text:
Joe Costello

Joe or Joseph Costello may refer to:
 * Joe Costello (politician) (born 1945), Irish Labour Party politician
 * Joseph Costello (software executive) (born 1953), American computer software executive
 * Joseph Arthur Costello (1915–1978), American bishop of the Catholic Church
 * Joseph J. Costello (1892–1960), mayor of Galway
 * Joe Costello (American football) (born 1960), American football defensive end

title: Joe Costello


text: User talk:83.115.137.206

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:83.115.137.206


text:
Wikipedia talk:UK Wikipedians' notice board/UKCOTW

Current featured articles
This is a selection of current featured articles on UK subjects. Use these as a guide to the standard of article that commonly gets accepted as featured status.

 * British East India Company
 * Buckinghamshire
 * City status in the United Kingdom
 * Coronation Street
 * England expects that every man will do his duty
 * English poetry
 * Have I Got News For You
 * Henry Moore
 * History of Scotland
 * History of the Peerage
 * Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson
 * Hutton Inquiry
 * Ian McKellen
 * John Major
 * London congestion charge
 * London Underground
 * Lord Chancellor
 * Margaret Thatcher
 * National_parks_of_England_and_Wales
 * Not the Nine O'Clock News
 * Parliament of the United Kingdom
 * Piccadilly_Circus
 * Royal Assent
 * Single malt Scotch
 * Traditional counties of England

Also several articles on the Royalty, nobility and chivalry. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 23:50, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I propose that this information gets moved to another Wikipedia page, for example a different page off UK Wikipedians' notice board. Is it really related to UK COTW? Talrias | talk 23:21, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah - forgot this list. There is also a somewhat longer one on the page for the featured article on the Wikiportal/United Kingdom - Template talk:Wikiportal:United Kingdom/Featured (which reminds me, it is time to change the featured article and image). -- ALoan (Talk) 12:34, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Voting
How does the voting work? It seems to have a random number of days to run, and a random number of votes required... --NeilTarrant 11:20, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Someone nominates an article and people who support that article being collaboration of the week leave their name in support of it. If you don't support that article don't leave your name, or make a comment on the nomination.  At the end of each week the nomination with the most votes, or that was nominated first (in the case of a tie) becomes the collaboration of the week.

 * To make sure an article is not left hanging around forever waiting for people to place votes on it, it has to obtain at least three votes each week so that it stays listed as a nomination. If it doesn't get these three votes, the nomination is removed.  It is, however, convention (at least on the main COTW) that if the article has already received more than three votes the next target is listed: six votes in two weeks' time after the nomination, nine votes after three weeks, etc.  I'm going to stop doing this though because it's confusing far too many people. -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 21:39, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually no, if I change it back to the old way it might encourage some users to think that the article doesn't need any more votes because it's already reached its target. I'll explain this voting system as best I can in the main page, somewhere. -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 21:43, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Sounds good - I can deal with complexity if I know where it is coming from! --NeilTarrant 01:30, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I've rewritten the voting system. The description looks confusing - maybe the person responsible for choosing the topics to put as UK COTW could run this system? Or better yet, write a less confusing description. Talrias | talk 23:21, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

Highlighting nominees
I have been putting this alert on nominees which have articles (not, obviously, the ones that don't):

It has been reperesented to me that these should go on the discussion pages, not the main articles, "otherwise they appear everywhere and it begins to look messy". What does anyone else think? It seems to me that putting them on the discussion pages is a good way of making sure that only sad wikiholics see him, and so long as there are only ~6 such articles this is hardly significant clutter compared to stubs, NPOVs, cleanups, copyvios ect ect. But I don't want to deviate unnecessarily from custom & practice.--Keith Edkins 20:08, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I had already created one to go on the discussion pages of the articles that had been nominated. I do think they should go on the discussion pages for the reason stated.  The one I had created was:

Possible UK COTW
 * although I think yours looks better... -- Graham ☺ | Talk 20:20, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes - information for editors (rather than readers) should go on the talk page, not in the article itself. This is certainly the rule for candidates for the main Collaboration of the week, although the message about the current week's selected article goes on the article page.  I think I prefer the one with flags too, although it is a bit "in your face" -  could be made a redirect to   ?  -- ALoan (Talk) 10:21, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * OK I'll go with the flow.--Keith Edkins

 * I've made a new template for a UK COTW candidate, . Thoughts? Talrias | talk 23:21, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

Wot no winner?
Was it a tie with extra time? Why not a golden goal system?

--Keith Edkins 21:07, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It's a tie with extra time, indeed. I'm tempted just to put in the Bill of Rights article anyway but I don't want to get a red card... -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 21:18, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm with Graham, go with Bill of Rights this week and do Canterbury next week (assuming nothing overtakes it in the poll) when CheekyMonkey is around. --Joe D 21:28, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, and the Bill has just scored the golden goal.

Last week's winner
Are there any last minute amendments that any of the editors that took part in last week's UKCOTW Geography of the United Kingdom would like to make before I nominate it for FAC? Incidentally, it tripled in size during the week that it was UKCOTW... -- Graham ☺ | Talk 22:03, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll write a few stubs/articles to remove redlinks to help its chances. Joe D 22:21, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I applaud your enthusiasm, but I really don't think it is good enough yet. In particular, while geology is quite good (I cribbed it from the excellent Geology of the United Kingdom), there are lots of gaps in the rest of it. -- ALoan (Talk) 12:00, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Would you like to add to the to do list on the talk page what you feel it is lacking as an FA candidate? Or list it here? -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 15:57, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I added some "todo"s but Geography of the United Kingdom seems to have stalled a bit - do you still intended to nominate it?

As it happens, I think the next winner, National parks of England and Wales, while being much shorter, is a much better bet in WP:FAC. Please would people add to it anything think is missing, or comment on its talk page before nominate it later this week. -- ALoan (Talk) 16:59, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * It is now red-link free --Keith Edkins 21:53, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

What are we voting for?
Is it
 * "I think this article should be improved", or:
 * "I think this article should be improved, and I'd like to help".

If everybody is voting on the first basis, we run the risk of a series of damp squibs, which Bill of Rights 1689 seems to have been. --Keith Edkins 17:17, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * This is not clearly defined, but I always take it as being the latter. The problm with the Bill of Rights article is that there are some unresolved issues on the talk page which have seriously slowed up any attempt to expand the article. -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 17:37, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This weekend
This weekend I'm going away to Weymouth (be still my beating sense of adventure) and won't be back on Sunday until quite late. Caqn someone else sort out the UKCOTW selection for next week? If not leave it and I'll do it on Monday. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 17:46, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Religion in the United Kingdom and Monmouth Rebellion were tied at 18:00 on Sunday so we play 24 hours golden-goal extra time. It they are still tied, Religion in the United Kingdom gets the decision as the earlier nomination.--Keith Edkins 09:53, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh bum - was updating for Religion in the United Kingdom when Monmouth Rebellion got another vote. Blast. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:45, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Why I reverted my own edits
At 18:00 yesterday evening Bedfordshire and National Health Service were tying in the vote for the next collaboration. NHS now has more votes, however I'm going to be picky and insist on waiting until 18:00 today before selecting the next winner. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 01:48, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

This weekend
I'm off again this weekend, this time to Tenerife (someone else is paying). Please check the changeover of the cotw on Sunday, or I can do it on Monday. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 02:01, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Christmas
Wot no article on Christmas dinner? IVoteTurkey 11:09, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speaking of which, does anyone have an idea for a christmas related collaporation; I was thinking maybe Christmas Traditions in the UK (an expansion of a section in Christmas) - maybe Regional Christmas Traditions in the UK so that everyone can contribute. --NeilTarrant 18:27, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * What about the Queen's Speech. The article I link to is fairly good about the general idea, but not that much about it in the UK in particular.   For example, we could mention Channel 4's alternative Christmas message, and there is probably quite a bit more that could be said.     Silverfish 19:26, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Er, the Queen's Speech is quite different! But we don't have an article on the Queen's Christmas message. -- ALoan (Talk) 19:45, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Page dead?
Has the UK COTW died? just two nominations listed on the page (which hasn't been updated for over a week), one of which hasn't the required votes and another which has been generally accepted to not be relevant. Grunners 05:02, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * No - just resting. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:32, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed, I'm taking a wikibreak from stuff - prob. come back on to normal duties once our ofsted inspection is over - in the meantime anyone is more than welcome to update the page. -- Francs2000 | Talk 03:18, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I've made Charity shop the current UK COTW after a rest period for this page, and will give it an extended period to a week Sunday to expand a bit. Hopefully we'll have some other nominations up by then. -- Francs2000 | Talk 21:26, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd be quite happy to take over the role of deciding the UK COTW article. Talrias | talk 23:24, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

Size of an article
How could I check the size of an article? Thank you. — Instantnood 13:21, Feb 5 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is one such site that can tell you. Just submit your query and the size of the page should appear in the HTML row under "Object Size Totals".  Don't go by "Total size" under "Global Statistics" because this includes the CSS and Javascript from it being a wiki page, and the image of the globe thing in the top left hand corner. -- Francs2000 | Talk  13:34, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thank you very much. — Instantnood 17:48, Feb 5 2005 (UTC)

Long week
I must say, Northamptonshire has been the UKCOTW for a very long week. G-Man 20:45, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, the winter evenings fly by in Northants ... (sorry, watched Blackadder last night). -- ALoan (Talk) 22:45, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Good point, maybe we should all concentrate on putting the final tweaks to Brian Close so that it can sail past the FAC process:) jguk 23:03, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * You'll mentioned United Kingdom corporation tax next :(( My bad. -- ALoan (Talk) 00:46, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * New article, London chosen! Talrias | talk 23:21, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

A question
If an article is selected for UKCOTW are the sub pages of that article included?, if not they probably should be. The reason I ask is that History of London is in need of some work, and is IMO really just an extension of the main London article. G-Man 22:24, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, good question. On the main page should be a short description of the various sections which have their own article, so the section on London which is about its history should be a summary of the information in the History of London article, IMHO. The main article, London, is the focus (but of course information should be added to the other articles too). I personally think both are important. Talrias | talk 23:21, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

Help please!
I've tried to add Vimto to the requests, but no matter what I do, I can't get the page title to come up on nominations! --PopUpPirate 22:48, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * I see it. I've added a purge cache link also which you should try clicking on if you get this in future. :) Talrias | talk 23:13, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Good work! --PopUpPirate 00:04, Mar 15, 2005 (UTC)

Away
I'm not going to be here for the next two Sundays so if someone else wants to update the COTW (just edit and archive the current COTW to /past collaborations), I'd be very grateful! Talrias | talk 23:15, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Away
I most likely will not be able to update the COTWs for the forseeable future (just guessing but I think the same may be true for Talrias), hopefully someone else will be around to notice it and act though. -- Joolz 23:23, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll do it, don't worry. -- Francs2000 [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 23:32, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

template
I added a template Template: past ukcotw to the talk pages of past collaborations in the UK Wikipedians' notice board/UKCOTW/History but wasnt sure about the dates in the UK Wikipedians' notice board/UKCOTW/Past collaborations section Astrokey44 12:23, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Is this project dead?
I have kept the project up for a prolonged period partly because I have been so busy, but partly also because there has only been one edit since it became the UKCOTW. Is anyone still interested in this project or has it died a natural death? -- Francs2000 18:37, 12 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks pretty dead to me. Secretlondon 00:35, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Fresh Start?
Okay, how do this sound. We scrap the three votes a month required ATM just to bring this back alive. We could say three votes required in total. Thoughts? Computerjoe 's talk 20:19, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

UKCOTW
has been nominated for deletion -- 65.94.171.126 (talk) 05:30, 13 June 2014 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Harry Altman

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - merged

Harry Altman
Unresolved. Previous discussion at Talk:Harry Altman. (4 votes to delete, 2 to keep) Dunc_Harris|☺ 10:52, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I still feel that all his notability stems entirely from his appearance in one documentary, so I think the article should be a redirect. But on the plus side, it isn't written like a vanity article now. Average Earthman 12:01, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Spellbound (documentary), and de-linkify the links there to other competitors. Perhaps they should each have a sub-section in that article. —Rory ☺ 13:26, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 17:05, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect - SimonP 20:00, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * I voted keep last time and still do for the same reasons. After I thought it had survived VfD (because the debate was archived to the talk page) I started working on it. I'd like to work on the article, but I'm not going to put my time into something that will just be deleted: I have plenty else to do and no particular brief for this. -- Jmabel 00:44, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, certainly notable, and one of the more interesting personalities featured in spellbound which was a major documentary. — siro  χ  o  04:42, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * I loved the documentary, but I would favor merge and redirect to Spellbound (film). The point is that he's not notable outside of the context of the film yet.  He may become so, but he did not parlay that exposure into commercials or political activism or inventing a new salad dressing.  Therefore, he is sought and should be found within the context of the film. Geogre 21:00, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Jack Nance

Marvin John Nance (December 21, 1943 – December 30, 1996), known professionally as Jack Nance, was an American actor. A longtime collaborator of filmmaker David Lynch, Nance portrayed the lead in Lynch's directorial debut Eraserhead (1977). He continued to work with Lynch throughout his career which included a recurring role as Pete Martell on Twin Peaks (1990–1991).

Early life
Marvin John Nance was born in Boston to Hoyt and Agnes Nance; he grew up in the Oak Cliff neighborhood of Dallas. Hoyt Nance was a Neiman Marcus executive. In early childhood, Nance was struck by a car, injuring his back. He graduated from South Oak Cliff High School and attended the North Texas State University (now the University of North Texas) studying journalism. He took up acting at university and later left to concentrate on acting; he joined the Dallas Theater Center. He was a student of Paul Baker, the theater's founder.

In 1964, Nance headed for California and worked for some time with the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. He had success and landed the lead role in a play based on the life of Thomas Paine which was directed by David Lindemann.

Career
Nance was considered for the role of Benjamin in The Graduate (1967), a role which went to Dustin Hoffman and for Robert Blake in Richard Brooks' crime film In Cold Blood (1967). He played twin brothers Benny and Tony Rebozo in the Doo Dah Gang, a performance group that staged 1920s-style gang fights at nontraditional venues. When one of his characters died, Nance spent three days lying in a coffin at the staged wake.

Nance met David Lynch in 1972 after an introduction by Lindemann. Lynch was a fellow at the American Film Institute and creating a $10,000, 20 minute short film in Beverly Hills. Lindemann had recommended Nance for the role of Henry Spencer in Eraserhead (1977). Filming occurred sporadically over five years due to funding problems.

Eraserhead was initially unsuccessful. However, the film became a midnight movie, leading to its cult classic status. Nance's performance has since been praised for its theatrics. The New York Times wrote in 1980, "[Nance's] minimalist features, unchanging expression, tight dark suit, and short, almost crippled steps suggest many silent-film comedians." The film became a favorite of Stanley Kubrick, and he required the cast of The Shining to watch it before filming.

After Eraserhead, Lynch and Nance remained on good terms. The actor appeared in most of Lynch’s subsequent projects during Nance's lifetime: Dune (1984), Blue Velvet (1986), The Cowboy and the Frenchman (1988), Wild at Heart (1990), Twin Peaks (1990–91), Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992), and Lost Highway (1997). While none of Nance's scenes in filmed for Fire Walk with Me appeared in the theatrical cut, they were later compiled in the feature-length Twin Peaks: The Missing Pieces (2014).

Nance appeared with actress Mary Woronov as a married couple in the music video for the 1983 Suicidal Tendencies song “Institutionalized".

After gaining sobriety in 1986 and needing a steady salary, Nance took courses in hotel management. He began working as a clerk at Hotel Hollywood. While there, Nance refused a role in Miracle Mile (1988), due to it conflicting with his job schedule.

Dennis Hopper hired him to appear in Colors (1988), after they both performed in ‘’Blue Velvet’’. He also had a brief appearance as the doctor in Chuck Russell's 1988 sci-fi horror film, The Blob. In 1990, Nance was offered the role of Pete Martell in Lynch's Twin Peaks, appearing throughout the show's original run.

After an addiction relapse in 1993, Nance's life took another turn. He had smaller roles in films that did not perform as successfully. He lived in a hotel and was kicked out for firing a gun at the television. He guest-starred on a 1995 episode of My So-Called Life entitled "Weekend", in which he played an innkeeper. Nance continued in smaller roles until his death in 1996.

Nance appeared in Twin Peaks: The Return (2017) in footage featuring Pete Martell from the pilot episode of the original series. "Part 17" of The Return was dedicated in his memory.

His final film, Michael Moriarty's Of Things Past, was released in 2023. The original filming took place in 1985 and includes additional footage shot in 2022.

Personal life
Nance married Catherine E. Coulson in 1968; they divorced in 1976.

Nance met his second wife, Kelly Jean Van Dyke, the daughter of Jerry Van Dyke and niece of Dick Van Dyke, in 1986 while in rehab. They married in May 1991.

Alcoholism
It is unknown when Nance's alcoholism began, but Lynch recalled that during the filming of Eraserhead, he would send Nance "back to his dressing room to sleep off the booze. He'd get drunk and sometimes end up sleeping in vacant lots." Lynch claimed that he once had to drive Nance to the emergency room for a distended abdomen.

Lynch gave Nance the incidental role of Nefud in Dune (1984). The minor role afforded Nance a lot of spare time during filming in Mexico City, much of which he spent drinking.

In 1986, while filming Blue Velvet, Nance told the newly sober Dennis Hopper that if he did not help him, he would jump from the window. Hopper traveled back to Los Angeles with Nance, tempting him with alcohol and drugs. When the two arrived, Hopper checked Nance into a rehabilitation centre, where Nance went cold turkey. Nance met Van Dyke here and the two began a relationship, with Nance believing he could help her become clean.

Nance started drinking again in 1993, after a depressive episode following Van Dyke's death, and suffered two strokes from 1995 to 1996. He was cast in the film Joyride (1997) but sent home after one day of filming due to drunkenness on set.

Van Dyke's suicide
Van Dyke died by suicide on November 17, 1991. Nance, who was in Bass Lake, California, filming Meatballs 4 at the time, called her to tell her that he was thinking of leaving her due to her drinking and drug-taking. She threatened to kill herself if he hung up on her, and at that moment a lightning storm knocked out the phone lines in Bass Lake. Nance and the director, Bobby Logan, found a deputy sheriff who contacted the Los Angeles Police Department. They broke in and found that she had hanged herself. Nance claimed she was four months pregnant.

Death
On December 29, 1996, Nance lunched with friends Leo Bulgarini and Catherine Case. Nance had a visible "crescent-shaped bruise" under his eye; and, when asked about it, he relayed to them a story about a brawl outside a Winchell's Donuts store that morning. He went home, complaining of a headache.

Nance had developed a subdural hematoma, resulting in his death the following morning. Bulgarini found his body on the bathroom floor of his apartment in South Pasadena, California, later that day. An autopsy revealed that his blood alcohol content was 0.24% at the time of his death. His death was initially ruled as resulting from blunt force trauma.

After an investigation, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Office could not find evidence of the fight and therefore could not list the death as accidental or a homicide.

Legacy
The song "I Gotta Move" by Frank Black and the Catholics, from their 1997 eponymous debut album, refers to the circumstances of Nance's death and the murder of Peter Ivers, who composed and performed the song "In Heaven" from Eraserhead (which Black's previous band Pixies had covered).

A documentary about Nance funded by Lynch, titled I Don't Know Jack, was released in 2002.

title: Jack Nance


text:
User:Salsero

User salsero is the same as salsero at the Swedish Wikipedia.

He knows something about yoga, maths, argentine tango, Nordic languages, finance and classical music.

title: User:Salsero


text:
Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game

In the mathematical discipline of model theory, the Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game (also called back-and-forth games) is a technique based on game semantics for determining whether two structures are elementarily equivalent. The main application of Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé games is in proving the inexpressibility of certain properties in first-order logic. Indeed, Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé games provide a complete methodology for proving inexpressibility results for first-order logic. In this role, these games are of particular importance in finite model theory and its applications in computer science (specifically computer aided verification and database theory), since Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé games are one of the few techniques from model theory that remain valid in the context of finite models. Other widely used techniques for proving inexpressibility results, such as the compactness theorem, do not work in finite models.

Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé-like games can also be defined for other logics, such as fixpoint logics and pebble games for finite variable logics; extensions are powerful enough to characterise definability in existential second-order logic.

Main idea
The main idea behind the game is that we have two structures, and two players – Spoiler and Duplicator. Duplicator wants to show that the two structures are elementarily equivalent (satisfy the same first-order sentences), whereas Spoiler wants to show that they are different. The game is played in rounds. A round proceeds as follows: Spoiler chooses any element from one of the structures, and Duplicator chooses an element from the other structure. In simplified terms, the Duplicator's task is to always pick an element "similar" to the one that the Spoiler has chosen, whereas the Spoiler's task is to choose an element for which no "similar" element exists in the other structure. Duplicator wins if there exists an isomorphism between the eventual substructures chosen from the two different structures; otherwise, Spoiler wins.

The game lasts for a fixed number of steps $$\gamma$$ (which is an ordinal – usually a finite number or $$\omega$$).

Definition
Suppose that we are given two structures $$\mathfrak{A}$$ and $$\mathfrak{B}$$, each with no function symbols and the same set of relation symbols, and a fixed natural number n. We can then define the Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game $$G_n(\mathfrak{A},\mathfrak{B})$$ to be a game between two players, Spoiler and Duplicator, played as follows:
 * 1) The first player, Spoiler, picks either a member $$a_1$$ of $$\mathfrak{A}$$ or a member $$b_1$$ of $$\mathfrak{B}$$.
 * 2) If Spoiler picked a member of $$\mathfrak{A}$$, Duplicator picks a member $$b_1$$ of $$\mathfrak{B}$$; otherwise, Duplicator picks a member $$a_1$$ of $$\mathfrak{A}$$.
 * 3) Spoiler picks either a member $$a_2$$ of $$\mathfrak{A}$$ or a member $$b_2$$ of $$\mathfrak{B}$$.
 * 4) Duplicator picks an element $$a_2$$ or $$b_2$$ in the model from which Spoiler did not pick.
 * 5) Spoiler and Duplicator continue to pick members of $$\mathfrak{A}$$ and $$\mathfrak{B}$$ for $$n-2$$ more steps.
 * 6) At the conclusion of the game, we have chosen distinct elements $$a_1, \dots, a_n$$ of $$\mathfrak{A}$$ and $$b_1, \dots, b_n$$ of $$\mathfrak{B}$$.  We therefore have two structures on the set $$\{1, \dots,n\}$$, one induced from $$\mathfrak{A}$$ via the map sending $$i$$ to $$a_i$$, and the other induced from  $$\mathfrak{B}$$ via the map sending $$i$$ to $$b_i$$.  Duplicator wins if these structures are the same; Spoiler wins if they are not.

For each n we define a relation $$\mathfrak{A} \ \overset{n}{\sim}\ \mathfrak{B}$$ if Duplicator wins the n-move game $$G_n(\mathfrak{A},\mathfrak{B})$$. These are all equivalence relations on the class of structures with the given relation symbols. The intersection of all these relations is again an equivalence relation $$\mathfrak{A} \sim \mathfrak{B}$$.

Equivalence and inexpressibility
It is easy to prove that if Duplicator wins this game for all finite n, that is, $$\mathfrak{A} \sim \mathfrak{B}$$, then $$\mathfrak{A}$$ and $$\mathfrak{B}$$ are elementarily equivalent. If the set of relation symbols being considered is finite, the converse is also true.

If a property $$Q$$ is true of $$\mathfrak{A}$$ but not true of $$\mathfrak{B}$$, but $$\mathfrak{A}$$ and $$\mathfrak{B}$$ can be shown equivalent by providing a winning strategy for Duplicator, then this shows that $$Q$$ is inexpressible in the logic captured by this game.

History
The back-and-forth method used in the Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game to verify elementary equivalence was given by Roland Fraïssé in his thesis; it was formulated as a game by Andrzej Ehrenfeucht. The names Spoiler and Duplicator are due to Joel Spencer. Other usual names are Eloise [sic] and Abelard (and often denoted by $$\exists$$ and $$\forall$$) after Heloise and Abelard, a naming scheme introduced by Wilfrid Hodges in his book Model Theory, or alternatively Eve and Adam.

title: Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game


text:
Ville Itälä

Ville Heimo Antero Itälä (born 10 May 1959 in Luumäki) is the Director-General of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) and a former a Finnish politician. He was elected member of the Finnish Parliament (Eduskunta) from the district of Southwest Finland in 1995. Itälä served as the Minister of the Interior under Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen from September 2000 to April 2003. He was elected chairman of the National Coalition Party (Kokoomus) in 2001. Following his resignation as party leader in 2004, he was succeeded by Jyrki Katainen. Itälä was a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 until 29 February 2012. He was a member of the European Court of Auditors from 2012 until February 2018. Since August 2018 he is the Director-General of OLAF.

European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF)
Ville Itälä is the Director-General of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) since August 2018.

European Court of Auditors
Ville Itälä was a Member of the European Court of Auditors from 2012 to February 2018.

European Parliament
In 2004, Ville Itälä was elected Member of the European Parliament, a position he held for eight years. During this time, he served, among others, on the Committee on Transport and Tourism and was the Deputy-Chair of the Committee on Budgetary Control.

Finnish Executive and Parliament
Ville Itala was elected as Member of the Finnish Parliament (Eduskunta) from the district of Southwest Finland in 1995. Itälä served as the Minister of the Interior under Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen from September 2000 to April 2003. He was elected chairman of the National Coalition Party (Kokoomus) in 2001. Following his resignation as party leader in 2004, he was succeeded by Jyrki Katainen.

Education
Itälä obtained a Master in Law from Turku University, in Finland, and a Master in Law with court training from Vehmaa District Court.

title: Ville Itälä


text:
Pete Runnels

James Edward "Pete" Runnels (January 28, 1928 – May 20, 1991) was an American professional baseball player, coach and manager. He played in Major League Baseball as an infielder for the Washington Senators (1951–57), Boston Red Sox (1958–62) and Houston Colt .45s (1963–64). Runnels was a five-time All-Star player during his tenure with the Red Sox and, is notable for being a two-time American League batting champion. He was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2004.

Major League playing and coaching career
Born in Lufkin, Texas, the 6 ft, 170 lb Runnels batted left-handed and threw right-handed. A master at handling the bat, he was a notorious singles hitter who had one of the best eyes in the game, compiling an outstanding 1.35 walk-to-strikeout ratio (844-to-627). Altogether, he batted over .300 six times, once with the Senators, five with the Red Sox. Despite winning the batting title in 1960, he drove in just 35 runs, a record low for a batting title winner.

Solid and versatile with the glove, Runnels started as a shortstop with the Senators, but ultimately played 644 games at first base, 642 at second, 463 at shortstop, and 49 at third. Twice he led the American League in fielding percentage, at second base in 1960 (.986), and at first base in 1961 (.995). He was not a good base stealer: in 1952 he set the record for most attempted steals with no successes, at 10. In his career he stole 37 bases and was caught 51 times.

In five seasons with Boston, Runnels never hit less than .314 (1959), winning two batting crowns in 1960 (.320) and 1962 (.326), and just missed the 1958 American League Batting Crown by six points to his teammate Ted Williams on the final day of the 1958 season (.328 to .322). On August 30, 1960, in a double-header against the Tigers, Runnels hit 6-for-7 in the first game (including a game-winning RBI–double in the 15th inning) and 3-for-4 in the second, tying a Major League record for hits in a double-header (9). In 1962, Runnels played in his third All-Star Game for the American League and hit a home run off the Philadelphia Phillies' Art Mahaffey. He went on to win the American League batting title that year. But after the season, Runnels was traded to the Houston Colt .45s (forerunners of the Astros) in exchange for outfielder Román Mejías. Runnels was released by Houston early in the 1964 season.

Runnels was a career .291 hitter (1854-for-6373) with 49 home runs, 630 RBI, 876 runs, 282 doubles, 64 triples, 37 stolen bases, and a .375 on-base percentage in 1799 games. He was selected an All-Star in 1959, 1960 and 1962. He also coached for the Red Sox in 1965–1966, serving as an interim manager for the last 16 games of the 1966 season. Under Runnels, the Sox played .500 baseball and escaped last place by one-half game. However, he was replaced by Dick Williams for the 1967 season.

Post-baseball life
After leaving Major League Baseball, Runnels returned to his native state and opened a sporting goods store in Pasadena, Texas He helped found and operate a co-ed camp, Camp Champions in Marble Falls, Texas, which is still in existence.

After suffering a stroke while golfing on May 17, 1991, Pete Runnels died three days later at Bayshore Hospital in Pasadena, Texas. He was buried at Forest Park East Cemetery in Houston.

Honors
Runnels was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1982. He was also inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in November 2004.

title: Pete Runnels


text:
User talk:Qartis

Hi Qartis, and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips while you go about editing:
 * read How to edit a page
 * keep in mind the Manual of style and Naming conventions
 * when moving content to another project such as Wikibooks, please follow the transwiki system, to keep a record of the authors of the content.

Most importantly, have fun. Gentgeen (or Gentgeen at Wikibooks. 00:00, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

January 15 Seattle meetup
Just wanted to let you know we are planning another Seattle meetup on January 15, 2005. We're trying to get a sense of who will attend, so please drop by that page & leave a note. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:06, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

User Categorization
You were listed on the Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Canada page as living in or being associated with Canada. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians of British Columbia for instructions. --Doviende 20:27, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Qartis


text:
Hermann Gummel

Hermann K. Gummel (6 July 1923 – 5 September 2022) was a German physicist and pioneer in the semiconductor industry.

The son of Hans and Charlotte Gummel, he was the middle of their three children, Bärbel and Achi being respectively his older sister and his younger brother. Grown up in very turbulent times in Nazi Germany, after graduating from high school, he was enlisted as a radio operator for the Germany Army in World War II. As a soldier, he was wounded by shrapnel and taken prisoner during the D Day. After being brought to Scotland as a war prisoner, the compassionate care of the doctors and medical staff avoided his leg amputation: he was always grateful for this, thought he suffered pain in his leg for the rest of his life.

Gummel received his Diplom degree in physics from Philipps University (Marburg, Germany) in 1952. He received his M.S. (1952) and Ph.D. (1957) degrees in theoretical semiconductor physics from Syracuse University. In Marburg met and fall in love with Erika Reich, who eventually become his wife. Gummel joined Bell Laboratories in 1956; his doctoral advisor, Melvin Lax, had moved from Syracuse University to Bell the previous year.

At Bell, Gummel made important contributions to the design and simulation of the semiconductor devices used throughout modern electronics. Among the most important of his contributions are the Gummel–Poon model which made accurate simulation of bipolar transistors possible and which was central to the development of the SPICE program; Gummel's method, used to solve the equations for the detailed behavior of individual bipolar transistors,; and the Gummel plot, used to characterize bipolar transistors. Gummel also created one of the first personal workstations, based on HP minicomputers and Tektronix terminals and used for VLSI design and layout, and MOTIS, the first MOS timing simulator and the basis of "fast SPICE" programs.

In 1983, Gummel received the David Sarnoff Award "for contributions and leadership in device analysis and development of computer-aided design tools for semiconductor devices and circuits". In 1985, Gummel was elected to the United States National Academy of Engineering for "contributions and leadership in the analysis and computer-aided design of semiconductor devices and circuits.". In 1994, he was the first recipient of Phil Kaufman Award.

Gummel died on 5 September 2022, at the age of 99.

title: Hermann Gummel


text:
Chain smoking

Chain smoking is the practice of smoking several cigarettes in succession, sometimes using the ember of a finishing cigarette to light the next. The term chain smoker often also refers to a person who smokes relatively constantly, though not necessarily chaining each cigarette. The term applies primarily to cigarettes, although it can be used to describe incessant cigar and pipe smoking as well as vaping. It is a common indicator of addiction.

Causes
Many people chain-smoke when drinking alcoholic beverages, because alcohol potentiates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to re-sensitization, hence inducing a craving.

The extent to which chain smoking is driven by nicotine dependence has been studied. It does not seem that the amount of nicotine delivered is a significant factor, as the puff volume correlates poorly with the frequency of cigarette consumption.

Clinical use
Chain smoking is given as an example of excessive addictive behavior in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. It may be used as a form of aversion therapy for smokers who are unused to such heavy smoking, inducing them to give up altogether.

Ventilation
Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) professionals claim that an airflow of about 30 cubic meters per minute per smoker is required to maintain satisfactory air quality when the smokers are chain smoking. However, research confirms that current HVAC systems, while important for general air quality, cannot control exposure to secondhand smoke.

title: Chain smoking


text:
Catherine E. Coulson

Catherine Elizabeth Coulson (October 22, 1943 – September 28, 2015) was an American stage and screen actress who worked behind the scenes on various studio features, magazine shows and independent films as well as acting in theater and film since the age of 15. She is best known for her role as Margaret Lanterman, the enigmatic Log Lady, in the David Lynch TV series Twin Peaks.

Early years
Coulson was born in Elmhurst, Illinois, and grew up in Southern California, the daughter of Rodney Coulson, a radio and television producer and public relations executive, and ballet dancer Elizabeth (née Fellegi). She earned a BA degree at Scripps College and a MFA at San Francisco State University.

Career
Coulson met Lynch in 1971 and performed various behind the scenes functions during the four-year filming of his low-budget classic Eraserhead (1977). Lynch reports that she began meditating at the same time as did he during this period. She also appeared in Lynch's short film The Amputee (1974), in which she played a woman with no legs.

During the filming of Eraserhead, Lynch told Coulson that he had an image in his head of her holding a large log. Fifteen years later, he created such a role for her in Twin Peaks, on which she starred for 12 episodes through seasons 1 and 2.

Coulson went on to reprise her role in the film prequel, Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me, and in the 2017 revival. In the new series, her character (the Log Lady) appears in the first, second, tenth, eleventh and fifteenth episodes, where she passes on a message from her log for Deputy Hawk to resume the search for Agent Cooper.

Coulson appeared in "Dual Spires", a 2010 episode of Psych that spoofed Twin Peaks. In 2012, she appeared in the second season of Portlandia.

Coulson was a theatre actor and worked with the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon where she continued to be part of the acting company. She appeared in Calvin Marshall directed by Gary Lundgren. Coulson played the role of Susie in Lundgren's film Redwood Highway with Shirley Knight, Tom Skerritt, and James LeGros.

Personal life
Coulson was married to actor Jack Nance (who played Henry Spencer in Eraserhead, and Pete Martell in Twin Peaks) in 1968; they divorced in 1976. Her second husband, Marc Sirinsky, with whom she had a daughter, Zoey (born 1987), is a rabbi, at one point resident at Temple Emek-Shalom in Ashland, Oregon.

Coulson converted to Judaism in the 1980s.

On September 28, 2015, Coulson died of complications from cancer at her home in Ashland. She appeared posthumously in five episodes of the revived Twin Peaks in 2017, reprising her role as the "Log Lady" Margaret Lanterman in scenes filmed before her death; the first episode is dedicated to Coulson, while the fifteenth episode, the final to feature her character (who announces her upcoming death before dying offscreen), is dedicated to Lanterman herself.

Filmography

 * The Amputee (1974)
 * Trick or Treats (1982)
 * Twin Peaks (1990–91)
 * Femme Fatale (1991)
 * Another You (1991)
 * Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992)
 * The Four Diamonds (1995)
 * Psych ("Dual Spires", 2010)
 * Portlandia (2012)
 * Redwood Highway (2013)
 * Twin Peaks (2017)

title: Catherine E. Coulson


text:
EMST

EMST may refer to:
 * Euclidean minimum spanning tree, a type of subgraph used in graph theory
 * Early Management of Severe Trauma, an alternative name for Advanced Trauma Life Support commonly used outside North America
 * National Museum of Contemporary Art, Athens
 * The Dutch town of Emst

title: EMST


text: User talk:66.79.21.58

title: User talk:66.79.21.58


text: User:Chuq/WPM/MelbPP

title: User:Chuq/WPM/MelbPP


text:
Talk:Scaled Composites White Knight

Lift
"This reduced lift, thus increasing the ambient air pressure and allowing the spoilers to spring back, restoring lift." The tense of the verbs in this sentence seem inconsistant. I am not sure though.

No, it doesn't seem right. I think putting the word 'therefore' infront of 'restoring' may help.

Registration
I removed the "citation needed" notice re the FAA registration notation....come on...you can SEE it on the booms in the picture, and the link to the FAA site shows it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.118.253.107 (talk) 20:46, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

Article scope?
Is there a specific reason that this article is only about the SS1 flights? To be consistent with the way aircraft articles are done in general on WP, it seems that this should be about the plane, its history, development, specs and missions (it's now flown two other programs after SS1, and it appears that it will be used as a research aircraft on contract like Proteus is). I checked the referenced Tier One article, and it just gives a short description of its part in the program. I propose that this article be allowed to expand to be about the full scope of this unique aircraft. Akradecki 06:21, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Article title?
While I'm at it, this article should be renamed "Scaled Composites White Knight". No where that I've seen in either the press nor in Scaled's literature on the aircraft is the plane referred to as WK1...it's just "White Knight", even on the side of the plane. Given WP's policy of "most common name", it seems that the "one" should be dropped. Akradecki 06:25, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Changes made
No one has objected to the above changes, so they've been incorporated. Akradecki 18:33, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Named after?
An editor has altered the assertion in the article on who the White Knight is named after. I tend to disagree, based on what I've heard, but I went to find refs, and haven't been able to yet (besides everything else, I'm starting to doubt my sanity). So, since the added bit is less than encyclopedic, I'm pasting it here until it can be resolved concretely one way or the other. Akradecki 04:36, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Text: The White Knight is NOT named after X-15 pilots Robert M. White and Pete Knight. While that's an excellent idea, according to Brian Binney who is one of the pilot's, it is because of the shape and appearance. (http://members.aol.com/albatron/brian.htm)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 01:23, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Proteus?
In the article on White Knight Two it is suggested that White Knight One was based on Proteus. This seems to be absent from this piece?

title: Talk:Scaled Composites White Knight


text:
Jim Walding

Derek James Walding (May 9, 1937 – April 23, 2007) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1971 to 1988 and served as speaker of the assembly from 1982 to 1986. Walding was a member of the New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP). In 1988, he brought down the NDP government of Howard Pawley by voting against his party's budget. That was the first time in Canadian history that a majority government was defeated by a vote of one of its own party members.

Early life and career
Walding was born at Rushden, Northamptonshire, England, and was educated at Wellingborough Grammar School. He spent three years with the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, including a stint in West Berlin. He moved to Canada in 1961 and worked in Winnipeg as a dispensing optician and contact lens fitter.

Walding had supported the Labour Party in Britain. In 1963, joined the similar New Democratic Party in Canada and served on the party's provincial executive in the 1960s.

Political career
Walding first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1969 provincial election. He initially sought the NDP nomination in the northeastern Winnipeg division of Radisson, but he lost to Harry Shafransky. He was later recruited as the party's candidate for the nearby division of St. Vital, and lost to Progressive Conservative candidate Jack Hardy by only 23 votes.

Hardy resigned from the legislature in February 1971, and Walding was nominated as the NDP candidate for the by-election to succeed him. He was narrowly elected, defeating Liberal candidate Dan Kennedy by 295 votes. The result, along with another by-election win on the same day, gave Premier Edward Schreyer a stable majority government in the provincial legislature. Walding served as a backbench supporter of the Schreyer government and developed a strong reputation for constituency work. He also chaired the private bills committee of the legislature and gave up his practice as an optician.

Walding voted against Schreyer's decision to extend public funding to denominational schools in a free vote of the legislature. He faced a serious challenge from Kennedy in the 1973 election but won by 105 votes.

The New Democrats were defeated in the 1977 provincial election although Walding was personally re-elected with an increased plurality. After Schreyer's appointment as Governor General of Canada in 1979, Walding endorsed Sidney Green in his unsuccessful bid to become interim NDP leader. He later supported Pawley, the successful candidate, at the party's leadership convention.

The NDP returned to government in the 1981 provincial election. Walding was not appointed to cabinet, as some had expected. Instead, Pawley appointed him as speaker of the legislature on February 25, 1982. Over the next four years, his relationship with Pawley became increasingly strained.

In 1983 and 1984, Walding allowed the opposition Progressive Conservatives to stall passage of the Pawley government's re-entrenchment of French-language rights. Initially, the Conservatives refused to enter the chamber to vote on the legislation, and Walding refused to call a vote in their absence. As a result, the division bells were allowed to ring for several hours at the end of each legislative day. When NDP cabinet minister Andy Anstett restricted the amount of time that the bells could ring, the Conservatives boycotted the assembly entirely. Walding still refused to call a vote. On February 21, 1984, he refused a direct request from Pawley to move the legislative agenda forward. The house was eventually prorogued with the issue still unresolved.

Many questioned the validity of Walding's decision. Sidney Green, who had left the NDP by then and also opposed French-language re-entrenchment, still argued that Walding was wrong to give the Conservatives a means to disrupt the legislative process. Walding's actions made him extremely unpopular with some segments of his party. He was challenged for the St. Vital NDP nomination in 1986 by Gerri Unwin and Sig Laser, and he defeated Laser by a single vote on the second ballot.

Walding was re-elected in the general election of 1986 with a reduced majority. The NDP was re-elected with a narrow majority government, and Pawley did not reappoint Walding as speaker.

As a backbencher, Walding spoke out against the Pawley government on several issues. He was particularly opposed to affirmative action legislation, which he regarded as discriminatory.

Walding voted for an opposition amendment to his party's budget on March 8, 1988, despite having assured Finance Minister Eugene Kostyra that he would support it. Earlier in the year, longtime cabinet minister Laurent Desjardins had essentially ceased attending legislative sessions. As a result, Walding's defection toppled the Pawley government. The NDP was roundly defeated in the general election that followed, in which Walding was not a candidate.

Death and legacy
He died at 69 after a short battle with cancer in 2007. He was survived by his wife, Valerie (who passed in 2020), and their children, Andrew, Phillip and Christine.

Ian Stewart has written a book about Walding's political career, Just One Vote: Jim Walding's nomination to constitutional defeat (2009). Stewart argues that Walding's 1986 nomination victory set in motion a series of events that led to the defeat of the Meech Lake Accord on constitutional reform.

title: Jim Walding


text:
Lockheed XF-90

The Lockheed XF-90 was built in response to a United States Air Force requirement for a long-range penetration fighter and bomber escort. The same requirement produced the McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo. Lockheed received a contract for two prototype XP-90s (redesignated XF-90 in 1948). The design was developed by Willis Hawkins and the Skunk Works team under Kelly Johnson. Two prototypes were built (s/n 46-687 and -688). Developmental and political difficulties delayed the first flight until 3 June 1949, with Chief Test Pilot Tony LeVier at the controls. Embodying the experience gained in developing the P-80 Shooting Star, the XF-90 shared some design traits with the older Lockheed fighter, albeit with swept-wings; however, this latter design choice could not sufficiently make up for the project’s underpowered engines, and the XF-90 never entered production.

Design and development
In response to a 1945 Army request for an advanced jet fighter, Lockheed proposed a jet powered initially by a Lockheed L-1000 axial flow turbojet, and then the General Electric J35. Further design refinements included using two Westinghouse J34 engines with afterburners. After data showed that a delta planform would not be suitable, the Lockheed Model 90 was built in 1947 as a mock-up.

The final design embodied much of the experience and shared the intake and low-wing layout of the previous P-80 Shooting Star, but with 35° swept-back wings, a sharply-pointed nose, and two Westinghouse J34-WE-11 axial-flow turbojet engines, providing a total thrust of 6,200 lbf (27.6 kN), mounted side-by-side in the rear fuselage and fed by side-mounted air intakes. The wings had leading edge slats, Fowler flaps, and ailerons on the trailing edge. The pressurized cockpit was fitted with an ejection seat and a bubble canopy. Proposed armament was six 20 mm (.79 in) cannons. The internal fuel was supplemented by wingtip-mounted tanks, bringing total fuel capacity to 1,665 gal (6,308 L). The use of 75ST aluminum rather than the then-standard 24ST aluminum alloy, along with heavy forgings and machined parts, resulted in a well-constructed, sturdy airframe. These innovations resulted in an aircraft with an empty weight more than 50% heavier than its competitors.

The first XF-90 used non-afterburning J34s, but these lacked the thrust for takeoff as rocket-assisted RATO were required for most of the first flights unless it carried a very low fuel load. The second (XF-90A) had afterburners installed which had been tested on an F-80 testbed. Even so, the aircraft remained underpowered.

Testing and evaluation
The XF-90 was the first USAF jet with an afterburner and the first Lockheed jet to fly supersonic, albeit in a dive. It also incorporated an unusual vertical stabilizer that could be moved fore and aft for horizontal stabilizer adjustment. Partly because Lockheed's design proved underpowered, it placed second to McDonnell's XF-88 Voodoo which won the production contract in September 1950, before the penetration fighter project was abandoned altogether.

Upon Lockheed losing the production contract, the two prototypes were retired to other testing roles. The first aircraft (46-687) was shipped to the NACA Laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio in 1953 for structural tests. It was no longer flyable, and its extremely strong airframe was tested to destruction. The other (46-688) survived three atomic blasts at Frenchman Flat within the Nevada Test Site in 1952.

Notable appearances in media
The XF-90 lived on as the jet fighter aircraft flown by the popular Blackhawks Squadron in the comic book series of the same name, first published by Quality Comics and later by DC Comics. The Blackhawks flew fictional "B" and later "C" models all through the 1950s until 1964. Both were improved, single engine production variants of the original twin-engine Lockheed XF-90.

Aircraft disposition

 * 46-0687 – tested to destruction at NACA lab in Cleveland, Ohio.
 * 46-0688 – on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. In 2003, the heavily damaged hulk was recovered from the Nevada Test Site and moved there. Its wings have been removed, and its nose was mangled by the nuclear blasts. During the decontamination process, all rivets were removed to purge radioactive sand. The aircraft is now on display in the museum's Cold War gallery in a diorama depicting it on the Nevada Test Site.

title: Lockheed XF-90


text:
Freedom Call

Freedom Call is a German power metal band formed in 1998. The band tours regularly and the current line-up includes one original member, lead vocalist and songwriter, Chris Bay. Freedom Call has released 14 albums in total, eleven of these studio albums.

Background
Freedom Call's frontman Chris Bay gained a lot of his vocal ability from his grandfather, an opera singer with the Berlin State Opera, and his mother, who was a sought-after chorus singer. When only seven he began to play the guitar and by the time he was ten had tried his hand at the piano.

Having played in various local rock bands, Bay moved to Hamburg in 1990 and got his first serious gig when he worked with Zed Yago. From 1993 to 1996 Chris was a member of former Victory guitarist Hermann Frank's band Moon Doc, with whom he recorded the albums "Moon Doc" (1995) and "Get Mooned" (1996).

Founding (1997–1998)
In 1998 Chris Bay and old friend Daniel Zimmermann formed Freedom Call during an off-period for the latter's main band, Gamma Ray with the stated goal of making "Happy Metal". The two had started writing songs together towards the end of 1997. They eventually completed a six-song demo Freedom Call with well-known producer Charlie Bauerfeind, who offered the tape to several record companies.

At the same time, the Freedom Call line up was completed by Ilker Ersin on bass guitar and Sascha Gerstner on guitar. In 1998 Chris and Dan had seen Sascha playing in a cover band.

Stairway to Fairyland and Crystal Empire (1999–2001)
Freedom Call's debut album, Stairway to Fairyland was released on 7 May 1999 by NTS Records. Stairway to Fairyland would sell over 35,000 copies in the first year of its release. On 25 May 1999 Freedom Call made their live debut with a tour of France as support band for Angra and Edguy. At the end of August, Freedom Call commenced recording of the five-track mini LP Taragon. Taragon featured new songs, a cover version of Ultravox's "Dancing With Tears in My Eyes", a new version of "Stairway to Fairyland", a new version of "Tears of Taragon" with Biff Byford, singer with Saxon narrating the "Tale of Taragon" on it. There was also a bonus track for Japan called "Kingdom Come".

By the end of 1999, Freedom Call had entered the studio again to record their second album Crystal Empire, this released on 22 January 2001. Crystal Empire was promoted as the logical musical continuation of Stairway To Fairyland.

In March 2001 Sascha Gerstner left Freedom Call (he would later join Helloween). Gerstner was eventually replaced by Cédric "Cede" Dupont, the Swiss guitarist of Symphorce.

Eternity and The Circle of Life (2002–2006)
In the middle of January 2002 the new lineup began recording a new album called Eternity. Dan and Chris produced Eternity on their own this time as Charlie Bauerfeind was not available. He was, however, responsible for the drum recordings and the final mix. Eternity was released on 3 June 2002 by Steamhammer.

Later that year, Freedom Call was invited on tour with Blind Guardian. During this tour they recorded the live album, Live Invasion together with Charlie Bauerfeind in Düsseldorf, Stuttgart and Munich. Live Invasion was released on 10 May 2004 by SPV.

The keyboard player on this tour, Nils Neumann, was soon invited to become the fifth member of the band. After an extended break, the next album The Circle of Life was recorded at Hansen Studio, Hamburg and FC Studios, Nuremberg from August to October 2004. The Circle of Life was released on 21 May 2005 by SPV.

Shortly after the release of The Circle of Life, both Cédric "Cede" Dupont and Ilker Ersin decided to leave Freedom Call (independently of each other). Replacements were eventually announced in the form of newcomer guitarist Lars Rettkowitz and Armin Donderer, formerly of Paradox.

Dimensions (2007–2008)
A new album with the title Dimensions was released on 20 April 2007. Commenting on Dimensions, Daniel Zimmerman said: "Even if the two predecessors, Eternity and The Circle of Life, took very different directions, both albums had a number of strong moments. Dimensions combines the most successful elements from both albums, in other words: we included our penchant for fast and very melodic numbers from Eternity with the more contemporary, bombastic components of The Circle of Life."

The songs "The Wanderer" and "Dimensions" were also used in the online rhythm game "Flash Flash Revolution".

Legend of the Shadowking and Land of the Crimson Dawn (2009–2012)
In March 2009, the band announced that they were putting the finishing touches to a new album, Legend of the Shadowking, and that they had parted ways with bassist Armin Donderer, who would be replaced by Samy Saemann. Legend of the Shadowking was released on 29 January 2010 by SPV.

For the 2010 touring cycle, Dan Zimmerman announced that he would be replaced by Klaus Sperling as during this time he [Zimmerman] would be on the road with Gamma Ray. It was later confirmed on the band's website that Zimmermann had officially left the band.

Live in Hellvetia was the first live DVD by Freedom Call. It was released on 20 May 2011 by SPV. Live in Hellvetia was recorded on 29 December 2010 in Z7 Pratteln, Switzerland.

The title of the next Freedom Call studio album, Land of the Crimson Dawn, was announced in September 2011. Chris Bay had previously announced that the band was working on the album and it would be released sometime in February 2012. Land of the Crimson Dawn was released 24 February 2012 by SPV.

Beyond and Master of Light (2013–present)
Ages of Light (1998–2013) is the first best-of compilation by Freedom Call. It was released on 26 April 2013 by SPV.

The band announced on 15 September 2013 that they were working on a new album, Beyond, with a new lineup. Ilker Ersin returned to the band to resume bass duties and Ramy Ali joined the band on drums.

A music video was filmed on 15 December 2013 for the song Union of the Strong. The shoot took place in the vicinity of Nuremberg and Franconia, the song was taken from the album Beyond that was released on 21 February 2014. A vinyl version of Beyond was released on 14 March 2014. Beyond was produced by Chris Bay and Stephan Ernst at the Separate Sound Studios in Nuremberg and at Freedom Call's own studio.

In May 2015 Freedom Call released 666 Weeks Beyond Eternity, a reissued edition of their 2002 studio album, Eternity. As the title suggests, 666 Weeks Beyond Eternity was released 666 weeks after the release of the original album. The re-issue is a two disc set featuring the original Eternity album which has been remastered, plus it includes some bonus content on the second disc including live tracks, acoustic tracks, special versions of their songs, as well as a new song written exclusively for this release. In support of the album release, the 666 Weeks Beyond Eternity Tour 2015 occurred between October 2015 (Glasgow, UK; 9 Oct) and December 2015 (Augsburg, Germany; 22 Dec).

In July 2016 Freedom Call launched a new Official Fanclub on Facebook.

Freedom Call's ninth studio album, Master of Light was released on 11 November 2016 (18 November in USA). The first single taken from the album (Hammer of the Gods) was released on 8 July 2016. A promotional video for the track Metal is for Everyone became available on 2 November 2016. Following a release party at Rockcafe Brown Sugar in Nürnberg on 10 November 2016, the four-city Master of Light Latin America tour ran from 25 November until 2 December 2016.

The Master of Light tour which began in 2016 continued through 2017 and in to 2018. Countries visited as part of the 2017–2018 legs of the tour included Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand and the UK. A number of festival dates also took place, with others scheduled for 2018 that included 70,000 Tons of Metal from 1 to 5 February 2018, and include Metalfest Open Air 2018 and Leyendas Del Rock 2018. The band's 2024 full-length album was called Silver Romance and released in May by Steamhammer.

Chris Bay solo
In November 2017 Chris Bay announced that he would be releasing his first solo album, Chasing The Sun, on Steamhammer/SPV records on 23 February 2018. The first single from the album "Radio Starlight" was released on 1 December 2017. Of the album and its content Bay commented: "I permanently write songs and am constantly working on ideas in the studio... ...that's why I've collected a whole lot of tracks over the years that on the one hand don't really suit Freedom Call and on the other are just too good to gather dust in my archive." The second single from the album (Hollywood Dancer) was released on 2 February 2018.

Members

 * Chris Bay – vocals, guitar, keyboards (1998–present)
 * Lars Rettkowitz – guitar (2005–present)
 * Francesco Ferraro – bass (2019–present)
 * Ramy Ali – drums (2013–2018, 2023–present)

Live members
 * Klaus Sperling – drums (2010–2013, 2020–present)

Former members
 * Sascha Gerstner – guitar (1998–2001)
 * Cédric "Cede" Dupont – guitar (2001–2005)
 * Ilker Ersin – bass (1998–2005, 2013–2018)
 * Armin Donderer – bass (2005–2009)
 * Samy Saemann – bass (2009–2013)
 * Dan Zimmermann – drums (1998–2010)
 * Timmi Breideband – drums (2019)
 * Nils Neumann – keyboards (2004–2005)

Studio albums

 * Stairway to Fairyland (1999)
 * Crystal Empire (2001)
 * Eternity (2002)
 * The Circle of Life (2005)
 * Dimensions (2007)
 * Legend of the Shadowking (2010)
 * Land of the Crimson Dawn (2012)
 * Beyond (2014)
 * Master of Light (2016)
 * M.E.T.A.L. (2019)
 * Silver Romance (2024)

Live albums

 * Live Invasion (2004)
 * Live in Hellvetia (2011)
 * The M.E.T.A.L.Fest (2023)

Special releases

 * Ages of Light (Compilation) (2013)
 * 666 Weeks Beyond Eternity (Eternity re-release and remastered with bonus material) (2015)

Demo

 * Freedom Call demo (1998)

EPs/Singles

 * Taragon (1999)
 * Silent Empire (Acoustic EP) (2001)
 * Eternity (2002)
 * Blackened Sun (2007)
 * Mr. Evil / Innocent World (2007)
 * Zauber der Nacht (2010)
 * Rockin' Radio (2012)
 * Power & Glory (2012)
 * Union of the Strong (2014)
 * Hammer of the Gods (2016)
 * 111 – the Number of the Angels (2019)
 * The M.E.T.A.L. Fest (2023)
 * Silver Romance (2024)
 * In Quest of Love (2024)
 * High Above (2024)

title: Freedom Call


text:
Data corruption

Data corruption refers to errors in computer data that occur during writing, reading, storage, transmission, or processing, which introduce unintended changes to the original data. Computer, transmission, and storage systems use a number of measures to provide end-to-end data integrity, or lack of errors.

In general, when data corruption occurs, a file containing that data will produce unexpected results when accessed by the system or the related application. Results could range from a minor loss of data to a system crash. For example, if a document file is corrupted, when a person tries to open that file with a document editor they may get an error message, thus the file might not be opened or might open with some of the data corrupted (or in some cases, completely corrupted, leaving the document unintelligible). The adjacent image is a corrupted image file in which most of the information has been lost.

Some types of malware may intentionally corrupt files as part of their payloads, usually by overwriting them with inoperative or garbage code, while a non-malicious virus may also unintentionally corrupt files when it accesses them. If a virus or trojan with this payload method manages to alter files critical to the running of the computer's operating system software or physical hardware, the entire system may be rendered unusable.

Some programs can give a suggestion to repair the file automatically (after the error), and some programs cannot repair it. It depends on the level of corruption, and the built-in functionality of the application to handle the error. There are various causes of the corruption.

Overview
There are two types of data corruption associated with computer systems: undetected and detected. Undetected data corruption, also known as silent data corruption, results in the most dangerous errors as there is no indication that the data is incorrect. Detected data corruption may be permanent with the loss of data, or may be temporary when some part of the system is able to detect and correct the error; there is no data corruption in the latter case.

Data corruption can occur at any level in a system, from the host to the storage medium. Modern systems attempt to detect corruption at many layers and then recover or correct the corruption; this is almost always successful but very rarely the information arriving in the systems memory is corrupted and can cause unpredictable results.

Data corruption during transmission has a variety of causes. Interruption of data transmission causes information loss. Environmental conditions can interfere with data transmission, especially when dealing with wireless transmission methods. Heavy clouds can block satellite transmissions. Wireless networks are susceptible to interference from devices such as microwave ovens.

Hardware and software failure are the two main causes for data loss. Background radiation, head crashes, and aging or wear of the storage device fall into the former category, while software failure typically occurs due to bugs in the code. Cosmic rays cause most soft errors in DRAM.

Silent
Some errors go unnoticed, without being detected by the disk firmware or the host operating system; these errors are known as silent data corruption.

There are many error sources beyond the disk storage subsystem itself. For instance, cables might be slightly loose, the power supply might be unreliable, external vibrations such as a loud sound, the network might introduce undetected corruption, cosmic radiation and many other causes of soft memory errors, etc. In 39,000 storage systems that were analyzed, firmware bugs accounted for 5–10% of storage failures. All in all, the error rates as observed by a CERN study on silent corruption are far higher than one in every 1016 bits. Webshop Amazon.com has acknowledged similar high data corruption rates in their systems. In 2021, faulty processor cores were identified as an additional cause in publications by Google and Facebook; cores were found to be faulty at a rate of several in thousands of cores.

One problem is that hard disk drive capacities have increased substantially, but their error rates remain unchanged. The data corruption rate has always been roughly constant in time, meaning that modern disks are not much safer than old disks. In old disks the probability of data corruption was very small because they stored tiny amounts of data. In modern disks the probability is much larger because they store much more data, whilst not being safer. That way, silent data corruption has not been a serious concern while storage devices remained relatively small and slow. In modern times and with the advent of larger drives and very fast RAID setups, users are capable of transferring 1016 bits in a reasonably short time, thus easily reaching the data corruption thresholds.

As an example, ZFS creator Jeff Bonwick stated that the fast database at Greenplum, which is a database software company specializing in large-scale data warehousing and analytics, faces silent corruption every 15 minutes. As another example, a real-life study performed by NetApp on more than 1.5 million HDDs over 41 months found more than 400,000 silent data corruptions, out of which more than 30,000 were not detected by the hardware RAID controller (only detected during scrubbing). Another study, performed by CERN over six months and involving about 97 petabytes of data, found that about 128 megabytes of data became permanently corrupted silently somewhere in the pathway from network to disk.

Silent data corruption may result in cascading failures, in which the system may run for a period of time with undetected initial error causing increasingly more problems until it is ultimately detected. For example, a failure affecting file system metadata can result in multiple files being partially damaged or made completely inaccessible as the file system is used in its corrupted state.

Countermeasures
When data corruption behaves as a Poisson process, where each bit of data has an independently low probability of being changed, data corruption can generally be detected by the use of checksums, and can often be corrected by the use of error correcting codes (ECC).

If an uncorrectable data corruption is detected, procedures such as automatic retransmission or restoration from backups can be applied. Certain levels of RAID disk arrays have the ability to store and evaluate parity bits for data across a set of hard disks and can reconstruct corrupted data upon the failure of a single or multiple disks, depending on the level of RAID implemented. Some CPU architectures employ various transparent checks to detect and mitigate data corruption in CPU caches, CPU buffers and instruction pipelines; an example is Intel Instruction Replay technology, which is available on Intel Itanium processors.

Many errors are detected and corrected by the hard disk drives using the ECC codes which are stored on disk for each sector. If the disk drive detects multiple read errors on a sector it may make a copy of the failing sector on another part of the disk, by remapping the failed sector of the disk to a spare sector without the involvement of the operating system (though this may be delayed until the next write to the sector). This "silent correction" can be monitored using S.M.A.R.T. and tools available for most operating systems to automatically check the disk drive for impending failures by watching for deteriorating SMART parameters.

Some file systems, such as Btrfs, HAMMER, ReFS, and ZFS, use internal data and metadata checksumming to detect silent data corruption. In addition, if a corruption is detected and the file system uses integrated RAID mechanisms that provide data redundancy, such file systems can also reconstruct corrupted data in a transparent way. This approach allows improved data integrity protection covering the entire data paths, which is usually known as end-to-end data protection, compared with other data integrity approaches that do not span different layers in the storage stack and allow data corruption to occur while the data passes boundaries between the different layers.

Data scrubbing is another method to reduce the likelihood of data corruption, as disk errors are caught and recovered from before multiple errors accumulate and overwhelm the number of parity bits. Instead of parity being checked on each read, the parity is checked during a regular scan of the disk, often done as a low priority background process. The "data scrubbing" operation activates a parity check. If a user simply runs a normal program that reads data from the disk, then the parity would not be checked unless parity-check-on-read was both supported and enabled on the disk subsystem.

If appropriate mechanisms are employed to detect and remedy data corruption, data integrity can be maintained. This is particularly important in commercial applications (e.g. banking), where an undetected error could either corrupt a database index or change data to drastically affect an account balance, and in the use of encrypted or compressed data, where a small error can make an extensive dataset unusable.

title: Data corruption


text:
Talk:Chain smoking

Please do not vote for this article to be moved to Wiktionary. A lot can be said about chain smoking—just think of how people's attitude to smoking has changed. Today, a true chain smoker will have to live the life of a recluse, whereas 50 years ago or so you were allowed to smoke in public buildings, cinemas, offices, classrooms, hospitals, taxis, restaurants, etc. etc. All this and a lot more should/could be added.  00:17, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

I entirely agree with you. Please don't move this to the Wikitionary. This is much more than a dictionary entry. Canjth 18:37 8 August 2006

Which country is this referring to? It's worded to suggest that the '20 minutes' is scientific! Davidjamesgill 01:48, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

"smoking does not relieve stress"
I've cut this section from the article, as it's not really relevant to chain smoking specifically. If it's true, it'd be great in the cigarette article, or nicotine, or tobacco, but it's not necessary here. I'd also question the factual accuracy of it, as "relieving stress" can be pretty subjective, and that's a very unscientific technical explanation of nicotine in the bloodstream. The section as I cut it, and the section as it was initially written follow.

However, smoking does not actually relieve stress. Cigarette smoking is actually stressful for the body. The "relief" a smoker feels from smoking a cigarette after a stressful event is caused by replenishment of nicotine levels in the bloodstream. This replenishment is needed because stress results in nicotine being drawn from the blood at a quicker rate.

It should be noted that smoking does not relieve stress however, infact cigarette smoking is a stressful event on the body. The "Relief" a smoker feels from smoking a cigarette after a stressful event is in reality nicotine levels being replenished into the bloodstream because of the fact that the stressful event caused nicotine to be drawn from the blood at a faster rate. And may cause death.

icydid 18:19, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Wiktionary
The above notwithstanding, this should be moved to Wiktionary. Much could be said here, but almost all of it would apply to cigarettes generally rather than chain smoking. Societal attitudes towards chain smoking are likely not that much different than those toward smoking. More importantly, the dearth of sources on this topic will make it virtually impossible to create a quality article, although a decent dictionary definition is possible. savidan(talk) (e@) 15:00, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Not sure I completely agree with you there, Savidan—in fact, I think the article is a fine example of Wikipedia’s ability to shine the spotlight on minutiae, even as it stands. For example, I’ll step in to defend the paragraph on the gradual disappearance of chain smoking as Bloomberg laws come into effect; this doesn’t quite apply to smoking in general. Though as you say, the article could use some references, and as a whole it could probably be merged into a subsection of smoking. —Banzai! (talk) @ 19:17, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia does have a fine ability to "shine the spotlight on the minutiae." However, what ultimatley differentiates the minutiae which become great articles from those which become cruft and original research-y is whether or not there exists a substantial base of literature from which to draw. Although "chain smoking" gets a few hundred hits on Google Scholar, it is used them almost exclusively as a term of art for someone who is a heavy smoker. Hence, the content here will become repetitive with the generic content on cigarettes. The only thing which is specific to "chain smoking" itself is the idea of lighting a new cigarette with an old one but there are not enough verifiable and notable facts to be stated about this practice itself which do not belong elsewhere instead.

 * The famous chain smokers paragraph is a good example. There really is not verifiable source which could confirm the fact that these people actually lit a cigarette with another cigaratte. List of smokers would be a more appropriate place for such a thing, although the very concept is prone to abuse from vanity and heresay. savidan(talk) (e@) 09:49, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Celbs
there was a big section I took out, no proof! Its been tag from 06! Seth slackware 00:44, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * You removed more than just the celebs who were tagged. At least one of the chain smokers was properly referenced as such...Rousseau H. Flower (see article for citation). I'm restoring that one. Aelffin 03:53, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

5 packs a day?
In said list appear, among others, John Lennon and Joseph Goebbels.

Though a photo of Lennon with new nerdy glasses and smoking a cigarette appeared in Village Voice in November 1980, this article is the only claim I have ever seen that he smoked 100 a day-- appears improbable.

In an interview from his last weeks Lennon appeared to be dropping names-- such as Burt Reynolds, a member of Sinatra's Rat Pack (notice the rhyme with cigaRET PACK). It seemed that Lennon, after a summer of not messing in the Presidential campaign, hoped to ingratiate himself with the new administration, which as we know pushed the War On Drugs and was fervently pro-tobacco and anti-cannabis.

It turned out John didn't get to the Inaugural Ball, which was hosted by Frank Sinatra. A photo shows the Reagans seated on thrones, with Frank kneeling toward Nancy, evidently singing some Republican anthem. Ron looks on approvingly.

"Will you still need me when I"m 64?" Do the math-- John was exactly 60 DAYS + 4 Decades of age when the asshole shot him.  Four (4) days later, December 12, 1980, Frank Sinatra turned 65.  Sinatra was quoted as saying of John, "He was a gentle soul."

Oh yes, something happened December 8, 1963-- exactly 17 years before the killing of Lennon and 16 days after the killing of Kennedy (how do they do it?). Frank Sinatra Jr. was kidnapped and subsequently ransomed, generating headlines but since mostly forgotten.

In January 1981 Sinatra Sr. received a personal endorsement from Reagan to acquire a share in a Los Vegas gambling institution.

--Uh, this is Wikipedia, not a conspiracy theory forum for people with mental issues. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.255.232.74 (talk) 00:49, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Smoking 100 cigarettes a day "appears improbable", yet Frankie and Ronnie killed John with numerology? Over a share in a "Los" Vegas "gambling institution"? Magmagoblin2 (talk) 16:44, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

Oh yes, Dr. Goebbels
Though this article lists him among chain-smokers, 5 packs a day, Toland (Adolf Hitler 1974) mentions two packs a day. One website mentions he had to hide this from the Führer. I do not know if Toland meant American-style packs of 20 or European-style packs of 10. In any case, even if it took nonsmoker Adolf to invent the Big Lie, it took pack(?)-a-day Goebbels to administer the Big Lie.Tokerdesigner (talk) 19:48, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Cigarette packs in Germany traditionally contained 20 cigarettes. During the 1990s, vending machines started to dispense cigarette packs with 19, 18, and later 17 cigarettes, because cigarettes had become more expensive, and the machines only accepted 1, 2, and 5 mark coins. Currently, you can buy cigarette packs with 17-25 cigarettes inside. Smaller packs are forbidden, probably to discourage children from smoking — people who make laws have no idea how much money today's kids have. This was not the case during Goebbels' time, you could even buy single cigarettes back then. But a "pack" was always 20 cigarettes. ––Prorokini (talk) 16:38, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

Famous Chain Smokers
Is the list truly necessary? ~ Itzjustdrama ? C 17:39, 28 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm removing the entire list if there is no response of any kind by May 3. ~ Itzjustdrama ?  C 18:23, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Gee, thanks. I think other people would've found it interesting. 98.246.183.207 (talk) 16:41, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I know I would. It would give a sociological overview of their times, status, etc, in other words, cultural significance. There are lists of people significant to an article's topic throughout the pedia (Sephardic Jews for instance) & fleshes it out. I tweaked it and put it back. Manytexts (talk) 23:37, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

"Causes" section
I realize the entire article needs work, but the "Causes" section comes off particularly badly. Chain-smoking seems more like an activity than a condition, meaning that speaking of its "causes" is a little inappropriate. The info in this section seems legit, but "causes" seems less appropriate than, well, something else; perhaps this stuff could be fit in elsewhere. It's also a little comically misleading to have the first sentence mentioning crack as a major influence, as if smoking crack is the first thing that comes to mind when you consider chain-smoking. Obeliab (talk) 23:29, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Ventilation
I don't see how this is relevant - should perhaps be moved to article for Second Hand smoke?

Please remove Ventilation segment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wordforge (talk • contribs) 22:05, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

Original research and perspective
I have no refs because I'm busy atm, but 100 a day isn't improbable or implausible or unbelievable. My mother (1970s) was a chain smoker & smoked 100 a day that I knew of. Dad seemed to be in the same league, but I didn't notice how many packs he consumed. And yes, they did light one off the last if and as they felt so moved. They could afford it then but wouldn't now. And they ignored the activists. Why I put this here is to say that in today's politically correct climate, this kind of smoking & its social prevalence seems unreal. We are the aware ones. The ventilation thing is interesting too. DIY housepainters in my parents' circle painted over windows so they couldn't be opened. Passive smoking wasn't at all given credibility among uneducated people, then and now. Just sayin' before anyone dilutes the significance of this phenomenon as addiction. Refs please, maestros of wikipedia Manytexts (talk) 11:04, 29 March 2012 (UTC) PS none of their kids smoked.

Unreferenced text
Please do not reinsert unreferenced text, especially concerning real persons. This is against major wikipedia policies. Staszek Lem (talk) 19:15, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Reference?
I can't find the information mentioned in this article about aversion therapy in the book of James Cocores. can you specify the page or edition?Campylobacter (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 18:47, 2 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chain smoking


text: User talk:68.5.85.245

title: User talk:68.5.85.245