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Elfen Lied

Elfen Lied (エルフェンリート) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Lynn Okamoto. It was serialized in Shueisha's seinen manga magazine Weekly Young Jump from June 2002 to August 2005, with its 107 chapters collected into twelve tankōbon volumes. Elfen Lied revolves around the interactions, views, emotions, and differences between human beings and the Diclonii, a mutant species similar to humans in build but distinguishable by two horns on their heads and "vectors", transparent telekinetically controlled arms that have the power to manipulate and cut objects within their reach. The series is centered on the teenage Diclonius girl "Lucy" who was rejected by human beings and subsequently wants revenge.

The series takes its name from the song "Elfenlied", German for "song of the fairies", which is featured in the story. Elfen Lied involves themes of discrimination, social alienation, identity, prejudice, revenge, abuse, jealousy, regret, and the value of humanity. It is also noted for the graphic violence, emotional themes of how the characters change through, and the overall transgressive subject matter of the whole story.

A 13-episode anime television series adaptation was produced by the studio Arms and broadcast on AT-X from July to October 2004. The anime finished airing before the manga was complete; as a result, the plot differed between the two, especially the ending. The manga is licensed in North America by Dark Horse Comics. The anime series has been licensed in North America by ADV Films and in Australia by Madman Entertainment.

Plot and characters
Elfen Lied takes place in Kamakura and Kanagawa, and focuses on the "Diclonius", a newly mutated species. Their appearance is similar to humans, but with several differences, namely horn-like protrusions on the forehead, the presence of telekinetic invisible arms called "vectors" and unconventional hair colour. One such Diclonius, Lucy, is the main character of the series: Initially held in a facility built for experimentation, located off the coast of Kamakura, she manages to escape and wreak havoc, but is injured in the process, an event which causes her to develop a secondary, childlike personality known as Nyu.

Lucy is found by two locals, Kouta and his cousin Yuka, who study at the local university. They take her in and become involved with the numerous, often brutal, attempts to recapture her by a Special Assault Team and a number of other Diclonius, who shift frequently from oblivious to murderous.

Diclonius
Much of the plot of Elfen Lied revolves around the Diclonii species, which strongly resemble humans; the only obvious difference is the two horn-like protrusions extending from the temporal bone and parietal bone regions of the skull.

Diclonii powers involve the use of invisible arms, known as "vectors", that can grasp and impact things as if they are solid, but also become insubstantial and pass through objects. They can slice objects as well, which is how Diclonii usually kill their victims. Vectors usually have a limited range of a few meters, but the length varies among each Diclonius. Diclonii also demonstrate the ability to sense one another.

A key point of debate throughout the series is the Diclonius propensity towards violence. Many have a vendetta against humans, and have ambitions to wipe out the human race and populate the world with their own species. It is disputed and contradicted during the series as to how Diclonii develop their violent behavior, whether it is part of their genetic code or whether it stems from abuse by humans.

If a Diclonius vector penetrates or even so much as touches a human male body, the "vector virus" is transferred to the human, causing their children to be born as Diclonii (when born from infected humans, they are called "Silpelits"). An incident involving the escape of a child Diclonius during Kurama's early years, where the Diclonius' vectors penetrated him without causing him pain, resulted in Mariko being born a Diclonius and Kurama taking precautions against a recurrence by urging Bando to be sterilized. All Silpelits are sterile, female and age rapidly. There's only one Diclonius that is actually capable of reproducing: Lucy, the "queen".

Anime
When Elfen Lied was being adapted into an anime series, director Mamoru Kanbe was recommended to work on the series by the series composer, Takao Yoshioka. Yoshioka believed that Kanbe's general drawing style and composition would be ideal to adapt the manga, still in publication at the time, into an anime series. Kanbe himself, originally reluctant about joining the production, gained interest in it upon reading the manga.

While the manga was still ongoing at the time, Kanbe and the production team were forced to condense the plot of the series into thirteen episodes, even though they felt it was necessary to make more as several significant plot details in the manga which Kanbe felt he could have used to make the series more emotive were left out.

According to Kanbe, he considered Elfen Lied as a "love story," and he wanted to "bring viewers to tears." Thus, he made attempts throughout the series to provide a contrast of emotions, commenting that he could make the violence exemplify this throughout the series. The production team were originally surprised by Okamoto's choice of Kamakura as a setting for the series; however, after several visits to the area, Kanbe commented that the setting in Kamakura was, according to the production team, ideal for the poignant and reflective drama in the series to unfold, as its general tranquility and geography made for a reflective and yet eerie, deep-meaning backdrop to the series. This can be seen in several examples, such as on top of a set of steps overlooking the coastline, where many of the interactions between characters take place. This is used as an important device in conveying the ideas of memory and emotional association, such as the contrast between Kohta and Lucy's conversation when they were ten years old in comparison with their conversation in the final episode.

Style and themes
In comments made by director Mamoru Kanbe on the Elfen Lied website, he stated that he intended for the anime to question and discuss values relating to the way in which humans divide each other by difference, as well as the belief that atrocities such as those committed by Lucy in the series are strongly influenced by the way in which people are treated by their fellow beings. The series frequently discusses the events and treatment which define the human character in such a way, and the problems which arise from discrimination, as well as the wild contrasts between compassion and vengeance between fellow humans, through the strong vengeance of Lucy compared with her past memory of Kohta. Many of the themes are mentioned at the teasers at the ends of episodes.

Themes such as genocide and the attempts to "purify" the earth from each other also appear in the anime. Both Diclonius and the human species feel the need to populate the earth with their own and wipe the other out. Kanbe quoted this in relation to the desire of humans to cast each other out and segregate one another.

Throughout the series, there is a great deal of blood and gore, graphic violence as well as psychological violence. One of the most prevalent motifs of the series is the humanity of the Diclonius, especially contrasted against the inhumanity of ordinary people. One reviewer described the series as "devoted to quite a few of the darker, more callous factors of human nature." Throughout the series there are various incidences of casual beatings, cruel experimentation, and outright killing. Also, animal cruelty is present when three young boys mercilessly beat Lucy's puppy until it dies; though the act is off-screen, a copious amount of blood is shown; which drives Lucy to murder the bullies out of revenge and insanity.

Most of the episodes contain graphic violence, including instances of torture and at one point the series addresses consequences of the rape of a child. The series also includes scenes that present female nudity and strong language (specifically in the English dub). The series juxtaposes many different tones and genres and was described by Bamboo Dong of Anime News Network as "mixing insane amounts of violence with a heavy dose of ultracuteness." The series balances its darker themes with romantic sub-plots as well as many comic moments. Elfen Lied has been described as similar to, or borrowing elements from Chobits, 3x3 Eyes and Gunslinger Girl.

Cultural references
The opening and ending sequences feature artistic drawings of the principal characters. These characters are drawn in a style based on Gustav Klimt's paintings, including The Kiss, Adele Bloch-Bauer I, and others with similar imitating poses, colors, and patterns. In promotional art as well as in the series itself, characters make use of a famous El Greco hand symbol of outstretched fingers with the middle and ring fingers connected. The song Elfenlied ("Elf Song") appears in the manga and is credited to the composer Hugo Wolf. A poem by Eduard Mörike is the basis for Wolf's version. It is taught to Nyu by the manga-only protagonist Nozomi. In the manga, the Diclonius are kept in a grotto called the Lebensborn Cave, a reference to the Nazi eugenics program.

Manga
Written and illustrated by Lynn Okamoto, Elfen Lied was serialized in Shueisha's seinen manga magazine Weekly Young Jump from June 6, 2002, to August 25, 2005. Shueisha collected its 107 chapters in twelve tankōbon volumes, released from October 18, 2002, to November 18, 2005.

In North America, the manga was licensed for English release by Dark Horse Comics. They released it in a four-volume omnibus edition from May 22, 2019, to September 9, 2020.

Anime
A 13-episode anime television series adaptation was directed by Mamoru Kanbe, animated by Arms and produced by Genco and VAP. Author Lynn Okamoto has a brief cameo appearance in episode 12. Elfen Lied first aired on TV Tokyo's AT-X satellite channel from July 25 to October 17, 2004, and was broadcast again in 2005. A single twenty-four-minute original video animation (OVA) episode was released by VAP on April 21, 2005. It takes place somewhere within the timespan of the series' eleventh episode.

The anime's opening theme song is "Lilium", performed by opera singer Kumiko Noma, sung in Latin, with lyrics extracted from biblical passages and Christian sources, including the Book of Psalms, the Epistle of James, the Kyrie prayer, and the hymn "Ave mundi spes Maria". The ending theme song is "Be Your Girl" by Chieko Kawabe.

The series was released on Blu-ray in Japan on December 19, 2012.
 * Home media and distribution

The anime was licensed by ADV Films in the United States in 2004 and released on DVD in 2005. ADV said the series was one of their bestselling and "most notorious" releases of 2005. During the Anime Boston 2006 convention, ADV announced the distribution rights of the OVA in the United States. However, the OVA was never released on television and was not included with the box set released by ADV Films in November 2006 or in the "Complete Collection" DVDs released in June 2009 and December 2011. When ADV divided their assets, Elfen Lied was remained with them and in-print. A Blu-ray box set (as well as a new DVD set) was released on September 3, 2013, by ADV and Section23 Films, making it the only Blu-ray release under the ADV brand, and contains the previously released OVA. In Australia, the series was licensed by Madman Entertainment.

The series aired in the United Kingdom on Propeller TV (Sky) as part of Anime Network's short-lived launch in the United Kingdom. The series also aired uncut despite a stricter censorship standard imposed by OFCOM on UK cable TV. The Anime Network is streaming the series On Demand in English, German and French. The ADV DVD box set confirms a rating of TV-MA SV; the Canadian rating is 14A.

In a post to the now defunct official Adult Swim message board in April 2006, programming director Kim Manning revealed that despite the series' high level of controversial content, the network inquired into the possibility of airing, as Manning was an avid fan herself and watched the entire series in one sitting. However, the channel's Broadcast Standards and Practices department would have required the series to be so extensively edited ("it would have been cut to shreds", she described in the post) in order to air that it would have been "unintelligible". Ultimately, Adult Swim decided not to air it to preserve and respect the series' original quality.

Reception
Reviewing the first English omnibus volume of Elfen Lied, Anime UK News gave it an 8 out of 10 rating and noted that it is much more detailed than the anime adaptation by explaining what Diclonius are and showing more of the characters' inner thoughts. Although, they stated that the beginning of the anime had "more punch." Anime UK News criticized Okamoto's art as poor throughout the book, but enjoyed the extra unrelated stories included at the end. Comic Buzz gave a 9/10 score, calling it a "great read from start to finish". They felt the art style changed with the characters' emotions and said it reminded them variously of Neon Genesis Evangelion and the work of Junji Ito. Rai of TheOASG gave the omnibus a 3 out of 5 star rating, criticizing the art and fan service, and overall preferred the anime which she acknowledged having bias for.

Reception for the anime was generally mixed to positive. Reviewers such as Tasha Robinson of Sci Fi Weekly and Theron Martin of Anime News Network praised Elfen Lied for its story and technical excellence in production quality, animation and color. Due to the many scenes of nudity and gore, Dominic Laeno of THEM Anime Reviews criticized the series as being "overly blatant." Martin criticized the anime for having "sub-par voice acting" in both the original Japanese audio track and the English dub, although he gave an "A−" rating for both language dubs. Martin also said that the series "ends abruptly with some loose ends to the story that could leave viewers unsatisfied," but also called it "a horror series of exceptional merit." Laeno called the series "a genuinely good watch." Stig Høgset, also of THEM Anime Reviews, called Elfen Lied "a very special show, good and bad parts taken into consideration."

On June 12, 2015, the now-defunct Chinese Ministry of Culture listed Elfen Lied among 38 anime and manga titles banned in China.

Legacy
Matt and Ross Duffer have cited Elfen Lied as an influence on their 2016 Netflix series Stranger Things. They said that Elfen Lied was like an "ultraviolent E.T." and noted that the character Eleven was inspired by the anime. Another cited influence was the 1988 anime film Akira, which they felt had in turn influenced Elfen Lied.

The anime opening theme "Lilium", with its Latin lyrics extracted from biblical sources, is sometimes sung as a hymn in churches around the world, including in countries such as Ukraine, Sweden, Brazil, and Chile.

title: Elfen Lied


text:
Ödön von Horváth

Edmund Josef von Horváth (9 December 1901, in Sušak, Rijeka, Austro-Hungarian Empire – 1 June 1938, in Paris, French Third Republic) was an Austro-Hungarian playwright and novelist who wrote in German, and went by the nom de plume Ödön von Horváth. He was one of the most critically admired writers of his generation prior to his untimely death. He enjoyed a series of successes on the stage with socially poignant and romantic plays, including Revolte auf Côte 3018 (1927), Sladek (1929), Italienische Nacht (1930), Hin und Her (1934), and Der Jüngste Tag (1937). His novels include Der ewige Spießer (1930), Ein Kind unserer Zeit (1938), and Jugend ohne Gott (1938).

Early life and education
Ödön von Horváth was the eldest son of an Austro-Hungarian diplomat of Hungarian origins from Slavonia, Edmund (Ödön) Josef Horváth, and Maria Lulu Hermine (Prehnal) Horváth, who was from an Austro-Hungarian military family.

From 1908, Ödön attended elementary school in Budapest, and later attended the Rákóczianum, where his education was in the Hungarian language. In 1909, his father was ennobled and assigned to Munich, unaccompanied. In 1913, Horváth attended secondary school in Pressburg and Vienna, where he learned German as a second language, and earned the Matura (secondary school diploma) then reunited with his parents at Murnau am Staffelsee, in Upper Bavaria; from 1919, Horváth studied at the Ludwig Maximilians University, in Munich.

Later life and death
He started writing as a student, from 1920. After quitting university without a degree in early 1922, he moved to Berlin. Later, he lived in Salzburg and Murnau am Staffelsee. In 1931, he was awarded, along with Erik Reger, the Kleist Prize. In 1933, at the beginning of the Nazi regime in Germany, he relocated to Vienna. Following the annexation of the Federal State of Austria with Nazi Germany in 1938, Horváth emigrated to Paris.

Ödön von Horváth was hit by a falling branch from a tree and killed during a thunderstorm on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, opposite the Théâtre Marigny, in June 1938. Ironically, only a few days earlier, von Horváth had said to a friend: "I am not so afraid of the Nazis...There are worse things one can be afraid of, namely things one is afraid of without knowing why. For instance, I am afraid of streets. Roads can be hostile to one, can destroy one. Streets scare me." And a few years earlier, von Horváth had written poetry about lightning: "Yes, thunder, that it can do. And bolt and storm. Terror and destruction."

Ödön von Horváth was buried in the Saint-Ouen Cemetery, in northern Paris. In 1988, on the 50th anniversary of his death, his remains were transferred to Vienna and reinterred at the Heiligenstädter Friedhof.

Literary themes
Important topics in Horváth's works were popular culture, politics, and history. He especially tried to warn of the rise of Fascism in Europe and its dangers. Among Horváth's more enduringly popular works, Jugend ohne Gott (Youth Without God) describes the youth in Nazi Germany from the point of view of a disgruntled teacher who initially is an opportunist but is helpless against the racist and militaristic Nazi propaganda that dehumanizes his pupils.

The English title of his novel Ein Kind unserer Zeit (A Child of Our Time) was used by Michael Tippett for his oratorio (1939–1941), composed during World War II.

Plays

 * Das Buch der Tänze, 1920
 * Mord in der Mohrengasse, 1923
 * Zur schönen Aussicht, 1926
 * Revolte auf Côte 3018 (Revolt on Hill 3018), 1927; rewritten as Die Bergbahn (The Mountain Railway), 1929
 * Sladek der schwarze Reichswehrmann, 1929, originally Sladek oder Die schwarze Armee (Sladek in volume Plays One, translation by Penny Black, Oberon, 2000, ISBN 1-84002-133-0)
 * Rund um den Kongreß, 1929 (A Sexual Congress in volume Plays One, translation by Penny Black, Oberon, 2000, ISBN 1-84002-133-0)
 * Italienische Nacht, 1930 (Italian Night in volume Plays Two, Oberon, 2000, ISBN 1-84002-152-7)
 * Geschichten aus dem Wiener Wald (Tales from the Vienna Woods), 1931, winner of the Kleist Prize the same year; available as well in volume Plays Two, Oberon, 2000, ISBN 1-84002-152-7)
 * Glaube, Liebe, Hoffnung, 1932 (Faith, Hope, and Charity in volume Four Plays, PAJ Publications, 1986, ISBN 1-55554-002-3)
 * Kasimir und Karoline, 1932 (Kasimir and Karoline in volume Four Plays, PAJ Publications, 1986, ISBN 1-55554-002-3)
 * Die Unbekannte aus der Seine, 1933
 * Hin und Her, 1934
 * Don Juan kommt aus dem Krieg, 1936 (Don Juan Comes Back From the War, Faber & Faber, 1978, ISBN 0-571-11301-X)
 * Figaro läßt sich scheiden, 1936. Giselher Klebe wrote the libretto and composed his 1963 opera of the same name based on this work; Elena Langer's 2016 opera Figaro Gets a Divorce, to a libretto by David Pountney, is also largely based on the play. (Figaro Gets a Divorce in volume Four Plays, PAJ Publications, 1986, ISBN 1-55554-002-3)
 * Pompeji. Komödie eines Erdbebens, 1937
 * Ein Dorf ohne Männer, 1937
 * Himmelwärts, 1937
 * Der Jüngste Tag, 1937 (Giselher Klebe composed his 1980 opera of the same name based on this work; Lore Klebe wrote the libretto) (Judgement Day in volume Four Plays, PAJ Publications, 1986, ISBN 1-55554-002-3)

Novels

 * Sechsunddreißig Stunden, 1929
 * Der ewige Spießer, 1930 (The Eternal Philistine, 2011)
 * Jugend ohne Gott, 1938 (The Age of the Fish, 1939)
 * Ein Kind unserer Zeit, 1938 (A Child of Our Time, 1939)

Other prose

 * Sportmärchen, 1924–1926
 * Interview, 1932
 * Gebrauchsanweisung, 1932

Quotes

 * "Nothing conveys the feeling of infinity as much as stupidity does." (Motto of Geschichten aus dem Wienerwald)
 * "Eigentlich bin ich ganz anders, nur komme ich so selten dazu." "Actually what I'm really like is very different. I just so rarely find time for it." (From Zur schönen Aussicht)
 * Ödön von Horváth was once walking in the Bavarian Alps when he discovered the skeleton of a long dead man with his knapsack still intact. Von Horváth opened the knapsack and found a postcard reading "Having a wonderful time". Asked by friends what he did with it, von Horváth replied "I posted it".
 * "If you ask me what is my native country, I answer: I was born in Fiume, grew up in Belgrade, Budapest, Pressburg [Bratislava], Vienna and Munich, and I have a Hungarian passport, but I have no fatherland. I am a very typical mix of old Austria-Hungary: at once Magyar, Croatian, German and Czech; my country is Hungary; my mother tongue is German."

In popular culture

 * Christopher Hampton's play Tales from Hollywood (1982, adapted for television in 1992) portrays a fictional Horváth. He survives the falling branch and moves to the United States, where expatriate German authors such as Bertolt Brecht and Heinrich Mann write for the motion picture industry.
 * Danilo Kiš's short story "The Man Without a Country", published in the 1994 collection The Lute and The Scars, fictionalizes the death of von Horváth.
 * Duncan Macmillan adapted von Horváth’s Don Juan Comes Back From The War for the National Theatre Studio and Finborough Theatre in 2012. The updated production used contemporary language to explore the effects of conflict and trauma. It was directed by Andrea Ferran.
 * Lydia Davis' short story "Ödön von Horváth Out Walking," published in the 2014 collection Can't and Won't, concerns Horváth's encounter with the skeleton in the Alps.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ödön von Horváth


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Old Folks at Home

"Old Folks at Home" (also known as "Swanee River") is a minstrel song written by Stephen Foster in 1851. Since 1935, it has been the official state song of Florida, although in 2008 the original lyrics were revised. It is Roud Folk Song Index no. 13880.

Composition
"Old Folks at Home" was commissioned in 1851 by E. P. Christy for use by Christy's Minstrels, his minstrel troupe. Christy also asked to be credited as the song's creator, and was so credited on early sheet music printings. As a result, while the song was a success, Foster did not directly profit much from it, though he continued to receive royalties for the song.

Foster had composed most of the lyrics but was struggling to name the river of the opening line, and asked his brother, Morrison, to suggest one. Morrison wrote, “One day in 1851, Stephen came into my office, on the bank of the Monongahela, Pittsburgh, and said to me, ‘What is a good name of two syllables for a Southern river? I want to use it in this new song of Old Folks at Home.’ I asked him how Yazoo would do. ‘Oh,’ said he, ‘that has been used before.’ I then suggested Pedee. ‘Oh, pshaw,’ he replied ‘I won’t have that.’ I then took down an atlas from the top of my desk and opened the map of the United States. We both looked over it and my finger stopped at the ‘Swanee,’ a little river in Florida emptying into the Gulf of Mexico. ‘That’s it, that’s it exactly,’ exclaimed he delighted, as he wrote the name down; and the song was finished, commencing, ‘Way Down Upon de Swanee Ribber.’ He left the office, as was his custom, abruptly, without saying another word, and I resumed my work.” Foster himself never saw the Suwannee, or even visited Florida, but nevertheless Florida made "Old Folks At Home" its state song in 1935, replacing "Florida, My Florida". Despite the song's popularity during the era, few people outside of Florida actually knew where the Suwannee River was, or that it was even a real place.

Antonín Dvořák's Humoresque No. 7, written in the 1890s, is musically similar and is sometimes played along with "Old Folks at Home". The Library of Congress's National Jukebox presents a version with soprano Alma Gluck and violinist Efrem Zimbalist Sr. Jean Arthur and Gary Cooper sing a duet of Old Folks at Home combined with Humoresque No. 7 in the 1936 film, Mr. Deeds Goes to Town.

Lyrics revisions
Written in the first person from the perspective and in the dialect of an African slave (at a time when slavery was legal in 15 of the states of the US), the song's narrator states "longing for de old plantation", which has been criticized as romanticizing slavery. On the other hand, a longing for the "old folks at home" has sometimes been interpreted, for example, by W. E. B. Du Bois in The Souls of Black Folk (1903), as a longing for the people and traditions of Africa, where most of the human beings enslaved in the New World had been free before they were kidnapped and shipped across the Atlantic Ocean. The word, "darkies", used in Foster's lyrics, has been amended; for example, "brothers" was sung in place of "darkies" at the dedication of the new Florida state capitol building in 1978. In general, at public performances another word like "lordy", "mama", "darling", "brothers", "children", or "dear ones" is typically substituted.

In practice, the pronunciation, as written in dialect, has long been disregarded in favor of the corresponding standard American English usage, as demonstrated by the song's performances at the 1955 Florida Folk Festival.

State song of Florida
As the official state song of Florida, "Old Folks at Home" has traditionally been sung as part of a Florida governor's inauguration ceremony. However, over time, the lyrics were progressively altered to be less offensive; as Diane Roberts observed: Florida got enlightened in 1978; we substituted "brothers" for "darkies". There were subsequent revisions. At Jeb Bush's second inauguration as governor in 2003, a young black woman gave a moving, nondialect rendition of "Old Folks at Home", except "still longing for the old plantation" came out "still longing for my old connection". Perhaps someone confused Stephen Foster's lyrics with a cell phone commercial.

In his 2007 inauguration ceremony, Charlie Crist decided not to include the state song, but rather to use in its place, "The Florida Song", a composition written by a black Floridian jazz musician, Charles Atkins. Crist then encouraged state Senator Tony Hill, who was the leader of the legislature's Black Caucus, to find a new song. Hill joined forces with state Representative Ed Homan and the Florida Music Education Association to sponsor a contest for a new state song.

On January 11, 2008, the song "Florida (Where the Sawgrass Meets the Sky)" was selected as the winner. The Florida Legislature considered the issue and ultimately adopted it as the state anthem while retaining "Old Folks at Home" as the state song, replacing its original lyrics with a revised version approved by scholars at the Stephen Foster Memorial. Governor Crist stated that he was not pleased by the "two songs" decision; but he signed the bill, creating a new state anthem and establishing the reworded version of the state song by statute, rather than by resolution like the 1935 decision.

Notable recordings
Joel Whitburn identifies early successful recordings by Len Spencer (1892), Vess Ossman (1900), Haydn Quartet (1904), Louise Homer (1905), Alma Gluck (1915), Taylor Trio (1916) and by Oscar Seagle and Columbia Stellar Quartet (1919).

The song enjoyed a revival in the 1930s with versions by Jimmie Lunceford and by Bunny Berigan. Bing Crosby sang the song in the 1935 movie Mississippi and also recorded the song commercially the same year.

Ray Charles used it as an inspiration for his 1957 remake of the song on the Atlantic label, entitled: "Swanee River Rock (Talkin' 'Bout That River)".

Kenny Ball And His Jazzmen recorded a swing version of the song (using only the first verse and chorus twice over and substituting "Lordy" for "darkies") in 1962 for Pye Records. The recording appeared on the B side of their 1963 single "Sukiyaki". Another swing version was recorded by Hugh Laurie (2011).

Tony Sheridan recorded it in 1962 on the Polydor label as a Rock'n Roll song with his backing band The Beat Brothers.

Larry Groce sang the song on Disney Children's Favorite Songs 2 in 1979, omitting the second verse.

Other media appearances

 * 1930 Mammy – sung by minstrel chorus
 * 1935 Mississippi — sung by Bing Crosby
 * 1936 Mr. Deeds Goes to Town – 1st verse sung by Jean Arthur
 * 1939 Swanee River
 * 1940 Remember the Night – performed by Fred MacMurray (piano and vocal)
 * 1941 Babes on Broadway – Eddie Peabody on banjo, dubbing for Mickey Rooney
 * 1941 Nice Girl? – sung by Deanna Durbin
 * 1942 The Palm Beach Story – sung by the Ale and Quail Club members
 * 1944 Ghost Catchers – danced by the Ghost
 * 1947 Road to Rio – a few lines sung by Bing Crosby and Bob Hope
 * 1956 The Honeymooners – The beginning of Swanee River is played by Ed Norton (on the harmonica) before Ralph's apology in "A Matter of Record" (#1.15).
 * 1956 The Honeymooners – In the episode, "The $99,000 Answer" (#1.19), Ed Norton has a strange habit that before he can play any song he always plays a few notes of "Old Folks at Home"/"Swanee River" to warm up. The first question for Ralph in the game show is "Who is the composer of Swanee River?" The first few notes, the same ones that Ed had played earlier, are played so that Ralph knows the song. With only a few seconds left, Ralph, recognizing the song, but panicking since he didn't care much about it, says "Ed Norton?"
 * 1961 The Alvin Show - sung by Alvin and the Chipmunks, originally from the album Sing Again with The Chipmunks.
 * 1963 The Jack Benny Program – in Season 13 Episode 20, Jack Benny plays Stephen Foster as he tries to write some of his famous songs. The episode features Connie Francis as Foster's wife, who inadvertently helps Foster break his writer's block by commenting on unusual events around their home. She ends up singing "Old Folks at Home".
 * 1982 Grease 2 - An instrumental xylophone version of Swanee River was played by Blanche (Dody Goodman) as the first day of school welcoming jingle, before she was interrupted by Principal McGee (Eve Arden) so she could make the welcoming announcement.
 * 1987 Tales of Little Women - sung by the March Sisters (Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy) for Laurie Lawrence, Anthony Boone, John and Tom Brooke, and near the end of their outdoor picnic.
 * 2004 Arrested Development - in Season 1 Episode 14, "Shock and Aww", an instrumental version of the song, plays over the scene prior to the end credits.
 * 2005 Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix - The song "Frozen Pipes", used in stage 4-1 of Story Mode, is an instrumental dance arrangement of "Old Folks at Home".
 * 2010 Good Luck Charlie - Residents at a nursing home demand Teddy and Ivy to perform the song for them repeatedly.
 * 2010 The King's Speech film - Sung a cappella by Lionel (Geoffrey Rush), the speech and language therapist of the future King George VI (Colin Firth), during an impromptu session

title: Old Folks at Home


text:
Kallmerode

Kallmerode is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the town Leinefelde-Worbis.

title: Kallmerode


text:
Thrilling Cities

Thrilling Cities is the title of a travelogue by the James Bond author and The Sunday Times journalist Ian Fleming. The book was first published in the UK in November 1963 by Jonathan Cape. The cities covered by Fleming were Hong Kong, Macau, Tokyo, Honolulu, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Chicago, New York, Hamburg, Berlin, Vienna, Geneva, Naples and Monte Carlo.

Thrilling Cities was initially a series of articles Fleming wrote for The Sunday Times, based on two trips he took. The first trip was in 1959, in which he travelled around the world, and the second was in 1960, in which he drove around Europe. The first trip was at the behest of The Sunday Times's features editor Leonard Russell; the paper's chairman, Roy Thomson, enjoyed the series so much he requested Fleming undertake a second trip. The book version includes material edited out of the original articles, as well as photographs of the various cities.

Synopsis
Thrilling Cities is Ian Fleming's view of thirteen cities he visited in two trips in 1959 and 1960. The cities covered are: Hong Kong, Macau, Tokyo, Honolulu, Los Angeles and Las Vegas (the two cities are examined in one chapter), Chicago, New York, Hamburg, Berlin, Vienna, Geneva, Naples and Monte Carlo. Fleming's account is highly personal and deals with his visit and his experiences and impressions. Each chapter closes with what Fleming called "Incidental Intelligence", dealing with the hotels, restaurants, food and night life.

Background
In 1959 the features editor of The Sunday Times, Leonard Russell, suggested to Ian Fleming that he take a five-week, all-expenses-paid trip around the world for a series of features for the paper. Fleming declined, saying he was a terrible tourist who "often advocated the provision of roller-skates at the door of museums and art galleries". Russell persuaded him, pointing out that Fleming could also get some material for the Bond books in the process. Fleming took £500 (£0 in 2024 pounds) of travellers cheques for expenses and flew BOAC to his first stop, Hong Kong. He was guided around the city by his friend Richard Hughes, the Australian correspondent for The Sunday Times; Hughes was later the model for the character Dikko Henderson in You Only Live Twice, as well as for "Old Craw" in John le Carré's The Honourable Schoolboy. Fleming stayed just three days in Hong Kong, before he and Hughes flew to Tokyo where they were joined by Torao Saito—also known as "Tiger"—a journalist with the Asahi Shimbun newspaper group. Saito later became the model for the character Tiger Tanaka in You Only Live Twice. Fleming spent three days in Tokyo and decided there would be "no politicians, museums, temples, Imperial palaces or Noh plays, let alone tea ceremonies" on his itinerary; he instead visited a judo academy, a Japanese soothsayer and the Kodokan, a local gymnasium.

Fleming left Tokyo on Friday the 13th to fly to Hawaii; 2,000 miles into the Pacific one of the Douglas DC-6's engines caught fire and the plane nearly crashed, although it managed to make an emergency landing on Wake Island. After Honolulu, Fleming moved on to Los Angeles, where he visited a number of places he had been before, including the Los Angeles Police Intelligence headquarters, where he again met Captain James Hamilton, much as he had done during his research for Diamonds Are Forever. By the time Fleming got to New York he was fed up with travelling and his biographer, Andrew Lycett notes that "his sour mood transferred to the city and indeed the country he had once loved". The series opened in The Sunday Times on 24 January 1960, with an introduction from Fleming, followed by the article on Hong Kong the following week. The series finished on 28 February 1960 with the article about Chicago and New York.

Roy Thomson, the chairman of The Sunday Times, enjoyed Fleming's articles and suggested a number of other cities, including Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Havana, New Orleans and Montreal. Others, such as The Sunday Times editor Harry Hodson, were less enthusiastic; Hodson considered that "more serious readers have tut-tutted a bit about missing the really important things". Fleming planned to drive most of his second tour of cities, which concentrated on places he wanted to visit in Europe. For the trip he took his own car, a Ford Thunderbird convertible, crossing the channel and journeying through Ostend, Antwerp and Bremen before arriving at his first destination: Hamburg. He stayed only briefly in the city, praising the sex industry by writing "how very different from the prudish and hypocritical manner in which we so disgracefully mismanage these things in England". Fleming moved on to Berlin, where he was shown round the city by The Sunday Times correspondent Anthony Terry and his wife Rachel. Terry took Fleming into East Berlin and told him many of the details about Operation Stopwatch, the Anglo-American attempt to tunnel into the Soviet-occupied zone to tap into landline communication of the Soviet Army headquarters. In comparison to Hamburg, Fleming thought Berlin was "sinister".

Fleming moved on to Vienna and found the city boring, calling it "clean, tidy, God-fearing", before travelling into Geneva. He met Ingrid Etler, a journalist and old girlfriend, who was resident in the city and who provided him with much of his background material. Fleming then travelled to Les Avants, the villa near Montreux of his close friend Noël Coward, where Coward introduced Fleming to Charlie Chaplin. Fleming had asked Coward to set up the meeting as Chaplin was writing his memoirs and Leonard Russell had asked Fleming to secure the rights for the paper; Fleming was successful in his approach and the memoirs were later serialised in the paper.

Fleming's wife Ann had joined him in Les Avants and the couple then moved on to Naples, where Fleming interviewed Lucky Luciano, finding him "a neat, quiet, grey-haired man with a tired good-looking face." After Naples, the Flemings moved to Monte Carlo, the final stop on Fleming's journey; Despite spending time at the casino, Fleming thought Monte Carlo somewhat seedy. The second series of articles started on 31 July 1960 with Fleming's trip to Hamburg, and finished with his visit to Monte Carlo. Overall the series was considered popular and successful.

Release and reception
Thrilling Cities was first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape, in November 1963; the book was 223 pages long and cost 30 shillings. The cover was designed by artist Paul Davis and shows "a surreal version of Monte Carlo". For the US market, the book was released in June 1964 through New American Library and cost $4.95. Fleming's comments on New York were so cutting that when the book was published in the US, the American publishers asked if he could tone down the wording. Fleming refused, but instead wrote the short story "007 in New York" to be included in the US version by way of recompense.

Reviews
The reviews for Thrilling Cities were broadly good. The critic for The Times thought that Fleming's style was "no nonsense over fine writing", and summed up the book as "Fleming's smooth, sophisticated, personally conducted tours", noting that the author "has a knack of enjoying himself". John Raymond, in The Sunday Times, wrote that "Mr Fleming's prose arouses the voyeur that lurks in all but the best of us", and considered that the book remained "supremely readable" throughout. Writing for The Times Literary Supplement, Xan Fielding found the title of the book to be misleading, noting that apart from a very small win at the casinos of Las Vegas, "his personal experience of thrills seems to have been just as limited everywhere else on his itinerary." Fielding considered that the cities Fleming visited had the potential for thrills, and hoped that the material gathered was used in Fleming's literary works with thrills included.

Christopher Wordsworth, writing for The Listener, believed that Thrilling Cities was "a fascinating informative mock-up, disarmingly snob-ridden". Writing for the Daily Express, Peter Grosvenor thought that Fleming—a "tourist extraordinary" —was "never afraid to record a controversial view", citing Fleming's views on the differences between oriental and western women's approaches to men.

The critic for The Financial Times, James Bredin, declared that Thrilling Cities "can—and will, compulsively—be read at a sitting", although he found that overall "it is an unsatisfying report" because of the brevity of the subject. Honor Tracy, providing the critique for The Guardian thought Fleming praiseworthy, as he "writes without any pretension at all", while also managing to be "invariably entertaining and often funny". Overall Tracy considered that Thrilling Cities was "a lively, enjoyable book, written from an unusual point of view and well illustrated." Writing for The Observer, Francis Hope was surprised by Fleming's written style, which he found to be "more flabby verbose than one expects of a thriller writer", although this was redeemed by Fleming having "some interesting conversations with local experts on crime".

The reviewer for the Los Angeles Times, Robert Kirsch, did not enjoy the book and considered Fleming to be "a second-rate reporter, filled with the irritating prejudices and pomposities of a middle-class English traveller." For Kirsch, Fleming's style was a combination of Sax Rohmer and James Fitzpatrick, although he also considered that "Fleming's wit is provincial". Writing the review for The Boston Globe, Marjory Adams thought Thrilling Cities to have "an acid gaiety in its descriptions", which contributed to her overall summary of the book: "it is fun!"

title: Thrilling Cities


text:
Kefferhausen

Kefferhausen is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the town Dingelstädt.

title: Kefferhausen


text:
Coralie Clément

Coralie Clément (born Coralie Biolay; 1 September 1978 in Villefranche-sur-Saône, Rhône) is a French singer.

Biography
Clément was born into a family of musicians, her father a clarinetist, and studied the violin from the age of six but later quit. Her brother, Benjamin Biolay, also a singer, has written for Henri Salvador and wrote for and produced her own debut, as well as its follow-up. Among her claimed inspirations are Serge Gainsbourg, Françoise Hardy, Jane Birkin. She recorded her first album while studying history at university.

Clément sang the song "Dorénavant," used as the theme of the film L'Idole by Samantha Lang, starring Leelee Sobieski. A song from her first album was used in the soundtrack of the movie Something's Gotta Give starring Diane Keaton and Jack Nicholson.

In 2001, she released her first album, Salle des Pas Perdus. This album is a collaborative effort between her and her brother, Benjamin Biolay, who wrote and arranged 10 of the 12 songs. Her second album, Bye bye beauté, was released in 2005 and features songs that are more pop and rock oriented than those of Salle des Pas Perdus, and was also produced by her brother.

Discography

 * Salle des pas perdus (2001)
 * Bye bye beauté (2005)
 * Toystore (2008)
 * Iris a 3 ans (2013). Audio book for children, released under her birth name with designer Gesa Hansen
 * La belle Affaire (2014)

title: Coralie Clément


text:
Silberhausen

Silberhausen is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the town Dingelstädt.

title: Silberhausen


text:
Hannelore Rönsch

Hannelore Rönsch (born 12 December 1942 in Wiesbaden-Schierstein) is a German conservative politician. She was member of the German Parliament from 1983 until 2002, and was Federal Minister for Family and Senior Citizens. in the cabinet of Helmut Kohl from 1991 until 1994.

Biography
After graduating from high school, Rönsch attended a commercial school until 1960 and then worked at the Federal Criminal Police Office until 1962. From 1962 to 1983 she was employed as a tenant advisor at the non-profit housing association Nassauische Heimstätte. She has been a member of the CDU since 1963 and since 1988 she has been a member of the presidium of the CDU in Hesse.

From 1974 to 1980 she was a city councilor for the city of Wiesbaden. From 1980 to 1983 she was also an honorary city councilor. From 1983 to 2002 she was a member of the German Bundestag. From November 1994 to February 2002 she was deputy chairwoman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group. From 1983 to 1998, Rönsch was the directly elected representative in the constituency of Wiesbaden. Most recently (14th electoral term 1998) she entered the German Bundestag via the state list of Hesse.

After the 1990 German federal election, she was appointed as Federal Minister for Family and Senior Citizens in the federal government led by Chancellor Helmut Kohl. After the federal elections in 1994, she left the cabinet on 17 November 1994, since the ministry she led was merged into the new Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth.

Quotes

 * It is important to support parents who wish to have children. After all, the Defence Ministry needs enough young soldiers to be able to maintain a fighting army. (Quoted in Kieler Nachrichten, 10 February 1993)

title: Hannelore Rönsch


text:
Deuna

Deuna is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the municipality Niederorschel.

title: Deuna


text:
Gerterode

Gerterode is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the municipality Niederorschel.

title: Gerterode


text:
Talk:Inaccessible cardinal

Is aleph-null inaccessible?
Anonymous Coward: Hey, it sure seems to me that aleph-null fits the description of an inaccessible cardinal. Am I missing something?

 * No. $$\aleph_0$$ would satisfy the requirements for an inaccessible cardinal; that's why the definition specifically talks only about kardinals κ > $$\aleph_0$$. -- Schnee 05:59, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * This is a usage question. A few authors count $$\aleph_0$$ as an inaccessible, and even as a measurable.  I think Drake does; don't have a copy here to check. --Trovatore 01:55, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Suppes explicitly counts $$\aleph_0$$ as an inaccessible . — Tobias Bergemann 18:30, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Rename or merge
By default, inaccessible means strongly inaccessible. The current page should be moved to "weakly inaccessible", and "strongly inaccessible" should be put here. Or better, the pages should be merged. --Trovatore 01:40, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Merge complete. Result could still use some polishing--the two paragraphs on consistency strength could be usefully turned into one. --Trovatore 02:58, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Consistency with ZFC
In fact, it cannot even be proven that the existence of strongly inaccessible cardinals is consistent with ZFC (as the existence of a model of ZFC + "there exists a strongly inaccessible cardinal" can be used to prove the consistency of ZFC)

I find this confusing. The existence of a model of ZFC + anything can be used to prove the consistency of ZFC, since such a model is also a model of ZFC. Josh Cherry 14:13, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point. See fix. --Trovatore 15:03, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, thanks. I'm not saying this is wrong, but I still don't get the argument.  Proving that the existence of inaccessible cardinals is consistent with ZFC would, it seems from this, only show that the consistency of ZFC is consistent with ZFC, i.e., that if ZFC is consistent then ZFC + consis(ZFC) is consistent.  Can't we prove that? Josh Cherry 15:14, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No. If you could, then ZFC would prove that ZFC is consistent, contradicting Second Incompleteness. --Trovatore 15:31, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Um, so I was slightly off here. If you could prove that Con(ZFC)-->Con(ZFC+Con(ZFC)), then ZFC+Con(ZFC) would prove its own consistency (and therefore be inconsistent).  That's only minutely better or more plausible than ZFC itself being inconsistent. --Trovatore 16:01, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

As is the case for the existence of any inaccessible cardinal, the inaccessible cardinal axiom is independent of the axioms of ZFC.

I think there is something wrong about this. For the inaccessible cardinal axiom to be independent of ZFC it has to be consistent with it, but its relative consistency cannot be proved (in ZFC). It can only be shown that the negation of that axiom is consistent with ZFC. So what does exactly mean independet here? (Godelian (talk) 22:34, 17 April 2010 (UTC))
 * It means that no contradiction can in fact be proved from ZFC+"there exists an inaccessible cardinal". It does not mean (and it is not in fact true) that ZFC proves that no such contradiction can be proved.
 * It is true that there is often a sort of (usually unspoken) convention that, when a mathematician asserts a statement as fact, he/she implies that the statement is provable from ZFC. Here we have an example where that convention becomes cumbersome and is discarded. --Trovatore (talk) 04:55, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Re Godelian: some authors use "independent" to just mean "unprovable", and that may be the source of this sentence. — Carl (CBM · talk) 13:52, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

Background: Let I be the statement "there is an inaccessible cardinal". It's a standard point that any proof that "Con(ZFC) implies Con(ZFC + I)" cannot be formalized in ZFC, because ZFC+I proves Con(ZFC), and so this would mean ZFC+I proves Con(ZFC+I), which is impossible.

Most authors I have seen take this as evidence that it is not possible to rigorously prove Con(ZFC) implies Con(ZFC+I) in the metatheory; for example Hrbacek and Jech say "... it is not possible to prove that inaccessible cardinals are consistent with ZFC by constructing an appropriate model...", citing the incompleteness theorem. Fraenkel, Bar-Hillel, and Lévy make an even stronger claim: "it is impossible to give a convincing proof" that Con(ZFC) implies Con(ZFC+I); they again cite the incompleteness theorem.

Hrbacek and Jech do go on to say, "The assumption of existence of inaccessible cardinals requires a `leap of faith' (...) but some intuitive justification for the plausibility of making it can be given." They then describe the standard informal proof of consistency of inaccessibles, namely that if we take any model of set theory then the class of all ordinal numbers of that model would be an inaccessible cardinal if only it was a set; so assuming that we can embed any model of set theory as an initial segment of another model gives Con(ZFC+I). The ability to do such extensions can be justified on the "multiple universe" viewpoint, which says that On can never be completed, which is not the same as the "V = all sets" viewpoint. The difficulty in making the proof rigorous is that the extension model will be so much larger than the base model, so it seems impossible to describe the extension from a point of view inside the base model. — Carl (CBM · talk) 12:55, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

 * That is very interesting, thanks for the details. I find now this use of 'independent' more clear whithin this context (it still sounds a little odd to me, but that's perhaps because I'm not used to it).(Godelian (talk) 15:20, 18 April 2010 (UTC))

 * While you wrote this, I edited the article to try to clarify things. I hope it's clearer now. — Carl (CBM · talk) 15:43, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes, that sounds much better. Godelian (talk) 19:55, 18 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Godelian, I'm curious: You say you "find this usage of independent ... odd", but from the other things you write, I don't think it's really the usage that you object to, but more the epistemology.  Your question was worded as one about what the phrase means, but all your comments have been more about how we can warrant the assertion that it's true.  Do you in fact think there's any ambiguity about what it means, or is your question really about how one can know that it's true? --Trovatore (talk) 20:10, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I did find the usage of 'independent' weird. If it means that neither the proposition in question nor its negation can be formally proved in ZFC, then the phrase was certainly not true, but as you have pointed out it was used here to mean something different. Yet to avoid ambiguity I would prefer to use 'unprovable', and point out explicitly any evidence of relative consistency. On the other hand, I was not aware that such kind of evidence could be offered by means of heuristic considerations as Hrbacek and Jech expose, and that caught my attention as well. Godelian (talk) 21:18, 18 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Wait a minute — we have to get this straight. It absolutely does mean that neither the proposition nor its negation can be formally proved in ZFC, and that fact absolutely is true.  If that's how you read it, then you read it correctly; there is no "weird" usage that you need to understand. --Trovatore (talk) 07:11, 19 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Ok now I'm lost. We have on one hand that it cannot be shown by methods formalizable in ZFC that the existence of inaccessible cardinals is consistent with ZFC. How can it then be true that the existence of inaccessibles can be formally proved in ZFC? It doesn't make any sense to me. Godelian (talk) 23:22, 19 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, that shouldn't make sense, because it isn't true. The existence of inaccessibles cannot be proved in ZFC.  Still not seeing what the difficulty is. --Trovatore (talk) 00:39, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry, my mistake; where it says 'the existence of inaccessibles can be formally proved' should have said 'negation of the existence of inaccessibles cannot be formally proved'. That is, how can it be true that the negation of the existence of inaccessibles cannot be formally proved in ZFC? Godelian (talk) 01:49, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, it can be true just because there isn't any ZFC proof that there are no inaccessibles. I still don't see why this is problematic.  Is there something else you're really asking?  --Trovatore (talk) 01:53, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I guess what I'm asking is how one can be sure that there isn't any ZFC proof that there are no inaccessibles, and if it is just possible that such a proof has not yet been found. Godelian (talk) 02:10, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * OK, that's a legitimate question. In some sense it's "possible" that there's a proof in Peano Arithmetic that 0=1, and that that proof has just not yet been found.  However very few workers in the field consider this a serious possibility.
 * Probably a few more consider it a serious possibility that ZFC might prove the nonexistence of inaccessibles. But I think it's fair to say that it's not a mainstream worry, at least among set theorists.
 * Why, you might ask, is it not a mainstream worry? That's a much more complicated question.  Part of the reason is that immensely more powerful large cardinal axioms are in regular use, and appear to present a coherent picture of the mathematical world.  --Trovatore (talk) 02:19, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Ok, that is really interesting and addresses my concern. Now I don't have much experience with large cardinal axioms as I have with Peano arithmetic and then I couldn't give '¬I' the same status as '0=1'. Although Con(PA) is something I'm ready to believe, I really can't feel the same about Con(ZFC+I) or even Con(ZFC) for epistemic reasons; while I think PA really models the real world, I can't say the same of ZFC+I or ZFC, and even the axiom of infinity (though formally provable independent), looks suspicious to me. Obviously these concerns are not mathematical, but I'd still prefer not to use 'independent' literally as it's been used in the assertion. Of course, that's only my opinion, most probably not shared by experts on the field. Godelian (talk) 03:00, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The confusing thing for newcomerts is that the reasons to believe that ZFC does not disprove the existence of inaccessibles are not as strong as the reasons to believe ZFC does not prove their existence. It's certainly the case that few-to-none among the set theory community feel that ZFC might disprove the existence of inaccessibles. But this is not because of a finitary relative consistency proof, it's just because of developed intuition. — Carl (CBM · talk) 11:38, 19 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, but again, that's not a question of what the assertion means. It's a question of how one can warrant the assertion, and how strong that warrant is.  --Trovatore (talk) 19:15, 19 April 2010 (UTC)
 * But isn't it true that no matter how you warrant it, such a "proof" of relative consistency is not formalizable in ZFC? Godelian (talk) 23:22, 19 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is true. That doesn't change anything I've said.  I sense that there's still some disconnect here and I'm not sure what it is.  You do understand that a statement (such as the relative consistency of the existence of inaccessibles) can be true, without being provable in ZFC, right? --Trovatore (talk) 00:30, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I do agree that there are true statements not formally provable in ZFC, what I fail to see is that Con(ZFC+I) is such a statement. It is certainly not provable in ZFC (even assuming Con(ZFC)), in particular it is impossible to construct a model (from ZFC alone) in which there are inaccessibles. Then how can you warrant in a convincing way that Con(ZFC+I) is true? Shouldn't this appeal to something more than ZFC and then require, citing H&J, some 'leap of faith'? Godelian (talk) 01:24, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Ah, well that's a whole nother discussion. The way you phrased your question initially was in terms of what the assertion meant, not whether it was true, or whether there was sufficient evidence to believe that it's true.  Do you now understand what the assertion means, as opposed to whether you buy that sufficient evidence has been given for it? --Trovatore (talk) 01:40, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I see; so the term 'independence' just means exactly that. The question is now whether there is enough evidence supporting that independence that allows to assert such a statement. Godelian (talk) 02:10, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Just to make sure I don't mislead anyone, the argument I sourced to Hrbacek and Jech is very old, dating back to the early 20th century. I just used them as a reference for the sake of convenience, because they explicitly discuss the issue of relative consistency of inaccessibles. — Carl (CBM · talk) 22:33, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

In arithmetic, I believe that one can show in a systematic way that any finite subset of the axioms is consistent, but lengthier proofs are needed for larger subsets. So at a meta-mathematical level one can see that PA implies Con(PA) without it being derivable within the theory itself. Similarly, I suspect that one can show from ZFC that if S is any finite subset of ZFC, then ZFC |- Con(S+I) in a systematic way. Thus at a meta-mathematical level we can establish that ZFC implies Con(ZFC+I) even though no single proof within ZFC can show that. JRSpriggs (talk) 10:17, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

Other descriptions
Is the first weakly inaccessible cardinal the same as $$\aleph_{\aleph_\ddots}$$? I've seen references to this, but it seems singular. Jim Apple 11:18, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, depends on what you mean by that notation. Every weakly inaccessible cardinal is a fixed point of the ℵ function.  I.e. if κ is weakly inaccessible then κ = ℵκ.  But it's not the first fixed point, which is the limit of the ω-sequence
 * $$\aleph_0, \aleph_{\aleph_0}, \aleph_{\aleph_{\aleph_0}},\ldots $$
 * You're quite right that this limit has cofinality ω --Trovatore 21:28, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * In fact, the first weakly inaccesible cardinal τ isn't the κ'th fixed point of $$\aleph $$for any κ < τ, right? Jim Apple 06:05, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Right again. --Trovatore 17:43, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Why isn't the first fixed point of $$ \aleph $$ inaccesible? Which requirement is missing?--lion 21.2.2006
 * It's not a regular cardinal; its cofinality is ω, as you can see by the existence of the ω-sequence above that approaches it. --Trovatore 20:55, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

recursive definition of α-inaccessibility incomplete?
The article defines α-inaccessibility to mean that the set of smaller β-inaccessibles is cofinal, for all β<α. This recursive definition seems incomplete to me. Don't we also need to define a base for the recursion? I would guess we should define 0-inaccessible to mean regular limit cardinal? -lethe talk [ +] 00:55, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * In my definition, "For any ordinal α, a cardinal κ is α-inaccessible iff κ is inaccessible and for every ordinal β < α, the set of β-inaccessibles less than κ is unbounded in κ (and thus of cardinality κ, since κ is regular).", the base is "κ is inaccessible", i.e. an uncountable regular strong limit cardinal. When α=0, the other part of the right-hand side, which refers to β, contributes nothing.  So 0-inaccessible is the same as inaccessible. JRSpriggs 08:20, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I think I somehow failed to see that phrase "κ is inaccessible". It makes sense now, thank you for explaining. -lethe talk [ +] 13:47, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

You are welcome. At the risk of belaboring the obvious, let me expand my explanation. α+1-inaccessible means an α-inaccessible limit of α-inaccessibles. And when λ is a limit, λ-inaccessible means α-inaccessible for all α < λ. JRSpriggs 06:13, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * On the contrary, your expansions are quite welcome, because it's an unfamiliar concept that I'm still digesting. Stated loosely, a number is 1-inaccessible if there are an inaccessible number of inaccessible numbers below it.  And so on up the recursive ladder. -lethe talk [ +] 15:01, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes. One could make a weak analogy between α-inaccessibles and multiples of $$\omega^{\omega^{\alpha}}$$. JRSpriggs 09:26, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

what does ∞ mean?
In the sentence "This is a relatively weak large cardinal axiom since it amounts to saying that ∞ is 1-inaccessible in the language of the next section.", what does the symbol ∞ mean? -lethe talk [ +] 04:22, 4 June 2006 (UTC)
 * "∞" is a symbol for the class of all ordinals. That is, it refers to the least ordinal which is not an element of your model, i.e. it is κ if your model is Vκ. JRSpriggs 02:08, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I see. Would you object to adding that to the article? -lethe talk [ +] 02:26, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

By the way, you might be interested to read the discussion about that section which I had last week with User:Trovatore at his talk page. -lethe talk [ +] 02:28, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. And I already read that talk when you guys posted it. JRSpriggs 02:36, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

what does ω mean?
It's used in the second sentence and not defined or linked to. --Michael C. Price talk 13:39, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I have removed the inline definitions of limit cardinal, regular cardinal and uncountable, linking to the respective pages instead. I actually think this makes the article more readable. I also replaced the reference to ω (the first infinite ordinal number) with references to ℵ0 (alef-null), the first infinite cardinal number. —Tobias Bergemann 15:04, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks. BTW the aleph symbol displays as a square on my browser, so I changed it to the form used at the beginning of this talk page: $$\aleph$$ --Michael C. Price talk 15:12, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks. The corresponding HTML entity  is apparently not widely supported. —Tobias Bergemann 15:15, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

can a cardinal k be k-hyper-inaccessible?
can a cardinal k be k-hyper-inaccessible? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 80.41.84.38 (talk) 17:44, 6 April 2007 (UTC).

 * Yes, or rather, it is not known to be inconsistent that such cardinals exist. See also Mahlo cardinal. But, of course, κ cannot be κ+1-hyper-inaccessible. JRSpriggs 08:20, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

What is a standard model?
These two sentences are from the Models and consistency section of this article. What is meant by a 'standard model' here? I can't find the definition at model theory article, and it seems obvious that it is not the physical standard model. --Acepectif (talk) 06:50, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * "Vκ is a standard model of ZFC which contains no strong inaccessibles."
 * "Similarly, either V contains no weak inaccessible or, taking κ to be the smallest ordinal which is weakly inaccessible relative to any standard sub-model of V, then Lκ is a standard model of ZFC which contains no weak inaccessibles."
 * It probably means a model whose membership relation is the true membership relation. I'm not sure there's a completely *ahem* standard meaning for the term, though. Some people might use it to mean a model that's a Vα; others might use it to mean any model whose membership relation is wellfounded. From a model whose membership relation is wellfounded you can recover an isomorphic one whose membership relation is the true one, so the first and third definitions aren't very different -- this is by the Mostowski collapsing lemma; do we have an article on that? --Trovatore (talk) 07:25, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * It's at Mostowski collapse lemma; I'll redirect the other name. I also was concerned about the terminology "a standard model" at some point. I accept "the standard model" as commonly understood terminology, but I would prefer to say "well-founded transitive" if that is what is meant by "a standard model". But I have never had strong enough feelings to follow up on it. — Carl (CBM · talk) 20:14, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for replies. --Acepectif (talk) 01:03, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Truth & Satisfaction
The final section reads:

"It is provable in ZF that ∞ satisfies a somewhat weaker reflection property, where the substructure (Vα, ∈, U ∩ Vα) is only required to be 'elementary' with respect to a finite set of formulas. Ultimately, the reason for this weakening is that whereas the model-theoretic satisfaction relation $$\models$$ can be defined, truth itself cannot, due to Tarski's theorem."

Do you mean that $$\models$$ can be defined in ZF? I thought that model-theoretic satisfaction was basically a `paraphrasing' of the truth predicate, in the sense that a satisfies $$\phi$$ in A iff $$A\models\phi(a)$$ $$\phi(a)$$ is true in A iff $$A\models\phi(a)$$

Actually, this can't be right as I recall seeing a satisfaction predicate used in formulae within models - so, could anybody please explain how model-theoretic satisfaction differs from truth (maybe adding a line on this to the article)? Is truth satisfaction by the "intended" model? Thankyou Dr satsuma (talk) 15:18, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

 * What we might informally refer to as "satisfaction in V" is the same as truth. The reason that this doesn't let you define truth in the language of set theory is that, in the language of set theory, you can't talk about V.  (Well, at least you can't talk about it as an individual — you can define it as a predicate, of course, but that doesn't help). --Trovatore (talk) 18:01, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

 * $$A\models\phi(a)$$ holds if and only if the formula resulting from restricting the quantifiers in $$\phi(a)\,$$ to $$A\,$$ is true. This is not a problem. It would only be a problem, if $$A\,$$ were a proper class instead of a set.
 * It is OK to talk about the truth of smaller weaker structures. It is only a problem to talk about the truth of yourself or something which includes you. JRSpriggs (talk) 04:51, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

Ok, thankyou. Can V model ZFC? I thought that just V$$_\kappa\,$$ (inaccesible kappa) models ZFC, and V is smaller than this, isn't it?

Incidentally do you think mathematicians consider V to be the "intended model" of ZFC? I once asked my tutor this and was told that this wasn't the case because you can prove an upward Lowenheim-skolem result for proper class theory so that V is elementarily equivalent to lots of bigger, equally "intended" models of ZFC. However, nothing makes V any more intended for ZFC than V$$_\kappa\,$$, for any inaccessible $$\kappa$$.

But this seems to me a bit unmotivated since V is, after all, the set-theoretic hierarchy and contains all and only sets. (I hope this isn't too much of an off-the-wall question.) Dr satsuma (talk) 19:25, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I disagree with your tutor; I think you have the correct response. V is not a completed totality at all, which is why it doesn't make sense to talk about going "upward" from it.  If it were a completed totality, it would have to be a set; there's nothing else to distinguish it from sets.
 * In a way this is reminiscent of Errett Bishop's notion that the natural numbers, though existing individually, cannot be gathered into a completed whole. I think Bishop just stops too soon.  While it is possible to imagine such an ontology, there is no obvious reason that it must be so limited, so why limit it?  But for the sets, there is a reason, because if you could gather all sets together into a completed whole, then it would have to be a set, and it would then follow you could continue beyond there, contrary to hypothesis. --Trovatore (talk) 19:47, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I would add, in response to your questions about whether V is a model of ZFC, and whether it's the intended model, that both answers are "yes", subject to the minor annoyance that V doesn't exist (as an object; it exists as a predicate).
 * The notion that all Vκ, for κ inaccessible, are equally "intended" models of ZFC, is clearly wrong, and a simple example suffices to refute it. Suppose we write κ0 for the smallest inaccessible, and κ1 for the second.  Are Vκ0 and Vκ1 of equal status?  Clearly not — the first model thinks there are no inaccessibles, which by hypothesis is not true.  The second model is superior to the first one, in that it at least knows about the first inaccessible. --Trovatore (talk) 08:06, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

OK, yes that makes sense. My point about Lowenheim-Skolem was that if V is, in some way, the `smallest' proper class then it should be possible to prove in vNGB proper class theory that there are many larger proper class models of ZFC too, and I guess those models would also think that inaccessibles exist. The reason why I'm asking this is not so much from any mathematical uncertainties (when I think of set theory, I don't worry which model I'm working in), but a philosophical one: we (well, Hilary Putnam's realist) want our language to fix an interpretation of mathematical terms. It looks like V is a good candidate, for several philosophical reasons, not least because smaller transitive models than V  can assert that some set has cardinality K when the object of the domain witnessing this fact is actually of cardinality <K because the domain of the model is <K, and the domain is transitive. (This is just Skolem's paradox, which while not mathematically problematic, does have nontrivial philosophical ramifications.) However, *if* there are upward copies of V then it doesn't end up being unique, so big problem for the position claiming it uniquely interprets usage of mathematical terms.

This was intended as a possible response to the claim that V is the intended model, because having assumed the existence of V, nothing is barring the existence of other proper classes. Which leads me to ask - what do you mean by V existing as a predicate? Would this need second order logic? Dr satsuma (talk) 16:03, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Can we simply this?
Is there any way to make it simple for a high schooler or a teenager? The Potchero (talk) 13:00, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

 * I doubt it. Infinities are characterized by properties which do not occur in the finite world of everyday life. The larger the infinity, the more violently it conflicts with our intuition. Do you have a specific question? JRSpriggs (talk) 15:36, 13 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Even worse. Finite things that are too large are already enough counter-intuitive, for example ZFC does not determine BB(745)! Also, although countable infinity is the smallest infinity, it can serve as the cardinality of a model of ZFC (if ZFC is consistent)! Inside the model there are as many sets as we want, but viewed outside the model everything is just countable! 129.104.241.193 (talk) 15:21, 10 May 2024 (UTC)
 * In a way I sometimes think countable infinity is more intuitive than finite things that are too large. At least in the sense that more familiar objects have the former size than the latter. :) Double sharp (talk) 18:56, 10 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Of course ;) 129.104.241.193 (talk) 22:28, 12 May 2024 (UTC)

It is stated that the models of ZFC2 are precisely Vκ
Where ZFC2 is the second-order ZFC, and κ is an inaccessible cardinal. The property is stated in the answer to this MSE question. Where could we find some reference as to cite them in this article? 129.104.241.193 (talk) 14:18, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inaccessible cardinal


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West Qurna Field

West Qurna (غرب قرنة) is one of Iraq's largest oil fields, located north of Rumaila field, 65 km northwest of Basra. West Qurna is believed to hold 43 Goilbbl of recoverable reserves – making it one of the biggest oil fields in the world. Until 2009, the field was closed to Western firms.

West Qurna Phase I
In November 2009, an ExxonMobil - Shell joint venture won a $50 billion contract to develop the 9 Goilbbl West Qurna Phase I. As per Iraqi Oil Ministry estimates, the project will require a $25 billion investment and another $25 billion in operating fees creating approximately 100,000 jobs in the underdeveloped southern region. ExxonMobil is set to increase the current production of 0.27 to 2.25 Moilbbl/d within seven years. The Iraqi government, in turn, will pay $1.90 per barrel produced by ExxonMobil-Shell alliance. In November 2023, PetroChina took over as main operator of West Qurna 1, replacing ExxonMobil.

West Qurna Phase II
In December 2009, Russia's Lukoil and Norway's Statoil were awarded the rights to develop the 12.88 Goilbbl  West Qurna Phase II oil field. The Lukoil-Statoil alliance will receive $1.15 per barrel that they produce. In addition, they will work to raise output from West Qurna 2 to 120000 oilbbl/d by 2012 and 1.8 Moilbbl/d over a period of 13 years. In March 2012, Statoil sold its 18.75% stake in the field to Lukoil, giving the Russian firm a 75% stake, and leaving the Iraqi state oil company with 25%.

In 2023 Lukoil announced it is planning to double the production of oil from the West Qurna Field 2, to 800,000 bpd.

Water-injection project
A new joint multibillion-dollar water-injection project will be awarded to operator ExxonMobil. The project includes construction of a plant which will help 6 major oil-field development projects by producing 10 - 12 Moilbbl of water per day. The alliance will include Shell, Eni, Lukoil, CNPC and Petronas.

title: West Qurna Field


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User:Ocrho

Please see my pages in german wikipedia or Wikimedia Commons.

de:Benutzer:ocrho

title: User:Ocrho


text:
Herero language

Herero (Otjiherero) is a Bantu language spoken by the Herero and Mbanderu peoples in Namibia and Botswana, as well as by small communities of people in southwestern Angola. There were speakers in these countries between 2015 and 2018.

Distribution
Its linguistic distribution covers a zone called Hereroland, which is constituted of the region of Omaheke along with the Otjozondjupa and Kunene Regions. The Himba people, who are related to the Herero and Mbanderu, speak a dialect very close to Otjiherero. Many Herero-speakers live in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia.

Consonants
The sounds /f s l/ are found in loanwords.

Script
Because of the translation of missionary Gottlieb Viehe (1839–1901) of the Bible into Herero, at the end of the 19th century, the spoken language was transcribed to an alphabet based on the Latin script. Father Peter Heinrich Brincker (1836–1904) translated several theological works and songs.

Orthography

 * a - [ɑ]
 * b - [b]
 * d - [d]
 * ḓ - [d̪]
 * e - [ɛ]
 * f - [f]
 * g - [g]
 * h - [h]
 * i - [i]
 * j - [j]
 * k - [k]
 * l - [l]
 * m - [m]
 * mb - [ᵐb]
 * mw - [mʷ]
 * n - [n]
 * ndj - [ⁿdʒ]
 * ng - [ᵑɡ]
 * ngw - [ᵑɡʷ]
 * nj - [ɲ]
 * ṋ - [n̪]
 * o - [ɔ]
 * p - [p]
 * r - [r]
 * s - [s]
 * t - [t]
 * tj - [t͡ʃ]
 * ṱ - [t̪]
 * u - [u/w]
 * v - [v]
 * w - [w]
 * y - [j]
 * z - [z]

Long vowels are doubled.

f and l are only used in loanwords.

Education
Otjiherero is taught in Namibian schools both as a native tongue and as a secondary language. It is included as a principal material at the University of Namibia. Otjiherero is also one of the six minority languages that are used by the Namibian State Radio (NBC). Gamsberg Macmillan,, has published the only dictionary in Otjiherero.

Varieties
The Hakaona variety is now considered a separate Bantu language, as sometimes is Zemba (Otjizemba). Maho (200) also removes Kuvale to Bantu Zone R.10, while differentiating North-West Herero (Kaokoland Herero, including Zemba and presumably Himba and Hakaona), R.311, and Botswana Herero (including Mahalapye Herero), R.312, as distinct from but closely related to Herero proper. Within Herero proper, he recognizes two dialects: Central Herero and Mbandero (East Herero).

Northwest/Zemba is found on either side of the Namibian–Angolan border. Central Herero covers a large area in central Namibia, with East Herero and a few islands to the east but still in Namibia. Botswana Herero consists of a few scattered islands in Botswana, with about 15% of the population of Herero proper.

Ethnologue separates Zimba as a distinct language but retains Himba, East Herero, and Botswana Herero within the Herero language. However, it no longer recognizes Kuvale as a dialect but as a separate language.

title: Herero language


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Great North Air Ambulance

The Great North Air Ambulance Service (GNAAS) is a registered charity and air ambulance based in the United Kingdom. It operates a dedicated helicopter emergency service for the North of England with three aircraft. It serves North Yorkshire, the North-East, Cumbria, the Scottish borders and the Isle of Man.

Current operations
GNAAS operates three Dauphin helicopters from its two bases at Langwathby, near Penrith in Cumbria, and Urlay Nook, near Eaglescliffe in County Durham. Between July and December 2021, the service had an average of 85 helicopter call-outs per month.

In hours of darkness, when the helicopters do not fly, North East Ambulance Service funds a Medical Emergency Response Incident Team (MERIT), which is staffed by a doctor and paramedic team from GNAAS. The MERIT service extended in November 2018 to cover Thursday to Sunday nights, which were previously covered on an on-call basis. The service uses Volvo XC90 vehicles.

In 2014–2015, GNAAS had operating costs of £4.6million and an income of £6.2million. In 2021–2022, the operating costs were £6.6million against an income of £8.4million, which included a total of £380,000 from government contracts and grants.

In 2020, GNAAS began trials in using jet suits to get from landed helicopters on call-outs to casualties in locations difficult to access. The simulation exercise showed a casualty, whose position it would take 25minutes to reach on foot, could be reached in a jet suit in 90seconds.

History

The air ambulance service began in 1994 with the leased Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil helicopter G-NAAS. MBB Bo 105 helicopters were operated from 2003, and an MD 902 from 2006. 2006 also saw the introduction of the first Dauphin helicopter, G-HEMS. In 2010, the charity consolidated around a fleet of three Dauphin N2 helicopters, which were the first aircraft it owned. This ended the practice of leasing aircraft, which created financial issues. Two of these three Dauphin N2 helicopters were later replaced by newer Dauphin N3 helicopters G-NHAD and G-NHAE between 2019 and 2020. This was done to mitigate the risk involved with flying older aircraft.

In the media
From 8 March 2018, the charity appeared on Channel 4's TV programme Emergency Helicopter Medics, which followed the crews responding and treating emergency patients. Other air ambulances that featured in the show include Thames Valley Air Ambulance and East Anglian Air Ambulance.

title: Great North Air Ambulance


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Bleasdale

Bleasdale is a village and civil parish in the Wyre district of Lancashire, England, in the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The two sources of the River Brock lie within the parish. According to the 2001 census, it had a population of 147, increasing to 167 at the 2011 Census.

Landmarks
Within the parish are:
 * Bleasdale parish church, probably the only one anywhere dedicated to Saint Eadmer.
 * Bleasdale Circle, a Bronze Age circular earthwork, originally with an outer ring (at ) and possibly aligned with the sunrise of the Summer Solstice.
 * Bleasdale Church of England Primary School (around 13 students, ages 4–11).
 * The Parish Hall, built in 1929.
 * The former post office, housed in the forge opposite Higher Brock Mill (at ) on the River Brock, supporting brown and rainbow trout. From 1947 to 2002 the post office housed a café for locals, cycling and hiking folk to refresh, fitted with a well, dating from about 1700, beneath the building. In the early 1900s, "Jack Custard" was renowned there for the quality of his custard tart.

The ancient Forest of Bleasdale is less well known than its more famous neighbour, the Forest of Bowland but its history is recounted by Smith. Being a part of Wyresdale, Bleasdale never fell under the sway of the powerful medieval Lordship of Bowland.

Notable buildings

 * St Eadmer's Church was rebuilt in 1835 by John Dewhurst and restored and enlarged in 1897. It has a west tower and lancet windows. The church retains its pews and western gallery.
 * Bleasdale Tower was built in the early 19th century by William Garnett.
 * Clough Heads Cottages was once a boy's Reformatory School.

Geodesy
"Paddy's Pole" on Fair Snape Fell in Bleasdale parish was the origin (meridian) of the 6 inch and 1:2500 Ordnance Survey maps for Lancashire.

title: Bleasdale


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User:Nintendomon74

Hello Wikipedians! This is Nintendomon74. I'm fairly new, but I've found Wikipedia to be a great source of information. Likewise, I haven't contributed to many pages, but I'm hoping that will change soon.

The few articles I've contributed to include:

Starch, Chemical equation, Algebra, and ATP.

title: User:Nintendomon74


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Hausen

Hausen may refer to:

Bavaria

 * Hausen, Miltenberg, in the Miltenberg district
 * Hausen, Lower Bavaria, in the Kelheim district
 * Hausen, Upper Franconia, in the Forchheim district
 * Hausen, Rhön-Grabfeld, in the Rhön-Grabfeld district
 * Hausen, Villenbach
 * Hausen, Greding, a locality in Greding, district of Roth
 * Hausen bei Würzburg, in the Würzburg district
 * Hausen bei Aindling, a locality of Aichach-Friedberg
 * Hausen bei Augsburg, a locality in Diedorf, district of Augsburg
 * Hausen bei Bad Kissingen, a locality in Bad Kissingen

Baden-Württemberg

 * Hausen im Tal, in Sigmaringen district, in the former Principality of Fürstenberg
 * Hausen am Tann, in Zollernalbkreis district
 * Hausen vor Wald, in Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis district
 * Hausen im Wiesental, in Lörrach district
 * Hausen an der Zaber, in Heilbronn district on the Württemberger Weinstraße
 * Hausen an der Möhlin, Ortsteil of Bad Krozingen, Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald

Hesse

 * Hausen (Frankfurt am Main); a city district of Frankfurt am Main

North Rhine-Westphalia

 * Hausen, part of Heimbach in the district of Düren
 * Hausen, part of Neunkirchen-Seelscheid in the Rhein-Sieg district

Rhineland-Palatinate

 * Hausen (Wied), in the district of Neuwied
 * Hausen, Birkenfeld, in the district of Birkenfeld

Thuringia

 * Hausen, Thuringia, in the district of Eichsfeld

Places in Switzerland

 * Hausen, Meiringen, in the canton of Bern
 * Hausen am Albis, in the canton of Zurich
 * Hausen bei Brugg, in the canton of Aargau

Other places

 * Hausen (crater), crater on the Moon

People with the name

 * Friedrich von Hausen (c. 1155–1190), German poet
 * Christian August Hausen (1693–1743), German mathematician
 * Max von Hausen (1846–1922), German army officer
 * Ivan Hausen (1927–2003), Brazilian track and field athlete
 * Harald zur Hausen (1936–2023), German virologist
 * Peter Hausen (died 2012), German developmental biologist

title: Hausen


text:
Talk:Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil

Untitled
Could someone write about legality or illegality of this action according to International law.

title: Talk:Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil


text:
Hausen, Thuringia

Hausen is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the municipality Niederorschel.

title: Hausen, Thuringia


text:
Kleinbartloff

Kleinbartloff is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it has been part of the municipality of Niederorschel.

title: Kleinbartloff


text:
Niederorschel

Niederorschel is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. The former municipalities Deuna, Gerterode, Hausen and Kleinbartloff were merged into Niederorschel in January 2019. It further includes the localities of Niederorschel, Oberorschel, and Rüdigershagen.

title: Niederorschel


text:
Rüdigershagen

Rüdigershagen is a village in the municipality of Niederorschel in Eichsfeld, Thuringia, Germany. Rüdigershagen is located one the north slope of the Dün hills, and has approximately 600 inhabitants (31 December 1995: 618).

History

 * First documented: 1273
 * Manor, built: 1590, partly demolished in 1984
 * First school founded in 1607, new building in 1682
 * Church, rebuilt in 1686

title: Rüdigershagen


text:
Dün

The Dün is a hill chain in northwestern Thuringia, Germany. It runs west to east, and forms the northwestern edge of the Thuringian Basin. It separates the Thuringian Basin from the upper valley of the river Leine. Towards the east it continues in the Hainleite ridge. The highest point, 522 m above sea level, is near the village Vollenborn.

title: Dün


text:
Vollenborn

Vollenborn is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since 31 December 2013, it is part of the municipality Deuna.

title: Vollenborn


text:
Yuri Shargin

Yuri Georgiyevich Shargin (Юрий Георгиевич Шаргин) is a retired cosmonaut of the Russian Space Forces.

Biography
He was born March 20, 1960, in Engels, Saratov Oblast, Russian SFSR. His father was Jewish. He is divorced and has two children.

Shargin graduated in 1982 from the Military Engineering Academy for Aeronautics and Astronautics located in Leningrad. He is a lieutenant colonel in the Russian Space Forces.

He was selected as a cosmonaut on February 9, 1996.

He was selected in 2004, to be the flight engineer on the Soyuz TMA-5 mission to the International Space Station. Soyuz TMA-5 was successfully launched on October 14, 2004.

Shargin was the first Russian Space Forces cosmonaut to launch into space. Due to his late addition to the crew and lack of background information or information about his activities in space, some questioned the motives of his flight. However, chief flight director Vladimir Solovyov, assured, “We, on the ISS, are not involved in military matters.”

After nearly 10 days in space, he returned to Earth on board Soyuz TMA-4

He retired from the cosmonaut corps in August 2008

title: Yuri Shargin


text:
User talk:Nagendra

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! - Lucky 6.9 22:16, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

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title: User talk:Nagendra


text:
User:Joshua.fennell

Just an email address, so far... jfeneru __at__ bellsouth.net

title: User:Joshua.fennell


text:
IK

IK or Ik may refer to:

Businesses and organizations

 * IK Investment Partners, a European private equity firm
 * Imair Airlines (IATA code IK)
 * Iparretarrak, a Basque nationalist organization

Languages

 * Ik language (ISO 639 alpha-3 ikx), spoken by the Ik people of Uganda
 * Inupiaq language (ISO 639 alpha-2), a group of dialects of the Inuit language, spoken in Alaska

Places

 * Ik (river), a tributary of the Kama in Bashkortostan and Tatarstan, Russia
 * Ik (Berd), a tributary of the Berd in Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia
 * Bolshoy Ik, a tributary of the Sakmara in Bashkortostan and Orenburg Oblast, Russia
 * Ilm-Kreis, a region in Germany

Science and technology

 * IK (gene), a protein-encoding gene
 * IK code, a classification of resistance to mechanical impacts
 * Internationale Kerze (German for "international candle"), an old photometric unit to measure luminous intensity
 * Inverse kinematics, a branch of mechanics

Other uses

 * Ik Onkar, a symbol used in the Sikh religion
 * Ik people of Uganda
 * The Ik, a 1975 play by Colin Higgins and Denis Cannan

title: IK