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Iban people

The Ibans or Sea Dayaks are an Austronesian ethnic group indigenous to northwestern Borneo. The Ibans are also known as Sea Dayaks and the title Dayak was given by the British and the Dutch to various ethnic groups in Borneo island.

Ibans were renowned for practicing headhunting and territorial migration, and had a fearsome reputation as a strong and successfully warring tribe. Since the arrival for Europeans and the subsequent colonisation of the area, headhunting gradually faded out of practice, although many other tribal customs and practices as well as the Iban language continue to thrive.

The Iban population is concentrated in the state of Sarawak in Malaysia, Brunei, and the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan. They traditionally live in longhouses called rumah panjai or betang (trunk) in West Kalimantan.

Etymology

 * Iban, It is believed that the term "Iban" was originally an exonym used by the Kayans, who – when they initially came into contact with them – referred to the Sea Dayaks in the upper Rajang river region as the "Hivan".
 * Sea Dayak, Despite the fact being referred as Sea Dayaks due to their maritime skills, the Ibans are originally an interior ethnic group from the Kapuas Lake region before the period of mass migration from 1750s.

Early origins
The Iban people of Borneo possess an indigenous account of their history, mostly in oral literature, partly in writing in papan turai (wooden records), and partly in common cultural customary practices.

According to native myths and legends, they historically came from Kapuas river in Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). They slowly moved to Sarawak due to tribal issues. The ancient Iban legend is also being supported by several modern-day linguistic studies by Asmah Haji Omar (1981), Rahim Aman (1997), Chong Shin and James T. Collins (2019) and material cultures by M. Heppell (2020) that traces the Iban language and culture originated from the upper Kapuas.

The period of great migration
Based on the research conducted by Benedict Sandin (1968), the period of Iban migrations from the Kapuas Hulu Range were determined to commenced from the 1750s. These settlers were identified to enter Batang Lupar and established settlement adjacent to the Undop River. In the period of five generations, they expanded towards west, east and north, founding new settlements within the tributaries of Batang Lupar, Batang Sadong, Saribas and Batang Layar.

By the 19th century during the Brooke administration, the Ibans started to migrate towards the basin of Rejang via the upper reach of Katibas River, Batang Lupar and Saribas River. From 1870s, it was recorded that a huge populations of Ibans have established near Mukah and Oya River. The settlers arrived to Tatau, Kemena (Bintulu) and Balingan by the 1900s. In the turn of twentieth century, the Iban expanded to the Limbang River and Baram valley in the northern Sarawak.

Based on the colonial accounts, the migrations during the Brooke rule has generated several complications in the state, as the Ibans can easily exceeded the other pre-existing tribes and caused an unfavorable environmental impact on the land areas originally designated for swidden agriculture. Thus, they were prohibited by the authorities to emigrate towards other river systems. The tension between the Brooke administration and the Ibans were recorded in Balleh Valley.

Despite the fact that the early migration created challenges for the Brooke administration, it conversely introduced favorable circumstances. The Ibans and their wide knowledge of the land and forest produce were promoted by Brooke to explore the new areas to seek rattans, camphor, damar, wild rubber and other natural products. The authority also supported perpetual Iban settlements in the newly ceded areas of Sarawak. This can be seen during the 1890 annexation of Limbang where the Sarawak government trusting on the Ibans to aid its authority. A similar process also took place in Baram.

By the end of 1800s, several areas in Sarawak including Batang Lupar, Skrang Valley and Batang Ai were experiencing overpopulation. With several conditions, the Sarawakian government opened several territories for the Iban community. For instance, the government granted the Simanggang Ibans unlimited migration towards Bintulu, Baram and Balingan; while in the early 20th century, the Ibans from the Second Division of Sarawak were allowed to emigrate to Limbang, and the government additionally helped the movement of Ibans to Lundu from Batang Lupar.

The government-sponsored policy has left a positive impact on the spread of Iban language and culture throughout Sarawak. Nonetheless, the migrations have also affected other groups as well, as in the case of the Bukitans in Batang Lupar, where the process of intermarriage by the Bukitan leaders has slowly stimulated the whole Batang Lupar Bukitan populations to adopt the Iban way of life, thus assimilating the ethnicity into the Iban community. Some other groups have a more hostile relationship, as in the case of Ukits, Seru, Miriek and Biliun where the populations were almost totally replaced by the Ibans.

18th–19th century
The colonial accounts and reports of Dayak activity in Borneo detail carefully cultivated economic and political relationships with other communities as well as an ample body of research and study concerning the history of Dayak migrations. In particular, the Iban or the Sea Dayak exploits in the South China Seas are documented, owing to their ferocity and aggressive culture of war against sea-dwelling groups and emerging Western trade interests in the 18th and 19th centuries.

In 1838, adventurer James Brooke arrived in the region to find the Sultan of Brunei in a desperate attempt to suppress a rebellion against his rule. Brooke aided the Sultan in putting down the rebellion, for which he was made Governor of Sarawak in 1841, being granted the title of Rajah. Brooke undertook operations to suppress Dayak piracy, establishing a secondary objective to put an end to their custom of headhunting as well. During his tenure as Governor, Brooke's most well-known Dayak opponent was the military commander Rentap; Brooke led three expeditions against him and finally defeated him at the Battle of Sadok Hill. During the expeditions, Brooke employed numerous Dayak troops, quipping that "only Dayaks can kill Dayaks".

Brooke became embroiled in controversy in 1851 when accusations against him of excessive usage of force against the Dayaks, under the guise of anti-piracy operations, ultimately led to the appointment of a Commission of Inquiry in Singapore in 1854. After an investigation, the Commission dismissed the charges. Brooke employed his Dayak troops during other military expeditions, such as those against the Chinese Sarawakian insurgent Liu Shan Bang and Malay Sarawakian Sharif Masahor.

20th century
During the Second World War, Japanese forces occupied Borneo and treated all of the indigenous peoples poorly – massacres of the Malay and Dayak peoples were common, especially among the Dayaks of the Kapit Division. In response, the Dayaks formed a special force to assist the Allied forces. Eleven US airmen and a few dozen Australian special operatives trained a thousand Dayaks from the Kapit Division in guerrilla warfare. This army of tribesmen killed or captured some 1,500 Japanese soldiers and provided the Allies with vital intelligence about Japanese-held oil fields.

During the Malayan Emergency, the British Army employed Iban headhunters against the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA). Typically two would be attached to each infantry patrol as trackers and general assistants, acting as the platoon commander's eyes and ears in this deeply alien environment. News of this was exposed to the public 1952 when the British communist newspaper called The Daily Worker published multiple photographs of Ibans and British soldiers posing with the severed heads of suspected MNLA members. Initially, the British government denied allowing Iban troops to practise headhunting against the MNLA, until Colonial Secretary Oliver Lyttleton confirmed to Parliament that the Ibans were indeed granted such a right to do so. All Dayak troops were disbanded upon the end of the conflict.

Ibanic regional groups
Although Ibans generally speak various dialects which are mutually intelligible, they can be divided into different branches which are named after the geographical areas where they reside.

Language
The Iban language (jaku Iban) is spoken by the Iban, a branch of the Dayak ethnic group formerly known as "Sea Dayak". The language belongs to Malayic languages, which is a Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. It is thought that the homeland of the Malayic languages is in western Borneo, where the Ibanic languages remain. The Malayic branch represents a secondary dispersal, probably from central Sumatra but possibly also from Borneo.

Religion
For hundreds of years, the Iban's ancestors practiced their own traditional custom and pagan religious system. European Christian colonial invaders, after the arrival of James Brooke, led to the influence of European missionaries and conversions to Christianity. Although the majority are now Christian; many continue to observe both Christian and traditional pagan ceremonies, particularly during marriages or festivals, although some ancestral practices such as 'Miring' are still prohibited by certain churches. After being Christianized, the majority of Iban people have changed their traditional name to a Hebrew-based "Christian name" followed by the Ibanese name such as David Dunggau, Joseph Jelenggai, Mary Mayang, etc.

For the majority of Ibans who are Christians, some Christian festivals such as Christmas, Good Friday, Easter are also celebrated. Some Ibans are devout Christians and follow the Christian faith strictly. Since conversion to Christianity, some Iban people celebrate their ancestors' pagan festivals using Christian ways and the majority still observe Gawai Dayak (the Dayak Festival), which is a generic celebration in nature unless a gawai proper is held and thereby preserves their ancestors' culture and tradition.

In Brunei, 1,503 Ibans have converted to Islam from 2009 to 2019 according to official statistics. Many Bruneian Ibans intermarry with Malays and convert to Islam as a result. Nevertheless, most Iban in Brunei are devout Christians similar to the Iban in Malaysia. Bruneian Ibans also often intermarry with the Murut or Christian Chinese due to their shared faith.

Despite the difference in faiths, Ibans of different faiths do live and help each other regardless of faith but some do split their longhouses due to different faiths or even political affiliations. The Ibans believe in helping and having fun together. Some elder Ibans are worried that among most of the younger Iban generation, their culture has faded since the conversion to Christianity and the adoption of a more modern life style. Nevertheless, most Iban embrace modern progress and development.

Many Christian Dayaks have adopted European names, but some continue to maintain their ancestors' traditional names. Since the conversion of most Iban people to Christianity, some have generally abandoned their ancestors' beliefs such as 'Miring' or the celebration of 'Gawai Antu', and many celebrate only Christianized traditional festivals.

Numerous local people and certain missionaries have sought to document and preserve traditional Dayak religious practices. For example, Reverend William Howell contributed numerous articles on the Iban language, lore, and culture between 1909 and 1910 to the Sarawak Gazette. The articles were later compiled in a book in 1963 entitled, The Sea Dayaks and Other Races of Sarawak.

Music
Iban music is percussion-oriented. The Iban have a musical heritage consisting of various types of agung ensembles – percussion ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, bossed/knobbed gongs which act as drums without any accompanying melodic instrument. The typical Iban agung ensemble will include a set of engkerumung (small gongs arranged together side by side and played like a xylophone), a tawak (the so-called "bass gong"), a bebendai (which acts as a snare) and also a ketebung or bedup (a single sided drum/percussion instrument).

One example of Iban traditional music is the taboh. There are various kinds of taboh (music), depending the purpose and types of ngajat, like alun lundai (slow tempo). The gendang can be played in some distinctive types corresponding to the purpose and type of each ceremony. The most popular ones are called gendang rayah (swinging blow) and gendang pampat (sweeping blow).

Handicrafts
Woven products are known as betenun. Several types of woven blankets made by the Ibans are pua kumbu, pua ikat, kain karap and kain sungkit. Using weaving, the Iban make blankets, bird shirts (baju burong), kain kebat, kain betating and selampai. Weaving is the women's warpath while kayau (headhunting) is the men's warpath. The pua kumbu blanket do have conventional or ritual motives depending on the purpose of the woven item. Those who finish the weaving lessons are called tembu kayu (finish the wood). Among well-known ritual motifs are Gajah Meram (Brooding Elephant), Tiang Sandong (Ritual Pole), Meligai (Shrine) and Tiang Ranyai.

Land ownership
Traditionally, Iban agriculture was based on actual integrated indigenous farming system. Iban Dayaks tend to plant paddy on hill slopes. Agricultural Land in this sense was used and defined primarily in terms of hill rice farming, ladang (garden), and hutan (forest). According to Prof Derek Freeman in his Report on Iban Agriculture, Iban Dayaks used to practice twenty-seven stages of hill rice farming once a year and their shifting cultivation practices allow the forest to regenerate itself rather than to damage the forest, thereby to ensure the continuity and sustainability of forest use and/or survival of the Iban community itself. The Iban Dayaks love virgin forests for their dependency on forests but that is for migration, territorial expansion, and/or fleeing enemies.

Once the Iban migrated into a riverine area, they will divide the area into three basic areas i.e. farming area, territorial domain (pemakai menoa) and forest reserve (pulau galau). The farming area is distributed accordingly to each family based on consensus. The chief and elders are responsible to settle any disputes and claims amicably. The territorial domain is a common area where the families of each longhouse are allowed to source for foods and confined themselves without encroachment into domains of other longhouses. The forest reserve is for common use, as a source of natural materials for building longhouse (ramu), boat making, plaiting, etc.

The whole riverine region can consist of many longhouses and thus the entire region belongs to all of them and they shall defend it against encroachment and attack by outsiders. Those longhouses sharing and living in the same riverine region call themselves shared owners (sepemakai).

Each track of virgin forest cleared by each family (rimba) will automatically belong to that family and inherited by its descendants as heirloom (pesaka) unless they migrate to other regions and relinquish their ownership of their land, which is symbolized by a token payment using a simple item in exchange for the land.

Agriculture and economy
Traditionally, Iban agriculture was based on actual integrated indigenous farming system. Ibans plant hill rice paddies once a year in twenty-seven stages as described by Freeman in his report on Iban Agriculture. Agricultural Land in this sense was used and defined primarily in terms of hill rice farming, ladang (garden), and hutan (forest). The main stages of the paddy cultivation is followed by the Iban lemambang bards to compose their ritual incantations. The bards also analogizes the headhunting expedition with the paddy cultivation stages. Other crops planted include ensabi, cucumber (rampu amat and rampu betu), brinjal, corn, lingkau, millet and cotton (tayak). Downriver Iban plant wet rice paddy at the low-lying riverine areas which are beyond the reach of the salt water tide.

For cash, the Ibans find jungle produce to sell at the market or town. Later, they planted rubber, pepper and cocoa. Nowadays, many Ibans work in towns to seek better sources of income.

Trading is not a natural activity for the Iban. They did trade paddy for jars or salted fish coming from the sea in the old days but paddy lost its economic value a long time ago. Not much yield can be produced from repetitively replanted areas anyway because their planting relies on the natural source of fertilizer from the forest itself and the source of water for irrigation is from the rain, hence the cycle of the weather season is important and need to be correctly followed. Trading of sundries, jungle produce or agricultural produce is normally performed by the Chinese who commuted between the town and the location of the shop.

Piracy
The Sea Dayaks, as their name implies, are a maritime set of tribes, and fight chiefly in canoes and boats. One of their favorite tactics is to conceal some of their larger boats, and then to send some small and badly manned canoes forward to attack the enemy to lure them. The canoes then retreat, followed by the enemy, and as soon as they pass the spot where the larger boats are hidden, they are attacked by them in the rear, while the smaller canoes, which have acted as decoys, turn and join in the fight. The rivers bends are chosen for this kind of attack, the overhanging branches of trees and the dense foliage of the bank affording excellent hiding places for the boats.

Many of the sea dayaks were also pirates. In the 19th century there was a great deal of piracy, and it was secretly encouraged by the native rulers, who obtained a share of the spoil, and also by the Malays who knew well how to handle a boat. The Malay fleet consisted of a large number of long war boats or prahu, each about 90 feet (27 m) long or more, and carrying a brass gun in the bow, the pirates being armed with swords, spears and muskets. Each boat was paddled by from 60 to 80 men. These boats skulked about in the sheltered coves waiting for their prey, and attacked merchant vessels making the passage between China and Singapore. The Malay pirates and their Dayak allies would wreck and destroy every trading vessel they came across, murder most of the crew who offered any resistance, and the rest were made as slaves. The Dayak would cut off the heads of those who were slain, smoke them over the fire to dry them, and then take them home to treasure as valued possessions.

Military history
A Dayak war party in proas and canoes fought a battle with Murray Maxwell following the wreck of HMS Alceste in 1817 at the Gaspar Strait.

The Iban Dayak's first direct encounter with the Brooke and his men was in 1843, during the attack by Brooke's forces on the Batang Saribas region i.e. Padeh, Paku, and Rimbas respectively. The finale of this battle was the conference at Nagna Sebuloh to sign a peace Saribas treaty to end piracy and headhunting but the natives refused to sign it, rendering the treaty moot.

In 1844, Brooke's force attacked Batang Lupar, Batang Undop, and Batang Skrang to defeat the Malay sharifs and Dayak living in these regions. The Malay sharifs were easily defeated at Patusin in Batang Lupar, without a major fight despite their famous reputation and power over the native inlanders. However, during the battle of Batang Undop, one of Brooke's men, British Navy officer Mr. Charles Wade was killed in action at the battle of Ulu Undop while chasing the Malay sheriffs upriver. Subsequently, Brooke's Malay force headed by Datu Patinggi Ali and Mr. Steward was totally defeated by the Skrang Iban force at the battle of Kerangan Peris in the Batang Skrang region.

In 1849, at the Battle of Beting Maru, a convoy of Dayak boats that were returning from a sojourn at the River Rajan spotted Brooke's man of war, the Nemesis. They then landed on the Beting Maru sandbar and retreated to their villages, with two Dayak boats acting as a diversion by sailing towards the Nemesis and engaging her, with the two boats managing to retreat safely after a few shots were exchanged. The next day, the Dayak ambushed Brooke's pursuing force, killing two of Brooke's Iban entourage before pulling back.

Layang, the son-in-law of Libau "Rentap" was known as the first Iban slayer of a white man in the person of Mr. Alan Lee "Ti Mati Rugi" (died in vain) at the Battle of Lintang Batang in 1853, above the Skrang fort built by Brooke in 1850. The Brooke government had to launch three successive punitive expeditions against Libau Rentap to conquer his fortress known as Sadok Mount. In total, the Brooke government conducted 52 punitive expeditions against the Iban including one against the Kayan. The Sarawak Rangers which were mostly Dayak participated in the anti-communist insurgency during the Malayan Emergency between 1948 and 1960. The Sarawak Rangers were despatched by the British to fight during the Brunei Rebellion in 1962.

Military contributions
The Iban are famous for being fearsome warriors in the past in defence of homeland or for migration to virgin territories. Two highly decorated Iban Dayak soldiers from Sarawak in Malaysia are Temenggung Datuk and Kanang anak Langkau (awarded the Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa or Grand Knight of Valour) and Awang anak Raweng of Skrang (awarded a George Cross). So far, only one Dayak has reached the rank of general in the military, Brigadier-General Stephen Mundaw in the Malaysian Army, who was promoted on 1 November 2010.

Malaysia's most decorated war hero is Kanang Anak Langkau for his military service helping to liberate Malaya (and later Malaysia) from the communists, being the only soldier awarded both Seri Pahlawan (The Star of the Commander of Valour) and Panglima Gagah Berani (The Star of Valour). Among all the heroes are 21 holders of the Panglima Gagah Berani (PGB) including 2 recipients of the Seri Pahlawan. Of this total, there are 14 Ibans, two Chinese army officers, one Bidayuh, one Kayan and one Malay. But the majority of the Armed Forces are Malays, according to a book – Crimson Tide over Borneo. The youngest of the PGB holders is ASP Wilfred Gomez of the police force.

There were six holders of Sri Pahlawan (SP) and Panglima Gagah Perkasa from Sarawak, and with the death of Kanang Anak Langkau, there is one SP holder in the person of Sgt. Ngalinuh (an Orang Ulu).

In popular culture

 * The episode "Into the Jungle" from Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations included the appearance of Itam, a former Sarawak Ranger and one of the Iban people's last members with the entegulun (Iban traditional hand tattoos) signifying his taking of an enemy's head.
 * The film The Sleeping Dictionary features Selima (Jessica Alba), an Anglo-Iban girl who falls in love with John Truscott (Hugh Dancy). The movie was filmed primarily in Sarawak, Malaysia.
 * Malaysian singer Noraniza Idris recorded "Ngajat Tampi" in 2000 and followed by "Tandang Bermadah" in 2002, which are based on traditional Iban music compositions. Both songs became popular in Malaysia and neighbouring countries.
 * Chinta Gadis Rimba (or Love of a Forest Maiden), a 1958 film directed by L. Krishnan based on the novel of the same name by Harun Aminurrashid, tells about an Iban girl, Bintang, who goes against the wishes of her parents and runs off to her Malay lover. The film is the first time a full-length feature film was shot in Sarawak and the first time an Iban woman played the lead character.
 * Bejalai is a 1987 film directed by Stephen Teo, notable for being the first film to be made in the Iban language and also the first Malaysian film to be selected for the Berlin International Film Festival. The film is an experimental feature about the custom among the Iban young men to do a "bejalai" (go on a journey) before attaining maturity.
 * In Farewell to the King, a 1969 novel by Pierre Schoendoerffer plus its subsequent 1989 film adaptation, American prisoner-of-war Learoyd escapes a Japanese firing squad by hiding in the wilds of Borneo, where he is adopted by an Iban community.
 * In 2007, Malaysian company Maybank produced a wholly Iban-language commercial commemorating Malaysia's 50th anniversary of independence. The advert, directed by Yasmin Ahmad with help of the Leo Burnett agency, was shot in Bau and Kapit and used an all-Sarawakian cast.
 * A conflict between a proa of "sea-dyaks" and the shipwrecked Jack Aubrey and his crew forms much of the first part of The Nutmeg of Consolation (1991), Patrick O'Brian's fourteenth Aubrey-Maturin novel.
 * See American writer Terence Clarke’s story collection, The Day Nothing Happened and his novel The King of Rumah Nadai, both of which are placed in Sarawak, Malaysia.

Academia

 * Benedict Sandin, historian and academia

Artist

 * Henry Golding, Hollywood actor; has an English father and Iban mother

National heroes

 * Kanang anak Langkau, National hero of Malaysia. Awarded the medal of valour "Sri Pahlawan Gagah Berani" by the Malaysian Government.
 * Rentap, Leader of a rebellion against the Brooke administration and used the title of Raja Ulu (king of the Interior).

Beauty pageant titleholder

 * Francisca Luhong James, Miss Universe Malaysia 2020; has an Orang Ulu father and Iban mother.

Politicians

 * Jugah anak Barieng, second Paramount Chief of the Dayak people and the key signatory on behalf of Sarawak to the Malaysia Agreement.
 * Stephen Kalong Ningkan, the first Chief Minister of Sarawak.
 * Tawi Sli, the second Chief Minister of Sarawak.

Sports personalities

 * Haimie Anak Nyaring, Brunei Footballer player
 * Suhaimi Anak Sulau, Brunei Football player

Others

 * Kho Jabing, a Sarawakian of mixed Chinese and Iban descent who was executed in Singapore for murder

General bibliography

 * Sir Steven Runciman, The White Rajahs: a history of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946 (1960).
 * James Ritchie, The Life Story of Temenggong Koh (1999)
 * Benedict Sandin, Gawai Burong: The chants and celebrations of the Iban Bird Festival (1977)
 * Greg Verso, Blackboard in Borneo, (1989)
 * Renang Anak Ansali, New Generation of Iban, (2000)

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User talk:Words to sell

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Blood Brothers
A disambiguation page is necessary only if two articles with the same title exist. In this case, it wouldn't be required at all, since the musical is "Blood Brothers" and the musicians are THE Blood Brothers. Your changing this entry destroyed the link for it in every other article where it appears!!! Please don't tamper with the hard work of others unless you're absolutely certain of what you're doing. Thank you TOM 02:13, Nov 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * I received your message, so yes, you responded correctly. In creating a disambiguation page for Blood Brothers, you disrupted the link for the musical in every article in which it appeared, so I had to go back and edit all of them to change the link to Blood Brothers, so readers clicking on it would be directed to the entry about the musical rather than the disambiguation page. Since no similarly-titled articles existed, there was no reason to create a disambiguation page unless you were writing a contribution with the same title.  TOM 19:11, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

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Samuel L. Southard

Samuel Lewis Southard (June 9, 1787 – June 26, 1842) was a prominent American statesman of the early 19th century, serving as a U.S. Senator, Secretary of the Navy, and the tenth governor of New Jersey. He also served as President pro tempore of the Senate, and was briefly first in the presidential line of succession.

History
The son of Henry Southard and Sarah (Lewis) Southard, Henry was born in the Basking Ridge section of Bernards Township, New Jersey, on June 9, 1787. Southard's ancestors included Anthony Janszoon van Salee, one of the earliest settlers of New Amsterdam, and his siblings included Isaac Southard. Southard attended the Brick Academy classical school and graduated from Princeton University in 1804.

Early career
After teaching in New Jersey, he worked for several years as a tutor in the Virginia home of John Taliaferro, his father's congressional colleague. While living in Virginia, Southard studied law with Francis T. Brooke and Judge Williams, both of Fredericksburg. Upon being admitted to the bar, he returned to New Jersey, where he was appointed law reporter by the New Jersey Legislature in 1814. Elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1815, Southard was appointed to the New Jersey Supreme Court to succeed Mahlon Dickerson shortly thereafter, and in 1820 served as a presidential elector. He was elected to a seat in the United States Senate over James J. Wilson, and was appointed to the remainder of Wilson's term After Wilson resigned. Southard served in office from January 26, 1821, to March 3, 1823, when he resigned. During this time, he was a member of the committee that produced the Missouri Compromise.

Navy career
President James Monroe selected Senator Southard to be Secretary of the Navy in September 1823, and he remained in office under President John Quincy Adams. During these years, he also served briefly as ad interim Secretary of the Treasury (1825) and Secretary of War (1828). Southard proved to be one of the most effective of the Navy's early Secretaries. He endeavored to enlarge the Navy and improve its administration, purchased land for the first Naval Hospitals, began construction of the first Navy dry docks, undertook surveys of U.S. coastal waters and promoted exploration in the Pacific Ocean. Responding to actions by influential officers, including David Porter, he reinforced the American tradition of civilian control over the military establishment. Also on Southard's watch, the Navy grew by some 50% in personnel and expenditures and expanded its reach into waters that had not previously seen an American man-of-war.

Political life
In 1829 Southard became New Jersey Attorney General, succeeding Theodore Frelinghuysen. In 1832, the state legislature elected him Governor over Peter D. Vroom by a vote of 40 to 24. In 1833, he was again elected to the U.S. Senate. During the next decade, he was a leader of the Whig Party and attained national prominence as chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs. As President pro tempore of the Senate, he was first in the presidential line of succession after the death of William Henry Harrison and the accession of Vice President John Tyler to the presidency.

Failing health forced Southard to resign from the Senate in 1842. He died in Fredericksburg, Virginia, on June 26, 1842. Southard was buried in Washington's Congressional Cemetery.

Societies
During the 1820s, Southard was a member of the prestigious society, Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences, who counted among their members former presidents Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams and many prominent men of the day, including well-known representatives of the military, government service, medical and other professions. In 1839, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

Legacy
The destroyer USS Southard (DD-207), (later DMS-10), 1919–1946, was named in his honor. There is also a public park in Basking Ridge, New Jersey, named after him. There is also a street named after him in Key West, FL as well as Southard Street in Trenton, New Jersey.

title: Samuel L. Southard


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Category:Virtual reality communities

This category is for virtual communities in social virtual worlds that natively support immersive virtual reality technologies.

title: Category:Virtual reality communities


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User talk:Captmjc

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Chinese Wikipedia
Hi, thanks for adding the information about automatic conversion between Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese to the Chinese Wikipedia article! I was wondering if you could add some information about the dates (at least the month) that this automatic conversion was implemented, as well as what software was used to implement this automatic conversion. —Lowellian (talk) 21:21, August 13, 2005 (UTC)

Okay, thanks for the follow-up! —Lowellian (talk) 16:56, August 14, 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Captmjc


text:
Liquid rocket propellant

The highest specific impulse chemical rockets use liquid propellants (liquid-propellant rockets). They can consist of a single chemical (a monopropellant) or a mix of two chemicals, called bipropellants. Bipropellants can further be divided into two categories; hypergolic propellants, which ignite when the fuel and oxidizer make contact, and non-hypergolic propellants which require an ignition source.

About 170 different propellants made of liquid fuel have been tested, excluding minor changes to a specific propellant such as propellant additives, corrosion inhibitors, or stabilizers. In the U.S. alone at least 25 different propellant combinations have been flown.

Many factors go into choosing a propellant for a liquid-propellant rocket engine. The primary factors include ease of operation, cost, hazards/environment and performance.

Development in early 20th century

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky proposed the use of liquid propellants in 1903, in his article Exploration of Outer Space by Means of Rocket Devices.

On March 16, 1926, Robert H. Goddard used liquid oxygen (LOX) and gasoline as rocket fuels for his first partially successful liquid-propellant rocket launch. Both propellants are readily available, cheap and highly energetic. Oxygen is a moderate cryogen as air will not liquefy against a liquid oxygen tank, so it is possible to store LOX briefly in a rocket without excessive insulation.

In Germany, engineers and scientists became enthralled with liquid propulsion, building and testing rockets in the late 1920s within Opel RAK in Rüsselsheim. According to Max Valier's account, Opel RAK rocket designer Friedrich Wilhelm Sander launched two liquid-fuel rockets at Opel Rennbahn in Rüsselsheim on April 10 and April 12, 1929. These Opel RAK rockets were the first European, and after Goddard the second liquid-fuel rockets, in history.

World War II era
Germany had very active rocket development before and during World War II, both for the strategic V-2 rocket and other missiles. The V-2 used an alcohol/LOX liquid-propellant engine, with hydrogen peroxide to drive the fuel pumps. The alcohol was mixed with water for engine cooling. Both Germany and the United States developed reusable liquid-propellant rocket engines that used a storeable liquid oxidizer with much greater density than LOX and a liquid fuel that ignited spontaneously on contact with the high density oxidizer.

The major manufacturer of German rocket engines for military use, the HWK firm, manufactured the RLM-numbered 109-500-designation series of rocket engine systems, and either used hydrogen peroxide as a monopropellant for Starthilfe rocket-propulsive assisted takeoff needs; or as a form of thrust for MCLOS-guided air-sea glide bombs; and used in a bipropellant combination of the same oxidizer with a fuel mixture of hydrazine hydrate and methyl alcohol for rocket engine systems intended for manned combat aircraft propulsion purposes.

The U.S. engine designs were fueled with the bipropellant combination of nitric acid as the oxidizer; and aniline as the fuel. Both engines were used to power aircraft, the Me 163 Komet interceptor in the case of the Walter 509-series German engine designs, and RATO units from both nations (as with the Starthilfe system for the Luftwaffe) to assist take-off of aircraft, which comprised the primary purpose for the case of the U.S. liquid-fueled rocket engine technology - much of it coming from the mind of U.S. Navy officer Robert Truax.

1950s and 1960s
During the 1950s and 1960s there was a great burst of activity by propellant chemists to find high-energy liquid and solid propellants better suited to the military. Large strategic missiles need to sit in land-based or submarine-based silos for many years, able to launch at a moment's notice. Propellants requiring continuous refrigeration, which cause their rockets to grow ever-thicker blankets of ice, were not practical. As the military was willing to handle and use hazardous materials, a great number of dangerous chemicals were brewed up in large batches, most of which wound up being deemed unsuitable for operational systems. In the case of nitric acid, the acid itself was unstable, and corroded most metals, making it difficult to store. The addition of a modest amount of nitrogen tetroxide,, turned the mixture red and kept it from changing composition, but left the problem that nitric acid corrodes containers it is placed in, releasing gases that can build up pressure in the process. The breakthrough was the addition of a little hydrogen fluoride (HF), which forms a self-sealing metal fluoride on the interior of tank walls that Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid. This made "IRFNA" storeable.

Propellant combinations based on IRFNA or pure as oxidizer and kerosene or hypergolic (self igniting) aniline, hydrazine or unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel were then adopted in the United States and the Soviet Union for use in strategic and tactical missiles. The self-igniting storeable liquid bi-propellants have somewhat lower specific impulse than LOX/kerosene but have higher density so a greater mass of propellant can be placed in the same sized tanks. Gasoline was replaced by different hydrocarbon fuels, for example RP-1 – a highly refined grade of kerosene. This combination is quite practical for rockets that need not be stored.

Kerosene
The V-2 rockets developed by Nazi Germany used LOX and ethyl alcohol. One of the main advantages of alcohol was its water content, which provided cooling in larger rocket engines. Petroleum-based fuels offered more power than alcohol, but standard gasoline and kerosene left too much soot and combustion by-products that could clog engine plumbing. In addition, they lacked the cooling properties of ethyl alcohol.

During the early 1950s, the chemical industry in the US was assigned the task of formulating an improved petroleum-based rocket propellant which would not leave residue behind and also ensure that the engines would remain cool. The result was RP-1, the specifications of which were finalized by 1954. A highly refined form of jet fuel, RP-1 burned much more cleanly than conventional petroleum fuels and also posed less of a danger to ground personnel from explosive vapours. It became the propellant for most of the early American rockets and ballistic missiles such as the Atlas, Titan I, and Thor. The Soviets quickly adopted RP-1 for their R-7 missile, but the majority of Soviet launch vehicles ultimately used storable hypergolic propellants. , it is used in the first stages of many orbital launchers.

Hydrogen
Many early rocket theorists believed that hydrogen would be a marvelous propellant, since it gives the highest specific impulse. It is also considered the cleanest when oxidized with oxygen because the only by-product is water. Steam reforming of natural gas is the most common method of producing commercial bulk hydrogen at about 95% of the world production of 500 billion m3 in 1998. At high temperatures (700–1100 °C) and in the presence of a metal-based catalyst (nickel), steam reacts with methane to yield carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Hydrogen is very bulky compared to other fuels; it is typically stored as a cryogenic liquid, a technique mastered in the early 1950s as part of the hydrogen bomb development program at Los Alamos. Liquid hydrogen can be stored and transported without boil-off, by using helium as a cooling refrigerant, since helium has an even lower boiling point than hydrogen. Hydrogen is lost via venting to the atmosphere only after it is loaded onto a launch vehicle, where there is no refrigeration.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s it was adopted for hydrogen-fuelled stages such as Centaur and Saturn upper stages. Hydrogen has low density even as a liquid, requiring large tanks and pumps; maintaining the necessary extreme cold requires tank insulation. This extra weight reduces the mass fraction of the stage or requires extraordinary measures such as pressure stabilization of the tanks to reduce weight. (Pressure stabilized tanks support most of the loads with internal pressure rather than with solid structures, employing primarily the tensile strength of the tank material.)

The Soviet rocket programme, in part due to a lack of technical capability, did not use liquid hydrogen as a propellant until the Energia core stage in the 1980s.

Upper stage use
The liquid-rocket engine bipropellant liquid oxygen and hydrogen offers the highest specific impulse for conventional rockets. This extra performance largely offsets the disadvantage of low density, which requires larger fuel tanks. However, a small increase in specific impulse in an upper stage application can give a significant increase in payload-to-orbit mass.

Comparison to kerosene
Launch pad fires due to spilled kerosene are more damaging than hydrogen fires, for two main reasons: Kerosene fires unavoidably cause extensive heat damage that requires time-consuming repairs and rebuilding. This is most frequently experienced by test stand crews involved with firings of large, unproven rocket engines.
 * Kerosene burns about 20% hotter in absolute temperature than hydrogen.
 * Hydrogen's buoyancy. Since hydrogen is a deep cryogen it boils quickly and rises, due to its very low density as a gas. Even when hydrogen burns, the gaseous that is formed has a molecular weight of only 18 Atomic mass unit compared to 29.9 Atomic mass unit for air, so it also rises quickly. Spilled kerosene fuel, on the other hand, falls to the ground and if ignited can burn for hours when spilled in large quantities.

Hydrogen-fuelled engines require special design, such as running propellant lines horizontally, so that no "traps" form in the lines, which would cause pipe ruptures due to boiling in confined spaces. (The same caution applies to other cryogens such as liquid oxygen and liquid natural gas (LNG).) Liquid hydrogen fuel has an excellent safety record and performance that is well above all other practical chemical rocket propellants.

Lithium and fluorine
The highest specific impulse chemistry ever test-fired in a rocket engine was lithium and fluorine, with hydrogen added to improve the exhaust thermodynamics (all propellants had to be kept in their own tanks, making this a tripropellant). The combination delivered 542 s specific impulse in a vacuum, equivalent to an exhaust velocity of 5320 m/s. The impracticality of this chemistry highlights why exotic propellants are not actually used: to make all three components liquids, the hydrogen must be kept below –252 °C (just 21 K) and the lithium must be kept above 180 °C (453 K). Lithium and fluorine are both extremely corrosive. Lithium ignites on contact with air and fluorine ignites most fuels on contact, including hydrogen. Fluorine and the hydrogen fluoride (HF) in the exhaust are very toxic, which makes working around the launch pad difficult, damages the environment, and makes getting a launch license more difficult. Both lithium and fluorine are expensive compared to most rocket propellants. This combination has therefore never flown.

During the 1950s, the Department of Defense proposed lithium/fluorine as ballistic missile propellants. A 1954 accident at a chemical works that released a cloud of fluorine into the atmosphere convinced them to use LOX/RP-1 instead.

Methane
Liquid methane has a lower specific impulse than liquid hydrogen, but is easier to store due to its higher boiling point and density, as well as its lack of hydrogen embrittlement. It also leaves less residue in the engines compared to kerosene, which is beneficial for reusability. In addition, it is expected that its production on Mars will be possible via the Sabatier reaction. In NASA's Mars Design Reference Mission 5.0 documents (between 2009 and 2012), liquid methane/LOX (methalox) was the chosen propellant mixture for the lander module.

Due to the advantages methane fuel offers, some private space launch providers aimed to develop methane-based launch systems during the 2010s and 2020s. The competition between countries was dubbed the Methalox Race to Orbit, with the LandSpace's Zhuque-2 methalox rocket becoming the first to reach orbit.

, two methane-fueled rockets have reached orbit. Several others are in development and two orbital launch attempts failed:
 * Zhuque-2 successfully reached orbit on its second flight on 12 July 2023, becoming the first methane-fueled rocket to do so. It had failed to reach orbit on its maiden flight on 14 December 2022. The rocket, developed by LandSpace, uses the TQ-12 engine.
 * Vulcan Centaur successfully reached orbit on its first try, called Cert-1, on 8 January 2024. The rocket, developed by United Launch Alliance, uses the Blue Origin's BE-4 engine, though the second stage uses the hydrolox RL10.
 * Terran 1 had a failed orbital launch attempt on its maiden flight on 22 March 2023. The rocket, developed by Relativity Space, uses the Aeon 1 engine.
 * Starship achieved a transatmospheric orbit on its third flight on 14 March 2024, after two failed attempts. The rocket, developed by SpaceX, uses the Raptor engine.

SpaceX developed the Raptor engine for its Starship super-heavy-lift launch vehicle. It has been used in test flights since 2019. SpaceX had previously used only RP-1/LOX in their engines.

Blue Origin developed the BE-4 LOX/LNG engine for their New Glenn and the United Launch Alliance Vulcan Centaur. The BE-4 will provide 2,400 kN (550,000 lbf) of thrust. Two flight engines had been delivered to ULA by mid 2023.

In July 2014, Firefly Space Systems announced plans to use methane fuel for their small satellite launch vehicle, Firefly Alpha with an aerospike engine design.

ESA is developing a 980kN methalox Prometheus rocket engine which was test fired in 2023.

Monopropellants

 * High-test peroxide: High test peroxide is concentrated Hydrogen peroxide, with around 2% to 30% water. It decomposes to steam and oxygen when passed over a catalyst. This was historically used for reaction control systems, due to being easily storable. It is often used to drive Turbopumps, being used on the V2 rocket, and modern Soyuz.
 * Hydrazine: decomposes energetically to nitrogen, hydrogen, and ammonia (2N2H4 → N2+H2+2NH3) and is the most widely used in space vehicles. (Non-oxidized ammonia decomposition is endothermic and would decrease performance).
 * Nitrous oxide: decomposes to nitrogen and oxygen.
 * Steam: when externally heated gives a reasonably modest Isp of up to 190 seconds, depending on material corrosion and thermal limits.

Present use
, liquid fuel combinations in common use:

 * Kerosene (RP-1) / liquid oxygen (LOX): Used for the lower stages of the Soyuz-2 boosters, the first stage of Atlas V, and both stages of Electron, Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, and Firefly Alpha. Very similar to Robert Goddard's first rocket.
 * Liquid hydrogen (LH) / LOX: Used in the stages of the Space Launch System, New Shepard, H-IIB, GSLV and Centaur.
 * Liquid methane (LNG) / LOX: Used in both stages of Zhuque-2, Starship (doing nearly orbital test flights), and the first stage of the Vulcan Centaur.
 * Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) or monomethylhydrazine (MMH) / dinitrogen tetroxide (NTO or ): Used in three first stages of the Russian Proton booster, Indian Vikas engine for PSLV and GSLV rockets, most Chinese boosters, a number of military, orbital and deep space rockets, as this fuel combination is hypergolic and storable for long periods at reasonable temperatures and pressures.
 * Hydrazine : Used in deep space missions because it is storable and hypergolic, and can be used as a monopropellant with a catalyst.
 * Aerozine-50 (50/50 hydrazine and UDMH): Used in deep space missions because it is storable and hypergolic, and can be used as a monopropellant with a catalyst.

Table
The table uses data from the JANNAF thermochemical tables (Joint Army-Navy-NASA-Air Force (JANNAF) Interagency Propulsion Committee) throughout, with best-possible specific impulse calculated by Rocketdyne under the assumptions of adiabatic combustion, isentropic expansion, one-dimensional expansion and shifting equilibrium. Some units have been converted to metric, but pressures have not.

Definitions

 * Ve: Average exhaust velocity, m/s. The same measure as specific impulse in different units, numerically equal to specific impulse in N·s/kg.
 * r: Mixture ratio: mass oxidizer / mass fuel
 * Tc: Chamber temperature, °C
 * d: Bulk density of fuel and oxidizer, g/cm3
 * C*: Characteristic velocity, m/s. Equal to chamber pressure multiplied by throat area, divided by mass flow rate. Used to check experimental rocket's combustion efficiency.

Bipropellants
Definitions of some of the mixtures:

 * IRFNA IIIa: 83.4% HNO3, 14% NO2, 2% H2O, 0.6% HF
 * IRFNA IV HDA: 54.3% HNO3, 44% NO2, 1% H2O, 0.7% HF
 * RP-1: See MIL-P-25576C, basically kerosene (approximately )
 * MMH monomethylhydrazine:

Has not all data for CO/O$sp$, purposed for NASA for Martian-based rockets, only a specific impulse about 250 s.

 * r: Mixture ratio: mass oxidizer / mass fuel
 * Ve: Average exhaust velocity, m/s. The same measure as specific impulse in different units, numerically equal to specific impulse in N·s/kg.
 * C*: Characteristic velocity, m/s. Equal to chamber pressure multiplied by throat area, divided by mass flow rate. Used to check experimental rocket's combustion efficiency.
 * Tc: Chamber temperature, °C
 * d: Bulk density of fuel and oxidizer, g/cm3

title: Liquid rocket propellant


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Operation Days of Penitence Fatalities

Operation Days of Penitence Fatalities was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus.

Operation Days of Penitence Fatalities
''No consensus has been reached. Page kept. anthony (see warning) 14:20, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)''

More lists of dead people which can't be proven and serve no purpose. RickK 07:15, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Unverifiable. Geogre 12:56, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. However, there is no need to list the name of the 133 casualties. --*drew 13:07, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jayjg 16:37, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Hypocrite. —No-One Jones (m) 12:54, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I generally vote against these kinds of lists; I can think of only one exception, and that was for a specific reason. In any event, each list stands on its own, and each has its own reasons for keeping or not. Jayjg 05:30, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This list of casualties is no different to the many other lists of Middle East violence, such as Violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict 2004. And how is it "unverifiable"? --style 16:45, 2004 Oct 18 (UTC)
 * Delete. For the following reasons: (1) Duplicity Duplication - unneccesary page, the casualties issue is already handled in Operation Days of Penitence day, where serveral reports have been brought. (2) Factual accuracy dispute: deliberate misinformation - the fact that the majority of those who were killed were armed combatants is ommitted. (3) the "see also" section is highly biased. MathKnight 18:27, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * N.B.: I struck thru & corrected MathKnight's LanguageLoutery. Duplicity is speaking with a forked tongue, not redundancy. --Jerzy(t) 14:02, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC)

 * Keep. Events are notable, the killings of Ghadeer Jaber Mkheemar and Iman Darweesh Al Hams, among other children and civilians, are under investigation, and will have wider repercussions on Israel, Ariel Sharon, the Al Aqsa Intifada, and the Arab-Israeli conflict, as did the killing of Muhammed al-Dura in 2000. Also, efforts to censor information about Israeli atrocities should be resisted. Alberuni 20:49, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Another bloody list that isn't encyclopedic. Only rarely are they. --Improv 20:56, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * DeleteAlthough the events are notable, the logical place to note them is under Operation Days of Penitence, which renders this additional entry surplusage.This article has an element of advocacy which would require editing even if the entry were kept. Any useful additional non-opinion factual information here should be merged into the Operation Days of Penitence entry.Gurdonark 21:40, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * concur - Jmabel | Talk 23:28, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unless we're going to list all the victims of every atrocity committed by both sides in this and every other conflict. --jpgordon {gab} 23:37, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Since we are apparently going to do just that, is this vote a keep? —No-One Jones (m) 09:25, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Already covered in Operation Days of Penitence, and any additional info should be merged. Nadavspi 00:23, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as long as we're keeping all the other casualty lists. Either delete them all or keep them all. (p.s. I am sad to say that I'm not at all shocked by the blatant hypocrisy of those who scramble to delete one set of lists while defending the other tooth and nail.) —No-One Jones (m) 23:32, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Most lists really shouldn't be in WP, but if the dozens of pages with Israeli fatalities are considered kosher (see recent VfD), then the only NPOV position is that this one is fine too. HistoryBuffEr 01:25, 2004 Oct 19 (UTC)
 * Delete. Needs verification. --Viriditas 02:11, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Hypocrite. —No-One Jones (m) 12:51, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Why don't we create Operation Days of Penitence Successes, Operation Days of Penitence Goals, Operation Days of Penitence Background, etc? The radicals kill Israelis on purpose, brainwash poor civilian population into martyrdom and hide in their midst in order to blame and vilify Israel for the inevitable fatalities and extort propaganda points. See Israel Defense Forces, Jenin.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 09:21, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Hypocrite. —No-One Jones (m) 12:51, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Clarification. I'm willing to reconsider my vote if the following conditions are met: 1) A distinction is made between militants and non-combatants. 2) A distinction is made between innocents targeted on purpose (e.g. bombing a civilian bus) vs. human shields vs. bystanders harmed by mistake in a police action aimed to prevent further terrorist attacks. 3) The information found in other WP articles is not duplicated. 4) El-Intifada garbage does not belong to an encyclopedia other than an example of hate-speech.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 05:25, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * While I too voted for delete, I would like to suggest that you stop trying to see conspiracy theories and being so political here. Are you Albruni's mirror image? --Improv 21:16, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * He is not my mirror image, he is my best evidence; one of the more vocal and aboveboard Wikipedia Zionists seeking to censor information that reflects badly on Israel. There are many others among the deleters here but only User:Humus sapiens has the guts to admit his agenda. The others obfuscate their POV agenda and try to deploy Wikipedia rules as false pretexts for their censorship campaigns. --Alberuni 01:08, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Please, this is not a forum, but an encyclopedia. Save these discussions for other sites. (PS. My vote: keep or merge) Aecis 13:28, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC) (slightly reformatted by Mirv)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 09:39, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or Merge into Operation Days of Penitence. // Liftarn 13:17, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It is verified the same way has everything on wikipedia: By peer review. And nothing is more significant in live the lost lives of peoples. It surely has it's place in an encyclopedia. --Martin.komunide.com 16:45, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. To the above user, we're not qualified to verify combat deaths here at Wikipedia.  Give me a break.  Terrapin 20:20, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a mystery why some people want to minimise the scope of certain subjects. - Xed 16:48, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Merge with Operation Days of Penitence if needed (not the casualities). --Conti|✉ 17:48, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Already covered in Operation Days of Penitence. Names can be added to each news report for each day.  Inability to find a news report including the name, date, and circumstances likely indicative of relevance. Lance6Wins 20:39, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Hypocrite. —No-One Jones (m) 12:51, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ambi 00:25, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Cabalamat 21:59, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. anthony (see warning) 14:20, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
List of programs broadcast by TVO

This is a list of programs broadcast by TVO, an English-language provincial educational television station, operated by the Ontario Educational Communications Authority, a crown corporation owned by the Government of Ontario.

Public affairs programming

 * The Agenda with Steve Paikin
 * Legislative Assembly of Ontario Question Period (from the Ontario Parliament Network)

Cultural programming

 * Employable Me
 * Great Blue Wild (2019)
 * Human Plus
 * The Life-Sized City
 * National Geographic
 * NFB Shorts
 * Striking Balance
 * The Water Brothers

Drama series

 * Heartbeat

Movie presentations

 * Sunday Family Movie

Former programming

 * Allan Gregg in Conversation with...
 * Almost Home
 * Ancient Civilizations
 * Antiques Roadshow
 * Art's Place
 * Arts Alive
 * The Ascent of Man
 * Blackadder
 * Borgen
 * Brilliant Creatures
 * Building Big
 * Canada: The Great Experiment
 * Canada: A People's History
 * Chances Are, The Science of Luck
 * Check and Mate
 * Chef!
 * Communiqué Agenda
 * Concepts in Mathematics
 * Concepts in Science
 * Cope
 * The Corporation
 * The Darling Buds of May
 * Degrees of Error
 * Diplomatic Immunity with Steve Paikin
 * Doctor Who
 * Down to Earth
 * Dying at Grace
 * Eco Engineering
 * The Education of Mike McManus
 * Explorations in Shaw
 * Explorations in the Novel
 * Film 101
 * Fitness Over Forty
 * For the Record
 * Four for Adventure
 * Fourth Reading
 * Fragile Nature
 * Full Circle with Michael Palin
 * The Future
 * Geography Skills
 * Globe Trekker
 * Going Global
 * Golden Pennies
 * Great Canadian Parks
 * Great Canadian Rivers
 * Great Migrations
 * Green Heroes
 * The Greenbelt
 * Habitat
 * Half a Handy Hour
 * Hard Rock Medical
 * He Knew He Was Right
 * History Bites
 * A History of Britain
 * How the Earth Changed History
 * Human Edge
 * Imprint
 * In Other Words
 * Information Processing
 * The Interviews
 * In Search of...
 * Into the Wild
 * It's a Living
 * It's Your Move
 * Le jardin des sensations
 * Joanna Lumley's Greek Odyssey
 * Journeys
 * Kay's Basic Cooking
 * Keep On Moving!
 * A Kind of Childhood
 * Landmarks
 * Landscape of Geometry
 * Legends of the World
 * Lemur Street
 * The Life of Mammals
 * The Long Chase
 * Look Up
 * Magic Shadows
 * Many Voices
 * Masterworks
 * Me and My Inner World
 * Medium Close Up
 * Microbes and Men
 * The Middle East
 * Midsomer Murders
 * A Million Ways to Move
 * Mission Top Secret
 * Monarch of the Glen
 * More to Life
 * Moving On
 * Nature Watch Digest
 * New Tricks
 * Nightmusic Concert
 * North America: Growth of a Continent
 * Not Another Science Show
 * Occupied
 * The Omega Factor
 * On the Move
 * Ontario Scene
 * Ontario Spelling Bee Championship
 * Outreach Ontario
 * Paperweight
 * People and Pets
 * Person 2 Person with Paula Todd
 * Perspectives
 * Pins and Needles
 * Political Blind Date
 * The Prisoner
 * Prisoners of Gravity
 * Profiles of Nature
 * Queen's Park This Week
 * Question & Answer
 * Realities
 * Recreating Eden
 * The Royal
 * Runaway Bay
 * Saturday Night at the Movies (1974–2013)
 * Saying Goodbye (1990)
 * The Secret Railroad
 * See, Hear!
 * Self Incorporated
 * The Shuttle Years
 * Sociology
 * Speaking Out
 * Studio 2
 * Supersense
 * Sweatin' It
 * Take a Look
 * Tell Me a Story
 * That'll Teach 'Em
 * The Thin Blue Line
 * Time Team
 * Trial and Retribution
 * Two Fat Ladies
 * Undersea Explorer
 * Understanding Human Behavior
 * Understanding the Earth (1975, rebroadcast 1986)
 * Victorians
 * The View from Here
 * Vista
 * Vista Presents
 * Waste Not
 * What's in a Name?
 * Wild Animals of the World
 * Witness to Yesterday
 * Words Come Alive
 * World of Nature
 * World Religions
 * Writing the News

Children's programming (pre-1994)
Original series

 * Acme School of Stuff (1988–97)
 * The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon (1993–2000)
 * The Adventures of Timothy Pilgrim (1975–1982; 1984–92)
 * Almost Home (1972–80)
 * Artscape (1983–93)
 * Ballet Shoes (1977–81; 1983–93)
 * Bioscope (1983–87; 1990)
 * Bits and Bytes (1984–90; 1993–97)
 * The Body Works (1979–91)
 * Bookmice (1992–99)
 * Calling All Safety Scouts (1983–91)
 * Cucumber (1975–77)
 * Dear Aunt Agnes (1986–93)
 * Eureka! (1981–89)
 * F.R.O.G. (1992–95)
 * Green Earth Club (1990–95)
 * Guess What? (1973–84)
 * Here's How! (1991–97)
 * It's Your World (1984–93)
 * Join In! (1989–97; 1999)
 * Let's All Sing (1974–93)
 * Magee and Company (1975–80)
 * The Magic Library (1989–97)
 * Mathica's Mathshop (1993–97)
 * Mathmakers (1978–89)
 * Math Patrol (1977–95)
 * Measure Metric (1977–84)
 * Music Box (1982–91)
 * Parlez-moi (1978–93)
 * Polka Dot Door (1971–2004)
 * Polka Dot Shorts (1993–2008)
 * Read All About It! (1979–97)
 * Readalong (1976–97)
 * Report Canada (1978–94)
 * Report Metric (1973–78)
 * Return to the Magic Library (1990–97)
 * The Riddle of Wizard's Oak (1990–97)
 * Rigolecole (1992–96)
 * The Science Alliance (1982–93; 1995)
 * Téléfrançais (1985–96)
 * Today's Special (1981–93; 1995–99)
 * Two Plus You! (1976–88; 1991–93)
 * We Live Next Door (1982–92)
 * What If... (1979)
 * World of B.J. Vibes (1973–84)
 * Write On (1977–86)
 * Write Stuff (1987–92)
 * You Can Write Anything! (1984–93)
 * Zardip's Search for Healthy Wellness (1988–95)

Acquired series

 * The Adventures of Black Beauty (1984–94)
 * The Adventures of the Little Prince (1983–92)
 * Alice in Wonderland (1990–94)
 * All About You (1976–93)
 * Bagpuss (1992–93)
 * Barbapapa (1977–86)
 * Belle and Sebastian (1984–90)
 * Big Blue Marble (1976–83)
 * The Book Bird (1980–87)
 * Books from Cover to Cover (1988–93)
 * The Bubblies (1984–89)
 * The Bush Baby (1993–95)
 * Chorlton and the Wheelies (1982–89)
 * Cogs Hollow (1992)
 * Cover to Cover (1972–80)
 * Creepy Crawlies (1991–93)
 * Doctor Snuggles (1981–90)
 * Don't Ask Me (1976–81)
 * Dragons, Wagons & Wax (1978–80)
 * Edward and Friends (1988–89)
 * The Electric Company (1975–80)
 * Eric's World (1992–99)
 * Eureeka's Castle (1991–99)
 * Fables of the Green Forest (1979–93)
 * Fingerbobs (1973–78)
 * Fireman Sam (1991–2001)
 * Fish Tales (1978–83)
 * Flower Stories (1983–86; 1988–90)
 * Free to Fly (1987–93)
 * Ghostwriter (1992–96; 1998)
 * Gran (1986)
 * Harriet's Magic Hats (1982–91)
 * Hattytown Tales (1976–86)
 * High Feather (1980–88)
 * How (1972–76)
 * Huxley Pig (1992–93)
 * Inside/Out (1973–90)
 * Iris, The Happy Professor (1992–98)
 * It Figures
 * Ivor the Engine (1993)
 * Jamie and the Magic Torch (1982–89)
 * Jeremy the Bear (1975–90)
 * Joe (1992)
 * Johnson and Friends (1992–2000)
 * Kidsbeat (1982–90)
 * The Kids of Degrassi Street (1987–91)
 * Kitty Cats (1992–98)
 * Look and Learn (1971–83)
 * Manfred (1992–93)
 * The Magic Roundabout (1971–76)
 * Math Wise (1982–89)
 * Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (1972–89)
 * More Books from Cover to Cover (1987–92)
 * Moschops (1986–87; 1989)
 * Mr Majeika (1992–93)
 * The Nargun and the Stars (1990–92)
 * New Zoo Revue (1980–83)
 * Noddy (1982–83; 1985–88)
 * Once Upon a Time... Man (1978–83)
 * OWL/TV (1986–89)
 * The Ozlets (1987–91)
 * Paddington (1982–84; 1992–93)
 * The Phoenix and the Carpet (1978–88)
 * Pinny's House (1992)
 * Pinwheel (1990–93)
 * Press Gang (1992–97)
 * Robin and Rosie (1982–84)
 * Readit with John Roberts (1982–93)
 * Sesame Street (1975–90)
 * The Secret World of Polly Flint (1989–1990)
 * Sharon, Lois & Bram's Elephant Show (1987–2001)
 * Simon in the Land of Chalk Drawings (1977–89)
 * Spirit Bay (1985–90)
 * Storybound (1981–93)
 * Tales from the Blue Crystal (1987–91)
 * Tales of Magic (1981–89)
 * Thinkabout (1979–87)
 * Thomas & Friends (1987–90; 1998–2018)
 * Vegetable Soup (1977)
 * Vision On (1973–83)
 * Widget (1993–97)
 * Wimpole Village (1987–90)
 * Windfalls (1990–91)
 * The Wombles (1984–85)

title: List of programs broadcast by TVO


text:
Evolve (Ani DiFranco album)

Evolve is the 12th studio album by singer-songwriter Ani DiFranco, released in 2003 (see 2003 in music). The album won DiFranco and Brian Grunert a Grammy Award for Best Recording Package in 2004. This album is more eclectic and stylistically venturous than DiFranco's previous works, experimenting with styles such as jazz and funk.

Track listing
All songs by Ani DiFranco.

Personnel

 * Ani DiFranco – guitar, piano, vocals
 * Ravi Best – trumpet, vocals
 * Shane Endsley – trumpet
 * Daren Hahn – percussion, drums
 * Todd Horton – trumpet, flugelhorn
 * Jason Mercer – bass
 * Hans Teuber – clarinet, flute, saxophone, vocals
 * Julie Wolf – organ, piano, vocals, clavinet, melodica, Fender Rhodes

Production

 * record producer – Ani DiFranco
 * Engineers – Andrew Gilchrist, Mark Hallman, Marty Lester
 * Mixing – Ani DiFranco
 * Mastering – Greg Calbi
 * Design – Ani DiFranco
 * Photography – Eric Frick
 * Art direction – Brian Grunert

title: Evolve (Ani DiFranco album)


text:
Cherry Grove

Cherry Grove may refer to:

United States

 * Cherry Grove, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Cherry Grove Cemetery, in McVey Memorial Forest, Indiana
 * Cherry Grove (Woodbine, Maryland), a farm
 * Cherry Grove Township, Michigan, a township
 * Cherry Grove, Minnesota, an unincorporated community
 * Cherry Grove Township, Goodhue County, Minnesota
 * Cherry Grove (Crystal Springs, Mississippi), in the National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi
 * Cherry Grove Plantation, Natchez, Mississippi
 * Cherry Grove, New York, an unincorporated hamlet
 * Cherry Grove, Caswell County, North Carolina, an unincorporated community
 * Cherry Grove, Columbus County, North Carolina, an unincorporated community
 * Cherry Grove Beach, South Carolina, a neighborhood of the city of North Myrtle Beach sometimes known as Cherry Grove
 * Cherry Grove, Ohio, a census-designated place
 * Cherry Grove, Oregon, an unincorporated community
 * Cherry Grove Township, Warren County, Pennsylvania
 * Cherry Grove, Washington, a census-designated place
 * Cherry Grove, West Virginia, an unincorporated community

Canada

 * Cherry Grove, Alberta, a hamlet
 * Cherry Grove, Ontario, a community in the municipality of Thames Centre

Barbados

 * Cherry Grove, Barbados, a populated place

title: Cherry Grove


text:
Talk:Evolve (Ani DiFranco album)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Evolve (Ani DiFranco album)


text:
User talk:Afterimage

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Suspicion of Puppetry
You don't appear to be very active, but in case you do read this I thought you should know that you've been reported as "under suspicion" for puppetry because you supported one or more of my articles.

User_talk:Sjc

I thought you might get a good chuckle out of that.

title: User talk:Afterimage


text:
Cherry Hill

Cherry Hill often refers to:
 * Cherry Hill, New Jersey, a township in Camden County, New Jersey
 * Cherry Hill, Prince William County, Virginia, a census-designated place

Cherry Hill may also refer to:

Canada

 * Cherry Hill, Nova Scotia, a community

United Kingdom

 * Cherry Hill, Virginia Water, Surrey, England, a listed house

United States
(by state)
 * Cherry Hill, Perry County, Arkansas, an unincorporated community
 * Cherry Hill, Polk County, Arkansas, an unincorporated community
 * Cherry Hill, Baltimore, Maryland, a neighborhood
 * Cherry Hill, Cecil County, Maryland, a village
 * Cherry Hill, Michigan, an unincorporated community
 * Cherry Hill, Bergen County, New Jersey, now known as New Bridge Landing
 * Cherry Hill (Albany, New York), a historic house listed on the NRHP
 * Cherry Hill, New York, a hamlet in the town of Harmony
 * Cherry Hill (Falls Church, Virginia), a farmhouse listed on the NRHP in Virginia
 * Cherry Hill, Roanoke, Virginia, a neighborhood
 * Cherry Hill, Seattle, Washington, a neighborhood
 * Cherry Hill Farm, location near Albany, New York, site of the Murder at Cherry Hill
 * Cherry Hill Historic District, Canton Township, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
 * Cherry Hill Mall, a shopping mall
 * Cherry Hill Mall, New Jersey, a census-designated place
 * Cherry Hill Plantation, historic site in Inez, North Carolina
 * Cherryhill Township, Indiana County, Pennsylvania
 * Cherry Hills Village, Colorado, a municipality

Schools

 * Cherry Hill Public Schools, Cherry Hill, New Jersey
 * Cherry Hill High School East
 * Cherry Hill High School West
 * Cherry Hill Seminary, South Carolina

Sports

 * Cherry Hill Arena, Cherry Hill, New Jersey
 * Cherry Hill Rookies, a basketball team
 * Cherry Hills Country Club, Cherry Hills Village, Colorado

Transportation

 * Cherry Hill station (Baltimore Light Rail), Baltimore, Maryland
 * Cherry Hill station (NJ Transit), Cherry Hill, New Jersey

Other uses

 * Cherry Hill (amusement park) in Fruit Heights, Utah
 * Cherry Hill (Central Park), a fountain in Central Park, New York City
 * "Cherry Hill Park", a 1969 song by Billy Joe Royal
 * Cherry Hill Gang, a 19th-century gang in New York City
 * Cherry Hill (model engineer), English model engineer

title: Cherry Hill


text:
Cherry Ridge

Cherry Ridge may refer to:

 * Cherry Ridge Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania
 * Cherry Ridge (Colchester, Delaware County, New York)
 * Cherry Ridge (Hancock, Delaware County, New York)

title: Cherry Ridge


text:
Cherryvale

Cherryvale can refer to a place in the United States:

 * Cherryvale, Indiana
 * Cherryvale, Kansas
 * Cherryvale, South Carolina

title: Cherryvale


text:
User talk:Joefitzp

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Image:SHONA ROBISON Web.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded, Image:SHONA ROBISON Web.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. BigDT 03:37, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joefitzp


text:
Henry Southard

Henry Southard (October 7, 1747 – May 22, 1842) was a United States Representative from the state of New Jersey.

Southard was born in Hempstead, Long Island, New York. He moved with his parents to the Basking Ridge section of Bernards Township, New Jersey in 1755, where he attended the common schools and worked on a farm. Later, Southard served as a private and later as wagon master during the American Revolution. After the war, he engaged in agriculture, before serving as a Justice of the Peace from 1787 to 1792. Later, he served as a member of the New Jersey General Assembly, from 1797 to 1799 and again in 1811. He was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the 7th United States Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses, where he served from March 4, 1801 to March 3, 1811. During the 11th Congress, Southard was Chairman of the Committee on Revisal and Unfinished Business. He was later elected to the 14th, 15th, and 16th Congresses, serving from March 4, 1815 to March 3, 1821. After leaving Congress for good, Southard returned to farming. He died in Basking Ridge in Somerset County, New Jersey, and was interred in Basking Ridge Cemetery.

Henry Southard was the father of Isaac Southard and Samuel Lewis Southard.

title: Henry Southard


text:
Category:Procellariiformes

Procellariiformes (from the Latin procella, a storm) is an order of birds formerly called Tubinares and still called tubenoses in English.

They are all highly pelagic seabirds, and all of them have their nostrils enclosed in one or two tubes on their straight, deeply grooved bills with hooked tips. The beaks are made up from several plates. Wings are long and narrow; feet are webbed, and the hind toe is undeveloped or non-existent. Plumage is predominantly black or gray.

title: Category:Procellariiformes


text:
Cherryland

Cherryland may refer to any of the following topics:

 * Door County Cherryland Airport in Wisconsin, U.S.
 * Cherryland, California, U.S.
 * Traverse City, Michigan, U.S.
 * Cherryland Center in Traverse City, Michigan, U.S.
 * Višnjica, Belgrade, Serbia

title: Cherryland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/PabloDraw (0th nomination)

The result of the debate was no consensus [added by Andre🚐 22:39, 15 August 2022 (UTC) for afdstats]

PabloDraw
Gets 337 google hits--few for a computer program of any note--, and most of those seem to be self-promoting hits. Its homepage is a geocities site. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 07:26, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment: Purposely or not, Meelar is spewing biased misinformation. Since keeping a score seems to be so important to him, I discovered 339 google hits based upon his own search, not 337.  The program is hosted here and on Sourceforge, not Geocities.  Where do you come from? -- User:Radman1

 * Keep Valuing information based on it's "popularity" rather than content is pathetic. Imagine if we applied this metric across the board.  [[User:Radman1|Radman1 (talk)]] 00:37, Oct 18, 2004 (PST)

 * Delete. Advert for nonnotable program.  Postdlf 07:41, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. More of the vanity and scokpuppetry.  RickK 07:50, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: RickK, I strongly suggest you read Sock_puppet. Then read it again.  Just because someone does not agree with you does not mean they are a sock puppet.  --Radman1 17:28, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is an encyclopedia, not a webguide, so whether something is hosted on geocities or sourceforge doesn't really make much difference, it has to be notable. This isn't. Average Earthman 10:45, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: A small niche group (ASCII artists), and this is one of the programs they use: not notable or of wide usefulness or interest. Geogre 12:55, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --*drew 12:56, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Insignificant niche program. jni 13:02, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable because of special features like multi-user editing. Provider of webpage is not relevant to notability in my opinion. Sietse 14:14, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Textmode art = important period of computer history. Seeing as this introduced multi-user editing, I imagine it was quita a revolution. Jashiin
 * Delete. About as notable/interesting as a plumber's conference. --Improv 20:57, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Wikipedia is not paper, and this is a reasonably influential program, and has several small claims to notability which add up to more — siro  χ  o  22:02, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not paper, but it is also not a junkyard. Wouldn't it be better kept on Freshmeat? --Improv 21:17, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I was going to say keep, but looking at it on google changed my mind. Doesn't seem notable enough - a lot of the results are wikipedia mirrors, etc. Nadavspi 00:20, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I hadn't heard of it before, but from the article it sounds like its at least somewhat notable for being an early collaborative editing system (see also Wiki, SubEthaEdit, etc). ~leif 00:59, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: nonnotable software project. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:47, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep... seems notable enough to me. Nevermind. Delete. Andre ( talk )A| 14:08, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. GRider 18:57, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Sock puppet. In fact, look at this user's contributions list.  We have sudenly become invaded by these "demosceners", whatever the hell they are.  RickK 21:22, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Interesting. So my opinion does not matter, based upon my interests?  FOAD.  What about your own curious record? GRider 21:34, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. I'm the author of this program, however, was not the one to submit it to this site (but have updated it a few times).  I only noticed that this was marked for deletion after I voted against one of Meelar's earlier Vfd's (and mentioning this page), leading me to believe this was more of a retaliatory Vfd than anything else.  --Eto 18:39, 19 Oct 2004 (PST)

 * Keep - Bytes are cheap. // Liftarn
 * Delete. Non-notable software.   — Gwalla | Talk 19:34, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ambi 00:24, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. Non-notable. --Jerzy(t) 14:29, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC)
 * Keep the program has several encyclopedically notable characteristics. Kim Bruning 18:14, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Cabalamat 22:00, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- It certainly seems to me RickK vfd's anything he knows nothing about, regardless of subject. Shame to make Wikipedia so myopic. Disk space is cheap! Alkivar 22:54, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
File:Ani DiFranco - Educated Guess.jpg

Cover for the album Educated Guess by Ani DiFranco

title: File:Ani DiFranco - Educated Guess.jpg


text:
Branston Hall

Branston Hall is a country house in the village of Branston, Lincolnshire, England. The hall, a Grade II listed building, is set in 88 acres (3.56 square kilometres) of wooded parkland and lakes.

Originally commissioned as the family seat of the Melville family, the house became an RAF hospital during the Second World War, and then a sanatorium run by Lindsey County Council. It lay derelict in the 1970s and 1980s, underwent restoration and conversion into a retirement home in the late 1980s, and is now restored and converted into a three-star hotel. Weddings are often held at the hotel.

Designed by John Macvicar Anderson in 1885, the house was built in Elizabethan Revival style.

Early history
Branston Hall Grounds were the inherited estate of Sir Cecil Wray 11th Baronet (1678–1736) (a descendant of Catherine Parr), whose family had been Baronets and parliamentarians in Lincolnshire since 1611  (see also Wray Baronets), and whose main residence was in Fillingham, north of Lincoln. Busts of Sir Cecil and his wife Mary can be seen in Branston All Saints Church. The property was inherited from Sir Cecil by his daughter out of wedlock, Anne Casey. Anne Casey married Lord Vere Bertie (1712–1768), the son of the 1st Duke of Ancaster. In 1735 Lord Vere Bertie built Branston old hall (a building which preceded the current Branston Hall, and which was located on a different part of the grounds, beside Hall Lane ) The couple had four children. Lord Vere Bertie died in 1768 and his wife Anne continued to live at the house until her death in 1779. The property was then passed to their daughter Albinia who had married George Hobart, 3rd Earl of Buckinghamshire. In 1829, the old hall was advertised for sale and it seems that shortly after this it was purchased by Alexander Leslie Melville (1800–1881).

The Leslie-Melville family
Alexander Leslie Melville (1800–1881) was born in 1800 in Scotland. His father was Alexander Leslie Melville, the 7th Earl of Leven. In 1825, he married Charlotte Smith, the daughter of Samuel Smith M.P, of Woodhall Park, Hertfordshire. The couple had twelve children.

Their eldest son was Alexander Samuel Leslie Melville (1829–1919) and he inherited Branston old hall when his father died in 1881. He was born in 1829 and in 1858 he married Albinia Frances Broderick, daughter of Charles Brodrick, 6th Viscount Midleton. The couple had seven children.

In 1837 Alexander Leslie Melville constructed a private school on Hall Lane, which was attended by 70 children, each of whom paid 1p-2p per week.

In 1884, he commissioned the architect John MacVicar Anderson to build the present house. The old hall, still being in a good state of repair became accommodation for the servants and the staff. There were numerous servants employed by the family. The 1901 Census shows that there were six domestic maids, a butler, three footmen and a groom at the hall as well as outdoor gardening staff.

In 1903, the old hall burnt down and was removed from the site. Photos of the old hall have been preserved by Branston History Group. Albinia died in 1918 and Alexander died the following year in 1919. In 1920, the property was sold. In the intervening years the site of the old hall has been sensitively redeveloped.

The Melville family provided land for the village hall and recreation ground on Lincoln Road, Branston in the early 1920s. The heir of the Leslie-Melville family is the Lord Balgonie, and many items from Branston Hall are now found on the family's estate in the Scottish Highlands.

Grounds
The grounds were once grazed by sheep but since around the year 2000 have been mechanically mown. There are many large beech trees and sycamores. Wildlife include muntjac deer, tawny owl and great cormorant. Lamium galeobdolon, Galium odoratum and Ruscus aculeatus grow in the beech woods and these are considered to be indicators of ancient woodland. Other plant species typical of shady woodland include Hyacinthoides non-scripta, Sanicula europaea and Mercurialis perennis.

In 1906, 10 Bronze Age axes were found on the grounds of Branston Hall.

On the grounds there is a spring-fed well, known as Anne's Well, which it is believed supplied fresh water to the old hall building (photographs here ). The well was probably named after Anne Casey, who owned the property in the 1700s, or possibly St. Anne. It is covered with a stone which bore the inscription:

"Clear may thy Waters ever flow,

Nor Gusts of Ruffling Tempest know,

Pure and unsullied as the fair

Whose Emblematic Name you bear"

There is evidence of boating on the lake, in former times (remains of a small boat and boathouse).

title: Branston Hall


text:
Cherryville

Cherryville may refer to one of the following places:
 * Cherryville, British Columbia
 * Cherryville, Missouri
 * Cherryville, New Jersey
 * Cherryville, North Carolina
 * Cherryville, Oregon
 * Cherryville, Pennsylvania
 * Cherryville, South Australia

title: Cherryville


text:
Educated Guess

Educated Guess is the 13th album by singer-songwriter Ani DiFranco, released January 20, 2004 (see 2004 in music). It was recorded alone at her homes in Buffalo, New York and New Orleans, Louisiana.

Critical reception
The album so far has a score of 67 out of 100 from Metacritic based on "generally favorable reviews". Filter gave it a score of 74% and said that DiFranco "dives into a murkier, less-definable world that is part acoustic neo-soul, part spoken word and dreamier than you might imagine." The A.V. Club gave it a positive review and stated that it "benefits from DiFranco's emphasis on spare shimmer, though it also perpetuates her recent tendency to let her songs languidly drift along, for better and for worse." The New York Times also gave it a positive review and stated that "It's worth putting up with a few overbearing moments to hear someone so willing to take chances." Billboard likewise gave the album a positive review and said it was "Characterized by production rawness—for better (the immediacy of the performance) and worse (traces of off-key harmonies)."

Other reviews were average, mixed, or negative: Q gave it three stars out of five and said of DiFranco, "The jazzy stylings are a mixed blessing... [but] her fans will not be disappointed." Rolling Stone gave the album only two stars out of five and stated that the "awkward, improbable tendency goes unchecked, as does DiFranco's penchant for jarring arrangements." E! Online gave it a D and called the album "so staccato and nonlinear, a sort of free-jazz version of rock with just too much going on and little worth hearing."

The album reached No. 55 on the Australian ARIA albums chart in January 2004, and spent five weeks in the top 100.

Track listing
All songs by Ani DiFranco.
 * 1) "Platforms" – 0:17
 * 2) "Swim" – 3:06
 * 3) "Educated Guess" – 5:52
 * 4) "Origami" – 2:23
 * 5) "Bliss Like This" – 3:08
 * 6) "The True Story of What Was" – 1:53
 * 7) "Bodily" – 4:01
 * 8) "You Each Time" – 4:18
 * 9) "Animal" – 5:36
 * 10) "Grand Canyon" – 3:31
 * 11) "Company" – 4:06
 * 12) "Rain Check" – 4:05
 * 13) "Akimbo" – 1:29
 * 14) "Bubble" – 4:30

Personnel

 * Ani DiFranco – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, vocals, percussion, electric bass, electric piano

title: Educated Guess


text:
Isaac Southard

Isaac Southard (August 30, 1783 - September 18, 1850) was an Anti-Jacksonian member of the United States House of Representatives from 1831 to 1833, representing New Jersey at-large.

Early life
A son of Henry Southard, Isaac Southard was born in the city of Basking Ridge in Somerset County, New Jersey. He had a brother, Samuel Lewis Southard. Southard was educated at the classical school of his city, and engaged in the general merchandise business until 1814.

Public service

 * Deputy collector of internal revenue for Somerset County
 * Major of the Second Battalion, Second Regiment, Somerset Brigade (appointed February 17, 1815)
 * Director in the State Bank at Morristown, New Jersey
 * Lay judge of Court of Common Pleas of Somerset (appointed November 13, 1820)
 * Justice of the peace (commissioned November 16, 1820)
 * County clerk of Somerset County (1820–1830)
 * U.S. Representative (1831–1833)
 * Master and examiner in chancery (appointed in 1833 by Gov. Elias P. Seeley
 * Colonel in the New Jersey State Militia
 * State treasurer of New Jersey (1837–1843)

Congress
Southard was elected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-second United States Congress, and began his term on March 4, 1831. He did not succeed in his bid for reelection, and his term ended on March 3, 1833.

Retirement
After his time as State Treasurer, Southard lived in Trenton, NJ for several years before moving to Somerville, NJ, where he lived until his death on September 18, 1850. He was interred in Somerville's old cemetery.

title: Isaac Southard


text:
Talk:Educated Guess

wtf
I want to know what an educated guess is and not about some stupid album. Hey! Lets also create a new article for EVERY SONG written, EVER!! Maybe that will be as useful as THIS! 85.2.161.204 (talk) 13:23, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Educated Guess


text:
Cherryfield

Cherryfield may refer to:

 * Cherryfield, Maine, United States
 * Cherryfield, New Brunswick, Canada
 * Cherryfield, Nova Scotia, Canada

title: Cherryfield


text:
Talk:List of Defense Ministers of France

List of Defence Ministers of France
I changed this page to conform to British spelling for European subjects according to Tutorial_(Keep_in_mind). Is this wrong to do, just correcting spelling for a region such as British English spelling for the European Union countries. I thought this was acceptable. -- AxSkov 07:33, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Xsupergirlx

Stop uploading vanity photos of you and your friends. They will be deleted, and you will be blocked from editing. Postdlf 07:31, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xsupergirlx


text:
Chester Township

Chester Township may refer to:

Arkansas

 * Chester Township, Arkansas County, Arkansas, in Arkansas County, Arkansas
 * Chester Township, Crawford County, Arkansas, in Crawford County, Arkansas
 * Chester Township, Dallas County, Arkansas, in Dallas County, Arkansas

Illinois

 * Chester Township, Logan County, Illinois

Indiana

 * Chester Township, Wabash County, Indiana
 * Chester Township, Wells County, Indiana

Iowa

 * Chester Township, Howard County, Iowa
 * Chester Township, Poweshiek County, Iowa

Michigan

 * Chester Township, Eaton County, Michigan
 * Chester Township, Otsego County, Michigan
 * Chester Township, Ottawa County, Michigan

Minnesota

 * Chester Township, Polk County, Minnesota
 * Chester Township, Wabasha County, Minnesota

Nebraska

 * Chester Township, Saunders County, Nebraska

New Jersey

 * Chester Township, New Jersey

North Dakota

 * Chester Township, Grand Forks County, North Dakota, in Grand Forks County, North Dakota

Ohio

 * Chester Township, Clinton County, Ohio
 * Chester Township, Geauga County, Ohio
 * Chester Township, Meigs County, Ohio
 * Chester Township, Morrow County, Ohio
 * Chester Township, Wayne County, Ohio

Pennsylvania

 * Chester Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania

South Dakota

 * Chester Township, Douglas County, South Dakota, in Douglas County, South Dakota
 * Chester Township, Lake County, South Dakota, in Lake County, South Dakota

title: Chester Township


text:
Talk:Phongsaly province

Untitled
If the correct romanisation is Phonsaly, shouldn't the article title be Phongsaly? PZFUN 07:37, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phongsaly province


text:
Gus Kartes

Gus Kartes (born October 19, 1981), also known by his Greek name Kostas Karterouliotis, is an American retired soccer player who played as a striker.

Kartes initially became notable in 1996 when, at the age of 15, he signed a five-year, $2 million contract with Greek club Olympiacos, becoming the youngest player to ever sign a first-division contract in Greece. Kartes did not fulfill Olympiakos's hopes, however, garnering little first team playing time, and eventually bought out his contract with a year remaining in order to return to America and play in Major League Soccer. Upon returning to the United States, the Colorado Rapids acquired Kartes in a lottery, but traded him to his hometown Tampa Bay Mutiny in exchange for draft picks. Kartes played the 2001 season for the Mutiny, but was largely unimpressive, registering no points in 516 minutes. After the Mutiny were contracted at the end of the 2001 season, Kartes went undrafted in the allocation and dispersal drafts.

Following this, Kartes returned to Greece to play for Kalamata FC of the Greek second division. He returned to the United States in 2004 to sign with the Chicago Storm of the Major Indoor Soccer League. The Storm was coached by fellow Greek-American Frank Klopas.

title: Gus Kartes


text:
Left Alliance

The Left Alliance is the name of a number of left wing political parties:

 * Alliance of the Left in Spain.
 * Democratic Left Alliance (Poland) in Poland.
 * Left Alliance (Finland)
 * RISE – Scotland's Left Alliance
 * Left Alliance - UK, a grouping including the Union of Liberal Students and the Communist Party of Great Britain
 * Nordic Green Left Alliance, an alliance of Nordic left-wing parties
 * Left Alliance (Australia), an Australian student movement that flourished in the 1980s and 1990s
 * Leftist Alliance (Hungary), an alliance between Yes Solidarity for Hungary Movement and the Hungarian Workers' Party
 * Leftist Alliance

title: Left Alliance