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Eugene Volokh

Eugene Volokh ( born Yevhen Volodymyrovych Volokh (Євге́н Володимирович Волох); February 29, 1968) is an American legal scholar known for his scholarship in American constitutional law and libertarianism as well as his prominent legal blog, The Volokh Conspiracy. Volokh is regarded as an expert on the First Amendment, and the Second Amendment. He is the Gary T. Schwartz Professor of Law at the University of California, Los Angeles, and is an affiliate at the law firm Schaerr Jaffe.

Early life and education
Volokh was born in the Soviet Union to a Jewish family residing in Kyiv, Ukraine. He emigrated with his family to the United States at the age of seven. Volokh exhibited extraordinary mathematical abilities from an early age. At the age of 9, he was attending university-level mathematics and calculus courses after he was found studying differential equations on his own. When only 10 years 1 month old, he earned a 780 out of a possible 800 on the math portion of what is now called the SAT-I.

At the age of 12, he began working as a computer programmer and was enrolled as a sophomore at UCLA. He attended the Hampshire College Summer Studies in Mathematics. As a junior at UCLA, he earned $480 a week as a programmer for 20th Century Fox. During this period, Volokh's achievements were featured in an episode of OMNI: The New Frontier, a television series hosted by Peter Ustinov. He graduated from UCLA at age 15 with a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics and computer science.

Volokh later attended the UCLA Law School, where he was a managing editor of the UCLA Law Review. He graduated in 1992 with a Juris Doctor.

Career
After law school, Volokh clerked for Judge Alex Kozinski of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, then for Justice Sandra Day O'Connor of the U.S. Supreme Court. Upon completing his Supreme Court clerkship in 1994, UCLA hired Volokh as a professor of law. He has remained there ever since. As of 2018, he also held the position of Gary T. Schwartz Professor of Law, and was an academic affiliate at the law firm Mayer Brown. As of 2023, he was an affiliate of trial and appellate law firm Schaerr Jaffe.

Politics
Volokh is commonly described as politically conservative or libertarian. In 2012, one commentator described Volokh's politics as "soft libertarian", and Volokh as an "unpredictable libertarian-leaning" writer. He has been a longtime member of the Federalist Society since he first joined in the 1980s.

In the 2008 presidential election, Volokh supported former Tennessee Senator Fred Thompson, saying Thompson had good instincts on legal issues and that he preferred Thompson's positions on the First Amendment and political speech to John McCain's sponsorship of campaign finance reform. Volokh also liked Thompson's position in favor of individual gun ownership. He noted that Thompson "takes federalism seriously, and he seems to have a fairly deep-seated sense that there is a real difference between state and federal power."

Volokh is a supporter of same-sex marriage.

Writing
Volokh's article about "The Commonplace Second Amendment" (2020), was cited by Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia's majority opinion in the landmark Second Amendment case of District of Columbia v. Heller, and he has been quoted in the media on gun laws. His article, "Might Federal Preemption of Speech-Protective State Laws Violate the First Amendment?" (2021) was cited by Justice Clarence Thomas in a concurring opinion for Knight First Amendment Institute v. Trump (2021), with Thomas arguing that Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act might be unconstitutional and that Twitter should be regulated as a common carrier.

Volokh advocates free speech on campus, religious freedom, and other First Amendment issues, and has been widely quoted as an expert. He opposes affirmative action, having worked as a legal advisor to California's Proposition 209 campaign. Volokh is a critic of what he sees as the overly broad operation of American workplace harassment laws, including those relating to sexual harassment.

On his weblog, Volokh addresses a wide variety of issues, with a focus on politics and law.

Volokh's non-academic work has been published in The Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, Slate, and other publications. He was a contributing blogger at The Huffington Post from 2005-2012.

Family
Volokh's brother, Alexander "Sasha" Volokh, is a law professor at Emory University. Like Eugene, Alexander also clerked for Judge Alex Kozinski of the Ninth Circuit and Justice Sandra Day O'Connor on the U.S. Supreme Court, although Alexander clerked for Justice Alito as well.

title: Eugene Volokh


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Talk:Freedom of religion in Malaysia

untitled
For a January 2005 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Discrimination against non-Muslims in Malaysia

Dispute and delete
Some clown has put a total dispute on this page without disputing this page previously and slapped a VFD. I have removed it and urge others on this page to defend the knowledge space.

As the tag says "this page HAS been disputed". If you do not dispute it (and the talk page would be the logical forum for that) then bugger off until you do dispute it. We want to know

1) Which FACTS you dispute - and this doesn't just mean disagreeing with the source. 2) Which parts of the article you feel must be removed. 3) What else you think is wrong.

If you are not here to contribute and want to be a "censor" then i believe that the north korean domain for wikipedia is still open for registration.--Malbear 05:45, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * "Clown"? You violated two wikipedia policies. (1) No personal attacks, and (2) Removing VFD tag while the question is being discussed. Do not do that again. OneGuy 06:35, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * wikipedia does not belong to exclusively to you. relax if somebody put an vfd. __earth 00:37, Jan 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Harsh word. But I must agree, simply put a VFD without a facts violate the prime-directive of wikipedia. It is similar to punish people without trial, and worst, without facts and evident. Sltan 10:30 07 feb 2004 (GMT+8)

US Government POV
I find this article disturbing. Almost all of the text was copied down from the US government site. As if the US government's view is the one that should be featured here. Can someone please revise with NPOV? --Aleen1412 05:56, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Yep, original text was by RK with text from the US Dept. of State website. I'd say just be bold and refactor those that isn't factually right. With those you're not sure of, just move it here. -- sabre23t 07:04, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia readers, and Users more interested in this issue than I am, should be aware that vetted US State Department information on discrimination against non-Muslims in Malaysia is being deleted from this article under various pretexts. The Page history link will give details. --Wetman 08:11, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I noticed that someone named Andylkl deleted parts of article, but the parts that he deleted were not even in the State Department report ... I suggest you should pay more attention when you post comments on RfD or talk pages OneGuy 08:22, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Hahaha...er... what's wrong with the State Department report? As I said on the VfD, I don't see anything wrong with its content; seems quite accurate to me (and we're all Malaysians here, so really, we should know better than foreigners). I think the material Andy removed was the most POV material in the article, especially since I never hear anyone complaining about the Azan (so it must be some fringe group doing so). I suggest you define POV material not only by its source but also by its actual content. Johnleemk | Talk 08:53, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Source can be relevant too. I don't see why the US government report about Iran (anti-Iranian bias) or Israel (pro-Israel bias) should be posted verbatim. In any case, I just replied to Wetman because he doesn't seem to pay attention when he is posting on talk pages or VfD. The part removed were not in the State Department report. He should have checked that before posting above comments OneGuy 08:59, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I said "not only by its source". The US government's material describes the situation accurately and is released in the public domain. Can you give me any reason not to use it except for some politically correct bullshit? I don't see anywhere Andylkl implied he believed the material he removed was from the report anyhow. Johnleemk | Talk 09:12, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * You need to read more carefully before you post replies. I never said Andylkl implied he removed State Department material. I said Wetman claimed that the material removed by Andylkl was from the US State Department. Do not post nonsensical replies. Please read carefully what is being posted. I said that the US government report about Iran cannot be accepted verbatim as a neutral source (since there is another similar article about Iran) OneGuy 09:37, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, then my apologies then. Johnleemk | Talk 09:43, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Removed
"The Government generally restricts remarks or publications that might incite racial or religious disharmony. This includes some statements and publications critical of particular religions, especially Islam."

The government has not restricted any view critical of any religion except Islam. Please re-write --Malbear 09:27, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"The Government also restricts the content of sermons at mosques. Some state governments ban certain Muslim clergymen from delivering sermons."

Already mentioned in previous para. --Malbear 09:27, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"In family and religious matters, all Muslims are subject to Shari'a law. According to some women's rights activists, women are subject to discriminatory interpretations of Shari'a law and inconsistent application of the law from state to state."

If these women are muslim then....--Malbear 09:27, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"(the Government also grants limited funds to non-Islamic religious communities)"

Will remove this in 7 days from now if an example is not offered. Intuitively this cannot be true in Malaysia. --Malbear 07:56, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"==State control of Religion== After the November 1999 national elections, the Government significantly expanded efforts to restrict the activities of the Islamic opposition party at mosques. Several states announced measures including banning opposition-affiliated imams from speaking at mosques, more vigorously enforcing existing restrictions on the content of sermons, replacing mosque leaders and governing committees thought to be sympathetic to the opposition, and threatening to close down unauthorized mosques with ties to the opposition.  The Government justified such measures as necessary to oppose the "politicization of religion" by the opposition.  Throughout 2001 government officials and ruling party politicians claimed that opposition Islamic party members were giving political sermons in mosques around the country."

"In June 2000, the Government announced that all Muslim civil servants must attend religious classes, but only Islamic classes are conducted. In addition, only teachers approved by the Government are employed."

"The Government continues to monitor the activities of the Shi'a minority, and the Government periodically detained members of what it considers Islamic "deviant sects" without trial or charge under the Internal Security Act (ISA) during the period covered by this report. "

"In November 2000, the Shari’a High Court in the state of Kelantan, which is controlled by the Islamic opposition party, sentenced four persons to 3 years in prison for disregarding a lower court order to recant their alleged heretical beliefs and "return to the true teachings of Islam." The High Court rejected their argument that Shari’a law has no jurisdiction over them because they had ceased to be Muslims."

Again this article is not about how muslims treat other muslims. --Malbear 09:27, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Rephrasing
The last two sections at the end are factually accurate, and there seems to be no remarkable ommission or twisting of facts. However, the wording reads to me like an editorial opposing these practices. I guess some work could be done on making them more encyclopedic. Johnleemk | Talk 06:54, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * All right, now this is definitely not NPOV. After rereading it, it sounds like somebody is seriously exaggerating how we're discriminated against in Malaysia. I personally have never been woken up by the call to prayer, and I've never heard anybody complaining it about before, despite living in neighbourhoods where we're right next to a mosque. The section on this exaggerates the problem. The only way you'd get waken up is if you're right next to the mosque. And lots of people I know own dogs. The Subang Jaya council's discrimination against non-Muslims in Subang Jaya has little to no bearing on the overall state of discrimination against non-Muslims in Malaysia. And we don't need a separate section for Aslina Jailani's case — put her as an example of Malays not being given the right to convert. Her having her own section reeks of trying to make it seem like her case is a unique one, and overblowing it. Johnleemk | Talk 16:36, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually the call to prayer has been an issue in Malaysia but possibly not where you live. Uncertain about where that is. It has so far been raised in the Bar Council newsletter and in a Malay newspaper. A brouhaha erupted when a writer for the bar council newsletter compared this to a barking dog.

 * As for the Subang jaya dog thing. This is discrimination against non-muslims. do you have a counter rationale, thus far no one has offered any other alternatives, please feel free to be the first to provide any other rationale?

 * Oh sorry one last thing. The "opposing" bit. Yes its quite natural that any writing on discrimination would oppose it. However feel free to rephrase it without ommiting any facts. --Malbear 06:28, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * My main point is that the article does not make any of this clear. It makes it seem like the Azan call is a major issue, when I have never heard a single person commenting on the annoyance, despite staying in urban, mostly Chinese, areas, directly next to mosques (I live somewhere in Damansara currently).

 * Depending on which part of Damansara you live in there are no major mosques close to you. Try moving over to my old house in Bangsar--Malbear 08:27, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * There's a surau within walking distance of my house. I didn't expect it to blow the prayer call, since I've never been awakened by it, but my mother has told me that they do air the Azan in the mornings. Johnleemk | Talk 14:52, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * In practically every paragraph in the last half of the article, the tone is accusatory, trying to defend every action taken by those diametrically opposed to certain practices the Malays have. The article focuses a lot on the rationale for stopping the Azan, such as noting that most Malaysians own timepieces, but doesn't present any arguments given by the Muslims for keeping the Azan, beyond stating that an article supporting the Azan's removal "was condemned" (which is a weasel word, I think).

 * Actually there are no reasons for the Azan as far as I can tell except that it is a demonstration of power. I have spoken to Muslim neighbours who do not believe there is any religious reason, its a tradition (like fire crackers on chinese new year) but traditions which are a hazard to society and disturb the peace have to be sanctioned (like fire crackers on chinese new year) --Malbear 08:27, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The azan is intended to remind Muslims that a prayer's period of time has begun. The Muslim neighbours are right in saying that it's not specifically proscribed in the Quran, but I believe there is basis in Sunnah for it, which makes it more than just a tradition. Additionally, it has a specific purpose, as I mentioned, for which an alternative eludes most Malaysian Muslims. Now, there are watches and wall clocks that keep track of prayer times, but not every place in Malaysia has such a clock and the watches are rarely seen on the market. Considering this, the azan, as broadcast on the radio, television and sung (yes, we Malays call the recital of the azan singing) from the mosque is a necessity. - chibikit

 * So an activity which can maim people is the same thing as an activity that might wake up a few unlucky people who happened to have chosen a house near a mosque? You seem to have forgotten that bamboo cannons, once a traditional activity during Hari Raya Aidilfitri, are now banned. Likewise, we aren't prohibited from making our own religious noise. When one of my neighbours passed away, her family and friends sang hymns throughout the night. Whenever a Taoist/Buddhist dies, there's a traditional funeral procession, and you know as well as I do that gongs and whatnot are part and parcel of this. The all-night-long vigil, depending on the family's religiousness, may also feature gongs, etc. (I know my great-grandfather's funeral did). None of these are illegal, AFAIK. You've omitted these key points from the article. In the first place, the article makes it sound like everyone is woken up by the Azan call. I can attest that neither me nor my siblings have ever been awakened by the sound of the Azan. As usual, the article is telling only one side of the story. Johnleemk | Talk 14:52, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually IMHO the act of setting of a bamboo cannon versus the Azan is sort of like smoking versus rock climbing. In rock climbing you choose to go up. Knowing full well you may break your fool neck onthe said rocks. However, in smoking you endanger the people around you. This is why smoking is banned and rock climbing is not. This is why pollution is banned yet drinking is not (YET). One affects your neighbour and the other yourself. The azan impacts the neighbours and the crackers do not. Clearly natural selection displays that crackers have not wiped out chinese civilization, yes accidents happen, people slip in the bathroom and die, but banning soap is not the answer. But anyway we have deviated far on this. Will speak on the taoist prayers for the dead.--Malbear 07:52, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * First of all I am not a toaist but I know toaists knock and chant till late when a person dies. Incidentally the priests or "lo moh louh" do not chant beyond 12 anymore. Doing so results in a fine. Please check with your local toaist since this is only hearsay on my part. (See the government does fine religious activity). Anyway death is a "one off" event. Its not a day after day condoned activity which disturbs the peace. If your neighbour has a "kenduri" and blocks the road for one day, ok, int he spirit of neighbourliness we can be tolerant. If your neighbour parks three abreast on the road every day then something has to be done. If your neighbour burns some paper money for departed relatives during the hungry ghost month you will see paper flying every where. That's one off (or rather once a year). But if your neighbour comes over and throws paper scraps outside your house EVERY DAY then we may have a problem on our hands. If your neighbours cultural organization has one lousy party where they play music till 3AM (this happens in a home in Lucky Garden annually when the ceylonese association meets) I guess we can be tolerant, but if you choose to open a pub next to my home... --Malbear 07:52, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * From what I understand (looked up a PJ map and asked our tea lady who lives there and is Muslim). The only mosque in the vicinity of Damansara is located in Karu Ara. There is a Surau in SS22 and SS21 but these don't count. I am not sure if Surau's do the Azan. Tell you wh--Malbear 07:52, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)at, in the spirit of truth seeking we do this experiment. Go to the Damansara NKVE entrance before the start of morning prayers (I think 5AM++ depending on time of year), if it can be heard from there (it's deep in Kayu Ara and from across the highway) this is some indication it is not a quiet activity. How do I know? I tried this morning --Malbear 07:52, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually Kayu Ara is very near where I stay; I know many people from Kayu Ara. I have never been awakened by the Azan call from the mosque there either. Johnleemk | Talk 13:38, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Finally, let me see if it's possible to share the point here. The point is that the government is against noisy things in neighbourhoods. Notice how pub licenses are not granted when the buildings are too near residences ont he understanding that it is noisy and disturbs the residents. Secondly, the noise level from a mosque is "louder" than from a pub. You can't hear any damansara pub from across the highway. Additionally, there is no benefit to anyone from laying that EXCEPT to the muslim and even this is debated (by some muslims no less). That all have to suffer, that this form of suffering is acknowledged by the government (cf. pubs) and that this is allowed and encouraged to persist is clearly discrimination. --Malbear 07:52, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Discrimination, yes, but rather, I was presenting points currently not made in the article. As it is, the article lacks any context on the subject of restrictions regarding religious practices; although it is implicit that similar (albeit less frequent) activities by other religious groups are permitted, it is not explicitly stated. Stating this would provide context. Btw, do you know of any religion which has tried to hold such noisy activities on a regular basis and was forbidden from doing so? Johnleemk | Talk 13:38, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * As for the was condemmed part I agree its a bit sketchy but again the move against the editor who spoke out against the Azan shows the mindset and the actions of people who condemm such practices. Feel free to flesh it out more in that specific instance. That the MPSA published an official condemnation of the bar council shows that there was condemnation. I am uncertain as to what you are hoping for. --Malbear 08:27, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Cite sources clearly states that articles should provide some means for the reader to confirm the claims. If you're going to say the protest was condemned, the least you could do is say where it's from. Right now the article doesn't even do that. Johnleemk | Talk 14:52, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Apologies. Kindly quote the statements I need to cite for and provide me a window of 48 hours. It shall be done. --Malbear 07:52, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Just say who condemned the article. That's all. Johnleemk | Talk 13:38, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The section on dogs needs to be toned down. It occasionally speaks in a sarcastic and accusatory form.

 * No it explains that there is no reason for such a ban. I am sorry but I personally feel the ban is silly. My cousin who lives in SS18 under the NSJ had a breakin every year for three years running. After having a dog (now three dogs). The break ins stopped. then the council decided to change licensing rules. Ok then you ask how this is relevant to discrimination? Well if a license requires that you get "permission" from your Muslim neighbours then surely is a Muslim issue? Or is it totally unrelated? You tell me...--Malbear 08:27, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * It's an injustice, but you haven't explained why the facts need to be stated in a sarcastic manner. Why do we need quotes around "approval"? Johnleemk | Talk 14:52, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok I'm glad you think it's an injustice since its an injustice that is for the benefit of muslims it is a discriminatory practice. Note that we never mentioned whether it is good or bad. That is unsaid. "approval" is in quotes because it was never defined in the form properly. Does it mean tacit approval, as in they never complained. Does it mean, explicit approval. In this case do they need to fill up a form (non existant), do they need to write a letter/does it have to be signed?, do they have to go and make a statutory dec. in front of a Commisioner? The term approval there is unclear so it is put in scare quotes directly from the application guidelines as informed to us. --Malbear 07:52, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Um...generally most readers will find the quotes to be sarcastic. We don't need them anyway, since the next sentence clearly states that how approval could be shown was not stated in the policy. Johnleemk | Talk 13:38, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I think we can safely remove the "rationale" paragraph part off the article. Again, wikipedia should provide a normative statement, not positive. __earth 19:42, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Incidentally will be adding that dogs are the only animals needing health certification before licensing. Cats, birds, iguanas, and other domestic pets (including fighting hens who may carry bird flu) do not need any such certification. --Malbear 07:52, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The charges of insults don't even provide proof that those being accused are non-Muslims. And in any case, I don't see how this is discrimination. Whether you're a Muslim or not, you're in trouble if you mess with these peoples' legalistic religion.

 * It is discrimination. The very fact that only Islam is defended when other faiths may be attacked shows that they discriminate (i.e. make a difference between religions). Simple definition of the word --Malbear 08:27, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Then why isn't that stated in the article? Johnleemk | Talk 14:52, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Because that's the English meaning of the word discrimination. " Treatment or consideration based on class or category rather than individual merit; partiality or prejudice: racial discrimination; discrimination against foreigners." We do not define words here unless they deviate from the common usage of the term. else every article would need to start by defining each word used. That would be facetious but please do feel free to add a definition of every word at the bottom of the article. I was inclined to do it myself but hopefully you can be a kind editor who will do it so that I can see the consequences of such an action :) --Malbear 07:52, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Apparently you have a knack for misunderstanding. What I mean is, the article completely fails to provide context. It merely states that Islam is defended when insulted; it does not state that such defence is not provided for other religions. Therefore, the article as it is does not provide any rationale for keeping the section in question. Johnleemk | Talk 13:38, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * And just because we oppose this discrimination and just because this article is about it is not a license to start flinging accusations in a biased tone. The article needs serious reworking if it's going to become NPOV any time soon. Johnleemk | Talk 08:02, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok feel free to rework any of the sentences. I already agree with you as to a rework but I cannot figure out a way to rework it to be any more neutral. You try and if any "facts" (provable statements etc.) are ommited they will be added back and we will try to pass it through the churn again. Don't worry. Articles are never right the first time. Let's work on it. --Malbear 08:27, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Do we need to include the incident where the PAS Youth lodged a police report against Astora Jabat? Clearly it was merely a report but no action was taken against Astora Jabat. Furthermore, that case looked more like a libel case rather than a discriminatory move. __earth 19:46, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

''In 2004 the Bar Council of Malaysia journal "Infoline" carried an article which questioned the need for the Azan as it was disturing to non-Muslims and not needful. The article was condemmed.''

Condemned by whom? please complete the sentence. __earth 00:49, Jan 15, 2005 (UTC)

Disputed: Murtad
As for Aslina it is an on going case right now. Also there is the case of the indian converting and then taking his children (against the rule of the family court may I add). However I need to get the facts right before writing so it has not been done. Am thinking to pick up the law journals this week but my schedule is a bit tight since I do have a day job and this is "for fun". Additionally before Aslina there were notable cases of Citibank Aishah (she was imprisoned by her own family), there waa joshua jamaluddin (who was imprisoned and tortured) and nur himli (cannot remember spelling, who was hounded out of his job bythe authorities). Also there is the case of some old dude (cannot remember name so have to dig up) who had to move from his village and eventually had to give up his race on his IC. Yes each is a small thread and taken alone it doesn't amount to much but all these threads together form a picture. --Malbear 08:27, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * And just the fact that Aslina's case is on-going does not make it special. She doesn't deserve her own section. As you yourself have admitted, her case is not unique, so why does she deserve a section of her own? The Subang Jaya thing shouldn't be removed, but it needs to be toned down a lot. Johnleemk | Talk 08:02, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually Aslina is not a section. she is a subsection of those covnerting out. As mentioned earlier Jamaluddin, Aishah et al. will be added as and when I do have the time to do research. Please feel free to help me. There isn't a better palce to do it. Incidentally legally in Malaysia you can only be brought to a syariah court a person who "declares himself a muslim". Once a person does not do so then any attempts to bring a person before syriah are already ipso facto extra-legal in nature. Again this is something I do not know how to add in. How is each case relevant? the indian lady lost her child, this lady lost her right to marry, Nur lost his job and livelihood, jamaluddin lost his freedom and was tortured, aishah was imprisoned by her own family and the old chap lost his racial identification. I could instead categorise by that rather than by the person i guess (let me know what makes you more comfortable). Then we add the person as an example of each situation.....again let's see how this can be worked out. --Malbear 08:27, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, my point really is that we shouldn't have sections about individuals. And neither should we go into detail about them into this article. Just summarise each individual's case. If you want to write more about them, create a separate article. Johnleemk | Talk 11:36, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok fair enough. I think it can be re-positioned as having a sub-section on the consequences of leaving Islam. Since thats what the section is about. We could then put these people in as arche-types of each consequence and then route their stories to individual articles. Good?--Malbear 11:44, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Sure. Johnleemk | Talk 13:38, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Non-muslims were granted limited funds in Malaysia
This never happened to the Wisma Tiong Hua in Johor Bahru, according to the reports from the Chinese. I removed that unfair sentence stating this. User:Chan Han Xiang

 * Just because one group doesn't receive funding does not mean all groups don't receive funding. Johnleemk | Talk 05:11, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This article needs a cleanup
From Dictionary.com

Discrimination
 * 1)  Treatment or consideration based on class or category rather than individual merit; partiality or prejudice: racial discrimination; discrimination against foreigners.

Right now most of the content is just a big lump of religion-related issues in Malaysia. I'd be cutting down the content and sticking with what the current title says. Any objections? --Andylkl 07:49, Jan 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, the only objection I have is that the title is not NPOV and has to be moved, and that's going to happen. This article won't stay with this title on Wikipedia OneGuy 07:55, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * The title is NPOV. If discrimination does not occur then the article would be "Discrimination against non-Muslims does not occur in Malaysia". As it stands the article describes the issues of discrimination against non-Muslim (views, people, practices etc.).--Malbear 09:01, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * No, you claim discrimination occurs. That's you POV. You can't take your POV to the title of the article. Keep the title neutral and discuss your POV (as your POV) in the article, presenting other views that contradict yours as well .. that's NPOV OneGuy 09:07, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * No, discrimination does happen in Malaysia, as with the other places on Earth. The only thing POV with the title is the "against non-Muslims" part, cut that part and it should be appropriate enough. --Andylkl 09:12, Jan 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Again, that's your opinion that discrimination occurs everywhere in the world. You seem to have real trouble comprehending what NPOV means. Do not move your opinion to the title of articleOneGuy

 * And it is also your opinion that discrimination does not occur everywhere in the world. My point is that discrimination itself is a fact, as with racism, ageism and sexism. I agree that the article needs to be NPOV, and I do stand by on my earlier comments. I will not impose my "opinions" on the title, so don't worry. --Andylkl 09:51, Jan 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * That's the point. So we disagree whether discrimination occurs or doesn't occur everywhere in the world. You should not move your opinion to the title of the article. Keep the title NPOV (i.e. neutral). If I change the title to non-Discrimination in Malaysia, I would be moving my opinion to the title. That would be POV. Keep the title neutral and discuss your opinion about discrimination in the article. OneGuy 10:34, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi everyone! I'm a Malaysian and let me point this out to you. Discrimination does exist in Malaysia and IT IS serious. It is happening in every part of Malaysia as we speak. I totally agree with the articles posted in WIKIPEDIA and I would say whoever that did the research, did a very good job. It's not unfounded and basically it's just the truth that all these years the Malays evade. Islam always do this to others. They go somewhere, they spread their religion. Once strong, they take on the weaker ones. Then lastly, they'll turn the table around and say that they are the victim (doesn't matter victim of what but that's what they always do too - we're victims of USA, Jews, blah.. blah..). I do not have online evidence to support my opinion and you may even consider this input as a void but however, I AM A LIVING EVIDENCE and also witness of the atrocities of the Malaysian/Malay Government. -Idolater of hogs-

 * sigh* That may well be true, but we need to represent the Malays' viewpoint as well. I'm not a Bumi nor a supporter of theirs (personally I consider this whole NEP bullshit to be racism through and through), but even I can see the need for NPOV in articles like these. Johnleemk | Talk 08:46, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Anyone who wish to carried out further discussion should read the definition about Humantarianism. It doesn't care about the country you are from and what value your culture held. If the culture permit the act of against humanity, it should not afraid of being document in wikipedia!

Do take note that the current Malaysia constitution are not the same version to independent.

In addition, there is little touch and research on the native "Orang Asli" religious rights. Unlike the native in East Malaysia, Native in West Malaysia are involuntery converted.

--sltan

Discrimination policy mentioned in letter
Greetings,

I have a letter in my possesion, scanned here, from a Malaysian university. I am unable to find any English sources from the govt websites of malaysia that supports one way or the other the malaysian law against Shias that the letter talks about.

I think this is not a federal policy, but rather a state policy. But I cannot verify it.

Can anybody help verifying this?--Zereshk 01:18, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * There is an existing fatwa (Islamic religious edict) that is binding on Malaysian Muslims that proscribes the practice of the Shia Islam in Malaysia (Link)

 * It basically says that only the practice of Sunni Islam (Sunnah Wal-Jamaah) is permissable among Muslims in Malaysia and the practice and propagation of any other practices outside Sunnah Wal-Jamaah are against Islamic law and thereby forbidden. It further defines Islamic law as based on Sunnah Wal-Jamaah and all Muslims in Malaysia are subject to that interpretation of Islamic law. Further searches on the same site will also find similiar fatwas against Ahmaddiyas which is considered a heresy. -- Bob K 17:52, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Judaism
Who has some verifiable information about the Malaysian attitude to Judaism? I know from experience that it is not well covered in schools, that malaysian passports are stamped 'valid in all countries apart from Israel' and that the TV stations tend to favour Palestinian footage over Israli suffering.

 * I highly doubt there would be any, as many state controlled media would lump up Christianity and Judaism as one as well as Americans and Jews as one. Therefore it would be relatively safe to say that a Malaysian's attitude towards Judaism would be similar to it's attitude about Christianity. Those who are apathetic towards Christianity would also feel the same towards Judaism. changed 16:21, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Not true. Racist propaganda funded by Wahaabists from Saudi Arabia and distributed in Malaysia proclaims Jews to be the root of all evil, even though there are virtually no Jews in Malaysia for them to come contact with. In addition, Israelis are generally not allowed to enter Malaysia. It's obvious that in any Muslim country the attitude to Jews will be far below that of Christians. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Nssdfdsfds (talk • contribs) 23:18, 18 December 2006 (UTC).

Citation needed
Up to 1000 protesters chanted slogans such as "Jika Azhar datang, kita bakarkan gereja ini sampai jadi abu!" (when translated, it says: If Azhar comes, we will burn this church down to ashes).

Where did u ppl get this? we need a citation pls and stop fired-up the religion discrimination,theres no such thing in malaysia, come to malaysia if u want to know, see it for ur self.

Well should we take a high prist in Malaysia as citation for the discrimination, since its all pointed over the christian.

btw, in msia we respect all religion (include bahai and judaism) but we do not insult our religion by equalize our religion with other religion, but its different with apostace(watever), they are still under shariah court juridiction, plus this apostace can go convert over the border as in singapura, they dont have to fight in msia, since msia is a Islamic nation. --tearfate 09:23, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Malaysia is a full racist country which discriminates religions as well as there own citizens, if you fill out a form you will have to tell whether you are Bumiputra, Indian or Chinese. If you are a Bumiputra then you are lucky because you get alot discount in property. Being a Muslim is not so huge in Malaysia but being a Bumiputra is like they are trying to be the Royal Saudi families. I am a foreigner Shia Muslim in Malaysia I asked many Imams of what they think about the Shia's, I didnt tell them I was Shia otherwise I would have been sitting in Jail, all the informations that the Imam's gave were roumers none of them true. For Muslims they are like this then I dont know what they will be for others. -vnethussain

Rewrite needed
While I can understand the emotions that issues like this can bring about, I don't think writing this article the way it is written does any justice to Wikipedia. Let's stick to the facts, folks and keep the personal opinions out of the articles. If its a cited opinion within context of the article, then make sure the citation is provided but keep in mind the article needs to be neutral.

I think its high time this whole article is rewritten, not as a whitewash, but to remove some of the more anti-Muslim bias tone from it. - Bob K 17:43, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, and while we're at it, let me make my own suggestion. Malaysia has been independent for half a century, yet events pre-2000 are barely mentioned. Let's have some history, shall we? Biruitorul 03:48, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Good suggestion. Incidences like the Maria Hertogh riots are also part of the historical context of inter faith relations in Malaysia. - Bob K 04:04, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Non-muslim female marrying a muslim male
The article suggests a non Muslim cannot marry a Muslim in Malaysia. Definitely many Google results and also anecdotal evidence I heard from one party involved in such a situation this is true. However also from Google re Malaysia and also from memory of a Catholic news paper in Malaysia and I think other sources it's suggested a Christian female can in fact marry a Muslim male although she obviously can't teach her children her religion. In general terms this is mentioned Interreligious marriage. Is anyone aware of any case or evidence to suggest it is in fact practiced in Malaysia and is not simply theoretical 'should be allowed' but has never actually been done? I suspect there would be strong pressure on the female to convert in any case and by not converting your likely to have even bigger problems in the event of divorce & custody disputed but it would be good to add details on this if any are available both on the theoretical side as supported by Malaysian sources and on the practical side Nil Einne 19:40, 27 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Ive never come across this. So u saying, a non-muslim male must, as required by law, convert before he can marry a muslim lady, and that a non-muslim lady is not required by law to convert? kawaputra torque 02:55, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Letter
I have some concerns about the letter. Given the way it's presented and the fact it appears it hasn't been referred to in a reliable source I feel it's a bit ORy. Do others agree? Nil Einne 19:43, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Two articles
This article is discussing not just Religious freedom in Malaysia, but Religion in Malaysia in general. Yet, there is a different article for that subject Religion in Malaysia.Bless sins (talk) 16:41, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Original research and poor sourcing
This article is sparsely sourced and seems to contain a lot of editorializing. I intend to re-write when possible and delete when not. Monkeyassault (talk) 05:19, 24 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I suggest waiting a couple of days; I'm about to undertake a purge of copyright violations in the article (see below). Cheers --Mkativerata (talk) 20:23, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Copyright problem
This article has been revised as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. --Mkativerata (talk) 20:23, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

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Apostasy more recent case
Azmi Mohamad Azam v Director of Jabatan Agama Islam Sarawak and Others in the High Court of Sabah and Sarawak Bancki (talk) 11:41, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

Judaism Not a Recognized Religion in Malaysia
The article says that Judaism is not a recognized religion in Malaysia. Where is the source for this claim? Seethruskinnnn (talk) 21:53, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Freedom of religion in Malaysia


text:
2004 Chinese Grand Prix

The 2004 Chinese Grand Prix (officially the 2004 Formula 1 Sinopec Chinese Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 26 September 2004 at the Shanghai International Circuit. It was Race 16 of 18 in the 2004 FIA Formula One World Championship and was the inaugural Chinese Grand Prix.

The 56-lap race was won by Rubens Barrichello for the Ferrari team, from a pole position start. Jenson Button finished second for the BAR team, with Kimi Räikkönen third in a McLaren.

Friday drivers
The bottom 6 teams in the 2003 Constructors' Championship were entitled to run a third car in free practice on Friday. These drivers drove on Friday but did not compete in qualifying or the race.

Background
Michael Schumacher and Ferrari were already the drivers' and constructors' world champions. After the 2004 Italian Grand Prix, Schumacher unassailably led the drivers' standings with 38 points ahead of Rubens Barrichello and 65 points ahead of Jenson Button. Ferrari led the constructors' championship with 140 points, unassailable ahead of BAR and 143 points ahead of Renault.

Renault fired Jarno Trulli after the Italian Grand Prix and was replaced by Jacques Villeneuve, who returned to driving a single-seater after almost a year of inactivity. The dismissal of the Italian driver was due to disagreements with team manager Flavio Briatore, who also dominated the Italian driver's career and who the previous week had signed a contract with Toyota for 2005. This was the first race back for Ralf Schumacher after injuries in the 2004 United States Grand Prix three months prior. At Jordan, Timo Glock replaced Giorgio Pantano, who will give up participation in the last three Grand Prix races of the season without paying the last installment according to the contract.

The race was the first where radio conversations between teams and drivers were broadcast to television viewers.

Practice
The BAR of test driver Anthony Davidson takes to the track in friday free practice with a special yellow-blue livery, inspired by that of the Subaru Impreza 555 and which replaces the main seasonal sponsor Lucky Strike with State Express 555. The intention was to use it throughout the weekend. However, this was suspended by the federation so that for qualifying and the race, while retaining the temporary 555 sponsorship, the season's canonical white livery was more or less restored.

Qualifying
Barrichello set the fastest lap and took pole position ahead of Räikkönen and Button. The Bridgestone tyres worked particularly well in this section and Sauber driver Massa managed to achieve the best starting position of his career up to that point with fourth place.

Race
After changing the engine during the night, Michael Schumacher started from the pit lane and started the race with a full tank. Barrichello maintained his lead at the start ahead of Räikkönen. Alonso took third place ahead of Massa and Button. The Briton regained position from the Sauber driver on the third lap after an intense duel. A lap later, Massa was also overtaken by Fisichella and Ralf Schumacher. Meanwhile, Michael Schumacher was struggling to get himself back together and was stuck in seventeenth behind the Toyota of Panis, which got off to a terrible start due to a launch control problem. On lap six, Button also overtook Alonso and moved up to third place, the BAR driver immediately setting the fastest lap of the race. After ten laps of the race, Massa opened the first series of pit stops. Shortly afterwards, Michael Schumacher touched Klien while trying to overtake the Austrian. While Michael Schumacher was able to continue driving, Klien's race was over due to damaged suspension.

Barrichello and Räikkönen refuelled together on lap 12. The Brazilian kept the Finn behind him. Alonso and Button stayed on the track one and two laps longer respectively and retained fourth and third place. Further back, Michael Schumacher skidded and lost a lot of time. The German driver was the last to refuel on the 20th lap after overtaking both Fisichella and his brother.

At the head of the race, Barrichello struggled to contain Räikkönen; the Ferrari driver's margin over the Finn remained firmly under one second. In third position followed, a little further behind, Button; However, the British driver started with a two-stop strategy, compared to his rivals' three. Alonso retained his fourth place, ahead of Ralf Schumacher, Fisichella and Coulthard. Räikkönen refuelled for the second time on lap 27; when Barrichello also made his second pit stop, two laps later, his advantage over the Finn increased. Button then took the lead, refuelling on lap 35. At the same moment, Michael Schumacher punctured a tyre, losing even more ground to the lead. Toyota driver Zonta retired with gearbox damage.

On lap 36, Räikkönen made his third and final pit stop, anticipating it in an attempt to overtake Barrichello; However, the Finn returned to the track behind Button, in third place. One lap later, Coulthard and Ralf Schumacher came into contact while fighting for seventh place; the Briton rammed the Williams driver and both were forced into the pits, Coulthard to replace a punctured tyre and Ralf Schumacher to carry out checks. However, the German driver returned to the pits just as his team was waiting for Montoya; Schumacher therefore lost two laps and, after carrying out a test lap, returned to the pits definitively. A little later, Minardi driver Bruni, who had lost a wheel, also retired.

Meanwhile, Barrichello pushed hard to increase his lead over Button as much as possible; when the Brazilian refuelled during the 42nd lap, the BAR driver remained behind him. In the final laps Barrichello managed his advantage over his pursuers, who approached the Ferrari driver but never seriously threatened him.

Barrichello then obtained his second consecutive victory, ahead of Button, Räikkönen, Alonso, Montoya, Sato, Fisichella and Massa; Villeneuve, returning after a year of inactivity, took only eleventh place, finishing ahead of Michael Schumacher. In the fight for second place in the Constructors' Championship, BAR gained further points over Renault, having overtaken it in the standings in the previous Grand Prix.

Qualifying

 * Notes
 * – Takuma Sato, Zsolt Baumgartner and Michael Schumacher received a 10-place grid penalty for engine changes.

Race

 * Notes
 * – Michael Schumacher started the race from the pitlane.

Championship standings after the race

 * Bold text and an asterisk indicates the World Champions.

 * Drivers' Championship standings

 * Constructors' Championship standings

 * Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

title: 2004 Chinese Grand Prix


text: User talk:216.37.59.77

title: User talk:216.37.59.77


text:
Talk:Functional integral (QFT)

Merging this article into Path integral formulation as long suggested.

title: Talk:Functional integral (QFT)


text:
Category talk:Maryland counties

Untitled
Should the city of Baltimore be categorized here, because it is not part of any county, or should it be left out, since it is not, technically, itself a county? john k 06:02, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Maryland counties


text:
Broad Channel, Queens

Broad Channel is a neighborhood in the southern portion of the New York City borough of Queens. It occupies the southern portion of Rulers Bar Hassock (known colloquially as "Broad Channel Island"), the only inhabited island in Jamaica Bay.

The neighborhood stands on Big Egg Marsh, an area of fill approximately 20 blocks long and 4 blocks wide at the south end of Rulers Bar Hassock. The community is an inholding within the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, managed by the U.S. National Park Service as part of the Gateway National Recreation Area. The area comprises several artificial canals separating dead-end residential blocks. It is connected to the rest of Queens by road and subway bridges.

Broad Channel is located in Queens Community District 14 and its ZIP Code is 11693. It is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 100th Precinct.

Early settlement

Prior to European settlement, the Jameco and Canarsie bands of Lenape Native Americans frequented this area. During the 17th century, Dutch settlers established a community on the island and began harvesting oysters, clams, shrimp, and fish. The name "Broad Channel" itself originally referred to a channel in Jamaica Bay, within which the island is located.

Until the American Civil War, most of Jamaica Bay's islands east of Bergen Island and Barren Island were not inhabited, including Broad Channel. The boundary line between the towns of Flatlands, Brooklyn, and Jamaica, Queens, ran through Jamaica Bay, cutting through Broad Channel, though the island was mostly part of Jamaica. After 1865, fisheries were developed in the bay, and by the late 1870s, the town of Jamaica indicated that structures had been built in the bay without the town's permission.

The Long Island Rail Road built its Rockaway Beach Branch across the bay in 1880, cutting through Broad Channel. The presence of the railroad led to the development of fishing villages with shacks, summer homes, boathouses, and stores. As part of the project, some other islands in Jamaica Bay were removed or connected to others.

Broad Channel remained a parcel within the town of Jamaica until the City of Greater New York was created in 1898. The northern (and larger) portion of the island is part of Gateway National Recreation Area and is managed as part of the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, the only wildlife refuge managed the National Park Service. The waters and marsh islands of the refuge entirely surround the community.

20th century

In 1915, the city leased Broad Channel Island, Goose Creek Island, and Raunt Island to Pierre Noel, who subleased it to the Broad Channel Corporation. The 30-year lease specified payments of $16.57 per acre for the first three years and a maximum of $33.73 per acre for the last five years of the thirty-year term. The Broad Channel Corporation in turn made 10-year subleases to private individuals for the development of summer bungalows and houses.

There was public criticism of the lease after the public learned about the deal, which Pierre Noel, president of the Broad Channel Corporation, countered by pointing to $180,000 of improvements it had made, including digging a well to supply drinking water, building a power plant, adding landfill to reduce the need for houses on piles, and laying out streets on the island. Residents disputed the quality of these improvements, however, saying that the tap water was brown and not potable, that their houses had no electricity, and that there were no sewers on the island.

The Broad Channel Corporation responded by saying the water was of the same quality as was available in the Rockaways and that it planned to install a filtration device to remove the iron from the tap water. It said that the streets had electric lights, and it said installing sewers was not possible on the island.

For years, the only way to reach the island was by ferry or railroad, but in 1925, the North Channel Bridge opened, connecting the island to Howard Beach. The Cross Bay Parkway Bridge also opened in 1925 (replaced in 1939, and again in 1970), connecting to the Rockaways. The railroad trestle across Jamaica Bay experienced around 30 fires between 1942 and 1950. One such fire, between The Raunt and Broad Channel stations on May 7, 1950, cut service on the middle section of the railroad line. The LIRR, then bankrupt, could not afford to repair the trestle, and the city of New York purchased the line in 1952, and it reopened as the New York City Subway's IND Rockaway Line in 1956.

Parks Commissioner Robert Moses announced his intention to build a park on the island in 1938; he planned recreation on the shore with a wildlife sanctuary on the north end of the island. The next year, the Broad Channel Corporation declared bankruptcy, and the city acquired the island's property titles. In May 1944, Broad Channel's 4,000 residents, collectively living in 1,260 homes, secured an injunction that would prevent the city from evicting them by April 30, 1948.

Later in 1944, the New York City Board of Estimate indicated that it would give residents the right to purchase the land under their houses. However, this right was denied for many years. The city made many attempts to alter the island's purpose, but the local community resisted them all. Proposed changes included the construction of a commercial port and the extension of John F. Kennedy International Airport.

Rumors of high hepatitis rates spread in 1967 because of the island's bad sewage system. At the time, several homes still dumped sewage into the bay, causing activities like clamming, wading, and swimming to be banned. The health hazards prompted the city to again attempt eviction proceedings against Broad Channel's residents, which prompted them to protest, and the Board of Estimate ordered the residents' leases to be renewed the following year, despite the real estate commissioner's protests. The government of New York City finally granted Broad Channel residents the right to purchase their property in 1982. The Joseph P. Addabbo Memorial Bridge replaced the dilapidated North Channel Bridge in 1993.

21st century
In 1998, Broad Channel's Labor Day parade received negative media attention after video of a float that parodied the racially motivated dragging death of an African American man was made public. Three white participants on the float, all city emergency workers, were later fired from their jobs as a result of the parade incident. They sued the city for wrongful termination, and their claims were upheld in federal district court in 2003, but the firings were upheld upon appeal in 2006.

In August 2011, Broad Channel faced its first mandatory evacuation due to Hurricane Irene. In the aftermath, two homes on Church Road between East 12th and 14th Road collapsed into Jamaica Bay due to the high storm tide. In October 2012, Broad Channel faced another mandatory evacuation due to Hurricane Sandy. It sustained heavy damage with widespread flooding affecting most homes in the area, and in subsequent days, widespread prolonged power cuts and shortages of food and water were reported.

Press reports indicated that at least parts of the neighborhood were flooded from time to time by high tides. The city proposed steps such as raising the streets and sidewalks by three feet. The street raising and new sea walls, installation of which were ongoing, serve to stop street flooding. Broad Channel remains as one of the New York City neighborhoods most vulnerable to flooding, and had the highest proportion of repeated flood-related insurance claims.

Demographics
Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of the combined area of Breezy Point/Belle Harbor/Rockaway Park/Broad Channel was 28,018, an increase of 1,307 (4.9%) from the 26,711 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 2033.88 acres, the four neighborhoods had a population density of 13.8 PD/acre.

The racial makeup of the neighborhoods was 78.3% (21,946) White, 7.5% (2,095) African American, 2.1% (595) Asian, 0% (29) Native American, 0.0% (8) Pacific Islander, 0.2% (66) from other races, and 0.9% (259) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.8% (3,020) of the population.

The number of residents in Broad Channel itself is much lower: according to a New York Times article from 2010, there were roughly 3,000 residents on the island. A 2014 New York Times article said that many of Broad Channel's several thousand residents were civil servants or emergency workers. In 2015, according to the Census Bureau's Opportunity Atlas, about 47% of 34-to-40-year-old adults who grew up in Broad Channel still resided in the neighborhood, compared to 20% of adults in that age range citywide who grew up near their childhood homes. This was among the highest resident retention rates of any neighborhood in the city.

Public transportation
The New York City Subway's IND Rockaway Line has a subway station in Broad Channel. The Select Bus Service routes and  express buses along Cross Bay Boulevard also serve Broad Channel.

Street grid
From the 1950s to the 1970s, some mapmakers have shown the streets of Broad Channel as being part of the street naming system found in the rest of Queens besides the Rockaways, with the numbers of "Streets" increasing from west to east, the numbers of "Avenues" increasing from north to south, etc. However, Broad Channel streets have always had their own numbering format, including "East" and "West" (in relation to Cross Bay Boulevard), as well as named "Roads" numbered north to south; this street naming system is independent of those used elsewhere in the borough. The directional prefixes ensured no duplication with any other "Road" in Queens. There are no numerical north-south or even any named "Streets" in Broad Channel.

Bridges

Broad Channel is connected to the rest of Queens via four bridges: the tolled, vehicular Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge to the south; the free, vehicular Joseph P. Addabbo Memorial Bridge to the north; and the two IND Rockaway Line swing bridges. Cross Bay Boulevard, the island's only through road, traverses the two vehicular bridges, both of which also carry bicycle and pedestrian traffic. Lying between Howard Beach and the Rockaway Peninsula, it is connected to those communities by these bridges, at either end of the island.

Following the construction of the Cross Bay Parkway bridge in 1939, a drawbridge connecting Broad Channel with the Rockaway Peninsula (which replaced the original, narrow, 1925 drawbridge), the island became easily accessible by car. However, the drawbridge opened up many times per day, and whenever it opened, traffic would back up to Howard Beach, as well as on the Rockaway Peninsula.

In the mid-to-late 1960s, a new bridge was constructed. It opened on May 28, 1970. It was renamed the Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge in 1977. It is maintained by MTA Bridges and Tunnels, and a $3.75 toll ($2 with E-ZPass) must be paid to use the bridge.

The Joseph P. Addabbo Memorial Bridge connects Broad Channel to Howard Beach and the mainland. Opening in 1993, it was formerly known as the North Channel Bridge. It replaced an older North Channel Bridge built in 1925, which was deteriorated to the point where it was beyond repair. It is maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation, and is free.

Schools

Broad Channel is served by the New York City Department of Education. Elementary school students attend PS 47, which serves pre-K through eighth grades; the school facilities were completely remodeled during the 1990s. In the 2023-2024 school year, after 2 years of construction, PS 47 reopened in a new building.

Broad Channel was also home to St. Virgilius School, a Roman Catholic School that was part of the Diocese of Brooklyn. However, after a lengthy battle between parents and the Diocese, St. Virgilius School closed in 2006. Two years later, upon the retirement of its administrator, Rev. John P. Maloney, St. Virgilius Parish of Broad Channel merged with St. Camillus Parish of Rockaway Park.

Library
The Queens Public Library's Broad Channel branch is located at 16-26 Cross Bay Boulevard.

Broad Channel Athletic Club
The non-profit Broad Channel Athletic Club was established in 1961. The baseball teams are registered with Little League and host an in-house baseball league, and participate in the Catholic Youth Organization. The football league plays in the Nassau and Suffolk Football League. The soccer league is completely run by the organization and participates in the Catholic Youth Organization. The swimming team participates in the Police Athletic League of New York City and the Catholic Youth Organization. The basketball league also participates in the Catholic Youth Organization.

Broad Channel Historical Society
The Broad Channel Historical Society was established in 1994 by the Civic Association's then-president Danny Mundy after he read the local Channel News newsletter's "Glimpse of the Past" column. Ada L. Smith, the New York State Senator representing the district, distributed funds, which the society used to purchase notebooks to record the community's history. Since June 1995, the society has held Annual Historical Day every year so visitors could look at the collection in the Broad Channel Library.

The Broad Channel Library has been the home for the historical collection. The collection was microfilmed in 1997. The microfilm is available for viewing at the Central Branch in Jamaica, Queens. Also in 1997 the first annual Historical Calendar was published. The calendars feature old pictures of Broad Channel and tidal information.

Broad Channel Volunteer Fire Department
The department originally started in 1905 as bucket brigade to help minimize property loss due to fires. In 1907, this brigade was formally organized into the Broad Channel Volunteer Fire Association under its first Chief, Edward H. Schleuter. The current firehouse at 15 Noel Road was opened in the summer of 1908. In 1913, Chief Chris Hoobs died of a heart attack responding to a fire. The association received their fire charter from the state of New York in 1917 and were known from then on as the Broad Channel Volunteers.

In 1956, then-Deputy Chief Robert H. Russell Sr. added volunteer ambulance services to provide first aid and ambulatory care to the residents of Broad Channel. He would also go on to be elected to the rank of Chief of Department twenty-one times from 1957 to 1973, 1975–1977, and again in 1984. By the early 1960s, the department was growing rapidly in both stature in the community and as an organization as a whole.

On summer weekends during the 1950s and 1960s, the FDNY would send a spare engine and a crew detailed from other firehouses, known as Engine Company No. 341, to the Broad Channel Volunteers' quarters to assist in answering alarms on the island. The bridges at the northern and southern ends of the island were draw bridges and were frequently opened for large passing ships. The southern bridge was particularly active due to the numerous tankers carrying fuel to nearby Idlewild Airport (now John F. Kennedy International Airport).

On average it took from 30 to 45 minutes from the lowering of the traffic barriers, the opening and closing of the lift bridge, and the raising of the traffic barriers before traffic could again move. Occasionally, the bridge would get stuck in the open position effectively closing Cross Bay Boulevard for extended periods. This would impede responses by FDNY apparatus, EMS & NYPD companies to the island for any type of emergency.

Also, Cross Bay Boulevard, then 4 lanes in each direction, would be jammed by beach goers and those looking to vacation at Rockaway's bungalows and hotels and its famous Rockaway Playland. Often the FDNY firefighters would leave their apparatus parked on the Boulevard and join the volunteers on their apparatus because they were smaller than the FDNY apparatus and could maneuver down the very narrow streets.

Over the years, the Broad Channel Volunteers have been in service, they have created a close working relationship with the local FDNY companies as well as the volunteer companies from Nassau & Suffolk Counties. The Broad Channel Volunteers are also dues paying members of many organizations such as the Southern New York Volunteer Firemans Association, the Firemans Association of the State of New York, and along with the 8 other volunteer fire departments in the 5 boroughs of New York City, they are members of Volunteer Firemans Association of the City of New York.

In the late 1970s, The Broad Channel Junior Fire Department was organized to help train young teens in the aspects of the fire and EMS service as well as dispatching and clerical duties while still cleaning the firehouse and its apparatus. When its members turned 18, they were allowed to begin riding the apparatus as firefighters or start training as EMTs. The benefit was these teens were already knowledgeable in the operations of the department and it became a breeding ground for the departments future firefighters, officers and chiefs. They would later become a Boy Scout Explorer Post, #3069.

In 1994, under Chief Dan McIntyre, the volunteer ambulance corps was granted their New York State Certification. Since then, the department took the initiative to require all its firefighters to be New York State Certified in all aspects of the fire service as well as EMS. In 1994, Chief Dan McIntyre also started the departments Marine Company which is still in service to present day. The department operates a small Coast Guard-like Zodiac as a swift water rescue team with certified EMTs on board and in some instances certified divers as well.

In 2012, as a result of Hurricane Sandy, the fire department lost many resources, including both of its fire trucks and both of its ambulances. Therefore, a replacement fire truck from Chanhassen, Minnesota, was loaned to the Broad Channel Volunteer Fire Department. In addition, neighboring Minnesota towns sent resources, including extra boots and helmets from Victoria and Carver; four air monitors, one Jaws of Life apparatus, and two power generators from Chaska; and a truck with resources worth about $20,000 from the Sioux community there.

The Broad Channel Volunteers, Inc., is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization that relies solely on door to door fundraising, grants from politicians and from the state, and since 1905 has been operated by 100% volunteers.

Sunset Cove Park
Opened on August 21, 2019, Sunset Cove Park is located on 12.57 acre of land that was formerly occupied by a marina. In the process, some 1000 yd3 of debris and 30000 yd3 of polluted soil was removed, and a 4.5 acre salt marsh and 7 acre upland area was restored. Furthermore, a walkway and shoreline berm were constructed and 16000 ST of sand were imported to the site. A future construction phase, which will commence in 2021, will include an oyster garden, a dock, and a boardwalk to reach the salt marsh.

Broad Channel American Park
Broad Channel American Park opened in May 1995, located at the southernmost end of Broad Channel, sits along Jamaica Bay. The park features two grass baseball fields, one asphalt baseball field, benches, water fountains, a parking area, four basketball standards, and a small play area. The flagpole area is surrounded by a nautically themed sitting area. The park was given its present name in March 1998.

Broad Channel Park
Broad Channel Park, also known as 17th Road Playground, is located on Cross Bay Boulevard and stretches between 16th and 18th Roads. This park includes a hockey rink, basketball courts, handball courts, playgrounds, and tennis courts.

Gene Gray Playground
Gene Gray Playground, at Cross Bay Boulevard and East 9th Road, is named for Eugene Gray (1927–1973), a community activist who supported the construction of the island's first adventure playground prior to his death. In 1987, the Broad Channel Civic Association and Queens Community Board 14 successfully petitioned to rename the playground after Gray. The playground, which cost $457,688, opened on November 12, 1987, to designs by Richard Dattner. The wooden play structures in the playground was themed to a nautical fortress, with a bridge designed to look like a sailing ship. There is also a 75-year-old willow tree, nine red maple trees, and ninety burning bushes surrounding the playground.

title: Broad Channel, Queens


text:
List of people from Florida

This is a list of notable people who were born, raised, or spent significant time in the U.S. state of Florida.

Politics and government

 * Abraham Katz (1926–2013), diplomat, United States Ambassador to the OECD

Sports

 * Eli Abaev (born 1998), American-Israeli basketball player for Hapoel Be'er Sheva in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Jodi Appelbaum-Steinbauer (born 1956), professional tennis player
 * Richard Bleier (born 1987), Major League Baseball pitcher for the Boston Red Sox
 * Angela Buxton (1934–2020), English tennis player
 * Joe Chealey, basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Paul DeJong (born 1993), Major League Baseball infielder for the San Francisco Giants
 * Toney Douglas (born 1986), basketball player for Hapoel Eilat of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * David Efianayi (born 1995), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League, raised in Orlando
 * Colton Gordon (born 1998), baseball pitcher
 * Ronald Green (1944–2012), American-Israeli basketball player, born in Miami Beach
 * Max Greyserman (born 1995), professional golfer on the PGA Tour
 * Dalton Guthrie (born 1995), MLB player for the San Francisco Giants
 * Shawn Jones (born 1992), basketball player for Hapoel Haifa of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Maurice Kemp (born 1991), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Jack Langer (born 1948/49), basketball player and investment banker
 * Cameron Long (born 1988), basketball player
 * Dov Markus (born 1946), Israeli-American soccer player, lives in Boynton Beach
 * Ed Rubinoff (born 1935), tennis player
 * David Schneider (born 1955), South African-Israeli tennis player
 * Andrew Smith (born 1992), American-Latvian basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Speedy Smith (born 1993), basketball player for Hapoel Jerusalem of the Israeli Basketball Premier League

title: List of people from Florida


text:
Lucy's warbler

Lucy's warbler (Leiothlypis luciae) is a small New World warbler found in North America. This species ranges includes southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It is one of only two warblers to nest in cavities.

Description
Lucy's warbler is the smallest species of New World warbler. It measures from 9 to 12 cm in length and can weigh from 5.1 to 7.9 g, thus being slightly smaller even than the warblers formerly placed in the genus Parula. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 49 to 61 mm, the tail is 33 to 41 mm, the bill is 7.8 to 9 mm and the tarsus is 15 to 17.5 mm.

It is rather nondescript compared to other wood-warblers, being perhaps the palest species in its family. Its head and upperparts are pale gray, while underparts are whitish. It has a white eyering and a small, pointed bill. Both sexes have a rufous rump, a diagnostic field mark. Adult males also have a small rusty patch on their crown. Juveniles are paler, with a tawny rump and buffy wingbars.

Lucy's warbler is closely related to Virginia's warbler, Nashville warbler and Colima warbler. The common name and binomial of this species commemorate Lucy Hunter Baird, daughter of ornithologist Spencer Fullerton Baird.

Lucy's warblers inhabit riparian mesquite and brushy country of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It can nest in the driest vegetated stretches of the Sonora Desert and nest in possibly the driest habitats of any New World warbler.

Life history
Lucy's is the only warbler besides prothonotary to nest in cavities. It uses natural cavities in cactus or trees or holes excavated by woodpeckers or verdin in prior years. Unlike the prothonotary, Lucy's warbler has been known to utilize man-made nest boxes, even using a hollowed-out gourd. If using a woodpecker hole, the warbler may fill the cavity nearly to the top with debris and put the nest on top so the small birds can see outside of it. This species nests in some of the densest aggregations of any warbler, with as many as 12 pairs per ha (5 pairs per acre). The birds migrate to western Mexico in winter.

These strictly insectivorous birds forage actively, looking for the caterpillars, beetles, and leafhoppers that compose much of their diet. When they capture a caterpillar, they shake it vigorously and skin off the prickly hairs on the back before consumption.

Habitat loss is the main threat to this species, with riparian habitats in its range being developed extensively. To a lesser extent, brown-headed cowbird parasitism is also threatening this species. Populations are diminishing throughout its breeding range.

title: Lucy's warbler


text:
SSPH Primus

The Singapore Self-Propelled Howitzer 1 (SSPH 1) Primus is a self-propelled howitzer armed with a 155 mm howitzer. Developed jointly by the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) and Singapore Technologies Kinetics (ST Kinetics), it was officially inducted to the Singapore Artillery in 2004. Primus is derived from the Artillery motto In Oriente Primus (Latin: "First in the East").

At the time of introduction in 2002, SSPH Primus was recognized as the world's lightest 155mm, 39 calibre tracked howitzer of its kind.

Production history and development
The idea for a self-propelled howitzer within the SAF was developed in the early 1990s, with the aim of providing better fire support to the armour brigades in the Combined Arms Divisions. This new weapon system would require the ability to keep pace with the high tempo of armoured operations, while providing the range, firepower and accuracy that the artillery is renowned for. The 155 mm self-propelled howitzer was seen as the obvious choice.

The decision to develop the Primus was made after a market survey in 1995 and 1996 of some of the world's best self-propelled guns from the United States (M109 Paladin), United Kingdom (AS90 Braveheart), Japan (Type 75) and Russia (2S3M1) found them either too heavy or too wide for local terrain.

Leveraging its experience with designing, developing and producing various towed artillery systems (the FH-88 and FH-2000) for the SAF, ST Kinetics, together with DSTA began the development of the Primus in earnest in 1996.

By April 2000, the first working prototype was rolled out, using a vehicle chassis adapted from a United Defense armoured chassis (the Universal Combat Vehicle Platform; UCVP) which includes components from the US M109 Paladin howitzer, M2 Bradley IFV & M8-AGS. The next 2 years saw the system undergoing a series of comprehensive tests to ensure that the Primus was able to withstand the rigors required of it. As land in Singapore is scarce, firing tests were first done at the Waiouru Army Camp live-firing range in New Zealand as part of Exercise Thunder Warrior in February 2004. The guns have also participated in Exercise Wallaby at the Shoalwater Bay Training Area in Queensland, Australia.

In September 2002, the Primus was officially certified to have met the SAF's criteria, and was formally adopted in the SAF. Since then, this Artillery platform is utilised by the 21st Battalion Singapore Artillery as their primary weapon system for training and operation purposes.

Design
The chassis is based on the proven United States M109 155 mm self-propelled howitzer. This has been upgraded in a number of key areas and has a new power pack similar to that fitted to ST Kinetics Bionix infantry fighting vehicle (IFV), which is already in SAF service. The use of common subsystems for the Primus and Bionix IFV offers several advantages, including easier training and reduced logistics.

The power pack of the Primus consists of a Detroit Diesel Corporation 6V 92TIA diesel engine developing 550 horsepower coupled to a General Dynamics Land Systems HMPT-500-3EC fully automatic transmission.

The maximum road speed of the Primus is 50 km/h, with an operating range of 350 km. Its combat weight of {{28.3 tons allows it to use the SAF's military bridging systems. The relatively light combat weight also allowed the flexibility of being air-portable by an Airbus A400M Transport aircraft.

The turret is fitted with a locally developed 155 mm 39-calibre barrel with a muzzle brake and fume extractor. This meets the NATO Joint Ballistics Memorandum of Understanding. The range of the Primus' gun depends on the type of projectile and charge combination used, and is about {{Convert|19|km|mi}} with the old M107 high explosive (HE) projectile and {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} with an extended range full bore base bleed projectile. In addition to smoke, HE and illumination projectiles, the locally developed 155 mm cargo round can also be fired.

A semi-automatic loading system is provided to increase the rate of fire and reduce crew fatigue. The fused projectiles are loaded and rammed automatically; the modular charges are loaded manually. The Primus has a burst rate of fire of three rounds in 20 seconds and a maximum rate of fire of 6 rounds per min. The bustle mounted magazine holds up to 22 rounds of 155 mm projectile.

The digital fire control system automates the complete projectile loading process and gun laying operation. An ammunition inventory management system keeps track of all onboard ammunition as well as ammunition expenditure during firing. The weapon is laid to the target using an automatic fire control system, which includes an onboard positioning and navigation system. This can receive target information from the battery or regimental command post. It takes less than 60 seconds to come into action and open fire and 40 seconds to be re-deployed.

2019 Accident
On 19 January 2019, Singapore Army NSman Corporal First Class (CFC (NS)) and Mediacorp Actor, Aloysius Pang was killed after he was crushed by the gun barrel of a Primus while performing maintenance inside the vehicle during his overseas reservist training in New Zealand.

Misconception
The Primus has been mistaken as artillery being mounted on a Bionix chassis, and in the earlier days of development as a Bionix MBT variant. This was brought about by the fact that the UCVP (which the Primus was based on) bears a superficial resemblance to that of the Bionix and the fact that ST Engineering had indeed at the time been experimenting on a light tank variant of the Bionix.

title: SSPH Primus


text:
User:Slipperyweasel

Biography
I am originally from Allentown, Pennsylvania.

Personal Webpage

My Articles

 * Clay Calvert
 * Ed Pawlowski
 * Hardy-Weinberg_Experiment
 * Joel_Q._Grim_Memorial_Challenge
 * Roy_C._Afflerbach
 * Thermal immersion circulator
 * William_Allen_High_School
 * yank (physics)
 * Zionts-Wallenius Method

Articles That I Help to Maintain

 * Allentown (PA)
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Affiliations
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title: User:Slipperyweasel


text:
Man O Man

Man O Man (spelled as Mann-o-Mann) was a game show created in Germany, originally airing on Sat.1 from 1992 until 1995 produced by Reg Grundy and hosted by Peer Augustinski. The show was loosely in the format of a beauty pageant but with male contestants. An all-female audience voted for the winner via a series of elimination rounds. Losing contestants would be pushed into a swimming pool.

Format
The male contestants would compete in a number of rounds where characteristics a woman may seek in a romantic partner - such as general knowledge, romantic aptitude, conversation skills and sense of humour - would be tested.

At the end of each round, members of the entirely female audience each voted for their favourite man using a remote control device and the least popular male would be eliminated from the competition by being pushed into the swimming pool that formed part of the show's set by one of the show's hostesses.

At the beginning of each episode, the ten male contestants would come out on the stage and introduce themselves to the audience, and from these first impressions the audience would eliminate the 3 least popular guys.

The 7 that were left then progressed to the next round, which is a true or false game and saw the guys to see how much they know about women.

The next 2 rounds would have the final 5 doing a fairground hammer bell and then performing various songs for karaoke.

The final 3 surviving guys go through to the final 2 round, which were to answer the girls questions and how much can they cope under pressure.

After this, the audience voted for the winner, with the two runner-up contestants being pushed into the pool simultaneously.

Merchandise
A board game based on the show was released by Schmidt Spiele in 1994.

title: Man O Man