text:
User talk:Uncle Bill

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Greetings. I notice that you've been categorizing British Science Fiction writers, which is nifty; I'd like to encourage you to, when you place a writer in a subcategory like that, eliminate from the article the categories of which the subcategory is a subcategory; i.e., if you make an article Category:British Science Fiction Writers, delete Category:British writers and Category:Science Fiction Writers. Happy editing. -- कुक्कुरोवाच|Talk‽ 23:41, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Waves
Hi. I'm just curious: what do you mean by "third wave?" (Which wave am I?) Fishal 20:11, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Wikiquote picture
Pardon me for asking here, but on Wikiquote we're having a discussion about the picture you're using on your user page. You might want to join the debate at. Fys. “Ta fys aym”. 21:40, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * As the discussion Fys mentioned is leaning heavily toward deletion, might I suggest that you upload your image to Wikimedia Commons and include the same copyright and licensing information? (You might also want to include category tags like    and   .) Images on Commons may be used in any Wikimedia project with the same name and image tag. Therefore, if your Wikiquote image gets deleted, Wikiquote will simply fetch your Commons image whenever needed. This will save you the trouble of uploading to any other projects, too. Let me know if you have any questions. ~ Jeff Q (talk) 15:07, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Uncle Bill


text: Template:Road-stub

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Road-stub


text: Category:Road stubs

title: Category:Road stubs


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Afghan Baha'is

Afghan Baha'is was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. 4 votes to keep, 3 votes to delete. This vote, however, has no bearing on the resolution of the alleged copyright violation of the material. Postdlf 04:22, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Afghan Baha'is
This orphaned article represents an arbitrary intersection of topics. -- WOT 17:59, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * What it really seems to be is an advert for the website. On the other hand, both Baha'ism and Afghanistan are top-level domains, so to speak, and this is no less arbitrary than an article on the Gallican church or American Methodism (haven't checked that we have such articles, but wouldn't object to them if we did). Keep although watch for POV. — Bill 18:07, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Top-level domains, as you put it, are more likely to produce encyclopaedic topics, but I don't think it is sufficient to indicate a notable intersection. The Gallican church is notable in its own right--as for American Methodism, I'd say probably not; any information appropriate to it would probably be best suited to the main Methodism article or a History of Methodism article.  The Afghan-Baha'i intersection would likely yield little of encyclopaedic note that wouldn't fit well in Baha'i.  -- WOT 19:19, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but remove any POV. We have many other articles on a certain religion in a country, e.g. Islam in Canada,  Judaism in India, Hinduism in Russia. - SimonP 22:17, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, The history of any group in different countries is a valid article. Ratafarianism in Belgium How can Baha'i begin to touch on all the paths the faith has taken in different nations without becoming huge?
 * Delete: Baha'i in Afghanistan is simply not at this point something large enough or noticeable enough to be sought by users of the encyclopedia. As such, they should be discussed within the #Religion section of the Afghanistan article.  They are not yet a separate church, whereas the American Methodist Church is.  If the subject is Baha'i, and you want to talk about it in Afghanistan, then the information should be in the Baha'i article.  If the subject is Afghanistan, and you want to say that they now have missionaries from Baptists, Baha'i, and Buddhists, then discuss it in Afghanistan.  However, until this religion's expression or history in this particular place is a special subject notable in its own right, it should not be broken free. Geogre 04:50, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, move to cleanup. Significant topic. Wile E. Heresiarch 18:46, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and start again copyvio of this http://www.afghanbahais.org/afghanbahais.htm
 * I put in the copyright violation notice as instructed. Feel free to correct if I am wrong. Mozzerati 20:32, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC)

 * Abstain. I don't think the history of any group in different countries is a valid article -- in this case only, the ability to write an interesting article could be proof of notability. In other words, by my standards, it's not non-notable by nature, but may be non-notable by specific fact. Unfortunately, it's difficult to know ahead of time whether it's possible to write such an article or not -- whether the specifics of the topic provide such material. If it is possible, I hope it is done. If not, I won't be bothered by a deletion. --Improv 16:58, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

So what happen? Is it being deleted and not created again?


text:
Talk:Peggy Kerry

Peggy Kerry was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. 18 votes to keep, 7 votes to delete, 1 vote to merge and redirect. Postdlf 03:25, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Peggy Kerry
No reflection on Ms. Kerry, but not notable. People have brothers and sisters, and many thousands of people fill various mid-level bureaucratic posts. — Bill 17:59, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete notability-by-association article and bureaucruft. -- WOT 18:38, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unlike in the royal system, where I'm less sure that people who were never in line for the throne are not notable, in the American political system, relatives of politicians never merit notability that stems only from that blood tie. --Improv 18:58, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Article was requested on the village pump. anthony (see warning) 19:03, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Um... not voting. User:Darwinek just tried to remove the VfD notice from the article. func(talk) 19:32, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep we have articles the entire Bush clan. - SimonP 22:12, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with and redirect to John F. Kerry. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 22:47, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, its pretty standard across the board to have articles about people who are notable by association to figures of leadership, including people of various royal bloodlines who were otherwise non notable, this is no different.  — siro  χ  o  23:31, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- anthony, SimonP, and Siroxo have all given good reasons (though I find SimonP's most compelling, and I admit that anthony's reason wouldn't justify any article, though I think it justifies this one). Jwrosenzweig 23:34, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. This isn't so hard, now is it people?  GRider 01:12, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, we had this discussion on the VfD for the daughter of Tony Blair, and I believe the consensus was to delete. I would disagree with Siroxo's comment about "it's pretty standard across the board".  IMO, relatives who do not themselves demonstrate notability are themselves not notable. -Vina 02:36, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - Peggy Kerry is campaigning actively in battleground states for John Kerry with 225 articles on Google News and Google has 151,000 entries for Peggy Kerry Capitalistroadster 06:12, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Good try.... In fact, Google has only about 700 hits for "Peggy Kerry"

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep. I hadn't planned on voting, but 674 google hits for ( "Peggy Kerry" "John Kerry" ) is a lot more than I was expecting. Maybe 5 years from now, no one will care, but for now, she's notable. func(talk) 22:40, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep if expanded. Unlike the daughter of Tony Blair, Ms Kerry is actively contributing to a political campaign. I'd like to believe that you get notability in the US political system by merit alone, and not by having a notable relative, but there are plenty of precedents that that isn't the case. Average Earthman 13:20, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Conti|✉ 16:54, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. A Kerry cousin who works in a bar would not be notable though. --Ianb 23:18, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Not nearly notable enough no matter how many hours she has put in on the campaign. Indrian 23:22, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This should definitely not be merged with John Kerry, which is already overlong.  If this article is deleted, let the information be lost from Wikipedia. JamesMLane 06:04, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * So, schools which have been attended by many thousands of people are not notable, but a very ordinary person who just happens to be the sister of a politician and has contributed to his election campaign (surprising that!) is notable? There goes logic! I wonder if she'd be considered notable if she was the sister of a non-American politician. Delete. -- Necrothesp 14:04, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * There is no policy that "schools which have been attended by many thousands of people are not notable". anthony (see warning) 14:53, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm fully aware that there's no policy, although many would have us believe that there is. -- Necrothesp 19:07, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You certainly seem to be implying it yourself. But if you agree there's no such policy, what is your argument for deletion?  Revenge? anthony (see warning) 19:27, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I believe I said, but if you missed it...She's not notable. Ordinary person doing an ordinary job. Just happens to be related to someone else. Aren't we all? Not revenge, no. Nothing to get revenge for. I was merely making a comparison. -- Necrothesp 22:32, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Why isn't she notable? For that matter, why aren't we all notable? anthony (see warning) 23:37, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep As noted we have articles for most of the Bush family, what makes the Kerry family exempt, at least until the election is over. If he loses, delete, if he wins keep. PPGMD
 * Postpone decision until election result is known. Chris 00:54, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * What happens if the election is a tie? :-)
 * Then George Bush will win due to the Republican majority in the House of Representatives... Deleteme42 10:43, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. if John Kerry won't become president, it might be a candidate for deletion in a few months Deleteme42 10:43, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not notable, which makes it all the more intereseting. --Quintucket 17:21, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Round file -Joseph (Talk) 02:54, 2004 Oct 25 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. Gamaliel 06:09, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable at present.
 * Strong keep. It appears that we are not going to reach a concensus here.  Can the VfD be removed please?? Radman1 16:29, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - factual, verifiable entry. Mark Richards 19:32, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, this is abuse of VfD. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (hopefully!)]] 23:49, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)

Second vfd vote

 * Votes for deletion/Peggy Kerry 2

title: Talk:Peggy Kerry


text:
Government Flying Service

The Hong Kong Government Flying Service (HKGFS) is a disciplined unit and paramilitary flying organisation of the Government of Hong Kong.

The service has its head office in, and operates from, the southwestern end of Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok. Before the opening of the Chek Lap Kok airport in 1998, it operated from the old Kai Tak Airport, the former Hong Kong International Airport. GFS patrols as far as 700 nmi to the south, to include the Hong Kong Flight Information Region and the Hong Kong Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre area of responsibility, which covers most of the South China Sea basin.

History
The Government Flying Service was established on 1 April 1993, when Hong Kong was under British rule. It then took over all the non-military operations of the Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force (RHKAAF), which was an auxiliary unit of the United Kingdom Royal Air Force. After Hong Kong was handed over to the People's Republic of China in 1997, the GFS remained as a government unit of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and is responsible for search and rescue (SAR), air ambulance, firefighting, and police operations.

Starting in 2012, the GFS operates from the HKCEC heliport, adjacent to Golden Bauhinia Square. The site is also open to commercial traffic.

In August 2020, a GFS Bombardier Challenger 605 maritime patrol aircraft was believed to have assisted Chinese authorities in intercepting 12 Hong Kongers who were attempting to flee to Taiwan due to increasingly onerous conditions in Hong Kong and enhanced exit controls. The Hong Kong government denied that they had cooperated with Chinese authorities. On December 21, 2020, the United States Bureau of Industry and Security amended the Export Administration Regulations by adding a new ‘Military End User' (MEU) List, as well as the first tranche of 103 entities, which includes 58 Chinese and 45 Russian companies. Government Flying Service was added as one of 103 entities to the MEU List.

In 2022, a new site at the southernmost corner of the former Kai Tak airport was opened, featuring one landing/takeoff pad, two parking pads, one repair hangar for the new Airbus H175 helicopter and an operations/office building. The site had been earmarked since 2007 and planning permission was given in 2017 as part of the area's redevelopment, as well as limitations of new high rise buildings in the Tung Chung area near the existing base affecting marginal weather operations. The possibility of opening the base to commercial cross-boundary traffic has been raised since 2011.

Operations
GFS consists of five divisions:

 * Operations Division – all emergency response and operational matters (i.e. search and rescue)
 * Training and Standards Division – professional standards and development
 * Corporate Safety Division - safety-related initiatives and cross-section safety management matters
 * Engineering Division – maintenance of GFS aircraft and ground-support equipment in accordance with the Civil Aviation Department standards
 * Administration Division – general administration, personnel support services

Helicopters can land on five highways in Hong Kong to attend to road related recovery operations. For long-range search and rescue operations, the GFS initially use fixed wing aircraft which then guide helicopters to the location.

The GFS operates primarily from Chek Lap Kok airport, where headquarters and all fixed wing aviation is based. Some helicopters are based in the Kai Tak division and a helipad is available in Wan Chai next to the HKCEC.
 * Air ambulance service response time (type A+/A) – 20 minutes (within island zone) / 30 minutes (outside island zone)
 * Search and rescue callout time 0700-2159 -(within 50 nm/92.5 km of GFS HQ) – 1hr / 1hr 40m (with additional/specialized equipment)
 * Search and rescue callout time 2200-0659 -(within 50 nm/92.5 km of GFS HQ) – 2hr
 * For SARs outside 50 nm / 92.5 km – add 30mins per 50 nm
 * Fixed Winged Aircraft 0700-2159 – (within 50 nm/92.5 km of GFS)- 50m, (between 50 nm/92.5 km to 100 nm/185 km of GFS)- 1hr 5m, (beyond 100 nm/185 km of GFS)- add 15m per 50 nm.

Equipment and gear
Standard equipment for GFS personnel is:
 * Flight suit or jumpsuit
 * Special operations vests (SOVs) – consists of a small oxygen tank (3 minutes of oxygen), life jacket, small survival/first aid kit.
 * Helicopter helmet
 * Walkie-talkie
 * SABRE 7 (BE549) personal locator beacon
 * Gloves

Personnel
GFS employs 335 personnel:

 * 235 commissioned/disciplined personnel
 * 100 civilian personnel

Most of the pilots in the GFS were localised prior to the handover in 1997, as former RAF and other British military personnel departed Hong Kong.

The GFS is led by a Controller, who reports to the Secretary for Security. The current Controller is Captain West WH WU.

Other senior officers of the GFS are:

 * Departmental Secretary
 * Chief Pilot (Operations)
 * Chief Pilot (Training and Standards)
 * Chief Pilot (Corporate Safety)
 * Chief Aircraft Engineer

Uniform
Operations uniforms:

 * green Jumpsuit or separate Flight jacket and pants - pilot and aircrew
 * blue jumpsuit or separate Flight jacket and pants - mechanics and engineers

Dress uniforms:

 * light blue shirt (short sleeve for summer and long sleeve for winter) with dark tie dress jacket and pants
 * dark skirts for women
 * sweaters for men
 * dark windbreaker jacket for summer
 * Peaked cap - male and female variations

Rank
Prior to the creation of the GFS, the ranks within the Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force were the same as the RAF. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the transition to local staff in the RHKAAF in preparation for the civil transfer to the GFS role.

Ranking of personnel of the GFS are civilian aviation roles and are as follows:

Pilot II and Cadet Pilot ranks were created in the 1990s for local pilots with less flying experience.

Controllers
List of past controllers of the GFS:

 * Captain Brian Cluer - former RAF fighter pilot and General Manager of Operations, Cathay Pacific
 * Captain Brian Butt Yiu-ming - formerly with Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force and Chief Inspector with Hong Kong Police specializing in the counterfeit detection

Crest
The current crest of the force was adopted in 1997, prior to which the Hong Kong Coat of Arms was used on GFS aircraft:

 * Bauhinia
 * Crest with a Chinese dragon, propeller (borrowed from the Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force crest) and wording GFS
 * Motto contain the wording "政府飛行服務隊" with a pair of wings provides a bilingual logo to the agency that was lacking in the previous agency

GFS in the media

 * The service's official theme song, Wishing You Well So Much (多想你好), was sung by Andy Lau in 2003.
 * The TVB drama "Always Ready" was filmed inside GFS HQ in 2005 and starred Ekin Cheng.

Incidents

 * 26 August 2003 – A Eurocopter EC 155 B1 crashed on a hill at Pak Kung Au near Tung Chung on Lantau Island killing two aircrew (Pilot Pang Fu-kwok and Airman Chan Man-tik).
 * 27 December 2010 – One of the GFS's Eurocopter Super Puma Mk II helicopters (B-HRN) ditched in Shing Mun Reservoir after the loss of its number 2 engine. It was in the process of collecting water from the reservoir to drop on a hill fire. None of the three crew members were injured. The Civil Aviation Department said on the following day it had retrieved the flight data recorder. Pending a final report, an interim bulletin issued in February 2012 reported that the number 2 engine was correctly shut down automatically by the engine control unit because the turbine had begun to overspeed, because there appeared to be no fault in the turbine or the fuel systems the overspeed was possibly the result of a disconnection of the engine from the main gearbox because of wear to the freewheel unit that connected the two. The Helicopter was rebuilt by the engineering team after it was recovered from the reservoir.

title: Government Flying Service


text:
User talk:Neria

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Hi Neria :)
Nice to see you around on wikipedia :)--Josiah 00:11, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks :-). --Neria

Question 4 You
Are you Hakham Masuda's grandson?--Josiah 05:43, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * See E-mail. --Neria 19:47, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hello Neria
Hello Neria. Just curious, were you born into a Karaite family, or did you adopt its halakha at a later time? Do you live in a Karaite community and, if not, how is it possible to live life in accordance with its views in such a location?

I find the topic very interesting, but I am having a hard time finding actual Karaites to discuss these matters with.

Yogensha 23:51, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes I was born into a karaite family (egyptian origion). I am Israeli, but now I live in San Farancisco.
 * I live in a Karaite community, Here and at home in Israel.
 * It is possible to live life accordance with its views even if you don't live in a karaite community. Tell me where do you find the problem?
 * You also can write to my e-mail. I give it to you if you want. --Neria 00:22, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I would find it difficult to practice Karaite halakha in solitude due to the fact that many of the communal festivities and the like would be unable to be observed. I've noticed that Judaism is very community- and tradition-oriented, which would make it difficult to be a practicing Jew, whether Rabbinic or Karaite, by oneself.  Though I suppose that because Karaites have never been very numerous, many have been forced to live outside of an established community.

 * Yes, I think we could discuss these and other similar matters much better through email, if you don't mind.

 * Thanks again for your response.

 * Yogensha 00:34, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You can e-mail me via "E-mail this user". I think that this is the best way.
 * What you say is true becouse Judaism is not just religion it is also Nationality. By the way, Where do you live? --Neria 00:38, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Oddly enough, none of my emails seem to have gotten through. Anyhow, this is the essential body of what I was trying to ask you:

Regarding custom and tradition, it seems to me that Karaite Judaism is very ecclectic; that is, each Karaite determines for himself the halakha to follow from his own interpretation of the Torah. However, I've also heard that traditional Karaites have their own customs and traditions which do not contradict the Torah. Which view is the most correct; or, perhaps, it is a mixture of both? In the same vein, where may I find a traditional Karaite siddur and more information about the way in which they perform their prayer? I've simply been pointed to the on-line Siddur from Karaite Korner, but it seems somewhat lacking due to the fact that it provides no more information other than quotations from the Torah and the Tehillim.

Thanks again, Yogensha 00:52, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * See your e-mail. I answere you there. --Neria 19:47, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Shalom Neria!
Shalom Neria,

I'm dropping you off a message to let you know I've returned to wikipedia and the online world. My old email addresses won't work anymore. If you'd like to talk sometime, send me an email using this link: --Josiah 00:53, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Tsitsit
Hello! Can we upload this image to commons? → Image:Karaite Tsitsit.jpg --Sheynhertzגעשׁ״ך 15:00, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes you can. --Neria 20:54, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * but,, where is the source? Can you show the information tag? --Sheynhertzגעשׁ״ך 11:07, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Also, you need to specify license, such as GFDL or CC, or make it public domain. Stan 13:41, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Firkovich
Hello Neria, Could you explain why you don't think Seraya Shapshal should be mentioned on the Firkovich page? Cheers,  Tewfik Talk 05:03, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Why should he???
 * They said different things!
 * They have no connection! --Neria 13:34, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

HaLewy
Former Karaite from Sacramento area... Looking to reconnect. Looking for any information on Hakham Abraham Qanai's community. Also looking for a siddur in book form. I have one that is handwritten which my father made me write in my youth, but it is only Shabat, Hal, Habdalah and a hagadah for hag hamasot. Any and all information on obtaining one would be great. I am looking into moving to Albany (The nearest community) as I have been rather non religious for the last 16 years.  HaLewy  Talk 05:03, 9 April 2007 (EST)

 * You have a nice hand write.
 * Your father made you write a siddur on by your own? you wrote the name of god in ancient script. why?
 * Well, I don't know allot about Abraham Qanai's community, When I have been to the USA he invited me, but it didn't worked out.
 * I can find some information about him, if you wish.
 * DO you know about the KJU?
 * Tell me how can I help. --Neria 13:45, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

HaLewy
"You have a nice hand writing"

 * Thank you! I don't write as well anymore, but I do my best.

"Your father made you write a siddur on by your own? you wrote the name of god in ancient script. why?"

 * Yes, my father felt that my writing it would help to etch it into my mind. He believed that it was necessary to know Tanakh and all prayer formulations by heart.  The name of God is written in an ancient script because that is the tradition that he received.  More on its reasoning I do not know.  I also no longer write the name of God like that, rather I use the regular script.

"Well, I don't know allot about Abraham Qanai's community, When I have been to the USA he invited me, but it didn't worked out."

 * I am sorry to hear that it did not work out. From what little contact I have had, he seems to be a very decent and knowledgable hacham.  I wish to meet him one day.

"I can find some information about him, if you wish."

 * Not necessary, he was open and honest in our communications, and I have grown to trust him on only two emails.

"DO you know about the KJU?"

 * I have looked at the Karaite Jewish University, however, I was dismayed that most of its leaders are former Rabbanites. I saw a few familiar names, however I prefer to learn from a hacham rather than online from a computer.

"Tell me how can I help."

 * Which community are you from? Daly City?  If you want to help, I merely wish to contact anyone that can help me learn.  That is all I want.  I would not mind finding family, but unless you know of persian Karaites form around the Nahar Prat that moved to Spain until they were forcibly expelled between 980 and 100 CE.  My family went from there to Italy and Tunis, where they remained until the 1800's.  My brief geneology is available on my user page, but I can provide a more detailed one to researchers.

--HaLewy 11:45, 17 April 2007 (EST)

Sect is ok
Shalom. After making sure by checking several dictionaries, I readded the word sect in Karaite Judaism. Sect does not have any negative connotations in modern non-Christian religions. It is the accepted word for referring to the branches of Islam, for example. Also, Karaites use the word to refer to themselves: "Of all the Jewish sects that appeared during the long history of Judaism and they were many - none was able to have as serious an effect on the Jewish mainstream as the sect of Karaism".

Also, I noticed you were on the verge of an edit war with another editor. Before reverting a change, it is better to pause and look for good sources to help support your claim, then discuss thee issue on the talk page. Kol tuv. nadav 22:39, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

nadav 13:19, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Neria 20:10, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Neria


text:
Bòrd na Gàidhlig

Bòrd na Gàidhlig (, lit. 'Gaelic Board') is the executive non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government with responsibility for Gaelic. It was established by an Act of the Scottish Parliament in 2005 (which took effect in early 2006) and is based in Inverness.

Structure
Bòrd na Gàidhlig is a non-departmental public body constituted of members of the board, whose role is "to provide leadership, direction, support and guidance" to the body, and staff who are typically full-time public sector employees and who carry out the day-to-day work of the body. The head of the board is the cathraiche (chairperson) and the head of the staff is the ceannard (chief executive).

The current ceannard is Shona NicIlleathain; a non-native Gaelic speaker, she studied the language at the University of Edinburgh and Sabhal Mòr Ostaig and had worked at the Bòrd for twenty years prior to taking over the office in June 2016.

History
In 2006 Bòrd na Gàidhlig was designated as the body responsible for implementing the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 and specifically, as stated in the Act, "securing the status of the Gaelic language as an official language of Scotland commanding equal respect to the English language". The Bòrd represents a cornerstone of the Scottish Government's implementation of their duties under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

The first cathraiche of the eight member Bòrd was Donnchadh MacFhearghais (Duncan Ferguson) from Islay, rector of Plockton High School, former convenor of Comunn Luchd-Ionnsachaidh, Comunn na Gàidhlig, and director of the steering committee for BBC Gaelic programming. In March 2012, following the resignation of Arthur Cormack, who had been appointed in February 2009 after holding the position of interim Chair from July 2008, Elizabeth McAtear was appointed by the Bòrd as interim Chair before the full recruitment process for a replacement Chair.

title: Bòrd na Gàidhlig


text:
Concord University

Concord University is a public university in Athens, West Virginia. It was founded on February 28, 1872, when the West Virginia Legislature passed "an Act to locate a Branch State Normal School, in the town of Concord Church, in the County of Mercer". This normal school was founded by veterans of both the Union and the Confederacy, Concord is named for the ideal of "harmony and sweet fellowship".

It is known for its picturesque campus which has been dubbed "The Campus Beautiful" and its scenic location on a knoll overlooking the mountains in the area. The university also operates a center and conducts classes in Beckley, West Virginia.

History

 * Year — Selected events

 * 1872 — West Virginia State Legislature establishes the name of Concord for the new school
 * 1875 — Classes start with 70 students
 * 1887 — State funds provide for a new brick building on the site of the present Athens Middle School
 * 1896 — Another post office in Concord, Hampshire County, West Virginia was called "Concord;" therefore, the town's name is changed to "Athens" after the Greek city and a center of learning
 * 1910 — Fire destroys the original brick building and the campus is moved to its present site
 * 1912 — A new building was erected, called Old Main, which is currently known as Marsh Hall
 * 1918 — Start of expansion with new residence halls, gymnasium, as well as academic programs
 * 1931 — Name changed to "Concord State Teachers College"
 * 1943 — Name changed to "Concord College" and the United States Army Air Corps 15th College Training Detachment uses the campus
 * 1945 — Start of postwar enrollment growth and expansion of the physical plant, including a new Science Building
 * 1959 – Expansion of campus continues (College Center, student, and faculty housing) as well as of the curriculum emphasizing quality and a cosmopolitan faculty
 * 1973 – West Virginia Board of Regents and the State Legislature propose to merge Concord and Bluefield State Colleges
 * 1976 – The administrative merger is abandoned and Concord's enrollment increases with new academic programs
 * 2004 – Name changed to "Concord University"

Academics
Concord offers numerous undergraduate programs in 11 emphasis areas and 6 graduate programs: Master of Education, Master of Social Work, Master of Arts in Health Promotion, Master of Arts in Teaching, Master of Athletic Training, and Master of Business Administration.

Colleges and departments
The university is organized into three units.

 * College of Professional and Liberal Studies
 * Department of Business
 * Department of Education
 * Department of Fine Arts and Communication
 * Department of Humanities
 * Department of Social Work and Sociology
 * College of Science, Mathematics, and Health
 * Department of Biology
 * Department of Nursing
 * Department of Health Sciences
 * Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
 * Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences
 * Department of Social Sciences
 * Graduate Studies

Facilities
Concord University's campus features numerous buildings and facilities.

 * The majority of administrative offices, as well as the education, social sciences, languages and literature divisions, are located in Marsh Hall (known as "Admin" on campus). Marsh Hall also features a 48-bell carillon atop the building.
 * The Science Building, attached to Marsh Hall, houses science laboratories and the natural sciences division. Located on the ground floor of the Science Building is the university's electron microprobe lab. This is West Virginia's only electron microprobe lab.
 * The Alexander Fine Arts Center, home to the fine arts division, features the Main Auditorium, art galleries, H.C. Paul Theatre, art laboratories, classrooms, and the office of the student newspaper.
 * The Carter Center houses the university's two gymnasiums, athletic offices, classrooms, racquetball courts, indoor athletic facilities, and the swimming pool.
 * The Student Center includes a cafeteria, food court, student government office, student support offices, mail office, and public relations offices. The Student Center also features a ballroom and conference facilities.
 * The Bonner House houses the offices of the Bonner Scholars Program, a conference room, the counseling center, and faculty offices.
 * The Woodrum House is home to students from the ALEF (Appalachian Leadership and Education Foundation) Fellowship, a leadership organization on campus.
 * The Maintenance Building houses the public safety offices, receiving station, and maintenance facilities. Witherspoon Park features faculty housing.
 * The President's House and Vice President's House as well as other homes are located on campus.
 * The campus features an observatory.
 * The university has the largest library in southern West Virginia, the J. Frank Marsh Library, which is a depository for federal documents. The library offers computer labs and facilities, microfiche, copying services, a juvenile section, and the university's archives. In the basement of the library, the university has its Center for Academic Technologies, which features a television studio, radio station and studio, a DNA laboratory, as well as distance education and technology classrooms.
 * Outdoor athletic facilities include Callaghan Stadium featuring an artificial turf field funded by June O. Shott. Callaghan Stadium also features track and field facilities, tennis courts, and a baseball/softball practice field. Anderson Field, located on the outskirts of the campus, features the soccer field and baseball/softball field.
 * Five main residence halls: The Twin Towers, North (women's) and South (men's), Laura A. Sarvay Hall (closed), Damarius O. Wilson Hall (co-ed), and W.S. "Woody" Wooddell Hall, referred to on-campus as "The Woo" (closed).
 * The Nick Rahall Technology Center, a state-of-the-art facility. It is the home of the Division of Business, the Entrepreneurial Studies Program, the Center for Academic Technologies, and the university computer center. This $14 million project is a central location for McDowell, Wyoming, Raleigh, Fayette, Greenbrier, Summers, Mercer and Monroe Counties of West Virginia where existing business may obtain training/orientation in technologies. The center also houses the Concord University Entrepreneurial Studies Program, supported by a grant from the Hugh Ike Shott Foundation. Incubator businesses, gifted Concord students, as well as professional Concord consulting faculty from the School of Business and other disciplines, are brought together in the Rahall Center to use the area's "brain trust" to create entrepreneurial advantages for Southern West Virginia.
 * The University Point facility, housing the Erickson Alumni Center, as well as the Wilkes Family Interfaith Chapel and Museum.

Other campuses
Concord University's main campus is located in Athens, West Virginia. The university also operates in a center near Beckley, Raleigh County. The facility was established to coordinate the public colleges serving the region with five founding institutions. US Senator Robert C. Byrd secured $10 million from the US Department of Health and Human Services to develop the campus and begin building the facility. It is named the Erma Byrd Higher Education Center (after the deceased spouse of Senator Byrd) in Beaver. The center was designed to also serve as a catalyst to attract business and industry to the area. Concord University's Beckley office coordinates classes at the Erma Byrd Center as well as at several other facilities in and surrounding Beckley.

Campus organizations
Concord sponsors nearly 200 on-campus organizations, including fraternities, sororities, religious and political organizations, an Art Society, chapters of Delta Zeta, Alpha Sigma Alpha, Sigma Sigma Sigma, Phi Alpha Delta, Alpha Phi Omega, Tau Kappa Epsilon, Phi Sigma Phi, Sigma Tau Delta, Alpha Sigma Tau, Gay-Straight Alliance, College Republicans, Young Democrats, a chapter of Amtgard known as the "Shire of Nowhere Mountains," and a community theatre organization known as the Appalachian Shakespeare Project.

The Concord University Student Government Association (SGA) is responsible for many changes on campus and is active in every aspect of Concord life. All organizations are required to send a representative to all SGA meetings if they would like to ability to vote in the Student Senate and obtain budgetary privileges to request funds from the Student Government's Discretionary fund. The Student Government at Concord University is especially advanced compared to other SGAs in West Virginia, and is noted for its model judicial system wherein a student court, composed entirely of students, handles the majority of adjudications for most student offenses. The Student Government is also one of few student governments in the state of West Virginia that have a voting member on the university's Board of Governors.

Residence life
There are five residence halls on campus. North (Female) and South (Male) Towers house the fraternities and sororities as well as Honors and several sports teams. Each floor has two lounges. There is one co-ed hall, Sarvay, which is also the oldest building on campus still standing. Sarvay is traditionally a female dorm but due to a shortage of housing, males lived on the first floor. The other two halls are Wilson for females and Woodell, nicknamed "The Woo," for males. Housing is not divided by year. Several floors are set aside as "Substance free," and the rest allow alcohol if both residents are over 21.

The North and South Towers complex underwent a major renovation, which was completed in 2017.

As of Fall Semester 2018, the only residence halls open were North Tower, South Tower, and Wilson Hall, due to lack of enrollment. Wilson Hall now acts as a co-ed hall, with males and females living on separate floors.

Athletics

Concord University, known athletically as the Mountain Lions, is home to many intercollegiate and intramural athletics teams. The men's intercollegiate teams include: baseball, basketball, football, cross country, golf, soccer, tennis as well as track and field. The women's intercollegiate teams include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis as well as track and field. Concord University is an NCAA Division II school, and a member of the Mountain East Conference. The Office of Student Affairs provides intramurals in many athletic activities, including flag football, volleyball, and basketball.

Notable alumni

 * Ronald J. Bacigal, professor of law, University of Richmond School of Law
 * Robert Byrd, US Senator from West Virginia
 * Don Caruth, West Virginia politician
 * Phil Conley, West Virginian historian, author, and teacher
 * Creigh Deeds, Virginia state senator
 * Alexander Harman, Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia
 * Daniel Harnsberger, professional wrestler better known as Daniel Richards
 * Kahlil Joseph, film, television, and stage actor as well as a teacher of performing arts
 * Christy Martin, world champion female boxer
 * Bret Munsey, Arena Football League coach
 * Freida J. Riley, teacher who influenced the Rocket Boys, subjects of the movie October Sky
 * Jackson L. Kiser, judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia
 * Josh Stowers, member, West Virginia House of Delegates

title: Concord University


text:
Leona Dombrowsky

Leona Dombrowsky (born April 29, 1957) is a former Canadian politician in Ontario, Canada. She was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1999 to 2011 who represented the ridings of Hastings—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington and Prince Edward—Hastings. She served as a cabinet minister in the government of Premier Dalton McGuinty.

Background
Dombrowsky was born in Belleville, Ontario and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Toronto in 1979. She was elected as a Catholic School trustee on the Hastings-Prince Edward Separate School Board in 1985, and served as its Chair from 1991 to 1996. In 1998, she was elected to the amalgamated Algonquin-Lakeshore Catholic District School Board. She was also a Director of the Ontario Catholic Trustees Association during this period, and served on the Tweed Parks & Recreation Committee from 1991 to 1997. As of 2012, she served as a justice of the peace.

Politics
Dombrowsky was elected to the Ontario legislature in the provincial election of 1999, as a Liberal in the rural riding of Hastings—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington (which surrounds the city of Kingston, Ontario) defeating incumbent Progressive Conservative Harry Danford by about 2,000 votes. The election was won by the Progressive Conservatives; despite her lack of experience, Dombrowsky soon emerged as a prominent voice in the opposition benches, serving as Official Opposition Critic for Community, Family and Children's Services and Deputy House Leader.

The Liberals won the provincial election of 2003, and Dombrowsky was re-elected by about 8,000 votes over her Progressive Conservative opponent. On October 23, 2003, she was appointed Minister of the Environment. In this capacity, she was responsible for overseeing changes to the province's water supply system (the safety of which was called into question after a tragic outbreak of e-coli in Walkerton, Ontario). Dombrowsky's ministry hired more full-time water inspectors and also called for the phasing out of coal-fired electrical generating plants.

On June 29, 2005 Dombrowsky became Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. On January 18, 2010, Dombrowsky was named Minister of Education.

In the 2011 election, she lost her seat to Progressive Conservative Todd Smith.

title: Leona Dombrowsky


text:
Talk:Karen Kain

Karen's ballet slippers
To whom it may concern

I am writing to inquire if there is anyone who may be interested in buying an autographed pair of ballet slippers belonging to Ms. Kain. I bought them at an auction 30 years ago and wondered if there was an interest or where or what I need to do to have them authenticated (if necessary). Any information you could provide would be greatly appreciated. You can reach me at tfriend@pembinatrails.ca  Thankyou

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Karen Kain. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20081022013614/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca:80/women/002026-603-e.html to http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/women/002026-603-e.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:08, 10 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Karen Kain


text:
Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix

In the Standard Model of particle physics, the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix, CKM matrix, quark mixing matrix, or KM matrix is a unitary matrix which contains information on the strength of the flavour-changing weak interaction. Technically, it specifies the mismatch of quantum states of quarks when they propagate freely and when they take part in the weak interactions. It is important in the understanding of CP violation. This matrix was introduced for three generations of quarks by Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa, adding one generation to the matrix previously introduced by Nicola Cabibbo. This matrix is also an extension of the GIM mechanism, which only includes two of the three current families of quarks.

Predecessor – the Cabibbo matrix
In 1963, Nicola Cabibbo introduced the Cabibbo angle ($θ$$c$) to preserve the universality of the weak interaction. Cabibbo was inspired by previous work by Murray Gell-Mann and Maurice Lévy, on the effectively rotated nonstrange and strange vector and axial weak currents, which he references.

In light of current concepts (quarks had not yet been proposed), the Cabibbo angle is related to the relative probability that down and strange quarks decay into up quarks ( |$θ$$c$|$V$   and   |$ud$$2$|$V$, respectively). In particle physics jargon, the object that couples to the up quark via charged-current weak interaction is a superposition of down-type quarks, here denoted by $us$. Mathematically this is:

 * $$ d' = V_\mathrm{ud} \; d  +  V_\mathrm{us} \; s ~,$$

or using the Cabibbo angle:

 * $$ d' = \cos \theta_\mathrm{c} \; d  +  \sin \theta_\mathrm{c} \; s ~.$$

Using the currently accepted values for  |$2$$d′$|   and   |$V$$ud$|   (see below), the Cabibbo angle can be calculated using

 * $$ \tan\theta_\mathrm{c} = \frac{\, |V_\mathrm{us}| \,}{|V_\mathrm{ud}|} = \frac{0.22534}{0.97427} \quad \Rightarrow \quad \theta_\mathrm{c}= ~13.02^\circ ~.$$

When the charm quark was discovered in 1974, it was noticed that the down and strange quark could decay into either the up or charm quark, leading to two sets of equations:

 * $$ d' = V_\mathrm{ud} \; d +  V_\mathrm{us} \; s ~,$$
 * $$ s' = V_\mathrm{cd} \; d +  V_\mathrm{cs} \; s ~;$$

or using the Cabibbo angle:

 * $$ d' = \cos{\theta_\mathrm{c}} \; d  + \sin{\theta_\mathrm{c}} \; s ~,$$
 * $$ s' = -  \sin{\theta_\mathrm{c}} \; d  + \cos{\theta_\mathrm{c}} \; s ~.$$

This can also be written in matrix notation as:

\begin{bmatrix} d'  \\  s'  \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} V_\mathrm{ud} & V_\mathrm{us} \\ V_{cd} & V_{cs} \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} d  \\  s  \end{bmatrix} ~, $$

or using the Cabibbo angle

\begin{bmatrix} d' \\  s'  \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \cos{ \theta_\mathrm{c} } & \sin{ \theta_\mathrm{c} } \\ -\sin{\theta_\mathrm{c}} & \cos{\theta_\mathrm{c}}\\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} d  \\  s  \end{bmatrix}~, $$

where the various |$V$|$us$ represent the probability that the quark of flavor $Vij$ decays into a quark of flavor $2$. This 2×2 rotation matrix is called the "Cabibbo matrix", and was subsequently expanded to the 3×3 CKM matrix.

CKM matrix
In 1973, observing that CP-violation could not be explained in a four-quark model, Kobayashi and Maskawa generalized the Cabibbo matrix into the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix (or CKM matrix) to keep track of the weak decays of three generations of quarks:

 * $$\begin{bmatrix} d'  \\  s'  \\  b'  \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} V_\mathrm{ud} & V_\mathrm{us} & V_\mathrm{ub} \\ V_\mathrm{cd} & V_\mathrm{cs} & V_\mathrm{cb} \\ V_\mathrm{td} & V_\mathrm{ts} & V_\mathrm{tb} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}  d  \\  s  \\  b  \end{bmatrix}~.$$

On the left are the weak interaction doublet partners of down-type quarks, and on the right is the CKM matrix, along with a vector of mass eigenstates of down-type quarks. The CKM matrix describes the probability of a transition from one flavour $j$ quark to another flavour $i$ quark. These transitions are proportional to |$j$|$i$.

As of 2023, the best determination of the individual magnitudes of the CKM matrix elements was:

\begin{bmatrix} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0.97373 \pm 0.00031 & 0.2243 \pm 0.0008 & 0.00382 \pm 0.00020 \\ 0.221 \pm 0.004 & 0.975 \pm 0.006 & 0.0408 \pm 0.0014 \\ 0.0086 \pm 0.0002 & 0.0415 \pm 0.0009 & 1.014 \pm 0.029 \end{bmatrix}. $$
 * V_{ud}| & |V_{us}| & |V_{ub}| \\
 * V_{cd}| & |V_{cs}| & |V_{cb}| \\
 * V_{td}| & |V_{ts}| & |V_{tb}|

Using those values, one can check the unitarity of the CKM matrix. In particular, we find that the first-row matrix elements give: $$ |V_\mathrm{ud}|^2 + |V_\mathrm{us}|^2 + |V_\mathrm{ub}|^2 = 0.9985 \pm 0.0007~;$$

The difference from the theoretical value of 1 poses a tension of 2.2 standard deviations. Non-unitarity would be an indication of physics beyond the Standard Model.

The choice of usage of down-type quarks in the definition is a convention, and does not represent a physically preferred asymmetry between up-type and down-type quarks. Other conventions are equally valid: The mass eigenstates $u$, $c$, and $t$ of the up-type quarks can equivalently define the matrix in terms of their weak interaction partners $u′$, $c′$, and $t′$. Since the CKM matrix is unitary, its inverse is the same as its conjugate transpose, which the alternate choices use; it appears as the same matrix, in a slightly altered form.

General case construction
To generalize the matrix, count the number of physically important parameters in this matrix $Vij$ which appear in experiments. If there are generations of quarks (2 flavours) then

 * An ×  unitary matrix (that is, a matrix $2$ such that $V$, where $N$ is the conjugate transpose of $N$ and $N$ is the identity matrix) requires 2 real parameters to be specified.
 * 2 − 1 of these parameters are not physically significant, because one phase can be absorbed into each quark field (both of the mass eigenstates, and of the weak eigenstates), but the matrix is independent of a common phase. Hence, the total number of free variables independent of the choice of the phases of basis vectors is 2 − (2 − 1) = ( − 1)2.
 * Of these, $N$( − 1) are rotation angles called quark mixing angles.
 * The remaining $V$( − 1)( − 2) are complex phases, which cause CP violation.

= 2
For the case = 2, there is only one parameter, which is a mixing angle between two generations of quarks. Historically, this was the first version of CKM matrix when only two generations were known. It is called the Cabibbo angle after its inventor Nicola Cabibbo.

= 3
For the Standard Model case ( = 3), there are three mixing angles and one CP-violating complex phase.

Observations and predictions
Cabibbo's idea originated from a need to explain two observed phenomena: Cabibbo's solution consisted of postulating weak universality (see below) to resolve the first issue, along with a mixing angle $u ↔ d$, now called the Cabibbo angle, between the $e ↔ ν_{e}$ and $μ ↔ ν_{μ}$ quarks to resolve the second.
 * 1) the transitions $ΔS = 1$, $ΔS = 0$, and $θ_{c}$ had similar amplitudes.
 * 2) the transitions with change in strangeness $d$ had amplitudes equal to $V†V = I$ of those with $s$.

For two generations of quarks, there can be no CP violating phases, as shown by the counting of the previous section. Since CP violations had already been seen in 1964, in neutral kaon decays, the Standard Model that emerged soon after clearly indicated the existence of a third generation of quarks, as Kobayashi and Maskawa pointed out in 1973. The discovery of the bottom quark at Fermilab (by Leon Lederman's group) in 1976 therefore immediately started off the search for the top quark, the missing third-generation quark.

Note, however, that the specific values that the angles take on are not a prediction of the standard model: They are free parameters. At present, there is no generally-accepted theory that explains why the angles should have the values that are measured in experiments.

Weak universality
The constraints of unitarity of the CKM-matrix on the diagonal terms can be written as

 * $$\sum_k |V_{jk}|^2 = \sum_k |V_{kj}|^2 = 1$$

separately for each generation $V†$. This implies that the sum of all couplings of any one of the up-type quarks to all the down-type quarks is the same for all generations. This relation is called weak universality and was first pointed out by Nicola Cabibbo in 1967. Theoretically it is a consequence of the fact that all SU(2) doublets couple with the same strength to the vector bosons of weak interactions. It has been subjected to continuing experimental tests.

The unitarity triangles
The remaining constraints of unitarity of the CKM-matrix can be written in the form

 * $$\sum_k V_{ik}V^*_{jk} = 0 ~.$$

For any fixed and different $V$ and $I$, this is a constraint on three complex numbers, one for each $N$, which says that these numbers form the sides of a triangle in the complex plane. There are six choices of $N$ and $N$ (three independent), and hence six such triangles, each of which is called a unitary triangle. Their shapes can be very different, but they all have the same area, which can be related to the CP violating phase. The area vanishes for the specific parameters in the Standard Model for which there would be no CP violation. The orientation of the triangles depend on the phases of the quark fields.

A popular quantity amounting to twice the area of the unitarity triangle is the Jarlskog invariant (introduced by Cecilia Jarlskog in 1985),
 * $$ J = c_{12}c_{13}^2 c_{23}s_{12}s_{13}s_{23}\sin \delta \approx 3\cdot10^{-5} ~.$$

For Greek indices denoting up quarks and Latin ones down quarks, the 4-tensor $$\;(\alpha,\beta;i,j)\equiv \operatorname{Im} (V_{\alpha i} V_{\beta j} V^*_{\alpha j} V_{\beta i}^{*}) \;$$ is doubly antisymmetric,
 * $$(\beta,\alpha;i,j) = -(\alpha,\beta;i,j)=(\alpha,\beta;j,i) ~.$$

Up to antisymmetry, it only has non-vanishing components, which, remarkably, from the unitarity of $N$, can be shown to be all identical in magnitude, that is,

(\alpha,\beta;i,j)= J  ~  \begin{bmatrix} \;0 & \;1 & -1 \\ -1 & \;0 & \;1 \\ \;1 & -1 & \;0 \end{bmatrix}_{\alpha \beta} \otimes \begin{bmatrix} \;0 & \;1 & -1 \\ -1 & \;0 & \;1 \\ \;1 & -1 & \;0 \end{bmatrix}_{ij} \;, $$ so that
 * $$J = (u,c;s,b) = (u,c;d,s) = (u,c;b,d) = (c,t;s,b) = (c,t;d,s) = (c,t;b,d)

= (t,u;s,b) = (t,u;b,d) = (t,u;d,s) ~.$$

Since the three sides of the triangles are open to direct experiment, as are the three angles, a class of tests of the Standard Model is to check that the triangle closes. This is the purpose of a modern series of experiments under way at the Japanese BELLE and the American BaBar experiments, as well as at LHCb in CERN, Switzerland.

Parameterizations
Four independent parameters are required to fully define the CKM matrix. Many parameterizations have been proposed, and three of the most common ones are shown below.

KM parameters
The original parameterization of Kobayashi and Maskawa used three angles ( $N$$1⁄2$, $N$$N$, $1⁄2$$N$ ) and a CP-violating phase angle ( $N$ ). $N$$N$ is the Cabibbo angle. For brevity, the cosines and sines of the angles $N$$N$ are denoted $1⁄4$$j$ and $i$$j$, for respectively.
 * $$\begin{bmatrix} c_1 & -s_1 c_3 & -s_1 s_3 \\

s_1 c_2 & c_1 c_2 c_3 - s_2 s_3 e^{i\delta} & c_1 c_2 s_3 + s_2 c_3 e^{i\delta}\\ s_1 s_2 & c_1 s_2 c_3 + c_2 s_3 e^{i\delta} & c_1 s_2 s_3 - c_2 c_3 e^{i\delta} \end{bmatrix}. $$

"Standard" parameters
A "standard" parameterization of the CKM matrix uses three Euler angles ( $k$$i$, $j$$V$, $θ$$1$ ) and one CP-violating phase ( $θ$$2$ ). $θ$$3$ is the Cabibbo angle. Couplings between quark generations $j$ and $k$ vanish if $δ$$θ$ = 0. Cosines and sines of the angles are denoted $1$$θ$ and $k$$c$, respectively.
 * $$ \begin{align} & \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & c_{23} & s_{23} \\ 0 & -s_{23} & c_{23} \end{bmatrix}

\begin{bmatrix} c_{13} & 0 & s_{13}e^{-i\delta_{13}} \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ -s_{13}e^{i\delta_{13}} & 0 & c_{13} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} c_{12} & s_{12} & 0 \\ -s_{12} & c_{12} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \\ & = \begin{bmatrix} c_{12}c_{13} & s_{12} c_{13} & s_{13}e^{-i\delta_{13}} \\ -s_{12}c_{23} - c_{12}s_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta_{13}} & c_{12}c_{23} - s_{12}s_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta_{13}} & s_{23}c_{13}\\ s_{12}s_{23} - c_{12}c_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta_{13}} & -c_{12}s_{23} - s_{12}c_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta_{13}} & c_{23}c_{13} \end{bmatrix}. \end{align} $$

The 2008 values for the standard parameters were:

and
 * $k$$s$ = $k$ radians = $θ$.

Wolfenstein parameters
A third parameterization of the CKM matrix was introduced by Lincoln Wolfenstein with the four parameters $12$, $θ$, $23$, and $θ$, which would all 'vanish' (would be zero) if there were no coupling. The four Wolfenstein parameters have the property that all are of order 1 and are related to the 'standard' parameterization:

 * $$ \lambda = s_{12} ~, $$
 * $$ \lambda = s_{12} ~,$$
 * $$ A \lambda^2 = s_{23} ~, $$
 * $$ A = \frac{s_{23} }{\; s_{12}^2 \;} ~,$$
 * $$ A \lambda^3 ( \rho - i \eta ) = s_{13} e^{-i\delta} ~, \quad $$
 * $$ \rho = \operatorname\mathcal{R_e} \left\{ \frac{\; s_{13} \, e^{-i\delta} \;}{ s_{12} \, s_{23} } \right\} ~, \quad  \eta  = - \operatorname\mathcal{I_m} \left\{ \frac{\; s_{13} \, e^{-i\delta} \;}{ s_{12} \, s_{23} } \right\} ~. $$
 * }
 * $$ A \lambda^3 ( \rho - i \eta ) = s_{13} e^{-i\delta} ~, \quad $$
 * $$ \rho = \operatorname\mathcal{R_e} \left\{ \frac{\; s_{13} \, e^{-i\delta} \;}{ s_{12} \, s_{23} } \right\} ~, \quad  \eta  = - \operatorname\mathcal{I_m} \left\{ \frac{\; s_{13} \, e^{-i\delta} \;}{ s_{12} \, s_{23} } \right\} ~. $$
 * }

Although the Wolfenstein parameterization of the CKM matrix can be as exact as desired when carried to high order, it is mainly used for generating convenient approximations to the standard parameterization. The approximation to order $13$$δ$, good to better than 0.3% accuracy, is:
 * $$\begin{bmatrix} 1 - \tfrac{1}{2}\lambda^2 & \lambda & A\lambda^3(\rho-i\eta) \\

-\lambda & 1-\tfrac{1}{2}\lambda^2 & A\lambda^2 \\ A\lambda^3(1-\rho-i\eta) & -A\lambda^2 & 1 \end{bmatrix} + O(\lambda^4) ~. $$

Rates of CP violation correspond to the parameters $13$ and $θ$.

Using the values of the previous section for the CKM matrix, as of 2008 the best determination of the Wolfenstein parameter values is:
 * $12$ = $θ$,    $jk$ = $c$,         $jk$ = $s$,   and   $jk$ = $θ$.

Nobel Prize
In 2008, Kobayashi and Maskawa shared one half of the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature". Some physicists were reported to harbor bitter feelings about the fact that the Nobel Prize committee failed to reward the work of Cabibbo, whose prior work was closely related to that of Kobayashi and Maskawa. Asked for a reaction on the prize, Cabibbo preferred to give no comment.

Further reading and external links

 * at SLAC, California, and at KEK, Japan.
 * at SLAC, California, and at KEK, Japan.
 * at SLAC, California, and at KEK, Japan.

title: Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix