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Want Two

Want Two is the fourth album by American-Canadian singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright. The album was released on November 16, 2004. Four of the tracks on this album were released in the summer of 2004 as the EP Waiting for a Want on the iTunes music store.

Want Two is, according to Wainwright, the darker sibling of 2003's Want One – its subject matter concerned with "the world we live in" (RW Geffen Bio) after Want One's focus on the intensely personal. The artist's song selections here show his range to be broad, veering from romantic ballad ("Peach Trees") to tragic ballad ("This Love Affair"), sophisticated pop ("The One You Love") to third person/first person narrative lament ("The Art Teacher"), personal tongue in cheek manifesto ("Gay Messiah"), to a classical pop hybrid written about Jeff Buckley ("Memphis Skyline") and songs beyond category. "Agnus Dei" is used in the trailer for the 2007 film Trade.

Mother Kate McGarrigle and aunt Anna (McGarrigle) both perform and sing on "Hometown Waltz". Anohni of 2005 Mercury Prize winners Antony and the Johnsons sings lead vocal alongside Wainwright on "Old Whore's Diet". The initial UK version of the record contains bonus live tracks, "Coeur de Parisienne – Reprise d'Arletty" and "Quand vous mourrez de nos amours" (written by French Canadian songwriter Gilles Vigneault).

Legacy
The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Track listing

 * 1) "Agnus Dei" – 5:45
 * 2) "The One You Love" – 3:44
 * 3) "Peach Trees" – 5:59
 * 4) "Little Sister" – 3:22
 * 5) "The Art Teacher" – 3:51
 * 6) "Hometown Waltz" – 2:33
 * 7) "This Love Affair" – 3:13
 * 8) "Gay Messiah" – 3:14
 * 9) "Memphis Skyline" – 4:51
 * 10) "Waiting for a Dream" – 4:14
 * 11) "Crumb by Crumb" – 4:13
 * 12) "Old Whore's Diet" – 9:09

Bonus tracks

 * 1) "Coeur de Parisienne — Reprise d'Arletty" (live) (UK & EU bonus track) – 2:46
 * 2) "Quand vous mourez de nos amours" (live) (UK bonus track) – 3.23
 * 3) "Chelsea Hotel, No. 2" (live) (bonus track on Want) – 3:47
 * 4) "In with the Ladies" (bonus track on Want) – 3:52

Live at the Fillmore DVD

 * 1) "DVD Intro" – 1:26
 * 2) "L'Absence" – 4:00
 * 3) "14th Street" – 4:33
 * 4) "Harvester of Hearts" – 3:41
 * 5) "Natasha" – 3:24
 * 6) "The Art Teacher" – 3:34
 * 7) "Hallelujah" – 4:22
 * 8) "Matinee Idol" – 2:58
 * 9) "Vibrate" – 3:17
 * 10) "Gay Messiah" – 4:17
 * 11) "Want" – 5:27
 * 12) "Greek Song" – 3:52
 * 13) "Foolish Love" – 5:35
 * 14) "I Don't Know What It Is" – 5:40
 * 15) "Dinner at Eight" – 5:00
 * 16) "Beautiful Child" – 6:28
 * 17) "Oh What a World" – 4:13
 * 18) "Liberty Cabbage" – 4:56
 * 19) "California" – 3:28
 * 20) "As in Happy" – 3:40
 * 21) "DVD Credits" – 1:35

Personnel

 * Rufus Wainwright – voice (1–12), piano (1–7,9,10), additional vocals (2,3,8,11), acoustic guitar (2,3,8,11), keyboards (11), orchestral arrangements (1,4,7,9–11)
 * Sophie Solomon – violin (1)
 * Pit Hermans – cimbalom (1)
 * Marius de Vries – keyboards (1,10,11), vibraphone (3,9), programming (2–4,8–11), orchestral arrangements (1,4,7,9–11)
 * Isobel Griffiths – orchestra contractor (1,4,9,11), horn contractor (5,10)
 * Gavyn Wright – orchestral leader (1,4,9,11)
 * Martha Wainwright – additional vocals (2,3,6,8,12), violin (6)
 * Gerry Leonard – electric guitar (2,3), guitars (9)
 * Charlie Sexton – electric guitar (2,3)
 * Jeff Hill – bass (2,3,8–12), additional vocals (12)
 * Levon Helm – drums (2)
 * Roberto Rodriguez – percussion (3)
 * Sterling Campbell – drums (3,9)
 * Matt Johnson – drums (3,8)
 * Kate McGarrigle – additional vocals (6), banjo (6)
 * Anna McGarrigle – additional vocals (6), accordion (6)
 * Lily Lanken – additional vocals (6), recorder (6)
 * Brad Albetta – bass guitar (6)
 * Maxim Moston – violin (7,10,12), concertmaster (7,10), orchestral arrangements (1,4,7,9–11)
 * Antoine Silverman – violin (7,10)
 * Joan Wasser – violin (7,10), viola (12)
 * Julianne Klopotic – violin (7,10)
 * Vivienne Kim – violin (7,10)
 * Fiona Murray – violin (7,10)
 * Cenovia Cummins – violin (7,10)

 * Christopher Cardona – violin (7,10)
 * Danielle Farina – viola (7,10)
 * Alison Gordon – viola (7,10)
 * Eric Hammelman – viola (7,10)
 * Kathryn Lockwood – viola (7,10)
 * Anja Wood – cello (7,10)
 * Jane Scarpantoni – cello (7,10)
 * Julia Kent – cello (7,10,12)
 * Carlo Pellettieri – cello (7,10)
 * Troy Rinker Jr – bass guitar (7,10)
 * Alexandra Knoll – oboe (7)
 * David Sapadin – clarinet (7)
 * Daniel Shelly – bassoon (7)
 * Teddy Thompson – additional vocals (8,12)
 * Jenni Muldaur – additional vocals (8)
 * Suzzy Roche – additional vocals (8)
 * Leona Naess – additional vocals (11)
 * David Theodore – oboe (11)
 * Rob Burger – Hammond organ (11)
 * Gina Gershon – Jew's harp (11)
 * Antony – voice (12)
 * Julianna Raye – additional vocals (12)
 * Roger Greenawalt – ukulele (12), banjo (12)
 * Steven Wolf – djembe (12), tambourine (12), additional programming (12)
 * Alexis Smith – programming (2–4,8–11)
 * Van Dyke Parks – orchestral arrangements (1,4,7,9–11)
 * Jack McKeever – engineer

Awards

 * rowspan=2|2005 || rowspan=2|Want Two || GLAAD Media Award – Outstanding Music Artist || Nominated
 * Juno Award – Adult Alternative Album of the Year || Nominated
 * Juno Award – Adult Alternative Album of the Year || Nominated
 * Juno Award – Adult Alternative Album of the Year || Nominated

title: Want Two


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Brenninkmeijer family

Brenninkmeijer (Brenninkmeyer) is a Roman Catholic Dutch, German and Swiss family of manufacturers, which own an international chain of clothing stores. Originally the family came from Tecklenburger Land (Westphalia), selling linen in Friesland in the Netherlands. In 1840 two members of the family founded C&A company in Sneek. Their descendants discovered the potential of the stock of produced ready-made garment. Today, the family owns the Cofra Holding AG, based in Switzerland which in turn controls the C&A fashion business, a private equity company, a real estate fund and two banks. The company focuses its efforts on real estate, sustainable energy and financial services.

19th century
From the end of the 18th century, several Brenninkmeyers lived in Sneek, where Herman and his son Andreas founded a company. They were seasonal wandering merchants (peddlers), but forced by juridical restrictions to settle. Around 1835 they were assisted by their relatives Clemens and August from Mettingen (and surroundings). In 1841, Clemens and August founded a company (C&A) and stocked their goods in a warehouse, eliminating the need to travel. Around 1853 Clemens lived in Mettingen and August in Sneek, at a distance of 200 km to the NW. This small town in the north of the Netherlands became the location of their first shop in 1860; selling linen and cotton fabrics, sheets, bedding but also complete wedding suites. (Clothing manufacturers were the first sewing machine customers, and used them to produce the first ready-to-wear clothing.) In 1881 a branch was opened in Leeuwarden, and in 1893 and 1896 in Amsterdam; the possibility to buy on credit was abolished and the company started to sell menswear. In 1897, the family stopped to go peddling. Meanwhile more relatives arrived from Mettingen as apprentices. A carefully designed rulebook ‘Unitas’ ensured that Brenninkmeyer sons and daughters enter the business in leadership positions at an early age, guaranteeing that the company was fully controlled by the family.

20th century

Bernard Joseph Brenninkmeijer (Mettingen 1871 - Rome 1945), the youngest son of Clemens, is considered to be the father of the C&A formula. He started discounting in Amsterdam (Rekenen in Centen, in plaats van Procenten). In 1906 he repositioned the company which was the first step towards future years of exceptional successes. In his store in Amsterdam, he was one of the world's first discounters, introducing fixed prices. Instead of using a customary "keystone" gross margin of 50% he only asked for 25% or less. His insight: "you could cut your profit mark-up dramatically. Even with much a lower margin, the far greater volume of sales would still boost the bottom line profit. This major innovation has had a great impact on people's thinking within all C&A companies even to this very day."

By 1910 there were ten stores in the Netherlands, also in Groningen and Rotterdam. In 1911, the company opened the first German store in Berlin, managed by Clemens (1862-1938). In 1922, the company started a store in Oxford Street. During WWII the company profited from (expropriated) Jewish real estate and Ostarbeiter; after the war from the economic boom. The first store in the USA was opened in 1948. In 1967 C&A cooperated with Twiggy as designer; shops were opened in Belgium. In the 1970s the expansion of C&A went on: also Switzerland, France, Spain and Japan were added as markets. In 1981, Yves Saint Laurent and Karl Lagerfeld worked for C&A. In the 1990s the company opened shops in Portugal and Mexico.

According to NRC Handelsblad, the family also financed the establishment of the CDA and the Pope's arrival in the Netherlands in 1985. The Brenninkmeijers have meanwhile donated more than a billion euros to the Catholic church. Since 1995, the Brenninkmeijers' philanthropic activities have been managed more centrally via Porticus and Benevolentia. Until the mid-nineties only male descendants in a direct line of Clemens and August Brenninkmeijer could become shareholders.

21st century

C&A is an apparel company with headquarters in Vilvoorde and Düsseldorf. In 2017 it operated approximately 1,575 stores in 18 European countries. These companies are linked through the Cofra group, based in Zug, a tax haven in Switzerland. The company closed its stores in the United Kingdom and Denmark in 2000. In the 21st century many new stores have been opened in Eastern Europe countries. The company has also opened stores in China (2007). C&A-Online launched in Germany in 2008. Across their businesses, the Brenninkmeyers employ more than 35,000 people worldwide.

For a period of time Eastern Mountain Sports, Steinbach, Ohrbach's, Maurices, Miller's Outpost and others were owned through the American Retail Group. In the 1980s and 1990s, they owned the Comark group in Canada, which included Bretton's department stores, Clark Shoes and Collacut luggage stores. The Canadian operations were sold in 2005 to KarpReilly, LLC of Greenwich, Connecticut.

In 2009, the Brenninkmeijer family founded the Draiflessen Collection in Mettingen. In 2016 Kai Bosecker published his "Family Businesses as a Phenomenon: Insights" that the family had commissioned into the role of C&A during the Nazi regime. Mark Spoerer published "C&A. Ein Familienunternehmen in Deutschland, den Niederlanden und Großbritannien 1911–1961". The Brenninkmeijers practise philanthropy (10% of the profit) through at least 58 foundations around the world. C&A Brazil went public.

In 2011, Jean-Louis Brenninkmeijer founded Little Canada. A Toronto-based organization constructing a miniature model of Canada.

In 2015, Bregal Partners, an arm of Cofra Holding, began investing in the fishing industry of the United States. The firm owns stake in Seattle-based American Seafoods and Blue Harvest Fisheries in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Blue Harvest Fisheries is the single largest groundfish permit holder in New England.

In 2017, Alain Caparros succeeded Philippe Brenninkmeijer as CEO of C&A Europe; he was the first non-family member at the helm of the company. In 2019 the CEO Post for C&A Europe was held by Edward Brenninkmeijer; in 2021 by Giny Boer, the first woman at the top. Meanwhile C&A sold its Mexico and China businesses to local investors.

Fortune
In addition to textile retailer C&A, the Brenninkmeijers own and control several companies in the private equity, real estate and financial services industries. named Anthos Fund & Asset Management, Redevco, and Bregal. Through their investment vehicles, they have stake in two of the largest fishing companies on each coast of the United States.

Notable members
The family seems to have 12 branches and 500 members. Albert Brenninkmeijer (born 1974), married Princess Carolina of Bourbon-Parma, a cousin of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, on 21 April 2012 in Wijk bij Duurstede.

From 1988 to 2011, Mother Theresa Brenninkmeyer was the prioress, later abbess, of a convent in Sostrup Castle (Denmark).

Two family members have entered the entertainment industry, producer Stephan Brenninkmeijer and actor Philippe Brenninkmeyer.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brenninkmeijer family


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Ateneo de Davao University

Ateneo de Davao University (AdDU; Pamantasang Ateneo de Davao) is a private Catholic basic and higher education institution, run by the Philippine Province of the Society of Jesus in Davao City, Davao del Sur, Philippines. It was established in 1948 when the Jesuits took over the administration of the diocesan school, St. Peter's Parochial School. The Jesuits renamed the school to "Ateneo de Davao" after taking control. At that time, the Jesuits named all the schools that they were opening "Ateneo." Ateneo de Davao is the seventh school in the country to be named as Ateneo by the Jesuits. The university has five undergraduate schools, namely; the School of Arts and Sciences, School of Business and Governance, School of Engineering and Architecture, School of Education and the School of Nursing. The graduate programs are under these units as well. The College of Law is a separate unit within the university. The university also runs a grade school and high school, both Junior High and Senior High.

The university was granted "Institutional Accreditation" by the Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities in which only six universities in the country were given such recognition, and was also granted Autonomous Status by the Commission on Higher Education (Philippines).

History
At the request of Bishop Luis del Rosario, S.J., of the Archdiocese of Zamboanga, which then included the Davao region, the Jesuit fathers took over St. Peter's Parochial School and founded the Ateneo de Davao in 1948. The founding fathers were led by Fr. Theodore E. Daigler S.J., who became the first rector of the school. The other founding Jesuits were Alfredo Paguia S.J., Grant Quinn S.J., Scholastics James Donelan S.J. and Rodolfo Malasmas S.J. On May 20, 1948, Ateneo de Davao was registered with the SEC (SEC Registration No. 3467) as a non-stock, non-profit, education institution.

When the Ateneo de Davao formally opened on June 28, 1948, it offered grades V and VI and 1st to 3rd year high school. There were 71 elementary students and 131 high school students who started in a wooden building on a six-hectare lot in Matina.

The Jacinto campus (3.5 hectares) was acquired in 1951 with the support of the Most Rev. Clovis Thibault, P.M.E., Bishop-Prelate of Davao. The campus provided classrooms for high school students in the daytime and college courses in the evenings. College course offerings then were liberal arts, commerce, education, associate in arts, pre-law, secretarial and an elementary teacher's certificate program. The College Department opened in July 1951 with 130 male students. College classes were held in the wooden Bellarmine Hall. In 1953, the Ateneo de Davao College became co-educational. By then, there were nine collegiate course programs offered.

Ateneo De Davao became one of the centres of student activism in Mindanao during the Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos period. Some people would later be added to the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani Wall of Remembrance, which honours victims of the resistance against the authoritarian government of Ferdinand Marcos.

University campuses

The university operates in three campuses in Davao City, all housing research and academic units. The 4-hectare campus nestled between Roxas Avenue and Jacinto Street is the metropolitan or "downtown" campus as it is situated in the central business district of the city. When it was acquired in 1951, the site was only 3.5 hectares. In 2012, an adjacent 5,000 square meter lot (0.5 hectare) was added to the existing campus. The undergraduate and graduate schools, and the College of Law are housed in this campus and have a combined student population of around 8,000.

The grade school and high school units are located in a 7.2-hectare campus in the Matina district, a residential area south of the downtown district. The Matina campus was originally a 6-hectare lot, and an adjacent 1.2 hectare lot was added to the campus in 2012. In June 2018, the Senior High School opened in Bangkal district. At four hectares, this campus features four school buildings and one administration building with 4 storeys each.

Academic institutions
The Ateneo de Davao's academic programs include the humanities, education, accounting, business, law, social sciences, philosophy, nursing, social work, theology, biology, chemistry, mathematics, environmental science, computer science and information technology, engineering, architecture, public administration, anthropology, Islamic studies, sociology, economics and political science. The university also heavily engages itself in research and community social involvement.

School of Arts and Sciences
The School of Arts and Sciences (SAS) was opened in 1951 with 130 students enrolled in various offerings, namely: liberal arts, commerce, education, associate in arts, pre-law, secretarial, and elementary teacher's certificate program. In subsequent years, other college programs were added. After the school obtained university status in 1977, the list of programs was further expanded.

Currently, the SAS offers different degree programs both at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The SAS is subdivided into four clusters: Computer Studies, Humanities and Letters, Natural Sciences and Mathematics, and Social Sciences.

School of Business and Governance
The undergraduate business courses of the Ateneo de Davao University were under the School of Arts and Sciences; the MBA, MPA and MAN programs were under the graduate business programs and the MPA-GA program was under the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. In an effort to have all the business courses integrated, the AdDU School of Business & Governance (SBG) was formed.

The SBG was launched on April 1, 2000. Under its aegis are accountancy, business management, entrepreneurship, human resource development and management, finance, accounting technology, marketing and graduate business programs as well as support programs in computer literacy and research and extension offices.

School of Nursing
The university began offering a master's degree program in Nursing Administration in the 1970s. It opened an undergraduate nursing program in 2001. The program started under the auspices of the Natural Sciences and Math Division, and eventually became the School of Nursing (SON).

In 2009, the Commission on Higher Education (CHEd) released a list of the top 20 nursing schools in the Philippines that have met the standards set by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). The School of Nursing of the Ateneo de Davao University was in the 18th place of the Top 20 Nursing Schools in the Philippines.

School of Engineering and Architecture
In school year 2010–2011, the Board of Trustees approved the separation of the Engineering and Architecture divisions from the School of Arts and Sciences, and the creation of its own college. Randell U. Espina was appointed as its first dean. The board approved the shift from CEA to School of Engineering and Architecture (SEA), beginning June 1, 2012

Currently, SEA offers ten programs: Architecture, Aerospace Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Electronics and Communications Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Robotics Engineering.

In 2011, AdDU was adjudged the seventh best engineering school in the country. This ranking was derived from the average of the school's ratings in the licensure examinations in the five engineering fields of Electrical, Mechanical, Chemical, Civil and Electronics & Communications Engineering. The Ateneo de Davao was also ranked as the 4th best Architecture school in the country. This was also based on the passing percentage rates of the school on board examinations administered by the Professional Regulation Commission for Architecture in three consecutive years.

School of Education
During the school year 2012–2013, the board approved the separation of the Education program from the Social Science Division as part of the reorganization of the School of Arts and Sciences in order to create the School of Education (SOE). Gina L. Montalan is the school's first appointed dean. The current Dean of the SOE is Annabel J. Casumpa.

The SOE offers the following programs: Bachelor of Elementary Education (Generalist and Pre-School) and Bachelor of Secondary Education with majors in English, Math, Physical Sciences, Social Studies, and Biological Sciences.

The Ateneo de Davao University's Teacher Education is also recognized by the Commission on Higher Education as a Center of Development.

College of Law
In June 1961, then-Rector Rev. Hudson Mitchell, S.J. established the College of Law. The first graduates took the bar examinations in 1965. Atty. Leon M. Garcia, Jr. was Dean for the period 1961–63. He was succeeded by Epifanio Estrellado who held the deanship for 27 years. In 1990, Atty. Hildegardo F. Iñigo, one of the first graduates of the College of Law and faculty member since 1967, assumed the position of dean.

According to the Supreme Court of the Philippines, the AdDU College of Law is the fifth best law school in the country.

The present dean of the College of Law is Atty. Manuel P. Quibod, who is also the university's legal counsel.

Basic education units
The government mandated K12 basic education program was implemented in the university starting in school year 2012–2013.

Senior High School
The Senior High School covers three areas based on disciplines similar to college courses which are all Academic: Accountancy, Business & Management (ABM), Science Technology Engineering & Mathematics (STEM), and Humanities & Social Sciences (HUMSS). These areas allow students to choose the strand where they can prepare for college.

The first two school years of the Senior High School which began in June 2016, was temporarily held in the college campus in Jacinto while the permanent and current site was being constructed in Bangkal. In June 2018, with the new campus 90% complete, formal classes were already held in this new location.

The SHS is headed by the Director, Ricardo P. Enriquez, MPA. Its Assistant Principal for Formation is Fr. Jessel Gerard "JBoy" M. Gonzales, SJ.

Junior high school
The Junior High School (JHS) Unit's incumbent principal Camila V. Samblaceño assumed the post on April 1, 2020, replacing Fr. Michael I. Pineda, S.J. after his nine years of service in the campus.

The JHS library is housed on the second floor of the administration building. It also has a Student Development Center which supports the educative process through by controlling and directing student activities. Some of the goals of the center are incorporated in the academic curriculum which include individual analysis of the student, information and career development, individual counseling, and the conduct of regular psychological educational classes. Another support service in the JHS is the Instructional Media Center (IMC) which aims to provide an environment that facilitates academic excellence and the formation of Christian values. The IMC has a collection of print and audio-visual materials such as books, magazines, records, videotapes and other resources.

As part of the Jesuit educational tradition, the JHS also provides religious formation programs, such as the Christian Service and Learning Program (CSLP, formerly called CSIP), by sending its students to other communities in order to immerse themselves in the environment. The academic curriculum also includes a Christian Life Education (CLE) program. CLE courses, which are spread over four years, aim to produce Ateneo graduates who embodies the Jesuit values of being men and women for others and who can be catalysts for social transformation while living life with informed Christian perspectives.

The JHS classifies its students into honors (St. Francis Xavier) and general sections (St. John Berchmans - general section in 7th, 9th and 10th Grade and honors class in the 8th Grade, St. Robert Bellarmine, St. Francis Borgia, St. Peter Canisius, St. Edmund Campion, St. Noel Chabanel (7th Grade), St. Peter Favre, St. Aloysius Gonzaga, St. Isaac Jogues, St. Stanislaus Kostka, St. Joseph Pignatelli, St. John Francis Regis). Students entering the 7th Grade are all placed in regular sections. Starting with the 8th Grade, they are academically evaluated and ranked in order to determine the composition of the batch's honors class. The latter's curriculum is more advanced and rigorous. For instance, the math curriculum of the honors class has additional competencies such as analytic geometry (8th Grade), trigonometry (9th Grade), and calculus (10th Grade)

Grade School
The Ateneo de Davao Grade School is housed, along with the Junior high school in the Matina Campus. The grade school's Wellness and Testing Center (WTC, formerly SDC or Student Development Center) offers integral student development programs. The Instructional Media Center (IMC) is the information center of the Grade School. The Ateneo Education for Elementary Gifted Student (Ateneo EDGES) Program caters to pupils who are gifted in English, Science, and Math.

Library system
The library system of the Ateneo de Davao University comprises several libraries housed in the 3 campuses. The main library of the tertiary level is located in Gisbert Hall, in the Jacinto Campus. The main library has four levels and mainly serves the School of Arts and Sciences, School of Business and Governance, and the College of Nursing. The first level of the main library accommodates the space for the study area, newly processed books, general circulation books, CD-ROM library, PROQUEST, and the Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC). The second level contains the Union Card Catalog and the Graduate and Reserved Sections which contain theses, dissertations, and other studies that are requested by the members of the faculty for their classes. The third level includes the Reference and Filipiniana Library and a self-regulating computer library for the students. The fourth level houses the Periodical Library which provides a vast collection of current and retrospective newspapers, magazines, and journals.

The Law School and School of Business and Governance Graduate Library is located on the fifth floor of the Dotterweich building. Its collection largely caters to law students and graduate students who are enrolled in the Master of Arts in Business Administration (MBA), Master in Public Administration (MPA) and Doctor in Business Administration (DBA) programs.

The Faculty Resource Center (FRC) is located on the second level of Finster Hall. The resources in the FRC are exclusively used by the faculty members of the university. It also contains its own computer laboratory.

Also integrated in the library system of the university are the respective libraries of the pre-school, grade school, and high school departments. All located in the Matina Campus. The Library System is also connected to those of its sister schools all over the country, namely Ateneo de Manila University, Ateneo de Naga University, Ateneo de Zamboanga University, and the Ateneo de Cagayan University.

American Studies Resource Center
The American Studies Resource Center or the American Corner (AC) is a center dedicated to providing various materials and resources about the United States in various aspects, as well as advising services for those individuals who wish to study in the United States.

Service-oriented programs
The Arrupe Office of Social Formation (AOSF), formerly known as the Social Involvement Coordinating Office (SICO), is the social formation arm of the Ateneo de Davao University in the tertiary level. It is responsible for developing students, faculty, and non-teaching staff to be leaders in service of the marginalized and the vulnerable. The office is also responsible for the promotion of faith that does justice following the teachings and examples of Christ and the spirituality of St. Ignatius. Moreover, it aims to develop and implement social formation programs and activities intended to help the poor such as outreach programs, immersion sessions, and social workshops.

Among AOSF's projects and initiatives include the "First Year Development Program", where students are assigned to a classroom adviser who assists them in adjusting to the demands and rigours of college life. Another is the "National Service Training Program", where Filipino students contribute to the general welfare of local partner communities. Lastly, the "Student Servant Leadership Program", where students develop and student organizations serve as collaborators in the work of spreading social awareness and social involvement. It also runs surveys in the public interest and patrols elections.

The College of Law has several pro bono programs under the office of the Ateneo Legal Aid Services. Students in the graduate programs of the School of Business and Governance help in creating business plans and entrepreneurial opportunities for non-profit organizations in the city. For the School of Arts and Sciences graduate programs, most of the academic courses are focused on environment, education, and peace in its various academic course programs. In line with this, the university has its very own Al Qalam Institute for Islamic Studies.

Accreditation and recognition
In 2009, Ateneo de Davao was granted "institutional accreditation" by the Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAASCU). Only six universities in the Philippines were granted and it is the only university in Mindanao to have been given such recognition. The Ateneo de Davao University joins five other universities in the Philippines that have been granted with such accreditation namely, Ateneo de Manila University, Ateneo de Naga University, Centro Escolar University, Silliman University and Trinity University of Asia. AdDU was also given Autonomous Status by the Commission on Higher Education and is also a Center of Development for Information Technology and Teacher Education.

In 2016, Ateneo de Davao was granted "Autonomous and Deregulated Status" by the Commission on Higher Education (Philippines).

The Ateneo de Davao University has been re-accredited Level III in eight programs which are: Accounting, Arts & Sciences, Business, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Elementary Education, Secondary Education, Civil Engineering and Chemical Engineering and is accredited Level III for Industrial Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science by the Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities and the Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the Philippines. The Information Technology and Information Systems programs of AdDU were both granted Level I accreditation and is a Center of Development of CHED XI. Certificates of Accreditation from PAASCU were also awarded to the following programs offered by the Ateneo: Arts & Sciences, Elementary Education, Secondary Education, Business, Accounting, Engineering (Civil, Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical), Information Technology/Information Systems and Social Work. Some programs offered by the university are also under the Candidate Status of PAASCU. In addition, the Elementary and High School of AdDU are also accredited by the same accrediting association and received level II accreditation.

Rankings

 * Ateneo de Davao University is the fifth-best university in the Philippines according to the 2023 Quacquarelli-Symonds (QS) Philippine University Ranking. It ranks 557th out of 760 Asian universities in the Asian region, according to the 2023 Quacquarelli-Symonds (QS) Asia University Ranking.
 * Ateneo got into the list of the QS World University Rankings for 2013 per subject area in Higher Education Institutions in the country. AdDU topped in four subject areas in the QS ranking, specifically in Arts & Humanities: English Language and Literature, Engineering & Technology: Computer Science and Information Systems, Psychology and Sociology, joining other universities in the country namely Ateneo de Manila University, University of the Philippines, De La Salle University, University of Santo Tomas and Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology.
 * The Ateneo de Davao joined the roster of world universities in the 2012 QS World University Subject Ranking for English Language and Literature joining Oxford and Harvard, wherein it landed on the 101-150 bracket. It was not on the equivalent 2016 list.
 * In the national rankings done by the Commission on Higher Education and the Professional Regulation Commission based on cumulative data from 1991 to 2001 of average passing rates in all courses of all Philippine colleges and universities in licensure examinations, Ateneo de Davao University was proclaimed as the 5th top university in the country.
 * On a review and ranking by the 4 International Colleges and Universities - an international higher education directory and search engine which reviews accredited world universities and colleges, which was updated in 2014, Ateneo de Davao University got the 14th spot in the list of Top Universities in the Philippines. The ranking is not academic, rather, it is based upon an algorithm including three unbiased and independent web metrics extracted from three different search engines. The significance of such ranking according to uniRank is to help international students and academic staff to understand how popular a specific university or college is in a foreign country.
 * Based on the research and web survey of the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities 2014 - produced by Cybermetrics Lab (CCHS), a unit of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the main public research body in Spain, Ateneo de Davao landed on the 14th spot in the list of the top universities in the Philippines.
 * On a local survey of Davao Reader, a Davao City Online Magazine, Ateneo de Davao is the top school in the city and is the most preferred school by company heads and owners in getting personnel and professionals to work for their companies. In another evaluation done by Davao Eagle Online, AdDU also emerged as the top school in Davao City. This ranking was based on the number of PRC board topnotchers in 2013.

University radio station
Blue Knight FM, the official radio station of the university, was launched in January 2008. The station serves as a training ground for Mass Communication majors.

Notable alumni
Ateneo de Davao has produced graduates in the fields of arts, governance, law, medicine, media, service and science. Here are some of its notable alumni:
 * Ernesto Abella - businessman, writer, and former evangelist serving as Undersecretary for Strategic Communications and Research of the Department of Foreign Affairs since 2017
 * Carlos Dominguez III - Secretary of Natural Resources and of Agriculture (1986-1987), Chair, Philippine Airlines (1993-1995) and Secretary of Finance (2016-2022)
 * Joey Ayala - singer, songwriter and former chairman of the music committee of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts.
 * Antonio T. Carpio - Senior Associate Justice, Supreme Court of the Philippines
 * Leoncio P. Deriada - writer
 * Thor Dulay - a singer-songwriter and vocal coach
 * Jesus Dureza - lawyer, consultant, journalist and politician
 * Sebastian Duterte - politician and mayor of Davao City
 * Juris Fernandez - singer
 * Jonathan Aguilar Garcia - comedian, actor and TV host
 * Conrado "Bobby" Gempesaw - 17th and 1st lay president of St. John's University in Queens, New York City
 * Henri Jean Paul Inting - the 183rd Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
 * Jasmine Bacurnay Lee - a Filipino-born Korean television personality, actress, civil servant and politician
 * Emmylou Taliño-Mendoza - politician
 * Prospero Nograles - former Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives
 * Karlo Alexei Nograles - Chair, Civil Service Commission, former Secretary to the Cabinet, former Representatvie, 1st District of Davao City
 * Norberto Gonzales - former National Security Adviser and Secretary of National Defense

title: Ateneo de Davao University


text:
Great Australians Party

The Great Australians was an Australian political party. The party was founded in 2003 by John James Cumming then led by John Rivett, a Queensland businessman who has started and run many businesses. Its policies included the institution of a 2% "Spending Tax" on all spending made by individuals and companies and the abolition of income tax and the goods and services tax, the reinstitution of national service (i.e. conscription into the military), the abolition of Double Tax Conventions and reinstituting trade protection and the nationalisation of infrastructure. It stood two candidates in the Senate in both New South Wales and Queensland at the 2004 election, as well as candidates in House of Representatives seats who attracted a total of 0.02% of the national primary vote, or approximately 2,824 votes nationwide. The party was deregistered in 2006.

Policies

 * Abolishing income tax.
 * Making tax rules apply equally to foreign transactions and companies as Australian ones.
 * Protectionism.
 * Reducing the power of organisations like the WTO, World Bank and the IMF in Australia.
 * The establishment of an "Australian People's Bank" to loan money at low rates to small businesses.
 * A ban on genetically modified organisms.
 * Forced full Australian ownership of Australian network infrastructure (like telecommunications, railways, water and roads), 50% ownership of all mines and less than 50% ownership of all media.
 * Using dole workers to eradicate major plant and animal pests.
 * Reduced insurance costs for local governments and community groups.
 * Government investment in utilising non-fossil fuel energy resources.
 * Allowing citizen initiated referendums.
 * Increasing the amount of manufacturing in Australia.
 * Increased funding for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Special Broadcasting Service.

title: Great Australians Party


text:
Gela

Gela ( Sicilian and ; Γέλα ) is a city and comune (municipality) in the Autonomous Region of Sicily, Italy; in terms of area and population, it is the largest municipality on the southern coast of Sicily. Gela is part of the Province of Caltanissetta and is one of the few comuni in Italy with a population and area that exceed those of the provincial capital.

Gela was founded in 698 BC by Greek colonists from Rhodes and Crete; it was an influential polis of Magna Graecia in the 7th and 6th centuries BC and became one of the most powerful cities until the 5th c. BC. Aeschylus, the famous playwright, lived here and died in 456 BC. In 1943, during the Invasion of Sicily, the Allied forces made their first landing on the island at Gela.

Ancient era

Archaeology has shown that the acropolis of Gela was occupied during the Copper Age in the 4th millennium BC and during the Bronze Age in the 2nd millennium BC.

Gela was founded around 688 BC by colonists from Rhodes and Crete, 45 years after the founding of Syracuse. Archaeology has shown that they chose to settle on the northern slope of the Molino a Vento extending for more than 400 m towards the west up to Castelluccio.

The city was named after the river Gela, the name of which derives from gela, the Sicilian-dialect word for "winter frost". According to Diodorus Siculus, the city was founded by Antiphemus and Entimus.

Gela immediately had violent clashes with the Sicani of the area: Antiphemus waged a war against the city of Omphace, not far from Gela. The Gelans won and defeated the city, also taking away a statue that was said to have been made by the mythical sculptor Daedalus.

The Temple of Athena Lindia, protector of the city, was built on the acropolis over the protohistoric remains in the 7th century BC, This was then incorporated into a second temple in the 6th century, also dedicated to Athena.

The Greeks established many colonies in Magna Graecia and for many centuries they had a major influence on the area. Gela flourished and the expansionist policy of the tyrants of Gela, in particular Cleander and especially Hippocrates, led to the city founding a series of satellite colonies, including Akragas (Agrigento), and also managed to subdue several cities: Kallipolis (according to some, today's Giarre), Leontini (Lentini), Naxos (Sicily) (Giardini-Naxos) and Zancle (Messina). Only Syracuse, with the help of her former colonizing city Corinth and Corcyra managed to escape. When Kamarina, a Syracusan colony, rebelled in 492 BC, Hippocrates intervened to wage war against Syracuse. After defeating the Syracusan army at the Heloros river, Hippocrates besieged the city but was persuaded to retreat in exchange for possession of Camarina. Hippocrates died in 491 BC in a battle against the Siculi, the native Sicilian people.

Hippocrates was succeeded by Gelon, who in 484 BC conquered Syracuse and moved his seat of government there. His brother Hiero was given control over Gela. When Theron of Agrigento conquered Himera and a Carthaginian army disembarked in Sicily to counter him, he asked for help from Gela and Syracuse. Gelo and Hiero were victorious in the subsequent battle of Himera, in which the Carthaginian leader Hamilcar died.

After the death of Gelon in 478 BC, Hiero moved to Syracuse, leaving Gela to Polyzelos. Many of the Geloi returned from Syracuse in this period and the city regained some of its power. Aeschylus died in this city in 456 BC.

In 425 BC during the Sicilian wars, Gela was an ally of Syracuse, while Kamarina was on the opposing side although they were traditional allies. They concluded an armistice in the late summer. Since a bilateral peace was unlikely to last if the rest of the island remained at war, the two cities invited all the belligerents to convene and discuss peace terms. The cities not only sent ambassadors but also granted them unusually broad power to conduct diplomacy. In 424 BC at the Congress of Gela, the Sicilian cities made peace on the basis of "Sicily for the Sicilians".

Gela fought the Sicilian League that pushed back the Athenian attempt to conquer the island in 415 BC (see Sicilian Expedition).

In 406 BC, the Carthaginians conquered Agrigento and destroyed it. Gela asked for the help of Dionysius I of Syracuse but Dionysius did not arrive and, after heroic deeds, the following year, Gela was ruined and its treasures sacked. The survivors took refuge in Syracuse. In 397 BC, they returned in Gela and joined Dionysius II in his struggle for freedom from the invaders and in 383 BC their independence was acknowledged.

Timoleon rebuilt the city walls in 338 BC after the destruction by the Carthaginians. The Acropolis lost its sacred character and was populated with houses arranged on the flanks of the hill. The monumental area of the city was moved to Capo Soprano.

Under Agathocles (317-289 BC), the city again suffered internal strife between the people and the aristoi (aristocrats). When the Carthaginians arrived in 311 BC, they met little resistance and captured the city with the help of the aristoi. The acropolis site at Molino a Vento was then definitively abandoned.

In 282 BC Phintias of Agrigento ruthlessly destroyed Gela to crush its power forever and transferred its population to his new city of Phintias next to present-day Licata. This assertion, however, seems to be refuted by a careful reading of the sources that name the Mamertines as the real destroyers of the city, five years earlier.

Roman, Byzantine and mediaeval ages
The city subsequently disappeared from the chronicles. Under Roman rule, a small settlement, which is mentioned by Virgil, Pliny the Elder, Cicero, and Strabo, still existed. Later it was a minor Byzantine center. Under the Arabs, it was known as the "City of Columns".

A later city called "Terranova", by which name it remained known until 1928, was founded in 1233 by Frederick II. The new settlement was located west of ancient Gela, and was provided with a castle and a line of walls. Terranova, also known as Heracles, was a royal possession until 1369, when King Frederick III of Aragon gave it to Manfredi III Chiaramonte. In 1401, however, after the treason of Andrea Chiaramonte, the city was confiscated and was assigned to several Aragonese feudataries. In 1530, the title of Marquis of Terranova was created for Giovanni Tagliavia Aragona, and in 1561, his son Carlo obtained the title of Duke. The Terranova Aragona held the city until 1640, when the marriage of Giovanna Tagliavia Aragona and Ettore Pignatelli give the possession to the Pignatelli, who held the fiefdom until 1812.

Modern era
Terranova was renamed Terranova di Sicilia, and in 1927, it was renamed Gela.

In World War II, during the initial assault on 9 July 1943 of the Allied invasion of Sicily, the U.S. 1st Infantry Division and the 82nd Armored Reconnaissance Battalion landed on the beaches of Gela, which were strongly defended by the Livorno Division. The Allied forces repelled an Italian and German armored counter-attack at Gela. The U.S. Army Engineers built several advanced landing airfields, which were used by the Twelfth Air Force during the Italian Campaign, in the area around the city.

After the war, a large oil refinery was built in Gela's territory as a part of Eni's industrial expansion plan in South Italy. The refinery was intended to help the region's economy but instead it caused significant damage to the area's visual appearance and touristic appeal and in 2014, the refinery was closed down.

Geography

Gela is situated on the Mediterranean coast at the estuary of Gela river on the south-western side of Sicily. The bounding municipalities are Acate, Butera, Caltagirone, Mazzarino and Niscemi. Its frazione (municipal parish) is the coastal village of Manfria. In geology, Gela gives its name to the Gelasian Age of the Pleistocene Epoch.

Climate
Gela has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa). Winters are mild and rainy while summers are dry and hot. Precipitation is higher in autumn and winter.

Main sights

 * Greek Acropolis.
 * The Regional Archeological Museum.
 * The archeological site of Capo Soprano with the Timolean walls (city walls) named after Timoleon (4th century BC), located within a large park between the modern city and the coast. It was probably an ancient necropolis. Its many fine Attic vases are now in various museums.
 * Zona sacra, including the basements of three Greek temples, the oldest of which has an 8 m Doric column. Remains of an archaic (7th–6th centuries BC) emporium have also been excavated.
 * The Cathedral, dedicated to the Holy Virgin Assunta, was rebuilt in 1766-1794 over a pre-existing small church of Madonna della Platea. It has two orders façade with Doric and Ionic semi-columns. The interior, with a nave and two aisles, houses a wood with the Transit of the Virgin by Deodato Guidaccia and other 18th centuries canvasses.
 * San Francesco d'Assisi church: refurbished in the 17th century with a painted wooden roof and housing an altarpiece depicting the Deposition by Vito D'Anna
 * The Castelluccio ("Small Castle"), built in the early 13th century. It is located 10 km from the city.
 * Natural Reserve of Biviere di Gela, including a coastal lake surrounded by dunes.
 * Manfria, with a typical beach with Mediterranean dune landscape, and the Torre di Manfria ("Manfria Tower").

Archaeology

There are three main archaeological areas that can be visited today: Capo Soprano, the Acropolis and the site of Bosco Littorio.

At Capo Soprano is the best preserved example in the world of Greek military architecture: the (Timolean) city walls. The length unearthed (almost 400 m) dates to the 4th century BC. The feature that makes them unique is the large squared blocks in Calcarenite 3 m high in the lower part and a thick layer of raw or sun-dried clay bricks above which were perfectly preserved. The upper layer was probably added as a quick solution after news of the imminent invasion of the Carthaginians. At some points the walls externally reached a height of almost 10 m. They are considered to be one of the most important discoveries of classical archeology of the twentieth century as they are testimony of the importance that the ancient Greeks gave to defensive design and engineering as they were designed by an architect down to the smallest detail, with devices and structures intended for specific purposes such as protection from weather and towers, stairs, walkways, drains, buttresses. Inside the walls the military district was brought to light with buildings of clay bricks. Not far away, a large residential area of the same era was discovered.

The Acropolis extends between the mouth of the Gela and the Pasqualello valley and contains the ruins of houses, shops, temples and the Hippodamian road system (with the plateia and the stenopoi). The sacred area extended to the north: today only the bases of three temples are visible. Of the largest, temple C or Athenaion, a Doric-style column (almost 8 m high) remains standing and is one of the city's symbols. Until 405 BC the acropolis housed the most important sacred buildings of Gela but after the destruction by the Carthaginians, houses were built over the acropolis after the rise to power of Timoleon.

In the Bosco Littorio, south of the Acropolis, the extensive emporium (7th–6th century BC) complex near the port at mouth of the river has been recently brought to light and restored. The emporium included workshops, warehouses and shops.

A grandiose Hellenistic villa has been found in via Romagnoli (predio Iacona).

The Greek baths of Gela in via Europa are unique in Sicily and consist of two rooms; the one located to the north west consists of two groups of bathtubs connected by a wastewater system that surrounds a central space. The bathtubs that make up the first of the two groups are arranged in a horseshoe and have a particular shape. While only two seats of this first group have been lost, those of the second group are all missing the upper half (perhaps never completed). The material used for the tubs was an agglomeration of terracotta fragments and sandstone debris while some seats are entirely in terracotta.

Among recent discoveries in the area are:

 * the oldest Greek wreck (500 BC), unique of its kind, which will be exhibited in the Museum of Navigation
 * in 2009 a fourth ancient boat near the mouth of the Dirillo, an underwater archaeological site on the coast of the Bulala district. The 3 other boats are in the Museum of Ancient Navigation.
 * foundations of two other Greek temples: the first, very large, next to the crypts of the Mother Church; the second near the new multi-storey car park in via Istria.
 * a monumental villa from the Hellenistic period on the Capo Soprano promontory with a view of the gulf

In 2019, a sarcophagus containing an intact skeleton was discovered at Gela. Some weeks later, a short distance away, a ceramic water jug containing the bones of a newborn baby and parts of a large animal's skeleton was discovered. Archaeologists said the place was certainly a Greek necropolis.

Twin towns
Gela is twinned with:
 * Eleusina, Greece
 * 🇩🇪 Wittingen, Germany
 * 🇳🇴 Nordkapp, Norway

Football
Gela has got a football team; S.S.D. Città di Gela. Their football stadium is Stadio Vincenzo Presti. This team was founded in 1975 and re-founded in 2006, 2011 and 2019. Their best performance in Italian football was 12th position in the group B of the 2010–11 Lega Pro Prima Divisione.

Notable people

 * Gelo
 * Aeschylus
 * Archestratus
 * Polyzalus

title: Gela


text:
Payette

Payette may refer to:

Places

 * Payette, Idaho
 * Payette County, Idaho
 * Payette Lake, a natural lake in southwestern Idaho
 * Payette National Forest, Idaho
 * Payette Peak, in the Sawtooth Range of Idaho
 * Payette River, Idaho

People

 * Andre Payette (born 1976), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Brayden Payette (born 2000), Canadian curler
 * Fernand Payette (1921–1993), Canadian wrestler
 * Francois Payette (1793–after 1844), North American fur trader
 * Jean Payette (born 1946), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Julie Payette, Canadian astronaut, 29th Governor General of Canada
 * Lise Payette (1931–2018), Canadian journalist
 * Louis Payette (1854–1932), Canadian construction contractor and mayor of Montreal, Canada

title: Payette


text:
Talk:Micropaleontology

Untitled
OK, now I'm starting to doubt... is it Palaeo or paleo?? Always thought it was palaeo.

 * There's a straightforward answer to this - paleo is the American spelling, palaeo the English. I prefer the English option, because I am (English), that's how I was taught, and I think (bit rusty here) it's more accurate given the classical etymology. However, I've noticed that aeos get edited to eos anyway (I guess the majority of Wikipedians are from the US?), so would tend to let it go.... The Contributing FAQ suggests consistency is most important here.  NickW 21:58, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Another untitled
In the "Applications of micropaleontology" section, some info appears to have been left out of this sentence:

Across vast areas of the ocean floor, the shells of planktonic micro-organisms sinking from surface waters provide the dominant source of sediment, and they continuously accumulate (typically at rates of 20–50 million per million years).

The statement above is meaningless without the knowing the area over which count is made. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mmmeiss (talk • contribs) 17:11, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Micropaleontology


text:
Talk:Beihang University

Untitled
This article seems to have been wholly-copied from here. Can't find a copyright notice, but I'd thing a complete re-write should be done. -- Netoholic @ 08:13, 2004 Oct 2 (UTC)

This reads like an advert. Needs to be redone. Trylobyte 02:28, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I cleaned it up radically. Now it's a stub. What do you think? — Babelfisch 06:51, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

Totally rewrite should be done I think, few of the contents are talking about the facts. The page for MIT is recommended. - Zlike 09:52, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

It is hard to say BUAA is the best engineering university in China. "one of the best" is more appropriate. Bayernjuven (talk) 16:33, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was moved -- Aervanath (talk) 16:04, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics → Beihang University — Official name since 1988 — ✉ Hello World! 20:09, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Interesting case. External links and university seal support "Beihang" but the formal name seems to still be "Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics" and the acronym "BUAA" is frequently used.  A similar case as Virginia Tech in the USA ("...The school authorized the official use of Virginia Tech as equivalent to the full VPI&SU name. Many school documents today use the shorter name, though diplomas and transcripts still spell out the formal name."). —   AjaxSmack   02:14, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

 * You're correct that acronym "BUAA" is still in use. - ✉ Hello World! 14:58, 15 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Advertisements article
This is all and wholly an advertisements article. Instead of the suggestion to make some other university page an 'example', which suggestion could detract people possessing the required knowledge from taking any action about improving the situation, I'd like to ask some questions:

- how teaching is organised, i.e. what people do while they are considered student, what they are supposed to do in order to be considered having acquired knowledge and skills, what facilities can or do they use for gaining knowledge and experimentation, who supervises their education and in what ways, what kinds of tests do they meet, how they exchange ideas, what practice they get and where, etc. Please save us from numbers here, they are not going to explain anything ("sixty five master programs" — is this much or little? what does the word "master" mean in practical terms?).

- what impact does the university have on the society? What do its graduate do in China or abroad? In what industries do they work, how successfully, etc? How many of them continue working in the university after graduation? Here figures would be most welcome, I think.

- what exactly was wrong with the university before the "revitalisation"? What problems were eliminated, in what ways and to what degrees, what problems remained?

- what are considered its strengths comparing to other universities (especially in China), and what are its drawbacks? Please, something objective: comparative assessments of quality of research, structural strength and weaknesses that make it more easy to conduct one activity but less easy to conduct another, comparative studies of students' research or work involvement, etc.

- many other questions as well, just these ones were such that puzzled me as I was reading.

- the big problem is language. It's not the point of the article to tell how splendid everything is (besides, people never believe that everything is splendid), the point is to describe how everything is organised. So, laudatory words are out of place here, they have little capability of describing the structures. We're not here to learn how "tireless" the professors are, but in what ways do they work.

Sorry for my tone, I'm not good at English speaking, so I talk like I can. Best editing! - 89.110.29.20 (talk) 05:37, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120502084121/http://www.webometrics.info/rank_by_country.asp?country=cn to http://www.webometrics.info/rank_by_country.asp?country=cn

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title: Talk:Beihang University


text:
Talk:Armadillo

Honoraria
The Nine-Banded is the official Texas State Small Mammal. https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/species/dillo/ Ken (talk) 23:02, 19 February 2020 (UTC)

Consecutive sentences contradicting
The characteristics section states that the "numerous cheek teeth" are not distinguished into premolar and molar but the following section regarding the dentition/dental formula states 7 premolars and 1 molar. DrOfProfessor (talk) 14:46, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 June 2024
In the humans and armadillos portion, The Shel Silverstein line is "72 pads of brillo", not 27 205.175.106.92 (talk) 00:17, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ABG (Talk/Report any mistakes here) 02:48, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Silverstein quote was easy to find. - UtherSRG (talk) 10:16, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Armadillo


text:
Tuberculosis radiology

Radiology (X-rays) is used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Abnormalities on chest radiographs may be suggestive of, but are never diagnostic of TB, but can be used to rule out pulmonary TB.

Chest X-ray
A posterior-anterior (PA) chest X-ray is the standard view used; other views (lateral or lordotic) or CT scans may be necessary.

In active pulmonary TB, infiltrates or consolidations and/or cavities are often seen in the upper lungs with or without mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy. However, lesions may appear anywhere in the lungs. In HIV and other immunosuppressed persons, any abnormality may indicate TB or the chest X-ray may even appear entirely normal.

Old healed tuberculosis usually presents as pulmonary nodules in the hilar area or upper lobes, with or without fibrotic scars and volume loss. Bronchiectasis and pleural scarring may be present.

Nodules and fibrotic scars may contain slowly multiplying tubercle bacilli with the potential for future progression to active tuberculosis. Persons with these findings, if they have a positive tuberculin skin test reaction, should be considered high-priority candidates for treatment of latent infection regardless of age. Conversely, calcified nodular lesions (calcified granuloma) pose a very low risk for future progression to active tuberculosis.

Abnormalities on chest radiographs may be suggestive of, but are never diagnostic of, TB. However, if a person has a positive response to the tuberculin skin test and no symptoms of the disease, chest radiographs can be used to rule out the possibility of pulmonary TB.

CDC guidelines for evaluating CXR
The chest X-ray and classification worksheet by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the United States is designed to group findings into categories based on their likelihood of being related to TB or non-TB conditions needing medical follow-up.

Normal findings
These are films that are completely normal, with no identifiable cardiothoracic or musculoskeletal abnormality.

Chest X-ray findings that can suggest active TB
This category comprises all findings typically associated with active pulmonary TB. In the US, refugees or immigration applicants with any of the following findings must submit sputum specimens for examination.

1. Infiltrate or consolidation - Opacification of airspaces within the lung parenchyma. Consolidation or infiltrate can be dense or patchy and might have irregular, ill-defined, or hazy borders.

Chest X-ray findings that can suggest inactive TB
This category includes findings that are suggestive of prior TB, that is inactive. Assessments of the activity of TB cannot be made accurately on the basis of a single radiograph alone. If there is any question of active TB, sputum smears must be obtained. Therefore, any applicant might have findings grouped in this category, but still have active TB as suggested by the presence of signs or symptoms of TB, or sputum smears positive for AFB.

The main chest X-ray findings that can suggest inactive TB are:

1. Discrete fibrotic scar or linear opacity—Discrete linear or reticular densities within the lung. The edges of these densities should be distinct and there should be no suggestion of airspace opacification or haziness between or surrounding these densities. Calcification can be present within the lesion and then the lesion is called a "fibrocalcific" scar.

Follow-up needed
This category includes findings that suggest the need for a follow-up evaluation for non-TB conditions.

 * 1) Musculoskeletal abnormalities - New bony fractures or radiographically apparent bony abnormalities that need follow-up.
 * 2) Cardiac abnormalities - Cardiac enlargement or anomalies, vascular abnormalities, or any other radiographically apparent cardiovascular abnormality of significant nature to require follow-up.
 * 3) Pulmonary abnormalities - Pulmonary finding of a non-TB nature, such as a mass, that needs follow-up.
 * 4) Other - Any other finding that the panel physician believes needs follow-up, but is not one of the above.

No follow-up needed
This category includes findings that are minor and not suggestive of TB disease. These findings require no follow-up evaluation.
 * 1) Pleural thickening - Irregularity or abnormal prominence of the pleural margin, including apical capping (thickening of the pleura in the apical region). Pleural thickening can be calcified.
 * 2) Diaphragmatic tenting - A localized accentuation of the normal convexity of the hemidiaphragm as if "pulled upwards by a string."
 * 3) Blunting of costophrenic angle (in adults)—Loss of sharpness of one or both costophrenic angles. Blunting can be related to a small amount of fluid in the pleural space or to pleural thickening and, by itself, is a non-specific finding (except in children, when even minor blunting may suggest active TB). In contrast a large pleural effusion, or the presence of a significant amount of fluid in the pleural space, may be a sign of active TB at any age.
 * 4) Solitary calcified nodules or granuloma - Discrete calcified nodule or granuloma, or calcified lymph node. The calcified nodule can be within the lung, hila, or mediastinum. The borders must be sharp, distinct, and well defined. This was considered a Class B3 TB in the past; however, Class B3 has been omitted from the classification scheme because it has not been found to be associated with active TB.
 * 5) Minor musculoskeletal findings - Minor findings needing no follow-up.
 * 6) Minor cardiac findings - Minor findings needing no follow-up.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis

Peritoneal tuberculosis may mimic peritoneal carcinomatosis on CT scan.

There is low-quality evidence that abdominal ultrasound has 63% sensitivity and 68% specificity in diagnosing abdominal tuberculosis when tuberculosis is bacteriologically confirmed in HIV-positive individuals. Therefore, a negative abdominal ultrasound finding does not rule out the disease due to its low sensitivity.

title: Tuberculosis radiology


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tatti

Tatti was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Not notable, not encyclopedic. dictionary definition. - cohesion [[User_talk:Cohesion|☎]] 08:18, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

Delete - as above. Jelly441 11:18, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tatti


text:
Beowulf (disambiguation)

Beowulf is an Old English epic poem.

Beowulf may also refer to:

Fictional characters

 * Beowulf (hero), the main character of the poem
 * Beowulf (DC Comics), a DC Comics character
 * Beowulf (Dune), a character in the Dune book series
 * Beowulf Shaeffer, a character in the works of Larry Niven in his Known Space universe
 * Beowulf, a playable character in the video game Skullgirls

Media

 * Beowulf (1999 film), a science fiction fantasy action film
 * Beowulf & Grendel, a 2005 film
 * Beowulf (2007 film), an animated picture by Robert Zemeckis
 * Beowulf (soundtrack), the soundtrack album to 2007 film
 * Beowulf: The Game, a video game based on the 2007 film
 * Beowulf: The Legend, a 2005 board game
 * Beowulf: Return to the Shieldlands, a 2016 British TV series

Weapons

 * .50 Beowulf, a high-power round used mainly in modified AR-15 rifles
 * Beowulf, a set of gauntlets and greaves received by the player after defeating a character of the same name in Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening

Other

 * Beowülf, a 1980s thrash metal band based in Venice, California
 * Beowulf cluster, a high-performance computing cluster built from ubiquitous commodity hardware, such as PCs or single-board computers
 * Beowulf Mining, a Sweden-focused exploratory mining company
 * Operation Beowulf, two German plans to occupy the Moonsund archipelago during World War II
 * SMS Beowulf, a German Siegfried-class coastal defense ship built around 1890

title: Beowulf (disambiguation)


text:
Gertrud Scholtz-Klink

Gertrud Emma Scholtz-Klink, born Treusch, later known as Maria Stuckebrock (9 February 1902 – 24 March 1999), was a Nazi Party member and leader of the National Socialist Women's League (NS-Frauenschaft) in Nazi Germany.

Nazi activities

She married a factory worker at the age of eighteen and had six children before he died. Scholtz-Klink joined the Nazi Party and by 1929 became leader of the women's section in Baden. In 1932, Scholtz-Klink married Günther Scholtz, a country doctor (divorced in 1938).

When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, he appointed Scholtz-Klink as Reich's Women's Führerin and head of the Nazi Women's League. She was a good orator, and her main task was to promote male superiority, the joys of home labour and the importance of child-bearing. In one speech, she argued that "the mission of woman is to minister in the home and in her profession to the needs of life from the first to last moment of man's existence."

Despite her own position, Scholtz-Klink spoke against the participation of women in politics, and took the female politicians in Germany of the Weimar Republic as a bad example: "Anyone who has seen the Communist and Social Democratic women scream on the street and in the parliament, will realize that such an activity is not something which is done by a true woman". She claimed that for a woman to be involved in politics, she would have to "become like a man" to achieve something, which would "shame her sex" – or "behave like a woman", which would prevent her from achieving anything: either way, therefore, nothing was gained from women acting as politicians.

In an account of the activities of the Seventh Nazi Party Congress held in Nuremberg in September 1935, "Germany: Little Man Big Doings", Time magazine (September 23, 1935) reported: "Fifty thousand German women and girls marshaled by hard-bosomed Gertrude Scholtzklink [sic], No. 1 female Nazi, hailed Herr Hitler with bursts of wild, ecstatic cheering which kept up for the whole 45 minutes that he addressed them in his happiest mood. 'There are some things only a man can do!' cried this Apotheosis of the Little Man. "I exalt women as the stablest element in our Reich because woman judges with her heart, not with her head! ... I would not be here now had not women supported me from the very beginning. . . .We deny the Liberal-Jew-Bolshevik theory of 'women's equality' because it dishonors them! ... A woman, if she understands her mission rightly, will say to a man. 'You preserve our people from danger and I shall give you children.' (Cries of 'Ja! Ja! Heil Hitler!') Many of the 50,000 women wept as they cheered, and Herr Hitler himself seemed on the point of tears as he concluded: 'When my day comes I will die happy that I can say my life has not been in vain. It was beautiful because it was based on struggle.'"

In July 1936, Scholtz-Klink was appointed as head of the Woman's Bureau in the German Labor Front, with the responsibility of persuading women to work for the benefit of the Nazi government. In 1938, she argued that "the German woman must work and work, physically and mentally she must renounce luxury and pleasure", though she herself enjoyed a comfortable material existence.

Scholtz-Klink was usually left out of the more important meetings in the male-dominated society of the Third Reich, and was considered to be a figurehead. For propaganda reasons, Nazi Germany liked to present her as influential to foreign countries, but her views were reportedly not considered important. She did, however, have the same influence over women in the party as Hitler had over everyone else.

By 1940, Scholtz-Klink was married to her third husband SS-Obergruppenführer August Heissmeyer, and made frequent trips to visit women at Political Concentration Camps.

Post-war life
At the end of World War II in Europe, Scholtz-Klink and Heissmeyer fled from the Battle of Berlin. After the fall of Nazi Germany, in the summer of 1945, she was briefly detained in a Soviet prisoner-of-war camp near Magdeburg, but escaped shortly afterwards. With the assistance of Princess Pauline of Württemberg, she and her third husband went into hiding in Bebenhausen near Tübingen. They spent the subsequent three years under the aliases of Heinrich and Maria Stuckebrock. On 28 February 1948, the couple were identified and arrested. A French military court sentenced Scholtz-Klink to 18 months in prison on the charge of forging documents.

In May 1950, a review of her sentence classified her as a "main culprit" and sentenced her to an additional 30 months. In addition, the court imposed a fine and banned her from political and trade union activity, journalism and teaching for ten years. After her release from prison in 1953, Scholtz-Klink settled back in Bebenhausen.

In her book Die Frau im Dritten Reich ("The Woman in the Third Reich", 1978), Scholtz-Klink demonstrated her continuing support for Nazi ideology. She once again upheld her position on Nazism in her interview with historian Claudia Koonz in the early 1980s.

She died on 24 March 1999, in Bebenhausen, an outlying district of Tübingen, Germany.

Publications

 * Scholtz-Klink, Gertrud (1978). Die Frau im Dritten Reich. Tübingen: Grabert.
 * Scholtz-Klink, Gertrud Über die Stellung der Frau im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland, Herbst 1939
 * Waldeck, Countess. "The Girls Did Well by Hitler." Saturday Evening Post. 11 Jul 1942: 14–60. Print.
 * Wistrich, Robert S. Who's Who In Nazi Germany. London & New York: Routledge, 1995 [1982].

title: Gertrud Scholtz-Klink


text:
Raffles Girls' School (Secondary)

Raffles Girls' School (RGS) is an independent girls' secondary school located in Braddell, Singapore. Established in 1879, it is one of the oldest schools in Singapore. RGS, together with its affiliated school Raffles Institution, offers a six-year Raffles Programme, which allows students to skip the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level examinations and proceed to take the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level examinations at the end of Year 6.

The school was recognised by the Ministry of Education in 2006 by being awarded the School Excellence Award (recognising schools with 'exemplary school processes and practices'), among other awards.

It was a member of Alliance of Girls' Schools Australasia.

History
Before RGS became a school in its own right, it existed as a section of Raffles Institution (RI).

The precursor to RGS opened in the RI campus of Bras Basah Road on 4 March 1844 with 11 students, five day-scholars and six boarders, who were clothed, fed and instructed by the RI management. The demand for education grew and in 1847, the school moved to RI's eastern wing, extending towards Bras Basah Road. Edmund Augustus Blundell, the Governor of the Straits Settlement, described the school as "a female school designed for the education and religious training of the children of poor Protestant parents" in 1855. In 1871, the school moved into a house, the George Family's Old Mansion at the corner of Bras Basah Road. In 1879, the school separated from RI and M. Nelson was appointed the school's first headmistress. Together with three assistants, she ran the school which had an enrolment of 77. Since then, 1879 has been officially regarded as the year of the founding of RGS.

On 21 October 2019, RGS moved from Anderson Road, where it had been located since 1959, to its new campus at Braddell Rise, located opposite RI.

Uniform
The usual school uniform is a belted, deep blue pinafore and a white collared blouse.

Awards and accolades
A group of four students from RGS emerged Champion at the Kids' Lit Quiz 2018, and represented Singapore in New Zealand in July that year.

Joseph Toh Kim Leng won the Teaching Award in 2016, which honours outstanding teachers of English language, English literature and General Paper in Singapore.

Jodie Lai, a 2015 Optimist World Championships Under-15 champion, was conferred the title of Best Sportsgirl for sailing at the 46th Singapore Schools Sports Council (SSSC) Colours Awards in 2016.

Students from the school have won the Queen's Commonwealth Essay Competition.

Notable alumnae

 * Ang Swee Chai, orthopaedic surgeon and co-founder of Medical Aid for Palestinians
 * Kit Chan, singer and actress
 * Beatrice Chia, actress and director
 * Annabel Chong, former pornographic actress
 * Chua Sock Koong, former SingTel group chief executive officer
 * Joanna Dong, singer, actress and television host
 * Faizah Jamal, legal academic and former nominated member of parliament
 * Intan Azura Mokhtar, former member of parliament for Ang Mo Kio GRC
 * Amy Khor, member of parliament for Hong Kah North SMC
 * Stella Kon, playwright best known for her play "Emily of Emerald Hill"
 * Lee Choo Neo, first female medical practitioner in Singapore
 * Jane Lee, first woman from Southeast Asia to scale the Seven Summits
 * Lee Tzu Pheng, award-winning poet
 * Lim Hwee Hua, first female Cabinet minister in Singapore
 * Corrinne May, singer-songwriter
 * Denise Phua, member of parliament for Jalan Besar GRC
 * Judith Prakash, first female judge in the Court of Appeal
 * Quah Ting Wen, national swimmer
 * Rahayu Mahzam, member of parliament for Jurong GRC
 * Sim Ann, member of parliament for Holland-Bukit Timah GRC
 * Siow Lee Chin, violinist
 * Stefanie Sun, singer-songwriter
 * Leaena Tambyah, founder of Singapore's first school for children with multiple disabilities
 * Carrie Tan, member of parliament for Nee Soon GRC
 * Margaret Leng Tan, pianist
 * Tan Pin Pin, film-maker
 * Tang Pui Wah, Singapore's first female Olympian
 * Tay Kewei, singer-songwriter and founder of Sparkle Life Music
 * Jackie Yi-Ru Ying, nanotechnology scientist
 * Emma Yong, actress
 * Zhang Jingna, photographer and Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia honoree
 * Mariam Jaafar, politician

title: Raffles Girls' School (Secondary)


text:
Payne

Payne may refer to:

People

 * Payne (surname)

Organisations

 * Payne (company)

Places

 * United States
 * Payne, Georgia
 * Payne, Ohio
 * Payne County, Oklahoma
 * Payne's Prairie, Florida
 * Fort Payne, Alabama
 * Elsewhere
 * Payne Creek (disambiguation)
 * Payne Bluff above Sandon, British Columbia on the Kaslo and Slocan Railway

Entertainment

 * Major Payne, 1995 film
 * Martin Payne, main character in the Martin TV series
 * Max Payne (video game), computer game
 * Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne, computer game
 * Max Payne 3, computer game
 * Max Payne (film), 2008 film
 * Payne (TV series), 1999 US TV show patterned after Fawlty Towers

Other uses

 * Payne Arena, an arena in Hidalgo, Texas
 * The Payne effect, the name of a particular feature of the stress-strain response of filled rubber
 * The Arnaud River, formerly "Payne River", in Nunavik, Canada
 * Payne rearrangement, isomerization reaction

title: Payne


text:
User talk:Ta bu shi da yu/Archive2

Laika
Just when I thought the article could not be improved any more, someone comes along and proves me wrong. Thank you for your work on this article. :-) --Zerbey 14:04, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Cleanup and substub
I've noticed a few of the pages you've put up on cleanup can well go for substub. A substub is something which only has one or two sentences about the article. See substub for more information. --[[User:Allyunion|AllyUnion (Talk)]] 09:22, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Windows XP
Yeah, I think it's fine in either case. I'm already supporting it for FA status, but I think that updated sounds a little less cliche... Good work with that, btw. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 14:53, Sep 3, 2004 (UTC)

CPU Cache
Hey, I just noticed that CPU cache is on your cool pages list. It's on WP:FAC, and I thought you might want to vote on it (you seem pretty active on FAC). --d 00:51, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Mark Latham
Do you have access to the Latham books, or to the piece in Quarterly Essay (I've so far found a newspaper-printed summary, but not the full article)? Is there anything else you view as needing improvement within the article? Thanks for your input, Lacrimosus 23:14, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC).

Exploding Whale II
Sorry, Ta bu shi da yu, my vote remains to oppose. This story strikes me as one which is most appreciated by the rubberneck crowd - I can see nothing in it to enlighten, elicidate, or instruct. It is entirely sensationalist, and though it may teach a minor moral lesson about sticking explosives in without considering where the results may fall, it is first and foremost an off-color joke, and nothing near a featured article. Denni ☯ 00:21, 2004 Sep 7 (UTC)

 * (For the record, I of course disagree with Denni's assessment. I have noted on his talk page that I respect his opinion.) - Ta bu shi da yu 02:34, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Research centre
See Talk:Exploding whale -- Ævar Arnfjörð [ Bjarmason]   20:59, 2004 Sep 11 (UTC)

Exploding whale
I regret that you interpret my objection to this aticle as being that it is "beneath" me. Quite the contrary. I find it most amusing and see it as a wonderful moral lesson in how people think they can solve a problem by force but only manage to make things worse.

My objection is not with the concept. It is with, as I have already said, the topic and the tone. I oppose the topic because it consists of only two events, hardly a common occurrence, and in the two cases, the cause of explosion was completely different. Second, I find the writing style flippant and irrelevant. For example, Paul Linnman's quote is foolish, and the fact that the blast scared away scavenging birds is (a) no surprise to anyone, and (b) an utter irrelevancy.

This is a fun story, and it is exactly the kind of article I like to see appear in Wikipedia to ease the tedium of charged politico-economico-cultural articles. But I cannot bring myself to see it as having any value as a feature article. Sorry.

Denni ☯ 03:12, 2004 Sep 12 (UTC)

Please don't jump to conclusions. The article was already replicated when I arrived to answer your previous query. It appears you have your nose out of joint because I can't see fit to vote your way. Alas, that is life in Wiki, but don't use it as a reason to get cranky. Denni ☯ 17:28, 2004 Sep 12 (UTC)

Beatles' song articles
You flatter me. :-) Personally I think "Norwegian Wood" is the worst Beatles' song articles I've expanded so far, but since I couldn't see anything wrong with it, I nominated it anyway. Most of them are good because Google rocks. 99.99% of the stuff I know about them is from Google. So, yeah, compliment Google, not me. :-p Johnleemk | Talk 15:40, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Legal citation
Given a question you had a while back, you might want to look at Wikipedia_talk:Cite_sources. -- Jmabel 18:53, Sep 12, 2004 (UTC)

James Joyce
Hi: can you have a look at James Joyce and WP:FAC to see if I have addressed your objections? Thanks. Filiocht 09:55, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hi

I like Exploding whale and have supported it, with a short rant, on WP:FAC. Thanks for the kind words on Joyce. The article as I found it was particularly weak, considering how famous he is and how many people seem to have an opinion on his work. Filiocht 14:52, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Paragraph 175
I believe I've answered all of your objections at Featured_article_candidates. Would you please either respond or strike your objections? Thanks. -- Jmabel 22:07, Sep 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * TNX -- Jmabel 22:58, Sep 13, 2004 (UTC)

Exploding whale
No problem! Thanks for putting effort into it - it was a great read. I'm from Oregon, and its something of an occasional folk legend here. Every once in a while you'll run into someone who has a copy of the video and breaks it out for a party or something - yeah, we're kinda morbid, I guess. I had totally forgotten about the Taiwan incident, too. Anyhow, thanks again! -Seth Mahoney 16:16, Sep 14, 2004 (UTC)

Fourth International
I've tried to clarify the article. If it still does not seem clear to you, please detail what you would like to be explained more clearly. thanks, Warofdreams 18:03, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ta bu shi da yu/Archive2


text:
Falla, Östergötland

Falla is a locality situated in Finspång Municipality, Östergötland County, Sweden with 467 inhabitants in 2010.

title: Falla, Östergötland


text:
Joseph Betts

Joseph Betts was an English mathematician. He held the Savilian Chair of Geometry at the University of Oxford in 1765.

Betts was an undergraduate and Fellow of University College, Oxford, where he was a tutor of William Jones. He had previously sought election as Savilian Professor of Astronomy with the support of the Earl of Lichfield, the Earl of Halifax, and the Earl of Bute. He thanked his patrons for that failed attempt in the dedication to an engraving of the annular solar eclipse of 1 April 1764.

title: Joseph Betts


text:
Paynesville

Paynesville may refer to:

 * Australia
 * Paynesville, Victoria
 * Paynesville, Western Australia

 * Liberia
 * Paynesville, Liberia

 * United States
 * Paynesville, California
 * Paynesville, Indiana
 * Paynesville, Minnesota
 * Paynesville, Missouri
 * Paynesville Township, Stearns County, Minnesota

title: Paynesville


text:
Peter Turner (mathematician)

Peter Turner (1586–1652) was an English mathematician.

Life
He matriculated at St Mary Hall, Oxford in 1600, and graduated M.A. at Christ Church, Oxford in 1605. He became a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford in 1607.

He gave public lectures as professor of geometry at Gresham College, London from 1620 to 1630. He was an ally of William Laud in his time as Chancellor of the University of Oxford, working with Brian Twyne on a revision of the statutes.

He held the Savilian Chair of Geometry at the University of Oxford from  1631 to 1649. In 1641 he enlisted in the royalist forces of John Byron, 1st Baron Byron. Taken prisoner in an early skirmish of the First English Civil War, near Stow-on-the-Wold, he was eventually released in 1643 in a prisoner exchange. He was ejected from his chair after the 1648 Parliamentary visitation of Oxford, and lived in poverty with his sister in Southwark.

title: Peter Turner (mathematician)


text:
Śrāvaka

Śrāvaka (Sanskrit) or Sāvaka (Pali) means "hearer" or, more generally, "disciple". This term is used in Buddhism and Jainism. In Jainism, a śrāvaka is any lay Jain so the term śrāvaka has been used for the Jain community itself (for example see Sarak and Sarawagi). Śrāvakācāras are the lay conduct outlined within the treaties by Śvetāmbara or Digambara mendicants. "In parallel to the prescriptive texts, Jain religious teachers have written a number of stories to illustrate vows in practice and produced a rich répertoire of characters.".

In Buddhism, the term is sometimes reserved for distinguished disciples of the Buddha.

Early Buddhism
In early Buddhism, a śrāvaka or śrāvikā is a disciple who accepts: In the Nikāya, depending on the context, a sāvaka can also refer to a disciple of a teacher other than the Buddha.
 * the Buddha as their teacher
 * the Buddha's teaching (the Dharma), including understanding the Four Noble Truths, ridding oneself of the unreality of the phenomenal, and pursuing nirvana. See, for instance, the Anguttara Nikaya's second Metta Sutta (AN 4.126) when, taken in consideration of the first "Metta Sutta" (AN 4.125), a disciple is described as one who "regards whatever phenomena there that are connected with form, feeling, perception, fabrications, & consciousness, as inconstant, stressful, a disease, a cancer, an arrow, painful, an affliction, alien, a disintegration, an emptiness, not-self."
 * the community rules of conduct: the Five Precepts for laypersons, the prātimokṣa for monastics.

Theravada Buddhism
In Theravada Buddhism, a śrāvaka or śrāvikāt refers to one who followed in the tradition of the senior monks of the first Buddhist sangha and community. In the Pāli Canon, the term "disciple" transcends monastic-lay divisions and can refer to anyone from the following "four assemblies":
 * bhikkhus ("monks")
 * bhikkhunis ("nuns")
 * upāsakas and upāsikā (laypersons of both sexes)

Buddhist texts further mention four types of disciples based on spiritual accomplishment:
 * "Chief Disciple" (Pāli: aggasāvaka; Sanskrit: agraśrāvaka): in the Pali canon, these are Sāriputta and (Mahā)moggallāna
 * "Foremost Disciple" (Pāli: etadaggasāvaka; Sanskrit: etadagraśrāvaka): referring to those disciples who are recognized as the best in their respective attribute
 * "Great Disciple" (Pāli: mahāsāvaka; Sanskrit: mahāśrāvaka): examples are Mahākassapa, Ānanda, Anuruddha and Mahākaccāna.
 * "Ordinary Disciple" (Pāli: pakatisāvaka; Sanskrit: ): constituting the majority of disciples, while devoted to the Buddha and his teaching and while having planted seeds for future liberation, they have not yet irreversibly entered the path to emancipation and are still subject to infinite rebirths.

Ariyasāvaka
In the Pali commentaries, the term ariyasāvaka is explained as "the disciple of the Noble One (i.e. Buddha)". Accordingly, Soma Thera and Thanissaro Bhikkhu translate this term as "The disciple of the Noble Ones"

However Bhikkhu Bodhi interprets this term as "noble disciple", and according to him, in the Pali suttas, this term is used in two ways:
 * 1) broadly: any lay disciple of the Buddha;
 * 2) narrowly: one who is at least on the path to enlightenment (Pāli: sotāpatti maggattha). In this sense, "ordinary people" (puthujjana) can be contrasted with this narrow definition of "noble disciple" (ariyasāvaka). Nyanatiloka writes, "sāvaka [...] refers, in a restricted sense (then mostly ariya-sāvaka, 'noble disciple'), only to the eight kinds of noble disciples (ariya-puggala, q.v.)."

The canon occasionally references the "four pairs" and "eight types" of disciples. This refers to disciples who have achieved one of the four stages of enlightenment:
 * Sotāpanna
 * Sakadāgāmin
 * Anāgāmin
 * Arahat

In regards to disciples achieving arahantship, Bhikkhu Bodhi writes: "In principle the entire practice of the Noble Eightfold Path is open to people from any mode of life, monastic or lay, and the Buddha confirms that many among his lay followers were accomplished in the Dhamma and had attained the first three of the four stages of awakening, up to nonreturning (anāgāmi; Theravāda commentators say that lay followers can also attain the fourth stage, arahantship, but they do so either on the verge of death or after attainment immediately seek the going forth [that is, homelessness, associated with becoming a monastic])."

For each of these stages, there is a "pair" of possible disciples: one who is on the stage's path (Pāli: magga); the other who has achieved its fruit (Pāli: phala). Thus, each stage represents a "pair" of individuals: the path traveler (Pāli: maggattha) and the fruit achiever (Pāli: phalattha). Hence, the community of disciples is said to be composed of four pairs or eight types of individuals (Pāli: cattāri purisayugāni attha purisapuggalā).

Foremost disciples
In the "Etadaggavagga" ("These are the Foremost Chapter," AN 1.188-267), the Buddha identifies 80 different categories for his "foremost" (Pāli: etadagga) disciples: 47 categories for monks, 13 for nuns, ten for laymen and ten for laywomen.

While the disciples identified with these categories are declared to be the Buddha's "foremost" or "chief" (Pāli: etadagga), this is different from his "Chief Disciples" (Pāli: aggasāvaka) who are consistently identified solely as Sāriputta and Mahāmoggallāna.

In addition, in SN 17.23, SN 17.24 and AN 4.18.6, the Buddha identifies four pairs of disciples "who have no compare" and who should thus be emulated. These four pairs are a subset of the 80 foremost disciples listed above, identified in the sub-section 14 of AN 1 (i.e. AN 1.188-267). These four pairs of disciples to be most emulated are:

 * monks: Sāriputta and Mahāmoggallāna
 * nuns: Khemā and Uppalavaṇṇā
 * laymen: Citta and Hatthaka of Alavi
 * laywomen: Kujjuttara and Veḷukaṇḍakiyā

The community of disciples
In Buddhism, there are two main communities (Pāli: sangha):
 * The "community of monks and nuns" (Pāli: bhikkhu-sangha; bhikkhuni-sangha) refers to a community of four or more monks or nuns who are living in a permanent or semi-permanent single-sex community (in the contemporary West monks and nuns may live within the same monastery but in separate living quarters). Within this community of monks and nuns there is a further sub-division containing practitioners (who are nonetheless still living among their fellow renunciates) possessed of some substantive level of realization (namely, those who have at least gained stream-entry). This core group is called the "noble sangha" (ariya-sangha).
 * The "community of disciples" (Pāli: sāvaka-sangha) refers to the broad community of monks, nuns, and male and female layfollowers.

For an example of a traditional stock reference to the sāvaka-sangha in the Pali canon, in "The Crest of the Standard" discourse (SN 11.3), the Buddha advises his monks that, if they experience fear, they can recollect the Buddha or the Dhamma or the Sangha; and, in recollecting the Sangha they should recall:
 * "The Sangha of the Blessed One's disciples [sāvaka-sangha] is practising the good way, practising the straight way, practising the true way, practising the proper way; that is, the four pairs of persons, the eight types of individuals...."

A similar phrase can also be found in the lay disciple's daily chant, "Sangha Vandanā" ("Salutation to the Sangha").

Mahāyāna view
In Mahayana Buddhism, śrāvakas or arhats are sometimes contrasted negatively with bodhisattvas.

In the 4th century abhidharma work Abhidharmasamuccaya, Asaṅga describes those who follow the Śrāvakayāna. These people are described as having weak faculties, following the Śrāvaka Dharma, utilizing the Śrāvaka Piṭaka, being set on their own liberation, and cultivating detachment in order to attain liberation. Those in the Pratyekabuddhayāna are portrayed as also utilizing the Śrāvaka Piṭaka, are said to have medium faculties, to follow the Pratyekabuddha Dharma, and to be set on their own personal enlightenment. Finally, those in the Mahāyāna "Great Vehicle" are portrayed as utilizing the Bodhisattva Piṭaka, as having sharp faculties, following the Bodhisattva Dharma, and set on the perfection and liberation of all beings, and the attainment of complete enlightenment.

According to Vasubandhu's Yogacara teachings, there are four types of śrāvakas:
 * 1) The fixed
 * 2) The arrogant
 * 3) The transformed
 * 4) The converted (to "Bodhi" or Buddhism)

The transformed and the converted (Buddhist) are assured of eventual Nirvana in the Lotus Sutra.

According to Je Tsongkhapa, founder of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism: "The Sutra on the Ten Levels (Daśabhūmika Sūtra) says that those who have cultivated these ten [virtuous practices, i.e. not killing, not stealing, not lying etc.] through fear of cyclic existence and without [great] compassion, but following the words of others, will achieve the fruit of a Śrāvaka."

- Lamrim Chenmo

Jainism
A śrāvaka in Jainism is a lay Jain. He is the hearer of discourses of monastics and scholars, Jain literature. In Jainism, the Jain community is made up of four sections: monks, nuns, śrāvakas (laymen) and śrāvikās (laywomen).

The term śrāvaka has also been used as a shorthand for the community itself. For example, the Sarawagi are a Jain community originating in Rajasthan, and sometimes śrāvaka is the origin of surnames for Jain families. The long-isolated Jain community in East India is known as the Sarak.

The conduct of a śrāvaka is governed by texts called śrāvakācāras, the best known of which is the Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra of Samantabhadra.

A śrāvaka rises spiritually through the eleven pratimas. After the eleventh step, he becomes a monk.

Jains follow six obligatory duties known as avashyakas: samayika (practising serenity), chaturvimshati (praising the tirthankara), vandan (respecting teachers and monks), pratikramana (introspection), kayotsarga (stillness), and pratyakhyana (renunciation).

title: Śrāvaka