text:
Talk:Battle of the Beams

Section
Someone has 'helpfully' included links to 'main' articles. As the main articles contain less information than this article, some rationalisation is clearly required.

Because the "#redirect" is broken and will not redirect to subsections, I have created articles for each subsection. This has several beneficial side effects:
 * It makes links in other articles easier to make.
 * It also helps navigation within the "World War II German electronics" Category.

It would be nice if someone who knows could write a section or an article on German use of radio navigation in other theatres. For example I have seen an article that says that the Germans used radar beams in the East as a navigation system. Philip Baird Shearer 23:59, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

A mention of moving of radar assisted AAA to the coast to deal with the V-1 flying bombs would be a useful addition.

It would be very useful if this could be expanded for the offensive defensive battle on the other side of the channel eg Operation Biting and the Wuerzburg radar saga, Josef Kammhuber and the Kammhuber Line etc. Philip Baird Shearer 09:39, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

How would a fake Elbe at 1km help?
Shouldn't it be at 6km or 7 or 8 or 9 km? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.114.69.71 (talk) 12:22, 14 January 2007 (UTC).

 * The system timed the distance between the last two beams, and dropped the bombs after traveling that distance (actually time) again. By making the last beam appear after only 1 km from the second, the bombs would be dropped after another 1 km, or 2 km total from the middle beam. This was well short of their targets, which were perhaps 10 km distant. Maury 15:28, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I was confused by that sentence too:

 * X-Gerät was eventually defeated in another manner, by way of a "false Elbe" which was set up to cross the Weser guide beam not at 5km, but at 1km

 * Earlier the beams are described as being at 5km and 10km from the target, so this comes across as meaning "the false Elbe crosses Weser at 1km from the target." I've changed the wording to make it clear that the 1km refers to the distance after the previous beam crossing, as per your description. Thomjakobsen 20:49, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Yes, much better! Thanks! Maury 22:12, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Error in Knickebein section?
The article as written states:

When Jones mentioned the possibility of bombing beams to Churchill, Churchill put two and two together and ordered more investigation. However, many in the Air Ministry didn't believe that the system was actually in use, and Frederick Lindemann, leading scientific adviser to the government, claimed that any such system would not be able to follow the curvature of the Earth, though T S Eckersley of the Marconi company had claimed it could.  Eckersley's claim was eventually demonstrated after Churchill ordered a flight to try to detect the beams. An Avro Anson was equipped with an American Hallicrafters S-27 amateur radio (then the only known receiver capable of receiving the 40 MHz signal) requisitioned from a shop in Lisle Street, London, operated by a member of the Y Service The flight was nearly cancelled when Eckersly withdrew his claim that the beams would bend round the earth enough to be received. Only R V Jones could save the flight by pointing out that Churchill himself had ordered it and he would make sure that Churchill would get to know who cancelled it.

However, according to the book "Ultra Goes to War" by Ronald Lewin (McGraw-Hill, 1978), Eckersley initially claimed that "any such system would not be able to follow the curvature of the Earth". Lindemann was an early skeptic of the system, but became convinced that it would work before the critical meeting at which Churchill ordered continued investigation of potential countermeasures. This version of events makes more sense, since Jones was a protege of Lindemann's, and Lindemann was a close confidant of Churchill's. Sir Henry Tizard had argued against the possibility of a beam system at "the critical meeting" and submitted his resignation after he realized his misjudgment.

 * Books have a habit of adopting 'literary licence'. I have a video of a documentary on the subject and R V Jones himself relates the story more or less as described (though there is some variance with the first sentence). 20.133.0.13 (talk) 07:48, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

 * The 1977 BBC series The Secret War is on YouTube with the relevant episode The Battle of the Beams being here:  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.112.68.219 (talk) 17:39, 28 May 2011 (UTC)
 * "American Hallicrafters S-27 amateur radio (then the only known receiver capable of receiving the 40 MHz signal)..."
 * I'm replying, in general, to the authors. This is just plain silly. The frequency band 30-40 MHz at that time carried few, if any, signals of civilian or military importance. For that reason, it attracted little interest from radio hams or the general public and commercially available receivers almost never made provision for reception in that band - why would they? In 1939/40, the RAF operated morse code and AM voice radio equipment in the much higher 100 MHz plus, UHF band (as it was then known) and in the MF (300 kHz-1 MHz) band and in the HF (2 MHz-12 MHz) band. The RAF did not wish to use frequencies in between. Why would they? They was no particular technical advantage gained by doing so.
 * It would have been technical child's play for the British military to build a radio receiver covering 30-40 MHz. It would also have been within the capabilities of many British amateur radio enthusiasts. But, the design, calibration and testing of such a receiver for RAF use would have occupied a number of weeks and there was a certain urgency to unravelling Knickebein transmissions.
 * Why not, therefore, pull some money from the departmental petty cash and send a junior out at lunchtime to the Soho area (close to the seats of government and military high command) - a walk of about 7 minutes - to purchase an 'off the shelf' ham radio rig that covered the necessary frequencies? The shop, Webb's, was a Mecca for radio amateurs as well as radio listeners wanting world coverage (overseas servants of the British Empire, for example) and it stocked equipment and supplies made all over the developed world - thus, some US made Hallicrafters equipment - and from other countries, including Germany.
 * The idea that 'American technology' saved Britain in the Battle of the Beams is just absurdly overblown. The acquisition of the Hallicrafters S-27 was one of convenience - nothing more. Suppose that junior, sent out to Webb's with War Department cash in his hot little hand had been persuaded to return with a set of German origin - Telefunken made - for example? Would we now be saying that Germany defeated itsef in the 'Beams' struggle?
 * Wikipedia is replete with these weasel claims of American exceptionalism. Trying to roll them back is a Canute-like task.2A01:4B00:AE0E:6200:E84E:D98:FD25:9FD6 (talk) 14:49, 6 May 2024 (UTC)
 * "An Avro Anson was equipped with an American Hallicrafters S-27 amateur radio (then the only known receiver capable of receiving the 40 MHz signal)..."
 * Actually, let's lay this bit of nonsense boasting, once and for all. The September 1939 issue of the British radio publication "Short Wave Magazine" page 5, has a full page advert for 'Trophy' brand Communications Receivers from the Peto Scott Co Ltd (London) - "British and Best..." according to the company. The Trophy 6 model operates from wavelength 6.5 meters (46 MHz) up to 545 meters (550 kHz), continuous tuning, the more expensive Trophy 8 receiver has similar frequency coverage 43 MHz - 545 kHz in five overlapping bands, and includes the interface circuitry for a associated transmitter. These are proper 'Communications Receivers' incorporating all the expected features - bandspread tuning, AGC, BFO etc. There is an optional 2-stage tuned preselector afterfit which can further increase sensitivity and selectivity without provoking 2nd channel interference.The only additional feature of the Hallicrafters SX-27 receiver is a Frequency Modulation (FM) reception module (Edwin Armstrong was making demonstration FM broadcasts on behalf of RCA at the NY Empire State Building at the time) The Lorenz system used an MCW (Amplitude Modulated) signal beam - it did not use FM and was not believed to do so by Jones and his team.
 * Surely this means the " only receiver... 40 MHz" can be removed? In any case Lorenz was found at 31.5 and 33.3 MHz - both frequencies which can be received by the Peto Scott sets above.2A01:4B00:AE0E:6200:F188:2DD7:29E4:8996 (talk) 21:27, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

Dates
The article could do with some dates for the use of the various systems. --jmb (talk) 13:22, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

medical diathermy
When the "Medical Diathermy devices were used to cause interference to German radio beams", I am curious: Which kind of medical diathermy? The diathermy article draws a distinction between "shortwave diathermy", "microwave diathermy", and electrosurgery. --68.0.124.33 (talk) 21:12, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

At that time it was very unlikely to be microwave diathermy and the "beams" were not microwave. The only reference that I can see if sets being modified to operate on 30 MHz (in Beam Benders). --jmb (talk) 21:38, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

40 MHz vs 60 MHz
If Knickebein operated on 40 MHz and X-gerät on 60 MHz, I would not consider X-gerät's frequency to be "much higher" than Knickebein's. The precision would increase linearly, i.e. by a mere 50 percent, or am I wrong? Mumiemonstret (talk) 15:19, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, it's 50% higher. I don't see that precision would increase linearly.  The higher frequency allows you to install a more complex (i.e. directional) aerial in the same space.  Thus part of the imporovement in directivity would be down to the increase in frequency and part due to the increase in aerial directivity.  Thus, it seems to me, that the increase in precision would be much greater than 50%.  If the Germans were to provide an even more directional aerial system on a larger site then the precision rises accordingly.  86.183.175.94 (talk) 13:56, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

Aiming the beams
How could they aim the beams ? There is nothing on that here. They must have used spies. --Moritzgedig (talk) 08:41, 5 December 2014 (UTC)

 * A compass?--Ykraps (talk) 21:40, 5 December 2014 (UTC)

Confusion
In the section about Y-Gerat (sorry, no umlaut here...), the article says "It turned out their conclusion about code name Wotan was incorrect as it did not in fact imply a single beam." But later on the article says the Y-Gerat did use a single beam. I guess what the quoted part is saying is that 'Wotan' did not refer to a one-eyed god, or that somehow the inference from a one-eyed god to a single beam was mistaken (although it sounds like it was in fact correct). I don't have access to the ref (Jones' book). Can someone who does clarify this quoted sentence? Mcswell (talk) 17:03, 18 September 2020 (UTC)

Translation of 'knickebein'
Someone has provided a machine translation of 'knickebein' as 'bent leg'. This is the problem with machine (or literal) translations. The art of translating one language into another is to produce text that is grammatically and idiomatically correct in the target language (i.e. worded exactly as a native speaker of the language would write it). No (or very few) English speaker would use the expression 'bent leg'. Instead they would refer to such a leg as a 'crooked leg' and this is thus the correct translation of the German word. DieSwartzPunkt (talk) 17:23, 6 December 2014 (UTC)

 * "It was the shape of the aerials that gave the system its code name, Knickebein, which means "crooked leg", although the word is also the name of a magical raven in Germanic mythology."
 * It is not. It seems that this claim was first made in "The Secret War". It is wrong, however. The author confused "Knickebein" with "Hans Huckebein, der Unglücksrabe", an early comic strip by Wilhelm Busch that has nothing to do with Germanic mythology. The term "Knickebein" is used in Germany e. g. with easter eggs with a surprise filling, and that fits neatly with the surprise filling that was dicovered inside that He 111 and the crooked antenna array. Angeliter007 (talk) 14:53, 13 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Addition: In Norse methology, there exist two ravens, Huginn (thought) and Muninn (memory, mind). Nothing here with Knickebein either. Angeliter007 (talk) 20:39, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

Luftwaffe Training in Celestial Navigation
I am sure celestial navigation from an aircraft is difficult and can be of uncertain value but to say that the Luftwaffe neglected any such training is an overstatement. The Science Museum in London has a small Zeiss planetarium projector that was originally the property of the Luftwaffe, "used to train navigators and pilots in celestial navigation. Such knowledge enabled them to fly bomber aircraft towards Britain, with devastating consequences." Of course, the Science Museum may be wrong in according so much credit to training in celestial navigation, but the object is fairly concrete proof that such training was not totally neglected. (See http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/astronomy/1946-172.aspx). Moletrouser (talk) 07:59, 31 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Somewhat after the event but...

 * Indications are that the Luftwaffe did not train in celestial navigation while they were confident that their beam systems were of value. That confidence was heavily misplaced because they only ever got to use X-Gerat once (in the bombing of Coventry) and Y-Gerat not at all (we were jamming it from its first attempted use). The Germans were then forced to teach their crews celestial navigation in order to launch (among other operations) the blitz on London. The consequences were devastating but only because the targets were so large that they were hard to miss. One British navigator reported on "The Secret War" television series that he had no faith in celestial navigation at all. He stated that the best he could achieve from a Lancaster bomber parked firmly on the ground was to determine that the aircraft was twenty miles from where the airfield actually was.

 * The British had to rely on celestial navigation to bomb the V-weapon sites at Penemunde (They hadn't developed Gee yet - and even if they had Penemunde was beyond its range). They missed Penemunde completely and instead inadvertently bombed the Lumembourg work slaves who alerted us to its presence. The tragic consequence of that was that no Luxemburger provided us with any intelligence again. 86.153.129.239 (talk) 13:43, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

To the editors of this page; fantastic job
I realize this is still start class, but I want to say that the language and structure of this article is very engaging. I read it start to finish, without skipping a word. Very well done. Thank you for the effort. Btw, you're on the front page of Reddit today. Ian Furst (talk) 18:46, 12 May 2019 (UTC) (update: not on mobile, and now see that it's B-class) Ian Furst (talk) 20:20, 12 May 2019 (UTC)

Line of sight
The present article (as at 3 September 2019) includes the sentence: "It was subsequently realised that the argument over whether the beams would bend round the earth was entirely academic, as the transmitters were more or less in line-of-sight to high altitude bombers". The source for this statement is given as page 533 of F H Hinsley's book on British Intelligence in WWII in the official UK history of the war. I have consulted this book in a reference library, but I find nothing on page 533 (of Volume 1) to justify the sentence I quoted. Nor could I find anything elsewhere in the book's discussion of Knickebein to support it. The fullest discussion is on page 553 (not 533), but this just concludes that R V Jones was 'proved right' when an RAF plane detected the signals. This does not say, or even imply, that the transmitters were in 'line of sight', nor that the argument was 'entirely academic'. Unless someone can find an explicit source quotation to support the sentence, I suggest it should be deleted, and I will do so myself if no-one comes up with a supporting source in the next few weeks.86.154.202.31 (talk) 10:37, 3 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I would be reluctant to delete this as plainly the beams worked. Line of sight from 20,000 feet is about 200 miles. Perhaps it might benefit from a more specific reference. --Wtshymanski (talk) 00:17, 4 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Altitude ceiling of the German Bombers (principally Dorniers) was 27,000 feet (let's say 25,000 feet for service ceiling). This gives a line of sight of about 175 miles per WP:CALC (See Horizon for formula). Siting the aerials at elevation (hill or tall mast - or both) extends this distance plus the 40+MHz beam will bend around the earth to some extent (even 1.7GHz GPS signals bend through the atmosphere which is the principal source of that system's inaccuracy). A range of 350 miles (which is how far away the transmitters were) would be quite possible and, as noted, the fact that the system worked shows that the range required must have been achieved. -86.158.241.234 (talk) 12:51, 4 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I (the initiator of this thread) am not disputing that the beams worked, whether by line-of-sight, atmospheric refraction or 'bouncing' from the ionosphere. I am just saying that the source cited (Hinsley) does not, as far as I can see, actually support the claim that it was by line of sight. The two other books I have read which cover the subject (Jones 'Most Secret War' and Alfred Price 'Instruments of Darkness') do not support it either. The matter is of more than purely academic interest because, believe it or not, 'Flat Earth' nutjobs are quoting the impossibility of line-of-sight transmission through the curvature of the earth as proof that the earth is flat!  Incidentally, according to all the sources I have seen Knickebein worked at just over 30MHz, not 40MHz. Various sources state that ionospheric bouncing can work up to about 40MHz.86.141.32.73 (talk) 18:07, 4 September 2019 (UTC)

 * There are numerous sources for the frequency range used by Knickebein. Jones's book claims that the Kleve transmitter operated on 31.5 MHz. Other sources offer different frequencies and even frequency bands. Some sources put the frequency range at 42.1-47.9 MHz. Frequencies that high are easily discounted because the 1940 model of the Hallicrafters SX-28 receiver, the only receiver available to the allies capable of receiving the signals, had an upper limit of 43 MHz which would not cover most of the band. Bending of the beams occurs at any frequency, but the bend is less as the frequency rises. There is no set frequency at which the effect suddenly disappears. As I said above even GPS signals bend to some extent. That the beams made the 350 mile journey when geometry dictates that the (straight) line of sight is 247.3 miles means that the beams must bend around the earth. (I have now allowed for the elevation of Stollberg Hill at 1120 feet and used the correct formula plus the now determined actual flying height of 20,000 ft). The line of sight range of Kleve is less at 221.8 miles due to its lower elevation of 239 feet-yet the beam made the 300 mile journey with no difficulty. -86.158.241.234 (talk) 13:28, 5 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Please stop this nonsense about Hallicrafters. See my earlier response. Building a 30-40 MHz radio receiver would have been child's play for British radio designers, technicians and civilian factories; such receivers weren't commercially available because nobody would normally want such 'empty air' frequency coverage. The RAF was at the time evolving AM radio cockpit transceivers operating above 100 MHz - far higher than the Hallicrafters coverage - as well as powerful radios for the MF and HF bands below 12 MHz. No technical challenges there.
 * If asked, British civilian radio set makers - Pye, EKCO, Bush, Murphy, communications receiver makers - Eddystone - e.g. and military radio makers like Marconi and GEC could easily and quickly have manufactured a satisfactory radio capable of resolving Knickebein signals. But, if you can go to a shop selling ham radio equipment and buy, off the shelf, for modest cost, a satisfactory foreign made/import radio, then why on earth not?
 * The British did NOT resolve the Knickebein challenge because only American technology was available. Buying Hallicrafters saved the RAF two or three weeks - and with appropriate priority authority, this could have finished in days.2A01:4B00:AE0E:6200:E84E:D98:FD25:9FD6 (talk) 16:50, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

Footnote 24
This is given as Hooton (1999). Is this a typo for 1994? 86.130.154.27 (talk) 21:22, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

Origin?
The article says that the beam systems originally were "blind landing" systems. I'm not sure that's accurate; it seems the Low-frequency radio range is a closer fit. Also, judging by the discussion of that system and ILS systems in the 1939 "Practical air navigation" manual, radio ranges were fully operational then while the analogous beam-type instrument landing systems were still experimental (though what was being evaluated at that time indeed is exactly the still-current localizer and glide slop system used in ILS). Paul Koning (talk) 20:57, 18 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of the Beams


text: Category:Serial compositions

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Serial compositions


text:
Andrew Clarke (British Army officer, born 1793)

Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Clarke KCH (1793 – 11 February 1847) was Governor of Western Australia from 1846 until his death in 1847.

Andrew Clarke was born in Donegal, Ireland in 1793. He entered the British Army as an ensign in the 8th West India Regiment (without purchase) at the age of 13 in 1806, and rose rapidly through the ranks. In 1808 he transferred to the 46th Foot as lieutenant, again without purchase. At the age of 18, he was given temporary command of the troops in Van Diemen's Land. In 1813 he became a captain and went to New South Wales with his regiment. In 1818 he was in India, and in 1823 he married a widow named Frances Lardner, while on leave in England. A son was born in July 1824. In 1825 he purchased a majority. He returned to Europe in 1833, was created a knight of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order in 1837, was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in the Army in 1838, and purchased the lieutenant-colonelcy of his regiment in 1839. In 1842 Colonel Clarke took his regiment to the West Indies and was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of St. Lucia, which he left in 1844. In the following year he exchanged into the 41st Foot and was appointed Governor of Western Australia, where he arrived on 26 January 1846. He became ill not long afterward and died on 11 February 1847.

Andrew's Clarke's son, also named Andrew Clarke, held a number of important public positions for the colony of Victoria, and was for a time a Member of its Legislative Assembly. For six years, he was the governor of the Straits Settlements in Malaya. His stepdaughter, Fanny Jackson, married George Fletcher Moore. Amongst his nephews was the Australian novelist and poet Marcus Clarke.


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User talk:David Greame

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title: User talk:David Greame


text:
103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade

The Tyneside Irish Brigade was a British First World War infantry brigade of Kitchener's Army, raised in 1914. Officially numbered the 103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade, it contained four Pals battalions from Newcastle upon Tyne, largely made up of men of Irish extraction. (Another Newcastle brigade — the 102nd (Tyneside Scottish) — contained Tynesiders with Scottish connections).

History
The brigade's four battalions were known as the 1st to 4th Tyneside Irish. When taken over by the British Army, these became battalions of the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers: The reserve battalions were the 30th and 34th (Reserve) Battalions, Northumberland Fusiliers (Tyneside Irish).
 * 24th Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers (1st Tyneside Irish)
 * 25th Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers (2nd Tyneside Irish)
 * 26th Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers (3rd Tyneside Irish)
 * 27th Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers (4th Tyneside Irish)

Along with the 101st and 102nd Brigades, the Tyneside Irish made up the 34th Division which arrived in France in January 1916 and first saw action in the Battle of the Somme that year. On the first day on the Somme, the 34th Division attacked astride the Albert-Bapaume road at La Boisselle. The brigade's task was to follow up the main attack by the 101st and 102nd Brigades and advance on a line from Pozières to Contalmaison.

Advancing at the same time as the main attack, the brigade started from the reserve trenches on the Tara-Usna Line. The four battalions, marching in extended line (from left to right; the 2nd, 3rd, 1st and 4th), advanced down into Avoca Valley and then up the other side to the British front-line trench. From there they had to cross no man's land, pass through the German front-line and advance to their objectives. However, the main attack was an almost complete failure and the Tyneside Irish were utterly exposed to the machine guns of the German defences. The brigade suffered heavy casualties even before its battalions reached the British front-line. Opposite La Boisselle the brigade was halted but on the right, elements of the 1st and 4th battalions were able to advance up 'Sausage Valley' and pass through the German front-line. Two small parties met up behind the German support trench and pushed on towards their objective of Contalmaison. Their effort was in vain as they were eventually killed or captured.

The 1st battalion suffered 620 casualties on 1 July (18 officers and 602 other ranks), its commander, Lieutenant Colonel L.M. Howard, was among the dead. The 4th battalion suffered 539 casualties (20 officers and 519 other ranks). The commanders of the 2nd and 3rd battalions were both wounded, as was the brigade commander, Brigadier General N.J.G. Cameron.

The brigade's losses on 1 July were so severe that on the 6th, it, along with the 102nd (Tyneside Scottish) Brigade, was transferred to the 37th Division, swapping with the 112th Brigade. The two brigades returned to the 34th Division on 22 August.

In February 1918 the 1st, 3rd and 4th Tyneside Irish battalions were disbanded and the remaining battalion, the 2nd, was transferred to the 116th Brigade of the 39th Division. From then on the Tyneside Irish Brigade ceased to exist and the brigade was simply the 103rd Brigade.

title: 103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade


text:
Frederick Irwin

Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Chidley Irwin, KH (22 March 1794 – 31 March 1860) was acting Governor of Western Australia from 1847 to 1848.

Born in 1794 in Drogheda, Ireland, Frederick Chidley Irwin was the son of Reverend James Irwin. Some sources give the year 1788 as his birthyear. In 1808, he was commissioned into the 83rd (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot. He saw service in Spain and Portugal, and took part in several major battles of the Peninsula War, for which he was awarded a medal. In 1816-17 he was stationed in Cape of Good Hope, and later in Ceylon.

In 1828, the British government decided to establish a colony on the western coast of Australia, and a cousin of Irwin's, James Stirling, was appointed its first Lieutenant-Governor. Irwin was subsequently sent to the colony as a major in command of a detachment of the 63rd Regiment of Foot, whose mission was to protect and help establish the colony. He arrived with his men on board HMS Sulphur in June 1829, six days after the arrival of the first settlers and Stirling on the Parmelia.

Irwin's position as officer commanding the troops afforded him the further position of vice chairman of the Legislative Council appointed by Stirling in January 1831. From September 1832 until September 1833, Irwin was temporarily appointed to act as administrator of the colony while Stirling was in England.

During Irwin's period in charge the colony experienced difficulty in its relations with the Aboriginal people, and both colonists and Aboriginals were killed in different encounters such as the Pinjarra Massacre. After the killing of several settlers Irwin placed a bounty on the heads of the most aggressive Noongar warriors, including Yagan and Midgegooroo. This was to be among the most controversial of Irwin's initiatives during his tenure in the Swan River Colony. According to his account, immediately after a series of skirmishes Irwin conferred with his Executive Council 'to take such steps for a prompt and summary retaliation, as the means at my disposal admitted.' A proclamation was issued and published in the Perth Gazette offering a reward of 30 pounds for the capture 'dead or alive' of Yagan, and 20 pounds of 'Midgigooroo' and Munday. The proclamation declared Yagan, Midgegooroo and Munday to be outlaws 'deprived of the protection of British laws, and I do hereby authorise and command all and every His Majesty's subjects residents in any part of this colony to capture, or aid or assist in capturing the body of the said 'Egan' DEAD OR ALIVE, and to produce the said body forthwith before the nearest Justice of the Peace.' Frederick Irwin rationalized his actions to the Secretary of State in the following terms: This pecuniary stimulus has had the hoped for effect, by bringing forward some efficient volunteers among the Settlers whose - and occupations have necessarily given them a more intimate knowledge of the haunts of the natives in the neighbourhood of the settled district than is possessed by the Military, but no volunteers have received permission to act unless headed by a Magistrate or a Constable. Parties of the Military have also been in constant movement, traversing the bush is such directions as reports or conjecture rendered most likely to lead to a discovery of the lurking place of the offending tribes. These parties have all received express instructions to attempt the lives of no other than the three outlaws, unless hostility on the part of others of the tribe should render it necessary in self defense. I am happy to say these measures have already been attended with considerable effect. The whole of this hostile tribe have been harassed by the constant succession of parties sent against them, and in some instances have been hotly pursued to a considerable distance in different directions.

By the time Irwin's dispatch had been received in London, Midgegooroo had been captured and executed. Despite his efforts to convince his superiors that his actions were justified, Irwin was criticised by the Secretary of State, who would have preferred a sentence of imprisonment, believing that execution would do little to improve relationships between the traditional owners and the colonists. But as Irwin intended, the search for Midgegooroo, Yagan and Munday proceeded quickly as the military and private settlers combed the region. One volunteer party led by a colonist named Thomas Hunt (according to G.F. Moore, 'a most appropriate name' who had previously been a constable in London) headed south 'in the direction of the Murray' and came across a number of 'native huts' not far from the south shore of the Swan. They 'routed' the Aboriginal people there, and pursued a group south, shooting and killing one man who was believed to be the brother of Midgegooroo and according to Moore, bringing his ears home 'as a token.' According to the Perth Gazette, throughout the period immediately after the proclamation, Midgegooroo remained near the property of the Drummonds on the Helena River 'employed as he usually had been of late in taking care of the women and children of the tribe' and clearly unaware of his outlaw status and his impending doom. On Thursday 16 May, a military party led by Captain Ellis, acting on information that Midgegooroo was in the area, joined forces with a number of civilians, including Thomas Hardey and J. Hancock. After camping overnight, the next morning they came across Midgegooroo and his young son: The old man finding a retreat impossible, became desperate; Jeffers, a private of the 63rd ... rushed forward and seized him by the hair, Captain Ellis seized his spears and broke them in his hand, he still retained the barbed ends, with which he struck at Jeffers repeatedly; the alarm he created by crying out for Yagan, and the apprehensions of his escaping, required the exercise of the greatest firmness on the part of Captain Ellis to accomplish his being brought in alive. The capture of this man as effected in a masterly manner, and redounds highly to the credit of Captain Ellis. ... Midgegooroo in his dungeon presents a most pitiable object. In the same issue, the Perth Gazette went on to invite citizens to 'forward the ends of justice' by coming forward with their evidence of Midgegooroo's wrongdoings, indicative of the close relationship between the early colonial media, the Government and the nascent system of justice. The Perth Gazette constitutes one of the principle records of the events over the next few days, and it is difficult to be definite about the chronological sequence between Midgegooroo's capture on 17 May and execution on the 22nd. It appears likely that Irwin spent the period weighing up his alternatives, consulting with the Executive Council as well as men such as G.F. Moore who, as well as being a private colonist, held the official post of Commissioner of the Civil Court. On Monday 20 May, Moore records a meeting with Irwin and hints that his personal view was that Midgegooroo should be transported but there was a strong public sentiment that he should be executed; 'there is a great puzzle to know what to do with him. The populace cry loudly for his blood, but it is a hard thing to shoot him in cold blood. There is a strong intention of sending him into perpetual banishment in some out of the way place.' Irwin told the Secretary of State he had conducted a 'patient examination' and had received statements from 'several credible witnesses', twelve-year-old Ralph Entwhistle, John Staunton of the 63rd Regiment of Foot, Charles Bourne, constable Thomas Hunt, James Lacey, Thomas Yule (sworn before Magistrates at Fremantle) and John Ellis. Each gave brief details of Midgegooroo's alleged crimes, and identified the prisoner as the same man. Irwin reported that he gave 'much anxious consideration' to Midgegooroo's punishment: "The experiment of confinement, which had been tried to some extent in the case of the three Natives whose transportation to Carnac Island and ultimate escape I have reported to your Lordship in a former dispatch appeared to have produced no good effect on the subjects of that trial, and the age of the prisoner in question apparently exceeding fifty years, forbad any sanguine hopes from such an experiment in his case." There was no trial, even in the sense of an informal hearing. Midgegooroo was clearly not allowed the opportunity to give evidence or defend himself and indeed it is probable that he did not understand what was being alleged. By 22 May, Irwin had made up his mind: "With the unanimous advice of the Council, I therefore decided on his execution as the only sure mode of securing the Colony from an enemy, who was doubly dangerous from his apparently implacable hostility and from his influence as an acknowledged Chief. The latter circumstance being also calculated to render his death a more striking example." The Perth Gazette recorded the execution as follows: "In the absence of a Sherriff, the warrant was directed to the Magistrates of the District of Perth, the duty therefore devolved upon J. Morgan Esq., as Government Resident, who immediately proceeded to carry the sentence into execution. The death warrant was read aloud to the persons assembled who immediately afterwards went inside the Jail, with the Constables and the necessary attendants, to prepare the Prisoner for his fate. Midgegooroo, on seeing that preparations were making [sic.] to punish him, yelled and struggled most violently to escape. These efforts availed him little, in less than five minutes he was pinioned and blindfolded, and bound to the outer door of the Jail. The Resident then reported to his Honor the Lieutenant Governor (who was on the spot accompanied by the Members of the Council), that all was prepared, – the warrant being declared final – he turned around and gave the signal to the party of the 63rd [which had volunteered] to advance and halt at 6 paces, – they then fired – and Midgegooroo fell. – The whole arrangement and execution after the death warrant had been handed over to the Civil Authorities, did not occupy half an hour." Irwin reported simply: 'He was accordingly shot, in front of the jail at Perth on the 22 Ultimo.' Moore also recorded the execution although it is not clear whether he was a witness: 'The native Midgegoroo, after being fully identified as being a principal in 3 murders at least, was fastened to the gaol door & fired on by a Military party, receiving 3 balls in his head, one in his body.' According to the Perth Gazette, the execution was witnessed by a 'great number of persons ... although the Execution was sudden and the hour unknown.' "The feeling which was generally expressed was that of satisfaction at what had taken place, and in some instances loud and vehement exaltation, which the solemnity of the scene, – a fellow human being – although a native – launched into eternity – ought to have suppressed."

The aftermath it appears from the extant record that, while there was a crowd in attendance at the execution, few if any Aboriginal people were present. The boy who was captured along with Midgegooroo, who was identified as his son 'Billy' (later referred to also as 'young Midgegooroo') was estimated to be between five and eight years old. He was removed 'out of sound and hearing of what was to happen to his father and has since been forwarded to the Government Schooner, Ellen, now lying off Garden Island, with particular instructions from the Magistrates to ensure him every protection and kind treatment.' Irwin informed the Secretary of State that 'the child has been kept in ignorance of his father's fate, and it is my present intention to retain him in confinement, and by kind treatment I am in hope from his tender age he may be so inured to civilized habits as to make it improbable he will revert to a barbarous life when grown up.' The Noongar population appears to have remained unaware of Midgegooroo's fate, possibly to ensure that the news would not reach the feared Yagan. Four days after the execution, G. F. Moore recorded an encounter with Yagan near his homestead when he arrived with Munday, Migo and seven others, possibly with the aim of finding out from Moore what had happened to his father. Moore, caught by surprise, decided to conceal the truth from Yagan, whereupon Yagan told him that if Midgegooroo's life was taken, he would retaliate by killing three white men. Six days later, it appears that news of the killing had still not penetrated the Noongar community for, when Moore was visited on 2 June by Weeip, Yagan's son Narral, and some women, they asked him again about Midgegooroo and his young son. Moore again concealed the execution but assured them that his son 'would come back again by & bye.' Two days later, Moore recorded that thefts of sheep and goats continued on the Canning River, and expressed his despair at the prospects for a people in whom he felt 'a very great interest': 'These things are very dispiriting. I fear it must come to an act of extermination between us at last if we cannot graze our flocks in safety.' It was not until 11 July that the colonists succeeded in killing Yagan, his death at the hands of sixteen-year-old James Keats on the Upper Swan, who duly collected his reward and left the colony.

The Perth Gazette recorded its satisfaction at the deaths and believed that most of the citizenry supported the ruthless actions of the Government. Midgegooroo's execution, it claimed, met with 'general satisfaction ... his name has long rung in our ears, associated with every enormity committed by the natives; we therefore join cordially in commending this prompt and decisive measure.' On the other hand, it is clear that a number of colonists were unhappy with the actions of the government. Robert Lyon, who published his account of the period in 1839 after he had left the colony, wrote that while the killing of Midgegooroo and Yagan was 'applauded by a certain class', they were 'far from being universally approved. Many were silent, but some of the most respectable of the settlers loudly expressed their disapprobation.' There was criticism also from other Australian colonies about the execution of Midgegooroo. The Hobart Town Review of 20 August 1833 was full of vitriol for Irwin's actions: "It is hard to conceive any offence on the part of the poor unfortunate wretch that could justify the putting him to death, even in the open field, but to slay him in cool blood to us appears a cruel murder without palliation."

Irwin, however, was convinced that his actions were merited. Writing in England about two years after the events of 1833, he asserted that 'these acts of justice so completely succeeded in their object of intimidating the natives on the Swan and Canning Rivers that recent accounts from the colony represent the shepherds and others in the habit of going about the country, as having for a considerable laid aside their usual precaution of carrying firearms, so peaceable had the conduct of those tribes become.'

In September 1833, after more than four years in Western Australia, Irwin returned to England, partly to give an account to the Colonial Office of the events that had occurred in the colony while it was under his charge. While there, he published The State and Position of Western Australia, the first published account of the colony. He also sought religious assistance for the colony, resulting in the arrival of the colony's first missionary, Louis Giustiniani, in 1836. He married his wife Elizabeth Courthope, sister of auditor-general of Western Australia in December 1836. In 1837, having been promoted to Major, he returned to Western Australia, and was made permanent Commandant of the Western Australian Forces. He was further promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in 1845.

On the death of Governor Andrew Clarke in February 1847, Irwin took office as acting Governor until the arrival of the new governor, Charles Fitzgerald, in August 1848. His administration was extremely unpopular with the settlers of Western Australia, due to both the poor financial state of the colony and his stern character, and the arrival of Fitzgerald was widely celebrated. Irwin retired from the army in 1854 and returned to England in 1856, where he died in Cheltenham in 1860.

In 1839 the explorer George Grey named the Irwin River after him while on his second disastrous exploration expedition along the Western Australian coast.

In 1948 the Irwin Army Barracks in Karrakatta were named after him, in recognition of his place in Western Australia's military history.

In 1991 the Frederick Irwin Anglican School was opened and named in honour of his contributions to Western Australia.

title: Frederick Irwin


text: Category:Pals battalions

title: Category:Pals battalions


text: Category:Florida maps

title: Category:Florida maps


text:
Charles Fitzgerald

Charles Fitzgerald (c. 1791 – 29 December 1887) was an officer in the British Royal Navy and Governor of The Gambia from 1844 until 1847, then Governor of Western Australia from 1848 to 1855.

Son of Robert Fitzgerald and Lucinda Jackson of Kilkee, county Clare, Ireland (then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland), Fitzgerald joined the Royal Navy in March 1809, passed his examination in 1815, and was commissioned in March 1826. While in the naval service Fitzgerald was assigned to the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron which was tasked with interdicting the Atlantic slave trade, where he served with distinction.

Either during this time or possibly before, Fitzgerald became a staunch abolitionist and fierce opponent of slavery. In 1839 he seized two Spanish slave ships falsely flying the American flag. For legal reasons he escorted the ships to New York where the courts ruled them to be unlawful and Fitzgerald was allowed to take the freed slaves back to Sierra Leone. Severe weather resulted in a number of deaths during the return voyage. Subsequently Fitzgerald became involved in the notorious Amistad incident which was dramatized in the 1997 film Amistad; Fitzgerald was portrayed by actor Peter Firth. In 1840 he was sent home, promoted to the rank of commander and placed on half pay for medical reasons.

In 1844 Fitzgerald was appointed as the colonial governor of British Gambia. His three-year tenure as governor was largely unremarkable although he gained a reputation for being sympathetic to the native population and was seen as something of a reformist.

Fitzgerald's administration of Western Australia saw numerous public works projects and an active campaign to encourage immigration by both voluntary colonists and convicts. This resulted in a dramatic improvement in infrastructure as well as an increase in population from roughly 5,000 to 12,000 at the end of his governorship. Soon after his arrival in Western Australia in 1848, Fitzgerald accompanied Augustus Gregory on an expedition in the Northampton region where Gregory and his brother had discovered lead the year before. An encounter with Aboriginal people resulted in Fitzgerald being speared in the leg and at least three Aborigines shot dead.

Following his return to England, his tenure as governor was reviewed with satisfaction and he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1857. After which Fitzgerald retired to his home in Kilkee Ireland where he died on December 29, 1887 at 96, an unusually advanced age for the time.

The town of Geraldton, Western Australia, was named after him.

title: Charles Fitzgerald


text:
Situation Room (disambiguation)

The Situation Room is a conference room and intelligence management center in the White House.

Situation Room may also refer to:

 * Situation Room (photograph), a 2011 photograph by Pete Souza, taken in the White House Situation Room during the killing of Osama bin Laden
 * The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer, an afternoon newscast on CNN
 * The Situation Room, a 2024 book by George Stephanopoulos

title: Situation Room (disambiguation)


text:
User:Kapahel

Interests
I can R/W in English, Russian, R/O in French and German. My belief is we are all alone. We are all alone.
 * Mathematics: C-star-algebras, pseudo-differential_operators, noncommutative geometry, and such.
 * Physics: classical mechanics, quantum field theory.
 * Music, especially post-rock, electronica and opera.
 * Contemporary literature.
 * Pornography.

title: User:Kapahel


text:
Wikipedia:Historical archive/Changing attribution for an edit/Old log 9

 * Rhyax → Cohesion
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text:
Justo Takayama

Justo Takayama Ukon (ジュスト高山右近), born Takayama Hikogorō (高山彦五郎) and also known as Dom Justo Takayama (c. 1552/1553 - 5 February 1615) was a Japanese Catholic Kirishitan daimyō and samurai who lived during the Sengoku period that witnessed anti-Catholic sentiment.

Takayama had been baptized into the Catholic Church in 1564 when he was twelve, though he later became disenfranchised from his religion due to his actions as a samurai. He eventually renewed his faith after a coming-of-age ritual near the age of 20. He renounced his status to devote himself to Christianity and was exiled to Manila, where he lived until his death two months later.

His cause for sainthood began after his death and he was declared a Servant of God. Pope Francis beatified him on 21 January 2016; the celebration occurred on 7 February 2017 in Osaka with Cardinal Angelo Amato presiding on the pope's behalf.

Biography
Dom Justo Takayama was the eldest son (thus the heir) of Takayama Tomoteru who was the lord of the Sawa Castle in the Yamato Province. His childhood name was Hikogorō (彦五郎).

In 1564, his father converted to Roman Catholicism after meeting with Portuguese missionaries. Hikogorō was baptized as Justo (Latin: Iustus; Japanese: ジュスト or ユスト, based on Portuguese or Latin pronunciation). After his coming-of-age celebration his name was changed to Shigetomo (重友). However he is better known as Takayama Ukon (高山右近), "Ukon" being a title. Portuguese and Spanish Europeans also referred to him as Dom/Don Justo "Ucondono" (from 右近殿, Ukon-dono).

In 1571, he fought in an important and successful battle as part of his coming-of-age ritual which culminated in a duel to the death with a compatriot whom he killed; however, Takayama received grievous wounds in the process and during his convalescence realized he had cared little about Catholicism.

He married in 1574 and went on to have three sons (two died as infants) and one daughter. Justo and his father fought through the turbulent age to secure their position as a daimyō. He managed to acquire Takatsuki Castle (in Takatsuki, Osaka) and participated in the Ishiyama Hongan-ji War (1570-1580) under the warlord Oda Nobunaga. He also fought under the daimyō Toyotomi Hideyoshi during his rule's earlier times, participating in the Battle of Yamazaki (1582), Battle of Shizugatake (1583) and Siege of Kagoshima (1587).

During their domination of Takatsuki region, he and his father pushed their policies as kirishitan daimyōs. Several of their subjects converted to Catholicism under their influence. During his reign, Takayama destroyed numerous Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines in both Takatsuki and Akashi.

However, Hideyoshi became hostile towards the Christian faith and in 1587 ordered the expulsion of all missionaries and that all Christian daimyōs should renounce their faith. While several daimyō obeyed this order and renounced Roman Catholicism, Justo proclaimed that he would not give up his faith and would rather give up his land and all that he owned.

Takayama lived under the protection of Maeda Toshiie until 1614 when Tokugawa Ieyasu (the ruler at the time) prohibited the Christian faith which resulted in Takayama's expulsion from Japan. On 8 November 1614, with 300 other Japanese Christians, he left his home from Nagasaki. He arrived at Manila on 11 December 1614 where he received a warm welcome from the Spanish Jesuits and the local Filipinos.

The governor Juan de Silva wished to provide him with an income to support him and his relations but he declined this offer saying he was no longer in a position to offer his services in exchange for income nor did he wish to act like a lord.

The colonial government of the Spanish Philippines offered to invade Japan and overthrow Tokugawa in order to protect Japanese Christians and place him in a position of great power and influence. Takayama declined to participate and even opposed the plan.

Death
After suffering from a violent fever, he died of illness at midnight on 3 or 5 February 1615, 44 days after arriving in Manila. The Spanish government gave him a Christian burial with full military honors befitting a daimyō. His remains were buried in the Jesuit church there. He is the only daimyō buried on Philippine soil.

Memorials
At Plaza Dilao in Paco, Manila, the last vestige of the old town where around 3000 Japanese immigrants lived after the expulsion, a statue of Takayama stands depicting him in the traditional samurai garb and a topknot. He is holding a sheathed katana that is pointed downward upon which hangs a figure of a crucified Jesus Christ. The University of Santo Tomas also has a statue in honor of Takayama in front of the Thomas Aquinas Research Complex building.

Beatification
His cause for sainthood started at a diocesan level which resulted in the validation of the process on 10 June 1994 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints (CCS) were given all the boxes of documentation pertaining to the cause. The commencement to the cause saw him titled as a Servant of God. There had been failed attempts to start the cause in the past. The first attempt came in 1630 when the Manila priests decided to commence it but this failed due to the isolationist Japanese policies which prevented the collection of the documentation that was needed; the petition was presented but was rejected. The second attempt in 1965 failed due to several errors being made. In October 2012, a letter was presented to Pope Benedict XVI asking for the cause to be re-examined.

The positio dossier was submitted in 2013 to the competent authorities in Rome for further assessment. According to Cardinal Angelo Amato, the beatification would have occurred in 2015 on 21 October 2014 to Japanese pilgrims; 2015 marked four centuries after his death but the formal beatification did not occur since it was close to completion at that stage. His cause was to meant to confirm - in a rather unorthodox case - that Ukon was a martyr because of the treatment he received and because he renounced all he had to pursue and profess his faith.

Historical consultants met to discuss the cause on 10 December 2013, and the theologians met on 20 May 2014 to discuss and vote on the cause. The cardinals and bishop members of the CCS met on 18 June 2015 to make a final decision on the cause before it could go to Pope Francis for his approval, and they had to meet again on 12 January 2016. Pope Francis approved Takayama's beatification on 21 January 2016; it was celebrated in Osaka on 7 February 2017 with Cardinal Amato presiding on the pope's behalf.

In popular culture
In NHK's Taiga drama (an annual historical television series) for 2014, Gunshi Kanbei, Ikuta Tōma assumed the role of Takayama.

In 2016, a documentary about Takayama Ukon's life, entitled Ukon il samurai, was released.

title: Justo Takayama


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John Hampton

John Stephen Hampton (c. 1806 – 1 December 1869) was Governor of Western Australia from 1862 to 1868.

Early life
Little is known of John Hampton's early life. His death certificate states that he was born in 1810, but other evidence suggests 1806 or perhaps 1807; these latter figures are considered more likely. He undertook medical studies at Edinburgh, graduating with a diploma of medicine in September 1828. He was appointed an assistant naval surgeon with the Britannia, but shortly afterwards was transferred to the Sphinx. In 1832 he was attached to the Plymouth dockyards, where he worked to prevent the spread of cholera. He later served on the Savage, the Firebrand and finally the Portland. In December 1834 he was promoted to full surgeon, and in March 1843 became surgeon-superintendent. Between 1841 and 1845, Hampton was surgeon-superintendent on a series of convict ships to Van Diemen's Land: the Mexborough, the Constant and the Sir George Seymour.

Comptroller General of Convicts in Tasmania
Having served well on a number of convict ships to Van Diemen's Land, Hampton was appointed Comptroller-General of Convicts in Van Diemen's Land in May 1846. He arrived at the colony on 27 October 1846. During his time in the office, allegations of inhumanity and corruption were frequently published in the press. In 1855, the Tasmanian Legislative Council established a select committee to look into the allegations. Hampton was summonsed to appear in the House for questioning, but refused. The House then found him guilty of contempt and issued a warrant for his arrest, but both the police magistrate and the local sheriff refused to help arrest him. Hampton eventually wrote a letter to the Council, in which he agreed to remain under house arrest until the legality of the warrant had been established. The Council refused to accept this proposal, but a political crisis was averted when the Governor of Tasmania Fox Young appointed a judicial tribunal to pronounce on the legality of the warrant, then prorogued parliament.

While the tribunal was still sitting, Hampton obtained a leave of absence on grounds of ill health, and left the colony. The tribunal eventually returned a decision that the warrant was not legal. The Tasmanian Legislative Council then appealed to the Privy Council's judicial committee, who again found in Hampton's favour. Eventually the inquiry proceeded with evidence from Hampton. The final report presented findings that Hampton had engaged in corrupt practices, including the employment of convict labour for personal profit.

Not much is known of the next five years of Hampton's life. He took no government service, spending some of the time in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on "urgent private affairs".

Governor of Western Australia
In 1861, Hampton was appointed Governor of Western Australia. He arrived in the colony the following year, and immediately took far more direct control of Western Australia's convict establishment than had his predecessors. He imposed a far stricter regime than in the past, with increased use of flogging as a punishment, and the reintroduction of solitary confinement. Hampton constantly quarrelled with the Comptroller General of Convicts and in 1866 he had him removed. Hampton then appointed his son George to act in the position. George Hampton had no particular qualifications for the position, and already held a number of other salaried positions. This "unusually blatant act of nepotism" was extremely unpopular within the colony, and was compounded when Hampton approved his son a living allowance, to which he was entitled but did not need since he lived in Government House. Thereafter, both Hamptons became figures of public hostility and ridicule within the colony.

The Government of Western Australia was in acute debt when Hampton took over as governor. He immediately imposed strict cost-cutting measures, including using convict labour instead of contract labour whenever possible. Within a year the colony had recovered from its financial problems, and a few years later was on a firm financial footing. His sound financial management endeared him to the Colonial Office, and went some way to alleviating his unpopular public image. His vigorous public works program also met with strong approval by the colonists.

It is not known whether Hampton sought a second term as governor.

In 1868 George Hampton married the daughter of the photographer Alfred Stone.

On the expiry of his term in November 1868, he returned to England on the Emily Smith. His wife died shortly after their arrival in England, and Hampton himself lived only until 1 December 1869.

Legacy
John Hampton has Hampton Park Primary School and Hampton Senior High School named after him.

title: John Hampton


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Category:Kolkata

Calcutta is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Its original name was Kalikata and is, in higher literature, still referred to as such. Speakers of the region's native language of Bengali have always known it as Kolkata (কলকাতা) and there is consequently no standardized phonetic spelling of 'Calcutta' in written Bengali. It was officially changed to Kolkata as of 2001, though the British appellation is still often used in the rest of the world.

title: Category:Kolkata


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Vagabonds of the Western World

Vagabonds of the Western World is the third studio album by Irish hard rock band Thin Lizzy, released in 1973. It was the band's last album with original guitarist Eric Bell and the first to feature the artwork of Jim Fitzpatrick, whose work would appear on many subsequent albums by the band.

Reception
Pitchfork reviewer Stuart Berman remarked how the band were "starting to kick out the jams with greater confidence and consistency" on this album, with Phil Lynott producing "the sound of a spiritually adrift musician ecstatically discovering his true calling" on "The Rocker". Berman also commented favourably on the "swinging" "Mama Nature Said", the "gorgeous soul serenade 'Little Girl in Bloom'" and the title song. Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic described the album as Thin Lizzy's "first sonically satisfying album", with Lynott "brimming with attitude and dangerous swagger" on "The Rocker", their "first bona fide classic". He described "Little Girl in Bloom" as "absolutely flawless", and noted Eric Bell's slide guitar playing on the environmentalist "Mama Nature Said", but criticised "The Hero and the Madman" and "Slow Blues" as "overblown" and "tepid" respectively. Canadian journalist Martin Popoff remarked on the album's "crusty sound quality and style-searching waywardness", mixing influences ranging from American blues, to Motown, to early metal. He rated Vagabonds of the Western World the lowest of all Thin Lizzy's albums for four tracks which "seem either simple and out-of-character or dated", "bearing scant few traces of the high class Lizzy imprint."

Track listings
When the album was repackaged for CD in 1991, it included the respective A and B-sides of the two singles released at around the same time. "Whiskey in the Jar" was Lizzy's first hit.

Remastered and expanded release
On 11 October 2010 Vagabonds of the Western World was reissued as a 2CD deluxe edition. This version was remastered with bonus tracks. The original album and bonus material is featured on disc 1, while disc 2 features bonus material.

Singles

 * "Whisky in the Jar" / "Black Boys on the Corner" – 3 November 1972 (Irish Singles Chart No. 1, UK Singles Chart No. 6)
 * "Randolph's Tango" / "Broken Dreams" – 4 May 1973 (Irish Singles Chart No. 14)
 * "The Rocker" / "Here I Go Again" – 9 November 1973 (Irish Singles Chart No. 11)
 * In Germany, the B-side was "A Ride in the Lizzy Mobile".

 * "Little Darling" / "Buffalo Gal" – 11 April 1974
 * In the USA, the B-side was "The Rocker".

Personnel

 * Thin Lizzy
 * Philip Lynott – vocals, bass guitar, associate producer
 * Eric Bell – guitar, vocals
 * Brian Downey – drums, percussion

 * Additional musicians
 * Kid Jensen – voice on "The Hero and the Madman"
 * Jan Schelhaas – organ on "Mama Nature Said" and "The Hero and the Madman"
 * Fiachra Trench – string arrangement on "A Song for While I'm Away" and "Little Darling"
 * Gary Moore – lead guitar and acoustic guitar on "Sitamoia", "Little Darling" and "Slow Blues (1977 Version)" on disc 1 & tracks 8–13 on disc 2
 * Strings: Tony Harris – viola; Ian MacKinnon – violin; Don McVay – viola; Alan Merrick – violin; Paul Mosby – cor anglais, oboe; Peter Oxar – violin; Peter Poole – violin; Godfrey Salmon – violin; Alan Sloan – violin; Quentin Williams – cello

 * Production
 * Nick Tauber – producer
 * Derek Varnals, Alan Harris, John Fuller – engineers
 * Alan Leaming, Dave Baker, Pete Swetenham – assistant engineers
 * Jim Fitzpatrick – artwork, design
 * Rodney Matthews – design
 * Mick Rock, John Thomson – photography

title: Vagabonds of the Western World


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Ampelokampos

Ampelokampos (Greek: Αμπελόκαμπος) is a village in the municipal unit of Amaliada, northern Elis, Greece. It is situated in the plains near the Ionian Sea, 2 km northeast of Savalia, 5 km northwest of Amaliada and 5 km southeast of Gastouni. The railway from Patras to Pyrgos runs south of the village.

title: Ampelokampos


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Angela Cisneros

Angela Cisneros
Non-notable aspiring actress. Also Angela M. Cisneros, a redirect. Ðåñηÿßôý | Talk 00:13, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Should be a speedy delete. I clearly remember this nonsense being removed just last week.  Talk about vanity. - Lucky 6.9 00:47, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Take a peek at the talk page. - Lucky 6.9 01:19, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree that it meets the criteria of a speedy deletion candidate, especially given what is written on the talk page, but I feel this should b put through vfd so that the editor gets the message and so that we can justifiably speedily delete it each and every time it reappears. Oh and delete by the way. -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 01:29, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, needy of speedy. Yes, the talk page is a laff riot.  --Feedle 01:36, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not notable at this point. (By the way, "obvious vanity" was one of the criteria for early deletion, which you can still vote for.) Geogre 03:35, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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First Danby ministry

The first Danby ministry was the name of the governmental body led by The Earl of Danby during the reign of Charles II. It was the successor of the Cabal ministry which fell from power when the Catholicism of some members became a problem for parliament. As a consequence of this issue, the Danby ministry was traditionally associated with an Anglican policy in the Church of England and a pro-Dutch foreign policy.

Membership
Shown here is a table showing the main membership of the Danby Ministry for its duration.

title: First Danby ministry


text: User talk:152.163.101.10

title: User talk:152.163.101.10


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File:Thin Lizzy - Night Life.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album "Night Life" by Thin Lizzy

title: File:Thin Lizzy - Night Life.jpg


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Geoffrey Dawson

George Geoffrey Dawson (25 October 1874 – 7 November 1944) was editor of The Times from 1912 to 1919 and again from 1923 until 1941. His original last name was Robinson, but he changed it in 1917. He married Hon. Margaret Cecilia Lawley, daughter of Arthur Lawley, 6th Baron Wenlock, in 1919.

Early life
Dawson was born 25 October 1874, in Skipton-in-Craven, Yorkshire, the eldest child of George Robinson, a banker, and his wife Mary (née Perfect). He attended Eton College and Magdalen College, Oxford. His academic career was distinguished; he took a First in Classical Moderations in 1895 and a First in Literae Humaniores ('Greats') in 1897. In 1898 he was elected a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, a position he held for the rest of his life. He chose a career in civil service, entering in 1898 by open examination. After a year at the Post Office, he was transferred to the Colonial Office and in 1901 he was selected as assistant private secretary to Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain. Later the same year Dawson obtained a similar position with Lord Milner, high commissioner in South Africa.

As Milner's assistant, Dawson participated in the establishment of British administration in South Africa in the aftermath of the Boer War. While there, he became a member of "Milner's kindergarten", a circle of young administrators and civil servants whose membership included Leo Amery, Bob Brand, Philip Kerr, Richard Feetham, John Buchan and Lionel Curtis. United by a common aspiration for Imperial Federation, all later became prominent in the "round table of Empire Loyalists".

Career in journalism
Milner wanted to ensure the support of the local newspapers after his return to England. He persuaded the owners of the Johannesburg Star to appoint Dawson as the paper's editor. Dawson later parlayed this post into a position as the Johannesburg correspondent of The Times in February 1911; and then attracted the attention of Lord Northcliffe, owner of The Times, who appointed him editor of the paper in July 1912.

Dawson was unhappy, however, with the way that Northcliffe used the paper as an instrument to further his own personal political agenda and broke with him, stepping down as editor in February 1919. Dawson returned to the post in 1923 after Lord Northcliffe's death, when the paper's ownership had passed to John Jacob Astor V. Bob Brand had become the Astors' brother-in-law, and it is thought that he introduced Dawson to the Astors' circle at Cliveden, the so-called Cliveden set presided over by Nancy Astor.

In his second stint as editor, Dawson began to use the paper in the same manner as Lord Northcliffe had once done, to promote his own agenda. He also became a leader of a group of journalists that sought to influence national policy by private correspondence with leading statesmen. Dawson was close to both Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain. He was a prominent proponent and supporter of appeasement policies, after Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. He was a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship. Candid news despatches from Berlin by Norman Ebbutt that warned of warmongering were rewritten in London to support the appeasement policy. Dawson explained to Lord Lothian on 23 May 1937: "I should like to get going with the Germans. I simply cannot understand why they should apparently be so much annoyed with The Times at this moment. I spend my nights in taking out anything which I think will hurt their susceptibilities and in dropping little things which are intended to soothe them".

In March 1939, however, The Times reversed course and called for war preparations. Dawson was a lifelong friend and dining companion of Edward Wood, later Lord Halifax, who was Foreign Secretary in the period 1938–1940. He promoted the policies of the Baldwin/Chamberlain governments of the period 1936–1940. Dawson retired in September 1941 and died on 7 November 1944 in London. He was succeeded as editor by Robert Barrington-Ward.

title: Geoffrey Dawson