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Sophia Dorothea of Hanover

Sophia Dorothea of Hanover (26 March 1687 – 28 June 1757) was Queen in Prussia and Electress of Brandenburg during the reign of her husband, King Frederick William I, from 1713 to 1740. She was the mother of Frederick the Great (King Frederick II of Prussia).

At the time of Sophia's birth, her father was merely the son of a German prince, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. It was not until 1701 that the Act of Settlement placed him, through his mother, in line to inherit the throne of Great Britain. Sophia was twenty-seven years of age, and had already become the Queen in Prussia and a mother of many children, by the time her father became King George I of Great Britain in 1714.

Life
Sophia Dorothea was born on 16 March 1687 (O.S.), in Hanover. She was the only daughter of George Louis of Hanover, later King George I of Great Britain, and his wife, Sophia Dorothea of Celle. She was detested by her elder brother, King George II of Great Britain.

After the divorce and imprisonment of her mother, she was raised in Hanover under the supervision of her paternal grandmother, Sophia of Hanover, and educated by her Huguenot teacher Madame de Sacetot.

Marriage
Sophia Dorothea married her cousin (her father's sister's son), Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia, heir apparent to the Prussian throne, on 28 November 1706. They had met as children when Frederick William had spent some time in Hanover under the care of their grandmother, Sophia of Hanover, and though Sophia Dorothea disliked him, Frederick William had reportedly felt an attraction to her early on.

When a marriage was to be arranged for Frederick William, he was given two alternatives: Princess Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden or Sophia Dorothea of Hanover. The Swedish match was preferred by his father, who wished to form a matrimonial alliance with Sweden, and thus the official Albrecht Konrad Finck von Finckenstein was sent to Stockholm under the pretext of an adjustment of the disputes regarding Pomerania, but in reality to observe the princess before issuing formal negotiations: Frederick William, however, preferred Sophia Dorothea and successfully tasked Finck with making such a deterring report of Ulrika Eleonora to his father that he would encounter less opposition when he informed his father of his choice. A marriage alliance between Prussia and Hanover was regarded as a noncontroversial choice by both courts and the negotiations were swiftly conducted. In order for Sophia Dorothea to make as good an impression as possible in Berlin, her grandmother, Electress Sophia, commissioned her niece Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess of the Palatinate to procure her trousseau in Paris. Her bridal paraphernalia attracted great attention and was referred to as the greatest of any German princess yet.

The wedding by proxy took place in Hanover on 28 November 1706, and she arrived in Berlin on 27 November, where she was welcomed by her groom and his family outside of the city gates and before making her entrance into the capital. Thereafter followed a second wedding, the stately torch-dance, and six weeks of banquets and balls.

Crown Princess in Prussia
Sophia Dorothea was described as tall, with a beautiful slender figure, graceful and dignified with big blue eyes. Though not regarded as strictly beautiful, she was seen as quite attractive at the time of her marriage and described as charming in her manners, making a good impression in Berlin. Frederick William often called her "Fiekchen".

Sophia Dorothea and Frederick William differed from each other in every aspect and the marriage suffered as a result. Sophia Dorothea was interested in art, science, literature and fashion, while Frederick William was described as an unpolished, uneducated and spartan military man with rough manners. Though he was never unfaithful to her, he was unable to win her affection. One of the most important differences between them was that Sophia Dorothea, unlike her husband, loved entertainment, something he regarded to be frivolous. Frederick William contemplated divorcing her the same year they married and, judging by her letters, accused her of not wanting to be married to him. According to Morgenstern, "He had none of that astonishing complaisance by which lovers, whether husbands or friends, seek to win the favor of the beloved object. As far as can be gathered from the words he occasionally let drop, the crossing of his first love might have been the innocent cause of this; and as the object of this passion, by the directions of her mother and grandmother, treated him with harshness, where, then, could he learn to make love?"

The birth of her firstborn son, Frederick Louis, in 1707 was celebrated greatly in Prussia, and Sophia Dorothea successfully asked the king to liberate the imprisoned minister Eberhard von Danckelmann. In 1708, after the death of her firstborn son, the physicians declared that Sophia Dorothea was not likely to conceive again, which prompted the remarriage of her father-in-law. However, she gave birth to several children in the following years, and finally to a son who survived in 1712.

Queen in Prussia
In 1713, her father-in-law Frederick I died and was succeeded by her spouse Frederick William I, making her queen in Prussia.

She lived with her husband and family in the Berlin Palace and also had to take part in the summer stays at the City Palace, Potsdam, and the frequent hunting stays in her husband's hunting lodge in Königs Wusterhausen, but she took refuge as often as she could in the Monbijou Palace, a small pleasure palace on the banks of the Spree in Berlin, which her father-in-law gave her in 1712. Gradually she moved her court entirely there and lived there until the end of her life.

At the time of the accession, Prussia was at war with Sweden, and Sophia Dorothea accompanied Frederick William during the campaign of 1715, though she soon returned to Berlin to give birth to her daughter. During the war, the king left directions to his ministers to consult her and take no action without her approval in the case of emergency. In 1717, she hosted Peter the Great on his visit to Berlin at her own palace Monbijou, as per the king's request, which was vandalized as a result. Sophia Dorothea's first favorite was her maid of honor, von Wagnitz, who was dismissed after an intrigue in which Kreutz and her mother tried to make her the king's mistress, as well as being a spy of the French ambassador Rothenburg.

Queen Sophia Dorothea was admired for her gracious manners and nicknamed "Olympia" for her regal bearing, but scarred by smallpox and overweight with time, she was not called a beauty. She was known as extremely haughty, proud, and ambitious, but Frederick William greatly disliked her interference in politics, as it was his belief that women should be kept only for breeding, and kept submissive as they would otherwise dominate their husbands. The king was known for his parsimony and dislike of idleness to such a degree that he would beat people in the street as well as in the palace if he viewed them as lazy. The queen complained about the "horrible avarice" he pressed upon the household and as a result, according to Pollnitz, the queen's table was often so sparingly supplied that he had often given her money so that she could be able to have an omelette for supper.

Frederick William viewed her interests in theater, dancing, jewelry and music as frivolous and resented any sign of her living a life independently from his authority: he particularly disliked her interest in gambling, and it is reported that she and her partners would have coffee beans ready on the table during gambling, so that if the king appeared, they could pretend to be playing with them rather than money. On one occasion, the queen took the opportunity of the king being ill to host a ball at Monbijou with dancing and music, and where she herself gambled while wearing her diamond set. When the king suddenly arrived, the dancing and music stopped immediately, and the queen unclasped her jewels and hid them in her pocket. His manner toward her was described as rough and so noted that when he displayed the opposite, it was seen as a surprise. Upon the death of her mother in 1726, Sophia Dorothea inherited a sum of three million, whereupon it attracted attention that Frederick William suddenly treated her very well: the Imperial ambassador reported that this was merely because he wanted her money, and when she never received it (as her brother refused to release the sum), Frederick William resumed his usual manner toward her. For her part, Sophia Dorothea did not have a high opinion of the king's military interest or skill, and at one occasion, when he spoke disparagingly of the English commanders retorted: "No doubt they must wish to give you the command of their army."

Upon the illness of the king in Brandenburg during the campaign of 1719, he sent for Sophia Dorothea and entrusted her with his will, cautioning secrecy. Within the document, she was named regent during the minority of their son, with Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, and King George I of Great Britain as guardians to the crown prince. The king's favorites, military general Friedrich von Grumbkow and Leopold I of Anhalt-Dessau, offered the queen's favorite Madame de Blaspiel a bribe if she procured information for them and influenced the queen in their favor; she in turn informed the queen, who informed the king, who summoned von Grumbkow and the prince and told them to return to Berlin. They then tasked Madame de Blaspiel's lover, Count de Manteufel, the Saxon ambassador, to acquire the document or at least find out its meaning: the queen did give de Blaspiel the document, and its contents were revealed to Grumbkow and Anhalt. Grumbkow and Anhalt, now wishing to lessen the queen's influence after learning of the will appointing her regent, unsuccessfully tried to accuse her before the king of having borrowed money and pawning a pair of earrings given to her by the king to pay her gambling debts. The queen countered by accusing Grumbkow of plotting against her.

Concurrently, the Clement Affair took place, in which the alleged Hungarian nobleman Clement gained access to the king by use of false letters and convinced him that the courts of Vienna and Dresden were orchestrating a plot to depose him in favor of the crown prince who, under the guardianship of the emperor, the queen, Grumbkow, and Arnhalt, was to then be raised a Catholic. All were accused of having been implicated in the plot before Clement was exposed as a con artist and summarily executed; another implicated was M. de Troschke, a gentleman of the chamber in service to the king, in whose possession was found a letter from Madame de Blaspiel expressing anger at the king's imprisonment of a suspected accomplice, Monsieur de Kamecke. Grumbkow, suspecting the queen's favorite to have exposed his plot against the queen, delivered the letter to the king, who had de Blaspiel arrested, imprisoned for a year at Spandau, and then banished. Her arrest forced the queen to remove the will of 1719 from the possession of Blaspiel before it was discovered there, to which end her chaplain procured it from the officer commissioned to seal up de Blaspiel's room. After this the queen replaced her as confidant with her daughter, Princess Wilhelmine.

Sophia Dorothea had a very close relationship to her eldest son, Crown Prince Frederick, who was harshly treated by his father, who perceived him as effeminate. According to her daughter Wilhelmine, the queen widened the rift between the king and the crown prince by demonstrating that she viewed the king's demands as unfair:
 * "Whatever my father ordered my brother to do, my mother commanded him to do the very reverse."

Frederick William accused her of having damaged his relationship with his children, and therefore banned them from seeing her without his presence. When the king banned the queen from communicating with her son, she corresponded with him through her daughter Wilhelmine. When he refused to let her see her eldest children, she invited them to her rooms in secrecy; on at least one occasion, Frederick and Wilhelmine were forced to hide in the furniture in her rooms when Frederick William came to her room unexpectedly while they were there. At the same time, the queen's favorite, Madame de Ramen, acted as a spy for the king, causing their relationship to deteriorate sharply. Her children were terrorized and frequently beaten by Frederick William, who may have suffered from porphyria. During the latter years of the king's life, he was often seized by fits of violence during which he hit people with his cane and threw things at his children. This was a difficult situation for his family, as he often forced them to attend him, refusing to let them leave from 9 AM until bedtime.

Anglo-Prussian marriage alliance
Sophia Dorothea held a longtime ambition to arrange a double marriage of her eldest son, Crown Prince Frederick, to Princess Amelia of Great Britain, and her eldest daughter Wilhelmine to Frederick, future Prince of Wales. This was a project that had first been raised during the children's infancy and would result in a strong alliance between Prussia and Great Britain. Her plan was opposed by the king's favorites Grumbkow and Anhalt, who wished to arrange a marriage between Wilhelmine and Anhalt's nephew, Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (the king's first cousin). He was next in line to inherit the throne after the crown prince, whose health was delicate. If he succeeded, Anhalt and Grumbkow hoped to come into a position of power.

In 1723, the queen convinced the king to give his consent to the Prussian-British marriage alliance. In October of that year, they hosted a visit by George I in Berlin, who inspected Wilhelmine and agreed to the double marriage alliance if it was approved by Parliament. One day, Frederick William went to visit George I in Goehr. Sophia Dorothea did not accompany him, because she gave birth unexpectedly just before they were to leave. Sophia had been unaware of her pregnancy, leading to a rumor that she had tried to hide it. This caused Frederick William to suspect her of adultery. Upon his return, he had to be prevented from beating her by her chief lady-in-waiting, Sophie von Kameke, who held his arm and told him "if he had only come there to kill his wife, he had better have kept away." The king questioned the physician Stahl, his regimental surgeon Holzendorf, and von Kameke about the queen's suspected adultery, upon which von Kameke told him that "if he were not her king she would strangle him on the spot" for his accusation, which resulted in him making an apology to the queen and dismissing the affair.

George I promised that the double marriage alliance would be formally agreed upon in connection with the Treaty of Hanover (1725). Sophia Dorothea accompanied Frederick William to meet George in Hanover to discuss the matter, and was left there to handle the negotiations when he returned to Berlin. However, she failed to accomplish anything, as the matter was avoided by both George I and his ministers. When she returned to Berlin, Frederick William was so discontent with her failure that he had the passage between their apartments walled up (it remained so for six weeks). Frederick, Prince of Wales, sent his agent Lamotte to ask whether she would permit a secret visit by him to see his intended bride, Wilhelmine. The queen agreed, but made the mistake of saying so to the British ambassador Dubourguai, which obliged him to inform George I. George recalled Frederick to England, and had Lamotte arrested and imprisoned. All this damaged the queen and the prospect of the marriage alliance in the eyes of the king, causing a great row between them.

From 1726 until 1735, Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff was the Austrian ambassador in Berlin and the king's favorite. He came to be the main opponent of the queen, due to his opposition to the British-Prussian marriage alliance. The animosity between the queen and Seckendorff was well known and commented on by the king:
 * "My wife and the whole world are against him; the Prince of Anhalt and my Fritz hate him like the pest, but he is a brave fellow, and loves me."

In 1729, negotiations for the British marriage alliance were disrupted by the activities of Frederick William's army recruiters. Frederick William wanted tall soldiers for his army; his agents went all over Germany paying or even kidnapping such men. They snatched men from Hanover, whose ruler was also the king of Great Britain. This caused diplomatic incidents, and Frederick William stopped all negotiations. But the queen renewed them. When Grumbkow revealed her independent negotiations to the king, the king stated that he would marry Wilhelmine to either a prince of Schwedt or Weissenfels, and that Sophia could consent or be imprisoned for life.

She was advised by Borck to suggest Prince Frederick of Bayreuth as an alternative, which she did. Then she wrote to the queen of Great Britain, claiming illness. The reply was unsatisfactory, and the king learned of her pretense. Frederick William beat Wilhelmine in Sophia's presence, and Sophia agreed to drop the British marriage, provided that Wilhelmine was married to Frederick of Bayreuth, not the Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels. She fell genuinely ill shortly afterward, and successfully asked him to reconcile with their eldest son and daughter, and afterwards beat them only in private.

Matters changed when the British ambassador Hotham arrived and officially suggested marriage between Wilhelmine and the Prince of Wales, providing the king agreed to marriage between Crown Prince Frederick and Princess Amelia of Great Britain, and the dismissal of his favorite, the anti-British Grumbkow, whom they accused of treason against him. The king agreed to the terms, if proof of Grumbkow's guilt was shown, and if his son was appointed governor of Hanover. Grumbkow allied with Seckendorff to prevent the marriage alliance and thus his own fall, while the latter informed the king that the British suggestion was a result of the queen's intrigues to depose him in favor of his son and make Prussia a de facto British province through "the vain and haughty English daughter-in-law", whose extravagance would ruin the state. When ambassador Hotham returned with the proof of Grumbkow's guilt, the king reportedly flew into a rage and beat the ambassador. The queen had the crown prince write to Hotham and unsuccessfully ask him to reconcile with the king; before departing Prussia, however, he left the evidence against Grumbkow with the queen.

Escape attempt of the Crown Prince
Sophia Dorothea spent many days talking to her eldest son in the library, and was informed of his plans to escape from his father's custody. In August 1730, during a tour he made with his father through the provinces, Frederick tried to escape from Prussia, and was brought back a prisoner. The king informed the queen of the event through Sophie von Kamecke before their arrival. There were compromising letters by the queen and Princess Wilhelmine in Frederick's portefeuille, which was forwarded to them by a friend after the arrest of Frederick's accomplice Hans Hermann von Katte. They burned the letters and replaced them with fabricated and uncompromising ones. However, "as there were near fifteen hundred of the originals, although we worked very hard, not more than six hundred or seven hundred could be completed in the time". The portefeuille was also filled with ornamental articles. When the portefeuille was later opened, Frederick did not recognize its content. Grumbkow immediately suspected what had transpired and stated: "These cursed women have outwitted us!"

When the king returned, he told the queen that her son was dead. She replied: "What! Have you murdered your son?" When given the reply: "He was not my son, he was only a miserable deserter," she became hysterical and screamed repeatedly: "Mon Dieu, mon fils! mon Dieu, mon fils!" The king then started to beat Wilhelmine and would possibly have killed her. Her siblings and ladies-in-waiting intervened. Frederick's accomplice Katte arrived as a prisoner, so the king beat him instead. When Frederick was imprisoned at the fortress in Küstrin, Grumbkow acted as mediator between Frederick and his parents, managing to reconcile them.

The imprisonment was followed by continuous conflict between the king and the queen about the marriage of Princess Wilhelmine. While the king pressed for a marriage to the Margrave of Schwedt or the Prince of Weissenfels, the queen exchanged secret messages with her daughter and urged her not to accept any other groom than the Prince of Wales. This conflict caused the king to threaten to beat the queen and have Mademoiselle Sonsfeld publicly whipped. Finally, Wilhelmine was formally offered the choice between the Margrave of Schwedt, the Duke of Weissenfels, or the Prince of Bayreuth. She chose to marry the latter (as she had not seen him but had seen and disliked the other two), on condition that her father free her brother. Her decision was made against the will of her mother, who threatened to disown her for what she considered to be her daughter's lack of courage, and ordered her not to speak to her future groom when he arrived. The king was furious at the cold demeanor of the queen during the following visit of the Prince of Bayreuth.

After the betrothal of Wilhelmine and the Prince of Bayreuth, a message arrived in which George II consented to Wilhelmine marrying the Prince of Wales without her brother marrying his daughter Amelia. This message convinced the queen that a Prussian-British marriage alliance was possible. She therefore made a point of harassing the Prince of Bayreuth to stop the wedding. On the day of the wedding (20 November 1731), Sophia Dorothea tried to delay the ceremony by disarranging her daughter's hair every time it had been dressed, saying she was not satisfied with the effect, in the hope that a British courier might arrive in time to stop the ceremony.

When Frederick was liberated after his sister's wedding, Sophia Dorothea resumed negotiations with Great Britain to marry him to Princess Amelia, and her next daughter, Philippine Charlotte, to the Prince of Wales, which would complete her life project of a Prussian-British marriage alliance. These plans was crushed in 1733, when Frederick William instead announced a marriage alliance with Brunswick by marrying Frederick to Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern and Philippine Charlotte to Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.

But Sophia continued to pursue a Prussian-British marriage alliance, accomplishing a "reconciliation between the houses of England and Prussia negotiated by the Queen", this time by the marriage of the Prince of Wales to her third daughter Louisa Ulrika:
 * "La Herwein has conveyed the portrait of Ulrica to the Prince of Wales, and entertained Olympia (the Queen) with false hopes."

This was crushed upon the marriage of the Prince of Wales in 1736 to Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. Louisa Ulrika went on to become the Queen of Sweden.

Sophia Dorothea favored the French side in the War of the Polish Succession of 1733–36, and disliked the king's participation in the war on the Austrian side. She openly declared her view when the king swore loyalty to Austria: "I shall live to make you, who are so incredulous, believe, and prove to you how you are deceived."

During the last years of the king's life, he was afflicted with fits of illness which often forced him to use a wheelchair, and Sophia Dorothea was ordered to attend to him continuously. She seldom left his room for months before his death, save to follow him in his wheelchair; she bore with his impatience, soothed his suffering, and hers was the hand which, to the last, best smoothed the pillow, and administered the potion.

In the beginning of November 1739, the king was attacked by his last illness. The queen sent for the crown prince on the night of the 26 May 1740, in consequence of a change which had taken place in the king. However, when Frederick arrived from Rheinsberg, whence he had travelled with all speed, he was astonished to find the king in his chair, in the garden; it was, however, but a momentary rally. He had a long final conversation with the Prince Royal, and took a solemn and tender leave of the queen, his sons and daughters, and other relatives.

On the day of his death, Frederick William ordered himself to be taken to the queen's apartment and told her: "Rise, I have but a few hours to live, and I would at least have the satisfaction of dying in your arms."

However, the queen was led out of the room as Frederick William breathed his last in the arms of his son and successor.

Queen Dowager
On 31 May 1740, Frederick William died and was succeeded by her son, Frederick II (the Great).

The loss of a husband, who, despite his frequent harsh treatment, had been sincerely attached to her, and who was endeared by the habitual intercourse of many years, deeply affected Sophia Dorothea. When the Marchioness of Bayreuth revisited Berlin, she found her mother clad in deep mourning, and with an air of profound dejection impressed upon her features.

Sophia Dorothea had a very good relationship with her son, the new king. When she addressed him as "Your Majesty" after the funeral of his father, he interrupted her and told her: "Always call me your son, that title is dearer to me than the royal dignity." Frederick was known for his devotion to her, expressed his gratitude for her having raised him and never blamed her for his traumatic childhood, which he instead blamed on his father, and never allowed anyone to criticize her.

Sophia Dorothea lost no importance as a queen dowager: wary of the great respect the king afforded his mother and his neglect of his wife, the foreign envoys and other supplicants considered attending the audience chamber and receptions as of the queen dowager as even more important than that of the queen. Until her death, he honored her as the first lady of his court and placed her before that of his wife, the queen. It was to his mother's chamber the king paid the first visit on his return from campaigns, summoning the queen to meet him there; he regularly invited his mother to his personal residence at Potsdam, where his wife was never invited, and while he seldom visited his wife, he regularly attended his mother at Monbijou, where he took off his hat and remained standing until she gave him permission to sit. Sophia Dorothea presided at the wedding of her son Prince William in 1742, and her daughter Louisa Ulrika in 1744.

The relationship between Sophia Dorothea and her daughter-in-law queen Elisabeth Christine was not good during the first years of her son's reign, as she resented her daughter-in-law's precedence in rank, though her son assured it to be merely formal, but their relationship improved during the last years of her life. Sophia Dorothea saw her son for the last time after his first campaign in January 1757 during the Seven Years' War. At that point she was well, but soon after his departure, her health rapidly declined, and she died on 28 June 1757.

Notes and sources

 * Thea Leitner: Skandal bei Hof, Ueberreuter, 1993, ISBN 3-8000-3492-1

title: Sophia Dorothea of Hanover


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Guariba

Guariba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 40,487 (2020 est.) in an area of 270 km2. The elevation is 618 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Guariba


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Smooth number

In number theory, an n-smooth (or n-friable) number is an integer whose prime factors are all less than or equal to n. For example, a 7-smooth number is a number in which every prime factor is at most 7. Therefore, 49 = 72 and 15750 = 2 × 32 × 53 × 7 are both 7-smooth, while 11 and 702 = 2 × 33 × 13 are not 7-smooth. The term seems to have been coined by Leonard Adleman. Smooth numbers are especially important in cryptography, which relies on factorization of integers. 2-smooth numbers are simply the powers of 2, while 5-smooth numbers are also known as regular numbers.

Definition
A positive integer is called B -smooth if none of its prime factors are greater than B. For example, 1,620 has prime factorization 22 × 34 × 5; therefore 1,620 is 5-smooth because none of its prime factors are greater than 5. This definition includes numbers that lack some of the smaller prime factors; for example, both 10 and 12 are 5-smooth, even though they miss out the prime factors 3 and 5, respectively. All 5-smooth numbers are of the form 2a × 3b × 5c, where a, b and c are non-negative integers.

The 3-smooth numbers have also been called "harmonic numbers", although that name has other more widely used meanings. 5-smooth numbers are also called regular numbers or Hamming numbers; 7-smooth numbers are also called humble numbers, and sometimes called highly composite, although this conflicts with another meaning of highly composite numbers.

Here, note that B itself is not required to appear among the factors of a B -smooth number. If the largest prime factor of a number is p then the number is B -smooth for any B ≥ p. In many scenarios B is prime, but composite numbers are permitted as well. A number is B -smooth if and only if it is p -smooth, where p is the largest prime less than or equal to B.

Applications
An important practical application of smooth numbers is the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms (such as the Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm), which operates by recursively breaking down a problem of a given size n into problems the size of its factors. By using B-smooth numbers, one ensures that the base cases of this recursion are small primes, for which efficient algorithms exist. (Large prime sizes require less-efficient algorithms such as Bluestein's FFT algorithm.)

5-smooth or regular numbers play a special role in Babylonian mathematics. They are also important in music theory (see Limit (music)), and the problem of generating these numbers efficiently has been used as a test problem for functional programming.

Smooth numbers have a number of applications to cryptography. While most applications center around cryptanalysis (e.g. the fastest known integer factorization algorithms, for example: General number field sieve algorithm), the VSH hash function is another example of a constructive use of smoothness to obtain a provably secure design.

Distribution
Let $$ \Psi(x,y)$$ denote the number of y-smooth integers less than or equal to x (the de Bruijn function).

If the smoothness bound B is fixed and small, there is a good estimate for $$\Psi(x,B)$$:

 * $$ \Psi(x,B) \sim \frac{1}{\pi(B)!} \prod_{p\le B}\frac{\log x}{\log p}. $$

where $$\pi(B)$$ denotes the number of primes less than or equal to $$B$$.

Otherwise, define the parameter u as u = log x / log y: that is, x = yu. Then,

 * $$ \Psi(x,y) = x\cdot \rho(u) + O\left(\frac{x}{\log y}\right)$$

where $$\rho(u)$$ is the Dickman function.

For any k, almost all natural numbers will not be k-smooth.

If $$n=n_1 n_2$$ where $$n_1$$ is $$B$$-smooth and $$n_2$$ is not (or is equal to 1), then $$n_1$$ is called the $$B$$-smooth part of $$n$$. The relative size of the $$x^{1/u}$$-smooth part of a random integer less than or equal to $$x$$ is known to decay much more slowly than $$\rho(u)$$.

Powersmooth numbers
Further, m is called n-powersmooth (or n-ultrafriable) if all prime powers $$p^{\nu}$$ dividing m satisfy:

 * $$p^{\nu} \leq n.\,$$

For example, 720 (24 × 32 × 51) is 5-smooth but not 5-powersmooth (because there are several prime powers greater than 5, e.g. $$3^2 = 9 \nleq 5$$ and $$2^4 = 16 \nleq 5$$). It is 16-powersmooth since its greatest prime factor power is 24 = 16. The number is also 17-powersmooth, 18-powersmooth, etc.

Unlike n-smooth numbers, for any positive integer n there are only finitely many n-powersmooth numbers, in fact, the n-powersmooth numbers are exactly the positive divisors of “the least common multiple of 1, 2, 3, …, n”, e.g. the 9-powersmooth numbers (also the 10-powersmooth numbers) are exactly the positive divisors of 2520.

n-smooth and n-powersmooth numbers have applications in number theory, such as in Pollard's p − 1 algorithm and ECM. Such applications are often said to work with "smooth numbers," with no n specified; this means the numbers involved must be n-powersmooth, for some unspecified small number n. As n increases, the performance of the algorithm or method in question degrades rapidly. For example, the Pohlig–Hellman algorithm for computing discrete logarithms has a running time of O(n1/2)—for groups of n-smooth order.

Smooth over a set A
Moreover, m is said to be smooth over a set A if there exists a factorization of m where the factors are powers of elements in A. For example, since 12 = 4 × 3, 12 is smooth over the sets A1 = {4, 3}, A2 = {2, 3}, and $$\mathbb{Z}$$, however it would not be smooth over the set A3 = {3, 5}, as 12 contains the factor 4 = 22, and neither 4 nor 2 are in A3.

Note the set A does not have to be a set of prime factors, but it is typically a proper subset of the primes as seen in the factor base of Dixon's factorization method and the quadratic sieve. Likewise, it is what the general number field sieve uses to build its notion of smoothness, under the homomorphism $$\phi:\mathbb{Z}[\theta]\to\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}$$.

title: Smooth number


text: Category:Elections in North Korea

title: Category:Elections in North Korea


text: Category:Elections in Kazakhstan

title: Category:Elections in Kazakhstan


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Talk:XOR linked list

Hoax
This is a hoax, the only mention of it is this page and links to this page on programming forums asking to explain it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.100.165.91 (talk) 19:20, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

 * A technique that has been used for decades (especially when memory was scarce/expensive) is a hoax?

 * I'm using it right now. For a hoax, it works amazingly well... --80.66.10.152 (talk) 13:48, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I removed the banner of lacking sources, the data structure is based solely on XOR, its a direct application of XOR properties (commutativity, etc), its not original research. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.248.39.96 (talk) 07:08, 24 November 2013 (UTC)

Diagram and Example
This page needs a diagram and example. Will add myself if no one else does, eventually. Derrick Coetzee 22:14, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC) int main {   prinf("Hello word\n") }

Proposed merge
See Talk:XOR swap algorithm.

XOR links and GC
I changed "conservative garbage collection schemes" to "most garbage collection schemes". The problem with so-called conservative collectors in this application is not that they are conservative, but that they are not conservative enough: they fail to over-estimate the set of reachable objects. Less-conservative schemes, namely those that rely on some kind of tagging, won't work any better. Cjoev 05:48, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Assembly instructions
I think the given code, currently in S/360 assembly, should be rewritten in a more understandable assembly language, especially since the the S/360 opcodes are so weirdly named. Could be either x86, PPC or even a fake assembly for a non-existing machine, the point is just to replace "X R2,Link ; XR R1,R2" with something more akin to "load r2,link ; xor r1,r2".Habbit (talk) 12:37, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Links
Here's a fairly comprehensive explanation of the technique, including source code: http://rumkin.com/reference/algorithms/linked_list/

And this one is also pretty good: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6828 --Parallelized (talk) 13:33, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Comparison to Singly Linked List
I think there should be a comparison to Singly Linked Lists.

One of the main advantages of dbly-linked is that you can easily and quickly remove a given element from all the dbly linked lists it is in. With XOR linked list, this is not possible, you need the previous element.

The advantage XOR has over singly linked, is traversing in reverse.

BWaIdKgIer (talk) 07:26, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Criticism - Use of register names
In Why does it work? "R1," "R2," etc. are referred to as if the reader can already be expected to know what those terms refer to. Since the reader may have skipped parts of the article, especially a section titled Features (i.e., with a title connoting superfluous information), this is not always the case, and the reader should not be expected to stop reading mid-explanation to find the definition of the terms. In fact, they're liable to ignore the article altogether for its use of jargon. Furthermore, computer science terminology such as register should be eliminated from the article except by mention as a technical term, as commonplace concepts such as a variable are sufficient to cover the material. ᛭ LokiClock (talk) 22:35, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Weasel words
The article states “XOR of pointers is not defined in some contexts (e.g., the C language), although many languages provide some kind of type conversion between pointers and integers”. Neither part of this sentence is correct. First, I'm yet to see a single language where XOR between pointers is allowed: “not defined in some contexts” is a serious understatement here. Second, AFAIK, the only mainstream languages that have some support for converting pointers to/from integers are C and C++. I don't think it's fair to call these two “many”. 78.131.41.49 (talk) 01:06, 17 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Old thread, but this sentence also struck me as odd: in C, intptr_t and uintptr_t are there for this, so ("e.g., the C language") appears erroneous. — Paleo  Neonate  – 01:59, 20 February 2018 (UTC)

pointer subtraction and C
The subsection "Note about implementations in C" is simply wrong. It is not legal to subtract two pointers in C (by ANSI or C99 standards) unless they both point to elements, or just past the end, of the same array. More general subtractions might work in practice after suitable casting, but they aren't conforming. Subtraction without casting will fail if the difference between the addresses is not a multiple of the node type. McKay (talk) 05:48, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:XOR linked list


text:
Talk:Australian Cattle Dog

Semi-protected edit request on 25 June 2023
My book, "A Dog for the Job" (2022), corrects and substantially updates much of the article. Changes are The article as it now stands is based on "A Dog called Blue" (2003). Our present internet resources didn't exist in the 1990s when "A Dog called Blue" was written. Example of change: Please change "In the 19th century ... influential in its development" to "The first domestic dogs arrived in New South Wales in 1788 with the First Fleet and with later convict fleets. A thriving stray-dog population soon grew. Some of the strays, those with stock work potential, found home with George Hall who immigrated, with his family, to Australia in 1802. Thomas Hall, a son of George, developed his strays into working dogs of legendary excellence." NoreenClark (talk) 06:05, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: you appear to have a conflict of interest. Please read your talk page. M.Bitton (talk) 21:27, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * , editors with a conflict of interest are advised to make edit requests such as this rather than editing articles directly, so declining an edit request from an editor with a COI because they have a COI seems odd. Cordless Larry (talk) 07:24, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * it's true, but unless I'm mistaken, they are supposed to use Template:Request edit (which highlights their conflict of interest) rather than Template:Edit semi-protected. That's why I asked them to read their talk page where how to propose changes is explained; though I admit, the difference is not obvious and might need explaining in the future. Best, M.Bitton (talk) 08:21, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * , the problem with both of these books is that they appear to be self-published, and per WP:RSSELF, such sources are largely not accepted on Wikipedia. Cordless Larry (talk) 07:28, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes. Both are self-published.  I was unable to get a commercial publisher interested.  My intent is to get correct info on Wiki.  The self-published issue didn't stop "someone" (and I can guess who it was) creating the original articles, that were based on my  earlier book (now substantially corrected in my later book).  Why is it a problem now?  I don't even have an eBay listing for the books. NoreenClark (talk) 08:34, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * there is no point in discussing this here now that the issue has been taken to Conflict_of_interest/Noticeboard. Feel free to comment there. Best, M.Bitton (talk) 08:46, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks to you and others for your help and patience. I have just published a few corrections to the Australian Cattle Dog article and, yes, they were published!!!!   I will persist and hope that success continues.  Again, My thanks. NoreenClark (talk) 09:25, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Since you're not supposed to edit the article (as explained on your talk page), I reverted your edit and would urge you not to ignore this discussion. M.Bitton (talk) 09:46, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * It now seems that, because I researched and published on a topic, I may not contribute to Wiki? I notice that references to my book are annotated "self-published source".   However, I have been under the impression that Wiki articles are supposed to be anonymous? This annotation destroys my anonymity - unless, of course, any self-published resource must be similarly annotated? Please advise. I have cited other self-published resources in both the articles under discussion. NoreenClark (talk) 17:51, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * , you should avoid editing these articles directly, but you can request edits on their talk pages. On self-published sources, all such sources are liable to be tagged as such and should really be replaced with sources published by reputable publishers with a reputation for peer-review and fact checking. Please see WP:SELFPUBLISH on this. Cordless Larry (talk) 20:48, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * On whose talk page? As to self-published sources, how do I identify them when I cite them? NoreenClark (talk) 01:36, 28 June 2023 (UTC)
 * On the talk page of the article that you want to be changed,, such as this one for Australian Cattle Dog. The point about self-published sources is generally not to cite them in the first place. Please read WP:SELFPUBLISH. There is an exception specified there, which states "Self-published expert sources may be considered reliable when produced by an established subject-matter expert, whose work in the relevant field has previously been published by reliable, independent publications"; I don't know if that's the case with your work? Cordless Larry (talk) 07:40, 28 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I am generally regarded as expert in the field - history and development of Australian Cattle Dog and Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog - because no one else has bothered. I also have better credentials than most, to do this work.  Although now retired, I am a fully qualified professional librarian (Associate of the Library Association of Australia) with research science degrees (BA Hons, MSc Hons). Does this help? NoreenClark (talk) 19:13, 28 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, yes, though it would help if you've published some work in outputs that aren't self-published (to satisfy the requirement in the quote above). Cordless Larry (talk) 20:31, 29 June 2023 (UTC)
 * "Our Dogs" December 2020 published an invited article: "A History of the ACD".
 * Penrith 1:100,000 geological map (Clark, NR and Jones, DC)
 * Geology of the Penrith 1:100,000 sheet (Jones. DC and Clark NR) NoreenClark (talk) 02:37, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

Do your own research: Breed temperament
Suffice to say there's an industry behind most dog breeds now, with implicit bias and conflicted interest. The editors of the article are as tenacious (and here's a hint: aggressive) as the subject of the article -- in keeping it free from balance. The article is a singularly glowing assessment of the breed, written by lovers of the breed... for lovers of the breed. Suffice to say, a bit of research elsewhere, can reveal there's a more to the breed's temperament than the article suggests... or allows. A certain tension over this issue has gone on for years and gets scrubbed/retired regularly, including in the archives of this Talk page. Sigh. 842U (talk) 13:18, 29 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Yeah, ACDs can be jerks - they regularly try to bite me at work (I am a veterinarian). Some are nice, some are not. I'm not sure specifically what you want included, but if there is well sourced information available that suggests a counterpoint to temperament that you feel should be included, I'd say include it with the citations. If it gets inappropriately removed repeatedly it can be replaced or an admin alerted to partially lock the article.. I'm not an expert on wiki procedures but we shouldn't be leaving out pertinent information because some people don't like it. Connor Long (talk) 17:19, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I gave up years ago. As soon as the article reflects balance, it gets scrubbed again to present a one-sided view. 842U (talk) 12:18, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

Dingo ancestry should be included
Recently the breed's purported dingo ancestry was removed (previously it was stated tamed dingoes were used in establishing the breed). Is there some evidence this is not actually the case? AKC's site supports dingo ancestry, as does the prior Dog Named Blue citation that several contributors are in a tizzy over due to potential conflict of interest issues (I think the author of that book tried to edit the article even though she wasn't the one that added the citation - I'll leave that to the hardliners to keep posting conflicting wikipedia doctrine back at each other to the detriment of the actual article, as appears to be the time honored tradition. There is a discussion on the COI page, though I am confused as to what the plan/goal is for that discussion or if/how it will affect this topic).

I digress - point being, for regular folks who aren't particularly involved with ACDs, the dingo ancestry is basically the most interesting/notable thing about them, and should definitely be included in an encyclopedia article about them, unless there is debate about whether or not that is true. Do any fellow editors contest that dingo ancestry is true? Connor Long (talk) 17:06, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Robert Kaleski insisted that Thomas Hall crossed an imported working dog with dingo. No evidence supplied, but Kaleski, himself, and later ACD breeders remark on viciousness in dingo crosses. NoreenClark (talk) 02:52, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

Article issues
There's several issues with the article that lead me to believe it wouldn't pass a featured article review - the use of self-published sources for many content claims, including life expectancy; and some guidebook/non-breed specific content on grooming.

I've updated the life expectancy to use data from a peer reviewed and independent study published this year, so that is no longer an issue. Traumnovelle (talk) 04:24, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

@ 204.48.93.206 (talk) 19:51, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

WP:NOTGUIDEBOOK content
Currently under the 'As pets' heading is content that goes against the WP:NOTGUIDEBOOK policy, specifically the grooming section and the training section. In addition the behaviour listed as natural Australian Cattle Dog behaviour is just generic dog behaviour that isn't breed specific.

I'm in favour of changing the two sections so they look like this:

Grooming Known as a "wash and wear" dog, the Australian Cattle Dog is not a year-round shedder but blows its coat once a year (twice in the case of intact females).

Training Like other working breeds, the Australian Cattle Dog is intelligent and responsive; both of these traits can be an advantage in training where a structured, varied program is used, but can lead to unwanted outcomes if training is not consistent, or is repetitive and boring for the dog. The Australian Cattle Dog is biddable, and responds well to training.

Traumnovelle (talk) 01:50, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Australian Cattle Dog


text:
Kuei

Kuei or Guǐ may refer to:

People

 * Kuei Chih-Hung (1937–1999), Chinese filmmaker
 * Kuei Chin (1090–1155), chancellor of the Song Dynasty
 * Kuei Pin Yeo, Indonesian classical pianist and educator
 * Kuei Ya Lei (born 1944), Chinese actress and singer
 * Kuei Ling Ru, American high school chemistry teacher

Other

 * Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt (Katholische Universität), Bavaria, Germany
 * Kuei-chou or Guizhou, a southwestern province of the People's Republic of China
 * Kuei River or Amu Darya, a river in Central Asia
 * Kuih, a sweet Chinese dessert or snack made of rice
 * Guǐ, a ghost in Chinese culture

title: Kuei


text:
Talk:Charlie Dog

Untitled
I need help getting the picture of this cartoon dog, above, therefore why did you remove statements that Charlie became a "disco" dog? And also, I should add that he did not do anything wrong. Your article does not make sense of this little cartoon dog. I wrote the sentence, "he is just a slick-talking dog", but now you changed it back to "he is just a slick-talking mutt". Wikipedia either could had wrote false statements against him, cause they knew I know him.

 * Whoever you are, I think you are confused about who "Charlie Dog" is. You may be referring to a different cartoon character.  The "Charlie Dog" this Wiki page is about was never involved with "Scooby Doo" (a Hanna-Barbera cartoon).  This "Charlie Dog" was a Warner Brothers' Looney Tunes cartoon character that was often seen in 1940s cartoons with Porky Pig.  The following is an image of him:  http://www.nonstick.com/characters/charlie.html.  Also, a "mutt" implies a combination of more than one dog species which more correctly identifies what type of dog Charlie is.  Jeff schiller 18:20, 2004 Oct 6 (UTC)

Oh, sorry for the confusion, he was not involved with the Great Dane. Where do you work, anyway?

I should say this again on this article, that Charlie did not do anything wrong, there are false claims on this article that he "irriated a fine Southernman", and including "Charlie duped a hapless victim of giving the soul-ful eyes routine by pulling a master." What are you talking about? He with his dark long ears and tail, never harassed Porky Pig and others in his cartoons. Chuck Jones said "he did not do anything". User (myself) 3:49 (CST)
 * It is clear that you are not at all familiar with the cartoons being referred to here. In "Dog Gone South" he did indeed "irritate" Colonel Shuffle (see http://www.bcdb.com/bcdb/detailed.cgi?film=3687&p=s link). In "Often An Orphan" and "Little Orphan Airedale", he did indeed "harass" Porky Pig and gave him the "soulful eyes routine" to try and convince Porky to be his master (see http://www.bcdb.com/bcdb/detailed.cgi?film=443&p=s link) Jeff schiller 18:20, 2004 Oct 19 (UTC)

Do you think I have short-term memory? No, I do not. Chuck Jones even created him, as well, he had few drawings of him, but Jones was unable to do more, I also now have my own drawings of the little dog, you could add this to the article. But, too many songs have the word, Charlie in the 1960s and 1970s from these singers, one is Goodbye, Charlie Dog, and others are either misunderstood in the songs, someone needs help here. User (myself) 12:34 (CST)

 * Jones created him and starred him in many cartoons (7 total I think). Charlie Dog also appeared in several episodes of the "Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries" TV show.  The  songs/albums that you mention must be simply coincidences of using the same name but DO NOT REFER TO THE SAME CHARACTER.  Are we done now? Jeff schiller 18:20, 2004 Oct 19 (UTC)

Sorry, I quit editing only this page.

Merge
I suggest that we merge this with Porky Pig because his only appearances are with Porky Pig. User:MrJanitor1 11:40 2008 Feb 3 (UTC)
 * I respectfully disagree. I would never think to look for information on Charlie by going to Porky's page.  Also, Charlie does make some appearances without Porky, as is mentioned in the article. -- Captain Infinity (talk) 17:01, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I pretty much second what Captain Infinity says. But thanks for discussing the merge this time. : ) --Cinemaniac ( talk   •   contribs   •   critique ) 14:49, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

A Hound for Trouble
Charlie did not make his only appearances with Porky. Don't forget "A Hound for Trouble." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hikakika445 (talk • contribs) 14:44, 3 July 2008 (UTC)
 * "Dog Gone South" was another cartoon Charlie appeared in w/o Porky. Charlie also made a brief appearance in the Robert McKimson-directed cartoon, Dog Tales released in 1958. WikiPro1981X (talk) 06:17, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charlie Dog


text:
Gunning fog index

In linguistics, the Gunning fog index is a readability test for English writing. The index estimates the years of formal education a person needs to understand the text on the first reading. For instance, a fog index of 12 requires the reading level of a United States high school senior (around 18 years old). The test was developed in 1952 by Robert Gunning, an American businessman who had been involved in newspaper and textbook publishing.

The fog index is commonly used to confirm that text can be read easily by the intended audience. Texts for a wide audience generally need a fog index less than 12. Texts requiring near-universal understanding generally need an index less than 8.

Calculation
The Gunning fog index is calculated with the following algorithm: The complete formula is:
 * 1) Select a passage (such as one or more full paragraphs) of around 100 words. Do not omit any sentences;
 * 2) Determine the average sentence length. (Divide the number of words by the number of sentences.);
 * 3) Count the "complex" words consisting of three or more syllables. Do not include proper nouns, familiar jargon, or compound words. Do not include common suffixes (such as -es, -ed, or -ing) as a syllable;
 * 4) Add the average sentence length and the percentage of complex words; and
 * 5) Multiply the result by 0.4.

0.4\left[ \left(\frac{\mbox{words}}{\mbox{sentences}}\right) + 100\left(\frac{\mbox{complex words}}{\mbox{words}}\right) \right] $$

Limitations
While the fog index is a good sign of hard-to-read text, it has limits. Not all complex words are difficult. For example, "interesting" is not generally thought to be a difficult word, although it has three syllables (after omitting the common -ing suffix). A short word can be difficult if it is not used very often by most people. The frequency with which words are in normal use affects the readability of text.

Until the 1980s, the fog index was calculated differently. The original formula counted each clause as a sentence. Because the index was meant to measure clarity of expression within sentences, it assumed people saw each clause as a complete thought.

In the 1980s, this step was left out in counting the fog index for literature. This might have been because it had to be done manually. Judith Bogert of Pennsylvania State University defended the original algorithm in 1985. A review of subsequent literature shows that the newer method is generally recommended.

Nevertheless, some continue to point out that a series of simple, short sentences does not mean that the reading is easier. In some works, such as Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, the fog scores using the old and revised algorithms differ greatly. A sample test took a random footnote from the text: (#51: Dion, vol. I. lxxix. p. 1363. Herodian, l. v. p. 189.) and used an automated Gunning Fog calculator, first using the sentence count, and then the count of sentences plus clauses. The calculator gave an index of 19.2 using only sentences, and an index of 12.5 when including independent clauses. This brought down the fog index from post-graduate to high school level.

title: Gunning fog index


text:
Liverpool poets

The Liverpool poets are a number of influential 1960s poets from Liverpool, England, influenced by 1950s Beat poetry.

Their work is characterised by its directness of expression, simplicity of language, suitability for live performance and concern for contemporary subjects and references. There is often humour, but the full range of human experience and emotion is addressed. The kids didn't see this poetry with a capital p, they understood it as modern entertainment, as part of the pop-movement. (Roger McGough)

Poets
The poets most commonly associated with this label are Adrian Henri, Roger McGough and Brian Patten. They were featured in a 1967 book The Liverpool Scene edited by Edward Lucie-Smith, with a blurb by Ginsberg and published by Donald Carroll.

Although he was born in Sussex, Adrian Mitchell shared many of the concerns of the Liverpool poets and is often linked with them in critical discussion.

Other related poets include the Londoner Pete Brown (who wrote lyrics for Cream), Pete Morgan and Alan Jackson (both associated with the 1960s Edinburgh poetry scene), Tom Pickard and Barry MacSweeney (both from Newcastle), Spike Hawkins, Jim Bennett, Heather Holden, Mike Evans, Pete Roche and Henry Graham.

The poets generally came from a working-class background and went to art college rather than university. There was a strong allegiance with pop music, and the values and effectiveness of that in reaching out to a wide audience informed the poetry. Readings took place in a pub or club environment.

The Mersey Sound
The anthology The Mersey Sound was published by Penguin in 1967, containing the poems of Adrian Henri, Roger McGough and Brian Patten, and has remained in print ever since, selling in excess of 500,000 copies. It brought the three poets to "considerable acclaim and critical fame", and has been widely influential. In 2002 they were given the Freedom of the City of Liverpool.

The Liverpool Scene
The Liverpool Scene was a poetry band, which included Adrian Henri, Andy Roberts, Mike Evans, Mike Hart, Percy Jones and Brian Dodson. It grew out of the success of The Incredible New Liverpool Scene, a CBS LP featuring Henri and McGough reading their work, with accompaniment by the guitarist Roberts. Liverpool DJ John Peel, who was then working on the pirate radio station Radio London, picked up on the LP and featured it on his influential late-night Perfumed Garden show. After Radio London closed down, Peel visited Liverpool and met the band; as a consequence, they were featured in session on his BBC Top Gear and Night Ride shows, and in 1968 he produced their first LP. Four LPs were issued with Henri's poetry heavily featured.

Despite Peel's support the albums achieved little success, although the band did become popular on the UK university and college circuit. Their public performances included a 1969 tour when they opened for Led Zeppelin; they also toured the US but did not attract much acclaim from US critics and audiences. Henri was described in performance as "bouncing thunderously and at risk to audience and fellow performers, the stage vibrating out of rhythm beneath him."

The albums were: There were at least three "best of" albums and a single "Love Is" / "Woo-Woo".
 * The Incredible New Liverpool Scene (CBS 1967)
 * Amazing Adventures of (RCA 1968)
 * Bread on the Night (RCA 1969)
 * St. Adrian & Co., Broadway and 3rd (RCA 1970)
 * Heirloon (RCA 1971)
 * Recollections (Charisma 1972)

The Scaffold
The best-known band to emerge was The Scaffold (1963–1974), which featured John Gorman, Mike McCartney (brother of Paul McCartney) and Roger McGough. Initially Adrian Henri was a member, when they were known as The Liverpool, One Fat Lady, All Electric Show. ("One Fat Lady" is the bingo term for 8, and they mostly lived in the Liverpool 8 district.)

In January 1968 Thank U Very Much (sung with a Liverpool accent) reached number 4 in the charts. A year later Lily the Pink reached number 1. Ringo Starr's bass drum was used; also featured were Jack Bruce from Cream, Graham Nash from The Hollies and Reg Dwight, later renaming himself Elton John. Both hits were in the spirit of cheery and humorous drinking songs.

Grimms
A touring and recording ensemble, Grimms (1971–76), contained an ever-changing cast of Adrian Henri, Brian Patten, Roger McGough, John Gorman, Mike McGear (McCartney), George "Zoot" Money, Neil Innes, Vivian Stanshall, Michael Giles, Kate Robbins, John Megginson, Andy Roberts, David Richards, Peter "Ollie" Halsall, Norman Smedles, Brian Jones, Ritchie Routledge, Valerie Movie, Gerry Conway, Pete Tatters and Timmy Donald (amongst many others).

For
S.N. Radhika Lakshmi observes "the Liverpool poets' approach to poetry differs from that of other poets in that they consistently give the impression of being real people getting to grips with real and pressing situations." She continues:
 * Like the French Symbolists, Baudelaire and Rimbaud, 'The Liverpool poets' believe that the effect that a poem produces is more important than the poem itself; a poem should be considered as an 'agent' (that conveys the poet's message), rather than as an 'object'. The poetry of 'The Liverpool poets' is also characterized by the undercurrent of sarcasm, irony and pungent wit, which runs through many of their poems. They are also noted for their directness of expression, simplicity of style, and, (in the manner of Robert Frost), their deft handling of complicated ideas in uncomplicated language.

Adrian Henri was described by Lucie-Smith as "the theoretician of the group" and asserted the need to be in touch with contemporary life, following T. S. Eliot's dictum "to purify the dialect of the tribe" and pointing out that his tribe included everyone from motor-bike specialists through consultant gynaecologists and Beatles fans to admen and peeping toms. His conclusion was:
 * the whole post-Gutenberg galaxy of expanding communications can become the subject-matter of the poet, it's just that most poets are afraid to face up to the consequences of it."

Against
The emergence of the Liverpool poets as pioneers of "pop poetry" in the UK engendered hostility from the literary establishment. Ian Hamilton said:
 * A lot was going on that we were in opposition to: there was the Group; there was pop poetry; there was the Liverpool Scene. And when Lucie-Smith, arch-organiser of the Group, went off and edited a book called The Liverpool Scene, praising those people to the skies we thought: 'Treasonable clerk. This is the sort of thing you'd expect from these corrupt, opportunistic, careerist-type figures.' So we went at them. As for nurturing talent, the talent that was around we... nurtured.

Al Alvarez wrote about "the fashion for the diluted near-verse designed for mass readings and poetry-and-jazz concerts", linking it with pop lyrics as "the logic of a traditional form at its weariest", scolding "the poet resigns his responsibilities" and concluding, "what he offers is not poetry", a criticism remarkably similar to that made by F. Dalton in The Times Literary Supplement, on 31 June 1917 about "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock": "The fact that these things occurred to the mind of Mr. Eliot is surely of the very smallest importance to anyone, even to himself. They certainly have no relation to poetry...".

Legacy
Alan Bleasdale said, "The poetry of Henri, Patten and McGough has stayed with me for 35 years. The beauty is its accessibility."

Roger McGough in a 2019 interview said, "I like to think that young poets on Merseyside will see me as one of their own, a poet they can get along with."

title: Liverpool poets


text:
Paris Motor Show

The Paris Motor Show (Mondial de l'Automobile) is a biennial auto show in Paris. Held during October, it is one of the most important auto shows, often with many new production automobile and concept car debuts. The show presently takes place in Paris expo Porte de Versailles. The Mondial is scheduled by the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles, which considers it a major international auto show.

In 2016, the Paris Motor Show welcomed 1,253,513 visitors, making it the most visited auto show in the world, ahead of Tokyo and Frankfurt.

The key figures of the show are: 125000 m2 of exhibition, 8 pavilions, 260 brands from 18 countries, 65 world premieres, more than 10 000 test drives for electric and hybrid cars, more than 10 000 journalists from 103 countries. Until 1986, it was called the Salon de l'Automobile; it took the name Mondial de l'Automobile in 1988 and Mondial Paris Motor Show in 2018.

The show was held annually until 1976; since which time, it has been held biennially.

History
The show was the first motor show in the world, started in 1898 by industry pioneer, Jules-Albert de Dion. After 1910, it was held at the Grand Palais in the Champs-Élysées. During the First World War motor shows were suspended, meaning that the show of October 1919 was only the 15th "Salon".

There was again no Paris Motor Show in 1925, the venue having been booked instead for an Exhibition of Decorative Arts. In October 1926, the Motor Show returned, this being the 26th Paris Salon de l'Automobile. The outbreak of war again intervened in 1939 when the 33rd Salon de l'Automobile was cancelled at short notice.

Normality of a sorts returned some six years later and the 33rd "Salon" finally opened in October 1946. In January 1977, it was announced that no Paris Motor Show would take place that year, because of the "current economic situation": at the same time the organisers confirmed that a 1978 Auto Salon for Paris was planned.

The 65th Salon de Paris duly opened on 15 October 1978 in the modern buildings of the Parc des Expositions, on the south western edge of central Paris at the Porte de Versailles, where the show had been held since 1962.

Editions

 * 1898 1st
 * 1913 14th "Salon de l'Automobile"
 * 1919 15th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1920) The first "Salon" since 1913.
 * 9 October 1919
 * 65 French automobile makers exhibited (plus 22 French commercial vehicle manufacturers and 31 non-French automobile industry businesses). At least 118 exhibitors in total.

There was no "Salon de l'Automobile" in 1920
 * 1921 16th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1922)
 * 1922 17th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1923)
 * 4 October 1922
 * 81 French automobile makers exhibited (plus one French commercial vehicle manufacturer, 7 "Coachbuilders" and 25 non-French automobile industry businesses.) 113 exhibitors in total.

 * 1923 18th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1924)
 * 1924 19th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1925)
 * 2 October 1924
 * 78 French automobile makers exhibited (plus four French commercial vehicle manufacturers and 34 non-French automobile industry businesses.) 116 exhibitors in total.

There was no "Salon de l'Automobile" in 1925 due to the venue having been allocated to an Exhibition of Decorative Arts
 * 1926 20th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1927)
 * 7 October 1926
 * 81 French automobile makers exhibited and 42 non-French automobile industry businesses exhibited. 126 exhibitors in total

 * 1927 21st "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1928)
 * 1928 22nd "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1929)
 * 1929 23rd "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1930)
 * 1930 24th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1931)
 * 2 October 1930
 * 46 French automobile makers and 46 non-French automobile makers exhibited. 92 exhibitors in total.

 * 1931 25th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1932)
 * 1 October 1931
 * 39 French automobile makers and 37 non-French automobile makers exhibited. 79 exhibitors in total.

 * 1932 26th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1933)
 * 1933 27th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1934)
 * 5 October 1933
 * 26 French automobile makers exhibited.

 * 1934 28th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1935)
 * 1935 29th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1936)
 * 1936 30th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1937)
 * 1937 31st "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1938)
 * 7 October 1937
 * 22 French automobile makers exhibited.

 * 1938 32nd
 * 1946 33rd
 * 1947 34th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1948)
 * 23 October 1947
 * 27 French automobile makers exhibited.

 * 1948 35th
 * 1949 36th
 * 1950 37th
 * 1951 38th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1952)
 * 4 October 1951
 * 23 French automobile makers exhibited.

 * 1952 39th
 * 1953 40th
 * Inter Autoscooter world premiere

 * 1954 41st
 * Facel Vega world premiere

 * 1955 42nd
 * Citroën DS world premiere
 * Continental Mark II world premiere

 * 1956 43rd
 * Facel Vega Excellence world premiere

 * 1957 44th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1958)
 * 3 October 1957
 * 24 French automobile makers exhibited.

 * 1958 45th
 * 1959 46th
 * Facel Vega Facellia

 * 1960 47th
 * Panhard PL 17 Cabriolet
 * Triumph Italia

 * 1961 48th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1962)
 * 5 October 1961
 * 9 French automobile makers exhibited, plus one "Jeep" maker and one coachbuilder.

 * 1962 49th Salon
 * This was the first year the show was held at the Porte de Versailles on the outskirts of Paris.
 * Buick Riviera world premiere

 * 1963 50th
 * 1964 51st
 * 1965 52nd "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1966)
 * October 1965
 * 9 French automobile makers exhibited, plus one "Jeep" maker and one coachbuilder.

 * 1966 53rd
 * 1967 54th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1968)
 * 6 October 1967
 * 8 French automobile makers exhibited, plus one coachbuilder
 * Citroën Dyane world premiere

 * 1968 55th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1969)
 * 1969 56th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1970)
 * last year that Automobiles Hotchkiss exhibited

 * 1974 61st "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1975)
 * Citroën CX world premiere

 * 1976 63rd "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1977) known as a "Salon of Sobriété"
 * Ferrari 400 world premiere

 * 1978 64th "Salon de l'Automobile" (Model Year 1979)
 * 15 October 1978

 * 1988 73rd edition
 * 1992 75th edition
 * Introduction of the Renault Twingo

 * 1998 Paris Motor Show
 * Introduction of the Audi TT
 * Renault Vel Satis concept

There was no "Salon de l'Automobile" in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic
 * 2000 Paris Motor Show
 * 2002 Paris Motor Show
 * 2004 Paris Motor Show
 * 2006 Paris Motor Show
 * 2008 Paris Motor Show
 * 2010 Paris Motor Show
 * 2012 Paris Motor Show
 * 2014 Paris Motor Show
 * 2016 Paris Motor Show
 * 2018 Paris Motor Show
 * 2022 Paris Motor Show

title: Paris Motor Show


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Bradfield, Berkshire

Bradfield is a village and civil parish in Berkshire, England. Aside from farms and a smaller amount of woodland its main settlements are Bradfield Southend, its medieval-founded nucleus and the hamlet of Tutts Clump. Bradfield village is the home of the public school Bradfield College.

Location
Bradfield's traditional centre is on the mid-flood plain of the River Pang centred 6 mi west of Reading, where the Theale to Compton road crosses the river. Bradfield Southend is centred about a mile to the south west on the gentle escarpment between the Pang and the River Kennet. Other villages and hamlets in the parish include Tutts Clump, Clay Hill and Rotten Row. There is a complex of ponds in the vicinity of the latter containing very good examples of artesian aquifers. Best known of these is 'The Blue Pool' which has delighted generations of children. In recent years, the current owners have had to deny access to the site due to fluctuating levels of pollution. Plans for better access have not yet come to fruition. To the west of Clay Hill is King's Copse, a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).

History
In the 12th-century Abingdon Chronicle, Bradenfeld is described as forming part of Abingdon Abbey in 699. The Domesday Book refers to the area as Bradefelt. The name may derive from the Anglo-Saxon brād feld meaning 'broad piece of open land'.

In the mid 18th century, the village was the site of two watermills, one fewer than had been recorded in the Doomsday Book 700 years prior.

In 1835, the Bradfield Poor Law Union was formed, and a workhouse, designed by Sampson Kempthorne, was built to accommodate 250 people. The small church of St Simon and St Jude was also built on the site. Between 1948 and 1991 the site was known as Wayland Hospital, a residential home for people with learning difficulties. Housing was built on the site at the end of the 20th century.

St Andrew's Church
A church in Bradfield is first referenced in the charter of Dudley Priory in the early 12th century.

The advowson belonged to the Lord of Bradfield Manor. It passed to Thomas Stevens in 1842, who funded the restoration and rebuilding of the Church of England parish church of St Andrew by George Gilbert Scott in 1847. The 16th-century tower and 14th-century north nave predate the Victorian restoration. The church is a Grade II* listed building. Stevens went on to found Bradfield College.

In 1982, Catherine Middleton, the future Princess of Wales, was christened at St Andrew's Church.

The last service was held in the church in 2014, and it was bought from the Diocese of Oxford by Bradfield College in 2019.

War memorial
Bradfield's war memorial is the last work of George Blackall Simmonds, which commemorates the deaths of members of the 2nd Battalion, South Wales Borderers in the First World War, including his son.

Governance
Bradfield is a civil parish with an elected parish council which makes up the second layer of local government. It falls within the unitary authority of West Berkshire, the main layer of local government. It is in the parliament constituency of Newbury.

Notable people

 * Peter Nelson (1913––1998), first-class cricketer and British Army officer
 * John Pordage (1607–1681), Anglican priest and Christian mystic
 * Catherine Octavia Stevens (1865–1959), astronomer

Local area
Position: (Bradfield),  (Bradfield Southend)

Nearest town/city: Reading

Nearby villages: Theale, Stanford Dingley, Englefield, Tidmarsh, Upper Basildon, Pangbourne

title: Bradfield, Berkshire


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Guarulhos

Guarulhos is a Brazilian municipality. It is the second most populous city in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, the 13th most populous city in Brazil, and is also the most populous city in the country that is not a state capital. In the last few years it has outgrown Campinas. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. Its population is 1,291,784 with an area of 318.68 km2.

Overview
The name comes from the Tupi language, and means "Eaters", "big-bellied people"; a reference to the original indigenous inhabitants of the area.

It ranks eighth by GDP among Brazilian cities; second in São Paulo state. (source:IBGE, Brazil's national institute of statistics. GDP by cities report, published in 2005 with data from 2002). It is the tenth largest suburb in the world. The per capita income for the municipality is R$12,793. São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport (GRU), one of the main Brazilian airports, is located there. The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Guarulhos.

The municipality contains part of the 7917 ha Cantareira State Park, created in 1962, which protects a large part of the metropolitan São Paulo water supply. It also contains part of the 292000 ha Mananciais do Rio Paraíba do Sul Environmental Protection Area, created in 1982 to protect the sources of the Paraíba do Sul river.

History
Guarulhos was founded on December 8, 1560, by the Jesuit priest Manuel de Paiva and entitled Nossa Senhora da Conceição. Its origin is linked to five other small villages that were in charge of defending the boundaries of São Paulo de Piratininga Village against the Tamoios, a wild tribe of Indigenous people that lived in that region.

In the sixteenth century, Guarulhos was a strategic location: it bordered the future São Paulo's Capital and was surrounded by the Tietê (south), and Cabuçu de Cima (west) rivers. On that same period, was established, for similar purposes, São Miguel Village, called nowadays São Miguel Paulista District in São Paulo.

In 1880, Guarulhos emancipated from São Paulo and was named Nossa Senhora da Conceição dos Guarulhos. Its current name, Guarulhos, was adopted later, after the enactment of the law #1.021, on November 6, 1906.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the city was remarked by the settlement of a railroad and the power electricity system (Light & Power C.O.), by numerous requests for the implantation of a telephone system, industrial building permits, by commercial activities, and public transportation.

During the 1930s, the city witnessed the actions of the Federal Intervention and the Constitutional Movement (Reflections of the Revolution that marked the end of the "Old Republic" during the 1930s in Brazil).

In 1940 the Monteiro Lobato Municipal Library was founded, in 1941, the first Health Center of the city, and ten years after that, the Holy House of Mercy of Guarulhos was established. On that decade arrive in the municipality Industries from different sectors: electricity; metallurgy; plastics; food; rubber; footwear; vehicles; clocks, and leather.

In 1945 the São Paulo's Air Force Base (BASP) was transferred from Campo de Marte, a small airport in São Paulo, to the Cumbica neighborhood in Guarulhos.

In 1958 the Rotary Club established a branch in the city.

The Municipal Conservatory of Guarulhos was founded in 1961.

In 1963 the Commercial & Industrial Association of Guarulhos was founded, nowadays, the institution is called Commerce & Business Association of Guarulhos (Associação Comercial e Empresarial de Guarulhos – ACE).

With the big boom of the Industrial sector, a large number of manpower was drawn. This new population settled in an urban area on a continuous process of land occupation. At this rate the population grew from 35,000 in 1950 to 101,000 in 1960, from 237,000 in 1970 to 532,726 in 1980. Most of these citizens devoted themselves to Industrial activities in Guarulhos (that hosts around 2,000 establishments), and São Paulo.

In 1985 the Cumbica Airport was opened. Today it is called "International Airport of São Paulo–Guarulhos Governor André Franco Montoro" (Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo–Guarulhos Governador André Franco Montoro), the second-biggest airport in Latin America.

Between 2000 and 2006, its population grew three times as much as São Paulo State. According to IBGE, Guarulhos is the second most populous city in the State after São Paulo's capital. Most of its population is economically active and evenly distributed in terms of gender.

Notable people

 * Rebeca Andrade, gymnast
 * Natália Araujo, brazilian indoor volleyball player, World Championship runner-up
 * Marques Batista de Abreu, footballer and, beginning in 2011, politician
 * Cristiano Marques Gomes, footballer
 * Edson Ribeiro, sprinter
 * Mamonas Assassinas, rock band from the 1990s
 * David Braz, footballer
 * Gabriel Martinelli, footballer
 * Jaimerson Xavier, footballer.
 * David da Silva, footballer.
 * Vinícius Silvestre, footballer.
 * Any Gabrielly, singer, actress, dancer, and model

Climate
Climate is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfa" (Humid Subtropical Climate).

Transportation
The main highway to serve Guarulhos is the Rodovia Presidente Dutra, from São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro.

In 2018, the Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos commuter rail system's Line 13–Jade was opened, connecting São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport with Engenheiro Goulart. In 2021, construction will begin on the first line of the São Paulo Metro to serve Guarulhos, Line 19–Sky Blue.

São Paulo Air Force Base - BASP, a base of the Brazilian Air Force, is located in Guarulhos.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Guarulhos


text: Category:Elections in Nepal

title: Category:Elections in Nepal


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title: Category:Elections in Mongolia


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Bradfield College

Bradfield College is a public boarding and day school for pupils aged 13–18 in Bradfield, Berkshire, England. It is noted for its open-air Greek theatre and its triennial Greek play.

The school is a member of the Rugby Group, which also includes Rugby, Harrow, Shrewsbury, Wellington College and Charterhouse.

The college was founded in 1850 by Thomas Stevens, Rector and Lord of the Manor of Bradfield. It has around 490 male and 320 female pupils.

Overview
According to the Good Schools Guide, "Thoroughly unpretentious yet with lots to boast about, Bradfield is a heavenly place to learn and to grow. Very difficult to imagine who would not thrive here. There's something for everyone and lots for all."

The school, which admits pupils between the ages of 13 and 18, has been fully co-educational since September 2005. All first year pupils (Fourth Formers) enter a first year boarding house (Faulkner's) and then, from the second year (known as the Shell), they move to their main boarding houses for the remaining four years.

The school motto is the Latin rendering of Psalm 119:12 ''Benedictus es, O Domine. Doce me Statuta Tua'', which means "You are blessed, Lord. Teach me your Laws".

History
Bradfield College was founded in 1850 by Thomas Stevens. Stevens had inherited the manor of Bradfield from his father in 1842, having been in his family for four generations. As a tribute to his father, he set about restoring St Andrew's Church, Bradfield and commissioned Sir Gilbert Scott (one of whose architect sons, John Oldrid Scott, was later to marry Thomas Stevens's eldest daughter, Mary Anne) to effect the restoration. It was decided that the majority of the church, except the tower, should be demolished and rebuilt in a style influenced by that of gothic architecture. After the completion of the church in 1848, Stevens saw it fit to arrange a choir. While the whole village were able to sing, they were not felt to be of a high enough standard. It was proposed that a college be established at Bradfield, to be called St Andrew's College. The college was to be for the education of a limited number of boys between the ages of 8 and 12, all to be from modest backgrounds. Their education was to be based upon 'true Church principles', with focus to be paid on reading, writing, mathematics, and music, and later on, classics and history.

The first headmaster to be appointed was F. B. Guy in 1852. The headmaster was to be under control of the college warden, who would be responsible for the principal governance of the college. Soon after the formal establishment of the college, all references to 'true Church principles' were dropped, with the focus now being on providing an education like that of other British Public Schools.

By 1880 there were eight masters and 75 boys (far fewer than the founder's aim of 300); creditors were petitioning for the school's bankruptcy given debts of £160,000; by 1900 there were 292 students, making the school more financially viable.

The Greek play
Bradfield is renowned for its Greek plays and outdoor Greek theatre. The first Greek play, Alcestis, was performed in the original language in 1881. The play was put on by Headmaster, Herbert Branston Gray to save the school from bankruptcy and was inspired by the performance of Agamemnon at Balliol College, Oxford in 1880, directed by F. R. Benson, who stage-managed the Bradfield performance and took the role of Apollo.

The theatre was based on that at Epidaurus and built in a disused chalk pit. It opened in 1890 with a performance of Antigone.

The theatre was closed in 2009 due to its poor state of repair, especially the temple building. Following a £1.3 million appeal, the theatre was restored and reopened with a performance of Antigone on 20 June 2014. The college decided not to rebuild the Victorian temple at the rear of the performing area because such "temples" are not true to the design of ancient Greek theatres.

The Greek play is normally performed on a three-year rota. The students who act in them receive no formal training in speaking Ancient Greek, and have only nine months to learn the lines and direction, while keeping up with their studies. The 2023 Oedipus The King was the first hybrid production; the choral elements were performed in Ancient Greek, alongside scenes in Modern English.

Headmasters
1852 F. B. Guy

??-1868 S. P. Denning

1868–1869 Henry Hayman

1869–1872 J. S. Hodson

1872–1877 F. A. Souper

1877–1880 Charles Thomas Crutwell

1880–1910 Herbert Branston Gray

1910–1919 Harold Costley-White

1914 to 1928 Beloe

??–?? R. E. Sanderson (10 years)

1928-1950 Eric Edward Allen Whitworth

1948 1957 John D. Hills

1957–1963 Anthony Chenevix-Trench

1964–1971 Michael Hoban

1971-1985 Anthony Oliver Herbert Quick

1985-2003 Peter B. Smith

2003-2011 Peter J.M. Roberts

2011–2015 Simon Henderson

2015–present Christopher Stevens

Current head master
Dr Christopher Stevens succeeded Simon Henderson as Headmaster in September 2015. Stevens was educated at Tonbridge School and then read Modern and Medieval Languages at Cambridge University, from where he received his MA. He began his teaching career as a college lecturer while researching for a DPhil in Italian literature at Oxford University. He then established a school in France for Ashdown House, the boarding prep school in Sussex. He joined Uppingham School in 1997 where he was master-in-charge of cricket and a housemaster for nine years. In 2011 he moved to Marlborough College, and was Second Master until his appointment at Bradfield.

Other information
In September 2010 the Blackburn Science Centre was opened. The building includes green elements such as a bio-mass boiler, green roof and solar panels.

Since September 2012 Bradfield has offered the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) alongside the traditional A Level pathway.

In Summer 2023 Bradfield received an outstanding inspection report from the Independent Schools Inspectorate.

The oldest building is college gateway, which incorporates part of a barn of 1382. The wrought iron was made by the village blacksmith.

The last service was held in St Andrew's Church in 2014 and Bradfield College bought it from the Diocese of Oxford in 2019. The college is converting it into a secondary library and working space.

Each August, the college serves as the 'base camp' for the Bradfield Ringing Course, which aims to improve the standard of change-ringing in the United Kingdom.

Southern Railway Schools Class
The 24th steam locomotive (Engine 923) in the Southern Railway's class V was originally named 'Uppingham', but after objections from Uppingham School the name was changed to 'Bradfield'. This class was known as the Schools Class because all 40 of the locomotives were named after English public schools. 'Uppingham' was built in December 1933 and had its name changed to 'Bradfield' on 14 August 1934.

Houses
Bradfield has 12 boarding houses in total. All first years pupils (Fourth Formers) enter a first year boarding house (Faulkner's) and then, from the second year (known as the Shell), they move to their main boarding houses for the remaining four years.

Notable staff

 * Weston Bate, Australian historian
 * Anthony Chenevix-Trench, headmaster 1955–1963, subsequently headmaster of Eton College and Fettes College
 * Harold Costley-White, Anglican priest and headmaster, subsequently head of Westminster School
 * Albert David (1867–1950) Anglican priest, schoolmaster and bishop
 * Marshal of the Royal Air Force Charles Elworthy, Baron Elworthy, school governor
 * Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890–1962) statistician, evolutionary biologist, geneticist, and eugenicist
 * Herbert Branston Gray, headmaster from 1880 to 1910
 * Ronald Groves, Master of Dulwich College from 1954 to 1966
 * John Harvey, cricket coach and groundsman
 * Henry Hayman, headmaster from 1868 to 1869
 * Simon Henderson, headmaster from 2011 to 2015
 * Michael Hoban, headmaster 1964–1971, subsequently headmaster of Harrow School
 * James Stephen Hodson (1816–1890) who had served as Rector of Edinburgh Academy from 1854 to 1869
 * Henry Jollye (1841–1902), assistant master, first-class cricketer
 * Peter Jones, Languages master and soccer coach
 * Vinnie Jones, formerly worked in the college kitchens
 * General Sir Peter Leng, British Army officer and Master-General of the Ordnance
 * Bertram Luard-Selby (1853–1918), composer and cathedral organist
 * Richard Osborne, English teacher and Army House Tutor. Post-Bradfield career: Writer, broadcaster and music critic.
 * Denis Richards, teacher and RAF historian.
 * Major-General Michael Scott, (born 1941) is a British Army officer and former Military Secretary (United Kingdom).
 * John Shaw (former field hockey player and coach)
 * Eva Ruth Spalding, composer and violin teacher
 * Christopher Steel (1938–1991) British composer of contemporary classical music
 * William Beach Thomas, later a war correspondent and writer on rural affairs
 * Jonathan Saunders, English teacher and housemaster of Stone House
 * Ann Schlee, an English novelist. She won the annual Guardian Children's Fiction Prize for The Vandal (1979)

title: Bradfield College


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Guará

Guará is a municipality situated in the northern part of the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 21,308 (2020 est.) in an area of 362 km2. The elevation is 573 m.

This place name comes from the Tupi language for two animals common in the region, the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and the scarlet ibis (Eudocimus ruber).

title: Guará


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Adrian Henri

Adrian Henri (10 April 1932 – 20 December 2000) was a British poet and painter best remembered as the founder of poetry-rock group the Liverpool Scene and as one of three poets in the best-selling anthology The Mersey Sound, along with Brian Patten and Roger McGough. The trio of Liverpool poets came to prominence in that city's Merseybeat zeitgeist of the 1960s and 1970s. He was described by Edward Lucie-Smith in British Poetry since 1945 as the "theoretician" of the three. His characterisation of popular culture in verse helped to widen the audience for poetry among 1960s British youth. He was influenced by the French Symbolist school of poetry and surrealist art.

Life and career
Adrian Henri's grandfather was a seaman from Mauritius who settled in Birkenhead, Cheshire, where Henri was born. In 1938, at the age of six, he moved to Rhyl. He studied art at Newcastle and for a short time taught art at Preston Catholic College before going on to lecture in art at both Manchester and Liverpool Colleges of Art. He was closely associated with other artists of the area and the era including the Pop artist Neville Weston and the conceptual artist Keith Arnatt. In 1972 he won a major prize for his painting Meat Painting II – In Memoriam Rene Magritte in the John Moores competition. He was president of the Merseyside Arts Association and Liverpool Academy of the Arts in the 1970s and was an honorary professor of the city's John Moores University.

Henri had a 10-year relationship with Carol Ann Duffy, who later became Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom. The pair met when she was 16, him 39 at the time, and lived together until 1982. Henri married once, to Joyce; the couple later separated. He had no children. For the last 15 years of his life his partner was Catherine Marcangeli. His career spanned everything from artist and poet to teacher, rock-and-roll performer, playwright and librettist. He could name among his friends John Lennon, George Melly, Allen Ginsberg, Willy Russell, John Willett and Paul McCartney. Unlike McGough and Patten, Henri turned his back on the trendier London scene, and chose to remain in Liverpool, saying there was nowhere he loved better.

His numerous publications include The Mersey Sound (Penguin, 1967), with McGough and Patten, a best-selling poetry anthology that brought all three of them to wider attention, Collected Poems, 1967–85 (Allison & Busby, 1986), Wish You Were Here (Jonathan Cape, 1990) and Not Fade Away (Bloodaxe Books, 1994).

He was the leading light of a band, the Liverpool Scene, which released four LPs of poetry and music. Earlier, in 1955, he played washboard in the King's College, Newcastle, Skiffle Group. He was a firm believer in live poetry reading, and read his poetry at many and varied venues as well as holding poetry workshops at schools and colleges. One of his last major poetry readings was at the launch of The Argotist magazine in 1996.

In 1986 Henri became the first President of the National Acrylic Painters' Association, a post he held until 1991, after which he became its first Fellow and Patron until his death in 2000.

He died in Liverpool, aged 68, having never properly recovered from a stroke that he had suffered two years previously. The night before his death, Liverpool City Council conferred on him the Freedom of the City in recognition of his contribution to Liverpool's cultural scene. He also received an honorary doctorate from the University of Liverpool.

He described his early philosophy as "If you think you can do it and you want to do it—then do it."

In 2012 Adrian Henri: Total Artist was released. Total Artist concentrates on Henri's work from the 1960s and 1970s, as well as capturing some of the excitement and dynamics of the art scene in Britain during this time. Henri was at the centre of a distinctive yet highly connected counter-culture, providing an opportunity to consider his embrace of total art as a template for interdisciplinary art practice. Published by Occasional Papers, the Exhibition Research Centre, Liverpool John Moores University and Université Paris Diderot.

The Liverpool Scene
The Liverpool Scene was a poetry band, formed around 1967, which included Adrian Henri, Andy Roberts, Mike Evans, Mike Hart (ex Liverpool Roadrunners), Percy Jones and Brian Dodson. Four LPs were issued with Henri's poetry heavily featured. The first one was produced by Liverpool DJ John Peel, who was then working on the pirate radio station Radio London. Despite his support, the album achieved little success: the following three were equally unsuccessful. Public performances by the band included a (financially unsuccessful) 1969 tour when they opened for Led Zeppelin. Henri was described in performance as "bouncing thunderously and at risk to audience and fellow performers, the stage vibrating out of rhythm beneath him." The Liverpool Scene disbanded in April 1970.

The albums were: There were at least three "best of" albums and two non-LP singles, "Love Is"/"The Woo-Woo" and "Son, Son"/"Baby".
 * The Incredible New Liverpool Scene
 * The Amazing Adventures Of
 * Bread on the Night
 * St. Adrian & Co., Broadway and 3rd
 * Heirloon (rarities and outtakes)

title: Adrian Henri


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Position player

In baseball, a position player is a player who on defense plays as an infielder, outfielder, or catcher. A pitcher is not considered a position player. A designated hitter, who bats but does not play any defensive position, is also not considered a position player.

Position players are eligible to pitch, and a manager will use a position player as a relief pitcher on some occasions. This typically happens if a game is a blowout, if no other pitchers are available, or if the game has gone well into extra innings.

In other sports
In ice hockey, "position player" refers to all non-goaltender players (forwards and defencemen), although "skater" is the more common term.

title: Position player