text:
Philip Agee

Philip Burnett Franklin Agee (January 19, 1935 – January 7, 2008) was a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) case officer and writer of the 1975 book, Inside the Company: CIA Diary, detailing his experiences in the CIA. Agee joined the CIA in 1957, and over the following decade had postings in Washington, D.C., Ecuador, Uruguay and Mexico. After resigning from the Agency in 1968, he became a leading opponent of CIA practices. A co-founder of the CounterSpy and CovertAction series of periodicals, he died in Cuba in January 2008.

Early years
Agee was born in Takoma Park, Maryland and was raised in Tampa, Florida. He had, Agee wrote in On the Run, "a privileged upbringing in a big white house bordering an exclusive golf club". After graduating from Tampa's Jesuit High School, he attended the University of Notre Dame, from which he graduated cum laude in 1956. Agee later attended the University of Florida College of Law. He served in the United States Air Force from 1957 to 1960. Agee then worked as a case officer for the Central Intelligence Agency from 1960 to 1968, including postings to Quito, Montevideo, and Mexico City.

Leaving the CIA
Agee stated that his Roman Catholic social conscience had made him increasingly uncomfortable with his work by the late 1960s leading to his disillusionment with the CIA and its support for authoritarian governments across Latin America. In his book Inside the Company, Agee condemned the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre in Mexico City and wrote that this was the immediate event precipitating his leaving the agency. Agee wrote that the CIA was "very pleased with his work" and had offered him "another promotion", and that his manager "was startled" when Agee told him about his plans to resign.

John Barron wrote in his book The KGB Today (1983) that Agee's resignation was forced "for a variety of reasons, including his irresponsible drinking, continuous and vulgar propositioning of embassy wives, and inability to manage his finances". Agee said these claims were ad hominem attacks meant to discredit him.

Allegations of links to Cuban intelligence
Russian exile Oleg Kalugin, former head of the KGB's Counterintelligence Directorate, claimed that in 1973 Agee approached the KGB's resident in Mexico City and offered a "treasure trove of information." According to Kalugin, the KGB was too suspicious to accept his offer.

Kalugin writes that Agee then went to the Cubans, who "welcomed him with open arms." The Cubans shared Agee's information with the KGB, but Kalugin continued to regret the missed opportunity to have direct access to this asset.

According to Mitrokhin, while Agee was writing Inside the Company the KGB kept in contact with him through a London correspondent of the Novosti News Agency.

Agee was accused of receiving up to US$1 million in payments from the Cuban intelligence service. He denied the accusations, which were first made by a high-ranking Cuban intelligence officer and defector in a 1992 Los Angeles Times report.

A later Los Angeles Times article claimed that Agee posed as a CIA Inspector General staff member in order to target a member of the CIA's Mexico City station on behalf of Cuban intelligence. According to this story, Agee was identified during a meeting by a CIA case officer.

Vasili Mitrokhin's KGB files claim that Inside the Company: CIA Diary was "prepared by Service A, together with the Cubans". Mitrokhin's notes however do not indicate what the KGB and DGI contributed to Agee's text. Mitrokhin claims that Agee removed all references to CIA penetration of Latin American Communist parties from his typescript before publication at the request of Service A.

In 1978 Agee began the publication of the Covert Action Information Bulletin. Mitrokhin's files claim that the bulletin was founded on the KGB's initiative and the group running it was "put together" by First Chief Directorate counter-intelligence and that Agee was the only member of the group who was aware of KGB or DGI involvement. According to Mitrokhin's files, KGB headquarters assembled a team to keep the Bulletin supplied with material specifically designed to compromise the CIA. A document titled Director of Central Intelligence: Perspectives for Intelligence, 1976-1981 was supplied to Agee by the KGB. Agee highlighted in his commentary Director of Central Intelligence William Colby's complaint that the Covert Action Information Bulletin was among the most serious problems facing the CIA. Also from Mitrokhin's files: In Dirty Work 2: The CIA in Africa, it is said that Agee met with Oleg Maksimovich Nechiporenko and A. N. Istkov of the KGB, and they gave him a list of CIA officers working in Africa. The files also claim that Agee decided not to identify himself as an author out of fear he would lose his residence permit in Germany.

To the end of his life, Philip Agee consistently and categorically denied ever having worked for any intelligence service after leaving the CIA. He said that his motives were purely altruistic. In support of this he adduces the relentless persecution he endured from the CIA, as it and the U.S. State Department revoked his passport and succeeded in having him deported from several Western European countries, one after the other, until he finally found refuge in Cuba.

Memoir
Because of legal problems in the United States, Inside the Company was first published in 1975 in Britain, while Agee was living in London. In a Playboy magazine interview after the book's publication, Agee said: "Millions of people all over the world had been killed or at least had their lives destroyed by the CIA ... I couldn't just sit by and do nothing."

Agee said that "Representatives of the Communist Party of Cuba also gave me important encouragement at a time when I doubted that I would be able to find the additional information I needed."

The London Evening News called Inside the Company: CIA Diary "a frightening picture of corruption, pressure, assassination and conspiracy". The Economist called the book "inescapable reading". Miles Copeland, Jr., a former CIA station chief in Cairo, said the book was "as complete an account of spy work as is likely to be published anywhere" and it is "an authentic account of how an ordinary American or British 'case officer' operates ... All of it ... is presented with deadly accuracy."

The book was delayed for six months before being published in the United States; it became an immediate best seller.

Inside the Company identified 250 alleged CIA officers and agents. The list of officers and agents, all personally known to Agee, appears in an appendix to the book. While written as a diary, the book actually reconstructs events based on Agee's memory and his subsequent research.

Agee describes his first overseas assignment in 1960 to Ecuador, where his primary mission had the aim of forcing a diplomatic break between Ecuador and Cuba. He writes that the technique he used included bribery, intimidation, bugging, and forgery. Agee spent four years in Ecuador penetrating Ecuadorian politics. He states that his actions subverted and destroyed the political fabric of Ecuador.

Agee helped bug the United Arab Republic code-room in Montevideo, Uruguay, with two contact microphones placed on the ceiling of the room below.

On December 12, 1965, Agee visited senior Uruguayan military and police officers at a Montevideo police headquarters. He realized that the screaming he heard from a nearby cell was the torturing of a Uruguayan, whose name he had given to the police as someone to watch. The Uruguayan senior officers simply turned up a radio report of a soccer game to drown out the screams.

Agee also ran CIA operations within the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games and he witnessed the events of the Tlatelolco massacre.

Agee identified President José Figueres Ferrer of Costa Rica, President Luis Echeverría Álvarez (1970–1976) of Mexico and President Alfonso López Michelsen (1974–1978) of Colombia as CIA collaborators or agents.

Following this he details how he resigned from the CIA and began writing the book, conducting research in Cuba, London and Paris. During this time he said that the CIA spied on him. The cover of the book featured an image of the bugged typewriter given to Agee by a CIA agent as part of their surveillance and attempts to stop publication of the book.

In 1982, the United States Congress passed the Intelligence Identities Protection Act (IIPA), legislation that seemed directly aimed at Agee's works. The law later figured in the 2003 Valerie Plame affair.

Expulsion
Agee gained attention from the United Kingdom media after the publication of Inside the Company. He revealed the identities of dozens of CIA agents in the CIA London station. After numerous requests from the American government as well as an MI6 report that blamed Agee's work for the execution of two MI6 agents in Poland, a request was put in to deport Agee from the UK. Agee fought this and was supported by MPs and journalists. The Labour MP Stan Newens promoted a parliamentary bill, gaining the support of more than 50 of his colleagues, which called for the CIA station in London to be expelled. The activity in support of Agee did not prevent his eventual deportation from the UK on June 3, 1977, when he traveled to the Netherlands. Agee was also eventually expelled from the Netherlands, France, West Germany and Italy.

On January 12, 1975, Agee testified before the second Bertrand Russell Tribunal in Brussels that in 1960 he had conducted personal name-checks of Venezuelan employees for a Venezuelan subsidiary of what is now ExxonMobil. Exxon was "letting the CIA assist in employment decisions, and my guess is that those name checks ... are continuing to this day". Agee stated that the CIA customarily performed this service for subsidiaries of large U.S. corporations throughout Latin America. An Exxon spokesman denied Agee's accusations.

In 1978 Agee and a small group of his supporters began publishing the Covert Action Information Bulletin, which promoted "a worldwide campaign to destabilize the CIA through exposure of its operations and personnel". Mitrokhin states that the bulletin had help from both the KGB and the Cuban DGI. The January 1979 issue of Agee's Bulletin published the infamous FM 30-31B, which was claimed by the United States House Intelligence Committee to be a hoax produced by the Soviet intelligence services. In 1978 and 1979, Agee published the two volumes of Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe and Dirty Work: The CIA in Africa which contained information on 2,000 CIA personnel.

Agee told Swiss journalist : "The CIA is plainly on the wrong side, that is, the capitalistic side. I approve KGB activities, communist activities in general. Between the overdone activities that the CIA initiates and the more modest activities of the KGB, there is absolutely no comparison."

Agee's US passport was revoked by the US government in 1979. The State Department offered him an administrative hearing to challenge the passport revocation, but Agee instead sued in federal court. The case reached the Supreme Court, which ruled against Agee in 1981.

In 1980 Maurice Bishop's government conferred citizenship of Grenada on Agee, and he took up residence on that island. The collapse of the Grenada Revolution removed that safe haven, and Agee then received a passport from the Sandinista government in Nicaragua. After a change of government there, this passport was revoked in 1990, and he was given a German passport, in accordance with the working status of his wife, the American ballet dancer Giselle Roberge who was working and living in Germany at the time. Agee was later readmitted to both the U.S. and United Kingdom. Agee's own description of his odyssey was published in his autobiography, On the Run, in 1987.

Later activities
In the 1980s NameBase founder Daniel Brandt had taught Agee how to use computers and computer databases for his research. Agee lived with his wife principally in Hamburg, Germany and Havana, Cuba, founding the Cubalinda.com travel website in the 1990s.

U.S. President George H. W. Bush, who considered Agee a traitor, accused him of being responsible for the murder of the head of the CIA Station in Athens, Richard Welch, by the Revolutionary Organization 17 November. Bush had directed the CIA from 1976 to 1977. Agee and his friends rejected Bush's assertion about Welch. When this accusation was included in Barbara Bush's 1994 memoir, Agee sued her for libel. Barbara Bush agreed to remove the allegation from the paperback edition of her book as part of a legal settlement.

On December 16, 2007, Agee was admitted to a hospital in Havana, and surgery was performed on him for perforated ulcers. His wife said on January 9, 2008, that he had died in Cuba on January 7 and had been cremated.

Filmography
Documentaries
 * Fidel: The Untold Story. Directed by Estela Bravo. First Run/Icarus Films, 2001. . 91 min.
 * Commentary provided by interviews with Agee.
 * On Company Business . Directed by Allan Francovich. 1980. 2h 54min.  IMDB

Television
 * Alternative Views, with Frank Morrow & Douglas Kellner.
 * Episode 540: The Company and the Country: A Conversation with Phil Agee, Pt. 1 (November 1995)
 * Episode 541: The Company and the Country: A Conversation with Phil Agee, Pt. 2 (November 1995)
 * Episode 445: Philip Agee Looks at the Gulf War (May 1991)
 * Speech recorded April, 1991 at MIT.

Public Speaking
 * Testimony at the 14th World Festival for Youth and Students in Havana regarding US terrorism against Cuba. Alternative Views, 1997.

title: Philip Agee


text:
Embryonic stem cell

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo. Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells. Isolating the inner cell mass (embryoblast) using immunosurgery results in destruction of the blastocyst, a process which raises ethical issues, including whether or not embryos at the pre-implantation stage have the same moral considerations as embryos in the post-implantation stage of development.

Researchers are currently focusing heavily on the therapeutic potential of embryonic stem cells, with clinical use being the goal for many laboratories. Potential uses include the treatment of diabetes and heart disease. The cells are being studied to be used as clinical therapies, models of genetic disorders, and cellular/DNA repair. However, adverse effects in the research and clinical processes such as tumors and unwanted immune responses have also been reported.

Properties
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), derived from the blastocyst stage of early mammalian embryos, are distinguished by their ability to differentiate into any embryonic cell type and by their ability to self-renew. It is these traits that makes them valuable in the scientific and medical fields. ESCs have a normal karyotype, maintain high telomerase activity, and exhibit remarkable long-term proliferative potential.

Pluripotent
Embryonic stem cells of the inner cell mass are pluripotent, meaning they are able to differentiate to generate primitive ectoderm, which ultimately differentiates during gastrulation into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. These germ layers generate each of the more than 220 cell types in the adult human body. When provided with the appropriate signals, ESCs initially form precursor cells that in subsequently differentiate into the desired cell types. Pluripotency distinguishes embryonic stem cells from adult stem cells, which are multipotent and can only produce a limited number of cell types.

Self renewal and repair of structure
Under defined conditions, embryonic stem cells are capable of self-renewing indefinitely in an undifferentiated state. Self-renewal conditions must prevent the cells from clumping and maintain an environment that supports an unspecialized state. Typically this is done in the lab with media containing serum and leukemia inhibitory factor or serum-free media supplements with two inhibitory drugs ("2i"), the MEK inhibitor PD03259010 and GSK-3 inhibitor CHIR99021.

Growth
ESCs divide very frequently due to a shortened G1 phase in their cell cycle. Rapid cell division allows the cells to quickly grow in number, but not size, which is important for early embryo development. In ESCs, cyclin A and cyclin E proteins involved in the G1/S transition are always expressed at high levels. Cyclin-dependent kinases such as CDK2 that promote cell cycle progression are overactive, in part due to downregulation of their inhibitors. Retinoblastoma proteins that inhibit the transcription factor E2F until the cell is ready to enter S phase are hyperphosphorylated and inactivated in ESCs, leading to continual expression of proliferation genes. These changes result in accelerated cycles of cell division. Although high expression levels of pro-proliferative proteins and a shortened G1 phase have been linked to maintenance of pluripotency, ESCs grown in serum-free 2i conditions do express hypo-phosphorylated active Retinoblastoma proteins and have an elongated G1 phase. Despite this difference in the cell cycle when compared to ESCs grown in media containing serum these cells have similar pluripotent characteristics. Pluripotency factors Oct4 and Nanog play a role in transcriptionally regulating the embryonic stem cell cycle.

Uses
Due to their plasticity and potentially unlimited capacity for self-renewal, embryonic stem cell therapies have been proposed for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease. Pluripotent stem cells have shown promise in treating a number of varying conditions, including but not limited to: spinal cord injuries, age related macular degeneration, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders (such as Parkinson's disease), AIDS, etc. In addition to their potential in regenerative medicine, embryonic stem cells provide a possible alternative source of tissue/organs which serves as a possible solution to the donor shortage dilemma. There are some ethical controversies surrounding this though (see Ethical debate section below). Aside from these uses, ESCs can also be used for research on early human development, certain genetic disease, and in vitro toxicology testing.

Utilizations
According to a 2002 article in PNAS, "Human embryonic stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types, and, thus, may be useful as a source of cells for transplantation or tissue engineering."

Tissue engineering
In tissue engineering, the use of stem cells are known to be of importance. In order to successfully engineer a tissue, the cells used must be able to perform specific biological functions such as secretion of cytokines, signaling molecules, interacting with neighboring cells, and producing an extracellular matrix in the correct organization. Stem cells demonstrates these specific biological functions along with being able to self-renew and differentiate into one or more types of specialized cells. Embryonic stem cells is one of the sources that are being considered for the use of tissue engineering. The use of human embryonic stem cells have opened many new possibilities for tissue engineering, however, there are many hurdles that must be made before human embryonic stem cell can even be utilized. It is theorized that if embryonic stem cells can be altered to not evoke the immune response when implanted into the patient then this would be a revolutionary step in tissue engineering. Embryonic stem cells are not limited to tissue engineering.

Cell replacement therapies
Research has focused on differentiating ESCs into a variety of cell types for eventual use as cell replacement therapies. Some of the cell types that have or are currently being developed include cardiomyocytes, neurons, hepatocytes, bone marrow cells, islet cells and endothelial cells. However, the derivation of such cell types from ESCs is not without obstacles, therefore research has focused on overcoming these barriers. For example, studies are underway to differentiate ESCs into tissue specific cardiomyocytes and to eradicate their immature properties that distinguish them from adult cardiomyocytes.

Clinical potential

 * Researchers have differentiated ESCs into dopamine-producing cells with the hope that these neurons could be used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
 * ESCs have been differentiated to natural killer cells and bone tissue.
 * Studies involving ESCs are underway to provide an alternative treatment for diabetes. For example ESCs have been differentiated into insulin-producing cells, and researchers at Harvard University were able to produce large quantities of pancreatic beta cells from ESCs.
 * An article published in the European Heart Journal describes a translational process of generating human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac progenitor cells to be used in clinical trials of patients with severe heart failure.

Drug discovery
Besides becoming an important alternative to organ transplants, ESCs are also being used in the field of toxicology, and as cellular screens to uncover new chemical entities that can be developed as small-molecule drugs. Studies have shown that cardiomyocytes derived from ESCs are validated in vitro models to test drug responses and predict toxicity profiles. ESC derived cardiomyocytes have been shown to respond to pharmacological stimuli and hence can be used to assess cardiotoxicity such as torsades de pointes.

ESC-derived hepatocytes are also useful models that could be used in the preclinical stages of drug discovery. However, the development of hepatocytes from ESCs has proven to be challenging and this hinders the ability to test drug metabolism. Therefore, research has focused on establishing fully functional ESC-derived hepatocytes with stable phase I and II enzyme activity.

Models of genetic disorder
Several new studies have started to address the concept of modeling genetic disorders with embryonic stem cells. Either by genetically manipulating the cells, or more recently, by deriving diseased cell lines identified by prenatal genetic diagnosis (PGD), modeling genetic disorders is something that has been accomplished with stem cells. This approach may very well prove valuable at studying disorders such as Fragile-X syndrome, Cystic fibrosis, and other genetic maladies that have no reliable model system.

Yury Verlinsky, a Russian-American medical researcher who specialized in embryo and cellular genetics (genetic cytology), developed prenatal diagnosis testing methods to determine genetic and chromosomal disorders a month and a half earlier than standard amniocentesis. The techniques are now used by many pregnant women and prospective parents, especially couples who have a history of genetic abnormalities or where the woman is over the age of 35 (when the risk of genetically related disorders is higher). In addition, by allowing parents to select an embryo without genetic disorders, they have the potential of saving the lives of siblings that already had similar disorders and diseases using cells from the disease free offspring.

Repair of DNA damage
Differentiated somatic cells and ES cells use different strategies for dealing with DNA damage. For instance, human foreskin fibroblasts, one type of somatic cell, use non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), an error prone DNA repair process, as the primary pathway for repairing double-strand breaks (DSBs) during all cell cycle stages. Because of its error-prone nature, NHEJ tends to produce mutations in a cell's clonal descendants.

ES cells use a different strategy to deal with DSBs. Because ES cells give rise to all of the cell types of an organism including the cells of the germ line, mutations arising in ES cells due to faulty DNA repair are a more serious problem than in differentiated somatic cells. Consequently, robust mechanisms are needed in ES cells to repair DNA damages accurately, and if repair fails, to remove those cells with un-repaired DNA damages. Thus, mouse ES cells predominantly use high fidelity homologous recombinational repair (HRR) to repair DSBs. This type of repair depends on the interaction of the two sister chromosomes formed during S phase and present together during the G2 phase of the cell cycle. HRR can accurately repair DSBs in one sister chromosome by using intact information from the other sister chromosome. Cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle (i.e. after metaphase/cell division but prior the next round of replication) have only one copy of each chromosome (i.e. sister chromosomes aren't present). Mouse ES cells lack a G1 checkpoint and do not undergo cell cycle arrest upon acquiring DNA damage. Rather they undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) in response to DNA damage. Apoptosis can be used as a fail-safe strategy to remove cells with un-repaired DNA damages in order to avoid mutation and progression to cancer. Consistent with this strategy, mouse ES stem cells have a mutation frequency about 100-fold lower than that of isogenic mouse somatic cells.

Clinical trial
On January 23, 2009, Phase I clinical trials for transplantation of oligodendrocytes (a cell type of the brain and spinal cord) derived from human ESCs into spinal cord-injured individuals received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), marking it the world's first human ESC human trial. The study leading to this scientific advancement was conducted by Hans Keirstead and colleagues at the University of California, Irvine and supported by Geron Corporation of Menlo Park, CA, founded by Michael D. West, PhD. A previous experiment had shown an improvement in locomotor recovery in spinal cord-injured rats after a 7-day delayed transplantation of human ESCs that had been pushed into an oligodendrocytic lineage. The phase I clinical study was designed to enroll about eight to ten paraplegics who have had their injuries no longer than two weeks before the trial begins, since the cells must be injected before scar tissue is able to form. The researchers emphasized that the injections were not expected to fully cure the patients and restore all mobility. Based on the results of the rodent trials, researchers speculated that restoration of myelin sheathes and an increase in mobility might occur. This first trial was primarily designed to test the safety of these procedures and if everything went well, it was hoped that it would lead to future studies that involve people with more severe disabilities. The trial was put on hold in August 2009 due to FDA concerns regarding a small number of microscopic cysts found in several treated rat models but the hold was lifted on July 30, 2010.

In October 2010 researchers enrolled and administered ESCs to the first patient at Shepherd Center in Atlanta. The makers of the stem cell therapy, Geron Corporation, estimated that it would take several months for the stem cells to replicate and for the GRNOPC1 therapy to be evaluated for success or failure.

In November 2011 Geron announced it was halting the trial and dropping out of stem cell research for financial reasons, but would continue to monitor existing patients, and was attempting to find a partner that could continue their research. In 2013 BioTime, led by CEO Dr. Michael D. West, acquired all of Geron's stem cell assets, with the stated intention of restarting Geron's embryonic stem cell-based clinical trial for spinal cord injury research.

BioTime company Asterias Biotherapeutics (NYSE MKT: AST) was granted a $14.3 million Strategic Partnership Award by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) to re-initiate the world's first embryonic stem cell-based human clinical trial, for spinal cord injury. Supported by California public funds, CIRM is the largest funder of stem cell-related research and development in the world.

The award provides funding for Asterias to reinitiate clinical development of AST-OPC1 in subjects with spinal cord injury and to expand clinical testing of escalating doses in the target population intended for future pivotal trials.

AST-OPC1 is a population of cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that contains oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). OPCs and their mature derivatives called oligodendrocytes provide critical functional support for nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain. Asterias recently presented the results from phase 1 clinical trial testing of a low dose of AST-OPC1 in patients with neurologically complete thoracic spinal cord injury. The results showed that AST-OPC1 was successfully delivered to the injured spinal cord site. Patients followed 2–3 years after AST-OPC1 administration showed no evidence of serious adverse events associated with the cells in detailed follow-up assessments including frequent neurological exams and MRIs. Immune monitoring of subjects through one year post-transplantation showed no evidence of antibody-based or cellular immune responses to AST-OPC1. In four of the five subjects, serial MRI scans performed throughout the 2–3 year follow-up period indicate that reduced spinal cord cavitation may have occurred and that AST-OPC1 may have had some positive effects in reducing spinal cord tissue deterioration. There was no unexpected neurological degeneration or improvement in the five subjects in the trial as evaluated by the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) exam.

The Strategic Partnership III grant from CIRM will provide funding to Asterias to support the next clinical trial of AST-OPC1 in subjects with spinal cord injury, and for Asterias' product development efforts to refine and scale manufacturing methods to support later-stage trials and eventually commercialization. CIRM funding will be conditional on FDA approval for the trial, completion of a definitive agreement between Asterias and CIRM, and Asterias' continued progress toward the achievement of certain pre-defined project milestones.

Adverse effects
The major concern with the possible transplantation of ESCs into patients as therapies is their ability to form tumors including teratomas. Safety issues prompted the FDA to place a hold on the first ESC clinical trial, however no tumors were observed.

The main strategy to enhance the safety of ESCs for potential clinical use is to differentiate the ESCs into specific cell types (e.g. neurons, muscle, liver cells) that have reduced or eliminated ability to cause tumors. Following differentiation, the cells are subjected to sorting by flow cytometry for further purification. ESCs are predicted to be inherently safer than iPS cells created with genetically integrating viral vectors because they are not genetically modified with genes such as c-Myc that are linked to cancer. Nonetheless, ESCs express very high levels of the iPS inducing genes and these genes including Myc are essential for ESC self-renewal and pluripotency, and potential strategies to improve safety by eliminating c-Myc expression are unlikely to preserve the cells' "stemness". However, N-myc and L-myc have been identified to induce iPS cells instead of c-myc with similar efficiency. Later protocols to induce pluripotency bypass these problems completely by using non-integrating RNA viral vectors such as sendai virus or mRNA transfection.

Ethical debate
Due to the nature of embryonic stem cell research, there are a lot of controversial opinions on the topic. Since harvesting embryonic stem cells usually necessitates destroying the embryo from which those cells are obtained, the moral status of the embryo comes into question. Some people claim that the 5-day-old mass of cells is too young to achieve personhood or that the embryo, if donated from an IVF clinic (where labs typically acquire embryos), would otherwise go to medical waste anyway. Opponents of ESC research claim that an embryo is a human life, therefore destroying it is murder and the embryo must be protected under the same ethical view as a more developed human being.

History

 * 1964: Lewis Kleinsmith and G. Barry Pierce Jr. isolated a single type of cell from a teratocarcinoma, a tumor now known from a germ cell. These cells were isolated from the teratocarcinoma replicated and grew in cell culture as a stem cell and are now known as embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. Although similarities in morphology and differentiating potential (pluripotency) led to the use of EC cells as the in vitro model for early mouse development, EC cells harbor genetic mutations and often abnormal karyotypes that accumulated during the development of the teratocarcinoma.  These genetic aberrations further emphasized the need to be able to culture pluripotent cells directly from the inner cell mass.
 * 1981: Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) were independently first derived from a mouse embryos by two groups. Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman from the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge published first in July, revealing a new technique for culturing the mouse embryos in the uterus to allow for an increase in cell number, allowing for the derivation of ES cell from these embryos. Gail R. Martin, from the Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, published her paper in December and coined the term "Embryonic Stem Cell". She showed that embryos could be cultured in vitro and that ES cells could be derived from these embryos.
 * 1989: Mario R. Cappechi, Martin J. Evans, and Oliver Smithies publish their research that details their isolation and genetic modifications of embryonic stem cells, creating the first "knockout mice". In creating knockout mice, this publication provided scientists with an entirely new way to study disease.
 * Dolly clone.svg: Dolly, was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell by the Roslin Institute of the University of Edinburgh. This experiment instituted the proposition that specialized adult cells obtain the genetic makeup to perform a specific task; which established a basis for further research within a variety of cloning techniques. The Dolly experiment was performed by obtaining the mammalian udder cells from a sheep (Dolly) and differentiating these cells until division was concluded. An egg cell was then procured from a different sheep host and the nucleus was removed. An udder cell was placed next to the egg cell and connected by electricity causing this cell to share DNA. This egg cell differentiated into an embryo and the embryo was inserted into a third sheep which gave birth to the clone version of Dolly.
 * 1998: A team from the University of Wisconsin, Madison (James A. Thomson, Joseph Itskovitz-Eldor, Sander S. Shapiro, Michelle A. Waknitz, Jennifer J. Swiergiel, Vivienne S. Marshall, and Jeffrey M. Jones) publish a paper titled "Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived From Human Blastocysts". The researchers behind this study not only created the first embryonic stem cells, but recognized their pluripotency, as well as their capacity for self-renewal. The abstract of the paper notes the significance of the discovery with regards to the fields of developmental biology and drug discovery.
 * 2001: President George W. Bush allows federal funding to support research on roughly 60—at this time, already existing—lines of embryonic stem cells. Seeing as the limited lines that Bush allowed research on had already been established, this law supported embryonic stem cell research without raising any ethical questions that could arise with the creation of new lines under federal budget.
 * 2006: Japanese scientists Shinya Yamanaka and Kazutoshi Takashi publish a paper describing the induction of pluripotent stem cells from cultures of adult mouse fibroblasts. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a huge discovery, as they are seemingly identical to embryonic stem cells and could be used without sparking the same moral controversy.
 * January, 2009: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provides approval for Geron Corporation's phase I trial of their human embryonic stem cell-derived treatment for spinal cord injuries. The announcement was met with excitement from the scientific community, but also with wariness from stem cell opposers. The treatment cells were, however, derived from the cell lines approved under George W. Bush's ESC policy.
 * March, 2009: Executive Order 13505 is signed by President Barack Obama, removing the restrictions put in place on federal funding for human stem cells by the previous presidential administration. This would allow the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to provide funding for hESC research. The document also states that the NIH must provide revised federal funding guidelines within 120 days of the order's signing.

Derivation from humans
In vitro fertilization generates multiple embryos. The surplus of embryos is not clinically used or is unsuitable for implantation into the patient, and therefore may be donated by the donor with consent. Human embryonic stem cells can be derived from these donated embryos or additionally they can also be extracted from cloned embryos created using a cell from a patient and a donated egg through the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer. The inner cell mass (cells of interest), from the blastocyst stage of the embryo, is separated from the trophectoderm, the cells that would differentiate into extra-embryonic tissue. Immunosurgery, the process in which antibodies are bound to the trophectoderm and removed by another solution, and mechanical dissection are performed to achieve separation. The resulting inner cell mass cells are plated onto cells that will supply support. The inner cell mass cells attach and expand further to form a human embryonic cell line, which are undifferentiated. These cells are fed daily and are enzymatically or mechanically separated every four to seven days. For differentiation to occur, the human embryonic stem cell line is removed from the supporting cells to form embryoid bodies, is co-cultured with a serum containing necessary signals, or is grafted in a three-dimensional scaffold to result.

Derivation from other animals
Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the early embryo, which are harvested from the donor mother animal. Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman reported a technique that delays embryo implantation, allowing the inner cell mass to increase. This process includes removing the donor mother's ovaries and dosing her with progesterone, changing the hormone environment, which causes the embryos to remain free in the uterus. After 4–6 days of this intrauterine culture, the embryos are harvested and grown in in vitro culture until the inner cell mass forms “egg cylinder-like structures,” which are dissociated into single cells, and plated on fibroblasts treated with mitomycin-c (to prevent fibroblast mitosis). Clonal cell lines are created by growing up a single cell. Evans and Kaufman showed that the cells grown out from these cultures could form teratomas and embryoid bodies, and differentiate in vitro, all of which indicating that the cells are pluripotent.

Gail Martin derived and cultured her ES cells differently. She removed the embryos from the donor mother at approximately 76 hours after copulation and cultured them overnight in a medium containing serum. The following day, she removed the inner cell mass from the late blastocyst using microsurgery. The extracted inner cell mass was cultured on fibroblasts treated with mitomycin-c in a medium containing serum and conditioned by ES cells. After approximately one week, colonies of cells grew out. These cells grew in culture and demonstrated pluripotent characteristics, as demonstrated by the ability to form teratomas, differentiate in vitro, and form embryoid bodies. Martin referred to these cells as ES cells.

It is now known that the feeder cells provide leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and serum provides bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) that are necessary to prevent ES cells from differentiating. These factors are extremely important for the efficiency of deriving ES cells. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that different mouse strains have different efficiencies for isolating ES cells. Current uses for mouse ES cells include the generation of transgenic mice, including knockout mice. For human treatment, there is a need for patient specific pluripotent cells. Generation of human ES cells is more difficult and faces ethical issues. So, in addition to human ES cell research, many groups are focused on the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells).

Potential methods for new cell line derivation
On August 23, 2006, the online edition of Nature scientific journal published a letter by Dr. Robert Lanza (medical director of Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, MA) stating that his team had found a way to extract embryonic stem cells without destroying the actual embryo. This technical achievement would potentially enable scientists to work with new lines of embryonic stem cells derived using public funding in the US, where federal funding was at the time limited to research using embryonic stem cell lines derived prior to August 2001. In March, 2009, the limitation was lifted.

Human embryonic stem cells have also been derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). This approach has also sometimes been referred to as "therapeutic cloning" because SCNT bears similarity to other kinds of cloning in that nuclei are transferred from a somatic cell into an enucleated zygote. However, in this case SCNT was used to produce embryonic stem cell lines in a lab, not living organisms via a pregnancy. The "therapeutic" part of the name is included because of the hope that SCNT produced embryonic stem cells could have clinical utility.

Induced pluripotent stem cells
The iPS cell technology was pioneered by Shinya Yamanaka's lab in Kyoto, Japan, who showed in 2006 that the introduction of four specific genes encoding transcription factors could convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. He was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize along with Sir John Gurdon "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent."

In 2007, it was shown that pluripotent stem cells, highly similar to embryonic stem cells, can be induced by the delivery of four factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4) to differentiated cells. Utilizing the four genes previously listed, the differentiated cells are "reprogrammed" into pluripotent stem cells, allowing for the generation of pluripotent/embryonic stem cells without the embryo. The morphology and growth factors of these lab induced pluripotent cells, are equivalent to embryonic stem cells, leading these cells to be known as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). This observation was observed in mouse pluripotent stem cells, originally, but now can be performed in human adult fibroblasts using the same four genes.

Because ethical concerns regarding embryonic stem cells typically are about their derivation from terminated embryos, it is believed that reprogramming to these iPS cells may be less controversial.

This may enable the generation of patient specific ES cell lines that could potentially be used for cell replacement therapies. In addition, this will allow the generation of ES cell lines from patients with a variety of genetic diseases and will provide invaluable models to study those diseases.

However, as a first indication that the iPS cell technology can in rapid succession lead to new cures, it was used by a research team headed by Rudolf Jaenisch of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to cure mice of sickle cell anemia, as reported by Science journal's online edition on December 6, 2007.

On January 16, 2008, a California-based company, Stemagen, announced that they had created the first mature cloned human embryos from single skin cells taken from adults. These embryos can be harvested for patient matching embryonic stem cells.

Contamination by reagents used in cell culture
The online edition of Nature Medicine published a study on January 24, 2005, which stated that the human embryonic stem cells available for federally funded research are contaminated with non-human molecules from the culture medium used to grow the cells. It is a common technique to use mouse cells and other animal cells to maintain the pluripotency of actively dividing stem cells. The problem was discovered when non-human sialic acid in the growth medium was found to compromise the potential uses of the embryonic stem cells in humans, according to scientists at the University of California, San Diego.

However, a study published in the online edition of Lancet Medical Journal on March 8, 2005, detailed information about a new stem cell line that was derived from human embryos under completely cell- and serum-free conditions. After more than 6 months of undifferentiated proliferation, these cells demonstrated the potential to form derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers both in vitro and in teratomas. These properties were also successfully maintained (for more than 30 passages) with the established stem cell lines.

Muse cells
Muse cells (Multi-lineage differentiating stress enduring cell) are non-cancerous pluripotent stem cell found in adults. They were discovered in 2010 by Mari Dezawa and her research group. Muse cells reside in the connective tissue of nearly every organ including the umbilical cord, bone marrow and peripheral blood. They are collectable from commercially obtainable mesenchymal cells such as human fibroblasts, bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells. Muse cells are able to generate cells representative of all three germ layers from a single cell both spontaneously and under cytokine induction. Expression of pluripotency genes and triploblastic differentiation are self-renewable over generations. Muse cells do not undergo teratoma formation when transplanted into a host environment in vivo, eradicating the risk of tumorigenesis through unbridled cell proliferation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Embryonic stem cell


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Burnie High School

Burnie High School
Non-notable high school. The article of its only "famous" student is also up for deletion as a possible hoax or exaggeration. The terrorist threat sounds contrived. Google gives few hits regarding this particular school. Delete. --Slowking Man 07:28, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

--Saforrest 23:37, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Please merge this into the Burnie, Tasmania article. - Ta bu shi da yu 07:33, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, there isn't really anything to merge. (I'm a local who is familiar with the area, nothing notable) -- Chuq 07:47, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, I recommend delete then. Chuq really is a local, so is better qualified to say whether something is notable in Burnie than I am. - Ta bu shi da yu 08:38, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * According to my reckoning of BEEFSTEW, this article scores 2/10 (A & barely B). The two "famous" alumni appear to have no relevant google hits and be non-notable by near-consensus so far, respectevely. Delete. Cool Hand Luke  08:31, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I guess I'd give it a 3 or a 4, at least inthis revision. Point D, it does include three (low-quality facts) that are not on my list, and IF the news story is authentic (probably) and was a national news story (unlikely), G. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:29, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ambi 08:39, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The article does not establish notability. Average Earthman 09:11, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I am a BHS graduate myself, and can verify the 'terrorist' threat, though this is prob a bit of an exaggeration. All the other info is relevant. just get rid of the links to the two "famous" alumni.Superstoves 11:44, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * OK I have now fixed the article. This VFD listing is no longer relevant. i will delete the vfd notice from the page in a couple of daysSuperstoves 11:44, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't even think about it. There is no clear consensus to keep, and even if there was, you shouldn't remove the VfD tag. Average Earthman 12:38, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Jll 11:56, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Interesting, The Examiner's archive, which goes back to 1997, doesn't mention anything about a terrorist threat at Burnie High School. -- Chuq 12:06, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Scarcely surprising: article says it was a "spam email sent to students", signed Osama bin Laden. Sounds like not so much a "terrorist threat" as a silly prank by a student, which wouldn't be very newsworthy, and certainly isn't encyclopaedically noteworthy. Even if this story had made the local press, I wouldn't consider it noteworthy: my local press has been known to run front-page stories on lost teddy-bears. Delete. Pnot 06:16, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a high school, and there's nothing about it that's sufficient to offset. Not notable. --Improv 13:32, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep It's a high school, and therefore extremely notable to at least thousands of people. Wolfman 15:16, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Why? My own high school isn't notable to me anymore, and even when I attended I would never have thought it deserved an encyclopedia entry. --Aponar Kestrel (talk) 22:31, 2004 Sep 30 (UTC)
 * Comment: I agree with sentiments of [User:Aponar Kestrel|Aponar Kestrel]].
 * Depends on the standard of notability. There are lots of articles in Vfd being kept that I wouldn't have thought belong in an encyclopedia.  So, my standard now is whether more than a handful of people might find value in an article.  That's probably the case for most any school.  What does it hurt to include this? Wolfman 01:48, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable high school.  -- WOT 16:09, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability not established, low-quality article. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:29, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 20:58, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable school.   — Gwalla | Talk 21:14, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non notable -- Chris 73 Talk 00:52, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a "high school" in Australia but would be called borderline "junior high" in some other areas (such as the U.S.). Junior high schools are even less notable than high schools. (Or, if you're Australian, high schools are even less notable than colleges.) This one does not establish notability in any case. [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 01:07, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dsmdgold 04:10, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No notability established. Jallan 19:35, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Chuq isn't a local. hes a hobartian, and not a burnie resident. i went to burnie high school. There was a terrorist threat there, everyone was very scared. One way to verify this would be to ring the principal. Obviously theres no point me ringing, me and Keith go way back, and have had many conversations about the topic. If anyone of you is interest, just give Burnie High a ring and ask about it. Codywilson 06:04, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've lived in Hobart for 2 years, before that I lived in Launceston for 24 years, and travelled/knew enough people on the coast to not be a complete foreigner. Still, I'm the only Tasmanian who has been on Wikipedia for any length of time.  If you want something added then it's up to you to provide the proof, not up to everyone else to disprove it.  And again, even if it was true, a "hoax email sent to students" is not the same as a "terrorist threat". -- Chuq 06:24, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Del, not of verifiable notability.--Jerzy(t) 06:22, 2004 Oct 8 (UTC)
 * Delete: not notable, contribution from known troll/vandal accounts. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:52, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Fayette County, Texas

title: Category:Fayette County, Texas


text:
Shigeru Nakahara

Shigeru Nakahara (中原 茂) is a Japanese voice actor. He is attached to Local Dream and was formerly attached to Arts Vision, Sigma Seven and Vi-Vo.

Voice roles

 * Acrobunch (Jun Rando - debut role, 1982)
 * Another Century's Episode 2 (Sho Zama), (Trowa Barton)
 * Aoki Densetsu Shoot! (Hiroshi Matsushita)
 * Arion (Arion)
 * Aura Battler Dunbine (Sho Zama)
 * Biker Mice from Mars (Vinnie)
 * Bondage Queen Kate (Jenkins)
 * Bosco Adventure (Frog)
 * Brave Police J-Decker (Kagerou)
 * Captain Tsubasa (Mamoru Izawa), (Taichi Nakanishi),
 * Dancouga - Super Beast Machine God (Masato Shikibu)
 * Darker than Black (Nick Hillman)
 * Digimon Xros Wars (Gravimon)
 * Dogs: Bullets & Carnage (Giovanni)
 * Domain of Murder (Goro Nanase)
 * Dragon Ball GT (Android 17 / Hell Fighter 17 / Super 17)
 * Dragon Ball Super (Android 17)
 * Dragon Ball Z (Android 17)
 * Dragon Ball Z Kai (Android 17)
 * Gundam Wing (Trowa Barton)
 * Harukanaru Toki no Naka de (Ten no Byakko (Fujiwara no Takamichi, Fujiwara no Yukitaka, Arikawa Yuzuru)
 * Harukanaru Toki no Naka de4~Ame sora no shou~video games as Chi no Genbu Katsuragi Oshihito
 * Hello! Lady Lynn (Arthur Drake Brighton)
 * Ressha Sentai ToQger (Bottle Shadow)
 * Romeo's Blue Skies (Rinaldo)
 * Legend of the Galactic Heroes (Franz Varlimont)
 * Otaku no Video (Hino)
 * Police Academy: The Animated Series (Proctor)
 * Saint Seiya (Megrez Delta Alberich, Black Pegasus, and Sho (Steel Saint of Toucan))
 * Saint Seiya Omega (Kiki and Sho (Steel Saint of Toucan))
 * Sengoku Basara (Mouri Motonari)
 * Shin Captain Tsubasa (Shun Nitta)
 * Tales of Graces (Lambda)
 * Tekkaman Blade (Rebin)

 * Wandaba Style (Kōsaku Tsukomo)
 * YuYu Hakusho (Yoko Kurama)

Drama CD

 * GFantasy Comic CD Collection Fire Emblem: Ankoku Ryū to Hikari no Ken (Marth)
 * Vol．1 Yakusoku no Totihe
 * Vol．2 Honoo　no Monsyou
 * Vol．3 Kaze no Kiseki
 * Vol．4 Madou no Seiiki
 * 110 Ban wa Koi no Hajimari series 2: Ban wa Koi no Hajimari (Toshiyuki Tsukidate)
 * Amai Tsumi no Kakera (Satoshi Katsuragawa)
 * Ambassador wa Yoru ni Sasayaku (Professor Domyoji)
 * Ao no Kiseki series 1: Ao no Kiseki (Kai)
 * Ao no Kiseki series 2: Catharsis Spell (Kai)
 * Ao no Kiseki series 3: Crystal Crown (Kai)
 * Ao no Kiseki series 4: Baroque Pearl (Kai/Ishisu)
 * Ao no Kiseki series 5: Persona Non Grata (Kai)
 * Ao no Kiseki series 6: Phantom Pain (Kai)
 * Catch Me! (Shouji Toukai)
 * Chinmoku no Ookami (Osada)
 * Convenience Store Lamento (Shui)
 * Deep Fear Sound Drama (John Mayor)
 * Eien no Midori ~Nochinoomohini~ (Yuuta Takeuchi)
 * Endless Series 2: Endless Kiss (Rei Sakuma)
 * Endless Series side story: Kekkon Shiyouyo (Rei Sakuma)
 * Gohan wo Tabeyou series 5 (Sakagami)
 * Hameteyaru! (Tsukasa Nakamura)
 * Kimi ga Suki Nanosa (Kimiaki Yoshida)
 * Lamento ~Rhapsody to the Past~ (Shui)
 * Open Sesame (Shumon Aida)
 * Stanley Hawk no Jikenbo ~AMBIVALENCE . Katto~ (Lewis)
 * Wagamama Prisoner (Satoshi Renjou)

Live-action

 * Beverly Hills, 90210 (Brandon Walsh (Jason Priestley))
 * BH90210 (Jason Priestley/Brandon Walsh)
 * The Cave (Jack McAllister (Cole Hauser))
 * The Doors (Robby Krieger (Frank Whaley))
 * Friends (Mike Hannigan (Paul Rudd))
 * The Thin Red Line (Cpl. Geoffrey Fife (Adrien Brody))
 * Village of the Damned (Frank McGowan (Michael Paré))

Animation

 * TUGS (Ten Cents)

title: Shigeru Nakahara


text:
Talk:King Lot

Untitled
Not a single tie to any written version of any Arthurian tale of any date. So far... Wetman 07:35, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Huh? Lot was Morgause's husband and the father of Gawain. RickK 08:10, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

Although these facts are pretty easy to gather, they do need to be referenced. By the way, Gawain was the Welsh Gwalchmai, but who did Gwalchaved become? I noticed Gawain has three full brothers, but I did not notice the origins on those pages. ---G.T.N. (talk) 01:31, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Hagiog - to Cu
Hello, what's the case for the bio of Kentigern preceding Geoffrey? The so-called "Herbert Ms"? Caradoc was essentially at the same time as Geoff. Redheylin (talk) 11:59, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

LOOMIS: "a Life of St Kentigern,6 written between 1147 and 1164, which records that Ewen, son of King Urien, celebrated by the histriones,7 that is, professional story-tellers, wooed the step-daughter of Leudonus, King of Leudonia (Lothian), surprised her beside a brook, ravished her, and begat on her the future St Kentigern. Leudonus is, of course, a fictitious character, invented to account for the name of his kingdom, Leudonia, just as Brutus of Trojan descent was in- vented to account for the name Britannia, and as Albanact was invented by Geoffrey of Monmouth to explain the name Albania. So we have the testimony of the Life of St Kentigern that in the middle of the 12th century" (6=Lives of St Ninian and St Kentigern, ed. A. P. Forbes (Edinburgh, 1874), 245-7. 7=" Histriomim " is the correct reading of the manuscript, not" historiarum. Romanians)" Redheylin (talk) 14:03, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

 * It's from Bromwich. She says that the Kentigern material predated and influenced Geoffrey in regards to the eponymous king of Lothian. He appears in the early Fragmentary Life of St Kentigern as Leudonus. I was a bit surprised myself.--Cúchullain t/ c 14:55, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Fair enough, it most likely is but it's odd she was so categorical. Thanks anyway. Hope you liked the Chretien bit. Redheylin (talk) 03:31, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Lothian/Hadrian's Wall
There may be many contentious issues in this article, but I think we can all agree that Lothian is NOT "south of Hadrian's Wall". (Beginning of final paragraph. )2600:6C55:6D00:109B:20C4:90D:FE42:75C6 (talk) 22:46, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:King Lot


text:
John Boys (Royalist)

Sir John Boys (1607 – 8 October 1664) is best known as the Royalist Governor of Donnington Castle in Berkshire during the English Civil War.

Early life
Boys was born in at Bonnington, near to Goodnestone, in Kent, the eldest son and heir of Edward Boys of Bonnington, by Jane, a daughter of Edward Sanders (of Northborne). He was baptized at Chillenden, on 5 April 1607.

In 1641, John Boys was promoted from captain to lieutenant colonel when he came to serve the King in John Savage, Earl Rivers's Regiment in Ireland. He was colonel in all but name, however, as Earl Rivers never took command of the Regiment in the field.

Defence of Donnington Castle
Donnington Castle is located north of the town of Newbury. It was garrisoned in 1643 for King Charles I and commanded the road from Oxford to Southampton and the road from London to Bath. It was, from 1643, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel John Boys, who spent £1,000 on earthworks to strengthen the defences. Boys commanded a division of the Earl Rivers's Royalist Regiment consisting of 200 foot, 25 horse, and 4 guns, which remained throughout the siege.

On 31 July 1644, Donnington Castle was attacked by a division of the New Model Army of 3000 horses and dragoons, under the command of Lieutenant-General John Middleton, but without any artillery support. Middleton attempted to compel a surrender from Boys, but the Parliamentary army was repulsed with the loss of at least 300 men.

About a month later, on 29 September, Colonel Jeremy Horton began a 12-day blockade laying siege to Donnington, having raised a battery at the foot of the hill, near Newbury he was able to shatter the southern towers of the castles medieval defenses and reduce a part of the wall to rubble. It has been estimated that at least 1000 missiles were fired against the fortress during this engagement. Even though Colonel Horton had been reinforced, Governor John Boys refused to concede and even invited Horton to surrender his forces.

A parliamentarian army soon after returned on 4 October led by the Earl of Manchester. An attempt to storm the castle failed, but the bombardment continued for several days without avail. Frustrated, the whole army dispersed as Charles I, at the head of the Royal army, moved towards Donnington. For his great services in defense of the castle Governor John Boys was knighted on 21 October 1644. The king also promoted him to full colonel in Earl Rivers's Regiment.

On 27 October, the second battle of Newbury was fought, and Colonel Sir John Boys secured the King's artillery under the walls of Donnington castle. The famous Parliamentarian soldier Sir William Waller surrounded the castle with his army and again Boys refused to surrender.

After the battle of Newbury, when the King had gone to Oxford, the Earl of Essex besieged Donnington Castle, but abandoned the attempt before Charles returned in the first week of November 1644 to relieve Donnington. The King took his "treasure and guns," leaving some of the heavier pieces for use by the garrison.

Some time after 14 November 1645, Oliver Cromwell himself turned his attention to the problem of the Royalist stronghold of Donnington castle, and in the following spring a furious bombardment with cannon and mortars was ordered. By 30 March a truce was concluded, and Charles had no option other than to instruct Boys to obtain the best possible surrender. On 1 April 1646, the surrender was completed, wherein garrison was permitted to march to the Royalist garrison at Wallingford Castle with their colours flying and drums beating. Boys did not join them, instead he went to London rather than take part in any further military resistance.

Later history
He was made Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports in 1646. During August 1648, he made a futile attempt to raise the Siege of Walmer Castle in Deal, one of the Cinque Ports, and customary home of the Lord Warden. Sir Algernon Sydney replaced him as Warden in 1648.

In 1659, Boys was held as a prisoner in Dover Castle for "petitioning for a free Parliament", but was released on 23 February 1660. He was then, reputedly, granted the office of Receiver of Customs at Dover from Charles II.

A few years later, on 8 October 1664, Sir John Boys died at his house at Bonnington and was buried in the parish church of Goodnestone-next-Wingham (near Canterbury) in Kent.

Personal life
He was married three times, and had five daughters by his first wife Lucy. His second marriage was to Ann Brockman, daughter of Sir William Brockman of Newington-next-Hythe in 1650. She died in 1651. His third marriage was to the Lady Elizabeth Finch, widow of Sir Nathaniel Finch, and a daughter of Sir John Fotherby of Barham (Kent).

title: John Boys (Royalist)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dr.kalanath Mishra (0th nomination)

This is not encyclopaedic content. Codywilson 07:38, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

There's certainly nothing there, plus the capitalization and the use of the "Dr." in the title are wrong. If it doesn't get work by the end of the voting period, I vote delete. RickK 08:12, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep TrollQueen 08:16, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, or improve significantly to make sure that person is notable. 0 Google hits, so might be vanity. andy 09:30, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)


text:
Masami Kikuchi

Masami Kikuchi (菊池 正美) is a Japanese voice actor and narrator. He was affiliated with Troubador Music Office until March 2010. He then worked as freelance until April 2011, when he was employed by Kenyu Office.

Television animation

 * Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ (1986), Ino Abbav
 * Animated Classics of Japanese Literature (1986), Bunji, Kenji
 * Metal Armor Dragonar (1987–88), Kaine Wakaba
 * Kimagure Orange Road (1987–88), Yusaku Hino
 * Brave Exkaiser (1990), Blue Raker, Ultra Raker
 * Chibi Maruko-chan (1990), Kazuhiko Hanawa, Mimatsuya, Misawa, Negishi, Watanabe
 * Jankenman (1991), Janken Car
 * Floral Magician Mary Bell (1992), George
 * Aoki Densetsu Shoot (1993), Kazuhiro Hiramatsu
 * The Brave Express Might Gaine (1993), Mitsuhiko Hamada, Bird Bomber, Jet Diver
 * Captain Tsubasa J (1995), Shingo Aoi
 * Tenchi Muyo! (1995), Tenchi Masaki
 * Hunter × Hunter (1999), Wing
 * Grappler Baki (2001), Baki Hanma
 * PaRappa the Rapper (2001), PJ Berri
 * Comic Party (2001), Kazuki Sendō
 * Captain Tsubasa ~ Road to 2002 (2001), Gino Hernandez, Alan Pascal
 * Di Gi Charat Nyo! (2003–04), Daifuku Ankoro
 * Cromartie High School (2003), Ken Hirai
 * Oh My Goddess! (2005), Keiichi Morisato
 * Comic Party Revolution (2005), Kazuki Sendō
 * Air Gear (2006), Onigiri
 * Hunter × Hunter (2011), Zepile
 * Dragon Ball Super (2016), Monaka, Vermoud

Unknown date

 * Daigunder, Howard
 * Digimon Adventure, Joe Kido, Additional Voices
 * Digimon Adventure 02, Joe Kido, Jim Kido, Daemon
 * Digimon Tamers, Dolphin
 * Digimon Frontier, Neemon
 * Digimon Savers, Akihiro Kurata, Belphemon
 * Digimon Xros Wars, Tuwarmon/Damemon
 * Goldfish Warning!, Michael
 * Groove Adventure RAVE, Sieg Hart
 * Zatch Bell!, Kanchomé
 * Maburaho, Taki
 * One Piece, Kelly Funk, Kabu, Pound, Donquixote Mjosgard, Charlotte Anglais, Mouse-Man, Doran
 * The Cobi Troupe, Jordy
 * The Prince of Tennis, Hiroshi Wakato
 * Ranma ½, Copycat Ken
 * Rurouni Kenshin, Ryūzaburō Higashiyama
 * Urusei Yatsura

Original video animation (OVA)

 * Legend of the Galactic Heroes (1989), Konrad von Modell
 * Otaku no Video (1991), Miyoshi
 * Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki (1992) - Tenchi Masaki
 * Oh My Goddess! (1993–94), Keiichi Morisato
 * Kodomo no Omocha (1995), Rei Sagami
 * Sonic the Hedgehog (1996), Sonic the Hedgehog, Metal Sonic

Films

 * Super Mario Bros.: The Great Mission to Rescue Princess Peach! (1986), Prince Haru
 * The Venus Wars (1989), Lob
 * Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon S (1994), Kakeru Ōzora
 * Tenchi Muyo in Love! (1996) – Tenchi Masaki
 * Doraemon: Nobita and the Galaxy Super-express (1996), Tamako
 * Digimon Adventure (1999), Joe Kido
 * Ah! My Goddess: The Movie (2000), Keiichi Morisato
 * Digimon Adventure: Our War Game! (2000), Joe Kido, Kinu
 * Konjiki no Gash Bell!! Movie 1: Unlisted Demon 101 (2004), Kanchomé
 * The Legend of the Galactic Heroes: Die Neue These Seiran (2019), Boris Konev

Tokusatsu

 * Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger (2016), Dorobozu (ep. 14)

Video games

 * Another Century's Episode series (????–), Kaine Wakaba, Dunkel Cooper
 * Super Robot Wars series (????–), Kaine Wakaba, Ino Abbav, Dunkel Cooper
 * Tales of Rebirth (2004), (Saleh)
 * Konjiki no Gash Bell series (????–), Kanchome

Drama CDs

 * Abunai series 4: Abunai Campus Love (????), Harumi Okikura
 * Catch Me! (????), Shikyou Katayama
 * C Kara Hajimaru Koi mo Ii (????), Takenoshin
 * Eien no Midori ~Nochinoomohini~ (????), Junya Shibasaki
 * Koisuru Jewelry Designer series 1 (????), Yuutarou Mori
 * My Sexual Harassment series 3 (????), Shun Kazami
 * Onegai Darlin' (????), Kouchirou Imada
 * Ourin Gakuen series 1: Ikenai Seitokaishitsu (????), Shuuichirou Kazama

Dubbing

 * Doug (U.S. TV 1991, Japanese dub 1998), Skeeter Valentine
 * VeggieTales (U.S. direct-to-video 1993, Japanese dub 1998), Bob the Tomato

title: Masami Kikuchi


text:
The Lottery

"The Lottery" is a short story by Shirley Jackson that was first published in The New Yorker on June 18, 1948. The story describes a fictional small American community that observes an annual tradition known as "the lottery", which is intended to ensure a good harvest and purge the town of bad omens. The lottery, its preparations, and its execution are all described in detail, though it is not revealed until the end what actually happens to the person selected by the random lottery: the selected member of the community is stoned to death by the other townspeople.

Jackson and The New Yorker were both surprised by the initial negative response from readers; subscriptions were canceled and much hate mail was sent throughout the summer of its first publication, with Jackson receiving at least 10 letters per day. The Union of South Africa banned the story because some parts of Africa still used stoning as a punishment.

The story has been dramatized several times, including as a radio drama, film, and graphic novel. It has been subjected to considerable sociological and literary analysis and has been described as one of the most famous short stories in the history of American literature.

Plot
Details of contemporary small-town American life are embroidered upon a description of an annual rite known as "the lottery". In a small, unnamed village of about 300 residents, the locals are in an excited yet nervous mood on June 27. Children pile up stones as the adults assemble for their annual event, practiced to ensure a good harvest; Old Man Warner quotes an old proverb, "Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon." However, some nearby villages have already discontinued the lottery, and rumors are spreading that others are considering doing the same. Some in the village respond that the lottery has always been conducted and should continue every year henceforth.

The lottery preparations start the night before, with coal merchant Mr. Summers and postmaster Mr. Graves drawing up a list of all the extended families in town and preparing one paper slip per family. The slips are folded and placed in an age-stained black wooden box which is stored in a safe at Mr. Summers' office until the lottery is scheduled to begin.

The initial drawing takes place to choose one family. There is a sense of relief in those not chosen and in one case a family member is sent to pass word to their injured father that their family was not picked. Bill Hutchinson draws the only marked slip in the box, and his wife Tessie complains that he was rushed into making his choice. Since their family consists of only one household, the second drawing to choose a household is skipped.

For the final drawing, one slip is placed in the box for each member of the Hutchinson household: Bill, Tessie, and each of their three children. Each of the five draws a slip, and Tessie gets the marked one. The townspeople, including Tessie's son Davy, pick up the gathered stones and begin throwing them at her as Tessie screams about the unfairness of the lottery.

Readers
The New Yorker received a "torrent of letters" inquiring about the story, "the most mail the magazine had ever received in response to a work of fiction". Many readers demanded an explanation of the situation in the story, and a month after the initial publication, Jackson responded in the San Francisco Chronicle (July 22, 1948): "Explaining just what I had hoped the story to say is very difficult. I suppose, I hoped, by setting a particularly brutal ancient rite in the present and in my own village to shock the story's readers with a graphic dramatization of the pointless violence and general inhumanity in their own lives."

Jackson lived in North Bennington, Vermont, and her comment reveals that she had Bennington in mind when she wrote "The Lottery". In a 1960 lecture (printed in her 1968 collection Come Along with Me) she recalled the hate mail she received in 1948: "One of the most terrifying aspects of publishing stories and books is the realization that they are going to be read, and read by strangers. I had never fully realized this before, although I had of course in my imagination dwelt lovingly upon the thought of the millions and millions of people who were going to be uplifted and enriched and delighted by the stories I wrote. It had simply never occurred to me that these millions and millions of people might be so far from being uplifted that they would sit down and write me letters I was downright scared to open; of the three-hundred-odd letters that I received that summer I can count only thirteen that spoke kindly to me, and they were mostly from friends. Even my mother scolded me: "Dad and I did not care at all for your story in The New Yorker", she wrote sternly; "it does seem, dear, that this gloomy kind of story is what all you young people think about these days. Why don't you write something to cheer people up?""

The New Yorker kept no records of the phone calls, but letters addressed to Jackson were forwarded to her. That summer she regularly took home 10 to 12 forwarded letters each day. She also received weekly packages from The New Yorker containing letters and questions addressed to the magazine or editor Harold Ross, plus carbon copies of the magazine's responses mailed to letter writers.

"Curiously, there are three main themes which dominate the letters of that first summer—three themes which might be identified as bewilderment, speculation and plain old-fashioned abuse. In the years since then, during which the story has been anthologized, dramatized, televised, and even—in one completely mystifying transformation—made into a ballet, the tenor of letters I receive has changed. I am addressed more politely, as a rule, and the letters largely confine themselves to questions like what does this story mean? The general tone of the early letters, however, was a kind of wide-eyed, shocked innocence. People at first were not so much concerned with what the story meant; what they wanted to know was where these lotteries were held, and whether they could go there and watch."

- Shirley Jackson, "Come along with me"

Critical interpretations
Helen E. Nebeker's essay The Lottery': Symbolic Tour de Force" in American Literature (March 1974) claims that every major name in the story has a special significance. "By the end of the first two paragraphs, Jackson has carefully indicated the season, time of ancient excess and sacrifice, and the stones, most ancient of sacrificial weapons. She has also hinted at larger meanings through name symbolism. "Martin", Bobby's surname, derives from a Middle English word signifying ape or monkey. This, juxtaposed with "Harry Jones" (in all its commonness) and "Dickie Delacroix" (of-the-Cross) urges us to an awareness of the Hairy Ape within us all, veneered by a Christianity as perverted as "Delacroix", vulgarized to "Dellacroy" by the villagers. Horribly, at the end of the story, it will be Mrs. Delacroix, warm and friendly in her natural state, who will select a stone "so large she had to pick it up with both hands" and will encourage her friends to follow suit... "Mr. Adams", at once progenitor and martyr in the Judeo-Christian myth of man, stands with "Mrs. Graves"—the ultimate refuge or escape of all mankind—in the forefront of the crowd."

Fritz Oehlschlaeger, in "The Stoning of Mistress Hutchinson: Meaning and Context in 'The Lottery (Essays in Literature, 1988), wrote: "The name of Jackson's victim links her to Anne Hutchinson, whose Antinomian beliefs, found to be heretical by the Puritan hierarchy, resulted in her banishment from Massachusetts in 1638. While Tessie Hutchinson is no spiritual rebel, to be sure, Jackson's allusion to Anne Hutchinson reinforces her suggestions of a rebellion lurking within the women of her imaginary village. Since Tessie Hutchinson is the protagonist of "The Lottery", there is every indication that her name is indeed an allusion to Anne Hutchinson, the American religious dissenter. She was excommunicated despite an unfair trial, while Tessie questions the tradition and correctness of the lottery as well as her humble status as a wife. It might as well be this insubordination that leads to her selection by the lottery and stoning by the angry mob of villagers."

The 1992 Simpsons episode "Dog of Death" features a scene referring to "The Lottery". During the peak of the lottery fever in Springfield, news anchor Kent Brockman announces on television that people hoping to get tips on how to win the jackpot have borrowed every available copy of Shirley Jackson's book The Lottery at the local library. One of them is Homer, who throws the book into the fire after Brockman reveals that "Of course, the book does not contain any hints on how to win the lottery. It is, rather, a chilling tale of conformity gone mad." In her book Shirley Jackson: Essays on the Literary Legacy, Bernice Murphy comments that this scene displays some of the most contradictory things about Jackson: "It says a lot about the visibility of Jackson's most notorious tale that more than 50 years after its initial creation it is still famous enough to warrant a mention in the world's most famous sitcom. The fact that Springfield's citizenry also miss the point of Jackson's story completely ... can perhaps be seen as an indication of a more general misrepresentation of Jackson and her work."

In "Arbitrary Condemnation and Sanctioned Violence in Shirley Jackson's 'The Lottery (December 2004), Patrick J. Shields suggests there is a connection between the death penalty and "The Lottery" when writing: "Though these ritual executions seem to have the support of the entire community and have been carried out for as long as everyone can seem to remember, a doubt seems to linger. Mrs. Adams tells us, "Some places have already quit the lotteries" (S. Jackson, 1999, p.77). On another level, we as readers feel quite uncomfortable observing such blind obedience to tradition among the villagers. And further, we as readers may be likely to make a connection as we witness modern day executions and realize that there is arbitrariness in these instances as well... It is hard for some to imagine abolition of capital punishment in our culture. They equate abolition with undermining law and morality. But it is precisely law and morality that are being undermined by the arbitrary practice of capital punishment."

Others have made comparisons between the lottery and the military draft, whereby young men aged 18–25 were selected at random for military service by the Selective Service System. The story was written just three years after the end of World War II, in which ten million American men were drafted and over 400,000 died, and was published just two days after the enactment of the Military Selective Service Act, which re-established the draft.

Adaptations
In addition to numerous reprints in magazines, anthologies, and textbooks as well as comic adaptation, "The Lottery" has been adapted for radio, live television, a 1953 ballet, films in 1969 and 1997, a TV movie, an opera, and a one-act play by Thomas Martin.

1951 radio version
A radio adaptation by NBC was broadcast March 14, 1951, as an episode of the anthology series NBC Presents: Short Story. Writer Ernest Kinoy expanded the plot to include scenes at various characters' homes before the lottery and a conversation between Bill and Tessie Hutchinson (Bill suggests leaving town before the lottery happens, but Tessie refuses because she wants to go shopping at Floyd Summers's store after the lottery is over). Kinoy deleted certain characters, including two of the Hutchinsons' three children, and added at least one character, John Gunderson, a schoolteacher who publicly objects to the lottery being held, and at first refuses to draw. Finally, Kinoy included an ending scene describing the townspeople's post-lottery activities and an afterword, in which the narrator suggested: "Next year, maybe there won't be a Lottery. It's up to all of us. Chances are, there will be, though." The production was directed by Andrew C. Love.

Television adaptations
Ellen M. Violett wrote the first television adaptation, seen on Albert McCleery's Cameo Theatre (1950–1955).

The story served as the inspiration for the South Park episode "Britney's New Look".

1969 film
Larry Yust's short film The Lottery (1969), produced as part of Encyclopædia Britannica's "Short Story Showcase" series, was ranked by the Academic Film Archive "as one of the two bestselling educational films ever". It has an accompanying ten-minute commentary film Discussion of "The Lottery" by University of Southern California English professor James Durbin. Featuring Ed Begley Jr. as Jack Watson in his third film, Yust's adaptation has an atmosphere of naturalism and small-town authenticity with its shots of pickup trucks in Fellows, California, and the townspeople of Fellows and Taft, California.

1996 TV film
Anthony Spinner's feature-length TV film The Lottery, which premiered September 29, 1996, on NBC, expands upon the original Shirley Jackson story. It was nominated for a 1997 Saturn Award for Best Single Genre Television Presentation.

Graphic novel
In 2016, Miles Hyman, a grandson of Jackson, created a graphic novel adaption titled Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery": The Authorized Graphic Adaptation. His version abbreviates the wording of the source work and relies on graphics to portray other aspects of the narrative. He also wrote his own introduction. Alyson Ward of the Houston Chronicle wrote the graphics "push a little further than his grandmother's words did", though she stated Hyman's version reveals details of the story earlier than in the original work.

Video games
In the 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, a location in the game, Vault 11, takes inspirations from the story, with the main differences being a tangible threat instead of the superficial threat of a bad harvest and that the decision is made by election rather than lottery. At another point in the game, a faction inspired by Ancient Roman soldiers known as 'Caesar's Legion' holds a lottery in the town of Nipton, California, although in this case the 'winner' is set free, while it is everyone else (with the exception of the second place runner-up, who has his legs broken, and the third place runners-up, who are enslaved) who are either decapitated, crucified or, in the case of the mayor, burned.

Music
Marilyn Manson used The Lottery as inspiration for his music video for the song "Man That You Fear" of his album Antichrist Superstar.

The Used released a song based on the book by the same name, "The Lottery" on their 2020 album Heartwork.

title: The Lottery


text:
AEA Cygnet

The Cygnet (or Aerodrome #5) was an extremely unorthodox early Canadian aircraft, with a wall-like "wing" made up of 3,393 tetrahedral cells. It was a powered version of the Cygnet tetrahedral kite designed by Dr Alexander Graham Bell in 1907 and built by the newly founded Aerial Experiment Association.

Design and development
Bell's experiments with tetrahedral kites had explored the advantages of utilizing great banks of cells to create a lifting body leading to the Cygnet I. On 6 December 1907, Thomas Selfridge piloted the kite as it was towed into the air behind a motorboat, eventually reaching a height of 168 ft (51 m). This was the first recorded heavier-than-air flight in Canada. While demonstrably able to fly as a person-carrying kite, it seemed unpromising as a direction for research into powered flight. It was difficult to control, and was in fact destroyed when it hit the water at the end of the flight.

The following year, a smaller copy of the design was built as the Cygnet II, now equipped with wheeled undercarriage and a Curtiss V-8 engine.

Operational history
Attempts to fly the Cygnet II at Baddeck, Nova Scotia between 22 and 24 February 1909, met with failure. When the AEA Silver Dart was ready for flight testing, the engine was removed from the Cygnet II, and then returned. Rebuilt again as the Cygnet III with a more powerful 70 hp Gnome Gamma engine, its final flight was on 19 March 1912, at Bras d'Or Lake, Nova Scotia, piloted by John McCurdy. The results were highly unsatisfactory with the Cygnet III only able to lift off the ground for a foot or two, typically considered remaining in ground effect. After a final trial on 17 March, the tetrahedral cell bank failed structurally, leaving the aircraft irreparably damaged. The Cygnet II and III were abandoned following this flight attempt.

title: AEA Cygnet


text:
User:Kagebaby

I am baby>W<~

I Love Dir en grey & monchhichi~>W<~

title: User:Kagebaby


text:
Peter Pohl

Peter Pohl (born 5 December 1940) is a Swedish author and former director and screenwriter of short films. He has received prizes for several of his books and films, as well as for his entire work. From 1966 until his retirement in 2005, he was lecturer in Numerical analysis at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden.

Biography
Peter Pohl was born on 5 December 1940 in Hamburg, Germany. He lost his father during World War II and moved to Sweden with his mother in 1945, where he started school in 1947. He went to the Södra Latin gymnasium in Stockholm until 1959. During this period, he engaged in medium-distance running, with good results, but he quit running when he was 19 years old. From his 15th until his 30th (1970), Pohl was part of the schools summer camp at Värmdö and later at Blidö. This period of his life is described in the books that form the Rainbow Series and are of particular influence of his other books.

He studied mathematics and physics and was a research assistant at the Swedish National Defence Research Institute for several years, starting in 1963. Pohl soon returned to university in order to graduate at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, where he received his doctorate in Numerical analysis in 1975. He became a lecturer in Numerical analysis and wrote several textbooks on this subject.

Pohl started filming in 1980 and won various prizes for his work. His writing career started in 1983 and two years later he published his first and most successful book, translated in English as Johnny, My Friend. Since then, he has published 26 works of fiction.

He retired as a lecturer in 2005.

Director
Before he published his first book, Pohl created a number of short films. Most of them were published in the 1980s and many have won various prizes, from, among others, the Union Internationale du Cinéma, Swedish short film and video, and Nordic short film.

Pohl has made a number of short films, mainly in the 1980s.

Filmography

 * Nyckeln (The key), 1981, 15 minutes. It has been awarded several prizes:
 * Viktor (1st prize in amateur category) from Svensk Smalfilm och Video (now Sveriges Film- och Videoförbund, SFV), 1982.
 * Silver medal and editing prize (klippningspriset) at Nordisk Smalfilm, 1982.
 * 1st prize in the category Fantasy and 5th prize in all categories, short film contest, Argentina, 1982.
 * Du har ju mej! (But you have me!), 1982, 20 minutes. Won the bronze prize and the actor prize at Svensk Smalfilm och Video in 1982.
 * Medan nålen vandrar, 1982, 18 minutes.
 * Visiten (The visit), 1982, 12 minutes.
 * Alla klockor stannar (All clocks stop), 1983, 27 minutes.
 * Resan till havet (The journey to the sea), 1984, 23 minutes. The contents are similar to those in his book Havet inom oss (the sea inside us).
 * Bronze medal at Svensk Smalfilm och Video, 1986.
 * Muntlig tentamen (Oral exam), 1984.
 * Bronze medal at Svensk Smalfilm och Video, 1984.
 * Bronze medal at Union Internationale du Cinéma (UNICA), European short film contest in the German Democratic Republic, 1984.
 * Stipendiet (The scholarship), 1985, 20 minutes.
 * Director prize and prize for best female actor, Sandy gala, Västerås, 1987.
 * Silver medal and actor prize at Svensk Smalfilm och Video, 1988.
 * Ja, jag kommer! (Yes, I'm coming!), 1986, 16 minutes.
 * Gunga flöjt.
 * Bronze medal at Svensk Smalfilm och Video, 1989.
 * Det blir bättre nästa gång (It will be better next time), 1989, 20 minutes.
 * Silver medal and actor prize at Svensk Smalfilm och Video, 1991.
 * Silver medal at Nordisk Smalfilm
 * Gold medal and prize for best film at UNICA, European short film contest in Switzerland, 1991.
 * Änglar behövs dom? (Angels, are they needed?), 1990. This film was made after his book Glittras Uppdrag (Glittras assignment)

Author
Pohl has published a total number of 35 books: 9 textbooks and 26 works of fiction. He is primarily known for his works of fiction.

His fiction is mostly drama, but also includes two works of poetry, a book with fairy tales and a "picture book without pictures" that defies categorisation. In most of his books, children and teenagers are the main characters. He considers this to be the most important period of a life. Typical themes are loneliness, betrayal, lies, a longing for friendship, death. On his website, he writes that he does so because it is reality for many adults, youths and kids, and it would be a shame to be silent about that.

Of his drama, two books were translated into English: Johnny, My Friend about a mysterious new boy in the neighborhood, and I miss you, I miss you! about the loss of a twin sister. In total, 13 of his books have been translated into 13 languages, mostly in Norwegian, Danish and German, but more recently also in languages such as Estonian and Polish.

Among the books he published in the first four years of his writer career are three of the autobiographical books that form the rainbow series. Those are true and about his own life Those start with Regnbågen har bara åtta färger (The rainbow has only eight colours). In this book, Pohl described his early childhood, starting immediately after he moved to Sweden, until he was eight years old. The story takes place between 1945 and 1948. It is followed by Medan regnbågen bleknar (While the rainbow is fading), covering the period 1949 – 1952. Vilja växa (Want to grow up) described the period 1952 – 1958. The fourth book, Vi kallar honom Anna, he describes one year, particularly one summer, where he, part of the summercamp organisation, observes how a teenage boy is severely bullied. This book was published before Medan regnbågen bleknar and Vilja växa, just shortly after Regnbågen har bara åtta färger, and received a lot of attention and prizes. The final book in the series is Klara papper är ett måste, which starts in 1966. Additionally, the book De Stora Penslarnas lek, which Pohl describes as a starting point for his writing, contains fairy tales, based on the fairy tales from the grandfather in Regnbågen har bara åtta färger.

Other books, such as I miss you, I miss you! (co-written with Kinna Gieth) and Sekten are based on true stories that came to him directly or indirectly.

Some of his books were originally published as adult literature, but later recategorised as books for youth. Pohl does not consider himself an author of primarily youth literature. However, some books were written for children. Examples are Glittras uppdrag, a fairy tale about an angel that protects a six-year-old boy, and Malins kung Gurra, written for a contest organised by publisher Rabén & Sjögren.

Textbooks

 * Linjära differensekvationer med konstanta koefficienter; Liber, 1976
 * Numeriska Metoder (with Gerd Eriksson and Germund Dahlquist); THS, 1977
 * 220 ± 30 Exempel i Numeriska Metoder (with Gerd Eriksson); THS, 1978
 * Introduktion till BASIC-programmering; THS, 1979
 * Analytiska och Numeriska Metoder (with Eike Petermann); KTH, 1984
 * Elementära Numeriska Metoder; THS, 1991
 * Problem och Exempel i Numeriska Metoder; THS, 1992; Print on Demand 1997
 * Grunderna i Numeriska Metoder; THS, 1995; NADA, KTH 1999
 * Grundkurs i numeriska metoder; Liber, 2005.

Fiction

 * Janne, min vän (Johnny, My Friend), 1985.
 * Translations: Danish (Min bedste ven, 1987), Norwegian (Janne min venn, 1988), German (Jan, mein Freund, 1990), Dutch (Jan, mijn vriend, 1991), English (Johnny, My Friend, 1991, translated by Laurie Thompson), French (Jan, mon ami, 1995), Italian (Il mio amico Jan, 1996 and 2005), Estonian (Janne, mu söber, 1997), Japanese (1997), Icelandic (Janni vinur minn, 1997), Low German (Jan, mien Fründ, 2000).
 * Prizes:
 * Litteraturfrämjandets debutantpris (prize for first appearance), 1985;
 * Nils Holgersson Plaque 1986;
 * Honorary list, 11th edition of the Premio Europeo di Letteratura Giovanile (European Prize for Youth Literature), Pier Paolo Vergerio, Padova, Italy, 1987
 * Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis (German youth literature prize), 1990.
 * Kulturskylt, Stockholm Public Library, November 1999
 * Regnbågen har bara åtta färger (The rainbow has only eight colours), 1986
 * Translations: German (Der Regenbogen hat nur acht Farben, 1993), Dutch (De regenboog heeft maar acht kleuren, 1995)
 * Vi kallar honom Anna (We call him Anna), 1987.
 * Translations: German (Nennen wir ihn Anna, 1981), Danish (Vi kaldar ham Anna, 1989), Norwegian (Vi kaller ham Anna, 1989), Dutch (We noemen hem Anna, 1993).
 * Prizes:
 * Eule des Monats (Owl of the Month), Bulletin Jugend & Literatur (Bulletin Youth + Literature), Hardebek, Germany, 1991
 * Nominated for the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis, 1992
 * Vlag en Wimpel, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1994
 * Havet inom oss (The ocean within us), 1988. This book has largely the same contents as the short film Resan till havet.
 * Alltid den där Anette! (Always that Anette!), 1988
 * De Stora Penslarnas Lek (fairy tales)
 * Medan regnbågen bleknar (While the rainbow is fading), 1989.
 * Translations: German (Während der Regenbogen verblasst, 1994), Norwegian (Mens regnbuen blekner, 1991)
 * Prizes:
 * Heffaklumpen, children books prize, Expressen, 1989.
 * Kan ingen hjálpa Anette? (Can nobody help Anette?), 1990
 * Malins kung Gurra (Malins king Gurra), 1991
 * Translations: German (Ich bin Malin, 1992), Danish (Du må gerne sova i min hånd, 1993)), Norwegian (Malin og Kong Gurra, 1994), Estonian (Pärast viimast hoiatust, 1999)
 * Man har ett snärj, 1991
 * Glittras uppdrag (Glittrag assignment), 1992.
 * Translations: German (Glittrag Auftrag, 1997)
 * Jag saknar dig, jag saknar dig! (I miss you, I miss you!), 1992, with Kinna Gieth
 * Translations: German (Du fehlst mir, du fehlst mir!, 1994), Danish (Jeg savner dig, jeg savner dig, 1993), Norwegian (Jeg savner deg, jeg savner deg, 1993), Dutch (Ik mis je, ik mis je!, 1994), Finnish (Sinä ja minä ikuisesti, 1997), Icelandic (Ég sakna þin, 1998), English (I miss you, I miss you!, 1999), Slovene (Pogrešam te, pogrešam te, 1999)
 * Prizes:
 * Augustpriset (August prize), Bokförläggarföreningen, 1992
 * Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis, Germany, 1995
 * En röd sten till Carina (A red stone to Carina), 1993
 * Vill dig (Want you), 1994. Poems.
 * Vilja växa (Want to grow up), 1994.
 * När alla ljuger (When all are lying), 1995.
 * Translations: Danish (Når alle lyver, 2000)
 * Minns det (Remember that), 1996. Poems.
 * Men jag glömmer dig inte (But I won't forget you), 1997.
 * Translations: German (Aber ich vergesse dich nicht, 1998), Norwegian (Men jeg glemmer dig ikke, 1998), Danish (Men jeg glemmer deg aldri, 1998)
 * Prizes:
 * Nominated for Augustpriset, 1997.
 * Fällt aus dem Rahmen, Fachzeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendmedien, April 1998.
 * Intet bortom det yttersta, 1998.
 * Translations: German (Unter der blauen Sonne, 2002), Norwegian (Tims historie, 1999).
 * Prizes:
 * Fällt aus dem Rahmen, October 2002
 * Klara papper är ett måste, 1998
 * Tillsammans kan vi förändra världen (Together we can change the world), 1998. "Picture book without pictures"
 * Man kan inte säga allt, 1999.
 * Translations: Norwegian (Man kan ikke sige alt, 2001), Finnish (Valonarkaa, 2000)
 * Jag är kvar hos er (I am still with you), 2000
 * Translations: German (Ich werde immer bei euch sein, 2003), Estonian (Ma olen ikka teiega, 2003)
 * Tusen kulor, 2002.
 * Translations: Norwegian (Tusind kugler, 2004), Tysiąc kulek, 2005
 * Sekten (The sect), 2005.
 * Nu heter jag Nirak (Now my name is Nirak), 2007.
 * Anton, jag gillar dig! (Anton, I love you!), 2008. Not published yet.

Number of translations per language

 * (Swedish): 26, soon 27
 * 10; 9; 6; 4; 3; English, Finnish, 2; French, Italian, Low German, Slovenian, 1; Total: 13 books have been translated into at least one language. In total, the books have been translated to 13 different languages.

title: Peter Pohl


text:
Talk:Sunray

What to do here?
This is on the list of deadend articles as it contains no links. I've done a little searching around and can't find anything on military voice procedure - unless anyone can point me to something? So what to do here?

My thoughts are:

 * 1) Move it to  Wiktionary - since it defines a word which doesn't leave anything else to say here?
 * 2) Move it to an "umbrella" aricle of terms used in British Military radio terminology - like Royal Marine Terms
 * 3) Create a larger article on military radio practice and teminology then cross link Sunray (and similar articles) to this master article

I'm afraid I can't help with creating content for any of these options as I have no knowledge of military radio practices.

Anyone out there with thoughts and/or knowledge of the area?

--Cje 07:43, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I would suggest option 2. Additionally it makes sense to create an article on military voice procedure as its quite a big topic, I know something of this but cant claim to be an expert.--Nick-in-South-Africa 09:41, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

2007-02-9 Automated pywikipediabot message
--CopyToWiktionaryBot 09:26, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sunray