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Category:Bahia

 * Bahia — the Brazilian state located in the of Brazil.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Bahia


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Equinoctial France

Equinoctial France (French: France équinoxiale) was the contemporary name given to the colonization efforts of France in the 17th century in South America, around the line of Equator, before "tropical" had fully gained its modern meaning: Equinoctial means in Latin "of equal nights", i.e., on the Equator, where the duration of days and nights is nearly the same year round. The settlement was made in what is now known as the Bay of São Luis and lasted for 3 years.

The French colonial empire in the New World also included New France (Nouvelle France) in North America, extending from Canada to Louisiana, and for a short period (12 years) also included the colony of Antarctic France (France Antarctique, in French), in present-day Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. All of these settlements were in violation of the papal bill of 1493, which divided the New World between Spain and Portugal. This division was later defined more exactly by the Treaty of Tordesillas.

History
The establishment of France Équinoxiale commenced in 1612, when a French expedition departed from Cancale, Brittany, France, under the command of Daniel de la Touche, Seigneur de la Ravardière, and Admiral François de Razilly. Carrying 500 colonists, it arrived on the northern coast of what is today the Brazilian state of Maranhão. De la Ravardière had discovered the region in 1604 but the death of the king, Henry IV postponed his plans to start its colonization.

The colonists soon founded a village, Saint-Louis, in honor of the French king Louis IX. This later became São Luís in Portuguese, the only Brazilian state capital founded by France. On 8 September, Capuchin friars prayed the first mass, and the soldiers started building a fortress. An important difference in relation to France Antarctique is that this new colony was not motivated by escape from religious persecutions by Protestant Huguenots (see French Wars of Religion).

The colony did not last long. A Portuguese army assembled in the Captaincy of Pernambuco, under the command of Alexandre de Moura, was able to mount a military expedition, which defeated and expelled the French colonists in 1615, less than four years after their arrival in the land. Thus, it repeated the disaster spelt for the colonists of France Antarctique, in 1567. A few years later, in 1620, Portuguese and Brazilian colonists arrived in number and São Luís started to develop, with an economy based mostly in sugar cane and slavery.

French traders and colonists tried again to settle a France Équinoxiale further North, in what is today French Guiana, in 1626, 1635 (when the capital, Cayenne, was founded) and 1643. Twice a Compagnie de la France Équinoxiale was founded, in 1643 and 1645, but both foundered as a result of misfortune and mismanagement. It was only after 1674, when the colony came under the direct control of the French crown and a competent Governor took office, that France Équinoxiale became a reality. To this day, French Guiana is a department of France.

title: Equinoctial France


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Talk:Danube Delta

This article has a link to something called Chilia that it says somewhere on the mis-punctuated section of Wikipedia it should try chilia-, which I know is wrong because chilia- is an article on a numerical prefix, but the requested chilia is an article for a delta. Any comments?? 66.245.119.43 20:25, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Snake Island
About 44 km of the Danube Delta lies the Snake Island, a territory which belongs to Ukraine but claimed by Romania. I find this sentence hard to comprehend. What does 44 km refer to? /Habj 10:47, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * that should be about 44 off the coast of the Danube Delta. bogdan ʤjuʃkə | Talk 11:07, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

History
Pages and  (and probably others) note a Herodotus' mention of the delta. Much more descriptive is. We should use these sources, at least as an inspiration. It would be better to find out more reliable sources for these statements, of course. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Miraceti (talk • contribs) 07:02, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

English
The whole article needs a good clean up of the English used, that's why there are bits we can't understand! Maelli (talk) 14:14, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Article assessment
This is not a bad article to read. B-class articles should be "mostly complete and without major problems", resulting that "Readers are not left wanting". It should certainly follow WP:policies and guidelines} A serious flaw is a lack of sourcing so an inability to provide inline verification. There are unsourced sections and subsections, clarification tags, and one section tag, and some of this has been ongoing since 2008. There are numerous figures, usually presented as "facts", with no sourcing. This might be acceptable at C-class (probably not) and if it may have been bot assessed. It needs to have issues resolved or be considered for downgrading. Otr500 (talk) 12:37, 11 August 2018 (UTC)

Featured picture scheduled for POTD
Hello! This is to let editors know that File:Danube Delta ESA23450088.jpeg, a featured picture used in this article, has been selected as the English Wikipedia's picture of the day (POTD) for June 13, 2022. A preview of the POTD is displayed below and can be edited at Template:POTD/2022-06-13. For the greater benefit of readers, any potential improvements or maintenance that could benefit the quality of this article should be done before its scheduled appearance on the Main Page. If you have any concerns, please place a message at Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day. Thank you! --Ahecht (TALK PAGE ) 20:23, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Danube Delta


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Chromotherapy

Chromotherapy, sometimes called color therapy, colorology or cromatherapy, is an alternative medicine that is considered pseudoscience and quackery. Chromotherapists claim to be able to use light in the form of color to balance "energy" lacking from a person's body, whether it be on physical, emotional, spiritual, or mental levels. For example, they thought that shining a colored light on a person would cure constipation. Historically chromotherapy has been associated with mysticism and occultism.

Color therapy is unrelated to photomedicine, such as phototherapy and blood irradiation therapy, which are scientifically accepted medical treatments for a number of conditions, as well as being unrelated to photobiology, which is the scientific study of the effects of light on living organisms.

History
Avicenna (980–1037), seeing color as of vital importance both in diagnosis and in treatment, discussed chromotherapy in The Canon of Medicine. He wrote that "color is an observable symptom of disease" and also developed a chart that related color to the temperature and physical condition of the body. His view was that red moved the blood, blue or white cooled it, and yellow reduced muscular pain and inflammation.

Pioneer of photography Robert Hunt performed experiments on the effects of different wavelengths of light on the germination and growth of plants, detailed in his 1844 book Researches on Light. Apparently influenced by this work, from 1860 Augustus Pleasonton started to conduct original experiments, and in 1876 published the book The Influence of the Blue Ray of the Sunlight and of the Blue Color of the Sky, detailing how the color blue can improve the growth of crops and livestock and can help heal diseases in humans. This led to the birth of modern chromotherapy, influencing contemporary scientists Dr. Seth Pancoast and Edwin Dwight Babbitt to conduct experiments and publish Blue and Red Light; or, Light and Its Rays as Medicine (1877) and The Principles of Light and Color (1878) respectively.

Pancoast's book has been described by historians as a confusing mix of color therapy, mysticism and occultism. He held a lifelong interest in the Kabbalah and was a founding member of the Theosophical Society. Pancoast held the view that God is light and "the one universal pathological agent" that could cure disease. He would expose medications to colored light before administering them to a patient and also utilized sun-baths fitted with colored panes of glass. Throughout the 19th century "color healers" claimed colored glass filters could treat many diseases, including constipation and meningitis. In Germany in the late 1890s, Georg von Langsdorff promoted Babbitt's ideas and mixed color therapy with psychometry and spiritualism.

The Buddhist monk Bhante Dharmawara was a notable advocate of color therapy who promoted the use of green, blue and yellow for health. Other notable advocates include Anthroposophist Theo Gimbel who authored many books on the subject and founded the Hygeia Institute for Colour Therapy in 1968.

Dinshah P. Ghadiali
In 1933, Indian scientist Dinshah P. Ghadiali published The Spectro Chromemetry Encyclopaedia, a work on color therapy. Ghadiali claimed to have discovered why and how the different colored rays have various therapeutic effects on organisms. He believed that colors represent chemical potencies in higher octaves of vibration, and for each organism and system of the body there is a particular color that stimulates and another that inhibits the work of that organ or system. He also thought that, by knowing the action of the different colors upon the different organs and systems of the body, one can apply the correct color that will tend to balance the action of any organ or system that has become abnormal in its function or condition. The American Medical Association published refutations of Ghadiali's color therapy claims. In 1958, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) facilitated a permanent injunction against Ghadiali's Visible Spectrum Research Institute.

Ghadiali's son, Darius Dinshah, continues to provide information about color therapy via his Dinshah Health Society, a nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing non-pharmaceutical home color therapy, and his book Let There Be Light.

Colored chakras

Practitioners of ayurvedic medicine believe the body has seven "chakras", which some claim are 'spiritual centers', and are thought to be located along the spine. New Age thought associates each of the chakras with a single color of the visible light spectrum, along with a function and organ or bodily system. According to this view, the chakras can become imbalanced and result in physical and mental diseases, but application of the appropriate color can allegedly correct such imbalances.

Scientific rejection
Chromotherapy is regarded by health experts and historians as pseudoscience and quackery.

According to a book published by the American Cancer Society, "available scientific evidence does not support claims that alternative uses of light or color therapy are effective in treating cancer or other illnesses". Regarding Dinshah Ghadiali's work, science writer Martin Gardner had described him as "perhaps the greatest quack of them all". According to Gardner, photographs of Ghadiali at work in his laboratory are "indistinguishable from stills of a grade D movie about a mad scientist".

Historian Deborah Ascher Barnstone has noted that chromotherapy is "distinct from scientifically verified light treatments such as neonatal jaundice treatment. As, unlike chromotherapy, the light used in such therapies, whether scientifically proven or not, was not always colored, their particulars are not relevant in this context."

Photobiology, the term for the scientific study of the effects of light on living tissue, has sometimes been used instead of the term chromotherapy in an effort to distance it from its roots in Victorian mysticism and to strip it of its associations with symbolism and magic. Light therapy is a specific treatment approach using high intensity light to treat specific sleep, skin and mood disorders.

A review of the existing research on chromotherapy found that there is no evidence to support a causal link between specific colors to health outcomes, there is not enough evidence to support a causal link between specific colors and emotional or mental states, and there is no research to suggest there exists one-to-one relationships between specific colors and emotions.

Chromotherapy has been accused of oversimplifying psychological responses to colors, making sweeping statements based on myths or beliefs that lack empirical support. Guidelines for chromotherapy lack consistency and appear to be subjective judgements that have inconclusive and nonspecific applicability in healthcare systems. While twelve colors have been reported as beneficial for health and well-being, a rigorous definition of each of these colors has yet to be provided, making it impossible to know if all color therapists are using the same wavelengths for these colors.

More recently, concern regarding the theory has questioned the risks associated with the emergence of light-emitting diode (LED) based lamps that have been created for use in chromotherapy, these lamps are classified as low risk for exposure and do not require any warnings to accompany the products. However, certain chromotherapy procedures require the individual to place the lamps near their eyes, which is not the recommended use for these lights and may alter the exposure duration to a level that can cause risk of retinal damage. With no consensus or regulation regarding how these products are to be used and whether eyewear is required, this treatment puts participants at risk for serious eye damage.

title: Chromotherapy


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Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Clown College

Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Clown College was an American circus school which trained around 1,400 clowns in the "Ringling style" from its founding in 1968 until its closure in 1997.

History
Clown College was the brainchild of Irvin Feld, the owner of Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, and longtime Ringling clown and front man Bill Ballantine. In 1968, Ringling had only a handful of clowns, most of them over fifty years of age. It was clear that these performers wouldn't be able to go on forever. But there was a dearth of suitable replacements at that time. So Feld decided to create a school to train a new generation in this ancient art form.

Feld also saw the potential public relations opportunity in having a place that could become the Mecca of clowning in the United States. In addition, he wanted to use the school as another way of keeping his show more attractive to audiences than his competition, and have a place where he could guarantee getting an endless supply of new talent.

Circus World was planned in September 1972 to have the clown college's campus on site.

In 1984, after Feld's death, Kenneth Feld, his son, took over production of Feld Entertainment and the Ringling shows. In 1993, the clown college was moved from the Venice Arena to Baraboo, Wisconsin. He continued to operate the school through the 1997 session, and then closed Clown College because the needs of the show had changed. The school was no longer profitable, nor necessary, as clowning had moved back into the mainstream of performing arts. Also, with nearly fifteen hundred graduates, many of whom were teaching others the lessons they had learned, and with a home videotape produced by Ringling and made at Clown College in 1986 titled "Be A Clown", which featured many of the techniques used in the school's training sessions, Ringling Bros and Barnum & Bailey Circus officially discontinued their Clown College just shy of its 30th year.

Two notable national events took place involving Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Clown College. The first occurred on February 17, 1988, when CBS Television broadcast the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Clown College: 20th Anniversary special. This hour long program was hosted by Dick Van Dyke and it featured a cadre of clown alumni, performing their favorite routines, as well as Van Dyke, in character as the school custodian "Burford", who was trying to pick up some of the "course material" on the sly.

The second was on August 4, 1992, when Ringling created "Smiles Across America", an event done locally in cities and towns across the country to raise awareness of various issues and to help make people happier. Clown College graduates performed such civic duties as visiting hospitals and parks and appeared for photo ops and did "meet & greet" with the media and the general public.

Van Dyke and long time Today Show weatherman Willard Scott, the first person to portray Ronald McDonald in a television advertisement, are both honorary graduates of the school.

After 25 years the college moved from Venice, Florida to Baraboo, Wisconsin, hometown of the Ringling Bros. After three years in Baraboo, the clown college operated at the Sarasota Opera House in Sarasota until 1998 before the program was suspended. The college continued to operate after closing the facility, albeit in a different form. It was run in different locales in and around Rosemont, Illinois until 2015. In 2017, the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus folded. However a return is planned for the fall of 2023. It will be a new style of circus which will not involve any animal performances. Clowns will be an even bigger part of the new circus going forward.

Operation
Clown College was a unique institution for several reasons. First, the method to apply to the school was an extensive written personality profile that gave the directors an opportunity to have an understanding of the applicant's psychology, interests and previous experience. The circus also held in-person auditions at most stops along the route to drum up interest in the show and to get a range of people from all over the United States to apply.

Next, tuition was free (though students were responsible for their own room and board, as well as any other incidental expenses incurred), and a graduate from the school finished the term with a full "Agent Suit" or specific clown costume, including a wig and proper clown shoes and a complete make-up kit, as well as the training needed to be a good clown performer.

Each yearly session was held in the fall. The number of students admitted to any year's session varied but it ranged from thirty to fifty, with the vast majority being men. The ratio of men to women in a Clown College class was roughly 8 to 1.

The Clown College session over the years ranged from approximately thirteen weeks down to ten and a half weeks before it was eventually scaled back to an eight-week course in its final years. Students would work together or "play off" each other 8 hours a day, six days a week preparing material for the "Big Show" (Clown College served as a think tank to create new gags for the circus) and learning all of the basics of clowning. Typical classes included make-up application, costume design, acrobatics, juggling, stilt walking, pantomime and other skills training. Films of classic performers like Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, and The Three Stooges were studied, as were the cartoon work of Wile E. Coyote and Bugs Bunny.

The entire session was one long audition for the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, as the instructors took note of which students had what they were looking for to fill the positions for the new season's show, which began several weeks after the Clown College session ended. Chosen graduates received a one-year contract to travel with "The Greatest Show on Earth", which they were obliged to accept. (This was Ringling's only stipulation for all students who agreed to receive the school's free training, but was only added after several students declined job offers at the end of the session. The first two to do so were Penn Jillette and Bill Irwin in 1973 and 1974, respectively.) Grads not selected to tour were often given opportunities to perform in other capacities within the Feld Organization, sometimes were added to the show's clown alley at a later date, or became a member of any of a collection of other circuses that sought well-trained clowns for their shows.

Clown style
The particular "Ringling Style" of clowning taught at Clown College was rooted in the American type of clown performance, with an accent towards broad and slapstick type humor, as opposed to the European approach which was typically more subtle. Because of the "three ring" configuration of the Ringling show, and the bigger arenas that were needed to present such an attraction, audiences were larger and many patrons sat in balconies or upper decks, far above the action. In order to reach the people in every area of these larger arenas, clowns on the Ringling show had to design their makeup to be seen at a distance, and use their props and clear physical movements to show the audience what was happening during a gag, no matter where in the house they were seated. The training given here was tailored for the Ringling show, but could be transferred to other circus styles.

Notable alumni

 * Albert Alter
 * Steven Banks
 * Morton Dean (honorary degree)
 * Bill Irwin
 * Penn Jillette (1973 graduate)
 * Michael Goudeau
 * Steve-O (1997 graduate)
 * Steve "TJ Tatters" Smith
 * David Strathairn
 * Greg and Karen DeSanto
 * Boswick The Clown
 * Michael Davis
 * Skeeter Reece

Instructors

 * Bill Irwin
 * Lou Jacobs
 * Barry Lubin
 * Philippe Petit
 * Rob Mermin
 * Glen "Frosty" Little
 * Sarah Nash Gates (costume design, Class of 1976)

Directors

 * Mel Miller
 * Bill Ballantine
 * Steve "TJ Tatters" Smith


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Güntersberge

Güntersberge is a village and a former town in Harz District, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It has held the status of an officially recognized resort town since 2001. Güntersberge, together with the other municipalities of the former Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ("collective municipality") Unterharz, merged into the town of Harzgerode as of 1st of August 2009.

Geography
The settlement is located in the upper Selke Valley, in the lower eastern part of the Harz mountain range close to the border with Thuringia. In the northwest, down the scenic Selke Valley Trail, is the abandoned village of Selkenfelde. In the southwest is the Katzsohlteich reservoir of the Katzsohlbach, a right tributary of the Selke river. The Steinfurtbach and other numerous mountain brooks run through the area.

Güntersberge station is a stop on the Selke Valley Railway, part of the Harz Narrow Gauge Railways network, running from Quedlinburg up the Harz range to Hasselfelde. The Bundesstraße 242 highway runs through the area.

History
Nearby Güntersburg Castle was first mentioned in 1326, then located on important trade routes through the Harz mountains. The settlement of Güntersberge itself was documented as a town in 1437. Temporarily given in pawn to the Landgraves of Thuringia and the comital House of Stolberg, it was purchased by the Ascanian prince George III of Anhalt-Dessau in 1546. From 1603 the area belonged the Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg, from 1635 to 1709 to Anhalt-Harzgerode. Güntersberge remained part of the Free State of Anhalt until 1945.

After World War II the eastern Harz region was located in the Soviet occupation zone and became part of East Germany in 1949. From 1952 to 1990, it was part of the Bezirk Halle of East Germany. Güntersberge was the site of a large summer camp run by the Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation.

Places of interest

 * Ruins of Güntersburg Castle
 * Memorial erected by the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime, dedicated to the Soviet victims of Nazi forced labour
 * Mousetrap and Curiosity Museum
 * School Museum - a school in Güntersberge since the Protestant Reformation

title: Güntersberge


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2005 Saudi Arabian municipal elections

Municipal elections for 178 municipalities were held in Saudi Arabia between 10 February and 21 April 2005. The first to be held in the country since the 1960s, the elections were held in three stages: the first on 10 February around the capital city of Riyadh, the second in the east and southwest on 3 March, and the third, in the north, on 21 April.

Male citizens over the age of 21 voted for half of the members of their municipal councils. On 11 October 2004, Prince Nayef bin Abd al-Aziz, the Saudi Interior Minister, announced to a Kuwaiti newspaper that women would not be able to run as candidates or vote in the elections: "I do not think that women's participation is possible." Elections officials noted logistical concerns, such as the lack of separate women's voting booths and the fact that many women do not have identification cards, as well as opposition from conservative religious traditionalists. Saudi women's rights campaigner Hatoon al-Fassi felt that authorities giving a practical reason for non-participation of women rather than a religious reason constituted a success for women's campaigning, since arguing against practical objections is easier than arguing against religious objections. Prince Mansour bin Turki bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud expressed the hope that women would be able to vote in the 2009 elections. In March 2011, the delayed elections were announced for 23 April 2011.

Election results of Riyadh region
On 10 February 2005, the first round of the elections was realized in the Riyadh region and Islamists won the majority, taking all the seven available seats. A total of 646 candidates were on the list. Those who were not chosen accused the Saudi religious establishment for using the backing of to get votes, and breaking election laws for campaigning on the election day. The winners, on the other hand, denied all these allegations. In the election campaigns, those who used ads in newspapers, posters or other ways to meet the potential voters that are much more traditional election strategies did not win in the election, while those who did not employ any of these strategies won in the election. However, the winners employed much more advanced strategies such as internet and mobile phones that is regarded as a tactic frequently preferred by Islamist groupings in the region to expand their ideas.

Election results in other cities
In Jeddah, the most liberal Saudi city, all the seven winning candidates were those supported by the prominent conservative religious scholars among 530 candidates. Five of the six winners in Buraydah, the capital of the very conservative Qaseem province, also gained a similar clerical support. Islamists won all the seats in the holy cities of Mecca and Medina as well. In the eastern regions, several non-Islamist candidates were elected on 3 March 2005. Shiites swept the board in the town of Qatif and won five out of six seats in al-Hasa. However, in the urban centres of the eastern regions such as Dammam, Dhahran and Al Khobar that are inhabited by considerable Shi’ite population Sunni candidates won the seats with the help of the support they secured from fundamentalist clerics.

title: 2005 Saudi Arabian municipal elections


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User talk:NightThree

UMaine pic
Thanks for that breathtaking UMaine pic. Got any more? :) Jalnet2 01:51, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I'm just getting into this, and I'm amazed how quickly this stuff gets seen! I have tons more, since I'm up here about 95% of my time. Any requests?

Mmmm... Maybe some nice sunny pics or some pics showing the autumn trees in their colors. It's up to you. I think the article could use some expansion too, if you know any more stuff about UMaine than I do. There are some very good books on UMaine's history in the Fogler Library's special collections room. The one I used to write the four paragraphs on UMaine's history was "The First Century: A History of the University of Maine, 1865 to 1965", but I didn't have time to read the whole thing. Jalnet2 02:04, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I'd say the article could use a foliage photo, folks "from away" seem to like those. ;) Seriously though, the foliage photo there is a little weak. Though it might actually be better to add a winter photo since that seems to be the only time of year not represented... and since the other seasons only seem to last a few weeks each up here it's rather misrepresentative to not show it. Grimm 00:38, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

Formal Schmormal
I wondered how long the "Here's why" comment would last in the Maine article. (sheepish grin)—GraemeMcRaetalk 07:40, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Rustic Overtones at Maine Lobster Festival.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:Rustic Overtones at Maine Lobster Festival.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the image. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI 01:01, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:NightThree


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Cantona (archaeological site)

Cantona (La casa del sol) is a Mesoamerican archaeological site in Mexico. It is located between 2,450 and 2,600 meters above sea level in the state of Puebla, on the border with the state of Veracruz. The site lies about an hour's drive from the city of Puebla and about an hour and a half from Xalapa, Veracruz. Limited archaeological work has been done at the site. It is estimated that only one to ten per cent of the site can be seen.

At its peak, Cantona was a walled, fortified city with a high level of urbanization. Its original inhabitants are unknown, but it is speculated that it was inhabited by Olmec-Xicalanca groups towards the late Classical Period.

Cantona sat astride an old trading route between the Gulf Coast and the Central Highlands and was a prominent, if isolated, Mesoamerican city between 600 and 1000 CE. It was abandoned after AD 1050.

Its maximum apogee is placed at the epiclassical Mesoamerica period, that is, the period during which Teotihuacan ceased to be the main power center in the region and small regional states sought to gain control of the various trade routes. Cantona was one of these regional centers, and controlled Sierra Madre Oriental resources.

The Pre-Columbian settlement area occupies approximately 12 km2, distributed in three units, of which the largest is at the south, with a surface of five km2 surface. In Cantona 24 ballgame courts have been discovered, more than in any other mesoamerican site, as well as a series of small pyramids. The Zaragoza obsidian mine is located nearby. It has an elevated Acropolis over the rest of the city in which the main buildings of the city were built. This was used for the ruling elite and priests, and was where the temples of the most important deities where located.

The site comprises a road network with over 500 cobblestone causeways, more than 3,000 individual patios, residences, 24 ball courts and an elaborate acropolis with multiple ceremonial buildings and temples.

These impressive buildings were constructed with carved stones (one atop the other) without any Stucco or cement mortar. Its population is estimated at 80,000 inhabitants at its peak. It is believed that trade was an important activity. It certainly was built with a definite urban design and walkways connecting each and every part of the city. The "First Avenue" is 563 meters in length. Cantona was contemporary of Teotihuacan.

Its inhabitants were mainly agricultural farmers and traders, particularly for obsidian, obtained from Oyameles-Zaragoza mountains surrounding the city. Additionally, they may have been supplying the lowlands with a derivative of the maguey plant, pulque. After Chichimec's invasions in the 11th century, Cantona was abandoned.

So far, 27 ballgame courts have been found in Cantona, a quantity that symbolizes the power maintained over other peoples by managing the largest ceremonial center of their time, where the losers in the game were slaughtered, a source of pride for the people.

Site history
Henri de Saussure claimed to have discovered Cantona in 1855 after a lengthy and prolonged search, Nicolás León, based on a Saussure publication, visited the zone in the early 1900s and explored the site, he left a full and comprehensive description of structures and surface objects at that time. Cantona is derived from the Nahuatl word Caltonal which means "House of the Sun".

In 1938, Paul Gendrop mentions that Cantona occupies an area of almost 20 km long by 12 kilometers wide. As for the site's architectonic elements distribution, he noted that it is formed by numerous rectangular rooms 20 to 30 meters long by 12 to 20 meters wide, delimited by thick stone walls, fairly straight and well preserved.

Eduardo Noguera, in 1958, after a tentative study of ceramics and constructive systems, noted that Cantona occupies only half the size of what was previously calculated by Paul Gendrop and locates it, chronologically in the preclassical horizon (200 to 100 BC), coinciding with data available then.

In 1980 archaeologist Diana Lopez de Molina, based on aerial photographs, made a sketch of the settlement and dug some stratigraphic wells that allowed her to propose a tentative timeline to the occupation of the area. Previous studies allow the assumption that this prehispanic city was occupied from the late preclassical horizon (200 BC) to the early classic (0 to 200 AD), which makes it one of the oldest cities of the country.

According to investigation, Cantona would be chronologically situated between 600 and 1000 AD; its splendor coincides with the fall of the main cities of the classical horizon (it is even thought it had something to do with the Teotihuacan fall, by obstructing passage of products from the coast to the Highlands) and with the arrival of warrior people who soon seized and dominated the region.

The site
The site covers about 12 square kilometers. For study purposes it was divided into three large units. The southern part is the best preserved part. The Acropolis (area where the main structures are located, believed to be the shelter of political, economic and religious powers), is a good example of the settlement.

The site is made up by many patios of approximately 50 x 40 meters, or even larger; in some of them obsidian and stone workshops (stone tools) were found, hence a clear division and specialization of its inhabitants work is deduced. According to García Cook, rural people settled in low lands, leaving people with social rank the intermediate areas and, finally, at the top were temples, ball games, and the houses of chiefs and leaders. Evidence indicate that the patios were residential places for Cantona family groups; such is the amount, that in sector V, 620 patios were detected and 997 mounds, including housing units, altars and pyramids.

Its architecture is absent of stucco as decoration element, although mud was possibly used to join volcanic rock in addition to the technique of placing stone on stone, as was done to shape walls, alleys, platforms and other archaeological structures. There are two large prehispanic roads; these avenues are framed by high and thick volcanic stone walls, (some of them more than a kilometer long) that together with the streets and roads allowed access to the patios and ceremonial areas, constituting an important access control to the city and internal urban areas; this great fortress also had a moat that protected the city on its limits with the Valley, from possible invasions from this sector.

In the highest areas are located ceremonial nature structures as ballgame courts (over 24) 12 of them have a special distribution which has been termed Cantona type, because it has integrated architectural complexes in which generally are a pyramid, one or two plazas, an altar, and several peripheral structures; there is uneven symmetry on its walls, there are discrepancies in orientation or measures. Recent studies indicate that Cantona was besieged by foreign groups, which together with strong climate change, ended up affecting the city, leading to its abandonment.

The construction system and size included in its three units, has been considered the most urbanized city known so far in the central Mexican Plateau. Its size is surprising, its roads and stone walls, by its patios and ballgame courts, but more surprising of all is to learn that, all visited in the site (3 km), and the structures available comprise only 10% of the total of this prehispanic city.

It is assumed that water in this area was scarce, but did not limit construction of towering pyramids, housing spaces and narrow streets to maintain order in the different social standards that existed at that time, only two people can walk on the streets at the time because of narrow streets, in addition to street side walls for better control. The Earth Fertility Plaza is one of the most popular visits, because of phallic sculptures found, the two votive axes and all other material found, and is considered one of the most important findings. Cantona began declining as of 950 and 1000 and by 1100 was completely abandoned, without any current definition as to the reason why settlers migrated, although it was a prosperous and superbly constructed site.

Chronology
The history of Cantona is divided into several different phases of development spanning approximately 2,000 years, from around 1000 B.C.E. until the city was finally abandoned around 1050 C.E.

Pre-Cantona (1,000/900 B.C.E - 600 B.C.E.) The first settlers began to occupy this area which would later form a vast city. Pottery shards from the pre-Cantona period tell us that the early settlers came from the Poblano-Tlaxcalteca Valley and the Tehuacan Valley, and later from the Gulf of Mexico and the East. At this time Cantona consisted of a few sparse settlements with no fortification or defined plan. Between 900 and 750 A.C., two villas occupied the center and southern portion of the area where the city would later develop, and one or two villages existed to the North or Northeast. Little is known about the architecture of this phase, although the city had not yet developed complex fortifications, walls or streets that would characterize later stages of development. Cantona began exploiting and trading in obsidian obtained from the nearby Zaragoza-Oyameles Mountains of northeastern Puebla. Obsidian was a valuable resource used for weapons, tools, and artifacts to conduct ritual auto-sacrfice. The Zaragoza-Oyameles obsidian source would ultimately turn Cantona into one of the largest and most prosperous cities in prehispanic Mesoamerica.

In the late pre-Cantona period, between 750 - 600 A.C., the city began to develop joined housing, some streets in its interior, as well as paths to connect with other settlements.

Cantona I (600 B.C.E. - 50 C.E.) Fueled by mining local obsidian, Cantona entered a phase of rapid urban development with the city reaching a size of approximately 822 acres. The city began developing defensive systems and more complex internal traffic circulation, and raised platforms constructed of pieces of volcanic rock supporting thatched houses. Silos were built to store grain; these silos were strategically located to ensure control by the city elite. In addition to family workshops, areas were specially designated for specialized, state-controlled workshops. Ceremonial centers began to develop as rectangular plazas with pyramids. By the end of this phase, the city had built sixteen ballcourts, six of which were aligned with ceremonial plazas, altars, and pyramids. This phase also shows evidence of large-scale commercial trade with southern and southeastern Mexico.

Cantona II (50 C.E. - 600 C.E.) This period saw a flurry of construction activity correlated with increased social complexity. This is considered to have been the first major cultural peak in Cantona's history. Cantona now covered 2,718 acres and by 150 - 200 C.E. contained twenty ballcourts, half of which were aligned with ceremonial centers. By 400 C.E., the city had a population of 64,000.

Cantona III (600 C.E. - 900/950 C.E.) This was a period of significant change in governmental leadership, as the priest class was supplanted by military authority. While religious rituals did not disappear, the city ceased producing ceramic effigies of gods and stone sculpture.

Cantona IV (900/950 C.E. - 1000/1050 C.E.) This final period is primarily characterized by a rapid depopulation of the city. Cantona's population was reduced to no more than three to five thousand individuals, before disappearing completely.

About the name
There are many studies and investigations, by multiple entities, it has been established that the ancient city was developed the Olmec or Chichimec culture, but the only safe conclusion reached so far is that a lot of investigation remains, because only 1 percent of the total of this archaeological area was investigated and the remaining 99 per cent is still under the grass, trees, soil and rocks.

The discrepancy about the origins of this place starts with the name, because while officially known as Cantona, for San Pedro Tepeyahualco native inhabitants the real name is Caltona.

title: Cantona (archaeological site)


text:
User talk:LingoJ

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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title: User talk:LingoJ


text: Category:Polish logicians

title: Category:Polish logicians


text: User talk:192.197.54.135

title: User talk:192.197.54.135


text:
Steinar Bastesen

Steinar Bastesen (26 March 1945 – 18 February 2024) was a Norwegian politician, fisherman and whaler. He was first elected to the Norwegian Storting in 1997 as an independent candidate, and in 1999 broke out and founded the Coastal Party (Kystpartiet). He headed the party from its founding until March 2005, when internal disparity among the members forced him to give up his leadership. Bastesen kept his seat in the Storting until the 2005 election six months later.

Life and career
Steinar Bastesen was born in Dønna to fisherman Ingvart Meyer Bastesen and housewife Karly Edvarda, née Edvardsen. He first participated in whaling with his father and in 1953, aged 8, and bought his first whaler ship in 1971 wen he was 26. Later the same year he received an award from the Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue for rescuing people on a wrecked ship with his whaler ship during a severe storm. Bastesen became actively involved in local industry and politics in the late 1970s and later held elected positions in the organization for Norway's fishermen, Norges Fiskarlag, and in the sale's organization for fish, Norges Råfisklag. He was leader of an organization for whalers, Norges Småkvalfangerlag, from 1984 to 1996. In the 1980s he was active as a local politician for the Centre Party and later for the Conservative Party, before he later became a member of parliament for the Non-Partisan Deputies (1997–2001) and the Coastal Party (2001–2005). In 2005, he resigned from the leadership position after internal disputes, and was later dismissed from the party altogether in 2008. He briefly attempted a return to politics for the Non-Partisan Deputies in 2009, but failed to the required votes. He returned to the Coastal Party in 2017, but again failed to get enough votes to get elected.

Bastesen was best known for his vigorous advocacy of whaling, and usually appeared on television or at events wearing a seal-fur vest, which was met with controversy, especially abroad. While attending a trade convention in the Fort Lauderdale, Florida in 1994, his vest was confiscated as it violated American import laws on whaling products, but was returned to him via mail two years later. In 1997, Canadian anti-whaling activist Paul Watson claimed in an NRK interview that Bastesen had threatened to kill him. Bastesen vehemently denied the allegation, and sued NRK for defamation of character by letting the interview air. Bastesen won in the Oslo District Court, but lost in the appeal court in 2002 as the court found that Watson's accusation was of journalistic interest.

In 1998, Bastesen said that the whale Keiko, known from the Free Willy films, should be killed and the meat sent to Africa as foreign aid. This was his response to hearing that millions of dollars were being spent on preparing the whale for returning to the wild.

Health issues and death
Bastesen struggled with health issues for the last decades of his life, which he later said was a result of an unhealthy lifestyle, excessive drinking, and overworking himself. In late 2001, he suffered a series of strokes that left him hospitalized for several months and during the first weeks it was unclear whether or not he would survive, but he eventually made a full recovery. In 2009, he again suffered a minor stroke while celebrating his 64th birthday, but recovered quickly. Soon after was diagnosed with prostate cancer, but made a full recovery. Bastesen began exercising and changing his lifestyle to avoid further health issues, losing 30 kgs (66 lbs) of weight.

Bastesen died in a drowning accident near his home on 18 February 2024, at the age of 78.

title: Steinar Bastesen


text:
North American Hockey League

The North American Hockey League (NAHL) is one of the top junior hockey leagues in the United States and is in its 50th season of operation in 2024–25. It is the only Tier II junior league sanctioned by USA Hockey, and acts as an alternative for those who would not or did not make the roster of a team in the Major Junior Canadian Hockey League (CHL) nor Tier I United States Hockey League (USHL). The NAHL is one of the oldest junior hockey leagues in the United States and is headquartered in Addison, Texas.

The teams span the United States from Maine in the East to Alaska in the Northwest and to Texas in the South. The teams play a 59-game regular season, usually starting on the 2nd weekend in September and ending near mid-April (2020-21 season is exception, the season started in late 2020-early 2021 due to the COVID-19 Pandemic). The Champions of each division(not regular season) will play in Blaine, MN at the Fogarty Arena and will compete for the Robertson Cup Champion.

Under USA Hockey Tier II sanctioning, NAHL teams do not charge players to play and also provide players with uniforms, team clothing and select equipment such as sticks, gloves and helmets. Players without local family live with billet families in their area and pay a monthly stipend that covers food and other costs. Unlike the Tier I United States Hockey League, there are no roster restrictions in the NAHL on overage players, which allows for the older players to gain extra NCAA exposure as well as teams to retain a veteran core. Teams are still bound to USA Hockey rules regarding import players, and presently each team is allowed to have four non-American players on their roster. Import players may also apply for an exemption from being counted as an import, but only if they have played hockey in the United States for four years prior.

From its beginning in 1975, the NAHL was primarily a 6–12-team league based in the Midwest, known as the Great Lakes Junior Hockey League and changed the name to the North American Hockey League in 1984. The league's all-time leading scorer is Ryan Fultz who tallied 246 points in four seasons. Other notable alumni from the NAHL include Pat LaFontaine, Mike Modano, Doug Weight, Pat Peake, Brian Rolston, Brian Holzinger, Brian Rafalski, Todd Marchant, John Scott, Connor Hellebuyck, and George Parros. In 2003, the league merged with the now defunct America West Hockey League to form a 19-team league.

Current teams
The 2024–25 season has 35 teams playing in four divisions:

''Note: An asterisk (*) denotes a franchise relocation. See respective team articles from more information.''

Past teams

 * Alaska Avalanche (Wasilla, Alaska, for 2006–2010; Palmer, Alaska, for 2010–2012; relocated to Johnstown, Pennsylvania, and renamed Johnstown Tomahawks)
 * Albert Lea Thunder (Albert Lea, Minnesota; 2008–2010; relocated to Amarillo, Texas, and renamed Amarillo Bulls)
 * Amarillo Bulls (Amarillo, Texas; 2010–2021; relocated to Mason City, Iowa, as the North Iowa Bulls)
 * Aston Rebels (Aston, Pennsylvania; 2015–2017; was relocated and renamed to Philadelphia Rebels)
 * Alexandria Blizzard (Alexandria, Minnesota; 2006–2012; relocated to Brookings, South Dakota, and renamed Brookings Blizzard)
 * Alpena IceDiggers (Alpena, Michigan; 2005–2010; relocated to Corpus Christi, Texas, and renamed Corpus Christi IceRays)
 * Billings Bulls (Billings, Montana; 2003–2006; joined the NorPac)
 * Bloomfield Jets (Bloomfield, Michigan; 1987–90; relocated to Lakeland, Michigan, and renamed Lakeland Jets)
 * Bozeman Icedogs (Bozeman, Montana; 2003–2006; joined the NorPac)
 * Brookings Blizzard (Brookings, South Dakota; 2012–2019; relocated to St. Cloud, Minnesota as the St. Cloud Blizzard)
 * Buffalo Jr. Sabres (Buffalo, New York; 1983–1986; later members of the OJHL)
 * C & H Piping (Melvindale, Michigan; 1988–89; renamed Melvindale Blades)
 * Capital Centre Pride (Lansing, Michigan; 2000–03)
 * Central Texas Blackhawks (Belton, Texas; 2003–2005; renamed Central Texas Marshals for the 2004–05 season before ceasing operations at the end of the season)
 * Chicago Cougars (Chicago, Illinois; 1986–87; folded midseason)
 * Chicago Freeze (Chicago, Illinois; 1997–2003; folded due to "increased operation costs and low attendance")
 * Chicago Hitmen (Chicago, Illinois; 2010–2012; announced it would not play the 2012–13 season on May 11, 2012)
 * Chicago Patriots (Chicago, Illinois; 1986–87; folded midseason)
 * Chicago Young Americans (Chicago, Illinois; 1987–1989)
 * Cleveland Barons (Cleveland, Ohio; 1976–1979; withdrew from the league prior to the 1979–80 GLJHL season)
 * Coulee Region Chill (La Crosse, Wisconsin; 2010–2018; sold and relocated to Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, as the Chippewa Steel)
 * Cleveland Jr. Barons (Parma, Ohio; 1993–2006; relocated to Columbus, Ohio, renamed Ohio Junior Blue Jackets and joined the USHL)
 * Danville Wings (Danville, Illinois, 1994–2003; joined the USHL)
 * Dawson Creek Rage (Dawson Creek, British Columbia; 2010–2012; ceased operations after 2011–12 season; franchise sold to Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Knights in 2015)
 * Dayton Gems (Dayton, Ohio; 2003–04; dissolved after 21 games, roster dispersed amongst remaining teams)
 * Dearborn Heights Nationals (Dearborn Heights, Michigan; 1994–1996; formerly Michigan Nationals; relocated to St. Louis, Missouri and renamed St. Louis Sting)
 * Dearborn Magic (Dearborn, Michigan; 1990–91; renamed Michigan Nationals)
 * Detroit Compuware/Compuware Ambassadors (Detroit, Michigan; 1984–2003)
 * Detroit Falcons (Fraser, Michigan; 1986–87; formerly St. Clair Shores Falcons)
 * Detroit Freeze (Fraser, Michigan; 1992–1997; moved to Chicago and renamed the Chicago Freeze)
 * Detroit Junior Wings (Detroit, Michigan; 1975–1983 GLJHL, 1987–1992 NAHL; Junior Red Wings moved to the OHL; replaced by the Detroit Freeze)
 * Detroit Little Caesars (Detroit, Michigan; 1975–76; only played in the inaugural season of the GLJHL)
 * Fargo-Moorhead Jets (Fargo, North Dakota; 2003–2008; ceased operations after 2007-2008 season)
 * Fernie Ghostriders (Fernie, British Columbia; 2003–04; franchise rights were sold to a Kalamazoo, Michigan based group in 2003; joined the KIJHL)
 * Fraser Flags (Fraser, Michigan; 1981–1984)
 * Fraser Highlanders (Fraser, Michigan; 1976–1980)
 * Fresno Monsters (Fresno, California; 2010–2013; relocated to Wenatchee, Washington, and renamed Wenatchee Wild)
 * Gaylord Grizzles (Gaylord, Michigan; 1995–1998; formerly Saginaw Gears until relocating in December 1995; relocated to Grand Rapids, Michigan, and renamed Grand Rapids Bearcats)
 * Grand Rapids Bearcats (Grand Rapids, Michigan; 1998–2000; renamed Rockets during the 1999–2000 season when the league took over the franchise; relocated to Lansing and renamed Capital Centre Pride)
 * Helena Bighorns (Helena, Montana; 2003–2006; joined the NorPac)
 * Hennessey Engineers (Plymouth, Michigan; 1985–1987)
 * Indianapolis Junior Ice (Indianapolis, Indiana; 1989–1995)
 * Jamestown Ironmen (Jamestown, New York; 2011–2013; ceased operations after 2012–13 season due to ownership issues)
 * Kalamazoo Jr. Wings (Kalamazoo, Michigan; 1989–1994; relocated to Danville, Illinois, and renamed Danville Wings)
 * Kalamazoo Jr. K-Wings (Kalamazoo, Michigan; 2011–2013; ceased operations after 2012–13 season)
 * Keystone Ice Miners (Connellsville, Pennsylvania; 2014–15; ceased operations after one season in Pennsylvania)
 * Lakeland Jets (Lakeland, Michigan; 1990–1995; relocated to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and renamed Soo Indians)
 * Lone Star Cavalry (North Richland Hills, Texas; 2003–04; relocated to Santa Fe, New Mexico, and renamed Santa Fe RoadRunners)
 * Lytes Rustlers (1990–91; Traveling team composed of west coast prospects played for one season)
 * Mahoning Valley Phantoms (Boardman, Ohio; 2005–2009; relocated to Youngstown, Ohio, moved to the USHL, and renamed Youngstown Phantoms)
 * Marquette Rangers (Marquette, Michigan; 2006–2010; relocated to Flint, Michigan, and renamed Michigan Warriors)
 * Melvindale Blades (Melvindale, Michigan; 1989–90)
 * Melvindale Lakers (Melvindale, Michigan; 1982–83)
 * Michigan Nationals (Dearborn, Michigan; 1991–1994; renamed Dearborn Heights Nationals)
 * Michigan Warriors (Flint, Michigan; 2010–2015; suspended operations after being displaced by the OHL's Flint Firebirds)
 * Minnesota Blizzard (Alexandria, Minnesota; 2003–2006; renamed Alexandria Blizzard)
 * Motor City Machine (Detroit, Michigan; 2008–09; renamed Motor City Metal Jackets)
 * Motor City Metal Jackets (Detroit, Michigan, 2009–2011; relocated to Jamestown, New York, renamed Jamestown Ironmen).
 * New Mexico Mustangs (Rio Rancho, New Mexico; 2010–2012: purchased and relocated to Richfield, Minnesota, after a one-year hiatus and renamed Minnesota Magicians)
 * Niagara Scenic (West Seneca, New York; 1987–1994)
 * North Iowa Outlaws (Mason City, Iowa; 2005–2010; relocated to Onalaska, Wisconsin, and renamed Coulee Region Chill)
 * Oakland Chiefs (Oakland, Michigan; 1975–76; relocated to Wayne, Michigan, and renamed Wayne Chiefs)
 * Owatonna Express (Owatonna, Minnesota; 2008–2011; relocated to Odessa, Texas, and renamed Odessa Jackalopes)
 * Paddock Pool Saints (Ecorse, Michigan; 1975–1984; won seven straight GLJHL titles)
 * Philadelphia Rebels (Philadelphia Pennsylvania; 2017–18; relocated from Aston for one season before relocating to Jamestown, New York, as the Jamestown Rebels)
 * Pittsburgh Forge (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; 2001–2003; relocated to Toledo, Ohio, and renamed Toledo IceDiggers)
 * Port Huron Fighting Falcons (Port Huron, Michigan; 2010–2014; relocated to Connellsville, Pennsylvania, and renamed Keystone Ice Miners)
 * Port Huron Fogcutters (Port Huron, Michigan; 1975–76)
 * Redford Royals (Redford, Michigan; 1978–1984, 1987–1989)
 * Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees (Hidalgo, Texas; 2013–2015; relocated to Aston, Pennsylvania, and renamed the Aston Rebels)
 * Rochester Junior Americans (Rochester, New York; 1999–2000)
 * Saginaw Gears (Saginaw, Michigan; 1991–1995; relocated in midseason to Gaylord, Michigan, and renamed Gaylord Grizzles)
 * Santa Fe RoadRunners (Santa Fe, New Mexico; 2004–2007; relocated to Topeka, Kansas, and renamed Topeka RoadRunners)
 * Soo Eagles (Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan; 2012–2015; returned to NOJHL and franchise relocated to Middletown, New Jersey, and renamed the New Jersey Titans)
 * Soo Indians (Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan; 1995–2005)
 * Southern Minnesota Express (Owatonna, Minnesota; 2005–2008; relocated to Detroit area and renamed Motor City Machine)
 * Springfield Spirit (Springfield, Missouri; 2001–2005; relocated to Wasilla, Alaska, and renamed Wasilla Spirit)
 * St. Clair Shores Falcons (St. Clair Shores, Michigan; 1983–1986; relocated to Fraser, Michigan, and renamed Detroit Falcons for one season)
 * St. Louis Bandits (St. Louis, Missouri; 2006–2012; purchased and relocated to Cloquet, Minnesota, after a one-year hiatus and to be used by the Minnesota Wilderness)
 * St. Louis Sting (St. Louis, Missouri; 1996–2001; relocated to Springfield, Missouri, and renamed Springfield Spirit)
 * Texarkana Bandits (Texarkana, Arkansas; 2003–2006; relocated to St. Louis, Missouri, and renamed St. Louis Bandits)
 * Texas Tornado (North Richland Hills, Texas for 1999–2008; hiatus for 2008–09 season; Frisco, Texas for 2009–13; relocated to back North Richland Hills in 2013 and renamed Lone Star Brahmas)
 * Toledo IceDiggers (Toledo, Ohio; 2003–2005; relocated to Alpena, Michigan, and renamed Alpena IceDiggers)
 * Topeka Pilots (Topeka, Kansas; 2018–2020; relocated to the Kansas City metropolitan area as the Kansas City Scouts, but never played before being relocating again as the Amarillo Wranglers)
 * Topeka RoadRunners (Topeka, Kansas; 2007–2018; renamed Topeka Pilots under new ownership)
 * Traverse City North Stars (Traverse City, Michigan; 2005–2012; franchise purchased and relocated to be used by the Soo Eagles)
 * USA Hockey National Team Development Program (Ann Arbor, Michigan; 1996–2009; moved to USHL)
 * Wasilla Spirit (Wasilla, Alaska; 2005–06; renamed Alaska Avalanche)
 * Waterford Lakers (Waterford, Michigan; 1981–82)
 * Wayne Chiefs (Wayne, Michigan; 1976–1980)
 * Wenatchee Wild (Wenatchee, Washington; 2008–2013; relocated to Hidalgo, Texas, and renamed Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees; Wild returned with the Fresno membership)
 * Wenatchee Wild (Wenatchee, Washington; 2013–2015; former Fresno franchise; joined the BCHL following the 2014–15 season)
 * Western Michigan Wolves (Kalamazoo, Michigan; 1988–89; renamed Kalamazoo Jr. Wings)
 * Wichita Falls Rustlers (Wichita Falls, Texas; 2003–04; renamed Wichita Falls Wildcats)
 * Wichita Falls Wildcats (Wichita Falls, Texas; 2004–2017; folded)
 * Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Knights (Pittston, Pennsylvania; 2015–2020; sold and relocated as Danbury Jr. Hat Tricks)
 * Youngstown Phantoms (Boardman, Ohio; 2003–2005; renamed Mahoning Valley Phantoms when the Central Hockey League's Youngstown SteelHounds began play in 2005)

Timeline of league changes
2006–07 season: Bozeman Icedogs, Billings Bulls, and Helena Bighorns left the league for the Northern Pacific Hockey League. Cleveland Jr. Barons were granted inactive status for the season. Wasilla Spirit changed names to Alaska Avalanche. Minnesota Blizzard became the Alexandria Blizzard. Texarkana Bandits moved to Chesterfield, Missouri, and became the St. Louis Bandits. Marquette Rangers were added to the league.

2007–08 season: Santa Fe Roadrunners moved to Topeka, Kansas, as the Topeka Roadrunners. The Kenai River Brown Bears started play in the league.

2008–09 season: The Southern Minnesota Express moved to Detroit and became the Motor City Machine. However, the Express' home city of Owatonna was granted another NAHL team for 2008–09, named the Owatonna Express. The Express were joined by another new Minnesota NAHL franchise, the Albert Lea Thunder. The Texas Tornado franchise went on a one-year hiatus as they awaited renovations on their arena. Wenatchee, Washington, was awarded an expansion franchise for the 2008–09 season as the Wenatchee Wild. The Fargo-Moorhead Jets were approved for dormancy.

2009–10 season: The Janesville Jets were awarded an expansion franchise. The Mahoning Valley Phantoms and the USNTDP left the league for the USHL. The Texas Tornado returned to the league after taking a year off while their home arena was undergoing renovations. The Motor City franchise's new ownership changed the team's nickname from Machine to Metal Jackets.

2010–11 season: The NAHL Board of Governors accepted membership of several new teams in the league. The Fresno Monsters were awarded an expansion franchise. after having a team in the Tier III Junior A Western States Hockey League. The Corpus Christi IceRays were awarded a franchise formerly known as the Alpena IceDiggers. The Chicago Hitmen joined the North Division and played at West Meadows Ice Arena in Rolling Meadows, Illinois. The Marquette Rangers moved to Flint, Michigan, and changed their name to Michigan Warriors. Port Huron joined the North Division and played at McMorran Place in Port Huron, Michigan. The North Iowa Outlaws relocated to become the Coulee Region Chill in Onalaska, Wisconsin. The Aberdeen Wings joined the Central Division and played at the Odde Ice Center in Aberdeen, South Dakota. The Austin Bruins joined the Central Division and played at the Riverside Arena in Austin, Minnesota. The Dawson Creek Rage joined the West Division and played at EnCana Events Centre in Dawson Creek, British Columbia. The Albert Lea Thunder relocate to become the Amarillo Bulls at joined the South Division out of the Amarillo Civic Center in Amarillo, Texas. The New Mexico Mustangs joined the South Division and played at Santa Ana Star Center in Rio Rancho, New Mexico. The Alaska Avalanche relocate to Palmer, Alaska, but keep the same name.

2011–12 season: The Owatonna Express relocate to Odessa, Texas, and become Odessa Jackalopes. The Motor City Metal Jackets relocate to Jamestown, New York, and become Jamestown Ironmen. The Minot Minotauros and Kalamazoo Jr. K-Wings granted expansion.

2012–13 season: The Alaska Avalanche relocated to Johnstown, Pennsylvania, and became Johnstown Tomahawks. Alexandria Blizzard relocated to Brookings, South Dakota, and became the Brookings Blizzard. Traverse City North Stars franchise purchased by the Soo Eagles and joined the league from Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League. The Dawson Creek Rage, New Mexico Mustangs, and St. Louis Bandits takes leaves of absence. The Chicago Hitmen fold.

2013–14 season: The dormant New Mexico Mustangs relocated to Richfield, Minnesota, and became Minnesota Magicians. The Texas Tornado relocated back to North Richland Hills, Texas, and became Lone Star Brahmas. The Minnesota Wilderness joined the league from the Superior International Junior Hockey League by purchasing dormant St. Louis Bandits franchise. The Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees purchased the Wenatchee Wild franchise. The Fresno Monsters were relocated to become the second incarnation of the Wenatchee Wild and the Monsters returned to only fielding a team in the Western States Hockey League. The Jamestown Ironmen and Kalamazoo Jr. K-Wings ceased operations.

2014–15 season: The Port Huron Fighting Falcons were relocated to Connellsville, Pennsylvania, to become the Keystone Ice Miners, remaining in the North Division, and the Wenatchee Wild moved from the Midwest Division to the South Division.

2015–16 season: On May 1, 2015, the NAHL announced that the dormant Dawson Creek Rage franchise was purchased by the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Knights organization to be an expansion team for the 2015–16 season. The Keystone Ice Miners ceased operations. The Michigan Warriors ceased operations due to the arrival of the major junior Flint Firebirds. The Soo Eagles announced they were returning to the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League citing the lack of other local teams as they were the last remaining team in Michigan. The New Jersey Junior Titans organization bought the franchise from the Eagles and relocated to Middleton, New Jersey. The Eagles originally sought membership with the NAHL for the 2012–13 season and returned to the NOJHL for the season 2015–16 season. The Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees were relocated to Aston, Pennsylvania and became the Aston Rebels. A new East Division was formed composed of Aston, Johnstown, New Jersey, and Wilkes-Barre/Scranton. The Wenatchee Wild organization left the NAHL and joined the Canadian Junior A British Columbia Hockey League.

2016–17 season: The league announced the continued expansion of the East Division by adding the Northeast Generals of Attleboro, Massachusetts. The Generals organization also has a Tier III team in the North American 3 Hockey League (previously in the North American 3 Eastern Hockey League prior to the 2016 league merger). On April 8, 2016, the Shreveport Mudbugs were announced as an expansion team.

2017–18 season: The Wichita Falls Wildcats ceased operations after failing to find a buyer for the franchise. Aston Rebels relocated and renamed as the Philadelphia Rebels.

2018–19 season: The NAHL added another team to its East Division with an expansion franchise granted to the Maryland Black Bears. The Coulee Region Chill were sold and relocated as the Chippewa Steel in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, and the Philadelphia Rebels became the Jamestown Rebels in Jamestown, New York. The Topeka RoadRunners were sold and rebranded as the Topeka Pilots.

2019–20 season: The NAHL approved of two expansion teams: the Maine Nordiques in Lewiston, Maine, and the New Mexico Ice Wolves in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The Brookings Blizzard relocated and became the St. Cloud Blizzard.

2020–21 season: The NAHL added the Wichita Falls Warriors as an expansion team while the Topeka Pilots were relocated as the Kansas City Scouts and the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Knights sold their franchise to the Danbury Jr. Hat Tricks. The St. Cloud Blizzard rebranded as the St. Cloud Norsemen. The Corpus Christi IceRays, Jamestown Rebels, Kansas City Scouts, and Springfield Jr. Blues went dormant for the season due to the on-going COVID-19 pandemic. The Fairbanks Ice Dogs and Kenai River Brown Bears both temporarily relocated to Minnesota and closer to the other teams in their division until mid-April 2021 due to pandemic-related travel restrictions to Alaska.

2021–22 season: The Amarillo Bulls were relocated to Mason City, Iowa, as the North Iowa Bulls. The Kansas City Scouts were originally granted another season of dormancy, but were instead sold and relocated to Amarillo as the Amarillo Wranglers to begin play for the 2021–22 season. Corpus Christi, Jamestown, and Springfield returned after a one-season pandemic-related hiatus. The league added a third team in Alaska called the Anchorage Wolverines.

2022-23 Season: The Minnesota Magicians were purchased and relocated to Eagle River, Wisconsin as the Wisconsin Windigo. The NAHL approved the relocation of the Wichita Falls Warriors to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma to become the Oklahoma Warriors.

2023-24 Season: NAHL approved a new team in the East Division to be located in Rochester, New York that will be known as the "Rochester Junior Americans" ("Jr. Amerks"), a nod to Rochester's American Hockey League (AHL) team, the Rochester Americans ("Amerks"), a minor league affiliate of the Buffalo Sabres. The team is co-owned by Wegmans CEO Coleen Wegman and Chris O'Donnell. Former Amerks, AHL and NHL players and coaches, including Brian Gionta, Nathan Paetsch, Stephen Gionta, David Leggio, will be affiliated with the new team. The team will play at the Rochester Ice Center in the metropolitan suburb of Fairport, New York. The NAHL added another team to the East Division later in 2022-23 season, as the New Hampshire Mountain Kings were approved for their membership, making it the first time an NAHL team was located in New Hampshire. The team will be based out of the renovated Tri-Town Ice Arena in Hooksett, New Hampshire. The NAHL also introduced a team in Greeley, Colorado called the Colorado Grit. The Grit will play in the Greely Ice Haus.

2024-25 Season: NAHL has approved a 7th team in the Central Division, located in Watertown, South Dakota, going by the name of the Watertown Shamrocks. The Shamrocks will be the 33rd team in the NAHL. They will play their home games at the Prairie Lakes Ice Arena. The Shamrocks will be owned by Codington County Hockey Club LLC, including Mark Gullbrandson, Donald Sisson, KC Finnegan, and Vince Foley at... NAHL Approved an expansion team in the Central Division, located in Forest Lake, Minnesota, with the name of the Minnesota Mallards. They will be the 34th team in the NAHL. They will play home games at Forest Lake Sports Center.

Playoff Structure
(Midwest and Central) Top 4 teams qualify, and in the 1st round(Division Semi-Finals), the 1st seed (seeding based on placement in division) plays the 4th seed and the 2nd seed plays the 3rd seed in a 2H-2A-1H best of 5 Series. The winners of those two series will play each other in the Division Finals with the same 2H-2A-1H Best of 5 format. The winner of the Division Finals will be crowned the Division Champions and will represent the Division in the Final Four, hosted at the Fogerty Ice Arena in Blaine, Minnesota.

(South and East) The top 6 teams qualify, with the 1st seed and 2nd seed (seeding based on placement in division) getting byes. Seeds 3, 4, 5, and 6 will all play in the play-in, which happens around early-to-mid April. The 3 seed will host the 6 seed for all 3 games*, as the 4th seed will also host the 5th seed for all 3 games*. The winner with the lowest seed will play the 1st seed, and the winner with the highest seed will play the 2nd seed. From there, the format is the same as the Midwest and Central.

Robertson Cup winners
The Robertson Cup Championship is a playoff series held at the end of the NAHL season. The trophy is awarded annually to the USA Hockey Tier II junior national playoff champion. The Cup is the oldest junior hockey trophy in the United States and is named in honor of Chuck Robertson, a pioneer of junior hockey in the NAHL and youth hockey in the state of Michigan. Chuck Robertson was the owner of the Paddock Pool Saints when they won a record seven straight NAHL championships from 1976 to 1983.

As of the 2023–24 season • 1975-76 – Detroit Little Caesars(1)

• 1976-77 – Paddock Pool Saints(1)

• 1977-78 – Paddock Pool Saints(2)

• 1978-79 – Paddock Pool Saints(3)

• 1979-80 – Paddock Pool Saints(4)

• 1980-81 – Paddock Pool Saints(5)

• 1981-82 – Paddock Pool Saints(6)

• 1982-83 – Paddock Pool Saints(7)

• 1983-84 – St. Clair Shores Falcons(1)

• 1984-85 – St. Clair Shores Falcons(2)

• 1985-86 – Compuware Ambassadors(1)

• 1986-87 – Compuware Ambassadors(2)

• 1987-88 – Compuware Ambassadors(3)

• 1988-89 – Compuware Ambassadors(4)

• 1989-90 – Compuware Ambassadors(5)

• 1990-91 – Kalamazoo Jr. K Wings(1)

• 1991-92 – Compuware Ambassadors(6)

• 1992-93 – Kalamazoo Jr. K Wings(2)

• 1993-94 – Compuware Ambassadors(7)

• 1994-95 – Compuware Ambassadors(8)

• 1995-96 – Springfield Jr. Blues(1)

• 1996-97 – Springfield Jr. Blues(2)

• 1997-98 – Compuware Ambassadors(9)

• 1998-99 – Compuware Ambassadors(10)

• 1999-2000 – Danville Wings(1)

• 2000-01 – Texas Tornado(1)

• 2001-02 – Compuware Ambassadors(11)

• 2002-03 – Pittsburgh Forge(1)

• 2003-04 – Texas Tornado(2)

• 2004-05 – Texas Tornado(3)

• 2005-06 – Texas Tornado(4)

• 2006-07 – St. Louis Bandits(1)

• 2007-08 – St. Louis Bandits(2)

• 2008-09 – St. Louis Bandits(3)

• 2009-10 – Bismarck Bobcats(1)

• 2010-11 – Fairbanks Ice Dogs(1)

• 2011-12 – Texas Tornado(5)

• 2012-13 – Amarillo Bulls(1)

• 2013-14 – Fairbanks Ice Dogs(2)

• 2014-15 – Minnesota Wilderness(1)

• 2015-16 – Fairbanks Ice Dogs(3)

• 2016-17 – Lone Star Brahmas(1)

• 2017-18 – Shreveport Mudbugs(1)

• 2018-19 – Aberdeen Wings(1)

• 2019-20 – Not awarded*

• 2021 – Shreveport Mudbugs(2)

• 2021-22 – New Jersey Titans(1)

• 2022-23 – Oklahoma Warriors(1)

• 2023-24 – Lone Star Brahmas(2)
 * However, Lone Star did beat New Jersey 6-3 in the Virtual Robertson Cup Championship

title: North American Hockey League


text:
File talk:Austria hungary 1911.jpg

This picture is very difficult to read -- in particular the city names; I guess it's just to give a rough idea of the ethnic boundaries ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.167.202.14 (talk • contribs) 20:33, 12 October 2004
 * If you click on the image you can see the full-size version. The city names are easier to read then. —Angr 09:17, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Italian speaking parts
The Italian speaking part of the Austrian-Hungarian empire is shown wrong in this map.

Italian government claimed the terretory during WWI with the pretence to be an Italian language area.

In fact this part called "Südtirol" (South Tyrol, Italian: Alto Adige) had 97% German speaking population in 1911 (it always was part of Tyrol and never belonged to Italy before). Despite heavy sanctions of the Italian government between WWI and WWII (e.g. ban of the German language) there is still a population of 60-70% speaking German (admitting to be Austrian). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.166.239.185 (talk • contribs) 01:51, 2 April 2006
 * The map is right. The area around Trento (today the Province of Trento) was predominantly Italian-speaking then as now, while the area around Bozen (today the Province of Bolzano-Bozen) was predominantly German-speaking then as now. —Angr 09:15, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

title: File talk:Austria hungary 1911.jpg


text:
Llanfair Caereinion

Llanfair Caereinion is a market town and community in Montgomeryshire, Powys, Wales upon the River Banwy (also known as the River Einion), around 8 miles west of Welshpool. In 2011 the ward had a population of 1,810; the town itself had a population of 1,055 according to Nomis.

History
Its name is a combination of Welsh llan "church" + Mair "Mary" and caer "fort" + Einion, a personal name, meaning "the church of Mary [at] the fort of Einion". The town is built upon the site of an old Roman fort. The site of the Battle of Maes Moydog (1295) is nearby. In 1758 the town was almost completely wiped out by a major fire.

Geography
The town is close to Welshpool. It acts as a centre for many scattered hamlets and villages in the area. The electorate of the community places it fourteenth in size, out of the county's eighteen towns. Llanfair Caereinion is classified as an area centre in the Powys Unitary Development Plan, for the market town has the largest range of community services and facilities and the greatest capacity to accommodate additional development in its locality. There are also rural settlements within the community at Heniarth and Melin-y-ddol. The remainder of the population lives in scattered farms and dwellings.

Transport
The town is served by the following bus routes: 73 (Llanfair-Welshpool-Oswestry) which operates only two services each way on Wednesdays and Fridays between 8:58 and 14:57. 84 (Llanfair-Newtown) which operates only two services each way Mondays-Fridays but is more a school service. 87 (Llanfair-Welshpool-Foel) which operates Mondays to Saturdays with six services a day and three each way to Foel, Llanfair and Welshpool. 89 (Llanfair-Welshpool) offer additional service on Mondays only to Welshpool and back to Llanfair.

The nearest mainline railway station is Welshpool and further away is Machynlleth. The town is also the terminus of the Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway. This offers an additional method of travel to Welshpool from the town between Wednesdays, Saturdays and Sundays although it is primarily a heritage railway.

Governance
Since the May 2022 local elections, Llanfair Caereinion, with neighbouring Llanerfyl, has been part of the Llanfair Caereinion and Llanerfyl electoral ward, represented by one county councillor on Powys County Council.

Notable residents

 * John Griffiths (1837–1918), an artist who worked in India, noted for his Orientalist works, was born here.
 * Thomas John Jehu (1871–1943), geologist and physician, was born here.
 * Lu Corfield (born ca.1980), a Welsh actress, raised at nearby Four Crosses
 * Alis Huws (born 1995), a Welsh harpist, born at Foel.

title: Llanfair Caereinion


text:
Talk:History of cycling in New Zealand

Deletion
I've removed the deletion notice that I put in place as my concerns have all been addressed by subsequent edits. Lisiate 20:36, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of cycling in New Zealand


text: File:Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson - Project Gutenberg eText 13619.jpg


text:
Ivan Ivanov-Vano

Ivan Petrovich Ivanov-Vano (Иван Петрович Иванов-Вано; 8 February 1900 – 25 March 1987), born Ivanov, was a Soviet and Russian animation director, animator, screenwriter, educator, professor at Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography (VGIK). One of the pioneers of the Soviet animation school, he is sometimes called the "Patriarch of Soviet animation". People's Artist of the USSR (1985).

Biography
Ivan Petrovich Ivanov was born in the Manezhnaya Square district, at the time populated by students and poor people. His parents had a peasant background. His father was a shoemaker who arrived to Moscow from the Kaluga Governorate; soon he left the family. Ivanov's mother was illiterate and couldn't give her son a proper education, thus he was raised in the family of his elder sister Evdokia Petrovna Spasskaya who was married to an artist and educator at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. As a result, Ivanov became interested in art early in his life and as a kid drew decorations for a puppet theater.

At the age of 14, Ivanov also entered the Moscow School of Painting. After the October Revolution it was reformed and turned into Vkhutemas (Higher Art and Technical Studios). He continued his studies and finally graduated from Vkhutemas in 1923. In a year, Ivanov started working as an animator at the State Film Technicum. Together with his fellow students he created some of the first Soviet animated films using home-made tools. Their works were distinguished by cutout animation and unique art style influenced by constructivism.

In 1927, Ivanov turned to traditional animation with one of the boldest experiments The Skating Rink directed by Yuri Zhelyabuzhsky. In later years he took part in a number of other important projects. Around the same time he started using Ivanov-Vano as a pseudonym. According to some of his colleagues, this was done in order to distinguish himself from another prominent Soviet animator Aleksandr Ivanov.

In 1936, Ivanov started working as a director at the newly founded Soyuzmultfilm. His earlier works at the studio were heavily influenced by early Disney — a popular trend during the middle 1930s which he later opposed. In 1939, Ivanov directed Moydodyr based on the fairy tale of the same name which became a big step from the Disney stylistics towards more traditional Russian art that predominated during later years.

In 1939, Ivanov organized animation courses at VGIK where he also became one of the leading educators (he was granted the title of professor in 1952). Among his student were Lev Milchin, Yevgeniy Migunov, Aleksandr Petrov, Francheska Yarbusova, Stanislav Sokolov and a Bulgarian animator Todor Dinov. Ivanov was a member of the Communist Party from 1951, and was also a founder and the original Vice President of ASIFA (International Animated Film Association) from 1961 to 1973.

Ivanov-Vano directed a record number of Soviet feature animated films, often working as a screenwriter as well. The majority of his works were based on Russian folklore and fairy tales by classical Russian writers. In 1947, shortly after the end of war, Ivanov presented the first Soviet feature-length animated film The Humpbacked Horse based on the fairy tale in verse by Pyotr Pavlovich Yershov. The film gained a lot of praise internationally, and Walt Disney even used it as a teaching tool for his studios.

Since 1962 his artistic style varied a lot. He approached lubok, icon painting, frescoes, Dymkovo toys, lace and Russian avant-garde. Some of his longtime collaborators such as Alexandra Snezhko-Blotskaya and Yuri Norstein who started as his second unit directors and co-directors went on to become popular directors on their own. Ivanov-Vano was a laureate of numerous festivals. His short film The Battle of Kerzhenets won Grand Prix award at Animafest Zagreb in 1972.

Ivanov died on March 25, 1987, and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. For 54 years, he was married to Tatiana Ivanova-Bekker (1902—1982). They had a daughter Galina.

Films

 * China in Flames (1925) – one of the first Soviet animated films. He participated as an artist.
 * Ice Rink (1927)
 * Sen'ka the African (1927)
 * The Adventures of Munchhausen (1928)
 * Black and White (1932) – with L.A. Amalriko
 * The Tale of the Czar Durondai (1934) – with V.C. and Z.C. Brumberg
 * The Dragonfly and the Ant (1935) – with V.C. and Z.C. Brumberg
 * Kotofey Kotofeyich (1937)
 * Journal of Political Satire 1 (1938)
 * Little Liar (Girl) (1938)
 * The Three Musketeers (1938)
 * Moidodyr (1939 and 1954)
 * Ivas' (1940)
 * Journal of Political Satire 2 (1944) – with V.C. and Z.C. Brumberg, O.P. Hodataev and A.V. Ivanov
 * Stolen Sun (1944)
 * Winter Tale (1945)
 * The Humpbacked Horse (1947) – remade in 1976
 * Geese-Swans (1949) – with A.G. Snezhko-Blotska
 * Another's Voice (1949)
 * The Story of the Dead Princess and a Brave Family (1951) – based on Pushkin's fairy tale
 * The Snow Maiden (1952)
 * Forest Concert (1953)
 * The Brave Hare (1955)
 * The Twelve Months (1956)
 * Song about Friendship (1957)
 * Once Upon a Time... (1957)
 * The Adventures of Buratino (1959) – based on Buratino, a collaboration with Dmitri Babichenko
 * The Flying Proletariat (1962) – with I. Boyarskii
 * Lefty (1964) – also called The Mechanical Flea
 * How One Man Fed Two Generals (1965) – with V. Danilevich
 * Go There, Don't Know Where (1966) – with V. Danilevich
 * Legend About a Malicious Giant (1968)
 * The Seasons of the Year (1969) – based on Tchaikovsky's The Seasons (Troika and Fall)
 * The Battle of Kerzhenets (1970) – a collaboration with Yuri Norstein
 * Ave Maria (1972)
 * The Humpbacked Horse (1976) – remake of 1947 film
 * The Magic Lake (1979) – stereographic animation
 * The Tale of Tsar Saltan (1984) – based on a poem by Pushkin

title: Ivan Ivanov-Vano


text:
Lyubimets

Lyubimets (Любимец ) is a small town in Haskovo Province, southern-central Bulgaria. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Lyubimets Municipality. As of December 2009, the town had a population of 7,670.

The town's nearest neighbour is Svilengrad. It is positioned near the Greek and Turkish borders, and has an international TIR trucking road travel past it. Lyubimets has some agricultural, industrial, and commercial industries as well as a small tourist industry. The main tourist attraction is the rue du fromage located just outside the town to the west. The peak tourist season is May through September but is open all year round, and some say best seen at night. Her former name was Habibchevo (Habibçeova in Turkish).

Municipality
Lyubimets is the seat of Lyubimets municipality (part of Haskovo Province), which, in addition to Lyubimets, includes the following 9 villages:

 * Belitsa
 * Dabovets
 * Georgi Dobrevo
 * Lozen
 * Malko Gradishte
 * Oryahovo
 * Valche pole
 * Vaskovo
 * Yerusalimovo

Honours
Lyubimets Nunatak in Antarctica is named after the town.

title: Lyubimets


text:
Cambridge Assessment International Education

Cambridge Assessment International Education (informally known as Cambridge International or simply Cambridge and formerly known as CIE, Cambridge International Examinations) is a provider of international qualifications, offering examinations and qualifications to 10,000 schools in more than 160 countries. It is a non-profit and non-teaching department of the University of Cambridge.

History
Cambridge Assessment is part of the University of Cambridge and was founded in 1858 as the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate. It would later on become known as (University of) Cambridge International Examinations, or simply CIE. As part of a restructuring process of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge Assessment and Cambridge University Press were merged to form Cambridge University Press & Assessment and CIE eventually became CAIE: Cambridge Assessment International Education.

For more detailed histories go to University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate and Cambridge University Press.

Qualifications
Cambridge Assessment offers primarily school-leaving qualifications for university entrance such as the Cambridge International General Certificate of Education – Advanced Level (Cambridge International GCE A-levels). In addition, Cambridge Assessment provides Key Stage examinations for primary and secondary schools internationally.

Recognition
Cambridge qualifications are recognized for admission by all UK universities as well as universities in the United States (Stanford and all Ivy League universities), Canada, the European Union, the Middle East, West Asia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Kazakhstan as well as in other countries.

Partnerships
Cambridge Assessment is engaged in partnerships with governments of 25 countries on integrated curriculum and assessment design and professional development for teachers.

Philanthropy
As part of its corporate social responsibility initiatives, Cambridge Assessment provides charitable support for children from troubled backgrounds.

Criticism
Cambridge Assessment International Education has been criticized for continuing its colonial educational practices in its literature curricula. A study showed that Cambridge Assessment privileges European male authors and consistently under-represents female authors from developing countries. The study further suggested that it has limited consideration for third world countries and their culture and customs when it comes to their international secondary school coursebooks.


text: Category:Polish endocrinologists

title: Category:Polish endocrinologists


text:
User talk:Lukyanov

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

File:BeverleyGNULinux.jpeg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:BeverleyGNULinux.jpeg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Kelly hi! 16:44, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lukyanov


text:
Roman Holliday

Roman Holliday were a British band active in the 1980s. They are best known in the UK for their hit single "Don't Try to Stop It", which reached number 14 on the UK Singles Chart in the summer of 1983. A follow-up, "Motormania", peaked at number 40.

Career
The band was established in November 1980 by Brian Bonhomme, Steve Lambert, Simon Cohen and Peter Noone (the latter of whom left shortly after the band's formation). Later on, Rob Lambert and Jon Durno joined, followed by Soho Square busker, John Eacott. At the end of 1982, Adrian York joined the band as a piano player. Tony Wallman was in the band briefly (before the band became successful). After John Peel saw the band at the Jive Dive swing club in London, they recorded two sessions for his show. Mick Jones, then of the Clash, also saw them and invited them to support his band, which led to a signing to Jive Records. "Don't Try to Stop It" was their second single for Jive and became a hit in summer 1983. The follow-up, "Motormania" failed to achieve the same success and the parent album Cookin' on the Roof, released in late 1983, achieved only modest success. In 1984, both brass men, Rob Lambert and John Eacott left the band.

In the United States, the group achieved exposure through MTV, which aired their "Stand By" video. The single went to number one on the Canadian Adult Contemporary chart in November 1983. Roman Holliday also charted in Japan on the international, as well as the domestic market, with "Hear It in the Night" and the Robert John "Mutt" Lange written and produced track, "One Foot Back in Your Door". Both singles went top 10.

Bonhomme is currently employed at Youngstown State University. He is a professor of Russian history, and teaches a number of courses in modern European history and environmental history.

Band members
Roman Holliday was mainly composed of:
 * Steve Lambert, born 14 March 1962 in Mile End, London – singer
 * Brian Bonhomme, born 30 September 1962 in Harlow, Essex – guitar / vocals
 * Simon Cohen, born 11 January 1963 in Kings Cross, London　— drums
 * Adrian York, born 11 July 1961 in Chiswick, London – piano
 * Jon Durno, born 4 March 1962 in Ilford, London — bass
 * John Eacott, born 19 December 1961 in Reading, Berkshire — trumpet
 * Rob Lambert, born 22 February 1963 in Epping, Essex — saxophone

Albums

 * Roman Holliday (1983) Jive / Arista / Sony / BMG – U.S. No. 142
 * Cookin' on the Roof (1983) Jive / Arista / Sony / BMG – UK No. 31; U.S. No. 116
 * Fire Me Up (1984) Jive / Arista / Sony / BMG – U.S. No. 201

Singles

 * "Stand By" (1983) - UK No. 61; AUS No. 71; U.S. No. 54; U.S. CB No. 57
 * "Don't Try to Stop It" (1983) - UK No. 14; U.S. No. 68; U.S. CB No. 66
 * "Motormania" (1983) - UK No. 40
 * "One Foot Back in Your Door" (12")
 * "Fire Me Up" (1984)
 * "Touch Too Much" (1984)
 * "One Foot Back in Your Door" (1985) - U.S. No. 76

Japanese albums

 * ローマの休日/Cookin' on the Roof (CBS Sony)
 * 涙のラストクルーズ/Fire Me Up (CBS Sony)
 * ティーチャーズ/TEACHERS – original soundtrack from the Aaron Russo produced motion picture One Foot Back in Your Door

Japanese singles

 * "スタンバイ/Stand By"
 * "俺らはハリキリボーイ/Don't Try to Stop It"
 * "恋のモーターマニア/Motormania"
 * "涙のラストクルーズ/Hear It in the Night"
 * "ワン•フット•バック/One Foot Back in Your Door"

DVD and LaserDisk

 * Live in Tokyo (1985) <厚生年金大ホール/Koseinenkin Big Hall>

title: Roman Holliday


text:
When Irish Eyes Are Smiling

"When Irish Eyes Are Smiling" is a lighthearted song in tribute to Ireland. Its lyrics were written by Chauncey Olcott and George Graff, Jr., set to music composed by Ernest Ball, for Olcott's production of The Isle O' Dreams, and Olcott sang the song in the show. It was first published in 1912, at a time when songs in tribute to a romanticised Ireland were very numerous and popular both in Britain and the United States. During the First World War the famous tenor John McCormack recorded the song.

The song continued to be a familiar standard for generations. Decades later it was used as the opening song on the radio show Duffy's Tavern. The song has been recorded on over 200 singles and albums and by many famous singers, including Bing Crosby, Connie Francis, and Roger Whittaker.

Lyrics
Verse 1:
 * There's a tear in your eye and I'm wondering why,
 * For it never should be there at all;
 * With such pow'r in your smile, sure a stone you'd beguile,
 * So there's never a tear-drop should fall;
 * When your sweet lilting laughter's like some fairy song,
 * And your eyes twinkle bright as can be;
 * You should laugh all the while and all other times, smile,
 * And now smile a smile for me.

Chorus:
 * When Irish eyes are smiling,
 * Sure it's like a morn in Spring,
 * In the lilt of Irish laughter
 * You can hear the angels sing.
 * When Irish hearts are happy,
 * All the world seems bright and gay,
 * And when Irish eyes are smiling,
 * Sure, they steal your heart away.

Verse 2:
 * For your smile is a part of the love in your heart,
 * And it makes even sunshine more bright;
 * Like the linnet's sweet song, crooning all the day long,
 * Comes your laughter so tender and light;
 * For the spring-time of life is the sweetest of all,
 * There is ne'er a real care or regret;
 * And while spring-time is ours throughout all of youth's hours,
 * Let us smile each chance we get.

(Chorus)

The song in the news
The song gained notoriety in Canada after the so-called Shamrock Summit between Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and U.S. President Ronald Reagan held on Saint Patrick's Day, 1985. At the end of the evening, the two leaders and their wives jointly sang "When Irish Eyes Are Smiling," intended to celebrate both leaders' Irish heritage. Mulroney was extensively criticized in the Canadian press for a "cloying performance" said to symbolize his government's excessive closeness to Reagan's.

In film
"When Irish Eyes are Smiling" has been used in the following movies and short subjects:
 * "Return to Me," 2000
 * "It's A Great Day For The Irish," 1999
 * "The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (Ireland, April 1916)," 1993
 * "Young Guns," 1988 (Anachronistically, as the movie is set in 1877, 35 years before the song was published.)
 * "Husbands," 1970
 * "Ducking the Devil," 1957 cartoon
 * "Canary Row," 1950
 * "Top o' the Morning," 1949 (sung by Bing Crosby).
 * "The Time of Your Life," 1948
 * "My Wild Irish Rose," 1947
 * "Trap Happy Porky," 1945
 * "Irish Eyes Are Smiling," 1944 (This is an actual movie about Ernest R. Ball)
 * "My Favorite Blonde," 1942
 * "Notes to You," 1941
 * "Aviation Vacation," 1941
 * "Always a Bride," 1940
 * "The Long Voyage Home," 1940
 * "Tear Gas Squad," 1940
 * "It All Came True," 1940
 * "The Fighting 69th," 1940
 * "Let Freedom Ring," 1939
 * "The Crowd Roars," 1938
 * "North of the Rio Grande," 1937
 * "Roof Tops of Manhattan," 1935
 * "The Irish in Us," 1935
 * "In Caliente," 1935
 * "Ireland: 'The Emerald Isle," 1934
 * "Stage Mother," 1933
 * "Titanic: Honor and Glory Demo trailer," 2017
 * "Older Than Ireland," 2015

Copyright dispute
Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons concerned the copyright of this song (which is now in public domain.)

title: When Irish Eyes Are Smiling


text: Talk:Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den

title: Talk:Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den