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Roughneck

Roughneck is a term for a person whose occupation is hard manual labor. The term applies across a number of industries, but is most commonly associated with the workers on a drilling rig. The ideal of the hard-working, tough roughneck has been adopted by several sports teams who use the phrase as part of their name or logo.

Originally the term was used in the traveling carnivals of 19th-century United States, almost interchangeably with roustabout. By the 1930s the terms had transferred to the oil drilling industry, with roughneck used for those who worked on the floor of a drilling rig handling specialised drilling equipment for drilling and pressure controls. By contrast, a roustabout would perform general labor, such as loading and unloading cargo from crane baskets and assisting welders, mechanics, electricians and other skilled workers.

Oil field roughnecks
An oil field roughneck's duties can include anything involved with connecting pipe down the well bore, as well as general work around a rig. The crew of a land-based oil rig can be further divided into several positions:

 * Tool pusher: The highest position at the drilling location, responsible for every crew. A toolpusher may stay on location for a few days or weeks at a time during operations, whereas individual drilling crews work only eight- or 12-hour shifts or "tours" (pronounced as "towers").
 * Driller: The head of an individual crew, responsible for controlling a rig's machinery during drilling, as well as most other rig operations.
 * Derrickhand (derrick-man): Responsible for the drilling mud, the mud pits where drilling fluids are circulated the system, and the mud pumps, as well as being the hand up in the derrick manipulating stands into and out of the fingers during tripping operations. Acting as a lead for the driller who is mostly restricted to the rig floor. In many cases, the derrickman is exclusively responsible for work in the derrick during "tripping" pipe in and out of the hole.
 * Pit Watcher: Responsible for the drilling mud, the mud pits, and associated pumping/circulating of mud and various fluids through the pits, downhole, and returning through the pits.
 * Motorman (motorhand): Responsible for maintenance of various engines, water pumps, water lines, steam lines, boilers and various other machinery incorporated into the rig daily. Also responsible for the movement of equipment on site. On a four-man drilling crew, the motorman is also the chainhand.
 * Boilerman: Though this position is now obsolete, before the mid-20th century, when most rigs were steam-powered, the boilerman was responsible for the boilers. The boilerman also functioned as the laundryman, steam-cleaning the last crew's greasy work clothes in the "blow barrel" and then hanging them up to dry in the warm air near the boilers.
 * Chainhand (Floorhand): This position is given to a floor hand that can also throw the chain that helps spin up the connections, but with some tasks being automated on the drilling rigs is pretty much just another floor hand that watches out for the worm and does not get as filthy.
 * Leadhand/Floorhand ("worm"): Usually the lowest member of the drilling crew, those in this position are often nicknamed "worm", because this hand has the dirtiest and most physically demanding position. The floor hand works primarily on the rig floor where he is the one actually operating the tongs, iron roughneck, tugger, and catwalk, and doing pretty much any other job that is asked of him.
 * Roustabout (lease hand): On bigger rigs and offshore rigs, a roustabout does most of the painting and cleaning so roughnecks can take care of other work.
 * Ginsel: The worm's helper. This is also a derogatory insult among roughnecks. Also called the fifth hand.
 * Iron Roughneck is also a specialized equipment used in oil drilling operations. Whether the pipe is being fed into the wellbore or it is being taken out, the iron roughneck uses a rotary table and torque wrench(es) to make up or break down the pipe.

In Canada on land-based rigs, the term roughneck refers to the floorhand.

Cultural references
The Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League used to use an oil rigging roughneck with an ice hockey stick as one of their secondary logos. The roughneck, as a symbol of hard work and fortitude, was the inspiration for the Calgary Roughnecks lacrosse team, as well as the Tulsa Roughnecks of the North American Soccer League, the Tulsa Roughnecks of the United Soccer Leagues, and the Tulsa Roughnecks FC of the USL. The West Texas Roughnecks of the Indoor Football League also use this nickname. In the BAFA National Leagues, the Aberdeen Roughnecks have also adopted the nickname. In the AUDL (American Ultimate Disc League) the Dallas team is also the Roughnecks. One of the inaugural teams of the revamped  XFL was the Houston Roughnecks.

In Chapter 3 of The Great Gatsby, on first meeting Jay Gatsby, Nick Carraway describes him as looking like "an elegant young rough-neck, a year or two over thirty, whose elaborate formality of speech just missed being absurd."

Johnny Cash wrote and performed a song called "Born to Be a Roughneck".

Several television programs have focused on the roughneck life, including Oil Strike North (1975), Roughnecks (1994–1995), and Black Gold (2008–2013).

Stan Rogers's song "Free in the Harbour", about the migration of Atlantic fisherman to the oil industry for work, describes these migrants as "Calgary Roughnecks from Hermitage Bay."

Starship Troopers has a Mobile Infantry division called Roughnecks Two-Zero, eventually taken over by the film's protagonist, Johnny Rico, becoming "Rico's Roughnecks".

title: Roughneck


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hans van Wees

Hans van Wees
Vanity page. There is a Hans van Wees with 725 google hits, but this is not him. Eugene van der Pijll 12:33, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Seems like garbage to me. Someone is trying to test the patience of Wikipedia. Mandel 15:24, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity Sietse 17:10, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Thue | talk 17:18, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Ratio

Content-less picture
I agree on the pic not having much information. Nevertheless, I appreciate to have any pic, somehow related and nicely rendered, at the top of a page. It appears as a mouse-over, confirming a suitable link, it attracts the focus when getting rendered, it primes the thoughts when seen, ... Any article looks to me more inviting by far, if there is a pic at the top, and if the lead does not start right out with frightening math prose. Certainly, not for all math topics there are suitable pics, but this saturated red spot, depicting a well-known ratio, signalizes a welcome with an almost historic ratio.

I hope you do not mind my cheekiness of inserting the pic (I really have no personal relation to it) at a place with related content, but I honestly estimate the looks of the article higher, when having the pic atop - really better than an info-box in this case. May I ask to reestablish it at the previous place? Purgy (talk) 16:28, 6 March 2019 (UTC)

 * For no reply I restored the long standing status of a pic before the recent edits. Purgy (talk) 14:55, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

Why SD television?
Why is the aspect ratio of SD television given so much prominence, especially considering that it's 2020 and that the article has no other illustrations? There are much better aspect ratio pictures on Commons and I don't think a general article about ratios should focus on television so much. What about paper? What about ratios in nature? Or architecture? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:A457:9497:1:F938:499E:52BC:CB4C (talk) 11:33, 25 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Please sign all your talk page messages with four tildes ( ~ ) — See Help:Using talk pages. Thanks.
 * "SD television" (your title) is nowhere mentioned in the article. The word television appears twice, once as the caption of the illustration, and once very briefly. So, I don't think that the article focuses on television at all. But feel free to pick another illustration. - DVdm (talk) 12:35, 25 April 2020 (UTC)

Notation for ratio
In edit 1122988576, tagged the description of ratios as using the colon character with a Template:Citation needed. At first I thought that the concern was needing a citation for the use of over, but then I saw that this wasn't the case. My second impression was that they wanted a citation that the colon notation is at all common—and I thought they must be having a bit of a laugh, questioning whether the notation that's constantly present throughout the entire article is really used!

Then I finally slowed down and looked more carefully at what they actually wrote: The questionable implication is that a ratio is more commonly presented in the A:B form than as a fraction or percentage. And this leaves me somewhat bewildered, as I don't read the statement in question in that way at all. I read it as "when the A:B form is used, the two-dot character is a colon", not "the A:B form is a more common way to compare two quantities than fractions or percentages". But perhaps because I don't read it that way, I'm not sure how to rephrase the sentence so as to not give that impression. Any ideas? -- Perey (talk) 14:31, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

 * If the sentence is taken to mean "When the A:B form is used, the two-dot character is a colon", a supporting citation is still required. The fact than the colon is "constantly present throughout the entire article" does not imply that it's common elsewhere. Peter Brown (talk) 23:34, 24 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I agree—it seems like WP:BLUESKY to me. I recognise that there's fair grounds for dissent there, though, and so I shall try and find a suitable reference to cite.
 * But that's beside the point. My question isn't about what needs to be cited. It's evidently possible to misunderstand the sentence as "ratio-with-colon is more common than fractions or percentages", and I would like it to be rewritten to avoid that issue. I'm not sure how, though, and that's what my question is about.
 * How about this?
 * When written in the form A:B, the two-dot character is usually the colon punctuation mark .[insert citation here] Unicode also provides a dedicated ratio symbol,.

-- ::Perey (talk) 03:55, 26 November 2022 (UTC)

Regarding your change of wording from "is usually the colon" to "is sometimes the colon". I disagree with your statement in the edit summary, "The cited source does not support the stronger claim." On the contrary, I think the source does not support the weaker claim. It says, "The colon is the symbol ':'... [used to] denote ratio" (emphasis mine). No ifs or buts, no hedging. Even my use of "usually" was a mistake here!

I think the issue might be a confusion between "the symbol is the colon" and "the symbol is ". I'm not sure I can explain this well, but let me try. The former is the abstract identity of the character; the latter is its concrete computer encoding. For comparison: (In all cases, I am leaving aside the possibility of choosing an entirely different symbol for the same meaning. A comma could be used for a decimal point, a commercial minus sign for negative numbers, a fraction bar for a ratio, or a dot for a time separator.)
 * The "baseline dot" symbol for a decimal point is the same as the full stop punctuation, in both senses. It's the same character (abstract), and it's encoded as (concrete).
 * The "horizontal line" symbol for a negative number is abstractly different from hyphen or dash punctuation, even if it's concretely encoded as (rather than Unicode's preferred ).
 * The "two dots" symbol for ratio is abstractly the same as the colon punctuation. Its concrete encoding can be the same, or you can follow Unicode's recommendation and use . (Contrast the same symbol for separating time units, as in "23:45", which is a colon in both senses—you wouldn't use U+2236 for that.)

Anyway, I think the MathWorld source is a pretty clear statement that the mathematical sign and the punctuation colon are considered the same—no "usually" or "sometimes" about it. (And what else would it be, anyway?) -- Perey (talk) 13:01, 27 November 2022 (UTC)

 * The source says of the colon that it is the symbol ":" and that it "is used in a number of different ways in mathematics." The source goes on to list seven ways that it is used, one being "To denote ratio or odds, as in 2:1". The source does not say that it is the symbol used to denote ratio or odds, excluding other symbols. One might as well infer from
 * Iron is the element most abundant on earth
 * and
 * Iron is used in the construction of automobiles
 * that
 * Iron is the element used in the construction of automobiles
 * as of course there are others, carbon for example.

 * All that one can conclude from Perey's source is that the colon is used—sometimes—to denote a ratio. Perhaps not often, perhaps not usually, but sometimes. Peter Brown (talk) 22:53, 27 November 2022 (UTC)

Indeed, your hypothetical source doesn't support a claim that only iron is used, to the exclusion of all other elements... but it does support a claim that iron is always used. An exception (a completely iron-free car) would then be the unusual case requiring a citation.

As applied to the present case: The notation "A:B" is not used to the exclusion of other notations (fractions et al.), but when it is used, that two-dot symbol in the middle is a colon. That's what I believe to be true, that's what I read the MathWorld source to say, and that is all that I intended to say with the sentence in the article. And I think that your implication that it could be some other two-dot symbol, not identifiable with the colon, is then the extraordinary claim that you need to cite. -- Perey (talk) 00:03, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

 * claim is that "[W]hen it [the notation A:B] is used, that two-dot symbol in the middle is a colon." We need to clarify just what constitutes such a use. If uses consist only of expressions made up of two numerals with a colon between them, then—trivially—the symbol in the middle is always a colon. If, more broadly, we count other expressions made up of two numerals between which is a mark consisting of two dots aligned vertically, then "2∶3", involving the Unicode ratio symbol, is also a use. On that interpretation, the claim is incorrect.

 * The MathWorld source is devoted specifically to the colon, so it has nothing whatever to say about expressions, like "2∶3", that lack colons. The source does support the claim that the colon is sometimes used to indicate a ratio. It does not support Perey's stronger claim. Peter Brown (talk) 23:42, 29 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Ah, now we come to the question that I was describing—no doubt inadequately—as “abstract vs concrete”. See, to my mind, that is a colon. The fact that it’s encoded as doesn’t change that. Compare:
 * Which of these use a minus (subtraction) sign to denote a negative? -2, −2, –2, $$-2$$, ⁻2, ⁒2, (2), My answer is “the first four or five”, even though three of them are different Unicode characters (one an en dash, which isn’t proper), and one is an image, not characters at all. The fifth is arguable; is a superscript minus sign still the same notation?
 * Which of these use a slash to denote a fraction? 1/2, 1⁄2, 1∕2, ½, $$\frac{1}{2}$$ My answer is “the first four”. (The second is, and the third is .)
 * Which of these use a colon to denote a ratio? 1:2, 1∶2, $$1:2$$, 1 to 2, $$\frac{1}{2}$$ My answer is “the first three”.
 * Another thought: when I handwrite 1, two dots, 2, is that a colon? -- Perey (talk) 02:06, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

 * I changed the article text from
 * When a ratio is written in the form A:B, the two-dot character is usually the colon punctuation mark
 * to
 * When a ratio is written in the form A:B, the two-dot character is sometimes the colon punctuation mark
 * claiming, in my edit summary, that the cited source does not support the stronger claim. Perey said that the source does not even support the weaker claim. What is the situation if "colon" interpreted as in his latest exposition?
 * What is it for an expression to have the form A:B? Perey's current view, I think, is for it to be made up of two expressions separated by a mark consisting of two dots vertically aligned. And what is it to be a colon? Isn't Perey's view that it is to be a mark consisting of two dots vertically aligned, whether, , , or something else?

 * So the sentence that I changed, on Perey's reading, is equivalent to:
 * When a ratio is written as two expressions separated by a mark consisting of two dots vertically aligned, then the two-dot character is usually a mark consisting of two dots vertically aligned.
 * Since this is true in all possible worlds and remains so if "usually" is replaced by "sometimes", whether the source supports it is not an issue. It's WP:BLUESKY and doesn't belong it a Wikipedia article with or without a source.

 * Peter Brown (talk) 21:10, 30 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Certainly, if you replace a word with its definition, then a definition of that word becomes tautological. That doesn't mean we can't define things in Wikipedia. (Surely WP:BLUESKY is something else, though? Not "don't state obvious things", but "don't demand citations for obvious things".)
 * I think it's become clear that the section doesn't do a satisfactory job of saying what either of us wants to say. Forgive me if I am putting words in your mouth, but I gather that you want it to say "the notation A:B sometimes uses ". I want it to say "a ratio can be written with a colon, as A:B". These are not contradictory statements, and in fact they can and should both be included. (Indeed, they already are, but clearly not in a satisfactory way.) I'm going to go away and consider how the whole section can be reorganised to better express both facts. -- Perey (talk) 00:20, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

Split Proportion (mathematics)
Please discuss at Talk:Proportion (mathematics). fgnievinski (talk) 18:43, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

Initial description of ratio is poor and is not matched by the example
The opening line is "In mathematics, a ratio shows how many times one number contains another."

The example given is "if there are eight oranges and six lemons in a bowl of fruit, then the ratio of oranges to lemons is eight to six" But while the bowl (total 14 fruit) contains 8 of one and 6 of the other, six does not 'contain' eight and of course eight _oranges_ cannot 'contain' six lemons. A better short description would be "a ratio shows the relative size of two numbers" SLR Ellison (talk) 10:43, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

 * To the best of my understanding, the word "ratio", from translations of Euclid's Elements, originally meant something like an ordered pair of related quantities (for instance two specific geometric lengths, or two specific numbers). Two ratios $$a:b$$ and $$c:d$$ were said to be in "geometric proportion" (a few centuries ago this was denoted $$a:b :: c:d$$) if $$ad = bc,$$ or were said to be in "arithmetic proportion" if $$a+d=b+c.$$ More recently, the concepts of "ratio" and "two ratios in geometric proportion" have often been conflated, so that the word "ratio" often means something more like «the equivalence class of pairs of quantities $$x:y$$ such that $$x_1:y_1$$ is equivalent to $$x_2:y_2$$ whenever $$x_1y_2 = x_2y_1.$$». In my opinion the current article doesn't do a very good job of describing this though. –jacobolus (t) 14:32, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ratio


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Talk:List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars

untitled
I believe this should become a part of List of Iranians. roozbeh 12:33, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * 1) Considering that I have at least 60 other names to add to the list of Iranian scientists and technologists, I dont think combining lists is a good idea. The list of scientists will become too long to fit into another page.
 * 2) We would have to do this sooner or later anyway, since there is a 32k limit on all wikipedia page lengths.
 * 3) The Iranian list all by itself has room for much expansion; for example the sports list is very incomplete, and there are 200-300 classical poets and writers before 20th century that are not listed, but should be.
 * 4) When we lump everyone into one list, it will be hard to categorize them properly on wikipedia.
 * 5) Others are doing it too. Example: List_of_Scottish_scientists--Zereshk 20:57, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

So far added 122 to the list that was already there. Will add another 100 or so distinguished Iranian scientists soon again. I hope we dont run out of space here. Otherwise we'll have to further separate the list.--Zereshk 00:25, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Philosophers aren't usually considered scientists, especially mystic philosophers. Art LaPella 06:01, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

Today, perhaps. But not in those days. Even Avicenna was a philosopher and had many ideas and arguments in philosophical debates. In those days, the scientist and philosophers were essentially the same thing. Perhaps we should mention this at the top of the page for clarification. --Zereshk 22:17, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Then maybe a better translation of what you mean into modern language would be "wise men", not "scientists". I'm American, but it sounds normal to call Confucius or Plato a wise man, and it sounds weird to call them scientists. Descartes, or Pythagoras, was both a scientist and a philosopher, but that doesn't make philosophy a science, as that word is used by readers of English Wikipedia. Art LaPella 00:07, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

A concise short list of Iranian geology workers with scientific qualifications? Logo. Why not?

 * Nevertheless, someone who is both a scientist and a philosopher by today's definitions, can still be listed on a "list of scientists". Cant they? But personally, "Scholars" perhaps would be a better suiting word I presume. No?--Zereshk 03:39, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. Descartes or Avicenna can be called a scientist, and philosophers can be called scholars. I only objected to calling philosophers scientists, unless they also did something scientific. Art LaPella 04:03, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah. I think "scholars" would be a more inclusive word.--Zereshk 01:30, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * And I wish I had thought of it. Since you also have a page called contemporary Iranian scientists and engineers, do you think this page should be renamed "List of non-contemporary Iranian scholars"? I've done Wikipedia name changes before if that's a problem.Art LaPella 02:45, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * "List of non-contemporary Iranian scholars"? eeee. Sounds kinda awkward. Can you think of anything better perhaps?--Zereshk 03:20, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Mistakes
I couldn't help but notice so many mistakes concerning the profession of Physics. A person who studies, teaches or researches the science of physics is referred to as a Physicist and NOT a Physician as this article refers to. Please consider changing Physcian to Physicist. A physician (Physio) is a person who practices Physiotheraphy not Physics.

Thanks.

 * It would be best if you pointed out which ones are you exacyly refering to.

 * One must be careful. Some of these guys were both physicians and physicists. Polymaths were common in the classical era.

 * But alot of them were in fact only physicians.--Zereshk 03:33, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Disclaimer
Since in the Iranian list, there are scientists and scholars who's ethnicity (as most iranian editor claim) is not clear, e.g. Geber, Alhazen, Al-Farabi,etc, the following disclamier will be added as in List of Arab scientists and scholars.

'''...In some cases, their exact ancestry is unclear. They may have emigrated or immigrated, and thus may appear in other "Lists of...", but nevertheless their names and work are somehow linked to the words "Iranian".'''

Jidan 11:17, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Fair enough.--Zereshk 21:31, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Look Zereshk. You can add all arab scienstist in your list, I really don't mind. Infact, It will be an honour for every arab to be included in an Iranian list. Most of the Iranian editors dont share my opinion. They wont allow me to add scholars like Al-Khwarizmi or Al-Karkhi, which thier ethnicity is not certain. Jidan 22:43, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I cant convince everyone of everything. Im not their leader.--Zereshk 01:53, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Of course you are thier leader ;-). No Iranian editor has ever contributed more to wikipedia than you. Jidan 04:02, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

 * You shouldn't mistake those who wrote in arabic to spread their knowledge with arabs. In todays world also all scientists write in english to spread their knowledge even if they are not from a enlish spoken country.

List of Iranians...??
The disclaimer at the top says:

By "Iranian", all the peoples of historic Persia are meant, i.e. what is today Iran, Afghanistan, and all the countries of Central Asia ("common modern definition") that were historically part of the Persian empire .

This is a ridiculus statement. Iranians are simply all people that come from Iran. Many great names like Al-Farabi (from Turkestan or Afghinistan), Al-Biruni (from Uzbikastan), or Avicenna(from Uzbikastan) are not from Iran, so why are they (among others) listed in the list of Iranians ??? Jidan 00:40, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

 * You are mistaking what the west called Persia with Iran. Iran (i.e Greater Iran)is all of those territories that you mentioned. Iran has relatively recently broken up (within the past 300 years) and what Iran is today is what is left of what Iran was. That does not mean these people were not Iranians. They certainly were not from Uzbekistan or Afghanistan, etc... because all of these nations are relatively new, especially in the case of Uzbekistan, which is a very new nation. Claiming these people as Afghani or Uzbek because they lived in an area which eventually became "Uzbekistan" or "Afghanistan" is like calling the Aztecs Mexican because they lived in what later became Mexico. These people hailed from Iranian areas, and many of them were Iranian linguistically, culturally, etc...Azerbaijani 04:03, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Iranian here means ethnic Iranians . Just like all Arabs are not from Arabia.  Avicenna was from Balkh which is still Persian speaking.  Biruni was Khwarazmian (Persian).  About Farabi  sources exist that he is Persian and some sources he is Turkish.  Afghanistan(19th century) and Uzbekistan(20th century) were created much later. --alidoostzadeh 05:20, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

patent7@aol.com
Interducing an Iranian inventor, who holds Patent Numbers: 5,370,430 7,180,203 and patent pending number,20090195362 from USPTO.

For more information please contact at e-mail: patent7@aol.com

Mehdi G. Mozafari —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.32.29.68 (talk) 18:56, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

;[
Arabs want to steal the Persian Gulf. Arabs/Turks/Indians want to steal Iranian heritage figures, and when you provide academic sources affirming their Persian identity like Oxford, Britanica, Encycl. Islam, they complain everything is Persianated. Why live in the shadows of Persians. Get your own historical/scientifical/philosophical/poetical figures! I'm running into a lot of governmental sites and cultural heritage sites that make these false claims. Very displeasing indeed. Thanks for all your hard work, and for at least putting up a good fight, even if it's merely on wikipedia. Merci! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ditc (talk • contribs) 18:24, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Almost every ethnicity has it's famous and world-renowned people, although some do have more than others. LouisAragon (talk) 20:05, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

persian scientist ?????
I think there are no persian and world scientist before Islam, Arab muslim were spread through the world teach many things, there are many Arab descent in persian scientists list....they should not be in persian list. now there are no persians, Iran is not a persians, Iran is a mixture many nations mostly Arabs.

there's no need list of Arab or persian scientists...there should be a muslim scientists list, cause Islamic civilization did generate those scientists. Allah knows best — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shatree (talk • contribs) 08:55, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

We already have a list of Muslim scientist, but we also have a list of Persian scientist. Do you understand why? It's because Persians (alongside with many other muslim ethnicities, like Andalusian/Moorish Spaniards) contributed ALOT during the Middle Ages. Together the two contributed more to islamic science in the Middle Ages than ethnic Arab scientists, that for sure. So it is just fine as it is now. Regards. LouisAragon (talk) 20:03, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

What "Islamic Scientists" the term is as meaningless as dangerous. Do we call all the different European or American Scholars " Christian Scientists "? The only reason that Iranians published their work in Arabic was to avoid the occupying Arabs burning the books that were not written in a language they did not understand. It was for the same reason that once Thisphone, the seat of power of the Sassanid Dynasty fell to the Arabs and they set about burning the books that were written in Greek and Persian, the Persian translators had to hurridly translate the works of ancient Greeks, Egyptians, Chinese and Persians into Arabic an act that kept the civilization from going back to the stone age. I am a British moslem myself but I doubt very much if any of our 3 branches of Semite religions have anything to do with the expansion of science. It was only a few years ago that Pope John Paul the 2nd apologized to Galileo, after nearly 350 years, because of the behavior of the catholic church towards him and science. Where are these Islamic scientists now?

A.G — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.19.108.182 (talk) 01:19, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

Jabir ibn Hayyan and al-Jildaki
Dear 103.115.184.249,

You're probably right that it's better to include Jabir ibn Hayyan here, even though it's not certain that he was Iranian. I propose to phrase this in the following way:

 * Jabir ibn Hayyan (died c. 806–816), alchemist and polymath, one of the fathers of chemistry; may also have been Arab

As for al-Jildaki, since it has now been shown that he was Egyptian (references on his page), should we not leave him out here?

Please let us know what you think, Apaugasma (talk|contribs) 20:42, 17 March 2021 (UTC)

 * i agree for al-jildaki, but why do you want to write that hayyan was perhaps arab here but not that he was perhaps iranian in the article about arab scholars ? that's not fair editing, you revert every ip edit you find and try to push your pov about hayyan's ethnicity.

 * Before today, I did not know of the existence of the List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars article. You're absolutely right that we should do the same thing at both pages, so at first I tried to remove Jabir from that page too. Seeing that you don't agree with this, I reconsidered, and decided that it may be best to include Jabir after all. I'm sorry if I was unclear, but I of course also mean to change the article with the list of Arab scientists in a similar way:

 * Jabir ibn Hayyan (died c. 806–816), alchemist and polymath, one of the fathers of chemistry; may also have been Persian

 * What do you think? Apaugasma (talk|contribs) 23:23, 17 March 2021 (UTC)


text:
Joan Hambidge

Joan Helene Hambidge (born 11 September 1956 in Aliwal North, South Africa) (the English surname notwithstanding), is an Afrikaans poet, literary theorist and academic. She is a prolific poet in Afrikaans, controversial as a public figure and critic and notorious for her out-of-the-closet style of writing. Her theoretic contributions deal mainly with Roland Barthes, deconstruction, postmodernism, psychoanalysis and metaphysics.

Biography
Hambidge studied at the University of Stellenbosch and the University of Pretoria. She was admitted to a doctorate under André P. Brink at Rhodes University in 1985. A second doctorate followed (University of Cape Town, 2001).

Although Hambidge says she discovered her muse when she was young, it was while she was a lecturer at the University of the North, Limpopo Province, South Africa, that she started to blossom as a writer.

She was awarded the Eugène Marais Prize for literature for her second volume of poetry, Bitterlemoene ("Bitter Oranges"), in 1986. This prize is one of the most coveted literary prizes in South Africa. She also won the Litera Prize as well as the Poetry Institute of Africa Prize for her poetry.

She is currently a professor at the School of Languages and Literatures at the University of Cape Town.

Her major creative works
Although she writes in Afrikaans, Hambidge has translated some of her poetry into English. Other translations have been done by Jo Nel, fellow poet and close friend Johann de Lange, and Charl JF Cilliers. Her work has been published in the Netherlands and the UK as well as in the US. Having published 26 volumes of poetry up to 2016 she is the most prolific poet in Afrikaans.

Hambidge's interest in literary theory (especially psychoanalysis and metafiction) is reflected in her writing, especially in her fiction. She works with the difference between theory and practice in her novels, Judaskus ("Judas kiss", 1998) and "Kladboek" (2008). She has also published two theoretical works: Postmodernisme (1995), about Roland Barthes, deconstruction and post-modernism, and Psigoanalise en lees ("Psychoanalysis and reading", 1991), on Jacques Lacan and reading.

Other contributions
Hambidge is a prolific traveller and writes a weekly column for a Cape Town daily, Die Burger. She is a critic and columnist for the Afrikaans literary e-zine Litnet.

Literary style
Hambidge is famous for her iconoclastic and irreverent approach to literary traditions in Afrikaans and cultural idols and for her re-examination of previously taboo subjects. She is also the first Afrikaans author to have dealt with lesbianism from an insider's point of view. She imposes a humorous and satirical twist on most of the subjects she tackles.

Volumes of poetry

 * Hartskrif (1985) ("Heart Script")
 * Bitterlemoene (1986) ("Bitter oranges")
 * Die anatomie van melancholie (1987) ("The anatomy of melancholy")
 * Palinodes (1987)
 * Geslote baan (1988) ("Closed circuit")
 * Donker labirint (1989) ("Dark labyrinth")
 * Gesteelde appels (1989) ("Stolen apples")
 * Kriptonemie (1989) ("Cryptonomy")
 * Verdraaide raaisels (1990) ("Twisted riddles")
 * Die somber muse (1990) ("The sombre muse")
 * Tachycardia (1990)
 * Die verlore simbool (1991) ("The lost symbol")
 * Interne verhuising (1995) ("Internal house moving")
 * Ewebeeld (1997) ("Mirror image")
 * Lykdigte (2000) ("Memorial poems")
 * Ruggespraak (2002) ("Talking back")
 * Die buigsaamheid van verdriet (2005) ("The flexibility of sorrow")
 * En skielik is dit aand (2006) ("And suddenly it's evening")
 * Dad (2006)
 * Koesnaatjies vir die proe (2008)
 * Vuurwiel (2009) ("Wheel of fire")
 * Visums by verstek (2011) ("Visas by default")
 * Lot se vrou (2012) ("Lot's wife")
 * Meditasies (2013) ("Meditations")
 * Matriks (2016) ("Matrix")
 * Indeks (2016) ("Index")

Novels

 * Swart Koring (1996) ("Black Wheat") (Parody on the pulp romance novel, with a lesbian twist)
 * Die Swart Sluier (1998) ("The black veil") (Parody on pulp detective novels and ghost stories)
 * Judaskus (1998) ("Judas Kiss")
 * Sewe Sonjas en wat hulle gedoen het (2001) ("Seven Sonyas and what they did") (An electronic novel published by Contentlot.com))
 * Skoppensboer (2001) ("Jack of Spades": this refers to a poem by Eugene Marais, that calls the grim reaper by this name)
 * Palindroom (2008) ("Palindrome")
 * Kladboek (2008) ("Notebook")

Criticism

 * Psigoanalise en lees (1989) ("Psychoanalysis and reading")
 * Postmodernisme (1995) ("Postmodernism")

title: Joan Hambidge


text:
Barry Mann

Barry Mann (born Barry Imberman; February 9, 1939) is an American songwriter and musician, and was part of a successful songwriting partnership with his wife, Cynthia Weil.

He has written or co-written 53 hits in the UK and 98 in the US.

Early life
Mann was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York City, United States. He was born two days before fellow songwriter Gerry Goffin.

Career
His first successful song as a writer was "She Say (Oom Dooby Doom)", a Top 20 chart-scoring song composed for the band The Diamonds in 1959. Mann co-wrote the song with Mike Anthony (Michael Logiudice). In 1961, Mann had his greatest success to that point with "I Love How You Love Me", written with Larry Kolber and a No. 5 scoring single for the band The Paris Sisters (seven years later, Bobby Vinton's version would reach the Top 10). The same year, Mann himself reached the Top 40 as a performer with a novelty song co-written with Gerry Goffin, "Who Put the Bomp", which parodied the nonsense words of the then-popular doo-wop genre.

Despite his success as a singer, Mann chose to channel his creativity into songwriting, forming a prolific partnership with Weil, a lyricist he met while both were staff songwriters at Don Kirshner and Al Nevin's company Aldon Music, whose offices were located in Manhattan, near the composing-and-publishing factory the Brill Building. Mann and Weil, who married in 1961, developed some songs intended to be socially conscious, with successes such as "Uptown" by The Crystals, "We Gotta Get out of This Place" by the Animals, "Magic Town" by The Vogues, and "Kicks" by Paul Revere & the Raiders. Mann and Weil were disturbed when "Only In America", a song they had written with the team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller and conceived originally for and recorded by the Drifters as a protest against racial prejudice, was re-worked by Leiber and Stoller into an uncontroversial success for Jay & The Americans.

, Mann's song catalog lists 635 songs. He has received 56 popular music, country, and Rhythm & Blues awards from Broadcast Music Inc., and 46 Millionaire Awards for radio performances numbering more than one million plays. The song "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'", co-written with Weil and Phil Spector, was the most played song of the 20th century, with more than 14 million plays.

Mann has composed songs for movies, most notably "Somewhere Out There", co-written with Weil and James Horner, for the 1986 animated movie An American Tail. Linda Ronstadt and James Ingram performed the song as a duet during the movie's closing credits; their version was released as a single, which scored No. 2 on the Billboard chart and became a "gold"-scoring record. "Somewhere Out There" would win two 1987 Grammy Awards, as Song of the Year and Best Song Written for a Motion Picture or Television. "Somewhere Out There" was also nominated for a 1986 Oscar as best song, but lost to "Take My Breath Away" from Top Gun (a film that featured the Weil-penned "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" in a key scene). Mann's other movie work includes the scores for I Never Sang for My Father and Muppet Treasure Island, and songs for National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation and Oliver & Company. Mann co-wrote, with Dan Hill, the song "Sometimes When We Touch", which scored No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100.

In 1987, Mann and Weil were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 2011, they received the Johnny Mercer Award, the greatest honor from the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

Mann and Weil were named among the 2010 recipients of Ahmet Ertegun Award from the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Mann and Weil operated a publishing company named Dyad Music.

Personal life
Mann was married to Cynthia Weil from 1961 until her death in 2023. They had one daughter, Jenn. They resided in Beverly Hills, California.

title: Barry Mann


text:
Redvers Buller

General Sir Redvers Henry Buller, (7 December 1839 – 2 June 1908) was a British Army officer and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He served as Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in South Africa during the early months of the Second Boer War and subsequently commanded the army in Natal until his return to England in November 1900.

Origins

Buller was the second son and eventual heir of James Wentworth Buller (1798–1865), MP for Exeter, by his wife Charlotte Juliana Jane Howard-Molyneux-Howard (d.1855), third daughter of Lord Henry Thomas Howard-Molyneux-Howard, Deputy Earl Marshal and younger brother of Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk. Redvers Buller was born on 7 December 1839 at the family estate of Downes, near Crediton in Devon, inherited by his great-grandfather James Buller (1740–1772) from his mother Elizabeth Gould, the wife of James Buller (1717–1765), MP.

The Bullers were an old Cornish family, long seated at Morval in Cornwall until their removal to Downes. The family estates, including Downes, inherited in 1874 by Redvers Buller from his unmarried elder brother James Howard Buller (1835–1874) included 2942 acre of Devon and 2174 acre of Cornwall, which in 1876 produced an income of £14,137 a year.

Early career
After education at Eton, he purchased a commission in the 60th Rifles in May 1858. He served in the Second Opium War and was promoted captain before taking part in the Canadian Red River Expedition of 1870. In 1873–74, he was the intelligence officer under Lord Wolseley during the Ashanti campaign, during which he was slightly wounded at the Battle of Ordabai. He was promoted to major and appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath.

Zulu War and Victoria Cross
He then served in South Africa during the 9th Cape Frontier War in 1878 and the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. In the Zulu War he commanded the mounted infantry of the northern British column (No. 4 column) under Sir Evelyn Wood. In March 1879 the column met defeat at the Battle of Hlobane. Buller was awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery during this battle.

The following day he participated in the British victory at the Battle of Kambula. After the Zulu attacks on the British position were beaten off, he led his mounted troops in a ruthless pursuit of fleeing Zulu fighters. In June 1879, he again commanded mounted troops at the Battle of Ulundi, the Zulu capital. This decisive British victory effectively ended the war.

His VC citation, for actions taken during the Battle of Hlobane, reads:

"For his gallant conduct at the retreat at Inhlobana, on the 28th March, 1879, in having assisted, whilst hotly pursued by Zulus, in rescuing Captain C. D'Arcy, of the Frontier Light Horse, who was retiring on foot, and carrying him on his horse until he overtook the rear guard. Also for having on the same date and under the same circumstances, conveyed Lieutenant C. Everitt, of the Frontier Light Horse, whose horse had been killed under him, to a place of safety. Later on, Colonel Buller, in the same manner, saved a trooper of the Frontier Light Horse, whose horse was completely exhausted, and who otherwise would have been killed by the Zulus, who were within 80 yards of him."

In an interview to The Register newspaper of Adelaide, South Australia, dated 2 June 1917, Trooper George Ashby of the Frontier Light Horse (also referred to as "Pulleine's Pets") attached to the 24th Regiment gave an account of his rescue by Col. Buller:

"... it was discovered that the mountain was surrounded by a vast horde of Zulus. An attempt was made to descend on the side opposite to the pass. Cpl. Ashby and his little party endeavoured to fight their way down, and at last he and a man named Andrew Gemmell, now living in New Zealand, were the only ones left. With their faces to the foe, firing as they retired, they kept the Zulus at bay. Then an unfortunate thing happened, Cpl. Ashby's rifle burst, but, fortunately for him, Col. Buller, afterwards Sir Redvers Buller, who was one of the party, came galloping by, and offered to take him up behind him. Col. Buller was a heavy man, and his horse was a light one, and realizing this, Cpl. Ashby declined his generous offer. But the Colonel stayed with him, and, Cpl. Ashby having picked up a rifle and ammunition from a fallen comrade, the two men retired, firing whenever a foeman showed himself. They eventually reached the main camp, and for this service, as well as for saving the lives of two fellow-officers on the same occasion, Col. Buller received the Victoria Cross. Out of 500 men who made the attack on the Zjilobane Mountain, more than 300 met their death.'"

First Boer War, Sudan and Ireland
In the First Boer War of 1881 he was Sir Evelyn Wood's chief of staff and the following year was again head of intelligence, this time in the Egypt campaign, and was knighted.

He had married Audrey, the daughter of the 4th Marquess Townshend, in 1882 and in the same year was sent to the Sudan in command of an infantry brigade and fought at the battles of El Teb and Tamai, and the expedition to relieve General Gordon in 1885. He was promoted to major-general. He was sent to Ireland in 1886, to head an inquiry into moonlighting by police personnel. He returned to the Army as Quartermaster-General to the Forces the following year and in 1890 promoted to Adjutant-General to the Forces, becoming a Lieutenant general on 1 April 1891. He was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 1st (Exeter and South Devon) Volunteer Battalion, Devonshire Regiment, on 4 May 1892. Although expected to be made Commander-in-Chief of the British Army by Lord Rosebery's government on the retirement of the Duke of Cambridge in 1895, this did not happen because the government was replaced and Lord Wolseley was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army instead. On 24 June 1896 Buller was promoted to full General.

Second Boer War and sacking
Buller became head of the troops stationed at Aldershot in 1898. He was sent as commander of the Natal Field Force in 1899 on the outbreak of the Second Boer War. On seeing the list of troops which would make up his Corps Buller is said to have remarked "well, if I can't win with these, I ought to be kicked." By early September 1899 he had serious thoughts that the Boers could not easily be browbeaten, and that White's forces in Natal might receive some punishment if they deployed too far forward. He arrived at the end of October. He was defeated at the Battle of Colenso, during what was later to become known as Black Week. Defeats at the Battle of Magersfontein and Battle of Stormberg also involved forces under his command. Because of concerns about his performance and negative reports from the field he was replaced in January 1900 as overall commander in South Africa by Lord Roberts. Defeats and questionable ability as commander soon earned him the nickname "Reverse Buller" among troops. He remained as second-in-command and suffered two more setbacks in his attempts to relieve Ladysmith at the battles of Spion Kop and Vaal Krantz. On his fourth attempt, Buller was victorious in the Battle of the Tugela Heights, lifting the siege on 28 February 1900, the day after Piet Cronje at last surrendered to Roberts at Paardeberg. After Roberts took Bloemfontein (13 March 1900), Buller correctly predicted that the Boers would take to guerrilla warfare. Later he was successful in flanking Boer armies out of positions at Biggarsberg, Laing's Nek and Lydenburg. It was Buller's veterans who won the Battle of Bergendal in the war's last set-piece action.

Buller was also popular as a military leader amongst the public in England, and he had a triumphal return from South Africa with many public celebrations, including those on 10 November 1900 when he went to Aldershot to resume his role as General Officer Commanding Aldershot District, later to be remembered as "a Buller day". He spent the following months giving lectures and speeches on the war, was promoted to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in Nov 1900, and received the Honorary Freedom of the Borough of Plymouth in April 1901. However, his reputation had been damaged by his early reverses in South Africa, especially within the Unionist government. When public disquiet emerged over the continuing guerrilla activities by the defeated Boers, the Minister for War, St. John Brodrick and Lord Roberts sought a scapegoat. The opportunity was provided by the numerous attacks in the newspapers on the performance of the British Army. The matter came to a head when a virulent piece written by The Times journalist Leo Amery was publicly answered by Buller in a speech on 10 October 1901. Brodrick and Roberts saw their opportunity to pounce and, summoning Buller to an interview on 17 October, Brodrick, with Roberts in support, demanded his resignation on the grounds of breaching military discipline. Buller refused and was summarily dismissed on half pay on 22 October. His request for a court martial was refused, as was his request to appeal to the King.

Later life

There were many public expressions of sympathy for Buller, especially in the West Country, where in 1905 by public subscription a notable statue by Adrian Jones of Buller astride his war horse was erected in Exeter on the road from his home town of Crediton (facing away from Crediton to the annoyance of its inhabitants).

He received the Honorary Freedom of the borough of Blandford on 1 December 1902.

Buller described himself as a Whig and a Liberal Unionist, but declined a number of offers, from both sides, to stand for Parliament at the 1906 election. Buller continued his quiet retirement, until on 29 May 1907 he accepted the post of Principal Warden of the Goldsmiths' Company which he held until his death in 1908.

Marriage and offspring
In 1882, aged 43, he married Lady Audrey Jane Charlotte Townshend (d. 1926), widow of Greville Howard (son of Charles Howard, 17th Earl of Suffolk) by whom she had issue, and daughter of John Townshend, 4th Marquess Townshend by his wife Elizabeth Jane Crichton-Stuart, daughter of Lord George Stuart, younger son of John Crichton-Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute. By his wife he had issue an only child and daughter:
 * (Audrey Charlotte) Georgiana Buller (1884–1953), awarded the Royal Red Cross (R.R.C.) and a Dame Commander, Order of the British Empire (1920), of Bellair House, Exeter. She served as an administrator of the War Hospitals in Exeter during World War I and died unmarried in 1953.

Death, burial and succession
Buller died on 2 June 1908, at the family seat, Downes House, Crediton, Devon, and is buried in the churchyard of Holy Cross Church in Crediton. The entire western side of the chancel arch inside the church forms an elaborate monument to Sir Redvers.

As he died without male progeny he was succeeded in the family estates by his next surviving younger brother Arthur Tremayne Buller (born 1850), his father's fifth son.

Legacy
Historian Richard Holmes (1946–2011) commented that Buller has gone down as "one of the bad jokes of Victorian military history", and quotes a famous verdict that he was "an admirable captain, an adequate major, a barely satisfactory colonel and a disastrous general". Viscount Esher called him "a gallant fellow but no strategist". Wolseley praised his "stern determination of character". At least one recent historian has been kinder to his reputation:

"Buller's achievements have been obscured by his mistakes. In 1909, a French military critic, General Langlois, pointed out that it was Buller, not Roberts, who had the toughest job of the war – and it was Buller who was the innovator in countering Boer tactics. The proper use of cover, of infantry advancing in rushes, co-ordinated in turn with creeping barrages of artillery: these were the tactics of truly modern war, first evolved by Buller in Natal."

England
In England the Royal Corps of Transport barracks at Aldershot is named after him, as is a road in North Camp between Farnborough and Aldershot, and Buller Court in Farnborough (built upon the site of Buller House). Two adjacent roads near the underground station in Wood Green, London, namely Redvers Road and Buller Road (adjacent to Mafeking Road), bear his name, as do a road in Brighton, Redvers Buller Road in Chesterfield, Derbyshire (adjacent to Baden Powell Road and Lord Roberts Road (after Lord Roberts of Kandahar)), Buller Street in Derby, Buller Road in Croydon and Buller Street and Mews in Bury, Lancashire (yards from the old Lancashire Fusiliers Wellington Barracks on Bolton Road). Chatham also has a Redvers Road and a Buller Road next to each other, opposite a Natal Road, and adjacent to roads and avenues named after some other Boer War Generals: Haig, Kitchener, Symons and White. Leicester also has a Buller Road adjacent to other streets named after Anglo Boer War Generals. Brighton also has a Redvers and a Buller Road, along with other references to the war: Mafeking Road, Ladysmith Road and Kimberley Road nearby. Buller Road in Exeter is close to Redvers Road, crossed by Nelson Road. Exeter School has a Buller House.

Canada
In British Columbia Buller Street in Ladysmith is named after him, near Roberts Street and Kitchener Street. The town of Redvers, in Saskatchewan, is named after him. In Ontario, Buller Street in Woodstock is named after him.

Trinidad and Tobago
Buller Street in Port of Spain is one of seven streets bearing the names of officers of the British Army who distinguished themselves during the Second Boer War: Roberts, Kitchener, Baden-Powell, Buller, Methuen, MacDonald and William Forbes Gatacre.

Monuments

His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum in Winchester, England.

Winchester Cathedral
There is a memorial to Buller, in the form of his recumbent effigy, in the north transept of Winchester Cathedral, England. The inscription reads, "A great leader – Beloved of his men."

Exeter

A bronze equestrian statue of Buller by Adrian Jones (1905) is situated in Exeter at the junction of New North Road and Hele Road, on the route between the city and Buller's home at Downes, Crediton, and since 1970 it has stood outside Exeter College. In January 2021, Exeter City Council voted to move the statue away from the college on the grounds that its connection to "British imperialism" meant it was "inappropriate" to be "outside an educational establishment which includes young people from diverse backgrounds". In February 2021, the council abandoned plans to move the statue, though temporary information boards will be installed and the council will consider removing the words "He saved Natal" from the plinth.

Crediton
The entire western side of the chancel arch inside Holy Cross Church in Crediton forms an elaborate monument to Buller, designed by William Douglas Caröe with sculpture of St George by Nathaniel Hitch (1845–1938). A brass mural tablet was erected in Crediton Church by his only daughter Georgiana Buller. The public house at 37 High Street in Crediton, originally a Wetherspoons, bears his name.

title: Redvers Buller


text:
Hungarian wine

Hungarian wine has a history dating back to the Kingdom of Hungary. Outside Hungary, the best-known wines are the white dessert wine Tokaji aszú (particularly in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia) and the red wine Bull's Blood of Eger (Egri Bikavér).

Etymology
Only three European languages have words for wine that are not derived from Latin: Greek, Basque, and Hungarian. The Hungarian word for wine, "bor", is ultimately of Middle Persian origin.

History
The Romans brought vines to Pannonia, and by the 5th century AD, there are records of extensive vineyards in what is now Hungary. The Hungarians brought their wine-making knowledge from the East. According to Ibn Rustah, the Hungarian tribes were familiar with wine-making a long time before the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin.

Over the following centuries, new grape varieties were brought in from Italy and France. Most of the production was of white wine in that period.

During the Ottoman occupation of Hungary, an ancient variety of grapes was used to make the robust red-wine blend later known as Bikavér (Bull's Blood), after a supposed secret ingredient in the wine that fortified the defenders of Eger in 1552.

It was also during the Turkish occupation that the Tokaj region became known for dessert wines, harvested late to encourage noble rot. Tokaji aszú is mentioned in a document of 1571, and it was famously christened by Louis XIV of France (1638-1715) "Vinum Regum, Rex Vinorum" – Wine of Kings, King of Wines.

After the Ottoman Empire ceded Hungary to the Austrians in 1699, the Germanic influence was felt with the introduction of grape varieties such as Blauer Portugieser. That influence also showed in the start in 1730 of the world's first vineyard classification in Tokaj, based on soil, aspect and propensity to noble rot.

From 1882, the phylloxera epidemic hit Hungary hard, with the traditional field blends of Eger and the many grapes of Tokaj being replaced with monocultures, often of Blaufränkisch (Kékfrankos) and the Bordeaux varieties in red wine districts, and of Furmint, Muscat and Hárslevelű in Tokaj. The 20th century saw the introduction of modern grapes such as Zweigelt, which were easier to grow and to vinify than Kadarka. Under Communism quality was neglected in favour of overcropping, pasteurisation, and industrial production. Since 1989, there has been renewed interest in the traditional varieties and much new investment, particularly in Tokaj-Hegyalja.

Wine regions and styles

The official list of wine regions is defined by a ministerial decree. The current list includes 22 wine regions, which are usually grouped into five to seven larger regions.

The main variety of the region is Olaszrizling.
 * Balaton, with sub-regions:
 * Badacsony: volcanic soils, full-bodied whites with considerable acidity. One of the few sources of Kéknyelű grapes.
 * Balatonboglár: full-bodied whites and reds with moderate acidity.
 * Balaton-felvidék: volcanic soils, full-bodied whites with considerable acidity.
 * Balatonfüred-Csopak: terra rossa soils, full-bodied whites with considerable acidity.
 * Nagy-Somló (or Somló): volcanic soil, full-bodied whites with high acidity. Main varieties are: Olaszrizling, Hárslevelű and Furmint.
 * Zala: mainly white wines.

Mainly fresh and light wines from many varieties.
 * Duna, with sub-regions:
 * Csongrád,
 * Hajós-Baja,
 * Kunság.
 * Eger, with sub-regions
 * Bükk: mainly white wines.
 * Eger: fresh whites from Leányka and Királyleányka, full-bodied whites mainly from Olaszrizling or Chardonnay. Home of the Egri Bikavér (bulls blood of Eger), an elegant red blend, mainly based on Kékfrankos. Good Pinot noirs.
 * Mátra: elegant and full-bodied whites, grown on volcanic soil. Main varieties are Müller-Thurgau, Olaszrizling and Chardonnay.

 * Észak-Dunántúl, with sub-regions:
 * Neszmély: fresh and aromatic whites.
 * Etyek-Buda: fresh white wines, with considerable acidity.
 * Mór: volcanic soil, full-bodied whites. Main variety: Ezerjó.
 * Pannonhalma: full-bodied whites.
 * Sopron: elegant reds (mainly Kékfrankos).

 * Pannon, with sub-regions:
 * Pécs: mainly whites. Traditional variety: Cirfandli
 * Szekszárd: full-bodied reds, with a bit of spice. Famous wine: Szekszárdi Bikavér. Main varieties: Kadarka, Kékfrankos, Cabernet franc, Merlot
 * Tolna
 * Villány: robust, full-bodied, spicy reds. Main varieties: Blauer Portugieser, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot and occasionally Pinot Noir.

 * Sopron, with sub-regions:
 * Sopron

 * Tokaj

Hungary's most famous wine region lies in the foothills of the Zemplén Mountains of the far north of the country; in fact the traditional area crosses into the southeast corner of modern Slovakia. The area is notable for its long warm autumns and mists that come in from the River Bodrog, creating perfect conditions for noble rot. This can contribute towards creating the botrytised (aszú) grapes for which the region is famous. These are individually picked as late as mid-November into buckets (puttonyos) and crushed to a paste. Varying amounts of this aszú paste are then added to non-aszú must or wine made from a mix of Furmint, Hárslevelű, Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains, Kövérszőlő or Zéta grapes, and left to ferment. The resulting wine is then aged in relatively small barrels in a labyrinth of cellars in the soft volcanic tuff, on whose walls thick blankets of fungus regulate the humidity.

Given that aszú conditions only happen in perhaps three vintages per decade, much dry Furmint is also produced. Other grapes grown in the area include Hárslevelű, Muscat Blanc, Kövérszőlő and Zéta.

For centuries the main product of the area was the sweet wine, mainly the botrytised selections. The dry Furmint drew the attention of the world's wine connoisseurs and experts when the Úrágya 2000 single vineyard selection was introduced by István Szepsy. The wine expressed great minerality, complexity and structure, which has been experienced only in the finest white wines of historic regions like Burgundy or the Mosel before. The aging potential was also promising. In 2003 more producers of Mád village produced single vineyard selected dry Furmint wines with great success. Mád village, with its almost 1200 ha, had the opportunity to produce high quality dry Furmint wine in significant quantity as a commune level wine, which can express the unique volcanic terroir of the region, this wine is named after its appellation Mád and produced by István Szepsy Jr. in the Szent Tamás Winery.

Hungarian grape varieties
Several varieties of grape are known to have originated in Hungary. These are: Other varieties of grape that may have originated in Hungary include:
 * Ezerjó
 * Hárslevelű
 * Irsai Oliver
 * Cserszegi fűszeres
 * Királyleányka
 * Zenit
 * Furmint
 * Juhfark
 * Kéknyelű

title: Hungarian wine


text:
Sappemeer

Sappemeer is a town in the Dutch province of Groningen. It is located in the municipality of Midden-Groningen to the east of Hoogezand.

Sappemeer was a separate municipality until 1949, when it merged with Hoogezand. The village is the European headquarters of the Japanese Kikkoman Corporation, which began operations in 1997 and now produces over 400 million litres of soy sauce per annum at the site.

Dutch physician and feminist Aletta Jacobs was born in the village.

title: Sappemeer


text: Category:Military of Iraq

title: Category:Military of Iraq


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Hoogezand

Hoogezand is a town in the municipality of Midden-Groningen, in the province of Groningen in northeast Netherlands.

History
The name refers to a higher sanded (Hooge Sandt) place in the peatlands cut through when the Winschoterdiep channel was dug. Near this channel in 1618 the town was founded.

In the beginning the town was a center of peat briquettes producing. When the peat ran out opened factories for cardboard and plants for potato processing. At the moment Hoogezand is most known for the shipbuilding industry. On the shipyards the vessels are launched sideways, which is uncommon for slipways.

In 1821 Hoogezand absorbed former municipality Windeweer. In 1949 Hoogezand and Sappemeer became one city. At the moment Hoogezand-Sappemeer has 34,438 citizens (2005), around 21,000 of them live in Hoogezand. In 2018, the municipality of Hoogezand-Sappemeer merged with the municipalities of Slochteren and Menterwolde to form the new municipality of Midden-Groningen

Culture
The Nationaal Bus Museum opened its doors in Hoogezand in 2013.

Transportation
Railway station: Hoogezand-Sappemeer

In Western Hoogezand, Martenshoek railway station may be closer.

Notable residents

 * Luciano Carty professional footballer.

title: Hoogezand


text:
Sauwerd

Sauwerd is a village in the municipality of Het Hogeland, Groningen, Netherlands. Until the local government reorganization of 1990 the village was the head of the former municipality of Adorp.

The village of Sauwerd is 7 to 10 kilometers away from the nearest city, Groningen. The village is built on a wierde, from which it gets the second part of its name. It is inhabited by an estimated 1,100 people. The internationally known swimmer Ranomi Kromowidjojo was born in Sauwerd and lived there for most of her youth.

Facilities

There is one primary school in Sauwerd, called De Meander (the meander). There is one cooperative grocery store. Sauwerd has a sports complex called De Lange Twee (meaning The Long Two). The park features a football club called VV SIOS with two football fields. There is also a tennis club in the complex called TV Onstaborg.

There are two churches in Sauwerd. One is a Reformed church and the other is a PKN church. Until 1840 there was a medieval church building in the village. This was demolished in that year due to dilapidation. Simultaneously, the medieval church in Groot Wetsinge was demolished. A new church was built halfway between both villages, in Klein-Wetsinge.

Sauwerd has its own train station located on the Groningen-Delfzijl and Groningen-Roodeschool line. These lines form the eastern border of the village. In 2003 track doubling was completed between Groningen Noord railway station and Sauwerd. Until that time the line was one of the busiest pieces of single track in the Netherlands. On 25 July 1980 two passenger trains collided in neighbouring Winsum, with 9 deaths and 21 injuries. There is a bus stop in Sauwerd and a train station.

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SOCOM II U.S. Navy SEALs

SOCOM II U.S. Navy SEALs is a tactical shooter video game developed by Zipper Interactive and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for PlayStation 2. It is the sequel to SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs.

The online servers for this game, along with other PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable SOCOM titles, were shut down on 31 August, 2012.

Gameplay
SOCOM II U.S. Navy SEALs is a third-person tactical shooter. There are 12 different single-player missions: split equally between Albania, Algeria, Brazil and Russia. There are five different ranks that can be played in the game: Ensign, Lieutenant, Commander, Captain and Admiral. The player starts with the first three ranks unlocked, but must finish the single player game on Commander to unlock Captain, and on Captain to unlock Admiral. Players can unlock new models for multiplayer, as well as movies, music, concept art, and credits by completing certain objectives.

Each mission has primary, secondary, and hidden bonus objectives. Players have to complete all the primary objectives to win the mission, and secondary objectives are optional, but add to the overall score for the mission. The hidden bonus objectives usually help make other missions easier. For example, finding a map in one mission means the player will not have to work to find that place in the next mission. A letter grade is received at the end of each mission based on 4 categories of score: Stealth, Accuracy, Teamwork, and Objective Completion. In single player, orders can be given to the rest of the team. This can be done using either the command menu or a USB headset. The menu features new command options, enabling the player to order their teammates to drop to the ground and hold position when outdoors.

The online and LAN multiplayer portion of SOCOM II U.S. Navy SEALs requires a broadband connection for play. This mode sets two teams of up to eight, SEALs and Terrorists, against each other. The default round time is six minutes, and each game is decided based on the first team to win 6 of 11 possible rounds. Each team spawns at opposite sides of the map, and proceeds to pursue its objective. When a character dies, the player must wait for the next round to resume play. While dead, the player may monitor the status of his teammates, and may change his weapon load. In a room created by a given SOCOM II U.S. Navy SEALs user, factors such as the number of rounds, round type, round time, weapon restrictions, and friendly fire can all be adjusted to the creator's liking.

SOCOM II U.S. Navy SEALs supports chat and prohibits in-game loitering. Voice chat is permitted in server lobbies, but not while in the armory of game lobbies. There are in-game options to mute certain players and to switch to different channels of communication (offense, defense, etc.). Problems with locating acquaintances in the original SOCOM online lead to the development of both a Friend List and a Clan Roster. The game features twelve new online maps, along with ten maps from the original SOCOM. The maps carried over from SOCOM have undergone minor changes such as turrets and breaches being added, daytime maps being switched to night and some paths being blocked, while others have been opened. Three additional maps could be played by purchasing an issue of the Official PlayStation Magazine which came with a CD. Players would then install the contents of the CD onto their PS2 hard drive. Online capabilities were terminated on August 31, 2012.

Plot
The game first begins when the SEAL team members Specter (Paul Mercier), Jester (Jason Spisak), Wardog (Michael Clarke Duncan), and Vandal (Larry Cedar) are alerted by an informant codenamed MALLARD of a black market group called the Sesseri Syndicate, led by a man named Cassrioti Sesseri (Kast Hasa), who are trafficking and selling weapons and plutonium from their bases in Albania and sending them to cities from London to Cairo. The SEALs are sent in to investigate, locate and destroy the Syndicate's weapon caches and if possible, capture a mid-level member named Besnik for interrogation. In the second and third missions, the Bravo element in the team are replaced by two, highly trained Special Air Service (SAS) operatives designated Sabre and Reaver. The SEALs and their SAS counterparts are charged with bringing down the Syndicate, first by shutting down an abandoned factory in Shkodër as well as capturing or killing the man over the factory, A general named Mizlech Rugova, then capturing or killing the remaining leaders at their stronghold, the Sesseri family castle in the Albanian mountains. The team is able to neutralize the Syndicate's leadership and the organization falls apart.

In Brazil, a group calling themselves the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Brazil (RAFB) have threatened to seize control of the government there. In the opening cutscene, a rebel deserter who had stolen cocaine escapes through the Amazon jungle until Quixada Christo (Fátima Marques), the leader of the RAFB, apprehends and murders him. Christo, the daughter of a prostitute and a wealthy industrialist, harbors a strong resentment of men, explaining for the RAFB's majority demographic of females. In the first mission, within the slums of Rio de Janeiro, the four-man SEAL team is sent to recover information from an informant. When the SEALs arrive at the target building, the informant is not there but is being tortured by RAFB members in the opposite building. The team recovers him and later follows him to a discreet location, where he discloses information about a meeting between Christo and Lucimar, the leader of the local RAFB cell. They eventually capture the cell leader who reveals the whereabouts of an RAFB training camp. The SEALs traveled deep into the Amazonian rain forest and destroyed an underground cocaine factory, which was being used by the RAFB to fund their operations. With their funds cut, Christo and the RAFB made a last desperate attempt to destabilize the government by seizing the "Grand Parana Dam." The RAFB threatened that if their demands are not met, they will blow up the dam, crippling the Brazilian economy. The SEAL team is sent in to retake the dam, defuse any explosive devices on site and kill Christo. The SEALs are successful and the RAFB is no longer a threat.

In Algeria, a separatist faction called the Algerian Patriotic Front (APF), under General Heydar Mahmood, are instigating a coup to take control of the Algerian government. APF soldiers are overrunning the city of Bejaia, where CHA (Coalition for Humanitarian Aid) workers and peacekeepers (similar to United Nations peacekeepers) were staying on a humanitarian mission. The SEAL team is sent to recover the CHA personnel and protect them from APF troops that are in control of the city. They later have to secure an area around the U.S. Embassy, where two State Department workers were left behind in the confusion of the evacuation of the city. They recover them and defend them from continuous attacks from the APF. After a long, intense firefight, an HH-60 Pave Hawk arrives and evacuates the group.

In Russia, a group calling itself Force Majeure, also known as the Global Liberation Front, is planning on making and using nuclear weapons to attack the United States. Intel from operatives in Eastern Europe suggests that Force Majeure's movements in the abandoned Kellski naval shipyard in Kamchatka, is a potential terrorist threat. The SEALs are sent in to investigate, supported by two Spetsnaz operatives, codenamed Polaris (Jim Ward) and Bludshot (Quinton Flynn). The team discover evidences that Force Majeure is creating a nuclear bomb. With their findings, the team gets extracted by the USS Michigan. With Force Majeure nowhere to be found, things look grim, but fortunately the Russian Federal Security Service detects the presence of the terrorist group after investigating a supposed nuclear fuel spill. Disguised as members of the decontamination crew, Force Majeure operatives infiltrated the plant with additional terrorists arriving later. Their plan was to steal a vast amount of enriched uranium to be used in their "dirty bomb". The SEALs and their comrades are sent into the plant to escort a radioactive specialist, codenamed Flatfoot, to see how much uranium had been stolen. The findings were not good, as almost all of the uranium storages had been emptied. In the final mission of the game, the SEALs infiltrate a ship, the Bitter Moon, with a large payload of radioactive material, bound for Seattle, Washington. The terrorists are planning to detonate the ship near to the Seattle. Aboard the ship, the SEALs discovered that MALLARD, the informant from the first mission, is actually an operative working for Force Majeure. He had used SOCOM to eliminate the Sesseri Syndicate, thus tying up a loose end, as Force Majeure had bought plutonium from the Syndicate before. The SEALs moves in and defuse all bombs placed on the ship. The female leader of Force Majeure, Valeska Lukanov, is either killed or captured. Mallard, whose real name is Arjan Manjani, is killed. The team releases a smoke grenade as a signal to the USS Michigan to stand down, and the mission is complete.

Reception
SOCOM II U.S. Navy SEALs received "generally positive" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.

The game sold more than one million copies by March 2004 and 2.5 million copies by May 2005.

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Spaubeek

Spaubeek is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is located in the municipality of Beek, about 3 km south of the town of Geleen. Spaubeek was a separate municipality until 1982, when it was merged with Beek.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1175 as Spaltbeke, and means "valley with a brook". Spaubeek is a village which developed in the Middle Ages along the northern bank of Geleenbeek. Three linear settlements later appeared on the southern bank. In 1557, Jansgeleen Castle became the seat for the heerlijkheid Geleen en Spaubeek.

The Catholic St Laurentius Church is a three-aisled basilica-like church made out of sand stone which was constructed between 1925 and 1926 as a replacement of the 1837 church.

Huis Ten Dijken is an estate from the 17th century. The U-shaped residential area surrounded by a moat with an attached L-shaped office building. It was enlarged and modified several times during its history.

Spaubeek was home to 222 people in 1840. In 1896, a railway station opened on the Sittard to Herzogenrath (Germany) railway line. The railway line physically separated the northern settlement from the southern settlement. The A76 later increased the separation. Between 1 November 1875 and c. 1880, there was an early station of the Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ for medical aid to the population.

Spaubeek was an independent municipality until 1982. The main part was merged into Beek. A smaller part was added to the municipality of Geleen.

Jansgeleen Castle
The history of Spaubeek was closely connected to that of the Jansgeleen Castle, nowadays called Sint Jansgeleen. This castle, built as House Spaubeek at a bench in the small Geleen river in the 13th century, was the first seat of the former County of Geleen in the 16th century. It got its name Heer Jansgelene after one of the former owners, Lord Jan Rode van Opsinnich in the 15th century, but was later erroneously renamed as Sint Jansgeleen after St. John the Baptist.

The castle, already in a bad shape at the end of the 19th century, and further damaged by the mine galleries of the nearby big Maurits mine at Geleen in the 1920s, was finally demolished in the 1930s. Only the buildings of the water mill (Jansmolen, hence Sint Jansmolen) and the forecourt (16th century) have remained, now both provincial monuments.

People from Spaubeek

 * Dennis Dengering, football player
 * Vivianne Heijnen, politician
 * Robin Piso, musician

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Reuver

Reuver (Limburgish: Oppe Ruiver) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is located in the municipality of Beesel, about 10 km (6 miles) south of the city of Venlo. The successful metal band Epica comes from Reuver.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1547 de Roever, and is a name of an inn. Reuver is a village which developed on the road from Venlo to Roermond.

The Catholic St Lambertus Church was built between 1878 and 1880 as a three aisled basilica like church which is oriented north-south. In 1944 and 1945, it was damaged and repaired between 1946 and 1947. The tower was rebuilt in 1957.

The Holy Heart monastery was between 1890 and 1891 as a Dominican monastery with school. In 1921, the school became a regular high school. In 1981, the whole complex was converted into a retirement home.

Reuver was home to 224 people in 1840. In the late-19th century, it started to industrialise.

Transportation
In 1865, the Reuver railway station opened on the Maastricht to Venlo railway line.

Notable people

 * Sander Gommans, guitar player, co-vocalist and founder of symphonic metal band After Forever.
 * Mark Jansen, guitar player, co-vocalist and founder of symphonic metal bands After Forever, Epica and MaYaN.

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Oosterbeek

Oosterbeek is a village in the eastern part of Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Renkum in the province of Gelderland, about 5 km west of Arnhem.

The oldest part of Oosterbeek is the Benedendorp (Lower Village), on the northern bank of the Lower Rhine. One landmark in the village is the Hervormde Kerk (Reformed Church), which has certain architectural sections that date back to the second half of the 10th century. It is the oldest church in the country which is still in use.

Oosterbeek was a separate municipality until 1818, when the area was divided between Doorwerth and the village of Renkum. In the 19th century, several mansions were built on the higher ground to the north of the old village. One of these mansions, called De Hemelse Berg, was destroyed in 1944. Another, called Hartenstein, is now home to the Airborne Museum. The construction of smaller buildings in the same area led to the creation of the Bovendorp (Upper Village). To the north of the built-up area lies the Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery.

The village is known for its involvement in the September 1944 Battle of Arnhem, during which it was heavily damaged. General Roy Urquhart of Britain had his headquarters at Hotel Hartenstein. In May 1978 Urquhart opened the Airborne Museum in the hotel, which commemorates the Battle of Arnhem.

Oosterbeek is also the location of the Hotel de Bilderberg, where the Bilderberg Group first met in 1954.

Oosterbeek School

The Oosterbeek School is known as the birthplace of Dutch Impressionism, along with the nearby village of Wolfheze. Art historians call this the Barbizon of the North. The school's most successful period was from 1841 until 1870, before the artists turned to Laren, Kortenhoef, Egmond aan Zee, Katwijk aan Zee, Scheveningen, and Noordwijk, where they founded new art colonies or painters' villages. During this time, they established the Pulchri Studio in The Hague and opened the second Golden Age of Dutch painting. Consequently, they became the forerunners of the Modern art movement in the Netherlands.

Artists who were part of the movement near Oosterbeek include Gerard Bilders, Paul Gabriël, Barend Cornelis Koekkoek, Jacob Maris, Matthijs Maris, Willem Maris, Anton Mauve, Hendrik Mesdag, Willem Roelofs, and Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch.

Transport
Oosterbeek has a railway station that opened on 16 May 1845. It is on the Amsterdam–Arnhem railway (Rhijnspoorweg). The primary bus line, 352, connects Oosterbeek with Wageningen and Arnhem.

Airborne March
The commemorative Airborne March is held in Oosterbeek every year on the first Saturday of September. The event started in 1947 and involves thousands of people, who walk 10 kilometers, 15 kilometers, or 25 kilometers. A 40-kilometer distance was added in the early 21st century.

Well-known people

 * Eric Corton (1969), singer, actor, and presenter
 * Esmée Denters (1988), singer
 * Albertino Essers (1969), darts player
 * Ronald Koeman (1963), ex-football player and coach
 * Kate ter Horst (1906), hero of the Battle of Arnhem, cared for British paratroopers injured in the battle

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Kropswolde

Kropswolde is a village in the Dutch province of Groningen. It is located in the municipality of Midden-Groningen, about 3 km southwest of the town of Hoogezand and 5 km northeast of the town of Zuidlaren.

History
The village used to be a part of the jurisdiction of "Gorecht". The first confirmed mention of the village is in a charter from the year 1249 where it is called "Crepeswalda". Later it is also mentioned as Crepeswolda, Crepiswald, Crep(p)eswolde, Creppeswolde or Crepelliswald.

The name Kropswolde probably relates to the old-Frisian word *krepel ("cripple or limping"). Other explanations point to a family name *Gripo or to the old-Saxion or old-Dutch word krop or croppe that can mean curvature in the landscape. It has even been speculated that the name comes from the name of an ancient tribal chief named Cruptorix, with reference to the Annals of Tacitus (Lib.IV.73) that mention a villa named Cruptorigis (= "belonging to Cruptorix") in the woods of Baduhenna that could be found in the North of the Netherlands.[2]

From the 13th til the 15th century, Kropswolde developed into a peat colony, with most of the land owned by different monastic orders. Citizens of the city of Groningen also had peat digs there. The peat was transported to the city over the Hunze river. Traffic over the Hunze was controlled by the "Schuitenschuiversgilde" ("boat pushers guild"), founded in 1403 to transport all the peat from the areas surrounding Kropswolde. Apart from them, only inhabitants of Kropswolde, Wolfsbarge and Westerbroek were allowed to transport peat, providing their ships had less capacity than those of the guild.

During the 17th, 18th and early 19th century a number of beautiful country houses and manor farms were built in Kropswolde for high-ranking citizens from Groningen and Hoogezand. The church, which still exists, was built in 1773. Its tower dates back to 1888.

Until the early 20th century there was enough peat to process. Afterward, the land was mainly used for agriculture.

At the time of the Batavian Republic in 1798, Kropswolde was temporarily combined with Lula, Netherlands and Kiel-Windeweer.

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Martenshoek

Martenshoek is a neighbourhood of Hoogezand and former village in the Dutch province of Groningen. It is located in the municipality of Midden-Groningen, about 2 km west of the town of Hoogezand.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1652 as St. Martenshoek, and means "neighbourhood with Martin of Tours as a patron saint". Martenshoek developed near the sluice on the Winschoterdiep. It was the gateway to the peat colonies, and developed into a trade and industry centre.

Martenshoek was home to 570 people in 1840. In 1905, a railway station opened in the village.

Martenshoek forms a single urban area with Hoogezand and is considered a neighbourhood of Hoogezand. A large part of the neighbourhood consists of industry.

Transportation
Railway station: Martenshoek

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Oxbow, Saskatchewan

Oxbow is a town in the southeast of the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. It is located on the Canadian Pacific Railway and on Provincial Highway 18. It is approximately 58 kilometers west of Saskatchewan's border with Manitoba and approximately 26 km north of the Canada–US border with North Dakota.

The town's official motto is "Progress with Pride", but the town's weekly paper, the Oxbow Herald, has long included two other unofficial town mottoes on its masthead: "Queen of the Scenic Souris" (a reference to the Souris River, near which Oxbow is situated) and "Where Oil and Agriculture Meet" (a reference to the town's two major industries).

History
The first settlers around Oxbow - mainly of English, Irish, and Scottish descent - began homesteading the area under the Dominion Lands Act in 1882. The town's weekly newspaper, the Oxbow Herald, was founded in 1903. The town was incorporated in 1904.

The town was named after the "oxbow" in the Souris River near which the town is situated. Etymologically, the word "oxbow", as applied to a river, is a metaphor for the oxbow worn by an ox.

The town grew rapidly in the years following incorporation, reaching a population of 678 in 1916. The town's population then hovered around 600-700 for the next several decades.

In the mid-1950s, oil companies began developing the oilfields around Oxbow. This set off a boom time, as personnel moved to Oxbow to work on drilling rigs and provide other services to the oil industry. As of 2010 there has been roughly 38,000 oil and gas wells around the surrounding area. Agriculture and oil remain the two major industries of the town.

On October 16, 1982, Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Officer Cst. Butler was killed while on duty in Oxbow. A high speed pursuit had begun earlier west of Oxbow with the pursuit heading towards Oxbow. Cst. Butler had set up a road block with his RCMP cruiser across the roadway. A high speed collision occurred with Cst. Butler still in the vehicle. He later died of his injuries. Two occupants of the evading vehicle were also killed.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Oxbow had a population of $1,286$ living in $494$ of its $574$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $1,328$. With a land area of 3.33 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Government
The mayor is Doug Pierce, who was elected by acclamation in October 2020.

Education
The main school in Oxbow is Oxbow Prairie Horizons School (OPHS), a K–12 school, with a Preschool Program. Oxbow Prairie Horizons School opened in the 2010-11 school year.

Prior to the construction of Oxbow Prairie Horizons School, Oxbow had two schools: (1) Oxbow Prairie Heights School (OPHS), which taught Grades 6 through 12 (Oxbow Prairie Heights School opened in 1986, following renovations to the former Oxbow High School, which had taught Grades 7 through 12); and (2) Oxbow Elementary School, which was Grades K through 6 until 1985, and taught Grades K through 5 from 1985 to 2010.

In addition to the elementary school and high school, the Glenn McGuire School used to provide educational opportunities for intellectually and physically challenged students ranging in age from three to twenty-two years of age. As of September 1, 2008, the Glenn McGuire school has been demolished, and the physically challenged students have been integrated into the elementary school and high school.

Sport and recreation
Sporting sites available in Oxbow include tennis courts, ball diamonds, a motocross track, an artificial-ice skating rink, a curling rink, and an outdoor swimming pool. Moose Creek Regional Park is located 7 km north-west of Oxbow, and it offers camping, fishing, boating, water-skiing, a nine-hole golf course with grass greens, and driving and putting ranges.

Oxbow is home to the Oxbow Huskies. They play in the senior men's Big 6 Hockey League.

The Oxbow Chiefs of the Saskota Baseball League play at the local ball diamonds.

Bow Valley Park
Bow Valley Park is a campground with many recreational opportunities south of Oxbow along the Souris River. Some of the amenities and activities include ball diamonds, a pavilion, outdoor theatre, potable water, and a boat launch. The park is also home to the annual Bow Valley Jamboree. In 2011, the Souris River flooded destroying much of the park. It cost $300,000 and took almost six years to restore the park. The official grand reopening was in June of 2017.

Literary references
Renowned Canadian journalist Ralph Allen came from Oxbow. Allen was the author of several books, including the novel Peace River Country (1958) and a history of Canada during the period of the two world wars entitled Ordeal By Fire: Canada, 1910–1945 (1961). In 1967, Christina McCall Newman edited a collection of Allen's columns from Maclean's entitled The Man From Oxbow. Oxbow's town museum is named in Allen's honour.

During his time as Editor of Maclean's, Allen (who was famous for the quote, "this will have to be re-written before we can reject it") mentioned Oxbow several times in the magazine. The November 10, 1956, cover featured a full-colour illustration of the offices of the Oxbow Herald newspaper and showed owner Joe Pedlar at work.

There is also a reference to Oxbow in My Discovery of America by Farley Mowat (1985). The book is a memoir detailing why Mowat was denied entry to the US in 1985. In the Appendix, he points out that one of the reasons was that he had supported an Oxbow group that was opposed to nuclear weapons at the Minot Air Force Base.

Another reference to Oxbow can be found in Peter Newman's Mavericks: Canadian Rebels, Renegades and Anti-Heroes (2010), in the chapter recounting the history of the Bronfman family's early involvement with bootlegging during prohibition, prior to their establishment of the Seagram Company in Montreal.

Oxbow was also infamously the target of an article by Edmonton author W. P. Kinsella (who was catapulted to fame when his book Shoeless Joe (1980) was made into the movie Field of Dreams by Kevin Costner in 1989). Kinsella was sent to Oxbow by Saturday Night magazine after Oxbow had the dubious distinction of having Canada's highest per-capita murder rate. Years later, Kinsella followed up with a second article, again in Saturday Night.

Notable Oxbowites

 * Ralph Allen - Editor of Maclean's
 * Eric Berntson - Politician
 * Lorna Brown - Artist
 * Lindsay Carson - Retired NHL hockey player
 * Sandy Cushon - Television Host for CBC Television
 * Theoren Fleury - Retired NHL hockey player
 * Andrew Irvine - Professor and dramatist at University of British Columbia
 * Tanner Jeannot - NHL hockey player
 * Reg Kerr - Retired NHL hockey player
 * Chaelynn Kitz - Curler
 * Marj Mitchell - World Curling Championships Curler
 * Kris Porter - Retired professional hockey player
 * Lanette Prediger - Canadian skeleton racer
 * Archibald Riddell - Politician
 * Richard Southam - Politician
 * Jesse Pickard Tripp - Politician
 * Frank B. Walsh - Ophthalmologist
 * Thomas J. Walsh, Alberta lawyer and past president of the Canadian Bar Association.

title: Oxbow, Saskatchewan


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Ian Clunies Ross

Sir William Ian Clunies Ross (22 February 1899 – 20 June 1959) was an Australian veterinary scientist. He has been described as the "architect" of Australia's scientific boom, for his stewardship of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), the Australian scientific organisation.

Family
Ian Clunies Ross was born in Bathurst, New South Wales on 22 February 1899. His grandfather, Robert Clunies Ross, was a brother of John Clunies-Ross, who settled with his family and crew on Cocos (Keeling) Islands in 1826-7 and proclaimed a kingdom. He married Janet Leslie Carter on 6 October 1927, in Sydney, Australia. The couple had three sons, Anthony, Adrian and David.

Education
Clunies Ross was educated at Newington College (1912–1916) and in 1917 he entered the University of Sydney, in the Agriculture Faculty, and transferred to veterinary science at the beginning of 1918, graduating with second class honours in 1920.

His father died in 1914, and his brothers Egerton and Rob died in WWI, killed in action and from pneumonic influenza respectively.

Veterinary career
In 1921, Clunies Ross was given a temporary lectureship in veterinary anatomy; the following year he was made a Fellow of The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, allowing him to a travel overseas. He spent a year working on animal parasites at the Molteno Institute for Research in Parasitology in Cambridge and the School of Tropical Medicine in London. He also spent time in the United States, mainly in Texas and Louisiana, where he looked at methods of field control of parasitic diseases. When he returned to Sydney he set up a veterinary practice, lectured at the university and continued his own research on the hydatid parasite (Echinococcus granulosus), the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica), and the dog-tick (Ixodes holocyclus). He developed an immunization for dogs to protect against the dog-tick.

CSIR
In 1926 Clunies Ross was appointed parasitologist to the newly established Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), and was funded to continue research at the Sydney University Veterinary School. On 6 October 1927, he married English honours graduate Janet Carter at the Catholic Apostolic Church, Redfern. They had three sons: Anthony, Adrian and David. By mid-1931, three other researchers were working with him, and in November 1931 the team moved into CSIR's new McMaster Animal Health Laboratory. Clunies Ross was appointed as the officer-in-charge of the laboratory. In 1928, his thesis on the hydatid parasite was accepted by the University of Sydney for the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Science. Work at the McMaster Laboratory on the control of sheep liver-fluke, made a significant improvement to animal health and the returns from agriculture in the 1930s.

Science administration
Following his time at the McMaster Laboratory, Clunies Ross spent times in Asia, and he was the Australian representative at the International Wool Secretariat in London from 1937 to 1940. He enjoyed this administrative role. He also served as a member of Australia's delegation to the League of Nations Assembly in 1938. He and his family returned to Australia when World War II broke out, he returned to the Veterinary school at the University of Sydney. He was president of the Australian Institute of International Affairs from 1941 to 1945. He was a notable member of the Australian Veterinary Association. He was a vocal commentator on international affairs throughout the remainder of his career.

CSIRO
In 1943, Clunies Ross was appointed Director of Scientific Personnel in the Commonwealth Directorate of Manpower and also Adviser on the Pastoral Industry to the Department of War Organization of Industry. He held these positions until 1945 while continuing work connected with his university position. At the end of the war he left the university to assist the CSIR in planning sheep and wool-textile research. In 1946 he was appointed a full-time member of the CSIR Executive Committee, which was situated in Melbourne. He served as the executive officer of the CSIR until 1949 when it was renamed the CSIRO. He was chairman of the CSIRO until his death in 1959. During this time he oversaw the release of myxomatosis for rabbit control in Australia. In his retirement he was president of the Melbourne Wallaby Club 1954 – 1955.

While in his role at the CSIRO Clunies Ross came into conflict with pioneering radio astronomer Ruby Payne-Scott over the role of women in the organization, and her role in particular. The two met in person to discuss the disparity in pay and working conditions between male and female employees of CSIRO, but this did not result in change to the status quo. When Payne-Scott's marriage and pregnancy were revealed, the two had a hostile exchange of letters, and CSIRO consequently deprived her of permanent employee status and pension funds.

Later years and legacy
In 1954, Clunies Ross was knighted and appointed Order of St Michael and St George (CMG), and made a Foundation Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (FAA).

He died of atherosclerotic heart disease on 20 June 1959 in Melbourne, and is buried in Box Hill cemetery.

The career of Ian Clunies Ross is widely commemorated in Australia. The Australian $50 bank note issued in 1973 celebrated Ian Clunies Ross on one side, and Howard Florey on the other. The National Science Centre in Parkville, Victoria was renamed as Clunies Ross House in 1968, and decorated with a mural by Robert Ingpen celebrating Clunies Ross' career.

Honours

 * Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) (1 January 1954) as Chairman of the CSIRO
 * Knight Bachelor (10 June 1954) as Chairman of the CSIRO

Namesakes

 * Clunies Ross National Science and Technology Award
 * Clunies Ross Street in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
 * Clunies Ross Street in Prospect, New South Wales, Australia
 * Clunies Ross Court in Brisbane Technology Park, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland, Australia
 * Clunies Ross Award or the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering Clunies Ross Award from 1959
 * Clunies Ross House at Newington College
 * Ian Clunies Ross lecture theatre in the J.D.Stewart Building, School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney

title: Ian Clunies Ross


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Geerdijk

Geerdijk is a village in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It is located in the municipality of Twenterand. It became a village in 2009.

History
Geerdijk was founded in the mid-19th century along the canal Almelo–De Haandrik as a peat excavation village. It was a Catholic enclave which was settled by colonists from neighbouring Germany and the area around Slagharen and Dedemsvaart. In 1868, an independent parish was established.

In 1906, the Geerdijk railway station opened on the Mariënberg–Almelo railway, and closed on 29 April 2016. It was closed, because there were not enough passengers and Arriva wanted to increase the speed to allow an extension of the line to Hardenberg.

Geerdijk used to be part of the municipality of Den Ham. In 2001, it was merged into Twenterand. It was considered a hamlet of Vroomshoop. In 2009, Geerdijk separated from Vroomshoop, and became a village.

title: Geerdijk