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Denham Film Studios

Denham Film Studios (later dubbed Anvil Studios) was a British film production studio operating from 1936 to 1952, founded by Alexander Korda, in Buckinghamshire.

Notable films made at Denham include Brief Encounter and David Lean's Great Expectations. From the 1950s to the 1970s the studio became best known for recording film music, including the scores for Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, and Star Wars.

The studio buildings were demolished in 1981 and the site re-landscaped as a business park; as of 2017 it has been turned over to residential use.

History
The studios were founded by Alexander Korda in 1935, on a 165-acre (668,000 m2) site known as 'The Fisheries' near the village of Denham, Buckinghamshire, and designed by architects Walter Gropius and Maxwell Fry. At the time it was the largest facility of its kind in the UK. In 1937, Queen Mary visited the studios while The Drum was being filmed. In 1946, 'Stage One Music Theatre' opened. Designed by sound recordist and engineer Cyril Crowhurst, the stage could accommodate 120 performers.

The studios were known by various names during their lifetime including London Film Studios, the home of Korda's London Films. It was merged with the Rank Organisation's Pinewood Studios to form D&P Studios; Pinewood is just 4 miles south of Denham. Film makers were said to prefer Denham as a location, leading to Pinewood Studios being used for storage during the Second World War.

Some of the notable films made at Denham include, The Thief of Bagdad, 49th Parallel, Brief Encounter, Great Expectations, Hamlet. Bernard Miles said that "when the technicians, the electricians and carpenters and so on, on the floor, who had been watching a scene filmed, applauded, you knew it was good, because they'd seen the best." Colin Sorensen, who as a schoolboy often watched the work going on at Denham recalled the sight "of the main studio buildings, a great mass of, probably asbestos, grey-green roofs" and the smell of "cellulose paint merged with newly cut soft wood." The proximity of Denham Aerodrome was sometimes difficult. Mary Morris remembered that an intimate scene with Leslie Howard, for Pimpernel Smith was "interrupted 22 times by aircraft noise."

Denham's final film was made in 1952, and the J. Arthur Rank Company went on to rent the facility to the United States Air Force between 1955 and December 1961. In the 1960s and 70s Rank occupied the Art Deco office buildings and used most of the sound stages as warehouses. Despite this, from the 1950s Denham became one of the most important centres for recording film music, the studio played host to Bernard Herrmann, John Barry, Jerry Goldsmith and John Williams, among others.

After the closing of the film studio, Stage One Music Theatre was used periodically by Pinewood Studios and Rank to record film scores, including for Vertigo, The Three Worlds of Gulliver and Mysterious Island. In 1966 the film production company Anvil Films moved into the large music stage at Denham. Led by Ken Cameron (brother of the famous journalist James), Ken Scrivener, Richard Warren and Ralph May, Anvil recorded post-synching dialogue, Foley sound effects and music. By 1969, the studio claimed it was the most technologically advanced recording studio in Europe. Important films recorded during their time at the studio, included Ryan's Daughter, Jane Eyre, International Velvet, Superman, Star Wars, the TV miniseries Jesus of Nazareth, Alien and The Empire Strikes Back. The company was forced to move in 1980 when the studio was bought by a developer.

The buildings on the south of the site were demolished in 1980 and the area redeveloped and landscaped as Broadwater Park business park. The landscaped gardens, by Preben Jakobsen and utilising spoil from the demolished buildings, are included on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. In 2017 the Grade II listed main studio building and surrounding land were redeveloped as luxury flats and houses. The Art Deco main building, which included a film processing laboratory and cinema, is the only surviving building from the original film studios.

Selected films
Made on the site during construction:
 * The Ghost Goes West (1935)
 * Things to Come (1936)
 * The Man Who Could Work Miracles (1936)

The first film to be made at the studio proper was Southern Roses (1936). Others included:
 * Knight Without Armour (1937)
 * Rembrandt (1936)
 * A Yank at Oxford (1938)
 * South Riding (1938)
 * The Citadel (1938)
 * The Divorce of Lady X (1938)
 * Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939)
 * The Arsenal Stadium Mystery (1939)
 * A Window in London (1939)
 * The Stars Look Down (1939)
 * Q Planes (1939) - released in the US as Clouds Over Europe
 * Thief of Bagdad (1940) - mainly made at Denham.
 * Dangerous Moonlight (1941), the film that inspired the term "Denham Concerto", coined by Steve Race (after the Warsaw Concerto included in the film)
 * Noël Coward's In Which We Serve (1942)
 * Hatter's Castle (1942)
 * The Gentle Sex (1943) - credits show D&P Studios.
 * Powell & Pressburger's The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (1943), A Canterbury Tale (1944), I Know Where I'm Going! (1945) and ''A Matter of Life and Death (1946)
 * Laurence Olivier's Henry V (1944) and Hamlet (1948)
 * Part of David Lean's Brief Encounter (1945).
 * Most of Blithe Spirit (1945)
 * Great Expectations (1946)
 * Odd Man Out (1947)
 * So Well Remembered (1947)
 * So Evil My Love (1948)
 * The History of Mr. Polly (1949)
 * Treasure Island (1950)
 * The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952)

The last film to be made at Denham was Disney's The Sword and the Rose (1953).

title: Denham Film Studios


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Yonex

Yonex Co., Ltd. (ヨネックス株式会社) is a Japanese sports equipment manufacturing company. Yonex produces equipment and apparel for tennis, badminton, golf, and running.

Its range of products manufactured and commercialized includes equipment for badminton and tennis (rackets, shuttlecocks, balls, bags) and golf (clubs, bags). Yonex also produces athletic shoes and apparel including T-shirts, jackets, skirts, shorts, hoodies, leggings and hats.

History
The company was founded in 1946 by Minoru Yoneyama as a producer of wooden floats for fishing nets. The company was later forced out of this market because of the invention of plastic floats. This led to a commitment by Yoneyama to never again be left behind by technological advancements.

In 1957, Yoneyama began to make badminton racquets for other brands. By 1961, the first Yoneyama-branded racquet was introduced, and within another two years an export company was created for the worldwide distribution. After the company began to make aluminium badminton racquets in 1969, it found that the same technology could be applied to the tennis racket which the company introduced in 1971. The company began to experiment with graphite shafts for both types of rackets and found that these would also be useful for golf clubs.

In 1982 Yonex came out with the new oversized tennis racquet in the REX-series with the R-7 and R-10 racquets. At that time Martina Navratilova played with the R-7 and was very successful. One year later, the new series Rexking was developed with the R-22. Navratilova subsequently used the white RQ 180 widebody frame until the early 1990s.

Finding a growing market, the Yonex Corporation (a wholly owned subsidiary) was established in Torrance, California, US in July 1983. In 1992 Yonex introduced the widebody badminton racket, the "Isometric 500", a racquet that was much less "tear drop"-shaped than previous ones. The more "square" head gave it a much larger striking surface, which provides a larger "sweet spot" to hit the shuttle. It led other manufacturers to follow suit in "square-head" or isometric designs.

The parent company was listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange in 1994. Yonex describes itself as the world leader in golf, tennis and badminton equipment. Yonex provides clothing for national badminton associations around the world, such as the Malaysian Badminton Association, Badminton Scotland, Badminton England, Badminton Ireland, and Badminton Wales. Yonex has also been teaming up with OCBC (Orange County Badminton Club) since 2007 to host the annual U.S. Open Grand Prix Badminton Championships.

Yonex has become the dominant corporate player in badminton. Yonex sponsors the All England Open Badminton Championships and is a partner of the Badminton World Federation which organizes the World Championships. Upwards of 80% of competitive players use their racquets, as it is the preferred choice amongst professionals. Yonex is significant in the tennis and golf industries as well and is a major sponsor of professional athletes in all three sports.

Sponsorships
Yonex supplies official materials for the following leagues, athletes, teams, or associations:

Olympic Committees

 * Malaysia
 * Singapore
 * 🇰🇷 Korea
 * Indonesia
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand

Club teams

 * 🇯🇵 Avispa Fukuoka
 * 🇯🇵 Kashiwa Reysol
 * 🇯🇵 Tegevajaro Miyazaki
 * 🇯🇵 Tokyo Musashino United (Since the 2019-2020 season).

Male players (active)

 * 🇦🇷 Pedro Cachin
 * 🇦🇷 Sebastián Báez
 * 🇦🇷 Tomás Martín Etcheverry
 * 🇦🇺 Nick Kyrgios
 * 🇦🇺 Rinky Hijikata
 * 🇦🇹 Jurij Rodionov
 * 🇧🇪 Zizou Bergs
 * 🇨🇦 Denis Shapovalov
 * Alejandro Tabilo
 * 🇨🇿 Tomáš Macháč
 * 🇪🇸 Jaume Munar
 * 🇫🇮 Harri Heliövaara
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre-Hugues Herbert
 * 🇩🇪 Daniel Altmaier
 * Andy Murray
 * 🇭🇺 Márton Fucsovics
 * 🇮🇳 Sumit Nagal
 * 🇮🇹 Luca Nardi
 * 🇮🇹 Luciano Darderi
 * 🇯🇵 Yoshihito Nishioka
 * 🇰🇷 Chung Hyeon
 * 🇰🇷 Kwon Soon-woo
 * 🇱🇹 Ričardas Berankis
 * 🇲🇩 Radu Albot
 * 🇳🇴 Casper Ruud
 * 🇵🇱 Hubert Hurkacz
 * 🇵🇱 Kamil Majchrzak
 * Lloyd Harris
 * Stan Wawrinka
 * 🇺🇸 Ben Shelton
 * 🇺🇸 Brandon Nakashima
 * 🇺🇸 Denis Kudla
 * 🇺🇸 Frances Tiafoe
 * 🇺🇸 Marcos Giron
 * 🇺🇸 Tommy Paul

Female players (active)

 * 🇦🇷 María Lourdes Carlé
 * 🇦🇺 Daria Saville
 * 🇦🇺 Storm Hunter
 * 🇧🇪 Greet Minnen
 * 🇨🇦 Eugenie Bouchard
 * 🇨🇦 Gabriela Dabrowski
 * 🇨🇳 Wang Yafan
 * 🇨🇳 Wang Xiyu
 * 🇨🇳 Zhu Lin
 * Donna Vekić
 * 🇨🇿 Linda Nosková
 * 🇨🇿 Marie Bouzková
 * 🇨🇿 Markéta Vondroušová
 * Clara Tauson
 * 🇪🇸 Aliona Bolsova
 * 🇫🇷 Caroline Garcia
 * 🇫🇷 Fiona Ferro
 * 🇫🇷 Varvara Gracheva
 * 🇩🇪 Angelique Kerber
 * 🇩🇪 Laura Siegemund
 * 🇩🇪 Sabine Lisicki
 * 🇩🇪 Tamara Korpatsch
 * 🇩🇪 Tatjana Maria
 * 🇬🇧 Harriet Dart
 * 🇬🇧 Katie Swan
 * 🇭🇺 Anna Bondár
 * 🇭🇺 Tímea Babos
 * 🇮🇳 Ankita Raina
 * 🇮🇹 Jasmine Paolini
 * 🇯🇵 Ena Shibahara
 * 🇯🇵 Nao Hibino
 * 🇯🇵 Naomi Osaka
 * 🇰🇿 Elena Rybakina
 * 🇵🇱 Magda Linette
 * 🇷🇴 Ana Bogdan
 * 🇷🇴 Elena-Gabriela Ruse
 * 🇷🇴 Sorana Cîrstea
 * 🇷🇺 Alina Korneeva
 * 🇷🇺 Diana Shnaider
 * 🇷🇺 Kamilla Rakhimova
 * Olga Danilović
 * 🇸🇰 Rebecca Šramková
 * 🇸🇰 Viktória Hrunčáková
 * Kaja Juvan
 * Tamara Zidanšek
 * 🇸🇪 Mirjam Björklund
 * Belinda Bencic
 * Hsieh Su-wei
 * 🇺🇦 Anhelina Kalinina
 * 🇺🇦 Dayana Yastremska
 * 🇺🇸 Bernarda Pera
 * 🇺🇸 Emma Navarro
 * 🇺🇸 Jessica Pegula
 * 🇺🇸 Taylor Townsend

Former players

 * 🇧🇬 Magdalena Maleeva
 * 🇦🇷 David Nalbandian
 * 🇦🇺 Lleyton Hewitt
 * 🇧🇾 Natasha Zvereva
 * Marcelo Ríos
 * 🇨🇳 Zheng Jie
 * Iva Majoli
 * 🇨🇿 Nicole Vaidišová
 * Caroline Wozniacki
 * 🇪🇨 Andres Gomez
 * 🇪🇸 Sergi Bruguera
 * 🇪🇸 María José Martínez Sánchez
 * 🇪🇸 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
 * 🇫🇷 Mary Pierce
 * 🇩🇪 Annika Beck
 * 🇩🇪 Anke Huber
 * Richard Krajicek
 * 🇷🇺 Elena Dementieva
 * 🇷🇺 Maria Kirilenko
 * 🇷🇺 Anna Kournikova
 * 🇷🇸 Ana Ivanovic
 * Martina Hingis
 * 🇸🇰 Daniela Hantuchová
 * 🇸🇰 Magdaléna Rybáriková
 * 🇹🇭 Paradorn Srichaphan
 * 🇬🇧 Elena Baltacha
 * 🇺🇸 Martina Navratilova
 * 🇺🇸 Monica Seles

Badminton National Team Advisory

 * Malaysia
 * 🇨🇳 China
 * 🇰🇷 Korea
 * 🇯🇵 Japan
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * 🇮🇳 India
 * Vietnam
 * 🏴 England
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * Chinese Taipei
 * 🇪🇸 Spain

Male players

 * 🇨🇳 Lin Dan
 * Chou Tien-chen
 * Lee Yang
 * Wang Chi-lin
 * Viktor Axelsen
 * Peter Gade
 * 🏴 Chris Adcock
 * 🏴 Marcus Ellis
 * 🇫🇷 Thom Gicquel
 * 🇩🇪 Mark Lamsfuß
 * 🇭🇰 Lee Cheuk Yiu
 * 🇭🇰 Tang Chun Man
 * 🇮🇳 B. Sai Praneeth
 * 🇮🇳 Satwiksairaj Rankireddy
 * 🇮🇳 Chirag Shetty
 * Fajar Alfian
 * Muhammad Rian Ardianto
 * Marcus Fernaldi Gideon
 * Taufik Hidayat
 * Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo
 * 🇯🇵 Hiroyuki Endo
 * 🇯🇵 Takeshi Kamura
 * 🇯🇵 Kento Momota
 * 🇯🇵 Keigo Sonoda
 * 🇯🇵 Kanta Tsuneyama
 * Lee Chong Wei
 * 🇰🇷 Choi Sol-gyu
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Yong-dae
 * 🇰🇷 Seo Seung-jae
 * 🇰🇷 Yoo Yeon-seong
 * 🇹🇭 Dechapol Puavaranukroh
 * 🇹🇭 Kantaphon Wangcharoen

Female players

 * 🇨🇦 Michelle Li
 * 🏴 Gabby Adcock
 * 🏴 Lauren Smith
 * 🇭🇰 Tse Ying Suet
 * 🇮🇳 Saina Nehwal
 * 🇯🇵 Yuki Fukushima
 * 🇯🇵 Arisa Higashino
 * 🇯🇵 Sayaka Hirota
 * 🇯🇵 Mayu Matsumoto
 * 🇯🇵 Nami Matsuyama
 * 🇯🇵 Wakana Nagahara
 * 🇯🇵 Aya Ohori
 * 🇯🇵 Chiharu Shida
 * 🇯🇵 Sayaka Takahashi
 * 🇯🇵 Akane Yamaguchi
 * 🇰🇷 An Se-young
 * 🇰🇷 Chae Yoo-jung
 * 🇰🇷 Chang Ye-na
 * 🇰🇷 Kim Ga-eun
 * 🇰🇷 Kim So-yeong
 * 🇰🇷 Kim Hye-rin
 * 🇰🇷 Kong Hee-yong
 * 🇰🇷 Lee So-hee
 * 🇰🇷 Shin Seung-chan
 * 🇰🇷 Sung Ji-hyun
 * 🇹🇭 Ratchanok Intanon
 * 🇹🇭 Busanan Ongbamrungphan
 * 🇹🇭 Sapsiree Taerattanachai
 * 🇺🇸 Beiwen Zhang

Controversy

 * Yonex signed a contract with the Chinese Taipei Badminton Association regarding national team jersey sponsorship in 2014. However, Yonex would often send players clothing and shoes to wear a few days before major tournaments, with the shoes unfit for players, as players had blisters and bruises from playing in them.

 * In May 2016, Yonex acted in a way that was ultra vires when criticizing the Taiwan national team players who had violated the dress code. Yonex sent official documents to the Chinese Taipei Badminton Association threatening to sue the national team head coaches if the Association did not provide a reasonable answer.

 * During the 2016 Summer Olympics, Yonex provided unfit shoes to non-contract badminton player Tai Tzu-ying. This forced Tai to wear other shoes made by her personal sponsor brand, Victor, without any logo. This event caused a controversy as the Chinese Taipei Badminton Association was going to punish Tai based on Yonex's pressing.

 * After the Tai incident, five other badminton players found themselves in the same situation and were punished. For example, Yonex was dissatisfied that badminton player Liao Kuan-hao used his personal sponsor racquet and as a result Yonex asked the Chinese Taipei Badminton Association to fine Liao and force him to be suspended for six months. In August 2016, the Chinese Taipei Badminton Association held a board meeting to resolve the situation. The meeting resulted in three key decisions: no punishment will be enforced on the “player”; to accept the resignation of Chairman Tsai Hung-peng for the controversy; to remove the word “Shoes” and “Racquets” from the contract with Yonex.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yonex


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Angel's trumpet

Angel's trumpet (also Angel's-trumpet and Angel's-trumpets) may refer to:

 * two closely related genera of poisonous flowering plants in the family Solanaceae:
 * Brugmansia, woody plants with pendulous flowers
 * Datura, herbaceous plants with erect flowers
 * Datura ferox, a widely naturalized species of Datura with strong spines
 * Maurandya barclayana, an ornamental flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae

title: Angel's trumpet


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Talk:Denham Film Studios

Creation
I have create a redirect to Alexander Korda from Denham Film Studios because of the entry under Charles Boot and later links to J. Arthur Rank. Denham was first associated with the work of Alexander Korda. MPLX/MH 17:18, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I've replaced the redirect with a short article Jihg 11:35, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

Subsequent use
Unfortunately, the aricle has scarcely developed in the following seven years. This edit on the buildings use after 1952, or more specifically a period when they were apparently rented by the United States Air Force, adds very little which is relevant. The site's use as a film studio is the only reason for notability, and the edit I have cut back unbalanced the article. 23:13, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denham Film Studios


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Tricia Nixon Cox

Patricia Nixon Cox ( Nixon; born February 21, 1946) is the elder daughter of the 37th United States president Richard Nixon and First Lady Pat Nixon, and the sister of Julie Nixon Eisenhower.

She is married to Edward F. Cox and is the mother of Christopher Nixon Cox.

In her father's public career, Cox performed a ceremonial role, in contrast to Julie's more political involvement. She accompanied him on many campaign stops and, after his inauguration, on state trips around the world.

Early life
Nixon was born on February 21, 1946, at Murphy Memorial Hospital in Whittier, California. She grew up in Washington, D.C., attending Horace Mann Elementary and the Sidwell Friends School. Later she attended the Chapin School in Manhattan.

In 1964, she was presented as a debutante to high society at the International Debutante Ball at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. Edward Cox was her civilian escort at the ball.

She briefly attended the now-defunct women's college Finch College, then Boston College in Boston, Massachusetts, graduating in 1968 with a Bachelor of Arts in English. At her graduation on June 14, 1968, her father served as a special guest speaker. In 1968, future president George W. Bush took Nixon on a date arranged by his father. After Bush spilled wine and tried to smoke a cigarette, Nixon requested to be taken back to the White House.

Marriage and professional activities
Tricia Nixon married Harvard Law student Edward F. Cox in a White House Rose Garden ceremony on June 12, 1971.

In a 2015 interview with Max Foster for CNN regarding an upcoming visit to the United States, Charles, then Prince of Wales, recalled his first visit to the U.S. in 1970 as "the time when they were trying to marry me off to Tricia Nixon" who was nearly three years his senior and American. Nixon had represented the U.S. government along with former Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey at Charles' investiture in Caernarvon Wales one year earlier in July 1969.

She has lived a very private life in the suburbs of New York, and was a stay-at-home mother to her son, Christopher Nixon Cox, born in March 1979. Her husband is now a corporate attorney and was a chairman of the New York Republican State Committee. She serves on the boards of many medical research institutions, as well as the Richard Nixon Foundation at the Nixon Library in California.

title: Tricia Nixon Cox


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Template talk:OPEC

Untitled
I've put this on Economy of X pages, rather than plain country pages. Too much series box clutter. --Twinxor 17:19, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Alignment Problem
This template messes up every page that uses it anywhere but at the bottom, because the alignment is never changed back at the end. I don't know how to close the  here though...is it just   ? Ardric47 00:45, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I think I fixed it. Ardric47 04:51, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Template talk:OPEC


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Bărbat

Bărbat was the brother and successor of voivode Litovoi whose territory had comprised northern Oltenia (Romania).

War with Hungary
In 1277 (or between 1277 and 1280), Litovoi renounced fealty to king Ladislaus IV of Hungary (1272–1290) when the king claimed lands for the crown, but Litovoi refused to pay tribute for them. King Ladislaus IV dispatched a punitive force, and Litovoi was killed during the battle against the Hungarian army. Bărbat was taken prisoner and sent to the royal court where he was forced not only to pay ransom but also to recognize Hungarian rule. After Bărbat accepted Hungarian suzerainty under the duress of circumstances, he returned to his country.

All these events are recounted in the king’s letter of grant of 8 January 1285, in which king Ladislaus IV donated villages in Sáros County (today in Slovakia) to Master George, son of Simon, who had been sent against Litovoi.

title: Bărbat


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Post Consumer Brands

Post Consumer Brands (previously Post Cereals and Postum Cereals; also known as simply "Post") is an American consumer packaged goods food manufacturer headquartered in Lakeville, Minnesota.

The company, founded in 1895 by C. W. Post, owns a large portfolio of cereal brands that include Bran Flakes, Honey Bunches of Oats, Golden Crisp, Grape-Nuts, Honeycomb, Oreo O's, Pebbles, and Waffle Crisp, among others. The company also produces several pet food brands, including Rachael Ray Nutrish, Kibbles 'n Bits, and 9Lives, and markets Peter Pan Peanut Butter.

History
C. W. Post established his company in Battle Creek, Michigan, having lived there since 1891, when he was a patient at a holistic sanitarium operated by Dr. John Harvey Kellogg. Dr. Kellogg, with his brother W. K. Kellogg, had developed a dry corn flake cereal that was part of their patients' diet. Post's first product, introduced in 1895, was not a cereal, however, but a roasted, cereal-based beverage, Postum. Having developed an aversion to coffee during his time in the sanitarium, Post positioned Postum as a healthy alternative. Its advertising slogan, which he coined himself, was, "There's a Reason." Postum's main ingredients were naturally caffeine-free wheat grain, bran, and molasses. Initially, Postum had to be brewed like coffee, but in 1911, Post introduced a powdered, instant formulation. This version of the product was manufactured in Battle Creek until it was discontinued in 2007. As of January 2013, Eliza's Quest Food had succeeded in returning Postum to many grocery stores across the United States and Canada.

In 1897, Post introduced his first dry cereal, a crunchy blend of wheat and barley, which he called Grape Nuts. His first corn-flake product was introduced as "Elijah's Manna" in 1904. Owing to consumer resistance to the (inaccurate) biblical reference that was so great that even Great Britain flatly refused to register the name as a trademark, it was renamed Post Toasties in 1907.

C. W. Post was an astute businessman who believed that advertising and aggressive marketing were the keys to a successful enterprise. Within 10 years of its incorporation, his Postum Cereal Company had more than $10 million in capital and was spending $400,000 a year on advertising, sums which were remarkable for the period. His employees were the highest-paid in his industry and working conditions at the Post factory were exemplary. He even developed a factory town in which he sold homes to his workers at favorable rates.

Postum Cereal Company lost its founder in 1914. C.W. Post underwent an apparently successful appendectomy at the Mayo Clinic, but shortly after returning home to recuperate, he died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Post had for years suffered from bouts of illness and depression. While his death was without warning, his company was not left rudderless. His daughter, Marjorie Merriweather Post, had been raised in the business and was familiar with virtually every aspect of its operations. She assumed control of the now $20-million Postum Company and managed its affairs for the next eight years. While she did not oversee major product innovations, she did have a good feel for business and for promoting talented managers. In addition, her second marriage, in 1920, was to Edward F. Hutton, the founder of a brokerage firm on Wall Street.

Gross revenues in 1921 were $17.75 million. In 1922, Hutton took the newly incorporated Postum Cereal Company public by issuing 200,000 common shares. The 1920s was a period in which common stock was still considered highly speculative, and consequently the newly issued shares carried a dividend at the rate of $5.00 per year.

Revenues in 1922 were essentially the same as in 1921, but in 1923, they were $22.25 million and a stock split, in the form of a 100% stock dividend, increased the authorized shares to 400,000. These shares also earned a $3.00 annual cash dividend, representing a 20% increase over the presplit rate. In 1925, with revenues now at $27.4 million, the stock was split once again and the dividend was increased to $4.00 per new share.

Major acquisitions
Starting in 1925, under the leadership of financier (and at one point, son in-law to the founder), E. F. Hutton as chairman and Colby M. Chester as president, Postum Cereal made the first of a series of corporate acquisitions which would within a few years transform it into the dominant U.S. packaged grocery products manufacturer.

It began late that year with the purchase of the Jell-O Company. Jell-O had been first produced in 1897 by Pearle Bixby Wait, a carpenter from the town of LeRoy in northern New York state. Mr. Wait's product was based upon a patent that had been issued to inventor and industrialist Peter Cooper in 1845, but which Cooper had never developed commercially. However, Wait was unsuccessful in marketing Jell-O, and in 1899, he sold the rights to it for $450 to a neighbor, Orator Francis Woodward, who had founded the Genesee Pure Food Company in 1897. Genesee became the Jell-O Company in 1923, the same year it began marketing D-Zerta, a sugar-free gelatin, and a powdered mixture for making ice cream in the kitchen.

In 1926, Postum Cereal acquired Igleheart Brothers, Inc (established in 1856), the makers of Swans Down cake flour, and followed this with the purchase of the Minute Tapioca Company. "Tapioca Superlative" had been invented in 1894 by a Boston woman, Susan Stavers, who made it from tapioca flakes that she ran through her coffee grinder. Later that year, she sold the rights to John Whitman, of Orange, Massachusetts, who changed its name to "Minute Tapioca". In 1908, he changed the name of his company to that of his product. The "Minute" brand would later become better known for a General Foods innovation introduced in 1949 known as Minute Rice, a brand of parboiled rice.

As a consequence of the Jell-O and Minute Tapioca acquisitions, Postum Cereal's revenues in 1926 jumped to $46.9 million. The number of shares stood at 1.375 million, including shares issued to acquire Jell-O and Minute Tapioca. The dividend was increased to $4.70 a year.

The acquisition spree continued in 1927 with the purchase of two similarly named confectionery companies, chocolate-maker Walter Baker (founded in 1765, making it the oldest component of the Postum constituent companies), and coconut-processor Franklin Baker, which had begun early in the 19th century as a flour broker, but whose confectionery products dated from 1895. This was followed by the purchase of Log Cabin Products, the maker of Log Cabin Syrup (first produced in 1887), and of Richard Hellmann, Inc (established in 1913), the producer of Blue Ribbon mayonnaise. And late in the year, Postum Cereal began selling its first coffee product, "Sanka", by obtaining US marketing rights from Dr Ludwig Roselius of Bremen, Germany. Roselius had developed the decaffeinated coffee in 1906 and began selling it in the US in 1923.

Three more acquisitions followed in 1928. The most important was that of the Cheek-Neel Coffee Company. Its product, Maxwell House, dating from 1892, was a well-known brand in what was still a fragmented US coffee market. Within a few years, however, it was to become the number one brand in America and would retain that position well into the 1980s. Also acquired during 1928 was the La France Manufacturing Company, a maker of starch and other laundry products (this being Postum's first venture into nonedibles), and the Calumet Baking Powder Company, the leading maker of this kitchen essential.

Financially, the year culminated on October 1 with the inclusion of Postum, Inc in the newly reformulated Dow Jones Industrial Average of 30 common stocks. By year-end, revenues stood at $101 million and the dividend on the five million authorized shares was $5.00 per year, a 25-fold increase since 1922.

Purchase of General Foods and renaming
By far the most important acquisition of 1929 was of the frozen-food company owned by Clarence Birdseye, called "General Foods Company". Birdseye (December 9, 1886 - October 7, 1956) was one of the most important entrepreneurs in the history of the food industry. Born in New York City, he became interested in the frozen preservation of food during the course of working as a fur trader in Labrador between 1912 and 1916. By 1923, he had developed a commercially viable process for quick-freezing foods using a belt mechanism, which he patented. In 1924, with backing from three investors, he formed the General Seafoods Company, in Gloucester, Massachusetts, to produce frozen haddock fillets packed in plain cardboard boxes.

The founder's daughter, Marjorie Merriweather Post, was first to become excited about the prospects for the frozen foods business. In 1926, she had put into port at Gloucester on her yacht, Hussar (IV), and was served a luncheon meal which, she learned to her amazement, had been frozen six months before. Although she eventually became the richest woman in America because of her business genius, it took Marjorie Post three years to finally convince Postum's management to acquire the company. In a deal arranged by Marjorie, who immediately understood the value of Clarence Birdseye's patents, Postum paid $10.75 million for a 51% interest and its partner, Goldman Sachs, paid $12.5 million for the other 49%. Following this acquisition, Postum, Inc changed its name to General Foods Corporation. Goldman sold its share back to General Foods in 1932, apparently at a slight loss.

Shortly after the acquisition, General Foods began test-marketing an expanded line of frozen foods, but the company quickly realized that a packaging process alone would not be sufficient to market frozen products in stores. To be sold, the packages had to be kept frozen while on display, so Birdseye engineers began development of a freezer cabinet designed specifically to hold frozen foods. The cabinet, which first appeared in 1934, required a great deal of space and electricity, which were not readily available in most grocery stores of the period. For those stores which could accommodate them, the payback was immediate. Housewives quickly realized that keeping packages of frozen food in the icebox could mean fresher meals and fewer trips to the market.

The company published a cook book in 1932, the General Foods Cook Book, dedicated "To the American homemaker". Five editions were published between 1932 and 1937. The book includes photographs (among which is "General Foods offers over twenty famous products for your well-stocked pantry shelf") and a subject index.

After General Foods
Philip Morris Companies acquired General Foods in 1985 and Kraft Inc. in 1988, eventually merging them as Kraft Foods Inc. before the cereal unit was sold to Ralcorp in 2007.

In 2011, Ralcorp announced plans to spin off Post Foods into a separate company. About a quarter of Ralcorp's sales in 2010 were generated by its Post Foods unit. The spinoff was completed with an IPO for Post Holdings, Inc. on February 7, 2012.

In 2014, the company acquired Michael Foods. The following year, Post Foods purchased MOM Brands (formerly Malt-O-Meal Co.) creating the third largest breakfast cereal company in the US. At this point, Post Foods rebranded as Post Consumer Brands, and is headquartered in Lakeville, Minnesota.

In July 2017, Post Holdings bought Weetabix Limited for £1.4 billion. In 2019, the company began combining some of its MOM Brands and Weetabix cereal brands under the Three Sisters Cereal name.

On December 8, 2020, Post Holdings announced that it was acquiring the Peter Pan peanut butter brand from Conagra Brands. The transaction was completed on January 25, 2021. With the acquisition of Peter Pan peanut butter on January 25, 2021, Post created a new group called Animated Brands, with the Peter Pan brand being the founding member. Animated Brands is managed under Post Consumer Brands.

On June 1, 2021, Post announced it acquired the ready-to-eat ("RTE") cereal business of TreeHouse Foods. The TreeHouse Foods RTE cereal business was added to Post Consumer Brands' broad portfolio of private label cereal products.

In February 2023, Post Holdings announced its acquisition of pet food brands like 9Lives, Kibbles 'n Bits and Gravy Train. Such acquisition would enable Post's entry to the 'pet food category'. After the completion of this acquisition, Post intends to develop a new pet food category within Post Consumer Brands.

Postum advertisements
Postum, a coffee substitute made out of roasted grain, was created in 1895. It was popular through the early 20th century, particularly during World War II when coffee was rationed.

Due to its decline in popularity, Post announced its discontinuation in 2007. It was later revived by Eliza's Quest Food in 2013.

Post Consumer Brands brands – present cereals and products

 * 100% Bran – currently only available in Canada
 * Airly Foods - Butter
 * Airly Foods - Cheddar
 * Airly Foods - Chocolate
 * Airly Foods - Cinnamon
 * Airly Foods - Salted Caramel
 * Airly Foods - Sea Salt
 * Bran Flakes
 * Better Oats - 100 Calorie Maple & Brown Sugar
 * Better Oats - 100 Calorie Apples & Cinnamon
 * Better Oats - 100 Calorie Cinnamon Roll
 * Better Oats - Classic Maple & Brown Sugar
 * Better Oats - Classic Strawberries & Cream
 * Better Oats - Organic Maple and Brown Sugar
 * Better Oats - Organic Bare
 * Better Oats - Organic Old Fashioned Oats
 * Better Oats - Organic Steel Cut Oats
 * Better Oats - Organic Quick Oats
 * Better Oats - Steel Cut Maple & Brown Sugar
 * Better Oats - Steel Cut Maple & Brown Sugar with Protein
 * Better Oats - Steel Cut Original
 * Better Oats - Thick & Hearty Maple & Brown Sugar
 * Better Oats - Thick & Hearty Apples & Cinnamon
 * Better Oats - Thick & Hearty Blueberry Muffin
 * Chips Ahoy!
 * CoCo Wheats
 * Farina (food) Mills hot wheat cereal
 * Cocoa Pebbles
 * Fruity Pebbles
 * Marshmallow Fruity Pebbles
 * Fruity Pebbles Treats
 * Fruity Pebbles Crisps
 * Cocoa Pebbles Crisps
 * Golden Crisp
 * Grape-Nuts
 * Grape-Nuts Flakes
 * Great Grains Banana Nut Crunch
 * Great Grains Blueberry Morning
 * Great Grains Cranberry Almond Crunch
 * Great Grains Crunchy Pecans
 * Great Grains Raisins, Dates & Pecans
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Honey Roasted
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – with Almonds
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – with Real Strawberries
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Vanilla
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Pecan & Maple Brown Sugar
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Frosted
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Whole Grain Honey Crunch
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Granola – Honey Roasted
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Granola – French Vanilla
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Granola – Maple Pecan
 * Honey Maid S'mores
 * Honeycomb
 * Honeycomb Big Bites Original
 * Honeycomb Big Bites Chocolate
 * Oh's
 * Oreo O's
 * Malt-O-Meal - Maple & Brown Sugar Hot Wheat
 * Malt-O-Meal - Chocolate Hot Wheat
 * Malt-O-Meal - Original Hot Wheat
 * Malt-O-Meal - Apple Zings
 * Malt-O-Meal - Berry Colossal Crunch
 * Malt-O-Meal - Berry Colossal Crunch with Marshmallows
 * Malt-O-Meal - Chocolate Marshmallow Mateys
 * Malt-O-Meal - Chocolately Chip Cookie Bites
 * Malt-O-Meal - Churr-O's
 * Malt-O-Meal - Cinnamon Toasters
 * Malt-O-Meal - Coco Roos
 * Malt-O-Meal - Cocoa Dyno-Bites
 * Malt-O-Meal - Cocoa Dyno-Bites with Marshmallows
 * Malt-O-Meal - Cookies & Cream
 * Malt-O-Meal - Crispy Rice
 * Malt-O-Meal - Frosted Flakes
 * Malt-O-Meal - Frosted Mini Spooners
 * Malt-O-Meal - Fruity Blasts
 * Malt-O-Meal - Fruity Dyno-Bites
 * Malt-O-Meal - Fruity Dyno-Bites with Marshmallows
 * Malt-O-Meal - Golden Honey O's
 * Malt-O-Meal - Golden Puffs
 * Malt-O-Meal - Honey Buzzers
 * Malt-O-Meal - Honey Graham Toasters
 * Malt-O-Meal - Honey Nut Scooters
 * Malt-O-Meal - Marshmallow Mateys
 * Malt-O-Meal - Oat Blenders with Almonds
 * Malt-O-Meal - Oat Blenders with Honey
 * Malt-O-Meal - Peanut Butter Cups
 * Malt-O-Meal - Raisin Bran
 * Malt-O-Meal - S'mores
 * Malt-O-Meal - Strawberry Cream Mini Spooners
 * Malt-O-Meal - Tootie Fruities
 * Malt-O-Meal - Tootie Fruities with Marshmallows
 * Post Dunkin' cereal - Caramel Macchiato
 * Post Premier Protein cereal - Chocolate Almond
 * Post Premier Protein cereal - Mixed Berry Almond
 * Raisin Bran
 * Shredded Wheat (made by Nestlé and General Mills in the United Kingdom and Ireland)
 * Shredded Wheat – Original Spoon Size
 * Shredded Wheat – Original Big Biscuit
 * Shredded Wheat – Wheat'N Bran Spoon Size
 * Shreddies – currently only available in Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Germany (made by Nestlé and General Mills in the United Kingdom and Ireland)
 * Waffle Crisp

Post Consumer Brands discontinued cereals

 * 40% Bran Flakes
 * Alpha-Bits
 * Beep Beep (with the Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner as mascots)
 * BlueBerry Morning
 * Bran & Prune Flakes
 * Cinna-Crunch Pebbles (discontinued 2001)
 * Corn Crackos
 * Corn-Fetti (early 1950s), later known as Sugar Coated Corn Flakes (late 1950s), later known as Sugar Sparkled Corn Flakes (1960s)
 * Corn Flakes & Blueberries
 * Corn Flakes & Peaches
 * Corn Flakes & Strawberries
 * Count Off
 * Crispy Critters
 * Crispy Numbers (in Canada)
 * Cröonchy Stars
 * Cupcake Pebbles
 * C.W. Post (granola cereal, discontinued 1994)
 * Dino Pebbles
 * Dino S'mores Pebbles
 * Fruity Pebbles Xtreme
 * Cinnamon Pebbles
 * Fortified Oat Flakes
 * Fruit & Bran (formerly Fruit & Fibre)
 * Fruit Wheats (Shredded Wheat variant, discontinued 1990)
 * Golden Oreo O's
 * Good MOREnings Cocoa Cinnamon (chocolate flavored rings)
 * Good MOREnings Berry Wheels (strawberry flavored rings)
 * Good MOREnings Strawberries 'n' Creme (strawberry-flavored corn flakes)
 * Good MOREnings Waffle Crunch (a variation of Waffle Crisp)
 * Grape-Nuts Fit
 * Grape Nut O's
 * Great Grains Digestive Blends – Berry Medley
 * Great Grains Digestive Blends – Vanilla
 * Great Grains Protein Blend – Cinnamon Hazelnut
 * Great Grains Protein Blend – Honey, Oats & Seeds
 * Heart of Oats
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Just Bunches – Honey Roasted
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Just Bunches – Cinnamon
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – with Real Peaches
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Granola – Raspberry
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Granola – Cinnamon
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Granola – Protein Chocolate
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Morning Energy – Chocolatey Almond Crunch
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Morning Energy – Cinnamon Crunch
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Fruit Blends – Banana Blueberry
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Fruit Blends – Peach Raspberry
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Greek – Honey Crunch
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Greek – Mixed Berry
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Tropical Blends – Mango Coconut
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – Raisin Medley
 * Honey Bunches of Oats – with Cinnamon Bunches
 * Honey Maid Honey Graham
 * Hulk
 * Huskies
 * Marshmallow Alpha-Bits
 * Mini Cinnamon Churros - sweetened wheat breakfast cereal based on the churro.
 * Marshmallow Pebbles
 * Oat Flakes
 * Pink Panther Flakes
 * Poppin' Pebbles
 * Post Extra
 * Post Ghosties (with Casper the Friendly Ghost as its mascot)
 * Post Honey Nut Crunch Raisin Bran
 * Post Size 8
 * Post-Tens, an assortment of 10 single-serving boxes of seven different Post cereals in one package, designed to compete with Kellogg's Variety Pack
 * Post Toasties
 * Post Top 3
 * Puffed Corn Flakes
 * Raisin Grape-Nuts
 * Reptar Crunch
 * Rice Krinkles (originally Sugar Krinkles, then Sugar Rice Krinkles, finally Frosted Rice Krinkles before discontinuation)
 * Selects Banana Nut Crunch
 * Selects Maple Pecan Crunch
 * Sesame Street Cereal – Apple
 * Sesame Street Cereal - Blueberry
 * Sesame Street Cereal - Strawberry
 * Shredded Wheat – Frosted Cinnamon Roll
 * Shredded Wheat – Frosted Mixed berry
 * Shredded Wheat – Frosted S'mores Bites
 * Shredded Wheat – Honey Nut Spoon Size
 * Shredded Wheat – Lightly Frosted Spoon Size
 * Shredded Wheat – Vanilla Almond Spoon Size
 * Smurfberry Crunch
 * Smurf Magic Berries
 * Sour Patch Kids cereal
 * Strawberry Honeycomb
 * Super Orange Crisp
 * TEAM Flakes
 * Trail Mix Crunch – Cranberry Vanilla (discontinued Fall 2010)
 * Trail Mix Crunch – Raisin and Almond

title: Post Consumer Brands


text:
Jean de Florette

Jean de Florette is a 1986 period drama film directed by Claude Berri. It was followed by Manon des sources, released the same year.

Both are the adaptation of Marcel Pagnol’s 1963 two-part novel The Water of the Hills. Berri’s Jean de Florette is the first adaptation of the first part, while the second had previously been filmed by Pagnol himself in 1952. The story takes place in rural Provence in the 1920s, where two local farmers plot to trick a newcomer out of his newly inherited property. The film starred three of France's most prominent actors – Gérard Depardieu, Daniel Auteuil, who won a BAFTA award for his performance, and Yves Montand in one of his last roles.

The film was shot back to back with Manon des sources, over a period of seven months. At the time the most expensive French film ever made, it was a great commercial and critical success, both domestically and internationally, and was nominated for eight César awards, and 10 BAFTAs. The success of the two films helped promote Provence as a tourist destination.

Plot
The story takes place outside a village in Provence, in the south of France, shortly after the First World War. Ugolin Soubeyran returns from his military service and throws himself into a project to grow carnations on his property in the mountains. His uncle César, referred to as Le Papet, meaning grandfather in the local dialect, is at first skeptical; but is convinced when the flowers get a good price at the market. They decide the project is worthy of expansion, and together they go to see the neighbouring farmer, Pique-Bouffigue, to buy his land. The land in question is apparently dry, but Papet knows of a spring that could solve that problem.

Pique-Bouffigue does not want to sell up, and an altercation breaks out. In the fight, Pique-Bouffigue is killed. After the funeral, Papet and Ugolin plug the spring that could water the land and cover it with cement and earth. Unknown to them, they are seen blocking the spring by a poacher.

The property is inherited by Pique-Bouffigue's sister, Florette, who left the area long ago, but she dies very shortly afterwards and the inheritance goes to her son, Jean Cadoret, who is a tax collector and a hunchback. Ugolin, according to local custom, refers to him as Jean de Florette – Florette's Jean. To discourage Jean from taking up residence, Ugolin damages the roof of the house.

Jean arrives with his wife, Aimée, and young daughter, Manon. He makes it clear that he has no intention of selling up. He intends to make the farm profitable within two years, breeding rabbits and growing their produce himself. Jean does not know about the nearby blocked spring, only of one that is further, two kilometres away, though still on his land. He is reliant on rainfall to fill a cistern to supply the livestock and irrigate the crops. Ugolin and Papet keep secret from Jean the fact that the area where Jean's farm lies rarely gets any rain. Meanwhile, they work to turn the local community against Jean, because the late Pique-Bouffigue has cousins in the village who know about the blocked spring and would tell Jean about it if they became friendly with him.

Jean initially makes progress and earns a small profit from farming rabbits. In the long run, however, getting water proves problematic. Dragging it all the way from the distant spring is a backbreaking task. Jean asks to borrow Ugolin's mule, but Ugolin gives vague excuses. When the rain does come, it falls on the surrounding area but not where it is needed. The dusty winds of the sirocco then arrive, bringing the farm near catastrophe. Jean decides to dig a well.

Ugolin tells Jean that his project is hopeless and that he might be better off selling up. Jean asks how much he could expect to receive for the farm, and Ugolin gives an estimate of around 8,000 francs. However, it turns out that Jean has no intention of selling, but wants to use the value of the property to take out a mortgage. Papet decides that he will himself grant the mortgage, because that way he will either earn the interest or drive Jean away for good.

From the mortgage money, Jean buys dynamite to finish the well, but in his first blast, he is hit by a flying rock; falls into the cavity, and subsequently dies of his injuries. Ugolin returns with the news to Papet, who asks him why he's crying. "It is not me who's crying," he responds, "it's my eyes."

Aimée and Manon cannot remain on the farm, and Papet buys them out. As mother and daughter are packing their belongings, Papet and Ugolin go to where they blocked the spring and remove the plug. Manon follows them, and when she sees what they are doing, she understands and screams. The men hear it, but dismiss the sound as that of a buzzard. Papet performs a mock baptism of his nephew in the water of the spring.

Cast

 * Yves Montand as César Soubeyran / "Le Papet": In the local dialect "Papet" is an affectionate term for "grandfather". César is the proud patriarch of a dying family, and his only known relative is his nephew Ugolin. Eager to restore his family's position, he manipulates his nephew to do his bidding. For Yves Montand the filming experience was particularly trying because his wife of thirty-three years, Simone Signoret, died during filming. Montand himself died in 1991, and the two films were among the last of a cinematic career spanning forty-five years. Having grown up in nearby Marseilles, he visited the location before filming started, and endeared himself to the locals.
 * Daniel Auteuil as Ugolin: Ugolin is César's "rat-faced sub-intelligent nephew". Somewhat more conscientious than his uncle, he is nevertheless persuaded to carry through with the diabolical plan. Auteuil used a prosthetic nose to make the character uglier. The role represented a great change for Auteuil. He had previously tended to play "smart, funny, urban hipster types", and the role as Ugolin – which earned him both a BAFTA and a César – was a great step forward in his career.
 * Gérard Depardieu as Jean Cadoret / "Jean de Florette": Jean is a city man with a romantic idea of the countryside, yet obstinate and hard-working. Depardieu was well established as a versatile actor even before this role. Seemingly impervious to the great pressure on the film crew, he earned a reputation on the set for "fooling about, telling jokes, swearing at planes interrupting the shot and never knowing his lines until the camera was rolling".
 * Élisabeth Depardieu (Gérard Dépardieu's wife ) as Aimée Cadoret: Jean's beautiful wife is a former opera singer, who has named her daughter after her favourite role, Manon Lescaut.
 * Ernestine Mazurowna as Manon, the daughter of Jean and Aimée.

Production
Marcel Pagnol's 1952 film Manon des Sources was four hours long, and subsequently cut by its distributor. The end result left Pagnol dissatisfied, and led him to retell the story as a novel. The first part of the novel, titled Jean de Florette, was an exploration of the background for the film; a prequel of sorts. Together the two volumes made up the work Pagnol called L'Eau des collines (The Water of the Hills). Berri came across Pagnol's book by chance in a hotel room, and was captivated by it. He decided that in order to do the story justice it had to be made in two parts.

Jean de Florette was filmed in and around the Vaucluse department of Provence, where a number of different places have been mentioned as filming locations. La Treille, east of Marseille, in the Bouches-du-Rhône department, was the village where Pagnol had shot the original film. The village is now within the city limits of Marseille and has undergone extensive development since the 1950s, so Berri had to find alternatives. For the village of the story he settled on Mirabeau (65 km to the north), while Jean de Florette's house is located in Vaugines, where the church from the film can also be found. The market scenes were filmed in Sommières in the Gard, and the story's Les Romarins was in reality Riboux in the Var.

Extensive work was put into creating a genuine and historically correct atmosphere for the film. The facades of the houses of Mirabeau had to be replaced with painted polystyrene, to make them look older, and all electric wires were put underground. Meanwhile, in Vaugines, Berri planted a dozen olive trees twelve months before filming started, and watered them throughout the waiting period, and for the second installment planted 10,000 carnations on the farm.

Jean de Florette and Manon des Sources were filmed together, over a period of thirty weeks, from May to December 1985. This allowed Berri to show the dramatic seasonal changes of the Provençal landscape. At 120 million French Franc ($17 million), it was at the time the most expensive film project in French history. The long filming period and the constantly increasing cost put a great burden on the actors, many of whom frequently had to return to Paris for television or theatre work. Once completed, the release of the film was a great national event. A special promotional screening before the film's official release 27 August 1986, was attended by then Minister of Culture Jack Lang. The musical score is based around the aria Invano Alvaro from Giuseppe Verdi's 1862 opera La forza del destino.

Reception
The film was a great success in its native France, where it was seen by over seven million people. It also performed very well internationally; in the United States it grossed nearly $5 million, placing it among the 100 most commercially successful foreign-language films shown there. It became the highest-grossing subtitled film in the United Kingdom with a gross over £1 million.

Critical reception for Jean de Florette was almost universally positive. Rita Kempley, writing for The Washington Post, compared the story to the fiction of William Faulkner. Allowing that it could indeed be "a definitive French masterwork", she reserved judgement until after the premiere of the second part, as Jean de Florette was only a "half-movie", "a long, methodic buildup, a pedantically paced tease". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times commented on Berri's exploration of human character, "the relentlessness of human greed, the feeling that the land is so important the human spirit can be sacrificed to it". Ebert gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars.

The staff reviewer for the entertainment magazine Variety highlighted – as other reviewers did as well – the cinematography of Bruno Nuytten (an effort that won Nuytten a BAFTA award and a César nomination). The reviewer commended Berri particularly for the work done with the small cast, and for his decision to stay true to Pagnol's original story. Richard Bernstein, reviewing the film for The New York Times, wrote it was "like no other film you've seen in recent years". He called it an updated, faster-paced version of Pagnol, where the original was still recognisable. The newspaper lists the film among the "Best 1000 Movies Ever Made". Later reviews show that the film has stood up to the passage of time. Tasha Robinson, reviewing the DVD release of the two films for The A.V. Club in 2007, called the landscape, as portrayed by Berri and Nuytten, "almost unbearably beautiful". Grading the films 'A', she called them "surprisingly tight and limber" for a four-hour film cycle.

Awards
Nominated for a total of eight César awards in 1987 – including 'Best Film', 'Best Director' and 'Best Cinematography' – Jean de Florette won only one, 'Best Actor' for Daniel Auteuil. At the BAFTA awards the next year it fared better, winning awards for 'Best Actor in a Supporting Role' (Auteuil), 'Best Cinematography', 'Best Film' and 'Best Adapted Screenplay'. The film also earned six more nominations, including both Depardieu and Montand in the 'Best Actor'-category, as well as 'Best Direction' and 'Best Foreign Language Film'. Amongst other honours for the film were a U.S. National Board of Review award for 'Best Foreign Language Film', and a 'Best Foreign Language Film' nomination at the 1988 Golden Globes. It was also nominated for the Golden Prize at the 15th Moscow International Film Festival.

Legacy
Jean de Florette and Manon des Sources have been interpreted as part of a wider trend in the 1980s of so-called 'heritage cinema': period pieces and costume dramas that celebrated the history, culture and landscape of France. It was the official policy of President François Mitterrand, elected in 1981, and particularly his Minister of Culture Jack Lang, to promote these kinds of films through increased funding of the ailing French film industry. Berri's pair of films stand as the most prominent example of this effort. It has also been suggested that the treatment given the outsider Jean de Florette by the locals was symbolic of the growing popularity of the anti-immigration movement, led by politicians like Jean-Marie Le Pen.

The two films are often seen, in conjunction with Peter Mayle's book A Year in Provence, as causing increased interest in, and tourism to, the region of Provence, particularly among the British. The films inspired a vision of the area as a place of rural authenticity, and were followed by an increase in British home ownership in southern France. As late as 2005, the owners of the house belonging to Jean de Florette in the movie were still troubled by tourists trespassing on their property.

Jean de Florette served as an inspiration for the 1998 Malayalam–language Indian film Oru Maravathoor Kanavu.

Ranked No. 60 in Empire magazine's "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010.

title: Jean de Florette


text:
User talk:Pufferfishh

Please feel free to add your comments below.

title: User talk:Pufferfishh


text:
Thocomerius

Thocomerius, also Tihomir,  was the father of Basarab, who would become the first independent voivode of Wallachia. Many Romanian historians, such as Vlad Georgescu and Marcel Popa, believe that Thocomerius was a voivode in Wallachia who succeeded Bărbat, who ruled around 1278; others, such as Tudor Sălăgean, refer to him as a local potentate whose status cannot be specified.

Name
Thocomerius' name is only known from a diploma issued by King Charles I of Hungary on 26 November 1332. The diploma refers to "the schismatic Basarab, son of Thocomerius, our disloyal Vlach." ("Basarab, filium Thocomerii, scismaticum, infidelis Olahus Nostris").

The Hungarian László Rásonyi derives the name from a Cuman and Tatar name, Toq-tämir (‘hardened ıron’), and refers to a Chingisid prince, Toktomer, mentioned in the Russian annals in 1295 as abiding in the Crimea. According to István Vásáry, even if Basarab’s father bore a Turkic name, this person can by no means be identified with a Chingisid prince, because being descended from Genghis Khan was a matter of such significance that no one could, or would have wanted, to conceal it.

title: Thocomerius


text:
ZOB

ZOB can refer to:
 * Jewish Combat Organization
 * Cleveland Air Route Traffic Control Center
 * Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station
 * Zentraler Omnibus Bahnhof, a common German abbreviation for a town's main bus station.

title: ZOB


text:
Chatham House

The Royal Institute of International Affairs, commonly known as Chatham House, is a British think tank based in London, England. Its stated mission is "to help governments and societies build a sustainably secure, prosperous, and just world". It is the originator of the Chatham House Rule.

Overview
The Royal Institute of International Affairs has its headquarters in central London at 10 St James's Square, which is known as Chatham House. It is a Grade I listed 18th-century building that was designed in part by Henry Flitcroft and was occupied by three British prime ministers, including William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, whose name became associated with the house. Canadian philanthropists Lieutenant-Colonel Reuben Wells Leonard and Kate Rowlands Leonard purchased the property in 1923 and then donated the building to the fledgling institute as its headquarters. As a result, the Chatham House name is used as a metonym for the institute as a whole.

Chatham House accepts individual members, as well as members from corporations, academic institutions, and NGOs.

Chatham House Rule
Chatham House is the origin of the non-attribution rule known as the Chatham House Rule, which provides that a participant in a meeting may discuss the content of this meeting in the outside world, but may not discuss who attended nor identify what a specific individual said. The Chatham House Rule evolved to facilitate frank and honest discussion on controversial or unpopular issues by speakers who may not have otherwise had the appropriate forum to speak freely. Despite this, most meetings at Chatham House are held on the record, and not under the Chatham House Rule.

Research and publications
Chatham House research is structured around five thematic programmes, comprising: environment and society; global economy and finance; global health security; international law; and international security; as well as seven regional programmes, covering Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, Russia and Eurasia, the USA and Americas and the UK in the World launched in 2023.

Chatham House contains the Sustainability Accelerator (formerly Hoffmann Centre for Sustainable Resource Economy), which focuses on the political economy of resource production and consumption.

Chatham House regularly hosts speakers from the UK and international policy and business communities.

Chatham House has produced the policy journal International Affairs since 1922, and the Journal of Cyber Policy since 2016. It has also published a monthly global affairs magazine, The World Today, since 1945.

Origins
The Royal Institute of International Affairs originated in a meeting, convened by Lionel Curtis, of the American and British delegates to the Paris Peace Conference on 30 May 1919. Curtis had long been an advocate for the scientific study of international affairs and, following the beneficial exchange of information after the peace conference, argued that the method of expert analysis and debate should be continued when the delegates returned home in the form of international institute. The British and American delegates formed separate institutes, with the Americans developing the Council on Foreign Relations in New York.

The British Institute of International Affairs, as it was then known, held its inaugural meeting, chaired by Robert Cecil, on 5 July 1920. In this, former Foreign Secretary Edward Grey moved the resolution calling the institute into existence:

"That an Institute be constituted for the study of International Questions, to be called the British Institute of International Affairs."

These two, along with Arthur J. Balfour and John R. Clynes, became the first Presidents of the institute, with Lionel Curtis and G. M. Gathorne–Hardy appointed joint Honorary Secretaries.

By 1922, as the institute's membership grew, there was a need for a larger and more practical space and the Institute acquired, through the gift of Canadian Colonel R. W. Leonard, Chatham House, Number 10 St. James's Square, where the institute is still housed.

Inter-war years
Following its inception, the Institute quickly focused upon Edward Grey's resolution, with the 1920s proving an active decade at Chatham House. The journal International Affairs was launched in January 1922, allowing for the international circulation of the various reports and discussions which took place within the institute.

After being appointed as Director of Studies, Professor Arnold Toynbee produced the institute's annual Survey of International Affairs until his retirement in 1955. While providing a detailed annual overview of international relations, the survey's primary role was 'to record current international history'. The survey continued until 1963 and was well received throughout the Institution, coming to be known as 'the characteristic external expression of Chatham House research: a pioneer in method and a model for scholarship.'

In 1926, 14 members of Chatham House represented the United Kingdom at the first conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations, a forum dedicated to the discussion of problems and relations between Pacific nations. The IPR served as a platform for the institute to develop a political and commercial awareness of the region, with special focus being placed upon China's economic development and international relations.

In the same year the Institute received its royal charter, thereupon being known as the Royal Institute of International Affairs. The Charter set out the aims and objectives of the institute, which were to "advance the sciences of international politics... promote the study and investigation of international questions by means of lectures and discussion... promote the exchange of information, knowledge and thought on international affairs."

Further expansion
The year 1929 marked the next stage in the institute's development, with the appointment of a full-time chief executive or director. Ivison Macadam was appointed to the position (Secretary and then Director-General), in which he oversaw the institute's rapid expansion with its growing research, organisational and financial needs, a role he occupied until 1955.

Macadam was able to secure funding to expand the physical plant of the Institute by acquiring the freeholds of 6 Duke of York Street, then called York Street (largely through the generosity of Waldorf Astor, John Power, and others) and later 9 St James's Square, then the Portland Club, in 1943 (through a donation to cover its purchase by Henry Price), and connect these adjoining properties to the original freehold property of Chatham House at 10 St James Square (with the cost of these connections covered by Astor's sons, William, David, and John). Power also donated his leasehold property in Chesham Place to the Institute in 1938. These additional properties provided much needed additional space for the institute's activities.

1929 also saw the inception of the institute's special study group on the international gold problem. The group, which included leading economists such as John Maynard Keynes, conducted a three-year study into the developing economic issues which the post-war international monetary settlement created. The group's research anticipated Britain's decision to abandon the gold standard two years later.

Around this time Chatham House became known as the place for leading statesmen and actors in world affairs to visit when in London; notably, Mahatma Gandhi visited the institute on 20 October 1931, in which he delivered a talk on "The Future of India". The talk was attended by 750 members, making it the institute's largest meeting up to that point.

In 1933 Norman Angell, whilst working within the institute's Council, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his book The Great Illusion, making him the first and only Laureate to be awarded the prize for publishing a book.

Chatham House held the first Commonwealth Relations Conference in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1933. Held roughly every five years, the conference provided a forum for leading politicians, lawyers, academics and others to discuss the implications of recent Imperial Conferences. With various dominion nations seeking to follow individual foreign policy aims, Major-General Sir Neill Malcolm, the chairman of the Council of the institute, emphasised the need for "essential agreement in matters of foreign policy between the various Governments," with the Commonwealth Relations Conference being the vehicle upon which this cooperation would be achieved and maintained.

Chatham House's WWII Foreign Press and Research Service
At the outbreak of the Second World War the institute was decentralised for security reasons, with many of the staff moving to Balliol College, Oxford from Chatham House's main buildings in St James's Square. There, the Foreign Press and Research Service of the Institute worked closely with the Foreign Office to provide intelligence for and to work closely with the Foreign Office dedicating their research to the war effort under the Chairmanship of Waldorf Astor,

The formal remit of Chatham House for the FPRS at Balliol was:

1. To review the press overseas.

2. To “produce at the request of the Foreign Office, and the Service and other Departments, memoranda giving the historical and political background on any given situation on which information is desired”.

3. “To provide information on special points desired" (in regards to each country). It provided various reports on foreign press, historical and political background of the enemy and various other topics.

Many eminent historians served on the FPRS under Arnold J. Toynbee as its Director and with Lionel Curtis (represented the Chairman) at Oxford until 1941 when Ivison Macadam took over from him. There were four deputy directors. The four Deputy Directors were Alfred Zimmern, George N. Clark, Herbert J. Patton and Charles K. Webster and a number of experts in nineteen national divisions.

It was moved to the Foreign Office 1943–46.

Post-War Reconstruction
The institute also provided many additional services to scholars and the armed forces at its St. James's Square home. The Institute reopened formally on 28 October 1943; the session was addressed by the American commanding general of U.S. Army logistics forces in the ETO, then-Maj. Gen. John C. H. Lee, who spent a substantial part of his time working with the Theater G-5 officer (Civil-Military Affairs), MG Ray W. Barker. Research facilities were opened to refugee and allied academics, whilst arrangements were made for both the National Institute of Economic and Social Research and the Polish Research Centre to relocate to the Institute following the bombing of their premises. In addition, allied officers undertook courses in international affairs at the Institute in an attempt to develop their international and political awareness as well as post war reconstruction planning.

The post-war years
Chatham House had been researching potential post-war issues as early as 1939 through the Committee on Reconstruction. Whilst a number of staff returned to the Institute at the end of the war, a proportion of members found themselves joining a range of international organisations, including the United Nations and the International Monetary Fund. Combining this with the institute's early support of the League of Nations and impact of the gold study on the Bretton Woods system, Chatham House found itself to be a leading actor in international political and economic redevelopment.

In reaction to the changing post-war world, Chatham House embarked on a number of studies relating to Britain and the Commonwealth's new political stature, in light of growing calls for decolonisation and the development of the Cold War. A board of studies in race relations was created in 1953, allowing for the close examination of changing attitudes and calls for racial equality throughout the world. The group broke off into an independent charity in 1958, forming the Institute of Race Relations.

Following the Cuban Missile Crisis and Brazilian coup d'état, the institute developed a growing focus on the Latin American region. Che Guevara, then Cuba's Minister of Industry, wrote an analysis of 'The Cuban Economy: Its Past and Present Importance' in 1964 for International Affairs.

Chatham House played a more direct role in the international affairs of the Cold War through the October 1975 Anglo-Soviet round-table, the first in a series of meetings between Chatham House and the Institute of World Economy and International Relations in Moscow. As an early example of two-track diplomacy, the meeting sought to develop closer communication and improved relations between Britain and the Soviet Union.

At the start of the 1980s, the Council moved to expand the institute's research capabilities in two key emerging areas. The first modern programmes to be created under this initiative were the Energy and Research Programme and the International Economics Programme, formed in 1980 - 1981.

In addition to reshaping its research practices, the institute also sought to strengthen its international network, notably amongst economically prosperous nations. For example, Chatham House's Far East programme, created with the intention of improving Anglo-Japanese relations in the long and short term, was bolstered by the support of the Japan 2000 group in 1984.

Recent history
In 1998, Chatham House launched the Angola Forum. Angola's oil reserves, combined with growing international ambition, facilitated Angola's quick ascent as an influential African nation. Chatham House said the Angola Forum was intended to create an international platform for "forward looking, policy focused and influential debate and research". The institute's wider Africa Programme was created in 2002, beginning the modern structure of area studies programmes.

In 2005, Security, Terrorism and the UK was published.

The Chatham House Prize was launched in 2005, recognising heads of state and organisations that made a significant contribution to international relations during the previous year. Queen Elizabeth II presented the debut award to Ukrainian President Victor Yushchenko.

In January 2013, the Institute announced its Academy for Leadership in International Affairs, offering potential and established world leaders a 12-month fellowship at the institution with the aim of providing "a unique programme of activities and training to develop a new generation of leaders in international affairs." In November 2014, The Queen formally launched the academy under the title of the "Queen Elizabeth II Academy for Leadership in International Affairs."

The Institute celebrated its centenary in 2020 with a series of events and initiatives such as the SNF CoLab, the Common Futures Conversations project, and the introduction of a panel of young advisers, plus three Chatham House Centenary Awards for Sir David Attenborough, Melina Abdullah and Greta Thunberg.

In April 2022, Russia designated Chatham House as an "undesirable organisation".

Christopher Sabatini, a senior fellow at Chatham House, leads a project promoting opposition to the Venezuelan government of Nicholas Maduro. After Juan Guaidó failed to replace Maduro as president, Sabatini said "The current strategy on Venezuela hasn't worked, so we have to try something else. The Guaidó government was a failure but it did provide a rallying point which no longer exists".

Recent reports
In 2015, several reports were published by Chatham House, including Nigeria's Booming Borders: The Drivers and Consequences of Unrecorded Trade, which urges formalising trade and driving more sustainable and less volatile growth; Changing Climate, Changing Diets: Pathways to Lower Meat Consumption examines a reduction in global meat consumption as critical to keeping global warming below the "danger level" of two degrees Celsius; Heat, Light and Power for Refugees: Saving Lives, Reducing Costs examines the reasons why energy provision to displaced people undermines the fundamental humanitarian aims of assistance; and Towards a New Global Business Model for Antibiotics: Delinking Revenues from Sales argued for revenues for pharmaceutical companies to be de-linked from sales of antibiotics to avoid their over-use and avert a public health crisis.

In 2016, Chatham House published Elite Perceptions of the United States in Latin America and the Post-Soviet States, examining how elites in Latin America and the former Soviet Union view the United States, and providing recommendations on how the US could adjust its policies based on these perceptions.

2017 reports included The Struggle for Ukraine, an exploration of how, four years after its Euromaidan revolution, of Ukraine's fight for survival as an independent and viable state; and Chokepoints and Vulnerabilities in Global Food Trade advocates for policymakers to take immediate action to mitigate the risk of severe disruption at certain ports, maritime straits, and inland transport routes, which could have devastating knock-on effects for global food security; Collective Action on Corruption in Nigeria: A Social Norms Approach to Connecting Society and Institutions examines how anti-corruption efforts could be made significantly more effective through new ways of understanding why people engage in the practice; and America's International Role Under Donald Trump explores the impact of US President Donald Trump's personality and style—brash, unpredictable, contradictory and thin-skinned—on his engagement in foreign affairs.

Major reports in 2018 included Transatlantic Relations: Converging or Diverging? which argues that the longer-term fundamentals of the transatlantic relationship remain strong. as well as Making Concrete Change: Innovation in Low-carbon Cement and Concrete exploring why significant changes in how cement and concrete are produced and used are urgently needed to achieve deep cuts in emissions in line with the Paris Agreement on climate change, and Artificial Intelligence and International Affairs arguing the rise of AI must be better managed in the near term in order to mitigate longer term risks and to ensure that AI does not reinforce existing inequalities.

2019 saw three major reports produced. The UK and Japan makes the case that a stronger relationship could advance each country's ability to address shared global concerns. Conflict Economies in the Middle East and North Africa examines the common economic factors that continue to drive conflict in Iraq, Libya, Syria and Yemen. And Kazakhstan: Tested by Transition examines if the country can pursue modernisation and reform, and break from its authoritarian past.

In 2020 and 2021, there were reports on The Business Case for Investment in Nutrition claiming to be the first of its kind to reveal the hidden costs of malnutrition for business, and the extent to which these costs are recognised and addressed by multinational companies and Myths and misconceptions in the debate on Russia which aims to deconstruct sixteen of the most prevalent myths and misconceptions that shape contemporary Western thinking on Russia.

Officers
The chairman of the Council of Chatham House is Sir Nigel Sheinwald GCMG, and its director and CEO is Bronwen Maddox. Maddox took over in 2022 from Sir Robin Niblett, who had been director of Chatham House for 15 years.

Research directors are Tim Benton, Patricia Lewis, Creon Butler, and Alex Vines.

Chatham House has three presidents: Lord Darling of Roulanish, former Chancellor of the Exchequer, Baroness Manningham-Buller, a crossbench peer and former Director General of MI5, and Helen Clark, former prime minister of New Zealand.

Funding
During the 2020/2021 year, Chatham's largest donors were the MAVA Foundation which provided over £5,000,000 and the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, which provided over £1,000,000. The charitable organisation Robert Bosch Stiftung and the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs provided between £500,000 and £1,000,000 each.

In November 2022, the funding transparency website Who Funds You? gave the Chatham a C grade (rating goes from A to E).

Chatham House Prize
The Chatham House Prize is an annual award presented to "the person, persons, or organization deemed by members of Chatham House to have made the most significant contribution to the improvement of international relations in the previous year".

Distinctions
In November 2016, Chatham House was named Prospect magazine's Think-Tank of the Year, as well as the winner in the UK categories for International Affairs and Energy and Environment.

In the University of Pennsylvania's rankings for 2017, Chatham House was ranked the think tank of the year, and the second-most influential in the world after the Brookings Institution, and the world's most influential non-U.S. think tank.

title: Chatham House


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Yobidashi

A yobidashi (呼出 or 呼び出し), often translated in English as "usher", "ring attendant", or "ring announcer", is an employee of the Japan Sumo Association, responsible for various tasks essential to the traditional running of professional sumo tournaments in Japan. The are involved in building the  (wrestling ring) or calling wrestlers  to the ring when it is their turn to fight. They are also entrusted with other roles, both administrative and artistic, in the service of the stable to which they are attached.

Established during the Heian period, the role of was not codified until the Tenmei era. Nicknamed "sumo's workhorses" by former Takamiyama, the  are required to wear traditional clothing in public and are subject to a strict hierarchy in their organisation.

History
The status of did not appear until 1750. Before the appearance of this term to specifically designate the staff responsible for announcing the wrestlers, several different terms were used over time to designate the. During the Heian period, there was a role known as fushō (奏上), who was responsible for presenting the wrestlers to the emperor and the nobility who attended the matches. During the Edo period, the role became more codified, the staff responsible for calling the wrestlers inherited the name maegyōji (前行司), meaning 'preceding referees'. Later came the terms fure (触れ) and nanori (名乗り), both of which also mean 'to announce something', to refer more specifically to the personnel announcing the wrestlers. Since in earlier times the would sit down on their heels in the middle of the ring when the wrestlers arrived and call them by name, they inherited another name:, meaning 'squatting referees'.

Career and ranking
The maximum number of allowed in the Sumo Association is 45. As of April 2023, there are 45 within the Sumo Association.

are employees of the Japan Sumo Association, but like the wrestlers, they are affiliated with the stables. Like, new recruits can only begin their career under the age of 19 and must have completed compulsory education. Most enter at 15, and it is not uncommon for most to be wrestlers who have not managed to break through but are keen to stay in professional sumo. They then work up a career ladder roughly based on the ranking system for wrestlers until their retirement at 65. The current ranking system was created in July 1993 and consists of the following nine ranks:

 * tate-yobidashi (立呼出)
 * fuku-tate-yobidashi (副立呼出)
 * san'yaku-yobidashi (三役呼出)
 * makuuchi-yobidashi (幕内呼出)
 * jūryō-yobidashi (十両呼出)
 * makushita-yobidashi (幕下呼出)
 * sandanme-yobidashi (三段目呼出)
 * jonidan-yobidashi (序二段呼出)
 * jonokuchi-yobidashi (序ノ口呼出)

Promotion through these ranks is based primarily on experience, although ability is also taken into account, particularly in promotions to the top ranks. Junior however undergo six months of theoretical training in one of the Kokugikan's training rooms under the tutelage of their seniors. It takes around 15 years for a to be promoted from the bottom of the hierarchy to the rank of. The are promoted only after 30 years of service. are not generally promoted until they have 45 to 50 years of experience. Most of these ranks clearly follow those for the ranking of, or wrestlers, with the exception of the and  ranks, which stand for chief and deputy chief, respectively. This system is identical to that applied for. Prior to July 1993, were simply ranked first-class, second-class and so on.

While a earns between 360,000 and 400,000 yen ($2,513, or €2,313 as of November 2023), the average Japanese salary for a salaryman, a young apprentice earns just 14,000 yen ($97, or €89 in November 2023) a month. In the past, lived on tips alone. In the same way that low-ranking wrestlers are deprived of certain freedoms, junior are also forbidden to live anywhere other than in their stable and are not allowed to marry while -ranked  are allowed these liberties and have a  assigned to them. The tasks that are undue to a depend on his rank, although all  are versatile, with the highest ranks appearing at the end of the day and performing tasks that put them in the public eye.

Since October 2019 the position has been vacant after the incumbent, Takuro, from Kasugano stable, was suspended for two tournaments and announced his retirement for hitting a junior  over the head after he caught him eating in the customer seating area on. In September 2023, however, it was announced that Jirō (also from Kasugano stable), would be promoted by two ranks to become from December 25 of the same year, when the banzuke for the January 2024 tournament will be released. On the same date, the role–vacant since November 2015–will be taken up by Katsuyuki from Shibatayama stable.

Responsibilities
During the tournament, are by far the busiest workers, staying for the whole of the fighting days, staying on site from 7:30am to 6pm. These tasks begin before the official opening of the tournaments with the construction of the  (sumo ring).

Building the ring
Construction begins five days before the first day of the tournament. 40 tonnes of a special clay, called Arakida, collected in the town of Kawagoe (Saitama Prefecture) are needed for its construction and the use small trucks to transport the materials. As well as building the ring, the are also responsible for the facing of the  (the suspended roof above the ). Supervision of the construction does not necessarily fall to the. Depending on their skills, a may also supervise the construction of the ring. During (tours), not all  are present, and it is not uncommon for local volunteers to help with  construction.

Calling the wrestlers
The 's most emblematic task is to call the wrestlers into the ring for their match of the day. Dressed traditionally and holding a simple white fan, they call the wrestlers by their, or ring-name, in a high-pitched and melodious way. The use of a fan was originally intended to prevent droplets of saliva from soiling the sacred surface of the. Because of the large number of wrestlers in the divisions, the who enter the ring are notoriously using cheat sheets so as not to make any mistakes in public. On even-numbered days, the call is made from the east, then the west, and on odd-numbered days the call is made in the other way round.

Other tasks
Another recognisable task of the is parading the  (advertising) banners around the ring before particular match-ups between popular wrestlers, which are often sponsored by companies. The are responsible for banging the  drum at different times of the day. Originally, these different times were used to convey different messages to spectators outside the arena. The first drum sound is the ichiban-daiko (一番太鼓), played during the 15 days of the tournaments, for 30 minutes from 8am to announce the opening of a day of matches. At the end of the day, immediately after the (bow-twirling) ceremony, the hane-daiko (跳ね太鼓) is played to invite spectators leaving the arena to disperse. Before the Second World War, the took part in the tours separately and by  (clan), therefore the method used to beat the drum was different and these variations are traditionally preserved today, even if all  now take part in the tours equally. High-ranking finally accompany -ranked wrestlers in their  ring-entering ceremonies by sounding their, an instrument consisting of two pieces of cherry wood tied together with a cord.

Other tasks on match days include: sweeping the ring, providing purification salt, handing towels to wrestlers, displaying banners showing that a match has been decided by default (usually due to a competitor's withdrawal), or subject to a rematch after the next two bouts, and ensuring that, during a bout, no wrestler injures himself on the bucket of (power water) situated at each east and west side of the ring. The are also responsible for bringing the thick cushions of the -ranked wrestlers to the ring, which are handed to them by the  (assistant) who come out of the changing rooms. Junior also help senior  during the  ceremony. Less publicly, also take care of many small requests made by the Sumo Association executives on judging duty or guard duty in the corridors, such as fetching drinks or cigarettes.

Nevertheless, the responsibility for is not simply confined to tournament days. As, like wrestlers, belong to the stables, they are also entrusted with tasks by their stablemasters, such as running errands or keeping track of wrestlers' progress during training sessions. When a stable goes on tour in the odd-numbered months, the are also responsible for making the necessary arrangements to reserve accommodation for the masters and wrestlers. When a stable's (training area) needs rebuilding,  from the same, to which the stable belongs, take charge of the construction.

It is also traditional for to write folk songs, called, based on sumo life.

Ring names
take a single name as their ring name, unlike both the wrestlers and  who have both a surname and given name. This may be related to the practice of the Edo period in Japan whereby only samurai-class persons could hold a surname. The wrestlers (involved in a martial activity) and (who were lettered) could be construed as having positions consistent with a samurai status, while the  did not. As in most traditional Japanese activities, the professional name of the is sometimes derived from the name of the master who taught them, borrowing a kanji from the master's name.

As from July 1993 the upper ranked also have their names automatically included on the, the ranking sheet produced prior to each. With the exception of a period around the Kansei era to Bunsei era, only the had traditionally been included on the  alongside the wrestlers and their training masters, or.

Uniform
The outfit worn by the is loosely based on an old style Japanese workman's outfit, with tatsuke-bakama (裁着袴), working trousers, and  socks. The kimono worn by the often displays sponsors' names in black characters and logo. As there are currently eight main sponsors of the Sumo Association, each has eight different kimono which he wears during all 15 days of each basho. The costume is the same for senior and junior ranked and only the kimono worn on the torso varies in color and the names on the back. Since the kimono display the logos and names of the sponsors, it is often offered by them and the rarely choose the colors of their kimono. Their colors and designs, on the other hand, are often decided within an, but it can also be presented by  who have been promoted to  or  as a commemorative gift and the , or ring name, of the said wrestler can be seen at top of the back of the , in place of the name of the stable to which the  belongs, which is normally found there.

title: Yobidashi