text:
Talk:Barostriction

This
This page appears to be a rephrasing of an article by one Edmond Kay, M.D., in which he coins the phrase "Ear fear". This seems to fall into the catagory of original work, not encyclopedic articles. Please let me know if I have misuderstood something. JesseW 00:56, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I just learned to swim recently (I was a self-wired-up cyborg in my childhood, so obviously didn't then). In addition to the obvious adaptation issues (a not-computer-mediated world), the main problem I'm having is blockage, general stuffiness, like having a cold all the time.

Part of this is reverse adaptation from removal of computer equipment I've worn many years (always feeling cold no matter what the ambient air temperature actually is), but I also believe that it's not a unique situation, and have begun to realize that there are quite a few other people who have blocked sinus passages, or blocked eustachian tubes.

I know of many others who are afraid of elevators, airplanes, and pools, so I began searching around to find out more (after seeing a doctor, and subsequent referral to the Canadian Hearing Society)...

Maybe the article needs a different name, but I think there should be an article that deals with the topic of chronic blockage, i.e. for people unable to comfortably use airplanes, elevators, or pools, and if there is a way to "fix" this problem, which many doctors don't seem to be aware of, or know how to fix.

Here are some of the things I've found out, through google searches, and talking with doctors; I would welcome any thoughts on how to work this knowledge into a well written article, as well as on what a good name for that article might be (maybe it should be called something other than "ear fear"):

barotrauma: Sinus squeeze occurs with eustachian tube dysfunction, which may result in inner ear hemorrhage, tearing of the labyrinthine membrane, or perilymphatic fistula. Risk is increased in divers with asthma or pulmonary blebs. ear barotrauma: tympanic membrane, tympanogram ... I always recommend that individuals practice pressurization of their middle ears prior to diving in order to test their Eustachian tubes for patency, and to perform middle ear pressurization before beginning actual descent to cushion the ears against trauma.. ... individuals who have widely patent Eustachian tubes and never have problems with equalization. ... In a very few individuals allergies, acute or chronic infection or nasal polyps may play a role. By far the most common reason for middle ear barotrauma however is inadequate pressurization of the middle ears due to a lack of basic understanding of the mechanisms involved. "Ear Fear" must always be considered as a possible complicating factor and an instructor must be sensitive to the issues surrounding the reluctance of a diver to fully and aggressively pressurize the middle ears. ... ...chronic sinusitis... ... Problems with nasal anatomy such as a deviated nasal septum, intranasal polyps, or obstructed sinuses must be addressed by a medical practitioner and occasionally these will require surgery. Recent advances in endoscopic surgery offer vast improvements over older techniques. There is much that a professional diving safety officer or a good friend can do to help an individual learn safe middle ear equalization practices, but don't forget to look for the obvious. A person with cold symptoms should not dive until the cold has cleared and the Eustachian tube clearly pops with a swallow. ... Decongestants never help when cold or trauma symptoms are present, but at the very end of a cold, when just a little minor stuffiness remains, the occasional use of an inhaled decongestant like Afrin (oxymetazalone) spray will do no harm and may help. whether diving or not, and if symptoms are severe or prolonged, medical evaluation is advisable. ... The most frequently en-countered problem on descent is middle ear "squeeze," an ear discomfort or pain from shrinkage of the middle ear space (Figure 2). This problem may begin at only a few feet depth. The earliest symptoms are similar to the "ear stuffiness" we sometimes feel when a plane rapidly descends. Unchecked during a dive, the feeling can rapidly progress to actual pain and ear damage. ... Squeeze on the middle ear is prevented by making sure inhaled compressed air travels from the back of the nose (nasopharynx) into the middle ear spaces. The only route of passage into the middle ear is through a tiny, compressible canal called the eustachian tube (after its discoverer, the Italian Bartolommeo Eustachi, 1524-74). Anatomically, this is a soft and flexible canal that functions as a one-way flutter valve; it easily opens up when pressure in the middle ear is higher than in the nasopharynx, but tends to close shut when pressure in the nasopharynx is higher than in the middle ear. As a result, gas flow is passive from the middle ear to the nasopharynx on ascent (you don't have to think about it), but "active" on descent (you have to make it happen). ... prevent middle ear squeeze by forcing air through the eustachian tubes before symptoms occur, just before or at the beginning of descent... "Equalize early and often" ... otolaryngologist ... The inner ear can also be affected, with rupture of the round or oval windows, cochlear damage and permanent hearing loss. Tinnitus, vertigo, and deafness after a dive are the classic symptoms of inner ear barotrauma. ... External ear squeeze may occur if the ear canal is blocked with ear wax or ear plugs; divers should never wear ear plugs for this reason. Another common cause of external ear squeeze is a tight-fitting wetsuit hood. ... Barotrauma commonly occurs with altitude changes, such as with flying, scuba diving, or driving in the mountains. If you have a congested nose from allergies, colds, or upper respiratory infection, barotrauma is more likely. Blockage of the eustachian tube could also be congenital or may occur because of swelling in the throat. ... Do you have Eustachian Tube Blockage? ... If you suffer from constant catarrh, you might gain some relief by sniffing wate r up the nose to prevent the inside from drying out; make sure the water is warm , sniff it half-way up the nose, then blow it out; do not draw the water all the way up the nose and into the back of the throat as this may force water into the sinuses and lead to infection. Over-the-counter nasal sprays or drops should o nly be used if stuffiness prevents you sleeping or if you suffer from pressuriza tion problems when flying; they can be given to babies if catarrh is causing fee ding or sleeping difficulties, but make sure they are the right strength and use them very sparingly as they can damage the sensitive lining of the nose. Vitamin B complex, Vitamin C, zinc, and iron are recommended. A combination of Q tissu e salts and Potters Antifect are of value in some people. Some people find benef it from eating horseradish and increasing the amount of liquids they drink.
 * Never use a nasal decongestant spray more than three consecutive days

clicking and tinnitus and noise sensitivity( whch i have a bit of) are from blocked e tube- walt-any way to safely unblock the eustachian?willdecongestants help? i do s/r religiously btw. NEVER blow your nose! Always sniff. Every time you blow, you force fluid back into the ear. I use papaya enzymes when I get blocked Eustachian tubes...I just let one dissolve on the side that's blocked. I haven't had this in awhile - but as I recall the pain subsided in 20 minutes or so. I learned about this years ago at Dr. Murray Grossan's site. Looks like he now recommends a product called Clear-Ease, which contains Papain and Bromelain. ... http://www.entdr.com/eaat.html If the tube remains blocked for a period of time, fluid (like blood serum) will seep into the area from the membranes in an attempt to fill up the ear to overcome the vacuum. This is called "fluid in the ear," serious otitis or aero-otitis. ... The most common cause for a blocked Eustachian tube is the common "cold". Sinus infections and nasal allergies (hayfever, etc) are also frequent causes. This is because the membranes that line the Eustachian tube are similar to and continuous with nasal membranes. Consequently, a stuffy nose leads to stuffy ears because the swollen membranes block the opening of the Eustachian tube. Another cause of blocked Eustachian tubes is infection of the middle ear which creates swollen membranes. Children are especially vulnerable to blockages as their Eustachian tubes are narrower than adults. ... in elevators of tall buildings or when diving to the bottom of a swimming pool. ... swallowing activates the muscle that opens the Eustachian tube. You swallow more often when you chew gum or let mints melt in your mouth. These are good practices, especially just before and during descent. Yawning is even better. It is a stronger activator of that muscle. Be sure to avoid sleeping during descent, because you may not be swallowing enough to keep up with the pressure changes. (The flight attendant will be happy to awaken you just before descent.) ... Feed your baby, and do not allow him to sleep during descent. ... When inflating you ears, you should not use force from your chest (lungs) or abdomen (diaphragm) which can create pressures that are too high. The proper technique involves only pressure created by your cheek and throat muscles. ... If you have a cold, a sinus infection, or an allergy attack, it is best to postpone an airplane trip. ... experienced air travelers use a decongestant pill or nasal spray an hour or so before descent. ... avoid making a habit of nose sprays. After a few days they may cause more congestant than they relieve.

I'm looking for the scientific definition of ear fear, I was lead here from ear fear being a symptom of catarrh. Just corrected the english from 5m cement tower to 5m Diving platform, hope this is OK, quite an interesting article. :-) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.222.127.4 (talk) 11:11, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

Barotrauma a poor redirect target
The term is not mentioned there at all. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 11:10, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barostriction


text:
Talk:Gallagher (comedian)

Page move
This is the most ridiculous vote for speedy deletion I've ever come across. Do whatever you like, I'm not going to argue with narrow-minded and stubborn people.  00:56, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

Below, from User talk:Radiojon

I think you have caused some confusion by voting for the deletion of the Gallagher page (a disambiguation page). The reason you give ("+, to move comedian back here") is something I do not understand: Do you believe Gallagher (US comedian), hardly known outside the U.S., is the only Gallagher?

The page was actually deleted, and then there was a red link even on Links to disambiguating pages. I have just created a redirect; please do not move it around again. All the best,  17:39, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * The only person (or other thing) known by only "Gallagher" (a stage name) is comedian Leo Anthony Gallagher. Quoting from  Disambiguation: Disambiguation pages are not search indices -- do not add links that merely contain part of the page title where there is no significant risk of confusion.  The page at Gallagher (disambiguation) shouldn't exist at all, because it is simply a search index, and certainly shouldn't be in place of the article at Gallagher.    Also, it is a moot point that he is from the U.S. or anywhere else for that matter, he is still the only thing called just "Gallagher".  Others only have Gallagher as part of the name, and therefore (per Wikipedia policy) don't get disambiguated.    –radiojon 22:55, 2004 Oct 2 (UTC)
 * He is not the only thing called just Gallagher. (And he is not "thing" either.) There was at least one man known as "simply Gallagher" before. And also there are several setllements named "Gallagher". And unlike "things" that tend to remain uniquely named, I am pretty sure that "the current" Gallagher will be safely forgotten (as the previous one), and it is quite possible another one will pop out. Mikkalai 01:40, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I apologize for moving the page without talking first. I was lazy to check that the issue was being discussed here. Mikkalai 01:46, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Also, it came upon me to run search for "the Gallagher", and it turns out there are scores of things, such as "Gallagher House", "Gallagher Library", "Gallagher Army", Gallagher Laboratory. Hence there are scores of other persons who under some circumstances are known by the single name. One might wonder: "Who the heck this Gallagher is?", only to find out from wikipedia that this must be this clown. Mikkalai 03:13, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

So you must be quite eager to add your one and only Gallagher to the List of people known by one name where, surprisingly, I couldn't find him.

However, I'm not quite sure why you did the following:
 * (cur) (last) 22:37, Oct 2, 2004 Radiojon (Gallagher (US comedian) moved to Gallagher (comedian))

This has again created double redirects, and it's altogether pointless. Please do not move pages around unless absolutely necessary.  02:07, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

Please do not add POV content to this article.
Statements like "The first real star to come out of cable" are POV unless you can cite an authoritative source. Please see WP:NPOV for further details. → Ξxtreme Unction {yak ł blah } 22:44, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

It's a spectacularly unbiased article anyway. I don't think I've read another bio of a comedian which kisses as much behind as this one does. You'd think he was actually good 144.87.143.3 13:29, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Overview section in particular appears very biased. e.g. statements referring to Gallagher as "one of the most successful comedians of all time" are questionable, to say the least. References are needed. Johnatx 23:38, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Even Gallagher's own quotations are complete BS. He says he invented the standup special for cable. Just even a cursory look at Goerge Carlin wiki page shows that Goerge was doing specials a full 3 plus years before Gallagher did his first. Total tripe. The odds are the other POV statements are from Gallagher himself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.180.94.14 (talk) 01:00, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

Fury directed toward audience member/usher
Does anyone recall seeing a latter-day Gallagher special run on Comedy Central in which an usher was escorting an audience member to his seat after the show had started? I seem to recall seeing that Gallagher really flipped out on the both of them and insulted them heavily for a seemingly innocuous act. Just wondering. Seemed very ingrateful and rude when I saw it, maybe he got up on the wrong side of the bed that morning. --Frenkmelk 07:46, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Haven't heard of it myself, but it wouldn't surprise me. The general consensus from most anyone who's interviewed or spoken with him is that he's unbelievably arrogant and rude. --AWF

 * Actually, that happened to me at a Gallagher show I attended last year up in Wisconsin. Roads leading to the venue were closed for construction, we arrived around 5 min late and the 'G Man' himself came running up to me and yelled "AND WHERE THE F*CK HAVE YOU BEEN?!?" - it was HILARIOUS.  I yelled back "WELL THEY CLOSED DOWN 2ND STREET" and he totally took it and ran with it - even worked it into his act to the point where he made a reference to "2nd street being closed!!!" nearly an hour later.  So my personal experience with this sort of thing was positive - you just gotta know how to hit back.  Gallagher is not a 'lite' comedian.  --FTM

 * -Is this an excerpt from an Onion article? 84.92.85.50 (talk) 11:37, 28 January 2015 (UTC)

 * -or a 'funny' one. -MFL

 * -I think he's great. -RDW —Preceding unsigned comment added by 170.146.91.6 (talk) 20:29, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

Other Content?
There was radio profile on Gallagher several months ago. I believe it was on Sirius and included sound clips. The biography referred to two events I didn't see listed in this Wiki bio:
 * 1) Another lawsuit, involving Gallagher Too and a Sledge-O-Matic accident.
 * 2) Controversy over an (un)intentional slip in the use of the word "fag" in "flag burning" that brought on picketing and protests. Memobug 21:05, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

"Leo Gallagher"?
Why is this article listed as "Leo Gallagher" and not "Gallagher" (with the appropriate disambig term)? He is far better known under the single name than under his full name, to the extent that I, for one, hadn't even known his full name until I looked at the Wikipedia page. Seeing "Leo Gallagher" linked from another page, it's not even initially clear who it's referring to. My assumption is that this has something to do with the disambiguation controversy discussed at the top of this page, but what was wrong with "Gallagher (comedian)" or "Gallagher (US comedian)"? MrBook 13:34, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The article has since been retitled to "Gallagher (comedian)", and the first line has the standard format of stage name then followed by birth name & date in parentheses. WillieBlues (talk) 16:23, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

Wikipunnery?
"Gallagher initially attempted to get his brother to stop these activities by requesting that he stop using Gallagher's well-known Sledge-O-Matic routine.  These efforts proved fruitless " Memobug 20:51, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

 * ho ho
 * Hermitage 11:32, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Ninja Turltles
I remember hearing once that Gallagher was very wealthy because he owns/owned the rights to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Anyone know of this?

 * He does NOT own the rights to the TMNT. Whoever told you this is an idiot. Here's the people who really own the rights http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirage_Studios Namrepus221 (talk) 18:07, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

 * He did claim to have once owned the rights to TMNT in his interview with Marc Marron on the WTF Podcast, but said he was screwed out of them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.100.212.167 (talk) 16:01, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

Legal name.
His legal name still appears to be Leo Gallagher. See this page (about 1/4 way day) which contains a photo of a boarding pass under the name "Leo Gallagher". - SimonLyall (talk) 21:14, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Invented The Ninja Turtles?
Didn't he invent the ninja turtles?--Polydor 2 (talk) 11:56, 2 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Nope. 68.175.94.200 (talk) 19:26, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

Bigoted Comments
As is documented in this article from The Stranger, Gallagher has taken to making numerous negative comments about gay people, asians, mexicans, feminists, liberals etc. in his routine. Given the overwhelmingly pro-Gallagher slant of the article, I feel that this is information that needs to be included. 70.57.228.212 (talk) 10:04, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Lindy West humor piece from The Stranger is a questionable citation, no? The current edit is poorly written and inappropriately labels him as a Christian Conservative. --198.6.95.95 (talk) 21:32, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

We have a opinion piece written by a leftist presenting everything thru a leftist prism. But even if it were entirely correct so what? Considering the hate mongering leveled at religious and ethnic groups by other comedians this smacks of hypocrisy at the very least. Either be consistent or don't complain about someone picking on the protected classes. And at that, someone needs to rewrite the current edit, lest I have to dig up my password and delete the entire thing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.251.80.68 (talk) 17:20, 13 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I see Gallagher and his proxies have been commenting here! 76.22.32.86 (talk) 20:51, 1 January 2011 (UTC)
 * "Leftist" = You're boring me.  Mr  JM 00:09, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

L..l...leftists! Leftists everywhere! D...darn leftists what with tha homosexshuls and the eee-leegals! And RINOs! kids these days! *shakes fist impotently* — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.197.98.28 (talk) 13:29, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

http://probablyscience.tumblr.com/post/48664764618/episode-66-with-peter-serafinowicz-and-gallagher Of course, that's probably just lefties impersonating him being a demented old racist. 84.215.148.79 (talk) 22:52, 26 August 2013 (UTC)Tall Mexican

It looks like another anon user removed some significant material on this topic on Dec. 16, 2014. Restored today. 73.26.208.97 (talk) 17:26, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

On the subject of Gallagher's putdowns on the so-called protected classes, didn't he get some flack for a comedy bit about Burning Flags, saying "I won't burn a flag but i'll burn a fag"?rich (talk) 00:52, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

How in the world are his controversial remarks not in this article?? -2600:1700:2660:FDF:47E1:9926:6071:91BB (talk) 05:31, 4 May 2023 (UTC)

Computer Hardware or Software Endorsements
I vaguely remember that back in the late 1980s or early 1990s, Gallagher appeared in a series of print advertisements for a computer company or software company. I remember him dressed in Renaissance costume, driving his tricycle. I would add this to his Wikipedia page but without more details it would not be helpful. Does anyone else remember the ads in question? Felicity4711 (talk) 09:17, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

Heart Attack
As evidenced by the comments on this article, many people wish Gallagher had died of his heart attack, making my edit "it was determined that he had suffered a minor heart attack, much to the dismay of many who had hoped for a fatal heart attack" a valid addition to this page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.197.127.223 (talk) 13:04, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

 * After adding this fact, add Querty, so that it can be proved that this fact is sourced. ♛♚★Vaibhav Jain★♚♛  Talk Email 13:08, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Nope, this is a BLP, and the queerty article is borderline gossip and clearly an opinion piece, which makes no mention of hist heart attack, so the source does not support the statement, and the statement violates BLP and NPOV. --Nuujinn (talk) 16:48, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

Yahoo! just confirmed this. R.I.P Gallagher 1946-2012. WestBounce (talk) 17:47, 15 March 2012 (UTC)WestBounce
 * Do you have a link? ⋙–Berean–Hunter—►  18:28, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

http://news.yahoo.com/comedian-gallagher-recovering-heart-attack-183332006.html Nevermind. He's still alive! WestBounce (talk) 05:20, 16 March 2012 (UTC)WestBounce

Does anybody know why he suffered so many heart problems and if there is a history of heart problems in his family? 50.32.147.41 (talk) 14:01, 27 November 2022 (UTC)

Slot Machine
He invented some slot machine.

http://www.google.vu/patents?id=dkDnAQAAEBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=7972210&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RRLhT6HBLejt0gHK_rSADg&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.147.140.82 (talk) 09:22, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

Conflict with brothers act section
Hi, just wanted to point out that citation number 5, in the "Conflict with brothers act" section, does not reference all of the text that precedes it. "The courts ultimately sided with Leo Gallagher, and an injunction was granted prohibiting Ron from performing any act that impersonates his brother in small clubs and venues. This injunction also prohibited Ron from intentionally bearing likeness to his brother.[5]". I read the source material (yea it's one of those days...) and while it does mention that Leo Gallagher prevailed in the lawsuit, it never says that he was prohibited from bearing any likeness, the source material only states that Ron Gallagher had to pay Leo Gallagher damages as a result of the trial. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:E:1180:E1:6D5C:54F7:A206:EC9E (talk) 19:23, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

Laserdisc-based Arcade Game
It was a comedic Crime Patrol-style lightgun game named 'Gallagher's Gallery' made by American Laser Games. Can someone add this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.226.21.180 (talk) 02:46, 3 November 2018 (UTC)

Discography,Anyone?
I notice there isn't one. He has,to date,released 3 albums; "Gallagher"(1980),"I Am Who I Pretend To Be"(2014),and "Best of Gallagher"(2015). ( And a few singles / promotional vinyl 45s. ). The finer details, if anyone has a hankering to add them,can be found at: www.discogs.com/artist/504142-Gallagher.

75.107.98.166 (talk) 19:03, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

Make Me Laugh, 70's game show
I'm pretty sure Gallagher was a frequent comedian on this show around 1975. No sledge-a-matic that I recall, but lots of props. 67.171.187.18 (talk) 00:38, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

Make Me Laugh has page, and Gallagher is one of the comedians listed. The 1975 date I noted above should be 78-79. onward to imdb. 67.171.187.18 (talk) 00:48, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

Gallagher's act, originally, was both prop and humor oriented, no melons involved. Both Carrottop and Steven Wright essentially stole his act (Carrottop less so, as he modified and developed his own jokes, too -- if you look at Gallagher's early stand-up vs. Wright's, all Wright did was add a much stronger deadpan delivery, it's almost word-for-word Gallagher's... granted, Wright did do it better with the extreme deadpan, but that's why Wright has disappeared, Gallagher stopped writing jokes for him.). And that's when Gallagher came up with his signature prop joke, that pretty much became so long-running and expected that it wound up as a complete schtick, like Youngman's "Take My Wife... Please", and Dangerfield's "I can't get no respect!" --OBloodyHell (talk) 21:59, 15 November 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Gallagher (comedian)


text:
Damian Marley

Damian Robert Nesta "Jr. Gong" Marley (born 21 July 1978) is a Jamaican DJ, singer, lyricist and rapper. He is the recipient of four Grammy Awards.

Early life, education and family
Damian Marley is the Second to youngest child of legendary reggae musician Bob Marley. He is the only child born to Marley and Cindy Breakspeare, a Jamaican jazz singer and crowned Miss World 1976. Like several of Bob Marley's children, Damian was born out of wedlock and outside of Bob's marriage to singer Rita Marley. After seeing the movie Damien: Omen II, which is about the coming of the Antichrist, one of Bob's last requests in Germany was to have Damian's name changed. "Damien being a devil...It was inappropriate for him as a Rastafarian to have a child with that name," Bob said and Damian's name was later changed.

Damian was two years old when his father died. His nickname "Junior Gong" is derived from his father's nickname of "Tuff Gong".

Early releases (1992–2004)
At the age of 13, Marley formed a musical group by the name of the Shephards, which included the daughter of Freddie McGregor and son of Third World's Cat Coore. The group opened the 1992 Reggae Sunsplash festival. The band fell apart in the early 1990s, and Damian started his solo career.

With the backing of his father's label, Tuff Gong, he released his 1996 debut album Mr. Marley, which surprised many who were unaccustomed to hearing a Marley deejaying rather than singing. Marley released his second studio album Halfway Tree. The name "Halfway Tree" comes from his mother Cindy Breakspeare being from the rich part of town, and his father Bob Marley coming from the poor part of town, thus him being "a tree halfway in between the 'rich' world and 'poor' world." Additionally, Halfway Tree is a well-known landmark that marks the cultural center of Half-Way-Tree, the clock tower that stands where the historical eponymous cotton tree once stood is featured prominently behind Marley on the cover of the album. The album was released on 11 September 2001 and received the 2002 Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album. It was co-produced by Damian Marley and his brother Stephen Marley, who had also produced Damian's debut album Mr. Marley.

Welcome to Jamrock (2005)
Marley released his third studio album Welcome to Jamrock which was released on 12 September 2005 in the United States and 13 September 2005 in the United Kingdom. The album sold 86,000 copies in its first week of release, and was eventually certified gold after selling 500,000 copies in the United States.

Damian's half-brother, Stephen Marley, was a producer and co-writer of the hugely successful song of the same name. The lyrics to the single "Welcome to Jamrock", which was performed over a riddim produced by Sly and Robbie for Ini Kamoze some 20 years earlier, centered around poverty, politics and crime in Jamaica. While the single was controversial at home over its perceived negative viewpoint of the island, many praised the content of the song. Dr Clinton Hutton, professor at the University of the West Indies, said of the single: "'Jamrock' uses the icon of the inner city, of alienation, of despair, of prejudice, but of hope, of Jamaican identity, to remind us of the fire of frustration, the fire of creativity, the fire of warning to open up our eyes and look within to the life we are living. And still some of us don't want to hear and to look and say enough is enough." The single reached number 13 on the UK Singles Chart and number 55 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. It was also number 100 on the Top 100 Songs of the Decade listing by Rolling Stone.

Other notable singles from the album include "The Master Has Come Back", "Road to Zion" featuring Nas, and "Khaki Suit" featuring Bounty Killer and Eek-A-Mouse.

Distant Relatives (2006–2010)
At the 2006 Grammy Awards, he won Best Reggae Album and Best Urban/Alternative Performance for Welcome to Jamrock. He is the only Jamaican reggae artist in history to win two Grammy Awards on the same night. He is also the only reggae artist to win in the Best Urban/Alternative Performance category at the Grammy Awards. In 2008, he made an appearance on singer Mariah Carey's E=MC² album as a featured artist on the album track "Cruise Control". At the 2009 Grammy Awards news of a collaborative album between Marley and Nas was announced, when Nas told MTV reporters "Right now, I'll tell you first, I'm working on an album with Damian Marley. We tryin' to build some schools in Africa with this one, and trying to build empowerment. We're tryin' to show love and stuff with this album. So, the record's ... all about really the 'hood and Africa also as well."

On 17 May 2010, Marley released Distant Relatives, a collaborative album with Nas. The album title refers not only to the bond between the artists but the connection to their African ancestry, which inspired the album both musically and lyrically. They have previously collaborated on "Road to Zion", on Marley's Welcome to Jamrock album. The album joins two different flavours of music with Marley's dub-rock aesthetic and Nas' flow. Damian and Stephen produced much of the album. The proceeds of this album will go to building schools in the Congo.

The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 chart with first-week sales of 57,000 copies. It serves as Nas's tenth top-ten album and Marley's second top-ten album in the United States. The album also entered at number four on Billboard's Digital Albums, and at number one on its R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, Rap Albums, and Reggae Albums charts. Internationally, Distant Relatives attained some chart success. It entered at number 33 on the European Top 100 Albums chart. In the United Kingdom, it debuted at number 30 on the UK Albums Chart and at number four on the R&B Albums Chart. In Canada, the album entered at number 9 on the Top 100 Albums chart. In Germany, it debuted at number 38 on the Media Control Charts.

The first single, "As We Enter", was released on iTunes on 23 February 2010. It peaked at number 10 on the iTunes Hip Hop/Rap charts and number 41 on the iTunes Music charts. The single debuted at number 39 on the UK Singles Chart. At a sold-out panel discussion on the African diaspora and its relation to music, sponsored by National Geographic, Damian and Stephen Marley and Nas were among the several hip-hop and reggae musicians voicing their solidarity. The discussion focused on the collaborations between artists of the two genres, and highlighted the Distant Relatives project.

SuperHeavy (2011–2015)
The existence of SuperHeavy was secret until May 2011. Mick Jagger, English musician and the lead vocalist of rock band The Rolling Stones, announced its formation on 20 May 2011. SuperHeavy was Dave Stewart's idea. Inspired by the sounds washing into his home in Saint Ann's Bay, Jamaica, Stewart urged Jagger to fuse their sound with that of Indian orchestras. Stewart and Jagger had mutual liking for Indian orchestrations; thus, A. R. Rahman was added to the supergroup, as well as British singer Joss Stone. The name of the band is said to be inspired by Muhammad Ali. The group began recording their self-titled debut album in early 2009 at a studio in Los Angeles. They recorded about 35 hours of music. The album was previewed at Jim Henson Studios, Los Angeles, on 30 June 2011. The band played eight of the recorded songs at the event.

"Miracle Worker" was released on iTunes as the album's lead single on 7 July 2011. It is a reggae song performed by Marley, Stone and Jagger. The single entered at number 195 on the UK Singles Chart. The music video was released on YouTube on 12 August 2011. Directed by Stewart and filmed at Paramount Studios in Los Angeles, the video features all five members of the band. "Satyameva Jayathe" (the national motto of India, which literally translates as "Truth Alone Triumphs") was released as the second single from the album on 9 August 2011, a week before India's Independence Day on 15 August. Composed by Rahman to have an Indian feel, Jagger sings in Sanskrit on the song, which also features Stewart, Stone and Marley. The song premiered exclusively on Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM on 9 August across twenty-two Indian cities, and Tata DoCoMo is set to simultaneously promote the song and the album on mass media. "Beautiful People" reached number 64 on the Dutch Single Top 100 chart.

Damian also worked with electronic artist Skrillex on a song called "Make It Bun Dem" in 2012. This song also appears in the 2012 game Far Cry 3. Affairs of the Heart was a massive hit in Jamaica, topping the reggae charts.

Stony Hill (2017–present)
Damian Marley released his fourth studio album, Stony Hill, in July 2017. Its first single "Nail Pon Cross" was released in August 2016. The album won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.

Musical style
Marley has described his music as "dancehall and reggae. I've noticed ... people trying to separate the two of them," he continues. "It's Jamaican culture in general. I don't try to classify or separate." Distant Relatives fused hip hop and reggae musical elements, Marley and Nas also incorporated samples from African music into the album. The album's lyrical content heavily revolves around themes concerning Africa, from ancestry and poverty, with social commentary of the United States and Africa. The track "Count Your Blessings" reflects on the plight of Africa.

title: Damian Marley


text:
Setesdølen

Setesdølen is a Norwegian newspaper issued in the municipality of Bygland and covering the valley of Setesdal.

title: Setesdølen


text:
RMS Arlanza (1911)

RMS Arlanza was a ocean liner of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company. She was built in Belfast in 1912 for RMSP's scheduled route between England and South America. She was a Royal Navy armed merchant cruiser from 1915 until 1920. She returned to civilian liner service in 1920 and was scrapped in 1938.

Development
Owen Philipps had become Chairman of RMSP in 1903, and over the next five years had introduced five new, larger ships on the company's premier route between Southampton and the east coast of South America. The new ships came to be called the "A-series", as each had a name beginning with that letter.

Philipps was interested in using steam turbines in the "A-series", and discussed this with Charles Parsons who invented the turbine. But when the RMSP ordered the first member of the series, RMS Aragon, turbines were new to merchant shipping and almost untried. She and the next four "A-series" ships were therefore ordered with a pair of conventional quadruple-expansion engines powering a pair of screws.

After the fifth ship, RMS Asturias, was completed in 1908, it was clear that fuel consumption by steam turbines tended to be high, propellers driven directly by turbines were too fast for merchant service, and turbines running slowly enough to give a slow propeller speed for merchant service were inefficient. Reduction gearing was therefore being applied to allow turbines to run efficiently at high speed but drive propellers at low speed.

After Asturias another four "A-series" liners were built to a revised and enlarged design, with three screws instead of two. Each of the two outer screws was driven by a four-cylinder triple-expansion engine. The middle screw was driven by a low-pressure steam turbine, driven by exhaust steam from the low-pressure cylinders of the two reciprocating engines.

Building
Arlanza was the first of the "A-series" ships to have three screws and a low-pressure turbine. Harland and Wolff in Belfast built her and her engines. She was launched on 23 November 1911 and completed on 8 June 1912.

The ship had berths for 400 first class, 230 second class and 760 third class passengers: a total of 1,390. She had five holds and refrigerated cargo space for frozen meat.

Early civilian career
Arlanza began her maiden voyage from Southampton on 21 June 1912. Two years later, on 27 June 1914, she gave a short publicity cruise for UK dignitaries, South American ambassadors and a former prime minister of China. UK guests included the Earl of Coventry, Earl of Dundonald, Marquis of Douglas and Clydesdale, Lord Aberconway, Sir Edward Elgar, Admiral Sir Herbert Purey-Cust, Admiral Sir Archibald Douglas and Major General Sir Douglas Hadden.

After the UK entered the First World War, Arlanza remained in civilian service until early in 1915. On 16 August 1914 she was of the coast of Brazil with more than 1,000 people aboard when the German auxiliary cruiser SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse intercepted her with the order "Stop or I will open fire". Next the German ship ordered her to dismantle her radio aerials and throw them overboard. Arlanza was then asked how many women and children she had aboard. When she replied "335 women, 97 children", the German ship ordered her to proceed.

HMS Arlanza
In April 1915 the Admiralty requisitioned Arlanza and her "A-series" sisters RMS Avon, Andes and RMS Alcantara (1913) for conversion into armed merchant cruisers. Arlanza was armed with six 6 in guns, and commissioned at Birkenhead on 24 April 1915 into the 10th Cruiser Squadron. Andes and Alcantara were also commissioned into the 10th Cruiser Squadron, which joined the Northern Patrol that was part of the First World War Allied naval blockade of the Central Powers. The Squadron patrolled about 200,000 sqmi of the North Sea, Norwegian Sea and Arctic Ocean, to prevent German access to or from the North Atlantic.

Late in 1915 Arlanza was sent to Arkhangelsk with a £500,000 consignment of platinum bullion. On her return voyage she was to bring a Russian delegation to Britain for a conference with the UK and France. On 21 October she left the Russian port, preceded by minesweeping naval trawlers and followed by a convoy of merchant ships. Once she was clear of the part of the White Sea thought to be at risk of mines, the trawlers left her. An hour later a mine holed her near her forward hold.

Arlanza's bow dipped 10 to 12 ft lower in the water, but the bulkhead doors between her watertight compartments were closed and prevented her from sinking. Some of her lifeboats were launched and the Russian delegation was taken off. An accident when lowering one of the lifeboats dropped a number of Russian representatives and Royal Navy sailors into the icy water, but all were rescued. One of the trawlers returned to assist but struck one of Arlanza's propellers, which had been raised by the lowering of her bow. The trawler was holed and sank, but Arlanza remained afloat. Everyone who had been taken off returned aboard Arlanza.

A party from the ship travelled by reindeer sledge across 10 mi of snowy tundra to the Sami village of Yukanski for supplies. The ship remained at Yukanskie anchorage. On 10 November the armed merchant cruiser SS Orotava reached Arlanza. The next day they exchanged supplies: Orotava furnishing the damaged cruiser with steel cable in exchange for surplus cordite and ammunition. On 12 November Arlanza's captain embarked on Orotava with 29 of his officers, one petty officer and 221 of his ratings to return to the UK. A reduced crew of nine officers and 100 men stayed aboard Arlanza in the White Sea, making temporary repairs to enable her to return to Ireland.

On 7–9 April Arlanza moved to the Kola Inlet. On 3 June 1916 the Thames tug Racia reached Kola Inlet to tow the cruiser back to Belfast. On 26 June the tug started to tow the cruiser home, with the cruiser using her own engines to assist as required. One source claims that the task proved too much for the tug, but Arlanza managed to return to Ireland under her own power. However, Arlanza's log does not record Racia casting off. The two ships were still together on 30 June, but it is not clear whether the tug was still towing the cruiser by then. Arlanza reached Belfast on 8 July 1916 for repairs.

On 9 November Arlanza sailed to Liverpool, and on 21 November she returned to service on the Northern Patrol. From 10 July 1917 until the end of the war performed Atlantic convoy duties. This included a trip to South America in 1918, carrying the members of a special diplomatic mission from the British Foreign Office. She was decommissioned in April 1920 and returned to her owners.

Later civilian career
Arlanza resumed commercial service in July 1920. She remained continuously in regular liner service, whereas each of her surviving sisters now undertook cruising at least part-time and in some cases full-time. In 1924 she took Harland and Wolff Chairman Lord Pirrie to the River Plate to assess facilities for the newly ordered RMSP liners RMS Asturias (1925) and RMS Alcantara (1926). In 1929 Arlanza was converted from coal to oil fuel.

On 7 December 1929 in the Bay of Biscay Arlanza and a German ship went to help the Italian cargo ship SS Casmona, which was sinking. Arlanza rescued all of the crew except three, who were rescued by the German ship. the Italian Government, Lloyd's of London and RMSP awarded medals and made presentations to a number of Arlanza's crew for the bravery and outstanding seamanship they showed in the rescue. Able Seaman William Bonas, for example, received a bronze Lloyd's Medal for Saving Life at Sea and a bronze Medaglia al valore di Marina.

In 1930 Arlanza took King Alfonso XIII of Spain home to Santander after a visit to Britain. In 1931 she took the Prince of Wales and Prince George from Brazil to Lisbon after their tour of South America.

In August 1938 Arlanza visited South America for the last time. In Buenos Aires a cheering crowd bade her farewell as she left port. In Montevideo HMS Exeter (68)'s Royal Marines Band played her out of port and the event was broadcast by radio throughout Uruguay. On 6 September she reached Southampton and entered port flying a 170 ft paying-off pennant from her mainmast.

On 15 July 1938 Metal Industries Ltd contracted to buy Arlanza for £30,000 for scrap. Royal Mail Lines handed her over on 14 September and she was broken up at Rosyth.

title: RMS Arlanza (1911)


text:
Dollar Bay, Michigan

Dollar Bay is a census-designated place (CDP) in Houghton County, Michigan, United States. The population was 1,082 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Dollar Bay is located in the southwest corner of Osceola Township. The CDP extends west into Franklin Township as far as Goat Hill Road and south into Torch Lake Township. The community takes its name from Dollar Bay, a small inlet of Portage Lake, the water body that separates the Keweenaw Peninsula from the rest of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.

M-26 is the main highway through Dollar Bay, leading west 3 mi to Hancock and northeast 5 mi to Hubbell.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Dollar Bay CDP has a total area of 12.0 sqkm, of which 10.5 sqkm are land and 1.4 sqkm, or 12.05%, are water.

title: Dollar Bay, Michigan


text: File:De Chirico's Love Song.jpg

title: File:De Chirico's Love Song.jpg


text:
Nitric oxide synthase

Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are a family of enzymes catalyzing the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. NO is an important cellular signaling molecule. It helps modulate vascular tone, insulin secretion, airway tone, and peristalsis, and is involved in angiogenesis and neural development. It may function as a retrograde neurotransmitter. Nitric oxide is mediated in mammals by the calcium-calmodulin controlled isoenzymes eNOS (endothelial NOS) and nNOS (neuronal NOS). The inducible isoform, iNOS, involved in immune response, binds calmodulin at physiologically relevant concentrations, and produces NO as an immune defense mechanism, as NO is a free radical with an unpaired electron. It is the proximate cause of septic shock and may function in autoimmune disease.

NOS catalyzes the reaction:
 * 2 L-arginine + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 4 O2 $$\rightleftharpoons$$ 2 citrulline +2  nitric oxide + 4 H2O + 3 NADP+

NOS isoforms catalyze other leak and side reactions, such as superoxide production at the expense of NADPH. As such, this stoichiometry is not generally observed, and reflects the three electrons supplied per NO by NADPH.

Eukaryotic NOS isozymes are catalytically self-sufficient. The electron flow is: NADPH → FAD → FMN → heme → O2. Tetrahydrobiopterin provides an additional electron during the catalytic cycle which is replaced during turnover. Zinc, though not a cofactor, also participates but as a structural element. NOSs are unique in that they use five cofactors and are the only known enzyme that binds flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), heme, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and calmodulin.

Species distribution
Arginine-derived NO synthesis has been identified in mammals, fish, birds, invertebrates, and bacteria. Best studied are mammals, where three distinct genes encode NOS isozymes: neuronal (nNOS or NOS-1), cytokine-inducible (iNOS or NOS-2) and endothelial (eNOS or NOS-3). iNOS and nNOS are soluble and found predominantly in the cytosol, while eNOS is membrane associated. Evidence has been found for NO signaling in plants, but plant genomes are devoid of homologs to the superfamily which generates NO in other kingdoms.

Function
In mammals, the endothelial isoform is the primary signal generator in the control of vascular tone, insulin secretion, and airway tone, is involved in regulation of cardiac function and angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels). NO produced by eNOS has been shown to be a vasodilator identical to the endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced in response to shear from increased blood flow in arteries. This dilates blood vessels by relaxing smooth muscle in their linings. eNOS is the primary controller of smooth muscle tone. NO activates guanylate cyclase, which induces smooth muscle relaxation by:
 * Increased intracellular cGMP, which inhibits calcium entry into the cell, and decreases intracellular calcium concentrations
 * Activation of K+ channels, which leads to hyperpolarization and relaxation
 * Stimulates a cGMP-dependent protein kinase that activates myosin light chain phosphatase, the enzyme that dephosphorylates myosin light chains, which leads to smooth muscle relaxation.

eNOS plays a critical role in embryonic heart development and morphogenesis of coronary arteries and cardiac valves. The neuronal isoform is involved in the development of nervous system. It functions as a retrograde neurotransmitter important in long term potentiation and hence is likely to be important in memory and learning. nNOS has many other physiological functions, including regulation of cardiac function and peristalsis and sexual arousal in males and females. An alternatively spliced form of nNOS is a major muscle protein that produces signals in response to calcium release from the SR. nNOS in the heart protects against cardiac arrhythmia induced by myocardial infarction. The primary receiver for NO produced by eNOS and nNOS is soluble guanylate cyclase, but many secondary targets have been identified. S-nitrosylation appears to be an important mode of action.

The inducible isoform iNOS produces large amounts of NO as a defense mechanism. It is synthesized by many cell types in response to cytokines and is an important factor in the response of the body to attack by parasites, bacterial infection, and tumor growth. It is also the cause of septic shock and may play a role in many diseases with an autoimmune etiology.

NOS signaling is involved in development and in fertilization in vertebrates. It has been implicated in transitions between vegetative and reproductive states in invertebrates, and in differentiation leading to spore formation in slime molds. NO produced by bacterial NOS is protective against oxidative damage.

NOS activity has also been correlated with major depressive episodes (MDEs) in the context of major depressive disorder, in a large case-control treatment study published in mid-2021. 460 patients with a current major depressive episode were compared to 895 healthy patients, and by measuring L-citrulline/L-arginine ratio before and after 3–6 months of antidepressant treatment, results indicate that patients in a major depressive episode have significantly lower NOS activity compared to healthy patients, whilst treatment with antidepressants significantly elevated NOS activity levels in patients in a major depressive episode.

Classification
Different members of the NOS family are encoded by separate genes. There are three known isoforms in mammals, two are constitutive (cNOS) and the third is inducible (iNOS). Cloning of NOS enzymes indicates that cNOS include both brain constitutive (NOS1) and endothelial constitutive (NOS3); the third is the inducible (NOS2) gene. Recently, NOS activity has been demonstrated in several bacterial species, including the notorious pathogens Bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus aureus.

The different forms of NO synthase have been classified as follows:

nNOS
Neuronal NOS (nNOS) produces NO in nervous tissue in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Its functions include:

 * Synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS)
 * Smooth muscle relaxation
 * Central regulation of blood pressure
 * Vasodilatation via peripheral nitrergic nerves

Neuronal NOS also performs a role in cell communication and is associated with plasma membranes. nNOS action can be inhibited by NPA (N-propyl-L-arginine). This form of the enzyme is specifically inhibited by 7-nitroindazole.

The subcellular localisation of nNOS in skeletal muscle is mediated by anchoring of nNOS to dystrophin. nNOS contains an additional N-terminal domain, the PDZ domain.

The gene coding for nNOS is located on Chromosome 12.

iNOS
As opposed to the critical calcium-dependent regulation of constitutive NOS enzymes (nNOS and eNOS), iNOS has been described as calcium-insensitive, likely due to its tight non-covalent interaction with calmodulin (CaM) and Ca2+. The gene coding for iNOS is located on Chromosome 17. While evidence for ‘baseline’ iNOS expression has been elusive, IRF1 and NF-κB-dependent activation of the inducible NOS promoter supports an inflammation mediated stimulation of this transcript. iNOS produces large quantities of NO upon stimulation, such as by proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. Interleukin-1, Tumor necrosis factor alpha and Interferon gamma).

Induction of the high-output iNOS usually occurs in an oxidative environment, and thus high levels of NO have the opportunity to react with superoxide leading to peroxynitrite formation and cell toxicity. These properties may define the roles of iNOS in host immunity, enabling its participation in anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities as part of the oxidative burst of macrophages.

It has been suggested that pathologic generation of nitric oxide through increased iNOS production may decrease tubal ciliary beats and smooth muscle contractions and thus affect embryo transport, which may consequently result in ectopic pregnancy.

eNOS
Endothelial NOS (eNOS), also known as nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3), generates NO in blood vessels and is involved with regulating vascular function. The gene coding for eNOS is located on Chromosome 7. A constitutive Ca2+ dependent NOS provides a basal release of NO. eNOS localizes to caveolae, a plasma membrane domain primarily composed of the protein caveolin 1, and to the Golgi apparatus. These two eNOS populations are distinct, but are both necessary for proper NO production and cell health. eNOS localization to endothelial membranes is mediated by cotranslational N-terminal myristoylation and post-translational palmitoylation. As an essential co-factor for nitric oxide synthase, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) supplementation has shown beneficial results for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction in animal experiments and clinical trials, although the tendency of BH4 to become oxidized to BH2 remains a problem.

bNOS
Bacterial NOS (bNOS) has been shown to protect bacteria against oxidative stress, diverse antibiotics, and host immune response. bNOS plays a key role in the transcription of superoxide dismutase (SodA). Bacteria late in the log phase who do not possess bNOS fail to upregulate SodA, which disables the defenses against harmful oxidative stress. Initially, bNOS may have been present to prepare the cell for stressful conditions but now seems to help shield the bacteria against conventional antimicrobials. As a clinical application, a bNOS inhibitor could be produced to decrease the load of Gram positive bacteria.

Chemical reaction

Nitric oxide synthases produce NO by catalysing a five-electron oxidation of a guanidino nitrogen of L -arginine ( L -Arg). Oxidation of L -Arg to L -citrulline occurs via two successive monooxygenation reactions producing Nω-hydroxy- L -arginine (NOHLA) as an intermediate. 2 mol of O2 and 1.5 mol of NADPH are consumed per mole of NO formed.

Structure
The enzymes exist as homodimers. In eukaryotes, each monomer consisting of two major regions: an N-terminal oxygenase domain, which belongs to the class of heme-thiolate proteins, and a multi-domain C-terminal reductase, which is homologous to NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase and other flavoproteins. The FMN binding domain is homologous to flavodoxins, and the two domain fragment containing the FAD and NADPH binding sites is homologous to flavodoxin-NADPH reductases. The interdomain linker between the oxygenase and reductase domains contains a calmodulin-binding sequence. The oxygenase domain is a unique extended beta sheet cage with binding sites for heme and pterin.

NOSs can be dimeric, calmodulin-dependent or calmodulin-containing cytochrome p450-like hemoprotein that combines reductase and oxygenase catalytic domains in one dimer, bear both flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and carry out a 5`-electron oxidation of non-aromatic amino acid arginine with the aid of tetrahydrobiopterin.

All three isoforms (each of which is presumed to function as a homodimer during activation) share a carboxyl-terminal reductase domain homologous to the cytochrome P450 reductase. They also share an amino-terminal oxygenase domain containing a heme prosthetic group, which is linked in the middle of the protein to a calmodulin-binding domain. Binding of calmodulin appears to act as a "molecular switch" to enable electron flow from flavin prosthetic groups in the reductase domain to heme. This facilitates the conversion of O2 and L -arginine to NO and L -citrulline. The oxygenase domain of each NOS isoform also contains an BH4 prosthetic group, which is required for the efficient generation of NO. Unlike other enzymes where BH4 is used as a source of reducing equivalents and is recycled by dihydrobiopterin reductase, BH4 activates heme-bound O2 by donating a single electron, which is then recaptured to enable nitric oxide release.

The first nitric oxide synthase to be identified was found in neuronal tissue (NOS1 or nNOS); the endothelial NOS (eNOS or NOS3) was the third to be identified. They were originally classified as "constitutively expressed" and "Ca2+ sensitive" but it is now known that they are present in many different cell types and that expression is regulated under specific physiological conditions.

In NOS1 and NOS3, physiological concentrations of Ca2+ in cells regulate the binding of calmodulin to the "latch domains", thereby initiating electron transfer from the flavins to the heme moieties. In contrast, calmodulin remains tightly bound to the inducible and Ca2+-insensitive isoform (iNOS or NOS2) even at a low intracellular Ca2+ activity, acting essentially as a subunit of this isoform.

Nitric oxide may itself regulate NOS expression and activity. Specifically, NO has been shown to play an important negative feedback regulatory role on NOS3, and therefore vascular endothelial cell function. This process, known formally as S-nitrosation (and referred to by many in the field as S-nitrosylation), has been shown to reversibly inhibit NOS3 activity in vascular endothelial cells. This process may be important because it is regulated by cellular redox conditions and may thereby provide a mechanism for the association between "oxidative stress" and endothelial dysfunction. In addition to NOS3, both NOS1 and NOS2 have been found to be S-nitrosated, but the evidence for dynamic regulation of those NOS isoforms by this process is less complete. In addition, both NOS1 and NOS2 have been shown to form ferrous-nitrosyl complexes in their heme prosthetic groups that may act partially to self-inactivate these enzymes under certain conditions. The rate-limiting step for the production of nitric oxide may well be the availability of L -arginine in some cell types. This may be particularly important after the induction of NOS2.

Inhibitors
Ronopterin (VAS-203), also known as 4-amino-tetrahydrobiopterin (4-ABH4), an analogue of BH4 (a cofactor of NOS), is an NOS inhibitor that is under development as a neuroprotective agent for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Other NOS inhibitors that have been or are being researched for possible clinical use include cindunistat, A-84643, ONO-1714, L-NOARG, NCX-456, VAS-2381, GW-273629, NXN-462, CKD-712, KD-7040, and guanidinoethyldisulfide, TFPI among others.

title: Nitric oxide synthase


text:
User:SilasM

I am an industrial relations lawyer from Melbourne, Australia.

I can be contacted by email or at my talk page. My talk page is checked more frequently. My email is more private.

I will try and be better about using my sandbox to work up new material.

Useful links

 * Topical index
 * Australian wikipedians' notice board

Tools

 * Tools
 * edit count

Things I have started
Australian labour law Commonwealth Law Reports Gunns Limited Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions for NSW Lionel Murphy Linton bushfire Supreme Court of Victoria

Miscellaneous to-do list

 * Alan Clark
 * Australian labour law expand from current substub: my notes are here
 * Builder's Labourers Federation
 * Evelyn Waugh
 * Linton bushfires
 * Paul Piccone
 * Rolah McCabe
 * Royal Commission into the Building and Construction Industry
 * 1998 Australian waterfront dispute is somehow missing discussion of the litigation. Fix.

Oddities
Wikipedia cited in US court decisions

Australian law
This is a biggie. Needs a *lot* of work.

What exists so far: see Category:Law of Australia

Some things which need doing:
 * A new category called Category:Australian legislation. Useful to contain, among other things, the Native Title Act, Workplace Relations Act 1996, Anti-terrorism legislation (I'll start something on Australia's anti-terror laws, and my notes will be here); what else? Probably divided into sub-categories, including references to Cth and state legislation, articles explaining what legislation does, where you can find it, etc.
 * A big, big job on High Court jurisprudence. Build on the good work at Australian constitutional law.
 * A probably overlapping job on the Australian Constitution, including matters relevant to constitutional history such as Australian appeals to the Privy Council (which may overlap somewhat with the current Australia Act entry)
 * Lower priority is accounting for all of the institutions

Australian lawyers

 * Ambi
 * David Stewart
 * Plasma
 * Psychobabble
 * SilasM
 * Thebainer
 * Xtra

Working Notes
/AntiTerrorLaws

/Australian labour law

/Australian intellectual property law

/Free Speech Cases

/Lionel Murphy

/Royal Commission into the Building and Construction Industry

/Sandbox (which currently contains a duplicate of the Australia Act page)

/Wikiproject

/History of the High Court of Australia

title: User:SilasM


text:
User talk:Rocray

Please stop adding nonsense to the Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 01:14, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be prevented from editing Wikipedia. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 01:21, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

User blocked for repeated vandalism. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 01:28, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rocray


text:
Category:Child pornography

The term child pornography usually means works that center around sexual behaviour of children. Because production of child pornography is a crime in many jurisdictions, the decision on what constitutes it often needs to be done in each separate case by experts, judges or community members. Because the laws and community standards vary greatly, there is no consensus on precise definitions of pornography and child, which results in further confusion.

title: Category:Child pornography


text:
User talk:SilasM

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --John Kerry + John Edwards 2004 01:16, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Australian law project
Where were you thinking of getting started, in terms of an Australian law WikiProject? Ambi 04:24, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * My professional speciality is labour law, so I thought I might kick off with one generalist article on that, and then burrow down into its nooks and crannies. I can do that anyway, but if there were a number of others who were interested, more broadly, in trying to be systematic about priorities to improve the subject generally, then I'd be happy to share some of the load - High Court jurisprudence, particularly old constitutional milestones (Engineers case, Tasmanian Dam, etc) is one area that's crying out for attention. Some people are fiddling around with stubs on things like particular courts (mea culpa: Supreme Court of Victoria), and maybe those energies could be better directed. User:SilasM
 * Thanks. I won't know for sure until the offers come out on Tuesday, but according to the Canberra Times, the entry score for my course didn't go up this year, which means it looks like I'm in. As I said on the notice board, I really do want to help with this, but it could really do with someone who definitely knows what they're talking about it directing from the top - any suggestions as to things I might be able to help with? Ambi 04:43, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Friendly Congrats on Kable
Wow, nice to see someone noding Australian law, I simply had no idea we had a group like this. I'm merely a NSW law student at present, but I was amazed at when I saw that someone had just made an article about Kable v DPP. I thought since you only just wrote it I should ask first, were you done with what you were going to initially add so I can elaborate, or did you have more to add. I've always had a personal obsession with Kable (admittedly because I loathed the finding as obscene judicial overreaching), and at present the significance of the case has barely been touched on, since there is virtually no mention of the way in which Kable has basically forced the Commonwealth's seperation of powers onto the states, which I'd think is an extremely significant legal point. Either way, keep up the good work! Plasma 10:06, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Constitution of Australia
The article now lives there, with Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900, existing as a redirect. Lacrimosus 08:18, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Australian law
It's good to see an Australian lawyer at Wikipedia. There is lots of useful stuff you could work on. I note that anti-terrorism law is on your to-do list. You might like to look at my contribution Australian anti-terrorism legislation, 2004 and give me your thoughts. Adam 08:22, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Australian law stubs
Hi Silas - I'm just offering a suggestion that it would be helpful if you would add even a one-sentence summary of the significance of the many cases you're currently stubbifying. In their present form (simply a citation and a link), they're all eligible for speedy deletion, meaning that any admin can delete them on sight (see Candidates_for_speedy_deletion, Articles, #3). Without some contextualising material, they're unlikely to survive very long! --Rlandmann 03:58, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem - also note that CLR points to a disambiguation page; you should probably pipe this link. --Rlandmann 04:20, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * And here's a request from the other side of the globe: can you expand on your Australian labour law stub? We've got a halfway decent United States labor law and a rough and ready Mexican labor law article; I'm still searching for ones from Canada, England, France, Japan, China [should be interesting] and elsewhere. Someday when we reach critical mass we can bring them together as a category or something of the sort. -- Italo Svevo 20:30, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Welcome back
Good to see you editing again - it'd certainly been a while. Any chance we'll see your history of the High Court finished any time soon? Ambi 14:08, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, kind of. I didn't do as well as I'd liked, but I survived it and should be able to learn from my mistakes - of my original group, I'm about the last one standing (everyone else dropped back into the straight arts stream). Congratulations on the (impending) birth of your daughter - you must be very excited! Ambi 14:16, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Netball? Oh, if only. No, I'm afraid residence hall life, student politics, alcohol and Wikipedia is not a good combination if one wants to excel at law. :) Ambi 14:28, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the advice! I've already moved out of college, and I'm sure I'll stick with the politics in some way, but ultimately, I'm looking forward to spending this year really working on my degree. As for articles, I've got a long way to go yet, but I might have to take you up on that if I'm still around then! :) Ambi 14:50, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Good to see you around again! Rebecca 03:21, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Meetup in March
I see that you are listed as a participant in the WikiProject Melbourne. If you are a Melbourne resident I would appreciate your views on the suggested Meetup in March. Please give some indication of your interest, or otherwise, in the idea. Even a simple "No thanks" with your user name would be welcome and assist in assessing the level of support for a meetup. Thank you.. Cuddy Wifter 06:30, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Is it true that Austarlians idolize Paul Hogan
I recently attended a Paul Hogan convention in Tallahasse, Flordia, and he said they worship him like an idol. Is that true? —Preceding unsigned comment added by HanoverNewH (talk • contribs) 20:49, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Important Article Requests
Hey, seeing as your a solicitor I was wondering if you would be able to contribute to the restitution and unjust enrichment articles on Wikipedia, and/or possibly start an article on Roxborough v Rothmans of Pall Mall Australia (2001) 208 CLR 516 to discuss the relationship of unjust enrichment as a component of restitution.

Cheers

--Beckhendrix996 (talk) 05:56, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Australia newsletter
WikiProject Australia publishes a newsletter informing Australian Wikipedians of ongoing events and happenings within the community and the project. This month's newsletter has been published. If you wish to unsubscribe from these messages, or prefer to have the newsletter delivered in full to your talk page, see our subscription page. This notice delivered by BrownBot (talk), at 22:06, 11 December 2007 (UTC).

WikiProject Australia newsletter
WikiProject Australia publishes a newsletter informing Australian Wikipedians of ongoing events and happenings within the community and the project. This month's newsletter has been published. If you wish to unsubscribe from these messages, or prefer to have the newsletter delivered in full to your talk page, see our subscription page. This notice delivered by BrownBot (talk), at 22:16, 3 January 2008 (UTC).

Could you help?
The article Burger King legal issues is undergoing a featured article review and I would like some assistance in insuring the Burger King Corporation v. Hungry Jack's Pty Limited ([2001] NSWCA 187) is properly cited and factually correct. Searching through the WP:AUSLAW project I came across your page.

Your user page says you are a lawyer, thus you have a serious leg up on me in the area. Any help you could provide would be greatly appreciated.

The FAC discussion is here

Thank you for your time, --Jeremy ( Blah blah... ) 19:27, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Australia newsletter,December 2008
The December 2008 issue of the WikiProject Australia newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. This message was delivered by TinucherianBot (talk) 07:46, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Melbourne meetup
Hey all, just a reminder that there's a meetup tomorrow at 11am in North Melbourne. There are more details at the meetup page. Hope to see you tomorrow! SteveBot (talk) 05:02, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

Meetup invitation: Melbourne 26
Hi there! You are cordially invited to a meetup next Sunday (6 January). Details and an attendee list are at Meetup/Melbourne 26. Hope to see you there! John Vandenberg 06:54, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

(this automated message was delivered using replace.py to all users in Victoria)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:SilasM


text:
User talk:Izalithium

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --John Kerry + John Edwards 2004 01:16, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
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Artefact
It's a correct spelling (indeed, more correct than the later "artifact", though both are now accepted). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 20:13, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Japan taskforces
In order to encourage more participation, and to help people find a specific area in which they are more able to help out, we have organized taskforces at WikiProject Japan. Please visit the Participants page and update the list with the taskforces in which you wish to participate. Links to all the taskforces are found at the top of the list of participants.

Please let me know if you have any questions, and thank you for helping out! ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjoe 08:48, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:48, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Asian 10,000 Challenge invite
Hi. The WikiProject Asia/The 10,000 Challenge has recently started, based on the UK/Ireland The 10,000 Challenge and WikiProject Africa/The 10,000 Challenge. The idea is not to record every minor edit, but to create a momentum to motivate editors to produce good content improvements and creations and inspire people to work on more countries than they might otherwise work on. There's also the possibility of establishing smaller country or regional challenges for places like South East Asia, Japan/China or India etc, much like The 1000 Challenge (Nordic). For this to really work we need diversity and exciting content and editors from a broad range of countries regularly contributing. At some stage we hope to run some contests to benefit Asian content, a destubathon perhaps, aimed at reducing the stub count would be a good place to start, based on the current WikiProject Africa/The Africa Destubathon which has produced near 200 articles in just three days. If you would like to see this happening for Asia, and see potential in this attracting more interest and editors for the country/countries you work on please sign up and being contributing to the challenge! This is a way we can target every country of Asia, and steadily vastly improve the encyclopedia. We need numbers to make this work so consider signing up as a participant! Thank you. -- Ser Amantio di Nicolao Che dicono a Signa?Lo dicono a Signa. 04:53, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Izalithium


text:
User talk:MaxPolun~enwiki

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --John Kerry + John Edwards 2004 01:16, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called MaxPolun. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name MaxPolun~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:25, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:07, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:MaxPolun~enwiki


text:
Virginia Beach Mariners

The Virginia Beach Mariners were an American soccer club, who formerly played in the USL First Division of the United Soccer Leagues, the second division in the US Soccer hierarchy behind Major League Soccer. On March 30, 2007 the team folded due to lack of ownership.

The Mariners played at the Virginia Beach Sportsplex in Virginia Beach, Virginia, from 1999 up to their demise in 2007.

The team was founded in 1994 as the Hampton Roads Hurricanes, but they changed their name to Mariners after the first year. For the 2003 season, the team changed their name from Hampton Roads Mariners to the more widely recognizable Virginia Beach Mariners. The team went on a one- year hiatus in 1997, after which they joined the A-League.

In 2006, the Mariners added a USL Premier Development League club, the Virginia Beach Submariners. Shortly after the termination of the Mariners, the Submariners were taken over by the Hampton Roads Piranhas, a women's W-League soccer club, who renamed the team the Hampton Roads Piranhas to reflect the change of ownership.

Head coaches

 * 🇺🇸 Shawn McDonald (1996 – August 2005)
 * 🇺🇸 Jay Hoffman (August 2005 – 2006)

title: Virginia Beach Mariners


text: Template:PD-USGov-Interior-NPS

title: Template:PD-USGov-Interior-NPS


text:
User:Dave harvey

I live in Ontario, Canada and have an interest in some distant relatives of mine:Hollywood pioneers Al and Charles Christie and Olivia Poole, the woman who invented the Jolly Jumper .I am related to them through the Poole family tree. (Descendants of Thomas Poole and Anne Alway who married in 1816).I have some family photos of the Christie brothers and a newspaper article from the London Free Press. The book "Stardust and Shadows,Canadians in early Hollywood" has a chapter on them.

title: User:Dave harvey


text:
User talk:Kurtmckee

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --John Kerry + John Edwards 2004 01:23, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Kurtmckee


text:
User talk:Grilo-TC

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --John Kerry + John Edwards 2004 01:23, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
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Solid Angle
Your update to change vectors to "over arrowed" has only been applied to the first section. Are you going to change the rest of the article over to "over arrowed" vector notation? I think it is important to have consistency through the whole article. Frank M Jackson (talk) 12:03, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grilo-TC


text:
User talk:Ben Curtis

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --John Kerry + John Edwards 2004 01:23, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
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Welcome, Ben!
My name is Ben, too! Thanks for adding that external link on the article I created ("You're a Grand Old Flag"). Stick around a while! [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 02:42, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ben Curtis


text:
User talk:Dokane

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --John Kerry + John Edwards 2004 01:23, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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Cerebrovascular accident
Hi Dokane, nice work on Cerebrovascular accident. Please note that within a paragraph or section, only the first instance of a word is linked. Furthermore, don't forget that article titles are case-sensitive (Stroke Rehabilitation and Stroke rehabilitation are different articles).

Are you a doctor, by any chance? We have a WikiProject "Clinical medicine", and all medically-minded are invited. JFW | T@lk  01:51, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

You're back!
Keep up the good work. The cardiology articles could all do with some help... JFW | T@lk  21:11, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Category
Added category physicians to your userpage. Hope you don't mind.--Nomen Nescio 00:23, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

Paid Editing Project
Hi: My name is Tess and I work for a global independent research firm in New York. I am interested in hiring you for a Wikipedia editing project, based on your technology and medical experience and expertise. I attempted to email you through your user page. If you received it, please read it over and contact me with any questions. If you did not receive this email, please let me know and I would be more than happy to tell you more about this project. (You can call 512-651-1797 or email tfurman@glgroup.com). Thank you and I hope to hear from you soon! Tess - Gerson Lehrman Group 18:57, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:VF powerspectrum.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:VF powerspectrum.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Dethomas 17:48, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, an open access peer reviewed journal with no charges, invites you to participate
Hi

Did you know about Wikiversity Journal of Medicine? It is an open access, peer reviewed medical journal, with no publication charges. You can find more about it by reading the article on The Signpost featuring this journal.

We welcome you to have a look the journal. Feel free to participate.

You can participate in any one or more of the following ways:
 * Publish an article to the journal.
 * Sign up as a peer reviewer of potential upcoming articles. If you do not have expertise in these subjects, you can help in finding peer reviewers for current submissions.
 * Sign up as an editor, and help out in open tasks.
 * Outreach to potential contributors, with can include (but is not limited to) scholars and health professionals. In any mention of Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, there may be a reference to this Contribute-page. Example presentation about the journal.
 * Add a post-publication review of an existing publication. If errors are found, there are guidelines for editing published works.
 * Apply to become the treasurer of the journal
 * Join the editorial board.
 * Share your ideas of what the journal would be like in the future as separate Wikimedia project.
 * Donate to Wikimedia Foundation.
 * Translate journal pages into other languages. Wikiversity currently exists in the following other languages
 * Ceština, Deutsch, Español, Français, Italiano, 한국어, Português, Slovenšcina, Suomi, Svenska, Ελληνικά, Русский, العربية, 日本語
 * Technical work like template designing for the journal.
 * Sign up to get emails related to the journal, which are sent to . If you want to receive these emails too, state your interest at the talk page, or contact the Editor-in-chief at.
 * Spread the word to anyone who could be interested or could benefit from it.

The future of this journal as a separate Wikimedia project is under discussion and the name can be changed suitably. Currently a voting for the same is underway. Please cast your vote in the name you find most suitable. We would be glad to receive further suggestions from you. It is also acceptable to mention your votes in the email list. Please note that the voting closes on 16th August, 2016, unless protracted by consensus, due to any reason.

 D ip ta ns hu Talk 13:42, 11 August 2016 (UTC) -on behalf of the Editorial Board, Wikiversity Journal of Medicine.

title: User talk:Dokane


text:
Silver fire

Silver fire may refer to:

 * Silver Fire (1987 Oregon wildfire), in the Siskiyou National Forest
 * Silver Fire, an August 2013 wildfire in southern California near Banning and Cabazon
 * Silver Fire, a 2013 forest fire in southwest New Mexico in the vicinity of Silver City
 * Silver Fire (Forgotten Realms), an ability in Dungeons & Dragons
 * "Silver Fire", a science fiction story by Greg Egan

title: Silver fire


text:
List of Indian reservations in Oregon

This is a list of Indian reservations in the U.S. state of Oregon.

Existing reservations
There are seven Native American reservations in Oregon that belong to seven of the nine federally recognized Oregon tribes:

 * Burns Paiute Indian Colony, of the Burns Paiute Tribe: 13738 acre in Harney County
 * Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Reservation, of Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians is less than 10 acre
 * Coquille Reservation includes 5400 acre of land held in trust for the Coquille Tribe in and around Coos Bay, Oregon
 * Grand Ronde Community, of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon: 11040 acre, mostly in Yamhill County, with the rest in Polk County
 * Siletz Reservation, of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz: 4204 acre, 3666 acre of which is in Lincoln County
 * Umatilla Reservation, of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation: 172882 acre, mostly in Umatilla County, with the rest in Union County
 * Warm Springs Reservation, of the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs: 641118 acre, mostly in Wasco County and Jefferson County, with parts in Clackamas, Marion, and Linn counties

Planned reservations

 * Cow Creek Reservation, of the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians
 * Klamath Reservation, of the Klamath Tribes

Celilo Village
Celilo Village is not a reservation but is owned by the United States and held in trust by the Bureau of Indian Affairs for the use of the Umatilla, Tenino (Warm Springs) and Yakama tribes and Columbia River Indians.

Fort McDermitt, Nevada-Oregon
One reservation in Oregon, for a Nevada tribe, straddles Oregon's southern border with Nevada:
 * Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation, of the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes: near McDermitt in Humboldt County, Nevada and Malheur County, Oregon

Historic reservations

 * Coastal Indian Reservation, formed in 1856, a much smaller remnant exists as the Siletz Reservation
 * Malheur Indian Reservation
 * Table Rock Indian Reservation

title: List of Indian reservations in Oregon


text:
In silico

In biology and other experimental sciences, an in silico experiment is one performed on a computer or via computer simulation software. The phrase is pseudo-Latin for 'in silicon' (correct in silicio), referring to silicon in computer chips. It was coined in 1987 as an allusion to the Latin phrases in vivo, in vitro, and in situ, which are commonly used in biology (especially systems biology). The latter phrases refer, respectively, to experiments done in living organisms, outside living organisms, and where they are found in nature.

History
The earliest known use of the phrase was by Christopher Langton to describe artificial life, in the announcement of a workshop on that subject at the Center for Nonlinear Studies at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1987. The expression in silico was first used to characterize biological experiments carried out entirely in a computer in 1989, in the workshop "Cellular Automata: Theory and Applications" in Los Alamos, New Mexico, by Pedro Miramontes, a mathematician from National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), presenting the report "DNA and RNA Physicochemical Constraints, Cellular Automata and Molecular Evolution". The work was later presented by Miramontes as his dissertation.

In silico has been used in white papers written to support the creation of bacterial genome programs by the Commission of the European Community. The first referenced paper where in silico appears was written by a French team in 1991. The first referenced book chapter where in silico appears was written by Hans B. Sieburg in 1990 and presented during a Summer School on Complex Systems at the Santa Fe Institute.

The phrase in silico originally applied only to computer simulations that modeled natural or laboratory processes (in all the natural sciences), and did not refer to calculations done by computer generically.

Drug discovery with virtual screening
In silico study in medicine is thought to have the potential to speed the rate of discovery while reducing the need for expensive lab work and clinical trials. One way to achieve this is by producing and screening drug candidates more effectively. In 2010, for example, using the protein docking algorithm EADock (see Protein-ligand docking), researchers found potential inhibitors to an enzyme associated with cancer activity in silico. Fifty percent of the molecules were later shown to be active inhibitors in vitro. This approach differs from use of expensive high-throughput screening (HTS) robotic labs to physically test thousands of diverse compounds a day, often with an expected hit rate on the order of 1% or less, with still fewer expected to be real leads following further testing (see drug discovery).

As an example, the technique was utilized for a drug repurposing study in order to search for potential cures for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2).

Cell models
Efforts have been made to establish computer models of cellular behavior. For example, in 2007 researchers developed an in silico model of tuberculosis to aid in drug discovery, with the prime benefit of its being faster than real time simulated growth rates, allowing phenomena of interest to be observed in minutes rather than months. More work can be found that focus on modeling a particular cellular process such as the growth cycle of Caulobacter crescentus.

These efforts fall far short of an exact, fully predictive computer model of a cell's entire behavior. Limitations in the understanding of molecular dynamics and cell biology, as well as the absence of available computer processing power, force large simplifying assumptions that constrain the usefulness of present in silico cell models.

Genetics
Digital genetic sequences obtained from DNA sequencing may be stored in sequence databases, be analyzed (see Sequence analysis), be digitally altered or be used as templates for creating new actual DNA using artificial gene synthesis.

Other examples
In silico computer-based modeling technologies have also been applied in:
 * Whole cell analysis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts e.g. E. coli, B. subtilis, yeast, CHO- or human cell lines
 * Discovery of potential cure for COVID-19.
 * Bioprocess development and optimization e.g. optimization of product yields
 * Simulation of oncological clinical trials exploiting grid computing infrastructures, such as the European Grid Infrastructure, for improving the performance and effectiveness of the simulations.
 * Analysis, interpretation and visualization of heterologous data sets from various sources e.g. genome, transcriptome or proteome data
 * Validation of taxonomic assignment steps in herbivore metagenomics study.
 * Protein design. One example is RosettaDesign, a software package under development and free for academic use.

title: In silico