text:
James Granger

James Granger (1723–1776) was an English clergyman, biographer, and print collector. He is now known as the author of the Biographical History of England from Egbert the Great to the Revolution (1769). Granger was an early advocate of animal rights.

Life
The son of William Granger, by Elizabeth Tutt, daughter of Tracy Tutt, he was born of poor parents at Shaftesbury, Dorset. On 26 April 1743 he matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, but left the university without taking a degree.

Having entered into holy orders, he was presented to the vicarage of Shiplake, Oxfordshire, living a quiet life there. His political views gave rise to Samuel Johnson's remark: ‘The dog is a whig. I do not like much to see a whig in any dress, but I hate to see a whig in a parson's gown.’ Preparation of the materials for his Biographical History brought him into correspondence with many collectors of engraved portraits and students of English biography.

In 1773 or 1774 he accompanied Lord Mountstuart on a tour to Holland, where his companion made an extensive collection of portraits. Some time before his death he tried unsuccessfully to obtain a living within a moderate distance of Shiplake. On Sunday, 14 April 1776, he performed divine service apparently in his usual health, but, while in the act of administering the sacrament, was seized with an apoplectic fit, and died next morning.

A portrait of him was in the possession of his brother, John Granger, who died at Basingstoke on 21 March 1810, aged 82. His collection of upwards of 14,000 engraved portraits was dispersed by Greenwood in 1778.

Before the publication of the first edition of Granger's work in 1769 five shillings was considered a good price by collectors for any English portrait. After the appearance of the Biographical History, books, ornamented with engraved portraits, rose in price to five times their original value, and few could be found unmutilated. In 1856, Joseph Lilly and Joseph Willis, booksellers, each offered for sale an illustrated copy of Granger's work. Lilly's copy, which included Noble's 'Continuation,' was illustrated by more than thirteen hundred portraits, bound in 27 vols., price £42. The price of Willis's copy, which contained more than three thousand portraits, bound in 19 vols., was £38 10s. It had cost the former owner nearly £200.

The following collections have been published in illustration of Granger's work: (a) ‘Portraits illustrating Granger's Biographical History of England’ (known under the name of ‘Richardson's Collection’), 6 pts. Lond. 1792–1812; (b) Samuel Woodburn's 'Gallery of [over two hundred] Portraits … illustrative of Granger's Biographical History of England, &c.,' Lond. 1816; (c) 'A Collection of Portraits to illustrate Granger's Biographical History of England and Noble's continuation to Granger, forming a Supplement to Richardson's Copies of rare Granger Portraits,' 2 vols. Lond. 1820–2.

Extra-illustration

Extra-illustration, the process by which drawings, prints and other visual materials were interleaved with a printed text – often the history of a town, county or notable individual – is frequently called "Grangerising" or "Grangerisation." These terms, however, only came into use from the 1880s, more than a century after Granger's death. Ironically for the process of book customisation that carries his name, Granger never "grangerized" a book. There are many examples of extra-illustration, especially Granger's Biographical History. The most important and first extra-illustrated Granger was prepared by Richard Bull. Now in the Huntington Library, California, it contains over 14,000 prints across 36 volumes. Another was prepared by the Bristol antiquarian George Weare Braikenridge, who "grangerized" his copy of the Biographical History with nearly 4,000 portraits. His main interest, however, was in extra-illustrating his copy of William Barrett's History and Antiquities of the City of Bristol.

Animal rights
In 1772, Granger preached a sermon against cruelty to animals. However, during the eighteenth century the subject of humane treatment to animals was deemed beneath the Church and was considered abuse of the pulpit. The sermon caused an "almost universal disgust to two considerable congregations", as mention of dogs and horses was regarded as a "prostitution of the dignity of the pulpit". Granger went to prison for preaching twice against cruelty to animals.

The sermon was published as An Apology for the Brute Creation (1772). In his day, the sermon was unpopular and only one hundred copies had been sold by January, 1773. However, it was positively reviewed in the Monthly Review and the Critical Review as a sensible discourse. The sermon influenced Arthur Broome, one of the founders of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

Works
His works are:
 * Biographical History of England, from Egbert the Great to the Revolution, consisting of Characters dispersed in different Classes, and adapted to a Methodical Catalogue of Engraved British Heads. Intended as an Essay towards reducing our Biography to System, and a help to the knowledge of Portraits; with a variety of Anecdotes and Memoirs of a great number of persons not to be found in any other Biographical Work. With a preface, showing the utility of a collection of Engraved Portraits to supply the defect, and answer the various purposes of Medals, 2 vols. Lond. 1769, and a supplement consisting of corrections and large additions, 1774; 2nd edit. 4 vols. 1775; 3rd edit. 4 vols. 1779; 4th edit. 4 vols. 1804; 5th edit., with upwards of four hundred additional lives, 6 vols. 1824. A continuation of the work from the revolution of 1688 to the end of the reign of George I appeared in 3 vols. Lond. 1806, from manuscripts left by Granger and the collections of the editor, Mark Noble.
 * An Apology for the Brute Creation, or Abuse of Animals censured, 1772. This sermon was preached in his church on 18 October 1772, and, as a postscript states, gave almost universal disgust to his parishioners, as "the mention of horses and dogs was censured as a prostitution of the dignity of the pulpit, and considered as a proof of the author's growing insanity".
 * The Nature and Extent of Industry, a sermon preached before the Archbishop of Canterbury in the parish church of Shiplake on 4 July 1775. This was dedicated: "To the inhabitants of the parish of Shiplake who neglect the service of the church, and spend the Sabbath in the worst kind of idleness, this plain sermon, which they never heard, and probably will never read, is inscribed by their sincere well-wisher and faithful minister, J. G." This and the previous discourse were well received by the public.
 * Letters between the Rev. James Granger, M.A. [sic], and many of the most eminent Literary Men of his time: composing a copious history and illustration of the Biographical History of England. With Miscellanies and Notes of Tours in France, Holland, and Spain, by the same Gentleman, London, 1805, edited by James Peller Malcolm, author of Londonium Redivivum.

title: James Granger


text:
Aliivibrio fischeri

Aliivibrio fischeri (formerly Vibrio fischeri) is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium found globally in marine environments. This species has bioluminescent properties, and is found predominantly in symbiosis with various marine animals, such as the Hawaiian bobtail squid. It is heterotrophic, oxidase-positive, and motile by means of a single polar flagella. Free-living A. fischeri cells survive on decaying organic matter. The bacterium is a key research organism for examination of microbial bioluminescence, quorum sensing, and bacterial-animal symbiosis. It is named after Bernhard Fischer, a German microbiologist.

Ribosomal RNA comparison led to the reclassification of this species from genus Vibrio to the newly created Aliivibrio in 2007. The change is valid publication, and according to LPSN the correct name. However, the name change is not generally accepted by most researchers, who still publish Vibrio fischeri (see Google Scholar for 2018–2019).

Genome
The genome for A. fischeri was completely sequenced in 2004 and consists of two chromosomes, one smaller and one larger. Chromosome 1 has 2.9 million base pairs (Mbp) and chromosome 2 has 1.3 Mbp, bringing the total genome to 4.2 Mbp.

A. fischeri has the lowest G+C content of 27 Vibrio species, but is still most closely related to the higher-pathogenicity species such as V. cholerae. The genome for A. fischeri also carries mobile genetic elements.

Ecology
A. fischeri are globally distributed in temperate and subtropical marine environments. They can be found free-floating in oceans, as well as associated with marine animals, sediment, and decaying matter. A. fischeri have been most studied as symbionts of marine animals, including squids in the genus Euprymna and Sepiola, where A. fischeri can be found in the squids' light organs. This relationship has been best characterized in the Hawaiian bobtail squid (Euprymna scolopes), where A. fischeri is the only species of bacteria inhabiting the squid's light organ.

Symbiosis with the Hawaiian bobtail squid
A. fischeri colonization of the light organ of the Hawaiian bobtail squid is currently studied as a simple model for mutualistic symbiosis, as it contains only two species and A. fischeri can be cultured in a lab and genetically modified. This mutualistic symbiosis functions primarily due to A. fischeri bioluminescence. A. fischeri colonizes the light organ of the Hawaiian bobtail squid and luminesces at night, providing the squid with counter-illumination camouflage, which prevents the squid from casting a shadow on the ocean floor.

A. fischeri colonization occurs in juvenile squids and induces morphological changes in the squids light organ. Interestingly, certain morphological changes made by A. fischeri do not occur when the microbe cannot luminesce, indicating that bioluminescence (described below) is truly essential for symbiosis. In the process of colonization, ciliated cells within the animals' photophores (light-producing organs) selectively draw in the symbiotic bacteria. These cells promote the growth of the symbionts and actively reject any competitors. The bacteria cause these cells to die off once the light organ is sufficiently colonized.

The light organs of certain squid contain reflective plates that intensify and direct the light produced, due to proteins known as reflectins. They regulate the light for counter-illumination camouflage, requiring the intensity to match that of the sea surface above. Sepiolid squid expel 90% of the symbiotic bacteria in their light organ each morning in a process known as "venting". Venting is thought to provide the source from which newly hatched squid are colonized by A. fischeri.

Bioluminescence
The bioluminescence of A. fischeri is caused by transcription of the lux operon, which is induced through population-dependent quorum sensing. The population of A. fischeri needs to reach an optimal level to activate the lux operon and stimulate light production. The circadian rhythm controls light expression, where luminescence is much brighter during the day and dimmer at night, as required for camouflage.

The bacterial luciferin-luciferase system is encoded by a set of genes labelled the lux operon. In A. fischeri, five such genes (luxCDABEG) have been identified as active in the emission of visible light, and two genes (luxR and luxI) are involved in regulating the operon. Several external and intrinsic factors appear to either induce or inhibit the transcription of this gene set and produce or suppress light emission.

A. fischeri is one of many species of bacteria that commonly form symbiotic relationships with marine organisms. Marine organisms contain bacteria that use bioluminescence so they can find mates, ward off predators, attract prey, or communicate with other organisms. In return, the organism the bacteria are living within provides the bacteria with a nutrient-rich environment. The lux operon is a 9-kilobase fragment of the A. fischeri genome that controls bioluminescence through the catalytic activity of the enzyme luciferase. This operon has a known gene sequence of luxCDAB(F)E, where luxA and luxB code for the protein subunits of the luciferase enzyme, and the luxCDE codes for a fatty acid reductase complex that makes the fatty acids necessary for the luciferase mechanism.  luxC codes for the enzyme acyl-reductase, luxD codes for acyl-transferase, and luxE makes the proteins needed for the enzyme acyl-protein synthetase. Luciferase produces blue/green light through the oxidation of reduced flavin mononucleotide and a long-chain aldehyde by diatomic oxygen. The reaction is summarized as:

 * FMNH2 + O2 + R-CHO → FMN + R-COOH + H2O + light.

The reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH) is provided by the fre gene, also referred to as luxG. In A. fischeri, it is directly next to luxE (giving luxCDABE-fre) from 1042306 to 1048745

To generate the aldehyde needed in the reaction above, three additional enzymes are needed. The fatty acids needed for the reaction are pulled from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway by acyl-transferase. Acyl-transferase reacts with acyl-ACP to release R-COOH, a free fatty acid. R-COOH is reduced by a two-enzyme system to an aldehyde. The reaction is:

 * R-COOH + ATP + NADPH → R-CHO + AMP + PP + NADP+.

Quorum sensing

One primary system that controls bioluminescence through regulation of the lux operon is quorum sensing, a conserved system across many microbial species that regulates gene expression in response to bacterial concentration. Quorum sensing functions through the production of an autoinducer, usually a small organic molecule, by individual cells. As cell populations increase, levels of autoinducers increase, and specific proteins that regulate transcription of genes bind to these autoinducers and alter gene expression. This system allows microbial cells to "communicate" amongst each other and coordinate behaviors like luminescence, which require large amounts of cells to produce an effect.

In A. fischeri, there are two primary quorum sensing systems, each of which respond to slightly different environments. The first system is commonly referred to as the lux system, as it is encoded within the lux operon, and uses the autoinducer 3OC6-HSL. The protein LuxI synthesizes this signal, which is subsequently released from the cell. This signal, 3OC6-HSL, then binds to the protein LuxR, which regulates the expression of many different genes, but is most known for upregulation of genes involved in luminescence. The second system, commonly referred to as the ain system, uses the autoinducer C8-HSL, which is produced by the protein AinS. Similar to the lux system, the autoinducer C8-HSL increases activation of LuxR. In addition, C8-HSL binds to another transcriptional regulator, LitR, giving the ain and lux systems of quorum sensing slightly different genetic targets within the cell.

The different genetic targets of the ain and lux systems are essential, because these two systems respond to different cellular environments. The ain system regulates transcription in response to intermediate cell density cell environments, producing lower levels of luminescence and even regulating metabolic processes like the acetate switch. On the other hand, the lux quorum sensing system occurs in response to high cell density, producing high levels of luminescence and regulating the transcription of other genes, including QsrP, RibB, and AcfA. Both of the ain and lux quorum sensing systems are essential for colonization of the squid and regulate multiple colonization factors in the bacteria.

[[File:Activation of the lux operon in Aliivibrio fischeri.jpg|thumb|upright=3|left| Activation of the lux operon by LuxR and LuxI in Aliivibrio fischeri(A) At low cell density, the autoinducers (3OC6-HSL – red dots), produced by LuxI, diffuse through the cell membrane into the growth medium

(B) As the cell growth continues, the autoinducers in the medium start to accumulate in a confined environment. A very low intensity of light can be detected.

(C) When enough autoinducers have accumulated in the medium, they can re-enter the cell where they directly bind the LuxR protein to activate luxICDABEG expression.

(D) High levels of autoinducers activate the luminescent system of A. fischeri. A high intensity of light can be detected. ]]

Natural transformation
Natural bacterial transformation is an adaptation for transferring DNA from one individual cell to another. Natural transformation, including the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA into the recipient genome, has been demonstrated in A. fischeri. This process requires induction by chitohexaose and is likely regulated by genes tfoX and tfoY. Natural transformation of A. fischeri facilitates rapid transfer of mutant genes across strains and provides a useful tool for experimental genetic manipulation in this species.

State microbe status
In 2014, Hawaiian State Senator Glenn Wakai submitted SB3124 proposing Aliivibrio fischeri as the state microbe of Hawaii. The bill was in competition with a bill to make Flavobacterium akiainvivens the state microbe, but neither passed. In 2017, legislation similar to the original 2013 F. akiainvivens bill was submitted in the Hawaii House of Representatives by Isaac Choy and in the Hawaii Senate by Brian Taniguchi.

List of synonyms

 * Achromobacter fischeri (Beijerinck 1889) Bergey et al. 1930
 * Bacillus fischeri (Beijerinck 1889) Trevisan 1889
 * Bacterium phosphorescens indigenus (Eisenberg 1891) Chester 1897
 * Einheimischer leuchtbacillus Fischer 1888
 * Microspira fischeri (Beijerinck 1889) Chester 1901
 * Microspira marina (Russell 1892) Migula 1900
 * Photobacterium fischeri Beijerinck 1889
 * Vibrio noctiluca Weisglass and Skreb 1963

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aliivibrio fischeri


text:
File:Ani DiFranco - Imperfectly.jpg

Cover for the album Imperfectly by Ani DiFranco

title: File:Ani DiFranco - Imperfectly.jpg


text:
Anne Grant

Anne Grant often styled Mrs Anne Grant of Laggan (21 February 1755 – 7 November 1838) was a Scottish poet and author best known for her collection of mostly biographical poems Memoirs of an American Lady as well as her earlier work Letters from the Mountains.

She personally exemplified the Scottish Highlands attributes which she admired: "virtuous and dignified poverty, elegance of sentiment that lives in the heart and conduct, and subsists independent of local and transitory modes." In worldly wisdom, in literature, and in piety, her early attainments were admirable, and they were in later life well sustained, if not augmented. Her reading seems to have been extensive, but desultory. For doing this, she had singular advantages in her personal intercourse with the Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviewers, and in her constant habit of retailing her own opinions and their judgments in frequent conversations with other associates, and in numerous letters to her friends, so that the same subject, being set before her mind in several different lights of investigation in receiving, and of explanation in imparting it, became perfectly familiar, and took its durable place in her retentive memory.

Scotland
Anne Macvicar, was born at Glasgow, on 2 February 1755. She was the only child of Duncan Macvicar, a Highland resident, who married in the year 1753 a Stewart of Invernahyle. Grant lived in the mountain home of her maternal ancestors until she was eighteen months old. In the year 1757, Duncan Macvicar, having obtained a commission in the 77th Regiment of Foot, went to North America, leaving his wife and daughter at Glasgow.

New York
Mrs. Macvicar some time afterwards received his directions to follow him; and accompanied by their daughter, she landed at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1758, and took up her temporary residence at Albany, New York. Mr. Macvicar, having exchanged into the 55th Regiment, was sent down from headquarters at Oswego, New York on Lake Ontario to buy stores, with leave of absence to visit his family. On his return, he took his wife and child with him to the garrison, travelling in a boat up the river. He served in the attack on Ticonderoga, 8 July 1758, when seven of his fellow officers were killed. On the declaration of peace between Great Britain and France in 1762, the 55th Regiment was ordered to New York, previous to embarkation for England.

Returning by the river from Oswego to Albany, the Macvicars became intimate with Madame Margarita Schuyler (1701–1782), who had then left her mansion on The Flats, and purchased a house in that town.. Mr. Macvicar, retiring on half-pay from the army in 1765, received a grant of land from the government, and purchased from two fellow officers their land grants. These lands, lying adjacent, after being cleared, seemed to Mr. Macvicar to be ideal for a fertile and profitable estate. Mr. Macvicar hired men to survey and map his lands, and also at the time reasonably expected that his [sic] Township of Clarendon would in a few years become a very valuable property. Meanwhile, Mr. Macvicar became the tenant of Madame Schuyler’s new house at The Flats, in the township of Claverac, and of a few adjacent acres of land.

At this period of her life, Grant had two homes, usually spending the summer with her parents, presumably at Invernahyle in Scotland, and the winter with Madame Schuyler at Albany. She had lived among Dutch settlers, French Huguenots, English soldiers, African-American slaves, and Mohawk people. She had learned the Dutch language among her young friends at Albany, and had frequented the summer wigwams of the indigenous peoples. She could talk their language sufficiently well to make herself understood by those women and children who were accustomed to European conversations. All this knowledge, Grant had amassed by the time that she was ten years of age.

Her acquaintance with books at that period was proportionately small. Soon after her arrival in America, she had been taught needlework and the elements of reading by her mother, and a soldier had given her lessons in pot-hooks, hangers, and joining-hand. The family Bible, and a Scotch sergeant's copy of Blind Harry's The Wallace were the earliest books to which she had access, and she derived from studying the latter on the banks of Lake Ontario an enthusiastic feeling for Scotland, which lasted through life.

On the voyage back to Albany, from the garrison at Oswego, staying a while at Fort Brewerton, Captain Mungo Campbell, the commander, presented her with an illustrated copy of the Paradise Lost. This, with the aid of a tattered copy of Nathan Bailey's Dictionary, she learned at last to understand. It served her in the first instance as a vocabulary, then as a story book, and subsequently as an incentive to poetical aspirations. At Madame Schuyler’s, Grant became acquainted with Shakespeare, Alexander Pope, Addison, and a few other standard authors. She also took lessons in geography and the use of the globes from the Dutch chaplain. Her principal advantage, however, consisted in oral instructions received from Madame Schuyler, and from listening to the conversations held by her monitress with the military officers

Return to Scotland
Disgusted with the new settlers, and suffering from rheumatism, Mr. Macvicar suddenly resolved on returning with his wife and daughter to Scotland. His neighbour, Captain John Munro, consented to take charge of the "Township of Clarendon", and with a reasonable expectation of deriving an income from it in a few years, and of securing an ample inheritance for his child, he reappeared in Glasgow in 1768. Shortly after their departure, the American Revolution began, and they never returned, their land being seized by the colonials.

In Glasgow, Grant found several girls of her own age, including two sisters named Pagan, afterwards better known as Mrs. Smith and Mrs. Brown, with whom, during the three following years, she cultivated a friendship. The change of scene and of circumstances provided progress for her education. Her father had again employed himself in commerce, but he resigned that occupation and accepted the appointment of barrack-master at Fort Augustus, in the county of Inverness, in 1773, and immediately removed there with his family.

Fort Augustus
In Fort Augustus, for six years, Grant lived among the families of the military officers, and the inhabitants of the Strathmore, while practising literary composition in writing letters to her Lowland and other friends, and in occasional sallies of poetry.

The chaplain of Fort Augustus was a young clergyman named James Grant, who, in the year 1776, was presented to the neighbouring living of Laggan. He had no fortune, but was a gentleman by birth, and connected with the families in the county. Anne and James married in May 1779. Her parents, soon after this event, removed to Fort George, Highland, where Mr. Macvicar was appointed barrack-master.

Laggan
The Grants lived in Laggan for the next twenty-two years. Their cottage was 55 miles from Perth, and the same distance from Inverness, and these were the nearest towns. They rented a small farm from the Duke of Gordon as an additional source of income. Soon after her marriage, Grant received into her family Charlotte Grant, a young girl who was her husband’s relative.

Almost every year, Grant took a few weeks' holiday to visit her family and acquaintances in different parts of the Strathmore, including her parents, and her favourite friends at Glasgow. She acquainted herself with the Gaelic language, and was able not only to speak it with the people, and to understand the religious services which her husband performed in it, but to translate the compositions both of ancient and modern bards. Her travels through the Highlands of Scotland during this time would come to greatly impact her future literary work, which draws heavily on the imagery of the region.

The first great trouble she ever felt was the death of her second son, age four. A year or two afterwards, she also lost twin daughters. Her elder children, usually two or three at a time, generally resided with her parents, who, in 1794, left Fort George, and took a house in the city of Glasgow. There the grandchildren enjoyed many educational advantages. On the death of a favourite companion of her girlhood, Grant took one of the small children into her own home. When Charlotte Grant, who had lived with her since early in her marriage, married early but also died young, Grant took in her child.

When the family estate was absorbed into the new State of Vermont, Grant's financial expectations were severely altered; yet the loss affected her only slightly. The death of her eldest son, John-Lauchlan, at the age of fifteen, was dreadful to her. Its effect was somewhat softened to both parents by the birth of a fourth son a fortnight afterwards, and for eighteen months, although depressed in health and spirits, their domestic happiness was so perfect that Grant subsequently declared that, if she were permitted to select six months out of her whole former life to live over again, she would choose the last six of that period. However, it came to a fearful close: Rev. Grant was attacked by inflammation of the chest, and after three days' illness, he died in 1801. They had been married twenty-two years and of their twelve children, eight survived, six daughters and two sons.

Woodend near Stirling
In June 1803, she reluctantly left Laggan with her children, and took up residence at Woodend near Stirling, having garden-ground attached to her dwelling and a few acres of pasture-land. Her father died in the same year at Glasgow, and her mother, who had a small pension as an officer’s widow, came to spend the remainder of her life living with her daughter. Grant's only certain income was the small pension due to her as the widow of a military chaplain. The Duke of Gordon considerately permitted her to remain the tenant of his farm for two years after her husband’s death. She was also aided by the kindness of many among her family connections and friends. They collected the original verses and translations which she had previously written and given away, sent them to her for revision, and published them under the patronage of the Duchess of Gordon, three thousand names appearing in the list of subscribers.

Twice within the years 1803, 1804, and 1805, maternal duties summoned Grant to various parts of England, the last of these visits being to London and its vicinity for the purpose of fitting out her third and eldest surviving son, Duncan James, for India, the Right Honourable Charles Grant having obtained a cadetship for his young clansman. To make a comfortable provision for all her children had now become her chief desire, and to further this object she resolved, at the suggestion of her friends, Mrs. Smith, Mrs. Brown, and others, with whom she had kept up a correspondence from her girlhood, to publish the letters which they had preserved. Early in the year 1806, under the title of Letters from the Mountains, those letters were published by Messrs. Longman, and met with extraordinary success. She derived from this work, not only large financial profits, but also many invaluable friendships.

While residing at Woodend she took charge of several little boys as boarders, and among them, at one time was young Morritt of Rokeby. Sir Henry and Lady Steuart were her nearest neighbours. In April 1807, her daughter Charlotte died at the age of seventeen. In July of the same year, her daughter Catherine died, age twenty-five. Grief for these children was mingled with fearful apprehension for the six survivors, as their cases made her fully aware that the insidious illness of their father’s family, consumption, was inherited by their children.

Having kept alive her American remembrances by comparing them with those of her mother, and having enlarged and corrected these conjoint impressions by reading Cadwallader Colden's The History of the Five Indian Nations, and that part of the Travels through the United States of North America by François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt which relates his tour from Upper Canada to New York, she fortunately met in London with several near relations of Madame Schuyler, who afforded her the aid of their more accurate knowledge, while she was engaged in finishing the manuscript and correcting the proof-sheets of her Memoirs of an American Lady, which appeared in 1808. It was her largest success and met with a very favourable reception. It provided a description of growing up in pre-revolutionary America and her life with the Schuyler family in Albany who helped raise and educate her. The book also came to inspire other writers and artists interested in the Scottish Highlands, and it often cited as the inspiration for the Scottish folk song Blue Bells of Scotland.

It is not to be doubted, although the observation does not seem to have been uttered or to have got into print, that the Letters from the Mountains were partly indebted for their immediate success to their connection with the birthplace of James Macpherson and the race of Ossian. The Memoirs of an American Lady, also, fell into and harmonised with the recollections of many survivors of the American war, and thus in the first instance, gained favor with the public. Without such introductory circumstances, both works might have failed to excite attention, but, having gained it, their intrinsic merits sufficed to extend and heighten their celebrity. They passed through repeated editions, and were the means of constantly enlarging the circle of her personal friends.

Edinburgh
In 1809, the Countess of Glasgow having requested her to take charge of her ladyship’s daughter, who was then leaving school, Grant was induced to wish for other pupils of a similar kind, whom her daughters might instruct under her own supervision. With this object in view, she took some steps towards removing to London, but she eventually decided on fixing her residence in Edinburgh, where she took a house in Heriot Row, and removed her family there in March 1810.

In 1811, she published her Essays on the Superstition of the Highlands of Scotland, with Translations from the Gaelic. Towards the close of the same year, her mother, Mrs. Macvicar, died, age 84. The two following years were chiefly spent in training the pupils committed to her care. One of her final large pieces of work was Eighteen Hundred and Thirteen, was published in 1814. It was a lengthy poem about the prospects of a prosperous century for Great Britain. On 14 August of that year, her son, Lieutenant Duncan-James Grant, died at Surat, while engaged in military duty. A few days later, Grant's daughter Anne died.

Later years
Grant did not publish much after 1814, but stayed involved in the literary community and wrote a great deal of correspondence. In the spring of 1815, finding that her house in Heriot Row had become too small for her pupils, Grant removed to a larger one in Prince’s Street. In September 1820, she accidentally slipped down some stone steps, and received an injury which lamed her for life, but did not abate her general health. In 1821, the Highland Society of London awarded her their gold medal for the best "Essay on the Past and Present State of the Highlands of Scotland". On 1 July in the same year, Grant’s youngest daughter, Moore, died at age twenty-five. On 16 June 1823, her daughter Isabella died.

Her standing allowed Grant the rare luxury of being granted a pension from the Civil List in 1825. In 1826, Grant removed her residence to Braehouse, a detached dwelling surrounded by a garden, which better suited her reduced mobility. On 16 November 1827, Mary, her eldest and last surviving daughter, died. Of all her twelve children, only one remained, the youngest son. Her pupils, who loved her so well that they seldom left her home until called upon to establish households of their own, gathered often around her, and habitually showed her the most dutiful attentions. Her books, her school, legacies from deceased friends, and at last a literary pension, placed her late in life in easy circumstances.

Death and legacy
In April 1832, on her son’s marriage, she left Braehouse to reside with him. Early in the year 1837, her daughter-in-law died, and she removed to Manor Place. She continued to associate and to correspond with her friends until a few weeks before her death, which occurred on 7 November 1838. She was buried near the graves of four of her daughters in the New Cemetery of St Cuthbert's churchyard in Edinburgh. The grave lies on the outer wall of the southern section, near the south-east corner.

In the year 1844, her Autobiography, and a Series of 'Familiar Letters' from 1803 to 1838, were published, edited by her son John-Peter Grant, writer to the Signet. A number of Grant's manuscripts are preserved in the David Laing collection in the Edinburgh University Library.

Style
There was a want of systematic accuracy in all her compositions. She had little constructive power, and great ability in word-painting from natural objects. Her style failed in precision, though it was seldom deficient in perspicuity. Her syntax was often faulty; her orthography was notoriously incorrect, and wholly at the mercy of the printers. She used many peculiarities of diction, often substituting the preposition "of" for the preposition "for," and making the adverb "whenever" equivalent to "as soon as:" for instance, "I am the better of being tenderly cared for, and of three months in the country"-—"Whenever she heard that I was here, she came." Like most Scotch writers of the time, she sometimes misplaced the verbs "will" and "shall."

Every moral and social truth which she knew, and her memory was full of such, had been either directly brought to her by a fact, impressed by a fact, or conjoined with one by way of illustration. All these facts were either incidents of her personal history, or occurrences in the lives of people upon whose traces she had trodden. This realisation of things imparted to her writings an air of freshness and originality, which, atoning for all faults of construction and of style, rendered their perusal in a pleasing manner. It had the same effect in society, where the sagacity of her intellect, the warmth of her heart, her natural ease and fluency of speech, and the refined simplicity of her manners, rendered her an object of interest, and often of admiration.

She was undoubtedly gifted with that faculty of originating ideas which constitutes genius. She versified harmoniously, and rhymed with facility. She had a frank avowal of her sensations and feelings. With admirable impartiality and candour, but with too much severity, Grant asserted that she had "no fountain of inspiration, but a cistern of acquisitions".

Themes
In a letter to Catherine Maria Fanshawe, dated 18 February 1809, Grant said:—"'When I first went to the Highlands, I thought it pretty and poetical to admire the general face of the country, and spurred myself up to something like admiration, but it was, without a pun, uphill work. Particular spots charmed me, but the general aspect of the country made me always think myself in a defile guarded by savage and gloomy giants with their heads in the clouds and their feet washed by cataracts; in short, it appeared to me as awful as it would be to live night and day in that mighty Minster that so filled my eyes and my imagination when lately at York. Time, however, went on, and I began to grow a little savage myself: 'not a mountain reared its head unsung; ’ and, when I grew acquainted with the language and the poetry of the country, I found a thousand interesting localities combined with those scenes where the lovely and the brave of other days had still a local habitation and a name: cherished traditions, and the poetry of nature and the heart shed light over scenes the most gloomy, and peopled solitude with images the most attractive and awakening. When, after a long residence in this land of enthusiasm, I left the abode of ghosts, and warrior-hunters, and heroines, to come down to common life in a flat country, you cannot imagine how bleak and unsheltered, how tame and uninteresting, it appeared'."

Again, writing to the same friend, on 17 September 1810, Grant said, in reference to a tour which she had lately made with some English visitors :—"'I have seen the Trosachs before, and thought them all that Walter Scott describes; yet till now they produced less of the local interest which pervades all Highland scenery than any other district I know. And why ? Because they were uncelebrated and unsung; and almost every mountain glen and every lnoor that I ever saw or heard of besides is connected with some strain of native poetry, some note of wild music, or some antique legend, that give a local habitation and a name to those forms which float on the memory, or fleet through the imagination. When I first went to the Highlands, and, from not knowing the language or the people, could not taste the charms of their poetry, the sentiments of their music, or the delights of manners more courteous, and conversation more intelligent, than are anywhere else to be met with among rusticsf' when first, I say, I wandered untaught and forlorn amid the desolation of brown heaths and dusky mountains, I was at times charmed with particular scenes, but the general effect was as much lost on me as on these tourists: I was like the ignorant maid who tried her master’s violin all over, and could never find where the tune lay'."

Here is confession, unwittingly made, that the true spirit of sublime poetry never inhabited the mind of Grant. Historic, traditional, and poetical associations can light up their localities with brightness all their own. Heroes and heroines appear to advantage with a background of solemn or beautiful scenery, and the secondary charm of human interest is added by fictitious narrative to many an alpine spot. That charm, however, can invest any landscape, whether mountainous or marine, of the woodland or the plain: Cowper has difl'used it over the flat arable and pasture lands of Buckinghamshire; the Brontés have cast its lustre with fascinating brilliancy across the bleak and unpicturesque moors of Haworth. Genuine appreciation of natural scenery has its proper gradations of admiration and love for every landscape, but it is in all its varied characters essentially different and distinct from mere adventitious associations. Grant became reconciled to mountain heights, glens, and cataracts, for the sake of those who had trodden and sung there; or under the spell of romantic fiction. She learned to like the severe and stately glory of desert ranges; but it was after the same manner that some persons take pleasure in sea-views, on account of the graceful ships and pretty boats which diversify the monotonous vastness of the ocean.

Discrepancies
Having lived among the most eminent literary people of the time, and read all the fashionable books, Grant has thrown into her letters anecdotes, sketches of character, and critical remarks, which add to the interest they possess as records of family biography. Between her fragmentary Autobiography and the statements made in her Letters posthumously published, compared with her Letters from the Mountains, and her Memoirs of an American Lady, many flagrant discrepancies occur. Guided by the rule of always adopting contemporaneous documents in preference to long unwritten reminiscences, while accepting also such subsequent documents as cast a broader light upon preceding ones, this biographical notice has been founded upon the best evidence afforded by her writings.

Her memory was wonderfully good, but she trusted it too implicitly upon other points as well as upon those of her family and personal history. The Letters from the Mountains, and the Memoirs of an American Lady, give totally different accounts of Aunt Schuyler’s birth and parentage. Several passages in the Memoirs are likewise opposed to each other. At page 141 of the Memoirs, Grant states that the old Colonel did not live to witness his eldest son’s marriage with Catalina, which took place in the year 1719. At page 163 of the same volume, she states that this young pair chiefly resided with the old Colonel for two years before his death, which took place in 1721. These inconsistencies, so far as they relate to the Schuylers, may possibly have been rectified in after editions, but strange want of vigilance is manifested by the omission of at least a note to show the reader that the second statement was to be considered as a correction of the first.

title: Anne Grant


text:
1993 Storm of the Century

The 1993 Storm of the Century (also known as the 93 Superstorm, The No Name Storm, or the Great Blizzard of '93/1993) was a cyclonic storm that formed over the Gulf of Mexico on March 12, 1993. The cold weather, heavy snowfall, high winds and storm surges that the storm brought affected a very large area; at its height, it stretched from Canada to Honduras. The cyclone moved through the Gulf of Mexico and then through the eastern United States before moving on to eastern Canada. It eventually dissipated in the North Atlantic Ocean on March 15.

Heavy snow was first reported in highland areas as far south as Alabama and northern Georgia, with Union County, Georgia reporting up to 35 in of snow. Birmingham, Alabama, reported a rare 13 in of snow. The Florida Panhandle reported up to around 6 inches to a foot of snow, with hurricane-force wind gusts and record low barometric pressures. Between Louisiana and Cuba, the hurricane-force winds produced high storm surges across the Big Bend of Florida which, in combination with scattered tornadoes, killed dozens of people.

Record cold temperatures were seen across portions of the Southern United States and Eastern United States in the wake of this storm. In the United States, the storm was responsible for the loss of electric power to more than 10 million households. An estimated 40 percent of the country's population experienced the effects of the storm and it led to a total of 208 fatalities. In all, the storm resulted in 318 deaths, and caused $5.5 billion (1993 USD) in damages.

The greatest recorded snowfall amounts were at Mount Le Conte in Tennessee, where 56 in of snow fell, and Mount Mitchell in North Carolina, the tallest mountain in eastern North America, where 50 in were measured to fall and 15 ft snow drifts were reported.

Meteorological history
A volcanic winter is thought to have started with the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. The temperature in the stratosphere rose to several degrees higher than normal, due to the absorption of radiation by the aerosol. The stratospheric cloud from the eruption persisted in the atmosphere for three years. The eruption, while not directly responsible, may have played a part in the formation of the 1993 Storm of the Century.

During March 11 and 12, 1993, temperatures over much of the eastern United States began to drop as an arctic high pressure system built over the Midwestern United States and the Great Plains. Concurrently, an extratropical area of low pressure formed over Mexico along a stationary front draped west to east. By the afternoon of March 12, a defined airmass boundary was present along the deepening low. An initial burst of convective precipitation off the southern coast of Texas (facilitated by the transport of tropical moisture into the region) enabled initial intensification of the surface feature on March 12. Supported by a strong split-polar jet stream and a shortwave trough, the nascent system rapidly deepened. The system's central pressure fell to 991 mbar by 00:00 UTC on March 13. A powerful low-level jet over eastern Cuba and the Gulf of Mexico enhanced a cold front extending from the low southward to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Furthermore, the subtropical jet stream was displaced unusually far south, reaching into the Pacific Ocean near Central America and extending toward Honduras and Jamaica. Intense ageostrophic flow was noted over the southern United States, with winds flowing perpendicular to isobars over Louisiana.

As the area of low pressure moved through the central Gulf of Mexico, a short wave trough in the northern branch of the jet stream fused with the system in the southern stream, which further strengthened the surface low. A squall line developed along the system's cold front, which moved rapidly across the eastern Gulf of Mexico through Florida and Cuba. The cyclone's center moved into north-west Florida early on the morning of March 13, with a significant storm surge in the northwestern Florida peninsula that drowned several people. This initially caused the storm to be a blizzard but also cyclonic.

Barometric pressures recorded during the storm were low. Readings of 976.0 mb were recorded in Tallahassee, Florida, and even lower readings of 960.0 mb were observed in New England. Low pressure records for March were set in areas of twelve states along the Eastern Seaboard, with all-time low pressure records set between Tallahassee and Washington, D.C. Snow began to spread over the eastern United States, and a large squall line moved from the Gulf of Mexico into Florida and Cuba. The storm system tracked up the East Coast during Saturday and into Canada by early Monday morning. In the storm's wake, unseasonably cold temperatures were recorded over the next two days in the Southeast.

Forecasting
Storm of the Century marked a milestone in the weather forecasting of the United States. By March 8, 1993, several operational numerical weather prediction models and medium-range forecasters at the United States National Weather Service recognized the threat of a significant snowstorm. This marked the first time National Weather Service meteorologists were able to predict accurately a system's severity five days in advance. Official blizzard warnings were issued two days before the storm arrived, as shorter-range models began to confirm the predictions. Forecasters were finally confident enough of the computer-forecast models to support decisions by several northeastern states to declare a state of emergency even before the snow started to fall.

Impact
The storm complex was large and widespread, affecting at least 26 US states and much of eastern Canada. It brought in cold air along with heavy precipitation and hurricane-force winds which, ultimately, caused a blizzard over the affected area; this also included thundersnow from Georgia to Pennsylvania and widespread whiteout conditions. Snow flurries were seen in the air as far south as Jacksonville, Florida, and some areas of central Florida received a trace of snow. The storm severely impacted both ground and air travel. Airports were closed all along the eastern seaboard, and flights were cancelled or diverted, thus stranding many passengers along the way. Every airport from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to Tampa was temporarily closed due to the storm. Highways were also closed or restricted all across the affected region, even in states generally well prepared for snow emergencies.

In Virginia, the LancerLot sports arena in Vinton collapsed due to the weight of the record snowfall, forcing the Virginia Lancers of the ECHL to relocate to nearby Roanoke and become the Roanoke Express. Also collapsing were the roofs of a Lowe's store in Christiansburg and the Dedmon Center, at Radford University. Thousands of travelers were stranded along interstate highways in Southwest Virginia. Electricity was not restored to many isolated rural areas for up to three weeks, with power outages occurring all over the east. Nearly 60,000 lightning strikes were recorded as the storm swept over the country for a total of 72 hours. As one of the most powerful, complex storms in recent history, this storm was described as the "Storm of the Century" by many of the areas affected.

A hockey game hosted by the Philadelphia Flyers against the Los Angeles Kings was postponed due to a large window breaking from wind gusts just before the end of the first period.

Gulf of Mexico
The United States Coast Guard dealt with "absolutely incredible, unbelievable" conditions within the Gulf of Mexico. The 200 ft freighter Fantastico sank 70 mi off Ft. Myers, Florida, and seven of her crew died when a Coast Guard helicopter was forced back to base due to low fuel levels after rescuing three of her crew. The 147 ft freighter Miss Beholden ran aground on a coral reef 10 mi from Key West, Florida. Several other smaller vessels sank in the rough seas. In all, the Coast Guard rescued 235 people from over 100 boats across the Gulf of Mexico during the tempest.

Florida
Besides producing record-low barometric pressure across a swath of the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic states, and contributing to one of the nation's biggest snowstorms, the low produced a potent squall line ahead of its cold front. The squall line produced a serial derecho as it moved into Florida and Cuba shortly after midnight on March 13. Straight-line winds gusted above 100 mph at many locations in Florida as the squall line moved through. A substantial tree fall was seen statewide from this system. The supercells in the derecho produced eleven tornadoes. The first tornado was an F2 that touched down in Chiefland at 04:38 UTC on March 13, damaging several mobile homes and downing trees and power lines. Three people were killed and seven people sustained injures. Around the same time, an F1 tornado was spawned near Crystal River. After moving eastward into the town, the twister damaged 15 homes, several of them severely. A total of three people were injured. The next tornado was a waterspout that moved ashore over Treasure Island around 05:00 UTC. Rated F0, the tornado deroofed one home, damaged several others, and impacted a few boats.

Around 05:04 UTC, an F0 tornado was reported in New Port Richey, damaging several homes and injuring 11 people. About 16 minutes later, an F2 tornado formed to the southwest of Ocala. Many trees fell and several storage buildings and a warehouse suffered extensive damage, while one hangar was destroyed and two others received major damage at the Ocala International Airport. At 05:20 UTC, approximately the same time as the Ocala tornado, another twister – rated F1 – touched down near LaCrosse. Several trees and power lines were downed and a few homes were destroyed, one from a propane explosion. One person was killed and four others received injuries. About 10 minutes later, another F2 twister was spawned near Howey-in-the-Hills. It moved through Mount Dora, destroying 13 homes, substantially damaging 80 homes, and inflicting minor damage on 266 homes. One person, a 5-month-old baby, was killed, while two others were injured.

At 05:30 UTC, a waterspout-turned F0 tornado tossed a 23 ft sailboat about 300 ft at the Davis Islands yacht club in Tampa, while five other boats broke loose from their cradles and twelve were smashed into the seawall. About 30 minutes later, an F1 tornado formed in Jacksonville, demolishing four dwellings and damaging sixteen others. Also at 06:00 UTC, an F0 tornado spawned near Bartow snapped a few trees and damaged a few doors. The eleventh and final tornado developed in Jacksonville at 06:10 UTC. The twister damaged a few trees near the Jacksonville International Airport. At the airport itself, the tornado damaged several jetways and service vehicles, while a Boeing 737 was pushed about 40 ft.

A substantial storm surge was also generated along the gulf coast from Apalachee Bay in the Florida Panhandle to north of Tampa Bay. Due to the angle of the coast relative to the approaching squall, Taylor County along the eastern portion of Apalachee Bay and Hernando County north of Tampa were especially hard-hit.

Storm surges in those areas reached up to 12 ft, higher than many hurricanes. With little advance warning of incoming severe conditions, some coastal residents were awakened in the early morning of March 13 by the waters of the Gulf of Mexico rushing into their homes. More people died from drowning in this storm than during Hurricanes Hugo and Andrew combined. Overall, the storm's surge, winds, and tornadoes damaged or destroyed 18,000 homes. A total of 47 people died in Florida due to this storm.

Despite all the rainfall and tornadoes, lots of snow also dropped in the Panhandle regions of Florida. Areas saw snow of up to 1 foot near the coast and inland. In Tallahassee, around 1 to 2 inches of snow were dropped to the ground. In Jacksonville and Fernandina beach, traces of snow were seen in the air. Very cold temperatures were also seen in the state. Snow was seen as far south as Tampa Bay in central Florida. Tallahassee's lowest temperature was 17 degrees F (-8 degrees C) On March 13, Orlando saw 26 degrees F (-3 degrees C), and Miami saw 39 degrees F (4 degrees C ) That same day. In Orlando, there were mixed precipitations with rain, sleet and snow combined. Miami saw near record cold temperatures for the month of March, making it a very rare phenomenon for Florida. Florida is usually mild all year round so it was rare.

Cuba
In Cuba, wind gusts reached 100 mph in the Havana area. A survey conducted by a research team from the Institute of Meteorology of Cuba suggests that the maximum winds could have been as high as 130 mph. It is the most damaging squall line ever recorded in Cuba.

There was widespread and significant damage in Cuba, with damage estimated as intense as F2. The squall line finally moved out of Cuba near sunrise, leaving 10 deaths and US$1 billion in damage on the island.

North Atlantic
The cargo ship Gold Bond Conveyor en route from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada to Tampa, Florida foundered in the Atlantic Ocean 60 nmi SE of Sable Island, Nova Scotia with the loss of all 33 crew. It is thought that water entered the hold where gypsum ore was being stored and caused the rock to shift and harden. This instability compounded with winds of 90 mph and 100 ft waves led to her sinking. The Liberian-flagged ship was owned by Skaarup Shipping Corp., of Greenwich, Connecticut, and under charter to National Gypsum Co., a U.S. company. The ship had previously survived the Perfect Storm of 1991 two years earlier.

title: 1993 Storm of the Century


text:
User talk:Richardault

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page; Editing tutorial; Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article; Naming conventions; Manual of Style

Whosyourjudas (talk) 03:34, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image source
Thank you for uploading Image:Ault DD 698 0569806.jpg. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. Thank you. --BrokenSegue 22:01, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Also Image:Ault DD 698 0569805.gif and Image:Ault DD 698 0569801.jpg

title: User talk:Richardault


text:
Thomas Colley Grattan

Thomas Colley Grattan (1792 – 4 July 1864) was an Irish novelist, poet, historian and diplomat. Born in Dublin, he was educated for the law, but did not practise. He wrote a few novels, including The Heiress of Bruges (4 volumes, 1830); but his best work was Highways and Byways, a description of his Continental travels, of which he published three series, amounting to eight volumes. He also wrote a history of the Netherlands and books on America. He was for some time British Consul at Boston in the United States and assisted in the negotiations leading to the Webster–Ashburton Treaty in 1842.

Life
Grattan was son of Colley Grattan of Clayton Lodge, County Kildare, a solicitor in Dublin who became a farmer. The family was part of the Anglo-Irish Protestant Ascendancy and Grattan was related to both the Irish politician Henry Grattan and the Duke of Wellington. He was educated in Athy by the Reverend Henry Bristow, after which he was sent to Dublin to study law. He then accepted a commission in the Louth militia. In 1810, while stationed in Waterford, he met the actor Edmund Kean following a performance of Hamlet. The two became friends, and years later Grattan wrote a play for him.

After leaving the army, Grattan decided to take part in the South American wars of independence. He embarked for Bordeaux in 1818, with the intention of taking a ship from there to Venezuela, but on his passage met Eliza O'Donnel. He married her and settled near Bordeaux. It was here that he started as a writer, beginning with Philibert, an octo-syllabic poem in six cantos. Soon after he moved to Paris, where he made met Thomas Moore, Washington Irving, Adolphe Thiers, Béranger, Lamartine, and other distinguished literary men, and became a steady contributor to the Westminster Review, Edinburgh Review, the New Monthly Magazine, and other periodicals. His translations from French poets were successful. He also ran a serial of his own, The Paris Monthly Review of British and Continental Literature, by a Society of English Gentlemen. No. 1 came out in January 1822, and No. 15 (April 1823) appears to have been the last issue of this magazine. By Washington Irving's advice he edited notes of some of his tours, and submitted the manuscript to four publishing houses, who all rejected it. This work was Highways and Byways, or Tales of the Roadside,’ which, on its appearance in 1823, dedicated to Washington Irving, made its author's name widely known both in England and on the continent, and was several times reprinted. The second series of these tales came out in 1825, and the third in 1827. Grattan's next public appearance was as the writer of a tragedy, Ben Nazir, the Saracen. This was produced by Kean at Drury Lane Theatre on 21 May 1827, but the actor, through ill-health and domestic misfortunes, broke down, and the play failed with him.

With money troubles, Grattan moved to Brussels in about 1828. He there produced Traits of Travel, which was well received; The Heiress of Bruges, a historical romance; and The History of the Netherlands, became a standard work. In 1830 the revolution drove him from Brussels; his house was almost destroyed by cannon and his property was pillaged. He retired to Antwerp, and accompanied the Prince of Orange from that city to The Hague, where he wrote Jacqueline of Holland. In May 1831 he was at Heidelberg, where he composed the Legends of the Rhine. About the same time (1832) he was appointed gentleman of the privy chamber to William IV. Returning to Brussels he was well received by King Leopold, and henceforth for some years again resided in Belgium. He was now a frequent contributor to the British and foreign reviews, writing on the state of European affairs, mainly in connection with Belgium.

At a critical moment in the affairs of the new kingdom, during the riots at Brussels in 1834, Grattan began a correspondence with The Times newspaper, and his letters were translated and reproduced in continental journals. His services were acknowledged by Leopold, and partly owing to his influence he, in 1839, received the appointment of British consul to the state of Massachusetts. He moved in the summer of that year, and took up his residence at Boston. At this period the controversy between the American states and the British provinces relative to the north-eastern boundary was the absorbing topic. Grattan made himself completely master of the subject, and communicated his opinions to Lord Ashburton when that nobleman arrived in the United States in 1842 as minister plenipotentiary for the purpose of settling the boundary question. Grattan was unanimously chosen by both parties to assist at the negotiations at Washington, and contributed to the conclusion of the treaty of 9 April 1842. In the United States Grattan gained considerable reputation as a speaker and raconteur.

Returning to England in 1846 Grattan was permitted, in consideration of his services, to resign his consulship in favour of his eldest son Edmund Grattan. From this period he mainly resided in London, where he resumed his literary labours, and among other works produced, in 2 vols., in 1862, Beaten Paths and those who trod them, which contains autobiographical recollections.

Grattan died at his residence in Jermyn Street, London, 4 July 1864, leaving a daughter and three sons.

Works

 * 1) 'Philibert, a Poetical Romance,’ Bordeaux, 1819.
 * 2) 'Highways and Byways, or Tales of the Roadside picked up in the French Provinces by a Walking Gentleman,’ 1823, 2 vols.; 2nd series, 1825, 3 vols., and 3rd series, 1827, 3 vols.
 * 3) 'The History of Switzerland' (anon.), 1825.
 * 4) 'Ben Nazir, the Saracen, a Tragedy,’ 1827.
 * 5) 'Traits of Travel, or Tales of Men and Cities,’ 1829, 3 vols.
 * 6) 'The History of the Netherlands to the Belgium Revolution in 1830' (Lardner's Cyclopædia vol. x. 1830).
 * 7) 'The Heiress of Bruges, a Tale of the Year Sixteen Hundred,’ 1830.
 * 8) 'Jacqueline of Holland, an Historical Tale,’ 1831, 3 vols.
 * 9) 'Legends of the Rhine and of the Low Countries,’ 1832, 3 vols.
 * 10) 'Agnes de Mansfeldt, an Historical Tale,’ 1836, 3 vols.
 * 11) 'The Boundary Question raised and Dr. Franklin's Red Line shown to be the right one, by a British subject,’ New York, 1843.
 * 12) 'The Master Passion and other Tales,’ 1845, 3 vols.
 * 13) 'Chance Medley of Light Matter,’ 1845.
 * 14) 'The Cagot's Hut and the Conscript's Bride,’ 1852 ('Parlour Library,’ No. 82).
 * 15) 'The Forfeit Hand and other Tales,’ 1857 ('Parlour Library,’ No. 163).
 * 16) 'Curse of the Black Lady and other Tales,’ 1857 ('Parlour Library,’ No. 165).
 * 17) 'Civilised America,’ 1859, 2 vols.
 * 18) 'England and the Disrupted States of America,’ 1861.
 * 19) 'Beaten Paths and those who trod them,’ 1862, 2 vols.

Many of these works have been reprinted in various forms.

title: Thomas Colley Grattan


text:
User talk:Durnurd

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page; Editing tutorial; Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article; Naming conventions; Manual of Style

Whosyourjudas (talk) 03:34, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not greedy at all. send me an email and I'll give you and invite.  Regards, Whosyourjudas (talk) 12:28, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Durnurd


text:
Earl Cornwallis

Earl Cornwallis was a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1753 for Charles Cornwallis, 5th Baron Cornwallis. The second Earl was created Marquess Cornwallis but this title became extinct in 1823, while the earldom and its subsidiary titles became extinct in 1852 (the barony was recreated in the 20th century). The Cornwallis family descended from Frederick Cornwallis, who represented Eye and Ipswich in the House of Commons. He was created a Baronet in the Baronetage of England in 1627 and Baron Cornwallis, of Eye in the County of Suffolk, in the Peerage of England in 1661. He was succeeded by his son, the second Baron, who also sat as Member of Parliament for Eye. On his death, the titles passed to his son, the third Baron. He notably served as First Lord of the Admiralty. His son, the fourth Baron, was Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk and Postmaster General.

He was succeeded by his son, the fifth Baron. In 1753 he was created Viscount Brome, in the County of Suffolk, and Earl Cornwallis in the Peerage of Great Britain. His son, the second Earl, was a noted military commander, best known as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence; his surrender at Yorktown ended the war. He subsequently served as Commander-in-Chief of India. In 1792 he was created Marquess Cornwallis in the Peerage of Great Britain. He was succeeded by his son, the second Marquess. He represented Eye (which by this time was considered a pocket borough of the Cornwallis family) and Suffolk in Parliament. Lord Cornwallis had four daughters but no sons, and the marquessate became extinct on his death in 1823. He was succeeded in the other titles by his uncle, the fourth Earl. He was Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry from 1781 to 1824. He married Catherine, daughter of Galfridus Mann of Boughton Malherbe in Kent. He was succeeded by his son, the fifth Earl. He sat as Member of Parliament for Eye. In 1814 Lord Cornwallis assumed by Royal licence his maternal grandfather's surname of Mann in lieu of his patronymic. He had no surviving male issue and the earldom, viscountcy, barony and baronetcy became extinct on his death in 1852. His daughter Lady Jemima Isabella married Charles Wykeham-Martin. Their son Fiennes Wykeham-Martin assumed by Royal licence the surname of Cornwallis in lieu of his patronymic in 1859. In 1927 the Cornwallis title was revived when his son Fiennes Cornwallis was raised to the peerage as Baron Cornwallis.

Several other members of the Cornwallis family also gained distinction. The Hon. Edward Cornwallis, the sixth son of the fourth Baron, was a soldier and is known as "the founder of Halifax". His younger twin brother, the Right Reverend the Hon. Frederick Cornwallis, was Archbishop of Canterbury. The Hon. William Cornwallis, younger son of the first Earl and younger brother of the first Marquess, was an admiral in the Royal Navy.

Barons Cornwallis (1661)

 * Frederick Cornwallis, 1st Baron Cornwallis (1610–1662)
 * Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Baron Cornwallis (1632–1673)
 * Charles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis (1655–1698)
 * Charles Cornwallis, 4th Baron Cornwallis (1675–1722)
 * Charles Cornwallis, 5th Baron Cornwallis (1700–1762) (created Earl Cornwallis in 1753)

Earls Cornwallis (1753)

 * Charles Cornwallis, 1st Earl Cornwallis (1700–1762)
 * Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Earl Cornwallis (1738–1805) (created Marquess Cornwallis in 1792)

Marquesses Cornwallis (1792)

 * Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis (1738–1805)
 * Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Marquess Cornwallis (1774–1823)

Earls Cornwallis (1753, reverted)

 * James Cornwallis, 4th Earl Cornwallis (1743–1824)
 * James Mann, 5th Earl Cornwallis (1778–1852)
 * Hon Charles James Cornwallis later Mann, styled Viscount Brome (1813-1835), heir apparent until his death with no other heirs in remainder to the title.

title: Earl Cornwallis


text: User talk:67.160.176.99

title: User talk:67.160.176.99


text:
River City Brass Band

The River City Brass Band (River City Brass, RCB) is a modified British-style brass band based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The twenty-eight-piece ensemble tours extensively throughout the United States and performs more than thirty-five concerts each year as part of its community concert series in Western Pennsylvania.

It received a standing ovation from a crowd of one thousand after making its public debut at the Carnegie Music Hall in Pittsburgh's Oakland neighborhood on Saturday evening, November 21, 1981 during Pittsburgh's British Festival.

Within six years of its founding, this ensemble had "gained a national reputation as one of America's most popular touring attractions," according to the Elmira Star-Gazette, and, by the mid-1990s, was known as "one of America's premier brass ensembles."

Ensemble history
Building upon the long-standing tradition of brass bands popularized in Great Britain and the United States, the River City Brass (RCB) is staffed by twenty-five brass players and three percussionists. RCB differs from most brass bands, however, in that its instrumentation has been altered. French Horns are used instead of alto horns, and an Eb soprano trumpet is employed in place of a soprano cornet, creating a lighter, brighter, more "orchestral" sound than the traditional brass band.

On November 21, 1981, the RCB performed under the baton of conductor Robert Bernat at the Carnegie Music Hall in Pittsburgh during its inaugural concert. Among the performers during that first RCB concert were British musicians Robert Childs, a renowned euphonium performer with the Grimethorpe Colliery Band, and Arthur Taylor, a British brass band concert producer who served as the master of ceremonies for the RCB event. Enid Hattersley, then lord mayor of Sheffield, England, Pittsburgh's sister city, also participated, and was described by one area newspaper as "feisty and funny."

Since that time, the ensemble has been a featured performer at the Adelaide Festival of the Arts (Australia), Musikfest (Pennsylvania), Chautauqua Institution (New York), New Zealand International Festival of the Arts, Interlochen Center for the Arts (Michigan), and Thalian Hall (North Carolina), among many other venues across the United States and world.

According to the ensemble's website, “The mission of the River City Brass is to propagate and perpetuate musical culture, primarily American musical culture, across a broad spectrum of the public through the presentation of brass band performances, educational programs and the production of recordings. The River City Brass has as its central obligation service to the people of Western Pennsylvania.”

To that end, River City Brass members have operated a youth program since 1986. Known as the River City Youth Brass Band, it enables young musicians to hone their craft under the close supervision of professional players.

Since August 2010, the River City Brass has been led by internationally renowned tuba soloist and British conductor, James Gourlay.

Musical directors

 * 1981-1994 Robert Bernat
 * 1994-2009 Denis Colwell
 * 2010–Present James Gourlay

Band members
One of the band's founding members was cornetist Joseph Murphy, a nuclear physicist at Westinghouse. A list of the principal band members of the River City Brass Band as of 2021 includes:

title: River City Brass Band


text:
Singles (Travis album)

Singles is the first and only compilation album by the Scottish rock band Travis, released on 1 November 2004. The album consists of all of the band's singles from 1997 to 2004, as well as including two new tracks, "Walking in the Sun" and "The Distance". The album charted at #4 on the UK Albums Chart, performing considerably better than 12 Memories, actually selling the required 300,000+ copies that were shipped to make it a platinum album.

Track listing

 * 1) "Sing"
 * 2) "Driftwood"
 * 3) "Writing to Reach You"
 * 4) "Why Does It Always Rain on Me?"
 * 5) "Re-Offender"
 * 6) "Walking in the Sun"
 * 7) "Tied to the 90's"
 * 8) "Coming Around"
 * 9) "Flowers in the Window"
 * 10) "Love Will Come Through"
 * 11) "More Than Us"
 * 12) "Side"
 * 13) "U16 Girls"
 * 14) "Happy"
 * 15) "All I Want to Do Is Rock"
 * 16) "The Beautiful Occupation"
 * 17) "Turn"
 * 18) "The Distance"
 * 19) "Bring Me Round" (Japanese Bonus Track)

 * Tracks 7, 11, 13, 14 & 15 are from the 1997 album Good Feeling
 * Tracks 2, 3, 4 and 17 are from the 1999 album The Man Who
 * Tracks 1, 9 and 12 are from the 2001 album The Invisible Band
 * Tracks 5, 10 and 16 are from the 2003 album 12 Memories
 * Tracks 6, 8, 18 and 19 are all stand-alone singles.

 * Japanese Bonus DVD
 * 1) "U16 Girls"
 * 2) "All I Want to Do Is Rock"
 * 3) "Tied to the 90's"
 * 4) "Happy"
 * 5) "More Than Us"
 * 6) "Writing to Reach You"
 * 7) "Driftwood"
 * 8) "Why Does It Always Rain on Me?"
 * 9) "Turn"
 * 10) "Coming Around"
 * 11) "Sing"
 * 12) "Side"
 * 13) "Flowers in the Window"
 * 14) "Re-Offender"
 * 15) "The Beautiful Occupation"
 * 16) "Love Will Come Through"
 * 17) "Walking in the Sun"

Personnel

 * Fran Healy – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Andy Dunlop – lead guitar, backing vocals, banjo
 * Dougie Payne – bass guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on "The Distance"
 * Neil Primrose – drums

title: Singles (Travis album)


text:
Imperfectly

Imperfectly is the third studio album by singer-songwriter Ani DiFranco, released in 1992 (see 1992 in music).

Personnel

 * Ani DiFranco – guitar, vocals, production
 * Andy Stochansky – drums, percussion
 * Geoff Perry – bass
 * George Puleo – electric guitar
 * Greg Horn – trumpet
 * Tim Allan — mandolin
 * Mary Ramsey — viola

Production

 * Ani DiFranco – record producer
 * Ed Stone – producer, mastering, engineer
 * Tony Romano – engineer
 * Scot Fisher – photography

title: Imperfectly


text:
User talk:Tvilot

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page; Editing tutorial; Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article; Naming conventions; Manual of Style

Whosyourjudas (talk) 03:36, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tvilot


text: Talk:Imperfectly

title: Talk:Imperfectly


text:
Talk:Heroic fantasy

(untitled)
Sorry about the no-ID on adding the quotations section; I can't seem to stay logged in for more than a few minutes at a time tonight, and didn't notice that I had been logged off. — B.Bryant 03:37, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

(Merge?)

 * 2013-01-10. ''Heroic fantasy v. High fantasy v. Sword-and-sorcery and perhaps others.
 * Today I have given this 7-year-old but active section a heading (Merge?) and I have moved two "recent" replies down from the top of the page to the bottom of this section. --P64 (talk) 21:23, 10 January 2013 (UTC)''

How does the "heroic fantasy" described here differ from "high fantasy" or "sword-and-sorcery" sufficient to merit a separate entry? The authors listed here are also listed under those genres. Goldfritha 00:22, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. If there are any differences, they should be listed to avoid confusion.--SidiLemine 12:00, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Bit the bullet and proposed the merge. Goldfritha 00:15, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * In the Encyclopedia of Fantasy, John Clute says something like 'There may be a relevant difference between heroic fantasy and sword and sorcery, but nobody has identified it yet.' He compares it to the difference between 'horror' and 'dark fantasy'. Chris Thornett 10:28, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * All right, so if we go ahead and merge them, which one is going to be the main article? --SidiLemine 11:18, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Sword and sorcery. The Clute quote is the beginning of a one-paragraph entry on "heroic fantasy", chiefly talking of its uselessness, while the "sword and sorcery" one in that Encyclopedia takes up over a page.  Goldfritha 01:38, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know. I was under the impression that Heroic Fantasy was kinf of broader (as including LOTR, The LanceDragons and others, while Sword and Sorcery was more of a pejorative term for books about a "muscular hero(ine)" fighting evil sorcerer-kings. The key difference between the two terms might be the "fantasy", that lets you think there's going to be elves, gnomes, and... Well, unexpected stuff. But then again, if there is such a big difference, we might as well keep. Separate articles. No, I just felt like "sword and sorcery" is a bit pejorative for such a vast genre, just like I wish the article about sword and sandal would be named Peplum.--SidiLemine 09:57, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

 * That means the term Heroic fantasy was used for High fantasy as well. That would be an argument for making it sword and sorcery, because it is more precise.  As for "pejorative" -- actually Heroic fantasy is the euphemism.  Goldfritha 15:57, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

If you merge the two articles then the Heroic Fantasy article needs to be greatly revised as it is integrated into the S&S sorcery entry. I would not classify the Lord of the Rings the works of CS Lewis as Sword and Sorcery at all. They might have influenced the genre but go above and beyond especially in works other than those whose setting was Middle Earth or Narnia. If you merge the two articles, I would not want to see the Lord of the Rings or CS Lewis relegated to a sub-genre. I could accept that the genre of Sword and Sorcery was greatly influenced by either author but there should be a distinction in the article because I would make the argument that both the Lord of the Rings and Narnia (the works that arguably could be labeled as S&S) transcend and greatly differ from the genre they influenced. So if you do merge the articles I feel that certain authors should be removed from the classification if they do not fit the sword and sorcery classification or their role and relevance of the works to the genre even though they arguably do not fit into the genre.Blueskelton 10:07, 3 March 2007 (UTC)Blueskelton

 * I personally feel that Heroic Fantasy is very much alike to High Fantasy and the articals should be merged or a list of difining features should be introduced to avoid confusion.
 * Applechair (talk) 09:10, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Sword and Sorcery defines a more Conan the Barbarian feeling where magic is typically used as a symbol representing the debauchery and the hedonistic tendencies of the enemy society. Heroic fantasy is the typical knight-in-shining armor setting wherein the characters go out and slay dragons or evil emperors, or perhaps the heroes are wizards. High fantasy is name for the overall genre that encompasses all three of these, as defined from the other two Fantasy Genre's of Science-Fiction and Horror also collectively referred to as Speculative Fiction. --TheWhitefire (talk) 02:52, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Could we get some more discussion on this? I'd like to see this merging issue get resolved. Lvowell (talk) 1:37, 10 Sept 2010

 * I rearranged this section following the usual layout convention, provided a header (Merge?), and continued it, in effect, in new section #Fantasy genres. --hoping to broaden it. --P64 (talk) 21:23, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

pov
shouldnt this be tagged first as being fulil of POV and questionable contend? not just pov btw, overstated opinion with attempt at persuation.--Lygophile 14:06, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Done! Goldfritha 00:29, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

origins
Fantasy was long distinguishable from mythological tales long before LOR. In fact, it was distinguishable from them in the medieval romances, when it was not exactly fantasy. Goldfritha 19:12, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Fantasy genres
Six years later. Today I read the main section of this discussion ( as I rearranged it. I agree with Chris Thornett and Goldfritha that it is reasonable to use The Encyclopedia of Fantasy by John Clute and John Grant (1999) as a crucial source for our coverage of fantasy. And The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction by Clute and Peter Nicholls (1993; third edition online 2011) on some points.

Regarding speculative fiction genres and subgenres, we have dozens of "main" articles and perhaps several merges that are worth some consideration. This hour I begin modestly by adding some articles to WP Novels fantasy task force. --P64 (talk) 21:23, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

 * related articles, maybe

 * en.wikipedia — Fictional universe (where Secondary world redirects) and its lead links
 * Clute/Grant Encyclopedia —(from memory) land, fantasyland, land of fable
 * and Encyc entries under our related article names
 * --P64 (talk) 21:51, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

 * This article should definitively be merged with the Sword and sorcery article. Both that article and the only sourced part of this article (as well as the de Camp quote) states that they are essentially two names for the same genre. And while I personally prefer the name Heroic Fantasy (as it's more inclusive) I think this article should just be turned into a redirect to that article as everything this articles is trying to expressed is already there, only expressed clearer and much better sourced. I also have problems with the Hard fantasy (non of the sources, nor even the article itself, can agree on what it is and the whole thing seems more like a hypothetical "does fantasy have an equivalent to Hard SF?" debate and not an actual genre classification that is ever used) and Medieval fantasy (the article is vague on the definition. Is it Historical fantasy set in the medieval ages? In that case neither Tolkien nor Martin qualifies. Is it fantasy specifically based on the medieval era? Then Tolkien does not qualify. Or is it fantasy with any inspiration from or parallels to any part of medieval culture? If that is the case then pretty much all fantasy qualifies at this point. And most importantly the entire article is uncensored except for two statements calling Ultima and Neverwinter Nights "medieval fantasy" without defining the genre) articles. --Painocus (talk) 17:01, 30 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Note that, as the articles for Sword-and-sorcery and High fantasy rightly states, High fantasy and S&S/Heroic fantasy are not the same genre. The confusion probably arises from Moorcock's initial usage of "epic fantasy" (which is now used synonymic with High Fantasy) as a name for the S&S/Heroic genre and from, what I have noticed to be, Low fantasy enthusiasts' tendency to lump them together to contrast with their own preferred genre (which is strange considering that there is significant overlap between heroic and low fantasy). --Painocus (talk) 17:35, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

Still Discussing the Merge
Another five years have gone by, with no progress on this discussion. Perhaps someone with more knowledge of current Wikipedia practices and codes than I should just Be Bold. At the very least, Heroic fantasy should be merged with Sword and sorcery, as the opening quote on this article equates the two explicitly. Whateley23 (talk) 03:01, 24 September 2018 (UTC)

Seen as though they are directly equated is there even a requirement for this article in the first place? If their the same thing merging them will just inflate the sword and sorcery article with the exact same information. Perhaps deleting this article and simply proposing it as an alternate name on the sword and sorcery article? AnyOwl (talk) 15:29, 4 June 2019 (UTC)

Point of view
The lead section is making major negative generalizations about this genre. DemonDays64 (talk) 01:59, 11 August 2019 (UTC)

Why is there a "sic" in the quote?
Such a story combines [sic] the color and dash of the historical costume romance with the atavistic supernatural thrills of the weird, occult, or ghost story.

This doesn't seem to be an error? Usually "sic" follows an obvious error in grammar that was in the original, thus quoting it while acknowledging the error as an error. But "Such a story combines the aspects of the historical romance with the aspects of the ghost story" seems to me to be a perfectly grammatical construction, and the expansion doesn't seem to introduce any problems, certainly not with the word "combines"; what am I missing? Kilyle (talk) 19:26, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

 * You're right. I deleted it. Rray (talk) 13:47, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

misogyny
"Unlike dark fiction, it provides a setting in which 'all men are strong, all women beautiful, all life adventurous, and all problems simple'." This quote is very centric towards men, and it's misogynistic; women are not ornaments and any woman's appearance does not exist to serve men. if you get what i mean. I strongly suggest that it be changed 2600:4040:A034:A300:1119:F3A8:6BC9:D2FC (talk) 01:19, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heroic fantasy