text:
Talk:Kastoria

Kostur 1
Kostur, "the other name of the town" (and not the prefecture), is not just Bulgarian as 207.96.224.163 claims in his edit. It's equally used by the Bulgarians, the Macedonian Slavs, and I guess it's probably used by other Slavic people as well. Feel free to edit the article and include any information about the name Kostur, as long as it doesn't contradict with the above. Etz Haim 10:00, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I would support this claim by providing link to the 3rd Military Mapping Survey of Austria-Hungary, from around 1910: http://lazarus.elte.hu/hun/digkonyv/topo/200e/39-40.jpg and http://lazarus.elte.hu/hun/digkonyv/topo/200e/39-41.jpg Whole map: http://lazarus.elte.hu/hun/digkonyv/topo/3felmeres.htm Impossible to have so much Slavic toponyms without respective population... Sergejptr (talk) 22:46, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

Kostur 2
Is there a reason for the south slavic name to be prominently featured in this article, if not to establish that there is a significant south slavic minority there? (which is not true).--Avg 15:46, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Historically, there has been a large Slavic-speaking population in Kastoria and the region around it. In general, in WP, we try to be inclusive rather than exclusive about things like this. See Naming conventions (geographic names) and WikiProject Cities/Names issues for discussion. In many cases, there is a full section of the article about the name (e.g. Bitola or Istanbul), but when there is not, it makes sense to put it in the header. --Macrakis 16:04, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

I'm afraid I have to disagree. There has never been a large Slavic population in Kastoria, just a small minority, who recently has become very vocal. There is no special reason whatsoever to refer to a Greek city with its non-Greek name. So you want to compare it with Istanbul. Has Kastoria ever been under Slavic rule? Was the capital of some Slavic empire? No. And still, the name Constantinople is not mentioned in the first line of the article. And who would even IMAGINE to write it with Greek letters! Turkish people would be offended and perhaps rightly so. You refer to Bitola. Same here. Bitola was a Byzantine/Ottoman city officially named Monastiri, it's perfectly normal for this name to be mentioned there. But Kustur, why? When this city was officially named Kustur and by whom? --Avg 02:48, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

"In 1892 the Kostur (Kastoria) parish school council adopted the proposal of a group of teachers 'to eliminate both Bulgarian and Greek and introduce Macedonian as the language of instruction in the town school'.... However, the Greek bishop and the Turkish governor of the city prevented this from taking place." (Loring M. Danforth, The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World, Princeton University Press, 1995. ISBN 0691043566, p. 62) So apparently in 1892, both Bulgarian and Greek were being taught in the Kastoria schools, and the parish council was predominantly Slavic-speaking. --Macrakis 13:14, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

It's nice that you have a citation, but unless I completely misunderstood what the passage says, the group of teachers proposed to introduce "Macedonian" as the language of instruction, this means that it was never actually taught in any school. Moreover, since the proposal was never implemented, it means that never "Macedonian" was an official language there, unlike Greek for Bitola and Istanbul. What it can be inferred is that at some point in history, there has been a larger South Slavic minority than nowadays, which still though was not a majority, since it could not influence administrative decisions. Again, unlike Bitola and Istanbul. I'd also like to contrast this case with Xanthi or Komotini. There is a large and established Muslim and Turkish speaking minority there, hence it is a logical step to have a reference to their Turkish names. Nobody objects to that. But Kastoria's case (as almost all FYROMian claims) is an artificial issue.--Avg 14:21, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Not only did the teachers propose it, but the parish school council passed this proposal. The previous state of affairs was apparently that both Greek and Bulgarian were being taught -- which already tells us that there was a substantial South Slavic-speaking community. The new proposal was that only Macedonian be taught, so the Slavic-speaking population must have been very strong in the parish school council to eliminate Greek! As for "influencing administrative issues", the passage does address that. The Ottoman empire was not any sort of democracy!

As for 'official' languages, I don't see the relevance. Of course Greek was the administrative language of the Byzantine empire, and Ottoman Turkish was the administrative language of the Ottoman Empire, but that is not what we are discussing here. Greek, Albanian, Slavic, etc. names continued to be used throughout the region, and are worth documenting. Some of the regional languages, such as Ladino in Thessaloniki and Vlach throughout the region, have never been the official languages of any government entity, yet again are worth documenting.

The situation in Xanthi and Komotini has to do, as I'm sure you know, with the population exchange of 1923. Before 1923, there were Turkish-speakers in many more areas. And in any case, the Ottoman Turkish names in all of the Ottoman domains in Europe are worth mentioning for historical reasons. --Macrakis 14:55, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
Kastoriá → Kastoria – For reasons of consistency - no (or very few) other articles on Greek places use the accents in the titles. --Telex 00:56, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with  ~

 * Support --Telex 00:56, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Support, as per nom. --Aldux 09:28, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Support, latin-alphabet signs in the city of Katsoria do not use an accent. --   Avg     09:36, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Support, as per nomination --Panairjdde 14:04, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Support, Miskin 15:35, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Moved. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 14:01, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Skeleton?
Don't know about Macedonian, but kostur means 'perch' (genus of fish) in Bulgarian. It might have a connection to 'skeleton', though, because the root is kost (bone). Anyway, we'd need a source for that one. Todor→Bozhinov 09:56, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * MatriX added it . I don't know anything about it, although according to this republican dictionary "kostur" can mean skeleton. It's probably one of those Serbian words implanted into the original lexicon in order to create the illusion of a seperate language (it is, check srwiki and the edits Serbs have made to the article ). --Tēlex 10:02, 26 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The dictionary says it means a 'skeleton' of a ship or umbrella (most likely not the right word in English), so it wouldn't be a literal translation after all :) I believe we should mention the kost etymology as common and leave the translation out (or include both possible translations). Todor→Bozhinov 13:38, 26 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I didn't understand a word of that. Do whatever you think is best - you're not likely to meed much opposition from people like me who haven't a clue what's going on. --Tēlex 13:41, 26 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, basically, the word seems to have different meanings in Bulgarian and Macedonian. And while it does mean 'skeleton' in Macedonian, it's not the skeleton of a human (most common meaning), but the 'skeleton' of a ship or an umbrella. No matter the meaning, the word comes from kost (bone), so my suggestion is to mention that instead of any translations. Don't bother trying to understand it, it's not a major thing, I'll fix it :) Todor→Bozhinov 14:35, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Related Links

 * Καστοριά, Kastoria
 * Καστοριά, Kastoria
 * Καστοριά, Kastoria
 * Καστοριά, Kastoria
 * Καστοριά, Kastoria

Jewish section additions
I had a talk in the talkpage of the new user who posted that information, and am copying it here for others to comment:

Titled: Thanks...

...for your additions in Kastoria in the Jewish community section. I would appreciate if you could also cite the source for these events, especially given that most of them may create quite bit of controversy. Those are terrible facts you included there, and they should of course be mentioned provided they are sourced by reliable sources. I found especially appalling the fact that certain compatriots of mine confiscated Jewish properties unilaterally, and since I consider that highlighting one's past mistakes can only lead to improvement, I would be most grateful if you could include the sources. NikoSilver 12:37, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for your guidance to this wiki-newbie I think I did this incorrectly the first time and emailed you instead of adding to this talk page... here's what I'd sent you-

Please find the following references regarding the requested citations. 1) "In 1943 the Jewish population in Kastoria numbered over 980"

2) "By the end of the war in 1945, 38 of the original population survived -the vast majority of the community killed in concentration camps"

Besides the spoken word during interviews I've conducted with many of the survivors, there is a monument in the Saint Athanasios area of Kastoria that details these facts and their numbers (the monument rounds the numbers expressing 1000 in the community and only 35 surviving, but my research showed slightly different results).

I posted photos of the monument for you at: http://longbeachreunion.com/images/Kastoria_1.jpg http://longbeachreunion.com/images/Memorial.jpg

 * This source speaks for itself, but unfortunately you need to back it up further because in extreme cases people have argued such monuments were exaggerated. NikoSilver 20:39, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

3) "The survivors who returned to Kastoria found their homes occupied by villagers who claimed the properties as their own."

Although I know this to be a fact verified by many of the surviving Kastoriali Jews I don't have a published reference for it yet -but will work on it & get back to you. Please note that, unfortunately, it is absolutely true (it was actually a common event to many surviving Jews all over Europe).

 * Sorry, but WP policies will not allow that without solid sources. We need to find them. NikoSilver 20:45, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

4) "Those remaining men who struggled to stay in their hometown were subsequently drafted and served in the Greek army to fight the communists during the Greek civil war".

I suppose I'll have to work on getting a published reference for this one also- Again, forgive me if my freshman status to Wikipedia is causing me to ask stupid questions... but many of these facts are likely unpublished yet can be verified through photos and interview testimony. It would be a shame to omit such points when they are absolutely true. How do I get a reference for such a point?

Revision: Ok, I see the laws about No Original Research.... I suppose that makes sense- Ok, I'm learning. Gotta get some published stuff to you-

One site I'm looking through is: http://www.sephardicstudies.org/

I suppose I've got homework to do-

 * This point serves no purpose unless there was some discrimination in the selection of Jews for the draft. These are serious allegations, and, again, we need sources. NikoSilver 20:45, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

5) "By 1950, most of the scattered remnants of the Jewish community eventually decided to leave Greece entirely". I don't believe this point is likely to be challenged, but if you require I will attempt to find references for it.

 * Not so important, and can explain the one family left. NikoSilver 20:45, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

6) "As of June, 2007 one Jewish family remains in Kastoria."

This is common knowledge among any of the residents in Kastoria. This fact is definitely not likely to be challenged by anyone with any bit of knowledge of the city. However, in consideration and privacy to the one Jewish family that remains in Kastoria- perhaps the line should just be deleted anyway.

 * No problem with that either. NikoSilver 20:45, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

If possible, I would appreciate a reply to let me know if I'm going about this properly or not. Thanks again-

Four tildes eh? Let's see here...

LMRusso 15:26, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I will not be able to comment for a few days due to work, but I'll definitely come back to see how the discussion evolved. Please don't WP:BITE in the meantime! NikoSilver 16:25, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Comments indented above. NikoSilver 20:45, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

I buggered up the footnoting of the content I added, to meet the request for citations. The process boggles. The sandbox was no help. This is painful, but at least the content is now cited, however artlessly. Don'tDoWindows (talk) 03:10, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Discussion about lake's name
I'm from Kastoria and I assure you that the lake's name is Orestida and NOT Orestiada. Is a mistake that I noticed also in many internet sites that are referring to Kastoria. So, the name Orestiada often is been confusing with the city of Orestiada in Evros, but the name Orestida is originated to the main ancient area of Kastoria and in particular the city of Argos Orestiko. Greek speaking user "google" the word "Orestida", there are some links that clear up my opinion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Didgerman (talk • contribs) 11:36, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

The wider geographic area is identified with the are of ancient Orestida, where the Orestes -"Macednoi", as Hirodotus calls them- lived. In Pentavriso, in the summer of 1999, came to light a very important sculpture ever found in Kastoria. It is the most ancient tomb anaglyph of the Upper Macedonia and one of the best classical works ever discovered in the entire Macedonia. This part of the tomb monument represents the calm and sad face of a woman who lived and died here 24 centuries ago (one generation before Philippos 2nd). At that time, Orestida was an independent kingdom that already participated actively in the political things of Greece.

This work of art, though, proves that Orestida was actively participating in civilisation and aesthetics of the central Greece, as its style reveals that of Vioitia, Attica in the post- Parthenon era (40013C).

Unsourced POV
I have removed the unsourced paragraph added by the anonymous IP user. ·ΚέκρωΨ· (talk) 04:36, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Kostur=Skeleton
Re this, why would anyone name a town after a skeleton? ·ΚΕΚΡΩΨ· (talk) 11:40, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Why would anyone name a town after a beaver?  Balkan Fever  12:00, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Fur is serious business in Kastoria even today. Aramgar (talk) 12:33, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

 * That's right. And besides, a beaver is way more attractive than a skeleton. ·ΚΕΚΡΩΨ· (talk) 12:38, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

non-notable ethnics
In a bid to make Greek Macedonia appear less Greek and more "Macedonian", a well-known hardcore nationalist is digging up every trivial figure from FYROM that happened to be born in Greek Macedonia and inserting them in the respective article of the Greek city they were born in or near. This becomes obvious when the editor has the gall to suggest that they deserve to be mentioned because of their ethnicity, for example here. This is tantamount to admitting to POV-pushing, brazenly and openly (and I might add, stupidly). In this article, it appears to be a minor politico named Jagnula Kunovska who was born in a village near Kastoria but moved to FYROM pretty soon afterward. She is not notable, since she is unheard of outside of her own country (and ethnic diasporas do NOT count), and there are no neutral, secondary sources in English attesting to her notability. Furthermore, she is not really from Kastoria, since she was merely born there, but grew up in Yugoslavia, which is what really counts. --Tsourkpk (talk) 16:16, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Are you able to prove that she is not notable. She is the leader of a former political party, a respected juror and currently a member of the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia. She is just another person on the list, i can hardly see why you cannot just leave it. Come on, you have gone overboard in your attempt to prove that she isnt notable. There was recently a spat about a paralel issue on this page which was resolved by both me and user Kekrops. It was decided to leave the peoples name on the list, if anything it is more informative. I really cannot see what you are trying to prove. PMK1 (talk) 12:05, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, but the burden of proof is on you, not me. You want to claim this person is notable, then YOU have to prove it, using reliable, secondary, English language sources. So far you have not done so.  The sources you use in the article you created are a bunch of websites, which are neither reliable nor in English.  "Respected juror" means nothing to me, nor the fact that she founded a tiny, former political party.  WP:POLITICIAN is quite explicit when it comes to notable politicians:

 * People who have held international, national or first-level sub-national political office, including members of a legislature and judges.
 * Major local political figures who have received significant press coverage. Generally speaking, mayors are likely to meet this criterion, as are members of the main citywide government or council of a major metropolitan city.
 * Just being an elected local official, or an unelected candidate for political office, does not guarantee notability, although such people can still be notable if they meet the primary notability criterion of "significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject."
 * This person meets none of these criteria. She has no major achievements, never held office, and is unheard of outside her own country.  In fact she seems more like a failed politician than a successful one.  What exactly are you trying to accomplish by digging up every failed politician you can find?  Regarding the name, since Slavs were never a signficant presence in Kastoria, the slavic name does not belong in the lead, but rather in the name section, so I'm going to ask to leave it there.   And my edits are not vandalism, but a rather obvious content dispute.  You fight dirty, shame on you.  --Tsourkpk (talk) 16:55, 20 December 2008 (UTC)
 * P.S. And rest assured an AfD is coming, just as soon as I can find the time to do it.
 * First issue; She is a member of the ruling party (VMRO-DPMNE) in the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia.,in english. A translated version of her profile. "Member of VMRO-DPMNE. Born 1943 in Kastoria, Greece. Macedonian. Master of jurisprudence and jurist/magistrate. Speaks french and greek. She lives in Skopje." She was elected as a member of NSDP and then left them and joined VMRO-DPMNE, which at the time was notable and she gained significant news coverage for that, which greatly discredited the NSDP. She clearly fits the criteria of "People who have held international, national or first-level sub-national political office, including members of a legislature and judges.", being both a member of a National Political Office (the Sobranie) and a "members of a legislature and judges" (magistrate and jurist). Since when did something like this become a fight?, that is way to far overboard. PMK1 (talk) 05:31, 21 December 2008 (UTC)
 * All of this edit warring, of which neither of you are innocent, could be ended with an WP:AFD on Ms. Kunovska. I have no preference either way. Incidentally, if the article includes a names section, the Macedonian version ought to go there. Regards, Aramgar (talk) 06:50, 21 December 2008 (UTC)
 * If you mean the name of the city, the Macedonian Slavic version is already cited. · ΚΕΚΡΩΨ · 07:16, 21 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes. The Macedonian vesion (i.e. "The Macedonian Slavic name of the city is Kostur (Cyrillic: Костур)") belongs at Kastoria; not in the lead, as some would have it. As for Ms. Kunovska, let her notability be measured by the AFD process. Aramgar (talk) 07:26, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

Slavs have never been a significant presence in Kastoria
"Slavs were never a significant presence in Kastoria"'!?!?.
 * Kaza of Kastoria, Monastir Province, Ottoman Empire. Vasil Kanchov, 1900, Macedonia Ethnography and Statistics,.
 * - City of Kastoria, 3000 greeks, 1600 turks, 750 jews, 300 bulgarians, 300 arnauts, 240 romani's.
 * - Kaza of Kastoria, 46,783 bulgarian christians, 4340 bulgarian christians, 3925 - turks, 9415 - greek christians, 175 greek muslims, 910 arnaut christians, 4280 - aromanians, 750 - jews, 1010 - romani. Slavic people comprise 51,123 or 68% of the total population of the Kastoria Kaza. Not a very high figure.

 * Ethnographie des Vilayets d'Adrianople, de Monastir et de Salonique, 1873, french study
 * - Kastoria (city), 2,000 mulsims, 650 bulgarians, 700 greeks, 750 jews.

 * La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne, 1905, french study
 * - Kastoria (city) - 400 bulgarian patriachists, 4000 greek patriachiasts, 72 aromanians.

 * The largest part of the Ohrana movement was based in the Kastoria region.
 * 12 partisan attachments of the Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation front were formed in the Kastoria region.""Les Archives de la Macedonine, Fond: Aegean Macedonia in NLW" - (Field report of Mihail Keramidzhiev to the Main Command of NOF), 8 July 1945 "
 * regional comitee of SNOF formed in Kastoria due to the large slav Macedonian population there. PMK1 (talk) 05:29, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

 * "Bulgarian(s)". Perhaps "Костур, Kostur" would be more appropriate. · ΚΕΚΡΩΨ · 07:19, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

 * If only. PMK1 (talk) 10:55, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't see "Macedonians" anywhere. --Tsourkpk (talk) 15:42, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Castoria (titular see) - Medevial History of Kastoria
There is an wiki article about the historic catholic titular see in Castoria. Perhaps we should add this name also in a section of historic names of the city and add this link above as a see also: [] or to add this as See Also section. We should propably add more things in the history section of the article,the occupation of Franks and the Kingdom of Thessalonica. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vagrand (talk)

Ottoman's time
Why were the references about the bulgarian language in the Kastoria region removed?

These are a legitimate sources from the consuls of France (François Charles Pouqueville) and Austro-Hungary (Peter Occuli). Two of the biggest empires/states of that time. Also the Leonard's Heft "World's Chronic" is well respected.

Should I remind you that this is a section for the history of the city? The modern politics should not be involved.

Please provide with an appropriate explanation why this was removed or it shall be added again. If you have doubts about the conclusion to which this facts lead, please explain as well.

Thank you and in the same time I await your timely answer. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.90.0.97 (talk) 06:59, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

 * There is still no answer to this request? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.222.53.208 (talk) 09:40, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

Bizarre folk etymology based on an unintelligible 15th century source
Removed this, which is frankly quite confusing. A 15th century dictionary, and moreover I do not see the Kastrioti family or Kastoria mentioned anywhere. The information is interesting to be sure, but this is precisely the sort of thing for which we need a secondary source to interpret the primary one. Athenean (talk) 18:40, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

 * It's 17th century, not 15th. I admit to not understand Latin, and I took that source I believe from the Albanian project. However the paragraph goes:

Castoria urbs tradens appellationem ex cognomine fui auctoris, nimirum praedcti inuistissimi e fortissimi epiroti principis georgij castriotae; a castriota, castoria corrupte nucupatur, castoria castra

 * A translator from Latin would be useful. Now since this was written 2 centuries after the death of Skanderbeg, the last of the Kastriotis to be in Albania, wouldn't it be considered a secondary source? --SulmuesLet's talk 22:02, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

 * No it's not a secondary source, please read WP:PSTS. A secondary source would be something like a contemporary historian, i.e. something that does not to be interpreted.  There is nothing in there to back what you are claiming.  Athenean (talk) 22:05, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I won't insist much here, because Wikipolicy is weak. It just says: Secondary sources are second-hand accounts, at least one step removed from an event. They rely for their material on primary sources, often making analytic or evaluative claims about them. For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research. This publication is from 1635 (in fact you should have seen that it's in a print, and Guttenberg hadn't invented the press in the 15th century yet), and is talking about a person who had lived two centuries before: Skanderbeg died in 1468 and his father, (who had supposedly been in Kastoria) died in the 1430s, so Bardhi, the author, a catholic bishop, wrote more than two full centuries after. Still, probably even the translation is wrong, so I will leave this in the memory of the talk page, so that a latinist might solve it. --SulmuesLet's talk 22:12, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Just to mention that the Latin is somewhat corrupt, which makes any attempt at translating it somewhat difficult.
 * All the best. –Syncategoremata (talk) 22:19, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Hmm, not so hoplessly corrupt methinks. This should probably be restored as: Castoria urbs tradens appellationem ex cognomine sui auctoris, nimirum (or nisi mirum?) praedicti invictissimi e fortissimi Epiroti principis Georgii Castriotae; A Castriota Castoria corrupte nuncupatur, Castoria - Castra. Tr. Castoria, the city, deriving its name from the family name/surname (cognomen) of its founder, doubtless the aforementioned most invincible and powerful Epirot Prince Georgius Castriota; It is called with the corrupted form Castoria from Castriota, Castoria - Castra [=military camp]. Quite imaginative, but still a folk etymology. Where is it from?--Giorgos Tzimas (talk) 23:23, 24 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Please look at the original in page 197 of this link in case my copying made stupid jokes. --SulmuesLet's talk 22:32, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

Actually looking better at the latin passage, it seems like the city takes the name from the Kastrioti family. Kastoria takes its name from the last name of its founder, the prince of the Epirotes, George Kastriota Skanderbeg. Then the second sentence, I admit to not understand. --SulmuesLet's talk 22:46, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

i remember the whole connection of the name kastrioti and kastoria but are we sure that bardhi wasnt just pseudoetymologizing here..? do modern historians accept that his family had any actual connection to the area? as for the actual etymology of the family from what ive seen the name kastrioti comes from latin castrum or perhaps its greek adaptation rather which is kastron..kastriotis would mean 'inhabitant of the kastron' (no im not claiming skanderbeg was greek just in case another offended albanian sees this..)87.202.36.16 (talk) 23:10, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Bardhi is in any case a very, very outdated primary source. Nothing short of a modern scholarly source will do for etymology here, as everywhere else.  Athenean (talk) 23:12, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes, 17th-century speculation about etymologies is notoriously unreliable. And since the name seems to have been around much longer than the Kastrioti family, the town couldn't possibly be named after them. Note there apparently was a confusion anyway: the Latin source quoted above claims that the town was named after the family. The addition to the article was claiming that the family was named after the town – inherently much more plausible, but not supported by the source. Fut.Perf. ☼ 06:31, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

 * The origin of Kastrioti family is from Has in northeast Albania, close to Kosovo border. In that area there are still villages named Kastriot or Kastrat, or persons with that surname. The origin of the name is widely accepted that it derives from Castro  (castle) probably a synonym with Kastoria. What is more important is that Kastrioti family never ruled Kastoria which was far away from Kastrioti dominions in North Albania, so the connection is wrong in its historical background. AFAIK Kastoria was for some time (1372-1385) under Muzaka family rule and one member of this family was married to Kastrioti, but this happened only around 1430 when Kastrioti were known with their surname and surely in that time Kastoria was not under the rule of Muzaka or Kastrioti. Aigest (talk) 08:33, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

Blind revert of Alexi
I really didn't appreciate this edit Alexi. Haxhillazi has a publication based on the National Archives of Albania. It's a reliable fresh source from a 1999 book. --  S ulmues (talk) 21:03, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

Please avoid wp:npa. It appears you are again into a new wp:own initiative. This work is simply partisan and far from considered wp:rs. It has been already rejected at talk:Louros (seems this wasn't enough to perform the second blind revert- while I have only one and explained why I did it).Alexikoua (talk) 21:21, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

 * It seems like a collection of primary sources, and ultra-partisan to boot, so no, of course it's not WP:RS. Athenean (talk) 22:15, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

Albanian propaganda
25.000 Albanians in Kastoria region??? For God's sake!! Just take a look here :http://www.mmkm.kcl.ac.uk/content/lists/maps.htm or at Vasil Kanchov's census. It is high time it stopped this game with propagandists such as Sulmues and Zjarri.National Archives of Albania is proved to be an unreliable source Parapente (talk) 21:24, 14 October 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Parapente (talk • contribs) 21:16, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

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Slavic names in "Name" section
The original formula "The Serbian, Bulgarian and Macedonian name of the city..." was at one point changed by an IP editor to "The Serbian, Bulgarian and Slavic name of the city...". Since then some attempts have been made to reintroduce the Macedonian language link, but this has been reverted.

In my opinion, the formula "Serbian, Bulgarian and Slavic" does not make sense. Both Serbian and Bulgarian are Slavic languages, so the sentence is ridiculous. The (Slavic) Macedonian language is treated by Wikipedia as a distinct language, and it is this language that is the most relevant Slavic language in the area. Not mentioning it looks like POV to me.

An alternative would be to just say "The Slavic name of the city...", but this would require sources to show that the name is the same also in other Slavic languages. Also, this is not how such things usually are treated in Wikipedia. So I really do not see any better option than to bring back the former formula. --T*U (talk) 20:13, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

Castor and Pollux?
I don't see the relevance of Castor and Pollux to this article. Similarly, there would be no reason to put this under the category Category:Beavers just because the name probably comes from the word for beaver. --Macrakis (talk) 20:38, 20 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I do see your point. Demetrios1993 (talk) 20:46, 20 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I fail to see an y meaning in your sentence. The article mentions the theory that it was a cult center for Castor: "Other theories propose that the name derives from the Greek word κάστρο (kástro, meaning "castle"; from the Latin word castra) or from the mythical hero Κάστωρ (Kástōr), who may have been honoured in the area. The word is sometimes written with a C, Castoria, especially in older works." Dimadick (talk) 06:37, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * To be honest, the part about the hero potentially being honored in the area completely escaped me, as I was quickly trying to check for any reference to Castor in the article, in order for the category to be justified. Considering the possibility that the mythical hero may have been honored in the area, then i do believe that the category is justified. The issue is that I tried to verify the content by checking the two references in the relevant paragraph, and I couldn't; both links are dead, and I couldn't find an archived version for either. Thus, as it currently stands, per WP:CATV, the relevant content should be either removed, tagged with, or updated with a reference that an editor has verified; I wouldn't consider tagging the whole article with something like , and it is probably best for the category to be removed, until the aforementioned issue is taken care of. Demetrios1993 (talk) 10:42, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

 * The etymology of the name is isn't relevant to categories. Categories are for "member" information, e.g., Kastoria is a Greek prefectural capital. After all, the Athens article does not have the category Category:Athena. --Macrakis (talk) 00:02, 22 January 2024 (UTC)
 * "the Athens article does not have the category Category:Athena" Then the article is missing an essential category. Dimadick (talk) 23:58, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No, it isn't. The origin of a topic's name is not a category. New York is not under the category Category:York, the city after which it is named. David (name) is not under the category Category:David (which is about the biblical king), nor vice versa. Please see WP:Categorization. --Macrakis (talk) 00:34, 24 January 2024 (UTC)
 * That is not the origin of the name, it is the patron deity of the city. Dimadick (talk) 05:28, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This article says only that Kastor " may have been honoured in the area" (with no source), and in any case, the name Kastoria does not seem to be ancient.
 * The Castor and Pollux article says "Castor himself was also venerated in the region of Kastoria in northern Greece." but provides no source.
 * Greek city-state patron gods mentions neither Kastor nor Kastoria.
 * If there is any evidence that Kastor was the patron deity of whatever Castoria was called in antiquity, it should be added to the article first -- with sources.
 * But even if that is true, we do not use categories to point to cities' patrons. Can you find any examples where we do? --Macrakis (talk) 02:54, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kastoria


text:
User:Zygmunt lozinski

Zygmunt Lozinski
I'm Zygmunt Lozinski, and I work on next generation telecommunications networks for IBM's Telecommunications Industry.

From 1999 to 2007 I was also a member of the Board of Directors of the Parlay Group, which was a consortium of around 70 companies in the telecoms and IT industries. The Parlay Group defined and publishes open APIs for telecoms. These were co-published by Parlay, ETSI and 3GPP and are freely available from the websites. Parlay merged with the OMA, and the Parlay-X specifications are now the base of the GSMA's One API.

Background
My background is in telecoms and computing. I have designed and implemented ISDN, SS7 and AIN systems in Europe and North America. I have been involved in the Parlay and JAIN initiatives.

Current Interests

 * Next generation networks - both fixed (or wireline) and mobile (or wireless).
 * The use of computing technology in telecommunications networks
 * Disruptive technology especially disruptive business platforms
 * Cloud computing and C-RAN
 * Internet architecture and metrics
 * Mobile Internet optimization
 * Service Creation for next generation networks.
 * Parlay, Parlay/OSA, Parlay-X and Parlay Web Services
 * Application servers in the network
 * NeXTSTEP and OS X :-)

I'm on a Mission
I've recently helped to develop a course on next generation telecoms for IBM's architect community. Afterwards, the attendees asked for short summaries of key telecom technologies, so I gave them some pointers to some excellent articles on Wikipedia. Now it seems only fair to create the entries on Wikipedia I couldn't find, and update some others!

Contact Details
Z A Lozinski IBM UK zygmunt_lozinski@uk.ibm.com

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Zygmunt lozinski


text:
Liver (color)

At right is displayed the color traditionally called liver.

The first recorded use of liver as a color name in English was in 1686.

Liver may also refer to a group of certain types of dark brown color in dogs and horses. Said nomenclature may also refer to the color of the organ.

In dogs

In dogs, the Liver color is caused by dilution of the eumelanin (black) pigment by the B locus. The gene that causes Liver is recessive, so a BB or Bb dog has normal black pigment. Only a bb dog is Liver. There are several different recessive b genes, but they all turn the coat brown. They are only distinguishable through genetic testing. Liver may also be called different names such as Brown, Chocolate, or Red. Red is a very misleading term, and should be avoided when referring to the color liver because it can be confused for phaeomelanin pigment. This second pigment is what colors all the "true red" or yellow parts of a dog.

Liver dilution can also be combined with other genes that dilute a dog's coat. The D locus dilutes black pigment to a blue-grey color usually called Blue. It is a recessive trait like Liver. When a dog has both Liver and Blue dilution, it will appear to be a light, warm-gray color known as Isabella. This is the color of Weimaraners. This color also has alternate names such as Liliac or Silver. When Liver is combined with Merle, the eumelanin (black) pigment is further diluted in random patches. This usually creates a light reddish-gray dog with dark brown patches. This color is often called "Red Merle" even though that is misleading. A more correct name would be Liver Merle or Chocolate Merle.

There are many other dog colors that can look like brown, but are not Liver. A dog that is very dark red, like an Irish Setter may sometimes appear brown. Dogs with a blend of Black and Red/Yellow fur can also look like they have brown areas. An easy way to tell if a dog is Liver or not is to look at their nose. Eumelanin (black) pigment colors a dog's nose, so a Liver dog will have a Liver colored nose. If the nose is black, the dog is not a liver. A pink nose has nothing to do with liver dilution, and will not help determine if a dog is liver or not. Liver will also dilute a dog's brown eyes to amber/yellow.

It is also possible for a dog to be a Liver, and not appear brown. A dog that is recessive red cannot produce eumelanin (black) pigment in their fur. Since Liver is a dilution of black pigment, a recessive red Liver dog will appear to be a shade of Red, Yellow, or Cream depending on the intensity of the dog's phaeomelanin (red) pigment. A recessive red Liver will still be born with a Liver nose and amber/yellow eyes. It is common for the nose of any recessive red dog to fade to pink as they grow older. Livers, like any dog, can also be covered with varying amounts of white which will hide the color of the fur.

Liver chestnut in horses

In horses, liver chestnut is a chocolate-colored chestnut horse. A dark liver chestnut has the same recessive base genetics as a regular chestnut, but the shade is a dark brown rather than the reddish or rust color more typical of chestnut. A horse that appears to be a dark liver chestnut but has a flaxen-colored mane and tail, sometimes colloquially though incorrectly called a "chocolate palomino", could be genetically chestnut but could also be a black horse manifesting the silver dapple gene. Silver dapple is a dilution gene that acts in a manner similar to the liver dilution in dogs. The darkest liver chestnuts may be confused for black, but such horses are distinguished from other phenotypes by the absence of black hairs, and obviously brown or reddish legs, muzzles, flanks and other "soft" areas. The genotypes that determine specific varieties of chestnut are not known, but the genetics that darken the coat may have a recessive mode of inheritance. The sooty gene may also be one factor in creating the darker color, though sooty coloration is generally not evenly distributed throughout the coat. Genetic testing can distinguish a chestnut from a black or a bay horse.

Other dilution genes in horses analogous to those creating dilution shades in dogs do not create a liver color in horses. These include the dun gene, which produces a tan-colored or "blue"/gray solid colored coat and the champagne gene which tends to lighten the coat more than the mane or tail.

Liver (organ)

This is the color of a healthy human liver. It may range from brown to reddish brown, and the color represented in the adjacent box is the gross average of these shades. A yellowish or greenish liver may indicate jaundice or a similar condition, a dark brown color may indicate alcohol poisoning, a black color can be seen in livers affected by Dubin–Johnson syndrome, and white or grayish tones may indicate cancer. It is unknown why the color of dogs and horses came to be known by the term "Liver", as these tones indicate an unhealthy liver.

These healthy tones usually indicate blood flow, which is why livers and other meat turn grayish brown when cooked.

Dark liver (web)
At right is displayed the color dark liver (web).

This is the shade of dark liver that is the unofficial web color called liver that is traditionally used in web site design.

In nature

 * Liver-colored moray eel
 * Liver-colored horses

title: Liver (color)


text:
Hui Liangyu

Hui Liangyu (, Xiao'erjing: ﺧُﻮِ ﻟِﯿْﺎ ﻳُﻮْْ ; born October 1944) was a Vice Premier of China in charge of agriculture.

Biography
Hui was born in Yushu, Jilin Province. He is a member of the Hui ethnic minority. Starting in 1969, he worked in a number of Chinese Communist Party and government positions, rising to full membership in the Politburo of the CCP Central Committee in November 2002. He was the CCP party chief in Jiangsu from 2000 to 2002. He served as a Vice Premier from 2003 to 2013.

title: Hui Liangyu


text:
Dammar gum

Dammar, also called dammar gum, or damar gum, is a resin obtained from the tree family Dipterocarpaceae in India and Southeast Asia, principally those of the genera Shorea or Hopea (synonym Balanocarpus). The resin of some species of Canarium may also called dammar. Most is produced by tapping trees; however, some is collected in fossilised form on the ground. The gum varies in colour from clear to pale yellow, while the fossilised form is grey-brown. Dammar gum is a triterpenoid resin, containing many triterpenes and their oxidation products. Many of them are low molecular weight compounds (dammarane, dammarenolic acid, oleanane, oleanonic acid, etc.), which easily oxidizes and photoxidizes.

Types

 * Damar mata kucing ('cat's eye damar') is a crystalline resin, usually in the form of round balls. Shorea javanica is an important source in Indonesia.
 * Damar batu ('stone damar') is stone or pebble-shaped, opaque dammar collected from the ground.
 * Damar hitam ('black damar')

Uses

 * Dammar varnish, made from dammar gum dissolved in turpentine, was introduced as a picture varnish in 1826; commonly used in oil painting, both during the painting process and after the painting is finished. Dammar varnish and similar gum varnishes auto-oxidize and yellow over a relatively short time regardless of storage method; this effect is more pronounced on paintings stored in darkness than with works on display in light due to the bleaching effects of sunlight on the colorants involved.
 * Batik is made from dammar crystals dissolved in molten paraffin wax, to prevent the wax from cracking when it is drawn onto silk or rayon.
 * Encaustic paints are made from dammar crystals in beeswax with pigment added. The dammar crystals serve as a hardening agent.
 * As caulk for ships in the past, frequently with pitch or bitumen.
 * As a common mounting material along with canada balsam for preparing biological samples for light microscopy.
 * Used in Ayurvedic medicine for various conditions.

Constituent compounds
Fresh dammar gum consists of a mixture of compounds; primarily hydroxydammarenone, dammarenolic acid, and oleanonic aldehyde.

Physical data

 * Appearance: white powder
 * Melting point: around 120 °C
 * Density: 1.04 to 1.12 g/ml
 * Refractive index: around 1.5
 * CAS number: 9000-16-2
 * EINECS: 232-528-4
 * Harmonised Tariff: 1301-90

Stability and toxicity
The gum is stable, probably combustible and incompatible with strong oxidising agents. Its toxicity is low, but inhalation of dust may cause allergies.

title: Dammar gum


text: User talk:81.68.224.72

title: User talk:81.68.224.72


text:
Primitive polynomial (field theory)

In finite field theory, a branch of mathematics, a primitive polynomial is the minimal polynomial of a primitive element of the finite field $GF(p^{m})$. This means that a polynomial $F(X)$ of degree $m$ with coefficients in $GF(p) = Z/pZ$ is a primitive polynomial if it is monic and has a root $α$ in $GF(p^{m})$ such that $$\{0,1,\alpha, \alpha^2,\alpha^3, \ldots \alpha^{p^m-2}\}$$ is the entire field $GF(p^{m})$. This implies that $α$ is a primitive ($p^{m} − 1$)-root of unity in $GF(p^{m})$.

Properties

 * Because all minimal polynomials are irreducible, all primitive polynomials are also irreducible.
 * A primitive polynomial must have a non-zero constant term, for otherwise it will be divisible by x. Over GF(2), x + 1 is a primitive polynomial and all other primitive polynomials have an odd number of terms, since any polynomial mod 2 with an even number of terms is divisible by x + 1 (it has 1 as a root).
 * An irreducible polynomial F(x) of degree m over GF(p), where p is prime, is a primitive polynomial if the smallest positive integer n such that F(x) divides xn − 1 is n = pm − 1.
 * A primitive polynomial of degree $m$ has $m$ different roots in $GF(p^{m})$, which all have order $p^{m} − 1$, meaning that any of them generates the multiplicative group of the field.
 * Over GF(p) there are exactly $φ(p^{m} − 1)$ primitive elements and $φ(p^{m} − 1) / m$ primitive polynomials, each of degree $m$, where $φ$ is Euler's totient function.
 * The algebraic conjugates of a primitive element $α$ in $GF(2)$ are $α$, $GF(3)$, $GF(5)$, …, $GF(7)$ and so the primitive polynomial $GF(11)$ has explicit form $GF(p^{m})$. That the coefficients of a polynomial of this form, for any $α$ in $α$, not necessarily primitive, lie in $α$ follows from the property that the polynomial is invariant under application of the Frobenius automorphism to its coefficients (using $α$) and from the fact that the fixed field of the Frobenius automorphism is $F(x)$.

Examples
Over $F(x) = (x − α) (x − α) (x − α) … (x − α)$ the polynomial $GF(p^{n})$ is irreducible but not primitive because it divides $GF(p)$: its roots generate a cyclic group of order 4, while the multiplicative group of $α^{p^{n}} = α|undefined$ is a cyclic group of order 8. The polynomial $GF(p)$, on the other hand, is primitive. Denote one of its roots by $α$. Then, because the natural numbers less than and relatively prime to $GF(3)$ are 1, 3, 5, and 7, the four primitive roots in $x^{2} + 1$ are $α$, $x^{4} − 1$, $GF(3^{2})$, and $x^{2} + 2x + 2$. The primitive roots $α$ and $3^{2} − 1 = 8$ are algebraically conjugate. Indeed $GF(3^{2})$. The remaining primitive roots $α^{3} = 2α + 1$ and $α^{5} = 2α$ are also algebraically conjugate and produce the second primitive polynomial: $α^{7} = α + 2$.

For degree 3, $α^{3}$ has $x^{2} + 2x + 2 = (x − α) (x − (2α + 1))$ primitive elements. As each primitive polynomial of degree 3 has three roots, all necessarily primitive, there are $α^{5}$ primitive polynomials of degree 3. One primitive polynomial is $α^{7} = (α^{5})^{3}$. Denoting one of its roots by $γ$, the algebraically conjugate elements are $x^{2} + x + 2 = (x − 2α) (x − (α + 2))$ and $GF(3^{3})$. The other primitive polynomials are associated with algebraically conjugate sets built on other primitive elements $φ(3^{3} − 1) = φ(26) = 12$ with $r$ relatively prime to 26:
 * $$\begin{align}x^3+2x+1 & = (x-\gamma)(x-\gamma^3)(x-\gamma^9)\\

x^3+2x^2+x+1 &= (x-\gamma^5)(x-\gamma^{5\cdot3})(x-\gamma^{5\cdot9}) = (x-\gamma^5)(x-\gamma^{15})(x-\gamma^{19})\\ x^3+x^2+2x+1 &= (x-\gamma^7)(x-\gamma^{7\cdot3})(x-\gamma^{7\cdot9}) = (x-\gamma^7)(x-\gamma^{21})(x-\gamma^{11})\\ x^3+2x^2+1 &= (x-\gamma^{17})(x-\gamma^{17\cdot3})(x-\gamma^{17\cdot9}) = (x-\gamma^{17})(x-\gamma^{25})(x-\gamma^{23}). \end{align}$$

Field element representation
Primitive polynomials can be used to represent the elements of a finite field. If α in GF(pm) is a root of a primitive polynomial F(x), then the nonzero elements of GF(pm) are represented as successive powers of α:

\mathrm{GF}(p^m) = \{ 0, 1= \alpha^0, \alpha, \alpha^2, \ldots, \alpha^{p^m-2} \}. $$

This allows an economical representation in a computer of the nonzero elements of the finite field, by representing an element by the corresponding exponent of $$\alpha.$$ This representation makes multiplication easy, as it corresponds to addition of exponents modulo $$p^m-1.$$

Pseudo-random bit generation
Primitive polynomials over GF(2), the field with two elements, can be used for pseudorandom bit generation. In fact, every linear-feedback shift register with maximum cycle length (which is 2n − 1, where n is the length of the linear-feedback shift register) may be built from a primitive polynomial.

In general, for a primitive polynomial of degree m over GF(2), this process will generate 2m − 1 pseudo-random bits before repeating the same sequence.

CRC codes
The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is an error-detection code that operates by interpreting the message bitstring as the coefficients of a polynomial over GF(2) and dividing it by a fixed generator polynomial also over GF(2); see Mathematics of CRC. Primitive polynomials, or multiples of them, are sometimes a good choice for generator polynomials because they can reliably detect two bit errors that occur far apart in the message bitstring, up to a distance of 2n − 1 for a degree n primitive polynomial.

Primitive trinomials
A useful class of primitive polynomials is the primitive trinomials, those having only three nonzero terms: xr + xk + 1. Their simplicity makes for particularly small and fast linear-feedback shift registers. A number of results give techniques for locating and testing primitiveness of trinomials.

For polynomials over GF(2), where 2r − 1 is a Mersenne prime, a polynomial of degree r is primitive if and only if it is irreducible. (Given an irreducible polynomial, it is not primitive only if the period of x is a non-trivial factor of 2r − 1. Primes have no non-trivial factors.)  Although the Mersenne Twister pseudo-random number generator does not use a trinomial, it does take advantage of this.

Richard Brent has been tabulating primitive trinomials of this form, such as x74207281 + x30684570 + 1. This can be used to create a pseudo-random number generator of the huge period 274207281 − 1 ≈ $3$.

title: Primitive polynomial (field theory)


text:
Contextualism

Contextualism, also known as epistemic contextualism, is a family of views in philosophy which emphasize the context in which an action, utterance, or expression occurs. Proponents of contextualism argue that, in some important respect, the action, utterance, or expression can only be understood relative to that context. Contextualist views hold that philosophically controversial concepts, such as "meaning P ", "knowing that P ", "having a reason to A ", and possibly even "being true" or "being right" only have meaning relative to a specified context. Other philosophers contend that context-dependence leads to complete relativism.

In ethics, "contextualist" views are often closely associated with situational ethics, or with moral relativism.

Contextualism in architecture is a theory of design where modern building types are harmonized with urban forms usual to a traditional city.

In epistemology, contextualism is the treatment of the word 'knows' as context-sensitive. Context-sensitive expressions are ones that "express different propositions relative to different contexts of use". For example, some terms generally considered context-sensitive are indexicals, such as 'I', 'here', and 'now'; while 'I' has a constant linguistic meaning in all contexts of use, whom it refers to varies with context. Similarly, epistemic contextualists argue that the word 'knows' is context sensitive, expressing different relations in some different contexts.

Overview
Contextualism was introduced, in part, to undermine skeptical arguments that have this basic structure: The contextualist solution is not to deny any premise, nor to say that the argument does not follow, but link the truth value of (3) to the context, and say that we can refuse (3) in context—like everyday conversational context—where we have different requirements to say we know.
 * 1) I don't know that I am not in a skeptical scenario H (e.g., I'm not a brain in a vat)
 * 2) If I don't know that H is not the case, then I don't know an ordinary proposition O (e.g., I have hands)
 * 3) Conclusion: Therefore, I don't know O

The main tenet of contextualist epistemology is that knowledge attributions are context-sensitive, and the truth values of "know" depend on the context in which it is used. A statement like 'I know that I have hands' would be false. The same proposition in an ordinary context—e.g., in a cafe with friends— would be truth, and its negation would be false. When we participate in philosophical discourses of the skeptical sort, we seem to lose our knowledge; once we leave the skeptical context, we  can truthfully say we have knowledge.

That is, when we attribute knowledge to someone, the context in which we use the term 'knowledge' determines the standards relative to which "knowledge" is being attributed (or denied). If we use it in everyday conversational contexts, the contextualist maintains, most of our claims to "know" things are true, despite skeptical attempts to show we know little or nothing. But if the term 'knowledge' is used when skeptical hypotheses are being discussed, we count as "knowing" very little, if anything. Contextualists use this to explain why skeptical arguments can be persuasive, while at the same time protecting the correctness of our ordinary claims to "know" things. This theory does not allow that someone can have knowledge at one moment and not the other, which would not be a satisfying epistemological answer. What contextualism entails is that in one context an utterance of a knowledge attribution can be true, and in a context with higher standards for knowledge, the same statement can be false. This happens in the same way that 'I' can correctly be used (by different people) to refer to different people at the same time.

What varies with context is how well-positioned a subject must be with respect to a proposition to count as "knowing" it. Contextualism in epistemology then is a semantic thesis about how 'knows' works in English, not a theory of what knowledge, justification, or strength of epistemic position consists in. However, epistemologists combine contextualism with views about what knowledge is to address epistemological puzzles and issues, such as skepticism, the Gettier problem, and the Lottery paradox.

Contextualist accounts of knowledge became increasingly popular toward the end of the 20th century, particularly as responses to the problem of skepticism. Contemporary contextualists include Michael Blome-Tillmann, Michael Williams, Stewart Cohen, Keith DeRose, David Lewis, Gail Stine, and George Mattey.

The standards for attributing knowledge to someone, the contextualist claims, vary from one user's context to the next. Thus, if I say "John knows that his car is in front of him", the utterance is true if and only if (1) John believes that his car is in front of him, (2) the car is in fact in front of him, and (3) John meets the epistemic standards that my (the speaker's) context selects. This is a loose contextualist account of knowledge, and there are many significantly different theories of knowledge that can fit this contextualist template and thereby come in a contextualist form.

For instance, an evidentialist account of knowledge can be an instance of contextualism if it's held that strength of justification is a contextually varying matter. And one who accepts a relevant alternative's account of knowledge can be a contextualist by holding that what range of alternatives are relevant is sensitive to conversational context. DeRose adopts a type of modal or "safety" (as it has since come to be known) account on which knowledge is a matter of one's belief as to whether or not p is the case matching the fact of the matter, not only in the actual world, but also in the sufficiently close possible worlds: Knowledge amounts to there being no "nearby" worlds in which one goes wrong with respect to p. But how close is sufficiently close? It's here that DeRose takes the modal account of knowledge in a contextualist direction, for the range of "epistemically relevant worlds" is what varies with context: In high standards contexts one's belief must match the fact of the matter through a much wider range of worlds than is relevant to low standards contexts.

It is claimed that neurophilosophy has the goal of contextualizing.

Contextualist epistemology has been criticized by several philosophers. Contextualism is opposed to any general form of Invariantism, which claims that knowledge is not context-sensitive (i.e. it is invariant). More recent criticism has been in the form of rival theories, including Subject-Sensitive Invariantism (SSI), mainly due to the work of John Hawthorne (2004), and Interest-Relative Invariantism (IRI), due to Jason Stanley (2005). SSI claims that it is the context of the subject of the knowledge attribution that determines the epistemic standards, whereas Contextualism maintains it is the attributor. IRI, on the other hand, argues that it is the context of the practical interests of the subject of the knowledge attribution that determines the epistemic standards. Stanley writes that bare IRI is "simply the claim that whether or not someone knows that p may be determined in part by practical facts about the subject's environment." ("Contextualism" is a misnomer for either form of Invariantism, since "Contextualism" among epistemologists is considered to be restricted to a claim about the context-sensitivity of knowledge attributions (or the word "knows"). Thus, any view which maintains that something other than knowledge attributions are context-sensitive is not, strictly speaking, a form of Contextualism.)

An alternative to contextualism called contrastivism has been proposed by Jonathan Schaffer. Contrastivism, like contextualism, uses semantic approaches to tackle the problem of skepticism.

Recent work in experimental philosophy has taken an empirical approach to testing the claims of contextualism and related views. This research has proceeded by conducting experiments in which ordinary non-philosophers are presented with vignettes, then asked to report on the status of the knowledge ascription. The studies address contextualism by varying the context of the knowledge ascription, e.g. how important it is that the agent in the vignette has accurate knowledge.

In the studies completed up to 2010, no support for contextualism has been found: stakes have no impact on evidence. More specifically, non-philosophical intuitions about knowledge attributions are not affected by the importance to the potential knower of the accuracy of that knowledge.

References and further reading

 * Annis, David. 1978. "A Contextualist Theory of Epistemic Justification", in American Philosophical Quarterly, 15: 213–219.
 * Cappelen, H. & Lepore, E. 2005. Insensitive Semantics: A Defense of Semantic Minimalism and Speech Act Pluralism, Blackwell Publishing.
 * Cohen, Stuart. 1998. "Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems: Scepticism, Gettier, and the Lottery." Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 76: 289–306.
 * Cohen Stuart. 1999. "Contextualism, Skepticism, and Reasons", in Tomberlin 1999.
 * DeRose, Keith. 1992. "Contextualism and Knowledge Attributions", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 52: 913–929.
 * DeRose, Keith. 1995. "Solving the Skeptical Problem," Philosophical Review 104: 1-52.
 * DeRose, Keith. 1999. "Contextualism: An Explanation and Defense", in Greco and Sosa 1999.
 * DeRose, Keith. 2002. "Assertion, Knowledge, and Context," Philosophical Review 111: 167–203.
 * DeRose, Keith. 2009. The Case for Contextualism: Knowledge, Skepticism and Context, Vol. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 * Feldman, Richard. 1999. "Contextualism and Skepticism", in Tomberlin 1999.
 * Greco, J. & Sosa, E. 1999. Blackwell Guide to Epistemology, Blackwell Publishing.
 * Hawthorne, John. 2004. Knowledge and Lotteries, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 * Mackie, J.L. 1977, "Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong", Viking Press, ISBN 0-14-013558-8.
 * May, Joshua, Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter, Hull, Jay G. & Zimmerman, Aaron. 2010. "Practical Interests, Relevant Alternatives, and Knowledge Attributions: An Empirical Study", Review of Philosophy and Psychology (formerly European Review of Philosophy), special issue on Psychology and Experimental Philosophy ed. by Edouard Machery, Tania Lombrozo, & Joshua Knobe, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 265–273.
 * Price, A. W. 2008. ' 'Contextuality in Practical Reason' ', Oxford University Press.
 * Schaffer, Jonathan. 2004. "From Contextualism to Contrastivism," Philosophical Studies 119: 73–103.
 * Schiffer, Stephen. 1996. "Contextualist Solutions to Scepticism", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 96:317-33.
 * Stanley, Jason. 2005. Knowledge and Practical Interests. New York: Oxford University Press.
 * Timmons Mark, 1998 "Morality Without Foundations: A Defense of Ethical Contextualism Oxford University Press US.
 * Tomberlin, James (ed.). 1999. Philosophical Perspectives 13, Epistemology, Blackwell Publishing.
 * Schaffer, Jonathan. 2004. "From Contextualism to Contrastivism," Philosophical Studies 119: 73–103.
 * Schiffer, Stephen. 1996. "Contextualist Solutions to Scepticism", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 96:317-33.
 * Stanley, Jason. 2005. Knowledge and Practical Interests. New York: Oxford University Press.
 * Timmons Mark, 1998 "Morality Without Foundations: A Defense of Ethical Contextualism Oxford University Press US.
 * Tomberlin, James (ed.). 1999. Philosophical Perspectives 13, Epistemology, Blackwell Publishing.

title: Contextualism


text:
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Talk:Mount Aragats

Untitled
Which altitude is more correct, 4,090 or 4,095m? Would it be worth to mention the cosmic radiation observatory and Amberd?

 * I corrected the altitude, it is in fact 4,090. Feel free to write about Amberd and the observatory if you like. --Aramgutang 17:16, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The GVP states its altitude as 4095m...

Guanlongwucaii (talk) 12:46, 31 May 2009 (UTC)Guanlongwucaii

Is that cosmic radiation observatory the Byurakan Observatory? I had it on mount "Aragatz" before.--Rayc 23:39, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Aragatz is a synonym. Global Volcanism Programme

Guanlongwucaii (talk) 12:46, 31 May 2009 (UTC)Guanlongwucaii

Inaccuracy in extinct/active/dormant status
The article says that the volcano is extinct and is a stratovolcano which last erupted within 10,000 years... Don't stratovolcanoes not go extinct that quickly? Guanlongwucaii (talk) 12:32, 31 May 2009 (UTC)Guanlongwucaii

Elevation and prominence
Just some info on a recent edit I made. The prominence for this peak had a citation needed tag so I took the time to find the source of the figure. Only problem is, that prom figure of 2143 m is based on an assumed total elevation of 4190 m, as apposed to the given height of 4095 m. We can't adjust the prom by 5 m to 2148 m because that would be OR/sythesis. So I found an additional source stating the 4090 m figure, changed the elevation in the article to 4090 m, cited all the new sources and left the existing ref for 4095 m where it was at. (Note: I also ran across a couple sources giving a height of 4091 m, so this new elevation of 4090 m may be more accurate in any case.)

If someone objects to this new elevation, it wouldn't be the worst thing to change it back to 4095 m and leave the prominence figure and its new ref as is. All this would amount to, is we would be certain that one or both of the figures would be at least 2.5 m in error.--Racerx11 (talk) 12:32, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

 * The error margin in the elevation is probably greater than 5 m so the above matter is probably of little consequence, assuming your "assumed total elevation" should be 4090 m, and that your 4190 m is a typo. Viewfinder (talk) 02:51, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Thats more or less my thoughts. I didn't really mean anything by my phrase you quoted "assumed total elevation". Awkward choice of words on my part. I was just merely pointing out that a prominence calculation will be based on an elevation figure of the peak in question. So if you accept and cite a prominence figure, then it follows you would also accept the elevation used to calculate it. But as you pointed out, if margin of error in these measurements is greater than difference, it becomes a moot point.

 * I only bring this up at all because when an editor does something like I did (changing an elevation that was properly sourced to begin with) I feel the need to give a better explanation than can be given in the edit summary. Thanks. --Racerx11 (talk) 04:14, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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More images
I am not familiar with our rules/norms for the Gallery section, but wanted to let folks know I just uploaded some additional photography to Wikimedia Commons under a free license: in case it is useful here. I have a COI with the photographer. CorporateM (Talk) 18:17, 15 August 2016 (UTC)

Mt Aragat
In certain places water runs uphill. Balls roll uphill and in one demonstration a car even rolled uphill. 174.215.134.26 (talk) 23:32, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Aragats