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Soviet invasion of Manchuria

The Soviet invasion of Manchuria, formally known as the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation or simply the Manchurian Operation (Маньчжурская операция), began on 9 August 1945 with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. It was the largest campaign of the 1945 Soviet–Japanese War, which resumed hostilities between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Empire of Japan after almost six years of peace.

Since 1983, the operation has sometimes been called Operation August Storm after U.S. Army historian David Glantz used this title for a paper on the subject.

Soviet gains on the continent were Manchukuo, Mengjiang (the northeast section of present-day Inner Mongolia) and northern Korea. The Soviet entry into this theatre of the war and the defeat of the Kwantung Army were significant factors in the Japanese government's decision to surrender unconditionally, as it became apparent that the Soviet Union had no intention of acting as a third party in negotiating an end of the war on conditional terms.

Summary
As agreed with the United Kingdom and the United States (Western Allies) at the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the Soviet Union entered World War II's Pacific Theater within three months of the end of the war in Europe. The invasion began on 9 August 1945, exactly three months after the German surrender on May 8 (9 May, 0:43 Moscow time).

Although the commencement of the invasion fell between the American atomic bombing of Hiroshima, on 6 August, and only hours before the Nagasaki bombing on 9 August, the timing of the invasion had been planned well in advance and was determined by the timing of the agreements at Tehran and Yalta, the long-term buildup of Soviet forces in the Far East since Tehran, and the date of the German surrender some three months earlier; on August 3, Marshal Vasilevsky reported to Premier Joseph Stalin that, if necessary, he could attack on the morning of 5 August.

At 11 p.m. Trans-Baikal (UTC+10) time on 8 August 1945, Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed Japanese ambassador Naotake Satō that the Soviet Union had declared war on Japan, and that from 9 August the Soviet government would consider itself to be at war with Japan. At one minute past midnight Trans-Baikal time on 9 August 1945, the Soviets commenced their invasion simultaneously on three fronts to the east, west and north of Manchuria:

 * Khingan–Mukden Offensive Operation (9 August 1945 – 2 September 1945) (Lesser Khingan-Mukden area);
 * Harbin–Kirin Offensive Operation (9 August 1945 – 2 September 1945) (Harbin-Jilin area); and
 * Sungari Offensive Operation (9 August 1945 – 2 September 1945).

Though the battle extended beyond the borders traditionally known as Manchuria—that is, the traditional lands of the Manchus—the coordinated and integrated invasions of Japan's northern territories has also been called the Battle of Manchuria. It has also been referred to as the Manchurian strategic offensive operation.

Background and buildup
The Russo-Japanese War of the early 20th century resulted in a Japanese victory and the Treaty of Portsmouth by which, in conjunction with other later events including the Mukden incident and Japanese invasion of Manchuria in September 1931, Japan eventually gained control of Korea, Manchuria and South Sakhalin. In the late 1930s there were a number of Soviet-Japanese border incidents, the most significant being the Battle of Lake Khasan (Changkufeng Incident, July–August 1938) and the Battle of Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan Incident, May–September 1939), which led to the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact of April 1941. The Neutrality Pact freed up forces from the border incidents and enabled the Soviets to concentrate on their war with Germany, and the Japanese to concentrate on their southern expansion into Asia and the Pacific Ocean.

With success at Stalingrad, and the eventual defeat of Germany becoming increasingly certain, the Soviet attitude to Japan changed, both publicly, with Stalin making speeches denouncing Japan, and covertly with the building up of forces and supplies in the Far East. At the Tehran Conference in November 1943, Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Franklin Roosevelt agreed that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan once Germany was defeated. Stalin faced a dilemma: he wanted to avoid a war on two fronts at almost any cost, yet he also saw an opportunity to secure gains in the Far East on top of those he expected in Europe. The only way Stalin could ensure these gains without a two-front war would be for Germany to capitulate before Japan.

Due to the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact, the Soviets made it official policy to intern Allied aircraft and crews who landed in Soviet territory following operations against Japan. However, the Soviets and Western Allies soon came to informal arrangements to circumvent official policy. Under the auspices of Lend Lease, the Allies officially transferred aircraft of the same types interred by the Soviets in the Far East, the mutual understanding being that the Soviets would also be able use "interned" Allied aircraft against the Germans without revealing their true origins. In return, Allied airmen held in the Soviet Union were usually transferred to camps near Iran or other Allied-controlled territory, from where they were typically allowed to "escape" after some period of time. Nevertheless, the Soviet buildup in the Far East steadily accelerated even before the defeat of Germany. By early 1945 it had become apparent to the Japanese that the Soviets were preparing to invade Manchuria, though they correctly calculated that they were unlikely to attack prior to Germany's defeat. In addition to their problems in the Pacific, the Japanese realised the need to determine when and where a Soviet invasion would occur.

At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Stalin secured Roosevelt's acceptance of Soviet expansion in the Far East, in return for agreeing to enter the Pacific war within two or three months after the defeat of Germany. By the middle of March, things were not going well in the Pacific for the Japanese, and they had withdrawn their elite troops from Manchuria to support actions in the Pacific. Meanwhile, the Soviets continued their Far Eastern buildup, having decided that they did not wish to renew the Neutrality Pact. The terms of the Pact required a notification of expiry 12 months ahead of time, so on 5 April 1945 the Soviets ostensibly obliged, informing the Japanese that they did not wish to renew the treaty. This caused the Japanese considerable concern, but the Soviets went to great efforts to assure the Japanese that the treaty would still be in force for another twelve months, and that the Japanese had nothing to worry about.

Germany surrendered just after midnight Moscow time on 9 May 1945, meaning that if the Soviets were to honour the agreement at Yalta, they would need to enter the war with Japan by 9 August. The situation continued to deteriorate for the Japanese, now the only Axis power left in the war. They were keen to stay at peace with the Soviets, and ultimately to achieve an end to the war. Since Yalta, they had repeatedly tried to convince the Soviets to extend the Neutrality Pact, as well as attempting to enlist them to mediate peace negotiations with the Western Allies. The Soviets did nothing to discourage these overtures, instead happy to draw out the process for as long as possible whilst continuing to prepare their invasion forces. One of the goals of Admiral Baron Suzuki's cabinet upon taking office in April was to try to secure any peace terms whatsoever short of unconditional surrender. In late June, they once again approached the Soviets, inviting them to mediate with the Western Allies in support of Japan, providing them with specific proposals. In exchange, they were prepared to offer the Soviets very attractive territorial concessions. Stalin ostensibly expressed interest, and the Japanese now awaited an official Soviet response, even as the Soviets continued to deliberately avoid providing one. The Potsdam Conference was held from 16 July to 2 August; on 24 July the Soviet Union recalled all its embassy staff and families from Japan. On 26 July the conference produced the Potsdam Declaration whereby Churchill, Harry S. Truman and Chiang Kai-shek demanded Japan's unconditional surrender. The Japanese avoided responding to the declaration, instead continuing to wait on a clarifying Soviet reply.

The Japanese had been monitoring Trans-Siberian Railway traffic and Soviet activity to the east of Manchuria. In conjunction with the delaying tactics, this suggested that the Soviets would not be ready to invade east Manchuria before the end of August. The Japanese did not have any concrete evidence as to when or where any invasion would occur. They had estimated that an attack was not likely before the spring of 1946, but the Stavka had in fact been planning for a mid-August offensive, successfully concealing the buildup of a force of 90 divisions. Many Soviet units had crossed Siberia in their vehicles to avoid straining the rail link.

The Japanese were caught completely by surprise upon receiving the Soviet declaration of war an hour before midnight on 8 August, now facing a simultaneous invasion on three fronts that began just after midnight on 9 August.

Soviets
The Far East Command, under Marshal of the Soviet Union Aleksandr Vasilevsky, had a plan to conquer Manchuria that was simple but huge in scale, calling for a massive pincer movement over all of Manchuria. This was to be performed by the Transbaikal Front from the west and by the 1st Far Eastern Front from the east; the 2nd Far Eastern Front was to attack the center of the pocket from the north. The only Soviet equivalent of a theater command that operated during the war (apart from the short-lived 1941 "Directions" in the west), Far East Command, consisted of three Red Army fronts.

Transbaikal Front

The Transbaikal Front, under Marshal Rodion Malinovsky, included:
 * 17th Army
 * 36th Army
 * 39th Army
 * 53rd Army
 * 6th Guards Tank Army
 * Soviet Mongolian Cavalry Mechanized Group under Issa Pliyev
 * 12th Air Army.

The Transbaikal Front was to form the western half of the Soviet pincer movement, attacking across the Inner Mongolian desert and over the Greater Khingan mountains. These forces had as their objectives firstly to secure Mukden (present day Shenyang), then to meet troops of the 1st Far Eastern Front at the Changchun area in south central Manchuria, and in doing so finish the pincer movement.

Amassing over one thousand tanks and self-propelled guns, the 6th Guards Tank Army was to serve as an armored spearhead, leading the Front's advance and capturing objectives 350 km inside Manchuria by the fifth day of the invasion.

The 36th Army was also attacking from the west, but with the objective of meeting forces of the 2nd Far Eastern Front at Harbin and Qiqihar.

1st Far Eastern Front
The 1st Far Eastern Front, under Marshal Kirill Meretskov, included:
 * 1st Red Banner Army
 * 5th Army
 * 25th Army
 * 35th Army
 * 10th Mechanized Corps
 * 9th Air Army.

The 1st Far Eastern Front was to form the eastern half of the pincer movement. This attack involved the 1st Red Banner Army, the 5th Army and the 10th Mechanized Corps striking towards Mudanjiang (or Mutanchiang). Once that city was captured, this force was to advance towards the cities of Jilin (or Kirin), Changchun and Harbin. Its final objective was to link up with the forces of the Transbaikal Front at Changchun and Jilin thus closing the double envelopment movement.

As a secondary objective, the 1st Far Eastern Front was to prevent Japanese forces from escaping to Korea, and then invade the Korean Peninsula up to the 38th parallel, establishing in the process what later became North Korea. This secondary objective was to be carried out by the 25th Army. Meanwhile, the 35th Army was tasked with capturing the cities of Boli (or Poli), Linkou and Mishan.

2nd Far Eastern Front
The 2nd Far Eastern Front, under General Maksim Purkayev, included:
 * 2nd Red Banner Army
 * 15th Army
 * 16th Army (whose 56th Rifle Corps was its only formation to see combat, on South Sakhalin)
 * 5th Separate Rifle Corps
 * Chuguevsk Operational Group
 * Amur Military Flotilla
 * 10th Air Army

The 2nd Far Eastern Front was deployed in a supporting attack role. Its objectives were the cities of Harbin and Qiqihar, and to prevent an orderly withdrawal to the south by the Japanese forces. The front also included the 88th Separate Rifle Brigade, composed of Chinese and Korean guerrillas of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army who had retreated into the USSR in the beginning of the 1940s. The unit, led by Zhou Baozhong, was set to participate in the invasion for use in sabotage and reconnaissance missions, but was considered too valuable to be sent into the battlefield. They were thus withheld from participating in combat and instead used for leadership and administrative positions for district offices and police stations in the liberated areas during the subsequent occupation. The Korean battalion of the brigade (including future leader of the DPRK, Kim Il Sung) were also sent to assist in the following occupation of Northern Korea as part of the 1st Far Eastern Front.

Once troops from the 1st Far Eastern Front and Transbaikal Front captured the city of Changchun, the 2nd Far Eastern Front was to attack the Liaotung Peninsula and seize Port Arthur (present day Lüshun).

Each front had "front units" attached directly to the front instead of an army. The forces totaled 89 divisions with 1.5 million men, 3,704 tanks, 1,852 self propelled guns, 85,819 vehicles and 3,721 aircraft. Approximately one-third of its strength was in combat support and services. The Soviet plan incorporated all of the experience in maneuver warfare that they had acquired in fighting the Germans.

Japanese
The Kwantung Army of the Imperial Japanese Army, under General Otozo Yamada, was the major part of the Japanese occupation forces in Manchuria and Korea, and consisted of two Area Armies and three independent armies:
 * First Area Army (northeastern Manchukuo), including:
 * 3rd Army
 * 5th Army
 * Third Area Army (southwestern Manchukuo), including:
 * 30th Army
 * 44th Army
 * Independent units:
 * 4th Army (an independent field army responsible for northern Manchuria)
 * 34th Army (an independent field army responsible for the areas between the Third and Seventeenth Area Armies in northern Korea)
 * Seventeenth Area Army (responsible for Korea; assigned to the Kwantung Army at the eleventh hour, to no avail)

Each Area Army (Homen Gun, the equivalent of a Western "army") had headquarters units and units attached directly to the Area Army, in addition to the field armies (the equivalent of a Western corps). In addition, the Japanese were assisted by the forces of their puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang. Manchukuo had an army of about 170,000 to 200,000 troops, while Mengjiang had around 44,000 troops, with the majority of these puppet troops being of dubious quality. Korea, the next target for the Soviet Far East Command, was garrisoned by the Japanese Seventeenth Area Army. Including the Japanese forces in Korea, the Kwantung Army had over 900,000 men in 31 divisions and 13 brigades; there were about 400 obsolescent tanks and 2,000 aircraft (of the 1040 aircraft in Manchuria, only 230 were combat types and 55 were modern ). However, the Kwantung Army was far below its authorized strength; most of its heavy equipment and all of its best military units had transferred to the Pacific Theater over the previous three years to contend with the advance of American forces. Some Kwantung Army units had also re-deployed south against the Nationalist Chinese in Operation Ichigo in 1944. By 1945 the Kwantung Army contained a large number of raw recruits and conscripts, with generally obsolete, light, or otherwise limited equipment. Almost all of the tanks were early 1930s models such as the Type 95 Ha-Go and Type 89 I-Go, the anti-tank units only possessed Type 1 37 mm anti-tank guns that were ineffective against Soviet armor, and the infantry had very few machine-guns and no anti-materiel rifles or submachine guns. As a result, the Japanese forces in Manchuria and Korea had essentially been reduced to a light-infantry counter-insurgency force with limited mobility and limited ability to fight a conventional land war against a coordinated enemy. In fact, only six of the Kwantung Army's divisions existed prior to January 1945. Accordingly, the Japanese regarded none of the Kwantung Army's units as combat ready, with some units being declared less than 15% ready.

The Imperial Japanese Navy did not contribute to the defense of Manchuria, the occupation of which it had always opposed on strategic grounds. Additionally, by the time of the Soviet invasion, the few remnants of its fleet were stationed and tasked for the defense of the Japanese home islands in the event of an invasion by American forces.

Compounding their problems, the Japanese military made many wrong assumptions and major mistakes, most significantly:
 * They wrongly assumed that any attack coming from the west would follow either the old railway line to Hailar, or head into Solun from the eastern tip of Mongolia. The Soviets did attack along those routes, but their main attack from the west went through the supposedly impassable Greater Khingan range south of Solun and into the center of Manchuria.
 * Japanese military intelligence failed to determine the nature, location and scale of the Soviet buildup in the Soviet Far East. Based upon an initial underestimation of Soviet strength and on the monitoring of Soviet traffic on the Trans-Siberian railway, the Japanese believed that the Soviets would not have sufficient forces in place for an offensive before the end of August 1945, and that an attack was most likely in the autumn of 1945 or in the spring of 1946.

Due to the withdrawal of the Kwantung Army's elite forces for redeployment into the Pacific Theater, the Japanese made new operational plans during the summer of 1945 for the defence of Manchuria against a seemingly inevitable Soviet attack. These called for redeploying the bulk of available forces from the border areas; the borders were to be held lightly and delaying actions were to be fought while the main force was to hold the southeastern corner in strength (so defending Korea from attack).

Further, the Japanese had observed Soviet activity only on the Trans-Siberian railway and along the east Manchurian front, and accordingly prepared for an invasion from the east. They believed that when an attack occurred from the west, the redeployed forces would be able to deal with it.

Although the Japanese redeployment in Manchukuo had begun, it was not due for completion until September 1945, and hence the Kwantung Army was in the midst of redeploying when the Soviets launched their attack simultaneously on all three fronts.

Campaign
The operation was carried out as a classic double pincer movement over an area the size of the entire Western European theatre of World War II. In the western pincer, the Red Army advanced over the deserts and mountains from Mongolia, far from their resupply railways. This confounded the Japanese military analysis of Soviet logistics, and the defenders were caught by surprise in unfortified positions. The Kwantung Army commanders were engaged in a planning exercise at the time of the invasion, and were away from their forces for the first eighteen hours of conflict.

The Russians treated the Japanese with the utmost cruelty after their deadly attack on Japan's Kwantung Army in Manchuria just days before Japan's surrender. Japanese forces were overwhelmed by Soviet attacks. Soviet paratroopers destroyed the Kwantung Army from behind its own lines, while Japanese anti-tank shells bounced off the sides of Soviet tanks. The Japanese forces in Manchuria retreated in fear.

Japanese troops and able-bodied Japanese men in Manchuria were taken prisoner by the Russians and transported to labor camps in Siberia, where many Japanese men would die. From the Russians' perspective, this was seen as revenge for Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905. The stories of how poorly the Soviets treated the Japanese were brought to Beijing by Japanese evacuees of Manchuria, creating panic among the Japanese population; however, the Russians honored their agreement with Chiang Kai-shek by not entering China proper.

Japanese communication infrastructure was poor, and the Japanese lost communication with forward units very early on. However, the Kwantung Army had a formidable reputation as fierce and relentless fighters, and even though understrength and unprepared, put up strong resistance at the town of Hailar which tied down some of the Soviet forces. The Japanese defenders held out until 18 August, when 3,827 survivors surrendered. At the same time, Soviet airborne units seized airfields and city centers in advance of the land forces, and aircraft ferried fuel to those units that had outrun their supply lines.

Due to Japanese 37mm and 47mm anti-tank guns being only suitable for fighting light Soviet tanks, Japanese forces decided to use suicide bomber squads strapped with grenades and explosives as their main improvised anti-tank weapon.

There are some reports that Japanese Army aviation were using kamikaze planes to attempt to stop the Soviet advance.

Nevertheless, the prospect of a quick defeat to the Japanese Army seemed far from clear. Given the fanatical and sometimes suicidal resistance put up by the Japanese forces similar in April–June 1945 Battle of Okinawa, there was every reason to believe that a long, difficult campaign for the capture of the last remaining Japanese fortified areas was expected. In some parts of the Soviet offensive these expectations were fulfilled.

The Soviet pincer from the East crossed the Ussuri and advanced around Khanka Lake and attacked towards Suifenhe, and although Japanese defenders fought hard and provided strong resistance, the Soviets proved overwhelming.

After a week of fighting, during which time Soviet forces had penetrated deep into Manchukuo, Japan's Emperor Hirohito recorded the Gyokuon-hōsō which was broadcast on radio to the Japanese nation on 15 August 1945. It made no direct reference to a surrender of Japan, instead stating that the government had been instructed to accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration fully. This created confusion in the minds of many listeners who were not sure if Japan had surrendered. The poor audio quality of the radio broadcast, as well as the formal courtly language in which the speech was composed, worsened the confusion.

The Imperial Japanese Army Headquarters did not immediately communicate the cease-fire order to the Kwantung Army, and many elements of the army either did not understand it, or ignored it. Hence, pockets of fierce resistance from the Kwantung Army continued, and the Soviets continued their advance, largely avoiding the pockets of resistance, reaching Mukden, Changchun and Qiqihar by 20 August. The cease-fire order was eventually communicated to the Kwantung Army, but not before the Soviets had made most of their territorial gains.

On the Soviet right flank, the Soviet-Mongolian Cavalry-Mechanized Group entered Inner Mongolia and quickly took Dolon Nur and Kalgan. The Emperor of Manchukuo (and former Emperor of China), Puyi, was captured by the Red Army.

On August 18, several Soviet amphibious landings were conducted ahead of the land advance: three landings in northern Korea, one landing in South Sakhalin, and one landing in the Kuril Islands. This meant that, in Korea at least, there were already Soviet soldiers waiting for the troops coming overland. In South Sakhalin and the Kurils, it meant a sudden establishment of Soviet sovereignty.

The land advance was stopped a good distance short of the Yalu River, the start of the Korean Peninsula, when even aerial supply became unavailable. The forces already in Korea were able to establish control in the peninsula's northern area. In accordance with arrangements made earlier with the American government to divide the Korean Peninsula, Soviet forces stopped at the 38th parallel, leaving the Japanese still in control of the southern part of the peninsula. Later, on 8 September 1945, American forces landed at Incheon.

Aftermath
The invasion of Manchuria was a factor that contributed to the surrender of Japan and the end of World War II. In addition, the Soviet occupation of Manchuria, along with the northern portions of the Korean Peninsula, allowed for parts of those regions to be transferred by the Soviet Union into the control of local communists after the Soviet withdrawal in 1946 in spite of a 1945 agreement signed between the Soviets and the Kuomintang. The control of these regions by communist governments backed by Soviet authorities would be a factor in the rise of the Chinese Communists and shape the political conflict of the Korean War.

Several thousand Japanese who were sent as colonizers to Manchukuo and Inner Mongolia were left behind in China. The majority of Japanese left behind in China were women, and these Japanese women mostly married Chinese men and became known as "stranded war wives" (zanryu fujin). Because they had children fathered by Chinese men, Japanese women were not allowed to bring their Chinese families back with them to Japan, so most of them stayed. Japanese nationality laws allowed only children fathered by Japanese fathers to become Japanese citizens.

In late 1949, numerous members of the former Kwantung Army who had been captured in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria were convicted in connection with the activities of Unit 731, and related units for their connections with crimes against humanity and the use of chemical and biological weapons.

War crimes
During the invasion of Manchuria, Soviet soldiers killed and raped Japanese civilians. The most famous example was the Gegenmiao massacre, Soviet soldiers from an armoured unit massacred over one thousand Japanese women and children. Property of the Japanese were also looted by the Soviet troops. Soviet forces responsible for the massacre had carried out the same crimes against civilians in East Prussia.

According to Soviet historian Vyacheslav Zimonin, many Japanese settlers committed mass suicide as the Red Army approached. Mothers were forced by Japanese military to kill their own children before killing or being killed themselves. The Japanese army often took part in the killings of its civilians. The commander of the 5th Japanese Army, General Shimizu, commented that "each nation lives and dies by its own laws." Wounded Japanese soldiers who were incapable of moving on their own were often left to die as the army retreated.

British and U.S. reports indicate that the Soviet troops that occupied Manchuria (about 700,000) also looted and terrorized the local people of Mukden and were not discouraged by Soviet authorities from "three days of rape and pillage". In Harbin, Soviet forces ignored protests from Chinese Communist Party leaders on the mass rape and looting. There were several incidents in which Chinese police forces in Manchuria arrested or even killed Soviet troops for committing various crimes, leading to some conflicts between the Soviet and Chinese authorities in Manchuria.

During the Soviet occupation of North Korea, it was reported that Soviet soldiers committed rape against both Japanese and Korean women alike in the northern half of the Korean peninsula. Soviet soldiers also looted the property of both Japanese and Koreans living in northern Korea. The Soviets laid claim to Japanese enterprises in Manchuria and northern Korea and took valuable materials and industrial equipment.

Konstantin Asmolov of the Center for Korean Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences dismisses Western accounts of Soviet violence against civilians in the Far East as exaggeration and rumor and contends that accusations of mass crimes by the Red Army inappropriately extrapolate isolated incidents regarding the nearly 2,000,000 Soviet troops in the Far East into mass crimes. According to him, such accusations are refuted by the documents of the time, from which it is clear that such crimes were far less of a problem than in Germany. Asmolov further asserts that the Soviets prosecuted their perpetrators while prosecution of German and Japanese "rapists and looters" in WWII was virtually unknown.

Japanese women in Manchukuo were repeatedly raped by Russian soldiers every day including underage girls from the families of Japanese who worked for the military and the Manchukuo rail at Beian airport and Japanese military nurses. The Russians seized Japanese civilian girls at Beian airport where there were a total of 1,000 Japanese civilians, repeatedly raping 10 girls each day as recalled by Yoshida Reiko and repeatedly raped 75 Japanese nurses at the Sunwu military hospital in Manchukuo during the occupation. The Russians rejected all the pleading by the Japanese officers to stop the rapes. The Japanese were told by the Russians that they had to give their women for rape as war spoils.

Soviet soldiers raped Japanese women from a group of Japanese families that were with Yamada Tami that attempted to flee their settlements in 14 August and go to Mudanjiang. Another group of Japanese women that were with Ikeda Hiroko that on 15 August tried to flee to Harbin but returned to their settlements were raped by Soviet soldiers.

title: Soviet invasion of Manchuria


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Crown Research Institute

In New Zealand, Crown Research Institutes (CRIs) are corporatised Crown entities charged with conducting scientific research.

Crown Research Institutes date from 1992, with most formed out of parts of the former Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) and of elements of various government departments. The dissolution of the DSIR, along with the government-imposed requirement that the CRIs become "financially viable" and operate on commercial lines, created a certain amount of resentment among some scientists.

The Crown Research Institutes Act 1992 states the purpose of a CRI as carrying out research, and that each CRI must do this for the benefit of New Zealand, pursuing excellence in all that it does, abiding by ethical standards and recognising social responsibility; and operating as a good employer. A CRI must do these things whilst remaining financially viable. The technical definition of financial viability changes from time to time, but focused on return on equity. The State does not expect CRIs to maximise profit, but simply to cover the costs of capital. This formula aims to ensure appropriate commercial disciplines whilst fulfilling scientific purposes.

The State charges CRIs with promoting the transfer and dissemination of research, science and technology. In other words, they have the role of "making a difference" with the research they produce. They do this via strategic, long-term relationships with sectors (the CRI Act set up most of the CRIs with a sector-orientation), to support, sustain, challenge and develop existing sectors and also to lead development of new sectors.

Governance and administration
CRIs were originally governed under a standalone Act, the Crown Research Institutes Act 1992. In 2004, as part of a wider reform of government entities, they were brought under the Crown Entities Act 2004 as a type of crown-entity company.

The New Zealand Government — via two Cabinet Ministers (the Minister of Research, Science and Technology and the Minister of Finance) — holds all shares in each CRI. Cabinet appoints a Board for each CRI. Each Board — intended to comprise business, "professional" and science expertise — operates according to the Companies Act as well as the CRI Act (1992) and other relevant Acts. Each Board produces an annual report and reports to the Crown Company Monitoring Advisory Unit (CCMAU), (part of The Treasury), which represents the shareholders. Parliament also scrutinises each CRI on an annual basis.

Day-to-day, however, CRIs operate as any commercial company would, acting within their strategic statement of intent (agreed with the shareholding Ministers) that aligns with the CRI Act purpose and principles.

The CRIs, along with Callaghan Innovation, cooperate as Science New Zealand.

Funding
NSOF (the Non-Specific Output Fund) provided CRIs with some independent public-good research-funding streams from 1992 to 2005. The CRI Capability Fund (CF) replaced NSOF as from 1 July 2005. It provided public funding to maintain, enhance, and foster current or new capabilities. In 2010, the Government provided each CRI with core funding to deliver outcomes for the benefit of New Zealand. Core funding gives CRIs greater financial certainty and comprises a significant proportion of total funding available to CRIs.

List of CRIs
The Crown Research Institutes are:

 * New Zealand Pastoral Agriculture Research Institute (AgResearch)
 * New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research (Plant & Food Research), formerly Crop & Food Research and HortResearch.
 * Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR)
 * Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited)
 * GNS Science, the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences
 * Landcare Research (Landcare Research)
 * National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)
 * Institute For Social Research and Development was disestablished in 1995 after failing to achieve financial viability. (Not be confused with the UN agency of similar name.)
 * Industrial Research Limited (IRL) merged into Callaghan Innovation, on 1 February 2013.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Crown Research Institute


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Talk:Talk on Corners

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 10:38, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Avy6m964ogepo

Certifications
I had to remove certifications for the following countries: Belgium, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Portugal, Singapore, Singapore, Spain, as they were not reliably sourced. The sources used were , non of which seem to reliably verify a certificate. Please supply reliable sources and I'd be very happy to reinstate them. --Muhandes (talk) 09:21, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

Release date
sorry for not explaining the edits :) I looked up the article's history and it seems that it had the 20th date until it was changed by yourself in February 2017, now that would be fine except that you did not provide a source for that change. I couldn't find a reliable source for either dates, but a quick google search appears to show more results for the 20th than the 24th. What do you think? Ellokk (talk) 01:43, 3 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Looking further, it seems the 20th date was added by an IP in December 2014... Ellokk (talk) 01:55, 3 February 2020 (UTC)
 * No worries. ;) As far as the release date goes, a Billboard source I had included in the 'Release and commercial performance' section confirms an October 1997 release date, but the actual date has proved trickier to identify. The source used for the history of this album on the French Album Chart confirms it debuted on the chart dated 25/Oct/1997, which means it must have been released 7 days earlier (the 18th). But then the source for the Swedish Albums Chart confirms the album debuted on October 24th, which means it must have been released in Sweden on the 17th? It's all a big minefield. I did my part trying to confirm its earliest release date. Good luck to you. ;) Homeostasis07 (talk/contributions) 02:32, 3 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Should we go with the 17th then? Ellokk (talk) 02:36, 3 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Whatever you feel like. ;) Homeostasis07 (talk/contributions) 02:37, 3 February 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ Ellokk (talk) 02:46, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Talk on Corners


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Talk:Unplugged (The Corrs album)

Fair use rationale for Image:The Corrs Unplugged.jpg
Image:The Corrs Unplugged.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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 * Done. Adam McMaster 11:27, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 10:15, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Albfxlfhekcqq

title: Talk:Unplugged (The Corrs album)


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User:Jondel/fundamental

~ That's the most fundamental question of life. What on earth am I here for?

Well, you need to understand God to answer that question. You see, the bible says, "God is love." It doesn't say He has love, it says He is love. It's part of His nature, His character, it is the essence of His being. God is love. Now, love isn't very valuable unless you bestow it on something and the bible says, "God made you to love you." You were created as an object of God's love. If you want to know why you're taking breath right now, why your heart is beating, it's because God made you to love you. It's the sole reason. You were made to be loved by God and to bring Him pleasure.

Now God wants you to learn to love Him back and that's the first purpose of your life, to get to know and love Him back. One day Jesus was walking down the street and a man came up and said, "What's the most important command in the bible?" And Jesus said, "I'm going to summarize the entire bible in one sentence. Love God with all your heart and soul and mind and strength." That's called the great commandment. And God wants you to get to know and love Him back. So that means when you get up in the morning, you should sit on the side of your bed and say, "God, if I don't get anything else done today, I want to know you a little bit better and I want to love you a little bit more." Because if at the end of the day you know God more and you love Him more, you have just fulfilled one of the purposes of your life.

If, on the other hand, you've accomplished all kinds of things and achieved many, many successes in life, but at the end of the day you don't know God better or love Him more, you have missed the primary purpose of your life. Because God didn't put you on this earth just to mark things off your to-do list. He put you here to know Him and love Him. That's why you exist.

title: User:Jondel/fundamental


text:
Barrel cactus

Barrel cacti are various members of the two genera Echinocactus and Ferocactus, endemic to the deserts of Southwestern North America southward to north central Mexico. Some of the largest specimens are found in the Sonoran Desert.

Description
Some species of barrel cactus reach over 1 m in height at maturity, and have been known to reach 3 m in some regions. The ribs are numerous and pronounced, and the spines are long and can range in color from yellow to tan to red, depending on the age of the plant and the species. Flowers appear at the top of the plant only after many years. The barrel cactus can live to be over 100 years old.

Barrel cactus buds typically start to bloom in April with a bright yellow or orange flower. Pink and red varieties also exist but occur less frequently. The flowers only appear on the very top of the plant. As the flowers begin to wilt in early May, they may change color. A late summer desert rainstorm can produce a late bloom, as shown in the photograph below of the orange-flowered variety (it bloomed two days after a hurricane in mid-August and continued to bloom through the end of September).

Fruit
As the flowers wilt away, small pineapple-shaped greenish fruit may form. Left untouched, the fruit has been known to last a full calendar year. The fruit can be easily removed but is not usually consumed because it is fairly dry and bitter.

Facts
Native Americans collected the fruit as emergency food during extreme drought conditions.

The Seri people distinguished three species of barrel cactus:
 * Saguaro barrel cactus — Ferocactus cylindraceus
 * Siml caacöl (big barrel cactus), siml cöquicöt (killer barrel cactus) — Ferocactus emoryi
 * Siml áa (true barrel cactus) — Ferocactus wislizeni

In Mexico the flesh of the barrel cactus is candied and eaten as a treat.

Cultivation
Barrel cacti are cultivated by plant nurseries as an ornamental plant. They are considered easy to grow and relatively fast growing. They may produce round offshoots.

Barrel cacti can fall over because they grow based on sun orientation. They usually grow towards the south to prevent surface tissue sunburn, giving the name "compass cactus."

title: Barrel cactus


text:
Cycles of the Kings

The Cycles of the Kings or Kings' Cycles, sometimes called the Historical Cycle, are a body of Old and Middle Irish literature. They comprise legends about historical and semi-historical kings of Ireland (such as Buile Shuibhne, "The Madness of King Suibhne"), stories about the origins of dynasties and peoples (such as The Expulsion of the Déisi), accounts of significant battles (such as Battle of Mag Mucrama), as well as anecdotes that explain rites and customs. It is one of the four main groupings of early Irish sagas, along with the Mythological Cycle, the Ulster Cycle and the Fianna Cycle.

The kings that are included range from the almost entirely fictional Labraid Loingsech, who allegedly became High King in the 4th century BC, to the entirely historical Brian Boru. Other kings include Cormac mac Airt, Niall of the Nine Hostages, Conall Corc, Diarmait mac Cerbaill, Lugaid mac Con, Conn of the Hundred Battles, Lóegaire mac Néill and Crimthann mac Fidaig. It was part of the duty of the medieval Irish bards, or court poets, to record the history of the family and the genealogy of the king they served. This they did in poems that blended the mythological and the historical to a greater or lesser degree.

One of the most famous legends is the Buile Shuibhne, a 12th-century tale told in verse and prose. Suibhne, king of Dál nAraidi, was cursed by St Ronan Finn and became a kind of half-man, half-bird, condemned to live out his life in the woods, fleeing from his human companions. The story has captured the imaginations of contemporary Irish poets and has been translated by Trevor Joyce and Seamus Heaney.

title: Cycles of the Kings


text:
Talk:Gothic Lolita

Linkspamming by lolitafashion.org
Is it really necessary to have a link to lolitafashion.org in every single imaginable article surrounding Gothic Lolita? --84.169.125.144 (talk) 19:01, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Last Section
the last section of the article about elitism sounds very very colloquial. I don't know about it, so I can't fix it, but to an average reader it sounds like someone got on their high horse and edited the page in a very unacademic style.

Elegant Gothic Lolita page is mislabeled
At this point in time, I think the online GothLoli culture has been educated enough to handle clarifying the actual Elegant Gothic Lolita wiki page (not the Gothic Lolita page) as a term coined by Mana (musician) specifically for his Moi-même-Moitié brand. The Elegant Gothic Aristocrat page is mature enough to tell the difference and point people to the real fashion (Aristocrat (fashion)) while informing them of the common mistake, so why can we not do that for Elegant Gothic Lolita? Why are we allowing EGL to redirect to Gothic Lolita? We're only allowing the mislabeling to continue instead of trying to rectify it.

You all realize that if you were to say "I'm EGL" in Japan, they'd be a little confused.

I also understand it is shorter, but so is the word "iPod" in comparison to "MP3 Player" (or really, Digital Audio Player). However, you can't call every MP3 Player you see an iPod, because that would be misleading and well, confusing. iPod is a brand of MP3 Player/Digital Audio Player, just as EGL is a brand (really, a line in a brand) of Lolita fashion

It has been corrected and clarified! The Elegant Gothic Lolita page no longer redirects to Gothic Lolita. It now specifically describes the label, and points to Lolita fashion and Gothic Lolita in the description.

Disassociation and Clarification
Perhaps the best major revamp would be to clarify that "Gothic Lolita" isn't the umbrella style category, but Lolita fashion is.... and then focus the article more on the specific subgenre of gothic lolita than trying to explain all styles? This might be complicated since many confuse the term "gothic lolita" with "lolita fashion" in general. Loli fashion also has othercategories, not just gosu! I would suggest more info on otherstyles, like sweet lolita, white lolita, punk lolita. Maybe even male counterparts! it's so complex!

In some instances a more cumbersome Gothic/Lolita might also be slightly more accurate, to   represent the existence of Gothic Lolita within two poles of lolita fashion. Looking at the decor and "lifestyle goods" advertised to Gothic Lolitas, as opposed to say amaloli, it is  clear that there is a definite distinction in the consumption patterns (at least the apparent    patterns presented in magazines, websites etc.) of many who would call themselves Gothic Lolita, as they tend to have a strong overlap with "goths" as far as literature, movies, and art is concerned. At the same time, the two poles are never in balance, and there are many who seem to oscillate between them over their period of engagement with the fashion. I guess what I mean to say is, classifications of fashion (especially street fashion) are always temporally and spacially rooted, and thus change over time--often aided by marketing and other media in   attempts to "codify" and "reify" sub-fashions, which is then actualized by the participants/consumers and generates increased diversity of products (and presumably sales).Kaelus Primus

 * Someone editing this article is really trying to make gothloli sound like some kind of underground cult-like movement!! I grew up in Tokyo from when I was 12 until now, and was dressing Gothloli and going to gothloli-related events from about age 15.. there is no "social hardship", nobody thinks you are "crazy" (sometimes "kogyaru" looks at you funny, but there are recently also some "kogyaru-gosurori" girls in Shibuya), most older ladies think you are very cute!! Yes, most gothloli (nowadays) are "bangyaru" and "otaku" but so are many young Japanese girls. That's not so strange. It's just a fashion with some lifestyle elements. Just like being a "b-girl" or skater punk or whatever. It's a nice culture, but not weird or unusual. Many girls at my school were into Loli/Gothloli in some way.

 * "social hardship" of being Loli seems to be mainly in other countries, or places. Where I live, ["The OC", Southern California, America] there is a lot of hardship not being like the stereotypical teen girl who has fake tans and a RAZR phone with fake gems on it.  But in Tokyo it doesn't seem that way.

Photo of this fashion?
Would be possible to include a photo of a typical Gotic Lolita woman? Thanks.

There really isn't a "typical" as the fashion of GL/EGL/EGA/CL etc is vast and and also has many branches from neo-gothic to punk, even going as far as looking like the victim of a horror film. ^_^

There are links at the bottom of the article page, Blue Period being a good source for photos considering she has MANY scans from the Gothic and Lolita Bibles.

....Hi, I think one of the posters here has misunderstood "gothloli" style, it's not such a wide genre and the picture of the girls in white and black on the page now is a fairly good representation of the typical style of about 2 years ago (recently it's become a little more toned-down and perhaps more adult looking). Punk-looking girls are, er, punk, not gothloli. Likewise pink sweaters and vivienne westwood cardigans is "lolita fashion" in japan, but not GOTHloli. Lace petticoats, black frilly dresses, teddybears made of black leather, stockings with ribbons etc, that's gothloli.

I have to say the current picture of Mana is a bad way to represent Gothic Lolita, as he's dressed more like regular western goth than Gosuloli.

Things to be done
Note that Japanese version of article refers to phenom as "Gothic & Lolita," and that typical Japanese usage is just plain "Lolita." More explication of Harajuku street scene (perhaps whole separate article?) including older male Japanese photographers, foreign and domestic tourists, relationship between old and new members of street scene, and commentary on age/background of participants. Perhaps a more sophisticated presentation of Goth/Gothloli relationship, since these two phenom have at least some common causes, they are more part of the same phenom rather than two disparate phenom affecting each other. More pics would be nice! - Naif

...I agree more (up-to-date) pictures would be nice. The Japanese article is not written by someone who knows anything about "gothic", as far as I could see, although I only glanced at it. For the article about Japanese lolita fashion, it would be worth noting that "Lolita" fashion is the main genre and "Gothloli" is a subset, the same as "classic lolita" etc. It seems like the current article (and many comments from people) have this exactly the opposite way round). There are many "lolita" brands which are more similar to regular street clothing than gothloli and many gothloli girls wear these styles when they are not dressing up as gothloli. Some of those brands are quite high-quality designers using good materials, they are popular not just with "kids", and are expensive. Vivienne Westwood is sometimes considered a brand like that. The terms "EGL" and "EGA" are usually only known by fans of Mana and his fashion brand, it is not the usual term for gothloli's, likewise most "real" Japanese goths don't even know what it means. Most people might know about "lolita fashion", the Japanese goths call gothloli's "gothloli" and young girls into gothloli or other lolita fashions sometimes call each other "lolita-chan"s. *Some* gothloli's, interestingly, call themselves "goshikku" because they have no background about the original style of "gothic" music and fashion and don't see the difference. The goths don't like that! ;) There is no "harajuku scene" specifically related to Gothloli- are you thinking of the (ever decreasing) cosplayers and visual kei fans on the bridge there? Probably there are less than 50 girls in total and less than 5 or 10 gothloli's amongst them on a weekend. You can see more than that just walking around akihabara (lots of gothloli's are otaku kind of people). If you go to marui in shinjuku you can see about 100 gothloli's in 10 minutes. Maybe the article should include information about "lolita fashion" being the bigger picture, and gothloli attracting more attention in the west??

 * i have heard sweet lolita refer to themselves as gosrori though; would this be because the term originated as gothic&lolita and got shortened to gothloli/gosrori, or would this be some sort of reference to their tendency towards gothic clothing on the days that they are not dressed sweet lolita?

Fringe Culture, Even in Japan
Similar comments with the above: goth loli is definitely NOT mass marketed in Japan. If anything it is considered very, very fringe culture that the average Japanese citizen has nothing to do with.

 * Well, there's a large department store right in the middle of extremely busy and expensive Shinjuku, almost entirely devoted to Gothloli. Also there is a monthly glossy magazine you can buy in any convenience store which heavily features the fashion. Every single HMV or Tower records has a large section of Gothloli related records, magazines and posters. If you mean the average 40 year old salaryman has nothing to do with it, then you're right I suppose. But for teenagers it's a major "youth fashion" (hate that word), along with "Punk", "Gyaru" etc. Way back in 1999 Shiina Ringo dressed in gothloli style for her album and some videos, and got to number 1 in the album and singles charts. More recently even Ayumi Hamasaki did a couple of gothloli-style pop videos, and she's the biggest pop artist in all of Japan, selling millions of records. Can't get much more major than that.

 * Multiple female women with mainstream jobs have responded to a question "if you had to do cosplay, which cosplay would you do?" with "GothLoli." I saw a group of girls at one senior high school culture festival in the countryside dress up in Gothloli without attracting special attention.  I agree it's not far, far fringe.  Just "fringe." -Naif

 * I think the japanese fashion articles on wikipedia are very biased towards this kind of visual-kei culture. Not that there's anything wrong but I think it'S not an accurate representation of how Japanese teens really dress. Lolitas are usually considered very strange by Japanese pple, and yes, Hamasaki did dress like that for a music vid but I think that's more because it's a music video. Britney Spears dressed as an Air Stewardess and a nurse in her toxic video i believe, but that doesnt indicate any kind of fashion movement.

 * Britney Spears dressed up for her videos and that didn't cause a fashion movement in the U.S. That's very true.  But you underestimate the amount of influence the idols and pop stars have in Japan. All cultures are influenced by celebrities to a degree, but Japanese people tend to be among the most impressionable.

 * Britney Spears shaves her head, parties until she's drunk, and then calls herself the "Antichrist" and puts 666 on her forehead, and you expect people to imitate her? LOL! 204.52.215.107 15:45, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

I would say that rather than a fashion movement, it's more of a movement similar to the goth movement in America or Europe, and teenagers dressed in these fashions are more likely to be outcasts or otaku. I think that references to Lolita by mainstream artists is more about the artist looking for inspiration for new material. Compare Hamasaki's music video to Madonna's similar goth-inspired style in one of her videos.

 * I'd like to see an article focusing on all Japanese fashions with this in it too. Lolitas, Aristocrats, Kogals, Ganguro/Gonguro, Yamanba, & whatever the people in those "Frits" street fashion books are called. & yeah, adding more pictures would help differentiate between lolita styles.

What are 'Mary Janes' in the context of shoes? Is it a brand name? -CamTarn
 * I wish there was an article on it. They're shoes with a strap. Cool Hand Luke (Communicate!)  04:16, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * There is, it is Mary Jane (Shoe).

i'd just like to point out that, when i was in Japan, there were whole blocks of stores dedicated to gothic & lolita/aristocrat/punks/VK fashion in malls. i saw this not just in Tokyo, but in Osaka and Hiroshima as well, and i didn't even go looking for the ones that weren't in Tokyo - i just ran into them. i also saw a store or two in Kobe, Kyoto and a number of other places. Given, the popularity has fallen off since then, but for a subcultural fashion it's really quite common. It's an event when i see even one deathrocker or even an obvious goth on the streets around here, and i live in San Francisco, one of the centers of goth culture. i do wish we had a Harajuku/Yoyogi type place around here... There's the Haight, but no one really hangs out there except the homeless street punks. Ah well, no use whining, i suppose.  M ira F irefly  04:09, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

"goths"
The label is in frequent misuse, and really applies only to followers of the gothic rock/deathrock subculture, which is almost completely underground. Everything else that has come to be associated with the term is really from widespread media misusage of it.

A lot disturbances and so called mis-esteem over what is gothic cause of irrational but I'll pretend to be psychic one time and say a "punk/goth" or "Goth/Rock" is going to explain their frustrations with creativity. Right I don't acknowledge disbelief with the goth section being overruled (though bias) but how old is goth term or gothic? Surely I can believe a religion or a Bram Stoker Novel so heres a PROPER REFERENCE: goth·ic     /ˈgɒθɪk/ Pronunciation Key - Show Spelled Pronunciation[goth-ik] Pronunciation Key - Show IPA Pronunciation –adjective 1.	(usually initial capital letter) noting or pertaining to a style of architecture, originating in France in the middle of the 12th century and existing in the western half of Europe through the middle of the 16th century, characterized by the use of the pointed arch and the ribbed vault, by the use of fine woodwork and stonework, by a progressive lightening of structure, and by the use of such features as flying buttresses, ornamental gables, crockets, and foils. 2.	(usually initial capital letter) pertaining to or designating the style of painting, sculpture, etc., produced between the 13th and 15th centuries, esp. in northern Europe, characterized by a tendency toward realism and interest in detail. 3.	(initial capital letter) of or pertaining to Goths or their language. 4.	(usually initial capital letter) of or pertaining to the music, esp. of northern Europe, of the period roughly from 1200 to 1450, including that of the Ars Antiqua, Ars Nova, and the Burgundian school. 5.	(usually initial capital letter) pertaining to the Middle Ages; medieval. 6.	(sometimes initial capital letter) barbarous or crude. 7.	(often initial capital letter) noting or pertaining to a style of literature characterized by a gloomy setting, grotesque, mysterious, or violent events, and an atmosphere of degeneration and decay: 19th-century gothic novels. 8.	(initial capital letter) noting or pertaining to the alphabetical script introduced for the writing of Gothic by Ulfilas and derived by him from Greek uncials with the addition of some Latin and some invented letters. 9.	(often initial capital letter) being of a genre of contemporary fiction typically relating the experiences of an often ingenuous heroine imperiled, as at an old mansion, where she typically becomes involved with a stern or mysterious but attractive man. –noun 10.	(usually initial capital letter) the arts and crafts of the Gothic period. 11.	(initial capital letter) the extinct Germanic language of the Goths, preserved esp. in the 4th-century translation by Ulfilas of the Bible. Abbreviation: Goth, Goth., goth. 12.	(often initial capital letter) a story, play, film, or other work in the gothic style. 13.	(usually initial capital letter) British. black letter. 14.	(often initial capital letter) a square-cut printing type without serifs or hairlines.

NOW DO I SEE A SINGLE PUNK or ROCK WORD IN HERE TO PROVE YOU GOTH/ROCK or GOTH/PUNKs (consider by faculty other goths not punk or rock inferior) THE CREATORS OF THE TERM GOTHIC or let alone the DICTIONARY? Normal punks or punk/goths or goth/rockers hate fascism but uniquely you like degrading and lowering the standards for others in term of the total classification as goth. So is it a crime for anyone to want to be called Emoth (Emo+Goth), Lolita Goth ect. Reference note for goth definition is found at http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gothic. LAST NOTE: Do all punks have to be sXe to be punk? Does sXe be better than Goth Punk or maybe normal Punk? There really isn't a category for a compulsory punk so could I have an punk's/rocker intelligent rebate to answer my query why punk/rocker gets more royal variety treatment over other types or "want to claim" types (like goth) to the extent not being called authoritarian? Not any backlashing just a human view from a intelligent kind punk or goth/rocker (there must be one). --ForsakenPoppet (talk) 12:00, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Kudos on site. --ForsakenPoppet (talk) 12:06, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Sources of references
Here some online text tha can be used for inline citations -> http://www.lerman.biz/asagao/gothic_lolita/research1.html. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.50.154.66 (talk) 03:07, 19 February 2007 (UTC).

I added another one.. look at the reference I put in its #1 right now. fairly extensive.TheDarknessVisible 06:19, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Mainichi Shimbun
This article is inaccurate. I've stated it in the Lolita_Fashion and deleted it from there as well. Sweet Lolita and the Sweet Lolita brands were already out about a decade before Gyaru fashion even came up in the 90's, so I have no clue what the author was talking about. It is really misleading.

If anyone have any questions or concerns, get back at me.
 * Sorry, didn't notice your note here. I think the operating principle here is Verifiability, which says, "The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is verifiability, not truth." Especially in an article which is tagged for being unsourced, removal of an article on the subject from a large newspaper like Mainichi Shimbun would not be appropriate. Articles which are tagged as unsourced and OR are often nominated for deletion for those reasons. So, even if totally inaccurate, the article at least shows evidence of coverage in the media. I don't edit at this article, but if I did, I would use the news article to cite facts that it does get right. For the facts it gets wrong, don't use this article as a source-- hopefully a better one can be found. But as evidence of "Notability" and coverage, I think the article is still valuable. Dekkappai 19:58, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I've made a mistake. Gyaru fashion started coming in as a fashion in the 70s as well, but it didn't get insanely popular until the 90s. But Gyaru and Lolita fashion has always been conflicting, they're polar opposites, they will never mix together right. This page shows a translation of the "Rococo Vol. 1" magazine about the 'timeline of gosuloli', which shows the timelines and influences and connections of the fashion, which includes the birth of the major sweet lolita brands. BTW, I still fail to see what can be cited from that article, because there are a lot of errors or untrue information about the styles in there. Especially parts like calling the Gothic Lolitas "Goths", and whatnot. Sorry to seem like I'm being a major bitch, I'm just trying to keep the fashion from being misinterpreted anymore than it is. Ahmanni 01:40, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Ethimology
Is posible to add some ethimology of the history of the word, the use of "gothic" and "lolita" to describe the style? --66.50.154.66 14:03, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Gothic Lolita is what happens to Goth when it has to satisfy the Japanese Minimun Cuteness Laws... T ConX 22:03, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

List of GothLoli in manga misleading?
It says in the list that there is a GothLoli character in Fruits Basket. Who? If whoever posted it was referring to Hanajima Saki, then they are mistaken--  Hana-chan is just gothic, she's not a lolita. Dark Chi (AKA Freya) in Chobits is also not really GothLoli, she shows too much skin. Were they talking about someone else and I missed it?

I won't argue Hana-Chan but as a fashion enthusiast I greatly denote your view on Dark Chi with the Teenie (10-11) age look and Victorian dress (victorian attire is considered gothic) so Lolita (age) + Victorian fashion (gothic) = Gothic Lolita in unless blurred vision. How could a Victorian dress with a girl (or mistaken a robot girl aka chobit) looking in 10-11 (sincerely) be not Lolita/Gothic? --ForsakenPoppet (talk) 12:24, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Freya would really be classified as ero lolita, gothic lolita is modest. 65.92.68.100 (talk) 00:16, 5 May 2008 (UTC)Sarah

Explanation
Harajuku, Visual kei, and Gothic and Lolita are all very important articles that need to be properly sourced, and these three articles are key in working together. Gothic and Lolita is used to describe the whole subculture of "girls on the bridge" in Harajuku - including the "punk" and "visual kei cosplayers" - for a quick confirmation check the Japanese version of this article. We want to make a Gothic and Lolita section of the Visual Kei article, to talk about the culture, and link here. "Lolita fashion" should be the main fashion article (it seems pretty well written, and just needs to be sourced). This article currently duplicates a lot of the Lolita Fashion article. Just some thoughts on how to organize the pages - and I'm perfectly willing to accept suggestions/comments about the idea. There is a good study done by a sociology student (English) about the "subculture" as well as a report by NHK (Japanese TV station) that follows students from the bridge, to other activies, as well as interviewing thier parents (In Japanese). There are some other articles I have access that discuss it as well. Denaar 22:21, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Manga Section
I am a little puzzled about a few of the lolita style in mangas. Vampire Knight is not a good example of the loli style. They wear tipical uniforms and Yuki's dresses aren't loli either. xxxHolic does feature two girls in maid outfits, but they aren't really lolitas. They are just Yuko-San's helpers. A better example is Godchild. Also, Nana Kitade is the punk lolita princess. TokyoPop has published the Gothic and Lolita Bible, which is available in the US. The manga Doll is also a very good example of loli dress. Risdpanda (talk) 22:38, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Agreed. Unless someone can find me an image of Yuki or whoever in lolita, I will remove it from the article. 65.92.68.100 (talk) 00:15, 5 May 2008 (UTC)Sarah

I'm trying to understand why Death Note isn't listed among them. Misa Amane is described by both the writer and artist as being Gothic Lolita, yet it isn't included here...Durmgrid (talk) 16:52, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

Costume
I've removed the part that says "gothic lolita costume" and left it as "gothic lolita". Lolita =/= cosplay. Also, removed Death Note and Vampire Knight. Misa isn't a lolita and there are none in VK, if so, I want proof. 65.92.65.27 (talk) 12:06, 28 June 2008 (UTC)Sarah

depends, if there is a lolita dress exactly to a certain manga or anime, than its cosplay, therefore it is a costume. Death Berry  talk  19:33, 27 March 2009 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Haseo445 (talk • contribs)

Normal loli is better, no?
And don't even get me started on cp. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.189.173.198 (talk) 04:01, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Ive always wondered...is Gothic Lolita loli? *laughs* 58.170.133.245 (talk) 12:16, 30 September 2008 (UTC) Harlequin

"Statement"
From the article (currently the last section of the article): "The 'emo' and 'scene' fashion is commonly mistaken with lolita fashion because of its similarities yet if anything, that has sprouted out of the lolita fashion and gone into America and Europe especially." I can't even tell decipher what this sentence is trying to say. Also, shouldn't the terms emo and scene be internal links, just like every second word in every wikipedia article ever? I'd try fixing it but I don't see much point in trying to fix such trivial errors until the statement itself is made comprehensible. Could also do with a [citation needed]; it sounds an awful lot like opinions and speculation, but then again, that's just, like, my opinion, man. Lootsorrow (talk) 06:50, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Pandora Hearts
DOES HAVE LOLITA! its just heavily influenced by the males, not females. just because females wear it the most doesnt mean males dont! Death Berry  talk  16:45, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Could just be me but...
The last time I checked, Gothic Lolita is just a subset of Lolita Fashion, right? So why exactly does it merit it's own article? I'm redirecting this to the section on gothloli in the main lolita article.~Sana (talk) 16:10, 29 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I see that it was reverted. Perhaps suggest a merge with a merge tag? I'll support it.--Knulclunk (talk) 03:17, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Done. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Lolita_fashion#Gothic_Lolita_merge_proposal~Sana (talk) 18:48, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gothic Lolita


text:
Teresa, Rizal

Teresa, officially the Municipality of Teresa, is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Rizal, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 64,072 people.

It is situated in the slopes of the Sierra Madre Mountains and is landlocked on four corners by Antipolo on the north, Angono on the west, Tanay, on the east, and Morong, on the south.

Most of the people here are Tagalogs. Teresa is primarily known for the nearby mountain resorts, Villa Sampaguita Resort and Real Cove Resort (Formerly Sunrise Resort, Sunset Resort, and Terra Villa Resort). Contrary to some articles, Teresa is actually a valley surrounded by mountains. The town center is located almost at the center of the valley. In an aerial view of Teresa, one would notice the previously vast expanse of agricultural land bordered by marble-rich mountains.

The town is passed by motorists bounded for the more inland towns of Morong, Baras, Tanay, Pililla, and Laguna and Quezon provinces.

Land uses (in hectares): Commercial (1.92), Residential (104.32), Agricultural (1183.35), Protected areas (13,952.41), Industrial / Ecozone (710.69), Institutional (112.28), and Special / Other uses (123.03).

The town's festivals are the Turumba sa Mahal na Patron Santa Rosa (held every August 23), Anniversary celebration of town independence (every December 30), and Town fiesta (every 1st Sunday of March).

History
Teresa was first named "Oroquieta" and was a barrio of the Municipality of Morong. As a non-independent town its name was changed to "Santa Rosa" in honor of the town's patron saint, St. Rose of Lima. Against the will of its people, Santa Rosa was annexed to Antipolo, which led to animosity between the two towns. Most of the residents preferred to be under jurisdiction of Morong.

Unstable conditions led militant leaders such as Messra. San Esteban, Santo Domingo, Pio Piriquiquit Santos, Raymundo Francisco, Mariano Celo Francisco, Diego P. Cruz, Santiago P. Cruz, Sabino de Ramos, Platon Gonzales, Brigido Capli Cruz,Lorenzo Capli Cruz, Saturnino Francisco, and Francisco Natividad to clamor for independence. In 1877, the Spanish lawyer Don Mariano Rodriguez Candelaria assisted the people in appealing to the Spanish Governor-General for separate ownership. The appeal was given preferential attention, and Santa Rosa was later declared an independent town. In 1900, the people agreed to change the name from Santa Rosa to "Teresa" in honor of the Spanish lawyer's mother, Doña Teresa Candelaria.

In 1903, when rebellion broke out, Teresa was again annexed to the Municipality of Antipolo. In 1917, the able men of the town again moved for independence with the help of the Rizal Governor Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. This move, however, failed due to political reasons.

With the help extended by Senator Rafael Palma, the independence of Teresa was approved and declared by the Governor-General Charles E. Yeater on January 1, 1919, through Executive Order No. 57 (signed December 16, 1918). Roberto de Jesus was appointed as the first "Municipal President" (known as Mayor today). Functioning as a town, Teresa comprised three barrios at the time: May-Iba, Pantay, and San Roque.

After three years of independence, the town acquired a municipal building on November 8, 1921, which was called Presedencia. Paulino de la Rosa was the second Municipal President of Teresa, Rizal. During his term the elementary school building (located in Dalig) was inaugurated. His portrait hangs proudly as the first in the grand entrance of the municipal building in Teresa, Rizal.

Barangays
Teresa is politically subdivided into 9 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.
 * Bagumbayan
 * Dalig
 * Dulumbayan
 * May-Iba
 * Poblacion
 * Prinza
 * San Gabriel
 * San Roque
 * Calumpang Santo Cristo

As of the year 2010, there was a proposal to name the eastern section of the municipality as a 10th barangay (the area from the Marcos Highway towards General Nakar in Quezon Province). However, the area is part of the disputed political claim among the municipalities of Morong, Teresa, Baras, and Tanay.

Demographics

In the 2020 census, the population of Teresa, Rizal, was 64,072 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

Major religious denominations: Roman Catholic (75%), Iglesia Ni Cristo (12%), Protestant (2%), Islam (1%), and Others (10%)

Economy
Formerly, the predominant source of livelihood in Teresa is agriculture. But with the opening of the Republic Cement Factory (Formerly FR Cement Factory), Teresa Marble Corporation, and ABC Chemical Factory, members of the community have slowly shifted to industry. More, the real estate boom in the 90s caused a surge in the population in Teresa with the opening of the Carissa Homes East 1 (CHE-1 in Bagumbayan) & 2 (CHE-2 in San Gabriel and Dalig) subdivisions and the La Hacienda, La Montagna and Palazzo Estates located at the highlands of Barangay Bagumbayan.

Annual income is P 85,548,638.56 from manufacturing (cement, marble, limestone quarrying), agro-industrial (piggery and poultry farms), and operation of economic enterprises (public market, slaughter house, sukol spring resort, MRF).

Infrastructure
Basic facilities include 2 hospitals, 10 clinics, and 1 public market.

Power is supplied by the Manila Electric Company. Water supply is through the municipal Teresa Water District (TERWD) and Buhay Na Tubig Multi-Purpose Cooperative.

Educational institutions consist of 1 university and college, 8 high schools, and 12 elementary schools.

title: Teresa, Rizal


text:
Arthur D. Little

Arthur D. Little is an international management consulting firm originally headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, founded in 1886 and formally incorporated in 1909 by Arthur Dehon Little, an MIT chemist who extended the applications of cellulose acetate, especially its use as artificial silk. Arthur D. Little pioneered the concept of contracted professional services. The company played key roles in the development of business strategy, operations research, the word processor, the first synthetic penicillin, LexisNexis, SABRE, and NASDAQ. Today the company is a multinational management consulting firm operating as a partnership.

Early history

The roots of the company were started in 1886 by Arthur Dehon Little, an MIT chemist, and co-worker Roger B. Griffin (Russell B. Griffin), another chemist and a graduate of the University of Vermont who had met when they both worked for Richmond Paper Company. Their new company, Little & Griffin, was located in Boston where MIT was then located. Griffin and Little prepared a manuscript for The Chemistry of Paper-making which was for many years an authoritative text in the area. The book had not been entirely finished when Griffin was killed in a laboratory accident in 1893.

Little, who had studied Chemistry at MIT, collaborated with MIT and William Hultz Walker of the MIT Chemistry department, forming a partnership, Little & Walker, which lasted from 1900 to 1905, while both MIT and Little's company were still located in Boston. The partnership dissolved in 1905 when Walker dedicated all of his time to being in charge of the new Research Laboratory of Applied Chemistry at MIT.

Little continued on his own and incorporated the company, Arthur D. Little (ADL), in 1909. He conducted analytical studies, the precursor of the consulting studies for which the firm would later become famous. He also taught papermaking at MIT from 1893 to 1916.

In 1917, the company, originally based at 103 Milk Street in Boston, moved to its own building, the Arthur D. Little Inc., Building, at 30 Memorial Drive on the Charles River next to the new campus of MIT, which had also relocated from Boston to Cambridge. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. In November 1953, ADL opened a 40-acre site for its Acorn Park labs in west Cambridge, Massachusetts, about 6 miles (10 km) from MIT. The new site took its name from the company motto - "Glandes Sparge Ut Quercus Crescant," translated as "Scatter Acorns That Oaks May Grow." The Memorial Drive Trust, a tax-exempt retirement trust for the benefit of its employees, was set up.

Seminal projects
As the pioneer firm in professional services, Arthur D. Little played a key role in numerous 20th-century business initiatives:

In 1911 ADL organized General Motors' first R&D lab, leading to the formation of the firm's dedicated management consulting division, and the birth of the management consulting industry.

In 1916 ADL was commissioned by the Canadian Pacific Railway to do a survey of Canada's natural resources.

In 1921 the firm succeeded in using a bucket of sows' ears to make a silk purse. This revolutionary achievement later became part of the Smithsonian Institute's collection.

In 1968 ADL designed the NASDAQ stock exchange systems for London and Tokyo.

In 1969 ADL developed the Apollo 11 Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector experiment which were installed on the Moon as part of the Apollo 11 mission and which remains active and functioning to this day.

In 1980, ADL produced the European Commission's first white paper on telecommunications deregulation, having completed the first worldwide telecommunications database on phones installed, markets, technical trends, services and regulatory information. It also helped privatize British Rail, generally regarded as one of the most complex privatization exercises in the world.

The Altran era
By 2001, Arthur D. Little reached its peak as a global consulting firm with very significant growth in the technology sector. However, a new management team mismanaged the company's core business and engaged in manipulation of the Memorial Drive Trust. The ADL Board of Trustees replaced this management team. But the damage had been done, and combined with the impact of the dot.com bubble on technology sector activity this led Arthur D. Little to file Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 2002. At an auction in 2002, TIAX LLC, formed by Kenan Sahin, acquired the assets, contracts, and staff of Arthur D. Little's U.S. Technology & Innovation business. Paris-based Altran Technologies bought the non-U.S. assets and brand name of Arthur D. Little.

Under Altran's ownership, Arthur D. Little operated primarily as a European-centric company initially, rebuilding and strengthening its core practices in oil and gas, telecommunications, automotive, manufacturing, and chemicals. It did however maintain offices in Boston and Houston in the USA. Later ADL grew and expanded throughout Europe, the Middle East, and Asia and continued to be recognized for its expertise in areas combining aspects of technology, innovation, and strategy.

Refounding - current partnership organization
A group of partners led a management buyout from the Altran group in 2011. The MBO was completed on 30 December 2011 with the vast majority of ADL directors becoming partners and shareholders. A small number of senior principals, as well as the CFO and COO, also became shareholders. The firm is led by the elected Global CEO, Ignacio Garcia-Alves, who was also the leader of the MBO team. Currently the firm operates with an elected board of directors and several elected committees - Compensation Committee, Partnership Committee, and an Audit Committee. Since the MBO, ADL opened new offices in Turkey, Oslo, Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Singapore, Hong Kong, Beirut, Riyadh, Moscow, Prague and Bahrain. In addition, ADL recently re-established itself in the US market and has opened offices in Boston, New York, and San Francisco. In March 2021 Arthur D. Little announced it had reached a milestone of over 100 partners. In March 2022 Arthur D. Little terminated its operations in Russia and closed its Moscow office.

Practice areas
Arthur D. Little is organized across a number of industry specialty groups including Aerospace & Defense, Automotive, Chemicals, Consumer Goods & Retail, Energy & Utilities, Financial Services, Healthcare & Life Sciences, Industrial Goods & Services, Oil & Gas, Private Equity, Public Services, Telecommunications, Information Technology, Media & Electronics (TIME), Travel & Transportation.

Major service lines are in Corporate Finance, Digital Shift, Digital Problem Solving, Information Management, Marketing & Sales, Operations Management, Organization & Transformation, Risk, Strategy & Organization, Sustainability, Technology & Innovation Management.

Rankings, awards, and recognition
In 2023, ADL Europe was rated #11 in Vault's 2023 Consulting rankings for Europe with recognition for Innovation (#9), Level of challenge (#9), Technology, Media & Telecommunications Consulting (#10), Interaction with Clients (#13), Informal Training (#14), International Opportunities (#14), Firm Culture (#15), Prestige (#15), Promotion Policies (#15), Strategy consulting (#15)

In 2023, ADL Asia was rated #11 in Vault's 2023 Consulting rankings Asia. On Vault's global rankings of key employment factors, ADL Asia was ranked #2 for Level of Challenge, #11 for Internal Mobility, #12 for Innovation, #13 for Compensation, #14 for International Opportunities, and #19 for Prestige.

ADL re-established itself in the US market in 2016 and has since been recognized by Forbes in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023 as one of "America's Best Management Consulting Firms".

In 2022, ADL North America re-emerged in Vault's North America rankings at #19 for the first time in over a decade. In 2024, ADL North America was ranked #28 overall. ADL was also recognized for International Opportunities (#2), Internal Mobility (#6), Management Consulting (#14), Environmental Sustainability (#19), Formal Training (#25), and Prestige (#45).

Studies and viewpoints
Arthur D. Little publishes a number of regular global studies including:
 * Twice a year, Arthur D. Little publishes its latest thinking on strategy, technology and innovation in its corporate magazine Prism.
 * The Annual Arthur D. Little - Exane BNP Paribas report which has provided in-depth analysis of the telecoms sector since 2001

In addition, Arthur D. Little frequently publishes topical or industry-centric reports. Recent examples include:
 * Media Flow of Funds 2017 : Consolidate, Diversity, or Perish, which is the most recent in a multi-year study assessing the digital shifts in the content industry and the associated shifts in value along the industry ecosystem.
 * Telecoms & Media Flagship Report 2017 : Major strategic choices ahead of TelCos: Reconfiguring for value which assesses how digitalization will impact telecommunication operators' configuration.
 * The Future of Urban Mobility Study (2014 version in cooperation with International Association of Public Transport) which is a comprehensive global urban mobility benchmarking report
 * The Global Innovation Excellence Study which benchmarks innovation performance is published every 2–3 years and is in its 9th iteration
 * Socioeconomic Effects of Broadband Speed

Career education
In 1961, Arthur D. Little launched the first management education program to focus exclusively on training general managers from developing countries. Originally known as the Arthur D. Little Management Education Institute, this was a fully accredited academic institution with master's degree granting status. In 1996, the Arthur D. Little School of Management formed a partnership with Boston College's Carroll School of Management in order to gain access to faculty and facilities.

The Arthur D. Little School of Management became Hult International Business School in 2002, following a structural reorganization of Arthur D. Little Inc.

Controversy
In 1987, ADL claimed that sabotage was likely the cause of the Bhopal disaster, which resulted in the death of thousands. ADL's investigation was funded by Union Carbide, the company that owned the chemical plant responsible for the chemical disaster. Analysis by Arthur D. Little argues that the Negligence argument was impossible for several tangible reasons.

In 2001, ADL wrote a Philip Morris-funded report saying that smoking can help Czech economy: Public Finance Balance of Smoking in the Czech Republic.

In 2010 Booz & Co (now Strategy& owned by PWC) claimed they were the "oldest Management Consulting firm still in business". Following some pushback in the industry this claim has been dropped following Booz & Co's rebranding as Strategy&.

Notable current and former employees

 * Business
 * Al Angrisani, Angrisani Turnarounds, LLC
 * William J. J. Gordon and George M. Prince, creators of synectics.
 * Bruce Henderson, founder of the Boston Consulting Group
 * Charles Koch, chairman and chief executive officer, Koch Industries
 * Royal Little, founder of Textron, Inc.
 * H. Donald Wilson, first president of LexisNexis database

 * Politics and public service
 * Merrill Cook, former member of the United States House of Representatives from Utah.
 * Musadik Malik, Federal Minister of State for Petroleum of Pakistan.
 * Glen Fukushima, advisor to U.S. President Bill Clinton
 * James M. Gavin, US Army Lieutenant General, World War II veteran, Commander of the 82nd Airborne Division, and later US Ambassador to France
 * David Brown, Chief Executive IChemE (Institution of Chemical Engineers)

 * Other
 * Earl P. Stevenson, Arthur D. Little's president and chairman of the Ad Hoc Committee on Chemical and Biological Warfare, which in 1950 expedited the creation of Camp Detrick's Special Operations Division that consolidated chemical and biological warfare projects in one location.
 * Winnett Boyd, engineer
 * Fischer Black, economist who co-developed option pricing, which led to a Nobel Prize for his co-authors (the Nobel prize is not awarded posthumously)
 * Philip Chapman, Australian-born American astronaut
 * Raymond Gilmartin, American businessman, who worked as a consultant for eight years after graduation from Harvard Business School
 * Peter Glaser, inventor of the Solar power satellite
 * David Levy, inventor
 * Pamela Low, developed the flavored coating for Cap'n Crunch cereal
 * Donald Schön, academic
 * Jack Treynor, economist
 * Bernard Vonnegut, atmospheric scientist, and brother of Kurt Vonnegut

title: Arthur D. Little


text:
Talk:Rape Me

Request for lyrics
adding the lyrics with specific passages highlighted might be useful here. if we can get away with that? Alkivar 03:56, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * What are the lyrics, anyway? I don't want to do a Google search, 'cause . . . you know . . . BBQ ASL 06:37, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Everyking 07:07, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * lyricwiki.org is a good source. Adding lyrics is a copyright violation for the most part. The only way it would be acceptable I think is if a source makes specific reference to the meaning of a line etc. -- Reaper  X  19:14, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

B-side
In what way was this song not released as a single? I seem to have a CD-single here which is All Apologies/Rape Me. 82.3.32.71 08:15, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * It was a b-side Surachit 09:55, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Rape Me was Not the B-Side. Officially the single was a double A-Side. In fact every copy of the single released in every country lists Rape Me as an A-side aswell, the Artwork may differ slightly from country to country. So as far as the commercial single is concerned All Apologies and Rape Me were both A-Sides and Moist Vagina the B-Side. Promo singles may be different though. This was followed through, if you check www.everyhit.co.uk for Nirvana singles it lists the hit as All Apologies/Rape Me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.137.109.177 (talk • contribs) 18:52, 6 September 2005

Confusion?
I removed the line "A sort of poetic justice, where a guy rapes a girl, ends up in jail, and gets raped there." " because i'm pretty sure the author is confusing "Rape Me" with "Date Rape" by Sublime. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.40.75.89 (talk • contribs) 01:06, 25 October 2005

x
Whoever said this song was about actually being raped is very misinformed. The song is clearly about heroin. And where wrote "you always stink and burn" should read stick and burn". This song is about heroin nothing else. Chuck Page — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.132.240.233 (talk • contribs) 05:48, 14 March 2006

Absolutely not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BauerPower (talk • contribs) 19:47, 22 May 2007

-Kurt himself said it was an "anti-rape" song. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.50.7.196 (talk • contribs) 04:08, 7 July 2006

Yeah, it's definitely about heroin ¬_¬ NOT — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.77.145.57 (talk • contribs) 19:48, 2 December 2006

Delete covers section?
The fact that this song was covered by some cover band seems very insignificant. I think that that bit should be removed from the article. -D — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.231.88.4 (talk • contribs) 21:34, 29 July 2006

Cobain's explanation for the song
He said it was a song of poetic justice, in which a man rapes a woman, is sent to jail, and ends up being raped there himself

Is it just me, or does it sound like Cobain was BSing the interviewer? (Assuming he really did say that.) I've examined the lyrics myself, and there is no way you could possibly infer that the song is about rape as poetic justice. (In contrast, Sublime's song "Date Rape" is pretty transparent in having precisely that meaning.) I'm not sure what the song does mean, but the lyrics never suggest that the setting is a prison. The lyrics don't really give any context whatsoever to the "rape" that's supposedly taking place. In fact, it sounds like what the narrator is describing isn't really rape at all but rather sadomasochism. Look at the title, for goodness sake: it's called "Rape me," not "Don't rape me"! We need not assume that the lyrics are even meant to be taken literally. You could easily read the song as an expression of nihilistic depression (a common theme in Cobain's songs). The "rape" could be a metaphor for drugs, the media, or just about anything. marbeh raglaim 01:21, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I have a feeling that a 'lot' of what Kobain said in interviews should be taken with a grain of salt. It's understandable that he didn't like the way people try to pull apart the meaning of lyrics that are probably written with a lot of emotional weight and not a lot of intellectual forethought (such is the nature of art). A lot of what he says about his lyrics seems to contradict other things he says to different interviewers. I don't think he cared what people thought of his lyrics. 142.58.43.167 (talk) 19:27, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

smells like a teen spirit
has anyone realised this has the same start as teen spirit? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.238.62.56 (talk • contribs) 09:18, 25 March 2007

It's similar, yes. Rape Me chords go A5, C#5, E5, Gsus4. SLTS is F5, A#5, G#5, C#5. I guess there is just little variation in sound with power chords. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.77.114.217 (talk • contribs) 18:20, 22 April 2007

Removed Citation Request
On line 44 in the Controversy section I removed the citation request as I don't see it being necessary. I recall as a 10 year old seeing the back of the album cover state "Waif Me" at a Wal-Mart store. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Coffee and TV (talk • contribs) 17:45, 20 August 2007

Fair use rationale for Image:AllApologiesNew.jpg
Image:AllApologiesNew.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:40, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Length?
10 minutes, the length apparently, unless I'm crazy the song is not ten minutes long but its been there forever so I'm not sure why that's there. TostitosAreGross (talk) 23:25, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Fuck it, I'm not going through due process for this one, the In Utero page says 2:49 so I'm changing it to that. I can't believe you guys let that slip for so long. TostitosAreGross (talk) 23:27, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

I felt I had to edit the section about the song's planned music video. It makes it pretty clear in the journals that it was to be set in a male prison - not a women's one, and goes on to describe the type of criminals Kurt wanted shown.

82.46.105.62 (talk) 17:01, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

Song meaning
Proposal for the "meanings" section: At the time it was recorded, Courtney Love and Kurt Cobain lost the guidance for their daughter Frances Bean Cobain and again in 2003. So, the song title could also refer to the people who took their daughter away from him. See article for verification. Saemikneu (talk) 02:24, 20 August 2014 (UTC)
 * It might was an expression of pain, because nowadays physics doesn't properly use set theory in cosmic inflation. On the other hand we know from facts that Kurt committed suicide. Read: depression, drug abuse

All Apologies/Rape Me listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect All Apologies/Rape Me. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 16:57, 25 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rape Me