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Saigon Execution

Saigon Execution is a 1968 photograph by Associated Press photojournalist Eddie Adams, taken during the Tet Offensive of the Vietnam War. It depicts South Vietnamese brigadier general Nguyễn Ngọc Loan shooting Viet Cong captain Nguyễn Văn Lém near the Ấn Quang Pagoda in Saigon. The photograph was published extensively by American news media the following day, and would go on to win Adams the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography.

Background
Nguyễn Văn Lém was a captain in the Viet Cong (VC) and was known by the code name Bảy Lốp. He and his wife Nguyễn Thị Lốp lived as undercover arms traffickers in Saigon, trading tires as a front business. At the beginning of the Tet Offensive, he was instructed to assassinate prominent figures who stood opposed to the VC, including Loan, United States army general William Westmoreland, and South Vietnamese president Nguyễn Văn Thiệu.

Nguyễn Ngọc Loan was the chief of the Republic of Vietnam National Police (RVNP), and brigadier general of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). He had anticipated the Tet Offensive, and was responsible for coordinating the ARVN response in Saigon – including leading the RVNP to capture the Ấn Quang Pagoda, which the VC were using as a base of operations.

Eddie Adams was an Associated Press (AP) war photographer. Having worked previously as a US Marine, he had a reputation for being fearless, taking pictures close to danger, and for often being "in the right place at the right time". Adams was in Vietnam since 1965 to cover the war, and on February 1, 1968 he heard from the National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) about fighting in Chợ Lớn. He met with NBC journalist Howard Tuckner, cameramen Võ Huỳnh and Võ Suu, and soundman Lê Phúc Đinh. They shared a car to Chợ Lớn to cover the conflict.

Execution
The NBC and AP crews arrived at the Ấn Quang Pagoda the same morning, and having seen nothing of interest by noon, were preparing to leave. A cameraman for the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) was also present. Meanwhile, Lém was captured by ARVN marines while wearing civilian clothing. The marines escorted him to where the journalists happened to be. The journalists noticed this; the NBC and ABC cameramen began filming. Loan instructed a marine to kill Lém, but he was reluctant, so Loan unholstered his gun, a .38 Special Smith & Wesson Bodyguard revolver. The ABC correspondent was spooked by Loan and stopped filming. Adams believed this was merely an intimidation tactic, but nonetheless prepared to take a photo. Loan then shot Lém. At the same time, Adams snapped the photo, capturing the moment the bullet was still inside Lém's head. Lém fell to the ground, blood spurting out of the wound. Loan then explained his actions to the journalists, citing the Americans and South Vietnamese that had died. A marine placed a VC propaganda leaflet on Lém's face. His body was left in the street and later taken to a mass grave.

Loan in interviews
When asked in 1972 why he killed Lém, Loan said to Tom Buckley of Harper's Magazine "When you see a man in civilian clothes with a revolver killing your people ... what are you supposed to do? We knew who this man was. His name was Nguyễn Tân Đạt, alias Hàn Sơn. He was the commander of a sapper unit. He killed a policeman. He spit in the face of the men who captured him."

Lém's previous actions
Lém was accused of having recently captured ARVN Lieutenant Colonel Nguyễn Tuấn and his family, and ordered Tuấn to show him how to use the tanks. Tuấn refused, and Lém cut each of their throats. Historian Ed Moise believes that story is South Vietnamese propaganda. Noting his position, historian Max Hastings said "the truth will never be known".

Reactions
The event received extensive attention in the US over the coming days; the photo was published on most American newspapers the following morning, and 20 million people saw the NBC's film of it on The Huntley–Brinkley Report that evening. Various other organizations and American politicians commented on the event.

The photograph is commonly characterized as having created a massive shift in American public opinion against the war. Historian David Perlmutter found little to no evidence to support this claim.

Photograph
The photo came to haunt Adams: "I was getting money for showing one man killing another. Two lives were destroyed, and I was getting paid for it. I was a hero." He elaborated on this in a later piece of writing: "Two people died in that photograph. The general killed the Viet Cong; I killed the general with my camera." Adams later stated he regretted he was unable to get a picture "of that Viet Cong [Lém] blowing away the [Tuân] family".

Ben Wright, associate director for communications at the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, said of the photo: "There's something in the nature of a still image that deeply affects the viewer and stays with them. The film footage of the shooting, while ghastly, doesn't evoke the same feelings of urgency and stark tragedy."

Aftermath
In 1975, Nguyễn Ngọc Loan fled South Vietnam during the Fall of Saigon, eventually emigrating to the United States. Pressure from the U.S. Congress resulted in an investigation by the Library of Congress, which concluded that Lém's execution was illegal under South Vietnamese law. In 1978, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) contended that Loan had committed a war crime. They attempted to deport him, but President Jimmy Carter personally intervened to stop the proceedings, stating that "such historical revisionism was folly". Loan died on July 14, 1998, in Burke, Virginia, at the age of 67.

The sole survivor of Lém's alleged killing of Tuân's family was Huan Nguyen; aged nine at the time, he was shot three times during the attack that killed his family and stayed with his mother for two hours as she bled to death. In 2019, he became the highest-ranking Vietnamese-American officer in the U.S. military when he was promoted to the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy.

In 2012, Douglas Sloan made a short film, Saigon '68, about Adams' photograph. This film details the influence it had on the lives of Adams and Loan, and on public opinion of the Vietnam War.

title: Saigon Execution


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Talk:Ceremonial clothing in Western cultures

Untitled
Note: the original title of this article was Clothes for ceremonial occasions, but it went on to talk about clothes worn by "Westerners", by which the article seems to mean people of those countries with a Christian / Jewish cultural tradition. --Ianb 05:34, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Myths and facts
Traditionally, a wedding dress was not white, and white is not the color of purity. White is the color of death and cowardice (white flag, white livered, white feather). Brides do not wear white because they are pure. The color of purity and virginity is blue (hence "something blue").

The "old jingle" (which is not THAT old - it is from the 1850s):

Something old and something new, Something borrowed and something blue

This refers to traditional wedding practices. It was most unusual to acquire a whole new dress to one's wedding. Instead one would use one's best dress ("something old"), with a new apron, shawl etc. ("something new"), and adornments and jewelry was often borrowed since few could afford to buy it themselves ("something borrowed")

--Sparviere (talk) 19:17, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

(moved from my talk page)

I can see WHY you felt you had to retitle the ceremonial clothing article and change some of the text -- you seem to feel that descriptions of chistenings and church weddings imply that all Western culture follows Judeo-Christian norms, and could be considered POV.

However, the renaming distorts the rest of the article, which concerns completely non-religious events, like graduations, or debuts. All these apply/applied to anyone living in those areas, regardless of faith. If you were a Parsi living in Victorian England, your family would probably follow the dress rules of the dominant culture.

The problem MAY be the mingling of current and past practices. Or it may just be that the ceremonial clothing article didn't pay enough attention to non-Judeo-Christian faiths. Though I'm at a loss how to deal with that, since there are so darn MANY of them now, and they're usually in the middle of a transition from mother-country mores to Westernized versions. Like Hindu weddings in the US, which cover a whole spectrum from "as-traditional-as-possible" to "we'll have the fire and the priests and the wedding sari and jewelry, but the rest will be Western".

BTW, I speak as someone who's been a Buddhist in a predominantly Judeo-Christian society for forty years. I'm not assuming that the Judeo-Christian tradition is the only thing there is. I'm looking at it from the outside.

Perhaps we can divide the article into secular and religous occasions, if possible? Zora 09:43, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reply: my main problem was that the article was general ("Ceremonial clothing"), but talks about it in an exclusively "Western" context, ignoring ceremonial dress in the rest of the world. To be honest I can't think of a better title; I agree the article needs breaking up and put in a more systematic context. As it also mixes historical and class practices (I hardly imagine babies in the Victorian working classes had any form of dress which could be considererd ceremonial). --Ianb 10:01, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Ah, that's the problem then. It's the title. The article was INTENDED to be restricted to "standard Western" western clothing, as it was an expansion of a stub from the clothing article, where the Western tradition is contrasted to other "local" traditions. We have a clothing tradition that's rooted in a few countries, but is now influential world-wide.

But if all that wasn't clear to you, then it wasn't clear and needs to be fixed. Thanks for the insight. Zora 17:49, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I've always heard it said that it is unlucky for a non-virgin bride to wear white on her wedding day, much like the groom seeing the bride before the ceremony and similar wedding superstitions.75.42.157.122 (talk) 20:02, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

I think I'm groping towards an answer
The article as it stands is like a laundry list of clothing, mixed with miscellaneous historical facts. Praps it could be broken up into categories like Western academic ceremonial clothing, Western markers of age and status with clothing, things like that. I'll work on it when I have time. If anyone has any better ideas, please contribute! Zora 10:25, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Why "Judeo-Christian Cultures"?
The term itself is a post WWII neologism, and in any event it's entirely about ceremonial clothing in Christian cultures. Jayjg 15:52, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * feel free to come up with a better term, it was all I can think of. --Ianb 19:09, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * How about Western Cultures? Jayjg 22:12, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Yah, well, that was what I originally intended. I titled the article badly. If it's going to be Western cultures, it needs more info. I'm VERY good on Victorian England and the Christians therein (all varieties) and somewhat hazy on other stuff.

 * But it might work better to break it down into categories, like academic clothing, rite of passage clothing, or suchlike. Zora 23:09, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * So why don't we move it to fix the problem, and then more info can be added to it. Jayjg 21:18, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I started the poor deformed little article and I agree that it should be moved to Ceremonial clothing in Western culture. I'll work on it when I have time. Zora 22:10, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Odzun

Odzun (Օձուն) is a village in the Lori Province of Armenia. It is situated on a plateau above the left bank of the Debed river gorge, about a thousand metres above the Yerevan–Tbilisi highway, a few kilometres south of the town of Alaverdi. It is famous for the 5-7th century Odzun Church, one of the finest Armenian basilicas with a cupola, overlooking the gorge.

History and folklore
In the 1st century AD Thomas the Apostle, one of the twelve disciples of Jesus, came to Odzun and ordained priests and bishops. Before leaving for India, Thomas buried Christ's swaddling clothes underneath the altar of the church of the Holy Mother of God. There is a 6th-century inscription attesting to this above the southern door of the church.

Odznetsi
Catholicos St John the Philosopher Odznetsi (catholicosal reign: 717–728) was born in Odzun, a village in the Tashirq province of the Gugarq state. At first he was educated in the parochial school of the church of the Mother of God in Odzun. Then he studied under the teacher Theodoros Qrtenavor in Aragatzotn province of Ayrarat state. He was elected Catholicos in 717. In 719 when Caliph Omar heard of Odznetsi's holiness, he invited him to Damascus. The caliph, seeing his handsome appearance and ostentatious clothing said that Christ and the Apostles dressed much more modestly, but Odznetsi, as their follower, did not. Odznetsi asked everyone present to leave and then showed the caliph the goat-wool rags under his resplendent clothing. When Omar saw wounds on Odznetsi's body, which were the result of the ascetic lifestyle of a monk, he began to venerate Odznetsi and promised to do everything he wished for. Thanks to Odznetsi Christianity was preached freely and the lands that belonged to the martyred lords of Khram and Nakhijevan were returned to their sons. Armenia was free from taxation for 3 years and the Church never paid any taxes throughout the Arab reign. Under the Arabs, the Byzantines were banned from Armenia and for the first time since 428 the country was under the rule of one country. This was the basis of the establishment of the Armenian Bagratuni dynasty.

After the meeting with Caliph Omar, Odznetsi drove the Byzantines away from Armenia with the help of the Arab army. The indignant Greek Patriarch said that he would catch Odznetsi and throw him into a boiling kettle. However, Odznetsi himself captured the Patriarch. He threw the cross into the boiling water and offered a deal: whoever could take the cross out of the water would mean that their religion is the right one. The Patriarch burnt his hand but the Odznetsi took the cross without any harm. After seeing this, the Greek Vasid turned away from the Patriarch's men and accepted the religion of the Armenian Church and decided to stay in Armenia. The large monastery complex called the Sourb Nshan (Holy Cross) of Horomayr was established in 12th and 13th centuries to commemorate Vasid's conversion.

Obelisk outside the monastery
Opposite the north wall of the church is an unusual monument: two roughly hewn rectangular rock obelisks encased in huge blocks of stone. A legend says that it was given by an Indian king for the help he received from an Armenian General from Odzun.

An account of it is given by Mesrovb Jacob Seth, a Calcutta-Armenian. In 149 BC Gissaneh and Demeter, two princes of Kannauj, plotted against their father, Dinakspall. The names are from Syrian and Armenian sources and thus do not resemble Indian names much. Seth says that Gissaneh could be Krishna, Demeter Juagnath, while Dinakspall could be Dinesh Pal. The conspiracy was detected and the princes fled to the Sub Caucasus kingdom of Armenia, which at that time was much larger than now. According to a map by Ptolemy the larger Armenia was on the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. Its merchant ships used to sail to India and China.

In Armenia, King Valarsaces welcomed them. But within fifteen years, these two princes had been executed, perhaps for plotting against the king.

The three sons of Gissaneh and Demeter – Kuars, Meghtes and Horean – were allowed to rule over Taron (now in Turkey's province of Van) and established cities known by their names. They later founded the city of Kharkh high in the mountains of northwest Armenia, as it was a safer and pleasanter place. Here they built two temples in the names of their fathers. These cities prospered till 301 AD. By then Christianity, which had entered Armenia in 66 AD, had spread all over and a conflict was imminent. Basically it was an economic fight, under the garb of religion, as the Hindus who had been there for 450 years had become very rich from trade. They had “long tufts of hair on their clean-shaven pates”, which is what we call chotis. There was a fierce battle in 301 AD between the Christians and the Hindus.

The Armenians were led by a prince of Angegh, the Indians by a prince called Demeter and a soldier priest called Artzan or Arjun. Artzan means statue in Armenian. Odzun, pronounced as Awjun, could be Arjun.

The army of some 6000 Hindus was eventually defeated. During it some of the 5000 Armenian troops who were converted Hindus joined their former brethren and this prolonged the bloody conflict. Artzan was killed and so was Demeter, but not before he had killed a popular Armenian prince during the battle. Seeing so much blood shed, a truce to bury the dead was arranged. Zenob, a chronicler of that age, records that 1038 Hindus were buried. The Armenians built a strange monument with two obelisk-holding arches as a tribute to the bravery of both the adversaries.

The Odzun church was influential among Armenians. From 717 to 728 AD, it was the seat of the Armenian Catholicos Yovhan Awjnec, whose statue stands in the town. He, however, shifted it to Echmiadzin near Yerevan – the headquarters to this day.

The church is cavernous, spartan, and gloomy, especially in winter. There are graves of important and useful persons from history outside the church. Its grounds are strewn with ancient khatchkars or crosses hewn on stone slabs that also depict fragments of contemporary history. There is also a slab commemorating people from Odzun who fell fighting in WW II, with an etched outline of Stalin’s face decorating a small corner of it.

The Odzun Church is large, built in the sixth century on a plateau dominated by a ridge that looks close enough to walk to but is actually across a narrow valley. It has been repaired and reconstructed after the depredations of the Arabs and the Persians from the Middle Ages till the seventeenth century. It is in pink felsite stone, with which most of the buildings in Armenia appear to be made.

Like most churches of this period, the Odzun church does not have windows at waist level. Its four windows are narrow slats high up near the dome and let in light only just before sunset or after sunrise. On either side of a sunrise-facing window stand sculpted angels holding snakes. The two snakes entwine to decorate a bust of Christ. This is very unusual in Christian art. In Christian art the snake represents evil, and is never found in the same space as Christ.

Perhaps the motif carries traces of the 450-year presence of Hindus. Snakes, after all, are sacred in Hinduism. Veeshap is the Armenian word for snake, and a town called Veeshap was established by the descendants of Demeter and Ginasseh. Veeshap could very well have its roots in the Sanskrit vish, or poison and the Hindi word for snake called saanp.

Tourism
There are 4 B&Bs and 2 hotels in Odzun.

title: Odzun


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Sierradyne

Acme Aircraft Co was an aircraft manufacturer founded by Hugh Crawford and Roger Keeney in Torrance, California. After 1953 the company was known as Sierradyne.

title: Sierradyne


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Category:Assistance dogs

This is a collection of articles about dogs that are specially trained to help people who have disabilities.

title: Category:Assistance dogs


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John Claudius Loudon

John Claudius Loudon (8 April 1783 – 14 December 1843) was a Scottish botanist, garden designer and author. He was the first to use the term arboretum in writing to refer to a garden of plants, especially trees, collected for the purpose of scientific study. He was married to Jane Webb, a fellow horticulturalist, and author of science-fiction, fantasy, horror, and gothic stories.

Early life
Loudon was born in Cambuslang, Lanarkshire, Scotland to a respectable farmer. Therefore, as he was growing up, he developed a practical knowledge of plants and farming. As a young man, Loudon studied biology, botany and agriculture at the University of Edinburgh. When working on the layout of farms in South Scotland, he described himself as a landscape planner. This was a time when open field land was being converted from run rig with 'ferm touns' to the landscape of enclosure, which now dominates British agriculture.

Loudon developed a limp as a young man, and later became disabled with arthritis. He undertook a second Grand Tour of Europe and also visited the Near East. In 1826, disabled by rheumatism and arthritis, he had to endure an amputation at his right shoulder after a botched operation to correct a broken arm. He learnt to write and draw with his left arm and hired a draughtsman to prepare his plans. At the same time he cured himself of an opium habit that had been keeping the pain at bay.

Horticultural work
Around 1803, Loudon published an article entitled Observations on Laying out the Public Spaces in London. It recommended the introduction of lighter trees rather than those with dense canopies. Loudon was attacked by rheumatic fever in 1806 which left him disabled, but this illness did not affect his writing. As his condition deteriorated over time, Loudon was forced to use the services of a draughtsman and other aids.

Beginning in 1808, Loudon was employed by George Frederick Stratton to landscape and farm his property, Tew Park, where he was able to set up a school for young men to be instructed in theory of farming and modes of cultivating the soil. Loudon's design was a model of efficiency and convenience reflected in elegance and refinement. In conjunction with the goals of diffusing agricultural knowledge, Loudon published a pamphlet entitled The Utility of Agricultural Knowledge to the Sons of the Landed Proprietors of Great Britain, &c., by a Scotch Farmer and Land-Agent.

After travelling through Europe from 1813 to 1814, Loudon began to focus on the improvement of the construction of greenhouses and other agricultural systems. He ultimately developed a design for hinged surfaces that could be adjusted depending on the angle of the sun. Loudon also developed plans for industrial worker housing and solar heating systems. In 1815, he was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Loudon established himself as a city planner, decades before Frederick Law Olmsted and others began to work. His vision for the possibility of long term planning for London's green spaces was illustrated within his work, Hints for Breathing Places for Metropolis published in 1829. He envisioned city growth being carefully shaped and circulation influenced by the inclusion of green belts.

In 1832, Loudon established the design theory entitled Gardenesque. In this style, attention was given to the individual plant and placement in the best conditions for them to grow to their potential. Nineteenth century thought was punctuated by the belief that gardens should not mimic nature, so Gardenesque offered a solution by introducing exotics into gardens and basing layouts on abstract shapes.

Loudon was instrumental in the adoption of the term landscape architecture by the modern profession. He took up the term from Gilbert Laing Meason and gave it publicity in his Encyclopedias and in his 1840 book on the Landscape Gardening and Landscape Architecture of the Late Humphry Repton.

Architecture
Sir Howard Colvin noted that, although Loudon did not regard himself as a practising architect, there is evidence that in his early days as a landscape gardener he did occasionally act in that capacity. His architectural thinking and his inclinations towards the Gothic style may be found in his A treatise on forming, improving, and managing country residences. A handful of architectural works – now largely lost – are associated with him. In 1806 he altered the exterior of Barnbarrow (Barnbarroch), Wigtown (burned 1942). However, his principal architectural work appears to have been Garth (Guilsfield), near Welshpool, Montgomeryshire, begun in 1809. His scheme for Garth was in what Colvin termed a "crudely Gothic" design. The scheme was illustrated in his Observations on laying out farms in the Scotch Style, but in execution the designs were modified by the patrons, Richard and Charlotte Mytton. The house was demolished during the winter of 1946–7. At Hope End, near Ledbury, Herefordshire, which was built at the same time as Garth, Loudon embellished a square classical design with huge circular buttresses, pinnacles, ogee-arches windows and a central ogee dome in what Colvin described as "coarsely designed in a pseudo-Moorish style". Later in life, in 1823-4 Loudon designed Nos.3 and 5 Porchester Terrace, London as a "double detached villa", living in No.3 himself.

Horticulture and design
Loudon was a prolific horticultural and landscape design writer. Through his publications, he hoped to spread his ideals of the creation of common space and the improvement of city planning and develop an awareness and interest in agriculture and horticulture. Through his magazines and works, he was able to communicate with lay folk as well as other professionals.

He wrote An Encyclopædia of Gardening in 1822. After its success Loudon published The Encyclopedia of Agriculture in 1825. He founded the Gardener's Magazine, the first periodical devoted solely to horticulture, in 1826. A short time later, he commenced the Magazine of Natural History in 1828.

Perhaps the most significant of these, certainly the most time-consuming and costly, was Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. This work was published in three formats: with the plates entirely uncoloured, with botanical details hand-coloured, and fully hand-coloured. Work began in 1830 and it was first issued in sixty-three monthly parts from January 1835 to July 1838. It presented: an exhaustive account of all the trees and shrubs growing in Great Britain and their history; notes on remarkable examples growing in individual gardens; drawings of leaves, twigs, fruits, and the shapes of leafless trees; and entire portraits of trees in their young and mature state. All were drawn from life, many being from the parkland grounds of Syon House, one of the homes of the Duke of Northumberland to whom the work was dedicated, or from Loddiges' arboretum. "It was on the collection maintained by this firm more than any other that J. C. Loudon relied for living material in the preparation of his great work" W. J. Bean notes, in Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles. The publication also ruined him financially, as he ended up with many unsold copies of the eight-volume work and went deep into debt.

His work on cemeteries also was significant. Churchyards were becoming full, especially in urban areas, and new cemeteries were being opened by private enterprises. Loudon designed only three cemeteries (Bath Abbey Cemetery, Histon Road Cemetery, Cambridge, and Southampton Old Cemetery where the design was rejected) but his writing was a major influence on other designers and architects of the period.

An unusual creation by Loudon is the memorial to his parents, which stands in the grounds of St John the Baptist, Pinner's parish church. It is in the form of a stone wedge, with a fake stone sarcophagus within. It has been Grade II listed since 1983.

Loudon thought that public improvements should be undertaken in a democratic fashion and in a comprehensive and reasonable manner, not sporadically by the benevolence of the wealthy. In 1839, he was commissioned to design the Arboretum at Derby. In his commissions, Loudon displayed the principles that he advocated in his writings; he took into account the general public, aiming to create a space where the classes could mingle easily as well as creating community pride. Plantings were labelled extensively. Loudon's design for the Derby Arboretum paralleled the Loddiges arboretum at Abney Park and served as inspiration for the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew.

Publications
Loudon's publications include the books:
 * 1805. A short treatise on several improvements, recently made in hot-houses
 * 1806. A treatise on forming, improving, and managing country residences, Vol. I, Vol. II
 * 1812. Observations On Laying Out Farms
 * 1817. Remarks on the Construction of Hothouses
 * 1818. Sketches of Curvilinear Hothouses
 * 1822. An Encyclopædia of Gardening
 * 1824. The green-house companion
 * 1825.  The Encyclopedia of Agriculture Vol I., Vol II.; 7th edition, 1872
 * 1828. The Encyclopedia of Plants, with John Lindley
 * 1826. Hortus Britannicus (1830) (not to be confused with Sweet's Hortus Britannicus ,1826–27)
 * 1833. The Encyclopedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture and Furniture
 * 1838. Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum
 * 1838. Suburban Gardener
 * 1842. An Encyclopaedia of Trees and Shrubs: Being the Arboretum Et Fruticetum Britannicum Abridged
 * 1843. On the Laying Out, Planting and Managing of Cemeteries; And on the Improvement of Churchyards.

Magazines

 * 1826– Gardener's Magazine
 * 1828– Magazine of Natural History

Prominent designs by Loudon

 * Birmingham Botanical Gardens, Birmingham (1829–32)
 * Brompton Cemetery, London
 * Derby Arboretum, Derby (1839–40)
 * Harewood House, West Yorkshire
 * Bath Abbey Cemetery, Bath (1843)
 * Histon Road Cemetery, Cambridge (1842)
 * Ditchley, Oxfordshire
 * Stradsett Hall, Norfolk
 * Southampton Old Cemetery, Southampton (1842)
 * Loudon Memorial, St John the Baptist, Pinner, London

Designed by others in Loudon's 'Gardenesque' style:
 * Abney Park Cemetery, London – designed by George Loddiges and William Hosking in 1840.
 * City of London Cemetery and Crematorium, laid out in 1848 according to On the Laying Out, Planting and managing of Cemeteries.

Marriage to Jane Webb
In 1830, when Loudon was 47 years old, he asked a friend to invite the anonymous author of The Mummy! Or a Tale of the Twenty-Second Century to lunch. He had recently reviewed and admired the inventions in this novel in an article published in his Gardener's Magazine. Set in 2126 AD, it is an early example of science fiction. England had become an absolute monarchy and it featured an early Internet, espresso machines, and air-conditioning. The author turned out to be Jane Webb who, having been left penniless at 17 by the death of her father, had turned to writing as a profession. They married seven months later and had a daughter, Agnes, who later married the solicitor and political agent Markham Spofforth from 1858 until her death in 1863.

Loudon loved the fantastical and his wife's expression of it. Their marriage not only symbolized a mutual admiration of one another's minds, but a number of innovations in the world of gardening. Through her marriage, Jane Loudon encountered her husband's work and decided to create her own guides to make gardening more accessible to young women. The Loudons were considered the leading horticulturalists of their day, and their circle of friends included Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray.

Death and legacy

Design of the municipal cemetery at Southampton was Loudon's final project. Despite advanced lung cancer, he corrected the final proofs for his latest encyclopaedia. He travelled to Bath to inspect the site for another cemetery; and then to Oxford to see a client. On his return to London, his doctor told him that he was dying; he died, penniless and in debt, in the arms of his wife in December 1843. He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.

Loudoun Road in St John's Wood is named after him, despite the different spelling. A plaque jointly commemorating the Loudons was erected at their former home, 3 Porchester Terrace, Bayswater in 1953, by London County Council.

title: John Claudius Loudon


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John Wellborn Root Jr.

John Wellborn Root Jr. (July 14, 1887 – October 24, 1963) was a significant United States architect based in Chicago. He was the son of architect John Wellborn Root. As a young man, he graduated from Cornell University and studied architecture at Paris' École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, where he became friends with John Augur Holabird, the son of another famous Chicago architect. Root returned to the States and joined his friend on the architectural staff at Holabird & Roche in 1919.

After the deaths of William Holabird in 1923 and Martin Roche in 1927, the firm was reorganized under the new partnership of Holabird & Root. They worked on many dazzling projects in the late 1920s and early 1930s, before the Great Depression slowed new construction. These years are notable for the firm's many impressive Art Deco buildings.

The firm weathered the Depression and Root remained an active partner into old age.

Significant buildings

 * Palmolive Building, 1929
 * 333 North Michigan Building, 1928
 * Chicago Board of Trade Building, 1930
 * Chicago Daily News Building, 1929
 * Chrysler Building at the Century of Progress 1933-34 World's Fair
 * North Dakota State Capitol, 1934

title: John Wellborn Root Jr.


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Talk:Stolen Honor

Kizzle's tag-team revert ?
Kizzle's tag-team revert just now has the appearance of bad faith, to me. By his own admission he stated that only 80% bothered him, but he reverted 100%. That and the way he conveniently RV'd after Gamaliel max'd out for today is not mertious, in my view. Rex071404  216.153.214.94 21:20, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't see where I have three reverts today, but that's besides the point. If Kizzle disagrees with your edits and agrees with mine, why should he not revert you?  Gamaliel 21:25, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Sherwood's credentials
Cut from article:

 * Carlton Sherwood, the producer of Stolen Honor is an acclaimed journalist and Vietnam War veteran. He is currently a private military corporation executive. In 1980, Mr Sherwood was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for his contributions as part of the Gannett News Service team.

This should be in the Sherwood article. Does not need repetition here. Uncle Ed 20:12, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, actually, yes it does. The fact that he shared in a Pulitzer Prize for his journalistic activities is relevant to any ventures he engages in thereafter which are or which purport to be journalistic, just as the fact that he conducted what purported to be an independent investigation while he was actually giving the subject access to and influence in it is relevant to any other purported "independent investigations".

 * I'm sure you have only the good of Wikipedia in mind, Ed, but some people are not so honorable. They wouldn't see that you're merely trying to keep the article free of clutter by cutting out what you see as redundant elaboration of Sherwood's credentials -- which are, as credentials suggests, part of the reason people might give credence to Sherwood's claims.  Instead, they would simply see it as a free license to rip out any reference to the reasons why someone might be skeptical of Sherwood's claims.  I'm sure you agree that it isn't NPOV -- not furthering the goal of representing all sides fairly -- to let one side say "Well, if my side elects not to present any reasoning why we believe Sherwood is telling the complete and whole truth, that means we get to remove anything the other side says about why they believe his work must be approached with caution."  So I'm sure you'll understand why I'm restoring the information about Sherwood's credentials to the article; we don't want to put temptation in anyone's way. -- Antaeus Feldspar 23:11, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, but merely repeating information is not the best way to do this. We should explain in the article that people question Sherwood's objectivity. We might also point out that the people questioning his objectivity disagree with his conclusions - with opens up the possibility that they are (A) "attacking him" because of his conclusions - as opposed to (B) questioning his conclusion because they *gasp* suddenly discovered something fishy about his credentials.

 * It's the old chicken and egg problem. Which came first?

 * Also, I have yet to verify that Frontline's claim is a fact, let alone that the claim if true proves their point.

 * Is it a general principle that when investigating one's former employer, a journalist NEVER communicates with them in a non-hostile mode? I mean, is Sherwood some kind of idiot who would spend a year or more researching something, only to throw away the scoop of the century by violating journalistic ethics by tipping his hand to "the enemy"?

 * Remember, we're talking about high-stakes politics here. This was the same campaign where CBS tried to pull on October surprise to discredit Kerry's opponent - a bit of advocacy journalism.

 * Anyway, the question you and I are discussing is not "Is Sherwood's anti-Kerry video accurate" but "How can we represent the controversy over its accuracy, in an unbiased way?" Uncle Ed 15:48, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * "Repeating information is not the best way to do this" -- I disagree. Placing information where it is relevant and gives context is a good thing and as we have seen, it is relevant here.  What seems irrelevant here is speculation on the possibility that 100% of people who doubt Sherwood's claims did so before they found out anything about his credentials.  Most people who give any thought to the chicken-and-egg problem aren't trying to argue that eggs should be mentioned only in the chicken article and not in any other chicken-related article.

 * What is also irrelevant is the speculation that Frontline's investigation was flawed -- since it's submitted with absolutely no evidence that this was the case, only with an argument that if Frontline's investigation was flawed, then it would support the conclusion that some people would prefer to believe. The way you phrase your rhetorical question, Ed, makes one wonder whether you've looked into Frontline's report at all, let alone looked into it enough to have any basis for suggesting that they got it wrong.

 * You ask "Is it a general principle that when investigating one's former employer, a journalist NEVER communicates with them in a non-hostile mode?" Well, that's a straw man.  No one ever said "Oh!  We caught Sherwood communicating with the subject of his review in a non-hostile manner!  His investigation is proven non-independent!"  What they did turn up is written evidence that Sherwood sent the manuscript to the subject of his investigation and they said "we want this changed and this changed."  If Sherwood's response had been "I'll investigate whether those 'corrections' are in fact correct and publish them if my research corroborates," there'd be much less controversy.  It's the fact that Sherwood said "okay, I'll make the changes you told me to make" which led to so many questions about whether the investigation fulfilled Sherwood's claims for it as fully independent.

 * Yes, the question is "How can we represent the controversy over Stolen Honor 's accuracy, in an unbiased way?" Jumping to the conclusion that Sherwood is a journalist beyond reproach who would never violate journalistic ethics and that only partisan opponents could possibly believe otherwise is not the answer. -- Antaeus Feldspar 17:46, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed: Wikipedia should not draw that conclusion. Let's try to nail down what the various parties have said about Sherwood. Oh, and while we are at it, let's try to nail down what various parties have said about Kerry. This looks like an intricate example of two sides calling each other liars. Uncle Ed 22:20, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

TDC's edits
re: stopping the article dead for a big laundry list of every single individual interviewed in the movie so as to drive away the maximum number of readers before disclosing that one of those individuals happened to be Kenneth Cordier -- already discussed. Nunh-uh. The official website will do a much better job than we can of going into that exhaustive level of detail; after all, that's where the list is copied from. As for changing the language to imply that the only ones whose actions put pressure on Sinclair were "Large Democrat union pension funds", that is not supported by either the old article or the new one. -- Antaeus Feldspar 03:24, 5 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed, we don't need every individual in the movie. Also agree that one wasn't causal to another, both the advertisers and democrat union funds withdrew independently as far to my knowledge. --kizzle 03:59, 5 January 2006 (UTC)
 * So let me get this strait, you are both arguing that factual information about people who were in the movie deserves less space than partisan bullshit? Secondly, the information about union pension funds is documented, un;ess you have another source. DTC 04:59, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * No, but we know that Staples pulled out because of customer complaints, not because of the Democratic-leaning pension funds. --kizzle 06:27, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

I tend to agree with AF and kizzle. I'm not adamantly opposed to the list, but if we do include it, a chunk of raw data like that belongs in its own section towards the end, not dropped in the middle of a section near the beginning. Gamaliel 05:47, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree about the list of names -- it's not lead section material. As for the "information" about union pension funds, what's "documented" according to TDC's citation is that one anonymous source has asserted that "[b]ig institutions, including some unions and pension funds, pressured their fund managers to dump Sinclair's stock ...."  Even if we take the anonymous source as totally reliable, he or she says only that there was pressure to sell.  It appears that the pressure was not exclusively from union pension funds.  Whether the pressure resulted in any actual sales is not stated.  Finally, there is no such thing as a "Democrat union".  As a minor item of usage, I pointed out to TDC last August that the use of "Democrat" as an adjective is a right-wing solecism.  (See more extensive discussion here.)  Beyond that, the description would have to be much more nuanced (are these unions allegedly affiliated with the Democratic Party, or simply more likely to conclude that Democratic candidates are the ones who'll best further the interests of the under-$100,000-per-year crowd?)  Also, the very next sentence in the Newsweek article reports similar financial concerns among many other Wall Street types, who tend to be Republicans.  Picking and choosing some facts to convey an impression of a vast left-wing conspiracy is not NPOV. JamesMLane 08:08, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Including a list of people in the film is valid for a documentary. 70.85.195.229 05:03, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

This article does not meet any meaningful scholastic standards
This article is really little more than a political debate between two sides of the political spectrum using standard web debating tactics, while failing any basic test for scholastic merit. As it is now, much of the article resembles an ad hominem attack on Sherwood---suggesting the possibility of a bias and calling into question his journalistic skills, while exploring nothing from the movie that was relevant. Details of Sherwood's life not relevant to this article, really belong in the Wiki entry on Sherwood, and are largely irrelevant to the stated topic of this article.

I believe that the main thrust of the article should have been a review of the contents of the movie, and an examination of which aspects are one-sided or inaccurate. -- clt510 16:44, 10 Sep 2006 (UTC)

Lead section overly long
The lead section of this article is overly long. Please help integrate some parts of it in sections. For helpful hints see WP:LEAD. With proper scructuring the article can become class start. Hoverfish Talk 08:14, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Stolen Honor


text: Category:Muskets

title: Category:Muskets


text:
East Sooke

East Sooke is an unincorporated community south and east of Sooke, British Columbia, Canada. It consists of over 500 houses (and one volunteer fire department), along with the headquarters of the Royal Canadian Marine Search and Rescue (RCMSAR) organization on the south side of the Sooke Basin. East Sooke borders on East Sooke Regional Park, an area of 14.3394 km2, with views south to Olympic National Park in the United States.

East Sooke does not have a town council. Instead it is governed by a regional director who is also responsible for other unincorporated areas in the Capital Regional District (the regional district of Greater Victoria).

East Sooke's general character is rural, although it is a bedroom community of Victoria, British Columbia. Its close proximity to Victoria, its character as a bedroom community, and its large tracts of undeveloped land have made it an attractive location for recreation and retirement developments. Political scuffles over the development of the community have led to two large sections of East Sooke splitting off and joining Sooke.

The population of East Sooke is roughly 1,500 (2001 census: 1434). There is no town core, but there is a single convenience store. East Sooke is a mix of small residential subdivisions, small hobby farms, and wilderness.

There are currently no schools in East Sooke, although there have been plans for an elementary school for a number of years. Some children are bussed to Sooke schools. This community is part of School District 62 Sooke. Some families in East Sooke homeschool their kids, negating the need to travel to Sooke for school.

Neighbourhoods of East Sooke
(in order from east to west)
 * Becher Bay
 * Seedtree
 * Mount Matheson
 * Park Heights
 * Anderson Cove
 * Coppermine
 * Seagirt
 * Eliza Point
 * Tideview

Neighbouring communities

 * Sooke
 * Sci'anew Nation
 * Metchosin

title: East Sooke


text:
Naoshi Mizuta

Naoshi Mizuta (水田 直志) is a Japanese video game composer and musician. He is best known for his work on Final Fantasy XI (with Nobuo Uematsu and Kumi Tanioka), but has also composed music for Mega Man & Bass, Street Fighter Alpha, and Parasite Eve II. He started his career at Capcom before moving to Square (now Square Enix) in 1998.

Biography
Born in Kōchi, Japan in 1972, Mizuta's interest in music began to grow when he "was in the second or third grade". Although still interested in music, Mizuta studied law and economics at Chiba University. He composed his first song while in his last year there, and after graduating went to work for Capcom in 1995 as a composer. He began his career scoring the Street Fighter series where he was part of the sound team for Street Fighter Alpha in 1995.

In 1998, while still working for Capcom, Mizuta applied to Square as a composer in response to an advertisement and was hired. His first assignment for Square was to score Parasite Eve II, for which he was the sole composer and spent a year and a half working on. The original Parasite Eve game was scored by Yoko Shimomura, and Mizuta incorporated some of the original game's musical themes into the sequel. Mizuta's next role was as the main composer for Final Fantasy XI, with assistance from Nobuo Uematsu and Kumi Tanioka. Mizuta remained with the Final Fantasy XI project for over ten years, serving as the sole composer for the game's five expansions, and considers it his life's work. During this period, Mizuta became involved in The Star Onions, a band composed of Square Enix composers for which he plays bass guitar. Other members of the band, which plays arrangements of songs from Final Fantasy XI, include Tanioka, Hidenori Iwasaki, and Tsuyoshi Sekito. The band has since released two albums, Music from the Other Side of Vana'diel and Sanctuary.

Mizuta has also worked on several other projects for Square Enix, including Blood of Bahamut and Guardian Cross. He has also worked on many other games in the Final Fantasy series, including Final Fantasy: The 4 Heroes of Light, Final Fantasy XIII-2, Final Fantasy XIV, Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn, and Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII.

Musical style and influences
For games, Mizuta is primarily focused on creating music that fits the title and the scene at hand, without consideration for how it might sound in isolation. On older consoles, the hardware restricted composers to three channels of audio. Working within these limitations, Mizuta was challenged to create strong, memorable melodies without the aid of atmospheric and accompanying lines. Even without such constraints in modern titles, he feels that this style has its merits and is worth preserving. On the other hand, for alternative presentations of his music such as live performances or piano arrangements, Mizuta feels more free to have fun and play it however he likes. Mizuta is heavily influenced by the work of Ryuichi Sakamoto, as well as Nobuo Uematsu, his superior at Square. He also draws inspiration from a variety of film scores as well as fan remixes of his work on YouTube.

title: Naoshi Mizuta


text:
David Pham

David Pham (born February 10, 1967, in South Vietnam), is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player from Bell Gardens, California, with three World Series of Poker bracelets who has made seven final tables at the World Poker Tour.

Early life
Pham was born in South Vietnam and fled to the United States at the age of 17 in a boat carrying 145 people of which only 46 survived the journey. Once in the United States, Pham gained employment at his cousin's laundry business. His cousin is the famed professional poker player Men Nguyen, from whom Pham would learn poker and continue to do so even after Pham along with his wife had opened a nail salon in Los Angeles, California.

Poker
In both 2000 and 2007 Pham was named "Player of the Year" by Card Player.

As of 2017, his total live tournament winnings exceed $9,850,000. His 50 cashes at the WSOP account for over $2,175,000 of those winnings.

World Series of Poker
Pham won a World Series of Poker (WSOP) bracelet in 2001 for the $2.000 S.H.O.E. event, defeating a final table including Tom McEvoy, John Cernuto, Cyndy Violette and Paul Darden. In 2006, Pham won a second WSOP bracelet in the $2,000 No Limit Hold'em Shootout event. He won a $1,500 No Limit Hold'em event in 2017 for his third bracelet. He won a WSOP Circuit event in the $1,675 No Limit Hold'em - Main Event in Los Angeles in 2018.

Other poker
In February 2003, Pham won the $5,000 limit hold'em event of the L.A. Poker Classic, outlasting such players as John Phan and Jennifer Harman to take home the $457,320 first prize.

Later, in December 2004, he defeated Alan Goehring heads-up to win the $3,000 no limit hold'em event at the Five Diamond World Poker Classic, earning a payday of $414,419.

On March 28, 2008, Pham made his sixth WPT final table at the 2008 World Poker Challenge, where he finished 5th earning $93,664. On November 5, 2008, Pham finished in fourth place at the WPT Foxwoods World Poker Finals, earning $240,344.

In January 2008, Pham finished in fourth place, winning $600,000 at the European Poker Tour's (EPT) PokerStars Caribbean Poker Adventure (formerly a WPT event) after being eliminated at the final table by Bertrand Grospellier, who called Pham all-in with an ace high flush draw on the turn, which was made on the river.

title: David Pham


text:
Nat Borchers

Nat Borchers (born April 13, 1981) is an American former soccer player who played as a defender. He won the MLS Cup in 2009 with Real Salt Lake and in 2015 with the Portland Timbers.

Youth and college career
Born in Tucson, Arizona, Borchers attended East High School in Pueblo, Colorado where he played on the boys' soccer team. In his four years at East High School, he was selected all-league three times and All-State once. He was chosen as the League MVP his senior year. He also played for the youth club, Colorado Storm (Club Colorado Select). In addition to playing soccer, Borchers ran track and played basketball.

Borchers played four years of college soccer for the University of Denver from 1999 to 2002, and also excelled for the Colorado Rapids' PDL affiliate, the Boulder Rapids Reserve. He was selected all-league three times and was the MVP of the league in his senior year at DU. Despite this, Borchers went undrafted in the 2003 MLS SuperDraft. Borchers earned his bachelor's and master's degrees in accounting while in school.

Club career
Borchers was signed to the Colorado Rapids developmental roster on March 18, 2003. However, he soon proved to be far better than most had expected and by the middle of the 2003 season had secured a starting spot in Colorado's first team central defense. Throughout the 2005 season, Borchers continued to anchor the Rapids defense.

In 2006, Borchers was transferred to Norwegian club Odd Grenland. In February 2008, Borchers signed with MLS side Real Salt Lake on a transfer, after being released by Odd Grenland. His success with RSL in his first three seasons with the club led to a long-term deal announced on February 14, 2011, that kept Borchers in Salt Lake through the 2014 season.

On December 8, 2014, Borchers was traded to Portland Timbers in exchange for allocation funds. During his time with the Timbers, Borchers had been a starting defender contributing in the club's 2015 Championship run. The defender in 2016 had suffered with a leg injury that had him out for the rest of the season. On February 2, 2017, he retired from professional soccer.

International career
Borchers' surprising 2003 season led to him being called up for the Under-23 team's Olympic Qualifiers, in which the team was eliminated. He earned his first cap for the senior national team on March 9, 2005, against Colombia. Nat most recently played for the senior team on November 17, 2010, against South Africa, entering in the 67th minute.

Outside football
In addition to soccer, Borchers owns and manages his own commercial real estate investment company.

Honors

 * Real Salt Lake
 * MLS Cup: 2009
 * Eastern Conference (playoffs): 2009
 * Western Conference (playoffs): 2013

Individual
 * Portland Timbers
 * MLS Cup: 2015
 * Western Conference (playoffs): 2015

 * MLS Best XI: 2010

title: Nat Borchers


text:
Cuyamaca, California

Cuyamaca (Kumeyaay: ‘Ekwiiyemak) is a region of eastern San Diego County. It lies east of the Capitan Grande Indian Reservation in the western Laguna Mountains, north of Descanso and south of Julian. Named for the 1845 Rancho Cuyamaca Mexican land grant, the region is now dominated by the 26000 acre Cuyamaca Rancho State Park. Within the park is the prominent Cuyamaca Peak, the second-highest mountain in San Diego County at 6512 ft.

The name is a Spanish corruption of the Kumeyaay phrase "'Ekwiiyemak", which means, according to Margaret Langdon's translation, "Behind the clouds". It has also been translated as "the place where it rains", a reference to the region's higher average precipitation than San Diego County's low coastal areas. Cuyamaca is a popular toponym lending its name to streets, businesses and a community college in the San Diego area.

History
During the Julian Gold Rush, a quartz gold mine; the Stonewall Mine, was found on the south side of what is now Lake Cuyamaca. First a mining camp called Stonewall (1873–1876), then the mining company town of Stratton (1887–1888), renamed Cuyamaca City (1888–1906), at its peak had a population of 500 and served the Stonewall Mine.

In 1906, the post office was closed and service moved to Descanso. The town was abandoned after mining operations ceased, and few traces of it exist. The site of the town now lies within Cuyamaca Rancho State Park at 32.98472°N, -116.57083°W.

The modern community of Cuyamaca later developed on the north side of the lake. Before the Cedar Fire of 2003, the community of Cuyamaca consisted of approximately 145 homes on a mountain (North Peak) north of the reservoir.

Cedar Fire
In October 2003, most of the Cuyamaca region was consumed by the Cedar Fire. Nearly 25000 acre in the state park and 120 homes in the community of Cuyamaca were incinerated. The historic Dyer Ranch house in the center of the state park, which functioned as a museum and the park headquarters, was also destroyed.

title: Cuyamaca, California


text:
Gilbert Tennent

Gilbert Tennent (5 February 1703 – 23 July 1764) was a Presbyterian revivalist minister in Colonial America. Born into a Scotch-Irish family in County Armagh, Ireland, he migrated to America with his parents, studied theology, and along with Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, became one of the leaders of the evangelical revival known as the First Great Awakening. His most famous sermon, On the Danger of an Unconverted Ministry, also known as the "Nottingham Sermon," compared "Old Side" ministers to the biblical Pharisees of the Gospels, triggering a schism in the Presbyterian Church which lasted for 17 years. A prolific writer, Tennent would later work towards reunification of the two synods involved.

Early life
Gilbert Tennent, the eldest son of William Tennent and Catherine Kennedy, was born at Vinecash, County Armagh, Ireland. Gilbert's father was a Church of Ireland minister who emigrated to the American colonies before 1718, when he successfully applied to the Synod of Philadelphia to be accepted as a Presbyterian minister. In 1721, the family moved from Westchester, New York to Pennsylvania where William served as pastor at Bensalem in Bucks County. Five years later he accepted a call to Neshaminy in what is now Warminster where he remained until his death in 1746.<ref name="Sprague"

Gilbert and his three younger brothers received a classical education from their father in Ireland and America. Gilbert briefly studied medicine but in 1723 switched his focus to theology. In May 1725, he was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Philadelphia. The same year he received an honorary Master of Arts degree from Yale College in recognition of his educational achievements despite not having attended lectures.

Ministry
In December 1725, Tennent accepted a call to ministry in Newcastle, Delaware but left abruptly after a few weeks. He was consequently reprimanded by the Synod. He assisted his father in the founding of Log College at Neshaminy, but soon accepted a call to establish a church in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

While at New Brunswick, Tennent became friends with Theodorus Frelinghuysen, a Dutch Reformed minister who greatly influenced Tennent and helped him develop his ministerial and preaching skills.

Tennent became an enthusiastic orator known for "preaching the terrors" and for his fiery exhortations to repent. Tennent met George Whitefield, an itinerant evangelist minister from England, in April 1740. He accompanied Whitefield on a preaching tour of New Jersey and Staten Island, and in the winter of 1741 embarked on his own tour of New England. George Whitefield was impressed with Tennent's preaching and referred to him as "a son of thunder" in his journal.

Tennent's views increasing brought into him into conflict with the Synod. He supported "enthusiastic itinerancy," opposed changes to the Synod's educational requirements for ordination, and insisted that only those who experienced "genuine conversion" should be ministers.

He was scornful of his critics among conservative or "Old Side" Presbyterians and in his 1740 sermon The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry, also known as the Nottingham Sermon, denounced his opponents, calling them Pharisees who had, "no experience of a special work of the Holy Ghost upon their own souls."

In 1738, several "New Side" ministers led by Tennent had split from the Presbytery of Philadelphia and formed the Presbytery of New Brunswick. In 1741, the Synod of Philadelphia voted to exclude the New Brunswick Presbytery, effectively expelling Tennent and other revivalist ministers. In 1745, the Presbytery of New Brunswick joined with the Presbytery of New York to form the Synod of New York.

Tennent expressed regret for his role in fomenting the dissension that resulted in the scism. His sermons became less passionate and he worked towards reconciliation with the Old Side faction. In 1743, he left New Brunswick to become the founding pastor of Philadelphia's Second Presbyterian Church.

In 1746, Tennent was elected a trustee of the recently chartered College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). In 1753, he travelled to England to raise the funds to build what would become Nassau Hall.

The Old Side and New Side factions reunited in 1758. The Synod of Philadelphia and Synod of New York merged and Tennent was elected as the new moderator.

Emissary
Tennent retired from the ministry in 1762 due to chronic illness. In February 1764, Governor John Penn (governor) appointed Tennent to a delegation of civic leaders led by Benjamin Franklin and Tennent to meet with the Scotch-Irish vigilante group known as the Paxton Boys.

Scotch-Irish immigrants to Pennsylvania frequently squatted on indigenous territory. As a result they were the target of raids during the French and Indian War and Pontiac's War. In response, Reverend John Elder, a Presbyterian minister from Paxtang known as the "Fighting Parson," raised two companies of mounted associators. In December 1763, this group massacred 20 peaceable Susquehannock at Conestoga Town and Lancaster. In February 1764, the Paxton Boys led an armed march on Philadelphia with the intent of attacking the Moravian Lenape and Mohican who had been moved there for their protection.

The Paxton Boys halted their march in Germantown after learning about the sizable force that was prepared to meet them in Philadelphia. Following a day of negotiations, the marchers agreed to disperse after receiving assurances that their grievances would be presented to the Governor and Assembly.

Family
Tennent married three times. His first wife died childless in 1740. Tennent then married Cornelia Clarkson (née de Peyster), a widow with several children. She died in 1753. Sometime before 1762 Tennent married another widow, Sarah Spofford, who had one daughter by her first husband. She had three children with Tennent; one of the two daughters was given the name of Tennent's second wife, Cornelia.

Works
Tennent had many of his sermons, as well as some of his other works, published by Benjamin Franklin and other Philadelphia printers. These include:
 * The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry, Considered in a sermon on Mark VI. 34. Preached at Nottingham, in Pennsylvania, March 8, Anno 1739,40 (1740)
 * Examiner, examined, or, Gilbert Tennent, harmonious : in answer to a pamphlet entitled, The examiner, or Gilbert against Tennent'' (1743)
 * Some Account of the Principles of the Moravians, Chiefly Collected from Several Conversations with Count Zinzendorf (1743)
 * Twenty Three Sermons Upon the Chief End of Man: The Divine Authority of the Sacred Scriptures, the Being and Attributes of God, and the Doctrine of the Trinity (1744)
 * The Late Association for defence farther encouraged, or, Defensive war defended, : and its consistency with true Christianity represented in a reply to some exceptions against war, in a late composure, intituled, The doctrine of Christianity, as held by the people called Quakers, vindicated. (1748)
 * The Substance and Scope of Both Testaments; or, The Distinguishing Glory of the Gospel: A Sermon (1749)
 * Irenicum Ecclesiasticum, or, a Humbly Impartial Essay upon the Peace of Jerusalum (1749)
 * A Persuasive to the Right Use of the Passions in Religion; or, The Nature of Religious Zeal Explain’d, Its Excellency and Importance Open’d and Urg’d, in a Sermon, on Revelations iii.19. Preached at Philadelphia, January 27th, 1760 (1760)

title: Gilbert Tennent


text:
Nuclear Reactor Operator Badge

The Nuclear Reactor Operator Badge is an obsolete qualification badge of the United States Army which was issued between the years of 1965 and 1990. In 1991, the decoration was declared obsolete by Army Regulation 600-8-22, but uniform regulations permit the continued wearing of badges awarded before then. The Nuclear Reactor Operator Badge is worn above the ribbons over the left pocket flap of the Army uniform, in the same position as the Parachutist Badge.

The Nuclear Reactor Operator Badge was first authorized on June 18, 1965. The badge was issued in four degrees; the basic badge was awarded upon completion of the U.S. Army Nuclear Power Plant Operators Course. The Nuclear Reactor Operator Badge was worn on dress uniforms and also on duty uniforms in a subdued version. Miniature Nuclear Reactor Operator Badges were authorized for wear on dinner dress attire.

Badge design
The square (cube) is used to represent a nuclear reactor, the two bars representing control rods and thus alluding to nuclear reactor operations. The disc is symbolic of completeness and refers to the knowledge and training required of all nuclear reactor operators. The disc is also a symbol of the sun, the source of all energy and power. The symbol of the planet Uranus, from which the term "uranium" is derived, refers to nuclear energy and power. Addition of the laurel wreaths signifies further achievement and qualification. The gold color for the shift supervisor signifies the highest degree of achievement and qualification.

Qualification criteria
This material is transcribed, with a few small edits, from Standard Operating Procedure #1802, US Army Engineer Reactors Group, Ft. Belvoir, VA, dated 1 July 1969. It is clear from these requirements that progression through the various licensing levels was not automatic; that is, there was much more required than simply working a given number of shifts. The first level of qualification was graduation from the Nuclear Power Plant Operator Course; the Basic badge is shown at right.

Nuclear power plant operator, second class [Equipment Operator]
a. Certification as a Nuclear Power Plant Operator [graduation from the US Army Engineer Reactors Group Nuclear Power Plant Operator Course, 52 weeks].

b. Satisfactory completion of an approved training program. Minimum requirements are:

 * (1) Satisfactory completion of comprehensive practical training and examinations covering all aspects of the operations, maintenance, and plant safety for this level of qualification. An Operations Record will be completed for each trainee.

 * (2) Completion of at least thirty (30) shifts of operating experience under the supervision of a qualified Nuclear Power Plant Operator, Second Class, within six (6) months prior to recommendation for qualification.

c. Recommendation of Shift Supervisor of the shift to which individual is assigned.

d. Recommendation of Shift Supervisor of the shift to which individual is not assigned.

e. Recommendation by an NPPO, Second Class Qualification Board to the Officer-In-Charge of the plant concerned.

f. Recommendation of the OIC of the plant concerned.

Nuclear power plant operator, first class [Control Room Operator]

a. Certification as an NPPO, Second Class.

b. Satisfactory completion of an approved training program. Minimum requirements are:

 * (1) Satisfactory completion of comprehensive practical training and examinations covering all aspects of the operations, maintenance, and plant safety for this level of qualification. An Operations Record will be completed for each trainee.

 * (2) Satisfactory completion of the following operating experience within the six (6) months prior to recommendation for qualification:

 * (a) For initial qualification, completion of at least thirty (30) shifts as a qualified NPPO, Second Class, and completion of at least thirty (30) shifts of operating experience under the supervision of a qualified NPPO, First Class.

 * (b) For additional qualification, completion of at least fifteen (15) shifts as a qualified NPPO, Second Class, and completion of at least fifteen (15) shifts of operating experience under the supervision of a qualified NPPO, First Class.

c. Recommendation of Shift Supervisor of the shift to which individual is assigned.

d. Recommendation of Shift Supervisor of the shift to which individual is not assigned.

e. Recommendation by an NPPO, First Class Qualification Board to the Officer-In-Charge of the plant concerned.

f. Recommendation of the OIC of the plant concerned.

Shift supervisor

a. Certification as an NPPO, First Class of the plant concerned

b. Satisfactory completion of an approved training program. Minimum requirements are:

 * (1) Satisfactory completion of comprehensive practical training and examinations covering all aspects of the operations, maintenance, and plant safety for this level of qualification.

 * (2) Satisfactory completion of the following operating experience within the six (6) months prior to recommendation for qualification:

 * (a) For initial qualification, completion of at least thirty (30) shifts as a qualified NPPO, First Class, and completion of at least forty (40) shifts as a Shift Supervisor Trainee.

 * (b) For additional qualification, completion of at least fifteen (15) shifts as a qualified NPPO, First Class, and completion of at least fifteen (15) shifts as a Training Shift Supervisor.

c. Recommendation of Shift Supervisor of the shift to which individual is assigned.

d. Recommendation of Shift Supervisor of the shift to which individual is not assigned.

e. Recommendation by an NPPO, Shift Supervisor Qualification Board to the Officer-In-Charge of the plant concerned.

f. Recommendation of the OIC of the plant concerned.

title: Nuclear Reactor Operator Badge


text:
User talk:Slipperyweasel

Talk Archive
Talk Archive 01

Recent Talk
Hi. I am reverting your revert to my edit to the Allentown article. I don't take issue with Irene_Ng's fame, but rather that she was born in Malaysia, and this list is of famous people born in Allentown, not simply moving there at some point in their lives. Alvis 20:21, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

(Belated) Welcome from Penn State
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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There are a number of Penn State Wikipedians around here; also see WikiProject_Pennsylvania_State_University. Hope to see you around, GChriss 18:42, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Nice job
Hey, nice job on the past Scholastic Scrimmage winners. Where do you find this stuff?? Anyway, very well done. You seem to always have good edits on PA topics. PAWiki 22:01, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Talk pages
Please do not edit others' comments on talk pages. Thanks. --Chris Griswold 07:02, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Good job
Good job catching the various vandalism to the Allentown pages, such as Parkland High School. With all the hard work we spend improving these pages, it's a shame we have to waste time on such efforts, but it's not thankless work...because I'm dropping you a note to say "thanks" :) PAWiki 17:56, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

PA 145
hey, i noticed your from the Allentown Area and i'm wondering if you have the equipment to take pictures of McArthur Road and maybe some others from PA 145 if you want it's not obligational. I don't have a diginal camera so i can't take any. PA 145 is close to Good Article status and i could use some help, thanks. -- JohnnyAlbert10 2:31, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I bought a diginal camera so you don't need to take pictures if you don't want to. --  Johnny Albert 10  Time to talk ·  My Help 21:19, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

New wikiproject
Hey Slipperyweasel, I've noticed you work on Lehigh Valley related articles. I would be thrilled if you could join the new wikiproject: WikiProject Lehigh Valley. Thanks! --  JA 10  T · C 00:55, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Wikimedia Pennsylvania
Hello there!

I'm writing to inform you that we are now forming the first local Wikimedia Chapter in the United States: Wikimedia Pennsylvania. Our goals are to perform outreach and fundraising activities on behalf of the various Wikimedia projects. If you're interested in being a part of the chapter, or just want to know more, you can:
 * Contact us on IRC at #wikimedia-pa
 * Join our mailing list
 * Visit our blog at http://wmfpa.blogspot.com

Thanks and I hope you join up!  Cbrown1023   talk   04:29, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Redirect of Sensata
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Sensata, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Sensata is a redirect to a non-existent page (CSD R1). To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Sensata, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that '''this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. To see the user who deleted the page, click here''' CSDWarnBot (talk) 19:01, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Please explain
Hi. You marked this edit as minor (it clearly isn't) and you failed to give any sort of explanation. Best, -- brew crewer  (yada, yada) 05:03, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

Evan Bayh
You have reinserted a totally irresponsible passage after I explained what was wrong with it in total detail. The edit by Brewcrewer cites a source that says the opposite of what the insert says (and never did say what Brewcrewer attributes to it). For a PhD candidate such as yourself to second this is perverse. Please rectify. Thank you. Hurmata (talk) 07:58, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Slipperyweasel! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 21:49, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Roy C. Afflerbach -

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 19:49, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Scholastic Scrimmage
Hey! I noticed that you added the previous champions of Scholastic Scrimmage, and was wondering where you found that information, as I have not been able to find it anywhere else and want to know how you got it. Thanks! Ethan Parmet (talk) 01:54, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Slipperyweasel


text:
Sebastián Vizcaíno

Sebastián Vizcaíno (1548–1624) was a Spanish soldier, entrepreneur, explorer, and diplomat whose varied roles took him to New Spain, the Baja California peninsula, the California coast and Asia.

Early career
Vizcaíno was born in 1548, in Extremadura, Crown of Castile (Spain). He saw military service in the Spanish invasion of Portugal during 1580–1583. Coming to New Spain in 1583, he sailed as a merchant on a Manila galleon to the Spanish East Indies in 1586–1589. In 1587, he was on board the Santa Ana as one of the merchants when Thomas Cavendish captured it, robbing him and others of their personal cargoes of gold.

The Californias
In 1593, the disputed concession for pearl fishing on the western shores of the Gulf of California was transferred to Vizcaíno. He succeeded in sailing with three ships to La Paz, Baja California Sur, in 1596. He gave this site (known to Hernándo Cortés as Santa Cruz) its modern name and attempted to establish a settlement. However, problems of resupply, declining morale, and a fire soon forced its abandonment.

In 1601, the Spanish viceroy in Mexico City, Gaspar de Zúñiga, 5th Count of Monterrey, appointed Vizcaíno general-in-charge of a second expedition: to locate safe harbors in Alta California for Spanish galleons to use on their return voyage to Acapulco from Manila. He was also given the mandate to map in detail the California coastline that Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo had first reconnoitered 60 years earlier. He departed Acapulco with three ships on May 5, 1602. His flagship was the San Diego and the other two ships were the San Tomás and the Tres Reyes.

On November 10, 1602, Vizcaíno entered and named San Diego Bay. Sailing up the coast, Vizcaíno named many prominent features such as the Santa Barbara Channel Islands, Point Conception, the Santa Lucia Mountains, Point Lobos, Carmel River and Monterey Bay (obliterating some of the names given these same features by Cabrillo in 1542). He was the first person in recorded history to note certain ecological features of the California coast such as the Monterey cypress forest at Point Lobos.

The commander of the Tres Reyes, Martín de Aguilar, became separated from Vizcaíno and continued up the coast to present-day Oregon as far as Cape Blanco and possibly to Coos Bay. After Vizcaíno passed Cape Mendocino, he turned back, with some of his men suffering from scurvy and starvation. Half of the crew members, some 45 men, died during the expedition.

Much of what we know about Vizcaíno's Pacific Coast voyage is from the diary of Antonio de la Ascensión, a Carmelite friar, chronicler and cosmographer who traveled with the expedition.

One result of Vizcaíno's voyage was a flurry of enthusiasm for establishing a Spanish settlement at Monterey, but this was ultimately deferred for another 167 years after the Conde de Monterrey left to become Viceroy of Peru and his successor was less favorable. A colonizing expedition was authorized in 1606 for 1607, but was delayed and then canceled in 1608.

Japanese relations

In 1611, Vizcaíno carried a Japanese delegation led by Tanaka Shōsuke from Mexico back to Japan. In an ambassadorial capacity, Vizcaíno met with the shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada and his father, the retired first shōgun, Tokugawa Ieyasu, founder of the Tokugawa dynasty. However, diplomacy soured due to a rumor that the Spanish intended to use the Japanese Christian minority to overthrow the shogunate and take control of Japan. After taking his leave in 1612, he surveyed the east coast of Japan and searched for two mythical islands called Rico de Oro and Rico de Plata. Failing to find them, he returned to Japan.

In 1613, Vizcaíno accompanied the Japanese embassy led by Hasekura Tsunenaga to Mexico. In Acapulco, Vizcaíno was seriously injured in a fight with the Japanese, as recorded by 17th-century Aztec historian Chimalpahin in his journal, "Annals of His Time". The Japanese entourage continued to Mexico City, and embarked a ship at Veracruz bound for Europe.

Dutch conflict
In October 1615, Vizcaíno commanded 200 men at the port of Salagua against an attack by 200 Dutch pirates led by Joris van Spilbergen. In the afternoon, both sides ran out of ammunition. Vizcaíno's men retreated after the Dutch returned with more ammunition.

Death
Sebastián Vizcaíno died in 1624 in Mexico City, New Spain.

In 1888, botanist Greene published Viscainoa, which is a genus of flowering plants from Mexico belonging to the family Zygophyllaceae and was named in Sebastián Vizcaíno's honour.

title: Sebastián Vizcaíno


text: User talk:132.216.37.64

title: User talk:132.216.37.64


text:
50th Georgia Infantry Regiment

The 50th Georgia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised by the state of Georgia to fight for the Confederacy in the American Civil War.

The regiment was organized on March 4, 1862, at Camp Davis, about 28 miles from Savannah. The recruits were primarily from southern Georgia. The original commander was Col. William R. Manning (1817–1871). They were drilled at Camp Davis, just outside Guyton, Georgia. Upon being mustered into Confederate service, the regiment served in the Savannah defenses, Military District of Georgia. On July 17, 1862, Major General John C. Pemberton sent the 50th Georgia Volunteers to Richmond to join Drayton's Brigade in the First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia under its commanding general, Robert E. Lee.

For the majority of the war, the 50th Georgia served with the First Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia. The regiment participated in more than 45 engagements during the war. Some of the early battles in the East that the regiment took part in included South Mountain, Sharpsburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. The regiment went south when James Longstreet took his corps to Georgia and Tennessee in the fall of 1863, where it was engaged at the Siege of Knoxville. Returning to Virginia, the 50th Georgia fought in the Siege of Petersburg, the Battle of Cedar Creek, and the Battle of Sayler's Creek, where most of the regiment was captured.

The remaining men surrendered at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. After parole, they returned to Georgia and civilian life, holding several reunions over the years.

Organization
This regiment, formed in March 1862 served with the Army of Northern Virginia from July 1862 until its surrender at Appomattox Court House, except during Longstreet's 1863 expedition to Georgia and Tennessee. Upon reaching Virginia, it was assigned to Drayton's Brigade. During the Battle of Antietam (Battle of Sharpsburg), the regiment was assigned to .Toomb's Brigade. Toomb's Georgia troops were credited with defending the bridge over Antietam creek against several ill-fated attempts to cross it, until finally being pushed back late in the afternoon. After the battle, the 50th Regiment was permanently assigned to Paul Jones Semmes's Brigade. The subsequent brigade commanders were Goode Bryan and James P. Simms.

Colonel
Col Manning, was medically discharged from field hospital in Columbia, S.C., due to contracting Hepatitis. While in the hospital, he wrote three letters requesting medical discharge, supported by his doctor, to General Lee. The last letter was approved.
 * William R. Manning (March 22, 1862, through July 31, 1863, Resigned)
 * Peter Alexander Selkirk McGlashan (July 31, 1863, through end of war [captured at Sayler's Creek, Virginia, April 6, 1865, Released from Johnson's Island, Ohio, July 25, 1865])

Lieutenant Colonel

 * Francis Kearse (March 22, 1862, through July 2, 1863, Killed at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania)
 * William O. Fleming (July 31, 1863, through December 22, 1863, Resigned)
 * Pliny Sheffield (December 21, 1863, through November 28, 1864, Resigned [Wounded in right arm necessitating amputation at the Battle of the Wilderness on May 6, 1864])

Major

 * Phillip Coleman Pendleton (March 22, 1862, through October 8, 1862, Resigned)
 * Duncan Curry (October 8, 1862, through February 24, 1863, Resigned)
 * William O. Fleming (February 24, 1863, through July 31, 1863, Promoted to Lieutenant Colonel)
 * Pliny Sheffield (July 31, 1863, through December 21, 1863, Promoted to Lieutenant Colonel)
 * John M. Spence (December 21, 1863, through February 14, 1865, when granted a leave of absence)

Companies

 * Company A - Satilla Rangers (Pierce County)
 * Company B - Ware Volunteers (Ware County)
 * Company C - Coffee County Guards (Coffee County)
 * Company D - Valdosta Guards (Lowndes County)
 * Company E - Thomas County Rangers (Thomas County)
 * Company F - Decatur Infantry (Decatur County)
 * Company G - Clinch Volunteers (Clinch and Echols Counties)
 * Company H - Colquitt Marksmen (Colquitt County)
 * Company I - Berrien Light Infantry (Berrien County)
 * Company K - Brooks Volunteers (Brooks County)

Battles
The 50th Georgia Infantry Regiment fought in the following battles:

 * Second Bull Run (August 28–30, 1862)
 * South Mountain (September 14, 1862)
 * Antietam (September 17, 1862)
 * Fredericksburg (December 13, 1862)
 * Chancellorsville (May 1–4, 1863)
 * Gettysburg (July 1–3, 1863)
 * Chickamauga [not engaged] (September 19–20, 1863)
 * Chattanooga Siege (September–November 1863)
 * Siege of Knoxville (November–December 1863)
 * Battle of Fort Sanders (November 23, 1863)
 * The Wilderness (May 5–6, 1864)
 * Spotsylvania Court House (May 8–21, 1864)
 * North Anna (May 23–26, 1864)
 * Cold Harbor (June 1–3, 1864)
 * Petersburg Siege (June 1864-April 1865)
 * Cedar Creek (October 19, 1864)
 * Sayler's Creek (April 6, 1865)
 * Appomattox Court House (April 9, 1865)

title: 50th Georgia Infantry Regiment


text:
Santino Quaranta

Santino Quaranta (born October 14, 1984) is an American former professional soccer player.

Youth
Quaranta partially attended Baltimore's Archbishop Curley High School for his freshman and sophomore years, where he started both years, and was recognized as one of the top soccer players in the state. Quaranta did not play college soccer, and instead spent time with the US U-17 national team at the IMG Soccer Academy in Bradenton, Florida, where he achieved exceptional success.

Professional
Quaranta was drafted eighth overall in the 2001 MLS SuperDraft by D.C. United. At 16 years, four months, Quaranta surpassed fellow DC player Bobby Convey to become the youngest player in the history of Major League Soccer, a record which would subsequently be taken by another DC player, Freddy Adu.

Quaranta immediately excelled in MLS, registering five goals and one assist in just 16 games during the 2001 season. Unfortunately, in the subsequent three seasons, Quaranta was beset by injuries, and struggled to live up to his early promise. Although he started all eleven games that he played in during the 2002 season, Quaranta missed almost two-thirds of the season with injuries, and things did not improve in the following two seasons, where he played in just 13 games. With fitness restored, Quaranta returned to form in 2005, where he contributed 5 goals and 5 assists in 18 games played, and finished third highest at the club for goals scored that season.

Quaranta was traded to Los Angeles Galaxy from D.C. United for a partial allocation and a conditional draft pick on August 9, 2006. In his first match with the Galaxy the next day, Quaranta entered as a substitute and scored the only goal of the match in a 1–0 win over Houston.

On June 30, 2007, the Galaxy traded Quaranta to the New York Red Bulls, getting a conditional fourth round pick in the 2008 MLS SuperDraft in return. After featuring in just 3 games and 47 minutes for the team, he was waived by the Red Bulls on January 3, 2008.

Quaranta returned to D.C. United on March 6, 2008. He claims to have turned down larger offers from other MLS sides, but felt he still had a point to prove at D.C.

His first meaningful game back with D.C. United was as a substitute in the home leg of the quarterfinals of the CONCACAF Champions' Cup against Harbour View of Jamaica. He had two assists in the 5–0 victory.

In his first regular season home game back with D.C. United on April 5, 2008, Quaranta picked up a goal and an assist.

Following the 2011 season, Quaranta's option was not picked up by United, and he opted to retire. It was a very brief retirement as he quickly joined the new Premier League Soccer in India. He has claimed this is due to his salary being more than double his last MLS remuneration. However, a month later, the league was canceled before the season began.

International
Quaranta has played internationally for the Under-17 and Under-20 United States national soccer teams, but while he was dominant for the U-17's, he was not able to secure a starting place on the U-20's (although he did play in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship). After coming back from injuries in 2005, Quaranta received his first cap for the senior team July 7, 2005 in a Gold Cup match against Cuba. He converted a penalty kick in the United States' shootout victory over Panama in the Gold Cup championship game. In 2009, Quaranta was named to the United States roster for that year's edition of the CONCACAF Gold Cup. On July 8, 2009, he scored his first international goal against Honduras during a 2–0 victory in CONCACAF Gold Cup group play.

Coaching
On February 19, 2014, Quaranta took over from Steve Nichols as the head coach of the Baltimore Bohemians of the US Premier Development League. The club has been on hiatus since January 2017.

Personal
Quaranta is married and has two children: a daughter, Olivia Naomi Quaranta (2003) and a son, Valentino (2009). In 2011, Quaranta and Sean Rush started the Pipeline Soccer Club, a non-profit soccer club in Baltimore, MD, which both of his children played in. As of September 2022, Olivia is a member of the Loyola Greyhounds women's soccer team, while Valentino followed in his father's footsteps and joined the D.C. United Academy's U-14 team.

Problems with drugs
In a June 14, 2008 interview with the Washington Post, Quaranta admitted to once having an addiction to painkillers and cocaine, but after a spell in rehab, he has stopped taking both. He now has a tattoo on his arm with the date that he became sober as a constant reminder of his past struggles.

United States

 * CONCACAF Gold Cup Champions (1): 2005

D.C. United

 * MLS Cup (1): 2004
 * U.S. Open Cup (1): 2008

title: Santino Quaranta


text:
Rock Theatre

Rock Theatre was a variety show performed at the drama department of the University of Southern California during the early 1980s, which integrated the genres of rock and musical theatre. After his graduation from USC, Rock Theatre director Greg Holford adapted the concept to his new position with a youth performing arts ensemble called Kids of the Century (formerly City of Los Angeles Children's Chorus), in partnership with Musical Director Terry Danne.

The new, younger, Rock Theatre was hired for performances at many community and industrial events, and participated in vocal/dance competitions throughout the 1980s and 1990s. In 1992, Rock Theatre became a California non-profit educational corporation, with the stated goal of providing excellent opportunities for performing arts education to the youth of Southern California. It was also in 1992 that the group was chosen to represent the United States at the World's Fair in Seville, Spain.

Among the alumni of Rock Theatre in its various incarnations are actors Ally Sheedy and Eric Stoltz, Dana Daurey (of the TV series Providence), Carmit Bachar (Pussycat Dolls), and Broadway headliner Mandy Gonzalez (In The Heights, Dance of the Vampires (musical), Aida (musical)). While some alumni have gone on to perform on Broadway, TV, record albums, others have followed other career goals and passions.

Rock Theatre comprises two competition choirs in the movie Sister Act 2 and is featured on John Tesh's album The Choirs of Christmas. Other performance highlights include "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat" at the Pantages Theatre starring Sam Harris. In 2000, a new generation of Rock Theatre was selected to perform before an international audience with a performance tour of Australia. Performances included at the World Music Festival, Olympic Torch Relay, and at the Sydney Opera House.

title: Rock Theatre


text:
Nikon F6

The Nikon F6 is a 35 mm film single-lens reflex camera body manufactured by Nikon between 2004 and 2020. It was the sixth film camera in Nikon's 35mm F-series SLR line-up. Designed by Nikon, the model was manufactured at their Sendai plant.

The F6 was the most recent and final model in Nikon's F series. The model was discontinued in October 2020. It replaced the Nikon F5, manufactured from 1996 to 2004. It can accept any Nikon F-mount lens with full metering functionality, excluding non-AI. At the time it was discontinued, the F6 was the last remaining film SLR still in production.

Camera features

 * Focusing screen: B-type BriteView Clear Matte Screen II, interchangeable with six other optional focusing screens
 * Viewfinder frame coverage: Approx. 100%
 * Finder magnification: Approx. 0.74x with 50 mm lens set to infinity at -1.0m-1
 * Autofocus: TTL phase detection, Nikon Multi-CAM2000 autofocus module
 * Autofocus detection range: Approx. EV –1 to EV 19 (ISO 100, at normal temperature)
 * Focus modes: Single Servo AF and Continuous Servo AF, and Manual
 * Focus Tracking: Automatically activated in Single Servo AF or Continuous Servo AF
 * Focus area: One — or a group — of 11 focus areas can be selected
 * AF Area Modes: Single Area AF, Dynamic AF, Group Dynamic AF or Dynamic AF with Closest-Subject Priority selectable
 * Focus lock: Focus is locked by pressing AE/AF-L button or lightly pressing shutter release button in Single Servo AF
 * Exposure metering: Three built-in exposure meters — 3D Color Matrix, Center-Weighted and Spot
 * Metering range (ISO 100, f/1.4 lens): EV 0 to EV 20 in 3D Color Matrix and Center-Weighted, EV 2 to EV 20 in Spot
 * Exposure compensation: With exposure compensation button; ±5 EV range, in 1/3, 1/2 or 1 steps
 * Auto Exposure Bracketing: Number of shots: 2-7; compensation steps: 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, or 1 EV steps
 * Auto Exposure Lock: By pressing AE/AF-L button
 * Film speed setting: DX or Manual selectable (manual setting has priority over DX detected film speed); DX: ISO 25-5000,
 * Manual: ISO 6-6400 in 1/3 steps
 * Shutter: Electronically controlled vertical-travel focal-plane shutter with built-in Shutter Monitor
 * Shutter speeds: 30 to 1/8,000 s (1/3 steps in S and M modes); Bulb setting available in M mode (Shutter speed can be prolonged to 30 minutes in M mode)
 * Accessory shoe: ISO518 hot-shoe contact digital data communication (sync contact, ready-light contact, TTL auto flash contact, monitor contact, GND), safety lock provided
 * Sync contact: X-contact only; flash synchronization up to 1/250 s (up to 1/8,000 s possible in AUTO FP High-Speed Sync)
 * Flash control: TTL flash control by combined five-segment TTL Multi Sensor with single-component IC and 1,005-pixel RGB sensor; i-TTL Balanced Fill-Flash with SB-800/600; Film speed range in TTL auto flash: ISO 25-1000
 * Automatic film loading; automatic or manual film rewind

Design

 * Die-cast camera chassis, rear and film cover made of aluminium alloy
 * The front, top and bottom covers are made of magnesium alloy.
 * Parts made out of magnesium-alloy use the thixomold process.
 * Remote shutter release: 10-pin terminal
 * Redesigned tilted control wheels, shutter button and larger buttons.
 * Detachable vertical grip housing and external battery pack.
 * MV-1 data reader accessory
 * 100% coverage viewfinder

title: Nikon F6