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Panathinaikos F.C.

Panathinaikos Football Club (ΠΑΕ Παναθηναϊκός Α.Ο. ), known as Panathinaikos, or by its full name, and the name of its parent sports club, Panathinaikos A.O. or PAO (Παναθηναϊκός Αθλητικός Όμιλος; Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos, lit. 'Pan-Athenian Athletic Club'), is a Greek professional football club based in Athens, Greece.

Founded in 1908 as "Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon" (Football Club of Athens) by Georgios Kalafatis, they play in Super League Greece, being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of the three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division. Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships, 20 Greek Cups, achieving eight times the Double, and 3 Greek Super Cups. They are also one of three clubs to win a Greek championship undefeated, going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963–64 season. Panathinaikos is the only Greek team that has reached the UEFA Champions League final in 1971 (which they lost to Ajax 2–0), and also the semi-finals twice, in 1985 and 1996. It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup (1971). Furthermore, they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions (in 1992 and 2002), as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice (1988 and 2003). They have also won the Balkans Cup in 1977. According to research and polls, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece. Panathinaikos is also a member of the European Club Association.

They have played their home games in the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium, considered their traditional home ground, and the Athens Olympic Stadium.

Panathinaikos hold a long-term rivalry with Olympiacos, the clash between the two teams being referred to as the "Derby of the Eternal Enemies".

Early years
According to the official history of the club, Panathinaikos was founded by Giorgos Kalafatis on 3 February 1908, when he and 40 other athletes decided to break away from Panellinios Gymnastikos Syllogos following the club's decision to discontinue its football team. The name of the new club was "Podosferikos Omilos Athinon" (Football Club of Athens). It was founded with the aim of spreading and making more known this new sport (football) to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, the intention of the founders was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active. The first president elected was Alexandros Kalafatis, brother of Giorgos. The ground of the team was in Patission Street. Oxford University athlete John Cyril Campbell was brought in as coach, the first time that a foreigner was appointed as the coach of a Greek team. Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, the great Greek athlete of the early 20th century, played as goalkeeper for the new team.

In 1910, after a dispute among a number of board members, Kalafatis with most of the players—also followed by Campbell—decided to pull out of POA and secured a new ground in Amerikis Square. Subsequently, the name of the club changed to Panellinios Podosferikos Omilos ("Panhellenic Football Club") and its colours to green and white. By 1914, Campbell had returned to England but the club was already at the top of Greek football with players such as Michalis Papazoglou, Michalis Rokkos and Loukas Panourgias.

In 1918, the team adopted the trifolium (shamrock) as its emblem, as proposed by Michalis Papazoglou. In 1921 and 1922, the Athens-Piraeus FCA organized the first two post-WWI championships, in both of which PPO was declared champion. By that stage, the club had outgrown both the grounds in Patission Street and Amerikis Square, due mainly to its expansion in other sports, and began to look at vacant land in the area of Perivola on Alexandras Avenue as its potential new ground. After long discussions with the Municipality of Athens, an agreement was finally reached and in 1922 Leoforos ("Avenue" in Greek) was granted to the club.

The move to a permanent home ground also heralded another—final—name change to Panathinaikos Athlitikos Omilos (PAO), "All-Athenian Athletic Club", on 15 March 1924, from now on a multi-sport club. However, the decision was already taken by 1922.

In 1926, the Hellenic Football Federation (HFF) was founded and the first Greek Championship under its authority took place in 1927.

Panathinaikos won undefeated the Championship of 1929–30 under the guidance of József Künsztler and Angelos Messaris as the team's star player. Other notable players of this Belle Époque period of the team were Antonis Migiakis, Diomidis Symeonidis, Mimis Pierrakos and Stefanos Pierrakos, among others. They thrashed rivals Olympiacos 8–2, a result that still remains the biggest win either team has achieved against its rival, with Messaris scoring three goals. The team also defeated Aris 1–4 away in Thessaloniki. Messaris, who scored again three goals, became a hero and chant for the fans.

Crisis and WWII years
In 1931, a serious disagreement between leading board member Apostolos Nikolaidis from one side, and some players (most notably Angelos Messaris) and club's officials on the other side, regarding the professionalization in the Greek football, which lasted two years, damaged the club and led to a counterproductive period. In the meantime, the HFF Greek Cup had commenced in 1932. The last bright moment for the Greens before World War II was winning the Cup for the first time in 1940 against Aris, 3–1.

In 1940, with the break out of the Greco-Italian War, many players of the club joined the Hellenic Army. Mimis Pierrakos was killed during the war (later, during the 1950s, his bones were transferred from Albania back to Athens). During the Axis Occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, many players of the team became members of United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (PEAN) resistance organization., while Michalis Papazoglou had a leading role in the resistance group of Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz.P

After this long crisis period, Panathinaikos had to wait until 1949 to win again a Greek Championship under the guidance of the Austrian coach Johann Strnad. That same year, Vangelis Panakis and Kostas Linoxilakis came to the club and quickly became the side's new star players. Panathinaikos was again champion for the 1952–53 Panhellenic Championship.

Until 1959, the team had also won seven of the last eight Athens Championships, the regional championships organised in Greece. In 1959, Mimis Domazos, the emblematic captain of the team, made his first appearance with Panathinaikos and the same year took place the first season under the new system of Alpha Ethniki (1959–60 Alpha Ethniki). Panathinaikos was the champion team.

1960s: The Golden Decade, the Bobek's rejuvenation
During the next years, Panathinaikos were again champions in 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 and 1970. Moreover, the team won two more Greek Cups, in 1967 and 1969. Also, during these years, a long process of rejuvenation took place in the club. Notable players retired, such as Panakis, Linoxilakis, Takis Loukanidis and Andreas Papaemmanouil, and the team had to count on young players like Domazos, Antonis Antoniadis, Anthimos Kapsis, Kostas Eleftherakis and Takis Ikonomopoulos.

Stjepan Bobek was the main contributor to this process. In 1963, he became the club's head coach, changing the playing style of the team to a 4–3–3 and created a new team based on young players (the "Bobek's rejuvenation"). Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the Championship of 1964 without a loss, making them one of the two teams that has won the Greek Championship (with its modern system) undefeated. Notable players of the team included Panakis, Domazos, Takis Ikonomopoulos, Totis Filakouris, Frangiskos Sourpis and Aristidis Kamaras.

With the establishment of the Greek military regime, the president of the club, Loukas Panourgias, was forced out of the presidency. The contract of Bobek was canceled by the State, while Apostolos Nikolaidis, the old player, manager and official of the club, went on trial.

In 1967, the great Béla Guttmann came as coach, but he soon left and ex-player Lakis Petropoulos was appointed. Under his guidance, Panathinaikos won the championships of 1969 (with a double) and 1970.

1970–71 European Cup finalists
In 1971, under the guidance of Ferenc Puskás, Panathinaikos were 1970–71 European Cup finalists, the first and only Greek team until today, losing 2–0 to Ajax at Wembley Stadium. In the road to the final, they eliminated Jeunesse Esch, Slovan Bratislava, Everton and Red Star Belgrade. Notable players included the captain Mimis Domazos, Anthimos Kapsis, Aristidis Kamaras, Kostas Eleftherakis, Totis Filakouris and the goalkeepers Takis Ikonomopoulos and Vasilis Konstantinou. Antonis Antoniadis was the top scorer in the competition scoring ten goals.

In the same year, Panathinaikos played for the 1971 Intercontinental Cup (due to the refusal of Ajax to participate), where they lost to Uruguayan club Nacional (1–1 in Greece, 2–1 in Uruguay). Totis Filakouris was the scorer for the Greek club.

During the last amateur years of Greek football, the Trifolium won one more Championship in 1972. Antonis Antoniadis was again top scorer with 39 goals (also second in Europe). His record remains until today in the Greek league.

With the collapse of the military regime, Apostolos Nikolaidis became again active for the club and was appointed honorary president of Panathinaikos. In 1975, one of the greatest coaches of his era, the Brazilian Aymoré Moreira, who mainly worked in Brazil (World Cup Champion with the Brazil national team in 1962), was appointed. After a year and a half of poor results, however, he was replaced by Kazimierz Górski. With Górski, Panathinaikos won the double in 1977, followed by a Balkans Cup victory in the same year. Notable foreign players who played for the team during the late 1970s include Juan Ramón Verón, Araquem de Melo and Óscar Álvarez.

Vardinogiannis era (1979–2012)

In 1979, Greek football turned professional. The Vardinogiannis family purchased PAO's football department and Giorgos Vardinogiannis became president. Panathinaikos were one of the first Greek clubs that formed a women's team in 1980, but that department is currently inactive.

The transformation period lasted a few years, but in 1982 the club won its first professional era trophy, the Greek Cup, and during the 1980s they would go on winning two championships (1984, 1986), four more Greek Cups (1984, 1986—with a 4–0 against Olympiacos in the final—, 1988, 1989) and the Greek Super Cup in 1988. The great star of the team during these years was Dimitris Saravakos, nicknamed "The Kid." Saravakos, a high-technique explosive midfielder and iconic captain of Panathinaikos, was the alsolute idol for the fans during the 1980s, while other players included Nikos Sarganis, Spiros Livathinos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha, Christos Dimopoulos and Giannis Kyrastas.

In the 1984–85 season, Panathinaikos, with coach Jacek Gmoch and stars Dimitris Saravakos, Velimir Zajec, Juan Ramón Rocha and Ioannis Kyrastas, made a run in Europe, eliminating Feyenoord, Linfield and IFK Göteborg to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup, where they were knocked out by Liverpool.

In 1987–88, they made it also to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, eliminating Juventus, Auxerre and Budapest Honvéd. Dimitris Saravakos was top scorer of the competition.

The 1990s were an even more successful period for the club, both nationally and internationally. Four Greek championships (1990, 1991, 1995, 1996), four Greek Cups (1991, 1993, 1994, 1995) and two Greek Super Cups (1993, 1994) were awarded to the club.

In the 1991–92 season, Panathinaikos reached also the last eight of the European Cup and took part in the first ever European tournament to have a group stage.

In 1995–96, with Juan Ramon Rocha as coach and key players Krzysztof Warzycha, Józef Wandzik, Stratos Apostolakis, Georgios Georgiadis, Dimitris Markos, Giannis Kalitzakis, Giorgos Donis and Juan Jose Borrelli, Panathinaikos reached the Champions League semi-finals, finishing first in the group stage against Nantes, Porto, Aalborg BK and eliminating Legia Warsaw in the quarter-finals.

In the semi-finals, Panathinaikos faced Ajax, recording an impressive 0–1 first leg away victory with Krzysztof Warzycha scoring the winning goal. Ajax had a record of 22 undefeated international matches until then, with Panathinaikos breaking their series. The Greek team, however, suffered a 0–3 defeat on the second leg. Thus, Panathinaikos was denied entry to a Champions League final once more.

In the summer of 2000, President Giorgos Vardinogiannis resigned from his duties with complaints for the refereeing situation in Greece and passed his shares to his nephew Giannis Vardinogiannis, who changed the style of the club's management. Angelos Anastasiadis was initially appointed coach of the team and later the ex-player Giannis Kyrastas.

With the arrival of coach Sergio Markarián, Panathinaikos reached the quarter-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League, being eliminated by Barcelona. Panathinaikos had passed the first group stage as the top club against Arsenal, Mallorca and Schalke 04, and the second group stage as second against Real Madrid, Porto and Sparta Prague.

In the first leg of the quarter-finals, Panathinaikos managed to defeat Barcelona by 1–0 in Leoforos Alexandras Stadium. The second leg in Camp Nou was to be an eventful one. Panathinaikos scored first thanks to a beautiful goal by Michalis Konstantinou but eventually was eliminated as Barcelona scored three goals.

Ιn Europe, Panathinaikos made it to the quarter-finals of UEFA Cup quarter-finals. En route, the Greek team had knocked-out Litex Lovech, Fenerbahçe (with an impressive 4–1 win in Leoforos Alexandras Stadium), Slovan Liberec and Anderlecht. During the quarter-finals, although winning the first match in Estádio das Antas against eventual winners of the trophy FC Porto of José Mourinho, with the header of Emmanuel Olisadebe, they were eliminated in the second leg after extra time.

Notable players of this team included Takis Fyssas, Giorgos Karagounis, Antonis Nikopolidis, Angelos Basinas, Nikos Lyberopoulos, Michalis Konstantinou, Giourkas Seitaridis, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paulo Sousa, Goran Vlaović, Rene Henriksen, Joonas Kolkka, Jan Michaelsen and Emmanuel Olisadebe, considered by the fans one of the best teams in the club's history.

During 2002–03 Alpha Ethniki season, they lost the Greek championship in the last two games by arch-rivals Olympiacos.

Under the guidance of Israeli coach Itzhak Shum, Panathinaikos managed to win the championship in 2004. They won also the Cup, beating Olympiacos 3–1 in the final, making the double. New players like Ezequiel González, Lucian Sanmartean and Markus Münch had signed the summer before. In the Champions League, they came third in the group stage facing Manchester United, VfB Stuttgart and Rangers.

However, Shum was unexpectedly fired early in the next season (2004–05) and Zdeněk Ščasný succeeded him on the bench. Panathinaikos finished second in the championship, while in the Champions League they came again third in the group stage facing Rosenborg, PSV and Arsenal. They continued in the UEFA Cup, where they were eliminated by Sevilla.

In 2005, major changes were made in the team's roster. Players like Angelos Basinas and Michalis Konstantinou departed, while others like Flávio Conceição, Igor Bišćan and Andreas Ivanschitz arrived. Ščasný gave his seat to Alberto Malesani. At the start of the 2006–07 season, Malesani left the team and was replaced by Hans Backe, who left only three months after his appointment; Víctor Muñoz was his replacement. For the 2007–08 season, Panathinaikos hired José Peseiro.

On 22 April 2008, and under pressure from the fan base, main shareholder Giannis Vardinogiannis gave a press conference in which he announced the decision of his family to reduce their share in the club to 50%—after 30 years of full ownership—through an €80 million increase of the company's capital stock. After the negotiations and the share capital increase, the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56% of the club, the amateur Club 10% and the other shareholders 34% (with main investors Andreas Vgenopoulos, Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Adamantios Polemis and Nikos Pateras). Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president of the club.

Following the major changes in 2008, Panathinaikos hired Henk ten Cate as coach and bought many expensive players, such as Gilberto Silva from Arsenal and Gabriel from Fluminense. In the 2008–09 season, the Greens proved that they could hold their weight in the Champions League by reaching the last 16. However, they disappointed in the Greek Championship, finishing third in the regular season, though they managed to come second overall after the playoff mini-league.

The 2009–10 season was a successful one for Panathinaikos. During the summer transfer period, the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastián Leto from Liverpool and various other players, spending more than €35 million in total. Henk ten Cate left in December to be replaced by Nikos Nioplias. The team managed to reach the last 16 of the Europa League, eliminating A.S. Roma after two amazing matches in Olympic Stadium of Athens and Stadio Olimpico. Panathinaikos also won both the Greek Championship and the Greek Cup, beating Aris by 1–0 in the final of the latter, thanks to a goal by Sebastián Leto.

In 2011, due to financial problems and management disagreements, Panathinaikos sold Cissé for €5.8 million to Lazio and first-choice goalkeeper Alexandros Tzorvas to Palermo to reduce the budget. New players then entered, such as Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Toché, Vitolo and Zeca. The club also changed their president and chose Dimitris Gontikas to be the new chairman. Panathinaikos failed to qualify to the group stage of 2011–12 Champions League after they were knocked out by Odense BK 4–5 on aggregate.

Recent years (2012–)
Panathinaikos' downfall continued as a result of the serious riots in the Panathinaikos–Olympiacos derby of 18 March 2012. The entire board quit and Panathinaikos remained headless for about two months. However, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute a desired amount, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His plan seemed to be working, as a new 20-member board was elected with Dimitris Gontikas at the president's chair again, though it was yet to be seen how the fans would respond to Panathinaikos' call for help.

On 2 July 2012, the PAO Alliance 2012 finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. After a few weeks of operation, 8,606 members had signed up, some of which were current or former Panathinaikos players, including Jean-Alain Boumsong, Sotiris Ninis, Gilberto Silva and Djibril Cissé, among others.

On 18 July 2012, marked a historical day in Panathinaikos history, as Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Panathinaikos Alliance, thereby allowing Panathinaikos to have a fresh start with their own fans at the steering wheel, who through elections (amongst the members of the Alliance) they compose the board of directors and elect the club's president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos.

The first season with the Panathinaikos Alliance at the helm was nothing short of abysmal for the club. While still enduring financial troubles, Panathinaikos finished sixth in the championship and failed to qualify for the European competition for the first time in 16 years.

For the 2013–14 season, the membership had risen up to 9,305 members. Starting the football year, both fans and journalists were very skeptical of Panathinaikos' chances of a successful season, and many people expected the team to suffer relegation from the Super League Greece. In May 2013, Yannis Anastasiou was appointed manager, and he planned a team based on players from the Panathinaikos Youth Academies joined by experienced foreign players looking to revive their careers. Despite the early skepticism, Panathinaikos' fans supported the team through the rough start, and the season turned out to be a massive success in light of the dire financial situation of the club and the young and inexperienced squad. The club finished fourth in the regular season and second after the playoffs (meaning they qualified for the 2014–15 Champions League), with Marcus Berg the top scorer of the team. Panathinaikos also won the 2013–14 Greek Football Cup after a 4–1 win over PAOK.

On 2 November 2015, after bad performances and a home draw with AEK Athens, manager Yannis Anastasiou was sacked and replaced by Andrea Stramaccioni. Further successive poor results under the latter's reign, combined with loss of dressing room control, led to the dismissal of Stramaccioni on 1 December 2016, with former Panathinaikos player and Greece international Marinos Ouzounidis taking over the management at the club. Ouzounidis had some great moments with Panathinaikos and was generally liked by the fans. His resignation, due to problems with owner Giannis Alafouzos sparked another wave of disappointment and hatred against Alafouzos from the fans.

On 24 April 2018 UEFA decided to exclude Panathinaikos FC from participating in the next UEFA club competition for which it would otherwise qualify in the next three seasons as a result of Financial Fair Play breaches

Giorgos Donis was announced as the new coach on 3 July 2018. Coach Donis had a great start of the season despite beginning with −6 points in the championship, counting 6 consecutive wins that put Panathinaikos on top of the table. However, due to problems with his salary and a clash with Giannis Alafouzos, he was forced to resign in 2019. This situation made the relations between Alafouzos and the fans worse, with protests and demonstrations during games against him. Panathinaikos remained one of the top clubs in Greece, but its absence from European tournaments was a major factor in the fans' disappointment with the ownership. During the summer of 2020, a series of bad decisions were made from Giannis Alafouzos, who chose to let most of the players that had contributed to a very good season go.

Spaniard Dani Poyatos signed on as head of the club on 22 July 2020 for two years, taking over from George Donis' work. Poyatos was sacked after a poor start of the season on 12 October and was replaced by László Bölöni. After a disappointing fifth position in the league and the failure to guide them to a European qualification spot Bölöni was sacked and replaced by Ivan Jovanović.

During the 21-22 season under the management of Ivan Jovanović, the team achieved its major goal of returning to European Competitions finishing fourth, and won their 19th Greek Cup, beating PAOK 1-0 in the final ending an eight-year trophy drought. Ivan Jovanović was offered a two-year extension to his contract, which he accepted.

2022-23 season, close call triumph & inches away from first league trophy in 13 years
After a five-year absence from European Competitions, Panathinaikos has won a place in the third qualifying round of the 2022–23 UEFA Europa Conference League, drawing Czech Slavia Prague. Any chance of return to a European group stage has been lost after losing 3-1 on aggregate.

Their exclusion from Europe wasn't enough, since the squad was off to an exceptional start to the 2022-23 Super League Greece season, ultimately hitting the largest unbeaten streak in Europe for the 2022-23 season) of 16 matches, 3 of which are drawn. The streak broke loose when Panathinaikos faced second-placed AEK Athens, which ended in a 1-0 away loss.

All eyes were on the fact that Panathinaikos finished the regular season placed first with 61 points, followed by AEK Athens with 59 points, a critically low difference between the two teams, with the remaining play-off round deciding on who will lift the trophy. In the end, the play-off round saw the overturn of the eventual title holder of the 2022-23 Super League, when Panathinaikos (1st at 77 points) faced a 1-0 away loss against Olympiacos F.C. placing AEK in the first place (with 80 points) of the play-off round.

In the last round, Panathinaikos faced Aris Thessaloniki F.C. and the match ended at 1-1, having achieved one point (making it 78 points), ultimately ending every hope for achieving the first league title since 2010. AEK faced Volos, who were at the bottom of the play-offs table, which resulted in a 4-0 home win and the achievement of the 2022-23 league for AEK Athens.

In 2024 Panathinaikos advanced to Greek Cup Final beating Paok at semi-finals. Panathinaikos won the 2023–24 Greek Football Cup by defeating Aris in the final with 1-0, thus clinching their 20th Greek Cup title and sealing their position in next year's UEFA Competitions and more specifically in the 2024–25 UEFA Europa League second qualifying round.

Crest evolution
White was the colour that was first used by the team in 1908 (probably like that of the first crest). The first symbol of the club was an association football ball of the era.

In 1911, the colours changed to green and white. In 1918, Michalis Papazoglou proposed the trifolium, symbol of harmony, unity, nature and good luck, as emblem of Panathinaikos. The officials of the club were looking for a universal, non-nationalistic or localistic, symbol aiming to represent the whole Athens at the country and further at the world. Papazoglou used to have it sewn on his shirt since he was competing for a club in his native Chalcedon, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). He was possibly inspired by Billy Sherring, an Irish Canadian athlete who had won the Athens 1906 Olympic marathon (1906 Intercalated Games) wearing a white outfit with a big green shamrock on the chest.

Georgios Chatzopoulos, member—and later president—of the club and director of the National Gallery, took over to design the new emblem for the team. Up to the end of the 1970s, a trifolium (green or white) was sewed on heart's side of the jersey and was big in size. With the beginning of professionalism, the crest of the F.C. was created, accompanied by the club initials and the year of founding, 1908.

Until today, the team's traditional colours are green and white (green for health, nature, such as physiolatry, and white for virtue), although the white sometimes is omitted, used as trim or as an alternative. During the first years after the establishment of green as Panathinaikos' primary colour, players were wearing green shirts, white shorts and green socks. During the 1930s, an appearance with characteristic horizontal strips was established. This motive was used also in the next decades as primary or second choice. Since then, the uniform style has changed many times, but green has always remained the team's primary colour.

Shirt sponsors and manufacturers
Since 1979, when football became professional in Greece, Panathinaikos had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1983 a specific shirt sponsor as well. The following table shows in detail Panathinaikos kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors by year:

Stadiums and facilities

Panathinaikos' traditional home ground since the early 1920s is the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium, the oldest active football stadium in Greece, in the Ampelokipoi district of central Athens. The stadium is located on Alexandras Avenue and is most commonly referred to as Leoforos (Greek for "Avenue"). It is considered one of the most historic stadiums in Greece, as it was used by the Greece national football team as home ground for many years (most recently for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying matches) and even by Panathinaikos' biggest rivals, AEK Athens and Olympiacos, on various occasions.

Panathinaikos left Leoforos in 1984 to play in the newly built Athens Olympic Stadium. In 2000, then-club president Angelos Filippidis announced a return to the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium, following a €7 million renovation. Capacity was reduced from 25,000 to 16,620, new dressing rooms were built and modular stand roofing was added in compliance with UEFA requirements, but in 2004, stricter standards were announced and the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium would need further expansion were it to remain suitable for UEFA-sanctioned matches. This was precluded by local zoning regulations and the team had to return to the Olympic Stadium once more until a new stadium, the proposed Votanikos Arena, was built. The Leoforos ground was due for demolition.

On 27 January 2007, the board of Panathinaikos decided to reuse the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium for the team's 2007–08 domestic league and UEFA Cup home games. Additionally, the club officials decided to install new lawn, new seats and upgrade the press conference room and the restrooms.

As of October 2013, and due to the club's and the country's financial troubles, the construction of the Votanikos Arena has stopped and consequently the plans for the demolition of the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium have been put on hold. After another five-year spell at the Olympic Stadium, the team has returned to its traditional home ground once again.

The current president of the club, Giannis Alafouzos, declared his intention for another renovation of the stadium and the capacity increase, while the Panathinaikos Movement made its propositions for a total reconstruction.

In 2019 the owner of Panathinaikos basketball team presented a funding plan for the construction of the new football and basketball stadiums. The Greek government confirmed in 2022 the construction of the new stadiums in the Votanikos area near Eleonas metro station to be completed by 2026.

Paiania used to be the training ground of Panathinaikos since 1981, the same year that the Panathinaikos F.C. Academy was reorganized into one of the best in Greece. It became the farm that trained its top tier teams' notable players, such as Giorgos Karagounis, Angelos Basinas, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Sotiris Ninis, and the Greece national team. In 2013, the club and academy would be moved from Paiania to that of the new Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center in Koropi, to be owned by the club and academy.

Financial information
Until 1979, football in Greece was amateur. The team, along with the other departments of Panathinaikos A.O., depended on the financial support of the club's members. The president (responsible for all athletic departments) was elected by the Board members. In 1979, Greece's football turned professional and the Vardinogiannis family purchased the football department. Giorgos Vardinogiannis became the new president. Vardinogiannis family were the owners of the club the next decades.

On 22 April 2008, growing pressure of the fan base over the past 30 years compelled the main shareholder representative of the club, Giannis Vardinogiannis, to announce at a press conference the family would reduce their financial stake in the club from 100 percent to 50 percent through an €80 million increase issue of the company's capital stock. Negotiations followed and the following were agreed: Nikos Pateras was selected to be the new president; the Vardinogiannis family would hold 56 percent of the club, the amateur club 10 percent (same as before) and a group of new shareholders 34 percent (Pavlos Giannakopoulos, Nikos Pateras, Adamantios Polemis and Andreas Vgenopoulos, plus other minor shareholders).

In 2011, financial problems and management disagreements caused the club to reduce the budget and sell many players. In 2012, the owner of Skai TV, Giannis Alafouzos, devised a plan to take Vardinogiannis' shares (54.7%) and make them available to fans around Greece so that everyone could contribute, so that Panathinaikos could overcome the crisis. His intention was to create a new, for the Greek athletic standards, supporter-owned football club. On 2 July 2012, the Panathenaic Alliance finally opened to the public so that everyone could be a member and contribute a desired amount in return for privileges. A few days later, Giannis Vardinogiannis gave his shares—54.7% of Panathinaikos—to the Alliance, while the other shareholders maintained their percentage. The members of the Alliance elected a board of directors and club president. The first president elected was Giannis Alafouzos. In 2013, was decided the move of the team from the previous training center of Paiania to a new one, owned by the club. Located in the area of Koropi, Georgios Kalafatis Sports Center became the new training ground and academy base of Panathinaikos.

For the 2014–15 season, the membership had risen up to 8,495 members contributing a total of €2,680,041.

Panathinaikos currently is a partially supporter-owned football club. According to the latest accounts in 2016 Panathenaic Alliance shares have been reduced to (15%), Giannis Alafouzos through Sortivo International Ltd and his own shares is the largest shareholder at (74%). Giannis Alafouzos suddenly decided to quit the team in September 2017, announcing his departure in a written statement and inviting potential investors to express their interest in buying the team. With rapidly growing doubts about the commitment and the sporting progression of the club, Alafouzos eventually decided to re-invest in the playing and coaching staff around June 2021.

Current sponsorships:
 * Shirt sponsor: Stoiximan
 * Sport clothing manufacturer: Adidas
 * Official sponsors: Cosmote, Vivartia, Piraeus Bank, Avance
 * Supporters: Powerade, Marks & Spencer

Supporters
Panathinaikos was founded by middle class athletes (with Giorgos Kalafatis as a key figure) aiming of spreading and making more known football to the Athenian and Greek public in general. Also, their intention was to create a team for all of Athens and to be connected with the rest of the European football movement, which was already active.

Today, according to UEFA and numerous polls and researches by the biggest newspapers and poll companies in a span of 20 years, Panathinaikos is the second most popular football team in Greece, with the difference behind Olympiacos to be varied between 2% and 9% among the fans. They have the highest popularity in Athens metropolitan area according to many of the corresponding polls, having also a large fanbase in all Greek prefectures, in Cyprus and in the Greek diaspora. They historically have a large fanbase among the highly-educated Greek upper class (traditionally representing the old Athenian society), while they are also very popular among the middle and lower classes.

Panathinaikos supporters hold both records of the most season tickets sales (31,091 in 2010) and highest average attendance for a unique season (44,942 in the 1985–86 season) in the history of Greek football.

The main organized supporters of Panathinaikos are known as Gate 13 (established in 1966), the oldest fan association in Greece, which consists of around 80 clubs alongside Greece and Cyprus. Gate 13 style of supporting includes the use of green fireworks, large and small green flags, displaying of banners and especially the creation of colorful and large choreographies, noisy and constant cheering and other supporters stuff. Gate 13 has over the years become a part of the club by affecting club decisions and by following the club on all occasions.

They share a traditional friendship with the Hungarian club Ferencváros and Ultras Rapid Wien, based mainly on the common green and white colours. Moreover, they have been sharing since the early 10s' close relations with Dinamo Zagreb's Bad Blue Boys (based on their common rivalry with Red Star and Olympiacos fans, capital city teams and mutual respect for each other's ultras achievements) and also with Fedayin of A.S. Roma based on the capital city team factor, their mutual respect and the ancient Athens and ancient Roma cultural connection.

PALEFIP (Panhellenic club of Panathinaikos friends) is another supporters organization.

Panathenaic Alliance, a collective organisation of the fan base, is the major shareholder of the football club, making it currently the only supporter-owned football club in Greece. The members of the Alliance, through elections, compose the board of directors and elect the club's president.

Panathinaikos Movement, founded in 2012, is also a Greek political party founded by people with an initial common their love for the sports club of Panathinaikos and the wish for a new stadium for the football team, despite the bureaucracy of the Greek state.

Statistics and records

Mimis Domazos holds the record for Panathinaikos appearances, having played 502 first-team matches between 1959 and 1980. Striker Krzysztof Warzycha comes second, having played 390 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by Takis Ikonomopoulos, with 303 appearances.

Krzysztof Warzycha is the club's top goalscorer with 288 goals in all competitions between 1989 and 2004, having surpassed Antonis Antoniadis' total of 180 in January 1998.

Panathinaikos record home attendance is 74,493, for a Greek League match against AEK Athens in 1986 at the Olympic Stadium. The record attendance for a Panathinaikos match at the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium is from 1967, when 29,665 spectators watched the Cup Winners' Cup game between Panathinaikos and Bayern Munich.

Panathinaikos is one of the two clubs in the history of Greek football to finish a top-flight (after 1959) campaign unbeaten. This happened in the 1963–64 season.

One-Club players

Top scorers in European competitions
Uefa Champions League UEFA Cup

Honours

 * {{legend|gold|record}}
 * shared record

Panathinaikos Athens in European competitions

 * UEFA Champions League
 * Runners-up (1): 1971
 * Semi-finals (2): 1985, 1996
 * Quarter-finals (2): 1992, 2002
 * UEFA Europa League
 * Quarter-finals (2): 1988, 2003
 * Balkans Cup
 * Winners (1): 1977

Panathinaikos Athens in Worldwide competitions

 * Intercontinental Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 1971

Doubles

 * Winners (8): 1968–69, 1976–77, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1990–91, 1994–95, 2003–04, 2009–10

Trebles
1976–77 Alpha Ethniki, 1976–77 Greek Football Cup, 1977 Balkans Cup
 * Winners (1): 1976–77

Retired numbers
13 – Ιn honour of Gate 13

Contribution to the Greece national team

Overall, Panathinaikos has a significant contribution to the Greece national football team. Giorgos Kalafatis, the founder of Panathinaikos, was the member of the Greece national team that participated in the Inter-Allied Games in Paris, while later he was also a player/manager for Greece in the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. During the next decades, Panathinaikos highlighted some of the best Greek players in the history of Greek football, who contributed also to the national team (Migiakis, Linoxilakis, Loukanidis, Domazos, Antoniadis, Kapsis, Ikonomopoulos, Saravakos etc.). Six Panathinaikos players were members of the first appearance of the national team in a World Cup in 1994 (Saravakos, Kolitsidakis, Apostolakis, Kalitzakis, Nioplias, Marangos).

Five players of the club were part of the golden team of 2004 that won the UEFA Euro 2004 (UEFA Euro 2004): Giourkas Seitaridis, Angelos Basinas, Giannis Goumas, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Kostas Chalkias

Technical staff

 * }

Club staff

 * }

Management

 * }

title: Panathinaikos F.C.


text:
Talk:The Rank Group

This entry was created to link with the entries for J. Arthur Rank, British National Films Company, Pinewood Studios and the Rank Organisation which was absorbed in 1996 by The Rank Group Plc MPLX/MH 21:01, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"The"
I'm not entirely sure that this organisation meets the "common use" test that its "The" is capitalised in running text; or even that the "the" is used consistently at all (googling for the name). A move to Rank Group Plc might be in order. Alai 05:10, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Rank group logo.png
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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 23:38, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

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The image Image:BlueSquare Leagues.gif is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

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Mecca Bingo edits by RankCommunications
I have undone the edits on the 9th May 2013 by RankCommunications to the Mecca Bingo section.

It should not read "most popular", "industry-leading", "popular community games", "good value food" or "leading brand drinks".

If RankCommunications wants to edit facts like they did previously with a new appointment of a CEO I have no problem with that but the last edit by them goes beyond what is an acceptable edit.

91.125.143.105 (talk) 19:07, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Rank Group


text:
Thomas Barlow

Thomas Barlow may refer to:

Politicians

 * Thomas Barlow (merchant) (1788–1844), New Brunswick merchant, banker and politician
 * Thomas Barlow (New York politician) (1805–1896), New York lawyer and politician
 * Thomas Barlow (Kentucky politician) (1940–2017), U.S. Congressman from Kentucky

Sportspeople

 * Thomas Barlow (basketball) (1896–1983), American basketball player
 * Tom Barlow (baseball) (1852–?), American baseball player
 * Tom Barlow (rugby union) (1864–1942), Welsh international rugby player and cricketer
 * Tom Barlow (English footballer) (1874–?), British football player
 * Tom Barlow (American soccer) (born 1995), American soccer player

Others

 * Thomas Barlow (bishop) (1607–1691), British librarian and bishop
 * Sir Thomas Barlow, 1st Baronet (1845–1945), British physician
 * Sir Thomas Barlow, 3rd Baronet (1914–2003), British naval commander, grandson of the above
 * Thomas Barlow (British businessman) (1883–1964), British businessman
 * Thomas Oldham Barlow (1824–1889), British printmaker
 * Thomas Worthington Barlow (1823–1856), British antiquary
 * Tom Barlow (musician) (born c. 1965), Canadian singer
 * T. B. Walker (Thomas Barlow Walker, 1840–1928), American timber tycoon and art collector

title: Thomas Barlow


text:
Gaius Licinius

Gaius Licinius may refer to:

 * Gaius Licinius Stolo, early tribune and consul responsible for land laws
 * Gaius Licinius Macer, late statesman and annalist
 * Gaius Licinius Mucianus, general of Vespasian

title: Gaius Licinius


text:
Mazda Sentia

The Mazda Sentia (マツダ・センティア) is a mid-size rear wheel drive luxury car that was sold by Mazda in Japan from 1991 to 1999 over two generations. It replaced the Mazda Luce nameplate on the Mazda H platform, and continued the tradition of being Mazda's largest flagship sedan, which had been in production since the late 1960s.

The Sentia was also built under license in South Korea until October 2002 by Kia, at the Hwaseong Plant (formerly Asan Bay) where it was sold as the Kia Enterprise.

Etymology
The name "Sentia" is derived from the Latin word "sentir", meaning to sense, feel or hear.

First generation (HD; 1991–1996)
Shortly after the release of the fourth-generation Mazda Luce HC in 1986 (1987 in some markets), development began on a successor. Design work took place under chief designer Shunji Tanaka, who began to consider a more unconventional approach in early 1988. After struggling with development of a theme known as "Prince's Coach" (after the Japanese Crown Prince, later Emperor, Akihito), leading to an unusually large number of rejected full-size models, a young American designer named Peter Montero was tasked with developing a theme with 1/5 scale model. During development of this theme, Montero proposed that, as a non-luxury brand targeting luxury models, a proper rear-wheel drive proportion should be emphasized. After presentation of the theme to and review of the 1/5 scale model with management, a previous full-scale model was modified by pulling the front wheels forward, lengthening its dash-to-axle distance and shortening its front overhang. Another young designer in Mazda's Hiroshima studio, Dori Regev, then developed the final feasibility-proven design, which was approved later that year and frozen on 24 December 1988 for 1991 production, with prototype testing commencing in 1989.

When the Sentia was introduced in Japan, it was also sold at Mazda's short-lived exclusive luxury channel as the ɛ̃fini MS-9 as a higher content luxury sedan, with optional items on the Sentia as standard on the MS-9. The Sentia was the largest Mazda sold during this era, and came with a 3.0-liter V6 engine, setting the Sentia as the top level flagship of Mazda. The width dimension has particular significance in Japan, due to dimension regulations, where Japanese consumers pay an additional annual tax for larger vehicles.

The Sentia was marketed by Mazda as having a "front midship" layout: the V6 engine sits behind the front axle, while the fuel tank rests above the rear axle. The implementation of the engine installation behind the front axle showed technology earlier used by Mazda in its rotary-engine powered products, primarily the Mazda RX-7 and the Mazda Cosmo.

To showcase Mazda's advanced technology prowess, this iteration of the Sentia also debuted Mazda's speed-sensitive four-wheel steering system. At speeds of lower than 35 km/h, the rear wheels steer in an opposite (toe out) direction from the front wheels, in order to reduce the turn radius. At higher speeds they steer in the toe in direction to improve stability.

Solar ventilation system is a setup where amorphous solar cells in the sunroof panel power small ventilation fans located in the trunk area, in order to cool the cabin while the car is parked in the sun. This setup would later be found on the Eunos800/Millenia.

Two engines were available. Both having their roots in prior Mazda V6s, and have no relation to the aluminum KL series found in the Capella-platformed Mazdas. The 3.0-liter JE-ZE received a new variable-length intake manifold to boost its power rating to 200 PS. The 2.5-liter J5-DE was also available, rated at 160 PS. Two different engine displacements were offered in Japan so as to give buyers a choice between which annual road tax obligation they were willing to pay. The bigger engine was substantially better equipped with luxury features and conveniences for choosing the larger engine.

929

The HD generation of the 929 appeared in 1991, with the smaller four-cylinder engines dropped in favour of V6 engines only. It was sold as the ɛ̃fini MS-9 under Mazda's ill-fated diversification plan. There was no longer a Luce rotary version, and the Cosmo got a new platform as well. A new model, the Sentia, appeared on the same platform. In Canada, the car was known as the 929 Serenia. This was the only year to carry the Mazda "diamond" badge from 1992, and the updated "diamond" badge (a smoother version) to appear on all 1993 models.

The Mazda 929 was available with ABS, full electrics, cruise, 4WS, 4WD (in some markets), as well as a 'solar vent' that vented the heat from the car.

The Sentia continued for one more generation, but export of the 929 to North America stopped in 1995 with the front-wheel drive Mazda Millenia remaining at the top of the company's lineup. The 929 was withdrawn from North America due to a lack of interest in non-luxury brand Japanese imports of this size, evidenced by the withdrawal of the Toyota Cressida in 1992.

During the early 1990s Mazda had considered introducing its own luxury brand, Amati, to compete with Lexus, Infiniti and Acura but later withdrew their plans. The 929 was replaced by the Mazda Millenia as the flagship sedan, but the Millenia is front-wheel drive. 929 Serenia sales ended in Canada after the 1994 model year, and the United States followed suit with the 1995 model year. It was also sold in South Korea as the badge engineered Kia Enterprise, using Mazda-sourced engines.

Engines:
 * 2.5 L (2494 cc) J5-DE V6, DOHC, 160 PS
 * 3.0 L (2954 cc) JE-E V6, SOHC, 160 PS/180 lb·ft (245 N·m)
 * 3.0 L (2954 cc) JE-ZE V6, DOHC, 205 PS/200 lb·ft (272 N·m)

Second generation (HE; 1995–1999)
The final HE generation of the Sentia appeared in late 1995 in Asia and in Australia in April 1996 as the 929. The engine remained a carry-over, and the dimensions of the vehicle were reduced from the previous model. Production remained short; exports were halted to Australia in 1997 due to poor sales and an increasingly high price tag (in its final year the 929's price had increased to over AUD$83,000 in the Australian market—about the same price as an entry-level BMW 5 Series).

The 1995 Sentia used Mazda's updated HE platform, and was the last large RWD sedan from Mazda. Japanese automotive magazine Best Car Magazine showed that the car incorporates a number of styling cues from the stillborn Amati 1000. This generation Sentia had been developed with the proposed Mazda flagship in mind. Anticipating that it would take over the role of formal-use vehicles (i.e. chauffeur-driven transport for executives) in the product line, this Sentia is considerably geared towards private owners in its focus. The mechanical underpinnings are largely carried over from the previous Sentia. The exterior and interior received a mild redesign to make the car more stately, and suitable for formal corporate use. This includes a larger grille, taller roofline for improved rear headroom, as well as large expanses of woodgrain panelling.

The Japanese TV advertising campaign featured Sean Connery stating "Sentia...striking!".

Engines:
 * 3.0 L (2,954 cc) JE-E SOHC 18 valve V6
 * 3.0 L (2,954 cc) JE-ZE DOHC 24 valve V6, 138 kW (185 hp)/270 Nm

The second-generation Sentia drops the 2.5-liter engine, and uses the 3-liter unit in two different tuning for 200 PS and 160 PS respectively.

Kia Enterprise

The Kia Enterprise was a sedan built by Kia Motors at its Hwaseong Plant and was based on the Mazda Sentia. It was made available for sale in 1998. It was powered by one of three Mazda-sourced petrol engines of 2.5, 3.0, or 3.6 litres. As before, Kia's full-size sedan was based on a Mazda platform and its predecessor was called the Kia Potentia. The Enterprise has a FR layout with multilink front and rear suspension. In 2002, it was replaced by the Kia Opirus, a platform shared with the Hyundai Grandeur. The Enterprise was a left hand drive vehicle, while the Sentia was right hand drive. It was the last rebadged Mazda released by Kia motors before the company merged with Hyundai Motor Company due to the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997.

title: Mazda Sentia


text:
Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr

Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr (June 16, 1749, Stuttgart – February 27, 1821, Tübingen) was a German physician, chemist, and naturalist.

In 1768 he obtained his doctorate from the University of Tübingen, where he also served as a professor of chemistry, botany, and natural history from 1774 to 1801. He is the taxonomic authority of several genera, including Mellivora, whose only species is the honey badger (Mellivora capensis).

Published works
In 1781 he performed extensive scientific investigations in the Swiss Alps, publishing "Alpenreise vom Jahre 1781" (1784–86, 2 vols.) as a result. Other noted written efforts by Storr include:

 * "Dissertatio inauguralis medica, de curis viperinis", 1768 (with Ferdinand Christoph Oetinger).
 * Entwurf einer Folge von Unterhaltungen zur Einleitung in die Naturgeschichte, 1777.
 * Ueber seine Bearbeitungsart der Naturgeschichte, 1780.
 * "Investigandae crystallifodinarum oeconomiae quaedam pericula", 1785.
 * "Idea methodi fossilium", 1807.

title: Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr


text:
Henry Chandler Cowles

Henry Chandler Cowles (February 27, 1869 – September 12, 1939) was an American botanist and ecological pioneer. A professor at the University of Chicago, he studied ecological succession in the Indiana Dunes of Northwest Indiana. This led to efforts to preserve the Indiana Dunes. One of Cowles' students, O. D. Frank continued his research.

Life and work
Born in Kensington, Connecticut, Cowles attended Oberlin College in Ohio. He studied at the University of Chicago with the plant taxonomist John M. Coulter and the geologist Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin as main teachers. He obtained his PhD in 1898 for his study of vegetation succession on the Lake Michigan sand dunes. The inspiration to these studies came from reading Plantesamfund by the Danish botanist and pioneer ecologist Eugen Warming. Cowles studied Danish to be able to read the original and later (1905) visited Warming in Copenhagen. The translation of Warming's term into English as "Oecology" led to Cowles becoming one of the primary popularizers of the term ecology in the United States. Cowles was one of the founding members of the Ecological Society of America in 1915.

Cowles married Elizabeth Waller in 1900, and their daughter Harriet was born in 1912.

Legacy
One of Cowles's field study locations is now named Cowles Bog in his honor; Cowles Bog and nearby dune locations were later preserved for the public as part of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (national park as of February 2019). Cowles Bog is located west of Mineral Springs Road in the Town of Dune Acres, Indiana.

Among Cowles's students who advanced American ecology were Victor E. Shelford, William Skinner Cooper, Paul B. Sears, George Damon Fuller, Walter P. Cottam, Arthur G. Vestal and May Theilgaard Watts. Cowles also served as a special field assistant of the United States Geological Survey.

Works
His publications include:
 * Ecological Relations of the Vegetation on the Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan (1899)
 * Text-Book of Botany, Volume II: Ecology (1910) (with John Merle Coulter (Volume I, Part I: Morphology) and Charles Reid Barnes (Volume I, Part II: Physiology)
 * Plant Societies of Chicago and Vicinity (1901)

title: Henry Chandler Cowles


text:
Talk:Jean-Antoine Houdon

Birthdate
Birthdate was recently anonymously changed from March 25, 1741 to March 20, 1741. Does anyone have a citation? -- Jmabel 21:06, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Jean-Antoine Houdon


text:
Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk

Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk (born December 20, 1950) is a professor at the University of Miami's School of Architecture and an architect and urban planner in Miami, Florida.

Plater-Zyberk is considered to be a representative of the New Urbanism school of urban planning, and an advocate of the New Classical school of architecture. She is also a co-founder and principal of DPZ CoDesign, a Miami-based architecture firm.

Early life and education
Plater-Zyberk was born in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Jozafat Plater-Zyberk (1906–1994), an architect, and his wife, Maria Meysztowicz (1911–2000), a professor of French at Villanova University. Plater-Zyberk is an alumna of Sacred Heart Academy Bryn Mawr, and received her undergraduate degree in architecture and urban planning from Princeton University (1972) and a master's degree in architecture from the Yale School of Architecture in 1974.

Career
In 1977, Plater-Zyberk co-founded the Miami firm Arquitectonica with her husband Andrés Duany, Bernardo Fort-Brescia, Laurinda Hope Spear, and Hervin Romney. Arquitectonica was known for its signature style: a dramatic, expressive high-tech modernism. The firm's Atlantis Condominium was featured in the opening credits of the television series Miami Vice.

In 1980, Duany and Plater-Zyberk founded DPZ CoDesign, based in Miami. DPZ became a leader in the national movement called New Urbanism and distinguished itself by designing traditional towns and transforming existing suburbs into livable downtowns. The firm first received international recognition in the 1980s as the designer of Seaside, Florida, and has completed designs and codes for over two hundred new towns, regional plans, and community revitalization projects.

Plater-Zyberk has taught at the University of Miami School of Architecture since 1979. In 1988, she created a graduate program in Suburb and Town Design after which she continued to explore contemporary issues in city growth and reconstruction with students and faculty. She served as dean of the university's School of Architecture from 1995 to 2013, and as dean she hired the architect Léon Krier to design his first public building in Florida for the school of architecture (his only other buildings in America are his former house at Seaside and a meeting hall in the Duany Plater-Zyberk planned resort of Windsor). She has also served as director of the university's Center for Urban Community and Design, organizing and promoting numerous design exercises to the benefit of communities throughout South Florida. In the Fall of 2008, Plater-Zyberk was tapped into Iron Arrow Honor Society, the highest Honor attained at the University of Miami. In 2014, she was awarded the Arts & Culture Award by the Coral Gables Community Foundation.

For ten years, Plater-Zyberk was a trustee of Princeton University, where she chaired the university's Building Committee during an active period of building and expansion. During her tenure on the Building Committee, the university hired architects such as Robert Venturi, Frank Gehry, and Demetri Porphyrios. Porphyrios designed the Collegiate Gothic Whitman College, the first in a series of new Collegiate Gothic buildings to be built in the historic center of the campus.

Plater-Zyberk is a founder and emeritus board member of the Congress for the New Urbanism, which was established in 1993. She has been a visiting professor at many major North American schools of architecture, has been awarded several honorary doctorates and awards, and lectures frequently. In 2001, she and Duany were awarded the Vincent Scully Prize by the National Building Museum in recognition of their contributions to the American built environment. In 2008, she was appointed to the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts. Her recent books include The New Civic Art and Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream.

title: Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk


text:
Talk:Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool

Remove or restructure "Events" section
The section seems a bit useless. Perhaps the information should be incorporated elsewhere, or maybe the list structure isn't the best way to present the information. What I mean is, there haven't been many specific events/rally's that are well know for taking place on the mall, however the association between the mall and national rallies is well remembered, perhaps it is more useful to demonstrate this fact rather than attempt to list all the important events (of which perhaps only MLK's speech can actually be considered noteworthy). Crasic (talk) 03:10, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

Drained?
When I was in DC in the Sprint of 2003, the pool was drained for repairs of leaks. Does anyone know if it is still drained? Jevin 21:07, 2004 Oct 9 (UTC)
 * No, it's full now. →Raul654 23:27, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

Lawn?
on google earth and google maps there is no lake but what appears to be a lawn. has it recently been converted to a lawn or lake or what? basically does anyone know the history?

I'm not sure where you're looking but there has been for a while and still is a pool inbetween the Lincoln and Washington Monuments --Niro5 19:04, 14 July 2006 (UTC)Hi I am Matthew B.

This page should be retitled Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, as that is the pool's proper name. It is also the most recognized reflecting pool in Washington and should have its own page.Chancychipman (talk) 20:31, 21 January 2008 (UTC)Chancy

Build in?
Could anybody add when the pool was build?--Ziko (talk) 19:13, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

In Media and Pop Culture
Would anyone object to having a section added indicating where this monument appeared in television, cinema, the media and fiction?24.188.207.20 (talk) 22:29, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

Restoring Honor Rally Attendance
I deleted the following quotation from the body of the article but would not challenge its poster's desire to have the text here.Czrisher (talk) 19:14, 30 August 2010 (UTC): "If you take the length of the reflecting pool of 2029 feet, and you figure each individual person if standing side by side, with liitle to no space between them you would get approximately 1000 people (2 ft per person) in a single row on one side of the reflecting pool. Knowing that the pools width is 167 ft we can deduce that the area on each side of the pool is considerably smaller then the width of the pool. Using these powers of deduction we can make a decent estimation of crowd size. The reflecting pool side areas are narrow so guessing that there could be a row of 20 people wide on each side of the reflecting pool you can say that EAC SIDE of the reflecting pool holds about 40,000 people jammed packed. That asusmes there is little to no space between individuals."

- 130.76.32.23 at 14:58, 30 August 2010

New pool almost complete
Stats should be updated using this starter reference

As of may 15, 2015 citation #6 is bad
I don't know the policy here can I just delete a bad citation? Bobmodikiw (talk) 05:07, 16 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I replied [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Teahouse/Questions&diff=prev&oldid=662575333#If_i_find_a_bad_citation_on_someone_elses_article...Can_I_delete_it.3F here]. I have changed the url and formatted the citation.[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Memorial_Reflecting_Pool&diff=662574909&oldid=662540043] PrimeHunter (talk) 11:49, 16 May 2015 (UTC)

A note about citation #2
Just wanted to note that I found and inserted an alternate source covering material from citation #2, which was tagged as dead url. I am placing the new and original source links here, for future reference or in case another editor can identify an archived version of the dead url. (I was not able to identify an archived page.)
 * New citation:
 * Original (dead link) citation:

title: Talk:Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool


text:
Talk:James G. Watt

Untitled
Definitely stubby. Needs to mention his 1996 probation, fine, and community service plea bargain for 41 felonies of perjury and lies related to HUD Kwantus 21:13, 2004 Oct 9 (UTC)

Apocalpse quote

 * "That is the delicate balance the Secretary of the Interior must have -- to be steward for the natural resources for this generation as well as future generations. I do not know how many future generations we can count on before the Lord returns. Whatever it is, we have to manage with a skill to have the resources needed for future generations." -- James Watt, in testimony before the House Interior and Insular Affairs Committee, on Feb. 5, 1981.

TDC cut this, commenting, "after a rather extensive review of the congressional record, I find no evidence that this quote is real)"

As I understand it, committee hearing testimony wouldn't go into the Congressional Record, and hearing records from so far back may not be on-line anywhere (yet). There's evidence, at least, that Watt claims to have made the statement. —wwoods 18:55, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

There are putatively accurate transcript selections from this committee hearing at Powerline Blog: http://powerlineblog.com/archives/009475.php

 * The two previous powerlineblog references seem hashed. Has powerlineblog been corrupted? Can anyone either put up or shut up? It's important that WP gets this stuff right and doesn't claim or even suggest anything that isn't verifiable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.101.42.124 (talk) 05:46, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Here is a published account of the quote, at least in abridged form. It also exists on the Time magazine website. Watt also clarifies and defends his statement in a Washington Post editorial. The whole quote is included in an article at the Weekly Standard, and the transcript can be found at [ http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=28813 WorldNetDaily]. Athene cunicularia (talk) 02:39, 4 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Also, I was able to track down the correct PowerLine links here (transcript) and here (editorial). Athene cunicularia (talk) 02:43, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Glad no one's tried to pin this one on him: "after the last tree is felled, Christ will come back." It got Bill Moyers in trouble: Bill Moyers Apologizes to James Watt for Apocryphal Quote. "Because those or similar quotes had also appeared through the years in many other publications -- in The Washington Post and TIME, for example... -- I too easily assumed their legitimacy." That is classic. Absolutely classic! <>< tbc 06:36, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Another quote famously attributed to him, and again traced to Bill Moyers. James Watt is supposed to have asserted that conservation doesn't matter because the rapture is coming. see [http://jonchristensen.typepad.com/uneasychair/2005/05/say_watt.html(which may or may not be reliable)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SOURCES#Reliable_sources VmZH88AZQnCjhT40 (talk) 19:34, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

Ethnic joke
Removed:

 * Later in 1983 Watt was made to resign as a result of a controversy that arose because he told an ethnic joke.

This appears to be a conflation with Earl Butz. The joke was controversial but it didn't immediately precipitate Watt's removal. Ellsworth 00:57, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Removing comment about earth being "merely a temporary way station on the road to eternal life". I looked it up at the library and did not find it in the article "Ours is the Earth". I did find it in the Audubon article cited thereafter, however the comment was not a quote from Watt but the article's author's interpretation of Watt's views (which I still believe to be true). I've looked but cannot find an article I once read (Time? Life?) that had an image of Watt on the cover pulling up the ground, trees and all like old carpeting. Underneath were factories etc. Some may question the seeming one sidedness of the additions however I have endeavored to be factual as possible. People also need to remember that Watt got lots of air time, such as in the Washington Post, claiming that Moyers interpretations of Watt's anti-environmental leanings were baseless.

I have placed a bracket around the following inclusion in a quotation in the article: "[see Conservation doesn't enrich Cheney's energy friends]". The use of a bracket (as opposed to parentheses) here lets the reader know that the link is not in the original quotation. I am including the quote to expand upon the comments quoted. There is one bracket at the beginning of the word "see". There needs to be another opposite at the end of the inclusion. "Betacommand" has twice removed the last bracket.

NPOV
I strongly feel that the last half of the quote section has little to do with the article. It's a collection of externally-linked criticisms on current environmental policy. --12.217.24.137 03:25, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It's not so much that it's NPOV (a quote from a POV source can be used), as just irrelevant. There's no connection to Watt except as someone else who didn't care about conservation.   KarlM 07:12, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The above contributors should reread the first paragraph of the section titled "Quote Controversy".
 * If Watt had not made the comments he had about how in error Moyers was about his (Watt's) environmental policies and about what a conservationist he is, and if lots of rightwing blogs had not pounced and made such a case out of it (do a search) - keep in mind Moyers has been a big target for the right wing - I'd agree. But what the section that you refer to is is a factual counterpoint to all that, IOW, some balance.  What it is doing is demonstrating just what environmental policies Watt is applauding.  Remove that and you remove issue context.  Wikipedia should be about providing information.
 * But those quotes just say that Bush's policies are as bad as Watt's, they don't say what Watt's policies actually were except for some extremely brief snips (drilling in parks etc.). 90% of the quotes are wasted space in this article.  The article needs a section actually describing what Watt promoted rather than just saying he's a nutball.  KarlM 21:12, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Read this direct Watt quote again: "'Everything Cheney's saying, everything the president's saying - they're saying exactly what we were saying 20 years ago, precisely,' Watt said in an interview with The Denver Post from his winter home in Wickenberg, Ariz. "Twenty years later, it sounds like they've just dusted off the old work".... Watt and national environmental groups rarely agree on anything, but they do agree on the similarity between Bush's energy plans and Watt's goals in the '80s.... As interior secretary for Reagan, Watt supported oil and drilling in wilderness areas and refuges, increased offshore drilling and opposed expansion of national parks". Did you see the word "everything" and "precisely" there?  Next you look at what Bush's environmental policies have been and there's your answer.  That's what Watt himself is saying (in this obsure newspaper interview he probably thought not too many people woud read) he stood for as Reagan's Secretary of the Interior, not what he trumpeted loudly in response to Moyer's gaffe.  "Never has America seen two more intensely controversial and blatantly anti-environmental political appointees than Watt and Gorsuch," said Greg Wetstone, director of advocacy at the Natural Resources Defense Council, who served on the Hill during the Reagan era as chief environment council at the House Energy and Commerce Committee" .  Another good article here.
 * "Drilling its way out of the country's energy problems", "industrializing millions of acres of previously wild and open land", etc. are not very specific, even aside from being indirect. In addition, it's not clear what is identical between Watt and Bush: just the things Watt talks about, everything that's discussed, literally everything absolutely identical?  I seriously doubt it's the latter.  It would be better to delete all four paragraphs, leave only "As interior secretary for Reagan, Watt supported oil and drilling in wilderness areas and refuges, increased offshore drilling and opposed expansion of national parks", and expand on that.  All the rest adds nothing to that except POV commenting on Bush.  It just looks stupid to have so much out-of-place material.  KarlM 23:43, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Lots of stuff on his environmental policies here, "Reclassifying potential wilderness areas to alter their eligibility into the National Wilderness Preservation System illustrates one method of administrative manipulation of wilderness policy. For example, Secretary of the Interior for the Reagan administration James Watt made no secret that he favored resource utilization and wanted to limit wilderness preservation.[106] Watt attempted to open federal lands to resource exploitation by re-classifying wilderness study areas (WSAs) in interim BLM management.[107] Watt withdrew 90 percent of the WSAs that the BLM was evaluating and quickly ordered new studies on the eligibility of the land for wilderness designation.[108] Though courts ultimately found this action illegal, pro-development administrations still use re-classification of WSAs on a smaller scale to prevent wilderness designation of choice lands.[109]", "In the early 1980s, SMCRA came under direct attack by the government itself, in the person of Interior Department secretary James Watt. Watt not only refused to enforce the law, which coal companies found onerous, but he oversaw attempts to weaken some 100 SMCRA regulations. Federal courts, in lawsuits brought by NWF and other groups, threw out most of Watt's changes."   more,  a different perspective on the Watt/Moyers issue.  I reiterate, if you remove the context of what Bush is doing that Watt says he agrees with "precisely" you are removing pertinent information.

Aws per concerns, am attempting to tie in Bush's actions with Watts.

NPOV
While no doubt this guy has, issues, this article is very very heavily balanced against this guy, the connections in the last section are complete overkill, it's more than half the article. This page needs serious attention from someone who knows about this person to come in and sort this out fairly. IvoShandor 04:59, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

This article is an exact replica of the James G. Watt page on www.answers.com I believe an independent article is needed for Wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jwinter2006 (talk • contribs)

 * I wholly agree, but answers.com is a mirror of the Wiki, so its likely this article was first. Regardless this page needs serious attention. IvoShandor 06:02, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * This article is about James G. Watt. If you want to grind an axe against George W. Bush's environmental policy please do it in your blog or some other forum that is not this article. I have removed the essay and will also remove the dispute tag. Gazpacho 22:40, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * As an aside, why the @#$% did that essay remain in the article for nearly a year? Gazpacho 22:53, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * No clue. If I hadn't forgotten about it I would have come back and removed it. Damn, it was even on my watchlist. IvoShandor 14:28, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

I'm not a particular fan of Watt but I agree that this is a seriously biased article. For example, a long list of Watt's policies is given that supposedly had a negative affect on the environment, but his reasoning or justification for these policies are never given in this article. There are two sides to every story. TimMagic (talk) 06:12, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Replacing Factual Context

 * Replaced the following slanted commentary:

 * A 1990 book by Austin Miles quoted Watt as saying, in no particular context, "After the last tree is felled, Christ will come back."[1] Environmental commentator Glenn Scherer erroneously placed this remark in Watt's testimony to Congress.[2] Although Grist magazine retracted and apologized for Scherer's attribution, it was widely repeated by Bill Moyers[3] and others on the American left. Watt admits that his Christian faith informs his attitude toward the environment but has denied both the attribution and the associated characterizations of his policy.[4] Moyers also publicly apologized for the misattribution after a telephone conversation.[5]

with the well cited and researched context that stood the test of time previously. To offer only the above is most definitely biased and incomplete. There's another side to the story, and it is supported with the facts. 4.246.202.229 03:18, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

"Bush Cheney Bush Cheney Bush Bush Bush"... look at the heading on the article, please. Anything you want to say about the Bush administration is for your blog, not this article. If you want to add information about Watt's policies as secretary, then add that (under an appropriately named section) and leave out the paragraphs of irrelevant material. Gazpacho 07:06, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I have removed two paragraphs about Bush's environmental policies as you are right that this is an article about Watt. However I have left the links in as there is a clear correspondence between Watt's policies and Bush's.  One is the fulfillment of the other.  Even Watt says so. 4.246.202.70 11:24, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

No, you did not remove all of the passages about Bush's policies. The only paragraph that might belong in this article is the one beginning "Watt came to the U.S. Department", but you need to write your own wording, not rip it directly from a copyrighted source, and put it somewhere other than the quotation section, and do not remove my rewrite of the quotation section. It took me some time to format those citations. Gazpacho 20:06, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Uh, number one, your "rewrite" is a mess with formatting errors and double copy and pasting of information. Number two, what I wrote is valid, cited information that has been here for a long time.  You are the one who removed it (and for reasons other than you now state).  I compromised by removing two paragraphs about Bush's environmental policies - which you stated was your objection.  Looks to me like you just want to censor information that you don't want others to know. 4.246.200.18 21:16, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

I'm not looking for a compromise, I'm looking for adherence to Wikipedia's policies on original research, citing sources, and copyright. An essay that argues for a particular opinion, particularly one that is tangential to an article, is original research. Stick to the base facts that are relevant to the article.

Furthermore, could you indicate what "formatting errors" and "double copy and pasting" you're referring to? I don't see it. Gazpacho 21:44, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Non-free content says "Inclusion of brief attributed quotations of copyrighted text, used to illustrate a point, establish context, or attribute a point of view or idea is acceptable under "fair use". Text must be used verbatim: any alterations must be clearly marked. Removed text is marked by an ellipsis (...), insertions or alterations are put in brackets ([added text]). A change of emphasis is noted after the quotation with (emphasis added), while if the emphasis was in the original, it may be noted by (emphasis in original). All copyrighted text must be attributed."

 * About the formatting errors look at your version I was refering to . The section beginning "| term_end=November 8, 1983 |" placed in the middle of the article.  Below that you will find four paragraphs which exactly match the first four paragraphs, double copy and pasting.4.246.200.18 22:27, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Hi, I just saw the query on the helpdesk and dropped by. I haven't looked over the whole history, but from what it looks like the Bush stuff isn't really relevant here, unless you can find a quote that says Bush was inspired or influenced by Watt. Just because someone later had similar policies doesn't merit mention here. Also, the stuff below the "quotation controversy" section needs to be integrated into the article where it discusses his policies. Finally, you need a source that says he never really said that quote rather than just introducing it as a fact -- maybe that author's apology would be sufficient. I'll try to work a bit on the article to fix these things. Also, much of the extensive quoting I think is unnecessary because it could be paraphrased and merged into the policies section. Calliopejen1 23:27, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for dropping in. I would encourage though that before you start removing/rewriting lots of content that you read the page first  (including the talk page) and go to the links.  I think you will find that it's all germain.  And btw to Gazpacho, the information I've posted is not OR since it's all over the web. 4.246.200.18 23:49, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd be glad to pull the sources back in, with some expository writing, as I have time. Of course you can do it before me. I just don't like seeing half the article looking somewhat like an encyclopedia and the other half full of pasted-together quotes in italics. Gazpacho 01:24, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Okay if there was a good was to really pare it down while keeping it I guess Calliopejen1 did it. But one reason that I use quotes is that if the site the info came from goes defunct you can still google the words and find a reference.  I am bit concerned about losing this info in that case.  I will add a bit more myself. 4.246.206.16 01:53, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

I'm deleting the line "Although Grist retracted and apologized for Scherer's attribution, it was widely repeated by Bill Moyers" as incorrect. Moyers speech was made, as the link shows, on December 1, 2004. Grist, which Moyer's relied on for his info (and which in turn got it from the book by Miles), had not corrected their article until February 4, 2005 at which time they responsibly stated "Grist regrets this reporting error and is aggressively looking into the accuracy of this quotation". Moyers promptly apologized on February 9th. By the 11th Grist had been unable to substantiate it and said so. That didn't stop rightwing blogs from making hay out of it though. Rather than deception this episode demonstrates that Grist and Moyers were acting in good faith. 4.246.206.16 02:40, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Good work on the Cattlemen's Association quote Calliopejen1. 4.246.203.78 16:32, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

I am Removing the words "left wing" from the sentence "Left-Wing Environmental groups concur that Bush's policies are similar to Watt's." It is an attempt at a slur and it is not completely accurate as at least one Republican environmental group (Rep America) says the same thing. 63.196.193.209 04:27, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Beach Boys
I wonder, is the incident with the Beach Boys concert given enough weight? Based on works I have read it was one of the major reasons he was forced to resign as that turned the First Lady against him, even Reagan wasn't willing to defend him then. (I also noticed it is unsourced--though it most certainly happened and a source could easily be added, I have a book sitting right in front of me that would work.)IvoShandor (talk) 12:23, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Please check reference #15.
Please check out reference #15. It was clearly added in error. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.244.115.35 (talk) 01:10, 11 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I added a link to the page in the article it was sourced from. Rolling Stone is reliable for that bit of information, its pretty much common knowledge that Watt was indicted amongst the politicos of the world. This article might be a better source though than a partisan opinion piece by RFK, Jr.--IvoShandor (talk) 03:54, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

The error was not the Rolling Stone article but a strange line of text in the paragraph with a reference of "Awesomeness" at #15. The text had nothing to do with Watt. The line and reference have since been removed so the problem is gone. Thanks for your help. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.244.115.35 (talk) 17:34, 12 December 2008 (UTC)
 * No problem, I just wasn't sure what you meant, glad I could at least try to help. --IvoShandor (talk) 18:44, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

Exxon Secrets
From Exxonsecrets.org ExxonSecrets is a Greenpeace research project highlighting the more than a decade-long campaign by Exxon-funded front groups - and the scientists they work with - to deny the urgency of the scientific consensus on global warming and delay action to fix the problem. If we accept that Greenpeace is a notable organization with noteworthy opinions then exxonsecrets is a valid source for them. Unomi (talk) 15:17, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

 * No, it is a violation of BLP to include allegations from a partisan source such as Greenpeace. To illustrate, let's say Exxon had a blog which opined on environmentalists, would criticism from those sources be acceptable in environmentalists' articles? No, it wouldn't, and neither should Greenpeace criticism be in this BLP. You have reverted despite BLP concerns; that is inappropriate and I suggest you revert back until this is settled. ATren (talk) 15:27, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree with Unomi. I see no problem leaving ExxonSecrets in. It's obviously opinion, and it's not even criticizing Watt himself -- only his group. On a side note, I'm sure that Exxon runs plenty of advocacy groups that criticize environmentalists, and I'm sure that plenty of their opinions are cited on Wikipedia.Athene cunicularia (talk) 17:25, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * BLP clearly states such advocacy groups who`s fact checking leaves a lot to be desired can`t be used in a blp, self published sources are also not allowed under blp rules. @ Athene why not show me some of those groups which are cited as refs in WP. mark nutley (talk) 18:14, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't see consensus here, so until then, I think it should be left intact. Rather than have me prove something totally off-topic, why don't you show me how Greenpeace's references "leave something to be desired". Objectively, of course. Seems like the burden of proof of unreliability is on you.Athene cunicularia (talk) 18:35, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Sure, this was posted on the blp notice board I would point out that one of the sources appears to be a publicly editable (login required but anyone can create an account) wiki. This would almost definitely not be acceptable as a RS for any article. It's also not likely suitable as an EL for an actual BLP IMHO Also under wp:blp ''Material about living persons must be sourced very carefully. Without reliable third-party sources, it may include original research and unverifiable statements, and could lead to libel claims.

Material available solely in questionable sources or sources of dubious value should not be used anywhere in the article, including in "Further reading" or "External links" sections'' There ya go mark nutley (talk) 18:45, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * If it was "publicly editable", that would obviously settle this discussion. However, I don't see the public login area mentioned on the BLP noticeboard. Can you point me to the public login area that allows anyone to edit the Exxonsecrets pages? Since Greenpeace is a well-established, long running, international NGO, they don't seem like an immediately unreasonable source to me. They may be controversial, but that doesn't necessarily mean their statements are invalid (or dubious). As they say in U.S. courts, there is always room for "possible or imaginary doubt", but what is reasonable?Athene cunicularia (talk) 19:29, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

(ec) Exxonsecrets is being used appropriately here. It's sourcing a statement that is clearly identified as Greenpeace's opinion. Greenpeace is a highly notable environmental organization, so it's opinions on people like Watt--or in this case, an organization affiliated with him--are fodder for an article like this. I'm not saying that the sentence in question needs to be in here--that's editorial decision that the usual editors of this page will have to grapple with--I'm just saying that the sentence and it's source can't be automatically ruled out on the grounds of WP:RS or WP:BLP. Oh, and exxonsecrets--or at least the pages being cited on WP--is most definitely not a "publicly editable". Sure, there's a wiki part of the website, but the page that's cited in this article is not part of the wiki. Yilloslime T C  19:35, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * So would you allow an Exxon-supported blog to be used as a source criticizing an environmentalist? ATren (talk) 19:39, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Why not, as long as it's clearly identified as the opinion of Exxon (or its affiliate organization). There are appropriately cited opinions all over Wikipedia. For example, if someone added to Al Gore's page, "In a public statement, Exxon called Al Gore's statements categorically false", and the quote cited an Exxon press release, would you try to remove it? In my mind, that would be noteworthy. To be in accordance with WP policy, we don't have to prove that Exxon's statement is true (that would violate WP:OR). We only have to prove that Exxon said it . Notability wouldn't be an issue either, since we can all agree that Exxon (like Greenpeace) is a notable organization.Athene cunicularia (talk) 19:46, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Are you people incapable of reading? wp:blp clearly states such an organization is not acceptable as a source for a blp. Thats it, end of. You can`t play fast and lose with blp`s mark nutley (talk) 20:09, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Fine. I have added it to the Mountain States Legal Foundation's page instead.Athene cunicularia (talk) 20:43, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Not seeing where BLP says that we can't use exxonsecrets. Yilloslime T C  21:02, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure why Mark Nutley is making so many different arguments when, in my view, the real issue is whether a negative reference to an organization associated with James G. Watt should be included on his page. Mark's argument should be that the place to include criticism of the organization is on the organization's page, and that its inclusion here violates BLP as an attempt at guilt by association.Athene cunicularia (talk) 21:12, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I`m not making different arguments look at wp:blp Material about living persons must be sourced very carefully. Without reliable third-party sources, it may include original research and unverifiable statements, and could lead to libel claims It also fails for use in a blp under wp:sps what is so difficult about this to understand? mark nutley (talk) 21:33, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't see how it fails under SPS. If it was SPS, it would be something like including "James G. Watt is the greatest," sourced to James G. Watt's blog, in the article. Merely because Greenpeace publishes an opinion, it doesn't mean that it's an illegal self-published source. I don't think your claim that Greenpeace is unreliable holds water, either. As I said, they are a well-established, long running, international NGO, and your opinion that they're "unreliable" does not change that.Athene cunicularia (talk) 21:40, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * At any rate, I can agree that it shouldn't be here. I just think that the only valid reasoning to remove it would be WP:Coatrack, not the various other reasons you mentioned which, in my opinion, are a stretch.Athene cunicularia (talk) 21:47, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Erm, it`s not greenpeace though is it, it`s a sub organization they set up. Now greenpeace is not a reliable source either as they are piss poor at actually fact checking. exxonsecrets is just as bad, there is no editorial control. Even their disclaimer says they don`t update articles and they rely on people to e-mail them about broken links and other stuff. If they have to rely on the public to update those articles then they are no way reliable mark nutley (talk) 21:48, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * It's a second website that they set up, and it's clearly run by Greenpeace. Look at the main page. It's not like they're hiding their affiliation. Your opinion that they are "piss poor" does not prove that they are "piss poor". Also, every responsible newspaper in the world relies the public to provide factual corrections. I guess you'd better get busy and start removing all citations to everything, everywhere.Athene cunicularia (talk) 21:56, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * FWIW in my view ATren and Nutley are spot on to remove the Greenpeace comment, which I hope now stays out since it clearly did not belong. Aside Greenpeace being a POV campaigning organisation (and I kind of agree on the reputation for reliability but its beside the point), the more relevant argument is an obvious WP:COATRACK violation if an article on Watt is being used to air criticism about a law firm he founded. Also this does not make due weight in the absence of a lot of third party coverage of Greenpeace's view of the law firm and even if there was it should only be in this article if it was a sufficiently notable part of Watt's life which also seems to fail. So 0/3 on hurdles to get in. --BozMo talk 15:47, 11 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm late to this but I don't read BLP as forbidding sources such as Greenpeace. If Greenpeace were to publish something that says that Watt is a !@#$%^& then you could not add it to a Wiki entry as "Watt is a !@#$%^ (ref number)" - but I think that you could say "Greenpeace is opposed to Watt's policies and has publicly accused him of being a !@#$%^ (ref number)". That fact (that Greenpeace thinks Watt is a !@#$%^) is wiki-worthy; the opinion (that he is a !@#$%^) is not. Cross Reference (talk) 19:46, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

Department of Interior Emblem
Wasn't one of Watt's controversies about wanting to change the direction the bison was facing? He wanted to have the bison facing to the right instead of the left, didn't he? Jtyroler (talk) 13:50, 5 October 2014 (UTC)

unacceptable source
I have removed a source that was an unpublished memoir by someone else. Since it is a source for several important actions during his tenure, a replacement sources are needed. Possible some of the other sources included will cover the material.  DGG ( talk ) 19:14, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220400/http://www.entertainment-news.org/breaking/19722/bill-moyers-apologizes-to-james-watt-for-apocryphal-quote.html to http://www.entertainment-news.org/breaking/19722/bill-moyers-apologizes-to-james-watt-for-apocryphal-quote.html

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:39, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

apocalyptic views
The "however many generations" quote seems to have been James G. Watt's public position, but several times during the 1980s he was reported to have made private remarks implying that there was little reason to enforce environmental regulations, since the Second Coming would occur fairly soon anyway. Whether he ever said such things or not, that was a widespread perception at the time, and should be included in the article. (Note that this is completely different from the bogus "last tree" thing.) AnonMoos (talk) 22:10, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

Questionable quotation
"We will mine more, drill more, cut more timber." This is presented as a James Watt quotation within the article. However, it is presented without a date, a source, an occasion, or a larger context, from a source that is at best tendentious (mediatransparency.org, an ancestor of Media Matters). It is certainly a second-hand quote, since we have no idea when or where Watt said (or wrote) this, or in what context. I believe Wikipedia policy is that "Contentious material about living persons (or, in some cases, recently deceased) that is unsourced or poorly sourced—whether the material is negative, positive, neutral, or just questionable—should be removed immediately and without waiting for discussion." At a minimum, this quotation needs a clearer, more detailed provenance. NicholasNotabene (talk) 13:16, 22 November 2019 (UTC)

Death
Death and date of death added without verifiable source. 174.240.20.173 (talk) 01:53, 6 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I searched for but could not find a reliable source. As far as I can tell, Watt is still alive.  Therefore, I reverted the edits specifying his death date.
 * If another editor has a reliable source for Watt's death, he/she/they should feel free to make appropriate edits including that source.
 * Shortsword (talk) 03:02, 6 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:James G. Watt