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Peter Behrens

Peter Behrens (14 April 1868 – 27 February 1940) was a leading German architect, graphic and industrial designer, best known for his early pioneering AEG Turbine Hall in Berlin in 1909. He had a long career, designing objects, typefaces, and important buildings in a range of styles from the 1900s to the 1930s. He was a foundation member of the German Werkbund in 1907, when he also began designing for AEG, pioneered corporate design, graphic design, producing typefaces, objects, and buildings for the company. In the next few years, he became a successful architect, a leader of the rationalist / classical German Reform Movement of the 1910s. After WW1 he turned to Brick Expressionism, designing the remarkable Hoechst Administration Building outside Frankfurt, and from the mid-1920s increasingly to New Objectivity. He was also an educator, heading the architecture school at Academy of Fine Arts Vienna from 1922 to 1936. As a well known architect he produced design across Germany, in other European countries, Russia and England. Several of the leading names of European modernism worked for him when they were starting out in the 1910s, including Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius.

Biography

Behrens attended the Christianeum Hamburg from September 1877 until Easter 1882. He studied painting in his native Hamburg, as well as in Düsseldorf and Karlsruhe, from 1886 to 1889. In 1890, he married Lilly Kramer and moved to Munich. At first, he worked as a painter, illustrator and bookbinder in an artisanal fashion. He frequented the bohemian circles and was interested in subjects related to the reform of lifestyles. In 1899 Behrens accepted the invitation of the Grand Duke Ernst-Ludwig of Hesse to be the second member of his recently inaugurated Darmstadt Artists' Colony, where Behrens built his own Jugendstil style house in 1901, and fully conceived everything, from furniture to towels, paintings, pottery, etc. The building of this house is considered to be the turning point in his life, when he left the artistic circles of Munich and showed himself to be a talented architect in his very first project.

In 1903, Behrens was named director of the Kunstgewerbeschule in Düsseldorf, where he implemented successful reforms, developing new ways of teaching design. In 1907, Behrens and ten other people (Hermann Muthesius, Theodor Fischer, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Bruno Paul, Richard Riemerschmid, Fritz Schumacher, among others), plus twelve companies, gathered to create the German Werkbund. As an organization, it was clearly indebted to the principles and priorities of the Arts and Crafts movement, but tending towards the classical in architecture. Members of the Werkbund were focused on improving the overall level of taste in Germany by improving the design of everyday objects and products. This very practical aspect made it an extremely influential organization among industrialists, public policy experts, designers, investors, critics and academics. His work in the early 1900s included a series of exhibition halls and pavilions, a crematorium and some private houses, which show a new direction immediately after his own Jugendstil house, towards exploring simple, rectilinear volumes and classical sources.

In 1907, AEG (Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft) retained Behrens as artistic consultant, and his work for AEG was the first large-scale demonstration of the viability and vitality of the Werkbund's initiatives and objectives. He designed the entire corporate identity (logotype, product design, publicity, etc.) and for that he is considered the first industrial designer in history. He also designed a series of factory buildings for them at their two Berlin factory sites, most famously the 1909 AEG Turbine Factory, at the Moabit site, considered an early example of Modernism. He then went on to design four new buildings at the Humboldthain site, which showed that he was as much interested in massive, bold, classical and picturesque effects depending on the context, as expressing modernity. Since Peter Behrens was a consultant rather than an employee of AEG, he was free to work on other projects, and developed a highly successful architectural practice. In this period his growing office had many students and assistants, some who would go on become leading Modernists, including Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, Adolf Meyer, Jean Kramer and Walter Gropius (later to become the first director of the Bauhaus).

Immediately after the AEG Turbine Hall, he designed a series of large office buildings in a bold monumental stripped classical form, part of the German Reform Architecture movement. His 1912 German Embassy in St Petersburg, and the Administration Building for Continental AG in Hannover, built 1912–1914 are good examples of this period.

After WW1 his work changed again, and like many German architects, he explored the themes and styles of Brick Expressionism. Between 1920 and 1924, he was responsible for the design and construction of the Technical Administration Building of Hoechst AG in Höchst, outside Frankfurt. With its soaring atrium clad in coloured bricks representing the factory's dye products, and an exterior in dark clinker bricks with clocktower and dramatic arch, it is one of the most representative examples of the style in Germany. In 1922, he accepted an invitation to teach at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, becoming head of the architecture school, a post he kept until 1936, whilst also designing for a range of clients across Europe.

In 1926, Behrens was commissioned by the Englishman Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke to design a family home in Northampton, UK. The house named 'New Ways', a stark white walled rectangular volume (with jagged parapets), is often regarded as probably the first modernist house in Britain, and marks Behrens' turn towards the Modernism of New Objectivity.

In 1925 he was invited by his former student Mies van der Rohe, along with many of the leading German architects working in the new style, to design a residential building in Stuttgart, in the development now known as the Weissenhof. His contribution was a set of apartments in stacked cubic volumes, allowing many apartments to open to large terraces.

In 1928 Behrens won an international competition for the construction of the New Synagogue, in Zilina, Slovakia, which was restored in 2012–17 as a cultural centre. The same year he designed a renovation of the Feller-Stern department store in central Zagreb, Croatia, transforming it from Art Nouveau to a complex almost De Stijl Modernist composition. His 1931 hillside villa for the Clara Gans, daughter of Frankfurt industrialist Adolf Gans, was a similarly complex interplay of rectangular volumes, clad in stone, a fine example of New Objectivity.

In 1929, Behrens was invited to the competition for the design of buildings around a proposed radical redesign of Alexanderplatz in Berlin, and though he came second, his designs for the buildings on the south west side of the new square was preferred by the subsequent developer, and the Alexanderhaus and the Berolinahaus were built by 1932.

In 1929, Behrens, in partnership with former student Alexander Popp, was commissioned to design a new factory for the state-run Austria Tabak in Linz, which was built over a long period, due to the economic conditions, finally completed in 1935. The main building has a very long completely horizontal slightly curved facade, Behrens' most striking design in the style of New Objectivity.

In 1936 Behrens left Vienna to teach architecture at the Prussian Academy of Arts (now the Akademie der Künste) in Berlin, reportedly with the specific approval of Hitler. Behrens participated in Hitler's plans for the rebuilding of Berlin with the commission for the new headquarters of the AEG on Albert Speer's famous planned north–south axis. Speer reported that his selection of Behrens for this commission was rejected by the powerful Alfred Rosenberg, but that his decision was supported by Hitler who admired Behrens's Saint Petersburg Embassy. Behrens died in the Hotel Bristol in Berlin on 27 February 1940, while seeking refuge there from his country estate.

List of projects

 * Botschaft Petersburg Fassade.jpgWeissenhof Beherens 02.jpg–1901: Behrens house on Mathildenhöhe in Darmstadt
 * 1905–1907: Villa Obenauer in Saarbrücken
 * 1905–1908: Eduard Müller Crematorium in Hagen-Delstern
 * 1906: Interior design of the state and city library in the extension of the Kunstgewerbemuseum Düsseldorf
 * 1908–1909: AEG Turbine hall, Berlin-Moabit
 * 1908–1909: Schröder house in Hagen (destroyed in World War II)
 * 1909–1910: Catholic Fellowship House in Neuss
 * 1909–1910: Villa Cuno in Hagen
 * 1909–10: High Voltage Factory, AEG, Berlin – Humboldthain
 * 1910: Boathouse "Elektra" for the Berlin rowing company "Elektra" in Berlin-Oberschöneweide, founded in 1908 as a rowing club for employees and civil servants of the AEG
 * 1910: Exhibition hall (temporary wooden structure, named Hetzerhalle) for the German Railways with a span of 43 meters for the Brussels World Exhibition in 1910, built by the entrepreneur Otto Hetzer from Weimar
 * 1911: Gasworks Ost in Frankfurt am Main, Osthafen
 * 1911: AEG factory settlement in Hennigsdorf
 * 1911–1912: Mannesmann House in Düsseldorf
 * 1911–1912: German Embassy in Saint Petersburg
 * 1911–1912: House for government architect C. H. Goedecke in Hagen
 * 1911–1912: Wiegand house, home for the archaeologist and museum director Theodor Wiegand in Berlin-Dahlem, today the seat of the German Archaeological Institute
 * 1912: AEG Large Motors Factory, Berlin – Humboldthain
 * 1912–1914: Administration building of Continental AG in Hanover (extension 1919–1920), today the House of Economic Development
 * 1913: AEG Small Motors Factory, Berlin – Humboldthain
 * 1914: Frank & Lehmann office building in Cologne, 37 Unter SachsenhausenBundesarchiv Bild 146-1998-012-24A, Berlin, Alexanderplatz.jpg
 * 1914–1917: Factory for the National Automobile Society (NAG) in Berlin-Oberschöneweide (later the factory for television electronics, called Peter-Behrens-Bau)
 * 1915: Wuhlheide forest settlement in Berlin-Karlshorst, Hegemeisterweg
 * 1918: Oberschöneweide settlement in Berlin (built 1919–21 to plans by others, Behrens only designed some single family houses )
 * 1919: Workers' and master craftsmen's settlement for Deutsche Werft AG in Hamburg-Finkenwerder
 * 1921–1925: Technical administration building of Hoechst AG in Frankfurt-Höchst
 * 1921–1925: Administration building of the Gutehoffnungshütte in Oberhausen
 * 1925: Tomb for Friedrich Ebert in Heidelberg, in the mountain cemetery
 * 1925–1926: College of St. Benedict in Salzburg
 * 1926: 'New Ways', Northampton, UK
 * TabakfabrikLinz 1231.jpg: Apartment house in the Weißenhofsiedlung in Stuttgart (lots 31 + 32)
 * 1928: Reconstruction of Feller-Stern department store, Ban Jelačić Square in Zagreb, Croatia
 * 1928–1929: U-Bahn stations, line U 8 in Berlin (Moritzplatz, Bernauer Straße, Voltastraße, designed 1912)
 * 1928–1930: Franz-Domes-Hof in Vienna – Margareten
 * 1929: Residence for Kurt Lewin in Berlin- Nikolassee, Waldsängerpfad 3
 * 1929–1930: Group of apartment buildings in Berlin- Westend, Bolivarallee 9
 * 1929–1931: Villa Gans in Kronberg im Taunus, Falkensteiner Straße 19, Hesse
 * 1929–1931: Synagogue in Žilina, Kuzmányho 1
 * 1929–1935: Tobacco factory in Linz (with Alexander Popp)
 * 1930–1932: Alexanderhaus and Berolinahaus at Alexanderplatz in Berlin
 * 1931: “Ring der Frauen” house at the German Building Exhibition in 1931 in Berlin-Charlottenburg (demolished)
 * 1932–1933: Hohenlanke house near Neustrelitz (planned as a separate retirement home, partially completed)
 * 1933–1951: Christ the King Church in Linz (with Alexander Popp, Hans Feichtlbauer and Hans Foschum)

Typefaces designed by Behrens
All faces cast by the Klingspor Type Foundry.
 * Behrens-Schrift (1901–7)
 * Behrens-Antiqua (1907–9)
 * Behrens Mediaeval (1914)

title: Peter Behrens


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Talk:Northwest Angle

Untitled

 * See also Talk:Angle Township, Minnesota for the ongoing disucssion on the article that was merged.

So, to sum up, that little green spot next to the lake is the Northwest Angle, ya? Any chance there could be an arrow next to it or something--I'll swear I stared at that thing for a while trying to figure it out. :) jengod 02:19, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

Correct. I agree the map could use some clarification. Also, a larger map showing all of Minnesota could indicate the little bump at the top; it's clearly visible. Michael Hardy 02:28, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Here's a link to a homemade map on the website for the one room school on the Angle. Maybe something a bit like this could be used? Jonathunder 06:52, 2004 Nov 7 (UTC)

 * NW Angle school map

The new map is much clearer! Michael Hardy 00:22, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * *nods* I think so too. I didn't see any common guidelines for Wikipedia map creation/color schemes, so I just made it up as I went. — wheresmysocks 00:39, Dec 30, 2004 (UTC)

Size of Northwest Angle
Anyone knows how big the piece of land is? --Andylkl (talk) 17:01, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * According to a newspaper story I found, it is 130 square miles. I added this fact to the article. Jonathunder 19:06, 2005 September 6 (UTC)

What about that spot in Washington?
There is another spot in continental United States that lies north of parallel 49, isn't it?. It is located in the state of Washington. Should this article acknowledge that?.

 * I'm not aware of this. If you have more info, please add it. Jonathunder 19:08, 2005 September 6 (UTC)

 * I think you're talking about Point Roberts, Washington, which is already mentioned in the article already. It's not above the 49th parellel, but it's seperated from the mainland because of it. :) --Andylkl (talk) 08:42, September 7, 2005 (UTC)

Ben Franklin
Shouldn't Ben Franklin be mentioned in this article? I understand he was instramental in negotiating the border of the northwest angle and I thought I read that because of this connection there was a celebration up there for his 300th birthday. I found this article, but don't know enough about it http://www.profsurv.com/archive.php?issue=92&article=1292 --Mazzmn 18:30, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * There's a general link to Treaty of Paris (1783). Is there any evidence of any special connection between Benjamin Franklin and the use of the Lake of the Woods as the starting point?  In any case, the oddity in the border wasn't created until 1818, long after his death... AnonMoos 19:40, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

the Article said it was the only part of the USA North of the 49th parallel besides Alaska, what is Maine? Isn't the NE of New England Higher up then the rest of the 48 states?Therubicon 17:21, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * NO!!! This article very explicitly says that is an optical illusion caused by some map projections (and not by others).  If you'd read the article, you wouldn't be posting something so silly.  Maine does not extend as far north as the 49th parallel.  Only Minnesota and Alaska extend north of the 49th parallel. Michael Hardy 17:55, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Red Lake Indian Reservation
A sizeable portion of the Angle forms a noncontiguous part of Red Lake Indian Reservation (as is stated in the article on that.) Shouldn't this go in here as well? (And why are there no Native American residents?) (EDIT: Forgot to sign. Lewis Trondheim 13:25, 22 January 2007 (UTC) )

 * Certainly. (If it's true.) Michael Hardy 03:50, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * See my recent edit here. -- PhJ (talk) 14:41, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Bad map
I was confused about the description, since the north-west corner didn't match what I saw on the map. The "school map" at the top of the discussion page helped: I see that the lake is very thin there and is hidden by the black border line. —Długosz

Alburgh, Vermont
You can certainly access Alburgh, Vermont from the US. You do not need to pass through Canada to get there. US-2 connects New York to Vermont. Granted, it's on a peninsula formed from Canada, but it is certainly accessible from the United States.

Thus, this article is incorrect. Please fix. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.219.26.183 (talk) 03:59, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

School
Information about the school (from its website) should be added to the article. In such a small and remote community this is something of note. Salopian (talk) 11:40, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Communications
Up to some time in the 1980s or 1990s, Bell Canada provided phone service to Northwest Angle, as well as to several other islands in the lake, based on an exchange just west of Kenora-Keewatin, Ontario. I had been hunting for a Northwest Angle exchange in area code 218, but never found it, then happened to find Northwest Angle listed as a locality in area code 807; and I tracked it to being a locality of the Clearwater Bay exchange, 807-733. Since then, it has been made a separate exchange in NPA 218. GBC (talk) 05:25, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

Tiarks discovered the northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods
Thompson surveyed the Lake of the Woods to discover the northwestern point, but Tiarks was the one who identified it

This book says that (here is a direct link to page 48): http://books.google.com/books?id=wXAu-xA3y3gC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=how+is+the+northwestern+point+of+a+lake+determined&source=bl&ots=aadvSwDDCE&sig=mbfSN8vUG5iRGjtvVrg8BJcnSI0&hl=en&ei=k5DXSq9ekfowidX05Qc&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=northwestern%20point%20Tiarks%20May%2012%2C%201825&f=false

Also see http://www.lakeofthewoods.com/2008/12/29/drawing-the-line-the-canada-us-border/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by Strafpeloton2 (talk • contribs) 04:45, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Claim of "4" Areas in Continental US Not Connected by Land
The article, at the time of this edit, states that the NW Angle is: "one of only (emphasis added) four locations in the 48 contiguous states not directly connected to them by land, the others being nearby Elm Point, Minnesota; Point Roberts, Washington; and the town of Alburgh, Vermont."

This referenced paragraph is factually incorrect. The Florida Keys (e.g. Key West) are part of the continental U.S., yet not connected to it by land. In fact, Key West boasts a physical marker which designates the southernmost point in continental United States.

Because there are approximately 1700 Florida Keys in the continental United States, none of which are connected to it by land, I recommend deleting the incorrect paragraph in the article, and providing instead a link to a wiki page which lists those unique areas of the United States in specific. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Max conformist (talk • contribs) 23:43, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

 * This may be factually inaccurate -- but what is unique about these four places (and there may be a few others) is that while they are not connected by land without going through another country. It is possible to go by land from the Northwest Angle to the rest of Minnesota -- or from Point Roberts to the rest of Washington -- by land but only if you go through another country.  Islands like the Florida Keys do not have this quality.  YBG (talk) 05:35, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I've added the clumsy adjective 'non-island' to the lead paragraph -- there must be a better way to phrase this, but I'm not sure what it is. YBG (talk) 06:04, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

Other Areas North of the 49th Parallel
Because the US-Canada border does not lie exactly on the 49th parallel (see here), there are parts of Washington, Idaho, Montana, and North Dakota that are north of the 49th, though only by a few seconds of arc at the most. I think this should be reflected in the article. This deviation is mentioned at 49th parallel north, but I don't see any sources there. Grouchy Chris (talk) 05:35, 29 September 2010 (UTC)
 * The deviation is due to variances in the original boundry survey following the 49th parallel. Such irregularities are common in most land boundries surveyed by old methods. This is the only place (other than Alaska) where the United States extends significantly and intentionally by treaty above the 49th. If you can find a way to reword this in the article, feel free. Jonathunder (talk) 17:08, 29 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I would, but first I'd like to find a source on the amount of deviation in units of distance rather than in terms of seconds of arc. I think it would read better that way. Still looking.Grouchy Chris (talk) 03:47, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

"Political Issues" cleanup
Just noting to remind myself to come back later that the first 2 paragraphs of the "Political Issues" section contain basically the exact same info, minus one or two points, slightly reworded but completely ignore one another. That just reads poorly, they should be combined. JamesG5 (talk) 23:01, 8 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Obviously the same story told by two different editors who appeared to be mutually oblivious of the other's efforts.  Would like to know if an actual constitutional amendment was formally introduced and if so if it was really meant to be a joke or an attempt at negotiation of a serious resolution.  More details on the initiation of litigation in the Ontario courts and how this was actually ultimately resolved would also be welcomed, at least by me.  72.106.149.35 (talk) 02:31, 21 November 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Northwest Angle


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441 Tactical Fighter Squadron

441 Tactical Fighter Squadron was a unit of the Canadian Forces. It was originally formed as a unit of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) during the Second World War. The squadron operated the McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet fighter jet from CFB Cold Lake in Alberta, Canada. It was deactivated in 2006.

History
No. 125 (Fighter) Squadron was formed on 20 April 1942 at Sydney, Nova Scotia and flew Hurricanes as part of RCAF Eastern Air Command. It was renumbered No. 441 Fighter Squadron when it transferred overseas to RAF Station Digby, Lincolnshire, England, on 8 February 1944, under the command of Squadron Leader George Hill. It was posted to airfields in England, France, and Belgium throughout the Second World War, flying the Supermarine Spitfire. When the squadron returned to England it was disbanded on 7 August 1945.

No 441 Squadron reformed at RCAF Station St. Hubert on 1 March 1951 and went to No 1 Wing, then located at RAF North Luffenham, in Rutland, England on 13 February 1952. The squadron was temporarily situated at 3 Wing Zweibrücken on 21 December 1954, before moving to their intended destination, RCAF Station Marville, France. They were deactivated (disbanded) on 1 September 1963 at Marville and then reactivated (reformed) as No 441 Strike/Attack squadron on 15 September 1963, then moved with 1 Wing to Canadian Forces Base Lahr in April 1967. In 1971 the squadron moved to CFB Baden-Soellingen and changed its name to 441 Tactical Fighter Squadron. They disbanded again in 1986 and then finally reformed at 4 Wing Cold Lake on 26 June 1986.

On 6 July 2006, No 441 Squadron was once again stood down (disbanded), and its crew amalgamating with 416 Tactical Fighter Squadron at CFB Cold Lake and re-formed as 409 Tactical Fighter Squadron. The squadron's colours and battle honours were placed in Sydney, Nova Scotia, where it first operated.

title: 441 Tactical Fighter Squadron


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Talk:Rush–Bagot Treaty

untitled
This page is the only google citation for Lumberjack's War. Other cites for Lumberjack War seem to apply to the Aroostook War. Que es la situacion?! :) jengod 02:22, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know anything about the specifics of the Lumberjack's War. I merged information that was in what appeared to be a duplicate article named the Rush-Bagot Agreement into this one . I didn't bother to validate any of the info from the other article and, not to cast aspersions, but the other article was written by two anonymous IPs. So if anything here seems squiggly, go ahead and remove it. older ≠ wiser 02:33, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The Aroostook War was in the late 1830s and this treaty had nothing to do with the border dispute in question, which was resolved by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty. I've moved the information there.
 * Sorry, I see that now. See your talk page. Amcfreely 01:38, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

When exactly was this treaty signed? Ryoji.kun 06:44, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Contested move request
''The following request to move a page has been added to Requested moves as an uncontroversial move, but this has been contested by one or more people. Any discussion on the issue should continue here. If a full request is not lodged within five days of this request being contested, the request will be removed from WP:RM.'' —Dekimasu よ!  03:46, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Rush-Bagot Treaty → Rush-Bagot Agreement —(Discuss)— Suggest move because it was not an actual treaty, but an agreement —Arcanedude91 (talk)1:23, 13 December 2007 (UTC)
 * No place for discussion provided. When it is, this link should be included, as evidence that the situation was complicated. (For example, it did receive the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate.) Septentrionalis PMAnderson 04:32, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Numerous Errors
Hello friends,

There are several errors of fact on this particular article that I suggest be changed. The Rush-Bagot Treaty did not become a treaty approved by Congress until the year 1818. In the year 1817, Acting Secretary of State Richard Rush and British Minister to Washington Charles Bagot exchanged a series of notes. The notes exchanged between Rush and Bagot in 1817 actually constitute the "Rush-Bagot Agreement" which is distinct from the "Rush-Bagot Treaty" (ratified by US Congress onApril 28, 1818). The Rush-Bagot Agreement stipulated that British North America and the United States could each maintain one vessel (not more than 100 tons) on Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain. The remaining Great Lakes could harbor two vessels from British North America and two vessels from the United States. It was an agreement of demilitarization, but it did not completely eradicate all military vessels from these waters. Looking forward to hearing thoughts and suggestions on this matterDdperk80 (talk) 20:59, 1 November 2010 (UTC)Ddperk80

title: Talk:Rush–Bagot Treaty


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Category talk:Mali

Shouldn't we separate the modern state of Mali from the historial empire? —iFaqeer | Talk to me! 02:22, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Mali


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Iloura Resources

Iloura Resources
Non-notable. Dad-mom ops (11 heads) Mikkalai 02:23, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. No evidence of notability. They don't even have a Melbourne phone number yet, according to the online telephone directories. Andrewa 04:09, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable company.   — Gwalla | Talk 21:01, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)


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2BS 95.1 FM

2BS is an Australian commercial radio station broadcasting to the Central Tablelands of New South Wales. Owned and operated by Broadcast Operations Group, the station broadcasts a news talk and classic hits music format with local programming presented from studios in Bathurst.

For close to fifty years, the station was operated by local proprietors Ron and Stephanie Camplin, and was previously owned by the London Times Mirror and Australian Consolidated Press. In June 2019, 2BS and its sister station B-Rock FM were sold to the Broadcast Operations Group, owned by Bill Caralis.

History

The station began broadcasting on 1 January 1937. Prior to that, a station owned by the Mockler Brothers, with the call sign 2MK, had existed in Bathurst, first broadcasting on 31 October 1925. 2BS was not always the intended call sign - 2BX was also considered. A station located at Meadow Lane, which was to serve both Bathurst and Lithgow, was also projected to start in 1925 with the call letters 2LE. That station never eventuated.

In the 1950s it was discovered that 2BS's signal was interfering at night with the signal of Melbourne station 3AK. That forced 3AK to become a daytime-only station, having previously been an overnight station. The problem was fixed in the 1960s by switching to directional antennas, which led to 3AK commencing 24-hour transmission. At that time, Australian Consolidated Press (ACP) owned both stations. In 1969, ACP sold 2BS to Ron Camplin, who owned the station until mid 2019.

2BS is an adult contemporary station with a prime target audience of 25+, playing music from the 1950s onwards. Its Breakfast and Drive programs are produced locally, with other programs being networked: John Laws, John Stanley,  and the Continuous Call Team from 2GB Sydney.

2BS recently opened FM repeater stations in the surrounding towns of Blayney, Oberon and Sofala.

While 2BS has been promoting itself as a rarity being one of the few remaining locally owned commercial broadcasters in Australia, however radio industry website Radioinfo sources say a sale of 2BS and BRock Bathurst was imminent in 2018. In June 2019, the Camplins sold Bathurst Broadcasters to the Bill Caralis-owned Broadcast Operations Group, which holds the license of 2EL in the adjacent radio market of Orange.

title: 2BS 95.1 FM


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Juan Mari Brás

Juan Mari Brás (December 2, 1927 – September 10, 2010) was an advocate for Puerto Rican independence from the United States who founded the Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP). On October 25, 2006, he became the first person to receive a Puerto Rican citizenship certificate from the Puerto Rico State Department. His son, Santiago Mari Pesquera, was assassinated by a suspected far-right activist in 1976. In 2009, documents revealed the FBI had known of a plot to assassinate Mari Brás but did not share the information with him.

Early years
Juan Mari Brás was born in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico on December 2, 1927. His father, Santiago Mari Ramos, was an active participant in the independence movement who often took his son to political meetings and rallies. In 1943, when he was 18 years old, he founded a pro-independence movement called "Capítulo de Agregados Pro Independencia", in his high school along with some of his friends, in Mayagüez. He was also the founder and director of the first pro-independence political radio program "Gritos de la Patria".

Student activist
In 1944, he enrolled in the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus and in 1946 became a founding member of Gilberto Concepción de Gracia's Puerto Rican Independence Party. He also was a founding member of the Beta chapter of the Phi Delta Gamma fraternity. Mari Brás became the president of the party's "Puerto Rican Independentista Youth". In 1948, the university's pro-independence student body invited nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos to the Río Piedras campus as a guest speaker. The chancellor of the university, Jaime Benítez, did not permit Albizu access to the campus. As a consequence, the students protested and went on strike. Mari Brás was one of the student leaders who chanted anti-American slogans and who marched with a Puerto Rican flag in his hand. Both of these acts were considered as acts against the Government of the United States, which at that time had complete control of the government of the island. Mari Brás and others who protested were expelled from the university; he was arrested, jailed, and let go three times in response to his revolutionary activities.

Mari Brás was forced to move to Lakeland, Florida, where he earned his bachelor's degree at Florida Southern College between 1949 and 1950. From 1951 until 1954 he lived in Washington, DC where he studied at Georgetown University, during this period he and his wife at the time, Paquita Pesquera Cantellops, had their first child: Santiago Mari Pesquera (born in 1952). In 1954, he went to study law and political science at George Washington University Law School but was expelled for being a suspected communist thanks to his involvement with the Puerto Rican independence movement. He finally obtained his law degree from American University. During this time he also worked as a research assistant at the Brookings Institution.

Pro-Independence Movement
On January 11, 1959, Mari Brás founded the Pro-Independence Movement, which grouped Puerto Rican independence followers who supported the Socialist philosophy. Along with César Andreu Iglesias he founded the political newspaper Claridad, which he directed for three decades. On November 28, 1971, at the Pro-Independence Movement's eighth general assembly, the Pro-Independence Movement officially became the Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP). A political organization with Marxist-Leninist and nationalist leanings influenced by the Cuban Revolution. In 1973, he spoke before the United Nations about Puerto Rico being a colony of the United States and demanded the decolonization of the island. On March 24, 1976, the eldest of Mari Brás' children, Santiago Mari Pesquera, was murdered while his father was preparing for a gubernatorial run on the Socialist Party ticket. Police investigations have hinted that Mari Pesquera was assassinated in reprisal for his father's political activism. The murder has never been officially solved. In 2009, thanks to the Freedom of Information Act documents were obtained by news stations, Primera Hora, that showed the FBI knew of a plan to assassinate Juan Marí Pesquera, and had not warned him. (They had known for two months and it was Mari Brás' son who was assassinated, in the end.)

After losing his son and the election, Mari Bras continued to dedicate his time to campaigning for the independence of Puerto Rico. He was a prolific writer as well as a speaker before various audiences on the issue of the political status of Puerto Rico. Along with being a founding member of the Puerto Rican Socialist Party, he also was a co-founder of the Puerto Rican Independence Party in 1946. After the demise of the Puerto Rican Socialist Party, he and other former party leaders founded the Hostosian National Independence Movement in an attempt to unify the various factions vying for Puerto Rican independence. Professionally he performed as a law professor at the Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law in Puerto Rico.

U.S. citizenship renunciation
On July 11, 1994, Mari Brás renounced his United States citizenship at the U.S. Embassy in Caracas, Venezuela. "He did this to test a technicality in United States citizenship laws.", according to writer Mary Hilaire Tavenner Brás believed that a person holding United States citizenship and who subsequently renounces his citizenship would be deported to his country of origin. As Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States, Brás theorized the U.S. Department of State would have to deport him or any Puerto Rican who renounced his or her U.S. citizenship to Puerto Rico. The U.S. State Department approved Mari Brás' renunciation of his U.S. citizenship on November 22, 1995.

On 15 May 1996, Miriam J. Ramírez de Ferrer, a pro-statehood attorney, presented a formal complaint against Mari Brás before the Mayaguez Electoral Board, where Mari Brás was registered to vote, so he could not vote as he was not a U.S. citizen. It was denied because the Board had no jurisdiction. Upon appeal by Ramírez, the Puerto Rico Electoral Board subsequently supported the decision of the Mayaguez Board. Ramírez subsequently took the matter to the Puerto Rico Superior Court (Tribunal de Primera Instancia, Sala Superior de San Juan). As a result, the Superior Court declared unconstitutional Articles 2.003 y 2.023 of Puerto Rico's Electoral Law as they required U.S. citizenship as a condition to vote in Puerto Rico's elections. On November 18, 1997, Ramírez then took Mari Brás before the Puerto Rico Supreme Court alleging that if he had renounced his United States citizenship, then he also had renounced his right to vote in the local Puerto Rican elections. The Puerto Rican Supreme Court sided with Mari Brás, finding that "as a citizen of Puerto Rico" Mari Brás was eligible to vote.

In Lozada Colón v. U.S. Department of State (1998), the plaintiff was a United States citizen, born in Puerto Rico and resident of Puerto Rico, who executed an oath of renunciation before a consular officer at the U.S. Embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. On April 23, 1998, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia held that the case was about "the much debated political question as to the status of Puerto Rico and its nationals in relation to the United States." It added that "While Plaintiff may well have strong political views with regard to Puerto Rican independence and the need for a citizenship separate and apart from the United States, this is not an issue for this Court to decide", and concluded that "the Plaintiff must seek another, more appropriate forum to express his political views." These actions and rulings continue to be a popular subject of debate.

In rejecting the renunciation, the Department noted that the Plaintiff in Colón demonstrated no intention of renouncing all ties to the United States, i.e., claiming to reject his United States citizenship, but nevertheless wishing to remain a resident of Puerto Rico. The Plaintiff's response was to claim a fundamental distinction between United States and Puerto Rican citizenship. The United States Department of State position asserted that renunciation of U.S. citizenship must entail renunciation of Puerto Rican citizenship as well. The court does decide to not enter to the merits of the citizenship issue; however the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia rejected Colón's petition for a writ of mandamus directing the Secretary of State to approve a Certificate of Loss of Nationality in the case because the plaintiff wanted to retain one of the primary benefits of U.S. citizenship while claiming he was not a U.S. citizen. The Court described the plaintiff as a person, "claiming to renounce all rights and privileges of United States citizenship, [while] Plaintiff wants to continue to exercise one of the fundamental rights of citizenship, namely to travel freely throughout the world and when he wants to, return and reside in the United States." The court based this decision on the Immigration and Nationality Act section 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(38), which defines the term "United States", and evince that Puerto Rico is a part of the United States for such purposes.

In light of the Supreme Court's decision, on June 4, 1998, the U.S. State Department reversed its November 22, 1995 decision and declared that Mari Brás was still a U.S. citizen. The U.S. State Department argued that as Mari Brás had continued living in a U.S. territory, he was still a U.S. citizen. According to the State Department, U.S. Immigration and Naturalization law stipulates that anyone who wants to give up their U.S. citizenship must live in another country.

Based on the federal court ruling in Colón v. U.S. Department of State (1998), years after the U.S. State Department accepted his renunciation, Juan Mari Brás was notified on June 4, 1998, by the U.S. Department of State, that they were rescinding their acceptance, and refused to accept Mari Brás's renunciation, determining he could not renounce his United States citizenship as he did not request another national citizenship, and he was born and remains living and working in Puerto Rico. Colón vs. U.S. Department of State became a landmark case and is posted on the U.S. State Department's webpage.

Puerto Rican citizenship
After renouncing his U.S. citizenship and over 10 years of litigation arguing he was a citizen of Puerto Rico, Mari Brás received the first certificate of Puerto Rican citizenship from the Puerto Rico Department of State. He stated "I freed myself from the indignity of a false citizenship ... that of the country that invaded mine, which continues to keep the only country that I owe allegiance to as a colony."

The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rico Secretary of Justice determined that Puerto Rican citizenship exists and was recognized in the Constitution of Puerto Rico. Since the summer of 2007, the Puerto Rico State Department has developed the protocol to grant Puerto Rican citizenship to Puerto Ricans. Former Puerto Rico Supreme Court Associate Justice and former Secretary of State Baltasar Corrada questioned the legality of the certification, citing a law passed in 1997, authored by Kenneth McClintock Hernández, which establishes United States citizenship and nationality as a prerequisite for Puerto Rican citizenship. Mari Bras' efforts generated vigorous public debate regarding the citizenship issue.

Mari Brás is not the only Puerto Rican citizen to renounce his U.S. citizenship. Since Mari Brás' application, a number of other Puerto Rican citizens have also presented the required application papers before U.S. authorities to renounce their U.S. citizenship. According to The New York Times, "many other independentistas" followed in Mari Brás's footsteps and renounced their U.S. citizenship as well. The New York City-based El Diario-La Prensa reported in its April 30, 1998 edition that "thirteen more pro-independence Puerto Ricans had renounced their citizenship at the U.S. embassy in the Dominican Republic on April 27 [1998]".

Later years
Later in his life, Juan Mari Brás retired from active politics and no longer acted as president of the defunct Puerto Rican Socialist Party. He did continue to make appearances at pro-independence activities and continued to teach law at the Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law which he cofounded in his native Mayagüez over a decade ago. He dedicated his later years to seeking unity among the varied pro-independence factions in Puerto Rico and appeared before the United Nations on the political status issue.

On December 10, 2008, he was recognized by the Puerto Rico chapter of the American Association of Jurists with the award of "Jurista del Año" ("Jurist of the Year").

Death and legacy
Mari Brás died in San Juan on September 10, 2010. He suffered lung cancer and had a fall in his house. After hearing of Mari Brás's death the mayor of the city of Mayagüez, José Guillermo Rodríguez, decreed five days of mourning and ordered that flags in all municipal building be flown at half mast. Mayor Rodríguez also announced that the city of Mayagüez would be collaborating with the Hostos School of Law in the funeral arrangements. Following Mass at the Catedral Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Mari Brás was laid to rest at Cementerio Municipal de Mayagüez.

title: Juan Mari Brás


text:
Ace Troubleshooter (album)

Ace Troubleshooter is the third studio album by American pop punk band Ace Troubleshooter and their debut on BEC. The songs "Misconceptions", "I Corinthians 13", "Don't Trust That Girl", and "Fortess" all appeared earlier on the band's second album, Don't Stop a Rockin'. The versions of these songs on this album are all re-recorded. The album was recorded at the Blasting Room with Bill Stevenson and Stephen Egerton of Descendents/All.

Track listing

 * 1) "SE #101" - 3:10
 * 2) "Denise" - 4:15
 * 3) "Tonight" - 4:26
 * 4) "Misconceptions" - 3:33
 * 5) "My Way" - 2:23
 * 6) "Yesterday" - 3:37
 * 7) "I Corinthians 13" - 3:05
 * 8) "Don't Trust That Girl" - 3:16
 * 9) "Phoenix" - 4:23
 * 10) "Yoko" - 3:14
 * 11) "Fortress" - 4:15

title: Ace Troubleshooter (album)


text:
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a disorder arising from a problem in the inner ear. Symptoms are repeated, brief periods of vertigo with movement, characterized by a spinning sensation upon changes in the position of the head. This can occur with turning in bed or changing position. Each episode of vertigo typically lasts less than one minute. Nausea is commonly associated. BPPV is one of the most common causes of vertigo.

BPPV is a type of balance disorder along with labyrinthitis and Ménière's disease. It can result from a head injury or simply occur among those who are older. Often, a specific cause is not identified. When found, the underlying mechanism typically involves a small calcified otolith moving around loose in the inner ear. Diagnosis is typically made when the Dix–Hallpike test results in nystagmus (a specific movement pattern of the eyes) and other possible causes have been ruled out. In typical cases, medical imaging is not needed.

BPPV is easily treated with a number of simple movements such as the Epley maneuver or Half Somersault Maneuver (in case of diagonal/rotational nystagmus), the Lempert maneuver (in case of horizontal nystagmus), the deep head hanging maneuver (in case of vertical nystagmus) or sometimes the less effective Brandt–Daroff exercises. Medications, including antihistamines such as meclizine, may be used to help with nausea. There is tentative evidence that betahistine may help with vertigo, but its use is not generally needed. BPPV is not a serious medical condition, but may present serious risks of injury through falling or other spatial disorientation-induced accidents.

When untreated, it might resolve in days to months; however, it may recur in some people. One can needlessly suffer from BPPV for years despite there being a simple and very effective cure. Short-term self-resolution of BPPV is unlikely because the effective cure maneuvers induce strong vertigo which the patient will naturally resist and not accidentally perform.

The first medical description of the condition occurred in 1921 by Róbert Bárány. Approximately 2.4% of people are affected at some point in time. Among those who live until their 80s, 10% have been affected. BPPV affects females twice as often as males. Onset is typically in people between the ages of 50 and 70.

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms:
 * Paroxysmal—appears suddenly, and in episodes of short duration: lasts only seconds to minutes
 * Positional—is induced by a change in position, even slight
 * Vertigo—a spinning dizziness, which must have a rotational component
 * Torsional nystagmus—a diagnostic symptom where the top of the eye rotates toward the affected ear in a beating or twitching fashion, which has a latency and can be fatigued (vertigo should lessen with deliberate repetition of the provoking maneuver): nystagmus should only last for 30 seconds to one minute
 * Pre-syncope—(feeling faint) or syncope (fainting) is unusual, but possible
 * Visual disturbance—due to associated nystagmus, making it difficult to read or see during an attack
 * Nausea—is often associated
 * Vomiting—is common, depending on the strength of vertigo itself and the causes for this illness

Many people will report a history of vertigo as a result of fast head movements. Many are also capable of describing the exact head movements that provoke their vertigo. Purely horizontal nystagmus and symptoms of vertigo lasting more than one minute can also indicate BPPV occurring in the horizontal semicircular canal.

The spinning sensation experienced from BPPV is usually triggered by movement of the head, will have a sudden onset, and can last anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes. The most common movements people report triggering a spinning sensation are tilting their heads upward in order to look at something and when rolling over in bed.

People with BPPV do not experience other neurological deficits such as numbness or weakness. If those symptoms are present, a more serious etiology, such as posterior circulation stroke or ischemia, must be considered.

The most significant symptom is nystagmus as it is essential to determine the kind of nystagmus ( horizontal, vertical, or diagonal ) to select the correct cure maneuver.

Cause
Within the labyrinth of the inner ear lie collections of calcium crystals known as otoconia or otoliths. In people with BPPV, the otoconia are dislodged from their usual position within the utricle, and over time, migrate into one of the three semicircular canals (the posterior canal is most commonly affected due to its anatomical position). When the head is reoriented relative to gravity, the gravity-dependent movement of the heavier otoconial debris (colloquially "ear rocks") within the affected semicircular canal causes abnormal (pathological) endolymph fluid displacement and a resultant sensation of vertigo. This more common condition is known as canalithiasis. There is a direct link between the kind of nystagmus and which of the three semicircular canals is affected. With horizontal nystagmus (left-right eye movement) the horizontal (also called lateral) canal is affected, with vertical nystagmus (up-down eye movement) the superior (also called anterior) canal is affected, and with diagonal nystagmus (diagonal or rotational eye movement) the posterior canal is affected. Diagonal eye movement is easily confused with horizontal movement. This is important since it might result in selecting a wrong and thus ineffective cure maneuver.

In rare cases, the crystals themselves can adhere to a semicircular canal cupula, rendering it heavier than the surrounding endolymph. Upon reorientation of the head relative to gravity, the cupula is weighted down by the dense particles, thereby inducing an immediate and sustained excitation of semicircular canal afferent nerves. This condition is termed cupulolithiasis.

There is evidence in the dental literature that malleting of an osteotome during closed sinus floor elevation, otherwise known as osteotome sinus elevation or lift, transmits percussive and vibratory forces capable of detaching otoliths from their normal location and thereby leading to the symptoms of BPPV.

BPPV can be triggered by any action that stimulates the posterior semi-circular canal including:
 * Looking up or down
 * Following head injury
 * Sudden head movement
 * Rolling over in bed
 * Tilting the head

BPPV may be made worse by any number of modifiers which may vary among individuals:
 * Changes in barometric pressure – people may feel increased symptoms up to two days before rain or snow
 * Lack of sleep (required amounts of sleep may vary widely)
 * Stress

An episode of BPPV may be triggered by dehydration, such as that caused by diarrhea.

BPPV is one of the most common vestibular disorders in people presenting with dizziness; a migraine is implicated in idiopathic cases. Proposed mechanisms linking the two are genetic factors and vascular damage to the labyrinth.

Although BPPV can occur at any age, it is most often seen in people older than the age of 60. Besides aging, there are no major risk factors known for BPPV, although previous episodes of head trauma, preexisting disorders, or the inner ear infection labyrinthitis, may predispose to the future development of BPPV.

Mechanism
The inside of the ear is composed of an organ called the vestibular labyrinth. The vestibular labyrinth includes three semicircular canals, which contain fluids and fine hairlike sensors that act as a monitor to the rotations of the head. Other important structures in the inner ear includes the otolith organs, the utricle and saccule, that contain calcium carbonate crystals(otoconia) that are sensitive to gravity.

The crystals may dislodge from the utricle (an otolith organ) and settle within the semicircular canals. When there is motion, the displaced otoconia shift within the endolymph of semicircular canals, causing an unbalanced (with respect to the opposite ear) stimulus, causing symptoms of BPPV.

Diagnosis
The condition is diagnosed by the person's history, and by performing the Dix–Hallpike test or the roll test, or both. The patient can also be asked to induce vertigo by performing a movement that the patient knows to induce vertigo. The eyes of the patient can then easily be observed for which kind (horizontal, vertical, or diagonal) of nystagmus is present, to determine which semicircular canal (horizontal, superior, or posterior) is affected.

The Dix–Hallpike test is a common test performed by examiners to determine whether the posterior semicircular canal is involved. It involves a reorientation of the head to align the posterior semicircular canal (at its entrance to the ampulla) with the direction of gravity. This test will reproduce vertigo and nystagmus characteristic of posterior canal BPPV.

When performing the Dix–Hallpike test, people are lowered quickly to a supine position, with the neck extended by the person performing the maneuver. For some people, this maneuver may not be indicated, and a modification may be needed that also targets the posterior semicircular canal. Such people include those who are too anxious about eliciting the uncomfortable symptoms of vertigo, and those who may not have the range of motion necessary to comfortably be in a supine position. The modification involves the person moving from a seated position to side-lying without their head extending off the examination table, such as with Dix–Hallpike. The head is rotated 45 degrees away from the side being tested, and the eyes are examined for nystagmus. A positive test is indicated by the patient report of a reproduction of vertigo and clinician observation of nystagmus. Both the Dix–Hallpike and the side-lying testing position have yielded similar results, and as such the side-lying position can be used if the Dix–Hallpike cannot be performed easily.

The roll test can determine whether the horizontal semicircular canal is involved. The roll test requires the person to be in a supine position with their head in 30° of cervical flexion. Then the examiner quickly rotates the head 90° to the left side, and checks for vertigo and nystagmus. This is followed by gently bringing the head back to the starting position. The examiner then quickly rotates the head 90° to the right side and checks again for vertigo and nystagmus. In this roll test, the person may experience vertigo and nystagmus on both sides, but rotating toward the affected side will trigger a more intense vertigo. Similarly, when the head is rotated toward the affected side, the nystagmus will beat toward the ground and be more intense.

As mentioned above, both the Dix–Hallpike and roll test provoke the signs and symptoms in subjects with archetypal BPPV. The signs and symptoms people with BPPV experience are typically a short-lived vertigo and observed nystagmus. In some people, although rarely, vertigo can persist for years. Assessment of BPPV is best done by a medical health professional skilled in the management of dizziness disorders, commonly a physiotherapist, audiologist, or other physician.

The nystagmus associated with BPPV has several important characteristics that differentiate it from other types of nystagmus.
 * Latency of onset: there is a 5–10 second delay prior to onset of nystagmus
 * Nystagmus lasts for 5–60 seconds
 * Positional: the nystagmus occurs only in certain positions
 * Repeated stimulation, including via Dix–Hallpike maneuvers, cause the nystagmus to fatigue or disappear temporarily
 * Rotatory/torsional component is present, or (in the case of lateral canal involvement) the nystagmus beats in either a geotropic (toward the ground) or ageotropic (away from the ground) fashion
 * Visual fixation suppresses nystagmus due to BPPV

Although rare, disorders of the central nervous system can sometimes present as BPPV. A practitioner should be aware that if a person whose symptoms are consistent with BPPV, but does not show improvement or resolution after undergoing different particle repositioning maneuvers — detailed in the Treatment section below — need to have a detailed neurological assessment and imaging performed to help identify the pathological condition.

Differential diagnosis
Vertigo, a distinct process sometimes confused with the broader term, dizziness, accounts for about six million clinic visits in the United States every year; between 17 and 42% of these people are eventually diagnosed with BPPV. Other causes of vertigo include:
 * Motion sickness/motion intolerance: a disjunction between visual stimulation, vestibular stimulation, and/or proprioception
 * Visual exposure to nearby moving objects (examples of optokinetic stimuli include passing cars and falling snow)
 * Other diseases: (labyrinthitis, Ménière's disease, and migraine, etc.)

Repositioning maneuvers
A number of maneuvers have been found to be effective including Canalith Repositioning Procedures (CRP) such as the Epley maneuver, the Half Somersault Maneuver (HSM), the Semont maneuver, and to a lesser degree the non-CRP Brandt–Daroff exercises. Both the Epley and the Semont maneuvers are equally effective. The HSM can have better long-term success than the Epley, is more comfortable to experience, and has less risk of causing subsequent horizontal canal BPPV (H-BPPV).

None of these maneuvers addresses the presence of the particles (otoconia); rather it changes their location. The maneuvers aim to move these particles from some locations in the inner ear that cause symptoms such as vertigo and reposition them to where they do not cause these problems. These maneuvers are easily performed at home and online resources are available to patients.

The Epley maneuver is popular because it is designed to address posterior canal BPPV (PC-BPPV), which is caused by particles in the posterior semicircular canal, the most common cause of BPPV. This might give the wrong impression that PC-BPPV is the only kind of BPPV. Misdiagnosing which semicircular canal is affected, typically by confusing horizontal and diagonal nystagmus, or simply ignoring the identification of the affected canal, and then using the wrong treatment maneuver, regularly results in no cure.

Using the appropriate maneuver for the affected canal is essential. The maneuvers may be uncomfortable for the patient as they might induce strong vertigo and the patient might then resist performing them. Though some treatments, such as the Epley, are much more uncomfortable than others, such as the HSM. If the maneuver is not uncomfortable then it is possible the wrong maneuver has been selected by a misdiagnosis of the affected semicircular canal.

All the maneuvers consist of a series of steps in which the head is held in a specific position, typically for 30 to 60 seconds until any nystagmus stops. Movement from one position to the position of the next step has to be done fluently to give the particles enough momentum to move. A position has to be held until any nystagmus has completely resided, which indicates that the particles have stopped moving, before one proceeds to the next step.

Epley maneuver
The Epley maneuver employs gravity to move the calcium crystal build-up from the posterior semicircular canal (resulting in diagonal nystagmus) that causes the condition. This maneuver can be performed during a clinic visit by health professionals, or taught to people to perform at home, or both. Postural restriction after the Epley maneuver increases its effect somewhat.

When practiced at home, the Epley maneuver is more effective than the Semont maneuver. An effective repositioning treatment for posterior canal BPPV is the therapist-performed Epley combined with home-practiced Epley maneuvers. Devices such as the DizzyFIX can help users conduct the Epley maneuver at home, and are available for the treatment of BPPV.

Half Somersault Maneuver
The Half Somersault Maneuver (HSM) is a patient-performed alternative to the Epley for posterior canal BPPV (PC-BPPV). Like the Epley, it uses gravity to move the calcium crystal build-up from the posterior semicircular canal that causes the condition. Compared to the Epley, HSM has better long-term success, with less discomfort, and less risk of causing subsequent horizontal canal BPPV (H-BPPV).

Lempert maneuver or Roll maneuver
For the lateral (horizontal) canal, resulting in horizontal nystagmus, the Lempert maneuver has been used for productive results. It is unusual for the lateral canal to respond to the canalith repositioning procedure used for the posterior canal BPPV. Treatment is therefore geared toward moving the canalith from the lateral canal into the vestibule.

The roll maneuver or its variations are used, and involve rolling the person 360 degrees in a series of steps to reposition the particles. This maneuver is generally performed by a trained clinician who begins seated at the head of the examination table with the person supine. There are four stages, each a minute apart, and at the third position the horizontal canal is oriented in a vertical position with the person's neck flexed and on forearm and elbows. When all four stages are completed, the head roll test is repeated, and if negative, treatment ceases.

Deep head hanging maneuver
For the superior (also called anterior) semicircular canal, resulting in vertical nystagmus, the Deep head hanging maneuver is used. The patient lays down on their back on a bed with their head overhanging the bed. In the first step the head is turned as backward (hanging) as possible. In the following step, the patient remains lying but lifts their head with the chin close to the chest. In the last step, the patient sits upright with the head in the normal position. Before going to the next step, one has to wait until the nystagmus fully resides ( typical 30 to 60 seconds ) and progression from one step to the next has to happen in a fluid movement.

Semont maneuver
The Semont maneuver has a cure rate of 90.3%. It is performed as follows:
 * 1) The person is seated on a treatment table with their legs hanging off the side of the table. The therapist then turns the person's head 45 degrees toward the unaffected side.
 * 2) The therapist then quickly tilts the person so they are lying on the affected side. The head position is maintained, so their head is turned up 45 degrees. This position is maintained for 3 minutes. The purpose is to allow the debris to move to the apex of the semicircular duct.
 * 3) The person is then quickly moved so they are lying on the unaffected side with their head in the same position (now facing downward 45 degrees). This position is also held for 3 minutes. The purpose of this position is to allow the debris to move toward the exit of the semicircular duct.
 * 4) Finally, the person is slowly brought back to an upright seated position. The debris should then fall into the utricle of the canal and the symptoms of vertigo should decrease or end completely.

Some people will only need one treatment, but others may need multiple treatments, depending on the severity of their BPPV. In the Semont maneuver, as with the Epley maneuver, people are able to achieve canalith repositioning by themselves.

Brandt–Daroff exercises
The Brandt–Daroff exercises may be prescribed by the clinician as a home treatment method, usually in conjunction with particle-repositioning maneuvers or in lieu of the particle-repositioning maneuver. The exercise is a form of habituation exercise, designed to allow the person to become accustomed to the position that causes the vertigo symptoms. The Brandt–Daroff exercises are performed in a similar fashion to the Semont maneuver; however, as the person rolls onto the unaffected side, the head is rotated toward the affected side. The exercise is typically performed 3 times a day with 5–10 repetitions each time, until symptoms of vertigo have resolved for at least 2 days.

Medications
Medical treatment with anti-vertigo medications may be considered in acute, severe exacerbation of BPPV, but in most cases are not indicated. These primarily include drugs of the antihistamine and anticholinergic class, such as meclizine and hyoscine butylbromide (scopolamine), respectively. The medical management of vestibular syndromes has become increasingly popular over the last decade, and numerous novel drug therapies (including existing drugs with new indications) have emerged for the treatment of vertigo/dizziness syndromes. These drugs vary considerably in their mechanisms of action, with many of them being receptor- or ion channel-specific. Among them are betahistine or dexamethasone/gentamicin for the treatment of Ménière's disease, carbamazepine/oxcarbazepine for the treatment of paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia in multiple sclerosis, metoprolol/topiramate or valproic acid/tricyclic antidepressant for the treatment of vestibular migraine, and 4-aminopyridine for the treatment of episodic ataxia type 2 and both downbeat and upbeat nystagmus. Calcium channel blockers such as verapamil may also be of value. These drug therapies offer symptomatic treatment, and do not affect the disease process or resolution rate. Medications may be used to suppress symptoms during the positioning maneuvers if the person's symptoms are severe and intolerable. More dose-specific studies are required, however, in order to determine the most-effective drug(s) for both acute symptom relief and long-term remission of the condition.

Surgery
Surgical treatments, such as a semi-circular canal occlusion, exist for severe and persistent cases that fail vestibular rehabilitation (including particle repositioning and habituation therapy). As they carry the same risks as any neurosurgical procedure, they are reserved as last resorts.

title: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo


text:
The Madness of the Crowds

The Madness of the Crowds is the fourth studio album by American pop punk band Ace Troubleshooter but their first on BEC's parent company, Tooth & Nail Records. It was released on June 5, 2002 in the UK and June 18 on the US.

The album's title is derived from Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, a book by Charles Mackay. The album was recorded at The Loft with Tim Patalan.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Madness of the Crowd" – 3:21
 * "2:00 Your Time" – 3:19
 * 1) "Have It All" – 5:16
 * 2) "Amanda" – 2:26
 * 3) "Age of Gold" – 3:24
 * 4) "Estella" – 4:54
 * 5) "Out to Sea" – 2:56
 * 6) "But for Grace" – 2:37
 * 7) "Let's Go Away" – 3:39
 * 8) "Numinous" – 4:38
 * 9) "Your Reach" – 4:09

title: The Madness of the Crowds


text:
User talk:Jakelee

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title: User talk:Jakelee


text:
Thank God I'm a Country Boy

"Thank God I'm a Country Boy", also known as "Country Boy", is a song written by John Martin Sommers and recorded by American singer/songwriter John Denver. The song was originally included on Denver's 1974 album Back Home Again. A version recorded live on August 26, 1974, at the Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles was included on his 1975 album An Evening with John Denver. The live version was released as a single and went to No. 1 on both the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles and Billboard Hot 100 charts. The song topped both charts for one week each, first the country chart (on May 31), and the Hot 100 chart a week later. Thank God I'm a Country Boy also became the name of a variety special show hosted by Denver in 1977.

"Thank God I'm a Country Boy" was one of six songs released in 1975 that topped both the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard Hot Country Singles charts. Denver's two-sided hit "I'm Sorry"/"Calypso" also received that distinction.

Background
The song was written by John Martin Sommers, a guitar/banjo/fiddle/mandolin player in Denver's backup band, on December 31, 1973 (coincidentally Denver's thirtieth birthday) when he was driving from his home in Aspen, Colorado to Los Angeles.

Content
Sommers recalls that at the time he was feeling “peaceful, happy and content” with his lot in life, and started scribbling some notes about his blissful state along the way. They served as the inspiration for the song.

Structure
The song is in cut (2/2) time that is typical of two-step. Both the verse and chorus comprise eight measures with 3/2 added between the first four measures and last three measures. Emotionally, this creates an intended slight stall. The instrumental breaks in the song incorporate a violin playing the old fiddle tune Sally Goodin, which is also referenced in the song's lyrics: "I'd play Sally Goodin all day if I could...."

Cover versions

 * A cover version was released by country music artist Billy Dean in 2004; Dean's cover peaked at No. 27 on the Billboard U.S. Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts.
 * A Western version was recorded by Alvin and the Chipmunks for their 1981 album Urban Chipmunk.
 * Canadian country music artist Brad Johner did a cover on his 2003 album Free.
 * Canadian Country rock group The Road Hammers recorded a version for their 2009 album The Road Hammers II.
 * Hampton the Hampster performed a cover of the song on Hampsterdance Hits in 2001. It became Hampton's second top-20 hit in Australia, where it peaked at number 12 on the ARIA Singles Chart for two weeks in May and June 2001. It was Australia's 81st-most-successful single of 2001.
 * Christian group Point of Grace has been performing a cover of the song in recent concerts, calling it "Thank God I'm a Country Girl."
 * Australian Lee Kernaghan performs a cover of the song.
 * Swedish eurodance/pop band Rednex recorded cover as B-side song for their 2008 single "Football Is Our Religion"
 * Finnish folk/country band Finntrio recorded a Finnish language translation Kyllä maalla on mukavaa of the song.
 * Branson, Missouri-based band The Haygoods covered the song
 * Dolly Parton has occasionally performed a bluegrass arrangement of the song in her concerts; she also performed the song on an episode of her mid-70s variety show Dolly!
 * The German cover band Village Girls covered it under the title "Thank God I'm a Country Girl."
 * The a cappella group Home Free released a cover of the song in 2016.

In popular culture

 * The song has been played during the seventh inning stretch at Baltimore Orioles home games beginning in the summer of 1975 and without interruption since 1994. Denver performed it in person atop the Orioles dugout in Game 1 of the 1983 World Series and again fourteen years later during a 12–8 victory over the Detroit Tigers on September 20, 1997, just 22 days prior to his death. The song is also played during the seventh-inning stretch at Atlanta Braves, Buffalo Bisons, and Vanderbilt Commodores games. It is also played regularly at Montana Grizzlies, Washington Glory, Calgary Flames, Ottawa Senators, Toronto Maple Leafs, Colorado Avalanche, St. Louis Blues, Spokane Chiefs, Hagerstown Suns, and Spokane Indians home games.
 * The American version Country Bear Vacation Hoedown has used the song "Thank God I'm a Country Bear" as the show's finale.
 * In Stephen King's novel The Dead Zone, "Thank God I'm a Country Boy" is played at a televised rally for rising politician and antagonist Greg Stillson.
 * Jim Nabors performed "Thank God I'm a Country Boy" when he appeared on The Muppet Show in 1976.
 * Ann B. Davis performed "Thank God I'm a Country Boy" as "Thank God I'm a Country Girl" on The Brady Bunch Hour Episode 8, released on April 25, 1977.
 * Loretta Lynn performed "Thank God I'm a Country Boy" as "Thank God I'm a Country Girl" on Fantasy Island Season 6 Episode 8, released on December 11, 1982.
 * Featured in the stage musical, Priscilla Queen of the Desert – the Musical
 * The song was parodied by the Capitol Steps during the Iran-Contra Scandal as "Thank God I'm A Contra Boy" featuring Oliver North.
 * The song was used during a scene in Son in Law when Pauly Shore's character, "Crawl", has a combine go out of control and spell his name on the farmland while singing along to the 8-track tape playing in the cab.
 * The song appears in a 2021 TV commercial for Airbnb.

title: Thank God I'm a Country Boy


text:
Take Me Home, Country Roads

"Take Me Home, Country Roads", also known simply as "Country Roads", is a song written by Bill Danoff, Taffy Nivert and John Denver. It was released as a single performed by Denver on April 12, 1971, peaking at number two on Billboard's US Hot 100 singles for the week ending August 28, 1971. The song was a success on its initial release and was certified Gold by the RIAA on August 18, 1971, and Platinum on April 10, 2017. The song became one of John Denver's most popular songs. It has continued to sell, with over 1.6 million digital copies sold in the United States.

In 1998, the 1971 recording by John Denver was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

The song is considered a symbol of West Virginia. In March 2014, it became one of the four official state anthems of West Virginia. In 2023, the song was selected by the Library of Congress for inclusion in the National Recording Registry.

Composition
Inspiration for the title line had come while Taffy Nivert and Bill Danoff, who were married, were driving along Clopper Road in Montgomery County, Maryland to a gathering of Nivert's family in Gaithersburg, with Nivert behind the wheel while Danoff played his guitar. "I just started thinking, country roads, I started thinking of me growing up in western New England and going on all these small roads," Danoff said. "It didn't have anything to do with Maryland or anyplace."

To Danoff, the lyric "(t)he radio reminds me of my home far away" in the bridge is quintessentially West Virginian, an allusion to when he listened to the program Saturday Night Jamboree, broadcast from Wheeling, West Virginia, on WWVA at his home in Springfield, Massachusetts during his childhood in the 1950s.

Danoff was influenced by friend and West Virginian actor Chris Sarandon and members of a West Virginia commune who attended Danoff's performances. Of the commune members, Danoff remarked, "They brought their dogs and were a very colorful group of folks, but that is how West Virginia began creeping into the song." While the song was inspired by Danoff's upbringing in Springfield, Massachusetts, he "didn't want to write about Massachusetts because [he] didn't think the word was musical."

Starting December 22, 1970, Denver was heading the New Year's bill at The Cellar Door, with Fat City opening for him, just as Denver had opened at the same club for then-headliner David Steinberg. After the club's post-Christmas reopening night on Tuesday, December 29 (Cellar Door engagements ran from Tuesday to Sunday, and this booking was for two weeks), the three returned to the couple's apartment for an impromptu jam. On the way, Denver's left thumb was broken in a collision. He was rushed to the emergency room, where the thumb was splinted. When they returned to the apartment, Denver said he was "wired, you know."

When Danoff and Nivert ran through what they had of the song they had been working on for about a month, planning to sell to Johnny Cash, Denver decided he had to have it, which prompted them to abandon plans for the sale. The verses and chorus were still missing a bridge, so the three of them went about finishing.

Nivert got out an encyclopedia to learn more about West Virginia. The first thing she encountered was the rhododendron, the state flower, so she kept trying to work the word Rhododendron into the song. Rhododendron was the title that Nivert had written down on the lyric sheet, which they later sent to ASCAP. The three stayed up until 6:00 a.m., changing words and moving lines around.

When they finished, on the morning of Wednesday, December 30, 1970, Denver announced that the song had to go on his next album. Later that night, during Denver's first set, Denver called his two collaborators back to the spotlight, where the trio changed their career trajectories, reading the lyrics from a single, handheld, unfolded piece of paper. According to Len Jaffe, a Washington, D.C.-based singer-songwriter who attended the show where Denver premiered the song, this resulted in a five-minute standing ovation. The next day was Denver's 28th birthday. They recorded it in New York City in January 1971.

"Take Me Home, Country Roads" is written in the key of A major.

Commercial performance and legacy
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" appeared on the LP Poems, Prayers & Promises and was released as a 45 in the spring of 1971. Original pressings credited the single to "John Denver with Fat City". It broke nationally in mid-April but moved up the charts very slowly. After several weeks, RCA Records called John and told him they were giving up on the single. His response: "No! Keep working on it!" They did, and the single went to number 1 on the Record World Pop Singles Chart and the Cash Box Top 100, and number 2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, topped only by "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" by The Bee Gees.

On August 18, 1971, it was certified Gold by the RIAA for a million copies shipped. The song continued to sell in the digital era. As of January 2020, the song has also sold 1,591,000 downloads since it became available digitally.

Denver's recording of "Take Me Home, Country Roads" was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry in 2023.

The song has since become an anthem of the Brisbane Lions and is sung by the crowd every time Lions player Charlie Cameron kicks a goal. The song was chosen by Cameron to be played in reference to his country roots.

Reception in West Virginia
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" received an enthusiastic response from West Virginians. On November 1, 2017, the West Virginia Tourism Office announced it had obtained the rights to use "Take Me Home, Country Roads", in its marketing efforts. "'Country Roads' has become synonymous with West Virginia all over the world," said West Virginia Tourism Commissioner Chelsea Ruby. "It highlights everything we love about our state: scenic beauty, majestic mountains, a timeless way of life, and most of all, the warmth of a place that feels like home whether you've lived here forever or are just coming to visit." The opening phrase of the song, "Almost heaven", became a primary tourism office slogan.

The song is the theme song of West Virginia University, and it has been performed during every home football pregame show since 1972. The song is played for other athletic events and university functions, including after football games, for which the fans are encouraged to stay in the stands and sing the song along with the team. On September 6, 1980, at the invitation of West Virginia Governor Jay Rockefeller, songwriters Danoff, Nivert, and Denver performed the song during pregame festivities to a sold-out crowd of Mountaineer fans. This performance marked the dedication of the current West Virginia University Mountaineer Field and the first game for head coach Don Nehlen.

The popularity of the song inspired resolutions in the West Virginia Legislature to adopt "Take Me Home, Country Roads" as an official state song. On March 7, 2014, the West Virginia Legislature approved a resolution to make "Take Me Home, Country Roads" an official state song of West Virginia, alongside three other pieces: "West Virginia Hills", "This Is My West Virginia", and "West Virginia, My Home Sweet Home". Governor Earl Ray Tomblin signed the resolution into law on March 8, 2014.

The song was played at the funeral for West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd at the state capitol in Charleston, West Virginia on July 2, 2010.

The Mountain State Brewing Company based in Thomas, West Virginia, produces an amber ale named "Almost Heaven", which it says is "named after John Denver's ode to West Virginia, 'Country Roads'".

Personnel

 * John Denver – vocals, 6- & 12-string acoustic guitar
 * Bill Danoff – backing vocals
 * Taffy Nivert – backing vocals
 * Eric Weissberg – banjo, steel guitar
 * Mike Taylor – acoustic guitar
 * Richard Kniss – double bass
 * Gary Chester – drums, percussion

Hermes House Band version
Dutch pop band Hermes House Band covered the song and released it as "Country Roads". This version was first released in Germany on May 21, 2001, and was issued in the United Kingdom on December 3, 2001, where it was a contender for the 2001 Christmas number-one single. This version was a chart success in Europe, reaching number one in Scotland, number two in Germany and Ireland, and the top 10 in Austria, Denmark, and the United Kingdom.

Olivia Newton-John version
Olivia Newton-John released a cover version in January 1973 that reached number 6 in Japan and number 15 in the UK. It was the lead single from her third studio album, Let Me Be There. This version, as well as the song itself, features prominently in the Japanese animated film, Whisper of the Heart.

Fallout 76 version
A cover version of the song, a collaboration between Copilot Music and Sound and the vocal group Spank, was commissioned for and featured in both the teaser and full E3 2018 trailers for the 2018 video game Fallout 76, with its plot events set in West Virginia. Released as an iTunes-only single on July 4, 2018, the song reached No. 1 on the iTunes singles chart. It debuted at No. 41 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart that week and at No. 21 on Billboard's Country Digital Songs the following week. The official YouTube upload of the original John Denver recording, initially uploaded in 2013, would later edit its description in response to the song's use for the game. In Australia, a promotional Fallout 76 vinyl featuring the cover was included with the December 2018 issue of STACK Magazine exclusively from retailer JB Hi-Fi.

Forever Country
The song found further chart success as part of the Forever Country medley and video, created in 2016 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Country Music Association Awards.

Toots and the Maytals
Jamaican reggae group Toots and the Maytals recorded a cover version for their 1975 U.S. re-release of their 1973 album Funky Kingston. Listed on the album as "Country Road," the lyrics are altered slightly to refer to the group's home country of Jamaica with specific references to the island's West end.

Lana Del Rey
American singer-songwriter Lana Del Rey released a piano cover of the song on December 1, 2023.

title: Take Me Home, Country Roads


text:
Calypso (John Denver song)

"Calypso" is a song written by John Denver in 1975 as a tribute to Jacques-Yves Cousteau and his research ship, the Calypso. It was featured on Denver's 1975 album Windsong.

Released as the B-side of "I'm Sorry", "Calypso" received substantial airplay, enabling it to chart on the Billboard Hot 100. After "I'm Sorry" fell out of the #1 position, "Calypso" began receiving more airplay than "I'm Sorry," thus causing Billboard to list "Calypso" as the new A-side, starting the week ending October 11, 1975. Hence, "Calypso" is itself considered a #2 hit on the Hot 100.

John Denver was a close friend of Cousteau. Calypso was the name of Cousteau's research boat that sailed around the world promoting ocean conservation.

This song features the sounds of ship bells, which is heard in the instrumental introductions before both two verses, in which Milton Okun's orchestral arrangement, featuring strings and winds, are heard impersonating the sounds of the oceans and seas.

In popular culture
A filk song exists in Star Trek fandom (and has been quoted in Chapter 8 of Diane Duane's Star Trek novel The Wounded Sky), based on John Denver's "Calypso," but adapted to the voyages of the Enterprise: "To sail on a dream in the sun-fretted darkness, to soar through the starlight unfrightened alone...."

Additionally, Tom Smith wrote parody lyrics for the song, which he titled "Callisto," referring to a sexual desire for Callisto, originally a villainess in the TV show Xena: Warrior Princess and then one of Xena's enemies. After Callisto was redeemed in the Xena stories, he wrote an extra verse and a variation on the refrain that attacked her for having stopped being evil.

In the episode titled "Molly's Out of Town" of Mike & Molly some of the characters sing "Calypso" while they are on the roof of a house.

title: Calypso (John Denver song)