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Hans-Peter Briegel

Hans-Peter Briegel (born 11 October 1955) is a German former professional football player and manager who played as a defender or midfielder.

One of the most popular German players in his days, Briegel's original sport was athletics, being successful in various events such as long jump (personal best: 7 metres 44 cm, aged 16), triple jump and specifically in heptathlon-forerunner pentathlon. Briegel also ran 100 metres in 10.8 seconds (officially; hand-timed), aged 16. At the age of 17, he left athletics behind him, playing club football with hometown side SV Rodenbach near Kaiserslautern. During his playing days, Briegel usually played as a left back and defensive midfielder. He was known primarily for his physical abilities as well as his technical abilities and goal scoring abilities for a defensive player.

Club career
Two years after that he was picked up by Erich Ribbeck and Ribbeck took him to training with 1. FC Kaiserslautern, being impressed by the power and stamina the youngster had to offer. Ribbeck was aware that Briegel struggled to combine football need with his physical power and presence, but as practice makes perfect, Briegel was improving. Failing to cope the needs as striker, he did a lot better as defender. On 10 April 1976, Ribbeck brought him on as a sub in a 4–3 win over FC Bayern Munich. Until 1984 he stayed with local side 1. FC Kaiserslautern before he moved on to Hellas Verona in Italy. It should be seen as one of the best efforts of his career that he also gained his sort of reputation and importance in a league such as the Italian Serie A, largely seen as one of the most technical in Europe. Briegel was an immediate key to success for his new club, surprisingly capturing the Serie A title in 1985 with the Gialloblu. The same year, Briegel was named Fußballer des Jahres (Footballer of the Year) in Germany, remarkable as he was the debut foreign-based awardee in the history of the award.

Subsequent to the end of his contract at Hellas Verona, Briegel changed clubs to join fellow Italian top division outfit U.C. Sampdoria of Genoa with whom he won the Coppa Italia before his retirement as a player in 1988. Hans-Peter Briegel's success in football, based on his physical constitution, his speed and his tireless running, made him the clearest symbol for the soldier-like reputation of German football in between the years. His nickname Die Walz von der Pfalz (literally "The steamroller from Palatinate") is referring to both, his playing style as well as to his origin. Briegel, who scored 47 goals in 240 Bundesliga matches, was a keen proponent of the idea of playing without shin pads and did not wear any in his career.

International career
A Euro 1980 qualifying fixture against Wales in October 1979 gave Briegel his first chance to shine for West Germany and he did, enjoying his final breakthrough for his country in the mentioned tournament from which they emerged victorious. He was, then, part of the runner-up campaign of West Germany at the 1982 FIFA World Cup and featured alike in the less successful Euro 1984, all under the coaching of Jupp Derwall. In the 1982 World Cup final, he was responsible for conceding a penalty early in the game by fouling Bruno Conti. Luckily, the penalty was missed but it did not save West Germany from losing the final. Derwall's successor Franz Beckenbauer kept him in his squads and, so, Briegel was able to take part in his second successive World Cup in Mexico in 1986. He was a regular, still, but finally the key to Argentina's winning goal in the final. Three minutes past Rudi Völler's equaliser and seven minutes short of the proposed extra-time, Briegel was, alongside his defending colleagues, hovering near the centre circle of the Estadio Azteca pitch on 29 June when Diego Maradona's pass was going to get on its way to striker Jorge Burruchaga. With his teammates aware, all moving forward quickly before that pass happened (to put the Argentinian striker offside), Briegel's hesitation worked as backfire for the West Germans, giving Burruchaga the chance to pounce decisively on them. Power-house Briegel tried to catch Burruchaga up in an attempt to dispossess him, indeed, but Burruchaga game-winning shot happened before Briegel's desperate tackle came to happen. With Beckenbauer not a true fan of his way of playing and him not having any intention to stand in the way of the coach to build a new team ahead of Euro 1988, to be held in West Germany, the tall defender quit Die Nationalmannschaft with this, his 72nd, appearance.

Managerial career
His first job in coaching Briegel did at FC Glarus, a second-tier club from Switzerland. He then took the ropes of German lower league side SV Edenkoben before he was given the role of manager at then relegated Bundesliga side SG Wattenscheid 09 in 1994, a stay that didn't work out well. As a consequence he turned his back on coaching, re-joining 1. FC Kaiserslautern as sporting director in 1996. He resigned from that job in October 1997 following a hefty question of authority with the team's manager, Otto Rehhagel. He, later on, returned as a director to the club, a decision that saw him being involved in a financial scandal.

He accepted the offer of the Football Association of Albania to become head coach of Albania in December 2002. Before accepting the role Briegel had had various other job offers as his coaching experience, however limited, had been that of assistant to Karl-Heinz Feldkamp at Beşiktaş J.K. in Turkey, and the successor of Feldkamp at Beşiktaş J.K. (from September 1999 to 30 June 2000) and further on top of coaching at fellow Turkish Super League team Trabzonspor (7 November 2001 – 30 June 2002). However, he went ahead and accepted the Albania job with very much success for four years (2002–2006). To date he is the most successful coach of Albania of all times because of the number of points per match in the two qualifiers UEFA Euro 2004 Qualifications and the FIFA World Cup 2006 Qualification. He resigned from the role on 9 May 2006, after the extension of the contract offered him by the Albanian Federation was linked to the results that would be obtained.

In June 2006, he agreed to a deal with the Football Association of Bahrain, taking over the Bahrain squad from Luka Peruzović. However, he was dismissed on 20 January 2007 during the 2007 Gulf Cup.

Briegel's most recent engagement was coaching Turkish Super League side Ankaragücü, before leaving his post by the end of the 2006–07 season.

International

 * Scores and results list West Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Briegel goal.

Honours
Verona
 * Serie A: 1984–85

Sampdoria
 * Coppa Italia: 1987–88

West Germany
 * UEFA European Championship: 1980
 * FIFA World Cup runners up: 1982, 1986

Individual
 * kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1979–80, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83
 * UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1980
 * Footballer of the Year (Germany): 1985

title: Hans-Peter Briegel


text:
Payson

Payson may refer to:

Places in the United States

 * Payson, Arizona
 * Payson, Illinois
 * Payson, Utah

People

 * Edward Payson (1783–1827), American Congregational preacher
 * Edwin Blake Payson (1893–1927), American botanist
 * Joan Whitney Payson (1903–1975), American businesswoman and New York Mets owner
 * Phillips Payson (1704–1778), American minister for the town of Dorchester, Massachusetts from 1728
 * Samuel Phillips Payson (1736–1801), American minister for the town of Chelsea, Massachusetts from 1757
 * William Farquhar Payson (1876–1939), notable American author
 * William P. Richardson (law school dean) (1864–1945), American co-founder and first Dean of Brooklyn Law School

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Payson


text:
Talk:Pratyekabuddha

Samyak Sambuddha
A question re: "A Pratyeka Buddha (Sanskrit pratyekabuddha; Pali pacceka-buddha) is one of two types of enlightened beings in early Indian Buddhism (the other being the śrāvakas)". Does this indicate that early Indian Buddhism had no concept of Samyak Sambuddha? This would appear to be at odds with this article's mention of "Supreme Buddha" a few sentences later. - Nat Krause 08:36, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Reference
Added reference for the statement that Pratyekabuddhas only have a place when Dharma is not preached/known. Quite useful knowing that e.g. Stephen Batchelor now has started encouraging 'followers of Dharma that do not want a sangha' to use the Pratyekabuddha model; does not look to be linked to the canonical usage of the Pratyekabuddha concept and that's useful to clarify for the Wiki. Erikdr (talk) 10:37, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

Christian Fallacy Fixed
Buddha was referred to as a capital h, "He," while a Buddha can be either sex (though cults derived from true Buddhism lie, and say only males can (those ones require things like nuns bowing, and possibly kissing the feet of monks to show submissive inferiority of patriarchy) (not all "schools" have that corruption, just as not all "schools" have the corruption that one must vow to life-long celibacy (which is anti-dharma))), and is not the Abrahamic god, or Jesus Christ. Never should Buddhas be treated like Jesus Christ, and the Abrahamic god are, as that is not how Buddhism works. --174.17.236.32 (talk) 02:32, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pratyekabuddha


text: User:Sanctum

title: User:Sanctum


text:
User:Twiin

DJ, hacker, noise musician, designer, recovering goth, adversary.

title: User:Twiin


text:
Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere

Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere is the second studio album by Canadian-American musician Neil Young, released in May 1969 on Reprise Records, catalogue number RS 6349. His first with longtime backing band Crazy Horse, it emerged as a sleeper hit amid Young's contemporaneous success with Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, ultimately peaking at number 34 on the US Billboard 200 in August 1970 during a 98-week chart stay. It has been certified platinum by the RIAA.

The album is on the list of 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. In 2003, the album was ranked number 208 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and at number 407 in the 2020 edition. Additionally, it was voted number 124 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000).

Background
The album is Young's first with longtime collaborators Crazy Horse. Guitarist, songwriter and singer Danny Whitten, bassist Billy Talbot and drummer Ralph Molina had already been performing and recording together as The Rockets. They met Young through the Laurel Canyon music scene and started playing together. In a February 2021 interview, drummer Ralph Molina remembers how the group ended up collaborating with Young: "'Neil would come out to (Billy Talbot's) house in Laurel Canyon, after he left the Springfield, and play acoustic with us and talk. After we became the Rockets, we were going to play the Whiskey in Hollywood. We asked him to come sit in with us, which he did. We then formed into Crazy Horse and recorded Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere. The sessions went free and easy, like they are to this day. No rehearsals. Neil walks in with a song, then we jump in. We get it in one, two takes. After that, the feel, heart and emotion are lost. Any more takes, and now you're just playing a part. When you're young, there are no politics, nothing to get in the way. We just had fun playing- no thinking, just playing.'"

Young recalls the atmosphere in an interview with J.C. Costa: "We got together, started rehearsing and we went right in. That whole album was like catching the group just as they were getting to know each other. We didn't even know what we sounded like until we heard the album." He continues in an April 1970 interview for Rolling Stone: "Really literally, we'd only been together for six or seven days when "Down By The River" was cut. I just wanted to go ahead and do it, I just wanted to catch it, because there is something on those records that was recorded like it was when we were really feeling each other out, you know, and we didn't know each other, but we were turned on to what was happening. So I wanted to record that, because that never gets recorded. And that's what that album is, it's just the bare beginnings."

Young credits the album's unique sound to the guitar playing of Danny Whitten and the interplay between the two. He explains in the biography Shakey: "'That's what was so great about Crazy Horse in those days: Danny understood my music, and everyone listened to Danny. He understood what we were doing. A really great second guitar player, the perfect counterpoint to everything else that was happening. His style of playing was so adventuresome. So sympathetic. So unthoughtful. And just so natural. That’s really what made 'Cowgirl in the Sand' and 'Down by the River' happen: Danny’s guitar parts. Nobody played guitar with me like that; that rhythm. When you listen to 'Cowgirl in the Sand,' he keeps changing: plays something one and a half, maybe two, times, and he's on to the next thing. Billy and Ralph will get into a groove and everything will be goin' along and all of a sudden Danny'll start doin' somethin' else. He just led those guys from one groove to another, all within the same groove. So when I played these long guitar solos, it seemed like they weren't all that long, that I was making all these changes, when in reality what was changing was not one thing, but the whole band. Danny was the key.'"

Songs
The album contains several songs that became standards in Young's performance repertoire. "Cinnamon Girl", "Down by the River", and "Cowgirl in the Sand" were written in a single day while Young had a 103 °F (39.5 °C) fever. Young explains in his memoir, Waging Heavy Peace: "'I had been sick with the flu, holed up in bed in the house. I was delirious half the time and had an odd metallic taste in my mouth. It was peculiar. At the height of this sickness, I felt pretty high in a strange way. I had a guitar in a case near the bed. I took it out and started playing; I had left it in a tuning I was fond of, D modal, with the E strings both tuned down to D. It provided a drone sound, sort of like a sitar, but not really. I played for a while and wrote 'Cinnamon Girl.' The lyrics were different from how the song eventually ended up, but all those changes happened right there, immediately, until the song was complete. Then I took the guitar out of D modal and kept playing. At the time, there was a song in E minor on the radio that I liked, 'Sunny' or something like that. I remembered hearing it in the drugstore at Fairfax and Sunset while I was shopping for something to ease the flu. The song kept looping in my head, endlessly, like some things do when I’m sick and maybe a little delirious. So I started playing it on the guitar, and then I changed the chords a bit, and it turned into 'Down by the River.' I was still feeling sick, but happy and high. It was a unique feeling. I had two brand-new songs! Totally different from the last album! Then I started playing in A minor, one of my favorite keys. I had nothing to lose. I was on a roll. The music just flowed naturally that afternoon, and soon I had written 'Cowgirl in the Sand.' This was pretty unique, to write three songs in one sitting, and I am pretty sure that my semi-delirious state had a lot to do with that.'"

The song "Cinnamon Girl" is in D modal tuning, a tuning Young first used with Stephen Stills on "Bluebird". Young explains his relationship with the tuning with Nick Kent for Mojo Magazine in December 1995: "Stills and I discovered this D modal tuning at around the same time in '66, I think... We'd play in that tuning together a lot. This was when 'ragas' were happening and D modal made it possible to have that 'droning' sound going on all the time, that's where it started. Only I took it to the next level which is how "The Loner" (released on Young's first solo album) and "Cinnamon Girl" happened. You make a traditional chord shape and any finger that doesn't work, you just lift it up and let the string just ring. I've used that tuning throughout my career right up to today. You can hear it on everything from Fuckin' Up on Ragged Glory to War Of Man and One Of These Days on Harvest Moon. Lots of songs”.

In the Decade liner notes, Young states that he wrote "Cinnamon Girl" "for a city girl on peeling pavement coming at me thru Phil Ochs eyes playing finger cymbals. It was hard to explain to my wife." He further explains in interview for the biography Shakey: "I remember this one girl, Jean "Monte" Ray; she was the singing partner of Jim, Jim and Jean, a folk duo. Had a record out called "People World," and she did a lot of dancing with finger cymbals. She was really great. Might’ve been her. Good chance. I kinda had a crush on her for a while. Moved nice. She was real musical, soulful. There’s images in there that have to do with Jean and there’s images that have to do with other people." In the 2005 liner notes to one of her own releases, Ray takes credit as inspiration for both "Cinnamon Girl" and "Cowgirl in the Sand."

"Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere" had been attempted for Young's previous, debut album. Its lyrics express dissatisfaction with the pace of showbusiness life.

"Round and Round" is the oldest song on the album. Young recorded the song as a solo acoustic demo while a member of Buffalo Springfield. The demo appears on the 2001 Buffalo Springfield box set.

"Down by the River" has become one of Young's signature songs, and, like Cinnamon Girl, one of his most frequently performed in concert. Its lyrics tell a tale reminiscent of "Hey Joe," that of a man who murders his lover. In a 1970 interview with Robert Greenfield, Young suggests otherwise: "There's no real murder in it. It's about blowing your thing with a chick. See, now, in the beginning, it's 'I'll be on your side, you be on mine.' It could be anything. Then the chick thing comes in. Then at the end, it's a whole other thing. It's a plea; a desperation cry."

The lyrics to "The Losing End (When You're On)" are about the experience of finding out that your romantic partner has moved on.

"Running Dry (Requiem for the Rockets)" is dedicated to The Rockets, the six-piece band that evolved into Young's collaborators Crazy Horse. Rocket violinist Bobby Notkoff plays on the track. Young expresses his feelings about breaking up The Rockets in the 1997 film Year of the Horse: "I asked those three guys to play with me as Crazy Horse. And I thought the Rockets could go on, too. But the truth is, I probably did steal them away from the other band, which was a good band. But only because what we did, we went somewhere. What they were doing, it didn't go anywhere at that time, so this thing moved, this thing took off, and the other thing didn't. But the other thing could have gone on, I guess. That's the hardest part, is the guilt of the trail of destruction that I've left behind me."

"Cowgirl in the Sand" attempts to convey an emotion, a moment in time without being too specific, so that the listener can relate to the song and free-associate with it. Young explains to the audience in a 2007 concert: "These songs, some of them are like they're antiques like me and the rest of us. But they're really just about people like you and me, and feelings. And you only feel it for like a second and then you write it down. After that you don't walk with that all the time. That's why the songs live. Some of them live longer than others." He explains further in Shakey: "The words to 'Cowgirl in the Sand' are very important because you can free associate with them. Some words won't let you do that, so you're locked into the specific fuckin' thing the guy's singin' about. This way it could be anything. The thing is, as long as there's a thread that carries through it, then when you imagine what it's about, there's gonna be a thread that takes you to the end, too. You can follow your thought all the way through if you happen to have one, or if you don't, you realize it doesn't matter.

Recording
The album represents a break from the recording methods of Young's work with Buffalo Springfield and his debut album, in which layers of overdubs are used to create each track. Instead, the songs on the album were largely recorded live, without overdubs. Young explains to DJ B. Mitchell Reid: "That’s when a change came over me, right then. I started just tryin' to be real instead of fabricate something. Since then I've just been striving to get realer and realer on record. As in more real." For the first time, Young would record his vocal live while playing. "My only concern was to make the fuckin' records sound right. When I finally got the studio together and played, I think, "Running Dry," that was my first live vocal."

In a 1970 interview for Rolling Stone's Elliot Blinder, Young says that he was trying to achieve a sound on the record reminiscent of 1950s and 1960s singles where the singer and band achieve a tight, locked-in sound together: "'I'm trying to make records of the quality of the records that were made in the late Fifties and the Sixties, like Everly Brothers records and Roy Orbison records and things like that. They were all done with a sort of quality to them. They were done at once. It's just a quality about them, the singer is into the song and the musicians were playing with the singer and it was an entity, you know. It was something special that used to hit me all the time, that all these people were thinking the same thing, and they're all playing at the same time. It happens on a few cuts, you can hear it. I think 'Cinnamon Girl,' 'Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere,' and 'Round And Round' has that feeling of togetherness, although it was just Danny and me and Robin Lane.'"

Young enlisted David Briggs to produce the record. Young first collaborated with Briggs during the recording of his debut album. The first sessions for the album were held in late January 1969 at Wally Heider Studios in Hollywood, where the band cut "Down by the River," "Cowgirl in the Sand" and "Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere."

"Down by the River" and "Cowgirl in the Sand" are edited from extended performances, and in some cases combine multiple takes. Young explains that three of four takes of each song were recorded in a 2009 interview for Guitar World Magazine: "You know, maybe what you hear on the record would be take one, but with a couple pieces of something else in there. I could look it up. We have all the track sheets. All that information could be made available through Archives updates. We could make it so you could go in and figure out exactly what take you're listening to of a specific song. He continues in Shakey: "'Down by the River' was really edited. We got the vibe, but it was just too long and sometimes it fell apart, so we just took the shitty parts out. Made some radical cuts in there; I mean, you can hear 'em. But Danny just played so cool on that. He made the whole band sound good. Me and Billy and Ralph sounded like Crazy Horse right away. All I had to do was come up with the songs and the riffs. I started realizing how long we could jam. It was fantastic."

Young's lead vocal track on the song "Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere" (on the original album) was actually a temporary scratch vocal he sang through the low-quality talk-back microphone on the mixing board, with no effects such as reverb. Young liked the stark contrast to the rest of the recording.

The group would take a break in recording from the end of January until late March. Young would perform a series of solo acoustic sets at Le Hibou Coffee House in Ottawa and at the Riverboat Coffee House in Toronto. The Riverboat concerts would see release in 2009 as Live at the Riverboat 1969. Crazy Horse would then join Young for additional dates at coffeehouse folk clubs in late February through March. Young would perform a solo acoustic set followed by a band set, performing at The Bitter End in New York, in Cleveland, Providence, and at the Troubadour in Hollywood.

The band would return to Wally Heider on March 20 and record "Cinnamon Girl," "Losing End" and "Running Dry". "Cinnamon Girl" features handclaps, inspired by the 1963 single "My Boyfriend's Back" by The Angels. An early single mix of the song features the vocals of Danny Whitten more prominently, with both singers equal in the mix. Young changed the mix for the album, a decision he regrets: "I have made an Early Daze record of the Horse, and you can hear a different vocal of "Cinnamon Girl" featuring more of Danny. He was singing the high part, and it came through big-time. I changed it so I sang the high part and put that out. That was a big mistake. I fucked up. I did not know who Danny was. He was better than me. I didn't see it. I was strong, and maybe I helped destroy something sacred by not seeing it. He was never pissed off about it. It wasn't like that. I was young, and maybe I didn't know what I was doing. Some things you wish never happened. But we got what we got."

"Cinnamon Girl" is noted for its one-note guitar solo. According to Young, "people say that it is a solo with only one note but, in my head, each one of those notes is different. The more you get into it, the more you can hear the differences.” He elaborates in a 1991 interview: "The same note on two strings. The wang bar made every one sound different. When people say 'one-note solo,' I listen to it and every one sounds different to me. It sounds like it's all different in that one place. As you're going in farther, you’re hearing all the differences, but if you get back, it's all one."

On March 23, the band convened with singer Robin Lane at Sunwest Recording Studio in Hollywood to record the final song for the album. "Round and Round" was performed live in the studio for the album to achieve a more authentic sound. Young would explain in an April 1970 interview for Rolling Stone: "There were three people sitting like you and me, and then another, and six microphone booms coming down, absolutely stoned out of our minds in the studio, singing a song with the guitars, three guitars goin' at once. If you listen to it, "Round And Round" is one of my favorites on the second album, because ... the echo from the acoustic guitar on the right echoes back on the left, and the echo from the guitar on the left comes back on the right and it makes the guitars go like this: one line starts goin' like da-da-daow, and then you can hear like one voice comes in and out, and that's 'cause Danny was rockin' back and forth. Those things are not featured, they're just in it, you know, and that's what I'm trying to get at. I think they last longer that way. Doing it live and singing and playing all at once just makes it sound more real." Singer Robin Lane was caught off guard that her performance on the song became the master take. "I thought we were rehearsing. I didn’t even know what I was singing. Neil was the original punk rocker."

Release
Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere was originally released on vinyl by Reprise on May 14, 1969. It was first released on CD in December 1987.

A remastered version was released on HDCD-encoded CD and digital download on July 14, 2009, as part of the Neil Young Archives Original Release Series. The remastered CD exists both as a standalone album and as Disc 2 of a 4-CD box set Official Release Series Discs 1–4, released in the US in 2009 and Europe in 2012.

Digital high-resolution files of the album are also available via the Neil Young Archives website.

The front cover is a grainy photo depicting Young leaning against a tree with his dog Winnipeg at his feet. The photographer was Frank Bez.

Promotion
Young would tour with Crazy Horse upon completion of the album, playing various dates in North America in May and June 1969. From August to December, Young would join Crosby, Stills and Nash for their tour of North America promoting their debut album. The group would perform at Woodstock and the Big Sur Folk Festival and perform "Down by the River" on ABC Television. In February and March 1970, Young would once again tour with Crazy Horse, performing the bulk of the album in the setlist. Performances at the Fillmore East with Miles Davis opening would see release in 2006 as Live at the Fillmore East.

Reception
Upon its release, Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere received generally favorable reviews from critics. Bruce Miroff of Rolling Stone wrote a favorable review, describing Young's voice as "perpetually mournful, without being maudlin or pathetic. It hints at a world in which sorrow underlies everything [...] because that world is recognizable to most of us, Young's singing is often strangely moving." Despite stating that "in several respects [the album] falls short of his previous effort" and that "the lyricism of the first album can only be found in faint traces," he concluded that the album "offers ample rewards. Young's music partially makes up for its lack of grace by its energy and its assurance." Robert Christgau wrote in The Village Voice that "Young is a strange artist and I am not all the way into him yet, but this record is haunting". The original review was printed with a grade of "B+", but Christgau later said he would have changed it to an "A−".

In a retrospective review in Rolling Stone, Greg Kot called the record "raw, rushed, energised", and the band's interplay "at once primitive and abstract", a "gloriously spontaneous sound" that "would endure, not only as a blueprint for Young...but as an influence on countless bands." William Ruhlmann of music database website AllMusic said of the album, "released only four months after his first [album], [it] was nearly a total rejection of that polished effort." He noted that "Cinnamon Girl," "Down by the River," and "Cowgirl in the Sand" were "useful as frames on which to hang the extended improvisations Young played with Crazy Horse and to reflect the ominous tone of his singing". He concluded that the album "set a musical pattern Young and his many musical descendants have followed ever since [...] and a lot of contemporary bands were playing music clearly influenced by it". Mark Richardson of Pitchfork wrote, "the opening riff to 'Cinnamon Girl' erases the memory of Neil Young completely in about five seconds" and that "Crazy Horse were loose and sloppy, privileging groove and feeling above all". He also said that "Young sounds comfortable and confident, singing with the versatile voice that has changed remarkably little in the 40 years since" and concluded that it "was a sort of big bang for Young, a dense moment of creative explosion that saw possibilities expanding in every direction".

In 2003, the album was ranked number 208 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, and 210 in a 2012 revised list, and number 407 in the 2020 edition. In 2013, the album was ranked 398 on NME's list of the '500 Greatest Albums of all time'. In 2018, the album won the Polaris Heritage Prize Audience Award in the 1960–1975 category.

Track listing
All tracks are written by Neil Young. Track timings are from the original 1969 vinyl release, catalogue number RS 6349.

Side one

 * 1) "Cinnamon Girl" (2:58)
 * 2) * Neil Young – guitar, vocal; Danny Whitten – guitar, vocal; Billy Talbot – bass; Ralph Molina – drums, vocal
 * 3) * Recorded at Wally Heider Recording Studios, Hollywood, 3/20/1969. Produced by David Briggs & Neil Young.
 * 4) "Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere" (2:26)
 * 5) * Neil Young – guitar, vocal; Danny Whitten – guitar, vocal; Billy Talbot – bass; Ralph Molina – drums, vocal
 * 6) * Recorded at Wally Heider Recording Studios, Hollywood, 1/23/1969. Produced by David Briggs & Neil Young.
 * 7) "Round & Round (It Won't Be Long)" (5:49)
 * 8) * Neil Young – guitar, vocal; Danny Whitten – guitar, vocal; Robin Lane – vocal
 * 9) * Recorded at Sunwest Recording Studios, Hollywood, 3/24/1969. Produced by David Briggs & Neil Young.
 * 10) "Down by the River" (9:13)
 * 11) * Neil Young – guitar, vocal; Danny Whitten – guitar, vocal; Billy Talbot – bass; Ralph Molina – drums, vocal
 * 12) * Recorded at Wally Heider Recording Studios, Hollywood, 1/17/1969. Produced by David Briggs & Neil Young.

Side two

 * 1) "The Losing End (When You're On)" (4:03)
 * 2) * Neil Young – guitar, vocal; Danny Whitten – guitar, vocal; Billy Talbot – bass; Ralph Molina – drums, vocal
 * 3) * Recorded at Wally Heider Recording Studios, Hollywood, 3/20/1969. Produced by David Briggs & Neil Young.
 * 4) "Running Dry (Requiem for the Rockets)" (5:30)
 * 5) * Neil Young – guitar, vocal; Danny Whitten – guitar, vocal; Bobby Notkoff – violin; Billy Talbot – bass; Ralph Molina – drums, vocal
 * 6) * Recorded at Wally Heider Recording Studios, Hollywood, 3/20/1969. Produced by David Briggs & Neil Young.
 * 7) "Cowgirl in the Sand" (10:03)
 * 8) * Neil Young – guitar, vocal; Danny Whitten – guitar, vocal; Billy Talbot – bass; Ralph Molina – drums, vocal
 * 9) * Recorded at Wally Heider Recording Studios, Hollywood, 1/18/1969. Produced by David Briggs & Neil Young.

Personnel

 * Neil Young – guitar, lead vocals

Crazy Horse
 * Danny Whitten – guitar, harmony vocals, co-lead vocal on "Cinnamon Girl"
 * Billy Talbot – bass guitar
 * Ralph Molina – drums, harmony vocals

Additional musicians
 * Bobby Notkoff – violin on "Running Dry (Requiem for the Rockets)"
 * Robin Lane – harmony vocal on "Round and Round"

Technical
 * David Briggs – engineer, producer
 * Neil Young – producer
 * Henry Saskowski – engineer
 * Kendal Pacios – engineer

Singles
Year End Chart

title: Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere


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Françoise Mbango Etone

Françoise Mbango Etone (born 14 April 1976 in Yaoundé) is a Cameroonian-born female track and field athlete. She has competed internationally for France since 2010. While competing for Cameroon, Etone was a 2-time Olympic gold medalist in the triple jump at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece and 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China. She held the Olympic record for triple jump which she set with a distance of 15.39 m at the Beijing Olympics in 2008. The 15.39 m is the third longest women's triple jump in history under any conditions. Only 25 women have ever jumped 15 metres, Etone jumped beyond 15 metres on 7 of her last 11 attempts in the Olympic final alone.

Etone was also a talented long jumper who finished second at the African Championships in 1999. Etone was the first female athlete representing Cameroon to win medals at the Commonwealth Games, World Championships and Olympic Games. She has been a scholarship holder with the Olympic Solidarity program since November 2002.

During the 2005–06 academic year, she lived in New York City on a scholarship to attend St. John's University in Queens, New York. The scholarship was made possible through the collaboration of the American electricity company AES Sonel along with US Ambassador to Cameroon, Niels Marquardt. She selected St. John's University for study (along with her younger sister, Berthe) because of the school's support of cultural programs in Cameroon.

title: Françoise Mbango Etone


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Pea Ridge

Pea Ridge is the name of several places in the United States of America that include:

 * Pea Ridge, Escambia County, Alabama
 * Pea Ridge, Fayette County, Alabama
 * Pea Ridge, Marion County, Alabama
 * Pea Ridge, Shelby County, Alabama
 * Pea Ridge, Arkansas, in Benton County
 * Battle of Pea Ridge, an American Civil War battle
 * Pea Ridge National Military Park
 * Pea Ridge, Desha County, Arkansas
 * Pea Ridge, Florida
 * Pea Ridge, Maine
 * Pea Ridge, Missouri
 * Pea Ridge, North Carolina, in Washington County
 * Pea Ridge, Polk County, North Carolina
 * Pea Ridge, West Virginia

title: Pea Ridge


text:
Talk:Chireme

Chireme is a misspelling. The word is 'chereme'. How would one go about editing this article (specifically its title)?

- Mumble

title: Talk:Chireme


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Kéné Ndoye

Kéné Ndoye (20 November 1978 – 13 February 2023) was a Senegalese track and field athlete, competing internationally for Senegal. She was 14th in the triple jump at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece.

She won Senegal's first world indoor medal when she took bronze in the triple jump at the 2003 World Indoor Championships. She was also successful in the African Championships in Athletics where she won ten medals in athletics (three Gold, three Silver and four Bronze). She had three All Africa Games Medals (one Gold, two Bronze) and won the Golden Lion as Senegal's top sports person for 2003. She was a scholarship holder with the Olympic Solidarity program from November 2002. Kéné Ndoye died February 13, 2023, at the age of 44.

title: Kéné Ndoye


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Hans Krankl

Johann "Hans" Krankl (born 14 February 1953) is an Austrian former professional footballer. A prolific striker, he is regarded by many as one of Austria's greatest players.

Club career
Krankl started his professional career at Rapid Wien and stayed there for 8 years, apart from a year at Wiener AC. He won the European Golden Boot at Rapid Wien in 1978, attracting the interest of Barcelona. His spell at Barcelona was successful, winning the European Cup Winners' Cup (scoring in the final itself), and picking up the top goalscorer's award in La Liga that season with 29 goals. He returned to Rapid Wien in 1981, captaining the side and again scoring over 100 goals for them over the next 5 years. He played a major part in the most successful of Rapid teams in the 1980s, claiming the League crown twice, in 1982 and 1983, and three consecutive Austrian cup titles. He scored Rapid's only goal in the 3–1 loss in the European Cup Winners' Cup Final in 1985 against Everton. In 1986, he moved to become player-manager at Wiener Sport-Club.

Krankl was named Austrian Player of the Year a record five times, and was voted the most popular Austrian player of the last 25 years.

International career
Krankl made his debut for Austria in a June 1973 friendly match against Brazil and was a participant at the 1978 and 1982 FIFA World Cups. He earned 69 caps, scoring 34 goals. His final international game was an April 1985 World Cup qualification match against Hungary. In the 1978–79 season of the Spanish Primera División, he was the top goalscorer with 29 goals for Barcelona and was awarded the Pichichi Trophy.

In a match against Malta in 1977, Krankl scored six goals as Austria ran out 9–0 winners.

One of his major achievements was helping Austria qualify for the 1978 FIFA World Cup, the first time Austria had qualified for the World Cup in twenty years. He then went on to score the winning goal against West Germany in a game dubbed The miracle of Córdoba, which the Austrians won 3–2 and which was Austria's first win against West Germany in 47 years, earning Krankl legendary status in his homeland. Scored in the 88th minute, the live footage of the goal still regularly features on national television, and the audio commentary ("Tor Tor Tor Tor Tor Tor, I werd' narrisch" – "Goal goal goal goal goal goal, I'm going crazy") is immediately recognised by Austrian football fans.

Managerial career
Since ending his playing career at Austria Salzburg in 1989, Krankl has worked as a football manager and coach. He was employed by the Austria national team. He was sacked on 28 September 2005 after Austria failed to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He was also manager of LASK Linz.

He has also intermittently featured as a studio guest and co-commentator on Austrian public service broadcaster ORF.

Musical career
Krankl has also enjoyed domestic success with his music, with several releases entering the Austrian charts. His biggest musical success was the single "Lonely Boy", released in 1985 and peaking at number 2.

International

 * Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first.

Club
Rapid Wien
 * Austrian Football Bundesliga: 1981–82, 1982–83
 * Austrian Cup: 1975–76, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1984–85

Barcelona
 * Copa del Rey: 1980–81
 * European Cup Winners' Cup: 1978–79

Individual

 * Ballon d'Or Silver Ball: 1978
 * Onze d'Argent: 1978
 * Sport Ideal European XI: 1978
 * Austrian Player of the Year: 1973, 1974, 1977, 1982, 1988
 * Austrian Bundesliga Top Goalscorer: 1973–74, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1982–83
 * Pichichi Trophy: 1978–79
 * European Golden Shoe: 1978
 * Austrian Manager of the Year: 1999

title: Hans Krankl


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Yuliya Tabakova

Yuliya Gennadiyevna Tabakova (Юлия Геннадьевна Табакова; born 1 May 1980, in Kaluga) is a Russian track and field sprint athlete, competing internationally for Russia.

She won the silver medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece.

title: Yuliya Tabakova


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Arthur Mitchell

Arthur Mitchell may refer to:

 * Arthur Mitchell (cricketer) (1902–1976), England Test cricketer
 * Arthur Mitchell (dancer) (1934–2018), African-American dancer and choreographer
 * Arthur Mitchell (physician) (1826–1909), antiquary, commissioner of Lunacy
 * Arthur Mitchell (Yukon politician) (born 1950), leader of the Canadian Yukon Liberal Party
 * Arthur Brownlow Mitchell, Member of the Parliament of Northern Ireland for Queen's University of Belfast
 * Arthur Crichton Mitchell (1864–1952), Scottish physicist and meteorologist
 * Arthur Percy Mitchell (1880–1968), provincial politician from Alberta, Canada
 * Arthur W. Mitchell (1883–1968), first African-American elected to the United States House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic Party

title: Arthur Mitchell


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Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud

Bonifacio (, , ; Bunifaziu , Bonifaziu , or Bonifaciu ; Bunifazziu; Bunifaciu) is a commune in the southern tip of the island of Corsica, in the French department of Corse-du-Sud.

Bonifacio is the setting of Guy de Maupassant's short story "A Vendetta".

Geography
Bonifacio is located directly on the Mediterranean Sea, separated from Sardinia by the Strait of Bonifacio. It is a city placed on the best and only major harbour of the southern coast and also is a commune covering a somewhat larger region including the offshore Isles Lavezzi, giving it the distinction of being the southernmost commune in Metropolitan France. It lies closer to the capital cities of 20 other countries in Europe and Africa than its own, Paris. The commune is bordered on the northwest by the canton of Figari and has a short border on the northeast with the canton of Porto-Vecchio. The combined border runs approximately from the Golfe de Ventilegne on the west to the mouth of the Golfu di Sant'Amanza on the east. The coastline circumscribed by the two points is about 75 km. Highway N198 runs north along the east coast and N196 along the west.

The islands are part of the French portion, 794.6 km2, of the international Bouches de Bonifacio ("Strait of Bonifacio") marine park, a nature reserve, signed into legal existence by France and Italy in 1993 for the protection of the strait against passage of ships bearing dangerous chemicals, and implemented in France by a ministerial decree of 1999 detailing the land to be included in the réserve naturelle de Bouches de Bonifacio for the preservation of wild birds, other fauna and flora, fish and nature in general.

The southern coast in the vicinity of Bonifacio is an outcrop of chalk-white limestone, precipitous and sculpted into unusual shapes by the ocean. Slightly further inland the limestone adjoins the granite of which the two islands, Sardinia and Corsica, are formed. The port of Bonifacio is placed on the Bay of Bonifacio, a drowned ravine of a fjord-like appearance separated from the ocean by a finger-like promontory 1500 m long and 200 m wide. In prehistoric post-glacial times when sea levels were low and the islands were connected, the ravine was part of a valley leading to upland Corsica. The maximum draught supported by the harbour is 3.5 m, more than ample for ancient ships and modern small vessels.

The city of Bonifacio is split into two sections. The vieille ville (old town), or la Haute Ville (the Upper city), on the site of a citadel, is located on the promontory overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. The citadel was built in the 9th century with the foundation of the city. The Citadel has been reconstructed and renovated many times since its construction and most recently was an administrative center for the French Foreign Legion. Today it is more of a museum. Historically most of the inhabitants have resided in the Haute ville under the immediate protection of the citadel. The harbour facilities and residential areas below, la marine, line the narrow shelf of the inlet and extend for some distance up the valley, giving the settlement a linear appearance and creating a third residential section limited by St. Julien on the east.

The city and its fortifications also extend for some distance along the cliff-tops, which are at about 70 m elevation. The cliffs have been undercut by the ocean so that the buildings, which have been placed on the very lip of the precipice, appear to overhang it. The appearance from the sea is of a white city gleaming in the sun and suspended over the rough waters below.

Prehistoric period
Bonifacio has two prehistoric sites of some importance: the ancient cave shelter of Araguina-Sennola near the village of Capello on Route N96 just north of the city and a chambered tomb of Vasculacciu further north near Figari. The first is the site of the notable Lady of Bonifacio, a female burial carbon-dated to about 6570 BC, which is either late Mesolithic or Early Neolithic, and the second belongs to the Megalithic Culture and is dated to the Middle Neolithic. The alignment of the two and the extensive use of chert from Monte Arci in Sardinia shows that the Bay of Bonifacio was a route to inland Corsica from the earliest times.

Roman period
The only record of southernmost Corsica in Roman times comes from the geographer Ptolemy. He reports the coordinates of Marianum Promontory and town, which, plotted on a map, turn out to be the farthest south of Corsica. After listing the peoples of the east coast he states that the Subasani (ancient Greek Soubasanoi) were "more to the south."

The people do not appear subsequently and the town and promontory have not been identified, nor do any Roman roads point to it. The only official road, the Via Corsica, ran between the Roman castra of Mariana and Aleria on the east coast and further south to Pallas, according to the Antonine Itinerary. Ptolemy places Pallas unequivocally on the east coast north of Marianum. Although unrecorded tracks and paths to the far south are possible, it is unlikely they would have carried any significant Roman traffic.

Maritime traffic through the strait however was significant and it could hardly have neglected the fine harbour at Bonifacio. The most popular choice for Marianum Promontory therefore is Cape Pertusato, southernmost point of Corsica island, about 9 km east of the harbor, with Bonifacio itself as Marianum town. A second possibility would be the first century AD Roman ruins adjoining Piantarella Beach near the village of Ciappili and next to the grounds of Sperone golf course, a recreational suburb to the west of Bonifacio, but those ruins appear to represent a Roman villa and the beach though eminently suitable for recreation is of little value as a port. More likely the villa belonged to a citizen of Bonifacio as Marianum.

Tuscan period
Corsica was taken from the Roman Empire in 469 by Genseric, king of the Vandals, and recovered by the Eastern Empire in 534. The Lombards having taken it again in 725, Charlemagne cleared them out by 774 and handed the island over to the Papacy, which had been the most powerful complainant of the island's devastation by Germanic peoples. Starting in 806 the Moors of Spain began to contend for the island and held it for a short time but in 828 the Papacy assigned its defense to the margrave of Tuscany, a powerful state of the Holy Roman Empire nominally under the Kingdom of Italy.

The city in evidence today was founded as a fortress by and subsequently named after Boniface II of Tuscany in 828. He had led a naval expedition to suppress the Saracens of North Africa and returned to build an unassailable fortress and naval base from which the domains of Tuscany could be defended at the outermost frontier. Most of the citadel postdates the 9th century or is of uncertain date but Il Torrione, a round tower, was certainly part of the original citadel.

Climate
Bonifacio has a mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Bonifacio is 16.8 C. The average annual rainfall is 582.2 mm with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.8 C, and lowest in February, at around 10.5 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Bonifacio was 39.7 C on 23 July 2009; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -4.2 C on 23 January 1963.

Sights
The town's charm and proximity to idyllic beaches makes it a popular tourist destination in the summer, predominantly for residents of mainland France. Two Genoese towers are in the neighbourhood:
 * Torra di Sant'Amanza
 * Torra di Sponsaglia
 * Église Saint-Dominique de Bonifacio
 * Église Sainte-Marie-Majeure de Bonifacio

Beaches and recreation

 * La Tonnara Beach

Transportation
The town is served by Figari airport (car or taxi required), and ferry service to Sardinia is available multiple times daily.

Personalities
The following persons of note were born in Bonifacio:
 * Tommaso Maria Zigliara (1833–1893), Roman Catholic cardinal, theologian, and philosopher.
 * The film star Marie-José Nat.

title: Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud


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Baden Powell (mathematician)

Baden Powell, MA FRS FRGS (22 August 1796 – 11 June 1860) was an English mathematician and Church of England priest. He held the Savilian Chair of Geometry at the University of Oxford from 1827 to 1860. Powell was a prominent liberal theologian who put forward advanced ideas about evolution.

Origins
Baden Powell II was born at Stamford Hill, Hackney in London. His father, Baden Powell I (1767-1841), of Langton and Speldhurst in Kent, was a wine merchant, who served as High Sheriff of Kent in 1831, and as Master of the Worshipful Company of Mercers in 1822. The mother of Baden Powell II was Hester Powell (1776-1848), his father's paternal first cousin, a daughter of James Powell (1737-1824) of Clapton, Hackney, Middlesex, Master of the Worshipful Company of Salters in 1818.

The Powell family can be traced back to the early 16th century, where they were yeomen farmers at Mildenhall in Suffolk. Baden Powell II's great-grandfather, David Powell (1725-1810) of Homerton, Middlesex, a second son, migrated to the City of London aged 17 in 1712, subsequently going into business as a merchant at Old Broad Street and buying the manor of Wattisfield in Suffolk. In 1740 a branch of the family bought the Whitefriars Glass works.

The name Baden originated in Susanna Baden (1663-1737), the maternal grandmother of David Powell (1725-1810) of Homerton, Middlesex, and one of the ten children of Andrew Baden (1637-1716), a Mercer who served as Mayor of Salisbury in 1682.

Education
Powell was admitted as an undergraduate at Oriel College, Oxford in 1814, and graduated with a first-class honours degree in mathematics in 1817.

Ordination
Powell was ordained as a priest of the Church of England in 1821, having served as curate of Midhurst, Sussex. His first living was as Vicar of Plumstead, Kent, of which the advowson was owned by his family. He immediately began his scientific work there, starting with experiments on radiant heat.

Marriages and children
Powell married three times, and had fourteen children in total. His widow changed the last name of the surviving children of his third marriage to "Baden-Powell".

Powell's first marriage on 21 July 1821 to Eliza Rivaz (died 13 March 1836) was childless.

His second marriage on 27 September 1837 to Charlotte Pope (died 14 October 1844) produced one son and three daughters:
 * Charlotte Elizabeth Powell, (14 September 1838–20 October 1917)
 * Baden Henry Baden-Powell, FRSE (23 August 1841–2 January 1901)
 * Louisa Ann Powell, (18 March 1843–1 August 1896)
 * Laetitia Mary Powell, (4 June 1844–2 September 1865)

His third marriage on 10 March 1846 (at St Luke's Church, Chelsea) to Henrietta Grace Smyth (3 September 1824–13 October 1914), a daughter of Admiral Smyth, produced seven sons and three daughters:
 * Henry Warington Baden-Powell, (3 February 1847–24 April 1921), a naval officer, a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and a King's Counsel (K.C.)
 * Sir George Smyth Baden-Powell, (24 December 1847–20 November 1898), a politician and Conservative MP (1885 – 1898)
 * Augustus Smyth Powell (1849–1863)
 * Francis (Frank) Smyth Baden-Powell (29 July 1850– 25 December 1933), an artist who exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts
 * Henrietta Smyth Powell (28 October 1851–9 March 1854)
 * John Penrose Smyth Powell (21 December 1852–14 December 1855)
 * Jessie Smyth Powell (25 November 1855–24 July 1856)
 * Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, (22 February 1857–8 January 1941), an army officer, writer and a founder of the World Scouting Movement and Girl Guides.
 * Agnes Smyth Baden-Powell, (16 December 1858–2 June 1945), founder of the Girl Guides
 * Baden Fletcher Smyth Baden-Powell, (22 May 1860–3 October 1937), an army officer, aviator and president of the Royal Aeronautical Society

Shortly after Powell's death in 1860, his wife renamed the remaining children of his third marriage 'Baden-Powell'; the name was eventually legally changed by royal licence on 30 April 1902. Baden Henry Powell is often also referred to as Baden Henry Baden-Powell, and was using this name by the 1891 census.

Evolution
Powell was an outspoken advocate of the constant uniformity of the laws of the material world. His views were liberal, and he was sympathetic to evolutionary theory long before Charles Darwin had revealed his ideas. He argued that science should not be placed next to scripture or the two approaches would conflict, and in his own version of Francis Bacon's dictum, contended that the book of God's works was separate from the book of God's word, claiming that moral and physical phenomena were completely independent.

His faith in the uniformity of nature (except man's mind) was set out in a theological argument; if God is a lawgiver, then a "miracle" would break the lawful edicts that had been issued at Creation. Therefore, a belief in miracles would be entirely atheistic. Powell's most significant works defended, in succession, the uniformitarian geology set out by Charles Lyell and the evolutionary ideas in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation published anonymously by Robert Chambers which applied uniform laws to the history of life in contrast to more respectable ideas such as catastrophism involving a series of divine creations. "He insisted that no tortured interpretation of Genesis would ever suffice; we had to let go of the Days of Creation and base Christianity on the moral laws of the New Testament."

The boldness of Powell and other theologians in dealing with science led Joseph Dalton Hooker to comment in a letter to Asa Gray dated 29 March 1857: "These parsons are so in the habit of dealing with the abstractions of doctrines as if there was no difficulty about them whatever, so confident, from the practice of having the talk all to themselves for an hour at least every week with no one to gainsay a syllable they utter, be it ever so loose or bad, that they gallop over the course when their field is Botany or Geology as if we were in the pews and they in the pulpit. Witness the self-confident style of Whewell and Baden Powell, Sedgwick and Buckland." William Whewell, Adam Sedgwick and William Buckland opposed evolutionary ideas.

When the idea of natural selection was mooted by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in their 1858 papers to the Linnaean Society, both Powell and his brother-in-law William Henry Flower thought that natural selection made creation rational.

"The 'Philosophy of Creation' has been treated in a masterly manner by the Rev. Baden Powell, in his 'Essays on the Unity of Worlds,' 1855. Nothing can be more striking than the manner in which he shows that the introduction of new species is 'a regular, not a casual phenomenon,' or, as Sir John Herschel expresses it, 'a natural in contra-distinction to a miraculous process.'"

Essays and Reviews
He was one of seven liberal theologians who produced a manifesto titled Essays and Reviews around February 1860, which amongst other things joined in the debate over On the Origin of Species. These Anglicans included Oxford professors, country clergymen, the headmaster of Rugby school and a layman. Their declaration that miracles were irrational stirred up unprecedented anger, drawing much of the fire away from Charles Darwin. Essays sold 22,000 copies in two years, more than the Origin sold in twenty years, and sparked five years of increasingly polarised debate with books and pamphlets furiously contesting the issues.

Referring to "Mr Darwin's masterly volume" and restating his argument that belief in miracles is atheistic, Baden Powell wrote that the book "must soon bring about an entire revolution in opinion in favour of the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature.": "Just a similar scepticism has been evinced by nearly all the first physiologists of the day, who have joined in rejecting the development theories of Lamarck and the Vestiges; and while they have strenuously maintained successive creations, have denied strenuously maintained successive creations, have denied and denounced the alleged production of organic life by Messrs. Crosse and Weekes, and stoutly maintained the impossibility of spontaneious generation, on the alleged ground of contradiction to experience. Yet it is now acknowledged under the high sanction of the name of Owen (British Association Address 1858), that 'creation' is only another name for our ignorance of the mode of production; and it has been the unanswered and unanswerable argument of another reasoner that new species must have originated either out of their inorganic elements, or out of previously organized forms; either development or spontaneous generation must be true: while a work has now appeared by a naturalist of the most acknowledged authority, Mr. Darwin's masterly volume on The Origin of Species by the law of 'natural selection' – which now substantiates on undeniable grounds the very principle so long denounced by the first naturalist – the origination of new species by natural causes: a work which must soon bring about an entire revolution of opinion in favour of the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature."

He would have been on the platform at the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1860 Oxford evolution debate that was a highlight of the reaction to Darwin's theory. Huxley's antagonist Wilberforce was also the foremost critic of Essays and Reviews. Powell died of a heart attack a fortnight before the meeting. He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, London.

Works

 * 1837: History of Natural Philosophy from the Earliest Periods to the Present Time Published by Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans
 * 1838: The Connexion of Natural and Divine Truth Or the Study of the Inductive Philosophy Considered as Subservient to Theology: Or, The Study of the Inductive Philosophy, Considered as Subservient to Theology, Published by J.W. Parker
 * 1841: A General and Elementary View of the Undulatory Theory, as Applied to the Dispersion of Light, and Some Other Subjects: Including the Substance of Several Papers, Printed in the Philosophical Transactions, and Other Journals, Published by J.W. Parker
 * 1854: (as editor) Lectures on Polarized Light: Together with a Lecture on the Microscope, Delivered Before the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, and at the Medical School of the London Hospital by Jonathan Pereira, published by Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans
 * 1859: The Order of Nature: Considered in Reference to the Claims of Revelation : a Third Series of Essays, Published by Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts

Papers to the Royal Society, the Ashmolean Society and others

 * 1828 "The elements of curves: comprising, I. The geometrical principles of the conic sections; II. An introduction to the algebraic theory of curves; designed for the use of students in the University."
 * 1829 "A short treatise on the principles of the differential and integral calculus"
 * 1830 "An elementary treatise on the geometry of curves and curved surfaces, investigated by the application of the differential and integral calculus."
 * 1832 "The present state and future prospects of mathematical and physical studies in the University of Oxford."
 * 1833 "A short elementary treatise on experimental and mathematical optics."
 * 1834 "On the achromatism of the eye "
 * 1836 "On the theory of ratio and proportion, as treated by EUCLID, including an inquiry into the nature of quantity "
 * 1836 "Observations for determining the refractive indices for the standard rays of the solar spectrum in various media "
 * 1837 "An historical view of the progress of the physical and mathematical sciences from the earliest ages to the present times "
 * 1837 "On the nature and evidence of the primary laws of motion "
 * 1838 "Additional observations for determining the refractive indices for definite rays of the solar spectrum in several media "
 * 1839 "A second supplement to observations for determining the refractive indices for definite rays of the solar spectrum in several media "
 * 1841 "A general and elementary view of the undulatory theory, as applied to the dispersion of light and some other subjects... "
 * 1842 "History of natural philosophy, from the earliest periods to the present time "
 * 1842 "On the theory of parallel lines "
 * 1842 "On necessary and contingent truth, considered in regard to some primary principles of mathematical and mechanical science... "
 * 1849 "An essay on the relation of the several parts of a mathematical science to the fundamental idea therein contained... "
 * 1850 "On irradiation"
 * 1854 "Lectures on polarized light, together with a lecture on the microscope ... " with Jonathan Pereira
 * 1855 "Essays on the spirit of the inductive philosophy, the unity of worlds, and the philosophy of creation "
 * 1857 "Biographies of distinguished scientific men", by Francois ARAGO; translated (from the French) by William Henry SMYTH, Baden POWELL, and Robert GRANT

Books published

 * 1829: A Short Treatise On the Principles of the Differential and Integral Calculus
 * 1837: On the Nature and Evidence of the Primary Laws of Motion
 * 1839: Tradition Unveiled: Or, an Exposition of the Pretensions and Tendency of Authoritative Teaching in the Church
 * 1841: The Protestant's Warning and Safeguard in the Present Times
 * 1841: A General and Elementary View of the Undulatory Theory, As Applied to the Dispersion of Light, and Some Other Subjects, Including the substance of several papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions, and other journals.
 * 1855: The Unity of Worlds and of Nature: Three Essays On the Spirit of Inductive Philosophy; the Plurality of Worlds; and the Philosophy of Creation
 * 1856: Christianity without Judaism. Two sermons, London - Longman, Brown, Green Longmans and Roberts via HathiTrust
 * 1859: The Order of Nature: Considered in Reference to the Claims of Revelation: A Third Series of Essays

Theology

 * 1833 Revelation and Science. 1834 To the Editor of the British Critic.
 * 1836 Remarks on Dr. Hampden, &c.
 * 1838 Connection of Natural and Divine Truth
 * 1839 Tradition Unveiled .... London and America.
 * 1840 Supplement to Tradition Unveiled. Ditto ditto.
 * 1841 State Education.
 * 1841 The Protestant's Warning.
 * 1843-4 Three Articles on Anglo-Catholicism in British and Foreign Review, Nos. 31, 32, 33.
 * 1845 Kitto's Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature – Articles, "Creation","Deluge”, "Lord's Day”, “Sabbath".
 * 1845 Life of Blanco White	December Westminster Review
 * 1845 Tendency of Puseyism June Ditto.
 * 1846 Mysticism and Scepticism . . . July Edinburgh Review.
 * 1847 Protestant Principles Oxford Protestant Magazine
 * 1847 On the Study of Christian Evidences . . Edinburgh Review.
 * 1848 Freedom of Opinion 	Oxford Protestant Magazine
 * 1848 Church and State 	Ditto.
 * 1848 Free Enquiry and Liberality. . Kitto's Journal of Sacred Literature. 1848 The Law and the Gospel., ... Ditto.
 * 1848 On the Application and Misapplication of	Scripture	Ditto.
 * 1850 The State Church — A Sermon before the university.
 * 1855 Unity of Worlds — Two Editions.
 * 1856 On the Burnett Prizes, and the Study of Natural Theology - Oxford Essays
 * 1857 Christianity without Judaism—2nd Series of Essays — Two Editions.
 * 1859 The Order of Nature — 3rd Series of Essays.
 * 1860 On the Study of the Evidences of Christianity, in Essays and Reviews

Science

 * 1828 Elements of Curves-and two Supplements
 * 1829 Differential Calculus, and application to Curves.
 * 1830 On Examination Statutes
 * 1832 On Mathematical Studies.
 * 1833 Elementary Treatise on Optics.
 * 1834 History of Natural Philosophy 	Cabinet Cyclopaedia.
 * 1841 Treatise on the Undulatory Theory applied to Dispersion.
 * 1851 Lecture Synopses in four parts - Geometry, Algebra, Conic Sections - Newton.
 * 1857 Translation of Arago's Autobiography.
 * 1857 Translations of Arago's Lives of Young, Malus, and Fresnel, with Optical Notes.

Papers in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

 * 1825 On Radiant Heat.
 * 1826 Second on Radiant Heat.
 * 1834 On Repulsion of Heat.
 * 1835 On Dispersion of Light.
 * 1836 Second on Dispersion of Light.
 * 1837 Third and fourth on Dispersion of Light.
 * 1840 On the Theory of the Dispersion of Light, &c.
 * 1842 On certain cases of Elliptic Polarization.
 * 1845 On Metallic Reflexion, &c.
 * 1848 On Prismatic Interference 1832 On Radiant Heat.
 * 1839 On Refractive Indices.
 * 1841 On Radiant Heat - Second Report.

Reports to the British Association

 * 1848-9 On Luminous Meteors (continued to 1869).
 * 1882 to 1849 Numerous Papers on Sectional Proceedings.
 * 1854 On Radiant Heat—Third Report.

In Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society

 * 1845 On a Double Image Micrometer.
 * 1847 On Luminous Rings, &c.
 * 1849 On Irradiation. (In Royal Astronomical Society's Proceedings.)
 * 1847 On the Beads seen in Eclipses.
 * 1853 On Foucault's Experiments on Rotation of Earth, &c.
 * 1858 On C. Piazzi Smyth's Artificial Horizon.

In Ashmolean Society's memoirs

 * 1832 On the Acromatism of the Eye.
 * On Refractive Indices - Three Papers.
 * On Ratios and Proportion.
 * 1849 On the Laws of Motion.
 * On the Theory of Parallels.
 * On Necessary and Contingent Truth

Royal Institution abstracts of lectures

 * 1848 On Shooting Stars.
 * 1849 On the Nebular Theory.
 * 1850 On Optical Phenomena in Astronomy.
 * 1851 On Foucault's Pendulum Experiment
 * 1852 On Light and Heat.
 * 1854 On Rotatory Motion.
 * 1858 On Rotatory Motion Applied to Observations at Sea.
 * 1822 Translation of Raymond on Barometrical Measurement, with an Appendix .... Annals of Philosophy.
 * 1823-5 Various, Papers on Light and Heat. Ditto.
 * 1825-6 Two Papers on Heat. Quar. Jour. of Science.
 * 1828 Two Papers on Polarization of Heat. Brewster's Philosophical Journal.
 * 1830 On Mathematical Studies....London Review.
 * 1832-3 Several Papers on Interference of Light, Diffraction, &c - Annals of Philosophy and Phil. Mag.
 * 1834 On Radiant Heat 	Jameson's Phil. Journ.
 * 1835-6 On Cauchy's Theory of Dispersion of Light, &c Journal of Science and Phil. Mag.
 * Various Papers in Vol. I. of Mag. of Popular Science.
 * Many Papers in Journal of Education.
 * On the Progress of Optics . . . British Annual.
 * On the State of Oxford	Ditto.
 * The Lives of Black and Lavoisier....Useful Knowledge Gallery of Portraits.
 * 1838 On University Reform . .July Monthly Chron.
 * 1838-9 Various Papers on Light. Journal of Science.
 * 1838-9 Papers on Light .... Philosophical Magazine.
 * 1839 Correspondence with Brewster, Athenaeum.
 * 1839 On Comte's Philosophie Positive ....Monthly Chronicle.
 * 1841 On Light 	Philosophical Magazine.
 * 1841 Papers on Light 	Journal of Science.
 * 1843 Review of Carpenter's Cyclopaedia ....Dublin University Magazine.
 * 1843 Sir Isaac Newton and his Contemporaries Edinburgh Review.
 * 1843 Review of Rigaud's History of the Principia. Ditto.
 * 1846 On Aberration of Light . . .Journal of Science and Philosophical Magazine.
 * 1852 On Lord Brougham's Optical Experiments. Journal of Science
 * 1854 On Foucault's Gyroscope. . Journal of Science and Philosophical  Magazine
 * 1856 Life of Young . . . National Review and Philosophical Magazine
 * 1856 On Brewster's Life of Newton .... Edinburgh Review.
 * 1856 On Fresnel's Formulae for Light - July, August, and October - Journal of Science and Philosophical Magazine.
 * 1857 Life and Writings of Arago 	Ditto.

Also

 * 1834 A Letter to the Editor of The British Critic

Notable students
Lewis Carroll attended the lectures on pure geometry by Baden Powell.

Collections
In 1970, 170 volumes from Powell's library were presented to the Bodleian Libraries by his grandson, D. F. W. Baden Powell. See Rare Books Named Collections for more information on the contents of this collection.

title: Baden Powell (mathematician)


text:
The Peach Orchard

The Peach Orchard is a Gettysburg Battlefield site at the southeast corner of the north-south Emmitsburg Road intersection with the Wheatfield Road. The orchard is demarcated on the east and south by Birney Avenue, which provides access to various memorials regarding the "momentous attacks and counterattacks in…the orchard on the afternoon of July 2, 1863."

Geography
The Peach Orchard is on a hornfel along the northwest edge of the local geologic diabase sheet and at the "angle of the Peach Orchard" formed by the vertex of 2 low ridges: "one from Devil's Den, the other along the Emmitsburg road." The orchard drains southward into Rose Run, through Rose Woods, to Plum Run; and the orchard tract has a modern north-south embankment along the Emmitsburg road to the west of which a drainage depression separates the orchard from Warfield Ridge.

History
By 1858 on the southeast corner of the crossroads, the Peach Orchard had been planted by Reverend Joseph Sherfy, who had a homestead to the north on the opposite (west) side of the Emmitsburg Road. On the Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day, the "Peach Orchard Salient" military position of the Army of the Potomac had been established from the "angle of the Peach Orchard" both northward along the Emmitsburg Rd and, for the "Wheatfield Road line", eastward. Union positions in the orchard prior to the July 2 military engagements included the 68th Pennsylvania Infantry on the west side at the south point of Graham's Emmitsburg Rd line, the 3rd Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment on the orchard's south (downhill) side near the Emmitsburg Rd, and on the north side of the orchard along the south side of the east-west road, Thompson's cannons and, closer to the Emmitsburg Rd, Ames' cannons. "It was three o'clock before [Confederate] Colonel Alexander, of Longstreet's corps, had his batteries unlimbered in the edge of the woods west and south of the peach orchard."

Military engagements
Peach Orchard combat began with Union artillery in the orchard counterfiring on Alexander's batteries which reduced Ames' supply of Union cannon ammunition. When Hood's Assault advanced eastward over the Emmitsburg Rd and across the slope south of the orchard, "Ames had all of his spherical case [ammunition] carried to his left section, Lt. James B. Hazelton's," to fire on the infantry, while Ames' "center and right sections continued their counterbattery fire with shot." With the Confederate left flank to the south exposed to the orchard's Union forces, the cannon and infantry in the "Peach Orchard were able to rake Kershaw's lines severely". As Union officer Watson's guns fired a last volley of canister at the Carolinians, the 2nd New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry advanced southward into "the Peach Orchard to save the [Watson] guns …crowding between the limbers and guns, reformed, and emerged at the orchard's southwest corner, its right extending to the Emmitsburg Road." "The Second opened fire on the South Carolinians in its front, the Second Battalion and the Eighth Regiment. The South Carolinians…fell back to the bottom of the slope 150 or so yards from the orchard's edge. Bailey then shifted the Second's line to the rear of some fence rails that were piled along the side of the orchard where a fence had been."

At the 6 p.m. start of McLaws' Assault, Barksdale's and Wofford's Confederate brigades charged from the west directly into the Peach Orchard. Graham's Union brigade, with the 3rd ME & 3rd MI, "held the peach orchard until nearly dusk"; and at "6:30 p.m., McLaws' Division [broke] Birney's line at the Peach Orchard". The 21st Mississippi Infantry Regiment passed through the Peach Orchard toward Bigelow's 9th Massachusetts Battery farther east, also outflanking the 2nd New Hampshire, threatening it to be cut off from the rest of the Union, forcing them to retreat.

The 2nd NH entered the Battle of Gettysburg with 353 soldiers. In under three hours, 47 were killed, 136 wounded and 36 men went missing; of the 24 officers, only three were not killed or wounded.

Postbellum
Franklin Dullin Briscoe's artwork, Peach Orchard – Gettysburg], is now in the National Archives; and the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association board approved purchase of the orchard in 1890 (several Peach Orchard memorials were erected during the memorial association era--e.g., 68th Pennsylvania Infantry in 1886). Battlefield landscape preservation began in 1883 when peach trees were replanted in the orchard, and in 1896 a cast iron site identification marker was added near the road intersection. The orchard was deeded to the War Department in 1906, was replanted in 1909, and exhibited 6 "Army of the Potomac" cannon by 1912. The land bordering the orchard to the east and south was purchased from J. Emory Bair in 1907, and Birney Avenue of 900 ft on those 2 sides was piked in 1914. The Camp Eisenhower YCC participants replaced the orchard's peach trees in 1974, the orchard's ID tablet by Emmor Cope was entered-documented as an historic district contributing structure in 2004, and the orchard was replanted in April 2008..

title: The Peach Orchard


text:
Talk:Strathfield/to do

Geography
 * clarify whether Strathfield is a municipality, a suburb or both. (it's both).
 * no idea what else to add here - some assistance please!

History
 * further research on history of Strathfield (note there is a lot of information and I suspect this may need to go into it's own article)
 * gather more sources of information
 * see if the Strathfield historical society would be interested in helping us with this article
 * gather pictures, especially one of the plaque in Strathfield Ave!
 * add history of government
 * find more recent history:
 * amalgamations and politics
 * Wade Frankum at Strathfield Plaza (Strathfield Massacre)

Government
 * add information about local government structure

Organisations
 * add information about local schools and organisations into the article. The plus side of this is that local schools get a mention yet do not get moved into their own articles and promptly get listed on VfD for being "non-notable".

title: Talk:Strathfield/to do


text:
Robson Rotation

Robson Rotation is a method of arranging the names of candidates on ballot papers in single transferable vote elections to eliminate any influence of the so-called "donkey vote".

Traditionally, every ballot paper in an election is identical, with the candidates' names and their party groups (if any) in the same order. Within the party or group ticket, the order of their candidates' names is decided by the group. The order of the candidates or groups on the ballot is now usually determined by lot, by the authority running the election, although alphabetical order by surname was formerly used for elections contested by individual candidates.

Having all ballot papers the same can give a slight advantage to the candidate or group listed at the top, or top left, of the ballot paper (depending on the format of the paper) because they will attract a donkey vote. Donkey voters number the preferences on their ballots from left to right and/or top to bottom, purely in the order of the candidates' names and groups on the ballot.

Such voters are a feature of voting systems which require people to express their degree of preference for every candidate or group, by numbering them in preferential order, or have their vote declared invalid. While donkey votes may only form a small percentage of votes cast, they could affect the result in a close contest. The more candidates there are on the ballot paper, the greater the donkey vote is likely to be.

To eliminate any donkey vote advantage, the Robson Rotation system requires ballot papers to be printed in equal-sized batches, with each batch having a different candidate's name appearing at prescribed positions in the party columns on those ballots. Consequently, there are several possible permutations of where candidates' names appear on the various versions of the ballot paper. Although that doesn't eliminate donkey voting, it spreads its effect more or less equally among all the candidates standing for election.

The method, first used in the Australian state of Tasmania in the 1980 Denison state by-election, is named after Neil Robson, a former Liberal MHA for Bass. It was adopted in Australian Capital Territory elections in 1995.

Kromkowski rotation in Indiana
A similar kind of ballot rotation was introduced in St. Joseph County, Indiana, in the 1970s. The method, used for both printed ballots and lever-operated machine voting, was developed and introduced by Aloysius J. Kromkowski, the head of the election commission, and one of the most popular elected officials (St. Joseph County Clerk until term limited and St. Joseph County Treasurer until term limited). Every precinct had alphabetically shifted ballots. For example, in precinct 1, names on the ballot would be in standard alphabetical order. In precinct 2, names on the ballot would start with the second alphabetically-ordered candidate and the first ordered would be shifted to the bottom, and so on.

It was later codified into law via IC 3-11-14-11.

title: Robson Rotation


text:
Platycerium

Platycerium is a genus of about 18 fern species in the polypod family, Polypodiaceae. Ferns in this genus are widely known as staghorn or elkhorn ferns due to their uniquely shaped fronds. This genus is epiphytic and is native to tropical and temperate areas of South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia, and New Guinea.

Description
Platycerium sporophytes (adult plants) have tufted roots, growing from a short rhizome, and bear two types of fronds - basal and fertile fronds. Basal fronds are sterile, shield- or kidney-shaped, and laminate against the tree, to protect the fern's roots from damage and desiccation. In some Platycerium species, the top margin of these fronds will grow into an open crown of lobes; catching rainwater, falling forest litter, bird/animal droppings, and even an occasional fallen deceased animal, these plants build up their own “compost” system of nutrition over many years.

Fertile fronds bear spores on their undersurface, are dichotomous or antler-shaped, and jut out or hang from the rhizome. The spores are borne in sporangia, clustered in large sori that are usually positioned on the tips of the lobes, on a specialized stalked lobe (as in P. ridleyi and P. coronarium), or at the sinus between frond lobes.

Some species of Platycerium are solitary, having only one rhizome. Other species form colonies when their rhizomes branch, or when new rhizomes are formed from root tips. If the conditions are right, the spores will germinate naturally, on surrounding trees. A Platycerium gametophyte is a small, heart-shaped thallus.

Platycerium have diverged into four natural groups. Several Platycerium are strongly adapted to xeric conditions, with a naturally drought-tolerant metabolism method having been reported for P. veitchii.

Cultivation
The species Platycerium bifurcatum and Platycerium superbum are commonly cultivated as ornamental plants. These oddly shaped ferns grow on trees and rocks and can be found in gardens, especially tropical gardens.

Staghorns can be propagated by spores produced on the underside of the fertile fronds. Colonial Platycerium can also be vegetatively propagated by carefully dividing large healthy ones into smaller, separate plants. These new plants can then be attached to board mounts or be strapped to trees until they take to the tree themselves.

A mature staghorn can grow more than 1 m wide.

title: Platycerium


text:
Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg

Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg (9 July 1511 – 7 October 1571) was queen consort of Denmark and Norway by marriage to King Christian III of Denmark. She was known to having wielded influence upon the affairs of state in Denmark.

Life
She was the daughter of Magnus I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg and Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and sister of Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg, the first queen of King Gustav I of Sweden.

Dorothea was raised in one of the first states in Germany where the reformation was proclaimed, and was affected from Lutheranism early in life. She was married to Christian on 29 October 1525 at Lauenburg Castle. They lived at their own courts in Haderslev and Törning.

Queen
She formally became queen of Denmark in 1533, but due to the Civil War (Count's Feud) that immediately followed her husband's accession to the throne, her coronation did not take place until 1537. On 6 August 1536, queen Dorothea finally made her official entry to the capital of Copenhagen with the king, and on 12 August 1537, she rode on a snow white horse by the side of her husband to their coronation, and made a favorable impression with her beauty and dignified appearance. In 1537 she also became queen of Norway, after her husband did a Coup d'état, and became king of Norway.

Queen Dorothea's relationship to the king is described as a happy one, and the king evidently trusted her and allowed her a great deal of influence. She was repeatedly pointed out by contemporaries to have been politically active and to have participated in state affairs, but these comments are only general statements and do not describe exactly how and within which issues she took an interest and used her influence. Shortly after her husband's succession to the thrones of Denmark and Norway, the king, supported by his German advisers, supported the plans to have Dorothea appointed future regent of Denmark-Norway should her son succeeded to the throne while still a minor; these plans were, however, resisted by the Danish council and particularly Johan Friis, whom the queen reportedly came to resent because of it. Neither was she allowed to take a formal seat in the council. Her influence, therefore, continued to be informal, and she is thought to have participated in appointing and dismissing officials.

Dorothea reportedly learned to speak Danish, and is known to have a German confessor and always to have written her letters in German. She was described as beautiful, with a great posture and an impulsive, passionate mind with a strong will force; she enjoyed hunting, "as she was an excellent rider", and as late as 1555 was noted to have participated in a hunt with such energy that she fell off her horse. As the first lady of the royal household, queen Dorothea hosted festivities with great splendor when motivated as representation of royal power, but was in everyday life described as strict, moral and frugal; she supervised the finances of the household herself, allowed for no waste and had all members of the court in constant occupation, allowing her ladies-in-waiting no time for leisure.

Dorothea is described as a dominating mother who kept strict control over her children also after they became adults, and her acts as a guardian to them were described as strict and intense. As was the custom of the time, she also had several children of the nobility as her foster children, who were raised in her household as her courtiers and maids-of-honor, over whom she also kept a strict control. In 1540, Birgitte Gøye was freed from her engagement with her assistance, which led to a law banning arranged engagements of minors. Her daughters were raised in household chores and to marry, while her sons were given a strict schooling and not allowed to stray from their studies much prior to their adulthood. In 1548, she accompanied her daughter Anna to her wedding in Saxony, and she kept visiting her daughters in Germany regularly once a year for the rest of her life.

She was widowed in 1559.

Queen Dowager
As a queen dowager, she resided with her own court in Koldinghus.

Queen dowager Dorothea fell in love with her brother-in-law and neighbor, Duke John II of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (1521–1580), during her marriage, and despite her intense grief at the deathbed of her spouse, she issued negotiations to marry her former brother-in-law shortly after her husband's death in 1559. Her intended marriage, however, was opposed by various theologians who considered it impossible for a widow to marry her late husband's brother and was eventually prevented, despite several years efforts from Dorothea's part to bring it about. This caused the breakdown of her relationship with her son, King Frederick, with whom she had never been particularly close. In parallel, Dorothea successfully opposed her son the king's desired marriage with her maid of honor Anne Hardenberg, a matter which was also drawn out for years.

The relationship between queen dowager Dorothea and her reigning son king Frederick II was tense. Frederick was given his own court at the age of twenty, and Dorothea often used her authority as his mother to reprimand him for his lifestyle of "drinking and other indecencies", and this state of affairs did not change after Frederick became king. She favored her younger sons, particularly Magnus, to the point that he had difficulties handling his responsibilities on his own, and protected her younger children from her eldest son the king and what she regarded as his bad influence. Her less favorable view upon her eldest son may also have affected by the fact that he did not attend his fathers deathbed, despite the fact that his mother repeatedly called upon him during his father's illness to do so.

Dorothea considered it her God given right and duty as a mother not only to love but to advise and rule over her children, including her son the king, and once wrote:
 * "It does not become a faithful mother to be silent about what could bring the ruin to her children, or to flatter, rather God has earnestly commanded not to spare the lash."

However, Frederick II detested both her reprimands and her attempts to involve in state affairs as she had done during his father's reign.

The tense relationship between Dorothea and Frederick II finally resulted in a break during the Nordic Seven Years War (1562–1570). Dorothea intensely disliked the war and repeatedly offered herself as a mediator to put an end to it. Her son Frederick II greatly disliked her interference and warned her to stay out of state affairs in no uncertain terms, upon which she replied: "We can, God be praised, do without this long journey to Sweden and now have a good day with a clear conscience [...] You may be convinced, that we have no intention to trouble ourselves in this matter, when we can understand from your letter that you now better" - but she resumed her efforts to act as a mediator the following year. Dorothea issued separate contact with Sweden, and in 1567, Frederick II discovered that his mother had conducted secret negotiations to arranged a marriage between his brother Magnus and Princess Sophia of Sweden in an effort to establish peace, without his knowledge and during ongoing warfare. She defended herself by saying that she had only intended to benefit Denmark, but the king suspected her for treason and had her informally exiled to Sønderborg Castle, where she resided the remainder of her life. Frederick II also had a ship she sent to Magnus with supplies seized under suspicion that it was heading for Sweden.

Queen Dorothea is interred next to her husband in Roskilde Cathedral near Copenhagen.

Children
Dorothea had the following children:

 * Anne of Denmark (1532–1585). Consort to Augustus, Elector of Saxony
 * Frederick II (1534–1588).
 * Magnus, King of Livonia (1540–1583).
 * Johann II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön (1545–1622).
 * Dorothea of Denmark (1546–1617). Consort to William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and mother to George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

title: Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg


text:
2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)

Listed below are the dates and results for the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds for UEFA teams. A total of 51 teams took part, divided in 8 groups – five groups of six teams each and three groups of seven teams each – competing for 13 places in the World Cup. Germany, the hosts, were already qualified, for a total of 14 European places in the tournament. The qualifying process started on 18 August 2004, over a month after the end of UEFA Euro 2004, and ended on 16 November 2005. Kazakhstan, which transitioned from the Asian Football Confederation to UEFA after the end of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, debuted in the European qualifiers.

The teams in each group would play against each other in a home and away basis. The team with the most points in each group qualified to the World Cup. The runners up are ranked. For fairness rules, results against the seventh placed team were ignored, in groups of seven teams. The two best ranked runners-up also qualified to the World Cup. The other six runners-up were drawn into three two-legged knock out matches, the playoff winners also qualifying.

The race to join hosts Germany at the 2006 FIFA World Cup featured an unlikely winner in Europe, where Ukraine became the first team to qualify, having finished above Turkey, Denmark and Greece in arguably the continent's toughest qualifying group.

France had its first successful World Cup qualifying campaign in twenty years as they had missed the 1990 and 1994 tournaments, then qualified automatically as hosts in 1998 and as defending champions in 2002.

Serbia and Montenegro and Croatia also advanced to Germany at the head of their sections, the former forcing Spain into the playoffs in the process. Besides the eight group winners, two teams progressed automatically as best runners up, namely Poland and Sweden while the playoffs offered a second chance to six others.

Qualification seeding (UEFA)
The draw was made on 5 December 2003 in Frankfurt, Germany. Germany qualified automatically as hosts. The other seedings were determined by points per game in the qualifiers for 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification and UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying. France qualified automatically for the 2002 FIFA World Cup as title holders, so only their record in UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying was used. Portugal qualified automatically for UEFA Euro 2004 as hosts, so only their record in World Cup 2002 was used. Kazakhstan were not ranked by this system as they did not participate in either competition.

For domestic clubs involved in international club competitions reasons, England, France, Italy and Spain were drawn into groups of 6 teams.

Summary
{{legend|#ccffcc|Winner of each group and two best runners-up qualified directly for the 2006 FIFA World Cup}} {{legend|#BBF3FF|The other runners-up advanced to the second round (play-offs)}} {{legend|#ffcccc|Other teams were eliminated after the first round}}

Groups
The first round is group play. A win is awarded 3 point, a draw 1 point and a loss 0. The winner of a group is the team with the most points.

Matches

 * }

Qualified teams
The following 14 teams from UEFA qualified for the final tournament.

 * 1 Bold indicates champions for that year. Italic indicates hosts for that year.
 * 2 Competed as West Germany. A separate team for East Germany also participated in qualifications during this time, having only competed in 1974.
 * 3 From 1930 to 1998, Serbia and Montenegro competed as Yugoslavia.
 * 4 From 1934 to 1990, the Czech Republic competed as Czechoslovakia.

Top goalscorers
Below are full goalscorer lists for all groups and the play-off round:

 * Group 1
 * Group 2
 * Group 3
 * Group 4
 * Group 5
 * Group 6
 * Group 7
 * Group 8
 * Play-offs