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Bullets Over Broadway

Bullets Over Broadway is a 1994 American black comedy crime film directed by Woody Allen, written by Allen and Douglas McGrath, and starring an ensemble cast including John Cusack, Dianne Wiest, Chazz Palminteri and Jennifer Tilly.

The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Allen for Best Director, Allen and McGrath for Best Original Screenplay, Palminteri for Best Supporting Actor, and both Tilly and Wiest for Best Supporting Actress, with the latter winning for her performance, the second time Allen directed her to an Academy Award. Considered one of his best works, Bullets Over Broadway is the most recent film directed by Allen with a shared writing credit.

Plot
In 1928, David Shayne is an idealistic young playwright newly arrived on Broadway from Pittsburgh. Desperate to gain financing for his play, God of Our Fathers, he is convinced by producer Julian Marx to cast actress Olive Neal, the girlfriend of gangster Nick Valenti, in a minor role.

Compensating for his frustration with the demanding and talentless Olive, Shayne is thrilled to cast alcoholic faded star Helen Sinclair in the lead role, along with the dieting British thespian Warner Purcell. Rehearsals are soon thrown into chaos when Olive shows up escorted by Cheech, a mob henchman, who insists on watching rehearsals.

Eventually Cheech starts giving notes on the script to Shayne, who is initially angered by the intrusion but quickly realizes the ideas are excellent. Cheech, who barely learned to read before burning down his school, has a natural talent for playwriting, but is not interested in taking any credit. The cast members herald the revised script as genius, disparaging his initial draft as dull and pompous.

Buoyed by their imminent success, Shayne and the actors succumb to their vices. His partner, Ellen, catches him cheating on her with Helen. Warner indulges in overeating and begins an affair with Olive, which he attempts to break off when Cheech threatens his life. Growing increasingly frustrated with Olive's poor acting, Cheech tries to have her fired from the production. After Shayne reminds him he cannot get rid of Olive, Cheech murders her and dumps her body in a river.

Olive's murder is widely assumed to be part of an inter-gang conflict, but Shayne immediately senses the truth and argues with Cheech. Regretting his mistakes, Shayne is dismayed to learn that Ellen is leaving him for his hedonistic Marxist friend Sheldon Flender.

On opening night, Valenti accuses Cheech of Olive's murder, which he denies. Henchmen Rocco and Aldo chase Cheech backstage while the play is being performed, shooting him. With his dying words, Cheech gives Shayne a new final line for the play. The play is a critical and commercial success, but Shayne skips the after-party to confront Flender. He confesses his lack of talent and proposes marriage to Ellen, who accepts his newfound desire to leave high society and move back to Pittsburgh.

Soundtrack

 * "Toot, Toot, Tootsie (Goo' Bye!)" – Written by Dan Russo, Ernie Erdman and Gus Kahn – Performed by Al Jolson with the Vitaphone Orchestra
 * "Crazy Rhythm" – Lyrics by Irving Caesar – Music by Joseph Meyer (songwriter) & Roger Wolfe Kahn
 * "You've Got to See Mamma Every Night or You Can't See Mamma at All" – Lyrics by Billy Rose – Music by Con Conrad
 * "Make Believe" – Music by Jerome Kern – Lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II – Performed by The Three Deuces Musicians
 * "That Jungle Jamboree" – Written by Andy Razaf, Harry Brooks & Fats Waller – Performed by Duke Ellington
 * "Lazy River" – Written by Hoagy Carmichael & Sidney Arodin – Performed by New Leviathan Oriental Fox Trot Orchestra
 * "Nagasaki" – Music by Harry Warren – Lyrics by Mort Dixon
 * "Let's Misbehave" – By Cole Porter – Performed by Irving Aaronson and his Commanders
 * "You Took Advantage of Me" – Music by Richard Rodgers – Lyrics by Lorenz Hart
 * "When the Red, Red Robin (Comes Bob, Bob, Bobbin' Along)" – Written by Harry M. Woods
 * "Ma! He's Making Eyes at Me" – Lyrics by Sidney Clare – Music by Con Conrad – Performed by Eddie Cantor with Henri Rene and His Orchestra
 * "Thou Swell" – Music by Richard Rodgers – Lyrics by Lorenz Hart
 * "At the Jazz Band Ball" – Written by Nick LaRocca & Larry Shields – Performed by Bix Beiderbecke
 * "Poor Butterfly" – Music by Raymond Hubbell – Lyrics by John Golden – Performed by Red Nichols and His Five Pennies
 * "That Certain Feeling" – Music by George Gershwin – Lyrics by Ira Gershwin
 * "Who" – Music by Jerome Kern – Lyrics by Otto A. Harbach & Oscar Hammerstein II – Performed by George Olsen

Production
The film's locales include the duplex co-op on the 22nd floor of 5 Tudor City Place in Manhattan.

The film's title may have been an homage to a lengthy sketch of the same title from the 1950s television show Caesar's Hour; one of Allen's first jobs in television was writing for Sid Caesar specials after the initial run of the show.

The film featured the last screen appearance of Benay Venuta. Allen cast her in a cameo role as a well-wishing wealthy theatre patron. She died of lung cancer in September 1995.

Critical response
Bullets Over Broadway received a positive response from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 95% based on 60 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "A gleefully entertaining backstage comedy, Bullets Over Broadway features some of Woody Allen's sharpest, most inspired late-period writing and direction."

Janet Maslin of The New York Times described the film as "a bright, energetic, sometimes side-splitting comedy with vital matters on its mind, precisely the kind of sharp-edged farce [Allen] has always done best." Todd McCarthy of Variety similarly called it "a backstage comedy bolstered by healthy shots of prohibition gangster melodrama and romantic entanglements" and wrote, "In its mixing of showbiz and gangsters, this is a nice companion piece to Allen's Broadway Danny Rose, and about as amusing." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised, "Bullets Over Broadway shares a kinship with a more serious film by Allen, Crimes and Misdemeanors, in which a man committed murder and was able, somehow, to almost justify it. Now here is the comic side of the same coin. The movie is very funny and, in the way it follows its logic wherever it leads, surprisingly tough."

The film grossed $13.4 million in the United States and Canada and $24.1 million internationally for a worldwide total of $37.5 million.

Year-end lists

 * 4th – National Board of Review
 * 4th – Glenn Lovell, San Jose Mercury News
 * 4th – Sean P. Means, The Salt Lake Tribune
 * 5th – Robert Denerstein, Rocky Mountain News
 * 8th – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone
 * 8th – Kevin Thomas, Los Angeles Times
 * 8th – John Hurley, Staten Island Advance
 * 10th – Yardena Arar, Los Angeles Daily News
 * 11th – Janet Maslin, The New York Times
 * Top 9 (not ranked) – Dan Webster, The Spokesman-Review
 * Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Bob Ross, The Tampa Tribune
 * Top 10 (not ranked) – Dennis King, Tulsa World
 * Top 10 (not ranked) – Howie Movshovitz, The Denver Post
 * Top 5 runners-up (not ranked) – Scott Schuldt, The Oklahoman
 * Honorable mentions – Mike Clark, USA Today
 * Honorable mention – Duane Dudek, Milwaukee Sentinel
 * Honorable mention – Michael MacCambridge, Austin American-Statesman
 * Guilty pleasure – Douglas Armstrong, The Milwaukee Journal

Stage musical
Allen adapted the film as a stage jukebox musical, titled Bullets Over Broadway the Musical. The musical is directed and choreographed by Susan Stroman, produced by Julian Schlossberg and Allen's younger sister Letty Aronson, with a score from the American songbook using songs from the 1920s and 1930s. The new musical premiered on Broadway at the St. James Theatre on April 10, 2014. A staged reading was held in June 2013. The cast features Zach Braff as David Shayne, Brooks Ashmanskas, Betsy Wolfe, Lenny Wolpe, and Vincent Pastore. Marin Mazzie stars as Helen Sinclair, and Karen Ziemba appears as Eden Brent. Musical supervisor Glen Kelly has adapted and written additional lyrics for songs including "Tain't Nobody's Bus'ness", "Running Wild", "Let's Misbehave", and "I Found a New Baby". The musical closed on August 24, 2014, after 156 performances and 33 previews.

title: Bullets Over Broadway


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Maternal bond

A maternal bond is the relationship between a biological mother/caregiver and her child or baby. While typically associated with pregnancy and childbirth, a maternal bond may also develop in cases later on in life where the child is unrelated, such as in the case of an adoptee or a case of blended family.

Both physical and emotional factors influence the mother-child bonding process. In separation anxiety disorder a child becomes fearful and nervous when away from a loved one, usually a parent or other caregiver. New mothers do not always experience instant love toward their child. Instead, the bond can strengthen over time, or fail to develop. Bonds can take hours, days, weeks, or months to develop.

Pregnancy
The maternal bond between a woman and her biological child usually begins to develop during pregnancy. The pregnant female adapts her lifestyle to suit the needs of the developing infant like their blood and placenta and there is 2 connected veins and blood brings nutrients like food, so there is some connection forming between the mother and acts more like a host. At around 18 to 25 weeks, the mother begins to feel the fetus moving. Similar to seeing her child for the first time in an ultrasound scan, this experience typically leads the mother to feel more attached to her child.

The developing fetus has some awareness of the mother's heartbeat and voice and can respond to touch or movement and could hear sounds around the surroundings. By the seventh month of pregnancy, two-thirds of women report a strong maternal bond with their unborn child.

Some mothers who did not want the pregnancy may not have a close relationship with their child due to foreigness/unfamiliarity. This reference cites: They are more likely to suffer from post-partum depression or other mental health problems and less likely to breastfeed.

Childbirth and post pregnancy
Childbirth is an experience that can strengthen the mother and child bond. Factors such as a traumatic birth, the mother's childhood, medical stress, lack of support and the influence of a spouse or partner/family or socioeconomic factors like poverty can weaken the bond.

Post pregnancy can be seen as a time for emotional bonding for children even if they were born prematurely, they can still bond by cuddling and hugging or even by touching next to the incubators and playing with children can help with bonding especially of it was skin to skin like share bonding/touch even if it was from the NICU.

Emotional bonding theory first appeared in the mid-1970s in the studies, and by the 1980s had become an accepted phenomenon. Soon, the process became analyzed and scrutinized to the point of creating another term – poor bonding.

Oxytocin
Production of oxytocin during childbirth and lactation increases parasympathetic activity. Thus, anxiety is theoretically reduced. Maternal oxytocin circulation is said to predispose women to bond and show bonding behavior, although this has been disputed.

Breastfeeding is also strongly believed to foster the bond, via touch, response and mutual gazing as it stimulates the experience with the baby gazing up and down the mother and drinking from the mother's nipples.

Maternal separation anxiety
Beginning at 9–10 months of age when infants begin to crawl and then when they begin to walk around 12 months of age, they begin to develop capacities to physically explore the world away from their mother. These capacities bring with them separation anxiety as the infant becomes more vulnerable away from mother. This newly acquired motor development parallels infants' intellectual curiosity, and cognitive and language development as they begin to point and name, and jointly attend with mothers to their environment beginning by 9–10 months. Most parents welcome these explorations and this increased independence. However, in the context of maternal depression, trauma or disturbed bonding in her own early life, some mothers have significant difficulty in tolerating the exploration and-or the infant's anxiety.

This separation anxiety increases when infants and toddlers feel threatened or socially reference their mothers for reassurance. The research claimed out that mothers, for example, with histories of violence exposure and post-traumatic stress show less activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, a brain area that helps to temper and contextualize fear responses, and thus are likely unable to extinguish their fear response upon watching a videotaped mother-toddler separation scene in a magnetic resonance imaging scanner.

Child separation anxiety
Inevitably, children who have rarely been separated from their mother become anxious when separated for extended periods. This is most commonly experienced when starting to attend school. Separation anxiety can cause children to be unable to be open to new experiences such as attending school regularly. There is a relationship between child separation anxiety and school refusal.

Attachment happens after childbirth and does not form and is likely more fluid as you go further in later in life, this anxiety can reoccur if mothers have to leave their family unit to work. In both cases, the child's anxiety (and that of the parents) can be reduced by priming, i.e. preparing the child for the experience before its occurrence and by creating and maintaining dialogue and connection between the absent parent and child during the separation. Many children may experience such anxiety in various forms. Child separation anxiety may be a learned behaviour which can occur over time initiating from innate fears of separation or trauma.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maternal bond


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User talk:Bush Sucks

Please stop adding nonsense to the Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 17:24, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be prevented from editing Wikipedia. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 17:27, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bush Sucks


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User talk:Btbvector

ClockworkTroll 17:24, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Re: Unexpected Welcome
An unexpected welcome! Thanks! --btbvector 17:26, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * My pleasure! ClockworkTroll 17:32, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Btbvector


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NPH

NPH may refer to:

Medicine

 * NPH insulin, an intermediate-acting insulin
 * National Pediatric Hospital, Cambodia, a government-run pediatric hospital in Phnom Penh
 * Normal pressure hydrocephalus, a condition of excessive fluid in the brain

Other

 * Fujicolor Pro (previously NPH 400), a line of professional color negative films
 * National Party of Honduras, a centre-right conservative political party in Honduras
 * Neil Patrick Harris, American actor, singer, director and magician
 * Negative pH (band), an Electronic music band
 * New Phyrexia (expansion code: NPH), a Magic: the Gathering expansion set
 * North Providence High School, a public high school in North Providence, Rhode Island
 * Northeast Party House, an Australian electronic dance band
 * Northwestern Publishing House, the official publishing house for the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod
 * Nuestros Pequeños Hermanos, a charity in Latin America that runs orphanages
 * Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong, a writing system used for the Hmong language

title: NPH


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Bateman's

Bateman's is a 17th-century house located in Burwash, East Sussex, England. It was the home of Rudyard Kipling from 1902 until his death in 1936. The house was built in 1634. Kipling's widow Caroline bequeathed the house to the National Trust on her death in 1939. The house is a Grade I listed building.

History
Bateman's is a Jacobean Wealden mansion constructed in 1634. There is debate as to the original builder. Historic England follows the tradition favoured by Kipling of ascribing the construction to a Sussex ironmaster, John Britten. The historian Adam Nicolson reports the tradition in the National Trust's guidebook, but notes that Britten was a dealer in iron, rather than a manufacturer. Pevsner attributes the construction to a lawyer, William Langham.

By the early twentieth century, the house had descended to the status of a farmhouse, and was in a poor state of repair. The Kiplings first saw it in 1900, on returning to England from America, following the death of their daughter Josephine in 1899 and a disastrous falling-out between them and Carrie Kipling's brother, Beatty Balestier. Enchanted by the house, they were too slow in making an offer and it was let for two years. In 1902, they were able to purchase it, with 33 acres of land, from a wealthy stockbroker, Alexander Carron Scrimgeour.

In 1900, Kipling was the most famous author in England, and was earning £5,000 per year; the cost of Bateman's, £9,300, was thus entirely affordable. Kipling wrote some of his finest works at the house including: "If—", "The Glory of the Garden", and Puck of Pook's Hill, named after the hill visible from the house. The house's setting and the wider local area features in many of his stories. Kipling's poem "The Land" is inspired by the Bateman's estate.

Kipling's only son, John, was killed at the Battle of Loos on 29 September 1915. Kipling died on 18 January 1936, of peritonitis. Carrie died three years later, in 1939. Under the terms of her will the house passed to the National Trust.

Architecture and description
The house is built of sandstone to a double-pile plan, and is of two storeys with gables above. The eastern entrance, front may once have been symmetrical with a northern wing matching the southern one. Historic England's listing states that the wing was constructed but later torn down, while Pevsner suggests that it may never have been built. The windows are mullioned and the roof has an "impressive row of six diamond-shaped red brick chimney stacks".

The interior is retained as it was in the time of the Kiplings. The study is almost as Kipling left it, although without the "pungent aroma" of his forty-a-day Turkish cigarette habit. The house contains a significant collection relating to Kipling, amounting to nearly 5,000 individual pieces, including his Nobel Prize, his Rolls-Royce Phantom I, many oriental items he purchased while living in India or touring in the East and paintings he collected by Edward Poynter, Edward Burne-Jones and James Whistler.

The garden was created by Kipling from 1907, using the prize money from his award of the Nobel Prize in Literature. The house is a Grade I listed building, the highest grade reserved for buildings of "exceptional interest".

Park Mill
There is a water mill on the estate, powered by water from the River Dudwell. The earliest reference to a mill relates to its construction between 1246 and 1248, and first mentioned with the name 'Park' in 1618. The present mill was built between 1751 and 1753, and extended in the 1830s. It became part of the Bateman's estate in the late 19th-century. By Kipling's time, the mill was no longer in operation and he installed an electric turbine in it to provide power for the house. The mill was restored by the Trust in 1975, and again between 2017 and 2020. The mill is itself Grade II listed.

title: Bateman's


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Talk:The Solent

Solent Area
There is a couple of references to Selsey in the article. Strictly speaking Selsey is not in the Solent it is in the English Channel. Check Admiralty Chart 2036. Or put another way the Solent is to the west of Nab Tower, Selsey is to the east of the Nab Tower. Check any nautical reference and it will point this out, eg: The English Chnnnel pilot.Wilfridselsey (talk) 09:27, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Link farm
This article is over-linked. The references to sea,tidal, port, oak, forest, glacier give no detail pertinent to the subject, and just clutter and obscure the content.

Attempts to remove the clutter have upset people, so care must be taken resolving the problem

 * I agree, but it really isn't worth the bother if somebody likes it. Don't forget to sign your name, now, will you? Naturenet 18:23, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Expensive ferries
The article says that the Solent "is renowned as one of the most expensive waters to cross by ferry in the world". I'm curious about this. Can someone who knows about this expand on it? Why is it so expensive? How much does it cost? I assume this expense is on a per-distance basis; some ferries travel much further, and must be more expensive. CDC  (talk)  23:29, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that this is hearsay and unverifably POV, although I'm open to persuasion. When I lived in Gosport exactly the same thing was said about the Gosport ferry. People just like to moan about ferry prices, despite the fact that the Solent is what makes the Island an Island, and if ferries were free the Island would just be a suburb of Portsmouth. Naturenet | Talk 12:57, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Some years later I actually did the research and demonstrated that by at least one measure, the Solent is not the most expensive. Naturenet | Talk 10:48, 9 December 2019 (UTC)

No Man's Land Fort
Shouldn't this article include some reference to No Man's Land Fort? The Seventh Taylor 19:49, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I now see that with a reference to Palmerston Forts this has effectively been done. The Seventh Taylor (talk) 03:33, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

Disambiguation
Should there be a Solent (disambiguation) page as per WP:D? Especially with this article having a section entitled "other uses of the name" (two of which are linked to other articles). Booglamay (talk) 15:59, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

How wide?
Any idea how wide it is at its narrowest point? --Joopercoopers (talk) 23:02, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Source Was River Frome?
Can someone expand upon that fact considering the River Frome doesn't even empty into the Solent, anymore? I'm trying to picture exactly how this could have been the case, and can't. --Criticalthinker (talk) 09:48, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Done. Isle of Purbeck and Isle of Wight were formerly connected, with a valley south of Bournemouth fed by the R. Frome (and Avon at Christchurch). The Needles are all that's left.78.151.93.49 (talk) 14:37, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

Merge Geologies
This article has two sections titled "Geology". Suggest merging them. Magicmike (talk) 12:34, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

Paper on flooding
http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/4/2/430/htm

Talks about the overal situation and a couple of past events.©Geni (talk) 16:12, 15 April 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 21 April 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No move. There's no agreement that the "The" should be included per WP:THE. Cúchullain t/ c 20:08, 8 May 2015 (UTC)

– Its called "The Solent". See: map. Britannica inc. also use The Solent (strait, English Channel). --Relisted. George Ho away from home (talk) 20:12, 29 April 2015 (UTC) GregKaye 18:29, 21 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Solent → The Solent
 * Solent (disambiguation) → Solent Struck in response to correct observation by below.  GregKaye 07:06, 30 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Ping members of WP:WikiProject Wight who may have a high level of acquaintance with the subject: Peeky44, Naturenet, NeilTarrant, Editor5807, Streona, Simply south, Robwebb, Debnigo, Greengolf17, Dainamo, Xhavnak, gcman105, Gordonofcartoon, BrayLockBoy, Raggz.

GregKaye 08:49, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

 * OS maps goes for "The Solent".©Geni (talk) 01:12, 25 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Support as per mapping, the 1945 map in the article also shows it as "The Solent"...Jokulhlaup (talk) 16:39, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose . WP:THE mentions two conditions under which we might put "The" in front of the name:
 * If a word with a definite article has a different meaning with respect to the same word without the article, the word with article can be used as the name of a page about that meaning, and the word without article can be used as the name of a separate page.
 * If the definite or indefinite article would be capitalized in running text, then include it at the beginning of the page name. Otherwise, do not.
 * (1) Clearly does not apply, there is not one entity called "The Solent" and another one called "Solent". (2) apparently does not apply either, looking at sources: - none of these capitalise "The", it's always "... the Solent ...", or even omitting the definite article altogether. Since neither condition is met, I don't see a reason to change this. Thanks  — Amakuru (talk) 12:40, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh, and I didn't notice the second part of the multi-move before, but definitely oppose that too. The body of water is a clear primary topic for the term "Solent". — Amakuru (talk) 13:05, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Amakuru In this case I do not think that WP:THE should be rigidly applied. In this I think that a general context WP:CRITERIA should be considered within which "Recognizability" is the first issue mentioned and "Consistency" is the fifth.  I contend that in the vast majority of uses in which the strait is the topic, "The Solent" or "the Solent" is used.
 * One of the examples that that you have presented makes mention of a "Solent sandbank" and, in this case, "Solent" is used as an adjective to describe something else. It would have little difference to me describing "Love Me Do" as "a Beatles song" which would in no way change the fact that the group are most commonly known and recognised either as "the Beatles" or "The Beatles".
 * Here is a search on: "solent" AND (wight OR portsmouth OR strait) AND -southampton AND -university AND -river. Even with adjectival mention of such issues as "Solent hazzards" factored in, I think that the predominant use is either of "the Solent" or "The Solent".
 * Solent is ambiguous which is why we have Solent (disambiguation). In a contextualised sentence "Solent" may, at a stretch be ok.  As a stand alone title it does not work.  GregKaye 07:38, 30 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Alright then,, you've convinced me. You're right that "The" is almost never omitted from the title, so it does seem more recognisable. I therefore Support the move to The Solent, but continue to Oppose moving Solent (disambiguation) to Solent. The body of water is the primary topic, even with "the" omitted. — Amakuru (talk) 10:57, 30 April 2015 (UTC)

Oppose: There is no evidence that “The Solent” is a proper name, let alone a commonname. If it were then the Battle of the Solent would be The Battle of The Solent and sources don’t support that. If it were Lee-on-the-Solent would be Lee-on-The-Solent and sources don’t support that. In most references to the Mary Rose, sunk in the Solent in 1545, “the Solent’’ appears in running text. Additionally, a JSTOR search reveals overwhelmingly, “the Solent” is used in running text in all manner of journal articles. There is also a point of potential confusion by using “The Solent” as Vaughn Williams has an album entitled “The Solent” (2013) --Mike Cline (talk) 13:00, 30 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Mike Cline I would alternatively propose that the fact that Ralph Vaughan Williams has music published under the album title The Solent can be taken as further evidence that "the Solent" is recognisably and I dare say commonly known as "the Solent" or "The Solent". The "Product Description" of the album presents: "... The Impressions, recorded here for the first time, describe three natural beauties of England - Burley Heath, Harnham Down and The Solent. ..."..
 * You make valid mention of Lee-on-the-Solent but please consider the results of a similarly phrased search on "on the beatles". These texts are displayed on the first page of the search as: "Mark Arnold Picks on the Beatles", "which on The Beatles' song", "a good promotional job at all on the Beatles", "Early Influences on the Beatles" and "a pun on the Beatles' Merseyside origins".  An instance of adjectival use presented "picked up rather late on the Beatles' success".  There is even more ambiguity on "Solent" with subjects of more greater notability than the Vaughan Williams' album being listed at Solent (disambiguation).  GregKaye 08:22, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

oppose 'the Solent' is not a proper name. It takes 'the' like any other proper names but 'the' is not part of the name, no more than it is for the Pennines, the Weald or any similar geographical feature. You need only look at the external links to this article to find it used without 'the'. That the 'predominant use' is with 'the' is irrelevant. WP policy is to not include 'the' unless it is part of the name or it changes the meaning somehow if its omitted.-- JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 14:19, 30 April 2015 (UTC)
 * JohnBlackburne Wikipedia policy is to use commonly recognized names. What would you have done with the article on the Beatles? GregKaye 21:53, 30 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia policy on the use of 'the' in titles is here: WP:THE, and is clear, 'the' should only be included if omitting it changes the meaning or if it is part of the name. Neither is the case here. For The Beatles on the other hand 'the' is normally part of the name – see e.g. their logo from their drumkit – but we are not here discussing the self-chosen name of a band, but a geographical feature which there are far more relevant examples. I mentioned two above, here is another, the Wirral Peninsula, known almost universally locally as the 'Wirral'.-- JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 22:23, 30 April 2015 (UTC)

JohnBlackburne To the right are the two maps as found at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Solent both with the name of the subject clearly presented:

The "their logo from their drumkit" is all caps. On this basis would you advocate a move from: The Beatles → THE BEATLES? Of course not. In any case, in Wikipedia we go by commonly recognizable name not official name. Please also see image search results on: "with the beatles", "on the beatles", "of the beatles" and anything else editors would like to try.

In any conception of WP:UCRN, if something is most commonly known by a name, inclusive of situations where it may be "known almost universally locally" by that particular name, then that is the name that we should use - no exceptions Here is a books search on: the hague. Results from the first page of results (where "the hague" appears mid text but not used adjectivally) are: Should we move The Hague → Hague or would that be vague? See: Hague (disambiguation)
 * From Nuremberg to The Hague: The Future of International ...
 * Women at the Hague: The International Congress of Women ...
 * Justice Beyond the Hague: Supporting the Prosecution of ...
 * Interim Measures in The Hague Court: An Attempt at a Scrutiny
 * 14th Triennial Meeting, The Hague, 12-16 September 2005: ...
 * A Guide to the Hague and Hague-Visby Rules
 * Living in the Hague, Holland
 * (the adjectival uses presented: "... the Hague Agreement ..." and "... the Hague Tribunal ...")

Solent is also ambiguous and yet this is easily rectified. It is most commonly known as "The Solent"/"the Solent".

GregKaye 07:50, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

 * how is it ambiguous? Whether 'the Solent' or 'Solent' it is perfectly clear what it means. Or what else, on reading it, might a reader think it to be?-- JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 10:28, 1 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Ultimately, whether it is called Solent or The Solent depends entirely on what map you read. This move isn't needed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BrayLockBoy (talk • contribs) 16:45, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

BrayLockBoy very true, solent map. In sequence the labels or titles are: 1. "The Coast of the Solent ..."; 2. no marking; 3, "THE SOLENT"; 4. one inland marking saying "Solent" with "The Solent" repeated on the associated page; 5. "WEST SOLENT" and "EAST SOLENT"; 6. no marking; 7. no marking; 8. "THE SOLENT"; 9. no marking; 10. "THE SOLENT"; 11. "West Solent", "East Solent", 12. "The Solent"; 13. "The Solent"; 14. no marking; 15. "The Solent"; 16. "The Solent"; 17. "THE SOLENT"; 18 "THE SOLENT"; 19. no marking. All map markings in the sea indicated "The Solent" with the exception of a minority specifying "West Solent" and "East Solent". GregKaye 19:49, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

Comment I admit I don't know a great deal about naming conventions and use of "the" on Wikipedia, but from a local perspective, no-one refers to it as "Solent", it is always referred to as "The Solent". Editor5807speak 18:03, 1 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The usage of capitalizing the the does seem to be mixed but lowercase does seem more common:, , , . Zarcadia (talk) 18:46, 1 May 2015 (UTC)
 * In general, it would seem as if The Solent is only referred to without 'The' if 'Solent' is part of a wider name. Take BBC Radio Solent for example. 'Solent' on its own also seems to be favoured in the names of ships. However, both in colloquial speech and on maps, when referring to the tract of water itself, it is always The Solent. BrayLockBoy (talk) 21:03, 1 May 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.
 * BrayLockBoy did your 21:03, 1 May 2015 edit imply support? GregKaye 05:53, 15 May 2015 (UTC)

Flooding of the Solent
The text currently implies that rivers arising from the melting of the last ice sheet caused flooding and scouring of the Solent - beyond permafrost, there was no ice within the catchment so this seems unlikely. Where is the evidence? Secondly glacial rebound is not about an east-west axis but, reflecting the amassing of ice over northern England and Wales too, is more of a NE-SW axis. How much of this is covered by the cited book by Murphy? cheers Geopersona (talk) 06:46, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

Merge South Hampshire into the Solent article
I propose that the content from the South Hampshire article should be merged into here. The political application of the term "Solent" corresponds to the South Hampshire entity. For example, the "City Deal" and prospective combined authority was named Solent. Information on Climate and demographics will be identical. Jonjonjohny (talk) 09:30, 30 November 2018 (UTC)

 * oppose I don't think they should be merged they are two distinct things. One is the urban area around Southampton and Portsmouth and the other is a strait. I don't see how a strait can really have demographics. Eopsid (talk) 18:49, 1 December 2018 (UTC)

Oppose The Solent is a geomorphological feature, South Hampshire is a group of administrative areas. The two are not comparable, nor is one a part of the other. Naturenet | Talk 00:26, 2 December 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 2 August 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved. (non-admin closure) Cwmhiraeth (talk) 10:55, 21 August 2019 (UTC)

Solent → The Solent – "The" is an integral part of the name per the Ordnance Survey (note that is uses "Solent, The" becuase that's how things are sorted there, just like here we will defaultsort it in this way). Per WP:WIAN and WP:CONSISTENCY we should generally follow the Ordnance Survey (unless a more specific name is preferred (say for idiomatic reasons), such as per WP:UKDISTRICTS or WP:NATURAL). The Swale and The Wash are other similar example of a geographical features that have "The" in them. Note that the Isle of Wight is without the "The" but The Needles isn't even though the Emirates Spinnaker Tower uses "the Needles" in running text and as noted above "the Beatles" is also used sometimes in running text. WP:THE is useful in situations where its unclear but a reliable nationally used map makes it clear that the "The" is part of the name. Encyclopædia Britannica also uses "The Solent" and indeed "The Solent" is used in running text along with "The Needles" but "the Isle of Wight" is used for the island. Thus per WP:COMMONNAME "Other encyclopedias are among the sources that may be helpful in deciding what titles are in an encyclopedic register". The last RM included moving the DAB to the base name, I have omitted that in this RM so that "Solent" can continue to redirect here but if people think the DAB should be moved then I'm OK with that.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:27, 2 August 2019 (UTC) --Relisted. – Ammarpad (talk) 05:37, 13 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Agree with User:Crouch, Swale.SovalValtos (talk) 10:13, 3 August 2019 (UTC) SupportSovalValtos (talk) 05:31, 18 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Agree. Proposer's reasoning is sound. Davidships (talk) 08:30, 4 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Support - I was persuaded to support this move by GregKaye, back in 2015, having initially opposed, and I don't see much reason to change my position now. The body of water is almost never referred to simply as "Solent", always "The Solent", so even though the definite article is not rigorously capitalised in sources, it seems reasonable to include it here. FWIW The Maritimes is a similar example, and a bold move on my part to change that to "Maritimes" was later reversed. Maintain a redirect from "Solent" to "The Solent" though, it is still the primary topic. — Amakuru (talk) 18:42, 13 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I'd say that usage in maps is (as with other naming cases) an excellent way of determining if a word is actually part of a name or if it just comes before or after it simply as normal grammar.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 10:06, 15 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support - Given the usage by OS and EB...Jokulhlaup (talk) 09:42, 15 August 2019 (UTC)

GregKaye 19:17, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support as per the MAP USED IN THE VERY ARTICLE THAT WE ARE TALKING ABOUT.

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

premature closure
The above section should not have been closed so hastily, with no attempt to generate further discussion. What does "non-admin closure" mean? Higher up this page the section "Requested move 21 April 2015" shows that there was opposition to moving the page, with valid reasons. The name of this body of water is simply "Solent", even though it is often preceded by the definite article in continuous prose. See the English Channel, the Strait of Dover or the Bristol Channel for similar examples. Note also that we have Solent University, Solent NHS Trust, Solent Airport, Solent Rescue, Solent Sky, Solent TV, Solent Way, none of which include "the" in their name. --92.40.134.248 (talk) 15:24, 12 August 2019 (UTC)
 * your close was clearly in good faith and valid, following the proper exposure period and the unanimous consensus of 3 participants. However, it was a marked change from the earlier discussion in 2015. Would you be prepared to reopen the discussion and ping the previous participants? I haven't checked how many of those editors are still active. – Fayenatic  L ondon 21:55, 12 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I didn't mean to imply bad faith. Sorry if it came across that way. --92.40.134.248 (talk) 22:23, 12 August 2019 (UTC)
 * When Amakuru asked me on my talkpage I was about to reopen it but then he said there's no need since he understood he actually supported the older nomination. I've to admit, even after that, I thought maybe relist is the most appropriate way to go anyway, but what deterred me was that RM is really suffering from lack of participation there's a very good chances that it'd got no comments apart from the above two. And seeing that already two experienced users agreed with the nom I concluded to close it. Now since you objected, I am reopening it, and pinging the participants of prior discussions. – Ammarpad (talk) 05:27, 13 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I suppose given the (rather even) split in the previous RM that given this was questioned reopening and relisting is reasonable. The request wasn't closed prematurely, it was open for 8 days which is longer than the minimum 7 days with all 3 (including the nom) supporting. The previous request was closed as "No move" which probably should have been "No consensus" given that sources had shown "The" to be part of the name even though (like The Beatles) sometimes use a lower case "t". 4 (including the nom) supported while 3 opposed. English Channel, Strait of Dover and Bristol Channel do not have "The" on OS maps so aren't comparable.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk )  10:12, 13 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Reopened per objection above. Please the following pinged participants should take note: – Ammarpad (talk) 05:36, 13 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Still support, as above. Davidships (talk) 10:45, 13 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Lurked, didn't vote as I thought it was all sorted out. Let that be a lesson. But support. Naturenet | Talk 18:49, 13 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't have anything further to add.©Geni (talk) 14:03, 14 August 2019 (UTC)
 * And in response to the Lee-on-the-Solent argument there is also Walton-on-the-Naze/The Naze.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:14, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Solent


text:
Maulets (history)

The Maulets was a partisan group of Valencian supporters of Archduke Charles, who claimed the Spanish throne as Charles III during the War of the Spanish Succession. They were antagonists to the Botiflers camp, the supporters of competing claimant and eventual winner of the war, Philip, Duke of Anjou (Philip V).

Maulets is also the name of a present-day political organisation for youths supporting Catalan independence from Spain.

Historical context
As a compensation for having lost the Moor workforce which was expelled from Spain in 1492, the King gave the nobility all the right on the lands that these people had farmed before leaving. This allowed them to impose on the newly arrived Christian population taxes and partitions of lands which in some counties became a very high expense for the peasants. Probably, the hunger for land amongst those poor families led them to accept the conditions, and during 50 years there were no known protests.

Towards the end of the 17th century, a part of these new peasant population profited from the prosperity arising from cultivating and exporting mainly wine and its derivatives, brandy and prunes, and in lesser extent, silk. Then, they started to question the high payments asked by the nobility, which considerably reduced their profits, and tried by all means, from legal suits to armed revolt, to end this system. But the judiciary path, being fully under the control of the Nobles, proved useless; and the armed revolt, called nowadays Segona Germania (Second Brotherhood), was crushed by the Vice-Chancellor and armies of the Nobles in the year 1693, at the "battle" of Setla de Nunyes.

The peasants in this Segona Germania revolt claimed more or less the same as the Maulets would a few years later. They refused the right of the Lords on the former Moorish lands, and called on the Medieval rights given by James I of Aragon during the conquest of the Kingdom, to denounce an alleged lack of legality of the exploitation by the lords, “who treated them like Moors”, given the case that the Laws of the Kingdom banned these kind of taxes and tributes to the Christians. The Nobles, alleged that the King Philip III, expelling the Moriscos, had given them those lands in property, on which they then had every right to regulate.

After their military defeat, the peasants unrest loomed. New clashes were ready to start in 1700 when Charles II of Spain died with no sons or clear heir, setting the conditions for the War of the Spanish Succession.

When Philip V of Spain took possession of the Kingdom of Valencia (one of the component kingdoms of the larger Spanish Kingdom) as a Felip IV of Valencia, there were already many supporters of the archduke Charles of Austria in this territory, as well as in the Principality of Catalonia and Majorca. Their reasons were various, ranging from loyalty to the dynasty of the House of Austria, hate towards the French by a part of the merchants and the industrials, and distrust for the suspected centralist attitude of Philip V of Spain, as seen by the Bourbon rule in France.

Merchants and exporters of wine, brandy, silk, and other farming products, which was politically and economically very important, contacted a key person for their cause : General Joan Baptista Basset.

General Basset was a Valencian, probably born in Alboraia in an artisan family, who spoke the people’s language and knew very well their claims and needs. He had served during the wars in Italy and Hungary under Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt, a German Noble who had been before Viceroy in Catalonia. The War of the Spanish Succession had a double nature. On the one side, it was a Spanish internal issue, on the other side, it was a major European war for international hegemony. England and the Netherlands (the so-called "Maritime powers", traditional destinations of the Valencian merchants' exports) sided against the Bourbon pretender, Philip V of Spain. As a part of a blockade, Valencian exports to these countries stopped, which meant a total downfall for merchants and the peasants that sold them their Valencian products. The exports to France, a land that produced and exported the same products, did not compensate them in any way for the losses.

Successful Rebellion
Since the year 1704, Francesc Davila, who probably was a leader of the Segona Germania who had escaped persecution, toured all the southern counties of Valencia explaining to the peasants that the Austrian pretender was ready to abolish all the rights of the Nobles to higher taxes than the ones imposed by Jaume I. When Joan Baptista Basset disembarked in Altea in August 1705, a new revolt commenced and spread out everywhere.

Basset rode to Valencia, via Dénia, Gandia and Alzira without meeting any real resistance. When the mostly Bourbonic supporting Nobles or the fortresses tried to resist, it were the armed villagers who forced them to flee. Together with the viceroy, Duke Gandia, a long list of Nobles and “botiflers” siding with Philip V of Spain fled, not to Valencia, but to Castile; they did not trust the resistance of the capital, and with reason.

The city of Valencia opened its doors to the Maulet army without resistance. On the contrary, it was received with popular enthusiasm. At the same time, news from the uprising in the Principality of Catalonia arrived, where a rebelling had expelled the “felipist” military and where Charles III himself had triumphantly disembarked in Barcelona. This news was enough to spread the uprising through in the rest of the Kingdom of Valencia, especially in its North part, from Vinaròs and Benicarló to Vila-real and Castelló, where the Maulets where specially strong.

Once Basset was established in Valencia, practically exercising the function of Viceroy, and with most of the country under control of the Maulets (meaning, of the armed villagers), the first thing was to abolish all taxes to the Nobles.

Basset even went further and with the doubtful legality of his high office, stopped paying any kind of tax to the tax collectors of the King. He also abolished the right of doors, a hated tax on products coming from the colonies into Valencia.

He also tolerated, and even stimulated, a real persecution, expulsion and arrest of French citizens, mainly merchants, who were seen by the population as enemies and by the native merchants as dangerous competitors.

Obviously the relationships with the Maritime powers, allied to Charles III were re-established, and the harbours were again opened to Dutch and English ships, resuming trade as before. At the same time, Basset and the Maulets arrested and ousted the most notorious “botiflers”, and seized their possessions.

Clash amongst allies
Basset, now in control of the Valencian country, had to organize armed resistance against Bourbonic attacks. He realized quickly that his peasant army of Maulets was no match for the professional Bourbonic army, let alone their French allies.

Basset asked Charles III for military help. The help came, in the form of Earl of Peterborough and his English soldiers. Even though his arrival saved the delicate situation from enemies attacks, it also meant the creation of another political power led by count Cardona, with a military force independent from the Maulets and with no intention of allowing what they considered “plebeian excesses”.

It all points to the fact that count Cardona and the English general had instructions, probably from the King, to end the “excesses” of Basset and the Maulets, in this way trying to gain back the support of the Nobles, most of them siding with the Bourbons.

Sure enough, Charles III, as an owner of royal lands and main lord of the Order of Montesa, had experienced a reduction in his income, by the Maulets refusal to pay. This money was absolutely necessary to keep the very expensive army together with which he hoped to win the war. In consequence, it was necessary to stop the Maulets and their chief, general Basset, but it was needed to do it wisely and with indulgence.

Cardona and Peterborough then started an offensive centred at some of Basset's collaborators, pointing to the illegal confiscation and loot for personal use of the goods from the French and the Botiflers, and imprisoned them awaiting trial. Meanwhile, Basset was lured away from Valencia, first to Alzira and later on to Xàtiva, encouraging him to take part in the fighting. They awaited an opportunity to imprison him, but were fearful of his great popularity amongst the people and feared a rebellion of the Maulets if that ever happened.

The occasion came when Charles III had defeated the Bourbons in Castile and had managed to enter Madrid on June 27, 1706. In between the popular celebrations, Peterborough secretly sent troops to Xàtiva, with the order to arrest Basset and imprison him in a fortress in English hands. When news came out, effectively the people revolted.

In Valencia the shouts of “Long live to Basset, before than Charles III” proved the real allegiances of the Valencian Maulets. In fact, Peterborough had to turn those cannons meant to defend Valencia from the Bourbons, around to aim at the revolting population, to drive them off. During days there were demonstrations of protest, letters sent to Charles in Barcelona and all kind of public declarations in favour of Basset and his reforms. But a renewed Maulet revolt, this time against one whom they considered their legitimate King, all with a Bourbon army at the doors of the Kingdom ready for war, would have been suicidal. A victory of the Bourbons would have meant the return of the Botiflers, and the previous state of affairs. Consequently, Maulets resigned and stopped their protests, believing that the pretender Charles, in coming to Valencia shortly, would repair the injustice and would free Basset.

Defeat and Retreat
Meanwhile, the Maulets continued refusing to pay the door rights, or any other taxes. Charles III demanded from the authorities from Valencia to call for its payment, without too much success. But time was running out. Charles had already been forced to abandon Madrid and suffered a crushing defeat in the hands of the Duke of Berwick in the Battle of Almansa. Charles withdrew towards Barcelona, and with him the Viceroy, the whole administration and surviving troops.

The people and the Maulets were left at the mercy of the Bourbon advance. King Philip never hid his intentions to overrun the Furs (the Valencian laws) “by the just right of conquest”. The Valencian kingdom disappeared as a legal structure, and was only left as a name, empty of meaning.

The Maulets resisted, especially in Xàtiva, a town which had to be taken by the Bourbonics after a fierce battle, and was afterwards razed and set on fire as a reprisal. In Valencia, the Maulets tried in vain to hinder the entrance of the Bourbonic army, but Berwick and Asfeld managed their way in.

When, in 1710, the war seemed to turn back in favor of Charles III, the city of Valencia raised again in anti-Bourbon revolt. The Maulets appeared on the streets again, awaiting in vain an Austriacista fleet that had to disembark troops at the harbour. A few remaining Valencian Maulets withdrew towards Catalonia still in the hands of Charles III.

Barcelona 1714, the last stand
Thousands of Valencian refugees concentrated in Barcelona and other cities of the Principality of Catalonia. But the international events made clear the futility of carrying on the struggle. Charles III himself had signed a peace treaty with Philip V of Spain and went back to Austria. The Maritime powers had accepted Philip V as king of Spain and had evacuated their troops from Barcelona over sea. The Catalans and the Valencian Maulets carried on fighting for their cause devoid of international allies.

When the Bourbonic armies, led by Berwick himself, laid siege on Barcelona two regiments of Valencians were formed, the Mare de Déu dels Desamparats and the Sant Vicent Ferrer, to fight along their comrades in Catalonia.

On September 11, 1714, when Barcelona fell in Bourbonic hands after a determined fight, many Maulets were counted among the fallen. Many others, amongst them General Basset, who had directed the artillery of the resistance, were arrested and imprisoned. Others, who managed to escape from the Bourbonic troops via Majorca, or who were later on freed, ended up exiled in Vienna, at the court of “their” Charles III, now emperor of Austria.

title: Maulets (history)


text:
List of Texas county seat name etymologies

The following is a list of Texas county seat name etymologies, taken from the Handbook of Texas. A separate list of Texas county name etymologies, covering Texas counties instead of its county seats, is also available.


text:
User:KeesCook

Homepage: http://outflux.net/

title: User:KeesCook


text:
Normal pressure hydrocephalus

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), also called malresorptive hydrocephalus, is a form of communicating hydrocephalus in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) builds up in the ventricles, leading to normal or slightly elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure. The fluid build-up causes the ventricles to enlarge and the pressure inside the head to increase, compressing surrounding brain tissue and leading to neurological complications. Although the cause of idiopathic (also referred to as primary) NPH remains unclear, it has been associated with various co-morbidities including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, and hyperlipidemia. Causes of secondary NPH include trauma, hemorrhage, or infection. The disease presents in a classic triad of symptoms, which are memory impairment, urinary frequency, and balance problems/gait deviations (note: this diagnosis method is obsolete ). The disease was first described by Salomón Hakim and Raymond Adams in 1965.

The treatment is surgical placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt to drain excess CSF into the lining of the abdomen where the CSF will eventually be absorbed. NPH is often misdiagnosed as other conditions including Meniere's disease (due to balance problems), Parkinson's disease (due to gait) or Alzheimer's disease (due to cognitive dysfunction).

Signs and symptoms
NPH exhibits a classic triad of clinical findings (known as the Adams triad or Hakim's triad). The triad consists of walking difficulty, reduced attention span, and urinary frequency or incontinence. Symptoms present insidiously over the course of 3–6 months. The triad is considered obsolete for diagnostic purposes and newer guidelines are available.

Gait deviations/balance problems are present in nearly all NPH patients and are typically the first presenting symptom. This is caused by expansion of the lateral ventricles, which can impinge on the corticospinal tract motor fibers. The typical gait abnormality in NPH is a broad-based, slow, short-stepped, "stuck to the floor", or "magnetic" movement. The gait abnormalities in NPH may bear resemblance to a gait associated with Parkinson's disease. The gait deviation can be classified as mild, marked, or severe: "marked" is when the patient has difficulty walking because of considerable instability; "severe" is when it is not possible for the patient to walk without aids (such as a cane or a wheeled walker). An associated tremor of the hands, legs, or feet can be seen in up to 40% of NPH patients.

Dementia presents as progressive cognitive impairment which is present in 60% of patients at time of treatment. This is caused by distortions predominantly at the frontal lobe and the subcortex. Initial deficits involve planning, organization, attention, and concentration. Further deficits include difficulty managing finances, taking medications, driving, keeping track of appointments, daytime sleeping, short-term memory impairments, and psychomotor slowing. Late-stage features include apathy, reduced drive, slowed thinking, and reduced speech.

Urinary incontinence appears late in the illness and is present in 50% of patients at time of treatment. Urinary dysfunction begins as increased frequency often at night and progresses to urge incontinence and permanent incontinence.

Pathogenesis
Every day, the body makes roughly 600–700 ml of CSF, and about the same amount is reabsorbed into the bloodstream. Hydrocephalus is caused by an imbalance between the amount of fluid produced and its absorption rate. Enlarged ventricles put increased pressure on the adjacent cortical tissue and cause myriad effects in the patient, including distortion of the fibers in the corona radiata. This leads to an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP). The ICP gradually falls but remains slightly elevated, and the CSF pressure reaches a high normal level of 15 to 20 cm H2O. Measurements of ICP, therefore, are not usually elevated. Because of this, patients do not exhibit the classic signs that accompany increased intracranial pressure such as headache, nausea, vomiting, or altered consciousness, although some studies have shown pressure elevations to occur intermittently.

The exact pathogenesis is unknown, but consensus on some mechanisms include:
 * An imbalance exists between production and resorption of CSF.
 * The resistance to CSF outflow is often elevated.
 * The disease is not caused by overproduction of CSF or obstruction of CSF flow at the ventricles.

The syndrome is often divided into two groups, primary (also called idiopathic) and secondary, based on cause. The underlying etiology of primary NPH has not yet been identified. Primary NPH affects adults age 40 years or older, most commonly in adults over 60. Secondary NPH can affect persons of any age and occurs due to conditions such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, meningitis, brain surgery, brain radiation, or traumatic brain injury. These conditions are thought to lead to increased inflammation of the arachnoid granulations, which further leads to decreased CSF reabsorption and therefore enlargement of ventricles.

Symptoms of gait deviation, neurological impairment, and urinary incontinence seen in NPH are due to compression of the corresponding regions of the brain that control these functions. Gait abnormalities are thought to be due to compression of the corticospinal tract fibers in the corona radiata that coordinate motor movements of the legs. Compression of the brainstem as well as poor perfusion of the periventricular white matter in the prefrontal cortex are also thought to contribute to gait deviations in NPH. Dementia in NPH is most likely caused by ventricular enlargement compressing the calvarium, which further leads to tearing of currently unidentified nerve fibers. Lastly, urinary incontinence is thought to be caused by stretching of the periventricular sacral fibers of the corticospinal tract fibers leading to loss of voluntary bladder contraction.

Diagnosis
Patients with suspected idiopathic NPH should have at least one of the symptoms in Hakim's triad (gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, and cognitive impairment) in addition to ventricular enlargement on neuroimaging. An extensive and detailed patient history is required in order to exclude other diseases that may explain the patient's symptoms. Known causes of secondary NPH (head injury, meningitis, hemorrhage) should be ruled out prior to further investigation of idiopathic NPH.

The international evidenced-based diagnostic criteria for primary, or idiopathic, NPH are:
 * Gradual onset after age 40 years, symptoms duration of ≥ 3–6 months, clinical evidence of gait or balance impairment, and impairment of cognition or urinary incontinence
 * Imaging from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) is needed to demonstrate enlarged ventricles and no macroscopic obstruction to cerebrospinal fluid flow. Imaging should show an enlargement to at least one of the temporal horns of lateral ventricles, and impingement against the falx cerebri resulting in a callosal angle ≤ 90° on the coronal view, showing evidence of altered brain water content, or normal active flow (which is referred to as "flow void") at the cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle.

MRI scans are the preferred imaging. The distinction between normal and enlarged ventricular size by cerebral atrophy is difficult to ascertain. Up to 80% of cases are unrecognized and untreated due to difficulty of diagnosis. Imaging should also reveal the absence of any cerebral mass lesions or any signs of obstructions. Although all patients with NPH have enlarged ventricles, not all elderly patients with enlarged ventricles have primary NPH. Cerebral atrophy can cause enlarged ventricles, as well, and is referred to as hydrocephalus ex vacuo. The Miller Fisher test involves a high-volume lumbar puncture (LP) with removal of 30–50 ml of CSF. Gait and cognitive function are typically tested just before and within 2–3 hours after the LP to assess for signs of symptomatic improvement. The CSF infusion test can also be used to aid in diagnosis of NPH. During the CSF infusion test, a ringer lactate solution is infused into a spinal needle while another spinal needle is used to record numerous CSF pressure variables including ICP, outflow resistance, and CSF formation rate. The tests have a positive predictive value over 90%, but a negative predictive value less than 50%. The LP should show normal or mildly elevated CSF pressure. CSF should have normal cell contents, glucose levels, and protein levels.

Ventriculoperitoneal shunts
For suspected cases of NPH, CSF shunting is the first-line treatment. The most common type used to treat NPH is ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts, which drain CSF fluid to the peritoneal cavity. Adjustable valves allow fine-tuning of CSF drainage. NPH symptoms reportedly improve in 70–90% of patients with CSF shunt. Risk-benefit analyses have shown beyond any doubt that surgery for NPH is far better than conservative treatment or the natural course. VP shunt is less likely to be recommended in those who have severe dementia at time of NPH diagnosis, regardless of findings found on MRI or CT.

Gait symptoms improve in ≥ 85% patients. Cognitive symptoms improve in up to 80% of patients when surgery is performed early in the disease course. Urgency and incontinence improve in up to 80% of patients, but only in ≤ 50–60% of patients with shunt implanted late in disease course. The most likely patients to show improvement are those who show only gait deviation, mild or no incontinence, and mild dementia. The risk of adverse events related to shunt placement is 11%, including shunt failure, infections such as ventriculitis, shunt obstruction, over- or under-drainage, and development of a subdural hematoma.

Medications
No medications are effective for primary NPH. Lasting reductions in ICP have not been demonstrated with acetazolamide. Transient reduction in ICP after administration of an acetazolamide bolus has been shown to be a positive predictor for good response after VP shunt placement in NPH patients.

Research is currently aimed at finding other medication options for the management of NPH symptoms. Steroids have demonstrated decreased production of CSF in animal studies on healthy rabbits and dogs, however further testing is required to determine if this is an effective treatment option in humans. A trial of triamterene in adults with chronic hydrocephalus has also shown improvement of symptoms within 12 weeks, however further research is needed to support this as a non-surgical option for NPH.

Outcomes and Prognosis
The prognosis for patients with NPH varies depending on cause, severity of symptoms, and time to diagnosis. If left untreated, symptoms of gait disturbance, cognitive impairment, and urinary incontinence may continue to worsen and ultimately lead to death. Patients with a successful VP shunt can live a typically normal life with no restrictions to activities of daily living. According to a recent study, gait imbalance appears to be the symptom that improves the most for patients after placement of a VP shunt.

Epidemiology
Approximately half of all cases are primary (or idiopathic) NPH. Incidence is estimated to 0.3–3% in patients older than 60 years and raising with older age. Its prevalence is reported to be less than 1% in persons under the age of 65, and up to 3% for persons aged 65 or older. No difference in incidence is seen between men and women or amongst differing ethnicities. Among individuals with dementia, the incidence of NPH is thought to be between 2 and 6%.

History
NPH was first described by neurosurgeon Salomón Hakim in 1957 at the Hospital San Juan de Dios, located in Bogotá, Colombia. Hakim was contacted by the family of a 16-year-old male patient who, after suffering from severe head trauma in a motor vehicle accident, remained semi-comatose after surgery to relieve pressure from a subdural hematoma. Hakim soon discovered ventricular enlargement on imaging of the patient, however, the patient's intracranial pressure remained within normal limits. Hakim decided to remove CSF for laboratory testing and later implanted a ventriculoatrial shunt, after which the patient showed significant improvement to Hakim's surprise. These findings were later published as a case report by Hakim in 1964 in The New England Journal of Medicine. Hakim continued to research and work with patients found to have NPH and later published his findings detailing the classic triad of gait disturbance, neurological impairment, and urinary incontinence.

title: Normal pressure hydrocephalus


text:
Area codes 819, 873, and 468

Area codes 819, 873, and 468 are overlay telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for central and western Quebec, Canada, including the Quebec portion of the National Capital Region, and the Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay coastlines of Quebec. Major cities in the territory include Gatineau, Sherbrooke, Trois-Rivières, Drummondville, Shawinigan, Victoriaville, Rouyn-Noranda, Val-d'Or, Magog and Mont-Laurier.

The incumbent local exchange carriers for the numbering plan area are Bell Canada, Bell Aliant, Telus, as well as Télébec and other independent companies. From 1992 to 1997, Northwestel was also an incumbent carrier in 819, as it included former Bell Canada areas in the Northwest Territories.

History
Ontario and Quebec were the only Canadian provinces that received assignments of multiple area codes from the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) when the original North American area codes were created in 1947.

The eastern part of Quebec received area code 418, while the western part, from the US border to Hudson Strait, was assigned area code 514. After assignment of area code 819 in 1956, a 1957 flash cut split the 514 area into three segments. The southern region (including Montreal) retained 514; the middle region received 819, and the northern region, which had no telephone services, was added to 418.

Area code 819 thus bordered area code 613 and the new area code 705 in Ontario, area code 418 in the east and the north of Quebec, and the remainder of area code 514 in the south of Quebec.

When telephone service was introduced in the eastern Northwest Territories (most of which is now the territory of Nunavut, created in 1999), in Frobisher Bay in 1958, Bell Canada nominally made it part of area code 418. In the 1960s and the 1970s, telephone service was introduced by Bell Canada at other locations in the eastern Northwest Territories and along the Quebec Arctic coastline, as well as by Sotel, an independent company, in the James Bay region. Those non-diallable locations also became part of area code 418.

In the late 1970s, the northern parts of area code 418 served by Sotel and Bell along James, Hudson and Ungava Bays and Hudson Strait, as well as the eastern Northwest Territories, were assigned to area code 819 as exchanges in that area began to receive direct distance dialling. Thus, area code 819 now also bordered area code 709 of Newfoundland in the Torngat Mountain area and area code 403 where Bell Canada and Northwestel service areas met, as well as area code 204 (Manitoba) and area code 807 (northwestern Ontario). Also, from the late 1970s to 1997, area code 819 extended one eighth of the way around the world, from the 45th parallel north at Stanstead, Quebec, to the North Pole, including much of the Northwest Territories along with most of western Quebec. Northwestel used Alberta's area code 403 for its services in Yukon and the Northwest Territories.

In 1997 and 1998, the portions of 819 in the Northwest Territories, as well as the portions of 403 in the Northwest Territories and Yukon, were transferred to area code 867, which was newly created to unite all of the Canadian territories, including Nunavut. Area code 819 was cut back to western Quebec, and area code 403 was reduced to serve only Alberta. Thus, borders with area codes 403, 204, and 807 were replaced with the single border on area code 867. Area code 514 was split shortly afterward, which changed area code's 819's border with 514 to a boundary with Area code 450, the new area code for the off-island suburbs of Montreal.

Until 2006, it was possible to make calls between Ottawa and Hull with only seven digits since Ottawa and Hull are a single local calling area. Central office code protection prevented the same seven-digit local number from being assigned in both Ottawa and Hull; thus if an exchange in 819-77x (819-PRovince) was in use in Hull, the corresponding 1-613-77x exchange could not be used anywhere in Eastern Ontario. Conversely, if an exchange in 613-23x was used in Ottawa, the corresponding 819-23x exchange could not be used anywhere in western Quebec, even in areas a safe distance from the National Capital Region such as Mauricie and Estrie.

In Canada, even tiny hamlets are a rate centres, with multiple competitive local exchange carriers being issued 10,000-number blocks, each of which corresponds to a single three-digit prefix. Larger cities had multiple rate centres, most of which were not amalgamated during the creation of "megacities" in Quebec in 2002 and still remain separate. For instance, Hull was in 2002 merged into the "megacity" of Gatineau. However, the megacity has five separate rate centres, which have never been amalgamated. The city centre exchange (serving the former cities of Hull and Pointe-Gatineau) is still named "Ottawa-Hull", and the "Gatineau" exchange serves only the pre-merger city of Gatineau. The Gatineau and Aylmer exchanges, despite being part of the amalgamated municipality of Gatineau, remained long-distance calls to each other until a 16 August 2007 expansion of their local calling area, five years after the merger.

Many smaller rate centres do not need anywhere near 10,000 numbers to serve their customers, but a number cannot be assigned elsewhere once it has been allocated to a carrier and rate centre. That resulted in thousands of "wasted" numbers, and the proliferation of cell phones and pagers have exacerbated the problem. By 2006, area code 819 was effectively exhausted except for central office codes that theoretically could have been assigned in Hull but only by breaking seven-digit dialling between Ottawa and Hull. Ten-digit dialling became mandatory in both area codes, 819 and 613, on October 21, 2006, and exchange protection was largely ended. Seven-digit local calls in centres far from the area code boundary (such as Trois-Rivières and Belleville, with no local calling into any other area code at the time) were failing, with intercept messages demanding customers to "dial the area code".

The only legacy of the old system is a "dual dialability" scheme for federal government numbers in the National Capital Region. All federal government offices on the Quebec side have duplicated their entire allocation of multiple exchanges on the Ontario side.

Originally to be introduced in 2015, the CRTC on July 20, 2011 brought forward the introduction of the new area code 873 to September 15, 2012 after a report stated that the current area code 819 would be exhausted by then. Area code 873 had never been assigned as a local exchange in 1-819 because the tiny border village Beebe Plain is divided between 1-819-876 Rock Island and 1-802-873 Derby Line, an international local call that had been given exchange code protection to permit seven-digit local dialling.

There is no number pooling in Canada, and redundant telephone exchange rate centres are not merged when the underlying municipalities are amalgamated.

In February 2017, area code 468 was reserved as a third area code in the region. This area code became active on October 20, 2022.

Service areas

 * Akulivik – (819) 496
 * Alleyn-et-Cawood – see Kazabazua
 * Amherst – see Mont-Tremblant
 * Amos – (819) 218, 442, 443, 444, 480, 724, 727, 732, 830, 834, 954 (873) 393, 730, 840, 999
 * Arundel – see Harrington
 * Ascot Corner – see Sherbrooke
 * Aston-Jonction – (819) 226, 256
 * Audet – see Lac-Mégantic
 * Aumond – see Maniwaki
 * Aupaluk – (819) 491
 * Austin – see Magog
 * Authier – see Macamic
 * Authier-Nord – see Macamic
 * Ayer's Cliff – (819) 838, 867
 * Barkmere – see Mont-Tremblant
 * Barnston-Ouest – see Ayer's Cliff
 * Barraute – (819) 733, 734
 * Béarn – (819) 726
 * Bécancour – (819) 233, 294, 297, 298, 406, 407, 589, 591, 602, 606, 608, 786, 936
 * Belcourt – see Senneterre
 * Belleterre – (819) 722
 * Berry – see Amos
 * Blue Sea – see Gracefield
 * Boileau – see Harrington
 * Bois-Franc – see Maniwaki
 * Bouchette – see Messines
 * Bowman – see Val-des-Bois
 * Brébeuf – see Mont-Tremblant
 * Bristol – see Shawville
 * Bryson – see Otter Lake
 * Bury – (819) 872
 * Campbell's Bay – see Otter Lake
 * Cantley – see Gatineau
 * Cayamant – see Gracefield
 * Champlain – (819) 295, 619
 * Champneuf – see Rochebaucourt
 * Charette – see Saint-Élie-de-Caxton
 * Chartierville – (819) 312, 656
 * Chazel – see La Sarre
 * Chelsea – (819) 335, 607, 827, 866 (873) 324
 * Chénéville – see Montpellier
 * Chesterville – (819) 202, 382, 504
 * Chichester – see L'Isle-aux-Allumettes
 * Chisasibi – (819) 855
 * Chute-Saint-Philippe – see Lac-des-Écorces
 * Clarendon – see Shawville
 * Clermont – see La Sarre
 * Clerval – see Dupuy
 * Cleveland – see Richmond
 * Coaticook – (819) 502, 804, 849, 926 (873)- 392 868
 * Compton – (819) 501, 835
 * Cookshire-Eaton – (819) 553, 875, 889 (873) 825
 * Danville – (819) 590, 642, 839
 * Daveluyville – (819) 367, 404, 447, 605
 * Déléage – see Maniwaki
 * Denholm – see Val-des-Monts
 * Deschaillons-sur-Saint-Laurent – (819) 292, 599, 632, (873) 267 391
 * Dixville – see Coaticook
 * Doncaster - see Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts
 * Drummondville – (819) 250, 253, 313, 314, 388, 390, 445, 461, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 477, 478, 479, 803, 816, 817, 818, 850, 857, 870, 883, 967, 991, (873) 270, 377, 382
 * Dudswell – (819) 884, 887
 * Duhamel – see Montpellier
 * Duhamel-Ouest – see Ville-Marie
 * Duparquet – (819) 948
 * Dupuy – (819) 783
 * Durham-Sud – (819) 248, 858, 970
 * East Angus – (819) 251, 451, 832 (873) 827
 * East Hereford – (819) 514, 844
 * Eastmain – (819) 865 977 (873) 358 544
 * Eeyou Istchee Baie-James – (819) 638, 672, 756, 853, 854, 941
 * Egan-Sud – see Maniwaki
 * Fassett – see Montebello
 * Ferme-Neuve – (819) 206, 587
 * Fort-Coulonge – see Mansfield-et-Pontefract
 * Fortierville – (819) 287, 792
 * Frontenac – (873) 585, 624
 * Fugèreville – (819) 748
 * Gallichan – see Palmarolle
 * Gatineau – (819) 205, 208, 209, 210, 213, 230, 243, 246, 259, 271, 281, 282, 303, 307, 317, 318, 319, 328, 329, 332, 351, 360, 376, 410, 412, 414, 420, 431, 439, 469, 483, 484, 485, 486, 500, 503, 506, 510, 525, 557, 561, 568, 576, 581, 592, 593, 595, 598, 600, 617, 624, 635, 639, 643, 654, 661, 663, 664, 665, 669, 682, 684, 685, 700, 708, 712, 718, 743, 744, 770, 771, 772, 773, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 790, 800, 815, 881, 886, 893, 904, 914, 915, 916, 918, 920, 921, 923, 928, 930, 931, 934, 938, 939, 953, 955, 956, 957, 961, 962, 965, 966, 968, 986, 994, 997, 999, (873) 320, 322, 386, 396, 397, 408, 469, 510, 738, 800
 * Gracefield – (819) 463, 902 (873) 326
 * Grand-Remous – (819) 438, 906 (873) 327
 * Grand-Saint-Esprit – see Sainte-Monique
 * Grandes-Piles – see Shawinigan
 * Grenville – see Grenville-sur-la-Rouge
 * Grenville-sur-la-Rouge – (819) 242
 * Guérin – see Nédélec
 * Ham-Nord – (819) 344, 464
 * Ham-Sud – see Weedon
 * Hampden – see Sherbrooke
 * Harrington – (819) 687, (873) 275
 * Hatley – see Ayer's Cliff
 * Hunter's Point – see Témiscaming
 * Inukjuak – (819) 254
 * Ivry-sur-le-Lac – see Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts
 * Ivujivik – (819) 922
 * Kangiqsualujjuaq – (819) 337
 * Kangiqsujuaq – (819) 338
 * Kangirsuk – (819) 935
 * Kazabazua – (819) 467, 972 (873) 328
 * Kebaowek – see Témiscaming
 * Kiamika - see Lac-des-Écorces
 * Kingsbury - see Richmond
 * Kingsey Falls – (819) 363, 645
 * Kipawa – see Témiscaming
 * Kitcisakik – see Val-d'Or
 * Kitigan Zibi – see Maniwaki
 * Kuujjuaq – (819) 272, 900, 964
 * Kuujjuarapik – (819) 929
 * L'Ange-Gardien – see Gatineau
 * L'Ascension – see Rivière-Rouge
 * L'Avenir – (819) 394, 494
 * L'Île-du-Grand-Calumet – see Otter Lake
 * L'Isle-aux-Allumettes – (819) 689 (873) 323
 * La Bostonnais – see La Tuque
 * La Conception – see Mont-Tremblant
 * La Corne – (819) 799, (873) 372
 * La Macaza – see Rivière-Rouge
 * La Minerve – (819) 274, (873) 274
 * La Morandière-Rochebaucourt – (819) 754
 * La Motte – see Amos
 * La Patrie – see Notre-Dame-des-Bois
 * La Pêche – (819) 456, 459, 720 (873) 338
 * La Reine – (819) 947
 * La Tuque – (819) 521, 523, 662, 666, 667, 676, 680, 709 (873) 403, 407
 * La Sarre – (819) 301, 333, 339, 482, 520, 940, (873) 380
 * Labelle – (819) 236, 686, (873) 284
 * Lac-des-Écorces – (819) 387, 585
 * Lac-des-Plages – see Namur
 * Lac-Drolet – (819) 232, 549
 * Lac-du-Cerf – see Saint-Aimé-du-Lac-des-Îles
 * Lac-Édouard – (819) 653
 * Lac-Mégantic – (819) 214, 237, 417, 554, 582, 583, 614, 890, 907, 910, (873) 652, 732, 889
 * Lac-Pythonga – (819) 435
 * Lac-Saguay – see Nominingue
 * Lac-Saint-Paul – see Ferme-Neuve
 * Lac-Sainte-Marie – see Kazabazua
 * Lac-Simon – see Val-d'Or
 * Lac-Simon – see Montpellier
 * Lac-Supérieur – see Mont-Tremblant
 * Lac-Tremblant-Nord – see Mont-Tremblant
 * Laforce – see Belleterre
 * Landrienne – see Amos
 * Lantier – see Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts
 * Latulipe-et-Gaboury – (819) 747, 750
 * Launay – see Taschereau
 * Laurierville – (819) 365, (873) 829
 * Laverlochère-Angliers – (819) 765, 949
 * Lebel-sur-Quévillon – (819) 706, 755, 925
 * Leclercville – see Deschaillons-sur-Saint-Laurent
 * Lefebvre – see L'Avenir
 * Lemieux – see Sainte-Marie-de-Blandford
 * Lingwick – see Sherbrooke
 * Litchfield – see Otter Lake
 * Lochaber – see Thurso
 * Lochaber-Partie-Ouest – see Gatineau
 * Lorrainville – (819) 625
 * Louiseville – (819) 228, 498, 721 (873)- 398 865 866
 * Low – (819) 422 (873) 329
 * Lyster – (819) 389, (873) 828
 * Macamic – (819) 782
 * Maddington Falls – see Daveluyville
 * Magog – (819) 201, 594, 703, 746, 769, 843, 847, 868, 869, 927, (873) 404
 * Malartic – (819) 757, 924
 * Manawan – (819) 971 (873) 733
 * Maniwaki – (819) 215, 305, 306, 315, 334, 441, 449, 462, 528, 892, 973, 982 (873)- 331 390 650 734
 * Manseau – (819) 356, 567
 * Mansfield-et-Pontefract – (819) 683, 901 (873) 325, 864
 * Marston – see Lac-Mégantic
 * Martinville – see Compton
 * Maskinongé – (819) 227, 497, 626, (873) 268
 * Matagami – (819) 739
 * Mayo – see Gatineau
 * Melbourne – see Richmond
 * Messines – (819) 465 (873) 321
 * Milan – see Scotstown
 * Moffet – see Latulipe-et-Gaboury
 * Mont-Blanc – (819) 688, 713, (873) 280
 * Mont-Laurier – (819) 203, 401, 436, 440, 499, 513, 616, 623, 660, 833, 951, (873) 388 867
 * Mont-Saint-Michel – see Ferme-Neuve
 * Mont-Tremblant – (819) 341, 421, 425, 429, 430, 631, 681, 717, 808, 897, (873) 279
 * Montcalm – see Mont-Tremblant
 * Montcerf-Lytton – see Maniwaki
 * Montebello – (819) 309, 393, 423 (873) 332
 * Montpellier – (819) 428, 508
 * Mulgrave-et-Derry – see Gatineau
 * Namur – (819) 426
 * Nantes – (819) 547
 * Nédélec – (819) 784
 * Nemaska – (819) 673
 * Newport – see Sherbrooke
 * Nicolet – (819) 262, 293
 * Nominingue – (819) 278, 304, (873) 282
 * Normétal – (819) 788
 * North Hatley – (819) 409, 675, 794, 842
 * Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours – see Montebello
 * Notre-Dame-de-Ham – see Ham-Nord
 * Notre-Dame-de-la-Merci – see Saint-Donat
 * Notre-Dame-de-la-Paix – (819) 522
 * Notre-Dame-de-la-Salette – (819) 766
 * Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes – (819) 245, 385
 * Notre-Dame-des-Bois – (819) 235, 888
 * Notre-Dame-du-Bon-Conseil – see Sainte-Clotilde-de-Horton
 * Notre-Dame-du-Laus – (819) 767, 793
 * Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel – see Trois-Rivières
 * Notre-Dame-du-Nord – (819) 723
 * Notre-Dame-de-Pontmain – see Saint-Aimé-du-Lac-des-Îles
 * Obedjiwan – (819) 974
 * Ogden – see Stanstead
 * Orford – see Magog
 * Otter Lake – (819) 453, 648, 650 (873) 863
 * Palmarolle – (819) 787
 * Papineauville – (819) 308, 427, 476 (873) 333
 * Parisville – see Deschaillons-sur-Saint-Laurent
 * Pikogan – see Amos
 * Piopolis – see Lac-Mégantic
 * Plaisance – see Papineauville
 * Plessisville – (819) 252, 291, 362, 621, 789, 998, (873) 735
 * Pontiac – (819) 391, 455, 458, 894 (873) 330, 335
 * Portage-du-Fort – see Shawville
 * Poularies – see Macamic
 * Preissac – see Amos
 * Princeville – (819) 234, 361, 364, 413, 505
 * Puvirnituq – (819) 988
 * Quaqtaq – (819) 492
 * Rapid Lake – see Maniwaki
 * Rapide-Danseur – see Duparquet
 * Rémigny – (819) 761
 * Richmond – (819) 518, 644, 826, 905, 908, 912
 * Ripon – see Saint-André-Avellin
 * Rivière-Héva – (819) 735
 * Rivière-Rouge – (819) 275, (873) 283
 * Roquemaure – see Palmarolle
 * Rouyn-Noranda – (819) 277, 279, 290, 490, 493, 649, 637, 759, 760, 762, 763, 764, 768, 797, 880, 917, 945 (873)- 379 842 861
 * Saint-Adolphe-d'Howard – (819) 327, 584, 714, (873) 278
 * Saint-Adrien – see Wotton
 * Saint-Aimé-du-Lac-des-Îles – (819) 403, 597
 * Saint-Albert – (819) 353, 630
 * Saint-Alexis-des-Monts – (819) 265
 * Saint-André-Avellin – (819) 405, 516, 885, 981, 983 (873) 651
 * Saint-Augustin-de-Woburn – (819) 544, (873) 622
 * Saint-Barnabé – (819) 264, 402
 * Saint-Benoît-du-Lac – see Magog
 * Saint-Bonaventure – see Saint-Guillaume
 * Saint-Boniface – (819) 535, 655
 * Saint-Bruno-de-Guigues – (819) 728
 * Saint-Camille – see Wotton
 * Saint-Celestin – (819) 229, 963 (873)-384
 * Saint-Christophe-d'Arthabaska – see Victoriaville
 * Saint-Claude – see Windsor
 * Saint-Cyrille-de-Wendover – (819) 397, 781, 836
 * Saint-Denis-de-Brompton – see Sherbrooke
 * Saint-Dominique-du-Rosaire – see Amos
 * Saint-Donat – (819) 419, 424, (873) 277
 * Saint-Edmond-de-Grantham – see Saint-Germain-de-Grantham
 * Saint-Édouard-de-Fabre – (819) 634, 670
 * Saint-Édouard-de-Maskinongé – see Saint-Paulin
 * Saint-Élie-de-Caxton – (819) 221, (873) 409
 * Saint-Émile-de-Suffolk – see Namur
 * Saint-Étienne-des-Grès – see Trois-Rivières
 * Saint-Eugène – Saint-Guillaume
 * Saint-Eugène-de-Guigues – (819) 785
 * Saint-Félix-de-Dalquier – see Amos
 * Saint-Félix-de-Kingsey – (819) 512, 848
 * Saint-Fortunat – see Ham-Nord
 * Saint-François-Xavier-de-Brompton – see Windsor
 * Saint-Georges-de-Windsor – see Wotton
 * Saint-Germain-de-Grantham – (819) 395, 495, 730
 * Saint-Guillaume – (819) 396, 596
 * Saint-Herménégilde – see Coaticook
 * Saint-Isidore-de-Clifton – (819) 515, 658
 * Saint-Justin – see Maskinongé
 * Saint-Lambert – see Normétal
 * Saint-Léon-le-Grand – see Louiseville
 * Saint-Léonard-d'Aston – (819) 399, 615, 937
 * Saint-Louis-de-Blandford – see Princeville
 * Saint-Luc-de-Vincennes – see Trois-Rivières
 * Saint-Lucien – see Drummondville
 * Saint-Ludger – (819) 548, (873) 409
 * Saint-Majorique-de-Grantham – see Drummondville
 * Saint-Malo – see Saint-Isidore-de-Clifton
 * Saint-Marc-de-Figuery – see Amos
 * Saint-Mathieu-d'Harricana – see Amos
 * Saint-Mathieu-du-Parc – (819) 532
 * Saint-Maurice – see Trois-Rivières
 * Saint-Nazaire-d'Acton – (819) 392, 558
 * Saint-Norbert-d'Arthabaska – (819) 261, 369, 882
 * Saint-Paulin – (819) 268, (873) 399
 * Saint-Pierre-les-Becquets – (819) 263, 745
 * Saint-Prosper-de-Champlain – see Trois-Rivières
 * Saint-Rémi-de-Tingwick – see Tingwick
 * Saint-Roch-de-Mékinac – see Trois-Rives
 * Saint-Rosaire – see Victoriaville
 * Saint-Samuel – see Saint-Albert
 * Saint-Sébastien – (819) 652
 * Saint-Sévère – see Saint-Barnabé
 * Saint-Sixte – see Saint-André-Avellin
 * Saint-Stanislas – see Trois-Rivières
 * Saint-Sylvère – (819) 285, 546
 * Saint-Valère – see Saint-Albert
 * Saint-Venant-de-Paquette – see Saint-Isidore-de-Clifton
 * Saint-Wenceslas – (819) 224, 526
 * Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts – (819) 216, 217, 219, 222, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326, 507, 603, 774, 863, 896
 * Sainte-Angèle-de-Prémont – see Saint-Paulin
 * Sainte-Anne-du-Lac – (819) 586, 814
 * Sainte-Brigitte-des-Saults – see Sainte-Clotilde-de-Horton
 * Sainte-Catherine-de-Hatley – see Magog
 * Sainte-Cécile-de-Lévrard – see Saint-Pierre-les-Becquets
 * Sainte-Cécile-de-Whitton – see Lac-Mégantic
 * Sainte-Christine - see Durham-Sud
 * Sainte-Clotilde-de-Horton - (819) 204, 336, 368 (873) 452
 * Sainte-Edwidge-de-Clifton - see Coaticook
 * Sainte-Élizabeth-de-Warwick - see Warwick
 * Sainte-Eulalie – (819) 225, 798
 * Sainte-Françoise – see Fortierville
 * Sainte-Germaine-Boulé – see Palmarolle
 * Sainte-Gertrude-Manneville – see Amos
 * Sainte-Hélène-de-Chester – see Chesterville
 * Sainte-Hélène-de-Mancebourg – see La Sarre
 * Sainte-Lucie-des-Laurentides – see Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts
 * Sainte-Marie-de-Blandford – (819) 283, 545
 * Sainte-Monique – (819) 289, 530
 * Sainte-Perpétue – see Sainte-Clotilde-de-Horton
 * Sainte-Séraphine – see Sainte-Clotilde-de-Horton
 * Sainte-Sophie-d'Halifax – see Plessisville
 * Sainte-Sophie-de-Lévrard – (819) 288, 899
 * Sainte-Thérèse-de-la-Gatineau – see Maniwaki
 * Sainte-Ursule – see Louiseville
 * Saints-Martyrs-Canadiens – see Ham-Nord
 * Salluit – (819) 255
 * Scotstown – (819) 231, 657
 * Senneterre – (819) 737, 952 (873)- 373, 402
 * Shawinigan – (819) 247, 529, 531, 533, 534, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 556, 719, 729, 731, 805, 852, 913, 989, (873) 271, 378, 405, 737
 * Shawville – (819) 509, 647 (873)- 746 862
 * Sheenboro – see L'Isle-aux-Allumettes
 * Sherbrooke – (819) 200, 212, 238, 239, 240, 257, 276, 300, 340, 342, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 366, 416, 432, 434, 437, 446, 452, 481, 541, 542, 560, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 577, 578, 580, 588, 612, 620, 636, 640, 674, 678, 679, 742, 780, 791, 812, 820, 821, 822, 823, 829, 846, 861, 864, 891, 919, 933, 942, 943, 969, 987, 993, (873) 371, 389, 500, 600, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 826, 888
 * Stanstead – (819) 267, 704, 876
 * Stanstead-Est – see Stanstead
 * Stoke – (819) 258, 543, 878
 * Stornoway – see Saint-Sébastien
 * Taschereau – (819) 796
 * Tasiujaq – (819) 633
 * Témiscaming – (819) 220, 627
 * Thorne – see Shawville
 * Thurso – (819) 659, 707, 985 (873) 337
 * Timiskaming First Nation – see Notre-Dame-du-Nord
 * Tingwick – (819) 359, 749
 * Trécesson – see Amos
 * Trois-Rives – (819) 241, 646
 * Trois-Rivières – (819) 244, 266, 269, 299, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 383, 384, 386, 415, 448, 489, 519, 524, 601, 609, 668, 690, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 701, 801, 807, 840, 841, 862, 898, 909, 944, 979, 992, 995, 996, (873) 220, 255, 269, 387, 410, 804, 887
 * Ulverton – see Richmond
 * Umiujaq – (819) 331
 * Val-d'Or – (819) 270, 280, 316, 354, 355, 488, 527, 550, 651, 710, 736, 738, 824, 825, 831, 856, 859, 860, 874, 975 (873)- 381 395 770 841 860
 * Val-David – (819) 320, 322 (873) 276
 * Val-des-Bois – (819) 454
 * Val-des-Lacs – see Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts
 * Val-des-Monts – (819) 457, 671, 813, 903 (873) 336
 * Val-des-Sources – (819) 223, 716, 879
 * Val-Joli – see Windsor
 * Val-Morin – see Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts
 * Val-Racine – see Scotstown
 * Val-Saint-Gilles – see La Sarre
 * Victoriaville – (819) 260, 302, 330, 350, 352, 357, 402, 433, 460, 551, 552, 604, 740, 751, 752, 758, 795, 806, 809, 960, 980, 984, 990, (873) 300 303, 375, 406 430
 * Ville-Marie – (819) 622, 629, 702, 946 (873)- 374, 394, 736
 * Villeroy – (819) 381, 715
 * Waltham – see L'Isle-aux-Allumettes
 * Warwick – (819) 358, 559, 641
 * Waskaganish – (819) 895
 * Waswanipi – (819) 753
 * Waterville – (819) 408, 677, 837, (873) 623
 * Weedon – (819) 877, (873) 266 823
 * Wemindji – (819) 978
 * Wemotaci – see La Tuque
 * Westbury – see Sherbrooke
 * Wickham – (819) 398, 400, 741
 * Windsor – (819) 517, 628, 725, 845, 932
 * Winneway – see Belleterre
 * Wôlinak – see Bécancour
 * Wotton – (819) 286, 828
 * Yamachiche – (819) 296, 466, 618
 * Shared-cost service – (819) 310
 * Premium services – 1 (819/873) 976

title: Area codes 819, 873, and 468


text:
Talk:Battle of Perryville

Monuments
I am curious as to whether or not there are any monuments at the battle site, particularly pieces of sculpture. In the Battlefields of the Civil War it is described, in part, like this.

"It is, however, an excellent park if you want to exercise as much imagination as possible, without an excess of markers, monuments and interpretation." Carptrash 17:39, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Indeed, as the Perryville Battlefield Preservation Association contends, the Perryville battlefield is "arguably among the most pristine remaining in the United States".

Aside from informational markers, the only monuments at the site today are the Confederate and Union ones mentioned in the article. The Confederate monument stands in the Confederate cemetery constructed by Henry Bottom; it is topped by the generic figure of a Confederate infantryman, while the Union marker is a plain obelisk on a pedestal base.

Rdikeman 19:25, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

Separate Article
This seems the most logical place to post this, so I'll get on with it. Shouldn't there be an article concerning the Confederate Heartland Offensive? It would be much more convenient that shuffling through every battle in the campaignbox.--Roman Babylon 22:56, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure, go ahead. There are a number of Campaign articles that provide overviews, but not enough editing time to write all of them that could be needed. You can get organization and formatting ideas from, for example, Gettysburg Campaign, Maryland Campaign, Vicksburg Campaign. There is also a brief overview of this campaign in Western Theater of the American Civil War. Hal Jespersen 23:11, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Louisville saved by this battle?
Isn't this the battle, despite the technical result of the Confederates winning (but then retreating anyway), the deciding factor that kept Louisville out of conflict? I'd like to see some content related to this. Stevie is the man! Talk • Work 15:00, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Battle of Perryville