text:
Big Six

Big Six or Big 6 may refer to:

Art, entertainment, and media

 * Big six in the romantic literature of England, authors of romantic literature of England
 * Big 6 Brass Band, a brass band from New Orleans, Louisiana
 * "Big Six" (song), by Judge Dread, 1972
 * Big Six wheel, a casino game
 * The Big Six, a children's novel by Arthur Ransome
 * The Big Six, former name for major film studios until Disney acquisition of Fox
 * The Big 6, a compilation of video games from the Dizzy series for the Amiga CD32
 * Big 6 (album), an album by Blue Mitchell

Business and industry

 * Big Six auditors, a group of accounting firms, so called from 1989 to 1998, that has since been reduced to the Big Four
 * Big Six energy suppliers, the six largest electricity and gas suppliers in the United Kingdom
 * Big Six (law firms), in Australia prior to 2012
 * Big 6, New York Local #6 of the International Typographical Union

Organizations and movements

 * Big Six (activists), leaders of major organizations in the civil rights movement within the United States in the 1960s
 * The Big Six (Ghana), six Ghanaian nationalists jailed by the British colonial government in 1948

Sports

 * Big6 Baseball League, a Japanese College Baseball league competition, one of the oldest sport leagues in Japan.
 * BIG6 European Football League, an American football cup competition for club teams
 * Big 6 Hockey League, in Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Big Six (ice hockey), the nickname for the six top-ranked men's ice hockey national teams
 * Big Six cricket dispute of 1912, involving the "Big Six" Australian cricketers
 * Big Six Junior College Conference, a junior college athletic conference with member schools located in Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas that operated from 1950 to 1954
 * Big Six Conference, later the Big Eight Conference, an unofficial name for the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association from 1929 to 1946
 * Big Six Conference, now known as the Pac-12 Conference, an unofficial name for the Athletic Association of Western Universities from 1962 to 1964
 * In association football, the six highest performing teams through the 2010s in England's Premier League, see: Emergence of the "Big Six"

Athletes

 * Big Six, the nickname for Jason Estrada, professional boxer born 1980
 * Big Six, the nickname for Christy Mathewson, a baseball pitcher from 1900 to 1916

Transportation

 * Big Six, nickname for the Mercedes-Benz M186 engine
 * Big Six, 2-10-2 type locomotives purchased by B&O Railroad
 * Big Six, Baltimore and Ohio class S locomotive
 * Big Six, Western Maryland Railway's Shay locomotive #6, the last and second largest Shay produced
 * Morris Big Six, a family of motor cars

title: Big Six


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arq. Jorge Omar García Escamilla

Arq. Jorge Omar García Escamilla
Arq. Jorge Omar García Escamilla was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was was a consensus to delete the article.

Non-notable architect, badly formatted title. RickK 06:44, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Vanity, thy name is Arq. Adios. - Lucky 6.9 06:54, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: vanity. Geogre 14:18, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Sooty falcon

The sooty falcon (Falco concolor) is a medium-sized falcon breeding from northeastern Africa to the southern Persian Gulf region. The word sooty means to be covered in soot (ash), and is used to describe the color of the Sooty Falcon. Hence, the falcon gets its name from its color, the color of soot.

Taxonomy
The Sooty Falcon is part of the order Falconiformes, family Falconidae and genus Falco. The sooty falcon belongs to the hobby group, a rather close-knit number of similar falcons often considered a subgenus Hypotriorchis. Eleonora's falcon is sometimes considered its closest relative, but while they certainly belong to the same lineage, they do not seem to be close sister species.

Description
This is an elegant bird of prey, 32–37 cm long with a 78–90 cm wingspan. It is shaped like a large hobby or a small Eleonora's falcon, with its long pointed wings, long tail and slim body. The adults are blue-grey, and lack the black underwing coverts of the Eleonora's falcon. The young bird is like a large juvenile hobby, or small juvenile Eleanora's falcon. Its dark trailing edge to the wings and tail distinguish it from the former species, and it lacks the underwing contrast caused by the dark coverts of the larger falcon.

Distribution and habitat
This species is distributed across Southwest Asia and North Africa. This species breeds on islands and coastal or desert cliffs from Libya to Pakistan). It is a long-distance migrant, wintering in east Africa and south to Madagascar and south-eastern South Africa. Increasingly regular sightings and a lack of historical records suggests that the wintering range has expanded south in recent decades. It is a rare vagrant north of its breeding range.

Diet
The sooty falcon eats mainly birds (e.g. Sandgrouse), but it will take large insects, such as dragonflies, which are transferred from talons to beak and eaten in flight. They have also been known to eat lizards and crabs. During their breeding season they exclusively feed on small birds.

Hunting behaviour
During winter the falcons hunt alone, in groups or even as flocks of up to 15 individuals. These hunting flocks tend to perch on trees and feed on swarming insects. During the breeding, summer, season males do the majority of the hunting. Four hunting techniques are employed: (1) Diving from a perch. The falcons spot prey from their perch and then dive bomb and catch it. (2) Flushing. Flushing is a technique used in which falcon individuals fly low over bushes or trees in an attempts to flush other birds out, after which they catch them. (3) Flying up to come down. When a falcon spots a flying prey bird they try to fly further above it, and then dive down to intercept the prey. (4) Survey flight. Individuals circle areas at great heights in hopes of spotting a prey item. Once prey is spotted the falcon flies down below the prey, and then turns back up into the prey's flight path to catch it.

Nesting and breeding behaviour
Sooty Falcons lay eggs during mid-summer, and unlike most other falcons, occasionally nest in colonies. The falcons breed in the arid deserts of Southwest Asia and North Africa during the summer months, which is remarkable due to high summer temperatures. They breed in three types of arid environment: (1) small islands in the Red Sea, (2) mountainous deserts and (3) in deserts with rocky outcrops. It nests on a ledge or on rocks, laying up to four eggs. While the falcons tend to nest on high cliffs, they have also been found nesting between rocks or on the ground. Nests are scraped into soft limestone, chalk or sandstone cliffs, and face away from the sun to provide shelter from its rays. Nest also function as perches from which defense against predators is mounted.

Birds begin to display and mate during April and May, with eggs being laid by July-August. Egg incubation lasts approximately 27-29 days. Incubation is predominantly performed by the female, while the male only taking shifts for 1-7 minutes while the female sunbathes. Males hunt and bring food to the female and chicks once they have hatched. During the incubation period males provide females with 3-4 birds per day. Excess food is cached on shaded ledges outside the nest. Doing this ensures that food is regulated and that it is available when it is scarce. It also keeps the nests clean, and prevents parasites and pests from being attracted to the nests. The young falcons remain in the nest for 32-38 days, after which they still remain near the nest for a further 2-3 weeks. During this period the parents still take care of them, but thereafter the level of parental care begins to decrease.

Birds nesting on islands in the Sea of Oman have a mean clutch size of 2.83 and brood size of 2.11, with 12% of nests failing at the egg or nesting stage.

Migration
The falcons migrate from their breeding grounds in Southwest Asia and North Africa to winter in Eastern and South-eastern Africa. The journey takes approximately 13 days and covers a distance of 5500 kilometers. The falcons start their migration during the night but tend to travel only during the day. They stop-over at rest spots along Eastern Africa, spots where there are potential water sources.

Conservation
It was formerly classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, but has recently been shown to be rarer than formerly believed. Consequently, it was uplisted to Vulnerable status in 2017. It is estimated that their population ranges between 2800 and 4000 individuals and that these numbers are declining. The breeding population of Sooty falcons on the islands of northern Oman is in decline, with human disturbance on accessible islands a likely cause, as falcons breeding close to beaches have lower nesting success than those breeding further away. Hence, mitigating human disturbances and protecting natural habitats is of critical conservation concern to the Sooty Falcon.

title: Sooty falcon


text:
User talk:KinkiKids

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! It turns out that there is an existing article at Kinki Kids. I've corrected the spelling and created a redirect. Thank you for your contribution! - Lucky 6.9 06:44, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:KinkiKids


text:
Tuatapere

Tuatapere is a small rural town in Southland, New Zealand. It is the self declared "Sausage Capital of New Zealand". Tuatapere is located eight kilometres from the southern coast. The Waiau River flows through the town before reaching Te Waewae Bay, where it has its outflow into Foveaux Strait. The main local industries are forestry and farming.

Tuatapere has a logging museum and is located on the Southern Scenic Route from Invercargill to Te Anau making it a well-travelled tourist stop. The Clifden Suspension Bridge and Clifden War Memorial are located near outside Tuatapere.

First European settlers
A group of Hungarians settled in Tuatapere, but were assimilated into the general population by the mid 20th century.

Railway
On 1 October 1909, a branch line railway from Invercargill was opened to Tuatapere and it became known as the Tuatapere Branch. On 20 October 1925, an extension was opened to Orawia, 14 kilometres to the north-east but the line continued to be known as the Tuatapere Branch and an engine depot was established in the town. It was used as the base for most operations on the line and the branch was operated as essentially two sections, one from Invercargill to Tuatapere and one from Tuatapere to Orawia. Until 1968, steam locomotives ran all trains to Tuatapere, but in June 1968, the line was dieselised, resulting in the closure of the Tuatapere engine depot. On 1 October 1970, a lack of traffic meant the line was truncated to Tuatapere, and it was further cut on 30 July 1976 when the section between Riverton and Tuatapere closed. Some relics from the railway have been preserved in Tuatapere, including structures in the station area such as the old station building and goods shed.

2009 Fiordland earthquake
Tuatapere was one of the closest settlements to the 7.8 magnitude earthquake which occurred on 15 July 2009, the largest in New Zealand since 1931. Despite the earthquake's huge force, little damage was sustained and no injuries were reported.

Demographics
Tuatapere is described as a rural settlement by Statistics New Zealand. It covers 2.00 km2, and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the much larger Longwood Forest statistical area.

Tuatapere had a population of 531 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 27 people (−4.8%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 48 people (−8.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 240 households, comprising 273 males and 258 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.06 males per female, with 81 people (15.3%) aged under 15 years, 84 (15.8%) aged 15 to 29, 237 (44.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 138 (26.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 90.4% European/Pākehā, 19.2% Māori, 1.7% Pasifika, 2.3% Asian, and 2.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 52.5% had no religion, 32.8% were Christian, 1.1% had Māori religious beliefs, and 0.6% were Hindu.

Of those at least 15 years old, 39 (8.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 162 (36.0%) people had no formal qualifications. 42 people (9.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 201 (44.7%) people were employed full-time, 57 (12.7%) were part-time, and 15 (3.3%) were unemployed.

Longwood Forest
Longwood Forest statistical area covers 2198.54 km2 and also includes Clifden. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Longwood Forest had a population of 1,995 at the 2018 New Zealand census, unchanged since the 2013 census, and an increase of 48 people (2.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 801 households, comprising 1,080 males and 918 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.18 males per female. The median age was 41.4 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 417 people (20.9%) aged under 15 years, 321 (16.1%) aged 15 to 29, 960 (48.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 294 (14.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 89.9% European/Pākehā, 12.8% Māori, 1.5% Pasifika, 4.4% Asian, and 2.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 10.4, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.2% had no religion, 32.8% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.3% were Hindu, 0.5% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 1.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 180 (11.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 420 (26.6%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $31,500, compared with $31,800 nationally. 171 people (10.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 879 (55.7%) people were employed full-time, 255 (16.2%) were part-time, and 48 (3.0%) were unemployed.

Education
Waiau Area School is a composite school for years 1 to 13 with a roll of as of  The school first opened in 1910 as Tuatapere School providing primary education. It added secondary education in 1945, becoming Tuatapere District High, and later Waiau District High. In 1953 the school was rebuilt. The primary school split to become Tuatapere Primary in 1977, and the secondary school became Waiau College. The two schools merged again to form Tuatapere Community College in 2002, and this adopted the current name in 2012.

title: Tuatapere


text: Talk:Niue Constitution Act

title: Talk:Niue Constitution Act


text:
Talk:Public holidays in Albania

Untitled
Ramadan ? dont know if that is how it is spelt, but this festival is celebrated in ALbania.(Neostinker 16:36, 5 August 2006 (UTC))

Contradiction
"New Year's Day" is January 1-2. Poor English here. 79.106.203.94 (talk) 10:59, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

What?
"Shawwal" and "Dhu al-Hijja" are not months. 79.106.203.127 (talk) 10:35, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Public holidays in Albania


text:
Talk:Streptomycin

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2021 and 25 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Incennative23, Meganszymanski, Buttsl3, Ty Aldridge, Jcandy9528, Jwill17.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:18, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Heading
The story of the discovery of streptomycin, and in particular the question of who should have received the credit, seems quite controversial. This would probably require some editing to explain the situation better; in the meantime, the Revision as of 09:36, 3 September 2005 by User:The Phoenix seems more neutral than the subsequent revision by User:Gwax. I suggest to revert this edit until a better formulation is found. Schutz 21:37, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Streptomycin - used in treatment for Pneumonic plague
Secondary pneumonic plague can be simplistically considered as an evolved form of bubonic plague where bacterial infection spreads to the lungs resulting in symptoms consistent with those of TB. It should be noted that the symptoms of secondary pneumonic plague are of rapid onset (2-3 days) and much higher severity than those seen in tuberculosis infection. Untreated pneumonic plague is almost uniformly fatal.

Stremptomycin has been shown to be somewhat effective in treatment - usually following use of other antibiotics such as tetracycline where treatment has been unsuccessful - possibly due to treatment being applied too late in the disease cycle.

More advanced treatments may now exist - do not use the above as medical advice - seek professional medical advice.

What does this mean ?
"However It is approved for this purpose only by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration."

Does this mean that the US FDA approves the drug for treating plague but not for any other use, or does it mean that no other authority than the US FDA approves the drug for use against plague ? g4oep — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.96.60.31 (talk) 16:12, 30 October 2014 (UTC)

NPOV
As has already been seen, I am not neutral on the matter of this article so I won't try editing it myself but in its current state it exibits a strong bias (almost slander) against Selman Waksman and as such I have placed the NPOV tag on the page. Both the Albert Schatz and Selman Waksman pages present a more neutral appraoch to the issue. --Gwax 21:04, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

After researching this interesting story on the discovery of streptomycin for a class that I teach, I agree that the current listing on Wikipedia for streptomycin exhibits a strong bias against Selman Waksman (and as stated above, bordering on slander). The story of Selman Waksman on the Wikipedia site shows a much more balanced view of the controvery. UMIMPMI 14:51, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

I have now edited this page to present a neutral and more comprehensive discussion of this topic UMIMPMI 15:30, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * It looks good to me; I think the tag can be removed. Schutz 15:34, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

wrong chemical structure
the submitted image of the chemical structure is incorrect,the IUPAC name for streptomycin is : 5-(2,4-diguanidino-3,5,6-trihydroxy-cyclohexoxy)-4- [4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl) -3-methylamino-tetrahydropyran-2-yl] oxy-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran-3-carbaldehyde

the bold states a methyl group at the 2-position in the furan ( 5 membered one in the middle) and the image contains a hydroxyl group

The unsigned contributor above is correct. For example, see the chemical structure at http://www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/mbiology/ug/ugteach/icu8/antibiotics/antimycobacterials.html susato 16:06, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

The depicted chemical structure has incorrect stereochemistry and is, I believe, instead the enantiomer of streptomycin, as can be seen from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/streptomycin#section=2D-Structure Harmonslide (talk) 04:35, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

It appears that the above issue has been corrected Harmonslide (talk) 22:13, 2 June 2015 (UTC)

 * No, five years later, and the structure is still incorrect. The glucose moiety shown is in the incorrect form. Lhynard (talk) 07:11, 17 April 2020 (UTC)

Simple English Possible?
Would it be possible to make a simple english version of this... please? 72.75.102.121 16:49, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

First line for TB
Although streptomycin is not commonly used as first-line treatment for TB, this is not because it is not a first line drug! Indeed, it IS on the WHO list of first line drugs for TB. It is because streptomycin has to be given by daily intramuscular injection, which is painful and one of the major side-effects of streptomycin is permanent sensorineural deafness. If there are no objections, I will amend the article to reflect this. --Gak 02:55, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Incorrect citation
This article claims that E. coli can be resistant to streptomycin if they have an aadA gene activated, and then cites a Joung 2000 article, found at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/97/13/7382 This article makes absolutely no mention of streptomycin, but rather of resistance to spectinomycin. Spectinomycin is produced by a bacterium from the same genus as streptomycin, but not the same species. Even though spectinomycin behaves similarly to streptomycin, they have different chemical structures and I think it's an unethical extrapolation to assume that activation of the aadA gene will also create resistance to streptomycin. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.44.70.225 (talk) 04:55, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. I checked the citations today, and you are correct. All references that were provided in the respective section ("Bacteria selection experiments") were "Joung et al., 2000" and "Hurt et al., 2003", which is not very helpful. Fortunately, Joung is a rather rare name (as opposed to Young and Jung, of which there are thousands). PubMed lists only four articles with a Joung as first author that were published in 2000, and the only one of them that deals with the aadA gene is the one you cited, so it is probably the one being referred to. Streptomycin is not even mentioned in the article, so I suppose the guy who wrote the section confused it with Spectinomycin, which is one of the antibiotics the paper deals with. I removed the section for this reason.
 * If you or anyone else discovers a similar mistake in the future, just be bold and fix it. -- Shinryuu (talk) 17:03, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

History and discussion of placebo controlled and double blind
The comments about whether or not the study was placebo controlled, double blind or fair should probably be deleted. They don't add to the article. By what criteria is it not "fair"? Franklinjefferson (talk) 04:51, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Oral administration
"Streptomycin cannot be given orally, but must be administered by regular intramuscular injections." - Okay. So how do I have it in tablet form? Those tablets useless? Quizzically... -- 82.181.238.101 (talk) 04:29, 10 January 2012 (UTC) I think its erythromycin or neomycin

Vertigo
Is the sense that the world is spinning. It is not dizziness which is none specific and also means lightheadedness. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 03:44, 14 December 2017 (UTC)
 * That's true, but more than one editor has tried to change "feeling like the world is spinning" to something that sounds less ridiculous. Vertigo is fairly well known, and could be linked to for further explanation. I know that we try to over-simplify medical articles in the lead, but this is over-simplified to the extreme, and makes it look unprofessional. Natureium (talk) 15:06, 14 December 2017 (UTC)
 * While I would rather Wikipedia look unprofessional and people understand our content than the other way around. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 04:14, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

Have just finished an analysis of the complexity of the leads of English Wikipedia's medical articles. The are just over grade 12 (down from over grade 15 a number of years ago). Grade 12 is not exactly "over-simplified to the extreme". Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 02:02, 14 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Where is this analysis? How did you define "level"? What does it have to do with this particular article? 37.152.231.125 (talk) 11:07, 15 January 2019 (UTC)
 * The source uses "vertigo", not "feeling like the world is spinning". We have a lengthy article on vertigo, reducing it to this simple explanation is unfair to both the topic and the source. Bradv 🍁  17:55, 14 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Typically, I prefer to use technical terms, but I have been pointed to the WP:Technical guideline more than once and have employed it at times. Whether we state "feeling like the world is spinning" or "a symptom where a person feels as if they or the objects around them are moving when they are not" (the latter being what the Vertigo Wikipedia article currently states), it's clearer for readers than stating "vertigo." Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 03:48, 15 January 2019 (UTC)

 * And, of course, the explanation is WP:Pipelinked with the Vertigo article, ensuring that readers can be informed of the technical term and can learn more about the subject. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 03:51, 15 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Of all the things to simplify in the article, this is not the right one to focus on. The source says "vertigo", and our article on the subject is also called vertigo, not "feeling like the world is spinning". Bradv 🍁  03:56, 15 January 2019 (UTC)
 * So you'd object to us stating "a symptom where a person feels as if they or the objects around them are moving when they are not" as well? We could also state "vertigo" and have a brief explanation of what it is in parentheses, which is the style I use when I want to keep a technical term, but I and/or others feel that the term should also be briefly explained. As for titles, of course Wikipedia article titles are commonly precise and often are not descriptive. We don't go with the definition of a subject in our article titles (not usually anyway). Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 04:21, 15 January 2019 (UTC)
 * I would just use the word vertigo. It would be wikilinked to the article, which includes an accurate and understandable definition in its lede, for the benefit of readers who do not understand the word. There's no need to define every term in the article, and even less of a need to hide the technical term from readers. Bradv 🍁  04:32, 15 January 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree that there is no need to define every term in the article; no one is suggesting that we do. Doc is suggesting that "vertigo" be explained because it's one of the terms readers are unlikely to understand. Some will know what it means, obviously. But is it so common of a term that readers usually know what it means? I don't think so. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 09:33, 15 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is a common term which most readers would understand. In a large corpus of the English language, it occurs with similar frequency to words such as "ache", "migraine", "dizziness, "acne", etc. A clear definition of it is clearly relevant in some contexts (like, its own article), and not in others (like, in the lead section of an article about a drug). Seven different users have replaced the infantile, vague, waffly "feeling like the world is spinning" with the clear, easily understood, accurate "vertigo" over the past year; one user has squatted on this article and reverted all those changes. That's a clear consensus in favour of "vertigo". 37.152.231.125 (talk) 11:07, 15 January 2019 (UTC)
 * reference per MEDRS 37.152.231.125?--Ozzie10aaaa (talk) 13:23, 15 January 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree that vertigo is a common enough term that it should be used. If people feel that it warrants an explanation, a parenthetical note will do, but otherwise, linking to vertigo is sufficient. "Feeling like the world is spinning" is out of place unless we want to define every term instead of using the common word. Natureium (talk) 15:39, 15 January 2019 (UTC)

 * To the IP, "vertigo" is mentioned in medical sources, but it is not as common a term among the general public as "ache," "migraine," "dizziness," and "acne." I don't think most people on the street could define "vertigo" if asked to define it. But, as I mentioned, and as echoed by Natureium, a parenthetical note is a good compromise. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 20:06, 16 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Not as much as you might think. Natureium (talk) 21:11, 16 January 2019 (UTC)
 * That doesn't indicate what the general public knows. There are so many terms that the general public is not familiar with on the back of medicine bottles. The general public will then Google the unfamiliar term or look into it some other way. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 04:53, 17 January 2019 (UTC) Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 04:55, 17 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Streptomycin


text:
Talk:Blockbuster (retailer)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 3 September 2019 and 9 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sweet-n-Sour-Kandy.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:57, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Unsourced edit by KevinTheGuy
Please offer a valid explanation as to why edit 962626414 was reverted. This edit changes the text on Wikipedia to something that is more accurate. No "unreliable" sources were attempted to be added or referenced directly. KevinTheGuy (talk) 04:22, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm actively watching this page, so no need to ping me. You added "originally reported by a fan group of the brand" to both the lead and body. That claim isn't sourced in the article. You also removed "some" in front of "privately-owned franchises", making it a misleading statement. Only some franchises remained opened, not all. --GoneIn60 (talk) 04:37, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
 * While you're right about not all franchise-owned locations remaining open, the language I amended actually clarified the fact that they were allowed to stay open pursuant to whatever conditions Dish Network outlined, I assume. Saying that "some franchise-owned locations were allowed to stay open" makes it seem like Dish Network decided to close franchise-owned locations instead of the franchisees themselves, which so far I've read is not the case. If a franchisee is willing to continue paying Dish the fee, and their business support(ed) it, then that's why these franchise-owned locations stayed open for so long in the first place. Additionally, the factual claim I added to the third paragraph in the lead "isn't sourced in the article" - because you've made it expressively clear your personal dislike of the source's inclusion in the article which supports this fact. I truly didn't want to upset you in that way. KevinTheGuy (talk) 04:48, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Here's the original text I restored:
 * Here's what you changed it to:
 * The first part, "Dish maintained a small number" didn't change. If you are concerned that someone might think Dish decided to close some franchises, well this part of the sentence would still cause that same confusion. I don't personally think the sentence is confusing, but I'm open to suggestions. Removing "some" from the sentence doesn't make any of that more clear.As for the unsourced statement you were adding, you would need to find a source that is considered reliable by Wikipedia's standards. If you are unable to, then it can't be added. See the Verifiability policy to learn more. --GoneIn60 (talk) 05:17, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I spent an hour or more at the Teahouse yesterday, explaining PRECISELY why you cannot change disputed content based upon a rubbish source. (see my last diff in that thread here). Yet two hours later you reinserted that disputed content again (which was removed), but are back here, still arguing the toss again, pretending that the issue is that GoneIn60 has a personal dislike of your source. That is not true. There is now a clear consensus against it, and so its fair to say that we all have a dislike of your source, and neither it nor its contents is going to be allowed to be used here. Savvy?  This continued insistence on using it is not only non-constructive but also seems now to be disruptive. Changing content based on a poor source, but not actually citing that source is worse that making the same changes with a source. But neither are acceptable, and you have been told multiple times not to do that, but you don't seem to hear.
 * I now must ask you to stop trying to add disputed content based either on either no source, or on a non-reliable source. "Stuff you happen to know or have found out" has no place on Wikipedia unless it can be verified to a reliable source. Your source is not reliable. So stop trying to argue it back in, or you will face being blocked for disruptive editing (see WP:3RR). You have already had three warning about this on your talk page, and I will repeat this message on there so that you appreciate that an administrator like me will not tolerate continued arguing and editing against consensus or edit-warring over a number of years. As I have already advised you: DROPTHESTICK. I'm sure there are many other articles you would be better off spending your time and editing skills on improving. You can't win every battle here, even if you believe you're right. So it's time to move on. Do I make myself clear? Nick Moyes (talk) 09:55, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I spent an hour or more at the Teahouse yesterday, explaining PRECISELY why you cannot change disputed content based upon a rubbish source. (see my last diff in that thread here). Yet two hours later you reinserted that disputed content again (which was removed), but are back here, still arguing the toss again, pretending that the issue is that GoneIn60 has a personal dislike of your source. That is not true. There is now a clear consensus against it, and so its fair to say that we all have a dislike of your source, and neither it nor its contents is going to be allowed to be used here. Savvy?  This continued insistence on using it is not only non-constructive but also seems now to be disruptive. Changing content based on a poor source, but not actually citing that source is worse that making the same changes with a source. But neither are acceptable, and you have been told multiple times not to do that, but you don't seem to hear.
 * I now must ask you to stop trying to add disputed content based either on either no source, or on a non-reliable source. "Stuff you happen to know or have found out" has no place on Wikipedia unless it can be verified to a reliable source. Your source is not reliable. So stop trying to argue it back in, or you will face being blocked for disruptive editing (see WP:3RR). You have already had three warning about this on your talk page, and I will repeat this message on there so that you appreciate that an administrator like me will not tolerate continued arguing and editing against consensus or edit-warring over a number of years. As I have already advised you: DROPTHESTICK. I'm sure there are many other articles you would be better off spending your time and editing skills on improving. You can't win every battle here, even if you believe you're right. So it's time to move on. Do I make myself clear? Nick Moyes (talk) 09:55, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Airbnb rental
, I see you have added back contested material to the article in this edit. This violates WP:DUE, since this is not a significant aspect of Blockbuster the company. When speaking about this topic as a whole, a rental operation at the last Blockbuster on earth holds no significance whatsoever. This can also be seen as WP:PROMOTIONAL in nature, promoting, advertising, or even showcasing the actions of one store. This isn't an article about the store in Bend, Oregon. I advise you undo this edit until there is sufficient consensus to include it. --GoneIn60 (talk) 22:30, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I see you're still performing your old tricks, and I understand that you think you wear the pants on this article and want to whitewash it to fit with your views of history. I guess if you had it your way the Blockbuster brand would be completely dead, is that right? I seriously bet you to try that stuff on the articles of similar abandoned species like the Spix's macaw, Kihansi spray toad, Hawaiian crow, Black softshell turtle, Barbary lion, Scimitar oryx, and others because When speaking about these species as a whole, habitat and conservation efforts with the last of these creatures on earth holds no significance whatsoever. I would actually agree with you if Blockbuster was in its heyday and one or any franchise-owned location tried doing similar things. But the store in Bend, Oregon IS Blockbuster. Dish certainly isn't doing anything with the Blockbuster brand, besides possibly licensing it out to pop-up locations and nostalgic apparel stores, which aren't receiving any encyclopedia space. Considering all the media attention (secondary sources) the Bend location has achieved over the years, especially since now it is the last remaining store, I'd say that it sure is significant. KevinTheGuy (talk) 03:46, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi Guys. I'm just going to wade in here with some thoughts as a relatively uninvolved editor, who got drawn in when I first tried to offer advice at the Teahouse to . Sadly, this eventually ended in him telling me to 'fuck off'. I felt it necessary to warn them on their now-blanked userpage against inserting uncited content, and again it ended in a 'fuck you, Nick Moyes' post, for which the editor temporarily had their editing rights withdrawn by another administrator for making these personal attacks. So, it's clear to me that passions on this subject have risen to an unnecessarily high level in recent months, and I find that rather a shame and a bit silly. I would like everyone to remain CIVIL, please. That said, I have since had this article on my watchlist, and I spotted KtGuys edit last night and took the time to check the sources. Although I understand 's concerns about WP:UNDUE here, I actually felt the addition was perfectly acceptable, and based on two good WP:RSs. I think the cited edit KtG made does add to the encyclopaedic nature of this article, as it tells the tale of the demise of a once might global chain, and the fact that it had come to the last branch offering overnight accommodation for film devotees is interesting. I would say, however, that I would draw the line at future edits adding details of further AirBnB-type rentals, or other minutiae, and that we don't need to know, specifically, that it will be let out for three separate one-night stays. But as a one off, I think it's fine, and I'm OK with letting that edit remain, albeit trimmed slightly. Hope that's agreeable to all involved? Nick Moyes (talk) 19:00, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for weighing in, Nick. I still think the Airbnb event lacks long-term, historical significance in the overall picture of Blockbuster's rise and fall, and the recent addition sounds somewhat promotional, but as long as a second set of eyes believes this is acceptable, I'm willing to drop my contention for now. We can always revisit down the road if needed. You have my support for trimming the fluff down, thanks. --GoneIn60 (talk) 19:29, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * And just to add, these are not secondary sources. Like most breaking news reports, these are primary sources that do little more than simply report that the event occurred. Primary isn't bad, but these particular examples fall into the category of WP:RECENTISM when looking for justification of historical significance, and until the event is embraced, covered, and/or analyzed by secondary sources (preferably scholarly, academic sources), its long-term significance remains questionable. --GoneIn60 (talk) 19:47, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The changes you've been trying to make (diff1, diff2) are unsourced. I'm not seeing any support for "numerous promotional stunts" in the cited sources. A search for one also came up empty. If you have a source or two that support this, please add them if you intend to make this claim. --GoneIn60 (talk) 13:49, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

I've created the stub Blockbuster (Bend, Oregon), so feel free to trim this article or move content over appropriately. --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 13:28, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

Redundancy: Bend Oregon store
Since the store in Bend, Oregon was detailed with multiple references in the lede of the article, and then discussed in the body of the article repeating some of the same references, I removed the repeated info from the lede, thinking details in the body of the article were sufficient. My edit was reverted. Counting the photo caption, the information about the Bend, Oregon store is repeated 3 times in the article. Is this necessary and appropriate? (Note also the statement in the New Zealand section of the article about the Bend, Oregon store.) -- Infrogmation (talk) 18:44, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Blockbuster.com back up as of 3/23/2023
the page came back up sometime last night. we should be on the lookout for any noteworthy news sources 64.64.138.142 (talk) 20:38, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Does this work? https://www.cbsnews.com/news/blockbuster-website-reactived-comeback-is-video-rental-company-returning-after-being-bought/ TAPwiki (talk) 15:58, 24 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blockbuster (retailer)


text:
Grey DeLisle

Grey DeLisle (born Erin Grey Van Oosbree; August 24, 1973), sometimes credited as Grey Griffin, is an American voice actress, comedian and singer-songwriter. DeLisle is known for various roles in animated productions and video games. On September 27, 2018, she released her debut comedy act, titled "My First Comedy Special". On November 10, 2019, The Simpsons producers announced that DeLisle would replace Russi Taylor as the voice of Martin Prince and Sherri and Terri, after Taylor's death in July 2019. In 2022, she was nominated for the Children's and Family Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice Performance in an Animated Program for her work on The Loud House.

Early life
DeLisle was born in Fort Ord, California, to truck driver George Van Oosbree and singer Joanna Ruth, and grew up in a Mexican-American household. She has described herself as "a 75% white woman raised by my Mexican grandma". Her parents separated when she was young. She has two brothers. DeLisle's mother became a born-again Pentecostal when she was eleven and she was later raised by her maternal grandmother, Eva Flores, a vocalist who performed with salsa musician Tito Puente. She credits her father's love of country music as the biggest influence on her musical taste. She attended Chula Vista High School in the same graduating class as Mario Lopez. In her late teens, she started singing old gospel tunes, and entered the world of comedy on the advice of a friend. In her comedy routine, DeLisle imitated voices. Her impressions earned the attention of a casting director and was advised to take up voice acting. At this time, she went back to her musical ambitions but also took classes in voice-overs. She soon began working with talent agent Sandy Schnarr.

Career
In the Scooby-Doo franchise, DeLisle began voicing Daphne Blake with the direct-to-video film Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase, inheriting the role from her friend and teacher Mary Kay Bergman following the latter's suicide. She later said of Bergman, "It was an interesting turn of events to get to play Daphne, but I'm so glad that I have the role, and I was glad that I was able to carry that on for her. She set the bar very high." DeLisle also credited the work for helping her maintain her music career, stating "I think Daphne just saved country music." In 2019, Warner Bros. announced that Amanda Seyfried would be voicing Daphne in the animated film Scoob! instead of DeLisle. Both DeLisle and Matthew Lillard, the current voice of Shaggy Rogers were upset about not being contacted about the decision to recast for their roles for the film. Around the time of the film's release, DeLisle said that she did not bear any hard feelings towards Seyfried or her performance in it.

Personal life
Her first marriage was to Christopher DeLisle in 1992. The two later divorced in 1993 after she accidentally confessed to cheating on him. In 2002, she married Murry Hammond of the alt-country band Old 97's; their courtship and wedding were featured in an episode of A Wedding Story. She gave birth to their son Jefferson Texas "Tex" Hammond in 2007. They divorced in 2010. She later met Jared Griffin through Twitter, and the two married on June 27, 2012. The couple's son Harlan was born in 2014, and a daughter named Mariposa followed in 2016. Their marriage ended the following year.

Her niece is YouTuber Anna Brisbin.

Albums

 * The Small Time (2000)
 * Homewrecker (2002)
 * Bootlegger, Vol. 1 (2003)
 * The Graceful Ghost (2004)
 * Iron Flowers (2005)
 * Loggerheads soundtrack (2005)
 * Anchored in Love: A Tribute to June Carter Cash (2007)
 * She's an Angel (2023)

Singles

 * 2006 – "Willie We Have Missed You", song on Beautiful Dreamer: The Songs of Stephen Foster (2006)

title: Grey DeLisle


text:
Walter Tetley

Walter Tetley (born Walter Campbell Tetzlaff; June 2, 1915 – September 4, 1975) was an American actor specializing in child impersonation during radio's classic era, with regular roles as Leroy Forrester on The Great Gildersleeve and Julius Abbruzzio on The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show, as well as continuing as a voice-over artist in animated cartoons, commercials, and spoken-word record albums. He is perhaps best known as the voice of Sherman in the Jay Ward-Bill Scott Mr. Peabody TV cartoons.

Career
Tetley's foray into voices for theatrical cartoons began in 1936, as the voice of Felix the Cat in three of Van Beuren's Rainbow Parade cartoon shorts: The Goose That Laid the Golden Egg, Neptune Nonsense, and Bold King Cole. The latter short starts with Tetley singing "Nature and Me", showcasing his song styling abilities.

In the late 1930s, he was often featured in Fred Allen's Town Hall Tonight. When Allen took his cast to Hollywood to film Love Thy Neighbor in 1940, Tetley decided to stay in the Coast, working on several radio shows, including The Great Gildersleeve, on which he portrayed Gildy's nephew Leroy until the show's end in 1958.

In the late 1940s, he was the voice of Andy Panda in the Walter Lantz Productions cartoons distributed by Universal Pictures.

In 1946, Tetley supplied the voice of the electric utility mascot Reddy Kilowatt in the short film Reddy Made Magic, produced by Lantz with Reddy Kilowatt creator Ashton B. Collins, Sr.; Tetley also performed the film's theme song. In 1959 he reprised the role in a John Sutherland-produced remake called The Mighty Atom.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Walter would become familiar to a new generation as the voice of Sherman, the nerdy, freckled, bespectacled boy sidekick of time-traveling dog genius Mr. Peabody, in the "Peabody's Improbable History" segments of Jay Ward's Rocky and His Friends (also known as The Bullwinkle Show), which made its debut in 1959.

Tetley worked for Capitol Records in the 1950s, providing an array of juvenile voices for the label's spoken-word and comedy albums, including Stan Freberg Presents the United States of America Volume One: The Early Years (1961). His Gildersleeve co-star, Harold Peary, had made three albums for Capitol a decade earlier, telling children's stories Gildersleeve-style.

In 1973 Tetley made an appearance on Rod Serling's radio series The Zero Hour. He could be heard in the "Princess Stakes Murder" episodes beginning the week of November 19.

"The Sheriff of Fetterman's Crossing", an episode of Serling's 1965 TV series The Loner, featured guest star Allan Sherman as a character named Walter Peterson Tetley.

Voice and appearance
For his entire adult life, Tetley had the voice and appearance of a preteen boy, which led to him largely taking voice roles for young boys. The exact cause was never confirmed - while co-star Bill Scott half-jokingly claimed that Tetley had been castrated, it is also possible that he had Kallmann syndrome. Whatever the cause, his unusual situation would allow him to hold roles for young boys far longer than actual boys of that age could before their voices would lower due to puberty.

Death
In 1971, Tetley was seriously injured in a motorcycle accident and used a wheelchair for the rest of his life. He died at the age of 60 on September 4, 1975, having never fully recovered from his injuries. His interment was in Chatsworth's Oakwood Memorial Park.

Live-action

 * A Trip to Paris (1938) - Page Boy
 * Lord Jeff (1938) - Tommy Thrums
 * Sons of the Legion (1938) - Shifty
 * King of Alcatraz (1938) - Newsboy
 * Prairie Moon (1938) - Clarence "Nails" Barton
 * Boy Slaves (1939) - Pee Wee
 * You Can't Cheat an Honest Man (1939) - Boy with Candy Cane (uncredited)
 * The Spirit of Culver (1939) - Hank
 * The Family Next Door (1939) - Boy (uncredited)
 * They Shall Have Music (1939) - Rocks Mulligan
 * First Love (1939) - Willie, Country Club Page (uncredited)
 * Tower of London (1939) - Chimney Sweep
 * Emergency Squad (1940) - Matt (uncredited)
 * Framed (1940) - Murphy (uncredited)
 * My Son, My Son! (1940) - Newsboy (uncredited)
 * Tom Brown's School Days (1940) - Student (uncredited)
 * Military Academy (1940) - Cadet Blackburn
 * Under Texas Skies (1940) - Theodore
 * The Villain Still Pursued Her (1940) - Telegram Boy (uncredited)
 * A Little Bit of Heaven (1940) - Boy in Crowd (uncredited)
 * Let's Make Music (1941) - Eddie
 * Ride, Kelly, Ride (1941) - Jockey (uncredited)
 * Horror Island (1941) - Delivery Boy (uncredited)
 * The Devil and Miss Jones (1941) - Stock Boy
 * Out of the Fog (1941) - Buddy
 * It Started with Eve (1941) - Messenger (uncredited)
 * Sing Your Worries Away (1942) - Messenger Boy with Telegram (uncredited)
 * Broadway (1942) - Western Union Messenger (uncredited)
 * The Pride of the Yankees (1942) - Cake Delivery Boy (uncredited)
 * Invisible Agent (1942) - Newsboy (uncredited)
 * A Yank at Eton (1942) - Newsboy (uncredited)
 * Moonlight in Havana (1942) - Newsboy (uncredited)
 * Thunder Birds: Soldiers of the Air (1942) - Messenger Boy
 * Who Done it? (1942) - Elevator Operator (uncredited)
 * Random Harvest (1942) - Call Boy (uncredited)
 * The Gorilla Man (1943) - Sammy
 * It Comes Up Love (1943) - Delivery Boy (uncredited)
 * Henry Aldrich Gets Glamour (1943) - Classroom Student (uncredited)
 * Gildersleeve on Broadway (1943) - The Bellhop (uncredited)
 * Mystery Broadcast (1943) - Page Boy (uncredited)
 * The Lodger (1944) - Call Boy
 * Her Primitive Man (1944) - Bellhop (uncredited)
 * Pin Up Girl (1944) - Messenger Boy (uncredited)
 * Follow the Boys (1944) - Soldier (uncredited)
 * Casanova Brown (1944) - Florist's Assistant (uncredited)
 * Bowery to Broadway (1944) - Attendant (uncredited)
 * I'll Remember April (1945) - Mail Boy (uncredited)
 * It's in the Bag! (1945) - 2nd Elevator Operator (uncredited)
 * Molly and Me (1945) - Grocery Boy
 * Red Garters (1954) - Gun-toting Kid (voice, uncredited)

Animation

 * The Goose That Laid the Golden Egg (1936) - Felix the Cat
 * Neptune Nonsense (1936) - Felix the Cat
 * Bold King Cole (1936) - Felix the Cat
 * Adventures of Tom Thumb Jr. (1940) - Tom Thumb Jr.
 * The Haunted Mouse (1941) - Mouse
 * The Painter and the Pointer (1944) - Andy Panda (uncredited)
 * Crow Crazy (1945) - Andy Panda (uncredited)
 * Apple Andy (1946) - Andy Panda (uncredited)
 * Mousie Comes Home (1946) - Andy Panda (uncredited)
 * The Wacky Weed (1946) - Andy Panda, Glads (uncredited)
 * Banquet Busters (1948) - Andy Panda, Mouse (uncredited)
 * Playful Pelican (1948) - Andy Panda (uncredited)
 * Dog Tax Dodgers (1948) - Andy Panda (uncredited)
 * Scrappy Birthday (1948) - Andy Panda (uncredited)
 * Georgie and the Dragon (1951) - Georgie (uncredited)
 * The Woody Woodpecker Show (1957) - Andy Panda
 * The Best of Mr. Peabody & Sherman (1959) - Sherman
 * Rocky and His Friends (1959–1961) - Sherman, Joey Tell, Girl
 * The Bullwinkle Show (1961–1963) - Sherman, Joey Tell, Girl
 * The Dudley Do-Right Show (1969) - Additional voices
 * A Christmas Story (1972) - Timmy

title: Walter Tetley


text:
Lake Waipori

Lake Waipori is the smaller and shallower of the pair of lakes located in the wetlands to the south west of Dunedin in New Zealand on the Waipori River. The Waipori River is a major tributary of the Taieri River, and these wetlands form the southern edge of the Taieri Plains.

The lake is inhabited by various waterfowl and wetland birds. It is however too shallow and inaccessible (due to being surrounded with wetlands) to allow for recreation other than fishing and duck hunting in season.

It is possible to travel from the Waipori River at Berwick through the lake and through to Lake Waihola in a flat bottomed dinghy or jetboat. The lake is too shallow for other forms of motorboat.

The lake is bordered to the southwest by the Sinclair Wetlands.

title: Lake Waipori


text:
File:SS Imperator 01 NYC.jpg

A rendering of the Imperator commissioned by the HAPAG line in 1913.

title: File:SS Imperator 01 NYC.jpg


text:
Talk:The Last Defender of Camelot

Untitled
I'm holding my 2002 paperback edition...it starts with an introduction by Robert Silverberg, then has the stories: COMES NOW THE POWER (1966) FOR A BREATH I TARRY (1966) ENGINE AT THE HEARTSPRING'S CENTER (1974) HALFJACK (1979) HOME IS THE HANGMAN (1975) PERMAFROST (1986) LOKI 7281 (1984) MANA FROM HEAVEN (1984) 24 VIEWS OF MT. FUJI, BY HOKUSAI (1985) COME BACK TO THE KILLING GROUND, ALICE, MY LOVE (1992) THE LAST DEFENDER OF CAMELOT (1979)

Yeah, I just edited this stub to include the 2002 version. The link off the Zelazny page now reads: ~Eco751
 * The Last Defender of Camelot (1980, 2002)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 13:51, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

It's been a long time...
It's been a very long time since I read this anthology. If I remembered anything other than Damnation Alley better, I'd work on expanding this article. All I do remember, and my only contribution so far, is that it's annotated. Zelazny wrote a little paragraph to accompany each piece that speaks to something personal for him about it - from what I recall, either how he came to write it, what was going on in his life at the time, or something like that. I recall that, for Damnation Alley, which I had never read before in any format - nor had I seen the movie - Zelazny noted that the novella was always his favorite telling of the story, that he was disappointed in both the novel and the movie. I remember finding the story so powerful that I set the entire anthology down for over a year. I didn't read anything by Zelazny for a while, as I let the story dissipate from my system. I took Mr. Z's word for it and never sought another format of that story. I'd like to see one of today's 21st century filmmakers, with today's CGI and focus on authenticity to the work, and rehashing of ideas from the childhoods of Boomers and Gen X (the latter being my generation), try their hand at bringing this story to the big screen again. I think its message and imagery are more apropos today than they were in the 1970s. Kelelain (talk) 01:36, 31 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Last Defender of Camelot


text:
NCR 304

The NCR 304 computer, announced in 1957, first delivered in 1959, was National Cash Register (NCR)'s first transistor-based computer. The 304 was developed and manufactured in cooperation with General Electric, where it was also used internally.

Its follow-on was the NCR 315.

title: NCR 304


text:
Spath

Spath is a small village located 0.3 mi north of Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, England. The village is on the River Tean and is separated from Uttoxeter by the A50 road.

History
In UK railway history, Spath was on the now-disused Churnet Valley Line, owned and operated by North Staffordshire Railway. The village is notable as the site of the first automatic half barrier crossing in the United Kingdom, which came into operation on 5 February 1961. The railway closed four years later and the road which crossed it via the automatic crossing is now gated. There is no remaining visible sign of the crossing.

Spath was the original home of Stevensons of Uttoxeter, a bus company that celebrated its 80th anniversary in 2007.

title: Spath


text:
Oregon Route 10

Oregon Route 10 is an Oregon state highway which serves Portland and some of its western suburbs.

Route description
OR 10 begins as Naito Parkway in Downtown Portland starting where Naito Parkway interchanges with U.S. Route 26. It heads south out of downtown, multiplexed with Oregon Route 99W. After passing under the Portland Aerial Tram, Naito Parkway ends at an interchange with Barbur Boulevard; the two routes continue south out of Portland on Barbur. OR 10 separates from OR 99W a few miles south of downtown, and proceeds along Capitol Highway through the Portland neighborhood of Hillsdale. Along here, it is a surface street, which cuts through the southern part of Portland's West Hills. It separates from Capitol Highway in Hillsdale, which continues unnumbered, and becomes the Beaverton-Hillsdale Highway, highway number 40, a surface street with frequent traffic signals. The highway continues west into Washington County.

In the community of Raleigh Hills, OR 10 intersects with Oregon Route 210 (locally known as Scholls Ferry Road), which heads southwest towards Progress, Tigard, and Scholls. OR 10 continues west into Beaverton, where it interchanges with Oregon Route 217, a freeway. West of that interchange, the street name changes to Farmington Road, the eastern part of which is not a state highway, and comes a block parallel with Oregon Route 8 in front of Beaverton High School. The portion of OR 10 from downtown Beaverton to the intersection with Oregon Route 219 was once known as Oregon Route 208. OR 8 and 10 do not intersect, but it is not uncommon for commuters to use the frontage road for the OR 217 interchange or another surface street to change between the routes. As Farmington Road, OR 10 leaves Beaverton and cuts across half-developed suburbia to Farmington and its intersection with OR 219. This final section comprises the Farmington Highway, highway number 142.

title: Oregon Route 10


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Harnosand.nu

Harnosand.nu
Non-notable online community. Alexa ranking of 3,529,596. RickK 06:55, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * 35 Google hits. Vanity. Delete. --Slowking Man 07:16, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Vanity, Wikipedia is not a web guide, and a non-notable entity (that last for people who say that "notability" is only a reason people give and that the guidelines don't mandate deletion because of a specific criterion named notability, even though the guidelines say that we must delete things based on the majority of votes on VfD, and appeals to Harvey the Rabbit who is invisible and doesn't vote but must disagree don't count). Geogre 14:21, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. To be encyclopedic, both topic and article must be encyclopedic. --Improv 17:49, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I've got a message board that's been defunct for a couple of years that gets almost as many Google hits. [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 18:08, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak delete, I cannot see this article becoming encyclopedic, but I may be wrong. — siro  χ  o  22:51, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Red light camera

A red light camera (short for red light running camera ) is a type of traffic enforcement camera that photographs a vehicle that has entered an intersection after the traffic signal controlling the intersection has turned red. By automatically photographing vehicles that run red lights, the photo is evidence that assists authorities in their enforcement of traffic laws. Generally the camera is triggered when a vehicle enters the intersection (passes the stop-bar) after the traffic signal has turned red.

Typically, a law enforcement official will review the photographic evidence and determine whether a violation occurred. A citation is then usually mailed to the owner of the vehicle found to be in violation of the law. These cameras are used worldwide, in China, in European countries, and in countries including: Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Indonesia, the United Kingdom, Singapore and the United States. More than 75 countries worldwide use red light cameras.

If a proper identification of the driver cannot be made, instead of a ticket, some jurisdictions send out a notice of violation to the owner of the vehicle, requesting identifying information so that a ticket may be issued later. Other jurisdictions simply assess a fine to the owner of the vehicle and make no attempt to determine personal responsibility for the offence beyond that; in such locales owners are responsible for collecting the fine from the offending driver (assuming it is not themselves); however, such jurisdictions generally do not assign demerit points or other personal consequences for traffic offences caught on camera.

According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, red-light running is a frequent cause of crashes, with 6,000 people killed between 1992 and 1998, 850 each year in the United States alone, while 1.4 million were injured. In Australia, 15% to 21% of the crashes at signalized intersections were related to red light running during 1994–1998.

There is debate and ongoing research about the use of red light cameras. Authorities cite public safety as the primary reason that the cameras are installed, while opponents contend their use is more for financial gain. There have been concerns that red light cameras scare drivers (who want to avoid a ticket) into more sudden stops, which may increase the risk of rear-end collisions. The elevated incentive to stop may mitigate side collisions. Some traffic signals have an all red duration, allowing a grace period of a few seconds before the cross-direction turns green. Some studies have confirmed more rear-end collisions where red light cameras have been used, while side collisions decreased, but the overall collision rate has been mixed. A systematic review summarized evidence from 38 studies and found that overall, red-light cameras are effective at reducing right angle crashes and related injuries, as well as total injuries, but they also lead to an increase in rear end crashes. In some areas, the length of the yellow phase has been increased to provide a longer warning to accompany the red-light-running-camera. There is also concern that the international standard formula used for setting the length of the yellow phase ignores the laws of physics, which may cause drivers to inadvertently run the red phase.

History
Red light cameras were first developed in the Netherlands by Gatso. Worldwide, red light cameras have been in use since the 1960s, and were used for traffic enforcement in Israel as early as 1969. The first red light camera system was introduced in 1965, using tubes stretched across the road to detect the violation and subsequently trigger the camera. One of the first developers of these red light camera systems was Gatsometer BV.

The cameras first received serious attention in the United States in the 1980s following a highly publicized crash in 1982, involving a red-light runner who collided with an 18-month-old girl in a stroller (or "push-chair") in New York City. Subsequently, a community group worked with the city's Department of Transportation to research automated law-enforcement systems to identify and ticket drivers who run red lights. New York's red-light camera program went into effect in 1993. In a near future the might be able to also catch other infractions such as phone usage, failure to wear the seat belt wearing, or failure to maintain safe distance between vehicle. From the 1980s onward, red light camera usage expanded worldwide, and one of the early camera system developers, Poltech International, supplied Australia, Britain, South Africa, Taiwan, the Netherlands and Hong Kong. American Traffic Systems (subsequently American Traffic Solutions) (ATS) and Redflex Traffic Systems emerged as the primary suppliers of red light camera systems in the US, while Jenoptik became the leading provider of red light cameras worldwide.

Initially, all red light camera systems used film, which was delivered to local law enforcement departments for review and approval. The first digital camera system was introduced in Canberra in December 2000, and digital cameras have increasingly replaced the older film cameras in other locations since then.

Operation
Red light cameras are typically installed in protective metal boxes attached to poles at intersections, which are often specifically chosen due to high numbers of crashes and/or red-light-running violations. In some case, cameras are built into traffic lights. Red light camera systems typically employ a sensor that detects the presence of a vehicle past the stop bar, and, in some cases, measures the speed of a vehicle at the time it ran the red light. The sensors may be single or dual inductive loops, piezoelectric strips, laser, radar or optical video analyses. Using the speed measured, the system predicts if a particular vehicle will not be able to stop before entering the intersection. In some instances the system takes two or more photographs. The first photo shows the vehicle just before it enters the intersection, with the light showing red, and the second photo, taken a second or two later, shows the vehicle when it is in the intersection.

Details that may be recorded by the camera system (and later presented to the vehicle owner) include: the date and time, the location, the vehicle speed, the amount of time elapsed since the light turned red, and the amount of time elapsed since the light turned yellow and the vehicle passed into the intersection. The event is captured as a series of photographs or a video clip, or both, depending on the technology used, which shows the vehicle before it enters the intersection on a red light signal and its progress through the intersection. The data and images, whether digital or developed from film, are sent to the relevant law enforcement agency. There, the information is typically reviewed by a law enforcement official or police department clerk, who determines if a violation occurred and, if so, approves issuing a citation to the vehicle owner, who may challenge the citation.

Studies have shown that 38% of violations occur within 0.25 seconds of the light turning red and 79% within one second. A few red light camera systems allow a grace period of up to half a second for drivers who pass through the intersection just as the light turns red. Ohio and Georgia introduced a statute requiring that one second be added to the standard yellow time of any intersection that has a red light camera, which has led to an 80% reduction in tickets since its introduction. New Jersey has the strictest yellow timing provisions in the country as a result of concerns that cameras would be used to generate revenue; they have a statute specifying that the yellow time for an intersection that has a red light camera must be based on the speed at which 85% of the road's traffic moves rather than be based on the road's actual speed limit.

Usage
Red light camera usage is widespread in a number of countries worldwide. Netherlands-based Gatso presented red light cameras to the market in 1965, and red light cameras were used for traffic enforcement in Israel as early as 1969. In the early 1970s, red light cameras were used for traffic enforcement in at least one jurisdiction in Europe. Australia began to use them on a wide scale in the 1980s. , expansion of red light camera usage in Australia is ongoing. In some areas of Australia, where the red light cameras are used, there is an online system to check the photograph taken of your vehicle if you receive a ticket. Singapore also began use of red light cameras in the 1980s, and installed the first camera systems during five years, starting in August 1986. In Canada, by 1998, red light cameras were in use in British Columbia and due to be implemented in Manitoba. In Alberta, red light cameras were installed in 1999 in Edmonton and in 2001 in Calgary. The UK first installed cameras in the 1990s, with the earliest locations including eight rail crossings in Scotland where there was greatest demand for enforcement of traffic signals due to fatalities.

Mainland China
Red light camera usage is extensive in mainland China. , approximately 700 intersections in Shenzhen were monitored for red light violations, speeding, or both.

China also has red light camera with facial recognition. Red light offenders, either pedestrian or motorbikers, are captured by a 7 megapixel camera. Within 20 minutes, a facial recognition system identifies personal information including family name, ID number and address which are displayed in the street on an advertising screen. This information can also be published on social media.

According to the owner, in less than four months, in Lianhua intersection in Shenzhen, jaywalking were reduced from 1000 each day to 80.

Hong Kong
Hong Kong introduced red light cameras in 1993.

In Hong Kong, where red light cameras are installed, signs are erected to warn drivers that cameras are present, with the aim of educating drivers to stop for signals. The number of red light cameras in Hong Kong doubled in May 2004, and digital red light cameras were introduced at intersections identified by the police and transport department as having the most violations and greatest risk. The digital cameras were introduced to further deter red-light running. As added assistance to drivers, some of the camera posts were painted orange so that drivers could see them more easily. By 2006, Hong Kong had 96 red light cameras in operation. By 2016 this number had risen to 195.

In Hong-Kong, penalty for the failure to comply with traffic signals is a HK$5,000 fine and three months' jail for a first offense. Penalty for other offenses are a HK$10,000 penalty and six-month term.

In Hong-Kong, red light cameras helped reduce violation jumping by 43 to 55%.

France
In France, red light cameras started use in 2009. Cameras catch drivers that fail to stop on a red light. A removal of 4 points on the driving licence will occur.

New multipurpose camera might, such as the Mesta Fusion 2 have several simultaneous capacity in a single device, such as red light camera, Level crossing red light camera and speed camera. In a near future the might be able to also catch other infractions such as phone usage, failure to wear the seat belt wearing, or failure to maintain safe distance between vehicle.

Some insurance companies recommend to comply with regulation to avoid the fine. This implies a speed decrease when approaching a red light, considering it can switch to orange and then to red, avoiding acceleration when light is orange, using the brake (which turn on braking light) to communicate to followers the braking action, and keep the car before the red light stop line.

In the south east quarter of France, red light cameras (MESTA 3000) are provided by Safran; their availability rate is 95%, taking into account road works and acts of vandalism. This availability is considered better than the one observed in Great Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany according to a French National Assembly report.

Germany
The first red light camera in Germany was operated on November 1960 the 15th in Frankfurt am Main with black and white photos.

Red light violations cost a 90€ fine, and one point removal is registered on the driving license. If a red light violation occurs while the light is red for more than one second, the fine is 200€ with two points, and the offender's driving license is suspended for one month. The fine can also be 320€ in cases of immediate danger, or 360€ if there is a crash. The fine for a stop line violation is only 10€.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom the authorities often refer to red-light cameras, along with speed cameras, as safety cameras. They were first used in the early 1990s, with initial deployment by the Department for Environment, Transport and the Regions. All costs were paid by the local authority in which the individual camera was placed, and revenues accrued from fines were paid to the Treasury Consolidated Fund. In 1998 the government handed the powers of collection to local road-safety partnerships, comprising "... local authorities, Magistrates' Courts, the Highways Agency and the police."

In a report, published in December 2005, there were a total of 612 red light cameras in England alone, of which 225 were in London.

In the UK, failure to stop for a red light gives a £100 fine and adds 3 points on the driving license. Some police forces might also register motorists caught running a red light to educational courses.

United States
Source: IIHS

Since the early 1990s, red light cameras have been used in the United States in 26 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. Within some states, the cameras may only be permitted in certain areas. For example, in New York State, the Vehicle and Traffic Law permits red light cameras only within cities with a population above 1 million (i.e. New York City), Rochester, Buffalo, Yonkers, and Nassau and Suffolk Counties. In Florida, a state law went into effect on 1 July 2010, which allows all municipalities in the state to use red light cameras on all state-owned rights-of-way and fine drivers who run red lights, with the aim of enforcing safe driving, according to then-Governor Charlie Crist. The name given to the state law is the Mark Wandall Traffic Safety Act, named for a man who was killed in 2003 by a motorist who ran a red light. In addition to allowing the use of cameras, the law also standardizes driver fines. Major cities throughout the US that use red light cameras include Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Baton Rouge, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles, Memphis, New Orleans, New York City, Newark, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Raleigh, San Francisco, Seattle, Toledo, and Washington, D.C. Albuquerque has cameras, but in October 2011 local voters approved a ballot measure advising the city council to cease authorizing the red light camera program. The City of Albuquerque ended its red light program on 31 December 2011.

In March 2017, the city of Chicago changed the period of time between when the light turns red and when the red-light camera is triggered (and a ticket issued) from 0.1 seconds to 0.3 seconds. The "grace period" in Chicago is now in line with other major American cities like New York City and Philadelphia.

Suppliers of red-light cameras in the US include: Affiliated Computer Services (ACS) State and Local Solutions, a Xerox company, of Dallas, Texas; American Traffic Solutions of Scottsdale, Arizona, 1/3 owned by Goldman Sachs; Brekford International Corp., of Hanover, Maryland; CMA Consulting Services, Inc. of Latham, New York; Gatso USA of Beverly, Massachusetts; iTraffic Safety LLC of Ridgeland, South Carolina; NovoaGlobal Inc., of Orlando, Florida; Optotraffic, of Lanham, Maryland; Redflex Traffic Systems of Phoenix, Arizona, with its parent company in Australia; RedSpeed-Illinois LLC, of Lombard, Illinois, whose parent company is in Worcestershire, England; and SafeSpeed LLC, of Chicago, Illinois.

Some states have chosen to prohibit the use of red light cameras. These include Arkansas, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, Texas (phasing out fully by 2021), and West Virginia.

In February 2012, the red light camera ordinance in the city of St. Louis was officially declared void by St. Louis Circuit Court Judge Mark Neill. On 9 August 2012, the Cary, North Carolina town council voted to end their program. In February 2013, the San Diego mayor helped remove a red light camera to keep the campaign promise he made during the November 2012 election to eliminate these systems. New Jersey had to renew the Red Light law by the state legislature in early 2015 and did not do this, making the use of red light cameras illegal in the state afterwards.

In the United States, fines are not standardized and vary to a great degree, from $50 in New York City to approximately $500 in California. The cost in California can increase to approximately $600 if the motorist elects to attend traffic school in order to avoid having a demerit point added to his or her driving record.

Notice of traffic violation
In many California police departments, when a positive identification cannot be made, the registered owner of the vehicle will be mailed a notice of traffic violation instead of a real ticket. Also known as "snitch tickets," these notices are used to request identifying information about the driver of the vehicle during the alleged violation. Because these notices have not been filed at court, they carry no legal weight and the registered owner is under no obligation to respond. In California, a genuine ticket will bear the name and address of the local branch of the Superior Court and direct the recipient to contact that court. In contrast, a notice of traffic violation generated by the police will omit court information, using statements like "This is not a notice to appear" and "Do not forward this information to the Court."

In September 2014, a bill was proposed in New Jersey to disallow the state Motor Vehicle Commission from sharing license plate and driver information needed to cite New Jersey drivers accused of committing infractions in another state.

Decrease since 2012 in the USA
While the number of red light cameras decreased from 533 in 2012 to 421 in 2018, people killed in red-light crashes increased from 696 in 2012 to 811 in 2016, reflecting a 17% increase.

The reasons for the red light camera discontinuation were reduction in camera citations, difficulty sustaining the financial viability of the program and intense community opposition.

In the USA, surveys indicate the public support for red light camera enforcement; however, the support is decreasing if programs are not adequate, or if perception is focused on revenue rather than on saving lives. To be successful, a red light camera should focus on safety and transparency, as well as be located in a problematic intersection which needs to be assessed by communities (for instance, for road design and signal timing). It could also take into account public input with stakeholders such as law enforcement, victim advocates, school officials and residents to plan a program.

Singapore
In 2014 Singapore started to use German Jenoptik red light cameras, with an 11-megapixel resolution. 240 streets have red light cameras in Singapore.

New South Wales
In New South Wales red light cameras were introduced in April 1982 followed by speed cameras in 2009.

In New South Wales there are 191 cameras at 171 intersection. These camera can check both the red light and the speed

During the period of observations were:
 * 33% reduction in fatal and serious injury crashes
 * 54% reduction in fatalities
 * 35% reduction in serious injuries
 * 49% reduction in pedestrian casualties.

Studies and politics
A report in 2003 by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program examined studies from the previous 30 years in Australia, the UK, Singapore, and the US, and concluded that red light cameras "improve the overall safety of intersections where they are used." While the report states that evidence is not conclusive (partly due to flaws in the studies), the majority of studies show a reduction in angle crashes, a smaller increase in rear-end crashes, with some evidence of a "spillover" effect of reduced red light running to other intersections within a jurisdiction. These findings are similar to a 2005 meta analysis, which compared the results of 10 controlled before-after studies of red light cameras in the US, Australia, and Singapore. The analysis stated that the studies showed a reduction in crashes (up to almost 30%) in which there were injuries; however, evidence was less conclusive for a reduction in total collisions. Studies of red light cameras worldwide show a reduction of crashes involving injury by about 25% to 30%, taking into account increases in rear-end crashes, according to testimony from a meeting of the Virginia House of Delegates Militia, Police, and Public Safety Committee in 2003. These findings are supported by a review of more than 45 international studies carried out in 2010, which found that red light cameras reduce red light violation rates, crashes resulting from red light running, and usually reduce right-angle collisions.

Amongst the many researched safety benefits of installing RLCs, few studies have examined drivers' behavior change in relation to red-light cameras showing that at these intersections drivers tended to react quicker to a yellow light change when stopping. The consequence of this change could be the slight decline in the intersection capacity. In terms of location-specific studies, in Singapore a study from 2003 found that there was "a substantial drop" in red light violations at intersections with red light cameras. In particular the study found that drivers were encouraged to stop more readily in areas with red light cameras in use. A report from civic administrators in Saskatchewan in 2001, when considering red light camera use, referred to studies in the Netherlands and Australia that found a 40% decrease in red light violations and 32% decrease in right-angle crashes where red light cameras were installed. Following the introduction of red light cameras in Western Australia, the number of serious right-angle crashes decreased by 40%, according to an article from the Canberra Times. In an article from the Xinhua General News Service, the Hong Kong transport department reported that in 2006 the monthly average number of crashes due to red light violations fell 25% and the number of people injured in these crashes decreased by 30%, following an increase in the number of red light cameras in use.

North America
In the U.S. and Canada, a number of studies have examined whether red light cameras produce a safety benefit. A 2005 study by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) suggests red light cameras reduce dangerous right-angle crashes. The FHWA study has been criticized as containing critical methodological and analytical flaws and failing to explain an increase in fatalities associated with red light camera use: (...)the authors spotlight the statistical difficulties of including the cost of fatalities, while ignoring the practical implications of such events (...) assuming that each angle injury crash had a societal cost of $64,468, when in fact the cost was $82,816 before camera use and $100,176 after camera use(...)

Not all studies have been favorable to the use of red light cameras. A 2004 study of 17,271 crashes from North Carolina A & T University showed that the presence of red light cameras increased the overall number of crashes by 40%. This research received no peer review and is considered flawed by the IIHS. A 2005 Virginia Department of Transportation study of the long-term effects of camera enforcement in the state found a decrease in the number of right-angle crashes with injuries, but an increase in rear-end crashes and an overall increase in the number of crashes causing injuries. In 2007, the department issued an updated report which showed that the overall number of crashes at intersections with red light cameras increased. This report concluded that the decision to install red light cameras should be made on an intersection-by-intersection basis as some intersections saw decreases in crashes and injuries that justified the use of red light cameras, while others saw increases in crashes, indicating that the cameras were not suitable in that location. This study, too, is considered flawed by the IIHS. Aurora, Colorado experienced mixed results with red light cameras; after starting camera enforcement at 4 intersections, crashes decreased by 60% at one, increased 100% at two, and increased 175% at the fourth. According to the IIHS, most studies suggest the increase in rear-end collisions decreases once drivers have become accustomed to the new dynamics of the intersection. Some locations experience a decrease in rear-end collisions at intersections with red light cameras over time, for instance, in Los Angeles such collisions fell 4.7% from 2008 to 2009. However, a 2010 analysis by the Los Angeles City Controller found L.A.'s red light cameras had not demonstrated an improvement in safety, specifically that of the 32 intersections equipped with cameras, 12 saw more crashes than before the cameras were installed, 4 had the same number, and 16 had fewer crashes; also that factors other than the cameras may have been responsible for the reduced crashes at the 16 intersections. And in Winnipeg, Manitoba, crashes were found to have significantly increased in the years following the deployment of red light cameras. In 2010, Arizona completed a study of their statewide 76 photo enforcement cameras and decided they would not renew the program in 2011; lower revenue than expected, mixed public acceptance and mixed accident data were cited.

Nevertheless, the FHWA has concluded that the cameras yielded a positive overall cost benefit due to the reduction in more expensive right-angle injury collisions. Other studies have found a greater crash reduction. For example, a 2005 study of the Raleigh, North Carolina, red light camera program conducted by the Institute for Transportation Research and Education at North Carolina State University found right-angle crashes dropped by 42%, rear-end crashes dropped by 25% and total crashes dropped by 17%. In 2010, the IIHS looked at results of a number of studies and found that red light cameras reduce total collisions and particularly reduce the type of crashes that are especially likely to cause injuries. A 2011 IIHS report concluded that the rate of fatal collisions involving red-light running in cities with a population of 200,000 or greater was 24% lower with cameras than it would have been without cameras.

United States
A 2009 Public Opinion Strategies poll which asked, "Do you support or oppose the use of red-light cameras to detect red-light runners and enforce traffic laws in your state's most dangerous intersections?" found 69% support and 29% oppose. A 2012 telephone survey of District of Columbia residents published in the journal Traffic Injury Prevention found that 87% favored red light cameras.

The National Motorists Association opposes red light cameras on the grounds that the use of these devices raises legal issues and violates the privacy of citizens. They also argue that the use of red light cameras does not increase safety. In the US, AAA Auto Club South argued against the passage of a Florida state law to allow red light cameras, stating that use of red light cameras was primarily for raising money for the state and local government coffers and would not increase road safety. Worse, there are allegations of corruption in shortening the amber to increase the number of tickets. The construction of speed breakers or road bumps were conventional methods of forcing motorists to lower speeds, but were dropped at locales in favor of cameras due to lobbying efforts.

Canada and Europe
In Norway, Spain, and the Netherlands, a postal survey in 2003 showed acceptance of the use of red light cameras for traffic enforcement. For some groups, the enforcement of traffic laws is considered the main reason for using the red light cameras. For example, a report from civic administrators in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada in 2001 described the cameras as "simply an enforcement tool used to penalize motorists that fail to stop for red traffic signals."

United States
Arizona, Arkansas, Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, West Virginia, and Wisconsin have enacted various prohibitions on red light, speed or other photo enforcement camera uses. Texas banned the use of red cameras in 2019. Restrictions or conditions exist in additional states; the New Mexico Department of Transportation, for example, has asserted the right to restrict or prohibit red light cameras on state highways. While red light cameras may not be prohibited in other regions, they may have some restrictions on their use. In some jurisdictions, the law says that the camera needs to obtain a photo of the driver's face in order for the citation issued for running the red light to be valid. This is the case in California and Colorado where the red light cameras are set up to take a series of photographs, including one of the driver's face. In California, state law assesses a demerit point against a driver who runs a red light, and the need to identify the actual violator has led to the creation of a unique investigatory tool, the fake "ticket." Groups opposing the use of red light cameras have argued that where the cameras are not set up to identify the vehicle driver, owner liability issues are raised. It is perceived by some that the owner of the vehicle is unfairly penalized by being considered liable for red-light violations although they may not have been the driver at the time of the offense. In most jurisdictions the liability for red light violations is a civil offense, rather than a criminal citation, issued upon the vehicle owner—similar to a parking ticket. The issue of owner liability has been addressed in the US courts, with a ruling in the District of Columbia Court of Appeals in 2007, which agreed with a lower court when it found that the presumption of liability of the owners of vehicles issued citations does not violate due process rights. This ruling was supported by a 2009 7th US Circuit Court of Appeals ruling in which it was held that issuing citations to vehicle owners (or lessees) is constitutional. The court stated that it also encourages drivers to be cautious in lending their vehicles to others.

The argument that red light cameras violate the privacy of citizens, has also been addressed in the US courts. According to a 2009 ruling by the 7th US Circuit Court of Appeals, "no one has a fundamental right to run a red light or avoid being seen by a camera on a public street." In addition, cameras only take photographs or video when a vehicle has run a red light and, in most states, the camera does not photograph the driver or the occupants of the vehicle. It is also argued that such cameras violate the Sixth Amendment's Confrontation Clause and the right to be assumed innocent until proven guilty.

In most areas, red light enforcement cameras are installed and maintained by private firms. Lawsuits have been raised challenging private companies' rights to hand out citations, such as a December 2008 lawsuit challenging the city of Dallas' red light camera program, which was dismissed in March 2009. In most cases, citations are issued by law enforcement officers using the evidence provided by the companies.

There have been many instances where cities in the US have been found to have too-short yellow-light intervals at some intersections where red light cameras have been installed. In Tennessee, 176 drivers were refunded for fines paid after it was discovered that the length of the yellow was too short for that location, and motorists were caught running the light in the first second of the red phase. In California, a combined total of 7,603 tickets were refunded or dismissed by the cities of Bakersfield, Costa Mesa, East LA, San Carlos, and Union City, because of too-short yellows. Although national guidelines addressing the length of traffic signals are available, traffic signal phase times are determined by the government employees of the city, county or state for that signalized location. While some states set jurisdiction-wide constant durations for yellow-light intervals, a new standard is taking hold. States are required to adopt the 2009 National Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) as their legal state standard for traffic-control devices since 2011. These standards require engineering practices to be used to set yellow-light-timing durations at individual intersections and or corridors. For guidance to state authorities, MUTCD states yellow lights should have a minimum duration of 3 seconds and a maximum duration of 6 seconds. The deadline for compliance is 2014. In the US, if any part of a driver's vehicle has already passed into the intersection when the signal turns red, a violation is not generated. A ticket is only issued if the vehicle enters the intersection while the light is red.

In 2014, a bill was introduced in the United States House of Representatives attempting to prohibit red light cameras on federally funded highways and in the District of Columbia.

Italy
In 2010, it was revealed that the municipality of Segrate, Italy, two nearby traffic lights had been synchronized such that drivers were coerced to either break the speed limit or pass during the red light. This was investigated as a deliberate fraud to increase the income from tickets. It took months before the machines were eventually dismantled by the Guardia di Finanza.

Alternatives
A red light camera is not the only countermeasure against red-light running. Others include increasing the visibility distance and conspicuity of the traffic light so it is more likely to attract the driver's attention in time for him or her to stop, re-timing lights so drivers will encounter fewer red ones, increasing the duration of the yellow light between the green and the red,  adding a "clearance" phase to the intersection's traffic signals, during which all directions have a red light. It has been posited that the regulatory minimum yellow duration has been decreased over the years, that this is a cause of the increase in red-light running, and that the latter countermeasures amount to a reversion to earlier, longer regulated yellow-light durations.

title: Red light camera


text:
User talk:Tilgrieog

Hello, "Tilgrieog" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

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Welcome!
Hi Tilgrieog! As one of the few other Tasmanians here, I just wanted to say hello and welcome! Check out the Australian wikipedians' notice board for some other Aussie-related discussion as well. -- Chuq 09:13, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

WP:AFL
G'day mate, I came across your user page and I must say it makes for some very interesting reading. I understand your thoughts on the quality of certain articles, re: the Simpsons, I think the snpp episode capsules sum up the way such information should be presented. I also think there is too much information on musical albums and singles, with simple track listings and no real substantial comment or information. On the other hand, I think some information is too censored, and the site could really be more comprehensive.

At the moment I'm running a WikiProject on AFL. Not sure if you're a fan of the sport of Australian rules or not, but would you consider joining such a project. I have started a wide range of articles on player profiles although I would prefer more input from others than I am currently receiving (ie, next to none). If you take a look at many of the articles I've started they are probably a tad short on quality, the quality that comes with more contributors. See you around mate, Rogerthat 03:09, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Tilgrieog