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United Artists Records

United Artists Records was an American record label founded by Max E. Youngstein of United Artists in 1957 to issue movie soundtracks. The label expanded into other genres, such as easy listening, jazz, pop, and R&B.

Genres
In 1958, United Artists released an album of music from the film The Big Country, for which composer Jerome Moross received an Academy Award nomination.

In 1959, United Artists released Forest of the Amazons, a cantata by Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos adapted from the music he composed for MGM's Green Mansions, with the composer conducting the Symphony of the Air. Brazilian soprano Bidu Sayão was the featured soloist on the unusual recording, which was released on both LP and reel-to-reel tape.

United Artists releases included soundtracks and cover versions from the James Bond movies, It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), A Hard Day's Night starring the Beatles (1964), The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1966), Fiddler on the Roof (1971), and Man of La Mancha (1972). The soundtrack album of United Artists's West Side Story (1961) was released by Columbia Records, which had also released the Broadway cast album. Also, the American version of the soundtrack album of United Artists's Help! (1965), also starring the Beatles, was released on Capitol Records.

As Henry Mancini was signed to RCA Victor, that company handled the soundtracks of the United Artists films that he composed the music for, most notably The Pink Panther; exceptions include Gaily, Gaily, The Hawaiians, The Pink Panther Strikes Again and Revenge of the Pink Panther. Many of these soundtracks have reverted to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, whose MGM Music unit licensed them to other labels for reissue, first Rykodisc, then Universal Music and EMI. As owner of Columbia and RCA Victor, Sony released the West Side Story original cast album and film soundtrack on CD. Sony has owned most of Mancini's soundtrack albums since its music division's merger with BMG in 2004. The label produced rock and roll and R&B hits from 1959 and into the 1960s by the Clovers, Marv Johnson, the Falcons, the Exciters, Patty Duke, the Delicates, Bobby Goldsboro, Jay and the Americans, and later Manfred Mann and the Easybeats. Berry Gordy placed a number of early Motown acts with United Artists, including Marv Johnson and Eddie Holland in 1959. Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller were hired to produce artists signed to the label after they left Atlantic. These included the Exciters, Bobby Goldsboro, Jay and the Americans, the Clovers, and Mike Clifford. United Artists covered folk music when it added Gordon Lightfoot to its roster and easy listening with the addition of piano duo Ferrante & Teicher.

United Artists' involvement with jazz was significant. The company hired Alan Douglas in 1960 to run its jazz division. Other producers were George Wein, Jack Lewis, and Tom Wilson. United Artists released jazz albums by Count Basie, Art Blakey, Ruby Braff, Betty Carter, Teddy Charles, Kenny Dorham, Mose Allison, Duke Ellington, Art Farmer, Bud Freeman, Curtis Fuller, Benny Golson, Billie Holiday, Milt Jackson, Dave Lambert, Booker Little, Howard McGhee, Gerry Mulligan, Oliver Nelson, Herb Pomeroy, Bill Potts, Zoot Sims, Rex Stewart, Billy Strayhorn, and the Modern Jazz Quartet.

In 1966, the Solid State division was begun, recording several albums by The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra. Other subsidiary labels were Unart, Ascot, United Artists Jazz, Musicor (United Artists was half owner of the company from 1960 to 1964 before selling in 1965 Ultra Audio (an audiophile label), and Veep. Unart was created in 1958 and was in operation until 1959, producing singles by vocal groups, then was recreated in 1967 for budget albums.

In 1966 United Artists acquired the masters of Sue Records, an R&B and soul record label in New York City which produced Ike & Tina Turner, Baby Washington, and jazz organist Jimmy McGriff. Some material produced by Sue was reissued on Unart.

United Artists produced a series of children's records under the "Tale Spinners for Children" name throughout the 1960s. These were album-length adaptations of classic fairy tales and children's stories done in an audio drama format.

Other UA labels
United Artists Special Projects were budget records designed for product and movie tie-ins. Examples are The Incredible World of James Bond, an album sold by Pepsi Cola and Frito Lay of cover version themes and original soundtrack music of the first three James Bond films, and Music from Marlboro Country, various cover versions of the theme to The Magnificent Seven and original soundtrack music from Elmer Bernstein's Return of the Seven that was sold by Philip Morris as a tie-in to its Marlboro cigarette brand.

Merger
In 1969, United Artists merged with co-owned Liberty Records and its subsidiary, Imperial Records. In 1971, Liberty/UA Records dropped the Liberty name in favor of United Artists.

Mainstream pop acts were signed to the label, among them Traffic, the Spencer Davis Group, Peter Sarstedt, Shirley Bassey, and War. The label attempted to update the style of 1950s rock group Bill Haley & His Comets with a 1968 single. After UA bought Mediarts Records, the roster grew to include Don McLean, Merrilee Rush, Paul Anka, Chris Rea, Dusty Springfield, Bill Conti, Northern Calloway, Johnny Rivers, Ike & Tina Turner, Gerry Rafferty, and Crystal Gayle. Later, through a distribution deal with Jet Records, Electric Light Orchestra was signed. UA also distributed the otherwise-independent Grateful Dead Records in the early-to-mid 1970s.

In England, Andrew Lauder, who had been head of A&R at the UK branch of Liberty Records, transferred to UA when Liberty was shut down in 1971. His signings included the Groundhogs, Aynsley Dunbar (only in the UK), Hawkwind, Bonzo Dog Band, Brinsley Schwarz, Man (all originally Liberty artists), High Tide, Help Yourself, Dr. Feelgood, the Buzzcocks, the Stranglers and 999. He also licensed UK releases for several influential German bands during the early 70s, the best known of which were Can, Neu! and Amon Düül II. Lauder left UA in late 1977 to help found Radar Records.

The label's most commercially successful artist was country artist Kenny Rogers who signed to UA in the mid-1970s, enjoying a long string of hit singles and albums.

In the mid-to-late 1970s the company was known as United Artists Music and Records Group (UAMARG).

Sale to EMI
In 1978, UA executives Artie Mogull and Jerry Rubinstein bought the record company from Transamerica with a loan from EMI, which took over distribution of the label. The official name of the company was changed to Liberty/United Records, but the United Artists Records name was retained under license. The deal led to an immediate setback, as the change of ownership allowed Jet Records to end its relationship with UA and switch its distribution to CBS Records, with the Jet back catalog transferring to CBS distribution as well. UA dumped many ELO albums into the cutout market, which CBS was unable to prevent. However, CBS reissues of early ELO albums through Out of the Blue (1977) contained copyright notices for United Artists Music and Records Group. Unable to generate enough income to cover the loan, Liberty/United Records was sold to EMI in 1979 for $3 million and assumed liabilities of $32 million.

EMI dropped the United Artists name in 1980 and revived the Liberty label for releases by artists who had been signed to UA. This incarnation of Liberty Records operated between 1980 and about 1986, when it was deactivated and its artists assigned to other EMI labels.

Many albums from the United Artists Records catalog were reissued on Liberty during these years. Two significant exceptions were a couple of Beatles albums not previously controlled by EMI in the United States: the A Hard Day's Night (1964) soundtrack album, and Let It Be (1970). The Let It Be album was actually released by Apple Records in both the UK and the US but because the movie had been distributed by United Artists Pictures, in America the album was distributed by United Artists rather than EMI. Both previously non-EMI Beatles albums were reissued on the Capitol label, which already controlled the rest of the Beatles' catalog in the United States.

UAR today
When producer Jerry Weintraub was enlisted to revive the United Artists movie studio in 1986, he attempted to revive the United Artists Records label as well. However, only one album was released: the soundtrack for The Karate Kid Part II, a film Weintraub had produced for Columbia Pictures before being hired at UA. A single from the movie's soundtrack, Mancrab's "Fish for Life," was also released on United Artists Records.

The United Artists catalog is controlled by Capitol Records, now part of Universal Music Group (who also owns the non-soundtrack catalog of MGM Records, once owned by UA's current parent Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer). Capitol Records also has the rights to soundtrack albums UA Records released under license from MGM Music. The catalog of most British acts who were signed to the British branch of UA Records is today controlled by the Parlophone unit of Warner Music Group, with North American distribution by Rhino Entertainment. One exception is the band The Vapors, whose rights to their UA/Liberty recordings are owned by RT Industries, which acquired them from WMG in 2018. However, Warner's services division Alternative Distribution Alliance serves as RT's distributor.

Roster

 * 999
 * A Band Called O
 * Morris Albert
 * American Flyer
 * American Spring
 * Amon Düül II
 * The Animals (Jet)
 * The Angels (Ascot)
 * Paul Anka
 * B. J. Arnau
 * Shirley Bassey
 * The Beatles (US and Canada)
 * Black Widow (US)
 * Brass Construction
 * Brinsley Schwarz
 * Buzzcocks
 * Can
 * Al Caiola (Ultra Audio & United Artists)
 * Canned Heat
 * Anita Carter
 * The Clovers
 * Odia Coates
 * Bill Conti
 * Pat Cooper
 * Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose
 * Don Costa
 * Country Gazette
 * Curfew
 * The D-Men (Veep & United Artists)
 * Chris Darrow
 * The Spencer Davis Group (US)
 * The Delicates (Unart)
 * Dr. Feelgood (UK)
 * Patty Duke
 * The Easybeats
 * The Electric Indian
 * Electric Light Orchestra (United Artists & Jet)
 * Enchantment (Roadshow Records and United Artists)
 * The Exciters
 * The Falcons
 * Family (US & Canada)
 * Ferrante & Teicher (Ultra Audio & United Artists)
 * Fischer-Z
 * Sergio Franchi
 * Connie Francis
 * Crystal Gayle
 * Bobby Goldsboro
 * The Groundhogs
 * Bill Haley & His Comets
 * The Hassles
 * Hawkwind
 * Roy Head & the Traits (Ascot)
 * Help Yourself
 * LeRoy Holmes
 * The Highwaymen
 * Dee D. Jackson
 * Jan and Dean
 * Jay and the Americans
 * Marv Johnson
 * George Jones
 * Artie Kaplan
 * Deke Leonard's Iceberg
 * Gordon Lightfoot
 * Little Anthony and the Imperials (DCP, Veep & UA)
 * Don McLean
 * Sylvia McNeill
 * Man
 * Manfred Mann (Ascot & United Artists)
 * Country Johnny Mathis
 * Nathaniel Mayer
 * Bobbi Martin
 * George Martin
 * Garnet Mimms
 * Melba Montgomery
 * Ennio Morricone
 * Mouth & MacNeal
 * The Move
 * Neu! (UK)
 * Maxine Nightingale
 * Nitty Gritty Dirt Band (Liberty & United Artists)
 * Passengers
 * Joyce Paul
 * Gene Pitney (Musicor)
 * The Platters (Musicor)
 * Popol Vuh (rest of the world)
 * Mark Radice
 * Gerry Rafferty
 * Chris Rea
 * Sharon Redd
 * Del Reeves
 * Waldo de los Rios
 * Johnny Rivers
 * Tito Rodríguez (United Artists Latino)
 * Kenny Rogers
 * Jimmy Roselli
 * Merrilee Rush
 * Jean Shepard
 * Dusty Springfield (US)
 * The Stranglers (except in US)
 * Donna Summer
 * The Tammys
 * Traffic (US)
 * Ike & Tina Turner
 * The Vapors
 * The Ventures
 * War (Far Out Productions)
 * Doc Watson
 * Wess and the Airedales
 * Dottie West
 * Whitesnake
 * David Wiffen
 * Bobby Womack
 * Roy Wood
 * Wynder K. Frog
 * Frank Zappa (200 Motels soundtrack only)

title: United Artists Records


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Lorena, São Paulo

Lorena is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil.

General
Lorena is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte. The population is 89,125 (2020 est.) in an area of 414.16 km2. The elevation is 524 m, after the political emancipation of Canas, its last district.

The city was originated when a farm was constructed at the end of the 17th century. It became a parish in 1718, a municipality in 1788 and is a city since 1856. The city is now the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lorena. Its main business areas are industry, services and agro-business. It is also a highlight in region due to its three colleges, including areas from human to exact sciences. People of things who come from or inhabit in Lorena are called "lorenense".

The municipality contains the 281 ha Lorena National Forest, created in 1934.

Demographics
According to the 2010 IBGE Census, the population was 82,553, of which 80,182 are urban and 2,371 are rural. The average life expectancy for the municipality was 70.64 years. The literacy rate was at 94.13%.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lorena, São Paulo


text:
Karl Maximovich

Carl Johann Maximovich, also Karl Ivanovich Maximovich (Russian: Карл Иванович Максимович; 23 November 1827 – 16 February 1891) was a Russian botanist. Maximovich spent most of his life studying the flora of the countries he had visited in the Far East, and naming many new species. He worked at the Saint Petersburg Botanical Gardens from 1852 as curator of the herbarium collection, becoming Director in 1869.

History
Born a Baltic-German, his name at birth was Karl Ivanovich Maksimovich, but he changed it to the German version of his name for his scientific work. He graduated in biology from the institution which is now University of Tartu, Estonia in (1850), he was a pupil of Alexander G. von Bunge.

From 1853 to 1857 he traveled around the world. He travelled with another Baltic-German Leopold von Schrenck to the Amur region in eastern Asia. From 1859 to 1864 he also he visited China, Korea and Japan. He arrived in Japan in late 1860, initially basing his operations in Hakodate. He traveled extensively in southern Japan and for much of 1862 including the region of Yokohama and Mount Fuji, he ended that year in Nagasaki. He also explored much of Kyūshū.

He was particularly involved with the flora of Japan, following the footsteps of notably Carl Peter Thunberg, and Philipp Franz von Siebold. His assistant in Japan was Sukawa Chonosuke, whose name was given by Maximovich to the flower Trillium tschonoskii.

He also studied the flora of Tibet, concluding that it was chiefly composed of immigrants from Mongolia and the Himalaya.

Commissioned by the Russian Academy of Sciences, he purchased from von Siebold's widow the set of eight volumes of the famous collection of Japanese botanical illustrations drawn by several Japanese artists. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1888.

Named in his honor
for more species
 * Acer maximowiczianum: Nikko maple, China & Japan
 * Atriplex maximowicziana: Maximovich's Saltbush
 * Betula maximowicziana: Monarch Birch, Japan
 * Crataegus maximowiczii Schneid.
 * Kalopanax pictus var maximowiczii: China, Manchuria, Korea, Japan  1865
 * Lilium leichtlinii Hooker f. var. maximowiczii (Regel) Baker: (also named after the German botanist Max Leichtlin)
 * Picea maximowiczii: Maximovich Spruce, Japan
 * Populus maximowiczii: Maximovich' Poplar
 * Maximowicz's vole (Alexandromys maximowiczii)

Plants named by him
Maximovich described and named over 2300 plants which were previously unknown to science.

 * Genus Circaeaster Maxim. – family Circaeasteraceae
 * Acer argutum Maxim.
 * Acer barbinerve Maxim.
 * Acer capillipes Maxim.
 * Acer miyabei Maxim.
 * Acer mono Maxim.
 * Acer nikoense Maxim.
 * Acer tschonoskii Maxim.
 * Berberis thunbergii Maxim.
 * Buddleja alternifolia Maxim.
 * Calanthe reflexa Maxim.
 * Elaeagnus oldhamii Maxim.
 * Goodyera macrantha Maxim.
 * Juglans mandshurica Maxim.
 * Liparis japonica Maxim.
 * Pedicularis artselaeri Maxim. – family Scrophulariaceae
 * Platanthera hologlottis Maxim.
 * Rhododendron schlippenbachii Maxim.
 * Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.
 * Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. - Japan, Korea, northeastern China, and far-eastern Russia
 * Tulotis ussuriensis (Maxim.) Hara
 * Yoania japonica Maxim.

Selected works

 * Rhamneae orientali-asiaticae (1866)
 * Rhododendrae Asia Orientalis (1870)
 * Monograph on genus Lespedeza (1873)
 * Enumeratio plantarum hucusque in Mongolia : nec non adjacente parte Turkestaniae Sinensis lectarum (1889)
 * Flora Tangutica : sive enumeratio plantarum regionis Tangut (AMDO) provinciae Kansu, nec non Tibetiae praesertim orientaliborealis atque tsaidam : ex collectionibus N.M. Przewalski atque G.N. Potanin (1889)
 * Diagnoses plantarum novarum asiaticarum. VI
 * Primitae Florae Amurensis (Flora of the Amur Region) in Bulletin de L’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg (1859).

title: Karl Maximovich


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Louveira

Louveira is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 49,993 (2020 est.) in an area of 55.1 km2. The elevation is 690 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Louveira


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Clarendon ministry

The Clarendon ministry was forged out of the royalist camp of Charles II, who was returned to the throne (the English Restoration) in 1660. Two years previously, Lord Hyde (later Earl of Clarendon) had been appointed Lord Chancellor, and in 1660, he was joined by several other powerful statesmen, including the heir presumptive of the English throne, the Duke of York. After the Second Anglo-Dutch War, however, Charles lost confidence in his ministers, and in 1667, five statesmen took cooperative power in the Cabal ministry.

Lord Clarendon was impeached by the House of Commons and forced to flee; the Duke of Albemarle sold his position to George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham; and Sir George Carteret simply left his position, eventually being forced out of the House two years later.

Committee for Foreign Affairs
The Privy Council Committee for Foreign Affairs served as the ministry; other significant statesmen not in the committee are listed in the next section. As the name of the ministry would suggest, Lord Clarendon (earlier Lord Hyde) was, in effect, the leader of the government.

title: Clarendon ministry


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File:N64 1080.jpg

screenshot N64 1080° Snowboarding by me

Fair Use Rationale for 1080° Snowboarding

 * The image is being used in an informative way and should not detract from the game.
 * Use of this image does not limit or prevent the license holders' ability to sell the game
 * The image is being used solely for the illustration and identification of 1080° Snowboarding
 * No substitute is available under a free license, nor could one be created that would provide the same information.
 * The image shows the in-game experience of 1080° Snowboarding.

title: File:N64 1080.jpg


text: Category:Industrial engineers

title: Category:Industrial engineers


text: File:N64 Wave Race 64.jpg

title: File:N64 Wave Race 64.jpg


text: User talk:129.118.186.171

title: User talk:129.118.186.171


text:
Thorp T-18

The Thorp T-18 is an American, two-place, all-metal, plans-built, homebuilt aircraft designed in 1963 by John Thorp.

The aircraft was originally designed as an open cockpit aircraft, powered by a military surplus Lycoming O-290G ground power unit engine, but evolved into a fully bubble canopied aircraft powered by engines of up to 200 hp.

Design and development
The T-18 was designed to be easily constructed from sheets of aluminum, and use a modified Lycoming O-290G. It was originally designed with an open cockpit and with the cylinder heads protruding through the engine cowling in the interest of simplicity. Even as originally designed, the cruising speed was quite high. The design showed great potential for higher performance and so modifications were created to install larger, cowled Lycomings and a bubble canopy. These modifications allow a T-18 with 125 hp to cruise at 160 mph and higher-powered examples to cruise in excess of 200 mph. Some aircraft have been constructed with retractable landing gear.

These performance improvements made the T-18 one of the most popular homebuilt designs of the 1970s and early 1980s until the Van's Aircraft RV kitplane series came on the market.

The T-18 was designed to use the 125 hp Lycoming O-290G Ground Power Unit. At the time the T-18 was developed, these engines were inexpensive and widely available as military surplus generator motors. When converted for aircraft use they are virtually identical to the O-290D or O-290D2 aircraft engines.

Other Lycoming engines can be used, including the Lycoming O-320, Lycoming O-340, Lycoming O-360 and the Lycoming IO-360.

T-18 plans were available to builders from Eklund Engineering, which was also developing a laser-cut kit version and as of 2009 had aileron, flap and empennage kits. Classic Sport Aircraft at one time supplied plans, parts, and kits for the S-18 and the S-18T tricycle gear version, but went out of business in 2014. Thorp Central acquired the assets of Classic Sport Aircraft and now provides S-18 plans and parts.

By 2011 over 1600 sets of plans had been sold and 400 examples were flying.

Operational history
One T-18, N455DT, was built by Donald Taylor of California and flown around the world from Oshkosh, Wisconsin, in 1976. This was the first successful circumnavigation of the world by a homebuilt aircraft. Taylor subsequently flew N455DT to the geographical North Pole, using a Sperry hybrid inertial navigation system.

Clive Canning flew another T-18 from Australia to England earlier the same year.

Variants

 * T-18
 * Original model

 * T-18W
 * Modified T-18, with changes designed by Lou Sunderland to provide a 2" (5 cm) wider fuselage.

 * T-18C
 * Modified T-18, with changes designed by Lou Sunderland to provide a "convertible" wing that rotates back against the fuselage for trailering or storage.

 * T-18CW
 * T-18 with wider fuselage and folding wing.

 * S-18
 * Similar to T-18CW, with modified airfoil and other minor changes. The Sunderland changes were made in collaboration with Thorp.

 * S-18T
 * Tricycle landing gear version

title: Thorp T-18


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Triponzo

Triponzo is a frazione of the comune of Cerreto di Spoleto in the Province of Perugia, Umbria, central Italy. It stands at an elevation of 420 metres above sea level. At the time of the Istat census of 2001 it had 45 inhabitants.

The name of the town must surely derive from Latin *Tripontium, meaning "three bridges", presumably one over each branch of the rivers; but no Roman bridge has survived. It is famous among epigraphers for a Roman inscription (CIL IX.4541 = ILLRP 1275a), carved in the live rock on the outer face of the modern SS 209 road tunnel a few hundred metres W of the town, which records the building of the Roman road from Spoletium to Nursia by order of the Roman Senate.

Triponzo is also notable for at least one medieval church, S. Caterina, and sulphureous springs, about 1.5 km (1 mi) NE of town, the water of which is considered to have therapeutic properties: a combination spa and hydroelectric facility have been under construction here since the late 20th century.

The famous Valnerina (Valley of the Nera River) in Umbria was characterized by more than 50 medieval fortifications with watchtowers. Over the years, most of the towers were lost due to war and seismic events. The tower of Triponzo was the largest of these lying at the crux of two important valleys. Built in the 1300s it was badly damaged during the earthquake of September 1997. Given that it was one of the few remaining structures, the authorities expressed the desire to see it rebuilt in part to cancel traumatic events from memory however rebuilding the tower would have required its total demolition and removing the fallen parts would have meant an unacceptable risk for the workers. With the help of modern building technology, a new project was created by Architects Martin Stubenrauch, Moreno Orazi and Engineer Fabrizio Menghini. The fallen tower parts were stabilized, the facade preserved and a monumental modern steel spine was added to uphold and re-identify the monument in modern terms. Today the tower leaps into view upon approaching the town by roadway. The tower is unique in its bold approach to historic reconstruction.

title: Triponzo


text:
User talk:Krasniy Volk

Vandalism
Welcome to Wikipedia and thanks for your question!

Regarding your message on my talk page, the contributions from your IP address show four instances of vandalism of User:Tom- (see this diff, for example). It is possible that someone has the same IP address as you (198.81.26.49), in which case please see the italicized notice at the bottom of that IP address's talk page (User talk:198.81.26.49). If you are not the vandal, my comment was certainly not directed at you. Now that you have registered a username, your contributions can be distinguished from anonymous ones, and you can avoid having vandalism warnings mistakenly directed at you. I highly encourage you to keep contributing; if you're interested, see Welcome, newcomers. --Ðåñηÿßôý | Talk 22:05, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:MastiffwSh.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:MastiffwSh.JPG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. BRossow 03:01, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:MastiffwSh.JPG)
Thanks for uploading Image:MastiffwSh.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Aksibot 09:54, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Krasniy Volk


text:
File:N64 F-Zero X.jpg

Summary
This image is a screenshot from F-Zero X, a futuristic racing video game developed by the Entertainment Analysis and Development branch of Nintendo and published by Nintendo. The image portrays the vehicle "Golden Fox" going through a pipe in the third course of the Jack Cup named "Sand Ocean: Pipe". Source: N-Sider

Licensing
Rationale for the fair use of this image in the article F-Zero X
 * The image is being used in an informative way to demonstrate the games' graphical capabilities.
 * The image is used to describe the game in question and should not detract from the game.
 * The image does not limit Nintendo's ability to sell the game.
 * This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is.

Rationale for the fair use of this image in the article F-Zero (series)
 * The F-Zero video games has been released for public purposes, and therefore, the screenshot is intended for wide distribution.
 * This image is used to describe a well-known and significant part of the F-Zero video game franchise in numerous ways, including the games' graphical style, so it should not detract from the game itself.
 * The image does not limit Nintendo's ability to sell the game.
 * This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is.

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: File:N64 F-Zero X.jpg


text:
Palmetto station

Palmetto station is a Metrorail rapid transit station in unincorporated Miami-Dade County, Florida (with a Miami address), United States, just near the town of Medley. It is the current northern terminus of the Metrorail system. This station is located near the intersection of Northwest 77th Street and 79 Avenue, opening to service May 30, 2003. It is adjacent to the Palmetto Expressway (SR 826) (its namesake), providing convenience to west Miami-Dade and Broward commuters traveling into Downtown Miami. The station is in a low-density warehouse area and has low ridership. In 2023 a 900-unit housing project was proposed for the site.900 apartments

Station layout
The station has two tracks and an island platform, with parking north of the station structure.

Places of interest

 * Miami-Dade Animal Services Shelter/Adoption Center
 * Town of Medley
 * City of Doral
 * Miami-Dade Warehouse District

title: Palmetto station


text:
Judge (sumo)

Shimpan (審判) or Shinpan are the ring-side judges of a professional sumo bout. In a sumo honbasho tournament, five shimpan sit around the ring to observe which wrestler wins the matchup, with two additional shimpan serving as video review officials in another room. When judging tournament bouts, they wear formal Japanese dress of otokomono, haori with mon, and hakama. At the end of each bout, an initial decision is given by the gyōji (the ring referee), which is usually correct and no action is taken by the shimpan.

Seating and status
Five shimpan sit around the ring during the tournament. The order of importance of the shimpan is determined by where they sit. The order of importance goes North, East, South East, South West, West. They will rotate where they sit every day to maintain equality. However, in the top division, only the chief shimpan and his two deputies may sit in the North. The South East shimpan also acts as the timekeeper and gives a signal to the gyōji (referee) when preparation time is up and the wrestlers should fight. Prior to September 1952, the raised shire roof (tsuriyane) was supported by columns and the shimpan would sit in front of the columns.

Mono-ii
If one of the shimpan disagrees or is unsure about the decision, then he raises his hand and the five of them climb into the ring, or dohyō to hold a mono-ii. A mono-ii (of the shimpan only) can in principle also be called by any of the four sumo wrestlers awaiting their bout around the ring, although this is an extremely rare occurrence.

During the mono-ii, the five shimpan give their views on what happened. The gyōji is usually able to listen in but is not expected to take part unless invited to do so. (In a famous case in January 1972, when the shimpan overruled the gyōji and said that Kitanofuji was the winner because his opponent was shini-tai and Kitanofuji was entitled to put his hand down first to prevent injury (kabai-te), the gyōji was seen to be arguing with the officials.) Overturning a call can be a serious matter for a gyōji, as he has to file a report and it can hinder his promotion, lead to suspension for a number of days, or in very rare cases resignation. For top division matches, two further shimpan in a separate room serve as replay review officials, in communication with the chief shimpan (who is always one of the three senior members of the judging committee) via an audio link in his ear.

The use of video was brought in as a result of a famous bout in March 1969 in which the yokozuna Taihō was adjudged to have lost the bout despite subsequent replays and photographs indicating otherwise. The referee had originally given the victory to Taihō, but the judges reversed his decision. The loss of this bout broke an extremely unusual 45 bout winning streak by the yokozuna and consequently the decision received much adverse publicity. One of the two shimpan in the video booth must now also be one of the three most senior judges. This rule was brought in as a result of judging controversies in the 1990s.

The result of the mono-ii can be to uphold the gyōji's decision (so-called gunbai-dōri), reverse his decision (gunbai-sashichigai), or call a rematch (torinaoshi). Prior to 1926, draws (azukari) were allowed. The head shimpan is responsible for making the announcement and a brief explanation to the wrestlers and spectators.

Status of the shimpan
All the shimpan are oyakata, or sumo elders, of the Japan Sumo Association and are members of its judging committee. At the end of each honbasho tournament, the judging committee members also have the responsibility to decide the ranking of the wrestlers for the following tournament, which includes making the initial formal recommendation for the promotion of a wrestler to the rank of ōzeki to the Sumo Association board of directors. A special advisory body of external members is responsible for initial recommendations of promotion to the top rank of yokozuna.

The judging committee has 23 members at any one time. The three chief shimpan, who are nearly always former yokozuna or ōzeki, serve two-year terms, while the other 20 members serve one-year terms. An oyakata is normally expected to have reached at least a high maegashira rank as an active wrestler and must usually wait at least five years after retirement to become a shimpan. One exception was Nishonoseki (the 72nd yokozuna Kisenosato), who was named to the judging committee just three years after his retirement.

title: Judge (sumo)


text:
Tripontium (disambiguation)

Tripontium is a Roman town in Warwickshire and Leicestershire, England.

Tripontium (meaning in Latin: "Three Bridges") may also refer to:

 * Tripontium (Melrose), Scottish Borders
 * Tripontium, Lazio, near Forum Appii, Lazio, Italy
 * Triponzo in Umbria

title: Tripontium (disambiguation)


text:
Tachi-ai

The tachi-ai (立合い) is the initial charge between two sumo wrestlers at the beginning of a bout. It is a combination of two Japanese words that mean “stand” and “meet”.

There are several common techniques that wrestlers use at the tachi-ai, with the aim of getting a decisive advantage in the bout:

 * Charge head-first
 * Usually to attempt to use one's weight and momentum to force the opponent backwards out of the ring. Such a headlong charge in a low position can lead a more agile opponent to dodge out of the way and slap the charger on the back to push him to his knees.

 * Try to raise the opponent up into a vertical position
 * Makes the opponent more vulnerable to being pushed backwards toward the ring edge and also to certain types of throw and pull down moves.

 * Thrust the opponent's chest
 * Again force the opponent backwards towards the ringedge, or to unbalance him sufficiently to execute a beltless arm throw or a pull down move. Powerful thrusts can on occasion be enough to force the opponent to fall over in the ring.

 * Slap the opponent's face
 * Shock the opponent into lowering his guard to gain an advantageous position, in certain cases the slap has been known to be enough to stun an opponent into falling to his knees.

 * Grab the opponent's belt
 * Use the belt to gain leverage to force an opponent backwards, or to execute a belt throw

 * React to the opponent's move
 * Includes dodging out of the way of an incautious charge as described above (known as henka), or dodging the attempted slap and using the opponent's lack of balance to gain an advantageous position.

 * Jump over the opponent
 * Used famously by retired rikishi Hayateumi and Mainoumi, involves jumping high at the charge and hoping the opponent charges out of the ring.

 * Surprise the opponent
 * Includes such moves as clapping one hands in front of the opponent's face (nekodamashi) and using the momentary blink to duck underneath to get a strong belt or leg grip to try to subsequently throw the opponent. See also Henka.

The rules state that the wrestlers must touch down both fists on the floor before the tachi-ai. By the 1970s and early 1980s, the rule had come to be widely ignored, with wrestlers charging from a virtually standing position. A crackdown by the Japan Sumo Association in 1984 led to the fist-down rule being enforced once again, but has also led to concerns that it increases the likelihood of wrestlers charging head-first into each other and suffering concussion.

title: Tachi-ai


text:
User:JoeChongq

Hi, I am a graduate student in Computer Science. I live in Texas, USA.

I don't use wikipedia a lot and haven't yet contributed much but Wikipedia has been quite useful for me several times when trying to find information.

I do what I can to clean spammed wikis and I am one of the founders of chongqed.org where we try to fight wiki spammers.

ps. Chongq is not my last name.

title: User:JoeChongq


text:
Diabase

Diabase, also called dolerite or microgabbro, is a mafic, holocrystalline, subvolcanic rock equivalent to volcanic basalt or plutonic gabbro. Diabase dikes and sills are typically shallow intrusive bodies and often exhibit fine-grained to aphanitic chilled margins which may contain tachylite (dark mafic glass).

Diabase is the preferred name in North America, while dolerite is the preferred name in the rest of the English-speaking world, where sometimes the name diabase refers to altered dolerites and basalts. Some geologists prefer to avoid confusion by using the name microgabbro.

The name diabase comes from the French diabase, and ultimately from the Greek διάβασις – meaning "act of crossing over, transition". whereas the name dolerite comes from the French dolérite, from the Greek doleros (“deceitful, deceptive”), because it was easily confused with diorite

Petrography
Diabase normally has a fine but visible texture of euhedral lath-shaped plagioclase crystals (62%) set in a finer matrix of clinopyroxene, typically augite (20–29%), with minor olivine (3% up to 12% in olivine diabase), magnetite (2%), and ilmenite (2%). Accessory and alteration minerals include hornblende, biotite, apatite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, serpentine, chlorite, and calcite. The texture is termed diabasic and is typical of diabases. This diabasic texture is also termed interstitial. The feldspar is high in anorthite (as opposed to albite), the calcium endmember of the plagioclase anorthite-albite solid solution series, most commonly labradorite.

Locations

Diabase is usually found in smaller, relatively shallow intrusive bodies such as dikes and sills. Diabase dikes occur in regions of crustal extension and often occur in dike swarms of hundreds of individual dikes or sills radiating from a single volcanic center.

The Palisades Sill which makes up the New Jersey Palisades on the Hudson River, near New York City, New York, United States, is an example of a diabase sill. The dike complexes of the British Tertiary Volcanic Province includes Skye, Rum, Mull, and Arran of western Scotland, the Slieve Gullion region of Ireland, and dolerite dike swarms extending across northern England towards the Midlands, for example Rowley Rag. Parts of the Deccan Traps of India, formed at the end of the Cretaceous, also include dolerite. It is also abundant in large parts of Curaçao, an island off the coast of Venezuela. Another example of diabase dikes has been recognized in the Mongo area within the Guéra Massif of Chad in Central Africa.

In the Death Valley region of California, Precambrian diabase intrusions metamorphosed pre-existing dolomite into economically important talc deposits.

In the Thuringian-Franconian-Vogtland Slate Mountains of central Germany the diabase is entirely of Devonian age. They form typical domed landscapes, especially in the Vogtland. One geotourist attraction is the Steinerne Rose near Saalburg, a natural monument, whose present shape is due to the typical weathering of lava pillows.

Gondwanaland and Australia
A geological event known as the Oenpelli Dolerite intrusive event occurred about 1,720 million years ago in western Arnhem Land, in the Northern Territory, forming curved ridges of Oenpelli Dolerite stretching over 30,000 km2. Further west, on the northern coast of Arnhem Land, a "subsurface radial dyke swarm" known as Galiwinku Dolerite, taking its name from the Aboriginal name for Elcho Island, occurs on the Gove Peninsula and continues under the Arafura Sea and on Wessel Islands, including Elcho and Milingimbi Islands.

In the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia, a Proterozoic 200 km long dolerite dike, the Norseman-Wiluna greenstone belt is associated with the non-alluvial gold mining area between Norseman and Kalgoorlie, which includes the largest gold mine in Australia, the Super Pit gold mine. West of the Norseman–Wiluna Belt is the Yalgoo-Singleton greenstone belt, where complex dolerite dike swarms obscure the volcaniclastic sediments. Large dolerite sills such as the Golden Mile Dolerite can exhibit coarse-grained texture, and show a large diversity in petrography and geochemistry across the width of the sill.

The vast areas of mafic volcanism/plutonism associated with the Jurassic breakup of the Gondwana supercontinent in the Southern Hemisphere include many large diabase/dolerite sills and dike swarms. These include the Karoo dolerites of South Africa, the Ferrar Dolerites of Antarctica, and the largest of these, the most extensive of all dolerite formations worldwide, are found in Tasmania. Here, the volume of magma which intruded into a thin veneer of Permian and Triassic rocks from multiple feeder sites, over a period of perhaps a million years, may have exceeded 40,000 cubic kilometres. In Tasmania, dolerite dominates much of the landscape, particularly alpine areas, with many examples of columnar jointing.

Early Jurassic activity resulted in the formation of dolerite intrusion in Prospect in Sydney, and quarrying of basalt for roadstone and other building materials has been an important activity there for over 180 years.

Use
Diabase is crushed and used as a construction aggregate for road beds, buildings, railroad beds (rail ballast), and within dams and levees.

Diabase can be cut for use as headstones and memorials; the base of the Marine Corps War Memorial is made of black diabase "granite" (a commercial term, not actual granite). Diabase can also be cut for use as ornamental stone for countertops, facing stone on buildings, and paving. A form of dolerite, known as bluestone, is one of the materials used in the construction of Stonehenge.

Diabase also serves as local building stone. In Tasmania, where it is one of the most common rocks found, it is used for building, for landscaping and to erect dry-stone farm walls. In northern County Down, Northern Ireland, "dolerite" is used in buildings such as Mount Stewart together with Scrabo Sandstone as both are quarried at Scrabo Hill.

Balls of diabase were used by the ancient Egyptians as pounding tools for working softer (but still hard) stones.

title: Diabase


text:
Annamarie Castrilli

Annamarie Castrilli is a former politician, lawyer, educator and rights advocate in Ontario, Canada.

Background
Castrilli was educated at the University of Toronto, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1969, a Master of Arts degree in 1970, and a Ph.D. in 1977. She subsequently attended Osgoode Hall Law School, receiving an LL.B. in 1984. She began her law career with the firm of Harries, Hauser, Loudon & Syron from 1985 to 1989 and was a Tax Partner with Bratty and Partners in 1990. From 1991 to 1995, she ran a private practice as a corporate lawyer.

Castrilli also served on the Governing Council of the University of Toronto from 1989 to 1995 (including two years as its chair), was a trustee with the Sunnybrook Hospital from 1993 to 1995, and was a director of the Royal Ontario Museum, also from 1993 to 1995. She was a founding member of the Italian Canadian Women's Alliance in 1976, and of the Women's Intercultural Council in 1988.

Her other achievements include serving as National President of the National Congress of Italian Canadians; President of the Universal Youth Foundation; Member of the Canada 21 Council; Member of the Ontario Lieutenant Governor's Board of Review; a Director of the Legal Education Action Fund Foundation; member of Canadian Friends of Hebrew University; a Director of North York Branson Hospital; a Director of The John Cabot (1997) 500th Anniversary Corporation; a Director of the Integrated Growth Fund; Chair of the Canadian Centre for Italian Culture and Education; a Director and then Chair of the Association of Chairs of Colleges and Universities; Member of the Board of Presidents, Canadian Ethnocultural Council; founding member and then President of the Women's Intercultural Network; Vice-Magister, Phi Delta Phi, Osgoode Inn; a Director of The Canadian Stage Company; Governor of the YMCA; founder and member of the Advisory Board of Amani Canada, an organization dedicated to supporting the work of Amani, which runs homes and schools for street children in Tanzania, Africa.

During her mandate as President of the National Congress of Italian Canadians she led the fight to have the Government of Canada acknowledge the injustice done to Italian Canadians during World War II. In 1990 at an evening organized by the National Congress of Italian Canadians, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney apologized for the internment of Italian Canadians during World War II and other acts of injustice directed at them.

Before entering politics, she had written a great deal on multiculturalism, women's issues, constitutional, civil and human rights. She had also been involved in the constitutional debate in Canada. She was a member of the National Coalition on the Constitution; Member of the Council for Canadian Unity; a member of the Federal Task Force on Multiculturalism; a member of the Premier of Ontario's Advisory Group on the Constitution (Charlottetown Accord) and Vice-Chair of the Ontario Canada Committee (the “Yes Committee”) in the Charlottetown Referendum.

Politics
In the provincial election of 1995, Castrilli was elected as a Liberal in the northwest Toronto riding of Downsview, defeating incumbent New Democrat Anthony Perruzza. The general election was won by the Progressive Conservatives, and Castrilli became the Opposition Critic for Colleges and Universities, also serving as Opposition Critic for Women's Issues Critic to the Attorney-General. She was subsequently appointed Chair of the Standing Committee on Social Development and a member of the Tripartite Legislative Committee of the Ontario Government on the Calgary Constitutional Accord, overseeing the Calgary Accord constitutional referendum in Ontario.

When Lyn McLeod resigned as Liberal leader in 1996, Castrilli initially entered the race to succeed her, ultimately giving her support to eventual winner Dalton McGuinty. (See Ontario Liberal Leadership Conventions.)

Castrilli initially planned to run as a Liberal in the 1999 provincial election, but was defeated for the party's nomination in York Centre by fellow caucus member Monte Kwinter. The Progressive Conservative government had previously reduced the number of constituencies from 130 to 103, forcing several incumbent Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs) to compete against one another for renomination.

On the last sitting day of the legislature, Castrilli crossed the floor to sit as a Progressive Conservative. She won the PC nomination in the Parkdale—High Park constituency, and lost to Liberal MPP Gerard Kennedy in the general election. Kennedy and Castrilli were both candidates for the Liberal party leadership in 1996.

Later life
She was appointed by Premier Mike Harris as the director of "Partnership with Ontarians", an office created to promote the province for international business.

In the federal election of 2004, Castrilli supported Conservative Party candidate Michael Mostyn. Later in the year, she was co-chair of Jim Flaherty's unsuccessful bid to lead the provincial Tories.

She is also the founding partner of Castrilli Law, a director of SEADAC Strategic Consultants Inc., a director of the Ontario Association of Former Parliamentarians and the Chair of the Educational Foundation of the Ontario Association of Former Parliamentarians.

title: Annamarie Castrilli


text:
Talk:.45 GAP

Size "advantage"
From the article: "Since nearly all semi-automatic pistols store cartridges in the grip frame, the smaller overall length allows a smaller grip diameter which means that even a double-column pistol can have a grip that is easily handled by most adults."

Where was this nonsense ripped or ejected from? Excluding compact/sub-compact pistols, there is no smaller grip advantage. The size difference in the Glock 37's grip and a Glock 17 is indeed different and the Glock 37 is smaller - but by mere millimeters as far as I'm aware. I just don't see how this argument can be used outside of compact/sub-compact handguns, because the grip size in full-size .45 GAP autoloaders really isn't that much smaller at all. --Sturmwehr 19:56, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Also from it: "The width of all three pistols is listed by the manufacturer as 1.18", compared with 1.27" for the .45 ACP Glock 21 and Glock 30, indicating that Glock was able to not only shorten the front to back size of the grip, but also the grip width." The narrower frame is because the .45 GAP pistols are single-stack magazines, not because somehow Glock managed to make a .45 that is narrower than 45/100's of an inch. You can see that a compact G39 only has 6 rounds vs 10 for the compact G30, and there is a similar difference in the fullsize G37 vs G21. The notion that the cartridge of the same diameter allows for a narrower gun is pretty obviously flawed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.118.253.34 (talk) 14:51, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

The article itself states that the cartridge was designed for a more compact pistol. at the request of firearms manufacturer Glock to provide a cartridge that would equal the power of the .45 ACP but was shorter to fit in a more compact handgun. Mullhawk (talk) 05:17, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Versatility vs. ACP?
Can someone provide a sourced explanation as to why the .45 GAP is 'less versatile' than then .45 ACP? 24.3.142.198 13:25, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think you can really prove it with a source that isn't opinion based, but it's widely accepted among many in the firearms world. Much like how many will agree a pick-up truck is more versatile than a Lamborghini. --Sturmwehr (talk) 17:22, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The operative word is versatility. The 45 GAP is less versatile because it can be fired from few gun models. I did get a chuckle out of the comparison of a Glock to a Lamborghini. In any case, the real reason for the 45 GAP is glossed over in the article, and it is that Glock 45 ACP guns suffered from "Glock bulge" due to insufficient chamber support of the 45 ACP case. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.1.207.4 (talk) 14:44, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

Conversion Kits
Just wondering if all the gun makers will be making .45 G.A.P kits,..or will they just make a new model line for that cartrige ? I have a Springfield armory XD-40 and I'm ready for a big .45-Cal.

Bud,from Michigan

Edited above for consistent formatting --Nicklinn 15:11, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Legality & Mexico
I am not 100% clear on this but the article lists Mexico as a place the round could be useful for civilian use. However according to this article (which is somewhat confusing in itself): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_Mexico A civilian cannot own a handgun round larger then a .380. Can someone clarify? --Nicklinn 15:08, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The idea is that, in Mexico, as per Article 10 of the Constitution, "military" calibers aren't allowed for civilian use. The .45 GAP is new and has not yet been formally named a "military" caliber by the mexican government.  As such, in theory, the .45 GAP may be ok.  But don't count on that.  Besides, it's all moot I think.  Regardless of what the "letter of the law" is in Mexico, in practice you've probably got a 99% chance of going to prison for even being in the same room with a firearm.  —Thernlund (Talk 21:14, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

 * That's as maybe, but this is all unsourced speculation/original research about the state of Mexican laws vis-a-vis handguns. Provide a source on this, otherwise leave it out.  24.3.142.198 13:26, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

 * According to Gun politics in Mexico, anything over .380 ACP or .38 Special is prohibited, so that would cover the .45 GAP. scot 15:10, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

230 grain bullets
I took the 230 grain bullet velocity out and put in 185 and 200 grains. I was wrong when I commented that no one loads the 230; Winchester does, but at a lower velocity than their .45 ACP 230 grain loadings, where the 185 grain loads are about the same for .45 ACP and .45 GAP. I think that Winchester offers the 230 grain bullet because they don't have a 200 grain bullet, and they want to offer more than one weight. The 230 grain GAP loading from Winchester generates 355 ft-lbs at the muzzle, a good 60 ft-lbs lower in muzzle energy than the 185 grain loading, while most .45 ACP 230 grain loadings generate over 400 ft. lbs. and .45 ACP +P 230 grain loads can break 500 ft. lbs. While the Winchester 230 grain loading is actually slightly higher in velocity in the GAP compared to the ACP load, this is also comparing a 23kpsi load to a 21kpsi limit on the .45 ACP, and the .45 ACP is probalby nowhere near the limit. A +P load in .45 ACP will almost always beat out the GAP loading because with the fast powders used in pistols, a larger chamber lets you flatten the pressure curve and get more area under the curve with the same peak.

WPMILHIST
The WPMILHIST tag has been removed because this article (at this time) is not military related.--Oldwildbill 07:46, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

I like how the picture compares the 45 GAP to many other bullets....EXCEPT the 45 ACP which I was looking for.

The comparison image (Image:9mm 7,62mm 357sig 10mm 45SW 45GAP 50AE 002.jpg) caption indicates that the round to the left of the .45GAP is a .45SW, but it looks like a .40SW to me. Don't know of a .45SW. Jasperman 17:59, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

GAP or G.A.P.?
Given that the article text consistently uses "G.A.P." (which is the proper name of the cartridge), shouldn't the article be moved to .45 G.A.P.? Redxiv 07:07, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

market response
"After its adoption, the .45 G.A.P. already proven itself as a vast improvement over the 9x19mm, when an injured New York State Trooper fired one shot from her Glock Model 37 and stopped her assailant."

No reference. The wording is opinion. Also, general USA-centrism of the article. And finally, as they say, the plural of anecdote is not data. This is not even multiple anecdotes.

Disclosure: I am European and happen to not believe that bigger slower bullets must necessairily be better than smaller faster ones. I don't believe the reverse must be true either.

My readings suggest that there is more opinion than verifyable fact available, and that opinions offered tend to be more indicative of cultural background than anything else.

My real complaint, however, and one that needs addressing regardless of anyone's beliefs on the subject, is that the quoted is a poor piece of encyclopedic content. 85.178.80.186 20:15, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I've removed it. The fact that police departments are switching is certainly enough of an endorsement of the caliber.  And as for Europeans, well, let me just quote Ian Fleming on the .32 ACP:  "With a delivery like a brick through a plate glass window."  From  Dr. No.  Apparently from Maj. Boothroyd was from the "small and slow" school.  scot 20:36, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

45SW ?
45 SW is probably confused by 40 SW here. The text that describes the picture when It's extracted shows: "File:9mm 7,62mm 357sig 10mm 45SW 45GAP 50AE 002.jpg" 40 SW is what I'am aiming at. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hoch88 (talk • contribs) 09:32, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:.45 GAP


text:
NCB

NCB may refer to:

Banks

 * NCB Group, investment bank (now defunct)
 * National Central Bank, the central banks of the European System of Central Banks
 * Nanyang Commercial Bank
 * National Cooperative Bank
 * National Commercial Bank (Saudi Arabia)

Government

 * Narcotics Control Bureau, the Indian drug enforcement agency
 * National Central Bureau, a national organisation unit of Interpol; see
 * National Child Benefit
 * National Coal Board
 * National Codification Bureau
 * Naval Construction Battalions (Abbreviation used for US Navy Seabee Battalions in WWII)

Groups, organizations, companies

 * National Cargo Bureau
 * National Children's Bureau
 * National Coordination Board (Syria)
 * National Coordination Body for Democratic Change, a Syrian political bloc
 * Nasser Club Bar Elias, a Lebanese association football club
 * Nordisk Copyright Bureau, a copyright administration organization based in Denmark
 * North Cornwall Broadcasting, formerly BC Radio and now known as NCB Radio in Bodmin, Cornwall
 * Northern Coachbuilders, the former name of Smith Electric Vehicles
 * Nottingham Concert Band

Other uses

 * Nitro cold brew coffee
 * New Catholic Bible, a Catholic version of the Bible

title: NCB


text:
National Coal Board

The National Coal Board (NCB) was the statutory corporation created to run the nationalised coal mining industry in the United Kingdom. Set up under the Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946, it took over the United Kingdom's collieries on "vesting day", 1 January 1947. In 1987, the NCB was renamed the British Coal Corporation, and its assets were subsequently privatised.

Background
Collieries were taken under government control during the First and Second World Wars. The Sankey Commission in 1919 gave R. H. Tawney, Sidney Webb and Sir Leo Chiozza Money the opportunity to advocate nationalisation, but it was rejected.

Coal reserves were nationalised during the war in 1942 and placed under the control of the Coal Commission, but the mining industry remained in private hands. At the time, many coal companies were small, although some consolidation had taken place in the years before the war.

Formation and organisation
The NCB was one of a number of public corporations created by Clement Attlee's post-war Labour government to manage nationalised industries. The Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946 received royal assent on 12 July 1946 and the NCB was formally constituted on 15 July, with Lord Hyndley as its chairman. On 1 January 1947 a notice posted at every colliery in the country read, "This colliery is now managed by the National Coal Board on behalf of the people". Opencast operations were taken over on 1 April 1952.

The NCB acquired 958 collieries, the property of about 800 companies. Compensation of £164,660,000 was paid to the owners for the collieries and £78,457,000 to former owners and for other assets such as 55 coke ovens, 85 brickworks and 20 smokeless fuel plants. The collieries it had acquired varied considerably in size and output. Coal was mined from seams that varied from 20 to 200 inches thick and the average pit produced 245,000 tons annually. More than a third of collieries produced less than 100,000 tons and 50 collieries produced more than 700,000 tons.

The coal board divided the country into divisions, corresponding to the major coalfields, and each division was divided into areas with an output of approximately 4 million tons. The board also took over power stations at some collieries and railway sidings. It managed an estate of more than 140,000 houses and more than 200,000 acres of farmland. At its inception the NCB employed nearly 800,000 workers which was four percent of Britain's total workforce. Its national headquarters were established in Hobart House, London.

Formal duties
The formal duties of the National Coal Board (defined by section 1 of the Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946) were:

"(a) working and getting the coal in Great Britain, to the exclusion of any other person;(b) securing the efficient development of the coal-mining industry; and(c) making supplies of coal available, of such qualities and sizes, in such quantities and at such prices, as may seem to them best calculated to further the public interest in all respects, including the avoidance of any undue or unreasonable preference or advantage."

History
In 1947, about half the collieries were in need of immediate attention and a development programme was begun. Between 1947 and 1956, the NCB spent more than £550 million on major improvements and new sinkings, much of it to mechanise the coal-getting process underground and by 1957 Britain's collieries were producing cheaper coal than anywhere in Europe. The Plan for Coal produced in 1950 aimed at increasing output from 184 million to 250 million tons by 1970.

Competition from cheap oil imports arrived in the end of the 1950s, and in 1957 the coal industry began to contract. Between 1958 and 1959, 85 collieries closed. In 1960, Alf Robens became the chairman of the NCB, and he introduced a policy concentrating on the most productive pits. During his ten-year tenure, productivity increased by 70%, but with far fewer pits and a much reduced workforce. In 1967, the NCB reorganised its structure into 17 new areas each employing about 20,000 men. In 1956, 700,000 men produced 207 million tons of coal; by 1971, fewer than 290,000 workers were producing 133 million tons at 292 collieries.

The 1974 Plan of Coal produced in the aftermath of the 1972 miners' strike envisaged that the coal industry would replace 40 million tons of obsolete capacity and ageing pits while maintaining its output. By 1983, the NCB would invest £3,000 million on developing new collieries.

In 1984, it was alleged that the NCB had a list of collieries earmarked for closure and its chairman, Ian MacGregor indicated that the board was looking to reduce output by 4 million tons, a contributory factor in the 1984-85 miners' strike. The strike was one of the longest and most bitter in history and caused great suffering for the striking miners. During the strike, the NCB lost markets and 23 collieries had closed before the end of 1985.

On 5 March 1987, the Coal Industry Act 1987 received royal assent, signalling the end of the NCB and the formation of its successor, the British Coal Corporation.

On 21 October 1966, a catastrophic collapse of a colliery spoil tip above the Welsh village of Aberfan, near Merthyr Tydfil in Wales caused the Aberfan disaster. The tip had been created on a mountain slope above the village and overlaid a natural spring. Heavy rain led to a build-up of water within the tip which caused it to suddenly slide downhill as a slurry, killing 116 children and 28 adults as it engulfed Pantglas Junior School and a row of houses. The tip was the responsibility of the National Coal Board (NCB), and the subsequent inquiry placed the blame for the disaster on the organisation and nine named employees.

Research
The NCB's Coal Research Establishment (CRE) at Stoke Orchard in Gloucestershire was founded in 1950 with Jacob Bronowski as Director of Research. It closed following privatisation of the coal mining industry. The Stoke Orchard library was safeguarded after closure and is now held by the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers.

The Mining Research and Development Establishment was formed in 1969 by merger of the Central Engineering Establishment and  Mining Research Establishment  to undertake  research into and testing of mining equipment and procedures. It was based in Bretby, Derbyshire. Following the rationalisation of the NCB from 1985, the MRDE merged with the Mining Department.

Railways

The NCB operated extensive industrial railway systems at its collieries, employing steam traction until autumn 1982 when Bold Colliery ended regular use of steam locomotives.

Subsidiaries
NCB subsidiaries managed coal based chemical products (Coal Products Division) and the production of helmets and other mining equipment (Tredomen Engineering Ltd). In the mid 1970s, the activities of Coal Products Division were transferred to two new companies; National Smokeless Fuels Ltd and Thomas Ness Ltd, although they remained wholly owned by the NCB.

Films
In 1952, the NCB established a film unit. The board was keen to train its staff and new recruits and initiated a scheme to produce technical films as well as commissioning films from outside companies. More than nine hundred films were made before the unit closed in 1984.

Housing
The NCB was a major landlord, owning thousands of houses rented to miners and others involved in the industry. At the time of the 1984-85 miners strike, it owned around 170,000 houses of various ages. Shortly after this the government instructed the NCB to sell its stock of houses, some of which were bought by the miners or former miners, and others were sold to property speculators.

title: National Coal Board


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Memorandum

A memorandum (: memoranda; from the Latin memorandum, "(that) which is to be remembered"), also known as a briefing note, is a written message that is typically used in a professional setting. Commonly abbreviated memo, these messages are usually brief and are designed to be easily and quickly understood. Memos can thus communicate important information efficiently in order to make dynamic and effective changes.

In law, a memorandum is a record of the terms of a transaction or contract, such as a policy memo, memorandum of understanding, memorandum of agreement, or memorandum of association. In business, a memo is typically used by firms for internal communication, while letters are typically for external communication.

Other memorandum formats include briefing notes, reports, letters, and binders. They may be considered grey literature. Memorandum formatting may vary by office or institution. For example, if the intended recipient is a cabinet minister or a senior executive, the format might be rigidly defined and limited to one or two pages. If the recipient is a colleague, the formatting requirements are usually more flexible.

Policy briefing note
A specific type of memorandum is the policy briefing note (alternatively referred to in various jurisdictions and governing traditions as policy issues paper, policy memoranda, or cabinet submission amongst other terms), a document for transmitting policy analysis into the political decision making sphere. Typically, a briefing note may be denoted as either “for information” or “for decision”.

Origins of term
The origins of the term “briefing” lie in legal “briefs” and the derivative “military briefings”. The plural form of the Latin noun memorandum so derived is properly memoranda, but if the word is deemed to have become a word of the English language, the plural memorandums, abbreviated to memos, may be used. (See also Agenda, Corrigenda, Addenda).

“The word memorandum come from the Latin, from the verb remind in Latin (memorare). For the decade 1540 meant the note itself. This word was introduced in Spain in the year 1824. This type of document is usually use in the business world, or official documents. The items for do this document are the next: This document must be brief, the information that you want to transmit must be clear and concise, it’s don´t need request. Finally, when writing a memo, it is necessary to identify the sender and the receiver, to identify the subject matter. Add the place where it was written and the date.”

Purpose
There are many important purposes of a memorandum. Bringing notice to problems, and helping to solve a problem through clear and concise communication are two. Memos support decision making and to “help (or sometimes influence) a decision-maker to make a better decision in a particular problem situation than he might otherwise have made without the analysis”. Other purposes that the briefing note can serve include: conveying information; informing decisions, making a request, providing a response to a question, making a suggestion, presenting an informal report, proposing a solution to a problem, or documenting a reference for future use. Memorandums can be used to make brief appeals or give suggestions. These actions in a brief paper can help significantly expedite business actions to make a positive impact in an organization.

Structure
As the communication mechanism of the policy analysis process, the briefing note should provide a coherent synopsis of a policy problem, identify different policy options for addressing the problem, articulate opposing perspectives and advocate a recommended option. The typical structure for a briefing note includes a description of the proposed policy; relevant background information; a discussion of key considerations (including implementation concerns, financial considerations, stakeholder impacts, and possible unanticipated consequences), a summary of arguments for and against the policy and a recommended decision. Policy documents that start with a proposal and assemble an argument for that position are more accurately referred to as a government white paper. A government green paper which raises a policy option and is meant to open a dialogue on the proposal is more similar in tone to a briefing note than is a white paper.

A memo's concise format is relatively standardized in order to create accessibility to any reader. They open with a heading including a "to," "from," "date," and "subject". A break in the text would then be followed by an opening paragraph, which would more than likely describe the purpose of the memo. Context is then added to the document, followed by a section of specific actions. Examples could include "You asked that I look at...." or "To determine the best method of promoting the new fall line, I will....". Actions are followed by discussion, which is typically the longest part of a memo, before concluding the message.

Quality criteria
There is no universal standard for a briefing note, but it is generally understood to be a concise, coherent summary of a public policy problem with a clearly articulated logic for following a recommended course of action. ”Next to a political nose, and a logical brain, the most important skill of the good treasury [person] resides in [their] fine drafting hand. The concise, coherent and penetrating note is the final expression of all other talents.” In many governance settings based on the Westminster system, policy analysts are expected to analyze the issue and write the briefing note from a neutral civil service perspective. However, the briefing note “for decision” must contain a recommendation, acknowledging that “to say anything of importance in public policy requires value judgments, which must be explained and justified”.

In addition to keeping a proper memo concise and easily comprehensible, there are a few other important features. The style and tone of a memo should always be kept professional, no matter who the audience may be. This etiquette ensures that no matter who reads the message, it is presented professionally and respectfully. It is common to also see briefing notes with numbered paragraphs, in order to create an efficient and well-organized paper. Since entering the digital age, signatures are not commonly seen at the end of a memo. However, when a briefing note was handwritten in earlier years, they typically included a signature. Today it is still acceptable to sign or initial a memo if the writer wishes to.

title: Memorandum


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Doom modding

Doom WAD is the default format of package files for the video game Doom and its sequel Doom II: Hell on Earth, that contain sprites, levels, and game data. WAD stands for Where's All the Data? Immediately after its release in 1993, Doom attracted a sizeable following of players who created their own mods for WAD files—packages containing new levels or graphics—and played a vital part in spawning the mod-making culture which is now commonplace for first-person shooter games. Thousands of WADs have been created for Doom, ranging from single custom levels to full original games; most of these can be freely downloaded over the Internet. Several WADs have also been released commercially, and for some people the WAD-making hobby became a gateway to a professional career as a level designer.

There are two types of WADs: IWADs (internal WADs) and PWADs (patch WADs). IWADs contain the data necessary to load the game, while PWADs contain additional data, such as new character sprites, as necessary for custom levels.

Development of Doom
When developing Doom, id Software was aware that many players had tried to create custom levels and other modifications for their previous game, Wolfenstein 3D. However, the procedures involved in creating and loading modifications for that game were cumbersome.

John Carmack, lead programmer at id Software, designed the Doom internals from the ground up to allow players to extend the game. For that reason, game data such as levels, graphics, sound effects, and music are stored separately from the game engine, in "WAD" files, allowing for third parties to make new games without making any modifications to the engine. Tom Hall is responsible for coming up with the name WAD.

The idea of making Doom easily modifiable was primarily backed by Carback, a well-known supporter of copyleft and the hacker ideal of people sharing and building upon each other's work, and by John Romero, who had hacked games in his youth and wanted to allow other gamers to do the same. However, some, including Jay Wilbur and Kevin Cloud, objected due to legal concerns and the belief that it would not be of any benefit to the company's business.

Utilities and WADs
Immediately after the initial shareware release of Doom on December 10, 1993, players began working on various tools to modify the game. On January 26, 1994, Brendon Wyber released the first public domain version of the Doom Editing Utility (DEU) program on the Internet, a program created by Doom fans which made it possible to create entirely new levels. DEU continued development until May 21 of the same year. It was made possible by Matt Fell's release of the Unofficial Doom specifications. Shortly thereafter, Doom players became involved with further enhancing DEU. Raphaël Quinet spearheaded the program development efforts and overall project release, while Steve Bareman led the documentation effort and creation of the DEU Tutorial. More than 30 other people also helped with the effort and their names appear in the README file included with the program distribution. Yadex, a fork of DEU 5.21 for Unix systems running the X Window System, was later released under the GNU/GPL license. Carmack additionally released the source code for the utilities used to create the game, but these were programmed in Objective-C, for NeXT workstations, and were therefore not directly usable by the mass userbase of IBM PC compatible.

Jeff Bird is credited with creating the first custom WAD for Doom, called Origwad, on March 7, 1994. Soon, countless players were creating custom WADs and sharing them over AOL, the CompuServe forums, and other Internet-based channels. Many of the WADs were made in the style of the base game, others were based on existing TV series, movies, or original themes. Some of the id Software staff have revealed that they were impressed by some of the WADs. John Carmack later said the following about a Star Wars-themed modification:

Another early modification is Aliens TC, a total conversion based on the movie Aliens.

Even though WADs modified Doom by replacing graphics and audio, the amount of customization was somewhat limited; much of the game's behavior, including the timing and strength of weapons and enemies, was hard-coded in the Doom executable file and impossible to alter in WADs. DeHackEd, a Doom editing program created by Greg Lewis, addressed this by letting users modify parameters inside of the Doom executable itself, allowing for a greater degree of customization.

Commercial WADs
Around 1994 and 1995, WADs were distributed primarily through BBSs and via CD collections found in computer shops or bundled together with instruction guides for level creation, while in later years Internet FTP servers became the primary method for obtaining these works. Although the Doom software license required that no profit be made from custom WADs, and Shawn Green objected to people selling their WADs for money, some WAD sets and shovelware bundles were nonetheless obtainable for a price at certain outlets.

During this time, id Software was working on their next game, Quake, using new technology, but started projects picking up the most talented WAD makers from the Doom community to create official expansions and to compete with the unauthorized collection CDs. The team produced the 21 Master Levels, which, on December 26, 1995, were released on a CD along with Maximum Doom, a collection of 1,830 WADs that had been downloaded from the Internet. In 1996, Final Doom, a package of two 32-level megawads created by TeamTNT, was released as an official id Software product.

Various first-person shooter games released at the time use the Doom engine under a commercial license from id Software, as such essentially being custom WADs packaged with the Doom engine, such as Hacx: Twitch 'n Kill (1997).

In addition to the many people who contributed to commercially released WADs, various authors became involved with the development of other games:
 * Kenneth Scott, who contributed artwork to Hacx: Twitch 'n Kill, later became the art director at id Software and 343 Industries on the post-Bungie Halo games.
 * Tim Willits, who contributed two levels to Master Levels for Doom II, later became the lead designer at id Software.
 * Dario Casali, author of a quarter of Final Doom, was hired by Valve to work on Half-Life.
 * Sverre Kvernmo, designer of five levels in Master Levels for Doom II and member of TeamTNT, was hired by Ion Storm for Daikatana.
 * Iikka Keränen, author of several Doom WADs and later Quake mods, was hired by Ion Storm to create levels for Anachronox and Daikatana, and by Looking Glass Studios to create levels for Thief II: The Metal Age. Keränen was later hired by Valve.
 * John Anderson (level designer), also known as "Dr. Sleep", author of five levels in Master Levels for Doom II and E4M7 in The Ultimate Doom, later worked on Blood, Unreal, and Daikatana.
 * Matthias Worch (level designer) joined Ritual Entertainment to work on SiN. He later contributed to the Unreal series.

Source port era
Around 1997, interest in Doom WADs began to decline, as attention was drawn to newer games with more advanced technology and more customizable design, including id Software's own Quake and Quake II. However, a dedicated following continued into the new century, with modern Doom modding becoming more popular than Quake and Quake II modding.

On December 23, 1997, id Software released the source code to the Doom engine, initially under a restrictive license. On October 3, 1999, it was released again under the terms of the GNU GPL-2.0-or-later. With the source code available, it became possible for programmers to modify any aspect of the game, remove technical limitations and bugs, and add entirely new features.

These engine modifications, or Doom source ports, have since become the target for much of the WAD editing activity, and with the decline of MS-DOS, using a source port became the only feasible way to play Doom for most people. Several source ports are in active development, and Doom retains a strong following of WAD creators.

Levels
The most common type of WAD consists of a single level, usually retaining the theme of the original game, but possibly including new music and some modified graphics to define a more distinctive setting or mood. Both single-player and deathmatch multiplayer levels are common.

WADs may have a level pack in the form of an episode, replacing nine levels, and sometimes in the form of a megawad, which replaces 15 or more levels in the game (27 in Doom, 32 in Doom II, 36 in The Ultimate Doom).

Total conversions
A WAD that gives the game an overhaul to incorporate an entirely different game setting, character set, and story, instead of simply providing new levels or graphic changes, is called a total conversion. The phrase was coined by Justin Fisher, as part of the title of Aliens TC, or Aliens Total Conversion. Add-ons that provide extensive changes to a similar degree but retain distinctive parts or characteristics of the original games, such as characters or weapons, are often by extension called partial conversions.

List of WADs
Since custom map editing started in 1994, many Doom, Doom II and Doom 64 WADs have been created, and some have acquired fame even outside of the modding community. The following is a select listing of popular and historically significant WADs.

Megawads

 * Bloom is a Doom II and Blood crossover released by Bloom Team in 2021. It features over 50 new enemy types, a new episode and an original soundtrack.

 * Eternal Doom is a 32-level megawad for Doom II created by Team Eternal and TeamTNT. It was released non-commercially in several versions, with the final one being released on November 14, 1997. Eternal Doom received media attention in 2020, when through further modding, it was played through Doom Eternal.
 * Going Down is a 32-level megawad for Doom II released in 2013, and a winner in that year's Cacowards. It was created by the English freelance animator Cyriak Harris.
 * Icarus: Alien Vanguard is a 32-level megawad for Doom II created by TeamTNT and released on March 22, 1996. It was developed as a freeware release after TNT: Evilution was picked up by id Software to be released as part of Final Doom.
 * Memento Mori is a 32-level megawad for Doom II created by two members of The Innocent Crew, Denis and Thomas Möller, along with other authors, including Tom Mustaine and both Dario and Milo Casali. It was initially released on December 10, 1995, and saw an updated release in February 1996. A 32-level sequel megawad, Memento Mori II, was created and released on July 27, 1996. In Doomworld's Top 100 WADs of All Time, Memento Mori was voted as the #1 WAD of 1996, and its sequel as #2.
 * Requiem is a 32-level megawad for Doom II created by the same people that worked on the previously released Memento Mori series, in addition to some new mappers that worked specifically on this project. It was released and uploaded on the idgames archive on July 4, 1997.
 * In 2016, John Romero released two new maps – Phobos Mission Control and Tech Gone Bad. After the positive response, he released Sigil, a complete 9-level episode, in May 2019.

Total conversions

 * Action Doom 2: Urban Brawl is a 2008 indie game developed by "Scuba Steve" Browning with the ZDoom source port. The game features cel-shaded graphics reminiscent of a comic book, and is played in the style of a beat 'em up, with some gunplay present as well.
 * Aliens TC is an 11-level total conversion based on the movie Aliens, created by Justin Fisher and released on November 3, 1994. In 2017, another modder by the name of Kontra_Kommando made a remake of Aliens TC.
 * Ashes 2063 is a post-apocalypse themed TC created by Vostyok. Inspired by 1980s post-apocalyptic movies, it features new monsters, weapons and an original soundtrack. The game currently features multiple full-length single player campaigns with branching storylines.
 * Batman Doom is a 32-level total conversion created by ACE Team Software and released in April 1999. It contains modified game behavior along with new weapons, items, and characters from the world of the comic book superhero Batman.
 * Chex Quest is a 5-level total conversion released in 1996 by Digital Café so that Doom could be approved for younger audiences. This was originally packaged in Chex cereal boxes as a prize, though Chex Quest was later put up as freeware on the Internet after the promotion ended. Chex Quest received two sequels, Chex Quest 2: Flemoids Take Chextropolis and Chex Quest 3, released in 1997 and 2008, respectively, both of which contained five levels and were released as freeware.
 * Doom 64: Retribution is a remake of Doom 64, the Nintendo 64 version of Doom, which differs drastically from its DOS version. Doom 64: Retribution contains different levels, graphics, and audio based on the Nintendo 64 game.
 * Grezzo 2 is a 2012 total conversion developed by Italian game designer Nicola Piro, notable for plagiarizing other games and Doom mods, and for its vulgar, blasphemous content.
 * Sonic Robo Blast 2 is a Doom modification that uses the Doom Legacy source port to completely change the game from a first-person shooter to a third-person platformer based on Sonic the Hedgehog. In 2018, Sonic Robo Blast 2 Kart, a kart racing game based on the game, was released as a standalone modification.
 * Void is a single-level modification based on the 2000 game American McGee's Alice, which was itself made by former id Software employee American McGee.

Miscellaneous

 * D!Zone – Created by WizardWorks, an expansion pack featuring hundreds of levels for Doom and Doom II . D!Zone was reviewed in 1995 in Dragon by Jay & Dee in the "Eye of the Monitor" column. Jay gave the pack 1 out of 5 stars, while Dee gave the pack 1½ stars.
 * Origwad – Created by Jeff Bird and released on March 7, 1994, it is notable for being the first custom WAD to be released for Doom. Origwad consists of a single level with two rooms separated by one door, and a total of six enemies, making it very basic compared to later WADs.

 * The Harris levels – Doom and Doom II levels created by Eric Harris, one of the two perpetrators of the Columbine High School massacre, believed to have surfaced on the Internet in 1996 or 1997, but were taken down by the FBI after the 1999 massacre. Downloads for the levels Deathmatching in Bricks (BRICKS.WAD), Hockey.wad (HOCKEY.WAD), KILLER (KILLER.WAD), Mortal Kombat Doom (FIGHTME.WAD), Outdoors (outdoors.wad), Station (STATION.WAD), and UAC Labs (UACLABS.WAD) have been found in the years since. Dylan Klebold, a friend of Harris and the other perpetrator of the massacre, was credited by Harris for playtesting Deathmatching in Bricks. The ENDOOM screen for UAC Labs shows the names of other WADs made by Harris, though they have since been lost: Assault, Techout, Thrasher, Realdeth, and Realdoom, which is a patch for another WAD. UAC Labs was mentioned in Doomworld's Top 10 Infamous WADs list.
 * Lullaby, a level created by Danlex in 2021 which contained surreal visuals.
 * National Videogame Museum, a recreation of the real life National Videogame Museum by employee Chris Bacarani. The level took over a year to make, and is featured as an exhibit in the physical museum.
 * Nuts! – Released in 2001, Nuts is one of the first documented joke WADs. Nuts consists of a single room, with an invulnerability power up, plasma rifle, BFG, and 10,617 enemy monsters. Its creator, B.P.R.D, created multiple sequels, and a version of Nuts was made in Dusk.
 * The Sky May Be – A notable joke WAD, most of the game takes place in an oversized sector, where many textures are replaced with solid colors, and many sounds replaced with audio from Monty Python's Flying Circus. The WAD was mentioned in Doomworld's The Top 10 Infamous WADs list and it is sometimes considered to be one of the worst WADs ever created.
 * UAC Military Nightmare – A Skulltag WAD made by "Terry" in 2008 which was notorious for its use of vulgar scripts, jump scares, strange graphics, absurd difficulty, and otherwise-useless data that existed to either bloat the WAD's file size or tamper with the player's settings. The WAD itself was removed from Doomworld in 2014 due to the aforementioned useless data, but has since been reuploaded with said data removed. This WAD spawned a genre of WADs known as "Terrywads", or "Terry Traps", which contain similar content to UAC Military Nightmare. In 2008, UAC Military Nightmare received a Cacoward for Worst WAD, wherein it is described as "the worst wad file the world has ever known."
 * Lilith – A wad created in 2017 that uses glitches in the ZDoom sourceport to create graphical and musical distortion, and changes in enemy behavior, resulting in a "glitchcore nightmare." Lilith was also a winner in the 2017 Cacowards.
 * MyHouse.wad – Posted by Doomworld user Steve Nelson (Veddge) on March 3, 2023, MyHouse.wad was supposedly a remake of a WAD made by the creator's recently deceased friend, featuring that friend's house. In reality, the WAD is a liminal horror map loosely inspired by the 2000 novel House of Leaves by Mark Z. Danielewski, and the online urban legend The Backrooms. It also has a number of other references to other things on the internet considered mysterious, such as an area inspired by the art of Jared Pike, and also using The Most Mysterious Song On The Internet. Being an extremely cryptic and surreal experience, it features an abundance of lore found both in-game and across other sources on the Internet. It is praised as one of Doom II's most technologically advanced mods.

Freedoom
Freedoom is a project aiming to create a free replacement (modified BSD License) for the set of graphics, music, sound effects, and levels (and miscellaneous other resources) used by Doom. Since the Doom engine is free software, it can be distributed along with the new resources, in effect providing a full game that is free and with full third party WAD.

The project distributes three IWAD files: the two single-player campaigns named Freedoom: Phase 1 and Freedoom: Phase 2, and FreeDM, which contains a collection of deathmatch levels.

A similar project, Blasphemer, aims to create a complete free version of Heretic, but is less fully developed than Freedoom, from which it has recycled assets. Currently three episodes are drafted and a deathmatch set called BlasphDM is available. Zauberer has also been initiated for Hexen, and Amimosity for Strife.

Editing
Many level editors are available for Doom. The original Doom Editing Utility (DEU) was ported to a number of operating systems, but lost significance over time; many modern Doom editors still have their roots in DEU and its editing paradigm, including DETH, DeePsea, Linux Doom Editor, and Yadex and its fork Eureka. Other level editors include WadAuthor, Doom Builder (released in January 2003), Doom Builder 2 (released in May 2009 as the successor to Doom Builder), GZDoom Builder (released in March 2012), and Doom Builder X (released in September 2017). Some Doom level editors, such as Doom Builder family feature a 3D editing mode. As of now, these variants have been discontinued, but a newer fork has been released and is regularly updated, known as Ultimate Doom Builder.

Many specialized Doom editors are used to modify graphics and audio lumps, such as XWE, SLADE, Wintex, and SLumpEd. The DeHackEd executable patching utility modifies monsters, items, and weapon behavior. In ZDoom, users can create new monsters, weapons, and items through a scripting language called DECORATE, made to address many of the shortcomings of DeHackEd, such as not being able to add new objects, and not being able to deviate far from the behavior of the original weapons and monsters.

WAD2 and WAD3
In Quake, WAD files were replaced with PAK files. WAD files still remain in Quake files, though their use is limited to textures. Since WAD2 and WAD3 use a slightly larger directory structure, they are incompatible with Doom.

title: Doom modding