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Talk:Runaway Train (film)

Untitled
This article does not explain the concept of a runaway train, just the movie. 213.51.209.230 20:22, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Technical errors are false in the movie the break shoes brook off so no matter how much air you dump the train will keep moveing because there are no braks shoes to engage the wheels —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.203.182.114 (talk) 20:02, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

I don't think semi-literate buffoons should be advising anyone of "technical errors" of any kind. 71.245.193.158 (talk) 20:58, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

I am pretty sure that Rebecca DeMornay's character is not a train conductor but just some sort of generic railroad worker. I am going to check to find out for sure. I also think that this should probably be retitled Runaway Train (movie) and Runaway Train should be reserved for th actual concept of an unmanned train.

The Character "Jonah" was NOT Manny's brother. Nowhere does it state his name was "Jonah Manheim". Don't assume they were related just because they called each other "brother". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2606:A000:B281:1200:BC0D:1A7A:59C7:D60C (talk) 15:24, 6 July 2014 (UTC)

Are the lyrics to "Runaway Train" actually about missing children? Looking at them, they don't seem to be. It was just the video that was about missing children. I'm going to change it. john k 02:50, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that Rebeca DeMornay's character is a railroad worker. Buck only remarks "are you collecting tickets or something?" after she askes what he and Manny are doing on the train. Gnorn 19:53, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

"Runaway Train" has an errie, tragic coincidence in it. The film was released in December 1985. The chief dispatcher who asks; "how could this tragedy have happened?" is also watching tv showing a space shuttle making a safe landing. The idea was that the space shuttle was a symbol of almost perfect technology. On Jan. 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger blew up shortly after liftoff, because of a defective O-ring seal that NASA was warned about and choose to ignore. Sometimes when the film is shown on tv, the scene with the space shuttle is deleated.24.195.242.116 23:10, 24 July 2006 (UTC)Bennett Turk

Fair use rationale for Image:Runaway trainposter.jpg
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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 02:29, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Theme
I have removed this Theme section as it looks like complete original research and also looks to be lifted from IMBD. If I am wrong and it has come from a source connected to the film's production team, then it can go back in, properly cited.

"The primary theme of the film is that no individual or society can understand and control everything. The powerlessness that the train dispatchers experience in their attempts to bring the train to a controlled stop is the same powerlessness that Manny feels about his own inability to become a normal member of society.

This theme is brought into sharp focus in an intense speech in which Manny tells Buck that he should get a job and earn a paycheck after his escape instead of pursuing a life of crime. Buck replies that he would rather be in prison than do menial labor, and when he asks Manny if he would do that kind of work for a living, Manny replies quietly, "I wish I could."

Later in the film, after giving the order to derail the train, the chief dispatcher asks himself, "How did this happen? Why couldn't we stop it...?" As the events of the film unfold, Manny has the power to stop the train, but chooses not to. By the end of the film his goal in reaching the lead engine is no longer to stop the train, but simply to be the one who decides whether or not the train stops. Since he knows that if he stops the train he will never be able to control his own life, he concludes that the last choice he can make about his own fate and the only way he can be free is to let the train continue on to its destruction.

The film also features lesser thematic threads, including cruelty (Ranken), innocence (Sara) and most notably redemption, as shown when Manny uncouples the lead engine from the rest of the train, saving the lives of Buck and Sara as his final act before climbing on top of the engine in the freezing cold with his arms stretched out like a crucifix, ready to meet his end." —Preceding unsigned comment added by MickMacNee (talk • contribs) 22:58, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Box Office
I have removed the section claiming this film was a box office hit. Elsewhere on the page it's noted the film cost $9 million and grossed $8 million in the U.S. That does not sound like a hit. Furthermore, the citation that allegedly showed the film was a hit referenced a Los Angeles Times article discussing some of the movies of 1985. Here's how Runaway Train is mentioned:

'Cannon may have the sleeper of the year in "Runaway Train," which improved more than 50% last weekend and appears to be profiting from excellent word-of-mouth.'

All the sentence claims is the film might be a hit, not that it is a hit.

Soviet movie - coincidences?
Konchalosvki fled from USSR in 1980, before filming this movie. He is also coming from a rather elite family (Sergey Mikhalkov was the author of USSR anthem, no less). In the same 1985 year in USSR released is another movie "Train that is not in the Schedule" which does not contain "ideologically incorrect" things like sympathetic anti-hero prisoner, but shares the main plot device of "deceased driver turning train on" and "sudden people in the tale of the train prohibit crashing it and try to get into the loco". https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F Looks like the same idea was brewing at the same time both in USA/Japan and USSR cinema circles, perhaps exchanging ideas and tunes via Konchalovsky/Mikhalkov family. 85.90.120.180 (talk) 12:53, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

Real life counterpart of this film
the 1962 new york central runaway train - Search (bing.com) 110.174.50.85 (talk) 08:18, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

No Beast So Fierce
The Richard 111 quote (Shakespeare) is cited in full before the closing credits. However, it's also the title of Eddie Bunker's book about his life of crime in LA and numerous incarcerations. Wonder if it's worth a mention. Bunker hinself appears in the film. Might be a nod to him. 86.171.28.239 (talk) 16:00, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

Short f stop in exterior action scenes.
The short f stop prevented motion blur in exterior action scenes of the people on the train. That gave those scenes a stop motion animation look commonly seen in stop motion monster movies. The dressing, photography, and music of the train itself has a feel of the train being monstrous in the shots of the train alone. The train, and the people are depicted as beasts. For me to include those points in the article would be OR. But someone must have mentioned those points in a published source. It would give a reader of the article some of the flavor of the movie if it was included. 2600:8807:5400:600:5C1C:B467:6558:9E8B (talk) 13:26, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Runaway Train (film)


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Erbusco

Erbusco (Brescian: Erbösch) is a comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Erbusco


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Esine

Esine (Camunian: Éden) is a comune in the province of Brescia, in the Italian region Lombardy, in the Camonica valley, located 43 km north of Brescia.

It is bounded by other communes of Berzo Inferiore, Bovegno, Cividate Camuno, Darfo Boario Terme, Gianico, Piancogno.

Twin Towns - Sister Cities
Esine is twinned with:

 * 🇮🇹 Civitanova Marche in Italy (since 1989)

title: Esine


text:
Zire 72

The Zire 72 is Palm, Inc.'s second Personal Digital Assistant with an integrated digital camera. Introduced in 2004, it is the replacement for the Zire 71, having a 1.2 megapixel camera, 32 MB of memory, built-in Bluetooth wireless communication, video recording and playback capability, a built-in microphone, hi-res hi-color screen, SecureDigital smartcard slot, and a 312 MHz Intel PXA270 processor.

Users have complained about several problems, most notably
 * Blue paint peels off (a "special edition" version has been released that has no blue paint, just silver.)
 * Camera quality (broken pixels, uncovered lens etc.)
 * Screen whining
 * Battery life

Palm, Inc. released a second version of the Zire 72, the Zire 72s, which is silver. This change fixed the problem with the paint. They subsequently released a version of the blue Zire 72, which used a different paint, and does not peel.

As with other Bluetooth enabled devices, turning that connectivity off when not required, extends battery life.

This is the last model in PalmOne's line of multimedia Zire devices, and the last model made with a camera. The Zire 72 has been discontinued and is no longer supported by PalmOne/Palm's successor, Hewlett-Packard.

There have also been many complaints about discolored pixels, such as certain groups of pixels on the screen turning green, red, and blue.

title: Zire 72


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Gary Chevsky

Gary Chevsky (born 11 September 1972 in Odessa, USSR) is an American entrepreneur, engineer and was the founding architect of Ask.com. He served as President at Tango mobile video and audio-over-IP calling service for consumers, before founding a Social Virtual Reality company StayUp Inc.

Career
In 1992, Chevsky was hired by Garrett Gruener, fellow Berkeley grad and eventual co-founder, to help write programing for the Ask Jeeves concept site. After parting ways, he went on to work for Informix before reconnecting with Gruener in 1995. From 1995 to 2006, Chevsky worked on question answering and information-retrieval technologies at Ask Jeeves (now Ask.com). Subsequently, he served as Vice President of Engineering at Symantec Corporation in its Consumer Business Unit (known for its Norton brand), developing web security technologies such as Norton Safe Web. From 2009 to 2011, he served as Vice President of Product Development, Operations & IT for YouSendIt (now Hightail). In July 2011, Chevsky was hired at Tango.me, a video calling company, to oversee engineering. Chevsky went on to become the President of Tango, which during his tenure grew from less than 10 million to over 400 million users worldwide. In 2017, Chevsky envisioned the future of video communication in virtual reality and started an effort at Tango around Social VR, eventually leading the spin-off of the project into a stand-alone company StayUp Inc., with Chevsky as founder and CEO. StayUp was acquired in 2018 by IMVU, a social 3D world company, with Chevsky coming onboard as an executive advisor. In 2021, he joined RingCentral as Vice President of Collaboration.

Personal life
He immigrated to the United States in 1988 and settled in San Francisco, California. Chevsky studied Computer Science at the University of California Berkeley. He holds 5 patents in the area of natural language processing and search/information retrieval, and is also featured in the Search Engine exhibit in the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, CA.

title: Gary Chevsky


text:
Fiesse

Fiesse (Brescian: Fiès) is a comune in the province of Brescia, Lombardy, northern Italy. It is bounded by other communes of Asola, Casalromano, Gambara, Remedello and Volongo.

title: Fiesse


text: User talk:67.165.92.155

title: User talk:67.165.92.155


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Flero

Flero (Brescian: Flér) is a comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy.

Notable people

 * Dino Decca, painter
 * Andrea Pirlo, professional footballer

title: Flero


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Leonard Evans

Leonard Salusbury Evans (August 19, 1929 – January 2, 2016) was a Canadian politician in Manitoba. He was a member of the Manitoba legislature from 1969 to 1999 and was a Cabinet Minister in the governments of New Democratic Premiers Edward Schreyer and Howard Pawley.

Early life and career
The son of David Evans and Gwen Salusbury, he was born in Winnipeg and educated at Transcona Collegiate Institute, the University of Winnipeg, the University of Manitoba, Simon Fraser University and the University of Ottawa. He worked as an economist and a professor of economics before entering political life. Evans first ran for public office in the Canadian federal election of 1953, running as a Cooperative Commonwealth Federation candidate in the riding of St. Boniface. He finished second with 5568 votes, a credible showing for the party in the region.

In 1953, he married Alice Lorrain Mazinke.

Electoral record
Evans was elected to the Manitoba legislature as a New Democrat in the provincial election of 1969. This election was a watershed moment in Manitoba politics, as the NDP emerged as the largest party with 28 seats and formed government after gaining the support of Liberal MLA Laurent Desjardins. Evans was elected in the riding of Brandon East, in the province's southwestern corner.

Evans was named Minister of Mines and Natural Resources on July 15, 1969. On December 18 of the same year, he was promoted to Minister of Industry and Commerce, a position which he held until the defeat of the NDP government in 1977. He was also given ministerial responsibility for the Manitoba Housing and Renewal Corporation on September 22, 1976. Evans oversaw the Manitoba Development Corporation in his ministerial role and used his position to promote public management within certain industries. Additionally, he co-founded WESTAC to strengthen public-private relations in the transportation industry.

Evans was easily re-elected in the 1973 provincial election. He faced a more serious challenge from Progressive Conservative James Thornborough in the 1977 election but still won by over 1000 votes. The Tories won the 1977 election, and Evans served as opposition critic for Economic Development over the next four years.

The NDP were returned to government in 1981, and Evans was appointed as Minister of Community Service and Correction and Minister of Natural Resources on November 30, 1981, also receiving responsibility for the Manitoba Telephone System. He was relieved of the latter two positions on August 20, 1982, and on November 4, 1983, was transferred to the Ministry of Employment Services and Economic Security, where he would remain until the fall of the NDP government in 1988. He was also given responsibility for the A.E. McKenzie Co. Ltd from June 29, 1983, to January 4, 1984, was Minister of Natural Resources again from January 3, 1986, to April 17, 1988, and held responsibility for Manitoba Data Services between September 21, 1987, and May 9, 1988.

Evans faced a surprisingly strong challenge from PC candidate Jim Armstrong in the 1986 provincial election but was re-elected by about 1000 votes. He again defeated Armstrong by 653 votes in 1988, despite a sharp decline in NDP support in the rest of the province.

Prior to the fall of the NDP government in 1988, Evans went on record as being one of the few MLAs in his party to oppose the Meech Lake Accord. He wanted to join with Elijah Harper in denying approval for the Accord in 1990 but declined so as not to detract from the issue of aboriginal rights (Harper was aboriginal, Evans was not). As a cabinet minister, Evans stopped the process of adopting aboriginal children to non-aboriginal families outside of the province, a process which many aboriginal activists had regarded as cultural genocide.

Evans served as NDP Finance critic from 1988 to 1999. By now a respected "elder statesman" in the party, he had little difficulty being re-elected in the elections of 1990 and 1995. He did not seek re-election in the 1999 Manitoba general election; Drew Caldwell retained Brandon East for the NDP. As of July 2010, he was a member of the province's Public Utilities Board.

In 2007, Evans was elected as president of the Association of Former Manitoba MLAs. He died on January 2, 2016, at the age of 86 after suffering a heart attack in the previous week.

title: Leonard Evans


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Run out

Run out is a method of dismissal in cricket, governed by Law 38 of the laws of cricket. A run out usually occurs when the batters are attempting to run between the wickets and the fielding team succeed in getting the ball to one of the wickets before a batter has crossed the crease line near the wicket. If the batter is judged run out, the run does not count and the bowler does not get credit for the wicket.

A run out can also be effected when the batters are not attempting a run if one of them leaves the crease when the ball is not dead. Some such dismissals cause controversy because they challenge long-established — but not universal — conventions about the spirit of the game.

Definition
A batter is out run out if, at any time while the ball is in play, no part of their bat or person is grounded behind the popping crease and their wicket is fairly broken by the action of a fielder. The batter whose ground is at the end where the wicket is broken is out.

A batter can be run out even when not attempting a run if they are out of their crease and the wicket is put down by a fielder. For example, the striker is run out if the batter plays the ball which is collected by a close fielder and the wicket is broken when the striker has left their ground to play the ball.

If a batter has a runner, the batter must also stay in the crease when the ball is in play, and the batter can be run out if they or their runner are out of the crease when the wicket is broken.

Exceptions
A batter may be run out whether or not a run is being attempted, even if the delivery is declared a no-ball or a wide except for the following circumstances:
 * A batter has been within the popping crease and has subsequently left it to avoid injury, when the wicket is put down.
 * The ball bowled by the bowler has not made any contact with a fielder before the wicket is put down.
 * A batter is given out stumped.
 * A no-ball has been called, no attempt to run is made by the batter, and the wicket is put down by the wicket-keeper without another fielder's intervention. This prevents what would be a stumping — were it not called a no-ball — being ruled a run out instead.

Non-striker leaving their ground early
As a bowler enters their delivery stride, the non-striking batter might back up, meaning they leave their popping crease early and moves towards the other end of the wicket, so that, if the batters attempt a run, that run can be completed quickly. If, at any time from the moment the ball comes into play (i.e. when the bowler starts their run-up) until the instant when the bowler would normally have been expected to release the ball, the non-striker is out of their ground, they can be run out.

While a generous bowler may warn a batter to stay in their crease rather than to take their wicket, it is not required by the laws of cricket nor the guidance notes by MCC on the spirit of cricket to do so. It is a legitimate mode of dismissal and the International Cricket Council (ICC) playing conditions match MCC Law.

One of the earliest recorded examples came in a match between Eton and Harrow in 1850, when Harrow's Charles Austen-Leigh was run out "backing up" by Eton bowler William Prest. The most notable example of this method of dismissal involved the Indian bowler Vinoo Mankad who ran out Bill Brown on 13 December 1947 in the second test during India's tour of Australia at Sydney. Mankad when, in the act of delivering the ball, he held on to it and removed the bails with Brown well out of his crease. Since this incident, a batter dismissed in this fashion was informally said to have been "Mankaded".

Until 2022 this mode of dismissal was part of Law 41-Unfair play. but is now wholly within Law 38 (Run Out). Some observers feel that dismissing a batter in this way is poor sporting etiquette and against the spirit of the game, while others believe that the laws and regulations exist to be used as a structure of the game and that it is legitimate and sporting to exercise them. Such dismissals have on occasion provoked debate. In July 2014, when England's Jos Buttler was run out by Sri Lanka's Sachithra Senanayake, the World Cricket Council, an independent consultative body of former international captains and umpires, unanimously expressed support of Sri Lanka's actions. In contrast, in March 2019, when Buttler was dismissed in the same way by Ravichandran Ashwin in the 2019 Indian Premier League, an MCC spokesman said that while the mode of dismissal is legitimate, this particular dismissal was not in the "spirit of the game" because of the timing of the breaking of the wicket, a judgement that is now explicit in the Law.

Runs scored
If either batter is run out, the run in progress when the wicket is put down is not counted. Any runs completed will be counted, together with any runs for penalties awarded to either side.

If the striker has a runner and is themself run out (which would be at the striker's end), then no runs count and the umpire returns the non-striker to the original (non-striking) end. If the striker's runner, a non-striker's runner, or the non-striker themselves, is run out, runs completed will be counted.

Credit
The bowler does not get credit for the wicket. Credit is given to the "primary" fielder who gathers the ball and either puts down the wicket or makes the ball available for another player to do so, and any other "assistant" fielders who touch the ball, including a player who ultimately puts down the wicket, But if the bowler bowls and is the primary fielder to break the bails and no assistant fielder has intervened the credit is ultimately given to the bowler.

Ball in play
The batter can be run out if the ball is in play (i.e not 'dead'). They may intentionally leave the crease not attempting a run, for example to talk to the non-striker or to pat the pitch. They can do this because of the customary understanding with the fielding team that the ball is considered dead at that time. If that understanding breaks down, a fielder might put down the wicket. As ever, the fielding team must appeal for any dismissal to occur, and the fielding captain will withdraw the appeal if they view it to be unwarranted by the spirit of the game, which will depend on judgement of custom, practice and circumstance. But if an appeal is made, the umpire must give the batter out unless they consider that a dead ball pertained.

There have been instances, such as a Test match in 2006, when Muttiah Muralitharan left his crease to congratulate Kumar Sangakkara on completing his century, and was run out by Brendon McCullum. McCullum subsequently stated that he regretted that his actions were not within the spirit of the game.

In a contrasting incident in a Test match against India in 2011, Ian Bell was initially given run out after leaving his crease, wrongly assuming his shot had reached the boundary, but the appeal was later withdrawn by the fielding captain MS Dhoni and Bell was allowed to resume his innings. The essential distinction of this incident is that the ball is automatically dead when it reaches the boundary (interpretation by the umpire is not required), and so Bell left his crease under a misapprehension that may have been reinforced by the actions of some of the fielding team, who were under the same misapprehension. An intention to deceive the batter is explicitly unfair and would itself cause the ball to become adjudged dead by the umpire, but otherwise a batter is still run out on appeal if they are out of their ground wrongly believing the ball to have become automatically dead.

title: Run out


text: Category:Government of Puerto Rico

title: Category:Government of Puerto Rico


text:
Solør

Solør is a Norwegian traditional district consisting of the valley between Elverum in the north and Kongsvinger in the south. It is part of Innlandet county and it includes the municipalities Våler, Åsnes, and Grue.

Glomma valley
Glommadal (Glåmdalen) is a designation for the valley formed by the river Glåma (also called the Glomma), which is the longest and largest river in Norway. From Lake Aursund in the north on south to Elverum, the valley is called the Østerdalen. From that point south until Kongsvinger, it is referred to as Solør. As in turns westerly from Kongsvinger until Nes, it is called the Odalen. These designations are also traditional districts, reflecting the designations locals used for their valleys.

Name
The Old Norse form of the name was Soløyjar.

Geography
Solør is a rural area and consists mainly of farming land and forest. In fact, Solør is the number one potato producing area in Norway. Forestry is also important for the area, and "Forestia", a major chip-board factory, is situated in Våler, playing an important role in the local society, especially by providing jobs for a large proportion of the local inhabitants.

History
In the early Viking Age, before Harald Fairhair, Solør was a petty kingdom. In the 17th century the forest east of Glomma became known as Finnskogen ("the forest of the Finns"). This named refers to Finnish refugees from Sweden who had been encouraged to settle in the adjacent province of Värmland but were later evicted and fled across the border into Hedmark.

Halfdan Hvitbeinn was one of the historic Kings of Soløyjar (Solør).

title: Solør


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Hit wicket

Hit wicket is a method of dismissal in the sport of cricket. This method of dismissal is governed by Law 35 of the Laws of Cricket. The striker is out "hit wicket" if, after the bowler has entered his delivery stride and while the ball is in play, his wicket is put down by his bat or his person. The striker may do this whilst preparing to receive or receiving a delivery or in setting off for his first run after playing the delivery. In simple language, if the striking batsman knocks the bails off the stumps or uproots the stumps, while attempting to hit the ball or take off for a run, he is out hit wicket.

This method is the sixth most common method of dismissal after caught, bowled, leg before wicket, run out and stumped. It is significantly rarer than any of these, which constitute the five conventional methods, but still much more common than the other four (timed out, obstructing the field, retired out and hit the ball twice), which are extremely rare.

Although a bowler is given credit for the wicket, it is not a method of dismissal that a bowler actively seeks. A batsman may not be given out "hit wicket" if the ball is not actually delivered by the bowler or if the delivery is a no-ball.

, batsmen have been dismissed hit wicket a total of 164 times in Test cricket, 77 times in One Day Internationals and 33 in Twenty20 Internationals. In the women's game, a player has been dismissed 12 times in this manner in Tests, 8 in women's ODIs, and 15 in women's Twenty20 International matches.

Notable dismissals
Due to the rarity of this method of dismissal, many occurrences in international cricket are notable.

Commentary gaffe
On 9 August 1991, during a match between England and the West Indies at the Oval, Ian Botham fell over his stumps whilst attempting to hook Curtly Ambrose and so was dismissed "hit wicket". Later in the day, Brian Johnston of BBC Radio's Test Match Special read out the details of the scorecard as normal. When he came to Botham's dismissal, his fellow presenter Jonathan Agnew commented that Botham 'just didn't quite get his leg over'. This was a double entendre meaning that he was not able to avoid hitting his stumps by getting his leg higher than the stumps, and also a reference to sex. Johnston slowly started laughing until he could commentate no more, leaving about a minute of broadcasting being just him in a fit of giggles.

Disintegrating bat
In the first innings of the 3rd Test in the 1921 Ashes series, at Headingley, Andy Ducat, playing in his only Test for England, fended at a fast ball bowled by Australia's Ted McDonald. Ducat's bat broke, and a splinter flew back and dislodged a bail, the ball being caught behind by a slip fielder. Ducat was given out "caught", although it seems likely that he could also have been given out "hit wicket".

Later in 1921, in the 2nd Test between Australia and South Africa at Old Wanderers in Johannesburg, McDonald dismissed Billy Zulch in a similar fashion, breaking the batsman's bat so that fragments flew back to dislodge a bail, and Zulch was given out "hit wicket".

After these incidents, the MCC clarified that the whole bat must break the wicket for the batsman to be given out "hit wicket". However, effective 1 October 2010, this law has been changed to allow a batsman to be dismissed "hit wicket" if a splinter, or part of his bat, breaks the wicket.

Flying gloves
Playing for Derbyshire against Surrey at the Oval in 1953, Alan Revill's hand was hit by a lifting delivery from Alec Bedser. Revill shook his hand in pain, and his glove flew off, hit the stumps, and dislodged a bail. The umpire considered that Revill was still "playing at the ball", and he was dismissed "hit wicket".

Falling headgear
In Test cricket, a number of batsmen have been out "hit wicket" as a result of headgear falling onto the stumps.

In the 2nd Test between Australia and the West Indies in Melbourne in 1960–61 (the Test immediately after the famous Tied Test at Brisbane), Joe Solomon was first out in the second innings, following on. Playing back to a topspinner bowled by Richie Benaud, his cap fell off and dislodged a bail, so he was out "hit wicket". The Australian crowd thought the dismissal was unsporting, and booed their own side.

In Warwickshire's County Championship match against Hampshire at Edgbaston in 1962, M. J. K. Smith was dismissed when a gust of wind blew his cap on to his wicket.

Two Indian cricketers have been dismissed in a similar fashion – Ashok Mankad by England's Chris Old during the 3rd Test at Edgbaston in July 1974, and Dilip Vengsarkar by Australia's Jeff Thomson during the 1st Test at Brisbane in December 1977.

In the 3rd One Day International between New Zealand and Australia in Dunedin in February 2000, New Zealand's Adam Parore had his helmet knocked off by a short-pitched delivery from Brett Lee. The helmet fell into the stumps, and Parore was also out "hit wicket", causing some disturbance in the crowd.

In the 3rd Test between England and West Indies at Old Trafford on 9 June 2007, Kevin Pietersen was out "hit wicket" when his helmet fell onto the stumps. The bowler was Dwayne Bravo, who bowled a good bouncer that dislodged the helmet. Replays suggested that the force of the ball broke the chinstrap, freeing the lid to strike the stumps.

Other strange hit wicket dismissals
Pakistan's Inzamam-ul-Haq was also out "hit wicket" in the 3rd Test against England at Headingley on 6 August 2006, as he attempted to sweep England spinner Monty Panesar and in doing so lost his balance before falling backwards onto his stumps. He attempted to jump over the stumps, but completely fell on top of them.

One of the more bizarre hit wicket dismissals was of Sri Lanka national cricket team former captain Kumar Sangakkara in the finals of the triangular ODI Compaq Cup against India at Colombo on 14 September 2009, as he attempted a shot and in the follow through his bat slipped out of his hands, flew backwards in the air and landed on the stumps.

On 1 December 2017, West Indian player Sunil Ambris became the first player to be dismissed hit wicket on debut, also getting out for a golden duck. He proceeded to get out the same way in the very next game, becoming the only player to be out this way twice in consecutive games.

title: Hit wicket


text:
MCF

MCF can refer to:

Transport and manufacturing

 * Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli, an Indian rail manufacturer

Science and technology

 * Military-civil fusion, a Chinese economic strategy for technological dominance developed by Xi Jinping
 * Magnetic confinement fusion, an approach to thermonuclear fusion that uses magnetic fields
 * Muon-catalyzed fusion, an approach to nuclear fusion that uses muons
 * Makes caterpillars floppy, a gene in the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens
 * Malignant catarrhal fever (Bovine malignant catarrhal fever), a disease of cattle and related species
 * Master Control Facility, ISRO's communication satellite control centre
 * Median cell fragility (Erythrocyte fragility), the NaCl concentration at which 50% of cells in a blood sample undergo lysis
 * Methyl chloroform, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
 * Mille cubic feet (Mcf), 1000 cubic feet, unit of volume used in natural gas industry
 * Modulation contrast function, a variant of the Optical transfer function, used in optical imaging analysis
 * Multi-commodity flow problem, a flow network problem with multiple commodities between different source and sink nodes

Culture and entertainment

 * Magic Circle Festival, a German heavy metal music festival
 * Málaga CF, a football club based in Málaga, Spain
 * Real Madrid CF, a football club based in Madrid, Spain
 * Malaysian Chess Federation, organization for chess players in Malaysia

Business and finance

 * Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers, an Indian fertilizer company
 * Marginal cost of funds, an aspect of Excess burden of taxation
 * MCF, ISO 4217 code for the Monégasque franc, the former currency of Monaco
 * Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli, an Indian rail manufacturer

Computing

 * MacCentral Forum (1998-2008), a former on-line forum for Apple Macintosh users
 * Meta Content Framework, a discontinued specification of a content format for structuring metadata about web sites
 * Modular Crypt Format, a method of storing hashed passwords
 * Multimedia Container Format, an unfinished digital media specification which was incorporated into Matroska
 * Mystery Case Files, a video game series

Other

 * Malaysian Chess Federation, a sport organization in Malaysia
 * Marine Commando Force, now MARCOS, the special forces unit of the Indian Navy
 * Micro Complement fixation test, a high-sensitivity immunological medical test
 * Muskegon Correctional Facility, a state prison in Michigan, United States
 * Michael C. Fina, an American luxury-goods retailer
 * Melamine faced chipboard, a form of Particle board, an engineered wood product
 * Municipal Corporation of Faridabad, the city government of Faridabad, India
 * Maître de conférences, a rank in French academia
 * Mully Children's Family, a nonprofit organization for children in need
 * Muslim Charities Forum, a religious organization based in the United Kingdom

title: MCF


text:
Jorg

Jorg may refer to:

 * Jorg Gray, California-based brand of men's and women's watches
 * Jorg Smeets (born 1970), Dutch former footballer
 * A battle mech used by the Makron (Quake character), a video game character

title: Jorg


text:
Talk:PowWow (chat program)

Racism
look, some ***** came in here and erased everything about how the company was racist and had a racist web page.

you so and so, if you ever do anything like that   again, you will rot even deeper in hell than you are  probably  already going to rot.

i also love how you change the phrases 'the parent company killed the product' to 'so and so shut down the offices', and other corporate double speak bullcaca you spew.

it makes me want to vomit.

fortunately on wikipedia, at least for now, we are  all equal. you dont have a badge on your shirt or some fancy title, with an army of lawyers behind you to assure you you are being ethical and righteous to lie out your ass about what this company did.

and dont forget. no matter how m any times you try to lie, i will be there, waiting, to edit these lies, and destroy them, and replace them with the truth, which is  clearly visible to all who knew what  really happened. you cannot erase the evils of the past. you can only apologize for them. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.14.170.144 (talk • contribs) 13:36, 9 October 2004 (UTC)

 * I have no clue who you are talking to, but I assure you, if you continue such personal attacks (even to mid-air), this goes against Wikipedia policy. I checked the history of the page and see no such revert, unless you're referring to my cleanup of your edit. --Golbez 20:42, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * now i called whoever edited the article a liar. thats what happened. however, i must admit that calling them a 'sack of crap' was overboard. now maybe i could tone down my criticism a little bit but that doesnt make me wrong in the facts. someone edited this page and removed references to the 'native american trust', which was a sham company and which was involved in the powwow chat client. look at the history, here is an excerpt of what was erased

 * "This company's website initially described itself as a 'Native American' company and had a Native American-themed web site and was run by native americans. It was supposedly funded by a company named the Native American Trust, which seems to have existed only in order to support Tribal Voice and had no other involvement with Native American communities. This was an example of Twinkie-ism by the founders. A website was set up by Paula Giese to expose the sham. In its front page, she said the following:

 * "'To Summarize: Tribal voice is not only a fake -- having nothing t0o do with Indian people but 4exploitation, but it is also sacreligious, with offensive material for just about every major Nsative tribe.'

 * "She also traded emails with company officials, who blew her off."

 * this is all gone from the 'cleaned up' version of the article.... but removing ugly facts is not the same thing as 'cleaning'

 * —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 199.245.163.1 (talk • contribs) 08:54, 1 July 2005 (UTC)  (With edits by User:199.245.163.1 (talk • contribs) at 09:00, 1 July 2005)

Tribal Voice link is bad
I personally enjoyed using Tribal Voice back in the late nineties. I am sorry that it was claimed to be founded by Native Americans who felt that they were once again being exploited. But as for me it never occurred to me that this site had anything to do with Navojo, or Cherokee, or any other tribe other than a bunch of normal WASPS who wanted to chat, draw, and hook up. 68.53.94.30 20:44, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

History
Tribal Voice links to an unrelated musical album. Also, does anybody know when the company was founded? --Logomachist 00:13, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I believe the first employee was hired in December, 1994. --Aryeh Goretsky 07:39, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Hai
Hai — Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.138.87.105 (talk) 00:03, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:PowWow (chat program)


text:
Alvin Davis

Alvin Glenn Davis (born September 9, 1960), nicknamed "Mr. Mariner", is an American former Major League Baseball first baseman and designated hitter. He played eight of his nine seasons for the Seattle Mariners and won the American League Rookie of the Year Award in 1984.

Early years
The youngest of four sons, Davis was born and raised in Riverside, California. His father died in 1970. Davis graduated from John W. North High School in 1978. He was selected in the eighth round (189th overall) of the 1978 Major League Baseball draft by the San Francisco Giants, but opted to attend Arizona State University play college baseball for the Arizona State Sun Devils. Davis, who batted left-handed and threw right-handed, was later drafted by the Oakland Athletics in the sixth round (144th overall) of the 1981 Major League Baseball draft, but opted to stay in college and earned a degree in finance.

Minor league career
After his senior season at Arizona State in 1982, Davis was drafted in June by the Seattle Mariners in the sixth round (138th overall). He played the rest of the season in Double-A for the Lynn Sailors in the Eastern League, batting .284 with 12 home runs and 56 runs batted in (RBI) in 74 games. Davis continued at that level in 1983 in Tennessee, with the Chattanooga Lookouts in the Southern League. He hit .296 with 18 home runs and 83 RBI in 131 games, and nearly averaged a walk per game.

Davis began the 1984 season in Triple-A, with the Salt Lake City Gulls of the Pacific Coast League. After just one game, he was promoted to the majors, due to a hand injury to Ken Phelps on April 6, and Davis remained with Seattle for eight seasons, through 1991. In that only game for Salt Lake, he went 2-for-3 with an RBI and a walk, and never returned to the minors.

Seattle Mariners
During a nine-year major league career, Davis batted .280 with 160 home runs and 683 RBI in 1,206 career games. He hit 20-plus homers in three seasons, and drove in over 100 runs twice.

Davis holds the Mariners and Major League Baseball record for the most consecutive games reaching base to start a career, with 47. Well-liked by Mariners fans, Davis held most of the young franchise's offensive records until the arrival of Ken Griffey Jr., Edgar Martínez, and Alex Rodriguez. His fellow players thought highly of him as well. "You know sooner or later we're going to score some runs," teammate Ed Vande Berg said in 1984. "We have mister everything on the offense – Mr. Alvin Davis." Tommy John called him a "modern-day George Scott," explaining, "When Scott first came into the league, no one knew how to pitch to him, and they didn't find out for three years."

Davis made his major league debut in the Kingdome on April 11, 1984; he homered in his first two big league games, and collected two doubles in his sixth and three doubles in the next. After his first week, Davis had a .370 batting average, a .778 slugging percentage, and a seven-game hitting streak. He reached base in each of the first 47 games of his career, and was chosen for his only All-Star Game as a rookie. Named the Mariners' MVP, he was also voted the American League's Rookie of the Year, with a .284 batting average, 27 home runs, and 116 RBI in 152 games. Davis hit a career-high 29 home runs in 1987, and he had perhaps his best season in 1989, when he finished second in the American League with a .920 OPS.

With the addition of Pete O'Brien in 1990, Davis was increasingly used as Seattle's designated hitter. He only saw action on defense as a first baseman in 52 games that season, further reduced to just 14 games in 1991. His batting average fell to .221 in 1991 with 12 home runs and 69 RBI in 145 games; with young Tino Martinez in the organization, Davis was not in the team's plans for 1992.

Davis' season high for home runs was 29 in 1987 and his most RBI (116) came as a rookie in 1984. His highest batting average for a season was .305 in 1989. Davis hit the last home run in Chicago's Comiskey Park on September 29th, 1990.

California Angels
After eight years in Seattle, Davis signed a one-year, $800,000 contract with the California Angels on February 14, 1992. In 40 games with the Angels in a platoon role, he hit .250 with no homers and 16 RBI. Davis had two hits in his final major league game, but was released after only a half season in late June. He soon joined the Kintetsu Buffaloes of Osaka in Japan, and appeared in 40 games in the Pacific League, batting .275 with five home runs and 12 RBI.

Personal life
Davis lives in his hometown of Riverside with his wife Kim; they have three children. Davis has been a volunteer at Cornerstone Fellowship Bible Church in Riverside, California for the past nine years overseeing the church's finances and has served as a member of the church's elder board for over 20 years. He has also previously coached baseball at Martin Luther King High School for ten years. After his father's death in 1970, Davis and his mother Mylie had a very close relationship, and she relocated from Riverside to Tempe when he was in college.

In 1997, Davis was inducted into the Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame.

In 2012, Davis returned to the Seattle Mariners organization as a roving minor league instructor.

His niece is professional wrestler Candice LeRae.

title: Alvin Davis


text: Category:Roman archaeology

title: Category:Roman archaeology


text:
Talk:Ideas and delusions of reference

Does
Does not mention that at certain times and places in world history these or similar phenomenon were not seen as insane. --Daniel C. Boyer 20:41, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Find a reference for it and put it in. The article does say, "In their strongest form, they are considered to be a sign of mental illness..." which implies that at mild levels they are considered normal. Children are happy to talk back to the TV as if it is actually speaking to them. Like auditory hallucinations which occur in normal people, it is a matter of degree and context.  That's why psychiatrists train for years to make clinical judgements. However, I take your point that many phenomenon we would now regard as psychotic have been seen as signs of divinity or similar. There are studies which show that people tend to normalise odd behaviour, finding ways of interpreting it as sane.

 * I wonder if there have ever been studies on the reverse phenomenon (Rosenhan's paper comes close to this in some respects), in which normal behaviour on the part of those who have been diagnosed psychotic or labeled insane is interpreted as insane or psychotic whereas the same behaviour wouldn't be so interpreted in a "sane" person. --Daniel C. Boyer 17:14, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I know of one recent example of an academic whom all his colleagues thought was brilliant because they couldn't understand his work. For years he had been psychotic and his work was full of thought disorder. Still, I could say the same about Revelations in the Bible and that has lasted. --CloudSurfer 07:06, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Redirect
Ideas of reference redirects to here, even though that its mentioned in the article how Delusion of reference should not be confused with it.

Psychoanalysis Weight
This topic has far too much weight on psychoanalysis and other fringe/pseudoscience theories.

Needs longer description with mainstream sourced perspectives.. SluggishSchizophrenic (talk) 17:00, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ideas and delusions of reference


text:
Seven of One

Seven of One, stylised as 7 of 1, is a British sitcom anthology series that aired on BBC2 in 1973. Starring Ronnie Barker, Seven of One is a series of seven separate 30-minute episodes that would serve as possible pilots for sitcoms. Originally it was to be called Six of One, which Barker planned to follow up with another series called And Half a Dozen of the Other. This was a BBC equivalent of a similar showcase for London Weekend Television called Six Dates with Barker created in 1971.

In addition to Barker, Seven of One also featured Roy Castle, Bill Maynard, Talfryn Thomas, Prunella Scales, Glynn Edwards, Joan Sims, Keith Chegwin, Leslie Dwyer, Robin Parkinson, Sam Kelly, Christopher Biggins, Richard O'Callaghan, Yootha Joyce, David Jason, and Avis Bunnage in supporting roles. The series was released on BBC DVD in 2005.

Successful pilots
Whilst most of the pilots were not developed any further, "Prisoner and Escort" was chosen to be developed into a series and became Porridge (1974–1977), which also led to a spin-off series called Going Straight in 1978, a feature film adaptation of Porridge in 1979, and many years later a sequel sitcom Porridge (2016–2017).

"Open All Hours" was later developed into a sitcom of the same name, Open All Hours (1976, 1981–1982, 1985), and many years later a sequel sitcom named Still Open All Hours (2013–2019). Additionally, "My Old Man" also led to a sitcom of the same name, My Old Man (1974–1975), which was made by Yorkshire Television and shown nationally on ITV, but not including Barker and instead featuring an entirely new cast led by Clive Dunn.

Ronnie Barker's favourite of the seven pilots was "I'll Fly You for a Quid", which he initially chose to do as a series, before being convinced by the BBC that it would be harder to do a full series of scripts about Evan Owen in a Welsh gambling community compared to Norman Stanley Fletcher in the prison setting of "Prisoner and Escort".

title: Seven of One


text:
Nilambur

Nilambur is a major town, a municipality and a Taluk in the Malappuram district of the Indian state of Kerala. It is located close to the Nilgiris range of the Western Ghats on the banks of the Chaliyar River. This place is also known as 'Teak Town' because of the abundance of Nilambur teaks, which is a variety of a large, deciduous tree that occurs in mixed hardwood forests. Unlike many Municipalities of India; Nilambur is covered with large amounts of vegetation, making it very scenic. In the British records, Nilambur and its surroundings are collectively described as Nilambur Valley. The bank of river Chaliyar at Nilambur region is also known for natural Gold fields. Explorations done at the valley of the river Chaliyar in Nilambur has shown reserves of the order of 2.5 million cubic meters of placers with 0.1 gram per cubic meter of gold. The hilly forested area of Nilambur Taluk forms a portion of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve of rich biodiversity. Nilambur is located about 90 km west of Ooty and 48 km southwest of Gudalur town, and 27 km northeast of Manjeri, on Ooty-Gudalur-Nilambur-Calicut road.

The 2554 m m high Mukurthi peak, which is situated in the border of Nilambur Taluk and Ooty Taluk, and is also the fifth-highest peak in South India as well as the third-highest in Kerala after Anamudi (2696 m) and Meesapulimala (2651 m), is the highest point of elevation in Malappuram district. It is also the highest peak in Kerala outside the Idukki district. The 2383 m high Anginda peak, which is located closer to Malappuram-Palakkad-Nilgiris district border is the second-highest peak. Vavul Mala, a 2339 m high peak situated on the trijunction of Nilambur Taluk of Malappuram, Wayanad, and Thamarassery Taluk of Kozhikode districts, is the third-highest point of elevation in the district. The Nilambur Taluk has several small and medium-sized tributaries of Chaliyar river.

Etymology
It is believed that Nilambur was derived from Nilambapuri, the old name of Nilambur Kingdom.

History
The teaks for the construction of Uru, a kind of ships those were used for maritime trade through Beypore port, were usually taken from Nilambur Teak Forests. The oldest teak plantation of the world in the Conolly's plot is just 2 km from the town. It was named in memory of Henry Valentine Conolly, the then Malabar district collector. Teak Museum at Nilambur is maintained by the Kerala Forest Research Institute which was established for the memory of the oldest known Teak plantation in the world. The town is also famous for Nilambur Kovilakam, where the Nilambur Rajas resided and ruled the land. Nilambur Rajas were vassals to the Zamorins of Calicut, based at Nilambur.

The Nilambur–Shoranur line is among the shortest as well as picturesque broad gauge railway lines in India. It was laid by the British in colonial era for the transportation of Nilambur Teak logs into United Kingdom through Kozhikode. During British rule, Nilambur's chief importance laid in producing teaks. In the old administrative records of the Madras Presidency, it is recorded that the most remarkable plantation owned by Government in the erstwhile Madras Presidency was the Teak plantation at Nilambur planted in 1844.

Nilambur Teak is the first forest produce to get its own GI tag.

Civic administration
{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape",  "ids": "Q16135735"}

===Nilambur Municipality Election 2020 ===

Connectivity
Nilambur is well connected to other parts of the Kerala and other parts of the country by road and rail networks. Kozhikode-Nilambur-Gudalur (SH 28) road which is a major interstate highway runs through the heart of Nilambur. Other State highways such as SH 39 (Perumbilavu - Nilambur Road) and SH 73 (Valanchery - Nilambur Road) also serves this town. Construction for Hill Highway is ongoing here. There are also wide and good quality direct road towards Kakkadampoyil of Kozhikode district from here. There is a large fleet of government and private buses and other transports serving this town. There is a KSRTC sub depot which serves the area operating both interstate and intrastate Public bus transport. This town is also served by a railway station called Nilambur road which is the terminus of Nilambur–Shoranur railway line. This railway station connects this town to other parts of India as it has regular trains which leads to shoranur junction which is the largest railway station of Kerala state.

The Nilambur–Nanjangud line is a proposed railway line, which connects Nilambur with the districts of Wayanad, Nilgiris, and Mysore.

The nearest International Airport is Calicut International Airport at Karipur which is 44.50 km from Nilambur.

Nilambur Taluk
Nilambur Taluk, also known as Eastern Eranad Taluk, comes under Perinthalmanna revenue division in Malappuram district of Kerala, India. Its headquarters is the town of Nilambur. Nilambur Taluk contains Nilambur Municipality and a few Gram panchayats. Most of the administrative offices are located in the Mini-Civil Station at Nilambur. The position of Nilambur Taluk in Malappuram district is shown below:

Nilambur Taluk is the largest Taluk in Kerala. It is composed of 21 villages. Since most of Nilambur is the jungle and hilly area, this Taluk has the least population density in the district. Several tributaries of Chaliyar River flow through Nilambur Taluk. Nilambur, Wandoor, Edakkara, Mambad, Kalikavu, and Karuvarakundu, are some major towns in Nilambur Taluk. Nilambur Taluk is bounded by Silent Valley National Park to south, Nilgiri mountain ranges and Pandalur, Gudalur, Ooty, and Kundah Taluks of Nilgiris district to east, Wayanad district and Thamarassery Taluk of Kozhikode district to north, and Eranad and Perinthalmanna Taluks to west. The villages included in the Taluk are:
 * Vazhikkadavu
 * Nilambur
 * Kattumunda
 * Edakkara
 * Pullipadam
 * Karulai
 * Chungathara
 * Thiruvali
 * Karuvarakundu
 * Amarambalam
 * Mampad
 * Kurumbalangode
 * Akampadam
 * Tuvvur
 * Porur
 * Vellayur
 * Kalikavu
 * Kerala Estate
 * Pothukal
 * Moothedam
 * Wandoor
 * Chokkad
 * Elambilakode

Places of Interest

 * Nilambur Teak Museum
 * Conolly's Plot
 * Bungalow Hill
 * Nilambur Kovilakam
 * Adyanpara Falls
 * Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary
 * New Amarambalam Reserved Forest
 * Mukurthi peak
 * Vavul Mala
 * Anginda peak
 * Munderi Seed farm
 * Nedumkayam Rain Forests
 * Silent Valley National Park
 * Chaliyar Mukku

Teak Museum
The oldest Teak plantation of the world is at Conolly's plot.

Nilambur-Shoranur Railway line
The Nilambur–Shoranur line is among the shortest as well as picturesque broad gauge railway lines in India. The railway line is surrounded by teak trees. It was laid by the British in colonial era for the transportation of Nilambur Teak logs into United Kingdom through Kozhikode.

Silent Valley National Park
Silent Valley National Park is located near Karuvarakundu in Nilambur Taluk. It is located in the rich biodiversity of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary, New Amarambalam Reserved Forest, and Nedumkayam Rainforest in Nilambur Taluk of Malappuram district, Attappadi Reserved Forest in Mannarkkad Taluk of Palakkad district, and Mukurthi National Park of Nilgiris district, are located around Silent Valley National Park. Mukurthi peak, the fifth-highest peak in South India, and Anginda peak are also located in its vicinity. Bhavani River, a tributary of Kaveri River, and Kunthipuzha River, a tributary of Bharathappuzha river, originate in the vicinity of Silent Valley. The Kadalundi River has also its origin in Silent Valley. The waterfalls like Keralamkundu are also located in Karuvarakundu.

Nadukani Churam
A Ghat road which connects Nilambur with Gudalur and Ooty of neighbouring Nilgiris district. It is located at Vazhikkadavu in the eastern end of Nilambur Taluk and Malappuram district.

Vavul Mala
Several waterfalls and hillstations are located in the Gram panchayats around Vavul Mala (Urangattiri, Edavanna etc.).

Notable people

 * P. V. Abdul Wahab, MP of Rajya Sabha.
 * Aryadan Muhammed, former minister of Kerala.
 * P V Anvar, MLA of Nilambur
 * Aryadan Shoukath, film director.
 * Asif Saheer, footballer.
 * Gopinath Muthukad, Magician & motivational speaker.
 * Krishnachandran, Actor, playback singer & dubbing artist.
 * M. Swaraj, politician and Former MLA from Thrippunithura Constituency.
 * Nilambur Ayisha, actress.
 * Nilambur Balan, actor.
 * KM Asif, cricketer.
 * Rashin Rahman, actor.
 * Sankaran Embranthiri.
 * Zeenath, actress.

title: Nilambur


text:
Murg (Northern Black Forest)

The Murg is an 80.2-kilometre-long river (including its headstream, the Rechtmurg) and tributary of the Rhine in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It flows through the Northern Black Forest into the Upper Rhine Plain, crossing the counties of Freudenstadt and Rastatt.

Course
The Murg valley is one of the largest and deepest valleys in the Black Forest (up to over 700 metres deep) and generally runs in a northerly direction. It separates the precipitation-rich main crest of the Northern Black Forest, including the Hornisgrinde (1,164 m), to the west, from the densely forested bunter sandstone plateaux in the east.

The Murg originates from 2 large headstreams in the western part of the municipality of Baiersbronn. Below the Schliffkopf at about, the main headstream of the Right Murg (Rechtmurg) is formed by the Schurbach stream and Tränkenteich pond, a little above the Murgursprung ("Murg Source"). The other western headstream is the Red Murg (Rotmurg), whose source is the Red Murg Spring (Rotmurgbrunnen, also 915 m) which leaves the pass summit of Ruhestein (915 m) and is fed by brooks such as the Finsterbächle and Muckenbächle.

From the confluence of its two headstreams at about 595 m the Murg flows southeast through the valley of Mitteltal to Baiersbronn, where it swings into line with the Forbach which joins from the south. From here it is followed by the B 462 and the Murg Valley Railway. Initially it runs northeastwards to Klosterreichenbach, but thereafter it heads north-northwest. In the wide Wiesental valley it passes the villages of Röt, Huzenbach and Schönmünzach. After flowing through a narrow, sparsely populated and steep-sided gorge the river passes a rocky section in which are the settlements of Forbach, Gausbach, Langenbrand and Au im Murgtal. In its slowly widening valley, the villages of Weisenbach, Hilpertsau, Obertsrot, Scheuern, the town of Gernsbach and finally the village of Hörden follow in quick succession. Between the now gently rising hillsides the Murg runs northwest through Ottenau, past the industrial town of Gaggenau and the villages of Bad Rotenfels, Oberndorf, Bischweier and Kuppenheim, where it reaches the Upper Rhine Plain. Here it crosses under the A 5 motorway near Niederbühl and, in the area of Rastatt, the B 3, the Rhine Railway the Mannheim–Basel railway (Rhine Valley Railway). Below Rheinau the Murg empties into the Rhine near Steinmauern at about 110 m at Rhine kilometre number 344.5.

On the French side the Sauer from the North Vosges joins the Rhine almost opposite the Murg.

Waterbody data
From the confluence of its two headstreams (Rechtmurg and Rotmurg) in Baiersbronn-Obertal to its mouth on the Rhine the Murg is 72.350 km (~ 72.4 km) long. Together with the Rotmurg which rises at the Rotmurgbrunnen near Ruhestein it is 79.661 km (~ 79.7 km) long and together with the Rechtmurg which begins on the Schliffkopf at the Murgursprung and has a length of 7.881 km it is 80.231 km (~ 80.2 km) long.

The catchment of the Murg covers 617 km2.

In relation to its catchment the Murg has a high volumetric flow (18.4 m3/s). The catchment areas of the Murg headstreams and its tributary, the Schönmünzach, have an area flow rate of 50 L/s.km2, the highest in Baden-Württemberg.

Natural regions
The Murg flows from south to north through four very different valley landscapes.

 * Its upper section in the area of Baiersbronn is a typical Black Forest valley with broad meadow bottoms and villages once dominated by agriculture. Many of the side valleys have a typical trough valley shape with steep sides.
 * The middle section of the Murg valley is a lonely, forest gorge with granite crags and a gradient of up to 3.3%, very much like a mountain stream. Until 1918, the Murg, together with the Raumünzach, its biggest tributary, a well known whitewater river due to its weight of water. Since then, the hydroelectric potential of the river has been used in the Murg Power Station. It lies just above Forbach, the main settlement in this part of the valley.
 * The lower Murg valley is, like the Wiesental, one of the industrial corridors of the Black Forest. The valley here is over 700 metres deep, initially with a trackless gorge bottom that increasingly broadens and provides room for a settlement strip of numerous villages and towns. Its historic centre is Gernsbach, also the hub of the paper and cardboard industry of the valley; the largest town has become Gaggenau with its tradition-rich motor manufacturing (including Unimog). The river is accompanied in many places by industrial ditches and from Gernsbach-Nord has been almost entirely canalised. Renaturalisation work was carried out at Bischweier in 2011. The aim was to create a near-natural riverbed with differences in current, substrates and depth, so that a variety of habitats could be created for fish and other small creatures. The riverbed here can be left to grow unfettered.
 * Near Kuppenheim the Murg enters the Rhine Plain, where it flows around the centre of Rastatt. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries the course of the Murg in the Rhine Valley was canalised. Immediately before its present confluence on the Rhine near Steinmauern the river's canal cuts through the wetlands of Rastatt's Rhine river meadows. Its confluence was moved about 1.5 kilometres to the northwest in the course of work to straighten the Rhine by Johann Gottfried Tulla.

Tributaries
The Murg does not flow through the middle of its elongated catchment, but further to the east, so that more and larger tributaries join it from the west than from the east. Its western tributaries included the Tonbach, Schönmünz, Raumünzach and Oos (north branch) and its tributaries from the east include the Forbach and Sasbach.

Administrative divisions
The old state border between the Kingdom of Württemberg and the Grand Duchy of Baden runs between Baiersbronn-Schönmünzach and Forbach-Kirschbaumwasen. The upper, formerly Württemberg part of the valley belongs today to the county of Freudenstadt. The lower, section, which from the 12th century was ruled by the Ebersteins and later went to Baden, is today part of the county of Rastatt.

Towns and villages
The following towns and villages lie along the Murg, from source to mouth:

Dialects
Several dialect regions meet one another in the Murg Valley. The area around the upper reaches, around Old Württemberg Baiersbronn, forms the westernmost tip of the Swabian dialect region. The old state border with Baden further downstream is identical with the dialect boundary with Upper Rhine Alemannic, which is strongly defined even today, and which dominates the lower part of the Murg valley. On the lower reaches of the Murg on the Rhine Plain is an Alemannic-Franconian transition dialect with numerous South Franconian dialect features.

History
The Murg historically was important for timber rafting. Wood was rafted first as far as Steinmauern, where it was dried and combined into bigger rafts. From Steinmauern the larger rafts were floated down to Mannheim and onward to the Netherlands.

During the last phase of the Baden Revolution of 1849, the Murg formed the last-ditch defence line for the remanats of the revolutionary army. Driven by overwhelmingly numerous Prussian forces out of the capital Karlesruhe and much of Baden's territory, the revolutionaries staged a fighting withdrawal to the fortress city of Rastatt. The Murg, directly north and east of Rastatt, formed a defence line which they defended with great tenacity.

Transport
The Murg Valley Railway and the Black Forest Valley Highway (Bundesstraße 462) follow the Murg Valley. Both are amongst the most notable transportation routes in Germany for civil engineering and natural beauty.

The gorge-like character of the middle Murg valley was a major obstacle to the development of the transport routes for centuries. The first road from Gernsbach to the upper valley bypassed this section: the Old Wine Road (Alte Weinstraße), as the old trading route was called, ran steeply uphill at first and then ran along the heights of the eastern flanks of the valley. It was not until the second half of the 18th century that a continuous road was built along the bottom of the valley.

The construction of the Murg Valley Railway began with independent sections from Rastatt and Freudenstadt. On the Baden side the first section from Rastatt to Gernsbach went into operation in 1869, Württemberg followed in 1901 with the route from Freudenstadt to Klosterreichenbach. After several expansion stages, a continuous railway connexion was finally established in 1928, i.e. 60 years after the start of construction, and only when the respective national railways were under the sovereignty of the German Reich.

Timber rafting
Until the 19th century, the Murg was an important route for timber rafting in the valley. Timber merchants and sawmill owners in the Eberstein (later Baden) part of the valley merged to form the trading company of the Murg Shipping Association (Murgerschifferschaft) whose earliest statutes date to 1488. The logs felled in the middle and lower parts of the Mur valley, were floated down the Murg to Steinmauern, where they were dried and assembled into larger rafts. These were transported by Rhine raftsmen, who had a monopoly on this section, on the Rhine to Mannheim. At Mannheim, even larger floating wooden structures were built, some of which were rafted down to the Netherlands.

In the 18th century, the great demand for logs from the Netherlands led to a boom in the timber trade, which led to extensive clearing of the forests until the end of the century. Instead of the Murg Shipping Association, which specialized in sawn timber and did not have enough capital to manage the log trade, other timber companies took over this business.

The transportation of timber was hampered by the rocky gorge in the middle valley. This section could not be traversed by rafts until 1768. As early as the early 18th century, Wüerttemberg's timber trading companies had attempted to create a rafting route by blasting through the rock in the riverbed in order to float the logs from the upper valley down to the Rhine and the Netherlands. However, due to differences with the Bishopric of Speyer in Gernsbach, most of the Württemberg timber at Huzenbach had to be transported about 200 metres up the mountain and then transported to the neighbouring valleys of the Nagold and Enz. For this purpose, a lift called the "machine" was built in 1755. The logs were hoisted up the steep mountain slope using a series of man-powered wheels. However, this rickety structure was abandoned after a few years and the transport was taken over again by wagons.

In order to float the logs from the side valleys into the Murg, splash dams (Schwallungen) were built in the forest, such as the Herrenwieser Schwallung, and existing lakes were further impounded to raise their levels.

Rafting became less important after the construction of the Murg Valley Railway. In 1896, the last raft floated down the river Murg. In 1913 the rafting company closed and was officially banned in 1923.

Hiking and cycling
In 1981, the Murg Valley Trail (Murgtalwanderweg) was established, running for approximately 100 kilometres following the course of the Murg from its source to its mouth. The Murgleiter trail runs for 110 km between Gaggenau and Schliffkopf along the heights on the other side of the river. The Gernsbacher Runde explores the heights of the Murg valley near Gernsbach. In Forbach the West Way (Black Forest) crosses the valley as part of the E1 European long distance path.

The 67-kilometre-long cycle route known as the "Tour de Murg", begins in Freudenstadt and accompanies the river from Baiersbronn to Rastatt.

Literature

 * Markus Bittmann, Meinrad Bittmann: Das Murgtal: Geschichte einer Landschaft im Nordschwarzwald. Special publication by the Rastatt County Archive, Vol. 6. Casimir Katz Verlag, Gernsbach, 2009, ISBN 978-3-938047-44-6.
 * Max Scheifele, Casimir Katz, Eckart Wolf: Die Murgschifferschaft. Geschichte des Floßhandels, des Waldes und der Holzindustrie im Murgtal. (= Series of publications by the Baden-Württemberg Forestry Commission. Band 66). 2nd edition. Casimir Katz Verlag, Gernsbach, 1995, 521 pp., ISBN 3-925825-20-7.
 * Wilfried Schweinfurth: Geographie anthropogener Einflüsse – Das Murgsystem im Nordschwarzwald. (= Mannheimer geographische Arbeiten. Band 26). Geographical Institute of the University of Mannheim, 1990, ISBN 978-3-923750-25-2.
 * Thomas Fleischhacker: Wie ein Fluss die industrielle Entwicklung erlebt. Die Murg von Gernsbach bis Rastatt. In: Industrialisierung im Nordschwarzwald, Oberrheinische Studien, Vol. 34. Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern, 2016, pp. 177–186, ISBN 978-3-7995-7835-6.
 * Wilfried Schweinfurth: Geographie anthropogener Einflüsse – Das Murgsystem im Nordschwarzwald. (= Mannheimer geographische Arbeiten. Band 26). Geographical Institute of the University of Mannheim, 1990, ISBN 978-3-923750-25-2.
 * Thomas Fleischhacker: Wie ein Fluss die industrielle Entwicklung erlebt. Die Murg von Gernsbach bis Rastatt. In: Industrialisierung im Nordschwarzwald, Oberrheinische Studien, Vol. 34. Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern, 2016, pp. 177–186, ISBN 978-3-7995-7835-6.

Historical descriptions:
 * Karl Friedrich Viktor Jägerschmid: Das Murgthal: besonders in Hinsicht auf Naturgeschichte und Statistik. Nuremberg, 1800 (digitalised).
 * Franz von Kettner: Beschreibung des badischen Murg- und Oosthals. Frankfurt am Main, 1843 (digitalised).

title: Murg (Northern Black Forest)


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Appearance Manager

The Appearance Manager is a component of Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9 that controls the overall look of the Macintosh graphical user interface widgets and supports several themes. It was originally developed for Apple's ill-fated Copland project, but with the cancellation of this project the system was moved into newer versions of the Mac OS. The Appearance Manager is also available free as part of a downloadable SDK for System 7.

The Appearance Manager is implemented as an abstraction layer between the Control Manager and QuickDraw. Previously, controls made direct QuickDraw calls to draw user interface elements such as buttons, scrollbars, window title bars, etc. With the Appearance Manager, these elements are abstracted into a series of APIs that draw the item as a distinct entity on behalf of the client code, thus relieving the Control Manager of the task. This extra level of indirection allows the system to support the concept of switchable "themes", since client code simply requests the image of an interface element (a button or scroll bar, for example) and draws its appearance. Kaleidoscope, a 3rd party application, was the first to utilize this functionality with via "scheme" files, followed by an updated Appearance Control Panel in Mac OS 8.5, which acted similarly via "theme" files. Schemes and themes are similar in concept, but they are not internally compatible.

An updated and more powerful version of the Appearance Manager was used for Carbon applications in Mac OS X even after Apple made the transition to Aqua. The Extras.rsrc file is an updated version of an Appearance Theme that is compatible with the newer Appearance Manager. As of Mac OS X version 10.3, 'layo' data is no longer used, even for Carbon applications, so the continued existence of the Appearance Manager can no longer be confirmed.

Appearance themes
The default look and feel of the Appearance Manager in Mac OS 8 and 9 is Platinum design language, which was intended to be the primary GUI for Copland. Platinum retains many of the shapes and positions of elements from System 7 and earlier, like window control widgets and buttons and while Charcoal is the default system font, Chicago was available via a menu option. However, various shades of grey are used extensively throughout the interface, as opposed to previous interfaces which are mostly monochrome black and white. Apple Platinum is not a theme, however. It is actually embedded into the Appearance Manager. The Appearance Control Panel has the ability to attach a theme to the Appearance Manager. There is an Apple Platinum file in the themes folder in the System Folder which acts as a stub, but no functional theme elements are embedded into it. Customizable palettes ('clut' resources) are used for progress bars, scroll thumbs, slider tabs and menu selections in Apple Platinum and this unique option is not available to real themes. The Appearance Control Panel uses the type code 'pltn' to identify if a file should act like a palette modification stub to Apple Platinum and the type code 'thme' to identify if a file should act like an Appearance Theme. An important distinction is that the Appearance Control Panel implements themes into the Appearance Manager. Kaleidoscope is third-party software that implements schemes into the Appearance Manager. Kaleidoscope is not a substitute for the Appearance Manager; it is a substitute for the Appearance Control Panel.

Apple widely demonstrated two Appearance Themes which override Apple Platinum, Hi-Tech and Gizmo. Hi-Tech is based on a shades-of-black color scheme that made the interface look like a contemporary piece of audio-visual equipment. Gizmo is a period-appropriate Memphis-style interface, using many bold colors, patterns, and "wiggly" interface elements. Both changed every single element of the overall GUI, leaving no trace of Apple Platinum. A third theme, Drawing Board, was later introduced, developed at Apple Japan. This theme uses elements that make the interface look like it has been drawn in pencil on a drafting board, including small "pencil marks" around the windows, a barely visible graph paper grid on the desktop, and "squarish" elements with low contrast. Although themes are supported in all released versions of Mac OS 8.5 through 9.2.2, the three aforementioned themes were only present in pre-release versions of Mac OS 8.5 and were removed without explanation in the final release.

One retrospective review by a long-time Mac user described the themes as being a mistake and waste of engineering resources, saying the "Hi-Tech" theme "looked like a typical dark over-decorated techno skin that became popular for Linux desktops" and that "Gizmo" looked "awful...the Finder in a clown suit".

Typography
By default, a font called Charcoal is used to replace the similar Chicago typeface that was used in earlier versions of the Mac OS. A number of additional system fonts are also provided, including Capitals, Gadget, Sand, Techno, and Textile. In order to be a system font, glyphs specific to the Mac operating system need to be provided, such as the Command key symbol (⌘). System fonts are normally displayed at 12 points.

Later versions of the Appearance Manager also apply anti-aliasing to type displayed on the screen above a certain size, by default 12 points. This improves the overall look of the text by reducing the perception of rasterization artifacts. Anti-aliasing is adjustable in the Appearance Control Panel.

Shareware products
Shareware products exist that provided some features of the Appearance Manager before they were offered directly in the Appearance Control Panel. Church Windows and Décor provide desktop picture functionality. WindowShade, which had been purchased by Apple and bundled with System 7.5, provides collapse functionality. When windows collapse, they "roll up", leaving only the title bar.

Kaleidoscope
Kaleidoscope, written by Arlo Rose and Greg Landweber, applied "schemes" to the GUI before Apple released an update to the Appearance Control Panel with Mac OS 8.5 which provides similar functionality using "themes". Whereas only a handful of themes were ever developed, thousands of Kaleidoscope schemes were developed.

When theme support in the Appearance Control Panel was first announced, the team responsible for it demonstrated an automatic tool specifically designed to convert the tens of thousands of existing Kaleidoscope scheme files into Appearance Manager-compatible theme files. This tool was not released to the public; however, a similar tool has been developed.

Kaleidoscope remained the primary theming platform, even after the Appearance Control Panel offered theming capabilities in Mac OS 8.5. Steve Jobs returned to Apple just before the release of Mac OS 8.5, and he decided to officially drop support for themes because he wanted to preserve a consistent user interface. Because of this, Apple released little documentation for the theme format, withheld their own beta-released themes, and even issued a cease and desist notice to the authors of a third-party theme editor on grounds that it was intended to allow users to create themes that imitate the Aqua interface in Mac OS X. At the same time, the format of Kaleidoscope schemes continued to evolve. As a result, Kaleidoscope schemes proliferated while Appearance themes never really took off. Kaleidoscope was only rendered obsolete with the transition to Mac OS X, with which Kaleidoscope is not compatible.

title: Appearance Manager


text: User talk:62.219.75.67

title: User talk:62.219.75.67


text: User talk:82.35.104.43

title: User talk:82.35.104.43