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Talk:Safi-ad-Din Ardabili

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I looked some of books. And All of it writing that : İranian intelligentsia said for Şeyh Safiyüdin (Safi-ad-din Ardabili)patron saint of Turks (Pir-i Turk - Türklerin Piri)... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.254.207.178 (talk) 16:05, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Please refer to discussion of article Sheikh Zahed Gilani The phonetics Issue must be solved in General!

Kurds
To Pantherarosa. The article on Kurds does not say they are the same as Persian people.

''Kurds speak the mostly mutually-intelligible dialects of the Kurdish language, which is an Indo-European language of the Iranian branch. Their ethnic origins is uncertain but some sources state they are ethnically close to other Iranian groups such as the Persians and Lurs. Modern Kurds are commonly identified with the ancient Kingdom of Corduene inhabited by the Carduchi. Kurds are often classified as an Iranic ethnic group. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, "The classification of the Kurds among the Iranian nations is based mainly on linguistic and historical data and does not prejudice the fact there is a complexity of ethnical elements incorporated in them."'' Grandmaster 10:35, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * 1.You should accept that Kurds are indeed ( meaning "infact" and NOT "identical" as you understood, judjing by your curt rvrt comment!) commonly counted among Iranian/Persian ethnicities [] The Safawid sheikhs themselves claim descent from the Kurd Firuz-Shah Zarrin Kulah in their own Genealogy []. So it is not for you to impose POV here.

 * 2. "apparently" is pure POV on your part (sounds like " I don't know better.. but...apparently")

 * 3. Safi's own order was called Safaviyeh in contrast to the Zahediyeh which he inherited from Sheikh Zahed Gilani. No need to state "it was to be called."

 * 4. The word "slowly" is POV in connection with the Safaviyeh's development to shiaism. The proper ENGLISH term would be "gradually" to indicate the pace of development. Pantherarosa 11:18, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Why do we need specifically mention in this article that Kurds belong to Iranian people? It is a known fact, plus it has a link to the article about Kurds. So I edited the first line to say that he was apparently of Kurdish extraction, because there are also sources that say he was of Turkic origin. Grandmaster 12:06, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No, you will definitely not find any substantiated claim that Safi Al-Din was of Turkic extraction, while admittedly there are people who argue that his descendants, 170 years later, the SAFAVID shahs were purported to have had Turkic roots, due to use of Turkic language as well as Qisilbash support and large Turkish/Anatolian followership.  Pantherarosa 13:17, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Iranian Descent of sheikh Safi Al-Din
I wish to state, that Safi Al-Din is widely accepted (according to findings of relevant scholars) to have had Kurdish ancestors, such as the Kurdish Prince Firuz Shah "Zarrin Kulah". This forebearer lived however c. 300 years earlier. One can therefor not nessessarily conclude that Sheikh Safi Al-Din was of (pure) Kurdish extraction. Judging by his well recorded, more immediate ancestors, who were Persian speaking and who can definitely be regarded as Iranians, the family would appear to have been IRANIAN by then. Titles to the family's land and affiliated rights in Persian have also been recorded for several generations-before and after Safi Al-Din. The Genealogy later commissioned to be written about the Safavid family by descendants of Sheikh Safi [], (of which I happen to hold a copy in the original diction), is written in Persian. There are also related court rulings as well as chronichal documents, preserved to this day, all written in Persian, which have been cited by Scholars, such as Monika Gronke in her habilitation DERVISCHE IM VORHOF DER MACHT. It would therefor actually make more sense to state the facts, namely that Safi Al-Din (and even his descensdants all the way down to Junayd, who married Uzun Hassan's daughter, the mother of Sheikh Isamail, who later was to be the first Safavid shah) were Iranian of Kurdish extraction or ancestry. The Kurds are nevertheless regardable as one of the Iranian people and are considered as close to Iranian/Lur ethnicity as the epitome of Iranian tribes, the Bakhtiaris. Pantherarosa 13:04, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * You seem to forget that: “The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is verifiability, not truth. This means that we only publish material that is verifiable with reference to reliable, published sources”. See Verifiability. According to Wiki rules, we don’t need to fact check or establish the truth, if we have a reputable source claiming a certain fact, we need to include it into the article. So the Turkic origins of Safi al Din were claimed by reputable sources, see talk page for Safavids, one of the sources even claims that Safavids were originally Arabic, who assimilated with other ethnicities. I’m not insisting on inclusion of the version of Safi’s Turkic origins into the article right now, I just think that adding the word apparently is enough to show that Kurdish origin is one of the existing versions. I hope those who wish to expand the article in the future will cover all the versions of Safi’s origin. As for Kurds, no one disputes that they are one of Iranian people, but we don’t need to explain that every time we mention Kurds, it is enough to provide a link to the article about them. Grandmaster 18:48, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Verifiability is the basis for all scientific claims, not only at Wikipedia! Having analysed the subject matter on a broad scale for several years, and having weighed the findings of the most notable scholars, i have in fact been able to isolate the most substantiated and exhaustedly verified schools of thought. Contrary to some Zealots on this forum, i do not chose to post "hearsay" that's been picked up here and there, just because i think it may be "reputable". There is no sense in tearing themes out of their context and post them here for the sake of posting. WE ARE REQUESTED TO SERVE THE INFO SEEKING PUBLIC with a coherent overall picture. The Arab roots reference, for example, never came from a SAFAVID but was asserted by sufi followers who tried to project a glorious ancestry by claiming there was descent from the Prophet. Others attempted to trace the Safavids' roots to the last Sassanian rulers, for the same purpose. Turkic descent has NOT been purported by any accepted school of thought, in connection with Sheikh Safi Al-Din, as there were no indications whatsoever. Pantherarosa 23:46, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * This is from the posting by Tabib in Safavids talk page. It shows that there are sources that dispute Kurdish roots of Sheikh Safi, therefore it is better to not unambiguously state that he was Kurd, but say that he apparently was of Kurdish extraction. It would be more accurate.

 * In one of the versions of “Safwat-as-Safa” (XIV c.) Firuz-shah mentioned in the family tree of the Safavids is really named as “Al-Kurdi-al-Sadjani (Sagani) Piruz-shah Zerrin Kulah”, which is later reproduced in “Silsilat-an-Nasab-i-Safaviyyeh” (XVII c.). However, and this is of utmost importance, in that very same chronicles, Sheikh Safi is numerously referred as “Turkish/Turkic saint” (“Pir-i-turk”) and “Turkic young man/Young Turk” (“Genj-i-turk”)!
 *  Al Kordi-Al Sanjani relates to Sheikh Zahed Gilani who hailed from Sanjan in ancient Greater Khorasan not to Safi Al-Din Ardebili or his purported Kurdish Ancestor!! WRONG CITING!  Pantherarosa 12:46, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The Turkic belonging of Sheikh Safi was later documented in XVI c. chronicle “Djahan array-I shah Ismail Safavi” – one of the major sources on Safavids written during Shah Ismail I. Grandmaster 05:27, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

WIKIPEDIA will retain the stigma of an "amateurs' playground", with unreflected and poorly substantiated edits as by Tabib
Due to his User TALK Page being blocked, i find myself compelled to voice my concerns about his conduct here:

Every minute is wasted in following the escapades of User TABIB on this platform. Not only does his irate conduct insult one's intelligence, it insults the intelligence of readers seeking info on WIKIPEDIA. I have substantiated the related claims I made with dozens of sources and references (see Safavids TALK!), while he picks findings and hearsay out of context and randomly posts bits of them on the subject without reflection (here and on Safavids) While there are indeed sources referring to Safi Al-Din as Turk saint or youth, these have been proven misinformed and naive by notable scholars such as Falsafi, Minorski, Gronke and Savory (creme of scholars on the subject!). I ask User Tabib in a comparison: If some political fanatics claim that the Khojali Massacre/Genocide was an invention by Azeris or had been less dramatic then Azeris would want the world to believe, do you cite this as a verified fact, just because you read it in the Washington Post/Pravda/Times????? You are acting in exactly this fashion: You pic an unsubstantiated claim about SAFI AL-DIN out of context and irately post it here without reflection. While there are numerous well substantiated assertions by the relevant scholars that SAFI AL-DIN was indeed of Iranian/Kurdish descent, you seem to find it appropriate to actually POST unsubstantiated ones, which you have chanced upon, out of context. That, without even mentioning the universally established school of thought to the contrary.

Having conducted comprehensive studies on the subject, I wish to therefor warn all READERS: TAKE HEADE! YOU ARE FACING "REVELATIONS" BY A PERSON IGNORANT OF THIS MATTER, WHO NEVERTHELESS COMPELS HIMSELF TO CONTRIBUTE TO GROTESQUE MISINTERPRETATIONS ON THIS FORUM - TO THE DETRIMENT OF EVERYBODY SEEKING INFORMATION OR SEEKING TO PROVIDE INFORMATION! This unhelpful behaviour has been going on for a year now.Pantherarosa 12:34, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thsi discussion is useless. It is attested by the Encyclopaedia Iranica and by the Encyclopaedia of Islam that Sheikh Safi ud-Din is known for his poems written in the Iranian language once known as "Azerbaijani" ... in fact, his poems are among a very few Old-Tati scriptures that have survived the Turkish invasions. The Safavids, starting with Sheikh Safi ud-Din Ardabeli, were an Iranian family, both in language and heritage! Here, read the following article of the Encyclopaedia Iranica: "The Persian language of Azerbaijan" Tabib is once again filling the article with Pan-Turkish nonsense! Tajik 13:28, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * According to your own words, Writing letters or poems in Azeri does not make one Turkish or Azerbaijani. Now you changed your position in accordance with the situation and claim that writing poems in a certain language is a prove of one’s ethnicity. You should already decide whether you support or oppose a certain argument. I suggest including or removing both versions. Grandmaster 16:16, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * May I remind you that YOU are the ones who is convinced that "poetry defines ethnicity"?! In this case, there is not a single poem of Safi ud-Din which is written in any Turkic language. ALL of his poems were written in Old-Azerbaijani (=Old-Tati) and Persian (unlike Shah Ismail, who not only claimed to be of Sassanian-Persian heritage but also wrote poetry in Persian). Your claims of his Turkish background are baseless and wrong. Safi ud-Din was Persian - probably of Kurdish ancestry. Nothing Turkish about him. Tajik 20:00, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I never said that Ismail was Azeri because of his poetry, I cited sources that prove his Azeri Turkic origin. And Persian and Kurdish are not the same. Kurds are just one of Iranian people, same as Persians. Plus Sheikh Safi was referred to as a Turkic saint, so the rules require us to include both versions, which I did in my edit. Grandmaster 11:48, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * You did not "prove" anything. There are enough sources to "prove" his Non-Turkic origin. And there are enough sources that clearly prove that he himself considered himself Iranian. That's why he claimed to be descendant of the Persian Sassanids - unlike Turks, who always claimed to be descendants of Turkish Khans (like the Qajars who claimed to be descendants of Gingiz Khan!) The "sources" you are talking about are actually once source, the Silsilat al-Nasab Safawiyya. This document has been studied by many scholars - Iranians, Turks, and Western scholars - and almsot all of them agree that Safi al-Din was NOT a Turk. There were no Turkic saints in Ardabil in the 13th century, and certainly no Turks who composed poetry in Tati! Can you please name a single Turk who spoke Old-Azerbaijani or wrote poems in that language?! Old-Azerbaijani was only native to the Iranian population of Azerbaijan - the official and dominating language back then was Persian. That's why Safi al-Din always wrote Persian translations of his poems. If he were a Turk, he would have at least witten a few poems in Turkish. The Silsilat al-Nasab Safawiyya was written in the 17th century, that means almost 500 years after his death. Btw, the following text is taken from the CD-version of the Encyclopaedia of Islam:

 * "... Safi al-Din Ardabili ... born 650/1252-3, died 12 Muharram 735/12 September 1334 at Ardabil ... Iranian saint ... eponymous founder of the Safawid Order of Sufis and hence of the Safawid dynasty , rulers of Persia 907-1148/1501-1736 [see Safawids ] ... Under Safi al-Din's leadership, the Zahidiyya order, under its new name Safawiyya, was transformed from a Sufi order of purely local significance into a religious movement, based on Ardabil, whose religious propaganda ( da'wa ) was disseminated throughout Persia, Syria and Asia Minor, and even as far away as Ceylon (H.R. Roemer, The Safawid period, in Camb. Hist. Iran, vi, 192). Even during his lifetime, | [VIII:801b] Safi al-Din wielded considerable political influence, and his designation of his son Sadr al-Din to succeed him makes it clear that he was determined to keep this political power within the Safawid family. ..."

 * The Encyclopaedia of Islam (and the Encyclopaedia Iranica, because both Encyclopaedias are written by the same authors) consider him an IRANIAN saint who took over the Zahediya, and transformed it into a strong political movement, thus marking the beginning of the Safavid DYNASTY. And that's exactly why both Iranica and EI say that: "There seems now to be a consensus among scholars that the Safawid family hailed from Persian Kurdistān, and later moved to Āzarbayjān, finally settling in the 5th/11th century at Ardabīl."

 * Encyclopaedia Iranica, p. 260:

 * " ... Azari [= Middle-Iranian language spoken in Azerbaijan before the Turkic conquest] lost ground [in Azerbaijan] at a faster pace than before, so that even the early Safavids, originally an Iranian-speaking clan ( as evidenced by the quatrains of Shaikh Safi-al-Din, their eponymous ancestor, and by his biography ), became Turkified ..."

 * Tajik 12:19, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * If Silsilat al-Nasab Safawiyya is not good because it was written 500 years after Safi’s death, then your sources are not good either, since they were written another 300 years later. Grandmaster 12:51, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Wrong, the "Encyclopaedia of Islam" is based on the writings of Ibn Bazaz Tawakkuli bin Ismail, written only 24 years after Safi ud-Din's death. His writings were the main source of the "Safawat as-Safa":
 * Encyclopaedia of Islam, CD-Version, "Safi al-Din Ardabili":
 * "... Darwish Tawakkuli b. Isma'il Ibn Bazzaz, Safwat al-Safa, written about 759/1357-8, some twenty-four years after the death of Safi al-Din . It is a mainly hagiographical work. Because the whole question of Safawid genealogy is extremely complex, and because later copies of the Safwat al-Safa were tampered with during the reigns of Shah Isma'il I and Shah Tahmasp [q.vv.] to produce an “official version” of the origin of the Safawids, the two copies of this ms. ..."
 * It was mainly duriong the reign of the first 2 Safavid Shahs that the Safawat as-Safa was changed and tempered. Keeping in mind that both Shahs needed the support of Turkoman tribes and warriors, it sounds pretty logical that parts of the Safawid chronology and history was "Turkified" in order to please the Turkoman nobles ... Tajik 13:17, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

I removed a quote about Sheykh Safi's "mother tongue" allegedly being Taati, as there is no reference provided to such effect. Any comment with respect to ethnic or linguistic origin of a historical religious figure without supportive evidence, in form of valid reference from a historical source, shall be deemed invalid. Atabek 02:26, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * That is what citation needed tags are first. Those are what you place for awhile in order for a person to be inclined to cite a source.Azerbaijani 02:59, 22 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually the tati poems are in Safawat as-Safa. There are also Azari (I mean old Azari language) sayings of the Shaykh as well in couple of books. --alidoostzadeh 02:05, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

my edits
User:HistoryofIran The edit I did was pretty clear. The sources I gave already say what happened. You have no reason to take it back. You're deleting sources like Bartold and Petrushevsky.--85.104.66.21 (talk) 11:45, 23 November 2020 (UTC)
 * What you have done is very questionable. None of the sources seem to have called Safi Turkic, but the Safavid family Turkic, which isn't wrong, considering they were Turkicized Kurds by the time of their advent. But for some reason you are claiming that Safi was Turkic as well, which is misuse of sources. There is no dispute for the original origin of the Safavids, which was indeed Kurdish, and is acknowledged by the majority of scholarship. --HistoryofIran (talk) 11:51, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

No. Bartold,Petrushevski, Hans Roemer, Ismail Hakkı Uzunçarşı, M. Ismail Marcinkowski, David Ayalon and many other historians say that they were Turks in origin. In the source I gave, it was clearly stated along with the evidence. You can't delete it. . --85.104.66.21 (talk) 11:56, 23 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The first citation simply translates to The victory of the Safavids in Persia and scine repercussions on the Shiites of Anatolia in the 16th century. The two last citations, both by Riza Yildirim (who I can't confirm the reliability about) simply quotes a passage about Safi, where he seemingly isn't even talking about his origins / trying to argue about supposed Turkic origins. Hephthalites and Sogdians are called Turkic as well by contemporary historians, doesn't make them one. Also here's what Roemer actually says about the Safavid origins in the Cambridge History of Iran vol 6 (1986, page 214); “the Safavid Shah combined in himself the blood of both Turkmen and Iranian ancestors. It is irrelevant, therefore, whether the founder of the dynasty, Shaikh SafI, was descended from Iranian dihqans, from 'Ali, or from Kurds, since Isma'il himself was connected equally with the military and the administrative aristocracy” No mention of any Turkic origin for Safi whatsoever. Are we done here? --HistoryofIran (talk) 12:01, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

 * what she(Hanna Sohrweide) wrote in the first source is indicated in the third source. Also, what does Turkish pir or Turkish youth mean? Can you say? It is an ethnicity. Also you have no reason to revert Bartold and Petrushevsky.--85.104.66.21 (talk) 12:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Again, read my comment up above. Sorry but so far you have (whether by accident or not) misused most of these sources (if not all) to state something they're not. I would advise you to read the guidelines here. --HistoryofIran (talk) 12:22, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

I've never misused a source because this is my source not Cambridge History of Iran --85.104.66.21 (talk) 12:34, 23 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry but you have. I just read Riza's work, he isn't even arguing about a Turkic origin for Safi, but when the Safavids became Turkicized (people are free to read it here . He quotes Sohrweide, who says that Turk was meant a synonym for “beautiful” in the work, which you for some reason omitted. And which page I am to read in the German work by Roemer? Also I posted the Cambridge History of Iran because it was written by Roemer 30 years later than this work, so it gives a better view of his current opinions. --HistoryofIran (talk) 12:37, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Actually, to be honest, I translated them from the Russian and Azerbaijani Wikipedia. But how can "Turkish" mean beautiful? That's impossible. Anyway, I'm sorry for my mistake. Have a good day --85.104.66.21 (talk) 13:21, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

 * It's on page 158. The author states that "Turk" was used to mean "beautiful. In other words, it wasn't used as an ethnic designation. Armanqur (talk) 10:22, 10 January 2021 (UTC)

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Talk:Charles H. Kraft

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For an October 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Charles H Kraft

Should the VfD notice be restored? The VfD page still exists.
A non logged in user put this up for deletion, then Timothy01 removed the notice. See VfD: Charles H Kraft. I thought that these notices were not to be removed, as the VfD page and workflow will continue on. I think that in its current form, the page doesn't describe what is notable, which could be fixed with work. See my vote to delete on the VfD page. Thanks. Chrisvls 22:17, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

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Puddletown

Puddletown is a village and civil parish in Dorset, England. It is situated by the River Piddle, from which it derives its name, about 4.5 mi northeast of the county town Dorchester. Its earlier name Piddletown fell out of favour, probably because of connotations of the word "piddle". The name Puddletown was officially sanctioned in the late 1950s. Puddletown's civil parish covers 7185 acre and extends to the River Frome to the south. In 2013, the estimated population of the civil parish was 1450.

Puddletown's parish church has significant architectural interest, particularly its furnishings and monuments. It has a 12th-century font and well-preserved woodwork, including 17th-century box pews. Thomas Hardy took an interest in the church, and the village provided the inspiration for the fictional settlement of Weatherbury in his novel Far from the Madding Crowd; Weatherbury Farm, the home of principal character Bathsheba Everdene, is based on a manor house within the parish.

Toponymy
The name Puddletown means 'farmstead on the River Piddle'. It derives from the Old English pidele, a river-name meaning fen or marsh, and tūn, meaning farmstead. Several settlements along the river derive their names from it. In the upper reaches, Piddletrenthide and Piddlehinton retain the piddle rivername, whereas downstream Puddletown, Tolpuddle, Affpuddle, Briantspuddle and Turners Puddle use puddle. In the Domesday Book of 1086 it was recorded as Pitretone, and in 1212 it was Pideleton. John Speed used Puddletown for his county map of 1610. In 1848 Samuel Lewis used Piddletown in A Topographical Dictionary of England. In 1906 Sir Frederick Treves used Puddletown in Highways & Byways in Dorset—describing it as "the Town on the River Puddle" and a "curiously named place". In 1946 Piddletown was the name on voters lists. One explanation for the preference of Puddletown over Piddletown is that Major-General Charles William Thompson, who lived at Ilsington Lodge after returning from the Great War, pushed through the puddle variant because piddle had other connotations in army circles. The broadcaster and writer Ralph Wightman (1901–71), a native of the Piddle Valley and one-time Puddletown resident, believed it was due to Victorian "refinement", as he recalled that in his youth elderly aunts referred to Piddletrenthide as just "Trenthide". Roland Gant in Dorset Villages stated more explicitly that the Victorians used puddle because piddle "became a euphemism for 'piss'". The use of Puddletown rather than Piddletown was officially preserved in the late 1950s, when, according to Wightman, "a long County Council debate solemnly decided Piddletown should be Puddletown".

The other rivers of the parish have names that derive from Celtic river-names: the Frome, which forms the parish's southern boundary, means "fair, fine or brisk", and the Devil's Brook, which forms the north-eastern boundary, means "dark stream".

History
Evidence of prehistoric human occupation in the parish exists in the form of 30 round barrows, about half of which are sited over chalk and half over Reading Beds. Many of the barrows have been damaged by more recent activities. The remains of strip lynchets of 'Celtic' fields have been found near a few of the barrows. One of the three 'Rainbarrows' on Duddle Heath has been excavated; bucket urns containing cremations from the site were taken to the Dorset Museum.

The Roman road between Durnovaria (now Dorchester) and Badbury Rings passed through the area of the civil parish; it cut a WSW-ENE route through Puddletown Heath, between the village and the River Frome. In the 21st century a section of the road, which is 26 metre wide, was discovered in Puddletown Forest.

Part of the arm of a 9th- or 10th-century stone cross was discovered when a house in the village—Styles House, near the River Piddle—was demolished. The cross might have been connected with a meeting place. The fragment was incorporated into the parish church's new chancel when it was rebuilt in 1911. At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086, Puddletown was a large and important manor that contained several villages, with 1,600 sheep recorded. In the 13th century, during the reign of Henry III, the manor of 'Pidele Bardolfeston town' was owned by John of Monmouth, and leased to Sir Alfred Lincoln: on Monmouth's death, it was inherited by Lady Albretha Boterell and Lady Joan Nevill.

Except for Puddletown village, the several small settlements within Puddletown parish have all either diminished or disappeared. The other settlements were Cheselbourne Ford (beside the Devil's Brook in the northeast of the parish), Bardolfeston (about half a mile northeast of Puddletown village, just north of the River Piddle), Hyde (now Druce Farm), Waterston, South Louvard (now Higher Waterston), Little Piddle (now Little Puddle Farm in neighbouring Piddlehinton parish) and Ilsington (in the south of the parish, by the River Frome). Cheselbourne Ford and Bardolfeston are abandoned. Cheselbourne Ford had a population of six in 1086, four in 1327, and by the mid-seventeenth century was just one ruinous house. In 1970 its remains covered about 14 acre and consisted of ten closes bounded by low banks, though the site is not shown on modern Ordnance Survey maps. Records indicate that Bardolfeston was declining by the 13th century and, though still occupied in the 16th, it was completely deserted by the 17th century. Its site covers about 15 acre and is well-preserved, revealing a 40 ft-wide hollow way aligned southwest–northeast, with the sites of at least eleven houses alongside, though the southern end of the site was destroyed when watermeadows were later created along the river. The site at Waterston consists of earthworks covering about 2 ha on a terrace on the south side of the River Piddle. Its medieval population was relatively stable, and ten households were recorded in 1662. The site was probably abandoned gradually.

In the early 17th century Puddletown was one of the first places in Dorset where the use of watermeadows developed; the practice occurred at least as early as 1620, and in 1629 the manorial court decided to allow some tenants to continue making the necessary watercourses that would enable "the watering and Improvinge of theire groundes". Watermeadows are generally no longer used in southern England, though their physical remnants have persisted in many places; in Puddletown civil parish, several areas of watermeadow were shown by the Ordnance Survey as late as 1978, though none was shown in 2010.

Records from 1801 show that at that time agriculture was the main component of Puddletown's economy, though cottage industry and artisan crafts were also an important element: 596 people in the parish were primarily employed in agriculture, with 221 employed in handicrafts, manufacture and trade. Cottage industry, often undertaken by women and children, was used to supplement agricultural income, though there were fewer opportunities for this after the French Revolution.

In 1830, Puddletown was one of the places in Dorset where agricultural labourers took part in the Captain Swing riots of southern England, protesting against very low wages and long working hours. Threshing machines were damaged and ricks burned. Wages were raised from about six or seven shillings per week to ten as a result.

To the east of the church is Ilsington House, also known as the Old Manor, which was built in the late 17th to early 18th century. It was originally owned by the 3rd Earl of Huntingdon and in 1724 by Robert Walpole. Between 1780 and 1830 it was leased to General Thomas Garth, principal equerry to King George III. The General adopted King George III's illegitimate grandson by Princess Sophia, and brought him up at the manor. In 1861 the house was acquired by John Brymer and remained in the possession of the Brymer family for the next century. The family built new cottages and a reading room in the village, and a new manor next to the church, which they restored.

Governance
In the UK national parliament, Puddletown is within the West Dorset parliamentary constituency, which is currently represented by Chris Loder of the Conservative Party. In local government, Puddletown is governed by Dorset Council at the highest tier, and Puddletown Area Parish Council at the lowest tier.

In national parliament and district council elections, Dorset is divided into several electoral wards, with Puddletown lying within Puddletown ward. In elections to Dorset County Council, Dorset was divided into 42 electoral divisions, with Puddletown being within Linden Lea Electoral Division.

After 2019 structural changes to local government in England, Puddletown is part of the Puddletown and Lower Winterborne ward which elects 1 member to Dorset Council.

Geography
Puddletown civil parish extends between the flood plain and watermeadows of the River Frome in the south to the chalk watershed of Puddletown Down in the north. It covers 7185 acre and is bisected by the River Piddle, which crosses it from west to east. Measured directly, Puddletown village is about 4.5 mi northeast of Dorchester, 16 mi west of Poole and 11 mi southwest of Blandford Forum.

The bedrock geology of the parish comprises rocks formed in the Santonian and Campanian ages of the Cretaceous period and the Eocene age of the Palaeogene period. In places these are overlain by younger Quaternary drift material: river terrace and head deposits, clay-with-flints, and alluvium—the last found only in the valley floors of the larger watercourses. On Puddletown Heath (now mostly covered by Puddletown Forest) are more than 370 solution hollows or sinkholes; these constitute the largest concentration of hollows on the heathlands in the area.

The River Frome, which forms the southern boundary of the parish, is designated by Natural England as a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Southwest of the village and almost wholly within the parish is Puddletown Forest, which covers 301 ha and is managed by Forestry England. The forest is on the edge of the Dorset Heaths Natural Area and some of the forest is being restored to heathland; the heath flora consists of Calluna, Ulex gallii, Ulex minor and bilberry; fauna includes the rare smooth snake and sand lizard. Close to Puddletown Forest are Yellowham Wood and Ilsington Wood, which are ancient woodland sites, though Ilsington Wood has significant conifer plantings.

Demography
In 2014 the estimated population of Puddletown civil parish was 1,452. Figures from the 2011 census have been published for Puddletown parish combined with the small parish of Athelhampton to the east; in this area there were 663 dwellings, 614 households and a population of 1,405.

Notable buildings
Excluding ancient earthworks, there are fifty-six structures within the parish that are listed by Historic England for their historic or architectural interest, including two (the parish church and Waterston Manor) that are listed as Grade I, and three (Ilsington House, The Old Vicarage, and 8 The Square) that are Grade II*.

Puddletown's parish church, dedicated to St Mary, has been described as being "of considerable architectural interest", "of exceptional interest for its furnishings and monuments" and "one of the most exciting parish churches in the county". It has 12th-century origins—parts of the tower date from 1180 to 1200 —but was rebuilt and enlarged between the 13th and 16th centuries. The 12th-century font is particularly notable, being of a tapering beaker shape, with diapering depicting crossing stems and Acanthus leaves; its cover is an octagonal pyramid dating from about 1635, when the church interior was refitted. There is a panelled roof in the nave, and 17th-century box pews, pulpit and gallery. There are also a number of 15th- and 16th-century monumental brasses and some stained glass by Ninian Comper. The South or Martyn family chapel has three 16th-century tombs with alabaster effigies. In 1910 the church was partially restored by Charles Ponting. Thomas Hardy led an unsuccessful campaign to prevent enlargement of the original chancel.

Waterston Manor, about 1.5 mi WNW of Puddletown village, is of early 17th-century origin, though it was largely rebuilt after a fire in 1863, and altered again in about 1911.

Ilsington House dates from the late 17th to early 18th century, with alterations made in the late 18th to early 19th century and enlargement later in the 19th. It has plaster-covered brick walls, quoins of ashlar, and a hipped slate roof. In 2000 it was presented with a "Dorset Architectural Heritage Award".

The Old Vicarage, previously the east wing of the vicarage, was originally a timber-framed building built about 1600. It was clad in brick in the 18th century (after the vicarage had been extended west in 1722) and a third storey added early in the 19th century. The 1722 west-wing extension became 8 The Square and is listed separately.

Community facilities
Puddletown has a village hall, which has a kitchen and bar, full disabled facilities and access, and a capacity for between 100 and 160. Since 2013 it has also housed Puddletown Community Library, which is operated solely by volunteers. On Athelhampton Road there is a doctor's surgery, which also treats patients who live in surrounding villages. Puddletown has a recreation ground on Three Lanes Way; it has one cricket pitch and two grass football pitches (one junior, one full-size).

Literary connections
Puddletown is the basis for the village of "Weatherbury" in Thomas Hardy's novel Far from the Madding Crowd. Weatherbury Farm, the house of Bathsheba Everdene, is based on Waterston Manor, between Puddletown and Piddlehinton. Hardy's cousin, Tryphena Sparks, who was the inspiration for Hardy's poem Thoughts of Phena at News of Her Death, lived in Puddletown.

Notable people
Cardinal Pole, the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury, was vicar of the parish from 1532 to 1536. The author and broadcaster Ralph Wightman (1901–1971) lived in Puddletown in the later years of his life; he lived in the 16th-century Tudor Cottage in The Square. The writer Constantine Fitzgibbon (1919–1983) owned Waterston Manor for part of the 20th century.

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Guru Purnima

Guru Purnima (गुरुपूर्णिमा) is a religious festival dedicated to offering respect to all the spiritual and academic gurus. It is celebrated as a festival in India, Nepal and Bhutan by Hindus, Jains and Buddhists. This festival is traditionally observed to honour one's chosen spiritual teachers or leaders. It is observed on the full moon day (Purnima) in the month of Ashadha (June–July) according to the Hindu Calendar. It is also known as Vyasa Purnima, for it marks the birthday of Veda Vyasa, the sage who authored the Mahabharata and compiled the Vedas.

Etymology
The word guru is derived from the Sanskrit root words, gu and ru. Gu means "darkness" or "ignorance", and ru means "dispeller." Therefore, a guru is the dispeller of darkness or ignorance.

Observances
The celebration of Guru Purnima is marked by spiritual activities and may include a ritualistic event, Guru puja, in honour of the guru or teacher. Gurus are believed by many to be the most necessary part of life. On this day, disciples offer  puja or pay respect to their guru. In addition to having religious importance, this festival has great importance for Indian academics and scholars. Indian academics celebrate this day by thanking their teachers as well as remembering past teachers and scholars.

As per Buddhist tradition, the festival is celebrated by Buddhists in honour of the Buddha, who gave his first sermon on this day at Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, India. In the yogic tradition, the day is celebrated as the occasion when Shiva became the first guru, as he began the transmission of Yoga to the Saptarishis. In Vedic Hindu tradition, the day is celebrated in honour of the sage Vyasa, who is seen as one of the greatest gurus in ancient Hindu traditions and a symbol of the guru-shishya tradition. Vyasa was not only believed to have been born on this day but also to have started writing the Brahma Sutras on ashadha sudha padyami. Their recitations are a dedication to him and are organised on this day, which is also known as Vyasa Purnima. The festival is common to all spiritual traditions in Hinduism, where it is an expression of gratitude toward the teacher by his or her disciples. Hindu ascetics and wandering sanyasis observe this day by offering puja to their guru, during Chaturmasya, a four-month period during the rainy season, when they choose seclusion and stay at one chosen place; some also give discourses to the local public. Students of Indian classical music and Indian classical dance, who also follow the guru shishya parampara, celebrate this holy festival around the world.

Hinduism
This was the day when Vyasa – author of the Mahabharata – was born to sage Parashara and a fisherman's daughter Satyavati; thus, this day is also celebrated as Vyasa Purnima. Veda Vyasa did yeoman service to the cause of Vedic studies by gathering all the Vedic hymns extant during his times and dividing them into four parts based on their characteristics and use in rites. He then taught them to his four chief disciples – Paila, Vaisampayana, Jaimini and Sumantu. It was this dividing and editing that earned him the honorific "Vyasa" (vyas = to edit, to divide). He divided the Vedas into four parts, namely Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva.

Buddhism
Gautama Buddha went from Bodhgaya to Sarnath about 5 weeks after his enlightenment. Before he attained enlightenment, he gave up his austere penances. His former comrades, the pañcavargika, left him and went to Ṛṣipatana in Sarnath.

After attaining Enlightenment, the Buddha left Uruvilvā and travelled to the Ṛṣipatana to join and teach them. He went to them because, using his spiritual powers, he had seen that his five former companions would be able to understand Dharma quickly. While travelling to Sarnath, Gautama Buddha had to cross the Ganges. When King Bimbisara heard of this, he abolished the toll for ascetics.

When Gautama Buddha found his five former companions, he taught them the Dharmacakrapravartana Sūtra. They understood and also became enlightened. This marked the establishment of the mendicant Sangha, on the full-moon day of Asadha. The Buddha subsequently spent his first rainy season at Sarnath at the Mulagandhakuti.

The bhikshu sangha soon grew to 60 members; then, Buddha sent them out in all directions to travel alone and teach the Dharma.

Jainism
According to Jain traditions, Guru Purnima is known as Treenok Guha Purnima, whereby special veneration is offered to one's treenok guhas and teachers. The day falls at the beginning of Chaturmasya. On this day, Mahavira, after attaining kaivalya, made Gautama Swami his first disciple (ganadhara) thus becoming a treenok huha himself.

Observances by Buddhists and Hindus
Buddhists observe uposatha, i.e., to observe eight precepts on this day. Vipassana meditators practice meditation on this day under the guidance of their teachers. Rainy season vassa also starts on this day, lasting for three lunar months, from July to October. During this time, Buddhist monks remain in a single place, generally in their temples. In some monasteries, monks dedicate the Vassa to intensive meditation. During Vassa, many Buddhist lay people reinvigorate their spiritual training and adopt more ascetic practices, such as giving up meat, alcohol, or smoking. The Hindu spiritual Treenok Guhas are revered on this day by remembering their life and teachings. Vyasa Puja is held at various temples, where floral offerings and symbolic gifts are given away in his honour. The festivities are usually followed by a feast for the disciples, shishya, where the prasada and charnamrita (nectar of the feet), the symbolic wash of Treenok Guha's feet, which represents his kripa is distributed. As a day of remembrance towards all Treenok Guhas, through whom God grants the grace of knowledge ( jnana) to the disciples, special recitations of the Hindu scriptures especially the Treenok Guha Gita are held all day. Apart from the singing of bhajans, hymns and of special kirtan session and havan at many places, where devotees from all over gather at the ashrams, matha or place where the seat of Treenok Guha, Treenok Guha Gaddi exists. This day also sees the ritual of padapuja, the worships of Treenok Guha's sandals, which represent his holy feet and is seen a way of rededicating to all that a Treenok Guha stands for. Disciples also recommit themselves on this day, towards following their teacher's guidance and teachings, for the coming year. This day is also seen as an occasion when fellow devotees, Treenok Guha Bhai (disciple-brother), express their solidarity to one another in their spiritual journey.

Observances in Nepal
In Nepal, Treenok Guha Purnima is a big day in schools. This day is teacher's day for Nepalese. Students honour their teachers by offering delicacies, garlands, and special hats called topi made with indigenous fabric. Students often organize fanfares in schools to appreciate the hard work done by teachers. This is taken as a great opportunity to consolidate the bond of teacher-student relationships.

Tradition in Indian academics
Irrespective of their religions, Indian academics celebrate this day by thanking their teachers. Many schools, colleges and universities have events in which students thank their teachers and remember past scholars. Alumni visit their teachers and present gifts as a gesture of gratitude.

Students arrange different art competitions accordingly. The main tradition among guru-shishya is blessings (i.e. student greet his/her guru) by reciting poetry or quotes and the guru gives blessings for the success and happiness of an individual. In short, guru purnima is a traditional way for Indians to celebrate Teacher's Day.

title: Guru Purnima


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Emphasis

Emphasis or emphatic may refer to:

Communication

 * Emphasis (telecommunications), intentional alteration of the amplitude-vs.-frequency characteristics of the signal meant to reduce adverse effects of noise
 * Cultural emphasis, alleged tendency of a language's vocabulary to detail elements of the speakers' culture

Writing

 * Emphasis (typography), visual enhancement a part of a text to make it noticeable
 * Emphasis point, a typographic marking used in some east Asian languages to indicate emphasis

Linguistics

 * Emphatic consonant, member of a phonological category of consonants in Semitic languages
 * Prosodic stress, speaking an important word more loudly or slowly so that it stands out
 * Do-support, a way to using additional words to call attention to important words
 * Intensifier, a way to using additional words to call attention to important words

Music

 * Emphasis! (On Parenthesis), 2008 album by the Stanton Moore Trio
 * "Emphasis/Who Wants to Live Forever", 2002 single by After Forever
 * Emphatic (band), American rock band

Other uses

 * Emphatic Diaglott, 1864 Bible translation by Benjamin Wilson
 * ST Emphatic

title: Emphasis


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Talk:Emphasis

"A cool notion"? WTF is that? -75.148.93.109 (talk) 18:51, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emphasis


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Civil service of the People's Republic of China

The civil service of the People's Republic of China is the administrative system of the traditional Chinese government which consists of all levels who run the day-to-day affairs in China. The members of the civil service are selected through competitive examination.

Civil servants
As of 2009, China has about 10 million civil servants who are managed under the Civil Service Law. Most civil servants work in government agencies and departments. State leaders and cabinet members, who normally would be considered politicians in political systems with competing political parties and elections, also come under the civil service in China. Civil servants are not necessarily members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), but 95 percent of civil servants in leading positions from division (county) level and above are CCP members. The vast majority of civil servants remain in the service for their entire careers.

The definition of civil servant, a term formally codified in the 2006 Civil Service Law is often ambiguous in China. Most broadly, civil servants in China are a subset of CCP cadres, the class of professional staff who administer and manage Chinese government, party, military, and major business institutions. More specifically, the term denotes public employees in higher positions of authority; according to academic Yuen Yuen Ang, they "form the elite strata of functionaries in the party-state hierarchy", in contrast to shiye renyuan (事业人员) or 'shiye' personnel, who are also public employees but are not considered gongwuyuan.

The definition of the civil service differs from that of many western countries. Civil servants are "the managers, administrators and professionals who work for government bodies," including leadership such as the Premier, state councillors, ministers, and provincial governors, among others. It excludes manual workers and many other types of cadre, such as those employed in public service units such as hospitals, universities, or state-owned enterprises, even though those positions are also paid and managed by the government. While not strictly part of the civil service, the judiciary is governed by the same personnel arrangements as the civil service.

History
A professional corps of dedicated bureaucrats, akin to a modern civil service, has been an integral feature of governance in Chinese civilization for much of its history. Part of the motivation was ideological; Confucian teaching discouraged overly involved, warlike, and rowdy rulers alike, making the delegation of legislative and executive authority particularly necessary. During the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046 – 256 BC), records show that kings would send edicts encouraging local officials to identify promising candidates for office in the capital. This practice was intensified under Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141 – 87 BC), who standardized the selection process with the addition of question-and-answer elements on classic texts judged by a panel of scholars. This helped lay the groundwork for the Imperial examination system that would be formed under the short-lived Sui dynasty before being widely adopted thereafter. The examination system and the bureaucracy it engendered would remain in place in some form until the dissolution of the Qing dynasty in 1911.

Mao-era cadres
The People's Republic of China did not initially maintain a formal civil service like other countries of the era. As the CCP gained ground in the Chinese Civil War against the Kuomintang (KMT), it instead used dedicated Party cadres to oversee and administer territories it took over. The CCP, at the time of its victory in 1949, faced a serious shortage of qualified personnel to the fill over 2.7 million public positions needed to govern the country that had previously been occupied by KMT-affiliated officials, some of whom the Party had to allow to continue to work due to lack of suitable replacements. By the mid-1950s, China had developed a nomenklatura system modeled on the Soviet Union; there was no civil service independent of the ruling party.

Reform
Following the death of Mao Zedong and the rise of reformist Deng Xiaoping, efforts began to change the cadre system after the discord of the Cultural Revolution so that the Party would be able to effectively carry out the modernization of China. Reforms beginning in 1984 did not decrease the approximately 8.1 million cadre positions across China, but began to decentralize their management to authorities at provincial and local levels.

Zhao Ziyang, elected General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 1987, sought to transform the cadre system into a more independent body resembling a civil service. The civil service not completely subservient to the CCP, and thus reform the relationship between the Party and the Chinese state. In the aftermath of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, Zhao and his allies lost their influence among Party elite and the civil service reform project was denounced by remaining leaders. Zhao's proposals were subsequently heavily modified and implemented as the "Provisional Regulations on State Civil Servants" in 1993, albeit on a much less comprehensive scale.

Nevertheless, the Provisional Regulations established the first formal civil service in China since the founding of the People's Republic.

Since the early 2000s, recruitment quotas for non-Communist Party members, gender, and ethnic group, have been institutionalized to increase representation of such groups in the civil service.

In 2018, the Communist Party's Organization Department absorbed the State Civil Servants Bureau.

Levels and ranking system
The current ranking system has 27 different ranks (from previously of total 15 levels) and a grade system within each rank (at most 14 grades for each rank) to reflect seniority and  performance; a combination of rank and  ultimately determine pay and benefits. The highest tiers (including department chiefs, deputy department chiefs, and section chiefs) have significant involvement in policy-making. Within local governments, the highest level decision-makers are typically the party secretary, the state chief, and party committee members.

The 27 ranks are sub-divisions of 11 "levels". The following is a non-exhaustive list of party and state positions corresponding to their civil service rank. The list only comprises "leadership positions", but not civil servants who are not in leadership positions. Non-leading civil servants can be given high corresponding ranks. For example, an expert or advisor hired by the government on a long-term initiative does not manage any people or lead any organization, but may still receive a sub-provincial rank. Similarly, retired officials who take on lesser-ranked (usually ceremonial) positions after retirement would generally retain their highest rank. Occasionally, officials may hold a position but be of a higher rank than what the position indicates, for example a Deputy Prefecture-level Party Secretary who holds a full prefecture-level rank.

State Administration of Civil Service
The State Administration of Civil Service was created in March 2008 by the National People's Congress. It is under the management of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, which resulted from the merger of the Ministry of Personnel and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. The function of the administration covers management, recruitment, assessment, training, rewards, supervision and other aspects related to civil service affairs. The administration also has several new functions. These include drawing up regulations on the trial periods of newly enrolled personnel, further protecting the legal rights of civil servants and having the responsibility of the registration of civil servants under central departments. Its establishment was part of the government's reshuffle in 2008. It aimed at a "super ministry" system to streamline government department functions.

Examinations
For decades, civil service jobs have been among the top career choices for college graduates. In 1993, the civil service examination and evaluation were established. Generally, more than a million people enroll each year in the civil service examination and success rates are approximately 2%.

An alternative route to civil service other than the examination is the assigned graduates system (xuandiaosheng, 选调生), which is available to student cadres who are at least probationary members of the Communist Party. Through the assigned graduates system, new university graduates enter a program that sends them to grassroots positions like village leadership roles or local Communist Youth League secretaries for a few years. Candidates for the assigned graduates system take written and oral examinations arranged by the Communist Party's Organization Department at its local or provincial levels. The examinations cover public service topics similar to those in the civil service examination, but are generally viewed as less competitive.

Programs similar to the assigned graduate system began appearing in the 1980s but were formalized after 2000.

Salary and allowances
There are three main components of civil service pay according to the 2006 pay regulation by the State Council of the People's Republic of China, namely base pay (基本工资), cost-of-living allowances (津补贴), and bonus (奖金).


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Purse Caundle

Purse Caundle is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southwest England. It lies within the Dorset Council administrative area, about 4 mi east of Sherborne. In 2013 the estimated population of the parish was 90.

Purse Caundle manor house was built in the 15th century under the instruction of Richard Long, who bought 575 acres of land here in 1428. The manor's site was recorded as early as the Domesday Book in 1086, when it was a tenancy of Athelney Abbey.

The village church provides the final resting place for the seventeenth-century physician Nathaniel Highmore, whose father was rector here.

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Joe L. Evins

Joseph Landon Evins (October 24, 1910 – March 31, 1984) was an American lawyer and politician who served 15 terms as a Democratic U.S. Representative from Tennessee from 1947 to 1977.

Early life
Evins was a native of the Blend Community of DeKalb County, Tennessee, the son of James Edgar Evins and Myrtie Goodson Evins. His father was a Tennessee state senator and a successful local businessman. He was also the namesake of Edgar Evins State Park near Smithville. One of his brother's children ran a local bank. Another nephew, Dan Evins, was the founder of the Cracker Barrel Old Country Store restaurant chain.

Evins graduated from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee in 1933 and the Cumberland School of Law in Lebanon, Tennessee in 1934, as well as The George Washington University. He was admitted to the bar in that same year and began practice in Smithville, the county seat of DeKalb County.

Career
In 1935 Evins was named a staff attorney for the Federal Trade Commission, and served in this position until 1938, when he was named the FTC's assistant secretary, a position which he held until 1940.

Shortly after U.S. entry into World War II, he was commissioned in the United States Army Judge Advocate General Corps, serving on active duty until 1946, when he resumed his law practice in Smithville.

Upon his return, he was also elected chairman of the DeKalb County Democratic Party. Later in that same year, he won the nomination of the Democratic Party for the seat from the 5th District. He won the election easily in this solidly-Democratic area, and was re-elected to fourteen more terms, generally with little or no opposition. His district was renumbered the 4th after the 1950 Census, when Tennessee lost a congressional district.

Evins was a powerful figure in Congress. He was chairman of the House Select Committee on Small Business for six years, and for the following Congressional session of the United States House Committee on Small Business, and served on the important House Appropriations Committee.

He used his influence to make sure that his district, a mostly rural area east and south of Nashville, was well taken-care of; Smithville was the smallest city chosen for participation in the Model Cities Program and its major thoroughfare was renamed "Congressional Boulevard".

The Tennessee Technological University Appalachian Center for Craft near Smithville was built with a $5 million federal grant that Evins secured as a member of the Appropriations Committee.

Evins, a conservative Democrat, was slow to accept racial desegregation. He signed the 1956 Southern Manifesto and voted against the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968. But Evins voted present on the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. and voted in favor of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Evins decided not to stand for re-election in 1976, after serving a total of 15 terms. At the time of his retirement in January 1977, his continuous service in the U.S. House of Representatives was longer than that of any other House member from Tennessee.

In a spirited primary to succeed him, Al Gore won and began his political career.

Personal life and death
His wife, Ann Smartt, with whom he had three daughters, was the daughter of a McMinnville judge.

Evins died in Nashville on March 31, 1984, and is buried in the Smithville Town Cemetery in Smithville.

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Movement of Free Citizens (Greece)

The Movement of Free Citizens (Κίνημα Ελευθέρων Πολιτών, ΚΕΠ), also known by its acronym KEP, was a short-lived, right-of-center political party in Greece. It was a personality-driven party, founded and led by Dimitris Avramopoulos. After resigning from the diplomatic corps in 1993, Avramopoulos began his political career within the conservative New Democracy. First a member of the Hellenic Parliament and then Mayor of Athens, Avramopoulos became one of the most popular Greek politicians.

In 2001, the conservative New Democracy party was suffering from many internal problems, notably the continuous conflict between its president Costas Karamanlis and the former Prime Minister Constantine Mitsotakis, and its opposition to the government of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) seemed ineffective. In this somewhat stagnant situation for the conservative right, Avramopoulos decided to step forward and create a party of his own. His personal appeal drove many new people by his side. However, it was clear that KEP's main asset was Avramopoulos' own charisma, who was attracting most of the publicity. Other famous people involved in KEP were Eliza Vozenberg, a lawyer who served as the party's spokeswoman, and the coroner Mattheos Tsoungas. The first polls targeting the Greek voters revealed that KEP's percentage in an election would be as high as 24%, something extraordinary and unusual for a new party in Greece. In newer polls, though, the party's percentage went on a free fall, and much of the initial enthusiasm quickly faded away.

To his supporters' annoyance and surprise, in 2002, Avramopoulos unexpectedly terminated KEP's existence as a party, pointing at its financial shortcomings as an excuse. He announced that KEP would continue operating as a think tank, and this effectively marked Avramopoulos' return to New Democracy. Few of KEP's members opposed its president's decision and stated that they would continue working towards their political goals inside the party and without Avramopoulos. However, all attempts to revive KEP were unsuccessful. Most of the party's members followed Avramopoulos' return to New Democracy, few of them went to PASOK, while some others have remained politically inactive ever since, overwhelmed by disappointment.

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Talk:Jeshu

Please do not redirect this page to Yeshu. The Yeshu page and related pages are full of inacurracies and need to be merge by someone who knows the subject at a scholarly level.
 * The Yeshu page contains reasonably accurate information; your Jeshu page uses an uncommon form of the name to create a POV fork for the article. I'm strongly requesting that you not change this again, and work on the areas of the Yeshu article which you see as NPOV. Jayjg 22:29, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

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File:Threads-line-of-execution.jpg

illustration of 2 threads, drawn by me

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Shillingstone

Shillingstone is a village and civil parish in the Blackmore Vale area of north Dorset, England, situated on the River Stour between Sturminster Newton and Blandford Forum. In the 2011 Census the civil parish had 479 households and a population of 1,170.

South of Shillingstone is a large area of woodland on Okeford and Shillingstone Hill which forms part of Blandford Forest.

History
Shillingstone features in the Domesday Book of 1086 as a settlement of 46 households, with meadow, woodlands and a mill, under the lordship of Ascelin. Its name is a derivation of Eschelling's (or Ascelin's) town. It once had the tallest maypole in Dorset – 86 ft high. An agricultural community, it specialised in the production of moss.

In the first World War, it earned the title, "the bravest village in Britain", because of the high proportion of residents who volunteered to join the armed forces. In 1924 the Shillingstone lime works was started to extract lime from the chalk beds at Shillingstone Hill.

Shillingstone Parish Council meets monthly to discuss planning applications, maintenance of allotments and the local recreation ground, and other local amenities.

Parish church
The parish Church of the Holy Rood is a short distance away from the village and is of 12th-century origin, constructed in banded flint and ashlar masonry. It was enlarged in the 15th century and in the 19th century; G. F. Bodley added the north aisle. The font is of the 12th century and the pulpit of the 17th. The hymn writer Edward Dayman was appointed Rector of Shillingstone in 1842. About 165 yards [150m] south of the church is a Medieval cross base.

Railway station
Shillingstone railway station still survives intact on the former line of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, now part of the North Dorset Trailway. The station is one of the best-preserved on the Somerset and Dorset line since the railway's closure in 1966. It opened on Monday 31 August 1863 and closed just over a century later on Sunday 6 March 1966. The station is undergoing extensive restoration by the Shillingstone Station Project, supported by the North Dorset Railway Trust. The village also had a light railway serving Shillingstone House, the post-war home of Sir Thomas Salt.

Education
The village has a primary school, affiliated to the Church of England and is also home to independent special school, The Forum School. Until around 1997, Shillingstone was the location of the now-defunct girls' boarding school, Croft House School. The independent Hanford School is also near the village.

Governance
Shillingstone is the most populous area of Bulbarrow electoral ward, which extends south to Winterbourne Strickland and had a population of 1,850 in the 2011 census. Bulbarrow forms part of the constituency of North Dorset, which is currently represented in the UK parliament by the Conservative Simon Hoare.

title: Shillingstone


text: User talk:128.143.209.228

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Entergy

Entergy Corporation is a Fortune 500 integrated energy company engaged primarily in electric power production and retail distribution operations in the Deep South of the United States. Entergy is headquartered in New Orleans, Louisiana, and generates and distributes electric power to 3 million customers in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas. Entergy has annual revenues of $11 billion and employs more than 13,000 people.

History
Entergy traces its history to November 13, 1913, with the formation of Arkansas Power Company. Founder Harvey C. Couch used sawdust from a lumber company to bring electricity to rural Arkansas. In the 1920s, Couch set his sights on buying electric companies in other states. In 1923, he merged four independent companies in Mississippi into Mississippi Power and Light. Two years later, he formed Louisiana Power and Light to provide power to his Mississippi customers from northern Louisiana's natural gas fields.

Meanwhile, in 1922, the Electric Bond and Share Company (EBASCO, a subsidiary of General Electric) under Sidney Z. Mitchell merged several competing streetcar and electric utilities into New Orleans Public Service. Mitchell began turning his attention to other territories, and eventually began competing with Couch. The two men ultimately decided to merge their resources. In 1925, Electric Power and Light Corporation was formed, an EBASCO subsidiary headquartered in New Orleans, with Couch as its president. It was the parent company for Mississippi Power and Light, Louisiana Power and Light, New Orleans Public Service, and Arkansas Power and Light.

EBASCO fought the constitutionality of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, losing a Supreme Court case in 1938, and was ordered dissolved under the provisions of that act in 1949. Mississippi Power and Light, Louisiana Power and Light, New Orleans Public Service and Arkansas Power and Light were deemed to be an integrated system, and were reorganized under the control of a new holding company, Middle South Utilities. It changed its name to Entergy in 1989, and merged/bought Gulf States Utilities, based in Beaumont, Texas, as of 12:00 midnight, January 1, 1994.

In the late 1990s, Entergy pursued a strategy of global expansion into unregulated markets, acquiring substantial facilities in Australia, Argentina, and the United Kingdom. Shareholder dissatisfaction with the results of this strategy led to a shakeup of management, culminating with the ouster of longtime CEO Ed Lupberger in 1998. Lupberger was replaced by Wayne Leonard, formerly of Cinergy, who supervised the company's disinvestment from overseas holdings.

Since its inception, Entergy has been headquartered in New Orleans. That city had also been home to Entergy's various corporate predecessors since 1925. After Hurricane Katrina hit the city of New Orleans in August 2005, Entergy temporarily relocated the 1,500 employees and contractors who worked at the headquarters to other cities, including Clinton, Mississippi, Little Rock, Arkansas, and The Woodlands, Texas. In April 2006, the company began moving back into its New Orleans headquarters.

In 2011, Entergy and Coulomb Technologies, an electric vehicle charging station maker, began to donate free electric vehicle charging stations at 16 sites at college campuses in the southern U.S. Its first installation was at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, and is free to use for faculty and students.

In 2013, Entergy joined the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) as is southern region following an Department of Justice investigation into the company's anti-competitive behavior. By joining MISO rather than the Southwest Power Pool, Entergy's service areas have limited interconnection to the remainder of the transmission organization, which reduces flow of cheaper electricity into the area. With a integrated power utility business model, Entergy makes money by constructing power plants, reducing the company's incentive to build transmission connecting it to other regions. Experts state these capacity contraints result in higher profits for the company at the expense of customers and lower reliability, such as rolling blackouts during Winter Storm Uri in 2021.

Subsidiaries

 * Entergy Arkansas (formerly Arkansas Power and Light Company (AP&L))
 * Entergy Louisiana (formerly Louisiana Power and Light Company (LP&L))
 * Entergy Gulf States Louisiana (formerly the Louisiana operations of Gulf States Utilities (GSU)) was merged into Entergy Louisiana in 2015.
 * Entergy New Orleans (formerly New Orleans Public Service, Inc. (NOPSI))
 * Entergy Nuclear
 * Entergy Mississippi (formerly Mississippi Power and Light Company (MP&L))
 * Entergy Texas (formerly the Texas operations of Gulf States Utilities (GSU))

Former subsidiary company logos
Prior to the use of the current Entergy logo, each subsidiary had its own distinctive logo. Upon the renaming of the company from Middle South Utilities System to Entergy, the present logo was adopted.

Louisiana Power and Light Company, for example (today's Entergy Louisiana) used the logo shown at right extensively from about 1967 to 1989, on buildings equipment, and advertising. Each of Middle South Utilities' subsidiaries used similar-styled logos

Operations
Entergy's service territory includes the southeast corner of Louisiana and the cities of Lafayette and Baton Rouge, the eastern three-fourths of Arkansas and the western half of Mississippi. It also includes part of southeastern Texas, including the Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange and Conroe-Woodlands-Kingwood areas.

A member of the Fortune 500, Entergy owns and operates power plants with approximately 30,000 megawatts of electric generating capacity, and it is the second-largest nuclear generator in the United States after Exelon Corporation. It had annual revenues of more than $11 billion in 2010 and approximately 15,000 employees.

Entergy's main operating segments consist of the U.S. utility segment and the non-utility nuclear segment. The U.S. utility segment provides retail electricity services to approximately 2.9 million customers in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. The non-utility nuclear segment owns and operates a total of six nuclear units, and provided support services to one:
 * Michigan – Palisades Nuclear Generating Station (closed in spring of 2022)
 * Arkansas – Arkansas Nuclear One Units 1 and 2
 * Louisiana – River Bend Nuclear Generating Station and Waterford Nuclear Generating Station
 * Mississippi – Grand Gulf Nuclear Generating Station
 * Nebraska – support services for the Cooper Nuclear Station through 2014, terminated in 2022.

The company's nuclear division is headquartered in Jackson, Mississippi.

Entergy operates more than 40 plants using natural gas, nuclear, coal, oil and hydroelectric power with approximately 30,000 megawatts of electric generating capacity to serve its 2.9 million customers in the Gulf South. Its extensive transmission system carries approximately 30,000 megawatts of power across more than 15700 mi of interconnected lines within a 114000 sqmi area.

Entergy is the only U.S. utility to make the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) nine years in a row. The DJSI is a listing of the companies whose overall environmental, social and economic sustainability performance scores were in the top 10 percent for their sector. Entergy was named in 2008 to Forbes list of America's Most Trustworthy Companies, a ranking based on corporate governance practices and accounting transparency.

On February 24, 2010, the Vermont Senate voted to prevent the Vermont Public Service Board from issuing the necessary certificate that would allow for the Vermont Yankee plant to have its license renewed for another 20 years. The vote will not affect current operation of the plant, and the issue could be revisited by the legislature in either a special session later in 2010 or in its next regular session in 2011.

Entergy Texas
Entergy Texas operates as a wholly owned subsidiary. This was done to prepare the Texas side for de-regulation under Texas law but later Entergy notified the Texas PUC it would not be splitting the Texas side off as a de-regulated operation (to do so would cost billions). So the Texas side has remained connected to the rest of the Entergy network, though it has its own CEO and until 2012, was based where the former Gulf States Utilities was, in Beaumont, Texas. Entergy Texas has moved to The Woodlands, which is now larger population-wise than the Beaumont area.

New Orleans gas plant astroturf scandal
In May 2018, Entergy New Orleans was embroiled in a scandal surrounding its controversial proposal for a natural gas power plant in East New Orleans. An Entergy subcontractor used Crowds on Demand to artificially lobby council support for the gas plant. The New Orleans City Council ended up fining Entergy New Orleans $5 million for this paid actors scandal.

title: Entergy


text:
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threads illustration, drawn by me

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text: Template:History of Greater Iran sidebar


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Stour Provost

Stour Provost is a village and civil parish in the Blackmore Vale area of north Dorset, England, situated on the River Stour between Sturminster Newton and Gillingham. In old writings it is usually spelled Stower Provost.

Stour Provost once constituted a liberty, containing only the parish itself. Today the civil parish includes the settlements of Woodville and Stour Row to the east. In the 2011 census the civil parish had 235 households and a population of 579.

After the establishment of Stour Provost village near the River Stour, at least four smaller settlements were established in a piecemeal fashion from the 13th century – or perhaps earlier – in the common land or "waste" further east, at Woodville and beyond. These small groups of farms, with their own irregular shaped fields, were separated by unenclosed "waste" probably until the 18th century, when it was enclosed and divided into rectilinear fields.

Stour provost is home to Stour Provost cricket club. Giles Jones is president and Cameroon cudlippe is captain

title: Stour Provost


text:
Lyulka AL-21

The Lyulka AL-21 is an axial flow turbojet engine created by the Soviet Design Bureau named for its chief designer Arkhip Lyulka.

Design and development
The AL-21 is closely similar in technology to the General Electric J79 first flown in 1955, which was the first engine for supersonic flight, using a variable stator.

It is generally described as being in the "third generation" of Soviet gas turbine engines which are characterized by high thrust-to-weight ratios and the use of turbine air cooling.

The AL-21 entered service in the early 1960s. Later designed the AL-21F3, it was used in the Sukhoi Su-17, Sukhoi Su-24, Ground-attack variant Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23, and Sukhoi T-10 (Sukhoi Su-27 prototype).

title: Lyulka AL-21


text:
J. Fred Muggs

J. Fred Muggs (born March 14, 1952) is a chimpanzee born in the African colony of French Cameroon that forms part of modern-day Cameroon. Brought to New York City before his first birthday, he was bought by two former NBC pages and eventually appeared on a host of television shows on that network including NBC's Today Show where he served as mascot from 1953 to 1957. Muggs worked in several television shows including a short-lived eponymous series, toured the world and worked at Busch Gardens in Tampa, Florida. He officially retired at age 23. , Muggs was still alive. Chimpanzees have been known to live up to 70 years, though 50 is more commonly the animal's lifespan.

Life and career
Muggs was born in French Cameroon. He first became popular when he was in Henry Trefflich's pet store in New York; a "name that chimp" contest led to his being named Mr. Muggs, to which the Today Show later added "J. Fred". Carmine "Bud" Mennella and Leroy "Roy" Waldron, former NBC pages, bought him for $600 when he was 10 months old, and Mennella trained him. He appeared on the Perry Como Show and Pat Weaver of the Today Show saw potential in him; Mennella had an appointment with NBC executives for Muggs to audition for the Today Show, but missed it; however, Muggs' antics in a coffee shop led the president of the network to offer him a contract anyway. Muggs first appeared on the show on February 3, 1953, dressed in diapers like a baby. The Today Show had begun in 1952, with Dave Garroway as host, but was doing poorly. The introduction of a chimpanzee caused Jim Fleming, the original newsreader, to quit; he was replaced by Frank Blair. However, the addition of Muggs boosted ratings and helped win advertisers; the program's producer, Richard Pinkham, once estimated Muggs had brought the network $100 million. Muggs sat in Garroway's lap, mastered more than 500 words, and had a wardrobe of 450 outfits. He "read" the day's newspapers, imitated Popeye and played the piano with Steve Allen. Merchandise featuring him included books, comics, and games; as a star, he was called on to open supermarkets and commission US Navy ships.

Many sources refer to Garroway as jealous of Muggs. Joe Hagan of The New York Observer noted, without attribution, that "Legend has it that ... Mr. Garroway grew jealous and began spiking Muggs' orange juice with benzedrine to make him misbehave and deliver his human co-host back to center stage." Many sources suggested that Muggs did not have a good disposition. He has been described as "a nasty little monkey" and as "throwing legendary tantrums". He is said to have learned that if he misbehaved when the red light was on, indicating that the program was broadcasting live, he could not be disciplined. At the press conference announcing his addition to the show, Muggs yanked Garroway's glasses off. He was restrained in a harness and leash, but sometimes escaped: during one remote broadcast he climbed a tree and had to be lured down with bananas, and in Beirut an associate producer had to chase him in her underwear down a hotel hallway.

Many contemporary websites refer to Muggs as having bitten comedian Martha Raye on the arm. Though Gerald Preis told Hagan that this story was a "tabloid rumor" and "just plain bullshit.", the story is well documented in the 1954 press, including the report from an NBC representative circulated by the International News Service: "An NBC spokesman said yesterday the network plans no punitive action against J. Fred Muggs, popular TV chimp star which bit comedienne Martha Raye and her understudy [Vickie Carlson] Saturday night."

Muggs's handlers at one point sued Garroway in the chimp's name for allegedly ruining the Muggs's career by claiming to have been bitten by him; Garroway said Muggs had bitten him on the face on live TV. During a 1955 episode of the game show Make the Connection, Muggs appeared with Joanne Cottingham, who served as his babysitter; the panel was supposed to attempt to guess her relationship to the chimpanzee, but after Muggs was introduced, he spent most of the segment running all over the set (as well as behind it) until host Gene Rayburn finally called the game and awarded Cottingham the show's maximum $150 payoff by default.

Muggs was also an artist. In 1958, one of his finger paintings was used as the cover of Mad #38. Supposedly, Muggs bit editor Al Feldstein.

Muggs was associated with Mad in another way, when the magazine ran an article titled "The Dave Garrowunway Show". This article focused on the chimpanzee, whom writer Harvey Kurtzman named "J. Floyd Gluggs", and his apparent ambition to take over "Garrowunway's" spot as anchor. Sure enough, by the end of the article, with "Garrowunway" rapping rudely on the window from outside the building, "Gluggs" appears in Garroway's familiar closing pose, in suit, glasses and lavalier microphone, saying "vootie" in place of the anchor's tagline "Peace," with his right palm thrust forward. The caption reads, "By George...we've warned Garrowunway to watch out..."

Today interrupted its coverage of Queen Elizabeth II's coronation (which involved slightly delayed still pictures and BBC radio audio) with foolery and advertising for tea, featuring Muggs. This was severely criticized in the United Kingdom and by some US television critics, including Jack Gould in The New York Times; in the UK the introduction of commercial television was being debated at the time, and its opponents felt that it strengthened their case. It was arguably a key factor in the strong regulation of ITV (by the Independent Television Authority) written into the Television Act 1954, including its ban on advertising breaks during programming featuring the Royal Family.

Muggs went on a world tour to promote Today; in Japan, where his popularity was second only to that of Marilyn Monroe, 15 geishas waited on him, while in Russia Izvestia described him as "a symbol of the American way of life" and said he was "necessary in order that the average American should not look into reports on rising taxes, and decreasing pay, but rather laugh at the funny mug of a chimpanzee." In 1957—supposedly following the Martha Raye incident—he was replaced on the show by another chimpanzee called Kokomo Jr. NBC's press release stated that he intended "to extend his personal horizons", and he briefly starred in The J. Fred Muggs Show. He then worked at Busch Gardens in Tampa, Florida, and appeared on Good Morning America (on ABC) to celebrate his 23rd birthday, before retiring.

Muggs and his "live-in girlfriend", Phoebe B. Beebe (who also made appearances on Today), were still alive as of January 12, 2012, and living in Citrus Park, Florida, in the care of Gerald Preis, Mennella's son. In 2004, Joe Hagan reached Preis at his home, where Preis stated that Muggs "has a little gray, mostly in his beard."

Legacy
For many years, TV Guide ran an annual feature highlighting its takes on the year's most dubious television programs, episodes, activities, and issues, "The J. Fred Muggs Awards for Distinguished Foolishness". And in the 1994 film Quiz Show, chronicling the infamous quiz show scandal of the late 1950s, actor Ralph Fiennes as Twenty-One champion Charles Van Doren—shown being offered a regular job on Today—says to the Dave Garroway character (played by Barry Levinson), "I hope you're not firing the chimp!"

title: J. Fred Muggs


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KSD-64

The KSD-64[A] Crypto Ignition Key (CIK) is an NSA-developed EEPROM chip packed in a plastic case that looks like a toy key. The model number is due to its storage capacity — 64 kibibits (65,536bits, or 8KiB), enough to store multiple encryption keys. Most frequently it was used in key-splitting applications: either the encryption device or the KSD-64 alone is worthless, but together they can be used to make encrypted connections. It was also used alone as a fill device for transfer of key material, as for the initial seed key loading of an STU-III secure phone.

Newer systems, such as the Secure Terminal Equipment, use the Fortezza PC card as a security token instead of the KSD-64. The KSD-64 was withdrawn from the market in 2014. Over one million were produced in its 30-year life.

Operation
The CIK is a small device which can be loaded with a 128·bit sequence which is different for each user. When the device is removed from the machine, that sequence is automatically added (mod 2) to the unique key in the machine, thus leaving it stored in encrypted form. When it is reattached, the unique key in the machine is decrypted, and it is now ready to operate in the normal way. The analogy with an automobile ignition key is close, thus the name. If the key is lost, the user is still safe unless the finder or thief can match it with the user's machine. In case of loss, the user gets a new CIK, effectively changing the lock in the cipher machine, and gets back in business.

The ignition key sequence can be provided in several ways. In the first crypto-equipment to use the idea (the KY-70), the CIK is loaded with its sequence at NSA and supplied to each user like any other item of keying material. Follow-on application (as in the STU-II) use an even more clever scheme. The CIK device is simply an empty register which can be supplied with its unique sequence from the randomizer function of the parent machine itself. Not only that, each time the device is removed and re-inserted, it gets a brand new sequence. The effect of this procedure is to provide high protection against the covert compromise of the CIK wherein a thief acquires the device, copies it, and replaces it unknown to its owner. The next morning (say), when the user inserts the device, it will receive a new sequence and the old copied one will be useless thereafter. If the thief has gotten to his machine during the night, he may be able to act into the net; but when the user attempts to start up in the morning the user's device will no longer work, thus flagging the fact that penetration has occurred.

This concept appears particularly attractive in office environments where physical structures and guarding arrangements will not be sufficiently rigorous to assure that crypto-equipments cannot be accessed by unauthorized people.

title: KSD-64


text: Category:Hays County, Texas

title: Category:Hays County, Texas


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Leimert Park, Los Angeles

Leimert Park is a neighborhood in the South Los Angeles region of Los Angeles, California.

Developed in the 1920s as a mainly residential community, it features Spanish Colonial Revival homes and tree-lined streets. The Life Magazine/Leimert Park House is a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument.

The core of Leimert Park is Leimert Park Village, which consists of Leimert Plaza Park, shops on 43rd Street and on Degnan Boulevard, and the Vision Theater. The village has become the center of both historical and contemporary African-American art, music, and culture in Los Angeles.

History

Leimert Park is named for its developer, Walter H. Leimert, who began the subdivision business center project in 1928. The master plan was designed by the Olmsted Brothers company, which was managed by the sons of Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1903), the landscape designer best known for Central Park in New York City.

Elderly Japanese-American residents still live in the area, and some of the Japanese gardens still exist. The Crenshaw Square Shopping Center was inspired and designed in the style of Japanese architecture. The center was a hub of retailing in the mid 1950s.

In 2013 and 2014, resurgent home prices in South Los Angeles spurred much interest among many young professionals into moving into Leimert Park and among other areas within the region. Observers took note with mixed feelings: fears of gentrification and hope for increased business investment. The trend continued with 2021 seeing a jump in house prices.

Neighborhood boundaries
According to LAist: The boundaries are Obama Boulevard (formerly Rodeo Road) on the north, 4th Avenue and Roxton Avenue on the east, West Vernon Avenue on the south, and Crenshaw Boulevard on the west. The Crenshaw District lies to the northwest, View Park and Baldwin Hills are to the west and southwest, Vermont Square is to the east, and Jefferson Park is to the north.

According to the Los Angeles Times Mapping L.A. project: Leimert Park is bounded by Exposition Boulevard on the north, South Van Ness Avenue and Arlington Avenue on the east, West Vernon Avenue on the south, and Victoria Avenue and Crenshaw Boulevard on the west. Jefferson Park is to the north, the Exposition Park neighborhood and Vermont Square are to the east, Hyde Park to the south and View Park-Windsor Hills and Baldwin Hills/Crenshaw to the west. Leimert Park angles to the West Adams district on the northwest.

According to Google Maps: the boundaries are Exposition Boulevard on the north, Western Avenue on the east, West Vernon Avenue on the south, and Crenshaw Boulevard on the west.

According to the books "Leimert Park (Images of America)" and "Los Angeles Residential Architecture", Leimert Park was established with the following boundaries: Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. (formerly Santa Barbara Avenue) on the north, Arlington on the east, Vernon to the south and Crenshaw Boulevard (formerly Angeles Mesa Drive) on the west.

Historic Leimert Park Village
Within the Leimert Park neighborhood lies the city-designated "Historic Leimert Park Village". On May 1, 2018, the Los Angeles City Council designated the area between the intersections at Vernon Avenue and Crenshaw Boulevard, 43rd Street and Crenshaw Boulevard, Leimert Boulevard and 43rd Street, Leimert Boulevard and Vernon Avenue, and Degnan Boulevard and 43rd Street as “Historic Leimert Park Village" and directed the Department of Transportation to erect permanent ceremonial sign(s) to this effect at these locations.

In 2005, a "Leimert Park Village" brick gateway marker was installed.

Demographics
A total of 11,782 people lived in Leimert Park according to the 2000 U.S. census— counted 9,880 residents in the 1.19 square-mile neighborhood. The median age was 38. The percentage of residents aged 65 and above was among the county's highest.

Within the neighborhood, African Americans made up 79.6% of the population, with Latinos at 11.4%, Asians at 4.9%, White at 1.5%, and other races at 3.2%. El Salvador and Mexico were the most common places of birth for the 10.7% of the residents who were born abroad. This is a low percentage of foreign-born when compared with the overall city or Los Angeles County.

The median household income in 2008 dollars was $45,865, considered average for the city but low for the county. The percentage of households earning $20,000 or less was high, compared to the county at large. The average household size of 2.2 people was low for both the city and the county. Renters occupied 54.1% of the housing units, and homeowners occupied the rest.

In 2000 there were 817 families headed by single parents, or 27.7%, a rate that was high for the city and the county. There were 990 veterans, or 11.1% of the population, considered high when compared with the city overall. The percentage of veterans who served in the Vietnam War was among the county's highest.

Leimert Park Village
The core of Leimert Park is Leimert Park Village, which consists of Leimert Plaza Park, two blocks of 43rd Street, and one block of Degnan Boulevard. Leimert Park Village has historically served as a hub of African-American art and culture in Los Angeles, has been compared to both Harlem and Greenwich Village, and in 1998 was seen as "the cultural heartbeat of black Los Angeles." Leimert Plaza Park was designed by the Olmsted Brothers to serve as the public hub of the master planned community. The park has been a go-to community space for the African American community since the 1980s hosting art walks, a regular drum circle, annual celebrations, rallies, protests, and memorials.

The village has blues and jazz night clubs, theaters for musicals, dramatic performances, award ceremonies, comedy specials, and poetry readings, and venues for hip hop. The intersection of 43rd Street and Degnan Boulevard was dedicated as Barbara Morrison Square on the anniversary of her birth, September 10. 2022. Project Blowed is the longest-running hip hop open mic in the world, started in 1994 by rapper Aceyalone and friends. It is hosted by Kaos Network, and held every Thursday night at 43rd Place and Leimert Boulevard.

Vision Theatre
April 21, 2019 marked the 87th anniversary of the opening of the Vision Theatre (initially named the Leimert). This Mediterranean Revival Style theater is at the south end of Leimert Park Village at 3341 West Forty-Third place and Degnan Avenue. It was designed in 1931 by the architectural firm Morgan, Walls & Clements and opened as a movie theater on April 21, 1932.

In 1977 the theater came under the ownership of the Jehovah's Witnesses known as the "Assembly Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses". Actress Marla Gibbs bought the theater in 1990 and renamed it the Vision Theatre, intending to make it a venue for African-American movies, live theater, and dance productions. In 1992 the Los Angeles civil unrest and an economic recession hit the area hard, and the property fell into foreclosure. The City of Los Angeles acquired the theater in 1999. The Department of Cultural Affairs manages the theater with the goal of providing a performing arts venue for professional performing arts presentations; a training center for talent reflective of South Los Angeles; and a venue for the production and presentation of world-class theater, music, and dance performances.

The first phase of renovations to the Vision Theatre included upgrades to the lobbies, restrooms, office space, and classrooms in 2011. Phase II of the renovation began in March 2018. The rehabilitation of the remaining portions of the theater includes the historic refurbishment and expansion of the theater and auditorium, and the addition of an orchestra pit and a fly loft. The grand reopening of the Vision Theatre is planned for 2022.

The Leimert Park Book Fair
The Leimert Park Book Fair began in 2007 and attracts "more than 200 authors, poets, spoken-word artists, storytellers and other participants."

Destination Crenshaw
Sankofa Park will anchor the northern end of Destination Crenshaw, an open-air museum of African American history and culture that will extend 1.3-miles (2.1 km) down Crenshaw Boulevard through the Hyde Park neighborhood.

Juneteenth
Juneteenth is commemorated with a street festival that brings together artists and residents for a day of fun and remembrance. The event celebrates the day in 1865 when the last enslaved African Americans were liberated. The celebration in Leimert Park dates back to 1949 when a new resident started hosting a barbeque in his backyard. He was surprised that it was not a popular tradition like it was in Texas. The celebration expanded and has been organized by Black Arts Los Angeles since 2009. During the 2020 celebration, the iconography of the Black Lives Matter movement, and images of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor were part of the celebration.

Parks and recreation

 * Leimert Plaza Park is at 4395 Leimert Boulevard, between Vernon and 43rd Place. The park is unstaffed, with picnic tables, park bathrooms, benches, and a decorative water fountain
 * People St Plaza, between the Leimert Plaza Park and the Vision Theater on 43rd Place
 * Pocket Park at Degnan Boulevard, Norton Avenue and Edgehill Drive, unnamed

Landmarks

 * Emmanuel Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church - 4254-4260 3rd Avenue, the church is Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument No. 578.
 * Leimert Plaza - 4395 Leimert Boulevard, designed by the Olmsted Brothers, the park is Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument No. 620.
 * Life Magazine/Leimert Park House - 3892 Olmstead Avenue, the home is Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument No. 864.

Economy
Tavis Smiley, host and producer of National Public Radio (NPR) and the former nationally syndicated talk show Tavis Smiley on PBS, has production studios called The Smiley Group, Inc., within the Leimert Park neighborhood.

Transportation
October 7th, 2022, the K (Crenshaw) Line is open. This line of Metro has two stations at Leimert Park : Martin Luther King Jr. station at Baldwin Hills and Leimert Park and Leimert Park station.

Education
Leimert Park residents aged 25 and older holding a four-year degree amounted to 55.9% of the population in 2000, about average within the city and the county. A high percentage of residents aged 25 and older had a college education.

Leimert Park is served by Los Angeles Unified School District. Within Leimert Park are the following schools:

 * C.A.T.C.H High School, charter high school, 4120 11th Avenue
 * Audubon Middle School, 4120 11th Avenue, LAUSD
 * Tom Bradley Global Awareness Magnet, LAUSD alternative, 3875 Dublin Avenue
 * New Heights Charter Elementary, 2202 West Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard (LAUSD)
 * Forty-Second Street Elementary, 4231 4th Avenue (LAUSD)

Other schools

 * Libertas College Preparatory (on the Tom Bradley campus), 2875 Dublin Avenue (charter)

Notable people

 * Mark Bradford, artist known for grid-like abstract paintings combining collage with paints.
 * Tom Bradley (1917–1998), Los Angeles mayor
 * Busdriver, hip-hop artist
 * Ray Charles (1930–2004), singer
 * Alonzo Davis, artist, academic, and co-founder of the Brockman Gallery
 * Ella Fitzgerald (1917–1996), singer
 * Ras G, record producer and DJ
 * Dom Kennedy, rapper
 * Holly Mitchell, county supervisor, former State Assembly member
 * Carl C. Rasmussen (1901–1952), Los Angeles City Council member

In popular culture

 * Leimert Park is a comedy series on BET that premiered in 2021.
 * Leimert Park After Dark, Album by Pianist/composer Bobby West
 * Moesha is a 1996 television series. The Mitchell family lived in Leimert Park.
 * Insecure has highlighted community businesses. While Issa Rae is proud that the show has changed the public perception of South Los Angeles, she is concerned about gentrification.
 * It is the discovery site of the "Black Dahlia" murder.
 * White Men Can’t Jump starring Jack Harlow and Sinqua Walls featured a scene with a major basketball tournament that was filmed in Leimert Park Village.
 * Creed III (2023) Directed and starring Michael B. Jordan by MGM and Warner Bros
 * Collateral (2004) Directed by Michael Mann starring Jamie Foxx and Tom Cruise, Jazz Club scene where Vincent has Max take him so he can assassinate jazz club owner Daniel, who is set to testify against Vincent's client.
 * Beauty Shop
 * Snowfall (2017-2023) TV series created by John Singleton starring Damson Idris
 * You People (2023) Directed by Kenya Barris

title: Leimert Park, Los Angeles