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Single program, multiple data

In computing, single program, multiple data (SPMD) is a term that has been used to refer to computational models for exploiting parallelism where-by multiple processors cooperate in the execution of a program in order to obtain results faster.

The term SPMD was introduced in 1983 and was used to denote two different computational models:

 * 1) by Michel Auguin (University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis) and François Larbey (Thomson/Sintra),   as a “fork-and-join” and data-parallel approach where the parallel tasks (“single program”) are split-up and run simultaneously in lockstep on multiple SIMD processors with different inputs, and
 * 2) by Frederica Darema (IBM),   where “all (processors) processes  begin executing the same program... but through synchronization directives ... self-schedule themselves  to execute different instructions and act on different data”  and enabling MIMD parallelization of a given program, and is a more general approach than data-parallel and more efficient than the fork-and-join for parallel execution on general purpose multiprocessors.

The (IBM) SPMD is the most common style of parallel programming and can be considered a subcategory of MIMD in that it refers to MIMD execution of a given (“single”) program. It is also a prerequisite for research concepts such as active messages and distributed shared memory.

SPMD vs SIMD
In SPMD parallel execution, multiple autonomous processors simultaneously execute the same program at independent points, rather than in the lockstep that SIMD or SIMT imposes on different data. With SPMD, tasks can be executed on general purpose CPUs. In SIMD the same operation (instruction) is applied on multiple data to manipulate data streams (a version of SIMD is vector processing where the data are organized as vectors). Another class of processors, GPUs encompass multiple SIMD streams processing. Note that SPMD and SIMD are not mutually exclusive; SPMD parallel execution can include SIMD, or vector, or GPU sub-processing. SPMD has been used for parallel programming of both message passing and shared-memory machine architectures.

Distributed memory
On distributed memory computer architectures, SPMD implementations usually employ message passing programming. A distributed memory computer consists of a collection of interconnected, independent computers, called nodes. For parallel execution, each node starts its own program and communicates with other nodes by sending and receiving messages, calling send/receive routines for that purpose. Other parallelization directives such as Barrier synchronization  may also be implemented by messages. The messages can be sent by a number of communication mechanisms, such as TCP/IP over Ethernet, or specialized high-speed interconnects such as Myrinet and Supercomputer Interconnect. For distributed memory environments, serial sections of the program can be implemented by identical computation of the serial section on all nodes rather than computing the result on one node and sending it to the others, if that improves performance by reducing communication overhead.

Nowadays, the programmer is isolated from the details of the message passing by standard interfaces, such as PVM and MPI.

Distributed memory is the programming style used on parallel supercomputers from homegrown Beowulf clusters to the largest clusters on the Teragrid, as well as present GPU-based supercomputers.

Shared memory
On a shared memory machine (a computer with several interconnected CPUs that access the same memory space), the sharing can be implemented in the context of either physically shared memory or logically shared (but physically distributed) memory; in addition to the shared memory, the CPUs in the computer system can also include local (or private) memory. For either of these contexts, synchronization can be enabled with hardware enabled primitives (such as compare-and-swap, or fetch-and-add. For machines that do not have such hardware support, locks can be used and data can be “exchanged” across processors (or, more generally, processes or threads) by depositing the sharable data in a shared memory area. When the hardware does not support shared memory, packing the data as a “message” is often the most efficient way to program (logically) shared memory computers with large number of processors, where the physical memory is local to processors and accessing memory of another processor takes longer. SPMD on a shared memory machine can be implemented by standard processes (heavyweight) or threads (lightweight).

Shared memory multiprocessing (both symmetric multiprocessing, SMP, and non-uniform memory access, NUMA) presents the programmer with a common memory space and the possibility to parallelize execution. With the (IBM) SPMD model the cooperating processors (or processes) take different paths through the program, using parallel directives (parallelization and synchronization directives, which can utilize compare-and-swap and fetch-and-add operations on shared memory synchronization variables), and perform operations on data in the shared memory (“shared data”); the processors (or processes) can also have access and perform operations on data in their local memory (“private data”). In distinction, with fork-and-join approaches, the program starts executing on one processor and the execution splits in a parallel region, which is started when parallel directives are encountered; in a parallel region, the processors execute a parallel task on different data. A typical example is the parallel DO loop, where different processors work on separate parts of the arrays involved in the loop. At the end of the loop, execution is synchronized (with soft- or hard-barriers ), and processors (processes) continue to the next available section of the program to execute. The (IBM) SPMD has been implemented in the current standard interface for shared memory multiprocessing, OpenMP, which uses multithreading, usually implemented by lightweight processes, called threads.

Combination of levels of parallelism
Current computers allow exploiting many parallel modes at the same time for maximum combined effect. A distributed memory program using MPI may run on a collection of nodes. Each node may be a shared memory computer and execute in parallel on multiple CPUs using OpenMP. Within each CPU, SIMD vector instructions (usually generated automatically by the compiler) and superscalar instruction execution (usually handled transparently by the CPU itself), such as pipelining and the use of multiple parallel functional units, are used for maximum single CPU speed.

History
The acronym SPMD for “Single-Program Multiple-Data” has been used to describe two different computational models for exploiting parallel computing, and this is due to both terms being natural extensions of Flynn’s taxonomy. The two respective groups of researchers were unaware of each other’s use of the term SPMD to independently describe different models of parallel programming.

The term SPMD was proposed first in 1983 by Michel Auguin (University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis) and François Larbey (Thomson/Sintra) in the context of the OPSILA parallel computer and in the context of a fork-and-join and data parallel computational model approach. This computer consisted of a master (controller processor) and SIMD processors (or vector processor mode as proposed by Flynn). In Auguin’s SPMD model, the same (parallel) task (“same program”) is executed on different (SIMD) processors (“operating in lock-step mode” acting on a part (“slice”) of the data-vector. Specifically, in their 1985 paper (and similarly in  ) is stated: “we consider the SPMD (Single Program, Multiple Data) operating mode. This mode allows simultaneous execution of the same task (one per processor) but prevents data exchange between processors.  Data exchanges are only performed under SIMD mode by means of vector assignments.  We assume synchronizations are summed-up to switchings (sic) between SIMD and SPMD operatings (sic) modes using global fork-join primitives”).

Starting around the same timeframe (in late 1983 – early 1984), the SPMD term was proposed by Frederica Darema (at IBM at that time, and part of the RP3 group) to define  a different SMPD computational model that she proposed,  as a programming model which in the intervening years has been applied to a wide range of general-purpose high-performance computers (including RP3 - the 512-processor IBM Research Parallel Processor Prototype) and has led to the current parallel computing standards. The (IBM) SPMD programming model assumes a multiplicity of processors which operate cooperatively, all executing the same program but can take different paths through the program based on parallelization directives embedded in the program; and specifically as stated in   “all processes participating in the parallel computation are created at the beginning of the execution and remain in existence until the end”, (the processors/processes) “execute different instructions and act on different data”, “the job(work) to be done by each process is allocated dynamically”, that is the processes “self-schedule themselves to execute different instructions and act on different data”, thus self-assign themselves to cooperate in execution of serial and parallel tasks (as well as replicate tasks) in the program. The notion process was used as a generalization of the term processor in the sense that multiple processes can execute on a processor (to for example exploit larger degrees of parallelism for more efficiency and load-balancing). The (IBM) SPMD model was proposed by Darema as an approach different and more efficient than the fork-and-join that was pursued by all others in the community at that time; it is also more general than just “data-parallel” computational model and can encompass fork&join (as a subcategory implementation). The original context of the (IBM) SPMD was the RP3 computer (the 512-prosessor IBM Research Parallel Processor Prototype), which supported general purpose computing, with both distributed and (logically) shared memory. The (IBM) SPMD model was implemented by Darema and IBM colleagues into the EPEX (Environment for Parallel Execution), one of the first prototype programming environments. The effectiveness of the (IBM) SPMD was demonstrated for a wide class of applications, and in 1988 was implemented in the IBM FORTRAN, the first vendor-product in parallel programming; and in MPI (1991 and on),  OpenMP (1997 and on), and other environments which have adopted and cite the (IBM) SPMD Computational Model.

By the late 1980s, there were many distributed computers with proprietary message passing libraries. The first SPMD standard was PVM. The current de facto standard is MPI.

The Cray parallel directives were a direct predecessor of OpenMP.

title: Single program, multiple data


text: Category:Indian mathematicians

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Indian mathematicians


text:
Peter Cowie

Peter Cowie (born 24 December 1939) is a British film historian and author of more than thirty books on film. In 1963 he was the founder/publisher and general editor of the annual International Film Guide, a survey of worldwide film production, which he continued to edit for forty years.

Life and career
Educated at Charterhouse School, and an exhibitioner in history at Magdalene College, Cambridge, he began writing about film in 1960. He has contributed to many of the world's leading newspapers and periodicals, including The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Sunday Times (London), the Los Angeles Times, Le Monde, Expressen, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Sight and Sound, Variety and Film Comment.

His books include definitive surveys of the Scandinavian cinema, in particular the work of Swedish film director Ingmar Bergman. In fact, Cowie himself has said that he belongs to a generation whose life was changed by seeing The Seventh Seal.

In 1963 he published the first edition of International Film Guide which he continued to publish annually for 40 years. During the period 1963–1988, he published almost 100 books on film by various authors at The Tantivy Press in London, including classics like Robin Wood's Hitchcock's Films. He also launched annual publications on sport (International Cycling Guide, International Running Guide), classical music (International Music Guide), television (International TV and Video Guide) and the Nordic area (The Scandinavian Guide).

Other aspects of his work in the area of Scandinavian cinema include his service on the "Quality Awards" Jury of the Swedish Film Institute for 11 years from the 1970s where he was its only non-Nordic member. In 1989 he was decorated by King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden with the Royal Order of the Polar Star for his services to Swedish culture. During the 1980s he spent several years in Finland, and since 1983 was the director of the Nordic Film Festival in Hanasaari, Helsinki. Cowie has been on various juries, at the Cannes, Venice, Berlin, and Tampere festivals.

In 1989 he joined Variety and served as the international publishing director until 2000. After he joined, International Film Guide was published as Variety International Film Guide until 2006. In 1999, he edited The Variety Insider with detailed information on the year in entertainment as well as historical information.

He is also interested in the work of American film directors as different as Francis Ford Coppola, Orson Welles, and John Ford. The Godfather Book (Faber, London, 1997) examined Coppola's trilogy of films, and after a visit to Monument Valley in Utah, he wrote an analysis of Ford's films which were shot there, John Ford and the American West (Abrams, New York, 2004), examining the importance of the location and the influences of 19th Century American painting.

He has provided more than a dozen voice-over audio commentaries for DVD versions of classic films which form part of The Criterion Collection. Many of these commentaries are for the films of Bergman. In 2018 he served as Consultant on Criterion's 39-film box-set entitled Ingmar Bergman's Cinema.

He is a sometime visiting professor in film studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Between 2003 and 2020 he was a special consultant to the Berlin International Film Festival, working with Berlinale Talents. He has moderated panels and symposia at the Venice International Film Festival, and also on behalf of the European Film Academy. In 2016, he moderated on-stage conversations with Sir Alan Parker, Jaco van Dermal, and Michael Roskam for the MEDIA Program's 25th anniversary celebrations in Brussels.

From 2004 to 2006, he was a member of the executive board at The European Film College in Ebeltoft, Denmark. In November 2006, to coincide with the centenary of the actress Louise Brooks, Cowie's Louise Brooks: Lulu Forever was published in Germany and the United States. In 2008, Cowie co-edited Projections: The European Film Academy (Faber, London), and was a contributing editor to the Taschen volume, The Ingmar Bergman Archives. His most recent work includes Joan Crawford, the Enduring Star (Rizzoli, New York 2009), and Akira Kurosawa, Master of Cinema (Rizzoli, New York, 2010). Also in 2010, he wrote a concise history of the Berlin International Film Festival (published by Bertz und Fischer, Berlin).

In 2017, Cowie was a producer of the Criterion Collection's largest-ever boxed set of DVDs/Blu-rays -- "100 Years of Olympic Films 1912-2012", and contributed a book-length study of the more than fifty documentaries on the Olympics.

Selected publications

 * Cowie, Peter, Ingmar Bergman: A Critical Biography, New York: Scribers, 1982
 * Cowie, Peter, The Godfather Book, London: Faber and Faber, 1997
 * Cowie, Peter, The Apocalypse Now Book, New York: Da Capo Press, 2001
 * Cowie, Peter, John Ford and the American West, Harry Abrams Inc., New York, 2004 ISBN 0-8109-4976-8
 * Cowie, Peter, Revolution: The Explosion of World Cinema in the Sixties, New York: Faber and Faber, 2004
 * Cowie, Peter, Louise Brooks: Lulu Forever, New York: Rizzoli, 2006
 * Cowie, Peter, The Godfather: The Official Motion Picture Archives, 2012
 * Cowie, Peter, Happy 75°: A Brief Introduction to the History of the International Film Festival [of Venice], Venezia: La Biennale di Venezia, 2018
 * Cowie, Peter, Japanese Cinema. A Personal Journey, Berkeley CA, Stone Bridge Press, 2022
 * Cowie, Peter, Akira Kurosawa: Master of Cinema, New York, Rizzoli, 2010
 * Cowie, Peter, God and the Devil, The Life and Work of Ingmar Bergman, London, Faber and Faber, 2023

Audio commentaries
Cowie has provided audio commentaries for the following films in The Criterion Collection:

 * Autumn Sonata
 * Casque d'or
 * Diary of a Country Priest
 * Fanny and Alexander
 * Grand Illusion

 * Hiroshima mon amour
 * The Leopard
 * The Magician
 * Salvatore Giuliano
 * Sawdust and Tinsel

 * The Seventh Seal
 * Tokyo Olympiad
 * Wild Strawberries
 * Winter Light
 * Z

title: Peter Cowie


text:
Natalie MacMaster

Natalie MacMaster (born June 13, 1972) is a Canadian fiddler from Troy, Inverness County, Nova Scotia, who plays Cape Breton fiddle music. She has toured with the Chieftains, Faith Hill, Carlos Santana and Alison Krauss, and has recorded with Yo-Yo Ma. She has appeared at the Celtic Colours festival in Cape Breton, Celtic Connections in Scotland and MerleFest in the United States.

Background
MacMaster is the daughter of Alex and Minnie (née Beaton) MacMaster and the sister of Kevin and David MacMaster. She is the niece of the late renowned Cape Breton fiddler Buddy MacMaster and the cousin of two other fiddlers, Ashley MacIsaac and Andrea Beaton. She is also distantly related to Jack White.

In 2002, she married the fiddler Donnell Leahy of the Leahy family band, and moved to Lakefield, Ontario. They have seven children, and have performed and recorded together as a duo, and occasionally include their children, who also play fiddle, in their performances.

Musical career
MacMaster began playing the fiddle at the age of nine, and made her performing debut the same year at a square dance in Glencoe Mills, Nova Scotia. When she was 16, she released her first album, Four on the Floor, and a second album, Road to the Isle, followed in 1991. Her first album was self-produced, while her second was co-produced by John Morris Rankin (The Rankin Family) and Tom O'Keefe. Both albums were initially released only on cassette, but Rounder Records omitted a few tracks and re-released them as A Compilation in 1998. In 1999, she performed at the Juno Awards show in Hamilton.

In recent years she has expanded her musical repertoire, mixing her Cape Breton roots with music from Scotland and Ireland, as well as American bluegrass.

In 2004, MacMaster appeared on Sharon, Lois & Bram's 25th Anniversary Concert special titled 25 Years of Skinnamarink that was broadcast on CBC on January 1, 2004, at 7:00pm. She performed two songs with the trio, "C-H-I-C-K-E-N" and "Grandpa's Farm".

Awards
MacMaster has received a number of Canadian music awards, including several "Artist of the Year" awards from the East Coast Music Association, two Juno Awards for best instrumental album, and "Fiddler of the Year" from the Canadian Country Music Association. She was also awarded an honorary doctorate from Niagara University in New York in 2006. In 2006, she was made a member of the Order of Canada and, in 2020, she was made a member of the Order of Nova Scotia. In 2023, she was inducted into the Canadian Fiddle Hall of Honour at the 2023 Canadian Grand Masters event in Truro, Nova Scotia.

Other appearances

 * Traditional Music From Cape Breton Island, Nimbus NI5383, 1993 (two tracks)
 * Celtic Colours – The Road Home, 1997 (one track)
 * Celtic Colours – The Second Wave, 1998 (one track)
 * Celtic Colours – Forgotten Roots, 1999 (one track)
 * Roots Music: An American Journey, Rounder 0501, 2001 (one track)
 * Songs for the Savoy, 2001 (one track)
 * Celtic Colours — The Colours of Cape Breton, 2002 (one track)
 * Celtic Colours — Volume VII, 2003 (one track)
 * The Rough Guide to the Music of Canada, 2005 (one track)
 * ''Yo-Yo Ma & Friends: Songs of Joy and Peace; Songs:A Christmas Jig/Mouth of the Tobique Reel; 2008 (Sony BMG)
 * Thomas Dolby: Amerikana EP, Songs:Toad Lickers and 17 Hills, 2010 (Lost Toy People, Inc)

title: Natalie MacMaster


text:
2004 presidential election

2004 presidential election may refer to:
 * 2004 Afghan presidential election
 * 2004 Algerian presidential election
 * 2004 Austrian presidential election
 * 2004 Dominican Republic presidential election
 * 2004 Georgia presidential election
 * 2004 Icelandic presidential election
 * 2004 Indonesian presidential election
 * 2004 Irish presidential election
 * 2004 Macedonian presidential election
 * 2004 Panamanian election
 * 2004 Philippine general election
 * 2004 Taiwan (Republic of China) presidential election
 * 2004 Russian presidential election
 * 2004 Salvadoran presidential election
 * 2004 Serbian presidential elections
 * 2004 Ukrainian presidential election
 * 2004 United States presidential election

title: 2004 presidential election


text: Category:Visual arts

title: Category:Visual arts


text:
Naucalpan

Naucalpan, officially Naucalpan de Juárez, is one of 125 municipalities located just northwest of Mexico City in the adjoining State of Mexico. The municipal seat is the city of Naucalpan de Juárez, which extends into the neighboring municipality of Huixquilucan.

The name Naucalpan comes from Nahuatl and means "place of the four neighborhoods" or "four houses." Juárez was added to the official name in 1874 in honor of Benito Juárez. The history of the area begins with the Tlatilica who settled on the edges of the Hondo River between 1700 and 600 B.C.E., but it was the Mexica who gave it its current name when they dominated it from the 15th century until the Spanish conquest of the Mexica Empire. Naucalpan claims to be the area where Hernán Cortés rested on the "Noche Triste" as they fled Tenochtitlan in 1520, but this is disputed. It is the home of the Virgin of Los Remedios, a small image of the Virgin Mary which is strongly associated with the Conquest and is said to have been left here.

Today, the city of Naucalpan is actually larger than the municipality itself, with part of it extending into neighboring Huixquilucan Municipality, although there are other towns in within the municipality of Naucalpan which are outside the city of Naucalpan. It is a major center of industry in Mexico. It is, however, best known as the location of Ciudad Satélite, a development from the 1960s and the site of the Toreo de Cuatro Caminos bullring, which was demolished in the 2010s to build the Toreo Parque Central mixed-use development. The only unurbanized areas of the municipality are the Los Remedios National Park and a number of ejidos, but the lack of housing has put serious pressure on these areas.

History
The Valley of Mexico, of which Naucalpan is a part, has been inhabited by humans for over 20,000 years. The history of Naucalpan begins with a group called the Tlatilca who settled on the edges of the Hondo River between 1700 and 600 BCE, in what is now modern Nacaulpan, Totolinga and Los Cuartos. During the Preclassic period (1400 to 1300 BCE) a group of Olmecs arrived and had significant influence on the dominion of Tlatilca. Later, Tlatilca was also heavily influenced by the Teotihuacan civilization. Between 1000 and 1200 CE the Chichimecas conquered the Tlatlica and deposed their monarchy. The Pyramid del Conde was built during this time, located in what is now the El Conde neighborhood. Later in the pre-Hispanic period, the area was governed by Tlacopan (Tacuba) and became ethnically dominated by the Otomi. Starting from 1428, the area was under the dominion of Tepanece de Atzcapotzalco, which was later conquered by the Aztec Triple Alliance, who gave it the name of Naucalpan. On 30 June 1520, Hernán Cortés fled Tenochtitlan toward what is now Naucalpan. According to legend, he wept under a Montezuma Cypress tree, which is believed by some to be located at the foot of the Otocampulco Mountain here. This is called the "Noche Triste" or "Night of Sorrows". There is dispute as to whether this tree is located here or in Popotla. Another legend states that during the flight of the Spanish, an image of the Virgin Mary was left under a maguey plant, where the Sanctuary of Los Remedios is today.

In 1521, the fall of Tenochtitlan brought the area under Spanish control. Hernán Cortés conceded governorship of this area to Isabel Moctezuma and Alonso de Grado, naming it San Bartholome Naucalpan. Evangelization of the native peoples was carried out by the Franciscans who built the monastery of San Gabriel de Tacuba and a number of historic churches such as the Church of San Francisco de Assisi, Church of the Inmaculada Concepcion and the Church of Los Remedios. In 1574, the Temple of San Bartolome Naucalpan was built, with the towers constructed later in 1629. The area was important in colonial times for the mining of building stone, sand and gravel which was used for many constructions in Mexico City including the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral and the National Palace.

In 1810, the Virgin of the Remedios was brought here from the Mexico City Cathedral, dressed as a general. She was proclaimed as a patroness of Spain and the "guardian of the Spanish Army." Locally, she was called a "gachupina" (slang word for Spaniard). She eventually became the patroness of Naucalpan, with 450th anniversary of her finding celebrated in 1990. Her sanctuary was built in 1875.

In 1821, brothers Joaquin and Bernardo Miramín founded the newspaper "Diario Militar." One of the writers for this paper was José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, popularly known as "El Pensador Mexicano" (The Mexican Thinker). The town remained a dependency of Tlalnepantla for much of the 19th century even though it had become an independent municipality in 1826. Industrialization began here with the founding of the Hilados and Tejidos de Rio Hondo factory, inaugurated by Benito Juarez in 1869. In 1899, the territory of Santa Cruz del Monte was added to the municipality. During the Mexican Revolution, Zapatista leaders Rafael Carrillo and Roman Diaz operated in the nearby Chimalpa mountains against federal forces.

The Toreo de Cuatro Caminos was inaugurated in 1947. It was the icon of the city for many years, as well as the symbol of Naucalpan's Metro station, Cuatro Caminos. The building was torn down in 2009 to make way for a commercial complex.

Naucalpan was officially declared a city in 1957, and the founding of Ciudad Satélite occurred in the same year. The project was completed in 1963. Its five signature towers were designed by Luis Barragán and Matias Goeritz. By 1975, Naucalpan had become one of the most industrialized cities in Mexico.

The city
The city of Naucalpan extends into neighboring Huixquilucan Municipality. At the 2010 census its total population was 913,681 inhabitants, with 792,211 of these in Naucalpan Municipality and 121,470 in Huixquilucan Municipality. Since cities, or localities, have no separate government, the two parts are governed from their respective municipalities. Within Naucalpan Municipality only the Los Remedios National Park and several ejidos remaining mostly unurbanized. Over 95% of the municipality's population lives in the city proper. The municipality consists of 119 neighborhoods in the city proper, 18 small villages, 71 residential developments and two rural housing developments. Because of the growth of its industry, Naucalpan is one of the most important municipalities in the country. Products manufactured here include foodstuffs, drinks, tobacco, clothing and textiles, wood products and paper, metals and chemicals. Industrial parks include Alce Blanco, Atoto, Industrial Naucalpan, La Perla and Tlatilco.

The municipality is part of Greater Mexico City and in the Valley of Mexico, sharing the air quality and other environmental problems that are prevalent in this region. Naucalpan already participates in the "Hoy No Circula" program, which restricts the use of private automobiles in Mexico City and some adjoining areas during the week and is considering extending restrictions to Saturdays as well. Its subsoil is considered to be gravely polluted, mostly due to the Bordo Poniento landfill and the sinking of the subsoil due to the over pumping of groundwater and the dumping of untreated wastewater. In addition, many small businesses such as brick making operations, public restrooms and restaurants flagrantly violate sanitation and environmental laws. However, automobiles account for 70% of the air pollution. Stronger environmental regulations have been enacted and enforced, but this has led to the abandonment of the municipality by larger industries who have relocated to the north and west. Over 200 companies have relocated from here and neighboring municipalities Tlalnepantla and Ecatepec. Industries which have left Naucalpan include metals, cement, glass-works and others that use a large quantity of energy. About twenty percent of manufacturing facilities have closed their doors and six industrial parks are empty. In addition to environmental regulation, other actors behind this rising land and rental prices, economic slowdown and competition from Asia. Several major roadways pass through the city and municipality, which connect the Mexico City area to parts north and west, as well as other parts of the metropolitan area. The northern section of the Anillo Periférico passes through Ciudad Satélite. There have been plans to add a second level to this roadway, but local residents have been working against it. One of the concerns is that the new roadway will damage the nearby Torres de Satélite. The recently built Viaducto Bicentenario highway, linking Mexico City with western Mexico State passes through Naucalpan and was the first section to begin operations. This section connects the Lomas Verdes section with Cuatro Caminos at the border of Mexico City. The construction of these roadways is projected to make changes in the urban landscape of the city, attracting projects such as office buildings and commercial centers. A number of projects are already in the works. The goal is to build areas here similar to Santa Fe and Interlomas. Naucalpan is strongly dependent on cars and other motorized transportation. Efforts have been made to promote bicycle use such as bike paths and free bicycle loans, but they have not been successful.

One of the best-known areas of Naucalpan is Ciudad Satélite with its signature Torres de Satélite sculpture. Ciudad Satélite was one of a number of large scale projects undertaken by the federal government in the Mexico City area in the 1950s and 1960s, along with the Conjunto Habitacional de Tlaltelolco and the Ciudad Universitaria. From the late 1940s to early 1950s, Mexico City began to grow towards the northern limits of the Federal District, and compelling urbanization into adjoining Mexico State. One of the projects conceived for the suburban zone of Naucalpan was a development called Ciudad Satélite. The project was headed by architect Luis Barragán in 1958 and financially backed the Banco Internacional Hipotecario. The city's design and coordination was supervised by architect Mario Pani. It was designed to be a suburban community with a "green corridor" (highway lined by parks) connecting it to Mexico City proper. Attractive land prices created a boom market soon after the first units were sold in the mid 1960s, and over the next ten years, the green corridor disappeared. In addition to being a major bedroom community, it has been a major shopping district since the opening of the Centro Comercial Satélite in 1962.

The Torres de Satélite were constructed by architects Luis Barragan and Matias Goeritz with the collaboration of painter Jesús Reyes Ferreira in the mid 20th century. The five sculptures form prisms that range in height from 30 to 52 m. They are located in the traffic circle of one of the busiest roads in the State of Mexico. They were constructed to be symbols of the vanguard of world class design in Mexico and as a "welcome" of the expansion of Greater Mexico City to Naucalpan. The Torres de Satélite have been catalogued by UNESCO as architectural heritage. The second best-known landmark in Naucalpan was recently demolished. The Toreo de Cuatro Caminos (lit. the Bullring of the Four Roads) was built in the 1940s in what was a hacienda. Over the years, the city built up and the area around the bullring became a major local transportation hub. The northwest end of the Mexico City Metro Line 2 ends here, at a large bus station which is only a couple of blocks from the Toreo. At the Toreo itself, fifteen local bus routes as well as buses to Toluca and other points west converge here. These buses clog the surrounding streets of Ingenieros Militares, Rodolfo Gaona and San Mateo. The domed roof of this bullring was a symbol of the city for many years, but in 2009, the demolition of this building began to make way for a commercial complex. Most of the bus routes have been relocated for the demolition and reconstruction, and a bus terminal is being considered for the area. Despite the loss of the building, the symbol of Metro Cuatro Caminos will remain a depiction of the dome. In addition to Ciudad Satélite and the Toreo, other attractions here include the Cerro Moctezuma, the Villa Alpina, the Conde y Tlatilco Pyramid, a Mexica shrine in the city center and the Museum of Naucalpan. Historic structures from the colonial period include the Caracoles, the Aqueduct, the Bridge of Santa Cruz, the arches of the Sanctuary of Los Remedos, the Parish of San Luis Tlatilco. In the city center is the Museum of the Tlatilca Culture. Arena Naucalpan is a major arena in Naucalpan, Estado de México. It's long been a home for lucha libre, and is currently the central arena of IWRG. The arena hosts a lucha libre show each Thursday and Sunday. The Naucalli Park occupies an area of forty three hectares and is a major natural area filled with trees and other vegetation. It also contains recreational and sporting facilities such as skating rinks, bike paths, playgrounds (naucalli) and the Casa de Cultura Naucalli. The Symphony Band of Naucalpan regularly plays here at its own concert hall.

The city hosts the campuses of a number of institutions of higher education. The Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades Plantel Naucalpan is a technical college associated with UNAM. It was opened in 1971 as part of the decentralization of UNAM's activities. Most of the majors are related to science and technology. Other educational institutions which have facilities in Naucalpan include the Universidad Nuevo Mundo; Universidad de Norteamérica, the Colegio en Alta Dirreción Empresarial, and the Universidad del Valle de Mexico. The Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México has plans to build a campus here in 2010 as part of its expansion efforts.

On Pafununcio Padilla there are two five-story buildings which are locally called "Los Esqueletos" or The Skeletons. These are two buildings which have been abandoned for thirty five years when their owner died intestate during construction. Since then they have had problems with indigents and vandalism, causing fear in neighbors. By law, the buildings pass on to the owner's sons, but they have never done the paperwork to claim them.

The Virgin of Los Remedios
The patroness of the city and municipality of Naucalpan is the Virgin of Los Remedios. She is a small image of the Virgin Mary, measuring 27 cm in height. This image is strongly linked with the Spanish Conquest, especially the episode known as the "Noche Triste" or Night of Sorrows. It is said he led his men to an indigenous religious sanctuary to escape the Aztecs, stopping here on their way to Otumba. According to legend, one of Cortés’ soldiers, Gonzalo Rodríguez de Villafuerte, was carrying a small image of the Virgin Mary and hid her under one of the maguey plants in order to retrieve and pay homage to her later if he survived. During a later battle in this area, the Spanish reported seeing a young girl throwing dirt into the eyes of the Aztecs to help the Spanish. Another legend states that this image appeared at the Cerro de los Pajaros, where a chapel was built in 1574, which later was expanded in 1628 with a vaulted roof and cupola. Being connected with the Conquest, this image of the Virgin is considered to be "Spanish" and a patroness to them and to the indigenous who adopt Spanish ways. She is considered one of the Virgins who correlate with the four cardinal directions (in her case, the west), along with the Virgins of Tepeyac, of Piedad and de la Bala.

Despite her importance to the area, this image was kept at the Mexico City Cathedral until 1810. In that year, she was moved to her sanctuary in Naucalpan, dressed as a general. She was proclaimed as a patroness of Spain and the "guardian of the Spanish Army." The purpose of this was to counter Miguel Hidalgo's use of the Virgin of Guadalupe as a symbol of his independence movement.

This image was center of one of the first annual processions to be held in Mexico, which went from the Church of Santa Veracruz in Mexico City to her home sanctuary in Naucalpan. Her feast day is still celebrated on September 1, On this day, the sanctuary is profusely decorated with white flowers, which includes a carpet of flower petals in the San Miguel Arcangel esplanade. This sanctuary is not located in the city proper, but in the mountainous western part of the municipality where the Los Remedios National Park stands. Her feast day is celebrated with dances knowns as "Los Apaches," "Los Moros," "Chichimecas" and "Pastorcitas". The 450th anniversary was celebrated in 1990.

The municipality

The part of the city that lies within Naucalpan Municipality is nearly co-extensive with the municipality, with only the Los Remedios National Park and several ejidos remaining mostly unurbanized. The municipality consists of 233 neighborhoods in the city proper, 18 small villages, 71 residential developments and two rural housing developments. Together, these localities cover an extension of 149.86km2. The municipality is located in the Valley of Mexico, just northeast of Mexico City and northwest of Mexico State capital of Toluca. The municipality borders the municipalities of Atizapan de Zaragoza, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Jilotzingo, Huixquilucan de Degollado, Xonacatlán and Lerma with the Mexico City Federal District to the east and southeast.

The highest peaks are the Organo and La Malinche mountains at 3,650 m above sea level. Other notable elevations include la Cantera, El Cedral, San Joselito, La Plantación and Peña del Rayo. The main rivers through the area include the Totolina, San Lorenzo and Los Remedios. Water supply for the municipality is supplemented by 28 deep wells, and an aqueduct that brings water from the Lerma River. It has a temperate climate with a rainy season in the summer and early fall. Freezing temperatures occur between November and February, but the last significant snowfall occurred in 1967. Vegetation outside the city proper consists of conifers and oaks, with orchards of fruit trees such as plums, apples and pears. Most wildlife consists of small mammals such as squirrels and opossums along with small reptiles and birds. However, deforestation is a major problem. There are eight ejidos, five of which are dedicated to agriculture and the rest to other activities. Agricultural production includes animal feed, barley, beans, corn, wheat, avocados, peaches and cactus fruit. Livestock includes cattle, pigs, sheep and domestic fowl. There is also some trout farming. Building stone, sand and gravel are still mined here. However, the overwhelming majority of the municipality's economic activity is the industry and commerce in the city proper.

The major un-urbanized area of the municipality is the Los Remedios National Park, located in the far west. This park was established by decrees in 1938 by the federal government with an area of 400 hectares. Within its borders is the Sanctuary of the Virgin of Los Remedios, a colonial era aqueduct and a pre-Hispanic archeological zone with a Chichimeca temple. All of these are located in and around the mountain called Cerro Moctezuma. The site was an Aztec observatory and is also believed to be where Cortés and his men rested after fleeing Tenochtitlan.

The aqueduct is 500 m long and consists of fifty arches which measure 16 m high and extend 1.7 m into the ground. The first stage was built in 1616 under viceroy Diego Fernandez de Cordoba with the objective of bringing water to the Sanctuary of Los Remedios from a spring at the village of San Francisco Chimalpa. This water was also used to irrigate fields in the villages of San Bartolomé, Santa Maria Nativitas and Santa Cruz. The aqueduct is mostly of clay pipes with two large spiral towers to release air. These towers flank the Sanctuary of the Virgin of Los Remedios and are nicknamed "caracoles" (snails) By 1764, the amount of water this system delivered was no longer enough and viceroy Joaquín de Monserrat had the arched system built, which was finished in 1765. Eventually, this system could not deliver water and became simply an architectural monument.

Seventy five percent of the original surface of the park now has illegal settlements, including settlements which have been authorized by local authorities. While these settlements can be confiscated and destroyed under federal law, this has not happened. The federal environmental agency Profepa has received complaints about the most recent invasions into the park area, which as felled dozens of trees. The agency has responded with inspections of plans by a developer to build two subdivisions near the colonial era aqueduct to verify if the land is private or public. One reason for this is that the park lacks conservation plans, fences and other means to fend off development efforts. The illegal settlements and development have also affected adjoining ejido land that adjoin the park. This and the fact that housing is now starting to encroach the archeological zone has prompted the involvement of INAH and the organization of neighboring communities to protest.

Towns and villages

The largest localities (cities, towns, and villages) are:

Economy
Naucalpan is one of the most powerful municipalities in the country; in the area next to Mexico City there's many little and medium-sized businesses; such as pharmaceutical labs, spare parts businesses and chemical products and textile manufacturing factories.

The commercial and services sector is important, in the last 40 years it's grown. Its thrive begun with the opening of the Plaza Satélite mall in 1971. In 2007 another mall was built: La Cúspide Sky Mall.

According to the Reyes-Barreto-Rodríguez (2007) study of the wealth distribution in the State of Mexico, Naucalpan de Juárez in the year 2000 generated enough wealth to cover the necessities of their citizens twice, in contrast to other municipalities that only create one third of the needs of their citizens in a year. Naucalpan and its neighbor Ecatepec host the 19% of the population of the State of Mexico and both produce a bit more than 22% of the income of the state.

Climate
Subtropical highland variety of the oceanic climate exists in elevated portions of the world that are within either the tropics or subtropics, though it is typically found in mountainous locations in some tropical countries. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cwb" (oceanic subtropical highland climate).

Education
International schools include:
 * Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt Campus Norte/Campus Nord (formerly Campus Lomas Verdes)
 * Greengates School
 * British American School

Other schools:
 * Irish Institute (Instituto Irlandés)
 * Escuela Sierra Nevada San Mateo Campus
 * Colegio Cristóbal Colón
 * Colegio Miraflores
 * Academia Maddox
 * Justo Sierra Plantel San Mateo

Colleges and universities:
 * School of High Studies (FES) Acatlán (Facultad de Estudios Superiores Acatlán) National Autonomous University of Mexico
 * College of Science and Humanities Naucalpan campus (Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades plantel Naucalpan) National Autonomous University of Mexico

title: Naucalpan


text:
Complex polygon

The term complex polygon can mean two different things:

 * In geometry, a polygon in the unitary plane, which has two complex dimensions.
 * In computer graphics, a polygon whose boundary is not simple.

Geometry
In geometry, a complex polygon is a polygon in the complex Hilbert plane, which has two complex dimensions.

A complex number may be represented in the form $$(a + ib)$$, where $$a$$ and $$b$$ are real numbers, and $$i$$ is the square root of $$-1$$. Multiples of $$i$$ such as $$ib$$ are called imaginary numbers. A complex number lies in a complex plane having one real and one imaginary dimension, which may be represented as an Argand diagram. So a single complex dimension comprises two spatial dimensions, but of different kinds - one real and the other imaginary.

The unitary plane comprises two such complex planes, which are orthogonal to each other. Thus it has two real dimensions and two imaginary dimensions.

A complex polygon is a (complex) two-dimensional (i.e. four spatial dimensions) analogue of a real polygon. As such it is an example of the more general complex polytope in any number of complex dimensions.

In a real plane, a visible figure can be constructed as the real conjugate of some complex polygon.

Computer graphics

In computer graphics, a complex polygon is a polygon which has a boundary comprising discrete circuits, such as a polygon with a hole in it.

Self-intersecting polygons are also sometimes included among the complex polygons. Vertices are only counted at the ends of edges, not where edges intersect in space.

A formula relating an integral over a bounded region to a closed line integral may still apply when the "inside-out" parts of the region are counted negatively.

Moving around the polygon, the total amount one "turns" at the vertices can be any integer times 360°, e.g. 720° for a pentagram and 0° for an angular "eight".

title: Complex polygon


text:
Talk:Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

CQC
The link for this seems to have little to nothing to do with the CQC fighting style used in the game. Opinions? Spartan198 (talk) 21:45, 14 July 2008 (UTC) Spartan198

Okay, since no one seems to have any thoughts on it, I'm removing the link, as it has nothing to do with Naked Snake's fighting style. Spartan198 (talk) 21:44, 7 October 2008 (UTC) Spartan198

Crab battle
I think that the Newgrounds flash Crab Battle should be mentioned in this articial along with any other videos simular to it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by GamerSam (talk • contribs) 15:21, 9 March 2007 (UTC). Not gunna happen, could probably stick it in the Trivia bit though. Its a popular movie.SuperBorisOnAPlane 21:14, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Yes, the newgrounds "Crab battle" flash cartoon is hilarious to pretty much anyone who has ever played MGS3. But where would you list the cartoon? Popular culture references I guess. --Richco07 16:03, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I doubt that an online flash animation would count as a "popular reference". I could be wrong, but I'd advise that it isn't added to the article. -- Razor ICE  16:21, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Agree. – Steel 16:22, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Well, the reason why I would say so is because it is one of the top flashes of Newgrounds.com. Newgrounds is the premier flash website. Having sold god knows how many copies of "Alien Hominid" and given an interview on G4 TV.--Richco07 15:58, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm in favour of leaving Crab Battle out, on the grounds it's about as funny as suffering a rectal prolapse. Optimus Sledge 23:42, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't know, I would laugh pretty hard if you had a prolapse. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.80.233.19 (talk) 18:40, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. A prolapse would be hilarious. Richco07 (talk) 17:30, 15 November 2008 (UTC)
 * If I had to do it all over again, I'd do it over you.Optimus Sledge (talk) 23:00, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Please....
Add interwiki >ca:Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater.

Bye!

Setting
So where exactly in the USSR is MGS3 set? I can't think offhand of any areas of Russia proper that would be jungle like in the game, is it possibly set in a satellite nation, is my knowledge of Russian geography off, or did the developers just take a bit of artistic license here?albrozdude 05:10, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Ironically tropical wetland (I believe is the encompassing term for Jungle/rain forest etc) is the only type of climate zone that is not in Russia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.230.146.135 (talk) 01:23, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

It is set in a fictional area of the USSR. Cant remember where, but I remember reading it.--Richco07 16:16, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The game is set in Tselinoyarsk (a fictional location in the center of the USSR).Ffgamera (talk) 12:09, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Actually, if you pay close attention to the map at the beginning, Tselinoyarsk is not far north of the Russia-Kazakhstan border. Regardless, it is still a fictional location. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.141.212.84 (talk) 04:17, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Citation
Here is a website for the citation. [] INFORM  A  TION CENT  E  R  ( T  •  C ) 04:22, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Metal Gear Online,Europe
The servers aren't closing on OCtober 30th,i would fix this but im a bit busy, can someone put is the server online as of (whatever the date you edited on?). cause someone put are closing. when the Japanese and North American Servers are offline and european one is the only one online. so i dont see why there is a are. NEVER MINDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD Checked the site,the servers are ending... sorry xD

According to VGChartz it has sold 3.96 million.
http://vgchartz.com/games/game.php?id=1328--IHaveADollar 09:15, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
 * VG Chartz isn't reliable since they pull their numbers out of their ass, and then when REAL numbers get released they change them (although most of the numbers are not relialbe.  TJ   Spyke   03:42, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Cover art
Cover art picture in the infobox is messed up. It's in ridiculous resolution and the source is incorrect. --Mika1h (talk) 11:12, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
 * A user had reverted to the Japanese version. I've reverted back to original North American boxart. Strongsauce (talk) 11:26, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually it's PAL region cover art, but whatever, good it's fixed. --Mika1h (talk) 12:10, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Whoops you are right. But still no reason to have changed it in the first place (although personally I like that cover better)Strongsauce (talk) 14:32, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I've protected the image to stop people fiddling with it. – Steel 14:44, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The PAL image is Naked Snake pointing a gun in the same detail as the MGS2 cover art (NA, PAL) Ffgamera (talk) 10:06, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

Redirection
Right now I notice that if you search Metal Gear 3 it takes you to the original Metal Gear Solid, I think some one should fix it so that it takes you to this page. I don't know how. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.230.146.135 (talk) 01:25, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

PC
Is it significant enough to note that this is the first game in the series to not have a PC port? 162.40.26.77 (talk) 21:38, 28 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Nope. --Golbez (talk) 22:15, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

EVA's name- Why capitalized?
Why is EVA capitalized? Is it an acronym? Thanks. JovBlackheart (talk) 21:04, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

It is in the game. Snake4324 (talk) 17:19, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

Prison Cell Mini-game
on the off chance that this is worth mentioning in the article: i was playing the game, and got to the bit where Snake is locked in a prison cell, and passes out as a result of injuries/falls asleep (can't remember, this was years ago). i saved the game, shut down and went away for a few days. when i got back i started up the game, but when it loaded, it was a different game, where all you did was control a player as he battles innumerable monsterish creatures armed only with a katana. after doing this for a while, the creatures surround the player and kill him. then it is revealed that the mini-game was actually Snake having a nightmare and he awakens to the prison cell.

58.161.68.203 (talk) 15:43, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

Seems like the only people contributing and editing this page are wikigeeks who haven't actually played the game, glad to know at least one of you did. Beat it in a week. Bought it for $60, tried to sell it back a week later, brand new otherwise, $10, they finally gave me $20 when I threw in my save card and helped them write a cheat. Bastards. I remember being so disappointed because I'd also bought the ps2 modem adapter, expecting some kind of MMP version, only to find out after spending two hours just trying to get an account and get the damn modem to work that all they give you is a Santa outfit. Yes, EVA is an acronym, they explain it in the game, she is behind it all, is in effect Big Boss. Metal Gear itself was real, a cold war era program, involving the military industrial complex, Lockheed, operation paperclip and the Nazis, in which a third party to the Soviets and US, think Bond's nemesis in Spectre, was trying to sell both mobile-tank based nuclear launchers. This was part of a plan to have soldiers on LSD who could be cohersed through mass panic during an attack, and the pentagon was planning on winning a nuclear war on US soil, Big Bertha, the nuclear missile train, is the last remnant. TACOM was also working with RCA to build computer driven tanks, think drones. They still have a plan on the books from then to convert 1/3 of all DoD vehicles to unmanned, including tanks. This was the inspiration for Darpa's race across the desert, which Google won, and out of which their self-driving car program was based. So, is Metal Gear 5: The Phantom Pain finally coming out? How many times do you have to kill that dude? I've killed him in three versions and he just keeps coming back. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.196.65.199 (talk) 12:19, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Snake`s nightmare is a player-activated event that only take place after certain conversations and actions and has zero relevance to the plot, it doesn`t belong in the article. Zidane tribal (talk) 05:49, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

but its still worth mentioning it should be put as an easter egg or something like the snakes in the last boss battle —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.56.197.57 (talk) 07:31, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

Reference material
While digging through the online print archive, I located the following print preview material for this game: One or more print reviews for this game may also be found in the archive. JimmyBlackwing (talk) 16:30, 21 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Electronic Gaming Monthly Partial Interview
 * Xbox Nation Interview
 * Electronic Gaming Monthly Interview
 * GameNOW Preview
 * GMR Preview
 * GMR Preview 2
 * Game Informer Preview
 * Game Informer Preview 2

Separate article for Metal Gear Solid: Snake Eater 3D
I believe that a separate article should be created for the Nintendo 3DS version of this game. Several other 3DS remakes have their own pages (The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time 3D, Star Fox 64 3D, and Super Street Fighter 4: 3D Edition all have their own separate pages. Also Snake Eater 3D has its own differences from the PS2 version (such as use of the touch screen and the new camouflage creation with the 3DS camera) that warrants a separate page. Richiekim (talk) 06:20, 22 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Thank you for bringing the discussion to the talk page. In my experience, the proper progression of events is to first expand the section in this article until it gets long enough to split into its own article. As far as I could see, the info you included in the split could have been summarized in a few sentences and left here, rather than fork the info elsewhere. As for the other 3DS remakes, see WP:OSE. Each article should be considered on its own merits. In fact, I don't believe Star Fox 3D can justify its own article either and I'll be seeing to it getting merged back in. Axem Titanium (talk) 14:38, 22 February 2012 (UTC)

1960s Soviet jungle
Yay! We have jungle! Now tell me where it is, quickly. Or did it mutate since the 60s? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.195.228.89 (talk) 02:18, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

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Section on Analyses of MGS3
At the risk of sounding pedantic, would it be possible to talk and organize a well written (and monitored) section (under the Reception header, possibly) of the critical analyses Snake Eater has had over the years, both of its narrative and game design? I say this not only to encourage the diaspora of game design, but also highlight and exemplify the supposed strong qualities this game has, evident by its strong review scores, and cultural legacy in and outside of the Metal Gear fan community. For being recognized culturally as one of the best games of all time (as said by the page itself!), I think talking of the game's complexities and artistic influences is important in establishing the significance of the title.

As for a source we could reference: Despite Youtube content being generally shunned upon by Wikipedia (with some exceptions), I think it is important to discuss exceptions or alternatives to providing efficient, academic, or well researched or valid sources through videos that are publicly watchable on massively reaching sites. As mainstream gaming journalism is less focused on editorial and analyses but rather news, I think George Wiedman's video essay (under the Youtube alias of Super Bunnyhop) of Metal Gear Solid 3 is worth discussing for potential citing given its researched, realized, and inter-textual nature that highlights the game's overall strengths as well as the possible influences creator Hideo Kojima had when developing the game. In other words, just because it's a Youtube video I absolutely do not believe it should be counted out as a valid source, potentially.

I'd like to hear genuine thoughts on the matter, especially constructive ones! All-Spice (talk) 22:46, 29 August 2017 (UTC)All-Spice

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Featured article in need of review
Putting another part of my childhood on review, after Super Mario 64, but this is another old promotion that for some reason, no one has put in review. HumanxAnthro (talk) 00:50, 15 March 2021 (UTC)
 * The lead is too short, as it doesn't bring up the game's development, awards, sequels, and re-releases.
 * "Considered one of the greatest video games of all time"? I've only seen one best-of-all-time game list cited in the body, and other rankings are for games specifically released for the PS2.
 * The citations and their formatting are a fucking freak show! There are so many sources missing author, date, and other information credited in those sources, and many citations are formatted incorrectly, such as not italicizing name of works and having the name of the works, for no reason, being in the title field. Additionally, IMDb is cited constantly in the Music section, and one citation near the article's end HumanxAnthro (talk) 00:50, 15 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Ref 145 is a WP:COPYLINK violation. It's a trailer uploaded by a Youtube channel that doesn't own it.
 * I haven't looked at the prose in depth, but the development section indicate no one has checked the entire article in a while. For example:
 * "The love scene between Naked Snake and EVA was inspired by the first Pink Panther." First Pink Panther what?
 * "Kojima asked Yoji Shinkawa to make Naked Snake similar to Solid Snake. However, unlike Solid Snake, Naked Snake was a rookie and thus acted more naive. Shinkawa stated he had no difficulties in designing Naked Snake as essentially a revised version of Solid Snake. As a result, Naked Snake is virtually identical to Solid Snake from the previous Metal Gear Solid games in terms of appearance." So many questions in my head, such little time.
 * "Initially, the game was supposed to be developed for the PlayStation 3, but due to the long wait for the PlayStation 3, the game was developed for the PlayStation 2 instead." Redundant and stuffed
 * "Kojima designed the boss battles of Snake Eater to be totally different from those in previous Metal Gear games, or any other games." (1) Why are we using "totally"? Are we in the 90s? (2) Specify, how are they different?
 * "distinctly Bond-like vocal track" What the hell does this mean?
 * The reception section is so flawed
 * The ratings in the side template don't have citations.
 * It fails to present the fuck-ton of contemporaneous reviews of this game, yet only five have their opinions presented in full.
 * There are parts that are basically repetitive lists of ratings and awards. "[Insert source here] scored it [insert in rating her]," "The game won [insert award here] at [insert award ceremony here]," "In [insert year], [Insert source name here] ranked it one of the [insert ranking] best games." They're unengaging to read and could be presented more concisely.
 * Actually, listing awards and review ratings in prose violates the Manual of Style as is unnecessary as we already have a template to present them.
 * Speaking of incompleteness, I think there's a lot more of the commentary in the development section to cite than those three citations.
 * I think the re-releases and remasters, given that they garnered many reviews upon their release and are difficult to navigate as single sections, would work far better as separate articles.

Merge Setting with Story under the Plot section
'Setting' (under 'Plot' heading) is extremely short, only two sentences:

"Snake Eater takes place in an alternate history of events, set within the Cold War during the 1960s. The game's story acts as a prequel to the Metal Gear series, exploring the origins of several events covered by previous games, as well as being the first chronological chapter in an overarching story of Big Boss."

I believe these few details should be added to the 'Story' section in an effort to make it more concise and the article look cleaner.

Something like, "In an alternate version of the 1960s, during the Cold War--" then continue. The bit about it acting as a prequel to the series is already explained near the top of the page: "and serves as a prequel to the entire Metal Gear series". What do you think? Caidren (talk) 16:35, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

"Kerotan MGS3" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Kerotan MGS3 and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 October 21 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Dominicmgm (talk) 21:50, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

"EZ Gun" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect EZ Gun and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 October 21 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Dominicmgm (talk) 21:53, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

Split?
Should we split the newly announced MGS Δ into a new article, and the MGS master collection? or does it fall under WP:TOOSOON? CadNav (talk) 20:54, 27 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Nevermind, someone made a draft and it got denied because it was WP:TOOSOON CadNav (talk) 00:11, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

"Joe Vento"
I went to the plot section of the article and for some reason it has the word "joe vento" at the top, what is the meaning of that exactly? Yeial (talk) 14:28, 3 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hedcut

This is a dictdef. Delete unless someone can think of something to make it not a dictdef

 * Keep, or -- PFHLai 06:29, 2004 Oct 25 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hedcut


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Small-eared skink

The small-eared skink (Oligosoma stenotis) is found only on Stewart Island/Rakiura, New Zealand. It was first described in 1994 by Geoff Patterson and Charles Daugherty. It is a moderately small (80 mm snout to vent) skink, that lives in one of the most inhospitable (to lizards) environments on earth.

title: Small-eared skink


text:
User:Wikiwikimike

Breif Summaray
I'm 12 i live in Franklin Wisconsin and I airsoft.

Job
Im 12 guess what my job is. If u guessed chores your right.

Editing
I mainly go in and sum everthing in a simple way.

(ex. So im a 12 year old who airsofts, does chores,and sums stuff up.)

Contact
Email = adidasboy047@yahoo.com AIM = adidasboy MSN = adidasboy047@yahoo.com YIM = adidasboy047

title: User:Wikiwikimike


text: Category:1469 births

title: Category:1469 births


text: Category:1460s births

title: Category:1460s births


text: Category:1460s deaths

title: Category:1460s deaths


text:
Urate oxidase

The enzyme urate oxidase (UO), uricase or factor-independent urate hydroxylase, absent in humans, catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate:

 * Uric acid + O2 + H2O → 5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
 * 5-hydroxyisourate + H2O →  2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline
 * 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline →  allantoin + CO2

Structure
Urate oxidase is mainly localised in the liver, where it forms a large electron-dense paracrystalline core in many peroxisomes. The enzyme exists as a tetramer of identical subunits, each containing a possible type 2 copper-binding site.

Urate oxidase is a homotetrameric enzyme containing four identical active sites situated at the interfaces between its four subunits. UO from A. flavus is made up of 301 residues and has a molecular weight of 33438 daltons. It is unique among the oxidases in that it does not require a metal atom or an organic co-factor for catalysis. Sequence analysis of several organisms has determined that there are 24 amino acids which are conserved, and of these, 15 are involved with the active site.

Reaction mechanism
Urate oxidase is the first enzyme in a pathway of three enzymes to convert uric acid to S-(+)-allantoin. After uric acid is converted to 5-hydroxyisourate by urate oxidase, 5-hydroxyisourate (HIU) is converted to 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline (OHCU) by HIU hydrolase, and then to S-(+)-allantoin by 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline decarboxylase (OHCU decarboxylase). Without HIU hydrolase and OHCU decarboxylase, HIU will spontaneously decompose into racemic allantoin.

The active site binds uric acid (and its analogues), allowing it to interact with O2. According to X-ray crystallography, it is the conjugate base of uric acid that binds and is then deprotonated to a dianion. The dianion is stabilized by extensive hydrogen-bonding, e.g., to Arg 176 and Gln 228. Oxygen accepts two electrons from the urate dianion, via a sequence of one-electron transfers, ultimately yielding hydrogen peroxide and the dehydrogenated substrate. The dehydrourate adds water (hydrates) to produce 5-hydroxyisourate.

Urate oxidase is known to be inhibited by both cyanide and chloride ions. Inhibition involves anion-π interactions between the inhibitor and the uric acid substrate.

Significance of absence in humans
Urate oxidase is found in nearly all organisms, from bacteria to mammals, but is inactive in humans and all apes (great and lesser apes), having been lost in hominoid ancestors during primate evolution. This means that instead of producing allantoin as the end product of purine oxidation, the pathway ends with uric acid. This leads to humans having much higher and more highly variable levels of urate in the blood than most other mammals.

Genetically, the loss of urate oxidase function in humans was caused by two nonsense mutations at codons 33 and 187 and an aberrant splice site.

It has been proposed that the loss of urate oxidase gene expression has been advantageous to hominoids, since uric acid is a powerful antioxidant and scavenger of singlet oxygen and radicals. Its presence provides the body with protection from oxidative damage, thus prolonging life and decreasing age-specific cancer rates.

However, uric acid plays a complex physiological role in several processes, including inflammation and danger signalling, and modern purine-rich diets can lead to hyperuricaemia, which is linked to many diseases including an increased risk of developing gout.

Medical uses
Urate oxidase is formulated as a protein drug (rasburicase) for the treatment of acute hyperuricemia in patients receiving chemotherapy. A PEGylated form of urate oxidase, pegloticase, was FDA approved in 2010 for the treatment of chronic gout in adult patients refractory to "conventional therapy".

Disease relevance
Children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), specifically with Burkitt's lymphoma and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), often experience tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), which occurs when breakdown of tumor cells by chemotherapy releases uric acid and cause the formation of uric acid crystals in the renal tubules and collecting ducts. This can lead to kidney failure and even death. Studies suggest that patients at a high risk of developing TLS may benefit from the administration of urate oxidase. However, humans lack the subsequent enzyme HIU hydroxylase in the pathway to degrade uric acid to allantoin, so long-term urate oxidase therapy could potentially have harmful effects because of toxic effects of HIU.

Higher uric acid levels have also been associated with epilepsy. However, it was found in mouse models that disrupting urate oxidase actually decreases brain excitability and susceptibility to seizures.

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is often a side effect of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), driven by donor T cells destroying host tissue. Uric acid has been shown to increase T cell response, so clinical trials have shown that urate oxidase can be administered to decrease uric acid levels in the patient and subsequently decrease the likelihood of GVHD.

In legumes
UO is also an essential enzyme in the ureide pathway, where nitrogen fixation occurs in the root nodules of legumes. The fixed nitrogen is converted to metabolites that are transported from the roots throughout the plant to provide the needed nitrogen for amino acid biosynthesis.

In legumes, 2 forms of uricase are found: in the roots, the tetrameric form; and, in the uninfected cells of root nodules, a monomeric form, which plays an important role in nitrogen-fixation.

Convergent evolution
Urate oxidase is a notable example of the existence of non-homologous isofunctional enzymes, proteins with independent evolutionary origin catalyzing the same chemical reaction.

Besides the cofactorless urate oxidase (UOX), which is found in all three domains of life, other bacterial proteins are known that catalyze the same reaction without being evolutionarily related to UOX. These are two different oxidases (named HpxO and HpyO) that use FAD and NAD+ as cofactors, and one integral membrane protein (named PuuD) that additionally contains a cytochrome c protein domain.

title: Urate oxidase


text: Category:1529 deaths

title: Category:1529 deaths


text:
Face to Face (punk band)

Face to Face is a punk rock band from Victorville, California, formed in 1991 by frontman Trever Keith, bassist Matt Riddle and drummer Rob Kurth. The band rose to fame with their 1995 album Big Choice, featuring the radio hit "Disconnected" which received heavy rotation on KROQ radio in Los Angeles and appeared in the movies Tank Girl and National Lampoon's Senior Trip.

Face to Face officially split up in September 2004, allowing the band members time to focus on other projects. During that time all the band members played in a number of post-Face to Face projects including Legion of Doom, Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, The Offspring and Saves the Day. In April 2008, after a four-year hiatus, Face to Face performed together for the first time at The Glasshouse in Pomona, California. Since then, the band has continued to perform and has released five more studio albums to date.

Beginnings (1987–1992)
Face to Face can trace its beginnings to 1987 when Trever Keith (vocals, synthesizers) and Matt Riddle (bass, background vocals), who had both been friends since high school, and formed a heavy metal band named Victoria Manor that also featured Todd "Rick" Atmire (guitars) and Matt Atmire (drums). Other than one demo tape they released in 1989, Victor Manor never released any albums and after they disbanded, Keith and Riddle formed a band named Zero Tolerance with drummer Rob Kurth and guitarist Mark Haake who were both Air Force members stationed at George Air Force Base outside of Victorville. Like Victor Manor, Zero Tolerance never released a full-length album, but they recorded one demo tape in 1990 with the aforementioned line-up. By the following year, the band decided to take a new musical direction and changed their name to Face to Face. Shortly afterwards, guitarist Mark Haake left the band and the remaining members continued on as a three-piece.

The band continued to play frequently throughout the Inland Empire and Orange County and quickly became a local favorite alongside bands like The Offspring, Guttermouth, Voodoo Glow Skulls, and others. At a show in Montclair, CA in May 1991, the band met Bill Plaster of Dr. Strange Records and was offered a record deal. After accepting Plaster's offer, Face to Face entered Westbeach Recorders studio located in Hollywood, CA in October 1991 to record songs for their first album, Don't Turn Away (1992). Once the recording was finished, Dr. Strange Records had difficulty raising the financial resources to have the recordings pressed; in the interim, the band met Jim Goodwin. Goodwin offered to record the band's newest songs for free so they entered the studio in August 1992 and recorded "Nothing New," "Pastel," and "Disconnected". These three songs ended up being included on Don't Turn Away along with the songs recorded at Westbeach Recorders.

Success (1993–1997)
In 1993, following a three-week tour in Germany supporting Lagwagon, Face to Face added Chad Yaro as an additional guitarist and new manager Desi Benjamin and began writing material for a new record. Before the band began recording the new material, they decided to sign a recording contract with a new major label and publishing deal which Desi Benjamin secured for them with JVC/Victory/A&M Records and E.M.I. Music Publishing. On the heels of the new recording contract, Face to Face entered the studio with producer Thom Wilson (of The Offspring fame) and began recording the album that became known as Big Choice.

After finishing the recording, Victory Music decided they wanted to test their distribution system with a new release. To do so they assembled an EP of songs featured on several of the band's 7" records along with other unreleased recordings. This EP was titled Over It and was released several weeks before Big Choice.  The EP contained a remixed version of the song "Disconnected". This version began to receive significant airplay from KROQ in Los Angeles, California. This drove the label to push the band to re-record "Disconnected" for Big Choice.  It was featured as a bonus track alongside a cover of the Descendents song "Bikeage".

After touring with bands such as Sublime, NOFX, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, and The Offspring in 1995 supporting Big Choice, bassist Matt Riddle chose to leave the band. Riddle went on to play in 22 Jacks, Pulley, No Use for a Name, Implants, and most recently Fire Sale. The band replaced him with a then-unknown bassist, Scott Shiflett. Scott's first show with the band was on December 2, 1995, at the Victorville Fairgrounds.

In 1996, Face to Face began writing and recording what was to become their third album self-titled. This was the first record without Matt Riddle, who had been Keith's songwriting partner. Due to this, Keith wrote the majority of the songs on the album with some help from Shiflett and Yaro. In the studio, the band once again recruited Jim Goodwin to record and produce the record. Following the release of the album, they headlined the 1997 SnoCore Tour and joined the Warped Tour. Their song "I Won't Lie Down" was featured on the 1997 movie Mortal Kombat Annihilation soundtrack.

Later years (1998–2004)
In 1998, it was announced that drummer Rob Kurth was leaving the band. To finish out the tour for their self-titled record, the band hired drummer Jose Medeles. After the tour ended, Pete Parada joined the band as Kurth's permanent replacement. With Parada behind the drums, the band recorded and released two more albums (with producer Chad Blinman), Ignorance Is Bliss (1999) and Reactionary (2000). Following the release of Reactionary, long-time guitarist Chad Yaro left the band to focus on his family.

Following Yaro's departure, Face to Face decided to remain a three-piece and began writing material for their sixth studio album, How to Ruin Everything, which was released on Vagrant Records in 2002. Following the release of How to Ruin Everything, the band headlined The Warped Tour.

In the fall of 2003, the band began a temporary hiatus; however, the following year, they announced that their hiatus would be permanent. They gave their fans a proper farewell with "The Only Goodbye Tour" of 2004 with supporting acts My Chemical Romance and Seconds to Go, which followed with a raucous Warped Tour finale in Boston.

Reunion and beyond (2008–present)
On January 29, 2008, Face to Face announced that the band would be reuniting for select shows in the US and internationally, with the lineup including Trever Keith on vocals and guitar, Scott Shiflett on bass and Chad Yaro returning on guitar. Later that same year the band launched a short U.S. tour with former Uprising drummer Danny Thompson replacing Pete Parada, who had recently joined The Offspring. This lineup recorded Face to Face's first studio album in nine years, Laugh Now, Laugh Later (2011), followed by Three Chords and a Half Truth (2013); both albums were released on Keith's label Antagonist Records. After the release of Three Chords and a Half Truth, Yaro once again left Face to Face and was replaced by Dennis Hill.

In September 2015, it was announced that the band had signed with Fat Wreck Chords and was headed to the Blasting Room in Fort Collins, Colorado to begin recording their ninth album. This album was released on March 4, 2016, and is titled Protection. In August 2018 the band released an acoustic record titled, Hold Fast.

In December 2017, the band released a visual history coffee table book, Face to Face: 25 Years of SoCal Punk, with author Aaron Tanner.

As of April 2020, according to an interview with Trever Keith, a new Face to Face album is in the works. The album No Way out but Through was released on September 10, 2021.

Current members

 * Trever Keith – lead vocals, guitar (1991–present)
 * Scott Shiflett – bass, vocals (1995–present)
 * Danny Thompson – drums (2008–present)
 * Dennis Hill – guitar, vocals (2015–present)

Former members

 * Matt Riddle – bass, vocals (1991–1995) (now in Fire Sale)
 * Rob Kurth – drums, vocals (1991–1998)
 * Chad Yaro – guitar, vocals (1994–2000, 2008–2014)
 * Pete Parada – drums (1998–2004)

Discography
Studio albums
 * Don't Turn Away (1992)
 * Big Choice (1995)
 * Face to Face (1996)
 * Ignorance Is Bliss (1999)
 * Standards & Practices (1999)
 * Reactionary (2000)
 * How to Ruin Everything (2002)
 * Laugh Now, Laugh Later (2011)
 * Three Chords and a Half Truth (2013)
 * Protection (2016)
 * Hold Fast: Acoustic Sessions (2018)
 * No Way Out But Through (2021)

title: Face to Face (punk band)


text: Category:1529 births

title: Category:1529 births


text:
Ultrasaurus

Ultrasaurus (meaning "ultra lizard" ) is a genus of sauropod dinosaur discovered by Haang Mook Kim in South Korea. However, the name was first used unofficially (as a nomen nudum) in 1979 by Jim Jensen to describe a set of giant dinosaur bones he discovered in the United States. Because Kim published the name for his specimen before Jensen could do so officially, Jensen renamed his specimen Ultrasauros. Jensen's giant sauropod was later found to be a chimera, and the type remains are now assigned to Supersaurus.

Mistaken assessments
A collection of bones discovered by Jim Jensen, of Brigham Young University, at the Dry Mesa Quarry, Colorado were originally believed to belong to the largest dinosaur ever. Jensen informally called this supposedly new dinosaur "Ultrasaurus", and this name was widely used by the press and in scientific literature as a nomen nudum (informal name lacking an actual scientific description).

In 1983, Kim Hang-mook published a paper describing a different specimen representing a new dinosaur species, which he named Ultrasaurus tabriensis, because he believed it was bigger than Supersaurus. However, Kim's assessment was incorrect. His dinosaur was much smaller than he believed, because he mistook a partial humerus for an ulna. However, since Kim was the first to publish the name Ultrasaurus, the name officially applied to the small South Korean sauropod, and could no longer be used as an official name for Jensen's giant specimen.

Jensen published a paper describing his original discovery in 1985, but since the name Ultrasaurus was already in use (or "preoccupied"), his discovery was renamed in 1991 to Ultrasauros. However, Jensen also made a mistake. His discovery was a chimera; the collection of fossils came from two different dinosaur species, both of which already had names. So his new name, Ultrasauros, is now just an alternate name (junior synonym) for the dinosaur officially known as Supersaurus, because the holotype of the Ultrasauros b

Description
Ultrasaurus lived 100 to 110 million years ago, during the Aptian and Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous. It is known from the holotype DGBU-1973, which consists of part of an upper forearm (humerus), and DGBU-1978-A, a single tailbone (vertebrae) from the Gugyedong Formation, belonging to the Hayang Group.

Classification
Kim's Ultrasaurus is currently a nomen dubium. Not enough is known about the specimen to formally assign it to a specific family of sauropods. It may even be a member of a known genus or species, which would make the name Ultrasaurus a junior synonym as well.

title: Ultrasaurus