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Therapeutic abortion committee

Therapeutic abortion committees (commonly known as TACs) were committees established under the Canadian Criminal Code. Each committee consisted of three medical doctors who would decide whether a request for an abortion fit within the exception to the criminal offence of procuring a miscarriage, i.e. performing an abortion. The Criminal Code only permitted lawful abortion if continuation of a pregnancy would cause a woman medical harm, as certified by a TAC. The TACs were almost always composed of men, due to fewer women practicing medicine and even fewer having these types of high level positions. These restrictions on abortion were struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada in its decision in R v Morgentaler in 1988.

Abortion law in Canada prior to 1968
Prior to 1968, abortion was a criminal offence in Canada. Any woman who sought an abortion was potentially committing a criminal offence. If a doctor performed an abortion on compassionate or medical grounds, the doctor ran the risk of being prosecuted under the Criminal Code.

In many cases, judges were willing to convict but juries were unwilling to condemn any qualified medical doctor acting in good faith with the intention to protect the health of a patient.

Introduction of therapeutic abortion committees in 1968
In 1968, the federal Minister of Justice, Pierre Trudeau, introduced the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968-69 to amend the Criminal Code in many respects, including in relation to abortion. The bill introduced the concept of therapeutic abortion committees, which could approve abortions for medical reasons. The committees were based in hospitals and had to be composed of three doctors. The doctor who proposed to perform an abortion could not be a member of the committee which considered the request.

Text of the law
Following the passage of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69, the provisions dealing with abortion read as follows:

 * 251. (1) Every one who, with intent to procure the miscarriage of a female person, whether or not she is pregnant, uses any means for the purpose of carrying out his intention is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for life.

 * (2) Every female person who, being pregnant, with intent to procure her own miscarriage, uses any means or permits any means to be used for the purpose of carrying out her intention is guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for two years.
 * (4) Subsections (1) and (2) do not apply to
 * (4) Subsections (1) and (2) do not apply to

 * (a) a qualified medical practitioner, other than a member of a therapeutic abortion committee for any hospital, who in good faith uses in an accredited or approved hospital any means for the purpose of carrying out his intention to procure the miscarriage of a female person, or

 * (b) a female person who, being pregnant, permits a qualified medical practitioner to use in an accredited or approved hospital any means described in paragraph (a) for the purpose of carrying out her intention to procure her own miscarriage,

 * if, before the use of those means, the therapeutic abortion committee for that accredited or approved hospital, by a majority of the members of the committee and at a meeting of the committee at which the case of such female person has been reviewed,

 * (c) has by certificate in writing stated that in its opinion the continuation of the pregnancy of such female person would or would be likely to endanger her life or health, and

 * (d) has caused a copy of such certificate to be given to the qualified medical practitioner.

These were the provisions of the law which the Supreme Court ruled to be unconstitutional in R v Morgentaler.

Abortion clinics not covered
Abortion clinics were illegal under this law; in Québec only, authorities concluded in the 1970s that the law was unenforceable after a number of unsuccessful criminal cases against doctors. Most notably Henry Morgentaler openly operated clinics as a form of civil disobedience in order to establish a judicial test case based on the legal defence of necessity.

Variation from hospital to hospital
Even within the hospital system, there were great discrepancies between what different TAC's in different hospitals would be willing to consider a risk to a woman's health.

In some hospitals, mental health problems resulting from carrying a pregnancy to term were acceptable to the TAC as endangering a woman's health. This made abortion partially accessible (albeit with at best limited access and some rather unacceptable delays) in some communities as women could claim to be suicidal and on this basis insist that continuation of the unwanted pregnancy represented an imminent danger to mental health.

In other TAC's the law was interpreted much more closely, making it difficult to get an abortion in the hospital even if they did have a TAC.

In some cases, procedures required to protect a woman's life were not available during pregnancy. A prime example would be cancer treatments such as chemotherapy which would do extensive and irreversible harm to an embryo or foetus if done during pregnancy but which, if not done in a timely fashion, can allow the cancer to spread to a point at which the condition is fatal and no longer successfully medically treatable.

These were the cases which the TAC's were originally intended to address, but many hospitals were unwilling to perform abortions at all.

No requirement for hospitals to provide abortions
Hospitals had therapeutic abortion committees only if they opted to provide abortions, and there was and is no requirement that they do so. As well, the requirement for three doctors to sit on a committee, in addition to the doctor who proposed to perform an abortion, meant that abortions were only available in hospitals where there were four doctors familiar with the procedure.

Net effect of the law
The end result was a very limited access to lawful abortion which varied widely from one town or province to another. Many towns and cities did not have any hospital that provided abortions.

Supreme Court rules the provisions are unconstitutional
In 1988, a case involving Morgentaler reached the Supreme Court of Canada. The court ruled that the provisions relating to abortion were contrary to section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Although there was no single majority judgment, the three judgments finding the provisions unconstitutional concluded that the delays and limited access to abortion inherent in the system of therapeutic abortion committees violated the right to security of the person of a woman seeking an abortion. The delays and limited access potentially had a profound impact on a woman's health and thus infringed her rights to liberty and security of the person, contrary to section 7 of the Charter.

The court held that this section of the Criminal Code was unconstitutional and inoperative. The effect of the decision was that abortion was decriminalized in Canada.

Senate rejects attempt to re-criminalize
Following the Supreme Court decision, the Progressive Conservative government of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney explored legislative options in response to the decision. In 1990, a compromise bill, Bill C-34 passed the Commons. Similar to the previous requirement for approval by a TAC, it would have required the consent of one additional doctor, other than the one who proposed to perform the abortion. Although Bill C-34 passed the Commons, it was defeated in a tie vote in the Senate of Canada, marking the end of criminalisation of abortion in Canada.

title: Therapeutic abortion committee


text:
Talk:Therapeutic abortion committee

Critique of writing
Huh? Whose law? Where? Poorly written.

When Trudeau legalized abortion the TAC proccess was part of the proccess that and rules that were required in order to have a legal abortion anywhere in Canada. Federal law. All of Canada. If you don't like the writing you could give me some more hints or edit it yourself. Is the above all you think should be added (i am still new at this). Would it be better if there was a section seprately added about how the law that permitted abortion before abortion was taken out of the criminal code be better?--Marcie 03:12, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

You should have at least mentioned Canada, for starters. I had no idea from reading it where on the planet this took place.

Being Canada centric is suppose. I had just started this as a stub so that the information didn't have to all be put on the page on Abortion in Canada...--Marcie 13:22, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Would the history of how TAC's worked be better placed on the abortion in Canada page or here? Should this just be a technical description of what a TAC is? I've modified the page, although it's not finished yet.--Marcie 16:53, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"Unfortunately"
I don't know if this is precisely the word that should be used due to NPOV. Perhaps it could be put another way? --Daniel C. Boyer 19:23, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Difficult to understand sentence
Hi. What is the relation between an US decision, et the choice of canadian women to go abroad, in the following sentence ? After the Roe v. Wade decision in the United States Supreme Court in 1973, many Canadian women found it much easier to travel abroad to seek medical treatment for unwanted pregnancy. Some women continued to resort to illegal abortions, often by unqualified practitioners, or even attempted to perform the procedure upon themselves. Sometimes this had dangerous or even fatal consequences (see Abortion in Canada).

Thanks for your help : I try to translate this article in french, but cannot understand the link between both facts. Sophia-ka (talk) 18:03, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

Substantial re-write; still needs sources
I came across this article and did a substantial re-write of it. I've added several in-line citations, but also have flagged several areas where additional cites are needed. I'm not familiar enough with the topic to fill in those "citations needed" spots, but would encourage anyone who is more knowledgeable to do so. The Badgeley report, cited frequently in the SCC decision, would likely be a good source, but I don't have access to it. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 08:03, 10 October 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Therapeutic abortion committee


text: User talk:64.229.85.193

title: User talk:64.229.85.193


text:
Talk:Rinoa Heartilly

As others have pointed out, for one side or another, this part of the article is slightly biased. It should not be ignored or excluded, but it should show both sides of the theory, instead of just some shaky evidence for one side presented as undeniable fact.

Fan Reaction section
I restored the racial criticism of the game, although it appears different from numerous (and helpful) changes that were made earlier. I would appreciate if whoever made those changes could try and restore some of them - the history is too long for me to find them all.

It should be noted (as many contributors on the FF series fail to recognize) that there are many factors that Americans overlook with the Americanized versions of the games. So far, I had to correct the articles on Zell, Seifer, and now Rinoa because contributors are ignorant of the racial and cultural divides that exist between Japan and America, and which are easily overlooked (or unrecognized) by individuals without proper cultural awareness. The Asian-Caucasian dating controversey is just one of these factors. I wouldn't expect an average American to be aware of this, but at the same time, they must defer to those of us who are. --L. 8 July 2005 16:48 (UTC)
 * A fair point, however the text as of the current version (to me) makes little sense and is sore need of a rewrite. Of the two paragraphs dealing with this issue, in the first I can't see any point being made at all (except perhaps an obtuse hint that the fans that state many later heroines have a more generic similar look are displaying racism towards the Japanese - if this is intended its needs stating more clearly, preferably without weasel words). Incidentally, exactly how many later heroines share this look? Apart from Yuna? =) The second paragraph is quite tortuous - sentence 2 particularly. I'd have a go at writing this if I only knew what the original intention was! >Gamemaker 17:37, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Uh, the "racial" comments in the article are unclear. Asian/Caucasian match-ups are "bad"? Either be specific or the section is pointless and, frankly, racist in its connotations.
 * I agree! If you're racist and against inter-racial match-ups, just say so instead of euphemising it in terms like "proper cultural awareness".  As an Asian female, I object to this being a so-called "controversy", as this is the 21st century and it is perfectly OK for Asians and whites to date.  Or "Asian-appearing" and "Caucasian-looking", however which you will.  The fans that object to it are racist, and there are plenty of racist opinions out there--but it doesn't mean they belong in an encyclopedia.   75.46.146.250 06:35, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that the stuff about "criticism along racial lines" should either be cited (so people can go check the sources of this criticism) or be deleted. What exactly is the criticism or controversy?  That Rinoa looks Asian?  Is this controversy?  In my opinion, she does look Asian (actually, I am fully convinced she's half-Asian half-Caucasian, heh).  And Squall definitely looks Caucasian.  But, so what's the controversy there?  If there was some fan segment that was concerned that advanced computer graphics would make characters identifiable as a member of a certain human race, that's fine - but it needs to be cited.  Because in the article right now, no controversy is being identified, except the unexplained implication that people (labeled as "accusers" in the article right now) have something against Asian-looking characters.  But I do believe this topic of racial appearance of animated characters is interesting for anyone into Japanese popular culture. Kenumay 05:52, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Since subsequent changes to this material were still weaselly, gramatically tortuous and badly linked, I've had a go at rewriting it. I hope it covers the relevant matters concisely and with NPOV. There's a case for whether this material needs to be there at all, but while it is, it may as well read well =) >Gamemaker 13:11, 21 January 2006 (UTC)
 * It looks good; this needs to be done for almost every "fan reaction" or "criticism" section out there, methinks. Deckiller 14:12, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

Antisociality
The bit where Squall is referred to as 'antisocial' is incorrect- antisocial people like to harm others rather than avoid them. Would 'unsocial,' 'avoident,' or 'schizoid' better describe him?Eowynjedi 01:24, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Harming people is only a secondary meaning of the word. Primarily it just refers to a reluctance to mix socially with other people. >Gamemaker 13:18, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Aye, but as it's an official psychological disorder, it makes the statement somewhat inaccurate. Eowynjedi 21:32, 24 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think being antisocial means having antisocial personality disorder; being antisocial is a trait but APD is a disorder that causes this trait. --70.25.168.90 22:57, 24 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I still think it's a misuse of the word. It's like saying someone with a head cold has the flu when the flu is much more serious. Eowynjedi 22:31, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * 'Antisocial' still exists as a word in its own right, but I'm not precious about the word being there, to be honest =) 'Unsocial' ('unsociable' is perhaps the better form) is a decent alternative. >Gamemaker 13:59, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll go ahead and edit it then. (Little errors like that bug me.) Eowynjedi 16:32, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Well uhh... the criminal law has sections for "antisocial behaviour", and I think the fact that Squall is being referred to as Antisocial rather than Unsocial, would fit the misunderstanding of him from others. :P Zerocannon

Squall is antisocial. He doesn't want to have any relationships with anyone. Unsocial doesn't cut it. -Eileen-

Rinoa Clone
At some point, this article mentioned how later Final Fantasy heroines have the same generic Rinoa look. I mean this is a PART of the Final Fantasy community. It doesn't matter if you don't agree with it; this is an actual issue, a pretty big criticism of Square-Enix. Google in "Rinoa clone" sometime. I think it should be included in the article.

This isn't important. It shouldn't be included. -Eileen-

Rinoa's existence in the KH series
I made an entry about Rinoa in the KH series. It is worth mentioning that she exists in that series, even though she didn't make an official appearance. NeoSeifer

 * We don't know that for sure. The only thing that could even hint at her existence in the KH universe is the wings, and that is shaky evidence at best. They aren't even the right shape, if you look close enough. I've edited the article to include this information, and reworded it so that it is not written as fact.

 * Rinoa is clearly shown in the opening hours of gameplay of Kingdom Hearts II. Therefore, the statement related to this discussion is void and shall be rectified.

 * It's an obvious reference to Rinoa. Why would they make Squall open up a letter with a butterfly or some random set of wings coming out of it? Come on. NeoSeifer

 * And the wings are shaped more like the wings on Squall's jacket, not like the ones on Rinoa's sweater. Look:

 * As you already know, these are the wings on Rinoa's sweater (you may need to copy and paste this url address):
 * http://jomelltan.tripod.com/rinoa_wings.jpg

 * Now, here is a video of Kingdom Hearts. Look at the wings on Squall's jacket (2:04-2:05):
 * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWIZazM9r2M

 * Now, for Rinoa's wings insignia during the credits of Kingdom Hearts II (2:59-3:02):
 * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3uyLz97fr3Y

 * All in all (even though they are shaped differently), the wings on Squall's jacket are a reference to Rinoa herself. And Rinoa isn't "clearly shown in the opening hours of gameplay of Kingdom Hearts II". Making up things doesn't help. NeoSeifer

 * Except that she's seen in her FF8 outfit. Oh, wait. That's right: she didn't speak out her name loudly. Same as Squall, of course: that person is called ... "Leon" ... so there are obviously no connections between Squall and Kingdom Hearts either.

Be that as it may, these are all theories. While they do have a place on the page, they should not be stated as out-and-out fact. Only when Rinoa actually makes an appearance or is explicitly alluded to can this be considered factual.

 * She makes an appearance. Only people who didn't play the game wouldn't know this, because it's impossible or simply unnecessary to take screenshots and video captures of the **entire** game and put those on web folders.

 * God, you can't be that stupid. I played KH2 and I know for a fact that she isn't in it. Why do people insist that she is? And as for the person that posted below my previous post, get your facts straight. That person named "Leon" is still Squall Leonhart. If you bothered to pay attention to the story (if you even played the game, that is), you would know that Squall changed his name to "Leon", because he felt that he was weak for not protecting his home Hollow Bastion (aka Radiant Garden) from the Heartless many years ago. He didn't want be weak anymore like his "former self" (who couldn't protect his home), so he changed his name to "Leon". NeoSeifer

Heroine
I put back "the heroine" instead of "one of the heroines" since FFVIII is Squall's and her story. -Eileen-

 * No, it isn't just her story. Yes, she's a primary character, but she is still one of three (arguably four) heroines. I've changed it to "primary character," which should stand well as a neutral means of referencing her. Peptuck 02:33, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Well how can Quistis and Selphie can heroines if they fade into the background after disc 2 when the game focuses on Squall and Rinoa's relationship? They are heroic but I wouldn't call them heroines because the game doesn't focus on them, Edea's possessed for alot of the game and Ellone is absent for much of it on the White SeeD ship. How about this: Keep her article as heroine and put the others as primary characters, making them important since she's more important storywise? Could we please? I don't want an edit war. I just wrote heroine because it simplier to spell and takes up less space. I'd use simple words for the same effect, regardless of whether it is "encyclopedic". Plus it is not original research. -Eileen-

"I'd use simple words for the same effect, regardless of whether it is "encyclopedic"."
 * Unfortunately, that's not our call to make. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia. Articles must maintain encyclopedic language, and "heroine" is not encyclopedic as it stands. I've altered the article to use "heroine" but instead as heroine. Peptuck 23:02, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Actually that is exactly what I had in mind. We must think similarly. -Eileen-

How about we call Rinoa "the heroine" and Quistis and Selphie "a main character or heroine"? (Feel free to choose or suggest a new idea). I'm suggesting this so no one is shoved aside but Rinoa is the heroine (to emphasis her importance in the story as the female lead). Are you ok with this? I also think we should also do this with the guys too (Squall, Zell and Irvine.) -Eileen-
 * "Heroine" is not NPOV. It is not appropriate for an encyclopedic article. Peptuck 06:30, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Good article nomination
I've reviewed the article and it appears to pass the GA criteria. I made a few tiny edits, but overall, a job well done. MahangaTalk to me 03:39, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

1a: pass b: pass c: weak pass. It does not seriously violate the MOS for writing fiction, but the article could be improved in that area.

2a: pass b: pass c: pass

3a: pass b: pass

4a: pass b: pass

5: pass

6: pass (I added fair use rationale for the image)

 * Thanks! Might I ask what in particular should be worked on in relation to the WAF MOS? — Deckiller 03:45, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Improving the article
I love this article. Thanks Deckiller for working so hard on it. Here is what I think should be added to the article:

1. Sheila's site about Rinoa. I normally don't like fanlistings and they usually shouldn't be in articles but I think there should be an exception for this one because it is exceptionally well done and the author doesn't use her opinions very often.

2. Rinoa's Asian looking features.

That is my opinion. -Eileen-

 * I can't say anything about the fansite, since I'm not familiar with it, but I don't think we should include stuff about Rinoa's asian features. Firstly, the ethnicities of the characters in FF8 are never explicitly stated anywhere, so if we say Rinoa's asian that'd be original research and opinion.  Secondly, does it really matter whether Rinoa looks asian?  Bhamv 03:48, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

It's true it doesn't really matter. I just noticed that she looks a little Asian, at least her eyes do. -Eileen-
 * I recall that the developers sincerely wanted to make her look European but somehow ended up having an Asian-looking character and calling that good enough. I hesitate to add that as of yet because I don't have a proper citation for it in front of me, though. Axem Titanium 21:09, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

I've heard that but your right still don't have a source. Are you gonna try to find one? -Eileen-

 * Hi, I'm not sure how to post here. Rinoa is not Asian. She's meant to look European as are her parents. My site also has never mentioned that Rinoa is Asian, ever. Quite the opposite. I constantly point out that FF8 has Asians (Kadowaki, Xu) and Rinoa is Galbadian. Nomura describing all of the main FF8 cast design (along with sources listed) is translated here. http://flaregamer.com/b2article.php?p=81&more=1 If there's anything else that needs clarification, please let me know. Thanks.

On top of this racial issue, it all seems terribly relative. As a Chinese person, I view most of Square-Enix's CG'd characters as having distinctive Japanese style and features, even if they aren't intended to be Japanese, per se (i.e. Tidus, Selphie, Rinoa, Quistis) and I attribute that mainly to models that are more than likely going to be Japanese/Asian.Luminum (talk) 11:35, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

criticism?
i'm not really sure if this is the right place or way to mention this, but, in my experience rinoa is a very "controversial" character in terms of her popularity. i.e, a lot of people find her annoying, and she's often cited as one of the most annoying characters in the ff series, etc., etc. however, her "criticism" section is basically devoid of any of that - it only mentions various people that do like her. i'm not sure, but, it seems to me like the negative reaction to her is also worth mentioning...? 67.189.241.139 (talk) 03:24, 23 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Something like that would have to be cited, otherwise it falls into the realm of opinion and is not NPOV. Is there an external reliable source that mentions how people find her annoying?  Bhamv (talk) 05:02, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

Rinoa and Ultimecia?
I thought it was a rather well circulated theory that Rinoa and Ultimecia are alluded to being the same individual in the game. Though nothing was ever officially stated by Square-Enix, is it worth mentioning the relationship and the possible in-game references? I was surprised to see no discussion about it on this page and no reference to it under Ultimecia's profiel or Rinoa's.

Some major indicators:

1) GF's can come from rings (i.e. Solomon Ring and Doom Train) and Squall's ring is named at the beginning of the game (Griever) and the name carries to Ultimecia's final summon.  The person who has the ring during the game is Rinoa, who is given the ring and its copy by Zell and never returns it to Squall during the game.

2) Ultimecia's castle is located in the field of flowers where Rinoa promises to meet Squall if she ever gets lost.  Though Ultimecia never explains this, it could be subconscious, based upon the promise and years of memory loss due to a GF.

3) Ultimecia actively pursues Seifer in the past.  I they are the same individual, and if GF's do indeed cause memory damage, an aged Rinoa/Ultimecia could look at Seifer and see him as Squall based on not only the gunblade and scar, but the fragmented memories of Rinoa's past relationship with Seifer.  As well she chooses him as her knight, which may be reciprocal from Squall swearing to be Rinoa's knight.

4) Ultimecia's final speech upon her defeat talks about loss and the fleetingness of time, possibly a reference to a now deceased Squall.

5) Both Ultimecia and Rinoa share a feather motif; Rinoa's being white and Ultimecia's being black.

6) During the final scene when Squall is lost in time compression, views of Rinoa are consistently superimposed on Ultimecia.  If time is compressed, then looking at an individual should show all forms of that person past and present, and thus, looking at Rinoa would reveal Ultimecia.  A final shot of a faceless Squall points to his future death possibly inspiring Rinoa's change to Ultimecia.  The realization of what Rinoa may become may result in the tears Squall cries at the end.

7) If Squall dies on a mission, it may be the reason why a future, muddled Rinoa might hate SeeD and SeeDs.

Basically, Ultimecia is a GF-memory muddled Rinoa bent on time compression who cannot remember the initial reasons for her quest nor can any longer recall her friends of the one she really loved, only the key vestiges of that past: SeeDs, gunblade-wielder as knight, field of flowers, Griever. Not all of these points stand up well on their own, but seem to make a strong case when corroborate with one another. I also recall emailing a Square-Enix employee and getting the statement that there was nothing oficial, but that he personally felt it was one of the better theories out there. Consider it?Luminum (talk) 11:52, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

 * For the most part, the theory is simply speculation without much backing in real in-game evidence. Furthermore, being a fan theory, it would need credible sources to back it up if were to even be included on Wikipedia without it being original research.

 * Personally, I think its looking too deeply into stuff that isn't really there. A lot of the theory focuses on specific interpretations of scenes whose meaning is either deliberately obtuse or simply have a wide range of explanations, and some of them have extremely flimsy backing. For example, Squall's ring containing Griever is next to meaningless, as there's no indication that Squall's ring is special in any way. Certainly nothing says it is the same as the Solomon Ring. Most of the other examples usually offered also focus on "maybes" and "possibly."

 * There just simply isn't any concrete evidence of the R-U theory, which is my main objection to it. There's quite a bit of wiggle room for circumstancial evidence, but this relies on an individual's interpretation of particular abstract and symbolic events, which I personally do not like putting much weight into. Peptuck (talk) 06:50, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

 * While it's true that there isn't any official evidence for the theory, it seems to render a key part of the game completely flippant if it isn't true. If the naming of the ring in the beginning of the game has no bearing to the fact that Ultimecia's final summon is the exact same name as the one you give the ring, then why is it included?  It seems frivolous.

 * Looking at the final FMV with tis near 5-6 seconds of superimposed images of only Rinoa and Ultimecia flashing by also seems like a non-sequitor if the theory doesn't hold. The theory itself seems to give Ultimecia depth as a final boss instead of more or less being a randomly third-act introduced mastermind (though, I admit, Square did the same with IX and Necron).

 * The imagery and indicators in the game may seem obtuse, but without an explanation, they would merely be frivolous and lacking in cohesiveness. Not to mention that the theory, despite being a "fan theory" is significant enough that individuals familiar with FFVIII also mostly know of the theory (and its criticisms).  It seems odd that with a goal of being comprehensive of the subject in question, that no mention, even objectively about the theory itself is ever made.  I understand taking things at face value, and that creating the article with only the given facts is one goal of Wiki.  But the theory itself is a real and, due to its prominence and controversy, large attachment to the subject, just as "fan's reactions to Rinoa" is a real and large part of the subject.Luminum (talk) 10:27, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

 * In the Japanese version of the game Ultimecia mentions, during the final battle, that she's drawing Griever from Squall's mind. She's taking what he believes to be the most powerful creature, and turning it into an opponent for him.

 * Looking at your seven points, I see lots of "could", "could be", "possibly", "if" etc. Does that not indicate that these conclusions are based on speculation and original research?  And while I do agree that the "Rinoa is Ultimecia" theory is interesting and quite a large part of FF8 fanlore, it cannot be included in Wikipedia without verifiable reliable sources cited.  This is the difference between the "reaction and criticism" section and a section about the theory; the "reaction and criticism" section is cited as required. Bhamv (talk) 14:47, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Conceded.Luminum (talk) 21:23, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Well if this would be true. Then there would be a reason to make a movie out of FF8 as a continuing storyline. But thats just my theory. It will propably never happen, We can allways hope or dream about it.

Afterall. It is stated false —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.233.247.10 (talk) 20:38, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Nojima quote
I'd paraphrase and move this quote elsewhere czar ♔   13:43, 5 July 2014 (UTC)

Notability
So this is another one of the Niemti articles. Based on the exhaustive sourcing, I don't see how this character is independently notable. The closest we get is that quote that Rinoa's name is unforgettable. The rest of the list mentions are passing mentions and don't constitute significant coverage for the general notability guideline. I can go on, but I would propose that the prose be greatly condensed and then merged as a major section back into the FF8 characters article. czar 14:23, 6 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Ok, if it's already been checked, I don't mind. Judgesurreal777 (talk) 17:10, 6 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Not opposed; she's not the most iconic character, even from her own game, as evidenced by the pretty short development section and the usual Niemti mountain-out-of-a-series-of-molehills reception section. -- Pres N  20:56, 6 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I really don't think much debate is going to happen on this point, so let's have User:Czar go ahead and get it merged if he is willing. Judgesurreal777 (talk) 07:09, 8 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Went ahead and did it myself. -- Pres N  16:29, 16 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rinoa Heartilly


text: File:James Taylor - Never Die Young.jpg

title: File:James Taylor - Never Die Young.jpg


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As the Palaces Burn

As the Palaces Burn is the third studio album by American heavy metal band Lamb of God, released under Prosthetic Records on May 6, 2003. The album was produced by Devin Townsend and the band itself, and received considerably more airplay than their previous effort, with three singles. As of 2013, As The Palaces Burn has sold 270,000 copies since its original release, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

The band released a 10th anniversary edition of the album on November 11, 2013, with all songs in the album being remixed and remastered, alongside three bonus demo tracks. The 10th-anniversary edition of the album sold around 6,400 copies in the United States in its first week of release to land at position No. 64 on Billboard 200 chart.

Accolades
In 2017, Rolling Stone put As the Palaces Burn at #86 on their Top 100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time list with Dan Epstein praising Devin Townsend's production which helped sharpen the guitar riffs on songs like "Vigil", "Ruin" and "11th Hour".

Personnel
Lamb of God
 * Randy Blythe – vocals
 * Mark Morton – lead guitar
 * Willie Adler – rhythm guitar
 * John Campbell – bass
 * Chris Adler – drums

Additional musicians
 * Chris Poland – guitar on "Purified"
 * Devin Townsend – backing vocals and guitar on "A Devil in God's Country"
 * Steve Austin – backing vocals on "11th Hour"

Additional personnel
 * Devin Townsend – production, engineering
 * Shaun Thingvold – mixing
 * Josh Wilbur - mixing (10th Anniversary Edition)
 * Louie Teran – mastering
 * Brad Blackwood - mastering (10th Anniversary Edition)
 * Carla Lewis, Dan Kearley, Dennis Solomon, Grant Rutledge, Scott Cooke – assistant engineers
 * Petar Sardelich – engineer for Chris Poland
 * – artwork
 * Adam Wentworth – picture disc artwork redesign

title: As the Palaces Burn


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James Gabriel (politician)

James Gabriel (Mohawk) is a politician, a former chief of Kanesatake, a First Nations settlement within the boundaries of the city of Oka, Quebec. He was elected three times as Grand Chief, serving from 1995 to 2004. His tenure in office was controversial, marked by bitter divisions between his supporters and opponents that resulted in violence in January 2004.

Early life and education
James Gabriel was born to a European-Canadian mother and Mohawk father. Under the matrilineal kinship system at Kanesatake, children are traditionally considered to be born into the mother's clan, so Gabriel did not have a formal kinship relationship through his mother with the community. He grew up at Kanesatake, and both he and his father are registered as members of the community. He grew up bilingual in French and English. (In a 2004 article, Benoit Aubin suggested that such differences between maternal ancestries was part of the divide in the Nation between modernists like Gabriel and traditionalists like Steven Bonspille, John Harding (Sha ko hen the tha), and Pearl Bonspille, his opponents on the chiefs' council in the early 2000s, after he was re-elected as Grand Chief.)

Cultural context
In 1991, following the lengthy Oka Crisis, which brought federal troops to the community, the 1700 members of Kanesatake changed their means of selecting leaders. Until then the people had continued their traditional selection of chiefs by clan mothers, from those persons with hereditary rights to the position. Inheritance and property was passed through the maternal line. Clan mothers could remove chiefs of whom they disapproved.

In 1991, the Nation conducted its first popular elections to choose persons as chiefs for the six-person council and as Grand Chief. Jerry Peltier was the first to be popularly elected as Grand Chief. A number of issues have increased political competition in the community.

Career
Gabriel became active in tribal politics during and after the Oka crisis. He was first elected as grand chief in 1995, succeeding Peltier. He was elected three times, serving into 2004. By his last term in office, the six-person chiefs' council was evenly split among opponents and supporters.

Gabriel was concerned that increases in the sales of contraband cigarettes, were becoming an avenue of the drug trade and organized crime in Kanesatake. In an interview he said, "When tax rollbacks killed the cigarette trade, they recycled into booze, drugs, weapons, illegal immigrants, anything with a cash value."

Critics suggest he and supporters unjustly branded several community members as criminals. Gabriel agreed with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) that the community's tobacco stores (in which contraband cigarettes of disputed origin were sold tax-free to non-natives) should be removed from the community. Opposing council members and community members, largely traditionalists, disputed this conclusion, as well as other positions of Gabriel.

In a 2001 referendum, 61% of Kanesatake voters approved removal of Gabriel from office. He kept his position following a court's ruling in his favor, which determined that the referendum was not the means to end his tenure. The reasons for Gabriel's unpopularity in this period are disputed. His supporters in 2003-04 claim that he lost popularity by not adequately confronting organized crime, while his opponents claim his unpopularity resulted from his promotion of bill S-24 (see below), which changed conditions for the settlement in relation to other levels of government.

Outsourcing control of finances
In 2002, Gabriel allowed the federal government to hire the private firm of PriceWaterhouseCoopers to audit and assume control over the band's finances. (He claimed the decision was necessary in light of the $1.2 million deficit). Numerous questions were raised by a later audit, but accusations that Gabriel had defrauded the community were not supported.

Policing and conflict
In late 2003, Gabriel arranged with Canada's Indian Affairs Department for an emergency loan of $900,000 to the community's police force. He secretly hired aboriginal policemen from other reserves as special forces for an anti-crime, drug raid. Opponents believed Gabriel intended to use these officers against the local cigarette dealers. (He informed his supporters on the band council about the planned actions, but not the three council members who opposed him.)

On January 12, 2004, Gabriel bypassed the Kanesatake Police Commission and led a force of 67 police officers to the local police station to take control. (The community's police chief, Tracy Cross, was not a supporter of Gabriel and opposed these actions). Many local residents resisted this effort, and a standoff resulted, with 200 people surrounding the station and hired forces inside.

Gabriel's allies requested assistance from the Sûreté du Québec (SQ). In 1990 the provincial police had been involved in the prolonged 78-day Oka standoff and were not eager to return to this First Nation's internal politics. Fearing renewed violence, the provincial authorities refused to send in the SQ. They negotiated an agreement by which the private forces were given safe passage out of the community. On the same night, Gabriel's house and car were burned down but no one was there or injured. Other protests and violence broke out across the community. The grand chief took his family to safety in the neighbouring community of Laval.

Disputes continued through 2004 over the leadership of the Kanesatake police force. An interim director was appointed but his power was limited to Mohawk who lived outside Kanesatake in nearby Oka. Leadership of the police was contested. Gabriel's status in the community was a matter of controversy in 2004-05. Some believe he was legitimately removed as Grand Chief in January 2004, while others (in and out of the community) rejected this interpretation. In early June 2005 the Sûreté du Québec Command testified to their understanding that the tobacco/drug raid was intended to replace both Police Chief Cross and the Police Commission. The S.Q. and RCMP Command had both argued with Gabriel against conducting the raid. They testified that it was poorly planned and that Gabriel relied on dubious evidence in his decisionmaking.

Gabriel was defeated for the position of grand chief by opponent Steven Bonspille in the June 26, 2005 elections, losing with 344 votes to Bonspille's 375. The six band council chiefs elected were a slate of Gabriel supporters, and resulted in a new council. Their political differences resulted in difficult governance. He declined to run for re-election after his first term.

Some aboriginal groups in Canada, including the powerful Assembly of First Nations, have openly sided with Gabriel in this dispute, as has the Parti Québécois. Gabriel's supporters believe that the provincial government capitulated to organized crime at Kanesatake in early 2004 by allowing him to be driven from the community. His opponents argue that his rule over the community was heavy-handed and arbitrary. They said his efforts to stop the contraband cigarette trade were an intrusion into accepted community practices.

S-24
Gabriel helped to negotiate the passage of S-24, a federal bill which, according to its backers, was meant to clarify the Kanesatake community's relationship to the federal government. Because Kanesatake is not a "reserve" but a "settlement", it has not been subject to the provisions of Canada's Indian Act. Opponents of S-24 believe that the bill was intended to reduce the community's autonomy.

A community referendum narrowly passed the bill by two votes. Many residents boycotted the electoral process entirely. Some believed Gabriel intended to convert Kanesatake into a municipality under Canada law. Such action would have increased the powers of the federal and provincial governments over the community.

title: James Gabriel (politician)


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User:Dokane

I am an Attending(Consultant) Internal medicine, geriatrician and Stroke medicine in the UK.

title: User:Dokane


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Bob Hardy (bassist)

Robert Byron Hardy (born 16 August 1980) is an English musician and the bassist for the Glasgow-based band Franz Ferdinand.

Biography
Hardy grew up in the outskirts of Bradford and attended Bradford Grammar School. Hardy is an artist with an interest in music while friend and bandmate Alex Kapranos is a musician interested in art; this is one of the primary reasons for how their friendship was established. Through Hardy's friends from the Glasgow School of Art, Kapranos developed an interest in the work of the Dadaists and the Russian Constructivists. Many of the earlier shows of the band would come about thanks to the band's art world contacts.

Hardy is also a painter, a vegan, and likes grammar.

Equipment
Hardy plays a 1974 and a 1978 Rickenbacker 4001s / Hagström / Fender Precision. He previously used an SWR Goliath bass cabinet but now uses an Ampeg SVT Pro head and Ampeg 8x10 cabs. He uses Ernie Ball strings – roundwounds, medium gauge. His plectrum is a custom .60 mm magnesium/teflon amalgam.

title: Bob Hardy (bassist)


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File:Thunderbirds movie poster.jpg

Thunderbirds Movie Poster

Fair use in Thunderbirds (2004 film)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

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Ali Curtis

Ali Curtis (born December 18, 1978) is a sports executive and former American soccer player. He was the 1999 Hermann Trophy and 2000 MAC Award winner before playing in Major League Soccer from 2001 to 2004. Curtis became the first African American General Manager in Major League Soccer's history when he joined the New York Red Bulls in 2014. He was most recently the General Manager of Toronto FC.

College
A native of Ann Arbor, MI, Ali Curtis had an extraordinary career playing college soccer at Duke University, where he scored 53 goals and 28 assists from 1997 to 2000, and, in his junior season won the Hermann Trophy, and in his senior season won the MAC Award, both recognizing college soccer's best player. He ranks as the all-time leading goal-scorer in Duke soccer history.

MLS
After graduating from Duke, Curtis was drafted second overall in the 2001 MLS SuperDraft by the Tampa Bay Mutiny. From 2001 through 2004, Curtis spent time with three MLS Clubs - Tampa Bay Mutiny, D.C. United and FC Dallas (formerly Dallas Burn).

Post-playing career
During college, Curtis studied finance and worked on Wall Street in the summer. After Curtis's playing career, he worked for the investment bank JP Morgan from 2004 through 2007. He worked in JP Morgan's Chicago and Los Angeles offices. In 2007, Curtis returned to MLS and held various positions in the league office, and was eventually appointed the league's Senior Director of Player Relations and Competition.

On December 23, 2014, the New York Red Bulls hired Curtis to replace Andy Roxburgh as the club's sporting director. In his first season in charge New York captured the Eastern Conference regular season title and the MLS Supporters' Shield. After another winning season in 2016, Curtis left the Red Bull organization shortly before the 2017 season. During his tenure at Red Bull, Curtis achieved success in multiple areas - player signings (Tyler Adams, Kemar Lawrence, Aaron Long, etc.), player transfers (Matt Miazga/Chelsea FC), player development (USL Champion).

On 4 January 2019, Curtis was named the general manager of Toronto FC. Toronto FC finished the 2021 MLS season in second-last place, and on November 22, 2021, Curtis left his post as general manager. Curtis' final season at TFC was seen as largely disappointing, defined by the hiring of Chris Armas who was terminated only 171 days after his appointment, and a controversial off-field incident which saw Toronto FC striker Jozy Altidore exiled from the club for 2 months.

Personal life
Curtis is married to a marketing executive who works for Creative Artist Agency. He and his wife have two children.

title: Ali Curtis


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Paul Thomson

Paul Robert Thomson (born 15 September 1976) is a Scottish drummer who played for the Glasgow-based band Franz Ferdinand from their formation in 2002 until October 2021.

Thomson has always been interested in music, able to play various instruments such as guitar, keyboard and bass guitar in addition to the drums.

During the late 1990s he was drummer of The Yummy Fur and was at one point part of The Purple Bajengas and Pro Forma. It was in The Yummy Fur that Thomson would meet Alex Kapranos. When The Yummy Fur broke up, Thomson had various odd jobs DJing and working as a nude model at the Glasgow School of Art. He is also the drummer in the Glasgow band Amor, with Luke Fowler, Richard Youngs and Michael Francis Duch.

In 2001 Thomson joined Franz Ferdinand, originally playing guitar. He later switched to drums. He also does backing vocals, and sang lead on the German version of "Tell Her Tonight" from B-side of the "Michael" single. The English version is from Franz Ferdinand.

His record label, NEW! (which started in 2005), only releases material on vinyl records.

Thomson resided in Glasgow, with his now ex-wife Esther (DJ and lead singer of Cash Machine). Together they DJ'd as Polyester (Paul and Esther). They had a baby boy named Georgie in July 2006, and on 19 September 2008 (while Franz Ferdinand were supposed to be headlining a concert) they had another boy and named him Ronnie. Because of Thomson's absence, Franz Ferdinand played a semi-acoustic set and swapped the headlining spot with The Ting Tings. Thomson also has a show on Subcity Radio called "they're only records paul" which runs fortnightly on Thursdays.

On 12 June 2008, it was announced that Thomson was now endorsing Highwood Drums, a UK custom company becoming a Highwood artist.

Paul Thomson is the son of Bert and Ellen Thomson. He has one sister, Hazel. In 2009, he was voted Scotland's Greatest Ever Drummer by the readers of Dear Scotland.

On 21 October 2021, the band announced on Twitter that Thomson would be leaving Franz Ferdinand after 20 years. The announcement was accompanied by a statement by Thomson and a photograph of him passing his drumsticks to his replacement, Audrey Tait.

title: Paul Thomson


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Barcarolle

A barcarolle (from French, also barcarole; originally, Italian barcarola or barcaruola, from barca 'boat') is a traditional folk song sung by Venetian gondoliers, or a piece of music composed in that style. In classical music, two of the most famous barcarolles are Jacques Offenbach's "Belle nuit, ô nuit d'amour", from his opera The Tales of Hoffmann; and Frédéric Chopin's Barcarolle in F-sharp major for solo piano.

Description
A barcarolle is characterized by a rhythm reminiscent of the gondolier's stroke, almost invariably in 6/8 meter at a moderate tempo.

While the most-famous barcarolles are from the Romantic period, the genre was known well enough in the 18th century for Burney to mention, in The Present State of Music in France and Italy (1771), that it was a celebrated form cherished by "collectors of good taste".

Notable examples
The barcarolle was a popular form in opera, where the apparently artless sentimental style of the folklike song could be put to good use. In addition to the Offenbach example: Paisiello, Weber, and Rossini wrote arias that were barcarolles; Donizetti set the Venetian scene at the opening of Marino Faliero (1835) with a barcarolle for a gondolier and chorus; and Verdi included a barcarolle in Un ballo in maschera (i.e., Richard's atmospheric "Di’ tu se fidele il flutto m’aspetta" in Act I). The traditional Neapolitan barcarolle "Santa Lucia" was published in 1849. The 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdulaziz (1830-1876), also composed a barcarolle, entitled "La Gondole Barcarolle".

Arthur Sullivan set the entry of Sir Joseph Porter's barge (also bearing his sisters, cousins and aunts) in H.M.S. Pinafore to a barcarolle, as well as the Trio "My well-loved lord and guardian dear" among Phyllis, Earl Tolloller and the Earl of Mountararat in Act I of Iolanthe. Schubert, while not using the name specifically, used a style reminiscent of the barcarolle in some of his most-famous songs, including especially his haunting "Auf dem Wasser zu singen" ("To be sung on the water"), D.774.

Other notable barcarolles include: the second movement of Ludwig van Beethoven’s Piano Sonata in G, Opus 79; the three "Venetian Gondola Songs" from Mendelssohn's Songs Without Words, Opp. 19, 30 and 62; the "June" barcarolle from Tchaikovsky's The Seasons; Charles-Valentin Alkan's Barcarolles from his chants, Opp. 38a, 38b, 65, 67, and 70; Camille Saint-Saëns's Barcarolle for violin, cello, harmonium (or organ) and piano; Béla Bartók's "Barcarolla" from Out of Doors; Barcarolle, Op. 27, no. 1, by Moritz Moszkowski, and several examples by Anton Rubinstein, Mily Balakirev, Alexander Glazunov, Edward MacDowell, Mel Bonis, Ethelbert Nevin; and a series of thirteen for solo piano by Gabriel Fauré.

In the 20th century, further examples include: Agustín Barrios's Julia Florida; the second movement of Villa-Lobos's Trio No. 2 (1915) (which contains a Berceuse-Barcarolla); the first movement of Francis Poulenc's Napoli suite for solo piano (1925); George Gershwin's Dance of the Waves (1937, unpublished); Ned Rorem's three Barcarolles for piano, composed in Morocco (1949); the Barcarolle from Gian-Carlo Menotti's ballet Sebastian; the first movement of Nikolai Myaskovsky's Piano Sonata no. 8, op. 83 (1949); "Hello Young Lovers" from Richard Rodgers' The King and I (1951); "The Kings' Barcarolle" from Leonard Bernstein's Candide (1956); and Juan María Solare's neoclassical Barcarola for piano (recording included in the album Sombras blancas). Dominick Argento's 25-minute choral cycle Walden Pond (1996) is subtitled "Nocturnes and Barcarolles for Mixed Chorus"; the five-movement work makes extensive use of 6/8 meter. The penultimate movement of Arnold Schoenberg's Pierrot lunaire, Heimfahrt, is also labelled a barcarolle.

Bob Dylan’s song "I've Made Up My Mind to Give Myself to You" from his 2020 album Rough and Rowdy Ways uses Offenbach’s "Barcarolle" as a riff.

title: Barcarolle


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Aeronautical Development Agency

The Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) under Department of Defence Research and Development (DR&D) of India's Ministry of Defence was established at Bangalore, in 1984 to oversee the development of the nation's Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme. It has developed Tejas and is developing Tejas Mk 2, TEDBF and AMCA.

Facilities

 * ASMS
 * System Design and Evaluation Facility
 * Computing Center
 * Iron Bird
 * LCA Hangar
 * Lightning Test Facility
 * Virtual Reality
 * Wind Tunnel Testing Facility

Software development
ADA has established advanced state of the art computing centre with several powerful equipments and software. ADA has developed specialised software in the fields of computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), avionics, systems, independent validation and verification, flight simulation. The spin-off benefits of the research and development is realised with help of commercial partnership with leading multi-national companies such as Boeing, Airbus, IBM, Dassault Systèmes, Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC). The following are some of the software developed for the LCA-Tejas development programme.

 * Autolay
 * CADTRANS
 * FINESSE
 * FINEGRAF
 * GITA
 * PRANA
 * GNRETING

title: Aeronautical Development Agency


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User talk:3ck0

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- 03:29, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:3ck0


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File:James Taylor - Live.jpg

Summary
James Taylor "(LIVE)" album cover

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Roger Adam

The Établissements aéronautiques Roger Adam (Roger Adam Aeronautical Establishments) was a company that produced light aircraft in kit in France between 1948 and 1955 intended for amateur construction. The company was found by French engineer Roger Adam who was also the designer. One of their aircraft, the Adam RA-14 Loisirs became a real success. Around forty were built in France and the designs were sold in 1957 to the Canadian Maranda Aircraft Company which distributed them in North America where around thirty RA14BM1s were built.

Aircraft Designs Produced

 * Adam RA-14 Loisirs
 * Adam RA-15 Major
 * Adam RA-17

title: Roger Adam


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Berceuse

A berceuse is "a musical composition usually in  time that resembles a lullaby". Otherwise it is typically in triple meter. Tonally most berceuses are simple, often merely alternating tonic and dominant harmonies; since the intended effect is to put a baby to sleep, wild chromaticism would be somewhat inappropriate. Another characteristic of the berceuse, for no reason other than convention, is a tendency to stay on the "flat side"; noted examples including the berceuses by Chopin, who pioneered the form, Liszt, and Balakirev, which are all in D♭.

Music

 * Berceuse pour deux notes qui cornent (for two notes which continue), for organ, JA 7, by Jehan Alain
 * Berceuse de Jeanne, by Harrison Birtwistle
 * Wiegenlied (Brahms), a cradle song, is a berceuse; it is better known in English as Brahms's Lullaby
 * Berceuse, by Frank Bridge, for cello and piano
 * Compositions by Ferruccio Busoni
 * Berceuse (in C major) Op. 2, for piano
 * Berceuse (Lullaby), for piano
 * Berceuse élégiaque
 * Berceuse, for piano by Frédéric Chopin
 * "Berceuse for the Infant Jesu" in A Little Suite for Christmas, by George Crumb
 * Berceuse Heroique, for piano, by Claude Debussy
 * Two compositions by Gabriel Fauré
 * Berceuse, Op. 16.
 * "Berceuse" section of Dolly Suite for Piano four-hands, Op. 56, No. 1, by Fauré. Sometimes transcribed for violin and piano: not to be confused with the Op. 16 work, above.
 * Berceuse for an Unwanted Child (Reginald Foresythe) 1934
 * Berceuse de Jocelyn, a lullaby from the opera "Jocelyn" by Benjamin Godard
 * Berceuse de Jupiter, also known as the aria "Que Les Songes Heureux" from the opera "Philémon et Baucis", by Charles Gounod
 * Grieg Lyric Pieces Op. 38 No. 1
 * "Berceuse" from 114 Songs (1922) by Charles Ives
 * Berceuse by Armas Järnefelt 1904
 * "Berceuse" from 12 Transcendental Études by Sergei Lyapunov
 * Berceuse sur le nom de Gabriel Fauré by Maurice Ravel for violin and piano
 * "Berceuse" in Six pieces for violin and piano, Op 79, No. 6, by Jean Sibelius
 * One of the excerpts from The Firebird, a ballet by Igor Stravinsky
 * Berceuse for Solo Piano in A flat Major, Op. 72, No. 2, by Tchaikovsky
 * Berceuse (sur les paroles classiques), from 24 Pieces in Free Style, for organ, by Louis Vierne
 * Berceuse for Mallory, a big band jazz composition by Steve Spiegl
 * French online radio station titled berceuses.com with lullabies for children

Art

 * La Berceuse, a series of paintings by Vincent van Gogh

title: Berceuse


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James Avery

James La Rue Avery (November 27, 1945 – December 31, 2013) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles as Philip Banks in The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Judge Michael Conover on L.A. Law, Steve Yeager in The Brady Bunch Movie,  and Dr. Crippen on The Closer (2005–2007); and as the voice actor for Shredder in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Haroud Hazi Bin in Aladdin.

Early life
Avery was born on November 27, 1945, in Pughsville, Virginia (present-day Suffolk, Virginia), to mother Florence J. Avery. His father denied paternity and was not listed on his birth certificate. Florence would later move a teenaged James to Atlantic City, New Jersey, where he attended Atlantic City High School. He served in the U.S. Navy in the Vietnam War from 1968 to 1969, and eventually moved to San Diego, California, where he began to write poetry and TV scripts for PBS. He won an Emmy for production during his tenure there, and then received a scholarship to UC San Diego, where he attended Thurgood Marshall College (then Third College), earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in drama and literature in 1976.

Career
Avery began his career in the 1980s with appearances in television series such as NBC's Hill Street Blues, Showtime sitcom Brothers as Bubba Dean, Amen, FM and L.A. Law. In the 1990s, he achieved prominence for his role as Philip Banks in The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, a character that was ranked number 34 in TV Guide's "50 Greatest TV Dads of All Time". After The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air ended, he played the lead role of Alonzo Sparks in the UPN comedy series Sparks that lasted for two seasons. Other notable roles in television included Dr. Crippen in The Closer, Charles Haysbert in The Division, and Michael Kelso's commanding officer at the police academy late in the series run of That '70s Show.

Among his most notable voice credits are the voices of Shredder in the first Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series, and James Rhodes/War Machine in the 1990s Iron Man series. He also lent his powerful bass voice as Junkyard Dog in Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling (1985–1986), Turbo in Rambo and the Forces of Freedom (1986), and Haroud Hazi Bin in Aladdin (1994).

Avery was the commencement speaker for his alma mater, UC San Diego's Thurgood Marshall College, in 2007 and again in 2012.

Personal life
In 1988, Avery married his girlfriend Barbara. Barbara was later dean of student life at Loyola Marymount University. He had no biological children, but was a stepfather to Barbara's son, Kevin Waters.

Death, Tributes and Legacy
On December 31, 2013, Avery died at the age of 68 at Glendale Memorial Medical Center. His publicist, Cynthia Snyder, told the Associated Press that Avery died following complications from open heart surgery.

Janet Hubert, who portrayed his on-screen wife Vivian on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air for the first three seasons, said after his death: "RIP James, all the world is a stage, and we are all merely players in this production called LIFE." Will Smith commented on Avery's death, saying: "Some of my greatest lessons in acting, living, and being a respectable human being came through James Avery. Every young man needs an Uncle Phil. Rest in peace." Alfonso Ribeiro, who played Avery's on-screen son Carlton said, “I'm deeply saddened to say that James Avery has passed away. He was a second father to me. I will miss him greatly". Joseph Marcell (Geoffrey) called Avery a "gentle giant".

Avery's remains were cremated and scattered near the Pacific Ocean. In April 2020, Will Smith reunited with the cast of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air on a video conference honoring Avery's best moments on the show.

AveryFest
AveryFest is an annual African-American cultural and music festival held in the United States. The event, named in honor of James Avery, had its inaugural event September 2, 2023 in Avery's hometown of Suffolk, Virginia. The event will be held at Bennett's Creek Park each year, only minutes away from the Pughsville neighborhood where Avery was born.

In 2023, the first year of the festival included special guest appearances from Avery's wife, Barbara Avery, his TV wife from The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, actress Daphne Maxwell Reid, and a special jazz spotlight in memory of Avery, who loved jazz music.

title: James Avery


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Kanał

Kanał (, Sewer) is a 1957 Polish film directed by Andrzej Wajda. It was the first film made about the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, telling the story of a company of Home Army resistance fighters escaping the Nazi onslaught through the city's sewers. The film is adapted from the story “They Loved Life” by Jerzy Stefan Stawinski. Kanał is the second film of Wajda's War Trilogy, preceded by A Generation and followed by Ashes and Diamonds.

The film was the winner of the Special Jury Award at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot
It is 25 September 1944, during the last days of the Warsaw Uprising. Lieutenant Zadra leads a unit of 43 soldiers and civilians to a new position amidst the ruins of the now isolated southern Mokotów district of Warsaw.

The composer Michał manages to telephone his wife and child in another part of the city that is being overrun by the Germans. After a few words, she tells him that the Germans are clearing the building and that they are coming for her. Then the line goes dead. The next morning, 23-year-old Officer Cadet Korab apologizes after walking into a room to find the second in command, Lieutenant Mądry, and messenger girl Halinka in bed together (Halinka later reveals that Mądry is her first lover). A German attack is stopped, but Korab is wounded while disabling a Goliath tracked mine.

Surrounded by the enemy, Zadra is ordered to retreat through the sewers to the city centre. Now down to 27 fit to travel, including Korab, they slog through the filth.

Daisy, their guide, asks Zadra to let her help Korab, claiming that the others can find their way easily enough. Zadra consents. However, the pair fall further and further behind. When they reach the designated exit at Wilcza Street, Korab is too weak to climb the upward sloping tunnel, so they rest for a while. He notices some graffiti on the opposite wall, but cannot quite make it out. Daisy tells him it says "I love Janek", when the name is actually Jacek, Korab's first name. She decides that they should head in the direction of the river, which is only a short distance away and drives him on, not letting him stop. Finally, they see sunlight. By this time, Korab is half blind and at the end of his strength. He cannot see that the exit is closed off by metal bars. Daisy finally reveals her feelings for him, kissing him before telling him that he can rest for a while.

The main group follows Zadra for a while, but they become lost without Daisy. Finally, when Zadra tells Sergeant Kula to order them onward after a brief rest, they remain where they are. Kula lies and tells Zadra they are following in order to get him to keep going. Eventually, the only remaining soldier following Zadra and Kula is the mechanic Smukły.

Meanwhile, Mądry, Halinka and Michał are also lost. Eventually, Michał loses his mind and wanders away, playing an ocarina. Upon reaching a dead end, Mądry cries out that he has somebody to live for. When Halinka asks who, he tells her that he has a wife and child. She asks him to turn off his flashlight, and then shoots herself. Mądry finds an exit, but as soon as he has climbed out of the sewer he is disarmed by a German soldier and placed into the courtyard along with others who have come through the same manhole. Despondent, he kneels beside the bodies of others who have already been executed.

Zadra, Kula and Smukły miss the exit at Wilcza Street but find another - however it is booby trapped. Smukły disarms two German grenades, but is killed by the third and last. Zadra and Kula emerge from the sewer to find themselves in a deserted part of the ruined city. When Zadra tells Kula to bring up the rest of the men, Kula admits he lied and that they left them behind a long time ago. Enraged, Zadra shoots Kula and reluctantly heads back down into the sewer to search for his men.

Cast

 * Teresa Iżewska as "Stokrotka" (Daisy)
 * Tadeusz Janczar as Jacek "Korab"
 * Wieńczysław Gliński as Lt. "Zadra"
 * Tadeusz Gwiazdowski as Sgt. "Kula"
 * Stanisław Mikulski as "Smukły"
 * Emil Karewicz as Lt. "Mądry"
 * Maciej Maciejewski as "Gustaw"
 * Vladek Sheybal as Michał, the composer (credited as Władysław Sheybal)
 * Teresa Berezowska as Halinka

Production
The story and script were written by Jerzy Stefan Stawiński who himself survived in the sewers as an officer of Armia Krajowa (the Polish underground resistance Home Army) during the Warsaw Uprising of August 1944.

The film was produced by Zespół Filmowy "Kadr" at Wytwornia Filmow Fabularnych (Feature Film Studio) in Łódź, Poland.

Kanal premiered in Warsaw on April 20, 1957.

Releases
Kanał earned Wajda the Special Jury Prize at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival. The film is largely free of the overt communist propaganda that characterised its predecessor, A Generation. It was released after the fall of the Stalinist regime of Bolesław Bierut, which followed the death of Joseph Stalin.

In April 2019, a restored version of the film was selected to be shown in the Cannes Classics section at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival.

Reception
While Wajda’s debut film A Generation (1955) received a measured critical response, Kanal provoked widespread controversy and debate among Poles as to its merits. Donota Niemitz and Stefan Steinberg remark that “the film was not received favorably in Poland. The futile death of the uprising’s heroes, covered in dirt and excrement, did not correspond to the idealized picture of the nation’s martyrs.” Critic Leon Buko in Dziennik polski complained “This whole Warsaw, this whole Rising wallows in filth, in the gutters of history…” Aleksander Jackiewicz, of the Trybuna Ludu wrote:

"Maybe Kanal will mark the beginning of the truth being told about history, about ourselves, about a whole generation. Perhaps it will prove to be art as a warning, art of purgation, a triumph of the heroism of life over the heroism of death.”"

Biographer Boleslaw Michalek adds that Jackiewicz placed emphasis on the skeptical note in the film, its confrontation with the legend of the Warsaw Rising, and by and large this was how reviewers hailed Kanal as a landmark in Polish cinema.”

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100% based on 8 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 8.1/10.

Theme
One of the principle thematic elements in Kanal concerns “Polish heroism” and the conceit that Poles have historically been prone to “acts of courage as futile as they are desperate.” Wajda’s initially considered referencing some celebrated - and semi-suicidal - cavalry charges in Polish history, including those during the Napoleonic era’s Battle of Samosierra, the Charge of Rokitna in WWI and the legend of the Charge at Krojanty, reputedly on German tanks in 1939. These were to be presented in a pre-credit sequence of but ultimately were abandoned. Biographer Michalek Boleslaw observes:

"Here we have a definite comment “on Polish heroism”, an implicit critique of “Polishness”, the lack of political and social common sense, the propensity for disproportionately high sacrifices. According to this line of thinking, national history was one long chain of foolhardiness."

Historic manifestations of “romanticism and heroism” were deemed anachronistic in post-war Poland and challenged by appeals to “reason” and “political common sense.” Despite these political exposures, Wajda’s romantic, sensual style endows the characters in Kanal with “heroic dimensions.”

The descent into the sewers has been compared to Dante’s depiction of the souls damned in his Inferno, and acknowledged as such by Wajda. Biographer Boleslaw Michalek writes:

"Kanal is permeated by a virtually unrelieved mood of despair, bitterness and resignation. The whole structure is pivoted on the idea that there is no way out, no hope, no chance of deliverance. As in Dante, there is only a succession of narrowing circles of torment."

Political assessment
The historical subject that Wajda addressed in Kanal was one of the most politically and socially charged topics in post-war Poland. Like the other films in his war trilogy, Kanal was “an honest and valuable attempt to portray the complexity of Polish contemporary history and politics.” The film “masterfully” dramatizes the tragic fate of the men and women of a small unit of Polish Home Army resistance fighters. Biographer Bolestaw Michalek provides the context:

"One must bear in mind that the events in question were charged with controversy. The outbreak of the Rising on August 1, 1944 was ordered by the Home Army leaders in agreement with the Government-in-Exile in London, but no clear understanding was made with the command of the approaching Soviet armies…when a deadlock was reached at the Soviet front, a war of attrition was mounted [by the Nazis] against the insurgents…Gradually the remorseless German assault forced the insurgents to withdraw to Mokotów. After two months of fighting, the Home Army command surrendered,,,the price paid for the Rising was several hundred thousand dead and the immolation of the homes of over one million people."

Michalek adds that “Wajda’s treatment of the Warsaw Rising and the retreat through the sewers had a definite and deliberate historical and social edge.”

By the mid-1950s, two fundamental perceptions had become established among Poles regarding the event. One was a popular romantic image of gallant young martyrs who died defending the homeland. The second was official skepticism as to the purity of the high-command’s motives in committing men and women patriots to a doomed endeavor.

Wajda, responding to these dual social outlooks, attempted to synthesis these in Kanal. Polish critic Krzysztof Teodor Toeplitz commented on the contrasting “heroic dimensions” of the characters in Kanal and the “latent skepticism” concerning the 1944 uprising:

"“Like all artists approaching this subject, Wajda has succumbed to certain pressures. On the one hand there was the rational pressure against delivering an apologia for the Rising and, on the other hand, the emotional pressure against taking a merciless criticism of the Rising. The film stopped halfway."

title: Kanał


text:
Counts per minute

The measurement of ionizing radiation is sometimes expressed as being a rate of counts per unit time as registered by a radiation monitoring instrument, for which counts per minute (cpm) and counts per second (cps) are commonly used quantities.

Count rate measurements are associated with the detection of particles, such as alpha particles and beta particles. However, for gamma ray and X-ray dose measurements a unit such as the sievert is normally used.

Both cpm and cps are the rate of detection events registered by the measuring instrument, not the rate of emission from the source of radiation. For radioactive decay measurements it must not be confused with disintegrations per unit time (dpm), which represents the rate of atomic disintegration events at the source of the radiation.

Count rates
The count rates of cps and cpm are generally accepted and convenient practical rate measurements. They are not SI units, but are de facto radiological units of measure in widespread use.

Counts per minute (abbreviated to cpm) is a measure of the detection rate of ionization events per minute. Counts are only manifested in the reading of the measuring instrument, and are not an absolute measure of the strength of the source of radiation. Whilst an instrument will display a rate of cpm, it does not have to detect counts for one minute, as it can infer the total per minute from a smaller sampling period.

Counts per second (abbreviated to cps) is used for measurements when higher count rates are being encountered, or if hand held radiation survey instruments are being used which can be subject to rapid changes of count rate when the instrument is moved over a source of radiation in a survey area.

Conversion to dose rate
Count rate does not universally equate to dose rate, and there is no simple universal conversion factor. Any conversions are instrument-specific.

Counts is the number of events detected, but dose rate relates to the amount of ionising energy deposited in the sensor of the radiation detector. The conversion calculation is dependent on the radiation energy levels, the type of radiation being detected and the radiometric characteristic of the detector.

The continuous current ion chamber instrument can easily measure dose but cannot measure counts. However the Geiger counter can measure counts but not the energy of the radiation, so a technique known as energy compensation of the detector tube is used to produce a dose reading. This modifies the tube characteristic so each count resulting from a particular radiation type is equivalent to a specific quantity of deposited dose.

More can be found on radiation dose and dose rate at absorbed dose and equivalent dose.

Count rates versus disintegration rates

Disintegrations per minute (dpm) and disintegrations per second (dps) are measures of the activity of the source of radioactivity. The SI unit of radioactivity, the becquerel (Bq), is equivalent to one disintegration per second. This unit should not be confused with cps, which is the number of counts received by an instrument from the source. The quantity dps (dpm) is the number of atoms that have decayed in one second (one minute), not the number of atoms that have been measured as decayed.

The efficiency of the radiation detector and its relative position to the source of radiation must be accounted for when relating cpm to dpm. This is known as the counting efficiency. The factors affecting counting efficiency are shown in the accompanying diagram.

Surface emission rate
The surface emission rate (SER) is used as a measure of the rate of particles emitted from a radioactive source which is being used as a calibration standard. When the source is of plate or planar construction and the radiation of interest is emitting from one face, it is known as "$$2\pi$$ emission". When the emissions are from a "point source" and the radiation of interest is emitting from all faces, it is known as "$$4\pi$$ emission". These terms correspond to the spherical geometry over which the emissions are being measured.

The SER is the measured emission rate from the source and is related to, but different from, the source activity. This relationship is affected by the type of radiation being emitted and the physical nature of the radioactive source. Sources with $$4\pi$$ emissions will nearly always have a lower SER than the Bq activity due to self-shielding within the active layer of the source. Sources with $$2\pi$$ emissions suffer from self-shielding or backscatter, so the SER is variable, and individually can be greater than or less than 50% of the Bq activity, depending on construction and the particle types being measured. Backscatter will reflect particles off the backing plate of the active layer and will increase the rate; beta particle plate sources usually have a significant backscatter, whereas alpha plate sources usually have no backscatter. However alpha particles are easily attenuated if the active layer is made too thick. The SER is established by measurement using calibrated equipment, normally traceable to a national standard source of radiation.

Ratemeters and scalers
In radiation protection practice, an instrument which reads a rate of detected events is normally known as a ratemeter, which was first developed by R D Robley Evans in 1939. This mode of operation provides real-time dynamic indication of the radiation rate, and the principle has found widespread application in radiation survey meters used in health physics.

An instrument which totalises the events detected over a time period is known as a scaler. This colloquial name comes from the early days of automatic radiation counting, when a pulse-dividing circuit was required to "scale down" a high count rate to a speed which mechanical counters could register. This technique was developed by C E Wynn-Williams at The Cavendish Laboratory and first published in 1932. The original counters used a cascade of "Eccles-Jordan" divide-by-two circuits, today known as flip flops. Early count readings were therefore binary numbers and had to be manually re-calculated into decimal values.

Later, with the development of electronic indicators, which started with the introduction of the Dekatron readout tube in the 1950s, and culminating in the modern digital indicator, totalised readings came to be  directly indicated in decimal notation.

SI Units for radioactive disintegration

 * One becquerel (Bq) is equal to one disintegration per second; 1 becquerel (Bq) is equal to 60 dpm.
 * One curie (Ci) an old non-SI unit is equal to $3.7 Bq$ or dps, which is equal to $2.22 dpm$.

title: Counts per minute


text:
Talk:As the Palaces Burn

Fair use rationale for Image:Lamb of God - As the Palaces Burn.jpg
Image:Lamb of God - As the Palaces Burn.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:39, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:As the Palaces Burn


text:
Boobam

The boobam is a percussion instrument of the membranophone family consisting of an array of tubes with membranes stretched on one end, the other end open. The tuning depends partly on the tension on the membrane and partly on the length of the tube.

History
In 1948 Harry Partch, an American composer, developed a system of music that depended on the building of various instruments that could play non-tempered scales. Some of them were based on Greek models and some on more primitive instruments like marimbas. Musician David "Buck" Wheat and his roommate in Sausalito, California, Bill Loughborough, a musician and electronic engineer, assisted Partch in the development of his instruments. Around 1955-1956 Partch designed and built an instrument he called the "boo", short for "bamboo marimba". This instrument, a lamellophone, consisted of sections of bamboo with one end closed, and a tongue cut in the side, tuned to the same pitch as the resonating chamber of the stopped bamboo section. The instrument is played with felt-covered sticks, and has a very dry, short duration percussive tone, but with a particular pitch.

Buck Wheat and Loughborough then moved onto a Sausalito barge with Jak Simpson who in 1954 had founded a business named the "BooBam Bamboo Drum Company". Experimenting further with Partch's boo concept, they hit on the idea of covering the closed section of the bamboo tube with a small drum head, dispensing with the tongue, and playing on the membrane of the head, instead. The specific pitch of the drum could be tuned by changing the tension on the drum head, and adjusting the length of the bamboo tube until a resonator of the desired pitch was obtained. The name boobam was coined in Mill Valley, California in 1954 and was described as "bamboo spelled sideways". Buck Wheat was employed as a bass player on a cruise liner at the time, and he would buy large diameter giant bamboo while in the Philippines, and bring back it back to the states.

While the resonating the tubes were originally made from lengths of giant bamboo, pipes of wood, plastic, metal, and cardboard have since also been used. The membranes were originally goat or calfskin but most are now synthetic (plastic) drumheads.

Jazz groups were fascinated by the instrument and added the boobams to their percussion sections. In 1956 Chet Baker's Ensemble used them on the Today Show. Their unique sound inspired Nick Reynolds of The Kingston Trio who eagerly included them on their tour with his percussion solo being featured on "O Ken Karanga" on the album College Concert recorded at UCLA in 1962.

Construction
Boobams are essentially tuned bongos constructed with a shell of natural bamboo, ABS, plywood, or other suitable material. The available width and depth of the shell, which contributes to the desired pitch, originally limited by the size of available bamboo found typically in the tropical islands of the Pacific Ocean. With the adoption of wood, plastic and other synthetic materials, a modern boobam can be made to produce virtually any desired pitch. Sets featuring the pitches of one, two, or three octaves of the common 12-tet scale have become common, and are available from several makers.

Similar instruments appear as ethnic drums in the Pacific Islands, but the modern instrument found its way into current use through its appearance on numerous recordings in Hollywood beginning in the 1950s. Two sets of boobams were owned and used by West Coast jazz drummer Shelly Manne for numerous recording sessions in the Los Angeles studios.

title: Boobam


text:
.va

.va is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Vatican City State. It is administered by the Vatican Internet Service.

Background
The .va top-level domain was created in 1995 by Archbishop John Patrick Foley of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications. The website Vatican.va went live on Christmas day 1995.

Websites
There at least 23 easily adopted names starting with "www" in the .va zone, with many more email-only subdomains.

title: .va


text: User talk:24.16.44.150

title: User talk:24.16.44.150


text:
Adaro

Adaro may refer to:

 * Adaro (mythology), a race of sea spirits from the mythology of the Solomon Islands
 * Adaro (company), Spanish aircraft manufacturer
 * Adaro (DJ), Dutch hardstyle DJ and producer
 * Adaro (band), German medieval folk rock band
 * Adaro Energy, Indonesian coal mining company

title: Adaro


text:
Labi Siffre

Claudius Afolabi Siffre (born 25 June 1945), better known as Labi Siffre, is a British singer, songwriter and poet. Siffre released six albums between 1970 and 1975, and four between 1988 and 1998. His best known compositions include "It Must Be Love", which reached number 14 on the UK Singles Chart in 1971 (and was later covered by the band Madness), "Crying Laughing Loving Lying", and "(Something Inside) So Strong"—an anti-apartheid song inspired by a television documentary in which white soldiers in South Africa were filmed shooting at black civilians in the street—which hit number 4 on the UK chart. The latter song won Siffre the Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors, and it has been used in Amnesty International campaigns.

Siffre has published essays, the stage and television play Deathwrite and three volumes of poetry: Nigger, Blood on the Page, and Monument. In 2022, his life and work was explored in the BBC series Imagine, under the title, Labi Siffre: This Is My Song.

Early life and education
Claudius Afolabi Siffre was born as the fourth of five children at Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital in Hammersmith, London, to a British mother of English and Afro-Barbadian descent and a Nigerian father. Siffre was brought up in Bayswater and Hampstead and educated at a Catholic independent day school, St Benedict's School, in Ealing, West London. Despite his Catholic education, Siffre has stated that he has always been an atheist.

Siffre studied music at the Eric Gilder School of Music in Wardour Street, Soho. Gilder is remembered with gratitude in his poem "education education education". After leaving school, Siffre worked as a taxi driver and a deliveryman before deciding to concentrate on music.

Siffre played jazz guitar at Annie Ross's jazz club in Soho, London, in the 1960s as part of a Hammond organ, guitar, drums house band.

He released six albums between 1970 and 1975. In the early 1970s, three of his singles became hits: "It Must Be Love" (No. 14, 1971, and performed the song on the BBC's Top of the Pops) (later covered by and a No. 4 hit for Madness, for which Siffre himself appeared in the video); "Crying Laughing Loving Lying" (No. 11, 1972); and "Watch Me" (No. 29, 1972). In 1978, Siffre took part in the heats to represent the UK in the Eurovision Song Contest. He performed "Solid Love", co-written with Tom Shapiro, which placed fifth of the twelve songs up for consideration at the A Song for Europe contest. Additionally, he co-wrote the song "We Got It Bad" performed by Bob James, which came in tenth.

Siffre came out of self-imposed retirement from music in 1985, when he saw a television film from Apartheid South Africa showing a white soldier shooting at black children. He wrote "(Something Inside) So Strong" (No. 4, 1987) which he also performed on Top of the Pops, and released four more albums between 1988 and 1998.

Multiple parts of Siffre's 1975 track "I Got The..." were sampled in popular hip hop songs in the 1990s, most notably in the 1999 Eminem single "My Name Is". As a result of the song's newfound fame, it was finally released as a single in 2003. The track was also featured in the Better Call Saul episode "Bagman".

Siffre's 1972 track "My Song", the tenth track on his album Crying Laughing Loving Lying, was sampled by rapper Kanye West on the song "I Wonder" on his third album Graduation.

In February 2022, the BBC broadcast Labi Siffre: This Is My Song, as part of the Imagine series, in which Alan Yentob presented a film exploring Siffre's life and work.

Personal life
Siffre met his partner Peter Lloyd in July 1964 and they were together for 48 years. They entered into a civil partnership in 2005, as soon as it was legally possible in the UK. From the mid-1990s until Lloyd's death in 2013 he and Siffre lived in a ménage à trois with Rudolf van Baardwijk in the village of Cwmdu, near Crickhowell, South Wales. Siffre and van Baardwijk married in December 2014. Van Baardwijk died in 2016. Siffre now lives in Spain.

In 2014, Siffre appeared on the BBC Radio 4 series Great Lives, championing the life of British author Arthur Ransome. Siffre said that Ransome's Swallows and Amazons books had taught him responsibility for his own actions and also a morality that has influenced and shaped him throughout his life.

Live albums

 * ''The Last Songs (Re-mastered) (2006)

Compilation albums

 * The Best of Labi Siffre (1995)
 * It Must Be Love (The Best of Labi Siffre) (2016)
 * Gold (2019)
 * Watch Me (2023)

Singles
Notes

Notable cover versions of Siffre's songs

 * "It Must Be Love" was covered by Madness in 1981. The song reached Number 4 in the UK chart and Number 33 in the U.S. in 1983. Labi Siffre also made a cameo appearance in the music video.
 * "(Something Inside) So Strong" was covered by singer Michael Ball in 1996, reaching Number 40 in the UK. Rik Waller also covered the song while a contestant on Pop Idol, hitting number 25 in the UK Singles Chart in 2002.

Poetry

 * Nigger (Xavier Books 1993)
 * Blood on the Page (Xavier Books 1995)
 * Monument (Xavier Books 1997)

Plays

 * DeathWrite (Xavier Books 1997)

Essays

 * Choosing the Stick They Beat You With (Penguin 2000)

title: Labi Siffre


text:
User:Chuq/Maps

Some maps I have done for ...

 * Tasmanian Local Government Areas - User:Chuq/Maps/Tasmania
 * Australia state/city locators - User:Chuq/Maps/Australia
 * Australia state historical boundaries - User:Chuq/Maps/Aus-historical

title: User:Chuq/Maps


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Blasting trout overbite

Blasting Trout Overbite
Non-notable band--17 displayed google hits, including a couple for their Website, a couple for their cafepress products, some forums, etc. Allmusic.com hasn't heard of them, nor has amazon.com. Niteowlneils 03:51, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable band. --*drew 03:54, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No recording contract to a decent sized label, no national/international tour? No point. Average Earthman 15:14, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - 'nuff said. ClockworkTroll 20:18, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Garage band vanity.   — Gwalla | Talk 17:20, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 21:32, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)