text:
Medical torture

Medical torture describes the involvement of, or sometimes instigation by, medical personnel in acts of torture, either to judge what victims can endure, to apply treatments which will enhance torture, or as torturers in their own right. Medical torture overlaps with medical interrogation if it involves the use of professional medical expertise to facilitate interrogation or corporal punishment, in the conduct of torturous human experimentation or in providing professional medical sanction and approval for the torture of prisoners. Medical torture also covers torturous scientific (or pseudoscientific) experimentation upon unwilling human subjects.

Medical ethics and international law
Medical torture fundamentally violates medical ethics, which all medical practitioners are expected to adhere to.
 * The Hippocratic Oath makes explicit statements against deliberate harm not in the patient's best interests. These statements are often translated as "I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment" and "to never deliberately do harm to anyone, for anyone else's interest." (Note: these statements are formulations of the ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence.)
 * In response to the Nazi human experimentation on prisoners during World War II, which were declared at the post-World War II Nuremberg Trials to be "crimes against humanity", the World Medical Association developed the Declaration of Geneva to supplant the dated Hippocratic Oath. The Declaration of Geneva requires medical practitioners to state " [I, the medical practitioner] will maintain the utmost respect for human life from its beginning even under threat and I will not use my medical knowledge contrary to the laws of humanity."
 * The Nuremberg Trials also led to the emergence of the Nuremberg Code which explicitly outlines the boundaries of acceptable medical experimentation.
 * Additionally in response to the Nazi atrocities, the Geneva Conventions of 1949 outright prohibits the torture of prisoners of war and other protected non-combatants.
 * The World Medical Association Declaration of Tokyo (1975) makes a number of specific statements against torture, including "The doctor shall not countenance, condone or participate in the practice of torture".
 * Also the UN Convention Against Torture, which applies to medical personnel in addition to law enforcement officers, military personnel, politicians, and other persons acting in an official capacity, prohibits the use of torture under any circumstance. Under Article 2(2) of the Convention, it states that "No exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of war or a threat of war, internal political instability or any other public emergency, may be invoked as a justification of torture."
 * The UN Principles of Medical Ethics relevant to the Role of Health Personnel, particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UN.1982) applies specifically to medical and other health workers but it has no implementation mechanism to ensure enforcement. It is up to state, provincial, and national bodies to enforce the standards in the document.
 * The development of command responsibility established criminal liability for all people, including physicians, involved in crimes against humanity.

There remain gaps in regulation relating to medical torture in many countries. A higher standard of behaviour is expected of health professionals yet the UN Principles of Medical Ethics are not enforceable when governments are complicit in violations. This higher standard is reflected in the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence (above all do no harm), autonomy, justice, dignity and informed consent and these are not covered comprehensively by the UN Convention Against Torture.

Examples

 * Between 1937 and 1945, Japanese medical personnel who were part of Unit 731 participated in the torture and murder of as many as 10,000 Chinese, Russian, Korean, American and other prisoners as well as Allied POWs during the second Sino-Japanese War.
 * During World War II, inmates in Nazi concentration camps were subjected to medical experiments. Josef Mengele was the most notorious perpetrator, earning him the nickname "Angel of Death". Some doctors also ensured that inmates were painfully executed. For example, Hermann Fischer-Hüllstrung, who played a role in executing notable inmates such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer, "had the job of reviving political prisoners after they had been hanged until they were almost dead, in order to prolong the agony of their dying."
 * Between 1970 and 1971, British security forces used the five techniques against a number of detainees in Northern Ireland during the Troubles. After this came to the Irish government's attention, they filed a case to the European Commission for Human Rights, who ruled that use of the five techniques constituted torture. However, the European Court of Human Rights subsequently ruled that usage of the five techniques did not constitute torture but still qualified as cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.
 * In Soviet mental hospitals used to hold political prisoners, very unpleasant medications were given to these "patients" as a means of punishment. A psychiatric diagnosis was devised to describe people who oppose government policies.
 * In 1978, "Pisaot menuh" ("Human Experiments") were performed on seventeen political prisoners held at the infamous prison Tuol Sleng in Phnom Penh under the Khmer Rouge.
 * A study called "The Aversion Project" found that gay conscripts in the South African Defence Forces (SADF) during the apartheid era had been forced to submit to "curing" their homosexuality, both by electroshock therapies and by botched sex changes.
 * There have been numerous claims that electroconvulsive therapy and prefrontal lobotomies and similar psychiatric treatments have sometimes been performed not in the patient's best interests, but rather as punishment for misbehaviour or to otherwise make the patient easier to manage. A classic example of this is the Lake Alice, New Zealand atrocity which occurred in the early 1970s. Children admitted to the Lake Alice Hospital's open child and adolescent unit were routinely punished with unmodified ECT (that is, ECT without anesthesia). Some governments (e.g. Norway and New Zealand) have since begun paying reparations to patients who suffered such treatments. The World Health Organization has called for a ban on unmodified ECT, and states no form of it should be used on children.
 * In 2016, a group consisting of 71 British medical doctors urged that Israel's membership in the World Medical Association should be revoked, alleging that Israeli doctors performed state-endorsed "medical torture" on Palestinians. However, no official motion for expulsion was ever filed, nor were these allegations upheld by the World Medical Association.

Purported medical or professional complicity
According to the Center for Constitutional Rights' When Healers Harm campaign, health professionals were complicit in the torture and abuse of detainees during U.S. President George W. Bush's "war on terror". Health professionals, including medical doctors, psychiatrists, medical examiners, psychologists, and nurses, have been implicated in the torture and abuse of prisoners in CIA secret prisons and military detention centers, such as those in Guantánamo, Afghanistan, and Iraq.

Health professionals are accused of:

 * crafting abusive tactics and falsely legitimizing their use;
 * advised interrogators on methods of abuse that would exploit prisoners’ vulnerabilities;
 * using medical procedures to harm prisoners;
 * gauging pain and monitoring interrogations that risked leaving prisoners in need of treatment;
 * checking prisoners to certify that they were capable of surviving additional abuse;
 * conditioning medical or mental health treatment on cooperation with interrogation;
 * sharing confidential patient information that was used to harm patients;
 * covering up evidence of torture and abuse; and
 * turning a blind eye to cruel treatment.

To date, no state licensing boards or professional associations have investigated – or recognized, in some cases – abusive conduct by individual members of their professions. In 2009, after years of denial, the American Psychological Association finally recognized that psychologists had engaged in torture. However, the American Psychological Association has not recognized that psychologists were involved in the Bush Administration’s torture policy. Some criticize the APA for failing to respond to allegations of “collusion between APA officials and the national security apparatus in providing ethical cover for psychologists’ participation in detainee abuse."

Although the American Medical Association has made clear that physicians should not be involved in interrogations of any kind, it continues to insist that it has “no specific knowledge of doctors being involved in abuse or torture,” despite evidence to the contrary, including government documents and Office of Legal Counsel memos, a report by the International Committee of the Red Cross and multiple accounts by survivors.

Some other accounts of medical or professional complicity in torture include:
 * The SERE ("Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape") program's chief psychologist, Col. Morgan Banks, issued guidance in early 2003 for the "behavioral science consultants" who helped to devise Guantánamo's interrogation strategy although he has emphatically denied that he had advocated the use of SERE counter-resistance techniques to break down detainees. The New Yorker notes that in November, 2001 Banks was detailed to Afghanistan, where he spent four months at Bagram Air Base, "supporting combat operations against Al Qaeda and Taliban fighters".
 * Confidential medical records of Guantánamo prisoners were used to identify physical and psychological weaknesses that could be exploited during abusive interrogation.
 * A 2005 report by Human Rights Watch suggested that torture was routine under the appointed Iraqi government.
 * Dr. J. C. Carothers, British colonial Kenyan psychiatrist, has been implicated by some recent academic historians in designing interrogation of Mau Mau prisoners. His advice was published by the Kenya Government as The Psychology of Mau Mau, in 1954.
 * Similarly, it has been implied that Interim Iraqi Prime Minister Dr. Ayad Allawi violated his obligation to medical ethics whilst serving as Western European chief of secret police for the Baathist government of Saddam Hussein. However, the same sources allege that Allawi had abandoned his medical education at that point and his medical degree "was conferred upon him by the Baath party."

In fiction

 * Actor Michael Palin plays a medical torturer in Director Terry Gilliam's 1985 dark comedic dystopian film Brazil.
 * In the film adaptation of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four the main character, Winston Smith, is subjected to medical torture by the thought police.
 * Actor Gregory Peck plays Nazi medical torturer Josef Mengele in Director Franklin J. Schaffner's The Boys from Brazil.
 * Actor Laurence Olivier plays Nazi torturer dentist Christian Szell in Director John Schlesinger's 1976 Marathon Man.
 * The film One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, starring Jack Nicholson, depicts abuse of psychiatric techniques including electroconvulsive therapy and lobotomy.
 * In the popular series, 24, various forms of medical torture (including hallucinogens and injections) are utilized to obtain confessions and information from high-threat terrorists being interrogated in the fictional Counter-Terrorist Unit (CTU) of the United States.
 * In Anthony Burgess' book A Clockwork Orange, Alex, the anti-hero of the book, undergoes a fictional medical torture program called 'The Ludovico Technique', in which he is given a nausea-inducing drug, strapped to a chair with his eyelids forced open and forced to watch hours of films of extreme violence and rape to condition him to associate feelings of nausea with rape and violence.
 * The theme of the 2009 horror film The Human Centipede (First Sequence) is that of a sadistic, psychopathic retired surgeon torturing three people by surgically connecting them mouth to rectum, forcing the last two to swallow the excrement of the person in front of them and physically beating all three of them if they try to rebel or escape.
 * The 2008 horror film Autopsy focused on an insane doctor who runs a hospital where victims are lured in and experimented with, so that the doctor can find a cure for his wife's terminal disease.
 * In the book Dearly Devoted Dexter by Jeff Lindsay the central antagonist is a character nicknamed 'Dr. Danco' who surgically removes all body parts not necessary for life from his victims as what is revealed to be forfeits in a twisted game of hangman, carrying out the operations with the victim conscious and watching the procedures in a mirror.
 * The multi-perspective novel The Sea and Poison (Shusaku Endo, 1957; translated by Michael Gallagher) depicts the vivisection experiments performed by Japanese doctors on American soldiers during World War II. Kei Kumai's 1986 drama film The Sea and Poison is based on this book (original film title "Umi to dokuyaku").
 * Dr. Jane Payne, a character in the children's book Wayside School Gets A Little Stranger, is a sadistic dentist who pulls more teeth than is necessary in order to get extra money.
 * In the Ajin manga, the Ajins are immortal humans who are captured and tracked by the government in order to become test subjects for medical torture, and many experiments which implies amputations without anesthesia, repeated murdering and torture for studying their immortality.

title: Medical torture


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User:Jcdavis

Hello, this is John.

you may contact me at johncndavis@gmail.com.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Jcdavis


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Talk:Imran Khan

Sorting out the various charges
We need to be more careful in presenting the various charges against Khan. Afaict these consist of:
 * 1. What we call the "2022 Toshakhana reference case"
 * 2. What we call the "First arrest and release" which apparently was declared illegal.
 * 3. What we call the "Conviction and second arrest" relating to "misusing his premiership from 2018 to 2022 to buy and sell gifts". He was sentenced to three years in prison but "an appeals court suspended Khan's corruption conviction and three-year prison term, and granted bail".
 * 4. The "cypher case" in which Khan was sentenced to 10 years in prison. The Islamabad High Court later overturned Khan's conviction in this case
 * 5. The marriage law case: "On 3 February, Khan and his wife were convicted and sentenced to an additional seven years in prison and fined 500,000 rupees ($1,800) each following a criminal complaint by Bushra Bibi's former husband, Khawar Maneka, saying that Bushra did not complete her Iddat before marrying Khan in 2018".
 * Currently, charges 3 - 5 are all under the one heading and are not sufficiently distinguished. It would be difficult to separate the changes into separate sections because there is a time overlap and the defence team lodged an appear against cases 3-5 at the same time. However, I suggest replacing the titles "2023 arrests" and "Conviction and second arrest" with something more accurate.

Burrobert (talk) 16:44, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 25 June 2024
Please change in the list of leaders who are convicted and sentenced where Imran khan has been alleged for corruption charges in fact all the allegation of corruption have been dismissed by the Supreme Court now he is only convicted for getting married legally yes he is convicted for getting married and even this case is still in the court and will be dismissed if he gets a fair trial So please remove the allegations and conviction of corruption charges on Imran khan 2607:FEA8:4C20:99E0:ECBA:971:434F:AA3F (talk) 02:52, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Charliehdb (talk) 13:59, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 9 July 2024
Change Imran Khan’s photo in the info box to a newer one, took in 2023 instead of the 2020 one in place right now. The new image file would be: Imran Khan in June 2023.jpg Ultraprime12345 (talk) 10:34, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. The image is acceptably licensed, but I'm not sure that it's an improvement - it's a lossy screencap from a Youtube video whereas the current image is a freely-donated high-resolution photograph. And despite its age it was only uploaded a couple months ago. Feel free to discuss and make a new request later if other editors agree that it should be updated. Ivanvector (Talk/Edits) 16:37, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 19 July 2024
Add "Interior Minister" with dates "20 August 2018 – 18 April 2019" under the appropriate section. 182.177.53.211 (talk) 05:53, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Charliehdb (talk) 13:10, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Imran Khan


text:
Anthony Lucas

Anthony Lucas may refer to:
 * Anthony Francis Lucas, Croatian-born American oil explorer
 * Anthony T. Lucas, Irish archaeologist, historian and museologist
 * Anthony Lucas (American football), American football wide receiver

title: Anthony Lucas


text:
KK

KK, K.K., kK, k.k., or other sequences of two k's with or without punctuation may refer to:

Arts and media

 * KK, the production code for the 1967 Doctor Who serial The Faceless Ones
 * "KK" (song), a 2014 song by Wiz Khalifa
 * Kk. or Kirkpatrick number, a designation system for Domenico Scarlatti's keyboard sonatas, devised by Ralph Kirkpatrick
 * Kobylańska Katalog or KK, catalogue of the works of Frédéric Chopin, authored by Krystyna Kobylańska
 * Kvinner og Klær (Women and Clothes) or KK, a Norwegian weekly magazine
 * Kritika Kultura or KK, a Philippine journal of literary, language and cultural studies

Language

 * Kazakh language (ISO 639-1 code kk), a Turkic language
 * Kenyon and Knott or KK Phonetic Transcription, a transcription system used in the 1944 Pronouncing Dictionary of American English
 * Kernewek Kemmyn (Common Cornish), a variety of the Cornish language
 * Kk (digraph), used to represent a consonant in various languages

People

 * KK (singer), (Krishnakumar Kunnath, 1968–2022), Bollywood playback singer
 * KK (musician) (born 1956), Icelandic musician
 * KK (composer, producer) (born 1975), British record producer and musician
 * KK Goswami (born 1973), Indian film and television actor
 * K. K. Downing (born 1951), British musician
 * K. Keshava Rao (born 1939), Indian politician
 * Kay Kay Menon (born 1968), Indian actor
 * Keke Rosberg (born 1948), Finnish racing driver
 * Kenneth Kaunda (1924–2021), first president of Zambia
 * Jesperi Kotkaniemi, Finnish ice hockey player
 * Kwang-hyun Kim, Korean baseball player, plays for the St. Louis Cardinals
 * KK, born Kelton L. McDonalda, rapper from the American rap group 2nd II None

Transportation

 * KK, IATA code of de:Leav Aviation, a German airline
 * KK, then IATA code of AtlasGlobal, formerly Atlasjet, a defunct Turkish airline
 * Keikyu, the official symbol used for various railway lines operated by the private railroad, Keikyu.
 * KK, a former subway route replaced by the J/Z (New York City Subway service)

Places

 * Kinnickinnic River (Milwaukee River) or "KK River", which flows into Lake Michigan
 * Kota Kinabalu or KK, a city in Sabah, Malaysia
 * Kuala Kangsar, royal town of Perak, Malaysia
 * Kuala Kurau, a town in Kerian District, Perak Malaysia
 * Kuala Klawang, a town in Jelebu District, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
 * Northern Cyprus or by its Turkish name "Kuzey Kıbrıs"

Sport

 * Karachi Kings, a cricket team franchise in Pakistan Super League

Other uses

 * Kabushiki gaisha or kabushiki kaisha, a type of Japanese joint-stock company commonly abbreviated as "K.K." or $⟨㏍⟩$.
 * Kaluza–Klein theory, a theory in physics
 * Karkat Vantas, a character from the webcomic Homestuck, frequently called "KK" by his friend Sollux
 * Jeep Liberty (KK), a model of Jeep Liberty made from 2008 until 2012
 * Kilokelvin (kK), a temperature or temperature difference of 1000 kelvins
 * k.k. or k.-k. (kaiserlich-königlich), meaning "imperial-royal" in the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian Empires
 * "kk", instant-messaging slang for "OK", an acceptance and indication that no further explanation is necessary
 * KK-theory, in algebraic topology
 * KK thesis, a principle of epistemology
 * Krusty Krab, a fictional SpongeBob SquarePants restaurant
 * K.K. Slider, a fictional character from the video game franchise Animal Crossing
 * KK Super Mart, a convenience store chain in Malaysia

title: KK


text:
Index of British Columbia–related articles

The following is an alphabetical list of articles related to the Canadian province of British Columbia.

0-9

 * 1700 Cascadia earthquake
 * 1898 British Columbia general election
 * 1900 British Columbia general election
 * 1903 British Columbia general election
 * 1907 British Columbia general election
 * 1909 British Columbia general election
 * 1912 British Columbia general election
 * 1916 British Columbia general election
 * 1920 British Columbia general election
 * 1924 British Columbia general election
 * 1928 British Columbia general election
 * 1933 British Columbia general election
 * 1937 British Columbia general election
 * 1941 British Columbia general election
 * 1945 British Columbia general election
 * 1949 British Columbia general election
 * 1952 British Columbia general election
 * 1953 British Columbia general election
 * 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
 * 1956 British Columbia general election
 * 1960 British Columbia general election
 * 1963 British Columbia general election
 * 1966 British Columbia general election
 * 1969 British Columbia general election
 * 1972 British Columbia general election
 * 1975 British Columbia general election
 * 1979 British Columbia general election
 * 1983 British Columbia general election
 * 1986 British Columbia general election
 * 1991 British Columbia general election
 * 1996 British Columbia general election
 * 2001 British Columbia general election
 * 2005 British Columbia general election
 * 2006 Central Pacific cyclone
 * 2009 British Columbia general election
 * 2010 Winter Olympics
 * 2010 Winter Paralympics
 * 2012 Valley First Crown of Curling
 * 2013 British Columbia general election
 * 2013 Kamloops Crown of Curling
 * 2017 British Columbia general election
 * 2017 Kamloops Crown of Curling
 * 2020 British Columbia general election

A

 * Agricultural Land Reserve
 * Air pollution in British Columbia
 * APEC Canada 1997
 * Alaska Boundary Dispute
 * Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District
 * Alberni Inlet
 * Alberni Valley
 * Alexandria First Nation
 * Anahim Lake
 * Anderson Lake (British Columbia)
 * Barbara Andrews (bishop)
 * Anglican Diocese of New Westminster
 * Annacis Island
 * Omer Arbel
 * Atlin, British Columbia
 * Janet Austin

B

 * Baillie-Grohman Canal
 * Marilyn Baptiste
 * Barkerville
 * Dave Barrett
 * BC Bud
 * BC Council for Families
 * BC Ferries
 * BC Geographical Names
 * BC Hydro
 * BC Legislature Raids
 * BC Lions
 * BC Place
 * BC Rail
 * BC Sports Hall of Fame
 * Beacon Hill Park
 * Robert Beaven
 * Bill Bennett
 * W. A. C. Bennett
 * Big Bend Country
 * Andrew Bilesky
 * Boat Encampment
 * Bocci
 * Boundary Bay
 * William John Bowser
 * Brentwood Bay, British Columbia
 * Chartres Brew
 * Harlan Carey Brewster
 * Bridge River
 * Bridgeview, Surrey
 * British Columbia Aviation Museum
 * British Columbia Coast
 * British Columbia Conservative Party
 * British Columbia Court of Appeal
 * British Columbia dollar
 * British Columbia Ferry Corporation
 * British Columbia Forest Practices Board
 * British Columbia Highway 1
 * British Columbia Highway 5
 * British Columbia Highway 17A
 * British Columbia Highway 20
 * British Columbia Highway 93
 * British Columbia Highway 95
 * British Columbia Highway 99
 * British Columbia Hockey League
 * British Columbia Interior
 * British Columbia Liberal Party
 * British Columbia Parliament Buildings
 * British Columbia Social Credit Party
 * British Columbia Railway
 * British Columbia Resources Investment Corporation
 * British Columbia Summer Swimming Association
 * British Columbia Terms of Union
 * British Columbia Treaty Process
 * British Columbia Utilities Commission
 * British Columbia Unity Party
 * British Columbia Youth Parliament
 * Corryn Brown
 * Burnaby
 * Burns Lake
 * Burrard Inlet
 * Butchart Gardens

C

 * Cache Creek, British Columbia
 * Iona Campagnolo
 * Kim Campbell
 * Gordon Campbell
 * Canada–United States border
 * Canadian Pacific Railway
 * Canal Flats
 * Canal Flats Provincial Park
 * Cannabis in British Columbia
 * Capilano River
 * Capital Regional District
 * Cariboo
 * Cariboo District
 * Cariboo Gold Rush
 * Cariboo Land District
 * Cariboo Mountains
 * Cariboo Plateau
 * Cariboo Road
 * Carrier-Chilcotin Tribal Council
 * Cascadia (bioregion)
 * Cascadia (independence movement)
 * Cascadia subduction zone
 * Cassiar, British Columbia
 * Cassiar Land District
 * Centerm
 * Central City (Surrey, British Columbia)
 * Central Saanich, British Columbia
 * Chemainus
 * Chemainus River
 * Mike Chernoff (curler)
 * Chief Hunter Jack
 * Chilcotin Country
 * Chilcotin District
 * Chilcotin language
 * Chilcotin River
 * Chilcotin War
 * Chilko River
 * Chimney Rock (Canada)
 * Chinatown, Victoria
 * Christ Church Cathedral (Victoria, British Columbia)
 * Christy Clark
 * Glen Clark
 * Clayoquot Sound
 * Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve
 * Clayoquot Sound Central Region Board
 * Clear Range
 * Clearwater River (British Columbia)
 * Cloverdale, Surrey
 * Coast Mountains
 * Coast Salish
 * Coat of Arms of British Columbia
 * Coat of arms of Vancouver
 * Coat of arms of Victoria, British Columbia
 * College of New Caledonia
 * Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)
 * Colony of Vancouver Island
 * Columbia District
 * Columbia Lake
 * Columbia Mountains
 * Columbia River
 * Colwood, British Columbia
 * Comox-Strathcona Regional District
 * Comox Valley Regional District
 * Conservation status of British Columbia salmonids
 * Continental Newspapers
 * Jim Cotter (curler)
 * Douglas Coupland
 * Courtenay, British Columbia
 * William George Cox
 * David Crawley (bishop)
 * Raymond Culos
 * Current Swell

D

 * D'Arcy Island
 * Dakelh
 * Alexander Edmund Batson Davie
 * Theodore Davie
 * Dayglo Abortions
 * Amor De Cosmos
 * Adam de Pencier
 * Ralph Dean
 * Deas Island
 * John Deighton
 * Delta, British Columbia
 * Democratic Reform British Columbia
 * Grant Dezura
 * Diocese of British Columbia
 * Diocese of Caledonia
 * Diocese of Cariboo
 * Diocese of Kootenay
 * Discovery Islands
 * Ujjal Dosanjh
 * Doug flag
 * Douglas First Nation
 * James Douglas (governor)
 * Douglas Ranges
 * Douglas Road
 * Douglas Street
 * Downtown Vancouver
 * Frederick Du Vernet
 * James Dunsmuir
 * Robert Dunsmuir
 * Dutch Creek Hoodoos

E

 * East Vancouver
 * Ecclesiastical Province of British Columbia and Yukon
 * Andrew Charles Elliott
 * English Bay, Vancouver
 * Esquimalt
 * Esquimalt (electoral district)
 * Esquimalt Harbour
 * Esquimalt-Metchosin
 * Esquimalt-Royal Roads
 * Executive Council of British Columbia
 * Expo 86
 * Expo Line (SkyTrain)

F

 * Fairmont Hot Springs, British Columbia
 * False Creek
 * Financial District, Vancouver
 * Finlayson Channel
 * Flag of British Columbia
 * Flag of Richmond, British Columbia
 * Flag of Vancouver
 * Flag of Vancouver Island
 * Flag of Victoria, British Columbia
 * Fleetwood, Surrey
 * Flora Bank
 * Rick Folk
 * Forest Renewal BC
 * Fort Chilcotin
 * Fort St. James
 * Dean Fortin
 * Allan Fotheringham
 * Fountain, British Columbia
 * Francis Peninsula
 * Francis Point Provincial Park
 * Franco-Columbians
 * Fraser Canyon
 * Fraser Canyon Gold Rush
 * Fraser Lowland
 * Fraser River

G

 * Gabriola Island
 * Galiano Island
 * Garibaldi Provincial Park
 * Gastown
 * Gateway station (SkyTrain)
 * Sean Geall
 * Geography of British Columbia
 * Georgia Depression
 * Brent Giles
 * Glacier Media
 * Golden Hinde (mountain)
 * Goldstream Provincial Park
 * Goldstream River (Vancouver Island)
 * Good Hope Lake
 * Government House, British Columbia
 * Government of British Columbia
 * Paul Gowsell
 * Granby River
 * Grand Forks, British Columbia
 * Granville, British Columbia
 * Greater Vancouver
 * Greater Victoria
 * Green Party of British Columbia
 * Green River (British Columbia)
 * Greenpeace
 * Bert Gretzinger
 * Gribbell Island
 * Judith Guichon
 * Guildford, British Columbia
 * Guildford Town Centre
 * Ryan Guldemond
 * Gulf Islands
 * Gulf Islands National Park Reserve
 * Gwendoline (sternwheeler)

H

 * Hanceville, British Columbia
 * John Hannen
 * Rick Hansen
 * Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm of 2006
 * Mike Harcourt
 * John Hart (Canadian politician)
 * Hastings Mill
 * Lisa Helps
 * Highlands, British Columbia
 * History of British Columbia
 * Hollywood North
 * Homathko River
 * Hope, British Columbia
 * John Horgan
 * House dish
 * Bruce Hutchison

I

 * Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
 * In-SHUCK-ch Nation
 * Insular Mountains
 * Insurance Corporation of British Columbia
 * Interior Plateau

J

 * Dean Joanisse
 * Boss Johnson
 * Rita Johnston
 * Jon and Roy

K

 * Kakwa Provincial Park and Protected Area
 * Kal Tire Place
 * Kamloops
 * Kamloops Airport
 * Kamloops Crown of Curling
 * Kamloops Indian Residential School
 * Kamloops Lake
 * Karmutsen Formation
 * Kechika River
 * Kelowna
 * Kermode bear
 * Kettle River (Columbia River tributary)
 * cEvin Key
 * King George Boulevard
 * King George station
 * Linda Kirton
 * Klattasine
 * Patti Knezevic
 * Kootenay Land District
 * Kootenay River
 * Leonard Krog
 * Kwadacha Wilderness Provincial Park
 * Kwantlen Polytechnic University

L

 * Ladner, British Columbia
 * Ladner Ferry
 * Ladysmith, British Columbia
 * Langford, British Columbia
 * Langley, British Columbia (city)
 * Langley, British Columbia (district municipality)
 * Kelley Law
 * Leamy Acoustic Art
 * Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
 * Liard Plain
 * Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia
 * Gordon Light
 * Lighthouse Park
 * Lillooet
 * Lillooet Country
 * Lillooet Icecap
 * Lillooet Land District
 * Lillooet River
 * Lillooet Tribal Council
 * Lil'wat First Nation
 * Lions Gate Bridge
 * List of lieutenant governors of British Columbia
 * List of British Columbia premiers
 * List of British Columbia provincial highways
 * List of British Columbia Regional Districts
 * List of British Columbia Universities
 * List of British Columbians
 * List of communities in British Columbia
 * List of mayors of Qualicum Beach, British Columbia
 * List of physiogeographic regions of British Columbia
 * List of power stations in British Columbia
 * List of television stations in British Columbia
 * List of waterfalls of British Columbia
 * Lord River (Canada)
 * Lower Mainland
 * Lower Stl'atl'imx Tribal Council
 * Daniel Loxton
 * Lulu Island
 * Lussier Hot Springs
 * Lussier River
 * Lyackson First Nation
 * Lytton, British Columbia

M

 * Allison MacInnes
 * Mackenzie, British Columbia
 * John Duncan MacLean
 * Madeira Park
 * Marla Mallett
 * Marble Canyon (British Columbia)
 * Marble Range
 * Joseph Martin (Canadian politician)
 * Mathieson Channel
 * Greg McAulay
 * Richard McBride
 * John Foster McCreight
 * Allan McLean (outlaw)
 * Donald McLean (fur trader)
 * Lynne McNaughton
 * Medical Services Plan
 * Mess Creek Escarpment
 * Mess Lake
 * Metchosin
 * Metro Vancouver Regional District
 * Metropolis at Metrotown
 * Mica Creek
 * Bryan Miki
 * Dan Miller (Canadian politician)
 * Moev
 * Monarchy in British Columbia
 * Monashee Mountains
 * Monmouth Mountain
 * Richard Clement Moody
 * Greg Moore (racing driver)
 * Mother Mother
 * Mount Currie, British Columbia
 * Mount Edziza volcanic complex
 * George Matheson Murray
 * Margaret Lally "Ma" Murray
 * Anthony Musgrave
 * Musqueam Indian Band

N

 * Nanaimo
 * Nanaimo City Council
 * Nanaimo Harbour ferry terminal
 * Nanaimo (provincial electoral district)
 * Naramata
 * Naut'sa mawt Tribal Council
 * Nemaiah Valley, British Columbia
 * Nettwerk
 * New Caledonia (Canada)
 * New Democratic Party of British Columbia
 * New Westminster
 * Newton, Surrey
 * Nicknames of Vancouver
 * Nicoamen River
 * Nicola (Okanagan leader)
 * North Saanich, British Columbia
 * North Shore Mountains
 * North Star (sternwheeler 1897)
 * North Thompson River
 * North Vancouver (district municipality)
 * November 2021 Pacific Northwest floods
 * N'Quatqua
 * N'Quatqua First Nation
 * Nuxalk Nation

O

 * Oak Bay, British Columbia
 * Oak Bay (electoral district)
 * Ogden Point
 * Dave Ogilvie
 * Ogopogo
 * Nivek Ogre
 * Okanagan
 * Okanagan Country
 * Okanagan Lake
 * Okanagan Lake Bridge
 * John Oliver (British Columbia politician)
 * Adam Olsen
 * Order of British Columbia
 * Oregon boundary dispute
 * Oregon Country
 * Oregon Treaty
 * Osoyoos

P

 * Pacific Scandal
 * Park Royal Shopping Centre
 * Parliament of British Columbia
 * Duff Pattullo
 * Pattullo Bridge
 * Pavilion, British Columbia
 * Pavilion Lake
 * Pavilion Mountain
 * Peace Arch
 * Peace River Block
 * Peachland
 * Peak 2 Peak Gondola
 * Pemberton, British Columbia
 * Pender Harbour, British Columbia
 * Penticton
 * Penticton Herald
 * Dailene Pewarchuk
 * Brent Pierce
 * Pig War (1859)
 * Steven Point
 * Point Grey
 * Charles Edward Pooley
 * Pooley Island
 * Port Alberni
 * Port of Vancouver
 * Port of Vancouver (1964–2008)
 * Potlatch
 * Prince George, British Columbia
 * Princess Royal Island
 * Edward Gawler Prior
 * John Privett
 * Prospect Point (British Columbia)
 * Provincial Health Services Authority
 * Pugets Sound Agricultural Company

Q

 * qathet Regional District
 * Quadra Island
 * Quesnel, British Columbia
 * Quesnel Highland
 * Quesnel Lake
 * Quesnel River

R

 * Rattlesnake Island (Okanagan Lake)
 * Reform Party of British Columbia
 * Regional district
 * Regional District of East Kootenay
 * Regional District of Nanaimo
 * Ryan Reynolds
 * Richmond, British Columbia
 * Roberts Bank
 * Roberts Bank Superport
 * John Robson (politician)
 * Rocky Mountain Trench
 * Rocky Mountains
 * Roderick Island
 * Royal British Columbia Museum
 * Royal City Curling Club
 * Royal Roads
 * Royal Roads University

S

 * Saanich and the Islands
 * Saanich, British Columbia
 * Saanich (electoral district)
 * Saanich Inlet
 * Saanich—Gulf Islands
 * Saanich language
 * Saanich North and the Islands
 * Saanich Peninsula
 * Saanich people
 * Saanich South
 * Saanichton
 * Salish Sea
 * Salt Spring Island
 * Samahquam First Nation
 * Same-sex marriage in British Columbia
 * Pat Sanders
 * Randeep Sarai
 * Sasquatch
 * Saturna Island
 * Save-On-Foods
 * Save-On-Foods Memorial Centre
 * Kelly Scott
 * Scott Road station
 * Semiahmoo First Nation
 * Charles Augustus Semlin
 * Seton Lake First Nation
 * Seton Portage
 * Frederick Seymour
 * Shalalth
 * Sidney, British Columbia
 * Simon Fraser University
 * Skatin First Nations
 * Melissa M. Skelton
 * Julie Skinner
 * Skinny Puppy
 * Skookumchuck, British Columbia
 * SkyTrain (Vancouver)
 * William Smithe
 * Snuneymuxw First Nation
 * Socialist Party of British Columbia
 * South Surrey
 * South Westminster
 * Bernie Sparkes
 * Squamish Nation
 * Squamish people
 * Stanley Park
 * Starlight Stadium
 * Stʼatʼimc
 * Stone First Nation
 * Strait of Georgia
 * Strait of Juan de Fuca
 * Kennedy Stewart (Canadian politician)
 * Dorothy Stowe
 * Irving Stowe
 * Strathcona Provincial Park
 * Strathcona Regional District
 * Stikine Region
 * Stz'uminus First Nation
 * Sumas Prairie
 * Summerland, British Columbia
 * Surrey, British Columbia
 * Surrey Central station
 * Surrey Libraries
 * Surrey North
 * Surrey-Whalley
 * Susan Island

T

 * Tacheeda, British Columbia
 * Taseko Lakes
 * Taseko River
 * Tchaikazan River
 * TED (conference)
 * Telegraph Creek
 * Territory of the People
 * The Daily Courier (Kelowna)
 * The Empress (hotel)
 * The Grapes of Wrath (band)
 * Thetis Lake
 * Thetis Lake Monster
 * Thompson River
 * Thuja plicata
 * Thunderbird Park (Victoria, British Columbia)
 * Times Colonist
 * Tl'etinqox-t'in Government Office
 * Tlingit
 * Tlingit language
 * Simon Fraser Tolmie
 * Toosey First Nation
 * Top of the World Provincial Park
 * TransLink (British Columbia)
 * Tsawwassen
 * Tŝideldel First Nation
 * Tsilhqotʼin
 * Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia
 * Tsilhqot'in National Government
 * Tŝilhqox Biny
 * Ts'il?os Provincial Park
 * Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
 * John Herbert Turner

U

 * Ulkatcho First Nation
 * University of British Columbia
 * University of Victoria
 * Bob Ursel

V

 * Valdes Island
 * Vancouver
 * Vancouver 2010 (video game)
 * Vancouver Island
 * Vancouver Sun
 * Vancouver Whitecaps FC
 * Vancouverism
 * Bill Vander Zalm
 * Vanderhoof, British Columbia
 * Vernon, British Columbia
 * Victoria, British Columbia
 * Victoria Butterfly Gardens
 * Victoria Cool Aid Society
 * Victoria Salmon Kings
 * View Royal

W

 * Alfred Waddington
 * George Anthony Walkem
 * Chris Walter (author)
 * Wanetta Lake
 * Sarah Wark
 * West End, Vancouver
 * West Kelowna
 * West Shore, British Columbia
 * West Vancouver
 * Western Canada
 * Westham Island
 * Whalley, Surrey
 * Georgina Wheatcroft
 * Whistler Blackcomb
 * Whistler, British Columbia
 * Whistler Mountain
 * Whiteswan Lake Provincial Park
 * William R. Bennett Bridge
 * Williams Creek (British Columbia)
 * Williams Lake, British Columbia
 * Willis Point, British Columbia
 * Willow River (British Columbia)
 * Willow River, British Columbia
 * Mike Wood (curler)

X

 * Xeni Gwet'in
 * Xeni Gwet'in First Nation

Y

 * Yale, British Columbia
 * Yunesit'in


text:
Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal

The Muttahida Majlis–e–Amal (MMA; Urdu:, lit. 'United Assembly of Action') is a political alliance consisting of conservative, Islamist, religious, and right-wing parties of Pakistan. Naeem Siddiqui (the founder of Tehreek e Islami) proposed such an alliance of all the religious parties back in the 1990s.

Qazi Hussain Ahmad endeavored for it and due to his efforts, it was formed in 2002 in a direct opposition to the policies led by President Pervez Musharraf to support for the War in Afghanistan. The alliance more densely consolidated its position during the nationwide general elections held in 2002. The JUI(F) led by its leader, the cleric Fazl-ur-Rahman, retained most of the political momentum in the alliance. The MMA retained the provisional government of Khyber–Pakhtunkhwa and remained in alliance with PMLQ in Balochistan. Much public criticism and disapproval nonetheless grew against the alliance.

Despite its conservatism, the alliance survived for a short period of time, when the JUI(F) left the alliance over the political disagreement on the issues of boycotting the general elections held in 2008. The JUI(F) later becoming an integral part in the government led by the left-wing Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and refused to revive the alliance in 2012, before the upcoming 2013 elections, in opposition to PPP.

Historical and academic accounts
The MMA conglomeration of distinct Islamist parties that ran under a single banner during the nationwide general elections held in 2002. Islamist movements are defined as those which derive inspiration from the Islamic scriptures, the Qur'an and Hadith, and then vie to come to power in a state. Historically, the literature concerning Islamism and Muslim political institutions has been propagated via the Orientalist discourse, where the rejection of certain post-Enlightenment, national, and secular values has been translated into such movements' nature.

In fact, much of Islamism and its ideology are critiqued as a launching pad for fundamentalism and radicalism, as political movements such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and the ‘Islamic’ revolution of Iran are highlighted. However, social science and ethnographic work has proven that Islamism emerges from middle-class lay intellectuals concentrated in urban centers.

Activism and politics
The Islamic political parties united on a single platform in 1993 as "Islamic Front" but competition ensued between conservative PML(N) and leftist PPP forced the front into split when the JUI(F) decided to opt in support of Benazir Bhutto of PPP against the Pakistan Muslim League. Overall in the 1990s, the Islamic influence in the politics was very limited in the public.

After the deadly terrorist attacks on the United States in September 2001, the religious extremism began to grow in a military response to these attacks. The Islamic political parties formed the think tank, known as Pakistan-Afghanistan Defense Council (later known as Pakistan Defence Council), yet the formation of the MMA in 2001 was the first time such a coalition entered the electoral process.

Despite its huge mass, populism, and support, the MMA alliance only retained 63 seats whilst the PPP retained 94 seats and the President Musharraf's PML(Q) securing 124 seats during the general elections held in 2002. The alliance comprised the following notable groups:
 * 1) Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan (JUP): A traditional Sunni-(Aqeeda-e-Sawad-e-Azam of Aaulia, Sufia) political party which is popular with traditional and folk Muslims in rural areas of Sindh and Punjab. They chant the slogan Ya Rasool Allah tere chahne walon ki khair as the 'love slogan' of their party.
 * 2) The Jamiat Ulama-e-Islam: The party is led by Fazal-ur-Rehman who became widely known for his vocal and strong support for Benazir Bhutto and the Pakistan Peoples Party in the 1990s. The JUI(F) was politically influential, got more hardlines, and had traditional stream of thinking – with popular appeal amongst clerics, Pashtuns and Baloch of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. The JUI(F) later became an integral part in PPP led government formed in 2008–13.
 * 3) Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan (TJP): The party is led by Syed Sajid Ali Naqvi. The Shiite and ultraconservative party that played a crucial role in uniting the Shia masses to offer support to MMA. Its political influence was also less in the alliance's political shifts. Historically, it has foreign support and ties with Iran.
 * 4) Jamiat Ahle Hadith (JAH): Although a missionary political party, the JAH derives itself from the Ahl-al-Hadith movement.

Rise to power
The success of MMA can be attributed to the context-specific, political environment of the 2002 elections, due to the region's geopolitical significance following the Afghanistan invasion, military-civilian relations, and the threat of religion under secular authoritarian rule. Leading up to the 2002 elections, the PPP and the PML-N were severely handicapped as elite members of their respective parties were charged with corruption under the military regime, and thus, under the Legal Framework Ordinances (LFO), were rendered incapable of running for office.

In addition, the government exempted the MMA from standard campaign conduct, for their use of loudspeakers, street rallies, and anti-government inflammatory rhetoric which was not objected to by the government.

Another form of assistance from the government came in the revision of article 8a of the constitution, where a graduation clause required degrees from accredited universities, which included JI and JIU-F affiliated 'madaris', for participation in the electoral process. Such a clause restricted the ANP in its strongholds in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, and thus favored the MMA.

However, in addition to the military prioritizing and providing several concessions to the MMA in its rise to legitimacy, ideological pragmatism as a campaign strategy lifted the 5 party alliance into Pakistan's mainstream political institutions. Given the destabilized nature of the PPP and PML-N, the MMA benefited from the "ideological bankruptcy," monopolizing on the public's sentiment towards the U.S. involvement in Afghanistan. Also, in public, the MMA remained confrontational and opposed Musharraf for his partnership with the U.S, his promotion of "enlightened moderation", and his refusal to take off his uniform despite making several promises to do so. The MMA's political program highlighted its nationalist, populist tendencies, while hindering its religious rhetoric. Leading up to the elections, the MMA composed a 15-point manifesto as follows:

 * 1) To revive fear of God, affection to the Islamic Prophet Mohammed and service to people with particular emphasis on government officials and cabinet members.
 * 2) To make Pakistan a true Islamic welfare state to ensure justice to people and eradicate corruption whatsoever.
 * 3) To ensure provision of bread, clothes, shelter, education, jobs and marriage expenses to all citizens.
 * 4) To protect basic human rights (life, property and honour) of citizens
 * 5) To create an independent, just and humane economic system where citizens will be provided opportunities for 'halal' (legitimate) jobs, business, and investments.
 * 6) To ensure uniform and quick justice to every citizen, from the president to a layman.
 * 7) To develop God-fearing, helping, brave and protecting police system.
 * 8) To get the entire society literate within ten years to enable everyone to know one's rights and responsibilities.
 * 9) To ensure compulsory and free of charge education up to matriculation (high school level) and provide opportunities to meritorious students and scholars for advanced research.
 * 10) To protect rights of women guaranteed by Islam and restoration of their honour and prestige.
 * 11) To abolish all chronic and new feudal systems with forfeiture of illegal wealth and its distribution among the poor.
 * 12) To provide lands to peasants and farmers for their livelihood and guarantee reasonable prices for their produce.
 * 13) To protect provincial autonomy and district governments, taking care of backward areas and classes and taking special steps to get them at par with developed areas.
 * 14) To get the country and people rid of imperialistic forces and their local agents.
 * 15) To extend moral, political and diplomatic help and support to all suppressed with particular emphasis on Kashmiris, Palestinians, and Afghans.

The MMA's manifesto relies on heavy promises towards social services, eradication of foreign imperialism, extinguish corruption and exercise justice, while highlighting local and international struggles towards autonomy. Although the implementations of Shari’a and gender segregation were cornerstones to the MMA's ideology, such goals were vague and rarely highlighted during election campaigns. In addition, its relative passiveness against Musharraf's incumbent regime helped the party's cause, such as exemption from restrictions on public rallies and madrassa registration.

Such political strategies worked for the MMA in Balochistan and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Due to the Balochi nationalists’ fragmentation following the withdrawal of the Soviets from the region and its failure to denounce the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, the Balochi incumbents were viewed as Musharraf sympathizers. In the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the MMA performed well due to the high number of Pakhtuns, who received the MMA's policies towards anti-imperialism well. The coalition consisted of large numbers of ethnic Pakhtuns, and thus was active in organizing demonstrations against the plight of Afghan Pakhtuns under siege. In Sindh, the MMA won popular support, and five out of twenty National Assembly seats, by attacking the incumbent party, the MQM. Highlighting their history of extortion and lack of progress towards addressing social concerns, the MMA rallied the masses through its 'madaris' networks to voice their position and pile up votes on Election Day.

Through utilizing the several concessions made by the military regime, exploiting ideological and public weaknesses of incumbent parties, and politicizing the Afghan invasion, the MMA was able to secure eleven percent of the popular vote and 58 seats in the National Assembly. Given the conditions of the election, which were limited and not free under the watchful eye of the military-government, the MMA's ascension does not seem as surprising. However, in the following years, leading up to the 2008 election, the MMA was further exposed to the public and held publicly accountable.

Collapse of MMA
The MMA's success in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, and the city government of Karachi were the transient events, as seen in the alliance's split in the 2005 elections and official collapse in the 2008 elections.

Over the years, the public disapproval of MMA nonetheless grew and found itself in a tough situation in its competition with more resourceful and influential Alliance for Restoration of Democracy. Although the Military-MMA relationship is pertinent to the party's demise, the MMA's fate can be more accurately ascribed to its relationship to other secular institutions, individual and organizational corruption, and competing Islamisms. The MMA's actions while serving in the government portray the party's ideological fissures, its inadequacy in serving the public and delivering campaign promises, and its illiteracy in realpolitik. With such exposed shortcomings while serving as constituents in Pakistan's democratic institutions, the MMA was evaluated on the basis of its performance, and was duly rejected in the subsequent provincial and national elections.

Restoration
The restoration of MMA took place on 9 November 2017 in a second meeting at Mansoorah, Lahore in the presence of five Islamic parties Jamiat Ulama-e-Islam, Jamaat-e-Islami, Markazi Jamiat Ahle Hadith, Islami Tehreek and Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan and other religious parties. While the formal announcement took place on 14 December 2017 at Karachi and thus MMA was revived.

Fazal-ur-Rehman became head of MMA in March 2018, a political alliance of above-mentioned 5 religious parties. Alliance's five parties would have one election symbol, one flag and one election campaign manifesto.

On 11th March 2019, Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) has formally parted ways with Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA). “The JI will not conduct any future programme under the banner of the MMA,” announced the JI Central Executive Council (Shoora).

title: Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal


text:
Coat of arms of North Dakota

The coat of arms of North Dakota was created for use by the state government and National Guard units. An image of the coat of arms is seen on the flag of the governor of North Dakota and a short discussion of its use can be found at the North Dakota state government website.

Heraldic description
Section 54-41-01 of the North Dakota Century Code specifies the design (blazon) of the coat of arms thus;
 * Device: On an Indian arrowhead point to base Or a bend vert charged with three mullets of the first, in base a fleur-de-lis of the second.
 * Crest: On a wreath Or and azure, a sheaf of three arrows argent armed and flighted gules behind a stringed bow fessways Or with grip of the second (gules).
 * Motto: Strength from the soil.

Allusions
The allusions made in the arms are laid down in section 54-41-02 NDCC:
 * The colors of yellow gold and green are indicative of the great agricultural state of North Dakota and has particular reference to ripening grain and the abundant grazing areas. The Indian arrowhead forms the shield of the coat of arms and symbolizes the "Sioux State." The three stars denote the trinity of government; legislative, executive, and judicial. Each star in the bend is given the heraldic value of thirteen which signifies the thirteen original colonies of the United States, and the cumulative numerical value of the three stars indicates that North Dakota was the thirty-ninth state admitted to the Union. The stars also allude to the history of the territory under three foreign flags. Three stars are borne upon the coat of arms of Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark expedition and also on the coat of arms of Lord Selkirk, head of the first permanent settlement in this state. The fleur-de-lis alludes to La Vérendrye, a North American French explorer who was the first known white man to visit the territory of this state. The blue and gold wreath in the crest reflects the history of the territory as part of the Louisiana purchase. The crest which shall constitute the military crest of the state of North Dakota is a motif taken from the state seal and to the Sioux Indian tribes signifies mighty warriors.

Limits of use
Section 54-41-03 limits use of the symbol to the following:
 * The governor of North Dakota
 * The North Dakota National Guard
 * Departments and agencies of the state of North Dakota
 * North Dakota veterans organizations
 * Officially recognized North Dakota educational institutions, systems, or divisions thereof
 * Recognized North Dakota "patriotic organizations".

Other uses

 * The North Dakota Army National Guard uses the crest of the coat of arms as their shoulder sleeve insignia. [[Image:NDARNG-shoulder sleeve insignia.gif|thumb|100px|NDNG shoulder insignia]]

title: Coat of arms of North Dakota


text:
Talk:Vatican euro coins

Title
This article should be retitled to Vatican City euro coins, as the country is the Vatican City - (203.211.76.33 (talk) 02:04, 14 May 2014 (UTC))

Untitled
It appears that the minted quantities are not correct. Or else there is not a legend correctly labeling the numbers. For example, the following website said 80,000 would be minted of each denomination: http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/euro/euro_en.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.49.245.215 (talk) 03:56, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

why is this article categorized under Category:France? Gentgeen 22:40, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Keep wikipedia free from ads!
Please remove any links to euro-sellibng online shops.

 * Thanks for bringing this to my attention! Next time, however, you can remove it yourself -- everyone can edit on Wikipedia. :) — Nightst a  llion  (?) 22:47, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Edge lettering info
Edge lettering info available from http://www.euroswapper.com/euro_coins_va.html

 * This is the only page, where is this written. On the same site, but in the German version of page, is written, that the coin edge is 2 *. Also on web-pages of ECB is written 2 *. So I correct it. - U P 3  18:59, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Pictures
Could someone get rid of the dark border around the pictures? It's distracting.

 * I think it might be better to replace the current pictures by those shown in Wikicommons Commons:Euro. Gugganij 21:03, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

The pics are gone!!! Richardkselby 20:16, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:37, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:B 001 coin 14 2.jpg
Image:B 001 coin 14 2.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:37, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:€2 commemorative coin Vatican 2007.jpg
Image:€2 commemorative coin Vatican 2007.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 02:35, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Composition of Coins
If anyone has the information, I think it would be great if what the coins are composed of is mentioned in the article. WM2 20:28, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

Images
These image deletions sucks so badly. I think someone has only considered the non-free too tightly. Sure, the coins probably have copyrights, but then also, they are very public. Where exactly is said that coins can't be shown in an encyclopeida? In the same way, a photograph of some building or statue can't be shown anywhere because someone has designed it. 85.217.22.47 (talk) 20:06, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

front profile

 * Effigy of Francis (front profile).

Mommy, what does "profile" mean? —Tamfang (talk) 15:30, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vatican euro coins


text: Category:Air ambulance services

title: Category:Air ambulance services


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John brian kirby

John brian kirby was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Vanity article on an extremely non-notable programmer. --Goobergunch 22:42, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
France Nuyen

France Nuyen (born France Nguyễn Vân Nga on 31 July 1939) is a French-American actress, model, and psychological counselor. She is known to film audiences for playing romantic leads in South Pacific (1958), Satan Never Sleeps (1962), and A Girl Named Tamiko (also 1962), and for playing Ying-Ying St. Clair in The Joy Luck Club (1993). She also originated the title role in the Broadway play The World of Suzie Wong, based on the novel of the same name. She is a Theatre World Award winner and Golden Globe Award nominee.

Early life
Nuyen was born in Marseille. Her mother was French and her father was widely reported to be Vietnamese. During World War II, her mother and grandfather were persecuted by the Nazis for being Roma.

Nuyen was raised in Marseille by a cousin she calls "an Orchidaceae raiser who was the only person who gave a damn about me." Having left school at the age of 11, she began studying art and became an artist's model.

In 1955, while working as a seamstress, Nuyen was discovered on the beach by Life photographer Philippe Halsman. She was featured on the cover of 6 October 1958 issue of Life.

Career

France Nuyen became a motion picture actress in 1958. In her first role, she appeared as Liat, daughter of Bloody Mary (played by Juanita Hall) in the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific.

In 1978 Nuyen guest-starred with Peter Falk and Louis Jourdan in the Columbo episode "Murder Under Glass". In 1986 she joined the cast of St. Elsewhere as Dr. Paulette Kiem, remaining until the series ended in 1988.

Nuyen appeared in several films including The Last Time I Saw Archie (1961) Satan Never Sleeps (1962), A Girl Named Tamiko (1962), Diamond Head (1963), Dimension 5 (1966), Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973), The Joy Luck Club (1993) and The American Standards (2008).

With William Shatner
France Nuyen worked several times with actor William Shatner. At age 19, she was cast in Shatner's 1958 Broadway play The World of Suzie Wong. After a dubious initial opening, the play ran for more than 500 performances and was quite financially successful. Both Nuyen and Shatner later collected notable accolades for their work on the show, at the 1959 Theatre World Awards.

Nuyen worked again with Shatner across three US television projects, starting with "Elaan of Troyius", a 1968 third season episode of the original Star Trek in which Nuyen was the title character. She would later appear with Shatner in the 1973 made for TV movie The Horror at 37,000 Feet, and afterward in a 1974 episode of the Kung Fu series entitled "A Small Beheading".

Personal life
Nuyen had many on-and-off relationships, most notably an affair with Marlon Brando in 1960. From 1963 to 1966, Nuyen was married to Thomas Gaspar Morell, a psychiatrist from New York, by whom she has a daughter, Fleur, who resides in Canada and works as a film make-up artist. She met her second husband, Robert Culp, while appearing in four episodes of his television series I Spy. They married in 1967, but divorced three years later. In 1986, Nuyen earned a master's degree in clinical psychology and began a second career as a counselor for abused women, children and women in prison. She received a Woman of the Year award in 1989 for her psychology work. In the Life cover story on Nuyen, she is quoted as saying a proverb she also repeated in character as a spy in the I Spy episode "Magic Mirror": "I am Chinese. I am a stone. I go where I am kicked."

As of 2019, she resides in Beverly Hills.

Film

 * South Pacific (1958) - Liat
 * In Love and War (1958) - Kalai Ducanne
 * The Last Time I Saw Archie (1961) - Cindy Hamilton
 * Satan Never Sleeps (1962) - Siu Lan
 * A Girl Named Tamiko (1962) - Tamiko
 * Diamond Head (1962) - Mai Chen
 * Marco Polo (1962)
 * Man in the Middle (1964) - Kate Davray
 * Dimension 5 (1966) - Kitty (Ki Ti Tsu)
 * Black Water Gold (1970, TV Movie) - Thais
 * One More Train to Rob (1971) - Ah Toy
 * Slingshot (1971)
 * The Horror at 37,000 Feet (1973, TV Movie) - Annalik
 * The Big Game (1973) - Atanga
 * Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973) - Alma
 * Code Name: Diamond Head (1977, TV Movie) - Tso-Tsing
 * China Cry (1990) - Mrs. Sung
 * The Joy Luck Club (1993) - Ying-Ying - The Mother
 * A Passion to Kill (1994) - Lou Mazaud
 * Angry Cafe (1995) - Rosie
 * The Magic Pearl (1997) - (voice)
 * A Smile Like Yours (1997) - Dr. Chin
 * The Battle of Shaker Heights (2003) - Xiou-Xiou Ling
 * The American Standards (2008) - Dr. Pierce

Television

 * Hong Kong - episode "Clear for Action" (1960)
 * The Man from U.N.C.L.E. - episode "The Cherry Blossom Affair" (1965)
 * Gunsmoke - episode "Gunfighter, R.I.P." (1966) - as Ching Lee (S12E6)
 * Gunsmoke - episode "Honor Before Justice" (1966) - as Sarah
 * I Spy - four episodes (1966-1967)
 * Star Trek (1968) – Elaan in S3:E13, "Elaan of Troyius"
 * Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In (1968)
 * Medical Center - episode "The Battle of Lili Wu" (1969)
 * Hawaii Five-O - episode "Highest Castle, Deepest Grave" (1971)
 * Kung Fu - episode "A Small Beheading" (1974)
 * The Six Million Dollar Man - episode "The Coward" (1974)
 * Hawaii Five-O - episode "Small Witness, Large Crime" (S7 EP 17, 1975)
 * Code Name: Diamond Head (1977)
 * Charlie's Angels - episode "Angels in Paradise" (1977)
 * Columbo - episode "Murder Under Glass" (1978)
 * Fantasy Island - "Return to Fantasy Island" (1978)
 * Automan - episode "Ships in the Night" (1984)
 * Magnum, P.I. - episode "Torah, Torah, Torah" (1985)
 * Murder, She Wrote - episode "A Death in Hong Kong" (1993)
 * St. Elsewhere (1986-1988) as Dr. Paulette Kiem.
 * The Outer Limits - episode "Ripper" (1999)
 * "Tom Clancy's Op-Center" - Li Tang (1995)
 * Knots Landing (1990) as a doctor

title: France Nuyen


text:
Pier Antonio Mezzastris

Pier Antonio Mezzastris (or Pierantonio Mezastris; c. 1430 – c. 1506) was an Italian painter of the Quattrocento, painting in a somewhat provincial style for the time.

He was born at Foligno in Umbria. He painted religious subjects, working mostly in fresco, and was a local painter, in that all of his known works can be found within 15 km (10 mi) of his hometown, except for two frescoes in Narni. Though his subjects are very limited, his work is good, marked by technical ability and polish combined with elegance and delicacy of feeling. He is described as a follower of Benozzo Gozzoli. He should not be confused with Bernardino Mezzastris, a much lesser artist, possibly his son. His sister, Onofria, married Matteo da Gualdo, a painter from Foligno and active in Ancona and Norcia.

Works
Definite works by Mezzastris include:
 * Foligno:
 * Madonna & Saints (1486) and other detached frescoes now in Pinacoteca Civica,
 * Large monochrome fresco in the church of San Domenico
 * Madonna & Child with St Lucia and St Claire, fresco (1471) in monastery of S. Lucia
 * Madonna & Child with Two Female Saints, fresco in monastery of S. Anna
 * Madonna & Child with Angels, Saints, and Sibyls, in the church of Madonna della Fiamenga
 * Frescoes in the church of S. Maria in Campis, 2 km (1 mi) from Foligno
 * Madonna & Saints, frescoes in church of Vescia, 5 km (3 mi) from Foligno
 * elsewhere:
 * Oratorio dei Pellegrini in Assisi: the frescoes of the vault, depicting the Doctors of the Church; on the walls, frescoes of St Anthony Abbot blessing the Camels, and of the Miracles of St James
 * Crucifixion (1482) in the convent of S. Damiano near Assisi
 * Madonna Worshipping the Child, with St Francis and St Anthony of Padua, in the church of S. Martino of Trevi
 * "St Anthony's Niche", with several frescoes, in the church of S. Francesco of Montefalco
 * Scenes from the life of St Francis, and Two Scenes from the life of St Benedict, in church of S. Francesco in Narni

Attributed to Mezzastris are:
 * St Francis receiving Stigmata, in monastery of S. Anna of Foligno
 * St Francis receiving Stigmata in San Girolamo, Spello
 * Crucifixion (fresco, damaged), in church of S. Vincenzo of Bevagna
 * Madonna and Child with Angel (very damaged), in church of S. Agostino of Montefalco
 * Deposition, fresco in the Duomo of Narni
 * "St. Roch and the Redeemer" (ca. 1480) " painting in the Church of San Giacomo (Foligno)

title: Pier Antonio Mezzastris


text:
Lauren Ambrose

Lauren Ambrose (born February 20, 1978) is an American actress.

Ambrose gained recognition and critical acclaim for her starring role as Claire Fisher in the HBO drama series Six Feet Under (2001–2005), for which she was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards and won two Screen Actors Guild Awards. She went on to star as Jilly Kitzinger in the BBC One science fiction series Torchwood: Miracle Day (2011), Dorothy Turner in the Apple TV+ psychological horror series Servant (2019–2023), and as the adult version of Vanessa "Van" Palmer in the Showtime drama thriller series Yellowjackets (2023–present).

Her film credits include In & Out (1997), Can't Hardly Wait (1998), Psycho Beach Party (2000), Where the Wild Things Are (2009), The Other Woman (2009), Also in 2009, Ambrose Starred in the Film, “ Loving Leah” About Sunny (2011), Sleepwalk with Me (2012), and Wanderlust (2012).

Ambrose's stage credits include Buried Child (2004), Awake and Sing! (2006), and Exit the King (2009). She portrayed the lead role of Eliza Doolittle in the 2018 Lincoln Center Theater revival of My Fair Lady on Broadway, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award and a Grammy Award, and won a Outer Critics Circle Award. She is also the lead singer of the ragtime band Lauren Ambrose and the Leisure Class.

Early life
Lauren Ambrose was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on February 20, 1978. She is the daughter of Frank D'Ambruoso, a caterer, and Anne (née Wachtel), an interior designer. She is of Italian descent on her father's side, and German, English, and Irish on her mother's side. Ambrose attended Choate Rosemary Hall, Wilbur Cross High School, High School in the Community, and the ACES Educational Center for the Arts in New Haven as part of the class of 1996. She is also a trained opera singer who studied voice and opera at the Boston University Tanglewood Institute in the summers of 1994 and 1995.

1990–1998: Career beginnings
Ambrose began her career in New York theater, starring in the Off-Broadway play Soulful Scream of a Chosen Son at the Vineyard Theatre from August to September 1990. Her early career also included television appearances, most notably playing supporting guest roles in the NBC crime drama series Law & Order, and a feature guest role on the show in the 1998 episode "Damaged" as Valerie Maxwell, an intellectually disabled young woman raped by a group of popular high school students. Her first film role was as Vicky Rayburn in the comedy In & Out (1997). She went on to have a prominent role as Denise Fleming in the high school comedy film Can't Hardly Wait (1998).

1999–2005: Breakthrough and Six Feet Under
In 1999, Ambrose had a recurring role as Myra Wringler in five episodes of the Fox teen drama series Party of Five.

She had a role as the ingenue lead, Florence "Chicklet" Forrest, in horror comedy film Psycho Beach Party (2000). That same year, she starred as Frankie Wheeler in the coming-of-age drama film Swimming.

Ambrose gained wider recognition and critical acclaim for her starring role as Claire Fisher in the HBO drama series Six Feet Under (2001–2005). For her performance, she was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series and a Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Drama Actress. She also won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series twice, from five nominations as a part of the ensemble cast.

In 2004, she starred as Shelly in the Royal National Theatre production of the play Buried Child.

2006–2017: Broadway debut
In 2006, Ambrose made her Broadway debut in the Lincoln Center Theater revival production of Awake and Sing! at the Belasco Theatre. She went on to appear in the drama films Diggers (2006) and Starting Out in the Evening (2007).

In 2007, she starred as Juliet in the Public Theater's Shakespeare in the Park performance of Romeo and Juliet at the Delacorte Theater in Central Park. She also appeared as Ophelia in the 2008 performance of Hamlet for Shakespeare in the Park.

In 2008, she had a starring role as Coco Tompkins in the Fox comedy series The Return of Jezebel James, which was created by Amy Sherman-Palladino. The series was cancelled after one season.

Ambrose returned to Broadway in the 2009 revival of Eugène Ionesco's Exit the King at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, opposite Geoffrey Rush and Susan Sarandon. Also in 2009, she starred in numerous films, such as the comedy-dramas A Dog Year and Cold Souls, and the romance dramas The Other Woman and Loving Leah. Additionally, she provided the voice of the monster KW in Spike Jonze's fantasy drama film Where the Wild Things Are.

Ambrose is the lead singer of Lauren Ambrose and the Leisure Class, a ragtime dixieland jazz band formed in 2009. They have performed several times at Joe's Pub and charity events.

In 2011, Ambrose appeared in seven episodes of the BBC One science fiction series Torchwood: Miracle Day. She played Jilly Kitzinger, a "sweet-talking PR genius with a heart of stone who's just cornered the most important client of her career and maybe of all time". For her performance, she received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress on Television.

Ambrose produced and starred in the drama film About Sunny (2011), which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival. For her performance, she was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead. In 2012, she appeared in the comedy films Sleepwalk with Me, Wanderlust, and Grassroots.

Also in 2012, she was set to play Fanny Brice in a Broadway revival of Funny Girl, directed by Bartlett Sher, but the production was indefinitely postponed due to financial concerns.

Ambrose made numerous appearances on television, including roles in the A&E miniseries Coma (2012), the Adult Swim animated series Robot Chicken (2013), the NBC crime drama series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (2013), the Lifetime television film Deliverance Creek (2014), and the USA Network miniseries Dig (2015). From 2016 to 2018, she had a recurring role as Special Agent Liz Einstein in the Fox science fiction drama series The X-Files.

2018–present: Broadway return and Servant
In March 2018, Ambrose began a leading role as Eliza Doolittle in the Broadway revival of My Fair Lady at the Vivian Beaumont Theatre, directed by Bartlett Sher. For her performance, she received critical acclaim and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical and the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album. She also won the Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical.

In October 2018, Ambrose left My Fair Lady to take on the lead role as Dorothy Turner in the psychological horror series Servant, which was produced by M. Night Shyamalan and Tony Basgallop for Apple TV+. The series premiered in November 2019 and ended after four seasons in March 2023. For her performance in the series, she garnered a nomination for the Critics' Choice Super Award for Best Actress in a Horror Series.

Ambrose has also narrated various audiobooks, most recently The Maid by Nita Prose in 2022.

In 2023, Ambrose began starring in the Showtime drama thriller series Yellowjackets, portraying the adult version of the character Vanessa "Van" Palmer.

Personal life
Ambrose has been married to professional writer Sam Handel since September 2001. They have two children.

title: Lauren Ambrose


text:
Japantown, Vancouver

Japantown, Little Tokyo or Paueru-gai (パウエル街) is an old neighbourhood in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, located east of Gastown and north of Chinatown, that once had a concentration of Japanese immigrants.

Japantown ceased to be a distinct Japanese ethnic area during World War II when Japanese Canadians had their property confiscated and were interned. Although some Japanese returned after the war, the community never revived to its original state as the properties of Japanese Canadians were permanently forfeited by the Canadian government. As Japantown ceased to exist, the area is often referred to and marketed as Railtown by real estate developers.

History
Japantown was attacked on 7 September 1907 by the Asiatic Exclusion League, which smashed many windows in parts of Chinatown, and then moved on to Japantown. Four waves of attacks ensued, with the rioters being repulsed by the armed Japanese residents who had received warning of the attacks in Chinatown. In spite of inflicting a number of injuries upon the mob, more than 50 stores and businesses on Powell Street had their windows broken resulting in thousands of dollars of damage. The centenary of the attacks were marked by a Riot Walk through Chinatown and Japantown on 7 September 2007.

In the days prior to World War II, in addition to having many restaurants, hotels and businesses, the Japanese district had three Japanese daily papers (Tiriku Nippo, Canada Shimbun, and Minshu), three Buddhist churches, several sentō (Chitose, Tokiwa, Kotobuki, and Matsunoyu), and its language school supported as many as one thousand students. By 1921, the number of Japanese stores and businesses on the street had reached 578. There also existed the kenjinkai (prefecture association) which the community used for mutual aid mitigating the need for welfare during the Great Depression.

During World War II, Japanese Canadians had their property confiscated and were sent to internment camps and prisoner of war camps and Japantown ceased to be a distinct Japanese ethnic area. Although some Japanese returned to the area after the war, the community never revived as the properties confiscated by the Canadian government were never returned. The area is now part of Strathcona in the Downtown Eastside and the area is informally known as Railtown.

Along Powell Street, a few remnants of the former Japanese neighbourhood still exist. The Vancouver Buddhist Church, formerly the Japanese Methodist Church, still exists at 220 Jackson Avenue at Powell, as does the Vancouver Japanese Language School and Japanese Hall at 475 and 487 Alexander Street at Jackson, which is the only property in Canada that was ever returned to Japanese Canadians after World War II. Until the boom in Japanese restaurants in the 1980s, two restaurants on Powell Street were among the only Japanese dining establishments in the city.

Oppenheimer Park
Oppenheimer Park (Powell Street Grounds) in this area was the home for Asahi baseball team and it is the site for the annual two-day Powell Street Festival, which began in 1977. It is held every August, in the first weekend of the month, and is a community celebration of Japanese heritage as well as the alternative and street culture of the Downtown Eastside.

title: Japantown, Vancouver


text:
KV

KV may refer to:

Places

 * Kosovo, an Eastern European country
 * Kennebecasis Valley, a region in New Brunswick, Canada
 * KV (Egyptology), Kings' Valley, tombs in the Valley of the Kings, Egypt

Companies and organizations

 * KV Pharmaceutical, a drug company
 * KV Racing Technology, an auto racing team
 * KV, the IATA designator for Sky Regional Airlines
 * Kendriya Vidyalaya, a system of schools for the children of public servants in India
 * Khosla Ventures, an American venture capital firm
 * Knattspyrnufélag Vesturbæjar, an Icelandic football club
 * Kavminvodyavia, a Russian airline
 * Swedish Prison and Probation Service (Swedish: Kriminalvården), government agency
 * Katholieke Verkenners (English:"Catholic Scouts"), part of Scouting Nederland

Science and technology

 * Kv (flow factor), a measure of the flow factor of a liquid
 * Kilovolt (kV), a unit of electric potential
 * Motor velocity constant (Kv), of an electric motor
 * Voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv), in cell biology
 * Kv, a programming language implemented in Kivy
 * Karnaugh-Veitch diagram, a logic optimization method
 * key–value pair

Vehicles

 * Kliment Voroshilov tank, a series of Soviet Second World War heavy tanks
 * KV, prefix (NoCGV in English) for Norwegian Coast Guard vessels

Other uses

 * Köchel-Verzeichnis, a catalogue of compositions by Mozart
 * Komi language (ISO 639-1 code "kv"), spoken by the Komi peoples in the northeastern European part of Russia
 * "KV" (fictional virus), the fictional viral plague from the 2007 film I Am Legend (film)

title: KV