text:
Talk:List of World Heritage Sites in Europe

Israel
As far as I know Israël is no part of Europe, neither statwise or geographicly —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.65.39.127 (talk) 10:40, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

 * On http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&l=en&&&mode=table&order=region Israel belongs to the Region Europe. Should it not be added here? Wiki-uk (talk) 13:41, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

 * YES! And I already did that. But it was removed. For purposes of UNESCO, Israel is part of Europe. Doesn't necessarily make sense but IT'S NOT WIKIPEDIA'S CALL TO MAKE. I'm restoring israeli sites. <eleland/talkedits> 06:28, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I think the inclusion of Israel in the wikipedia list needs to be explained better in the list-article. I think it can be defended to include Israel with European countries, because UNESCO does it in its comparable list, but in the article currently it appears that it is Wikipedia making the decision, on its own.  The sentence in the intro currently reads "Israeli sites are listed here, since the alternative 'Arab States' grouping is politically unacceptable."  There is no source or other footnote given, leaving the appearance that it is Wikipedia editors' political decision to separate Israel from arab states.  This is important to address in the intro, with sources.  If it is addressed later in the list-article, sorry for my not seeing that yet, but it needs to be addressed upfront.

 * I suggest something like: "Following the example of UNESCO presentation of Israel with European countries, this list includes Israel." And, if a reference can be found, further add: "It is believed by UNESCO that the alternative of grouping Israel with 'Arab States' is politically unacceptable,"  or "It is believed by the United Nations that having UNESCO list Israel along with Arab nations is politically unacceptable".  If something like the last sentence is added, IT MUST have a source.

 * If Israel remains in, actually, I think the article title should be changed to "List of World Heritage Sites in Europe and Israel". It will appear unusual, and why wikipedia chooses to include Israel with Europe will have to be explained immediately in the intro, but the current article title is not accurate.

 * Another fix for the title problem would be to credit/blame UNESCO directly for its decision, retitling to "UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in Europe", and immediately explaining that it is UNESCO's decision to include Israel.

 * Alternatively, perhaps Wikipedia should be above politics and just list European states in this list-article, put Israel into a list of Middle East or other countries for a geographical area that Israel is, in fact, part of. doncram (talk) 21:32, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Henderson Island
Is is right to include Henderson Island in this since the article is titled "in Europe" as its in the South Pacific? I'm going to list it on the Asia and Australia Page as well. PedanticallySpeaking 16:24, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

Germany
Germany's list is inaccurate; according to the UNESCO official website, Germany only has 30 total World Heriage site, so the site of the ancient city of Trier wasn't on the UNESCO list at all, I don't know who added on to the Wikipedia's list. - Random User
 * That's not true. Germany has 32 sites (see here). Trier was the 7th German site to be listed, in 1986. athinaios | Talk 16:24, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Germany now has 33 sites. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.198.240.28 (talk) 18:02, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Germany has now 11 times more heritage sites than the U.S., the so-called "cultural leader of the western world". --84.141.19.9 (talk) 20:07, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, the US has 20 sites, much more than an eleventh of 33 . Nev1 (talk) 20:11, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

 * France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and Spain alone make up for over 160 sites, which is 8 times the number of sites in the US, yet for about 1/5 of the area. Therefore, UNESCO sites are 40 times more common in Western Europe than they are in the US. And I haven't even counted the Dutch and British sites... America is indeed a cultural and historical desert. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.193.98.128 (talk) 12:33, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

The numbers in the list do not correlate to the numbers in the map! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.226.194.184 (talk) 17:49, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

Mapping
Does anyone have a good way to plot these places on a map? I think that would be very helpful to undestand the places as a group.
 * UNESCO's site offers the coordinates for all of the Heritage Sites and shows them on a map, this could be a start for this project Aelfthrytha

UK list
The UK has its own page for it's sites. The listing on this page seems redundant in an article that's already very long. I tried editing it out, but there's a user that seems intent on reverting every edit I make on the UNESCO pages. Rather than participate in an edit war, I would bring it to the discussion page. Any thoughts?MArcane 03:29, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

what the fuck

at the end of page, right, there is one small pic......................... because of it page is so spacious... please correct it!

Images
Considering that some of the country lists here are illustrated, we should make sure that either they all are, or that none are, for the sake of evenness. Also, do we want the images to be 50px or 70px wide? At the moment, countries early in the alphabet use wider pictures than the ones further down. athinaios | Talk 18:24, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Kazakhstan in the list
Why world heritage sites in Kazakhstan are not here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.7.204.24 (talk) 22:10, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I saw mention somewhere else, perhaps in edit summary comments, that the 2 or 3 WHS sites in Kazakhstan are located in the part of the Kazakhstan that is in Asia, not the Europe part of the country. And the UNESCO puts them in its list for Asian influence cultures, not in its list for European influence cultures (which is not limited to geography:  it includes Israel and the United States).  Note this whole list-article needs to be revised to focus on the UNESCO European influence list, strictly, or to focus on geographical Europe, only.  Either way, though, the 2 or 3 Kazakhstan ones seem not to belong here.  Currently they are linked from List of World Heritage Sites in Asia and Australasia.  Hope this helps. doncram (talk) 22:37, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Aegean Islands in Asia?!
I thought I'd raise this here first rather than editing the page outright. No, most of the Aegean islands are not "geographically located in Asia". As correctly cited in the article on the Aegean islands, all but two of them belong to Greece, and the geographical boundary between Europe and Asia in the Aegean would be the boundary between Greece and Turkey. Please provide proof to the contrary or change the second phrase of the article.

Apapadop (talk) 16:29, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

Agreed. I'm removing this statement: "Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries, Malta, Sicily and Madeira are included although the first two and most of the third are geographically located in Asia whereas the latter four are geographically located in Africa." Most of the Aegean Islands are not "geographically located in Asia", and Sicily is not "geographically located in Africa". These islands are always associated with Europe, just like the British Isles, so there is absolutely no reason for such a disclaimer pointing out that these islands are included in Europe.

Skyduster (talk) 23:12, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

On Kazakhstan, Israel, Other Countries that "Aren't in Europe"
I think the intro is a little silly in it's dance to justify what's listed here and what's not. An easy solution to this would be a more professional version of "UNESCO lists these sites with Europe so that's what we do too." Israel is included in the Europe-North America region by UNESCO, Kazakhstan is not, so the former is here and not the later. If someone wanted to go off on a mini-dissertation about the politicized history of UNESCO's regional groupings that would be fine too. I feel that this more succinct intro would help people understand the contents of this list better. How do others feel about this? --Chouji Ochiai (talk) 08:06, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree. Along with another editor i have been working on replacements for this entire page and the other WHS list-articles, too, in a sandbox, hope to put it out in public soon. doncram (talk) 04:26, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I think Chouji's approach is a very sensible one. Nev1 (talk) 17:46, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

Jerusalem
As has been made clear, Israel is part of the Europe & North America region as defined by UNESCO, so it certainly should be included on this list. However, the site "Old City of Jerusalem" is not under the state auspices of Israel. While the site is currently controlled by Israel, it was proposed by Jordan after Israel took full control of the city, and UNESCO specifically separated it from Israel's list of sites. Jerusalem is also listed under the "Arab States" region, not the "Europe and North America" region. If we're going to maintain accuracy, this site should not be listed with Israel. If Jerusalem is to be included here, it should be under "Jerusalem (Site Proposed by Jordan)," which is UNESCO's wording, and should include the disclaimer "(also included on the Arab States" You can find UNESCO's entry on Jerusalem here: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/148

Such is my opinion. I hope I have defended it sufficiently. Chouji Ochiai (talk) 03:20, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Our articles aren't here to satisfy this or that party's sense of political correctness, but to inform our readers in an intuitive and efficient way. If Israel sites are to be listed on this page, outside readers unfamiliar with the legal niceties of the Israel-Palestine conflicts will naturally expect Jerusalem in that context. There was already an explanatory note. If that note isn't sufficient to your taste, you can add to it, but I don't see how it would be reader-friendly to remove the entry completely. Fut.Perf. ☼ 07:48, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I think it's dangerous to dismiss factual accuracy as "political correctness," and to eliminate inconvenient details in order to improve readability. As long as this is a list of UNESCO-registered World Heritage Sites, I believe it should use UNESCO's definitions of where and what these sites are. Since you've made clear that you believe it's important that Jerusalem be included on this list, I'll add it as I proposed earlier, in accordance with UNESCO's list: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list Chouji Ochiai (talk) 00:03, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Jerusalem is under Israeli control and will remain under Israeli control for a long time, it should be mentioned either as Jerusalem or inside Israel's world heritage sites. Also, Jerusalem was never proposed for any country and Israel legally controls half of it and the other half is supposed to be under Arab control and Jordan doesn't even want that land anyway —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.139.180.4 (talk) 12:43, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

Sortable List
It would seem useful to have this list in a sortable table rather than a long text document. Agreed? I'm willing to put in some time to make one and keep all of the current links, but not if this has already been shot down/others will revert it.

 * I agree it would be more useful. There's a draft table here and comments are welcome, although is probably the best person to talk to. Nev1 (talk) 23:30, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

This Page is Ugly
Those maps are hideous and illegible. I much prefer the look of List of World Heritage Sites in Asia. Pictures of some of the sites makes the page more vibrant and interesting. These maps are an eyesore, and make the page difficult to browse. These maps should not be featured like this. Puchiwonga (talk) 00:13, 19 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, there is a problem. Perhaps the maps should be transfered into specific articles, like List of World Heritage Sites in Russia, and here replaced with pictures.Greyhood (talk) 12:08, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

 * They definitely look more fitting on the specific country articles. Puchiwonga (talk) 06:58, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

Albania
Albania has four centers of UNESCO and not two. 1. Butrin in 1992 2. Historic Centers of Gjirokastra in 2005 3. Historic Centers of in 2009 4. Lake Ohrid (Albanian part) in 2009

Albanian former environment minister in 2009 Lufter Xhveli stated that the Albanian part of Lake Ohrid is a wealth of humanity. It should be separated Berat from Gjirokaster after different story and are different cities. --Irvi Hyka (talk) 01:26, 28 December 2009 (UTC)Irvi Hyka--Irvi Hyka (talk) 01:26, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

 * UNESCO disagrees. As it is UNESCO that draws up the list, the Wikipedia article follows their lead. Please adhere to the sources. Nev1 (talk) 01:31, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

North America
In "UNESCO terms" there is no such region as Europe, but "Europe and North America". It seams to be sort of a twist that this article makes itself to appeare as a strict UNESCO-source follower. In my opinion World Heritage Sites are nominated by world organization UNESCO, however geographical boundaries of Europe are determined regardless of World Heritage Sites nomination. I suggest changing the title of this articla to List of World Heritage Sites in Europe and North America reflecting UNESCO region classification as individual UNESCO World Heritage Site wiki-articles do.--Jankoja1972 (talk) 16:30, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Page formatting
This page badly needs formatting to cut out all the empty spaces. --Mallard16 09:05, 29 March 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mallard16 (talk • contribs)

Sites in Danger
Sites in Danger are not marked by an asterisk even though that's what the intro says. bamse (talk) 15:47, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

In case of expansion
If somebody wants to expand this list into table form like it was done with the Africa list, an old revision of the List of World Heritage Sites in Danger (particularly the "Description" column) might be useful. bamse (talk) 11:14, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

Request for comments
There is discussion on what should be included in this and other regional lists of World Heritage Sites. Please voice your opinion on the issue here. Thank you. bamse (talk) 15:39, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

Israel is in Western Asia
i think there is a mistake here. פארוק (talk) 06:59, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
 * UNESCO puts it in Europe. Also have a look at the first (and possibly many more) discussions on this very page. bamse (talk) 11:51, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
 * i know. but i want everybody know this. "Israel" is country in Western Asia - and "Egypt" is in North Africa. פארוק (talk) 17:14, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Fine, so where is the mistake? bamse (talk) 23:26, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
 * in the article of Israel was no mention to Western Asia like the other countries in the Middle East. many people think that israel is in africa. פארוק (talk) 07:12, 3 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Okay, Israel is indeed in west Asia, but the Arabs hate Israel and refuse to associate with it for mostly racist reasons (it's been discussed to death elsewhere), Unesco thinks that Israel has lots to offer, but wants to be nice to the Arabs and their prejudices. Thus, they stuck it in Europe, as it is more European culturally.Ericl (talk) 01:16, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

There is a discussion to finalise how we divide our lists at WT:WHS. Please join in.  Night w   15:30, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

Lake Ohrid, Albanian part
Some years ago the Minister of Environment of Albania, Lufter Xhuveli, stated that the Albanian part of Lake Ohrid is part of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Add Albania the fourth WHS Lake of Ohrid. Irvi Hyka (talk • contribs) 21:28, 14 November 2011 (UTC)


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Talk:Elsa Schneider

One can note that the previous version of this page contained a huge amount of information on this character. I was unsure if this was necessary, as it was in fact a spoiler for virtually the entire film. I have removed the majority of the information, if you see it fit to return it, by all means do so.

--Mr Bound 16:25, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

I changed this article into a redirect because any description of her role in Last Crusade would pretty much be a duplicate of the content of that article's "plot" section. --Mrwojo 17:55, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Gallery
I removed the gallery as it is an excessive use of non-free images. Please see WP:FUC UnfriendlyFire 06:58, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Elsa Schneider


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AERO

AERO (Anthology of Electronic Revisited Originals) is a 2004 compilation album by electronic musician and composer Jean-Michel Jarre, recorded in 5.1 surround sound and released by Warner Music on 20 September 2004. The album contains three new tracks (the title track which is a rework of "Je Me Souviens", from Jarre's 2000 album Métamorphoses, using the same main melody but with no vocals), and a bonus live track. All tracks are sewn together through surround-sound "Scenes".

The album includes a CD and a DVD; the DVD-Video features Dolby Digital and DTS audio, whereas the CD is in stereo, mixed to give a more spacious impression than usual. Jarre chose the DVD-Video format instead of the higher-quality DVD-Audio or SACD because he claimed that DVD-Video was the most widespread format, with the generalization of home cinema setups.

The video accompanying the music on the DVD show the eyes of French actress Anne Parillaud, listening to the music for the full length of the album. Johan Carlsson of Release Magazine considered that "this is a good introduction to Jarre's music and while the new tracks aren't much to write home about, its something for the old fans as well."

Track listing
The DVD contains "Scenes" as separate tracks, while on the CD they are part of the track after which they follow.

CD

 * 1) "Aero Opening / Scene 1" – 0:50
 * 2) "Oxygene 2 / Scene 2" – 7:41
 * 3) "Aero" – 3:09
 * 4) "Equinoxe 8" – 1:24
 * 5) "Oxygene 4 / Scene 3" – 5:05
 * 6) "Souvenir of China / Scene 4" – 4:46
 * 7) "Aerology / Scene 5" – 3:40
 * 8) "Equinoxe 3 / Scene 6" – 6:33
 * 9) "Equinoxe 4 / Scene 7" – 6:46
 * 10) "Last Rendez-Vous / Scene 8" – 5:08
 * 11) "Zoolookology / Scene 9" – 3:54
 * 12) "Aerozone / Scene 10" – 4:56
 * 13) "Magnetic Fields 1 / Scene 11" – 5:59
 * 14) "Chronology 6" – 4:55
 * 15) "Rendez-Vous 4 (Live Version)" (hidden bonus track; featuring Safri Duo; recorded at the 2002 AERO concert) – 7:34

DVD

 * 1) "Aero Opening" – 0:16
 * 2) "Scene 1" – 0:33
 * 3) "Oxygene 2" – 7:12
 * 4) "Scene 2" – 0:31
 * 5) "Aero" – 3:09
 * 6) "Equinoxe 8" – 1:26
 * 7) "Oxygene 4" – 4:16
 * 8) "Scene 3" – 0:32
 * 9) "Souvenir of China" – 4:13
 * 10) "Scene 4" – 0:50
 * 11) "Aerology" – 3:02
 * 12) "Scene 5" – 0:37
 * 13) "Equinoxe 3" – 6:08
 * 14) "Scene 6" – 0:26
 * 15) "Equinoxe 4" – 5:40
 * 16) "Scene 7" – 1:06
 * 17) "Last Rendez-Vous" – 4:41
 * 18) "Scene 8" – 0:27
 * 19) "Zoolookology" – 3:34
 * 20) "Scene 9" – 0:12
 * 21) "Aerozone" – 4:51
 * 22) "Scene 10" – 0:16
 * 23) "Magnetic Fields 1" – 5:42
 * 24) "Scene 11" – 0:17
 * 25) "Chronology 6" – 4:54
 * 26) "Rendez-Vous 4 (Live Version)" – 7:35

title: AERO


text:
Sternberg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Sternberg is a town in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

History
The town of Sternberg was founded during the Ostsiedlung by duke Pribislaw I, who chartered the town with German town law in 1248. In the vicinity of the town are the remains of three earlier, Slavic settlements (near Groß Raden and Sternberger Burg within the current city limits, and near Groß Görnow). The Slavic settlement and ramparts near Groß Raden have been excavated and reconstructed and serve as a well-known open-air museum for the Slavic era.

Suzerainty over Sternberg was transferred from Pribislaw to the Prince of Mecklenburg following Pribislaw's expulsion in 1255. Sternberg became the favorite residence of duke Heinrich II. (the Lion) in 1310. In 1492, 27 Jews were burned on the Judenberg after being charged with Eucharistic Sacrilege, a fictitious crime used in Jewish pogroms throughout medieval and renaissance Europe. On June 20, 1549, the Reformation was introduced in Mecklenburg as a result of a special council (Landtag) on the Sagsdorfer Bridge in Sternberg. In 1628, during the Thirty Years' War Albrecht von Wallenstein held council here.

Geography
The city is located southwest of Rostock, southeast of Wismar, and northeast of Schwerin. It is located near the Warnow River.

People

 * Albrecht Tischbein (1803-1881), German shipbuilder
 * Alexander Behm (1880-1952), German inventor and physicist

title: Sternberg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern


text:
Closet drama

A closet drama is a play that is not intended to be performed onstage, but read by a solitary reader or sometimes out loud in a large group. The contrast between closet drama and classic "stage" dramas dates back to the late eighteenth century. The literary historian Henry A. Beers considers closet drama "a quite legitimate product of literary art."

Definition
A closet drama (or closet play) is a play created primarily for reading, rather than production. Closet dramas are traditionally defined in narrower terms as belonging to a genre of dramatic writing unconcerned with stage technique. Stageability is only one aspect of closet drama: historically, playwrights might choose the genre of 'closet' dramatic writing to avoid censorship of their works, for example in the case of political tragedies. Closet drama has also been used as a mode of dramatic writing for those without access to the commercial playhouse, and in this context has become closely associated with early modern women's writing. Closet dramas were published in manuscript form, including dramatis personae and elaborate stage directions, allowing readers to imagine the text as if it were being performed. This created an "unusually tight fusion between book and reader as it endeavours to stimulate the theatrical imagination." The playwrights did not have to worry about the pressure to impress an audience due to their audience being whom they chose. Thus, it was considered to be a freeing style of writing.

Marta Straznicky describes the form as "part of a larger cultural matrix in which closed spaces, selective interpretive communities, and political dissent are aligned." Print is the crucial factor behind closet dramas: "a play that is not intended for commercial performance can nevertheless cross between private playreading and the public sphere" through this medium.

History
The philosophical dialogues of ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Plato (see Socratic dialogue) were written in the form of conversations between "characters" and are in this respect similar to closet drama, many of which feature little action but are often rich in philosophical rhetoric.

Beginning with Friedrich von Schlegel, many have argued that the tragedies of Seneca the Younger in the first century AD were written to be recited at small parties rather than performed. Although that theory has become widely pervasive in the history of theater, there is no evidence to support the contention that Seneca's plays were intended to be read or recited at small gatherings of the wealthy. The emperor Nero, a pupil of Seneca, may have performed in some of them. Some of the drama of the Middle Ages was of the closet-drama type, such as the drama of Hroswitha of Gandersheim and debate poems in quasi-dramatic form.

Elizabethan and Jacobean
Fulke Greville, Samuel Daniel, Elizabeth Cary, Margaret Cavendish, Sir William Alexander, and Mary Sidney wrote closet dramas in the age of Shakespeare and Jonson.

Between 1642 and 1660, the English government banned public performance. During this time, playreading became a "substitute" for playgoing. Thus, playwrights were moved to take on "propagandist aims" against parliament and topics beyond the theatre in their writing, meaning reading such work could be considered a revolutionary act. However, playwrights could write in relative security, protected by the anonymous means of print. Thomas Killigrew is an example of a stage playwright who turned to closet drama when his plays could no longer be produced during this period; he was in exile from England during the English Civil War.

Following the Restoration in 1660, some authors continued to favour closet drama, proving that the form "served a cultural function distinct from that of commercial drama." John Milton's play Samson Agonistes, written in 1671, is an example of early modern drama never intended for the stage.

Nineteenth century
Several closet dramas in verse were written in Europe after 1800; these plays were by and large inspired by classical models. Faust, Part 1 and Faust, Part 2 by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, among the most acclaimed pieces in the history of German literature, were written as closet dramas, though both plays have been frequently staged. Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Alexander Pushkin devoted much time to the closet drama.

The popularity of closet drama at this time was both a sign of, and a reaction to, the decline of the verse tragedy on the European stage in the 1800s. Popular tastes in theater were shifting toward melodrama and comedy and there was little commercial appeal in staging verse tragedies (though Coleridge, Robert Browning, and others wrote verse dramas that were staged in commercial theaters). Playwrights who wanted to write verse tragedy had to resign themselves to writing for readers, rather than actors and audiences. Nineteenth-century closet drama became a longer poetic form, without the connection to practical theater and performance.

Women in closet drama
In the early modern period, women writers who were unable to "use their voice" in public were able to emphasize their opinions using the form of closet drama. This outlet for communication provided a woman the ability to "engage in political discourse without exposing her views to an indiscriminate public," since she could choose to restrict her readership. However, women's writing could be influenced by societal pressures and occurrences.

Margaret Lucas Cavendish, author of fourteen folio volumes, explored writing closet dramas during her exile and became one of the best known women playwrights due to her interest in philosophical nature. Although living in relative oppression, women dealt with the risks of public shame and rejection in the effort to have their writing recognized.

Other notable women involved in a closet drama include Anne Finch, Jane Lumley, and Elizabeth Cary.

title: Closet drama


text:
Talk:Swing music

Citation style
A long time ago now, User:Thumperward placed an "unclear citation style" banner on this article. I have sought in vain the expected discussion on this Talk page. Has this problem now been addressed, or not? I see nothing unclear about the citation style, though I would personally prefer an article of this scope would have an alphabetical list of references.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 19:10, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Removed. SilkTork (talk) 10:46, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

wikipedia is good — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.216.243.82 (talk) 19:37, 10 December 2018 (UTC)

Don't mean to be nasty, but...
This article says nearly nothing really, and what it does say is wrong. My guess is the author has very little experience listening to the music of the period, and has avoided listening to recorded by white musicians. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.28.145.174 (talk) 21:39, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Swing music


text:
User talk:Transalpin~enwiki

Hello, "Transalpin" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

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 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

Yiddish Wikipedia
Hi Transalpin. As a Yiddish speaker, you might be interested in my half-baked plan to revitalize the moribund (only 121 articles) Yiddish Wikipedia. Please see my idea at Talk:Yiddish_language, and thanks.--Pharos 05:20, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Transalpin~enwiki


text: User talk:147.72.96.3

title: User talk:147.72.96.3


text:
User:Nyenyec

Misc
I need a custom stylesheet since I'm color blind User:Nyenyec/monobook.css

hu:User:Nyenyec

title: User:Nyenyec


text:
R.V. College of Engineering

Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering (RVCE or RV College of Engineering) is an autonomous private engineering college in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. It was established in 1963 under the Rashtreeya Sikshana Samithi Trust (RSST) and was one of the earliest self-financing engineering colleges in the country. It is affiliated with the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum. In 2008, the college was given autonomous status.

Academic Programmes
RVCE offers courses towards Bachelor of Engineering (B.E), Bachelor of Architecture (BArch), Master of Technology (MTech), Master of Computer Applications (MCA), Master of Architecture (MArch) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).

The medium of instruction for all the courses at the college is English.

Undergraduate
These 14 departments offer four-year undergraduate Bachelor of Engineering (BE) courses. All of the undergraduate courses have been conferred autonomous status by the Visvesvaraya Technological University.
 * Computer Science & Engineering
 * Information Science & Engineering
 * Computer Science & Engineering (Data Science)
 * Computer Science & Engineering (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning)
 * Computer Science & Engineering (Cyber Security)
 * Electronics & Communication Engineering
 * Electrical & Electronics Engineering
 * Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
 * Mechanical Engineering
 * Aerospace Engineering
 * Chemical Engineering
 * Civil Engineering
 * Biotechnology
 * Industrial Engineering & Management
 * Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering (not being offered starting academic year 2024 - 2025)

The School of Architecture offers a five-year Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) course which has also been conferred autonomous status by the Visvesvaraya Technological University. The allied departments of the college are the departments of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Humanities along with the placement & training department.

Postgraduate
Master of Computer Applications (MCA), Master of Technology (MTech) offered by the following departments :

 * Computer Science & Engineering
 * Information Science & Engineering
 * Electronics & Communication Engineering
 * Mechanical Engineering

Master of Architecture (MArch) offered by The School of Architecture.

Admission
The admission towards a full-time Bachelor of Engineering degree in RVCE is through either the Karnataka Common Entrance Test or the COMED-K counselling process, based on All India Rank (AIR) secured in the respective entrance examinations.

Admission of foreign students to RVCE is through the direct admission of foreign nationals and non-resident Indians (NRIs) scheme. Admission can also be done by donation through the management quota scheme for which a small amount of seats are reserved. Admission in the BE (Lateral Entry) programme is also available for students with diploma degrees.

Admission towards a postgraduate degree at RVCE is based on performance in the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) as well as on their Post Graduate Karnataka CET scores qualifying exam scores. If two or more candidates have the same GATE score, the highest percentage in qualifying undergraduate courses shall decide the merit. No separate test or interview is conducted by the college.

Achievements and Accreditation
RVCE is accredited as in the Tier 1 category by the National Board of Accreditation, it is also accredited by the All India Council for Technical Education.

It is recognised as a centre of excellence under Technical Education Quality Improvement Program by Government of India.

RVCE has been recognised as a centre for excellence by the Union Government of India.

 * In 2008, the college had the highest number of gold medal-winners among colleges affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University.

 * The department of Mechanical engineering of RVCE is the state's first degree programme in a private institution to be accredited by the National Board of Accreditation.

Rankings
R.V. College of Engineering was ranked 89 among engineering colleges in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2022.

The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked it 89th in the engineering ranking in 2022 and 96th in the engineering ranking in 2023.

Research and Projects
The Robotics team from the Instrumentation Technology Department won the "All India Robotics Challenge" at Shaastra 2007 The annual tech fest held at IIT Madras.

Team Antariksh is a student satellite team established in 2015 that aims to build a nanosatellite and sounding rocket with a research based payload, guided and monitored by various scientists from the Indian Space Research Organisation Satellite Centre and faculty from RVCE. Started by three aerospace engineering students, as of 2020 the team has a strength of more than 100 students from all fields of engineering. Team Antariksh is a space technology student club whose goal is to understand, disseminate and apply the engineering skills for innovation in the field of aerospace technology. The hundred-member strong team belonging from various engineering backgrounds is involved in designing payload for ISRO's PS4 orbital platform, RVSAT-1 and experimental sounding rocket, ReSOLV-1.The flagship project of the team is RVSAT-1, which is a 2U nanosatellite that is scheduled to be launched in 2022, carrying a microbiological payload.
 * Student Space Technology Projects

StudSat is a team of students of RVCE, along with students from some other colleges in the country and the Indian Space Research Organisation, teamed up to make the first pico satellite in India, called StudSat. The pico satellite was launched by the PSLV C-15 on 12 June 2010 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. The camera on board has a low resolution of 90 metres. The panchromatic images are designed to provide terrain information during the satellite's short lifespan of six months to one year.

Ashwa Racing is a Formula racing car that won the "Best Car from South Asia" award in the Formula Society of Automotive Engineers event in Germany. The team was also the first Indian team to compete in the FSAE event in 2005 in Australia, which won the "Best Value for Money" award. The project team has been awarded the "Young Achiever 2007" award, an award instituted by the Rotary Midtown and the Brigade Group. Team Vyoma is a student group that designs and manufactures UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) to participate in Aerodesign competitions conducted by the Society of Automotive Engineers in Marietta, GA; and in Brazil. The team is the first Asian team to compete in the Aerodesign competitions.
 * Society of Automotive Engineers Events

Team Helios Racing is a group of students who designed an All Terrain Vehicle (ATV) that can travel on muddy swamps and climb up hills. The vehicle entered the "Mini BAJA Challenge" — an international challenge in Pretoria in October 2006, and became the national champion at Baja Student India in January 2015.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) operates a student branch in RVCE. It organises many events, some of them being a workshop LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench), which is a platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments, various paper presentation competitions, and a seminar competition. IEEE PES RVCE chapter was Inaugurated in the year 2015 which organises events pertaining to Electrical Engineering.
 * IEEE branch

Garuda, a fuel-efficient, aerodynamic car, was designed by the Mechanical engineering students. The car reportedly gives a mileage of 180 kilometers per litre of fuel. Project Garuda members were the only team from India to participate in the Shell Eco Marathon held at Rockingham Raceway, Corby, UK. Project Garuda was awarded the 'Most Persevering Team' award, which is given to the best first-time participant every year.
 * Other projects

Eight students of the RV College of Engineering developed a vehicle consuming water as a fuel. Together, they have developed a water-powered hybrid auto rickshaw. The team has developed an inexpensive and simple retrofit kit for auto rickshaws.

In June 2008, the students developed a prototype of a hybrid-electric vehicle that uses both electric energy and diesel mixed with bio-diesel. According to The Hindu, this is the first indigenous hybrid-electric prototype in the country and among very few prototypes to use bio-diesel. The project, codenamed 'Chimera', was conceived and the prototype developed by the final year students of four engineering disciplines – Mechanical, Electrical and Computer science and Industrial engineering. From 2019, the college has also housed a center of excellence in Quantum Computing with the help of the student research team called CIRQuIT Quantum Research.

Notable alumni

 * Anil Kumble, the former coach and captain of the Indian Cricket Team
 * Chetan Baboor, the former international table tennis champion and Arjuna award winner
 * Vishwas Mudagal, CEO of GoodWorkLabs and GoodWorks CoWork, Author
 * Lakshmi Gopalaswamy, Indian actress and a classical dancer
 * Asha Bhat, Miss Supranational 2014 and Bollywood actress
 * Vidyut Mohan, social entrepreneur and Earthshot Prize winner
 * Divya Gokulnath, the Co-founder and Director of BYJU'S The Learning App
 * Nanditha Channarayapatna, playback singer
 * Akshata Krishnamurthy, space systems engineer and scientist at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
 * Shrihari Sridhar, scholar and author

title: R.V. College of Engineering


text:
HMS St Vincent

Four ships and three shore establishments of the Royal Navy have been named HMS St Vincent:
 * HMS St Vincent (1692) was an 8-gun fireship captured from the French in 1692 and sold in 1698.
 * HMS St Vincent (1780) was a 14-gun sloop, previously the Spanish ship San Vicente. She was captured in 1780 and was sold in 1783.
 * HMS St Vincent (1815) was a 120-gun first-rate ship of the line launched in 1815, on harbour service from 1841, used as a training ship from 1862, and sold in 1906.
 * HMS St Vincent (1908) was a St Vincent-class battleship launched in 1908 and sold in 1921.
 * HMS St Vincent (Gosport shore establishment) was a boy/junior training establishment in Gosport from 1927 to 1969.
 * HMS St. Vincent was the home of the Royal Navy section of the Royal Naval Reserve's London centre, HMS President (shore establishment) between 1983 and 1992.
 * HMS St Vincent (Whitehall shore establishment) was the Navy's communication centre in Whitehall from 1992 to 1998. It then became known as 'MARCOMM COMCEN (St Vincent)'.

title: HMS St Vincent


text:
Osgoode Hall

Osgoode Hall is a landmark building in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The original $2 1/2$-storey building was started in 1829 and finished in 1832 from a design by John Ewart and William Warren Baldwin. The structure is named for William Osgoode, the first Chief Justice of Upper Canada (now the province of Ontario).

It originally served to house the regulatory body for lawyers in Ontario along with its law school, formally established as Osgoode Hall Law School in 1889, which was the only recognized professional law school for the province at the time. The original building was constructed between 1829 and 1832 in the late Georgian Palladian and Neoclassical styles. It currently houses the Ontario Court of Appeal, the Divisional Court of the Superior Court of Justice, the offices of the Law Society of Ontario and the Great Library of the Law Society.

History
The 6 acre site at the corner of Lot Street (Queen Street West today) and College Avenue (University Avenue today) was acquired by the Law Society in 1828. At the time, the location was on the northwest edge of the city, which has since grown around the building. It was originally bounded on its north side by Osgoode Street, and on its east side by a street that would eventually be known as Chestnut Street. The former no longer exists, and the latter now stops at Armoury Street, as Nathan Phillips Square now lies to the east. The portico of Osgoode Hall's east wing was built at the head of Toronto's York Street to serve as a terminating vista, though it is now obscured by trees planted on the building's lawn. Osgoode Hall, together from which the Osgoode Hall Law School (affiliated as a professional school at York University), received its name in honour of William Osgoode, which was lent in turn to the adjacent Osgoode subway station.

Between the rebellions taking place in 1837-8 until 1843, the hall was used as troop barracks. When the Law Society regained possession in 1844, an expansion was designed by Henry Bowyer Lane; the West Wing and Library were built, with two domes (later removed) over the library to connect the two wings. In 1846 the Law Society entered into an agreement with the government to house the province's Superior Court at the hall. Today, the building is jointly owned by the Law Society and the Government of Ontario.

From 1855 to 1857, the building was refurbished and enlarged again, according to a design by the firm Cumberland and Storm, to accommodate courts with the original 1829 building becoming the east wing. From 1880 to 1891, the building was again expanded twice in order to accommodate its law school.

The building was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1979, and by the City of Toronto under the Ontario Heritage Act in 1990.

Design
Despite the expansions, the hall presents a unified design in the late Palladian style. The iron fence surrounding the lawns of Osgoode Hall has become a landmark in itself. Its distinctive iron gates are narrow and restrictive; it is a long-standing myth that they were designed to keep livestock out of the grounds of the hall. Despite this, an incident in the 1950s occurred in which students unsuccessfully attempted to pass a cow through one of the gates. The gates were likely due to Victorian architectural fashion, rather than wandering cattle.

Two libraries are housed within Osgoode Hall: the Great Library of the Law Society of Ontario and a smaller library for judges. The Great Library was designed by Cumberland and Storm (1857–1860) and features an ornate plaster ceiling, cork floors, an iron spiral staircase and etched glass windows. A War Memorial by Frances Loring (1887–1968), sculpted in 1928, was added to the Great Library in honour of Ontario lawyers and law students who were killed during the First World War. Behind the Great Library (and accessible through it) is the American Room, designed by Burke and Horwood in 1895, a more intimate room with a spiral staircase. The Toronto Courthouse at 361 University Avenue, directly to the north, is accessible through a connecting tunnel.

title: Osgoode Hall


text:
William Dannemeyer

William Edwin Dannemeyer (September 22, 1929 – July 9, 2019) was a conservative American politician, activist, and author, known for his opposition to LGBT rights. He served as U.S. Representative from the 39th Congressional District of California from 1979 to 1993, during which time he, along with friend and fellow Republican U.S. Rep. Robert K. Dornan, came to personify Orange County conservatism.

Dannemeyer was opposed to gay rights, and promoted antisemitic conspiracy theories. After leaving office, Dannemeyer expressed extreme antisemitic views, including a claim that Jews were guilty of a plot to legalize the murder of American Christians, as part of a larger conspiracy to establish a New World Order.

Early life
Dannemeyer was born in Long Beach, California, to German immigrants, Charlotte Ernestine (Knapp) and Henry William Dannemeyer. He attended Trinity Lutheran School in Los Angeles and Long Beach Poly High School. An Eagle Scout, Dannemeyer received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. He entered Santa Maria Junior College in 1947 before transferring to Valparaiso University in Valparaiso, Indiana. He graduated from "Valpo" in 1950 and earned a J.D. at Hastings College of the Law of the University of California in 1952. From 1952 to 1954 he served in the United States Army in the Counter Intelligence Corps during the Korean War.

Early career
Dannemeyer began practicing law in Santa Barbara in 1955, serving concurrently as a Santa Barbara County deputy district attorney. He moved to Fullerton in 1959 to become the assistant city attorney. He was elected originally as a Democrat to the California State Assembly in 1962 and was re-elected in 1964 when he was also a member of the Electoral College, casting his vote for Lyndon Johnson in the 1964 United States presidential election.

Instead of seeking re-election to the Assembly in 1966, he made a failed bid for a seat in the California State Senate. He then became a judge pro tempore of the municipal and superior courts from 1966–1976. In 1968, he appeared on a television show hosted by fellow future Congressman Bob Dornan to announce that he was leaving the Democratic Party to become a Republican. He would win election to the Assembly for a final term in 1976 as a Republican.

Congress
In November 1978, Dannemeyer was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives, and returned for six additional terms. He accumulated a strongly conservative record on the Budget, Judiciary, and Energy and Commerce Committees, supporting legislation to suppress illegal immigration, restrict telephone sex lines, and criminalize flag desecration.

He attempted to block federal funding of evolution-related exhibits at the Smithsonian Institution in 1982, and pushed for easing the separation of church and state. On fiscal issues, he advocated budget cuts for social programs, renegotiation of the national debt, tax reduction, and deregulation. He was the lead Republican sponsor of the 1985 deregulation of natural gas prices. In 1989, he was one of the successful House managers in the impeachment trial of then-Judge Walter Nixon for committing perjury in front of a grand jury. In 1990 he was one of twenty representatives to vote against the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Dannemeyer was an outspoken critic of LGBT rights, and on June 29, 1989, read a graphic description of gay sex into the Congressional Record titled "What Homosexuals Do". In this statement, Dannemeyer said:

"... activities peculiar to homosexuality include: Rimming, or one man using his tongue to lick the rectum of another man; golden showers, having one man or men urinate on another man or men; fisting or handballing, which has one man insert his hand and/or part of his arm into another man's rectum; and using what are euphemistically termed 'toys' such as one man inserting dildoes, certain vegetables, or lightbulbs up another man's rectum."

He gained national notoriety with his proposals to contain the spread of AIDS during the 1980s, such as banning HIV-positive immigrants. He was the only prominent politician to support the LaRouche movement's Proposition 64 in 1986. Another California ballot initiative he backed, Proposition 102, would have mandated widespread testing, tracing of sexual partners by state authorities, and a mandatory quarantine of persons with AIDS. It failed by a considerable margin. He did succeed in pushing hospitals to notify post-1977 recipients of blood transfusions that they were at risk. In 1989 he published Shadow in the Land: Homosexuality in America, attacking the gay rights movement. In 1985, Dannemeyer advocated barring persons with AIDS from working in the healthcare industry, stating that there was already "a requirement that nurses who are AIDS victims not work in maternity [wards] because a person with AIDS emits a spore that has been known to cause birth defects." That stated, by 1994, he was open to the AIDS dissent movement and the views of UC Berkeley Professor Peter Duesberg and called for a full-scale Congressional investigation into the HIV = AIDS hypothesis.

In 1992, Dannemeyer did not run for reelection to the United States House of Representatives. Instead, he ran for the Republican nomination for U.S. Senator, but lost to fellow Orange County Republican John F. Seymour.

Post-Congressional activities
In 1994, Dannemeyer ran for the Republican nomination for U.S. Senator, but lost to Michael Huffington. After leaving public office, he remained a harsh critic of the Clinton administration. During his 1994 campaign for the Senate, Dannemeyer was an early proponent of the Clinton body count conspiracy theory, and sent an alleged list of victims to congressional leadership.

In September 2006, Dannemeyer sent a letter to the California Attorney General and other officials arguing that Laci Peterson had been killed by members of a Satanic cult, not by Scott Peterson.

Dannemeyer expressed strongly antisemitic views. On his website, Dannemeyer claimed that it was legal to kill Christians in the United States as part of a Jewish plot to control the world. He wrote, "The main goal of the Zionist Jews and their New World Order is exactly the same as it was when Jesus was on earth – to exterminate Christ – and His followers!" He claimed that Congress passed such a law under the guise of honoring a prominent Hasidic rabbi while he was in office. Dannemeyer's son Bruce insisted that his father was not an anti-Semite, as the anti-Jewish sentiments in question were the result of the influence of his father's second wife, Lorraine Day, a known Holocaust denier. Bruce Dannemeyer commented, "He had to agree with it or there would have been hell to pay in the household." The younger Dannemeyer also stated that his father's views on homosexuality originated in his religious upbringing, stating, "He had a great heart and love for people. He said some things that offended a great number of people, but he would not back down from a fight."

William Dannemeyer was honorary national chairman of Citizens For a Better America.

Personal life
William and Evelyn Dannemeyer married in August 1955 and had three children. Evelyn died of cancer on July 31, 1999. Dannemeyer married Lorraine Day in 2004.

Dannemeyer died on July 9, 2019, at the age of 89 in Thousand Palms, California. He had suffered from dementia in his later years.

title: William Dannemeyer


text:
Talk:Edgar Savisaar

Children
Does he have four children? I know only one, Maria from his first marriage. Andres 16:38, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I'm replying a year and a half later. He does: :) -- intgr 18:17, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edgar Savisaar


text:
Ocracoke Light

Ocracoke Light was built in Hyde County, on Ocracoke Island, Ocracoke, North Carolina in 1823 by Massachusetts builder Noah Porter. The lighthouse stands 75 ft tall. Its diameter narrows from 25 ft at the base to 12 ft at its peak. The lighthouse was built to help guide ships through Ocracoke Inlet into Pamlico Sound.

In 1864, Confederate troops dismantled the fourth-order Fresnel Lens, but Union forces later restored it.

Ocracoke Light is the oldest operating light station in North Carolina and the second oldest lighthouse still standing in the state. The lighthouse was automated in 1955. During the summer months when there is a U.S. National Park Ranger on duty, visitors may access the base of the lighthouse. Access to the top of the lighthouse is not allowed due to the simple steel spiral staircase being safe only for maintenance activity.

However, this is not the original staircase; the original staircase was a wooden step spiral built into the inside of the exterior wall. This was removed during the 1950s due to excessive rotting to the boards and a lacking necessity for a substantial staircase because of the automation of the light. The wooden stairs were removed and the holes in the all-brick lighthouse were cemented closed.

The lighthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 as Ocracoke Light Station.

Controversy
Various claims have been made about the light, including "the Ocracoke Light is the second oldest operating lighthouse in the nation," from the National Park Service. The original 1795 construction a mile away would qualify only as fifth oldest and the current 1823 tower is about twelfth oldest.

title: Ocracoke Light


text:
Ugo Cerletti

Ugo Cerletti (26 September 1877 – 25 July 1963) was an Italian neurologist who discovered the method of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) used in psychiatry. Electroconvulsive therapy is a therapy in which electric current is used to provoke a seizure for a short duration. This therapy is used in an attempt to treat certain mental disorders, and may be useful when other possible treatments have not, or cannot, cure the person of their mental disorder.

Life
Ugo Cerletti was born in Conegliano, in the region of Veneto, Italy, on 26 September 1877. He studied Medicine at Rome and Turin, later specializing in neurology and neuropsychiatry. In his early scientific studies, Cerletti mainly focused on common issues in the fields of histology and histopathology. He demonstrated how the nervous tissue reacts to different pathogenic stimuli in its own ways, making the histopathology of nervous tissue an independent category in the study of medicine. As a student, he conducted some research under several influential people studying in the Medicinal field at that time. He studied with the most eminent neurologists of his time, first in Paris, France, with Pierre Marie and Dupré, then in Munich, Germany, with Emil Kraepelin (the "father" of modern scientific psychiatry) and Alois Alzheimer (the discoverer of the most common form of senile dementia, which today bears his name); and in Heidelberg, with Franz Nissl, a neuropathologist. Other large names in medicine that he studied with at the time include Sciamanna and Nissl.

After his studies, he was appointed head of the Neurobiological Institute, at the Mental Institute of Milan. He remained the director of the Neurobiological Institute of the psychiatric hospital of Mombello, in Milan from 1919 to 1924. In 1924 he was given a lecturing post in Neuropsychiatry in Bari; then, in 1928, he took over the post of Prof. Enrico Morselli, at the University of Genoa. Finally, in 1935, he became the Chair of the Department of Mental and Neurological Diseases at the University of Rome La Sapienza, where he developed electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for the treatment of several kinds of mental disorders, a discovery which made him world-famous. Ugo Cerletti was appointed Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry and Neurology at the University of Rome La Sapienza. While in Rome he became a freemason, and he served on the Supreme Council of the Scottish Rite in Italy.

Works and discovery
The idea to use ECT in humans first came to Cerletti from watching pigs being anesthetised with electroshock before being butchered. The story goes, that on his way home he stopped at a butcher shop. The shop didn't have the cut of meat that he wanted and he was told to walk back to the slaughter house behind the shop to have the cut made for him. At that slaughter house, the technique used for butchering cattle involved an electric shock to their heads. This would cause the cattle to go into seizures and fall down, making it easy to slit their throats. In that time period, people believed that seizures were essential in preventing schizophrenia, since many believed that those diagnosed with epilepsy were immune to the disorder. Cerletti reasoned that electric shock might be useful in humans as a treatment for schizophrenia.

Furthermore, since 1935, metrazol, a convulsant drug, and insulin, a hormone, were in wide use in many countries to treat schizophrenics, with great success. This approach was based on Nobel winner Julius Wagner-Jauregg's research on the use of malaria-induced convulsions to treat some nervous and mental disorders, such as the general paresis of the insane, caused by neural syphilis, as well as on Ladislas J. Meduna's theory that schizophrenia and epilepsy were antagonistic. The pharmacological convulsive treatment of Ladislas J. Meduna would eventually be largely replaced by the less cumbersome electrical method of Cerletti.

Cerletti came to the use of electroshock for therapeutic purposes in humans by way of many experiments with animals on the neuropathological consequences of repeated epileptic seizures. In Genoa, he used electric current to provoke repeatable, seizures in dogs and other animals. In these early experiments, many of the animals that were used ended up dying. In Rome, his assistant Lucio Bini realized a rudimental apparatus with a control panel that could safely be applied to humans.

Cerletti first used ECT in a human patient, a diagnosed schizophrenic with delusions, hallucinations and confusion, in April 1938, in collaboration with Lucio Bini. A series of electroshocks were able to return the patient to a normal state of mind. This experiment indicated that electric shock treatment may hold potential to improve the condition of patients diagnosed with specific diseases. Electric shock treatment quickly replaced insulin and Metrazol as the favourite form of shock treatment. Thereafter, in the succeeding years, Cerletti and his coworkers experimented with thousands of electroshocks in hundreds of animals and patients, and were able to determine its usefulness and safety in clinical practice, with several indications, such as in acute schizophrenia, manic-depressive illness, major depression episodes, etc. His work was very influential, and ECT quickly spread out as a therapeutic procedure all over the world. Despite the fact that it does evoke a grand mal seizure marked by a stereotyped succession of events. Cerletti was noted to be the first person to deliver a stress treatment in which the patient did not suffer any discomfort.

As a result of his experiments, which took him from the psychiatric hospital to the abattoir and the zoologic gardens, Cerletti developed a theory that ECT caused the brain to produce vitalising substances, which he called "agro-agonines" (from the Greek for extreme struggle). He put his theory into practice by injecting patients with a suspension of electroshocked pig brain. Although electroshocked pig brain therapy was used by a few psychiatrists in Italy, France and Brazil it did not become as popular as ECT, which soon replaced metrazol therapy all over the world because it was cheaper, less frightening and more convenient. Cerletti and Bini were nominated for a Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their work on the treatment in the 1930s.

Today, ECT is most often recommended for use as a treatment for severe depression that has not responded to other treatment. It is occasionally also used in the treatment of mania and catatonia.

Legacy
In his long activity as a psychiatrist and neurologist, Cerletti published 113 original papers, about the pathology of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease, on the structure of neuroglia, the blood–brain barrier, syphilis, etc. In 1950 he received an honorary degree by the Collège de Sorbonne at the University of Paris, in addition to a long list of other awards and degrees.

Away from his medical work, Cerletti is credited with introducing the idea of white uniforms for alpine troops in order to reduce visibility during the First World War. He also invented artillery missiles with delayed-action fuses. These were used by the Italian and French armies in order to create mine fields between enemy positions.

Cerletti died in Rome on 25 July 1963.

title: Ugo Cerletti


text: Category:German heavy metal musical groups


text: Category:Alcohol abuse counselors

title: Category:Alcohol abuse counselors


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Patronage concentration

Patronage concentration is a term used in marketing and retailing. It is the share of an individual consumer's expenditures in an industry or retail sector that is spent at one company. It is the amount that a person spends at one company divided by the amount that a person spends at all companies in the industry.

The relation is as follows:
 * $$\frac{\text{amount spent at one company}}{\text{amount spent at all companies in the industry}}$$.

For example, I may spend $1000 per year at fast food restaurants. If I spend $100 at Wendy's Restaurants, then Wendy's has (100/1000=10%) ten percent of my patronage. As long as the amount spent at one firm is less than the total amount spent at all firms in the industry, the customer will be patronizing more than one firm, and patronage concentration will be less than 100%.

The goal of many firms is to increase the patronage concentration ratio of its customers to 100%. Some firms set different patronage concentration targets for various classes of customers. This reflects the fact that some types of customers are more profitable than others.

This is very similar to market share. Whereas market share describes the percentage of all customers that patronize a company relative to the industry total, the patronage concentration ratio describes the percentage of one customer's patronage going to a company, relative to that person's spending in the industry. That is, market share is the aggregate or macro version of the patronage concentration ratio. Or alternatively, patronage concentration is the micro equivalent of market share.

In retailing, it has been demonstrated that store patronage is a continuum between single store loyalty and the use of several different stores. In particular, patronage concentration involves trading off economic resources against product assortment, and spatial and temporal benefits. It has been shown that patronage decisions are associated with consumer characteristics that are suggestive of heterogeneous cost–benefit tradeoffs and opportunity costs of time.

title: Patronage concentration


text:
Talk:Olympiacos CFP

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:07, 9 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Giovanni.Silva.de.Oliveira.jpg

Results 1959-2022
Thanks.--2A02:586:813D:2AB4:607E:C440:9274:83E3 (talk) 18:21, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

CFP?
Why is Olympiacos named "Olympiacos CFP" in the article, when the original Greek name is Olympiacos SFP? What does the "CFP" mean? –Okino (talk) 14:44, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

 * "CFP" = Sindesmos filatlon Pireos (Piraeus Fans Association) . 2A02:586:813D:2A85:F432:5B3A:C5AD:F8A6 (talk) 09:06, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's what I write - it is SFP, not CFP. There is no "C" in the name. Why is it CFP in the article? --Okino (talk) 13:56, 1 May 2024 (UTC)

How wrong is CFP !
Dear friend Okino, I really thank you for your note. The initials CFP in the name of Olympikos wes an old stupid attempt by the leaders of the football department of the team, to transfer the initials of the team to English, (due to a stupid anglomania), so that they would be identified with the corresponding Greek ΣΦΠ. This attempt is flawed for the following two reasons.

1. The initials of the teams should not be transliterated, because then they will be different in each language. 2. CFP are the initials of the words "Club Fan (of) Piraeus", which are supposed to correspond to the Greek words "Σύνδεσμος Φιλάθλων Πειραιώς" («Syndesmos Filathlon Pireos»). But neither the Greek word "Σύνδεσμος", nor the Greek "Φίλαθλος" correctly convey the meaning of the English words "Club" and "Fan".

For the word "Σύνδεσμος" I think the most correct rendering is the word "Conjunction". As for the word «fan», there is the Greek "οπαδός", which is someone who faithfully follows a group (or even a certain worldview). But a "φίλαθλος" is someone who is generally a friend of sports [φίλος=friend + άθλημα=sport]. (I don't know if there is an equivalent English word. I would rather render it as "sports follower"). Therefore, if we want to translate the "Σύνδεσμος Φιλάθλων Πειραιώς", a rather correct rendering would be "Conjunction of Sports followers of Piraeus", which should only be there as an explanation and not in the title of the club.

Fortunately, the men in charge of the rest sections of the team (apart of football and basketball) have kept the initials SFP in the foreign language title of the team, as they should. For this reason I had moved the title in the multisport Olympiacos article as Olympiacos SFP instead of Olympiacos CFP, but my edit was reversed.

So if I managed to be persuasive, I ask the English-language editors dealing with Olympiacos articles, to correct the team title in all sections of the club (including the football one) as Olympiacos SFP, which is the only name that can stand in all languages with Latin alphabet. Οσελότος (talk) 18:49, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Olympiacos CFP


text:
User:Dsmdgold/Sandbox2

Except in a very few cases, it does Wikipedia little or no damage to have unsuitable content for a few days. Those few cases are really limited to legal issues. Copyright infringements and potentially slanderous or libelous material should be deleted as quickly as it is detected. Everything else does little harm if it not deleted as quickly as possible.

title: User:Dsmdgold/Sandbox2


text:
Talk:First Boer War/to do

 * Write material on "aftermath" or "lasting consequences"

 * Revise & correct material on 1st Boer War: 1877 was not "after" the Anglo-Zulu war which was fought in 1879. Rather the annexation of the Transvaal in 1877 increased tension between all 3 parties (the Brits, the Zulus & the Boers) & was a contributing cause of both the Anglo-Zulu War and the 1st Boer War. The main hostilities of the Zulu War did not begin until after the Brit's ultimatum to the Zulus (in Dec. 1878?) & the British invasion of Zulu territory in January 1879. Cetewayo (King) & the Zulus were decisively defeated at Ulundi in July 1879 & surrendered shortly thereafter (Sept. 1879, I think).

 * also maybe add name of writers who contributed to the propaganda and how the people felt about the war?

 * Dates at start of article need to be fixed, they currently state "...was fought from 16 December 2006 until 23 March 2007..." 02:48, 26 January 2008 (UTC)02:48, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

 * this article is totally muddled in terms of style, grammar and chronology and obviously cobbled together from other articles on south african wars of the 19th century. To be completely rewritten by a competent historian. Billtorbitt (talk) 10:32, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:First Boer War/to do


text:
Talk:Mirror matter/Archive 1

The article was so bad, it should be completely removed. So its done.
 * Egbert, please don't blank pages. If you think an article is inappropriate, it should be deleted via the proper mechanism, Votes for deletion (let me warn you that this is unlikely to succeed, but you can try). Otherwise, please find other venues to fix the article. Thanks. Gadykozma 02:21, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Statement from Nima Arkani-Hamed
I've asked Nima Arkani-Hamed, who is a leader of particle physics today. He answered that these theories are pretty crappy, but also explained me what is exactly doubled. The answer is simple: everything (except for gravity) is doubled. Imagine that there is another brane that looks just like ours, and has a new SU(3) for QCD, and all new copies of all particles of the Standard Model. Then it will interact with us gravitationally only, like other hidden sector theories. If you "fold" a brane, it's an easy way to visualize that the parity can be reverted on the other brane (although there is nothing "better" about the other brane being a mirror image of ours, as opposed to an exact copy). Nima says that these theories have however bad phenomenology - the matter is not "wimpy", i.e. it is not weakly interacting, and it is very efficient in cooling itself down. --Lumidek 15:49, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * For the record, there aren't strong observational limits on the cross sections between dark matter particles. In fact, the DM-DM and DM-baryon cross sections can be close to about 1 barn. Such huge cross sections have been postulated by Paul Steinhardt who, b.t.w. is no less a leader in astroparticle physics than Nima Arkani-Hamed. See also Simp.Count Iblis 21:44, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

This article is nonsense
Let me just say that from a particle physics perspective, this article is a mere nonsense, much like articles on astro-ph section of arxiv.org posted by R. Foot et al. We know exactly what C,P,CP violation mean, and they do not imply anything such as "mirror matter", except for antimatter. One can *add* a whole family of new particles and fields, but they will not be dark as long as they will interact electromagnetically. Electromagnetism does not distinguish "left" and "right". Any particle interacting electromagnetically can be produced at accelerators, and we simply know all such charged particles lighter than 100 GeV or so. If you care, I am an assistant professor of theoretical physics at Harvard. --Lumidek 13:07, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Lumidek, this time I'll change the article — next time just do it yourself. Gadykozma 13:40, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Dear Gadykozma, your edit looks very nice. I did not want to change the article directly before I made a more complete research of the topic. Look at and you will see the articles of Robert Foot from Australia. Robert Foot is probably a guy who often comes to improve this page ;-) - and who also anonymously destroys the pages on supersymmetry, Edward Witten, string theory, and superstring theory from the host 211.28.*.*. ;-) If you look at various articles citing these papers about mirror dark matter, you will see that virtually all of them have either R.Foot or P.Ciarcelluti between their authors, so your term "fringe theory" is justified. Otherwise, dark matter can be made of many different things, and this specific proposal does not seem to be well-justified by particle physics. There is nothing wrong with the P violation, but one can construct GUT-like models whose gauge groups contain the right-handed analogues of SU(2) electroweak. That's all great, but even if we assume that these models are realistic, it is guaranteed experimentally that the exact symmetry between the left and the right groups must be broken, and it is probably broken at a very high scale. It's also very confusing to talk about "mirror baryons". One must decide whether we want to split the SU(3) group of quantum chromodynamics to two different groups. In both cases we get not-quite-the-desired models. I will ask some astroparticle experts around and tell you more.--Lumidek 14:57, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't it be better if a physicist were to change the page, even before researching the topic, than a mathematician with no formal background in physics, based on the same physicist remarks? If you can write a good rebuttle of these theories that would be understandable for, say, a graduate student, and add it to this page, that could be very nice. Gadykozma 15:28, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Older comments
I removed the following text from the article:

 * In recent years experimental evidence for mirror matter has emerged from a variety of sources including direct dark matter detection experiments, anomalous meteorite events, Tunguska event etc.

This sentence seems unwarranted for several reasons.
 * "Direct dark matter detection experiments" have, to my knowledge, produced little more than upper bounds on the various candidates. (For example, after the 1987 Magellanic Cloud supernova, we learned that the neutrino mass is probably too small to make it a plausible primary dark matter constituent.)  If experiments had produced definitive data, then the people in my lab would be out of work.
 * The Tunguska "event" can be explained by a bolide impact. Whether it was a comet or a small asteroid remains an open question, but we hardly need to postulate an entirely unknown form of matter to explain what a lump of ice could already account for.

Anville 16:52, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Removed material
I have removed a large chunk of information about the DAMA experience. I thought it was too detailed for this article and would be better off in the dark matter page. I kept the few relevant links. Gadykozma 01:18, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

On which peer reviewed articles is this comment based on?
''The vast majority of the physicist community rejects this theory. The main arguments against this theory are that mirror matter would need to interact electromagnetically far beyond the observed physical properties of the (still hypothetical) dark matter; and that if mirror matter existed it would have been observed in particle accelerators.''

Utter nonsense. On which peer reviewed articles is this comment based on? I agree that mirror matter theory is not very popular, but that doesn't mean that it is wrong. On the contrary, articles on mirror matter have appeared in peer reviewed journals. If there were any truth in the above quote then that would not have happened.

I will edit this page again. Anyone is allowed to change it, but I urge you to do so on the basis of peer reviewed articles (Phys. Rev. D., Physics letters B, Journal of high energy physics, etc.), and not on the basis of what ill informed laymen are posting on various messageboards.

If you say that physicist John Doe says that Mirror Matter theory is nonsense, then just wait until he publishes a paper proving his assertions. Or why not submit an article to Phys. Rev. D yourself?

Suggested title: Mirror Matter Excluded by Accelerator Experiments

Suggested abstract: We show that experiments from particle accelerators imply that the photon-mirror photon kinetic mixing parameter has to be less than 10^(-10).

Removed last paragraph
I removed the last paragraph, because it was wrong. It is not true that mirror matter would necessarily have to interact with ordinary matter via electromagnetic interactions. Anyone making this assertion has to back that up by giving references to peer reviewed journals. Or if he/she is the first to make this observation, then this result has to be published first.

R. Foot has done some work on mirror matter interactiong with ordinary matter via photon-morror photon kinetic mixing interaction. This mixing has to be very small, less than 10^(-7), and is consistent with all experiments performed so far.

There is simply no way that someone could publish papers in leading peer reviewed journals on theories that are already excluded by experiments.

 * You may edit this page as you like, but the page must reflect the fact that this is a fringe theory. Any edits which try to hide or obfuscate this fact will not satisfy Wikipedia neutrality policy which is "absolute and non-negotiable". I will not go look for articles debunking mirror matter. Articles explicitly debunking fringe theories are very hard to find — you need a professional skeptic for that. As you say yourself — this theory is not very popular — the article must reflect this. Gadykozma 13:51, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your comments are complete nonsense. I will edit it again.

''I will not go look for articles debunking mirror matter. Articles explicitly debunking fringe theories are very hard to find — you need a professional skeptic for that. As you say yourself — this theory is not very popular — the article must reflect this''

As it is written now, it suggests that the theory is fundamentally wrong. This is false. I will include a list of all scientists who have published on mirror matter in the last few years. It is a short list, reflecting that it is not popular.

There are no articles debunking mirror matter. If there were Foot's articles wouldn't have been considered by editors in the first place. Go to the websites of phys. letters B, etc. and read the criterea any article has to meet before it can be consifered for publication.

I removed the suggestion that according to scientist mirror matter theory is nonsense. I did include that mirror matter is not a popular dark matter candidate.

The comments about mirror matter being in conflict with accelerator experiments are wrong, and I removed that.

Fringe theory?
Mirror Matter theory may be a fringe theory, but it is not shown to be in conflict with experiment. If that were the case then no articles on this theory would be accepted for publication in leading journals such as Phys. Rev. D, Phys. Lett. B, etc.

[http://prd.aps.org/info/polprocd.html Editorial policy at Phys. Rev. D]

 * Please do not copy large blocks of text from outside sources into Wikipedia. This is a copyright violation. Everything you post on Wikipedia must be yours to publish under the terms of the GFDL. See Copyrights. Gadykozma 15:26, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Suggestions for improvement
Models in which mirror symmetry is broken should also be mentioned. In this case the mirror particles are heavier than ordinary particles. I suggest people who want to do that to read articles by Mohapatra et al. and then to write a non-technical summary. Useful articles:

Mirror Matter MACHOs

Mirror Dark Matter and Core Density of Galaxies

Mirror Dark Matter

title: Talk:Mirror matter/Archive 1


text:
User:Stbalbach/Notes

Random Notes to myself.. ongoing thoughts.

Expert's rate Wikipedia. A recent study found that experts rate Wikipedia articles higher than non-experts. People who know something about an article topic before hand typically give it higher praise than someone who doesn't know anything about the subject. This is true in my experience. What this means is people who know nothing about a topic have to judge how trustworthy it is based on factors other than content - and since the content is written by "anyone", we don't trust it as much. But if we already know something about the subject, we are better prepared to evaluate it. Which makes me wonder, what audience are we writing Wikipedia for, other people who already know about the subject? -- Stbalbach 13:01, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Art and other "soft" topics. Came across this great quote: Wikipedia's weakest areas — art and law, for example — demand contextual analysis and interpretive finesse, areas that are typically the domain of individual scholars. - Indeed. How often I have seen "interpretive finesse" passages later deleted by otherwise well-meaning editors. Stbalbach 03:34, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Appeal to authority. At Wikipedia we are taught not to appeal to authority, so that statements such as "One of the greatest works in world literature" should be phrased instead "according to John Expert, one of the greatest works in world literature (citation)." This makes sense much of the time, but sometimes it achieves just the opposite. Rather than clarifying a statement, it dilutes and muddles it, giving the impression that other experts may have opposing views (kind of like global warming in the press which gives equal weight to the skeptics even though they are a tiny minority and not mainstream). I recently entered into a debate on this very statement in The Divine Comedy .. an editor thought that calling it one of the greatest works of World Literature was POV (specifically an appeal to authority). At first I assumed the editor was just being a stickler for the rules in a game playing kind of way, but eventually after showing him a cited quote from Google Books (it's not that hard to find many experts who hold this view), he backed off and said "I had never even heard of The Divine Comedy before reading this article", and thus inferred, because he had personally never heard of it, it must not be that great! This has not been an isolated case. Many canonical works in Wikipedia contain "greatest" or some such subjective but commonly held descriptor that often get removed by junior editors who don't personally hold those same views (out of ignorance and not experience) and thus assume it must be a POV statement - in this way Wikipedia slowly degenerates as contextual subjective information is silently removed by editors without the age or experience to know better. From this perspective I understand what is meant by the anti-expert cult of Wikipedia. -- Stbalbach 17:32, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Context A recent essay on Wikipedia discussed the contexual problem of Wikipedia, best known as the problem of anonymous authorship and the "public restroom" analogy (you never know who was there last). What Wikipedia lacks in author context, it makes up for in content context. For example reading the biography one of the early modern authors, such as W. B. Yeats, it is possible to find out who his friends and influences were, and by way of the network of links within Wikipedia, quickly come to grasp the entire scope of important authors and any important sub-themes. This kind of quick navigation provides the flexibility that "hard" copy lacks. Stbalbach 02:34, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Drive-by editors The concept doest need much explanation for anyone who has been around Wikipedia long enough. It is essentially traveling a high speed hitting articles all over the map with various stream of conscious edits. Often they are good, other times they are not. Typically one can tell a drive by editor by the lack of integration of the new text in to the overall context of the article narrative (ie. the driver is reading the words but not conceptually understanding the whole narrative theme of the article, bizzare or unusual or non-standard facts and ideas, chopping up a narrative and making the text that much more of a gumbo soup to untangle ensuring the "typical" readers eyes (who is probably a 16 year old working on his high school paper) will gloss over in incomprehension). I suspect stimulants such as coffee may be involved. This brings up a bigger concept and that is Wikipedia is actually I-95 (or whatever congested high-speed major Interstate you love to hate). Essentially we all have to respect the other drivers while also ensuring our own respect is maintained. Everyone has different strategies and for sure there are some fast drivers around but the old saying goes, slow and steady we get there when we get there. It's the journey that counts. --04:43, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia is the message. If Wikipedia were printed it would be over 600 encyclopedia size volumes. Luckily, Wikipedia is not a book and there are no physical restrictions. The organization of the article, the organization, is the message of Wikipedia, the organization is the message of the medium. Networks of links, networks of ideas, networks of authors; with Wikipedia it is not the physical book restrictions that creates the message of the article, it is the networking and links inside the article that creates the message. The links are the message of Wikipedia. Stbalbach 18:13, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

A new way of thlinking. Articles can be about very defined topics, and unlike the book versions doesn't need to economize space by covering multiple topics in one article. In this way, every Wiki article can clarify and better define a subject, and be a jumping off point to many others creating relationships and networks that reveal new ways of understanding. It changes in essence how one thinks. Just as oral story tellers have diffrent modes of thinking, Wikipedians have a new way of thinking that trancends the linear single-voice book method. Wikipedia is not a single voice, nor is there authenticity, nor is it static. It is a fundamental change, for both good and bad.Stbalbach 04:27, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The coming tsunami. The Library of Congress contains 26MM books. Imagine when (not if) these books come on-line and are fully searchable. This of course is just the tip as countries around the world do the same. There are allready millions of books online and more coming every day as digital scanning robots bring the costs down to create virtual libraries. How does the square book fit in the round hole of the net when the link is the message? A book on-line is the same as a Wiki article cut and paste from EBritannica 1911, it is an end link without the benefit of links. The digitization costs and copyright issues are just the start, 500 years of printed material awaits some form of Wikification. Also how does one absorb so much information, the challenge becomes classification and recommendation. Organization of the data is the message. Stbalbach 00:43, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Google has announced they plan on digitizeing books from a number of libraries, including 7 million from the University of Michigan. The plan is to put the full-text of expired copyright books online, while only allowing searches of the copyrighted books (similair to the Amazon books database). However, one minor fact buried in all the hub-bub is that Google plans on having full access to footnotes and bibliographies of all the books it scans -- these are the original hyperlinks, and once they are in a database, it is possible to create page rankeings based on the number of cites! It's absolutely brilliant, it will now be possible to determain which works are important in the sea of millions of books. Google will be the only one with access to this database, and it will give them the competitive edge not only in search engines, but in libraries and dare I say the University systems at large. Instead of relying on a professor with 30 years of knowledge to recite the most imporant works on the history of Petrarch, it will be possible to refrence 50 million bibliographies and rank the Petrarch bibliography and footnote cites and list it by the greatest number of citations, in effect turning Google in to a kind of expert librarian and professor on any topic. I can't wait. --Stbalbach 07:04, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The Long Tail. One of the criticisms of Wikipedia is that articles are not up to professional standards. Indeed if one were to compare the Wiki entry on George Washington against any number of professionally done encyclopedia articles it will be true. There have probably been thousands of encyclopedia-like article writen about Washington over the years and the space is very competitive and crowded, there are some truely well done encyclopedia articles writen about the "big topics" and Wikipedia is not up to those standards because of its design by committe methodology. However, Wiki has the The Long Tail. If 400,000 subjects were ordered on a bar chart according to popularity of number of encyclopedias that write about them, with the most common on the left and the least common going to the right, the graph would have a large bubble to the left with a tail tappering off to the right. Once past the first 50,000 or so subjects, the popularity rateing would flat-line to around 1 to 3 and stay that way till the end, and thus this is the "long tail" that Wikipedia covers. The same phenomenon can be used to describe movie rentals at Blockbuster where they only carry the first big bubble but neglect the long tail of millions of other existing movies. Or Libraries that carry the most popular books (1 million or so) but neglect the other 99 million books in existence. This is the long tail. Because Wikipedias strength is with the long tail and not the mainstream, for the less popular subjects there is a proportionally greater value added to Wikipedia. Contrary to common sense, the total volume and interest of the least popular articles far exceeds that of the popular articles. The Long Tail. This is the exact opposite of a commercial encyclopedia which finds strength with the more popular and mainstream articles. Stbalbach 17:22, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The Death of Imagination

As a regular contributor to Wikipedia I often read the "What's New" page which is a chronological list of all the new articles being posted. It really is an amazing second by second spanshot of what topics people are interested in, it would be fertile ground for a socioligical study of popular trends and interests. Once you get past the joke articles-- one liners that say "Rulez D00D!"-- it quickly becomes apparent that, instead of writing about normal encyclopedic topics on things such, well, real life, a vast number of articles are describing fantasy worlds.

For example, there is a video game called "Halo" which, although I have never seen it, it is supposed to be very popular. Judgeing from the Wikipedia articles it is also very detailed and elaborate with articles on the "Munch Cruncher" a 4-ton steel tank (I made this up, but you get the idea), and so on. The authors of the articles write in the standard Wikipedia NPOV style which makes the game and the world seem even more real, as if they are reporting on a real world with real items and real events and Wikipedia was part of the fantasy world and not the other way around.

Of course these are kids, teenagers and young adults, I was one once also spending years fixated on the fantasy worlds created by others just as they are - and if Wikipedia was around at the time, I would have also used the forum to help make what was real in my imagination real in the "real world" of Wikipedia.

Yet, I am left wondering, if fantasy and imagination is the ability to express what "could be", yet that expression never takes form in the real world, what happens? Certainly the imagination of a world as envisioned by Halo is highly seductive and attractive (in particular to teenagers smoothered by boundires and rules). If the purpose of fantasy and imagination is to help create somthing in reality, what happens when dreams never come true? Eventually, dreams, and Imagination, die.

Dreams do die, we all have dreams that never come true. Then we find new dreams and, hopefully, more attainable and real ones that can come true. But some dreams do die, the dreamworld of Halo is nothing but dead imagination. It should be no surprise that is a dream world created around death and destruction.

--Stbalbach 19:13, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Stbalbach/Notes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Demomotus

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was Deleted

Demomotus
This is a complete joke. There never was such a person, nor any belief that there was such a person. All 87 Google hits are Wikipedia mirrors, except for a few livejournal entries written by this person: http://poormattie.livejournal.com/2002/09/23/. I find it shocking that 87 joke entries can make their way onto the Internet mirrors before anyone notices. func(talk) 16:53, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * See also the messages at the reference desk about this subject. Sietse 17:00, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete for lack of references. It seems this is a hoax. That sucks :(. Thue | talk 17:09, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Was Demomotus really a presocratic Greek philosopher? (From the reference desk)
I recently came across an article about Demomotus. According to the article, he was a presocratic Greek philosopher. The article doesn't provide any references however, and it was written by a single user who has only contributed for one day. I also couldn't find anything about Demomotus on google, except for content that (apparently) is mirrored from Wikipedia. I also can't find any references in the index of Plato's complete works, who (according to the article) was influenced by him.

Can anyone who knows more about the subject confirm that this article is not a hoax? Sietse 15:32, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * This has a funny odor to it. A verbatim copy of this is here, although it is hard to say which came first as that has zero info about it. I suspect that site merely copied the WP article without attribution, but it could be the other way around. In any case, this article is in serious need of cleanup and verification. I added a note to Talk:Pre-Socratic philosophy asking for folks more knowledgeable in the area to look at it. older ≠ wiser 16:02, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * This article appears to be entirely bogus. There is no mention of the subject in the online Britannica, xreferplus or The Times digital archive 1785-1985. I added a "disputed" tag. --Heron 16:45, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The "insane" tag would have been more appropriate. ("The sanity of this article is disputed.") Delete. - Mike Rosoft 13:39, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I took the liberty of placing this on Votes for Deletion. It is complete nonsense. func(talk) 16:57, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Delete: Name is Greek/Latin "people way." The set up is the wind up to a punchline. Lempriere has never heard of him. The philosophy is supposed to be stupid, and yet it's a secret. All the marks of a joke. Geogre 21:29, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, a hoax; name is mixed Greek and Latin. Probably too long for BJAODN.  Smerdis of Tlön 04:16, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Do not worry, I already included a longer piece of nonsense. - Mike Rosoft 13:39, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

An anon has made a major content change to the article. Earlier, I reverted it, thinking it was troll-ish, but he discussed it on the talk page, so I'm assuming good faith on his part. (and now I'm seriously going to bed) func(talk) 05:47, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep in its current form. If the note that this is a hoax is removed, the original article may be copied back from mirrors a few months from now. By the way, the guy has almost become a kind of celebrity: 91 google hits, articles in a few encyclopedia's... It's also a good example of how Wikipedia's informal 'quality control' sometimes fails (or at least works very slow). Sietse 07:33, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) I have it on my watchlist, so I will notice and delete it if it reappears. 2) It is not notable because it propagates automatically to a few mirrors. 3) If someone wants to point out that wikipedia has poor 'quality control' then he can write it somewhere outside the main article namespace. Thue | talk 08:20, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Okay, so then it is not a problem that the article might reappear. I also agree that comments about the accuracy of Wikipedia are probably better made outside the main namespace (which could link to the hoax article though). But I still think that a note saying that it is a hoax is useful to people who have read the article on other encyclopedia websites and are looking for more information. Sietse 09:57, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I am not convinced the hoax is notable enough to keep. A google search for the name just gives wikipedia mirrors. There are no mentions at google groups. Since nobody ever mentioned him on the internet apart from wikipedia mirrors I am therefore inclined to think not many people really read it, and I am inclined to just delete it and forget it. Thue | talk 10:53, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Delete. Not notable. Josh Cherry 14:32, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Somewhere, User:Nolnfo is laughing. Keep as a reminder of our weaknesses.  Fishal 04:18, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: nonnotable hoax. Wile E. Heresiarch 08:04, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Baroque musicians

title: Category:Baroque musicians