completion of training in the construction department of the Higher Vocational School in 1899, he took the post of assistant in the Department of Civil Engineering of the State Industrial School in Pardubice. In 1901 he won a scholarship to study architecture at the School of Applied Arts in Prague, where he studied for three years under Jan Kotěra, one of the founders of modern Czech architecture. In 1902 and 1903 he undertook study tours in Bohemia, Dalmatia, Montenegro and Herzegovina. From June 1904 to August 1905 he worked at architectural firm Quido Bělský in Prague. At the same time he designed and built a sanatorium and a pavilion in the Art Nouveau style in Mšené-lázně. In October 1905 he received his mediation and worked in Cairo for a while. In the spring of 1907 he went back to Prague after visiting Rome, Milan, Venice, and other Italian cities. Letzel's next work was in Japan. After a short stay in Prague and Náchod, he arrived in Tokyo in June 1907, where he worked at a French architectural firm.

Letzel and his friend Karel Hora founded their own architectural firm in 1910 in Tokyo. In the next few years he designed about 40 buildings, including the French school, Sacre Coeur in Tokyo, the Jesuit College, the German embassy, and several hotels and office buildings. His most famous design was the huge administrative building of the Japanese Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Hiroshima, now the Hiroshima Peace Memorial. Hiroshima at that time was dominated by two-story wooden buildings, and the Promotional Hall, with its large size soon became one of Hiroshima's most striking landmarks. It became famous after surviving the atomic attack on the city in 1945. It was rededicated, still as a ruin, as the Hiroshima Peace Memorial, otherwise known as the A-Bomb Dome. Letzel himself never lived to see the transformation of his Industrial Promotion Hall into the A-Bomb Dome.

When his partner Karel Hora returned to Bohemia in 1913, Letzel led the architecture firm alone, but in 1915 he had to give up the work due to World War I. In 1918, Czechoslovakia became an independent country; Letzel was appointed commercial attaché at the Czechoslovak embassy in Tokyo in 1919. In March 1920 he returned home, but went back to Japan few months later for his attaché post.

In November 1922, Letzel traveled to Japan and later witnessed the destruction of many of his buildings in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. Deeply disappointed, he returned to Prague in November 1923 and died a few years later at the age of 45. The firebombing raids on Japan also destroyed many of his buildings, especially those in major cities such as Kobe or Tokyo. Much of Letzel's work in Japan did not survive the 20th century.

title: Jan Letzel


text:
Concordia, Entre Ríos

Concordia, officially San Antonio de Padua de la Concordia, is a city that is the head town of the Concordia department, Entre Ríos Province, located in the Argentine Mesopotamia. It had 199.634 inhabitants in the, making it the second largest in its province, and the 24th largest in Argentina.

History
The area was inhabitated by the Charrúas and the Yaro people when the Spanish had arrived.

Geography
Concordia lies on the right-hand (western) shore of the Uruguay River, opposite the city of Salto in Uruguay. The two cities are joined by a road/railway link that is part of the Salto Grande Dam complex (starting on the Argentine side 18 km north from the center of Concordia). It is located approximately 430 km north of Buenos Aires.

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, Concordia has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). Mean monthly temperatures range from 12.5 C in July, the coldest month, to 25.3 C in January, the warmest month. Concordia receives a mean annual precipitation of 1372.9 mm. Fall (March to May) is the wettest season while winter (June to August) is the driest season. However, there is great year to year variability in annual precipitation. The frost free period is 10 months long and in an average year, there are 8.6 days with frost.

Nature
The city is known as the national capital of citrus production. El Palmar National Park, an important reserve for Yatay palm trees, lies 60 km south of the city.

Transport
The area is served by an international airport located at -31.3°N, -58°W, but which is ostensibly not operational.

It is currently under construction, and it is expected to be finalized before the end of 2024.

Barrios (neighbourhoods)
Concordia is divided into 110 barrios : • Almafuerte

• Almirante Brown

• Amigos de Salto Uruguayo

• Belgrano Norte

• Benito Legerén

• Cabildo

• Cabo Sendrós

• Cambá Paso

• Carretera La Cruz

• Centenario

• Centro I

• Centro II

• Centro III

• Centro IV

• Centro IX

• Centro Norte

• Centro Sur

• Centro V

• Centro VI

• Centro VII

• Centro VIII

• Centro X

• Centro XI

• Centro XII

• Chacho Peñaloza

• Cipo

• Colonial

• Concordia

• Constitución

• D. F. Sarmiento

• Diecisiete de Octubre

• Don Jorge

• Dos de Abril

• Dr. Leoncio de Luque

• El Martillo

• El Tero

• Estación Concordia Norte

• Estación Norte

• Ex Aero Club

• Fátima I

• Fátima II

• General Belgrano

• General Lamadrid

• Gerardo Yoya

• Golf Club

• Gruta de Lourdes

• Hípico

• Independencia

• Isthilart

• Isla Maciel

• Itatí

• Jesús Nazareno

• José Arévalo

• José Hernández

• Juan XXIII

• Justo José de Urquiza

• La Bianca

• La Cantera

• La Colina

• La Terminal

• Las Tejas

• Las Viñas I

• Los Tilos

• Lavardén

• Lezca

• Llamarada

• María Goretti

• Mario Muñoz

• Nébel

• Nébel Sur

• Norte

• Nuestra Señora de Pompeya

• Nueve de Julio

• Once de Junio

• Osvaldo Magnasco (localidad)

Notable people

 * Isidoro Blaisten (1933–2004), journalist
 * Gustavo Ruiz Díaz (b. 1981), footballer
 * Isaac Ganón (1916–1975), sociologist
 * Celestino Piaggio (1886–1931), composer
 * Isabel Sarli (1929–2019), actress and model
 * Joaquin Szuchman (b. 1995), Israeli-Argentinian professional basketball player in the Israel Basketball Premier League

title: Concordia, Entre Ríos


text:
Ertuğrul Osman

Şehzade Ertuğrul Osman Efendi (ارطغرل عثمان), also known as Osman Ertuğrul Osmanoğlu with a surname as required by the Turkish Republic (18 August 1912 – 23 September 2009), was a Prince of the Ottoman Empire and the 43rd Head of the Imperial House of Osman from 1994 until his death.

Until the abolition of the monarchy on 1 November 1922, Osman was addressed as His Imperial Highness Şehzade Ertuğrul Osman Efendi Hazretleri, Imperial Prince of the Ottoman Empire. He is known in Turkey as "the Last Ottoman".

Biography
Şehzade Ertuğrul Osman was born on 18 August 1912 in Istanbul, in Nişantaşı Palace. He was the second, and youngest son of Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin (Yıldız Palace, 19 December 1885 – New York City, United States, 15 June 1949, and buried in Damascus). His father served as a captain of the Ottoman Army. Ertuğrul Osman's mother was Burhaneddin's second consort, Aliye Melek Nazlıyar Hanım (Adapazarı, 13 October 1892 – Ankara, 31 August 1976), daughter of Huseyin Bey. They married at Nişantaşı, Nişantaşı Palace, Pera (today Beyoğlu) on 7 June 1909 and divorced in 1919. Osman's paternal grandparents were Sultan Abdul Hamid II and Mezidemestan Kadın.

In 1924, while studying in Vienna, Austria, he received news that all members of the Sultan's family were to be exiled. He lived in the United States from 1933 and later resided in New York City. He was educated in mining engineering. He worked as consultant for a Canadian company Wells Overseas which often sent him to South America.

Osman lived modestly in Manhattan after 1945, residing in a two-bedroom apartment above a restaurant. He returned to Turkey in 1992, having been invited by the country's government. At that time, he observed, "Democracy works well in Turkey." He became the 43rd Head of the Imperial House of Osman in 1994.

Osman was granted a Turkish passport and citizenship in 2004.

Osman spoke Turkish, English, German and French fluently and understood Italian and Spanish.

He died aged 97 on 23 September 2009. The Turkish Ministry of Culture announced that Ertuğrul had died in his sleep as a result of kidney failure. His wife, who was by his side, when he died, also confirmed the cause of death. The Prince had spent one week in Istanbul's Memorial hospital at the time of his death. Osman's funeral was held at the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul on 26 September. His body was interred next to his grandfather Sultan Abdul Hamid II in Istanbul's Çemberlitaş neighborhood. His coffin was draped with the Imperial Ottoman Standard and his funeral was attended by Turkish Government Ministers. The Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey and the President of the Republic of Turkey both sent condolences to the Imperial family. The Prime Minister also later visited Osman's widow at a former Imperial Palace to express his condolences.

Marriages
He was married twice, first in New York City, New York, on 20 January 1947 to Gulda Twerskoy (Johannesburg, South Africa, 20 March 1915 – New York City, 16 September 1985), without issue. His second wife, whom he married on a football pitch, on 27 September 1991, also without issue, Zeynep Tarzi (born Istanbul, 16 December 1940), is the daughter of Abdulfettah Tarzi, nephew-in-law of the former King of Afghanistan, Amanullah Khan, and of Pakize Tarzi, a pioneering Turkish gynaecologist from a deep-rooted Ottoman family. He was married to Zeynep until his death at 97 years of age.

title: Ertuğrul Osman


text:
Beyond Zork

Beyond Zork (full title: Beyond Zork: The Coconut of Quendor) is an interactive fiction computer game written by Brian Moriarty and released by Infocom in 1987. It was one of the last games in the Zork series developed by Infocom (titles such as Zork Nemesis and Zork: Grand Inquisitor were created after Activision had dissolved Infocom as a company and kept the Infocom brand name). It signified a notable departure from the standard format of Infocom's earlier games which relied purely on text and puzzle-solving: among other features, Beyond Zork incorporated a crude on-screen map, the use of character statistics and levels, and RPG combat elements.

The game, Infocom's twenty-ninth, was available on the Amiga (512KB), Apple (128KB), Atari ST, Commodore 128, IBM (192KB), and the Macintosh (512KB) computers. Beyond Zork was one of 20 Infocom games bundled in the 1991 compilation The Lost Treasures of Infocom published by Activision.

Plot
The player explores the Southlands of Quendor somewhat aimlessly at first. Soon, however, a task is bestowed by the Implementors, a group of godlike creatures jokingly based on Infocom's game designers. The Coconut of Quendor, a mighty artifact that embodies the whole of Magic, has fallen into the claws of an unspeakably foul beast: an Ur-grue. Rumoured to be the spirits of fallen Implementors, Ur-Grues can surround themselves in a sphere of darkness that only sunlight can pierce. The player must recover the Coconut from this monster's grasp or face the unthinkable consequences.

Ur-grue
Beyond Zork introduces the "Ur-grue", a being which game materials describe as the progenitor and ruler of the monstrous race of grues—the term "Ur-grue" combines the German prefix ur- signifying "original" and "grue"—as well as the source of many other evil monsters. He is said to have originated as the shade of a "fallen Implementor".

The Ur-grue is revealed to be the primary villain of the story. The player, sent to retrieve the Coconut of Quendor from the Implementors, arrives at the Implementors' Luncheon on the Ethereal Plane of Atrii only to find he has been followed by the Ur-grue in shadow form, who takes the opportunity to steal it for himself. The player must then venture into the Ur-grue's extensive underground lair and retrieve it.

The Ur-grue is shown to be a dungeon master of sorts, controlling huge parts of the Zork underground and having accumulated an enormous hoard of treasure, of which the Coconut is his crowning acquisition. He has not only an army of grues at his disposal but also bizarre creatures of evil such as Lucksuckers, spirits who attack the player by draining his good fortune (reducing his Luck stat). The Ur-grue himself is surrounded by a pool of magical darkness that is capable of overcoming and destroying all artificial light sources, and is therefore only vulnerable to pure sunlight—the player, therefore, can only best him by using a series of mirrors to transmit a beam of light at him from outside the dungeon.

After doing so, the Ur-grue's shadowy form is dissipated revealing what may be his true form, that of a broken, withered old man. It is implied that the Ur-grue cannot survive long in this form and must possess others' bodies, like a demon, in order to survive—he attempts to possess the player. If he succeeds, a negative ending is revealed where the possessed player-character finds and strangles baby grues until he finds one strong enough to hold the Ur-grue's essence, implying that the Ur-grue's usual shadowy form is an enhanced version of a grue's body.

If the player's Compassion stat is high enough—represented by having done enough good deeds throughout the game—the Ur-grue is shown to be unable to possess the player, his evil apparently unable to coexist in the same body with an extremely pure or virtuous spirit, and the Ur-grue's old man form fades away. Whether this means the Ur-grue was permanently destroyed in this encounter is unclear, as is the possibility of others of his kind existing somewhere in the world, although, being magical in nature, it seems unlikely any Ur-grues could survive in Quendor following the Great Change.

Feelies
Almost since the company's beginning, Infocom's games included "extras" (called feelies) in the packages, often serving a dual purpose of entertainment and copy protection. Beyond Zork is no exception. The game package contained:
 * A large fold-out map of the "Southland of Quendor"
 * A small book titled The Lore and Legends of Quendor, a field guide of sorts to the flora and fauna of the area (several entries contained the information necessary to defeat or incapacitate creatures in the game)

Technical details
The game's most noticeable enhancement relative to its Infocom predecessors is the addition of an onscreen map to the heads-up display, which shows the player's location in relation to the surrounding area. In addition, game navigation can be accomplished via mouse clicks on the map, if the operating system that the game is running on supports mouse input.

In addition, the game continued the Zork series' early use of procedural generation in videogaming. A number of magic items have initial locations and descriptions that are randomly determined, and some sections of the area map are randomly reorganized, each time a new game is played. Role-playing game-like elements are also present in combat, including the concept of hit points and character statistics. Infocom had used these concepts before only in a rather limited way in Zork I and III.

Like Infocom's other games, Beyond Zork is platform independent and runs on a virtual computer architecture called the Z-machine. There were 4 versions of the game released in 1987, all using version 5 of the Z-machine. The game has 144 rooms and 77 objects, with a vocabulary of 1569 words and a total of 32778 opcodes.

Reception
A review in Computer Gaming World was pleased with some of Beyond Zork's features, particularly the ability to define macros and bind them to the function keys. The randomness of the game was described as frustrating, particularly as maps and item properties randomize upon restoring a previous game save. The review concluded by describing Beyond Zork as "a curious hybrid... mostly tough Infocom adventure with a patina of role-playing elements." In 1993 the magazine stated that the game's "merging of CRPG with adventure does not mix as well as it should". The game was reviewed in 1988 in Dragon #132 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 5 stars. Compute! stated that the game's combination of text adventure and RPG "introduces the next stage in interactive fiction". It concluded, "Beyond Zork reaffirms Infocom's position as king of the text adventures". Antic stated that "this hack-and-slash approach is not what we have come to expect from Infocom". While approving of Undo and other user interface improvements, the magazine disliked the loss of "exactly what Infocom writers do best—lots of descriptive text with a loving eye for detail that adds a sense of realism to good adventures". The reviewer concluded, "if adding these bells and whistles cuts into the heart of your product, is the trade-off worth it?"

Macworld named Beyond Zork runner-up (alongside Police Quest) to The Colony as Best Adventure Game in the 1988 Macworld Game Hall of Fame. Macworld called the game "a triumphant return by the Infocom adventure series to its dungeon roots, with myriad improvements on the original."

title: Beyond Zork


text: Category:Iranian painters

title: Category:Iranian painters