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Talk:Kuala Terengganu

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Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand

Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand (1984) is a science fiction novel by Samuel R. Delany. It is part of what would have been a "diptych", in Delany's description, of which the second half, The Splendor and Misery of Bodies, of Cities, remains unfinished.

Setting
The novel takes place in a distant future in which diverse human societies have developed on some 6,000 planets. Many of these worlds are shared with intelligent nonhumans, although only one alien species (the mysterious Xlv) also possesses faster-than-light travel. In an attempt to find a stable defense against the phenomenon known as Cultural Fugue (a process where "socioeconomic pressures [reach] a point of technological recomplication and perturbation where the population completely destroys all life across the planetary surface"), many human worlds have aligned themselves with one of two broad factions: the Sygn, which promotes and celebrates social diversity, and the Family, which promotes adherence to an idealized norm of human relations modeled on the nuclear family.

Prologue: A World Apart
The novel opens with a prologue set on the planet Rhyonon. Korga, a tall, "ugly", misfit youth, undergoes the Radical Anxiety Termination, or RAT, procedure, a form of psychosurgery, after which he "will be a slave" "but [he] will be happy". From then on he will be known as Rat Korga. After he has lived under a number of masters, all life on the surface of Rat Korga's world is destroyed by a conflagration.

Monologues: Visible and Invisible Persons Distributed in Space
It is left up to debate whether Rat's world was destroyed by "Cultural Fugue" or by the mysterious Xlv spacecraft who were present in the Rhyonon system when the disaster occurred. At the time of the disaster, Rat Korga was deep underground inside a refrigerated room, allowing him to survive (though badly injured), and making him the only known being to survive his world's destruction, and possibly Cultural Fugue. According to Reid-Pharr, Rat Korga represents the remnants of disaster. Thus, he serves as a reminder of the possibility of Cultural Fugue and the destruction of a planet, which is part of what makes him so appealing to the inhabitants of Velm.

The action then moves to Velm, a Sygn-aligned world that humanity shares with its native three-sexed intelligent species, the evelm, and where sexual relationships take many forms — monogamous, promiscuous, anonymous, and interspecies. Resident Marq Dyeth, an "industrial diplomat" who helps manage the transfer of technology between different societies, is informed that Rat Korga is her perfect sexual match by an associate in the powerful and mysterious Web, an organization that manages information flows between worlds. Equipping him with a prosthesis (the rings of Vondramach Okk, a tyrant who once ruled ten planets and employed of one of Marq's ancestors) that restores the initiative he lost due to the RAT procedure, the Web sends Rat Korga to Velm under the pretext that he is a student, and he and Marq begin a romantic and sexual affair.

During their time together, Korga and Marq go dragon hunting, a process which initially Korga mistakes to involve catching and killing dragons. However, when he hits a dragon with his bow, Korga can see through the dragon's eyes and experience what the dragon is experiencing, prompting Rat to announce "I was a dragon!", and the realisation that no dragons are going to be killed. As they return to the city of Morgre, in which Dyethsome, Marq's ancestral home presides, they notice a large gathering of people. They seek shelter from the crowd, who appear to be gathering to see Rat Korga, with acquaintances of Marq's friend Santine. One of the people they are with called JoBonnot informs them that Marq's sister Black Lars' planned "informal supper" has been cancelled. However, later Marq discovers that the gathering was not cancelled but changed to a "formal supper".

They return to Dyethshome where they attend the dinner party which involves everyone participating in hand-feeding one another. The dinner is held in the honour of the Thants, a family from the ice planet Zetzor. The Thants are considering moving to Nepiy in order to become a "Focus Unit", through which they will act as representatives of the values held by The Family. The dinner soon becomes chaotic due to the disruptive presence of the Thants and the ever-growing group gathering outside to show their interest in Rat Korga. Marq overhears the Thants making derogatory comments toward the evelmi, and calling the people of the South of Velm "lizard-loving perverts". Soon after, Rat Korga is forced to leave Velm and be permanently separated from Marq. According to Avilez, Rat represents the hidden secret of what happened to Rhyanon, a fact which has caused an upheaval of society and poses a threat to the Web.

Epilogue: Morning
Marq contemplates his loss of Rat Korga. She learns from Japril, a friend of hers in the Web who set up her initial meeting with Korga, that their "experiment didn't work" and that it was "too dangerous" to leave Korga on Velm, due to the threat of Cultural Fugue. The reader learns more about the nuances of Marq's sexual attraction and her desire for Korga. According to Avilez, Marq's desire for Korga disrupts the power held by the Web.

Fractured subjectivity
Thomas Foster argues that Stars in My Pocket treats "fractured subjectivity" as a natural condition by representing "nonnormative racial, sexual, and familiar formations and practices" as normal within Marq's world. Quoting directly from the novel, Foster claims that "[t]he utopian project of this novel resides in its attempt to imagine a future setting in which 'the 'fragmented subject' is at its healthiest, happiest, and most creative because society and economics contrive... to make questions of unity and centerness irrelevant'" This theme of fractured identity is part of Delany's own postmodern critique of identity that treats social categories like race, sexuality, gender, and class as absolute and static.

Cleansing
In his essay Clean, Robert F. Reid-Pharr argues that what Delany achieves in Stars "is a thematization of the complex ways the spectacle of gay male identity is established through a set of essentially ritualistic practices wherein the gay man is figured clean or more precisely cleansing." The character of Korga, and his movement through RAT procedures into liberation and then to corporate slavery exemplifies this process in Stars, and Reid-Pharr also suggests a connection in this method of identity construction between the gay male subject and the subject position of the African-American slave.

Gender and Sexuality
Dr. Paivi Väätänen argues that Delany changes the logic of gender, sexuality, and language, confusing the reader, but perpetuating a liberal rejection of heteronormativity. Sexual identity is extremely liberal in Morgre due to the South of Velm's political alignment with the Sygn. Although, homosexuality is not overly prevalent, it is accepted, normalised, and spoken about freely amongst the people there. Marq discusses how in the city in Morgre there are “more varied kinds of sex” than on the outskirts. In Morgre, every person, including evelmi, is labelled a woman and the use of the pronouns ‘she/her’ are most common. For those of whom one finds to be sexually desirable, one uses the pronouns ‘he/him’. When Korga remarks that on Rhyanon, people spoke of both women and men, Marq replies, 'I know the word "man"...It's an archaic term. Sometimes you'll read over it in some old piece or other.' However, humans are referred to as male or female, depending on their sex organs, even though most of the time, the reader is left without an explanation of whether a human is male or female. The reader is told that evelmi can be male, female or neuter (all of which can become pregnant) but particular evelmi are never identified as such. This sexual and gender ambiguity and fluidity deconstructs binary structures of identity.

On Rhyanon, not only were sexual relationships between two men illegal until age twenty seven, but it was illegal at all times for a short person (like Marq) and a tall person (like Korga) to have sexual contact with one another. Slavery and radical regulations of sexual proclivity are two examples of the extremely conservative nature of Rhyanon. According to Väätänen, because these laws are largely left unexplained, the reader is forced to think about real laws which regulate sexuality, in our society.

Genre of science fiction
Stars in My Pocket like Grains of Sand is about the distant future but the ideas that Delany writes about are reflections of the contemporary world. Delany himself has said, "Science fiction is not ‘about the future.’ Science fiction is in dialogue with the present…[the science fiction writer] indulge[s] in a significant distortion of the present that sets up a rich and complex dialogue with the reader’s here and now." While Stars in My Pocket like Grains of Sand provides an alternative and unconventional relationship between humanity and the natural world, Delany reminds the reader to be critical about the extent in which the social distortions in the novel are actually “distant” from the current social order. As a result, Stars in My Pocket like Grains of Sand critiques and disrupts contemporary understandings of the world. These ruptures occur in from Delany’s use of third-person gender pronouns, to the redefinition of family and kinship, to the concept of technicity (technologically driven modes of social differentiation and belonging). By forcing the reader to constantly go through these breaks and fissures in their social understandings, Delany reveals "the arbitrariness of these signifiers, their contingency and openness to recontextualization…as they move across worlds, literally and figuratively."

Connections to Delany's other work
Stars has a number of plot elements that are similar to certain elements in Triton. Most notable is the presence in both novels of the General Information service, although it is more sophisticated in Stars (one need merely think a question for GI to place the knowledge in one's mind, as opposed to Triton's GI which takes questions on machines similar to modern computers). Both novels also feature aboveground and institutionalized versions of gay male cruising spaces, although open to all genders and sexual preferences; in Triton the protagonist visits such a space in the form of an indoor club, while in Stars the protagonists visit one of their city's many parklike runs set aside for that purpose. Finally, the Family/Sygn conflict in Stars is similar to the conflict between the social systems of Earth and the Outer Satellites in Triton; a "Sygn" is present in Triton, but is a minor religious cult mentioned very briefly.

Delany's short story "Omegahelm" (found in Aye, and Gomorrah, and other stories) is set in the same universe as Stars; it concerns Vondramach Okk (see above) and her one attempt to have a child.

Times Square Red, Times Square Blue, two nonfiction essays written by Delany, also include descriptions of cross-class, cross-ethnic, non-monogamous sexual encounters similar to those explored by Marq and Korga in the Stars.

The Splendor and Misery of Bodies, of Cities
All editions of Stars contain an author's note stating that it is the first half of a diptych, the second half of which is the novel The Splendor and Misery of Bodies, of Cities. Delany took this title from the translator's foreword to Richard Howard's translation of Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du Mal. An excerpt from Splendor was printed in the Review of Contemporary Fiction in September, 1996. In a 2001 interview, Delany gave this brief summary:

"'The book was conceived of as a city novel. For the bulk of it, the main characters, Rat and Marq, try to make their home in a city on the other side of the planet Velm from the one Marq was born and raised in. Then they have to journey back to Dyethshome, in an educational trip across Marq's world. In the course of it, a number of things that once looked pretty fair in volume one turn out not to be so pleasant in volume two.'"

Splendor is unfinished, and is unlikely to ever be finished. Delany has stated two reasons for this in various writings and public appearances. First, much of the creative impetus for Stars came from his relationship with his then-partner, Frank Romeo (to whom the novel is dedicated); this relationship ended soon after the novel was published, removing much of Delany's creative energy related to the project. Second, the novel was published just as AIDS was becoming an epidemic in the gay culture Delany was immersed in, changing it in a way that shifted Delany's writing priorities.

In fact, Stars was the last of Delany's major science fiction projects until 2012's Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders. As seen in 1984: Selected Letters, at the time Stars was published his relationship with his publisher, Bantam, underwent a major rupture, with Bantam declining to print the final volume of the Return to Nevèrÿon series, Return to Nevèrÿon (eventually published by Arbor House as The Bridge of Lost Desire). Delany's works largely went out of print in the immediately following years, and he turned to academia for his living, taking up the first of his professorial posts in 1988, at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Reception
Dave Langford reviewed Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand for White Dwarf #81, and stated that "Neither mystery nor romance is resolved, all that being kept for Book Two – fearfully titled The Splendour and Misery of Bodies, of Cities. Book One is brilliant, uneven, insufferable, an important piece of SF."

Carl Freedman referred to it as being "one of the most assured masterworks of modern American fiction."

Reviews

 * Review by Faren Miller (1984) in Locus, #284 September 1984
 * Review by Larry McCaffery (1984) in Fantasy Review, December 1984
 * Review by W. Paul Ganley (1984) in Fantasy Mongers, #12 Autumn 1984
 * Review [French] by Élisabeth Vonarburg? (1985) in Solaris, #59
 * Review by Don D'Ammassa (1985) in Science Fiction Chronicle, #64 January 1985
 * Review by Richard E. Geis (1985) in Science Fiction Review, Spring 1985
 * Review by Darrell Schweitzer (1985) in Science Fiction Review, Spring 1985
 * Review by Baird Searles (1985) in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, April 1985
 * Review by Thomas A. Easton [as by Tom Easton] (1985) in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, April 1985
 * Review by Robert Coulson (1985) in Amazing Stories, May 1985
 * Review by Andy Sawyer (1986) in Paperback Inferno, #58
 * Review by Jim England (1986) in Vector 134
 * Review by M. H. Zool (1989) in Bloomsbury Good Reading Guide to Science Fiction and Fantasy
 * Review by Douglas Barbour [as by Doug Barbour] (1991) in SF Commentary, #69/70
 * Review by Jo Walton (2009) in What Makes This Book So Great, (2014)
 * Review by Ciro Faienza (2009) in Reflection's Edge, August 2009

Popular culture

 * The British musical group Opus III's first album, Mind Fruit, included the song "Stars in my Pocket", with lyrics referencing the novel.
 * Referenced by Cam O'bi in the Noname song "Diddy Bop", from her Telefone mixtape.
 * Hip-hop group Clipping's second album is a science fiction concept album titled Splendor & Misery, and the lyrics include the continuation, "of bodies, of cities".

Editions

 * Bantam, 1984, 368 pp., hardcover. ISBN 978-0-553-05053-0
 * Bantam Spectra, 1985, 368 pp., paperback. ISBN 978-0-553-25149-4
 * QPB/Bantam, 1985, 368 pp., paperback. no ISBN
 * Grafton/Panther, 1986, 464 pp., paperback, ISBN 978-0-586-06749-9
 * Bantam Spectra, 1990, 385 pp., paperback, ISBN 978-0-553-25149-4, adds a 10-page afterword on postmodernism
 * Wesleyan University Press, 2004, 356 pp., paperback. ISBN 978-0-8195-6714-7, adds a foreword by Carl Freedman

title: Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand


text:
Hypervalent molecule

In chemistry, a hypervalent molecule (the phenomenon is sometimes colloquially known as expanded octet) is a molecule that contains one or more main group elements apparently bearing more than eight electrons in their valence shells. Phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), chlorine trifluoride (ClF3), the chlorite (ClO2-) ion in chlorous acid and the triiodide (I3-) ion are examples of hypervalent molecules.

Definitions and nomenclature
Hypervalent molecules were first formally defined by Jeremy I. Musher in 1969 as molecules having central atoms of group 15–18 in any valence other than the lowest (i.e. 3, 2, 1, 0 for Groups 15, 16, 17, 18 respectively, based on the octet rule).

Several specific classes of hypervalent molecules exist:
 * Hypervalent iodine compounds are useful reagents in organic chemistry (e.g. Dess–Martin periodinane)
 * Tetra-, penta- and hexavalent phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur compounds (e.g. PCl5, PF5, SF6, sulfuranes and persulfuranes)
 * Noble gas compounds (ex. xenon tetrafluoride, XeF4)
 * Halogen polyfluorides (ex. chlorine pentafluoride, ClF5)

N-X-L notation
N-X-L nomenclature, introduced collaboratively by the research groups of Martin, Arduengo, and Kochi in 1980, is often used to classify hypervalent compounds of main group elements, where: Examples of N-X-L nomenclature include:
 * N represents the number of valence electrons
 * X is the chemical symbol of the central atom
 * L the number of ligands to the central atom
 * XeF2, 10-Xe-2
 * PCl5, 10-P-5
 * SF6, 12-S-6
 * IF7, 14-I-7

History and controversy
The debate over the nature and classification of hypervalent molecules goes back to Gilbert N. Lewis and Irving Langmuir and the debate over the nature of the chemical bond in the 1920s. Lewis maintained the importance of the two-center two-electron (2c-2e) bond in describing hypervalence, thus using expanded octets to account for such molecules. Using the language of orbital hybridization, the bonds of molecules like PF5 and SF6 were said to be constructed from sp3dn orbitals on the central atom. Langmuir, on the other hand, upheld the dominance of the octet rule and preferred the use of ionic bonds to account for hypervalence without violating the rule (e.g. " 2F−" for SF6).

In the late 1920s and 1930s, Sugden argued for the existence of a two-center one-electron (2c-1e) bond and thus rationalized bonding in hypervalent molecules without the need for expanded octets or ionic bond character; this was poorly accepted at the time. In the 1940s and 1950s, Rundle and Pimentel popularized the idea of the three-center four-electron bond, which is essentially the same concept which Sugden attempted to advance decades earlier; the three-center four-electron bond can be alternatively viewed as consisting of two collinear two-center one-electron bonds, with the remaining two nonbonding electrons localized to the ligands.

The attempt to actually prepare hypervalent organic molecules began with Hermann Staudinger and Georg Wittig in the first half of the twentieth century, who sought to challenge the extant valence theory and successfully prepare nitrogen and phosphorus-centered hypervalent molecules. The theoretical basis for hypervalency was not delineated until J.I. Musher's work in 1969.

In 1990, Magnusson published a seminal work definitively excluding the significance of d-orbital hybridization in the bonding of hypervalent compounds of second-row elements. This had long been a point of contention and confusion in describing these molecules using molecular orbital theory. Part of the confusion here originates from the fact that one must include d-functions in the basis sets used to describe these compounds (or else unreasonably high energies and distorted geometries result), and the contribution of the d-function to the molecular wavefunction is large. These facts were historically interpreted to mean that d-orbitals must be involved in bonding. However, Magnusson concludes in his work that d-orbital involvement is not implicated in hypervalency.

Nevertheless, a 2013 study showed that although the Pimentel ionic model best accounts for the bonding of hypervalent species, the energetic contribution of an expanded octet structure is also not null. In this modern valence bond theory study of the bonding of xenon difluoride, it was found that ionic structures account for about 81% of the overall wavefunction, of which 70% arises from ionic structures employing only the p orbital on xenon while 11% arises from ionic structures employing an $$\mathrm{sd}_{z^2}$$hybrid on xenon. The contribution of a formally hypervalent structure employing an orbital of sp3d hybridization on xenon accounts for 11% of the wavefunction, with a diradical contribution making up the remaining 8%. The 11% sp3d contribution results in a net stabilization of the molecule by 7.2 kcal mol−1, a minor but significant fraction of the total energy of the total bond energy (64 kcal mol−1). Other studies have similarly found minor but non-negligible energetic contributions from expanded octet structures in SF6 (17%) and XeF6 (14%).

Despite the lack of chemical realism, the IUPAC recommends the drawing of expanded octet structures for functional groups like sulfones and phosphoranes, in order to avoid the drawing of a large number of formal charges or partial single bonds.

Hypervalent hydrides
A special type of hypervalent molecules is hypervalent hydrides. Most known hypervalent molecules contain substituents more electronegative than their central atoms. Hypervalent hydrides are of special interest because hydrogen is usually less electronegative than the central atom. A number of computational studies have been performed on chalcogen hydrides    and pnictogen hydrides. Recently, a new computational study has showed that most hypervalent halogen hydrides XHn can exist. It is suggested that IH3 and IH5 are stable enough to be observable or, possibly, even isolable.

Criticism
Both the term and concept of hypervalency still fall under criticism. In 1984, in response to this general controversy, Paul von Ragué Schleyer proposed the replacement of 'hypervalency' with use of the term hypercoordination because this term does not imply any mode of chemical bonding and the question could thus be avoided altogether.

The concept itself has been criticized by Ronald Gillespie who, based on an analysis of electron localization functions, wrote in 2002 that "as there is no fundamental difference between the bonds in hypervalent and non-hypervalent (Lewis octet) molecules there is no reason to continue to use the term hypervalent."

For hypercoordinated molecules with electronegative ligands such as PF5, it has been demonstrated that the ligands can pull away enough electron density from the central atom so that its net content is again 8 electrons or fewer. Consistent with this alternative view is the finding that hypercoordinated molecules based on fluorine ligands, for example PF5 do not have hydride counterparts, e.g. phosphorane (PH5) which is unknown.

The ionic model holds up well in thermochemical calculations. It predicts favorable exothermic formation of from phosphorus trifluoride PF3 and fluorine F2 whereas a similar reaction forming  is not favorable.

Alternative definition
Durrant has proposed an alternative definition of hypervalency, based on the analysis of atomic charge maps obtained from atoms in molecules theory. This approach defines a parameter called the valence electron equivalent, γ, as “the formal shared electron count at a given atom, obtained by any combination of valid ionic and covalent resonance forms that reproduces the observed charge distribution”. For any particular atom X, if the value of γ(X) is greater than 8, that atom is hypervalent. Using this alternative definition, many species such as PCl5,, and XeF4, that are hypervalent by Musher's definition, are reclassified as hypercoordinate but not hypervalent, due to strongly ionic bonding that draws electrons away from the central atom. On the other hand, some compounds that are normally written with ionic bonds in order to conform to the octet rule, such as ozone O3, nitrous oxide NNO, and trimethylamine N-oxide, are found to be genuinely hypervalent. Examples of γ calculations for phosphate (γ(P) = 2.6, non-hypervalent) and orthonitrate  (γ(N) = 8.5, hypervalent) are shown below.

Bonding in hypervalent molecules
Early considerations of the geometry of hypervalent molecules returned familiar arrangements that were well explained by the VSEPR model for atomic bonding. Accordingly, AB5 and AB6 type molecules would possess a trigonal bi-pyramidal and octahedral geometry, respectively. However, in order to account for the observed bond angles, bond lengths and apparent violation of the Lewis octet rule, several alternative models have been proposed.

In the 1950s an expanded valence shell treatment of hypervalent bonding was adduced to explain the molecular architecture, where the central atom of penta- and hexacoordinated molecules would utilize d AOs in addition to s and p AOs. However, advances in the study of ab initio calculations have revealed that the contribution of d-orbitals to hypervalent bonding is too small to describe the bonding properties, and this description is now regarded as much less important. It was shown that in the case of hexacoordinated SF6, d-orbitals are not involved in S-F bond formation, but charge transfer between the sulfur and fluorine atoms and the apposite resonance structures were able to account for the hypervalency (See below).

Additional modifications to the octet rule have been attempted to involve ionic characteristics in hypervalent bonding. As one of these modifications, in 1951, the concept of the 3-center 4-electron (3c-4e) bond, which described hypervalent bonding with a qualitative molecular orbital, was proposed. The 3c-4e bond is described as three molecular orbitals given by the combination of a p atomic orbital on the central atom and an atomic orbital from each of the two ligands on opposite sides of the central atom. Only one of the two pairs of electrons is occupying a molecular orbital that involves bonding to the central atom, the second pair being non-bonding and occupying a molecular orbital composed of only atomic orbitals from the two ligands. This model in which the octet rule is preserved was also advocated by Musher.

Molecular orbital theory
A complete description of hypervalent molecules arises from consideration of molecular orbital theory through quantum mechanical methods. An LCAO in, for example, sulfur hexafluoride, taking a basis set of the one sulfur 3s-orbital, the three sulfur 3p-orbitals, and six octahedral geometry symmetry-adapted linear combinations (SALCs) of fluorine orbitals, a total of ten molecular orbitals are obtained (four fully occupied bonding MOs of the lowest energy, two fully occupied intermediate energy non-bonding MOs and four vacant antibonding MOs with the highest energy) providing room for all 12 valence electrons. This is a stable configuration only for SX6 molecules containing electronegative ligand atoms like fluorine, which explains why SH6 is not a stable molecule. In the bonding model, the two non-bonding MOs (1eg) are localized equally on all six fluorine atoms.

Valence bond theory
For hypervalent compounds in which the ligands are more electronegative than the central, hypervalent atom, resonance structures can be drawn with no more than four covalent electron pair bonds and completed with ionic bonds to obey the octet rule. For example, in phosphorus pentafluoride (PF5), 5 resonance structures can be generated each with four covalent bonds and one ionic bond with greater weight in the structures placing ionic character in the axial bonds, thus satisfying the octet rule and explaining both the observed trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry and the fact that the axial bond length (158 pm) is longer than the equatorial (154 pm).

For a hexacoordinate molecule such as sulfur hexafluoride, each of the six bonds is the same length. The rationalization described above can be applied to generate 15 resonance structures each with four covalent bonds and two ionic bonds, such that the ionic character is distributed equally across each of the sulfur-fluorine bonds.

Spin-coupled valence bond theory has been applied to diazomethane and the resulting orbital analysis was interpreted in terms of a chemical structure in which the central nitrogen has five covalent bonds;

This led the authors to the interesting conclusion that "Contrary to what we were all taught as undergraduates, the nitrogen atom does indeed form five covalent linkages and the availability or otherwise of d-orbitals has nothing to do with this state of affairs."

Hexacoordinated phosphorus
Hexacoordinate phosphorus molecules involving nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur ligands provide examples of Lewis acid-Lewis base hexacoordination. For the two similar complexes shown below, the length of the C–P bond increases with decreasing length of the N–P bond; the strength of the C–P bond decreases with increasing strength of the N–P Lewis acid–Lewis base interaction.

Pentacoordinated silicon
This trend is also generally true of pentacoordinated main-group elements with one or more lone-pair-containing ligand, including the oxygen-pentacoordinated silicon examples shown below.

The Si-halogen bonds range from close to the expected van der Waals value in A (a weak bond) almost to the expected covalent single bond value in C (a strong bond).

Silicon
Corriu and coworkers performed early work characterizing reactions thought to proceed through a hypervalent transition state. Measurements of the reaction rates of hydrolysis of tetravalent chlorosilanes incubated with catalytic amounts of water returned a rate that is first order in chlorosilane and second order in water. This indicated that two water molecules interacted with the silane during hydrolysis and from this a binucleophilic reaction mechanism was proposed. Corriu and coworkers then measured the rates of hydrolysis in the presence of nucleophilic catalyst HMPT, DMSO or DMF. It was shown that the rate of hydrolysis was again first order in chlorosilane, first order in catalyst and now first order in water. Appropriately, the rates of hydrolysis also exhibited a dependence on the magnitude of charge on the oxygen of the nucleophile.

Taken together this led the group to propose a reaction mechanism in which there is a pre-rate determining nucleophilic attack of the tetracoordinated silane by the nucleophile (or water) in which a hypervalent pentacoordinated silane is formed. This is followed by a nucleophilic attack of the intermediate by water in a rate determining step leading to hexacoordinated species that quickly decomposes giving the hydroxysilane.

Silane hydrolysis was further investigated by Holmes and coworkers in which tetracoordinated (Mes = mesityl) and pentacoordinated  were reacted with two equivalents of water. Following twenty-four hours, almost no hydrolysis of the tetracoordinated silane was observed, while the pentacoordinated silane was completely hydrolyzed after fifteen minutes. Additionally, X-ray diffraction data collected for the tetraethylammonium salts of the fluorosilanes showed the formation of hydrogen bisilonate lattice supporting a hexacoordinated intermediate from which is quickly displaced leading to the hydroxylated product. This reaction and crystallographic data support the mechanism proposed by Corriu et al..

The apparent increased reactivity of hypervalent molecules, contrasted with tetravalent analogues, has also been observed for Grignard reactions. The Corriu group measured Grignard reaction half-times by NMR for related 18-crown-6 potassium salts of a variety of tetra- and pentacoordinated fluorosilanes in the presence of catalytic amounts of nucleophile.

Though the half reaction method is imprecise, the magnitudinal differences in reactions rates allowed for a proposed reaction scheme wherein, a pre-rate determining attack of the tetravalent silane by the nucleophile results in an equilibrium between the neutral tetracoordinated species and the anionic pentavalent compound. This is followed by nucleophilic coordination by two Grignard reagents as normally seen, forming a hexacoordinated transition state and yielding the expected product.

The mechanistic implications of this are extended to a hexacoordinated silicon species that is thought to be active as a transition state in some reactions. The reaction of allyl- or crotyl-trifluorosilanes with aldehydes and ketones only precedes with fluoride activation to give a pentacoordinated silicon. This intermediate then acts as a Lewis acid to coordinate with the carbonyl oxygen atom. The further weakening of the silicon–carbon bond as the silicon becomes hexacoordinate helps drive this reaction.

Phosphorus
Similar reactivity has also been observed for other hypervalent structures such as the miscellany of phosphorus compounds, for which hexacoordinated transition states have been proposed. Hydrolysis of phosphoranes and oxyphosphoranes have been studied and shown to be second order in water. Bel'skii et al.. have proposed a prerate determining nucleophilic attack by water resulting in an equilibrium between the penta- and hexacoordinated phosphorus species, which is followed by a proton transfer involving the second water molecule in a rate determining ring-opening step, leading to the hydroxylated product.

Alcoholysis of pentacoordinated phosphorus compounds, such as trimethoxyphospholene with benzyl alcohol, have also been postulated to occur through a similar octahedral transition state, as in hydrolysis, however without ring opening.

It can be understood from these experiments that the increased reactivity observed for hypervalent molecules, contrasted with analogous nonhypervalent compounds, can be attributed to the congruence of these species to the hypercoordinated activated states normally formed during the course of the reaction.

Ab initio calculations
The enhanced reactivity at pentacoordinated silicon is not fully understood. Corriu and coworkers suggested that greater electropositive character at the pentavalent silicon atom may be responsible for its increased reactivity. Preliminary ab initio calculations supported this hypothesis to some degree, but used a small basis set.

A software program for ab initio calculations, Gaussian 86, was used by Dieters and coworkers to compare tetracoordinated silicon and phosphorus to their pentacoordinate analogues. This ab initio approach is used as a supplement to determine why reactivity improves in nucleophilic reactions with pentacoordinated compounds. For silicon, the 6-31+G* basis set was used because of its pentacoordinated anionic character and for phosphorus, the 6-31G* basis set was used.

Pentacoordinated compounds should theoretically be less electrophilic than tetracoordinated analogues due to steric hindrance and greater electron density from the ligands, yet experimentally show greater reactivity with nucleophiles than their tetracoordinated analogues. Advanced ab initio calculations were performed on series of tetracoordinated and pentacoordinated species to further understand this reactivity phenomenon. Each series varied by degree of fluorination. Bond lengths and charge densities are shown as functions of how many hydride ligands are on the central atoms. For every new hydride, there is one less fluoride.

For silicon and phosphorus bond lengths, charge densities, and Mulliken bond overlap, populations were calculated for tetra and pentacoordinated species by this ab initio approach. Addition of a fluoride ion to tetracoordinated silicon shows an overall average increase of 0.1 electron charge, which is considered insignificant. In general, bond lengths in trigonal bipyramidal pentacoordinate species are longer than those in tetracoordinate analogues. Si-F bonds and Si-H bonds both increase in length upon pentacoordination and related effects are seen in phosphorus species, but to a lesser degree. The reason for the greater magnitude in bond length change for silicon species over phosphorus species is the increased effective nuclear charge at phosphorus. Therefore, silicon is concluded to be more loosely bound to its ligands.

In addition Dieters and coworkers show an inverse correlation between bond length and bond overlap for all series. Pentacoordinated species are concluded to be more reactive because of their looser bonds as trigonal-bipyramidal structures.

By calculating the energies for the addition and removal of a fluoride ion in various silicon and phosphorus species, several trends were found. In particular, the tetracoordinated species have much higher energy requirements for ligand removal than do pentacoordinated species. Further, silicon species have lower energy requirements for ligand removal than do phosphorus species, which is an indication of weaker bonds in silicon.

title: Hypervalent molecule


text:
Talk:Ashfield, New South Wales

Untitled
Missing sections:
 * Aboriginal culture
 * Population statistics
 * Local events

Other things needed:
 * A lot of polishing.

Wanted photos

 * Clock tower on the Peak Freen biscuit factory (now Bunnings Warehouse).✅
 * Tower on Norman Self's Amesbury in Alt Street.✅
 * St Vincent's Catholic Church. ✅

Sometime or other I intend to get a photo of Ashfield Park from Parramatta Rd but realistically we have more than enough photos now :) Crico 06:30, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Separate page for the Local Government Area
As per discussion at Talk:List of Sydney suburbs, I have created a separate page for the Municipality of Ashfield, the Local Government Area. -- Ianblair23 05:44, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Politics
Politically Ashfield has been a traditional stronghold of the Labor party. Since the late 1990s and especially after 2004 Local Government in Ashfield is experiencing a shift away from the Labor to smaller political entities such as the Greens and other miscellaneous Independents. Many residents argue that this derives from ratepayer dissatisfaction with unsympathetic highrise developments in the area, much of which has been done with the blessing of the Labor Party dominated Ashfield Council. The present political make up of the Ashfield Municipal Council is: Labor Party - 4 Greens - 3 Independents - 3 Liberal (conservative) Party - 1

First intentional use of a parachute in Australia
According to a plaque set in the ground, the park at the corner of Frederick and Church Streets (then known as the Ashfield Sports Ground or similar??) was the launching point of the first "deliberate", "intentional" use of a parachute in Australia. Presumably there had been unplanned or emergency use of parachutes prior to December 8, 1888, on which date J.T. Williams ascended 6000 feet in a balloon and jumped out on purpose. To celebrate the centenary of the achievement, an Australian parachuting champion repeated the jump, and the Ashfieldians put up the complicated plaque that can be seen today. - Juliannechat 5 April 2006

P. L. Travers
The author of five volumes of Mary Poppins stories lived in Ashfield while she was a schoolgirl, and her most famous character was briefly commemmorated there.

"In her long life, spent in London, the United States and Dublin, Travers kept her Australian origins hidden. But when she died in 1996, much of her Australian life was revealed."

-- Valerie Lawson, writing in the Sydney Morning Herald, March 13, 2004

"On July 28 vandals attacked the Poppins statue in Ashfield Park, leaving only the feet. The rest of the body lay on the ground, with much damage to the legs and umbrella. The bits are now in the council depot and will be repaired by a local craftsman."

-- Valerie Lawson, writing in the Sydney Morning Herald, August 9, 2005

The following information about "Travers" is from Valerie Lawson's Out Of The Sky She Came, Hodder 1999 (British title Mary Poppins She Wrote).

Travers was born Helen Lyndon Goff in Maryborough, QLD, on 9 August 1899, and spent her childhood there and in Bowral. In 1912 she became a boarder at Normanhurst Private Girls School in Ashfield. A few years later her mother rented a cottage at 17 Pembroke Street, Ashfield, so that she could once again live at home and her younger sisters could also attend Normanhurst. She chose her new name, Pamela Lyndon Travers, when she began work as a journeyman actress and journalist. After she left Australia in 1924 Travers divided her time between England, Ireland, and America and most of her readers did not know about her Australian past.

According to Lawson's research, "Lyndon was never, in her own mind, an Australian, always an Irish woman with a Scots mother." In addition to tracing the ways that the Mary Poppins stories used autobiographical material (e.g., Travers' father had presided over a bank failure!), Lawson thoroughly reviews all of Travers' writing, and her long involvement with Irish writers (AE, Yeats, etc.) and a succession of mystical teachers (Gurdjieff, Ouspensky, Krishnamurti and others), and various intense friendships with both men and women. Lawson also analyses Travers' involvement with and complex reactions to the Disney treatment of Mary, which made her a wealthy woman. Travers protected her privacy in life but chose to sell moderately revealing letters and papers to Sydney's Mitchell Library.

During her lifetime Travers gave money for a statue of Mary Poppins to be erected in New York City's Central Park, but there were almost no other donations and the project had to be abandoned. (All of the preceding information is from Lawson. See the P. L. Travers topic for more Lawson links, including one about Lawson's dispute with New Yorker staff writer Caitlin Flanagan, whom Lawson alleges used Lawson's original Travers research without attribution, in a recent profile.) - Juliannechat 23 June 2006

Just drove past the Mary Poppins statue and it's back in place. - Juliannechat 30 September 2006

More on the Caitlin Flanagan issue: this link from Salon quotes Lawson (except not by name) and states that the Poppins article was Flanagan's last article for the New Yorker and that professionalism was likely an issue in the parting. http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/2006/11/22/flanagan/index.html - Juliannechat 23 April 2009

Mei Quong Tart
More on the pioneering Sydney businessman Mei Quong Tart. Per CHIA, "While seen by the non-Chinese community as a leader of the Chinese the Chinese community was divided in their views and support of him." ("http://www.chia.chinesemuseum.com.au/biogs/CH00021b.htm") His former mansion (on Arthur Street) was mostly pulled down this summer, but a tower segment is being kept, to be incorporated into a new aged care facility named for him. There's also a bust of him near the railway station. Tart died of pleurisy contracted while recovering from a beating that was almost certainly a hate crime. - Juliannechat 5 April 2006

Population
Does the population of 40,000 refer to the municipality, rather than the suburb? Is it an error? Even a very dense placce would be hard pressed to have so many.ßlηguγΣη | Have your say!!! - review me 06:30, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed! I've removed this incorrect figure. Anyone know the population then? --Alexxx1 (talk/contribs) 12:39, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I just searched at the ABS and got 20681 from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@cpp.nsf/DetailsPage/SSC110762001?OpenDocument&tabname=Details&prodno=SSC11076&issue=2001&num=&view=&#Basic%20Community%20Profile 99of9 04:53, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Re-assessed to B - GA thoughts?
This article is a good level B now. I would be happy to take on the task of providing a full assessment and suggestions to reach GA if an editor/s wants to (a) read the document thoroughly looking particularly for choppy unencyclopaedic language, (b) check all references and make sure they follow this format:  , (c) adjust fixed images so that they don't overlap the gallery, and (d) post a request for that assessment directly to my talk page. Your call if you are interested.-- VS talk 14:18, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

My assessment following Crico's request
I have been asked to provide an assessment of the article as of today’s date.

Firstly I note that the main editor for some weeks has been Crico and he should be commended for his determination.

I do not mean to be harsh or discourteous in any way, thus from my perspective (I do tend to be a fairly hard marker) I note that the article has adjusted substantially and positively over the past few weeks. It is much closer to being assessable as a GA article but rather than do that at this stage I would rather make the following suggestions for improvement and then invite editors to re-submit when the article is a good deal closer.

Hopefully without appearing rude (and I make this point only because one of the editors mentioned that s/he was trying to gain the same status as Summer Hill) I suggest that you not use the Summer Hill article which IMHO is reaching the stage where a reassessment as to whether it is still GA, may be required.

In terms of this article - there is no reason why it could not make FA status. Towards that end editors should use as a benchmark Canberra which is FA but hope to get it up to at least Riverina which is a GA. I would be more than happy to follow this process through to that stage if you are of a mind to continue to seek my input.

Towards that end my suggestions are:
 * 1) As a general comment we must remember that the article is available to be read across the whole of the Wiki world. From this perspective words and abbreviations that provide reference should be both expanded and wiki-linked.  For example in the second sentence the word kms should be kilometres✅.
 * 2) Also wiki-link words such as Federation✅, Victorian✅, supermarket✅, light industry✅, Greens✅, Liberal✅, etc etc as this will help the reader to understand about this material if they need to.
 * 3) Also in the lead the sentence that reads These days, the suburb is known for being highly multicultural with a particularly strong Chinese community  needs rewriting with removal of the word known✅. Ashfield may be multicultural etc but it is not known for that fact – perhaps just writing ''The suburb is highly multicultural with a particularly strong Chinese community (also is this fact referenced – perhaps elsewhere in the document?) – this fact should also receive an inline citation.
 * 4) Again in the lead the sentence remove the bracketed un-encyclopaedic comment about Australian parlance and simply wiki-link apartment – which does explain that apartment means flat in the commonwealth countries.✅
 * 5) Car yards are what – are they car parks, or car dealerships, or wrecking yards (yes of course I know but for the rest of the wiki community?)✅
 * 6) The history section within 6 short paragraphs moves from 1788 to 2005. The whole section needs to be split into 3 or 4 subsections so the readers (and future editors) are drawn to the correct place for their consideration.✅
 * 7) Para’s 2, 3, 4, & 6 of that section make various strong Point of View assertions, but none of them are given inline citations.✅
 * 8) "By 1790, a road had been built etc – a few words later becomes a rough track. Please write this up as one fact or the other.✅
 * 9) Have a look at the sub-headings being used. For example the heading "Residents" probably should be Demographics and "Schools" will probably be better as Education.✅
 * 10) The page has so many notable residents I suggest that you open up a new article titled Notable Residents of Ashfield, New South Wales and then refer back to that one (if you are interested in how this is done have a look at either Canberra or Riverina).✅
 * 11) Even if you do not do set up a new page, all notable residents (by definition) deserve their own wiki-link (even if that means they are red-linked). For example Augustus Alt, Frederick Clissold etc.✅
 * 12) Also this section needs to be given some symmetry – that is each person should be set up in the same way, something like, bullet point, name, birth./death, why they were famous – at the moment the names and details are choppy and untidy.✅
 * 13) The first 2 or 3 paragraphs under Transport provide several Point of View statements and statements of fact which all need an inline citation.✅
 * 14) The article states, "In 1842, rival landowner Robert Campbell …" why is he a rival landowner?✅ He was a rival in the sense that he was the other major landowner in the area at the time and his building of the Methodist Church was a direct response to Underwood's building of the Anglican church. However, since I don't really want go into that in the article, I've changed it to neighbouring landowner.Crico 23:17, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * 15) Remove the bolding in the prose under Landmarks.
 * 16) The content under Churches is desperately in need of some inline citation.✅
 * 17) The sub-heading Schools (particularly the first paragraph) needs to be rewritten to remove most of the bracketing – which should be turned into part of the prose.
 * 18) Pamela Travers is mention again in this section and she is also in the notable residents section (which is fine) but the name changes between the sections.
 * 19) Rose Payton sounds important and should be wiki-linked (even if that turns her into a redlink)✅removed
 * 20) Remove the words, "For federal elections, " that starts the paragraph under Politics as it is a tautology in relation to the next part of the sentence.✅
 * 21) Bolding within the sub-section of Sport and Recreation needs to be removed.
 * 22) That sub-heading is in itself incorrect and should be adjusted to follow the headings guidelines for wiki.✅
 * 23) The final paragraph needs to gain inline citations in various places.
 * 24) There are quite a few areas of un-encyclopaedic language, two examples are:
 * The attached table shows that when you just look at the polling booths in the suburb of Ashfield, Labor has consistently returned over 65% of the two-party preferred vote in recent years.
 * The Presbyterians were the next cab off the rank ✅

I will be happy to reassess directly against the GA criteria - however you should look carefully at the two examples I gave at the top of this critique to see what else could be expanded and fixed. I understand this is a lot of work – but a GA article is a feather in your cap so keep going. Please let me know on my talk page when you finish or if you have any questions. -- VS talk 11:35, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Further to the above
I note overnight that eyedubya is assisting - thank you. Can I suggest that a good way to inform other editors that areas in the list above have been adjusted is to use the template  ✅  which provides an image like this ✅. You can add these throughout the list as often as you like. I have added the first one on behalf of one of eyedubya's changes. Cheers!-- VS talk 21:50, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Recent events
I've started to edit this section for NPOV, and V reasons. I'm not sure why the Brescia fire is in there - is it related to the inter-ethnic violence in Sydney? If so, then more references are needed than the one cited. If it isn't related, then it should be in a separate paragraph. While I've tried to sort out opinion from fact wrt the gang rapes section (i.e. matters of causality wrt Cronulla riots were the opinion of Baird, who is a member of the right-wing Liberal party, and is not scientific fact), I'm sure there is more that could be done.Eyedubya 23:01, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Firstly, the fire has no connection to the other events. Secondly, I don't really see the need for either the gang rapes or the fire to be in the article but someone else did so I've left it. If someone else deletes the whole section, I won't be upset. Because VS suggested putting subheads in the history section, I thought I'd better expand it slightly so it wasn't just one sentence but I did it in a clumsy way and your edit is better. As a resident of Ashfield, I saw no evidence of rioting at the time. The wiki article on the Cronulla riots claims it spilled over into Ashfield. I confess I hadn't checked the sources in that article. Finally, re: the politics, rightly or wrongly people who are anti-immigrant do use the rapes as justification for their views. It isn't a valid justification but when people like Alan Jones push the connection, it sticks in people's minds and it was a contributing factor to the Cronulla riots. The more I think about it, the more inclined I am to delete the whole section. Crico 01:28, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Presumably this is an issue of notability? If the post-Cronulla rioting in Ashfield is documented in reliable sources, then maybe it qualifies for inclusion somewhere in WP, along with any notable resistance or other kinds of community/political activity associated with it. However, whether or not the gang rapes qualify for a mention in this particular article is another matter - rapes occur everywhere, though most of the time they wouldn't qualify for a mention in an article about a suburb. Perhaps they should be moved to an article on gang rapes in Australia, which could then incorporate the stuff on the 'Sydney gang rapes'. Its like the Cronulla riots - that piece could be a section in an article on 'beachside conflict in Australia', b/c its a phenomenon with a long history.Eyedubya 03:44, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I should have checked the state of the article first! No worries.Eyedubya 03:47, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

Amesbury or Anesbury?
I have reverted the spelling of this building to Amesbury. There does seem to be some confusion over the spelling but the more reliable sources (in my view) use Amesbury:
 * Three documents from Ashfield Council
 * The NSW Heritage OFfice Register
 * The Royal Australian Historical Society's profile of Norman Selfe (builder of Amesbury)

References to Anesbury include:
 * Aussie Heritage
 * Picture Australia

Major redesign
I gave this article a big makeover today. It seemed way too image-heavy, with lots of problems like bunched-up edit links, overlapping floats, and far too much on the right-hand-side. I've tried to stagger images, replace galleries with single images, fix up the edit links, kill some unencyclopedic language, and some other related and unrelated stuff. Do tell me what you think! — Werdna  •  talk  03:26, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ashfield, New South Wales


text:
Talk:McLaren Automotive

Top speed
According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenigsegg_CC8S, the top speed record has been surpassed and is entered into the Guinness Book of World Records. I think this needs to be confirmed or denied. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.54.178.97 (talk) 04:41, 20 October 2004 (UTC)

 * Indeed. Another contender is the 9ff V400, but its status as a production car is dubious, which probably explains why the Koenigsegg CCR has been confirmed as the new champion.--Karl Gunnarsson 11:12, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The  CCR article states that the McLaren F1 is no longer the world's fastest production car. Underneath this, the article states that "The only other comparable vehicles are the Ferrari Enzo and the Bugatti EB110, though plans are in the works for a faster Bugatti, the EB 16/4 Veyron, and both Cadillac and Chrysler have produced concept cars which would outpace the F1." I'm going to remove the first part of this statement because it is opinionated and wrong. Both the Enzo and the EB110 could be outpaced by a Jaguar XJ220 at top speeds, as well as various lesser known cars in acceleration and roadholding. 62.255.64.9 19:29, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Read this month's "evo" magazine in the UK and it's revealed that the Bugatti Veyron's overtaken the Koenigsegg CCR in terms of world record top speed, and so this article should reflect that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.154.188.21 (talk) 16:51, 11 June 2005 (UTC)

Rename
Unless I'm reading this article incorrectly, the title should actually be McLaren Automotive, currently held by a redirect page. I would like to change the title to fit with the policy on naming companies.

Donbas 01:27, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, there is no reason for the title whatsoever. I have amended accordingly.  Tibi08 17:45, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

In the GNX section, it is stated that the GNX is the first car produced in the united states that used a turbocharger. Not true. The Corvair, several Buicks from '78 on, and the '80 Trans Am come to mind. 24.214.43.34 01:52, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Buick GNX, Pontiac and Dodge Information...
The given information regarding these cars is totally incorrect. McLaren Performance Technologies (owned now by Linamar of Canada) is the Company that did all this work. Previously known as "McLaren Engines" and based in Livonia, Michigan, the UK group had nothing to do with these cars. See http://www.mclarenperformance.com/eportal/portal/alias__McLaren/lang__en-US/tabID__3434/DesktopDefault.aspx for details. 70.193.21.239 17:57, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Additionally, along with the Corvair, the 1962 Oldsmobile F85 offered an all aluminum turbo v8 of 215 cubic inch displacement, which, with it's Buick v8 cousin, was sold to Rover in the mid 1960's. It's basic archetecture still is in use today. 70.193.21.239 18:01, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Spelling of "Linamar" corrected. 70.193.21.239 18:03, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Added location of McLaren Performance Technologies. 70.193.21.239 18:04, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

McLaren first car?
It was not the F1 but the M6 GT that was built at the end of the sixities/beginning of the seventies. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.227.36.87 (talk) 13:34, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

The Latest McLaren
The latest McLaren I heard about is still a concept, but anyway, it's called the P11. I reckon it looks a bit like a Porsche Carrera GT crossed with a Lamborghini Gallardo. They're expecting it to cost around $350 000 and they say it will first be released in the UK. It weighs around 1350kg, a result of it being made of carbon fibre and aluminium. It is a convertible but the roof will still be fabric. G375 (talk) 06:51, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

McLaren X-1
why is there no mention of the one-off McLaren X-1 featured in the article? see: http://www.topgear.com/uk/photos/mclaren-x-1-special-operations-concept-car-2012-08-17 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ohdear15 (talk • contribs) 18:33, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

A company in New Zealand also named McLaren?
I have a vague recollection of an article I read in Autoweek about the modified Lincoln LS offered by a New Zealand-based McLaren which could be optioned with a manual transmission in place of the stock automatic. -anon. 71.183.134.249 (talk) 05:23, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

650S
McLaren 650S is not Project 13 or Project 15. P13 is the sub 12C 911 competitor in development. P15 is the new flagship to replace the P1 and sit between P1 and 650S. see: http://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/2017-mclaren-p15-supercar-confirmed/ other websites also confirm. Hennelly14 (talk) 15:18, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

Quality
First off, a disclaimer: I am not trying to suggest that I own this article. That is not a concept that exists on Wikipedia. However, if you're going to edit this page, you need to do better. This thing is a MESS of basic grammar errors, unsourced statements, and an

overall failure to adhere to Wikipedia standards. Not only that, it reads like a product brochure. I hate to mass remove content but it feels like the only option. Eightball (talk) 22:49, 16 February 2016 (UTC)

Company type
Please stop editing this article to change the company type to "private subsidiary." This is not a thing. You literally made it up. A subsidiary is a subsidiary. Note the parameters for the company infobox, wherein the four possible company types listed are private, public, subsidiary, and division. There is no "private subsidiary" because, again, that is not a thing. Also note the List of legal entity types by country, on which there is only "subsidiary company," not "private subsidiary," the latter of which you have entirely made up. Or dive deeper into subsidiary and note absolutely no mention of your made up "private subsidiary" concept. Stop vandalizing this page with your made up crap. Wicka wicka (talk) 13:11, 1 October 2018 (UTC)

 * it's not made up crap. You obviously haven't read or dug deeper into Privately held company. I suggest you do that and stop using audacious remarks. The page is left as it is for now.U1Quattro (talk) 18:32, 1 October 2018 (UTC)
 * McLaren Group is a privately held company. McLaren Automotive is a subsidiary of that company. "Private subsidiary" is not a thing and it objectively does not exist as a concept. A subsidiary is a subsidiary regardless of the ownership status of its parent company. If you persist with making this change you will be reported for vandalism. Wicka wicka (talk) 18:37, 1 October 2018 (UTC)

 * I obviously didn't start the change. You did so by changing the company type. The edit history is a conclusive evidence. But since you provided a justifiable evidence, the status is being left as is.U1Quattro (talk) 04:44, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:06, 10 September 2019 (UTC)
 * 540-c.png
 * 570-gt.png
 * 570-s-coupe.png
 * 570-s-spider.png
 * 600-lt-spider.png
 * 600-lt.png
 * 720s-coupe-jellybean-optimised.png
 * 720s-jellybean-optimised.png
 * Mclaren-gt.png
 * Senna-gtr-optimised-30.png
 * Senna.optimised.png
 * Speedtail-optimised-30.png

Mcclaren M81
Why is there no mention of the Mustang variant listed? The mustang page links to this one but there is no information on the vehicle. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.191.113.124 (talk) 04:17, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:McLaren Automotive


text:
Talk:Koenigsegg CC8S

242mph speeding ticket
Should it be removed? I know, it's original research but there's mention of said speeding ticked anywhere but the Top gear article from where that claim came from, or it's fake or they (Top Gear) confused the speed with the results of the top speed attempts at Nardo. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.224.69.91 (talk) 20:37, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

Speed comparison
Is it or is it not faster than the McLaren F1? The claim on the McLaren F1 page (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_Cars) is that the McLaren F1 is the fastest production car ever made.

Some substantiation needs to be made for both claims in order to properly edit the appropriate page.
 * Actually, the recently released Bugatti Veyron is now considered the fastest, so many pages will need to be edited. - victorvp (talk)

Depends how you measure the F1. No production F1 ever did 240mph, although a prototype identical except for the lack of a rev limiter did 244 (faster than the CC8S). Fastest now is probably the Veyron, although the SSC Ultimate Aero may beat it. Possibly more importantly, are we sure the photo is actually a CC8S? looks funny to me, but I might be wrong... wimbledon andy 13:16, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

I actually thaught the new one the "CCX" was the fastest road legal car.. is it?
 * No, the Veyron is slightly faster than the CCX, also the photo is a CC8S. The CCR has sharper headlights and the CC has covers, only the CC8S has lights that shape. James086Talk 11:55, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Classifications
In the article the car is described as a 'sports car', should it not be 'super car'?

And Iam sure that a roadster is a car with no roof or side windows, surely this car has a targa top? 86.137.128.165 (talk) 21:34, 20 February 2010 (UTC)
 * We don't use the classification "supercar" because it is too subjective. swa  q  16:56, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

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"Production Car"
But they only produced 6? How on earth does this count as a production car? Even "limited edition" would be a stretch at a mere 6. This is just silly; I can't believe people cared this much about a car that essentially doesn't exist and never did. 2603:8081:4600:AC47:F9DF:4FDC:7164:A708 (talk) 02:05, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

Targa top storage
Article says the Carrera GT cannot store its targa top in the front trunk, but it can. https://www.suncoastparts.com/product/SKU980GTCOVERS.html 208.68.66.36 (talk) 06:55, 7 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Koenigsegg CC8S


text:
User:FrYGuY

I'm just one man, I can only do so much...

That said, yeah. I do what I can.

title: User:FrYGuY


text:
User:Hawol

Name: H. Wold

Resident of Norway.

Two orienting principles

 * phe·nom·e·nol·o·gy

 * on·tol·o·gy

A topic might be phenomenologically interesting, even though its ontological status remains unclear. It might even require it's own article in Wikipedia.

Citing sources

 * Citing sources
 * Jstor

Analogue man
The present is the world of the digital, but the analogue world is not gone. It lives on in the shadows of the digital. The hissing of tape machines fills the night with wonders. Analogue man contemplates the world of digits, gradually absorbing the computations. A citizen of two worlds, he is now faced with the question of balance. The paperback archives can be reduced to internet protocols. But something gets lost. The slow pace of telephone lines. The cool breeze of FM radio. All replaced by cloud computing and the warm embrace of server parks.

Where to go on this numeral parkway?

Talk
Use this link if you want to leave a message.

title: User:Hawol


text:
Psamtik III

Psamtik III (Ancient Egyptian: ꜥnḫ-kꜣ-n-Rꜥ Psmṯk, pronounced Psamāṯək ), known by the Graeco-Romans as Psammetichus or Psammeticus (Ancient Greek: ), or Psammenitus (Ancient Greek: ), was the last Pharaoh of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt from 526 BC to 525 BC. Most of what is known about his reign and life was documented by the Greek historian Herodotus in the 5th century BC. Herodotus states that Psamtik had ruled Egypt for only six months before he was confronted by a Persian invasion of his country led by King Cambyses II of Persia. Psamtik was subsequently defeated at the Battle of Pelusium, and fled to Memphis where he was captured. The deposed pharaoh was carried off to Susa in chains, and later committed suicide.

Family
Psamtik III was the son of the pharaoh Amasis II and one of his wives, Queen Tentkheta. He succeeded his father as pharaoh in 526 BC, when Amasis died after a long and prosperous reign of some 44 years. According to Herodotus, he had a son named Amasis and a wife and daughter, both unnamed in historical documents.

Defeat and imprisonment
Psamtik ruled Egypt for no more than six months. A few days after his coronation, rain fell at Thebes, which was a rare event that frightened some Egyptians, who interpreted this as a bad omen. The young and inexperienced pharaoh was no match for the invading Persians. After the Persians under Cambyses had crossed the Sinai desert with the aid of the Arabians, a bitter battle was fought near Pelusium, a city on Egypt's eastern frontier, in the spring of 525 BC. The Egyptians were defeated at Pelusium and Psamtik was betrayed by one of his allies, Phanes of Halicarnassus. Consequently, Psamtik and his army were compelled to withdraw to Memphis. The Persians captured the city after a long siege, and captured Psamtik after its fall. Shortly thereafter, Cambyses ordered the public execution of two thousand of the principal citizens, including (it is said) a son of the fallen king.

Captivity and suicide
Psamtik's captivity and subsequent execution are described in The Histories by Herodotus, Book III, sections 14 and 15. Psamtik's daughter and the daughters of all the Egyptian noblemen were enslaved. Psamtik's son and two thousand other sons of noblemen were sentenced to death, in retaliation for the murder of the Persian ambassador and the two hundred crew of his boat. An "old man who had once been the king's friend" was reduced to beggary. All these people were brought before Psamtik to test his reaction, and he only became upset after seeing the state of the beggar.

Psamtik's compassion for the beggar caused him to be spared, but his son had already been executed. The deposed pharaoh was then raised up to live in the entourage of the Persian King. After a while, however, Psamtik attempted to raise a rebellion among the Egyptians. When Cambyses learned of this, Psamtik is reported by Herodotus to have drunk bull's blood and immediately died.

title: Psamtik III


text:
User:RPaschotta

I am Dr. Rüdiger Paschotta, living in Bad Dürrheim, Germany. I am mainly contributing to Wikipedia in the fields of optics and lasers (see below), but may also become active in some other areas.

Profession
My professional education is in physics. After studying physics in Konstanz, Germany, and also doing my Ph. D. there (in 1994), I spent a about two very pleasant and fruitful years as a post-doc at Optoelectronics Resesarch Centre, Southampton, England. After a short stay at the University of Paderborn, Germany, I moved on to Zürich, Switzerland, to join ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) as a senior research assistant in Nov. 1997. I worked there until mid 2005, leading a research group which worked on the development of mode-locked lasers. These lasers are designed to generate ultrashort pulses of light, either with very high average powers or with ultrahigh pulse repetition rates. It was a great pleasure to do interesting scientific work with a group of highly talented Ph. D. students, who were working together in an enjoyable atmosphere of respect, trust and mutual support.

In 2004, I founded a technical consulting company named RP Photonics Consulting GmbH, and in mid 2005 I started to work full time in that company. In 2010, we moved to Bad Dürrheim, Germany.

The main areas of my expertise are various kinds of lasers (including bulk lasers, fiber optics, fiber lasers, and semiconductor lasers), the generation of laser pulses with mode locking or Q switching, fiber amplifiers, nonlinear optics, and noise in optics.

More details on me can be found on my company website - see the page on the founder. Also not that I am the author of the Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology (see the external link below).

Other interests
Being a scientist can be great fun, but there is certainly more to life. Some of my main interests are:

 * Music, with a special affinity to the work of Johann Sebastian Bach, but also a strong interest in significant parts of the romantic period and in 20th century music (e.g. Paul Hindemith). Playing the violin and the organ.

 * The boundary between music and physics

 * Politics, without being associated to a party, thinking e.g. about the functioning (and malfunctioning) of democracy

 * Energy, considering aspects like limited supplies, environmental effects, new technologies, sensible policies, etc. I have published a German encyclopedia on energy matters (see the link below).

title: User:RPaschotta


text:
Günter Netzer

Günter Theodor Netzer (born 14 September 1944) is a German former professional football player, executive and pundit. He achieved great success in Germany with Borussia Mönchengladbach in the early 1970s and, after moving to Spain in 1973, with Real Madrid. A technically gifted playmaker, Netzer played as an attacking midfielder and is considered one of the greatest passers in the game's history. He was voted German Footballer of the Year twice, in 1972 and 1973.

Netzer was the general manager for Hamburger SV during much of the team's golden period from the late 1970s through the early 1980s, when the club won three league titles and the 1983 European Cup.

Borussia Mönchengladbach
Netzer, the son of a greengrocer, played for 1. FC Mönchengladbach from the age of eight until 19 before switching to city rivals Borussia Mönchengladbach in 1963. He scored on his debut against Rot-Weiß Oberhausen, and quickly established himself as a first team regular, helping the club win promotion to the Bundesliga in 1965.

Netzer played for Borussia, managed by Hennes Weisweiler, until 1973. In his 230 Bundesliga games for them, he scored 82 goals. The era also saw one of the most competitive rivalries in the Bundesliga's history between Borussia Mönchengladbach and Bayern Munich. Bayern Munich had stars Franz Beckenbauer, Gerd Müller, Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck, Paul Breitner and Sepp Maier on their side while Mönchengladbach had Berti Vogts, Herbert Wimmer, Jupp Heynckes, Rainer Bonhof and Netzer. When they achieved their first successes the average age of both teams was 21.

With Borussia Mönchengladbach he won the Bundesliga in 1970 and 1971 (the first Bundesliga club to win back-to-back championships), and the DFB-Pokal in 1973. The final was a famous match against 1. FC Köln in which he started as a sub – it is said because he had told his manager of his intention to move to Spain after the season – and went onto the pitch during extra time on his own authority, simply telling the coach "I'll go and play now" whilst removing his tracksuit. He then went on to score the winning goal three minutes later, with only his second possession of the ball. By then Netzer had achieved a certain pop star-like popularity because of his good looks, flowing blond hair, and perceived rebel personality and playboy lifestyle. Netzer was voted German Footballer of the Year twice, in 1972 and 1973, by the country's football journalists.

Real Madrid
When Johan Cruyff joined FC Barcelona in 1973, Real Madrid needed to respond in kind. So Santiago Bernabéu signed him and Paul Breitner a year later. Netzer was the first German player to play for the club. He played in Spain until 1976, winning La Liga in 1975 and 1976 and the Copa del Rey in 1974 and 1975. After his three-year spell in the Spanish capital, Netzer joined Grasshopper Club Zürich, where in 1977 he finished his playing career.

International career
Netzer made his debut for the West German national team in October 1965 in a friendly against Austria. He represented West Germany 37 times from 1965 to 1975, scoring six goals (some from the penalty spot) and playing a vital role in the country's victory at UEFA Euro 1972. He also appeared briefly (for 21 minutes against East Germany) in the 1974 FIFA World Cup, during which time the only goal of the match was scored against his team. At the tournament, Wolfgang Overath was the central figure in Germany's midfield; Netzer, despite being friends with Overath, considered the pair as not being able to play together effectively. Although he did not play in the final, Netzer is nonetheless considered the first World Cup winner to, at the time of winning, play for a club that was based outside his country.

Style of play
A classic playmaker known for his technique and passing ability, Netzer is considered one of the best midfielders of all time. Apart from his superior ball skills, his natural authority made him the undisputed leader of his team. As a player for Borussia Mönchengladbach, he enjoyed a lot of freedom from the management and the coach Hennes Weisweiler, even off the pitch. On the field the way he orchestrated the team's midfield play earned him the nickname 'Karajan', after the conductor Herbert Von Karajan.

Managerial career
After his career as a player Netzer offered to publish Hamburger SV's stadium magazine. The president, Paul Benthien, agreed on the condition that he also became general manager. Netzer spent eight successful years in Hamburg, during which time he completely transformed Hamburg's team, managed to sign famous coaches like Branko Zebec and later Ernst Happel, and led the club to three Bundesliga titles (1979, 1982, 1983). In 1983, Hamburg reached the final of the European Cup. With Horst Hrubesch, Felix Magath and Manfred Kaltz, Hamburg pulled off one of the biggest upsets in European Cup history by beating a Juventus side packed with Italian players who had won the World Cup a year earlier and two star import players – Michel Platini and Zbigniew Boniek. The years with Günter Netzer are today considered the most successful period in Hamburg's history.

Media businessman and football expert
After the end of his playing career, Netzer founded an advertising agency in Zürich, Switzerland, where he continues to live. He also deals in TV rights and is currently executive director of the Swiss sports rights managing agency Infront Sports & Media AG, a partner company of the German Football Association.

Apart from that, Netzer worked as a reporter and football pundit on TV. For his work with the German TV channel ARD and host Gerhard Delling, commenting on games of the German national team, both received the prestigious Adolf Grimme Award in 2000.

Despite their frequent arguments on TV, which they have developed into a kind of iconic skit, Netzer and Delling are said to be close friends. Netzer was Delling's best man at his wedding in May 2003.

It was the duo's harsh criticism of the German national side's poor performance that triggered Rudi Völler's famous eruption on 6 September 2003, immediately after the international match against Iceland. The then Bundestrainer (manager) harshly criticized Netzer, some considered it abusively, in a live interview after the goalless draw.

Following the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, Netzer announced he was leaving the ARD after 13 years.

Netzer is married and has one daughter. Having lived in Switzerland since the end of his football career, he has also acquired Swiss citizenship.

Career statistics

 * Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Netzer goal.

As player
Borussia Mönchengladbach
 * Bundesliga: 1969–70, 1970–71
 * DFB-Pokal: 1972–73
 * UEFA Cup runner-up: 1972–73

Real Madrid
 * La Liga: 1974–75, 1975–76
 * Copa del Rey: 1973–74, 1974–75

West Germany
 * UEFA European Championship: 1972
 * FIFA World Cup: 1974

Individual
 * kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1965–66, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72
 * Goal of the Year (Germany): 1971, 1972
 * Footballer of the Year (Germany): 1972, 1973
 * UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1972
 * UEFA European Championship top assist provider: 1972
 * Ballon d'Or runner-up: 1972
 * World XI: 1972, 1973, 1975
 * FUWO European Team of the Season: 1972
 * Sport Ideal European XI: 1972, 1973
 * World Soccer: The Greatest Players of the 20th century (75th place)
 * Member of Germany's Sports Hall of Fame

As general manager
Hamburger SV
 * Bundesliga: 1978–79, 1981–82, 1982–83
 * European Cup: 1982–83
 * Intercontinental Cup runner-up: 1983

title: Günter Netzer


text:
Silversun (disambiguation)

Silversun is an Australian TV series.

Silversun or Silver Sun may also refer to:

 * Silver Sun, an English rock/pop band
 * Silver Sun (Silver Sun album), 1997
 * Silver Sun (Nothing's Carved in Stone album), 2012

title: Silversun (disambiguation)


text:
Komi-Permyak

Komi-Permyak may refer to:
 * Komi-Permyak Okrug, a territory with special status within Perm Krai, Russia
 * Komi-Permyak language, a language spoken in Komi-Permyak Okrug, Russia

title: Komi-Permyak


text:
Karamay

Karamay (also spelled Karamai) is a prefecture-level city in the north of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. It is surrounded on all sides by Tacheng Prefecture. The name of the city comes from the Uyghur language and means "black oil", referring to the oil fields near the city.

Karamay was the site of one of the worst disasters in modern Chinese history, the 1994 Karamay fire, when 324 people, including 288 school children, lost their lives in a cinema fire on 8 December 1994.

Subdivisions
Karamay City has jurisdiction over four districts. They are not contiguous as Dushanzi District is located south of the Lanxin Railway and forms an exclave, separated from the rest of Karamay City by Kuytun City. Together with Kuytun City, Karamay City forms an enclave surrounded on all sides by Tacheng Prefecture.

Geography
Karamay is located in the northwest of the Dzungarian basin, with an average elevation of 400 m. Its administrative area ranges in latitude from 44° 07' to 46° 08' N and in longitude from 80° 44' to 86° 01' E and has a maximal 240 km north–south extent and reaches 110 km in east–west width. It borders Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County to the northeast, Shawan County to the southeast, Toli County and Wusu to the west and Kuytun to the south.

The naturally available water supply in the Karamay area is limited: it mostly consists of two small rivers (the Baiyang River and the Da'erbute River (达尔不特河) flowing into the Dzungarian Basin from the mountains of its northwestern rim. In addition, the city receives water from the Irtysh River, over the Irtysh–Karamay Canal, which was officially opened in 2008.

A number of natural (Ailik Lake) and artificial (Fengcheng, Huangyangquan) reservoirs are located in Karamay's northeastern Urho District; they all are replenished, directly or indirectly, by water from the Irtysh–Karamay Canal.

Climate
Karamay has an extremely continental desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWk), typified by great seasonal extremes in temperature, varying by 43.0 C-change; with long, very hot summers (for its latitude) and long, severely cold winters with brief spring and autumn in between. The monthly 24-hour average temperature is −15.2 °C in January and soars to 27.8 °C in July and the annual mean is 8.91 °C, warmer than most places at the corresponding latitude, due to the long summers. Annual precipitation is 119 mm and the summer months record the most rainfall, despite relative humidity levels averaging around 30%. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 37% in December to 71% in September, sunshine is generous, only occurring less than 50% of the time in November and December and the annual average total is 2,694 hours.

Demographics
According to the 2010 census, over 80% of Karamay's population are Han Chinese, with minorities such as Uighur, Kazakhs, Mongols and Hui making up the rest. The population of 2010 is 391,008, a rise from the 270,232 of 2000 census. The population density is 50.6 inhabitants per km2. The 2015 population estimate is 401,468.

 * Population by ethnicity (2010)

Economy

In 1955, one of the largest oil fields in China was discovered there. Since then, the city has grown into an oil-producing and refining center.

In 2008, the GDP reached ¥66.1 billion and GDP per capita reached ¥242,391 (US$34,901), ranking first among 659 cities in mainland China.

Transport

 * Kuytun–Beitun Railway. There are passenger stations in Karamay itself and in Wuwu New Town (五五新镇街道), south of central Karamay.
 * Karamay–Tacheng Railway (under construction as of 2017)
 * Kelamayi Guhai Airport
 * China National Highway 217

Notable persons

 * Adil Mijit, comedian
 * Gulimina Mahamuti, pianist

title: Karamay


text:
Talk:Edwin Savage

Untitled
Not sure why the image wont come up. I have uploaded it. Will try again another time. JS

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User:CyborgTosser/working

Stuff not yet ready for my main user page

I am happy to help settle POV disputes. I will make every attempt to be fair. However, before you enlist my help on certain topics, you should be forewarned of my particular biases:

title: User:CyborgTosser/working


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Mahébourg

Mahébourg is a small town on the south-eastern coast of the island of Mauritius, having a population of 15,457 as of 2015. It is considered the main town of the Grand Port District.

Overview
Mahébourg is named after Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais, one of the most successful governors of the French colonial period. The town was originally built by the Dutch during their brief period of colonisation of the island. It was close to their landing port, had ample water supply from many rivers and streams and had a scenic view of the large bay area. Mahébourg underwent major development around 1806, during the French colonisation era.

The well-planned wide streets in the old section of Mahébourg still bear testimony to this Dutch and French colonial past. After the French chose Port Louis as the main port, Mahébourg declined into a sleepy coastal city. The past is still preserved today in the Historical Naval Museum which also recounts the epic naval battles of the past between the French Navy and the Royal Navy. The Frederik Hendrik museum in Vieux Grand Port recounts the history of the early Dutch settlement of the island.

Nowadays, Mahébourg is a bustling centre of local trade. The new waterfront complex offers memorable walks along the seaside. The town has a casino, mark of a developing tourism industry. There is a growing number of small inns in the city itself and the surrounding districts which cater to local and foreign visitors. Mahébourg is well known for its lagoon (the biggest in Mauritius) and for its fishing industry.

The town has three primary schools, namely Willoughby Government School, Dupérré Government School and Notre Dame des Anges Roman Catholic Aided (RCA), and four secondary schools: Emmanuel Anquetil State Secondary School, Hamilton College Boys, Hamilton College Girls and Loretto Convent of Mahébourg.

Companies
The largest company and the main employer for the Mahebourg area is Omnicane. Omnicane's sugarcane mill is based at La Baraque which annually produces around 135,000 tonnes of Plantation White Sugar for the refinery, 400,000 tonnes of bagasse for its main cogeneration power plant, and 45,000 tonnes of molasses for the bioethanol distillery. Using energy-saving diffuser technology for juice extraction, Omnicane's sugarcane mill processes 1.3 million tonnes of sugarcane a year and has a daily milling capacity of 8,500 tonnes.

title: Mahébourg