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Bridge (dentistry)

A bridge is a fixed dental restoration (a fixed dental prosthesis) used to replace one or more missing teeth by joining an artificial tooth definitively to adjacent teeth or dental implants.

Definitions
Fixed bridge: A dental prosthesis that is definitively attached to natural teeth and replaces missing teeth.

Abutment: The tooth that supports and retains a dental prosthesis.

Pontic: The artificial tooth that replaces a missing natural tooth.

Retainer: The component attached to the abutment for retention of the prosthesis. Retainers can be major or minor.

Unit: Pontics and abutment teeth are referred to as units. The total number of units in a bridge is equal to the number of pontics plus the number of abutment teeth.

Saddle: The area on the alveolar ridge which is edentulous where at least one missing tooth is to be reinstated.

Connector: Joins the pontic to the retainer or two retainers together. Connectors may be fixed or movable.

Span: The length of the alveolar ridge between the natural teeth where the bridge will be placed.

Resin bonded bridge: A dental prostheses where the pontic is connected to the surface of natural teeth which are either unprepared or minimally prepared.

Conventional bridge
Conventional bridges are bridges that are supported by full coverage crowns, three-quarter crowns, post-retained crowns, onlays and inlays on the abutment teeth. In these types of bridges, the abutment teeth require preparation and reduction to support the prosthesis. Conventional bridges are named depending on the way the pontic (false teeth) is attached to the retainer.

Fixed-fixed bridges
A fixed-fixed bridge refers to a pontic which is attached to a retainer at both sides of the space with only one path of insertion. This type of design has a rigid connector at each end which connects the abutment to the pontic. As the abutments are connected together rigidly it is critical that during tooth preparation the proximal surfaces of the abutment teeth must be prepared so that they are parallel to each other.

Cantilever
A cantilever is a bridge where a pontic is attached to a retainer only at one side. The abutment tooth may be mesial or distal to the pontic.

In a spring cantilever, the pontic and retainer are remote from each other and connected by a metal bar. Usually, a missing anterior tooth is replaced and supported by a posterior tooth. This design of bridge has been superseded.

Fixed-movable
The pontic is firmly attached to a retainer at one end of the span (major retainer) and attached via a movable joint at the other end (minor retainer).

A major advantage of this type of bridge is that the movable joint can accommodate the angulation differences in the abutment teeth in long axis, which enables the path of insertion to be irrespective of the alignment of the abutment tooth. This enables a more conservative approach as the abutments do not need to be prepared to be parallel to one another. Ideally the rigid connector should attach the pontic to the more distal abutment. The movable connector attaches the pontic to the mesial abutment, enabling this abutment tooth limited movement in a vertical direction.

Resin-bonded bridge
An alternative to the traditional bridge is the resin-bonded or adhesive bridge (also called a Maryland bridge). An resin-bonded bridge utilises retainer "wings" on the sides of the pontic which attach it to the etched enamel of the abutment teeth. Abutment teeth require minor or no preparation. They are most often used when the abutment teeth are whole and sound (i.e., no crowns or major fillings). Single retainer cantilever resin-bonded bridges have less complications than end-to-end resin-bonded bridges with retainer wings on both sides.

Combination Designs
The incorporation of elements of different conventional bridge designs. A popular combination design is the use of a fixed-fixed design with a cantilever.

Hybrid Designs
Bridges that incorporate elements of both conventional and adhesive bridge designs.

Case selection
Appropriate case selection is important when considering the provision of fixed bridgework. Patient expectations should be discussed and a thorough patient history should be obtained. Replacement of missing teeth with fixed bridgework may not always be indicated and both patient factors alongside restorative factors should be considered before deciding if providing fixed bridgework is appropriate. The survival rate of bridgework can be affected by the span of bridge needed, the proposed position of the bridge, and the size, shape, number and condition of planned abutment teeth. Furthermore, any active disease including caries or periodontal disease should be treated and followed by a period of maintenance to ensure patient compliance in maintaining appropriate oral hygiene.

Study models mounted on a semi-adjustable articulator using a facebow record are a useful aid to study occlusion prior to provision of a fixed prosthesis. They may also be used to practice planned tooth preparation. Subsequently, a diagnostic wax up can be provided to help the patient visualise the final prosthesis and to construct a silicone index. This index can be used to make a temporary prosthesis.

Selection and evaluation of abutment teeth
Multiple factors influence the selection of appropriate abutment teeth. These include the size of potential abutment tooth, with larger teeth having an increased surface area preferable for retention, using teeth with a stable periodontal status, favourable tooth angulation, favourable tooth position, and an adequate crown-root ratio.

Careful abutment selection is critical for the success of bridgework. The prosthesis must be capable of tolerating occlusal forces, which would normally be received by the missing tooth as well as its normal occlusal loading. These forces are transmitted to the abutment(s) via the prosthesis.

Vital teeth are preferred to endodontically treated ones for bridge abutments. Endodontically treated teeth have lost a large amount of tooth structure, weakening them and making them less able to tolerate additional occlusal loading. Post crowns have been shown in some studies to have a higher failure rate.

For resin bonded bridges abutment teeth should ideally be unrestored and have enough enamel to support the metal wing retainer. Additionally there must be sufficient space to accommodate the minimum connector width of 0.7mm and 2mm connector height. It is acceptable for the abutment to be minimally restored with small composite restorations provided they are sound. It is advised to replace old composite restorations prior to cementation to provide optimum bond strength via the oxide layer.

Teeth with active disease such as caries or periodontal disease should not be used as abutments until the disease has been stabilised. Once stable periodontally compromised teeth may be used as abutments, depending on the crown to root ratio described below.

Ante's law, states that the roots of abutment teeth must have a combined periodontal surface area in three dimensions that is more than that of the missing root structures of the teeth replaced with a bridge, is used in bridgework design. This law remains controversial in terms of supporting clinical evidence.

Crown to root ratio is the distance from the occlusal/incisal surface of the tooth to the alveolar crest in relation to the length of root within the bone. The minimum ratio of crown to root is considered to be 1:1, although the most favourable is a crown:root of 2:3. As the proportion of tooth supported by bone decreases, the lever effect increases.

Root configuration should be considered when selecting abutment(s). Divergent roots of posteriors provide increased support compared to converging, fused or conical roots. Roots that curve apically provide increased support compared to those which have a fixed taper.

The number of abutments required depends on both the position of the tooth to be replaced and the length of the span. Cantilever designs utilising one abutment is the design of choice for replacing a single tooth anteriorly and can also be used posteriorly.

Occlusion of the pontic with the opposing tooth should be assessed. This may determine which type of design is most appropriate and therefore how many abutments are required. For resin bonded bridges the pontic should have light contact in intercuspal position (ICP) and no contact in lateral excursions.

Biomechanical Considerations
Torquing forces can occur when the pontic lies outside the interabutment axis line as the pontic acts as a lever arm. This is particularly applicable to long span bridges replacing multiple anteriors.

Deflection varies directly with the cube of the length, and inversely with the cube of the occlusogingival thickness of the pontic. The longer the span, the more deflection occurs. The amount of deflection is 8 times greater when the length of the span increases to 2 pontics, and increases to 27 times greater with 3 pontics in comparison to a single pontic. It is likely that increased span length will result in the abutments being subjected to increased torquing forces. The thinner the pontic, the more deflection occurs. If the thickness of the pontic is reduced by 50% this causes an 8 times increase in deflection. Choosing pontics with increased occlusogingival dimension and using high yield strength alloys to construct the prosthesis will help reduce deflection.

Indications for use

 * 1) Replacement of a single tooth or a small spanning space.
 * 2) Good oral health status and motivation of patient to maintain oral health.
 * 3) Periodontal status of remaining dentition at a stable and satisfactory level.
 * 4) Abutment teeth of good quality with minimal restorations and enough surface area and enamel present for adhesion.
 * 5) Splinting of periodontally compromised teeth to improve occlusal stability, comfort and decrease mobility. (Periodontally compromised teeth is also a contraindication).
 * 6) As a way of fixed retention after orthodontic treatment or extraction.
 * 7) Patient unsuitable for implants. This may be due to inadequate bone levels, expense or patient not wanting to receive implants.

Contraindications

 * 1) Size of saddle area too long.
 * 2) Patients with parafunction e.g. bruxism.
 * 3) Tooth mobility increases risk of de-bonding.
 * 4) Malaligned teeth resulting in poor aesthetics and  common path of insertion.
 * 5) Abutment tooth quality inadequate for example may have a reduced surface area, reduced enamel or be heavily restored.
 * 6) Increased risk of caries due to increased difficulty in maintaining oral hygiene around the bridgework.
 * 7) Increased risk of loss of vitality.
 * 8) Allergy to base metal alloys e.g. nickel
 * 9) Poor patient motivation. Active dental disease (caries, periodontal disease) and poor oral hygiene.

Types of artificial plastic teeth
Types of artificial plastic teeth (known in the industry as Pontics)

 * 1) Wash-through Pontic (also known as hygienic pontic or sanitary pontic)
 * 2) Dome Pontic (also known as bullet or torpedo shaped)
 * 3) Ridge Lap Pontic (also known as Full Saddle Pontic)
 * 4) Modified Ridge-Lap Pontic
 * 5) Ovate Pontic

A pontic aims to restore aesthetics, give occlusal stability and improve function.

The hygienic pontic does not contact the underlying alveolar ridge, making it the most straightforward to keep clean. Due to the poor aesthetics of this design it is most commonly employed to replace mandibular molars.

The bullet pontic is the second most favourable in terms of being able to maintain good oral hygiene, with the pontic only contacting one point of the alveolar ridge.

Ridge lap and modified ridge lap pontics have superior aesthetics to the designs discussed previously, with the labial/buccal surface aiming to restore the appearance of a natural tooth from the incisal edge to the gingival margin. To minimise coverage of the soft tissues the lingual/palatal portion of the pontic is reduced to improve accessibility for maintaining good oral hygiene. For the modified ridge lap design the pontic only contacts the buccal aspect of the alveolar ridge.

The ovate pontic comes into contact with the underlying soft tissue and hides the defects of the edentulous ridge with applying light pressure. It is commonly used in provisional bridges following extraction of teeth to improve the emergence profile and helps in shaping the gingiva around the future fixed prosthesis.

Types of bridges according to durability
Bridges can either be provisional (temporary / interim) or permanent. The provisional bridge is a transitional restoration that protects the teeth that are weakened by the preparation, and stabilises the dental tissues until the fabrication of the final restoration, moreover, it can pave the way to the aesthetics of the future permanent restoration and its appearance, which can help the patient accept the final profile. Provisional restorations are designed to be used for a few weeks to months, they can be fabricated directly (by chair side), or indirectly ( in the dental laboratory). It is usually tried in a few times to check if it fits properly and if its margins are well adapting on the teeth surface and gingiva, it may need relining or a few adjustments. Provisional bridges can either be made of acrylic resins or metal. The resins are the most commonly used, they are either made of cellulose acetate, polycarbonate or poly-methyl methacrylate. Other chemically activated resins include poly-R methacrylates: these are methacrylates with ethyl or isobutyl substances added to increase the strength of material. Also, commonly used resins include the BisGMA based dimethacrylate, and the visible light urethane di-methylacrylate. Dimethacrylate-based materials were found to be better than monomethacrylates for temporary restorations in terms of flexural strength and hardness.

Types of bridges according to material

 * 1) Metal based, noble based metals such as gold, or base metal alloys such as nickel chromium.
 * 2) Non-metal based. They can be either resin veneered, fibre-reinforced composite, porcelain fused to metal, or ceramics which are either silica, alumina, or zirconia.

Acrylic resin and porcelain fused to metal (PFM)
Acrylic resin was the first veneering material used to help restore the aesthetics of crown and bridges, the aim was to maintain a similar colour to natural teeth by attaching it on the labial surface of metal crown / bridges, however, resin veneered dental prosthetics lacked stability and abrasion resistance. Porcelain fused to metal (PFM) was then introduced; the porcelain is composed of two layers (one opaque to cover the metal substructure and another translucent to provide an enamel illusion). Still several researchers consider PFM the gold standard as it has been reported to have 95% success over a 10-year period, a reason why newer types of all-ceramic restorations are usually compared to PFM crowns / bridges to assess its success and durability. However, PFM restorations may show a grey colour at the cervical margins of the tooth showing the metal substructure.

IPs Emax
IPs Emax ceramics offer high aesthetic properties, that's why its use has been increasingly popular, however, there's insufficient evidence to determine the longevity of Emax in bridges; some reports found fair short-term survival, but unfavorable medium-term survival. Failures of restorations were most reported in the posterior teeth region. IPs Emax is available as press ingots or as IPs Emax CAD-CAM system. Emax use in crowns or bridges is not recommended for patients who suffer from bruxism.

Zirconia
Zirconia is used in anterior, and posterior fixed bridges, also on implants. Zirconia is fabricated using the dental CAD-CAM technology. It has high mechanical strength and it can withstand high occlusal forces compared to all ceramic materials. in addition it can resist crack propagation in the core material, however, cracks often occur in the veneering material leading to its fracture whether in the tooth supported or implant-supported bridges. Reports found that the 3×3 mm designed connectors in zirconia bridges increased the strength to resist fracture by 20%.

Although the use of ceramic based fixed prosthesis have been popular as it achieves a lifelike, highly esthetic appearance, a Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to support or refute the effectiveness of ceramic materials for fixed prosthodontic treatment over metal-ceramic.

Clinical stages of bridgework

 * 1) Assessment: Clinical assessment of the patient's suitability for bridgework. Detailed history (including medical history), appropriate assessment of the suitability of the patient's oral environment (including occlusion, caries risk, periodontal risk, radiographic examination, sensibility testing), assessment of patient aims & motivation, abutment tooth selection and bridge design.
 * 2) Primary impressions: Primary impressions can be taken with alginate to make study casts. A facebow record should also be taken to enable the occlusion to be studied prior to provision of the prosthesis
 * 3) Diagnostic wax up: This enables the patient to visualise how the definitive prosthesis will look. The wax up can also be used to construct a putty matrix which can be used subsequently to make a temporary restoration.
 * 4) Restoration replacement: Restorations in abutment teeth with questionable prognosis or old composite resin restorations for adhesive bridgework should be replaced.
 * 5) Tooth preparation: This should be completed with reference to radiographs and study casts obtained during treatment planning. For conventional bridges, tooth preparation should aim to conserve tooth tissue, ensure a parallel path of insertion, achieve clearance in the occlusion and ensure well defined preparation margins. The taper of each preparation on the abutment teeth must be the same. This is known as parallelism among the abutments and allows the bridge to fit onto the abutment teeth. Adhesive bridges require minimal preparation.
 * 6) Master impressions: An accurate impression should be made of the prepared teeth, along with an impression of the opposing arch. The master casts are used to provide accurate information about the occlusion to the laboratory and construct the prosthesis.
 * 7) Occlusal registration: An occlusal registration is needed when providing extensive bridgework to allow the opposing casts to be related accurately. This may not be necessary if only a small number of teeth are to be restored.
 * 8) Temporary restoration: Temporary restorations should be fabricated if possible to protect and maintain the prepared teeth until placement of the final restoration.
 * 9) Try in: Confirm the clinical acceptability before cementing definitively. Assess the prosthesis on the master casts and identify the cause of any problems if present. A period of temporary cementation to assess clinical acceptability prior to definitive placement is sometimes used.
 * 10) Final placement: Once satisfied the prosthesis is clinically acceptable, cement and bond the bridgework definitively.
 * 11) Review: Assess the bridgework and manage any post-operative issues.

Restoration fabrication
As with single-unit crowns, bridges may be fabricated using the lost-wax technique if the restoration is to be either a multiple-unit FGC or PFM. Another fabrication technique is to use CAD/CAM software to machine the bridge. As mentioned above, there are special considerations when preparing for a multiple-unit restoration in that the relationship between the two or more abutments must be maintained in the restoration. That is, there must be proper parallelism for the bridge to seat properly on the margins.

Sometimes, the bridge does not seat, but the dentist is unsure whether it is because the spatial relationship between the abutments is incorrect, or whether the abutments do not actually fit the preparations. The only way to determine this is to section the bridge and try in each abutment by itself. If they each fit individually, the spatial relationship was incorrect, and the abutment that was sectioned from the pontic must now be reattached to the pontic according to the newly confirmed spatial relationship. This is accomplished with a solder index.

The proximal surfaces of the sectioned units (that is, the adjacent surfaces of the metal at the cut) are roughened and the relationship is preserved with a material that will hold on to both sides, such as PATTERN RESIN™ from the company GC America. With the two bridge abutments individually seated on their prepared abutment teeth, the resin is applied to the location of the sectioning to reestablish a proper spatial relationship between the two pieces. This can then be sent to the lab where the two pieces will be soldered and returned for another try-in or final cementation.

Advantages of bridges
Dental bridges offer several advantages.

They can usually be completed in only two dental appointments, restore the tooth back to full chewing function, require no periodic removal for cleaning, have a long life-expectancy and are aesthetically pleasing.

Common reasons for bridge failures
Fracture of the metal coating or pontic can also lead to mechanical failures. Fracture in connectors of bridges at the gingival side is a common finding in most all-ceram bridges. Aesthetics failures can also occur over a period of time including through wear of teeth, gingival recession or drifting of teeth.
 * 1) Poor oral hygiene: As with any fixed prosthesis including bridges, maintaining good oral hygiene to prevent plaque formation around the bridge is key. This will ensure prolonged performance. A study examined the gingival health around the fixed bridges after a 14-day - 6 month post insertion found the surfaces were more plaque retentive, causing gingival inflammation regardless the material of fabrication of the bridge, unlike single crowns which did not show the same effect.
 * 2) Mechanical failures: These failures can occur due to loss of retention of the bridge due to improper cementation, construction or preparation.
 * 1) Biological failures: These can occur due to caries in the tooth (one of the commonest causes of crown and bridge failures ) or due to pulpal injury. Problems with abutment teeth such as tooth fracture, secondary caries or periodontal disease can cause discomfort and put pressure on surrounding soft tissues to also cause a biological failure of the bridge.
 * 2) Aesthetic failures: These can occur at the time of cementation and include; colour mismatch, roughness of margins or improper tooth contour.
 * 1) Problems with abutment teeth: Abutment teeth affected by secondary caries, vitality loss or periodontal disease can all lead to bridge failure.

Oral manifestations of bridge failures
Bridge failures result in clinical complications and patients can present with:
 * 1) Pain in the oral cavity
 * 2) Sensitivity, bleeding and inflammation of the gums
 * 3) Foul breath and taste disturbances

Bridge failure management
Management of bridge failures depends upon the extent and type of failure and these can be prevented through forming a thorough treatment plan with the patient as well regularly emphasising the importance of maintaining a very good level of oral hygiene after the bridge has been placed. The importance of cleaning underneath the pontic, through the use of interdental cleaning aids, should also be reinforced as plaque control around fixed restorations is more difficult.

Management options include:
 * 1) Keeping the bridge under observation/review
 * 2) Repairing, replacing or removing the fault

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bridge (dentistry)


text: Category:Colombian painters

title: Category:Colombian painters


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Don Nix

Don Nix (born September 27, 1941) is an American musician, songwriter, and producer. Nix, who is best known for his song "Going Down," was described by Allmusic as "one of the more obscure figures in Southern soul and rock."

Career
Nix was born into a musical family in Memphis, Tennessee. His brother Larry became a mastering engineer for Stax Records and for the Ardent Studios in Memphis. Nix began his career playing saxophone for the Memphis-based Mar-Keys, alongside Steve Cropper and Duck Dunn. The group scored a hit single with "Last Night" in 1961. After leaving the Mar-Keys, Nix worked as a session musician for Stax.

After relocating to Los Angeles in the mid-1960s, Nix worked as a producer and songwriter with such acts as Leon Russell, Gary Lewis and the Playboys, John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers, and Freddie King, among others. Nix's best known composition, "Going Down," was originally released by the band Moloch on their eponymous album in 1969, has become a blues-rock standard, having been covered by Freddie King, the Who, and the Rolling Stones. In 1971, Nix made the acquaintance of George Harrison, leading to Nix organizing the backup vocalists for the Concert for Bangladesh.

As a solo artist, Nix released nine albums between 1971 and 2008, and has published three books.

Discography

 * In God We Trust (Shelter, 1971)
 * Living by the Days (Elektra, 1971)
 * Hobos, Heroes and Street Corner Clowns (Enterprise, 1973)
 * Gone Too Long (Cream, 1976)
 * Skyrider (Cream, 1979)
 * Back to the Well (Appaloosa, 1993)
 * Goin' Down: The Songs of Don Nix (Evidence, 2002)
 * I Don't Want No Trouble! (Section Eight, 2006)
 * Passing Through (Section Eight, 2008)

title: Don Nix


text:
City Hall (1996 film)

City Hall is a 1996 American suspense drama film directed by Harold Becker and starring Al Pacino, John Cusack, Bridget Fonda and Danny Aiello. The film was Becker's second collaboration with Pacino, having directed him in Sea of Love (1989).

Plot summary
In New York City, Detective Eddie Santos and mob figure Tino Zapatti kill each other in a shootout; a stray bullet also kills a child passing by. In the wake of the tragedy, questions are raised as to why Judge Walter Stern, an old friend of the ambitious Mayor John Pappas, had previously set the criminal responsible free on probation. Pappas' loyal deputy mayor, Kevin Calhoun, decides to dig for answers. Meanwhile, police union lawyer Marybeth Cogan uncovers a conspiracy to smear Santos.

Calhoun's investigation leads to Frank Anselmo, a Brooklyn politician who has connections to Tino's uncle, crime boss Paul Zapatti. Anselmo plants money at Zapatti's behest to frame Santos. Calhoun and Cogan continue to seek the truth from a number of sources, including Santos's partner and another Zapatti relative. After the murder of probation officer Larry Schwartz, they ultimately conclude that Judge Stern had to be on the take. Pappas agrees that Stern must resign.

The scandal snowballs to the point where Zapatti instructs Anselmo to commit suicide rather than become an informer or go to jail. To protect his family, Anselmo shoots himself. Calhoun uncovers evidence that Pappas put Stern together with Anselmo to receive a bribe and leave the young Zapatti on the street. Shocked and disheartened by the revelation, Calhoun talks to Pappas and tells him there is only one choice—to quit as mayor and leave politics for good. Even though Pappas initially wants to fight the nearing scandal, he has great respect for Calhoun's integrity and acquiesces to his request. Pappas and Calhoun share an emotional goodbye, and Pappas retires from politics.

Some time later Calhoun runs for city councilor and loses the election, remaining steadfast on trying to make a place for himself in politics and also make the city a better place in which to live.

Cast

 * Al Pacino as Mayor John Pappas
 * John Cusack as Kevin Calhoun
 * Bridget Fonda as Marybeth Cogan
 * Danny Aiello as Frank Anselmo
 * David Paymer as Abe Goodman
 * Martin Landau as Judge Walter Stern
 * Anthony Franciosa as Paul Zapatti
 * Richard Schiff as Larry Schwartz
 * Lauren Vélez as Elaine Santos
 * Murphy Guyer as Captain Florian
 * John Finn as Commissioner Coonan
 * John Slattery as Detective George
 * Stanley Anderson as Train Conductor
 * Harry Bugin as Morty the Waiter

Fritz Hollings, the then-current U.S. Senator from South Carolina, plays Senator Marquand, whom Pappas and Calhoun lobby in order to land the Democratic National convention.

Former New York City mayor Ed Koch also has a brief cameo in a political commentary segment of a TV news broadcast.

Production
In January 1994, it was announced Harold Becker had made a deal with Paramount Pictures to direct City Hall, a drama in the vein of Network written by Bo Goldman. The following month, it was announced Castle Rock Entertainment had picked up City Hall after Paramount let their option lapse.

Tom Cruise at one point was in preliminary negotiations to star in the film, but negotiations quickly fell apart.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 58% based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "City Hall explores political corruption with commendable intelligence, but this web of scandal struggles to coalesce into satisfying drama." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert gave the film two-and-a-half out of four stars and wrote, "Many of the parts of City Hall are so good that the whole should add up to more, but it doesn't."

Box office
The film was released on February 16, 1996 in 1,815 theatres. It debuted at number 4 at the United States box office, grossing $8 million. For its second weekend, it landed at number 6, grossing $13.8 million. The film grossed $20.3 million in the U.S. and Canada and $13.1 million internationally for a worldwide total of $33.4 million.

title: City Hall (1996 film)


text: Category:Colombian artists

title: Category:Colombian artists


text:
User:Evolauxia

 * MOS | CITE - CTT - CTE - FN | PIC | TAB | | TM | TMPL | STUB - SC | CG - CGB | VAND - IP - AIV | DR | PJ | S | EC |

SIGN

Student and Autodidact

title: User:Evolauxia


text:
LAW 80

The LAW 80 (Light Anti-armour Weapon 80), regularly referred to as LAW 94 in British service, is a man-portable, disposable anti-tank weapon previously used by the British Army and a few other militaries.

Description
The weapon consists of an extendable launch tube with an integrated 9 mm spotting rifle and 1× sight. The spotting rifle has five rounds of ammunition, and is ballistically matched to the rocket. The rounds it uses are quite unusual, consisting of a 9 mm tracer bullet loaded in a necked up 7.62mm NATO shell casing, with a .22 Hornet blank mounted in the base of the larger case, providing the propellant charge. Upon firing, the .22 cartridge case pushes out of the back of the 7.62 mm casing, unlocking the breech of the spotting rifle in a form of primer actuation.

To launch the rocket the firer removes the large protective end caps and extends the rear of the launch tube, opens the sight, and moves the arming lever to "armed". The weapon is then in spotting rifle mode. To fire the rocket, the firer moves a charge lever forward with his firing hand thumb. The rocket motor burns out before it leaves the launch tube, the resulting blast being directed rearwards from the launch tube. The rocket then coasts to the target, arming itself after it has passed a certain arming distance. The warhead is a HEAT shaped charge and could penetrate 700 mm of rolled homogeneous armour at 90 degrees, as was taught to soldiers trained on the weapon system in the British Army, Royal Navy (Royal Marines) and RAF Regiment. It was also taught that sloped, composite and reactive armour, would reduce the penetration and would be an important factor when selecting the aiming point.

Specifications

 * Contractor: Hunting Engineering
 * Calibre: 94 mm
 * Launcher length:
 * Firing mode: 1.5 m
 * Carrying mode: 1 m
 * Weight:
 * Carrying weight: 10 kg
 * Shoulder weight: 9 kg
 * Projectile weight: 4.6 kg
 * Dispersion: approx 1 mil
 * Warhead arming range: 10 to 20 m
 * Effective range: 20 to 500 m
 * Fuze:
 * Type: Piezo-electric impact fuze, shrub and foliage proof
 * Graze angle: ≤ 10°
 * Temperature range: −46 °C to +65 °C
 * Rear danger area: < 20 m
 * Shelf life: 10 years

Current operators

 * 🇧🇼 Botswana
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan
 * 🇸🇱 Sierra Leone

Past operators

 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Initially adopted in the early 1990s, replacing the L14A1 84 mm Carl Gustav recoilless rifle and M72 Light Anti-Tank Weapon (Rocket 66mm HEAT L1A1), it was withdrawn on safety grounds in favour of the AT-4 CS and eventually the FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missile and NLAW.

Addermine
Addermine is an acoustic sensor system which uses the LAW 80 as a kill mechanism to create an anti-armour off-route mine. It can also be command detonated from up to 200 m away, or 2 km via a laser optical link.

title: LAW 80


text: Category:Australian painters

title: Category:Australian painters


text:
Perth Observatory

The Perth Observatory is the name of two astronomical observatories located in Western Australia (WA). In 1896, the original observatory was founded in West Perth on Mount Eliza overlooking the city of Perth (obs. code 319). Due to the city's expansion, the observatory moved to Bickley in 1965. The new Perth Observatory is sometimes referred to as Bickley Observatory (obs. code 322, 323).

First Perth Observatory
The original Perth Observatory was constructed in 1896 and was officially opened in 1900 by John Forrest, the first premier of Western Australia. The observatory was located at Mount Eliza overlooking the city of Perth. Its chief roles were keeping Standard Time for Western Australia and meteorological data collection. The observatory dome was demolished in the 1960s to make way for Dumas House, after the Observatory of the city was relocated elsewhere. The house of the chief astronomer of the old observatory remains today, the current tenant is the National Trust.

William Ernest Cooke
William Ernest Cooke was appointed the first Western Australian Government Astronomer in 1896 after a similar posting at the Adelaide Observatory. On arrival in Perth, his first task was to determine the exact latitude and longitude of the colony. He was also able to determine the time of day with greater accuracy. Before his arrival clocks could vary by up to half an hour. The time was announced each day by a cannon still present on the grounds. The design was by the government architect, George Temple-Poole, and features a bold combination of styles.

Harold Burnham Curlewis
Cooke's successor as Government Astronomer was Harold Curlewis who wrote in 1929: "Since the prevailing winds blow over the huge extent of King's Park, its excellence for astronomical work is not impaired by its proximity to the city, as is so often the case with other observatories. ...A glance from the tower, from which a wonderful panorama of Perth may be obtained, shows that no growth of the city can ever adversely affect observing conditions"

Curlewis and the WA border
In 1920 and 1921 Curlewis was involved with the Government Astronomer of South Australia, Dodwell, in determinations to fix positions for marking of the West Australian border on the ground with the South Australian border at Deakin, Western Australia. In 1921 the same group from the Deakin determinations travelled by the State Ship, MV Bambra to Wyndham, where they were guided by M.P. Durack to a point on Rosewood station near Argyle Downs close to the 129th meridian east longitude (129° east ). They used the relatively new technology of the day, wireless radio time signals, and other methods to fix a position for the Northern Territory border with Western Australia.

These early determinations led to the 1968 agreement for the formation of Surveyor Generals Corner.

The WA border is not straight (see Western Australia border); at the 26th parallel south (26° south ) there is an approximately 127 m "sideways" section of the WA /NT border, which runs east–west.

Hyman Solomon Spigl
Curlewis's successor as Government Astronomer was Hyman Solomon Spigl between 1940 and 1962. Spigl, who was from a surveying background, progressed rebuilding a post war ravaged Observatory by rejuvenating the time service, seismology services, completing the Astrographic Catalogues, became involved in the International Geophysical Year by installing a Markowitz Moon camera and restarted the publications for the Royal Astronomical Society. Additionally, through a National Science Foundation of America grant, he was in the process of refurbishing the Observatory's 6 in meridian transit circle to recommence meridian observations. While he never achieved this before his death, and it was never used again, the instrument sits in the foyer of the Perth Observatory now fully refurbished.

In 1958 Spigl was awarded a Gledden Travelling Fellowship by the University of Western Australia; Spigl spent 12 months travelling in the US, UK and Europe. Spigl was actively searching for a new site for the Perth Observatory as a result of the decision for it to be relocated as an outcome of the implementation of the 1955 Stephenson-Hepburn Report. Spigl spent many years lecturing in surveying at the University of Western Australia and was involved in the Astronomical Society of Western Australia.

John Bertrand Harris
Upon the death of Spigl on 20 August 1962, John Bertrand Harris, who had been Spigl's assistant since 1957, became the fourth Government Astronomer of the Perth Observatory between 1962 until the end of 1974. Harris had to step in to the position of Government Astronomer at a time when the Perth Observatory was on the move to its new site in the Darling Range, Bickley, some 24 km east of its original position in the City of Perth. Clearing of the land in the State Forrest in Bickely commenced in February 1964, with excavations commencing in May 1964 and construction works on buildings continuing through 1965; staff moved in on 19 December 1965.

With the new Bickely site complete, in 1967, Harris oversaw the installation of a meridian circle telescope at the Observatory as part of an expedition by astronomers from the Hamburg Observatory in Germany. The expedition worked on the international Southern Reference Stars program that resulted in a revised, larger and more accurate meridian catalogue of the Southern Hemisphere: the Perth 70 meridian catalogue. In 1970 Harris was successful in forming a dedicated Perth Observatory Meridian section to assist the German expedition in their work. After the German expedition left over the 1971/72 Christmas/New Year period, Harris successfully negotiated the loan of the Hamburg telescope indefinitely and obtained funding from the Government of Western Australia to increase the Meridian staff numbers. This Perth Observatory Meridian team continued and expanded on the German expedition work, resulting in the Perth 75 meridian catalogue.

In 1967, Harris worked with the University of Western Australia to install a 16 in telescope at the Observatory that was built and used by the University of Western Australia staff and students, as well as Perth Observatory astronomers.

Harris then moved the astrographic telescope, which had been in storage since August 1963, to the new site after arranging its refurbishment; the telescope recommenced observations on 29 March 1968, taking second epoch photographic plates for proper motion studies.

In 1968, the Lowell Observatory of Flagstaff Arizona USA, located a 24 in Boller and Chivens telescope at the Perth Observatory as part of the International Planetary Patrol Program. The program was designed to collect 35-mm format photographic data on the atmospheric and surface features of Solar System planets, mostly Mars, Jupiter and Venus; Harris was to be a regular observer outside his normal daytime Government Astronomer role.

Harris was successful in increasing the technical and astronomical staff numbers at the new Bickley Perth Observatory as its role moved to that of more of a scientific function, however Harris also restarted the public tours on 23 October 1966 and maintained the provision of information services to Western Australia. Harris also continued time and tide services for Western Australia, however as had been the case in 1908 for Meteorology, the move saw seismic monitoring activities being relocated to Mundaring under the Commonwealth Government control.

Harris was responsible for the August 1973 IAU Symposium No. 61 in Perth on "New Problems of Astrometry". Like his predecessor, he died at an early age, 49, but had raised the standing of the Perth Observatory to a well respected scientific institution within Australia and internationally.

Dr Iwan (Ivan) Nikoloff
With the death of Harris on 23 December 1974, Nikoloff was to act in the role of Government Astronomer of the Perth Observatory until 30 May 1979 when he officially became the fifth Government Astronomer of the Perth Observatory.

After arriving in Australia in 1964, he commenced at the Perth Observatory as an Astronomer Grade II on 1 May 1964 and worked on the Observatory's astrograph; his previous experience also saw him set up and calibrate the recently acquired Zeiss plate measuring machine. With the relocation of the Perth Observatory from Perth to Bickley, Nikoloff's surveying skills were extensively used in setting up the new Observatory during 1965.

Nikoloff worked with the German Hamburg Observatory meridian circle telescope expedition on the Perth 70 catalogue, from 1969 until 1971, before the expedition astronomers returned to Germany that Christmas.

In 1971, with funding by the Government of Western Australia and negotiations for the loan of the Hamburg telescope, Nikoloff was placed in charge of the newly formed Perth Observatory Meridian Section. Dr Nikoloff commenced a new observing program of FK4 and FK4 Supplementary stars that would result in the Perth 75 catalogue of 2549 stars. The catalogue not only extended the well revered Perth 70 catalogue, but provided valuable Southern Hemisphere information for the construction of the new FK5 reference frame sought by the international astronomical community.

As Government Astronomer, Nikoloff passed on the Meridian Section to D. Harwood, but kept a keen involvement in the construction of the subsequent Perth 83 meridian catalogue. While daily administrative duties kept him busy, Nikoloff continued observing on all the Observatory's telescopes at night and on weekends.

Nikoloff maintained a good relationship with the University of Western Australia, was a Foundation member and Fellow of the Astronomical Society of Australia, a life member of the Astronomical Association of Western Australia and a member of the IAU's original Commission 8 (Astrometry) and I (Fundamental Astronomy); he also continued the Observatory's public information services and tours. He retired on 4 January 1985 and died on 8 April 2015.

Perth Observatory Directors
Upon the retirement of Dr I Nikoloff, the governing body of the Perth Observatory at that time, the Department of Science and Technology (Australia), replaced the primary title of what was previously called the Government Astronomer, with the title of Director Perth Observatory. The reason given was that the title of Government Astronomer "...seemed antiquated to them", it also reflected similar changes throughout the world with astronomical institutions merging with Universities.

Michael Philip Candy
With the compulsory retirement age still in place, after Dr I Nikoloff retired, Mr Michael Philip Candy became the first Director of the Perth Observatory.

In 1969 Candy was offered the position of Director of the British Astronomical Association, however declined due to his plans to emigrate to Australia that year.

After arriving in Australia 12 May 1969, he commenced at the Perth Observatory as an Astronomer Grade II and in November 1969 took over the running of the Perth Observatory Astrographic telescope from Dr I Nikoloff.

His numerical prowess, gained during his time at HM Nautical Almanac Office, was to be a great asset in the astrometric programs of the Perth Observatory, as was his interest in comets.

It took little time for Candy to position the Perth Observatory at the forefront of southern cometary astrometry. By 1972, the Perth Observatory was 9th in the world in producing cometary positions. Not content with this, Candy introduced new photographic glass plate processing practices to increase the limiting magnitude of objects achievable at that time from 14th to 19th. The new processes were to see the recovery of five comets and the positioning of the Observatory to 2nd place between 1973 and 1977 and 4th between 1978 and 1984, resulting in him being awarded the prestigious Merlin Medal of the British Astronomical Association in 1975. Under his direction the Perth Observatory discovered over 100 new asteroids as well as contributing a significant number of observations to the Minor Planet Center.

He continued the first publication of the Perth Observatory on comet and minor positions, commenced by Mr B Harris, with Communication No. 2, 3, 4 and the last, that of Communication No. 5 in 1986.

By 1979 his astrometric abilities and contributions were widely acknowledged and he became Vice President of International Astronomical Union, Commission 6, a position he held until 1982 when he was elected president for a 3-year term. At the same time became a working member of International Astronomical Union Commission 20 until 1988 – Positions and Motions of Minor Planets, Satellites and Comets.

The Perth Observatory was positioned well for Halley's Comet in 1986/1987 and under Candy the Perth Observatory produced 10% of all Earth based astrometric positions for the comet, the largest contribution in the World.

Candy was a councillor of the Astronomical Society of Australia from 1988 to 1990, councillor of the Royal Society of Western Australia between 1988 and 1990, and president of the Royal Society of Western Australia in 1989.

He saw the most drastic staff cuts to the Observatory by the Government in 1987 with 50% of the staff redeployed and one whole section closed down.

With the compulsory retirement age no longer in place, unlike his predecessor, Candy was able to continue working at the Perth Observatory on projects including the eclipsing binary FO Hydra, a comet hunter telescope, a new theory on comet origins and evolution, the analysis of the lost comet Gale, as well as comparison of a South Australian comet discovered in 1979 with that of a comet from 1770.

In 1960 he discovered Comet Candy 1960n and was the first Astronomer to discover, as well as compute, a comets orbit from two more observations within 60 hours of its discovery.

Mr M P Candy officially retired on 24 December 1993 and died 2 November 1994.

His work was honored by the naming of Minor Planet 3015 Candy in 1980.

James D Biggs
Dr James D Biggs commenced at the Perth Observatory in May 1994 and resigned in 2010.

Ralph Martin (Acting)
After Dr J D Biggs resigned, Ralph Martin acted in the Directors position until on 22 January 2013 the WA Government announced that all research programs would be cut and the Observatory would only be open for tours.

Martin and the remaining staff of the Perth Observatory took voluntary redundancy.

Earthquake records
As an earthquake observatory in Perth a Milne-Shaw seismograph was utilised between 1923 and 1959 for the recording of earthquakes in Western Australia. After 1959 the earthquake monitoring was taken up by the Mundaring Geophysical Observatory.

New observatory at Bickley
In the 1960s, light pollution from the city of Perth and a small part of the implementation of the 1955 plan by Stephenson-Hepburn Report saw the land where the Perth Observatory resided make way for what was to initially be five government office blocks, however there was only one ever built, Dumas House. After nearly being closed by the State Government, the Observatory was moved to its current site at Bickley near Mount Gungin in the Darling Range. Construction of the new observatory cost $600,000, and it was opened by the Premier Sir David Brand on 30 September 1966.

Recent history
The Observatory has fought off several attempts to close the facility by the State Government, the most serious being in 1987 when it was part of the Department of State Services. An outcry from the public, scientific and amateur communities was helpful in retaining the observatory.

As of July 2015, The Perth Observatory Volunteer Group runs the Observatory under a community partnership agreement between the Department of Parks and Wildlife and the Perth Observatory Volunteer Group which was signed in June 2015.

Centenary 1996
In January 1996, the centenary of its foundation, the observatory was transferred to the Department of Conservation and Land Management, now part of the Department of Parks and Wildlife (Western Australia).

Bickley Observatory heritage listed
In 2005 the Bickley site was heritage listed, being Australia's oldest continuing operating observatory and Australia's only remaining State Government operated astronomical observatory.

Publication
The Western Australian astronomy almanac was published in the 2000s by the DEC as part of the Observatory expertise, utilising staff of the Observatory to edit and contribute. The 2002 publication for the 2003 almanac had an extra subtitle which was not utilised in later editions: the really useful guide to the wonders of the night sky.

It had been preceded by Astronomical Data (1965–1990) and the Astronomical Handbook (1989–1992 ?).

Perth Observatory today
The Minor Planet Center credits 29 minor planet discoveries to Perth Observatory for the period between 1970 and 1999.

On 22 January 2013 the Western Australian Government announced that all research programs would be cut and the Observatory would only be open for tours.

As of 1 July 2015, the Perth Observatory Volunteer Group has been running the Observatory for the Western Australian Government, the Perth Observatory continues to operate today under the management of only 3 part-time staff and almost 120 volunteers.

In 2022-23, 14,992 people were reached by Perth Observatory programs, and 771 school students experienced a lesson at the observatory. 179 night sky tours were held, with 5810 people experiencing a night sky tour. There were 1516 daytime walk-in visitors to the observatory. 26 off-site events were conducted throughout the state.

There were 162 registered volunteers who contributed 20,560 hours of volunteer time.

Honors
The Florian asteroid 3953 Perth was named in honour of the observatory.

Publication

 * Western Australian astronomy almanac. Bickley, W.A. Perth Observatory. ISBN 0-9581963-6-2 (2007 edition)

title: Perth Observatory


text: User talk:129.101.5.229

title: User talk:129.101.5.229


text:
Wikipedia talk:Meetup/Chicago

/archive

Oct 24, 2004 Meetup
We met at the University of Chicago, in the Ryerson Physical Laboratory, the 4 of us, augmented by the ACM chapter leadership and students at the University of Chicago, plus at least one financial/trading IT industry representative from downtown. There were over a dozen of us in all. As we were all at least acquainted with Wikipedia, Jimbo Wales gave a quick overview and settled down for a question/answer session. There were several questions about the CD/DVD version of Wikipedia which is to be published. In order to get to that stage, we need to pass the (publishable) articles through a quality procedure, at least at the level of not publishing vandalized articles etc. Jimbo publicly revealed his concepts for a prototype procedure for getting to this stage (ala version 1.0), the most important of which involves separate steps: I had the chance to ask about some history: We got a heads-up about the de.Wikipedia involvement in the Chaos conference in Berlin, December 27,28,29 2004 in Berlin. Jimbo and other Board members will be there, as well as several Wikimedia developers. After the session, 5 of us got a chance to sit down at a restaurant together before Jimbo had to catch his plane home. Ancheta Wis 00:17, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC) (Note: meetup members, please edit the above if you feel I have not conveyed the straight story.)
 * a preliminary statistical step which collects the consensus rating 0 to 3 of each article (0=VfD, 1=Cleanup, 2=usable, 3=Featured Article standard). This includes who gave the rating, revision status of the article, etc.
 * the actual vetting of each article.
 * 1) The NPOV concept was physically written by Jimbo Wales, but it was done in true collaborative style with the rest of the readership (i.e. Larry Sanger, etc.).
 * 2) WikiLove is Jimbo Wales' own concept for the love and respect that is part and parcel of the community that is Wikipedia.

Another meetup?
To anyone who might be watching this page - is there any interest in another meetup? I could probably secure a room at the U of C if necessary. — Dan | Talk 21:53, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm interested. Tedernst | talk 23:11, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Me too. --Interiot 15:34, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Same — Ilyan  e  p  (Talk)  18:41, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Ditto. --- Dralwik|Have a Chat My "Great Project"

 * Count me in. --InShaneee 03:28, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Jimbo Wales/Chicago Meetup

 * I haven't been watching this page for months, but by way of an update: there was a small meetup at a tapas bar last September (I think), attended by Kelly Martin, Bmicomp, and myself. Jimbo had been planning to be in Chicago this May, and I invited him to lecture at the U of Chicago, a prospect in which he initially expressed interest; however, his plans changed and he won't be in town in the near future after all. — Dan | talk 04:57, 19 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm interested in a wikipedia meet up too. The Chicago area 2600 group meets at a local Boys and Girls club on the first friday of every month. The meetings are open to all, perhaps you could arrange to "crash" one of our meetings. -216.125.153.2 18:58, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm trying to get together another Chicago-area meetup. I'd like to push for an Evanston location, although other locations are possible.  Comments? Kelly Martin (talk) 00:22, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Sure, count me in, just as long as it isn't on a school day. Student at Northeastern Illinois University here. I'm from Rogers Park neighborhood. Freshmen. August 23, 2006. User:NealIRC
 * Kelly, the Evanston location would work for me, I would be driving in from WI. But a weekend Sat or Sun would have to be the day slot. What might an agenda include? --Ancheta Wis 17:58, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * If anyone would still like to do this anytime this fall, let me know. I'm free most weekends, and would prefer a location that isn't too far from any mass transit (I'll drive if I have to, but I'd rather not - unless everyone is willing to come to the far west suburbs :) --JohnDBuell 02:59, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Evanston is a longish Metra ride for me, but (unless some entirely unforeseen conflict arises) I'll be available weekends from Sept 20th onward. — Dan | talk 03:14, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Evanston's great for me. Keep me posted. --InShaneee 17:23, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Per Kelly's contributions, talk page, and other things, there's a good chance she's not very active on Wikipedia currently, so I don't know that there's someone actively organizing a meetup. I'm in the far north suburbs, so anything will be far for me, but I'd be happy to meet anywhere near a larger library.  --Interiot 00:04, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I might have suggested one of the College of DuPage LUG meetings, but I'm not sure they still meet, and the campus is rather far from either trains or highways. I might have been able to wrangle something with Aurora University, but it too is far from its Metra stop or I-88. I _could_ look into Messenger Public Library in North Aurora, which is about two miles north of the I-88 interchange with IL 31. Other possibilities include Walter Payton's Roundhouse, which is AT the downtown Aurora Metra stop. The main branch libraries in Aurora and Naperville are going to be a bit too far to walk to from their respective Metra stops in the coming cold, but could be good late spring/summer/early fall possibilities. --JohnDBuell 03:12, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

The Evanston Public Library has meeting rooms and is only two blocks from the Davis CTA station and three block from the Davis Street Metra station on the Union Pacific North Line. -- DS1953 talk 03:46, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I could get behind that. --InShaneee 03:00, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

New Meetup announced
See Meetup/Chicago 2. -- DS1953 talk 16:44, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Wiki Loves Pride
Are there any Chicago residents interested in participating in Wiki Loves Pride 2014, a multi-national effort to improve coverage of LGBT-related content at Wikimedia projects? Perhaps an edit-a-thon or a photography project? Please visit the project page for details or let me know if you have any questions. Thanks! -- Another Believer ( Talk ) 17:33, 13 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I am - there's an Old Town, Chicago historic article that could use some photos: Society for Human Rights More info here:

.

Victor Grigas (talk) 04:06, 5 June 2014 (UTC)
 * The Pritzker GLAM has added a few articles. Check out what we are doing at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM/Pritzker

If there are articles you think we could support based on our collections, please feel free to add them to our list. TeriEmbrey (talk) 21:55, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

Wikimedia Chicago usergroup?
Howdy, my name is User:Mitchazenia, I am on the board of Wikimedia New York City until the middle of June. I know there are Wikipedians in Chicago and people have thrown around the idea of a future Chicago chapter. My fellow board members and members of WMNYC are pushing me as I prepare to move to Macomb, Illinois for graduate school to look in being a spearhead. I worked for 8 years at WMNYC and am ready to basically get things started. If there's interest, I am all ears if there are other people interested. Mitch 32 (The created world is but a small parenthesis in eternity.) 03:11, 12 May 2015 (UTC)
 * (Paging Keilana, I JethroBT) Harej (talk) 03:12, 12 May 2015 (UTC)

Great American Wiknic 2015 - Chicago
I'd like to invite you good folks to add a Chicago event for the Great American Wiknic :) This year we're aiming to coalesce nationally around July 5 or 25, but any date that is convenient to your local community works as well.  And don't be shy about putting something preliminary on the national Wiknic page, it all helps!--Pharos (talk) 04:03, 2 June 2015 (UTC)

User:Belissarius, RIP
A Wikipedian who attended this meetup has passed away. See Deceased_Wikipedians/2015. Anyone wishing to send his condolences or such is welcome to do so at pl:Wikipedysta:Belissarius/(Ostatnie) podziękowania. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 01:25, 10 November 2015 (UTC)

Wiknic - July 2016
I'd like to invite folks to add preliminary info for Minnesota's event this year at Wiknic.--Pharos (talk) 18:40, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

Chicago meetup 2017?
Hi all -- I'm wondering whether anyone has been discussing any plans for a Chicago meetup this year. I'm new to Wikipedia and would love to meet others. Is there any interest or plans afoot? Cloud atlas (talk) 02:26, 1 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Hey Cloud! Myself,, and just organized a User Group here in Chicago from which we'll start organizing events. Sign up on the page and we'll let you know when our next event is scheduled. I actually just became a dad, so I've been unable to spend time planning our next event, but I have been thinking about holding some casual, monthly meetings where we can edit and work together. Our last meeting was at the Conrad Sulzer Regional Library-- if you have suggestions for other venues that would be convenient for you to get to, let us know. I JethroBT drop me a line 21:25, 1 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I JethroBT. I added my name to the other page.  Congratulations on your growing family, and I look forward to hearing about the next event.  Cloud atlas (talk) 04:07, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

Community Wishlist Survey 2019
I'm sure Chicagoans, have felt the software limitations of attracting local groups, mostly limited to watchlist notices and mailing lists. In 2016, WM-NYC filed a task to allow CentralNotice (the banners on top of article pages) to target readers in local areas. Efforts have stalled and to spur progress it would be great if you could support it in the Community Wishlist Survey. Voting ends November 30.

An example, CentralNotices were ran for Wikipedia's 10th birthday. WM-NYC had to cut pre-registration early, unable to accommodate the shear number of people signing up. Subsequent birthdays had at most 1/10 the RSVPs. — Dispenser 11:35, 21 November 2018 (UTC)

American Library Association conference in Chicago in 2020
The American Library Association will be holding its conference in Chicago in June 2020. Two sections of the Association of the College and Research Libraries is working on submitting a program for the conference and would like to host an edit-a-thon as well. Panel title: Building bridges between libraries and marginalized arts groups: A closer look at documenting women artists of Mexican ancestry.

I know this is really early in the planning, but a) are Wikimedians able to help out with the edit athon? b) can we get stickers and other swag to use as door prizes? c) what other good ideas do you have that can be shared?

(A earlier preliminary inquiry was previously posted on the user group's Facebook page.) TeriEmbrey (talk) 15:04, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Meetup/Chicago


text:
My Name Is Modesty

My Name Is Modesty is a 2004 American action film directed by Scott Spiegel. Quentin Tarantino executive produced. It was released direct-to-DVD. The film is based on the early years of the character Modesty Blaise, a former crime boss turned secret agent. This is the third production that brings Peter O'Donnell's character Modesty Blaise to the screen, following the feature film Modesty Blaise with Monica Vitti in 1966 and the TV pilot Modesty Blaise with Ann Turkel in 1982.

The film stars British actress Alexandra Staden as Modesty and chronicles a crucial event in the character's life sometime before the start of the comic strip. As such, it omits the key character of Willie Garvin, Modesty's companion throughout the run of the original comic strip and the 30-year series of spin-off novels and short stories published by O'Donnell.

Plot
Modesty Blaise is working as a croupier in a casino in Tangier. A group of violent criminals assassinate her employer and enter the casino shooting staff and demanding entry to the casino's safe. Modesty delays her retaliation and retribution as she protects the lives of her staff. When the criminals kill the only person who can open the safe, Modesty arranges for a fellow employee to arrive who has the password for the computer that holds the details of the entry to the vault. As the criminals and their captives await the individual, Modesty takes on the leader of the criminals at the game of roulette. They agree that if she wins twice in a row a captive sworn to not tell what happened is released; when she loses she has to tell the truth about her background to the leader of the criminals who has become fascinated by her. She relates her life story little by little in the manner of Scheherazade.

Modesty tells her life story in flashback beginning as an orphaned child in a refugee camp in the Balkans, to her meeting her mentor who teaches her his knowledge of various languages and martial arts until he died in Algeria where she makes her way to Tangier and becoming a croupier. The criminals eventually enter the safe but are confronted with a revenging Modesty.

The time setting of the film is kept vague. Although flashback sequences involving warfare invoke World War II or other conflicts in the late 1940s and early 1950s (in keeping with the original comic strip), Modesty as an adult is shown using computers and other current (for 2004) technology.

Cast

 * Alexandra Staden as Modesty Blaise
 * Nikolaj Coster-Waldau as Miklos
 * Raymond Cruz as Raphael Garcia
 * Fred Pearson as Professor Lob
 * Eugenia Yuan as Irina
 * Valentin Teodosiu as Henri Louche
 * Bianca Ana Tudorica as Young Modesty Blaise

Production
After director Scott Spiegel filmed From Dusk till Dawn 2 in 1999, producer Harvey Weinstein asked Spiegel to direct My Name Is Modesty. Quentin Tarantino joined the filming as an executive producer. The filming took place in Bucharest, Romania and lasted 18 days. The film was produced pro forma for Miramax Films to maintain rights to the source material, the Modesty Blaise comic strip.

Peter O'Donnell acted as a consultant to the film with an updated sequence in the story mirroring how O'Donnell first met the girl who inspired him.

Release
My Name Is Modesty was released straight to DVD.

Reception
Juan Morales of The New York Times called the film one of the "vivid examples of Mr. Spiegel's sly, visual directing style". Joe Leydon of Variety opined that the film "isn't half-bad" and is a "mildly diverting time-killer". He went on to note, "Scripters Lee and Janet Scott Batchler concoct a scenario that often plays like the pilot for a syndicated tele series. Budgetary and scheduling restraints require vet vidpic director Scott Spiegel... to keep most of the action within the casino set. Still, Spiegel sustains a reasonable level of tension while Modesty stalls for time. Climactic smackdown is suitably brisk, if predictable. Handsome lensing by Vivi Dragan Vasile is a plus."

title: My Name Is Modesty


text:
Kwangmyŏngsŏng program

The Kwangmyŏngsŏng program was a class of experimental satellites developed by North Korea. The name Kwangmyŏngsŏng ("bright star", "brilliant star" or "constellation" in Korean) is from a poem written by Kim Il Sung. The first class of satellites built by North Korea, the program started in the mid-1980s. There have been five launches so far, of which two have been successful.

Background
According to North Korea Academy of Science's Academician Kwon Tong-hwa, the SLV was developed in the 1980s when late leader Kim Il Sung announced the decision to launch a North Korean satellite.

The decision to send a North Korean satellite was precipitated by the successful launching of South Korea's first satellite, Uribyol-1, on 10 August 1992 and its second satellite, Uribyol 2, on 26 September 1993, both by a European Ariane 4 SLV. In a late-1993 meeting of the Korean Workers' Party Central Committee, Kim Il Sung expressed his desire to quickly place a satellite into orbit, leading to the expansion of North Korea's nascent space program and the requirement for a space launch vehicle.

First orbital launch attempt
The official Korean Central News Agency announced on 4 September 1998, Juche 87, that a satellite called Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 had been launched at 3:07 UTC on 31 August from a launch site in Musudan-ri, Hwadae-gun, North Hamgyong Province by a Paektusan-1 satellite launch vehicle (SLV). No objects were ever tracked in orbit from the launch, and outside North Korea it is considered to have been a failure.

United States Space Command reported that the satellite failed to reach orbit, and burned up in the atmosphere. The failure is believed to have occurred during the third stage burn.

North Korea's leader Kim Jong Il revealed that the country had spent approximately 200–300 million dollars for the satellite project during a summit with then-South Korean president Kim Dae-Jung in 2000.

Second orbital launch attempt
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 was a satellite launched by North Korea on 5 April 2009. According to the North Korean government, an Unha-2 rocket carrying the satellite was launched on Sunday 5 April 2009 at 11:20 local time (02:20 UTC) from the Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground at Musudan-ri in northeastern North Korea. However, officials in South Korea and the United States reported that the rocket and any payload had fallen into the Pacific Ocean. The Russian Space Control concurred, stating that the satellite "simply is not there".

Prior to the launch, concern was raised by other nations, particularly the United States, South Korea and Japan, that the launch might be a trial run of technology that could be used in the future to launch an intercontinental ballistic missile. The launch of the rocket was sharply condemned by the United States and the European Union, while the People's Republic of China and Russia urged restraint.

Third launch attempt
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 was a polar-orbiting earth observation satellite that North Korea tried to launch 13 April 2012 from the Sohae Satellite Launching Station at Cholsan County in northwestern North Korea. The satellite was to be lifted by a Unha-3 carrier rocket. The satellite launch was timed to coincide with the centenary of Kim Il Sung's birth. The rocket broke up a minute after its launch and the remains fell into the ocean.

Fourth launch attempt
On 1 December 2012, the Korean Central News Agency said that the Korean Committee for Space Technology announced that it would launch a second version of Kwangmyongsong-3 to be lifted by a Unha-3 carrier rocket at the Sohae Satellite Launching Station on a launch period between 10 and 22 December 2012.

The launch was carried out on 12 December 2012, at 09:50 local time (00:50 UTC) and the satellite entered polar orbit, as confirmed by monitoring agencies in South Korea and North America with NORAD #39026 and International designator 2012-072A.

Fifth launch attempt
Kwangmyongsong-4 or KMS-4 is an Earth observation satellite launched by North Korea on 7 February 2016.

On 7 February 2016, roughly a month after an alleged hydrogen bomb test, North Korea claimed to have put a satellite into orbit around the Earth. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe had warned the North to not launch the rocket, and if it did and the rocket violated Japanese territory, it would be shot down. Nevertheless, North Korea launched the rocket anyway, claiming the satellite was purely intended for peaceful, scientific purposes. Several nations, including the United States, Japan, and South Korea, have criticized the launch, and despite North Korean claims that the rocket was for peaceful purposes, it has been heavily criticized as an attempt to perform an ICBM test under the disguise of a peaceful satellite launch. China also criticized the launch; however it urged "the relevant parties" to "refrain from taking actions that may further escalate tensions on the Korean peninsula".

In popular culture
The satellite Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 has since featured prominently in North Korean festivities and celebrations such as the mass games. Commemorative stamps showing the real shape of the satellite still attached to the spin up solid motor orbital insertion third stage and more than two orbits have also been printed on several occasions.

title: Kwangmyŏngsŏng program