text:
Military operations other than war

Military operations other than war (MOOTW) are military operations that do not involve warfare, combat, or the threat or use of violence. They generally include peacekeeping, peacebuilding, disaster response, humanitarian aid, military engineering, law enforcement, arms control, deterrence, and multilateralism.

The phrase and acronym were coined by the United States Armed Forces in the 1990s, but it has since fallen out of use. The British Armed Forces use an alternative term called peace support operations (PSO), which essentially refers to the same thing as MOOTW. Similarly, the Chinese People's Liberation Army also uses a similar concept called non-war military activities, which expands on MOOTW and includes a range of activities categorized as "Confrontational" ,"Law Enforcement", "Aid & Rescue", or "Cooperative".

Special agreements exist which facilitate fire support operations within NATO and the ABCANZ quadripartite working group. Cooperation is organized in advance with NATO standardization agreements (STANAGs) and quadripartite standardization agreements (QSTAGs). Many countries which need disaster support relief have no bilateral agreements already in place, and action may be required, based on the situation, to establish such agreements.

The United Nations (UN) recognizes the vulnerability of civilians in armed conflict. United Nations Security Council resolution 1674 (2006) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict enhances international focused attention on the protection of civilians in UN and other peace operations. The implementation of paragraph 16 anticipates that peacekeeping missions are provided with clear guidelines regarding what missions can and should do to achieve protection goals; that the protection of civilians is given priority in decisions about the use of resources; and that protection mandates are implemented.

Overview
MOOTW purposes may include deterring potential aggressors, protecting national interests, and supporting UN objectives.

Peacetime and conflict represent two states of the range of military operations.
 * Peacetime is a state in which diplomatic, economic, informational, and military powers are employed in combination with each other to achieve national objectives.
 * Conflict is a unique environment in which the military works closely with diplomatic leaders to control hostilities; and the national objective is focused on the goal of returning to peacetime conditions.

Planners are challenged to find ways to resolve or work around unique arrays of inter-related constraints (e.g. issues related to budgeting, training, and force structure). The uncertainties which are inherent or implied include the varying political aspects which are likely to affect unanticipated MOOTW.

Australia
The Australian Defence Force has turned attention to the study and understanding of a changing geo-strategic environment. MOOTW becomes more important where the options for traditional application of military instruments are growing more limited.

Australian participation in UN peacekeeping operations began in 1947.

Select Australian deployments

 * 1947 UN Consular Commission to Indonesia
 * 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake ("Operation Sumatra Assist"): Emergency relief and medical assistance.

Current Australian deployments include the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA); the UN Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI); the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP); the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO); the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT); the UN Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS); and the UN–African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID).

Canada
The curriculum of the Canadian Armed Forces's training programs includes MOOTW. In the 20th century Canadian peacekeeping was well publicised in Canada.

Select Canadian deployments

 * Cyprus, 1960s
 * Congo, 1960s
 * Afghanistan, 2001–2014

China
The non-traditional missions of the People's Liberation Army have evolved as an increasingly used tool of statecraft.

The People's Liberation Army (PLA) established specialized forces for military operations other than war. In the 2013 Science of Military Strategy, PLA writers articulated a Non-War Military Activities (NWMA) concept based on MOOTW which emphasizes "Confrontational," "Law Enforcement," "Aid & Rescue," and "Cooperative" military activities as a source of military strength alongside traditional deterrence and warfighting.

Select Chinese deployments

 * Somali pirates, 2009: Naval escort missions in waters off Somalia.

Japan
The Japan Self-Defense Forces are affected by the Constitution of Japan, Article 9 of which prohibits the use of war to resolve the country's disputes. This affects their operations, as well as the classifications of some equipment such as the Hyūga-class helicopter destroyer, which are limited to the role of MOOTW.

Select Japanese deployments

 * Iraq War ("Operation Enduring Freedom"), 2003–2009: Ground Self-Defense Forces, water purification near Basra; Air Self-Defence Forces, cargo and personnel transport; Maritime Self-Defence Forces, supply ships servicing the international flotilla.

United Kingdom
The prescience of Sir Julian Corbett (1854–1922) and his strategic point of view are reflected in contemporary applications of MOOTW, which extend and reinvigorate Corbettian formulations.

The evolution of British tactics in the Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) illustrates lessons learned the hard way. The British developed a strategy with elements similar to MOOTW. Lieutenant General Sir Harold Briggs proposed "two key goals to accomplish in order to end the insurgency—first, to protect the population, and second to isolate them from the guerrillas."

British peacekeeping troops in Bosnia in the late 1990s attended to similar objectives in a process of re-establishing "normalcy."

Selected British deployments

 * 1948–1960 Malayan Emergency.
 * 1995 post-Bosnian War ("Operation Deliberate Force").

United States
In United States military doctrine, military operations other than war include the use of military capabilities across a range of operations that fall short of war. Because of political considerations, MOOTW operations normally have more restrictive rules of engagement (ROE) than in war.

Although the MOOTW acronym is new, the concepts are not. The RAND database identifies 846 military operations other than war between 1916 and 1996 in which the US Air Force or its predecessors played a noteworthy role.

Select American deployments

 * 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake: Emergency relief and medical assistance.
 * 1990–1994 Operation Promote Liberty: Occupation and peacekeeping mission in Panama after the 1989 United States invasion of Panama.
 * 1991 Operation Eastern Exit: Noncombatant evacuation operation to evacuate diplomatic staff and civilians, from the US and 29 other countries, from the US Embassy in Mogadishu, Somalia as the city plunged into near-anarchy during the Somali Civil War.
 * 2001–2014 Operation Enduring Freedom: Bush Doctrine continuous operation across numerous countries, mainly Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.
 * 2011 military intervention in Libya: UN-authorized no-fly zone enforcement in defense of rebel factions in Libya.

Singapore
The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) anticipates a continuing need for conventional military competence into the foreseeable future, but missions in which the use of minimal force is the rule rather than the exception are expected to grow in importance. Proficiency in MOOTW requires a much greater and somewhat different set of skill sets than traditional war-fighting. In this context, the SAF is developing new training programmes for small unit leaders. The process of educating and preparing a professional SAF capable of handling a wide spectrum of operations anticipates an increase in MOOTW. These men will need to ready to become "peacekeepers, goodwill ambassadors and winners of hearts and minds."

In 1999, the Singapore contingent of UN peacekeepers in East Timor was the most extensive MOOTW mission attempted by the SAF. The commitment included three landing ship tanks (LSTs), medical teams, C-130s, military observers and logistics support.

Select Singapore deployments

 * United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor, 1999–2002. Peacekeeping, medical assistance, logistical support.
 * 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami, Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia ("Operation Flying Eagle" or OFE): Emergency relief, medical assistance and temporary relocation of victims.

Select Swedish deployments

 * Swedish Armed Forces conducted supporting operations during the forest fires of 2014 and 2018.
 * Operation Gloria, 2020–ongoing. Supporting Swedish civil authorities during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden.

India
The Indian Army is tasked with many operations other than war such as Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill) in Jammu and Kashmir and Operation Samaritan in north-east India. Operation Sadbhavana aims to limit the alienation faced by the population and infrastructure destruction in Jammu and Kashmir in areas where the government administration has not been successful due to insurgency. Welfare initiatives include Army Goodwill Schools, educational and motivational tours, health camps, women and youth empowerment and infrastructure development.

The Indian defence forces also takes part in various UN Peacekeeping missions.

title: Military operations other than war


text:
Indian Head, Saskatchewan

Indian Head is a town in southeast Saskatchewan, Canada, 69 km east of Regina on the Trans-Canada Highway. It "had its beginnings in 1882 as the first settlers, mainly of Scottish origin, pushed into the area in advance of the railroad, most traveling by ox-cart from Brandon." "Indian" refers to Indigenous peoples in Canada. The town is known for its federally operated experimental farm and tree nursery, which has produced and distributed seedlings for shelter belts since 1901. For many years the program was run by the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration (PFRA).

Indian Head was incorporated as a town in 1902 and the Canadian Journal noted that the community was the largest point of initial shipment of wheat in the world. Today it is run by the Agroforestry Development Centre. Today the town "has a range of professional services and tradespeople, financial institutions, and a large number of retail establishments." The CBC television sitcom Little Mosque on the Prairie was partially filmed here.

Geography
Indian Head is located in the Indian Head Plain of the Aspen Parkland ecoregion on the parkland of the Qu'Appelle flood plain. Qu'Appelle's elevation is 579.10 m above sea level placing it within the topographical region of the Squirrel Hills. The area is characterised by lush rolling grasslands, interspersed with poplar bluffs (in prairie Canadian terminology poplar groves surrounding sloughs) and open sloughs. Indian Head is located in the transition zone between the Qu'Appelle River and the corresponding Qu'Appelle Valley and the Canadian Prairies. The Indianhead Creek flows through Indian Head into the Qu'Appelle River to the north. The legal land description is section 24 – township 18 – range 13 – west of the 2nd meridian. 10 mi north of Indian Head are the Fishing Lakes which are part of the Qu'Appelle Valley.

Climate
Indian Head has a humid continental climate, with extreme seasonal temperatures. It has warm summers and cold winters, with the average daily temperatures ranging from -14.8 C in January to 18.2 C in July. On Average, temperatures exceed 30.0 C 12 days per year. Typically, summer lasts from late June until late August, and the humidity is seldom uncomfortably high. Winter lasts from November to March and varies greatly in length and severity. Spring and autumn are both short and highly variable.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Indian Head was 42.8 C on 5 July 1937. The coldest temperature ever recorded was -46.7 C on 1 February 1893.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Indian Head had a population of $1,902$ living in $842$ of its $911$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $1,910$. With a land area of 3.08 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In 2011, 50 percent were male and 50 per cent were female. Also in 2011, children under five accounted for approximately 6.1 per cent of the resident population of Indian Head.

According to data from 2001, more than 33.6% of the town's residents identify themselves as Catholic; 48.9% of residents are Protestant, and 12.3% of residents do not practise a religion.

Government
The town of Indian Head has a mayor as the highest ranking government official. The town also elects aldermen or councillors to form the municipal council. Currently, the mayor is Steven Cole and is serving with councillors Lisa Craigie, Alan Hubbs, Melissa Moses, Armand Palmer, Chris Simpson and Nathan Longeau. The town administrator is Cam Thauberger.

Provincially, Indian Head is within the constituency of Indian Head-Milestone served by their Member of legislative assembly, the Honourable Don McMorris. This district was created before the 8th Saskatchewan general election in 1934 by combining the constituencies of South Qu'Appelle and Wolseley. Redrawn and renamed "Indian Head-Wolseley" in 1975. This constituency was created through the Representation Act, 1994 (Saskatchewan) by combining the district of Indian Head-Wolseley with part of the constituency of Bengough-Milestone.

Federally, the Regina—Qu'Appelle riding is represented by their Member of Parliament, Andrew Scheer. Qu'Appelle riding was first created in 1903 and covered the Northwest Territories, including what would later be Saskatchewan. In 1905, the district was amended to just cover Saskatchewan.

In 1966, Qu'Appelle riding was abolished when it was redistributed among Qu'Appelle—Moose Mountain, Regina—Lake Centre, Regina East and Assiniboia ridings.

In 1987, Regina—Qu'Appelle was created from parts of the districts of Assiniboia, Humboldt—Lake Centre and Qu'Appelle—Moose Mountain ridings. It was known as Qu'Appelle from 1996 to 1998.

It was abolished in 1996 when it was redistributed among Wascana, Regina—Arm River, Qu'Appelle and Yorkton—Melville ridings.

A new Qu'Appelle riding was created in 1996 from Regina—Qu'Appelle, Regina—Lumsden and Mackenzie ridings.

In 1998, its name was changed back to Regina—Qu'Appelle.

Infrastructure
Even though the provincial government Saskatchewan Air Ambulance system was not established until 1946, Indian Head did call to Charlie Skinner, a pilot in Regina in 1935. Transport was needed to get the doctor from Indian Head to Odessa to treat a critically ill patient during a time when the roads were blocked by snow. Thus began Skinner's Air Service.

The first communication system in Saskatchewan was on the Bell Farm built in 1882 by Major Bell on ten miles (16 km) square or 60000 acres at Indian Head. The telecommunications system utilised barbed wire for the phone lines.

Transportation
Indian Head is served by the Canadian Pacific Railway. It is located at the junction of the Trans Canada Highway (Saskatchewan Highway 1) and highway 56. It is located 70 km east of the provincial capital city of Regina and 315 mi west of Winnipeg.

An Indian trail used by fur traders, and red river carts pulling settlers effects was the first path between Moosomin and Fort Ellice, Manitoba. The transcontinental CPR paralleled this trail when coming through in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Provincial Highway 4, the precursor of the Trans–Canada Saskatchewan Highway 1, followed the surveyed grade of the transcontinental CPR between the Alberta and Manitoba border. Travel along Provincial Highway 4 before the 1940s would have been travelling on the square following the township road allowances, barbed wire fencing and rail lines. As the surveyed township roads were the easiest to travel, the first highway was designed on 90 degree right angle corners as the distance traversed the prairie along range roads and township roads. Two-horse then eight-horse scrapers maintained these early dirt roads.

One of the problems that came about was when the Manitoba survey met the Saskatchewan survey. The Manitoba survey allowed for 100 ft road allowances placed east and west every 1 mi. This system was followed west of Manitoba until just north of Indian Head. However, the Saskatchewan survey conducted in 1887, allowed for 66 ft road allowances and placed roads east and west every 2 mi. The two surveys needed a 2 mi correction which took years to smooth out.

"Originally roadwork was done by horsepower, and the municipality owned its horses and equipment. It was found that roadwork under the supervision of a councillor cost half as much as that under a road commission system. There were problems with labour. One cold November payday the whole crew quit, with not one left to even feed the horses. In 1909 a foreman shot one of his crew; the [Indian Head] council minutes make no further comment."

Agriculture is one of Saskatchewan's main industries and taking grain to elevators was first accomplished by horse and cart, to be replaced around World War I by truck travel. Long haul trucking flourished between 1950 and 1970, and the trans–Canada was completed across Canada by 1970. Since the 1970s, 17 times the number of grain trucks and 95 percent of goods transported now are hauled by truck across the Saskatchewan.

Education
The Indian Head High School hosts the Broncs athletic teams and is part of the Prairie Valley School Division No. 208 along with the Indian Head Elementary School. Indian Head Elementary School features classes Pre-Kindergarten to Grade 6 with about 205 enrolled. The high school supports grades 7 to 12 with an enrollment of about 225 pupils.

The Southeast Regional College has a district campus office located in Indian Head which will support grade 12 equivalency general education development, post-secondary classes supported by the University of Regina, University of Saskatchewan, SIAST and the Certified General Accountants Association. Some post-secondary skills and career services are additionally available.

Historically there were quite a number of one-room school houses in the area of Indian Head the first, Indian Head School District #49, was established in 1886. It was followed soon after by Wide Awake School District #54. Other schools were Sunny South School District #61, Katepwe School District #116, Rose Valley School District # 191 Fair Play School District #192, Blackwood School District #241, Flen Lynn School District #333 Burnsdale School District #777, Jubilee School District #1122, Interlake School District #1565, Sunny Slope School District #1843, Squirrel Hills School District #4058, Lake Marqerite School District #1237 and Spring Coulee School.

Indian Head Hospital
Indian Head hospital opened in 1905 with an attached nursing training school. "Nursing training continued until 1925 at Indian Head"; the hospital remained open in 2006 with 15 beds.

The new hospital to this day, "provides inpatient, emergency and outpatient/ambulatory care services" with "[o]utpatient/[a]mbulatory Care provid[ing] scheduled services or services ordered by [a] physician. Laboratory and x-ray services are provided on weekdays during regular hours with an order from [a] physician [and] [v]isiting professional services...available at various times each month."

Museums and other points of interest
Charhead Ranch Farm features Charolais cattle, dairy operation and Welsh ponies on this 75-year-old farm.

The Bell Farm is amongst the top ten most endangered sites listed by the Heritage Canada Foundation. Having the silo centrally located in the round barn greatly reduced labour involved in livestock feeding and resulted in a stronger facility than the rectangular structures. It is currently undergoing re-construction and preservation.

Thirty-two hectares of federal crown land comprise the Indian Head Migratory Bird Sanctuary located 2 km south of Indian Head. The Canada Agriculture Experimental Farm Tree Nursery is a part of the sanctuary lands The Canadian Wildlife Service on its last review felt that the sanctuary should be abolished.

The Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration (PFRA) and PFRA shelterbelt centre set up in 1902 features a picnic area with nature trails along with tree nursery, and flora displays. The nursery still establishes farm shelterbelts with its shipments of trees every year across Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba.

Indian Head Experimental Station or Indian Head Research Farm established in 1887 provides innovative research into crops and soil types.

The Indian Head Museum features pioneer artifacts and is hosted in the 1907 fire hall. In the museum yards is a 1926 one-room school house and an 1883 Bell Farm cottage.

Sports and recreation
As early as 1889, Indian Head had established its own curling rink, and in 1904 it was a provincial sport. Indian Head was one of four rinks which competed in the first curling bonspiel of the Northwest Territories in 1892 playing against Calgary, Regina, and Qu'Appelle.

Indian Head established its hockey team by 1900, one of the first of a dozen or so in the Northwest Territories.

After World War II, for a period of time, baseball tournaments were held in Saskatoon and Indian Head offering thousands of dollars in prize money. In the 1950s, Indian Head hosted an all-black baseball team called the Rockets; the players were Negro league players from Jacksonville, Florida. The team was extremely popular and reportedly brought thousands of people to the town to watch them play. The Rockets were inducted into the Saskatchewan Baseball Hall of Fame in 2022.

Indian Head is home to the Saskatchewan Rural Sports Hall of Fame and Museum established in 1992 which commemorates athletes from rural Saskatchewan who achieved fame in the big leagues.

In 2013, the Indian Head Broncs hosted and won the 3A 9 Man Provincial High School Football Championship, defeating the Meadow Lake Spartans 14–7.

Media
The community is served by the community newspaper the Indian Head-Wolseley News, which is owned by Grasslands News Group.

The local Internet news program Indian Head Today has been featured on CBC's The National.

Indian Head was a major filming location for the Canadian television sitcom Little Mosque on the Prairie, which aired on CBC.

Indian Head is also a major film processing center for old motion and still films, processing is done by Film Rescue International. Film Rescue – Revealers Of Lost And Found Treasures Since 1999

First non-aboriginal settlers
The first settlers were from Ontario and of Scottish origin. They moved into the district in 1882, ahead of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Bell Farm at Indian Head comprised 53000 acres. Such settlement was so huge and out of the ordinary that on many occasions the passenger trains would stop and let the passengers watch the harvesting operation.

Historical economy
Historically, according to the Department of Agriculture, the Indian Head district ranked highest for wheat production in the North West Territories in 1903, 1904 and 1905. The Indian Head Experimental Station exceeded the Brandon Experimental station by seven bushels of wheat per acre for ten years. For a town of population 1,800 in 1905, it boasted twelve grain elevators which were erected along the Canadian Pacific Railway, with each elevator having the capacity to hold approximately 350,000 bushels. This location handled a higher quantity of grain in 1902 in the initiatory shipment stage than any other inland port in the world.

The North-West Rebellion in 1885 caused the farmland of the Qu'Appelle Valley Farming Company to lie untended as their horses and wagons were used in the military engagement. The summer of 1886 provided a good crop as the land was allowed to collect moisture. The Indian Head Experimental Farm then followed up and said: "fallowing the land is the best preparation to ensure a crop."

The Territorial Grain Growers’ Association (TGGA) was formed in the winter of 1901 at Indian Head. It was a collective of farmers in the Qu'Appelle Valley responding to the Sinatluta Case. In the fall of 1901 farmers were trying to ship a large harvest and they could not sell it due to a boxcar shortage. The existing elevators were not set up to hold the amount of grain that year. Farmers lost about half of a record wheat crop. William Richard Motherwell became the first president and pressed for a change to the Manitoba Act which would allow farmers access to railway cars on a first-come, first-served basis.

In the early 20th century Indian Head was the financial centre of the district and distribution point. Three banks established branches, the Opera House was erected by Mr. Osment, and The Club conducted its operations within the opera house block. The Lady Minto Hospital was erected at a cost of CA$6,000. ($6,000 is equivalent to $ in present day terms. Rationale to use US currency conversion template. $10 Canadian was equivalent to US$10 gold eagle 1851-1867.  1879-1914 the US and Canadian dollar traded again at par. Rationale to use US currency conversion template.  Bank of Canada notes that from 1854 to 1914 the US and Canadian dollar traded at par) Streetscapes were extremely lively before the arrival of motorised automobiles, trucks and farm implements. Farmers' drives to Indian Head were extremely frequent; expeditions to Regina, the nearest city, the Qu'Appelle Valley and near towns were considerably less convenient than they became once car and truck engines existed and Number 1 Highway was vastly upgraded from the 1950s onwards: trips were most easily made by the frequent trains, which carried passengers in early days until substantially replaced by road vehicles.

Dominion Experimental Farm
In 1887 the Dominion Experimental Farm was founded as one of the original research stations in Canada. Today it is still doing research and giving valuable information to farmers. Settlement began to accelerate seriously after 1900 and by the outbreak of World War I in 1914 its population had reached 1200. In 1902, the PFRA tree nursery was inaugurated and is still shipping out several million trees each year for farm shelterbelts in the three prairie provinces. "The Indian Head Experimental Farm [was] responsible for the whole of the North-West Territories. The intent of the farm was to meet the needs of new settlers for reliable information on the best farming methods and practices for local conditions. Long-term studies with field crops, animal husbandry and horticulture were initiated….During the 1930s, a concerted effort against the blowing topsoil by the Indian Head Experimental Farm and [other] …stations … was effective in developing tillage methods that reduced soil erosion. The post-war years saw great changes with the introduction of selective chemicals to control insects, plant diseases and [w]eeds. Programs were set up at all stations to advise farmers on the use of these new chemicals. Nutrition and management studies at Indian Head [and other stations] have done much to improve livestock production in the province."

Early centre of arrival in and departure from the North-West Territories
In the days of the last two decades of the 19th century, Indian Head was a significant centre for people arriving in the North-West Territories by train from Ontario. It was necessary for the town to have hotel accommodation for travellers and several were on hand.

Their appearance now seems extraordinarily substantial but at the beginning of settlement of what was later to become the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta it appeared certain that the population of the eventual provinces would be substantially greater than it turned out and that the provincial capital, whatever it might be, would be vastly larger.

Indian Head streetscapes were remarkably lively in the town's early days, when automobiles and trucks had not yet arrived and agricultural, shopping and social expeditions to town were extremely frequent compared to later days when expeditions to Regina or the Qu'Appelle Valley became significantly faster and more convenient than after World War I, when automobiles and trucks began to become common: until then, expeditions to the city generally conducted by train—with a lengthy interruption with little travel of any kind from the 1929 onset of the Great Depression until the 1945 end of World War II.

Philharmonic Society
The Philharmonic Society in Indian Head was established in the early 20th century. In 1914, A.S. Vogt (founder of the Mendelssohn Choir) claimed that Saskatchewan’s excellent choral work was one benefit of the province’s isolation and corresponding need to create its own art.

Churches
At its outset, Indian Head had substantial churches, though as elsewhere in Canada religiosity significantly declined beginning in the late 1960s. In the beginning, the denominations were principally Presbyterian, Methodist, Anglican and Roman Catholic.

Indian Head's Methodist church became United Church in 1925 but as in nearby Qu'Appelle the Presbyterian church divided, with a portion of the congregation constituting a continuing separate Presbyterian church. The Indian Head and Qu'Appelle Presbyterian churches were demanding if not downright prestigious and obtained clergy of considerable talent, who on leaving proceeded to urban congregations such as First Presbyterian in Regina. Thereafter the Presbyterians shared a clergyman with the Presbyterian church in Qu'Appelle, which had withdrawn from the old Presbyterian church thereupon church union. "In 1923 the Orange Benevolent Society, then a substantial service club of the Loyal Orange Lodge established the Orange Home and Orange Home Farm for children from distressed families."

The Anglican Church (until 1955 the "Church of England") Diocese of Qu'Appelle was originally centred in the nearby town of Qu'Appelle, whose parish church was the pro-cathedral for southern Saskatchewan. The Hon. Edgar Dewdney was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Territories (sic) December 3, 1881, and it was not immediately clear that he would choose Pile-of-Bones, renamed Regina in 1882—where he had acquired land to sell for private profit—as the capital of the Territories. It had previously been thought likely that other sites would be chosen, including Prince Albert, the seat-of-government of the Territories' District of Saskatchewan, Fort Qu'Appelle and Qu'Appelle: this accounts for the Church of England's original choice of Qu'Appelle and uncertainty as to what to choose in the alternative. Bishop's Court, the residence of the diocesan bishop, was relocated from Qu'Appelle to Indian Head in 1895 before being further relocated to Regina. Such matters were of substantially greater interest back then and would remain so until the end of the 1960s when in Indian Head as in other Canadian cities and towns participation in religion generally began steadily decreasing. Nevertheless, St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church had "[t]he first...built in the early 1900s, and the present church was completed in 1961."

Notable people

 * Lynne Bowen, award-winning writer, oral historian and UBC professor
 * Bill Davies, went on to establish the Saskatchewan Federation of Labour (SFL).
 * Dave Karpa, he played in the National Hockey League for the Quebec Nordiques, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, Carolina Hurricanes and New York Rangers between 1993 and 2003.
 * Jeff Lank, drafted by the Montreal Canadiens in 1993, traded to the Philadelphia Flyers in 1995 and played two games for that team during the 1999-2000 season.
 * Eric Peterson, Canadian stage and television actor, known for his roles in three major Canadian series – Street Legal, Corner Gas and This is Wonderland.
 * Ron Robison is a Western Hockey League Commissioner, as well as the former Head of Hockey Canada.
 * Sinclair Ross was born near Shellbrook, but attended school in Indian Head until grade 11. Ross is a noteworthy Canadian author best known for his fiction about life in the Canadian prairies, especially As For Me and My House (1941).  A monument in his honour has been erected in Indian Head by Saskatchewan artists and readers with a bronze statue sculpted by Joe Fafard.
 * Lorne Scott, Environmentalist, former provincial MLA and Member of the Order of Canada

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Indian Head, Saskatchewan


text: User talk:200.241.100.44

title: User talk:200.241.100.44


text:
Indian Head

Indian Head can refer to:

Coins

 * Indian Head cent, U.S. one cent coin (1859–1909)
 * Indian Head eagle, U.S. $10 gold piece issued between 1907 and 1933
 * Indian Head gold pieces, U.S. coins issued between 1908 and 1929
 * Indian Head nickel, U.S. five cent coin (1913–1938)

Canada

 * Indian Head, Saskatchewan, a town in Canada
 * Indian Head-Milestone, the local provincial electoral district
 * Rural Municipality of Indian Head No. 156, Saskatchewan, the surrounding rural municipality

United States
Listed alphabetically by state
 * Indian Head Park, Illinois, a village in Cook County
 * Indian Head, Maryland, a town in Charles County
 * Indian Head, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community in Fayette County

United States

 * Indian Head Mountain (New York), one of the Catskill Mountains in Greene County, New York
 * Indian Head Peak, in the Glacier Peak Wilderness in the U.S. state of Washington
 * Indian Head Pond (Massachusetts), in Hanson, Massachusetts
 * Indian Head River, in Massachusetts
 * Indian Head Rock, a multi-ton boulder near Portsmouth, Ohio
 * Mount Pemigewasset, also known as Indian Head, in New Hampshire

Elsewhere

 * Badlands Guardian, a landscape in Alberta, Canada—when viewed from the air, it resembles a human head wearing a full Native American headdress
 * Indian Head (Fraser Island), a headland in Australia

Sports usage
"Indian Head" can also colloquially (and controversially) refer to the logos of a number of sports teams that feature(d) a stylized image of a Native American. Prominent examples include:

Teams

 * Chicago Blackhawks, an American professional ice hockey team
 * Florida State Seminoles, the sports teams of Florida State University
 * North Dakota Fighting Sioux, the sports teams of University of North Dakota, now known as the North Dakota Fighting Hawks
 * Washington Redskins, an American professional gridiron football team, now known as the Washington Commanders

Mascots

 * Chief Illiniwek, former mascot of the Illinois Fighting Illini, the sports teams of the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign
 * Chief Wahoo, former logo of the Cleveland Indians professional baseball team, now known as the Cleveland Guardians

Other uses

 * Indian Head, Inc., onetime owner of Wayne Corporation, an American manufacturer of buses and other vehicles
 * Indian Head Ginger, Costus spicatus, also known as Spiked Spirlaflag Ginger
 * Indian Head Highway, Route 210 in the U.S. state of Maryland
 * Indian Head Naval Surface Warfare Center, in Charles County, Maryland
 * Indian-head test pattern, an American television test pattern
 * 2nd Infantry Division "Indianhead", a division of the United States Army

title: Indian Head


text:
User:Hahada

This Barnstar of Diligence was awarded by Pedant in recognition of a combination of extraordinary scrutiny, precision and community service. Hada and Mandal make a good pair, according to reliable sources.

title: User:Hahada


text:
Architectural Association School of Architecture

The Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, commonly referred to as the AA, is the oldest private school of architecture in the UK. The AA hosts programmes of exhibitions, lectures, symposia and publications.

History
The Architectural Association was founded in 1847 as an alternative to the practice of training (young men) by apprenticeship to established architects. Apprenticeship offered no guarantee for educational quality or professional standards, and there was a belief that the system was "rife with vested interests and open to abuse, dishonesty and incompetence".

Two articled pupils, Robert Kerr (1823–1904) and Charles Gray (1827/28–1881), proposed a systematic course of training provided by the students themselves. Following a merger with the already existing Association of Architectural Draughtsmen, the first formal meeting under the name of the Architectural Association took place in May 1847 at Lyons Inn Hall, London. Kerr became the first president, 1847–48. From 1859 the AA shared premises at 9 Conduit Street with the Royal Institute of British Architects, later (1891) renting rooms in Great Marlborough Street.

The AA School was formally established in 1890 and in 1901, it changed its premises to the former Royal Architectural Museum in Tufton Street, Westminster. In 1917, it moved to its current location in Bedford Square, central London. It has since acquired additional London premises in John Street, a property on Morwell Street behind Bedford Square, and a 350 acre site at Hooke Park in Dorset.

Historically, students of the AA have been addressed by John Ruskin and George Gilbert Scott in the 19th century, and, more recently, Richard Rogers, Zaha Hadid, Rem Koolhaas, Denise Scott Brown, and David Chipperfield, an alumnus of the school.

Women at the AA
Women were first admitted as students to the AA School during World War I in 1917, almost 20 years after the RIBA had admitted its first female member, Ethel Charles, who, with her sister Bessie, had been refused entry to the AA school in 1893. Ruth Lowy, Winifred Ryle, Irene Graves and Gillian Harrison (nee Cooke) were some of the first women to enter the AA, hitherto a solely male school.

In the post World War II period several women architects, writers and journalists attended courses ("classes and sets") at the AA, including Su Brumwell (Susan Miller / Rogers), Eldred Evans, Margo Griffin, Zaha Hadid, Patti Hopkins, Samantha Hardingham, Sally Mackereth, Mya Anastasia Manakides, Janet Street-Porter, Carolyn Trevor, Susan Wheeler and Georgie Walton.

The position of women at the AA was highlighted and investigated during a year-long programme of celebration in 2017, AAXX, marking the centenary of the first women's entry to the school. A book, AA Women in Architecture 1917–2017, edited by Elizabeth Darling and Lynne Walker, was published.

Curriculum
Courses are divided into two main areas – undergraduate programmes, leading to the AA Diploma (RIBA/ARB Part 2), and postgraduate programmes, which include specialised courses in Landscape Urbanism (LU), Housing and Urbanism, Sustainable Environmental Design, Histories and Theories, Emergent Technologies, and Design Research Lab (DRL). Other programmes include Projective Cities, Design + Make, and Interprofessional studio. Since its foundation, the school has continued to draw its teaching staff from progressive international practices, and they are reappointed annually, allowing a continual renewal of the exploration of architectural graphics and polemical formalism.

Independent status
The school sits outside the state-funded university system and UCAS application system. As an independent school, the AA does not participate in university rankings.

The AA enrolls a higher proportion of students from overseas compared to other architecture schools in the UK.

Bookshop and publications
The AA Bookshop has a collection of architectural literature and is used as a platform for AA's own publications. AA Publications has a long tradition of publishing architects, artists and theorists early in their careers, as well as occasionally publishing figures who have already gained renown in other fields of expertise, such as Salman Rushdie. AA Publications produces the journal, AA Files, and the AA Book, known as the Projects Review, which annually documents the work undertaken by members of the school from Foundation to Graduate programmes. AA publications are designed and edited by the AA Print Studio, originally established in 1971 as part of the Communications Unit directed by Dennis Crompton of Archigram. The school had its own independent radio station.

Controversies
The AA has a unique democratic structure where staff and students elect a director and majority of members of the governing board.

In November 2017, the AA was reported to be planning to make 16 staff redundant, including the whole of its publications and exhibitions departments. Shortly before, the AA had announced it was seeking a new director, to be appointed by March 2018, following the departure of Brett Steele announced in December 2016.

The first female director of the AA was Eva Franch i Gilabert, appointed in 2018 (succeeding interim director Samantha Hardingham). Following votes of no confidence in her leadership, Franch was fired in July 2020 for "failure to develop and implement a strategy and maintain the confidence of the AA School Community which were specific failures of performance against clear objectives outlined in the original contract of employment." Her dismissal came despite support from academics who wrote an open letter talking of "systemic biases" against women and of sexism, and accusing the AA of using "the pandemic for anti-democratic purposes". Architectural magazine Dezeen reported tutor and alumni views that the failure to investigate allegations of bullying and sexism had damaged both the AA school and the architecture profession, leaving "a cloud over the school". The AA began seeking a successor to Franch in December 2021, shortlisting candidates in March 2022. In May 2022, the school announced Ingrid Schroder would be its new director from August 2022.

Notable alumni

 * Will Alsop (Stirling Prize, 2000)
 * Stanley Amis (1924–2021)
 * Ron Arad
 * Herbert Baker
 * Geoffrey Bawa
 * Elisabeth Benjamin
 * Ben van Berkel
 * Susanne Bier
 * Christopher Bowerbank
 * Margaret Justin Blanco White
 * Peter Blundell Jones
 * Habib Fida Ali (architect) 1935-2017 (Sitara-i-Imtiaz, 2017)
 * Neave Brown (RIBA Royal Gold Medal 2018)
 * Elizabeth Chesterton
 * David Chipperfield (Stirling Prize, 2007)
 * Nigel Coates
 * Sir Peter Cook
 * Edward Cullinan
 * Minnette De Silva
 * Carmen Dillon
 * Jeremy Dixon
 * Sir Philip Dowson
 * Jane Drew
 * Frank Duffy
 * Eldred Evans
 * Robin Evans
 * Kathryn Findlay
 * Mark Fisher
 * Kenneth Frampton
 * John Frazer
 * Tony Fretton
 * Stephen Gardiner
 * Ranulph Glanville
 * Marco Goldschmied
 * Ruth Gollancz
 * Hansjörg Göritz (Kunstpreis Berlin Baukunst, 1996; American Academy in Rome Affiliated Fellow, 2013)
 * Piers Gough
 * Johnny Grey
 * Sir Nicholas Grimshaw
 * Dame Zaha Hadid (Pritzker Prize, 2004; Stirling Prize, 2010, 2011)
 * Timothy Han
 * Thomas Hardy
 * Frank Harmon
 * Gillian Harrison
 * Fergus Henderson
 * Michael Ulrich Hensel
 * Manuel Herz
 * Jonathan Hill
 * Steven Holl
 * Michael Hopkins
 * Patty Hopkins
 * Bill Howell (1922-1974)
 * Gillian Howell (1927–2000)
 * Dorothy Hughes
 * Maxwell Hutchinson
 * Louisa Hutton
 * A. R. Hye

 * Mazharul Islam
 * Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe
 * Edward Jones
 * Robert Furneaux Jordan
 * Gerhard Kallmann
 * Shiu-Kay Kan
 * Ram Karmi (Israel Prize, 2002)
 * Ada Karmi-Melamede (Israel Prize, 2007)
 * Rem Koolhaas (Pritzker Prize, 2000)
 * Denys Lasdun
 * Judith Ledeboer
 * Steffen Lehmann
 * Amanda Levete
 * C.J. Lim
 * Edward Prentice Mawson
 * Ann MacEwen
 * Sally Mackereth
 * James MacLaren
 * Bruce Martin
 * Mary Medd
 * Achim Menges
 * Edna Mosley
 * Mohsen Mostafavi
 * Alan E. Munby
 * Herbert Muschamp
 * Frei Otto
 * Nicolai Ouroussoff
 * Neri Oxman
 * John Pawson
 * Marian Pepler
 * Philip Powell
 * Janet Street-Porter
 * Cedric Price
 * Keith Raywood
 * Raj Rewal
 * Richard Rogers (Pritzker Prize, 2007; Stirling Prize, 2006, 2009)
 * Diana Rowntree
 * Winifred Ryle
 * Elisabeth Sakellariou
 * Peter Salter
 * Matthias Sauerbruch
 * Ole Scheeren
 * Elisabeth Scott
 * Denise Scott Brown
 * Nasrine Seraji
 * Dennis Sharp
 * William Tatton Brown
 * Quinlan Terry
 * John F. C. Turner
 * Jaqueline Tyrwhitt
 * Michael Ventris
 * Eyal Weizman
 * Clive Wilkinson
 * Nicholas Williams
 * John Winter
 * John Worthington
 * Roger Zogolovitch

Former directors

 * Howard Robertson (1929–35)
 * Alvin Boyarsky (1971–90)
 * Alan Balfour (1991–95)
 * Mohsen Mostafavi (1995–2004)
 * Brett Steele (2005–2017)
 * Samantha Hardingham (interim, 2017–18)
 * Eva Franch i Gilabert (2018–2020)

Notable current and former teachers

 * Abalos & Herreros
 * Virgil Abloh
 * David Adjaye
 * Will Alsop
 * Wiel Arets
 * Ben van Berkel
 * Tatiana Bilbao
 * Alison Brooks
 * Reg Butler
 * Nigel Coates
 * Mark Cousins
 * Keith Critchlow
 * Robin Evans
 * David Greene
 * Terry Farrell
 * Jane Hughes Fawcett
 * Mark Fisher
 * Earl Flansburgh
 * John Frazer
 * Ranulph Glanville
 * Mike Gold
 * James Gowan
 * Zaha Hadid
 * Michael Ulrich Hensel
 * Charles Hutton
 * Louisa Hutton
 * Robert Furneaux Jordan
 * Jeff Kipnis
 * Leon Krier

 * Rem Koolhaas
 * Arthur Korn
 * Daniel Libeskind
 * Achim Menges
 * Mohsen Mostafavi
 * Farshid Moussavi
 * Gordon Pask
 * Alberto Pérez-Gómez
 * Cedric Price
 * Philippe Rahm
 * Jasia Reichardt
 * Ian Ritchie
 * Nathalie Rozencwajg
 * Makoto Saito
 * Peter Salter
 * Matthias Sauerbruch
 * Patrik Schumacher
 * Nasrine Seraji
 * Dennis Sharp
 * Bahram Shirdel
 * Peter Smithson
 * John Summerson
 * John F. C. Turner
 * Bernard Tschumi
 * Leon van Schaik
 * Dalibor Vesely
 * Ken Yeang
 * Alejandro Zaera-Polo
 * Elia Zenghelis


text:
Norman Cameron (poet)

Norman Cameron (1905–1953) was a Scottish poet, distantly related to Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay. Between the two world wars, Cameron associated on Majorca with Robert Graves and Laura Riding. Later, as a part-time Fitzrovian, he worked closely with Dylan Thomas, Geoffrey Grigson, Ruthven Todd, Len Lye, John Aldridge RA, Alan Hodge and many others. He worked as a copywriter at J. Walter Thompson (being responsible for one classic campaign, Horlicks for night starvation) and at Ogilvy, Benson & Mather.

Life
Born in Bombay, Cameron was the eldest of four children of a Presbyterian minister (chaplain of the Bombay Presidency) who died prematurely in 1913. Subsequently, he and his siblings returned with their mother to live in Edinburgh. For his education he went to Alton Burn Preparatory School in Nairn and Fettes College in Edinburgh, where, at only 11 years old, he was the youngest boy ever to be admitted to the main school. There he came under the influence of, and retained a friendship with, W.C. Sellar (who would later write 1066 and all that).

He went on to Oriel College, Oxford, and his verse was published in Oxford Poetry from 1925 to 1928. Needing money during the Great Depression, he taught briefly in Nigeria, under the auspices of that Colonial Government's Education Department. Then he spent time working and travelling in Continental Europe. While in Germany, during the early part of Hitler's dictatorship, he saw an incident which shocked him all his life: starving inmates of a concentration camp being tormented by local inhabitants, who were throwing bread so that it landed only just beyond the captives' reach. As a result of this, he was utterly dismissive of all later German assertions that most people remained ignorant of what was happening within the worst of the camps.

During the war he worked in London at Broadcasting House for the Political Intelligence Department, using his fluency in French and German; in the North African Campaign, from Alexandria, he continued in the same shadowy organisation, where with Bruno Adler, he wrote radio scripts for a comedy series called 'Kurt and Willy', picked up by Rommel's Afrika Korps. At some time, he was parachuted into Yugoslavia as a translator in dealings with Tito, probably with the 1943 mission led by Fitzroy Maclean. For his work in the war he was awarded an MBE.

At the war's end he worked in the British Zone of Austria (then under four power military occupation) in the British Delegation of the Allied Commission for Austria, in Vienna, based at Schönbrunn Palace. His duties there involved restarting the local newspapers. It was during this period that he met the woman who became his third wife: Austrian journalist Dr Gretl Bajardi.

A fire broke out in the couple's flat in Queens Gate, South Kensington, in 1951; and though all his own writings were saved from the flames, his life's collection of considerable works of reference in art and literature was completely destroyed. He told his younger brother Angus (then working in the British Army Staff in Vienna) that he was distraught, that the loss 'was like losing his own soul and one which he thought, perhaps, spelt the end of his writing'.

Cameron, regarded by Dylan Thomas as his best friend, died in London of a brain haemorrhage only six months before Thomas's own demise.

Work
His poetic output amounted to about 70 poems, he translated works by François Villon, Balzac (Cousin Pons), Voltaire (Candide), Benjamin Constant (Adolphe) and Rimbaud and he also translated and contributed to Hitler's Table Talk 1941-1944, with others including Hugh Trevor-Roper.

Mostly self-taught as a writer, he was nevertheless subtly influenced by his friend Robert Graves; and for a while he became a poetic disciple of Laura Riding, but ceased close dealings with her when he was convinced that she was exercising undue influence on his own style. This breach caused considerable consternation to Laura and some loss to his own wealth – but not to his own dignity.

title: Norman Cameron (poet)


text:
User:Pehrs

Generally interested in Science and History. Computer Scientist by profession.

title: User:Pehrs


text:
La Ronge

La Ronge is a northern town in the boreal forest of Saskatchewan, Canada. The town is also the namesake of the larger La Ronge population centre, the largest in northern Saskatchewan, comprising the Northern Village of Air Ronge, and the Kitsakie 156B and Lac La Ronge 156 reserves of the Lac La Ronge First Nation.

The town is located approximately 250 km north of Prince Albert and lies on the western shore of Lac la Ronge, is adjacent to Lac La Ronge Provincial Park, and is on the edge of the Canadian Shield.

History
The name “La Ronge” comes from the lake itself, although the actual origin of the name is uncertain. The French verb ronger translates as “to gnaw”, with at least one explanation theorising that 17th- and 18th-century French fur traders referred to the lake as la ronge (literally, the chewed) due to the abundant beaver population along the lake’s shoreline. Undoubtedly, many of the trees along the water’s edge would have been visibly chewed, or completely gnawed to the ground and taken away by the rodents for their dam construction.

In 1782, Swiss born fur trader Jean-Étienne Waddens had a fur trade post on Lac La Ronge. In March 1782, Waddens was fatally wounded in a quarrel with his associate Peter Pond.

La Ronge began in 1904 as a fur trading post and meeting place, but with the decline of hunting and the fur market, La Ronge has diversified into other areas. Many of the Dene, Cree, and white trappers used La Ronge as their central service point. It incorporated as a northern village on 3 May 1905.

With the extension of Highway 2 from Prince Albert in 1947, La Ronge became a major tourist fishing area. The highway between La Ronge and Prince Albert expanded the community further in the 1970s after it was paved.

In the early 1950s and 1960s, the mineral resources in the La Ronge area began to be explored and developed.

La Ronge's status changed from northern village to industrial town in 1965 and then to town on 1 November 1976 before finally becoming a northern town on 1 October 1983.

Wildfire evacuations
In May 1999, the community of La Ronge was evacuated after a fire burned through the far north of the town. The wildfire burned multiple houses before conditions pushed the fire away from the town and crews were able to extinguish it.

Once again in July 2015, La Ronge was threatened by dangerous forest fires that combined forcing approximately 7,000 people to evacuate from their homes. Many cabins and homes were burnt. The fire came within 2 km of La Ronge and burned completely around the La Ronge Airport making it difficult to fight the fire from air with smokey conditions and unreliable weather making the fight against the fires very difficult. In total there were over a hundred fires burning in Northern Saskatchewan at once which forced over 13,000 residents to flee their homes, resulting in the province's largest evacuation ever. The fires were caused by low precipitation in the winter and summer months and also high temperatures.

Geography

La Ronge is surrounded by several First Nations reserves, with the Northern Village of Air Ronge located just south of the community on Highway 2. With access to all other points north, east and west, and transportation linkage to the south, La Ronge is also the northern hub for the Saskatchewan provincial government.

Climate
According to the Köppen–Geiger and Trewartha climate classification systems, La Ronge experiences a borderline (warm-summer) humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb; Trewartha Dc) —prior to the 1991–2020 normals, it experienced a continental subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc; Trewartha Ec). Winters are long, dry and very cold while summer is short, warm and wetter. Precipitation is fairly low, with an annual average of 513.6 mm. The highest temperature ever recorded in La Ronge was 37.2 C on 23 August 1929. The coldest temperature ever recorded was -52.2 C on 15 February 1936.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, La Ronge had a population of $2,521$ living in $915$ of its $1,034$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $2,688$. With a land area of 16.71 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Population centre
The La Ronge population centre, the fourteenth largest population centre in the province, comprises four adjoining census subdivisions including the Northern Town of La Ronge, the Northern Village of Air Ronge and the Kitsakie 156B and Lac La Ronge 156 Indian reserves of the Lac La Ronge First Nation.

In the 2016 Census, Statistics Canada reported that the La Ronge population centre had a population of 5,671 living in 1,704 of its 1,927 total dwellings, a +6.6% change from its 2011 population of 5,318. With a land area of 8.57 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

The following is a population breakdown of the La Ronge population centre by census subdivision.

Economy
Several mining companies, government agencies, and airlines now keep offices in La Ronge, and the local Chamber of Commerce has many other retail and service businesses amongst its members.

La Ronge Wild Rice Corporation processes freshly harvested wild rice (in August to October) from Northern Saskatchewan farmers.

Tourism also brings in many of people to the La Ronge area. In the summer time, many people visit the Lac La Ronge Provincial Park which is Saskatchewan's largest Provincial Park.

Sports
The community is also home to the La Ronge Ice Wolves ice hockey team of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League, La Ronge minor hockey association and the La Ronge Crushers men's hockey league and the La Ronge women's hockey league. La Ronge also has a minor baseball program with many teams and age groups.

La Ronge is home to an 8 team Ladies Slopitch League - JRMCC Ladies Slopitch (slow-pitch softball). The Churchill Community High School and the Senator Myles Venne High School both have many sports programs and partake in the Saskatchewan High School Athletic Association. There are many other sports available in the community including volleyball, broomball, curling and a women's hockey program.

Government
In 2009, La Ronge elected 21-year-old councillor Thomas Sierzycki as its mayor. This established La Ronge as having one of the youngest mayors in Canada. Sierzycki stayed in office for two terms up until October 2016 when he decided not to run for a third term after a failed bid to land himself a seat as a Saskatchewan MLA with the Saskatchewan Party in the April 2016 election.

Education
There are two high schools and three elementary schools in La Ronge and Air Ronge. High schools include Churchill Community High School and / Senator Myles Venne High School. Elementary schools in La Ronge and Air Ronge include Pre-cam Community School, Gordon Denny Community School, and Bells Point Elementary School.

Northlands College maintains its main campus in La Ronge and took over the Nortep / Norpac program after the Saskatchewan provincial government cut funding to the program in March 2017.

Transportation
La Ronge is connected to southern Saskatchewan by Highway 2, which continues north as Highway 102. La Ronge is served by the La Ronge (Barber Field) Airport and the La Ronge Water Aerodrome.

Notable people

 * Danis Goulet, Cree-Métis film director and screenwriter

title: La Ronge


text:
The Blue Nile (band)

The Blue Nile were a Scottish band which originated in Glasgow. The group's early music was built heavily on synthesizers and electronic instrumentation and percussion, although later works featured guitar more prominently. Following early championing by established artists such as Rickie Lee Jones and Peter Gabriel (the band later worked with both acts), the Blue Nile gained critical acclaim, particularly for their first two albums A Walk Across the Rooftops and Hats, and some commercial success in both the UK and the US, which led to the band working with a wide range of musicians from the late 1980s onwards.

The Blue Nile's highest chart placement came when "Tinseltown in the Rain" reached No. 28 in the Netherlands in 1984, their only Dutch charting song. The band has had four top 75 hits on the UK Singles Chart, the highest being "Saturday Night" which reached No. 50 in 1991. In the United States, "The Downtown Lights" was their only chart entry, peaking at No. 10 on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart.

The band members have also gained a reputation for their avoidance of publicity, their idiosyncratic dealings with the recording industry and their perfectionism and slow work rate, which has resulted in the release of just four albums since the group's formation in 1981. The group appear to have disbanded since the release of their fourth album High in 2004, although there has never been any official confirmation.

In 2006, Buchanan had a top 10 hit in the UK when he featured on Texas' song, "Sleep", which reached No. 6.

Early years
Paul Buchanan (born 16 April 1956, Edinburgh, Scotland ) and his childhood friend Robert Bell grew up together in Glasgow. They both attended the University of Glasgow in the late 1970s, Buchanan gaining a degree in literature and medieval history, Bell a degree in mathematics. Buchanan's civil-servant father had been a semi-professional musician and had musical instruments in the house, but it was only after he and Bell had graduated that Buchanan began to think seriously about a career in music.

Although Buchanan had grown up in the same neighbourhood as Paul Joseph "PJ" Moore, they only became well acquainted at university, where Moore was studying electronics, and the three friends became part of a band, first known as McIntyre (named after the John McIntyre Building, the university's administrative offices ) and then Night by Night, although Buchanan later commented that Night by Night only played "twice, maybe three times" in its short existence. The band struggled to retain a settled line-up and, by 1981, Buchanan, Bell and Moore were the only remaining members. They decided not to recruit anybody else, trading in a guitar for an effect pedal and borrowing an old drum machine that only played Hispanic American music rhythms. Buchanan later recalled, "We went and gigged, because we needed the money, we'd do gigs where we'd do cover versions with the cassette of Latin American rhythms. And we were terrible. But we picked songs that were so completely durable and well known that people recognized them. No matter how badly we mangled them."

Renaming themselves the Blue Nile (after the title of the 1962 book by Alan Moorehead ), the group managed to raise enough money to record and release its first single, "I Love This Life", on their own Peppermint Records label. Only a limited number were produced, but one found its way to RSO Records via their friend and engineer Calum Malcolm. Malcolm had been a member of short-lived Edinburgh punk band The Headboys who had released their records on the RSO label, and he still had contacts with the company. RSO licensed the single for distribution, but almost as soon as the record was released RSO went bankrupt and was absorbed into the PolyGram recording company, and the single consequently disappeared.

A Walk Across the Rooftops (1982–1984)
Undaunted by this setback, they continued to play gigs around Glasgow, starting to write their own songs alongside the cover versions they were playing. Having no drummer and with limited musical ability, particularly in Buchanan's guitar playing (he later admitted that "we could play a little, but I was the worst by a long way" ), the newly formed Blue Nile adopted an atmospheric, electronic approach primarily out of pragmatism. The band also made the most of their imagination, thrift and mechanical ingenuity. Buchanan recalled, "PJ had bought a tray from a waiter. It was made of zinc and it made a good noise when you hit it. We sampled it and PJ made a pad to trigger it from for £3. It was all very primitive back then — you had to hit it about two seconds before you wanted the sound to appear in the song."

The most commonly told story about the Blue Nile is that in 1983 they were approached by a local hi-fi manufacturer, Linn Products, and asked to produce a song that would showcase the Linn equipment to best effect. Linn was so pleased with the resulting record that it offered the Blue Nile a contract to make a whole album, and set up its own record label specifically to release it.

In interviews, both Buchanan and Moore have categorically denied that Linn approached the band to make a record for them, or that the record company influenced the album's sound in any way at all, with Moore saying, "It was a myth that we were a 'hi-fi band signed to a hi-fi company'. We just got lucky that we'd found our way to an excellent engineer who knew the company." The engineer in question was Calum Malcolm, with whom the band had already recorded some demos in his Castlesound studio near Edinburgh. Since Malcolm was a friend of Linn's founder Ivor Tiefenbrun, and had ties with the company, his studio was fitted out with Linn equipment. When Linn representatives visited one day and asked to hear some music to test out their new speakers, Malcolm played them the demo of "Tinseltown in the Rain". Impressed, Linn offered the band a contract with the record label it was in the process of setting up. Despite the fact that the group took nine months to reply to Linn's offer, the contract was eventually signed and its first album, A Walk Across the Rooftops, was released as Linn Records' first album in May 1984.

On its release, A Walk Across the Rooftops gained widespread acclaim from music critics for its mixture of sparse, detailed electronic sounds and Buchanan's soulful vocals, later described as a "fusion of chilly technology and a pitch of confessional, romantic soul". In 1984, the band gained greater exposure in Europe, with the videos for their two singles, "Stay" and "Tinseltown in the Rain", often shown on the video channel Music Box. The band's profile began to grow, although its existence remained precarious. Buchanan commented, "I've always found it strange that people missed the 'punk' aspect of A Walk Across the Rooftops. We were living in a flat in Glasgow with no hot water. We barely knew what we were doing and that was very liberating."

Hats (1985–1990)
Keen to capitalise on the positive critical reception awarded to A Walk Across the Rooftops, Linn sent the band back to Castlesound studio early in 1985 to produce a quick follow-up record. However, as the band later admitted, there was no new material ready to record, and they were not happy with the songs they were producing under pressure in the studio. The lack of progress led to stress and arguments among the band members, and matters were not helped when Virgin Records, to whom Linn had licensed the band's records, began legal proceedings against the group and the label for not producing the new material stipulated in the licensing agreement. After two years with almost nothing to show for its efforts, the band was forced to leave the studio to make way for another band, and had to return home to Glasgow. Away from the pressures of the studio, the group overcame the writer's block and, eventually returning to Castlesound in 1988, was able to rapidly complete a new album.

Hats was released in October 1989 to rave reviews, including a rare five-star rating from Q magazine. Warmer and smoother sounding than the first album, and exploring the highs and lows of romantic love, Hats peaked at #12 on the UK Albums Chart. It was also the group's breakthrough record in the US, where it reached #108 on the US Billboard 200 album charts in May 1990. All three singles released in the UK from the album made the top 75 in the UK Singles Chart.

The Blue Nile's first live public performance after making A Walk Across the Rooftops was in December 1989 on the television programme Halfway to Paradise, a Scottish-based arts magazine show broadcast on Channel 4. The band also composed and performed the theme tune for the programme, later released as a single B-side. The band played two songs with the American singer Rickie Lee Jones (who had recently befriended the band and had become one of its biggest supporters), performing her own "Flying Cowboys" and the Blue Nile's "Easter Parade". The duet version of "Easter Parade" was used as the B-side of both Jones's 1990 single, "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying", and the 12" single of "Headlights on the Parade". During 1990, the Blue Nile supported Jones on her US tour (their experience in America was filmed by BBC Scotland for a documentary titled Flags and Fences), followed by a tour of the UK culminating in two homecoming gigs in September 1990 at the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, becoming the first non-classical band to play at the newly opened venue.

Peace at Last (1991–1996)
The radio play gained by Hats in the US, in particular the single "The Downtown Lights", brought the Blue Nile to the attention of several well-known US-based musicians. In 1991, the band was invited to Los Angeles to work on songs by Julian Lennon, Robbie Robertson and Michael McDonald. As a result, Buchanan moved to Los Angeles and lived there for a while, and had a relationship with the actress Rosanna Arquette between 1991 and 1993. Speaking about that period of his life Buchanan said, "It really was interesting. I have to say it was lived in all earnest ... And there was much good there, I enjoyed it, I really enjoyed it ... The great thing all the time was you were constantly wanting to phone friends and say, Guess who's in the shop? Guess who's in the supermarket? I'm not immune to all that. In the movies—celluloid's better than life isn't it? It makes everything glossy. I don't mean it's better, but it's so glamorous, I met lots of people—it was fascinating." The band also worked on Annie Lennox's first solo album, Diva, co-writing the track "The Gift". Lennox later covered "The Downtown Lights" (from Hats) for her second album, Medusa, released in 1995.

Having been let go by Linn and Virgin Records, the group signed a deal with Warner Bros. Records in 1992, although it later transpired that Buchanan had made the deal by himself without informing his bandmates. His explanation was that "none of the others were in town at the time". The band decided that it wanted to find somewhere private to record its new album with its portable studio, and began travelling around Europe searching for suitable locations. Having spent two years looking at and dismissing locations in cities such as Venice, Amsterdam and Copenhagen, the record was finally recorded piecemeal over three locations in Paris, Dublin and Los Angeles.

In June 1996, seven years after Hats, the Blue Nile released a third album, entitled Peace at Last. It displayed a marked difference in style to the first two albums, with Buchanan's acoustic guitar work more to the fore. Buchanan recalled that he had bought the guitar in a New York music shop, and by coincidence Robert Bell had seen the guitar earlier the same day and called Buchanan to tell him about it. A gospel choir made a brief appearance on the first single, "Happiness". Despite the release of Peace at Last on a major label, critical reaction to the album was more mixed than for the band's previous records, although sales were good, entering the UK album chart at #13.

High (1997–2004)
In 1997, the Blue Nile appointed a full-time manager for the first time - the experienced ex-Dire Straits manager, Ed Bicknell - who extricated the group from the deal with Warner Bros. He also attempted to persuade the band to change its recording habits, but had little success. Bicknell parted ways with the band in 2004, later saying that "in terms of the modern recording world the history of the Blue Nile was the most screwed-up I had ever encountered". Following tour dates in 1996 and 1997, culminating in an appearance at the Glastonbury Festival in June 1997, the Blue Nile disappeared from public view for the next seven years, apart from an appearance at a 2001 tribute concert at the Olympia Theatre in Dublin for the Irish music presenter Uaneen Fitzsimons, following her death in a car crash. A remixed version of the single "Tinseltown in the Rain" was used as the theme song for the BBC Scotland TV series Tinsel Town, broadcast in 2000 and 2001.

After the longest period yet between albums, the Blue Nile released High in August 2004. Part of the lengthy delay in making the record was due to Buchanan contracting a form of chronic fatigue syndrome which affected his health for two years, but as he explained on the album's release, it was mostly a result of the band's perfectionism taking hold once again, "We recorded an album and a half and ... we realised we weren't in love with it ... The vast majority of it we just dumped; we just put it to one side and didn't touch it any more." The album reached number 10 on the UK Albums Chart, the highest position to date for the band. Although acoustic guitar is still present on some tracks, the overall musical sound is more reminiscent of Hats.

Rift and subsequent activity (2005–present)
It became apparent during the recording of High that old tensions among the band members had resurfaced. Buchanan's comments in a 2012 interview seemed to indicate that the album was finished out of a sense of duty and loyalty rather than any willingness to do so. "When we eventually finished High, I don't think it was bristling with the same joy and naivety we'd felt when we started. We'd gathered ourselves long enough to make it. It seemed to me a stoic record, to some extent a record about ourselves, though I didn't realise that 'til later. It was a collected and fairly stoic record which I was proud of and, in a sense, we just made ourselves focus. We showed up, we went into the room and worked, and whatever drift had set in we were loyal to each other and we knew we had to form the wagons into a circle."

During preparations for the tour in February 2005 following the album's release, Buchanan and Bell realised that Moore had stopped contacting them and would not be showing up for the tour. Although in interviews around the time Buchanan brushed aside questions about Moore's absence and insisted that they remained friends, he acknowledged years later that in fact he and Bell have had virtually no contact with Moore since the recording of High.

Buchanan and Bell toured England and Scotland in May and June 2006, followed by Scotland and Ireland in November 2006, billed as "Paul Buchanan sings the songs of the Blue Nile", refraining from simply calling themselves the Blue Nile as a mark of respect for Moore's absence. The band consisted of Buchanan on vocals and guitar, Bell on bass guitar and keyboards, Alan Cuthbertson and Brendan Smith on keyboards, Stuart McCredie on guitar, and Liam Bradley on drums. On 14 July 2007, Buchanan and Bell played at the Bridgewater Hall in Manchester as part of the Manchester International Festival. In July 2008, the band played shows at the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, Somerset House in London and the Radisson Hotel in Galway.

Although there has never been an official statement to clarify whether or not the Blue Nile still exists, the indications are that the band has split up. There appears to be disagreement among the band members themselves as to whether they will ever make another record together. Moore is emphatic that he will never rejoin the band, saying in communications sent in 2010 to the band's biographer that he was "finding it healthier to put all that behind me", and in a 2013 interview his terse reply to the question of a reunion was, "I think stuff happened that was simply beyond the pale. It's a shame, but if the feeling for sitting down together really isn't there, then continuing to do so even because you want to is pointless." On the other hand, Buchanan has not given up hope that the three members of the Blue Nile may make more music together in the future, saying, "I don't know where things stand with the other two guys ... In a way, I think it would be the right and proper thing to do but I'll just need to wait and see. If the others say let's do this ... Certainly, if I bump into them on a corner my hope would be that we could say: so what are you doing tomorrow?" He also lamented the estrangement with Moore, saying, "We're inhibited by the Scottish male thing where you have to give the other guy space, but I love PJ and there isn't a month goes by where I don't think about phoning him".

In September 2010, a biography of the Blue Nile by the Scottish journalist Allan Brown, titled Nileism: The Strange Course of the Blue Nile, was published. Although Brown was a long-time acquaintance of Buchanan, he found Buchanan reluctant to participate, and both Bell and Moore refused Brown's invitations for interviews or any co-operation with the book's writing.

In May 2012, Buchanan released his first solo album, Mid Air, a collection of short, stripped-back songs mostly with just Buchanan's voice and piano, recorded with Calum Malcolm's son Cameron as the album's engineer and released on Buchanan's own Newsroom Records label. In a radio interview, Buchanan mentioned that towards the end of the recording process he had called in Robert Bell to help out on two tracks ("Mid Air" and "My True Country") that neither he nor Cameron Malcolm were satisfied with. Bell also later remixed "Buy a Motor Car", which appeared on the deluxe edition of the album released in October 2012. The album peaked at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart of 2 June 2012, and its title track, "Mid Air", was used a year later in the Richard Curtis film, About Time.

In November 2012, Virgin Records released two-CD "Collector's Edition" versions of the band's first two albums, A Walk Across the Rooftops and Hats. Each version had the original album remastered by engineer Calum Malcolm, along with a bonus disc of rare and previously unreleased material selected by Buchanan and Bell. A similar reissue of the third album, Peace at Last, was released on 3 March 2014.

In July 2016, Buchanan took part in the David Bowie Prom at the Royal Albert Hall, performing "Ashes to Ashes", "I Can't Give Everything Away" and, as a duet with Laura Mvula, "Girl Loves Me".

In 2019, the band's major label albums were re-issued on vinyl, with a re-issue of High charting at number 74 in the UK charts after being released by Confetti Records on 5 June 2020 as vinyl or double CD edition.

Legacy
The band has influenced future musicians such as Duncan Sheik, who covered the song "Stay", as well as Wild Beasts.

Matty Healy, the 1975's lead singer and primary songwriter, labeled The Blue Nile his "favorite band of all time" and declared Hats to be his "favorite record of the '80s." Healy would describe the 1975's 2018 song "Love It If We Made It" as the "Blue Nile on steroids" and told Entertainment Weekly that "I wanted to reference [ The Downtown Lights]; I didn't want to hide away from referencing it. I wanted it to be fucking obvious to people that know." Taylor Swift, who had previously been in a relationship with Healy, referenced the band in her 2024 song "Guilty as Sin?" with the opening lyrics "Drowning in the Blue Nile, he sent me 'Downtown Lights', I hadn't heard it in a while." Streams for "The Downtown Lights" rose 1,400% in the four-day period following the release of Swift's album. Ten days after the album's release, the vinyl stock of all four of the Blue Nile's albums were sold out on their website.

Unreleased material
Four unreleased tracks from the Rooftops and Hats sessions can be found on bootleg recordings. These include:
 * "St Catherine's Day"
 * "Christmas"
 * "Young Club"
 * "Broadway in the Snow"

The first two of these were subsequently included on the deluxe releases of the first two albums.

An instrumental version of "Stay Close" from High was available as an MP3 download from the band's website. The remixed version of "Soul Boy" that appeared on the "She Saw The World" single was also available as an MP3 download.

A remixed version of "Tinseltown in the Rain" was used as the theme music for the BBC Scotland drama series Tinsel Town.

Buchanan played a number of new tracks in his 2006 solo shows which are regarded by many fans as unreleased Blue Nile songs. These can be found on live bootlegs, and include:
 * "Runaround Girl"
 * "Meanwhile"
 * "Start Again"

Paul Buchanan solo records

 * Mid Air (Newsroom, 2012)

Collaborations with other artists

 * Julian Lennon – Help Yourself (1991): the track "Other Side of Town" features vocals by Buchanan, written by Buchanan and Bell
 * Robbie Robertson – Storyville (1991): the track "Breakin' the Rules" features vocals and guitar by Buchanan and bass guitar and drum programming by Bell; the track "Sign of the Rainbow" features bass guitar by Bell. Paul Joseph Moore (as Paul Moore) plays keyboards on four of the songs, including "Breakin' the Rules", on which he also does the drum programming.
 * Nicky Holland – Nicky Holland (1992): the track "Running Around Again" produced and co-written by Bell
 * Rickie Lee Jones – "Easter Parade"
 * Annie Lennox – Diva (1992): the track "The Gift" co-written by Annie Lennox and the Blue Nile
 * Michael McDonald – Blink of an Eye (1993): the track "I Want You" written and produced by Paul Buchanan & Robert Bell
 * The Devlins – Drift (1993): the track "I Don't Want to Be Like This" produced by Bell
 * Matraca Berg – The Speed of Grace (1994): the track "Let's Face It" written by Buchanan
 * Máire Brennan – Misty Eyed Adventures (1995): the track "Big Yellow Taxi" produced by the Blue Nile
 * Chris Botti – Midnight Without You (1997): the track "Midnight Without You" features the Blue Nile, written by Chris Botti, Buchanan and Moore
 * Peter Gabriel – OVO (2000): the tracks "Downside Up" and "Make Tomorrow" feature vocals by Paul Buchanan
 * Quiet City (aka the Blue Nile's drummer Nigel Thomas) – Public Face, Private Face (2002): the tracks "Due North" and "Things We Should Say" feature vocals by Buchanan
 * Texas – Red Book (2005): the track "Sleep" features vocals by Buchanan
 * Michael Brook – RockPaperScissors (2006): the track "RockPaperScissors" features vocals by Buchanan
 * Aqualung – Memory Man (2007): the track "Garden of Love" features vocals by Buchanan
 * Paula Cole – Courage (2007): the track "Until I Met You" features vocals by Buchanan
 * Various Artists – Seasons of Light Christmas album (2007): the tracks "Seasons of Light" and "Silent Night" feature vocals by Buchanan
 * Robin Danar – Altered States (2008): the track "Message of Love" features vocals by Buchanan (cover version of the Pretenders song)
 * Aqualung – Magnetic North (2010): the track "36 Hours" co-written by Matt Hales and Paul Buchanan
 * Up Dharma Down – Capacities (2012): the track "Feelings" features vocals by Buchanan
 * Craig Armstrong – The Space Between Us (1998) a new version of the track "Let's Go Out Tonight" by The Blue Nile is performed by Buchanan with Craig Armstrong
 * Craig Armstrong – It's Nearly Tomorrow (2014) — two tracks featuring vocals by Buchanan: "All Around Love" and "It's Not Alright"
 * Jessie Ware – Glasshouse (2017): the track "Last of The True Believers" features vocals by Buchanan

title: The Blue Nile (band)