text:
Lists of mountains in Ireland

In these lists of mountains in Ireland, those within Northern Ireland, or on the Republic of Ireland – United Kingdom border, are marked with an asterisk, while the rest are within the Republic of Ireland. Where mountains are ranked by height, the definition of the topographical prominence used to classify the mountain (e.g. the change in elevation required between neighbouring mountains), is noted. In British definitions, a height of 600 m is required for a mountain, whereas in Ireland, a lower threshold of 500 m is sometimes advocated.

The lowest minimum prominence threshold of any definition of an Irish mountain is 15 m (e.g. the Vandeleur-Lynam), however most definitions, including the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA) criteria, do not consider prominences below 30 m as being mountains (e.g. must at least be an Arderin or a Hewitt). Many British definitions consider a peak with a prominence below 150 m, as being a top, and not a mountain (e.g. must be a Marilyn). A widely used definition of an Irish mountain requires a minimum prominence of 100 m (e.g. a HuMP), and is the basis for the 100 Highest Irish Mountains.

While Irish mountains are ranked according to Irish classifications, they are also ranked on classifications that cover Great Britain and Ireland (e.g. Simms and P600s).

General concepts

There is no consensus on the definition of "mountain", but in Britain and Ireland it is often taken to be a summit over 2,000 ft, or more latterly, 600 m.   There is less consensus about the topographical prominence requirement (e.g. the change in elevation required between neighbouring mountains), which can vary between 30-150 m. Prominence is even strongly debated regarding UIAA classification of Himalayan mountains. In the alps, the UIAA requires a prominence of over 30 m to be a "peak" and over 300 m to be a "mountain".

The lowest threshold of prominence in Britain and Ireland is 15 m. The only definition in which prominence is not used, is where topographic isolation is used (e.g. the use of "sufficient separation" for Munros). Most Britain and Ireland definitions no longer categorise prominences below 30 m (e.g. no new Nuttalls and Vandeleur-Lynams), and peaks with a prominence between 30-150 m are now defined as tops rather than mountains (e.g. the 227 Munro Tops).

In Ireland, a prominence threshold of 100 m is proposed for a mountain.

Main classifications
1. Furth. A Munro outside of Scotland with height over 3000 ft; Ireland has 13 Furths, or "Irish Munros";

2. Real Munro. A Munro, or Furth, with prominence over 150 m; Ireland has 5 Real Munros;

3. P600 (the "Majors"). British Isles peak of any height, with prominence over 600 m; Ireland has 26 P600s;

4. Marilyn. British Isles peak of any height, with a prominence of over 150 m; Ireland has 454 Marilyns;

5. Hewitt. England, Wales or Ireland peak over 2000 ft, with prominence of over 30 m; Ireland has 209 Hewitts;

6. Vandeleur-Lynam. Irish peak over 600 m, with prominence over 15 m; Ireland has 275 Vandeleur-Lynams;

7. Arderin. Irish peak over 500 m, with a prominence of over 30 m; Ireland has 409 Arderins;

8. MountainViews. Irish peak over 500 m, with prominence over 100 m; Ireland has 221 such mountains.

Other classifications
The term Dillon is used to describe any of the 212 Irish summits in Paddy Dillon's well–regarded Irish 2010 climbing guidebook: "The Mountains of Ireland". All of Dillon's summits are over 2000 ft, and almost all have a prominence above 30 m (i.e. they are very similar to the list of 209 Irish Hewitts).

The term Myrddyn Deweys are peaks in Ireland, between 500 metres to 2,000 ft in height, with a prominence above 30 m, which was published by Michael Dewey and Myrddyn Phillips in 2000. Myrddyn Deweys are the Irish equivalent of Deweys, which extend the Hewitt classification down to 500 metres. There are 200 Myrddyn Deweys.

MountainViews Online Database
MountainViews was created in 2002 by Simon Stewart as a non–profit online database for climbers in Ireland to document and catalogue their Irish climbs. Its main data source are from the Ordnance Survey Ireland (OSI) maps, although it also conducts its own surveys, which the OSI has integrated into its own database, and it also integrates other important Irish mountain databases such as the Paul Tempan's work with the Placenames Database of Ireland (Loganim). Collins Press published the MountainView Online Datase in 2013 in the book: A Guide to Ireland's Mountain Summits: The Vandeleur-Lynams & the Arderins.

Since 2012, MountainViews has been partnered with the Database of British and Irish Hills (DoBIH), which is the main live database for the categorisation of mountains and hills in Britain and Ireland. However, MountainViews can differ slightly from DoBIH on the measurements for certain Irish mountains.

List of the 10 Highest MacGillycuddy's Reeks
The MacGillycuddy's Reeks range contains Ireland's highest mountain, Carrauntoohil 1038.6 m, and the Reeks is the highest range of peaks in Ireland. However, many of its peaks do not meet all classification criteria for a "mountain" (e.g. particularly the 100-150 m in elevation change from neighbouring mountains), and many are not in the 100 Highest Irish Mountains. Regardless, the range contains ten of the thirteen Scottish Furths in Ireland, and given its importance, and as an important example of complexity of mountain classification, the ten highest Reeks are listed below:

100 Highest Irish Mountains
(any height, prominence over 100 m)

This is the MountainViews 100 Highest Irish Mountains list, which was published by Collins Press in the 2013 book: A Guide to Ireland's Mountain Summits: The Vandeleur-Lynams & the Arderins. It combines Paul Tempan's 2012 research into Irish mountains and Irish mountain names. The list requires a prominence of over 100 m, a compromise between the popular British Isles Marilyn criteria of 150 metres (see List of Marilyns in the British Isles for a ranking of Irish Marilyns by height and by prominence), and the Simms–Hewitt–Arderins criteria of 30 metres (see List of mountains of the British Isles by height for a ranking of Irish Simms by height and by prominence). It is a widely used list, and it contains 25 of the 26 Irish P600s (Slieve Snaght, a P600, did not make the 100 Highest).

{{legend|#cff|Real Munro: Height over 3000 ft, prominence over 150 m.}} {{legend|#cfc|P600: Any height, prominence over 600 m.}}

List of 409 Irish Arderins
(height above 500 m, prominence over 30 m)

A noted definition of an Irish mountain over the lower height threshold of 500 m, is the Arderins list, but which meets the minimum requirement for a "mountain" with a prominence above 30 m, and is an Irish equivalent of the Hewitt (the 207 Arderins over 2000 ft are the 207–209 Irish Hewitts), or the Simm (the 222 Arderins over 600 m are the 222–224 Irish Simms). The 199 Arderins below 2000 ft are the Myrddyn Deweys (e.g. the total of the 207 Irish Hewitts and the 199 Myrddyn Deweys equal the 406 Irish Arderins).

MountainView's Online Database of Arderins was published by Collins Press in the 2013 book: A Guide to Ireland's Mountain Summits: The Vandeleur-Lynams & the Arderins, and updated in 2015. In 2023, the MountainView Online Database listed 409 Irish mountains as meeting the Arderin definition. Several of the MountainViews.ie users have recorded completing the entire list of Arderins. One user having completed the Arderins within one single year (2014) along with the complete list of Vandeleur-Lynams, county highpoints and the highest 100 list.

MountainViews uses the term Arderin Begs for the additional class of peaks over 500 m in height, and with a prominence between 15-30 m. In 2018, Ireland had 124 Arderin Begs.

List of 275 Irish Vandeleur-Lynams
(height above 600 m, prominence over 15 m)

The broadest noted definition of an Irish mountain over 600 m is the Vandeleur-Lynam list, as it only requires a prominence of 15 m, and is the Irish fully metric equivalent of the England & Wales Nuttall. The 100 Highest Irish Mountains from above, is a subset of this list (e.g. they are all Vandeleur-Lynams). For example, Mweelrea, the highest mountain in Connacht, is 16th on the 100 Highest Irish Mountains list, but 34th on the Vandeleur-Lynam list. MountainView's Online Database of Vandeleur-Lynams was published by Collins Press in the 2013 book: A Guide to Ireland's Mountain Summits: The Vandeleur-Lynams & the Arderins, and updated in 2015. In 2023, the MountainView Online Database lists 275 Irish mountains as meeting the Vandeleur-Lynam definition.

On 3 October 2018, English Lake District climber, James Forrest, completed all 273 Irish Vandeleur-Lynams in 8 weeks. In 2023, Irish photographer and adventurer Ellie Berry completed the Vandeleur-Lynams, now 275 peaks, in 50 days and 5 hours beating the previous record by 6 days.

Carns
MountainViews and Database of British and Irish Hills recognise a list of 337 summits as Carns, having height above 100 m and below 400 m.

Binnions
MountainViews and Database of British and Irish Hills recognise a list of 484 summits as Binnions, having prominence at least 100 m and height below 400 m.

Provincial Tops
There are 4 Irish Provincial Tops, namely: Carrauntoohil, in Munster, Lugnaquilla in Leinster, Slieve Donard, in Ulster, and Mweelrea in Connacht.

 * List of Irish counties by highest point, list of Irish Provincial Tops

County Tops
In addition, there are 27 Irish County Tops, as 10 counties share the same county top, namely: Galtymore for Limerick/Tipperary, Mount Leinster for Carlow/Wexford, Sawel for Londonderry/Tyrone, Cuilcagh for Cavan/Fermanagh, Arderin for Laois/Offaly.

 * List of Irish counties by highest point, list of Irish County Tops

Ranking of Irish mountains in Ireland and Britain
Whereas the MountainViews, Vandeleur-Lynam, and Arderin classifications are unique to Ireland, Irish mountains appear in other similar classifications that have been used in across Britain and Ireland.

Simms
The Britain and Ireland Simms classification (height over 600 m, and prominence above 30 m), is very similar to the Irish Arderin classification (height over 500 m, and prominence over 30 m). , the 2,754 Simms in Britain and Ireland, which include 224 Irish Simms (i.e. the Irish Arderins over 600 m), are ranked by height, and by prominence, on this table:

 * List of mountains of the British Isles by height, for ranking by height and by prominence, of peaks that are Simms, with prominence over 30 m

Hewitts
Irish Hewitts, which have largely been replaced by the metric Simms classification, are ranked against English and Welsh Hewitts on these tables:

 * List of Hewitt mountains in England, Wales and Ireland, for ranking by height, of peaks that are Hewitts, with prominence over 30 m

Marilyns
The popular Britain and Ireland Marilyn classification (any height, and prominence above 150 m), is a more severe prominence threshold than the Irish Mountainviews classification (height over 500 m, and prominence over 100 m). , the 2,011 Marilyns in Britain and Ireland, which include 454 Irish Marilyns (e.g. the amount is larger because Marilyns will take any height, as long as the peak meets the prominence threshold), are ranked by prominence, and by height, here (note that this list is commonly used to rank by prominence, as it includes any peak with prominence above 150 m):

 * List of Marilyns in the British Isles, for ranking by height and by prominence, of peaks that are Marilyns, with prominence over 150 m

P600s
The Britain and Ireland P600 classification require a prominence above 600 m (e.g. and by definition, the height must, therefore, be above 600 m), and are thus called the "Majors". , the 120 P600s in Britain and Ireland, which include 26 Irish P600s, are ranked by height here:

 * List of P600 mountains in the British Isles, for ranking by height and by prominence, of peaks that are P600s, with prominence over 600 m

Furths
Finally, the Scottish Furth classification is for mountains that the Scottish Mountaineering Club ("SMC") identify as meeting the classification for a Scottish Munro, however, they are outside (e.g. they are "furth") of Scotland. , the 34 Furths in Britain and Ireland, which includes 13 Irish Furths, are ranked by height here:

 * List of Furth mountains in the British Isles, for ranking by height, or peaks that are considered Furths by the SMC

Munster

 * An Triúr Deirfiúr – County Kerry
 * Ballyhoura Mountains – Counties Cork and Limerick
 * Carron Mountain
 * Seefin (Ballyhoura Mountains)
 * Boggeragh Mountains – County Cork
 * Musheramore
 * Caha Mountains – County Cork
 * Hungry Hill
 * Sugarloaf (Cork)
 * Comeragh Mountains – County Waterford
 * Fauscoum
 * Derrynasaggart Mountains – County Cork
 * Mullaghanish
 * Devil's Bit – County Tipperary
 * Dingle Peninsula – County Kerry
 * Mount Brandon (952 m)
 * Beenoskee
 * Mount Eagle
 * Galty Mountains – Counties Cork, Limerick, Tipperary
 * Galtymore (917 m)
 * Temple Hill
 * Geokaun Mountain – County Kerry
 * Glanaruddery Mountains – County Kerry
 * Ivereagh Peninsula – County Kerry
 * Bentee
 * Stumpa Dúloigh
 * Mullaghanattin
 * Broaghnabinnia
 * Knockmealdown Mountains – Counties Tipperary and Waterford
 * Knockmealdown
 * Sugarloaf Hill (Knockmealdowns)
 * MacGillycuddy's Reeks – County Kerry
 * Carrauntoohil (1038.6 m)
 * Beenkeragh (1008 m)
 * Caher (1000 m)
 * Knocknapeasta (988 m)
 * Mangerton Group also known as Mangerton Mountains – County Kerry
 * Mangerton Mountain (843 m)
 * Torc Mountain (535 m)
 * Mount Gabriel – County Cork
 * Mullaghareirk Mountains – Counties Cork and Limerick
 * Purple Mountain – County Kerry
 * Shehy Mountains – Counties Cork and Kerry
 * Knockboy
 * Silvermine Mountains – Counties Tipperary and Limerick
 * Slievekimalta (Keeper Hill)
 * Paps of Anu (670 m) – County Kerry
 * Slieve Aughty – County Clare
 * Slieve Callan – County Clare
 * Slieve Mish Mountains – County Kerry
 * Baurtregaum (851 m)
 * Caherconree (835 m)
 * Slieve Miskish Mountains – County Cork
 * Knockoura
 * Slieveardagh Hills (340 m) – Counties Tipperary and Kilkenny
 * Slievenamon (719 m) – County Tipperary
 * Stack's Mountains – County Kerry

Leinster

 * Blackstairs Mountains – Counties Carlow and Wexford
 * Black Rock Mountain (536 m)
 * Blackstairs Mountain (735 m)
 * Croaghaun (455 m)
 * Mount Leinster (795 m)
 * Brandon Hill (515 m) – County Kilkenny
 * Carn Clonhugh also known as Corn Hill – County Longford
 * Cooley Mountains – County Louth
 * Clermont Carn
 * Slieve Foy (589 m)
 * Coppanagh – County Kilkenny
 * Croghan Hill (234 m) – County Offaly
 * Dalkey Hill (140 m) – County Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown (old County Dublin)
 * Faughan Hill – County Meath
 * Hill of Allen (206 m) – County Kildare
 * Hill of Ben – County Westmeath
 * Hill of Tara – County Meath
 * Hill of Uisneach (182 m) – County Westmeath
 * Hill of Ward – County Meath
 * Killiney Hill (153 m) – County Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown (old County Dublin)
 * Knockeyon – County Westmeath
 * Mount Alto – County Kilkenny
 * Mullaghmeen – County Westmeath
 * Naul Hills (122 m)
 * Slieveardagh Hills – County Kilkenny
 * Clomantagh Hill
 * Knocknamuck
 * Shielmartin Hill (163 m) – County Fingal (old County Dublin)
 * Slieve Bloom Mountains – Counties Laois and Offaly
 * Arderin (527 m)
 * Barcam
 * Baunreaghcong (509 m)
 * Carroll's Hill
 * Castleconor
 * Farbreague
 * Garraunbaun
 * Ridge of Capard
 * Stillbrook Hill (514 m)
 * Wolftrap Mountain
 * Slieveboy (420 m) – County Wexford
 * Slieve na Calliagh – County Meath
 * Wicklow Mountains
 * Annagh Hill
 * Camaderry (699 m)
 * Camenabologue
 * Carrick Mountain
 * Church Mountain also known as Slieve Gad (543 m)
 * Cloghernagh (800 m)
 * Conavalla
 * Corrigasleggaun
 * Croghan Mountain
 * Cupidstown Hill (379 m)
 * Djouce (725 m)
 * Duff Hill (720 m)
 * Gravale (718 m)
 * Great Sugar Loaf (501 m)
 * Keadeen Mountain
 * Kilmashogue
 * Kippure (757 m)
 * Larch Hill
 * Little Sugar Loaf also known as Giltspur Mountain (300 m)
 * Lobawn
 * Luggala also known as Fancy Mountain
 * Lugnaquilla (924 m)
 * Maulin
 * Montpelier Hill (383 m)
 * Mullacor
 * Mullaghcleevaun (849 m)
 * Seefingan
 * Slievemaan (759 m)
 * Sugarloaf (West Wicklow)
 * Table Mountain
 * Tibradden Mountain (467 m)
 * Tonelagee (817 m)
 * Two Rock (536 m) and Three Rock (450 m)

Ulster

 * Antrim Hills* – County Antrim
 * Slemish
 * Tievebulliagh
 * Antrim Plateau* – County Londonderry
 * Binevenagh
 * Donald's Hill
 * Belfast Hills* – County Antrim
 * Black Mountain
 * Cavehill
 * Divis
 * Lisburn* – County Antrim
 * White Mountain
 * Belmore Mountain* – County Fermanagh
 * Bluestack Mountains also known as Croaghgorms – County Donegal
 * Croaghgorm
 * Cuilcagh* and Benaughlin* – Counties Fermanagh and Cavan
 * Derryveagh Mountains – County Donegal
 * Aghla Beg
 * Aghla More
 * Ardloughnabrackbaddy
 * Crocknalaragagh
 * Errigal
 * Mackoght
 * Muckish
 * Inishowen
 * Slieve Snaght
 * Loughermore* – County Londonderry
 * Mourne Mountains* – County Down
 * Slieve Bearnagh
 * Slieve Binnian
 * Slieve Commedagh
 * Slieve Donard (850 m)
 * Slieve Muck
 * Ben Crom
 * Ouley Hill* – County Down
 * Slieve Beagh* – Counties Fermanagh, Tyrone, Monaghan
 * Slieve Croob* – County Down
 * Slieve Gullion* – County Armagh
 * Sliabh gCuircin* Camlough Mountain (423 m) – County Armagh
 * Slieve Rushen* – Counties Fermanagh and Cavan
 * Southwest Donegal – County Donegal
 * Slieve League
 * Sperrins* – Counties Londonderry and Tyrone
 * Benbradagh
 * Dart Mountain
 * Mullaghcarn
 * Mullaghmore
 * Sawel Mountain
 * Slieve Gallion

Connacht

 * Achill Island – County Mayo
 * Croaghaun (688 m)
 * Slievemore (671 m)
 * Ben Gorm – County Mayo
 * Croagh Patrick (764 m) – County Mayo
 * Clare Island – County Mayo
 * Knockmore (462 m)
 * Curlew Mountains – Counties Sligo and Roscommon
 * Dartry Mountains – Counties Sligo and Leitrim
 * Benbulben
 * Truskmore
 * Knocknarea – County Sligo
 * Maumturks – County Galway
 * Letterbreckaun
 * Binn idir an dá Log
 * BinnMhor
 * Corcogemore
 * Lackavrea
 * Mweelrea (814 m) – County Mayo
 * Nephin Beg Range – County Mayo
 * Nephin (806 m)
 * Nephin Beg (627 m)
 * Slieve Carr (721 m)
 * Ox Mountains – County Sligo
 * Knockalongy
 * Knocknashee
 * Partry Mountains – Counties Mayo and Galway
 * Devilsmother (645 m)
 * Maumtrasna – County Mayo
 * Sheeffry Range – County Mayo
 * Barrclashcame
 * Twelve Bens – County Galway
 * Benbaun
 * Bencorr
 * Bencollaghduff
 * Errisbeg
 * Diamond Hill
 * Tully Mountain

title: Lists of mountains in Ireland


text:
Draft:The Guilty Have No Pride

The Guilty Have No Pride is an first album by Death in June, released in 1983. It contains two sides, the A side contains four tracks and the B side contains three tracks. The album was reissued in 2006 with different artwork. With the release of the album, the band gained minor fame in the UK due to the controversial symbolism on the album cover(Totenkopf).

Original 1983 LP

 * Side A
 * 1) "Till The Living Flesh Is Burned" - 4:13
 * 2) "All Alone In Her Nirvana" - 2:45
 * 3) "State Laughter" - 3:45
 * 4) "Nothing Changes" - 2:50

 * Side B
 * 1) "Nation" - 3:20
 * 2) "Heaven Street Mk II" - 4:05
 * 3) "The Guilty Have No Pride" - 2:25

2006 CD Reissue

 * The Guilty Have No Pride CD
 * 1) "Till The Living Flesh Is Burned"	- 4:21
 * 2) "All Alone In Her Nirvana" - 2:59
 * 3) "State Laughter" - 5:48
 * 4) "Nothing Changes"	- 2:57
 * 5) "Nation" - 3:47
 * 6) "Heaven Street Mk II"	- 4:10
 * 7) "The Guilty Have No Pride" - 2:31
 * 8) "Heaven Street" - 5:39
 * 9) "In The Night Time" - 3:32
 * 10) "We Drive East" - 3:02
 * 11) "Holy Water" - 3:59

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Draft:The Guilty Have No Pride


text:
John George Vlazny

John George Vlazny (born February 22, 1937) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the tenth archbishop of the Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon from 1997 to 2013.

Vlazny previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago in Illinois from 1983 to 1987 and as bishop of the Diocese of Winona in Minnesota from 1987 to 1997. On January 29, 2013, Pope Benedict XVI announced the acceptance of his resignation, with Bishop Alexander Sample to succeed him in Portland.

Early life
John Vlazny was born on February 22, 1937, in Chicago, Illinois, to John and Marie (née Brezina) Vlazny, who were of Czech ancestry. His father was originally married to the sister of Vlazny's mother, Hattie Brezina, who died when their daughter, Marcella, was 13. In addition to his half-sister, John Vlazny has a younger sister, Marion. His father, who died from cancer when Vlazny was 18, owned a pharmacy in a three-story building at the corner of 18th and Throop Streets.

Vlazny received his early education at the parochial school of St. Gall Church in Chicago After attending Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary in Chicago, he studied at St. Mary of the Lake Seminary in Mundelein, Illinois where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1958.

Vlazny continued his studies in Rome, where he attended the Pontifical North American College and the Pontifical Gregorian University. He earned a Bachelor of Sacred Theology in 1960 and a Licentiate of Sacred Theology in 1962.

Priesthood
On December 20, 1961, Vlazny was ordained to the priesthood for the Archdiocese of Chicago by Archbishop Martin J. O'Connor in Rome at St. Peter's Basilica.

Following his return to Chicago, Vlazny served on the faculty of Quigley Preparatory North in Chicago from 1963 to 1979. He was also dean of studies at Quigley North from 1969 to 1979.

In addition to his academic duties, Vlazny served as an associate pastor at St. Paul of the Cross Parish in Park Ridge, Illinois, from 1962 to 1963. He then served at St. Clement Parish in Lincoln Park, Illinois, from 1963 to 1968, and earned a Master of Arts degree in the classics from the University of Michigan in 1967. Vlazny became an associate pastor at St. Aloysius Parish in the Wicker Park section of Chicago in 1968, and served as its pastor from 1979 to 1981. During this time, one of his seminarian assistants would go on to become Bishop Robert Barron. In 1972, Vlazny earned a Master of Education degree in school administration from Loyola University Chicago.

From 1976 to 1977, Vlazny was president of the Presbyteral Senate for the archdiocese. He also served as a diocesan consultor and member of the Diocesan Clergy Personnel Board. He was appointed rector of Niles College Seminary in 1981.

Auxiliary Bishop of Chicago
On October 18, 1983, Pope John Paul II appointed Vlazny as an auxiliary bishop of Chicago and Titular Bishop of Stagnum. He received his episcopal consecration on December 13, 1983, from Cardinal Joseph Bernardin, with Bishops Alfred Abramowicz and Nevin Hayes serving as co-consecrators, at Holy Name Cathedral in Chicago. He took as his episcopal motto: "Go and Make Disciples".

As an auxiliary bishop, Vlazny served as episcopal vicar for Lake County,Illinois and the northwestern part of Cook County, Illinois. He also worked closely with the Office of the Hispanic Apostolate.

Bishop of Winona
On May 19, 1987, John Paul II appointed Vlazny as the sixth bishop of Winona. He was installed and consecrated on July 29, 1987. During his tenure, Vlazny increased the involvement of the laity, decentralized the diocesan staff, and created the Offices of Youth and Family Life. He also started the tradition of the "Harvest Mass," an annual outdoor liturgy celebrated on a farm in the diocese.

As a member of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Vlazny was elected chair of the Committee on Evangelization in 1993. In 1994, he asked Catholics to consider ending gambling as a source of revenue for parishes and schools.

Archbishop of Portland in Oregon
On October 28, 1997, John Paul II appointed Vlazny as the tenth archbishop of Portland in Oregon. He was installed and consecrated on December 19, 1987, succeeding Archbishop Francis George.

On October 10, 2000, the archdiocese settled a lawsuit by 22 men who had been sexually abused as altar servers by Reverend Maurice Grammond. The victims lived in Portland, Seaside, Oregon and in Oakridge, Oregon. Vlazny issued a statement of apology that was delivered in masses throughout the archdiocese.

In July 2004, the archdiocese became the first American diocese to file Chapter 11 bankruptcy in response to the Catholic sex abuse cases. Vlazny described his actions by saying, "This is not an effort to avoid responsibility. It is, in fact, the only way I can assure that other claimants can be offered fair compensation."

In January 2010, Vlazny defended his loan of money to Reverend Angel Armando Perez to cover his legal expenses, Perez had been indicted in Marion County, Oregon, on first-degree sexual abuse and abuse of a child in the display of sexually explicit conduct. While condemning Perez's alleged criminal actions. Vlazny expressed a need to help a fellow priest.

In April 2010, Vlazny called for parishioners to cancel their subscriptions to The Oregonian, declaring it guilty of "Catholic bashing." The newspaper's editors, he said, "arrogantly scolded the church for its past failures in handling this matter of child sexual abuse." The newspaper had run an editorial, an editorial cartoon and a syndicated column by E.J. Dionne on how the church had dealt with sexual abuse crime.

On January 29, 2013, Pope Benedict XVI announced the acceptance of Vlazny's resignation as archbishop of Portland, with Bishop Alexander Sample to succeed him.

Euthanasia
An opponent of assisted suicide, Vlazny supported the unsuccessful repeal of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, saying,"'Many have expressed a dread about what will happen when the power over life and death may be put into the hands of a society that is driven by economics, expedience and efficiency, a society that flees from suffering, weakness or limitations of any kind.'"In 1998, when the first legal assisted suicide occurred in Oregon, Vlazny declared that the death "can only bring anguish to those who have resisted the public policy initiatives that changed the law in Oregon."

Abortion
During the 2004 U.S. presidential election, Vlazny said Catholic politicians who supported abortion rights for women, such as Democratic presidential nominee Senator John Kerry, should refrain from receiving communion during mass.

title: John George Vlazny


text: Category:Towns in Derbyshire

title: Category:Towns in Derbyshire


text:
Doug Bennett (musician)

Douglas Craig Bennett (October 31, 1951 – October 16, 2004) was the lead singer of Canadian rock band Doug and the Slugs. He also produced and directed music videos for artists such as Headpins, Trooper, Zappacosta, Suzanne Gitzi, and Images in Vogue as well as for the Slugs themselves.

Born in Toronto, Bennett moved to Vancouver in 1973. In 1977, he formed Doug and the Slugs and the band toured extensively through North America in the 1980s. Bennett wrote or co-wrote such songs as "Too Bad", "Day By Day", "Making It Work", and "Tomcat Prowl."

Besides works with Doug and the Slugs, Bennett released a solo album, Animato, in 1986.

Bennett died in Calgary on October 16, 2004, after a lengthy illness, a week after falling into a coma.

He was the subject of the documentary Doug and the Slugs and Me by director Teresa Alfeld, which had its world premiere at the 2022 DOXA Documentary Film Festival.

title: Doug Bennett (musician)


text:
Green Island

Green Island or Greene Island can refer to:

Africa

 * Green Island (Egypt), in the Gulf of Suez
 * Green Island (Eritrea), in the Red Sea (Gulf of Zula)

Antarctica

 * Green Island (Berthelot Islands)

Asia

 * Green Island, Hong Kong
 * Green Island, Taiwan
 * Green Island (Kerala), India
 * Green Island (Kuwait)
 * Qingdao, China
 * Ilha Verde, Macau

United Kingdom

 * Green Island, Scotland, Enard Bay, Scotland
 * Green Island (Dorset), Poole Harbour, Dorset, England
 * , Isles of Scilly, Cornwall, England
 * Green Island, Jersey, Jersey, Channel Islands
 * Greenisland, County Antrim, Northern Ireland
 * Green Island, County Down, a townland in County Down, Northern Ireland

North America

 * Greenland

Canada

 * Green Island (Catalina), Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Green Island (Fortune), Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Green Island (Rideau River), Ontario
 * Green Island (Severn Sound), in Lake Muskoka, Ontario
 * Green Island (Ottawa River), in Ontario
 * Greene Island (Lake Ontario), in Ontario
 * Greene Island (Lake Huron), in Ontario
 * Green Island, one of the Tusket Islands in Nova Scotia

Caribbean

 * Green Island (Antigua and Barbuda), off the east coast of Antigua
 * Green Island, Jamaica
 * Green Island, Saba, an islet off the north coast of Saba, Netherlands

United States

 * Green Island, Uganik Bay, Alaska
 * Green Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska
 * Green Island (California), in the Napa River near San Pablo Bay
 * Green Island, Chugach National Forest, Alaska
 * Green Island, Hawaii, part of Kure Atoll
 * Green Island (Massachusetts), in Boston Outer Harbor, Massachusetts
 * Green Island (Michigan), in Lake Michigan
 * Green Island, Nebraska
 * Green Island, New York, a village
 * Green Island Bridge, New York
 * Green Island, Iowa
 * Green Island (Conchas Lake), in Conchas Lake, New Mexico
 * Green Island (Ohio), Lake Erie
 * Green Island (Wisconsin), Green Bay, Wisconsin
 * Greene Island (Rhode Island), Rhode Island

Australia

 * Green Island (Queensland)
 * Green Island National Park, Queensland
 * Green Island (New South Wales)
 * Green Island (Tasmania)
 * Green Island (Western Australia), in Oyster Harbour, King George Sound

New Zealand

 * Green Island (Okaihe), Dunedin
 * Green Island, New Zealand, a suburb of Dunedin
 * Green Island (Foveaux Strait), a small island off the coast of Ruapuke Island

Papua New Guinea

 * Green Islands (Papua New Guinea)
 * Green Island, Papua New Guinea, alternate name for Nissan Island, the largest of the Green Islands

Other

 * "Green Island" (also known as The Island), a song by Ewan MacColl on his album Naming of Names
 * Green Island Cement, a Hong Kong company
 * Green Island FC, a football club in Green Island, New Zealand

title: Green Island


text:
Nada!

Nada! is the third studio album by English neofolk band Death in June. It was released on 12 October 1985 through record label New European Recordings.

Personnel

 * Death in June

 * Christ '93' (David Tibet)
 * Douglas Pearce
 * Patrick Leagas
 * Richard Butler

 * Technical

 * Porky – mastering

title: Nada!


text:
Talk:Anne Stuart (daughter of Charles I)

Untitled
Princess Anne of England was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. 9 votes to keep, 1 to merge and redirect, and 7 to delete, some of which endorsed merging content but weren't clear whether the redirect should be kept. Postdlf 01:08, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Princess Anne of England
Orphaned, three-sentenced article for someone who died at the age of four over 350 years ago. Given that children of famous people today often don't deserve articles based on who their parents were, I don't see how this is any different. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 17:07, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Information added to Charles I of England. Made into redirect.  GWO 17:20, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * No, it gets lost in Charles I. As a royal, she is notable.  Keep, if only in stub form. Dunc|☺ 19:16, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstain. Hard to decide how to figure notability for people who are royal but never receive the crown. --Improv 21:01, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - I see no hurt in keeping a short stub, and as Dunc said, royals are notable -- Ferkelparade π 21:10, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * DELETE, how is someone who died at age 4 notable? And if Royals are notable, do you know how many royals there are in the world's history?!!! 132.205.15.42 02:40, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, we have several similar short articles that I've come across. I don't think the all deserve to be deleted.  — siro  χ  o  22:04, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment - can I request that those people voting to keep this article make an efort to de-orphan it? I did look for a way of including a link from Charles I of England, but as someone else has said it is very easy to get lost in that page. -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 22:58, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak-ish keep. I think she's notable enough.. Doesn't hurt. Nadavspi 00:33, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Charles I of England has a lovely table at the bottom of the article. I moved all the info from Anne (namely, that she died of natural causes at age 4) there.  Now we can delete her article with clear consciences.  Fishal 02:14, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. Content doesn't harm Wiki. [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 05:33, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Royal families had many children who died young. Few are notable. Give them a mention in their parents' articles, but no more. Gdr 09:11, 2004 Oct 19 (UTC)
 * Keep. Had there been less information, my vote would have been to merge into the disamb Princess Anne. Anyhow, as pointed out, we have many similar short articles, and about very minor soap opera starlets, etc. — Bill 12:24, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Difficult position for me, but I have to say delete. The reason is how many other Annes are going to show up in later English history.  It's true that few get to be princesses (Queen Anne goes straight from not-English to Queen), but there isn't a whole lot to say about this child in her own right to justify the confusion.  So, if she's already in Chuck I, she needn't be a break out.  Indeed, unless the death of the child is notable in the national history, I'd say that no child who fails to live to majority ought to have a separate article. Geogre 19:16, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep She's a princess - it's history, innit? I say keep on the grounds that this might conceivably be an entry point to someone's research.  Someone may come across a reference to Princess Anne of England and not know who it is - so searching on it would bring up this stub and links could be followed.--Tomheaton 20:12, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is ridiculous. Stop deletion trolling. Intrigue 20:22, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * That's a very strong accusation. Please read my explanation at the head of this debate, explore my track record on vfd and be careful who you accuse of trolling. -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 20:39, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Needs to be renamed. Not specific enough. There have been dozens of 'Princess Annes of England', including the present Queen's daughter. -- Necrothesp 15:16, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The present Queen's daughter is not "Princess Anne of England". - Nunh-huh 02:43, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Of course she is. As she is a Princess of the United Kingdom, she is also by definition a Princess of England and of Scotland (and, indeed, of Australia, Canada, New Zealand etc). -- Necrothesp 00:34, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * No. There are no Princes or Princesses of England anymore, just as there is no Queen of England. Anne is most properly The Princess Royal, and you could call her a "Princess of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". But not of "England". - Nunh-huh 15:46, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Princess Royal is an honorary title, only bestowed on her in 1987. Previous to that she was simply Princess Anne. You're denying that Elizabeth II is Queen of England? Since England is part of the United Kingdom, she is indeed Queen of England. I am fully aware of the official style, but that does not stop her also being queen of each country within the Union and the successor to the historical monarchies of both England and Scotland. Pointless argument, also irrelevant to the matter under discussion. -- Necrothesp 16:59, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You brought it up because you thought it relevant. QEII is "Queen of England" only in the same sense that she's "Queen of London". - Nunh-huh 18:08, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I brought up a valid point. There have been a number of Princess Annes of England, whether you consider the present Princess Anne to be one or not. -- Necrothesp 18:24, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Keep the content but put in another article. This one not needed. Okiedokie 15:20, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep the historical integrity of Wikipedia articles is more important than anti-royal sentiment--Cynical 20:22, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 'Delete we've already moved the information into Charles I of England. NeoJustin 16:37 Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

Isn't there a famous Van Dyck of her with a couple of siblings (James and Elizabeth, maybe?) It'd be nice to get it up here. Would go some way to justifying this silly article (and what kind of person creates this article and not one on her sister Elizabeth, who lived to fifteen, was one of the last people her father spoke to, and was generally more interesting in the way that people who died at fifteen are more interesting than people who died at three. john k 16:20, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Correction
When I moved the article, one of the reasons I cited was there being a lot of English princesses named Elizabeth. Of course, I meant princesses named Anne. Surtsicna (talk) 23:32, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

Requested move 7 August 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Unopposed. (closed by non-admin page mover) – Material  Works  13:46, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Anne Stuart (1637–1640) → Anne Stuart (daughter of Charles I) – Per WP:CONSISTENT with Elizabeth Stuart (daughter of Charles I). Or, the other page should be moved to Elizabeth Stuart (1635–1650). estar8806 (talk) ★ 14:56, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. 2601:249:9301:D570:1877:1728:C421:31DB (talk) 18:44, 13 August 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.


text:
Alla Nazimova

Alla Nazimova born Marem-Ides Leventon, Russian: Марем-Идес Левентон; June 3 [ O.S. May 22], 1879 – July 13, 1945) was a Russian-American actress, director, producer and screenwriter.

On Broadway, she was noted for her work in the classic plays of Ibsen, Chekhov and Turgenev. She later moved on to film, where she served many production roles, both writing and directing films under pseudonyms. Her film Salome (1922) is regarded as a cultural landmark. Nazimova was bisexual and openly conducted relationships with women while being married to a man. She created the Garden of Allah hotel which became a retreat for many celebrities of the time. She is credited with having originated the phrase "sewing circle" as a discreet code for lesbian or bisexual actresses.

Early life
Nazimova was born Marem-Ides Leventon (Russian name: Adelaida Yakovlevna Leventon) in Yalta, Crimea, Russian Empire. Her accepted birth year is 1879, but different sources have cited 1878 or even 1876 as her birth year. Her stage name Alla Nazimova was a combination of Alla (a diminutive of Adelaida) and the surname of Nadezhda Nazimova, the heroine of the Russian novel Children of the Streets. She was widely known as just Nazimova. Her name was sometimes transcribed as Alia Nasimoff. The youngest of three children born to Jewish parents Yakov Abramovich Leventon, a pharmacist, and Sarah Leivievna Gorowitz (later known as Sofia or Sophie Lvovna Gorovitz/Horovitz/Herowitz), who moved to Yalta in 1870 from Kishinev, Nazimova grew up in a dysfunctional family. Her parents divorced when she was eight and she was shuffled among boarding schools, foster homes and relatives. As a teenager, she began to pursue an interest in the theatre and took acting lessons at the Academy of Acting in Moscow. She joined Constantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre using the name of Alla Nazimova for the first time.

Career
Nazimova's theater career blossomed early, and by 1903, she was a major star in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. She toured Europe, including London and Berlin, with her boyfriend Pavel Orlenev, a flamboyant actor and producer. In 1905, they moved to New York City and founded a Russian-language theater on the Lower East Side. The venture was unsuccessful, and Orlenev returned to Russia while Nazimova stayed in New York.

She was signed by the American producer Henry Miller and made her Broadway debut in New York City in 1906 to critical and popular success. Her English-language premiere in November 1906 was in the title role of Hedda Gabler. She reportedly learned English in five months. She quickly became extremely popular (Nazimova's 39th Street Theatre was named after her) and remained a major Broadway star, often starring in works by Ibsen and Chekhov. Dorothy Parker described her as the finest Hedda Gabler she had ever seen.

Nazimova's film career began when she was 37 years old. Due to her notoriety in a 35-minute 1915 play entitled War Brides, Nazimova made her silent film debut in 1916 in the filmed version of the play, which was produced by Lewis J. Selznick. She was paid $1,000 per day, and the film was a success. A young actor with a bit part in the movie was Richard Barthelmess, whose mother, Caroline W. Harris, had taught Nazimova English. Nazimova had encouraged him to try out for movies and he later became a star. In 1917, she negotiated a contract with Metro Pictures, a precursor to MGM, that included a weekly salary of $13,000. She moved from New York to Hollywood, where she made a number of highly successful films for Metro that earned her considerable money.

She created and worked under Nazimova Productions from 1917 to 1921. She filled many roles in film production, outside of acting. She served as a director, producer, editor, lighting designer, and received credit for costume design for the film Revelation. She wrote screenplays under the pseudonym Peter M. Winters, and was a director for films credited to the name of her partner Charles Bryant. In her film adaptations of works by such notable writers as Oscar Wilde and Ibsen, she developed filmmaking techniques that were considered daring at the time. Her film projects, including A Doll's House (1922), based on Ibsen, and Salomé (1923), based on Wilde's play, were critical and commercial failures. Salomé, however, has become a cult classic, regarded as a feminist milestone in film. In 2000, the film was added to the National Film Registry. By 1925, she could no longer afford to invest in more films, and financial backers withdrew their support.

In 1927, she became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Left with few options, she gave up on the film industry, returning to perform on Broadway, notably starring as Natalya Petrovna in Rouben Mamoulian's 1930 New York production of Turgenev's A Month in the Country and an acclaimed performance as Mrs. Alving in Ibsen's Ghosts, which critic Pauline Kael described as the greatest performance she had ever seen on the American stage. In the early 1940s, she returned to films, playing Robert Taylor's mother in Escape (1940) and Tyrone Power's mother in Blood and Sand (1941). This late return to motion pictures fortunately preserves Nazimova and her art on sound film.

Marriages
In 1899, she married Sergei Golovin, a fellow actor. From 1912 to 1925, Nazimova maintained a "lavender marriage" with Charles Bryant (1879–1948), a British-born actor. To bolster this arrangement with Bryant, Nazimova kept her marriage to Golovin secret from the press, her fans, and even her friends. In 1923, she arranged to divorce Golovin without traveling to the Soviet Union. Her divorce papers, which arrived in the United States that summer, stated that on May 11, 1923, the marriage of "citizeness Leventon Alla Alexandrovna" and Sergius Arkadyevitch Golovin, "consummated between them in the City Church of Boruysk June 20, 1899", had been officially dissolved. A little over two years later, on November 16, 1925, Charles Bryant, then 43, surprised the press, Nazimova's fans, and Nazimova herself by marrying Marjorie Gilhooley, 23, in Connecticut. When the press uncovered the fact that Charles had listed his current marital status as "single" on his marriage license, the revelation that the marriage between Alla and Charles had been a sham from the beginning embroiled Nazimova in a scandal that damaged her career.

Relationships with women
From 1917 to 1922, Nazimova wielded considerable influence and power in Hollywood. She helped start the careers of both of Rudolph Valentino's wives, Jean Acker and Natacha Rambova. Although she was involved in an affair with Acker, it is debatable as to whether her connection with Rambova ever developed into a sexual affair.

Nevertheless, there were rumors that Nazimova and Rambova were involved in a lesbian affair (they are discussed at length in Dark Lover, Emily Leider's biography of Rudolph Valentino) but those rumors never have been confirmed. She was very impressed by Rambova's skills as an art director, and Rambova designed the innovative sets for Nazimova's film productions of Camille and Salomé. The list of those Nazimova is confirmed to have been involved with romantically includes actress Eva Le Gallienne, film director Dorothy Arzner, writer Mercedes de Acosta, and Oscar Wilde's niece Dolly Wilde.

Bridget Bate Tichenor, a Magic Realist artist and Surrealist painter, was rumored to be one of Nazimova's favored lovers in Hollywood during 1940–1942. The two had been introduced by the poet and art collector Edward James, and according to Tichenor, their intimate relationship angered Nazimova's longtime companion Glesca Marshall. It is believed that Nazimova coined the phrase sewing circle as code to refer to lesbian or bisexual actresses of her day who concealed their true sexuality.

Nazimova lived together with Glesca Marshall from 1929 until Nazimova's death in 1945.

Friends and relations
Edith Luckett, a stage actress and the mother of future U.S. First Lady Nancy Reagan, was a friend of Nazimova, having acted with her onstage. Edith married Kenneth Seymour Robbins, and following the birth of their daughter Nancy in 1921, Nazimova became her godmother. Nazimova continued to be friends with Edith and her second husband, neurosurgeon Loyal Davis, until her death. She was also the aunt of American film producer Val Lewton.

Garden of Alla
Nazimova's private lifestyle gave rise to widespread rumors of outlandish and allegedly debauched parties at her mansion on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California, known as The Garden of Alla, which she leased in 1918 and bought outright the next year. Facing near-bankruptcy in 1926, she converted the 2.5-acre estate into a hotel by building 25 villas on the property. The Garden of Alla Hotel opened in January 1927. But Nazimova was ill-equipped to run a hotel and eventually sold it and returned to Broadway and theatrical tours. By 1930, the hotel had been purchased by Central Holding Corporation, which changed the name to the Garden of Allah Hotel. When Nazimova moved back to Hollywood in 1938, she rented Villa 24 at the hotel and lived there until her death.

Death and memorials
On July 13, 1945, Nazimova died of a coronary thrombosis, at age 66, in the Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles. Her ashes were interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Her contributions to the film industry have been recognized with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Legacy
Nazimova has been depicted a number of times in film and onstage. The first two were biographical films about Rudolph Valentino: The Legend of Valentino (1975), in which she was portrayed by Alicia Bond; and Valentino (1977), in which she was portrayed by Leslie Caron. She was featured in two 2013 silent films about Hollywood's silent movie era: Return to Babylon, in which she was played by Laura Harring, and Silent Life, based on the life of Rudolph Valentino, where she was played by Sherilyn Fenn. The character of Nazimova also appears in Dominick Argento's opera Dream of Valentino, in which she also played the violin. Nazimova was also featured in make-up artist Kevyn Aucoin's 2004 book Face Forward, in which he made up Isabella Rossellini to resemble her, particularly as posed in a certain photograph.

Actress Romy Nordlinger first portrayed Alla Nazimova in The Society for the Preservation of Theatrical History production of Stage Struck: From Kemble to Kate staged at the Snapple Theater Center in New York City in December 2013. In Fall 2016, PLACES, a multimedia solo show about Alla Nazimova, supported by the League of Professional Theatre Women's Heritage Program, written and performed by Romy Nordlinger debuted at Playhouse Theatre for a limited run.

The Garden of Allah cabaret was an influential LGBTQ+ cabaret venue in the mid-20th century that took its name and inspiration from Nazimova's original Garden of Alla.

Nazimova also appears in Medusa's Web, a novel by fantasy-fiction writer Tim Powers.

title: Alla Nazimova


text: User talk:204.38.32.6

title: User talk:204.38.32.6


text:
Miscarriage of justice

A miscarriage of justice occurs when an unfair outcome occurs in a criminal or civil proceeding, such as the conviction and punishment of a person for a crime they did not commit. Miscarriages are also known as wrongful convictions. Innocent people have sometimes ended up in prison for years before their conviction has eventually been overturned. They may be exonerated if new evidence comes to light or it is determined that the police or prosecutor committed some kind of misconduct at the original trial. In some jurisdictions this leads to the payment of compensation.

Academic studies have found that the main factors contributing to miscarriages of justice are: eyewitness misidentification; faulty forensic analysis; false confessions by vulnerable suspects; perjury and lies stated by witnesses; misconduct by police, prosecutors or judges; and/or ineffective assistance of counsel (e.g., inadequate defense strategies by the defendant's or respondent's legal team).

Some prosecutors' offices undertake conviction integrity reviews to prevent, identify, and correct wrongful convictions.

Prevalence
There are two main methods for estimating the prevalence of wrongful convictions.

Exoneration
The first is the number of exonerations where the guilty verdict has been vacated or annulled by a judge or higher court after new evidence has been brought forward proving the "guilty" person is, in fact, innocent. Since 1989, the Innocence Project has helped overturn 375 convictions of American prisoners with updated DNA evidence. However, DNA testing occurs in only 5 to 10% of all criminal cases, and exonerations achieved by the Innocence Project are limited to murder and rape cases. This raises the possibility that there may be many more wrongful convictions for which there is no evidence available to exonerate the defendant. Studies cited by the Innocence Project estimate that between 2.3% and 5% of all prisoners in the U.S. are innocent. However, a more recent study looking at convictions in the state of Virginia during the 1970s and 1980s and matching them to later DNA analysis estimates a rate of wrongful conviction at 11.6%.

A 2014 study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences made a conservative estimate that 4.1% of inmates awaiting execution on death row in the United States are innocent.

Self-report
The second method for estimating wrongful convictions involves self-report. Researchers ask prisoners whether they have ever confessed to a crime which they did not commit. Self-report allows examination of any and all crimes where wrongful conviction may have occurred, not just murder and rape cases where DNA is available. Two Icelandic studies based on self-report conducted ten years apart found the rates of false confession to be 12.2% and 24.4% respectively. These figures provide a proxy for miscarriages of justice because erroneous confessions are likely to lead to wrongful convictions. A more recent Scottish study found the rate of self-reported false confessions among a group of inmates in one prison was 33.4%.

Up to 10,000 people may be wrongfully convicted of serious crimes in the United States each year. According to Professor Boaz Sangero of the College of Law and Business in Ramat Gan, most wrongful convictions in Israel relate to less serious crimes than major felonies such as rape and murder, as judicial systems are less careful in dealing with those cases.

Contributing factors
Academics believe that six main factors contribute to miscarriages of justice. These include eyewitness misidentification, faulty forensic analysis, false confessions by vulnerable suspects, perjury and lies told by witnesses, misconduct by police, prosecutors or judges and inadequate defense strategies put forward by the defendant's legal team.

Unreliability of eyewitness testimony
Eyewitness identifications are notoriously unreliable, contributing to 70% of wrongful convictions. Starting in the 1970s, psychologists studying memory formation and retention found that the way police lineups are conducted can alter an eyewitness's memory of the suspect and this often leads to misidentification. Witnesses also have considerable difficulty making accurate identifications with suspects from different ethnic groups such that "the rate of mistaken identification is significantly higher than most people tend to believe". Elizabeth Loftus, a leading researcher in the field, says memory is so unreliable "the end result can be a highly confident witness testifying in a persuasive manner at trial about a detail that is completely false".

Contamination
Wrongful convictions can also occur when items which become evidence at crime scenes become contaminated in the process of packaging, collection and transportation to a secured facility or laboratory. Contamination can be introduced unintentionally by material that was not present when the crime was committed by anyone entering the crime scene after the event - by uninvolved witnesses who may become suspects, and by emergency responders, fire fighters, police officers and crime scene investigators themselves. If proper protocols are not followed, evidence can also be contaminated when it is being analyzed or stored. A miscarriage of justice can occur when procedures to prevent contamination are not carried out carefully and accurately.

Faulty analysis
The Innocence Project says 44% of wrongful convictions are the result of faulty forensic analysis. This occurs when forensic experts inadvertently or deliberately misrepresent the significance, validity or reliability of scientific evidence. Over the years, misrepresentations have been made in the arenas of serological analysis, microscopic hair comparison, and the analysis of bite marks, shoe prints, soil, fiber, and fingerprints.

Overconfident experts
Overly confident testimony by expert witnesses can also lead to miscarriages of justice. The credibility of expert witnesses depends on numerous factors - in particular, their credentials, personal likability and self-confidence which all impact on how believable they are. The confidence with which experts present their evidence has also been noted to influence jurors, who tend to assume that a witness who is anxious or nervous is lying. The manner in which experts testify may have a greater impact on judges and lawyers who prefer experts who provide clear, unequivocal conclusions.

The credentials and reputation of the expert also have a significant impact on juries. For example, Charles Smith was head of the Ontario Pediatric Forensic Pathology Unit from 1982 and the most highly regarded specialist in his field. His testimony led to the convictions of thirteen women whose children died in unexplained circumstance before it came to light that he had "a thing against people who hurt children", and "was on a crusade and acted more like a prosecutor" than a pathologist. An inquiry into his conduct concluded in October 2008 that Smith "actively misled" his superiors, "made false and misleading statements" in court and exaggerated his expertise in trials.

False confessions
The possibility that innocent people would admit to a crime they did not commit seems unlikely - and yet this occurs so often, the Innocence Project found false confessions contribute to approximately 25% of wrongful convictions in murder and rape cases. Certain suspects are more vulnerable to making a false confession under police pressure. This includes individuals who are intellectually impaired, and those who suffer from mental illness. Saul Kassin, a leading expert on false confessions, says that young people are also particularly vulnerable to confessing, especially when stressed, tired, or traumatized.

Coercive interrogation techniques
Police often use coercive manipulation techniques when conducting interrogations in hopes of obtaining a confession. In the United States, one of these is known as the Reid Technique after the officer who developed it, John Reid. Introduced in the 1940s and 50s, the strategy relies on deception, coercion and aggressive confrontation to secure confessions. It became the leading interrogation method used by law enforcement throughout the United States and has led to many confessions by innocent people. As of 2014, this technique was still popular with police interrogators even though the strategy produces less information from suspects, provides fewer true confessions and more false confessions than less confrontational interviewing techniques.

Perjury and false accusations
Witnesses in police investigations may lie for a variety of reasons including: personal ill-will towards the defendant, the desire to be paid, the desire to get a deal from prosecutors or police, or an effort to deflect attention from a person's own involvement in a crime. An innocent person is more likely to be convicted when one or more witnesses have an incentive to testify, and those incentives are not disclosed to the jury. According to the National Registry of Exonerations, 57% of cases where the convicted person was eventually exonerated involves perjury or false accusations.

Prosecutorial misconduct
This occurs in numerous ways including the concealment or destruction of exculpatory evidence; the failure to disclose exculpatory evidence to the defence; the failure to reveal that certain witnesses have been paid to testify; and the planting of incriminating evidence. An Innocence Project study found that 25% of DNA exonerations involved testimony that was known to be false by the police and another 11% involved the undisclosed use of coerced witness testimony. In other words, over one third of these wrongful convictions involved prosecutorial misconduct.

Role of bias and cognitive distortions
Confirmation bias is a psychological phenomenon whereby people tend to seek and interpret information in ways that support existing beliefs. Two inter-related mechanisms tend to operate: it begins with a biased interpretation of whatever information is available, followed by selectively searching for information which supports this interpretation. In police investigations, this comes into play when detectives identify a suspect early in an investigation, come to believe he or she is guilty, and then ignore or downplay other evidence that points to someone else or doesn't fit their hypothesis about what occurred.

A number of factors contribute to this process. First, police officers often have heavy workloads and, in high-profile cases, often come under considerable pressure to catch the perpetrator as soon as possible. This may encourage a rush to judgement - in a process described by psychologists as involving a high need for cognitive closure (NFC) - the desire for a clear-cut solution which avoids confusion and ambiguity.

Second, after spending considerable time and resources trying to build a case against a particular suspect, it becomes difficult for police to admit they may be going down the wrong track. The embarrassment and loss of prestige that follows from admitting erroneous decisions may motivate investigators to continue down a chosen path and disregard evidence that points in a different direction.

Third, criminal investigations are generally theory-driven activities. Investigators tend to evaluate evidence based on their preliminary theories or hypotheses about how, and by whom, a crime was committed. Because of the pressures described above, such hypotheses are sometimes based on the expectations and preconceptions of the investigators rather than on solid facts. A study in the Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling found that "criminal investigations which aim at generating evidence confirming an ill-founded hypothesis pose serious threats both to the security of innocent citizens and to the effectiveness of the law-enforcement system".

Noble cause corruption
Police may become convinced a particular suspect is guilty but not have sufficient evidence to prove it. Sometimes they may plant evidence in order to secure a conviction because they believe it is in the public interest, or that there is a greater good, in convicting a particular person. In other words, they believe that the ends (or the outcome) justifies the means. This is known as noble cause corruption.

Plea bargaining
Another technique used by police is plea bargaining whereby the prosecutor provides a concession to the defendant in exchange for a plea of guilt. This generally occurs when the defendant pleads guilty to a less serious charge, or to one of several charges, in return for the dismissal of the main charge; or it may mean that the defendant pleads guilty to the main charge in return for a more lenient sentence.

Compensation for wrongful conviction
Article 14(6) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) states that when a miscarriage of justice has occurred and the defendant's conviction has been reversed or they have been pardoned, "the person who has suffered punishment as a result of such conviction shall be compensated according to law". The right to compensation is also authorized by Article 3 of Protocol No. 7 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and Article 10 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

Many jurisdictions worldwide provide some kind of remedy for those wrongfully convicted. As victims often face a variety of severe negative psychological, social, and financial consequences, they may be offered an opportunity to seek financial compensation. However, most jurisdictions require a separate inquiry post-exoneration to determine the degree of compensation the victim is entitled to. While most societies agree that a person who did not commit a crime and served a long imprisonment is entitled to significant compensation, it may not be justified, for example, to award compensation to a person who is still believed to have committed a prima facie criminal act but whose conviction was overturned due to technicalities.

Four broad approaches allow for the payment of compensation following a miscarriage of justice: tort liability in common law; claims for a breach of constitutional or human rights; statutory relief where specific legislation exists to compensate individuals who are wrongfully convicted; and non-statutory relief by way of ex-gratia schemes based on the largesse of the government.

In a study of different approaches to the payment of compensation in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, only the US and the UK have statutory schemes in place. In the United States, the federal government, the District of Columbia, and 38 states have such legislation on their statutes. Twelve states have no laws requiring compensation to be paid. However, each state differs widely in regard to eligibility requirements, maximum payments, issues concerning factual innocence, the burden of proof, the behavior of the claimant which contributed to the (now overturned) conviction, and the claimant's prior criminal history. In some states, statutes of limitations also applies.

The significant benefits of statutory schemes is that they provide money and services in compensation to individuals who have been wrongfully convicted without regard to fault or blame; they do not require claimants to prove how the prosecution or police committed their mistakes.

Implications
The concept of miscarriage of justice has important implications for standard of review, in that an appellate court will often only exercise its discretion to correct a plain error when a miscarriage of justice (or "manifest injustice") would otherwise occur.

The risk of miscarriages of justice is often cited as a cause to eliminate the death penalty. When condemned persons are executed before they are determined to have been wrongly convicted, the effect of that miscarriage of justice is irreversible. Wrongly executed people nevertheless occasionally receive posthumous pardons—which essentially void the conviction—or have their convictions quashed.

Even when a wrongly convicted person is not executed, years in prison can have a substantial, irreversible effect on the person and their family. The risk of miscarriage of justice is therefore also an argument against long sentences, like a life sentence, and cruel prison conditions.

Consequences
Wrongful convictions appear at first to be "rightful" arrests and subsequent convictions, and also include a public statement about a particular crime having occurred, as well as a particular individual or individuals having committed that crime. If the conviction turns out to be a miscarriage of justice, then one or both of these statements is ultimately deemed to be false. In cases where a large-scale audience is unknowingly witness to a miscarriage of justice, the news-consuming public may develop false beliefs about the nature of crime itself. It may also cause the public to falsely believe that certain types of crime exist, or that certain types of people tend to commit these crimes, or that certain crimes are more commonly prevalent than they actually are. Thus, wrongful convictions can ultimately mold a society's popular beliefs about crime. Because our understanding of crime is socially constructed, it has been shaped by many factors other than its actual occurrence.

Mass media may also be faulted for distorting the public perception of crime by over-representing certain races and genders as criminals and victims, and for highlighting more sensational and invigorating types of crimes as being more newsworthy. The way a media presents crime-related issues may have an influence not only on a society's fear of crime but also on its beliefs about the causes of criminal behavior and desirability of one or another approach to crime control. Ultimately, this may have a significant impact on critical public beliefs about emerging forms of crime such as cybercrime, global crime, and terrorism.

Some wrongfully sanctioned people join organizations like the Innocence Project and Witness to Innocence to publicly share their stories, as a way to counteract these media distortions and to advocate for various types of criminal justice reform.

There are unfavorable psychological effects to those who were wrongfully sanctioned, even in the absence of any public knowledge. In an experiment, participants significantly reduced their pro-social behavior after being wrongfully sanctioned. As a consequence there were negative effects for the entire group. The extent of wrongful sanctions varies between societies.

When a crime occurs and the wrong person is convicted for it, the actual perpetrator goes free and often goes on to commit additional crimes, including hundreds of cases of violent crime. A 2019 study estimated that "the wrong‐person wrongful convictions that occur annually [in the United States] may lead to more than 41,000 additional crimes".

Canada
A series of miscarriages of justice in Canada have led to reforms of the country's criminal justice system. In 1959, 14-year-old Steven Truscott was convicted of raping and murdering a 12-year-old girl. Originally sentenced to death by hanging, his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He was released on parole in 1969, and was freed from his parole restrictions in 1974. In 2007, the Ontario Court of Appeal overturned Truscott's conviction, based on a reexamination of forensic evidence. The government of Ontario awarded him $6.5 million in compensation.

In 1972, Donald Marshall Jr., a Mi'kmaq man, was wrongly convicted of murder. Marshall spent 11 years in jail before being acquitted in 1983. The case led to questions about the fairness of the Canadian justice system, especially given that Marshall was an Aboriginal: as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation put it, "The name Donald Marshall is almost synonymous with 'wrongful conviction' and the fight for native justice in Canada." Marshall received a lifetime pension of $1.5 million in compensation and his conviction resulted in changes to the Canada Evidence Act so that any evidence obtained by the prosecution must be presented to the defense on disclosure.

In 1970, David Milgaard was wrongfully convicted for the rape and murder of Gail Miller. He was released in 1992 and compensated $10 million by the Saskatchewan government after having spent 23 years in prison. After being tied to it by DNA evidence, serial rapist Larry Fisher was convicted of the murder in 1999.

In 1992, Guy Paul Morin was convicted of the 1984 rape and murder of a 9-year-old girl and was sentenced to life imprisonment. In 1995, new testing of DNA evidence showed Morin could not have been the murderer, and the Ontario Court of Appeal overturned his conviction. The case has been described as "a compendium of official error—from inaccurate eyewitness testimony and police tunnel vision, to scientific bungling and the suppression of evidence." Morin received $1.25 million in compensation from the Ontario government.

China
A series of wrongful convictions were uncovered in the 2010s which had a large impact on the judicial system and undermined public trust in the Chinese justice system. Zhao Zuohai was one of the wrongful convictions, who had to serve 10 years in prison for a murder he did not commit. The alleged victim that he murdered had returned home and he was released from prison. While he was being released from prison he shared some chilling news. Zuohai shared with the police officers and officials that while he was being taken into custody he repeatedly experienced torture because they were trying to extract a confession from Zuohai.

Italy
Enzo Tortora, a TV host on national RAI television, was accused of being a member of the Camorra and drug trafficking. He was arrested in 1983, and sentenced to ten years in jail in 1985, but acquitted of all charges on appeal in 1986.

Netherlands
In response to two overturned cases, the Schiedammerpark murder case and the Putten murder, the Netherlands created the "Posthumus I committee" which analyzed what had gone wrong in the Schiedammerpark murder case. The committee concluded that confirmation bias led the police to ignore and misinterpret scientific evidence, specifically DNA. Subsequently, the Posthumus II committee investigated whether injustice occurred in similar cases. The committee received 25 applications from concerned and involved scientists and selected three for further investigation: the Lucia de Berk case, the Ina Post case, and the Enschede incest case. In those three cases, independent researchers (professors Wagenaar, van Koppen, Israëls, Crombag, and Derksen) concluded that confirmation bias and misuse of complex scientific evidence led to miscarriages of justice.

Spain
The Constitution of Spain guarantees compensation in cases of miscarriage of justice. This includes those who have been acquitted of their charges or if their case has been dismissed.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom a jailed person, whose conviction is quashed, might be paid compensation for the time they were incarcerated. This is currently limited by statute to a maximum sum of £1,000,000 for those who have been incarcerated for more than ten years and £500,000 for any other cases, Between 2007 and 2023 there could be deductions for the cost of food and accommodation during that time. See also Overturned convictions in the United Kingdom.

Richard Foster, the Chairman of the Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC), reported in October 2018 that the single biggest cause of miscarriage of justice was the failure to disclose vital evidence.

A major factor leading to the abolition of capital punishment for murder in the United Kingdom was the case of Timothy Evans, who was executed in 1950 after being wrongfully convicted of a murder that had been committed by his neighbour.

England, Wales and Northern Ireland
Until 2005, the parole system assumed all convicted persons were guilty, and poorly handled those who were not. To be paroled, a convicted person had to sign a document in which, among other things, they confessed to the crime for which they were convicted. Someone who refused to sign this declaration spent longer in jail than someone who signed it. Some wrongly convicted people, such as the Birmingham Six, were refused parole for this reason. In 2005 the system changed, and began to parole prisoners who never admitted guilt.

English law has no official means of correcting a "perverse" verdict (conviction of a defendant on the basis of insufficient evidence). Appeals are based exclusively on new evidence or errors by the judge or prosecution (but not the defence), or jury irregularities. A reversal occurred, however, in the 1930s when William Herbert Wallace was exonerated of the murder of his wife. There is no right to a trial without jury (except during the troubles in Northern Ireland or in the case where there is a significant risk of jury-tampering, such as organised crime cases, when a judge or judges presided without a jury).

During the early 1990s, a series of high-profile cases turned out to be miscarriages of justice. Many resulted from police fabricating evidence to convict people they thought were guilty, or simply to get a high conviction rate. The West Midlands Serious Crime Squad became notorious for such practices, and was disbanded in 1989. In 1997 the Criminal Cases Review Commission was established specifically to examine possible miscarriages of justice. However, it still requires either strong new evidence of innocence, or new proof of a legal error by the judge or prosecution. For example, merely insisting on one's innocence, asserting the jury made an error, or stating there was not enough evidence to prove guilt, is not enough. It is not possible to question the jury's decision or query on what matters it was based. The waiting list for cases to be considered for review is at least two years on average.

In 2002, the Northern Ireland Court of Appeal made an exception to who could avail of the right to a fair trial in R v Walsh: "... if a defendant has been denied a fair trial it will almost be inevitable that the conviction will be regarded unsafe, the present case in our view constitutes an exception to the general rule. ... the conviction is to be regarded as safe, even if a breach of Article 6(1) were held to have occurred in the present case." (See Christy Walsh (Case).)

Scotland
The Criminal Appeal (Scotland) Act 1927 (17 & 18 Geo. 5. c. 26) increased the jurisdiction of the Scottish Court of Criminal Appeal following the miscarriage of justice surrounding the Trial of Oscar Slater.

Reflecting Scotland's own legal system, which differs from that of the rest of the United Kingdom, the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission (SCCRC) was established in April 1999. All cases accepted by the SCCRC are subjected to a robust and thoroughly impartial review before a decision on whether or not to refer to the High Court of Justiciary is taken.

United States
In June 2012, the National Registry of Exonerations, a joint project of the University of Michigan Law School and Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law, initially reported 873 individual exonerations in the U.S. from January 1989 through February 2012; the report called this number "tiny" in a country with 2.3 million people in prisons and jails, but asserted that there are far more false convictions than exonerations. By 2015, the number of individual exonerations was reported as 1,733, with 2015 having the highest annual number of exonerations since 1989. By 2019, the number had risen to 1,934 individuals. 20 individuals have been exonerated while on death row due to DNA evidence.

According to a 2020 report by the National Registry of Exonerations, official misconduct contributed to 54% of all wrong convictions. The study only counted misconduct when it directly contributed to the convictions, such as the generation of false evidence or concealment of evidence of innocence.

At least 21 states in the U.S. do not offer compensation for wrongful imprisonment.

The Innocence Project works to exonerate people in the United States who have been wrongfully convicted of crime. It has estimated that 1 percent of all U.S. prisoners are innocent. With the number of incarcerated Americans being approximately 2.4 million, by that estimate as many as 20,000 people may be incarcerated as a result of wrongful conviction.

Research into the issue of wrongful convictions have led to the use of methods to avoid wrongful convictions, such as double-blind eyewitness identification. Leading causes of wrongful convictions in the United States include snitches and unscientific forensics. Other causes include police and prosecutorial misconduct.

Race and systemic racism have been found to be a factor in wrongful convictions; a report by the National Registry of Exonerations found that, as of August 2022, African Americans make up 13.6% of the U.S. population, but 53% of exonerations, and that they were seven times more likely to be falsely convicted compared to White Americans.

In 2023, Glynn Simmons was released from prison after 48 years of prison. His imprisonment after wrongful conviction is believed to be the longest in American history.

Specific cases

 * List of miscarriage of justice cases
 * List of wrongful convictions in the United States
 * List of exonerated death row inmates

title: Miscarriage of justice


text:
Hunting sword

A hunting sword is a type of single-handed short sword that dates back to the 12th century, but was primarily used during hunting parties in Europe from the 17th to the 19th century. A hunting sword usually has a straight, single-edged, pointed blade typically no more than 36 in long. This sword was used for finishing off game in lieu of using and wasting further shot. Adopted by many Europeans, and in past centuries sometimes worn by military officers as a badge of rank, hunting swords display great variety in design. Some hilts featured a thin knuckle-bow to protect the fingers. Others sported a serrated saw edge on the back of the blade. Still others had small matchlock pistols built into the hilt that originated in the early 18th century, with deep firing grooves cut into the fuller of the blade.

title: Hunting sword


text:
User talk:Andrevan/Archives/2

Re: Adminship
Thanks for the heads-up. If it's not an inconvenience, you can change my self-nomination into an actual nomination so that people can take more credence towards it. Although I have no pressing need to become an admin, your support is appreciated. Also, by "reverting", I meant access to the rollback function. --Taoster 00:19, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Newdow case
Thanx for fixing that, I guess I was having a brainfart... --Starx 22:44, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

You're a Sysop!
I'm pleased to let you know that, consensus being reached, you are now an administrator. Congratulations!. You should read the relevant policies and other pages linked to from the administrators' reading list before carrying out tasks like deletion, protection, banning users, and editing protected pages such as the Main Page. Most of what you do is easily reversible by other sysops, apart from page history merges and image deletion, so please be especially careful with those. You might find the new administrators' how-to guide helpful. Cheers! -- Cecropia | Talk 16:27, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

No, thank you for your support and nice comments in my unsuccessful attempt to get adminship. :-) --Lst27 18:25, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Congratulations!
Congratulations on getting the sysop status, you deserved it. And for that reply that you sent me thanking me for voting for you... well that's no problem because you deserved it! :-) I hope you can use your new preveileges to put to some good use :p. squash 22:17, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)

You're very welcome, and congratulations! -- Merovingian Ѥ Talk 22:21, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)

Congratulations on your adminship (and thanks for your note). ffirehorse 01:40, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

re: protected pages
please do not make any changes whatsoever to protected pages. i realize your changes were minor, but if we start changing protected pages, debates will then insue regarding what constitutes a fair change to a protected page. it is better to just save such changes to when the page is unprotected.

thanks, Kingturtle 00:49, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

IPU
See User_talk:%C6var_Arnfj%F6r%F0_Bjarmason

Reply for nomination
In reply to your message, I don't want to be a sysop... at this time being. I rather be more wiki-mature :-) and make myself known by building reputation within the Wikipedia community. Thanks anyway... (You don't have to reply to this message, as an act of kindness *laugh*, otherwhise it repeat again and again) squash 11:14, Sep 19, 2004 (UTC)

Mysterious message from an anon
I am sorry i vandalised your webpage I like the information you have on Tacitus and Roman historians i am sorry to the person whoi owns wikipedia leave a message to see if i can edit but not for vandalising because i need to edit sorry

i am not building reputation it is great information for my assignment

J.J.
I am indeed the same evil guy from TMK. I should probably add that to my bio. I just do it as a side thing now and then, but a lot of people seem to recognize me from it. user:J.J.

Why do you strongly oppose my adminship?
I do good work here. EDGE 03:02, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

Moving of character page
Hi! I noticed your move of The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time characters. I'm not sure why you did this; the article is named after the game itself, which does include The in the title (thus our article on the game itself, The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, includes the word). Would you be okay with moving it back, or do you have a justification I'm not seeing? Thanks. Derrick Coetzee 23:22, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks!
Andrevan - many thanks for supporting my adminship! Ðåñηÿßôý | Talk 04:54, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Video game years
Hi, Andrevan. My sources for release dates on NES games has been http://www.planetnintendo.com/nindb/nes/. You have brought up an excellent point, though, as how to deal with release dates in different parts of the world (it has been confusing for me as well). I tend to lean towards the Japan (Famicom) release dates as they are normally the earliest. I gave SMB3 the "1988" category based on both its Japan release and its actual game copyright (which is far less important). I'm not certain that SMB2 was released here in 1987; the Planet Nintendo DB says it was October 1988 (same year as SMB3 !). I personally remember SMB2 being released here in 1988, as it was the first featured game in "Nintendo Power" magazine here, which I know also debuted in 1988. If you have any more thoughts on the issue, I'm more than happy to hear from you. :) -bumm13 07:40, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi, Andrevan. I corrected the year for Super Mario Brothers 3, as I believe it was a worldwide release in 1990. Hope this helps a bit. -bumm13 14:40, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Hello again, Andrevan. You may be interested in the following URL- http://www.nesplayer.com/features/doki/doki.htm It is a page about the game Doki Doki Panic, which Nintendo of America edited into SMB2. Hope you find it interesting (I did). -bumm13 15:40, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Mike's Link
technicly, i didn't make the link... the link was in the sandbox, and i was like HEY... lets make it go somewhere Spikeon 08:42, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

RfA
Now I've got some homework to do. Thank you for your supportive RfA vote and consideration. Fire Star 14:01, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

hey
Hi Andrevan,

I noticed your comment on my talk page. I guess you wrote because I edited the GameCube page. I just got a component video cable for it yesterday (makes the picture much sharper) and I couldn't help myself.

I've been reading Wikipedia for a few months but just created my first article this morning. Very short, but I have an InFocus X1 and I thought something should be there for the company. I'll read through those documents you linked when I get a chance. Thanks.

Pdurbin 15:47, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * is this the normal way for people on wikipedia to talk with each other? leaving messages on each other's talk page?  seems kind of strange.  also, can you tell me if i make it so that the time zones posted on my talk page are in my local time zone?  right now it's in UTC.  thanks! Pdurbin 17:10, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * cool, thanks for letting me know about the UTC signing thing. other pages reflect my time zone preferences.

 * one thing about using the gamecube with component cable. make sure the inputs on your tv/projector can do both 480i and 480p.  my projector can do both but over separate inputs.  so i basically have to do 480i as the least common demoninator.  the boot up screen is in 480i and only certain games support 480p.  to run a game in 480p i'll have to unplug from the 480i input and plug into the 480p input.  but this is a limitation/issue with my projector, not the gamecube.   Pdurbin 17:36, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject Computer and Video Games
Note that I replied to this on my talk page.

My nomination for adminship
Thank you for supporting my nomination for adminship. I will do my best to serve Wikipedia. --Slowking Man 00:05, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

Hello
Andre --

Thanks for letting me know about WikiProject Computer and Video Games. It's a pretty helpful resource, to say the least. I don't think I'll add myself to the list of participants just yet, but I really appreciate the tip and may be doing so soon. Thanks again! Cookiecaper 02:23, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Admin nomination
Thanks for your vote in support of my nomination for admin :) - Ta bu shi da yu 02:26, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andrevan/Archives/2


text:
The World That Summer

The World That Summer (or The Wörld Thät Sümmer, as it appears on the album packaging), is an album by Death in June, released in 1986.

Originally recorded between 1985 and 1986 and previously available only on LP format, The World That Summer was reissued on CD digipack packaging complete with varnished cover artwork and a booklet with photos and lyrics in 2000.

Douglas P. is accompanied on this album by David Tibet (as Christ'777') and Andrea James (part of the duo 'Somewhere in Europe').

Side 1

 * 1) "Blood of Winter" - 4:09
 * 2) "Hidden Among the Leaves" - 4:29
 * 3) "Torture by Roses" - 3:31
 * 4) "Come Before Christ and Murder Love" - 4:26
 * 5) "Love Murder" - 5:08

Side 2

 * 1) "Rule Again" - 4:02
 * 2) "Break the Black Ice" - 4:06
 * 3) "Rocking Horse Night" - 3:39
 * 4) "Blood Victory" - 5:17

Side 3

 * 1) "Death of a Man" - 15:28

Side 4

 * 1) "Reprise #1" - 3:23
 * 2) "Reprise #2" - 4:05
 * 3) "Reprise #3" - 5:21

title: The World That Summer


text:
Cowards Bend the Knee

Cowards Bend the Knee (also known as The Blue Hands) is a 2003 film by Guy Maddin. Maddin directed Cowards Bend the Knee while in pre-production on The Saddest Music in the World, shooting entirely on Super-8mm film with a budget of $30,000.

The feature film was initially developed as a series of ten short films, commissioned as part of an installation art project by Toronto art gallery The Power Plant (curated by Philip Monk). Cowards Bend the Knee is the first in Maddin's "autobiographical 'Me Trilogy'" of feature films starring protagonists named "Guy Maddin," the second being Brand Upon the Brain! (2006) and the third My Winnipeg (2007).

Maddin based the film's premise loosely on the story The Hands of Ida and Euripides's play Medea, although Maddin also claims that the film can be viewed as an autobiography (although the events of his life are not being represented so much as the events of his inner life).

Plot
Cowards Bend the Knee is set in a vague time period that is stated in the published script and on the DVD commentary as the 1930s, although certain of the film's events (e.g., the Winnipeg Maroons winning the Allan Cup) did not occur until the 1960s. Guy Maddin (played by Darcy Fehr), star hockey player for the Winnipeg Maroons, is told by his father Maddin Sr (Victor Cowie), the team's announcer, to visit his mother in the hospital since she is gravely ill. Maddin instead takes his girlfriend Veronica (Amy Stewart) to get an illegal abortion at the home/beauty salon/bordello of Liliom (Tara Birtwistle). During the operation, Guy more or less forgets about Veronica and ends up leaving with Liliom's alluring daughter Meta (Melissa Dionisio). Veronica dies as a result of the botched abortion and perhaps despair at her abandonment.

Meta reveals that her father, Chas, was murdered by Liliom with help from the police captain Shaky, who also plays hockey with Guy. Chas' hands, stained blue from hair dye, were severed during the murder and Meta keeps them with her in a jar. She rejects Guy's sexual advances, saying that she won't be his until he murders Liliom and Shaky to revenge Chas. The hockey team's doctor, Dr. Fusi (Louis Negin) agrees to sever Guy's hands and suture Chas' hands in their place.

However, while Guy is sedated and Meta is gone, Dr. Fusi just throws the hands away and paints Guy's own hands blue. Believing himself possessed by Chas' murderous hands, Guy sets out to kill Liliom but instead ends up trying to seduce her and eventually "fists" her in the beauty salon. Veronica's ghost has meanwhile risen and takes a job at the beauty salon, as does Guy. Guy becomes infatuated with Veronica's ghost, not recognizing her as the girlfriend he abandoned to die on the operating table (he has forgotten Veronica completely by this point).

Tormented, Guy discovers a wax museum that has been hidden and forgotten in the rafters of the Winnipeg hockey arena. The museum features wax sculptures of famous Winnipeg Maroons, including Chas. Meta continues to coerce Guy to carry out her revenge plans. Guy ends up murdering Shaky during a hockey game and, feeling guilty, attempts to confess his crime to the policeman Mo, but Mo refuses to arrest Guy and tries to get him to stop confessing. Guy then strangles Mo to death in the middle of the police station but none of the other officers notice.

Veronica's ghost has meanwhile begun dating Guy's father, Maddin Sr. after Guy's mother dies, unvisited. Guy is now involved with both Meta and Liliom (who he's promised Meta he will kill) while in love with the ghost of his ex-girlfriend Veronica, whose death he is somewhat responsible for and who is now involved with his own father. The pressure of the situation, in addition to the delusion that he is possessed by the murderous hands of Chas, drives Guy to finally strangle Liliom when she tries to stop Veronica's ghost from having a second abortion of unknown origin (presumably his father's child and thus his sibling, or perhaps his child needing to be aborted a second time). Meta by this time has soured on Guy and demands that Fusi returns her father's hands to her. Dr. Fusi then chloroforms Guy again and amputates his blue-painted hands.

Handless, Guy heads to the hockey arena and suits up for the big game, taping his hockey gloves over his fresh stumps. Guy heads to the urinal pre-game, but finds peeing a difficult tasks with no hands. At the urinal, he encounters his father, Maddin Sr., and sees that his father's penis is exceptionally large (much larger than his own). During the game, Maddin Sr. announces while stroking a block of ice carved into the shape of a woman's breast. Veronica's ghost, aroused by this, walks across the catwalk over the arena's ice towards the radio booth. Guy also climbs to the top of the arena and heads into the wax museum, where tarot cards predict "a mysterious apocalypse." Maddin Sr. and Veronica's ghost enter to announce that Guy's old girlfriend will be his new mother. The anguished Guy invokes the wax heroes of hockey old to aid him, and they in fact do awaken, having revealed themselves not to be wax heroes at all but cowards who have chosen immobility as an escape from life.

Guy and the hockey immortals pursue Maddin Sr. and Veronica's ghost out of the room and onto the catwalk. Meta sees her father Chas among the wax immortals and rushes to meet him. She attempts to reenact the childhood game that Chas and Meta used to play — she swooned and he caught her — but since Chas no longer has hands, he cannot catch her and she falls to her death. Guy then joins the wax immortals in the museum, in cowardly retreat.

Home video
Cowards Bend the Knee was released to home video on DVD by Zeitgeist Video in 2005. Cowards Bend the Knee is also included on the DVD boxed set The Quintessential Guy Maddin: 5 Films from the Heart of Winnipeg, released by Zeitgeist Video, alongside Archangel, Dracula: Pages from a Virgin's Diary, Twilight of the Ice Nymphs, and Careful.

Book
Guy Maddin wrote a lengthy treatment for the feature film Cowards Bend the Knee, which he published as a book through The Power Plant gallery.

The book contains a foreword by Wayne Baerwaldt (then-Director of The Power Plant) and an introduction by Philip Monk, who also edited the book and curated Maddin's installation. The main text is followed by an interview with Guy Maddin conducted by Robert Enright. The book also contains stills from the film and a list of credits for the film.

Most of the text is Maddin's treatment for the film, which follows the same plot. In the words of Baerwaldt, the story is a fictional "autobiography [that] features a diabolical plot surrounding a coward on a mission [named Guy Maddin] that resembles a cycle of dark spectacles dressed up as, among other things, lewd seduction, Canadian hockey, murder, amputations, hair design, general mayhem, fetish attractions and heartfelt loss."

In the interview with Enright, Maddin notes that the book's genesis began with Maddin's intention to clarify the narrative of his films, since "it is a source of continuing frustration that people would say --- and it was always a compliment --- we really like your films, they're so non-narrative. So I thought, damnit, I'm going to get a story that people are going to recognize, something that has legs. I started reading Greek tragedy, Electra, Medea and stuff like that, and basically I just took some premises from these super-durable stories. The things I end up layering around these rock-solid premises are invariably pure autobiography [. . .] once I slipped away what little remained of Euripides, what was left was some core sample of me."

Maddin's book treatment is written in a highly literary fashion that is not typical of screen treatments, so that the text reads like a literary work rather than a blueprint for the film: "It is the night before the [Winnipeg] Maroons' first game against the Soviets. Meta and Guy lie in bed, in the midst of a particularly spectacular recital of what could be called THE LIMBO-DANCE OF SELF-PITY --- a verbal choreography performed by lovers who manipulate each other through complicated displays of insincere self-loathing. Participants enter the Limbo in hopes of restructuring the unspoken terms of their relationship."

Critical reception
Cowards Bend the Knee received very positive reviews, with review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reporting a 95% approval rating based on 19 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10. Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from film critics, posts a rating score of 82 based on 10 reviews.

Critic J. Hoberman of The Village Voice called the film "Maddin's masterpiece," noting that the film "not only plays like a dream but feels like one."

title: Cowards Bend the Knee


text: User talk:169.199.67.9

title: User talk:169.199.67.9