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Probate

In common law jurisdictions, probate is the judicial process whereby a will is "proved" in a court of law and accepted as a valid public document that is the true last testament of the deceased, or whereby the estate is settled according to the laws of intestacy in the state of residence of the deceased at time of death in the absence of a legal will.

The granting of probate is the first step in the legal process of administering the estate of a deceased person, resolving all claims and distributing the deceased person's property under a will. A probate court decides the legal validity of a testator's (deceased person's) will and grants its approval, also known as granting probate, to the executor. The probated will then becomes a legal instrument that may be enforced by the executor in the law courts if necessary. A probate also officially appoints the executor (or personal representative), generally named in the will, as having legal power to dispose of the testator's assets in the manner specified in the testator's will. However, through the probate process, a will may be contested.

Executor
An executor is a person appointed by a will to act on behalf of the estate of the will-maker (the "testator") upon his or her death. An executor is the legal personal representative of a deceased person's estate. The appointment of an executor only becomes effective after the death of the testator. After the testator dies, the person named in the will as executor can decline or renounce the position, and if so should quickly notify the probate court accordingly.

Executors "step into the shoes" of the deceased and have similar rights and powers to wind up the personal affairs of the deceased. This may include continuing or filing lawsuits that the deceased was entitled to bring, making claims for wrongful death, paying off creditors, or selling or disposing of assets not particularly gifted in the will, among others. But the role of the executor is to resolve the testator's estate and to distribute the estate to the beneficiaries or those otherwise entitled.

Sometimes, in England and Wales, a professional executor is named in the will – not a family member but (for example) a solicitor, bank or other financial institution. Professional executors will charge the estate for carrying out duties related to the administration of the estate; this can leave the family facing additional costs. It is possible to get a professional executor to renounce their role, meaning they will have no part in dealing with the estate; or to reserve their power, which means the remaining executors will carry out the related duties, but without the involvement of the professional executor.

Administrator
When a person dies without a will then the legal personal representative is known as the "administrator".

This is commonly the closest relative, although that person can renounce their right to be administrator in which case the right moves to the next closest relative. This often happens when parents or grandparents are first in line to become the administrator but renounce their rights as they are old, don't have knowledge of estate law and feel that someone else is better suited to the task.

The appointment of an administrator follows a codified list establishing priority appointees. Classes of persons named higher on the list receive priority of appointment to those lower on the list. Although relatives of the deceased frequently receive priority over all others, creditors of the deceased and 'any other citizen [of that jurisdiction]' may act as an administrator if there is some cognizable reason or relationship to the estate. Alternatively, if no other person qualifies or no other person accepts appointment, the court will appoint a representative from the local public administrator's office.

Etymology
The English noun "probate" derives directly from the Latin verb probare, to try, test, prove, examine, more specifically from the verb's past participle nominative neuter probatum, "having been proved". Historically during many centuries a paragraph in Latin of standard format was written by scribes of the particular probate court below the transcription of the will, commencing with the words (for example): Probatum Londini fuit huiusmodi testamentum coram venerabili viro (name of approver) legum doctore curiae prerogativae Cantuariensis... ("A testament of such a kind was proved at London in the presence of the venerable man ..... doctor of law at the Prerogative Court of Canterbury...") The earliest usage of the English word was in 1463, defined as "the official proving of a will". The term "probative", used in the law of evidence, comes from the same Latin root but has a different English usage.

Probate process
Probate is a process of improvement that proves a will of a deceased person is valid, so their property can in due course be retitled (US terminology) or transferred to beneficiaries of the will. As with any legal proceeding, there are technical aspects to probate administration:
 * Creditors must be notified and legal notices published.
 * Executors of the will must be guided in how and when to distribute assets and how to take creditors' rights into account.
 * A petition to appoint a personal representative may need to be filed and letters of administration (often referred to as "letters testamentary") issued. A Grant of Letters of Administration can be used as proof that the 'Administrator' is entitled to handle the assets.
 * Homestead property, which follows its own set of unique rules in states like Florida, must be dealt with separately from other assets. In many common law jurisdictions such as Canada, parts of the US, the UK, Australia and India, any jointly-owned property passes automatically to the surviving joint owner separately from any will, unless the equitable title is held as tenants in common.
 * There are time factors involved in filing and objecting to claims against the estate.
 * There may be a lawsuit pending over the decedent's death or there may have been pending suits that are now continuing. There may be separate procedures required in contentious probate cases.
 * Real estate or other property may need to be sold to effect the correct distribution of assets pursuant to the will, or merely to pay debts.
 * Estate taxes, gift taxes or inheritance taxes must be considered if the estate exceeds certain thresholds.
 * Costs of the administration including ordinary taxation such as income tax on interest and property taxation are deducted from assets in the estate before distribution by the executors of the will.
 * Other assets may simply need to be transferred from the deceased to his or her beneficiaries, such as life insurance. Other assets may have pay on death or transfer on death designations, which avoids probate.
 * The rights of beneficiaries must be respected, in terms of providing proper and adequate notice, making timely distribution of estate assets, and otherwise administering the estate properly and efficiently.

Local laws governing the probate process often depend on the value and complexity of the estate. If the value of the estate is relatively small, the probate process may be avoided. In some jurisdictions and/or at a certain threshold, probate must be applied for by the executor/administrator or a probate lawyer filing on their behalf.

A probate lawyer offers services in probate court, and may be retained to open an estate or offer service during the course of probate proceedings on behalf of the administrator or executor of the estate. Probate lawyers may also represent heirs, creditors and other parties who have a legal interest in the outcome of the estate.

In common law jurisdictions, probate ("official proving of a will") is obtained by executors of a will while letters of administration are granted where there are no executors.

Australia
In Australia, probate can refer to the process of proving the will of a deceased person and also to a grant of probate, the legal document that is obtained.

There is a Supreme Court probate registry in each jurisdiction that deals with probate applications. However, each state and territory has slightly different laws and processes in relation to probate. The main probate legislation is as follows:
 * New South Wales—Probate and Administration Act 1898.
 * Victoria—Administration and Probate Act 1958.
 * Queensland—Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 1999 and Succession Act 1981.
 * Western Australia—Non‑contentious Probate Rules 1967.
 * South Australia—Administration and Probate Act 1919.
 * Tasmania—Administration and Probate Act 1935.
 * Australian Capital Territory—Administration and Probate Act 1929.
 * Northern Territory—Administration and Probate Act 1993.

Application for grant of probate
Probate is required if the deceased person owned real property or if his or her other assets are above the threshold amount, which is usually $50,000 for major banks and lower thresholds for other financial institutions. Assets that had been “owned jointly” (but not assets held “in common”) pass automatically to the other joint owner and do not form part of the deceased estate. Also, benefits from life insurance on the deceased paid directly to a nominee are not part of the estate, nor are trust assets held by the deceased as trustee.

Applications for probate are made to the probate office in the jurisdiction with which the deceased has a close connection, not necessarily where the person died. Normally, only the executor of a will can apply for a grant of probate, and it is their duty to obtain probate in a timely manner. Executors can apply for probate themselves (which is often done to reduce legal fees) or be represented by a lawyer. With the application for probate, the applicant must also provide the original of the will, an official death certificate (not the one issued by a medical professional), a copy of the death notice and a statement of the known assets and liabilities of the deceased estate. The applicant may also be required to have published a notice in a major newspaper of an intention to make the application for probate.

Distribution of estate
After probate is granted, executors are empowered to deal with estate assets, including selling and transferring assets, for the benefit of the beneficiaries. For some transactions, an executor may be required to produce a copy of the probate as proof of authority to deal with property still in the name of the deceased person, as is invariably the case with the transfer or conveyance of land. Executors are also responsible for paying creditors and for distributing the residual assets in accordance with the will. Some Australian jurisdictions require a notice of intended distribution to be published before the estate is distributed.

Canada
Inheritance law in Canada is constitutionally a provincial matter. Therefore, the laws governing inheritance in Canada is legislated by each individual province.

Ontario
The probate process in Ontario is a legal process where a court approves the validity of a will and grants authority to the executor named in the will to distribute the deceased person's assets according to the instructions in the will. The process generally involves the following steps:
 * The executor applies for a certificate of appointment of estate trustee (probate) from the court, along with the original will and any required supporting documents.
 * The court reviews the application and if satisfied that the will is valid and that the executor is suitable, it will issue a certificate of appointment of estate trustee.
 * The executor uses the certificate to gather and manage the deceased person's assets, pay any debts and taxes, and distribute the assets according to the instructions in the will.
 * The executor must provide an inventory of the assets and liabilities of the estate and file it with the court and distribute the assets to the beneficiaries according to the Will.
 * The executor must also file an estate information return with the Ministry of Finance within 90 days of being issued the certificate of appointment of estate trustee.
 * Once the assets have been distributed and any debts have been paid, the executor will apply for a certificate of final distribution from the court, which will release the executor from their responsibilities.

England and Wales
The main source of English law is the Wills Act 1837. Probate, as with the law of family settlements (trusts), was handled by the Court of Chancery. When that court was abolished in 1873, their jurisdiction passed to the Chancery Division of the High Court.

Definition
When someone dies, the term "probate" usually refers to the legal process whereby the deceased's assets are collected together and, following various legal and fiscal steps and processes, eventually distributed to the beneficiaries of the estate. Technically the term has a particular legal meaning, but it is generally used within the English legal profession as a term to cover all procedures concerned with the administration of a deceased person's estate. As a legal discipline the subject is vast and it is only possible in an article such as this to cover the most common situations, but even that only scratches the surface.

Jurisdiction
All legal procedures concerned with probate (as defined above) come within the jurisdiction of the Chancery Division of the High Court of Justice by virtue of Section 25 of the Senior Courts Act 1981. The High Court is, therefore, the only body able to issue documents that confer on someone the ability to deal with a deceased person's estate—close bank accounts or sell property. It is the production and issuing of these documents, known collectively as grants of representation, that is the primary function of the Probate Registries, which are part of the High Court, which the general public and probate professionals alike apply to for grants of representation.

Grants of representation
There are many different types of grants of representation, each one designed to cover a particular circumstance. The most common cover the two most common situations—either the deceased died leaving a valid will or they did not. If someone left a valid will, it is more than likely that the grant is a grant of probate. If there was no will, the grant required is likely to be a grant of administration. There are many other grants that can be required in certain circumstances, and many have technical Latin names, but the general public is most likely to encounter grants of probate or administration. If an estate has a value of less than £5,000.00 or if all assets are held jointly and therefore pass by survivorship, for example to a surviving spouse, a grant is not usually required.

Applying for a grant
A will includes the appointment of an executor or executors. One of their duties is to apply to the Probate Division of the High Court for a grant of probate. An executor can apply to a local probate registry for a grant themselves but most people use a probate practitioner such as a solicitor. If an estate is small, some banks and building societies allow the deceased's immediate family to close accounts without a grant, but there usually must be less than about £15,000 in the account for this to be permitted.

Asset distribution
The persons who are actually given the job of dealing with the deceased's assets are called "personal representatives" or "PRs". If the deceased left a valid will, the PRs are the "executors" appointed by the will—"I appoint X and Y to be my executors etc." If there is no will or if the will does not contain a valid appointment of executors (for example if they are all dead) then the PRs are called "administrators". So, executors obtain a grant of probate that permits them to deal with the estate and administrators obtain a grant of administration that lets them do the same. Apart from that distinction, the function of executors and administrators is exactly the same.

Probate requirements
A requirement of the probate process is the valuation of the estate.

Intestacy probate process
For an explanation of the intestacy probate process in England and Wales, see Administration of an estate on death.

Contesting the circumstances of a will's creation
An applicant may challenge the validity of a person's will after they have died by lodging a caveat and requisite fee at the probate registry. This prevents anyone from obtaining a grant of probate for that person's estate for six months, which the applicant can shortly before that point apply to extend. A caveat is not to be used to extend the time for bringing a claim for financial provision from a person's estate, such as under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975. The court can order costs against an applicant using a caveat for that purpose.

To challenge the caveat, the intended executor sends a completed "warning" form to the probate registry. This document will be sent to the person who entered the caveat, and for the caveat to remain, they will have to enter an appearance at the probate registry. This is not a physical appearance; it is a further document to send to the probate registry within eight days of receiving the warning.

Scotland
The equivalent to probate in Scotland is confirmation, although there are considerable differences between the two systems because of the separate Scottish legal system. Appointment as an executor does not in itself grant authority to ingather and distribute the estate of the deceased; the executor(s) must make an application to the sheriff court for a grant of confirmation. This is a court order authorising them to "uplift, receive, administer and dispose of the estate and to act in the office of executor". A grant or certificate of confirmation gives the executor(s) authority to uplift money or other property belonging to a deceased person (e.g. from a bank), and to administer and distribute it according to either the deceased's will or the law on intestacy.

United States
Most estates in the United States include property that is subject to probate proceedings. If the property of an estate is not automatically devised to a surviving spouse or heir through principles of joint ownership or survivorship, or otherwise by operation of law, and was not transferred to a trust during the decedent's lifetime, it is generally necessary to "probate the estate", whether or not the decedent had a valid will. For example, life insurance and retirement accounts with properly completed beneficiary designations should avoid probate, as will most bank accounts titled jointly or made payable on death.

Some states have procedures that allow for the transfer of assets from small estates through affidavit or through a simplified probate process. For example, California has a "Small Estate Summary Procedure" to allow the summary transfer of a decedent's asset without a formal probate proceeding. The dollar limit by which the small estate procedure can be effectuated was $150,000 before a statutory increase was implemented on a three-year schedule, arriving at $184,500 by April 2022.

For estates that do not qualify for simplified proceedings, a court having jurisdiction of the decedent's estate (a probate court) supervises the probate process to ensure administration and disposition of the decedent's property is conducted in accord with the law of that jurisdiction, and in a manner consistent with decedent's intent as manifested in his will. Distribution of certain estate assets may require selling assets, including real estate.

Avoiding probate
Some of the decedent's property may never enter probate because it passes to another person contractually, such as the death proceeds of an insurance policy insuring the decedent or bank or retirement account that names a beneficiary or is owned as "payable on death", and property (sometimes a bank or brokerage account) legally held as "jointly owned with right of survivorship".

Property held in a revocable or irrevocable trust created during the grantor's lifetime also avoids probate. In these cases in the U.S. no court action is involved and the property is distributed privately, subject to estate taxes.

The best way to determine which assets are probate assets (requiring administration) is to determine whether each asset passes outside of probate.

In jurisdictions in the U.S. that recognize a married couple's property as tenancy by the entireties, if a spouse (or partner in Hawaii) dies intestate (owning property without a will), the portion of his/her estate so titled passes to a surviving spouse without a probate.

Steps of probate
If the decedent dies without a will, known as intestacy, with the exception of real properly located in another jurisdiction, the estate is distributed according to the laws of the jurisdiction where the decedent resided.

If the decedent died with a will, the will usually names an executor (personal representative), who carries out the instructions laid out in the will. The executor marshals the decedent's assets. If there is no will, or if the will does not name an executor, the probate court can appoint one. Traditionally, the representative of an intestate estate is called an administrator. If the decedent died with a will, but only a copy of the will can be located, many states allow the copy to be probated, subject to the rebuttable presumption that the testator destroyed the will before death.

In some cases, where the person named as executor cannot administer the probate, or wishes to have someone else do so, another person is named administrator. An executor or an administrator may receive compensation for his service. Additionally, beneficiaries of an estate may be able to remove the appointed executor if he or she is not capable of properly fulfilling his or her duties.

The representative of a testate estate who is someone other than the executor named in the will is an administrator with the will annexed, or administrator c.t.a. (from the Latin cum testamento annexo.) The generic term for executors or administrators is personal representative.

The probate court may require that the executor provide a fidelity bond, an insurance policy in favor of the estate to protect against possible abuse by the executor.

After opening the probate case with the court, the personal representative inventories and collects the decedent's property. Next, he pays any debts and taxes, including estate tax in the United States, if the estate is taxable at the federal or state level. Finally, he distributes the remaining property to the beneficiaries, either as instructed in the will, or under the intestacy laws of the state.

A party may challenge any aspect of the probate administration, such as a direct challenge to the validity of the will, known as a will contest, a challenge to the status of the person serving as personal representative, a challenge as to the identity of the heirs, and a challenge to whether the personal representative is properly administering the estate. Issues of paternity can be disputed among the potential heirs in intestate estates, especially with the advent of inexpensive DNA profiling techniques. In some situations, however, even biological heirs can be denied their inheritance rights, while non-biological heirs can be granted inheritance rights.

The personal representative must understand and abide by the fiduciary duties, such as a duty to keep money in interest bearing account and to treat all beneficiaries equally. Not complying with the fiduciary duties may allow interested persons to petition for the removal of the personal representative and hold the personal representative liable for any harm to the estate.

title: Probate


text:
Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2

Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2 is the second Rock Against Bush compilation album released on the Fat Wreck Chords record label. It contains a collection of songs by various punk rock artists, some of which were previously unreleased. It also includes a bonus DVD with political facts, commentary regarding the U.S. presidential election, 2004, comedy footage, and music videos. It was released on August 10, 2004.

Track listing

 * 1) "Favorite Son" - Green Day  – 2:13 *
 * 2) "Let Them Eat War" - Bad Religion  – 2:58
 * 3) "Unity" - Operation Ivy  – 2:14
 * 4) "Necrotism: Decanting the Insalubrious (Cyborg Midnight) Part 7" - The Lawrence Arms  – 1:48 *
 * 5) "We Got the Power" - Dropkick Murphys  – 2:45 *
 * 6) "Drunken Lullabies" - Flogging Molly  – 3:49
 * 7) "Doomsday Breach" - Only Crime  – 2:15
 * 8) "Gas Chamber" (Angry Samoans cover)- Foo Fighters  – 0:55 *
 * 9) "Status Pools" - Lagwagon  – 2:36 *
 * 10) "What You Say" - Sugarcult  – 2:36
 * 11) "7 Years Down" - Rancid  – 2:33
 * 12) "Off with Your Head" - Sleater-Kinney  – 2:26 *
 * 13) "Scream Out" - The Unseen  – 2:48 *
 * 14) "Violins" (Lagwagon cover) - Yellowcard  – 3:33 *
 * 15) "Like Sprewells on a Wheelchair" - Dillinger Four  – 3:41 *
 * 16) "Chesterfield King" (Live) - Jawbreaker  – 4:03 *
 * 17) "Born Free" (Live) - The Bouncing Souls  – 1:45 *
 * 18) "No Hope" (Live) - Mad Caddies  – 1:41 *
 * 19) "Kids Today" (Feat. The Matches & The A.K.A.s)- Dwarves  – 1:25 *
 * 20) "Can't Wait to Quit" - Sick of It All  – 2:09 *
 * 21) "Comforting Lie" - No Doubt  – 2:52
 * 22) "State of Fear" - Useless ID  – 3:12 *
 * 23) "I'm Thinking" - Autopilot Off  – 2:50 *
 * 24) "My Star" - The (International) Noise Conspiracy  – 2:35 *
 * 25) "Time's Up" - Donots  – 3:24 *
 * 26) "Kill the Night" - Hot Water Music  – 2:42 *
 * 27) "You're Gonna Die" - Thought Riot  – 2:36
 * 28) "Fields of Agony" (Acoustic) - No Use for a Name  – 2:45 *

* Previously Unreleased / Rare

Original appearances
The previously released tracks are listed below with the albums on which they originally appeared:
 * "Let Them Eat War" from the album The Empire Strikes First
 * "Drunken Lullabies" from the Flogging Molly album of the same name
 * "Doomsday Breach" from the album To the Nines
 * "What You Say" from the album Palm Trees and Power Lines
 * "7 Years Down" from the album Let's Go
 * "Comforting Lie" from the album Return of Saturn
 * "You're Gonna Die" from the album Sketches of Undying Will
 * "Unity" from the album Energy

Political shorts

 * "Independent Media In A Time Of War" - Producer: Hudson Mohawk Independent Media Center, Narrator: Amy Goodman

"Part scathing critique, part call to action, 'Independent Media In A Time Of War', argues that dialogue is vital to a healthy democracy."

 * "Honor Betrayed" - Director: Stuart Sugg, Executive Producer: Mike Lux

"The 10-minute documentary exposes the hypocrisy of the Bush administration's relationship with the U.S. military."

 * "Fixed in Florida"
 * "Bush Family Fortunes" - Director: Jonathan Levin, Executive Producer: Matthew Pascarella
 * "Uncovered: The Whole Truth About The Iraq War" - Directed and Produced by Robert Greenwald
 * "Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election"

"The 2000 Presidential election is the riveting story of the battle for the Presidency in Florida and the undermining of democracy in America."

 * "Unconstitutional"

"Unconstitutional is an hour-long documentary detailing the shocking way that civil liberties of American citizens have been infringed upon, curtailed, and rolled back since 9/11 - all in the name of national security."

Music videos

 * "We've Had Enough" - Alkaline Trio
 * "Los Angeles is Burning" - Bad Religion
 * "Drunken Lullabies" - Flogging Molly
 * "Idiot Son Of An Arsehole" - NOFX
 * "With Love, The Underground" - Thought Riot

Comedy

 * "Straight Talk", Will Ferrell
 * Greg Proops (footage from "Peter Cook: A Posthumous Tribute")
 * "Patton Oswalt vs. Bush"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2


text:
Filip Dewinter

Philip Michel Frans "Filip" Dewinter (born 11 September 1962) is a Belgian politician, journalist and commentator. He is one of the leading members of Vlaams Belang, a right-wing Flemish nationalist and secessionist political party.

Family background and education
His father was studying medicine at the Leuven University during World War II, when he had to hide, as the threat of being deported by the Germans increased. He was nevertheless arrested and already after a few months of imprisonment in Bruges, had been deported to Germany to work in a munitions factory. He returned, after the war, sick and emaciated and unable to take up his studies again.

Dewinter's grandfather on his mother's side was a resistance fighter who had been very active in the resistance group, the Witte Brigade (White Brigade), in Blankenberge.

Dewinter was already politically active during his high school years at the Sint-Franciscus-Xaverius instituut in Bruges. In 1978, as a 16-year-old, he founded the Flemish Student Action Group (Vlaamse Studenten Actie Groep), that later was transformed into the Nationalist Young Students League (Nationalistisch Jong Studenten Verbond). In September 1982, he moved to Antwerp where he began studying political and social sciences at the University of Antwerp but dropped out at the end of his first year. At university he became a member of the Nationalist Student Society (Nationalistische Studentenvereniging), one of the ideological seminaries of the Vlaams Belang. He completed a journalist degree at the Erasmus College (Erasmus Handelsschool) in 1985. After his studies he worked as a reporter for the newspaper De Nieuwe Gids, the Antwerp edition of Het Volk.

Political career
As a teenager, Dewinter was briefly a member of the national-liberal Flemish People's Party (Vlaamse Volkspartij) founded by Lode Claes, one of the precursor parties of the Flemish Block (Vlaams Blok) which had split from the Flemish nationalist Volksunie party. In 1983, he became a member of Vlaams Blok. In November 1987, he was elected member of the Belgian parliament, in which he formed a political faction with Gerolf Annemans (who, earlier that year, had succeeded to founder-Flemish Block president Karel Dillen). Under Dewinter's leadership, the parliamentary group continued to grow, notably in 1991, when the Flemish Block, from a small party, grew to about 12% of the voters. This growth has continued ever since.

In 1988, he also became a City councilman in Antwerp. When the Flemish Parliament and the Belgian Parliament got elected separately in 1995, he chose to be a member of the Flemish Parliament (which deals with a lot of regional matters). His hard statements on especially foreign migration provided for victories in the elections of 1999 and 2003 for the Flemish Parliament. Dewinter was, together with Gerolf Annemans, the author of the notorious '70-puntenplan' published in the beginning of the 1990s, a policy paper consisting of 70 articles.

In 2006, he was quoted in Bye-bye Belgium, which some Belgian politicians saw as a break of the cordon sanitaire.

Together with Hugo Coveliers of the VLOTT party, Dewinter formed a list cartel for the city elections of Antwerp on 8 October 2006.

In 2010, he participated in a conference in Israel organised by Likud on the fight against terrorism.

An extreme right-wing activist is sentenced to five years in prison in 2014 for planning the murder of Filip Dewinter, hoping to drag Belgium into civil war.

In October 2022, Dewinter was physically assaulted by a left-wing activist while giving a talk at a community centre in Kessel-Lo. The incident was condemned by CD&V chairman Sammy Mahdi, MR chairman Georges-Louis Bouchez, and Flemish minister Zuhal Demir of the N-VA.

On March 25, 2024, an investigation by Humo magazine and the Apache website revealed that Filip Dewinter had worked for several years as a "senior political advisor" for China.

One month later it was revealed that Filip Dewinter was also involved in the then uncovered Russian Influencial Network "Voice of Europe".

Flemish nationalism and Nazi collaboration
On 6 November 1988, Filip Dewinter visited the Lommel German war cemetery where 40,000 bodies of Nazi Germany Wehrmacht soldiers of WWII were buried. He and other members of his party, notably neo-Nazi Bert Eriksson, wanted to render respect and flower the graves of the 38 Flemish SS collaborators who fought for Nazi Germany and embraced fascist Nazi ideology. The Belgian police forces stopped the small rally and pushed them back; only holders of German citizenship were allowed to enter the cemetery. During a debate in 1992 at the University of Antwerp, Filip Dewinter mentioned some persons as his friends. Most of these persons were in the ranks of Nazis, anti Semites and other fascists like Bert Eriksson, Staf De Clercq or other men convicted for treason like Cyriel Verschaeve or August Borms.

Filip Dewinter was the guest speaker for a gathering of the former SS-collaborators of Sint-Maartensfonds which took place on 1 December 2001. That evening, Filip Dewinter opened his speech with the words "My Honour is loyalty" which was the official motto of the German SS-soldiers during WWII.

Dewinter has also been interviewed by the Israeli paper Haaretz. About the collaboration of Flemish nationalists during WWII he had to say: "Many Flemish nationalists collaborated during the war because they thought—and now it is clear that they were wrong—that this would help them achieve independence for Flanders. This is the whole story. The overwhelming majority were not Nazis. They collaborated in order to attain independence and because the Church called upon them to go out and fight the Communists—something that Western Europe continued to do for 50 years. Now, in 2005, it is easy to say: 'The collaboration was a mistake.' The collaboration did not help our country at all; we just became a vassal state of Germany. At the time, it was logical, because of the Church, because of communism. But this has no connection with Nazism."

In addition, as noted by the Stephen Roth Institute, Dewinter has been interviewed by the American radio talk show The Political Cesspool.

About the attendance of party members to ceremonies marking the death of Staf De Clercq he responded: "He is one of the historic leaders of the party. This is part of the history of the Flemish nationalist movement and it is impossible to deny this. We are the descendants of this movement. Some of the members of the party attend these events because they want to honor the heritage of the Flemish movement. This does not mean that they agree with Nazism. Not at all. I understand that this is hard to understand as a Jew. I respect very much that Jews have a problem with this. But Jews must also understand that this is not as simple as it seems. Not all of the [Nazi] collaborators wanted to kill the Jews in Europe. Most of the collaborators had other motives. I think that if they were living today, most of them would be ashamed of what happened to the Jews. The only thing I can do today is to say that I respect very much the suffering of the Jewish people, to express my sympathy and condolences about what happened and to try to move far away from this. But the Jewish people must understand that not every collaborator was necessarily anti-Semitic."

Judaism and Islam
A December 2005 interview by Dewinter with the American Jewish newsweekly The Jewish Week included a question if "Jews should vote for a party that espouses xenophobia". Dewinter responded by saying: "Xenophobia is not the word I would use. If it absolutely must be a 'phobia,' let it be 'Islamophobia.'" This statement, as well as the Blok's condemnation for racism, have weighted heavily on the French-speaking Belgian Socialist Party as well as other francophone and Flemish parties for them to become part of an appeal against the Vlaams Belang at the Council of State, an appeal that tries to take away the government subsidy of the Vlaams Belang.

In 2007 Dewinter took part in hosting the international counter-jihad conference in Brussels in the European and Flemish Parliaments.

Quotes

 * "Vlaams Blok says: Our own people first!! And yes, Vlaams Blok chooses a Flemish Flanders. And yes, Vlaams Blok chooses a white Europe!" (Vlaams Blok-meeting, 1991).
 * "She who wears a hijab signs her 'return to sender' contract."
 * "He who sows the Koran reaps the jihad".
 * "[Immigrants] turn themselves into self pity. They become hostile, they cause nuisance and show criminal behaviour. In Flanders the multicultural society led to a multicriminal society."
 * "Staf de Clercq is one of the historical leaders of the Flemish national movement. Our party, the Vlaams Belang, is the continuator of this movement. We may not deny this past. Although I realise that it might be difficult for Jewish readers to understand, most collaborators thought that they could realise an independent Flanders by cooperating with the Germans. Most of them are ashamed of the horror they caused. The only thing I can do today is to show understanding for the suffering of the Jewish people."

title: Filip Dewinter


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Talk:Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2

Political Shorts, Music Videos, Comedy
These were not mentioned here at all before. I've added these items which are included on the DVD that comes with the audio CD. They are listed in the order they are listed in the CD insert (this may not be the order they play on the disk). It's a bit unclear in places what it the 'title' of the item and what is the source, narrator, etc. I've tried to arrange this a best a possible. The quoted text is from the description in the DVD credits.

I'll do the same for Vol 1 later (it's around here somewhere). Also, can probably tidy up a bit after watching the DVD again. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.143.70.24 (talk) 14:56, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2


text:
File:Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2.jpg

Fair use in Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2.jpg


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Uveitis

Uveitis is inflammation of the uvea, the pigmented layer of the eye between the inner retina and the outer fibrous layer composed of the sclera and cornea. The uvea consists of the middle layer of pigmented vascular structures of the eye and includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Uveitis is described anatomically, by the part of the eye affected, as anterior, intermediate or posterior, or panuveitic if all parts are involved. Anterior uveitis (iridocyclitis) is the most common, with the incidence of uveitis overall affecting approximately 1:4500, most commonly those between the ages of 20–60. Symptoms include eye pain, eye redness, floaters and blurred vision, and ophthalmic examination may show dilated ciliary blood vessels and the presence of cells in the anterior chamber. Uveitis may arise spontaneously, have a genetic component, or be associated with an autoimmune disease or infection. While the eye is a relatively protected environment, its immune mechanisms may be overcome resulting in inflammation and tissue destruction associated with T-cell activation.

Uveitis is an ophthalmic emergency that requires urgent control of the inflammation to prevent vision loss. Treatment typically involves the use of topical eye drop steroids, intravitreal injection, newer biologics, and treating any underlying disease. While initial treatment is usually successful, complications include other ocular disorders, such as uveitic glaucoma, retinal detachment, optic nerve damage, cataracts, and in some cases, a permanent loss of vision. In the United States uveitis accounts for about 10–20% of cases of blindness.

Classification
Uveitis is classified anatomically into anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis forms—based on the part of the eye primarily affected. Before the twentieth century, uveitis was typically referred to in English as "ophthalmia."

 * Anterior uveitis includes iridocyclitis and iritis. Iritis is the inflammation of the anterior chamber and iris.  Iridocyclitis is inflammation of the iris and ciliary body with inflammation predominantly confined to the ciliary body.  Between 66% and 90% of uveitis cases are anterior in location (iritis).  This condition can occur as a single episode and subside with proper treatment or may take on a recurrent or chronic nature.
 * Intermediate uveitis, also known as pars planitis, consists of vitritis—which is inflammation of cells in the vitreous cavity, sometimes with snowbanking, or deposition of inflammatory material on the pars plana. There are also "snowballs," which are inflammatory cells in the vitreous.
 * Posterior uveitis or chorioretinitis is the inflammation of the retina and choroid.
 * Panuveitis is the inflammation of all layers of the uvea.

Causes
Uveitis is usually an isolated illness, but can be associated with many other medical conditions. In anterior uveitis, no associated condition or syndrome is found in approximately one-half of cases. However, anterior uveitis is often one of the syndromes associated with HLA-B27. Presence of this type of HLA allele has a relative risk of evolving this disease by approximately 15%.

The most common form of uveitis is acute anterior uveitis (AAU). It is most commonly associated with HLA-B27, which has important features: HLA-B27 AAU can be associated with ocular inflammation alone or in association with systemic disease. HLA-B27 AAU has characteristic clinical features including male preponderance, unilateral alternating acute onset, a non-granulomatous appearance, and frequent recurrences, whereas HLA-B27 negative AAU has an equivalent male to female onset, bilateral chronic course, and more frequent granulomatous appearance. Rheumatoid arthritis is not uncommon in Asian countries as a significant association of uveitis.

Noninfectious or autoimmune causes

 * Sympathetic ophthalmia
 * Behçet disease
 * Crohn's disease
 * Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis
 * Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
 * HLA-B27 related uveitis
 * Spondyloarthritis (especially seen in ankylosing spondylitis)
 * Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
 * Sarcoidosis
 * Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome

Associated with systemic diseases
Systemic disorders that can be associated with uveitis include:
 * Enthesitis
 * Ankylosing spondylitis
 * Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
 * psoriatic arthritis
 * reactive arthritis
 * Behçet's disease
 * inflammatory bowel disease
 * Whipple's disease
 * systemic lupus erythematosus
 * polyarteritis nodosa
 * Kawasaki's disease
 * chronic granulomatous disease
 * sarcoidosis
 * multiple sclerosis
 * Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease

Infectious causes
Uveitis may be an immune response to fight an infection caused by an organism in the eye. They are less common than non-infectious causes and require antimicrobial/ viral/ parasitic treatment in addition to inflammatory control. Infectious causes in order of global burden include:

 * bartonellosis
 * tuberculosis
 * brucellosis
 * herpesviruses (herpes zoster ophthalmicus - shingles of the eye)
 * leptospirosis
 * presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome
 * syphilis
 * toxocariasis
 * toxoplasmic chorioretinitis
 * Lyme disease
 * Zika fever

Drug-related side effects

 * Rifabutin, a derivative of Rifampin, has been shown to cause uveitis.
 * Several reports suggest the use of quinolones, especially Moxifloxacin, may lead to uveitis.

White dot syndromes
Occasionally, uveitis is not associated with a systemic condition: the inflammation is confined to the eye and has unknown cause. In some of these cases, the presentation in the eye is characteristic of a described syndrome, which are called white dot syndromes, and include the following diagnoses:

 * acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy
 * birdshot chorioretinopathy
 * multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis
 * multiple evanescent white dot syndrome
 * punctate inner choroiditis
 * serpiginous choroiditis
 * acute zonal occult outer retinopathy

Masquerade syndromes
Masquerade syndromes are those conditions that include the presence of intraocular cells but are not due to immune-mediated uveitis entities. These may be divided into neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions.
 * Non-neoplastic:
 * retinitis pigmentosa
 * intraocular foreign body
 * juvenile xanthogranuloma
 * retinal detachment

 * Neoplastic:
 * retinoblastoma
 * lymphoma
 * malignant melanoma
 * leukemia
 * reticulum cell sarcoma

Signs and symptoms

The disease course, anatomy, and laterality can vary widely and are important to consider in diagnosis and treatment. Cases may be acute (sudden onset with < 3 month duration) and monophonic, acute and recurrent, or chronic. The signs and symptoms of uveitis may include the following:

Anterior uveitis (iritis)

 * Pain in the eye(s)
 * Redness of the eye(s)
 * Blurred vision
 * Photophobia
 * Irregular pupil
 * Signs of anterior uveitis include dilated ciliary vessels, presence of cells and flare in the anterior chamber, and keratic precipitates ("KP") on the posterior surface of the cornea. In severe inflammation there may be evidence of a hypopyon. Old episodes of uveitis are identified by pigment deposits on lens, KPs, and festooned pupil on dilation of pupil.
 * Busacca nodules, inflammatory nodules located on the surface of the iris in granulomatous forms of anterior uveitis such as Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis (FHI).
 * Synechia, adhesion of the iris to the cornea (anterior synechiae) or more commonly the lens (posterior synechiae)

Intermediate uveitis
Most common: Intermediate uveitis usually affects one eye. Less common is the presence of pain and photophobia.
 * Floaters, which are dark spots that float in the visual field
 * Blurred vision

Posterior uveitis
Inflammation in the back of the eye is commonly characterized by:
 * Floaters
 * Blurred vision

Immunological factors
Onset of uveitis can broadly be described as a failure of the ocular immune system and the disease results from inflammation and tissue destruction. Uveitis is driven by the Th17 T cell sub-population that bear T-cell receptors specific for proteins found in the eye. These are often not deleted centrally whether due to ocular antigen not being presented in the thymus (therefore not negatively selected) or a state of anergy is induced to prevent self targeting.

Autoreactive T cells must normally be held in check by the suppressive environment produced by microglia and dendritic cells in the eye. These cells produce large amounts of TGF beta and other suppressive cytokines, including IL-10, to prevent damage to the eye by reducing inflammation and causing T cells to differentiate to inducible T reg cells. Innate immune stimulation by bacteria and cellular stress is normally suppressed by myeloid suppression while inducible Treg cells prevent activation and clonal expansion of the autoreactive Th1 and Th17 cells that possess potential to cause damage to the eye.

Whether through infection or other causes, this balance can be upset and autoreactive T cells allowed to proliferate and migrate to the eye. Upon entry to the eye, these cells may be returned to an inducible Treg state by the presence of IL-10 and TGF-beta from microglia. Failure of this mechanism leads to neutrophil and other leukocyte recruitment from the peripheral blood through IL-17 secretion. Tissue destruction is mediated by non-specific macrophage activation and the resulting cytokine cascades. Serum TNF-α is significantly elevated in cases while IL-6 and IL-8 are present in significantly higher quantities in the aqueous humour in patients with both quiescent and active uveitis. These are inflammatory markers that non-specifically activate local macrophages causing tissue damage.

Genetic factors
The cause of non-infectious uveitis is unknown but there are some strong genetic factors that predispose disease onset including HLA-B27 and the PTPN22 genotype.

Infectious agents
Recent evidence has pointed to reactivation of herpes simplex, varicella zoster and other viruses as important causes of developing what was previously described as idiopathic anterior uveitis. Bacterial infection is another significant contributing factor in developing uveitis.

Diagnosis
Uveitis is assessed as part of a dilated eye exam. Diagnosis includes dilated fundus examination to rule out posterior uveitis, which presents with white spots across the retina along with retinitis and vasculitis.

Laboratory testing is usually used to diagnose specific underlying diseases, including rheumatologic tests (e.g. antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor) and serology for infectious diseases (Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Tuberculosis).

Major histocompatibility antigen testing may be performed to investigate genetic susceptibility to uveitis. The most common antigens include HLA-B27, HLA-A29 (in birdshot chorioretinopathy) and HLA-B51 (in Behçet disease).

Radiology X-ray may be used to show coexisting arthritis and chest X-ray may be helpful in sarcoidosis.

Treatment
Uveitis is typically treated with glucocorticoid steroids, either as topical eye drops (prednisolone acetate) or as oral therapy. Prior to the administration of corticosteroids, corneal ulcers must be ruled out. This is typically done using a fluorescence dye test. In addition to corticosteroids, topical cycloplegics, such as atropine or homatropine, may be used. Successful treatment of active uveitis increases T-regulatory cells in the eye, which likely contributes to disease regression. In severe cases an injection of posterior subtenon triamcinolone acetate may also be given to reduce the swelling of the eye.

Intravitrial injection of steroid has proven to be a newer useful way to control inflammation for longer without the need for daily eyedrops. Dexamethasone and fluocinolone acetonide are two more commonly used options for noninfectious uveitis.

Non-biologic, steroid sparing therapies for noninfectious uveitis in adults are now more available. These include the disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) methotrexate, mycophenolate, cyclosporine, azathioprine, and tacrolimus. In comparing various studies, methotrexate is more efficacious than mycophenolate in inflammatory control for most forms of panuveitis. Methotrexate also had little to no differences in safety outcomes compared to mycophenolate.

Antimetabolite medications, such as methotrexate are often used for recalcitrant or more aggressive cases of uveitis. Experimental treatments with Infliximab or other anti-TNF infusions may prove helpful.

The anti-diabetic drug metformin is reported to inhibit the process that causes the inflammation in uveitis.

In the case of herpetic uveitis, anti-viral medications, such as valaciclovir or aciclovir, may be administered to treat the causative viral infection.

Epidemiology
Uveitis affects approximately 1 in 4500 people and is most common between the ages 20 to 60 with men and women affected equally. In western countries, anterior uveitis accounts for between 50% and 90% of uveitis cases. In Asian countries the proportion is between 28% and 50%. Uveitis is estimated to be responsible for approximately 10%-20% of the blindness in the United States.

For non-infectious uveitis, women are more likely (57%) to be affected than men, possibly due to their higher prevalence of related autoimmune diseases. Vitamin D deficiency and smoking are risk factors for non-infectious uveitis.

Prognosis
The prognosis is generally good for those who receive prompt diagnosis and treatment, but serious complication including cataracts, uveitic glaucoma, band keratopathy, macular edema and permanent vision loss may result if left untreated. The type of uveitis, as well as its severity, duration, and responsiveness to treatment or any associated illnesses, all factor into the outlook.

title: Uveitis


text:
Phosphorylase

In biochemistry, phosphorylases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate (phosphate+hydrogen) to an acceptor.

 * A-B + P A + P-B

They include allosteric enzymes that catalyze the production of glucose-1-phosphate from a glucan such as glycogen, starch or maltodextrin.

Phosphorylase is also a common name used for glycogen phosphorylase in honor of Earl W. Sutherland Jr., who in the late 1930s discovered it as the first phosphorylase.

Function
Phosphorylases should not be confused with phosphatases, which remove phosphate groups. In more general terms, phosphorylases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate (phosphate + hydrogen) to an acceptor, not to be confused with a phosphatase (a hydrolase) or a kinase (a phosphotransferase). A phosphatase removes a phosphate group from a donor using water, whereas a kinase transfers a phosphate group from a donor (usually ATP) to an acceptor.

Types
The phosphorylases fall into the following categories:
 * Glycosyltransferases (EC 2.4)
 * Enzymes that break down glucans by removing a glucose residue (break O-glycosidic bond)
 * glycogen phosphorylase
 * starch phosphorylase
 * maltodextrin phosphorylase
 * Enzymes that break down nucleosides into their constituent bases and sugars (break N-glycosidic bond)
 * Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase)
 * Nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7)
 * Enzymes that have phosphorolytic 3' to 5' exoribonuclease activity (break phosphodiester bond)
 * RNase PH
 * Polynucleotide Phosphorylase (PNPase)

All known phosphorylases share catalytic and structural properties.

Activation
Phosphorylase a is the more active R form of glycogen phosphorylase that is derived from the phosphorylation of the less active R form, phosphorylase b with associated AMP. The inactive T form is either phosphorylated by phosphoylase kinase and inhibited by glucose, or dephosphorylated by phosphoprotein phosphatase with inhibition by ATP and/or glucose 6-phosphate. Phosphorylation requires ATP but dephosphorylation releases free inorganic phosphate ions.

Pathology
Some disorders are related to phosphorylases:

 * Glycogen storage disease type V - muscle glycogen
 * Glycogen storage disease type VI - liver glycogen

title: Phosphorylase


text:
Jan Henryk Dąbrowski

Jan Henryk Dąbrowski (also known as Johann Heinrich Dąbrowski (Dombrowski) in German and Jean Henri Dombrowski in French; 2 August 1755 – 6 June 1818) was a Polish general and statesman, widely respected after his death for his patriotic attitude, and described as a national hero who spent his whole life restoring the legacy of Poland.

Dąbrowski initially served in the Saxon Army and joined the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Army in 1792, shortly before the Second Partition of Poland. He was promoted to the rank of general in the Kościuszko Uprising of 1794. After the final Third Partition of Poland, which ended the existence of Poland as an independent country, he became actively involved in promoting the cause of Polish independence abroad. He was the founder of the Polish Legions in Italy serving under Napoleon Bonaparte from 1795, and as a general in Italian and French service he contributed to the brief restoration of the Polish state during the Greater Poland Uprising of 1806. He participated in the Napoleonic Wars, taking part in the Polish-Austrian war and the French invasion of Russia until 1813. After Napoleon's defeat, he accepted a senatorial position in the Russian-backed Congress Poland, and was one of the organizers of the Army of Congress Poland.

The Polish national anthem, "Poland Is Not Yet Lost", written and first sung by the Polish legionnaires, mentions Dąbrowski by name, and is also known as "Dąbrowski's Mazurka".

Early life and education
Dąbrowski was born to Jan Michał Dąbrowski and Zofia Maria Dąbrowska ( Sophie von Lettow), in Pierzchów, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, on 29 August 1755. He grew up in Hoyerswerda, Electorate of Saxony, where his father served as a colonel in the Saxon Army. He joined the Royal Saxon Horse Guards in 1770 or 1771. His family was of Polish origin. Nonetheless, in his childhood and youth he grew up surrounded by German culture in Saxony, and signed his name as Johann Heinrich Dąbrowski. He fought in the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778–1779), during which time his father died. Shortly afterwards in 1780 he married Gustawa Rackel. He lived in Dresden, and steadily progressed through the ranks, becoming a Rittmeister in 1789. He served as Adjutant general of King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, from 1788 to 1791.

Early career
Following the appeal of the Polish Four-Year Sejm to all Poles serving abroad to join the Polish army, and not seeing much opportunity to advance in his military career in the now-peaceful Saxony, on 28 June 1792, Dąbrowski joined the Army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth with a rank of podpułkownik and on 14 July he was promoted to the rank of vice-brigadier. Joining in the final weeks of the Polish–Russian War of 1792, he did not see combat in it. Unfamiliar with the intricacies of Polish politics, like many of Poniatowski's supporters, he joined the Targowica Confederation in late 1792.

Dąbrowski was seen as a cavalry expert, and King Stanisław August Poniatowski was personally interested in obtaining Dąbrowski's services. As a cavalryman educated in a Dresden military school under Count Maurice Bellegarde, a reformer of the Saxon army's cavalry, Dąbrowski was asked to help modernize the Polish cavalry, serving in the ranks of the 1st Greater Poland Cavalry Brigade (1 Wielkpolska Brygada Kawalerii Narodowej). In January 1793, stationed around Gniezno with two units of cavalry, about 200 strong, he briefly engaged the Prussian forces entering Poland in the aftermath of the Second Partition of Poland, and afterwards became a known activist, advocating the continuation of military struggle against the occupiers.

The Grodno Sejm, held in the fall of 1793, nominated him for a membership in a military commission; this caused him to be viewed with suspicion by the majority of the dissatisfied military, and he was not included in the preparations for the upcoming uprising. Thus he was taken by surprise when the Kościuszko Insurrection erupted, and his own brigade mutinied. He declared his support for the insurgents after the liberation of Warsaw, and from then on took an active part in the uprising, defending Warsaw and leading an army corps in support of an uprising in Greater Poland. His courage was commended by Tadeusz Kościuszko himself, the Supreme Commander of the National Armed Forces, who promoted him to the rank of general.

In Napoleonic service

After the failure of the uprising he remained in partitioned Poland for a while, attempting to convince the Prussian authorities that they needed Poland as an ally against Austria and Russia. He was unsuccessful, and with the Third Partition of Poland between Russia, Prussia and Austria, Poland disappeared from the map of Europe. Dąbrowski's next solution was to convince the French Republic that it should support a Polish cause, and create a Polish military formation. This proved to be more successful, and indeed Dąbrowski is remembered in the history of Poland as the organiser of Polish Legions in Italy during the Napoleonic Wars. (These Legions are also often known as the "Dąbrowski's Legions".) This event gave hope to contemporary Poles, and is still remembered in the Polish national anthem, named after Dąbrowski.

Dąbrowski began his work in 1796, when he came to Paris and soon afterwards met Napoleon Bonaparte in Milan. On 7 January 1797 he was authorized by the Cisalpine Republic to create Polish legions, which would be part of the army of the newly created Republic of Lombardy. In April, Dąbrowski lobbied for a plan to push through to the Polish territories in Galicia, but that was blocked by Napoleon who instead decided to use those troops on the Italian front. Dąbrowski's Polish soldiers fought at Napoleon's side from May 1797 until the beginning of 1803. As a commander of his legion he played an important part in the war in Italy, entered Rome in May 1798, and distinguished himself greatly at the Battle of Trebia on 19 June 1799, where he was wounded, as well as in other battles and combats of 1799–1801.

From the time the Legions garrisoned Rome, Dąbrowski obtained a number of trophies from a Roman representative, namely the ones that the Polish king, Jan III Sobieski, had sent there after his victory over the Ottoman Empire at the siege of Vienna in 1683; amongst these was an Ottoman standard which subsequently became part of the Legions' colors, accompanying them from then on. However, the legions were never able to reach Poland and did not liberate the country, as Dąbrowski had dreamed. Napoleon did, however, notice the growing dissatisfaction of his soldiers and their commanders. They were particularly disappointed by a peace treaty between France and Russia signed in Lunéville on 9 February 1801, which dashed Polish hopes of Bonaparte freeing Poland. Shortly afterwards, in March, Dąbrowski reorganized both Legions at Milan into two 6,000-strong units. Disillusioned with Napoleon after the Lunéville treaty, many legionnaires resigned afterwards; of the others, thousands perished when the Legions were sent in the Saint-Domingue expedition in 1803; by that time Dąbrowski was no longer in command of the Legions.

Dąbrowski, meanwhile, spent the first few years of the new century as a general in the service of the Italian Republic and its successor, the Kingdom of Italy. In 1804 he received the Officer cross of Legion of Honour, and the next year, the Italian Order of the Iron Crown. In December 1805, during the War of the Third Coalition, Dąbrowski participated in the Italian blockade of Venice, and was briefly commander of the province of Pescara in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples the following year. Together with Józef Wybicki he was summoned again by Napoleon in the fall of 1806 and tasked with recreating the Polish formation, which Napoleon wanted to use to recapture Greater Poland from Prussia, which had joined the Fourth Coalition against France. The ensuing conflict was known as the Greater Poland Uprising, and Dabrowski was the chief leader of Polish insurgent forces. In February 1807, the remaining infantry and cavalry regiments who had continued in French service in Italy were reorganized in Silesia, in the cities of Wrocław, Prudnik, Nysa, Korfantów and Brzeg, into a Polish-Italian Legion (PolaccoItalienne). Dąbrowski distinguished himself at the Siege of Tczew, the Siege of Gdańsk and at the Battle of Friedland.

In 1807, the Duchy of Warsaw was established in the recaptured territories, essentially as a satellite of Bonaparte's France. Dąbrowski became disappointed with Napoleon, who offered him monetary rewards, but no serious military or government position. He was also awarded the Virtuti Militari medal that year. In 1809, he set out to defend Poland against an Austrian invasion under the command of Prince Józef Poniatowski. Joining the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw shortly after the Battle of Raszyn, he took part in the first stages of the offensive on Galicia, and then organized the defense of Greater Poland. In June 1812, Dąbrowski commanded the 17th (Polish) Infantry Division in the V Corps of the Grande Armée, during Napoleon's invasion of Russia. He was ordered to besiege Babruysk fortress and to cover the right flank of the French army near Mogilev and Minsk. However, by October the Franco-Russian war was over and the French forces, decimated by a severe winter, had to retreat. At the disastrous Battle of the Berezina in late November that year, Dąbrowski was wounded, and his leadership and tactics in it were criticized.

After the March 1813 reorganization of the Grande Armée, Dąbrowski commanded the 27th (Polish) Infantry Division in the VIII Corps under Poniatowski. During the German campaign of 1813, he led his division at the Battle of Leipzig, where he took command of the VIII Corps on 19 October following Poniatowski's death. On 28 October he became the commander-in-chief of the all remaining Polish troops in French service, succeeding Antoni Paweł Sułkowski. He defended Compiègne in February 1814 during the invasion of France, then led his soldiers back to Poland in May after Napoleon's abdication.

Final years
Dąbrowski always associated independent Poland with a Polish Army, and offered his services to the new power, which promised to organize such a formation: Russia. He was one of the generals entrusted by the Tsar Alexander of Russia with the reorganization of the Duchy's army into the Army of Congress Poland. In 1815 he received the titles of general of cavalry and senator-voivode of the new Congress Kingdom. He was also awarded the Order of the White Eagle on 9 December that year. Soon afterward he withdrew from active politics. He retired in the following year to his estates in Winna Góra in the Grand Duchy of Posen, Kingdom of Prussia, where he died on 6 June 1818, from a combination of pneumonia and gangrene. He was buried in the church in Winna Góra.

Over the years, Dąbrowski wrote several military treatises, primarily about the Legions, in German, French and Polish.

Remembrance
Dąbrowski was often criticized by his contemporaries, and by the early Polish historiography, but his image improved with time. He has been often compared to the two other military heroes of the time of Partitions and the Legions, Tadeusz Kościuszko and Józef Poniatowski, and to the father of the Second Polish Republic, Józef Piłsudski. In particular, his mention in the Polish national anthem, also known as "Dąbrowski's Mazurek", contributed to his fame in Poland. It is not uncommon for modern works of Polish history to describe him as a "(national) hero".

Dąbrowski is also remembered outside of Poland for his historical contributions. His name, in the French version "Dombrowsky", is inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.

title: Jan Henryk Dąbrowski


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Pier Head

The Pier Head (properly, George's Pier Head ) is a riverside location in the city centre of Liverpool, England. It was part of the former Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City UNESCO World Heritage Site, which was inscribed in 2004, but revoked in 2021. As well as a collection of landmark buildings, recreational open space, and a number of memorials, the Pier Head was (and for some traffic still is) the landing site for passenger ships travelling to and from the city.

History
By the 1890s, the George's Dock, where the Pier Head now is, was essentially redundant. Built in 1771, it was the third dock built in Liverpool, and was too small and too shallow in depth for the commercial ships of the late 19th century. Most of the site was owned by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, set up by Parliament in 1857; a small part of the site still was still held by the Corporation of the City of Liverpool. The board and the corporation had differing priorities, and the former were not inclined to forgo any commercial advantage for the benefit of the latter. In January 1896, the two bodies began discussions, with the corporation's team headed by Frederick, Lord Derby (who was then the city's Lord Mayor), and the Board's representatives led by Robert Gladstone, a member of the Liverpool family of which W.E. Gladstone was the best-known. The Corporation sought to persuade the Board to accept its offer to buy the site, reserving a portion of it for new Board offices. After two years of negotiation this was agreed, and Parliamentary authority was obtained for the deal. The Corporation paid £277,399 for the site, from which the Board reserved about 13,500 square yards for its own building.

The board pressed ahead with its new headquarters, and announced a competition, restricted to local architects, to be adjudicated by Alfred Waterhouse. Despite some protests in national architectural journals about the exclusion of architects from beyond Liverpool, the local firm of Briggs, Wolstenholme, Hobbs and Thornley was appointed. A neo-baroque design was approved, with a central dome added at the last minute before the final plans were adopted in time for the start of building work in March 1903. The building was opened in the summer of 1907.

When it acquired the site, the corporation had been confident of finding tenants for the two remaining plots suitable for large-scale buildings, but no such prospective tenants came forward, and it was decided to offer the freehold of the sites for sale. However, at an auction of the sites in 1905 there were no bidders. The following year, the Royal Liver Friendly Society made an approach through Walter Aubrey Thomas, a local architect, successfully offering considerably less for a site than the corporation had hoped for: £70,000 instead of £95,000. Gladstone and the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board expressed consternation at the height of the Royal Liver Society's proposed new headquarters, sometimes described as "England's first skyscraper", but after much debate the corporation approved the plans.

The last of the three Pier Head sites between the Liver Building and the Docks and Harbour Board offices was for some time intended to be developed on behalf of the corporation, partly to replace a nearby public baths and partly as offices for the city's new tram network. This scheme fell through, and in the early years of the 20th century a combined public baths and customs house was proposed. After several years that scheme, too, came to nothing, and in 1913 the Cunard shipping line announced its intention to build a new headquarters in Liverpool. The Cunard Building was built of reinforced concrete, clad in Portland Stone, in a style intended to recall grand Italian palaces, described by the architectural historian Peter De Figueiredo as "a match for its more ostentatious neighbours in expressive power but greatly superior in refinement of detail and proportion."

In 2002, the Pier Head, and the adjacent Mann Island, were subjected to an ill-fated development scheme known as the "Fourth Grace" project. This, with the winning entry, designed by Will Alsop and known as "the Cloud", was abandoned in 2004 after "fundamental changes" to the original waterfront plan left it unworkable.

In 2007, work began on a new scheme, to re-house the Museum of Liverpool Life. The new museum, known as the Museum of Liverpool opened in 2011. Work also started in 2007 to build a canal link between the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the South Docks. The £22 million pound, 1.6-mile extension to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal was officially opened on 25 March 2009 and opened to boaters at the end of April 2009. It links the 127 mi of the existing canal to the city's South Docks, passing the Pier Head and its landmark buildings.

Landmark buildings
The site encompasses a trio of landmarks, built on the site of the former George's Dock and referred to since at least 1998 as "The Three Graces": Also on the site is the Grade II listed George's Dock Building, to the east of the Port of Liverpool building. It was built in the 1930s and contains offices and ventilator equipment for the Queensway Tunnel.
 * Royal Liver Building, built between 1908 and 1911 and designed by Walter Aubrey Thomas. It is a grade I listed building consisting of two clock towers, both crowned by mythical Liver Birds. The building is the headquarters of the Royal Liver Friendly Society.
 * Cunard Building, constructed between 1914 and 1916 and a grade II* listed building. It is the former headquarters of the Cunard Line shipping company.
 * Port of Liverpool Building, built from 1903 to 1907 and also grade II* listed. It is the former home of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board.

Trans-Atlantic shipping
Originally, the Prince's Landing Stage was situated at the Pier Head to serve the trans-Atlantic liner service. There were a number of these stages built during Liverpool's history, the most recent opened in the 1890s and was joined to the neighbouring George's Landing Stage, situated to the south. After further lengthening took place in the early twentieth century, the combined structure originally measured 2,478 feet, almost half a mile. Both were scrapped in 1973, following the termination of trans-Atlantic services from Liverpool.

Mersey Ferries
The Mersey Ferries operate from George's Landing Stage, owned by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Company. Ferries travel to Woodside in Birkenhead and Seacombe in Wallasey.

Only a few months after a new stage (to replace the previous combined structure) was opened on 13 July 1975, it had to be refloated, after sinking in freak weather. Similar conditions, and an extremely low tide on 2 March 2006, caused it to sink again, probably because one of its girder's air pockets ruptured, and it could not be refloated. A temporary landing stage was installed until early 2010, when work began on a new Mersey Ferries landing stage. Mersey Ferries services switched to the Cruise Terminal. Services to Liverpool had to be suspended on 14 occasions during the year when large cruise ships were visiting.

A brand new dedicated landing stage for the ferry was towed into place in November 2011, with the linkspan bridge being craned into place shortly after. The new landing stage was officially opened in January 2012, with services resuming on 9 January.

Isle of Man Ferry
The Isle of Man Steam Packet ferry service also operates from Princes Landing Stage, at a berth adjacent to those used by the Mersey Ferries.

Land transport
In addition to the Mersey Ferries, the Pier Head previously served as a major tram and later bus interchange.

Merseyrail's James Street station is a short walk away. The station was formerly part of the Mersey Railway. The Pier Head was also originally served by Liverpool Riverside station, connecting to main line services via the Victoria tunnel, and Pier Head station, on the Liverpool Overhead Railway. Both have since been demolished.

Open space
The open space at the Pier Head has also seen several developments. In the 1960s the area was given over to a bus terminal; in 1963 the terminal building for the Mersey Ferry was refurbished to include an adjoining restaurant. In 1991 the ferry terminal itself was reconfigured to its present style.

Running the length of the plaza is the Canada Boulevard, a walkway containing memorial plaques in memory of Canadians who gave their life in the Battle of the Atlantic.

In the centre of the space is an equestrian statue of Edward VII, dating from 1921.

Memorials
The space also contains a number of memorials; Clockwise from the north are:-
 * The Titanic Memorial, to the engineers who remained at their posts during the sinking of the RMS Titanic,
 * the Cunard War Memorial.
 * the Memorial of Sir Alfred Lewis Jones
 * the Merchant Navy war memorial.

There are several recent additions to the memorials at the Pier Head. In 2013, memorials were unveiled to the Second World War convoy escort group commander Captain Johnnie Walker and to the RMS Lancastria. The Chinese Merchant Seamen's Memorial, remembering the Chinese merchant seamen who served and died for Britain in both World Wars, was unveiled on 23 January 2006.

title: Pier Head


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of liberal leaders (0th nomination)

from VfD:

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - kept

List of liberal leaders
This list was turned into a category, the article even says so.... Also, it is very POV, as it does not list leaders of parties with "Liberal" in their names, but rather leaders of political movements who espouse to be liberal or are espoused to be liberal. And liberal is taken to mean left leaning instead of liberal. Incidentally, the category itself is listed on CfD because of it's POV-ness, and deletion was asented to. 132.205.15.42 00:28, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Necessarily POV. --Improv 16:25, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The list is empty, so it cannot be POV. Originally the list included people from Malagodi to Einaudi, from Von Bennigsen to Scheel, from Bolkestein to Van Mierlo, so left leaning ?. --Gangulf 17:19, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Seems to have been somewhat effectively replaced by a decent categorizatoin system, delete. — siro  χ  o  22:48, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to List of left-wing leaders or similar. Liberal is too variant a term to be of encyclopaedic use. 80.255 18:00, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I think the last user didn't read my last comment. How can anybody call Frits Bolkestei, Einaudi or Malagodi a left-wing leader? --Gangulf 18:25, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, the opposite is true -
 * Keep, and restore content if the category is being deleted. Liberal is a specific political term with an accepted definition that provides a set of characteristics against which candidates for this list can be objectively judged. (With regard to a comment above, it's left-wing that's the variant term. Liberal is a well-defined term, even if it is sometimes mis-used.) -- Gregg 22:51, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep.--Dittaeva 12:43, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:151.205.171.83

title: User talk:151.205.171.83


text:
EP

EP, ep, or Ep may refer to:

Music

 * Extended play, a recording that contains more than a single, but less than a full album
 * Electric piano
 * Entity Paradigm, a Pakistani rock band
 * EP (The 77s EP), 1999
 * EP (Beth Ditto EP), 2011
 * EP (Childish Gambino EP), 2011
 * EP (Crystal Antlers EP), 2008
 * EP (The Fiery Furnaces album), 2005
 * EP (The Format EP), 2002
 * EP (Luna EP), 1996
 * EP (Matchbox Twenty EP), 2003
 * EP (Mogwai EP), 1999
 * (The EP), an EP by Owen, 2004
 * The EP (3for3 EP), 2015
 * The EP (Frank n Dank album), 2007
 * E.P., an EP by Alkaline Trio, 2020
 * EP, an EP by Hope & Social, 2008
 * EP, an EP by Red Flag, 1996

Other uses in arts and entertainment

 * EP Daily, an entertainment-media news TV show
 * Episode, sometimes abbreviated as Ep or ep
 * Executive producer, a non-technical producer of an entertainment production

Government and politics

 * English Partnerships, a former English urban regeneration agency
 * Estradas de Portugal, a Portuguese roads agency
 * European Parliament, the European Union's directly elected assembly

Other businesses and organizations

 * Editorial Photographers, a member of Imagery Alliance
 * El Paso Corp. (NYSE stock symbol), a US natural gas producer
 * Iran Aseman Airlines (IATA code)
 * Europa Press (news agency), a news agency
 * Euromaidan Press, a Ukrainian news website

Places

 * Eden Prairie, Minnesota, US
 * El Paso, Texas, US
 * Ep, Kentucky, US
 * Edgeley Park, Stockport, UK
 * East Providence, Rhode Island, US

Biology and medicine

 * Ectopic pregnancy
 * Electrophysiology, the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues
 * Erythropoietin, a hormone
 * Evoked potential, a stimulation induced electrophysiological test
 * Etoposide and platinum agent (cisplatin), a chemotherapy regimen

Transportation

 * Extreme pressure additive, a lubricant additive
 * Estimated position, a navigation term
 * Electric locomotive (Polish train designation: EP)
 * English Premium brake, an abbreviation for the electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains

Other uses in science, technology, and mathematics

 * Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion
 * EPDM rubber, a synthetic ethylene-propylene-based rubber
 * Equivalent person, a concept used in sanitary engineering (also called population equivalent)
 * Expectation propagation, a technique in Bayesian machine learning
 * Potential energy ($Ep$)

Other uses

 * En passant (e.p.), a chess move
 * Europa-Park, a theme park in Germany
 * Environmental Professional, as provided by ECO Canada
 * Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, an Eastern Orthodox Christian Church headquartered in Istanbul
 * Executive protection
 * "Ep", an abbreviation of the Greek letter Epsilon, especially in the name of a fraternity or sorority

title: EP


text:
Bernie McGann

Bernard Francis McGann (22 June 1937 – 17 September 2013) was an Australian jazz alto saxophone player. He began his career in the late 1950s and remained active as a performer, composer and recording artist until near the end of his life. McGann won four ARIA Music Awards between 1993 and 2001.

McGann led the Bernie McGann Trio and Bernie McGann Quartet through his career. The most well-known lineup of the Trio was McGann (alto sax), John Pochee (drums), Lloyd Swanton (bass), with the addition of Warwick Alder (trumpet) in the quartet.

Career
Born in Granville, in Sydney's western suburbs, McGann first came to prominence as part of a loose alliance of modern jazz musicians who performed at the El Rocco Jazz Cellar in Kings Cross, Sydney in the late 1950s and early 1960s. He had an enduring collaboration with drummer John Pochee.

During the 1960s and early 1970s, McGann also performed with rock and pop groups and as a session musician, and in the 1970s he was a member of the Sydney rock-soul band Southern Comfort. In 1974, McGann was a founding member of jazz group, The Last Straw.

Between 1980 and 1982, McGann played support to US jazz artists, including Freddie Hubbard, Lester Bowie, and Dave Liebman.

In 1983, McGann studied in New York on a grant from The Australia Council.

In 1988, McGann Toured Australia and USA with the Australian Jazz Orchestra, a special Bicentennial project. He was a featured artist in award-winning documentary film Beyond El Rocco.

In 1992, McGann won the Spiral Scratch MO Award for Bernie McGann Trio in Jazz Group of the Year.

At the ARIA Music Awards of 1993, McGann won the ARIA Award for Best Jazz Album.

In 1994, McGann won Australian Mo Awards for Jazz Instrumentalist of the Year.

In 1998, McGann won the Don Banks Music Award, the first time it has been awarded to a non-classical musician/composer. Launch of biography Bernie McGann: A Life in Jazz by Geoff Page (Kardooraire Press).

At the ARIA Music Awards of 2001, McGann won his fourth ARIA Award.

McGann died on 17 September 2013, following complications from heart surgery. He was 76.

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. It commenced in 1987.

! Ref.
 * 1993
 * Bernie McGann Trio (as Bernie McGann Trio)
 * rowspan="6"| Best Jazz Album
 * Won
 * rowspan="6"|
 * 1995
 * McGann McGann (as Bernie McGann Trio)
 * Won
 * 1997
 * Playground (as Bernie McGann Trio)
 * Won
 * 2001
 * Bundeena (as Bernie McGann Trio)
 * Won
 * 2006
 * Always (with Paul Grabowsky)
 * Nominated
 * 2012
 * Wending
 * Nominated
 * Always (with Paul Grabowsky)
 * Nominated
 * 2012
 * Wending
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Australian Jazz Bell Awards
The Australian Jazz Bell Awards, (also known as the Bell Awards or The Bells), are annual music awards for the jazz music genre in Australia. They commenced in 2003.

 * 2008
 * Bernie McGann
 * Hall of Fame
 * inducted
 * inducted

Don Banks Music Award
The Don Banks Music Award was established in 1984 to publicly honour a senior artist of high distinction who has made an outstanding and sustained contribution to music in Australia. It was founded by the Australia Council in honour of Don Banks, Australian composer, performer and the first chair of its music board.

 * 1998
 * Bernie McGann
 * Don Banks Music Award
 * Won
 * Won

Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Bernie McGann won three awards in that time. (wins only)
 * 1992
 * Bernie McGann Trio
 * Jazz Group of the Year
 * Won
 * 1994
 * Bernie McGann
 * Jazz Instrumental Performer of the Year
 * Won
 * 1997
 * Bernie McGann Trio
 * Jazz Group of the Year
 * Won
 * Bernie McGann Trio
 * Jazz Group of the Year
 * Won

title: Bernie McGann


text:
A Russian Journal

A Russian Journal, published by John Steinbeck in April 1948, is an eyewitness account of his travels through the Soviet Union during the early years of the Cold War era. Accompanied by the distinguished war photographer Robert Capa, Steinbeck set out with the intent to record the real attitudes and modest of existence of people living under Soviet rule. As Steinbeck explained it, the book's goal was "honest reporting, to set down what we saw and heard without editorial comment, without drawing conclusions about things we didn't know sufficiently."

This literary and photographic record of life under Joseph Stalin's rule is a historical document. Steinbeck and Capa portray Soviet people as living in extremely different conditions from those in the reports among the West of the day: life in the cities and the country appears peaceful and very similar to that of other peoples in Europe at the time. Without diminishing the authoritarian nature of the Soviet Union, Steinbeck claimed that the main fear held by average Russians was not of Stalin but another World War.

During their short trip to the Soviet Union, Steinbeck and Capa visited Moscow, Kiev, Stalingrad and Soviet Georgia.

During his visit to Kiev, Steinbeck was shocked by the war's devastation in Ukraine, and to convey it to Americans, wrote:

"If the United States were completely destroyed from New York to Kansas, we would have about the area of destruction the Ukraine has. If six million people were killed, not counting soldiers, fifteen per cent of the population, you would have an idea of the casualties of the Ukraine. Counting soldiers, there would be many more, but six million out of forty-five million civilians have been killed. There are mines which never opened because the Germans threw thousands of bodies down into the shafts."

title: A Russian Journal


text:
Talk:Apollo 14

ESP
Personally I agree that ESP is a ridiculous notion, but isn't calling the correct matches in the experiment "guesses" taking a non-neutral point-of-view on this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.164.75.40 (talk) 00:32, 6 October 2004 (UTC)

Decision to continue moon program after Apollo 13
Does anyone have any information about the decision process that ended up sending Apollo 14 to the moon even after the Apollo 13 disaster? -- Doopokko 22:43, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to say that it must be for the same reason that air travel continues even after the occasional air disaster; or for the same reason that people don't stop driving their cars even after being involved in serious traffic accidents. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.145.220.11 (talk) 02:36, 21 July 2019 (UTC)

"Crew fate": coincidence; synthesis
This recently added section doesn't belong in the article:

All three crew members are now dead, making Apollo 14 the first of the eleven successfully launched Apollo missions whose crew have all died: Roosa in 1994 from pancreatitis, Shepard in 1998 from leukemia, and Mitchell in 2016.

 * Edgar D. Mitchell, passed February 4, 2016, at the age of 85.
 * Alan Shepard was diagnosed with leukemia in 1996, and died from complications of the disease on July 21, 1998.
 * Stuart Roosa died on December 12, 1994 from complications with pancreatitis.

For the following reasons:
 * It's simply a coincidence that all three from the same mission are now dead; putting their deaths together improperly implies a connection to their deaths. (I can't seem to find a policy, guideline or essay to refer to on this, but I've had experience with consensus running against highlighting coincidental information.)
 * No single real-world source is cited which highlights or connects all three deaths; therefore it fails WP:SYNTHESIS.
 * We already track all the Apollo astronauts' deaths at List of Apollo astronauts. Eventually they all will be dead, and in the context of history, we can't assume it will be regarded as a significant fact that the Apollo 14 crew was the first to die. (WP:RECENTISM) JustinTime55 (talk) 16:39, 23 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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The tiny bright dot a little below Apollo 14's eastern horizon
It looks as if there is some kind of tiny sun-reflecting mirror on the lunar surface, some distance to the east of LM Antares. It's something quite unique, because nothing else on the surface shows so much brightness. Could it be a tiny part of the shiny film which was all around the LM's Descent Stage and legs? Anyway, take a look at these three photographs:
 * https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a14/AS14-66-9281HR.jpg
 * https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a14/AS14-66-9282HR.jpg
 * https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a14/AS14-66-9283HR.jpg (the best one of the three).
 * DannyJ.Caes (talk) 18:34, 7 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Are you serious? That's obviously the Sun, which would have been located relatively low in the eastern sky behind all of the Apollo landing sites. This time of the lunar "day" was deliberately chosen for high-contrast, long shadows to make detecting surface features easier to facilitate landing. JustinTime55 (talk) 18:44, 7 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Oh, you mean the small horizontal bright dash? Could be. Maybe it's also some sort of reflection or scratch on the camera lens, but it looks like maybe it's in a constant location relative to the surface craters. So? JustinTime55 (talk) 19:32, 7 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's the bright dot I mentioned above. I do know how the sun (read: its over-illuminated huge disc like appearance) looks like on Apollo photographs, and I also know how catadioptric effects (multiple solar reflections between the lenses of a Hasselblad camera) look like. DannyJ.Caes (talk) 19:40, 7 August 2019 (UTC)
 * It really is an object ON the lunar surface, because it is "anchored" at the surface's same location in all three photographs. DannyJ.Caes (talk) 19:47, 7 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I didn't mean to insult your intelligence; I honestly didn't see the little spec at first, and I hadn't seen your posting on Talk:Apollo 15. I agree, a bit of Kapton is the most likely explanation, but the fact remains we can't just speculate about it; we'd need a reliable source. JustinTime55 (talk) 19:52, 7 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Maybe it's possible to create a 3D-STEREO view from two of these three photographs (an anaglyph). DannyJ.Caes (talk) 19:58, 7 August 2019 (UTC)

Malfunctions
In the lede, it mentions a "series of malfunctions" that had to be overcome.

In reading the article, I only came across two mentioned malfunctions, unless I missed something.

As far as I know, "two" does not constitute a series.

If the malfunctions were as 'important' as the lede implies, I think there should be a separate section that talks about/discusses them. 2600:8800:785:9400:C23F:D5FF:FEC4:D51D (talk) 09:28, 9 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Good point, deleted "series of". There were others, but I'm not sure it's worth cataloging them. If you are interested, they are in section 14 of the Mission Report,which is available online.--Wehwalt (talk) 10:13, 9 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Can you change this in the Main page's summary or should this be posted to WP:ERRORS separately? FozzieHey (talk) 22:05, 9 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Dealt with.--Wehwalt (talk) 22:21, 9 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Apollo 14


text:
User:Newfoundglory

Newfoundglory is a technical developer and software engineer from London, England. As of 15 August 2006, he was aged 21, had a BSc (Hons) in computer science from Royal Holloway, and worked for a small yet highly innovative Internet company in Bloomsbury, near Tottenham Court Road and the British Museum, in the London Borough of Camden.

His specialist areas include:
 * Compilers:
 * Linear-time predictive parsing techniques, optimised code generation and reverse engineering
 * Computer language translation; including formal grammars, context-sensitivity, semantics and ambiguity resolution
 * Compiler-compiler design and implementation
 * Complex abstract data structure design and intermediate forms
 * Programming and object-oriented software engineering
 * C, C++, PHP, Java and ASP.NET using Visual Basic
 * Assembly language, namely x86 and MIPS
 * Internet and Web services:
 * Expert in DNS
 * The FreeBSD operating system
 * Mac OS X:
 * Objective-C, the Cocoa API and Xcode GUI design

View my contributions, but don't forget to say hello in my user talk.

title: User:Newfoundglory


text: User talk:66.66.69.79

title: User talk:66.66.69.79