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Saint George, Antigua and Barbuda

Saint George, officially the Parish of Saint George, is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. Saint George borders Saint Peter to the southeast, and Saint John to the west and south. Saint George is mostly farmland and savanna in the south, dense forest in the Blackman's Peninsula area, marshland in the Fitches Creek area, and dense forest in the northwest. It is the smallest parish in Antigua and Barbuda, and the parish capital is Fitches Creek. The largest city in the parish is Piggotts. Saint George is the newest parish, splitting from the parish of Saint Peter in 1725. It had a population of 7,976 in 2011.

Saint George is the most prosperous parish in the country, with the communities of Fitches Creek and Coolidge being classified as one of the six neighbourhoods in the country to have high-income status in 2008. The neighbourhoods of Fitches Creek, Coolidge, Airport all had the top fifteen living conditions indexes in 2008. Saint George's prosperity has been the result of having one of the most modern airports in the Caribbean, V. C. Bird International Airport, the headquarters of the Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force, Camp Blizzard, multiple universities such as the American University of Antigua and the Antigua and Barbuda International Institute of Technology, the Sir Vivian Richards Stadium, and the former Antigua Air Station. This economic prosperity is spread throughout the parish, with both the northern region of the parish, and the southern region, having important and modern facilities.

Long Island and Maiden Island are legally parts of the parish of Saint George, however, statistically, the three residents on Long Island in 2011 were counted as living in Saint Peter, and politically, Long Island and Maiden Island are sometimes considered parts of the St. Peter constituency.

Saint George does not have many tourist attractions and beaches, and instead generates much of its revenue from the V.C. Bird International Airport, the only airport in Antigua, and the 20,000-capacity Sir Vivian Richards Cricket Stadium, which co-hosted the 2007 Cricket World Cup. Due to the many international universities hosted in Saint George, Saint George has a large international student population. Due to Saint George hosting Antigua's only airport, Saint George also hosts the only air-links into Barbuda and Montserrat.

The Division of New North Sound, which is now the only division in Saint George, split from Saint Peter with the primary objective of providing for their parish church and having their own parish vestry. Historically, the majority of the parish's lands were used for agricultural purposes. Numerous historical relics from the parish can still be seen today, including the Blackman’s and Judge Blizzard’s plantations.

Archaic age and ceramic age in Winthrope's Bay
From the earliest days of colonization, pre-Columbian peoples made extensive use of Winthorpe's Bay. There are patches of Archaic Age flakes and lithic debitage scattered over many kilometers of the waterfront, together with deposits of shellfish, which are the leftovers of prehistoric meals. In 1997, a shoreline archaeological survey was carried out. Three sites from the Ceramic Age were identified and examined during this search. One meter below the surface, Saladoid pottery was found in GE-06 (Winthorpe's West). But the site is essentially a post-Saladoid site. The second and biggest site is GE-01, a sizable post-Saladoid and Archaic munti-component site (Winthorpe's East). Here was found a lithic workshop, or flint processing facility. There were two archeological excavations in 1997 and 2002. Barnacle Point, and the Archaic sites, GE-9 and 10, were destroyed by land development in the summer of 2003. Studies in this field are ongoing.

Colonial period
The parish of Saint George was created on 22 January 1725 after An Act for dividing the Parish of Saint Peter in the said Island; and for erecting a new Parish, to be called the Parish of Saint George passed the Assembly on 10 January 1725, and the Council on the same day. The parish was created due to the parish of Saint Peter being too large to support the parish of Saint George. The parish was governed by twelve vestry-men.

During the times of slavery, Saint George was divided into twenty-two slave plantations.

World War II and U.S. interest
The United States sought to establish an Army Air Base at Coolidge, Saint George, and a Naval Air Station at Crabbs, Saint Peter. The U.S. flag was hoisted on 21 March 1941, even though the Antigua agreement was not signed until 28 May and the entire lease agreement not until 27 March 1941. Even earlier, on 4 February, work had started building the Naval Air Station, and on 17 March, a detachment of fifty Marines, the first American military personnel, arrived. On 13 May, construction on the bigger Army Air Base started. The settlement of Winthorpes and the MacDonalds' estate house at High Point were included in the borders of the region selected for the Army base, which was primarily made up of canefield, scrub, and mango swamp.

Construction on the base did not conclude until the spring of 1942, in part due to the lengthy process of relocating the village and its residents. However, both bases had started up immediately using makeshift facilities, with the first plane landing at Coolidge on 6 June 1941, and the first seaplane arriving at Crabbs, Saint Peter on 25 June. When the air bases diminished in importance, the army air base was converted into the Coolidge Airport, later renamed the V.C. Bird International Airport.

Geography
Saint George is mostly flat, being dominated by grasslands in the south, marshland in the centre, and forest in the north. Much of the sea floor surrounding the parish is home to seagrass patches. There are many creek systems in the southern region of the parish. There is a salt pond in the northern region, and various small water bodies in the south. In 1891, Saint George was very well connected by Antigua's historic rail infrastructure. The parish is mostly part of Antigua's limestone region. The northern region has a very right drought risk and the southern region has a low drought risk. All of the coastline is part of the Northeast Marine Management Area. The parish has some marine sand coverage, many coral reef communities, and many mangrove wetlands.

Ethnicity
Saint George is one of the most diverse parishes in the country. According to the 2011 census, nine ethnic groups were self-reported by parish residents. The ethnic groups chosen were African descendent (89.29 per cent), other mixed (5.15 per cent), mixed black/white (1.14 per cent), East Indian (1.01 per cent), Hispanic (0.97 per cent), white (0.97 per cent), other (0.68 per cent), dn/ns (0.42 per cent), and Syrian/Lebanese (0.37 per cent).

Immigration
According to the 2011 census, twenty-one country of birth groups were self-reported by parish residents. The country of birth groups chosen were born in Africa (0.19 per cent), other Latin or North American countries (0.17 per cent), Antigua and Barbuda (73.04 per cent), other Caribbean countries (1.22 per cent), Canada (0.50 per cent), other Asian countries (0.33 per cent), other European countries (0.20 per cent), Dominica (3.66 per cent), the Dominican Republic (0.96 per cent), Guyana (4.92 per cent), Jamaica (3.80 per cent), Montserrat (0.81 per cent), St. Kitts and Nevis (0.53 per cent), St. Lucia (1.54 per cent), St. Vincent and the Grenadines (0.74 per cent), Syria (0.04 per cent), Trinidad and Tobago (0.86 per cent), the United Kingdom (0.98 per cent), the United States (3.48 per cent), the United States Virgin Islands (0.53 per cent), and not stated (1.50 per cent).

Religion
According to the 2011 census, sixteen religious groups were self-reported by parish residents. The major religious groups chosen were Adventists (12.02 per cent), Anglicans (23.20 per cent), Moravian (11.26 per cent), Pentecostalism (9.65 per cent), irreligion (4.48 per cent), and Rastafari (0.55 per cent).

Employment and workers
According to the 2011 census, there were 3,882 workers in the parish. 87.21 per cent of these workers had a fixed place of work outside of the home, 2.97 per cent worked from home, 7.03 per cent had no fixed place of work, and 2.78 per cent did not know or did not state. 19.60 per cent of workers were paid government employees, 7.20 per cent of workers were paid statutory body employees, 54.93 per cent were paid private employees, 2.67 per cent were paid private home employees, 4.93 per cent were self-employed with paid employees, 8.86 per cent were self-employed without paid employees, 0.95 per cent had another worker status, and 0.85 per cent dn/ns.

According to the 2011 census, there were 350 business owners living in the parish. 17.82 per cent made under EC$1,000 per month from their business, another 17.82 percent made $1,000 to $1,999 per month from their business, 21.15 per cent made $2,000 to $2,999 per month, 18.73 per cent made $3,000 to $4,999 per month, and 24.47 per cent made over $5,000.

According to the 2011 census, 1.90 per cent of workers were paid a daily salary, 30.92 per cent of workers were paid a weekly salary, 21.59 per cent of workers were paid a fortnightly salary, 44.45 per cent of workers were paid a monthly salary, and 1.15 per cent of workers were paid at some other rate.

Education
In 2011, of all the people in Saint George, including those in school or those that have not begun school, 3.68% had no education, 1.23% had their highest level of education be day-care education, 2.23% preschool, 1.88% pre-infant/kindergarten, 5.32% primary/elementary (1-3), 14.11% primary/elementary (4-7), 3.78% junior secondary, 8.60% secondary form 1–3, 27.75% secondary form 4–5, 0.89% sixth form ("a" level lower), 2.65% sixth form ("a" level upper), 1.01% post secondary, 10.12% college, 1.47% post primary/vocational, 0.45% special education, 8.86% university, 1.53% other, and 4.43% didn't know/didn't state. 2,224 people attended school full time, and 200 people attended school part-time.

In 2011, there were 2,424 attending an educational institution. 3.54% of those people attended a daycare, 7.51% attended preschool, 12.93% government primary school, 25.55% private primary school, 28.12% secondary school, 7.07% community college, 1.27% vocational/trades school, 2.66% adult education, 7.38% university, 1.31% special education, and 2.66% didn't know or didn't state.

Examinations
In 2011, 42.05% of people had no examination, 8.21% had a school leaving certificate, 2.48% had a high school certificate, 4.84% had a Cambridge School/CXC examination, 13.68% had a GCE 'O' level/CXC General, 2.26% had a GCE 'A' Levels, CAPE, 8.12% had a college certificate, 3.09% had an associate degree, 4.63% had a bachelor's degree, 0.52% had a post graduate diploma, 2.38% had a professional certificate, 1.84% had a masters or doctoral degree, 0.29% had another degree, and 5.60% didn't know or didn't state their examination level.

In people of African descent, 43.20% had no examination, 8.25% had a school leaving certificate, 2.27% had a high school certificate, 4.98% had a Cambridge School/CXC examination, 13.73% had a GCE 'O' level/CXC General, 2.14% had GCE 'A' Levels, CAPE, 8.07% had a college certificate, 2.96% had an associate degree, 4.38% had a bachelor's degree, 0.46% had a post graduate diploma, 1.98% had a professional certificate, 1.56% had a master's/doctoral degree, and the remainder had other examinations, or didn't know/state their examination level.

Training
In 2011, of the 2,177 people asked, 82.55% had completed training, 8.85% were undergoing training, 6.13% attempted training but did not complete it, and 2.48% didn't know out didn't state their training status. 36.80% had on the job training, 5.54% had an apprenticeship, 4.28% had a correspondence course, 1.17% had secondary school, 28.39% had vocational training, 1.80% had commercial training, 2.67% had business/computer training, 9.53% had university on campus training, 4.42% private study, 3.79% other, and 1.60% didn't know or didn't state their training method.

26.64% had no training qualification, 31.99% had a certificate with examination, 9.29% had a certificate without examination, 9.77% had a diploma or advanced diploma, 2.72% had an associated degree, 3.79% had a first degree or post graduate degree, 9.04% had a professional qualification, 0.97% had another qualification, and 5.79% didn't know or didn't state.

title: Saint George, Antigua and Barbuda


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Saint Philip, Antigua and Barbuda

Saint Philip, officially the Parish of Saint Philip, is a civil parish of Antigua and Barbuda, on the easternmost portion of Antigua island. Its capital is the village of St. Philip's. Saint Philip borders Saint Peter and Saint Paul. Saint Philip faces the Atlantic Ocean. Saint Philip is surrounded by various islands and islets. It had a population of 3,347 in 2011, which makes it the least populous parish of Antigua and Barbuda.

Saint Philip is known for its good shore snorkeling in the Half Moon Bay area. While Saint Philip is a civil administrative division, the Anglican parish church is located in the village of St. Phillip's. Saint Philip is often considered to be the most isolated parish on the island, due to its isolated location from the main urban areas, and its low population density.

Like most other parishes on Antigua, in its early colonial history, it was often dominated by the sugar industry, with some regions having smaller industries of cavalier rum, cattle, and muscovado sugar. Saint Philip was founded on 11 January 1692, along with the four other founding parishes, for the original purpose of serving the parish church.

History
Saint Philip had over 36 sugar mills during the sugarcane era.

Administrative divisions
Saint Philip is divided into the major divisions of Freetown, Willikies, Glanvilles, Seatons, and the Rest of Saint Philip. The major divisions are further divided into the communities of Willikies, Glanvilles, Seatons, Freetown, Newfields, Saint Philips, Collins, Brownes Bay, Mill Reef, and Long Bay. Below the communities, Saint Philip is divided into enumeration districts, including Willikies North_1, Willikies North_2, Willikies West, Willikies Central, Willikies South, Willikies East, Freetown North, Freetown East, Freetown South, Glanville Central, Glanville Outer, Seatons Central, Seatons Coastal, Newfield, St. Phillip's, Long Lane Collins, Browns Bay, and Mill Reef.

Ethnicity and immigration
In the 2011 census, Saint Philip had a population of 3,322 people. The majority, constituting 91.15%, were of African descent. Other ethnic groups included 1.35% white, 0.35% East Indian/Indian, 0.50% mixed Black/White, 2.02% other mixed, 1.17% Hispanic, 0.07% Syrian/Lebanese, and 0.74% classified under other ethnicities. Additionally, 2.65% of individuals did not disclose their ethnicity. According to self-reported place of birth data from the census, the distribution among residents of Saint Philip was as follows: 76.46% were born in Antigua and Barbuda, making it the most common birthplace; 4.42% were born in the United States, representing the largest minority group; 3.50% were born in Guyana; 3.08% were born in Jamaica; 2.55% were born in Dominica; 1.06% were born in the Dominican Republic; 0.60% were born in the United Kingdom; 0.53% were born in St. Vincent and the Grenadines; 0.50% were born in "Other Caribbean countries"; 0.50% were born in the U.S. Virgin Islands; 0.46% were born in "Other European countries"; 0.35% were born in "Other Asian countries"; 0.35% were born in St. Lucia; 0.32% were born in Canada; 0.25% were born in both St. Kitts and Nevis and Trinidad and Tobago; 0.25% were born in Montserrat; 0.18% were born in Africa; 0.11% were born in "Other Latin or North American countries"; and 4.39% did not state their place of birth.

Among individuals born outside Antigua and Barbuda, the breakdown by ethnicity was as follows: 78.64% were of African descent, 6.81% were white, 0.92% were Indian, 1.66% were mixed Black/White, 3.13% were of other mixed ethnicity, 5.16% were Hispanic, 0.18% were Syrian/Lebanese, 2.39% were from other ethnic groups, and 1.10% either didn't know or didn't state their ethnicity.

Religion
Out of the 3,288 individuals surveyed, the breakdown of religious affiliations is as follows: Adventist (17.60%), Anglican (27.18%), Baptist (2.04%), Church of God (2.29%), Evangelical (0.25%), Jehovah's Witness (2.11%), Methodist (11.70%), Moravian (3.68%), Nazarene (0.43%), Irreligious (3.65%), Pentecostal (3.93%), Rastafarian (0.54%), Roman Catholic (5.36%), Wesleyan Holiness (11.02%), Other faiths (2.36%), No affiliation stated (5.87%).

Politics
Saint Philip was split into two seats for the general election in 2023 in Antigua: Saint Philip's North, which included primarily the northern peninsula of the parish, and Saint Philip's South, which included both the southern peninsula of the parish and parts of Saint Paul. In 2023, the Labour Party received 708 votes, compared to the UPP candidate's 615, to win the Saint Philip's North constituency. 1346 out of the 1876 registered voters cast ballots, or 71.75% of the total. Seaton's, Glanvilles, and the unincorporated area of Carty's Hill made up Saint Philip's North's Polling District "A." There were 301 voters in Station 1 and 338 voters in Station 2. The United Progressive Party narrowly prevailed in Polling District "A". Willikies and Long Bay made up Saint Philip's North's Polling District "B", together with the minor settlements of Pineapple Beach, Comfort Hall, Rooms (sometimes seen as a Willikies neighborhood), Sign, and Mayers. All three polling stations in Polling District "B" were narrowly won by the Labour Party. Saint Phillip's North's Polling District "C" was made up primarily of Newfields residents and a very small number of Collins Estate electors. There was one polling station with 268 voters, with the Labour Party winning Polling District "C" in a landslide.

There were 1,258 electors in Saint Phillip's South, and 582 of them voted for the UPP candidate and 360 for the ABLP. Polling District "A" of Saint Phillip's South comprised the entirety of Freetown village, with additional electors from the surrounding neighbourhoods of Browne's Bay and Mill Reef. Station 1 of Polling District "A" had 272 electors and Station 2 had 243 electors. Polling District "A" was won by the UPP. Polling District "B" of Saint Phillip's South had only 115 electors and one polling station. Polling District "B" comprises St. Phillip's village and Montpelier, however almost all electors were from St. Phillip's village. Polling District "B" was won by the UPP. The vast majority of electors in Polling District "C" of Saint Phillip's South were from the portions of the constituency in Saint Paul.

Police services
There are two police stations in the parish, Willikies Police Station, serving the northern areas of Saint Philip and portions of Saint Peter, and the Freetown Police Station serving the southern areas of the parish. Both police stations are part of geographical division "B".

Business ownership
Out of the 78 owners of businesses in Saint Philip, 9.09% said they made less than $1,000 in EC per month from their business, 18.18% said they made $1,000 to $1,999 in EC per month from their business, 28.79% said they made $2,000 to $2,999 in EC per month from their business, 7.58% said they made $3,000 to $4,999 in EC per month from their business, and 36.36% said they made $5,000 or more in EC per month from their business. While 60.00% of white company owners, 50.00% of Hispanic business owners, 100.00% of Syrian/Lebanese business owners, and 100.00% of other business owners made more than EC$5,000 each month from their companies, only 32.73% of business owners of African descent did.

Employment
In 2011, 57.34% had a job and worked, 0.82% had a job but did not work, 1.37% were looking for their first job, 4.16% were looking for work that was not their first, 1.05% did not seek but wanted to work and were available, 10.33% attended school, 4.39% had home duties, 12.94% retired and did not work, 1.46% were disabled, 1.01% "other," and 5.12% didn't know or didn't state their job status. 85.70% of workers had a regular place of employment that was not their home, 1.46% worked from home, 9.18% had no regular place of employment, and 3.66% were unsure about or unable to identify their place of employment. 23.07% of workers had a paid job as a government employee, 10.32% as an employee of a statutory body, 49.72% as a private worker, 4.06% as a worker in a private home, 2.19% as a self-employed person with paid workers, 7.15% as a self-employed person without paid workers, 1.87% as someone with another worker status, and 1.62% did not know or did not specify their worker status.

title: Saint Philip, Antigua and Barbuda


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Eva Clayton

Eva Clayton (née McPherson; born September 16, 1934) is an American politician from North Carolina. On taking her seat in the United States House of Representatives following a special election in 1992, Clayton became the first African American to represent North Carolina in the House since George Henry White was elected to his second and last term in 1898. She was re-elected and served for five terms. In 2003, Clayton was appointed Assistant Director-General of the United Nations's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), based in Rome.

Early life and education
Eva McPherson was born in Savannah, Georgia to Thomas McPherson, an insurance agent, and Josephine Martin, a teacher. Clayton graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in biology from Johnson C. Smith University in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1955. In 1956, she married Theaoseus Clayton, also a graduate of Johnson C. Smith University.

Eva and Theaoseus Clayton both pursued graduate degrees at North Carolina Central University following their marriage. Eva graduated with a Master of Science degree from in Durham, North Carolina in 1962.

The Claytons moved to Warrenton, North Carolina, where Theaoseus established himself as a lawyer. Eva attended law school at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Career
In 1968, civil rights activist Vernon Jordan, as part of his efforts to increase black political engagement, met with Theaoseus Clayton to recruit a black candidate for public officer in eastern North Carolina. Eventually, the two decided that Eva was the best choice, and later that year she unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Lawrence H. Fountain in North Carolina's 2nd congressional district for his seat in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Clayton worked on the Soul City community development project in Warren County, North Carolina. In 1977, she was appointed Assistant Secretary for Community Development for the North Carolina State Department of Natural Resources and Community Development and served from 1977 to 1981.

From 1982 to 1992, Clayton served as an elected member and chair of the Warren County Board of Commissioners. In 1992, she was elected from the 1st congressional district in North Carolina to the United States House of Representatives as a Democrat; at the same time she won a special election to finish the remaining months in 1992 of the term of Congressman Walter B. Jones Sr.

North Carolina had amended its constitution in 1899 to disfranchise Blacks, as did most southern states from 1890 to 1908, and no Black candidates were elected to Congress in the succeeding 92 years. When Representative Walter Jones Sr., announced his retirement in 1992, Clayton entered the Democratic primary to fill his seat. Recently reapportioned by the state legislature, the congressional district was one of two in North Carolina that had a black majority In 1992. Clayton and Mel Watt became the first African Americans to win election to the House from North Carolina since 1898. (As Clayton won a special election, she took office before Watt). Watt's 12th congressional district was one of two minority majority districts developed in the 1990s, in order to give the substantial minority of African Americans in the state the ability to elect candidates of their choice, in compliance with the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Clayton gained national attention as president of her Democratic freshman class in Congress. During her ten years of distinguished service as a United States Congresswoman, Clayton served on the House Agriculture Committee and as the ranking member of the United States Department of Agriculture's Operations Oversight, Nutrition, and Forestry Subcommittees. She also served on the House Budget and Small Business Committees. She was actively engaged in the legislative development of the Department of Agriculture's Operation policy. She was a conferee on the 2002 Farm Bill and is recognized by national organizations, including the National Journal publications, for providing essential leadership by garnering support for nutritional programs and the civil rights and support for African American farmers in the final version of the Farm Bill. She provided additional leadership by serving as the bipartisan co-chair of the Rural Caucus and as the chair of the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation.

Clayton and other members of the House of Representatives objected to counting the 25 electoral votes from Florida which George W. Bush narrowly won after a contentious recount. Because no senator joined her objection, the objection was dismissed by Vice President Al Gore, who was Bush's opponent in the 2000 presidential election. Without Florida's electoral votes, the election would have been decided by the U.S. House of Representatives, with each state having one vote in accordance with the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

In 2003, Clayton was appointed Assistant Director-General and Special Adviser to the Director-General on World Food Summit Follow-up with the Food Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations in Rome, Italy. She served in that capacity for three years, in which she was responsible for encouraging the establishment of global alliances and partnerships to fight hunger and poverty in twenty-four different countries around the world, including the United States, Brazil, Ghana, and Jordan. Clayton remains a strong advocate for the hungry and the poor and she continuously promotes sustainable agriculture and equality in this country and around the world.

Clayton is currently a consultant and founder of Eva Clayton Associates International (ECAI), which describes itself as "a multidisciplined consulting firm actively engaged in several governmental practice areas".

She is the recipient of eight honorary doctorate degrees and an active member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. Clayton is an Elder at Cotton Memorial Presbyterian Church in Henderson, North Carolina. She serves on several boards that address hunger, agriculture and state policy issues, including the United States Alliance to End Hunger, the Global Food Banking Network, and the Center for Environmental Farming Systems.

In November 2022, North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper awarded Clayton the 2022 North Carolina Award, the highest civilian honor given by the state.

Her husband Theaoseus T. Clayton Sr., Esq., died in 2019 at age 88. They have four children and six grandchildren.

title: Eva Clayton


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Saint Mary, Antigua and Barbuda

Saint Mary, officially the Parish of Saint Mary, is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. Saint Mary borders Saint John to the north, and Saint Paul to the east. Saint Mary is dominated by the Shekerley Mountains, and its northern border is largely defined by the mountains, and by Cooks Creek. The largest city in the parish is Bolans, home to the Jolly Harbour neighbourhood, and the parish church is located in Old Road. Saint Mary was created with the other five original parishes on 11 January 1692. It had a population of 7,341 in 2011, and 8,141 in 2018.

The only area in which the Antigua black pineapple can be produced is the Pineapple Belt, which includes Saint Mary. The settlements of Old Road and Urlings are located in the southern part of the parish, and Bolans and Jennings are located in the flat northern half of the parish, where the majority of Saint Mary's population is concentrated. The Shekerley Mountains shield most of the parish's land area from human population, leaving the remaining portion of the parish largely uninhabited. The remote community of John Hughes, which has less ties to the parish as a whole than to Swetes in Saint Paul, is one of the few settlements found inside the Sherkerley Mountains.

Along with four other parishes, Saint Mary was established on January 11, 1692, with the primary objective of providing for the parish church. The majority of the parish's agricultural lands, with the exception of the mountains, were formerly home to sugar mills. Numerous historical relics from the parish can still be seen today, including the Yorke's and Sawcolt's plantations.

Jolly Beach people
The Amerindian Jolly Beach site is the most well-known example of a fully intact archaic habitation site, dating back to the earliest period of human occupation in Antigua and Barbuda. The site was inhabited between 3,500 and 4,000 years ago, according to two radiocarbon dates from 1,775 and 1,589 BC. The term "archaic age" refers to a time when agricultural practices and pottery production were not even possible due to a lack of technological advancements. The Jolly Beach inhabitants have subsisted on a variety of local vegetation and marine resources. They used wood, flint, shell, and volcanic stone as their tool materials. Similar tools have been discovered in South America, suggesting that the Jolly Beach people originated there. As opposed to the later Tainos and Island Caribs who were spotted by the European missionaries and explorers, it is unknown the name of the tribe who resided there or the language they spoke.

Ceramic period
One of the locations of the earliest European settlements in Antigua is acknowledged to be Cades Bay. Nestled in the lee of the Sherkerley Mountains, this lush coastal plain is shielded by a substantial barrier reef. The most notable pre-Columbian archaeological deposit is from the early Ceramic Age (Arawak) Saladoid period, despite signs of Archaic Age occupation. The land is currently utilized for pineapple farming, which has caused significant disturbance. Nevertheless, during the ploughing sessions, important discoveries were made.

British period
On January 11, 1692, Saint Mary's parish was founded. The parish was divided into three divisions in 1749: Old Road Division, Bermudian Valley Division, and New Division. The Johnsons Point, Crabs Hill, Urlings, and Old Road area, which is in the southern part of the parish, makes up the Old Road Division. Jolly Harbour and a portion of Bolans make up the majority of the Bermudian Valley Division. Most of the flat areas of the parish were located in New Division, which dominated the parish's northern area. There were more than twenty-nine slave plantations in Saint Mary.

Geography
Boggy Peak, formerly known as Mount Obama, is the highest point in both the parish and Antigua and Barbuda. Although the parish is dominated by the Shekerley Mountains, most of its people live either along the shore or in the district's northern, flatter area, which is home to Bolands, the parish capital. Because of the area's unique rainfall patterns and long history in agriculture, Saint Mary and Saint Paul are the primary locations for the cultivation of the Antigua Black Pineapple, which is thought to be the sweetest pineapple in the world. The parish's northern, flatter portion contains the majority of its streams. The parish is home to some of the biggest wetlands and bodies of water, including Yorks Salt Pond, Wallings Reservoir, The Flashes, and Jolly Hill Salt Pond. Similar to Saint Paul, the parish includes few islands.

Demographics
Of the population in 2011, 76.51% were born in Antigua and Barbuda. A total of 0.29% of the population was born in Africa, 0.10% in "other Latin or North American countries," 0.39% in "other Caribbean countries," 0.69% in Canada, 0.26% in "other Asian countries," 0.95% in "other European countries," 2.97% in Dominica, 0.63% in the Dominican Republic, 4.61% in Guyana, 4.41% in Jamaica, 0.48% in Montserrat, 0.37% in St. Kitts and Nevis, 0.30% in St. Lucia, 0.29% in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 0.40% in Trinidad and Tobago, 1.63% in the United Kingdom, and 3.14% in the United States. The remainder were from the United States Virgin Islands and not-stated.

Black people made up 92.13% of the population, followed by White people (3.49%), East Indian people (0.37%), mixed-race white/black people (0.48%), other mixed people (1.61%), Hispanic people (0.75%), Syrian and Lebanese people (0.04%), people of other ethnicities (0.49%), and the remainder were people who did not specify.

Most of the population was Anglican (21.94%), Adventist (17.20%), Moravian (15.21%), Pentecostal (7.81%), and irreligious (6.54%). 1.37% of the population was Rastafarian.

Economy
In 2011, there were 358 business owners in the parish. 25.37% made under EC$1,000 per month from their business, 17.40% made $1,000 to $1,999, 20.35% made $2,000 to $2,999, 17.70% made $3,000 to $4,999, and 19.17% made over $5,000. Out of the 3,391 workers in the parish, 21.36% were paid government employees, 3.27% were paid statutory body employees, 55.34% were paid private employees, 2.12% were paid private home employees, 3.39% were self-employed without paid employees, 12.36% were self-employed without paid employees, 1.15% had another worker status, and 1.00% didn't know or didn't state. Out of the 3,114 people asked, 2.75% were paid a daily salary, 45.07% were paid a weekly salary, 19.80% were paid a fortnightly salary, 30.04% were paid a monthly salary, and the remainder were paid another salary.

title: Saint Mary, Antigua and Barbuda


text:
Khumbutse

Khumbutse (खुम्बुत्से) is the first mountain west (6 km) of Mount Everest. It lies at the border between Nepal and China.

Overview
Khumbutse's name indicates its location at the head of the Khumbu valley, down which the Khumbu Glacier flows. It is one of the prominent mountains above the southern Everest Base Camp, and is seen in many views from the nearby trekking routes, including at Gorak Shep.

title: Khumbutse


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Saint Paul, Antigua and Barbuda

Saint Paul, officially the Parish of Saint Paul, is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. Saint Paul borders Saint Peter and Saint John to the north, Saint Mary to the west, and Saint Philip to the east. Saint Paul is dominated by farmland in the north, with various creeks and Potworks Dam marking its northern border, and low-lying hills to the south, defining its western border with Saint Mary. The largest city fully within the parish is Liberta, the fourth largest city in the country. The parish capital, and the location of the parish church, is Falmouth. The main economic and tourism hub of the parish is English Harbour. Saint Paul was created with the other five original parishes on 11 January 1692. It had a population of 9,004 in 2018.

Saint Paul is mostly dominated by tourism and agriculture, with most settlement in the parish being based around Tyrells Main Road and Matthews Road. The northeastern portion of the parish is very sparsely populated with the only settlement in this region being Bethesda. The eastern coast of the parish along Willoughby Bay also has a very low population, with little exception. Saint Paul has very few islands, but many peninsulas.

Saint Paul is a major tourism hub on the island. Saint Paul is different from the rest of Antigua as it is not a major hub for beach tourism, due to its very few "clear water" beaches. Most tourism activity centres around yachting, restaurants, and hotels. Saint Paul is home to many amenities and facilities that would only be seen in St. John's City, due to its tourism and yachting importance. Saint Paul is home to English Harbour and Falmouth Harbour, some of the most important harbours in the country. Saint Paul is home to many marinas, one of the only ports of entry in the country, and a station of the Antigua and Barbuda Coast Guard.

Along with four other parishes, Saint Paul was established on January 11, 1692, with the primary objective of providing for the parish church. A large portion of the parish's lands were used for agricultural purposes. Numerous historical relics from the parish can still be seen today, including the Savannah and Guinea Bush plantations.

History
There are numerous historic communities in Saint Paul, the majority of which are concentrated around English Harbour and Falmouth, which are located in the parish's southern region.

History of Liberta
The first village established following emancipation was Liberta. The community was founded in 1834 and was given the name "Liberty". The community was founded due to many liberated Black Antiguans having an interest in land ownership. Owners charged $30 for 30 by 50-foot property lots. Many built two-room houses. The Hamlet, a cluster of houses close to Liberta that was formerly part of the Tyrells property, was eventually absorbed into Liberta after 1842.

History of Falmouth
Falmouth was the first part of Antigua to be settled by the British, in 1632. Governor Warner resided close to Falmouth Bay by 1640. The village was settled by English people. Falmouth was the same size of the rising St. John's City in 1689.

Geography
Most of the population of the parish is in the western half along the Tyrells Main Road and Matthews Road, and in the English Harbour/Falmouth area. The only village in the eastern half of the parish is Bethesda. Most of the inhabited areas of the parish are very hilly, and most of the uninhabited areas are dense forest or are flat agricultural lands. The parish is separated from the rest of the island by various small creeks that mark the parishes northern border. The parish is also home to many ponds, including one of the largest water bodies in the country, Potworks Dam. The northeastern half of the parish was home to much of Antigua's historic rail infrastructure in 1891. The southern coast of the parish is dominated by many coral reefs.

Demographics
Saint Paul had a 2011 population of 8,116. Saint Paul is not a particularly diverse parish. However, there are many ethnic groups, like African descendants, who as of 2011 make up 91.24% of the population, white people (3.52%), East Indians (0.33%), mixed black/white people (0.61%), other mixed (2.01%), Hispanic people (0.90%), others (0.76%), and those who didn't know or didn't state (0.63%). There are also many religious groups, Adventists (14.07%), Anglicans (13.93%), Moravians (12.97%), Pentecostalists (10.00%), irreligious people (5.05%), and Rastafarians (1.31%).

Saint Paul has people from many countries, country of birth groups in 2011 included people born in Africa (0.29%), other Latin American or North American countries (0.25%), Antigua and Barbuda (75.92%), other Caribbean countries (0.68%), Canada (0.29%), other Asian countries (0.21%), other European countries (0.67%), Dominica (2.14%), Dominican Republic (0.72%), Guyana (5.02%), Jamaica (4.98%), one of the most significant Jamaican minorities in the country, Montserrat (0.34%), St. Kitts and Nevis (0.37%), St. Lucia (0.42%), St. Vincent and the Grenadines (0.59%), Trinidad and Tobago (0.29%), United Kingdom (2.04%), United States (3.19%), United States Virgin Islands (0.68%), and not stated (0.93%).

Economy
Out of the 3,738 workers in the parish in 2011, 19.70% were paid government employees, 5.62% were paid statutory body employees, 52.43% were paid private employees, 2.75% were paid private home employees, 4.74% were self-employed without paid employees, 12.23% were self-employed without paid employees, 1.39% were other categories of employees, and 1.14% didn't know or didn't state. Out of the 416 business owners in the parish, 29.08% made under EC$1,000 per month from their business, 19.39% made $1,000 to $1,999 per month, 14.54% made $2,000 to $2,999 per month, 19.64% made $3,000 to $4,999, and 17.35% made $5,000+. In 2011, 81.32% of workers had a fixed place of work outside the home, 3.18% worked from home, 12.97% had no fixed place of work, and 2.53% didn't know or didn't state.

title: Saint Paul, Antigua and Barbuda


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Saint Peter, Antigua and Barbuda

Saint Peter, officially the Parish of Saint Peter, is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. Saint Peter borders Saint Paul to the south, Saint Philip to the east, and Saint George and Saint John to the west. Saint Peter is dominated by farmland, savanna, and undeveloped fields, and its borders are not well-defined. The largest city fully within the parish is Parham, which is also the capital. However, the portion of the city of All Saints in Saint Peter is significantly larger than Parham. Saint Peter was created with the other five original parishes on 11 January 1692. It had a population of 5,325 in 2011.

Saint Peter is mostly dominated by agriculture and industry, with the few populated places in the parish being portions of All Saints, Diamonds, Freemans, Pares, Parham, and Vernons. Most of the parish lives on the western border with Saint John. Pares is the only major settlement in the center of the parish. There is almost no settlement in the eastern portion of the parish other than the hamlets of Coconut Hall and Gilberts. In the northern areas of the parish, Saint Peter is home to Guiana Island and the Galley Islands, as well as the Crabbs Peninsula. Long Island, home to three permanent inhabitants, and Maiden Island are legally part of Saint George, but are politically and statistically part of Saint Peter. Long Island and Maiden Island are counted as parts of Saint Peter for purposes of the census.

Saint Peter is not home to many tourist attractions, and the mainland portion of the parish is home to very few, if any beaches. Parham Harbour is sometimes used by local residents, specifically children, for swimming. Saint Peter is however home to many historic Amerindian villages, and the Betty's Hope sugar plantation, one of the major symbols of the island. Saint Peter also has populations of European fallow deer on Guiana Island. On the offshore islands, there are many clear waters and reefs, and many of the offshore islands, like Great Bird Island, are frequented by tourists.

Along with four other parishes, Saint Peter was established on January 11, 1692, with the primary objective of providing for the parish church. The majority of the parish's lands were, and still are, used for agricultural purposes. Numerous historical relics from the parish can still be seen today, including the Mercer's Creek and Coconut Hall plantations.

Amerindian presence
Twenty Hill, which is located in Parham, and Jolly Beach, which is located in Jolly Bay, are the two locations in Antigua that hold the distinction of being the earliest and most significant sites of human occupation (c.1775 BC).

British period
On January 11, 1692, the parish of Saint Peter was founded. Saint Peter was originally composed of the divisions of New North Sound Division, Old North Sound Division, and Mercers Creek Division. However, New North Sound split off to form its own parish, Saint George, in 1725. According to a map published in 1782, the parish had a small pond named Pinns Pond, and a small church near Pares. There were 27 slave plantations in the parish.

Geography
Although the parish is mostly flat and suitable for habitation, most of the population lives in the dense eastern cities on the western border. Very few localities are located outside of this region. The parish is home to most of the country's minor islands, and the parish is home to many creeks and bays. Most of the creeks are near the parish's borders. Most of the parish's water bodies are located in the southeastern portion of the parish, with Potworks Dam, shared with Saint Paul, being the largest. The parish is enclosed by many of Antigua's historic rail infrastructure.

Demographics
Saint Peter is not a particularly diverse parish. In 2011, the parish had 5,317 people. As of the 2011 census, the parish has many ethnic groups such as African descendants (92.85% of the population), whites (0.39%), East Indians (0.75%), mixed black/whites (1.12%), other mixed (3.24%), Hispanics (0.50%), Syrians/Lebaneses (0.04%), others (0.33%), and didn't know/not stated (0.79%). The largest religious groups were Anglicans (20.29%), Adventists (15.46%), Pentecostalists (11.22%), Methodists (10.87%), and irreligious people (7.68%). Additionally, 1.19% of the population was Rastafarian.

In 2011, there were many country of birth groups in the parish; those born in Africa (0.04%), "other Latin American and North American countries" (0.17%), Antigua and Barbuda (76.10%), "other Caribbean countries" (0.56%), Canada (0.27%), "other Asian countries" (0.02%), "other European countries" (0.04%), Dominica (2.93%), Dominican Republic (0.54%), Guyana (7.36%), Jamaica (3.06%), Montserrat (0.40%), St. Kitts and Nevis (0.46%), St. Lucia (0.15%), St. Vincent and the Grenadines (0.83%), Trinidad and Tobago (0.31%), the United Kingdom (0.52%), the United States (3.14%), United States Virgin Islands (0.50%), and not stated (2.58%).

Economy
In 2011, 1.61% of the 2,285 workers in the parish were paid a daily salary, 44.35% were paid a weekly salary, 20.31% were paid a fortnightly salary, 30.85% were paid a monthly salary, and the remainder were paid at another time. 20.76% of workers were paid government employees, 6.74% were paid statutory body employees, 54.53% were paid private employees, 3.22% were paid private home employees, 2.63% were self-employed with paid employees, 9.96% were self-employed without paid employees, 0.89% had another worker status, and 1.27% didn't know or didn't state. Out of the 212 business owners in the parish, 28.99% made less than EC$1,000 per month from their business, 21.74% made $1,000 to $1,999, 19.81% made $2,000 to $2,999, 14.01% made $3,000 to $4,999, and 15.46% made $5,000+.

2.35% of people practiced subsistence farming.

title: Saint Peter, Antigua and Barbuda


text:
Saint John, Antigua and Barbuda

Saint John, officially the Parish of Saint John, is a civil parish of Antigua and Barbuda, on the northwestern portion of Antigua island. Its capital is the city of St. John's. Saint John borders Saint Mary, Saint Peter, Saint George, and Saint Paul. Saint John faces the Caribbean Sea. Saint John is surrounded by some of Antigua's most premier beaches. Saint John had a population of 56,736 in a 2018 estimate, making it home to the majority of the population in Antigua and Barbuda.

While Saint John is a civil administrative division, the Anglican parish church is located in the city of St. John's. Saint John is mostly centered around the St. John's urban area and the northern tourist area, but is also home to more rural areas in the southern salient and in the Five Islands-Yeptons area. Due to Saint John holding the majority of the population of Antigua and Barbuda, it is home to hundreds of populated locations some of which are vastly different from another. The island of Redonda is also under the administration of Saint John.

Saint John was formed on 11 January 1692 alongside four other parishes, for the original purpose of serving the parish church. Outside of the city, most of the rural areas of the parish were originally used as sugar mills. Many remnants of the parish's past are still visible in the modern day, such as with the Cedar Valley Plantation, or the Weatherill's plantation.

Governance
Saint John coincides with the boundaries of Magistrates' Court District "A". While local government is nearly nonexistent in Antigua, there is a limited form of local government in the city centre of St. John's, known as the Saint John's Development Corporation. As the country's primary political and cultural hub, Saint John is granted significantly more autonomy than the other parishes, with various governmental offices belonging exclusively to the parish. Historically, when village councils were active, there were proposals to create village councils in Potters, Cedar Grove, Five Islands, and St. Johnston and Clare Hall. A village council in the city of All Saints, which extends across three parishes, was also constituted.

Education
Island Academy International, the sole international school in the country, is located in the town of Buckleys within Saint John Parish. It was formerly Oliver's Estate Island Academy.

title: Saint John, Antigua and Barbuda


text:
Architectural acoustics

Architectural acoustics (also known as building acoustics) is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a building and is a branch of acoustical engineering. The first application of modern scientific methods to architectural acoustics was carried out by the American physicist Wallace Sabine in the Fogg Museum lecture room. He applied his newfound knowledge to the design of Symphony Hall, Boston.

Architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a theatre, restaurant or railway station, enhancing the quality of music in a concert hall or recording studio, or suppressing noise to make offices and homes more productive and pleasant places to work and live in. Architectural acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants.

Building skin envelope
This science analyzes noise transmission from building exterior envelope to interior and vice versa. The main noise paths are roofs, eaves, walls, windows, door and penetrations. Sufficient control ensures space functionality and is often required based on building use and local municipal codes. An example would be providing a suitable design for a home which is to be constructed close to a high volume roadway, or under the flight path of a major airport, or of the airport itself.

Inter-space noise control
The science of limiting and/or controlling noise transmission from one building space to another to ensure space functionality and speech privacy. The typical sound paths are ceilings, room partitions, acoustic ceiling panels (such as wood dropped ceiling panels), doors, windows, flanking, ducting and other penetrations. Technical solutions depend on the source of the noise and the path of acoustic transmission, for example noise by steps or noise by (air, water) flow vibrations. An example would be providing suitable party wall design in an apartment complex to minimize the mutual disturbance due to noise by residents in adjacent apartments.

Inter-space noise control can take a different form when talking about Acoustics in European football stadiums. One goal in stadium acoustics is to make the crowd as loud as possible and inter-space noise control becomes a factor but in helping reflect noise to create more reverberation and louder decibel level throughout the stadium. Many outdoor soccer stadiums for example have roofs over the fan sections which create more reverberation and echoing which helps raise the general volume in the stadium.

Interior space acoustics
This is the science of controlling a room's surfaces based on sound absorbing and reflecting properties. Excessive reverberation time, which can be calculated, can lead to poor speech intelligibility.

Sound reflections create standing waves that produce natural resonances that can be heard as a pleasant sensation or an annoying one. Reflective surfaces can be angled and coordinated to provide good coverage of sound for a listener in a concert hall or music recital space. To illustrate this concept consider the difference between a modern large office meeting room or lecture theater and a traditional classroom with all hard surfaces.

Interior building surfaces can be constructed of many different materials and finishes. Ideal acoustical panels are those without a face or finish material that interferes with the acoustical infill or substrate. Fabric covered panels are one way to heighten acoustical absorption. Perforated metal also shows sound absorbing qualities. Finish material is used to cover over the acoustical substrate. Mineral fiber board, or Micore, is a commonly used acoustical substrate. Finish materials often consist of fabric, wood or acoustical tile. Fabric can be wrapped around substrates to create what is referred to as a "pre-fabricated panel" and often provides good noise absorption if laid onto a wall.

Prefabricated panels are limited to the size of the substrate ranging from 2 x to 4 x. Fabric retained in a wall-mounted perimeter track system, is referred to as "on-site acoustical wall panels". This is constructed by framing the perimeter track into shape, infilling the acoustical substrate and then stretching and tucking the fabric into the perimeter frame system. On-site wall panels can be constructed to accommodate door frames, baseboard, or any other intrusion. Large panels (generally, greater than 50 sqft) can be created on walls and ceilings with this method. Wood finishes can consist of punched or routed slots and provide a natural look to the interior space, although acoustical absorption may not be great.

There are four ways to improve workplace acoustics and solve workplace sound problems – the ABCDs.
 * A = Absorb (via drapes, carpets, ceiling tiles, etc.)
 * B = Block (via panels, walls, floors, ceilings and layout)
 * C = Cover-up, or Control (background sound levels and spectra) (via masking sound)
 * D = Diffuse (cause the sound energy to spread by radiating in many directions)

Mechanical equipment noise
Building services noise control is the science of controlling noise produced by:
 * HVAC (heating, ventilation, air conditioning) systems
 * Elevators
 * Electrical generators positioned within or attached to a building
 * Any other building service infrastructure component that emits sound.

Inadequate control may lead to elevated sound levels within the space which can be annoying and reduce speech intelligibility. Typical improvements are vibration isolation of mechanical equipment, and sound attenuators in ductwork. Sound masking can also be created by adjusting HVAC noise to a predetermined level.

title: Architectural acoustics


text:
Kings Cross, New South Wales

Kings Cross is an inner-eastern locality of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located approximately 2 kilometres east of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Sydney. It is bounded by the suburbs of Potts Point, Elizabeth Bay, Rushcutters Bay and Darlinghurst.

Colloquially known as The Cross, the area was once known for its music halls and grand theatres. It was rapidly transformed after World War II by the influx of troops returning and visiting from the nearby Garden Island naval base. It became known as Sydney's night entertainment and red-light district, earning the nickname "Sin City"; however, many nightclubs, bars and adult entertainment venues closed due to the Sydney lockout laws. Today, it is a mixed locality offering services such as a railway station, gyms, supermarkets and bakeries as well as entertainment venues including bars, restaurants, nightclubs, brothels and strip clubs.

British settlement
The intersection of William Street, Darlinghurst Road and Victoria Street at the locality's southernmost limit was named Queen's Cross to celebrate Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee in 1897. Confusion with Queen's Square in King Street in the city prompted its renaming as Kings Cross, after King Edward VII, in 1905.

During the early 19th century the Darlinghurst area, which extended to include current day Kings Cross, was one of Sydney's most prestigious locations, being far enough to escape the noise and smell of the central city but close enough for easy travel. An additional attraction was the commanding harbour views to the east and north and (from some points) views to the west as far as the Blue Mountains.

In 1828, the Governor of New South Wales Sir Ralph Darling subdivided the area, then known as Woolloomooloo Hill, into large allotments which he granted seventeen estates to favoured subordinates and leading businessmen. They built a series of grandiose mansions with sprawling gardens of up to ten acres (4 ha). The remnants of these gardens helped give the area its leafy character, and many of the mansions are commemorated through street names such as Roslyn, Orwell and Kellett. Most of the grand estates were ultimately subdivided with all but a handful of the great houses demolished. One of the surviving homes, located nearby in the suburb of Elizabeth Bay, is Elizabeth Bay House, a quintessential example of Australian colonial architecture. Others, now used for other purposes, include Tusculum in Manning Street and Rockwall. A prominent past resident of this era was David Scott Mitchell.

Early Subdivision Plans
The estates that Governor Darling granted to the emerging merchant class and professional elite shaped the development of the area that came to be known as Kings Cross. The mansions built on these estates such as Tusculum remain today as leading examples of architectural design in colonial Australia.

Subdivision plans also known as estate maps were produced from the mid-19th to mid-20th century and advertised estates and subdivisions of land for sale. They illustrate the urban development of Sydney as large estates were divided up and transformed into the suburbs of Sydney.

The estates and mansions are commemorated through street names such as Roslyn, Orwell and Kellett, as documented in the gallery of subdivision maps.

Bohemian district
The Kings Cross district was Sydney's bohemian heartland from the early decades of the 20th century. The illegal trading of alcohol, known as sly grog, was notorious in the area up until mid-century, led by rival brothel owners, Tilly Devine and Kate Leigh. For most of the 1900s, the "Cross" was an entertainment centre which hosted numerous clubs and cafes as well as the Kings Cross Theatre, one of Sydney's earliest movie houses. The area was also home to a large number of artists, including writers, poets and journalists such as Kenneth Slessor, Christopher Brennan, Hal Porter, George Sprod and Dame Mary Gilmore, entrepreneur Mayfield B. Anthony, actors including Peter Finch and Chips Rafferty, and painters Sir William Dobell and Rosaleen Norton.

From the 1960s onwards Kings Cross also came to serve as both the city's main tourist accommodation and entertainment mecca, as well as its red-light district. It thereby achieved a high level of notoriety out of all proportion to its limited geographical extent. Hundreds of American servicemen on R & R (rest and recreation) leave flocked to the area each week in search of entertainment. Organised crime and police corruption were well entrenched in the area – one of Sydney's most notorious illegal casinos operated with impunity for many years, although it was known to all and located only yards from Darlinghurst police station. Much of this activity can be related with Abe Saffron, commonly known as Mr Sin or "the boss of the Cross".

A positive influence in the area during that time was the Wayside Chapel, run by Rev Ted Noffs. His church was open most of the time, providing a "drop in centre" and counselling services to many of the itinerants who were drawn to the area. The Ted Noffs Foundation Inc, established in 1971, continues his work supporting young people and their families who are experiencing drug and alcohol problems and related trauma.

Juanita Nielsen, a journalist and publisher, campaigned against property development in the Kings Cross area during the 1970s until her sudden disappearance on 4 July 1975. A coronial inquest determined that Nielsen had been murdered, and although the case has never been officially solved, it is widely believed that Nielsen was killed by agents of the developers. Some of the projects she campaigned against were delayed, halted or modified due to a combination of community campaigns and green bans placed by the NSW Builders Labourers Federation. As a celebration to commemorate the Stonewall Riots, the inaugural Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras pro-gay rights protest march was held on the evening of 24 June 1978. After the protest march, participants were subject to police harassment in Hyde Park, following the revocation of the original protest permit. Some participants headed to Kings Cross where police arrested 53 people, although most of the charges were later dropped.

Australia's first widely known transgender person, Carlotta, rose to prominence in Kings Cross whilst working in cabaret at Les Girls, The Tender Trap, and her appearance on soap opera Number 96.

From the late 1960s, drug-related crime was one of the area's main social problems. In 2001, despite controversy, Australia's first Medically Supervised Injecting Centre was established (where users of illegal drugs can inject themselves at a safe injection site in clean conditions) at a shopfront site in Kings Cross. The injecting room is credited with reducing the occurrence of fatal overdoses in the injecting drug user community, as well as reducing the number of needles left in the street, with an interim evaluation report in 2007 claiming: The reduction in opioid-related overdoses was much more substantial in the immediate vicinity of the MSIC than in other neighbouring areas. ... Counts of discarded needles and syringes collected locally indicated a decrease of around 50% following the establishment of the service.

Today
Today, the ongoing operation of tourist accommodation, the proximity to social housing and health care, and the convenient public transport to the city result in a diverse population, both resident and passing through at Kings Cross. Since the introduction of controversial lockout laws in March 2014 several nightclubs and pubs in the area have closed down. In February 2021, the NSW government announced the end of lockout laws in March 2021 hoping to revitalise the area.

Heritage listings
Kings Cross has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Macleay Street: El Alamein Memorial Fountain.
 * Darlinghurst Road: Bourbon & Beefsteak building façade, Kingsley Hall building, and the Empire Hotel.

Landmarks

 * The El Alamein Fountain is at the entrance to the Fitzroy Gardens on the corner of Darlingurst Road and Macleay Street was commissioned as a memorial to soldiers who died in 1942 during World War II in two battles at El Alamein, Egypt. It was designed in 1961 by the New Zealand-born architect Robert Woodward. Its dandelion design, which has since been copied for fountains around the world, was Woodward's original design.
 * The Coca-Cola billboard, which has since been turned off and replaced in 2016 with a new sign. Pieces of the original sign were auctioned off on eBay with proceeds going to the Wayside Chapel.
 * The Fire Station at the intersection of Darlinghurst Road and Victoria Street was designed by the Government Architect, Walter Liberty Vernon, and built from 1910 to 1912. It is an example of the Federation Free Style and is now listed on the Register of the National Estate.
 * Kings Cross railway station is an underground railway station on the Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line of the Sydney Trains network.
 * The Les Girls building, now known as the Empire Hotel, stood prominently on the corner of Darlinghurst Road and Roslyn Street, in the heart of the Cross. From 1963 until 1993 the building was home to the legendary Les Girls "drag queen" show, starring Carlotta. Throughout the 1990s the building, still retaining its original 1960s features, became the home to alternative cabaret, including the much-loved Sunday nightclub The Tender Trap.

Culture
Events and celebrations
 * The Kings Cross Food and Wine Festival is a local annual event held in autumn by the Potts Point Partnership, a business action group.

Popular culture
 * The television series Kings Cross ER: St Vincent's Hospital prominently features medical emergencies that occur in Kings Cross and surrounding areas. The show frequently examines issues in Kings Cross such as violence, homelessness, prostitution, illicit drugs and gang-related incidents. The title was inaccurate as St. Vincent's Hospital is located in Darlinghurst.
 * Kings Cross has made several appearances in popular Australian culture including Paul Kelly's song "From St Kilda to Kings Cross" from the album Post.
 * The 1999 Australian crime film Two Hands starring actor Heath Ledger was partly filmed in Kings Cross.
 * Clare Werbeloff became known as the Kings Cross Bogan following her eyewitness account of a shooting outside a Kings Cross nightclub, which turned out to be a hoax. Her politically incorrect report to a television news cameraman spread online via YouTube and made her an internet celebrity. Afterwards she starred in a lingerie photo shoot for Ralph magazine and in several Australian television shows.  She also starred in a photo shoot in a 2011 Spanish FHM magazine.
 * The novel The Golden Day by Ursula Dubosarsky is set in a fictitious girls' school in Kings Cross and involves the disappearance of one of the teachers while on a school excursion in 1967.
 * The novel Down in the City (1957) by Elizabeth Harrower is mostly set in Kings Cross.
 * Justine Ettler's The River Ophelia, a controversial 1995 novel, is believed to be set in King's Cross though the location is never revealed in the book.
 * Australian crime drama series Underbelly: The Golden Mile was set in Kings Cross. It was a dramatic representation of Kings Cross organised crime in the 1980s and 1990s.
 * The Australian television series Love Child was set in Kings Cross. It is a fictional drama series based on the lives of teenagers going through underage pregnancy during the 1960s.
 * The Australian television series Les Norton was set in Kings Cross, as the lead character is a bouncer in a Kings Cross illegal gambling casino in 1985.

Population
As of 2019, it is estimated 4,948 people live within the locality's 0.17 km2 area. In 2018, the local area (including Potts Point and Woolloomooloo) was recognised as the second most densely populated in Australia.

title: Kings Cross, New South Wales


text:
Immenstaad am Bodensee

Immenstaad am Bodensee is a municipality in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, on the north shore of Lake Constance (called the Bodensee in German) near the Austrian and Swiss borders. It is not to be confused with the similarly named town of Immenstadt, approximately 85 km East in Bavaria.

History

The first documented reference to Immenstaad dates to the year 1094, when the Bavarian Duke Welf IV acquired the possessions of Weingarten Abbey. The controlling authorities were strongly factionalized until the Fürstenberg family bought the entire town in the late 18th century. In 1806 the town became a border town in the state of Baden-Württemberg.

Immenstaad am Bodensee was the home of the former Dornier aerospace company, which now is part of the Airbus. It is more famous as a popular resort and well known for its wine and fruit farming activities.

title: Immenstaad am Bodensee


text:
ARN Regional

ARN Regional is an Australian regional radio network founded after the purchase of a group of radio stations from Grant Broadcasters by ARN parent ARN Media. It includes a small number of metropolitan radio stations.

History
Grant Broadcasters was founded by Walter Grant in 1942 when he bought 2DU in Dubbo. In 1972 a shareholding in 2ST in Nowra was purchased followed in 1979 by 2PK in Parkes and in 1982 2MG in Mudgee. In 1986 2DU, 2PK and 2MG were sold with full ownership taken of 2ST. Over the next three decades, the company expanded through acquisition, purchasing radio stations in all states and territories of Australia, owning 53 stations by November 2021. In January 2022, Here, There & Everywhere purchased 46 stations from Grant Broadcasters and integrated these into its ARN business. The deal was finalised on 4 January 2022.

Contemporary Hits Radio (CHR)

 * Hot 100 100.1 FM and DAB+ – Darwin, translators at Adelaide River 102.1 FM, and Katherine 98.1 FM.
 * Hot Tomato, Gold Coast

Chilli FM

 * 90.1 Chilli FM 90.1 FM – Launceston, translator at Launceston City 101.1 FM
 * 99.7 Chilli FM 99.7 FM – Scottsdale, translators at Weldborough 94.5 FM, St Marys 103.5 FM and St Helens 90.5 FM

Magic FM

 * Magic FM 89.9 FM – Port Lincoln, translator at Cleve on 97.1 FM
 * Magic FM 93.1 FM – Berri, translator at Waikerie on 97.1 FM
 * Magic FM 105.9 FM – Spencer Gulf, translator at Roxby Downs on 100.3 FM and Quorn on 100.7 FM

Power FM Network

 * Power FM 102.5 FM – Bega, translator at Batemans Bay 104.3 FM
 * Power FM 98.1 FM – Muswellbrook, translator at Merriwa 102.7 FM
 * Power FM 94.9 FM – Nowra
 * Power FM 103.1 FM – Ballarat
 * Power FM 98.7 FM – Murray Bridge, South Australia, translators at Mount Barker 100.3 FM and Victor Harbor 99.7 FM

Sea FM

 * Sea FM 107.7 FM – Devonport
 * Sea FM 101.7 FM – Burnie

Adult Contemporary

 * 7HO FM 101.7 FM – Hobart
 * Mix 104.9 104.9 FM and DAB+ – Darwin, translators at Adelaide River 98.1 FM, Bathurst Island 89.7 FM, and Katherine 106.9 FM
 * River 94.9 94.9 FM – Ipswich
 * Hitz FM 93.9 FM – Bundaberg
 * Hot 91 91.1 FM – Sunshine Coast
 * 96.5 Wave FM 96.5 FM – Wollongong
 * 89.3 LAFM 89.3 FM – Launceston, translator at Launceston City 100.3 FM.
 * 4CC, 927 AM Gladstone, 1584 AM Rockhampton, 666 AM Biloela, 98.3 FM Agnes Water, Queensland.

Zinc/Star Network

 * Star 102.7 Cairns
 * Star 101.9 Mackay
 * Star 106.3 Townsville
 * Zinc 96.1 Sunshine Coast
 * Power 100.7 Townsville

Classic/Adult Hits

 * 2EC 765 AM – Bega, translators at Batemans Bay 105.9 FM, Narooma 1584 AM and Eden 105.5 FM. Batemans Bay has some local programming.
 * 2NM 981 AM – Muswellbrook
 * 2ST 999 AM – Nowra, (Format: Music and Talk), translators at Ulladulla 106.7 FM, Shoalhaven 91.7 FM and Bowral 102.9 FM. Bowral has some local programming.
 * 3BA 102.3 FM – Ballarat
 * Gold Ten-71 1071 AM – Maryborough (Victoria), translator at Bendigo 98.3 FM
 * River 1467AM 1467 AM – Mildura
 * 4BU 1332 AM – Bundaberg
 * 4CA 846 AM – Cairns
 * 4MK 1026 AM – Mackay
 * 4RO 990 AM – Rockhampton
 * 5AU 97.9 FM – Port Augusta translator at Roxby Downs on 96.3 FM and Quorn on 99.1 FM
 * 5CC 765 AM & 93.9 FM – Port Lincoln translator at Cleve on 99.5 FM
 * 5CS 1044 AM – Port Pirie
 * 5MU 96.3 FM – Murray Bridge, translators at 94.3 FM Mount Barker and 97.1 FM Victor Harbor
 * 5RM 801 AM & 91.5 FM – Renmark & 89.9 FM Waikerie
 * 7AD 98.9 FM – Devonport
 * 7BU 100.9 FM – Burnie, translator at Smithton 94.5 FM
 * 7SD 95.7 FM & 540 AM – Scottsdale, translators St.Marys 105.1 FM and St.Helens 92.1 FM.
 * 7XS 92.1 FM – Queenstown, translators at Strahan 105.1 FM and Mount Read 107.1 FM.
 * Classic Rock DAB+ – Darwin

KIX Country Radio Network

 * Wollongong 105.3 FM
 * Geelong 89.3 FM
 * Hobart DAB+ Digital
 * Muswellbrook 94.5 FM
 * Nowra 101.1 FM
 * Bowral 1215 AM
 * Bega 88.0 FM (Narrowcast)
 * Batemans Bay 87.6 FM (Narrowcast)
 * Moruya 88.0 FM (Narrowcast)
 * Narooma 97.7 FM
 * Bermagui 87.6 FM (Narrowcast)
 * Tathra 87.6 FM (Narrowcast)
 * Merimbula 88.0 FM (Narrowcast)
 * Pambula 87.8 FM (Narrowcast)
 * Eden 87.6 FM (Narrowcast)
 * Barossa Valley 90.5 FM
 * Darwin 92.3 FM and DAB+ Digital
 * Townsville 89.9FM (Narrowcast)
 * Mackay 93.9 FM
 * Bundaberg 97.1 FM
 * Hervey Bay 92.3 FM
 * Maryborough (Queensland) 92.3 FM
 * Agnes Water/1770 87.6 FM
 * Sarajl 92.1 FM
 * Middlemount 94.1 FM
 * Yeppoon 96.1 FM
 * Rockhampton 92.7 FM
 * Gladstone 88.0 FM (Narrowcast)
 * Lowood 88.0 FM (Narrowcast)
 * Blair Athol 97.5 FM
 * Dysart 90.9 FM
 * Tlerl 92.1 FM
 * Alpha 100.7 FM
 * Emerald 88.0 FM (Narrowcast)
 * Injune 101.9 FM
 * Mitchell 103.7 FM
 * Yuleba 89.5 FM
 * Surat 94.7 FM
 * Inglewood 98.1 FM
 * Berri & Renmark 1557 AM
 * Port Lincoln 87.6 FM (Narrowcast)
 * Clare 87.6 FM (Narrowcast)
 * Port Pirie 87.6 FM (Narrowcast)

title: ARN Regional


text:
Thinocorus

Thinocorus is a genus of seedsnipe, a South American family of small gregarious waders which have adapted to a vegetarian diet.

These birds look superficially like partridges in structure and bill shape. They have short legs and long wings. Their 2 or 3 eggs are laid in a shallow scrape on the ground.

Thinocorus contains the smaller two of the four seedsnipe species.

title: Thinocorus