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Microbial ecology

Microbial ecology (or environmental microbiology) is the ecology of microorganisms: their relationship with one another and with their environment. It concerns the three major domains of life—Eukaryota, Archaea, and Bacteria—as well as viruses.

Microorganisms, by their omnipresence, impact the entire biosphere. Microbial life plays a primary role in regulating biogeochemical systems in virtually all of our planet's environments, including some of the most extreme, from frozen environments and acidic lakes, to hydrothermal vents at the bottom of deepest oceans, and some of the most familiar, such as the human small intestine, nose, and mouth. As a consequence of the quantitative magnitude of microbial life (calculated as $5$ cells; eight orders of magnitude greater than the number of stars in the observable universe  ) microbes, by virtue of their biomass alone, constitute a significant carbon sink. Aside from carbon fixation, microorganisms' key collective metabolic processes (including nitrogen fixation, carbon fixation, methane metabolism, and sulphur metabolism) control global biogeochemical cycling. The immensity of microorganisms' production is such that, even in the total absence of eukaryotic life, these processes would likely continue unchanged.

History
While microbes have been studied since the seventeenth century, this research was from a primarily physiological perspective rather than an ecological one. For instance, Louis Pasteur and his disciples were interested in the problem of microbial distribution both on land and in the ocean. Martinus Beijerinck invented the enrichment culture, a fundamental method of studying microbes from the environment. He is often incorrectly credited with framing the microbial biogeographic idea that "everything is everywhere, but, the environment selects", which was stated by Lourens Baas Becking. Sergei Winogradsky was one of the first researchers to attempt to understand microorganisms outside of the medical context—making him among the first students of microbial ecology and environmental microbiology—discovering chemosynthesis, and developing the Winogradsky column in the process.

Beijerinck and Windogradsky, however, were focused on the physiology of microorganisms, not the microbial habitat or their ecological interactions. Modern microbial ecology was launched by Robert Hungate and coworkers, who investigated the rumen ecosystem. The study of the rumen required Hungate to develop techniques for culturing anaerobic microbes, and he also pioneered a quantitative approach to the study of microbes and their ecological activities that differentiated the relative contributions of species and catabolic pathways.

Progress in microbial ecology has been tied to the development of new technologies. The measurement of biogeochemical process rates in nature was driven by the availability of radioisotopes beginning in the 1950s. For example, 14CO2 allowed analysis of rates of photosynthesis in the ocean (ref). Another significant breakthrough came in the 1980s, when microelectrodes sensitive to chemical species like O2 were developed. These electrodes have a spatial resolution of 50–100 μm, and have allowed analysis of spatial and temporal biogeochemical dynamics in microbial mats and sediments.

Although measuring biogeochemical process rates could analyse what processes were occurring, they were incomplete because they provided no information on which specific microbes were responsible. It was long known that 'classical' cultivation techniques recovered fewer than 1% of the microbes from a natural habitat. However, beginning in the 1990s, a set of cultivation-independent techniques have evolved to determine the relative abundance of microbes in a habitat. Carl Woese first demonstrated that the sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA molecule could be used to analyse phylogenetic relationships. Norm Pace took this seminal idea and applied it to analysfe 'who's there' in natural environments. The procedure involves (a) isolation of nucleic acids directly from a natural environment, (b) PCR amplification of small subunit rRNA gene sequences, (c) sequencing the amplicons, and (d) comparison of those sequences to a database of sequences from pure cultures and environmental DNA. This has provided tremendous insights into the diversity present within microbial habitats. However, it does not resolve how to link specific microbes to their biogeochemical role. Metagenomics, the sequencing of total DNA recovered from an environment, can provide insights into biogeochemical potential, whereas metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can measure actual expression of genetic potential but remains more technically difficult.

Roles
Microorganisms are the backbone of all ecosystems, but even more so in the zones where photosynthesis is unable to take place because of the absence of light. In such zones, chemosynthetic microbes provide energy and carbon to the other organisms. These chemotrophic organisms can also function in environments lacking oxygen by using other electron acceptors for their respiration.

Other microbes are decomposers, with the ability to recycle nutrients from other organisms' waste products. These microbes play a vital role in biogeochemical cycles. The nitrogen cycle, the phosphorus cycle, the sulphur cycle and the carbon cycle all depend on microorganisms in one way or another. Each cycle works together to regulate the microorganisms in certain processes. For example, the nitrogen gas which makes up 78% of the Earth's atmosphere is unavailable to most organisms, until it is converted to a biologically available form by the microbial process of nitrogen fixation. Differing from the nitrogen and carbon cycles, stable gaseous species are not created in the phosphorus cycle in the environment. Microorganisms play a role in solubilizing phosphate, improving soil health and plant growth.

Due to the high level of horizontal gene transfer among microbial communities, microbial ecology is also of importance to studies of evolution.

Evolution
Microbial ecology contributes to the evolution in many different parts of the world. For example, different microbial species evolved CRISPR dynamics and functions, allowing a better understanding of human health.

Symbiosis
Microbes, especially bacteria, often engage in symbiotic relationships (either positive or negative) with other microorganisms or larger organisms. Although physically small, symbiotic relationships amongst microbes are significant in eukaryotic processes and their evolution. The types of symbiotic relationship that microbes participate in include mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and amensalism which affect the ecosystem in many ways.

Mutualism
Mutualism in microbial ecology is a relationship between microbial species and humans that allows for both sides to benefit. One such example would be syntrophy, also known as cross-feeding, of which 'Methanobacterium omelianskii ' is a classical example. This consortium is formed by an ethanol fermenting organism and a methanogen. The ethanol-fermenting organism provides the archaeal partner with the H2, which this methanogen needs in order to grow and produce methane. Syntrophy has been hypothesized to play a significant role in energy- and nutrient-limited environments, such as deep subsurface, where it can help the microbial community with diverse functional properties to survive, grow and produce maximum amount of energy. Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is carried out by mutualistic consortium of a sulfate-reducing bacterium and an anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaeon. The reaction used by the bacterial partner for the production of H2 is endergonic (and so thermodynamically unfavored) however, when coupled to the reaction used by archaeal partner, the overall reaction becomes exergonic. Thus the two organisms are in a mutualistic relationship which allows them to grow and thrive in an environment, deadly for either species alone. Lichen is an example of a symbiotic organism.

Commensalism
Commensalism is very common in microbial world, literally meaning "eating from the same table". Metabolic products of one microbial population are used by another microbial population without either gain or harm for the first population. There are many "pairs "of microbial species that perform either oxidation or reduction reaction to the same chemical equation. For example, methanogens produce methane by reducing CO2 to CH4, while methanotrophs oxidise methane back to CO2.

Amensalism
Amensalism (also commonly known as antagonism) is a type of symbiotic relationship where one species/organism is harmed while the other remains unaffected. One example of such a relationship that takes place in microbial ecology is between the microbial species Lactobacillus casei and Pseudomonas taetrolens. When co-existing in an environment, Pseudomonas taetrolens shows inhibited growth and decreased production of lactobionic acid (its main product) most likely due to the byproducts created by Lactobacillus casei during its production of lactic acid. However, Lactobacillus casei shows no difference in its behaviour, and such this relationship can be defined as amensalism.

Microbial resource management
Biotechnology may be used alongside microbial ecology to address a number of environmental and economic challenges. For example, molecular techniques such as community fingerprinting or metagenomics can be used to track changes in microbial communities over time or assess their biodiversity. Managing the carbon cycle to sequester carbon dioxide and prevent excess methanogenesis is important in mitigating global warming, and the prospects of bioenergy are being expanded by the development of microbial fuel cells. Microbial resource management advocates a more progressive attitude towards disease, whereby biological control agents are favoured over attempts at eradication. Fluxes in microbial communities has to be better characterized for this field's potential to be realised. In addition, there are also clinical implications, as marine microbial symbioses are a valuable source of existing and novel antimicrobial agents, and thus offer another line of inquiry in the evolutionary arms race of antibiotic resistance, a pressing concern for researchers.

In built environment and human interaction
Microbes exist in all areas, including homes, offices, commercial centers, and hospitals. In 2016, the journal Microbiome published a collection of various works studying the microbial ecology of the built environment.

A 2006 study of pathogenic bacteria in hospitals found that their ability to survive varied by the type, with some surviving for only a few days while others survived for months.

The lifespan of microbes in the home varies similarly. Generally bacteria and viruses require a wet environment with a humidity of over 10 percent. E. coli can survive for a few hours to a day. Bacteria which form spores can survive longer, with Staphylococcus aureus surviving potentially for weeks or, in the case of Bacillus anthracis, years.

In the home, pets can be carriers of bacteria; for example, reptiles are commonly carriers of salmonella.

S. aureus is particularly common, and asymptomatically colonizes about 30% of the human population; attempts to decolonize carriers have met with limited success and generally involve mupirocin nasally and chlorhexidine washing, potentially along with vancomycin and cotrimoxazole to address intestinal and urinary tract infections.

Antimicrobials
Some metals, particularly copper, silver, and gold have antimicrobial properties. Using antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces is a technique which has begun to be used in the 21st century to prevent transmission of bacteria. Silver nanoparticles have also begun to be incorporated into building surfaces and fabrics, although concerns have been raised about the potential side-effects of the tiny particles on human health. Due to the antimicrobial properties certain metals possess, products such as medical devices are made using those metals.

title: Microbial ecology


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Lévy C curve

In mathematics, the Lévy C curve is a self-similar fractal curve that was first described and whose differentiability properties were analysed by Ernesto Cesàro in 1906 and Georg Faber in 1910, but now bears the name of French mathematician Paul Lévy, who was the first to describe its self-similarity properties as well as to provide a geometrical construction showing it as a representative curve in the same class as the Koch curve. It is a special case of a period-doubling curve, a de Rham curve.

L-system construction
If using a Lindenmayer system then the construction of the C curve starts with a straight line. An isosceles triangle with angles of 45°, 90° and 45° is built using this line as its hypotenuse. The original line is then replaced by the other two sides of this triangle.

At the second stage, the two new lines each form the base for another right-angled isosceles triangle, and are replaced by the other two sides of their respective triangle. So, after two stages, the curve takes the appearance of three sides of a rectangle with the same length as the original line, but only half as wide.

At each subsequent stage, each straight line segment in the curve is replaced by the other two sides of a right-angled isosceles triangle built on it. After n stages the curve consists of 2n line segments, each of which is smaller than the original line by a factor of 2n/2.

This L-system can be described as follows:

where "F" means "draw forward", "+" means "turn clockwise 45°", and "−" means "turn anticlockwise 45°".

The fractal curve that is the limit of this "infinite" process is the Lévy C curve. It takes its name from its resemblance to a highly ornamented version of the letter "C". The curve resembles the finer details of the Pythagoras tree.

The Hausdorff dimension of the C curve equals 2 (it contains open sets), whereas the boundary has dimension about 1.9340.

Variations
The standard C curve is built using 45° isosceles triangles. Variations of the C curve can be constructed by using isosceles triangles with angles other than 45°. As long as the angle is less than 60°, the new lines introduced at each stage are each shorter than the lines that they replace, so the construction process tends towards a limit curve. Angles less than 45° produce a fractal that is less tightly "curled".

IFS construction
If using an iterated function system (IFS, or the chaos game IFS-method actually), then the construction of the C curve is a bit easier. It will need a set of two "rules" which are: Two points in a plane (the translators), each associated with a scale factor of 1/$\sqrt{2}$. The first rule is a rotation of 45° and the second −45°. This set will iterate a point [x, y] from randomly choosing any of the two rules and use the parameters associated with the rule to scale/rotate and translate the point using a 2D-transform function.

Put into formulae:

 * $$f_1(z)=\frac{(1-i)z}{2}$$
 * $$f_2(z)=1+\frac{(1+i)(z-1)}{2}$$

from the initial set of points $$S_0 = \{0,1\}$$.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lévy C curve


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Balgowan Primary School

Balgowan Primary School was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 8 votes to delete, 3 votes to keep. Block votes were ignored. Postdlf 21:54, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Balgowan Primary School
Maintained wholly by first contributor below (ie Iceaxejuggler). My argument is such pages are no more than vanity pages (I attended the school, so it must be notable). Prove it. Mandel 18:35, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

Keep. What is your argument for deletion? --Iceaxejuggler 10:58, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, his argument, apparently, is that it is vanity. I vote delete for non-notability. The bar is a whole lot higher, IMO for a primary school than an university. -Vina 23:49, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: What makes this school not just different from other schools, but of note to the world at large? How is this school such a remarkable school that it is known and will be sought out by the wider community?  I see no evidence of such.   Geogre 01:55, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I attended the school. I do not see how that makes it a vanity page - it's just something I happen to know about.  The school had over 600 people when I was there.  Over a number of years that is a very large number of people that have passed through its doors.  In addition there will have been a large number of parents, relatives and locals for whom this school may have paid a powerful part in their lives.  This entry might not say much, but it may be of interest to those that once attended the school to learn something of its early history and of its use as a hospital.  It is also an article that other people may be able to expand - perhaps with name changes or other facts about the school - in principal, information that might be useful to people researching family history, their parents schooling, whatever.  More importantly, I do not see the rationale for deleting it: why delete it?  What harm is it causing anyone?  Surely it's affected far more peoples lives - they've spent seven formative years of their lives there - than some long-dead English Lord whose only claim to fame is that his great-grandfather sucked up to the King?  (But people seem happy for such lords to be there).  Also worthy of note is that although there is not much information on this page, what little there is does not currently seem to be available anywhere else on the internet. --Iceaxejuggler 13:31, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, that last comment points out a problem with these school articles. In principle, everything in Wikipedia is supposed to be verifiable. See Verifiability. I don't want to overstress this, because I don't believe we do very much verification here—we do mostly rely on the good faith of contributors. If we deleted every article that hadn't been properly verified, we... well, anyway. I think that at the very least if the information in this article is based solely on the personal testimony of one person, that person ought to be identified on the article's talk page with their real name and some way of contacting them. Scientific articles sometimes reference "personal communication," and nonfiction books may cite "author's interview with so-and-so on thus-and-such date." [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 00:20, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It can be verified. Information that the school exists can be found on the internet.  As for some of the facts not mentioned on the internet these can be verified possibly by contacting the school or certainly by research in published sources in local libraries (or by published sources - histories of Beckenham - that are available by order over the internet).  Even going by the criteria listed on the page that you link to there does not seem to be a requirement that the verification information be listed on the internet (and it would seem a bizarre requirement if this was the case). --Iceaxejuggler 08:45, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I believe you and I'm don't seriously doubt the information. However, the Talk page for the article is currently empty, there is no References section, and no inline HTML comments. Take a look at Cite_your_sources. Do you have any objection to putting information about your sources on the Talk page? In particular, and I am quite serious about this, I think that if information in an article is based on personal knowledge, the Talk page should say so, should provide a means of contacting you, and, I believe, should provide your real identity. If you are going to provide difficult-to-verify information, then you should go the extra step to convince us that the information is verifiable in principle. I am a wishy-washy, vacillating school deletionist, whose principles are easily corrupted when the article is of high quality. You may feel that it is silly to invest further effort in this article right now, but I wish you would consider this in regard to future contributions.

 * You may also feel that giving yourself as the source makes the article vulnerable to a charge of "original research," but that is a) a real issue b) that must (and can be) dealt with. For example, consider the statement "The school was built in 1914, and was originally intended to be a secondary school (this explains the height of the windows, which are too high for primary school pupils." If you say: "Source: personal conversation with principal John T. Doe circa 1994" then it is no longer original research. You have now established a way of verifying the information (contacting John T. Doe) and you have given the reader the information needed to make a proper judgement of the reliability of the information. This is what scholarship is all about: give the information and give the reader whatever is needed to trace, verify, and assess the reliability of the information. I don't do very much of this in my own contributions. Like most Wikipedia contributors, I am guilty of fairly low-quality scholarship. Nevertheless it is what we should be doing, and the more obscure the information, the more important it is to do it. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 12:55, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete unless notability is more clearly established. It's a school. It's now a primary school but it wasn't originally intended to be. It was used for something else at one time. How is this any different from dozens, probably hundreds, of other schools? [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 01:00, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It is notable because 1000s of people have spent 7 formative years of there lives there, i.e. it has touched their lives in a very significant way. What is your requirement for something to be notable? --Iceaxejuggler 08:45, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * What do you mean by formulative? Significant in what way. All schools are attended by people, so does it mean that every single street, school, hospital, swimming pool, eatery, restaurant, address should be in Wikipedia?  You keep saying it is notable.  Prove it.Mandel 09:12, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Formative, not formulative. 1000s of people have spent a critical part of their youthful development at the school for most of their waking hours.  The school has played a major role in making them the person that they are.  I'd say having a significant role in the lives of 1000s of people is notable.  What's your definition of notable?  Anyway - as yours is the vote for deletion - surely the onus is on you to show that it is not notable, rather than for me to prove it? --Iceaxejuggler 09:20, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Every one who writes articles here has the responsibility to prove that what they write is notable, not gibberish. Your argument is an inclusionist one: all schools are notable, not that yours is significantly so.  So will it come to the point where every human being in the world merit an article in Wikipedia?  After all, we touch each others' lives in more ways than one.  The definition of notability has already been mentioned countless times -- there's no way to distinguish this one school from hundreds of thousands all over the world. If you can prove your school is special in certain ways that distinguishes it from others, that transferring from another school to this would make a significant difference, then that that would count as notable.  Just see how many above and below has mentioned that. Mandel 07:53, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I do believe that all schools should be included. (Perhaps there is an argument for restricting schools below a certain size, but Balgowan is large by the standard of primary schools.)  Please argue against my case, not an extension of my case that I have not made: saying that all schools should be included is not the same as saying all human beings would merit an article in wikipedia, just as saying that all universities should be included is not the same as saying all schools should be included - I have outlined why I think that this school is notable - it has touched upon many 1000s of lives in a significant, ongoing way.  And I do not see why you wish it to be deleted?  I can see a possible utilitarian argument for the inclusion of information about Balgowan (outlined in my earlier comments).  I do not see a strong argument for deleting it.  Surely the existence of articles such as this would only become a problem if it impeded searchs for other, more notable information? And I do not see how this is the case, in this instance.--Iceaxejuggler 22:32, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've no idea how big the school is, and I'm tired of this argument. If you think all schools should be included, just state so. For the rest, see the voters' reasoning below and above. Mandel 13:12, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * Count in 2 more delete votes from Improv, WOT. See above. Mandel 09:12, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry but my vote has to be for Delete. Apart from the big windows and the Blue Peter presenter there's nothing to distinguish this school from thousands of others. Jxan3000 11:00, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Not notable. Jayjg 16:41, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * D Generic primary school I'm afraid. Chris 02:51, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - factual, verifiable entry. Mark Richards 17:11, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep this. Schools are notable. Notability is not a deletion criteria. Intrigue 21:05, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I fail to see how something that is not notable in any way can be considered encyclopedic, which is one of the criteria for deletion. Indrian 21:08, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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The Adventures of Shirley Holmes

The Adventures of Shirley Holmes is a children's mystery television series that aired on YTV from May 7, 1997, to May 7, 2000. The show was created by Ellis Iddon and Phil Meagher (of Winklemania Productions, UK) who had produced a successful series of books with HarperCollins, teaming up with Credo, Forefront, Winchester and Winklemania to develop the TV series. Filmed in Winnipeg, Manitoba,

The show has been broadcast in over 80 countries and has been dubbed in French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, German, Norwegian, Russian, Serbian, Polish and Turkish.

Her performance in the show led to actress Meredith Henderson being nominated for a Gemini Award in 1998 and winning one in 1999. The show itself was twice nominated for a Gemini Award in the category "Best Children's or Youth Program or Series" in 1998 and eventually won it in 1999. In the spring of 1998 Susin Nielsen won a Gemini Award in the category "Best Writing in a Children's or Youth Program" for her screenplay of the episode "The Case of the Burning Building". In the same year, Elizabeth Stewart won a WGC Award from the Writers Guild of Canada for her writing of the episode "The Case of the Maestro's Ghost".

Original music was composed by Terry Frewer, although the theme tune was written and performed by show creators Ellis Iddon and Phil Meagher.

Credo spokesperson and producer Kim Todd named a growth spurt in the cast as one of the key reasons for cancelling the show. The aging of the actors would have meant a distinct change in tone and content had the show continued.

Plot overview
The series follows the life of Shirley Holmes, the great-grandniece of Sherlock Holmes who, with the help of ex-gang member Bo Sawchuk, tackles a variety of mysteries in and around the fictional city of Redington, Manitoba. On some occasions, she finds herself matching wits with nemesis Molly Hardy.

Main characters

 * Meredith Henderson as Shirley Holmes: The great-great-niece of Sherlock Holmes, Shirley is the daughter of British diplomat Robert Holmes and virologist Dr. Joanna Holmes. She carries on her famous ancestor's legacy of solving crimes through deductive reasoning while attending the prestigious Sussex Academy. In addition to Sherlock's detective skills such as deductive reasoning and disguise, she also has his mannerisms, but she can still express her emotions. She prefers to keep a low profile so she can continue her sleuthing. She wears a variety of hats throughout the series. Henderson, as Shirley, was the only character to appear in all episodes of the show.
 * John White as Francis Boris "Bo" Sawchuk: Shirley's sidekick. An ex-gang member from a Ukrainian family, Bo attends Sussex Academy on a scholarship. He first met Shirley in afterschool detention and was amazed at the girl detective's deductions about him. Shirley came to his aid after he was falsely accused of setting a work shed on campus on fire. After that case was solved, Bo became her sleuthing partner and best friend, akin to the relationship between 'Sherlock Holmes' and 'Dr. Watson'. He was supposed to be colorblind in first episode however that was never mentioned again. Bo is commonly mistaken as Shirley's boyfriend. His first appearance was in "The Case of the Burning Building." At the end of the series, he leaves for Ukraine to further his studies. White, as Bo, appears in all episodes of the series except "The Case of the Forbidden Mountain," where he is only mentioned by name.
 * Sarah Ezer as Molly Hardy: Shirley's nemesis, and Moriarty counterpart; her name is a reference to Sherlock Holmes' infamous foe. A newcomer to Sussex Academy, Molly first appeared as Alicia Gianelli's running mate during the school election for student council president. Through an elaborate scheme, Molly is elected student council president. Her true scheming nature is hidden from everyone except Shirley and Bo. Although her machinations are routinely thwarted by Shirley, Molly manages to escape punishment. She is revealed to be a sociopath in "The Case of the Crooked Comic" and is a mastermind of evil genius with an IQ of 160. Molly first appeared in "The Case of the Ruby Ring." It is possible that she is in fact descended from Professor Moriarty.
 * Annick Obonsawin as Alicia Gianelli: Alicia first appeared in "The Case of the Ruby Ring". Alicia is a good friend of Shirley and Bo, and she works at the Quazar Cafe, often mixing up orders of her customers. However, she also bows out easily to peer pressure and appears more simple-minded and materialistic than Shirley is.
 * Brendan Fletcher as Sterling "Stink" Patterson: Class clown and prankster. His parents run the local novelty store.  If Molly is Shirley's 'Moriarty', Stink could be considered her 'Sebastian Moran', though while being a trouble-maker he is far less malicious.  Stink first appeared in "The Case of the Ruby Ring" and his last appearance was in "The Case Of The Crooked Comic".  His departure from the series was explained as Molly being unable to get Stink back into Sussex Academy.
 * Blair Slater as Bartholemew "Bart" James: Bart first appeared in "The Case of the Ruby Ring." He is highly interested in the paranormal and considers it good fortune to be abducted by aliens. He is also very concerned about his studies, as seen when Math is taken out of the curriculum in Sussex during "The Case of the Calculated Crime". He may be a little queer, but Bo and Shirley still treat him as a friend, and he is aware of Shirley's sleuthing activities and sometimes helps out.
 * Chris Humphreys as Robert Holmes: Shirley's fathet, The great-nephew of Sherlock Holmes. Mr. Holmes first appeared in "The Case of the Burning Building." He is mostly worried for his daughter because he knows her tendency to get involved in cases out of curiosity, and at first he had almost given up hope on finding his wife. His last appearance in the series is in "The Case of the Vanishing Virus."
 * Elizabeth Shepherd as Peggy "Gran" Holmes: Shirley's grandmother and Mr. Holmes' mother. Peggy does not appear in the series after "The Case of the Forbidden Mountain" and is mentioned to have gone on vacation in the Fiji Islands in "The Case of the Vanishing Virus."
 * Marie Stillin as Ms. Cynthia Stratmann: Headmistress of Shirley's school, Sussex Academy, an upright woman who always works hard to success. She appeared since first episode, The Case Of The Burning Building, where she caught Shirley arriving late to class, therefore giving her detention where she ended up meeting Bo. She has a close friendship with Mr. Howie and is a Molly Hardy supporter, unaware of Molly's true intentions.
 * Colin Fox as Mr. Arthur Howie: Shirley's history teacher at Sussex. He used to attend Sussex and boarded at the dorm, and was also a very popular student, as shown in "The Case of the Dead Debutante". However, he has kinder-phobia, the phobia of children, as revealed in "The Case of the Alien Abductions".
 * Maggie Huculak as Dr. Joanna Holmes: Shirley's mother, who had disappeared for several years as a result of being in Rwanda during a civil war. She, Shirley, and Robert are reunited when Mr. Holmes is offered the chance to go to Rwanda on business. It is often said that Shirley shares her curiosity and determination to never give up.

Supporting/Recurring Characters

 * R. Morgan Slade as Parker. Shirley's classmate who often hangs out with Shirley's gang. However he is barely involved in a case.
 * Nathan	as Watson the Dog. Shirley's dog.
 * Helen Roupp as Mrs. Fish. Lazy secretary of Sussex Academy. She is the opposite to Ms. Stratmann.
 * Michael Puttonen as Detective Tremain. He is always wrong about his suspicions, and Shirley is the one who solves the cases instead of him.
 * Phillip Jarrett as Inspector Marquee. He is often after Bo' footsteps.
 * Jay Brazeau as Frank Patterson. Stink's father.
 * Arne MacPherson as Adam Quincy
 * Rick Howland as Bernie Szabo in "The Case of the Bouncing Baby"
 * Awaovieyi Agie Father Pierre Cayobanda.
 * Thomas Milburn Jr.	as Kasey Zee. Reporter.
 * Jonas Chernick as Daniel Devine. An artist that blamed Stink's dog as a cat killer. He also appeared as Mikola in The Case of the Desperate Dancer.
 * Dave 'Squatch' Ward as Jarrod. A motorcyclist that helped Ms. Stratmann in The Case Of The Bamboozling Blonde, he also appeared in The Case of the Liberated Beasts.
 * Kett Turton as Norman Melter, he replaced Stink. Somewhat eccentric guy.
 * Leslie Wolos as Heather, student in Sussex Academy, she starts dating Bo in last episode. She also appeared in other episodes as a different character.
 * Jennifer Lin as Bai Sung. She hides a secret about herself and suddenly turns into Bo's love interest that makes Shirley more jealous than intrigued.
 * Bill Switzer as Matt. Shirley's love interest. At first they don't get along well, because Matt mistook Shirley and Bo as a couple, then both realized that they have lot in common.

Guest Stars

 * Ryan Gosling as Sean. A gang boy that has issues against Bo. He tried to kill Shirley and Bo in a fire in first episode.
 * John Neville as Dr. O. Henry. A young alien hidden in a human corpse that developed a close friendship with Bart.
 * Diana Leblanc as Rebecca Ratcliff. An actress that has unexplained accidents behind her. Shirley suspects that she knows her mom.
 * Rebecca Gibson as Angela. Rebecca's understudy. Actress in The Case Of The Second Sight.
 * George R. Robertson as Bart's Grandfather.
 * Shelley Duvall as Alice Flitt. Sussex librarian. Wannabe witch.
 * Janet-Laine Green as Ruth Monroe. Miss Stratmann friend since childhood that is always one step behind her.
 * Jennifer Clement as Constance Quick. Pretender woman that real name is Barbie Biddel "with double D". She is often receiving death threats.
 * Brennan Elliott as Jake Bain. Nice rising star that is struggling with fame.
 * Lisa Ryder as Jenny Bain. Singer jealous of her brother's fame.
 * Crystal Lowe as Pascal. Karate Girls leader, Episode: "The Case of the Open Hand".
 * Rebecca Henderson "Beki Lantos" as Mimi, Episode: "The Case of the Open Hand".

title: The Adventures of Shirley Holmes


text:
Stradella, Lombardy

Stradella (Stradéla) is a town and comune (municipality) of the Oltrepò Pavese in the Province of Pavia in the northern Italian region of Lombardy. It is situated in the Padan Plain, about 5 km (3 mi) south of the river Po and has a population of 10,922.

History
Stradella, together with what is now the almost disinhabited locality of Montalino, was under the suzerainty of the bishop of Pavia in the early Middle Ages (being the most important center of the fief in the 11th century). Montalino and Pavia were repeatedly ravaged in the course of the Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines, particularly in 1373 by John Hawkwood's troops.

The bishop's seigniory ended in 1797 with the abolition of feudalism. It obtained the status of town in 1865. Stradella received the honorary title of city with a royal decree on May 25, 1865.

Musical tradition
The city was once an important centre for the production of accordions and still hosts a museum dedicated to this instrument. Mariano Dallapé was the first accordion builder in Stradella, his business was continued by his sons and further descendants. Later famous names include the brothers Crosio Fratelli.

Personalities
Stradella was the birthplace of Agostino Depretis.

Sport
Football:
 * Stradellina, Promozione, group G
 * Oratorio Stradella, Terza Categoria, group C

Basketball:
 * Pallacanestro Stradella, Promozione

title: Stradella, Lombardy


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St Enoch railway station

St Enoch station was a mainline railway station in the city of Glasgow, Scotland between 1876 and 1966. The hotel was the first building in Glasgow to be fitted out with electric lighting. The station was demolished in 1977.

History
Located on St Enoch Square in the city centre, it was opened by the City of Glasgow Union Railway in 1876. The first passenger train stopped there on 1 May 1876 and the official opening took place on 17 October 1876.

In 1883 it was taken over by the Glasgow and South Western Railway (G&SWR) and it became their headquarters. Services ran to most parts of the G&SWR system, including Ayr, Dumfries, Carlisle, Kilmarnock and Stranraer. In partnership with the Midland Railway, through services also ran to England, using the Settle and Carlisle Railway from Carlisle to Leeds, Sheffield, Derby and London St Pancras; the so-called Thames-Clyde route.

It was the site of a rail crash in 1903 in which 16 passengers were killed and 64 injured when a train overran the buffers. In the 1923 grouping it was taken over and then operated by the London Midland and Scottish Railway. After the nationalisation of the United Kingdom rail network, the station was run by British Railways.

The suburban service to East Kilbride was diverted to St Enoch in 1959, when all but three services were dieselised. The diversion was said to be necessary to reduce the numbers of trains at Glasgow Central.

It was a large station with 12 platforms and two impressive semi-cylindrical glass/iron roofed train sheds. The station was closed on 27 June 1966 as part of the rationalisation of the railway system undertaken by the British Railways Board chairman Dr. Richard Beeching; upon closure its 250 trains and 23,000 passengers a day were diverted to Central. The roofs of the structure were demolished, despite protests, in 1977. The clock that was suspended from the roof of the station was saved from destruction and is now on display in Cumbernauld Town Centre.

The St Enoch Hotel which fronted the station was also demolished in 1977.

Current site
The site of the station is now occupied by another glass structure, the St Enoch Centre, a large shopping centre. The remains of the station and hotel were used to help fill in the Queen's Dock, today the home of the SEC Centre, the SEC Armadillo and the OVO Hydro.

Though the mainline station is gone, parts of the arcaded approach embankments (now containing shops and restaurants) can be seen to the east of the shopping centre's car park on Osborne Street. Although the short remaining section which once led into the station now goes nowhere, the southern section remains as a freight line along the route of the Glasgow City Union Railway, crossing the Clydebridge Viaduct of 1899 which spans the River Clyde.

The red sandstone ticket hall which stands in St Enoch Square immediately west of the shopping centre is not part of the former rail station, but is the former ticket hall for the adjacent St Enoch subway station on the Glasgow Subway.

Dunlop Street railway station
St Enoch station replaced a previous station close by called Glasgow Dunlop Street, which was opened by the City of Glasgow Union Railway on 12 December 1870 and closed by the Glasgow and South Western Railway the same day St Enoch opened.

title: St Enoch railway station


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Marosszék

Marosszék was one of the seats in the historical Székely Land. It was named after the Maros, a river with the biggest discharge in the seat. The composer Zoltán Kodály wrote the Dances of Marosszék (1927, for piano, later orchestrated) based on the folk music of this region.

Population
The religious make-up of Marosszék in 1867 was the following:

 * Calvinist: 48,034
 * Roman Catholic: 15,697
 * Greek Catholic: 12,641
 * Unitarian: 7,116
 * Greek Orthodox: 5,520
 * Jewish: 944
 * Lutheran: 285
 * Foreigner: 771
 * Total: 91,008

title: Marosszék


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Udvarhelyszék

Udvarhelyszék (formerly called Telegdiszék) was one of the Székely seats in the historical Székely Land.

Situated on the western part of the Székely Land, it was the main seat (anyaszék, sedes principalis, sedes capitalis) for a significant period, being the home of the Count of the Székelys and the Székely National Assembly; it also fulfilled the main administrative and judiciary functions.

It administered two sub-seats (Hungarian: fiúszék, Latin: sedes filialis): Bardócszék and Keresztúrszék.

Population
The religious make-up of Udvarhelyszék in 1867 was the following:
 * Calvinist: 35,759
 * Roman Catholic: 34,282
 * Unitarian: 22,263
 * Greek Catholic: 2,054
 * Greek Orthodox: 1,847
 * Jewish: 115
 * Lutheran: 113
 * Foreigner: 496
 * Total: 96,929

title: Udvarhelyszék


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Zhao Jingshen

Zhao Jingshen (April 25, 1902 – January 7, 1985) was a popular Chinese novelist. Born in Lishui, Zhejiang, he was a member of the Seminar in literature. He also contributed to the field of translation and folk opera, and funded other writers.

title: Zhao Jingshen


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Talk:Jamay

Does this belong in English Wikipedia?

title: Talk:Jamay


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Wikipedia talk:Files for discussion

Copyright templates
There is a discussion about copyright templates which could use some additional input. Please join in the conversation here. Primefac (talk) 07:15, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

Discussion at Wikipedia:Village Pump (proposals) § Bump XfD heading sizes
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia:Village Pump (proposals) § Bump XfD heading sizes about potentially increasing the header size of XfD discussions. Primefac (talk) 06:57, 9 February 2024 (UTC)

Discussion at WT:Deletion process § Deletion sorting should be advertised on all XFD venues
You are invited to join the discussion at WT:Deletion process § Deletion sorting should be advertised on all XFD venues. Nickps (talk) 21:44, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

Slavery in the 21st century
Requesting some one to have a look at the concerns expressed about irrelevant images and depiction of identifiable child at Talk:Slavery in the 21st century.

I request / wish some one who is used to issue of images in the articles does the needful.  Bookku   (talk) 09:48, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Files for discussion


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Farzad Bazoft

Farzad Bazoft (22 May 1958 – 15 March 1990) was an Iranian journalist who settled in the United Kingdom in the mid-1970s. He worked as a freelance reporter for The Observer. He was arrested by Iraqi authorities and executed in 1990 after being convicted of spying for Israel while working in Iraq.

Biography
Bazoft went to live in the United Kingdom in 1975 at the age of 16. He was sentenced to 18 months jail after robbing the Heart of England Building Society in Brackley in 1981. The sentence included a deportation order, which Bazoft appealed against successfully in 1983.

After finishing his education he began a career as a freelance journalist, contributing articles about the Middle East and, in particular, the Iran–Iraq War to news outlets including The Observer and the BBC. In 1989 he was invited by the Iraqi government to come to Iraq along with other journalists to report on elections being held in Kurdistan. Before Bazoft set off, he learned about a mysterious explosion that had occurred on 19 September 1989 at the al-Iskandaria military complex, 50 km south of Baghdad. The heavy detonation was heard as far away as Baghdad. Despite Saddam Hussein's personal order to keep the matter secret, rumours began to spread that the accident happened in a rocket factory's assembly line, killing dozens of Egyptian technicians involved in Iraq's secret development of medium-range ballistic missiles.

Sensing a possible scoop, Bazoft headed for al-Hilla to search for details. He allegedly undertook his investigation with the approval of Iraqi officials. Observer editor Donald Trelford said in response to Bazoft's arrest: "Farzad Bazoft is not a spy. He is a reporter who went to do a story. He said in advance the story he was going to do. He told the Baghdad government where he wanted to go. ... This is not the action of a spy, this is the action of a reporter." Other Western reporters were also interested in the story, but a camera crew from Independent Television News was stopped by Iraqi authorities before they could reach the plant. Bazoft got through, driven by British nurse Daphne Parish. Bazoft also asked military personnel in Baghdad hotels and casinos what they knew and was reported by hotel security to the Iraqi Intelligence Service.

Bazoft was arrested at Baghdad International Airport in September 1989, while waiting for his flight back to London. He had 34 photographs of the area of al-Hilla in his luggage, and some soil from near the factory. After six weeks in custody at the Abu Ghraib prison, and, after beatings, Bazoft was put in front of TV cameras on 1 November and made to confess to being an Israeli agent. Parish had also been arrested by Iraqi authorities. Before their trial, President Saddam Hussein wrote to British prime minister Margaret Thatcher assuring her that Bazoft and Parish would get a fair trial.

Following a one-day trial behind closed doors, lacking conclusive evidence of his guilt, Bazoft was convicted and sentenced to death on 10 March 1990. Parish was sentenced to 15 years in prison, but she was released on 16 July 1990 following a plea for clemency from Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda.

International appeals for clemency for Bazoft had no effect. He was not permitted to appeal against his conviction or sentence, and was executed by hanging at 6:30am on 15 March 1990.

Aftermath
Bazoft's body was placed in a rough wooden crate and despatched to his family in the United Kingdom. Documents seized during the invasion of Iraq in 2003 confirm that Saddam Hussein personally stressed the need for Bazoft's execution to take place before Ramadan (which began that year on 16 March), to quash attempts for clemency by the British government.

Immediately after the execution, Britain recalled its ambassador to Iraq and cancelled all ministerial visits, though the Conservative Party was not unanimous on the response, with Conservative MPs Rupert Allason and Anthony Beaumont-Dark supporting the Iraqi government response, and Phil Dicks even publicly stating on the day before the execution that Bazoft "deserved to be hanged". Bazoft's story nonetheless triggered widespread outrage in the West and contributed to international isolation of Saddam's regime. Months after the incident, on 2 August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, sparking the first Gulf War. During that war, the command tank of the UK's 7th Armoured Brigade was named Bazoft's Revenge.

In 2003, The Observer tracked down Kadem Askar, the colonel in the Iraqi intelligence service who conducted the initial interrogation of Bazoft. He admitted that he knew Bazoft was innocent, but that he was powerless to obstruct Saddam Hussein's orders to have him convicted and executed. That Hussein himself ordered the execution of Bazoft is confirmed in transcripts of taped meetings made by the Hussein regime and seized during the 2003 invasion.

The release of papers from 1990 at the beginning of 2017 revealed that the Thatcher government decided to take no action against Iraq out of an anxiety that doing so might risk British exports. Norman Lamont, chief secretary to the treasury in 1990, told The Observer: "There was some argument about how British he was – he did have an Iranian passport and that was the decisive thing: he wasn't a British citizen". Bazoft qualified for British residency.

title: Farzad Bazoft


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District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands

The District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands (in case citations, D. N. Mar. I.) is a federal territorial court whose jurisdiction comprises the United States-affiliated Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). It was established by Act of Congress in 1977, pursuant to an international agreement between the United States and the CNMI that brought the CNMI under United States sovereignty. The court began hearing cases in January 1978. The court regularly sits in Saipan but may sit elsewhere in the CNMI. The court has the same jurisdiction as United States district courts, including diversity jurisdiction and bankruptcy jurisdiction. However, the District Court is not an Article III U.S. District Court, and because of that its judge is appointed for a 10-year term instead of for life. Appeals are taken to the Ninth Circuit.

Like most federal judges, judges in this court are appointed by the president, subject to Senate confirmation. Judges may serve more than one term, subject to the standard nominating process.

The United States is represented in civil and criminal litigation in the court by the United States Attorney's Office for the District of the Northern Mariana Islands.

The first District Judge appointed was Alfred Laureta, who served from 1978 until 1988. His successor, Alex R. Munson, was nominated by President Ronald Reagan, and confirmed by the Senate in 1988. Munson was nominated for a second ten-year term by President Bill Clinton and was confirmed by the Senate in 1998. He took senior status effective February 28, 2010. On January 26, 2011, President Obama nominated Ramona Villagomez Manglona to be Judge for the District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands for a term of ten years. The U.S. Senate confirmed her nomination by voice vote on July 26, 2011, and she received her commission on July 29, 2011. Her initial ten-year term ended on July 28, 2021, although she was allowed to continue serving until the confirmation of a successor. She was later nominated by President Joe Biden for a second ten-year term and confirmed by the U.S. Senate on April 16, 2024.

The District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands was established by Pub. L. 95–157, 91 Stat. 1265 (Nov. 8, 1977), and is codified at, a nonpositive law title.


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Stradella

Stradella may refer to:

Places in Italy

 * Municipalities (comuni)
 * Stradella, Lombardy, in the Province of Pavia

 * Civil parishes (frazioni)
 * Stradella (Bigarello), in the commune of Bigarello, Province of Mantua, Lombardy
 * Stradella (Collecchio), in the commune of Collecchio, Province of Parma, Emilia-Romagna
 * Stradella (Gambolò), in the commune of Gambolò, Province of Pavia, Lombardy
 * Stradella (Refrancore), in the commune of Refrancore, Province of Asti, Piedmont
 * Stradella (San Polo d'Enza), in the commune of San Polo d'Enza, Province of Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna

People

 * Alessandro Stradella (1639-1682), Italian composer

Other uses

 * Stradella (Niedermeyer), an 1837 opera by Louis Niedermeyer
 * Stradella (Franck), an 1841 opera by César Franck
 * Alessandro Stradella (opera), an 1844 opera by Friedrich von Flotow
 * Stradella bass system, a keyboard system used on the bass side of many accordions

title: Stradella


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File:LogoLAOSnew.png

Summary
New (2004) LAOS logo

Had to be edited with the GIMP

Licensing
==Fair Use rationale for inclusion in Popular Orthodox Rally== Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It illustrates an educational article about the entity that the logo represents.
 * 2) The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 3) It is a low resolution image, and thus not suitable for production of counterfeit goods.
 * 4) The logo is not used in such a way that a reader would be confused into believing that the article is written or authorized by the owner of the logo.
 * 5) It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.

title: File:LogoLAOSnew.png


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Peaceful coexistence

Peaceful coexistence (Мирное сосуществование) was a theory, developed and applied by the Soviet Union at various points during the Cold War in the context of primarily Marxist–Leninist foreign policy and adopted by Soviet-allied socialist states, according to which the Socialist Bloc could peacefully coexist with the capitalist bloc (i.e., U.S.-allied states). This was in contrast to the antagonistic contradiction principle that socialism and capitalism could never coexist in peace. The Soviet Union applied it to relations between the western world, particularly NATO countries, and nations of the Warsaw Pact.

Debates over differing interpretations of peaceful coexistence were one aspect of the Sino-Soviet split in the 1950s and 1960s. During the 1970s, the People's Republic of China under the leadership of its founder, Mao Zedong, argued that a belligerent attitude should be maintained towards capitalist countries, and so initially rejected the peaceful coexistence theory as essentially Marxist revisionism. Their decision in 1972 to establish a trade relationship with the United States also saw China cautiously adopting a version of the theory to relations between itself and non-socialist countries. From that point through the early 1980s and the adoption of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, China increasingly extended its own peaceful coexistence concept to include all nations. Albanian ruler Enver Hoxha (at one time, China's only true ally) also denounced this and turned against China as a result of the latter's growing ties to the West, as exemplified by Richard Nixon's visit to China in 1972; today, Hoxhaist parties continue to denounce the concept of peaceful coexistence.

Peaceful coexistence, in extending itself to all countries and social movements tied to the USSR's interpretation of communism, quickly became modus operandi for many individual communist parties as well, encouraging quite a few, especially those in the developed world, to give up their long-term goal of amassing support for an armed, insurrectionist communist revolution in exchange for more active participation in electoral politics.

Soviet policy
Khrushchev solidified the concept in Soviet foreign policy in 1956 at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The policy arose as an attempt to reduce hostility between the two superpowers, particularly in light of the possibility of nuclear war. The Soviet theory of peaceful coexistence asserted that the United States and USSR, and their respective political ideologies, could coexist rather than fighting one another, and Khrushchev tried to demonstrate his commitment to peaceful coexistence by attending international peace conferences, such as the Geneva Summit, and by traveling internationally, such as his 13-day trip to tour the United States in 1959. The World Peace Council founded in 1949 and largely funded by the Soviet Union attempted to organize a peace movement in favor of the concept internationally.

Peaceful coexistence was meant to assuage Western, capitalist concerns that the socialist Soviet Union was driven by the concept of world revolution advocated by its founders, Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks. Lenin and the Bolsheviks advocated world revolution through workers' "internal revolutions" within their own nations, but they had never advocated its spread by intra-national warfare, such as invasion by Red Army troops from a neighboring socialist nation into a capitalist one.

Indeed, short of such "internal revolutions" by workers themselves, Lenin had talked about "peaceful cohabitation" with capitalist countries. Khrushchev used this aspect of Lenin's politics to argue that while socialism would eventually triumph over capitalism, this would be done not by force but by example. Implicitly, this proclamation meant the end of the USSR's advocacy of the spread of communist revolution through insurrectionist violence, which some communists around the world saw as a betrayal of the principles of revolutionary communism itself.

In addition to being a reaction to the realization that a nuclear war between the two superpowers would ensure the destruction of not only the socialist system but the entirety of humanity, it also reflected the USSR's strategic military disposition - the move away from large, and possibly politically offensive, military ventures towards a force centered on proxy wars and a strategic nuclear missile force. Although disquiet over this shift helped bring Khrushchev down, his successors did not return to the antagonistic contradiction theories of an inevitable conflict between the capitalist and socialist systems. Initially, this was China's main gripe with the theory, and the reason the latter from then on classified the Soviet Union as a "betrayer of the Revolution."

Cuban policy
"As Marxists we have maintained that peaceful coexistence among nations does not encompass coexistence between the exploiters and the exploited, between the oppressors and the oppressed."

One of the most outspoken critics of peaceful coexistence during the early 1960s was Argentine Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara. As a leader in the Cuban government during the October Missile Crisis, Guevara believed that a repeat invasion by the United States (after the Bay of Pigs) would be justifiable grounds for a nuclear war. In Guevara's view, the capitalist bloc was composed of "hyenas and jackals" that "fed on unarmed peoples".

Chinese policy
Premier Zhou Enlai of the People's Republic of China proposed the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in 1954 during negotiations with India over Tibet and these were written into the Agreement Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of India on Trade and Intercourse Between the Tibet Region of China and India signed in 1954 by Zhou and Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru. The principles were reiterated by Zhou at the Bandung Conference of Asian and African countries where they were incorporated into the conference declarations. One major consequence of this policy was that the PRC would not support Communist insurgencies in Southeast Asia, particularly in Thailand and Malaysia, and would distance itself from overseas Chinese in those nations.

Mao Zedong pursued close relations with 'capitalist' countries like Pakistan, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Iran and Zambia. China did not endorse or support the Communist rebellion in the Philippines and hosted Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos in 1975. In 1972, the U.S. president Richard Nixon visited China. China extended credit to Augusto Pinochet's Chile. The pro-Western dictator of Zaire, Mobutu Sese Seko visited Beijing in 1973, and signed economic and technical cooperation agreements.

To justify China's close relations with U.S. allies, the Three Worlds Theory was adopted. Both U.S. and U.S.S.R were seen as imperialist powers.

With Mao's death the Chinese softened their line, though would never endorse the views of their rivals. During the late 1970s and 1980s, the concept of peaceful coexistence was expanded as a framework for all sovereign nations. In 1982 the Five Principles were written into the Constitution of the People's Republic of China which claims to be bound by them in its international relations.

The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence as promoted by China are:
 * mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity
 * mutual non-aggression
 * non-interference in each other's internal affairs
 * equality and mutual benefit
 * peaceful co-existence

There are three notable consequences of the Chinese concept of peaceful coexistence. First of all, in contrast with the Soviet concepts of the mid-1970s, the Chinese concepts include the encouragement of global free trade. Second, the Chinese concept of peaceful coexistence places a large emphasis on national sovereignty and territorial integrity, and thus moves by the United States to promote its interests are seen in this framework as hostile. Finally, as the PRC does not consider Taiwan to be sovereign, the concept of peaceful coexistence does not extend to Taiwan, and efforts by other nations, particularly the United States, to involve itself in PRC-Taiwan relations are seen as hostile actions in this framework.

Use in modern diplomacy
More recently, the phrase has gained currency beyond its usage in communist phraseology and has been adopted by the broader diplomatic world. For instance, in his 2004 Christmas address, Pope John Paul II called for "peaceful coexistence" in the Middle East.

title: Peaceful coexistence


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Anna Wood (born 1980)

Anna Victoria Wood (27 May 1980 – 24 October 1995) was an Australian teenager who died after consuming an ecstasy tablet at a rave party in inner Sydney. Her cause of death was hypoxic encephalopathy, following acute water intoxication secondary to ingestion of MDMA.

Wood's death was covered widely in the news media, produced debate on drug use among adolescents and inspired the memoir Anna's Story (1996) by Bronwyn Donaghy.

Events leading up to death
Wood had recently left The Forest High School after completing Year 10 to pursue a career in beauty therapy at a salon near her home in Sydney's North Shore. On 21 October 1995, Wood and a group of school friends attended an "Apache" rave dance party at the Phoenician Club on Broadway in Ultimo, in inner-city Sydney. She had told her parents that she was going to a friend's house to have a sleepover. Wood and her friends bought and consumed ecstasy tablets from a female friend outside the club prior to entering. At approximately 5:00a.m. on 22 October, Wood began feeling unwell inside the club and was seen rushing to the toilets, where she was found vomiting. Her friends drove her back to one of their homes in Belrose where she was put to bed. Wood's symptoms showed no signs of improving: there were continued episodes of dry retching, intermittent sleep, confusion and possible convulsion-like movements, followed by a lapse into unconsciousness. At 10:00a.m. Wood's parents were informed, who called for an ambulance and had her taken to the Royal North Shore Hospital in St Leonards. Wood remained in a coma throughout the period and did not regain consciousness; she died on Tuesday, 24 October 1995 after her life support was turned off following the declaration that she was brain dead.

Coroner's report
The subsequent coroner's report determined that the cause of death was a cerebral edema caused by water intoxication (hyponatraemia) secondary to use of MDMA. Hyponatraemia occurs when excessive fluid consumption dilutes sodium levels in the blood supply, leading to water absorption in the body's cells. Absorption of too much water causes cell swelling, which in the brain can cause irreparable damage as the human skull leaves little room for expansion inside. The brain's functions are also disrupted by cell swelling, resulting in respiratory arrest among other symptoms. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion (SIADH) that occurs in some users of MDMA can compound hyponatraemia by disrupting the body's normal response of releasing excess water by excretion.

The coroner recommended improved drug education information stressing the need for immediate medical attention if a user of MDMA became ill under its influence. J. A. Henry, a British physician from the Medical Toxicology Unit at Guy's Hospital, noted that British recommendations for appropriate water consumption for MDMA users stressed the different needs of users who were dancing strenuously and those who were not.

Aftermath and media coverage
Wood's death was widely reported in the media and represented a change in how ecstasy-related stories were covered. Whereas previous ecstasy-related incidents had received minimal coverage and were reported in the context of crime, delinquency and secrecy, Wood's "girl next door" image, and death, was extensively covered and turned into a warning against illicit drug-use in society. It was initially put forward in the media that the ecstasy tablet taken by Wood was probably laced with heroin or morphine, the purported cause of her death, but the coroner's report determined that only MDMA was present in Wood's body.

Wood's funeral took place on 1 November 1995 at the Northern Suburbs Memorial Gardens.

The initial coverage of the event was soon followed by media stories ranging from concerns about drug use in Australian teenagers to attacks on techno music and raves for their corrupting influence on youth. The Phoenician Club in particular was singled out, with calls to have the venue closed down, a move endorsed by the then-NSW Premier, Bob Carr. In the event, the club was allowed to continue to run but it had to abandon hosting dance parties. The death of Anna Wood also fuelled perceptions that drug-taking was a serious problem among Australian teenagers, even though a NSW AMA report from the time established that only 3% of 14- to 19-year-olds had used ecstasy. Rave culture in Australia and Wood's death was documented on the popular Australian television news program 60 Minutes in 1996, creating further debate.

The intensity of the media coverage can be explained to a degree by Wood's appearance as an average, middle-class "good girl" whose life had been tragically taken from her. She did not fit the stereotype of the street-living junkie and so was turned into an object of sympathy instead. She was the child that "everyone could relate to", and, as a result, was used as a warning to prevent incidents. Wood's death was sympathetically covered by Bronwyn Donaghy in a book on the event entitled Anna's Story in 1996. It raised similar concerns in the media that drug-taking was a problem among youth and argued against drug decriminalisation as a response to Wood's death.

While her death renewed calls for a more hardline approach to be taken on drugs in the media and by politicians, Jack Marx of The Age pointed out that this "zero tolerance" approach may have scared Wood's friends into not taking her immediately to a hospital where her life could have been saved.

Wood's death nevertheless raised awareness about ecstasy use in the general community, which until that time had been less well known in Australia. Her death was seen as unusual because in 1995 the number of people who had died from ecstasy use was very low. The raised awareness of ecstasy use led to the Australian state governments instituting new laws in the running of dance venues. In NSW, the Code of Practice for Dance Parties was passed in 1997, which made the provision of chill rooms and free water compulsory for clubs to obtain their licence. This was seen as an acknowledgement of the reality of ecstasy use in the dance scene and the need for pragmatic legislation by governments to prevent further deaths. The coroner's report into Wood's death had also recommended public advice on ecstasy use and water intake to avoid further water intoxication fatalities.

The notoriety of Wood's death saw it continue to surface in the public after the turn of the century. It was referred to during the 2007 NSW state election, for instance, when NSW Opposition Leader Peter Debnam used it and some other youth deaths to claim the state government was not doing enough to prevent further tragedies. Her death often resurfaces in the Australian media when other Australian teenagers die after taking ecstasy. In November 2015 (after the death of a Sydney woman at the Stereosonic music festival), Wood's father stated that "[he] hoped Anna's death would make a difference, but we are not making progress against drugs. I think the pro-legalisation lobby has a lot to answer for. They keep on about harm reduction. They say just take the stuff safely. But there is no safe way. You just don’t know what will happen when you take drugs."

title: Anna Wood (born 1980)


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Čelinac

Čelinac (Челинац) is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, the municipality has a population of 15,548 inhabitants, while the town of Čelinac has a population of 5,097 inhabitants.

Geography
It is located along the Jošavka and Vrbanja rivers, between the municipalities of Laktaši and Prnjavor to the north, Teslić to the east, Kotor Varoš and Kneževo (formerly known as Skender Vakuf) to the south, and Banja Luka to the west.

War in Yugoslavia
The main initiator and leader of the persecution of the non-Serb population in the valley of the Vrbanja river and Bosanska Krajina, including Čelinac, was a member of the SDS — Radoslav Brđanin, a native of the nearby village of Popovac.

Brđanin was a leading political figure in the Autonomous Region of Krajina (ARK). During The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s, he was in key positions at the municipal, regional and "republic" level. Among other things, he was the first vice president of the Assembly of the ARK, president of the ARK Crisis Staff and later as acting vice minister of production, minister of construction, traffic and utilities and acting deputy prime minister of Republika Srpska (RS). The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) condemned him for various crimes to 30 years in prison.

During the War in Bosnia, along with other generally known reprisals, the local authorities had introduced restrictions for Bosniaks and Croats, i.e. the non-Serb population. In addition to those who had experienced this, among other things, bears witness to the indictment against Radovan Karadžić before the Tribunal in The Hague. At the hearing in 2013, a witness, in response to Nikola Poplašen, stated: "'Since he stated that there was no ethnic discrimination in the Republika Srpska, the prosecutor presented the decision of the Čelinac municipality authorities from July 23, 1992, in which Croats and Muslims are prohibited from going out into the street from 4 p.m. till 6 a.m., bathing in the river, fishing, gathering in larger groups, and the only thing they are expressly allowed to do is - leave. And this only on the condition that the entire household leaves the municipality. According to Poplašen, with these restrictions, the municipal authorities wanted to 'protect' the population and 'save people's heads'."

Settlements
Aside from the town of Čelinac, the municipality includes the following settlements:

 * Balte
 * Basići
 * Branešci Donji
 * Branešci Gornji
 * Brezičani
 * Crni Vrh
 * Čelinac Gornji
 * Dubrava Nova
 * Dubrava Stara
 * Grabovac
 * Jošavka Donja
 * Jošavka Gornja
 * Kablovi
 * Kamenica
 * Lađevci
 * Lipovac
 * Markovac
 * Mehovci
 * Memići
 * Miloševo
 * Opsječko
 * Popovac
 * Skatavica
 * Šahinovići
 * Šnjegotina Donja
 * Šnjegotina Srednja
 * Šnjegotina Velika
 * Štrbe
 * Vijačani Gornji

Economy
The following table gives a preview of the total number of registered employed people per their core activity (as of 2016):

Notable people

 * Radoslav Brđanin, politician
 * Rajko Kuzmanović, politician
 * Željko Blagojević, ultra runner

title: Čelinac


text:
User talk:Surya~enwiki

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! BTW, you can sign your name using three tildes, like this:. Four tildes ( ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Here are some things you can do to get started:
 * How to edit a page
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Again, welcome! Johnleemk | Talk 11:32, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Surya. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Surya~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:56, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:22, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Surya~enwiki


text:
Stradella, Gambolò

Stradella is a village in the comune of Gambolò, Pavia province, in the northern Italian region of Lombardy, at about 100 m (328 ft) above sea-level, in the plain of the Ticino, about 8 km (5 mi) SW of the river. The resident population counted in the 2001 census was 50.

title: Stradella, Gambolò


text:
William Brett, 1st Viscount Esher

William Baliol Brett, 1st Viscount Esher, PC (13 August 1815 – 24 May 1899), known as Sir William Brett between 1868 and 1883, was a British lawyer, judge, and Conservative politician. He was briefly Solicitor-General under Benjamin Disraeli and then served as a justice of the Court of Common Pleas between 1868 and 1876, as a Lord Justice of Appeal between 1876 and 1883 and as Master of the Rolls. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Esher in 1885 and further honoured when he was made Viscount Esher on his retirement in 1897.

Background and education
Brett was a son of the Reverend Joseph George Brett, of Chelsea, London, by Dorothy, daughter of George Best, of Chilston Park, Boughton Malherbe, Kent. He was educated at Westminster School, King's College London and at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Brett rowed for Cambridge University Boat Club against Leander Club in 1837 and 1838, then in the victorious Cambridge crew against Oxford University in the 1839 Boat Race.

Career
Called to the Bar in 1840, Brett went to the northern circuit and became a Queen's Counsel in 1861. On the death of Richard Cobden in 1865, he unsuccessfully contested Rochdale as a Conservative, but in an 1866 by-election, he was returned for Helston in unique circumstances. He and his opponent polled exactly the same number of votes, and the mayor, as returning officer, then gave his casting vote for the Liberal candidate. As the vote was given after four o'clock, however, an appeal was lodged, and the House of Commons allowed both members to take their seats.

Brett rapidly made his mark in the House, and in early 1868, he was knighted and appointed Solicitor General under Benjamin Disraeli. On behalf of the Crown, he prosecuted the Fenians charged with having caused the Clerkenwell Outrage. In Parliament, he took a leading part in the promotion of bills connected with the administration of law and justice. In August 1868, he was appointed a Justice of the Court of Common Pleas. Some of his sentences in this capacity excited much criticism, notably so in the case of the gas stokers strike, when he sentenced the defendants to imprisonment for twelve months, with hard labour, which was afterwards reduced by the Home Secretary to four months.

On the reconstitution of the Court of Appeal in 1876, Brett was elevated to the rank of a Lord Justice of Appeal. He was sworn of the Privy Council at the same time. After holding the position for seven years, he succeeded Sir George Jessel as Master of the Rolls in 1883. In 1885 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Esher, of Esher in the County of Surrey. He opposed the bill proposing that an accused person or his wife might give evidence in their own case and supported the bill that empowered Lords of Appeal to sit and vote after their retirement. The Solicitors Act 1888, which increased the powers of the Incorporated Law Society, owed much to his influence. In 1880, he delivered a speech in the House of Lords, deprecating the delay and expense of trials, which he regarded as having been increased by the Judicature Act 1873. He retired from the bench at the close of 1897, and was created Viscount Esher, of Esher in the County of Surrey, a dignity rarely given to any judge, Lord Chancellors excepted.

Judgments

 * Tamplin v James (1880) 15 Ch D 215 (CA), upholding a decision of Baggallay LJ in the first instance; contract law concerning the availability of specific performance for a breach of contract induced by mistake.
 * Compagnie Financiere du Pacifique v Peruvian Guano Co (1882) 11 QBD 55 - Established the modern test for discovery of documents.
 * Heaven v Pender (1883) - In the obiter dicta in his judgment of the Court of Appeal, Brett MR sought to establish a general "duty of care" between parties that would have led to a tort of negligence. Such a principle was only finally accepted by English courts in 1932.
 * Foakes v Beer (Brett sitting in the Court of Appeal) [1884] UKHL 1, [1881-85] All ER Rep 106, (1884) 9 App Cas 605; 54 LJQB 130; 51 LT 833; 33 WR 233 - a leading case from the House of Lords on the legal concept of consideration
 * In the Arbitration between Secretary of State for Home Department and Fletcher (1887) - upholding a Queens bench decision supporting the authority of the Inspector of Mines to require the use of safety lamps; Bowen LJ dissenting.
 * Filburn v People's Palace and Aquarium Co Ltd (1890) was a case that imposed strict liability upon owners of wild animals for harm caused by them.
 * British South Africa Co v Companhia de Moçambique [1893] AC 602 (Esher sitting in the Court of Appeal) - Esher dissented from the Court of Appeal decision of Fry LJ and Lopes LJ; the House of Lords overturned their decision and by so doing established the Mozambique rule, a common law rule in private international law that renders actions relating to title in foreign land, the right to possession of foreign land, and trespass to foreign land non-justiciable in common law jurisdictions.
 * The Satanita [1897] AC 59 - Contract law case atypical of the conventional offer & acceptance pattern seen in English law. Brett's decision at appeal affirmed by the House of Lords.
 * Chatenay v Brazilian Submarine Telegraph Company Ltd [1891] QB 79 - choice of law in relation to transactions under foreign powers of attorney

Family
Lord Esher married Eugénie Mayer (1814–1904) in 1850. She was the daughter of Finette and Lazare Mayer, and the step-daughter of Lt Col John Gurwood, the editor of Wellington's Dispatches. They had two sons, Reginald, and Eugène, and a daughter Violet, wife of William Humble Dudley Ward and mother of William Dudley Ward. Lord Esher died in London in May 1899, aged eighty-three, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Reginald.

title: William Brett, 1st Viscount Esher


text: User talk:83.65.5.18

title: User talk:83.65.5.18


text:
User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive Oktober 2004 2

Re:VFA
Firstly, my apologies if I come off as hostile. I respect your work and your opinions, and any sort of personal attack is completely unintentional.

I have encountered various publications of your stances on certain issues. The only one I can recall of the top of my head—there are other examples, though I cannot remember them—is your suggestions on the subject of username policy. You commented that you opposed certain usernames (examples: Crucified Christ, Allah is Great, and a number that contained swearwords). In the case of the previous two, you pointed out that censoring them without censoring others (such as User:Hephaestos) was contridictory, since all three are religious names. I certainly agree with this principle, but it misses the point that usernames should not be inflammatory; where CC and AiG would certainly be, Hephaestos is not necessarily well known to most people. Had a similar philosophy of questioning authority—however valuable it may be to Wikipedia—been followed through in your execution of Admin duties, the results could be a good deal more malcontent than is healthy for Wikipedia.

We need people like you to provoke thought and point out things that ordinary people wouldn't notice. But this can be a bad thing, especially in the people who have a responsibility to act as Wikipedia's most trusted users. There is a reason why the best leaders are centrists rather than extremists. By this I don't mean we should all be sheep. I just mean that moderates, after having recieved input from extremists and moderates of every stripe, are better capable of making appropriate decisions than extremists. Battling on Wikipedia isn't always bad, but the actions of an extremist can cause it to escalate beyond a reasonable level.

Cheers, •   →   Iñgólemo   ←•  03:40, 2004 Oct 5 (UTC)

 * I agree actually, and I think you misunderstood the argument I was making Re:usernames, as well as my personal politics, Radical centrism. My point w the usernames was not that names w swearwords should be allowed, nor that Hephaestos, crucified christ, or allah is great should not be allowed. In fact, my point was (and still is) the opposite. I feel that a user name mentioning a religion in a respectful manner is perfectly acceptable, similarly w other popular figures. If someone is insulted because I love God, thats their problem. A user name which is explicitly offensive (user:F-You, or whatever) should not be allowed. What I have absolutely no time for is the argument that "his displaying his love for Jesus offends me". Thats BS.

 * In summary, complimentary, thought provoking usernames are good, insulting ones are bad. I have long had a stance of opposition to the user name User:mydogategodshat because I think it is intended to be rude for example (altho the user himself is a highly productive and positive member of the community, I still think his name should be changed). All of that said, I feel pretty strongly (and am not alone) that opposition to my particular politics or personal POV is a poor measure of my potential abilities as an admin, whereas my track record of assisting others (particularly new users), demanding NPOV, and working hard for compromise, civility and admin accountability should be an essential criteria. Heres hoping you change your mind, or at least decide to look into me further, Sam Spade 10:27, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi Sam. I'd be happy to support your adminship (actually, I thought you already were!), but since you've just voted for mine do you think it may look like logrolling? Fire Star 21:03, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I doubt it, but if it worries you, you needn't. I probably won't win this time anyways. My advice is to vote (or not) how you think is best, rather than allow others to decide for you (that includes me ;) BTW my comment was completely sincere, I think you are a very fair and easy person to discuss with, and am very glad you are here. Good luck w your election! God be with you, Sam Spade 21:35, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks! I wanted to get your thoughts on the subject before I voted. Cheers, Fire Star 02:35, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

59%
17+24=41 24/41*100%=59% rounded.

Quite a lot of controversy about you on your RfA. Looks a bit like a Who's who of wikipedia too, I'll be keeping an eye on some of the Nay voters. ;-)

Editing on controversial articles will get you enemies, I guess.

When I look up opinions on something, there's 3 possibilities, and my assessment of them :
 * Everyone agrees it's great.
 * "Booooooooriiiiinnnngg, probably useless, people only agree on stuff with no substance."
 * Everyone agrees it's terrible.
 * "They're probably right."
 * The topic is extremely controversial.
 * "Hmm, interesting! Might be worth looking out for."

have a neat day. Kim Bruning 11:41, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Why think you, I am glad to be interesting :) I don't expect I'm going to win, and I don't intend to accept any "half" admin status, but the show of support from the community has made me very happy :) Sam Spade 16:36, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Anthere
Hmmm. Thanks. SweetLittleFluffyThing

Thanks for the links
Thanks for the links you posted on my talk page - much appreciate the help and friendly nature :) Can I ask if you do this for all new users, or just the ones you notice? It certainly made me feel welcome.

Cheers, Shikasta 17:48, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Just the ones I notice, but I do go looking for them when I find the time. You can consider joining the Welcoming committee yourself, once you find you footing here. IMO welcoming/educating/caring for/hosting others is perhaps the highest calling in life, and I am glad to take part in that in a small way here on the wiki :) Glad to have you, and let me know if there are any other questions or troubles you might have. Cheers, Sam Spade 18:20, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

You're kidding!
Thanks for directing my attention to your personal details -- I like openness and am glad to see it. But I'm shocked at your location! My family hails from a tiny village called Achtelsbach outside of Birkenfeld. My family still corresponds with old family friends in Brücken (they run the Huhnsrückerhof), and we have a distant cousin who runs the pharmacy in Birkenfeld, as well as other distant cousins in Idar-Oberstein. If you meet anyone whose last name is Ruppenthal, I'm almost certainly directly related to them. Unbelievably small world. :-) I haven't been in the Bernkastel area since 1994, but I loved it there and hope to go back someday soon. I don't mean to pry, but is it wise to assume you are there in service of this country? Jwrosenzweig 19:53, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

My wife is an Air Force 2nd Lieutenant stationed in Bitburg (spangdahlem). I'm a psyche major/salesman/counselor/preacher of God's good news ;) I'm actually in Bruch, a small town not to far from Birkenfeld and Bernkastel, right along the Salm river. From what I remember, their on the way to Rammstein from here. Are you familiar w Wittlich? I'm very close to it.

We just arrived, so were not entirely settled yet, but I am very lucky to have the amount of opportunities which I do education-wise. I'm kinda in a hurry to get my degeree and certification so I can be a practicing Hypnotist / psychoanalyst, but the military is paying for 1/2 my tuition, and seems to want me to go at it pretty slooow. I'll have to see what I can do about that, but until then I've been helping quite a few people as an amatuer head-shrinker. Glad to hear you have family here, maybe I'll stop by the Apotheke sometime ;) Cheers, Sam Spade 20:13, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Max Heindel
I am working on an article about Max Heindel, not an easy task! :) --ekhalom 22:02, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Administrator
Thank you for the information. Are you an Administrator? Just curious.

 * Nope, just a lay user, like the majority of us here ;) Sam Spade 22:44, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

ersatz obscurantist?
Well, perhaps I was trying to be glib, but parts of this exchange, which I think was my first encounter with you, were terse to the point of confounding, and complicated by some rather condescending assumptions on your part about what I had or had not read or understood regarding pantheism:. Unfortunately this exchange also occurred relatively early in the Paul Vogel unpleasantness (at least as far as I am familiar with it). I have to say, part of my early impression of you was that at times you appeared to be reinstating and defending aspects of Vogel's POV. I don't know that there's anything to clear up about your remarks--I was able to parse your meaning well enough, but at the time it struck me as a wee bit obscure--I came away with the feeling that you were a slippery character and I just didn't really know whether I could trust what you said. older ≠ wiser 01:00, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah, well that clears that up. That was my first conflict in editing here. It started w a three way struggle between myself, User:naturyl, and the anon Paul Vogel. User:naturyl had encountered Vogel previously, on another site, and was rigidly opposed to him (in hindsight I understand why!). I on the other hand was trying to play the peacemaker, and to help Vogel express his Nazi POV within the article (I don't believe in censoring views, or individuals based on ideology). That clearly didn't work, Vogel got arbitrated, and I realized late in the game he was not worth defending (see my comments to him here. Anyways, you received alot of hostility that I had just following that whole fiasco, which really would have been more appropriately placed (like towards Bcorr and RickK, who used talk:pantheism to harass me about my name change, and even protected the talk page itself during that particular mess). In any case, I apologize for my arrogance and rudeness, which you deserved none of, and will explain my vagaries as merely an attempt to hold back bile (I was severely P.O.'ed at that particular time). In any case, I think the current Pantheism article is in pretty good shape, and that the Naturalistic Pantheism article strikes a good compromise. Sam Spade 12:48, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Northern Ireland Transport Holding Company

The Northern Ireland Transport Holding Company (NITHCo) is a government-owned body which was established in 1967 to take over the railway and bus services of the Ulster Transport Authority (UTA), namely Northern Ireland Railways (NIR) and Ulsterbus. The company was established by the Transport Act (Northern Ireland) 1967.

In 1973, Citybus took over the bus services of the Belfast Corporation Transport Department.

Between 1971 and 1994, NITHCo ran Belfast International Airport through its subsidiary Northern Ireland Airports Limited (NIAL). In 1994, the government created Belfast International Airport Ltd (BIAL), which was sold to Belfast International Airport Holdings Ltd, a management/employee buy-out vehicle.

In 1996, the Translink brand name was created to integrate the services of Ulsterbus, NIR, and Citybus.