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Untranslatability

Untranslatability is the property of text or speech for which no equivalent can be found when translated into another (given) language. A text that is considered to be untranslatable is considered a lacuna, or lexical gap. The term arises when describing the difficulty of achieving the so-called perfect translation. It is based on the notion that there are certain concepts and words that are so interrelated that an accurate translation becomes an impossible task. Some writers have suggested that language carries sacred notions or is intrinsic to national identity. Brian James Baer posits that untranslatability is sometimes seen by nations as proof of the national genius. He quotes Alexandra Jaffe: "When translators talk about untranslatable, they often reinforce the notion that each language has its own 'genius', an 'essence' that naturally sets it apart from all other languages and reflects something of the 'soul' of its culture or people".

A translator, however, can resort to various translation procedures to compensate for a lexical gap. From this perspective, untranslatability does not carry deep linguistic relativity implications. Meaning can virtually always be translated, if not always with technical accuracy.

Theories
There is a school of thought identified with Walter Benjamin that identifies the concept of "sacred" in relation to translation and this pertains to the text that is untranslatable because its meaning and letter cannot be disassociated. It stems from the view that translation should realize the imagined perfect relationship with the original text. This theory highlights the paradoxical nature of translation wherein it—as a process—assumes the forms of necessity and impossibility at the same time. This is demonstrated in Jacques Derrida's analysis of the myth of Babel, a word which he described as a name that means confusion and also a proper name of God. Furthermore, Derrida noted that when God condemned the world to a multiplicity of tongues, he created a paradoxical need and impossibility of translation.

Derrida himself has put forward his own notion of the untranslatability of the text, arguing in his early works such as the Writing and Difference and Margins of Philosophy that there is an excess of untranslatable meaning in literature, and it cannot be reduced to a closed system or a restricted economy "in which there is nothing that cannot be made to make sense."

Brian James Baer posits that untranslatability is sometimes seen by nations as proof of their national genius. Literature that can be easily translated may be considered as lacking originality, while translated works themselves may be regarded merely as imitations. Baer quotes Jean-Jacques Rousseau defining true genius as "the kind that creates and makes everything out of nothing". Paraphrasing Robert Frost's remark about poetry ("Poetry is what gets lost in translation"), Baer suggests that "one could define national identity as that which is lost in translation". He further quotes Alexandra Jaffe: "When translators talk about untranslatable, they often reinforce the notion that each language has its own 'genius', an 'essence' that naturally sets it apart from all other languages and reflects something of the 'soul' of its culture or people".

Quite often, a text or utterance that is considered to be "untranslatable" is considered a lacuna, or lexical gap. That is, there is no one-to-one equivalence between the word, expression or turn of phrase in the source language and another word, expression or turn of phrase in the target language. A translator can, however, resort to a number of translation procedures to compensate for this. From this perspective, untranslatability or difficulty of translation does not always carry deep linguistic relativity implications; denotation can virtually always be translated, given enough circumlocution, although connotation may be ineffable or inefficient to convey.

Register
Although Thai has words that can be used as equivalent to English "I", "you", or "he/she/it", they are relatively formal terms (or markedly informal). In most cases, Thai people use words which express the relation between speaker and listener according to their respective roles. For instance, for a mother to say to her child "I'll tell you a story", she would say "แม่จะเล่านิทานให้ลูกฟัง", or "Mother will tell child a story". Similarly, older and younger friends will often use sibling terminology, so that an older friend telling a younger friend "You're my friend" would be "น้องเป็นเพื่อนพี่", would translate directly as "Younger sibling is older sibling’s friend". To be translated into English correctly, it is proper to use "I" and "you" for these example statements, but normal Thai perceptions of relation are lost in the process.

A similar feature can also be observed in Indonesian. One may use the formal form of pronouns, which are generally distinct from the informal/familiar forms; however, the use of these pronouns does not evoke sufficient friendliness or intimacy, especially in spoken language. Instead of saying "Anda mau pesan apa?", a waiter/waitress will most likely say "Bapak/Ibu mau pesan apa?" (lit. 'Sir/Madam wants to order what?'). The two expressions are equally polite; however, the latter is more sympathetic and friendly. When conversing with family and relatives, most Indonesians also prefer using kinship terminology (father, mother, brother, sister) when addressing older family members. When addressing younger family members, informal pronouns are more prevalent.

Verb forms
English lacks some grammatical categories which are present in some other languages.

There is no simple way in English to contrast Finnish kirjoittaa or Polish pisać (continuing, corresponding to English 'to write') with kirjoitella or pisywać (a regular frequentative, 'to occasionally write short passages at a time', or 'to jot down now and then'). Similarly, hypätä and skoczyć (to jump once) contrast with hyppiä and skakać (to continuously jump; to be jumping from point A to B).

Irish allows the prohibitive mood to be used in the passive voice. The effect is used to prohibit something while expressing society's disapproval for that action at the same time. For example, contrast Ná caithigí tobac (meaning 'Don't smoke' when said to more than one person), which uses the second person plural in the imperative meaning "Do not smoke", with Ná caitear tobac (best translated as 'Smoking just isn't done here'), which uses the autonomous imperative meaning 'One does not smoke'.

Italian has three distinct declined past tenses: thus fui (passato remoto), ero (imperfetto), and sono stato (passato prossimo) all mean 'I was'. The first indicates a concluded action in the (remote) past, the second a progressive or habitual action in the past, and the latter an action that holds some connection to the present, especially if a recent time is specified ("stamattina ho visto" for 'this morning I saw'). The passato remoto is often used for narrative history (for example, novels). Nowadays, the difference between passato remoto and passato prossimo is blurred in the spoken language, the latter being used in both situations. What difference there exists is partly geographic. In the north of Italy the passato remoto is very rarely used in everyday speech, whereas in the south it often takes the place of the passato prossimo. The distinction is only alive in Tuscany, which makes it dialectal even if hardline purists insist it should be applied consistently.

Likewise, English lacks a productive grammatical means to show indirection but must instead rely on periphrasis, that is the use of multiple words to explain an idea. Finnish grammar, on the contrary, allows the regular production of a series of verbal derivatives, each of which involves a greater degree of indirection. For example, on the basis of the verb vetää ('to pull'), it is possible to produce:
 * vetää (pull),
 * vedättää (cause something/someone to pull/to wind-up (lie)),
 * vedätyttää (cause something/someone to cause something/someone to pull),
 * vedätätyttää (cause something/someone to cause something/someone to cause something/someone to pull).

Hindi has a similar concept of indirection. means 'to do'; means 'to make someone do';  means 'to get someone to make yet another person do'.

Most Turkic languages (Turkish, Azeri, Kazakh) contain the grammatical verb suffix miş (or mis in other dialects), which indicates that the speaker did not witness the act personally but surmises or has discovered that the act has occurred or was told of it by another, as in the example of Gitmiş! (Turkish), which can be expressed in English as "it is reported that he/she/it has gone", or, most concisely, as "apparently, he/she/it has gone". This grammatical form is especially used when telling jokes, or narrating stories.

Similar to the Turkic miş, nearly every Quechua sentence is marked by an evidential clitic, indicating the source of the speaker's knowledge (and how certain they are about the statement). The enclitic =mi expresses personal knowledge (Tayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirmi, "Mr. Huayllacahua is a driver - I know it for a fact"); =si expresses hearsay knowledge (Tayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirsi, "Mr. Huayllacahua is a driver, or so I've heard"); =chá expresses high probability (Tayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirchá, "Mr. Huayllacahua is a driver, most likely"). Colloquially, the latter is also used when the speaker has dreamed the event told in the sentence or experienced it while intoxicated.

Languages that are extremely different from each other, like English and Chinese, need their translations to be more like adaptations. Chinese has no tenses per se, only three aspects. The English verb "to be" does not have a direct equivalent in Chinese. In an English sentence where "to be" leads to an adjective ("It is blue"), there is no "to be" in Chinese. (There are no adjectives in Chinese, instead there are stative verbs that do not need an extra verb.) If it states a location, the verb (在) is used, as in "We are in the house". In some other cases (usually when stating a judgement), the judgment verb (是) is used, as in "I am the leader." And in most other cases, such structure ("to be") is simply not used, but some more natural structure in Chinese is used instead. Any sentence that requires a play on those different meanings will not work the same way in Chinese. In fact, very simple concepts in English can sometimes be difficult to translate, for example, there is no single direct translation for the word "yes" in Chinese, as in Chinese the affirmative is said by repeating the verb in the question. ("Do you have it?" "(I) have".)

Vocabulary
German, Dutch and Danish have a wealth of modal particles that are particularly difficult to translate as they convey sense or tone rather than strictly grammatical information. The most infamous example perhaps is doch (Dutch: toch, Danish: dog), which roughly means "Don't you realize that . . . ?" or "In fact it is so, though someone is denying it." What makes translating such words difficult is their different meanings depending on intonation or the context.

A common use of the word doch can be found in the German sentence Der Krieg war doch noch nicht verloren, which translates to The war wasn't lost yet, after all  or The war was still not lost.

Several other grammatical constructs in English may be employed to translate these words for each of their occurrences. The same Der Krieg war doch noch nicht verloren with slightly changed pronunciation can also mean excuse in defense to a question: ''. . . but the war was not lost yet (. . . so we fought on).''

A use which relies heavily on intonation and context could produce yet another meaning: "So the war was really not over yet (as you have been trying to convince me all along)."

Another change of intonation makes the sentence a question. Der Krieg war doch noch nicht verloren? would translate into "(You mean) the war was not yet lost (back then)?"

Similar difficulties occur with the Dutch words "even", "toch", and, especially, "gezellig".

Another well-known example comes from the Portuguese or Spanish verbs ser and estar, both being translatable as to be (see Romance copula). Ser is used with essence or nature, while estar is used with states or conditions, however. Sometimes this information is not very relevant for the meaning of the whole sentence and the translator will ignore it, whereas at other times it can be retrieved from the context.

When none of these apply, the translator usually uses a paraphrase or simply adds words that can convey the right meaning. The following example comes from Portuguese:
 * "Não estou bonito, sou bonito."
 * Spanish equivalent:"No estoy guapo; soy guapo."
 * Literal translation: "I am not (apparently/just right now) handsome; I am (essentially/always) handsome."
 * Adding words: "I am not handsome today; I am always handsome."
 * Paraphrase: "I don't look handsome; I am handsome."

Some South Slavic words that have no English counterparts are doček, a gathering organized at someone's arrival (the closest translation would be greeting or welcome, although a 'doček' is not necessarily positive); and limar, a sheet metal worker.

Family
Kinship terminology often varies across languages. Terms are often too specific or too general to translate into another language. Some rules used for defining kinship terminology include the following:

Paternal or maternal. For example, Nordic languages, Indo-Aryan languages and Chinese languages distinguish paternal and maternal relatives such as paternal grandmother and maternal grandmother. Conversely, son's son and daughter's son are also distinguished. Similarly, aunts and uncles are further divided in many languages.

Gender. Whereas English kinship terms make clear distinction between genders, many languages do not. For example, Thai does not distinguish between siblings by gender, but only by age. Thai also disregards gender when aunts or uncles are younger than their parents, and has one word for all nieces, nephews, and grandchildren. On the flip side, the English word cousins does not distinguish gender, but many languages do, included Romance languages, Slavic languages and Chinese languages.

By blood or by marriage. For example, the English word uncle can refer to a parent's brother, or a husband of a parent's sibling. Many languages, such as Hindi, Bengali, Hungarian and Chinese distinguish these. This is also true for Latin where e.g. avunculus refers to one's mother's brother, but cannot refer to one's mother's sister's husband, named thus materterae maritus (the husband of the maternal aunt).

Full or half sibling. In Arabic, "brother" is often translated into أخ. However, whilst this word may describe a brother who shares either one or both parents, there is a separate word - شقيق - to describe a brother with whom one shares both parents.

Age relative to oneself or one's parent. For example in Bengali, father's elder brothers are called (জ্যাঠা), while younger brothers are called  (কাকু). Their wives are called (জেঠি-মা) and  (কাকি-মা), respectively. Another common issue is translating brother or sister into Chinese or Japanese, which have separate words for older and younger ones.

Relations by marriage. There is no standard English word for the Italian "", Yiddish "", Latin consocer, Spanish "consuegros" or Portuguese "consogros": a gender-neutral collective plural like "co-in-laws". If Harry marries Sally, then in Yiddish, Harry's father is the "" of Sally's father; each mother is the "" of the other. In Romanian, they are “cuscri”. In Bengali, both fathers are and mothers,. Bengali has / for brother and / for brother-in-law; for son and  for son-in-law.

Spanish and Portuguese contrast "brother" with "brother-in-law" ("hermano/irmão", "cuñado/cunhado"); "son" with "son-in-law" ("hijo/filho", "yerno/genro"), and similarly for female relatives like "sister-in-law" ("cuñada/cunhada") and "daughter-in-law" ("nuera/nora"). Both languages use "concuño" (Sp.) or "concuñado/concunhado" (varying by dialect), as the relationship between two men that marry siblings (or two women, using the feminine "concuñada/concunhada" instead). In the English language this relationship would be lumped in with "cuñado/cunhado" (sibling's husband or spouse's brother) as simply "brother-in-law". This distinction is reflected also in Italian, with fratello for a brother, cognato for a brother in law; etc. In Latin, the distinction between children and children-in-law is also present, with filius for one's child, privignus for one's spouse's child that is not ours, gener (and nurus in feminine) for one's child's spouse.

Serbian and Bosnian have specific terms for relations by marriage. For example, a "sister-in-law" can be a "snaha/snaja" (brother's wife, though also family-member's wife in general), "zaova" (husband's sister), "svastika" (wife's sister) or "jetrva" (husband's brother's wife). A "brother-in-law" can be a "zet" (sister's husband, or family-member's husband in general), "djever/dever" (husband's brother), "šurak/šurjak" (wife's brother) or "badžanak/pašenog" (wife's sister's husband). Likewise, the term "prijatelj" (same as "makhatunim" in Yiddish, which also translates as "friend") is also used. Bengali has a number of in-law words. For example, Boudi (elder brother's wife), Shaali (wife's sister), Shaala (wife's younger brother), Sambandhi (wife's elder brother/Shaali's husband), Bhaasur (husband's elder brother), Deor (husband's younger brother) Nanad (husband's sister), Jaa (husband's brother's wife), etc. This is also true for Latin, with words such as levir (husband's brother), glos (husband's sister), ianitrix (husband's brother's wife), yet none for the wife's part of the family tree.

In Russian, fifteen different words cover relations by marriage, enough to confuse many native speakers. There are for example, as in Yiddish, words like "сват" and "сватья" for "co-in-laws". To further complicate the translator's job, Russian in-laws may choose to address each other familiarly by these titles.

In contrast to all of the above fine distinctions, in American English the term "my brother-in-law" covers "my spouse's brother", "my sibling's husband", and "my spouse's sibling's husband". In British English, the last of these is not considered strictly correct.

Work and school relations
Japanese has a concept, amae, about the closeness of parent-child relationship, that is supposedly unique to that language and culture as it applies to bosses and workers.

Japanese, Chinese, and Korean have words for classmates and colleagues of different seniority and/or gender. The most well-known example to English speakers is probably the Japanese word 先輩, referring to a senior classmate or colleague.

There are also times when the same concept exists but the practice is different, such as homeschooling in Spanish and its practice in the United States, Puerto Rico, and Latin American countries. Translators must discern whether the existing terms convey the same concepts.

Foreign objects
Objects unknown to a culture can actually be easy to translate. For example, in Japanese, wasabi わさび is a plant (Wasabia japonica) used as a spicy Japanese condiment. Traditionally, this plant only grows in Japan. It would be unlikely that someone from a country such as Angola would have a clear understanding of it. However, the easiest way to translate this word is to borrow it. Or one can use a similar vegetable's name to describe it. In English this word is translated as wasabi or Japanese horseradish. In Chinese, people can still call it wasabi by its Japanese sound, or pronounce it by its Hanzi characters, 山葵 (pinyin: shān kuí). However, wasabi is more frequently called 芥末 or 绿芥  in China and Taiwan, meaning mustard. One may specify yellow mustard and green mustard to avoid confusion.

Another method is using description instead of a single word. For example, languages like Russian and Ukrainian have borrowed words Kuraga and Uruk from Turkic languages. While both fruits are now known to the Western world, there are still no terms for them in English. English speakers have to use "dried apricot without core" and "dried apricot with core" instead.

One particular type of foreign object that poses difficulties is the proper noun. As an illustration, consider another example from Douglas Hofstadter, which he published in one of his "Metamagical Themas" columns in Scientific American. He pondered the question: "Who is the first lady of Britain? Well, first ladies reside at the prime minister's address, and at the time, the woman living at 10 Downing Street was Margaret Thatcher. But a different attribute that first ladies have is that they are married to heads of government, so perhaps a better answer was Denis Thatcher, but he probably would not have relished the title."

Concepts
Concepts unknown or less known to a culture are difficult to translate because there are no corresponding lexemes. When translating US-specific concepts such as mobile home and foster children, translators cannot simply calque but find ways to adapt the translation such as using a descriptive phrase.

Poetry, puns and wordplay
The two areas which most nearly approach total untranslatability are poetry and puns; poetry is difficult to translate because of its reliance on the sounds (for example, rhymes) and rhythms of the source language; puns, and other similar semantic wordplay, because of how tightly they are tied to the original language. The oldest well-known examples are probably those appearing in Bible translations, for example, Genesis 2:7, which explains why God gave Adam this name: "God created Adam out of soil from the ground"; the original Hebrew text reveals the secret, since the word Adam connotes the word ground (being in Hebrew), whereas translating the verse into other languages makes it lose the original pun.

Similarly, consider the Italian adage "traduttore, traditore": a literal translation is "translator, traitor". The pun is lost, though the meaning persists. (A similar solution can be given, however, in Hungarian, by saying a fordítás: ferdítés, which roughly translates as "translation is distortion".)

That being said, many of the translation procedures discussed here can be used in these cases. For example, the translator can compensate for an "untranslatable" pun in one part of a text by adding a new pun in another part of the translated text.

Oscar Wilde's play The Importance of Being Earnest incorporates in its title a pun (resonating in the last line of the play) that conflates the name Ernest with the adjective of quality earnest. The French title of the translated play is "L'importance d'être Constant", replicating and transposing the pun; however, the character Ernest had to be renamed, and the allusion to trickery was lost. (Other French translations include "De l'importance d'être Fidèle" (faithful) and "Il est important d'être Aimé" (loved), with the same idea of a pun on first name / quality adjective.) A recent Hungarian translation of the same play by Ádám Nádasdy applied a similar solution, giving the subtitle "Szilárdnak kell lenni" (lit. "One must be Szilárd") beside the traditional title "Bunbury", where "Szilárd" is a male name as well as an adjective meaning "solid, firm", or "steady". Other languages, like Spanish, usually leave the pun untranslated, as in "La importancia de llamarse Ernesto", while one translation used the name Severo, which means "severe" or "serious", close to the original English meaning. Catalan translations always use "La importància de ser Frank". This example uses the homophones "Frank" (given name) and "franc" (honest, free-spoken). Although this same solution would work in Spanish also ("La importancia de ser Franco"), it carries heavy political connotations in Spain due to Francisco Franco's dictatorship (1939–1975), to a point that even this possible title can be taken directly as ironic/sarcastic: literally, "The importance of being Franco", so this alternative was never used. However, the German translation "Ernst sein ist alles" (literally "Being Ernst is everything") only changes the name very slightly: in fact (unlike the equivalents in English) the adjective ernst is even spelt exactly as the name Ernst and, given the position at the beginning of the title, both meanings would be capitalised.

The Asterix comic strip is renowned for its French puns; its translators have found many ingenious English substitutes.

Other forms of wordplay, such as spoonerisms and palindromes are equally difficult, and often force hard choices on the translator. For example, take the classic palindrome: "A man, a plan, a canal: Panama". A translator might choose to translate it literally into, say, French – "Un homme, un projet, un canal: Panama", if it were used as a caption for a photo of Theodore Roosevelt (the chief instigator of the Canal), and sacrifice the palindrome. But if the text is meant to give an example of a palindrome, they might elect to sacrifice the literal sense and substitute a French palindrome, such as "Un roc lamina l'animal cornu" ('A boulder swept away the horned animal').

Douglas Hofstadter discusses the problem of translating a palindrome into Chinese, where such wordplay is theoretically impossible, in his book Le Ton beau de Marot – which is devoted to the issues and problems of translation, with particular emphasis on the translation of poetry. Another example given by Hofstadter is the translation of the poem Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll, with its wealth of neologisms and portmanteau words, into a number of foreign tongues.

A notable Irish joke is that it is not possible to translate mañana into Irish as the Irish "don't have a word that conveys that degree of urgency".

Iconicity
According to Ghil'ad Zuckermann, "Iconicity might be the reason for refraining from translating Hallelujah and Amen in so many languages, as if the sounds of such basic religious notions have to do with their referents themselves – as if by losing the sound, one might lose the meaning. Compare this to the Kabbalistic power of letters, for example in the case of gematria, the method of interpreting the Hebrew Scriptures by interchanging words whose letters have the same numerical value when added. A simple example of gematric power might be the famous proverb נכנס יין יצא סוד, or lit. "entered wine went out secret", i.e. "wine brings out the truth", in vino veritas. The gematric value of יין, or wine, is 70 (י=10; י=10; ן=50) and this is also the gematric value of סוד, or secret, (ס=60; ו=6; ד=4). Thus, this sentence, according to many Jews at the time, had to be true."

Barbarous names are magical formulas often taken from foreign languages, but corrupted or meaningless to the magician. Iamblichus discusses barbarous names, warning magicians not to translate them even if their original meaning is discovered, due to the belief that the power of the names resided in their sound, not their meaning. In the modern era, Aleister Crowley also argued that the supposed effectiveness of barbarous names rested in their utterance, not their meaning.

title: Untranslatability


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Buckinghamshire New University

Buckinghamshire New University (BNU) is a public university in Buckinghamshire, England, with campuses in High Wycombe, Aylesbury, Uxbridge and Great Missenden. The institution dates from 1891, when it was founded as the School of Science and Art, and has since then has variously been known as Wycombe Technical Institute, High Wycombe College of Technology and Art and the Buckinghamshire College of Higher Education. It was a university college from 1999 until 2007, when its application for university status was accepted.

The university is a member of the GuildHE.

19th century origins
Founded in 1891 as the School of Science and Art, it was initially established with public funds raised from a tax on beer and spirits and set about providing evening classes to residents of High Wycombe and the local area.

20th century
After World War I, it was renamed the Wycombe Technical Institute, forging close links with local crafts such as furniture making and cabinetry and helping to provide skills to injured war veterans in order that they might find work in local industries.

Further building took place after World War II, and on 6 May 1963 the new facilities were officially opened by the Minister of Education, Sir Edward Boyle. A new change of name, the High Wycombe College of Technology and Art accompanied this expansion.

By the 1960s, around 3,000 people worked in the manufacture of furniture in High Wycombe, and 80% of the wooden chairs manufactured in Britain were made there.

In 1975 High Wycombe College of Art and Technology merged with the Newland Park College of Education in Chalfont St Giles, and was renamed the Buckinghamshire College of Higher Education. In the same decade Missenden Abbey, a former Augustinian monastery founded in 1133, was acquired, and in May 1988 it was officially opened as a management centre by Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester.

In March 1999 it was awarded University College status by the government, changing its name once again to Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College. Around this time the Which University guide described it as a "concrete labyrinth", which was unlikely to be "bringing home architectural awards".

21st century
In 2007 its application for university status was approved by the Privy Council and it took its current name "Buckinghamshire New University", abbreviated to Bucks. The university changed its shortened name to 'BNU' in 2021.

Alternative names such as 'University of Wycombe', 'Wycombe University', 'University of High Wycombe', 'High Wycombe University', 'University of Buckinghamshire' and 'Buckinghamshire Chilterns University' were rejected. The chosen name was to lead to displeasure from the University of Buckingham for also using the county name.

Bucks had plans to consolidate its campuses into a purpose-built site near to Hughenden Park in High Wycombe on land previously owned by CompAir. While these plans fell through, the university changed plans to renovate and enlarge the main campus as well as consolidate both the Wellesbourne and Chalfont campuses onto the High Wycombe site. Additionally, new halls of residence have been built at the Hughenden Park site.

The university is a lead academic sponsor of Buckinghamshire University Technical College, a new university technical college which opened in Aylesbury in September 2013.

Campuses

The university operates over four campuses: High Wycombe Campus (previously belonging to the High Wycombe College of Art and Technology), since 2009 a site in Uxbridge in the London Borough of Hillingdon, a thriving base for nursing students and applied healthcare research, a campus in Aylesbury and a site known as Missenden Abbey which is also a conference centre.

In 2008, the university disposed of two existing campuses; the Chalfont Campus (near Little Chalfont) and the Wellesbourne Campus (near Hazlemere).

Gateway building
The university undertook a major development of the High Wycombe Campus with a large structure, known as the Gateway Building, being built onto the front of the existing building. It won a RIBA award in 2010.

The Gateway offers facilities including a sports/events hall, fitness centre and performance lab, dance and drama studios, sound design labs, music recording studios and video production suites, a 'modern integrated learning resources centre', a cafe and meeting and conference rooms. It also has green screen facilities and a motion capture system.

Halls of residence
There is a range of accommodation at Bucks New University including halls of residence, managed houses and the student village:
 * Brook Street Halls, the first to be built for Bucks New University, has 396 rooms and is situated opposite High Wycombe bus station, a five minutes' walk from the university campus.
 * Hughenden Park Student Village was completed in 2009. All 410 student rooms are en-suite and the area is a 15 minutes' walk from the University's Wycombe campus.
 * Windsor House is located in High Wycombe town centre. Much of the estate used to build the halls has been bought from The Chilterns Shopping Centre.

Reputation and rankings
In November 2013 it was ranked 12th in the UK by the Huffington Post in a list of creative universities. It was also included in a list of the top 14 creative universities in the UK by The Daily Telegraph in December 2013. Domestically, the university is ranked 70th out of 121 universities for 2023 (Guardian) and 39 out of 105 universities in England for teaching quality (Times / Sunday Times).

Research standing
For the most recent 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF), the grading "internationally excellent" or "world leading" was for some submissions in the areas Allied Health Professions, Business and Management Studies, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Art and Design.

Specialist courses
The university runs several specialist courses.

The Air Transport with Commercial Pilot Training is a course offering students the opportunity to study for a professional pilot's licence whilst undertaking university studies in areas such as globalisation of the air transport industry and health safety and security for airlines and airports. Many former students (including Virgin Atlantic deputy chief pilot David Brooks) have gone on to attain jobs as pilots in flying schools, charter companies and airlines around the world including Susi Air, Cathay Pacific, Qatar, BMI and Ryanair.

Although the Air Transport with Commercial Pilot Training course aims to provide guidance and support to students with the aim of becoming commercial pilots, many students are inspired by various modules of the course and pursue careers in other areas within the air transport industry. In 2009 graduate Antony Coe set up his own business DexFix computer repairs. Following this and in conjunction with his studies in Health safety and security for airlines and airports Coe now provides contract services to the counter terrorism task forces worldwide.

In 2023, the university established a new Centre for Intelligence, Security and Resilience and expanded its offerings for students at the start of their careers as well as middle managers looking to apply analysis and information leadership to emerging challenges where intelligence, security and resilience coincide. Key staff in this endeavour include Dr Maitland Hyslop, Mike Croll, Fiona Galbraith and Beverley Griffiths.

The university offers several other courses such as Music Management and Film and Television Production. The university also offers a course in Animation and Visual Effects, launched in September 2013. Bucks New University, in partnership with the UK's largest non-metropolitan Police service Thames Valley Police, offers a Degree Apprenticeship for new Police entrants.

Academics
Trevor Baylis was a frequent guest lecturer, and was present at a 2004 graduation ceremony and graduate degree show; he received an honorary degree from the university in 2007, and was present at the official opening of the Gateway building in 2010.

Notable alumni

 * Noel Fielding – Actor and comedian
 * Dave Brown – Actor and comedian
 * Veronica Carlson – Model and actress
 * Philip Koomen – Furniture designer
 * Rebecca Stephens – Musician
 * Fans of Kate – Indie Rock Band
 * Otto Decker – U.S.A. International Football player
 * Lucian Ercolani – Furniture designer
 * John Bolam – Artist
 * Chris Joyce – Actor
 * Jay Blades – Furniture restorer and TV Presenter. First BNU Chancellor
 * Robin Day - Furniture designer
 * Naomi Riches - Paralympian medal winning rower
 * Brooke Kinsella - Actress and author
 * Chloe Rogers - England International Hockey player
 * Ricardo P. Lloyd – Actor and activist
 * Howard Jones - Musician

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Buckinghamshire New University


text:
Talk:Roman ring

Mispelling?
Is Hawking chronolgy protection conjecture supposed to be Hawking chronology protection conjecture? I'm not familiar with that conjecture, so I wanted to ask before changing it. pie4all88 23:06, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * It should be "chronology". -khaosworks 01:22, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * And the link that works is Chronology protection conjecture, without the Hawking. Bryan 20:45, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Images need explanation
Those three diagrams showing wormhole arrangements need further explanation, as they stand I can't tell what they're supposed to be showing. What are the time and space displacements of the various wormhole ends? Also, while I'm at it, why are they stable and how do they evade the chronology protection conjecture? Bryan 20:45, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Don't suppose someone would mind explaining the name would they?
Assuming the "ring" is formed when you build a loop of them, in what sense is it Roman? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.196.17.197 (talk) 15:15, 23 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Apparently the idea was started by physicist Thomas Roman, as can be read here : http://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/9702043.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by Slereah (talk • contribs) 08:09, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roman ring


text:
Talk:Sublime (album)

Untitled
In the song April 29th 1996, brad sings "april 26th 1992". What this a mistake, or was this intentional? In the liner notes it prints April 29th 1992, but if this is a mistake, it seems odd that they didn't catch it.207.157.121.50 09:10, 14 October 2005 (UTC)mightyafrowhitey
 * what it was was the lyrics were supposed to say 'april 29th 1992' but he acsidently said '26' but it sounded better so they kept it ... J.

Some additional info on cover
deftdrummer @ 2013 It would be cool if someone added some info on the covers as to whether or not that is Novell's tattoo on his own back or other?? ALSO to the person below me, there is no sublime album titled "caress me down" there is a song called that though.

Caress Me Down
I got to this page by searching for a song on the album, "Caress Me Down." I think it would be better if "Caress Me Down" had its own page. GassyGuy 23:33, 16 May 2006 (UTC) i second dat ... J. Seriously.

-WalterJid —Preceding unsigned comment added by WalterJid (talk • contribs) 04:29, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

If "April 29, 1992" gets an article, so does "Caress Me Down." Both were never released as singles, and currently "Caress Me Down" is the more popular song.

--71.9.60.183 (talk) 17:10, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

I barely knew who Sublime were as a kid, but I knew this song. It was all over the radio. So I also agree that "Caress Me Down" should be an article. --Mrmoustache14 (talk) 22:23, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

Platinum certification?

 * How many copies has it sold? I think that should be listed. TheDavesr 03:12, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

 * According to the RIAA's searchable Gold and Platinum Database, the album hit the 5x platinum level (5 million copies) at the end of 1999. --jh51681 07:43, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Trenchtown Rock
For the part about the 10th aniversary re-release, it says the song "Trenchtown Rock" was previously unreleased, but it was released on the album Second Hand Smoke, so shouldn't someone fix that? Dark Chili 04:12, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Also, for anyone who bought it from Best Buy, check the sticker on the packaging. It has a pass code for a bonus track download at . The code that came with my copy let me download a live version of "We're Only Gonna Die for Our Arrogance." Did anyone get a different code or a different song?  is the code on my sticker. --jh51681 06:39, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I retried my code and it was denied, so it's only for one use. --jh51681 06:52, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Front Cover Font
The font on the back of the person on the front cover looks like Cloister Black. What do you think? 74.116.137.2 03:43, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Doin' Time
The vinyl edition of the self-titled Sublime album had a recent "Back to Black, 60th Vinyl Anniversary" reissue. The original version of "Doin' Time" (i.e. "doin' time..." is sung in the chorus, rather than "summertime...") is reinstated on this release. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.108.177.240 (talk) 07:57, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Yo I just want to say the people who said Sublime songs bear an uncanny resemblance to Beatles songs must seriously be out of control Beatles fans. What I Got sounds absolutely nothing like Lady Madonna. Santeria sounds absolutely nothing like Octopus' Garden. Unless of course you mean in the sense that ALL songs having rhythm and melody resemble all other songs featuring the same characteristics. Haha, "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" actually sounds exactly like "Camptown Races" in the same sort of way. BS man!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.96.226.172 (talk) 04:57, 27 May 2011 (UTC) except that it does sound like lady madonna because they used the music from lady madonna at the beginning of the song. ever heard of sampling? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.240.226.20 (talk) 11:53, 22 February 2014 (UTC)

Background
The first paragraph of the background has almost nothing to do with Sublime the album its just about the beginning of the band. I think the background section should be smaller and have less information about the formation of the band seeing as its not their first album. Looking for consensus. Alienmandosaur (talk) 03:56, 6 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sublime (album)


text:
Jim Evans (umpire)

James Bremond Evans (born November 5, 1946) is an American former umpire in Major League Baseball (MLB) who worked in the American League (AL) from 1971 to 1999, and ran a professional umpiring school from 1990 through 2012.

Career
Evans began umpiring Little League games at age 14, where his playing experience as a catcher helped in judging balls and strikes. He attended Kilgore College on scholarship before attending the University of Texas at Austin (UT). He umpired high school and college baseball while attending college. He left UT temporarily in his senior year when he was offered a job in the Florida State League, making him the last umpire hired in professional baseball who had not attended an umpire school. Following his first season in pro baseball (1968), Evans returned to UT in the fall and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in education in January 1969. A month after graduating from UT, Evans attended the newly formed MLB Umpire Development Program in February and March 1969 where he graduated first in this inaugural class. After graduation from umpire school, his minor league contract was purchased by Texas League president Bobby Bragan. Evans then worked in the Texas League (1969–70) and American Association (1971).

MLB umpire
Evans joined the AL staff in late 1971, and became an AL crew chief in 1981. Evans wore uniform number 3 starting in 1980, when the AL adopted uniform numbers.

Evans umpired in four World Series (1977, 1982, 1986 and 1996), and in seven American League Championship Series (1975, 1979, 1983, 1985, 1990, 1993 and 1998). Evans also umpired in the All-Star Game in 1976, 1989, and 1999, serving as the home plate umpire in the last two contests. He worked in the American League Division Series in 1981, 1995 (Games 3–5) and 1996, and also in the single-game playoffs to determine the AL Eastern Division champion in 1978 and the AL Western Division champion in 1995.

Evans is one of few umpires in history who have worked in two perfect games, having been the third base umpire for Mike Witt's perfect game on September 30, 1984, and the second base umpire for David Cone's perfect game on July 18, 1999. Evans was the home plate umpire both for Nolan Ryan's first no-hitter (May 15, 1973) and Don Sutton's 300th career victory (June 18, 1986).

Umpiring school
Evans operated the "Jim Evans Academy of Professional Umpiring" from 1990 through 2012; many graduates became minor league umpires, and some later became major league umpires. In early 2012, Minor League Baseball (MiLB), who would often hire Evans' graduates as the first step of a professional umpiring career, severed ties with the school. This occurred following investigation of a private bowling party for school employees, where one group selected a team name, and briefly wore costumes, in the style of the Ku Klux Klan. The school administrator was discharged for his role in the incident. Evans apologized for the incident and reached a legal settlement during mediation. Part of the settlement included Evans being hired as a special advisor on umpiring matters to the president of Minor League Baseball.

In addition to instructing in the United States, Evans has trained umpires in Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Japan, Puerto Rico, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. In 2014, he was hired as an umpire advisor by MiLB, acting as a consultant to the MiLB president.

Personal life
Evans served in the Texas Air National Guard for a 6-year enlistment and was later commissioned in the US Army Reserves. He served in the Army Reserves for 8 years and was honorably discharged as a Captain.

title: Jim Evans (umpire)


text:
File:Sublime Self-Titled.jpg

Summary
Album cover of Sublime - Sublime

Fair use in Sublime (album)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It is a low resolution copy of a CD album cover.
 * 2) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD album in any way.
 * 3) Copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist, Sublime.

title: File:Sublime Self-Titled.jpg


text:
User talk:Simontrumpet

Hello I'm Simon.

Good
So am I

7 July 2005 London bombings == ==

7 July 2005 London bombings
Thanks for your message.

> Hi, you reverted some of my edits because you know who the bombers were - how do you know?

It's been published.

> Where is the proof that it was those 4 famous guys?

In police hands, and mortuaries, I suppose. Infamous rather than famous I fear. Dead bodies, rucksacks with remains of explosives, bomb-making equipment found in homes which were found by going to addresses found on the bodies, a typical pre-suicide-bombing videotape recording, and so on.

> Or failing that, what court has found them guilty?

We're not failing that; but if we were, no court is ever going to find anyone guilty of perpetrating the bombings (accomplices, maybe).

You didn't sign your message; I'll put this both on your talk page and mine.

Best wishes, Pol098 23:01, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Simon, you might be interested to read what I have appended to the discussion about the "alleged" 7/7 bombers: "Having watched the "7/7 Ripple Effect" video on YouTube, I feel that the term "alleged" is most certainly justified. It is quite possible that the four suspects were patsies performing what they had been told was a drill and that the two videotaped "confessions" were part of the scenario they had been asked to perform. It wouldn't be the first time that governments engaged in false flag operations." As you may have heard, the producer of the "7/7 Ripple Effect" video, John Hill, was arrested in Ireland on June 30th, 2009 and is facing extradition to the UK. He sounds like a quite reasonable man and I wish him luck. Oclupak (talk) 12:31, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Simontrumpet


text: User talk:213.203.17.243

title: User talk:213.203.17.243


text:
Penrose, New Zealand

Penrose is an industrial suburb in Auckland, New Zealand. It is located to the southeast of the city centre, at a distance of about nine kilometres, between the suburbs of Oranga and Mount Wellington, and close to the Mangere Inlet, an arm of the Manukau Harbour.

In 2008, there were 44,975 employees and 4,998 businesses in the Penrose area, 14 per cent of Auckland City's employment, making up seven per cent of its businesses. Of these, 16% were in manufacturing, 14% in wholesale trade, 10% in administrative and support services, 10% in professional, scientific and technical services, 8% in construction and 6% in transport, postal and warehousing business types.

Demographics
Penrose covers 6.42 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Penrose had a population of 843 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 198 people (30.7%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 168 people (24.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 297 households, comprising 420 males and 420 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.0 males per female. The median age was 34.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 138 people (16.4%) aged under 15 years, 195 (23.1%) aged 15 to 29, 348 (41.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 162 (19.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 42.3% European/Pākehā, 10.0% Māori, 16.0% Pacific peoples, 38.1% Asian, and 1.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 48.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 35.9% had no religion, 41.6% were Christian, 1.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 4.6% were Hindu, 3.6% were Muslim, 3.9% were Buddhist and 3.2% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 213 (30.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 93 (13.2%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $36,400, compared with $31,800 nationally. 120 people (17.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 381 (54.0%) people were employed full-time, 72 (10.2%) were part-time, and 27 (3.8%) were unemployed.

History
The area was purchased from three local Maori Chiefs by The Wiiliams family in the late 1830s, the farm being called Penrose after their home area in Cornwall, England.

The railway line between Auckland and Onehunga running through Penrose (now known as the Onehunga Line) was one of the first Government funded railways in New Zealand, being opened in 1873. It was built by the Auckland provincial government.

Industry started to flourish in the area from the 1920s, due to its close connection to the main railway line and the main road (Great South Road) with these important transport links later strengthened by the motorway (State Highway 1) built following the same alignment in the 1950s. By this time, around 5,000 workers were employed in the suburb. }

The new motorway and the move of industrial and manufacturing occupations out of older centres like the Auckland CBD soon started a boom in the Penrose-Mount Wellington area. Industry also successfully lobbied for state housing to be built close by, to provide the new area with a supply of labour. To this day, the area remains almost exclusively industrial, with a mix of run-down areas and newly established sites.

Education
Despite the low local population, Penrose is the site of the former Penrose High School, which in 2008 renamed itself One Tree Hill College, to shed the 'industrial' associations of the name. The school attracts many students from out of the suburb, many of its students coming from as far as 20 km away. The school is coeducational and has a roll of as of

The Auckland Japanese Supplementary School (AJSS; オークランド日本語補習学校 Ōkurando Nihongo Hoshūgakkō), a Japanese supplementary school, holds its classes at One Tree Hill College.

Sport and recreation
Penrose is home to the New Zealand Warriors, who are based at Mount Smart Stadium.

title: Penrose, New Zealand


text:
User:Simontrumpet

Simon is a geezer.

title: User:Simontrumpet


text:
Talk:Field of sets

New page
Made an own page for this as fields of sets are much wider than just sigma algebras.

Have been busy on other pages but will add more to this page soon. - 13 Oct 2004

Will convert to LaTeX, looks ugly without it. Kuratowski's Ghost 23:16, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Began the painful Texification process, bear with me. Lot more to say in this article but not finding as much time as I'd like. Kuratowski's Ghost 15:01, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Currently too much ugly formal notation, will try rewording to avoid notation. Kuratowski's Ghost 17:19, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Said all I have to say for now, if anyone knows of any other interesting uses or aspects of fields of sets, please add. Kuratowski's Ghost 16:46, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Isn't the "subset of the powerset of X" just a 'subset of X'? 14:51, 10 Jul 2007 (UTC)

 * No Kuratowski's Ghost 22:35, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

Suggesting a simpler language
Some passages need rewording to become intelligible for an audience that does not already know. At the moment I have in mind the statements Every finite Boolean algebra can be represented as a whole power set - the power set of its set of atoms; each element of the Boolean algebra corresponds to the set of atoms below it (the join of which is the element). (1) What is a whole power set?

(2) Whose set of atoms? (what does "it" refer to in "its set of atoms"?) Do Boolean algebras have atoms?

(3) Below what? (what does "it" refer to in "the set of atoms below it"?) Do elements of Boolean algebras have atoms below them?

(4) What means "below"? I don't know about lattices and their graphical representations. Nobody reminded me to think of subsetness as a partial ordering.

(5) What is a join? I came to this article searching for a definition of "an algebra", and most other wiki pages I found seemed wrong since they speak mostly about bits and bit strings - not to mention the pages about 'algebra' in general.

The statement makes perfect sense once the general mind frame is clear, but it is not very helpfull to the reader that lacks this frame. The sheer number of questions that arise in a reader's mind makes it hopeless to even start guessing. Perhaps part of the problem is a mismatch between the pages under boolean algebra and this page. I suggest we try to keep most pages as self-contained as possible, and include enough words of introduction of the concepts used, or, when available on wikipedia, links.

The page does contain links already, and perusing each does allow the reader to dechiffer the text. However, I would like to encourage contributors to make this task less ardous, even if that means repeating some stuff in a number of pages. There could also be a link that is singled out early in the page as the one leading to an exposition of the terminology used in the page.

Let me attempt a rephrasing of the quote above. While one often arrives at a particular boolean algebra by considering a certain selection A of the possible subsets of some set X, if A is finite it is always possible to find a set Y to replace X such that the same boolean algebra can be represented by the set of all subsets of Y. In terms of order theory, the members of Y correspond to the atoms of A. What do you think? In this wording, I am trying to reduce the number of underlying concepts the reader needs to know about. Also, I try to make it optional to bother about the order theory and atoms, while still offering that perspective.

It is true that seeing cross connections between the various fields of mathematics is part of the fun, but reading wikepedia math articles has become an almost impossible task because every link one follows trying to get a foundation of the terminology used in a first page, creates the need to follow three more links to understand the terminology in the new page. I hope contributors will eventually find time to take most articles down to a simpler level.

I am not implying that just fixing the above passus will fix the page. What is the deal with the Stone representation? Why is a representation needed? The whole treatment lacks all forms of motivational stuff. Making wikipedia's math pages a good source for half-educated readers is a monumental task. I suppose that in the first years it has been more beneficial for the public that contributors quickly wrote about many subjects, but we need that the structure be cleaned up eventually, and I am hoping to give another push in the right direction.

Mathematics is generally about abstractions and generalizations, and so even a concept like a Boolean algebra is treated as an abstract concept. However, an encyclopedia article may be the wrong place to achieve the maximum abstraction and generality. The reader needs a simple model, and needs relate as much as possible of the subject to this simple model, before he is ready to see the subject in a thousand guises and models. While some concepts warrant separate introductory and advanced treatment, I believe most articles should have a reasonably pedagogical structure where the generailzations and alternative models are introduced toward the end. Readers at a higher level can skip sections 2 through n. They will probably discover that the articles have this structure. PerezTerron (talk) 05:09, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, I just rewrote this paragraph; hopefully, more accessible now. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 08:43, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

Hwo invented the terminology?
I'm curious because Mac Lane and Birkhoff seem to disapprove it in a way when they put field in scare quotes. Tijfo098 (talk) 01:05, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

finite vs. countable
A glaring problem in the very first sentences is a failure to distinguish finite vs countable number of operations. This propagates to the section on topology: in a topology, one is allowed countable unions, finite intersections, and there is no talk of complements, because that would ruin things for a topology (the complement of an open set is not open; adding complements gets you Borel sets, instead, which are something different). So there is some kind of creeping incorrectness hard at work in the article :-( linas (talk) 16:09, 21 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I have got to stop skimming articles and coming to knee-jerk reactions. Still, the lack of discussion of cardinality is vaguely un-nerving, as this is usually important in many other areas, and so seemingly should matter here as well. linas (talk) 16:14, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

Basic examples missing
One obvious question is if there are finite fields of sets other than the powerset etc. 86.127.138.67 (talk) 17:05, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

It's also missing the basic infinite examples (before one gets to extra structure) like finite-cofinite or intervals, which one can even find in Springer EOM or in Givant and Halmos Introduction to Boolean Algebras etc. 86.127.138.67 (talk) 21:00, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

Confusing
This article is deeply confusing. Aside from the multiple unanswered, orphaned comments above, I also see stuff like this:
 * Given a field of sets $$\mathbf{X}= \langle X, \mathcal{F} \rangle$$ the complexes form a base for a topology, we denote the corresponding topological space by $$T(\mathbf{X})$$. Then $$T(\mathbf{X})$$ is always a zero-dimensional space.

Hmm. I guess this is perhaps the fine topology, or some discrete topology?

 * There isn't anything wrong in the article, the problem is that you do not understand what the term "base for a topology" means. The article does link the Wikipedia article explaining it, I don't think we need to explain standard topology terms again in this article.

 * I thought I understood what a base was. I don't understand how we got to "zero-dimension". Is zero-dimension referring to the Lebesgue covering dimension? If so, then I guess this article wants me to think of the power set of $$X$$ as a totally disconnected set? In that case, I guess I agree: if I think of only the points, the atoms of $$X$$, then, yes, the power set $$2^X$$ is totally disconnected, no matter what the cardinality of $$X$$ is. This is conventionally called the box topology, so I guess you want me to think of $$2^X$$ endowed with the box topology, which would make it zero-dimensional. But certainly, there are subsets of $$2^X$$ that can be endowed with topologies that have Lebesgue covering dimension greater than zero.

 * For example, I can take $$X=\mathbb{N}$$ and the power set is the Cantor space. Let me remove from the Cantor space all strings that terminate with an infinite sequence of 1's. The result is a field of sets, I think: closed under complements, finite unions and finite intersections. There is no way to create a point with an infinite run of all-one's with only a finite number of intersections and unions. (right? or am I hallucinating?) The definition of "field of sets" says "closed under the intersection of pairs of sets", not "closed under countable intersections". So this construction meets the definition of a field of sets. The points of this field can be placed in one-to-one correspondence with the reals, because I removed the double-counting of the dyadic rationals. The natural topology on the reals has Lebesgue covering dimension of one, so I've exhibited a field of sets that is a proper subset of the Cantor set that has dimension one, not zero. So again, where did this dimension-zero thing come from?

Enquiring minds want to know. Because later on, this very same article states:
 * If an algebra over a set is closed under countable intersections and countable unions, it is called a sigma algebra and the corresponding field of sets is called a measurable space. The complexes of a measurable space are called measurable sets.

Great! Except that measurable spaces are typically not zero-dimensional.

 * The article does not state that a topological space that also happens to be a measureable space, is zero-dimensional. It says the topology generated by the complexes (measurable sets) is zero-dimensional. The only one confused is you.

 * That is certainly NOT what it says! It says that ALL fields of sets are zero-dimensional. It doesn't say "some of them".

So what happened? I guess we are now talking about the same field of sets but using a different topology? Or perhaps we threw away some of the complexes along the way, so that its a different "field of sets", but built on the same set X? ?? By the way, does it matter when X is countable, vs. when it isn't? Boolean algebras for finite, countable and uncountable sets are rather different from one-another. What happens if I do forcing (mathematics) and insert some additional sets into the complex of the field of sets? Somehow, this is all very confusing. I'm looking for precise, exact definitions, and they're not here. I'm not even vaguely expert enough to fix this without adding additional errors. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 18:58, 8 March 2018 (UTC)

 * I just added an "expert attention" tag to the article. Pretty much every issue raised in all of the different comments above needs to be addressed and resolved. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 19:07, 8 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes, we are talking about the same field of sets but using different topologies. This is usual enough. And I do not agree that "measurable spaces are typically not zero-dimensional". There are a number of (not always equivalent) definitions of dimension for topological space, but no one defines dimension for measurable spaces. In fact, all uncountable Borel sets in Euclidean spaces of all (finite) dimensions are isomorphic as measurable spaces! Boris Tsirelson (talk) 09:36, 16 November 2019 (UTC)
 * A clarification just added to the article: "...just one of notable topologies on the given set of points..." Boris Tsirelson (talk) 09:48, 16 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Is expert attention still needed? Boris Tsirelson (talk) 09:52, 16 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 01:55, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Definition
I corrected the incorrect definition: X must be an element of F, that is, an algebra F' over a strict subset Y of X is not define an algebra over X (unless we add $$Y^c$$ to the set of atoms). I also wrote intersections as consequences, not definition, both in the introduction and in the sigma algebra section. For example, Rudin's Real Analysis defines sigma algebras by requiring complements and countable unions, mentioning intersections as a consequence (by the infinite variants of De Morgan's laws). Could somebody provide a similar link to the definition of an algebra? This general habit of formally minimizing definitions is important, so that the user does not have to verify too many things. However, I wrote $$X\in\mathcal F$$, not the equivalent $$\emptyset\in\mathcal F$$, so as to make it absolutely clear and crisp that F' is not an algebra over X. Algebra of sets (Enc. of Math) proves that I am correct in requiring $$X\in\mathcal F$$ but uses the empty set and even formally requires intersections, so it is not a good reference for the definition section. I added it to "External links" anyway. Preferably there would also be a new section "Definition" that would be very clear and precise. --Rigmat (talk) 11:43, 13 April 2020 (UTC)

Actually, $$X\in\mathcal F$$ could be replaced by the formally (but not truly strictly) weaker "F is nonempty", as X equals the union of any complex with its complement. But I still prefer $$X\in\mathcal F$$, to make that fact crisp and clear. --Rigmat (talk) 13:59, 13 April 2020 (UTC)

"Complex algebra" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Complex algebra and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 July 1 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. D.Lazard (talk) 19:44, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Field of sets


text:
Talk:Cyclooxygenase

Cox-2
"Cox-2-selectivity does not seem to affect other side-effects of NSAIDs (most notably an increased risk of renal failure), and some non-significant results have aroused the suspicion that there might be an increase in the risk for myocardial infarction and thrombosis by a relative increase in thromboxane." Rofecoxib has been shown (as of today, September 30 2004) to actually increase the risk of myocardial infarction, and has been pulled off the shelf by order of the FDA - pretty significant eh? :) Maybe when more is known about COX-2 inhibitors we can add a blurb here. -- Orestes

Reference numbering
Added new reference from meta-analysis of side-effects, but can't get the reference format to match the existing numbering system - can someone figure this out? apers0n 18:39, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Fixed the numbering problem. The '#' numbered-item system gives a count to items.  The ref template has its own numbering count.  If (and only if) every '#' item is referenced by a ref template in the article, then the numbering stays synchornous.  If we have references that aren't explicitly linked in the article, they need to be at the end of the References list.   I prefer the Harvard referencing myself.  David.Throop 17:36, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

I find the cox-2 paragraph misleading...the sentence structure could use some work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Herma063 (talk • contribs) 14:55, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

The chemical structure of arachidonic acid is wrong. It should have 4 cis bonds instead of 4 trans bonds. This is pretty significant in the activity of the enzyme and the resultant formation of prostanoids.98.209.0.223 (talk) 20:32, 17 January 2009 (UTC)David Fichtner (Chemist in Ann Arbor, MI)

The 13,14 double bond is missing on the last two structures of the scheme. Showing all half arrows in the mechanism will also help the reader to follow ring closures, etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marchchem (talk • contribs) 01:02, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

Non-NSAID??
"NON-Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs" must mean that it is a "steroidal anti-inflammatory drug" which paracetamol (which is listed in this section) clearly is not. Some other headline perhaps? maybe "Other NSAID´s" or "NSAID´s with other mechanisms" Christian Nissen —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.227.59.31 (talk) 09:26, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Nope. This section talks about acetiminophen, which has no effect on inflammation; it is neither an NSAID nor a steroidal anti-inflammatory. It is merely an analgesic with no effect on inflammation. 69.248.158.72 (talk) 05:35, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

Is COX-2 hardly found in normal tissues?
I saw an article in NCBI that said it was an old concept. The author of the article said they proved that COX-2 found in the normal tissue is more than we expect.Hehehahaeveryday (talk) 07:18, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

The paradigm of constitutive COX1 expression and inducible COX2 expression is an over-simplfication. COX-2 is constitutively expressed in several tissues (inlcuding the kidney), although it is better known for its roles in inflammation, and is induced at high levels in immune cells by proinflammatory stimuli. COX1 is constitutively expressed in many different cells, however expression can be induced or increased under certain circumstances, much like COX2. JustAnotherKinase (talk) 21:50, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

Merger proposal

 * oppose – If the PTGS1 article is merged into into this article, then PTGS2 should also be merged. However it is not practical to merge two large GNF_Protein_box templates (i.e., PBB/5742 and PBB/5743) into the same article.  Boghog (talk) 20:01, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

 * oppose - Merge suggestion tag should be removed. I agree with above. There are many cases of similar proteins. Would you merge all GPCRs under one page, for example? Johnfravolda (talk) 16:28, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

Acetaminophen
I am moving the complete acetaminophen part to this place. I am not aware that there was ever a consensus to classify acetaminophen as non-NSAID and recent work such as show that it is in fact an NSAID. COX-3 is problematical as well, so I see no point in trying to save anything in this part - original text bellow. Richiez (talk) 23:16, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

It has been suggested that acetaminophen, also known as paracetamol, reversibly inhibits COX-3, although there is now considerable doubt about this theory. Since it has no effect on inflammation, it is not classed as an NSAID.

Importance
How can this article be rated as low importance for medicine (and not rated for pharmacology?) Aspirin is one of the most widely used drugs in the history of medicine! John Vane shared the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1982 for the work that let to the discovery that aspirin works by inhibiting COX1. JustAnotherKinase (talk) 21:50, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I have signed this "high" importance in both Pharmacology and Medicine.JustAnotherKinase (talk) 14:47, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed that this article is high importance to Pharmacology. One could debate however whether this is high importance to Medicine, not because it unimportant, rather because Medicine is such a broad field and a particular enzyme, regardless of its clinical importance, is somewhat peripheral to the field of Medicine.  Boghog (talk) 15:11, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

 * According to the medicine article importance scale, a "mid" rated article is notable within its particular specialty. I think this article clearly falls within that category, so I have changed the Medicine importance rating from high to mid.  Boghog (talk) 15:17, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cyclooxygenase


text:
Talk:Ellen DeGeneres

source for 2,000th show surprise
The link for the MSN story on the 2,000th show surprise is marked as "perm dead". Here are alternatives:

Fabrickator (talk) 16:44, 19 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Watch Jennifer Aniston and Justin Timberlake Surprise Crash Ellen DeGeneres’s 2,000th Show (Vanity Fair)
 * Jennifer Aniston and Justin Timberlake take Ellen by surprise! (AZ Central)
 * Justin Timberlake, Jennifer Aniston surprise Ellen Degeneres (Business Standard)
 * Ellen DeGeneres tears up as she celebrates 2000th show with surprise guests Jennifer Aniston, Justin Timberlake and lots more Ellen DeGeneres celebates (Daily Mail)]
 * https://www.latinpost.com/articles/94498/20151113/jennifer-aniston-justin-timberlake-make-surprise-appearance-ellen-degeneres-2000th.htm (Latin Post)
 * Ellen DeGeneres celebrates 2000th show(New York Daily News)
 * Jennifer Aniston, Justin Timberlake surprise Ellen DeGeneres on her 2,000th show (Today)
 * Jennifer Aniston and Justin Timberlake Surprise Ellen DeGeneres on 2,000th Episode (US Weekly)
 * Jennifer Aniston, Justin Timberlake Surprise Ellen DeGeneres on 2,000th Show (Video) (The Wrap)

Ellen DeGeneres trying to SCAM me for a apple gift card..
if I get the gift card take a picture of the front and back. When she verified the card then she would send Me a 2024 Model car. Now how can I believe this is true???? None of this is true but the person who used thr gift card. 2605:59C8:948:4210:8661:B339:E19C:5D7B (talk) 21:40, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ellen DeGeneres


text:
Gabe Newell

Gabe Logan Newell (born November 3, 1962), also known by his nickname Gaben, is an American businessman who is the president and co-founder of the video game company Valve Corporation.

Newell was born in Colorado and grew up in Davis, California. He attended Harvard University in the early 1980s but dropped out to join Microsoft, where he helped create the first versions of the Windows operating system. He and another employee, Mike Harrington, left Microsoft in 1996 to found Valve, and funded the development of their first game, Half-Life (1998). Harrington left in 2000.

Newell led the development of Valve's digital distribution service, Steam, which was launched in 2003 and controlled most of the market for downloaded PC games by 2011. As of 2021, Newell owned at least one quarter of Valve. He has been estimated as one of the wealthiest people in the United States and the wealthiest person in the video games industry, with a net worth of US$3.9 billion as of 2021. He is also the owner of the marine research organization Inkfish.

Early life and education
Newell was born on November 3, 1962, in Colorado, and attended Davis Senior High School in Davis, California. He worked as a paperboy, and later a telegram messenger for Western Union. He enrolled at Harvard University in 1980, but was convinced to drop out to work for Bill Gates at Microsoft by the head of sales in 1983.

Microsoft
Newell spent 13 years at Microsoft as the producer of the first three releases of the Windows operating systems. Newell later said he learned more during his first three months at Microsoft than he ever did at Harvard, which was one of the primary reasons why he dropped out.

In late 1995, Doom, a 1993 first-person shooter game developed by id Software, was estimated to be installed on more computers worldwide than Microsoft's new operating system, Windows 95. Newell said: "[id] ... didn't even distribute through retail, it distributed through bulletin boards and other pre-internet mechanisms. To me, that was a lightning bolt. Microsoft was hiring 500-people sales teams and this entire company was 12 people, yet it had created the most widely distributed software in the world. There was a sea change coming." At Microsoft, Newell led development on a port of Doom for Windows 95, which is credited for helping make Windows a viable game platform.

Valve

Inspired by Michael Abrash, who left Microsoft to work on the game Quake at id, Newell and another employee, Mike Harrington, left Microsoft to found the video game company Valve on August 24, 1996. Newell and Harrington funded development of the first Valve game, the first-person shooter Half-Life (1998), which was a critical and commercial success. Harrington left in 2000.

Newell gave Valve no deadline and a "virtually unlimited" budget to develop Half-Life 2 (2004), promising to fund it himself if necessary. Meanwhile, he spent several months developing Steam, a digital distribution service for games. By 2011, Steam controlled between 50% and 70% of the market for downloaded PC games and generated most of Valve's revenue. At a technology conference in Seattle that year, Newell argued that software piracy was best addressed by offering a superior option rather than pursuing anti-piracy technology. He cited Steam's success in Russia, where piracy is rife, as an example.

In 2007, Newell expressed his displeasure over developing for game consoles, saying that developing processes for Sony's PlayStation 3 was a "waste of everybody's time". On stage at Sony's keynote at E3 2010, he acknowledged his criticism but discussed the open nature of the PlayStation 3 and announced a port of Portal 2, remarking that with Steamworks support it would be the best version for any console. Newell also criticized the Xbox Live service, referring to it as a "train wreck", and Windows 8, calling it a threat to the open nature of PC gaming. At the 2013 LinuxCon, Newell said the Linux operating system and open source development were "the future of gaming". He accused the proprietary systems of companies such as Microsoft and Apple of stifling innovation through slow certification processes.

In 2009, IGN named Newell one of the top 100 game creators of all time, writing that it was "almost impossible to gauge" Valve's influence on game design, technology and the video games industry. In December 2010, Forbes listed Newell as "A Name You Need to Know", primarily for his work on Steam having partnerships with multiple major developers. In 2013, Newell was added to the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences Hall of Fame and received the BAFTA Fellowship award for his contributions to the video game industry. In October 2017, Forbes listed Newell among the 100 wealthiest people in the United States, with an estimated net worth of US$5.5 billion. In December 2021, Forbes estimated that Newell had a net worth of US$3.9 billion and owned at least one quarter of Valve. According to Charlie Fish, the author of The History of Video Games, as of 2021 Newell was the richest person in the video game industry.

Other ventures
Newell is the owner of the marine research organization Inkfish. In November 2022, Inkfish purchased the Hadal Exploration System, a private deep-sea exploration platform, from the undersea explorer Victor Vescovo. In 2020, Newell and the Valve employee Yahn Bernier created a car racing team, The Heart of Racing, to raise funds for children's charities in Seattle and New Zealand.

Personal life
Newell formerly suffered from Fuchs' dystrophy, a congenital disease which affects the cornea. He was cured via two cornea transplants in 2006 and 2007. On the same day he founded Valve with Harrington, Newell married Lisa Mennet. They have two sons. The birth of their first son in the late 1990s inspired the final boss of Half-Life, as the couple considered childbirth the most frightening thing they could think of at the time. As of 2019, Newell and Mennet had divorced.

In 2011, Newell said his favorite video games included Super Mario 64, Doom, and a Burroughs mainframe version of the 1971 Star Trek game, which was the first game he ever played. Doom convinced him that games were the future of entertainment, and Super Mario 64 convinced him that games were art. Newell was a fan of the animated series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. He also recorded a voice pack for the Valve game Dota 2, which referenced many previous statements and phrases from himself in a humorous manner.

Within the gaming community, Newell has the nickname Gaben, derived from his work email address. Newell said that he tried to grow into his public image: "[Fans] hug me when they run into me. I'm not a hugging person, but that's what they want. I was with my kids the first time that happened in public, and my kids were pretty cool with it. But I wasn't. 'Dad, roll with it.' Even now, I'm learning from our customers."

Newell was visiting New Zealand with friends when the COVID-19 pandemic emerged, and elected to stay in Auckland once travel restrictions were eased. As an expression of gratitude for New Zealand's hospitality, he and others arranged a free event, We Love Aotearoa, with live performances from musical artists across New Zealand. It was accompanied by VR stands for Valve games such as Half-Life: Alyx and The Lab. The event was postponed from August to December due to a lockdown induced by a second wave of COVID-19. Newell applied for permanent residency in New Zealand in October 2020, but had returned to Seattle by 2021.

title: Gabe Newell


text:
User:JayCeeH

 * Name: Holcher
 * Christian: Jean-Claude

 * born 28.01.1960 in Esch/Alzette (Luxembourg) the first of 4 children
 * living in Wesseling (Germany)
 * playing the trombone

de:User:JayCeeH es:User:JayCeeH fr:Utilisateur:JayCeeH lb:User:JayCeeH

title: User:JayCeeH


text:
Moriarty Tribunal

The Moriarty Tribunal, officially called the Tribunal of Inquiry into certain Payments to Politicians and Related Matters, was an Irish Tribunal of Inquiry established in 1997 into the financial affairs of politicians Charles Haughey and Michael Lowry. It has revealed significant tax evasion by these and other politicians and leading businessmen. As a consequence, the tax authorities have recovered millions of euro in settlements and penalties from many individuals. The final report of the tribunal was expected to be published in mid-January 2010, but was delayed and was published 22 March 2011.

Background
As a result of change of management in Dunnes Stores, a leading retail group in Ireland, it was revealed in the press that Ben Dunne had made substantial secret payments to the former Taoiseach Charles Haughey and Minister Michael Lowry. In response the Bruton Government established The McCracken Inquiry in 1997 to investigate. The inquiry reported in late 1997 and confirmed the facts and revealed monies in secret Ansbacher accounts owned by Haughey for which it could not determine the source.

Establishment
In response to the McCracken Report, the new Ahern Government issued terms of reference for a new follow-up tribunal on 26 September 1997. The sole member of the Tribunal is the Honourable Mr Justice Michael Moriarty, leading to the name Moriarty Tribunal.

The terms were inquiry into (inter alia):
 * whether substantial payments which might not have been ethical to receive were made to Charles Haughey (Taoiseach during part of the time concerned) and Michael Lowry between 1 January 1979 and 31 December 1996,
 * the source of those payments,
 * whether payments were made to people holding public office,
 * whether Mr Haughey made any decisions benefiting a person making such a payment,
 * the source of money in various bank accounts in Ireland, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man,
 * whether the Republic's tax authorities were properly and timely informed of the existence of various payments and gifts to Messrs. Haughey and Lowry.

The preliminary report into the Haughey payments was published on 19 December 2006. The final reports were published in 2011.

Costs and delays
The Tribunal sat for the first time on 31 October 1997 and heard its first witness on 28 January 1999. By September 2004, the Tribunal had sat on 286 days but sittings were suspended pending a High Court hearing in which mobile phone entrepreneur Denis O'Brien tried unsuccessfully to prevent the tribunal from investigating Michael Lowry's involvement in his purchase of Doncaster Rovers F.C. The tribunal ended up lasting much longer than anticipated and cost the state millions in direct costs and legal assistance to witnesses, something that has been criticised by the people whom the tribunal investigated.

In March 2010, it was estimated the tribunal had cost the state approximately €39 million, with final costs expected to exceed €100 million.

Volume I

 * Dunne payments to Haughey
 * Use of accounts in Ansbacher by Haughey
 * Management of Haughey's financial affairs by Des Traynor
 * Sale of Glen Ding Woods to CRH plc
 * Management of donations for a liver transplant for Brian Lenihan

2006 Findings

 * Confirmation of facts regarding payments by Dunne to Haughey and Lowry
 * Confirmation of use of the Ansbacher accounts by Haughey
 * Mr. Haughey had obstructed the tribunal
 * Tax avoidance findings
 * Mr. Haughey stole a "sizeable proportion" from the Brian Lenihan medical fund and took steps to conceal his actions
 * Claims that Mr. Haughey knew little about his own personal finances were rejected
 * Charles Haughey accepted cash in return for favours throughout his political career.

Consequences

 * Investigations of Mr Haughey and Mr Lowry for tax evasion by the Revenue Commissioners. Settlements by both
 * Advance sale and leaseback of his home, Abbeville, by Mr Haughey
 * Revelations of use of the Ansbacher accounts by other businessmen and politicians for tax avoidance. An interim report on the lead to an investigation by the Department of Trade and Enterprise which named the holders, and led to Denis Foley TD leaving Fianna Fáil. The Cayman island scandal which was investigated by the Moriarty tribunal involved Guinness and Mahon bank and has not yielded a single prosecution, as of March 2013, because of a lack of "original documentation. However, the Revenue Commissioner documents state that as of the end of 2013 a "total yield" of €112.69m has been obtained from 141 Ansbacher account cases. This is made up of €50.1m in tax paid and €62.59m in penalties ".
 * Related press investigations on corruption, such as that on Beverley Flynn TD
 * Related investigations by the Dáil Public Accounts committee on the use of foreign accounts for tax evasion, leading to settlements by the banks, and thousands of individuals.

Awarding of the second mobile phone licence
The circumstances surrounding the awarding of the second GSM mobile phone licence to the Esat Digifone consortium in 1996 (the biggest contract ever awarded by the State to a private company ) by the Rainbow Coalition government was the focus of the work of the tribunal from 2007. The tribunal investigated whether money changed hands prior to the awarding of the licence to Esat Digifone by former Minister for Transport, Energy and Communications Michael Lowry TD. Denis O'Brien claimed preliminary findings by the tribunal effectively state that the Esat consortium was "illegally" issued with the state's second mobile-phone licence because he had a "corrupt" relationship with Michael Lowry. A number of failed bidders are suing the state over the handling of the competition process.

Esat Digifone
In 1995, Esat Digifone was a consortium made up of Denis O'Brien's Communicorp (40%), Telenor AB (40%) and the remaining 20% held by institutional shareholders. Esat Digifone won the 1995 competition process and entered into exclusive negotiations with the Department of Transport, Energy and Communications.

Exclusive negotiations and new shareholding by Dermot Desmond
It transpired that during the contracting period a change in the shareholding in Esat Digifone had occurred with financier Dermot Desmond's IIU Nominees taking a share of 25% of the company and Communicorp and Telenor AB holding the remainder between them. The Department of Communications decided that the 25% holding by IIU Ltd. was unacceptable in May 1996 and demanded a return to the 40-40-20 structure, but this information was not communicated to the Attorney-General's office at the time.

The department and Lowry demanded that the 40:40:20 breakdown of the shares in Esat should be restored prior to the issuing of the licence, which resulted in Desmond selling part of his shareholding to Communicorp and Telenor. The licence was awarded to Digifone in May 1996, with Lowry announcing Digifone the winner before civil servants involved in judging the competition made their final decision.

Legal opinion of Richard Nesbitt SC
In May 1996, the Attorney-General's office sought the advice of barrister Richard Nesbitt regarding the change in shareholding. Nesbitt advised the government that the licence could be awarded regardless of the fact that Dermot Desmond had joined the consortium at a later date. The advice of Nesbitt as recalled by Denis McFadden – a barrister in the A-G's office – was to the effect that IIU's entry was not a material change and merely amounted to "equity finance".

Moriarty's findings
In February 2008, Judge Moriarty gave a legal finding that the written advice given by Richard Nesbitt in 1996 to the Attorney General's office did not cover what is known as "the ownership issue". This finding followed a private meeting of tribunal counsel in October 2002 recalled by Denis McFadden BL and attended by, amongst others, John Gormley BL and Richard Nesbitt SC, Jerry Healy SC for the tribunal described Nesbitt's advice to the government as "shite". Following the addition of new evidence, Judge Moriarty conceded that the advice of Richard Nesbitt did cover the acquisition of a 25% shareholding by IIU and that he would reappraise his interim findings that it did not. Judge Moriarty admitted to making "not insignificant mistakes" in regards to the license issue which would have to be "taken on the chin and acknowledged".

Statements by key participants
A media war broke out in early 2010 over the preliminary findings of the tribunal with Denis O'Brien, Michael Lowry TD and Judge Moriarty each making statements about the process.

O'Brien Statement
Denis O'Brien sent a letter to the chairman of the tribunal Judge Moriarty alleging that the tribunal's "activities really reaches a new low in Irish judicial history" and was "totally biased" O'Brien has claimed that the tribunal had set out to "get his scalp", but "must now admit they were wrong" Denis O'Brien established the website MoriartyTribunal.com on 16 October 2009. The site was created by the O'Brien team to present his perspective on the work of the Moriarty Tribunal

Lowry statement
In January 2010 Michael Lowry TD issued a 3,400-word statement (available here) outlining his perspective on the tribunal. Lowry's claims relate principally to the involvement of financier Dermot Desmond as a 20 per cent shareholder in the Esat Digifone consortium and outlining that it was not possible for him to meddle in the process or direct a result without the collusion of civil servants. Lowry has also criticised the tribunal in the Dáil, pointing out the high costs and delay involved.

Moriarty Statement
Judge Moriarty has said his report will be "founded unequivocally on evidence" and not on speculation and working hypotheses and that he was not "trying to cobble together a report that will unjustly condemn" people on "flimsy evidence". He was mystified as to why this "unthinkable suggestion" should be made concerning someone who had been appointed by both Houses of the Oireachtas. He had learned as a judge to be "big enough and humble enough to correct errors" but he was not saying errors had been made and important matters remained to be canvassed in evidence. Judge Moriarty also hit back at the media campaign against the tribunal claiming he was "not going to be distracted by the prevalence of spin, and other controversies...that would not be welcomed by the courts."

Conclusions

 * Lowry "secured the winning" of the 1995 mobile licence for O'Brien.
 * O'Brien made two payments to Lowry in 1996 and 1999 totalling IR£500,000 (£147,000 and £300,000) and supported a loan of £420,000 given to Lowry in 1999, a benefit equivalent to a payment.
 * Lowry imparted substantive information to O'Brien which was "of significant value and assistance to him in securing the licence".
 * Lowry bypassed consideration by his Cabinet colleagues and thereby not only influenced, but delivered the result for Esat Digifone.
 * A US$50,000 donation to Fine Gael was made through Telenor on behalf of Esat Digifone.
 * Lowry sought to influence a hike in the lease for Marlborough House (Telecom Éireann headquarters) following a request from Mr Dunne. These rent increases would have improperly enriched Dunne, and were deemed to be "profoundly corrupt".
 * Lowry was criticised for his "cynical and venal abuse of office" and his brazen refusal to acknowledge the impropriety of his financial arrangements with O'Brien and Dunne.

Recommendations

 * Greater precautions ought to have been taken to segregate those conducting the evaluation of the mobile phone licence bids from their political master.
 * All donations to politicians or political parties should be reported to the SIPO (Standards in Public Office) Commission.
 * All recommendations by public office holders to the Revenue Commissioners be in writing.

Criminal investigation
Following the publication of the final report of the tribunal copies were sent to the Revenue Commissioners, the Garda Commissioner and the Director of Public Prosecutions. A team of detectives, led by the Criminal Assets Bureau (CAB) chief, DCS Eugene Corcoran, investigated if the report could identify any criminal wrongdoing that could be then investigated.

Tribunal reports

 * Final Report Part I (2006) PDF
 * Final Report Part II Vol 1 (2011) PDF
 * Final Report Part II Vol 2 (2011) PDF

Other links

 * Moriarty Tribunal website
 * Denis O'Brien's Tribunal website

title: Moriarty Tribunal


text:
File:Bad Religion '80-'85.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Bad Religion album '80-'85 from The Bad Religion page.

title: File:Bad Religion '80-'85.jpg


text:
Gjallarhorn

In Norse mythology, Gjallarhorn (Old Norse: ; "hollering horn" or "the loud sounding horn" ) is a horn associated with the god Heimdallr and the wise being Mímir. The sound of Heimdallr's horn will herald the beginning of Ragnarök, the sound of which will be heard in all corners of the world. Gjallarhorn is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional material, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson.

Attestations
Gjallarhorn is attested once by name in the Poetic Edda while it receives three mentions in the Prose Edda:

Prose Edda
In the Prose Edda, Gjallarhorn is mentioned three times, all mentions occurring in Gylfaginning.

In chapter 15, the enthroned figure Just-As-High tells the disguised Gangleri about the cosmological tree Yggdrasil. Just-As-High says that one of the three roots of Yggdrasil reaches to the well Mímisbrunnr, which belongs to Mímir, and contains much wisdom and intelligence. Using Gjallarhorn, Heimdallr drinks from the well and thus is himself wise.

In chapter 27 of Gylfaginning, High tells Gangleri about Heimdallr. High mentions that Heimdallr is the owner of the "trumpet" (see footnote) Gjallarhorn and that "its blast can be heard in all worlds".

In chapter 51, High foretells the events of Ragnarök. After the enemies of the gods will gather at the plain Vígríðr, Heimdallr will stand and mightily blow into Gjallarhorn. The gods will awake and assemble together at the thing.

Archaeological record
A figure holding a large horn to his lips and clasping a sword on his hip appears on a stone cross from the Isle of Man. Some scholars have theorized that this figure is a depiction of Heimdallr with Gjallarhorn.

A 9th or 10th century Gosforth Cross in Cumbria, England depicts a figure holding a horn and a sword standing defiantly before two open-mouthed beasts. This figure has been oft theorized as depicting Heimdallr with Gjallarhorn.

Theories and interpretations
Scholar Rudolf Simek comments that the use of a horn as both a musical instrument and a drinking vessel is not particularly odd, and that the concept is also employed with tales of the legendary Old French hero Roland's horn, Olifant. Simek notes that the horn is among the most ancient of Germanic musical instruments, along with lurs, and, citing archaeological finds (such as the 5th century Golden Horns of Gallehus from Denmark), comments that there appears to have been sacral horns kept purely for religious purposes among the Germanic people; understood as earthly versions of Heimdallr's Gjallarhorn, reaching back to the early Germanic Iron Age.

title: Gjallarhorn


text:
Talk:Bairbre de Brún

Discussion
Was Bairbre de Brún or Mary Lou McDonald the first elected MEP? Each page is claiming they were - is there any way of determining which takes precedent in any seniority rankings? Timrollpickering 23:19, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I seem to remember that the UK European elections were held on the day before those in the Republic of Ireland, so that might have something to do with it. Or it could be that Bairbre was the firs elected in NI and Mary Lou was the first in the Republic, although Sinn Fein don't usually recognise such distinctions! NotMuchToSay 18:20, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Removal of personal details
Quote from category: living people: "Purpose: Because living persons may suffer personal harm from inappropriate information, we should watch their articles carefully."
 * I might add that public representatives have the right not to have their private lives discussed

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title: Talk:Bairbre de Brún