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Gandy dancer

Gandy dancer is a slang term used for early railroad workers in the United States, more formally referred to as section hands, who laid and maintained railroad tracks in the years before the work was done by machines. The British equivalents of the term gandy dancer are navvy (from navigator), originally builders of canals, or inland navigations, for builders of railway lines, and platelayer for workers employed to inspect and maintain the track. In the Southwestern United States and Mexico, Mexican and Mexican-American track workers were colloquially traqueros.

In the United States, early section crews were often made up of recent immigrants and ethnic minorities who vied for steady work despite poor wages and working conditions, and hard physical labor. The Chinese, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans in the Western United States, the Irish in the Midwestern United States, African Americans in the Southern United States, and East Europeans and Italians in the Northeastern United States all worked as gandy dancers.

There are various theories about the derivation of the term, but most refer to the "dancing" movements of the workers using a specially manufactured 5 ft "lining" bar, which came to be called a "gandy", as a lever to keep the tracks in alignment.

Etymology

The term has an uncertain origin. A majority of early northern railway workers were Irish, so an Irish or Gaelic derivation for the English term seems possible.

Others have suggested that the term gandy dancer was coined to describe the movements of the workers themselves, i.e., the constant "dancing" motion of the track workers as they lunged against their tools in unison to nudge the rails, often timed by a chant; as they carried rails; or, speculatively, as they waddled like ganders while running on the railroad ties.

But most researchers have identified a "Gandy Shovel Company" or, variously, "Gandy Manufacturing Company" or "Gandy Tool Company" reputed to have existed in Chicago as the source of the tools from which gandy dancers took their name. Some sources even list the goods manufactured by the company, i.e., "tamping bars, claw bars, picks, and shovels." But others have cast doubt on the existence of such a company. The Chicago Historical Society has been asked for information on the company so many times that they have said, "It's like a legend," but they have never been able to find a Gandy company in their old records.

History
Though rail tracks were held in place by wooden ties (sleepers outside the U.S. and Canada) and the mass of the crushed rock (ballast) beneath them, each pass of a train around a curve, through centripetal force and vibration, produces a tiny shift in the tracks, requiring that work crews periodically realign the track. If allowed to accumulate, such shifts could eventually cause a derailment.

For each stroke, a worker would lift his lining bar (gandy) and force it into the ballast to create a fulcrum, then throw himself forward using the bar to check his full weight (making the "huh" sound recorded in the lyrics below) so the bar would push the rail toward the inside of the curve.

The process is explained at the Encyclopedia Alabama folklore section:

"'Each workman carried a lining bar, a straight pry bar with a sharp end. The thicker bottom end was square-shafted (to fit against the rail) and shaped to a chisel point (to dig down into the gravel underneath the rail); the lighter top end was rounded (for better gripping). When lining track, each man would face one of the rails and work the chisel end of his lining bar down at an angle into the ballast under it. Then all would take a step toward their rail and pull up and forward on their pry bars to lever the track—rails, crossties and all—over and through the ballast.'"

Workers also needed to periodically level the track by jacking it up in the low spots. Standing shoulder to shoulder, they raised the track with square-ended picks and pushed ballast under the railroad ties. Even with repeated impacts from the work crew of eight, ten, or more, any progress made in shifting the track would not become visible until after a large number of repetitions.

As maintenance of way workers, besides lining bars gandy dancers also used special sledge hammers called spike mauls to drive spikes, shovels or ballast forks to move track ballast, large clamps called "rail dogs" to carry rails, and ballast tamper bars or picks to adjust the ballast. The same ground crews also performed the other aspects of track maintenance, such as removing weeds, unloading ties and rails, and replacing worn rails and rotten ties. The work was extremely difficult and the pay was low, but it was one of the only jobs available for southern black men and newly arriving immigrants at that time. Black men working on the railroad were held in high esteem among their peers. There's a blues song that says "when you marry, marry a railroad man, every day Sunday, a dollar in your hand."

Early economic circumstance of maintenance of way employees
In 1918, in an article for Harper's Magazine about the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Robert W. Bruere explained the economic circumstances that sometimes drove gandy dancers and other itinerant workers to join that organization: "The division superintendent of a great Western railroad recently explained to me his reluctant part in the creation of the socially disintegrating conditions out of which the migratory workers and the rebellious propaganda of the I. W. W. have sprung. 'The men down East,' he said, 'the men who have invested their money in our road, measure our administrative efficiency by money return—by net earnings and dividends. Many of our shareholders have never seen the country our road was built to serve; they get their impression of it and of its people, not from living contact with men, but from the impersonal ticker. They judge us by quotations and the balance-sheet. The upshot is that we have to keep expenses cut close as a jailbird's hair. Take such a detail as the maintenance of ways, for example—the upkeep of tracks and road-beds. This work should be going on during the greater part of the year. But to keep costs down, we have crowded it into four months. It is impossible to get the number and quality of men we need by the offer of a four months' job. So we publish advertisements broadcast that read something like this:"

 * Men Wanted! High Wages!
 * Permanent Employment!

"We know when we put our money into these advertisements that they are— well, part of a pernicious system of sabotage. We know that we are not going to give permanent employment. But we lure men with false promises, and they come. At the end of four months we lay them off, strangers in a strange country, many of them thousands of miles from their old homes. We wash our hands of them. They come with golden dreams, expecting in many cases to build homes, rear families, become substantial American citizens. After a few weeks, their savings gone, the single men grow restless and start moving; a few weeks more and the married men bid their families good-by. They take to the road hunting for jobs, planning to send for their families when they find steady work. Some of them swing onto the freight-trains and beat their way to the nearest town, are broke when they get there, find the labor market oversupplied, and, as likely as not, are thrown into jail as vagrants. Some of them hit the trail for the woods, the ranches, and the mines. Many of them never find a stable anchorage again; they become hobos, vagabonds, wayfarers—migratory and intermittent workers, outcasts from society and the industrial machine, ripe for the denationalized fellowship of the I. W. W." Bruere concluded, "[t]his is a small but characteristic example of a vast system of human exploitation that has been developed by the powerful suction of our headlong industrial expansion..." Black historian and journalist Thomas Fleming began his career as a bellhop and then spent five years as a cook for the Southern Pacific Railroad. In a weekly series of articles he wrote of his memories of the Mexican section hands in the 1920s and 30s. He recalled that the Southern Pacific gave them a place to sleep: old boxcars converted into two-room cabins.   The company would take old boxcars, remove the wheels, and lay them alongside the tracks. He remembers that the workers had a lot of children who attended the public schools, but the ones he met during his childhood were "kind of meek, and took a lot of abuse from the other kids". Fleming says that "you found them right outside of all towns in California; that was part of the landscape." He suggests that they may have been the only ones who were willing to do the job because they got the lowest pay of any railroad workers, only about $40 a month.

During the early 1940s when the U.S. was involved in the fighting of World War II, the days of Rosie the Riveter, a few women worked as gandy dancers. During the war years so many of the men were away that the U.S. developed a severe labor shortage and women stepped in to do what, to that time, had been done exclusively by men. A 1988 article in The Valley Gazette carried the story of several local women who had worked on the Reading Railroad in Tamaqua, Pennsylvania as gandy dancers. In an interview one of the women, Mary Gbur, said that it was the money, about $55 a week, that had attracted her to the job: “Money was short and I wanted to help my children continue their education after high school. And the railroad beat the $18 a week the dime store paid.” Gbur called the work "gruesome and boring" and apparently it was seen by the townspeople as degrading for a woman to be doing manual labor, leaving the women feeling embarrassed about the work they were doing. However, she said, "One day attitudes changed when a voice boomed out, 'I am sure proud of you ladies!'" The voice was that of the village priest.

Early use of term
Michael Quinion identified the first known (printed) use of the term gandy dancer as 1918, but with so little understanding of the origin of the term it is impossible to know when it came into being. An article in the May 1918 edition of the weekly publication The Outlook (New York) asks the question:

 * What is a "gandy dancer"? The words were on a blackboard outside a store on the Bowery.  In old times they might have suggested the proximity of a cheap dance house.  But the Bowery has changed.  Within the space of a few blocks there are now more than a score of "labor bureaus" where formerly were low dives and "suicide halls".  Inquiry of an Italian employee of the bureau elicited the information that a "gandy dancer" is a railway worker who tamps down the earth between the ties, or otherwise "dances" on the track. The announcement read:

 * Men wanted for track work cinder ballast no rock straight time rain or shine paid weekly accommodation very good. Board furnished $5 per week.  It is a good job particularly for veteran gandy dancers.  It's a few miles out and requires no weeks toil to get back to this burg.

A story published in the August 1931 edition of Boys' Life, a monthly magazine of the Boy Scouts of America for boys 6 to 18, mentions the term "gandy". In the story, "Eddie Parker", about 17 or 18 years old and characterized as the all-American type, takes on a job as a worker in a railway section crew. His new co-workers are all Italian immigrants, or, as referred to in the story, "snipes". The "snipes" are characterized as lazy, stupid, and lovers of garlic, olive oil, and Italian music. "Eddie" figures a way to get the Italians to work at pumping the hand car – used to get to and from the section the crew would be working on that day – by using their love of music. He explains that he "hooked a grind organ onto the under frame and attached the handle to the axle crank..,[and] whenever the axel turns the handle has to follow it." Throughout the story, the workers are referred to as section crew workers, but the hand-car is referred to as a "gandy".

In the 1960s Maintenance of Way laborers were still being called "gandy dancers" by track foremen in Oregon, and the tamping rod was called a "gandy pole" by most or simply a "gandy".

Songs and chants
While most southern railroad maintenance workers were African American, gandy dancers were not strictly southern or African American. Section crews were often made up of recent immigrants and ethnic minorities who vied for steady work despite poor wages and working conditions, and hard physical labor. The Chinese, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans in the West, the Irish in the Midwest, and East Europeans and Italians in the Northeast laid and maintained track as well. Though all gandy dancers sang railroad songs, it may be that black gandy dancers, with a long tradition of using song to coordinate work, were unique in their use of task-related work chants.

Rhythm was necessary both to synchronize the manual labor, and to maintain the morale of workers. Work songs and hollers sung in a call-and-response format were used to coordinate the various aspects of all rail maintenance; slower speech-like "dogging" calls to direct the picking up and manipulating of the steel rails and unloading, hauling and stacking of the ties, and more rhythmic songs for spiking and lining (aligning) the rails and tamping the bed of ballast beneath them.

In 1939 John Lomax recorded a number of railroad songs which contain an example of an "unloading steel rails" call; it is available at the American Memory site.

There is no doubt that country singer Jimmie Rodgers was influenced by the working songs of the gandy dancers. His father, a section foreman in Meridian, Mississippi, brought his son with him to work as a water boy where he would have been exposed to their musical chants. Rodgers went on to be known as the "Singing Brakeman" and the Father of Country Music.

Anne Kimzey of the Alabama Center For Traditional Culture writes: "All-black gandy dancer crews used songs and chants as tools to help accomplish specific tasks and to send coded messages to each other so as not to be understood by the foreman and others. The lead singer, or caller, would chant to his crew, for example, to realign a rail to a certain position. His purpose was to uplift his crew, both physically and emotionally, while seeing to the coordination of the work at hand. It took a skilled, sensitive caller to raise the right chant to fit the task at hand and the mood of the men. Using tonal boundaries and melodic style typical of the blues, each caller had his own signature. The effectiveness of a caller to move his men has been likened to how a preacher can move a congregation." Typical songs featured a two-line, four-beat couplet to which members of the gang would tap their lining bars against the rails until the men were in perfect time and then the caller would call for a hard pull on the third beat of a four-beat chant. Veteran section gangs lining track, especially with an audience, often embellished their work with a one-handed flourish and with one foot stepping out and back on beats four, one, and two, between the two-armed pulls on the lining bars on beat three. USC-Columbia has a vintage gandy dancer video which demonstrates the singing, dancing-like rhythm, lining tool, and a very large crew.

Documentary
In 1994, folklorist Maggie Holtzberg, working as a folklore fieldworker to document traditional folk music in Alabama, produced a documentary film Gandy Dancers. Holtzberg relates,
 * "Knowing that the occupational art of calling was fast receding into the collective memories of railroad retirees, I was motivated to locate individuals and document what I could of their passive repertoire of work song lore, before it was lost. At the start, I contacted railroad company officials. When I asked about finding gandy dancers to talk to, there was often a short pause and then a perplexed comment as to how I knew of this arcane tradition. One man laughed and told me I would need to contact a medium since the use of section gangs was abolished in the 1960s. There were, however, some encouraging leads. An owner of a railroad maintenance company remembered "one caller with a real high pitched voice who could go ten hours a day and never repeat a chant." He agreed that it was important to document what remained of the calling tradition but said, 'One man couldn't begin to explain the process of lining track. You would have to get a crew together to do it,' which, in the end, was exactly what we did."

It had been many years since modern machinery had replaced section crews, so Holtzberg spoke with older or retired roadmasters who might remember the callers, or know where they might be living. She managed to locate a number of callers and interviewed them in their homes. However, the men found it difficult to call track in their living room as opposed to being out on the track with the sound of rapping lining bars to call against. They met at a nearby railroad club that was rebuilding a depot museum. In this familiar environment the men quickly began to remember the old calls, and especially so when a train passed by blowing its whistle. Holtzberg recalls the words of John Cole, at 82 the oldest of the men:

 * "Listen to that train. Yeah! That's a train! The hawk and buzzard went up north . . . You hear it blowing. I got a gal live behind the jail . . . That's a train . . . all it took was that noise." The train whistle blew and dopplered down in pitch.

The film was completed in 1994 and is available at the Folkstreams website. The trailer for the film is available at YouTube.

Typical call lyrics
The caller simultaneously motivated and entertained the men and set the timing through work songs that derived distantly from call and response traditions brought from Africa and sea shanties, and more recently from cotton-chopping songs, blues, and African-American church music. A good caller could go on all day without ever repeating a call. The caller needed to know the best calls to suit a particular crew or occasion. Sometimes calls with a religious theme were used and other times calls that would evoke sexual imagery were in order. An example:

 * I don't know but I've been told
 * Susie has a jelly roll
 * I don't know...huh
 * But I've been told...huh
 * Susie has...huh
 * A jelly roll...huh

In these calls the men begin to tap their gandy against the rail during the first two lines to get in rhythm and unison. Then with each "huh" grunt the men throw their weight forward on their gandy to slowly bring the rail back into alignment.

 * Up and down this road I go
 * Skippin' and dodging a 44
 * Hey man won't you line 'um...huh
 * Hey won't you line 'um...huh
 * Hey won't you line 'um...huh
 * Hey won't you line 'um...huh

Retired gandy dancer John Cole explained spike driving songs in the documentary Gandy Dancers.

 * "So gandy dancing goes in with the music. That's the way it’s been since way back. In the beginning of the railroad, you had to line it up. That’s where the gandy dancers come in. And you even gandy danced behind a maul. Even spiking, you make the spike maul talk; you sing to it. Like when you’re driving a spike down. [SINGING] “Big cat, little cat, teeniny kitten. Big cat!” That’s you driving the spike as hard as you could. He’d holler, “Make a wheel out of that maul.” And that means spike fast. And so, with two of us spiking, you make that maul talk! “Big cat, little cat, teeniny kitten,” and that spike would be down."

In 1996 two former callers, John Henry Mealing and Cornelius Wright,  received National Heritage Fellowship awards as "Master Folk and Traditional Artists" for their demonstrations of this form of African-American folk art.

Military cadence calls
In the armed services, a military cadence call, also known as a Jody call, is a traditional call-and-response work song sung by military personnel while running or marching. As a sort of work song, military cadences take their rhythms from the work being done. Many cadences have a call and response structure wherein one soldier initiates a line and the remaining soldiers complete it, thus instilling teamwork and camaraderie for completion. Like lining calls, they also serve to mock one's superiors, vent anger and frustration, relieve boredom, and to boost spirits by poking fun or boasting.

It is believed that Private Willie Lee Duckworth Sr., who was stationed at Fort Slocum, New York as one of eight “Colored Infantrymen” in 1944, made up “Sound Off”, also known as the “Duckworth Chant”, which is used to this day in the U.S.Army and other branches of the military. Media researcher Barry Dornfeld, who co-authored the documentary "Gandy Dancer", believes that Duckworth's military cadence calls were influenced by his familiarity with track lining calls. Dornfeld writes, "I recently uncovered a connection between the southern African American tradition of call-and-response works songs and military cadence calls used in drill training, popularly known as “Jody calls.”

"Duckworth, who was born in 1924 in Washington County, Georgia, would have been familiar with the use of work chants sung for all kinds of agricultural work. He was also the same generation of the gandy dancers who used chants to line track. At the time he was drafted to serve in WW II, Duckworth was working in a sawmill. He was sent to a provisional training center in Fort Slocum, N.Y., in March 1944. As the story goes, Duckwork, on orders from a non-commissioned officer, improvised his own drill for the soldiers in his unit. Soon after, all the ranks were buzzing and keeping rhythm. Col. Bernard Lentz, who was the base commander at the Fort, approached Duckworth and asked where he developed his unique chant. “I told him it came from calling hogs back home,” Duckworth said. “I was scared, and that was the only thing I could think of to say.”"

Popular culture
The Gandy Dancer State Trail is a 47-mile rail trail for hiking, biking and other recreational uses, that follows the old Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie railroad grade from St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin, through a bit of eastern Minnesota and terminating in Superior Wisconsin.

"The Gandy Dancers' Ball" is a song recorded by Frankie Laine in 1951, but with gandy dancers as actual dancers at a railroad workers' ball. Laine sang it with a chorus of dancers in the 1955 comedy film Bring Your Smile Along.

In 1962, The Ventures recorded the song "Gandy Dancer", an original instrumental composition that was released on their album Going to the Ventures Dance Party.

Singer/political activist Bruce "Utah" Phillips, in Moose Turd Pie, told a tall tale of working as a gandy dancer in the American southwest. Phillips ascribed the source of the workers' shovels to the possibly mythical Gandy Shovel Company of Chicago.

Gandy dancers are celebrated in The Gandy Dancer Festival, in Mazomanie, Wisconsin.

The Ann Arbor (Michigan) railroad station was converted into a restaurant called the Gandy Dancer.

Folk singer Huddie Ledbetter (aka Lead Belly), sang about the work of the gandy dancer in the lyrics of an unaccompanied work song, "Linin' Track". It has since been recorded by many others, including Dave "Snaker" Ray and Taj Mahal.

The bassist Fred Turner of the rock group Bachman-Turner Overdrive wrote a song called "Little Gandy Dancer" that appeared on the group's first album in 1973.

In the 2005 point-and-click adventure game, Last Train to Blue Moon Canyon, a series of achievable titles could be obtained by performing various actions. One of these titles was the 'Gandy Dancer', bestowed on players for demonstrating their effective dance routines.

title: Gandy dancer


text: Category:Musical theatre librettists

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Musical theatre librettists


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Greenhead College

Greenhead College is a sixth form college, and former grammar school, located in Huddersfield, in the county of West Yorkshire, England. The current principal is Simon Lett. With over 2,700 students, it is a large sixth form college, attracting students from as far afield as Wakefield, Manchester, Barnsley, Bradford, Leeds, Halifax, Wetherby and even Wales. It is located next to Greenhead Park which is one of the largest parks in Huddersfield.

Grammar school
Greenhead High School for Girls was founded in 1909. The last O-levels were taken in June 1977. The girls grammar school incrementally became a sixth form college, from September 1973.

Graham Cooksey moved from Thomas Rotherham College to be headmaster from January 1973.

Sixth form college
It was a full sixth form college from September 1977.

Reputation
The college topped both The Guardian and The Independent's A level college league tables in 2006. It came fourth in 2007 and sixth in 2008. It was also the Sunday Times ' s Sixth Form College of the Year, 2014-15.

Subject choices
Students usually study 3 subjects at A level. The college is quite flexible with respect to courses being studied, with a proportion of students studying 4 A Levels as long as they meet the required criteria (an average of an A grade at GCSE). There are over 30 different subjects for students to study.

Admissions
Students from partnership feeder schools are given priority for places at the college, and are required to obtain a minimum of GCSE grades 4 in Maths and English language in addition to three GCSE grade 6s to gain a place at the college. Students usually need to get a B grade in the subjects they are wanting to take.

Current partner schools are All Saints Catholic High School, Newsome High School, Almondbury High School and Language College, Colne Valley High School, North Huddersfield Trust School, Holmfirth High School, Honley High School, King James's School, Moor End Technology College, Netherhall Learning Campus, Royds Hall Academy and Salendine Nook High School.

Students from other schools are considered based on their mock GCSE results, a one-to-one interview and the availability of subject places, this after partner school students have been taken into consideration. Students from the Calderdale secondary schools, including The Brooksbank School, The Crossley Heath School and North Halifax Grammar School, can be accepted through the application process. In 2005, then-principal Martin Rostron said he believed the college has been criticised for selecting only the best students, which he denied, saying that Greenhead took those of all abilities.

Campus
The Greenhead College campus is on one site, near the centre of Huddersfield, directly next to Greenhead park.

The college has approximately 8 main buildings, all of which are internally linked. Each building represents a subject or a group of similar subjects. On 26 May 2004, the college officially opened a new building on the campus, the Conway Building. The building was dedicated to the former principal, Dr Kevin Conway.

The college has a small football field on site and a small hockey field. Two tennis courts were replaced in early 2012 to make way for a new maths and science building, opened by the Duke of Kent. Many enrichments (extra curricular activities) offered by the college are done off campus due to the lack of outdoor space owing to the proximity to Huddersfield town centre.

Redevelopment
In 2008 Ryder Architecture were commissioned to draw up plan for a new project with would provide a series of new buildings which were linked to the existing buildings via a central atrium hub. These buildings provided educational classrooms as well as various support and ancillary accommodation. The existing site was constrained with several existing buildings which would have caused a complex phased construction process. It was estimated that the project would cost approximately £15 million.

In December 2008 a report examining the feasibility of the project was approved by the college. An application was submitted to the Learning and Skills Council in July 2009 with construction works commencing January 2010 for a duration of 2 years. Unfortunately LSC funding was not received and the project was placed on hold until alternative funding could be sourced.

At the start of November 2023 the college will open its new 'Hirst' building, named after former alumni and now biological scientist Judy Hirst. The Hirst building is a £25 million project funded by the Department for Education and built in collaboration between construction companies Galliford Try and Mace. Having been under construction for two years up until its opening, the college expects the building to be fully completed by February 2025, but its students will start benefiting from the new build from November 2023 onwards. The Hirst building will provide a new location for the teaching of chemistry, biology, psychology and government and politics, relocating from the old Langsplain building, which will be demolished as a result of the decant. There are also large study and social areas with new catering facilities. The building is also carbon-neutral and features a bio roof and solar panels to generate electricity for the building.

Staff
There are currently around 100 teaching staff to cater for the large number of students, in addition to the canteen staff, IT technicians, lab technicians and caretakers who also serve in the college.

Hierarchy
The College Principal is Simon Lett, who is supported by deputy principal Mo Bunter. Heads of department and heads of subject take a lead on teaching and learning within their subject area, supported by subject teachers and assistants.

Extracurricular activities
Greenhead is well praised for its enrichment programmes which encourages pupils to partake in extracurricular activities designed to build students character, their personal, sporting and social interests and prepares them more effectively both for higher education and future employment. It was first introduced in 1990. Its most recent praise was from Ofsted in 2011 from their spot check report.

Enrichment is mandatory for student to undertake, this encourages pupils to partake supporting the programs success. There are a huge variety of courses for students to choose form including The Duke of Edinburgh's Award, sports, music and drama, information technology, voluntary services and The World Challenge; additionally students are free to start new courses on the proviso they can gain enough support for them. In 2011 a total of 79 different courses were available to students including 22 different sporting activates such as badminton, basketball, cycling, football (men and women’s), rugby (men and women’s), judo and squash and 9 different music groups. Alongside a variety of enrichment activities offered as part of the college programme, the music department offers annual opportunities for students across Kirklees to perform and compose. In 2018, the Greenhead College 'Carol for Yorkshire' raised over £700 for charity, and 2021 is the inaugural year of the Greenhead New Music Competition. Taster sessions are provided so that students can make informed decisions.

As part of the enrichment program, pupils must undertake one week of PaWS (Projects and Work Shadowing) in their first year. Work shadowing placements include medical, political, scientific and language based jobs, usually at a senior level within the respective companies. If a pupil does not wish to do work shadowing, many projects, from circus skills to mathematical art, are available.

Awards

 * Queen's Anniversary Prize in 1996
 * The Educational Institution of the Year Award in 1999
 * The Beacon College Award in May 1999, and again in September 2004
 * The Queen's Anniversary Prize for Excellence in 2000 (for the second time)
 * Officially announced as "outstanding" in the May 2004 Ofsted report and again in the 2008 report.
 * Sunday Times ' s Parent Power Top State Sixth Form College of the Year 2014.
 * Music Mark Award

Notable alumni

 * Lisa Head, first female bomb disposal officer in the British Army to be killed in operations
 * Judy Hirst, FRS FRSC, a British scientist specialising in mitochondrial biology. Prof Hirst is interim director of the MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit at the University of Cambridge
 * Kieran Hodgson, actor and musician who co-wrote and starred in Prince Andrew: The Musical in 2022
 * Jill Kemp, professional classical recorder player
 * Jonathan Le Billon, actor best known for playing Brian Drake in Hollyoaks
 * Janine Mellor, actress best known for playing Kelsey Phillips in BBC One's Casualty
 * Kearnan Myall, rugby union footballer for London Wasps
 * Matt Roberts, television presenter, best known for his work on BBC Sport's Moto GP coverage
 * Mona Siddiqui OBE FRSE FRSA, British Muslim academic
 * Steven Woodcock, award-winning film director, writer, and producer
 * Neil O'Brien OBE, Conservative MP

Greenhead High School for Girls

 * Catherine Aird
 * Julia Annas, philosopher
 * Cicely Pearl Blair

title: Greenhead College


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Woodlands, Glasgow

Woodlands is an area of Glasgow, Scotland. Situated on the north-west edge of the city centre, Woodlands is located within Glasgow's fashionable West End, east of Hillhead, south of Woodside, north of the Park District and Kelvingrove Park, and west of Charing Cross and Garnethill.

Woodlands has a substantial population of residents of Pakistani and Indian heritage, as well as a large number of students. The area is in the vicinity of the University of Glasgow and Glasgow School of Art. The housing stock mostly consists of 19th century terraces, townhouses, and blonde and red sandstone tenement housing, with modern redevelopment which is also predominantly in the tenement style.

History
The area of flat land on the east bank of the River Kelvin was used as an industrial area. From at least the early 1600s, the site was the location of a watermill which processed grain. In 1790, William Gillespie constructed Glasgow's first and only water driven cotton mill, with bleach and print fields also located in the vicinity. As part of the Blythswood Estate, Woodlands was officially incorporated into the city of Glasgow in 1830.

In 2021, Woodlands was the location of the Murder of Esther Brown.

Points of interest
Woodlands is home to the Arlington Baths Club. The club is located on Arlington Street. Burnbank Park, which was situated on what is now Barrington Drive, was the home of the Caledonian Cricket Club, and was the home ground of Rangers F.C. from September 1875 to March 1876.

49 West Princes Street was the home of Marion Gilchrist, the victim in the famous Oscar Slater case.

There is a statue erected in the memory of Bud Neill on the corner of Woodlands Road and Woodlands Gate.

Public transport
Public transport includes Kelvinbridge and St George's Cross Subway stations, located respectively at the western and eastern extremes of the district, as well as numerous bus routes along Great Western and Woodlands Roads.

title: Woodlands, Glasgow


text:
Babbage (crater)

Babbage is an ancient lunar impact crater that is located near the northwest limb of the Moon, named after Charles Babbage. It is attached to the southeastern rim of the prominent crater Pythagoras. The crater remnant named South intrudes into the southeastern floor of Babbage.

The outer rim of Babbage has been eroded and modified by a multitude of subsequent impacts, until all that remains is a ring of rounded hills. The most notable of these modifications is the satellite crater Babbage D, which overlays the southwestern rim. The northeast rim of this satellite crater is missing, and it forms a bay on the perimeter of Babbage. Oenopides is another worn formation attached to the southwest edge of this protuberance.

The outer rampart of Pythagoras lies across the floor of Babbage, forming a region of rough terrain in the northwest part of the interior. The remainder of the crater floor is relatively flat, although it is marked by many tiny craterlets. The most notable feature on the floor is the satellite crater Babbage A, which lies in the southeast part of the interior. This feature has not been significantly worn, and appears much younger than the remainder of the formation. Just to the west of Babbage A is the smaller Babbage C, a bowl-shaped formation.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Babbage.

title: Babbage (crater)


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Naganagani

Naganagani (Compagnie Nationale Naganagani) was a state-owned airline based in Burkina Faso. It was founded in 1984 and launched operations with a single cargo Boeing 707 jet registered as XT-ABX. In the airline's final years, the plane was operated on behalf of Air Afrique. An extra passenger-configured 707, XT-ABZ, joined the company in 1987. In 1989 a third 707, XT-BBF, was purchased for use as a presidential aircraft.

title: Naganagani


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Harri Lorenzi

Harri Lorenzi (born 1949) is a Brazilian agronomic engineer, author on trees of the Atlantic Mata and a collaborating agronomist of the garden of Fazenda Cresciumal, Ruy De Souza Queiroz. Between his workmanships, he published four books in the end of the 1990s, which consist of: Brazilian palms, Brazilian Trees (1 and 2, also in English), Tropical Plants of Burle Marx and Brazilian Ornamental Plants.

In 2012, he was honoured when botanist E. G. Gonç. first described and published Lorenzia, which is a genus of plants in the family Araceae.

Dr. Lorenzi's volumes in English on Brazilian trees are a great resource for non-Portuguese-speaking researchers interested in the basic ecology and systematics of tropical lowland trees of South America and each section on a species also relates important information about people's management of trees, from planting and protecting all the way to harvesting. Each section includes scaled illustrations of the leaves, seeds, and fruits of species. His illustrations, also, often show a species out in the open, so its shape is visible. However, it's important to remember that trees that grow in the open because they were left when a field was cleared or sprouted there afterwards have different shape and height than when they grow among groups of trees.

title: Harri Lorenzi


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DSTN

DSTN (double super twisted nematic), also known as dual-scan super twisted nematic or simply dual-scan, is an LCD technology in which a screen is divided in half, which are simultaneously refreshed giving faster refresh rate than traditional passive matrix screens. It is an improved form of supertwist nematic display that offers low power consumption but inferior sharpness and brightness compared to TFT screens.

History
For several years (early 1990s to early 2000s), TFT screens were only found in high-end laptops due to them being more expensive and lower-end laptops offering DSTN screens only. This was at a time when the screen was often the most expensive component of laptops. The price difference between a laptop with DSTN and one with TFT could easily be $400 or more. However, TFT gradually became cheaper and has essentially captured the entire market.

DSTN display quality is poor compared to TFT, with visible noise, smearing, much lower contrast and slow response. Such screens are unsuitable for viewing movies or playing video games of any kind.

title: DSTN


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User talk:Kaos kre8er

NPOV
Welcome to Wikipedia, I hope you enjoy your stay.

Just remember in future that posting non-neutral information on a page is not on, and will be removed. Similarly, don't sign your additions to an article - this is an encyclopedia and not a bulletin board. As a general guide, the instant you start communicating your opinions on a topic using subjective language ("this is better than that", "this is ridiculous"), you've crossed the line.

Don't do it again

BigHaz 22:34, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Copyright problem: Aquinas College, Melbourne
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title: User talk:Kaos kre8er


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Titular church

In the Catholic Church, a titular church is a church in Rome that is assigned to a member of the clergy who is created a cardinal. These are Catholic churches in the city, within the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Rome, that serve as honorary designations symbolising the relationship of cardinals to the pope, the bishop of Rome. According to the 1983 Code of Canon Law, a cardinal may assist his titular church through counsel or through patronage, although "he has no power of governance over it, and he should not for any reason interfere in matters concerning the administration of its good, or its discipline, or the service of the church".

There are two ranks of titular churches: titles and deaconries. A title (titulus) is a titular church that is assigned to a cardinal priest (a member of the second order of the College of Cardinals), whereas a deaconry (diaconia) is normally assigned to a cardinal deacon (a member of the third order of the college). If a cardinal priest or a cardinal deacon is later appointed a cardinal bishop (a member of the first order of the college), he is typically transferred from his titular church to the vacant title of a suburbicarian diocese in the vicinity of Rome. Patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches who are created cardinal bishops are not assigned titles of suburbicarian dioceses.

A cardinal may request that he be transferred to another titular church in a consistory; in addition, when a cardinal deacon opts to become a cardinal priest (usually after ten years), he may request either that his deaconry be elevated pro hac vice ('for this occasion') to a title or that he be transferred from his deaconry to a vacant title. Other churches in Rome can also be established as new titular churches. Occasionally, a titular church may be held in commendam ('in trust') by a cardinal who has been transferred to a different titular church or to a suburbicarian diocese.

History
Before the legalization of Christianity in Rome the tituli were private buildings used as Christian churches—also called domus ecclesiae or "house churches"—and each took the name of the owner of the building, either a wealthy donor, or a priest appointed by the Church authorities to run it. For instance, the Titulus Aemilianae, now the church of the Santi Quattro Coronati, drew its name from its foundress, who doubtless owned the extensive suburban Roman villa whose foundations remain under the church and whose audience hall became the ecclesiastical basilica. The most ancient reference to such a Roman church is in the Apology against the Arians of Athanasius in the fourth century, which speaks of a council of bishops assembled "in the place where the Priest Vitus held his congregation".

By the end of the 5th century such churches numbered 25, as is confirmed by the Liber Pontificalis. The same number, though with different identities, is given in the reports of councils held in Rome in 499 and 595. In 1120, however, the number is given as 28. In modern times, many more have received the status of "tituli" or titular churches, while others over the centuries have been abandoned. Some of the latter have been demolished by natural events, war or urban development.

In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees, the priests in charge of the "tituli" churches, and the clergy in charge of the deaconries. These were known collectively as the cardinals. Given the importance of this privilege, the term "cardinal" came to be understood as bestowing high rank.

Accordingly, when it became customary to attribute for honorific reasons the title of cardinal to ecclesiastics living outside Rome, each was assigned theoretical responsibility for one or other of the Roman churches, a legal fiction establishing their position within the Pope's diocese of Rome. It was understood that they had no obligation to reside in Rome, and so were not personally responsible for the pastoral care of the titular churches assigned to them. This practice is still in force today.

Present situation
Today, the cardinal priests have a loose patronal relationship with their titular churches, whose cardinal protector they are called. Their names and coats of arms are inscribed on plaques in the churches, they are expected to preach at the church occasionally when they are in Rome, and many raise funds for their church's maintenance and restoration, but they no longer participate in the actual management of the churches. There are (as of 2015) 160 presbyteral titular churches.

Many cardinals are assigned to tituli with some connection to their home see or country, such as the national churches in Rome. For example, Jean-Claude Turcotte, former archbishop of Montreal, was made Cardinal Priest of the Santi Martiri Canadesi (Holy Canadian Martyrs); André Vingt-Trois, former Archbishop of Paris, is the cardinal priest of San Luigi dei Francesi (St. Louis, King of France).

Cardinal deacons
In the wider sense, the term titular church is also loosely applied to the deaconries diaconiae in Rome assigned to the cardinal-deacons. Originally, a deaconry was a charitable institution in Christian Rome, first mentioned in connection with Pope Benedict II (684–685). It would seem that in an early period there were seven deaconries, each corresponding to one of the seven divisions of the city. As the terms implies, each was entrusted to a deacon. Pope Adrian I (772–795) fixed their number at 18, a number that remained constant until the 16th century.

Since the medieval period, men appointed cardinal deacons are often holders of high office in the Roman Curia. However, there have also been some recent developments since it was established that cardinals over the age of 80 would not participate in the conclave that elects a new Pope. Despite this new rule, the Popes have continued to appoint as cardinals a limited number of priests or bishops who have already reached 80 years of age. Often such men are assigned to the order of cardinal deacons. Among the cases that may arise are those of a bishop or archbishop who is widely esteemed but is not made a cardinal for some specific (though rarely publicly announced) reason. It may be, for example, that such a appointment, given while he is under the age of 80, would increase in a disproportionate way the number of cardinals from a single country eligible to participate in the next conclave, or else it would risk creating an expectation that his successors will in future necessarily be made cardinals, too. In other cases, it has become the custom for the Pope to appoint from time to time as cardinals a small number of highly regarded theologians who have already reached the age of 80. Often in these cases, the rank assigned has been that of cardinal deacon.

There is also a practice of changing the rank of the cardinalatial church from deaconry to priestly title or vice versa, permanently or, as the phrase goes, pro hac vice (for this turn). For instance, a man appointed a cardinal deacon will by definition be assigned a church that has the rank of a "deaconry". It is customary for a cardinal deacon, after ten years, to be able to petition for promotion to the rank of cardinal priest. This is usually granted. In this case, he may be assigned a completely different cardinalatial church which has the rank of a "titulus". However, a commonly used alternative procedure is to raise the church to which he is already attached pro hac vice to the rank of a "titulus".

In 2015 there were 67 "deaconries" assigned or assignable to one of the cardinals.

Cardinal bishops
The cardinal bishops were originally the successors of the residential bishops who governed the seven dioceses around Rome known as suburbicarian dioceses. They had varying roles in the running of the diocese of Rome, sometimes functioning similarly to present-day auxiliary bishops. Cardinal bishops are now honorarily granted the title of a suburbicarian diocese, with the dean of the College of Cardinals additionally gaining that of Ostia.

Patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches who become cardinals (individually, not by right of their office) constitute an exception: their own patriarchal see is counted as their cardinal title. They belong to the order of cardinal bishops and, in the order of precedence, come before the cardinal priests and immediately after the cardinals who hold the titles of the seven suburbicarian sees.

title: Titular church


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The Cornell Review

The Cornell Review is an independent newspaper published by students of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. With the motto, "We Do Not Apologize," the Review has a history in conservative journalism and was once one of the leading college conservative publications in the United States. While the ideological makeup of its staff shifts over the years, the paper has consistently accused Cornell of adhering to left-wing politics and political correctness, delivered with a signature anti-establishment tone.

Founding
The Cornell Review was founded on Cornell's Ithaca campus in 1984. Jim Keller, a government major, founded The Cornell Review during his senior year in the spring of 1984. The paper drew immediate and critical attention for its discordant rhetoric and "shock journalism". Ann Coulter, then an undergraduate in the history department of the College of Arts and Sciences, served as its editor during the fall of 1984.

Much of the paper's structure in the early years was influenced by the unanticipated success of the Dartmouth Review at Dartmouth College, which inspired conservative students at other institutions to found similar newspapers. The Institute for Educational Affairs, founded in 1978 to assist conservative academics, created The Collegiate Network in 1984 to offer these groups technical and financial assistance.

During the 1980s the Review targeted affirmative action, gay rights, communist sympathizers, abortion, and anti-apartheid activists, while defending the Reagan Administration, the Greek system, and the university administration (against striking workers). It notably criticized university-sponsored ethnicity-oriented residential communities, known as "program houses", as segregationist.

In 1986, some students voiced their opposition to the paper by seeking out and shredding nearly every copy of one issue at a multitude of locations on campus during the early morning hours after delivery.

Merger with Cornell American
In 1992, before the Review had backed down from its more controversial positions, a deliberately unsensational rival publication began printing called The Cornell American. It became the demesne of social conservatives until it ceased publishing in 1996.

In 2003 and 2004, successive editors began a controversial revamp of the Review, swinging it toward a more libertarian conservatism and a more neutral editorial position. In response, former Review writer and activist Ryan Horn resurrected a new Cornell American to take up the social conservatism from which the Review had distanced itself. The Cornell Review and the Cornell American had switched roles: the Review had become the calmer and lower profile paper, and the American the more traditional.

Rivalry between the Review and the American began to die down during the ensuing years as the staffs of the respective papers changed and the editorial positions of both papers began to converge. In April 2007, students from the Review and the American agreed to merge the two papers in the interest of preserving a conservative voice on campus. The Review assumed the American's slogan: "Limited Government, Traditional Values, America First." It then reverted to the original Review slogan, "The Conservative Voice on Campus," until it changed to "We Do Not Apologize" in late 2014. The change was made due to the growing libertarian nature of the newspaper's staff and editorial stance.

21st century
The Review was embroiled in several controversies in the 1990s. In 1993, its funding was threatened after it printed a cartoon critical of President Bill Clinton's move to permit homosexuals in the U.S. military which was widely called homophobic.

In 1997, the Review printed an anonymous editorial lampooning the Oakland, California school district's move to teach in African-American English (AAE). Entitled "So U Be Wantin' to Take Dis Class," it presented a mock catalogue of courses taught in a pastiche of AAE, for instance "Da white man be evil an he tryin' to keep da brotherman down. We's got Sharpton and Farrakhan so who da...man now, white boy." A student protest followed in which a number of copies of the Review were burned. The editors defended the editorial as satire and criticized the burning as suppression of free speech.

The Review historically prints pieces that bring great debate and controversy. In the autumn of 2002, Cornell Review Online published a column by Elliott Reed whose Good Vibrations piece exposed a coverup of vibrators to be sold at the campus health center. Reed discovered an email to a listserv which claimed the health center had agreed to sell vibrators and solicited comments from female students. The university claimed the email "jumped the gun", as no decision had been made at that time. The Review was awarded a "Campus Outrage" nod from the conservative organization, Accuracy in Academia, for the piece.

The Review found itself in uncharted territory in 2008, with the election of 2008 and a national trend toward more liberal thinking. It marked the first time since 2001 that a Democratic president had been in office, but for the Review, the election of Barack Obama marked a greater shift on Cornell's campus. The Review conducted a poll in 2012 that found that 60% of Cornell students that were registered to vote would be voting for Obama, compared to 14% for Mitt Romney.

Cornell Insider
In December 2008, The Cornell Review started its blog, Cornell Insider. It is primarily focused on breaking campus events.

The Insider has been linked by blogs of all sizes, including IvyGate. Legal Insurrection, Campus Reform,

The website also broke stories that were followed by media outlets, including The Hill, RealClearPolitics and The O'Reilly Factor.

Management and operations
The Review was incorporated in 1986 as The Ithaca Review, Inc. The editorial staff is headed by an undergraduate editor-in-chief, while the business staff is headed by an undergraduate president.

Funding for the Review comes primarily from the Collegiate Network, a syndicate of conservative campus newspapers funded by the Intercollegiate Studies Institute.

Notable alumni

 * Ann Coulter, conservative social and political commentator
 * Kenneth K. Lee, United States Circuit Judge
 * Jamie Weinstein, senior editor, The Daily Caller

title: The Cornell Review


text:
Babcock (crater)

Babcock is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon. It was named after American astronomer Harold D. Babcock. It lies on the northeastern edge of Mare Smythii, to the southeast of Mare Marginis. To the south of Babcock is the crater Purkynĕ, and to the east-northeast lies Erro. Babcock is located in a region of the Moon's surface that is occasionally brought into view during favorable librations, although it is seen from the edge and so little detail can be discerned from an observer on the Earth.

The rim of Babcock has been eroded, notched and modified by subsequent impacts, leaving a somewhat irregular and uneven outer rim. The interior has been resurfaced by lava flows, and is relatively flat. In place of a central peak, a small crater lies very close to the crater midpoint. This crater has been designated Zasyadko. A smaller crater lies on the interior near the northern edge.

The area about Babcock has been subject to past inundations by basaltic lava flows, leaving the surface relatively flat and the remnants of ghost craters visible as curved ridges in the ground.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Babcock.

title: Babcock (crater)


text:
Topinabee, Michigan

Topinabee is an unincorporated community in Cheboygan County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The community is located within Mullet Township along the southwestern shores of Mullett Lake.

As an unincorporated community, Topinabee has no legally defined boundaries or population statistics of its own but does have its own post office with the 49791 ZIP Code.

Geography
Topinabee is located in Mullett Township in Cheboygan County along the southwest shores of Mullett Lake. It is in the Northern Michigan region of the Lower Peninsula around 27 mi south of the Mackinac Bridge.

The lakefront community is centered along M-27, which is known locally as North Straits Highway. Interstate 75 runs about 1.0 mi to the west. Located along Mullett Lake, Burt Lake is 2.0 mi to the west. The Indian River is to the south and connects the two large lakes, and this stretch of waterways is known as the Inland Waterway. The city of Cheboygan is about 12 mi to the northeast. The census-designated place of Indian River is directly to the south. Numerous other lakefront unincorporated communities are located to the north along M-27, including Long Point, Birchwood, Silver Beach, and Mullett Lake.

Topinabee has its own post office with the 49791 ZIP Code, which is primarily used for post office box services. The post office is located in the center of the community at 1593 North Straits Highway. Most of the community itself is served by the Cheboygan 49791 ZIP Code, while areas to the south are served by the Indian River 49749 ZIP Code.

The Mullett Township Hall and Fire Department is located in Topinabee at 1491 North Straits Highway. The fire department serves the community, the portion of the Mullett Township on the west side of Mullett Lake, and portions of the neighboring townships. The community is served by Inland Lakes Schools centered just to the south in Indian River.

History

The community was founded as early as 1881 when Michigan Central Railroad officials planned to establish a resort here on the southern shores of Mullett Lake. That year, hotel proprietor H. H. Pike moved to the area and platted the community. He named it for Potawatomi tribal leader Topinabee (Great Bear Heart), who ultimately signed the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. The treaty gave large areas of native lands to the European settlers, including Fort Dearborn. While Pike suggested the name Topinabee, the railroad company suggested the name Portage, but it was deemed too common of a name.

Pike, who was originally from Burlington, Vermont, moved to Niles, Michigan and frequently traveled up north through the area. He was so impressed with the location that he wanted to settle in the area in anticipation of the expanding railroad. Pike built his tavern on the west side of Mullett Lake prior to the railroad's construction. He purchased land, opened his business, and platted the community with the hopes that the railroad would pass through the area on its way to the Straits of Mackinac. Another settler built a hotel on the opposite side of the lake with the hopes that the railroad would instead run along the east side of Mullett Lake. In 1881, the Michigan Central Railroad constructed its line on the west side through Pike's property, and this led to the growth of the Topinabee community. The train depot was built the following year.

A post office in Topinabee opened on April 17, 1882 with Daniel Stofer serving as the first postmaster. A railroad depot was built near the shores of the lake about 8.0 mi north of Indian River. The community centered along the railroad, and Pike's hotel served as a main business for early travelers. The hotel was three stories tall and could accommodate up to 40 guest. The community grew to include a boat launch along the Inland Waterway, a tavern, and a casino. By 1886, trains ran daily through Topinabee. Pike sold many plats of his property to allow settlers to build cottages, and Topinabee became a popular resort community. The community had a population of 34 in 1895.

The steamboat Topinabee was established in 1903 along the Inland Waterway. The Topinabee ran daily and took travelers from Oden through the Inland Waterway to Cheboygan with many stops along the way. The steamboat would sometimes head further north to St. Ignace. The steamship would stop in Topinabee for an hour along its route for passengers to have dinner. Several other steamboats also utilized the Inland Waterway, which, in addition to the railroad, brought many people to Topinabee.

Pike died in 1900, and Edward Bailey purchased the hotel and renamed it Pike's Summer Tavern. The hotel burned down in 1917 but was rebuilt the next year and named Hotel Topinabee. By this time, Topinabee had an established population and downtown area that included several shops and a bowling alley. The community became a popular tourist destination due to its scenic and peaceful environment. The hotel burned down again in 1928 and was rebuilt again. During the Great Depression, the hotel no longer became profitable and was sold to Edward Moloney for $850 in 1935. The hotel closed in 1950, and another fire in 1965 led to the hotel being razed in 1970.

Recent history
In 1958, the railway line was disestablished, and the train depot was bought by the township. The former station was converted into a historical museum and library, while the railway lines themselves were eventually removed. The structure was then converted into a full-time library, which still houses a safe that contains many historic railroad records and photographs.

By late-1961, Topinabee would benefit from the creation of M-27, which is a state highway that serves as a direct connector route from Interstate 75 in the south to U.S. Route 23 to the north in the city of Cheboygan. The highway passes directly through Topinabee and is known locally as North Straits Highway.

The path along the former railway line was converted into the North Central State Trail, which was completed in 2007. The 75 mi trail is used primarily for biking, as well as snowmobiles during the winter. The trail connects Gaylord to Mackinaw City and runs directly through Topinabee along the shores of Lake Mullett. The Topinabee Trailhead is 5.4 mi north of Indian River and continues north for 12.0 mi to Cheboygan.

The Topinabee Library received a technology upgrade though a $7,804 grant by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in July 2000. By early 2022, the library received numerous structural upgrades, including new paint, interior shelving, and improvements to the surrounding environment. The Topinabee Library is listed as part of the US-23 Heritage Route. The area around the library and Lake Mullett shoreline has been organized as the Topinabee Beach Park with modern amenities along the North Central State Trail.

title: Topinabee, Michigan


text:
Category:Sherlock Holmes short stories

Short stories about Sherlock Holmes.

title: Category:Sherlock Holmes short stories


text:
Talk:INRI

1492
The text claims an alleged actual inscription was found but then fails to mention what happened to it...Jarwulf (talk) 18:53, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

I have created a redirect for "Titulus" to this page - that being the proper name of the INRI plaque. Ideally the two should be separated out, with one article covering the object and subsequent history/pseudohistory, and the other covering the text itself.

I've changed "double crucifixion" to "crucifixion", as [1] I can't imagine what "double" crucifixion is, except for an octopus, and [2] I find but one web page which seems to refer to it. I've also made it clearer exactly who it is that considers Pontius Pilate a saint, and I suspect the article would be improved if someone could add exactly what sources maintain he was converted to Christianity and crucified. - Nunh-huh 06:23, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Possible meaning for "double crucifixion." Numerous authors refer to the simultaneous crucifixion of the two Jesus' in this way (Jesus King of the Jews, and Jesus Barabbas, read as "Son of the Father"). They interpret 2 Corinthians 11:4 as an instruction to listen to the other Jesus should he come along and speak... and speculate that the movement was actually led by two men, both named Jesus. Expression of this view occurs frequently within the "sangreal" and "holy grail" -related literature. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Baz Daniels (talk • contribs) 14:03, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

Iustum Necar Reges Impius error
This is incorrect Latin -- properly should be "Iustum necarE reges impiOs"... AnonMoos 03:33, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Semi-relevant quote
The following quote from Cryptonomicon has to do with the subject of this page. I think it's hilarious.

 * "Goto Dengo lies on a cot of woven rushes for six weeks, under a white cone of mosquito netting that stirs in the breezes from the windows. When there is a typhoon, the nurses clasp mother-of-pearl shutters over the windows, but mostly they are left open day and night.  Outside the window, an immense stairway has been hand-carved up the side of a green mountain.  When the sun shines, the new rice on those terraces fluoresces; green light boils into the room like flames.   He can see small gnarled people in colorful clothes transplanting rice seedlings and tinkering with the irrigation system.  The wall of his room is plain, cream-colored plaster spanned with forking deltas of cracks, like the blood vessels on the surface of an eyeball.  It is decorated only with a crucifix carved out of napa wood in maniacal detail.  Jesus's eyes are smooth orbs without pupil or iris, as in Roman statues.  He hangs askew on the crucifix, arms stretched out, the ligaments probably pulled loose from their moorings now, the crooked legs, broken by the butt of a Roman spear, unable to support the body.  A pitted, rusty iron nail transfixes each palm, and a third suffices for both feet.  Goto Dengo notices after a while that the sculptor has arranged the three nails in a perfect equilateral triangle.  He and Jesus spend many hours and days staring at each other through the white veil that hangs around the bed; when it shifts in the mountain breezes, Jesus seems to writhe.  An open scroll is fixed to the top of the crucifix; it says I.N.R.I.  Goto Dengo spends a long time trying to fathom this.  I Need Rapid something?  Initiate Nail Removal Immediately?"

Dbenbenn 21:14, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

This paragraph is utter nonsense:

The inscription in Hebrew was probably Ye'shuah Ha'Nazarei Wemelech Ha'Yehudim, YHWH, the Holy Name of God. This made the Jews even more furious, as the inscription confirms Jesus' Godness, just what he was crucified for.

Where did you get this information?

Ye'shuah Ha'Nazarei Wemelech Ha'Yehudim would of course be abreviated YNWY just as Jesus the Christ is abreviated JC not JT. The notion that the Jews killed Jesus because he claimed to be God is of course the root to antisemitism. See Crossan, "Who Killed Jesus?" for details.

 * That's a christian-centric view of the "root of antisemitism", why'd the Egyptians hate the jews? Why the Muslims? What about Khazar invaders? Ashkenazi cultural exclusivity & banking hegemony in Europe? etc. etc. etc. 4.242.192.176 (talk) 11:02, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

I'm removing the paragragh.

 * I took the liberty of re-removing it for you. The restorer of the statement gave a source that eventually retracted its conclusions.

 * Why would the inscription be in Hebrew?? Latin was the language of the Roman Empire, Greek was the main language used in the administration of the Roman East, and Aramaic was the local lingua franca.  AnonMoos 03:33, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * For one thing, the Gospel says it was Hebrew. (Luke 23:38, John 19:19-20)  Of course they're closely related languages and written with the same alphabet AFAIK, so it's an easy mistake to make for an observer who knew what Hebrew looked like but could not actually read it so as to tell the difference. One might guess, however, that Pilate probably didn't write it himself, since one has no reason to expect that he could write either Hebrew or Aramaic. It's therefore possible he wrote the Greek and Latin and handed it off to a native official to write the local vernacular, but the native chose the more formal local written language instead. TCC (talk) (contribs) 05:10, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The list of languages was probably not in the original of Luke 23:38, and "Hebrew" (Hebraisti) often meant Aramaic at the time (as in Josephus). AnonMoos 06:09, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Extrapolation on Nazerene / Nasorean
I have added two additional paragraphs of information, based on the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Qumranian Scrolls respectively, the Qumran Scroll's being the writings of the actual Nasorean sect themselves documenting their (previously) verbal history that was then lost for so many years.

It's a highly debated and inflammable topic mainly between the schools of thought that, "There is truth in the bible." and "The bible is the truth." .. so take it as you will, whether you believe in 800 year old humans, or 80 year olds and a typo, the choice is yours. :)

Jachin 03:52, 23 May 2005 (AEST)
 * Sources please? Jayjg (talk) 22:48, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Dead Sea Scrolls and the Qumranian Scrolls of the Nasoreans? Hello?
 * Yes, hello. Could you please quote the sources you are referring to, including the ones which suggest that the Qumran community were Nasoerans? Jayjg (talk)  15:44, 24 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Methinks he was thinking of the Essenes, who were though to be the inhabitants of the Qumran settlement. There was no "Nasorean sect"; the Nazirites (to use the more common spelling) were those who had taken certain vows under the Mosaic law. I don't know of any evidence for the idea that the Essenes were all Nazirites. TCC (talk) (contribs) 05:17, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Frjwoolley says "Rex Iudaeorum" means exactly "King of the Jews"; Iudaeorum -- masculine genitive plural of Iudaeus, a Jew

Then it should be "King of the Judeans". I see no problem with the English construction Judean King, but if you prefer the long form, fine. Jew is an anachronism.

 * Not really -- The single word Y'hudi (Hebrew) / Ioudaios (Greek) / Judaeus (Latin) was used in ancient times to cover all three of the concepts Judahite (member of the tribe of Judah by genealogical descent), Judaean (resident of the land of Judea), and Jew (follower of the monotheistic religion). AnonMoos 03:33, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Titulus - Need definition
Until INRI & Titulus get seperated out, there's a need to define that a titulus is. If I recall correctly, it was Roman tradition to post the crime above the person they executed. The reading of the charge above Jesus is signifigant, in that it is both Pilot mocking the Jewish leaders, and is the only change Pilot was asked to rule on. (I don't have a ready source for this, otherwise I'd make a proper edit) -15:10, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Why would it be Pilate mocking Jewish leaders? AnonMoos 03:33, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * At a guess, because they annoyed him by putting him in the position he found himself in. The Jewish leadership, at any rate, wanted the inscription changed, so presumably they found it objectionable or embarrassing.  But that, of course, is just one reasonable interpretation among several, and I see no reason to favor any of them by a mentioning in the article. TCC (talk) (contribs) 04:58, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

"The King of the World"
Perhaps some Orthodox crucifixes do say this, but even more say "The King of Glory". Unfortunately I don't know how to put this in Greek so I can't fix it myself. TCC (talk) (contribs) 22:45, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Other interpretations?
I found this on a messageboard. Can anyone corroborate?

Christian Interpretation INRI is a Latin acronym for Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum (English: "Jesus of Nazareth [literally 'Jesus the Nazarene'], King of the Jews [or 'Judaeans']".)

Masonic Interpretation Igne Natura Renovatur Integra meaning "Through fire, Nature is reborn whole" or "By fire Nature is renewed whole", symbolizing Humankind's spiritual regeneration by the sacred fire of truth and love.

Yes, I think it is "Ignis Natura Renovatur Integra". Maybe somebody should find some source to support this? Xytor500 (talk) 22:05, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

24.18.35.120 10:55, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * That information was once in this article, but the only source for it was the Catholic Encyclopedia, which is unreliable for Freemasonry. I forget when it was removed, but it was a while ago. TCC (talk) (contribs) 18:06, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

2017
Would a website of followers of Aleister Crowley be a "reliable source" for that occult interpretation of I.N.R.I.? http://thelemapedia.org/index.php/INRI — Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.108.60.10 (talk) 05:49, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

I found another source from a website "Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry: made by Freemasons for Freemasons" -- the page is an essay "An Esoteric View of the Rose-Croix Degree" by R. W. Bro. Leon Zeldis. "Ignis Natura Renovatur Integra (Nature is completely renewed by fire)" is the first of a dozen occult interpretations of I.N.R.I. that Zeldis gives. He has a bibliography of 15 print titles. http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/zeldis11.html

Also, there are the following lines from the opening and closing of the "Ritual of the Hexagram" as used by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. (This rite was, according to their official pronouncements, inherited from the secretive Order of the Rosy Cross.)

"I.N.R.I. / Yod. Nun. Resh. Yod. / Virgo, Isis, Mighty Mother. / Scorpio, Apophis, Destroyer. / Sol, Osiris, Slain and Risen. / Isis, Apophis, Osiris, IAO."

(As given in "Liber O" by Aleister Crowley.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.153.152.175 (talk) 03:10, 17 January 2020 (UTC)

Hebrew
Why הנצרת instead of נצרת or הנוצרי ?

Is there any solid evidence for הנצרת ? AnonMoos 14:52, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

In truth, הנצרת does not make any sense; this means "the Nazarus". הנוצרי means "the Nazarean" and is what the Hebrew should read. Furthermore, the transliteration should read U'Melech because a conunctive-waw before the letter מ is always pronounced vocalically.

''There isn't any reason to have a conjunctive vav here. It is only inserted to force the "yod-hey-vav-hey" acronymn.''

Reason For Crucifixion
I, in no way, want to start a debate on the reasons for jesus' crucifixion, I'm just wondering why it needs to be in this article. This article should define INRI and say why it's written on crosses with maybe a little history. Going into the details of the crucifixion that have nothing to do with the writing of INRI should be left elsewhere. Djibouti 03:12, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Trivia deletion

 * I have removed the "trivia" section. It has no relevance to the meaning of the crucifix and is at best irrelevant information. At worst it constitutes vandalism worthy of being reported, but for now the section will just go away. If there are any bits of crucifix related trivia worthy of putting here, I invite anyone to recreate the section, but as long as ignorant jokes are the only content, it makes no sense to even have it here. Please remember to keep this page as information-centered as possible and keep inane bits of trivia where they belong- Urban dictionary or other similar sites, not Wikipedia--Wingsfan6047 23:14, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I have returned to the article page to find my editing undone with no explanation or discussion on this page. I reverted the page to my original edit, and explained why. I am not prepared to enter a revert war with a joker who has made 3 contributions. I will report this as vandalism if I find it changed again without 'at least' proper explanation.--Wingsfan6047 11:47, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

INRI SPQR 2 INRI INRI:... the moscovian is tricking you - in all of corvonia and the fact the houses of corruption detention and instruction wish for armenia to gain this pleasure;	; 501 says I and this into 5.1 where the supermarket is considered arabian stallion on your side;	; suddenly your leprosy has defeated you - the moscovian thinks you are insane to realise the horse is with you;	; so now you both close... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.154.136.20 (talk) 12:45, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Hebrew/Latin text in table is Original Research
Each Gospel gives the text only in Greek, not in any other language. The table incorrectly implies that the Gospels specify the precise wording of the text in Latin and/or Hebrew/Aramaic. In addition, it doesn't give any source for the Latin and Hebrew texts. This seems a clear breach of Original Research and WP:V, especially as we don't know whether "Hebrew" refers to Classical Hebrew or (more likely) Aramaic. I suggest removing the Latin and Hebrew text, and replacing it with a simple list of the languages specified by the Gospels. Grover cleveland (talk) 06:39, 21 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I deleted the problematic text. Grover cleveland (talk) 06:46, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

Latin is needed, as that's what INRI is an acronym of! 86.168.6.101 (talk) 12:36, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Gospels
I noticed that the original document stated that Luke and John wrote that the inscription is written in three languages however, I only find it in John. I have revised the content to reflect that information. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jerang (talk • contribs) 07:56, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Luke 23:38 "And there was also a superscription written over him, in letters of Greek, and Roman, and Hebrew, `This is the King of the Jews.'". link.  Grover cleveland (talk) 00:08, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Non-Christian INRI
What does this section have to do with anything? It certanly has nothing to do with the rest of the article, and really doesn't even make any sense. -- 20:51, 29 November 2010 75.28.56.200

 * it is some ones interpretation of the letters. it may not make sense to you. but it took 45 years after many years study in Latin to get this explanation. it took reading many books. you may not agree with it and I do not ask you to. I have not deleted any thing you or any one else has put down as what they think those letters mean so why would you want to delete my discovery. if you want I will add several more pages on how I came to a decision on what INRI means. I put non Christian so to not cause a dispute. i do not want to bash any Christian faith. ever since my youth I have asked priest and nuns what it meant. I have never been satisfied with any answer. I would only ask that it is like a dictionary with many examples of what the letters may mean. let who reads it decide for themselves. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.245.158.239 (talk) 08:49, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

 * If it's your personal "discovery", unknown to anybody else, then by Wikipedia rules it doesn't belong on Wikipedia; see No_original_research. In addition, the phrase really does not make any sense -- and the fact that you, the lone advocate of the theory, do not appear to have a great command of the Latin language does not inspire great confidence...  AnonMoos (talk) 22:18, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

the other interpretations where did they come from? someone's written bible for their own church? they should be disallowed too. as they too make no sense to me other than some preaching their religion at others expense. the Black Nobility may have been the reason Jesus was killed. he was a threat to the Roman empire. the Black Nobility were the rich of Rome who had a military do their conquering. inri was their way of saying to those viewing him to bow under their rule. it has been there under our noses. -- 01:29, 3 December 2010 66.245.158.239

 * The standard Latin version IESVS NAZARENVS REX IVDÆORVM comes from early Latin Bible translations of John 19:19; we have direct evidence in the form of manuscripts dating from the early middle ages, and textual philology methods allow us to take it back a few centuries earlier. Of course, the Latin was originally translated from the Greek, as explained in the article.
 * Some things you should understand: 1) "INRI" does not directly appear in early Biblical manuscripts. The Latin translation of John 19:19 came first, and "INRI" was formed from it; John 19:19 was not devised to fit any pre-existing "INRI" acronym. 2) Jesus was a local Judaean personality; he caused some turmoil among Jews there, but few people outside of the southern Levant area would have heard of him in his lifetime; he certainly was no threat to the whole Roman empire.  3) There's no evidence that pagans ever exerted any direct influence over the contents of New Testament books.  4) If any color was associated with the Roman high classes, it was purple (not always distinguished from scarlet in ancient color terminolog). AnonMoos (talk) 06:50, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

I will get back to you with my research answers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.245.153.119 (talk) 08:42, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, in the meanwhile why don't you stop banging on the article and filling it with nonsense? AnonMoos (talk) 11:48, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

I do not need to stop banging on the article you should stop high jacking it for your own christian uses. my info is from a priest who worked in the Vatican Library... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.216.207.56 (talk) 03:54, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

"Roman Catholicism" section of myths
This edit seem problematic on several levels. In a minor way it is the heading, Roman Catholicism, which bears no relation to the subject discussed, and apparent liberal quotes from the supplied source, which should be paraphrases for copyright reasons. But the larger issue is whether it belongs at all in the article. To my reading, it seems to run afoul of WP:FRINGE and WP:DUE. Searching the web for various terms therein, I was able to find this forum post, a Masonic reading in the Catholic Encyclopedia, and this mostly-unrelated blog post. Not reliable sources, and nothing to suggest that these myths or stories are a part of mainstream scholarship on the titulus. WP:FRINGE states, An idea that is not broadly supported by scholarship in its field must not be given undue weight in an article about a mainstream idea, and reliable sources must be cited that affirm the relationship of the marginal idea to the mainstream idea in a serious and substantial manner. Now, Easton Press appears to be a "luxury book" imprint and their catalog seems to be reprints of popular and notable works. I am sure that Robert Graves' work is a reliable source. I am just not sure that it represents anywhere near mainstream scholarship on this topic, or we would be able to find myriad other sources to support addition of this section. Elizium23 (talk) 14:18, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

 * The Greek Myths was actually most prominently published by Penguin, so that's not a problem -- however, some of the interpretations are generally considered somewhat eccentric (as discussed in the linked article). AnonMoos (talk) 14:41, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

It seems at least two contributors have reached an impass on the matter and there really is no point in pressing an issue. The edit does, apparently, fall within the class of Roman Catholicism as described on this discussion page, but, unfortunately, while the text does add meaning and definition to the article, it seems that Robert Graves information regarding the formation and heritage of the language of the "titulus" will remain unacknowledged. There is a difference between popular sentiment and historical reality- this contributor is under the impression that Robert Graves has it correct, but then again that's something to keep- "There is something about a neighbor that loves a wall." KJ Cruz 06:08, 11 March 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by KJ Cruz (talk • contribs)

 * KJ Cruz -- The term "impasse" is not usually used on Wikipedia for the situation where everybody except one person thinks that that person's edits are rather strange... In any case, I looked up section 52 "The Alphabet" in Volume I of the Penguin edition of The Greek Myths, and there's absolutely nothing whatsoever about INRI or Roman Catholicism, so your edits fail the sourcing test, if nothing else... AnonMoos (talk) 20:20, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

 * How, exactly, are the Three Fates, Gallic druids, and the significance of trees in Greek and Latin myths related to Roman Catholicism? It sounds to me more like the "non-Christian INRI" that is discussed above.  KarlM (talk) 06:44, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

 * The "non-Christian INRI" was a purely personal Latin interpretation offered by somebody who didn't know Latin (and it showed!), and had nothing to do with Robert Graves. AnonMoos (talk) 20:20, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Acronym- "word formed from the first letters of a series of words," 1943, Amer.Eng. coinage from acro-, comb. form of Gk. akros "tip, end" (see acrid) + -onym "name" (abstracted from homonym; see name). The practice was practically non-existent before 20c. except in cabalistic esoterica and acrostic poetry. (Online Etymology Dictionary)

 * You're right. The Greek Myths doesn't overtly state anything about Roman Catholicism or the inscription, but it does provide a historical perspective on language formation that does coincide with the general realm and reach of Roman Catholicism as its presence was documented within Europe and is traditionally known within those linguistic regions of Greece, Italy, and Ireland as well as noting Egypt (which is a Biblical centerpiece of Genesis.)

 * So it really is difficult to determine what part of the Article is a farce (if not all of the article) without, what must be considered an insightful and, at this point, humorous edit. KJ Cruz 22:42, 16 March 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by KJ Cruz (talk • contribs)

Actual INRI plate
The article fails to mention that about 75% of the actual INRI wooden plate from the crucifiction still exists and is on display at Mounth Athos in Greece. 82.131.133.206 (talk) 22:57, 18 April 2011 (UTC)
 * It's been said that if all the alleged fragments of the cross in Europe were brought together, you could build a barn. What's your citation for the INRI plate? ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 23:34, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

 * You are right. And in fact Erasmus complained about those claims of wood usage in church buildings as well. History2007 (talk) 07:56, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:INRI


text:
Borman (crater)

Borman is a lunar impact crater that is located in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. It lies across the southeast section of the mountainous inner ring, within the walled basin named Apollo.

The rim of Borman remains sharp-edged, although a smaller crater lies across its northwestern rim. The interior is rough but relatively flat. Borman L is an older and much more worn crater that is attached to the southern rim of Borman.

Borman crater is named after the American astronaut Frank Borman. In 1968, Borman and his Apollo 8 crewmates became the first humans to orbit the Moon. Two nearby craters are named after the other crew members, William Anders (Anders crater) and Jim Lovell (Lovell crater).

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Borman.

The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.

 * Borman A — See McNair (crater).
 * Borman X — See Resnik (crater).
 * Borman Y — See McAuliffe (crater).
 * Borman Z — See Jarvis (crater).

title: Borman (crater)


text:
Guernsey (clothing)

A guernsey, or gansey, is a seaman's knitted woollen sweater, similar to a jersey, which originated in the Channel Island of the same name, sometimes known as a knit-frock in Cornwall, especially Polperro.

Origins
The guernsey is the mainstay of Guernsey's knitting industry which can be dated back to the late 15th century when a royal grant was obtained to import wool from England and re-export knitted goods to Normandy and Spain. Peter Heylin described the manufacture and export of "waste-cotes" during the reign of Charles I. The first use of the name "guernsey" outside of the island is in the 1851 Oxford Dictionary, but the garment was in use in the bailiwick before that.

The guernsey was traditionally knitted by the fishermen's wives and the pattern passed down from mother to daughter through the generations. While commercially available sweaters are machine knit, the final finishing of these machine-knit parts is completed by hand.

Mary Wright argues that the use and wearing of guernseys throughout the British Isles for over a century and a half almost justifies the guernsey for qualification as a national costume. A guernsey from the Folk Museum Guernsey was included in the 2010 BBC project A History of the World in 100 Objects.

The term can also refer to a similarly shaped garment made of woven cloth, also called a Guernsey shirt or smock. There are a number of different names for the same garments, for instance Guernsey frock, Guernsey shirt, smock-frock, or fisherman’s frock. Essentially these are all the same garment, with the materials varying based on the purpose for which it is worn.

Pattern
Two styles of guernsey exist: a plain "working" guernsey and a "finer" example that was generally saved for special occasions and Sunday-best attire. Traditionally, Ganseys were seamless and worked in the round using the circular knitting method.

The "working" guernsey design was kept simpler in order to reduce the amount of time and materials needed to produce. The sale of knitted garments to supplement family income was important to many island families and thus the garments that were sold were also of a simple design. It is estimated that a total of 84 hours was needed to complete a guernsey: a simpler design could be produced faster than a more elaborate one.

Twenty-four principal patterns have been identified in Cornwall alone, each one again drawing inspiration from ropes, chains, waves, nets and sand-prints.

Worn as a source of pride and often knitted by prospective wives "to show the industrious nature of the woman he was about to marry", the "finer" guernsey was more elaborately patterned than its working cousin. With the advent of the machine-knitted guernsey and the decline in the knitting industry, this guernsey is a much rarer sight.

It is not uncommon for a guernsey to last several decades and be passed down in families. Guernseys knitted for children were knitted to be "grown into" and often came down to the knee.

Use in the British Armed Forces
The guernsey was first widely used in the rating uniform of the 19th-century British Royal Navy. It is said that guernseys were worn at the Battle of Trafalgar (although these were probably made from woollen cloth, rather than knitted ).

Orders for variants of the guernsey have also come from the Intelligence Corps, the Mercian Regiment, the Tank Regiment and Gurkha Logistics where they form part of officer uniforms.

Use in other languages
The translation for the word "jumper" or "sweater" in the Goidelic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx, are "geansaí", "geansaidh" and "gansee" respectively, all borrowings from the English guernsey/gansey. The Norwegian word "genser" is derived from "guernsey" and means sweater or jumper. In Danish a guernsey is called a "sømandstrøje", meaning a seaman's sweater.

title: Guernsey (clothing)


text:
Boss (crater)

Boss is a lunar impact crater that is located along the northeast rim of the Moon's near side. Due to its location, the crater is viewed from the side by observers on the Earth, and its visibility is subject to libration effects. It was named by the IAU in 1964 for astronomer Lewis Boss.

This formation has not been significantly eroded by impacts, and it retains a well-defined outer rim that is not overlain by smaller craters of note. The inner wall is wide and has a terraced surface. The interior floor has a low central peak that is offset slightly to the north from the midpoint.

The closest named craters are Vashakidze to the southeast on the far side of the Moon, and the heavily eroded Riemann to the south. Further to the southwest is the prominent crater Gauss, and to the north-northwest is the Mare Humboldtianum.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Boss.

title: Boss (crater)