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Licinia gens

The gens Licinia was a celebrated plebeian family at ancient Rome, which appears from the earliest days of the Republic until imperial times, and which eventually obtained the imperial dignity. The first of the gens to obtain the consulship was Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo, who, as tribune of the plebs from 376 to 367 BC, prevented the election of any of the annual magistrates, until the patricians acquiesced to the passage of the lex Licinia Sextia, or Licinian Rogations. This law, named for Licinius and his colleague, Lucius Sextius, opened the consulship for the first time to the plebeians. Licinius himself was subsequently elected consul in 364 and 361 BC, and from this time, the Licinii became one of the most illustrious gentes in the Republic.

Origin
The nomen Licinius is derived from the cognomen Licinus, or "upturned", found in a number of Roman gentes. Licinus may have been an ancient praenomen, but few examples of its use as such are known. The name seems to be identical with the Etruscan Lecne, which frequently occurs on Etruscan sepulchral monuments. Some scholars have seen evidence of an Etruscan origin for the Licinii in the tradition that Etruscan players were first brought to Rome to take part in the theatrical performances (ludi scaenici) in the consulship of Gaius Licinius Calvus, BC 364. This could, however, be coincidental, as Livy explains that the games were instituted this year in order to palliate the anger of the gods. In fact, the name of Licinius appears to have been spread throughout both Latium and Etruria from a very early time, so the fact that it had an Etruscan equivalent does not definitely show that the gens was of Etruscan derivation.

Praenomina
The chief praenomina used by the Licinii were Publius, Gaius, Lucius, and Marcus, all of which were very common throughout Roman history. The family occasionally used Sextus, and there is at least one instance of Gnaeus during the first century BC. Aulus was used by the Licinii Nervae. As in other Roman families, the women of the Licinii generally did not have formal praenomina, but were referred to simply as Licinia; if further distinction were needed, they would be described using various personal or family cognomina.

Branches and cognomina
The family-names of the Licinii are Calvus (with the agnomina Esquilinus and Stolo), Crassus (with the agnomen Dives), Geta, Lucullus, Macer, Murena, Nerva, Sacerdos, and Varus. The other cognomina of the gens are personal surnames, rather than family-names; these include Archias, Caecina, Damasippus, Imbrex, Lartius, Lenticula, Nepos, Proculus, Regulus, Rufinus, Squillus, and Tegula. The only cognomina which occur on coins are Crassus, Macer, Murena, Nerva, and Stolo. A few Licinii are known without a surname; most of these in later times were freedmen.

The surname Calvus was originally given to a person who was bald, and it was the cognomen of the earliest family of the Licinii to distinguish itself under the Republic. The first of this family bore the agnomen Esquilinus, probably because he lived on the Esquiline Hill. Stolo, a surname given to the most famous of the family, may be derived from the stola, a long outer garment or cloak, or might also refer to a branch, or sucker. Although the family of the Licinii Calvi afterward vanished into obscurity, the surname Calvus was later borne by the celebrated orator and poet Gaius Licinius Macer, who lived in the first century BC. His cognomen Macer, designated someone who was lean.

Another family of the Licinii bore the cognomen Varus, which means "crooked, bent," or "knock-kneed." The Licinii Vari were already distinguished, when their surname was replaced by that of Crassus. This was a common surname, which could mean "dull, thick," or "solid," and may have been adopted because of the contrast between this meaning and that of Varus.

The surname Dives, meaning "rich" or "wealthy," was borne by some of the Licinii Crassi. It was most famous as the surname of Marcus Licinius Crassus, the triumvir, and has been ascribed to his father and brothers, but it is not altogether certain whether it originated with his father, or with the triumvir, in which case it was retroactively applied to the previous generation.

Lucullus, the cognomen of a branch of the Licinii, which first occurs in history towards the end of the Second Punic War, is probably derived from lucus, a grove, or perhaps a diminutive of the praenomen Lucius. The surname does not appear on any coins of the gens.

A family of the Licinii bore the surname Murena (sometimes, but erroneously, written Muraena), referring to the sea-fish known as the murry or lamprey, a prized delicacy since ancient times. This family came from the city of Lanuvium, to the southeast of Rome, and was said to have acquired its name because one of its members had a great liking for lampreys, and built tanks for them. The same surname occurring in other families might be said to be derived from the type of shellfish known as murex, from which a valuable dye was extracted.

Of the other surnames of the Licinii might be mentioned Nerva, the surname of a family of the Licinii that flourished from the time of the Second Punic War until the early Empire, derived from nervus, "sinewy"; Geta, perhaps the name of a Thracian people, to whom one of the Licinii might have been compared; and Sacerdos, a priest, one of a number of cognomina derived from occupations.

Early Licinii

 * Gaius Licinius, one of the first tribunes of the plebs elected, in 493 BC. He and his colleague, Lucius Albinius Paterculus, are said to have elected three others, although according to Dionysius, all five were elected by the people.
 * Publius Licinius, one of the first tribuni plebis in 493 BC. According to Dionysius he was elected by the people, although according to Livy he was one of three chosen by his colleagues.
 * Spurius Licinius, according to Livius tribunus plebis in 481 BC, although Dionysius gives his nomen as Icilius. Dionysius may be correct, as the praenomen Spurius was not used by any other members of the gens Licinia.

Licinii Calvi

 * Publius Licinius P. f. Calvus, father of the elder Esquilinus.
 * Publius Licinius P. f. P. n. Calvus Esquilinus, tribunus militum consulari potestate in 400 BC; according to Livius, one of the first plebeians elected to this office, although some of the consular tribunes in 444 and 422 may also have been plebeians.
 * Publius Licinius P. f. P. n. Calvus Esquilinus, tribunus militum consulari potestate in 396 BC, substituted for his father, who had been elected for the second time, but declined the office on account of his advanced age.
 * Gaius Licinius P. f. P. n. Calvus, the father of Stolo, was probably a brother of the younger Esquilinus.
 * Gaius Licinius P. f. P. n. Calvus, the first plebeian appointed magister equitum in 368 BC; he had previously served as consular tribune, but the year is uncertain. He was probably consul in either 364 or 361, but he has been confused with his contemporary, Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo.
 * Gaius Licinius C. f. P. n. Calvus, surnamed Stolo, one of the two tribuni plebis who brought forward the lex Licinia Sextia, and who accordingly was elected consul in either 364 or 361 BC, or perhaps in both years.
 * Licinius Calvus (Stolo), the son of Gaius Licinius Stolo, with whom he held a thousand Iugera of land, causing his father to be prosecuted for breaking his own regulations regarding land ownership.

Licinii Vari

 * Publius Licinius, grandfather of the consul of 236 BC.
 * Publius Licinius P. f., father of the consul.
 * Gaius Licinius P. f. P. n. Varus, consul in 236 BC, carried on the war against the Corsicans and the transalpine Gauls.
 * Publius Licinius (C. f. P. n.) Varus, praetor urbanus in 208 BC; he was instructed to refit thirty old ships and find crews for twenty others, in order to protect the coast near Rome.
 * Gaius Licinius P. f. (C. n.) Varus, father of Publius and Gaius Licinius Crassus, consuls in 171 and 168 BC.

Licinii Crassi

 * Publius Licinius P. f. P. n. Crassus Dives, censor in 208 BC and consul in 205, during the Second Punic War.
 * Gaius Licinius P. f. P. n. Crassus Dives, son of the consul of 205 BC.
 * Publius Licinius C. f. P. n. Crassus, consul in 171 BC, defeated by Perseus of Macedon.
 * Gaius Licinius C. f. P. n. Crassus, as praetor urbanus in 172 BC, was involved in the trial of Marcus Popillius Laenas. Consul in 168, he was assigned the province of Cisalpine Gaul, but brought his army to Macedonia instead.
 * Gaius Licinius (C. f. C. n.) Crassus, tribunus plebis in 145 BC, proposed a bill to fill vacant priesthoods by popular election; it was defeated following a speech by the praetor, Gaius Laelius Sapiens.
 * Gaius Licinius (C. f. C. n.) Crassus, probably son of the tribune of 145 BC.
 * Licinia C. f. C. n., a Vestal Virgin in 123 BC.
 * Publius Licinius P. f. P. n. Crassus Dives Mucianus, consul in 131 BC. He was the son of Publius Mucius Scaevola, the consul of 175 BC, but was adopted by his uncle, Publius Licinius Crassus, consul in 171.
 * Marcus Licinius P. f. P. n. Crassus Agelastus, grandfather of the triumvir, he was said to have obtained his surname because he never laughed.
 * Licinia P. f. P. n., sister of Marcus Licinius Crassus Agelastus.
 * Licinia P. f. P. n., daughter of Publius Licinius Crassus Mucianus, married Gaius Sulpicius Galba, son of the orator Servius Sulpicius Galba.
 * Licinia P. f. P. n., daughter of Publius Licinius Crassus Mucianus, married Gaius Gracchus, the tribune.
 * Publius Licinius M. f. P. n. Crassus, father of the triumvir, was consul in 97 BC, and triumphed over the Lusitani.
 * Lucius Licinius L. f. Crassus, the greatest orator of his day, was consul in 95 BC, and censor in 92.
 * Licinia L. f. L. n., daughter of the consul of 95 BC, married Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, praetor in 94 BC.
 * Licinia L. f. L. n., daughter of the consul of 95 BC, married the younger Gaius Marius, consul in 82 BC.
 * Lucius Licinius Crassus Scipio, grandson of the consul of 95 BC, was the son of Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica and Licinia, and was adopted by his grandfather, who had no sons of his own. His brother was Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio.
 * Publius Licinius P. f. M. n. Crassus, brother of the triumvir, he died shortly before or during the Social War.
 * Lucius (?) Licinius P. f. M. n. Crassus, a brother of the triumvir who died in the massacre of 87 BC.
 * Marcus Licinius P. f. M. n. Crassus, the "triumvir", was consul in 70 and 55 BC, and censor in 65.
 * Publius Licinius Crassus Dives, as praetor in 57 BC, favoured Cicero's return from exile. He squandered his fortune, which turned his surname, Dives, into a source of mockery.
 * Publius Licinius P. f. Crassus Junianus Damasippus, tribune of the plebs in 53 BC, and a friend of Cicero. During the Civil War he was a partisan of Pompeius, and died fighting under Metellus Scipio in Africa.
 * Licinius P. f. P. n. Crassus Damasippus, a contemporary of Cicero, who wrote of his intention to purchase a garden from him in 45 BC. He was a dealer in statuary, and went bankrupt, but was prevented from doing away with himself by the Stoic Stertinius. He was undoubtedly a son of the tribune in 53 BC.
 * Lucius Licinius (P. f. P. n.) Crassus Damasippus, mentioned in a late Republican inscription from Rome, was probably either the statuary, or his brother, since the elder Damasippus had at least two children, who were pardoned by Caesar after their father's death, and allowed to inherit his property.
 * Marcus Licinius M. f. P. n. Crassus, elder son of the triumvir, was Caesar's quaestor in Gaul, and prefect of Gallia Cisalpina at the beginning of the Civil War in 49 BC.
 * Publius Licinius M. f. P. n. Crassus, younger son of the triumvir, he was Caesar's legate in Gaul from 58 to 55 BC. He accompanied his father to Syria, and died at the Battle of Carrhae in 53.
 * Marcus Licinius M. f. M. n. Crassus, consul in 30 BC with Octavian. In the following year, as proconsul of Macedonia, he fought successfully against the surrounding barbarians.
 * Marcus Licinius M. f. M. n. Crassus Frugi, consul in 14 BC.
 * Marcus Licinius M. f. M. n. Crassus Frugi, consul in AD 27.
 * Marcus Licinius M. f. M. n. Crassus Frugi, consul in AD 64, was slain by the emperor Nero.
 * Licinius Crassus Scribonianus, son of Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi, he was offered the empire by Marcus Antonius Primus, but refused.
 * Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus, son of Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi, he was adopted as the heir of Galba, but slain by the soldiers of Otho in AD 69.
 * Licinius M. f. Crassus (Frugi?), son of Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi with Scribonia, he changed his name after his mother's ancestor Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. Husband of Claudius' daughter, Claudia Antonia, Pompeius was later murdered in 41.

Licinii Luculli

 * Lucius Licinius Lucullus, curule aedile in 202 BC, he and his colleague distinguished themselves by the magnificence with which they exhibited the Ludi Romani, but were suspected of having allowed their subordinates to defraud the public treasury.
 * Gaius Licinius Lucullus, tribune of the plebs in 196 BC, he proposed the establishment of the tresviri epulones, and was one of the first three persons appointed to the new office.
 * Marcus Licinius Lucullus, praetor peregrinus in 186 BC, he and his colleagues were compelled to suspend all judicial proceedings for thirty days, in consequence of the alarm caused by the discovery of the cult of Bacchus at Rome.
 * Lucius Licinius (L. f.) Lucullus, consul in 151 BC, he was assigned to Hispania, where he instigated a war against the Vaccaei, and as proconsul the following year, carried on war against the Lusitani with acts of great perfidy and cruelty.
 * Publius Licinius Lucullus, tribune of the plebs in 110 BC, attempted, together with his colleague, Lucius Annius, to procure their joint re-election, but this was opposed by the other tribunes, and the election of all of the annual magistrates was postponed.
 * Lucius Licinius L. f. (L. n.) Lucullus, praetor in 104 BC, appointed by the senate to the command in Sicily during the Second Servile War; victorious in the field, he was unable to capture the stronghold of the slaves, and surrendered his command, but not before destroying his camp and supplies out of spite.
 * Lucius Licinius L. f. L. n. Lucullus, consul in 74 BC, the conqueror of Mithridates, over whom he triumphed in 63. He was famous for his wealth and his luxurious lifestyle, gardens, and villa.
 * Marcus Licinius L. f. L. n. Lucullus, he was adopted into the gens Terentia as Marcus Terentius M. f. Varro Lucullus, consul in 73 BC, and triumphed in 71.
 * Lucius Licinius Lucullus, praetor in 67 BC, a man famous for his moderation and mildness of disposition; Dionysius records a colorful anecdote about his restraint in the face of insult.
 * Gnaeus Licinius Lucullus, a friend of Cicero, who attended the funeral of Lucullus' mother.
 * Licinia L. f. L. n., daughter of the consul of 74 BC.
 * Marcus Licinius L. f. L. n. Lucullus, son of the consul of 74 BC, he was raised by his uncle, Cato, and Cicero. He espoused the cause of Brutus and Cassius, and was killed in the retreat from the Battle of Philippi, in 42 BC.

Licinii Nervae

 * Gaius Licinius Nerva, praetor in 167 BC, assigned the province of Hispania Ulterior.
 * Gaius Licinius C. f. Nerva, perhaps son of the praetor of 167; one of the legates who reported the conquest of Illyricum in 168; the following year he was one of the commissioners to return the Thracian hostages.
 * Aulus Licinius Nerva, praetor in 166 BC; he was assigned to Hispania.
 * Aulus Licinius (A. f.) Nerva, praetor, probably in 143 BC; the following year he was governor of Macedonia, and his quaestor, Lucius Tremellius Scrofa, defeated the army of a pretender.
 * Publius Licinius Nerva, propraetor in Sicily in 104 BC, his dealings with the Publicani and their slaves led to the commencement of the Second Servile War. Nerva was succeeded by his relative, Lucius Licinius Lucullus.
 * Gaius Licinius Nerva, described by Cicero as a bad but eloquent man, in contrast with Lucius Calpurnius Bestia, tribunus plebis in 62 BC and one of Catiline's conspirators.
 * Licinius Nerva, quaestor of Decimus Junius Brutus in the war before Mutina.
 * Aulus Licinius Nerva Silianus, consul in AD 7, was the son of Publius Silius, consul in 20 BC, but was adopted into the family of the Licinii Nervae.
 * Aulus Licinius A. n. Nerva Silianus, grandson of the Silianus who was consul in AD 7, was consul under Nero in AD 65.

Licinii Sacerdotes

 * Gaius Licinius Sacerdos, an eques, who appeared before Scipio Aemilianus, during his censorship in 142 BC. Scipio accused him of perjury, but as no witnesses came forward, Licinius was dismissed.
 * Gaius Licinius C. f. Sacerdos, praetor urbanus in 75 BC; in the following year he had the government of Sicily, in which he was succeeded by Verres. Cicero contrasts his upright administration with the corruption of his successor.

Licinii Murenae

 * Lucius Licinius Murena, triumvir monetalis between 169 and 158 BC, praetor in 147, and legate of Lucius Mummius Achaicus in Greece from 146 to 145.
 * Lucius Licinius L. f. Murena, praetor before 101 BC. He was a contemporary of the orator Lucius Licinius Crassus, who was consul in 95 BC.
 * Publius Licinius L. f. L. n. Murena, described by Cicero as a man of moderate talent, and some literary knowledge, who devoted much attention to the study of antiquity. He died in the civil war between Sulla and the younger Marius, about 82 BC.
 * Lucius Licinius L. f. L. n. Murena, one of Sulla's lieutenants in Greece, he later fought against Mithridates without authorization, and was recalled by Sulla in 81 BC. He had probably been praetor about 88.  He was awarded a triumph in 81.
 * Lucius Licinius L. f. L. n. Murena, elected consul in 62 BC; before entering office he was accused of bribery, and defended by Quintus Hortensius, Cicero, and Marcus Licinius Crassus. During his consulship he worked to preserve the peace in the aftermath of Catiline's conspiracy.
 * Gaius Licinius L. f. L. n. Murena, legate of his brother, the consul of 62, in Gallia Cisalpina; he captured some of Catiline's allies. He was also aedile circa 59.
 * Licinius (L. f. L. n.) Murena, probably the son of the consul of 62, he was adopted by Aulus Terentius Varro, and assumed the name Aulus Terentius Varro Murena. He was consul suffectus in 23 BC, but the following year conspired with Fannius Caepio and was put to death.
 * Lucius Licinius Varro Murena, one of the conspirators against Augustus, was the adopted brother of Aulus, consul in 23 BC.

Licinii Macri

 * Gaius Licinius Macer, praetor in 68 BC, he was impeached for extortion by Cicero in 66, he took his own life to avoid the disgrace of a public condemnation. He was probably the annalist Licinius Macer, frequently mentioned by Livius and other historians.
 * Gaius Licinius C. f. Macer Calvus, a renowned orator and poet, favorably compared with Cicero and Catullus.

Others

 * Publius Licinius Tegula, the author of a religious poem, sung by the Roman virgins in 200 BC.
 * Gaius Licinius C. f., a senator in 129 BC.
 * Licinius, an educated slave belonging to Gaius Gracchus, who, according to a well-known story, used to stand behind his master with a musical instrument, in order to moderate Gracchus' tone when he was speaking. He afterward became a client of Quintus Lutatius Catulus.
 * Gaius Licinius P. f. Geta, consul in 116 BC, was expelled from the senate with thirty-one others by the censors of 115; he was subsequently restored to his rank, and himself held the office of censor in 108.
 * Sextus Licinius, a senator, whom Gaius Marius ordered to be hurled from the Tarpeian Rock, on the day that he entered upon his seventh consulship, the first of January, 86 BC.
 * Gaius Licinius C. f., a senator in 73 BC, had been praetor in an uncertain year. He was probably not related to the Gaius Licinius who was a senator in 129, since he belonged to the tribus Pomptina, while the senator of 129 was from Terentina.
 * Aulus Licinius Archias, a Greek poet, defended by Cicero on a charge of illegally assuming Roman citizenship in 61 BC.
 * Lucius Licinius Squillus, one of the conspirators against Quintus Cassius Longinus in Hispania, in 48 BC.
 * Licinius Lenticula, a companion of Marcus Antonius, who restored him to his former status, after Lenticula had been condemned for gambling.
 * Licinius Regulus, a senator who lost his seat when the senate was re-organized by Augustus.
 * Publius Licinius Stolo, triumvir monetalis during the reign of Augustus.
 * Gaius Licinius Imbrex, a Latin comic poet, quoted by Aulus Gellius and Sextus Pompeius Festus.
 * Licinius Lartius, praetor in Hispania, and later governor of one of the imperial provinces. He was a contemporary of the elder Plinius.
 * Licinius Caecina, a senator attached to the party of Otho in AD 69; he may be the same as the Licinius Caecina of praetorian rank mentioned by the elder Pliny.
 * Licinius Proculus, a friend of Otho, who raised him to the rank of praefectus praetorio. His bad advice and lack of military experience hastened Otho's downfall. He was pardoned by Vitellius.
 * Gaius Licinius Mucianus, consul for the first time circa AD 63, and again in 70 and 72, was the general and chief advisor of Vespasian.
 * Licinius Nepos, described by the younger Plinius as an upright but severe man; he was praetor, although the year is uncertain.
 * Lucius Licinius Sura, consul suffectus ex kal. Jul. possibly around AD 93, and consul in 102 and 107.
 * Quintus Licinius Nepos, consul suffectus at some undetermined point during the reign of Septimus Severus.
 * Licinius Rufinus, a jurist and imperial amicus circa AD 210–240; he compiled twelve books of Regulae.
 * Publius Licinius Valerianus, emperor from AD 253 to 260.
 * Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus, emperor from AD 253 to 268.
 * Publius Licinius Valerianus Minor, the brother of Gallienus.
 * Publia Licinia Julia Cornelia Salonina, the wife of Gallienus, and Roman empress.
 * Publius Licinius Cornelius Valerianus, son of Gallienus and Salonina.
 * Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus, another son of Gallienus and Salonina.
 * Publius Licinius Egnatius Marinianus, a son or nephew of Gallienus.
 * Licinius Diocletianus, a vir egregius who set up an two statues for Gallienus and Salonina in Aquileia.
 * Valerius Licinianus Licinius, emperor from AD 307 to 324.
 * Valerius Licinianus Licinius, son of the emperor Licinius, he was put to death in AD 326, when he was about 11 years old.

title: Licinia gens


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Talk:List of Spanish monarchs

List of Monarchs in what is now Spain
Besides this article we have List of Navarrese monarchs, List of Castilian monarchs, List of Aragonese monarchs, and List of Counts of Barcelona. As far as I can tell, we lack lists of Vandal, Visigothic, and Suebi monarchs in Iberia; I'm also unaware of where we might have a list of the Muslim monarchs in what is now Spain.

The Spanish-language wikipedia has a lot of this (still missing the Muslim monarchs, though) well-arranged in a table at Tabla_cronol%C3%B3gica_de_reinos_de_Espa%C3%B1a. Do people think it would be useful to so something like that in English? Or maybe just link to that Spanish-language article from here? I'm open to ideas. -- Jmabel 20:51, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

The Visigoth article lists those rulers. Umayyad, Almoravides, and Almohad have lists of those rulers. john k 21:36, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks. -- Jmabel 21:59, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Why do you mention a list of Suevi and Visigoth Kings? Why not the Vandal Siling kings? And by the way why not the Roman list of rulers of the Peninsula? It looks pretty silly to have to read who were the forerunners of the Spanish throne when the article is about the Spanish kings, it is so confusing for a student.

 * How were these lineages eventually united by the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.84.66.111 (talk • contribs) 6 March 2006.

This is a list of Spanish monarchs, that is a list of what is considered Spain after the union of Castilla and Aragón. What comes before is not relevant to this page. It's relevant geographically but not in terms of what was/is Spain. Links to what was there before can be added at the bottom of the article.

ICE77 (talk) 08:18, 30 May 2020 (UTC)

Carlos vs. Charles?
Is there any standard on when to use Carlos or Charles for the different Spanish Kings. I noticed that Charles III of Spain, for example, doesn't mention the name Carlos at all (although there is a redirect from Carlos III of Spain), but is listed on this page as Carlos III (as well as referred to as Carlos III in an article on California history I was just reading). gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 05:19, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia standards seem pretty clear that we should be using "Charles" consistently, but should have redirects from "Carlos" and should mention it in the lead of the relevant article. -- Jmabel | Talk 18:26, Nov 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * If nothing else then, the lead article on him needs some revision since it doesn't even mention "Carlos".

 * Did the Spanish actually call him "Charles III de Bourbon, Rey de España" or "Carlos III de Borbón, Rey de España"? Even the fairly Anglo-centric website http://thePeerage.com (A genealogical survey of the peerage of Britain as well as the royal families of Europe website) calls him "Carlos III de Borbón, Rey de España". For a modern example, we certainly don't say "his majesty King John-Charles of Spain" for the current Spanish king no matter how Anglo-centric we want to be. gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 07:30, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed, Juan Carlos is a simple case, I've never seen any other form. I'm just reporting what I've seen as the preponderant approach in a little over a year on Wikipedia. I don't necessarily like the policy, but I'd rather try to follow it reasonably consistently than be ad hoc every time. -- 09:08, Nov 21, 2004 (UTC)

Charles III is a special case, since he before ascending the Spanish throne, was king of Naples etc in Italy, where the name form is Carlo. All these cannot be included in the title of his article, thus in all cases it is easiest to call him Charles.

Juan Carlos comes from the specific Wiki policy, an exception, that a living monarch can be named in the native language in English article - today's news flow uses his native name. Since history books tend to use English name forms, Charles is the presumption for deceased monarchs. 62.78.125.16 09:34, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Carlos IV
Carlos IV was recently edited without explanation to Carlos Torralba IV. The word "Torralba" does not appear in our article on him. Does anyone know what is going on here? -- Jmabel | Talk 15:35, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Spain is not Iberia or Hispania!
This article had several instances of Spanish-centered POV! The Iberian peninsula or Hispania, covers not only the modern country of Spain, but Portugal also (and Andorra; and Gibraltar!). The word "Spain" in modern English (and its counterparts in other languages) means the country of Spain, not all of the Iberian peninsula (as the respective articles show). The fact is that Castillian expansionism over the centuries (ask not only the Portuguese, but also the Galicians, the Basques or the Catalans...) tried to monopolize the definition of Iberia in a way that satisfied its imperial interests. In fact, even if Spain was used in ancient times to refer to the whole of Iberia, today it is not. In this sense, given that the Kingdom of Spain only emerges with the union of Castille and Aragon in 1492 (and this is disputed since Navarre was only incoporated in 1512), one can almost say that there was never a Spain before that! It was Iberia that was conquered by the Romans, who called it Hispania. The country of Spain didn't exist then. It was Hispania that was conquered by Suevi, Vandals, Alans and Visigoths. The country of Spain didn't exist then. It was Visigothic Hispania that was conquered by the Moors. The country of Spain didn't exist then. The Moorish conquest was of Iberia or Hispania (that should not be confused with Spain, even if the term Hispanic is used to denote Spanish speaking peoples). This conquest and subsequent occupation led to a Christian reaction know as the Reconquista from which several Christian kingdoms emerged (such as Asturias, León, Castille, Portugal, Navarre, etc.). Over time Castille came to dominate most of Iberia (but not Portugal, except for a small period between 1580 and 1640) and the use of the castillian word "España" (which is the castillian version of latin Hispania) started as a political strategy to curb autonomy or independence from centralist Madrid (for the same reason Castillian language started to be known as Spanish, implying the irrelevance of other Iberian languages - this was still a problem in the Spain of the 20th century, with the active repression of languages other than Castillian). Furthermore, if you call Spain to the Iberian peninsula, this not only is simply not true, but is felt as profoundly offensive at least by the Portuguese. For all these reasons and more, this article should not emply that Spain is Iberia and that there was an exclusive direct descent from some of the monarchs of ancient times to those of modern Spain. The Ogre 19:05, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Really nice job on your edit on this. It's nice to see someone with this level of issue with the POV of an article simply come in and fix the issue without tearing our large quantities of useful information, or inserting POV in the opposite direction, etc. I corrected a couple of very minor English-language issues, but great work! -- Jmabel | Talk 06:19, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks Jmabel! The Ogre 16:15, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps it ought to be noted that Philip IV didn't give up his claim to the Portuguese throne until some decades after the revolt. I'd add that, prior to 1516, and perhaps prior to 1640/1662, "Spain" can be considered to mean "the Iberian Peninsula".  It is only with the definitive independence of Portugal that "Spain" can be said to mean "the Iberian Peninsula, except Portugal." john k 06:40, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Hello John Kenney. I've added that the Habsburgs only recognized the separation of Portugal under the Braganzas in 1668. As to the fact that, before 1640, the name "Spain" meant all of Iberia, I think that is clear by the sentence "and thenceforth the name of Spain does not refer to the whole of the Iberian peninsula (ancient Hispania), but only to one of its constituent countries." Mind you that in most Iberian languages, namely Portuguese and Castillian, "Spain", when refering to the whole of the peninsula, was frequently worded in the plural - they spoke of the "Spains" (As Espanhas or Las Españas) - which has quite different connotations... The Ogre 16:13, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Suebi Kings of Gallaecia
KuatofKDY had deleted the link to the Suebi Kings of Gallaecia, arguing "Wrong kingdom listed. No list available yet for Gallician kings". This is a mistake. If one follows the link one can see the list. However the list is not of Galician Kings, but of the Suebi Kings of Gallaecia. Gallaecia, not Galicia. There where no Kings of Galicia, except for Garcia II of Galicia and Portugal during a period of very few years (see Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal), even if sometimes Galicia was refered to as a Kingdoom. The fact was that Galicia was generally ruled by a Count. For these reasons I have reverted to Jmabel version, that includes the afore mentioned link. The Ogre 15:51, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Ancestors' Infobox
I finished adding the infobox in all Spanish Monarchs' articles with two exceptions: Amadeo I's and Juan Carlos I's. I couldn't find the necessary genealogical information for their mothers, so I decided to do a bit more of research instead of adding a incomplete infobox.--Cosmos666 15:49, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Charles IV again
Charles IV is listed here as having had a 1-month restoration that goes unmentioned in our article Charles IV of Spain. If it is accurate, it should be mentioned in his biographical article; if not, it should be removed from here. Does anyone have a citable source? - Jmabel | Talk 00:31, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

El Reyna
From the article" "The Spanish monarchs traditionally sign Yo El Rey (I the King), or Yo El Reyna (I the Queen)." Surely not. I believe that the only person who would be El Reyna is Freddie Mercury. Given the one obvious mistake, is any of this correct? Does anyone have a citation? Or am I (not a native Spanish speaker) completely confused? - Jmabel | Talk 00:33, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Fernando V
Hola. I've change a Fernando king of Aragon. He is Fernando II de Aragon y V de Castilla. before he appear that I of Castile and I of Spain, when the last king of Castile was Fernando IV (1296-1312). The last king of Spain (Fernando VI 1746-1756) never Fernando II. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Singara (talk • contribs).

Fair use rationale for Image:Alfonso XIII of Spain.jpg I
Image:Alfonso XIII of Spain.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 19:13, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Alfonso XIII of Spain.jpg II
Image:Alfonso XIII of Spain.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:38, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Ordinal numbers
This page should probably include a brief explanation of why some of the ordinals don't start at I -- i.e. what happend to Philip I, Isabella I, Ferdinand I-V, and Alfonso I-XI. I know that some of the predecessor state kings are counted in the sequence, but I'm not sure which ones (Castille and Leon, I think, and the Asturias, maybe?); we could perhaps also remark on the origin of this convention, if anyone knows it. --Jfruh (talk) 04:38, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Okay, Phillip I was king consort of Castille. The rest were kings (and queen) proper of Castille. 74.68.129.111 (talk) 23:38, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Philip I and Isabella I are part of the list. Ferdinand I was a king of Aragón before Ferdinand II. Alfonso I-XI were primarily kings of Castilla, sometimes of Aragón and León. Alfonso XII and XIII appear in the late 1800s and they follow the numbering of kings from the middle ages. Alfonso XI (1311–1350) was the last king named Alfonso and this is even before Castilla and Aragón merged together in 1469. Traditional numbering of monarchs follows the Castillian crown (as mentioned in the article).

ICE77 (talk) 08:49, 30 May 2020 (UTC)

Merger proposal
As Spain has been both a Kingdom and a Republic, I suggested to merge this article into List of heads of state of Spain. I believe that having two articles is probably not redundant, but unnecessary. I will be glad to hear other opinions. --MauritiusXXVII  (Aut Doce, Aut Disce, Aut Discede!) 18:40, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I believe that the best option is in the Spanish wikipedia, the List of heads of state of Spain is divided between the List of Spanish monarchs and the List of heads of state of Spain who were not monarchs. This way, the heads of state of Spain would became a disambiguation page. Trasamundo (talk) 22:11, 13 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Monarchy is recognised as a separate topic throughout Wikipedia, and this list needs to exist for categorisation purposes. Postlebury (talk) 12:37, 14 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The page will continue to exist after the merger, the users clicking on the link in category lists will simply be redirected to the new page. So this is not an obstacle. Zhmr (talk) 19:56, 28 June 2013 (UTC)

 * The articles overlap, as List of heads of state of Spain includes all the monarchs. Even the Spanish wikipedia does not have separate articles. There has been no opposition since I've put the merger tag so I am going to proceed with the merger. Zhmr (talk) 19:58, 28 June 2013 (UTC)
 * The monarchy in Spain is one thing and the heads of state are another thing. Two related things, but two things. I understand a list of kings and other heads of state list, but leave one and remove the other does not seem right. And the Spanish wikipedia does have separate articles (one for the kings and other for the chiefs of State without crown). --EeuHP (talk) 12:17, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, but the article we have here on English WP, List of heads of state of Spain, includes all the monarchs, it does not list only "the chiefs of State without crown". So it is not a case of "two related things", on equal "level", but a case of one article containing everything that is in the smaller one, which is like a sub-level. Spain is still a Monarchy and there are very few heads of state in the list that were not monarchs. This list is almost a duplicate. Zhmr (talk) 12:26, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
 * In the article of the Heads of State in es.wiki, regents are included (regents during the minority of the kings or regents during the absence of the kings)--EeuHP (talk) 13:40, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
 * So? They are not here. Zhmr (talk) 14:06, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I mean they could be added to the article. There would be two lists: one for kings and other for heads of state non-kings (presidents, regents, dictators...).--EeuHP (talk) 14:16, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
 * It is simple really. This article is a duplicate of 90% of the List of heads of state of Spain. All the content from here belongs there. If this article didn't already exist, would you really take time to create it? To me it seems the sentiment behind keeping it is a sort of... "inertia". If there is no reason to merge these two articles, we can renounce merging altogether. Zhmr (talk) 14:25, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I think (as most of the heads of state are kings) monarchs list should be maintained and modified the other, but is a hard task. Other option is say List of monarchs and head of State of Spain, for example.--EeuHP (talk) 14:41, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Support merge as proposed. Littledogboy (talk) 22:34, 1 September 2013 (UTC)

Maria de la Mercedes
She was "queen in name" for a while, and thus actual head of state under her mother's regency. Had her brother been her sister or stillborn, she would have kept her title and position.74.68.129.111 (talk) 23:41, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

I've never actually seen her listed as Queen of Spain. However, it appears that she may have been nominal head of state. If she is to be included on this list I think there should be a special section or a note on her status. York1066 (talk) 02:24, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

I don't think she was ever considered queen. If her brother had been a girl, she would have been considered to retroactively be queen since her father's death, but because he was a healthy boy, she was not considered to have been queen. You would need some pretty good sourcing for the claim that she was ever actually queen. john k (talk) 02:27, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Title field
I don't care for the title field here. It gives titles that aren't actually correct. Philip II, say, was never called "King of Spain." What's the point of a title field if it doesn't even give the right titles? john k (talk) 15:05, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

Juan Carlos' reign
Please folks. Juan Carlos' reign ends on June 19. Check the BBC, where it's shown that the King has signed the abdication, but mentions his reign is now in its final hours. GoodDay (talk) 20:26, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

 * One thing is when will Felipe become King, which will be at 00:00, 19 June 2014 (CET). And way another thing is the time of Juan Carlos' abdication, which became formal at 18:15, 18 June (CET) after the signing of the abdication law, which is now irrevocable and can't be undone. Impru20 (talk) 20:44, 18 June 2014 (UTC)
 * The throne hasn't become vacant, not even for a few hours. Succession is automatic & the abdication hasn't taken effect 'yet'. GoodDay (talk) 20:55, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

English/Spanish names
I recommend that we keep the last two monarchs names in sync. If that means using English/Spanish to match the rest of the article? that's fine. If it means Spanish only? that too is fine. GoodDay (talk) 20:29, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I'm in favour of having them both in English and Spanish, as all other monarchs. Specially in the case of Felipe VI; all other "Felipes", from II to V, are named as "Philip", so having him as "Felipe" looks both weird and unconsistent with other names. Either all monarchs' names are shown in Spanish or in both English and Spanish, but having the same name shown in different languages depending on the person who wears it has little sense. Cheers. Impru20 (talk) 20:37, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Furthermore, to say that "Juan Carlos" must be shown only in Spanish because "he's called like that" is not justification enough. For instance, Charles III should be "Carlos III", Philip II should be "Felipe II" and so on. That could be an argument in favour of having all names in Spanish, but that's another thing. Impru20 (talk) 20:40, 22 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I tend to agree. However, such decisions are beyond my control, see results of RMs at Juan Carlos I of Spain & Felipe VI of Spain. In the meantime, the last 2 monarchs names shouldn't be out of sync. Even it that means appearing in Spanish 'only'. GoodDay (talk) 20:45, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Maybe what could be done would be to show their Spanish name as the main name, then add the anglicised version of them. That would be accurate and would not be out of sync, since the English name shown would stand there just as a translation of the Spanish name. Impru20 (talk) 22:31, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

 * "Juan Carlos" is called "Juan Carlos" in English. That is the point. "John Charles" is nothing; it has no connection to the man at all; it is just a random name that is never used to refer to this man in reliable sources of any language. DrKiernan (talk) 21:39, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

 * By the same rule we could discuss why Carlos III is named Charles III, and the same for all monarchs. "It is just a random name that is never used to refer to this man in reliable sources of any language" Even so, it is the English translation of the name, and if for other monarchs it has been deemed appropiate to anglicise their names, I don't know why can't it be the case for him. Otherwise you can't possibly explain why we have Philip II to V and then a Felipe VI. Or Charles I to III and then a Juan Carlos (by the way, Juan is also the masculine form for Juana, Spanish for Joanna, which we also have in this same article). I'm in favour of having all of them in English or, rather, all of them in Spanish, but just a single language, for consistency. Maybe the latter option would be best; all historical figures are known by the names they got in their respective's languages. If it is to be applied differently on monarchs, if should be applied on all of them, not just a few here and there. Impru20 (talk) 22:31, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Per WP:COMMONNAME, we follow the name most widely used in reliable sources. Reliable sources - even English ones - are inconsistent here, preferring Spanish names for recent monarchs and English ones for earlier ones, even when the Spanish names are same in each case. It's not up to us to impose on the sources a consistency that they do not express for themselves. AlexTiefling (talk) 22:39, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Yes, I know that, and I agree with this policy for individual articles. But I'm not saying that the article names themselves should be changed. The issue here comes when you make a list showing all monarchs in a single article. So, for instance, you have in the same list four Philips and one Felipe, despite them all wearing the same name (just a different regnal number). It just looks weird. At least, the anglicised version of the name should be added in the same way the Spanish version is added for previous monarchs, because otherwise it could be confusing at first glance. Impru20 (talk) 22:52, 22 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Using "John Charles I" is confusing and looks weird. By trying to force its use you are doing exactly what you claim you're trying to avoid. No native English speaker would ever say that. Articles should be written in English not in some weird pidgin that we've created ourselves. DrKiernan (talk) 06:45, 23 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Juan is translated as "John" and Carlos is "Charles". A name translation can never be weird (specially since it seemingly isn't for all previous Felipes, Carlos, Fernandos, etc; otherwise they would be written in Spanish). Furthermore, you are just rebutting my arguments by saying "No, what you say is bad" yet you are not showing a strong argument to defend it. That "Juan Carlos" is known as "Juan Carlos" and not "John Charles"? Aye, but I repeat: the same can be said for any Spanish monarch. And I'm not talking just about Juan Carlos (which you seem to stick on) but about all monarchs. Philip/Felipe VI as well, for instance (there have been even English sources calling Felipe VI as Philip VI interchangeably; sources here, here, here, here or here, to name a few examples). Furthermore, I'm not even defending to change Juan Carlos article name (he is known as Juan Carlos), just to put all names in the list shown in this article in a single, uniform language for consistency.

 * Btw, if we are going to name Kings as how they are known, remove Juan Carlos' regnal number because he is hardly ever (if ever) refered to as "King Juan Carlos I", but as "King Juan Carlos". Impru20 (talk) 08:39, 23 June 2014 (UTC)
 * We already had this discussion at Talk:Juan Carlos I of Spain. It's quite common to speak of him as Juan Carlos I. Please stop re-hashing this; we will call monarchs whatever they're called in the bulk of reliable sources. Nothing requires us to make our lists monolingual. AlexTiefling (talk) 08:43, 23 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Okay, so the issue of Juan Carlos being called John Charles is closed. Impru20 (talk) 11:03, 23 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I can only assume you have misunderstood because English is not your native language. That would also explain why your comments here are self-contradictory (by claiming for example that Felipe VI is not known as Philip VI, and then showing that he is). "John Charles I" is unacceptable because that form is not used in English. "Charles III" is acceptable because that form is used in English. English speakers recognise and are familar with the words "Charles III"; they are not familiar with and do not recognise "John Charles I". DrKiernan (talk) 09:21, 23 June 2014 (UTC)
 * No, my comments are not contradictory, but maybe you have not understood my point. What I'm stating in the example you put of Felipe is that either Felipe VI should be known as Philip VI or that all other Philips should be shown as Felipes. Either of both is okay, but because all of them have the same name, having one of them as Felipe and the others as Philip is unconsistent. Your issue seems to be only with "Juan Carlos"; so, that is okay. If it has been already discussed before and because there is no other past Juan Carlos being called in a different way in the list to alter consistency, I can skip over it. But the issue of Felipe/Philip is still there, and I have shown a couple sources that call him Philip VI (even if I do recognize that others call him Felipe VI; there is no consensus about how should him be called even in the English press). Impru20 (talk) 11:03, 23 June 2014 (UTC)

I've been around the old 'pedia (and I've got the scars to proove it) long enough, to know the John Charles I & Philip VI aren't gonna pass the mustard here. Perhaps I'm getting softer in my old age, but we could have all the names appear in their Spanish forms & drop the non-Spanish forms. Just a thought. GoodDay (talk) 11:08, 23 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Maybe they could use the same treatment that in this template, where their Spanish names seem to have been respected. Impru20 (talk) 11:36, 23 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Though it personally annoys me to no end (since this is English Wikipedia), I can accept the all Spanish version, as it's done on the Template-in-question. GoodDay (talk) 19:01, 23 June 2014 (UTC)

hola necesito una foto de un diagrama de the catholic monarchs no la encuentro ayudenme por favor — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.6.224.34 (talk) 16:17, 6 May 2015 (UTC)

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Comments and questions
1a. The article on Spain says "In 1469, the crowns of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon". I added this sentence to the article because it's quite relevant.

1b. Why does the House of Trastámara only start in 1479?

2a. The summary for the House of Trastámara (1479–1555) should at a minimum mention the Reconquista and the voyage of Columbus which are two major historical events.

2b. I think the House of Trastámara (1479–1555) section should be modified to show a separate list for the Crowns of Castilla and Aragón, even if they fell on multiple monarchs at the same time. This is similar to the Crowns of Scotland and England between 1603 and 1707. They were still separate entities. I spent time trying to understand who was on the Castilian and who were the Aragonese leaders. I find it hard to read this section.

3. Does Joanna need the regnal number? I do not see any other Joanna in the article.

4. The placement of Philip I in the House of Trastámara is inconvenient since he was an Habsburg. How do we go about that?

5. The summary for the House of Habsburg (1516–1700) should mention the 1580-1640 Iberian Union with the Crown of Portugal under Philip II, III and IV.

6. "Constitutional King of Spain" is not a complete sentence. If that was the new title then state so for clarity.

7. I would be useful to briefly add why Amadeo I and Alfonso XIII abdicated.

8. The section called "Kingdom of Spain (1975–present)" should be replaced by "House of Bourbon (1975–present)" for consistency with every other section. It's understood this is about the kings and queens of Spain.

ICE77 (talk) 08:50, 30 May 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of Spanish monarchs


text:
House of Representatives of Puerto Rico

The House of Representatives of Puerto Rico (Cámara de Representantes de Puerto Rico) is the lower house of the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, the bicameral territorial legislature of Puerto Rico. The House, together with the Senate, control the legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico.

The structure and responsibilities of the House are defined in Article III of the Constitution of Puerto Rico, which vests all legislative power in the Legislative Assembly. Every bill must be passed by the Senate and by the House, and signed by the governor in order to become law.

The House has exclusive power to initiate impeachments and bring an indictment. The constitution also establishes that the appointment of the Secretary of State and the Comptroller require the advice and consent of the House, with all other appointments confirmed by the Senate alone. Financially, all bills for raising revenue must originate in the House.

Structurally, the House is normally composed of 51 members. Forty are elected from single-member districts across the commonwealth (with one representative per district), elected through Single-member Plurality while 11 are elected at-large through Single non-transferable voting.

The House has been meeting since 1900, after the enactment of the Foraker Act established the body formally.

The House of Representatives, along with its members and staff, is housed in the western half of the Capitol of Puerto Rico, namely in the Ernesto Ramos Antonini House Annex Building, the Antonio R. Barceló Building, and the Luis A. Ferré Building.

History
Created in 1900 as the House of Delegates under the Foraker Act, the lower body of the Puerto Rico Legislative Assembly was the only elected body until the Senate was created in 1917 under the Jones-Shafroth Act, then creating a bicameral legislature.

The House of Delegates was controlled by the Republican Party from its creation in 1900 through 1904. In January 1905, the House switched to control by the Union Party, which would remain in power until 1924. A coalition of the Republican Party and Socialist Party of Puerto Rico controlled the House until 1944, save for a brief period from 1941 to 1943 of the Popular Democratic Party.

After the Popular Democratic Party's landslide victory in 1944, that party controlled the House until 1969, when the New Progressive Party won the House and the governorship, but not the Senate, creating Puerto Rico's first split government. Ángel Viera Martínez, a former prosecutor and freshman representative from San Juan, was elected to the first of three stints as Speaker.

In 1973, the Popular Democratic Party reacquired control of the House but was ousted as the majority party in the 1976 elections, won by the New Progressive Party. Viera Martínez was elected in 1977, to his second stint as Speaker.

As a result of the 1980 elections, the New Progressive Party had won 26 seats and the Popular Democratic Party 25, but the latter challenged the results of the 35th Representative District, creating a tie with each party holding 25 seats, pending the final results of that district. Since the new House in 1981 was tied, it was unable to elect a Speaker, as required, by an absolute majority. To complicate matters, Ramón Muñiz (PPD-32nd District) died on the House floor in January 1981 and Representative-elect Fernando Tonos Florenzán's election was invalidated due to him not having the Constitutionally required 25 years to serve in the House, leaving the House with 25 New Progressives and 23 Popular Democrats. House Secretary Cristino Bernazard, who normally would have presided over the House only until it elected its new Speaker in its inaugural session, became the first unelected Acting Speaker of the House. During Bernazard's incumbency, he appointed co-chairs to the House standing committees and required that all House decisions and legislation be approved by consensus. After some political wrangling, in what became known as the Viera-Colberg Pact, the House elected Viera Martínez once again as Speaker for the remainder of 1981 and maverick Popular Democratic Rep. Severo Colberg Ramírez as Speaker from 1982 until 1984. In late 1981, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Popular Democratic candidate in the 35th District, and with the Popular Democrats finally filling in the two vacancies they had, that party gained control of the House, with a majority of 26.

Even though the Popular Democratic Party retained the House in the 1984 general elections, Colberg decided to comply with a party commitment and endorse a new Speaker, José Ronaldo "Rony" Jarabo who served as Speaker from 1985 to 1992. Jarabo was defeated in a primary in 1992, and as the New Progressive Party won the 1992 general elections, he was succeeded by the first woman Speaker, Zaida Hernandez Torres, who served until 1996, when she left the House to run for Mayor of San Juan.

Hernandez's Speaker pro Tempore, Edison Misla Aldarondo, became Speaker in 1997. After he left office in 2000, he was convicted of corruption charges in federal and state courts. He was succeeded in office by Carlos Vizcarrondo during the 2001–2004 term.

In 2005, as a Popular Democratic governor took office, the New Progressive Party controlled the Senate and the House, and José Aponte Hernández, a loyalist of former Governor Pedro Rosselló, was elected as Speaker of the House. In addition to the tension with the executive branch, Aponte's term was tinged with greater-than-average tension with the Senate, in which his support for Rossello's bid to oust Senate President Kenneth McClintock, whom he called a "traitor" to his party, took him to lead over 20 New Progressive representatives to converge on the Senate floor in opposition to McClintock's permanence as Senate President, considered by many the all-time historical low-point in Senate–House relations.

Aponte was defeated for re-election as Speaker in the House caucus held after the 2008 general elections, and Jenniffer A. González Colón became the Speaker, taking office on 12 January 2009.

The current Speaker, as of 2021, is Rafael Hernández Montañez.

Functions
The House of Representatives, along with the Senate of Puerto Rico, are in charge of the legislative power of the Government of Puerto Rico.

The House has exclusive power to initiate impeachment proceedings and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of the total number of members of which it is composed, to bring an indictment. The Constitution also establishes that all bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House. The appointment of the Secretary of State shall in addition require the advice and consent of the House.

Qualifications
Article III of the Constitution of Puerto Rico states that no person can be a member of the House of Representatives unless the candidate:
 * is capable of reading and writing in either Spanish or English;
 * is a citizen of the United States;
 * is a citizen of Puerto Rico;
 * has resided in Puerto Rico for at least two years immediately prior to the date of his election or appointment; and,
 * is over twenty-five years of age.

Elections
Elections to the House are held every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, along with the elections for governor, resident commissioner, the Senate, the mayors, and the municipal assemblies. The last election was held on 3 November 2020 where the members of the 31st House of Representatives of Puerto Rico House of Representatives of Puerto Rico were elected. The next election is scheduled for 5 November 2024 where the members of the 30th House of Representatives of Puerto Rico will be elected. Members of the House are elected for a four-years term.

Only American citizens (including Puerto Ricans) that meet all the following requirements may vote for representatives:
 * must legally reside in Puerto Rico,
 * must be at least 18 years old by the date of the election,
 * must have been qualified by the Puerto Rico State Commission on Elections before the election or on the very same day of the election after he presents himself to his nearest place of voting and shows proper documentation, and
 * must have not been declared mentally incapacitated by court.

Citizens cast their votes in colleges (colegios) which are simply usually the nearest public school to where the voter declared as residence. Votes are required by law to be cast in secret, unless the citizen has a physical impairment that does not allow him to. Those citizens unable to travel to colleges due to medical impairments may vote at their place of residence (homes, elder homes, etc.) or wherever they are convalescing (hospitals, clinics, etc.). In both of these extraordinary cases, officials from the Puerto Rico State Commission on Elections will provide aid so that the citizens can cast their vote—either by using verbal or non-verbal communication—with members from the different political parties required to observe the process in order to ensure accuracy, fairness, transparency, order, and legitimacy.

Ballots are redacted in both English and Spanish regardless of whether English is an official language or not.

To elect the members of the House, Puerto Rico is divided into forty (40) representative districts that do not follow a particular pattern; they are strictly based on a similar number of inhabitants. These districts are in turn divided into one or more precincts: an electoral division which, in turn, is constituted by colleges. For each district, citizens may vote only for one candidate from the district in which they declared residence by first-past-the-post. District representatives are expected to give priority to matters related to the district they represent but are not required to do so by law.

In addition, citizens are allowed to vote for one candidate at-large of their preference by single non-transferable vote. The eleven at-large candidates with the majority of votes serve as representatives at-large alongside the district representatives with the same powers and rights. Representatives at-large are expected to serve any individual or group but are not required to do so by law; they also serve as a mechanism for citizens who do not wish to channel their affairs through their district representative for whatever reason.

Term
Representatives serve terms of four years each. A member who has been elected, but not yet seated, is called a "representative-elect"; a member who has been appointed to a seat, but not yet seated, is called a "representative-designate". The Puerto Rico Constitution does not provide for term limits.

Salary and benefits
The annual salary for full-time work of each representative is $73,775 USD annually, except for the Speaker which receives $110,663, and the Speaker pro tempore, the Majority and Minority Leaders, the Majority and Minority Whips, and the presidents of the Commission on Government and the Commission on Treasury which receive $84,841 each.

Representatives are allowed to generate additional income from outside their legislative employment subject to restrictions, and only the representatives which do not receive an annual salary are entitled to additional benefits such as per diem or car allowance. Costs associated to traveling outside of Puerto Rico is reimbursed. Cost-of-living adjustments have been frozen since 2005. All representatives qualify for the same retirement and health benefits as of all other employees of the government of Puerto Rico.

In addition, all representatives are provided with office space, secretarial services, advisors, support personnel, office supplies, and stationery. Hiring of personnel working directly for each representative is at the discretion of each representative. Rather than providing these resources and services directly, representatives are instead assigned a budget from which they retrieve funds to cover such costs. Representatives that preside commissions are assigned larger budgets than those who do not, thus creating a difference between the budgets assigned to representatives from the party holding a majority in the House versus the ones in minority as majority representatives tend to be the ones who preside commissions.

Majority and minority parties
The "Majority party" is the political party that holds a majority of seats. The next-largest party is known as the minority party. The president pro tempore, committee chairs, and some other officials are generally from the majority party.

Section 9 of Article III of the Constitution of Puerto Rico states that should a Party control more than two-thirds of the seats in the House of Representatives, the losing candidates with the most percentage of votes will be given seats in the Legislature until the total of minority members reaches seventeen (17). In order to qualify to a Section 9 seat, the candidates must belong to a party that received a minimum number of votes in the General Elections of that year.

Officers
The House is served by several officers with and without voting powers, and elected from within and outside its ranks. Of these, only the Speaker was established by the Constitution; all other officers were established by internal rules adopted by each session of the House. Only the Speaker, Speaker pro tempore, the Majority and Minority Leaders, and the Majority and Minority Whips have voting powers as all are elected from within. Non-voting officers are elected from outside House ranks and simply assist in internal procedures and clerical tasks, and in the observance of internal rules, laws, and the Constitution. Typical non-voting officers include the Secretary, the Sergeant-at-Arms, and other officers appointed by the different commissions as part of their own internal affairs.

Speaker
The Speaker of the House is the highest-ranking officer and the presiding officer of the House. The post was created by Article III of the Constitution of Puerto Rico which establishes that, "[...]the House of Representatives [shall elect] a Speaker from among [its] members." The Speaker is substituted by the Speaker pro tempore in his absence. Its counterpart in the Senate is the President.

The current Speaker is Carlos Johnny Méndez, representative District 36 from the New Progressive Party.

Speaker pro tempore
The Speaker pro tempore is the second-highest-ranking officer of the House of Representatives and substitutes the Speaker of the House in his absence. Its counterpart in the Senate is the President pro tempore.

The current Speaker pro tempore is José "Conny" Varela, representative at-large from the PPD.

Party leaders
Each party elects floor leaders denominated "Majority leader" or "Minority leader", accordingly, as well as a "Majority Whip" or a "Minority Whip". Floor leaders act as the party chief spokespeople. The current leaders are Majority Leader Ángel Matos García, Majority Whip Roberto Rivera Ruiz de Porras, and Minority Leaders are Carlos "Johnny" Méndez (PNP), Mariana Nogales Molinelli (MVC), Denis Márquez Lebrón (PIP), and Lisie Burgos Muñiz (PD).

Non-member officers
The House is served by several officials who are not members.

The Senate's chief administrative officer is the Secretary of the House, who maintains public records, disburses salaries, monitors the acquisition of stationery and supplies, and oversees clerks. The Secretary automatically presides over the House in the interim, once the term of the incumbent Speaker is finished, but before the House elects a new Speaker.

Another official is the Sergeant-at-Arms of the House who maintains order and security on the Senate premises as the Senate's chief law enforcement officer.

This officers are elected by the Senate, usually during its inaugural session, immediately after the election of the body's. The current Secretary is Elizabeth Stuart Villanueva while the current Sergeant-At-Arms is Henry Tallaboa Collazo.

Current composition
The current session is the 31st House of Representatives of Puerto Rico, the lower house of the 19th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, which will meet from 2 January 2021, to 1 January 2025. Members were elected in the general elections of 2020 with a simple majority coming from the Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico) (PPD).

 * District 1: Eddie Charbonier
 * District 2: Luis Raúl Torres
 * District 3: Juan O. Morales Rodríguez
 * District 4: Víctor Parés
 * District 5: Jorge Navarro Suárez
 * District 6: Ángel Morey Noble
 * District 7: Luis Pérez Ortíz
 * District 8: Yashira Lebrón Rodríguez
 * District 9: Er Yazzer Morales Díaz
 * District 10: Deborah Soto Arroyo
 * District 11: Rafael "Tatito" Hernández
 * District 12: Edgardo Feliciano Sánchez
 * District 13: Gabriel Rodríguez Aguiló
 * District 14: José O. González Mercado
 * District 15: Joel I. Franqui Atiles
 * District 16: Eladio J. Cardona Quiles
 * District 17: Wilson Román López
 * District 18: Jessie Cortés Ramos
 * District 19: Jocelyne Rodríguez Negrón
 * District 20: Kebin Maldonado Martínez
 * District 21: Lydia Méndez Silva
 * District 22: Jorge Alfredo Rivera Segarra
 * District 23: José H. Rivera Madera
 * District 24: Ángel A. Fourquet Cordero
 * District 25: Domingo J. Torres García
 * District 26: Orlando Aponte Rosario
 * District 27: Estrella Martínez Soto
 * District 28: Juan J. Santiago Nieves
 * District 29: Gretchen Hau
 * District 30: Luis «Narmito» Ortiz Lugo
 * District 31: Jesús Santa Rodríguez
 * District 32: José Manuel «Conny» Varela Fernández
 * District 33: Ángel Peña Ramírez
 * District 34: Ramón Luis Cruz Burgos
 * District 35: Sol Y. Higgins Cuadrado
 * District 36: Carlos "Johnny" Méndez
 * District 37: Ángel Bulerín
 * District 38: Javier Aponte Dalmau
 * District 39: Roberto Rivera Ruiz
 * District 40: Angel Matos García
 * At-large: Héctor E. Ferrer Santiago
 * At-large: Jesús Manuel Ortiz González
 * At-large: José Aponte Hernández
 * At-large: José Pichy Torres Zamora
 * At-large: José "Quiquito" Meléndez
 * At-large: «Che» Pérez Cordero
 * At-large: María de Lourdes Ramos Rivera
 * At-large: José Bernardo Márquez
 * At-large: Mariana Nogales Molinelli
 * At-large: Denis Márquez Lebrón
 * At-large: Lisie J. Burgos Muñiz

Other organizations
The Office of Legislative Services was headed in early 2009 by Kevin Rivera, while Eliezer Velázquez currently serves as Superintendent of the Capitol, the first to serve during two four-year terms.

The Puerto Rico Legislative Assembly also receives support services from the Council of State Governments (CSG), CSG's Eastern Regional Conference, the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) and the National Hispanic Caucus of State Legislators (NHCSL).

title: House of Representatives of Puerto Rico