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Talk:Ricci curvature

Ricci tensor as a Laplacian of the metric
How exactly can the Ricci tensor be thought of as a Laplacian of the metric? Certainly, not as the covariant Laplacian ∇*∇ since ∇g = 0 for the Levi-Civita connection, and not as the Hodge-Laplacian (dd* + d*d) which is defined only on differential forms. I can't find a statement like this in any of my Riemannian geometry books. -- Fropuff 18:17, 2004 Oct 8 (UTC)
 * it is bit informal, in the exponential coordiantes at one point Ricc_{ij} will be usual laplasian of g_{ij} at this point. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tosha (talk • contribs) 01:16, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The question is a bit ironic, given that I entered this page to point out that the close relation of the Ricci tensor (belonging to the Levi-Civita connection) to the Hodge de Rham operator needs to be highlighted. It's not actually necessary to make explicit reference to a trace operator or tensor contraction, since one has the general identity $$\Delta dx^{\mu} = -R^{\mu}_{\nu} dx^{\nu}$$. For more general one-forms, the residual of the Hodge de Rham on one-forms $$(\Delta a)_{\mu} - \Delta (a_{\mu}) = -R^{\nu}_{\mu} a_{\nu}$$ gives you an expression that also characterizes the Levi-Civita connection's Ricci tensor.

 * For the Ricci tensor belonging to more general connections, another definition is used, which actually goes well beyond the connections associated with tangent spaces and even beyond connections associated with principal_bundles; applying to general connections defined in the arena of jet bundles. This requires the use of the Froelicher-Nijenhuis bracket and the Hodge dual.

 * It's also worth pointing out that when you're dealing with a metrical connection, you can still write down an expression in terms of this connection alone that gives you the Ricci tensor associated with the Levi-Civita connection. In Einstein-Cartan gravity, if you use this "corrected" Ricci tensor and relate it through Einstein's equation to the corresponding "corrected" stress tensor, the effect will almost be equivalent to the spin correction employed on the canonical stress tensor in classical field theory. This is used to derive the "effective" stress tensor associated with an Einstein-Cartan source. So, the two varieties of Ricci tensor (the Levi-Civita one and the non-symmetric one associated with the native connection) should really be regarded as independent objects, rather than as two incarnations of the same concept.

 * —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

The correct statement is that in harmonic coordinates, the components of the Ricci tensor satisfy
 * $$Ric_{jk} = -\frac{1}{2}\Delta g_{jk} + Q(g, \partial g)$$,

where $$Q(g, \partial g)$$ is quadratic in the components of g, and also involves first derivatives of these components, and where $$\Delta$$ is the Laplace-Beltrami operator of $$g$$. Here the phrase harmonic cordinates means we are using a coordinates chart in which each coordinate $$x^j$$ satisfies $$\Delta x^j=0$$. This formula was used by DeTurck to show that any (Riemannian)  Einstein metric is real-analytic in harmonic coordinates, and is also used extensively e.g. in proving Anderson's pre-compactness theorems for the space of Einstein metrics.

70.18.30.252 11:11, 7 August 2006 (UTC) Riemannian geometer

 * BTW, I do not like your edit very much, you made it more formal and therefore less accessible to beginers. In addition you use nonstandard convention, usually Ricci tensor is an opreator on tangent space and not a quadratic form. Tosha 01:16, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I disagree, I think the Ricci tensor is more generally regarded as a bilinear form than an operator on the tangent space. Besides, one needs a metric in order to define it as a operator. The definition of the bilinear form is independent of the metric (i.e. it works for any connection, not just the Levi-Civita connection) and thus more fundamental. -- Fropuff 02:32, 2004 Oct 10 (UTC)

Hapstance the current truth holds true for the metric theory pronounced Kerry.meyer (talk) 02:45, 11 December 2018 (UTC)

In addition to the formula in harmonic coordinates mentioned in the above comment of 7 Aug 2006, there was a formula in the article purporting to be the Ricci tensor in normal coordinates. But this formula was not correct, and I have just removed it. It was introduced in a series of edits on 5 Sep 2009. At first it had a citation of Petersen 2006 Section 3.7. However there is no such section in Petersen. The citation was subsequently removed, but the formula remained. Also at some point, a prankster inverted the constant from 3/2 to 2/3. --RossOgi (talk) 15:16, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

Proposed merger
The article on the trace-free Ricci curvature is silly as it stands. It assumes the manifold has dimension 4, but never says so!! In dimension n, the correct formula is $$Ric - \frac{S}{n}g$$.

70.18.30.252 11:11, 7 August 2006 (UTC) Riemannian geometer

The article Ricci tensor quite properly focuses on Riemannian geometry. If the merger took place, for stylistic reasons it may not be good to insist on clearly distinguishing between properties relevant to gtr and those irrelevant to gtr. So I'd suggest instead that whoever wanted to merge write an article on Ricci tensor in general relativity and merge the traceless Ricci tensor into that article. If you can't guess what I have in mind for Ricci tensor in general relativity, maybe best leave it to me (but be very patient, it might take 12 months for me to get to this, since there are so many more urgent tasks awaiting me just in the gtr pages.)---CH 08:36, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It might be best to just start with a general relativity section in this article. If and when that section grows too large we can move it to its own article. For now I agree that trace-free Ricci tensor should be merged in here. -- Fropuff 16:46, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * What fropuff said. --MarSch 13:19, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Is this English?
This is one of the most difficult articles on Wikipedia! As Ricci tensors are used to formulate the Einstein field equations, they are of fundamental importance even to laymen. Can someone make this article a little more accessible? At least tell us poor people without graduations in physics/math what a Ricci tensor is? Loom91 18:11, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * One simple way of explaining the Ricci tensor is to say that in geodesic normal coordinates the volume form is
 * [ 1 - (1/6) Ric_ij x^i x^j + O (|x|^3)] dx^1 ... dx^n
 * In other words, the Ricci tensor measures whether the volume of a geodesic cone is larger or smaller than what it would be in Euclidean space. I have appended this to the article, though it might be better to move it to the beginning of the article. (However, I will leave it to someone with administrative privileges to decide whether or not this is a good idea.)
 * I don't know why someone thought they should discuss conformal changes in this article, but in any case the gven formula for the change of the Ricci tensor under conformal change is absolutely incorrect! The leading factor of e^{2f} simply should not be there. The correct formula can, for example, be found at the top of page 59 of Besse's "Einstein Manifolds." -- A Riemannian geometer. 8/5/06
 * —70.18.30.252 (talk • contribs) 09:42, August 5, 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, but since I am on the verge of quitting WP I am not about to try to fix this. The basic problem is that the Ricci tensor is fundamental in both Riemannian geometry and Lorentzian geometry (particularly for the gtr application), but this background tends to pull the article in somewhat directions from the point of view of notation and what to emphasize.  (Buzzwords from Riemannian geometry include Ricci flow and comparison theorems such as the Bishop-Gromov comparison theorem, while buzzwords from general relativity include Raychaudhuri equation.  A key point here is the profound implications of positive definite signature, in the case of Riemannian geometry.)

 * To (not) answer the question asked, the Ricci tensor is a kind of "trace" of the Riemann tensor (which has various purely geometric interpretations). Therefore, the components of the Ricci tensor can be thought of as a kind of "average" of Riemann components.  In the case of Lorentzian manifolds interpreted as models in general relativity, the Riemann and Ricci tensor also acquire some physical interpretations.  See for example Gravitational curvature by Theodore Fraenkel, an undergraduate level gtr textbook which offers a particularly extensive discussion of some of the best known interpretations.---CH 19:58, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, this is a nasty article. Oh well. Chris -- don't leave. Just try to invest less time and emotional energy into WP, so you don't have to get angry and feel like quiting. linas 00:44, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * This article is generally unhelpful, which is rather unfortunate considering this object is so important in GR. I'm missing the most basic (although not "general" in any sence) definition which connects Riemann and Ricci: R[c,-a,-c,-b]=Ric[-a,-b] (where - denotes lower index of a tensor) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.116.77.206 (talk) 19:51, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

Joachim Lohkamp's Result
Couldn't get a readable version of his result, but it can't be right as quoted. The Cartan-Hadamard theorem states that any manifold that can be given a metric of nonpositive scalar curvature must have universal cover R^n. S^n (n>2) is a counterexample. But (I believe) the result might be right for AVERAGE curvature. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Oz john (talk • contribs).

No, no, no! Lohkamp's theorem is correct as stated. Cartan-Hadamard is about negative SECTIONAL curvature. Scalar curvature is at the other end of the spectrum. The existence of metrics on negative SCALAR curvature on any manifold of dimension > 2 was proved independently by Aubin and by Berard-Bergery in in the mid 1970's. Ricci is harder, but already the existence negative Ricci metrics on any 3-manifold (and in particular, on the 3-sphere) was already proved by Gao and Yau in the early 1980's. This is a good case to try to wrap your mind around, because in dimension 3, the Ricci tensor algebraically determines the sectional curvatures but negative Ricci does not imply negative sectional! ---Riemannian geometer, 8/5/06

A small erroneous statement
It seems to me that the statement "Because the Levi-Civita connection is torsion-free, the Ricci tensor of a Riemannian manifold is symmetric, in the sense that Ric(ξ,η) = Ric(η,ξ)" is not correct.

In fact, a symmetric linear connection (torsion free) does not have necessarily a symmetric Ricci curvature as the following example shows:

In $$R^n$$, let's define a symmetric linear connection (covariant derivative) by the formula:

(\nabla_{A} B) = B'.A + Γ(A,B)

where Γ(A,B)(x) = (A·x)(B·x)u, where · stands for the standard scalar product on $$R^{n}$$ and $$u$$ is a fixed vector.

One can easily compute the Ricci curvature of that symmetric linear connection and find:

Ric(A,B) = (u·x)(A·B) - (A·x)(B·u)

which is not symmetric because of the term (A·x)(B·u).

Hence I would suggest to replace that statement by: "The Ricci tensor of a connection derived from a metric is always symmetric, in the sense that Ric(ξ,η) = Ric(η,ξ)".

Boris Kolev (France)

The correct general statement, now incorporated into the article, is that any torsion-free connection with $$SL(n,R)$$ holonomy has symmetric Ricci tensor. This holonomy condition is equivalent to saying that the connection is compatible with a volume form. It implies that

$${R^k}_{kij}= 0$$

since the curvature tensor is always a 2-form with values in the Lie algebra of the holonomy group. However,

$${R^k}_{kij}+{R^k}_{ijk}+{R^k}_{jki}=0$$

for any torsion-free connection, as follows by contracting the first Bianchi identity. Hence

$${R}_{ij}-{R}_{ji}={R^k}_{kij}=0$$

as claimed. Voila!

Riemannian Geometer, 3/29/09 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.245.247.96 (talk) 00:39, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

Reference
I suspect that the reference of Ricci's paper was a bad OCR job from the EOM. I think venelo should be veneto, as in "Atti R. Inst. Venelo" maybe stands for "Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti", though there are a couple of similarly named journals. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Lionelbrits (talk • contribs) 16:36, 14 April 2007 (UTC).

Geometrical Meaning
As for the taylor-expansion of the metric
 * $$   g_{ij} = \delta_{ij} - \frac{1}{3}R_{ikj\ell}x^kx^\ell + O(|x|^3) $$

I d like to have a hint how to derive this. Somehow it appears from nowhere. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dbfrosch (talk • contribs) 16:17, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Hint: Take a geodesic γ at P and a Jacobi field J along γ with initial conditions $$J(0)=0, J'(0)=\xi.\,$$ Then compute the fourth order Taylor series of $$\langle J(t),J(t)\rangle$$ about t=0 to get
 * $$\langle J(t), J(t)\rangle = t^2\langle\xi,\xi\rangle - \frac{t^4}{3}\langle R(\xi,\dot{\gamma})\dot{\gamma},\xi\rangle + O(t^5).$$
 * Finally apply the polarization identity to obtain the required result. 71.182.247.220 (talk) 21:04, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

 * This can be incorporated into the article. I'm not certain precisely how to do it, though. 71.182.247.220 (talk) 16:16, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the late reply here. I haven't been monitoring my talk page.  Take a geodesic γ(t) with initial conditions $$\gamma'(0) = v^i\partial/\partial x^i$$.  In normal coordinates, $$J(t) = t \xi^i\partial/\partial x^i$$.  So the left-hand side of the above equation is
 * $$t^2\xi^i\xi^j\langle \partial/\partial x^i, \partial/\partial x^j\rangle_{\gamma(t)}=t^2 g_{ij}(\gamma(t))\xi^i\xi^j.$$
 * So by polarizing on the ξi, we get
 * $$g_{ij}(\gamma(t)) = \delta_{ij} - \frac{t^2}{3}R_{ikj\ell}v^kv^\ell + O(t^3).$$
 * Now the normal coordinates of the point γ(t) are precisely xj(γ(t)) = tvj, which gives the result. 71.182.244.158 (talk) 01:23, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

Thanks, I was wondering the same, and sure enough there was info on the talk page! Gotta love wikipedia. I also found a reference discussing higher order corrections as well if anyone is interested. If people think it is worthwhile, I'll link it in the article. DefnerBly (talk) 08:26, 23 December 2013 (UTC)

 * It's been a very long time, but I'd be interested! 98.196.180.254 (talk) 00:43, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

Symmetric?
The introduction of the article seems to say that the Ricci tensor is symmetric for all pseudo-Riemannian manifolds. In a book I'm reading at the moment, it says that an affine connection ∇ with zero torsion has symmetric Ricci tensor if and only if ∇ is locally equi-affine. Where we call an affine connection locally equi-affine if around each point x of M there is a parallel volume form, i.e. a non-vanishing n-form ω such that ∇ω = 0. Which one is correct, the article or the book? It seems to me that there are some missing hypotheses in the article's statement. — Fly by Night  ( talk )  19:23, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

 * In differential geometry, "curvature of a Riemannian manifold" means "curvature of the Levi-Civita connection". There is no missing hypothesis.  The article discusses the non-symmetric case further down, but it would be very inappropriate to emphasize this in the lead, given the relative WP:WEIGHT.   Sławomir Biały  (talk) 21:15, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

Definition of Riemann curvature tensor
I know this is generally acceptable, but saying that the Riemann curvature tensor is a $$(1,3)$$-tensor is a bit confusing here, since it is actually used as a $$(0,2)$$-tensor with values in $$Hom(T_pM,T_pM)$$ (this is also stated in the "Riemann curvature tensor" wiki page, by the way). At least it should be said that $$R$$ can be viewed as $$(1,3)$$ tensor using the identification between linear maps and $$(1,1)$$-tensors. Otherwise, $$Ric$$ could be defined as $$tr^{1,2}R=-tr^{1,3}R$$. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.15.165.83 (talk • contribs) 2014-04-11T18:54:28

 * I would support clarifying the article on this point.  Sławomir Biały  (talk) 20:38, 11 April 2014 (UTC)

Confusion over geometric interpretation
In this article, it is said that the Ricci tensor "represents the amount by which the volume of a geodesic ball in a curved Riemannian manifold deviates from that of the standard ball in Euclidean space". But there is the exact same description in the article about the Ricci scalar...

Since there are spaces where the Ricci tensor isn't zero and the Ricci scalar is (the product of a constant positive curvature space with a constant negative curvature space at same scale), this explanation can't hold for both... My guess is the scalar mesures the change of form while the tensor mesures the change of volume. Except that volume difference can be expressed both in terms of the scalar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_curvature#Direct_geometric_interpretation) and in terms of the tensor in this article (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci_curvature#Direct_geometric_meaning). How come ? Is there an error somewhere or am I wrong ? JohannCR (talk) 14:47, 19 December 2016 (UTC)

 * The direct meaning is clarified in the section Direct geometric meaning. I've added this to the lead to help clarify the difference with the scalar curvature.  Sławomir Biały  (talk) 15:53, 19 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Oh, so that means the Ricci scalar really measures differences in volume "globaly" (meaning the whole ball), while the Ricci tensor measures it only partially or depending on direction. So in a non Ricci-flat space with a null Ricci scalar, a ball could be deformed into an ellipsoid of same volume (hence null Ricci scalar) but in the direction of the longer semi-axis there would be more volume in the wedge of the deformed ball (compared to euclidian space), while in the direction of the shorter semi-axis there would be a reduction of volume of the wedge. Am I correct ? Thanks for the clarification ! JohannCR (talk) 21:09, 19 December 2016 (UTC)

Semi-formal definition
I'm thinking that there's room to better explain the concept of Ricci curvature- what I like about the introduction is that it gives a good intuition for what the Ricci tensor represents, but the article doesn't give an explanation, in layman's terms, of how to actually calculate the Ricci curvature, and the formal definition that is given comes across as fairly inaccessible to a reader who isn't well-versed in topology.

I would like to see a section before the formal definition that is more explicit than what is currently in the introduction, but more accessible than the formal definition. I'll post later what I imagine it might look like. -Ramzuiv (talk) 19:38, 9 February 2020 (UTC)
 * As promised, here's my (quite possibly inaccurate) interpretation of how the Ricci tensor can be defined in more accessible terms:
 * The Ricci tensor is the tensor such that for all unit vectors ξ, Ric(ξ, ξ) is equal to [the volume of a conic section (with angle ε, pointing in the same direction as ξ) of a geodesic ball with radius ε, minus the volume of a corresponding euclidean conic section of a ball] divided by ε3, where ε is arbitrarily small.
 * It would be good if someone can either confirm my interpretation, or help formulate a more accurate accessible definition. -Ramzuiv (talk) 07:19, 16 February 2020 (UTC)

 * What "conic section" are you talking about? Also should you not say in the limit as ε goes to zero? JRSpriggs (talk) 12:04, 16 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it should say in the limit as ε goes to zero. Is there any ambiguity as to what is meant by conic section? -Ramzuiv (talk) 19:48, 19 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I am asking: where in this ball are you finding a conic section? And what do you mean by calling ε an angle? JRSpriggs (talk) 01:30, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

the first sentence
Does anyone else think the "conical volume" part of the first sentence of the article should be removed? It deserves to be in the article (and more precisely), but it seems misleading as a context-setter since that characterization is (so far as I know) not so useful and just a little eldritch

Also I added a bit to the definition section, including a new part where I try to explain Ricci curvature (non-geometrically) to someone only familiar with linear algebra and multivariable calculus. Hope it's successful

Gumshoe2 (talk) 08:34, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

It also seems like bad primary context since it's limited to the Riemannian setting

Gumshoe2 (talk) 19:50, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

made some edits

Gumshoe2 (talk) 20:37, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

Some clarification needed on a strange sentence
In the section on "definition via differentiation of vector fields", I found this somewhat strange sentence:

"The crucial property of this mapping is that if $X$, $Y$, $Z$ and $X'$, $Y'$, and $Z'$ are smooth vector fields such that $X$ and $X'$ define the same element of some tangent space $T_{p}M$, and $Y$ and $Y'$ also define the same element of $T_{p}M$, and $Z$ and $Z'$ also define the same element of $T_{p}M$, then the vector fields $R(X,Y)Z$ and $R(X′,Y′)Z′$ also define the same element of $T_{p}M$."

It took me a while to figure out the author was just trying to say the Riemann curvature is a local quantity. Talking of the "elements" instead of referring to "tangent vectors" doesn't help. Tangent vectors exist at a point; elements? I don't know. Part of this confusion would have been resolved if the author had said something like:

"The crucial property of this mapping is that it acts locally on tangent vector fields. That is, if $X$, $Y$, $Z$ and $X'$, $Y'$, and $Z'$ are smooth vector fields (as sections in the tangent bundle of a manifold) such that at a point, $$p$$, the corresponding tangent vectors in the tangent space, $T_{p}M$, are equal, i.e. $$X(p) =X'(p)$$, $$Y(p) =Y'(p)$$, and $$Z(p) =Z'(p)$$, then the vector fields $$R(X,Y)Z$$ and $$R(X',Y')Z'$$ evaluated at $$p$$ produce the same tangent vector of $T_{p}M$."

It's probably not the perfect phrasing, but I think it would make it clearer.

As for the original authors use of the word "crucial"...Is it really "crucial"? Never really explained in what sense it is "crucial."

title: Talk:Ricci curvature


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Dawlish Warren

Dawlish Warren is a seaside resort near to the town of Dawlish, in Teignbridge on the south coast of Devon, England. Dawlish Warren consists almost entirely of holiday accommodation and facilities for holidaymakers, especially on caravan sites.

Location
Dawlish Warren is located at the mouth of the Exe Estuary opposite Exmouth and has a beach, a National Nature Reserve spanning 506 acres (2 km2) and a golf course, which is classified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).

The renowned sand spit at Dawlish Warren is the location of both the golf course and the nature reserve which was declared a National Nature Reserve in 2000. This spit has reduced in size within the past century due to erosion partly caused by the installation of a breakwater at Langstone Rock to the south-west which traps sand from the local sandstone cliffs and interrupts the natural sediment flow of the area.

The resort is popular with holidaymakers and although a death occurred from E. coli poisoning in 1999, allegedly caused by a nearby sewage outflow, a new sewage treatment plant has since been built resulting in both Dawlish Warren and Dawlish beaches now winning the Blue Flag for the quality of the bathing waters.

Tourism
Along with neighbouring Dawlish, this corner of south Devon has a favourable climate, which draws thousands of visitors to the area in summer. Because of this, the Dawlish Warren economy relies heavily on tourism, and in particular on the many caravan and camping parks in the village which add over 15,000 to the local population during the summer months. There are several holiday parks which attract visitors from all over the UK, but in particular the West Midlands and South Wales. The major holiday parks are Welcome, Hazelwood, Cofton, Golden Sands, Dawlish Sands, Peppermint Park, Lady's Mile and Oakcliff. In 2008 Peppermint Park and Golden Sands joined Dawlish Sands as part of Park Holidays UK Caravan Parks. The name 'Peppermint Park' has gone and the site has been rebranded 'Golden Sands'.

Amenities
Dawlish Warren has a doctor's surgery, a pharmacy and an independent supermarket, along with several gift shops which cater for tourist traffic.

There are a number of restaurants and takeaway eateries. There are many bars and pubs such as the Silly Goose and the Mount Pleasant Inn, which dates from before the 1750s and is located just outside the resort.

Transport

The resort is served by Dawlish Warren railway station, situated a few minutes from the beach. It lies between the stations of Dawlish and Starcross on the Riviera Line, a section of the Great Western Main Line between London Paddington and Penzance in Cornwall. Stopping services are operated by Great Western Railway, on a route between Exmouth, Exeter and Paignton.

Dawlish can be reached by a 1.5 mi walk south-west along the South Devon Railway sea wall.

Local bus services are operated predominantly by Stagecoach South West; key routes that serve the town include:
 * 22: Dawlish Warren to South Devon College in Paignton
 * 187: Dawlish Warren to Dawlish

Religion

Although Dawlish Warren is within the civil parish of Dawlish, it lies in the ecclesiastical parish of Cofton. There is no actual church in Dawlish Warren, but St Mary's Church Hall (St Mary's Church is in Cofton) is located near the resort's railway station. It is used for services and community activities.

title: Dawlish Warren


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Somewhere Far Beyond

Somewhere Far Beyond is the fourth studio album by the German power metal band Blind Guardian. It was released in 1992 and produced by Kalle Trapp. The cover artwork was created by Andreas Marschall, who also drew the artwork for other Blind Guardian's releases (Tales from the Twilight World, Nightfall in Middle-Earth, etc.). The album saw the band creating its own original sound, while still employing most of their speed/power metal techniques.

The cover art and the two "Bard's Songs" gave the band its nickname "The Bards". The use of the nickname has been also extended to the fans of the group, Circle of the Bards being the now defunct fan club, and Hansi Kürsch frequently calling the fans "Bards".

"The Piper's Calling" contains the first three parts of the Great Highland Bagpipe 2/4 March, "The 79th's Farewell to Gibraltar", written by Pipe Major John MacDonald of the 79th Regiment of Foot (Cameronian Volunteers). Part of this composition also appears as a section of the title track, this time played on a different type of bagpipe.

The album was acclaimed by power metal fans all across Europe and especially Japan, allowing them to tour for the first time outside Germany. The tour in the Far East led to the band's first live album, Tokyo Tales.

Somewhere Far Beyond was remastered and re-released, with bonus tracks, on 15 June 2007. The album was again re-released and also remixed and remastered as part of A Traveler's Guide to Space and Time boxset.

Track listing
The first set of bonus tracks are featured on all releases other than the vinyl LP. The 2007 re-release includes all of these tracks, although they are not listed as bonus tracks. It does not include the original re-release bonus tracks.

Lyrical references

 * "Time What Is Time" is about the film Blade Runner from the perspective of a Replicant.
 * "Journey Through the Dark" is about Jhary a-Conel, a bard and a companion of the Eternal Champion, from the books by Michael Moorcock.
 * "Black Chamber" deals with someone finding himself in the Black Lodge from Twin Peaks and facing a dark fate.
 * "The Quest for Tanelorn" is about the Eternal Champion's search for a city called Tanelorn, a fictional city in The Multiverse of Michael Moorcock's stories.
 * "Ashes to Ashes" deals with the death of Hansi's father.
 * "The Bard's Song – In the Forest" is inspired by the computer game The Bard's Tale.
 * "The Bard's Song – The Hobbit" is based on J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit.
 * "Somewhere Far Beyond" is a retelling of Stephen King's The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger and The Drawing of the Three.
 * "Trial by Fire" is about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It's a cover of the heavy metal band Satan.

Personnel
Blind Guardian
 * Hansi Kürsch – lead vocals, bass
 * André Olbrich – lead, rhythm and acoustic guitar, backing vocals
 * Marcus Siepen – rhythm and acoustic guitars, backing vocals
 * Thomas "Thomen" Stauch – drums

Guest musicians
 * Piet Sielck –effects, guitars
 * Mathias Wiesner – effects, keyboards and bass on "Spread Your Wings"
 * Rolf Köhler, Billy King and Kalle Trapp – backing vocals
 * Stefan Will – piano
 * Peter Rübsam – Scottish and Irish bagpipes
 * Kai Hansen – lead guitar on "The Quest for Tanelorn"

Production and design
 * Kalle Trapp – producing, mixing, recording
 * Piet Sielck – second engineer
 * Andreas Marschall/Becker — Derouet Hamburg – cover art
 * Tom Nagy – photo
 * a•r•t•p•o•o•l – graphics

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Talk:Hialeah, Florida

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): SimaraX.

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Suggestions
The majority of the population in Hialeah is Cuban or Cuban-American. I don't know how or where to incorporate that into the article.

It's also the birthplace of K.C. from K.C. and the Sunshine Band. Hehe.

206.82.89.104 18:25, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Question
The demographics state that 85% is hispanic of any race, with 89% of the people speaking Spanish as a first language. Assuming that there are also people born in Hialeah who speak English as a first language, but also speak Spanish because of their ethnic background, is there a little mix up with the numbers, or just proof that people in Hialeah can't fill out their census report and/or take down information? (note: a little lighthearted humor there)

65.8.104.254 12:20, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

I think it has more to do with the fact that the census includes almost everyone, if not everyone (they could miss some people) in the city, while the rank is based on a survey where they don't poll every single person living in the city. Basically, the 89% is based on those polled randomly, just like all polls. Of course, it could also be a timing thing, the population in 2004 is 85% hispanic, but the population when the survey was taken could've been higher. -- SmthManly  / ManlyTalk  / ManlyContribs  16:04, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Religion
What is wrong with a religion section? I know that it needs to be expanded upon from what I put, but the article doesn't have much content already so anything good that it can get should be fine. Religion is very important to many Cubans and should be mentioned in the article and Places of local interest suggests that articles like New Testament Baptist Church be included with the community article.--Jorfer 14:11, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, if you're going to add a religion section, then adding a blurb about a church that isn't even located in Hialeah isn't going to work, as this church is located in an unincoporated area using a Hialeah zip code just north of Miami Lakes. Also, the wikipedia guideline about places of local interest is reffering to places which contain significant events in the town's history, as far as I've seen growing up here, that church hasn't done that.  Adding a religious section is fine, but that's not really what you're doing here, you've added a few blurbs about that particular church, instead the whole section should be discussing religion in Hialeah, especially notable things about it, for example, Hialeah is the Santeria World Headquarters and contains the largest Santero Community outside of Cuba; that should be one of the most important items within that section as it is something that makes Hialeah pretty notable.  Next, you would also have to add blurbs about pretty much every notable religion within the city, including the top 5, or at least the top 3, not just Christianity, and within that spectrum you could add a few sentences or maybe a paragraph about notable religious locations such as New Testament, if we could actually include it as being part of Hialeah and not Miami Gardens.  Also, right now, it looks as if you've just added that church to showcase Dino Pedrone, as that's most of the information you've included about the locationl; I'm sure the church has a lot more to it than that.  What I suggest be done is that the whole part about New Testament be remove and instead research be done about the impact of religion in Hialeah, then that be added in, with areas such as New Testament being added in on the side and inidivual persons only added if they themselves have influence the city as a whole in religious context.  Right now, the section as is, isn't really following the guidelines set up for articles as it isn't talking much about the subject of the article:  Hialeah; instead the religion section talks about people and a place which happen to be located within Hialeah, and that is counter the guidelines.  If you want to showcase that particular church, try making an article about it and see if it passes the notability guidelines, but right now, this article should be about Hialeah overall, and so, unless the religion section actually talks about the impact of religion in Hialeah, then it doesn't work, and that's why I removed it.  I'm gonna remove it again until you reply, and if you really want a religion section in there, I'd be fine with helping you research and one to be added on there.  Thanks.  --  SmthManly  / ManlyTalk  / ManlyContribs  17:34, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I notice something you could to do to keep the church mentioned in an article, is to create an article about Dade Christian School. Dade Christian is pretty notable, I assure you, and as a high school it is already kept in the notability guidelines, thus, within an article about Dade Christian, you can add all you want about New Testament and it would fit in fine, then you can link Dade Christian to the Education section of Hialeah, and that'll work.  --  SmthManly  / ManlyTalk  / ManlyContribs  17:37, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair enough, since it already failed a deletion attempt I will try to incorporporate New Testament Baptist Church into the Dade Christian School article. We should also try to incorporate a religion section into this article. I will leave an empty header for now.--Jorfer 17:49, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:HialeahSeal.PNG
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edit

Extra Space
Is it no possible to get rid of that extra space between the bullets?68.148.164.166 (talk) 16:02, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

 * It is because of the map-it template, which is protected from edits from everyone but administrators, but I would not know how to fix even if I could edit it.--Jorfer (talk) 17:28, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Notable People
I removed Andre Goodman from the list of notable people associated with the City of Hialeah. I cannot find any references stating that the professional football player for the Miami Dolphins is associated with Hialeah. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jutland86 (talk • contribs) 12:30, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

Notable people
Removed the following from list: * Derick Garnier a/k/a DerickG, professional photographer/videographer, known for his exclusive hip hop content, specifically working with Young Money/Cash Money Billionaires. :)

The notable people's section is not a marketing resource. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.254.96.104 (talk) 06:27, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

Structure
Hi. I'm going through all the US Cities (as per List of United States cities by population) in an effort to provide some uniformity in structure. Anyone have an issue with me restructuring this article as per WikiProject Cities/US Guideline. I won't be changing any content, merely the order. Occasionally, I will also move a picture just to clean up spacing issues. I've already gone through the top 20 or so on the above list, if you'd like to see how they turned out. Thoughts? Onel5969 (talk) 16:26, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

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Timeline of Hialeah, Florida
What is missing from the recently created city timeline article? Please add relevant content! Contributions welcome. Thank you. -- M2545 (talk) 15:24, 10 June 2016 (UTC)

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Notable People
JP Morgan died in 1911 and could not have been a notable person at the park. Is it possible it was JP Morgan, Jr. ? Lioneagle7 (talk) 22:05, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
 * , JP Morgan is not mentioned in the notable people section. Could you please clarify your comment? Thanks. John from Idegon (talk) 22:46, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

Rose-colored spectacles?
(Moved this item to the bottom of the page per WP:TALKNEW.)

Reading the Wikipedia article would give no clue to the fact that Hialeah has now been designated "The worst place to live in Florida" due to its poor economy and high crime. ExpatSalopian (talk) 15:50, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Do you know of any reliable sources that support those claims. If you can cite such sources, then start a discussion here as to what would be appropriate and encyclopedic to add to the article. I will say that such claims are often sensationalized and ephemeral, and not usually sufficiently neutral in point-of-view to be useful in a Wikipedia article. - Donald Albury 16:37, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hialeah, Florida


text: Category:Hungarian philosophers

title: Category:Hungarian philosophers


text: Category:Hungarian theologians

title: Category:Hungarian theologians


text: Category:Theologians by nationality

title: Category:Theologians by nationality


text: Category:Hungarian painters

title: Category:Hungarian painters


text: Category:Painters by nationality

title: Category:Painters by nationality


text:
Greenville Braves

The Greenville Braves were an American minor league baseball franchise, based in Greenville, South Carolina, that served as the Class AA farm team of the Atlanta Braves between 1984 and 2004. The Braves played in Greenville Municipal Stadium for all 21 years of their existence.

The team had much success and many famous future Atlanta players such as Tom Glavine, Chipper Jones, Javy López, Jason Marquis, Eddie Pérez, Andruw Jones, and John Rocker played there. They won multiple Southern League championships, and the 1992 edition, managed by Grady Little and featuring Chipper Jones and López, won 100 out of 143 games (.699) during the regular season to take the pennant, then captured the SL playoff title. The 1992 Braves were recognized as one of the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time. After the 2004 season, the parent club in Atlanta transferred the G-Braves to Pearl, Mississippi, where the team is now known as the Mississippi Braves.

The Braves cited an outdated stadium that did not meet current standards and the City of Greenville's unwillingness to create a sufficient financial package to build a new stadium as the cause of the move. With the Greenville Braves out, the Greenville Bombers (formerly the Capital City Bombers), Class A South Atlantic League affiliate of the Boston Red Sox, moved into the old Braves stadium in 2005. In 2006, a brand new stadium located in Downtown Greenville, Fluor Field at the West End, opened and the Bombers changed their name to the Greenville Drive.

Greenville Braves (WCL, 1963–64)
Greenville also hosted a team in the low Class A Western Carolinas League—the former identity (1960–79) of the South Atlantic League—called the Braves as an affiliate of the Milwaukee Braves in 1963 and 1964. This two-year affiliation was brief, but produced the 1963 playoff champions of the WCL. When the New York Mets replaced the Braves as the team's parent in 1965, the nickname was changed.

Hall of Fame Alumni

 * Tom Glavine, All Star starting pitcher and Baseball Hall of Fame inductee in 2014
 * Chipper Jones, All Star third baseman and Baseball Hall of Fame inductee in 2018

Notable former players

 * Jim Acker, pitcher with the Toronto Blue Jays and Atlanta Braves
 * Tommy Greene, All Star pitcher, threw a no hitter for the Philadelphia Phillies.
 * Andruw Jones, All Star outfielder, won 10 consecutive Rawlings Gold Glove Awards 1998-2007
 * David Justice, All Star outfielder. 1990 National League Rookie of the Year.
 * Jason Marquis, All Star starting pitcher, Silver Slugger Award
 * Kent Mercker, starting pitcher
 * Adam Wainwright, All Star starting pitcher
 * Chipper Jones, Hall of Fame Third Baseman. 1999 MVP. 2008 batting champion.
 * Mark Wohlers, All Star reliever, threw a combined no-hitter in 1991
 * Javy Lopez, All Star catcher, NLCS MVP

Season-by-season records
The following is a list of the Greenville Braves season-by-season record.

title: Greenville Braves


text:
Felix Perez Camacho

Felix James Pérez Camacho (born October 30, 1957) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 7th Governor of Guam from 2003 to 2011. A member of the Republican Party of Guam, he had previously served as a six-term senator in the Guam Legislature from 1993 to 2003.

Born into the Camacho family, his father, Carlos Camacho, served as the 1st Governor of Guam from 1969 to 1975. Camacho unsuccessfully ran for Governor again in the 2022 Guamanian election, losing to incumbent Democrat Lou Leon Guerrero.

Early life
Camacho was born in Camp Zama, a U.S. military base in Japan. Camacho's father was Carlos Camacho. Camacho's mother was Lourdes Perez Camacho. He was raised in Tamuning, Guam, and was educated in the Catholic school system. Camacho's father became Guam's last appointed governor in 1969, and subsequently became the first elected governor in 1971. In 1980, Camacho received a degree in business administration and finance from Marquette University.

Political career
Camacho has held positions with Pacific Financial Corporation as an insurance manager, and with IBM as an account administrator. In March 1988, Governor Joseph Franklin Ada appointed him as deputy director of the Public Utility Agency of Guam, and he was chosen to be the executive director of the department later that year. In 1992, Camacho was elected as senator in the 22nd Guam Legislature, and was subsequently re-elected in 1994 and 1996. As a senator, he served as chairman of the Committee on Tourism, Transportation, and Economic Development. He also served as a majority whip.

In 1998, Camacho was the running mate of Joseph Ada in the hotly-contested gubernatorial campaign. Their loss resulted in Camacho's absence from public office for the next two years. Having won in the 2000 legislative election, Camacho returned to the legislature and regained his chairmanship, as well as the position of assistant majority leader.

2002 gubernatorial candidacy
In 2002, Camacho teamed up with fellow senator, Kaleo Moylan, to run for the positions as Guam's governor and lieutenant governor, respectively. On August 31, 2002, Camacho-Moylan went on to defeat Speaker Antonio “Tony” Unpingco in the Republican primary election. Additionally, Camacho-Moylan’s campaign for the general election ran successfully against Democratic contenders Guam Delegate Congressman Robert A. Underwood, and his running mate, Senator Thomas "Tom" C. Ada.

2006 gubernatorial candidacy
Due to various disagreements with Moylan during their first term, Camacho picked freshman senator Michael Cruz, M.D. as his running mate in 2006. Camacho again defeated Robert A. Underwood (this time with senator Frank Aguon Jr. as running mate) to win the governorship for a second term.

2016 Congressional run
In 2016 he ran against Democratic incumbent Madeleine Bordallo to represent Guam's at-large congressional district, but was defeated 53% to 47%.

2022 gubernatorial candidacy
Camacho launched his campaign again for the 2022 Republican nomination for governor of Guam with senator Tony Ada as his running mate in February 2022. He was defeated in the general election by incumbent Democratic Governor Lou Leon Guerrero.

Tenure
On December 8, 2002, Guam was slammed by Super Typhoon Pongsona, shortly after Camacho and Moylan were elected into office. They opted not to have a formal inaugural celebration, due to the state of the island. The duo instead chose to be sworn in with a ceremony at the Plaza de España at midnight, after a celebratory mass at the Dulce Nombre de Maria Cathedral Basilica in Hagåtña—all under candle light.

Typhoon Pogsona occurred just six months after the island had been devastated by Typhoon Chataan, and left the citizens of Guam reeling from the aftermath. Widespread damage affected facilities and structures in both the public and private sectors, which included: hospitals, schools, Guam International Airport, the Port of Guam, hotels, businesses, and hundreds of homes. The damages were estimated at $246 million by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Fuel tanks at the Cabras Island caught on fire making it unsafe for ships to come into the harbor. The Guam Telephone Authority and A.B. Won Pat International Airport were also shut down for a time. Soon, though, approximately 10,000 tourists who had been on Guam since before the storm were able to go home. Camacho and his administration worked on getting the power, water, communications and transportation systems running again, as well as re-opening the island’s schools and getting assistance to people with typhoon damaged homes and businesses. Tourism went down to a minimum and the government was essentially bankrupt.

Camacho led the effort to restore the island to normalcy, along with much help from the government of Guam, federal government, the military, the business community and the resilient citizens. Three months later island leaders let potential visitors know that the island was ready to welcome them again and tourism rebounded.

The Camacho Administration had other challenges to governing Guam as well. Due to concerns about the way the previous administration had handled government affairs, the Guam Legislature enacted legislation to remove power from the Office of the Governor in several ways. For the first time Guam had an elected attorney general and an elected auditor. There was also an elected school board and appointed superintendent of education who had complete authority over the largest government agency, the Guam Department of Education.

Likewise, for the first time the people of Guam had elected a board to run the government's utilities. The Consolidated Utilities Commission took management of the power and water out of the Governor’s hands. The Public Utilities Commission also set utility rates, and the Guam Telephone Authority was sold to a private company in 2005, the last government owned telephone exchange in the United States, taking even more government responsibility away from the administration.

Camacho took office during austere times. Guam lacked sufficient revenues to pay its obligations. The mandates of local and federal law far exceed the governments fiscal capacity to honor those obligations. To supplement revenues, Camacho sought to issue bonds worth approximately $400 million. However, the attorney general refused to sign the bond contracts because he concluded that issuance of the bonds would violate the debt limitation. In response, the Governor requested a declaration from the Guam Supreme Court that the issuance of the bonds would not cause Guam to exceed the debt limitation. The Guam Supreme Court agreed with the Governor and the attorney general appealed his decision. Four years later the US Supreme Court heard the matter and in the end the Governor was able to issue bonds.

In the meantime, several lawsuits dramatically impacted the government and the Governor had to prioritize government resources toward addressing many of these challenges. The following are a few of the major lawsuits against the government to which the government paid out millions of dollars.

In 1993, a class action lawsuit was filed against Governor Ada to implement a 1988 statute to provide annually to eligible government of Guam retirees a cost of living allowance to be computed by multiplying the entitle benefit times the rate of inflation based on the cost of living index. The law was later repealed in 1995. In 2006, the court awarded $123 million to the COLA class action suit and the government began to pay the judgment.

Since the US Environmental Protection Agency issued an order in 1986 to cease discharging leachate from the Ordot Dump, Camacho signed a consent decree in 2004 to close Ordot Dump and construct a new solid waste landfill facility. The terms of the decree appeared to be workable but in actuality it become difficult to comply with the decree due to resistance by members of the public and the legislature. Additionally, the lack of resources, experienced personnel, and necessary support prevented the government from meeting the various deadlines set forth in the consent decree.

The court imposed penalties of more than $2.86 million against the government for failing to abide by the mandates of the consent decree. Ultimately, the federal court appointed a receiver to enforce the terms of the consent decree and assume all the functions of the solid waste management division of the Department of Public Works. The court ordered the government to deposit $20 million into an account while the government with the court appointed receiver worked out a financing option for the consent decree projects. When a viable financing option was not presented to the court, the court ordered the government to deposit $993,700 on a weekly basis into the account. Eventually, the court suspended the weekly payments when the government issued bonds totaling $202 million for the consent decree projects.

In 2001, a group of mentally ill individuals who lived on Guam filed suit against Camacho's predecessor, Governor Gutierrez, for failure to provide community-based living services to the mentally ill. The court found that defendants had discriminated against plaintiffs by requiring them to reside in the adult In-patient units to receive services, and that the services provided to Plaintiffs were not appropriate to their particular needs. Additionally, the court found that the Defendants had violated the Plaintiffs' constitutional rights to minimum standards of care and appointed a federal management team in 2010.

In 2004, a class action lawsuit was filed against Camacho claiming refunds of approximately $112 million as a result of the earned income tax credit. The complaint was amended in 2006 wherein the class asked for approximately $135 million. The parties settled the case for $90 million. In anticipation of the court’s approval of the settlement agreement, the Camacho Administration managed to set aside millions of dollars in order to begin payments according to the terms of the settlement agreement.

The government budget was lower as well, at $396 million from a previous $500 million. Another first, also due to legislative mandates, was that the budget was based on gross receipt taxes, which at that time was four percent. That model simply didn't work as GRT fluctuates too much over the year and the law was later rescinded. Eventually the GRT was raised from four to six percent much to the dismay of the private sector. The entire administration took temporary cuts in pay, including the governor. Non-essential government employees were placed on a 32 hour work week until revenues started recovering.

One of Camacho's challenges in taking office was the change of having an elected attorney general. In the past, the appointed attorney general worked for the governor but now the elected attorney general saw his role as a watchdog and became very litigious. Moylan, first cousin to Lieutenant Governor Moylan, told the governor that the courts would define his limits and that he was not the governor's lackey anymore. The joke at the time was that the A.G. for attorney general, also stood for “aspiring governor."

Lawsuits and legal challenges defined those first two years and the dynamic of being the governor of Guam changed. The legislature, at the time, believed that the position of Governor of Guam held too much authority as granted by the Organic Act of Guam. Even though there was a Republican majority in the Legislature, several of the senators also had aspirations to be governor.

Personal life
Camacho's wife is Joann Garcia Camacho. They have three children and three grandchildren. Mrs. Camacho is a niece of Vicente "Ben" Gumataotao, the mayor of Piti and first cousin of Jose Gumataotao, the husband of the former US Treasurer, Rosa Gumataotao Rios, the cousin of judge Vernon Perez, and other cousin of a local entrepreneur Valentino Gumataotao Perez. He is a member of the Knights of Columbus and participates in many civic activities. He was honored as one of the Outstanding Young Men of America and received the Pacific Jaycees Three Young Outstanding People award.

title: Felix Perez Camacho


text:
Evolutionary robotics

Evolutionary robotics is an embodied approach to Artificial Intelligence (AI) in which robots are automatically designed using Darwinian principles of natural selection. The design of a robot, or a subsystem of a robot such as a neural controller, is optimized against a behavioral goal (e.g. run as fast as possible). Usually, designs are evaluated in simulations as fabricating thousands or millions of designs and testing them in the real world is prohibitively expensive in terms of time, money, and safety.

An evolutionary robotics experiment starts with a population of randomly generated robot designs. The worst performing designs are discarded and replaced with mutations and/or combinations of the better designs. This evolutionary algorithm continues until a prespecified amount of time elapses or some target performance metric is surpassed.

Evolutionary robotics methods are particularly useful for engineering machines that must operate in environments in which humans have limited intuition (nanoscale, space, etc.). Evolved simulated robots can also be used as scientific tools to generate new hypotheses in biology and cognitive science, and to test old hypothesis that require experiments that have proven difficult or impossible to carry out in reality.

History
In the early 1990s, two separate European groups demonstrated different approaches to the evolution of robot control systems. Dario Floreano and Francesco Mondada at EPFL evolved controllers for the Khepera robot. Adrian Thompson, Nick Jakobi, Dave Cliff, Inman Harvey, and Phil Husbands evolved controllers for a Gantry robot at the University of Sussex. However the body of these robots was presupposed before evolution.

The first simulations of evolved robots were reported by Karl Sims and Jeffrey Ventrella of the MIT Media Lab, also in the early 1990s. However these so-called virtual creatures never left their simulated worlds. The first evolved robots to be built in reality were 3D-printed by Hod Lipson and Jordan Pollack at Brandeis University at the turn of the 21st century.

title: Evolutionary robotics


text:
Mazda Lantis

The Mazda Lantis is a series of two cars sold in Japan from 1993 to 1998. In the rest of the world it was also known as 323F, Astina, 323 Astina, Allegro Hatchback or Artis Hatchback.

The Mazda Lantis used Mazda's CB platform, which means close relations to the Eunos 500/Xedos 6 and the 1994-1997 Mazda Capella. It was an FF layout car with either a manual or automatic transmission.

The body variant is what Mazda called a "4-door coupé", which in common terminology is a 5-door hatchback. In Europe the 5-door hatchback was designated BA, but was actually almost identical to the CB, and had little to do with other B platforms.

The 5-door was sold as the Mazda 323F in Europe, Artis in Chile and Allegro Hatchback (HB) in Colombia and a few other countries of Latin America. This model was penned by Ginger (Arnold) Ostle, who worked for Porsche before arriving at Mazda.

The Mazda 323F features power steering, electrically adjustable mirrors, central locking and power windows. Another noticeable feature are the frameless windows, similar to the Nissan Presea.

By the time the cars premiered in August 1993, Mazda's multi-brand strategy had become difficult to sustain, so both Lantis variants were released to Mazda, Efini and Eunos dealerships. Sales in Japan were lacklustre throughout the Lantis' production run, but the 323F proved to be immensely popular in Europe and some Latin America countries, where it sold in reasonable numbers right until it was discontinued. The JDM Lantis was a popular used export to New Zealand.

The rare Type-R version of the Mazda Lantis was sold in Japan only and could be obtained in Europe and other parts of the world through import. The Type-R features a 170ps 2.0L KF-ZE V6 engine, Limited-Slip Differential and appearance options like a front lip spoiler, side skirts, floating rear spoiler, coloured front indicators and other modifications.

The name Lantis is created from the Latin phrase "Latens Curtis", which roughly translates as "To secretly shorten".

Although the 323F lacks a badge indicating which engine is fitted, the V6 version is easily recognizable since it is the only 323F with 5 stud hubs.

The South African and possibly other versions of the 323F branded as the Astina do include badges on the back indicating the engine capacity. The 1.8l is displayed with a badge reading 180 for example.

title: Mazda Lantis


text: Category:Photographers by subject

title: Category:Photographers by subject


text:
Scott Camil

Scott Camil (born May 19, 1946) is an American political activist. He first gained prominence as an opponent of the Vietnam War, as a witness in the Winter Soldier Investigation and a member of Vietnam Veterans Against the War.

Early life and education
Camil was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Jewish parents with origins in Romania and Russia. His parents were divorced when he was four years old. His mother remarried and he, his mother, stepfather, sister moved to Florida where and two stepbrothers were born. Camil had a troubled childhood, frequently being beaten by his authoritarian stepfather, and occasionally getting into fights with school children who would harass him because he was Jewish. He was brought up to believe he lived in the best country in the world and that, as a citizen, he had a duty as a male—that duty was to go into the military to serve his country after high school. He enrolled in the Marines delayed enlistment program while still in high school, and entered boot camp at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island three days after graduating.

He served with the Marines from 1965 to 1969, earning two Purple Hearts, Combat Action Ribbon, two Presidential Unit Citations, Good Conduct Medal, National Defense Service Medal, Vietnam Service Medal with three stars, Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Silver Star, Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm Leaf, and Vietnam Campaign Medal during two tours in Vietnam. With Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 1st Marines, 1st Marine Division, he acted as a forward observer for artillery. He was a sergeant when honorably discharged.

After his discharge from military service, Camil enrolled with Miami-Dade Community College on the G.I. Bill, and later transferred to the University of Florida. In a 2005 interview with UF's Samuel Proctor Oral History Program, he recounted that as a student he went to see Jane Fonda speak, "to see what a movie star looked like." Fonda spoke on the importance of an informed public in a democracy, and said, as paraphrased by Camil, "that it was the duty of every patriotic Vietnam veteran to make the truth known to the public." Camil agreed with that. He also felt that his sacrifices as a soldier had gone unrecognized in contrast to those of soldiers in past wars, saying, "I got two Purple Hearts, I was wounded, I killed lots of people [and] where was my thanks?"

He soon learned about the Winter Soldier Investigation and became active in the Vietnam Veterans Against the War, later becoming a chapter leader of that organization. He graduated from UF while on trial as one of the "Gainesville Eight".

Vietnam war activism
Recognized by the FBI as an "extremist and key activist," Camil was on President Nixon's "enemies list." On December 22, 1971, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover sent a classified memo to the Jacksonville office regarding Camil, referring to him as an "extremely dangerous and unstable individual whose activities must be neutralized at earliest possible time." Other memos about Camil used the same word, neutralize, less ambiguously: "Jacksonville continue to press vigorously to insure (sic) that all necessary action taken to completely neutralize subject without delay." Camil explained, "When you pin the government down, they'll say 'Well, "neutralize" just means to render useless.' But if you talk to guys in the field, they say it means to kill." Camil was shot by federal agents on March 31, 1975, in a drug sting, and nearly died.

Winter Soldier Investigation
Camil became the Florida Coordinator for the VVAW, and was one of the most outspoken participants of the 1971 Winter Soldier Investigation, in which returning personnel recounted the atrocities they had been induced into committing against combatants and non-combatants alike. Camil (also referred to as "Camile" in the transcripts) testified of "burning of villages with civilians in them, the cutting off of ears, cutting off of heads, torturing of prisoners, calling in of artillery on villages for games, corpsmen killing wounded prisoners, napalm dropped on villages, women being raped, women and children being massacred, CS gas used on people, animals slaughtered, Chieu Hoi passes rejected and the people holding them shot, bodies shoved out of helicopters, tear-gassing people for fun and running civilian vehicles off the road."

Medals returned
At Senator Hart's garden party during Dewey Canyon III, Camil wore two Purple Heart medals, a Vietnamese Cross for Gallantry with Silver Star, and a Good Conduct medal. He called the medals a farce which he would return on Friday. In the documentary "A Seasoned Veteran", Camil Stated: "The throwing away of the medals, for me, was the cutting of the umbilical cord between me and the government. I was now independent."

Taking it to the source
In a 1992 interview, Camil revealed for the first time that he had considered shooting "the most hardcore hawks" in Congress as an alternative to returning medals during the Dewey Canyon III demonstration in April 1971. In Camil's words, "I didn't think it was terrible at the time ... I was serious. I felt that I spent two years killing women and children in their own fucking homes. These are the guys that fucking made the policy, and these were the guys that were responsible for it, and these were the guys that were voting to continue the fucking war when the public was against it. I felt that if we really believed in what we were doing, and if we were willing to put our lives on the line for the country over there, we should be willing to put our lives on the line for the country over here." Six months later at a November 1971 meeting, after recruiting participants and describing his weapons training range, Camil proposed to the VVAW his idea about the assassination of the members of Congress who showed the most support for the war. The proposal was voted down.

University of Florida activism
At the 1971 UF homecoming parade, Quakers, Unitarian Church members and VVAW members, including Camil, created a spectacle. Dressed as rifle-carrying soldiers, some of them carried a coffin draped in an American flag, and carried a sign that read "The Impossible Dream - No More War." People panicked after smoke bombs were ignited and VVAW members pretended to stab civilians (VVAW actors) in the crowd who had packets of fake blood hidden beneath their clothing. They then passed out leaflets to the crowd informing them that if they lived in Vietnam, this could really be happening to them, their friends, their family, and their children. It was during this period that the Orange County (FL) Young Democrats chose Scott Camil as their "Person of the Year" causing a rift between the Young Democrats and the more conservative Orange County Democratic Committee.

Gainesville Eight
Camil explained in an interview that the group received information that during the 1972 Republican National Convention, the government was going to shoot someone and blame it on the anti-war protesters. They were also going to raise the five drawbridges so that antiwar demonstrators would be trapped on Miami Beach and shot by police and soldiers. In response, Camil's group planned to draw those police and soldiers away by attacking federal buildings, police stations, and fire stations in the two adjacent counties to occupy the government forces, then reopen bridges to aid escape of the demonstrators. These plans were typed up and distributed among the rest of the group by a member who was also an FBI informant. The eight members of Camil's group were charged with conspiracy to disrupt the Republican National Convention.

The jury got to read the letter containing all the plans on attacking the federal buildings, but they also got to read the constantly repeated admonition, "This will be done for defensive purposes only." The jury determined that their goal was to protect the rights of the protesters, and they found the eight men not guilty. In Camil's words, "We had no conspiracy to disrupt the convention. Our conspiracy, if you want to call it that, was to go down to the convention and exercise our Constitutional rights as citizens and to defend those rights against anybody who tried to take away those rights, whether it be the government or anyone else. And the jury sided with us."

The jury acquitted all eight after a long trial in 1973, taking only a few minutes to do so.

Ongoing activism

 * In 1987, represented the Veterans for Peace organization on a fact-finding trip to Central America
 * In 1989, represented the Veterans for Peace organization on a fact-finding trip to the Middle East.
 * In 1990, observed elections in Nicaragua
 * In 1994, went to Vietnam for the Vietnam Friendship Village Project.
 * He supported John Kerry for U.S. president in 2004 and objects to the Iraq War.
 * GI Rights Hotline Counselor.
 * 1987–Present, President of Gainesville Veterans for Peace Chapter 14.
 * 2002, Suwannee St-Johns Group Sierra Club Executive Committee
 * 2010 Elected Political Chair Suwannee St Johns Group Sierra Club.
 * 2010, Steering Committee United Voices for Peace.
 * 2014, Founder and Steering Committee member StandByOurPlan.org.
 * 2017, Outstanding Citizen, League of Woman Voters, Alachua County.
 * 2020, Alachua County Charter Review Commission Member.https://www.alachuacounty.us/CharterReview/Pages/default.aspx

Personal life
As of 2015, Camil lives in Gainesville, Florida with his wife Sherry, is active in local politics, and is writing an autobiography. He is the subject of the 2002 documentary film, "Seasoned Veteran: Journey of a Winter Soldier", by Benito Aragon, Melinda Kahl and Michael Kirschbaum.

Miscellany
Graham Nash wrote and recorded the song "Oh Camil! (The Winter Soldier)" in tribute to Scott Camil after hearing his testimony in the documentary "Winter Soldier". The song appears on Nash's 1973 album Wild Tales. The song is also on the DVD Winter Soldier.

title: Scott Camil


text:
Interleukin 10

Interleukin 10 (IL-10), also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF), is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In humans, interleukin 10 is encoded by the IL10 gene. IL-10 signals through a receptor complex consisting of two IL-10 receptor-1 and two IL-10 receptor-2 proteins. Consequently, the functional receptor consists of four IL-10 receptor molecules. IL-10 binding induces STAT3 signalling via the phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tails of IL-10 receptor 1 + IL-10 receptor 2 by JAK1 and Tyk2 respectively.

Gene and protein structure
The IL-10 protein is a homodimer; each of its subunits is 178-amino-acid long.

IL-10 is classified as a class-2 cytokine, a set of cytokines including IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 (Mda-7), IL-26 and interferons type-I (IFN-alpha, -beta, -epsilon, -kappa, -omega), type-II (IFN-gamma) and type-III (IFN-lambda, including IL-28A, IL-28B, IL-29, and IFNL4).

Expression and synthesis
In humans, IL-10 is encoded by the IL10 gene, which is located on chromosome 1 and comprises 5 exons, and is primarily produced by monocytes and, to a lesser extent, lymphocytes, namely type-II T helper cells (TH2), mast cells, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, and in a certain subset of activated T cells and B cells. IL-10 can be produced by monocytes upon PD-1 triggering in these cells. IL-10 upregulation is also mediated by GPCRs, such as beta-2 adrenergic and type 2 cannabinoid receptors. The expression of IL-10 is minimal in unstimulated tissues and seems to require triggering by commensal or pathogenic flora. IL-10 expression is tightly regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Extensive IL-10 locus remodeling is observed in monocytes upon stimulation of TLR or Fc receptor pathways. IL-10 induction involves ERK1/2, p38 and NF-κB signalling and transcriptional activation via promoter binding of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. IL-10 may autoregulate its expression via a negative feed-back loop involving autocrine stimulation of the IL-10 receptor and inhibition of the p38 signaling pathway. Additionally, IL-10 expression is extensively regulated at the post-transcriptional level, which may involve control of mRNA stability via AU-rich elements and by microRNAs such as let-7 or miR-106.

Function
IL-10 is a cytokine with multiple, pleiotropic, effects in immunoregulation and inflammation. It downregulates the expression of Th1 cytokines, MHC class II antigens, and co-stimulatory molecules on macrophages. It also enhances B cell survival, proliferation, and antibody production. IL-10 can block NF-κB activity, and is involved in the regulation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.

Discovered in 1991, IL-10 was initially reported to suppress cytokine secretion, antigen presentation and CD4+ T cell activation. Further investigation has shown that IL-10 predominantly inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and bacterial product mediated induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, IL-12, and IFNγ secretion from Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) triggered myeloid lineage cells.

Effect on tumors
Over time a more nuanced picture of IL-10's function has emerged as treatment of tumor bearing mice has been shown to inhibit tumor metastasis. Additional investigation by multiple laboratories has generated data that further supports IL-10's immunostimulatory capacity in an immunoncology context. Expression of IL-10 from transfected tumor cell lines in IL-10 transgenic mice or dosing with IL-10 leads to control of primary tumor growth and decreased metastatic burden. More recently, PEGylated recombinant murine IL-10 (PEG-rMuIL-10) has been shown to induce IFNγ and CD8+ T cell dependent anti-tumor immunity. More specifically, PEGylated recombinant human IL-10 (PEG-rHuIL-10) has been shown to enhance CD8+ T cell secretion of the cytotoxic molecules Granzyme B and Perforin and potentiate T cell receptor dependent IFNγ secretion.

Role in disease
A study in mice has shown that IL-10 is also produced by mast cells, counteracting the inflammatory effect that these cells have at the site of an allergic reaction.

IL-10 is capable of inhibiting synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-3, TNFα and GM-CSF made by cells such as macrophages and Th1 T cells. It also displays a potent ability to suppress the antigen-presentation capacity of antigen presenting cells; however, it is also stimulatory towards certain T cells (Th2) and mast cells and stimulates B cell maturation and antibody production.

IL-10 checks the inducible form of Cyclo-oxygenase, Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2). Lack of IL-10 has been shown to cause COX activation and resultant Thromboxane receptor activation to cause vascular endothelial and cardiac dysfunctions in mice. Interleukin 10 knockout frail mice develop cardiac and vascular dysfunction with increased age.

IL-10 is linked to the myokines, as exercise provokes an increase in circulating levels of IL-1ra, IL-10, and sTNF-R, suggesting that physical exercise fosters an environment of anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Lower levels of IL-10 have been observed in individuals diagnosed with multiple sclerosis when compared to healthy individuals. Due to a decrease in IL-10 levels, TNFα levels are not regulated effectively as IL-10 regulates the TNF-α-converting enzyme. As a result, TNFα levels rise and result in inflammation. TNFα itself induces demyelination of the oligodendroglial via TNF receptor 1, while chronic inflammation has been linked to demyelination of neurons.

In melanoma cell lines, IL-10 modulates the surface expression of NKG2D ligands.

In addition, Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) as a transcription factor is an essential molecular marker of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Foxp3 polymorphism (rs3761548) might be involved in cancer progression like gastric cancer through influencing Tregs function and the secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines such as IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β.

A recent mouse study indicates that IL-10 regulates CD36, a key phagocytosis effector, promoting hematoma clearance after intracerebral hemorrhage. IL-10 deficiency aggravates traumatic brain injury in male but not female mice.

Clinical use or trials
Knockout studies in mice suggested the function of this cytokine as an essential immunoregulator in the intestinal tract. and, indeed, patients with Crohn's disease react favorably towards treatment with recombinant interleukin-10-producing bacteria, demonstrating the importance of IL-10 for counteracting the hyperactive immune response in the human body.

Due to the data, thousands of patients with a variety of autoimmune diseases were treated with recombinant human IL-10 (rHuIL-10) in clinical trials. Contrary to expectations, rHuIL-10 treatment did not significantly impact disease in patients with Crohn's disease  or rheumatoid arthritis. rHuIL-10 treatment initially exhibited promising clinical data in psoriasis, but failed to achieve clinical significance in a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled Phase II trial. Further investigation of rHuIL-10's effects in humans suggests that rather than inhibiting inflammation, rHuIL-10 is capable of exerting pro-inflammatory effects.

PEGylated forms
Further to these data, a Phase I immunoncology clinical trial is currently being conducted to assess the therapeutic capacity of PEGylated recombinant human IL-10 (PEG-rHuIL-10, AM0010). Consistent with preclinical immunoncology data, investigators report substantial anti-tumor efficacy. Contrary to the reported immunosuppressive effects of IL-10 generated in vitro and in vivo,    treatment of cancer patients with PEG-rHuIL-10 elicits a dose titratable induction of the immune stimulatory cytokines IFNγ, IL-18, IL-7, GM-CSF and IL-4. Furthermore, treated patients exhibit fold increases of peripheral CD8+ T cells expressing markers of activation, such as programmed death 1 (PD1)+, lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3)+ and increased Fas Ligand (FasL) and a decrease in serum TGFβ. These findings are consistent with the published preclinical immunoncology reports using PEG-rMuIL-10 and with previous findings treating humans with rHuIL-10. These data suggest that while IL-10 can exert immunosuppressive effects in context of bacterial product stimulated myeloid cells, rHuIL-10/PEG-rHuIL-10 treatment of humans is predominantly immunostimulatory. AM0010 (aka pegilodecakin) is in phase 3 clinical trials.

Interactions
IL-10 has been shown to interact with Interleukin 10 receptor, alpha subunit.

The receptor complex for IL-10 also requires the IL10R2 chain to initiate signalling. This ligand–receptor combination is found in birds and frogs, and is also likely to exist in bony fish.

title: Interleukin 10


text:
WKDU

WKDU (91.7 FM) is a non-commercial educational radio station licensed to serve Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is owned by Drexel University and operated by Drexel students, with several alumni among its on-air staff. It is the only free-format non-commercial FM station in Philadelphia. Its transmitter is located atop Van Rensselaer Hall, a dormitory on the Drexel campus, in the University City section of Philadelphia. Its studio is in the basement of the Creese Student Center. WKDU was the 2010 and 2011 CMJ Station of the Year.

History
Starting as carrier current station WMAX in 1958 (and later WXDT), WKDU began FM broadcasting on Saturday, July 17, 1971. In 1981, its power rating was raised from 10 watts to 110 watts, and in 1996, to 800 watts. WKDU originally shared time on its frequency with WPWT, a station established in the 1950s by Philadelphia Wireless Technical Institute. WPWT ceased operations in the late 1980s, allowing WKDU to extend its broadcast day to 24 hours on February 26, 1990. Previously, WKDU signed off between the hours of 2 PM to 10 PM.

WKDU gained Black listeners in the 1970s due to "The Black Experience in Music", a group of Black students who called themselves "communicators", rather than DJs, as they educated the Black communities in Drexel and Philadelphia about their cultural happenings. "The Black Experience" began in 1971 and responsible for much of the station's programming through the 1980s. As of 2022, "The Black Experience" is still running weekly.

Programming
WKDU's musical format is free-form, meaning that playlists are dictated by the taste of the on-air DJs. In 1984, a progressive requirement was created and implemented to the Free Format music programming policy by then Music Director, Ginny McCracken. Each DJ can play whatever they want but at least 1/3 of their music must be a "new release".

WKDU is known for its annual Electronic Music Marathon, an event that raises money for charities in the Philadelphia area. The Electronic Music Marathon ran from 1997–2007, then returned in Fall 2014 after a seven-year hiatus.

The WKDU Reggae Marathon has been held annually since 1984, during the Memorial Day Weekend. This special program includes not just reggae, but other similar Caribbean genres, such as Soca.

A notable show on WKDU was "Sounds of Jerusalem" which ran from 1978 through 1994.

Awards

 * 2011 Station of the Year, CMJ College Radio Awards
 * 2011 Champion of the Local Scene, CMJ College Radio Awards
 * 2010 Station of the Year, CMJ College Radio Awards
 * 2010 Champion of the Local Scene, CMJ College Radio Awards
 * 2009 Best Local Jamaican Radio Station - Best of Jamaica in Philadelphia
 * 2008 Best Local Jamaican Radio Station - Best of Jamaica in Philadelphia
 * 2007 Best Local Jamaican Radio Station - Best of Jamaica in Philadelphia
 * 2006 Best Local Jamaican Radio Station - Best of Jamaica in Philadelphia
 * 2005 Best Local Jamaican Radio Station - Best of Jamaica in Philadelphia
 * 2003 Best Local Jamaican Radio Station - Best of Jamaica in Philadelphia

title: WKDU


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Category:Pioneers of photography

19th-century photographers who were among the first in developing the medium; generally this means people working prior to 1880. The category should not be used for later photographers who help to advance particular aspects or genres of photography.

title: Category:Pioneers of photography


text:
Pave Penny

The Lockheed Martin AN/AAS-35(V) Pave Penny is a laser spot tracker carried by US Air Force attack aircraft and fighter-bombers to enable them to track a laser spot on the ground. It is a receiver only, allowing the pilot to see which targets may be attacked by any laser-guided bombs they carry.

Pave Penny does not produce a laser beam and cannot be used to designate targets. It was designed to be used with designators on the ground or on other aircraft. PAVE was later used as an acronym for Precision Avionics Vectoring Equipment.

Description
The Pave Penny was developed in the mid-1970s based on the earlier AN/AVQ-11 Pave Sword laser tracker used on a few USAF F-4 Phantom IIs during the Vietnam War, miniaturized using solid-state electronics.

The compact (31 in / 78 cm) pod, which weighs only 32 lb (14.5 kg) is a simple laser spot tracker that searches for reflected laser light from other laser designators (used by friendly air or ground forces) and displays that target information on the aircraft heads-up display (HUD). Unlike the laser ranger and marked target seeker systems common to European aircraft, or the more sophisticated ASQ-228 ATFLIR, TIALD, and LANTIRN designators, the Pave Penny does not contain a laser. It can recognize specific laser designation signals based on pre-determined four-digit codes encoded into the laser pulse, allowing it to seek out particular targets and ignore others (to avoid, for example, several aircraft hitting the same target). There is no range-finding capability. The Pave Penny's nominal range is 20 miles (32 km), although effective range is considerably shorter.

The Pave Penny pod was used by USAF A-7D Corsair II aircraft, fuselage-mounted beneath the engine intake, and the A-10 Thunderbolt II, mounted on an external pylon designed specifically for the pod. It was previously used by some F-16 aircraft, although most now use the LANTIRN system instead which permits self-designation. Some pods were also supplied to Singapore, where they were used on that nation's A-4SU Super Skyhawks.

External references

 * Lockheed Martin AN/AAS-35(V) Pave Penny laser tracker. Jane's Electro-Optic Systems, January 5, 2009

title: Pave Penny


text:
User talk:Georgeyeung

I am George Yeung. I am a molecular biologist and have been working in the biotech industry for 7 years now.

title: User talk:Georgeyeung


text:
Category:Eunos vehicles

Automobiles of Mazda's Eunos marque.

title: Category:Eunos vehicles


text:
User:Kira Medvedeva

Art critic. Specializes on modern art and graphic arts.

title: User:Kira Medvedeva


text: File:Stanhopea.graveolens.web.jpg

title: File:Stanhopea.graveolens.web.jpg


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Gainesville Eight

The Gainesville Eight were a group of anti-Vietnam War activists indicted on charges of conspiracy to disrupt the 1972 Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida. All eight defendants were acquitted.

Vietnam Veterans Against the War had planned to demonstrate against the ongoing Vietnam War during the convention. After learning from FBI informants and agents within the VVAW about possible plans for disruption and violence, the Department of Justice initiated a grand jury investigation. Eight of the people investigated were indicted by the government on charges of conspiracy to disrupt the convention: John Briggs, Scott Camil, Alton Foss, John Kniffin, Peter Mahoney, Stanley Michelson, William Patterson, and Don Perdue. All but Briggs were Vietnam veterans.

While organizing protests, the group received information that during the convention the government was going to shoot someone or use explosives and blame it on the antiwar protesters. They were also going to raise the five drawbridges so that antiwar demonstrators would be trapped on Miami Beach and shot by police and soldiers during the commotion. In response to this information, the VVAW group planned to draw those police and soldiers away by attacking federal buildings, police stations, and fire stations in the two adjacent counties to occupy the government forces, then reopen bridges to aid escape of the demonstrators. These plans were typed up and distributed among the rest of the group by a VVAW member and undercover FBI agent, Bill Lemmer. The eight were accused of planning to use automatic weapons, explosives, incendiary devices, as well as slingshots and crossbows.

The jury got to read the letter containing all the proposed plans on attacking the federal buildings, but they also got to read the constantly repeated admonition in the letter, "This will be done for defensive purposes only." The jury saw that their goal was to protect the rights of the protesters, and they acquitted the eight men of all charges without the need for them to present a defense. In Camil's words, "We had no conspiracy to disrupt the convention. Our conspiracy, if you want to call it that, was to go down to the convention and exercise our Constitutional rights as citizens and to defend those rights against anybody who tried to take away those rights, whether it be the government or anyone else. And the jury sided with us."

Bill Lemmer, the Southern regional assistant coordinator of Vietnam Veterans Against the War, revealed himself as an undercover FBI operative in May 1972. Bill Lemmer had been thrown out of a 'fast'/protest by DCVC(VVAW) on the Capitol steps in Washington D.C. in January 1972 after advocating for violent, destructive actions on the Washington Monument. A deposition to that effect was sent to the trial in Gainesville. During the 1973 trial it was revealed that the VVAW had been infiltrated by government agents and informants, such as Emmerson Poe and Lemmer. Showing that these agents provocateur led the illegal activities severely damaged the prosecution's case. The prosecution also tried to use the defendant's Vietnam records as indication that these were violent people.

The jury acquitted all eight after less than four hours of deliberation.

Jack Carrouth was one of the attorneys for the prosecution. Brady Coleman was one of the attorneys for the defense.

Folk singers Pete Seeger and Phil Ochs expressed support for the group, as did Ron Kovic.

title: Gainesville Eight


text:
User:Mantaray

Well, this is my Wikipedia page.. not much to find here. I'm a real Wikipedia newbie, but I try to share my knowledge - especially within my areas of interests, such as weapons and war machines.

Personal info, well... I'm 27 years old and from the land of the fjords, Norway.. I'm too paranoid to disclose any more information :)

title: User:Mantaray


text:
Workers' Communist Party (Norway)

The Workers' Communist Party (Arbeidernes Kommunistparti, AKP) was a Norwegian communist party (1973–2007). AKP was a Maoist party and one of two communist parties in Norway; the other was the older Communist Party of Norway which had remained pro-Soviet. The relationship between the two parties was characterized by strong hostility.

AKP was founded in 1973, as Arbeidernes Kommunistparti (marxist-leninistene). It did not participate directly in elections, but members had "activity duty", meaning that they were to work for the party's goals – passive members were not accepted. The precise number of its members is unknown. On 22 February 2006, the party opened some of its archives to the public, in a move the party argued was to hit out at all the rumours surrounding the party.

It was a predecessor of the current party the Red Party, founded on 10 March 2007.

History
Two trends led to the formation of AKP(m–l):

 * The radical movements of Western academic environments in the late 1960s and early 1970s, particularly within the context of the Vietnam War.
 * The Sino-Soviet split between the Soviet Union and China, which caused an ideological crisis among an older generation of communists.

The founders of AKP(m–l) came from what was then known as SUF, or Sosialistisk Ungdomsforbund (Socialist Youth League). SUF had been started as the youth wing of the Sosialistisk Folkeparti, but broke away in 1969 as it developed into a marxist-leninist direction. Following the split SUF was renamed SUF(m–l).

As a result of the activity duty, many party members practiced "self-proletarisation" on the party's orders, working as manual labourers, especially in the period from 1974 to 1976. Later, the party encouraged its well-educated members to take work as teachers, particularly in higher education.

As a part of their policy, AKP members have joined and tried to influence several voluntary organisations in socialist direction, particularly those related to "feminism", labor unions and anti-racism.

AKP did not put its name on election ballots, choosing instead to work through Red Electoral Alliance (RV), originally AKPs electoral face, but from 1990 a party of its own without any formal link to AKP, though most of AKPs members were also members of RV.

In March 2007, AKP and Red Electoral Alliance (RV) merged, and formed the party Red, a revolutionary party with a programme supporting communism. Some former members of AKP have argued that since the party Red does not have activity duty or democratic centralism, it is not a communist party, while others have argued that a communist program and the fact that like traditional communist parties, Red is organized in cells, it is a communist party. Some former members of AKP, especially members of AKP's student organization, NKS, formed a marxist-leninist front, KP(m–l) together with the Marxist-Leninist Group Revolusjon. This front was meant to be an organisation with the purpose of building a traditional marxist-leninist party.

Klassekampen (Class Struggle) used to be the party's daily newspaper in the 1970s, but it has been associated with a slightly wider political spectrum since the 1990s. Red now owns 20% of the stocks in Klassekampen, the amount AKP owned before the merge with RV. AKP was also associated to Oktober Forlag, a publisher. From early 2000s the party published the monthly newspaper akp.no, named after the party's website, and throughout its existence it published a quarterly magazine for Marxist debate, first named Røde Fane (Red Standard), then from 2005 Rødt! (Red! – this name might have inspired the name of the new party). The newspaper akp.no continues as Red's party newspaper, under the name Rødt Nytt (Red News). The magazine Rødt! is continued under the ownership of the party Red. In 2017, it changed its name to Gnist.

Controversy
AKP and the Norwegian ML-movement were at times criticised for support of Marxist and communist regimes in other parts of the world, including the regimes of Joseph Stalin, and Pol Pot. AKP openly endorsed the Khmer Rouge of Cambodia, and when that party's forces invaded Phnom Penh, Klassekampen had "Long live the free Cambodia" as their front page headline. Support from AKP continued in spite of the killings which were reported during Pol Pot's rule. At that time, AKP considered these reports to be a part of a smear campaign against the new regime, and AKP had delegations visiting the country.

Much of the party's inner workings have been clandestine in nature, for instance the precise number of members is kept secret. The party program has been considered violent and extreme since it called for armed revolution before 1990, and kept the possibility of having to "defend the revolution with arms" open since.

In 2003, two former members of the party's leadership, Finn Sjue and Egil Fossum, apologized for the totalitarian culture in the party.

Party leaders

 * Sigurd Allern 1973–1975
 * Pål Steigan 1975–1984
 * Kjersti Ericsson 1984–1988
 * Siri Jensen 1988–1992
 * Solveig Aamdal 1992–1997
 * Jorun Gulbrandsen 1997–2006
 * Ingrid Baltzersen 2006–2007

title: Workers' Communist Party (Norway)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tim Janus

Tim Janus was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

 * Delete. As if one wasn't bad enough. --Neschek 18:45, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Addendum -- Tim Janus is actually a real competitive eater and could possibly warrant an actual Wikipedia article -- unfortunately, this ain't it. --Neschek 18:54, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article does not establish notability. Gamaliel 18:37, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:British people by occupation

title: Category:British people by occupation