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Talk:Contra dance

long list of links under "Finding Contra Dances"
There is a very long list of links under the section "Finding Contra Dances" that seems unnecessary and in violation of WP:LINKFARM as well as WP:ELLIST. I attempted to remove this months ago but apparently my edit was reverted. What are others' opinion of this section? PCChris23 (talk) 19:51, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

 * It's absolutely no doubt 100% an egregious violation of WP:LINKFARM. The problem is that it's also fairly useful to have some sort of advice for people who come to WP looking to find a local dance, so a bit of WP:IAR comes into play. Still, many of the links aren't that useful or are outdated. My ideal would be for someone to go through the list, remove pretty much all the listings of dances other than CDSS's map, and take the essays on contra and work them into the article elsewhere as references so that they don't totally disappear. Sdkb (talk) 20:17, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Oops! I was looking under External Links, not Finding Contra Dances. I agree with PCChris23. I am an avid contra dancer (3-4 nights a week + one weekend per month). I can see why |contra crazies would think this is a good place to spread the word, but it's too much. The 3 links directly under "Finding Contra Dances" in External Links is enough for most purposes. I rarely need to go beyond contradancelinks.com when looking for local dances and weekends; even its section on "The Rest of the World" seems pretty thorough. I think a handful of the other links might become references, and the remainder should go away. Paulmlieberman (talk) 20:19, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

 * What would you think of an initial step of moving all of the Finding Contra Dances section to the External Links section, and then paring it down and using some links as refs? Paulmlieberman (talk) 20:30, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

 * User:Paulmlieberman I am a Wikipedia noob but I think that would be a very good first step and would look a lot better. User:Sdkb may have some thoughts as well? PCChris23 (talk) 20:33, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

 * BTW, the addition of the "Finding Contra Dances" section was added anonymously on 24 Jan 2020. The section heading was added (also anonymously) on 30 Jan 2020.Paulmlieberman (talk) 20:38, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

Money Musk
Hi contra'pedians! I'm working on Draft:Money Musk. Finding sources has proved to be a bit of a challenge, as there's clearly reliable information about the dance out there, but much of it is located in old books that haven't been properly digitized. Help on the page would be appreciated! I'm pretty sure it will be the first page for a specific contra dance on Wikipedia, and once it's up we'll be able to nominate it for WP:DYK to hopefully get a video of contra on the Main Page. Courtesy pinging editors active in this area. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 07:25, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

 * @Sdkb, I have found that for situations like this, books.google.com is useful. In this case, I searched, at that site, for "money musk contra dance", and found, for instance, that it is described (with sheet music!) on pages 55-57 of American Country-dances: Twenty-eight contra-dances, largely from the New England states, published in 1918, which you can read in its entirety on line. I would use this resource, and create citations with the cite book template, being sure to include the URL for the books.google.com link. Paulmlieberman (talk) 16:50, 6 March 2021 (UTC)

 * , thanks, that's a great source; not sure how I missed it before! We also have a video forthcoming from.
 * I don't think we have a foolproof case for notability yet, as some editors might try to argue that just a listing of the dance describing it isn't WP:SIGCOV and some of the more modern sources may not be usable as they are WP:SELFPUBLISHED. We're certainly close, though.
 * It says here that the 2008 "Cracking Chesnuts" book apparently has 12 pages (!) about Money Musk, which would help a ton for supporting the history of the dance. Do any of you have access to that book? {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 22:52, 6 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I don't have that book. I would ask Dugan or Will Mentor, Janine Smith, Cis, Beth Molaro, Claire Takemori or Nils. Paulmlieberman (talk) 01:47, 8 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I (finally) managed to obtain Cracking Chestnuts, and it had a ton of useful info, so the article is now live! I nominated it to appear with 's video on the Main Page. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 18:08, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Congrats, @Sdkb!!! I don't have time to read the article right now (working), but I will. Nice job finding that source, and the video is great! Makes me want to dance! Paulmlieberman (talk) 19:24, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

 * OMG... two banjoes, foot percussion, and too many fiddles to count! Waaahh, I want to dance again. But thank you.  --Bob K (talk) 22:06, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Great work getting the article finished! I would review the DYK nomination, but it's probably better that somebody who didn't provide the video do that. I'm probably a little too involved. But you know, thinking about "Money Musk" has reminded me of when I heard one of the characters in 12 Years a Slave (film) play it on the fiddle. I just added a Wikilink to 12 Years a Slave (soundtrack). If you think it's appropriate, maybe you could add a "In popular culture" section mentioning the song's placement in the soundtrack and the movie. This is the best source to cite that my brief Google search brought up, but there might be something more substantial out there that says more about the tune's place in the movie. Dugan Murphy (talk) 21:57, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Good find; I added the mention to the reception section! {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 22:52, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

Heads up, it's on the Main Page for the next twelve hours! 🎉 {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 00:18, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

Suggested project: Chorus Jig
If anyone is inspired by this and wants to work on a page of their own for a contra dance, Chorus Jig would seem the next appropriate target, given its equal fame. I could send you the pages from Cracking Chestnuts for it, although it'd be on you to go from there. Cheers, {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 23:09, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

True statement, but without context?
@Sdkb, I find the addition of this statement somewhat troubling:

Most dancers are white and middle or upper-middle class.

I contra dance all over the east coast, and meet many dancers from all over, and, from my experience, the statement is absolutely true. The problem is, as I see it, a lack of context. I looked at the WP articles on a number of other dance forms, and none of them mentioned the ethnicity or social class of the dancers. The one exception was not so much Hip hop dance, but Hip hop music, and Hip hop (culture), where it's origins in the Black and Caribbean American communities of, especially, the Bronx, is described.

I think that contra dance's origins in New England and the Appalachians largely accounts for its whiteness. I'd like to see it given some of that context. What would former caller Rhiannon Giddens think? Paulmlieberman (talk) 15:07, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Diff where I reverted the editor who removed the statement and explained my reasoning, just for the record. Western Folklore is a high-quality academic source (the only issue being that it's a little dated).
 * I don't find comparisons to other articles all that compelling, given that most other Wikipedia articles on dance forms are in only a slightly less-bad state than this one. If they were featured-level, they'd all include information on demographics.
 * Better explaining the context, though, would certainly be welcome (so long as it's sourced). We already mention the New England and Appalachian origins in the history section; would you have a suggestion on how we could contextualize beyond that? One possibility might be to move the statement to a place in the article nearer to that other context.  Sdkb  talk 15:22, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I would note that other articles on dance forms include some information on demographics (though often they could include much more!), which I think is highly relevant to many dances; e.g. Lindy hop talks about its origins as an African-American dance and its later adoption by white American and then European dancers; waltz discusses how it started as a peasant dance before being adopted by the upper classes.  In the case of the family of folk dances from which contra comes, class and race are both highly relevant IMO: in the US, the preservation of square and contra dance in the first half of the 20th century owes a lot to Henry Ford's desire to have a form of popular dance and music for white Americans which was not based on black and Jewish culture in the way that jazz music and the related dance forms was; certainly in the UK and I imagine also in the US the folk revival in the 60s and 70s saw a huge change from folk music and dance being primarily a living tradition of the working classes to being primarily a self-conciously preserved and/or revived tradition of the middle classes. Caeciliusinhorto-public (talk) 16:35, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Contra dance


text:
Jacob Brown (general)

Jacob Jennings Brown (May 9, 1775 – February 24, 1828) was known for his victories as an American army officer in the War of 1812, where he reached the rank of general. His successes on the northern border during that war made him a national hero, and he was awarded a Congressional Gold Medal.

Even as the US Army was reduced in size after the war, Brown retained commissioned status. In 1821, Brown was appointed Commanding General of the United States Army and held that post until his death. He initiated post-graduate education for staff and command officers, and the General Recruiting Service, to manage acquiring troops. After his death, he received a military funeral in Washington, DC, with a mile-long parade along Pennsylvania Avenue to his burial at Congressional Cemetery.

Early life
Born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, Jacob Jennings Brown was the son of Samuel and Abi (White) Brown. His middle name was in honor of his paternal grandmother, a descendant of Samuel Jennings and his wife. Jennings had served as deputy governor of West Jersey and later receiver general of Pennsylvania in the early 18th century.

Raised a Quaker, Brown graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1790. He taught school for several years. In 1798, he moved to upstate New York, which was being settled and developed after the sale of thousands of acres of land formerly held by nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. Most had been forced to cede their lands and moved to a major reserve in Upper Canada.

Brown was a pioneer settler and landowner in the Black River country. He and his extended family established mills and a store, laid out roads and improved navigation on the lower Black River, which flowed into Lake Ontario.

Apparent work for Alexander Hamilton
One biographer claimed Brown received early military training while serving as a military secretary to Alexander Hamilton during the winter of 1798–99. Hamilton was then organizing the U.S. Army for possible war with France. But Hamilton's biographies say that he did not have a secretary, and biographical sketches of Brown published in 1815 do not mention a connection between him and Hamilton. As a major landowner, in 1807 Brown was commissioned as a captain in the 108th regiment of the New York Militia. Two years later, he was promoted to colonel. Militia officers including Brown served part time, and made their livings from farming and other occupations.

War of 1812
The young American settlements along Lake Ontario had enjoyed a vigorous trade with Kingston and other Canadian sites before the United States imposed a boycott in 1808 on trade with Britain (and Canada) during rising tensions. Jacob Brown was nicknamed "Potash Brown" because of his activities as a smuggler of this product from Sackets Harbor, New York and along the Saint Lawrence River during this period. Sackets Harbor and other towns were the bases of widespread smuggling of goods with Canada. During the War of 1812, Brown came to be characterized by his swift action and opportunism on the offensive. He also was known for directing meticulously planned, defensive field works, including for Sackets Harbor. His fortifications there were instrumental in fending off British and Canadian advances. Sackets Harbor had become a major military shipyard for construction of American naval war ships to sail on the Great Lakes, and its protection was critical. Some 3,000 shipyard workers were recruited to the shipyard, and thousands of federal troops were eventually bivouacked in the area. They overwhelmed the small town.

When the War of 1812 began, Brown was a brigadier general in the New York militia, having been appointed to that rank in 1811. Though he opposed the war, he organized defenses in the Great Lakes region. On May 29, 1813, troops led by Brown defeated the British at the Second Battle of Sackets Harbor, based on his fortifications. As a result of his actions there, Brown was commissioned as a brigadier general in the regular army.

The next year Brown showed his aggressiveness during the Niagara Campaign, beginning with the capture of Fort Erie on 3 July 1814 in Upper Canada after invasion by the Americans across the Niagara River. This was followed by the Battle of Chippawa on 5 July, when he achieved overwhelming success.

The following Battle of Lundy's Lane on 25 July 1814, resulted in such high casualties on both sides that it was considered one of the bloodiest engagements of the war. It resulted in a stalemate. Brown was wounded twice in this engagement. Brigadier General Winfield Scott was serving under him and believed that Brown's decision to refrain from fully committing his strength at the outset of this battle, resulted in the destruction of Scott's brigade and a high number of unnecessary deaths.

Brown's last battle of the war was the related Siege of Fort Erie, from 4 Aug to 21 Sep 1814, when the British tried unsuccessfully to take back control of the fort. He had directed fortifications to improve defenses at Fort Erie, which contributed to the American success in defeating the British. Brown was also considered impetuous. After the initial British assault against his forces was repulsed, Brown ordered a sortie on September 17 against the British that resulted in more than 500 casualties on each side, but changed nothing in the outcome of the siege. After both sides withdrew, the Americans destroyed Fort Erie so that it could no longer be used. Overall, Brown's successes along the northern border made him a national hero.

Postwar years
After the war, the U.S. Army was reduced in size. By 1821, Brown was the only major general in the service, and President James Monroe made him commanding general. Despite a stroke suffered in 1821, Brown functioned well in his new post. He reorganized the army staff into the form it retained for the rest of the century. He advised the secretaries of war and presidents on military policy.

He also pushed to establish two post-graduate schools for the military, precursors of present-day staff and command colleges. Another first was his creation in 1822 of the General Recruiting Service; it was the first organization responsible for providing manpower for the Army.

Death
On February 24, 1828, Brown died. He was given a military funeral: his casket was carried down Pennsylvania Avenue in the nation's capital by a detachment of U.S. Marines. The government shut down to mark the day of his funeral. The mile-long funeral procession was composed of family, military detachments, and government officials. He was buried in the Congressional Cemetery, Washington, D.C.

President John Quincy Adams said of him: General Brown was one of the eminent men of this age and nation. Though bred a Quaker, he was a man of lofty and martial spirit, and in the late war contributed perhaps more than any man to redeem and establish the military character of his country.

Family
In December 1802, Brown married Pamelia Williams, then seventeen. They had four sons (Gouverneur, Jacob, William, and Nathan) and five daughters (Mary, Eliza, Pamela, Margaret and Katherine). Nathan was the only son to survive into a full adult life.

Brown's first-born son, Gouverneur, drowned in an ice-skating accident at the age of twelve. Jacob (class of 1832) and William Spencer Brown (class of 1835), graduated from West Point. Jacob resigned after four years' service in the army, and William resigned after six months. Both died as young men.

Nathan W. Brown did not attend the academy but had a successful military career. In 1849, at age thirty-one, Nathan was appointed as a major. In 1864, during the Civil War, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and served as deputy paymaster general. In 1880 he was promoted to brigadier general and paymaster general; he retired in 1882 after 33 years in the army.

Eliza Brown married Edmund Kirby, who served as a colonel in the Mexican–American War, and a U.S. Army Paymaster. Their son Edmund also attended West Point, graduated in 1861, and was commissioned as an artillery officer. He served with the Army of the Potomac from First Bull Run through Chancellorsville, where he was severely wounded. Nominated for brigadier general by President Lincoln, he died before the Senate could confirm the promotion, at 23 years of age.

Pamela Brown married David Hammond Vinton, who served as assistant quartermaster general of the Union Army during the Civil War. Her younger sister Katherine married Larkin Smith, a Southerner and West Point classmate of their brother William. In 1861, Smith resigned his army commission to serve as assistant quartermaster general of the Confederate army.

Legacy
For his victories in the War of 1812, Brown was awarded a Congressional Gold Medal on November 3, 1814. General Brown was the 24th American to receive this award.

In 1818, Brown was admitted as an honorary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati.

Several counties, townships, towns, and schools were named after Jacob Jennings Brown, both in New York and in other states:

Towns and Cities

 * Town of Brownville, New York
 * Brownville (village), New York
 * General Brown Central School District, Dexter, New York
 * The town of Pamelia, New York, was named for his wife, née Pamelia Williams.
 * Brown County, Illinois
 * Brown County, Indiana
 * Brown County, Ohio
 * Brown County, Wisconsin
 * Brown Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
 * Brownstown Township, Jackson County, Indiana
 * Brownstown, Indiana
 * Brownsville, Tennessee

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jacob Brown (general)


text:
Claysburg

Claysburg may refer to:

 * Claysburg, Pennsylvania, census-designated place in Pennsylvania, United States
 * Claysburg, Ohio, extinct town in Ohio, United States

 * Claysburg Air Force Station, closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station

title: Claysburg


text:
John Ros, 7th Baron Ros

John Ros, 7th Baron Ros of Helmsley (c.1397 – 22 March 1421) was an English nobleman.

He was the eldest son of William Ros, 6th Baron Ros, and Margaret Fitzalan (d. 3 July 1438), the daughter of John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel, by Eleanor Maltravers (d. 3 July 1438), younger daughter and coheir of Sir John Maltravers.

He served as a soldier of Henry V of England during the Hundred Years' War. Six years after the Battle of Agincourt, John participated in the Battle of Baugé. He was among the casualties along with his brother William Ros, Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence, the governor of Normandy and others. He was buried at the Belvoir Priory.

Marriage
John de Ros married Margery le Despencer, daughter and heiress of Philip le Despencer, 2nd Baron le Despencer, but had no issue by her. After his death, Margery married Roger Wentworth (d. 24 October 1452), esquire, younger son of John Wentworth of Elmsall, Yorkshire, by whom she had issue. She was fined £1000 for having contracted a dishonourable marriage far beneath her station.

title: John Ros, 7th Baron Ros


text:
SPQR series

The SPQR series is a series of historical mystery stories by John Maddox Roberts, published between 1990 and 2010, and set in the final years of the Roman Republic. SPQR (the original title of the first book, until the sequels came out) is a Latin initialism for Senatus Populusque Romanus ("The Roman Senate and People"), the official name of the Republic.

The stories are told in first-person form by Senator Decius Caecilius Metellus the Younger (born c 90-95 BC), nephew of Metellus Pius and member of the powerful Caecilius Metellus family of the Roman Senate. The stories are told in flashback-form by the old Decius, writing during the reign of Augustus Caesar. The stories range from 70 BC (The King's Gambit) to 20 BC ("The King of Sacrifices"), and have both an exciting and comedic tone.

Decius' companions include his slaves Cato, Cassandra, and Hermes; his friends, the Greek gladiatorial physician Asklepiodes and the gangster/politician Titus Annius Milo; and his staunch enemies, the siblings Clodia and Clodius. Along the way, he is often helped by his father, as well as by Cicero and a young Julius Caesar. In later books, Decius is betrothed and then married to the (fictional) niece of Caesar, Julia Caesaris. The dates are all listed at the end of each book in the ab urbe condita calendar system.

In 2015, a German company had planned to adapt the series for TV, however, they have withdrawn from the project in 2022 for financial reasons.

Novels

 * 1) The King's Gambit: In 70 BC, Decius uncovers a plot to subvert Lucullus' army in the war against Mithridates
 * 2) The Catiline Conspiracy (63–62 BC): Decius uncovers Catiline's plot to overthrow the Republic.
 * 3) The Sacrilege (62–61 BC): Decius investigates Clodius's desecration of the Bona Dea rites.
 * 4) The Temple of the Muses (60 BC): While visiting Alexandria, Decius investigates the murder of a philosopher at its famous library.
 * 5) Saturnalia (59 BC): Decius investigates the murder of his kinsman Metellus Celer.
 * 6) Nobody Loves a Centurion (58 BC): Decius investigates the murder of a centurion of the 10th Legion at the start of the Gallic Wars.
 * 7) The Tribune's Curse (55 BC): Decius investigates the murder of a tribune who curses Crassus on his way to Parthia.
 * 8) The River God's Vengeance (53 BC): Decius investigates a collapsed insula, uncovering systematic fraud in the construction trade.
 * 9) The Princess and the Pirates (51 BC): Decius investigates the murder of his host, the Roman governor of Cyprus, while on the island to deal with an upsurge in piracy. The eponymous princess is the young Cleopatra VII of Egypt.
 * 10) A Point of Law (51–50 BC): While running for election to the office of praetor, Decius must deal with accusations that he murdered a man who had threatened to denounce him for actions he took while on Cyprus the previous year.
 * 11) Under Vesuvius: In 50 BC, while touring Campania as praetor peregrinus, Decius investigates a murder near Mount Vesuvius.
 * 12) Oracle of the Dead (50 BC). As praetor peregrinus, Decius investigates the murders of a group of priests of Apollo during the period just before Caesar crosses the Rubicon.
 * 13) The Year of Confusion (46–45 BC): During Caesar's dictatorship, Decius is commissioned to oversee the adoption of Caesar's new calendar, and investigates the murders of several astronomers who developed it.
 * 14) Dolabella (forthcoming)

Short stories
The series also includes the following short stories, in chronological order:

 * "The Statuette of Rhodes" (60 BC): Decius finds a corpse at the base of the Colossus of Rhodes.
 * "Mightier Than the Sword" (53 BC): Decius investigates the murder of a victim found in the basement of a townhouse in Rome.
 * "The Etruscan House" (52 BC): Decius investigates a senator's murder.
 * "An Academic Question" (51 BC): Decius investigates a murder during his visit to Athens mentioned as part of his leisurely trip to Cyprus at the beginning of "The Princess and the Pirates"
 * "Venus in Pearls" (46 BC): Caesar hires Decius to locate his stolen breastplate before his Pompeian triumph
 * "Beware the Snake" (45 BC): Decius must locate the missing sacred snake of the Marsi.
 * "The Will" (44 BC): Decius investigates Caesar's will following his assassination.
 * "The King of Sacrifices" (20 BC): An elderly Decius investigates the death of a candidate for Rex Sacrorum

Roberts also wrote a short story, "The Mountain Wolves", which is also set in ancient Rome, but is not part of the SPQR series.

Chronology
The above dates are approximate because there is contradictory information within the texts.
 * For instance, in The Sacrilege, which can be dated at 62 BC, Decius claims to be turning 29, indicating he was born in 91 BC; however, in The Tribune's Curse, he finds that he was born in the same year as Marcus Porcius Cato (95 BC). Confusingly, however, in the same book, Cato claims to have been born "when Valerius and Herennius were consuls.", which was 93 BC.
 * In "The King of Sacrifices", dated at 20 BC, Decius claims to be in his 73rd year, indicating he was born in either 93 or 92 BC. However, in the story itself Julia is claimed to be "betrothed" to Agrippa, whom she married 21 BC, i.e. at least one year earlier.
 * The AUC dates given in The Sacrilege, The Temple of the Muses and "The Statuette of Rhodes" are clearly erroneous.
 * The Sacrilege has a clear external date and there is a strong indication that "Statuette" takes place in the same year as Saturnalia.
 * Roberts has noted that events in The Year of Confusion have been modified for dramatic effect.

title: SPQR series


text:
Nossrat Peseschkian

Nossrat Peseschkian (born on June 18, 1933, in Kashan, Iran, – April 27, 2010, in Wiesbaden, Germany) lived in Germany since 1954. He was a specialist in neurology, psychiatry, psychotherapy and psychosomatic medicine. Peseschkian founded positive psychotherapy in 1968 based on a cross-cultural approach; he was also the founder of the Wiesbaden Academy of Psychotherapy (WIAP), a German state-licensed postgraduate institute of psychotherapy.

Biography
Born and raised in Iran, Nossrat Peseschkian went to Germany in 1954 for his studies in medicine at the universities of Freiburg, Frankfurt am Main and Mainz. After his medical specialty training and dissertation, he did postgraduate training in psychotherapy in Germany, Switzerland, Austria and the United States. As an international lecturer, Peseschkian traveled to 67 countries. A global network of over fifty local, regional and national centers of positive psychotherapy has been established in 33 countries. Most of his trainings focused on Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Luxemburg.

Peseschkian authored 26 books on his technique; some of them have been translated into 23 languages. Pesechkian debuted his method of positive psychotherapy, a psychodynamic method with a cross-cultural and humanistic background, in 1968. In 1977, the German Association for Positive Psychotherapy was founded. Internationally, positive psychotherapy is represented by the World Association of Positive Psychotherapy. Swiss psychiatrist G. Benedetti explained in 1979: "His model is a notable synthesis of psychodynamic and behavior-therapeutic elements, making an essential contribution to a unified relationship within psychotherapy".

Peseschkian was, up to the date of his death, the head of the International Academy for Positive and Transcultural Psychotherapy, the president of the World Association for Positive Psychotherapy, and Honorary President of the German Association for Positive Psychotherapy. He was an honorary professor at the National Psychoneurologic Institute Bechterew in St. Petersburg, Russia. In 1996, he received the Federal Order of Merit from the president of Germany. Peseschkian was a member of the Baháʼí Faith.

He was married to Manije Peseschkian (1940-2020), a family therapist. They had two sons, both physicians practicing psychiatry and psychotherapy (Hamid Peseschkian (b. 1962); Nawid Peseschkian (b. 1964)), and four grandchildren. His grave is in Wiesbaden-Sonnenberg, and was recognized by the Wiesbaden City Council on 17 March 2023 as a grave of honor.

Publications
Amongst Peseschkian's books and publications (mostly in German, some English, Chinese and Russian and other languages) are: Over 260 articles in professional journals in Germany and international academic publications.
 * If You Want Something You Never Had, Then Do Something You Never Did, by Nossrat Peseschkian, published 2006, Sterling Publishers Pvt., Limited, ISBN 1-84557-509-1
 * Positive Psychotherapy Theory and Practice of a New Method, by Peseschkian, Nossrat (Walker, Robert R, Dr. Translator), Publisher: Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987, ISBN 978-0-387-15794-8 (first German edition 1977 by Fischer Verlag)
 * Oriental Stories as Tools in Psychotherapy: the Merchant and the Parrot, by Peseschkian, Nossrat, Publisher: Springer-Verlag, 1986 ISBN 978-0-387-15765-8 (first German edition 1979 by Fischer Verlag)
 * In Search of Meaning, by Peseschkian, Nossrat, Publisher: Springer ISBN 978-0-387-15766-5 (first German edition 1983 by Fischer Verlag)
 * Positive Family Therapy, by Peseschkian, Nossrat, Publisher: Springer ISBN 978-0-387-15768-9, republished Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, India ISBN 978-81-207-1839-5 (first German edition 1980 by Fischer Verlag)
 * Psychotherapy of Everyday Life: Training in Partnership and Self Help With 250 Case Histories, by Peseschkian, Nossrat, Publisher: Springer ISBN 978-0-387-15767-2 (first German edition 1974 by Fischer Verlag)
 * Positive Psychotherapy in: Globalized Psychotherapy by Alfred Pritz (Ed.), Publisher: Facultas, 2002 ISBN 3-85076-605-5
 * Religion and Science from the Viewpoint of the Baháʼí Faith in: Psychotherapy in East and West. Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Psychotherapy. Publisher: Korean Academy for Psychotherapists 1994

Awards and honors

 * In 1997 Nossrat Peseschkian was awarded the Richard Mertens Prize for his work, “Computer Assisted Quality Assurance in Positive Psychotherapy”. This Prize is one of the highest awards of quality assurance in the medical field in Europe.
 * In 1998 the Federal Medical Chamber of Germany awarded Peseschkian the Ernst von Bergmann Plaque for Services in Continuing Medical Education for Physicians in Germany.
 * In June 1998, President Prof. B.D. Karvarrarsky nominated Peseschkian as an honorary member of the Russian Association for Psychotherapy.  The ceremony took place in Moscow.
 * In January 2006, Peseschkian received the Order of Merit, Distinguished Service Cross of the Federal Republic of Germany. (Bundesverdienstkreuz). The President of the Federal Republic of Germany, Dr. Horst Köhler,  signed the Document. "This Order is the highest recognition of the Federal Republic of Germany for those citizens who have acquired distinguished services and achievements in social-economical, political and spiritual fields as well as their particular services for the Republic for example social charity and humanitarian aid."
 * In June 2006 the Association of Iranian Physicians and Dentists in Germany honored Peseschkian and two other nominees - among the Iranian Physicians - with an award of recognition for their significant scientific contribution to the field of medicine and health in the world.
 * In November 2006 Peseschkian was one of the honourees of the Encyclopædia Iranica at the Geneva Gala. Encyclopædia Iranica is a branch of Columbia University in New York, United States.

title: Nossrat Peseschkian


text:
All Kerala M.G.R. Dravida Munnetra Party

All Kerala M.G.R. Dravida Munnetra Party is a political party working amongst the Tamil minority in the Indian state of Kerala. It was formed as a split from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and supported the widow of M.G. Ramachandran, Janaki Ramachandran.


text:
User:Improv/vfd encyc

To be encyclopedic, both the topic of an article and the content of that article must be encyclopedic. Even the best article on a bad topic does not belong.

title: User:Improv/vfd encyc


text: User talk:68.55.3.113

title: User talk:68.55.3.113


text:
Clow

Clow may refer to:

 * Clow (surname)
 * Clow, Arkansas
 * Clow International Airport, in Bolingbrook, Illinois
 * Clow Island, an island in Lake Fryxell, Victoria Land, Antarctica
 * Clow Reed, a fictional character in the Cardcaptor Sakura series
 * Clow Township, Kittson County, Minnesota
 * Clow Valve Company, a subsidiary of McWane, Inc.

title: Clow


text:
Fabio Casartelli

Fabio Casartelli (16 August 1970 – 18 July 1995) was an Italian cyclist and an Olympic gold medalist. He was killed in a crash on the descent of the Col de Portet d'Aspet, France, during the 15th stage of the 1995 Tour de France.

Amateur career
Fabio Casartelli showed great promise as an amateur. He had many important wins and placings between 1990 and 1992, climaxing in winning a gold medal in the 1992 Summer Olympics road race. He finished the 194 km race in 4:35:21, a second ahead of Erik Dekker of the Netherlands and 3 ahead of Dainis Ozols of Latvia.

Amateur victories

 * 1990
 * Trofeo Sironi
 * 1991
 * Monte Carlo-Alassio
 * Gemeli Meda
 * Coppa Casale
 * GP Capodarco di Fermo
 * Trofeo Cesab
 * 1992
 * Olympic flag.svg Olympic Road Race Championship
 * Monte Carlo-Alassio
 * GP Diano Marina
 * Coppa Cigogna
 * Trophia de Mare

Professional career
Casartelli began his professional career in 1993 with the Ariostea team. He won a stage in the Settimana Bergamasca race, came second in a stage of the Tour de Suisse and finished the Giro d'Italia. In 1994 he moved to ZG-Mobili. For his third professional year, he moved to Team Motorola. He placed sixth in the Spanish Clásica de Almería and third in the second stage of the Spanish Tour of Murcia. Casartelli was selected to represent his team for the 1995 Tour de France along with Alvaro Mejia, Frankie Andreu, Lance Armstrong, Steve Bauer, Kaspars Ozers, Andrea Peron, Steve Swart and Sean Yates.

Professional results

 * 1993 - Team Ariostea
 * Giro d'Italia: 107th overall
 * Settimana Bergamasca: first stage 1
 * Tour de Suisse: second stage 5, third stage 2
 * 1994 - Team ZG-Mobili Bottecchia
 * Giro di Toscana: 15th overall
 * 1995 - Team Motorola
 * Classica Costa del Almeria: sixth overall
 * Tour de Suisse: second stage 1
 * Tour of Murcia: third stage 7

Death

On 18 July, during the fifteenth stage of the 1995 Tour de France, Casartelli and a few other riders crashed on the descent of the Col de Portet d'Aspet mountain pass in the Pyrenees. Casartelli's head struck the concrete blocks along the roadway, causing severe head injuries and loss of consciousness. Doctors arrived within ten seconds. While being flown to a local hospital by helicopter, Casartelli stopped breathing and after numerous resuscitation attempts was declared dead. It has been argued that Casartelli would have survived if he had been wearing a bicycle helmet. Gerard Porte, the Tour's senior doctor, claimed that protection was academic since the fatal blow was to an area of Casartelli's head that would not have been covered by a helmet. However Michel Disteldorf, the French doctor who examined Casartelli's body on behalf of the coroner in Tarbes, where the rider was flown by helicopter after he crashed, told the Sunday Times that the point of impact was on the top of the skull, and that had Casartelli been wearing a hard helmet "some injuries could have been avoided".

His Motorola team continued the Tour de France, crossing the finish line of the next stage first, side by side in Pau. The peloton followed behind, riding slowly. The Société du Tour de France awarded the stage prizes as normal, and the riders donated all the money won that day to a fund established for his family. The Tour later matched that amount, and thousands of individuals contributed to the fund.

Three days after the accident Fabio Casartelli's teammate Lance Armstrong dedicated his stage win in Limoges to Casartelli by pointing at the sky as he rode over the finish line.

The Société du Tour de France and the Motorola team placed a memorial near where he crashed, situated at co-ordinates 42.94997°N, 0.81882°W (42.940, 0.819). The memorial is a sundial arranged such that the sun's shadow highlights three dates — his birth and death and 2 August, the day he won his Olympic gold medal. The bicycle he was riding at the time of his fatal crash was placed in the chapel at the Madonna del Ghisallo, a church and museum to cyclists near his home.

In 1997, the young rider classification in the Tour de France was renamed "Souvenir Fabio Casartelli" in his honour.

title: Fabio Casartelli


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User:Improv/vfd school

Few schools meet the high bar of notability required to be encyclopedic

title: User:Improv/vfd school


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Thomas Ros, 8th Baron Ros

Thomas Ros or Roos, 8th Baron Ros of Helmsley (26 September 1406 – 18 August 1430) was an English peer.

Family
Thomas Ros, born 26 September 1406, was the second son of William Ros, 6th Baron Ros, and Margaret Fitzalan (d. 3 July 1438), the daughter of John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel, by Eleanor Maltravers (c.1345 – 12 January 1405), younger daughter and coheir of Sir John Maltravers (d. 22 January 1349).

Career
Thomas Ros was a younger brother of John Ros, 7th Baron Ros, who died childless at the Battle of Baugé on 22 March 1421. Thomas inherited his rank and privileges, and followed the example of his brother in participating in the Hundred Years' War. He fought in the Battle of Verneuil under the command of John, Duke of Bedford. He was honoured for his efforts, and knighted by Henry VI of England on 19 May 1426. Henry was a nephew of the Duke. Thomas resumed service under the Duke in 1427. He was summoned to the Parliament of England in 1429. In 1430, he fell into the Seine during a minor skirmish and drowned.

Marriage and issue
Thomas Ros married Eleanor Beauchamp, daughter of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, and his first wife, Elizabeth Berkeley, by whom he had two sons and a daughter:
 * Thomas Ros, 9th Baron Ros (9 September 1427 – 17 May 1464).
 * Sir Richard Ros, who married, before 1468, Jane or Joan Knyvet, daughter of Sir John Knyvet.
 * Margaret Ros, who married firstly William de Botreaux, 3rd Baron Botreaux, and secondly Thomas Burgh, 1st Baron Burgh of Gainsborough.

After the death of Thomas Ros, his widow, Eleanor, married secondly, Edmund Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, and thirdly, Walter Rokesley, esquire.

title: Thomas Ros, 8th Baron Ros


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Mosaburō Suzuki

Mosaburō Suzuki (鈴木 茂三郎) was a Japanese journalist, essayist, and socialist leader.

Biography
Mosaburō Suzuki was born on 7 February 1893, in Gamagōri, Aichi Prefecture. His family was poor, and he worked as a newspaper boy, shined shoes, and pulled rickshaws. He graduated with a degree in political economy at Waseda University in 1916. He worked as a newspaper reporter and covered the Japanese intervention in Siberia.

Suzuki moved to the United States in 1919, where he met Sen Katayama and Tsunao Inomata, who were both Leninists. He went to the Soviet Union as a correspondent for Yomiuri Shimbun in 1921, and returned to Japan in 1922. He unsuccessfully tried to organize miners in Kyushu. In 1922, he became a member of the newly-founded Japanese Communist Party (JCP). He became an economic expert for Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun, but was fired in 1928 for being too political. Suzuki was selected to serve as Secretary General of the Proletarian Masses Party in 1928. The party was a reconstitution of the Labour-Farmer Party, which was dissolved after the March 15 incident.

As Japan became increasingly militarist, Suzuki devoted most of his energies to the socialist movement starting around 1928. With Katō Kanjū, he formed the Proletarian Workers' Conference in 1936 and the Japan Proletarian Party in 1937. However, Suzuki became an increasingly prominent target of the government, and he was arrested in 1937 under the Peace Preservation Law as part of the Popular Front Incident. Suzuki was elected to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly in 1937. He was arrested again after Japan declared war on the United States and was imprisoned for a trial that never occurred.

Following Japan's surrender in 1945, Suzuki participated in the formation of the Japan Socialist Party. In 1946, he won a seat in the House of Representatives; he became party secretary in 1949 and chairman in 1951. As chairman of the lower house's Budget Committee in 1948, Suzuki passed a veto over Katayama Tetsu's proposed budget, which later led to the downfall of the cabinet. Later, in his inaugural speech as party chairman, he famously said "Young men, do not take up arms; young women, do not send your husbands and sons to the battlefield" which caused a huge political stir and became a rallying cry of the pacifist movement in Japan, although it was only intended to rebuke Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru's attempt to secure aid from the United States to rebuild the military of Japan.

After the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1951, the Socialist Party split into left and right wings. Suzuki remained chairman of the left wing, which had only 16 seats in the House of Representatives; in the 1955 elections, it jumped to 89 seats, thanks to support from the General Council of Trade Unions and popular support from a war-weary electorate that largely agreed with the party's principle of unarmed neutrality.

The two socialist parties reunited that year to form a united front against the emerging right-wing conservative Liberal Democratic Party, but the issue of whether or not to participate in the Anpo protests reignited the left-right tension within the Socialist Party. In 1960, right-wing leader Suehiro Nishio left the party and formed the Democratic Socialist Party. Taking responsibility for the party split, Suzuki resigned as chairman.

During the 1960s, Suzuki gradually pressed the Socialist Party to the left, but it continued to languish as Japan's economic recovery sped up. He retired from politics in 1967. Thereafter, he collected socialist literature and other materials, establishing a "Socialist Library" which he later donated to the Museum of Modern Japanese Literature. Suzuki died of liver cirrhosis in 1970.

title: Mosaburō Suzuki


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Macdonaldtown railway station

Macdonaldtown railway station is located on the Main Suburban line, serving the Sydney suburb of Eveleigh. It is served by Sydney Trains T2 Inner West & Leppington line services.

History
The original Macdonaldtown station opened in 1878 at a site adjacent to the Charles Street subway. It was relocated to its present site on 3 April 1892.

The Main Suburban line through Macdonaldtown was quadruplicated in 1892, and sextuplicated in 1927 in association with electrification works.

An island platform on the middle pair of tracks was taken out of use and demolished in November 1985. The closed access stairs to this may still be seen from the underpass entrance. To the south of the station, lie the Macdonaldtown Stabling Yards. A footbridge that spanned all six lines was removed in June 1996.

On the morning of 13 July 1986 Macdonaldtown station was painted pink by then 18 year-old John Philip Baxter and his 14-year-old brother. Baxter also glued a table, two chairs and a pot-plant (also painted pink) to the platform to further his "overall effort to enhance the station". No conviction was recorded and the State Rail Authority's claim for damages was rejected by the magistrate.

title: Macdonaldtown railway station


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The Great American Novel (Roth novel)

The Great American Novel is a novel by Philip Roth, published in 1973.

Summary
The novel concerns the Patriot League, a fictional American baseball league, and the national Communist conspiracy to eliminate its history because it has become a fully open communist organization.

Plot
The Port Ruppert Mundys of New Jersey lease their stadium to the United States Department of War at the beginning of the 1943 season—to be used as a soldiers' embarkation point—which forces the athletes to play as the league's first permanent road team. The novel's narrator is "Word" Smith, a retired sports columnist who spends 1943 traveling with the Mundys.

Replacement-era players
Characters on the Mundys roster are parallels of actual replacement players from the World War II era, such as one-armed outfielder Bud Parusha (Pete Gray).

Critical reception
In 2003, USA Today critic Bob Minzesheimer called the work "one of Roth's least known," and added, Daniel Okrent once wrote that if "40 percent of The Great American Novel is out-of-control, the remainder is unmitigated triumph. Roth turned the screw of fantasy and myth one notch higher than others and ended up with a work far truer to the sport: He knew his target, loved it dearly, and knew as well what exaggerations it could withstand." Roth, best known for Portnoy's Complaint and American Pastoral, won a life-achievement medal last fall at the National Book Awards. At the reception, I told him how much I enjoyed The Great American Novel nearly 30 years ago. He laughed and said it's usually the precocious teen sons of friends who tell him that. But he said no novel was more fun to write.

title: The Great American Novel (Roth novel)


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User:Dallashan~enwiki

My Name is Dallas H. HAN (韩洪涛). I was born at a small town village called Dongzhu (东渚), Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. I am currently enrolled as a graduate student at Graduate School of Economics, Osaka University, Japan.

My History

 * Education experience
 * Dongzhu Central Primary School (东渚中心小学)
 * Dongzhu Middle School (东渚中学)
 * Suzhou Silk Industrial School (Suzhou)(苏州丝绸工业学校)
 * Anabuki College Japanese School (Takamatsu,Kagawa)(穴吹学园日本语学校)
 * Ritsumeikan University, Department of Economics (BKC,Kusatsu,Shiga)(立命馆大学经济学部)
 * Osaka University, Faculty of Economics(Toyonaka, Osaka)

My Interests
I am interested in the Study of Economic growth, New political economy especially related to those of Macroeconomics, some Mathematics, and currently History of economic thoughts, especially upon the philosophy of Adam Smith.

My homepage
A Beggar @ Faculty of Economics

title: User:Dallashan~enwiki


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Talk:Degenerate star

This article says the existence of neutron stars is inconclusive, but goes on further to say under the "neutron star" section (which neutron star also says) that their existence was observed in 1968. As it is, this article seems to contradict itself. I'm guessing that there's truth to both parts, it's just not coming across very clearly. - Furrykef 18:09, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Merge with compact star?
Should this page be merged with compact star?

title: Talk:Degenerate star


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Talk:The Great American Novel (Roth novel)

Untitled
Hello all -- I just created this page because the Philip Roth had a link to "The Great American Novel", which was linking to the wrong place. --Arcadian 18:10, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I have just corrected an essential mis-statemnt of the plot. in the novel, the Patriot League is not disappeared from American history and culture by way of a communist plot; it is disappeared by way of an anti-communist national political consensus because it, the whole Patriot League, and all its teams have become pure communist organizations. 68.161.100.148 (talk) 22:51, 14 June 2008 (UTC)


text:
User:Arcadian

“Imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge. That’s what we’re doing.” -- Jimbo Wales Why we're here.

Et in Arcadia ego...

es:User:Arcadian fr:User:Arcadian de:User:Arcadian ja:User:Arcadian hu:User:Arcadian

 For your contributions to Wikipedia and humanity in general, you are hereby granted the coveted Random Smiley Award originated by Pedia-I (Explanation and Disclaimer)

title: User:Arcadian


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Talk:Teochew Min

POJ
Where does the POJ spelling “Tiê-chiu-uē” come from? Shouldn’t it be “Tiâu-tsiu-uē”? (I think the final -ie does not even exist in POJ.) — Babel fish (talk) 12:49, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't speak Hokkien so I wouldn't know about the Tiê to Tiâu, but I do know that it should be chiu not tsiu because POJ doesn't have the initial 'ch' (Tai-lo uses 'ts' though}. 三葉草SanYeCao · Talk  00:28, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * @Babel fish it comes from Pe̍h-ūe-jī (PUJ) for Teochew. POJ (Pe̍h-ōe-jī) is for Hokkien though, but Teochew PUJ is Teochew's version of POJ. Teochew have slightly different phonemes than Hokkien, like 潮 is PUJ: tiê (IPA: /tie⁵⁵/) in Teochew Proper dialect of Chaozhou city, but PUJ: tiô (IPA: /tio⁵⁵/) in Swatow dialect of Swatow City. In Hokkien, 潮 is POJ: tiô (IPA:/tio²⁴/ or /tio¹³/ or /tiɤ²³/) in vernacular pronunciation (白讀), but POJ: tiâu (IPA: /tiau²⁴/ or /tiau¹³/ or /tiau²³/) in literary reading (文讀). For those who do not know what the IPA numbers mean, numbers follow Chao tone numbers, meaning there are 5 levels on a graph, 1 is lowest pitch tone, 5 is highest pitch tone, first number designates which position tone starts from 1 to 5, then second number designates where it ends on an imagined pitch tone graph. Mlgc1998 (talk) 15:24, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

Proposed merger of Chaoshan Min and Teochew dialect
I propose to merge Chaoshan Min and Teochew dialect into a single article titled "Teochew Min" (or equivalently).

The term "Teochew" refers not to the modern Chaozhou city (潮州市), but instead to the historical Chaozhou prefecture (潮州府), which covered the entire region known today as Chaoshan. This is why, for instance, there is the Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan (潮州八邑會館) clan association in Singapore, which literary means "eight counties of the Teochew [prefecture]", now divided between Chaozhou, Shantou and Jieyang prefecture-level cities.

The note in Teochew dialect saying that "Teochew and Chaoshan are two different things" is misleading. They are the same thing in this context, and "Teochew" is the more common name for the entire language spoken in Chaozhou, Shantou and Jieyang. I doubt there is even a need for a separate article on the Chaozhou dialect of Teochew/Chaoshan, since there are multiple dialects spoken in Chaozhou city and the linguistic borders generally do not follow the administrative borders. QuestionableAnswers (talk) 23:25, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Pinging Kwamikagami, who created Chaoshan Min as a split from Teochew dialect in 2019. --Paul_012 (talk) 07:07, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * If I remember correctly, we had an article on the local dialect and no article on the language, so I created one. If we want to merge them into an article on the language, that would be fine, even if it's heavy on Teochew dialect, but in such an article the language would need to come first. — kwami (talk) 09:06, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * , sure, the language should be the primary topic here. As the note in Teochew dialect says, it is already "confused between Teochew/Chaozhou and Chaoshan/Teo-Swa", and I'd like to expand it more to cover not only the Chaozhou dialect. Still, the article on the language should be titled "Teochew Min" or "Teochew language", as "Teochew" is the most common name for it in English.--QuestionableAnswers (talk) 01:48, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I have no objection to that. We could list Teochew dialect within the Teochew language. But if we make the name ambiguous like that, we're going to have to be careful to make it clear which we mean when. — kwami (talk) 04:02, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Alright. We can use "Teochew proper" or "Chaozhou dialect" when referring specifically to the dialect of the Chaozhou city. But if we need more accuracy, it may be better to use even smaller divisions — as I said above, the linguistic borders do not coincide with the administrative ones (e.g. the dialect spoken in Chaozhou's Raoping County is closer to the Swatow dialect, and the dialect of Shantou's Chenghai District is closer to the Teochew proper). --QuestionableAnswers (talk) 07:23, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Names of languages don't correspond to administrative borders. French isn't spoken only in France, and not everything spoken in France is French. There's no reason we can't do the same with Chinese. I don't understand this idea that there are human beings who speak languages, and then there's this other species of Chinese beings who speak dialects. So "Chaozhou dialect" is the dialect named after Chaozhou. It doesn't matter that it's also spoken outside Chaozhou and that not everything inside Chaozhou is Chaozhou dialect -- it's just a label for the thing, which being linguistic is defined linguistically. — kwami (talk) 07:49, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I understand you and I am not against the term "Chaozhou dialect". Anyway, "Teochew" primarily refers to the entire language, and when we need to mention the Chaozhou city dialect, we can use more specific terms.
 * So if there is no objections, I think the Teochew dialect article should be moved to "Teochew Min", and Chaoshan Min should be redirected there (just like it is done in zh.wikipedia). --QuestionableAnswers (talk) 06:13, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Use common names too. The language is not known by Min outside linguistics and academic contexts. 59.152.195.28 (talk) 08:07, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Teochew is currently a disambiguation page. There were requests in 2016 and 2017 to move this page to "Teochew", but it was argued that "Teochew" is used not only for the language, but also for the people and the place. So we need a title with a specifier, like "Teochew Min". "Teochew Chinese" may work too, but again it may be interpreted as referring to the Teochew people. --QuestionableAnswers (talk) 14:30, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The fact that "X Chinese" is ambiguous is not an issue. Our standing convention is "X Chinese" or "X Min" for the major branches/sub-families, "X Y" (where Y is one of the major branches) for subdivisions of / languages in those, and "X dialect" for what are actually dialects (mutually intelligible with other dialects). — kwami (talk) 17:51, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Good. So I believe "Teochew Min" is consistent with the conventions, even though, as 59.152.195.28 said, it is not the common name for the language (which would be just "Teochew"). --QuestionableAnswers (talk) 23:56, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's a dab based on Naming_conventions_(Chinese). — kwami (talk) 00:28, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Alright, so since two months have passed already and there were no objections to the merge, I am going to perform it. If someone has noticed this discussion only now and is against the merge, please start a new discussion. --QuestionableAnswers (talk) 16:37, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

Swatow dialect is not Teochew dialect
Swatow dialect is not Teochew dialect, it is different language and accents.

Teochew dialect and Swatow dialect are a dialect of a branch called Chaoshan combination of (Chaozhou from Teochew) and {Shantou from Swatow) hence it is called Teo-swa language in mandarin it is called Chaoshan, it is very selfish to call Swatow dialect as Teochew dialect.

Like calling Portuguese language and Spanish language alike, when they are not the same, differ usage of grammar and words 2406:3003:2001:54A3:F9E6:B188:F6FC:3018 (talk) 14:50, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Please read the merge discussion above. The word "Teochew" in Teochew people and Teochew Min refers not to the modern Teochew/Chaozhou prefecture-level city in PRC, but to the historical Teochew/Chaozhou prefecture (see the map). This prefecture included both modern Chaozhou and Shantou cities, among others. Of course, now this region is known as Teo-Swa/Chaoshan in China, but in English, "Teochew" is the established name for the entire language spoken in this region. --QuestionableAnswers (talk) 15:02, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

Supporting merger (in favor of "Teochew language")
Supporting the merger, after the fact. The language that younger People's Republicans call 潮汕话 is simply called "Teochew" in English most of the time. "Teochew" refers to the entire language, not a subset of it. Any person that doesn't understand this — or pretends not to understand — has no business editing English Wikipedia.

Based on ample precedent, it makes much more sense to entitle the article "Teochew language", though. 釆 (talk) 09:55, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Teochew Min


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Yu-Gi-Oh! GX

'Yu-Gi-Oh! GX', also known in Japan as Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters GX (遊☆戯☆王デュエルモンスターズGX), is a Japanese anime television series. It is a spin-off and sequel to the original Yu-Gi-Oh! anime series, which itself is based on the original manga series of the same title by Kazuki Takahashi. It was broadcast for 180 episodes on TV Tokyo from October 2004 to March 2008. ''Yu-Gi-Oh! GX'' follows the exploits of Jaden Yuki (Judai Yuki in the Japanese versions) and his companions as he attends Duel Academia (Duel Academy in the 4Kids version). The series was released in English in North America by 4Kids Entertainment. A manga adaptation by Naoyuki Kageyama was serialized in Shueisha's magazine V Jump from December 2005 to March 2011, with its chapters collected in nine tankōbon volumes. The series was followed by Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's in 2008.

Plot
Taking place several years after the events of Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters, ''Yu-Gi-Oh! GX'' follows a new generation of duelists including a young boy named Jaden Yuki (Judai Yuki) who attends Duel Academy, a school founded by Seto Kaiba, where aspiring duelists train in the field of Duel Monsters. The academy has an internal ranking system based on the "Egyptian God" cards from Battle City. Obelisk Blue is the highest dorm and is filled with only the best duelists or those who come from elite families. Ra Yellow is the second-highest dorm and is made up of duelists who score and perform well in school and have the potential to be the best. Slifer Red is the lowest dorm and consists of those who do not perform well and need much help to improve. Students are able to graduate to the next dorm if they show improvement. In the universe of Yu-Gi-Oh!, this series focuses on the type of summoning called "Fusion Summon", which the protagonist and many characters perform.

For the first year at Duel Academy, Jaden befriends many students such as Syrus Truesdale (Sho Marufuji), Jaden's roommate with low self esteem and Zane's brother, Alexis Rhodes (Asuka Tenjoin), one of the top female duelists, Bastion Misawa (Daichi Misawa), an excellent duelist with an extremely high intellect, Chazz Princeton (Jun Manjoime), one of Jaden's rivals with an elitist personality, and Zane Truesdale (Ryo Marufuji), Jaden's other rival and the best duelist in the school. Together the main cast faced major threats including the Shadow Riders (Seven Stars), who intended to revive the Sacred Beasts, powerful cards that could destroy the world. This group was led by Kagemaru and consisted of Nightshroud (Alexis's brother Atticus possessed by darkness), Camula (a vampire), Tania (an Amazon Warrior), Don Zaloog (a duel spirit), Abydos (an Egyptian pharaoh), Titan (an illusionist) and Amnael (an alchemist who posed as the Slifer Red's dorm advisor, Professor Banner). After the Shadow Riders are defeated, Zane chooses Jaden to duel him in his graduation match which ends in the only draw of the series, after which he passes on the title of top duelist in the school to Jaden.

In the second year, Jaden meets Aster Phoenix (Edo Phoenix), a dueling prodigy, and Tyranno Hassleberry, a duelist with a love for the army and dinosaurs. The main cast then face off against the Society of Light, a cult-like organization who infiltrated Duel Academy. They are led by Sartorius, Aster's manager, and intend to brainwash humanity with the powerful "Light of Destruction", a light in space that has the ability to corrupt. It is revealed that when one duels someone from the Society of Light, they also become brainwashed and become one of their members. This caused many of Jaden's friends, namely Chazz, Alexis, and Bastion, to become Jaden's enemy. Jaden learns that he has the ability to talk to Duel Spirits (similar to Yugi Mutou) due to his ability to use the "Gentle Darkness", a force created to balance out the Light of Destruction. He uses this to beat Sartorious and free everyone from the influence.

In the third year, Duel Academy is transported to another dimension, a desert plane with three suns and resident Duel Monster spirits, ruled by Yubel, a duel monster who was corrupted by the light. Upon returning home, Jaden and a select group of his partners dive back into the alternate dimension to recover their missing companions. After seeing his friends sacrificed, Jaden falls into despair and becomes possessed by the Supreme King, a ruthless and merciless ruler and the original wielder of the Gentle Darkness, which granted him immense power. During his time as the Supreme King, Jaden commits many crimes such as burning down villages, enslaving civilians, and sometimes even executing others. He is later freed of the influence by his friends in a duel, but is left with an immense amount of guilt. It is later revealed that Jaden in fact is the reincarnation of the Supreme King, and the Supreme King's power is a part of him. Jaden faces off against Yubel and learns that Yubel actually was the guardian of the Supreme King who was sworn to always be with him and protect him. Yubel was driven insane by the Light of Destruction and wishes to fuse all dimensions together so she could always be with Jaden. Seeing that Yubel was just trying to fulfill her promise, Jaden decides to use "Super Polymerization" and fuse himself with Yubel to help fulfill that promise and cleanse her of her corruption.

Later in the third year, Jaden returns to Duel Academy for his graduation period. Since he fused himself with Yubel, he has gained her powers as well as her bi-chromatic eyes when he uses her powers. However, since he came back from the alternate dimension, he has become more solitary and distant from his friends as he does not wish to cause trouble for anyone anymore. He also lost his happy-go-lucky personality and his love for duelling; having endured such horrors over the past three years at Duel Academy, his belief that one duels for fun and enjoying themselves has been sapped out of him, and he only duels for survival. Despite this, Jaden is confronted by Nightshroud, the same spirit that possessed Atticus back in his first year, who tells Jaden that he will engulf this world in darkness by feeding off the negative emotions of humanity. Jaden originally fights off his minions until he comes face to face with Nightshroud himself. He duels him and successfully defeats him, freeing everyone of their darkness. During their remaining time, Jaden had slowly grown closer to his friends once again and began to reclaim his love for dueling, but on his final night, Jaden is going to leave the academy without saying goodbye. He is then stopped by an adult Yugi Mutou who transports him back in time for his 'graduation match' against Yugi Mutou from the past. During this duel, Jaden reflects on his time at Duel Academy and the great friendships he has made along the way. He expresses his gratitude towards Yugi and officially reclaims his old personality and, spurred on by the opportunity to battle one of Yugi's Egyptian God cards (in this case, Slifer the Sky Dragon), his love of dueling once again.

Production
''Yu-Gi-Oh! GX'' is produced by Nihon Ad Systems and TV Tokyo, and the animation is handled by Studio Gallop. The series was directed by Hatsuki Tsuji and scripts were prepared by an alternating lineup of writers–Shin Yoshida, Atsushi Maekawa, Akemi Omode, Yasuyuki Suzuki–with music arrangements by Yutaka Minobe. Takuya Hiramitsu is in charge of sound direction, supervised by Yūji Mitsuya. Character and monster designs are overseen by Kenichi Hara, while Duel layout is overseen by Masahiro Hikokubo. The "GX" in the series' title is short for the term "Generation neXt". "GENEX" was conceived as the series' original title, as can be evidenced in early promotional artwork. It also refers to the GX tournament that takes place between episodes 84 and 104.

The program is divided into episodes classified as "turns". The title sequence and closing credits are accompanied by lyrics varying over the course of the series, with the former immediately followed by an individual episode's number and title. Eyecatches begin and end commercial breaks halfway through each episode; in the first season, there were two eyecatches per episode, usually showcasing the opponents and their key monsters for a given episode while in later seasons, a single eyecatch appears with only the duelists. After the credits, a preview of the next episode, narrated most frequently by KENN and Masami Suzuki, is made, followed by a brief "Today's Strongest Card" segment.

Anime
The 180-episode series aired on TV Tokyo between October 6, 2004, and March 26, 2008, and was followed by Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's.

It was subsequently licensed by 4Kids Entertainment and adapted into English, picked up by Cartoon Network and 4KidsTV in North America. Like previous 4Kids adaptations, several changes were made from the original Japanese version, including the names and personalities of characters, the soundtrack, the sound effects, the appearance of visuals such as Life Point counters, and the appearance of cards. The story and some of the visuals are also edited to remove references to death, blood, violence and religion in order to make the series suitable for a younger audience. Also any written language text, either Japanese or English is erased or replaced with unreadable content. These edits are also used in various localizations of the show in countries outside of Asia where 4Kids had distribution rights. For unknown reasons the US broadcast of the third season was first delayed from broadcast for two months after the conclusion of the second season, then its airing period extended to run over the course of 16 months until the end of August 2008. The last episode of the third season and the fourth season in its entirety were not dubbed for unknown reasons (possibly as consequence of the third season's delays leading to too large of an episode gap between the Japanese and North American airing schedules), leaving them for many years as Japanese-exclusive; with Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's beginning to be run in September 2008, three weeks after the US broadcast airing of GX season 3's last dubbed episode.

Dubbed episodes were uploaded onto 4Kids' YouTube page until March 29, 2011, when Nihon Ad Systems and TV Tokyo sued 4Kids and terminated the licensing agreement for the Yu-Gi-Oh! franchise. The series is currently licensed by 4K Media Inc. Hulu and Crunchyroll are currently streaming dubbed episodes, with the latter beginning to stream the subtitled Japanese version of the series in August 2015.

Music

 * Japanese
 * Opening themes
 * "Fine Weather Hallelujah" (快晴・上昇・ハレルーヤ) by Jindou (episodes 1–33)
 * "99%" by Bowl (episodes 34–104)
 * "Teardrop" (ティアドロップ) by Bowl (episodes 105–156)
 * "Precious Time, Glory Days" by Psychic Lover (episodes 157–180)
 * Ending themes
 * "Genkai Battle" (限界バトル) by JAM Project (episodes 1–33)
 * "Wake up your Heart" by Kenn (episodes 34–104)
 * "The Sun" (太陽) by Bite the Lung (episodes 105–156)
 * "Endless Dream" by Hiroshi Kitadani (episodes 157–180)

 * English
 * 1) "Get Your Game On" by Alex Walker, Jake Siegler and Matthew Ordek

Manga
Written and illustrated by Naoyuki Kageyama, under supervision by Kazuki Takahashi, the ''Yu-Gi-Oh! GX manga series was serialized in Shueisha's V Jump'' magazine from December 17, 2005, to March 19, 2011. Shueisha collected its chapters in nine tankōbon volumes, released from November 2, 2006, to June 3, 2011. A one-shot was published in V Jump on June 21, 2014.

In North America, the manga was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The series ran in the Shonen Jump manga anthology from the January 2007 to the January 2010 issues. Viz Media released the nine volumes from November 6, 2007, to August 7, 2012.

Video games
Several video games based on ''Yu-Gi-Oh! GX'' have been developed and published by Konami.

Two games were released for Game Boy Advance; ''Yu-Gi-Oh! Ultimate Masters: World Championship Tournament 2006, and Yu-Gi-Oh! GX Duel Academy.''

Three games have been released for Nintendo DS; ''Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters GX Spirit Caller, Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters World Championship 2007 and Yu-Gi-Oh! World Championship 2008''. A fourth title, ''Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters GX Card Almanac'', is not actually a game, but a catalog of cards up to 2007.

The Tag Force series has appeared on the PlayStation Portable, which adds the ability to form tag team duels, with the first three games in the series being based on the GX series (subsequent games are based on Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's). The titles are ''Yu-Gi-Oh! GX Tag Force, Yu-Gi-Oh! GX Tag Force 2 and Yu-Gi-Oh! GX Tag Force 3''. The first game was also ported to PlayStation 2 as ''Yu-Gi-Oh! GX: Tag Force Evolution''. So far, Tag Force 3 has not been released in North America. It was however, released in Europe, and its follow up, ''Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's Tag Force 4'', has been released in all regions including North America.

Other media
In 2007, Eaglemoss productions signed a deal to release a magazine based upon the ''Yu-Gi-Oh! GX franchise named Yu-Gi-Oh! GX Ultimate Guide''.

The artist Inu Mayuge wrote a ''Yu-Gi-Oh! GX'' parody titled De-I-Ko! GX (犬☆眉☆毛DE-I-KO! GX), posted in V Jump on June 25, 2009.

title: Yu-Gi-Oh! GX


text:
Talk:IIT Madras

Hostels
Any enthu for adding detailed information about hostels, departments etc?
 * I've listed the hostels and added some info about hostels in general. I've heard there are some new ones coming up, though... Any idea what they're going to be named? --Ajitq 07:27, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * There is one new hostel coming up and a new mega mess. They are still under construction. Even the new IIT Map doesn't give them any name. Just "New Boys Hostel".--Arunkumar 16:48, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Here's all the information you need: http://www.iitmadras.org/news/2005/aug31/#hostels

Yes, crocodiles
Who says there are no crocodiles in IIT? I have a photograph with me somewhere of a sign near the lake (close to TTN's house) saying "Beware of Crocodiles". I also have it on good authority that there have been at least 3 instances when crocs have come from the neighbouring GNP into the lake, and have caused havoc.

 * I'll agree that there is a board inside IITM that says "Beware of Crocodiles". That in itself does not prove anything more than a sign saying "Beware of Dragons" proves the existence of dragons. Do we have anything more substantial than hearsay that there really are crocodiles in the IITM lake? All other animals cited are spotted on a regular basis - monkeys, deer, dogs, birds and snakes. Please cite your sources if possible. -- Brhaspati (talkcontribs) 22:47, 2005 Apr 4 (UTC)

IIT user template
Add the following template to your user page if you are a IIT-Madras Alumni / Student  --DuKot 08:36, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Moving page
It has been suggested that this article be moved to Indian Institute of Technology Madras. (Discuss here) — Ambuj Saxena (talk) 06:25, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Undergraduate Academics
Why do NSS/NSO/NCC figure under this topic? I feel it shouldnt be there. Ganesh, 2:00, 21st Oct 2006 (IST)

Internet Access
internet (web) access is through web proxies, so primarily only web access is available. there IS a difference between blocking something and not having something available. if one were doing nat and not allowing irc or something else, that is blocking. if one is providing http access through a web proxy that does not say anything about non http services. besides, this is not the forum for arguing this. Iitmsriram 12:02, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Credit System
Somebody fix the math in the CG calculation in the article...

Better Introduction? first three lines
The article has the most ordinary and routine introduction I've seen for an elite school like IITM. The article currently starts with "The Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) is an engineering university located in Adyar the southern part of Chennai city (formerly Madras), in Southern India." That's like a robot saying what it is. It should say something about being one of the elitist or one of the best engineering schools in India.

Fair use rationale for Image:Iitmlogo.png
Image:Iitmlogo.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:33, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Notable Alumni
Request someone to remove alumni who are not particularly notable from the long list. Would be helpful to have a handful of extremely successful alumni in this list rather than a long list of a lot of "not so well-known" alumni. Due to this, the extremely successful alumni get lost in the list. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tsachin (talk • contribs) 11:32, 26 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Okay, I'll give try... Salih  ( talk ) 12:58, 26 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I suggest that instead of deleting somebody's hard work in compiling the list, we should start a separet list of notable alumni of IITM and link to that.

Vinay84 (talk) 12:44, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * It's a good idea to start the list of notable alumni of IITM. I did not delete the names of some alumni just like that. By the way, I saw that you have removed the tag stating that "Removed citation tag after giving citation". I think the article is largely unreferenced; of the 16 references 13 are concerned to alumni list and only the remaining three are concerned to the main article.  Salih  ( talk ) 13:18, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Most of the information in the article is from the official website which is listed in the end.WE should work on linking the appropriate sections to the corresponding info. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vinay84 (talk • contribs) 16:04, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Turns out the Big problem with references was that reflist was not there in the code. Now the article seems decently referenced. Also, I invite editors to be free and bold and Tag for citation so that referencing can be improved.Vinay84 (talk) 05:03, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

Facilities section
I suggest that Campus subsection be made a full section and facilities be made a part of it. Vinay84 (talk) 04:50, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

Template:Infobox Indian Institute of Technology
This article uses the template Infobox Indian Institute of Technology. This template was forked from Infobox university way back in 2006. The template Infobox university has been completely rewritten since then, and this forked template has not benefitted from these improvements. From the point of view of maintenance, a few standard templates are better than a collection of many specific ones.

If the template Infobox Indian Institute of Technology in this article were replaced with Infobox university, no information would be lost and the parameter mottoeng would start to work. I therefore suggest that this be done. HairyWombat 21:28, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Later. Done. HairyWombat 15:50, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

Grammatical construction
I thought of starting this as a new section as it didn't fit in any of the existing sections. The grammatical construction of several sentences needs updating. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tsachin (talk • contribs) 11:28, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

Self Promotion
Sentences such as "we are also actively involved in counselling or offering any kind of help" proves that said section is an attempt at self-promotion and does not present a neutral point of view. Chellarian (talk) 16:19, 26 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Very good point. I have removed the section from the article. It was copied and pasted from the source and was not neutral. It clearly violated Copyrights, NPOV and Conflict of interest. Yaurz39 (talk) 09:50, 27 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Assessment comment
Substituted at 18:52, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Tamil name of the institute
The article seems to provide multiple inaccurate Tamil names of the institute. The board at the entrance of the institute has some other thing written on it in Tamil, which is neither the one mentioned in the article nor in the template. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 14.139.160.85 (talk) 17:45, 8 May 2016 (UTC)
 * I have removed the non-English names from the lead per WP:NOINDICSCRIPT. The only other place I can see the use of such scripts is in the infobox. The Google translator says that the Tamil name at the top of the infobox is correct. But if you think it is wrong, please correct it or remove it. AtHomeIn神戸 (talk) 05:12, 10 May 2016 (UTC)

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After doing bs in medical science n engineering
Cab we applied for gate for cs branch? 47.15.196.168 (talk) 07:31, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

Move of page to full name
@Hmains In 2020, it was decided to move "Indian Institute of Technology xyz" to "IIT xyz". Hence, I suggest that you revert your recent move of "IIT Madras" Tagooty (talk) 01:57, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

 * A gentle reminder Tagooty (talk) 04:39, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:IIT Madras


text:
Z Pulsed Power Facility

The Z Pulsed Power Facility, informally known as the Z machine or Z, is the largest high frequency electromagnetic wave generator in the world and is designed to test materials in conditions of extreme temperature and pressure. It was originally called the PBFA-II and was created in 1985. Since its refurbishment in October 1996 it has been used primarily as an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research facility. Operated by Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico, it gathers data to aid in computer modeling of nuclear weapons and eventual fusion pulsed power plants.

History
The Z machine's origins can be traced to the Department of Energy needing to replicate the fusion reactions of a thermonuclear bomb in a lab environment to better understand the physics involved.

Since the 1970s the DoE had been looking into ways to generate electricity from fusion reactions, with continuous reactions such as tokamaks or discrete fusion of small balls of light atoms. Since at the time lasers were far from having the required power, the main approach considered was heavy ion fusion (HIF). However major advances such as Q-switching and mode-locking made lasers an option (culminating in the National Ignition Facility) and the HIF programs became more or less dormant. In 1985, the review of DoE's program by the National Academies stated "The energy crisis is dormant for the time being". HIF machines were tasked to help military research improve nuclear bombs.

The first research at Sandia dates back from 1971 where Gerold Yonas initiated and directed the particle-beam fusion program. Electrons were the first particles to be thought of, because the pulsed power accelerators at the time had already concentrated them at high power in small areas. However, shortly thereafter it was realized that electrons can not possibly heat the fusion fuel rapidly enough for the purpose. The program then moved away from electrons in favor of protons. These turned out to be too light to control well enough to concentrate onto a target, and the program moved on to light ions, lithium. The accelerators names reflect the change in emphasis: first the accelerator's name was EBFA-I (electron beam fusion accelerator), shortly thereafter PBFA-I, which became Saturn. Protons demanded another accelerator, PBFA-II, which became Z.

In the December 1976 issue of Popular Science and in 1976 conference proceedings published in 1977, an article titled "Particle Beam Fusion Research" described early work and first generation machines: Hydra (1972); Proto I (1975); Proto II (1977); EBFA/PBFA (electronic beam fusion accelerator/particle beam fusion accelerator) (1980).

In 1985, the PBFA-II was created. Sandia continued to target heavy ion fusion at a slow pace despite the National Academies report.

The November 1978 issue of Scientific American carried Yonas' first general-public article, "Fusion power with particle beams".

Meanwhile, defense-related research was also ongoing at Sandia with the Hermes III machine and Saturn (1987), upgraded from PBFA-I, which operated at lower total power than PBFA-II but advanced Sandia's knowledge in high voltage and high current and was therefore a useful predecessor to the Z machine.

In 1996, the US Army published a report on the decommissioning of the Aurora Pulsed Radiation Simulator. This report is useful in understanding ties between nuclear arms testing and inertial fusion energy research.

Also in 1996, the PBFA-II machine was once again upgraded into PBFA-Z or simply "Z machine", described for the first time to the general public in August 1998 in Scientific American.

Physics of the Z machine
The Z machine uses the well known principle of Z-pinch where the fast discharge of capacitors through a tube of plasma causes it to be compressed towards its centerline by the resulting Lorentz forces. Bennet successfully researched the application of Z-pinches to plasma compression. The Z machine layout is cylindrical. On the outside it houses huge capacitors discharging through Marx generators which generate a one microsecond high-voltage pulse. Yonas then uses a system to divide this time by a factor of 10, using the dielectric power of water, to enable the creation of 100 ns discharges.

However this effort was not successful for Heavy Ion Fusion, due to lack of sufficient focusing of the beams, despite the high power used. It had been known for a long time that the Lorentz forces were radial but the current flow was highly unstable and rotated along the cylinder which causes twisting of the imploding tube therefore decreasing the quality of the compression.

A Russian scientist, Valentin Smirnov, then had the idea of replacing the tube (called "liner") with a wire array, to fight the azimuthal flow of the current, and therefore fight the Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) instability. The Angara V facility of the Kurchatov Institute had been built for the same reason: to help simulate and design the second stage of hydrogen bombs and test the effect of high power x-rays on nuclear missiles' warheads. The space inside the wire array was filled with polystyrene, which helps homogenize the X-ray flux.

Any country developing thermonuclear weapons has its own Z machine, but those not using water lines had long rising pulses (for example 800ns in the Sphinx, the French machine at Gramat). In the UK, the Magpie machine was situated at the Imperial College under control of Malcolm Haines.

By removing the polystyrene core, Sandia was able to obtain a thin 1.5 mm plasma cord in which 10 million amperes flowed with 90 megabars of pressure.

Early operation 1996–2006
The key attributes of Sandia's Z machine are its 18 million amperes and a discharge time of less than 100 nanoseconds. The array of tungsten wires is called a "liner". In 1999, Sandia tested the idea of nested wire arrays; the second array, out of phase with the first, compensates for Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. In 2001, Sandia introduced the Z-Beamlet laser (from surplus equipment of the National Ignition Facility) as a tool to better image the compressing pellet. This confirmed the shaping uniformity of pellets compressed by the Z machine.

Sandia announced the fusing of small amounts of deuterium in the Z machine on April 7, 2003.

Besides being used as an X-ray generator, the Z machine propelled small plates at 34 kilometers a second, faster than the 30 kilometers per second that Earth travels in its orbit around the Sun, and four times Earth's escape velocity (3 times it at sea level). It also successfully created a special, hyperdense "hot ice" known as ice VII, by quickly compressing water to pressures of 70,000 to 120,000 atmospheres (7 to 12 GPa). Mechanical shock from impacting Z-machine accelerated projectiles is able to melt diamonds.

A good overview of the different missions of the Z machine can be found in the 2002 Trivelpiece committee report which reviewed the pulsed power activities at Sandia.

During this period the power of X-ray produced jumps from 10 to 300TW. In order to target the next milestone of fusion breakeven, another upgrade was then necessary

Prospects
A $60 million (raised to $90 million) retrofit program called ZR (Z Refurbished) was announced in 2004 to increase its power by 50%. The Z machine was dismantled in July 2006 for this upgrade, including the installation of newly designed hardware and components and more powerful Marx generators. The de-ionized water section of the machine has been reduced to about half the previous size while the oil section has been expanded significantly in order to house larger intermediate storage lines (i-stores) and new laser towers, which used to sit in the water section. The refurbishment was completed in October 2007. The newer Z machine can now shoot around 26 million amperes (instead of 18 million amperes previously) in 95 nanoseconds. The radiated power has been raised to 350 terawatts and the X-ray energy output to 2.7 megajoules. However the maximum temperature the new version may reach with the same record holder stainless steel wire-array liner used in 2005 is not yet known.

The ultra-high temperatures reached in 2006 (2.66 to 3.7 billion kelvins) are much higher than those required for the classical hydrogen, deuterium and tritium fusion previously considered. They could allow, in theory if not in practice, the fusion of light hydrogen atoms with heavier atoms such as lithium or boron. These two possible fusion reactions do not produce neutrons, and thus no radioactivity or nuclear waste, so they open the possibility of human-made clean aneutronic fusion.

Sandia's roadmap includes another Z machine version called ZN (Z Neutron) to test higher yields in fusion power and automation systems. ZN is planned to give between 20 and 30 MJ of hydrogen fusion power with a shot per hour using a Russian Linear Transformer Driver (LTD) replacing the current Marx generators. After 8 to 10 years of operation, ZN would become a transmutation pilot plant capable of a fusion shot every 100 seconds.

The next step planned would be the Z-IFE (Z-inertial fusion energy) test facility, the first true z-pinch driven prototype fusion power plant. It is suggested it would integrate Sandia's latest designs using LTDs. Sandia Labs recently proposed a conceptual 1 petawatt (1015 watts) LTD Z-pinch power plant, where the electric discharge would reach 70 million amperes. As of 2012, fusion shot simulations at 60 to 70 million amperes are showing a 100 to 1000 fold return on input energy. Tests at the Z machine's current design maximum of 26-27 million amperes were set to begin in 2013.

Z-Pinch Inertial Fusion Energy program
The Sandia Laboratories Z-IFE project aims to solve the practical difficulties in harnessing fusion power. Major problems include producing energy in a single Z-pinch shot, and quickly reloading the reactor after each shot. By their early estimates, an implosion of a fuel capsule every 10 seconds could economically produce 300 MW of fusion energy.

title: Z Pulsed Power Facility


text:
Thomas Ros, 9th Baron Ros

Thomas Ros or Roos, 9th Baron Ros of Helmsley (9 September 1427 – 17 May 1464) was a follower of the House of Lancaster during the Wars of the Roses.

Family
Thomas Ros, born 9 September 1427, was the eldest son of Thomas Ros, 8th Baron Ros and Eleanor Beauchamp, second daughter of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, and his first wife, Elizabeth Berkeley, daughter and heiress of Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley. Eleanor was an older half-sister of Henry Beauchamp, Duke of Warwick, and Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick.

Thomas himself was an older maternal half-brother to Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset, and Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset.

Career
Thomas had inherited the barony of Ros when he was barely four years old. His great uncle, Sir Robert Ros, knight, was deputed to perform the office of chamberlain to Archbishop Stafford, on the day of his installation at Canterbury; this office belonged to Lord Ros, from his tenure of the manor of Hethfield, in Kent. The fee for this service was the furniture of the room, and the basin and towel. The manor, and tenure on which it was held, came to the Ros family, from the marriage of an ancestor with Margaret Badlesmere.

Thomas Lord Ros was only eighteen years of age when he was put by the king into full possession of his father's estates. Having been faithful to King Henry VI of England throughout his disputed reign, he was rewarded with certain commercial privileges, consisting, chiefly, of an entire remission of the customary duties on exported wool. In 1456, he had permission to go on a pilgrimage, and in 1460, the king settled on him, as in part, a recompense for the expenses and losses incurred in his service, an annuity of £40, arising out of certain manors forfeited by the Earl of Salisbury.

By at least one near-contemporary account ("Whethamstead's Register"), in the same year he was part of the Lancastrian army which was victorious at the Battle of Wakefield. In February 1461, he was one of the knights made after another Lancastrian victory at the Second Battle of St Albans by Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales. Later that year he was with the king at York when news arrived of the Lancastrian defeat at the Battle of Towton, and he accompanied the king in his flight to Berwick.

As a loyal supporter of Henry VI, Ros was attainted in Parliament on 4 November 1461. He led a section of the Lancastrian army which attacked John Neville's army at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor on 25 April, where his men fled, and then took part in the Battle of Hexham on 15 May 1464. The Lancastrian army was crushed by Neville; Ros was subsequently found hiding with lord Hungerford in a wood. He was beheaded the next day at Newcastle for treason, and the Ros lands were confiscated. Belvoir Castle was given to William, Lord Hastings.

Marriage and children
Thomas Ros married Philippa Tiptoft, daughter of John Tiptoft, 1st Baron Tiptoft, by whom he had one son and four daughters:
 * Edmund Ros, 10th Baron Ros.
 * Eleanor Ros, who married Sir Robert Manners of Etal, Northumberland.
 * Isabel Ros, who married firstly Sir Thomas Everingham, secondly Sir Thomas Grey, and thirdly Sir Thomas Lovell.
 * Margaret Ros
 * Joan Ros.

On 20 August 1471, his widow Philippa married secondly (in the presence of the then duke and duchess of Suffolk), the English diplomat Edward Grimston as his third wife.

title: Thomas Ros, 9th Baron Ros


text:
Edmund Ros, 10th Baron Ros

Edmund Ros or Roos, 10th Baron Ros of Helmsley (c. 1455 – 23 October 1508) was a follower of the House of Lancaster during the Wars of the Roses. He regained his family title after the accession of King Henry VII of England.

Family
Edmund de Ros, born about 1455, was the only son of Thomas Ros, 9th Baron Ros (9 September 1427 – 17 May 1464), and Philippa Tiptoft (c. 1423 – after 30 January 1487), daughter of John Tiptoft, 1st Baron Tiptoft and Powis. He had four sisters:

 * Eleanor Ros, who married Sir Robert Manners of Etal, Northumberland. Their son was George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros.
 * Isabel Ros, who married firstly Sir Thomas Everingham, secondly Sir Thomas Grey, and thirdly Sir Thomas Lovell.
 * Margaret Ros.
 * Joan Ros.

After the death of the 9th Baron, his widow, Philippa, married firstly Sir Thomas Wingfield (d. 1471), by whom she had no issue. After his death, she married Edward Grimston, esquire, (d. 23 September 1478).

Career
As a result of his father's attainder, he went into exile. Under Henry VII, who united the houses of York and Lancaster, the attainder was reversed; and Edmund, Lord Ros, was reinstated in his ancestral property; Belvoir had been in the possession of the Hastings family for more than twenty years. In the petition to parliament presented by Lord Ros in November 1485, his claims are stated with great moderation, and his sufferings for his loyalty to King Henry VI are not overstated.

About nine years later, Sir Thomas Lovell, who had married Isabel, Edmund's sister, presented a petition to parliament, stating that Edmund was "not of sufficient discretion to guide himself and his livelihood; nor able to serve his sovereign after his duty" and asking "that he might have the guidance and governance of the said Edmund" and all his property. An Act of Parliament was passed giving full powers to Sir Thomas Lovell over the person and property of Lord Ros, and entire possession of the latter at his death upon trust for the other relatives of Lord Ros, reserving only a rent of seven hundred marks to the King, and the right, title, and interest of those who have, or ought to have, possession or occupation of certain portions of the property.

Edmund, Lord Ros, lived at the manor of Elsinges, at Enfield, which he had inherited from his mother, and was probably kept under restraint. On his death, he was buried in the parish church at Enfield, on the north side of the altar, where his monument is an arch erected over the tomb of Lady Joyce Tiptoft, his maternal grandmother, and charged with the arms of Ros quartering Badlesmere. Since Edmund had no children, his sisters were his heirs, and Elsinges became the property of his brother-in-law, Sir Thomas Lovell, who, at his death in 1524 bequeathed it to his great-nephew, Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland, in 1526. Eleanor, the eldest sister and co-heir of Edmund, Lord Ros, married Sir Robert Manners (d. 1495), of Etal, Northumberland. Eleanor was therefore the grandmother of Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland.

title: Edmund Ros, 10th Baron Ros