text:
Neue Zürcher Zeitung

The Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ; "New Journal of Zürich") is a Swiss, German-language daily newspaper, published by NZZ Mediengruppe in Zürich. The paper was founded in 1780. It has a reputation as a high-quality newspaper, as the Swiss-German newspaper of record, and for detailed reports on international affairs.

History and profile
One of the oldest newspapers still published, it originally appeared as Zürcher Zeitung, edited by the Swiss painter and poet Salomon Gessner, on 12 January 1780. It was renamed Neue Zürcher Zeitung in 1821.

According to Peter K. Buse and Jürgen C. Doerr, many prestige German language newspapers followed its example because it set "standards through an objective, in-depth treatment of subject matter, eloquent commentary, an extensive section on entertainment, and one on advertising."

Aside from the switch from its blackletter typeface in 1946, the newspaper has changed little since the 1930s. Only in 2005 did it add color pictures, much later than most mainstream papers. The emphasis is on international news, business, finance, and high culture. Features and lifestyle stories are kept to a minimum.

Historically, the newspaper has been politically positioned close to the liberal Free Democratic Party of Switzerland since its early period. The paper's official statutes and guidelines declare it to have a "liberal democratic foundation". Accordingly, it has traditionally adopted a free-market liberal and centre-right orientation. However, in 2014, Markus Somm (formerly an editor at the Basler Zeitung), a more pronounced right-wing journalist, was slated to became editor-in-chief, leading to fears of a rightward shift by staff and resulting in internal protest. The internal upheaval eventually lead to Somm not taking on his role. However, the appointment of Eric Gujer as editor-in-chief in 2015 and René Scheu as head of the feature section in 2016, as well as almost half of all contributing editors leaving the newspaper between 2015 and December 2017, marked a noticeable shift to the right, according to critics.

Circulation
The circulation of Neue Zürcher Zeitung was 18,100 copies in 1910. It rose to 47,500 copies in 1930 and 66,600 copies in 1950.

In 1997, the Neue Zürcher Zeitung had a circulation of 162,330 copies. Its circulation was 169,000 copies in 2000. The circulation of the paper was 166,000 copies in 2003. The 2006 circulation of the paper was 146,729 copies. Its circulation was 139,732 copies in 2009. In 2010, the paper had a circulation of 136,894 copies.

Weekend edition
In 2002, the newspaper launched a weekend edition, NZZ am Sonntag (NZZ on Sunday). The weekend edition has its own editorial staff and contains more soft news and lifestyle issues than its weekday counterpart, as do most Swiss weekend newspapers. Its circulation was 121,204 copies in 2006.

NZZ am Sonntag was awarded the European Newspaper of the Year in the category of weekly newspaper by the European Newspapers Congress in 2012.

Archives
In 2005, the complete run of the newspaper's first 225 years was scanned from microfilm. A total of two million images comprising seventy terabytes, and its Blackletter type was scanned – using optical character recognition –  at a total cost of €600,000 (or €0.30 per image). The result is a searchable digital archive, accessible online by subscribers and publicly on site in Zurich.

The digitization was carried out by an institute of the German research organization Fraunhofer Society – the Institute for Media Communication (since 2006, the ), headquartered in Sankt Augustin, North Rhine-Westphalia.

Editors-in-chief

 * 1821 – 1830: Paul Usteri
 * 1830 – 1849: 10 different editor-in-chiefs
 * 1849 – 1867: Peter Jakob Felber
 * 1868 – 1872: Eugen Escher
 * 1872 – 1876: Hans Weber
 * 1876 – 1877: Eugen Huber
 * 1877 – 1878: Gottwalt Niederer
 * 1878 – 1884: Gustav Vogt
 * 1885 – 1915: Walter Bissegger
 * 1915 – 1929: Albert Meyer
 * 1933 – 1968: Willy Bretscher
 * 1968 – 1985: Fred Luchsinger
 * 1985 – 2006: Hugo Bütler
 * 2006 – 2014: Markus Spillmann
 * since 2015: Eric Gujer

NZZ Libro
NZZ Libro is the book publishing part of the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ). Books have been published since 1927; since 1980, the publishing house has been run as a separate profit centre. Since 2006 the publishing house has operated under the name NZZ Libro. The publishing programme of specialist and non-fiction literature includes, among other things, political, cultural, historical, and economic books, as well as biographies and illustrated books, predominantly with a Swiss reference.

Award
The Neue Zürcher Zeitung was a co-recipient of the 1979 Erasmus Prize, alongside German newspaper Die Zeit.

title: Neue Zürcher Zeitung


text:
Sylvia Sidney

Sylvia Sidney (born Sophia Kosow; August 8, 1910 – July 1, 1999) was an American stage, screen, and film actress whose career spanned 70 years. She rose to prominence in dozens of leading roles in the 1930s. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams in 1973. She later gained attention for her role as Juno, a case worker in the afterlife, in Tim Burton's 1988 film Beetlejuice, for which she won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Early life
Sidney was born Sophia Kosow in the Bronx, New York, the daughter of Rebecca (née Saperstein), a Romanian Jew, and Victor Kosow, a Russian-Jewish immigrant who worked as a clothing salesman. Her parents divorced by 1915, and she was adopted by her stepfather Sigmund Sidney, a dentist. Her mother became a dressmaker and renamed herself Beatrice Sidney. Now using the surname Sidney, Sylvia became an actress at the age of 15 as a way of overcoming shyness. As a student of the Theater Guild's School for Acting, she was praised by theater critics for her performances. In 1926, she made her first film appearance as an extra in D.W. Griffith's The Sorrows of Satan.

Career
During the Depression, Sidney appeared in a string of films, often playing working-class heroines, or the girlfriend or sister of a gangster. She appeared with Gary Cooper, Spencer Tracy, Henry Fonda, Joel McCrea, Fredric March, George Raft and Cary Grant. Among her films from this period were: An American Tragedy, City Streets, and Street Scene (all 1931), Alfred Hitchcock's Sabotage and Fritz Lang's Fury (both 1936), You Only Live Once and Dead End (both 1937), and The Trail of the Lonesome Pine, an early three-strip Technicolor film. During this period, she developed a reputation for being difficult to work with. At the time of making Sabotage with Alfred Hitchcock, Sidney was one of the highest-paid actresses in the industry, earning $10,000 per week—earning a total of $80,000 for Sabotage.

Her career diminished somewhat during the 1940s. In 1949, exhibitors voted her "box-office poison". In 1952, she played the role of Fantine in Les Misérables, and although the film itself did not meet the studio's expectations, Sidney received critical praise for her performance.

She appeared three times on Playhouse 90. On May 16, 1957, she appeared as Lulu Morgan, mother of singer Helen Morgan in "The Helen Morgan Story". Four months later, Sidney rejoined her former co-star Bergen on the premiere of the short-lived The Polly Bergen Show. She also worked in television during the 1960s on such programs as Route 66, The Defenders, and My Three Sons.

In 1973, Sidney received an Academy Award nomination for her supporting role in Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams. As an elderly woman, Sidney continued to play supporting screen roles, and was identifiable by her husky voice, the result of cigarette smoking. She was the formidable Miss Coral in the film version of I Never Promised You a Rose Garden and later was cast as Aidan Quinn's grandmother in the television production of An Early Frost for which she won a Golden Globe Award. She played Aunt Marion in Damien: Omen II and had key roles in Beetlejuice (directed by longtime Sidney fan Tim Burton), for which she won a Saturn Award, and Used People. Her final role was in Mars Attacks!, another film by Burton, in which she played an elderly woman whose beloved records by Slim Whitman help stop an alien invasion from Mars.

On television, she appeared in the pilot episode of WKRP in Cincinnati as the imperious owner of the radio station, and she appeared in a memorable episode of Thirtysomething as Melissa's tough grandmother, who wanted to leave her granddaughter the family dress business, though Melissa wanted a career as a photographer. Sidney also appeared at the beginning of each episode as the crotchety travel clerk on the short-lived late-1990s revival of Fantasy Island. She also was featured on Starsky & Hutch; The Love Boat; Magnum, P.I.; Diagnosis Murder; and Trapper John, M.D.

Her Broadway career spanned five decades, from her debut performance as a graduate of the Theatre Guild School in June 1926 at age 15, in the three-act fantasy Prunella to the Tennessee Williams play Vieux Carré in 1977. Other stage credits included The Fourposter, Enter Laughing, and Barefoot in the Park. In 1982, Sidney was awarded the George Eastman Award by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film.

Personal life
Sidney was married three times, first to publisher Bennett Cerf on October 1, 1935; they divorced on April 9, 1936. She married actor and acting teacher Luther Adler in 1938, by whom she had her only child, a son Jacob ("Jody"; 1939–1987), who died of Lou Gehrig's disease while his mother was still alive. Adler and Sidney divorced in 1946. On March 5, 1947, she married radio producer and announcer Carlton Alsop; they divorced on March 22, 1951.

A Democrat, Sidney supported Adlai Stevenson's campaign during the 1952 presidential election.

She published two books on the art of needlepoint, and raised and showed pug dogs.

Death
Sidney died on July 1, 1999 from esophageal cancer at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan at age 88. Her remains were cremated.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sylvia Sidney


text: User talk:129.242.5.30

title: User talk:129.242.5.30


text:
Talk:Planned Parenthood

What Planned Parenthood does
Planned Parenthood not only helps with Abortion care and sexually transmitted diseases, but gender affirming care. This portion was missing in the introduction. 131.123.49.12 (talk) 20:25, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 10 February 2024
On paragraph 4, line 1 (PPFA is the largest single provider of reproductive health services and the largest single provider of abortion in the United States.), change "abortion" to "abortions". ThatOneWindowsFan (talk) 19:25, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ RudolfRed (talk) 05:29, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

Not even mentioning the bias of Americans having access to this whole claiming they're a worldwide organization
Just seems dishonest 2604:3D09:D78:1000:B033:91C3:1448:A9B4 (talk) 02:16, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia talk-pages are for making concrete proposals for improvement, not for general discussion of the topic of the article. (But also you seem very confused, maybe you should read the article.)  --JBL (talk) 17:59, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

International Affiliation
Based on the first paragraph, I think the International Planned Parenthood Federation should be mentioned in the Infobox. GamerKlim9716 (talk) 19:42, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Planned Parenthood


text:
Speedwell Cavern

Speedwell Cavern is one of the four show caves in Castleton, Derbyshire, England.

The cave system consists of a horizontal lead miners' adit (a level passageway driven horizontally into the hillside) 200 m below ground leading to the cavern itself, a limestone cave. The narrow adit is permanently flooded, so after descending a long staircase, access to the cave is made by boat. At the end of the adit, the cavern opens up with fluorspar veins, stalactites and stalagmites, and the so-called "Bottomless Pit". This chamber has an underground lake with a 20 m high waterfall and an extremely deep vertical shaft, now choked to within 20 m of the surface by rock spoil dumped by miners, after driving the continuation of the canal to the natural streamway beyond, which provided the bulk of the water for the canal. The original depth of the shaft has been estimated, from the amount of spoil placed in the shaft over the years, at around 150 m.

The mine was developed in the 1770s but the limited lead ore deposits meant that it was not profitable and it was closed down by 1790.

At the foot of Winnats Pass, it is a tourist attraction with an underground boat trip to the cavern. Originally the guide propelled the boat by pushing against the walls with his hands, later the boat was legged through, and now it is powered by an electric motor.

A connection was discovered in 2006 between the Speedwell Cavern system and Titan, the largest natural shaft in the UK, which is 141.5 m high.

title: Speedwell Cavern


text:
Evening Express (Scotland)

The Evening Express is a daily local newspaper serving the city of Aberdeen, Scotland.

History
It was first published in November 1879. It was a tabloid during the 1930s to the 1950s until it resumed as a broadsheet in November 1958, six days a week. By September 1989, The Saturday edition returned to a tabloid with the broadsheet formula during the weekdays. It became a tabloid six days a week in February 1995.

There was also a Saturday night paper called the Green Final which ended in June 2002 after many years in which it was printed on green paper instead of the usual white. It showed progress on how Aberdeen FC did in their matches as well as a full check on the day's football results. For many years, the Green Final was a broadsheet until it became a tabloid from 1988 till the end. The name occasionally reappears when the paper features junior football reports.

To celebrate its 40,000th edition, the Evening Express held a competition for one of its readers to win 40,000 one penny pieces – totaling £400.

In November 2021, the Evening Express website was merged with the existing Press and Journal website.

Publication and circulation
The paper along with the Press and Journal is published by Aberdeen Journals Ltd. It has a circulation of 10,117.

Columnists
Moreen Simpson, Scott Begbie the entertainments editor, former Grampian TV presenter Frank Gilfeather. In the Weekend section, every Saturday, TV critic Ewan Cameron gives his rundown on the week's programmes.

Evening Express Sports Editor Charlie Allan, Former Aberdeen F.C. footballers Stewart McKimmie and Joe Harper have columns in the sport pages. Another former Don Willie Miller has recently joined them. Sports reporter Sean Wallace also has a weekly column.

Coverage of Trump International Golf Links controversy
The paper was a staunch supporter of the building of a highly controversial golf resort by Donald Trump at the Menie Estate in Balmedie, Aberdeenshire. The development was against the wishes of many local residents, and on an area designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest. In 2007, the Evening Express ran pictures of seven councillors who voted against the application under the headline "You Traitors". 2009, the newspaper announced it would not report anything said by the protest group "Tripping Up Trump", saying it was not "bona fide". In contrast, opponents complained, the DC Thomson papers in Aberdeen, the Evening Express and the Press and Journal gave a large amount of positive press to Donald Trump and the real estate development. In 2013, Press and Journal editor Damian Bates, who was formerly editor at the Evening Express, married the executive vice president and press spokeswoman for the Trump International project.

Fallout with Aberdeen Football Club players
As of 29 February 2008 the players of Aberdeen Football Club stated that they would no longer give interviews to the Evening Express. The players cited perceived negative reporting on the part of the paper as their reason for the move. Sports Editor Charlie Allan proposed a meeting with Scott Severin, but this was declined by the captain. Allan instead met with club media officer Dave Macdermid, who gave a short interview to the Evening Express.

Aberdeen FC manager Jimmy Calderwood did not observe the silence of his players, saying that he felt the players had made a mistake in ceasing to communicate with the Evening Express. He did however state, as did Macdermid, that the players had taken particular offence to the paper's speculation that a number of them would be leaving the club in the summer. Calderwood said that the Evening Express had been "naughty" to do so.

In early March the ban on giving interviews to the Evening Express was lifted, and the players resumed normal communications with the paper.

title: Evening Express (Scotland)


text:
User:Andersja~enwiki

Who?
Anders Jacobsen

What?
Photographer*, weblogger, Wikipedia neophyte, hyper-frequent traveller

Where?
London, UK, South of France, Norway, etc...

andersja elsewhere

 * extrospection.com
 * jacobsen.no
 * contact information

title: User:Andersja~enwiki


text:
Battle of Öland

The Battle of Öland was a naval battle between an allied Danish-Dutch fleet and the Swedish navy in the Baltic Sea, off the east coast of Öland on 1 June 1676. The battle was a part of the Scanian War (1675–79) fought for supremacy over the southern Baltic. Sweden was in urgent need of reinforcements for its north German possessions; Denmark sought to ferry an army to Scania in southern Sweden to open a front on Swedish soil.

Just as the battle began, the Swedish flagship Kronan sank, taking with it almost the entire crew, including the Admiral of the Realm and commander of the Swedish navy, Lorentz Creutz. The allied force under the leadership of the Dutch admiral Cornelis Tromp took full advantage of the ensuing disorder on the Swedish side. The acting commander after Creutz's sudden demise, Admiral Claes Uggla, was surrounded and his flagship Svärdet battered in a drawn-out artillery duel, then set ablaze by a fire ship. Uggla drowned while escaping the burning ship, and with the loss of a second supreme commander, the rest of the Swedish fleet fled in disorder.

The battle resulted in Danish naval supremacy, which was upheld throughout the war. The Danish King Christian V was able to ship troops over to the Swedish side of the Sound, and on 29 June a force of 14,500 men landed at Råå, just south of Helsingborg in southernmost Sweden. Scania became the main battleground of the war, culminating with the bloody battles of Lund, Halmstad and Landskrona. Danish and Dutch naval forces were left free to raze Öland and the Swedish east coast all the way up to Stockholm. The Swedish failure at Öland also prompted King Charles XI to order a commission to investigate the fiasco, but in the end no one was found responsible.

Background
In the 1660s, Sweden reached its height as a European great power. It had recently defeated Denmark, one of its main competitors for hegemony in the Baltic, in the Torstenson War (1643–45) and the Dano-Swedish War (1657–58). At the Treaties of Brömsebro (1645) and Roskilde (1658), Denmark was forced to cede the islands of Gotland and Ösel, all of its eastern territories on the Scandinavian Peninsula, and parts of Norway. In a third war, from 1658 to 1660, King Charles X of Sweden attempted to finish off Denmark for good. The move was in part due to bold royal ambition, but also a result of Sweden's being a highly militarized society geared for almost constant warfare, a fiscal-military state. Disbanding the Swedish forces meant settling outstanding pay, so there was an underlying incentive to keep hostilities alive and let soldiers live off enemy lands and plunder. In the end, the renewed attack failed with interventions by the leading naval powers of England and the Dutch Republic. Charles' plans to subdue Denmark were thwarted and Trøndelag and Bornholm were returned to Denmark in the Treaty of Copenhagen in 1660 while Sweden was allowed to keep the rest of its recent conquests.

Charles X died in February 1660 and was succeeded by a regency council—led by the queen mother Hedvig Eleonora—that ruled in the name of Charles XI who was only four at the time of his father's death. Sweden had come close to almost complete control over trade in the Baltic, but the war revealed the need to work against the formation of anti-Swedish alliances that included Denmark, especially with France, the most powerful state in Europe at the time. There were some successes in foreign policy with the anti-French 1668 Triple Alliance of England, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic.

While the Swedish policy was to avoid war and to consolidate its gains, Danish policy after 1660 was to seek an opportunity to regain its losses. Under the Oldenburg King Frederick III, the foreign policy was aimed at isolating Sweden while setting itself up in a favorable position in future wars. Denmark attempted to position itself in the alliances among the 17th century Europe great powers. Bourbon France and the Habsburg-dominated Holy Roman Empire competed for continental domination while the Dutch Republic and England fought several wars over naval hegemony. At the same time, Denmark sought to rid itself of the generous toll treaties it was forced to grant Dutch merchants after the Republic's assistance in the wars against Sweden. Attempts were made to ally with both England and France, but without success. In the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–66) Denmark had to side with the Dutch at the Battle of Vågen, souring its relations with England. In 1670 France allied with England against the Republic. Sweden's relations with France had improved greatly and in 1672 it joined the Anglo-French coalition, pushing Denmark into the Dutch camp.

In 1672, French King Louis XIV launched an attack on the Dutch Republic, igniting the Franco-Dutch War. The attack was opposed by the Holy Roman Empire led by Leopold I. In 1674, Sweden was pressured into joining the war by attacking the Republic's northern German allies. France promised to pay Sweden desperately needed war subsidies only on the condition that it moved in force on Brandenburg. A Swedish army of around 22,000 men under Carl Gustaf Wrangel advanced into Brandenburg in December 1674 and suffered a minor tactical defeat at the Battle of Fehrbellin in June 1675. Though not militarily significant, the defeat tarnished the reputation of near-invincibility that Sweden had enjoyed since the Thirty Years' War and emboldened its enemies. By September 1675, Denmark, the Dutch Republic, the Holy Roman Empire and Spain were all joined in war against Sweden and its ally France.

Scanian War
With the declaration of war against Sweden on 2 September 1675, Denmark saw a chance to regain its recently lost eastern provinces. The southern Baltic became an important strategic theatre for both Denmark and Sweden. Denmark needed the sea lanes to invade Scania, and Sweden needed to reinforce Swedish Pomerania on the Baltic coast; both stood to gain by taking control of the Baltic trade routes. As war broke out between Denmark and Sweden a strong naval presence also became essential for Sweden to secure its interests at home and overseas.

In October 1675 the Swedish fleet under Gustaf Otto Stenbock put to sea, but sailed no further than Stora Karlsö off Gotland before it had to turn back to Stockholm after less than two weeks, beset by cold and stormy weather, disease, and the loss of vital equipment. Stenbock, held personally responsible for the failure by King Charles XI, was forced to pay for the campaign out of his own pocket. During the winter of 1675–76 the Swedish fleet was placed under the command of Lorentz Creutz, who attempted to put to sea in January to February 1676, but was iced in by exceptionally cold weather.

State of the fleets
The First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–54) saw the development of the line of battle, a tactic where ships formed a continuous line to fire broadsides at an enemy. Previously, decisive action in naval engagements had been achieved through boarding and melee, but after the middle of the 17th century tactical doctrine focused more on disabling or sinking an opponent through superior firepower from a distance. This entailed major changes in military doctrines, shipbuilding, and professionalism in European navies from the 1650s onwards. The line of battle favored very large ships that could hold the line in the face of heavy fire, later known as ships of the line. The new tactics also depended on the ability of strong, centralized governments to maintain large, permanent fleets led by a professional officer corps. The increased power of the state at the expense of individual landowners led to the expansion of armies and navies, and in the late 1660s Sweden embarked on an expansive shipbuilding program. In 1675, the Swedish fleet was numerically superior to its Danish counterpart (18 ships of the line against 16 and 21 frigates against 11), but it was older and of poorer quality than the Danish fleet, which had replaced a larger proportion of its vessels. The Swedes had problems with routine maintenance, and both rigging and sails were generally in poor condition. Swedish crews lacked the professionalism of Danish and Norwegian sailors, who commonly had valuable experience from service in the Dutch merchant navy, and the Swedish navy also lacked a core of professional officers. The Danish had seasoned veterans like Cort Adeler and Niels Juel. The Danish fleet was also reinforced with Dutch units under the command Philip van Almonde and Cornelis Tromp, the latter an experienced officer who had served under Michiel de Ruyter, famous for his skilled command during the Anglo-Dutch Wars.

Prelude
A Danish fleet of 20 ships under Admiral Niels Juel put to sea in March 1676, and on 29 April his forces landed on Gotland, which surrendered. The Swedish fleet was ordered out on 4 May with 23 warships of over 50 guns, 21 of less than 50 and 16 minor supporting vessels manned by about 12,000 men, but encountered adverse winds and was delayed until 19 May. Juel had by then left Visby, the main port on Gotland, to join up with a smaller Danish-Dutch force at Bornholm, between the southern tip of Sweden and the northern coast of Germany. Together they intended to cruise between Scania and the island of Rügen to stop Swedish troops from landing on the island and reinforcing Swedish Pomerania. On 25–26 May the two fleets fought the indecisive battle at Bornholm. The Swedish force was superior in numbers but was unable to inflict any serious losses, and two of the fleet's fireships were captured, one by the allies and the other by a Brandenburg squadron headed for Copenhagen.

Several Swedish accounts say that Creutz argued with his officers after Bornholm. Major Taube of the Mars testified that after the battle, the officers had been "scolded like boys" and that Creutz, "without regard for guilt or innocence, accused them almost all alike". The army captain Rosenberg told a later inquiry that Creutz "almost had a paroxysm in the night" over the conduct of Johan Bär (one of his flag officers) at Bornholm, and that he swore "never to go to serve at sea with such rascals". Maritime archaeologist Lars Einarsson has concluded that the relationship between Creutz and his subordinates had hit rock bottom before the battle.

After the unsuccessful action the Swedish fleet anchored off Trelleborg, where King Charles was waiting with new orders to recapture Gotland. The fleet was to refuse combat with the allies at least until they reached the northern tip of Öland, where they could fight in friendly waters. After the Swedish fleet left Trelleborg on 30 May, the allied fleet soon came in contact with it and began pursuing the Swedes. By this time the allies had been reinforced by a small squadron and now totaled 42 vessels, with 25 large or medium ships of the line. The reinforcements also brought with them a new commander, Admiral General Cornelis Tromp, one of the ablest naval tacticians of his time. Tromp, who also was a Lieutenant-Admiral in the Dutch navy, was made Admiral-General of the Danish navy on 8 May 1676. The two fleets sailed north and on 1 June passed the southern tip of Öland in a strong gale. The rough winds were hard on the Swedish ships. Many lost masts and spars. The Swedes, forming a barely cohesive battle line, tried to sail ahead of Tromp's ships, hoping to get between them and the shore, thus putting themselves on the allied fleet's windward side and gaining the tactical advantage of holding the weather gage. The Dutch ships of the allied fleet managed to sail closer to the wind and faster than the rest of the force, and slipped between the Swedes and the coast, snatching the weather gage. Later that morning the two fleets closed on each other, and were soon within firing range.

Battle
Around noon, as a result of poor coordination and signaling, the Swedish line unexpectedly turned toward the allied fleet. When the flagship Kronan came about in the maneuver it suddenly heeled over and began to take in water. According to master gunner Anders Gyllenspak, the sails were not reefed and the ship leaned over so hard that water flooded in through the lower gunports. As the ship was leaning over, a gust of wind pushed the ship on her side, bringing her masts and sails down in line with the surface of the sea. Shortly afterwards, the gunpowder store exploded and ripped the forward section of the starboard side apart. Kronan quickly lost buoyancy and sank, taking most of her 850-man crew with her. The sudden loss of the flagship and the fleet admiral threw the already scattered Swedish line into confusion and sapped morale. Four ships from Creutz's and Uggla's squadrons immediately fled when they saw that the flagship was lost. Claes Uggla was next in command after Creutz and became the acting commander of the Swedish fleet. When the line came about, Uggla and his ship Svärdet came on a collision course with the still floating wreckage of Kronan, and were forced to jibe (turn the stern into the wind direction) to avoid it. Svärdet's second turn was interpreted by many ships as a signal to turn again; others interpreted it as the beginning of a general retreat, leading to major disorder. Uggla reduced speed in an attempt to gather his forces, but instead was separated from his squadron.

Tromp on Christianus Quintus, Vice Admiral Jens Rodsten on Tre Løver and Niels Juel on Churprindsen took advantage of the chaos. They quickly surrounded Svärdet and three supporting ships (Hieronymus, Neptunus and Järnvågen, an armed merchantman) and began to hammer them into submission. Several other Swedish vessels attempted to assist Uggla, but they were in a lee position and could not provide effective support. After about an hour-and-a-half to two hours of hard fighting Svärdet's mainmast went overboard and Uggla had to surrender to Tromp. Despite this, Svärdet was ignited by accident or misunderstanding by the Dutch fireship 't Hoen. The second largest Swedish ship after Kronan sank in the blaze and took with it 600 out of a crew of 650, including Admiral Uggla himself. Only Hieronymus escaped the assault by the allied admirals, though badly damaged, and the others were captured by Juel on Churprindsen together with one of his lieutenants on Anna Sophia.

By six o'clock in the evening the Swedes had lost two flagships along with two fleet admirals, including the supreme commander of the navy. The entire force now began a disorderly retreat: the smaller ships Enhorn, Ekorren, Gripen and Sjöhästen were outsailed and captured and the rest of the ships sought shelter in friendly harbors. Most set course for Dalarö, north of Stockholm; others tried for Kalmar Strait, between Öland and the Swedish mainland. The allied fleet tried to capitalize further on its victory by giving chase, but the dash up the coast had scattered its forces and there was disagreement among the Danish commanders on how far they should pursue the Swedish ships.

Aftermath
The Swedish fleet had suffered a major blow by losing its two largest ships, its commander-in-chief and one of its most experienced admirals. Even after the battle, the misfortunes continued. Äpplet came off its moorings at Dalarö, went aground and sank. Around fifty survivors were picked up by pursuing Danish ships and taken as prisoners to Copenhagen. The battle gave Denmark undisputed naval supremacy and the Swedish fleet did not dare to venture out for the rest of the year. The army that had been amassed in Denmark could now be shipped to Scania to take the war to Swedish soil and on 29 June 1676, 14,500 troops were landed at Råå south of Helsingborg. The Battle of Öland was the first major Swedish defeat at sea to Denmark and was followed by further Swedish defeats at Møn and Køge Bay in 1677. The latter was a resounding success for Admiral Niels Juel and has become the most celebrated victory in Danish naval history.

The Battle of Öland was the first of several major Swedish defeats at sea that ended in complete Danish dominance over the southern Baltic for the duration of the Scanian War. That the main naval base in Stockholm was locked in ice during the winter of 1675–76 showed the necessity of an ice-free harbor that was closer to Danish home waters. In 1679, King Charles personally chose the site for a new base at what would later become Karlskrona. The lessons from the war also led to improvements in Swedish naval organization under the guidance of Hans Wachtmeister (1641–1714) which included better funding and maintenance, increased readiness for mobilization in the southern Baltic and permanent recruitment of skilled personnel through the allotment system.

Swedish commission
Within a week, the news of the failure at Bornholm and the major defeat at Öland reached King Charles, who immediately ordered that a commission be set up to investigate what had happened. Charles wanted to see if Bär and other officers were guilty of cowardice or incompetence. On 13 June, the King wrote "some of our sea officers have shown such cowardly and careless behavior" that they have "placed the safety, welfare and defense of the kingdom at great peril", and that "such a serious crime should be severely punished".

The commission began its work on 7 June 1676. At the hearings, strong criticism surfaced and was directed against individual officers as well as Swedish conduct in general. Anders Homman, one of the officers on Svärdet, was among those who chastised his colleagues the hardest. In his testimony he said that Admiral Uggla had exclaimed "look how those dog cunts run" when he was surrounded, fighting the allied flagships. Homman himself described the actions of his colleagues as those of "chickens running about the yard, each in his own direction", and added that he "had been in seven battles, but had never seen our people fight so poorly".

The commission did not find anyone guilty of negligence or misconduct, but Lieutenant Admiral Bär, commander of Nyckeln, and Lieutenant Admiral Christer Boije, who had run aground on Äpplet, were never again given a command in the navy. Lieutenant Admiral Hans Clerck, commander of Solen, went through the process unscathed, and was promoted to full Admiral by the King before the commission even presented its verdict. Creutz has quite consistently been blamed for the loss of his ship by historians, and has been described as an incompetent sea officer and sailor who more or less single-handedly brought about the sinking through lack of naval experience. Military historians Lars Ericson Wolke and Olof Sjöblom have attempted to nuance the picture by pointing out that Creutz's task was akin to that of an administrator rather than a military commander. The practical issues of ship maneuvering should have been the responsibility of his subordinates, who had experience in naval matters.

Disputes among the allied officers
Despite the victories, several allied officers were displeased with the conduct of their forces. Naval historian Jørgen Barfod explains that the battle was fought "in a disorganized manner from beginning to end" since Tromp had given the order for each commander to attack the enemy ship closest to him. Most of the Danish fleet was unable to keep pace with the faster Dutch ships, so the race for an advantageous position along the coast had contributed to the scattering of the allied fleet. Juel later complained in a letter to the Danish Admiral of the Realm that the Dutch had not assisted him in pursuing the fleeing Swedes. He claimed that if he had received proper support, they could have "brought [the Swedes] such a fever on their throats that it would take years for all the doctors in Stockholm to cure it". When Tromp sent a report of the battle to the Danish King he reproached his subordinates, but not by name, and asked that no punishment be dealt out.

The captain of 't Hoen, the fireship that had set Svärdet ablaze after she had surrendered, was arrested and incarcerated directly after the battle, and was subjected to such harsh treatment that he died within a few days. Tromp later reported that his ship Delft, which had seen some of the roughest fighting, had lost around 100 men and that most of its officers were wounded.

Forces
Below is a list of the ships that participated in the battle. The figures in parentheses indicate the number of guns for each ship. {| width="100%" style="margin: 0; background: 0; border: 0;"
 * style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; padding-right:1em; "|

Allied fleet
First squadron
 * Flagship: Churprindsen (68), Niels Juel

 * Christianus IV (58)
 * Gyldenløve (56)
 * Anna Sophia (62)
 * Delmenhorst (44)
 * Nellebladet (54)
 * Lindormen (46)
 * København (36)
 * Hommeren (32)
 * Anthonette (26)
 * Caritas (34)
 * Fire Kronede Lillier (4)
 * Stokfisken, Abrahams Offer (fireships)

Second squadron
 * Flagship: Christianus V (80), Cornelis Tromp

 * Tre Løver (64)
 * Oostergoo (60)
 * Charlotta Amalie (64)
 * Enighed (66)
 * Fridericus III (64)
 * Campen (44)
 * Havmanden (36)
 * Havfruen (26)
 * Spraglede Falk (18)
 * Louys,  't Hoen (fireships)

Third squadron
 * Flagship: Delft (62), Philips van Almonde

 * Waesdorp (68)
 * Dordrecht (46)
 * Ackerboom (60)
 * Gideon (60)
 * Justina (64)
 * Noortholland (44)
 * Caleb (40)
 * Utrecht (38)
 * Hvide Falk (26)
 * Delft (28)
 * Perlen (8)
 * Leonora (fireship)
 * style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; padding-left:1em;"|

Swedish fleet
First squadron
 * Flagship: Kronan (124), Lorentz Creutz

 * Solen (74)
 * Wrangel (60)
 * Draken (66)
 * Herkules (56)
 * Neptunus (44)
 * Maria (44)
 * Fenix (36)
 * Sundsvall (32)
 * Enhorn (16)
 * Pärlan (28, armed merchantman)
 * Tre Bröder (12)
 * Mjöhund (10)
 * Sjöhästen (8)
 * Jakob, Svan (fireships)

Second squadron
 * Flagship: Svärdet (94), Claes Uggla

 * Mars (72)
 * Merkurius (64)
 * Hieronymus (64)
 * Svenska Lejonet (48)
 * Göteborg (48)
 * Fredrika Amalia (34)
 * Uttern (24)
 * Flygande Vargen (44, armed merchantman)
 * Järnvågen (24, armed merchantman)
 * Ekorren (8)
 * Posthornet (8)
 * Råbocken (8)
 * Rödkritan, Duvan (fireships)

Third squadron
 * Flagship: Nyckeln (84), Johan Bär

 * Äpplet (86)
 * Saturnus (64)
 * Caesar (60)
 * Wismar (54)
 * Riga (54)
 * Hjorten (36)
 * Solen (54, armed merchantman)
 * Salvator (30)
 * Gripen (8)
 * Sjöman (8)
 * Postiljon (fireship)

Fourth squadron
 * Victoria (80)
 * Venus (64)
 * Jupiter (70)
 * Carolus (60)
 * Spes (48)
 * Abraham (44)
 * Nordstjärnan (28)
 * Trumslagaren (34, armed merchantman)
 * Konung David (32, armed merchantman)
 * Elisabeth (12, armed merchantman)
 * Fortuna (12)
 * Måsen (8)
 * Jägaren (fireship)
 * }

title: Battle of Öland


text:
User talk:Mtreinik

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 13:41, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you for a warm welcome, Sam. mtreinik 18:23, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Strobist
Hi. Your article is below. You need to check out these pages: Notability and Spam. Sorry to have deleted it, but we have to work quickly to keep the pages clean. Deb (talk) 20:21, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Strobist is a blog about photographic lighting by American photographer David Hobby. The blog specializes on using small flash units off-camera.

The blog
The blog has more than 800 articles about lighting. Some of the articles are categorized in courses.

The Lighting Boot Camp is a short lighting course that contains six assignments.

The Lighting 101 is an introductory course on off-camera lighting.

The Lighting 102 is an ongoing, comprehensive course on understanding how to control light.

The blog is hosted on Blogger.

Readers
The blog is read by more than 170,000 different visitors each month, with about 1,5 million page views.

Part of the blog is translated to Spanish by Rafa Barberá.

There are also Flickr groups for Italian, German , and Finnish readers of the blog.

Flickr group
There is a Flickr group dedicated to the Strobist lighting blog. The group has more than 17,700 members.

In the group there is a photo pool where members share their photos and information on how the photos were lit.

The group also has discussion threads, where members discuss topics of the lighting blog.

Sponsors
In March 2007 the blog was sponsored by

 * Midwest photo exchange
 * PhotoShelter
 * Zenfolio
 * StudioStyles
 * HonlPhoto Professional
 * Apple / Hewlett Packard

In the media

 * Interview of David Hobby by Bruce Snell for ThatsMyMonkey.
 * Part 1, part 2 and part 3 of an interview by Derek Mazzone for Crossfader.
 * Podcast interview by Bill Crawford and Ed Hidden of StudioLighting.net.
 * Interview] for Tips from the top floor] photography podcast.

Nomination of Joey Lawrence (photographer) for deletion
The article Joey Lawrence (photographer) is being discussed concerning whether it is suitable for inclusion as an article according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Joey Lawrence (photographer) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article.  Cind. amuse  05:37, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of Captain Murphy (band) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Captain Murphy (band) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Captain Murphy (band) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article.  Ol Yeller21 Talktome  22:05, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mtreinik


text:
Richard Lowenstein

Richard Lowenstein (born 1 March 1959) is an Australian filmmaker. He has written, produced and directed: feature films, including Strikebound (1984), Dogs in Space (1986) and He Died with a Felafel in His Hand (2001); music videos for bands such as INXS and U2; concert performance films, Australian Made: The Movie (1987) and U2: LoveTown (1989); and TV adverts.

Biography
Richard Lowenstein was born on 1 March 1959 in Melbourne. His mother was the author, oral historian, and activist, Wendy Lowenstein (née Katherin Wendy Robertson, 1927–2006). His father is Werner Lowenstein, also an activist, who had fled Nazi Germany to United Kingdom and was relocated to Australia in 1940 as one of the Dunera boys. The couple married in July 1947; and had three children, Peter, Martie and Richard. Lowenstein attended Brinsley Road Community School from 1973 to 1974; and graduated from Swinburne Institute of Technology, Film and Television Department in 1979.

His short film, Evictions (1979), which won the Erwin Rado Prize – for Best Short Film – at the Melbourne International Film Festival the following year, described Melbourne during the Great Depression. It was based on his mother's book, Weevils in the Flour (1978). The film detailed police evicting unemployed unionists. In 1980 Lowenstein directed a music video, "Leap for Lunch", for the debut single by art punk band, The Ears – he shared a house with their lead singer, Sam Sejavka. In 1982 he directed one for "Talking to a Stranger", a single by rock band, Hunters & Collectors. He followed with "Lumps of Lead" for the same group and "Fraction Too Much Friction" for Tim Finn as his first solo single in 1983. At the Countdown Music and Video Awards for 1983, he won Best Promotional Video for "Fraction Too Much Friction".

In 1984 he directed his first feature film, Strikebound, a dramatisation of a 1930s coal miners strike, which he wrote based on his mother's book, Dead Men Don't Dig Coal (unpublished), and his own research into unionism in the industry. In June that year he directed his first music videos for INXS with "Burn for You", and followed by "All the Voices" and "Dancing on the Jetty" (both in October). At the Countdown Music and Video Awards for 1984 he won Best Promotional Video for "Burn for You". He established a long term relationship with INXS and produced, edited or directed more of their music videos over subsequent years, including The Swing & Other Stories: Collection of Contemporary Classics from INXS (1985), a VHS-format video compilation with additional interviews and documentary. At the Countdown Music and Video Awards for 1985 he shared the award for Best Video for "What You Need" by INXS with Lyn-Marie Milbourn.

In 1985 he directed White City: The Music Movie, a 60-minute video, for former The Who guitarist, Pete Townshend. Geoffrey Giuliano in his book, Behind Blues Eyes: The Life of Pete Townshend (2002), described "[T]he highlight of the video is the poolside staging of the electric 'Face the Face', in which director Richard Lowenstein effectively captures the excitement of a big-band performance and Townshend's joyous jitterbugging ... in a gold lamé, forties-style tuxedo Lowenstein reveals more story line in these five minutes than the entire video". It was released with Townshend's concept album, White City: A Novel, and included him discussing the music.

In 1986 he wrote and directed a feature film, Dogs in Space, which highlighted late-1970s Melbourne's little band scene with the lead character Sam (portrayed by INXS' lead singer, Michael Hutchence) based on Lowenstein's experiences with The Ear's Sejavka. At the time, Sejavka was a member of new wave band, Beargarden, and objected to Lowenstein and Hutchence's "noxious caricature" of his earlier personality. In 2009 SBS TV's Peter Galvin described the movie as a "cult classic" and "for its fans there's never really been anything quite like [it], before or since". Lowenstein recalled the "punk scene was an embarrassment to the Australian music industry back then. In a similar way, Dogs in Space was a total embarrassment to the Australian film industry because it preferred and knew how to handle innocuous candy-coated fare, like The Man from Snowy River".

For Irish group, U2, he has provided music videos – "Desire" and "Angel of Harlem" (both 1988) and a concert performance film, U2: LoveTown (1989). In 1991 he applied for funding from Film Finance Corporation Australia to adapt Robin Klein's novel, Came Back to Show You I Could Fly, into the children's film, Say a Little Prayer, which he directed in 1993. In 1999 he contributed a chapter, "Telexes in Space: A Tale of Two Films", to the collection, Second Take: Australian Film-makers Talk, edited by Geoff Burton and Raffaele Caputo, which provides an explanation of his film-making style. Lowenstein co-produced the satirical music series John Safran's Music Jamboree (2002) as well as John Safran vs God (2004) for SBS independent.

"The dumbing down of the art of filmmaking to merely that of efficient "storytelling" surely has to be one of the most depressing things about the current state of mainstream cinema. ... Yet, this seems to be the main expectation that we as a society have of cinema. The history of the artform has proved that it is much more than that, yet when it comes to cinema language, history seems to be going backwards..."

- Richard Lowenstein

He is a partner in the Melbourne-based production company, Ghost Pictures. He is also a partner in the feature film production company, Fandango Australia Pty Ltd, along with Italian producer – Domenico Procacci, producer – Sue Murray, lawyer – Bryce Menzies and director – Rolf de Heer. He filmed the 2006 U2 concert at Melbourne's Telstra Dome. In October 2009 Lowenstein was guest programmer on Australian Broadcasting Corporation's TV music video show, rage.

Filmography

 * Evictions (1979)
 * Strikebound (1984)
 * White City: The Music Movie (1985)
 * INXS: The Swing and Other Stories (music video compilation, 1985)
 * Dogs in Space (1986)
 * Australian Made: The Movie (concert performance, 1987)
 * INXS: Kick: The Video Flick (music video compilation, 1988)
 * U2: LoveTown (concert performance, 1989)
 * Say a Little Prayer (1993)
 * Naked: Stories of Men – Ghost Story (telemovie, 1996)
 * He Died with a Felafel in His Hand (2001)
 * U2: The Best of 1980–1990 (music video compilation, 2002)
 * I'm Only Looking: The Best of INXS (music video compilation, 2004)
 * We're Livin' on Dog Food (documentary film included in the DVD re-release of Dogs in Space, 2009)
 * Autoluminescent (documentary film on the life of Rowland S. Howard, 2011)
 * Producer – In Bob We Trust (documentary film about Father Bob Maguire, directed by Lynn-Maree Milburn, 2013)
 * Ecco Homo (documentary film on the life of Peter Vanessa "Troy" Davies, 2015)
 * Mystify: Michael Hutchence (a documentary film on the life of Michael Hutchence, lead singer and lyricist of rock band INXS, 2019)

Music videos

 * The Ears – "Leap for Lunch" (1980)
 * Hunters & Collectors – "Talking to a Stranger" (1982), "Lumps of Lead" (1982)
 * The Church – "It's no Reason" (1983)
 * Tim Finn – "Fraction Too Much Friction" (1983), "Staring at the Embers" (1983), "Through the Years" (1983)
 * Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons – "Taxi Mary" (1984)
 * Jules Taylor – "Rock Daddy" (1984)
 * Cold Chisel – "Saturday Night" (1984)
 * INXS – "Burn for You" (1984), "All the Voices" (1984), "Dancing on the Jetty", (1984), "What You Need" (1985) "Listen Like Thieves" (1986), "Need You Tonight"/"Mediate" (1987), "Never Tear Us Apart" (1988), "New Sensation" (1988), "Guns in the Sky" (1988), "Suicide Blonde" (1990), "By My Side" (1991), "Bitter Tears" (1991), "Heaven Sent" (1992), "Taste It" (1992), "The Gift" (1993), "Cut Your Roses Down" (1993)
 * Models – "Barbados" (1985)
 * Pete Townshend – "Face the Face" (1985), "Secondhand Love" (1985), "Give Blood" (1985)
 * Big Pig – "Hungry Town" (1986) "Boy Wonder" (1988)
 * Crowded House – "Mean to Me" (1986), "Into Temptation" (1988)
 * Michael Hutchence – "Rooms for the Memory" (1987)
 * U2 – "Desire" (1988), "Angel of Harlem" (1988)
 * Max Q – "Way of the World" (1989), "Sometimes" (1990)
 * Jenny Morris – "Saved Me" (1989)

Erwin Rado Prize

 * 1980 Erwin Rado Prize, Melbourne International Film Festival, for short film, Evictions

Countdown Australian Music Awards
Countdown was an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcaster ABC-TV from 1974–1987, it presented music awards from 1979–1987, initially in conjunction with magazine TV Week. The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards.

 * 1983
 * Tim Finn - "Fraction Too Much Friction"
 * Best Video
 * Won
 * 1984
 * INXS - "Burn for You"
 * Best Video
 * Won
 * 1985
 * INXS - "What You Need" (with Lyn-Marie Milbourn)
 * Best Video
 * Won
 * INXS - "What You Need" (with Lyn-Marie Milbourn)
 * Best Video
 * Won

MTV Video Music Awards

 * 1988
 * INXS — "Need You Tonight/Mediate"
 * Best Editing in a Video
 * Won
 * Won

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

 * 1989
 * INXS - "Never Tear Us Apart"
 * Best Video
 * Won
 * 1994
 * INXS - "The Gift"
 * Best Video
 * Won
 * Best Video
 * Won

title: Richard Lowenstein


text: Category:19 deaths

title: Category:19 deaths


text:
Trout Fishing in America

Trout Fishing in America (1967) is a novella written by Richard Brautigan. It consists of short pieces linked by recurring characters.

Technically it is Brautigan's first novel, as he completed it in 1961. But his book A Confederate General from Big Sur was published first.

Overview
Trout Fishing In America is an abstract book without a clear central storyline. Instead, the book contains a series of anecdotes broken into chapters, with the same characters often reappearing from story to story. The settings of most of the chapters occur in three locales: Brautigan's childhood in the Pacific Northwest of the U.S.; his day-to-day adult life in San Francisco; and a camping trip in Idaho with his wife and infant daughter during the summer of 1961. Most of the chapters were written during this trip. An excerpt appeared as the lead piece in the Evergreen Review, Volume 7, No. 31 (Oct.–Nov. 1963).

The phrase "Trout Fishing in America" is used in various ways: it is the title of the book, a character, a hotel, the act of fishing itself, a modifier (one character is named "Trout Fishing in America Shorty") and other things. Brautigan uses the theme of trout fishing as a point of departure for thinly veiled and often comical critiques of mainstream American society and culture. Several symbolic objects, such as a mayonnaise jar, a Ben Franklin statue in San Francisco's Washington Square and trout, reappear throughout the book.

The cover of the book is a photograph of Brautigan and a friend identified as Michaela Le Grand, whom he referred to as his "Muse." The photo was taken by Erik Weber, in San Francisco's Washington Square Park in front of the Benjamin Franklin statue. The first chapter of the book is an extended and fanciful description of this photo.

The book is dedicated "For Jack Spicer and Ron Lowinshohn." Spicer reportedly helped Brautigan revise and edit the book as it was written, as well as arrange for public readings to help promote it.

Arion Press published a deluxe edition of Trout Fishing in America in 2003, with a preface by Ron Loewinsohn, and a color lithograph in half the edition by Wayne Thiebaud.

Cultural influence
Apollo 17 astronaut Jack Schmitt named a crater explored on the Moon in the Taurus-Littrow valley as "Shorty", after the character in the book.

In March 1994, a teenager named Peter Eastman Jr. from Carpinteria, California legally changed his name to "Trout Fishing in America". At around the same time, National Public Radio reported on a young couple who had named their baby "Trout Fishing in America".

The song, "Tee Pees 1-12", from the album Fear Fun by Father John Misty, references the novella with the following lyrics: "Trout Fishing in America made me go and buy a pole. But by the time I got around to reading the book, I was a celebrated deep sea pro."

title: Trout Fishing in America


text:
Steve Cole

Steve Cole (born August 17, 1970) is an American smooth jazz saxophonist. He is also a professor/adviser of music business at the University of St. Thomas.

Early career and education
Cole was born in Chicago, Illinois and began to play music at a young age. At first, he trained classically, following in his father's footsteps with the clarinet before switching to the saxophone in high school. While at Northwestern University, he studied classical saxophone before changing his field to economics, eventually earning an MBA from The University of Chicago. After leaving school, Cole returned his focus to music; in particular, jazz.

In 2000 his first solo album Stay Awhile won him the Prism Award for Best New Artist at the Oasis Smooth Jazz Awards. He was also a winner of Chicago Symphony Orchestra's annual young artists competition, allowing him the honour of performing with the orchestra.

In 2001 he hit the charts with the Grover Washington Jr. & Bill Withers classic "Just The Two of Us" from the star-studded tribute album "To Grover, with Love", produced by renowned keyboardist/arranger/producer Jason Miles. The album eventually made # 4 on the Top Contemporary Jazz Albums. The track covered fantastically by Regina Belle, Steve Cole and George Duke is still on the playlist of many jazz radio stations and has become a jazz classic.

Present career
Cole's second album Between Us resulted in a No. 1 hit with the track "Got It Goin' On". Next up, the single "Thursday" from the album, Spin, reached the Top 20 in the radio charts. Spin was well received by critics with a score of 4.5/5.0 [] at Allmusic – the same score held by albums Between Us and NY LA.[]

Studio albums

 * Stay Awhile (Mesa Bluemoon/Atlantic, 1998)
 * Between Us (Atlantic, 2000)
 * NY LA (Warner Bros., 2003)
 * Spin (Narada Jazz, 2005)
 * True (Narada Jazz, 2006)
 * Moonlight (Artistry Music, 2011)
 * Pulse (Artistry Music, 2013)
 * Turn It Up (Artistry Music, 2016)
 * Gratitude (Artistry Music, 2019)
 * Smoke + Mirrors (Artistry Music, 2021)

Collaborations

 * The Sax Pack (Shanachie, 2008) [As member of the group 'The Sax Pack']
 * The Pack Is Back (Shanachie, 2009) [As member of the group 'The Sax Pack']
 * The Power of 3 (Shanachie, 2015) [As member of the group 'The Sax Pack']

title: Steve Cole


text:
Latin regional pronunciation

Latin pronunciation, both in the classical and post-classical age, has varied across different regions and different eras. As the respective languages have undergone sound changes, the changes have often applied to the pronunciation of Latin as well.

Latin still in use today is more often pronounced according to context, rather than geography. For a century, Italianate (perhaps more properly, modern Roman) Latin has been the official pronunciation of the Catholic Church due to the centrality of Italy and Italian, and this is the default of many singers and choirs. In the interest of historically informed performance, some singers of Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque music adopt the pronunciation of the composer's period and region. While in Western university classics departments the reconstructed classical pronunciation has been general since around 1945, in the Anglo-American legal professions the older style of academic Latin still survives.

The following table shows the main differences between different regions with the International Phonetic Alphabet. This is far from a complete listing and lacks the local variations exhibited through centuries, but is intended to give an outline of main characteristics of different regions. In many countries, these regional varieties are still in general use in schools and churches. The Italian model is increasingly advocated in ecclesiastical contexts and now widely followed in such contexts by speakers of English, sometimes with slight variations. The Liber Usualis prescribes a silent "h", except in the two words "mihi" and "nihil", which are pronounced and  (this is not universally followed). Some Anglophone singers choose to pronounce "h" as for extra clarity.

Specific languages

 * Traditional English pronunciation of Latin
 * Traditional German pronunciation of Latin
 * Traditional French pronunciation of Latin

Other languages

 * Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching
 * Sino-Xenic pronunciations
 * Sino-Xenic pronunciations

title: Latin regional pronunciation


text:
Florence Rice

Florence Davenport Rice (February 14, 1907 – February 23, 1974) was an American film actress.

Early years
Florence Davenport Rice was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the only child of the noted sportswriter Grantland Rice and Fannie Katherine Hollis. She attended Dwight School for Girls at Englewood, New Jersey, and Smith College.

Career
Rice became an actress during the late 1920s and, after several Broadway roles, eventually made her way to Hollywood, where she acted in almost 50 films between 1934 and 1943.

Rice was cast as the reliable girlfriend in several films for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. MGM gradually provided her with more substantial roles, occasionally in prestige productions. Rice never became a major figure in movies, but she performed in a number of screen pairings with Robert Young.

Her most widely seen performances were in Double Wedding (1937), in which she was billed third in the cast credits behind William Powell and Myrna Loy, Sweethearts (1938) with Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy, and The Marx Brothers film At The Circus (1939).

During the 1940s, the quality of her roles steadily decreased, and in 1947, she retired.

Personal life
Rice's first marriage, to David Page, was annulled. She married broker Sydney A. Smith in New York City on June 12, 1930; they were divorced on May 18, 1931. On March 30, 1939, she married fellow actor Robert Wilcox. They separated less than 2 months later and divorced on July 30, 1940. From August 29, 1946 until her death, Rice was married to Fred Thomas Butler. In 1958, they moved to Hawaii.

Death
On February 23, 1974, at age 67, Rice died from lung cancer at Straub Clinic in Honolulu. She was survived by her husband. At her request, there was no funeral, and her remains were cremated, with her ashes scattered over the waters near Waikiki Beach.

Filmography

 * Fugitive Lady (1934) – Ann Duncan
 * The Best Man Wins (1935) – Ann Barry
 * Under Pressure (1935) – Pat Dodge
 * Carnival (1935) – Miss Holbrook
 * Death Flies East (1935) – Evelyn Vail
 * The Awakening of Jim Burke (1935) – Tess Hardie
 * Guard That Girl (1935) – Helen Bradford
 * Escape from Devil's Island (1935) – Johanna Harrington
 * Super-Speed (1935) – Billie Devlin
 * Pride of the Marines (1936) – Molly Malone
 * Panic on the Air (1936) – Mary Connor aka Cremer
 * Blackmailer (1936) – Joan Rankin
 * Women Are Trouble (1936) – Ruth Nolan
 * Sworn Enemy (1936) – Margaret 'Peg' Gattle
 * The Longest Night (1936) – Joan Sutton
 * Under Cover of Night (1937) – Deb Reed
 * Man of the People (1937) – Abbey Reid
 * Riding on Air (1937) – Betty Harrison
 * Married Before Breakfast (1937) – Kitty Brent
 * Double Wedding (1937) – Irene Agnew
 * Navy Blue and Gold (1937) – Patricia 'Pat' Gates
 * Beg, Borrow or Steal (1937) – Joyce Steward
 * Paradise for Three (1938) – Hilde Tobler
 * Fast Company (1938) – Garda Sloane
 * Vacation from Love (1938) – Patricia Lawson
 * Sweethearts (1938) – Kay Jordan
 * Stand Up and Fight (1939) – Susan Griffith
 * Four Girls in White (1939) – Norma Page
 * The Kid from Texas (1939) – Margo Thomas
 * Miracles for Sale (1939) – Judy Barclay
 * At the Circus (1939) – Julie Randall
 * Little Accident (1939) – Alice Pearson
 * Broadway Melody of 1940 (1940) – Amy Blake
 * Girl in 313 (1940) – Joan Matthews
 * Phantom Raiders (1940) – Cora Barnes
 * The Secret Seven (1940) – Lola Hobbs
 * Cherokee Strip (1940) – Kate Cross
 * Mr. District Attorney (1941) – Terry Parker
 * Father Takes a Wife (1941) – Enid
 * Doctors Don't Tell (1941) – Diana Wayne
 * The Blonde from Singapore (1941) – Mary Brooks
 * Borrowed Hero (1941) – Ann Thompson
 * Tramp, Tramp, Tramp (1942) – Pam Martin
 * Let's Get Tough! (1942) – Nora Stevens
 * Stand By All Networks (1942) – Frances Prescott
 * The Boss of Big Town (1942) – Linda Gregory
 * The Ghost and the Guest (1943) – Jacqueline 'Jackie' DeLong / Frye (final film role)

title: Florence Rice


text: User talk:212.137.34.25

title: User talk:212.137.34.25


text:
User talk:Flitzer

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 13:51, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Flitzer


text:
He Died with a Felafel in His Hand

He Died with a Felafel in His Hand is a purportedly non-fiction autobiographical novel by Australian author John Birmingham about his experiences as a share housing tenant, first published in 1994 by The Yellow Press (ISBN 1-875989-21-8). The story consists of a collection of colourful anecdotes about living in share houses in Brisbane and other cities in Australia with variously dubious housemates. The title refers to a deceased heroin addict found in one such house. The book was subsequently adapted into the longest running stage play in Australian history and, in 2001, was made into a film by Richard Lowenstein, starring Noah Taylor, Emily Hamilton and Sophie Lee. A sequel, The Tasmanian Babes Fiasco, was published in 1998.

In 2004, to celebrate the book's tenth anniversary, Birmingham approached comic artist Ryan Vella to produce a graphic novel of the book. The pair met in April of that year at Artspace Mackay, for the opening of the Headspace exhibition. The comic was published in September 2004 by Duffy & Snellgrove (ISBN 1-876631-95-3). Paul Dawson calls this a grunge lit book.

Synopsis
While the book is not written in a linear fashion, the order of houses (and housemates) John lives in is as follows:

1st Place – The Boulevade Tom moves out and is replaced by:
 * Tom lives in the garage
 * Mel lives upstairs. Her boyfriend Warren moves in some time later. When they move out, replaced by
 * Andy the med student (nicknamed "Dr Death")
 * Derek the bank clerk

2nd Place
 * Tom and John got a new place
 * Derek the bank clerk (lived in a tent). Replaced by
 * Martin the paranoid wargames enthusiast. He lasts three weeks and is replaced by
 * Taylor the taxi driver

3rd Place – King Street Taylor is having personal problems. He ambushes his fellow housemates with a toy gun after hiding for an hour. He tells them if it had been a real gun they would all be dead. John sees that as a good reason to move out.
 * PJ
 * Milo
 * PJ moves out, replaced by
 * The 7 foot nurse, replaced by
 * Ray, replaced by
 * Malcolm and his Charlie Brown-themed bowls, replaced by
 * Victor the Rastafarian, replaced by
 * McGann the American, in his mid 40s, with a fondness for prostitutes, replaced by
 * Taylor the taxi driver.

4th Place – Duke Street (Brisbane) John moves out for reasons not made clear.
 * "Thunderbird Ron"
 * Macgyver the mushroom farmer
 * Neal the albino moontanner
 * Howie (Neal's friend)
 * Satomi Tiger (via Tim the invisible flatmate)
 * "Brainthrust" Leonard
 * Jabba the Hutt
 * Mick the English backpacker
 * Colin and Stepan

5th Place – Melbourne John moves out when her loud sex sessions become too much to bear.
 * Stacey the Who Weekly fan

6th Place – Fitzroy As a result of the fallout from this new relationship, Greg moves out and John follows suit.
 * Brain the electrician
 * Greg the gay school teacher
 * AJ
 * Satvia who starts going out with John
 * Nigel moves into the house and moves in with Satvia

7th Place – Carlton After trying to freeze out the Daves from the house by cutting off the gas and electricity, John gives in and moves to a loft in Fitzroy.
 * Ernie
 * Martin the Canadian PhD student
 * Dave the smoker moves in with his washerwoman girlfriend
 * Four other Daves move in

8th Place – Fitzroy After Wendell's threats to kill him, John moves out and sleeps around at friends' places.
 * Wendell the Londoner

9th Place – Auchenflower in Brisbane
 * Wayne the Satanic vet
 * Danny (the decoy)
 * Margot

10th Place – Brisbane goth house (not clear how this move came about) All the goths run away after the bailiff comes round to collect unpaid rent. John keeps the house on and in moves:
 * Kevin the carpenter
 * Slovenian art printer
 * Bald goth who lives in the back
 * Luke the musician

Nina moves out to live with her friend Tanya
 * Dirk
 * Em the banker (at the start of the book it is stated that Emma moves in when Nina moves out)
 * "Crazy Nina"
 * Tanya then moves in after Nina sleeps with her boyfriend. The whole house moves:

11th Place The book then segues to
 * Dirk
 * Em the banker
 * Tanya (possibly)
 * New woman moves in to replace Nina but leaves because she is "diagnosed as schizo"
 * Taylor the taxi driver moves in

12th Place – band house in Darlinghurst, Sydney
 * Hooper
 * Tammy
 * Jeremy moves in to escape his former psychotic housemate
 * Keith the drummer moves in downstairs

13th Place – Kippax street Downstairs Ivan and Uptight Martin move out within three days of each other and are replaced by
 * Gina
 * Harry the doctor, replaced by
 * Kim the vet, replaced by
 * "Melissa the junkie" (aka Rowan Corcoran), replaced by
 * Duffy the computer programmer, replaced by
 * The Dutch guy who lasted two weeks, replaced by
 * Giovanna who lasted less than a week, replaced by
 * Mosman who no one ever saw, replaced by
 * Jimbo who moved in with one of the girls leaving his room free for
 * Veronica the proto hippy who was replaced by
 * Jonathan, replaced by
 * "Downstairs Ivan"
 * "Uptight Martin" moves in at the same time
 * Paul the quiet journalist and
 * Homer the air traffic controller
 * Yoko San moves in and lasts three weeks, replaced by
 * Jeffrey the "junkie" (drug addict)

Birmingham's narrative is interspersed with humorous testimonials from other veterans of the Australian share house lifestyle, and descriptions of common share house paraphernalia, such as the bucket bong, the ubiquitous "brown couch", and milk crates serving as makeshift furniture.

Reception
In Review called it part of "Brisbane’s Holy Trinity of Gen X Lit... a knockabout comedy, but with serious bits that people always forget are in there, and was required reading for anyone who lived in a share house or who just wanted to read a funny book."

title: He Died with a Felafel in His Hand


text: Category:356 deaths

title: Category:356 deaths


text:
Durlach

Durlach is a borough of the German city of Karlsruhe with a population of roughly 30,000.

History
Durlach was bestowed by emperor Frederick II on the margrave Hermann V of Zähringen as an allodial possession.

It was chosen by the margrave Charles II in 1565 as residence of the rulers of Baden-Durlach, and retained this distinction though it was almost totally destroyed by the French in 1689.

Margrave Charles III William decided that he needed more space which led to the foundation of Karlsruhe in 1715, which three years later became the new capital until the state was merged into the grand-duchy of Baden. In 1846, it was the seat of a congress of the Liberal Party of the Baden Parliament. In 1849 during the Baden Revolution, it was the scene of an encounter between the Prussians and the insurgents.

In 1938, Durlach was incorporated into Karlsruhe, which had was now bigger and connected by a canal and an avenue of poplars with it, on the left bank of the Pfinz, at the foot of the Turmberg.

During the Second World War, 329 people were killed in Durlach.

Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach and Ernst Ludwig Posselt (1763-1804, historian) were natives of the town.

Life and heritage
Important attractions are the Karlsburg Castle in the centre, erected in 1565 and later used as barracks, now with some museums an ancient town hall, a church with an excellent organ, and in the market-place a statue of the margrave Charles II.

The Turmberg ('tower hill') is a vineyard-covered hill of the northernmost part of the Black Forest. A castle ruin with watch-tower are located on top of the Turmberg. The watch-tower in particular offers fine views of Karlsruhe towards the west and the Rhine River valley. On very clear days even farther west the Vosges in France can be seen. The Rhine River is the border between Germany and Alsace area of France. The South and East offer nice views of the Black Forest, and since the Turmberg is the northernmost tip of the Black Forest you have hills more than actual mountains. A staircase leads all the way up from the bottom of the hill to the top, however you can also ride up using the Turmbergbahn, a historic funicular railway. In recent years the railway was changed from water gravity to electric.

Economy
Durlach hosted several factories, producing sewing-machines (Pfaff), brushes, chemicals, tobacco, beer, vinegar, chicory and pipe organs. Now most manufacture has disappeared, except for a producer of homeopathy and dietary supplements. IT companies have taken their place, the biggest Fiducia IT AG, which provides banking services for most German credit unions.

title: Durlach


text: Category:1184 births

title: Category:1184 births


text:
Warcry

Warcry, War cry, WarCry or War Cry may refer to:

 * Battle cry, a yell or chant taken up in battle
 * Warcry (activist), Priya Reddy, Indian-American environmentalist and anarchist
 * WarCry (band), a Spanish power metal band
 * WarCry (album), 2002
 * WarCry (game), a collectible card game
 * War Cry (graphic novel), by Jim Butcher
 * War Cry (novel), a 2017 novel by Wilbur Smith
 * WarCry Network, a web portal centered on MMOGs
 * The War Cry, the official newspaper of the Salvation Army

title: Warcry


text:
User talk:AlphBetaFive555111

Your deletion request
I have deleted your user page as requested, but user talk pages are not normally deleted, see WP:DELTALK. With a few exceptions, explained at WP:BLANKING, you are welcome to blank any content from your talk page, but the talk page history needs to be retained for the record. If you wish to disappear more completely, see Courtesy vanishing. JohnCD (talk) 09:24, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:AlphBetaFive555111


text: Category:1291 deaths

title: Category:1291 deaths


text:
Ed King

Edward Calhoun King (September 14, 1949 – August 22, 2018) was an American musician. He was a guitarist for the psychedelic rock band Strawberry Alarm Clock and guitarist and bassist for the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd from 1972 to 1975 and again from 1987 to 1996.

Strawberry Alarm Clock
King was born in the Los Angeles suburb of Glendale, California. He was one of the founding members of the LA-based Strawberry Alarm Clock, a mid-1960s pop psychedelic rock band. The band's largest success was with the 1967 single "Incense and Peppermints", which reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. While with the band he played both electric guitar and bass guitar. The band's popularity waned considerably in the early 1970s. Faced with the loss of their recording contract with Uni Records and with internal conflicts over musical direction, Strawberry Alarm Clock disbanded in early 1972. King opted to remain in the South, inspired by an up-and-coming band called Lynyrd Skynyrd.

Lynyrd Skynyrd
King met the members of what was to become the Jacksonville, Florida-based Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd when an earlier incarnation of the band known as The One Percent opened for Strawberry Alarm Clock in early 1968. King was so enamoured with the band that he told vocalist and leader Ronnie Van Zant that if they ever needed his services, he would be happy to join. It was not until 1972 when bassist Leon Wilkeson left the band that Van Zant took King up on his offer and asked him to join Skynyrd as the band's new bassist. Wilkeson soon regretted leaving and rejoined the band, and King switched to lead guitar, creating with Allen Collins and Gary Rossington the triple-guitar attack that became the band's signature sound. The band referred to this unique new setup with King as the "Three Guitar Army".

King's guitar playing and songwriting skills were an essential element of Lynyrd Skynyrd's first three albums: (Pronounced 'Lĕh-'nérd 'Skin-'nérd), Second Helping and Nuthin' Fancy. King co-wrote one of the band's most recognizable hits "Sweet Home Alabama", and his voice counted the "one, two, three", before he launched into his famous riff to start the song. Other songs that King wrote or co-wrote for Lynyrd Skynyrd include "Poison Whiskey", "Saturday Night Special", "Whiskey Rock-a-Roller" and "Workin' for MCA". Guitarist Rossington noted years later that King was the most business-minded member of Lynyrd Skynyrd, relating a story of how King would stock up on food items during stops on tour and then re-sell the items to his bandmates at a 500% markup when they later got hungry on the bus.

Band biographer Mark Ribowsky wrote that King was an outsider in Lynyrd Skynyrd to some extent, as he was from Southern California and the only non-Southerner in the lineup, but that it was King who brought a level of professionalism to the fledgling band. King detailed his initial exit from the band in the documentary If I Leave Here Tomorrow: A Film About Lynyrd Skynyrd, saying "Ronnie [Van Zant] and my guitar roadie who changed my strings were thrown in jail in Ann Arbor. They didn't arrive...until 10 minutes before we went on. I had to play on old strings and I broke two strings during "Free Bird". After, Ronnie was riding me, and a lightbulb went off and I said, "That's it." I went back to my room, packed up my stuff and left." King referred to himself as a peaceful "Southern California hippie" and the band's predilection for drunken brawling never sat well with him; the incident which led to his departure was merely the final straw.

King's departure in 1975 happened during a particularly difficult tour that the band dubbed the "Torture Tour", a tour that also claimed drummer and founding member Bob Burns weeks earlier due to a mental breakdown. The band continued with only two guitarists for a few months before discovering Steve Gaines in 1976. Gaines was killed in a plane crash along with his sister Cassie Gaines and Van Zant on October 20, 1977. Coincidentally, Steve Gaines was born on the same day as King, September 14, 1949.

King was one of the guitarists in the reunited Lynyrd Skynyrd in 1987, and played a major role. He had to leave the band again in 1996 because of congestive heart failure. In 2005, Ed asked Mark Basile, a long time friend and guitarist from New York, to put together the remaining non-touring Skynyrd members, Artimus Pyle, Leslie Hawkins, JoJo Billingsley and Bob Burns for several shows from 2005-2006. That band, called The Saturday Night Special Band, played several shows that can be found on YouTube.

King, along with all pre-crash members of Lynyrd Skynyrd, were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2006. His guitar playing influenced many subsequent musicians, including Metallica bassist Cliff Burton.

Personal life
In 2011, King underwent a successful heart transplant. In 2017, he appeared as a customer in the Discovery Channel docudrama Moonshiners, buying $30,000 worth of premium gin.

According to a Nashville news station WTVF, King had been battling cancer in the months prior to his death. King died in his Nashville, Tennessee, home on August 22, 2018, at 68 years of age. His death was announced through his personal Facebook page. Following King's death, former Lynyrd Skynyrd bandmate Rossington released a statement saying, "Ed was our brother, and a great songwriter and guitar player. I know he will be reunited with the rest of the boys in Rock and Roll Heaven. Our thoughts and prayers are with his family."

title: Ed King


text:
Nauroz Khan

Nawab Nauroz (Nowroz) Khan (1868?–1965), also known by Balochs as Dada (baluchi for grandfather) Nowroz, was the head of the Zarakzai (Zehri), a subject to the Khan of Kalat in Balochistan, British India (the area was not in British India until 1875). After his unsuccessful insurgency against the government of that time he was imprisoned in Kohlu jail where he died in 1965.

Early years
Little is known about Nowroz Khan's early years. He was born some time in the 1860s or 1870s (sources disagree on the date) at a time when Kalat was a princely state within the framework of the British Raj. By 1887 the British had reached a settlement with Kalat agreeing on limited autonomy in exchange for British authority in military affairs and external relationships, but the country remained instable, with periodic fighting against the authorities or between tribal groups.

Nauroz Khan became Nawab and leader of the Zehri tribe in the Jhalawan area of Kalat at a time before the introduction of electricity or motor vehicles, head of a largely nomadic people in a harsh mountain / desert environment, but with a rich tradition of Baluchi, Persian and Muslim culture.

Background to insurgency
In 1955 the various states of Balochistan were dissolved and merged into the province of West Pakistan under the "One Unit" policy. In 1948, Ahmad Yar Khan, the Khan of Kalat (the largest former Baloch princely state), agreed to join Pakistan. The signing of the Instrument of Accession by Ahmad Yar Khan, led his brother, Prince Abdul Karim, to revolt against his brother's decision in July 1948. He along with few of his followers moved to Afghanistan to seek Afghan government support to form an independent Balochistan state. Afghan government wanted to rather annex Balochistan as it was in desperate need of a sea port. Prince Karim failed to get any support from the Afghan government and the local Balochs, who were not interested in rebelling against the government of Pakistan. He, eventually surrendered to Pakistan after a year.

Insurgency and imprisonment
Nowroz Khan's band of fighters, was involved in several sharp skirmishes with forces led by Lt. Col. Tikka Khan. Nowroz agreed to surrender on May 15, 1959 in exchange for amnesty. However, when Nowroz Khan came down from the hills, he and about 150 of his followers, including his sons and nephews, were arrested for insurgency against the state.

In July 15, 1960 seven of the leaders were executed by hanging in Hyderabad Jail. Nowroz was spared execution on account of his age, but died in Kohlu Jail in 1964. The Khan of Kalat was subsequently forgiven and freed.

title: Nauroz Khan


text:
Don Hall (ice hockey)

Donald John Hall (April 2, 1930 – December 24, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who spent the majority of his career with the Johnstown Jets of the Eastern Hockey League.

In 1946, at the age of 16, Hall signed with the Toronto Maple Leafs. In 1951 he signed with the Johnstown Jets, a farm team of the Montreal Canadiens. Upon signing, Hall agreed to sign a "C-form", which allowed the Canadiens to own Hall's rights as a professional hockey player. During Hall's rookie season, he played against future hockey Hall of Fame forward Maurice Richard in an exhibition game on November 20, 1951 in front of 1,638 fans at the Cambria County War Memorial Arena. Although Hall did not score that night, Richard scored six goals against Ivan Walmsley, who was considered to be the Jets' standout goaltender at the time.

Hall played 754 games in eleven years with the Jets. In that time he scored 424 career goals, the second-highest total in team history, and had 641 assists and 1,056 points. At the time of his retirement, he was the all-time leading scorer in organized hockey. He made the All-Star team nine times.

After retiring in 1962, Hall coached an EHL All-Star team which toured the Soviet Union. In Hall's words, their team got "creamed" and didn't win a game until they reached Czechoslovakia. "They sent their best teams," Hall said, "and they didn't lay down for anybody."

Hall's jersey number 9 was retired by the Johnstown Chiefs during the 1990-91 season, in honour of his distinguished career with the Jets. A banner commemorating his retirement hangs in the Cambria Country War Memorial Arena.

Hall resided in Johnstown, Pennsylvania with his wife, Jean. They had three children.

Awards

 * 1953-54: George H. Wilkinson Trophy, awarded to the IHL's leading scorer

title: Don Hall (ice hockey)