text:
Talk:Surtees Racing Organisation

F2
This need something about Formula 2, Surtees won the European F2 championship once ! Ericd 20:46, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Added info on Formula 2, among other things. Not a whole lot, but it's a start. Scottanon 21:59, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Dab
Why isn't the word "Surtees" a disambiguation page? I was looking for R.S. Surtees, and I find some racecar thing.

--> was looking for R. S. Surtees myself - don't know how to do disambiguation pages, but entered a link for those looking for the author. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.216.101.21 (talk) 00:18, 21 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I've created Surtees (disambiguation) and linked it. DH85868993 (talk) 09:11, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Surteeslogo.jpg
Image:Surteeslogo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. BetacommandBot (talk) 12:51, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Added fair use rational Scottanon (talk) 04:11, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Money Problems
I don't have the References to hand at the moment but will try to look for them but pretty sure in an Interview with "Big John" the money problems arose in 1974 when Bang and Olufsen were naming sponsors. I can't recall if he named them directly but he at least hinted pretty heavily that their money didn't eventuate and to compete in 1974 was a drain on money that was going to be spent on a new car for 1975 (which was the TS16). Which when it (the TS16) appeared in 1976 he admitted in the Interview that it was a year late. Alan Jones may have hinted at this too when he/Botsford wrote about his 1976 experiences in his/Botsford's book "Driving Ambition". Must have a read of it again to see if it is indeed in there. Dora Domino (talk) 18:04, 5 March 2016 (UTC)

1977 Paragraph
With respect to "Jones's success resulted in him leaving the team for the emerging Shadow team, and money problems forced Surtees to run one car regularly again in 1977, this time for Vittorio Brambilla. Brambilla's season was effective, also finishing in the points three times. Still, his good results did not prevent Surtees from further monetary troubles. In 1978, the team added a second car for pay driver, Briton Rupert Keegan, but the money problems continued. A lack of decent results caused further problems." Interested to discuss this owing to the following : 1. Alan did not want to drive for Surtees in 1977 despite Surtees exercising an option (AJ tells the story of trying to avoid "Big John" by hiding in his Room at I think either the Canadian or US East GP however when he ventured out for a Hamburger he went down in the Lift and when it opened there was "Big John") with Alan saying he would rather sit out of F1 in 1977 than drive for Surtees. Pretty sure that is in his/Botsford's book as well as in his "F1 Legends" TV program. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2eGXd81w2T0 2. Shadow were hardly "emerging" in 1977 (if anything they were on a downward slide from 1976) and Alan only got the drive with them after Tom Pryce's fatal accident at Kyalami. 3. Have a look at the results for 1977 and you will see that 2 cars were run - one for VB and the second for a Heinz variety of Drivers. Must go and have a read of "Driving Ambition" now. Dora Domino (talk) 18:17, 5 March 2016 (UTC) Yep see the video from 5:27 it was at Mosport so it was the Canadian Grand Prix. Dora Domino (talk) 18:20, 5 March 2016 (UTC)

Category suggestion
Please consider adding this and other relevant articles (e.g. Hill) to a new category for F1 teams founded by active or former F1 drivers. I came here looking for exactly that because I could not name them all from memory; but WP's categorisation, especially for motorsport, is often a letdown in that regard. 80.195.4.13 (talk) 16:53, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

 * No opposition from me (for now) SSSB (talk) 21:29, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

Attempt to request renaming (malfunction)
I made an attempt to use the template proffered here (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Requested_move) to request the page be moved to "Surtees Racing Organisation", as that is the actual name of the company, not "Surtees", a surname with multiple entries at WP and (confusingly) the name of the company founder, Formula One champion John Surtees. Instead (possibly because changes are being requested this very day to the provided template) it did not do what it said it would, and just produced an undesired new navbox.

Can some registered user out there either please just move the page as requested (to its proper legal name), and if not then submit a request for a move (on my behalf) at that page (since unregistered users are prevented from even making a request there). Thank you. 2601:196:180:DC0:113D:3F29:5372:8B54 (talk) 21:44, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Hello User:Nthep...Lil' help (from a handy administrator)...? The problem is as above: the template provided for an unregistered user to "post" a move request directly at the relevant page malfunctioned, leaving me and the request dead in the water.  I believe the request is reasonable (and as you can see from the 2nd post on this page has been an issue since 2008), and respectfully ask that you make it.  If not, it is certainly reasonable enough to add to the WP requested moves page and let those there hash it out.  Thank you. 2601:196:180:DC0:113D:3F29:5372:8B54 (talk) 22:13, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I've created the move request below. For future reference, the instructions for requesting a move of a single page are provided at Requested_moves. The discussion will probably go for a week or so, after which the page will be moved (or not) depending on the outcome of the discussion. I didn't just move the page myself in the expectation that some editors may argue that the racing team/constructor is the primary topic for the name "Surtees" and that the page should therefore not be moved. Regards. DH85868993 (talk) 23:01, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

Requested move 4 February 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. As stated by the supporters, using the official name is indeed an acceptable way of forming a natural disambiguation, as in the classic example Apple Inc. instead of Apple (company) or similar. Further, natural disambiguation is preferred when possible over parenthetical disambiguation per WP:AT, so the Supports have the better policy basis here. (closed by non-admin page mover) Bensci54 (talk) 05:08, 12 February 2024 (UTC)

Surtees → Surtees Racing Organisation – that is the actual name of the company, not "Surtees", a surname with multiple entries at WP and (confusingly) the name of the company founder. (DH85868993 (talk) on behalf of) (see preceding section) 22:58, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Formula One has been notified of this discussion. Vanderwaalforces (talk) 23:25, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per @2601:196:180:DC0:113D:3F29:5372:8B54 and @DH85868993
 * RegalZ8790 (talk) 02:46, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Support as a form of natural disambiguation in an instance where this article is clearly not the primary topic over other Surtees related articles. SSSB (talk) 07:03, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The more common practice is to add disambiguation between brackets. Tvx1 02:18, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Where a natural disambiguation exists, I'm not convinced it is more common. Even if it were that doesn't (in the absence of further argument) make natural disambiguation less valid. SSSB (talk) 06:53, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It is. The problem with your "proposed natural disambiguation" is that it ignores WP:OFFICIAL and WP:COMMON. The correct action to deal with a WP:PRECISE issue like this is to add a descriptor to the title between brackets.Tvx1 02:08, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It doesn't ignore WP:OFFICIAL. All that wp:official says is that the official name of something shouldn't be the article title by default. It doesn't prohibit the use of official titles. Now, I am more than happy to accept the common name is simply Surtees, but this article is not the primary Surtees article (I don't see you disputing this) so some form of disambiguation is needed. I don't see why the natural disambiguation to "Surtees Racing Organisation" ignores wp:common either. If we compare with your proposed "Surtees (racing team)", the only difference (in terms of words) is the use of organisation instead of team (these are virtually synonymous in context) and the only other difference of note is the presence of brackets. I don't object to your proposed name, I just don't understand your rational against the proposed move here... As an aside, we use a similar naming statergy with Williams Grand Prix Engineering (instead of Williams (racing team)), and Red Bull Racing (instead of Red Bull (racing team), Scuderia Ferrari (instead of Ferrari (racing team)) to name but three so your prior claim that using brackets is more common seems doubtful. SSSB (talk) 06:56, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Support. We're not talking "Marmite" or "Sterno"...completely genericised "trademarks" in universal use, and universally understood in lieu of their makers. "Surtees" as synonymous with a 1970s racing team is just not the case for an "everyman's encyclopedia" user in 2024.2601:196:180:DC0:CDC4:B20:880B:B95D (talk) 15:34, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * This is not the way we generally disambiguate though. Tvx1 02:17, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I do not know what this is supposed to mean. The "disambiguation" is simply to take the ambiguity out and give the page the proper name of its subject.  That's extremely straightforward.
 * Less straightforward (but perhaps a better approach, and to similar pages bearing only an individual's surname to identify a team name (as with Brabham, McLaren, and who knows how many others)) is a change to "Surtees (racing team)" as suggested below, as it is actually clearer than "Surtees Racing Organization" (or "Motor Racing Developments, Ltd." for "Brabham").
 * The only thing that does not appear satisfactory (being both confusing to general encyclopedia users and emitting an inappropriately "clubby" air hanging over Formula racing articles) is naming the pages for these teams the single surname of their principal founder (even if they still at times end up piped to that in appropriate context within articles as exceptions). 2601:196:180:DC0:58DB:99AB:E9F7:996F (talk) 15:12, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
 * We don't tend to give preference to official names though. In a case like this our normal action is to just add disambiguation between brackets, as that satisfies both WP:PRECISE and WP:COMMON. The reason why we tend to go with "he single surname of their principal founder" because that is what they are most commonly referred by in the sources.Tvx1 02:13, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose When an article appears to be not WP:PRECISE enough, the common practice is to add disambiguation between brackets (i.e. Surtees (racing team)) rather than replacing the WP:COMMON name by the WP:OFFICIAL name.Tvx1 02:16, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * See reply to this point in 2nd indent above.2601:196:180:DC0:58DB:99AB:E9F7:996F (talk) 15:14, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support replace with the disambiguation page -- 65.92.247.66 (talk) 06:52, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per SSSB. This is a good natural disambiguation. Surtees (disambiguation) should then be moved to Surtees. A7V2 (talk) 07:28, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * But runs afoul of a set of core policies.Tvx1 02:15, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * From WP:NATURAL "Using an alternative name that the subject is also commonly called in English reliable sources, albeit not as commonly as the preferred-but-ambiguous title, is sometimes preferred", and from the section Article titles below this: "Adding a disambiguating term in parentheses after the ambiguous name is Wikipedia's standard disambiguation technique when none of the other solutions lead to an optimal article title" (emphasis mine). It's possible to make the argument that Surtees Racing Organisation is not used enough, though it is used at least sometimes (for example and ). However to say it runs afoul of core policies is at best an exageration, as policy explicitely allows for such titles. It is my opinion that this proposed title is more than suitable and so a parenthetical disambiguation is not necessary, but I will say that I would prefer such a title to the current one. The fact that this alternate title is the official name isn't overly relevant one way or the other (hence why I said per SSSB and not per the nominator). A7V2 (talk) 06:06, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. No primary topic. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:17, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Surtees Racing Organisation


text:
Talk:Jean Todt

First line
the first line is ambiguous: is he head of the full ferrari operation or only the scuderia. (ok, it s clarified later)

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title: Talk:Jean Todt


text:
1934 in Ireland

Events from the year 1934 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * Governor-General: Domhnall Ua Buachalla
 * President of the Executive Council: Éamon de Valera (FF)
 * Vice-President of the Executive Council: Seán T. O'Kelly (FF)
 * Minister for Finance: Seán MacEntee (FF)
 * Chief Justice: Hugh Kennedy
 * Dáil: 8th

Events

 * 12 January – Republican Press Ltd. takes a High Court action against the Garda Síochána over the seizure of the An Phoblacht newspaper.
 * 20 January – the funeral of the veteran nationalist Member of Parliament, Joseph Devlin, takes place in Belfast.
 * 5 February – Dublin Corporation debates a letter from the Gaelic League asking for a ban on the broadcast of jazz music on the grounds that it is contrary to the spirit of Christianity and nationality.
 * 7 February – discussions on the formation of a new Volunteer Force leads to an explosive debate in the Dáil. Civil War events are revisited and there are angry exchanges between deputies.
 * 23 February – the Government introduces the Wearing of Uniform (Restriction) Bill 1934. Cumann na nGaedheal opposes what is soon dubbed The Blueshirts Bill.
 * 26 February – 300 pupils from the Christian Brothers schools in Thurles go on strike as a protest against the wearing of blue shirts by a number of their classmates. They parade through the town singing The Soldiers Song.
 * 2 March – the Wearing of Uniform (Restriction) Bill is carried in the Dáil by 80 votes to 60. W. T. Cosgrave condemns the Bill and predicts its failure.
 * 10 March – the National Athletic and Cycling Association decides to ban women from taking part in events and meetings.
 * 17 March – a socialist motion put to the Irish Republican Army convention in Dublin is lost.
 * 18 March – General Eoin O'Duffy addresses 2,500 Blueshirts in Trim Market Square.
 * 27 March – the Irish Hospitals' Sweepstake receives a blow when the Betting and Lotteries Act is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, prohibiting the sale of lottery tickets in the UK.
 * 7–8 April: Republican Congress first meets in Athlone, formed from disaffected socialist ex-members of the Irish Republican Army.
 * 9 April – W. W. McDowell, US Minister to Ireland, dies at a State banquet in his honour at Dublin Castle, between President Éamon de Valera and Mrs. Sinéad de Valera.
 * 2 May – an application to obtain permission for deposed Soviet leader Leon Trotsky to live in Ireland has failed.
 * August–October – newspaper strike in Dublin.
 * 13 August - the Copley Street riot occurs, leading to a clash between the Broy Harriers and the Blueshirts that leaves one person dead.
 * September – the Republican Congress, at its first annual meeting (held at Rathmines), suffers a split on policy.
 * December – Republicans demonstrate against the screening at the Savoy Cinema in Dublin of a newsreel of the marriage of Prince George, Duke of Kent, to Princess Marina.

Arts and literature

 * 3 March – the third Theatre Royal, Dublin, closes.
 * 6 April – W. B. Yeats shares the Gothenburg Prize for Poetry.
 * August–January 1935: Brian O'Nolan publishes the magazine Blather in Dublin.
 * 18 October – release of Robert J. Flaherty's fictional documentary film Man of Aran in the United States.
 * Adolf Mahr is appointed Director of the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin.
 * Samuel Beckett publishes his prose collection More Pricks Than Kicks.
 * Patricia Lynch publishes her children's book The Turf-Cutter's Donkey: An Irish Story of Mystery and Adventure.
 * Francis MacManus publishes his first novel Stand and Give Challenge in Dublin.
 * Kate O'Brien publishes her novel The Ante-Room.
 * W. B. Yeats publishes his poetry The King of the Great Clock Tower.

Football

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: Bohemians
 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: Cork 2–1 St James' Gate

Golf

 * Irish Open is won by Syd Easterbrook (England).

Births

 * 12 January – Edmond Carmody, Roman Catholic bishop in the Diocese of Corpus Christi.
 * 21 January – Audrey Dalton, actress.
 * 3 February – Joseph Duffy, Roman Catholic Bishop of Clogher.
 * 4 February – Tom Cheasty, Waterford hurler (died 2007).
 * 7 February – Rory O'Hanlon, Fianna Fáil TD for Cavan–Monaghan, Cabinet Minister and Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann.
 * 6 March – Mella Carroll, judge of the High Court (died 2006).
 * 7 March – Seán Garland, politician (died 2018)
 * 1 May – Rory Kiely, Fianna Fáil Senator, Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann 2002–2007.
 * 4 May – Patrick O'Donoghue, fifth Roman Catholic Bishop of Lancaster in England.
 * 3 May – Larry Gogan, radio disc jockey (died 2020).
 * 19 May – Mark Hely Hutchinson, son of 7th Earl of Donoughmore, chief executive of Guinness Ireland and group chief executive, Bank of Ireland (1983–1991).
 * 29 May – Mick Meagan, soccer player and manager.
 * 4 June – Seamus Elliott, road bicycle racer (died 1971).
 * 7 July – Robert McNeill Alexander, zoologist, authority on animal locomotion (died 2016).
 * 13 July – Brian McCracken, Justice of the Supreme Court, sole member of The McCracken Tribunal into certain payments by Ben Dunne to Charles Haughey and Michael Lowry.
 * 29 July – Patrick Coveney, Roman Catholic Archbishop.
 * 30 July – Kathleen O'Connor, teacher, Clann na Poblachta TD for Kerry North and the youngest ever woman elected to Dáil Éireann (at a by-election in 1956) (died 2017).
 * 31 July – Fergus Bourke, photographer (died 2004).
 * 5 August – Gay Byrne, broadcaster, host of The Late Late Show (died 2019).
 * 25 August – Michael Lynch, Fianna Fáil TD and senator (died 2019).
 * 16 September – Ronnie Drew, singer and folk musician, with The Dubliners (died 2008).
 * 23 September – Thomas Kilroy, playwright and novelist.
 * 26 October – Walton Empey, Archbishop of Dublin (Church of Ireland), Primate of Ireland (1996–2002).
 * 30 October – Noel Dwyer, soccer player (died 1993).
 * 12 November – John McGahern, writer (died 2006).
 * 14 November – Catherine McGuinness, Justice of the Supreme Court, High Court and Circuit Court, Senior Counsel and Senator.
 * 2 December
 * Harry Perry, welterweight Olympic boxer (died 2021).
 * Brian Phelan, actor, screenwriter and dramatist (died 2024).
 * Full date unknown
 * John Bennett, Cork hurler.
 * Francis John Byrne, historian (died 2017).
 * Johnny Clifford, Cork hurler (died 2007).

Deaths

 * 1 January – John Crowley, medical doctor, member 1st Dáil representing North Mayo (born 1870).
 * 18 January – Joseph Devlin, Nationalist politician and MP in the British House of Commons and in Northern Ireland (born 1872).
 * April – Robert McCall, lawyer (born 1849).
 * 29 September – Patrick S. Dinneen, lexicographer and historian (born 1860).
 * 28 November
 * Seán O'Mahony, Sinn Féin MP (born 1872).
 * George F. O'Shaunessy, Democrat U.S. Representative from Rhode Island (born 1868).
 * 3 December – Charles James O'Donnell, colonial administrator and MP (born 1849).
 * Full date unknown – Nathaniel Hill, impressionist painter (born 1861).

title: 1934 in Ireland


text: Category:English composers

title: Category:English composers


text: Category:Baroque architects

title: Category:Baroque architects


text:
1933 in Ireland

Events from the year 1933 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * Governor-General: Domhnall Ua Buachalla
 * President of the Executive Council: Éamon de Valera (FF)
 * Vice-President of the Executive Council: Seán T. O'Kelly (FF)
 * Minister for Finance: Seán MacEntee (FF)
 * Chief Justice: Hugh Kennedy
 * Dáil:
 * 7th (until 2 January 1933)
 * 8th (from 8 February 1933)

Events

 * 4 February – Fianna Fáil, led by Éamon de Valera, win their first overall majority in Dáil Éireann. He is welcomed in his own constituency in County Clare where 77 horsemen and 77 torchbearers who light 77 tar barrels in honour of the 77 seats won by the party.
 * 21 February – representatives from the Netherlands and Germany arrive in Galway to inspect the site of a proposed new £3 million airport.
 * 22 February – General Eoin O'Duffy is removed from his post as Commissioner of the Garda Síochána.
 * 27 February – four people die in the great snowstorm that is gripping the country.
 * 2 March – a vote to remove the Oath of Allegiance to the British Crown is carried by 71 to 38.
 * 17 March – Éamon de Valera gives a State reception in St. Patrick's Hall of Dublin Castle, the first since the foundation of the state.
 * 17 April – Ireland's first parachute jump, executed by Joseph Gilmore, is successful.
 * 3 May – in Dáil Éireann the Bill to abolish the Oath of Allegiance is passed.
 * 10 August – General Eoin O'Duffy outlines his proposals for remodelling parliament. He favours a system of representatives from vocational and professional groups.
 * 15 August – the Cistercians' Mount Melleray Abbey in County Waterford celebrates its centenary.
 * 23 August – the Sugar Manufacture Act provides for nationalisation of the sugar beet processing industry to ensure self-sufficiency.
 * 2 September – the United Ireland Organisation is formed as Cumann na nGaedheal, the National Centre Party and the National Guard agree to merge under the leadership of Eoin O'Duffy. W. T. Cosgrave will lead the party in Dáil Éireann.
 * 14 September – the United Ireland movement, which has adopted the title 'Fine Gael', will contest the general election in October as a political party.
 * 8 December – the Blueshirts are banned by the Fianna Fáil government.
 * Scottish Democratic Fascist Party founded by William Weir Gilmour and Major Hume Sleigh to oppose Irish Catholic migration to Scotland.

Arts and literature

 * 6 February – première of Lennox Robinson's comedy Drama at Inish at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin.
 * 28 March – première of Christine Longford's comedy Mr. Jiggins of Jigginstown at the Gate Theatre, Dublin.
 * 1 May – Maurice O'Sullivan (Muiris Ó Súilleabháin) publishes his memoir Fiche Bliain ag Fás / Twenty Years A'Growing.
 * Winifred Mary Letts publishes her memoir Knockmaroon.
 * W. B. Yeats publishes his Collected Poems and The Winding Stair and Other Poems.

Football

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: Dundalk
 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: Shamrock Rovers 3–3, 3–0 Dolphins

Golf

 * Irish Open is won by Bob Kenyon (England).

Births

 * 1 January – Jeremiah Coffey, Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Sale, Australia.
 * 1 March – P. J. Sheehan, Fine Gael TD (died 2020).
 * 11 March – Lochlainn O'Raifeartaigh, physicist responsible for the O'Raifeartaigh Theorem and the O'Raifeartaigh Model of supersymmetry breaking (died 2000).
 * 24 April – Liam Hyland, Fianna Fáil Senator, TD and MEP.
 * 27 April – Liam Tuohy, soccer player and manager.
 * 3 May – John O'Leary, Fianna Fáil TD.
 * 13 May – Martin O'Donoghue, economist, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister and Seanad Éireann member (died 2018).
 * 14 May – Frank Harte, singer and song collector (died 2005).
 * 23 June – Proinsias Mac Aonghusa, journalist, broadcaster, chairman Bord na Gaeilge, president Conradh na Gaeilge (died 2003).
 * 13 July – Frank Prendergast, Labour Party TD and Mayor of Limerick.
 * 14 July – John Beresford, 8th Marquess of Waterford, peer.
 * 22 July – Tommy Traynor, soccer player (died 2006).
 * 18 August – Fiachra Ó Ceallaigh OFM, Auxiliary Bishop of Dublin from 1994.
 * 20 August – Michael O'Halloran, politician in the UK (died 1999).
 * 11 September – Amby Fogarty, soccer player.
 * 19 September – Michael Howard, Fine Gael Senator.
 * 22 October – Ronnie Nolan, soccer player.
 * 29 October – Joseph Cassidy, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Tuam.
 * 5 December – Edward Daly, Catholic Bishop of Derry (died 2016).
 * 15 December – Sam Stephenson, architect (died 2006).
 * Full date unknown
 * Kieran Carey, Tipperary hurler (died 2007).
 * Fergus Crawford, soccer player (died 1985).
 * Jack Mahon, Gaelic footballer with Galway (died 2005).
 * Tony O'Donohue, municipal politician in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
 * Owen Walsh, artist (died 2002).

Deaths

 * 21 January – George Moore, novelist, poet, art critic and dramatist (born 1852).
 * January – Bowman Malcolm, railway engineer (born 1854).
 * 7 March – Thomas O'Shaughnessy, lawyer and judge (born 1850).
 * 19 March – E. Temple Thurston, poet, playwright and author (born 1879).
 * 23 April – Matilda Cullen Knowles, lichenologist (born 1864).
 * 7 June – Matthias McDonnell Bodkin, Nationalist politician, lawyer and journalist (born 1850).
 * 16 June – Denis O'Donnell, entrepreneur (born 1875).
 * 29 June – Countess of Desart, Independent member of the 1922 Seanad and remained a member until her death.
 * 1 July – P. H. McCarthy, labour leader and mayor of San Francisco (born 1863).
 * 10 July – Francis Fitzpatrick, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1879 during an attack on Sekukuni's Town, South Africa (born 1859).
 * 2 August – James McCombs, politician in New Zealand (born 1873).
 * 7 December – James Cullen, priest and mathematician (born 1867).
 * 8 December, John Joly, scientist (born 1857).
 * Full date unknown
 * Caspar Phair, Gold Commissioner in British Columbia.

title: 1933 in Ireland


text:
Secrets (Toni Braxton album)

Secrets is the second studio album by American singer Toni Braxton, released on June 18, 1996, by LaFace Records and Arista Records. The album was nominated for Best Pop Album at the 1997 Grammy Awards. Secrets has been certified eight-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Worldwide, the album has sold over 15 million copies. In support of the album, Braxton embarked on the Secrets Tour, playing dates in North America and Europe from August 1996 to October 1997.

Composition
The album's first song "Come On Over Here" is a "finger-poppingly upbeat", sultry groove track produced by Tony Rich. It was described as "a neo-Motown composition". The second track and lead single, the airily funky "You're Makin' Me High", was produced by Babyface and Bryce Wilson. It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Song. The third track "There's No Me Without You" is a romantic song. The fourth track and second single "Un-Break My Heart" is a ballad written by Diane Warren. She played the finished song to Arista Records president Clive Davis, who thought it would be perfect for Braxton. With background vocals by Shanice Wilson and production by David Foster, the song spent 11 weeks at number one on pop radio stations and 14 weeks at number one on adult contemporary radio in late 1996. It also won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1997. It is a song of blistering heartbreak, as Braxton sings to her former lover, begging him to return to her and undo all the pain he has caused. The fifth track "Talking in His Sleep" is about adultery.

The sixth track "How Could an Angel Break My Heart" was co-written by Babyface and Braxton and features saxophonist Kenny G. Over a "lulling" ballad melody, the lyrics detail a lover's wayward behavior. "Let It Flow", included on the soundtrack to Waiting to Exhale, eventually became a staple of urban contemporary radio. The song is a sultry tune that requires the singer to reach down to her lowest register. On "Why Should I Care", Braxton ascends to a high, breathy croon, while on "I Don't Want To", R. Kelly provides the soft bump-and-grind sound, in a song about a romance in denial, and "I Love Me Some Him" was written by Andrea Martin and Gloria Stewart and produced by Soulshock & Karlin.

Singles
The album's lead single, "You're Makin' Me High", earned Braxton her first number-one single on both the Billboard Hot 100 and the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts. Its B-side, "Let It Flow", was an airplay success and was featured on the soundtrack to the 1995 film Waiting to Exhale. The second single, "Un-Break My Heart", became a commercial success worldwide, peaking at number one on the Hot 100 for 11 consecutive weeks, number one on the Hot Dance Club Play, and number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, while topping the charts in several other countries. The third single from the album, "I Don't Want To", reached the top 20 of the Hot 100 and the top 10 of the R&B chart. Its B-side, "I Love Me Some Him", was a major airplay success domestically. The fourth official single, "How Could an Angel Break My Heart", which features Kenny G on the saxophone, became another top-40 entry in the United Kingdom, while failing to enter the charts in the US.

Critical reception
Secrets received generally positive reviews from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic wrote that Braxton's "vocal talent is what unites Secrets and makes it into a first-rate contemporary R&B collection. Braxton is a singer who can cross over into the smooth confines of adult contemporary radio without losing or betraying the soul that lies at the foundation of her music, and her talent burns at its brightest on Secrets." Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly praised the "core Braxton/Babyface collaborations" on the album as "diverse, witty, and exquisitely modulated", noting Braxton's "technical range" and "ability to deliver Secrets' sermons of sensuality—little gospels of good and bad loving—with unusual eloquence." Robert Christgau, writing in The Village Voice, stated, "The apprentice diva of the debut was modest, composed, virtually anonymous. I'll take the right It Girl anytime—especially one who insists on getting her props." David Fricke from Rolling Stone commented, "As designer champagne 'n' anguish R&B goes, Secrets goes down nice and easy."

Commercial performance
Secrets debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 (behind Metallica's Load) and at number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, selling 170,000 copies in its first week. The album was certified eight-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on October 3, 2000, and as of April 2011, it had sold 5,364,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan. It sold an additional 927,000 copies through BMG Music Club. In Canada, the album peaked at number four on RPM's albums chart, and was certified septuple platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) on December 31, 1997, denoting shipments in excess of 700,000 units.

The album debuted at number 54 on the UK Albums Chart for the week ending June 29, 1996, before peaking at number 10 in its 30th week on the chart, on January 25, 1997. On April 1, 1997, the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) certified Secrets double platinum for shipments of over 600,000 copies. In continental Europe, the album topped the charts in Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, and Switzerland, while reaching the top five in Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany, and Sweden, and the top 10 in Ireland. In Oceania, the album reached number 11 in both Australia and New Zealand; it has been certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) and gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ). By May 2010, Secrets had sold 15 million copies worldwide.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Secrets.

Musicians

 * Toni Braxton – lead vocals, background vocals (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9–11); all vocals (tracks 3, 6, 8, 12); vocal arrangement (track 5)
 * Tony Rich – arrangement, all instruments, background vocals (track 1)
 * Marc Nelson – background vocals (tracks 1, 2, 9)
 * Shanice Wilson – background vocals (tracks 1, 4)
 * Randy Walker – MIDI programming (tracks 2, 3, 6–9, 12)
 * Bryce Wilson – drum programming, keyboard programming (track 2)
 * Babyface – keyboards (tracks 2, 3, 6, 7–9, 12); guitar (tracks 2, 8); background vocals (tracks 2, 7, 9); drum programming (tracks 3, 6, 7, 9, 12); acoustic guitar, electric guitar (tracks 3, 9); synthesizers (track 8)
 * Chanté Moore – background vocals (tracks 2, 7, 9)
 * Jakkai Butler – background vocals (track 2)
 * Reggie Hamilton – bass (track 3)
 * Luis Conte – percussion (tracks 3, 7, 12)
 * Jeremy Lubbock – string arrangement, string conducting (tracks 3, 6, 12)
 * David Foster – arrangement, keyboard programming (track 4)
 * Simon Franglen – Synclavier programming (track 4)
 * Dean Parks – acoustic guitar (track 4)
 * Michael Thompson – electric guitar (track 4); guitar (track 12)
 * L.A. Reid – background vocal arrangement (track 4)
 * Tim Thomas – background vocal arrangement (track 4)
 * Keith Crouch – arrangement, B3 organ, all other instruments, vocal arrangement (track 5)
 * Sherree Ford-Payne – background vocals (track 5)
 * Greg Phillinganes – piano (tracks 6, 7, 12); Rhodes (track 6)
 * Nathan East – bass (tracks 6, 12)
 * Kenny G – saxophone (tracks 6, 12)
 * Reggie Griffin – guitar (track 8)
 * R. Kelly – arrangement, background vocals, all instruments (track 10)
 * Soulshock & Karlin – arrangement (track 11)
 * Andrea Martin – background vocals (track 11)

Technical

 * Tony Rich – production (track 1)
 * L.A. Reid – production (track 1); executive production
 * NealHPogue – recording (track 1)
 * Leslie Brathwaite – recording (track 1)
 * John Frye – recording assistance (track 1)
 * Jon Gass – mixing (tracks 1, 3, 7, 8, 11, 12)
 * Babyface – production (tracks 2, 3, 6–9, 12); executive production
 * Bryce Wilson – production (track 2)
 * Brad Gilderman – recording (tracks 2, 3, 6–9, 12)
 * Russell Elevado – recording (track 2)
 * Paul Boutin – recording assistance (tracks 2, 3, 6–9, 12)
 * Robbes Stieglitz – recording assistance (tracks 2, 3, 6–9, 12)
 * Bryan Reminic – recording assistance (track 2)
 * "Bassy" Bob Brockmann – mixing (tracks 2, 9)
 * Kyle Bess – recording assistance (tracks 3, 6–8, 12)
 * Brandon Harris – recording assistance (tracks 3, 4, 6, 7, 12)
 * Richard Huredia – recording assistance (tracks 3, 6, 12)
 * Ivy Skoff – production coordination (tracks 3, 6–9, 12)
 * David Foster – production (track 4)
 * Felipe Elgueta – recording (track 4)
 * Mick Guzauski – mixing (track 4)
 * Marnie Riley – mixing assistance (track 4)
 * Keith Crouch – production, recording (track 5)
 * Eugene Lo – recording (track 5)
 * Booker T. Jones III – mixing (track 5)
 * Jin Choi – recording assistance (track 6)
 * Jon Shrive – recording assistance (track 6)
 * Bill Kinsley – recording assistance (track 6)
 * Brad Haehnel – recording assistance (track 6)
 * Al Schmitt – string engineering (track 6)
 * Glen Marchese – recording assistance (track 8)
 * Larry Schalit – recording assistance (track 8)
 * R. Kelly – production, mixing (track 10)
 * Peter Mokran – recording, mixing (track 10)
 * John Merchant – recording assistance (track 10)
 * Frank Gonzales – recording assistance (track 10)
 * Ron Lowe – mixing assistance (track 10)
 * Soulshock & Karlin – production (track 11)
 * Manny Marroquin – recording (track 11)
 * Dave Reitzas – string engineering (track 12)
 * Herb Powers Jr. – mastering
 * Toni Braxton – executive production

Artwork

 * Toni Braxton – creative direction
 * Davett Singletary – art direction
 * D.L. Warfield – design
 * Nigel Sawyer – design assistance
 * Randee St. Nicholas – photography

title: Secrets (Toni Braxton album)


text:
Bed, Bed, Bed

Bed, Bed, Bed is a book and EP package for children released by the musical group They Might Be Giants in 2003 (see 2003 in music) through Simon & Schuster. The book is composed of the lyrics of the four songs on the album, with illustrations by Marcel Dzama. The song "Bed, Bed, Bed, Bed, Bed" is a slower, quieter version of the song "Bed, Bed, Bed" from the album No!

Personnel
They Might Be Giants
 * John Linnell
 * John Flansburgh

Additional personnel
 * Robin Goldwasser = vocals on "Impossible"
 * Marty Beller = drums on "Impossible", percussion on "Happy Doesn't Have To Have An Ending"
 * Kimya Dawson = vocals on "Bed, Bed, Bed, Bed, Bed"
 * Dan Levine = tuba on "Bed, Bed, Bed, Bed, Bed"
 * Pat Dillett = mixing, production
 * UE Nastasi = mastering

Publication information

 * Simon & Schuster, 2003, Books & CD, ISBN 0-7432-5024-9

title: Bed, Bed, Bed


text:
Category:English musicians

Musicians from England.

title: Category:English musicians


text:
Talk:Mountain biking

Proposed rewrite
I'm thinking this page should be expanded to cover both the racing AND recreational sides of the sport. Many other sports on wiki have a main page about the sport in general, and different pages for competition vs. recreational. I'd say that's the way to go, but considering the current lack of information, its probably best to keep it on one page for now and split when it gets too unwieldy. The other option would be creating a 'freeride mountain biking' page, as aside from freeriding, recreational mountain biking is not very difficult to explain. I'll try to work on this page in the near future to expand the recreational side. --Vanchuck 20:13, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

Offroad and mountain cycling
What's the difference between mountain biking and off-road cycling, if any? Perhaps the article should be merged with mountain biking. If there will be no objection in a week, I'll do so. --Eleassar777 09:57, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I support your move, but I do think there are differences (the page likely will get split up again somewhere in the future). Also, I think a merge from mountain biking to offroad cycling would be better (it's more general). Phlebas 21:30, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * cyclo-cross is offroad cycling too. Phlebas 16:03, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I think there are differences in off-road cycling and mountain biking. Many riders take their bikes off-road (think of that shortcut to work) but wouldn't be called mountain bikers. In the recent edits I made some allusions to the self-reliant and group cultures that make this sport mountain biking, instead of just "riding your bike off-road." I would like to expand this area and am looking for some more resource material to aid in explaining it better. One thing I am aware of is that because I live in an area where there is easy access to trails and epic rides I may have a view somewhat different than those living in more urban areas. How much of mountain biking is a state of mind? When I'm riding on a paved trail I'm still mountain biking -- at least in my mind. Mark Tatum 23:32, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

The start of mountain biking?
"Mountain biking" as a marketing concept might originate in America in the late 1970s, but I can't agree that this was the first example of offroad cycling. By definition this has to be false - cycling predates modern roads. I have also heard plenty of anecdotal evidence of recreational off-road cycling before this date, and not just (as the article says) on "defined cyclocross circles". However, I don't have any direct sources to cite - just thought I'd bring this up for discussion. Ormondroyd 23:22, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * A really good resource is the mountain bike hall of fame page. They argue that while there are many documented (and likely many more undocumented) instances of off-road riding, the events that led to the maturity of our sport began in Marin County. Before that we just had people riding in an unconnected way and basically reinventing the sport each time. Perhaps it was the marketing by the Marin County pioneers that allowed other riders to learn and build on what they had started, resulting in the defined and robust sport we have today. Mark Tatum 23:32, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

 * There is one major documented instance of what could be considered organized mountain biking that has occurred for at least the last century or so. The Swiss Military has used a bicycle patrol for both on and off-road work since prior to WWII. In fact, most of the models that guys like Gary Fisher and Joe Breeze were riding were pretty close in design to some of the Swiss, German and British bikes used during that period and later for patrol and utility activities. Charlie Kelly mentions this somewhere in his pages on the Repack races and the early days of mountian biking. --Caspiankilkelly 16:10, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Certainly other off-road pioneers should be recognized. I have seen pictures of other armies in addition to those mentioned who tried at some point to incorporate bicyles as a means of transportation. Is there evidence these experiments directly influenced the sport of mountain biking as we know it today? You probably mountain bike today because of the pioneers on Mt Tam who practiced the sport (as many others did before them), built bikes so others could ride them, and marketed the idea of mountain biking to generate demand for their product. It was a combination of their enthusiasm for the sport, their knowledge of bike racing, bike construction and marketing that propelled the idea to a larger audience. They had a combination of talents among them that led directly to the popularization of the sport. I'm not sure that all off-road cycling qualifies as mountain biking. Is mountain biking the best place to mention these other pioneers or should they be in a sub-section of bicycling in general? Mark Tatum 22:55, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Racing focus
The article is very much focused on racing at the moment. I'd like to go away and work on some expansion on the recreational aspect. I would imagine that the majority of "serious" recreational miles undertaken by mountain bikers are ridden well away from organised races. Ormondroyd 23:22, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that there's a lot of focus on racing in this article. The history of mountain biking section seems to be race-centric, as well as the list of the types of mountain bike races. Maybe these sections should be moved to a new article named "Mountain bike racing" (to keep it within the Bicycle racing series).

 * Also, the section about the North Shore of British Columbia probably belongs in its own article, since it's a bit tangential from the original point of mountain biking. Maybe someone could start a list of famous mountain biking trails (though I certainly haven't been to all of them).

 * I don't mean to suggest this article should be gutted -- it could probably use some additional information about recreational mountain biking, trail building, popularity in other nations, and so on. --Elkman 16:17, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The recreational side of the sport is far more popular than the racing side. As we add more info about the recreational part it should become more balanced. I like the idea of writing about famous mountain biking trails (or communities). The North Shore article falls into this category and should really be a sub-section of Mountain Biking Destinations or whatever we call it. Mark Tatum 23:32, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that there should be more information on Mountain biking in other nations. This is all USA based. -Icecradle 20:39, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Advocacy Section
The advocacy section is getting long and can be made a lot longer. I was going to move it to its own page. Any pro or cons on that idea? When I do it I was going to add in a list of many more US advocacy groups, as I have a pretty extensive series of bookmarks on them from a previous project. Ray Crew — Preceding undated comment added 13:05, 12 October 2005

 * Wikipedia is not a web directory. So I don't think a list of links for many local groups is good idea. Listing some international / national groups is nice, but I don't see the need to go below that, unless individual local groups are in someway unique / notable - and if they are notable, then create an article about them. You could add a link to list / directory of groups, if you know of a useful one. --Vclaw 12:41, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There's too much focus on U.S. advocacy, as well. I'm going to start chopping links off, as per the mention below of too many external links, as well as the mention made above by vclaw. State-level associations are nice, but there is no reason to add any more than that, since most of these groups DO have a web presence, and can easily be reached via google, yahoo, the local phone book, or any other useful directory service. Really, this section should be cut down to national level advocacy groups for the countries that have them, and notable groups for everything else. I'll start chopping links off sometime soon.--Caspiankilkelly 16:19, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, can I get at least a bit of a consensus on what should be removed before I go ahead? I'm thinking that anything below state-level advocacy doesn't need to be in this article, and those sections can be replaced with national and state/provincial level advocacy groups in countries other than the United States. --Caspiankilkelly 16:23, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree the advocacy section is too long and has too many links. It should have its own page with just a brief description here. 24.55.121.107 05:16, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

creation
Who deserves the most credit for the invention of mountain biking? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.161.66.93 (talk) 00:34, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * This is taken completely from my 20 years of experience in the sport, without reference, but Gary Fisher and his crew in Marin Co. are generally credited with, at least, the modernization and popularization of the sport. He built the first bikes and settled on the 26" tire/wheel combo that was used for so long, until recently when we have began to use 650b (~27.5") and 29er (29 inch) wheels.  Of course, Gary has again spearheaded these efforts.--Erickeahey (talk) 21:36, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Types of mountain biking
Some of the "types of mountain biking" currently listed aren't normally performed on a mountain bike. These include dirt-jumping, BMX (aren't these really the same?) and probably cyclo-cross. I also maintain that freeride and downhill is the same thing. All Mountain is the same as cross country. Defining a type of mountain biking by the weight of a bike or suspension travel is backwards. If you hitch a ride to the top of a mountain and ride your single-speed bike down a trail, that is downhill (or freeride) on a single-speed bike, not single-speed mountain biking. The type of ride is one thing. The type of bike is another. You can ride cross-country on a downhill bike. You can ride downhill on a bike with no suspension. Some of these should be moved to mountain bike or removed altogether. Mark Tatum 06:46, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The dirt jumping section is below standard for wikipedia. Dirt jumping is not the same as BMX. The type of bike and the style and nature of activity are slightly different. There are some pretty strong similarities, but there are some big differences. I second the removal of cyclocross and BMX. Each of these should probably have it's own article.

 * As well, this segment needs attention:

 * "The BC Marathon series is located in coastal British Columbia and consists of races such as The Rat Race, The Test of Metal, Gearjammer and the Cheakamus Challenge. These races vary from 40 to 70 km in distance and attract up to nearly a thousand competitors each."

 * It may be a good idea to remove the POV references to Enduro races, since British Columbia is not the only place that has this style of race, which is what it would appear from the article. Alternately, shorten the list of races in BC, and include the other UCI and national races of note around the world (Meridia, The Raid Trans-Gaspisien, 24 hours of Adreneline, etc...). I'm not trying to play down the contribution that the West Coast has made to this sport, but a well rounded article should note that enduro and XC races and rides happen everywhere. -- Caspiankilkelly 15:54, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I have greatly simplified the types of mountain biking to the three traditional forms of the sport: cross country, downhill and trials. All of the other types formerly listed were either sub-types of these or a racing-specific event (cyclo-cross, BMX) which have pages of their own in more appropriate places. Please remember that this page is the definition for recreational mountain biking. There is a separate page for mountain bike racing. Perhaps one addition to these we could make would be "Urban" mountain biking but that might be a sub of "cross country." Mark Tatum 00:08, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it would be best if this part was split into four paragraphs roughly describing the type and a mention of the spin-offs, one for downhill and the varients (such as freeriding, 4X etc), XC and varients (enduro's, etc), trials riding and dirt jumping. I'm sure that a brief paragraph would be just fine coupled to a link to the appropriate wikipedia article specific to that genre, wouldn't it? --ThomasBisset 23:18, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, come to think about it, does this heading even need to be here? Mountain bike racing already has some very good descriptions... --ThomasBisset 21:44, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

The list of types at the top of this section calls out Trail mountain biking, but this is never described. Further on the Trials type of riding is described, even though this is not identified as a type. I think this is confusing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.85.236.91 (talk) 18:45, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

 * It is confusing, because Trial and Urban are not Mountain Biking disciplines (I removed both). Trial even has its own right in the UCI regulations as an independent sport. Denes.hetenyi (talk) 01:45, 19 December 2016 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid I've undone your edit to the page as I found it to be very confusing. When you talk about types of mountain biking being 'recognized by Union Cycliste Internationale', I think you're actually talking about racing(?) not the genre itself. Also, Trail (trail riding) is, obviously a form of mountain biking, and widely practiced. It should remain in the article. Obscurasky (talk) 18:28, 19 December 2016 (UTC)

Mountain market share
At least in the US, mountain bikes sold account for ~40% of all bikes sold, not the 80 claimed in the article. I'm not sure of the best way to include this information, given that I don't have similar information for any of the other countries listed, and my claim of 40% there would be no better than the un-cited 80% in the article. I got my information from the NBDA, though there is more recent info than that page for sale on the same site. My 40% number comes from that more recent info, through an NBDA Super Seminar I attended (and for which I have the powerpoint slides; else I wouldn't have remembered the number). Palmir 18:15, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Trails
I'm puzzled as to why there's a specific section for bike trails in Canada, but no reference to trails in other countries. I'm inclined to add a section for well known trails world-wide (Kokopelli, for example). FeralDruid 19:41, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Globalize tag
I added the globalize tag, because some sections are US-centric (e.g. Advocacy) and there are phrases such as "parts of the country" used, which refer to the US but this is not made explicit. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 90.242.7.48 (talk) 21:00, 13 April 2007 (UTC).

Biases and an Imminent Major Overhaul
I will soon rewrite, restructure, and add material to this article in the hope it will please everyone, myself included. I have here posted some criticism of the current version, and my plans for the revision.

Precision

We are having a difficult time pinpointing what we wish to say about "mountain biking". We try to over-generalize. "Mountain biking" is a vague title; it really applies to six or seven different sports (cross-country, the hybrid "trail riding", freeriding, downhill, 4x-slalom, dirt jumping, and trials), all of which have different priorities, strategies, and skills. Truly, I say these seven separate sports share nothing but a bike ridden off-road, for no bike could ever satisfy the demands of two disciplines at once, nor could a rider ever excell in more than one category (save the occasional Tomac). All disciplines are all unalike. Therefore, let us not assume we can generalize about forms of mountain biking, except for the most basic and obvious elements common in all. Check out how skiing does it.

Biases
 * XC: The whole article, especially the intro, has an XC bias. This makes sense, as XC riders tend to be more literate.
 * Racing: The article needs to differentiate between the racing and amateur sides of mountain biking more clearly.
 * U.S.A: as mentioned below, the article describes only North American riding.

More sections I would like to include
 * Mountain Biking around the World: Descriptions of the mountain biking scene around the world:  Whistler, Fruita, Moab, Canada, California, South America. Europe, Scandinavia, Asia, Australia, etc.
 * Racing: a brief description of each of the seven or so types of mountain bike racing (link to list of professional mountain bikers)
 * Non-racing: a paragraph, similar to the current intro, detailing the average mountain bike experience.
 * Mountain Bike Media: Magazines and Videos

Proposed new structure:
 * 1) Limited, General Definition and Brief History
 * 2) Types of Mountain Biking, with picture, brief history and long description of each.
 * 3) Early history - mid 1990's
 * 4) mid 1990's - present
 * 5) Racing
 * 6) Non-racing
 * 7) Mountain Biking around the World
 * 8) Advocacy

I will soon begin to rewrite this article in said fashion, and I will omit no material already present.

Your thoughts? Am I missing anything really important?

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by Daichi (talk • contribs).

 * This sounds like an ambitious project, but it makes sense. The current article is rather disjointed from people making various additions and putting their own little tweaks into different sections without looking at the article as a whole.  As far as the various disciplines are concerned, I don't think they're truly separate sports, since the techniques and skills cross over between those disciplines, but clearly they have different goals.  My other major criticism of the article, as it currently stands, is that it's largely unsourced and largely uncited.  An encyclopedia article should have reliable sources.  If you (and the rest of us) address these concerns, we can come up with a much better article.  --Elkman (Elkspeak) 11:59, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Sounds excellent to me. I've been wanting to do exactly what you say to this article, Mountain bike, and Mountain bike racing for months, but I just can't seem to dedicate the time. That said I some how find hours to do RC patrol, ah well. I'll do my best to help you on this one. Good luck. Goodnight  mush  Talk  13:06, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I think it needs to be more clear in the first section that mountain biking is about biking (mostly) along trails and tracks. Kslotte (talk) 12:29, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

This new structure didn't happen, it appears, but I think this article still could use a restructuring update. Some of the equipment detail should be moved to (or at least shared with) Mountain Bike, and the focus of the article returned to the activity itself and the types, rather than starting with gear. At the very least, a re-ordering of the sections would help this focus. I may be able to tackle this in the next month or so and build off the outline proposed by Daichi, as well as highlight areas that could use better sources and support. Of course, suggestions and additional recommendations here would be valuable in the meantime! Coppercable (talk) 18:59, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

Environmental impacts of mountain biking.
Seems to have been some unsupported opinions entered in this section and then someone removed the opinions along with some content that may have been appropriate. Having looked at the content that was deleted, I've put together a short draft of what I think would be appropriate for that section. It includes an edited version of some of the deleted content with an added link to the source noted, but does not include what appears to be unsupported opinions. If it looks appropriate, just replace that section with the content below.

"Studies reported in the IMBA (International Mountain Bike Association) Trail Solutions manual claim that a mountain bike's impact is comparable to that of a hiker and substantially less than that of an equestrian. However, the studies that find mountain biking has little environmental impact have been criticized as underestimating the real impact of mountain biking on the environment. In 2003, Jason Lathrop wrote a critical literature review on the ecological impacts of mountain biking, suggesting a 'lack of scientific literature comparing the effects of mountain biking and other recreational uses on natural systems'." --Wrongdave 04:14, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The sentence "A critical literature review by Jason Lathrop on the ecological impacts of mountain biking notes that few studies take mountain biking into account" in this section is confusing. It sounds like it means few studies on the ecological impacts of mountain biking take mountain biking into account, which can't be correct. Presumably it actually means that few studies of the ecological impact of trail use in general look at mountain biking? Cordless Larry (talk) 20:55, 27 February 2015 (UTC)

 * CL: Which part of the statement is confusing? According to the Lathrop survey, there have not been many studies on the impact of mountain biking on trail systems.  It sounds pretty straightforward, and furthermore the interpretation provided above sounds like a restatement of the same idea.  Mountain biking is a relatively new use of trails, compared to hiking, horseback riding, etc.  The fact that research bears this out should not be surprising.Spurlocka (talk) 14:28, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Sorry, Spurlocka, I missed your reply. What was confusing is that the wording could be taken to mean that few studies of mountain biking take mountain biking into account, rather than that few studies take mountain biking into account. I'll reword it. Cordless Larry (talk) 18:57, 12 August 2015 (UTC)

New question: I have reworked the citations regarding trail impact. Is there now sufficient referential support to remove the neutrality disclaimer?Spurlocka (talk) 14:28, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I've added a bit of context. I thought it seemed odd that the section started by discussing studies that suggest that mountain biking has a minimal impact, without explaining the concern that presumably prompted those studies. Cordless Larry (talk) 19:14, 12 August 2015 (UTC)

Overlap between sections
There seems to be quite a large overlap between the 'Equipment' section and the 'Protective gear' subsection. Anyone have any thoughts on the best way to approach a rewrite of these? Obscurasky (talk) 10:22, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Nobody's responded to this, so I've had a go at incorporating the 'Protective gear' into the 'Equipment' section - which is where it belongs. If anyone wants to build on this, for example, by writing a short intro to the 'accessories' section, I think that could be a useful addition. Obscurasky (talk) 20:47, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

Governing body
The article lists the International Mountain Biking Association as the sport's highest governing body. Isn't the IMBA just an advocacy group? I would consider the UCI the sport's governing body (regardless of whatever ridiculous decisions they make about the sport). Anyone else want to weigh in on this before I change it? 86.45.57.125 (talk) 16:14, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I get a little confused about what should be in this article and what should be in Mountain bike racing, but wouldn't the UCI only be the highest governing body for mountain bike racing? I note this article doesn't refer to the IMBA as a governing body in the prose - perhaps it's just the wrong use of the infobox in this one and so it should be removed? SeveroTC 20:06, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

 * After 8 years there are no additional opinions here? I'm not sure if mountain biking as an activity has a "governing body," like mountain bike racing has. It has advocacy groups of varying quality (I'm looking at you, IMBA), but just like running, anyone can go out and mountain bike without regard to any official oversight. In fact, I'd recommend removing that line off the infobox, as well as the line about "championships." Isn't this article be about the activity, and Mountain bike racing be about the sport? If there aren't strong disagreements, I may change that sooner than later. Coppercable (talk) 19:05, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Surely there is no 'governing body' for recreational mountain biking? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Obscurasky (talk • contribs) 19:48, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

No External References Allowed?
I added a trail reference external link which I thought provided a unique resource for locating trails. I also thought it met the criteria for unobtrusive advertising. I'm wondering if I am missing some part of the policy. Niluop (talk) 00:20, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

I noticed that AndrewDressel committed this link removal and categorized the addition as spam. In what manner do you interpret an external link as spam? The link was intended as a useful reference for locating trails. How would you supply this information if not in the form I supplied? I'm assuming you do not wish to deprive anyone of this information. Niluop (talk) 18:18, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I use External_links. The link you added is to a page full of advertisements, and "it is not Wikipedia's purpose to include a lengthy or comprehensive list of external links related to each topic." No one I know is depriving anyone of this information, because it can be found with a trivial search on most any search engine. If you disagree with my edit, you are welcome to raise the issue on the article's talk page. -AndrewDressel (talk) 21:24, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

 * It appears that Rules #1 and #5 are relevant to our discussion.

 * Rule #5 forbids objectionable advertising or marketing. The site has a couple of unobtrusive ads. It is rare to find a site without any ads. The purpose of the site appears to be as a reference, as opposed to marketing a product/service. It is unclear where you are drawing this subjective line.

 * I think the site passes rule #1, as it provides a unique resource relating to the topic. It aids in locating trails. I have not found a site that provides as accurate information as this.

 * It is true that the site would display in a trivial google search, but how many useless and undesirable sites also appear in that search? It could take one valuable time to gauge the utility of a website before determining that it is worthy and non-invasive.

 * Please let me know if I am missing your point (or a different rule?). I would be interested to know if you think zero external links should exist, or only links without any advertising which we would be hard-pressed to find on any topic. I'll go ahead and post this to the talk board. Niluop (talk) 00:24, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The site you posted is a commercial site. It does not meet Wikipedia's criteria as a reliable source.  It is not an external link that is definitive to the article.  It is not encyclopedic in nature.  For these reasons, it is not an appropriate addition to the article.  See External links for more information.  Ebikeguy (talk) 00:30, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

 * It is unclear what you mean by commercial. I do not see any products offered on the site. It doesn't need to be definitive to the article, nor does it need to be encyclopedic (that is why it is in the external links section). I've reviewed External links and can not find anything you reference in support of the link being invalid. You provide the same Wikipedia link that we have been discussing further reading, which I have done, but do not point out anything specific in the link that applies to your general points. Niluop (talk) 04:37, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The first thing I see when I open the page is a banner ad urging me to buy a car. That is commercial.  This is a site set up to make money.  It does not meet WP:RS.  The information in the link is not referenced in the article.  This case is clear cut.  Your link is inappropriate.  Please drop the subject.  Ebikeguy (talk) 15:21, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * PS, your refusal to accept the inappropriateness of your link may be the result of innocent ignorance, but your position in this matter could be interpreted as WikiLawyering. I am specifically referring to the following language in WP:Lawer, "Abiding by the letter of a policy or guideline while violating its spirit or underlying principles."Ebikeguy (talk) 15:32, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I can see your point about the advertising being regarded as objectionable now that you have clarified. I do not regard my interest in knowing which rule applies to be considered niggling. I do find your manner to be elitist and over-bearing, but do appreciate your point of view. Niluop (talk) 18:00, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * And now you are violating WP:PERSONAL by attacking me personally rather than discussing the issues at hand. Please stop.  Ebikeguy (talk) 18:17, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

Pump track
Should this activity be mentioned in this or another article?Jim.henderson (talk) 00:21, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Only if it has received coverage through a reliable source. Ebikeguy (talk) 21:03, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

Spam
This is spam: "In 2007 the documentary film Klunkerz: A Film About Mountain Bikes was released. The film documents the subject of mountain bike history during this formative period in Northern California." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.219.246.128 (talk) 03:18, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

 * "Klunkerz" is a very California-centric documentary. Little, if any is mentioned about the early history of "mountain biking," specifically the contributions of Geoff Apps and the Rough Stuff Fellowship in Great Britain, starting around 1955, and the fact that the first bicycle, invented around 1817 by Karl von Drais, included a steerable front wheel to negotiate curving forest paths. Von Drais' invention was intended to be a mechanical replacement for the horse. The 1815 eruption of supervolcano Tambora in Indonesia made 1816 the "year without summer," a "volcanic winter" due to dust spewed into the upper atmosphere, and world-wide crop failures led to a lack of food for horses. "Klunkerz" basically makes the case that the "mountain bike" was invented by marijuana-smoking hippies in California, which is only part of the story. However, the northern-California crowd was instrumental in commercializing an idea that had been kicking around since 1817. In America, the first commercial success of a product is usually credited as the "invention" of an idea. The Karl von Drais information ought to be included in the history section, perhaps. 65.129.77.11 (talk) 15:10, 8 September 2015 (UTC)

Sources, NPOV and voice
I was going to comment on 's recent edits because I think they introduce material in Wikipedia's voice that should instead be attributed to a particular viewpoint or source, e.g.: "The recent popularity of mixed-terrain touring is in part a reaction against the increasing specialization (and increasingly heavy marketing) of the bicycle industry, and it reflects the inherent versatility of traditional bicycle designs (which were simply portrayed in the context of frugality, where cyclists were understood to have no desire to purchase a specific bicycle for every possible type of cycling)". I was also concerned about language such as "Extreme-sports equipment is easily interpreted by the user as conferring invincibility", again in Wikipedia's voice with no source. This is a bit essay-like, no? Anyway, having had a look at the rest of the article, I think it would be unfair to single Michael Frind out. The article is full of such problems. The protective gear section is full of material that is verging on health and safety advice and yet is unsourced. Other parts of the article are less problematic in terms of content (e.g. the history section), but are equally lacking in sources. It seems to me that there are three interrelated problems: lack of sources, opinions being presented as facts, and opinions being presented in Wikipedia's voice. Any ideas on how to deal with this? Cordless Larry (talk) 17:24, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you might consider contributing some edits? Obscurasky (talk) 20:56, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Sure. I made some last year and would happily help out to further improve the article. I do think we might need the input of an expert on the topic, however. Cordless Larry (talk) 21:44, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 April 2020 and 7 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Gbaudyte.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 04:32, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Accurately Portraying the Risks
This and other articles on Wikipedia seem to overstate risk in a way that seems almost intended to deter beginners and the more timid, or to underline just how fearless the typical mountain biker is. The section here starts "Injuries are a given factor when mountain biking, especially in the more extreme disciplines like downhill biking, free ride and dirt jumping". Frankly, this is bollocks. Yes, riders of extreme trails can expect to accrue injuries, but the vast majority of mountain bike riders on ordinary trails, including blue graded trails (in the UK) are more likely to gain fitness and health benefits than suffer even minor injuries. Obviously, a complete beginner heading out to a black trail on an unsuitable bike without prior experience is likely to come a cropper, but such trails are normally clearly marked with guidance on the skills required and the sort of equipment that should be used. Rather than even-handedly explaining risk, these articles seem to revel in the horrors of spinal and other life-changing injuries. No form of cycling or outdoor recreation is totally risk free, but at beginner levels mountain biking is no riskier than the great majority of such activities. These sections here and elsewhere need to be rewritten in a more balanced way that giver beginners or adults whose children are interested in cycling a proper perspective on risk and how it can be managed by sensible assessment of challenges against one's own skills. And yes, I've ridden trails at all levels, had broken bones and known people who have sustained severe injuries, but I've ridden many trails that are safe and suitable for young children while still being genuine 'mountain biking'. Wikipedia needs to be NPOV - it isn't on a mission to evangelize for the benefits of cycling but neither should it exaggerate the risks. Stub Mandrel (talk) 19:09, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I don't think there's any deliberate intent to over-egg or mislead here. Risk of injury is inherent to the sport, albeit less so on easier trails (although my local blue seems to throw up plenty of injuries). I wouldn't object if you want to make it clear that green trails (often called family trails), etc, present a significantly lower risk. It would also be beneficial to the article if you could find a citation to support the statement too. Obscurasky (talk) 11:28, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Definitely agree! I'm glad you fixed that, and I further added a section explaining that you don't NEED to be in perfect shape and have a carbon full suspension 29" boost Enduro bike to just hit the local trails! Almost ridiculous, like the first people who started mountain biking were riding super heavy rigid bikes! Brokemywristbyfallingoffmybike (talk) 20:04, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Just to say that there's a need to avoid WP:NOTHOWTO problems here. I've removed some material from the introduction, but the rest of the article needs reviewing and any advice removed. Cordless Larry (talk) 20:18, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

What has mountains to do with mountain bikes?
Not enough info as to what mountains have to do with mountain bikes, the article focuses too much about off road riding rather than mountains. After reading I still don't get why they are called mountain bikes nor why they are often sold in flat places. 218.214.190.174 (talk) 22:10, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Hello, IP editor. As a mountaineer myself, I really appreciate your question. But as a mountain bike user I, like many, don't actually go up to the top of mountains on one - although some hardy types actually do. I have stood on the ice-capped summit of Mont Blanc, though this is the closest me and my climbing partner got to its summit by mountain bike.
 * In the same way that the article on Blue sky thinking (=Thinking outside the box) doesn't explain why the sky is blue, or how cardboard boxes are constructed and used, I don't think the relationship you refer to really needs going in to in great depth, as it's pretty obvious to most people. It's simply a term to differentiate a bike designed for rough terrain, as opposed to smoother road surfaces. However, if you have suggestions for edits you would like to add, providing you can offer sources to support them, you are free to make the necessary improvements yourself, or to make an WP:EDITREQUEST that someone else can consider doing for you. Cheers, Nick Moyes (talk) 22:59, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Public Writing Fall 2022 E1
— Assignment last updated by 09876565H (talk) 00:14, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

Expanding on bike details
Hey, I think there should be a section added to discuss different bike geometries, suspension setups (hardtails, different kinds of rear suspension), etc. This may make the page more comprehensive, as these are important aspects of mountain bikes and effect their performance on different terrain, failure modes, etc.

(fyi I'm new to editing on wikipedia so sorry if this isn't where topics should be suggested) Nicisfurst (talk) 12:04, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Hello, and welcome to editing. This page is about mountain biking (i.e. the practice of riding mountain bikes). It sounds like your edits would be better suited on the Mountain bike page. A word of advice though, Wikipedia is not a place for discussion. Edits will need to be factual and encyclopaedic - both in style and content. Go for it, and enjoy. Obscurasky (talk) 20:48, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mountain biking


text:
1932 in Ireland

Events from the year 1932 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * Governor-General:
 * James McNeill (until 1 November 1932)
 * Domhnall Ua Buachalla (from 27 November 1932)
 * President of the Executive Council:
 * W. T. Cosgrave (CnaG) (until 9 March 1932)
 * Éamon de Valera (FF) (from 9 March 1932)
 * Vice-President of the Executive Council:
 * Ernest Blythe (CnaG) (until 9 March 1932)
 * Seán T. O'Kelly (FF) (from 9 March 1932)
 * Minister for Finance:
 * Ernest Blythe (CnaG) (until 9 March 1932)
 * Seán MacEntee (FF) (from 9 March 1932)
 * Chief Justice: Hugh Kennedy
 * Dáil:
 * 6th (until 29 January 1932)
 * 7th (from 9 March 1932)

Events

 * 6 January – sale of the pro-Fianna Fáil Derry Journal in Donegal is briefly prohibited.
 * 29 January – Dáil Éireann is dissolved by the Governor-General, James McNeill, bringing ten years of Cumann na nGaedheal rule to an end.
 * 16 February – 1932 Irish general election, results in formation of the first Fianna Fáil government under Éamon de Valera.
 * March – meteorological observatory moved from Valentia Island to Westwood House near Cahirciveen.
 * 8 March – members of the new Fianna Fáil government meet with members of the Labour Party to discuss unemployment, housing, the Oath and other issues.
 * 9 March – Members of the 7th Dáil assemble.
 * 10 March – one of the first actions of the new Fianna Fáil government is the release of 23 political prisoners.
 * 18 March – the new government suspends the Public Safety Act, lifting the prohibition on a number of organisations including the Irish Republican Army. As a reaction to renewed IRA activity, former National Army Commandant Ned Cronin founds the Army Comrades Association, known as the Blueshirts.
 * 31 March – Dublin Corporation is considering removing Nelson's Pillar from O'Connell Street, Dublin on the grounds that it is an obstruction to traffic.
 * 19 May – the Constitution (Removal of Oath) Bill is passed in Dáil Éireann.
 * 21 May – Amelia Earhart, the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic, lands just outside Derry having taken 14 hours to cross the ocean.
 * 9 June – Éamon de Valera and some members of his government leave for discussions with the British Government concerning the Ottawa Conference.
 * 14 June – the first pictures of the atom-splitting apparatus are released. The machine was constructed by Dr. John Cockcroft and Dr. Ernest Walton of Trinity College Dublin.
 * 21 June – ocean liners carrying thousands of pilgrims from the United States, Lapland and the Netherlands arrive in Irish ports for the Eucharistic Congress.
 * 22 June – the 31st International Eucharistic Congress opens in Dublin Pro-Cathedral, the greatest gathering of Church dignitaries that Ireland has ever seen. The "Blue Hussars", the ceremonial Mounted Escort of the Irish Army, make their first public appearance as a guard of honour for the Papal Legate, Cardinal Lauri.
 * 23 June – 2,000 men attend mass at a High Altar in the Phoenix Park.
 * 24 June – 200,000 women are addressed by the Archbishop of Edinburgh at mass in the Phoenix Park.
 * 26 June – almost a million worshippers attend Pontifical Mass in the Phoenix Park in the final ceremony of the Eucharistic Congress.
 * 30 June – the third Tailteann Games open in Croke Park, Dublin.
 * 1 August – at the Los Angeles Olympic Games, Bob Tisdall wins the 400-metre hurdles. Another Irishman, Dr. Pat O'Callaghan, wins gold in the hammer-throwing event.
 * 18 August – Scottish aviator Jim Mollison takes off from Portmarnock Strand to become the first pilot to make an East-to-West solo transatlantic flight.
 * 23 August – Cumann na nGaedheal leader W. T. Cosgrave criticises Fianna Fáil's policy of retaining the land annuities.
 * 26 September – Éamon de Valera gives his inaugural speech as President of the League of Nations. He criticises complacent resolutions where the demand is for effective action.
 * 9 October – at a Cumann na nGaedheal meeting in County Limerick batons are drawn and shots are fired as General Richard Mulcahy tries to address the crowd.
 * 19 October – unemployed Dubliners march through the streets of Dublin to Leinster House where they hand in a petition to Seán T. O'Kelly.
 * October – Anglo-Irish Trade War begins.
 * 16 November – the Prince of Wales travels to Belfast for the first time to open the new parliament building at Stormont.
 * 22 November – the new Northern Ireland Parliament building at Stormont is officially opened.
 * 26 November – Domhnall Ua Buachalla succeeds James McNeill as Governor-General of the Irish Free State.

Arts and literature

 * 7 March – Dublin Corporation demands the return of the Hugh Lane pictures from the Tate Gallery in London.
 * Austin Clarke's first novel, The Bright Temptation: a romance, is prohibited in Ireland by the Censorship of Publications Board.
 * Francis Stuart's novels Pigeon Irish and The Coloured Dome are published.
 * W. B. Yeats leases Riversdale house in the Dublin suburb of Rathfarnham and publishes Words for Music Perhaps, and Other Poems.
 * Seán Ó Faoláin publishes his first collection, Midsummer Night Madness and Other Stories, in London.
 * Nineteen Irish writers led by Yeats and George Bernard Shaw form an Academy of Irish Letters primarily to oppose the Censorship of Publications Board.
 * The first sound film made in Ireland, The Voice of Ireland, is directed by Col. Victor Haddick.
 * American dancer Adele Astaire marries English aristocrat Lord Charles Arthur Francis Cavendish (9 May) and they settle at Lismore Castle, one of the Devonshire family seats.

Football

 * League of Ireland
 * Winners: Shamrock Rovers
 * FAI Cup
 * Winners: Shamrock Rovers 1 – 0 Dolphins

Golf

 * Irish Open is won by Alf Padgham (England).

Births

 * 29 January – Bernard Cowen, Fianna Fáil TD and Minister of State (died 1984).
 * 31 January – Pete St. John, born Peter Mooney, folk singer-songwriter (died 2022).
 * 8 February – Raymond James Boland, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kansas City-Saint Joseph (died 2014).
 * 28 February – Noel Cantwell, international soccer player (died 2005).
 * 7 March – Johnny McGovern, Kilkenny hurler (died 2022).
 * 10 March – Brigid Hogan-O'Higgins, Fine Gael TD (died 2022).
 * 29 March – Richard Burke, Fine Gael politician and European Commissioner (died 2016).
 * 1 June – Michael Lipper, Labour Party politician and TD (died 1987).
 * 5 June
 * Christy Brown, author, painter and poet (died 1981).
 * Ronnie Dawson, rugby union.
 * 12 June – Alfred Cooper, cricketer.
 * 7 July – Eileen Lemass, Fianna Fáil TD and MEP.
 * 20 July – Ronan Keane, Chief Justice of Ireland.
 * 2 August – Peter O'Toole, actor (died 2013).
 * 14 August – Denis Faul, monsignor, Northern Ireland civil rights activist, chaplain to prisoners in Maze Prison during 1981 Irish Hunger Strike (died 2006).
 * 21 August – Gene Fitzgerald, Fianna Fáil TD and MEP (died 2007).
 * 26 August – Dermot Curtis, soccer player.
 * 3 November – Albert Reynolds, Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil (died 2014).
 * 15 December – Edna O'Brien, novelist.
 * 29 December – Eileen Desmond, Labour Party TD, Cabinet Minister, MEP and Seanad Éireann member (died 2005).
 * Full date unknown
 * Barney Eastwood, boxing promoter (died 2020).
 * Anne Madden, painter (born in London).
 * Breandán Ó Madagáin, scholar and writer on traditional Irish song (died 2020).

Deaths

 * 1 January – J. J. Clancy, Sinn Féin TD, member of 1st Dáil (b. c1891).
 * 1 January – Margaret Pearse, Fianna Fáil politician, mother of Patrick Pearse and Willie Pearse (born 1857).
 * 17 January – Louis Brennan, inventor (born 1852).
 * 8 February – Mad Dog Coll, mob hitman in New York (born 1908).
 * 26 February – Robert Donovan, cricketer (born 1899).
 * 4 March – James Henry Reynolds, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1879 at Rorke's Drift, South Africa (born 1844).
 * 11 March – Thomas Hunter, member of 1st Dáil representing Cork North East (born 1883).
 * 13 March – John Atkinson, Baron Atkinson, politician and judge, Attorney-General for Ireland and Law Lord (born 1844).
 * 26 March – Horace Plunkett, politician, agricultural reformer and writer (born 1854).
 * 22 May – Augusta, Lady Gregory, dramatist and folklorist (born 1852).
 * 12 June – Catherine Coll, mother of Éamon de Valera (born 1858).
 * 27 June – Arthur Godley, 1st Baron Kilbracken, civil servant, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for India (born 1847).
 * 14 October – Katherine Plunket, botanical artist and oldest ever person both born and died in Ireland ever (born 1820).

title: 1932 in Ireland


text:
Jim Fraser (politician)

James Reay Fraser (8 February 1908 – 1 April 1970) was a Member of the Australian House of Representatives for the Australian Capital Territory from 1951 to 1970.

Fraser was born in Derby, Tasmania and educated at Launceston High School. He worked as a chainman and axeman and as a teacher in Victorian state schools from 1927 to 1935. He then worked as a journalist until he enlisted in the Second Australian Imperial Force in 1942 and served in New Guinea until 1945. From 1946 to 1948 he worked as a journalist in the Department of Information in Canberra and then as press secretary and private secretary to Senator Nick McKenna until 1951.

Political career
Fraser became a member of the Australian Capital Territory Advisory Council in 1949 and defeated Lewis Nott for the House of Representatives seat of the Australian Capital Territory in the 1951 election. He did not have full voting rights until 1966; until then he could only vote on matters relating to the territory. He put in time and energy looking after the interests of his constituents. In 1959, he married Helen Whitten Rowland. He died of cancer in 1970, survived by his only son Andrew; his wife died in March 2012.

His brother, Allan Fraser, was MP for the adjoining seat of Eden-Monaro from 1943 to 1966 and from 1969 to 1972.

The Division of Fraser and the suburb of Fraser, Australian Capital Territory, both in Canberra, were named after Jim. The name of the Division of Fraser was changed in 2016 to Fenner, as a division in Victoria has been named after prime minister Malcolm Fraser (1975-83) from 2019.

title: Jim Fraser (politician)