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Texas Department of Public Safety

The Department of Public Safety of the State of Texas, commonly known as the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS), is a department of the state government of Texas. The DPS is responsible for statewide law enforcement and driver license administration. The Public Safety Commission oversees the DPS. However, under state law, the Governor of Texas may assume command of the department during a public disaster, riot, insurrection, formation of a dangerous resistance to enforcement of law, or to perform his constitutional duty to enforce law. The commission's five members are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Texas Senate, to serve without pay for staggered, six-year terms. The commission formulates plans and policies for enforcing criminal, traffic and safety laws, preventing and detecting crime, apprehending law violators, and educating citizens about laws and public safety.

The agency is headquartered at 5805 North Lamar Boulevard in Austin.

History
In March 1927, the "License and Weight Division" was formed to address the escalating problems of increased traffic, and the continual damages caused by large trucks on the narrow state roads. These new inspector positions were staffed by State Police units equipped with motorcycles, and would enforce motor vehicle laws and regulations. Concurrently, the Texas Rangers would continue to conduct the State's law enforcement investigations.

In 1931, during the Great Depression, Texas and other states created a movement that sought to "reform the administrative machinery, and to reduce the high cost of state government." The Texas Legislature enrolled Griffenhagen and Associates, "specialists in public administration and finance who had worked on similar projects throughout the United States and Canada, to make a survey and act as consultants." The firm concluded that Texas' exceptional geographic size caused the Rangers and the License and Weight Division to struggle in providing adequate enforcement across the entire state. The firm also noted the State Highway Patrol's inability to enforce felony charges, which burdened the Rangers with excessive enforcement responsibilities, when they were already overworked. Additionally, the firm negatively reported on the state of Texas utilizing the National Guard for law enforcement along the border. Recommendations were made to accumulate the necessary finances to create a state law enforcement agency. Four bureaus—Administration, State Police, Rangers, and Fire Prevention—were suggested to be created with the implementation of the new force.

The findings of Griffenhagen and Associates were ultimately unpopular across the state, and the Texas Senate created a committee to conduct its own survey of the State's law enforcement. As a result of the committee findings, on January 24, 1935, Senate Bill 146 was introduced. The bill created a "Department of Public Safety" that housed both the Rangers and the State Highway Patrol within one collective organization. The bill received final approval on February 18, 1935, and was sent to the House before finally reaching a joint committee for final revisions. On May 3, 1935, the final bill was voted on and passed, but without two-thirds approval.

On August 10, 1935, the Texas Legislature created the Department of Public Safety, along with 103 other bills. The newly formed department became the new home for the Texas Rangers, The Highway Patrol, and the crime laboratory.

Although Governor James V. Allred created the DPS with the signing of Senate Bill 146, the Legislature was responsible for the selection of three civilians to serve as the "Public Safety Commission." The three selected were: George W. Cottingham, Ernest R. Goens, and Albert Sidney Johnson. Consequently, the trio appointed Captain L.G. Phares as acting director, and Homer Garrison Jr. as assistant director of the new agency. Phares was replaced by Colonel Horace H. Carmichael, who served until his death on September 24, 1938. Homer Garrison Jr. became the third director on September 27, 1938, and continued on as director for nearly 30 years, until his death on May 7, 1968. Garrison made numerous enhancements to the department during his storied career, including improvements to the training curriculum, which was recognized by J. Edgar Hoover, director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

Divisions
DPS is divided into multiple divisions:
 * Aircraft Operations
 * Chief Auditor's Office
 * Crime Laboratory
 * Crime Records
 * Criminal Investigations
 * Cyber Security
 * Director's Staff
 * Drivers License
 * Finance
 * Highway Patrol
 * Information Technology
 * Infrastructure Operations
 * Intelligence & Counterterrorism
 * Media and Communications Office
 * Media and Government Relations
 * Office of General Counsel
 * Office of Inspector General
 * Regulatory Services
 * Texas Rangers
 * Training Operations

Infrastructure Operations Division
The Infrastructure Operations Division oversees facility management, fleet operations, communications, strategy implementation, risk management, project management, asset management, mail operations, printing services, warehousing, supply chain distribution, and procurement for the department.

Criminal Investigations Division
In 2009, the Department of Public Safety created the Criminal Investigations Division (CID) as part of a major restructuring of the department. The CID consists of 700 members, including 573 commissioned officers and 129 civilian support personnel. The CID Assistant Director's Office consists of the assistant director, deputy assistant director, an administrative major, and four civilian support personnel.

The CID is divided into four different sections, which are specialized by function:

 * Gang Section
 * Drug Section
 * Special Investigative Section
 * Investigative Support Section

The CID sections work together to prevent, suppress, and solve crime in cooperation with city, county, state, and federal law enforcement agencies. Multi-jurisdictional violations typically investigated by CID include terrorism, gang-related organized crime, illegal drug trafficking, motor vehicle theft, gambling, public corruption, fraud, theft, and counterfeit documents.

Driver License Division
The Driver License Division is responsible for the issuing and revocation of Texas driver licenses and identification cards.

Texas Highway Patrol
The Highway Patrol Division is the unit of the department most frequently seen by citizens. Uniformed troopers of the highway patrol are responsible for enforcing traffic and criminal law, usually in unincorporated areas, and serve as the uniformed Texas state police.

Troopers in the Highway Patrol Division also serve a capitol security role, as well as operating the DPS Bike Patrol, Motor Patrol, and Mounted Horse Patrol, all of which serve the Texas Capitol Complex in Austin.

Intelligence and Counterterrorism Division
The Intelligence and Counterterrorism Division (ICT) plays a leading role in the department's goal of combating terrorism and organized crime.

ICT manages and operates the Texas Fusion Center, formerly called the Texas Joint Crime Information Center (TXJCIC), which serves as the centerpiece in establishing and maintaining a statewide information sharing network. Through the development, acquisition, analysis and dissemination of criminal intelligence information, the Texas Fusion Center supports criminal investigations across the state on a 24/7 basis. Texas Fusion Center personnel include non-commissioned analytical experts and a small number of commissioned officers. Also participating in the Texas Fusion Center are personnel from various other law enforcement and public safety agencies, such as Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Texas Parks & Wildlife Department, Department of Homeland Security, Department of the Treasury, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Drug Enforcement Administration, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and Air and Army National Guard. ICT analysts also work at other regional fusion and intelligence centers located throughout Texas.

ICT also oversees security at DPS headquarters and the Texas Capitol Complex, a 46 square block area in downtown Austin. The Capitol Complex includes the State Capitol, state office buildings, parking lots and garages, and private office buildings. Security at the Capitol Complex is the responsibility of ICT's Capitol District, which is charged with protecting state property and buildings, and providing a safe environment for state officials, employees, and the general public. The Capitol District provides total police service within the Capitol Complex, including traffic enforcement, parking enforcement, and criminal investigations.

Texas Rangers
Arguably the most well-known division of the DPS is the Texas Ranger Division, also known as. The Texas Rangers are responsible for state-level criminal investigations, among other duties. The Texas Ranger Division consists of 166 sworn Rangers.

Mounted Horse Patrol Unit
The unit was established in 2014 to patrol the State Capitol Complex. The MHPU is a component of the THP Division, and functions in coordination with other patrol units within the Capitol Region and other law enforcement agencies. The mission of the MHPU is to enhance community policing efforts, have positive interactions with community members and visitors to the Capitol Complex, suppress civil disturbances, and deter terrorism and criminal activity.

2010 corruption investigation

 * In 2010, Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) Trooper Mark DeArza, 39, of Houston, and DPS clerk Lidia Gutierrez, 37, of Galena Park, Texas, were convicted of conspiring to sell Texas driver's licenses to unqualified applicants for a fee after pleading guilty to the charge before United States District Judge Gray Miller. According to the FBI public record of the case, the FBI learned through a confidential source of information (CS) that the operator of a Conoco station located on Almeda-Genoa Street in Houston was allegedly selling Texas driver's licenses for a fee. On two separate occasions, first on May 14, 2010, then again on July 26, the CS met with the operator of the gasoline station, and allegedly paid him $3000 for assistance in obtaining a Texas driver's license, and $3500 for assistance with obtaining a commercial driver's license for a friend. In the first instance, the CS was referred to and met with DeArza at the DPS office on May 17, 2010, and with his assistance and that of Gutierrez, obtained a Texas driver's license which he was unauthorized to receive. In the second instance, the CS sought a commercial driver's license for a friend. The CS allegedly paid $3500 for the arrangements to be made with DeArza and Gutierrez to obtain this driver's license as well. On July 26, 2010, at the gasoline station, the CS received a temporary driver's license personally delivered by DeArza. The CS later received both Texas driver's licenses by United States mail. Maen Bittar, 46, of Houston, the operator of a Houston Conoco gas station, pleaded guilty before U.S. District Judge Gray Miller —admitting collecting fees from individuals, such as illegal aliens, in amounts of $3000 or more to arrange with DPS employees Mark DeArza, a DPS Trooper, and Lidia Gutierrez, a DPS clerk, to process applications and receive driver's licenses for these unqualified individuals.
 * In 2010, a Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) trooper was sentenced to four years in prison for depriving multiple motorists of their civil rights, U.S. Attorney José Angel Moreno and Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights Thomas E. Perez announced. Michael Anthony Higgins (March 3, 1967 – April 29, 2010), 42, formerly of the Corpus Christi area, was found guilty on January 13, 2010, by a jury's verdict on all four counts of the indictment of willfully stealing money from motorists he stopped on the highway while working as a trooper. In addition to the four-year prison term, U.S. District Judge John D. Rainey ordered Higgins to pay $850 restitution, representing the money he took from the motorists, and will serve a one-year term of supervised release following completion of his prison term. Upon motion of the government, Judge Rainey ordered Higgins, previously released on bond, to be immediately remanded to the custody of the U.S. Marshals Service. Higgins was prosecuted for stopping motorists who appeared to be of Hispanic descent and stealing their money, usually in amounts of several hundred dollars. As a result of the civilian complaints, DPS, in conjunction with the Texas Rangers, initiated an undercover operation to investigate Higgins. An undercover police officer posed as a civilian of Hispanic descent with limited English language ability, and was issued several pre-recorded $100 bills. While being monitored by DPS aerial surveillance, the undercover officer drove past Higgins' duty area in Kleberg County, and was eventually stopped by Higgins. Upon making the traffic stop, Higgins asked the undercover officer for money in his possession, and then took the money behind the passenger side door of his police cruiser. After Higgins returned bills to the officer, the officer realized that some of the money was missing. Texas Rangers and DPS officers confronted Higgins and, upon inspection of the police cruiser, found two of the pre-recorded $100 bills secreted in the passenger side door pocket, which was next to the area where Higgins had gone to count the money. The case was investigated by the FBI, Texas Rangers, and Officers of the Texas DPS. The case was prosecuted by Assistant U.S. Attorney Ruben Perez of the U.S. Attorney Office for the Southern District of Texas, and Trial Attorney Jim Felte from the Civil Rights Division. Not long after being sentenced, Higgins died on April 29, 2010, at the age of 42, while incarcerated in the Coastal Bend Detention Center in Robstown, Texas. Complaining of chest pains the night before, Higgins collapsed, and CPR was performed before he was transported by emergency medical services to Calallen Hospital, where he later died. He was pronounced dead at 7:32 a.m.

Organization
The governing body of the Department of Public Safety is the Public Safety Commission, with all members being appointed by the Governor of Texas. The commission is responsible for appointing the director of the department. The director is assisted in managing the department by three deputy directors and multiple division chiefs. Most divisions report to the director through one of the three deputy directors.

The commission also appoints an inspector general to act as an inspector for the department, and a chief audit executive as part of the internal audit department known as the Chief Auditor's Office, who are both independent of the director. The general counsel acts as the counsel for the commission and the department.

 * Public Safety Commission
 * Director
 * Deputy Director - Homeland Security Operations
 * Executive Protection Bureau
 * Government Relations & Media and Communications Division
 * Regional Director, Capitol Region
 * Intelligence and Counterterrorism Division
 * Training Operations Division
 * Deputy Director - Law Enforcement Operations
 * Criminal Investigations Division
 * Texas Highway Patrol Division
 * Texas Rangers Division
 * Aviation Operations Division
 * Deputy Director - Law Enforcement Services
 * Infrastructure Operations Division
 * Driver License Division
 * Finance Division
 * Information Technology Division
 * Law Enforcement Support Division
 * Regulatory Services Division
 * Human Resource Operations Division
 * Cyber Security Division
 * Chief Auditor's Office
 * General Counsel
 * Inspector General

The headquarters of DPS are in Austin. For a period prior to 1989, the headquarters of the Austin Independent School District were adjacent to the DPS headquarters. In 1989, the Texas House of Representatives passed a bill allowing DPS to acquire the former Austin ISD headquarters.

title: Texas Department of Public Safety


text:
Atlakviða

Atlakviða (The Lay of Atli) is one of the heroic poems of the Poetic Edda. One of the main characters is Atli who originates from Attila the Hun. It is one of the most archaic Eddic poems, possibly dating to as early as the 9th century. Owing to its stylistic similarity to Hrafnsmál it has been suggested that the poem might have been composed by Þorbjörn Hornklofi. It is preserved in the Codex Regius and the same story is related in the Völsunga saga. In the manuscript the poem is identified as Greenlandic but most scholars believe that this results from a confusion with Atlamál. The metre of the poem alternates irregularly between málaháttr and fornyrðislag. This may be an indication that two or more original poems have been merged or that the short and long lines were not felt as constituting two different metres at the time the poem was composed.

Historical background
Atlakviða's subject relates to the historical interaction between Burgundians and Huns in the 5th century. The poem is the oldest surviving version of the legend about the visit of the Burgundian rulers to Atli's court and the revenge of Guðrún. Ultimately derived from Burgundian heroic legend, the Scandinavian literature about the subject is believed to be based on either Low German models or Gothic poems that reached Scandinavia via the Baltic region.

Scholars date the composition of Atlakviða to around the year 900, which makes it one of the oldest lays of the Poetic Edda. The 13th-century Codex Regius, in which the poem survives, says that it was written in Greenland, but the early composition date makes this implausible, since Greenland was not colonized until around 985. A Norwegian origin is considered likely. Due to stylistic similarities to the skaldic poem Hrafnsmál, the medievalist Felix Genzmer argued that Atlakviða was written by that poem's author Þorbjörn Hornklofi in 872; it may at least have been inspired by Hrafnsmál. The metre in Atlakviða combines málaháttr and fornyrðislag, which together with stylistic variations also has led to suggestions that the poem was written by several authors. In the Scandinavian material, the same story is treated in a different way in the later poem Atlamál and retold in prose in the Völsunga saga.

Synopsis
Atli, king of the Huns, sends a messenger to Gunnarr, king of the Burgundians, and his younger brother Högni. The messenger says that Atli is inviting the brothers to his court and offering them great riches. The brothers are skeptical of the offer since they already have an exceedingly great treasure of gold. Confirming their suspicions is a ring sent by their sister Guðrún, Atli's wife, with a wolf's hair wrapped onto it. Atli obviously plans treachery but Gunnarr still decides to take up the offer, vowing that if he doesn't return no-one will benefit from his riches.

As Gunnarr and Högni arrive at Atli's court they meet Guðrún who tells them that they should not have come. Gunnarr is seized by Atli's men while Högni fights and kills eight men before he is subdued. The Huns ask Gunnarr if he wants to ransom his life by telling them where he has hidden his gold. He tells them that he wants to see Högni's heart. They first cut out the heart of a cowardly man named Hjalli and bring it to Gunnarr but he sees from the cowardly trembling of the heart who its owner was. Then they cut out Högni's heart and he dies laughing. Gunnarr recognizes the heart of his brave brother but tells the Huns that now that he alone knows the location of the gold he can be certain that it will never be disclosed. The Huns then throw him into a snake pit where he dies playing a harp.

Guðrún prepares a banquet for Atli and his court. When the feast is well underway she tells Atli that he is actually eating the flesh of their two sons. Guðrún later kills the unattentive Atli in his bed, sets loose the hounds and awakens the housecarls she has bribed. Guðrún throws a burning twig into the hall and eventually Atli's entire estate is set ablaze. All the people in the hall, Atli's temple, the "dwelling of the Buthlungs" as well as shield-maidens are consumed by the fire.

Themes and interpretations
Gunnarr is shown to be heroic in his moment of defeat and the poet explicitly praises both his and Högni's choices of action. The acceptance of Atli's invitation in spite of clear danger can be understood as necessary in order to not be labeled a coward. The German studies scholar Carola L. Gottzmann interprets the visit as a reaction to Atli's offer of gifts, which implies a demand of submission to the Hunnic king. The poet praises how Gunnarr ensures that his gold never will be found, which may be seen as contrary to the ethics of the Germanic lord-retainer system, where societal bonds were created through the generous distribution of wealth. The poem's description of gold as a "discord-metal of men" does however align with the Icelandic Rune Poem's opening line, "wealth is kinsmen's discord".

Guðrún is relentless in her need to avenge her brothers. Although the poem expresses horror when it portrays the consequences of her actions—filicide, unsuspecting cannibalism and the deaths of kings—there is no direct condemnation of her behaviour. Unlike in Guðrúnarhvöt, where Guðrún is angry at the Norns for making her kill her sons, Atlakviða only suggests sorrow once, in strophe 37, before strophe 38 says that she "never wept". She kills Atli when he is in a defenseless state and unlike in Atlamál, he is not portrayed as a tyrannical husband. The final strophe (43) does stress that her actions led to the deaths of three kings. According to the medievalist Ursula Dronke, this might have been a later addition, but the strophe that precedes it also focuses on the deaths her actions caused. The heroic ethic of vengeance that overtakes Guðrún makes her monstrous, giving her an inhuman self-control which the poem's author appears to find both horrific and admirable.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Atlakviða


text:
Jabbo Smith

Jabbo Smith (born Cladys Smith; December 24, 1908 – January 16, 1991) was an American jazz musician, known for his virtuoso playing on the trumpet.

Biography
Smith was born in Pembroke, Georgia, United States. At the age of six he went into the Jenkins Orphanage in Charleston, South Carolina where he learned trumpet and trombone, and by the age of 10 was touring with the Jenkins Band. At the age of 16 he had left the Orphanage to become a professional musician, at first playing in bands in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Atlantic City, New Jersey, before making his base in Manhattan, New York City, from about 1925 through 1928, where he made the first of his well regarded recordings.

From February to May, 1928, Smith was featured in the band along with Fats Waller and James P. Johnson in the Waller/Andy Razaf Broadway musical and dance revue Keep Shufflin' which ran for 104 performances.

Later on in 1928 he toured with James P. Johnson's Orchestra, when their show broke up in Chicago, Illinois, where Smith stayed for a few years. His series of 20 recordings for Brunswick Records in 1929 are his most famous (19 were issued), and Smith was billed as a rival to Louis Armstrong. Most of these records did not sell well enough for Brunswick to extend his contract.

In March 1935, in Chicago, Smith was featured in a recording session produced by Helen Oakley under the name of Charles LaVere & His Chicagoans, which included a vocal by both Smith and LaVere on LaVere's composition and arrangement of "Boogaboo Blues". It is an early example of inter-racial blues recordings, although far from the first as such had been made at least since about 1921.

In the 1930s, Smith moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which would be his main base for many years, alternating with returns to New York. In Milwaukee he collaborated with saxophonist Bill Johnson. Subsequently, Smith dropped out of the public eye, playing music part-time in Milwaukee with a regular job at an automobile hire company.

Smith made a comeback starting in the late 1960s, successfully playing with bands and shows in New York, New Orleans, Louisiana, London, and France through the 1970s and into the 1980s. He was one of the musicians in the musical One Mo’ Time about an African-American vaudeville in the 1920s. A recording with the original cast including Jabbo Smith was produced (Warner Bros Records WB 56850).

Concerts in France, Italy, Switzerland and Netherlands took place with Smith and the Hot Antic Jazz Band. They were recorded in concert in 1982, and the live album, Jabbo Smith and the Hot Antic Jazz Band: European Concerts, was released.

In January 1991, Jabbo Smith died in New York City, at the age of 82.

title: Jabbo Smith


text:
Þrymskviða

Þrymskviða (Þrym's Poem; the name can be anglicised as Thrymskviða, Thrymskvitha, Thrymskvidha or Thrymskvida) is one of the best known poems from the Poetic Edda. The Norse myth had enduring popularity in Scandinavia and continued to be told and sung in several forms until the 19th century.

Synopsis
In the poem Þrymskviða, Thor wakes and finds that his powerful hammer, Mjöllnir, is missing. Thor turns to Loki first, and tells him that nobody knows that the hammer has been stolen. The two then go to the court of the goddess Freyja, and Thor asks her if he may borrow her feather cloak so that he may attempt to find Mjöllnir. Freyja agrees, saying she would lend it even if it were made of silver and gold, and Loki flies off, the feather cloak whistling.

In Jötunheimr, the jötunn lord Þrymr sits on a burial mound, plaiting golden collars for his female dogs, and trimming the manes of his horses. Þrymr sees Loki, and asks what could be amiss among the Æsir and the Elves; why is Loki alone in the Jötunheimr? Loki responds that he has bad news for both the elves and the Æsir: that Thor's hammer, Mjöllnir, was gone. Þrymr says that he has hidden Mjöllnir eight leagues beneath the earth, from which it will be retrieved if Freyja is brought to marry him. Loki flies off, the feather cloak whistling, away from Jötunheimr and back to the court of the gods.

Thor asks Loki if his efforts were successful, and that Loki should tell him while he is still in the air as "tales often escape a sitting man, and the man lying down often barks out lies". Loki states that it was indeed an effort, and also a success, for he has discovered that Þrymr has the hammer, but that it cannot be retrieved unless Freyja is brought to marry Þrymr. The two return to Freyja, and tell her to dress herself in a bridal head dress, as they will drive her to Jötunheimr. Freyja, indignant and angry, goes into a rage, causing all of the halls of the Æsir to tremble in her anger, and her necklace, the famed Brísingamen, flies off of her. Freyja flatly refuses, saying that if she did (allow herself to mate a jötunn) that would make her the most man-crazed wench around.

As a result, the gods and goddesses meet and hold a Thing (Assembly) to discuss and debate the matter. At the Thing, the god Heimdallr puts forth the suggestion that, in place of Freyja, Thor should be dressed as the bride, complete with jewels, women's clothing down to his knees, a bridal head-dress, and the necklace (or neck-ring) Brísingamen (and, arguably, another lower necklace covering the breast, though this is contested). Thor comments he would be ridiculed as a sissy) if he submits to the idea, but Loki (here described as "son of Laufey") dissuades him saying that this will be the only way to get back Mjöllnir, and without Mjöllnir, the jötnar will overtake Asgard. The gods dress Thor as a bride, and Loki states that he will go with Thor as his handmaiden (or bridesmaid), and that the two shall drive to Jötunheimr together.

After riding together in Thor's goat-driven chariot, the two, disguised, arrive in Jötunheimr. Þrymr commands the jötnar in his hall to spread straw on the benches, for Freyja has arrived to marry him. Þrymr recounts his treasured animals and treasures including many necklaces, stating that Freyja was all that he was missing in his wealth.

Early in the evening, the disguised Loki and Thor meet with Þrymr and the assembled jötnar. Thor eats and drinks ferociously, consuming entire animals and three casks of mead. Þrymr finds the behaviour at odds with his impression of Freyja, and Loki sitting there like a "very shrewd maid", invents the excuse that "Freyja's" behaviour is due to her having not consumed anything for eight entire days before arriving due to her eagerness to arrive. Þrymr then lifts "Freyja's" veil and wants to kiss "her" until catching the terrifying eyes staring back at him, seemingly burning with fire. Loki states that this is because "Freyja" had not slept for eight nights in her eagerness.

The "wretched sister" of the jötnar appears, asks for gold [arm-]rings as bridal gifts from "Freyja", and the jötnar bring out Mjöllnir to "sanctify the bride", to lay it on her lap, and marry the two by "the hand" of the goddess Vár. Thor laughs internally when he sees the hammer, takes hold of it, strikes Þrymr, beats all of the jötnar, and kills the "older sister" of the jötnar.

Dating
There is no agreement among scholars on the age of Þrymskviða. Some have seen it as thoroughly heathen and among the oldest of the Eddaic poems, dating it to 900 AD. but this view is now in the minority.

A number of scholars, on the other hand, dates the poem to the first half of the 13th century, and collectively they have advanced four main reasons for the younger dating. Jan de Vries characterized the work to be a Christian-era parody of the heathen gods.

One basis of the older dating is the archaic language, in particular, the heavy use of the of/af particle, which is not addressed by some supporters of later dating, such as the Swedish scholar. Finnur Jónsson also argued there were some died-out pagan customs preserved in the poem, for example, the necklaces of the type hanging to the chest were no longer in style by the Christian era.

Analysis
The storyline is a prime example of the folktale motif ATU 1198b "The Theft of the Thunder-Instrument" (or "Thunder's Instrument"), and also incorporates ATU 403c "The Substituted Bride".

In other tales, Loki's explanations for Thor's behavior has its clearest analogies in the tale Little Red Riding Hood, where the wolf provides equally odd explanations for its differences from the grandmother than Little Red Riding Hood was expecting.

Balladry
There are versions of the story in ballad-form, composed during the medieval (or post-medieval) periods, in Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic. These are catalogued as TSB type E 126: i.e., the Danish Tord af Havsgaard (DgF 1), Swedish Tors hammarhämmtning (SMB 212), Norwegian Torekall (NMB 188), and the Icelandic rímur cycle Þrymlur (c. 1350–1450).

Danish
The various known redactions of the Danish ballad Tord af Havsgård (DgF 1) are subdivided into variant types 1A B Ca–c.

Version A has been translated as "Thor of Asgard" by Prior (1860), and as "Thord of Hafsgaard" by E. M. Smith-Dampier (1914). In Ballad 1A, "Tord af Havsgård" (tr. "Thord of Hafsgaard") the title hero is riding over the green meadow, having lost his gold hammer for a long while, and the ballad proclaims (in the emended reading) "so a man shall win a shrew (wildwoman)", explained by commentators as a jocular hint of Tord himself (or his "old father") later having to dress up as a bride.

Tord tells his brother Lokke Leymand (or "Jester") to go to Nørrefjeld (tr. "Norrefield", "Northland") to seek the hammer, and Lokke wears the fjederham ("feather-skin") to fly there to the "tossegreven"(=Troldkongen, tr. "Giant-King"). The Giant-King reveals he has hidden the hammer 55 fathoms (15 and 40 fathoms) deep in the earth and will not return it, unless Tord and Lokke relinquish their sister (Fredens-borgh [sic.], normalized as Freiensborg, tr. "Fredensborg") to become the giant's wife. When Lokke brings home this proposition, his proud sister springs up from the bench and replies, "Give me away to a Christian man, not some loathely troll", and she suggests they brush up the hair of "our old father" and pass him off as a maiden to send to Nørrefjeld. Although one should expect her to say "our brother", it is clarified by commentators that "Old Father" is a commonplace nickname for a thunder deity, hence, Tord is really meant here as the person being dressed up as bride. There is a banquet, and as in the Eddic version, the cross-dressed bride shows enormous appetite devouring a whole ox and other foods. The appetite raises the giant's suspicion and Lokke delivers an excuse (quite similar to the one in the Eddic poem). Now 8 champions bring the hammer borne on a tree, and places it on the bride's knee; Tord wields the hammer as if it were a wand, and slays the "tossegreven" (Giant-King).

Swedish
The Swedish ballad was recorded in the 17th century. In the Swedish ballad (version Ab, normalized spelling), Thor is called Torkar, Loki is called Locke Lewe, Freyja is called Frojenborg and Þrymr is called Trolletram.

While in the Danish Ballad the three god figures are presented as siblings, in the Swedish version, this relationship is removed or obfuscated. Torkar addresses Locke as "min" (st. 2), meaning my "hired servant". And the "maiden Frojenborg" ("jungfru Frojenborg", st. 6) is demanded (see below), instead of "your sister" (jer søster, C ver., st. 7).

Trolletram has buried Torkar's hammer "fifteen fathoms and forty" in the ground, and tells Locke to take the answer back to Torkar that "His hammer he ne'er will see, / Until he sends may Fröyenborg.. to me", i.e., the "maiden Frojenborg".

Norwegian
The Norwegian version Torekall has been translated into English under the title "Thorekarl of Asgarth".

Opera
The first full-length Icelandic opera, Jón Ásgeirsson's Þrymskviða, was premiered at Iceland's National Theater in 1974. The libretto is based on the text of the poem Þrymskviða, but also incorporates material from several other Eddic poems.

Icelandic statue
A seated bronze statue of Thor (about 6.4 cm) known as the Eyrarland statue from about AD 1000 was recovered at a farm near Akureyri, Iceland and is a featured display at the National Museum of Iceland. Thor is holding Mjöllnir, sculpted in the typically Icelandic cross-like shape. It has been suggested that the statue is related to a scene from Þrymskviða where Thor recovers his hammer while seated by grasping it with both hands during the wedding ceremony.

title: Þrymskviða


text:
The Invasion of Time

The Invasion of Time is the sixth and final serial of the 15th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in six weekly parts on BBC1 from 4 February to 11 March 1978. It features the final appearance of Louise Jameson as the companion Leela.

In the serial, the Vardans break the defences of Gallifrey to allow the Sontarans to invade and control the power of the Time Lords.

Plot
To the confusion of Leela and K9, the Fourth Doctor has a covert meeting with aliens before taking his companions to the Citadel at Gallifrey. Once there, he lays claim to the vacant Presidency as his right by Time Lord law—he is the only candidate, as established in the story The Deadly Assassin. While reviewing the presidential suite, he orders it lined with lead. During his induction ceremony, the Crown of Rassilon seems to reject him, and he's injured. Leela is accused of having attacked him, when in fact she tried to help him, and she's banished from the Citadel. Later, in front of the gathered Time Lords, the Doctor greets three figures that materialise within the Citadel, the Vardans, whom he had met before coming to Gallifrey, and addresses them as the Time Lords' new masters. Amid the confusion, the compliant Castellan Kelner kowtows to the Vardans and assists them in taking over, issuing arrests and ordering banishment for any Time Lords that he sees as disloyal. The Doctor confides in Chancellor Borusa, once they're in his lead-lined suite, that the Vardans can read their thoughts but lead blocks this. The Doctor plans to lock the Vardans in a time lock on their home planet as they are a dangerous race, but needed to keep up this facade in order to determine the location of their homeworld, and banished Leela for her own safety. The Doctor later explains the same to the Citadel guard commander Andred, using a force field from the TARDIS to shield his thoughts, to gain his help.

Meanwhile, Leela has faith that the Doctor's actions are towards a larger goal, and along with the banished Time Lady Rodan, travel across the wastelands of Gallifrey. They meet a group of outsiders that have abandoned Time Lord ways, led by Nesbin. Leela explains the situation at the Citadel, and Nesbin agrees to help, assembling a resistance force to help take the Citadel back.

When Kelner and the Vardans accuse the Doctor of being untrustworthy, he offers to show his commitment by dismantling the quantum forcefield that surrounds Gallifrey, which would allow the Vardans' full invasion force to arrive. However, the Doctor tricks them, and only creates a small hole in the forcefield, large enough for K9 to trace the Vardans to their home planet and engage the time lock, causing the Vardans to disappear. The situation seems resolved but moments later, a squad of Sontaran warriors transport into the Citadel. Their leader, Commander Stor, explains they had used the Vardans to help disable the forcefield, and seizes control of the Citadel. While Kelner quickly aligns with the Sontarans, the Doctor, Borusa, and their allies escape, regrouping with Leela, Rodan, Nesbin, and the other outsiders. Leela joins Andred to help defend the Citadel with the combined resistance group and Citadel guards, while Rodan repairs the hole in the forcefield. The Doctor wants the Great Key of Rassilon, but there is no record of it. He deduces that Rassilon gave the key to the first chancellor and that its location has been handed down from chancellor to chancellor ever since. He convinces Borusa to give it to him, which he plans to use to power a Demat Gun, a weapon that erases its target from all of time. Stor learns of this and orders a squad of Sontarans to give chase in the Doctor's TARDIS with assistance from Kelner. The Doctor is able to elude them within the labyrinthine corridors of the TARDIS, and with Rodan and K9's help, constructs the Demat Gun. He goes out into the Citadel to find Stor, who is attempting to destroy the entire galaxy, including Stor and the Sontaran fleet, with a bomb. The Doctor fires the Demat Gun, and the Sontaran invaders disappear, ending the threat. When he awakes, the Doctor remembers nothing of the events, and Borusa calls it the "wisdom of Rassilon", as he can return the key to its hiding place. He then has Kelner arrested for treason and starts the process of rebuilding the Citadel.

As the Doctor prepares to leave, Leela announces she plans to stay behind with Andred, as they have found a romantic interest in each other, and K9 also insists he must stay to help Leela. After saying his goodbyes, the Doctor enters the TARDIS, pulls out a large crate labelled "K9 MII", and breaks the fourth wall and grins at the audience.

Production
The script is credited to David Agnew, a pseudonym often used by the BBC for work produced "in house" by contracted production team members. On this occasion it masks the authors Anthony Read (the series' script editor) and Graham Williams (series producer). This story was written as a replacement for another story, The Killers of the Dark by David Weir, which was considered too expensive and complex to shoot. The script was written in just two weeks, with four days for rewrites. Additionally, when asked about the unused script at a convention, Graham Williams, having forgotten the exact title, made up the name "Gin Sengh", as in The Killer Cats of Gin Sengh (or Geng Singh—the spelling being indeterminate), resulting in the fan myth that this was the original title. It was Robert Holmes who suggested to Graham Williams that this story be split into two segments, the first four episodes being based around the Vardans and the final two episodes being based around the Sontarans who come into the story at the end of episode 4.

Louise Jameson, who had already announced her departure from the show, reportedly wished for her character, Leela, to be killed at the end of the series, and was disappointed that Leela instead opted to stay behind on Gallifrey with Andred, even though nothing in the script suggests a romance between the two characters. The producers decided that killing off her character would be too traumatic for younger viewers.

An industrial strike, which was eventually resolved before production, forced the studio sets to be constructed within St Anne's Hospital in Redhill as the BBC's Christmas holiday specials were given priority in the regular studios. As a result of the industrial strike, Graham Williams was given the option of not producing the final six episodes of the season and have the money rollover into the next season. Williams rejected this because of the additional problem of inflation that year and didn't want the budgeted money to depreciate even further.

In addition to St Anne's Hospital, location filming also took place at British Oxygen, Hammersmith and Beachfields quarry in Redhill, Surrey.

The Sontaran costumes were cumbersome and limited the field of vision of the actors wearing them, so much so that they are often seen tripping through and over props. At one point, a Sontaran (played by the actor Stuart Fell) nearly takes a fall after missing a short jump and landing on a pool chair. As the aliens originate on a planet of notably high gravity, however, their clumsiness is easily explained.

The closing credits of episodes three, four, and six feature the return of the section of Doctor Who theme commonly called the "Middle Eight", this sequence not having been heard since the early Jon Pertwee era.

Cast notes
Milton Johns had previously appeared as Benik in The Enemy of the World (1967–68) and Guy Crayford in The Android Invasion (1975). Christopher Tranchell had previously played Roger Colbert in The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve (1966) and Jenkins in The Faceless Ones (1967).

Analysis
Writer and journalist Matthew Sweet has compared the Doctor's strategy of feigning madness in this story to Hamlet.

Broadcast and reception
Following transmission of the story, producer Graham Williams met with Head of Serials Graeme MacDonald, and they agreed that the story had contained too high a level of humour, resulting in a lack of credibility in Stor, and a lack of dramatic tension, and that in future any humour in the programme should counterpoint and strengthen the story rather than undermine and weaken it. Memos to this effect were to be issued to future directors of the show, in order to preserve a level of seriousness that both men felt to be necessary; however, the humorous trend continued until Williams' tenure came to an end in 1979.

Paul Cornell, Martin Day, and Keith Topping wrote in The Discontinuity Guide (1995) that the serial "stands up reasonably well", though the Vardans' appearances were "ludicrous". In The Television Companion (1998), David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker wrote that the story was "something of a mess". Although there were good special effects, they stated it had a lack of good characters, found Baker's performance to be "below par", and criticised the "pathetic" Vardans. In 2010, Mark Braxton of Radio Times was also disappointed, finding many "inept sequences". He also criticised the way Leela was written in the serial, as well as her sudden departure. DVD Talk's John Sinnott was more positive, giving the serial four out of five stars. He acknowledged that it was "a flawed and uneven adventure" with issues in plot logic, but it succeeded in "goofy fun" with a good performance by Baker. Charlie Jane Anders of io9 listed the cliffhanger to Episode Two—in which it appears the Doctor is evil—as one of the greatest cliffhangers in the history of the programme in 2010.

In print
Terrance Dicks' novelisation was published by Target Books in February 1980.

Home media
It was released on a two tape VHS set in March 2000 and on DVD on 5 May 2008. The DVD has optional brand-new CGI effects. The NTSC Region 1 version was released on 3 September 2008. It has also been released in a DVD box set titled Bred for War, along with The Time Warrior, The Sontaran Experiment, and The Two Doctors. This serial was also released as part of the Doctor Who DVD Files in issue 118 on 10 July 2013. In March 2024, the story was released again in an upgraded format for Blu-ray, with new special effects, being included with the other stories from Season 15 in the Doctor Who - The Collection Box Set.

title: The Invasion of Time


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title: User talk:165.234.181.165


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Democratic People's Front

The Western People's Front, currently named the Democratic People's Front (ஜனநாயக மக்கள் முன்னணி; ප්රජාතන්ත්රවාදී ජනතා පෙරමුණේ Prajathanthravadi Janatha Peramunay), is a political party in Sri Lanka active in the Western Province.

WPF was originally a trade union, then converted into a political party under the leadership of Hon. Manoharan Ganesan (Mano Ganesan) (Tamil: மனோ கணேசன்). It draws support from the Tamil population of Colombo. Party leader Ganesan is a former Member of Parliament, elected on a United National Party ticket.

Today this party has one Provincial council seat and four Municipal council seats, and the party has grown a lot with recruiting more members and supporters.

title: Democratic People's Front


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Odisha Gana Parishad

The Odisha Gana Parishad (Odisha Popular Association), was an Indian political party in the Indian state of Odisha, a splinter group of Biju Janata Dal. The party was founded on October 29, 2000. The president of OGP was Bijoy Mohapatra. Mahapatra had been expelled from BJD in February 2000. Mahapatra had come into conflict with BJD leader Navin Patnaik over the election of Dilip Ray to the Rajya Sabha.

In the 2004 elections, OGP was allied with Indian National Congress. OGP had four candidates to the Odisha state legislative assembly, out of whom two got elected.

The student wing of OGP was called Orissa Chhatra Parishad.

In 2007, OGP merged with Nationalist Congress Party.

title: Odisha Gana Parishad


text: User talk:129.242.81.153

title: User talk:129.242.81.153


text: User talk:81.86.230.201

title: User talk:81.86.230.201


text: User talk:66.36.212.62

title: User talk:66.36.212.62


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Maykop culture

The Maykop culture (майкоп,, scientific transliteration: Majkop,), c. 3700 BC–3000 BC, is a major Bronze Age archaeological culture in the western Caucasus region.

It extends along the area from the Taman Peninsula at the Kerch Strait to near the modern border of Dagestan and southwards to the Kura River. The culture takes its name from a royal burial, the Maykop kurgan in the Kuban River valley.

According to genetic studies on ancient DNA published in 2018, the Maykop population came from the south, from Imereti, and was descended from the Chalcolithic farmers known as Darkveti-Meshoko who first colonized the north side of the Caucasus. Maykop is therefore the "ideal archaeological candidate for the founders of the Northwest Caucasian language family".

Territory
In the south, the Maykop culture bordered the approximately contemporaneous Kura–Araxes culture (3500—2200 BC), which extends into the Armenian Plateau and apparently influenced it. To the north is the Yamna culture, including the Novotitarovskaya culture (3300—2700), which it overlaps in territorial extent. It is contemporaneous with the late Uruk period in Mesopotamia.

The Kuban River is navigable for much of its length and provides an easy water-passage via the Sea of Azov to the territory of the Yamna culture, along the Don and Donets River systems. The Maykop culture was thus well-situated to exploit the trading possibilities with the central Ukraine area.

New data revealed the similarity of artifacts from the Maykop culture with those found recently in the course of excavations of the ancient city of Tell Khazneh in northern Syria, the construction of which dates back to 4000 BC.

Radiocarbon dates for various monuments of the Maykop culture are from 3950 - 3650 - 3610 - 2980 calBC. After the discovery of the Leyla-Tepe culture in the 1980s, some links were noted with the Maykop culture.

The Leyla-Tepe culture is a culture of archaeological interest from the Chalcolithic era. Its population was distributed on the southern slopes of the Central Caucasus (modern Azerbaijan, Agdam District), from 4350 until 4000 B.C. Similar amphora burials in the South Caucasus are found in the Western Georgian Jar-Burial Culture.

The culture has also been linked to the north Ubaid period monuments, in particular, with the settlements in the Eastern Anatolia Region. The settlement is of a typical Western-Asian variety, with the dwellings packed closely together and made of mud bricks with smoke outlets.

It has been suggested that the Leyla-Tepe were the founders of the Maykop culture. An expedition to Syria by the Russian Academy of Sciences revealed the similarity of the Maykop and Leyla-Tepe artifacts with those found recently while excavating the ancient city of Tel Khazneh I, from the 4th millennium BC.

In 2010, nearly 200 Bronze Age sites were reported stretching over 60 miles from the Kuban River to Nalchik, at an altitude of between 4,620 feet and 7,920 feet. They were all "visibly constructed according to the same architectural plan, with an oval courtyard in the center, and connected by roads."

Culture
"The Maikop Culture in the northern Caucasus was concurrent with the Kura-Araxes Culture in the south of the Caucasus and the Uruk period in Mesopotamia. The finds in the Maikop kurgan (tumulus) and other kurgans of the Maikop Culture are still regarded as unique to this day. More than 7000 objects of gold and some 1000 of silver are known. Nowhere else in the Early Bronze Age world of the second half of the 4th millennium BC has such a large number of exquisite gold and silver items come to light."

Art
In the early 20th century, researchers established the existence of a local Maykop animal style in the artifacts found. This style was seen as the prototype for animal styles of later archaeological cultures: the Maykop animal style is more than a thousand years older than the Scythian, Sarmatian and Celtic animal styles.

Attributed to the Maykop culture are petroglyphs which have yet to be deciphered.

Horse breeding
The Maykop people lived sedentary lives, and horses formed a very low percentage of their livestock, which mostly consisted of pigs and cattle.

Archaeologists have discovered a unique form of bronze cheek-piece, which consists of a bronze rod with a twisted loop in the middle that threads through the nodes and connects to the bridle, halter strap, and headband. Notches and bumps on the edges of the cheek-pieces were, apparently, to attach nose and under-lip straps.

Some of the earliest wagon wheels in the world are found in Maykop culture area. The two solid wooden wheels from the kurgan of Novokorsunskaya in the Kuban region have been dated to the second half of the fourth millennium.

Terrace agriculture
The construction of artificial terrace complexes in the mountains is evidence of their sedentary living, high population density, and high levels of agricultural and technical skills. The terraces were built around the fourth millennium BC. and all subsequent cultures used them for agricultural purposes. The vast majority of pottery found on the terraces are from the Maykop period, the rest from the Scythian and Alan period. The Maykop terraces are among the most ancient in the world, but they are little studied. The longevity of the terraces (more than 5000 years) points to a tradition of landscape engineering.

Colchis region

Based on Wang (2018), David W. Anthony (2019) notes that "the Maikop population was descended from the Eneolithic farmers [that] came from the south, probably from western Georgia [the Darkveti-Meshoko culture], and are the ideal archaeological candidate for the founders of the Northwest Caucasian language family." He also notes that the Bronze Age Maykop individuals tested by Wang (2018) could not have contributed to the Yamnaya gene pool, Yamnaya being the archeological culture most likely connected to the spread of Indo-European languages. Wang (2018) further found that 'Steppe Maykop' (a population related to the Maykop culture) probably had a minor East Asian-related component, which was estimated at ~6.9% of their ancestry, relating them to Ancient North Eurasians (Upper Palaeolithic Siberians AG3, MA1) and Native Americans.

Pontic–Caspian steppe
Its burial practices resemble the burial practices described in the Kurgan hypothesis of Marija Gimbutas, and it has been speculated that the Maykop culture may have contributed to the Yamnaya culture which is nowadays recognised as the ancestor of most Indo-European languages. According to a 2019 article by David Anthony,

"Most Yamnaya genomes studied to date exhibit admixed EHG (Eastern Hunter Gatherer) & CHG (Caucasus Hunter Gatherer) ancestry with each in robust proportions, often with CHG ancestry higher than 50%... the Maikop culture (3600-3000 BC) is regarded in many scenarios as the likely source of the CHG that mixed with steppe EHG mating networks to create the Yamnaya genetic synthesis."

However, more detailed studies cast doubt on this scenario. The Maykop DNA contains quite a large admixture (30%–40%) of Anatolian Farmer ancestry. Anthony continues:

"This mixture was too rich in Anatolian Farmer genes to have contributed much to the Yamnaya gene pool, which had only 10-18% Anatolian Farmer ancestry, and most of that arguably derived from the west, from Globular Amphorae and late Tripol’ye populations... This partial description of the genetic data, if it stands, suggests that Maikop was not the source of most of the CHG that amounts to half of Yamnaya ancestry. This is because CHG was already in the steppes long before Maikop."

According to J.P. Mallory, writing in 1987 before ancient DNA evidence became available: "... where the evidence for barrows is found, it is precisely in regions which later demonstrate the presence of non-Indo-European populations."

Anthony agrees that the Maykop culture people probably spoke languages which are ancestral to the Northwest Caucasian languages found in the same region today. Nonetheless, their culture seems to have influenced that of the early Indo-Europeans. Anthony writes:

"I also accept the general consensus that the appearance of the hierarchical Maikop culture about 3600 BC had profound effects on pre-Yamnaya and early Yamnaya steppe cultures. Yamnaya metallurgy borrowed from the Maikop culture two-sided molds, tanged daggers, cast shaft hole axes with a single blade, and arsenical copper. Wheeled vehicles might have entered the steppes through Maikop, revolutionizing steppe economies and making Yamnaya pastoral nomadism possible after 3300 BC."

Iranian Plateau
According to Mariya Ivanova the Maykop origins were on the Iranian Plateau: "Graves and settlements of the 5th millennium BC in North Caucasus attest to a material culture that was related to contemporaneous archaeological complexes in the northern and western Black Sea region. Yet it was replaced, suddenly as it seems, around the middle of the 4th millennium BC by a “high culture” whose origin is still quite unclear. This archaeological culture named after the great Maykop kurgan showed innovations in all areas which have no local archetypes and which cannot be assigned to the tradition of the Balkan-Anatolian Copper Age. The favoured theory of Russian researchers is a migration from the south originating in the Syro-Anatolian area, which is often mentioned in connection with the so-called “Uruk expansion”. However, serious doubts have arisen about a connection between Maykop and the Syro-Anatolian region. The foreign objects in the North Caucasus reveal no connection to the upper reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris or to the floodplains of Mesopotamia, but rather seem to have ties to the Iranian plateau and to South Central Asia. Recent excavations in the Southwest Caspian Sea region are enabling a new perspective about the interactions between the “Orient” and Continental Europe. On the one hand, it is becoming gradually apparent that a gigantic area of interaction evolved already in the early 4th millennium BC which extended far beyond Mesopotamia; on the other hand, these findings relativise the traditional importance given to Mesopotamia, because innovations originating in Iran and Central Asia obviously spread throughout the Syro-Anatolian region independently thereof."

Azerbaijan
More recently, some very ancient kurgans have been discovered at Soyuqbulaq in Azerbaijan. These kurgans date to the beginning of the 4th millennium BC, and belong to Leylatepe Culture. According to the excavators of these kurgans, there are some significant parallels between Soyugbulaq kurgans and the Maykop kurgans: "'Discovery of Soyugbulaq in 2004 and subsequent excavations provided substantial proof that the practice of kurgan burial was well established in the South Caucasus during the late Eneolithic [...] The Leylatepe Culture tribes migrated to the north in the mid-fourth millennium, B.C. and played an important part in the rise of the Maikop Culture of the North Caucasus.'"

title: Maykop culture


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Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency also known as OTC deficiency is the most common urea cycle disorder in humans. Ornithine transcarbamylase, the defective enzyme in this disorder, is the final enzyme in the proximal portion of the urea cycle, responsible for converting carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine into citrulline. OTC deficiency is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner, meaning males are more commonly affected than females.

In severely affected individuals, ammonia concentrations increase rapidly causing ataxia, lethargy and death without rapid intervention. OTC deficiency is diagnosed using a combination of clinical findings and biochemical testing, while confirmation is often done using molecular genetics techniques.

Once an individual has been diagnosed, the treatment goal is to avoid precipitating episodes that can cause an increased ammonia concentration. The most common treatment combines a low protein diet with nitrogen scavenging agents. Liver transplant is considered curative for this disease. Experimental trials of gene therapy using adenoviral vectors resulted in the death of one participant, Jesse Gelsinger, and have been discontinued.

Signs and symptoms
As with several other metabolic conditions, OTC deficiency can have variable presentations, regarding age of onset and the severity of symptoms. This compounded when considering heterozygous females and the possibility of non-random X-inactivation. In the classic and most well-known presentation, a male infant appears well initially, but by the second day of life they are irritable, lethargic and stop feeding. A metabolic encephalopathy develops, and this can progress to coma and death without treatment. Ammonia is only toxic to the brain, other tissues can handle elevated ammonia concentrations without problems.

Later onset forms of OTC deficiency can have variable presentations. Although late onset forms of the disease are often considered milder than the classic infantile presentation, any affected individual is at risk for an episode of hyperammonemia that could still be life-threatening, if presented with the appropriate stressors. These patients will often present with headaches, nausea, vomiting, delayed growth and a variety of psychiatric symptoms (confusion, delirium, aggression, or self-injury). A detailed dietary history of an affected individual with undiagnosed OTC deficiency will often reveal a history of protein avoidance.

The prognosis of a patient with severe OTC deficiency is well correlated with the length of the hyperammonemic period rather than the degree of hyperammonemia or the presence of other symptoms, such as seizures. Even for patients with late onset forms of the disease, their overall clinical picture is dependent on the extent of hyperammonemia they have experienced, even if it has remained unrecognized.

Genetics
OTC deficiency is caused by mutations in the OTC gene, which is located on the X chromosome. OTC codes for the mitochondrial enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase, which is expressed only in liver. The functional enzyme consists of three identical subunits. OTC is the last enzyme in the proximal portion of the urea cycle, which consists of the reactions that take place in the mitochondria. The substrates of the reaction catalyzed by ornithine transcarbamylase are ornithine and carbamyl phosphate, while the product is citrulline.

There are no common mutations that cause disease, however 10 - 15% of disease causing mutations are deletions. It is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner, meaning males are more commonly affected than females. Females who carry a defective copy of the gene can be severely affected or asymptomatic, largely depending on the random nature of X-inactivation. There is some degree of genotype — phenotype correlation with OTC deficiency, but this depends on a number of situations. Individuals with milder mutations, often associated with late onset disease can still present with severe illness when exposed to sufficient metabolic stress. Correlations are more difficult to ascertain in females, since the residual activity of OTC in the liver is impacted not only by the nature of the mutation, but also by the random pattern of X-inactivation. OTC deficiency is estimated to be the most common urea cycle disorder. An exact incidence is difficult to calculate, due to the varying clinical presentations of later onset forms of the disease. Early estimates of the incidence were as high as 1:14,000 live births, however later studies have decreased these estimates to approximately 1:60,000 - 1:72,000.

Diagnosis
In individuals with marked hyperammonemia, a urea cycle disorder is usually high on the list of possible causes. While the immediate focus is lowering the patient's ammonia concentrations, identifying the specific cause of increased ammonia levels is key as well.

Diagnostic testing for OTC deficiency, or any individual with hyperammonemia involves plasma and urine amino acid analysis, urine organic acid analysis (to identify the presence or absence of orotic acid, as well as rule out an organic acidemia) and plasma acylcarnitines (will be normal in OTC deficiency, but can identify some other causes of hyperammonemia). An individual with untreated OTC deficiency will show decreased citrulline and arginine concentrations (because the enzyme block is proximal to these intermediates) and increased orotic acid. The increased orotic acid concentrations result from the buildup of carbamoyl phosphate. This biochemical phenotype (increased ammonia, low citrulline and increased orotic acid) is classic for OTC deficiency, but can also be seen in neonatal presentations of ornithine aminotransferase deficiency. Only severely affected males consistently demonstrate this classic biochemical phenotype.

Heterozygous females can be difficult to diagnose. With the rise of sequencing techniques, molecular testing has become preferred, particularly when the disease causing mutations in the family are known. Historically, heterozygous females were often diagnosed using an allopurinol challenge. In a female with reduced enzyme activity, an oral dose of allopurinol would be metabolized to oxypurinol ribonucleotide, which blocks the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. When this induced enzymatic block is combined with reduced physiologic enzyme activity as seen in heterozygotes, the elevation of orotic acid could be used to differentiate heterozygotes from unaffected individuals. This test was not universally effective, as it had both false negative and false positive results.

Ornithine transcarbamylase is only expressed in the liver, thus performing an enzyme assay to confirm the diagnosis requires a liver biopsy. Before molecular genetic testing was commonly available, this was one of the only methods for confirmation of a suspected diagnosis. In cases where prenatal diagnosis was requested, a fetal liver biopsy used to be required to confirm if a fetus was affected. Modern molecular techniques have eliminated this need, and gene sequencing is now the preferred method of diagnosis in asymptomatic family members after the diagnosis has been confirmed in a proband.

Treatment
The treatment goal for individuals affected with OTC deficiency is the avoidance of hyperammonemia. This can be accomplished through a strictly controlled low-protein diet, as well as preventative treatment with nitrogen scavenging agents such as sodium benzoate. The goal is to minimize the nitrogen intake while allowing waste nitrogen to be excreted by alternate pathways. Arginine is typically supplemented as well, in an effort to improve the overall function of the urea cycle. If a hyperammonemic episode occurs, the aim of treatment is to reduce the individual's ammonia levels as soon as possible. In extreme cases, this can involve hemodialysis.

Gene therapy had been considered a possibility for curative treatment for OTC deficiency, and clinical trials were taking place at the University of Pennsylvania in the late 1990s. These were halted after the death of Jesse Gelsinger, a young man taking part in a phase I trial using an adenovirus vector. Currently, the only option for curing OTC deficiency is a liver transplant, which restores normal enzyme activity. A 2005 review of 51 patients with OTC deficiency who underwent liver transplant estimated 5-year survival rates of greater than 90%. Severe cases of OTC deficiency are typically evaluated for liver transplant by 6 months of age.

Prognosis
A 1999 retrospective study of 74 cases of neonatal onset found that 32 (43%) patients died during their first hyperammonemic episode. Of those who survived, less than 20% survived to age 14. Few of these patients received liver transplants.

In pop culture
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency was the final diagnosis of a patient treated in the 15th episode of 1st season of House, M. D. It was also the final diagnosis of a patient that died in the 3rd episode of 3rd season of Chicago Med.

title: Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency


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Sup35p

Sup35p is the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a yeast) eukaryotic translation release factor. More specifically, it is the yeast eukaryotic release factor 3 (eRF3), which forms the translation termination complex with eRF1 (Sup45p in yeast). This complex recognizes and catalyzes the release of the nascent polypeptide chain when the ribosome encounters a stop codon. While eRF1 recognizes stop codons, eRF3 facilitates the release of the polypeptide chain through GTP hydrolysis.

Partial loss of function results in nonsense suppression, in which stop codons are ignored and proteins are abnormally synthesized with carboxyl terminal extensions. Complete loss of function is fatal.

History
Sup35p was shown to propagate in a prion form in 1994 by Reed Wickner. For this reason it is an intensely studied protein. When yeast cells harbor Sup35p in the prion state the resulting phenotype is known as [PSI+]. In [PSI+] cells Sup35p exists in an amyloid state that can be propagated and passed to daughter cells. This results in less soluble and functional protein and thus in an increased rate of nonsense suppression (translational read-through of stop codons).

The overexpression of the gene has been shown to induce the [Psi+] conformation.

Evolutionary capacitance
Several journal articles have suggested that the ability to interconvert between [PSI+] and [psi-](prion-free) states provides an evolutionary advantage, but this remains an area of much debate.

Susan Lindquist has shown that isogenic populations of yeast can express different phenotypes based on whether they had the prion form of Sup35p or the non-prion form. She did an experiment where seven strains of yeast with different genetic backgrounds were grown under many different stressful conditions, with matched [PSI+] and [psi-] strains. In some cases, the [PSI+] version grew faster, in others [psi-] grew faster. She proposed that [PSI+] may act as an evolutionary capacitor to facilitate adaptation by releasing cryptic genetic variation in natural populations at times of stress. This variation would lie beyond stop codons, which show a high rate of in-frame loss in yeast. Mathematical models suggest that [PSI+] may have evolved for this function.

Physical Characteristics
Sup 35 contains a carboxyl-terminal region (C-terminus), which is responsible for the translation-termination activity. The amino-terminal(N-terminus) region of the protein is responsible for alternately folding depending on the conformation. The middle (m) domain has an unknown function. In an effort to determine the function of these N and M regions, in Susan Lindquists' experiment two of the strains were engineered to produce a version of Sup35p which does not include the N and M regions.

The Sup35p protein is 685 amino acids long. The C-terminal contains 5 complete and one incomplete repeat of the Oligopeptide repeat sequence PQGGYQQ-YN. In modified versions of the gene, it has been shown that the more repeats of this sequence present, the more the protein is to assume the [Psi+] confirmation. In fact, the addition of two extra repeats (R2) result in the [Psi-] to [Psi+] conversion in being 5000 times faster. PMN2, a mutant, dominant version of the gene Sup35p, has a glycine to aspartic acid substitution in the second repeat. The resulting phenotype is a lack of ability to maintain the [Psi+] conformation.

The N-terminus has a high glutamine/asparagine amount at 43%, while the average yeast protein only contains 9%. The N terminus is 114 amino acids long and is termed the prion forming domain (PrD). Over expression of the Sup35p gene can lead to [Psi+].

Both the N and M terminals and the C terminus form binding sites to Sup45p, giving a total of two. Also, in binding to Sup45p the [psi+] protein can cause it to aggregate and form a prion.

Adenine Pathway
The phenotypic differences between [psi-] and [psi+] is made clear when the ability of the cell to make adenine is tampered with. The buildup of P-ribosylamino imidazole (AIR) (a precursor in the adenine pathway in yeast) induces a red pigment in a yeast colony visible to the naked eye. In isogenic strains where the non-sense mutation is in the middle of either the gene ADE 2 or ADE 1 (enzymes involved in the pathway), the [psi-] strain has either build ups of P-ribosylamino imidazole (AIR), or P-ribosylamino imidazolecarboxylate (CAIR), respectively. Because CAIR converts back into AIR if the enzyme that catalyzes it to the next precursor is absent, either mutation will cause a red color in the [psi-] strain. The [psi+] strain appears white even when subjected to the same non-sense mutations. Thus, it is inferred that the eRF3 of the [psi+] is non-functional.

This phenomenon is because the eRF3 in [psi-] is able to disconnect the ribosome effectively, so the enzyme cannot be properly synthesized. However, in the [psi+] strain, the enzyme is able to be synthesized enough so that the pathway still successfully produces adenine.

title: Sup35p


text:
Baghdati

Baghdati (ბაღდათი) is a town of 3,700 people in the Imereti region of western Georgia, at the edge of the Ajameti forest on the river Khanistsqali, a tributary of the Rioni.

Geography
The town is located at the edge of the Ajameti forest on the left bank of the river Khanistsqali, about 170 km west-northwest of Tbilisi and 25 km south-southeast of Kutaisi.

The climate of Baghdati can be classified as moderately humid subtropical (Köppen climate classification Cfa).

History
Baghdati is one of the oldest villages in the historical Imereti region. Its name shares the same origins as the name of the capital of Iraq, Baghdād: Bagh 'god' and dāti 'given', which can be translated as "God-given" or "God's gift" in the Pahlavi language. When Georgia was part of the Russian Empire and during the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, its name was changed to Baghdadi (Багдади). In 1940, it was renamed Mayakovsky (მაიაკოვსკი; Маяковский), after the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky who was born here in 1893. In 1981, Mayakovsky was granted town status. In 1991, the original name, slightly modified, was restored.

Demographics

 * Note: Census data 1959–2014

Economy
In Baghdati there is a furniture factory and companies in the food industry (canned food, wine). The nearest railway stations are located in Rioni and Kutaisi.

Culture
Baghdati has the Vladimir Mayakovsky Museum and a National Theatre. It is also home to the Baghdati Cultural Center and the Baghdati Central Stadium.

Notable people

 * Vladimir Mayakovsky (1893–1930), poet

title: Baghdati


text:
Talk:Kennington Park

Where did the timeline come from? Let's hope it is not a copyvio. --Tagishsimon

No it is all my own work over many years Szczels 16:17, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Should the dates have those link things put round them? DoneSzczels Chaikney 21:58, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Photos all taken by Chloe Bowles 2004

Facts needed:

 * Does anyone know the year or date the swimming pool was closed? Done tick

Answer from Cllr Andrew Sawdon: "the skate-board went in in approximately 1978, on some derlict tennis courts, at the same time at the skate-board park, at stockwell road in brixton. I did radio interviews on it at the time, where the angle put to me was "isnt this a waste of money, isnt it, skakeboarding is just a short term fad surely!"
 * When was the skatebowl put in - 197?

 * When was the all weather pitch opened?

Comment from Cllr Andrew Sawdon: "This idea of "designatated open space' is misunderstood (I dont think that there is any such thing, as "designating" somewhere as public opens space, except in terms of town planning which did not come into to 1947). It was common land (which meant that people had the right to graze animals on it etc) it was enclosed by act of parliament, which turned it into a park (one of the earliest municipal parks) with then the then chancellor the exchequer disraeli, offering public money for to match privately raised funds for laying out. Details of official opening etc can be found in the Marie Draper book." Confusion here surely - Kennington Park east was housing before WW2 after which the 'slums' were cleared. The common land referes to the historic western landscaped part of the park with its matured trees. Szczels 21:14, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * When was Kennington Park East designated public open space?

 * When were the railing reinstated around Kennington Park? (I can remember them being replaced around St Marks in the 1980s) Szczels 16:17, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Notes on the sources of my information
NOTES ON THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON KENNINGTON PARK

 * Introduction: I was living right next to Kennington Park for eight years fbefore I started to realise it had an interesting history. Much of my information was gathered in an informal way rather through scholarly research (although I have now done a PhD) so exact or authoritative references are difficult to give on all points. However some notes may help those interested in the quality of information offered here, especially as this is an issue for Wikipedia.

 * Another point is that I aimed to give a sense of the history by inferring things from context. e.g. William Blake lived nearby and being the person he was must surely have visited the spouting hole that the common was. Tom Paine visited Blake and we can imagine that with their interest in democracy Blake would have taken Paine to the speakers corner. This is conjecture but it immediately gives a clearer sense of what was going on at the common (at least for those who know anything about Blake or Paine!)

 * Having said this much research needs to be done and I see this timeline a pointer for researchers rather than the last word summary of decades of scholarly work.

A list of those executed is now online. See:
 * Capital Punishment: The records of the hangings are kept with those of Surrey as the area was originally part of Surrey rather than inner London as it now is. This means that studies of 'The London Hanged' (Peter Linebaugh) barely mention Kennington Common. There is a small hand-typed study that is kept in the Lambeth Archive at the Minet Library (Kennington Commons Gallows by George H. Wright 1997). Some hangings were famous and widely reported in the newspapers of the day - e.g. The Nine members of The Manchester Regiment who were hung drawn and quartered in 1746.

 * The Chartists: The Chartist 'monster rally' of 10th April 1848 is what I'd call an incontravertible fact. The idea that the common was enclosed in response to that event was something that occured to me like a light going on in my head whilst immersed in this part of the research. It is my interpretation and seems very likely to be true rather than an incontravertible fact.

 * What is more certain is that historians have tended to represent the Chartists as a failure with 10th April 1848. Again I think that this is due to their vested interests rather than anything of a factual nature. See Dorothy Thompson's work for a more sympathetic approach.

According to her there is still no authoritative overview of Chartism. This is partly due to the fact that Chartism was a federation of small groups widely spread and partly the above mentioned bias against working class self activity.

The tired old case for Chartism as a failure can be found in "Failed Chartist Demonstration in London' History Today Vol 48 issue 4 pp 34/35 1998

 * John Wesley and Methodism: I would love to find the speeches that he or George Whitfield made on the common. There is a small Wesley museum in London...

 * Cricket history. Details were taken from the web and have not been verified in archives. Note how the formation of the SCCC happened in time for cricket to be cleared from the common by the enclosure. See also more comments below...

 * Prehistory c1500BC Recently discovered post stumps in the South Thames foreshore point to a ritual jetty or the first London Bridge. This was from a 'Time Team' television show on archeology around 2002.

 * Other early informations are taken from secondary sources in the local archive. These are old but rarely contemporary so may be liable to error.

 * The Horns Tavern is fascinating although again, sources of information are a couple of old magazine articles in the archive and I don't know if any of the papers from the Horns survive anywhere.

 * "1824 St Marks Church by D.R.Roper, built on enclosed common land over the river Effra. Promoted as the 'salvation of the common'." There may be surviving records kept by Church of England authorities but the bias that these records are likely to contain is clear from the history.

 * First photo of a crowd Just how the negative of the first photograph of a crowd taken by William Kilburn got to be kept in the Royal archives at Windsor Castle is another story I'd like to hear more about. That the right to such an iconic image of the dawn of modernity should be owned by the Queen of England an almost laughable reflection on the owning classes fear of the masses.

J.M. Neeson Commoners: common right, enclosure and social change in England 1700 - 1820 Cambridge 1993 The enclosures signified a profound change in human relations to their means of subsistence.
 * The Enclosures. The key work on enclosure, according to Linebaugh is:

 * 1854 Kennington Park opened maintained by the Crowns Office of Works. Who controlled the park and when, needs more research and there is probably stuff to be found as there are many records from this era. It is said that KP was the first 'Municipal Public park' but the details of this claim have yet to be clarified. Does this refer to 1887 when KP maintenance passed over to London's Metropolitan Board of Works?

 * 1900 Bandstand completed with seated concerts from military bands playing there until 1950 Sundays, Wednesdays and bank holidays - This was 'Rational Recreation'. This idea comes mainly from Chris Water's 'British Socialists and the Politics of Popular Culture 1884- 1914' Manchester UP 1990. It is shocking how socialists undermined working class cultural self-activity and promoted middle class ideas of culture. See also my own Conspiracy of Good Taste Working Press 1993.

 * KP and war. The Imperial War Museum has an archive within a short walk of KP and I have to admit not to have done much work there. The intensity of the impact of the world wars onto the local communities and the park is hard to communicate in a timeline.

 * 1926 KP reoccupied during the General Strike More to be done on this. Where is the best archive of London on the General Strike?

 * Mass gatherings return to the park in the 1970s. I did do some scholarly work here in the records of the local council. It was however shocking what had been lost. I do have a detailed list of park usuage from 1986 to 1996 at least.

 * Conclusion: Much to be done but this rough timeline does at least indicate that there is no doubt that Kenningto Park is a site of historical importance and that it deserves to be the focus of more research.

Please do add in comments...

Back to Kennington_Park timeline

The metaphor of a 'level playing field' as relating to the idea of the commons, has come to me from Tony Moody who runs the local cricket project, which uses Catchy Shubby cricket as a selector mechanism that creates a level playing field. Catchy Shubby Cricket was invented in Jamaica but is resisted by the English Cricket establishment who do not want interference with their selection proceedures.

The idea that the flood silt would re-level the playing fields every season makes a lot of sense in relation to the early references to games being played on the common. There is even some speculation that cricket may have been invented on the Kennington common green! (The earliest image of cricket on a badge seems to be an image of the common).

Szczels 14:28, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

The Local Equadorian community tried to get permissions to play volleyball again in 2005. They faced opposition local and institutional. We sent more letters of support but Lambeth Council would only make impractical offers. updateSzczels The same local people are also against so-called organised football teams playing in the park. (Football stopped by park rangers see Photo and report March 2006)

The reason this is relevant to Wikipedia is because of the repression/enclosure of the commons.

Large scale marches and protests do not start in the park any more. See what may have been the last one here last march This may be due to the large public liability insurance that Lambeth Council demand as much as it is local opposition. But its hard to know because no one is open about these things... We did at least have Benson's funfair in the park over the last ten days. Szczels 15:26, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

I don't know where to start with this. It needs to turn into an encyclopedia article - its too chatty and too much irrelevent detail. We don't need the comments on the date of the release of Nelson Mandela or local friends group members referred to (unless they've done something that is really memorable - NB I live 10 mins walk away and I haven't heard of any of these people). The key points need picking out - they are being lost in lots of noise. A couple of random thoughts - was the Rastafarian temple originally one of the squatted St Agnes Place houses? I think that was to do with a park extension that didn't happen. The patch of grass on the side of Camberwell New Road is separate I believe - I think it's called Kennington Open Space. Secretlondon 00:50, 27 September 2005 (UTC) (The park extension is about to happen and you are right about the Camberwell New Road green. Szczels (The article has been cleaned up since this comment!)Szczels 12:48, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Ok I can agree about some of the chat Secret London but the 'relevance' of the detail is up to me, as I am living next to the park and obsessed with it, to judge. I have removed some of the contextual data which could also be seen as irrelevant, such as the date of Mandela's release. The fact you have never heard of people is exactly why I have put so much time into researching this place, much of its history was unmarked and largely unappreciated locally. I think that the style of a wikipedia entry has to get a balance between being live history, which can be noisy and in-the-process- of-interpetation and the a succinct and dry summary of key information. That balance is what I'm aiming at. Also it was criticised for being a timeline not being the correct format but why not? It allows a lot of informaton and space for people to make their own interpretations. The point about KP is that is has a hidden history (ie secret london!) and its histories are open to interpretation. This interpretation is crucial to the way the park is viewed, funded and used today! We need to keep Wikipedia diverse and open and not let it get to rigidly stylised Szczels 14:27, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Some minor edits and a question
I've made a few minor edits - I've left 'gymbasium' - should this be gymnasium?

Two other points: my understanding is that a large burial pit from the ?1666? plague is at the intersection of the roads to the west of St Marks: true? worth adding?

And, secondly, the ?old chesnut? about 'secret' tunnels under the common - leading where? for what purpose? kept secret by/for whom?

John Courtneidge

Yes gymnasium! I know nothing of the burial pit or it being on the common. What is your source of information? Secret tunnels again I know nothing but there may well be tunnels associated with the early Underground e.g. ventilation etc. or going off cellars of previously adjacent buildings... Maybe the London Underground could be persuaded to divulge information - but I doubt it in the current climate of fear. Szczels 13:57, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The plague pit story may be down to confusion between the Kennington Plague Houses on Kennington Road and the plague pits at Vauxhall.--Lang rabbie 19:33, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It would appear that Kennington is still regarded as an appanage of royalty; at all events, it gave the title of earl to the hero of Culloden, William the "butcher," Duke of Cumberland, the younger son of George II. The duke's name is kept in remembrance here by Cumberland Row, close by the Vestry Hall, Kennington Green: it forms a low row of cottages, bearing date 1666. Their unfinished carcases had been used as a lazarhouse during the great plague of the previous year.  :From Old and New London by Walter Thornbury first published 1878

 * Can you give the date of this book and page number? Szczels

 * I have edited and included a link to the version at British History Online.--Lang rabbie 01:48, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

The shelter disaster and the new memorial
I was shocked to see the extent of the trenches over the south field in Rob Patemans excellent pamphlet. Somehow the extent of the horror of it got through to me. And of course there were many more bodies left than I had estimated from my original research in Lambeth Archives in 1996/7. See links on main page for text.

Also the story related on Perhaps I should put this photo on the main page? Szczels 12:55, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Stefan, should there be a mention that the text of the memorial is misquoted? It's only a slight change, but the original text uses "and" where the inscription uses "but". The poem was given at the inauguration in 1993 of President Clinton, and can be read in full here. Coconino 09:33, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * An interesting point. I don't know what to think about thisSzczels 12:02, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Maya Angelou herself used "but" in her 1993 reading at the inauguration (as evidenced on this Youtube video clipat c. 04:35), so I suggest no amendment is required. Lang rabbie 20:39, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Aha! So she does! Thank's for that clarification; it seems the Clinton Foundation web site is in error. Coconino 14:03, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Eighties Bonfire event(s)?
There was a Theatre event in the east park extension in the Eighties one November 5th. There were giant effigies of Thatcher and ? and a bonfire It was really spectacular especially for people in the Brandon towers. Anyone have any date and details? The theatre company? etc. Szczels 12:26, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Chartism
"Chartism was the first national working class organisation and the rally on 10 April 1848 the high point of the Chartist movement."

I'd dispute that. The movement had been in decline for years by 1848. The Kennington Common rally was more a last hurrah than a high point. Legion 22:48, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

I take your point Legion. I think 'high point' can be taken in different ways. Perhaps I should say the event was the most famous challenge of Chartism or something... to be more precise. What do you think is the most authoritative account on Chartism? Szczels 12:40, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Now, I'm afraid that when it comes to that I'm less help. I'm afriad my knowldge of Chartism is only at A-level.... level, so I'm no expert on Chartist historiography. I could randomly shout out names I've come across, but I doubt that would be much help. : /

The rally at Kennington was one of the most famous events in the movement's history I'd say. But not necessarily the most famous. I think the entry itself could be trimmed down a bit: the description of Chartism could be covered simply by a link to the Wiki article on Chartism itself.
 * What, I wonder, is the provenance of the "monster"? Is it an attempt at a joke?

Sorry if I come off as a bit impolite. It's late, and I'm never particularly good at choosing my words at the best of times. ^^; Legion 23:22, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Railings
The original park railings of the enclosure where removed in the WW1. But when were they replaced and with what money? By my memory I would say it was in the mid to late Eighties... Szczels (talk) 13:03, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Post 2007 events please?
It is a pity no-one wants to keep this updated since I left the area... The Children's playground was finished and opened. When? I'm sure other notable events have taken place... Szczels (talk) 09:47, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

Just taken out suspecting a hoax
"Kennington Park is often erroneously cited as the birthplace of English-born backyard wrestler "Dynamite Dragon" Gareth-Davis King. While his official ring introduction does have him hailing from "The Mean Streets of Kennington Park", he actually lived in nearby DeLaune Street, and has often returned to his local neighbourhood to help promote independent backyard wrestling promotions and encourage cross promotion between English promtions, and his own West Australian based Modern Athletic Wrestling League. He often cites the area around Kennington Park as a big influence on him as a child." Needs dates and to be put in timeline if he actually existed! Szczels (talk) 15:58, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Kennington Park


text:
Talk:Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

note
My wife is a carrier and we lost a son to the disease so I decided it deserved a Wiki entry. Much new information is emerging at the moment and I will try to get this article filled out as time permits.--MtB 15:04, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

My son was born with OTC deficiency. After genetic testing it was determined that I (his mother) am not a carrier and that my son was born with a genetic mutation.

By a stroke of luck he was diagnosed before he died, which is rare. Then with more luck and extreme vigilance on our part, he managed to survive several bouts with hyperammonemia. He had a liver transplant when he was 8 months old. Unfortunatley, the transplant happened after he already sustained neurological damage. He has physical symptoms like severe Cerebral Palsy and he is developmentally disabled. If he had not had his transplant when he did he wouldn't have lived much longer. His transplant was, and continues to be, a major success. He has suffered no ill effects of his transplant or his daily use of immunosuppressant drugs. He is very lucky in that regard.

I added the information about liver transplant being a treatment option. Honestly, my only regret is that we didn't list him for transplantation sooner. I also added a link to the National Urea Cycle Disorder Foundation website.

---

i lost my cousin to OTC earlier this year, he was 27

19-5--08

i have since been diagnosed with OTC, im currently 22, and am tested yearly to keep an eye of my levels

both my auntie and my mum are both carriers, i have been tested for this.

--Uridine-- Since this condition can cause orotic acidemia, would uridine supplementation benefit the person at all? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Interestedperson (talk • contribs) 02:47, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Confusing lead
"Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD), a common urea cycle disorder, is a rare metabolic disorder, occurring in one out of every 80,000 births."

To this lay reader, the part in bold is confusing. It's common, but it's rare? One possibility is that urea cycle disorders are rare, and of those, OTCD is a relatively common one. Even if that's the case, the passage should be reworded to make the sense clearer. But I'm not going to change it, because I genuinely don't know if that's the case. Hopefully, someone who knows what the actual situation is can clarify. BrianTung (talk) 18:05, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I have been reworking this article. Most metabolic disorders, including the urea cycle disorders are rare - however OTC is the most common.  So, it is common among the urea cycle and common when geneticists talk about a disorder being "common", but by almost any reasonable definition, it is rare. Please let me know if this is still unclear.  Canada Hky (talk) 02:25, 22 January 2014 (UTC)

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.
Hello, My Sister had OTC Deficiency. They diagnosed her as an infant and we were blessed to have her until the age of 48. She passed in 2019. She was our miracle. They said she would not live passed the age of 2. She was getting to much protein as a baby (which doctors were not really familiar with this, and from what I was told not much education back then) she ended up having seizures, a stroke and ended up in a coma for nearly 2 weeks. Before this happened, she was doing normal baby things, when she came out of the coma, and they ruled that She was now Mentally retarded. ( due to seizures and coma) at the age of 48, She functioned as a 5 year old, and spoke, walked and had the biggest heart of anyone I ever knew. Her diet had little to no protein. She eat only Vegies. It took years for providers to figure out that protein was the cause of her being sick (deathly sick) most of her life. It was a horrible thing to watch her go through. Some doctors were scared to take her case, because they had no idea how to treat her. She was a teaching tool for those who wanted to learn about her. Shelley8425 (talk) 05:17, 4 September 2023 (UTC)