text:
Sinophone

Sinophone, which means "Chinese-speaking", typically refers to an individual who speaks at least one variety of Chinese (that is, one of the Sinitic languages). Academic writers often use the term Sinophone in two definitions: either specifically "Chinese-speaking populations where it is a minority language, excluding Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan" or generally "Chinese-speaking areas, including where it is an official language". Many authors use the collocation Sinophone world or Chinese-speaking world to mean the Chinese-speaking world itself (consisting of Greater China and Singapore) or the distribution of the Chinese diaspora outside of Greater China.

Mandarin Chinese is the most commonly spoken variety of the Chinese language today, with over 1 billion total speakers (approximately 12% of the world population), of which about 900 million are native speakers, making it the most spoken first language in the world and second most spoken overall. It is the official variety of Chinese in mainland China, Taiwan, and Singapore. Meanwhile, Cantonese is the official variety of Chinese in Hong Kong and Macau and is also widely spoken among significant Overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia as well as the rest of the world.

Etymology
The etymology of Sinophone stems from Sino- "China; Chinese" (cf. Sinology) and -phone "speaker of a certain language" (e.g. Anglophone, Francophone).

Edward McDonald (2011) claimed the word sinophone "seems to have been coined separately and simultaneously on both sides of the Pacific" in 2005, by Geremie Barmé of Australia National University and Shu-mei Shih of UCLA. Barmé (2008) explained the "Sinophone world" as "one consisting of the individuals and communities who use one or another—or, indeed, a number—of China-originated languages and dialects to make meaning of and for the world, be it through speaking, reading, writing or via an engagement with various electronic media." Shih (2004:29) noted, "By 'sinophone' literature I mean literature written in Chinese by Chinese-speaking writers in various parts of the world outside China, as distinguished from 'Chinese literature'—literature from China."

Nevertheless, there are two earlier sinophone usages. Ruth Keen (1988:231) defined "Sinophone communities" in Chinese literature as "the Mainland, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia and the U.S." Coulombe and Roberts (2001:12) compared students of French between anglophones "with English as their mother tongue" and allophones (in the Quebec English sense) "without English or French as their mother tongue", including sinophones defined as "Cantonese/Mandarin speakers".

The Oxford English Dictionary does not yet include Sinophone, but records 1900 as the earliest usage of the French loanwords Francophone for "French-speaking" and Anglophone for "English-speaking". The French language – which first used Sinophone to mean "Chinese-speaking" in 1983 (CNRTL 2012) – differentiates ' meaning "French-speaking, especially in a region where two or more languages are spoken" and ' "French-speaking, collectively, the French-speaking world" (commonly abbreviating the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie). Haun Saussy contrasted the English lexicon lacking an inclusive term like Sinophonie or Sinophonia, and thus using Sinophone to mean both "Chinese-speaking, especially in a region where it is a minority language" and "all Chinese-speaking areas, including China and Taiwan, Chinese-speaking world".

"'Sinophone' operates as a calque on 'Francophone', as the application of the logic of Francophonie to the domain of Chinese extraterritorial speech. But that analogy is sure to hiccup, like all analogies, at certain points. Some, but not all, Francophone regions are populated by descendants of French emigrants, as virtually all of Sinophonia (I think) is populated by descendants of Chinese emigrants. Other regions, the majority in both area and population, are Francophone as a result of conquest or enslavement. That might be true of some areas of China too, but in a far more distant past. And at another level, the persistence of French had to do with the exportation of educational protocols by the Grande Nation herself, something that wasn't obviously true of the Middle Kingdom in recent decades but now, with the Confucius Institutes, is perhaps taking form. (2012)"

English Sinophonia was the theme of an international conference organized by Christopher Lupke, President of the Association of Chinese and Comparative Literature, and hosted by Peng Hsiao-yen, Senior Researcher in the Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy, (Academia Sinica 2012) on "Global Sinophonia" – Chinese Quanqiu Huayu Wenhua 全球華語文化 (literally "global Chinese-language culture").

Usages
In the two decades since the English word sinophone was coined, it has gone through semantic change and increasing usage. Authors currently use it in at least two meanings, the general sense of "Chinese-speaking", and the academic "Chinese-speaking, especially in areas where it is a minority language." Shu-mei Shih, one of the leading academic authorities on Sinophone scholarship, summarized treatments.

"In the past few years, scholars have used the term Sinophone for largely denotative purposes to mean 'Chinese-speaking' or 'written in Chinese'. Sau-ling Wong used it to designate Chinese American literature written in 'Chinese' as opposed to English ('Yellow'); historians of the Manchu empire such as Pamela Kyle Crossley, Evelyn S. Rawski, and Jonathan Lipman described 'Chinese-speaking' Hui Muslims in China as Sinophone Muslims as opposed to Uyghur Muslims, who speak Turkic languages; Patricia Schiaini- Vedani and Lara Maconi distinguished between Tibetan writers who write in the Tibetan script and 'Chinese-language', or Sinophone, Tibetan writers. Even though the main purpose of these scholars' use of the term is denotative, their underlying intent is to clarify contrast by naming: in highlighting a Sinophone Chinese American literature, Wong exposes the anglophone bias of scholars and shows that American literature is multilingual; Crossley, Rawski, and Lipman emphasize that Muslims in China have divergent languages, histories, and experiences; Schiaini- Vedani and Maconi suggest the predicament of Tibetan writers who write in the 'language of the colonizer' and whose identity is bound up with linguistic difference. (2013:8)"

General meanings
"Chinese-speaking" is the literal meaning of sinophone, without the academic distinction of speakers outside of Greater China.

The Wiktionary is one of the few dictionaries that define :
 * adjective "Speaking one or more Sinitic or Chinese language(s), Chinese-speaking"
 * noun "a person who speaks one or more of the Sinitic or Chinese language(s) either natively or by adoption, a Chinese-speaking person."

Academic meanings
The word sinophone has different meanings among scholars in fields such as Sinology, linguistics, comparative literature, language teaching, and postcolonialism.

Recent definitions of the word include:
 * The Sinophone encompasses Sinitic-language communities and their expressions (cultural, political, social, etc.) on the margins of nations and nationalness in the internal colonies and other minority communities in China as well as outside it, with the exception of settler colonies where the Sinophone is the dominant vis-à-vis their indigenous populations. (Shih 2011:716)
 * The Sinophone world refers to Sinitic-language cultures and communities born of colonial and postcolonial histories on the margins of geopolitical nation-states all across the world. (Cambria 2012)

Chinese-speaking countries
Chinese is an official language of five countries and territories. While Chinese is a group of related languages rather than a single language itself, the governments of nearly all nations and territories where it is official simply designate the ambitious "Chinese" to refer to the official variant used in administration and education, with the exception of Singapore.

Mandarin is the sole official language of both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan) as well as one of the four official languages of Singapore. It is also one of the six official languages of the United Nations.

Cantonese is an official language of Hong Kong and Macau (alongside English and Portuguese respectively), where it is the dominant variety of Chinese rather than Mandarin.

Overseas communities
Overseas Chinese and Chinese-speaking communities are found worldwide, with the most sizable concentrated in much of Southeast Asia and some countries in the Western World, particularly the United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, and France. The usage and varieties of Chinese among the Chinese diaspora is usually dependent on various factors, mostly the ancestral region of the dominant Chinese group and official language policy of the country of residence. In Southeast Asia, Cantonese and Hokkien are the dominant variants of Chinese, with the former traditionally serving as a lingua franca amongst most ethnic Chinese in the region. In Western countries with large ethnic Chinese populations, more established Chinese communities use Cantonese, although Mandarin is increasingly spoken by newer arrivals.

Malaysia is the only country outside of the Chinese-speaking world that permits the usage of Chinese as a medium of instruction. This is largely influenced by the fact that Malaysian Chinese comprise nearly a quarter of the country's population and have traditionally been highly influential in the country's economic sector. While Mandarin is the variant of Chinese used in Chinese-language schools, speakers of Hokkien form a plurality in the ethnic Chinese population and Cantonese serves as the common language, especially in commerce and media.

As a foreign language
With the economic and political rise of the Sinophone world since the latter half of the 20th century, particularly China itself starting in the 1980s, Mandarin Chinese has increasingly become a popular foreign language throughout the world. While not as widespread as a standard foreign language at the scale of English, French, Spanish, or German, student enrollment rates and courses in Mandarin have rapidly grown in East and Southeast Asia and Western countries. Besides standard Mandarin, Cantonese is the only other Chinese language that is widely taught as a foreign language, in part due to the global economic importance of Hong Kong and its widespread presence in significant Overseas Chinese communities.

Statistics
Ethnologue estimates the total number of Sinophones at about 1.4 billion worldwide as of 2020, the vast majority (1.3 billion) of whom are native speakers. The most spoken branch of Chinese is Mandarin with 1.12 billion speakers (921 million native speakers), followed by Yue (which includes Cantonese) with 85 million speakers (84 million native). Other branches of the Chinese language subgroup with over 2 million speakers include: Wu with 82 million (81.7 million native), Min Nan with 49 million (48.4 million native), Hakka with 48.2 million, Jin with 47 million, Xiang with 37.3 million, Gan with 22.1 million, Min Bei with 11 million, Min Dong with 10.3 million, Huizhou with 4.6 million, and Pu-Xian Min with 2.5 million.

Below is a table of the Chinese-speaking population in various countries and territories:

General references

 * Academia Sinica (2012), International Conference on "Global Sinophonia" 「全球華語文化」國際研討會.
 * Bachner, Andrea (July 2011), "Review of Jing Tsu's Sound and Script in Chinese Diaspora", Modern Chinese Literature and Culture.
 * Barmé, Geremie R. (2005), On New Sinology : Chinese Studies Association of Australia Newsletter 3.
 * Cambria Press (2012), Cambria Sinophone World Series, University of Pennsylvania.
 * (CNRTL) Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales (2012), sinophone, electronic Trésor de la langue française.
 * Coulombe, Diane and William L. Roberts (2001), "The French-as-a-second-language learning experience of anglophone and allophone university students ", Research on Immigration and Integration in the Metropolis Working Paper Series 01–02, Vancouver Centre of Excellence.
 * Keen, Ruth (1988), "Information Is All That Counts: An Introduction to Chinese Women's Writing in German Translation", Modern Chinese Literature 4.2:225–234..
 * Lewis, M. Paul ed. (2009), Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th edition, SIL International.
 * Mair, Victor (2012), "Sinophone and Sinosphere", Language Log.
 * McDonald, Edward (2011), "The '中国通' or the 'Sinophone'? Towards a political economy of Chinese language teaching", China Heritage Quarterly 25.
 * Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng (2007), "Review of Shih Shu-mei's Visuality and Identity: Sinophone Articulations across the Pacific", Modern Chinese Literature and Culture.
 * Saussy, Haun (2012), "On The Phone", Printculture.
 * Shih, Shu-Mei (2004), "Global Literature and the Technologies of Recognition", PMLA 119.1, 16–30. ..
 * Shih, Shu-mei (2005), "Sinophone Articulations Across the Pacific", Ostasiatisches Seminar: Chinese Diasporic and Exile Experience, Universität Zürich.
 * Shih, Shu-mei (2007), Visuality and Identity: Sinophone Articulations across the Pacific, University of California Press.
 * Shih, Shu-Mei (2010), "Theory, Asia and the Sinophone", Postcolonial Studies 13.4:465–484.
 * Shih, Shu-mei (2011), "The Concept of the Sinophone", PMLA 126.3, 709–718. ..
 * Shih, Shu-mei, Chien-hsin Tsai, and Brian Bernards, eds. (2013), Sinophone Studies: A Critical Reader, Columbia University Press.
 * Thornber, Karen (June 2012), Review of Jing Tsu's Sound and Script in Chinese Diaspora, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 72.1, 195–202. ..
 * Tsu, Jing (2010), Sound and Script in Chinese Diaspora, Harvard University Press.
 * Tsu, Jing (2011), "New Area Studies and Languages on the Move", PMLA 126.3, 693–700. ..
 * Tsu, Jing (2010), "Epilogue: Sinophone Writings and Chinese Diaspora", in Stephen Owen and Kang-i Sun Chang, eds., Cambridge History of Chinese Literature 704–712.
 * Tsu, Jing (2010), "Sinophonics and the Nationalization of Chinese", in Jing Tsu and David Der-wei Wang, eds., Global Chinese Literature: Critical Essays, Brill.
 * Tsu, Jing and David Der-wei Wang, eds. (2010), Global Chinese Literature: Critical Essays, Brill.

title: Sinophone


text:
Hattingen

Hattingen is a town in the northern part of the Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

History
Hattingen is located on the south bank of the River Ruhr in the south of the Ruhr region. The town was first mentioned in 1396, when the Duke of Mark granted permission to build a city wall. Today, Hattingen has a picturesque historic district with Fachwerk (timber-framed houses) built between the 14th and 16th centuries. The old city is still partly surrounded by the city walls today.

There are three castles remaining within the municipal area of Hattingen. Isenburg Castle was built in the 12th century in the hillsides above the Ruhr. The castle was destroyed in 1225, but prominent ruins remain. Blankenstein Castle was built in the 13th century above the Ruhr river and Haus Kemnade is a moated castle from the 16th century. All three castles are famous tourist landmarks and open to the public.

Hattingen became part of the Hanseatic League in 1554 and became an important trading town. In 1720, there were 52 operating coal mines within the municipal area and Hattingen became one of the first industrial cities of the Ruhr region. Steel production started in 1853, when the Henrichshütte was founded. The Henrichshütte became one of the most important employers of the whole region and dominated the town until it closed in 1987.

Today, Hattingen still faces problems concerning structural change of the economy, but is becoming a centre of tourism, especially its historical downtown.

Neighbouring cities

The cities bordering Hattingen are Bochum, Essen, Sprockhövel, Velbert, Witten and Wuppertal.

Division of the town
Hattingen is divided into the districts of Blankenstein, Bredenscheid-Stüter, Hattingen-Mitte, Holthausen, Niederbonsfeld, Niederelfringhausen, Niederwenigern, Oberelfringhausen, Oberstüter, Welper and Winz-Baak.

Notable people

 * Mathilde Franziska Anneke, feminist
 * Erich Warsitz, world's first jet pilot
 * John J. Gumperz, sociolinguist
 * Harald Siepermann, Character Designer
 * Marie-Luise Marjan, actress
 * Jamiri (Jan-Michael Richter), comic artist
 * Andreas Bieber, singer and actor
 * Mirjam Müntefering, author
 * Caliban (band)
 * DJ Quicksilver, Disk Jockey
 * Jost Gippert, German linguist
 * Luke Hemmerich, German Football Player

Politics
In the local elections of 2004 the Social Democratic Party (SPD) was the largest party on the council with 24 seats. It was followed by the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) with 18 and the Alliance 90/The Greens with 7, the WBG (a conservative lis) and Free Democrats with four each, FLW (also a conservative list) with three, National Democratic Party two, and the PDS/WAL (socialists) and AUF Witten (a left wing list) with one each.

From 2004 to 2020, for the first time in its history, the council was led by a female mayor: Sonja Leidemann (SPD). In the election of 2020 she lost her mandate to Lars König (CDU).

Mayor
The current mayor of Hattingen is Dirk Glaser, who ran as an independent. The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows:

! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate ! rowspan=2| Party ! colspan=2| First round ! colspan=2| Second round ! Votes ! % ! Votes ! % ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 22,230 ! 97.3 ! 16,051 ! 99.0 ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 614 ! 2.7 ! 154 ! 1.0 ! colspan=3| Total ! 22,844 ! 100.0 ! 16,205 ! 100.0 ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 45,151 ! 50.6 ! 45,151 ! 35.9
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Dirk Glaser
 * align=left| Independent
 * 8,756
 * 39.4
 * 9,356
 * 58.3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Frank Mielke
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party
 * 6,723
 * 30.2
 * 6,695
 * 41.7
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Frank Staacken
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens
 * 4,281
 * 19.3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Siever
 * align=left| Independent
 * 1,285
 * 5.8
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Thomas Bausch
 * align=left| Independent
 * 1,185
 * 5.3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Thomas Bausch
 * align=left| Independent
 * 1,185
 * 5.3
 * colspan=7| Source: City of Hattingen (1st round, 2nd round)
 * }
 * }

City council
The Hattingen city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=2| Valid votes ! 22,343 ! 97.8 ! ! ! ! colspan=2| Invalid votes ! 496 ! 2.2 ! ! ! ! colspan=2| Total ! 22,839 ! 100.0 ! ! 48 ! 2 ! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout ! 45,151 ! 50.6 ! 0.7 ! !
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * 7,404
 * 33.1
 * 8.8
 * 16
 * 3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * 6,893
 * 30.9
 * 2.8
 * 15
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * 5,288
 * 23.7
 * 11.7
 * 11
 * 5
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * 1,529
 * 6.8
 * 2.7
 * 3
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Die PARTEI
 * 1,229
 * 5.5
 * New
 * 3
 * New
 * 1,229
 * 5.5
 * New
 * 3
 * New
 * colspan=7| Source: City of Hattingen
 * }
 * }

State Landtag
In the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia, Hattingen is part of the Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis I constituency. Rainer Bovermann of the SPD has been representative since the constituency's creation in the 2005 election; he was most recently re-elected in 2017.

Federal parliament
In the Bundestag, Witten is part of the Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis II constituency. Axel Echeverria of the SPD was elected as representative in the 2021 German federal election.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hattingen


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bogdan Golik

Bogdan Golik was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Though only 1 vote for deletion was registered after the article was moved from Pages needing translation into English, no objections to deletion were raised. Postdlf 23:03, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Bogdan Golik
moved from Pages needing translation into English end moved content
 * Something Slavic. RickK 19:55, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * I strongly suspect not encyclopedic. Can someone at least identify language and say whether this is liable to be appropriate material? -- Jmabel|Talk 21:48, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Polish. Seems not to be encyclopedic. Andres 22:59, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Polish indeed, and absolutely not encyclopedic, little value in the article. 195.244.128.16 20:47, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * From what little I can follow, random slander in Polish. Delete. -- Jmabel | Talk 22:56, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:203.24.137.248

title: User talk:203.24.137.248


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aeris Garner

Aeris Garner was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 6 votes to delete. Postdlf 22:59, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Aeris Garner
No context given for this fictional character who receives no google hits. Delete unless context is given. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 22:58, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Postdlf 23:01, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, as is the nature of our kind. Fiction that is patent nonsense when not located in its universe and fancruft when it is. Geogre 00:50, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - mindless sugary teenage fantasy rernst 17:06, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: fancruft. Wile E. Heresiarch 17:20, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just more cruft. GRider 22:35, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Krzysztof Komeda

Krzysztof Trzciński (27 April 1931 – 23 April 1969), known professionally as Krzysztof Komeda, was a Polish film music composer and jazz pianist. Perhaps best known for his work in film scores, Komeda wrote the scores for Roman Polanski’s films Knife in the Water (1962), Cul-de-sac (1966), The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967), and Rosemary’s Baby (1968). Komeda's album Astigmatic (1965) is often considered one of the most important European jazz albums. British critic Stuart Nicholson describes the album as "marking a shift away from the dominant American approach with the emergence of a specific European aesthetic."

Biography
Born Krzysztof Trzciński, he chose Komeda as his stage name only upon graduation from university as a means of distancing himself as a jazz musician from his daytime job in a medical clinic.

He grew up in Częstochowa and Ostrów Wielkopolski where in 1950 he graduated from the 'liceum (high school) for Boys'. While at school, he participated in the Music and Poetry Club. After high school he entered the Medical Academy in Poznań to study medicine. He finished his six-year-long studies and obtained a medical doctor diploma in 1956. He chose to specialize as an otolaryngology physician.

He took music lessons from early childhood; to become a virtuoso was his dream. He became a member of the Poznań conservatorium at the age of eight, but World War II thwarted his plans. Komeda explored the theory of music, and learned to play piano, during this period and later, until 1950; however, he was aware of the loss of the past six years.

Komeda was interested in light and dance music. He met Witold Kujawski, a graduate of the same school and active as a swing bass player, at the gymnasium (high school) in Ostrów Wielkopolski. It was Kujawski who acquainted Komeda-Trzciński with jazz, and took him to Kraków. The romantic period of Polish jazz, called the catacombs, had its day in the spotlight. Jam sessions, in which such musicians as Matuszkiewicz, Borowiec, Walasek and Kujawski himself participated, took place in Witold's small apartment in Kraków.

Some years later, it became clear why Komeda was fascinated with be-bop performed by Andrzej Trzaskowski. The fascination with jazz and the friendship with other musicians strengthened his connections with music, even though he was a doctor by profession. He worked for some time with the first, postwar, pioneer Polish jazz band, a group called Melomani that was from Kraków and Łódź, whose mainstays were Matuszkiewicz, Trzaskowski and Kujawski.

Later, he played with pop groups from Poznań. One of them, Jerzy Grzewiński's group, soon transformed into a dixieland band. Komeda appeared with Grzewiński on the I Jazz Festival in Sopot in August 1956, but he achieved success performing with saxophonist Jan "Ptaszyn" Wróblewski and vibraphonist Jerzy Milian, because dixieland did not meet Komeda's expectations at the time. He was more fascinated with modern jazz. Thanks to this passion, the Komeda Sextet was created. Krzysztof Trzciński used the stage name 'Komeda' for the first time when he worked at a laryngological clinic, and wanted to conceal his interest in jazz from co-workers. Jazz was beginning its struggle for respectability with the communist authorities in the era of 'the thaw' and with Polish society; jazz was regarded as a suspicious music of night clubs.

The Komeda Sextet became the first Polish jazz group playing modern jazz, and its pioneering performances opened the way for jazz in Poland. He played jazz that related to European traditions and which was the synthesis of the two of the most popular American groups at that time: the Modern Jazz Quartet and the Gerry Mulligan Quartet.

In the thirteen years after the I Sopot Jazz Festival, the artistic personality of Krzysztof Trzciński became more mature, crystallized and lyrically poetic. Krzysztof was, above all, a constantly searching poet who could find ways of individual expression of himself within jazz, in Slavic lyricism, and in the traditions of Polish music.

In 2012, a crater on the planet Mercury was named in honor of Komeda by the International Astronomical Union.

1960s
The years 1956–1962 saw Komeda with his group taking part in domestic festivals and preparing ambitious programs. These were also the years of his first foreign successes in Moscow, Grenoble and Paris. A "Jazz and Poetry" programme was prepared for Jazz Jamboree '60, and later in Warsaw Philharmonic. Komeda's adventure with film music also began by this time. Scores for the films of Roman Polanski such as Knife in the Water (1962), of Andrzej Wajda such as Innocent Sorcerers (1960), and of Janusz Morgenstern Good Bye, Till Tomorrow (also 1960) were created. This period, which in Komeda's artistic biography can be called the period of growing up and improving his own music language, was crowned with "Ballet Etudes" performed on Jazz Jamboree ’62. Although the reaction of domestic critics for the Etudes was rather cold, it opened the doors to Europe for Krzysztof Komeda Trzciński.

Komeda visited Scandinavia for the first time in spring 1960, and he went back there every year thereafter. All of his performances at the 'Gyllene Cirkeln' (Golden Circle) in Stockholm and at the Montmartre Jazz Club in Copenhagen were a success. The Danish director Hennig Carlsen ordered music for his movies Hvad Med Os and Sult (the movie based on Knut Hamsun's novel Hunger). Komeda also wrote the music for Henning Carlsen's film The Cats (Kattorna, 1965). Overall Komeda wrote more than 70 soundtracks. After successes in Scandinavia, came further successes: jazz festivals in Prague, Blend, Koenigsberg; tours of Bulgaria and both West and East Germany. Komeda stayed in Los Angeles in 1968 where he composed film music for Roman Polanski's Rosemary’s Baby (with one of his most recognizable compositions, "Rosemary's Lullaby" sung by Mia Farrow) and Buzz Kulik's Riot.

In December 1968, in Los Angeles, Komeda had a tragic accident which led to a haematoma of the brain. He was pushed off an escarpment by writer Marek Hłasko during a drinking party. Roman Polański mentioned in his memoirs that as a result of friendly rough-and-tumble with Marek Hłasko, Komeda fell down and suffered head injuries. Medical treatment in the US hospital did not save his life. After being transported home to Poland in a coma and in a terminal state, he died in April 1969, aged 37. Hłasko himself died just two months later, aged 35.

As a jazz musician, he exerted a crucial influence on creating an original style, often described as the Polish school of jazz, which subsequently influenced the Polish jazz scene's development after his death. Since 1995, the Komeda Jazz Festival has been held on a regular basis, including an International Composers' Competition. The goal of the competition is to promote young artists.

Albums

 * I Sopot Jazz Festival 1956 (Muza)
 * Crazy Girl (1962, Muza)
 * Etiudy Baletowe "Ballet Etudes" (1963, Metronome)
 * Jazz Jamboree'64 vol. 2 (1964, Muza)
 * Astigmatic (1966, Muza)
 * Le Depart (1967, Philips)
 * Meine süsse europaische Heimat (c. 1967–1968, Columbia [EMI Germany])
 * Cul-De-Sac (1966, Polydor)
 * Rosemary's Baby (1968, Dot Records)
 * The Riot (1968)

Compilations

 * Muzyka Krzysztofa Komedy vol. 1-4 (1974 - Muza)
 * Krzysztof Komeda (1989, Muza)
 * The Complete Recordings of Krzysztof Komeda vol. 1-23 (1994-98 Polonia Records)
 * Genius of Krzysztof Komeda vol. 1-14 (1996-2005 Power Bros)
 * Zofia Komeda Presents vol. 1-14 (1998–2005, Power Bros)

Appeared on

 * I Sopot Jazz Festival 1956 (Muza)
 *  Jazz Believers (1958, RCA Victor)
 * Jazz Jamboree'60 nr. 4 (1960, Muza)
 * Jazz Jamboree'60 nr. 1 (1961, Muza)
 *  Jazz Jamboree'60 nr. 2 (1961, Muza)
 *  Jazz Jamboree'60 nr. 4 (1961, Muza) reedition
 * Jazz Greetings From The East (1964, Fontana)

Film scores

 * Dwaj ludzie z szafą (1958) a.k.a. Two Men and a Wardrobe
 * Gdy spadają anioły (1959) a.k.a. When Angels Fall
 * Szklana gora|Szklana góra (1960) a.k.a. The Glass Mountain
 * Do widzenia, do jutra (1960) a.k.a. Good Bye, Till Tomorrow
 * Niewinni czarodzieje (1960) a.k.a. Innocent Sorcerers
 * Le Gros et le Maigre (1961) a.k.a. The Fat and the Lean
 * Cmentarz Remu (1961)
 * Ambulans (1961) (credited as Krzysztof Komeda-Trzciński)
 * Wyrok (1962) a.k.a. The Verdict
 * Ssaki (1962) a.k.a. Mammals (USA)
 * Nóż w wodzie (1962) a.k.a. Knife in the Water
 * Jutro premiera (1962) a.k.a. Opening Tomorrow
 * Zbrodniarz i panna (1963) a.k.a. The Criminal and the Lady
 * Smarkula (1963) a.k.a. Teenager
 * Hvad med os? (1963) a.k.a. Epilogue
 * Les Plus belles escroqueries du monde (1964) (segment "La Rivière de diamants") a.k.a. World's Greatest Swindles
 * Kattorna (1965) a.k.a. The Cats (USA)
 * Pingwin (1965) a.k.a. Penguin
 * Prawo i pięść (1966) a.k.a. The Law and the Fist
 * Cul-de-sac (1966)
 * Markiza de Pompadour (1966)
 * Przedświąteczny wieczór (1966) a.k.a. Evening Before Christmas
 * Perły i dukaty (1966)
 * Ping-pong (1966)
 * Niekochana (1966) a.k.a. Unloved
 * Sult (1966) a.k.a. Hunger
 * Bariera (1966) a.k.a. Barrier
 * The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967)
 * Le Départ (1967)
 * Människor möts och ljuv musik uppstår i hjärtat (1967) a.k.a. People Meet
 * Mia and Roman (1968)
 * Rosemary's Baby (1968)
 * Riot (1969)
 * Hør, var der ikke en som lo? (1978) a.k.a. Did Somebody Laugh?
 * Ręce do góry (1981) a.k.a. Hands Up!
 * The Kid Stays in the Picture (2002) (from "Rosemary's Baby" and "Lullaby")
 * Łódź płynie dalej (2004)

title: Krzysztof Komeda


text:
Dankerode

Dankerode is a village and a former municipality in the district of Harz, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 August 2009, it is part of the town Harzgerode. It lies in the Unterharz, the eastern region of the Harz mountains, at an elevation of 420 m above the valley of the Wipper and has over 1000 years of rich history.

title: Dankerode


text:
Ray Perrault

Raymond Joseph Perrault, (February 6, 1926 – November 24, 2008) was a Canadian politician. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia and of the Senate of Canada.

Perrault was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, a family with strong Liberal roots. His maternal grandfather came from Ontario and enlisted to quell the Metis rebellion led by Louis Riel. His paternal grandfather came from Quebec, where Riel had been a hero. Perrault was educated at Sir Guy Carleton school and John Oliver high school in Vancouver.

After graduating from the University of British Columbia with degrees in economics and political science, he became a communications consultant, working in radio, public relations and advertising. He entered politics in his thirties, becoming leader of the British Columbia Liberal Party in 1959. He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia in the 1960 provincial election in which the Liberals won fours seats in the legislature (an increase from two in the previous election), and won 20.9% of the popular vote.

In the 1963 election, the Liberals gained one more Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA), for a total of five, while their share of the popular vote fell to 19.98%. In Perrault's final election as leader in 1966, the party won an additional seat, and a modest increase in the vote to 20.24%.

He remained an MLA until he resigned in 1968 to enter federal politics in the 1968 federal election. He won a seat in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP), defeating New Democratic Party leader Tommy Douglas by just 138 votes, earning him the nickname "Landslide Ray". He was defeated in the next election in 1972.

Perrault was appointed to the Senate by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in October 1973. A year later, he joined the cabinet as Leader of the Government in the Senate.

When the Liberals lost power in the 1979 election, Perrault became Leader of the Opposition in the Senate. He resumed his position as government leader when the Liberals returned to power in the 1980 election. In 1982, he was reassigned to the position of Minister of State for Fitness and Amateur Sport, and served in that position until leaving cabinet in August 1983.

He remained in the Senate until his retirement in 2001.

Perrault served on the board of the Terry Fox Foundation. A lifelong follower of sports, Perrault served as a director of the Vancouver Canucks and honorary chairman of the Vancouver Canadians baseball team. In the 1980s, he was part of a failed effort to bring a Major League Baseball team to Vancouver.

He died on November 24, 2008, at the age of 82, leaving behind his wife Barbara and their three children.

title: Ray Perrault


text: User talk:156.34.55.232

title: User talk:156.34.55.232


text:
Crinan, Argyll

Crinan (An Crìonan) is a small village located on the west coast of Scotland in the region known as Knapdale, which is part of Argyll and Bute. Before the Crinan Canal was built, Crinan was named Port Righ which meant the king's port. The canal was named from the small settlement of Crinan Ferry on the edge of Loch Crinan where a small ferry landed. The name Crinan probably derives from the Creones tribe who lived in the area in 140 AD. The canal starts at Ardrishaig sea loch on Loch Gilp, and ends 9 mi away at Crinan sea loch on the Sound of Jura. The canal was designed to provide a short cut between the west coast and islands at one end and the Clyde estuary at the other, and so avoid the long voyage around the south end of the Kintyre Peninsula.

By the canal basin is a coffee shop and the nearby hotel and looks out across Loch Crinan to Duntrune Castle. Crinan Post Office is in the old Harbour House. Crinan Boatyard provides services and facilities for commercial and leisure boaters. A scallop farming business operates from the loch. The 35 ha Crinan Wood is home to ferns, lichens and 24 species of bird.

Parts of the TV series The Tales of Para Handy were filmed here.

title: Crinan, Argyll