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Oh Mercy

Oh Mercy is the twenty-sixth studio album by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, released on September 12, 1989, by Columbia Records. Produced by Daniel Lanois, it was hailed by critics as a triumph for Dylan, after a string of poorly reviewed albums. Oh Mercy gave Dylan his best chart showing in years, reaching  on the Billboard charts in the United States and   in the UK.

Background and recording
The composition of the songs at Dylan's home in Malibu and the recording of the album in New Orleans are described by Dylan in detail in the "Oh Mercy" chapter of his memoir Chronicles: Volume One. Engineer Mark Howard noted that Dylan had previously attempted to record the songs with Ronnie Wood but was dissatisfied with the results: "There’s a whole version of Oh Mercy that was recorded with Ron Wood already. But I think Dylan had maybe decided he didn’t like what had happened". In the spring or summer of 1988, U2 singer Bono put Dylan in touch with producer Daniel Lanois, and the two agreed to work together although the recording sessions would not commence until early 1989. Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin notes that Dylan finished recording the basic tracks for the album on March 29, 1989 but added new vocals (and other overdubs) for almost all the tracks the following month.

In their book Bob Dylan - All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track, authors Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon call Oh Mercy "a renaissance" for Dylan and write of the recording sessions: "The arrangements are very reminiscent of Yellow Moon by the Neville Brothers, and Dylan eventually got familiar with this particular atmosphere. Lanois claimed Oh Mercy was a record you listen to at night because it was 'designed at night': 'Bob had a rule, we only recorded at night. I think he's right about that: the body is ready to accommodate a certain tempo at nighttime. I think it's something to do with the pushing and pulling of the moon. At nighttime we're ready to be more mysterious and dark. Oh Mercy is about that'. He added that if there was one lesson he learned from Dylan, it was working relentlessly while searching first and foremost for efficiency and speed. And he concluded, 'Oh Mercy was two guys on a back porch, that kind of vibe'. As for the songwriter, he recognized 'There's something magical about this record' and felt sincere admiration for the work of the Canadian producer".

Outtakes
During a Sound Opinions interview broadcast on Chicago FM radio, Lanois told Chicago Tribune critic Greg Kot that "Series of Dreams" was his pick for the opening track, but ultimately, the final decision was Dylan's. Music critic Tim Riley would echo these sentiments, writing that Series of Dreams' should have been the working title song to Oh Mercy, not a leftover pendant." "Series of Dreams" would become the final track on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991, and was later included on 1994's Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Volume 3.

"Dignity", another outtake, was performed live during a 1994 appearance on MTV Unplugged, and the same performance was later issued on the accompanying album. A remixed version of "Dignity" featuring new overdubs by producer Brendan O'Brien was also released on Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Volume 3, while the original Lanois production would not see release until the soundtrack album of the television show Touched by an Angel.

Listed as "Broken Days/Three of Us" on the track sheets, the original version of "Everything Is Broken" was briefly issued on-line as an exclusive download on Apple Computer's iTunes music store. In 2008, it was remastered from a better source and reissued on The Bootleg Series Vol. 8: Tell Tale Signs. Described by Heylin as an "evocation of a fragmented relationship", the lyrics were later rewritten and overdubbed with new vocals and an additional guitar part.

Two more outtakes, "Born in Time" and "God Knows", were set aside and later re-written and re-recorded for Dylan's next album, Under the Red Sky. Versions of both songs from the Oh Mercy sessions were also included on The Bootleg Series Vol. 8: Tell Tale Signs. "The Oh Mercy outtake of 'Born In Time' was one of those Dylan performances that so surrendered itself to the moment that to decry the lyrical slips would be to mock sincerity itself", wrote author Clinton Heylin.

Cover art
The photo on the cover of the album shows a mural that Dylan came across on a wall of a Chinese restaurant in Manhattan’s Hell’s Kitchen on 9th Avenue and 53rd Street. The artist, Trotsky, who created the image of two people dancing was located (he lived near the mural) and permission was granted.

Reception
After disappointing sales with Knocked Out Loaded and Down in the Groove, Oh Mercy was hailed as a comeback. Consensus was strong enough to place Oh Mercy at   in The Village Voice's Pazz & Jop Critics Poll for 1989. Also in 1989, Oh Mercy was ranked   on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 greatest albums of the 1980s.

Oh Mercy's production drew praise from a majority of critics. Robert Christgau of The Village Voice wrote, "Daniel Lanois's understated care and easy beat suit [Dylan's] casual ways, and three or four songs might sound like something late at night on the radio, or after the great flood. All are modest and tuneful enough to make you forgive 'Disease of Conceit,' which is neither." But as Heylin notes, "Though many a critic who had despaired at the sound of Dylan's more recent albums enthused about the sound on Oh Mercy, it was evident that rock music's foremost lyric writer had also rediscovered his previous flair with words".

Rock critic Bill Wyman criticized the production but praised the songs. "Taken over by Daniel Lanois, master of a shimmering and distinctive electronically processed guitar sound...[the album] is overdone", writes Wyman. "It's irritating to hear Dylan's songs so manipulated, but there are sufficient nice tracks—"Most of the Time", "Shooting Star", both simple and direct, among them—to make this by far the most coherent and listenable collection of his own songs Dylan has released since Desire".

Though it did not enter Billboard's Top 20, Oh Mercy remained a consistent seller, enough to be considered a modest commercial success.

To celebrate the album's 20th anniversary, Montague Street Journal: The Art of Bob Dylan dedicated roughly half of its debut issue (published in 2009) to a roundtable discussion on Oh Mercy.

It was voted number 438 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums 3rd Edition (2000). In 2006, Q magazine placed the album at  in its list of "40 Best Albums of the '80s". During that same year, "Political World" appeared in the film Man of the Year. Michael Azerrad in a Rolling Stone article felt that "it would be unfair to compare Oh Mercy to Dylan's landmark Sixties recordings".

Lou Reed selected "Disease of Conceit" as one of his favorite songs of 1989.

Personnel

 * Bob Dylan – vocals, guitar, piano, harmonica, twelve-string guitar, Hammond organ
 * Additional musicians:
 * Malcolm Burn – tambourine, keyboards, on "Everything Is Broken", "Ring Them Bells", "Man in the Long Black Coat", "Most of the Time", "What Good Am I?" and "What Was It You Wanted"
 * Rockin' Dopsie – accordion on "Where Teardrops Fall"
 * Willie Green – drums on "Political World", "Everything Is Broken", "Most of the Time", "Disease of Conceit", "What Was It You Wanted" and "Shooting Star"
 * Tony Hall – bass guitar on "Political World", "Everything Is Broken", "Most of the Time", "Disease of Conceit" and "Shooting Star"
 * John Hart – saxophone on "Where Teardrops Fall"
 * Daryl Johnson – percussion on "Everything Is Broken"
 * Larry Jolivet – bass guitar on "Where Teardrops Fall"
 * Daniel Lanois – Dobro, lap steel guitar, guitar, omnichord, bass guitar (performs on all tracks except "Disease of Conceit")
 * Cyril Neville – percussion on "Political World", "Most of the Time" and "What Was It You Wanted"
 * Alton Rubin, Jr. – scrub board on "Where Teardrops Fall"
 * Mason Ruffner – guitar on "Political World", "Disease of Conceit" and "What Was It You Wanted"
 * Brian Stoltz – guitar on "Political World", "Everything Is Broken", "Disease of Conceit" and "Shooting Star"
 * Paul Synegal – guitar on "Where Teardrops Fall"

Production:
 * Daniel Lanois – production, mixing
 * Malcolm Burn – recording, mixing
 * Greg Calbi – mastering
 * Mark Howard – mixing, studio installation

title: Oh Mercy


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Juraj Beneš

Juraj Beneš (2 March 1940 in Trnava, Slovak State – 10 September 2004 in Bratislava, Slovakia) was a Slovak composer, teacher, and pianist.

He graduated from the university called Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava (VŠMU) and was a pupil of Ján Cikker, who was one of the best known Slovak composers. Since 1983 Beneš taught at the same university.

Beneš's work followed current trends and spanned genres. He was best in composing operas such as Cisárove nové šaty (The Emperor's New Clothes), Skamenený (Petrified), and Hostina (Feast) and often employed the human voice together with unusual instrument combinations as in Tri ženské zbory (Three Women's Choir).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Juraj Beneš


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User talk:BalooUrsidae

Hello, I'm having problems with a user called ChrisB who is blindly rv'ing all changes to the Nirvana article and has ownership issues. He also seems to be swearing at me. You from his discussion page seem to also have had this problem. Could you elaborate a little more on this users habits for me? I may need to take him to mediation to resolve his ownership issues on that article.--Manboobies 22:15, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The guy is a total douche. Seems to have a basic lack of understanding of the English language as well as basic logic, reason and common sense.  Easily one of Wikipedia's greatest detractors.BalooUrsidae 05:11, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
 * he wrote a (very) long diatribe about why i shouldn't be allowed to add information on Cobain's singing range and notes he sang in SLTS with (no doubt) OTT swearing (although i can't be arsed reading it, it's about a page long), I see some of his reasoning but i had to really go at it with him to even get helpful points for improving the information i had wanted to add. And i'm still not sure he'll leave that alone without rv'ing it. Oh god and his replies are so long, I could really do with the cliffnotes versions...--Manboobies 08:00, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Oregon Invitation
Or we now have a workgroup for Portland too! Aboutmovies 21:08, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Ooh! Thanks!  But how do I join? BalooUrsidae 21:59, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

Added biography as per your request
Hi Baloo! I've added some biographical references as per your suggestion.

Cheers,

--Gwyneth Llewelyn (talk) 21:03, 25 December 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Baby smasher listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Baby smasher. Since you had some involvement with the Baby smasher redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. gnu 57 21:42, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:BalooUrsidae


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Nigel Hitchin

Nigel James Hitchin FRS (born 2 August 1946) is a British mathematician working in the fields of differential geometry, gauge theory, algebraic geometry, and mathematical physics. He is a Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the University of Oxford.

Academic career
Hitchin attended Ecclesbourne School, Duffield, and earned his BA in mathematics from Jesus College, Oxford, in 1968. After moving to Wolfson College, he received his D.Phil. in 1972. From 1971 to 1973 he visited the Institute for Advanced Study and 1973/74 the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University. He then was a research fellow in Oxford and starting in 1979 tutor, lecturer and fellow of St Catherine's College. In 1990 he became a professor at the University of Warwick and in 1994 the Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. In 1997 he was appointed to the Savilian Chair of Geometry at the University of Oxford, a position he held until his retirement in 2016.

Amongst his notable discoveries are the Hitchin–Thorpe inequality; Hitchin's projectively flat connection over Teichmüller space; the Atiyah–Hitchin monopole metric; the Atiyah–Hitchin–Singer theorem; the ADHM construction of instantons (of Michael Atiyah, Vladimir Drinfeld, Hitchin, and Yuri Manin); the hyperkähler quotient (of Hitchin, Anders Karlhede, Ulf Lindström and Martin Roček); Higgs bundles, which arise as solutions to the Hitchin equations, a 2-dimensional reduction of the self-dual Yang–Mills equations; and the Hitchin system, an algebraically completely integrable Hamiltonian system associated to the data of an algebraic curve and a complex reductive group. He and Shoshichi Kobayashi independently conjectured the Kobayashi–Hitchin correspondence. Higgs bundles, which are also developed in the work of Carlos Simpson, are closely related to the Hitchin system, which has an interpretation as a moduli space of semistable Higgs bundles over a compact Riemann surface or algebraic curve. This moduli space has emerged as a focal point for deep connections between algebraic geometry, differential geometry, hyperkähler geometry, mathematical physics, and representation theory.

In his article on generalized Calabi–Yau manifolds, he introduced the notion of generalized complex manifolds, providing a single structure that incorporates, as examples, Poisson manifolds, symplectic manifolds and complex manifolds. These have found wide applications as the geometries of flux compactifications in string theory and also in topological string theory.

In the span of his career, Hitchin has supervised 37 research students, including Simon Donaldson (part-supervised with Atiyah).

Until 2013 Nigel Hitchin served as the managing editor of the journal Mathematische Annalen.

Honours and awards
In 1991 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

In 2003 he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) from the University of Bath.

Hitchin was elected as an Honorary Fellow of Jesus College in 1998, and the Senior Berwick Prize (1990), the Sylvester Medal (2000) and the Pólya Prize (2002) have been awarded to him in honour of his far-reaching work. A conference was held in honour of his 60th birthday, in conjunction with the 2006 International Congress of Mathematicians in Spain.

In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. In 2014 he was awarded another Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) from the University of Warwick. In 2016 he received the Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences.

title: Nigel Hitchin


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Sandra Beckwith

Sandra Lea Shank Beckwith, also known as Sandra L. Ammann, (born December 4, 1943) is a senior United States District Judge, the first woman to sit on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio.

Education and career
Beckwith was born in Norfolk, Virginia; she is the daughter of Charles Langdale and Lorraine (Sterneberg) Shank. She was married to James Beckwith from 1965 to their divorce in 1978. She married Thomas R. Ammann in 1979. Beckwith received her Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965 and her Juris Doctor in 1968, both from the University of Cincinnati. She was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1969, the Indiana bar in 1976, the Florida bar in 1979, and the Supreme Court of the United States bar in 1977. She practiced law in Harrison, Ohio from 1969 to 1977 and again from 1979 to 1981 with her father. Beckwith was a judge on the Hamilton County Municipal Court from 1977 to 1979 and again from 1981 to 1986. She was a judge of the Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas's domestic relations division from 1987 to 1989 when she was appointed to the Hamilton County Commission. In 1990, she was elected to Commission serving until her resignation in 1992. From 1989 to 1991 she was also an associate with the Cincinnati law firm of Graydon Head & Ritchey LLP.

Federal judicial service
Beckwith was nominated by President George H. W. Bush on July 26, 1991, to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, to a new seat authorized by 104 Stat. 5089. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 6, 1992, and received commission on February 10, 1992. She served as Chief Judge, from October 4, 2004, to January 1, 2009. She assumed senior status on January 1, 2009.

Other service
She has served on commissions on lawyers' professional responsibility, prison overcrowding, death penalty appeals, and computerization of the courts. Since 1996, she has been a board member of the Cincinnati chapter of the American Red Cross.

title: Sandra Beckwith


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Orthoepy

Orthoepy is the study of pronunciation of a particular language, within a specific oral tradition. The term is from the Greek ὀρθοέπεια, from ὀρθός orthos ("correct") and ἔπος epos ("speech"). The antonym is cacoepy "bad or wrong pronunciation". The pronunciation of the word orthoepy itself varies widely; the OED recognizes the variants, , , and for British English, as well as  for American English.

The pronunciation is sometimes clarified with a diaeresis: orthoëpy, such as in the title of Edward Barrett Warman's Warman's Practical Orthoëpy and Critique, published in 1888 and found in Google Books.

Warman states on page 5: "Words possess three special characteristics: They have their Eye-life—Orthography. Ear-life—Orthoëpy. Soul-life—Significance." As with Warman's book, the purpose of this article is "to deal exclusively with the ear-life, or orthoëpy".

Overview
In English grammar, orthoepy is the study of correct pronunciation prescribed for Standard English. This originally was understood to mean Received Pronunciation specifically, but other standards have emerged and been accepted since the early 20th century (e.g., General American, General Australian).

In ancient Greek, ὀρθοέπεια orthoepeia had the wider sense of "correct diction" (cf. LSJ ad loc., or the etymology in the OED), referencing correct pronunciation not just of individual words but also of entire passages, especially poetry, along with the distinction of good poetry vs. bad poetry. The archaic English term for this subject is orthology, and in this sense its opposite is solecism. The study of orthoepeia by the Greek sophists of the 5th century BCE, especially Prodicus (c. 396 BCE) and Protagoras, also included proto-logical concepts.

title: Orthoepy


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Gladiolus

Gladiolus (from Latin, the diminutive of gladius, a sword ) is a genus of perennial cormous flowering plants in the iris family (Iridaceae). It is sometimes called the 'sword lily', but is usually called by its generic name (plural gladioli).

The genus occurs in Asia, Mediterranean Europe, South Africa, and tropical Africa. The center of diversity is in the Cape Floristic Region. The genera Acidanthera, Anomalesia, Homoglossum, and Oenostachys, formerly considered distinct, are now included in Gladiolus.

Description
Gladioli grow from round, symmetrical corms (similar to crocuses) that are enveloped in several layers of brownish, fibrous tunics.

Their stems are generally unbranched, producing 1 to 9 narrow, sword-shaped, longitudinal grooved leaves, enclosed in a sheath. The lowest leaf is shortened to a cataphyll. The leaf blades can be plane or cruciform in cross section.

The flowers of unmodified wild species vary from very small to perhaps 40 mm across, and inflorescences bearing anything from one to several flowers. The spectacular giant flower spikes in commerce are the products of centuries of hybridisation and selection.

The flower spikes are large and one-sided, with secund, bisexual flowers, each subtended by 2 leathery, green bracts. The sepals and the petals are almost identical in appearance, and are termed tepals. They are united at their base into a tube-shaped structure. The dorsal tepal is the largest, arching over the three stamens. The outer three tepals are narrower. The perianth is funnel-shaped, with the stamens attached to its base. The style has three filiform, spoon-shaped branches, each expanding towards the apex.

The ovary is 3-locular with oblong or globose capsules, containing many, winged brown, longitudinally dehiscent seeds. These flowers are variously coloured, ranging from pink to reddish or light purple with white, contrasting markings, or white to cream or orange to red.

Ecology
The South African species were originally pollinated by long-tongued anthophorini bees, but some changes in the pollination system have occurred, allowing pollination by sunbirds, noctuid and Hawk-moths, long-tongued flies and several others. In the temperate zones of Europe many of the hybrid large flowering sorts of gladiolus can be pollinated by small well-known wasps. Actually, they are not very good pollinators because of the large flowers of the plants and the small size of the wasps. Another insect in this zone which can try some of the nectar of the gladioli is the best-known European Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum which usually pollinates many popular garden flowers like Petunia, Zinnia, Dianthus and others.

Gladioli are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Large Yellow Underwing, and gladiolus thrips.

Horticulture
Gladioli have been extensively hybridized and a wide range of ornamental flower colours are available from the many varieties. The main hybrid groups have been obtained by crossing between four or five species, followed by selection: 'Grandiflorus', 'Primulines' and 'Nanus'. They can make very good cut flowers for display.

The majority of the species in this genus are diploid with 30 chromosomes (2n=30) but the Grandiflora hybrids are tetraploid and possess 60 chromosomes (2n=4x=60). This is because the main parental species of these hybrids is Gladiolus dalenii which is also tetraploid and includes a wide range of varieties (like the Grandiflora hybrids).

Cultivation
In temperate zones, the corms of most species and hybrids should be lifted in autumn and stored over winter in a frost-free place, then replanted in spring. Some species from Europe and high altitudes in Africa, as well as the small 'Nanus' hybrids, are much hardier (to at least -26 C) and can be left in the ground in regions with sufficiently dry winters. 'Nanus' is hardy to Zones 5–8. The large-flowered types require moisture during the growing season, and must be individually staked as soon as the sword-shaped flower heads appear. The leaves must be allowed to die down naturally before lifting and storing the corms. Plants are propagated either from small cormlets produced as offsets by the parent corms, or from seed. In either case, they take several years to get to flowering size. Clumps should be dug up and divided every few years to keep them vigorous.

They are affected by thrips, (thrip simplex), and wasps Dasyproctus bipunctatus, which burrow into the flowers causing them to collapse and die.

Numerous garden cultivars have been developed, of which ‘Robinetta’ (a G. recurvus hybrid), with pink flowers, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

In culture

 * Gladiolus is the birth flower of August.
 * Gladioli are the flowers associated with a fortieth wedding anniversary.
 * American Ragtime composer Scott Joplin composed a rag called “Gladiolus Rag”
 * "Gladiolus" was the word Frank Neuhauser correctly spelled to win the 1st National Spelling Bee in 1925.
 * The Australian comedian and personality Dame Edna Everage's signature flowers were gladioli, which she referred to as "gladdies".
 * The ancient Graeco-Roman god Pluto was said to wear a wreath of what is traditionally identified as a type of Gladiolus, called phasganion or xiphion in Koine Greek.
 * The Mancunian singer Morrissey is known to dance with gladioli hanging from his back pocket or in his hands, especially during the era of The Smiths. This trait of his was made known in the music video for "This Charming Man", where he swung a bunch of yellow gladioli while singing.
 * Gladioli are traditionally given to people who finish the International Four Days Marches Nijmegen. This likely derives from their association with victory, from the time when gladiators were showered with them upon victory.

Species
The genus Gladiolus contains about 300 species, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families had over 276 species in 1988,, it accepted 300 species.

There are 260 species of Gladiolus endemic to southern Africa, and 76 in tropical Africa. About 10 species are native to Eurasia.

The genus Gladiolus has been divided into many sections. Most species, however, are only tentatively placed.

 * Gladiolus abbreviatus Andrews
 * Gladiolus abyssinicus (Brongn. ex Lem.) B.D.Jacks.
 * Gladiolus actinomorphanthus P.A.Duvign. & Van Bockstal
 * Gladiolus acuminatus F.Bolus
 * Gladiolus aequinoctialis Herb.
 * Gladiolus aladagensis Eker & Sağıroğlu
 * Gladiolus alatus L. (sect. Hebea)
 * Gladiolus albens Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 * Gladiolus amplifolius Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus anatolicus (Boiss.) Stapf
 * Gladiolus andringitrae Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus angustus L. (sect. Blandus) – long-tubed painted lady
 * Gladiolus antakiensis A.P.Ham.
 * Gladiolus antandroyi Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus appendiculatus G.Lewis
 * Gladiolus aquamontanus Goldblatt & Vlok
 * Gladiolus arcuatus Klatt
 * Gladiolus atropictus Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 * Gladiolus atropurpureus Baker
 * Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss.
 * Gladiolus attilae Kit Tan
 * Gladiolus aurantiacus Klatt
 * Gladiolus aureus Baker – golden gladiolus
 * Gladiolus balensis Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus baumii Harms
 * Gladiolus bellus C. H. Wright
 * Gladiolus benguellensis Baker (sect. Ophiolyza)
 * Gladiolus bilineatus G. J. Lewis
 * Gladiolus blommesteinii L.Bolus
 * Gladiolus bojeri (Baker) Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus bonaespei Goldblatt & M.P.de Vos
 * Gladiolus boranensis Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus brachyphyllus Bolus f.
 * Gladiolus brevifolius Jacq. (sect. Linearifolius)
 * Gladiolus brevitubus G. Lewis
 * Gladiolus buckerveldii (L. Bolus) Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus bullatus Thunb. ex G. Lewis – Caledon bluebell.
 * Gladiolus caeruleus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 * Gladiolus calcaratus G. Lewis
 * Gladiolus calcicola Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus canaliculatus Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus candidus (Rendle) Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus cardinalis Curtis (sect. Blandus)
 * Gladiolus carinatus Aiton – occurring in Darling, South Africa, and locally called the "blou pypie" ("blue pipe")
 * Gladiolus carmineus C. H. Wright (sect. Blandus) – cliff lily
 * Gladiolus carneus F.Delaroche (sect. Blandus) – large painted lady
 * Gladiolus caryophyllaceus (Burm. f.) Poiret
 * Gladiolus cataractarum Oberm.
 * Gladiolus caucasicus Herb.
 * Gladiolus ceresianus L. Bolus
 * Gladiolus chelamontanus Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus chevalierianus Marais
 * Gladiolus communis L. (sect. Gladiolus) – common cornflag, (type species)
 * Gladiolus comptonii G.J.Lewis
 * Gladiolus crassifolius Baker
 * Gladiolus crispulatus L. Bolus
 * Gladiolus cruentus T. Moore (sect. Ophiolyza)
 * Gladiolus cunonius (L.) Gaertn.
 * Gladiolus curtifolius Marais
 * Gladiolus curtilimbus P.A.Duvign. & Van Bockstal ex S.Córdova
 * Gladiolus cylindraceus G. Lewis
 * Gladiolus dalenii Pierre Corneille Van Geel (sect. Ophiolyza)
 * Gladiolus davisoniae F.Bolus
 * Gladiolus debeerstii De Wild.
 * Gladiolus debilis Ker Gawler (sect. Homoglossum) – small painted lady
 * Gladiolus decaryi Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus decoratus Baker
 * Gladiolus delpierrei Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus densiflorus Baker
 * Gladiolus deserticola Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus dichrous (Bullock) Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus diluvialis Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 * Gladiolus dolichosiphon Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 * Gladiolus dolomiticus Oberm.
 * Gladiolus dzavakheticus Eristavi
 * Gladiolus ecklonii Lehm.
 * Gladiolus elliotii Baker (sect. Ophiolyza)
 * Gladiolus emiliae L. Bolus
 * Gladiolus engysiphon G. Lewis
 * Gladiolus equitans Thunb. (sect. Hebea)
 * Gladiolus erectiflorus Baker
 * Gladiolus exiguus G. Lewis
 * Gladiolus exilis G.J.Lewis
 * Gladiolus fenestratus Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus ferrugineus Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 * Gladiolus filiformis Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 * Gladiolus flanaganii Baker – suicide gladiolus
 * Gladiolus flavoviridis Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus floribundus Jacq.
 * Gladiolus fourcadei (L.Bolus) Goldblatt & M.P.de Vos
 * Gladiolus gandavensis Van Houtte
 * Gladiolus geardii L. Bolus
 * Gladiolus goldblattianus Geerinck
 * Gladiolus gracilis Jacq. (sect. Homoglossum) – reed bells
 * Gladiolus gracillimus Baker
 * Gladiolus grandiflorus Andrews (sect. Blandus)
 * Gladiolus grantii Baker
 * Gladiolus gregarius Welw. ex Baker (sect. Densiflorus)
 * Gladiolus griseus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 * Gladiolus gueinzii Kunze
 * Gladiolus gunnisii (Rendle) Marais
 * Gladiolus guthriei F. Bol. (sect. Linearifolius)
 * Gladiolus hajastanicus Gabrieljan
 * Gladiolus halophilus Boiss. & Heldr.
 * Gladiolus harmsianus Vaupel
 * Gladiolus hirsutus Jacq. (sect. Linearifolius) – small pink Afrikaner, lapmuis
 * Gladiolus hollandii L. Bolus
 * Gladiolus horombensis Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus huillensis (Welw. ex Baker) Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus humilis Stapf
 * Gladiolus huttonii (N.E.Br.) Goldblatt & M.P.de Vos
 * Gladiolus hyalinus Jacq.
 * Gladiolus illyricus W.D.J.Koch – wild gladiolus
 * Gladiolus imbricatus L.
 * Gladiolus inandensis Baker
 * Gladiolus inflatus Thunb.
 * Gladiolus inflexus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 * Gladiolus insolens Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 * Gladiolus intonsus Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus invenustus G. J. Lewis
 * Gladiolus involutus D.Delaroche (sect. Hebea)
 * Gladiolus iroensis (A. Chev.) Marais
 * Gladiolus italicus P. Mill. (sect. Gladiolus) – Italian gladiolus, cornflag
 * Gladiolus jonquilodorus Eckl. ex G.J.Lewis
 * Gladiolus juncifolius Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus kamiesbergensis G. Lewis
 * Gladiolus karooicus Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 * Gladiolus kotschyanus Boiss.
 * Gladiolus lapeirousioides Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus laxiflorus Baker
 * Gladiolus ledoctei P.A.Duvign. & Van Bockstal
 * Gladiolus leonensis Marais
 * Gladiolus leptosiphon Bolus f.
 * Gladiolus liliaceus Houtt. (sect. Homoglossum)
 * Gladiolus linearifolius Vaupel
 * Gladiolus lithicola Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus longicollis Baker (sect. Homoglossum)
 * Gladiolus longispathaceus Cufod.
 * Gladiolus loteniensis Hilliard & Burtt
 * Gladiolus lundaensis Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus luteus Lam.
 * Gladiolus macneilii Oberm.
 * Gladiolus maculatus Sweet
 * Gladiolus magnificus (Harms) Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus malvinus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 * Gladiolus manikaensis Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus mariae van der Burgt
 * Gladiolus marlothii G. Lewis
 * Gladiolus martleyi L. Bolus (sect. Homoglossum)
 * Gladiolus meliusculus (G. Lewis) Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 * Gladiolus melleri Baker (sect. Ophiolyza)
 * Gladiolus menitskyi Gabrieljan
 * Gladiolus mensensis (Schweinf.) Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus meridionalis G.J.Lewis
 * Gladiolus metallicola Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus micranthus Baker, 1901
 * Gladiolus microcarpus G. Lewis
 * Gladiolus microspicatus P.A.Duvign. & Van Bockstal ex S.Córdova
 * Gladiolus miniatus Eckl.
 * Gladiolus mirus Vaupel
 * Gladiolus monticola G. Lewis ex Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 * Gladiolus mosambicensis Baker
 * Gladiolus mostertiae L. Bolus
 * Gladiolus muenzneri F. Vaup
 * Gladiolus murgusicus Mikheev
 * Gladiolus murielae Kelway (syn. G. callianthus) – Abyssinian gladiolus
 * Gladiolus mutabilis G.J.Lewis
 * Gladiolus negeliensis Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus nerineoides G. Lewis
 * Gladiolus nigromontanus Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus nyasicus Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus oatesii Rolfe
 * Gladiolus ochroleucus Baker (sect. Densiflorus)
 * Gladiolus oliganthus Baker
 * Gladiolus oligophlebius Baker
 * Gladiolus oppositiflorus Herbert (sect. Ophiolyza)
 * Gladiolus orchidiflorus Andrews (sect. Hebea)
 * Gladiolus oreocharis Schltr.
 * Gladiolus ornatus Klatt
 * Gladiolus overbergensis Goldblatt & M.P.de Vos
 * Gladiolus palustris Gaudin – marsh gladiolus
 * Gladiolus papilio Hook. f. (sect. Densiflorus) – goldblotch gladiolus
 * Gladiolus pappei Baker (sect. Blandus)
 * Gladiolus pardalinus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 * Gladiolus parvulus Schltr.
 * Gladiolus patersoniae Bolus f.
 * Gladiolus pauciflorus Baker ex Oliv.
 * Gladiolus pavonia Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 * Gladiolus permeabilis Delaroche (sect. Hebea)
 * Gladiolus perrieri Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus persicus Boiss.
 * Gladiolus phoenix Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 * Gladiolus pole-evansii Verd.
 * Gladiolus praecostatus Marais
 * Gladiolus pretoriensis Kuntze
 * Gladiolus priorii (N. E. Br.) Goldblatt & De Vos
 * Gladiolus pritzelii Diels
 * Gladiolus puberulus Vaupel
 * Gladiolus pubigerus G. Lewis
 * Gladiolus pulcherrimus (G. Lewis) Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 * Gladiolus pungens P.A.Duvign. & Van Bockstal ex S.Córdova
 * Gladiolus pusillus Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus quadrangularis (Burm. f.) Ker Gawler
 * Gladiolus quadrangulus (Delaroche) Barnard
 * Gladiolus recurvus L. (sect. Homoglossum)
 * Gladiolus reginae Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 * Gladiolus rehmannii Baker
 * Gladiolus rhodanthus J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus richardsiae Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus robertsoniae Bolus f.
 * Gladiolus robiliartianus P.A.Duvign.
 * Gladiolus rogersii Baker
 * Gladiolus roseolus Chiov.
 * Gladiolus roseovenosus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 * Gladiolus rubellus Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus rudis Lichtst. ex Roem. & Schult.
 * Gladiolus rufomarginatus G.J.Lewis
 * Gladiolus rupicola F. Vaupel
 * Gladiolus saccatus (Klatt) Goldblatt & M.P. de Vos
 * Gladiolus salmoneicolor P.A.Duvign. & Van Bockstal ex S.Córdova
 * Gladiolus salteri G. Lewis
 * Gladiolus saundersii Hook. f. – Saunders' gladiolus, Lesotho lily
 * Gladiolus saxatilis Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 * Gladiolus scabridus Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 * Gladiolus schweinfurthii Baker
 * Gladiolus scullyi Baker
 * Gladiolus sekukuniensis P.J.D.Winter
 * Gladiolus sempervirens G.J.Lewis
 * Gladiolus serapiiflorus Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus serenjensis Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus sericeovillosus Hook. f.
 * Gladiolus serpenticola Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 * Gladiolus somalensis Goldblatt & Thulin
 * Gladiolus speciosus Thunb.
 * Gladiolus splendens (Sweet) Herbert
 * Gladiolus stefaniae Oberm.
 * Gladiolus stellatus G. Lewis
 * Gladiolus stenolobus Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus stenosiphon Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus stokoei G.J.Lewis
 * Gladiolus subcaeruleus G. Lewis
 * Gladiolus sudanicus Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus sufflavus (G. Lewis) Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 * Gladiolus sulculatus Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus symonsii F.Bolus
 * Gladiolus szovitsii Grossh.
 * Gladiolus taubertianus Schltr.
 * Gladiolus tenuis M. Bieb.
 * Gladiolus teretifolius Goldblatt & De Vos
 * Gladiolus trichonemifolius Ker Gawl. (sect. Homoglossum)
 * Gladiolus triphyllus (Sm.) Ker Gawl.
 * Gladiolus tristis L. (sect. Homoglossum)
 * Gladiolus tshombeanus P.A.Duvign. & Van Bockstal
 * Gladiolus uitenhagensis Goldblatt & Vlok
 * Gladiolus undulatus L. (sect. Blandus) – large white Afrikaner, wall gladiolus
 * Gladiolus unguiculatus Baker
 * Gladiolus usambarensis Marais ex Goldblatt
 * Gladiolus uysiae L. Bolus ex G. Lewis
 * Gladiolus vaginatus Bolus f. (sect. Homoglossum)
 * Gladiolus vandermerwei (L. Bolus) Goldblatt & De Vos
 * Gladiolus variegatus (G.J.Lewis) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 * Gladiolus varius Bolus f.
 * Gladiolus velutinus De Wild.
 * Gladiolus venustus G. Lewis (sect. Hebea)
 * Gladiolus verdickii De Wild. & T.Durand
 * Gladiolus vernus Oberm.
 * Gladiolus vigilans Barnard
 * Gladiolus vinosomaculatus Kies
 * Gladiolus violaceolineatus G.J.Lewis
 * Gladiolus virescens Thunb. (sect. Hebea)
 * Gladiolus virgatus Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 * Gladiolus viridiflorus G. Lewis
 * Gladiolus watermeyeri L.Bolus (sect. Hebea)
 * Gladiolus watsonioides Baker – Mackinder's gladiolus
 * Gladiolus watsonius Thunb. (sect. Homoglossum)
 * Gladiolus wilsonii (Baker) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 * Gladiolus woodii Baker
 * Gladiolus zambesiacus Baker
 * Gladiolus zimbabweensis Goldblatt

Known hybrids include:
 * Gladiolus × colvillii (G. cardinalis × G. tristis): Colville's gladiolus
 * Gladiolus × gandavensis (G. dalenii × G. oppositiflorus) (sect. Ophiolyza)
 * Gladiolus × hortulanus

title: Gladiolus


text:
Anacharsis Cloots

Jean-Baptiste du Val-de-Grâce, baron de Cloots (24 June 1755 – 24 March 1794), better known as Anacharsis Cloots (also spelled Clootz), was a Prussian nobleman who was a significant figure in the French Revolution. Perhaps the first to advocate a world parliament, long before Albert Camus and Albert Einstein, he was a world federalist and an internationalist anarchist. He was nicknamed "orator of mankind", "citizen of humanity" and "a personal enemy of God".

Early life
Born near Kleve, at the castle of Schloss Gnadenthal, he belonged to a noble Prussian family of Dutch Protestant origin. The young Cloots, heir to a great fortune, was sent to Paris at age eleven to complete his education, and became attracted to the theories of his uncle the abbé Cornelius de Pauw (1739–1799), philosophe, geographer and diplomat at the court of Frederick II of Prussia. His father placed him in the military academy of Berlin, but he withdrew at the age of twenty and travelled through Europe, preaching his revolutionary philosophy and spending his money as a man of pleasure.

Revolution
On the breaking out of the Revolution, Cloots returned in 1789 to Paris, thinking the opportunity favorable for establishing his dream of a universal family of nations. On 19 June 1790 he appeared at the bar of the National Constituent Assembly at the head of thirty-six foreigners, and, in the name of this embassy of the human race, declared that the world adhered to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. After this, he was known as the orator of the human race, by which title he called himself, dropping that of baron, and substituting for his baptismal names the pseudonym of Anacharsis, from Jean-Jacques Barthélemy's famous philosophical romance Travels of Anacharsis the Younger in Greece.

In 1792 he placed 12,000 livres at the disposal of the French Republic for the arming of forty or fifty fighters in the cause of man against tyranny (see French Revolutionary Wars). After the riots of 10 August he became an even more prominent supporter of new ideas, and declared himself "the personal enemy of Jesus Christ", abjuring all revealed religions.

Convention
In the same month he had the rights of French citizenship conferred on him; and, having in September been elected a member of the National Convention, he voted in favor of capital punishment for King Louis XVI, justifying it in the name of the human race, and was an active partisan of the war of propaganda.

Execution
Excluded at the insistence of Maximilien Robespierre from the Jacobin Club, he remained a foreigner in many eyes. When the Committee of Public Safety levelled accusations of treason against the Hébertists, they also implicated Cloots to give substance to their charge of a foreign plot. Although his innocence was manifest, he was condemned and subsequently guillotined on 24 March 1794. He incongruously followed Vincent, Ronsin, Momoro and the rest of the Hébertist leadership to the scaffold, in front of the largest crowd ever assembled for a public execution. Their death was a sort of carnival, a pleasant spectacle according to Michelet's witnesses.

Thought
Cloots was an original political thinker who crafted his own interpretation of the meaning of the French Revolution. He was a proponent of the world state, and he sought to promote a more broad-minded and internationalist understanding of the Revolution's potential. He imagined the institutions of the world state along the lines of those of the French Revolutionary Republic. Cloots's thought was expressed in several works, most importantly in his Bases constitutionnelles de la République du genre humain.

Works

 * La Certitude des preuves du mahométisme (London, 1780), published under the pseudonym of Ali-GurBer, in answer to Nicolas-Sylvestre Bergier's Certitude des preuves du christianisme
 * L'Orateur du genre humain, ou Dépêches du Prussien Cloots au Prussien Herzberg (Paris, 1791)
 * La République universelle ou adresse aux tyrannicides (1792).
 * Adresse d'un Prussien à un Anglais (Paris, 1790), 52 p.
 * Bases constitutionnelles de la République du genre humain (Paris, 1793), 48 p.
 * Voltaire triomphant ou les prêtres déçus (178?), 30 p. Attributed to Cloots.
 * Discours prononcé à la barre de l'Assemblée nationale par M. de Cloots, du Val-de-Grâce,... à la séance du 19 juin 1790 (1790), 4 p.

title: Anacharsis Cloots


text: Category:Anti-submarine warfare

title: Category:Anti-submarine warfare


text:
Fédération Internationale Féline

The Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFé) (International Feline Federation) is a federation of cat registries. There are currently forty-two member organizations in forty countries. Membership spans Europe, South America, and Asia. FIFé is one of the nine members of the World Cat Congress.

History
Founded by Marguerite Ravel, the federation was unofficially started in 1949 in Paris, France, at a meeting between the Fédération Féline Française (French Cat Federation), the Royal Cat Society of Flanders, and the Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana (Italian National Feline Association). At the organisation's first general assembly, in Ghent, Belgium, the federation was officially founded. For the occasion, all participants received a cat shaped statuette, in pink sandstone, that Marguerite Ravel had commissioned from the sculptor Jan Martel.

The original name was Fédération Internationale Féline d'Europe or FIFE. In 1972, the Brazilian Cat Club joined, making it necessary to change the Euro-centric name of the federation. The d'Europe was dropped, and the abbreviation was changed to FIFé.

Organisation
FIFé is organized into national sub-federations (e.g. Felis Britannica in the United Kingdom) which handle pedigree registrations, cat shows and awards in each country. FIFé's executive board and general assembly are supported by five commissions:
 * Judges and Standards Commission
 * Breeding and Registration Commission
 * Show Commission
 * Health and Welfare Commission
 * Disciplinary Commission

Members

 * Asociación Felina Argentina – 🇦🇷 (1988)
 * Klub der Katzenfreunde – 🇦🇹 (1950)
 * Österreichischer Verband für die Zucht und Haltung von Edelkatzen – 🇦🇹 (1979)
 * Felis Belgica vzw – 🇧🇪 (1949)
 * National Federation of Felinology – 🇧🇬 (2006)
 * Federação Felina Brasileira – 🇧🇷 (1972)
 * Felinolog – 🇧🇾 (1994)
 * Fédération Féline Helvétique – (1949)
 * China Cat Union – (2018)
 * Asociación Club Felino Colombiano – 🇨🇴 (2009)
 * Český svaz chovatelů – Sdružení chovatelů koček – 🇨🇿 (1968)
 * Deutscher Edelkatzenzüchter Verband e.V. – 🇩🇪 (1951)
 * Landsforeningen Felis Danica – (1950)
 * Eesti Kassikasvatajate Liit – 🇪🇪 (1994)
 * Asociación Felina Española – (1978)
 * Suomen Kissaliitto r.y. – 🇫🇮 (1961)
 * Fédération Féline Française – 🇫🇷 (1949)
 * Felis Britannica – (2005)
 * Feline Federation of Greece – (1999)
 * Savez Felinoloških Društava Hrvatske – (1994)
 * Felis Hungarica - Magyar Macskások Egyesülete – 🇭🇺 (2008)
 * Indonesian Cat Association – 🇮🇩 Indonesia (2007)
 * Kynjakettir Kattaræktarfélag Íslands – 🇮🇸 (1995)
 * Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana – 🇮🇹 (1949)
 * Verein der Katzenzüchter Liechtensteins – 🇱🇮 (1981)
 * Lithuanian Felinology Association – (1994)
 * Cat Fanciers Clubs Association – (1995)
 * Lux-Cat-Club (Fédération Féline Luxembourgeoise) – 🇱🇺 (1983)
 * Association Feline Felis Moldova – (2015)
 * Federacion Felina de México A.C. – 🇲🇽 (1982)
 * Kelab Kucing Malaysia – 🇲🇾 (1985)
 * Felikat – (1949)
 * Vereniging Mundikat – (1979)
 * Norske Rasekattklubbers Riksforbund – 🇳🇴 (1951)
 * Polska Federacja Felinologiczna - Felis Polonia – 🇵🇱 (2007)
 * Clube Português de Felinicultura – (1987)
 * Felis Romania – (2007)
 * Felis Russica – 🇷🇺 (1989)
 * Zveza Felinoloških Društev Slovenije – 🇸🇮 (1981)
 * Federácia Felis Slovakia – 🇸🇰 (1993)
 * Ukrainian Felinology Union – 🇺🇦 (1998)

Recognized breeds
FIFé currently recognizes 48 official breeds of cat for championship competitions. All breeds are divided into four categories and identified with a three-letter code, according to the Easy Mind System (EMS), used by FIFé and all its members to easily identify cats by alphanumeric codes.

title: Fédération Internationale Féline


text:
John Tremayne Babington

Air Marshal Sir John Tremayne Babington, (20 July 1891 – 20 March 1979) was a senior commander in the Royal Air Force. In 1944, he retired and the following year changed his name to Tremayne, his mother's maiden name, to avoid confusion with his younger brother, Philip Babington.

He was educated at Osborne and Dartmouth Royal Navy colleges.

RAF career
Babington was commissioned as a Midshipman in the Royal Navy in 1908. During the First World War, Babington was a member of the Royal Naval Air Service. He participated in the air raid on the Friedrichshaven Airship Factory, Germany on 21 November 1914. On 2 January 1920, Babington was removed from the Navy List and awarded a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force. He was appointed Station Commander at RAF Gosport in 1927 and went on to be a Station Commander in Iraq in January 1929 before becoming British Air Representative to the League of Nations in November 1929. He became Station Commander of RAF Halton and Commandant, No. 1 School of Technical Training in 1934, Air Officer Commanding No. 24 Group in 1936 and Air Officer Commanding, RAF Far East Command in 1938.

He served in the Second World War as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Technical Training Command and then Head of RAF Mission in Moscow before retiring in 1944.

In retirement served as High Sheriff of Cornwall.

External websites

 * Air Marshal Sir John Tremayne/Babington

title: John Tremayne Babington


text:
User talk:Jeremyremery

Hi, please try to add useful material to articles or correct spelling mistakes or the like. If you need help, see the tutorial or How_to_edit_a_page. Or consider the material at How_to_write_a_great_article. Thanks - Taxman 15:59, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Jeremyremery


text:
Talk:Rove McManus

Change of name
Does anyone know when or why he changed his name to Rove? Naysie (my tildes key is broken)
 * Is "Rove" just a stage name or his real name? I know he was born John, but is his real name still John or did he legally change it to Rove? -G uf fa s  B or gz   7- 22:14, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Yes, legally changed and Rove is a nickname his parents gave him when he was a toddler, because he would "rove" about. It used to be on the page, but was unsourced (his mum made mention of it very early on, but I don't know the episode details, so I couldn't use it as a source). But as to him legally changing it, I think you can find it on the BDM registry. -- rm 'w a vu  22:24, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Perfect! Just the question I had about Mr McManus, and the only (so far) entry in the 'discussion' page. I noticed on his school work, that he showed to the camera on an episode this year, that his name was "Johnnie McManus", and Rove made no mention to the different name.

Easy to look up: AEC roll.

BTW: Naysie: use copy & paste, if you can't type ~ directly. DaveDodgy (talk) 17:38, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

Would someone please write something on Rove's early job as an entertainer on cruise ships in 1995? He was in a duo called 'Duff and Rove'. Grassynoel (talk) 16:41, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Height in Infobox
Is it normal on a celebrity's page to list his or her height? I don't see this except on pages where the person's height may be of interest (sports), so why is his height listed, here? --Criticalthinker (talk) 05:36, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Yeah height and weight is only relevant in sports pages. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.67.69.36 (talk) 01:40, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

WTF? Someone just added the weight to the height. Neither should be there and someone just one-upped my comment as a challenge? How childish. The weight given even looks totally unrealistic. --

His height is frequent source of amusement/jokes. Apart from that, I see no reason. Criticalthinker (talk) 11:30, 30 December 2008 (UTC)
 * So the height is missing now. What is it,  a cover-up,  that he is rather short ?Eregli bob (talk) 11:07, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

I request that the sentence "After being elected Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd appeared on the show again in 2008." under the heading Career >> Television >> Paragraph 2, be changed to "After being elected Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd appeared on the show again in 2008, and on 28th June 2009"
 * ✅ -- Srin  ivas  12:22, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

ROVE McMANUS's Link to the MILLER Family, and their Miller Bakehouse in Palmyra, Western Australia
Palmyra is the suburb to the east Of East Fremantle, W.A. I copied the following from - pallyis100.wordpress.com

 * COPY -->

Pally on ‘Who do you think you are’ May 15, 2013 by pallyis100	 | 1 Comment (copied below)
 * Karen Greenwood has passed on news that Rove (John) McManus was on Who Do You Think You Are this week, which featured Palmyra and the Miller family
 * The show takes people back through history to look at their family genealogy.
 * You can watch the entire episode at the following link, or go straight to 39 minutes and see Rove at the Miller Home [as well as] at the site of the [Park-side] Miller bake house on Hammad Street.

http://www.sbs.com.au/ondemand/video/28515907841/Who-Do-You-Think-You-Are-Rove-McManus

Denise Phillips May 15, 2013 at 4:55 am
 * Fabulous! Thanks so much for sending this through; I have fond memories of the Millers coming around on their horse and cart selling bread at our front door in Adrian Street … those were the days ☺
 * [omitted]
 * Many thanks Denise
 * <--END OF COPY

 * Not having seen this whole SBS programme's episode, I did not know WHY this was of particular note. I believed it was related particularly to the Palmyra Primary School Centenary in late 2013. See - http://pallyis100.wordpress.com/2013/05/15/pally-on-who-do-you-think-you-are/
 * Rove McManus has a Henry Miller in his family tree WHO WAS R.M.'s GREAT-GRANDFATHER, and the present-day Harry Miller (with whom McManus talks about their families' significant sporting past successes) is referred to as Rove McManus's 'cousin'. Johanna Miller was a daughter of Henry, and she was Rove McManus's Paternal-Grandmother.

 * There is the Royal W.A. Historical Society's 2008 "Early Days" article titled "Bread of Life" by David Phillips, being a history of the Miller and immediately related family members. I do not recall it containing any mention of McManus.203.129.63.66 (talk) 10:07, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

The Melville History Society meets at the Miller (Family) Bakehouse MUSEUM that is mentioned above, on the corner of Elvira and Baal Streets, Palmyra, W.A. 121.127.208.102 (talk) 03:58, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

"McManus Way", Palmyra
There is a "McManus Way" - a small crescent off McGregor Road in the south-east of Palmyra, in the City of Melville, Western Australia (just north of the north-western corner of Fremantle Cemetery). From memory, it is where there was a long row of large black (wool ?) warehouses, east of Carrington Road, and south of Forrest Street.
 * There is a Reserve to the East of the north-eastern end of "McManus Way".

121.127.208.102 (talk) 03:51, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Rove McManus. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070905120840/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=94668 to http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=94668
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070914045207/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=275056 to http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=275056
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090105065405/http://www.afana.com/netpaper/apr13-26602.html to http://www.afana.com/netpaper/apr13-26602.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:38, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

CAN SOMEONE PLEASE UPDATE ROVE'S AGE PLEASE
✅ Thanks for pointing out the error. DH85868993 (talk) 11:13, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rove McManus


text:
Talk:Centrelink

External references on complaints or client dissatisfaction
Would this count as reliable resourec for the all-being crap-ness of centrelink?--ZZ 07:44, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I don't think the link mentioned by ZayZayEM in October 2004 is a reliable resource for client dissatisfaction with Centrelink. It is one person's experience and thus not an appropriate link. Similarly I removed from the external links, http://centrelinkbreach.blogspot.com which was tagged as being a Centrelink Complaints Blog but seemed to have contributions from only one person. I feel extrnal links about complaints need to be based on many people's experiences to be a valid link to this article. There is an issue of how the individual voice is heard against a large organisation or even a collection of voices, but there are ombudsman reports and other records of lack of client satisfaction.--A Y  Arktos   (Talk) 23:57, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Possible Wiki Links
I am currently testing an automated Wikipedia link suggester. Ran it on this article, here are the results:

 * Can link unemployment benefits: ...g pensions, student allowances, and unemployment benefits (the 'dole'). Additionally, Centrelink ...
 * Cannot effectively link the Commonwealth: ... Centrelink operates under the Commonwealth Services Delivery Agency Act 1997....  see below
 * Can link welfare payment: ... surrounding fraud and abuse of the welfare payment system, competency of staff, and qualit...
 * Can link January 1: ...primary students who turned 14 prior to January 1 of their current year of study. To qual...

Notes: The article text has not been changed in any way; Some of these links may be wrong, some may be right; You can leave positive feedback or negative feedback; Please feel free to delete this section from the talk page. -- Nickj 08:41, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The Commonwealth in this context does not refer to the Commonwealth of Nations but the Commonwealth of Australia which redirects to Australia as there is no separate article at present. Centrelink is not administering payments or countries other than Australia to the best of my knowledge.--A  Y  Arktos 19:30, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia isn't here to be a propaganda arm for Centrelink or the Australian Government. So if I edit this to read...

Centrelink is the trading name of the Commonwealth Service Delivery Agency (CSDA), a statutory authority responsible for litigious delivery of human services on behalf of agencies of the Commonwealth Government of Australia.

Litigious being the operative word.. 1 a: disputatious, contentious b: prone to engage in lawsuits

That is exactly what they are disputatious, contentious

However if that needs to be referenced I'm sure we can find many sources! And therefore the edit should remain in tacked and only be altered should the organization itself change. Not to suit the fore mentioned propaganda. You may as well say the Nazis didn't kill Jews! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Akayani (talk • contribs) 01:49, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Comment on quality of article
This is without a doubt the worst article I have read at wikipedia, it reads more like a rant by a 12 year old than an article. I hope it gets fixed. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.202.112.163 (talk • contribs) 09:38, 9 October 2005  (UTC)

Major edits to article
In response to recent major edits to the article I placed on his/her talk page the following comments.

 * I have reverted your edits to the Centerlink article as I think you had removed a lot of useful information. Please feel free to edit the article again but perhaps focussing on adding to what is there rather than deleting the work of other editors,  Regards--User:AYArktos |  Talk 00:07, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Once again - your edits to the Centrelink article were a little too bold and have been reverted. Please consider editing by adding material, removing only inaccurate material, or by rewording poorly expressed material.  Thanks --A  Y  Arktos   (Talk) 00:27, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

User:Jtkiefer jhas also commented on Kennis's talk page:

 * Yet again, please stop removing large amounts of content from Centrelink with no apparent reason or explanation. If you continue you may be temporarily blocked from editing.  Jtkiefer  T - 00:35, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

He has replied to my talk page (and similarly to his talk page and Jtkiefer's talk page) as follows:
 * The text inserted is on behalf of Centrelink. Replaced text holds a lot of inaccurate information on payments and eligibility. The text added to the site is to generalise payments and services Centrelink delivers. For details, people are directed to Centrelink's website. Considering that contributions on Wikipedia can be accessed and altered by anyone, there is no need to elaborate on payments and services as long as there is a link to the official website of the department. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Kennis (talk • contribs) 23:07, 9 November 2005  (UTC)

I do not believe that Wikipedia should be a mirror for Centrelink, nor does someone claiming to be a representative for Centrelink have any more editorial rights than other wikipedians. Alteration to content needs to be made on the merits of the material itself. If the content is inaccurate it should be removed. If it is incomplete it should be annotated appropriately and considered, preferably via discussion on this talk page.

In summary, before making wholesale changes to the content of this article, please discuss on this talk page and obtain concensus of other editors. --A Y  Arktos   (Talk) 23:35, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Hi, I have recently been completing undergraduate research on Centrelink. This article did not accurately explain what Centrelink is: a statutory authority delivering services on behalf of Commonwealth agencies. Centrelink must be understood in light of the rationale for its creation: a) service delivery integration; and b) implementing a purchaser/provider split. I have rewritten the opening section to describe this.

Although I have not edited the rest of the article, I don't think this article is the proper place to describe the benefits available. Centrelink ultimately only distribuites the benefits and has no influence over payment policy. If it's though necessary to list the payments on Wikipedia, perhaps a different article entitled 'Social security benefits in Australia' would be a better place to do so. This article should discuss aspects of service delivery (not payment policies), in particular the merits of the purchaser-provider split, and service delivery quality.

Although I have not altered it, I believe the 'legal issues' section is absolutely incorrect. Centrelink is subject to adminsitrative review through the SSAT and the AAT, and judicial review through the Federal Court. Perhaps this section should describe any institutional or cultural barriers to individuals seeking review. The criticism of Newstart agreements, while valid, is poorly articlated, and does not seem to be a legal issue.

I understand this article has been the source of some disagreement, however I beleive what I have posted is a vast (and referenced) improvement over what was there previously. If anyone thinks this is inaccurate or is too big a change I'd be happy to discuss. --Chewy m 20:33, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I am happy with your changes - thanks for commenting here.
 * In terms of whether or not this article should contain the benefits that Centrelink distributes or otherwise, you need to think about the reader - not from the point of view of somebody who is looking for an accurate description of how goverment delivers services as distinct from how policy is made, but from what the reader, who may be a client of Centrelink experiences, and is seeking to understand that experience. Wikipedia is not a mirror for the Centrelink website :-). Readers are probably interested in understanding Centrelink in layman's terms. Within that framework the article needs to be right.  So, if I am a recipient of unemployment benefits, I deal with Centrelink, those benefits have a proper name and there are certain things prescribed about the relationship Centrelink and I have for example.  It becomes tricky as I understand (I'm not a recipient so not fully across these things) that I don't have only to deal with Centrelink, I can deal with various charities who are now employment agencies.  Similarly the Family Tax Benefit is not only delivered through Centrelink but also the tax system.  It may well be that a separate article is needed for how services are delivered to make it clear but that article needs not to avoid forking.
 * As for the legal issues section, feel free to fix, but remember this is from the point of view of the recipient as well as the agency and should reflect reality as well as the proper process. That is, I agree that it should have "any institutional or cultural barriers to individuals seeking review."
 * --A Y Arktos\talk 20:58, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
Certain portions of the article are lacen with POV:Newstart is "generous" and the coalition changes to the system are "reforms". Other instances of a narrow, neoliberal viewpoint, also exist.Jackk 10:33, 4 January 2006 (UTC)
 * A reference to reform has been removed, the Newstart section has been revised. I am removing the neutrality tag, pending the identification of further issues with the article--A  Y  Arktos 21:23, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Wow....this article is seriously POV. Perhaps there should be an article about Centrelink and then an article about the Australian Social Security system to avoid this horrible mess--Jabberwalkee 13:16, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * No issue with separate articles - please feel free to write. In terms of the POV assertion - please specify areas to be fixed or ...
 * Thank you for your suggestion! When you feel an article needs improvement, please feel free to make whatever changes you feel are needed.  Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit any article by simply following the  link at the top. You don't even need to log in!  (Although there are some reasons why you might like to...) The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold.  Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly.  If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use the sandbox to try out your editing skills.  New contributors are always welcome.
 * --A Y  Arktos 20:03, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Criticism?
If it's criticisms you're after look no further than any news article about Centrelink. The comments sections tend to be filled with criticisms of both Centrelink and the agencies it liaisons with provide its services.

For example: https://newmatilda.com/2014/08/12/dole-bludgers-revenge

In mentioning this article, the fact that an application exists for automating dealing with the government is cause for concern to begin with and perhaps warrants further investigation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.148.59.99 (talk) 04:54, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

I think there should be an in-article section which addresses people's dissatisfaction with Centrelink and at least voices any problems commonly seen with it.

Signed. I thought Centrelink is notorious enough nationally to get a criticism section everytime they told many families "sorry, but your kid isn't sick enough, go re-apply in 3 years".

Perhaps there should be a critisism section included in the article to briefly talk about the shortcomings of centrelink in the delivery of services. These issues have been tabled in parliament before, and u could use some of those statements as non-biased eveidence. I might look into it and table it here if i get time. --137.219.151.72 03:46, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

POV
removed some pov stuff about centrelink and youth. if there are some genuine and referenced criticisms perhaps a criticisms section, written in npov as possible, should be included. frymaster 07:52, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Article Split
At the moment this page is more about Australia's social security and welfare system than Centrelink. I propose that this article be split into

Australian Social Security System - an article mostly about the legisaltion and mechanics of Centrelink (and DVA) payments.

AND

Centrelink - an article about the organisation, its origins and reputation.

This makes more sense to me than the large number of subheadings we have at the moment. I will do this sometime next week unless there is some objection Jabberwalkee 12:11, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

I agree I have gone through the requested moves procedure and put a banner at the top of the page. If there are no objections by 12 May the bulk of this page will be renamed Social Security (Australia). That name is consistent with that used for other countries. The residual information of Centrelink will remain.

Cheers Actuarial disco boy 02:44, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

''Well, nobody has made any opposition to your plans in the last five days; I would suggest that you go ahead. The move is unobstructed, so you should have no problems movnig it yourselves. I don't know how you want to reorganise the articles after the move, so I haven't move it myself; this would have left the job half-done.'' --Stemonitis 07:54, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Ok - the move is done

Actuarial disco boy 11:00, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Reference required

Foreign pensions bring in over A$1 billion* per year to the Australian economy, compared to the A$365 million* per year which leaves Australia in pension payments.

where does this info come from, date, is it current? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.218.85.182 (talk) 22:54, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Robo-debt
Robo-debt is back in the news again. Samantha Maiden, 2020-06-02, "Emails reveal government knew Centrelink ‘robo-debt’ scheme was illegal" The New Daily (and similar stories in other outlets). Pelagic (talk) 01:29, 7 February 2020 (UTC)

Robo-debt own page?
It may be worth giving the robo-debt scheme its own page, given the amount of media coverage, ongoing legal challenges and public controversy. B 897 (talk) 05:23, 30 May 2020 (UTC) Nevermind, I went and made it myself. B 897 (talk) 15:43, 30 May 2020 (UTC)

Centrelink's predecessor
There wasn't always a Centrelink.

I remember its predecessor but not its name. Does anyone? 49.3.72.79 (talk) 04:41, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

 * DSS. It says in the article. Doctorhawkes (talk) 07:45, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * it was 'social security' before it was centerlink 2001:8003:4259:E000:CDD8:E20F:83E4:184B (talk) 06:45, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

DSS was the government department that established Centrelink and therefore is not what I asked for.

The one thing I do remember about it is that actor Ray Meagher presented an ad of Centrelink's predecessor.49.3.72.79 (talk) 14:32, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Then you remember incorrectly, I'm afraid. The sign on the door used to say DSS, then changed to Centrelink. Doctorhawkes (talk) 21:46, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

It is not incorrect. It wasn't called DSS and I construed your response as a personal attack on me. 49.3.72.79 (talk) 03:41, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

 * It was DSS when I worked there for a couple of years in the mid-1970s. Perhaps the IPuser is thinking of the related but separate government agency, the Commonwealth Employment Service, which was superseded by the privatised Job Network system. Bahudhara (talk) 07:23, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

In the 80's the Department of Social Security (DSS) was the equivalent of Centrelink. In the late 80's or 90's it was decided to split off the customer oriented work into a separate agency, leaving DSS (rebadged as Department of Human Services) for managing the policy and also as an umbrella organisation for merging additional agencies, eg Medicare and Child Support. There was a search for a name - for a while it was referred to as something like Services Delivery Agency - until they settled on Centrelink. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.6.175.217 (talk) 09:23, 22 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Centrelink


text:
Talk:Barossa Valley

Orlando v Jacob's Creek
Regarding a recent change made to the winery list, there is no physical 'Orlando' winery in the Barossa Valley (the closest is the Orlando Wyndham estate in NSW's Hunter Valley, there is however a Jacob's Creek Winery which is owned by the Orlando Wyndham Group and is considered Orlando's #1 winery. Posted 21:00, June 12, 2005 by Oliyoung

Please note that there is a physical 'Orlando' winery in the Barossa Valley winery known as Orlando Wines, located in Rowland Flat, South Australia. This winery is often incorrectly called Jacob's Creek Winery, probably due to the large volumes and international exposure of its flagship wine brand Jacob's Creek. The edit you reverted was actually correct. Please see the article Orlando Wines for more details. Scharks 03:03, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Needs map
This article needs a map. Badagnani 05:48, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Agreed - I added the Infobox Australian place template, which includes a map. I'm not sure which definition of 'Barossa Valley' we're using - so showing the borders of the region is a bit tricky. Possibilities might be: Beejamin (talk) 21:55, 7 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Barossa Council area (though this would exclude some towns which are commonly held to be 'in the Barossa Valley', such as Greenock).
 * Barossa Region appellation area (though this is wine-focused, and might be better suited to the Barossa Valley (wine) page.
 * Barossa Valley appellation area (again wine focused, but geographically confined to the valley, rather than the 'population region').

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ArmaLite AR-10

The ArmaLite AR-10 is a 7.62×51mm NATO battle rifle designed by Eugene Stoner in the late 1950s and manufactured by ArmaLite (then a division of the Fairchild Aircraft Corporation). When first introduced in 1956, the AR-10 used an innovative combination of a straight-line barrel/stock design with phenolic composite, a new patent-filed gas-operated bolt and carrier system and forged alloy parts resulting in a small arm significantly easier to control in automatic fire and over 1 lb lighter than other infantry rifles of the day. Over its production life, the original AR-10 was built in relatively small numbers, with fewer than 10,000 rifles assembled. However, the ArmaLite AR-10 would become the progenitor for a wide range of firearms.

In 1957, the basic AR-10 design was rescaled and substantially modified by ArmaLite to accommodate the .223 Remington cartridge, and given the designation ArmaLite AR-15.

In 1959, ArmaLite sold its rights to the AR-10 and AR-15 to Colt's Manufacturing Company due to financial difficulties, and limitations in terms of manpower and production capacity. After modifications (most notably, the charging handle was re-located from under the carrying handle like AR-10 to the rear of the receiver), the new redesigned rifle (the AR-15) was subsequently adopted by the U.S. military as the M16 rifle. Colt continued to use the AR-15 trademark for its line of semi-automatic-only rifles, which it marketed to civilian and law-enforcement customers as the Colt AR-15.

History and development
ArmaLite began as a small engineering concern founded by George Sullivan, the patent counsel for Lockheed Corporation, and funded by Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corporation. On October 1, 1954, the company was incorporated as the ArmaLite Corporation, becoming a subdivision of Fairchild. With its limited capital and tiny machine shop, ArmaLite was never intended to be an arms manufacturer. The company focused on producing small arms concepts and designs to be sold or licensed to other manufacturers. Sullivan leased a small machine shop in Hollywood, California, hired several employees, and began work on a prototype for a lightweight survival rifle for use by downed aircrew.

While testing the prototype of the ArmaLite AR-5 survival rifle design at a local shooting range, Sullivan met Eugene Stoner, a small arms inventor, whom Sullivan hired to be ArmaLite's chief design engineer. At the time, ArmaLite Inc. was a very small organization (as late as 1956 it had only nine employees, including Stoner). With Stoner as the chief design engineer, ArmaLite quickly released a number of unique rifle concepts.

The first prototypes of the 7.62 mm AR-10 emerged between 1955 and early 1956. At the time, the United States Army was in the midst of testing several rifles to replace the obsolete M1 Garand. Springfield Armory's T44E4 and heavier T44E5 were essentially updated versions of the Garand chambered for the new 7.62 mm round, while Fabrique Nationale submitted their FN FAL as the T48.

ArmaLite's AR-10 entered the competition late, hurriedly submitting two hand-built "production" AR-10 rifles based on the fourth prototype in the fall of 1956 to the United States Army's Springfield Armory for testing. The AR-10 prototypes (four in all) featured a straight-line stock design, rugged elevated sights, an oversized aluminum flash suppressor and recoil compensator, and an adjustable gas system. In the fourth and final prototype, the upper and lower receiver were hinged with the now-familiar hinge and takedown pins, and the charging handle did not reciprocate and was not attached to the bolt carrier. For a 7.62mm NATO rifle, the AR-10 prototype was incredibly lightweight at only 6.85 lb empty. Initial comments by Springfield Armory test staff were favorable, and some testers commented that the AR-10 was the best lightweight automatic rifle tested by the Armory.

The rifle's aluminum/steel composite barrel (an untried prototype design specified for the tests by ArmaLite's president, George Sullivan, over Stoner's vehement objections) burst in a torture test conducted by Springfield Armory in early 1957. ArmaLite quickly replaced it with a conventional steel barrel, but the damage had been done. The final Springfield Armory report advised against the adoption of the rifle, stating that it would take "five years or more to take it through tests to adoption". While ArmaLite objected, it was clear that the AR-10, a brand-new rifle still in the prototype stage, was at a disadvantage compared to competing designs with longer development cycles, and by 1957, U.S. Army infantry forces urgently required a modern, magazine-fed infantry rifle to replace the M1. In the end, the Army chose the conventional T44, which entered production as the M14 rifle in 1957. That same year, ArmaLite completed about 50 production AR-10 rifles at its workshop for use as demonstrator models for its sales agents, including Samuel Cummings, a famous international arms dealer. Attempts to rush completion of these fifty rifles resulted in a few units that were assembled with improperly machined barrel extensions, a defect that went unnoticed at the time. These production rifles built at ArmaLite's workshop in Hollywood would later become known as the Hollywood model.

On July 4, 1957, Fairchild ArmaLite sold a five-year manufacturing license for the AR-10 to the Dutch arms manufacturer, Artillerie Inrichtingen (A.I.). With its large factory and production facilities, A.I. could produce the ArmaLite rifle in large quantities for which Fairchild expected orders would be forthcoming.

In 1957, Cummings secured an order of 7,500 AR-10 rifles from Nicaragua, with an initial delivery of 1,000 rifles to be delivered before January 1958. The order was contingent on a successful completion of a 7,500-round endurance test. With the AR-10 in short supply, Cummings left his personal demonstrator rifle with Nicaragua's chief military commander, General Anastasio Somoza, who personally conducted the endurance test trial. While General Somoza was firing this rifle for the trial, the bolt lug over the ejector sheared off and flew past Somoza's head. The general angrily returned Cummings' AR-10 and canceled the entire Nicaraguan order. The remaining Hollywood rifles were inspected and refitted as necessary with new parts to prevent the reoccurrence of the bolt lug failure, but the Nicaraguan order was lost for good.

A.I. officials meanwhile discovered a number of manufacturing and production issues in the Hollywood version of the AR-10, all of which had to be resolved before large-scale production could commence. In addition to designing and building tooling for the rifle, the design had to be converted to metric dimensions and subcontractors had to be found to supply materials or manufacture component parts. ArmaLite also continued to send A.I. product improvement requests, including an adjustable regulator, a repositioned gas tube, and a new three-prong flash suppressor. Accessories such as flash hiders, bayonet mounts, sling swivels, and sight graduations had to be designed.

Firearms historians have separated AR-10 production under the A.I. license into at least three basic identifiable versions, along with various sporting, carbine, and other experimental designs and calibers. The three main variants have been termed the Sudanese model, the Transitional, and the Portuguese model AR-10. A.I. built all of these rifles, beginning with the Sudanese model AR-10. The Sudanese version derives its name from the sale of approximately 2,500 AR-10 rifles to the government of Sudan in 1958. The Sudanese model was equipped with a very lightweight, fluted steel barrel fitted with a trim, prong-style flash suppressor, a bayonet lug, lightweight fiberglass furniture, and sight graduations in Arabic. The Sudanese model weighed only 3.3 kg with an empty magazine. The price, including cleaning kit and four magazines, was US $225 per rifle. All AR-10s, whether produced by ArmaLite or by A.I., used the same Stoner-designed 20-round lightweight aluminum 'waffle' magazine with pressed-in, corrugated sides, intended to be discarded in combat once emptied.

AR-10 production was limited, though Guatemala, Burma, Italy, Cuba, Sudan and Portugal all purchased AR-10 rifles for limited issue to their military forces. Sudanese AR-10s were employed in frequent clashes with guerrilla forces and conflicts with neighboring countries, and a few captured rifles eventually turned up in unofficial service with various African and colonial armies, police, and guerrilla forces. The AR-10 remained in service with Sudanese Special Forces until 1985.

In 1958, a special 7.62×39mm caliber variant of the Sudanese AR-10 was produced in very small numbers for evaluation by Finland and Germany. That same year, an AR-10 with a 16" barrel was developed in response to a request by KLM Airlines for a carbine that could be issued to their crew for transpolar flights as part of an Arctic survival kit, and approximately 30 carbines were eventually produced. A number of Transitional AR-10s were also fitted with a folding bipod designed to lie flat under the forearm.

The Italian Navy acquired the AR-10 for its COMSUBIN underwater commando teams. Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Finland, and South Africa also purchased small numbers of the AR-10 for test purposes, and Cuba's Batista government ordered 100 "Transitional" model rifles in 1958. The Cuban order was delivered to Havana, but in December 1958 Fidel Castro's forces took control of the country, including the warehouse containing the AR-10 shipment. In 1959, in response to a letter from ArmaLite's sales agent Sam Cummings, Castro invited Cummings to Havana to discuss payment for the AR-10 rifles. Fidel, his brother Raúl, and Che Guevara test-fired the AR-10 outside Havana. Impressed by the weapon's firepower, Castro paid Cummings for all 100 rifles.

However, rapidly worsening relations with the United States eliminated any chance of future AR-10 sales to Cuba, and Castro transferred the ex-Batista AR-10s to a group of Communist revolutionaries from the Dominican Republic. In June 1959, the rebels, led by Cuban officers, invaded the Dominican Republic. The invaders were defeated by the Dominican Army, and AR-10 rifles from the Batista shipment were found on the bodies of guerrillas.

The final Artillerie Inrichtingen design is known as the Portuguese model AR-10. This final version incorporated all that had been learned to date about the AR-10, including infantry service rifle and field test reports. In addition to a heavier barrel with chrome-lined chamber, optional bipod, and the removable plastic/metal handguards of the Transitional model, the Portuguese variant had wider bolt lugs, a stronger extractor, a new simplified three-position gas regulator, and a cocking handle featuring a forward bolt assist. It is believed that approximately 4,000-5,000 Portuguese variants were produced; nearly all of them were sold to the Portuguese National Defense Ministry by the Brussels-based arms dealer SIDEM International in 1960. The AR-10 was officially adopted by the Portuguese paratrooper battalions (Caçadores páraquedistas), and the rifle saw considerable combat service in Portugal's counter-insurgency campaigns in Angola and Mozambique.

In U.S. Army tests at Aberdeen Proving Ground in November 1960, and later in Portuguese service, the AR-10 gained a reputation for accuracy (some rifles would group into 25 mm (1 inch) at 100 meters with service ammunition). Portuguese paratroopers found the AR-10 to be not only accurate but reliable in combat, despite rugged service conditions in African jungle and savannah.

A few Portuguese and Sudanese model AR-10s found their way by various means to nearby African countries; in Chad, the AR-10 was much appreciated by members of the French Foreign Legion. As one police instructor in the Congo stated, "It was a good combat weapon that never failed me; a bit too long (but not as bad as the FAL or M14) for house-to-house work or really heavy brush, but great for 400-800 meters, in the flats - and really nice on the body, after wandering around 12-14 hours looking for bad guys."

Some Portuguese-model AR-10s were fitted with A.I.-modified upper receivers in order to mount 3× or 3.6× telescopic sights. These rifles were used by marksmen accompanying small patrols to eliminate individual enemies at extended ranges in open country. Other AR-10s were used by the paratroopers in a secondary role to launch rifle grenades. The AR-10's built-in gas cutoff design enabled it to fire Energa rifle grenades without adjustment of the gas system, and the self-loading action would even eject the spent blank shells and load the next one, allowing several grenades to be quickly fired. The added recoil took its toll on rifle stocks, and some Portuguese rifles were retrofitted with all-metal butt stocks to better withstand the strain caused by firing the heavy grenades. Additional sales of the AR-10 rifle were stymied after the Netherlands embargoed further shipments of the rifle to Portugal. Paratroopers deploying to Africa in later years were subsequently issued a collapsible stock version of the German Heckler & Koch G3 rifle. Nevertheless, the AR-10 continued in service with a few Portuguese airborne units and was in use as late as 1975 in the Portuguese Timor (now East Timor) decolonization emergency.

Fairchild-ArmaLite was dissatisfied with the delays in setting up the tooling and production at A.I. for the AR-10, and made it clear that they would not be renewing A.I.'s license to produce the rifle. By 1960, hampered by Dutch export restrictions and discouraged by the lack of arms sales to major national purchasers, Artillerie Inrichtingen decided to exit the small arms production business altogether, and ceased all production of the AR-10 under its license from Fairchild-ArmaLite. By that time, fewer than 10,000 AR-10s had been produced, mostly military select-fire rifles, with a few semi-automatic only rifles produced for civilian use. All A.I. AR-10 parts inventories, tooling, and prototypes were either sold or scrapped; the barrel tooling was sold to Israel sometime in the early 1960s. All AR-10 production records, design drawings, manuals, literature, and other publications then in inventory were discarded.

In later years, some ex-military Sudanese and Portuguese model AR-10s were sold to civilian markets in the U.S., Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Nearly all of the rifles imported to the latter three countries had their full-automatic fire selector disabled. Subsequently, as many as 2,500 Australian AR-10 rifles may have been confiscated and destroyed as a result of more restrictive firearms legislation passed in 1997.

Most of the AR-10 ex-military rifles shipped to the United States were in the form of parts kits, having been previously dismantled, though a few were legally imported as National Firearms Act (NFA) weapons. Large numbers of AR-10 7.62 mm magazines were imported as well. Many of these kit rifles were combined with various semi-auto receivers made by civilian manufacturers in order to permit legal ownership. During the early 1980s, Paragon Sales and Services in Joliet, Illinois, manufactured new semi-automatic lower receivers while using imported upper AR-10 receivers originally manufactured by Artillerie Inrichtingen in the Netherlands.

In 1957, in an effort to increase profits from the ArmaLite venture, Fairchild decided to compete in the U.S. Army's CONARC requirement for a new six-pound, high-velocity, .22-caliber selective-fire rifle accurate to 500 yards. In response, ArmaLite engineers Eugene Stoner, Jim Sullivan, and Bob Fremont used the basic AR-10 design to produce the ArmaLite AR-15 in .223 Remington, which was completed as a firing prototype in 1958. Fairchild-ArmaLite continued its efforts to sell both the AR-10 and AR-15 to various military forces around the world. However, the AR-10 rifle marketed by ArmaLite after 1958 was not the product-improved AR-10 developed by Artillerie Inrichtingen, but rather a design scaled-up from AR-15 plans and specifications, the AR-10A. None of the improvements incorporated by Artillerie Inrichtingen over three years of production were used in the new AR-10A.

Although the AR-10A did not benefit from the modifications undertaken by the Dutch licensee, it had some differences from the AR-15 (besides caliber and part dimensions), including a different bolt, trigger, and cocking handle design, along with a magazine canted forward at a five-degree angle. While interest in the AR-15 was considerable, the AR-10A failed to attract any orders from domestic or foreign military customers.

In 1959, ArmaLite sold its rights to the AR-10 and AR-15 to Colt Firearms due to financial difficulties, and limitations in terms of manpower and production capacity. After modifications (most notably, the charging handle was re-located from under the carrying handle like AR-10 to the rear of the receiver), the new redesigned rifle was subsequently adopted by the U.S. military as the M16 Rifle. Colt continued to use the AR-15 trademark for its line of semi-automatic rifles marketed to civilian and law-enforcement customers, known as Colt AR-15.

Design details

The AR-10 is a lightweight, air-cooled, magazine-fed, gas-operated rifle that uses a piston within the bolt carrier with a rotary bolt locking mechanism. The rifle has a conventional layout; it features an in-line stock, an aluminum alloy receiver and a fiberglass reinforced pistol grip, handguard, and buttstock. As part of the weight-saving design philosophy, in the designer points out that:

"By having the bolt carrier act as a movable cylinder and the bolt act as a stationary piston, the need for a conventional gas cylinder, piston and actuating rod assembly is eliminated."

While mostly an original design, the AR-10 built upon previously proven concepts. From the FAL it took the hinged receiver system allowing the rifle to be opened for cleaning much like a break-action shotgun. The ejection port cover is similar to that found on the German World War II-era StG44. The bolt locking mechanism is similar to the M1941 Johnson rifle (itself an adaptation of the Browning-designed Remington Model 8 bolt). From the German MG 13 light machine gun, FG 42 and M1941 Johnson machine gun came the idea of the straight-line stock layout. A "straight-line" recoil configuration increases controllability during burst or automatic fire by reducing muzzle climb. The AR-10's method of rotary bolt locking, straight-line recoil, and gas operation enhanced its inherent accuracy.

The original AR-10 action (later developed into the ArmaLite AR-15 and M16 rifle) designed by Eugene Stoner is commonly called a direct impingement system, but it does not utilize a conventional direct impingement system. In, the designer states:

"This invention is a true expanding gas system instead of the conventional impinging gas system."

The gas system, bolt carrier, and bolt-locking design were novel for the time. Most gas-operated rifles divert combustion gases from a port in the barrel to a piston and cylinder arrangement adjacent to the port. In Stoner's design, the gas travels from a port near the middle of the barrel through a steel tube back into the receiver. The gas enters a chamber inside the bolt carrier formed between the rear of the bolt and the inside of the bolt carrier. The bolt within the bolt carrier is fitted with piston rings to contain the gas. Once the bolt carrier moves to the rear a small distance, excess gas is vented through holes in its side. This use of the bolt and bolt carrier for the separate actions of a piston and gas cylinder simplified construction and saved weight. The Stoner bolt and carrier piston system is however ammunition specific, since it does not have an adjustable gas port or valve to adjust the weapon to various propellant and projectile or barrel length specific pressure behavior. Movement of the bolt carrier was in-line with the bore, greatly improving inherent accuracy, as well as keeping the rifle on target as the gun fired. Since the straight-line stock placed the shooter's eye well above the barrel the rifle's sights were mounted high, with the rear sight and elevation wheel calibrated for 7×51mm NATO for specific range settings contained in a carrying handle that also protected the cocking/charging lever. Windage was zeroed by drifting the rear sight.

The receiver is made from forged and machined aluminum to reduce weight. The bolt locks into an extension on the barrel instead of the receiver allowing for a lightweight receiver while not compromising the strength of the bolt locking mechanism. On a few prototype guns, an all-aluminum ("Sullaloy") barrel was fitted at the insistence of George Sullivan – ArmaLite's president – though after the 1957 Springfield Armory tests, all production AR-10s were fitted with standard steel barrels. The stock is made from a fiberglass-reinforced phenolic composite with a core of rigid plastic foam. The handguards and pistol grip are also fiberglass reinforced plastic. Fairchild was an aircraft manufacturer, and the use of plastics, titanium, and aluminum were common in the aircraft industry at the time, though not generally used in firearms.

Several experimental prototypes of a belt-fed variant of the AR-10 were developed by ArmaLite and A.I. engineers, informally designated the AR-10 LMG. In one version, the belt was fed by a feed-chute connected to a 250-round ammo box carried on the user's back. All of the belt-fed prototypes experienced numerous issues with feed malfunctions and parts breakages, and these problems were never wholly solved during the weapon's development stage, which ended with the termination of A.I.'s production contract. As a result, no AR-10 LMG variants were ever sold.

ArmaLite AR-10B series
In 1995, former Army Ordnance officer Mark Westrom, owner of Eagle Arms, purchased the ArmaLite brand and the company became ArmaLite Inc. Shortly thereafter, ArmaLite Inc. introduced the completely new semi-automatic-only AR-10B rifle series. Notably, the AR-10B was not designed using the original AR-10 drawings from either ArmaLite or Artillerie Inrichtingen, but instead was based on the AR-15A2, with parts scaled up or redesigned as needed to fire the 7.62×51mm NATO (.308 Winchester) cartridge. The AR-10B prototype was composed of individual sub-components tested on a special lower receiver made of two slabs of aluminum fitted to a Knight's Armament Company SR-25 upper receiver assembly, and prototyped using computer analysis. The full prototype AR-10B was the first rifle off the production line.

Since 1995, the new ArmaLite company has also incorporated various other design and engineering improvements to the AR-10, including a newly designed steel magazine derived from the model used on the U.S. M14 rifle. The current ArmaLite AR-10 is offered in several versions including an A2 and A4 rifle or carbine with a collapsible stock, a target model (AR-10T), a "retro" AR-10B with Sudanese AR-10-style handguard and cocking lever (limited production) and one version chambered in 300 Remington SAUM. Current users include the Ontario Provincial Police Tactics and Rescue Unit.

New ArmaLite AR-10A series
After introducing the AR-10B model in 1996 which switched from the original pattern magazines to modified M14 magazines, ArmaLite reintroduced their original magazine pattern with their new AR-10A model in 2012 (also called SR-25 pattern magazine).

Alternative calibers
ArmaLite offers numerous other chamberings for the AR10 including: .243 Winchester, .260 Remington, 6.5mm Creedmoor, 7mm-08 Remington, and .338 Federal. Manufacturers of these barrels include Ballistic Advantage, Wilson Combat, and DPMS Panther Arms.

Other .308/7.62x51 caliber ArmaLite type rifles
While ArmaLite Inc. holds a US trademark on the name "AR-10", other rifle manufacturers currently produce 7.62×51mm NATO auto-loading rifles that are based generally on the AR-10 design. These rifles differ from both the current and original ArmaLite AR10 in a few minor dimensions that make the ArmaLite AR10B not as modular as the rest of the AR-based firearms. Some of these companies offer selective-fire versions and versions in different calibers.
 * DPMS LR-308
 * Knights Armament Corporation SR-25
 * Knights Armament Corporation M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System
 * Rock River Arms LAR-8
 * Lewis Machine and Tool LM308MWS
 * Bushmaster MOE 16 .308
 * Daniel Defense DD5
 * Palmetto State Armory PA-10
 * SIG Sauer 716i
 * Smith & Wesson M&P10
 * Colt Canada C20 DMR
 * Aero Precision M5 (AR308)

AR-10 purchasers by country
This list denotes purchasers of ArmaLite Rifles produced by ArmaLite and its licensees from 1956-1960, not necessarily later variants or designs.

 * 🇧🇩 bangladesh Used by SWAT of Bangladesh Police
 * 🇧🇷 brazil - AR-10A4 variant used by BOPE of Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State and by CORE of Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro State. Armalite SuperSASS used by CORE
 * 🇨🇺 cuba
 * 🇩🇴 dominican republic
 * 🇫🇮 finland
 * 🇬🇹 guatemala
 * 🇮🇹 italy
 * 🇲🇲 myanmar: Bought in 1960s
 * 🇳🇮 nicaragua
 * undefined
 * 🇷🇴 romania
 * 🇸🇩 sudan - Purchased 2500 rifles from the A.I. factory, delivery October 1958
 * undefined - Purchased 135 rifles from the A.I. factory, delivery August 1958

Non-state user

 * KLM Royal Dutch Airlines - Purchased a few AR-10s as part of an Arctic survival kit carried on transpolar flights to stop large predators, including polar bears.

title: ArmaLite AR-10


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Category:Christian martyrs

Most articles should be placed in a sub-category covering a specific time period.

In the case of the later periods, the article should also be placed in a denominational sub-category. Note that the denominational categories are not used to identify which churches honour a particular martyr, but rather the church to which the martyr belonged.

title: Category:Christian martyrs