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Silver chloride

Silver chloride is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula AgCl. This white crystalline solid is well known for its low solubility in water and its sensitivity to light. Upon illumination or heating, silver chloride converts to silver (and chlorine), which is signaled by grey to black or purplish coloration in some samples. AgCl occurs naturally as the mineral chlorargyrite.

It is produced by a metathesis reaction for use in photography and in pH meters as electrodes.

Preparation
Silver chloride is unusual in that, unlike most chloride salts, it has very low solubility. It is easily synthesized by metathesis: combining an aqueous solution of silver nitrate (which is soluble) with a soluble chloride salt, such as sodium chloride (which is used industrially as a method of producing AgCl), or cobalt(II) chloride. The silver chloride that forms will precipitate immediately.

It can also be produced by the reaction of silver metal and aqua regia; however, the insolubility of silver chloride decelerates the reaction. Silver chloride is also a by-product of the Miller process, where silver metal is reacted with chlorine gas at elevated temperatures.

History
Silver chloride has been known since ancient times. Ancient Egyptians produced it as a method of refining silver, which was done by roasting silver ores with salt to produce silver chloride, which was subsequently decomposed to silver and chlorine. However, it was later identified as a distinct compound of silver in 1565 by Georg Fabricius. Silver chloride, historically known as luna cornea (which could be translated as "horn silver" as the moon was an alchemic codename for silver), has also been an intermediate in other historical silver refining processes. One such example is the Augustin process developed in 1843, wherein copper ore containing small amounts of silver is roasted in chloridizing conditions and the silver chloride produced is leached by brine, where it is more soluble.

Silver-based photographic films were first made in 1727 by Johann Heinrich Schulze with silver nitrate. However, he was not successful in making permanent images, as they faded away. Later in 1816, the use of silver chloride was introduced into photography by Nicéphore Niépce.

Structure
The solid adopts the fcc NaCl structure, in which each Ag+ ion is surrounded by an octahedron of six chloride ligands. AgF and AgBr crystallize similarly. However, the crystallography depends on the condition of crystallization, primarily free silver ion concentration, as is shown in the picture to the left (greyish tint and metallic lustre are due to partially reduced silver).

Above 7.5 GPa, silver chloride transitions into a monoclinic KOH phase. Then at 11 GPa, it undergoes another phase change to an orthorhombic TlI phase.

Reactions
AgCl dissolves in solutions containing ligands such as chloride, cyanide, triphenylphosphine, thiosulfate, thiocyanate and ammonia. Silver chloride reacts with these ligands according to the following illustrative equations:

Of these reactions used to leach silver chloride from silver ores, cyanidation is the most commonly used. Cyanidation produces the soluble dicyanoargentate complex, which is later turned back to silver by reduction.

Silver chloride does not react with nitric acid, but instead reacts with sulfuric acid to produce silver sulfate. Then the sulfate is protonated in the presence of sulfuric acid to bisulfate, which can be reversed by dilution. This reaction is used to separate silver from other platinum group metals.

Most complexes derived from AgCl are two-, three-, and, in rare cases, four-coordinate, adopting linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral coordination geometries, respectively.

These two reactions are particularly important in the qualitative analysis of AgCl in labs as AgCl is white, which changes to (silver arsenite) which is yellow, or (silver arsenate) which is reddish brown.

Chemistry
In one of the most famous reactions in chemistry, the addition of colorless aqueous silver nitrate to an equally colorless solution of sodium chloride produces an opaque white precipitate of AgCl:

This conversion is a common test for the presence of chloride in solution. Due to its conspicuousness, it is easily used in titration, which gives the typical case of argentometry.

The solubility product, Ksp, for AgCl in water is $\overline{3}$ at room temperature, which indicates that only 1.9 mg (that is, $$\sqrt{1.77\times 10^{-10}} \ \mathrm{mol}$$) of AgCl will dissolve per liter of water. The chloride content of an aqueous solution can be determined quantitatively by weighing the precipitated AgCl, which conveniently is non-hygroscopic since AgCl is one of the few transition metal chlorides that are insoluble in water. Interfering ions for this test are bromide and iodide, as well as a variety of ligands (see silver halide).

For AgBr and AgI, the Ksp values are 5.2 x 10−13 and 8.3 x 10−17, respectively. Silver bromide (slightly yellowish white) and silver iodide (bright yellow) are also significantly more photosensitive than is AgCl.

AgCl quickly darkens on exposure to light by disintegrating into elemental chlorine and metallic silver. This reaction is used in photography and film and is the following:
 * Cl− + hν → Cl + e− (excitation of the chloride ion, which gives up its extra electron into the conduction band)
 * Ag+ + e− → Ag (liberation of a silver ion, which gains an electron to become a silver atom)

The process is not reversible because the silver atom liberated is typically found at a crystal defect or an impurity site so that the electron's energy is lowered enough that it is "trapped".

Silver chloride electrode
Silver chloride is a constituent of the silver chloride electrode which is a common reference electrode in electrochemistry. The electrode functions as a reversible redox electrode and the equilibrium is between the solid silver metal and silver chloride in a chloride solution of a given concentration. It is usually the internal reference electrode in pH meters and it is often used as a reference in reduction potential measurements. As an example of the latter, the silver chloride electrode is the most commonly used reference electrode for testing cathodic protection corrosion control systems in seawater environments.

Photography
Silver chloride and silver nitrate have been used in photography since it began, and are well known for their light sensitivity. It was also a vital part of the Daguerreotype sensitization where silver plates were fumed with chlorine to produce a thin layer of silver chloride. Another famous process that used silver chloride was the gelatin silver process where embedded silver chloride crystals in gelatin were used to produce images. However, with advances in color photography, these methods of black-and-white photography have dwindled. Even though color photography uses silver chloride, it only works as a mediator for transforming light into organic image dyes.

Other photographic uses include making photographic paper, since it reacts with photons to form latent images via photoreduction; and in photochromic lenses, taking advantage of its reversible conversion to Ag metal. Unlike photography, where the photoreduction is irreversible, the glass prevents the electron from being 'trapped'. These photochromic lenses are used primarily in sunglasses.

Antimicrobial agent
Silver chloride nanoparticles are widely sold commercially as an antimicrobial agent. The antimicrobial activity of silver chloride depends on the particle size, but are usually below 100 nm. In general, silver chloride is antimicrobial against various bacteria, such as E. coli.

Silver chloride nanoparticles for use as a microbial agent can be produced by a metathesis reaction between aqueous silver and chloride ions or can be biogenically synthesized by fungi and plants.

Other uses
Silver chloride's low solubility makes it a useful addition to pottery glazes for the production of "Inglaze lustre". Silver chloride has been used as an antidote for mercury poisoning, assisting in the elimination of mercury. Other uses of AgCl include:
 * in bandages and wound healing products,
 * to create yellow, amber, and brown shades in stained glass manufacture, and
 * as an infrared transmissive optical component, as it can be hot-pressed into window and lens shapes.

Natural occurrence
Silver chloride occurs naturally as chlorargyrite in the arid and oxidized zones in silver deposits. If some of the chloride ions are replaced by bromide or iodide ions, the words bromian and iodian are added before the name, respectively. This mineral is a source of silver and is leached by cyanidation, where it will produce the soluble [Ag(CN)2]– complex.

Safety
According to the ECHA, silver chloride may damage the unborn child, is very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects and may be corrosive to metals.

title: Silver chloride


text:
Oldsmobile Series 60

The Series 60 "Special" is a full-size car made by Oldsmobile from the 1939 through the 1948 model years. It was their entry-level model using the GM "A" body platform, giving Oldsmobile an entry-level product with more standard features that would be optional on Chevrolet and Pontiac vehicles using the same platform. Initially, the engine size used was the company's flat head 6 cylinder, while senior models would use the flat head 8 cylinder. For marketing purposes, the Oldsmobile Series 60, or the Oldsmobile 66, took advantage of the national highway U.S. Route 66 established in 1926. It was with this generation that all GM vehicles experienced increased width dimensions to accommodate three passengers on the front bench seat and an additional three passengers on rear bench seat installed vehicles. This was accomplished with the deletion of running board thereby adding additional room inside the passenger compartment and upgrading the floor mounted gearshift to a steering column installed transmission gear selector for the Hydramatic automatic transmission.

1939–1940
Naming standards were in flux at Oldsmobile during the late 1930s and 1940s. From 1932 through 1938 Oldsmobile had two series: "F" and "L". The Series F came with a straight-six engine and the Series L came with a longer body and a straight-eight engine. The Series F was replaced by the Series 60 in 1939 and the Series L was replaced with the Series 70, with the Series 70 being powered by the straight-six and the straight-eight respectively. The Series 60 used the GM A-body and the Series 70 used the B-body. The Series 60 also shared a naming convention with the more upscale Buick Series 40, also called the Buick Special as the entry-level product for Buick.

The Series 60 occupied the entry-level position for Oldsmobiles sold in the United States from 1939 through the 1948 model years. They were trimmed in an entry-level fashion and, in parts and components, the Series 60 models were closely related to Chevrolets and Pontiacs. Naming conventions used by GM since the 1910s for all divisions used alphanumeric designations that changed every year. Oldsmobile starting after the war changed their designations and standardized them so that the first number signified the chassis platform, while the second number signified how many cylinders.

The 1939 Oldsmobiles were available with the "automatic safety transmission", and was a semi-automatic, in that it still used a clutch to engage the planetary gearbox and then shifted automatically. The Hydramatic transmission, a fully clutch-less automatic transmission, debuted in the 1940 model year.

In 1939 four body styles were available: a business coupe with no rear seat, a club coupe with two rear fold-away jump seats, a two-door sedan with a full rear seat and a four-door sedan which shared its roofline with the two-door sedan. The wheelbase was 115 inches. The backs of the front seats were rounded and padded for protection of the rear seat occupants. A 216CID 90 hp I6 was used.

In 1940, the even larger C-body was introduced to Oldsmobile and it alone was powered by the straight-eight. In order to differentiate it from the previous year's Series 80 it was named the Series 90 (there was no Series 80 that year). The series were also given names for the first time that year with the Series 60, 70, and 90 being called the Special, Dynamic, and Custom Cruiser respectively.

Two body styles were added to the model line up in 1940: a two-door convertible and a four-door station wagon with an optional wooden body showing 633 were manufactured and a listed retail price of US$1,042 ($0 in dollars ). In addition, a full rear seat was added to the club coupe, although it still did not share the roofline of the somewhat roomier two-door sedan. A deluxe equipment package was also new that year.

1941–1948
In 1941 both engines were offered on each Oldsmobile series so to differentiate between the two the second digit was used to denote the number of cylinders, so the Special 60 was replaced with the Special 66 and 68'. The only way to get an eight-cylinder engine on the GM A body from 1941 to 1948 was to buy an Oldsmobile Special 68 or a Pontiac Deluxe Torpedo Eight.

In 1941, the Series 60 wheelbase was increased to 119 in. Two models were produced, the 66 which used a 238 in3 (3.9 L) straight-six engine and the 68 which used a new 257CID 110 hp (4.2 L) straight-eight. All Series 60s came with a three-speed column shift manual, or the optional four-speed Hydramatic automatic. Both options could be paired with either engine choice. Because of the column shift and new wider runningboard-less "torpedo" styling three passengers could now be accommodated comfortably in front. It used full instrumentation. In 1941 the lineup consisted of a three-passenger two-door business coupe without a rear seat, a six-passenger two-door club coupe with a rear seat, a two-door sedan, a four-door "bustle back" sedan which shared its roof line with the two-door sedan, a four-door eight-passenger wood-bodied station wagon and a three-passenger two-door convertible. Except for the convertible and station wagon, all were available in either standard or deluxe trim. The station wagon was listed with a retail price of US$1,176 ($0 in dollars ).

In 1942 Oldsmobile stayed with its Special 60 series on the bottom of a three series format. As with all automakers production was halted early in the year due to the war, both a six- or eight-cylinder motor could be ordered. Now extremely rare, both a convertible and a station wagon were available. A new body style was a six-passenger two-door club sedan fastback.

Production was delayed from 1942 until 1945 due to manufacturing efforts being devoted to World War II defense production. Before production was interrupted, to celebrate the company's 44th anniversary at the time, all Oldsmobiles were installed with a small badge on the grille with "B44" attached. This was not a model designation.

In 1946 the Special 60 series was again Oldsmobile's lowest priced group of cars. Special 60s had only six-cylinder power, although the eight-cylinder was offered in other years. The business coupe and the two-door sedan were discontinued. Interiors were a tan mixture pattern cloth. Standard tire size was 6.00 x 16 inches. Leather interiors were offered on convertibles. Technical features included electro-hardened aluminum pistons, full-pressure lubrication and automatic choke with fast idle mode. In 1946, dual windshield wipers were standard. In 1947 more models were offered on the low-priced Special 60 series than the other two Oldsmobile series. The eight-cylinder engine returned to the Special 60 series and there were again 66 and 68 versions of each body style offered. Standard equipment included: safety glass, spare wheel and tire, dual horns, vacuum booster pump and cigarette lighter. The standard interior fabric was tan mixture cloth. Standard tire size was 6.00 x 16 inches. Horsepower grew to 100 for the six and 110 for the eight. It also had a 37 ft turning circle.

The 66 and 68 were renamed the Dynamic 66 and 68 in 1948, sharing the designation with the Series 70. The Dynamic 60 series were the smallest Oldsmobiles available and offered the greatest variety or body styles. Both six-cylinder and eight-cylinder engines were available and were designated 66 and 68. Standard 60 Series equipment included: dual horns, dual sun visors and a cigarette lighter. The deluxe equipment package added foam rubber seat cushions, deluxe steering wheel, deluxe instrument cluster, clock and chrome wheel trim rings. Standard tires were 6.00 x 16 inches. Upholstery was Bedford cord or broadcloth.

The Series 60 model designation was retired after 1948, the L-head six-cylinder was then increased in displacement to 257 cuin and was used only in the Oldsmobile 76 which was discontinued in 1950. A limited number were put through production in 1950, but only five exist today.

Australian production
The Series 60 was also produced from 1946 to 1948 by General Motors-Holden's in Australia, where it was marketed as the Oldsmobile Ace. Local bodies were fitted and these cars are completely different from the scuttle back and were the last GM cars to feature "suicide doors" (hinged at the back).

South African production
Cars were exported to South Africa in complete knock down (CKD) form for local assembly.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Oldsmobile Series 60


text:
Isogeny

In mathematics, particularly in algebraic geometry, an isogeny is a morphism of algebraic groups (also known as group varieties) that is surjective and has a finite kernel.

If the groups are abelian varieties, then any morphism $f : A → B$ of the underlying algebraic varieties which is surjective with finite fibres is automatically an isogeny, provided that $f(1A) = 1B$. Such an isogeny $f$ then provides a group homomorphism between the groups of $k$-valued points of $A$ and $B$, for any field $k$ over which $f$ is defined.

The terms "isogeny" and "isogenous" come from the Greek word ισογενη-ς, meaning "equal in kind or nature". The term "isogeny" was introduced by Weil; before this, the term "isomorphism" was somewhat confusingly used for what is now called an isogeny.

Degree of isogeny
Let $f : A → B$ be isogeny between two algebraic groups. This mapping induce pullback mapping $f* : K(B) → K(A)$ between their rational function fields. Since mapping is nontrivial, it is a field embedding and $$im f^*$$ is a subfield of $K(A)$. The degree of extension $K(A)\im f*$ is called degree of isogeny:
 * $$ \deg f := [K(A): im f^*]$$

Properties of degree:
 * If $$f:X \rightarrow Y$$, $$g:Y \rightarrow Z$$ are isogenies of algebraic groups, then: $$\deg (g\circ f)=\deg g \cdot \deg f $$
 * If $$char \; K \nmid \deg f$$, then $$\deg f = |ker\; f|$$

Case of abelian varieties

For abelian varieties, such as elliptic curves, this notion can also be formulated as follows:

Let E1 and E2 be abelian varieties of the same dimension over a field k. An isogeny between E1 and E2 is a dense morphism $f : E_{1} → E_{2}$ of varieties that preserves basepoints (i.e. f maps the identity point on E1 to that on E2).

This is equivalent to the above notion, as every dense morphism between two abelian varieties of the same dimension is automatically surjective with finite fibres, and if it preserves identities then it is a homomorphism of groups.

Two abelian varieties E1 and E2 are called isogenous if there is an isogeny $E_{1} → E_{2}$. This can be shown to be an equivalence relation; in the case of elliptic curves, symmetry is due to the existence of the dual isogeny. As above, every isogeny induces homomorphisms of the groups of the k-valued points of the abelian varieties.

title: Isogeny


text:
Coral Fang

Coral Fang is the third studio album by the punk rock band The Distillers. It was released in 2003 through Sire Records. The album marked the band's major label debut, and is their most recent album to date. It peaked at number 97 in the US and 46 in the UK.

Accolades

 * Coral Fang was rated the 7th best album of 2003 by Kerrang!
 * Coral Fang was ranked number 27 on Blender magazine's 50 Greatest CDs of 2003 list.
 * Coral Fang was ranked number 20 on Q magazine's Recordings of the Year list in 2003.
 * "Drain the Blood" was a nominee for the Kerrang! Award for Best Single in 2004.

Personnel
The Distillers
 * Brody Dalle – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Tony Bradley – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Ryan Sinn – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Andy Granelli – drums

Production
 * Producer – Gil Norton
 * Executive producer – Tom Whalley
 * Engineers – Bradley Cook, John Dunne
 * Mixing – Andy Wallace
 * Mastering – Howie Weinberg
 * Technicians – Dan Druff, Mike Fazano
 * Arranger – The Distillers
 * Design – Richard Scane Goodheart
 * Photo – James R. Minchin III
 * Original artwork and layout – Tim Presley

Use in media

 * "Drain the Blood" was featured in Gran Turismo 4 and is a downloadable song for Rock Band.
 * "Beat Your Heart Out" was featured in video games Tony Hawk's Underground 2, ATV Offroad Fury 3, and Spider-Man 2.
 * The name of the band and album is also graffitied on a wall in the console version of Spider-Man 2.
 * "Dismantle Me" was featured in MTX Mototrax.
 * "Die on a Rope" was featured in Marvel's Daredevil in the episode "Kinbaku".

title: Coral Fang


text:
Oldsmobile Series 70

The Oldsmobile Series 70 is a full-size midrange automobile produced by Oldsmobile between the 1939 and 1950 model years. Oldsmobiles of this time period were in an unusual "middle" position in GM's hierarchy of automobile brands. Chevrolet and Pontiac were the budget priced models, while Buick and Cadillac were the luxury brands. GM would share their "A" body platforms between Chevrolet, Pontiac, and "B" body on Oldsmobile and Buick, while leaving Cadillac on the senior "C" platform. Oldsmobiles were then branded as "luxury level" Chevrolets and Pontiacs, while Oldsmobiles using the "B" platform were "budget priced" Buicks and Cadillacs.

Competitors from Ford's Mercury and Chrysler's  DeSoto brands would give customers a choice to have Oldsmobile levels of luxury, while not paying as much for a comparable Oldsmobile. GM in later years would discontinue the Series 70 and the budget Oldsmobile Series 60, and introduce the Oldsmobile 88 to push Oldsmobile upmarket, giving Chevrolet and Pontiac a better market position for a lower price. It was with this generation that all GM vehicles experienced increased width dimensions to accommodate three passengers on the front bench seat and an additional three passengers on rear bench seat installed vehicles. This was accomplished with the deletion of running board thereby adding additional room inside the passenger compartment and upgrading the floor mounted gearshift to a steering column installed transmission gear selector for the Hydramatic automatic transmission.

1939–1940
Naming standards were in flux at Oldsmobile during the late 1930s and 1940s. From 1932 through 1938 Oldsmobile had two series: "F" and "L". Series F came with a straight-6 engine and Series L came with a larger body and a straight-8 engine. Series F was renamed Series 60 in 1939 and Series L was replaced with the Series 70, with the Series 70 being powered by the straight-6 and the straight-8 respectively. The Series 60 used the GM A-body and the Series 70 used the B-body.

In 1940 the even larger C-body was introduced to Oldsmobile and it alone was powered by the straight-8. In order to differentiate it as Oldsmobiles senior level vehicle it was named the Series 90 while remaining below the Buick Special. The series were also given names for the first time that year with the Series 60, 70, and 90 being called the Special, Dynamic, and Custom Cruiser respectively. The Hydramatic transmission, a fully clutchless automatic, debuted in the 1940 model year.

1941–1948
In 1941 both straight six- and straight eight-engines were offered on each series so to differentiate between the two the second digit was used to denote the number of cylinders, so the Dynamic 70 was replaced with the Dynamic 76 and 78. In 1942 sales literature started referring to the Series 70 as the Dynamic Cruiser 76 and 78.

Production was delayed from 1942 until 1945 due to manufacturing efforts being devoted to World War II defense production. To celebrate the company's 44th anniversary at the time, all Oldsmobiles were installed with a small badge on the grille with "B44" attached. This was not a model designation.

In 1946 the Dynamic Cruiser Series 70 was Oldsmobile's mid-priced model, and offered both a 2-door Club Sedan and 4-door Sedan, and the second number in the series designation continued to identify if it had a straight six- or straight eight-cylinder flat-head engine. Some of the optional equipment included a choice of a 6-tube or DeLuxe 7-tube radio, electric clock, plastic steering wheel, rear window wiper for both sedans, and auxiliary driving lights. Prices listed for the Dynamic 70 DeLuxe 4-door Sedan were US$1,678 ($0 in dollars ) and 5,118 were assembled while the Dynamic 70 4-door Sedan was much more popular, selling 25,528 with a listed price of US$1,568 ($0 in  dollars ). Electrical equipment was modest as the cars of this time only used a 6-volt system. The standard equipment offered Bedford cord or broadcloth upholstery, front seat retractable center armrests, rubber floor mats, painted woodgrained instrument panel, dual sun visors, dual electric windshield wipers, and an automatic choke for the carburetor for easier starts for a cold engine. Buyers who chose the DeLuxe trim package were given carpeted inserts in the rubber floor mats, a deluxe instrument with full gauges, a retractable center armrest for the rear seat, the E-Z-I anti-glare rear view mirror and an electric clock. Curiously, the Standard Series 70 had 16" wheels while the DeLuxe had 15" wheels as standard equipment.

1947 was Oldsmobile's fiftieth anniversary and other than some new two-tone exterior paint options, the standard and optional equipment and features remained carryover from previous years. A heater and windshield defroster was added to the options list for US$32 ($0 in dollars ). New branch assembly locations were added at Atlanta and Wilmington. Due to the American public taking the opportunity to purchase new vehicles to replace cars kept in service due to WWII production suspension, 38,152 2-door Club Sedans and 30,841 4-door Sedans were built, more than the Special 60 Series or the larger Custom Cruiser 98. The Dynamic 76 was produced in Australia with fewer than 120 thought to have been produced during 1947.

In 1948, when the Series 60 was renamed the Dynamic the "Cruiser" tag was dropped from the Series 70 and it was once again named the Dynamic 76 and 78.

1949–1950
The all new postwar Futuramic styling that had been introduced to the C-body Oldsmobile 98 in 1948 was brought to Oldsmobile's A-body which it now shared with Pontiac and Chevrolet in 1949, and the new name Seventy-Six, with the numbers now spelled out, became Oldsmobile's entry-level model when the Series 60 was discontinued. The wheelbase was now 119.5 in and was only available with the Oldsmobile straight-6 engine. The previous 78 model was retired with the 1949 introduction of the Oldsmobile 88, which shared its new Futuramic A-body platform with the Seventy-Six but was equipped with the new overhead-valve Rocket V8. The new word from 1948 "Futuramic" identified an Oldsmobile as the Dramatic Design of the Future, Beauty with Design and Styling with a Purpose1948 Oldsmobile Futuramic introduction. In its final year of 1950 the Seventy-Six continued to offer the DeLuxe trim package that was also offered on the station wagon, while the Holiday hardtop coupe was briefly offered, manufacturing only 144 with the standard trim package and 394 with the DeLuxe package and a listed retail price of US$2,108 ($0 in dollars ). This particular model is particularly rare to find, as it was the only time Oldsmobile offered a six-cylinder engine with the upscale hardtop feature. The hardtop was built by welding a steel roof onto the convertible body style, which simplified assembly line operations.

The Seventy-Six was available in the following body styles:
 * Station wagon
 * Convertible
 * Holiday hardtop coupé (2-door)
 * Club coupé (2-door)
 * Club sedan (2-door fastback)
 * Town Sedan (4-door fastback)1949 Only
 * 2 door Sedan (2-door)1950 only
 * 4 door Sedan (4-door)

title: Oldsmobile Series 70


text: Category:Government of Mississippi

title: Category:Government of Mississippi


text:
Talk:Coral Fang

Cover Art
The article mentions two versions of this cover, but I know I've seen three: there's a photograph version too, visible here. Anybody know anything? Guypersonson (talk) 04:57, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Coral Fang


text: Category:Jackson County, Mississippi

title: Category:Jackson County, Mississippi


text:
Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma

Prince Félix of Bourbon-Parma (later Prince Félix of Luxembourg; 28 September 1893 – 8 April 1970) was the husband of Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg and the father of her six children, including her successor Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. By birth to his father Robert I, Duke of Parma, he was a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma and one descendant of King Philip V of Spain. Prince Félix was the longest-serving consort of Luxembourg.

Early life
Prince Félix was one of the 24 children of the deposed Robert I, Duke of Parma, being the duke's sixth child and third son by his second wife, Maria Antonia of Portugal. His maternal grandparents were Miguel of Portugal and Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. He was born in Schwarzau am Steinfeld.

He was also the younger brother (by sixteen months) of Empress Zita of Austria. Of the twelve children of Duke Robert's first marriage to Maria-Pia of the Two Sicilies, three died as infants, six had learning difficulties, and only three married. Despite the loss of his throne, Duke Robert and his family enjoyed considerable wealth, travelling in a private train of more than a dozen cars among his castles at Schwarzau am Steinfeld near Vienna, Villa Pianore in northwest Italy, and the magnificent Château de Chambord in France.

Less than four months after Robert's death in 1907 the Grand Marshal of the Austrian Court declared six of the children of his first marriage legally incompetent, at the behest of Duchess Maria Antonia. Nonetheless, Robert's primary heir was Elias, Duke of Parma, (1880–1959), the youngest son of the first marriage and the only one to father children of his own. Duke Elias also became the legal guardian of his six elder siblings. Although Félix's elder brothers, Prince Sixte and Prince Xavier, eventually sued their half-brother Duke Elias to obtain a greater share of the ducal fortune, they lost in the French courts, leaving Prince Félix with modest prospects.

During the Battle of Caporetto, Prince Félix accompanied his brother-in-law Charles I of Austria, who had been visiting troops on the Italian front, on a return journey to Trieste. When they were crossing the Torre (river), the Emperor's car became stuck in the stream and it was deemed necessary to carry the Emperor to the river bank. However, the driver and aide-de-camp, who were carrying the Emperor, slipped and they were all caught in the current. Seeing this, Prince Félix, along with several chauffeurs, jumped into the river and, with the help of some planks, brought the Emperor and others to shore.

Félix served in the Austrian Dragoons as Lieutenant and Captain, but resigned his commission in November 1918, when Austria-Hungary dissolved.

Marriage to Grand Duchess Charlotte
On 6 November 1919 in Luxembourg, the prince married his first cousin Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg, having been admitted to the nobility of Luxembourg and also made Prince of Luxembourg by Grand Ducal decree the day before. Unlike some European consorts, Félix neither adopted his wife's dynastic surname (of Nassau), nor relinquished his own title and name "Prince of Bourbon-Parma". His traditional style as a Bourbon prince of the Parmesan branch is the reason that cadet members of the Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg enjoy the style of Royal Highness (but separately that style belongs to the Luxembourg monarch and heir apparent by right, as the historical prerogative of grand-ducal dynasties).

Felix was president of the Luxembourg Red Cross between 1923 and 1932 and again between 1947 and 1969. He was also Colonel of the Luxembourg Volunteers Company since 1920 and Inspector-General of the Luxembourg Army between 1945 and 1967.

Urban legend has it that Félix lost the Grünewald, a forest owned by the Grand Duchess, at a casino in 1934, but this is false; part of the property was sold, along with Berg Castle, to the Luxembourgian government, with the revenue paying for the upkeep of the grand-ducal household, and was not spent on personal consumption, let alone gambling losses.

During World War II the grand ducal family left Luxembourg shortly before the arrival of Nazi troops, settling in France until their capitulation, in June 1940. Subsequently, the family and the Grand Duchess' ministers received transit visas to Portugal from the Portuguese consul Aristides de Sousa Mendes, in June 1940. They arrived at Vilar Formoso on 23 June 1940. After travelling through Coimbra and Lisbon, the family first stayed in Cascais, in Casa de Santa Maria, owned by Manuel Espírito Santo, who was then the honorary consul for Luxembourg in Portugal. By July they had moved to Monte Estoril, staying at the Chalet Posser de Andrade. On 10 July 1940, Félix, together with his children, Hereditary Grand Duke Jean, Princess Elisabeth, Princess Marie Adelaide, Princess Marie Gabriele, Prince Charles and Princess Alix, the nanny Justine Reinard and the chauffeur Eugène Niclou, along with his wife Joséphine, boarded the S.S. Trenton headed for New York City, after which they moved to Canada.

Death
Prince Félix died at Fischbach Castle on 8 April 1970. His funeral mass was held at the Cathedral of Notre-Dame and he was later buried in the crypt of the cathedral.

Marriage and children
On 6 November 1919 in Luxembourg, he married Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg. They had six children:
 * Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1921–2019), who married HRH Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium (1927–2005), and had issue.
 * Princess Elisabeth of Luxembourg (1922–2011), who married HSH Franz, Duke of Hohenberg (1927–1977), and had issue.
 * Princess Marie Adelaide of Luxembourg (1924–2007), who married Count Karl Josef Henckel von Donnersmarck (1928–2008), and had issue.
 * Princess Marie Gabrielle of Luxembourg (1925–2023), who married Knud Johan, Count of Holstein-Ledreborg (1919–2001), and had issue.
 * Prince Charles of Luxembourg (1927–1977), who married Joan Douglas Dillon (born 1935), the former wife of James Brady Moseley, and had issue.
 * Princess Alix of Luxembourg (1929–2019), who married HH Antoine, 13th Prince of Ligne (1925–2005), and had issue.

Titles, honours and awards

 * 28 October 1893 – 5 November 1919: His Royal Highness Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma
 * 5 November 1919 – 6 November 1919: His Royal Highness Prince Felix of Luxembourg
 * 6 November 1919 – 12 November 1964: His Royal Highness The Prince Consort of Luxembourg
 * 12 November 1964 – 8 April 1970: His Royal Highness Prince Felix of Luxembourg

Honours

 * National
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg: President of the Luxembourg Red Cross
 * Parmese Ducal Family: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Louis for Civil Merit
 * Foreign
 * Kingdom of Albania Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Fidelity (1931)
 * Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Family: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen (1917)
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
 * 🇳🇴 Norway: Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav (1964)
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Grand Cross of the Military Order of St. Benedict of Aviz (24 February 1950)
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (18 July 1951)
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri (17 October 1960)

Patrilineal descent
Felix's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son.

Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations - which means that if Prince Felix were to choose an historically accurate house name it would be Robertian, as all his male-line ancestors have been of that house.

Felix is a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma, a sub-branch of the House of Bourbon-Spain, itself originally a branch of the House of Bourbon, and thus of the Capetian dynasty and of the Robertians.

Felix's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son. It follows the Dukes of Parma as well as the Kings of Spain, France, and Navarre. The line can be traced back more than 1,200 years from Robert of Hesbaye to the present day, through Kings of France & Navarre, Spain and Two-Sicilies, Dukes of Parma and Grand-Dukes of Luxembourg, Princes of Orléans and Emperors of Brazil. It is one of the oldest in Europe.

 * 1) Robert II of Worms and Rheingau (Robert of Hesbaye), 770–807
 * 2) Robert III of Worms and Rheingau, 800–834
 * 3) Robert IV the Strong, 820–866
 * 4) Robert I of France, 866–923
 * 5) Hugh the Great, 895–956
 * 6) Hugh Capet, 941–996
 * 7) Robert II of France, 972–1031
 * 8) Henry I of France, 1008–1060
 * 9) Philip I of France, 1053–1108
 * 10) Louis VI of France, 1081–1137
 * 11) Louis VII of France, 1120–1180
 * 12) Philip II of France, 1165–1223
 * 13) Louis VIII of France, 1187–1226
 * 14) Saint Louis IX of France, 1214–1270
 * 15) Robert, Count of Clermont, 1256–1317
 * 16) Louis I, Duke of Bourbon, 1279–1342
 * 17) James I, Count of La Marche, 1319–1362
 * 18) John I, Count of La Marche, 1344–1393
 * 19) Louis, Count of Vendôme, 1376–1446
 * 20) Jean VIII, Count of Vendôme, 1428–1478
 * 21) François, Count of Vendôme, 1470–1495
 * 22) Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, 1489–1537
 * 23) Antoine of Navarre, 1518–1562
 * 24) Henry IV of France, 1553–1610
 * 25) Louis XIII of France, 1601–1643
 * 26) Louis XIV of France, 1638–1715
 * 27) Louis, Dauphin of France (1661-1711), 1661–1711
 * 28) Philip V of Spain, 1683–1746
 * 29) Philip, Duke of Parma, 1720–1765
 * 30) Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, 1751–1802
 * 31) Louis of Etruria, 1773–1803
 * 32) Charles II, Duke of Parma, 1799–1883
 * 33) Charles III, Duke of Parma, 1823–1854
 * 34) Robert I, Duke of Parma, 1848–1907
 * 35) Felix of Bourbon-Parma, 1893–1970

title: Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma


text:
Kinburn

Kinburn may refer to:

Canada

 * Kinburn, Huron County, Ontario, a community in Central Huron Township
 * Kinburn, Carleton County, Ontario, a community in Ottawa

Ukraine

 * Kinburn Peninsula, a peninsula that separates Dnieper-Bug Estuary from Black Sea
 * Kinburn Spit, the western tip of Kinburn Peninsula
 * Kinburn Fortress, a historic fortress at the western tip of Kinburn Peninsula, facing Ochakiv
 * Battle of Kinburn (1787), Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
 * Battle of Kinburn (1855), Crimean War
 * Kinburn Palanka, including Oleshky under the Crimean Khanate

Other uses

 * Russian battlecruiser Kinburn, four battlecruisers ordered by the Imperial Russian Navy before World War I

title: Kinburn


text:
Gabriel's Gully

Gabriel's Gully is a locality in Otago, New Zealand, three kilometres from Lawrence township and close to the Tuapeka River. It was the site of New Zealand's first major gold rush.

The discovery of gold at Gabriel's Gully by Gabriel Read on 25 May 1861 led to the Central Otago goldrush. While gold had been found in Otago before, this rush was beyond expectation, with the population of the gold field rising from almost nothing to around 11,500 within a year, twice that of Dunedin at the time. It also stimulated overseas interest in the new colony.

In May 1911, the jubilee of the discovery of gold in Gabriel's Gully was held in Lawrence, with around 2,000 people attending, including surviving miners.

Gabriel's Gully today is now part of the Gabriels Gully Historic Reserve, and is managed by the Department of Conservation. It has a Heritage New Zealand Category 1 designation.

title: Gabriel's Gully


text:
User talk:Jeri Doe

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 03:35, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jeri Doe


text:
User talk:0101HOfy

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 03:36, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:0101HOfy


text:
User talk:Aerodotus

The Artemis Fowl WikiProject
Hi. In the last month I have discovered the Artemis Fowl WikiProject and have slowly but surely been making progress. I have, however, noticed that no one else seems to be doing anything. So, it's as simple as this. Respond to this message, or your name gets removed from the participants list and I assume leadership of the WikiProject, because I will actually get something done. You have exactly 1 week, or 7 days, or 168 hours. They all mean the same thing.

However, please know that this is nothing personal against you. This is a generic message sent to every person on the participants list. Thanks for your co-operation. -007bond aka Matthew G aka codingmasters 10:46, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: PrimeBOT (talk) 13:46, 21 September 2021 (UTC).

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 03:37, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Convienient Data storage
This rebellious woman of science is spurred onward by hatred. She uses computers in her schemes, commonly controlling software companies covertly to achieve her goals. She is haunted by flashbacks.

This hysterical thinker is driven by hatred. He employs metallurgy in his plans, usually creating super-armor to achieve his goals. He has a knack for trouble.

This detached, misguided scientist is motivated by unrequited love. He uses nuclear physics in his plans, often commiting crimes behind the shield of a legitimate corporation to achieve his goals. He is haunted by flashbacks.

http://www.thedistantstar.com - Collator Atlevor Brundilion

Wikiproject Missouri
Dear Aerodotus, I am beginning the process to create a wikiproject for Missouri. in order to do so i'm required to show that there is a base of at least 5-10 people who would be interested in contributing to such a project. the project would serve to aid in the creation and editing of articles related to the U.S. State Missouri, its cities, counties, geography, transportation, culture, history, education, and so on. It aims to expand Wikipedia's resources on Missouri in a fair and accurate manner. Since you're stated as being a wikipedian in missouri, i wanted to see if you were interested. if you are, please add your username at Wikiproject/List_of_proposed_projects and User:Preschooler.at.heart/Missouri. thanks for your consideration. -- preschooler. at  .heart   my talk  -  contribs  15:47, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

RuneScape!
Hi! I notice you play RuneScape. Maybe you might like to take a look at the | Runescape wiki and think about joining us? Just a thought. Hope to see you there. Megalodon99 Talk 02:26, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Rune Scape
This is probably irrelavent to you, but RuneScape bloody rocks! And that's all I have to say about that. User: Sophiakorichi

WikiProject Artemis Fowl needs your help!
WP:FOWL has only four users who contribute regularly! It would be fantastic if you started editing within the WikiProject again, as we need all the help we can get. Reply here if you would rather not, or on the WikiProject's talk page under the section "Returning Editors" if you would like to rejoin! Laptopdude 16:13, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Roll Call for WikiProject Artemis Fowl
→ This newsletter/release was delivered by ENewsBot · 01:02, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Roll Call for WikiProject Artemis Fowl
→ This newsletter/release was delivered by ENewsBot · 06:18, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

WP AH
Zombie Hunter Smurf (talk) 13:29, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Upcoming Wikimedia events in Missouri and Kansas!
You're invited to 3 exciting events Wikipedians are planning in your region this June—a tour and meetup at the National Archives in Kansas City, and Wiknics in Wichita and St. Louis:

Quixotic plea
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Wikipediholism test. Thanks. —  03:38, 23 May 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aerodotus


text:
User talk:John trueman

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 03:38, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image:DavieVillage-1.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:DavieVillage-1.png, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Bleh999 01:13, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Image:DavieVillage-1.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image%3ADavieVillage-1.png, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. BJBot (talk) 09:22, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:John trueman


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Preignition

Preignition was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was

Preignition
Dictdef. Include into apprpriate articles. Transwiki to Wiktionary. - UtherSRG 03:38, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep until transwiki complete. We already have a way to handle dicdefs - mark with Template:move to Wiktionary. You should not list for VfD until you've performed the transwiki. -- Netoholic @ 06:00, 2004 Oct 20 (UTC)
 * Really? Where is this supposed rule documented?  RickK`
 * In the Transwiki page on meta wiki. Look at the example. -Vina 18:44, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Why hasn't this been advertised? We discuss Transwikis on VfD constantly, and nobody has bothered to mention this supposed policy?  Or is it another case of Netoholic trying to create and enforce policy in one fell swoop?  RickK 19:20, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * A look at the history of the transwiki page shows that I've never edited it. Rick: please stop attacking others when they point out how wrong you are. -- Netoholic @ 19:26, 2004 Oct 20 (UTC)
 * RickK, wrong? No!  Surely you jest! GRider 22:53, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Guys, please, calm down a little and stop sniping. While the policy does exist, the reason why it's rarely used is because that many VfD candidates gets voted for transwiki and delete, in which case, at the appropriate step, there's no need to put it on VfD as VfD has already determined that delete is necessary.  (The original VfD was not on an article in the Transwiki process.)  This case is different, because it is already marked to Transwiki.  The proper thing to do is Transwiki it and the VfD it, although I fail to see what significance this delay has.  If a delete is voted for, nobody is going to delete until after the transwiki, if a keep is voted for, you're not going to delete anyways, so what is the difference between a couple of days? -Vina 21:31, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * keep I think this could be expanded beyond a dicdef. Dunc|☺ 10:41, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Significant topic. Wile E. Heresiarch 18:43, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Important topic. If there's already an article that covers this material, let me know and I'll change my vote to a redirect. --Improv 20:10, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, and KEEP. GRider 22:59, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Perfectly good wikipedia material.  Plenty of scope for expansion. Robinh 21:14, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, quite extensible. I'd like to see a picture of what happens if you let it go on for too long, for instance :-) Kim Bruning 19:29, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Retain -Joseph (Talk) 02:58, 2004 Oct 25 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Foras na Gaeilge

Foras na Gaeilge (, "Irish Institute"; FnaG)  is a public body responsible for the promotion of the Irish language throughout the island of Ireland, including both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. It was set up on 2 December 1999, assuming the roles of the Irish language board Bord na Gaeilge (including the book distributor Áisíneacht Dáiliúchan Leabhar), the publisher An Gúm, and the terminological committee An Coiste Téarmaíochta, all three of which had formerly been state bodies of the Irish government.

Functions

 * Promotion of the Irish language;
 * Facilitating and encouraging its use in speech and writing in public and private life in the Republic of Ireland and, in the context of Part III of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, in Northern Ireland where there is appropriate demand;
 * Advising both administrations, public bodies and other groups in the private and voluntary sectors;
 * Undertaking supportive projects, and grant-aiding bodies and groups as considered necessary;
 * Undertaking research, promotional campaigns, and public and media relations;
 * Developing terminology and dictionaries;
 * Supporting Irish-medium education and the teaching of Irish.

The North South Ministerial Council (NSMC) was established under the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement (1998), to develop consultation, co-operation and action within the island of Ireland. The Language Body (consisting of two agencies i.e. Foras na Gaeilge and Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch) was one of six North South Implementation Bodies which were set up and operate on an all-island basis. While having a clear operational remit, all operate under the overall policy direction of the North South Ministerial Council, with clear accountability lines back to the council and to the Oireachtas and the Northern Ireland Assembly.

title: Foras na Gaeilge


text:
Gabriel Read

Thomas Gabriel Read (21 August 1825 – 31 October 1894) was a gold prospector and farmer. His discovery of gold in Gabriel's Gully triggered the first major gold rush in New Zealand.

Life
Read was born on 21 August 1825 in Van Diemen's Land. The eldest of ten children, his father was businessman and banker George Frederick Read and his mother, Margaret Terry, was the daughter of a miller and the senior Read's second wife.

After working on the goldfields of California and Victoria in the 1850s, Read travelled to Otago, New Zealand, on board the Don Pedro II, having heard rumours in September 1860 of gold being found in Mataura, Southland. He arrived in Otago in February 1861. On 25 May 1861, he discovered gold close to the banks of the Tuapeka River in Otago, at Gabriel's Gully, which is named after him. Read wrote to Otago Superintendent John Richardson on 4 June to confirm the discovery, which led to the Otago Gold Rush. The Otago Provincial Council awarded Read £1000, having earlier advertised a £500 reward for "the discovery of a Remunerative Goldfield within the Province of Otago", even though an Indian man, Edward Peters, was the discoverer of the first workable gold field in Otago in 1858 and had two applications rejected.

In 1864, Read returned to Tasmania with his £1000 windfall; he invested £155 of this to purchase Smooth Island. In 1869, he married his cousin, Amelia Mitchell (née Wilson); they remained childless. Read was admitted to the New Norfolk Hospital for the Insane in Hobart in April 1887, suffering from bipolar disorder. He remained at that hospital until his death on 31 October 1894 aged 69. The cause of death was apoplexy. He was buried in an unmarked grave in New Norfolk.

title: Gabriel Read


text: User talk:203.115.190.72

title: User talk:203.115.190.72


text:
List of administrative divisions of Zhejiang

Zhejiang, a province of the People's Republic of China, is made up of the following three levels of administrative division.

Administrative divisions
All of these administrative divisions are explained in greater detail at Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China. This chart lists only prefecture-level and county-level divisions of Zhejiang.


text:
User:Durnurd

Call me Ed. I'm updating mostly gaming pages.

durnurd 03:46, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Durnurd


text:
Mythological Cycle

The Mythological Cycle is a conventional grouping within Irish mythology. It consists of tales and poems about the god-like Tuatha Dé Danann, who are based on Ireland's pagan deities, and other mythical races such as the Fomorians and Fir Bolg. It is one of the four main story 'cycles' of early Irish myth and legend, along with the Ulster Cycle, the Fianna Cycle and the Cycles of the Kings. The name "Mythological Cycle" seems to have gained currency with Arbois de Jubainville c. 1881–1883. James MacKillop says the term is now "somewhat awkward", and John T. Koch notes it is "potentially misleading, in that the narratives in question represent only a small part of extant Irish mythology". He prefers T Ó Cathasaigh's name, Cycle of the Gods. Important works in the cycle are the Lebor Gabála Érenn ("Book of Invasions"), the Cath Maige Tuired ("Battle of Moytura"), the Aided Chlainne Lir ("Children of Lir") and Tochmarc Étaíne ("The Wooing of Étaín").

Overview
The characters appearing in the cycle are essentially gods from the pre-Christian pagan past in Ireland. Commentators exercising caution, however, qualify them as representing only "godlike" beings, and not gods. This is because the Christian scribes who composed the writings were generally (though not always) careful not to refer to the Tuatha Dé Danann and other beings explicitly as deities. The disguises are thinly veiled nonetheless, and these writings contain discernible vestiges of early Irish polytheistic cosmology.

Examples of works from the cycle include numerous prose tales, verse texts, as well as pseudo-historical chronicles (primarily the Lebor Gabála Érenn (LGE), commonly called The Book of Invasions) found in medieval vellum manuscripts or later copies. Some of the romances are of later composition and found only in paper manuscripts dating to near-modern times (Cath Maige Tuired and The Fate of the Children of Tuireann).

Near-modern histories such as the Annals of the Four Masters and Geoffrey Keating's History of Ireland (=Seathrún Céitinn, Foras Feasa ar Éirinn) are also sometimes considered viable sources, since they may offer additional insights with their annotated and interpolated reworkings of Lebor Gabála Érenn accounts.

Orally transmitted folk-tales may also be, in a broad sense, considered mythological cycle material, notably, the folk-tales that describe Cian's tryst with Balor's daughter while attempting to recover the bountiful cow Glas Gaibhnenn.

The god-folk of the successive invasions are "euhemerised", i.e., described as having dwelt terrestrially and ruling over Ireland in kingship before the age of mortal men (the Milesians, or their descendants). Afterwards, the Tuatha Dé Danann are said to have retreated into the sídhe (fairy mounds), cloaking their presence by raising the féth fiada (fairy mist). Having disappeared but not died, the deities oftentimes make "guest appearances" in narratives categorised under other cycles. (e.g., Lugh's appearance as the divine father and Morrígan as nemesis to the Ulster hero Cuchulainn; encounters of Finnian characters with dwellers of the sidhe; Cormac mac Airt's, or his grandfather's visits to the otherworldly realms.)

Collected literature, while they do not belong to the cycle in entirety, nevertheless capture tidbits of lore about the deities.

Lists of literature
The following table is a summary of titles of all of the mythological texts that survive and are in print.

History of the Mythological Cycle
The main source of mythology comes from The Book of Invasions, or Lebor Gabala Erenn. It is an abridged compilation of both prose and poetry on the origins of Ireland and the extraordinary deities. The original was more expansive, but perished in what is to be assumed Viking raids, or being claimed during war time.

A supplemental text is attributed to a chronicler that goes by the name Keating, who published his book in the 17th century. He had access to materials that have not yet been published. Nennius and Eochaid Ua Flainn, chroniclers who lived during the 10th century, recorded mythological Irish history by way of poetry. Though, their contributions are short and semi-vague, they contain a lot of precious information on Ireland's spiritual beliefs of the time. The Tuatha De Danann can be linked to the same origins as the gods in Greek mythology. Hesiod calls the Greek Gods "the Golden Race," and similar attributes are seen in the Celtic gods.

In Irish mythology, Ireland was subject to 6 invasions. The first 5 were from otherworldy beings, and the last was from Milesians.

The Tuatha De Danann were known to come from the heavens, but that may be from scribes not knowing how to execute their origin. So the scribes borrowed from past religions like the Greek, Roman, and Eastern myth to create an origin story. The Gauls were thought to come from underneath the Earth. This information had been passed down from druids from Dispater, the God of the underworld.

Earth was thought to be a woman at the time, so this was thought to be a metaphorical birth, not ascending from hell. The earth, moon, and sun were thought to be created by druids, much like how Brahmans boasted the same cosmogony story. Much like preceding myth, the Gauls believed the trees and mountains held up the sky.

These stories stayed in the oral tradition because the Irish had not been invaded at the time, like surrounding countries. In conjunction, the druidic schools wanted to maintain the stories in verbal form. This kept the stories in circulation to the culture and public. When Christian scribes came to Ireland, they wrote down the stories in Latin. In succeeding centuries many of the texts were lost or destroyed during Viking raids. The remaining texts were re-recorded in manuscripts in the 11th and 12th century. Though previous manuscripts were are dated to 3-4 centuries earlier in the Irish language.

History of the Tuatha Dé Danann
The Tuatha Dé Danann are divine beings that came to Ireland by ships and inhabited the country before the native Irish. They came to Ireland to take the land from the Fir Bolgs that had already been residing in the north of Ireland at the time. The Tuatha were immediately perceived as gods for their superior skills: various arts of druidry, magic, prophecy and history. Their leader was named Nuada. He led them to war against the Fir Bolgs around the west shore of Ireland, where the Tuatha had arrived by ship. Many of the Tuatha died in this war, but thousands of Fir Bolgs died. Including their leader, Eochai Mac Erc. They come from another world, but reside in Ireland until they were pushed out by war with a semi-demonic race called the Fomorians. Their king is known in the mythology as Balor. The Fomorians resided on the outskirts of Ireland. When the Tuatha Dé Danann were defeated in battle against the Milesians, they were forced to live underground in the Sidhes. The Sidhes were chambers under Ireland's surface. Though away from the mortal world, they still would come to surface on special days like Hallowe'en and May Day.

Verse texts
Besides independent verses, a number of poems are embedded in prose tales, etc. A number of them are also preserved in the pseudohistorical Lebor Gabála Érenn, Keating, etc.

 * Arsaidh sin a eóuin Accla ("Fintan and the Hawk of Aicill")
 * Coire Érmai / Coire Goriath ("The Cauldron of Poesy")

Lore
Collected lore are not wholly of mythological content, but parts of it are. "The Fitness of Names" (#149–159, etc.) provides interesting explanations on names of Dian Cecht among others. Irish onomastica, the Dindshenchas, also include stories about deities such as Boann (under Inber Colptha), the Dagda (under Fidh nGaible), Brecan (Coire Brecain), often in developed narrative verse or prose tales. Genealogical tracts and the Roll of the Kings, various glosses (e.g. to the law treatise Senchus Mor) may also be culled for information.
 * Banshenchas ("History of Women")
 * Cóir Anmann ("The Fitness of Names"):
 * Dindsenchas ("Lore of Places")
 * Sanas Cormaic ("Cormac's Glossary"): Nes[s] (Nescoit)
 * Triads of Ireland: mention of the indeoin Dagdai, ox of Díl, etc.

Pseudohistory

 * Chronicon Scotorum
 * Lebor Gabála Érenn

Folktales

 * Glas Gaibhnenn

Prose tales
The following prose tales are described in greater depth in the following section.

Survey of prose tales
The euhemerised deities arrived in five sets of migrations (see Lebor Gabála Érenn), but none of the individual migrations tales (tochomlada; sing. tochomlod) survived intact. Remnants of the migration tales are the summarised accounts given in the Lebor Gabála Érenn (Book of Invasions). Apart from these are the tale of Tuan mac Cairill, Fintan mac Bóchra colloquy. Tuan and Fintan are ancient beings from the Antediluvian past, who have reincaranted into different creatures, and are referred to in the Lebor Gabála Érenn as well.

Of the battle tales (catha; sing. cath), the full narratives of the First and Second Battle of Moytura (Battles of Mag Tuired) survive in relatively late (16th century) manuscripts. Other important battle tales such as the Cath Tailten (Battle of Tailten) or Orgain Tuir Chonaind ("Massacre of Conan's Tower") are lost, though abstracted in the Lebor Gabála Érenn.

The late romance of Oidheadh Chloinne Tuireann ("The Fate of the Children of Tuireann") tells how Lugh fines the sons of Tuireann for his father Cian's murder, compelling them to collect a series of magical objects and weapons which will be useful in the second battle of Mag Tuired against the Fomorians. An earlier version of this is recorded in the Lebor Gabála Érenn, with a somewhat different list of fines (eiric), with no indication the murder happened on the eve of the great battle.

In the Oidheadh Chloinne Lir ("The Fate of the Children of Lir"), the eponymous children are turned into swans by their jealous stepmother, and live in swan form into Christian times, when they are converted, transformed back into human form, and die of extreme old age.

Tochmarc Étaíne ("The Wooing of Étaín") tells first of the conception of Aengus through the adultery of the Dagda and Boann, and how Aengus won the residence of the Brú na Bóinne from Boann's husband Elcmar. It goes on to tell of the various lives of Étaín, wife of Midir, who is turned into a fly and driven away by Midir's jealous first wife Fuamnach. In her insect form she becomes the companion of Aengus, until Fuamnach once again drives her away, and she is swallowed by a mortal woman and reborn as her daughter. Her beauty attracts the attention of the High King, Eochaid Airem, who marries her; ultimately her berift husband Midir uses magic and trickery to win her back.

There is also a curious account regarding Goídel Glas, the legendary ancestor of the migratory races and eponymous creator of the Gaelic language, and how he was cured by Moses's rod from a snake bite, related to in the Lebor Gabála Érenn, although Macalister is dismissive of it as fiction invented by glossators.

title: Mythological Cycle


text:
Talk:Forgiven, Not Forgotten

Fair use rationale for Image:TheCorrs ForgivenNotForgotten TourEd.jpg
Image:TheCorrs ForgivenNotForgotten TourEd.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 04:49, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Done. -Omghgomg 05:17, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

German football quote
I would like to insert a quote from German football fans, which is originally used in English: "Forgiven, Not Forgotten". It is used by Werder Bremen Fans against the HSV (Hamburg), because the HSV-fans killed a fan from Bremen in 1982. What do you think about it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.228.197.178 (talk) 11:06, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
 * What is the purpose of this quote? σмgнgσмg (talk)  11:33, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 19:16, 1 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A6g17gjvro6iv

Something wrong with table
The 'Charts and certifications' table gets messed up when tried to sort. I think it is probably due to the double sized cells, but don't know how to fix it or if it 'can' be fixed. 85.217.15.109 (talk) 00:52, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

Not initially a hit
Shouldn't there be some mention of the fact that this album was only a success after their second album brought the band to a wider audience? Smurfmeister (talk) 16:30, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Quote not in cited source
The alleged quote from Sharon Corr associated with reference [5] does not appear in the cited source. 146.198.124.137 (talk) 14:00, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Forgiven, Not Forgotten