text:
Talk:Drang nach Osten

Military history
Drang nach Osten maybe propaganda slogan, but it was more connected with military invasions then with peacefull colonisation. This is completely missing from the article. There should be mentioned military history regarding Polabian Slavs, Teutonic Order, Grunwald and Peipus battles and Stalingrad as final accord. Cautious (talk) 01:00, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

those Slavic peoples
"However, to those Slavic peoples who also used the German language and learned German concepts at the time, perceived the idea as a major threat to their national security. The idea, as put into practice, diverged from its historical roots."

Huh!

This article should be really revised, probably from someone who is wether German nor Slavic (I´m both). But at least some remarks have to be made:

1. "Drang nach Osten" never was a plan or a programme. It is just what modern historians call in retrospect what happened between the 9th an 16th century in Central Europe.

2. It was far more a fight between Christianity and pagan societies than ethnic conflict, with Germany (to be more exact: The Holy Roman Empire) being on the frontier of Christianity. As soon as pagan principals conversed to Christendom they were integrated and became principals of the HRE like the pommeranian dukes. That the HRE was by far predominantly German and the tribal societies were gradually Germanized is a fact but it was not necessarily commanded. German clergy, merchants and peasants moved in, founding numerous cities and thousands of villages and mixed with the slavic inhabitants.

 * Huh? You mean migratory pressure of expanding population of HRE and (especially) colonization drive by knights -- "third sons" and other lumpen-"nobility" of W.Europe into both pagan and Christian (like Poland) lands alike is a religious conflict?
 * Collapse of the Wendic state was indeed an "invitation" to all these elements to move in under Christian banner. But the pressure was then shifted onto Poland, a state "as catholic as it gets" —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 87.123.123.129 (talk • contribs) 21:19, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

3. The "Ostsiedlung" (Eastern migration) ended in the 16th century with the ethnic pattern reaching the state it had up to 1945. To confuse Hitler with something which happened 500 years before is not serious.

 * So, the records of Luzhic and other polabian languages swiftly disappearing in many germanizing areas in 17-19th centuries are fraudulent? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 87.123.123.129 (talk • contribs) 21:19, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Furthermore, as far as I know, Hitler was talking about stopping the thousands years old drive of the Germanic people to the south (sic!, towards the Roman Empire) and to turn it to the east. He had plans of colonizing e. g. even the Crimean Peninsula with German people, but he had plans to resettle all the Jewish people in Madagascar too and to ally with the British Empire to fight the United States of America. So with his plans and sayings you can probably proof everything and the opposite too.

Interestingly, one of the few slavic words which made it into Standard German is the word for border or frontier: "Grenze" from slavic "granica". —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.144.59.18 (talk • contribs) 09:50, 11 July 2005  (UTC)

Obsrvation by [Hartmut Pilch http://a2e.de/phm] The purpose of this article seems to be in the justification of ethnical cleansing committed against 15 million Germans after the second world war. I'll try a proposal for rewriting the sentence that justifies the massive human rights violation by the Potsdam Conference to relativise it and make it less reprehensible.

 * Nice to know where the current state of the page comes from. Feketekave (talk) 19:13, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Article revision
This article needs to be revised really urgently. It distinguishes poorly between actual historical events spanning almost a whole millennium, and the late 19th century propagandistic slogan-concept "Drang nach Osten", which by the way was not coined by German nationalists, but Polish and Russian intellectuals. The idea itself was indeed used affirmatively by German politicians and scholars later on, but neither in the German nationalist nor in its original panslavistic anti-German guise is it any adequate description of complex and disparate historical developments. To conflate the medieval eastward migrations of German settlers (cf. link to "Deutsche Ostsiedlung") and details about the Warsaw Uprising is completely absurd and betrays this article's origin in 1950s-style anti-German propaganda. There should actually be two articles - one about the actual history of German eastward expansion, and another on the ideology of "Drang nach Osten" as employed by 19th/20th century nationlists in Germany, Poland, and Russia. --Thorsten1 16:42, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

As a first step to revise and extend this article, I moved the description of the wargame Drang nach Osten to a new article of its own, as I believe the explanation of the concept and the description of the game should not be within the same article. Whether the game is significant enough in itself to have its own article is open to debate, of course. --Thorsten1 12:00, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ostsiedlung
Ok, I agree with some of your criticisms and I started a Ostsiedlung page in English. Can you translate some of the German material? Then we can work out how Ostsiedlung fits in with Drang nach Osten, history of Germans being invited (yes, invited sometimes) into Eastern regions, history of the Teutonic knights, Austrian and Prussian expansionism etc., and views of Germans and non-German peoples, all the while try to be NPOV. --Jpbrenna 06:51, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello Joseph, thanks for taking the initiative on this and writing a level-headed stub. As you can see above, I have been itching to set this mess straight for a few months now, but I never seem to find the time... I had planned to write a separate artice on the history of "Drang nach Osten" as a concept first, but to keep things going I'll be glad to contribute something to the history of "Ostsiedlung" itself. However, I'm travelling at the moment and on a slow and expensive dial-up connection, so I can't start right away. I just wanted to add that the corresponding German article "Deutsche Ostsiedlung" has to be read and translated with some caution, as it is not free of national bias, either, even when this is not as obvious as in Drang nach Osten. And I'm not sure as to the new article's title - is Ostsiedlung really an established historical term in the Anglophone world? In a quick Google search, there are only 134 results for "Ostsiedlung" on English-language pages (including German book titles in bibliographies), but 7,260 results for "German eastward expansion". Personally, I think that "(Medieval) German eastward migration" might be suited best in terms of historical correctness, even though it has just 4 hits in Google. --Thorsten1 13:56, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

It is established in English. The text we are using in one of my current history classes employs the term, although it is spelled incorrectly (one of their many errors; my professor and I are working on a list to send to the publisher). I have also seen it employed in a few other sources, although I agree that "German eastward expansion" is more commonly used; however, Ostsiedlung satisfies two important needs of academics: a) it enables them to sum up a concept in a convenient, one-word term and b) it provides a pretentious German word for English-speaking academics to throw around, along with zeitgeist, zeitzuleben, realpolitik et al.  This is a favorite activity of professors in America, thus, the use of Ostsiedlung can only increase in English.

The issue is not whether Ostsiedlung is established in English, but whether it has been used in refrence to later medieval and modern eastward migrations of German-speaking peoples. I don't have any references to that. For now, I'm going to leave that information in the present article, but we might want to separate it into different articles for the diffeent phases. I'm also making a note that it can also be referred to as Ostkolonisation or "German eastward expansion. --Jpbrenna 17:20, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Ostsiedlung is not an established English word and should be replaced in this article. Philip Baird Shearer 17:23, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Title
The title "Drang nach Osten" should be changed to an English one. Philip Baird Shearer 17:23, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It is an accepted term in English language, similiar to Kulturkampf for example.No need to change it.--Molobo 23:47, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with Molobo. Way back in in 1952, it appeared at least twice in Christopher Buckley's Greece and Crete 1941.  I can get the book from the library again if you would like page numbers.  Buckley was a professional historian - an Oxford don, I believe - and his prose is sprinkled with Latin and Old French phrases that aren't very productive in lower registers of English.  Still, being rare doesn't make a word unestablished. Ostsiedlung is an established academic term and as I noted above, its use only seems to increase. --Joe 17:40, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Title should be changed
"Drang nach Osten" is a term that has been propagandized and used by the Nazis and like-minded historians. The Nazis tried to rewrite history and describe it as a permanent fight between Germans and their slawic neighbors in the East. It was their aim to sow hatred to get a basis for the planned conquest and enslaving of the Slawic nations. History was quite different. In fact in many cases it were slawic rulers who invited German settlers to settle down in their territories. And for several centuries there was a peaceful coexistence of different ethnic groups. E. g., the citizens of Danzig (Gdańsk), although German, were loyal to the Polish King and even supported his struggle against the Teutonic Knights. On the other hand the Polish king granted them their local self-administration, their Lutheran confession (after the Reformation) and the German culture. The more neutral term "Deutsche Ostsiedlung", literally "German Eastern settlement" would be more appropriate. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 87.123.123.129 (talk • contribs) 21:19, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

...I would like to add that I am utterly amazed at the racism on Wikipedia. Gdansk was a Polish port with many different peoples living within it. It is so sad, and so pathetic, to see this Nazi filth pervading Wikipedia. This "encyclopedia" is a waste of time. I urge all of you to abandon it and give up. It will always be nothing more than a cheap imitation bolstering racist sentiments. I am so sick of it, particularly of the German attempts at pushing some perverted and invented idea of their "ethnicity" (interestingly, German racism is still a HUGE problem, despite the myths and image of Germany having become "sensitive" to discrimination. Laughable!). Stop pretending to be historians. --71.233.248.90 20:50, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

"that led to the World War I"
While it may be open to discussion whether something like a "Drang nach Osten" existed as a major political or demographic influence at the time before World War I, it was definately not the cause for it. It is not possible to use a single sentence to connect over a thousand years of history to such a complex historical incident as the start of WWI. If nobody objects, I will remove this sentence. Mannimstein 12:15, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

warsaw
i don´t think that the deportation of poles after the second uprise in warsaw has something to do with a drang nach osten (settelement in the east). there was no chance for a settlement at that time because the red army was standing on the other side of the river vistula already. maybe some crazy nazis were dreaming that but at that point of time this was completly unrealistic. just a short time later the red army started there vistula-oder offensive which brought them near to berlin. these deportations to my mind were mainly done to avoid a troop binding uprise on a main strategic point 5 km from the main frontlinie in warsaw-praga. the german side has had massive problems to just even hold the frontlinie. sorry they were not even thinking of preparing the ground for a colonization at that point in time. In the years before thats true but as a reason for these measurements, no i don´t think so, unrealistic.--131.173.252.9 08:40, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

 * What are you talking about?
 * Drang nach Osten (German for "Drive towards the East") is a term used in Germany's history that means the expansion of Germany, German culture, German language, German speaking states and German settlement, that led to the conquest of former Slavic and Baltic areas by Germany starting during the Middle Ages until the end of World War II in 1945 when the Nazi German Wehrmacht were defeated by the Red Army of the Soviet Union.
 * An example of that is this
 * The Teutonic Knights became a Polish feud in 1466. After the partition of Poland by Prussia, Austria and Russia in 1772, 1793 and 1795 Prussia gained much of Western Poland. Russia and Sweden eventually conquered the lands taken by the Knights of the Sward in Estonia and Livonia. Which you removed
 * And this
 * Nazi officials used it as grounds for the expulsion of 800,000 Poles from Warsaw to concentration camps after the defeat of the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, which caused 200,000 deaths. The city of Warsaw with millions of inhabitants was ordered to be completely demolished on Hitler's personal orders. Himmler stated that the Poles had been an obstacle to German Eastern expansion for the last 700 years, and that the aim was to remove that obstacle permanently.
 * This Nazi officials used it as grounds for the expulsion of 800,000 Poles from Warsaw to concentration camps after the defeat of the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, which caused 200,000 deaths. The city of Warsaw with millions of inhabitants was ordered to be completely demolished on Hitler's personal orders. Himmler stated that the Poles had been an obstacle to German Eastern expansion for the last 700 years, and that the aim was to remove that obstacle permanently. Is a perfect example of Drang nach Osten

hey we are talking about the year 1944 close to the german defeat. be sure there was no settlement planing done at taht oint of time before yes at stage no. you need citations

why you don´t right somthing about the brual and rassist polnish Drang nach Westen.?--131.173.252.9 08:08, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Drang nach Osten vs. Ostsiedelung
The whole article gives an example of the propagandistic way both terms are still used!

Hardly to prove "Drang nach Osten" (as a term of ultra nationalism) in documents prior to World War I., any continuity is verifiable. To establish a connection with "Ostsiedelung"  could have no other reason than to tell the story of an Polish-German enmity and to justify the violation of Human Rigths. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.199.8.128 (talk • contribs) 10:19, 18 September 2006 The Germans settlers were called into the country to "modernize" it. The term "Drang nach Osten" is historically wrong - it is used by nationalists. The German "Drang" - Drive - is more toward the South, to Italy and its old culture.--92.224.204.66 (talk) 19:22, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

Drang
Doesn't Drang mean more something like Desire or Need? I know it (drang) does in Dutch language. Mallerd 18:18, 27 July 2007 (UTC) The translation would be drive.--92.224.204.66 (talk) 19:23, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

Simply a propaganda slogan that still lives
I've added a section on its real origins, and what this article should focus on: the propaganda slogan and its uses. My source was this HNET review of the book "Drang nach Osten: Fortunes of a Slogan-Concept in German-Slavic Relations, 1849-1990". To some it might seem I did an excessive amount of direct quoting, but in my experience there are some editors with a tendency to introduce content creep by introducing what they phrase "minor corrections". Direct Quotes are better able to resist such activities.--Stor stark7 Speak 19:20, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Seems a bizarre fringe view. The author proposes a imaginary Slavic world, however Slavic tribes are long gone replaced by national groups of mixed ancestry that continue to use heavy modified slavic languages. To claim unity of ancestors of slavic tribes conflicts with modern view. I believe it is best to remove this fringe research
 * I.E:
 * Kundera emphasized that for a thousand years the Czechs never had any direct contact with Russia. In spite of their linguistic kinship, the Czechs and the Russians never shared a common world, neither a common history of common culture.(...) Joseph Conrad wrote that "nothing could be more alien to what is called in literary world "the Slavic spirit" than the Polish temperament with its chivalric devotion to moral constraints and its exaggerated respect for individual rights" History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change. Robert Bideleux. Routledge 1998.
 * --Molobo (talk) 20:07, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Your OR is completely off topic. The article Stor stark presented is well sourced (by contemporary sources). Just because you think that there is no such thing as a "Slavic world" does not mean the article is a "bizarre fringe theory". The use of the term "Slavic world" when referring to Slavic areas is absolutely OK. That does not imply that all Slavs are borg clones who just underwent Mao's revolution. Skäpperöd (talk) 21:27, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

"your OR is completely off topic." I didn't write History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change. Robert Bideleux. Routledge 1998

The use of the term "Slavic world" when referring to Slavic areas is absolutely OK. Scholars and Kundera disagree to your private opinion.

That does not imply that all Slavs are borg clones who just underwent Mao's revolution. I don't understand ?

Oh and btw:Can you respond to your use of Galera ? I noticed he talks that Germans are seperated from other Europeans because they (Germans) are Herrenmenschen and other "races" are unfree. I would like your comment on reliability of such author.

Anyway statements by one author are not definitive on the subject. Also the excessive quoting enforces his POV, which should be avoided. I will remove the quotes and summarise this fringe view in proper place--Molobo (talk) 21:33, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Alright, you seem to not at all understand what I said, so I will rephrase it for you. The author uses the term "Slavic world" as a descriptive term for the "part of the world where the Slavs dwell". All else you associate with that term is only your perception. Scholars and Kundera disagree not with the use of the term, but with the view that Slavs belong to one ethnically and culturally homogenous nation. They do not promote a view pointing to Slavs having nothing in common. More clear? Also, Galera discussion is at WP:RS/N, not here. Skäpperöd (talk) 21:49, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Scholars and Kundera disagree not with the use of the term'' In spite of their linguistic kinship, the Czechs and the Russians never shared a common world'''--Molobo (talk) 21:54, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * "Common world" is just as descriptive as "Slavic world". It is a descriptive term, not a scientific term. Everyone knows that the Slavs do not have their own world. Skäpperöd (talk) 22:06, 16 July 2008 (UTC)
 * It is a descriptive term, not a scientific term. In its description then incorrect, also your argument implies that the author uses non-scientific terms in alledgedly scholary work. Anyway he quotes are not the way Wikipedia is made, and need to be removed. Also the claim shortened as it is minority view in face of majority of views.--Molobo (talk) 22:14, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

This discussion is just pointless. You can not judge on the basis of quoting two men. Joseph Conrad and Milan Kundera are just two writers, and their knowledge about history is very questionable. You can't make a point by quoting any few people who wrote a book, if they are not really acknowledged as high authorities in certain area. For instance, there is not, nor there ever was such a thing like "Polish chivalric devotion to moral constraints, and its exaggerated respect for individual rights". This is plain rubbish.Tivran (talk) 11:12, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * "Slavic world" is a widely used descriptive term. Google gives about 30,000 hits for "Slavic world" as you can easily figure out by yourself. "Slavic world" is also used in scientific works, eg Byzantine Studies: Essays on the Slavic World and the Eleventh Century by Speros Vryonis, Jr. Skäpperöd (talk) 09:24, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Alexander the Great
What about Alexander, and his goal of going east to conquer the Persian and Indian empires? When I think of Drang nach osten, i think of alexander, not the nazis. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.114.19.245 (talk) 18:26, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Horrible
This is one of the worst entries I have ever seen in Wikipedia. The slant is absolutely insane. This does not need to be edited, it needs to be completely tossed out and - as someone has suggested above - rewritten by a historian who is neither German nor Slavic. Bezzemek (talk) 09:10, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Actually the German wiki entry is more neutral then this one, that has been turned based on one sole minority view opinion into an attempt to argue against the idea. --Molobo (talk) 22:18, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Having read the German wikipedia page, I cannot but agree. The current version still relies too heavily on Meyer's views. The term "Drang nach Osten" was a mainstay of German nationalist discourse well before the Nazis came to power. I have inserted some citations from the German page. Feketekave (talk) 19:12, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

See my remark on the talk page of Morgenthau plan. This page needs to be either reverted to a much earlier version (to be polished thereafter if necessary) or rewritten from scratch. Feketekave (talk) 19:20, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Could someone explain, which part or content exactly is "horrible". 84.139.241.103 (talk) 07:49, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Um, most of it?

What we have is (a) a potentially useful term that describes an actually existing reality, viz., the gradual expansion of German-speaking populations eastwards by colonisation, conquest and colonial policy; (b) the use of the term in German nationalist discourse, and the role of this use in self-consciously nationalistic policy related to Germany's Slavic neighbours, before and during the Third Reich; (c) the use of the term in discourses opposed to German nationalism, including Polish discourses. Now, any term that has been instrumentalised can be problematised, and we can - as in the German wikipedia - have a discussion on (c) somewhere towards the end of the article. However, having an article mostly on (c) is completely out of proportion. If anything, it is the passage from (a) to (b) that is most interesting and merits detailed examination. Feketekave (talk) 22:16, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

 * "Drang nach Osten" does not "describe an actually existing reality, viz., the gradual expansion of German-speaking populations eastwards by colonisation, conquest and colonial policy". It is a nationalist slogan mixing up the History of German settlement in Eastern Europe with the respective nationalist agenda of the ones who use it, as it is explained and sourced in the article. Skäpperöd (talk) 07:30, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

This is your opinion, and rather a revisionist one. Majority of opinion is of opposite view, even if you find a minority voice supporting your OR, per Wiki standards it shouldn't be given undue weight.--Molobo (talk) 12:44, 30 November 2008 (UTC)
 * This is what the sources say. Revisionist?! Skäpperöd (talk) 13:15, 30 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Indeed revisionist. Read the article on revisionism before you shout. It is a wide term describing changing established historic view. As to your sources-you can source everything, this is not how Wiki works. We use reliable souces and majority view. Obviously your view is not the mainstream one, even if suported by minority sources.--Molobo (talk) 13:28, 30 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Stop insulting me. Skäpperöd (talk) 13:48, 30 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Please point to any insults and I will gladly delete them. Best regards.--Molobo (talk) 13:56, 30 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Saying that somebody's opinion is revistionist should be backed up by clear explanation and references. That said, historical revisionism is not an offensive term/insult (like a Holocaust denial or antisemitism would be, for example).--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 22:11, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

(unindent) I adressed the incivility at WQA and notified you at your talk page. I again ask you to withdraw your statements. My "fringe view" is supported by a lot of sources as you know, I think this additional one summarizes the problem quite well: "'The German settlement in Pomerania did, as the other migrations, not follow a certain ideology. In contrast, the settlement was characterized only by practical means. [...] Only national historiography, elapsed in the mid-19th century, in retrospect added a constructed Slavic-German clash to the Ostsiedlung process of the High Middle Ages. But that was 19th century ideology, not the ideology of the Middle Ages. [...] Called in were 'cuiuscunque gentis et cuiuscunque artis homines' (people of any ethnicity and profession).' (Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.17, ISBN 3886802728)" Skäpperöd (talk) 17:34, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Self-conscious nationalism, in the modern sense, is a phenomenon that started in the nineteenth century; this is the case across the board, in the entire region, for all nationalities. This does not mean that the underlying demographic reality to which pan-German nationalism later referred (and on which non-German discourses expounded) was not there. There was a clear colonising movement eastwards - sometimes as a result of peaceful events, sometimes not. We have to start the article discussing precisely what it is about. We can then discuss the origin of the term, how it was used in German nationalism, how it was used outside Germany, and what influence this sort of ideas had on German national policy (from Bismarck to Hitler, inclusive).

We can draw our facts from many sources, but we have no duty to follow the slant of, yes, revisionist German-language sources. "Revisionism" in history simply means going back and attempting to reverse previous trends in the study of history; it is not an insult. It is only to be expected that some sources would attempt to disaggregate certain trends, but we can do our disaggregation ourselves. Feketekave (talk) 00:38, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Ok, lets first point out the things we have consensus about. Your sentence: "We can then discuss the origin of the term, how it was used in German nationalism, how it was used outside Germany, and what influence this sort of ideas had on German national policy (from Bismarck to Hitler, inclusive)." This is exactly the scope of the article and is covered already. I absolutely agree on that one. Skäpperöd (talk) 09:16, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Now the disagreements:
 * Disagreement (1): You stated: "There was a clear colonising movement eastwards - sometimes as a result of peaceful events, sometimes not." The point we obviously disagree with is how "colonizing" is interpreted. Colonization in the sense of settling/developing/making new farmland available - yes. Colonization in the terms of national interests - no. But the latter is exactly what the slogan "Drang nach Osten" is about - grouping the medieval colonization with imperial colonization of the Modern Age nation states. The actual colonization is covered in many articles here and should not be the scope of this one, it is sufficient if History of German settlement in Eastern Europe and Ostsiedlung are linked. Skäpperöd (talk) 09:16, 2 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Disagreement (2): You stated: "We can draw our facts from many sources, but we have no duty to follow the slant of, yes, revisionist German-language sources." Now point out which sources are revisionist and why. Skäpperöd (talk) 09:16, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

 * @Feketekave
 * The settlement of Germans in Eastern Europe is described at History of German settlement in Eastern Europe. The term "Drang nach Osten" was used to describe these events as a somehow "natural", eternal desire of Germans to go to (rather conquer) the East. The term was first used in the 19th century and that's the point an article should start. To use it synonymical with the "History of German settlement" starting in the 12th century is exactly, what 19th century historians did. The current version quotes the modern view of the term, distanced from the 19th century POV. I can't see how this is "revisionist".HerkusMonte (talk) 09:28, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

Nonsense. The term "Drang Nach Osten" was in usage throughout the twentieth century, in part thanks to its use in German nationalist discourse. "Revisionist" means precisely "going against a previous consensus". The term was used both in Germany and in Poland. The article should start by recounting the historical events it refers to, and leave criticism of the term to the end. Feketekave (talk) 09:33, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Removed controversial source
I removed claims from Junge Freihait. This certainly isn't a objective source:

 * ...the right-wing extremist weekly Junge Freiheit - the repository of contemporary völkisch thought...
 * the neo-fascist weekly Junge Freiheit
 * Nolte's most consistent advocates are periodicals such as the newspaper Junge Freiheit which describes itself as a newspaper in Germany for “patriotic right-wingers.”
 * ...the extreme-right weekly paper Junge Freiheit...The Junge Freiheit paper is regarded as the leading mouthpiece of the so-called “new right” in Germany and has, as a result, been put under surveillance by the intelligence services of another German state, Baden-Württemberg....
 * ...Junge Freiheit (for which I write regularly) ...Junge Freiheit has annoyed both the political Left and the bogus Right-Center, both of which endorse the curbing of “fascistic” publications. In Germany and in other European countries, “fascist” means that which the Left does not want said. Enlightened Germans hurriedly bring up the Nazi past whenever conversation turns to a politically-unfashionable topic...Junge Freiheit says that “extremist” actually means “rechtsaussen [anything thought to be right of right-center].”...To its credit, Junge Freiheit has responded to this anti-fascist bullying by seizing the banners of freedom and German national dignity both at the same time...Junge Freiheit is defending itself by retaining a distinguished jurist and longtime public servant, Alexander von Stahl, ..  Paul Gottfried
 * In the last couple of weeks I was in touch with several German friends about these issues. First they all said that Junge Frieheit is almost universally seen as an extremist neo-Nazi group that plays very carefully with the words it uses so as to get it’s message out without having to be too explicit....My main point is that everyone who knows about such topics in Germany knows that Junge Freiheit is a very antifreedom newspaper and that they play a game with the public, to broadcast the racist and extremist ideas of the German past but without being too closely tied to them. Tom G. Palmer

Too controversial source to use. --Molobo (talk) 21:10, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

Close paraphrasing concerns
A contributor pointed out at my talk page that this article is using material from Transgression as a Rule by Ulrich Best in a problematic way, in accordance with our copyright policy and our policy regarding non-free content. The most serious remnant seems to be:

 * In Poland, the term ties in with national discourse that put the Polish nation in the role of a suffering nation, particularly at the hands of the German enemy in the article while on the German side the slogan was part of a wider national discourse celebrating achievements like the medieval settlement in the east and the inherent idea of the superiority of German culture.'' (from the article; cited, but without quotation marks)
 * In Poland, the slogan ties in with nationalist discourse that put the Polish nation in the role of the suffering nation, in particular at the hands of the German enemy...On the German side, the slogan was employed in the first instance as part of wider national discourse celebrating "achievements" like the medieval settlement in the east, and the inherent idea of the superiority of German culture. (from the source, p. 58)

This is minimally altered in the beginning particularly, with the ending just sewn on. This content needs to be rewritten or converted into a quote. There are other snippets of text remaining that have been copied with no or minimal change from the source, and while these are all cited, they are not attributed inline or quoted: "a continous historical trend since 1000 AD"; "also tied in with Pan-Slavist ideas". There may be more.

I'm tagging the article in the hopes that regular contributors, who are familiar with the subject, might be able to best rewrite problematic content and also to ask you to consider whether other sources may be likewise followed closely or copied in part without quotations. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 01:06, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I have removed the tag and the contested content attributed to Best. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 15:04, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

Laughably biased, crappy article
Others have stated this before of course, but i'm going to restate it again:

Not only is this article horribly biased in nature from a "Slavic" point of view, it's also poorly sourced and written. Imho it does NOT fullfill wikipedia standards by any means. It's downright laughable in its current state and does neither historically nor factually represent any actual historical circumstances.

Wikipedia should not serve as a stage to falsify history and vilify certain ethnic groups based on false presentations of historical themes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.254.30.172 (talk) 08:41, 12 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Fully agree. This is the usual Polish anti-German rant and falsification of history. Sadly there are literally volumes of these on Wikipedia. Caption for the picture is questionable (no source offered) and also quietly avoids the in excess of 100,000 enthic Germans who were driven from their homes by the Poles between 1919 and 1939 from provinces given to Poland by the Allies.86.170.115.79 (talk) 14:01, 1 December 2015 (UTC)

How does one get such horrible racist propaganda like this on wikipedia? Is there a payment by credit card? Or wire transfer? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:804:8401:E4A0:C45C:2BBD:15C9:68C3 (talk) 03:57, 26 December 2016 (UTC)

Section "Drang nach Osten in Polish and Panslavic discourse" a misnomer
Most of this section is occupied by a rather lengthy citation from a German "scholar", Henry Cord Meyer, and his personal (obviously biased, blatantly anti-Polish) opinion. Where's the alleged "Polish and Panslavic" discourse in this?--94.254.251.95 (talk) 18:30, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Drang nach Osten


text:
Sylvester–Gallai theorem

The Sylvester–Gallai theorem in geometry states that every finite set of points in the Euclidean plane has a line that passes through exactly two of the points or a line that passes through all of them. It is named after James Joseph Sylvester, who posed it as a problem in 1893, and Tibor Gallai, who published one of the first proofs of this theorem in 1944.

A line that contains exactly two of a set of points is known as an ordinary line. Another way of stating the theorem is that every finite set of points that is not collinear has an ordinary line. According to a strengthening of the theorem, every finite point set (not all on one line) has at least a linear number of ordinary lines. An algorithm can find an ordinary line in a set of $$n$$ points in time $$O(n\log n)$$.

History
The Sylvester–Gallai theorem was posed as a problem by. suggests that Sylvester may have been motivated by a related phenomenon in algebraic geometry, in which the inflection points of a cubic curve in the complex projective plane form a configuration of nine points and twelve lines (the Hesse configuration) in which each line determined by two of the points contains a third point. The Sylvester–Gallai theorem implies that it is impossible for all nine of these points to have real coordinates.

claimed to have a short proof of the Sylvester–Gallai theorem, but it was already noted to be incomplete at the time of publication. proved the theorem (and actually a slightly stronger result) in an equivalent formulation, its projective dual. Unaware of Melchior's proof, again stated the conjecture, which was subsequently proved by Tibor Gallai, and soon afterwards by other authors.

In a 1951 review, Erdős called the result "Gallai's theorem", but it was already called the Sylvester–Gallai theorem in a 1954 review by Leonard Blumenthal. It is one of many mathematical topics named after Sylvester.

Equivalent versions
The question of the existence of an ordinary line can also be posed for points in the real projective plane RP2 instead of the Euclidean plane. The projective plane can be formed from the Euclidean plane by adding extra points "at infinity" where lines that are parallel in the Euclidean plane intersect each other, and by adding a single line "at infinity" containing all the added points. However, the additional points of the projective plane cannot help create non-Euclidean finite point sets with no ordinary line, as any finite point set in the projective plane can be transformed into a Euclidean point set with the same combinatorial pattern of point-line incidences. Therefore, any pattern of finitely many intersecting points and lines that exists in one of these two types of plane also exists in the other. Nevertheless, the projective viewpoint allows certain configurations to be described more easily. In particular, it allows the use of projective duality, in which the roles of points and lines in statements of projective geometry can be exchanged for each other. Under projective duality, the existence of an ordinary line for a set of non-collinear points in RP2 is equivalent to the existence of an ordinary point in a nontrivial arrangement of finitely many lines. An arrangement is said to be trivial when all its lines pass through a common point, and nontrivial otherwise; an ordinary point is a point that belongs to exactly two lines.

Arrangements of lines have a combinatorial structure closely connected to zonohedra, polyhedra formed as the Minkowski sum of a finite set of line segments, called generators. In this connection, each pair of opposite faces of a zonohedron corresponds to a crossing point of an arrangement of lines in the projective plane, with one line for each generator. The number of sides of each face is twice the number of lines that cross in the arrangement. For instance, the elongated dodecahedron shown is a zonohedron with five generators, two pairs of opposite hexagon faces, and four pairs of opposite parallelogram faces. In the corresponding five-line arrangement, two triples of lines cross (corresponding to the two pairs of opposite hexagons) and the remaining four pairs of lines cross at ordinary points (corresponding to the four pairs of opposite parallelograms). An equivalent statement of the Sylvester–Gallai theorem, in terms of zonohedra, is that every zonohedron has at least one parallelogram face (counting rectangles, rhombuses, and squares as special cases of parallelograms). More strongly, whenever sets of $$n$$ points in the plane can be guaranteed to have at least $$t_2(n)$$ ordinary lines, zonohedra with $$n$$ generators can be guaranteed to have at least $$2t_2(n)$$ parallelogram faces.

Proofs
The Sylvester–Gallai theorem has been proved in many different ways. Gallai's 1944 proof switches back and forth between Euclidean and projective geometry, in order to transform the points into an equivalent configuration in which an ordinary line can be found as a line of slope closest to zero; for details, see. The 1941 proof by Melchior uses projective duality to convert the problem into an equivalent question about arrangements of lines, which can be answered using Euler's polyhedral formula. Another proof by Leroy Milton Kelly shows by contradiction that the connecting line with the smallest nonzero distance to another point must be ordinary. And, following an earlier proof by Steinberg, H. S. M. Coxeter showed that the metric concepts of slope and distance appearing in Gallai's and Kelly's proofs are unnecessarily powerful, instead proving the theorem using only the axioms of ordered geometry.

Kelly's proof
This proof is by Leroy Milton Kelly. call it "simply the best" of the many proofs of this theorem.

Suppose that a finite set $$S$$ of points is not all collinear. Define a connecting line to be a line that contains at least two points in the collection. By finiteness, $$S$$ must have a point $$P$$ and a connecting line $$\ell$$ that are a positive distance apart but are closer than all other point-line pairs. Kelly proved that $$\ell$$ is ordinary, by contradiction.

Assume that $$\ell$$ is not ordinary. Then it goes through at least three points of $$S$$. At least two of these are on the same side of $$P'$$, the perpendicular projection of $$P$$ on $$\ell$$. Call them $$B$$ and $$C$$, with $$B$$ being closest to $$P'$$ (and possibly coinciding with it). Draw the connecting line $$m$$ passing through $$P$$ and $$C$$, and the perpendicular from $$B$$ to $$B'$$ on $$m$$. Then $$BB'$$ is shorter than $$PP'$$. This follows from the fact that $$PP'C$$ and $$BB'C$$ are similar triangles, one contained inside the other.

However, this contradicts the original definition of $$P$$ and $$\ell$$ as the point-line pair with the smallest positive distance. So the assumption that $$\ell$$ is not ordinary cannot be true, QED.

Melchior's proof
In 1941 (thus, prior to Erdős publishing the question and Gallai's subsequent proof) Melchior showed that any nontrivial finite arrangement of lines in the projective plane has at least three ordinary points. By duality, this results also says that any finite nontrivial set of points on the plane has at least three ordinary lines.

Melchior observed that, for any graph embedded in the real projective plane, the formula $$V-E+F$$ must equal $$1$$, the Euler characteristic of the projective plane. Here $$V$$, $$E$$, and $$F$$ are the number of vertices, edges, and faces of the graph, respectively. Any nontrivial line arrangement on the projective plane defines a graph in which each face is bounded by at least three edges, and each edge bounds two faces; so, double counting gives the additional inequality $$F\le 2E/3$$. Using this inequality to eliminate $$F$$ from the Euler characteristic leads to the inequality $$E\le 3V-3$$. But if every vertex in the arrangement were the crossing point of three or more lines, then the total number of edges would be at least $$3V$$, contradicting this inequality. Therefore, some vertices must be the crossing point of only two lines, and as Melchior's more careful analysis shows, at least three ordinary vertices are needed in order to satisfy the inequality $$E\le 3V-3$$.

As note, the same argument for the existence of an ordinary vertex was also given in 1944 by Norman Steenrod, who explicitly applied it to the dual ordinary line problem.

Melchior's inequality
By a similar argument, Melchior was able to prove a more general result. For every $$k\ge 2$$, let $$t_k$$ be the number of points to which $$k$$ lines are incident. Then
 * $$\displaystyle \sum_{k\geq2} (k-3) t_k \leq -3.$$

or equivalently,

 * $$\displaystyle t_2 \geqslant 3 + \sum_{k\geq4} (k-3) t_k.$$

Axiomatics
writes of Kelly's proof that its use of Euclidean distance is unnecessarily powerful, "like using a sledge hammer to crack an almond". Instead, Coxeter gave another proof of the Sylvester–Gallai theorem within ordered geometry, an axiomatization of geometry in terms of betweenness that includes not only Euclidean geometry but several other related geometries. Coxeter's proof is a variation of an earlier proof given by Steinberg in 1944. The problem of finding a minimal set of axioms needed to prove the theorem belongs to reverse mathematics; see for a study of this question.

The usual statement of the Sylvester–Gallai theorem is not valid in constructive analysis, as it implies the lesser limited principle of omniscience, a weakened form of the law of excluded middle that is rejected as an axiom of constructive mathematics. Nevertheless, it is possible to formulate a version of the Sylvester–Gallai theorem that is valid within the axioms of constructive analysis, and to adapt Kelly's proof of the theorem to be a valid proof under these axioms.

Finding an ordinary line
Kelly's proof of the existence of an ordinary line can be turned into an algorithm that finds an ordinary line by searching for the closest pair of a point and a line through two other points. report the time for this closest-pair search as $$O(n^3)$$, based on a brute-force search of all triples of points, but an algorithm to find the closest given point to each line through two given points, in time $$O(n^2)$$, was given earlier by, as a subroutine for finding the minimum-area triangle determined by three of a given set of points. The same paper of also shows how to construct the dual arrangement of lines to the given points (as used in Melchior and Steenrod's proof) in the same time, $$O(n^2)$$, from which it is possible to identify all ordinary vertices and all ordinary lines. first showed how to find a single ordinary line (not necessarily the one from Kelly's proof) in time $$O(n\log n)$$, and a simpler algorithm with the same time bound was described by.

The algorithm of is based on Coxeter's proof using ordered geometry. It performs the following steps: As the authors prove, the line returned by this algorithm must be ordinary. The proof is either by construction if it is returned by step 4, or by contradiction if it is returned by step 7: if the line returned in step 7 were not ordinary, then the authors prove that there would exist an ordinary line between one of its points and $$p_0$$, but this line should have already been found and returned in step 4.
 * 1) Choose a point $$p_0$$ that is a vertex of the convex hull of the given points.
 * 2) Construct a line $$\ell_0$$ that passes through $$p_0$$ and otherwise stays outside of the convex hull.
 * 3) Sort the other given points by the angle they make with $$p_0$$, grouping together points that form the same angle.
 * 4) If any of the points is alone in its group, then return the ordinary line through that point and $$p_0$$.
 * 5) For each two consecutive groups of points, in the sorted sequence by their angles, form two lines, each of which passes through the closest point to $$p_0$$ in one group and the farthest point from $$p_0$$ in the other group.
 * 6) For each line $$\ell_i$$ in the set of lines formed in this way, find the intersection point of $$\ell_i$$ with $$\ell_0$$
 * 7) Return the line $$\ell_i$$ whose intersection point with $$\ell_0$$ is the closest to $$p_0$$.

The number of ordinary lines
While the Sylvester–Gallai theorem states that an arrangement of points, not all collinear, must determine an ordinary line, it does not say how many must be determined. Let $$t_2(n)$$ be the minimum number of ordinary lines determined over every set of $$n$$ non-collinear points. Melchior's proof showed that $$t_2(n)\ge 3$$. raised the question of whether $$t_2(n)$$ approaches infinity with $$n$$. confirmed that it does by proving that $$t_2(n)\ge\sqrt n$$. conjectured that $$t_2\ge\lfloor n/2\rfloor$$, for all values of $$n$$. This is often referred to as the Dirac–Motzkin conjecture; see for example. proved that $$t_2(n)\ge 3n/7$$.

Dirac's conjectured lower bound is asymptotically the best possible, as the even numbers $$n$$ greater than four have a matching upper bound $$t_2(n)\le n/2$$. The construction, due to Károly Böröczky, that achieves this bound consists of the vertices of a regular $$m$$-gon in the real projective plane and another $$m$$ points (thus, $$n=2m$$) on the line at infinity corresponding to each of the directions determined by pairs of vertices. Although there are $$m(m-1)/2$$ pairs of these points, they determine only $$m$$ distinct directions. This arrangement has only $$m$$ ordinary lines, the lines that connect a vertex $$v$$ with the point at infinity collinear with the two neighbors of $$v$$. As with any finite configuration in the real projective plane, this construction can be perturbed so that all points are finite, without changing the number of ordinary lines.

For odd $$n$$, only two examples are known that match Dirac's lower bound conjecture, that is, with $$t_2(n)=(n-1)/2$$ One example, by, consists of the vertices, edge midpoints, and centroid of an equilateral triangle; these seven points determine only three ordinary lines. The configuration in which these three ordinary lines are replaced by a single line cannot be realized in the Euclidean plane, but forms a finite projective space known as the Fano plane. Because of this connection, the Kelly–Moser example has also been called the non-Fano configuration. The other counterexample, due to McKee, consists of two regular pentagons joined edge-to-edge together with the midpoint of the shared edge and four points on the line at infinity in the projective plane; these 13 points have among them 6 ordinary lines. Modifications of Böröczky's construction lead to sets of odd numbers of points with $$3\lfloor n/4\rfloor$$ ordinary lines.

proved that $$t_2(n)\ge\lceil 6n/13\rceil$$ except when $$n$$ is seven. Asymptotically, this formula is already $$12/13 \approx 92.3\%$$ of the proven $$n/2$$ upper bound. The $$n=7$$ case is an exception because otherwise the Kelly–Moser construction would be a counterexample; their construction shows that $$t(7)\le 3$$. However, were the Csima–Sawyer bound valid for $$n=7$$, it would claim that $$t_2(7)\ge 4$$.

A closely related result is Beck's theorem, stating a tradeoff between the number of lines with few points and the number of points on a single line.

Ben Green and Terence Tao showed that for all sufficiently large point sets (that is, $$n > n_0$$ for some suitable choice of $$n_0$$), the number of ordinary lines is indeed at least $$n/2$$. Furthermore, when $$n$$ is odd, the number of ordinary lines is at least $$3n/4-C$$, for some constant $$C$$. Thus, the constructions of Böröczky for even and odd (discussed above) are best possible. Minimizing the number of ordinary lines is closely related to the orchard-planting problem of maximizing the number of three-point lines, which Green and Tao also solved for all sufficiently large point sets. In the dual setting, where one is looking for ordinary points, one can consider the minimum number of ordinary points in an arrangement of pseudolines. In this context, the Csima-Sawyer $$\lceil 6n/13\rceil$$ lower bound is still valid, though it is not known whether the Green and Tao asymptotic $$n/2$$ bound still holds.

The number of connecting lines
As Paul Erdős observed, the Sylvester–Gallai theorem immediately implies that any set of $$n$$ points that are not collinear determines at least $$n$$ different lines. This result is known as the De Bruijn–Erdős theorem. As a base case, the result is clearly true for $$n=3$$. For any larger value of $$n$$, the result can be reduced from $$n$$ points to $$n-1$$ points, by deleting an ordinary line and one of the two points on it (taking care not to delete a point for which the remaining subset would lie on a single line). Thus, it follows by mathematical induction. The example of a near-pencil, a set of $$n-1$$ collinear points together with one additional point that is not on the same line as the other points, shows that this bound is tight.

Generalizations
The Sylvester–Gallai theorem has been generalized to colored point sets in the Euclidean plane, and to systems of points and lines defined algebraically or by distances in a metric space. In general, these variations of the theorem consider only finite sets of points, to avoid examples like the set of all points in the Euclidean plane, which does not have an ordinary line.

Colored points
A variation of Sylvester's problem, posed in the mid-1960s by Ronald Graham and popularized by Donald J. Newman, considers finite planar sets of points (not all in a line) that are given two colors, and asks whether every such set has a line through two or more points that are all the same color. In the language of sets and families of sets, an equivalent statement is that the family of the collinear subsets of a finite point set (not all on one line) cannot have Property B. A proof of this variation was announced by Theodore Motzkin but never published; the first published proof was by.

Non-real coordinates
Just as the Euclidean plane or projective plane can be defined by using real numbers for the coordinates of their points (Cartesian coordinates for the Euclidean plane and homogeneous coordinates for the projective plane), analogous abstract systems of points and lines can be defined by using other number systems as coordinates. The Sylvester–Gallai theorem does not hold for geometries defined in this way over finite fields: for some finite geometries defined in this way, such as the Fano plane, the set of all points in the geometry has no ordinary lines.

The Sylvester–Gallai theorem also does not directly apply to geometries in which points have coordinates that are pairs of complex numbers or quaternions, but these geometries have more complicated analogues of the theorem. For instance, in the complex projective plane there exists a configuration of nine points, Hesse's configuration (the inflection points of a cubic curve), in which every line is non-ordinary, violating the Sylvester–Gallai theorem. Such a configuration is known as a Sylvester–Gallai configuration, and it cannot be realized by points and lines of the Euclidean plane. Another way of stating the Sylvester–Gallai theorem is that whenever the points of a Sylvester–Gallai configuration are embedded into a Euclidean space, preserving colinearities, the points must all lie on a single line, and the example of the Hesse configuration shows that this is false for the complex projective plane. However, proved a complex-number analogue of the Sylvester–Gallai theorem: whenever the points of a Sylvester–Gallai configuration are embedded into a complex projective space, the points must all lie in a two-dimensional subspace. Equivalently, a set of points in three-dimensional complex space whose affine hull is the whole space must have an ordinary line, and in fact must have a linear number of ordinary lines. Similarly, showed that whenever a Sylvester–Gallai configuration is embedded into a space defined over the quaternions, its points must lie in a three-dimensional subspace.

Matroids
Every set of points in the Euclidean plane, and the lines connecting them, may be abstracted as the elements and flats of a rank-3 oriented matroid. The points and lines of geometries defined using other number systems than the real numbers also form matroids, but not necessarily oriented matroids. In this context, the result of lower-bounding the number of ordinary lines can be generalized to oriented matroids: every rank-3 oriented matroid with $$n$$ elements has at least $$3n/7$$ two-point lines, or equivalently every rank-3 matroid with fewer two-point lines must be non-orientable. A matroid without any two-point lines is called a Sylvester matroid. Relatedly, the Kelly–Moser configuration with seven points and only three ordinary lines forms one of the forbidden minors for GF(4)-representable matroids.

Distance geometry
Another generalization of the Sylvester–Gallai theorem to arbitrary metric spaces was conjectured by and proved by. In this generalization, a triple of points in a metric space is defined to be collinear when the triangle inequality for these points is an equality, and a line is defined from any pair of points by repeatedly including additional points that are collinear with points already added to the line, until no more such points can be added. The generalization of Chvátal and Chen states that every finite metric space has a line that contains either all points or exactly two of the points.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sylvester–Gallai theorem


text:
Garnacha

Garnacha is a Spanish name that may refer to:
 * Garnacha (grape), a red wine grape
 * Garnacha (food), a fried corn tortilla dish
 * Garnacha blanca, a white wine grape
 * Garnacha Tintorera, a synonym of Alicante Bouschet

title: Garnacha


text:
Talk:Kagyu

Categories
Rick Block's edit (categorization: Category:Tibetan Buddhism is a form of Category:Vajrayana Buddhism) seems a bit strange. Certainly not all Kagyu is from Tibet. And Vajrayana spred as far as Mongolia and Siberia. On the other hand 'Tibet' and 'Buddhism' are inventions of western scholars, and maybe most people in the west use Vajrayana and Tibetan Buddism interchangably. Comments please! Billlion 16:47, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Feel free to recategorize. I've been doing cleanup from category:orphaned categories and starting from category:Buddhism there was no category for Vajrayana Buddhism.  If category:branches of Buddhism can be better organized in categories and subcategories, please fix it! Rick Block 17:09, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks Rick. I'll look at category:branches of Buddhism and see if I can help sort it out. If necessary I'll look for advice. Billlion 20:12, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Is it accurate to state, that Karmapa is the head of the Kagyu-school? I think he is the head of the Karma-Kagyü-School of tibetan-buddhism. There are different other Kagyu-lineageholders like the Drikungpa-lamas. I assume that Karmapa is not the head of the Drikung-school. So it is maybe better to give unter Kagyu a general introduction to Kagyu, a schoolform developed by Gampopa, by uniting the yogic and monastic form of tantric buddhism. From Gampopas diciples developed the different Kagyu-schools under wich, the Karma-Kagyu with its head Karmapa is only one of nine. (Drukpa, Drikung, Yelpa, Yoru, Krophu, Karma, Shangpa etc.) Greetings Panchito 9.12.04 10:35 CET

Dispute Over Karmapa Title
The article does not mention the disputed title of Karmapa and the two contenders. It should at very least mention this and explain both sides of the argument. For basic background on this dispute, which has split the Karma Kagyu school, refer to this article: http://www.newstatesman.com/200405170048
 * No need for all that here. There is now a specific Karmapa controversy article where both sides of the argument seem to be explained. Chris Fynn (talk) 16:55, 28 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The Karmapa controversy should at least be summarized here. --Gimme danger (talk) 19:52, 28 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I've added a summary section. --Gimme danger (talk) 20:11, 28 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I've moved this under the section Karma Kagyu - as it is really only relevant there. Chris Fynn (talk) 07:13, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Tibetan words
I reverted Nathan Hill's edits as it rather difficult to revert just his obscurification of tibetan words. Nathan please feel free to reinstate your other edits, and if you like put the tibetan in your favourite romanization of the correct pronunciation in brackets after the first time each word is used. Billlion 18:43, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Short article
Hello,

Why is there no information on the Six Yogas of Naropa? This article is seriously short. There's ample info available on it. Maybe all this info is in other articles?

 * I'll add some brief info on this - there is also the article Six Yogas of Naropa Chris Fynn (talk) 12:23, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Prounciation
My local Kagyu centre pronounces it Kadjyu. I don't know if this is a common Anglicisation or not. I've not heard the pronounciation suggested in the article. Secretlondon (talk) 22:39, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

 * My understanding is that is how Khampas tend to pronounce it, the other pronunciation being more standard (central) Tibetan.Sylvain1972 17:00, 26 November 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sylvain1972 (talk • contribs)

 * Per Tournadre and Sangda Dorje, [kácyʔ] is the correct "standard" Central Tibetan pronunciation. But please note that these are almost all sounds do not exist in English or which sound significantly different from the English versions. I would suggest that something like "Gah-djyoo" or "Gah-djyoog" might be the closest you could get using only native English sounds. Personally, I'm not sure I've really said that word out loud, but I think I would tend to make it "Kah-gyoo"—not too affected, and with a reasonable basis in historical Tibetan pronunciation.—Nat Krause(Talk!·What have I done?) 04:09, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

Re working the page
I'm currently trying to re work and improve this page. I'll try to make some notes here about what I've done as I go along. Chris Fynn (talk) 05:27, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

 * For a start I've eliminated the reference to Bön as one of "the five schools of Tibetan Buddhism". The Dalai Lama has written "if we look from the point of view of the original stock of teachings that are at its core, we have to say that Bön is a seperate tradition from Buddhism. We cannot consider it one of the Buddhist taditions since then it would need a traceable Buddhist source." . Chris Fynn (talk) 05:27, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Since with regard to related articles, there has been some fairly vigorous discussion over the names Kagyu and Kargyu(d) I decided to quote extensively the most authoritative English language source I could find which refers to the matter in the section Name under the heading Kagyu & Kargyu   Chris Fynn (talk) 08:49, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

 * You're doing a great job on this article. I'd like to help out, but I don't want to get in your way and cause edit conflicts. If you'd like, drop me a note on my talk page when you're finished with your rewrite and I'll provide a fresh pair of eyes. And if you need any help with MOS and citation issues, likewise. --Gimme danger (talk) 11:09, 29 June 2008 (UTC)
 * This is probably going to take me a while - so I'll make a note here when I finish each section, then you can go over that part. Chris Fynn (talk) 09:43, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Removal of Tibetan-Chinese-box
I've removed the Tibetan-Chinese infobox since it adds nothing of real value to the article and just adds clutter. This is English Wikipedia and the article is about an aspect of Tibetan Buddhism ~ so I think it best to stick to English and Tibetan names (and maybe translitterated Sanskrit where a technical term is better known in that language). If someone wants to know the Chinese name they can always look at the corresponding article in Chinese Wikipedia which is linked in the left column of the page along with other languages. BTW I don't see any English or Tibetan names there. Chris Fynn (talk) 17:18, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

Martsang Kagyu
Most of the material inserted in the sub-section on Martsang Kagyu on  7 January 2014 seems to be just a copy and paste job by  from the two Martsang Kagyu web sites www.martsangkagyu.co.uk &  martsangkagyuofficial.org - and potentially a copyright violation. Anyway it needs better quality sources. Also, considering the relative historical importance and influence of this particular Kagyu sub-school, the Martsang Kagyu section has grown far too long. The section is now in need of a serious cleanup. This Kagyu article was intended to be an overview of all the Kagyu schools of Tibet and not go into great detail about each particular one. Where they are sufficiently significant or notable these Kagyu sub-schools can always be the subjects of separate Wikipedia articles. If someone thinks the Martsang Kagyu is sufficiently notable and wants to write a separate Wikipedia article on the Martsang Kagyu, go ahead (though any such article should obviously be based on good quality secondary sources, rather than on the self-published Martsang Kagyu affiliated websites). Chris Fynn (talk) 13:38, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Fixing dead links
Thanks goes to User:Lotje for making this attempt to fix some dead urls which were found in some WP:BAREURL refs. Adding a cite web template is a good start for regularizing the citation, but unfortunately it's not sufficient by itself if the url is a dead link, as the urls in this example are.. You can find out more about dead links and how to repair them, at Link rot, in particular, section #Repairing a dead link. A good start, is to see if you can find an archived copy of the old url, at the Internet archive ([archive.org]). I hope this helps, and if you have any questions, please ping me here. Thanks, Mathglot (talk) 05:30, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kagyu


text: User talk:68.7.74.150

title: User talk:68.7.74.150


text:
Jane Rossington

Jane Rossington (born 5 March 1943) is a British actress, best known for her role as Jill Richardson/Harvey/Chance in the soap opera Crossroads.

Biography
Born in Derby, Rossington's family moved to Sutton Coldfield when she was four years of age. The daughter of a bank manager, she attended Sutton Coldfield Grammar School and was an amateur actress, having trained in the Rose Bruford College of Speech and Drama, before appearing in repertory theatre in Sheffield and York. She was the only Crossroads original cast member to be in the first and last episode of the series.

Rossington spoke the first words of the first episode of Crossroads on 2 November 1964, "Crossroads Motel, good evening". She played Jill Richardson, the daughter of the owner of the Crossroads Motel, Meg Richardson. For the 24 years she appeared in the show the writers delighted in making Jill suffer, and amongst other things, she was married five times - once bigamously - was a drug addict, an alcoholic and had a baby with her stepbrother. As well as being the only actor to remain in the show for its entire series, she also spoke the final words of the final episode in 1988.

Because no regular member of the cast of Crossroads had a permanent contract, she had plenty of time to pursue other roles, and played the minor role of Monica Downes in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers. She was, however, an integral part of Crossroads. When she became pregnant, the show's producer, Reg Watson, ordered the scriptwriters to include the pregnancy in the storyline. When Rossington miscarried, Watson asked her if she would mind if the pregnancy storyline went ahead, as they had had such a positive response from the audience. After agreeing, Rossington conceived again, and in order to not alter the storylines, Jill appeared to be pregnant on screen for 11 months. Jill's daughter, Sarah-Jane, was sometimes played by Rossington's own daughter, Sorrel. After the demise of the original series, Rossington was seen very little on television but frequently appeared on stage. When ITV1 announced in 2000 that the series was to be revived, she returned to the role.

Rossington also appeared in an episode of the children's series Dramarama. For a while, she had her own show on Beacon Radio. She later toured in the stage plays Murder in Mind and Don't Rock the Boat. She has also appeared on Lily Savage's Blankety Blank.

In 2014, she joined fellow Crossroads' cast members on a special edition of Paul O'Grady's BBC Radio 2 show to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the soap. With Tony Adams, Paul Henry and Susan Hanson, Jane recalled some of the highlights from her time working on the hit ATV series.

In media
She was the subject of This Is Your Life in October 1987 when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at a central London hotel. In a video interview on YouTube. Rossington stated that she was Eamonn Andrews' final subject on This Is Your Life as he died on 5 November 1987.

In 2023, Rossington was portrayed by Antonia Bernath in the ITVX drama Nolly.

Personal life
Rossington now lives in Staffordshire with her second husband, chartered surveyor David Dunger. She has two grown children, Sorrel and Harry. From 1988, Rossington was the main patron of the original Crossroads Appreciation Society. She renewed her involvement with the fan club in 2002, at a time under new management it was officially recognised by the programme creators and Central Carlton. In June 2022, Rossington's family revealed that she was suffering from Alzheimer's disease.

title: Jane Rossington


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Loop unrolling

Loop unrolling, also known as loop unwinding, is a loop transformation technique that attempts to optimize a program's execution speed at the expense of its binary size, which is an approach known as space–time tradeoff. The transformation can be undertaken manually by the programmer or by an optimizing compiler. On modern processors, loop unrolling is often counterproductive, as the increased code size can cause more cache misses; cf. Duff's device.

The goal of loop unwinding is to increase a program's speed by reducing or eliminating instructions that control the loop, such as pointer arithmetic and "end of loop" tests on each iteration; reducing branch penalties; as well as hiding latencies, including the delay in reading data from memory. To eliminate this computational overhead, loops can be re-written as a repeated sequence of similar independent statements.

Loop unrolling is also part of certain formal verification techniques, in particular bounded model checking.

Advantages
The overhead in "tight" loops often consists of instructions to increment a pointer or index to the next element in an array (pointer arithmetic), as well as "end of loop" tests. If an optimizing compiler or assembler is able to pre-calculate offsets to each individually referenced array variable, these can be built into the machine code instructions directly, therefore requiring no additional arithmetic operations at run time.

 * Significant gains can be realized if the reduction in executed instructions compensates for any performance reduction caused by any increase in the size of the program.
 * Branch penalty is minimized.
 * If the statements in the loop are independent of each other (i.e. where statements that occur earlier in the loop do not affect statements that follow them), the statements can potentially be executed in parallel.
 * Can be implemented dynamically if the number of array elements is unknown at compile time (as in Duff's device).

Optimizing compilers will sometimes perform the unrolling automatically, or upon request.

Disadvantages

 * Increased program code size, which can be undesirable—particularly for embedded applications—can also cause an increase in instruction cache misses, which may adversely affect performance.
 * Unless performed transparently by an optimizing compiler, the code may become less readable.
 * If the code in the body of the loop involves function calls, it may not be possible to combine unrolling with inlining, since the increase in code size might be excessive. Thus, there can be a trade-off between the two optimizations.
 * On hardware where software pipelining is necessary to improve performance alongside loop unrolling (i.e. hardware which lacks register renaming or implements in-order superscalar execution), additional registers may need to be used to store temporary variables from multiple iterations that could otherwise reuse the same register.
 * Apart from very small and simple code, unrolled loops that contain branches are even slower than recursions.

Static/manual loop unrolling
Manual (or static) loop unrolling involves the programmer analyzing the loop and interpreting the iterations into a sequence of instructions which will reduce the loop overhead. This is in contrast to dynamic unrolling which is accomplished by the compiler.

Simple manual example in C
A procedure in a computer program is to delete 100 items from a collection. This is normally accomplished by means of a -loop which calls the function delete(item_number). If this part of the program is to be optimized, and the overhead of the loop requires significant resources compared to those for the delete(x) function, unwinding can be used to speed it up.

As a result of this modification, the new program has to make only 20 iterations, instead of 100. Afterwards, only 20% of the jumps and conditional branches need to be taken, and represents, over many iterations, a potentially significant decrease in the loop administration overhead. To produce the optimal benefit, no variables should be specified in the unrolled code that require pointer arithmetic. This usually requires "base plus offset" addressing, rather than indexed referencing.

On the other hand, this manual loop unrolling expands the source code size from 3 lines to 7, that have to be produced, checked, and debugged, and the compiler may have to allocate more registers to store variables in the expanded loop iteration. In addition, the loop control variables and number of operations inside the unrolled loop structure have to be chosen carefully so that the result is indeed the same as in the original code (assuming this is a later optimization on already working code). For example, consider the implications if the iteration count were not divisible by 5. The manual amendments required also become somewhat more complicated if the test conditions are variables. See also Duff's device.

Early complexity
In the simple case, the loop control is merely an administrative overhead that arranges the productive statements. The loop itself contributes nothing to the results desired, merely saving the programmer the tedium of replicating the code a hundred times which could have been done by a pre-processor generating the replications, or a text editor. Similarly, -statements and other flow control statements could be replaced by code replication, except that code bloat can be the result. Computer programs easily track the combinations, but programmers find this repetition boring and make mistakes. Consider:

But of course, the code performed need not be the invocation of a procedure, and this next example involves the index variable in computation:

which, if compiled, might produce a lot of code (print statements being notorious) but further optimization is possible. This example makes reference only to x(i) and x(i - 1) in the loop (the latter only to develop the new value x(i)) therefore, given that there is no later reference to the array x developed here, its usages could be replaced by a simple variable. Such a change would however mean a simple variable whose value is changed whereas if staying with the array, the compiler's analysis might note that the array's values are constant, each derived from a previous constant, and therefore carries forward the constant values so that the code becomes print 2, 2; print 3, 6; print 4, 24; ...etc.

In general, the content of a loop might be large, involving intricate array indexing. These cases are probably best left to optimizing compilers to unroll. Replicating innermost loops might allow many possible optimisations yet yield only a small gain unless n is large.

Unrolling WHILE loops
Consider a pseudocode WHILE loop similar to the following:

In this case, unrolling is faster because the ENDWHILE (a jump to the start of the loop) will be executed 66% less often.

Even better, the "tweaked" pseudocode example, that may be performed automatically by some optimizing compilers, eliminating unconditional jumps altogether.

Dynamic unrolling
Since the benefits of loop unrolling are frequently dependent on the size of an array—which may often not be known until run time—JIT compilers (for example) can determine whether to invoke a "standard" loop sequence or instead generate a (relatively short) sequence of individual instructions for each element. This flexibility is one of the advantages of just-in-time techniques versus static or manual optimization in the context of loop unrolling. In this situation, it is often with relatively small values of n where the savings are still useful—requiring quite small (if any) overall increase in program size (that might be included just once, as part of a standard library).

Assembly language programmers (including optimizing compiler writers) are also able to benefit from the technique of dynamic loop unrolling, using a method similar to that used for efficient branch tables. Here, the advantage is greatest where the maximum offset of any referenced field in a particular array is less than the maximum offset that can be specified in a machine instruction (which will be flagged by the assembler if exceeded).

Assembler example (IBM/360 or Z/Architecture)
This example is for IBM/360 or Z/Architecture assemblers and assumes a field of 100 bytes (at offset zero) is to be copied from array FROM to array TO—both having 50 entries with element lengths of 256 bytes each.

In this example, approximately 202 instructions would be required with a "conventional" loop (50 iterations), whereas the above dynamic code would require only about 89 instructions (or a saving of approximately 56%). If the array had consisted of only two entries, it would still execute in approximately the same time as the original unwound loop. The increase in code size is only about 108 bytes – even if there are thousands of entries in the array.

Similar techniques can of course be used where multiple instructions are involved, as long as the combined instruction length is adjusted accordingly. For example, in this same example, if it is required to clear the rest of each array entry to nulls immediately after the 100 byte field copied, an additional clear instruction,, can be added immediately after every MVC in the sequence (where   matches the value in the MVC above it).

It is, of course, perfectly possible to generate the above code "inline" using a single assembler macro statement, specifying just four or five operands (or alternatively, make it into a library subroutine, accessed by a simple call, passing a list of parameters), making the optimization readily accessible.

C example
The following example demonstrates dynamic loop unrolling for a simple program written in C. Unlike the assembler example above, pointer/index arithmetic is still generated by the compiler in this example because a variable (i) is still used to address the array element. Full optimization is only possible if absolute indexes are used in the replacement statements. Code duplication could be avoided by writing the two parts together as in Duff's device.

C to MIPS assembly language loop unrolling example
The following example will compute a dot product of two 100-entry vectors A and B of type. Here is the code in C:

Converting to MIPS assembly language
The following is MIPS assembly code that will compute the dot product of two 100-entry vectors, A and B, before implementing loop unrolling. The code below omits the loop initializations: Note that the size of one element of the arrays (a ) is 8 bytes.
 * Initialize loop count ($7) to 100.
 * Initialize dot product ($f8) to 0.
 * Initialize  pointer ($5) to the base address of.
 * Initialize  pointer ($6) to the base address of.

Unrolling the Loop in MIPS
The following is the same as above, but with loop unrolling implemented at a factor of 4. Note again that the size of one element of the arrays (a ) is 8 bytes; thus the 0, 8, 16, 24 displacements and the 32 displacement on each loop.

title: Loop unrolling


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Balgonie

Balgonie is a town in southeast Saskatchewan. Situated at the intersection of Highways 10, 46, and the Trans-Canada Highway, the town is part of the White Butte region and neighbours Pilot Butte, White City, and McLean. As well, it is located 25 kilometres east of the province's capital city, Regina. As of the 2016 census, Balgonie had a population of 1,765, an 8.3% growth from 2011. The town is governed by the Balgonie Town Council and is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Edenwold No. 158. Balgonie is located in Treaty 4 territory.

Balgonie has a Subway restaurant, two gas stations, an outdoor pool, and an ice arena. It is also home to Greenall School.

History
Balgonie was named for Balgonie Castle in Scotland. In 1882, the first train ran through the area on the Canadian Pacific Railway, and a post office was established in 1883. In 1884, Sir John Lister Kaye established a model farm near the railway in Balgonie, with the town being the easternmost point of the old 76 Ranch lands.

A school was built in 1891, and Balgonie was incorporated as a village in 1903 and as a town in 1907.

One of Balgonie's most famous residents was William Wallace Gibson (1876–1965), who created the first Canadian-built airplane. Gibson successfully flew his airplane in Victoria in 1910. Gibson was the subject of the 1991 stop-motion animated short The Balgonie Birdman, directed by Brian Duchscherer and produced by the National Film Board of Canada.

The town's population plummeted during the 1930s and 1940s, but the completion of the Trans-Canada Highway in the late 1950s brought new growth.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Balgonie had a population of $1,756$ living in $621$ of its $628$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $1,765$. With a land area of 4.76 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

title: Balgonie


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Aligoté

Aligoté is a white grape used to make dry white wines, especially in the Burgundy region of France where it was first recorded in the 18th century. Since it is tolerant to cold, this variety is also cultivated in Eastern European countries. In 2004, it was the 22nd most planted vine variety in the world at 45,000 hectares (110,000 acres).

Description
Aligoté is used to produce a varietal white wine, and is sometimes included in the blend of Burgundian sparkling wine known as Crémant de Bourgogne. The varietal appellation Bourgogne Aligoté AOC is made exclusively from Aligoté grapes. Traditionally, the cocktail kir (also known as vin blanc cassis in French) is made by adding cassis to an Aligoté wine. In blends, Aligoté adds acidity and structure to other varieties. It is often blended with Sacy for this purpose.

The grape ripens early with moderate yields and produces wines high in acidity that can be drunk young. Its aroma includes elements of apples and lemons. Clive Coates says it is a variety of secondary importance in Burgundy which produces a light, primeur-style wine with slightly herbal flavour and rather higher acidity than the Chardonnay. The village of Bouzeron is considered to represent the region's finest examples of the variety with the appellation Bouzeron-Aligoté AOC restricting the yields to 45 hl/ha compared to the Bourgogne Aligoté AOC limited to 60 hl/ha.

Regional production
The grape is the second most popular white grape variety grown in Burgundy after Chardonnay, though it lies a long way behind in terms of planted area, with 1700 ha against 12800 ha. The vines were once inter-planted and field blended with Chardonnay for the benefit of added acidity but the vines have long since been separated. Aligoté often loses territory to more prestigious grape varieties and in some areas is relegated to less productive vineyard sections at the tops and bottoms of the slopes. In Burgundy the grape can be found along the fringe edges of the Côte-d'Or along Route Nationale 74, as well as in Mâconnais and Côte Chalonnaise. There are also small plantings just east of the Rhone Valley around the city Die and in the commune of Pierrevert in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. It has its own AOC's, Bourgogne Aligoté and Bouzeron.

Aligoté is also produced in Eastern European countries, including Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Switzerland and Moldova. In Bulgaria, the grape is prized for its blending qualities and high acid; the quantity of Aligoté planted in Bulgaria is more than twice that in the grape's ancestral home of Burgundy. The grape is primarily found in the Stara Zagora Province around Chirpan. In Russia, it is used to make sparkling wines with varietal wines being made along the coast of the Black Sea around Gelendzhik.

Globally, Aligoté can be found in smaller plantings. It has been produced, though in very small quantity, by Australian wineries. In the United States, the wine is grown in Washington State, since it is resistant to the cold weather, and in California, where it is used mostly for blending. There have also been small, experimental plantings in Chile. In Canada, the grape is grown in Niagara by Chateau de Charmes.

Origins
DNA fingerprinting has found Aligoté to be a crossing of Pinot noir and Gouais blanc, which is an ancestry which is consistent with an origin in Burgundy or nearby areas of eastern France.

Synonyms
Synonyms for Aligoté include Aligotay, Alligotay, Alligoté, Blanc de Troyes, Carcairone blanc, Carcarone, Carchierone, Chaudenet, Chaudenet Gras, Giboudot blanc, Griset blanc, Karkarone Blank, Melon de Jura, Muhranuli, Mukhranudi, Pistone, Plant de Trois, Plant de Trois Raisins, Plant gris, Purion blanc, Selon Molon, Selon Odart, Troyen blanc, Vert blanc.

title: Aligoté


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User:Yudiwbs

Yudi Wibisono. I live in Bandung, Indonesia. I am a software engineer and now I am working as a lecturer at Indonesian University of Education.

title: User:Yudiwbs


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Waldemar Ager

Waldemar Theodor Ager (March 23, 1869 – August 1, 1941) was a Norwegian-American newspaperman and author.

Early life
Waldemar Theodor Ager was born at Fredrikstad, in Østfold, Norway. He grew up nearby in Gressvik, just across the Glomma River. He was the son of Martinius Mathisen Ager (1834–1894) and Marie Fredrikke Mathea Johnsdatter Stillaugsen (1835–1913). Today, the street he lived on in Gressvik is named Waldemar Agers Vei in honor and in memory of Ager. In 1883, Ager's father emigrated to America by himself to start a tailoring shop. In 1885, Waldemar Ager and his family went to join his father in Chicago.

Not long after his arrival in America, Ager and got his start in the newspaper business by becoming involved with Norden, Chicago's largest-circulation Norwegian-language newspaper. He never held any high position at that newspaper, but it got him his start in the business. When Ager first arrived in America, he encountered a vibrant, thriving Norwegian-American community. Use of the Norwegian language was widespread. Hundreds of small-circulation Norwegian-language newspapers and dozens of large circulation Norwegian-language newspapers were in operation from Michigan to the Dakotas and everywhere Norwegian immigrants were living. At the time, the Norwegian-American community was constantly being reinforced by new immigrants from Norway.

Norwegian-American cultural and linguistic retention were at their height from the 1890s-1910s. Over a million Americans spoke Norwegian as their primary language in those three decades. It is estimated that over 3,000 Lutheran churches in the Upper Midwest used Norwegian as their sole language of worship. It is to the retention of this Norwegian-American culture that Waldemar Ager dedicated much of the rest of his life. He also championed many liberal political causes including women's suffrage, various farmer and labor movements, and prohibition.

Prohibitionist
Prohibition was very popular in the Norwegian-American community and Ager became one of the leaders of the movement. Ager personally helped form hundreds of total abstinence societies and Good Templar lodges across the Upper Midwest. Ager's prohibitionist beliefs and his fledgling newspaper career crossed paths for the first time when he became involved with a Norwegian temperance lodge in Chicago in the late 1880s. The lodge had a small-circulation monthly newspaper, and Ager began writing articles for it. Ager remained a teetotaler his entire life, before, during, and after the decade-long period of Prohibition in the United States.

Newspaper editor and writer
Ager's newspaper career began in earnest when, at the age of 23, he moved to Eau Claire, Wisconsin, after being offered a job at a Norwegian temperance newspaper called Reform. Ager was associated with Reform (both the newspaper and literal reform), for the rest of his life. The editor of Reform died in 1903 and Ager took over the position. Eventually Ager came to own the paper. Reform folded shortly after Ager's death in 1941.

In addition to his long newspaper career, Ager penned six novels and numerous collections of short stories. Although he never achieved the commercial success of his friend, Ole Edvart Rølvaag, Ager's body of work is thought to be on many levels, comparable with and sometimes superior to that of Rølvaag. A humorist in the tradition of Mark Twain, Ager specialized in character sketches, and dramatizing the tragicomic plight of the Norwegian immigrant. Some of his more important works, translated into English, are Christ before Pilate, On The Way to The Melting Pot, Sons of The Old Country, and I Sit Alone.

Ager was also a popular orator, traveling the stump circuit for much of his career, speaking wherever Norwegian-Americans gathered. For Syttende Mai in 1916, Ager shared a platform with William Jennings Bryan. The city of Eau Claire meant more to Ager than just a career. It was here that Ager met a Norwegian immigrant girl from Tromsø, Norway, named Gurolle Blestren. Ager and Blestren married and raised nine children in a home that still stands near Half Moon Lake in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. The house, now known as the Brady Anderson and Waldemar Ager House, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and has been designated a Literary Landmark by the National Association of Friends of Public Libraries.

Selected bibliography

 * Kristus for Pilatus. En Norsk-Amerikansk Fortælling (1910) (translation titled "Christ before Pilate: An American Story", published in 1924)
 * Oberst Heg og hans Gutter (1916) (translation by Della Kittleson Catuna, Clarence A. Clausen titled "Colonel Heg and His Boys", published in 2000)
 * Paa Veien til Smeltepotten (1917) (translation by Harry T. Cleven as "On the Way to the Melting Pot", published in 1995)
 * Gamlelandets Sønner (1926) (translation by Trygve Ager as "Sons of the Old Country", published in 1983)
 * Hundeøine (1929) (translation by Charles Wharton Stork as "I Sit Alone", published in 1931)

Other sources

 * Haugen, Einar (1989) Immigrant Idealist: A Literary Biography of Waldemar Ager, (Northfield, MN: Norwegian-American Historical Association) ISBN 9780877320777
 * Øverland, Orm (1996) The Western Home - A Literary History of Norwegian America (Northfield, MN: Norwegian-American Historical Association) ISBN 978-0252023279
 * Gulliksen, Øyvind T. (2004) Twofold Identities: Norwegian-American Contributions to Midwestern Literature (Peter Lang International Academic Publishers) ISBN 9780820462301
 * Thaler, Paul (1998) Norwegian Minds-- American Dreams: Ethnic Activism Among Norwegian-American Intellectuals (University of Delaware Press) ISBN 9780874136296

title: Waldemar Ager


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Lumsden, Saskatchewan

Lumsden is a town in the Qu'Appelle Valley in south central Saskatchewan, Canada, 31 km northwest of the city of Regina. It is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Lumsden No. 189. The town functions as both a farming community and an unofficial suburb of Regina. Lumsden has an active artistic community, which consists of many writers, painters and sculptors.

History
Settlers first arrived in 1881 and the area came to be commonly known as Happy Hollow. When the Qu'Appelle, Long Lake and Saskatchewan Railway came through the community in 1889, the name was changed to Lumsden after Hugh Lumsden, a senior engineer with the railway.

The town has repeatedly flooded, with major flood events occurring in 1892, 1904, 1916, 1948, and 1969. In 1974, Lumsden experienced the highest water levels in the town's history; volunteers from Regina and all surrounding communities came to help with sandbagging. The town subsequently straightened the Qu'Appelle River's channel and built dikes. The Town was at risk for flooding again in 2011 after a wet fall winter of record snowfall; however, it did not flood.

The community was chosen by Harrowsmith Magazine in 2002 as the "prettiest" town in the province.

Centennial
Official town centennial celebrations were held in March 2005. In May 2005, Lumsden hosted Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh at the Lumsden Sports Centre. Hundreds of guests were entertained by Marny Duncan-Cary, the Lumsden Community Choir, the Riel Reelers, and the Lumsden & District Band and Jazz Ensemble. The event was held in celebration of both the town and the province's centenaries, and was the only engagement of Canada's Queen outside urban centres on that visit to Saskatchewan.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lumsden had a population of $1,800$ living in $700$ of its $732$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $1,824$. With a land area of 4.92 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Climate
Lumsden exhibits a continental climate (Köppen Dfb), closely bordering on a semi-arid climate (BSk)

Lumsden Duck Derby
Each year since 1987, the Duck Derby Committee hosts a fundraiser in which thousands of numbered plastic ducks are raced down the Qu'Appelle River. Participants purchase a numbered duck which is entered in the race, and the first ducks across the finish line win their owners cash and prizes. Proceeds from the derby benefit the Lumsden Sports Center (rink) in town. The Duck Derby also hosts a variety of artists, musicians, traders, etc. who perform and sell their wares in town.

Lumsden Scarecrow Festival
The Town of Lumsden hosts an annual Scarecrow Festival in September. Events of the day include a large street market, hay rides, activities for kids, food vendors, garage sales, outdoor movie and fireworks. The event usually draws thousands of people to town.

Sports history
In 2006, the Lumsden Arena became the site of the second edition of the Western Women's Hockey League championship, between the Calgary Oval X-Treme and the Minnesota Whitecaps. The town frequently hosts games for the Saskatchewan Prairie Ice, now of the Western Women's Hockey League.

The Lumsden Monarchs are a senior men's ice hockey team that was a founding member of the Highway Hockey League in central Saskatchewan in 1965.

Notable people

 * Illingworth Kerr - Artist (20 August 1905 – 6 January 1989)
 * Edith Fowke - Canadian folklorist (April 30, 1913 - 28 March 1996); born in Lumsden.
 * Tanner Glass - NHL Hockey Player; graduated from Lumsden High School.
 * Joe Fafard, died in Lumsden in 2019
 * John Cullen Nugent, artist (1921-2014)

title: Lumsden, Saskatchewan


text:
Lumsden

Lumsden may refer to:

Places

 * Lumsden, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, a town
 * Rural Municipality of Lumsden No. 189, Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Lumsden, Saskatchewan, Canada, a town
 * Lumsden (provincial electoral district), Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Lumsden, New Zealand, a town
 * Lumsden, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, a village

People

 * Lumsden (surname)
 * Lumsden Barkway (1878–1968), Anglican bishop
 * Lumsden Hare (1874–1964), Irish actor
 * Clan Lumsden, a Lowland Scottish clan

Other uses

 * Lumsden baronets, a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom

title: Lumsden