text:
User talk:Tails623

Heads-up, Tails623 ;) I hope you like the place and choose to stay.

Some links that may be of use:
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How to edit a page
 * Village pump - ask questions you may have here, or leave a message on my talk page

Have fun! Dysprosia 06:41, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

siamese photo, again
I added a GFDL tag to the photo you took of your cat, but there needs to be something for the photo of the show cat. If you're sure it's a public domain picture, put on the image's page. If you're not sure, try to find out, or remove the picture. We really need to be careful about using photos that could be copyrighted, and many people who use images on their own websites don't always pay much attention to copyrights. (On a side note, it's kind of rude and un-wiki-like to remove someone's comments from your talk page, unless it's vandalism or a personal attack...) Lachatdelarue [[User talk:Lachatdelarue|(talk)]] 14:28, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Helloz Tails!
Hi Tails, Sorry for not being online for ages, The weekend was kinda hectic with my dad coming down and also the fact my sister's B-day was friday and my Mum's was Monday >.<

I also got the new GTA: San Andreas which is really awesome because you get to ride a bike and do Bunny hops and Wheelies ^_^, Although you do the cliché 'killing people' stuff I normally just prefer to steal a BMX and ride up the mountains and countrysides...until I fell off a cliff <_< >_> lol

I'll try to break away from the game to get online and IM you but I just sent this message to tell you about why I've 'disappeared' resently...If you want to reply just post a comment to my Wikipedia User-Talk page okay ;)

See ya later! Louisisthebest_007 11:03, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Image source
Thank you for uploading Image:Appleheadsimese.jpg. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. Thank you. --Ellmist 03:48, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Also the picture of Image:Naka0.gif   — Zeimusu | Talk

Orphaned non-free image (File:Smcgcmenu.jpg)
You've uploaded File:Smcgcmenu.jpg, and indicated that it's used under Wikipedia's rules for non-free images. However, it's not presently used in any articles. Wikipedia policy requires that non-free images be either used or deleted, so if this image isn't used in an article in the next week, it will be deleted.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 03:00, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

Please claim your upload(s): File:Xboxinsides.jpg
Hi, This media was seemingly uploaded prior to current image polices,

However, due to changes in the copyright situation in some jurisdictions, there is a need to ensure media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed. It would be appreciated if you were able to confirm that it was your own work, by marking it as own, Fully completeing the information block, and leaving an acknowledgement on the file description page to indicate that you've accepted the license shown (and updated the information accordingly. If you have other uploads, please consider "claiming" them in a similar manner, You can find a list of files you have created [ here].

If you don't want to keep your media on English Wikipedia, please nominate it for deletion under Criteria G7 of the Criteria for Speedy deletion ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 13:47, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tails623


text:
User talk:Akaihola~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --L$T27 20:03, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Thanks L$T27
I only noticed your welcome message now. -- akaihola 06:20, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Akaihola. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Akaihola~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:44, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:16, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Akaihola~enwiki


text:
John Ponsonby (politician)

John Ponsonby, PC (Ire) (29 March 1713 – 16 August 1787) was an Anglo-Irish politician.

Biography
Ponsonby was the second son of Brabazon Ponsonby, who was created the Earl of Bessborough in 1739, and his first wife, Sarah Margetson Colvill. He was the grandson of William Ponsonby, 1st Viscount Duncannon.

In 1739, Ponsonby entered the Irish House of Commons for Newtownards, becoming its speaker in 1756. He also served as First Commissioner of the Revenue and he became a member of the Privy Council of Ireland in 1746. In 1761, Ponsonby was elected for County Kilkenny and Armagh, and sitting for the former. In 1768, he stood also for Gowran and Newtownards, and in 1776 for Carlow, but chose each time County Kilkenny, which he represented until 1783. Subsequently, Ponsonby was again returned for Newtownards and sat for this constituency until his death in 1787.

Belonging to one of the great families which at this time monopolized the government of Ireland, Ponsonby was one of the principal "undertakers," men who controlled the whole of the king's business in Ireland, and he retained the chief authority until George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend became lord-lieutenant in 1767. Then followed a struggle for supremacy between the Ponsonby faction and the party dependent on Townshend, one result of this being that Ponsonby resigned the speakership in 1771.

He married in 1743 Lady Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of the 3rd Duke of Devonshire, a connection which was of great importance to the Ponsonbys. (His older brother, William Ponsonby, 2nd Earl of Bessborough, had married the Duke's eldest daughter in 1739.) His sons, William Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly, and George Ponsonby, were also politicians of distinction. His daughter Catherine married Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Shannon, and was mother to Henry Boyle, 3rd Earl of Shannon.

title: John Ponsonby (politician)


text:
User talk:Rafikk~enwiki

Polish Wikipedians' notice board
zapraszam.--Witkacy 13:33, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Prosilbym autora o kontakt w sprawie strony o gcompris na adres michaeel(at)skrzynka.pl

Gdansk fountain
It's a pleasure. By the way I've put your picture on Gdansk becasue the previous one of the same subject had no license. Rich Farmbrough 20:45, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Deletion of images
You are reading two different sections on. First one tells how to transfer an image from Wikipedia to the Commons. Second one tells how to rename/move an image that is already on commons.

Because of licence and copyright issues, we normally do not delete images here on Wikipedia that have been transferred to Commons. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 05:31, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

 * We generally only delete if:
 * Image was put on Commons before it was put on Wikipedia
 * Same user put it on both Wikipedia and Commons
 * Because you were the same user, I will list Image:Retro gdynia koscierzyna.jpg on Images for deletion. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 05:39, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Gdynia-orlowo.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Gdynia-orlowo.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 12:18, 13 March 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. IngerAlHaosului (talk) 12:18, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

File:Koscierzyna flag.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Koscierzyna flag.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 09:02, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rafikk. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rafikk~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:35, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:53, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rafikk~enwiki


text:
Andrew Stern

Andrew Stern may refer to:
 * Andy Stern, president of the Service Employees International Union
 * Andrew Stern (video game designer), co-designer of the artificial intelligence experiment Façade (interactive story)
 * Andrew Stern (tennis), American tennis player in 1952, 1953 and 1954 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

title: Andrew Stern


text:
Talk:Pirate radio in Asia

This is the expansion page from the main topic called Pirate Radio. It was created due to space limitations on the original page. MPLX/MH 20:04, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

This writing style is really annoying! Sandcat01 (talk) 03:42, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pirate radio in Asia


text: Template:Power Rangers

title: Template:Power Rangers


text:
Lev Artsimovich

Lev Andreyevich Artsimovich (Russian: Лев Андреевич Арцимович, February 25, 1909 – March 1, 1973), also transliterated Arzimowitsch, was a Soviet physicist known for his contributions to the Tokamak— a device that produces controlled thermonuclear fusion power.

Prior to conceiving the idea on nuclear fusion, Artsimovich participated in the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons, and was a recipient of many former Soviet honors and awards.

Biography
Artsimovich was born on 25 February 1909 in Moscow in the Russian Empire. His family had Polish nobility roots; nonetheless, he was described as Russian by his autobiographer in 1985. His grandfather, a professor, was exiled to Siberia after the Polish uprising against Tsarist Russia in 1863 and married a Russian woman, later settling in Smolensk. His father was educated at Lviv University; his mother was a pianist trained in Switzerland. In 1923, Soviet authorities moved the Artsimovich family (due to suspicion of Anti-bolshevist activity) to Minsk, where he found employment in the railroad industry and started training towards becoming a railroad engineer. After his father found employment at Belarus State University, Artsimovich was able to attend the physics program at Belarus State University, and graduated with a specialist degree in physics in 1928–29. After moving to Moscow, he found employment in Artem Alikhanian's laboratory, and joined the staff at the Ioffe Institute in 1930.

Initially, he worked on problems relating to nuclear physics and unsuccessfully defended his thesis for a Candidate of Sciences degree in 1937 and in 1939 at the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute, receiving only a written endorsement from the Ioffe Institute. During his lifetime, Artsimovich was recommended by many leading Soviet physicists to be conferred a Doktor Nauk (a Russian PhD), but the recommendations were later dismissed.

In 1945, Artsimovich joined the Soviet program of nuclear weapons, working on an electromagnetic method of isotope separation of uranium at Laboratory No. 2 along with Isaak Pomeranchuk. He was given Russian espionage files from Soviet agencies on the Manhattan Project's electromagnetic method. But the uranium enrichment under Artsimovich failed when it proved too costly since the electricity required for this work could not be produced by the Soviet power grid at that time. Despite being removed by Beria, Artsimovich continued work on gas discharges with support from Kurchatov at his Laboratory No. 2. After 1949, his work focused on the field of nuclear fusion by producing lithium-6 for the RDS-6s device.

From 1951 to his death in 1973, Artsimovich was the head of the fusion power program in the former Soviet Union and became known as "the father of the Tokamak", a special concept for a fusion reactor. Once Artsimovich was asked when the first thermonuclear reactor would start its work. He replied: "When mankind needs it, maybe a short time before that."

In 1953, he became an academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and then a member of its Presidium in 1957. From 1963 to 1973, he was vice-chairman of the Russian chapter of the Pugwash Committee and chairman of the National Committee of Soviet Physicists. In 1966, he visited the United States to deliver a lecture on fusion and Tokamak technology at MIT, and was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. On 1 March 1973, Artsimovich passed away due to cardiac arrest in Moscow. The crater Artsimovich on the Moon is named after him.

Honours and awards

 * 1946 – Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
 * 1953 – Academician of the USSR
 * 1953 – Stalin Prize, first class
 * 1957 – Academician-secretary of the Department of General Physics and Astronomy, USSR Academy of Sciences, member of the Presidium of the USSR
 * 1958 – Lenin Prize
 * 1965 – Honorary Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
 * 1966 – Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 1968 – Foreign Member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences
 * 1969 – Honorary Member of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences
 * 1969 – Hero of Socialist Labour
 * 1970 – Honorary Citizen of Texas (USA)
 * 1971 – USSR State Prize
 * 1972 – Honorary Doctor of the University of Warsaw
 * Four Orders of Lenin
 * Two Orders of the Red Banner of Labour

title: Lev Artsimovich


text:
George Ponsonby

George Ponsonby (5 March 1755 – 8 July 1817), was a British lawyer and Whig politician. He was Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1806 to 1807 in the Ministry of All the Talents.

Background and education
Ponsonby was the second surviving son of the Honourable John Ponsonby, speaker of the Irish House of Commons (1756–71), and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Cavendish (1723–1796), daughter of William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire. He was educated at Kilkenny College and at Trinity College, Cambridge.

Legal and political career
A barrister, Ponsonby became a member of the Irish House of Commons in 1776. He sat for Wicklow between 1778 and 1783 and subsequently for Inistioge between 1783 and 1797. From 1798 until the Act of Union in 1801, he represented Galway Borough. Ponsonby was Chancellor of the Irish Exchequer in 1782, afterwards taking a prominent part in the debates on the question of Roman Catholic relief, and leading the opposition to the union of the parliaments.

After 1801 Ponsonby represented County Wicklow and then Tavistock in the Parliament of the United Kingdom; in 1806 to 1807 he was Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and from 1808 to 1817 he was the recognised leader of the opposition in the British House of Commons.

Ponsonby had been selected as the first recognised leader of the opposition, rather than leader of an opposition, when the two leading Whig peers Lord Grenville and Earl Grey, proposed him to Whig MPs. Ponsonby was described by Foorde as "a little-known mediocrity who was related to Lady Grey". He proved to be a weak leader, but was unwilling to resign and so retained the leadership of the party in the House of Commons until his death. He was succeeded as party leader by George Tierney.

Personal life
In Dublin, he was a member of Daly's Club.

He married Lady Mary Butler, the daughter of Brinsley Butler, 2nd Earl of Lanesborough and his wife Lady Jane Rochfort. He left an only daughter, Elizabeth, when he died in London on 8 July 1817, who went on to marry Francis Aldborough Prittie, MP, by whom she had six children.

title: George Ponsonby


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for bureaucratship/Sarge Baldy

Sarge Baldy

 * final (7/3/3) ends 20:08, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hello, it seems that I'm requesting bureaucrat status. I've been an admin since early in the year and I think have been responsible with the additional powers granted by it. I don't see adminship or bureaucratship status to really be anything important at all so long as people can be expected to use that power reasonably and responsibly. I feel that I've shown that I can do so. Sarge Baldy 20:08, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) Jwrosenzweig 20:12, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC) Given recent volume increases at RFA, a new bureaucrat is a good idea, and Sarge is a good choice.
 * 2) ugen64 23:32, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC) - I suppose I should be fulfilling my bureaucratic duties more often, and VV: you've gotta admit, he had good reason for his remarks.
 * 3) *? V V 23:39, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 4)  ℛ yan! |  Talk  14:06, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Emsworth 20:09, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. --John Kerry + John Edwards 2004 00:42, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) I don't see why not. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 23:19, 2004 Oct 3 (UTC)
 * 8) Seems like a bureaucracy specialist. Fine by me. Kim Bruning 10:55, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) V V 22:52, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC) For now.  His comments on the atomic bombings page (some of which are close to personal attacks) make me really question his judgement as to what is and is not appropriate administrative action (as well as editorial and edit history judgement).  (Addendum: He has now protected that page and reverted to his favored version, despite deep involvement in the article. V V  23:11, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC))
 * 2) *And no involvement in the conflict. And no particular preference on the version chosen, as personally I want the more factual information, which TDC and Get-back-world-respect can argue to figure out. There was over an hour between the page getting protected and me reverting to the other version. I fully intended to keep TDC's version and only reverted after Get-back-world-respect pointed me towards the protection policy, which suggests admins use the version that more closely complies with the Three revert rule. 23:24, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) *I didn't take any administrative action at all relating to that article. When the page was protected, I respected that protection and didn't change anything on the page. I made some opinionated comments in the talk page, where opinion belongs, in order to help reach a consensus on POV. I wouldn't consider anything I said in the talk page to be a personal attack and I accepted the eventual decisions reached. Please source any allegations against me and I will be willing to offer my refutation. Vagueness I cannot defend against. Sarge Baldy 23:11, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) **Fair enough. You stated under what conditions you would unprotect the page, which were acceding to your demands about not "censoring" parts of the article you wanted to keep (inappropriate use of admin privileges).  You blamed the entire edit war on me (edit history judgement).  You seemed to be implictly calling me a "determined troll" and a "problem user" and were generally condescending  (personal attacks).  You also were pushing the line that the bombings should be in Category:Terrorist incidents (editorial judgement). You also said there was a "consensus agreement" when there clearly was not one - in fact, most users opposed your categorization - a major issue for a would-be bureaucrat. V V  23:20, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) ***Throughout that talk page you never cared to explain why you removed the lines in question, which to all appearances were sourced data related to the death count, information which is both factual and very relative to the article. Whether or not I consider you a troll or a problem user does not necessitate my administrative actions will be used impartially against you, nor does my openness of opinion on the subject hold any bearing whatsoever. I considered the primary edit war to be the omission of several lines, which you attempted to remove on four occasions without expressing justification for doing so. That people opposed my categorization isn't of any importance, and the "consensus agreement" was not to include such a categorization, which as I said I accepted. You also claim to attack my editorial judgement but I cannot see the inherent flaw in my judgement. Taking a controversial stand on an issue does not necessarily make it an incorrect stand, and I opened the topic for debate rather than start an editing war over the topic. Sarge Baldy 23:53, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) ****Your statement said that I was not respecting consensus agreement; if so, cite what it is. This was the topic of the edit war - , which was discussed in Talk; a few other lines got tagged along for the ride - added by GBWR as a "minor edit", restored from deletions by TDC, deletions which were justified in Talk - which had not been verified and contained questionable content such as the POV word wanton.  You added your categorization two or three times, and left subsequent warring to "Style".  Something being "your opinion" does not make it not a personal attack. V V  00:12, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) *****I listed twice, the second with my justification on the talk page. It was listed 5 times afterward (once by 65.103.208.211 and 4 times by User:Style). These people were clearly out of their bounds in doing so by that point, but they seemed to have given up most of a week before the page was protected. Therefore, although their actions are equally condemnable, their roles were unrelated to page protection. Your role, however, was quite active and lead up much closer to lockdown. Therefore I found you as the highest risk candidate for disrupting the page on termination of protection. Your actions I considered problematic because you engaged in deleting relative, factual, sourced information, without listing the reasoning behind the action, a removal which I will stand by to consider censorship. Sarge Baldy 00:43, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) blankfaze | (беседа!)  01:49, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Cecropia | Talk 20:19, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC) A lackadaisical attitude in seeking a position of trust appears to have produced at best an apathetic result—only seven positive, along with two prior negatives, 3 doubtful neutrals and 2 comments.

Neutral

 * 1) I have either interacted with or know a bit about all the current bureaucrats, but I've never heard of Sarge Baldy before. It may simply be that the articles we edit do not overlap, but going through the user's edit history, I find many minor edits done en masse (e.g. adding categories, fixing errors) and the creation of short articles.  While I don't want to oppose and have no doubts about the sincerity and dedication of the user, the lack of community involvement prevents me from getting a clear enough picture to support.  Acegikmo1 23:43, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)t
 * 2) Nothing personal, but I can't get a clear sense of this user.  – Andre ( talk )  14:39, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) I can't get a good sense either, and while I have also had conflicts with VV, the lengthy back and forth above hasn't inspired me.... BCorr | Брайен 15:59, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Have you? I can't recall. Very Verily  22:45, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * It has been said above that a new bureaucrat is necessary to help cope with the increased volume of nominations. But it seems that at present, there are eighteen bureaucrats. I just wonder how a nineteenth is necessary. (But I do not oppose the request—I feel that if an individual is willing to take on the responsibility, and is sufficiently trusted, then the power should be granted.) -- Emsworth 20:09, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm concerned about Sarge Baldy's understanding of the process since he says "a minimum of 3-4 months is also required before applying for promotion". There is no such requirement - only a recommendation, which itself does not have consensus. Angela. 17:20, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * My mistake for reading that poll as one impacting official policy. Personally I strongly disagree with any requirement being set, so it doesn't upset me in the least to hear it doesn't. Sarge Baldy 18:28, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * I personally wouldn't regard a poll where over 40% of people objected to any requirement being set as having any influence on policy, but I can understand where you might have got the idea that it did. Angela. 19:52, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)

Questions Q1. For which positive reasons do you want to be a Bureaucrat? You seem to be backing into the request: "it seems that I'm requesting bureaucrat status."

A1. ''It's true that that is near my attitude; as I have said I do not consider it to be particularly major. As long as a user can be trusted to use a power responsibly I feel there is no need to restrict it. That said, I feel the benefit to Wikipedia is mainly to a) further diffuse bureaucratic privileges in order to lighten the workload on current bureaucrats b) help ensure timelier promotion of the userbase, following of course the standard procedures.''

Q2. Have you read the discussions on when to promote and not promote? What do you understand the criteria for promotion to be?

A2. ''Yes, I have. After a week (perhaps more in the case of a late conflict or some other situation) if there is a general consensus the user should be promoted, and after ensuring the user has accepted the nomination, then there is sufficient grounds for promotion. Furthermore, anonymous users cannot participate in nomination. All votes count, regardless of the user's editcount and time on the Wikipedia. Most standards seem to be self-imposed based on common sense, rather than forceable policy. However, a minimum of 3-4 months is also required before applying for promotion. I will refresh myself on other fine points I may have forgotten.''

Q3. How would you deal with contentious nominations where a decision to promote or not promote might be criticized?

A3. ''I would confer with other bureaucrats before hastily taking any action that might be deemed controversial. I don't believe that a consensus has been reached if suitable controversy remains, and individually would err on the side of inaction in such a situation.''


text:
User talk:Apollo2011

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --L$T27 20:08, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Victorian England: Colonialism Links
Economic history of the United Kingdom British Raj History of India British Empire [[New Imperialism

Vandalism of User Page
You've had your user page vandalized for the first time; I've reverted it. Congratulations, I guess... Revived 03:20, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

ubuntu user-box
know of one, or willing to post one if its made? Fcendejas 23:56, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:TombGuardChange.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:TombGuardChange.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Admrb♉ltz (T | C) 23:57, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Apollo2011


text:
All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)

The All India Kisan Sabha (Akhil Bharatiya Kisan Sabha) (AIKS), or All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane), is the peasants front of Communist Party of India (Marxist), and works for farmers rights, peasants rights and anti-feudal movement in India.

It is sometimes referred to as All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane), to distinguish it from the AIKS of Communist Party of India - the AIKS (Ajoy Bhavan). All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane) was previously known as All India Kisan Sabha (Ashoka Road).

Leadership
The 35th all India conference held at thrissur in December 2022 elected Vijoo Krishnan as the general secretary of All India Kisan Sabha. National president Ashok Dhawale and finance secretary P. Krishna Prasad retained their positions from the previous Hisar conference.

Membership development chart
This chart uses the Indian numeral system

Protest against three Agri-bills
AIKS led nationwide protests against Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020, Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020 and Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020.

 * 26 January 2021: AIKS organized tractor rally in national capital.
 * 25 January 2021: 50,000 farmers from various regions of Maharashtra marched towards the Raj Bhavan and submitted its charter of demands to Governor Bhagat Singh Kosyari.
 * 24 January 2021: 20,000 farmers’ vehicle march from Golfclub Maidan in Nashik to Mumbai, Maharashtra.

title: All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)


text:
User talk:Alphatwo~enwiki

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --L$T27 20:08, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Hello, I am from the wikipedia fr., I can the system, I want to make some interwikis, thanks for this welcome message. --Alphatwo 21:01, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Alphatwo. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Alphatwo~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:49, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:23, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alphatwo~enwiki


text:
Minsc

Minsc is a fictional character in the Baldur's Gate series of Dungeons & Dragons role-playing video games developed by BioWare and Larian Studios. He originated from the pen-and-paper Dungeons & Dragons sessions held by the lead designer of Baldur's Gate, James Ohlen, and was expanded upon by the game's lead writer, Lukas Kristjanson. His video game debut was in Baldur's Gate as a companion character who can join the player's party. He also appears in the sequel, Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn, the expansion, Baldur's Gate II: Throne of Bhaal, the 2015 game Baldur's Gate: Siege of Dragonspear, the 2023 game Baldur's Gate 3, as well as in promotions relating to the titles. Minsc is voiced by Jim Cummings in his original video game appearances, and by Matt Mercer in Baldur's Gate 3.

In the storyline, Minsc is a ranger, originally tasked with serving as a bodyguard to the witch Dynaheir as part of a "dajemma" (rite of passage). When Dynaheir is captured by gnolls, Minsc asks the player to help free her, after which both characters are available to assist the player. Eventually, the player's party is captured and when Dynaheir is killed by the mage Jon Irenicus, Minsc teams with the player in the pursuit of justice. A berserker, he has a strong desire to uphold good and be heroic, though with an extreme fervor that causes those around him to regard him as possibly insane. His animal companion is a miniature giant space hamster named Boo, with whom he often consults.

Since his introduction, Minsc has been regarded as one of the best and most popular elements of the Baldur's Gate games because of his demeanor and attachment to Boo, according to reviewers from IGN, GameSpot, and Eurogamer. Other reviewers from publications such as CVG have regarded him as one of the greatest aspects of PC gaming, while game developers have noted a preference for him. The web comic Megatokyo added Boo as a character in their publication, while Largo (for whom Boo serves in the comic as his long-suffering conscience) took on aspects of Minsc. His absence from subsequent gaming titles has also been lamented by several publications.

Conception and creation
Minsc and Boo originated in pen and paper Dungeons & Dragons sessions held by the lead designer of Baldur's Gate, James Ohlen. Played by Cameron Tofer, associate producer and lead programmer of MDK2, Minsc was conceived as an unstable comic relief ranger who carried around a pet hamster named Boo in the Dark Sun campaign setting. The lead writer for Baldur's Gate, Lukas Kristjanson, expanded upon the character and created dialogue intended to make Minsc funny and memorable to the general audience. During development, some of the character's lines were rewritten based on the voice actor's readings. As this progressed, the writers noted they were able to interject dialogue more freely for Minsc into the script in a tone suitable for the character. In a 2001 interview, BioWare co-founder Ray Muzyka has stated that among the titles the company has completed, Minsc was his favorite character.

Minsc classifies Boo a "miniature giant space hamster", a creature first mentioned in the Dungeons & Dragons Spelljammer campaign setting which describes them as giant hamsters bred to paddle wheels for flying ships, which can alternatively be bred in miniature form, looking like a normal hamster. Senior designer David Gaider noted that regardless of what Boo was called, Boo had no powers or abilities beyond those of a regular hamster. He also noted that Boo was handled differently from other creatures that served as familiars that would fight alongside their owners, because of the frailty of hamsters and the impact Boo's dying would have on Minsc in the game. In an open discussion with BioWare developers, scriptwriter Drew Karpyshyn described Boo's role in the game as "[providing] wisdom and moral support to Minsc".

Baldur's Gate video game series
In Baldur's Gate, Minsc is a bald, purple-tattooed ranger from the Forgotten Realms country of Rashemen. Originally a berserker on his "dajemma", a rite of passage to gain entrance to the Ice Dragon Berserker Lodge, he makes an oath to guard the witch Dynaheir, but runs into trouble when he and Dynaheir are ambushed by gnolls, who capture Dynaheir at their stronghold. He orders the player to halt so that Boo may judge them, and requests that the player help him. Following Dynaheir's rescue, the player is given an option to add Minsc and Dynaheir to the party that will eventually fight the main antagonist Sarevok.

At the beginning of Shadows of Amn, the player's party is captured and imprisoned by the mage Jon Irenicus, who seeks to tap into the player's power for his own goals. Dynaheir has been slain, so Minsc offers his services to avenge her. Depending on the player's choices, it is possible Minsc adopts a new witch in the party; if he does, and the new witch is downed in battle, Minsc goes berserk. In Throne of Bhaal, Minsc is a character that can be summoned to assist the player. In the game's epilogue, it is revealed that Minsc has returned to Rashemen and has gained access to the Ice Dragon Berserker Lodge, having become a renowned hero due to his experiences with the player. He forms his own adventuring company, the Justice Fist, where he continues to fight evil. In his later years, he journeys across the Realms and disappears.

Larian Studios, developers for the 2023 sequel Baldur's Gate 3, have confirmed that Matthew Mercer is the voice of Minsc. Minsc appears as a minor antagonist and possible party member. He is implanted with a mind-controlling parasite by the main antagonists of the game and manipulated by a doppelganger impersonating his friend and former companion Jaheira. Minsc takes on the name "The Stonelord" and leads a criminal organization in the city of Baldur's Gate. Depending on the player character's actions he can be snapped out of his brainwashing and recruited as a companion.

Baldur's Gate novelization
Minsc is a supporting character in the 2000 novelization of Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn by Philip Athans. He is depicted as a well-built man with long red hair, a patchy orange beard, and a jagged scar along the right side of his head. He is no longer a warrior, and is physically smaller than the novel's protagonist, Abdel. In contrast, Boo is unchanged, and is still referred to by Minsc as his miniature giant space hamster. Held prisoner alongside Abdel at the start of the novel, Minsc is set free and accompanies Abdel until they reach an inn, where he decides to work. Abdel repeatedly shows discomfort for his presence, using Minsc's employment as an excuse to leave him behind and steal his sword, though he later returns for his help in securing travel aboard a ship. After Abdel returns to kill his employers, Minsc realizes the inn will close permanently; he and Boo leave to find another place to work.

Neverwinter MMO
In February 2015, it was announced that Minsc and Boo will appear in Elemental Evil, a module to the 2013 massively multiplayer online role-playing game Neverwinter. The module was released on March 17, 2015.

Megatokyo
Boo appears in the webcomic Megatokyo, where he wears strapped-on wings and serves as Largo's conscience, although he is often misunderstood as he only squeaks. Largo adapts Minsc's personality, including his catchphrase, saying "Go for the beer, Boo!" In number 121, Boo leaves Largo but is unable to get his old job back at BioWare.

BioWare's Ray Muzyka praised Boo's appearance in the comic, describing it as an "anime-style" depiction of a favorite character. For a limited time Boo plush toys modeled after his appearance in the comic were sold by the artists through the website, though production was initially delayed due to manufacturing errors.

Battle for Baldur's Gate - Dungeon Mayhem Expansion Pack
In September 2019, Dungeon Mayhem, a Dungeons & Dragons inspired card game, released its first expansion pack entitled Battle for Baldur's Gate. The box contains two character card sets, with one featuring Jaheira and the other with Minsc and Boo.

References in other media
Minsc and Boo have also been referenced by non-BioWare games and media. In Dragon Age: Origins, the loading screen sometimes displays the advice "If all else fails, go for the eyes". In Dragon Age Legends, random NPC's use "Go for the eyes!" as a battle cry. In Neverwinter Nights 2: Mask of the Betrayer, an "Astral Rodent totem" can be found, with the words "For M" carved on it. In Mass Effect 2, a "space hamster" is available for purchase. It gives the player a "knowing smile" when observed. One of the game's non-playable characters, Tali, shouts "Go for the optics!" to her combat drone. In Mass Effect 3 Citadel DLC, Commander Shepard finds their hamster being thrown out by one of their foes, and tells the hamster "Sit tight, little guy. If anyone gives you trouble, go for the eyes!" In Guild Wars Nightfall, "Go for the eyes!" is the name of a shout command skill used by the Paragon class.

In July 2014, a comic Dungeons & Dragons: Legends of Baldur’s Gate was announced for October 2014 release. It's set generations after Throne of Bhaal and features Minsc as the main character. It's written by Jim Zub and pencilled by Max Dunbar. It's part of the Dungeons & Dragons 40th anniversary celebrations.

On March 8, 2015 at PAX East in Boston, Massachusetts, Minsc was used as an NPC "intern" of the player characters in the "Acquisitions Incorporated" celebrity Dungeons & Dragons session, to the apparent delight of players Jerry Holkins and Patrick Rothfuss.

In March 2015, Wizkids provided a limited edition promotional card and die of Minsc and Boo as part of their Dungeons & Dragons Dice Masters set Battle for Faerûn.

In July 2017, Wizkids released their seventh D&D Icons of the Realms miniature sets, which features a miniature of Minsc (with Boo sitting on his shoulders) as a Medium-sized and of 'Rare' rarity rating piece of the set.

In the 2017 game Torment: Tides of Numenera, the player can, under certain circumstances obtain a rodentlike creature named Bao which grants one fighting bonuses at the expense of intelligence, along with an ability to blind enemies.

In July 2021, Minsc was depicted on a Magic: The Gathering trading card in the Dungeons & Dragons themed set Adventures in the Forgotten Realms.

Promotion
In an interview with GameSpy, Lukas Kristjanson acted as Minsc as he gave details about his character background. When asked about the possibility of Minsc and Boo making cameo appearances later BioWare titles, Baldur's Gate II: Throne of Bhaal lead developer Kevin Martens stated "Well, Minsc is popular. You like Minsc. We like Minsc. Neverwinter is so far away. That is all that I have to say."

Reception
Dan Tudge, project lead for Dragon Age: Origins, noted that prior to working for BioWare he would rush home after work to use the character. UGO.com described Minsc as "a beloved game personality", and lamented the absence of similar characters in later BioWare titles. IGN named Minsc's return in Baldur's Gate II as an aspect of the game they looked forward to, stating "How can you live without Minsc?!" Computer Games Magazine called him the favorite character of many players of the original Baldur's Gate, citing his strengths and "appealing personality" as reasons for his popularity. Calling him "everyone's favorite lovable oaf", they praised his early presence in the game's sequel. Minsc placed seventh in a "Reader's Choice" edition of GameSpot's "Ten Best Sidekicks", which noted that the character's demeanor and attachment to Boo as reasons for his appeal. Eurogamer named Minsc the best male supporting character in video games for 2001, noting him as additionally one of the most popular characters of the original Baldur's Gate.

CVG listed him as one of their two-hundred reasons to "Love PC Gaming", quoting one of his battle cries ("Go for the eyes, Boo!") for their reasoning. He was listed by MSN Entertainment as one of the "Gaming's unsung heroes", saying he "provides great comic relief and is a fondly remembered man." GameDaily named him one of the Most Lovable Lummoxes in video gaming, stating "Every good party of adventurers in a CRPG needs a tank...In Baldur's Gate, the human ranger Minsc is that tank, and a valuable asset to the player's quest." Dakota Grabowski of GameZone listed Minsc as the top BioWare created teammate, commenting "His voice-acting was hands-down one of the best attributes of the Baldur's Gate series" and that "BioWare will never surpass their creation of Minsc (and Boo!).". Kimberley Wallace of Game Informer considered him to be one of the best BioWare characters, saying "If you played Baldur's Gate, one character stood out from the pack. ... Strangely enough, this is what makes you love him all the more." In 2011, Empire ranked him and Boo as the 11th greatest video game character, adding that "Few names bring a wistful smile to the faces of aging PC gamers like that of Minsc and his trusty hamster companion". GamesTM named Minsc one of BioWare's 8 most memorable companion characters. Andy Kelly from PC Gamer named Minsc as his personal favourite BioWare companion, commenting "Minsc is not as rich or nuanced as many of BioWare's more recent creations, but he makes up for it with sheer personality". In a 2017 article, PC Gamer staff included Minsc in their definitive list of the best RPG squad mates around.

title: Minsc


text:
Pirate radio in Australia

Australian radio audiences have had virtually no exposure to pirate radio. There were no broadcasts as part of the World War II propaganda campaigns and commercial as well as community stations alongside the taxpayer funded Australian Broadcasting Corporation were available during the mid to late 1980s and early 1990s - a period when the UK was experiencing a surge in illegal broadcasts during the early days of acid house and the Second Summer of Love. The absence of pirate radio in Australia is primarily attributed to the relatively large number of commercial licences that were issued, particularly after World War II, as well as the existence of public (later renamed community) non-commercial broadcasting licences supported mainly by listener subscription. Additionally, the lack of availability of imported broadcasting equipment and the likely application of severe, legislated penalties including jail for offenders, would also have been a factor.

Amateur radio operators must obtain the appropriate licence of the 16 different types of radiocommunications transmitter (narrowcasting) licences available from the Australian Communications & Media Authority to legally operate on a specific frequency. These licences range in cost from less than $50 up to several thousand dollars.

Occurrences
A small number of the total pirate radio stations in Australia are documented.
 * 2 May 1948: “D.I.G., the Diggers' Station” broadcasts an anti-Communist message for 24 minutes, and in the process jams Melbourne commercial station 3UZ for 10 minutes.  Over the next 10 days other commercial stations were jammed.  Ricardo Blackburn was prosecuted and fined £30.  He said he was a member of an organisation of mostly returned soldiers known as Crusaders of Freedom, led by Alec Sutter.  Its aim was to encourage trade unionists to attend union meetings and thus outvote the Communists at those meetings.
 * Early to mid-1960s: Bruce Jackson and friends from Vaucluse High School were raided by the Postmaster-General's Department for operating an AM pirate station that unbeknown to them covered all of Sydney.
 * 1966: Radio Prosh transmits from a ship in international waters off Kangaroo Island. Ernie Sigley plays host.The PMG jams the signal from the mainland. A number of protests result but the station is short lived.
 * Early 1970s: University students and draft resisters, protesting against conscription in Australia and the Vietnam War, set up pirate radio stations broadcasting on the AM band called Radio Draft Resistance at Sydney and Melbourne Universities for short periods of time.
 * December 1986: A series of test broadcasts from a radio station calling itself Radio Uranus was heard in Melbourne on 98.4 MHz. They said that they were preparing for a major broadcast on Christmas Eve. The test broadcasts consisted of two people (possibly the station's founders) playing music and talking in between tracks. The second test broadcast sounded like they were on a boat, as a boat engine could clearly be heard in the background, and they may have even said that they were on a boat or ship.
 * 18–19 November 1989: Radio Uranus was heard once again, with another series of test broadcasts, one on each day, heard on 97.7 MHz. It was not until 5:00 p.m. on 19 November, when the test broadcast ended and a proper broadcast began, that the identity of the station was known. The broadcast consisted of the same format of music and talk as in 1986. According to the presenters, they were using a 10 kW transmitter located in Kinglake, in the outer east of Melbourne. They also hinted a TV broadcast next year, but that never happened. The transmission even featured a cross to their 'stereo cruiser' located near the city. The broadcast ended suddenly some time after 8:30 p.m. when the presenters interrupted the song being played to say that they were raided. Mentions of rebroadcasts to Fiji suggest HF may have occurred.
 * 1990s: Two pirates broadcasting on shortwave from Australia were heard worldwide. The stations were called Radio G'day and Tasmania Radio Int.
 * 1991: An FM pirate radio station called "Radio Heinz" broadcast from Wangaratta, with a power of 50W for three months. The station played entire music albums with voice announcements in between. It gained rapid popularity as an alternative to the 3NE commercial station and WPR-FM community radio station, until it was forced to shut down.
 * 1992: A short range radio broadcaster calling itself Rex FM broadcasts in the Ballarat central business district at intermittent intervals over the course of a fortnight. The format is music and talk.
 * 30 December 1992: A pirate radio station calling itself 3PPP was heard on the FM band in the inner suburbs of Melbourne from before 10:30 p.m. till some time after midnight. The broadcast featured music and talk.
 * 2001: Radio Eureka made several broadcasts with power of approximately 12 Watts on frequency 6235 kHz.
 * 2006: March–November. Jason Tresize operated a transmitter on frequency 105.7 MHz of 25 Watts serving the Bendigo region. Although being issued a caution notice, Tresize went on to operate until finally ceasing operations in 2011.
 * 2007: At the age of 12, Tim Wong See operated a pirate radio station called '2FT' from his home in West Pennant Hills before the ACMA shut it down.
 * 2008: April–September. 105.7 MHz was heard once again in the Bendigo region. The broadcast consisted mainly of dance music with regular hosts, including live from the "Bathroom Nightclub."
 * 2011: August–November. 105.7 MHz was heard yet again in the Bendigo region, This time on 40 Watts and playing predominately dance music. The station was closed by the Australian Communications & Media Authority consequently having equipment seized.
 * 2011: 25 September-5 October. A station was heard in the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne on 1485 kHz on several evenings commencing 25 September.  The station carried a rebroadcast of My MP, a digital only commercial radio station.  On 5 October, the Australian Communications and Media Authority reported that it shut down an unlicensed AM radio station operating on 1485 kHz from Chadstone following a complaint.
 * 2011: -December. Andrew Drysdale broadcast ABD Radio from his Chatswood, NSW home until shut down in December, 2011.
 * 2015: Terence Sulman operated a transmitter on 101.3 MHz in Portland, Victoria. Sulman was convicted, fined $600 and was ordered to forfeit all radio equipment, after pleading guilty in the Portland Magistrates Court. According to ACMA, Sulman "was trying to offer something like a local commercial radio station, so he sold advertising and sponsorship to local businesses", hence ACMA's decision to seek prosecution.
 * 2016: 29 February. Dan Morris's West Wollongong home was raided by the ACMA to shut down his pirate station IRIE FM. In January he was interviewed for Vice.com in an article, titled 'Meet Australia's Preeminent Jamaican Pirate Radio Broadcaster'. It proved to be his undoing, after the ACMA saw it and investigated. Magistrate Michael Stoddart fined Morris a total of $3,000 and ordered the transmitter be forfeited.
 * 2017: 31 January. Following the closure of Radio Australia's domestic shortwave service a pirate was heard broadcasting on the newly vacated frequency of 4835 kHz. The content was of a protest nature including audio grabs of Tony Abbott stating there would be no cuts to the ABC's funding.
 * 2022: July-November. A station was heard in the western suburbs of Melbourne, occasionally operating on the frequency 108.0 MHz during the evenings. The broadcasts mainly consisted of songs by the band Rage Against the Machine, Atlanta rapper 21 Savage and the Soviet band Kino.
 * 2019-2024 - Reggae Pirate Radio Station Newcastle NSW (No Station IDs) - This pirate radio station has been on air since 2019, originally broadcasting from Lambton, it is now been moved to a location near to the corner of Elizabeth Street and Maitland Road Tighes Hill. There is a playlist on Spotify called "89.3 Newcastle by Louie Durham" matching music played by the station. The station has been praised by listeners on Reddit as a good alternative to the mainstream stations.

title: Pirate radio in Australia


text:
William Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby

William Brabazon Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby (of Imokilly), (15 September 1744 – 5 November 1806) was a leading Irish Whig politician, being a member of the Irish House of Commons, and, after 1800, of the United Kingdom parliament. Ponsonby was the son of the Hon. John Ponsonby, the Speaker of the Irish House of Commons and Lady Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of the 3rd Duke of Devonshire. He was invested as a Privy Counsellor of Ireland in 1784. He served as Joint Postmaster-General of Ireland (1784–1789).

Political career
Ponsonby was educated at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He represented Cork City between 1764 and 1776 and thereafter Bandonbridge between 1776 and 1783. He was the leader of a powerful family grouping of between ten and fourteen MPs, the second largest in the Irish House of Commons. During the regency crisis of 1788–89, he gave his support to the Prince of Wales in opposition to William Pitt the Younger. As a consequence, he was dismissed from the Post Office. Thereafter he permanently aligned himself with Charles James Fox and together with his brother George gathered together the various small groups of Irish whigs into a unified opposition. As with their English counterparts, their ultimate objective was to re-establish the influence of the landowning classes at the expense of the crown. Ponsonby became committed to the cause of Catholic Emancipation, as a means of securing a loyal population at a time of radical agitation and potential foreign invasion.

Pitt's coalition with the Portland whigs in July 1794 and Earl FitzWilliam's consequent appointment as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland gave Ponsonby and his allies an opportunity to regain office. He was on the brink of becoming Irish secretary of state and had sat on the Treasury bench. In 1795, however, he appears to have persuaded FitzWilliam to dismiss John Beresford from his post as first commissioner of the revenue on the grounds of alleged corruption, apparently in revenge for earlier political dealings. The subsequent political crisis led in 1795 to FitzWilliam's swift removal from office, Beresford's reinstatement, and to Ponsonby's humiliating return to opposition.

Ponsonby was a leading opponent of the union between Ireland and Great Britain. In 1783, he stood for Newtownards and County Kilkenny. He chose the latter constituency and sat for it from 1783 until the Act of Union came into force in 1801. He became then part of the Foxite Whig opposition in the Westminster House of Commons, voting against the Addington and Pitt ministries and in favour of the Prince of Wales and Catholic Emancipation. His influence was declining, however, and by 1803 effective leadership of the Irish whigs had passed to his brother George.

Peerage
By the time Fox regained office in 1806 as member of Grenville's Ministry of All the Talents, Ponsonby's health was poor, with the result that his wife urgently pressed his claims for a peerage, arguing that it was merited by his opposition to the Regency Bill and the Union, and by his staunch support for the Foxite whigs at Westminster. As a consequence, he was raised swiftly to the peerage of the United Kingdom on 13 March 1806. He was gazetted as 'Baron Ponsonby, of Imokilly in the County of Cork', although other sources generally refer to him as 'Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly'. He died in Seymour Street, London, on 5 November 1806, and was buried in Ireland.

Testimonials
At a personal level Edmund Burke described Ponsonby in a letter to Lord Charlemont as "a manly, decided character, with ... a clear and vigorous understanding." He was as interested in sport as he was in politics and was said to have kept 'the best hunting establishment in Ireland' at Bishopscourt, his seat in County Kildare, where it was also reported that he lived 'in the most hospitable and princely style' (Cokayne, The Complete Peerage). In addition, he was easily irritated, especially if his status and pretensions went unacknowledged. Thus, although he took a leading part in creating a whig opposition in Ireland in the 1790s, he overplayed his hand under FitzWilliam, and his effectiveness was thereafter limited.

Family
In 1769 Ponsonby married Louisa Molesworth (1749–1824), 4th daughter of the 3rd Viscount Molesworth, and his second wife, Mary Usher. They had five sons, four of whom were men of note and one daughter.

 * 1) John Ponsonby, 1st Viscount Ponsonby, was a diplomat
 * 2) Hon. Sir William Ponsonby, a major-general in the army was killed at the Battle of Waterloo
 * 3) Richard Ponsonby, became bishop of Killaloe and Kilfenora in 1828, Derry in 1831 and Derry and Raphoe in 1834;
 * 4) George Ponsonby was a Member of Parliament and Junior Lord of the Treasury.
 * 5) Mary was married to the Prime Minister, Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey.

Ponsonby's descendants include Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, Sir Alec Douglas-Home and Prince William of Wales.

title: William Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby


text:
Henri Moissan

Ferdinand Frédéric Henri Moissan (28 September 1852 – 20 February 1907) was a French chemist and pharmacist who won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in isolating fluorine from its compounds. Moissan was one of the original members of the International Atomic Weights Committee.

Early life and education
Moissan was born in Paris on 28 September 1852, the son of a minor officer of the eastern railway company, Francis Ferdinand Moissan, and a seamstress, Joséphine Améraldine (née Mitel). His mother was of Jewish descent, his father was not. In 1864 they moved to Meaux, where he attended the local school. During this time, Moissan became an apprentice clockmaker. However, in 1870, Moissan and his family moved back to Paris due to war against Prussia. Moissan was unable to receive the grade universitaire necessary to attend university. After spending a year in the army, he enrolled at the Ecole Superieure de Pharmacie de Paris.

Scientific career
Moissan became a trainee in pharmacy in 1871 and in 1872 he began working for a chemist in Paris, where he was able to save a person poisoned with arsenic. He decided to study chemistry and began first in the laboratory of Edmond Frémy at the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, and later in that of Pierre Paul Dehérain at the École Pratique des Haute Études. Dehérain persuaded him to pursue an academic career. He passed the baccalauréat, which was necessary to study at university, in 1874 after an earlier failed attempt. He also became qualified as first-class pharmacist at the École Supérieure de Pharmacie in 1879, and received his doctoral degree there in 1880.

He soon climbed through the ranks of the School of Pharmacy, and was appointed Assistant Lecturer, Senior Demonstrator, and finally Professor of Toxicology by 1886. He took the Chair of Inorganic Chemistry in 1899. The following year, he succeeded Louis Joseph Troost as Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the Sorbonne. During his time in Paris he became a friend of the chemist Alexandre Léon Étard and the botanist Vasque. His marriage, to Léonie Lugan, took place in 1882. They had a son in 1885, named Louis Ferdinand Henri.

Death
Moissan died suddenly in Paris in February 1907, shortly after his return from receiving the Nobel Prize in Stockholm. His death was attributed to an acute case of appendicitis, however, there is speculation that repeated exposure to fluorine and carbon monoxide also contributed to his death.

Awards and honors
During his extensive career, Moissan authored more than three hundred publications, won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the first isolation of fluorine, in addition to the Prix Lucaze, the Davy Medal, the Hofmann Medal, and the Elliott Cresson Medal. He was elected fellow of the Royal Society and The Chemical Society of London, served on the International Atomic Weights Committee and made a commandeur in the Légion d'honneur.

Research
Moissan published his first scientific paper, about carbon dioxide and oxygen metabolism in plants, with Dehérain in 1874. He left plant physiology and then turned towards inorganic chemistry; subsequently his research on pyrophoric iron was well received by the two most prominent French inorganic chemists of that time, Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville and Jules Henri Debray. After Moissan received his Ph.D. on cyanogen and its reactions to form cyanures in 1880, his friend Landrine offered him a position at an analytic laboratory.

Isolation of fluorine
During the 1880s, Moissan focused on fluorine chemistry and especially the production of fluorine itself. The existence of the element had been well known for many years, but all attempts to isolate it had failed, and some experimenters had died in the attempt. He had no laboratory of his own, but borrowed lab space from others, including Charles Friedel. There he had access to a strong battery consisting of 90 Bunsen cells which made it possible to observe a gas produced by the electrolysis of molten arsenic trichloride; the gas was reabsorbed by the arsenic trichloride.

Moissan eventually succeeded in isolating fluorine in 1886 by the electrolysis of a solution of potassium hydrogen difluoride (KHF2) in liquid hydrogen fluoride (HF). The mixture was necessary because hydrogen fluoride is a nonconductor. The device was built with platinum-iridium electrodes in a platinum holder and the apparatus was cooled to −50 °C. The result was the complete separation of the hydrogen produced at the negative electrode from the fluorine produced at the positive one, first achieved on 26 June 1886. This remains the current standard method for commercial fluorine production. The French Academy of Science sent three representatives, Marcellin Berthelot, Henri Debray, and Edmond Frémy, to verify the results, but Moissan was unable to reproduce them, owing to the absence from the hydrogen fluoride of traces of potassium fluoride present in the previous experiments. After resolving the problem and demonstrating the production of fluorine several times, he was awarded a prize of 10,000 francs. For the first successful isolation, he was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Following his grand achievement, his research focused on characterizing fluorine's chemistry. He discovered numerous fluorine compounds, such as (together with Paul Lebeau) sulfur hexafluoride in 1901.

Further studies
Moissan contributed to the development of the electric arc furnace, which opened several paths to developing and preparing new compounds, and attempted to use pressure to produce synthetic diamonds from the more common form of carbon. He also used the furnace to synthesize the borides and carbides of numerous elements. Calcium carbide was a noticeable accomplishment as this paved the way for the development of the chemistry of acetylene. In 1893, Moissan began studying fragments of a meteorite found in Meteor Crater near Diablo Canyon in Arizona. In these fragments he discovered minute quantities of a new mineral and, after extensive research, Moissan concluded that this mineral was made of silicon carbide. In 1905, this mineral was named moissanite, in his honor. In 1903 Moissan was elected member of the International Atomic Weights Committee where he served until his death.

title: Henri Moissan


text:
Nikolay Zelinsky

Nikolay Dmitriyevich Zelinsky (Николай Дмитриевич Зелинский; 6 February 1861 – 31 July 1953) was a Russian and Soviet chemist of Ukrainian origin. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (1929).

Zelinsky studied at the University of Odessa and at the universities of Leipzig and Göttingen in Germany. Zelinsky was one of the founders of theory on organic catalysis. He was the inventor of the first effective filtering activated charcoal gas mask in the world (1915).

Life
Nikolai Zelinsky was born on 25 January (6 February) 1861 in Tiraspol in a noble family. His father Dmitry Osipovich Zelinsky who came from hereditary Volyn nobles, died of rapidly developing consumption in 1863; two years later his mother died of the same disease. The orphaned boy was left in the care of his grandmother M.P. Vasilyeva and he spent his childhood in her village.

At the age of ten, Nikolai Zelinsky entered the Tiraspol district school for two-year courses to prepare for entering the gymnasium. Having completed them ahead of schedule at the age of 11, he entered the second grade of Odessa Richelieu Gymnasium.

After graduating from the gymnasium in 1880, Zelinsky entered the natural science department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of the Novorossiysk University, and graduated in 1884. He was given an appointment at the university and was sent to Germany. He did research for two years (1885-1887), first he worked in the laboratory of Johannes Wislicenus in Leipzig. Then he performed a study of a new reaction in the laboratory of Viktor Meyer in Göttingen, which led to severe poisoning himself with mustard gas, which had not been studied enough by that time. In 1887 he was appointed Privatdozent in the Department of Chemistry at the Novorossiysk University. In 1888 he passed the master's exam, in 1889 he defended his Masters Thesis ("On the issue of Isomer in the thiophene series"), and in 1891 he defended his Doctoral Thesis ("Investigation of the phenomena of isomerism in the series of limiting carbon compounds").

He was invited to Moscow University on the initiative of Dmitri Mendeleev. He was a professor at Moscow University from 1893 until his death, with the exception of the period 1911-1917. Since 1893 he became an extraordinary professor at the Department of Organic Chemistry, since 1902 he was an ordinary professor.

In 1911, he left the university with a group of scientists in protest against the policy of the tsarist Minister of Education Lev Kasso. From 1911 to 1917 he worked as a professor at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute.

In 1917 he returned to Moscow University. There he was a professor of the Department of Chemistry (1917-1929) of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty, then he became a head of the Department of Organic Chemistry (1929-1930 and 1933-1938), a head of the Department of Petroleum Chemistry (1938-1953), a head of the Laboratory of Antibiotics and Biogenic Bases (1950-1953), Faculty of Chemistry. Also, he was a head of the Department of Organic Chemistry of the Chemical Department (1932-1933).

Since 1935 he actively participated in the organization of the Institute of Organic Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences, later he headed a number of its laboratories.

On July 10, 1941 Zelinsky joined the Scientific and Technical Council for the development and testing of scientific works related to military defense, chaired by the authorized State Defense Committee, Professor Sergei Kaftanov. During the Great Patriotic War, he worked in evacuation until the summer of 1943. Zelinsky took part in work to improve the quality of aviation gasolines and lubricating oils. A new process has been developed to produce high octane fuel; new catalysts were found for the processes of aromatization of oil and the production of defense products. Under the leadership of Zelinsky, the process of catalytic cracking of oil was studied in detail with the determination of the chemical nature of its products by spectral methods. Zelinsky also supervised work on finding ways to rationally use the products of primary processing of solid fuels - coal, shale and peat. In this regard, the problem of separation of sulfur from shale resins has become important. Shale accounted for about three-quarters of the fuel reserves of the USSR, but their high sulfur content depreciated them as a raw material for motor fuel. During the war years Zelinsky found a solution to this problem by passing shale oils mixed with hydrogen over platinum or nickel on aluminum oxide at 300 °. Sulfur was removed as hydrogen sulfide. The development of petrochemistry in the USSR has led to a radical reconstruction of the oil refining industry for the production of artificial liquid fuel. As a result of scientific research, it has become possible to use not only liquid, but also solid fossil fuels as a valuable raw material for high-octane motor fuel and high-quality lubricant oils. Thus, the necessary prerequisites were created for processing the richest coal resources of Western Siberia, coal and natural gas from Ukhta and Pechora and other areas remote from the front into motor fuel.

Nikolai Zelinsky died on July 31, 1953. He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery (Division 1), and a headstone was made by Nilolai Nikoghosyan.

Scientific activity
Zelinsky's scientific activity was very versatile: his works on the chemistry of thiophene and the stereochemistry of organic dibasic acids are widely known. In the summer of 1891, Zelinsky participated in an expedition to survey the waters of the Black Sea and the Odessa estuaries on the gunboat Zaporozhets, where he proved for the first time that the hydrogen sulfide contained in the water was of bacterial origin. During the period of life and work in Odessa, Nikolai Zelinsky wrote 40 scientific papers.

A number of his works were also devoted to electrical conductivity in non-aqueous solutions and to the chemistry of amino acids, but his main works were related to the chemistry of hydrocarbons and organic catalysis. In 1895-1907 he was the first to synthesize a number of cyclopentane and cyclohexane hydrocarbons, which served as standards for studying the chemical composition and the basis for artificial modeling of oil and oil fractions.

In 1910 he discovered the phenomenon of dehydrogenation catalysis, which consists in the exclusively selective action of platinum and palladium on cyclohexane and aromatic hydrocarbons and in the ideal reversibility of hydro- and dehydrogenation reactions only depending on temperature. In 1911 he carried out a smooth dehydrogenation of cyclohexane and its homologues into aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of platinum and palladium catalysts; he widely used this reaction to determine the content of cyclohexane hydrocarbons in gasoline and kerosene fractions of oil (1920-1930), and also as an industrial method for obtaining aromatic hydrocarbons from oil. These Zelinsky’s studies underlie the modern processes of catalytic reforming of petroleum fractions.

Subsequent research led Zelinsky and his students to the discovery of the reaction of hydrogenolysis of cyclopentane hydrocarbons with their transformation into alkanes in the presence of platinized coal and excess hydrogen in 1934.

In 1915, Zelinsky successfully used oxide catalysts for oil cracking, which led to a decrease in the process temperature and an increase in the yield of aromatic hydrocarbons. In 1918-1919, he developed a method for producing gasoline by solar oil and petroleum cracking in the presence of aluminum chloride and aluminum bromide; the implementation of this method on an industrial scale played an important role in providing gasoline to the Soviet state. Zelinsky improved the reaction of catalytic conversion of acetylene into benzene by suggesting the use of activated carbon as a catalyst. Zelinsky and his students also studied the dehydrogenation of paraffins and olefins in the presence of oxide catalysts.

Being a supporter of the theory of the organic origin of oil, Zelinsky conducted a series of studies to connect its genesis with sapropels, oil shale and other natural and synthetic organic substances.

Zelinsky and his students proved the intermediate formation of methylene radicals in many heterogeneous catalytic reactions: in the decomposition of cyclohexane, in the synthesis of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen on a cobalt catalyst, in the reactions of hydrocondensation of olefins with carbon monoxide and hydropolymerization of olefins in the presence of small amounts of oxide carbon which were discovered by him.

The works of Zelinsky and his scientific team on the adsorption of gases on activated carbons were important for the country's defense ability, the creation of a coal gas mask in cooperation with Kumant (1915) and its adoption during the First World War in the Russian and allied armies were significant for the country's defense ability.

Pedagogical activity
Zelinsky created a large scientific school and its scientists made fundamental contributions to various fields of chemistry. Among his students werw Academicians of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR A. A. Balandin, L. F. Vereshchagin, B. A. Kazansky, K. A. Kocheshkov, S. S. Nametkin, A. N. Nesmeyanov; Corresponding Members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR N. A. Izgaryshev, K. P. Lavrovsky, Yu. G. Mamedaliev, B. M. Mikhailov, A. V. Rakovsky, V. V. Chelintsev, N. I. Shuikin; professors V. V. Longinov, A. E. Uspensky, L. A. Chugaev, N. A. Shilov, V. A. Nekrasova-Popova and others.

N. D. Zelinsky - one of the organizers of the All-Union Chemical Society named after D. I. Mendeleev; since 1941 he was its honorary member. Since 1921 - an honorary member of the Moscow Society of Naturalists, since 1935 he was its president.

Personal life

 * the first wife - Raisa (died in 1906) - their marriage lasted 25 years.
 * the second wife - Evgenia Kuzmina-Karavaeva, pianist - their marriage lasted 25 years.
 * daughter Raisa Zelinskaya-Plate (1910-2001).
 * the third wife - Nina Evgenievna Zhukovskaya-Bok, an artist - their marriage lasted 20 years.
 * son Andrei (1933).
 * son Nikolai (1940)

Interesting Facts

 * Zelinsky did not patent the gas mask he invented, believing that one should not profit from human misfortunes, and Russia transferred the right to produce it to the Allies.
 * The only surviving copy of the first gas mask is in Zelinsky's apartment.
 * During an internship in Germany before the start of the war, Zelinsky synthesized chloropicrin for the first time, and became the first person to experience its toxic effects. Later, chloropicrin, discovered by Zelinsky, was widely used as a chemical warfare agent.

Awards

 * corresponding academician of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences (1934)
 * Hero of Socialist Labor (06/10/1945)
 * four Orders of Lenin (05/07/1940; 06/10/1945; 02/05/1946; 02/05/1951)
 * two PrOrders of the Red Banner of Labor (03/29/1941; 04/03/1944)
 * USSR State Prize from the seizure of the chemicalization of the national economy of the USSR (1934)
 * USSR State Prize of the first degree (1942) - for outstanding scientific works on organic chemistry, published in the collection of selected works of the author in 1941
 * USSR State Prize of the second degree (1946) - for the development of a new method for obtaining aromatic hydrocarbons
 * USSR State Prize of the first degree (1948)
 * A. M. Butlerov Prize of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society (1924)

Recognition

 * The Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences is named after him since 1953;
 * In 1961, a postage stamp was issued in honor of N. D. Zelinsky in the USSR;
 * One of the Moscow streets is named after him, as well as streets in the cities of Voskresensk (Moscow region), Tiraspol, Chisinau, Tyumen, Yaroslavl, Veliky Novgorod, Orsk, Karaganda, Daugavpils, Alma-Ata and Mariupol;
 * On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the birth of the scientist, the State Unitary Enterprise “Marka Pridnestrovya” issued a series of stamps and envelopes;
 * The large chemical auditorium of the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University is named after Zelinsky;
 * The crater Zelinskiy on the Moon is named in his honor (since 1970);
 * On June 2, 2014, the name of Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinsky was given to an enterprise producing personal and collective protective equipment - JSC Elektrostal Chemical and Mechanical Plant;
 * May 19, 2016 in St. Petersburg on the building of the Research Institute of Metrology. D. I. Mendeleev (Moskovsky Prospekt, 19) a commemorative plaque was installed (sculptor-artist V. A. Sivakov) with the text: “Here, in 1915, the outstanding scientist Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinsky invented a coal gas mask”

Monuments

 * There is a monument of Zelinsky in Elektrostal city. It was opened in July 2013 in front of the entrance of the Elektrostal Chemical and Mechanical Plant OJSC.

In Transnistria
In Tiraspol, in the house in which Zelinsky spent his childhood, there is a memorial house-museum of the academician, and on the building of school No. 6 (now the humanitarian and mathematical gymnasium), where he studied, a memorial plaque was erected, a monument was erected in front of the building; in the Kirovsky district of Tiraspol there is a street named after Zelinsky. In Chisinau, a street in the Botanica sector is named after him.

In Ukraine
In Odessa, in the house in which Zelinsky lived while working at Novorossiysk University, the Department of Organic Chemistry, a descendant of the Odessa National University named after I.I.Mechnikov, now houses a memorial plaque.

Compositions
Collection of works, vol. 1-4, M., 1954-1960
 * Investigation of the phenomena of stereoisometry in the series of limiting carbonaceous compounds. - Odessa: type. A. Schulze, 1891. - 190 p.
 * Materials for the study of the genesis of silt deposits [Rev. ed. acad. N. D. Zelinsky]. - M.-L .: Publishing House of Acad. Sciences of the USSR, 1939. - 200 p.
 * Coal as a means of combating asphyxiating and poisonous gases: An experimental study of 1915-1916. / N. D. Zelinsky and V. S. Sadikov. - M.-L .: Publishing House of Acad. Sciences of the USSR, 1941. - 131 p.
 * Selected Works, vols. 1-2, M.-L., 1941;
 * The great Russian chemist A. M. Butlerov (1828-1886) / Acad. N. D. Zelinsky; with the participation of M. M. Azarin. - M .: Publishing House of Moscow. islands of naturalists, 1949. - 241 p.
 * Higher fatty acids and their relationship to tubercle bacilli / Acad. N. D. Zelinsky and Assoc. L. S. Bondar. - M .: Publishing House of Moscow. islands of naturalists, 1951. - 84 p.

Literature

 * Academician Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinsky: Ninetieth birthday. Sat. - M., 1952.
 * Zelinsky A.N. Спаси и сохрани: К 100-летию «Противогаза Зелинского» // Russian Bulletin - 07/03/2015.
 * Zelinsky Nikolai Dmitrievich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
 * Kazansky B. A., Nesmeyanov A. N., Plate A. F. Работы академика Н. Д. Зелинского и его школы в области химии углеводородов и органического катализа. / Ученые записки МГУ. Issue. 175. - M., 1956.
 * Moscow University in the Great Patriotic War. - 4th, revised and supplemented. Moscow: Moscow University Press, 2020 - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-19-011499-7.
 * Nametkin S. S. President of the Moscow Society of Naturalists, Academician Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinsky: On the occasion of his 80th birthday. - B. m., 1941.
 * Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinsky / USSR Academy of Sciences. — M.; L .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1946. - 88 p. - (Materials for the bio-bibliography of scientists of the USSR. Series of chemical sciences. Issue 1).
 * Plate A.F. Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinsky // People of Russian science: Mathematics - Mechanics - Astronomy - Physics - Chemistry. - M., 1961.
 * Sysoeva E. K., Terentiev P. B. ZELINSKY Nikolai Dmitrievich // Imperial Moscow University: 1755-1917: encyclopedic dictionary / compiled by A. Yu. Andreev, D. A. Tsygankov. - M.: Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN), 2010. - S. 254-255. — 894 p. - 2000 copies. — ISBN 978-5-8243-1429-8.
 * Figurovsky N. A. Essay on the emergence and development of a coal gas mask by N. D. Zelinsky. M., 1952.
 * Yuryev Yu. K., Levina R. Ya. / Sci. ed. Ioffe S.T.; Moscow Society of Naturalists. — M.: MOIP, 1953. — 120 p. - (Historical series; No. 48). - 7000 copies.
 * Figurovsky N. A. Essay on the emergence and development of a coal gas mask by N. D. Zelinsky. M., 1952.
 * Yuryev Yu. K., Levina R. Ya. / Sci. ed. Ioffe S.T.; Moscow Society of Naturalists. — M.: MOIP, 1953. — 120 p. - (Historical series; No. 48). - 7000 copies.

title: Nikolay Zelinsky


text:
Bardiche

A bardiche, berdiche, bardische, bardeche, or berdish is a type of polearm used from the 14th to 17th centuries in Europe. Ultimately a descendant of the medieval sparth axe or Dane axe, the bardiche proper appears around 1400, but there are numerous medieval manuscripts that depict very similar weapons beginning c. 1250. The bardiche differs from the halberd in having neither a hook at the back nor a spear point at the top. The use of bardiches started in early 14th-century Austria.

In the 16th century the bardiche was associated with the streltsy, arquebusiers of Imperial Russia established by Ivan the Terrible.

Description
"[The broad-headed axe] was succeeded by the berdiche, a pole-axe, longer in shaft and having the narrow lower end of tall blade rounded inward and braced against the shaft. At first this lower end of the blade merely touched the wooden shaft; it then became fastened to it; next it embraced the shaft, developing for this purpose an encircling loop, like the main ring which forms the socket of the axe-head. This “generalized” type of pole-axe was common to all countries of Europe before the year 1400. It was essentially the butcher's heavy weapon with which he clave the head of an ox. It was this primitive halberd which the Swiss mountaineers used in their early struggle with Austria, and at Sempach and Mortgarten it destroyed much splendid armor. But in battle it was found useful not only for chopping but for thrusting, hence the narrowing of the front end of its plate."

The blade varied greatly in shape, but was most often a long, cleaver-type blade. The distinction was in how the blade was attached to the pole. The bardiche blade was attached to the pole either via two sockets (one at the top of the pole and one lower, at the base of the blade) or one socket at the top and one surface mount at the base, effectively mounting the heavy blade to the wooden shaft. This construction is also seen in Scottish polearms, such as the Lochaber axe and Jeddart staff, and bardiches are known to have been imported into Scotland in the 16th and 17th centuries. Depending on the design of the particular weapons in question, at times a bardiche may greatly resemble a voulge.

While the blade was often very long for an axe (usually exceeding 2 feet (60 cm)) the shaft was one of the shortest of all polearms; rarely did it exceed 5 feet (1.5 m) in length. It relied more on the weight of its heavy blade to do the damage than a swing from a long pole. This makes the bardiche more similar to the Dane axe, in some respects, than to a true polearm.

Use
In pre-imperial Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, this weapon was used to rest handguns upon when firing. It was standard equipment for the streltsy (on foot, mounted, and dragoon units) and also for the infantry of the Commonwealth; a shorter version was invented by John III Sobieski, ruler of the Commonwealth.

title: Bardiche


text:
J. Millard Tawes

John Millard Tawes (April 8, 1894 – June 25, 1979), was an American politician and a member of the Democratic Party who was the 54th Governor of Maryland from 1959 to 1967. He remains the only Marylander to be elected to the three positions of State Treasurer, Comptroller, and governor.

Early life and family
Tawes was born to James and Alice (née Byrd) Tawes in Crisfield, Maryland. He received his early education in the Somerset County, Maryland, public schools, and later attended Bryant and Stratton Business College where he studied banking and accounting. After college, Tawes earned a living working in lumbering and canning firms that were owned by his father, which later expanded into shipbuilding, baking, and banking. Tawes married Helen Avalynne Gibson on December 25, 1915; with her he had two children.

Maryland political career
Tawes' political career began in 1930 when he was elected as clerk of the court for Somerset County, Maryland, narrowly defeating his opponent Harry T. Phoebus by 72 votes. After winning re-election in 1934, Tawes pursued state office. In 1938, he was elected Comptroller of Maryland, defeating Republican rival William G. Jack by 140,000 votes. Under Tawes, the state budget of Maryland nearly quadrupled in just six years. He was re-elected as Comptroller in 1942.

In 1946, Tawes ran for governor of Maryland but lost to William Preston Lane, Jr. in the Democratic primary. Tawes initially retired, but was appointed by Governor Lane to serve as a State Banking Commissioner in 1947. Tawes held that position until 1950, when he was appointed Comptroller to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James J. Lacy. He was re-elected to the office in 1950 and 1954.

Governor of Maryland
In 1958, polling among Marylanders showed that Tawes was quite popular. This led Tawes to announce, for the second time, his candidacy for governor. He faced minor opposition in the primary, and defeated Republican James Devereux, a Congressman and veteran of World War II, by approximately 200,000 votes in the general election. On January 14, 1959, he was sworn in for his first term.

The beginning of Tawes' term as governor was benefited by the overwhelming Democratic majority present in both houses of the Maryland General Assembly. Seeking to improve the state's economy following a recession in 1958, Tawes established extensive departments and agencies that primarily regulated and assisted agriculture, industry, and the economy in general. He also established organizations to deal with the elderly, insurance, savings and loans, and justice. Seeking to improve the highway system, Tawes create the State Roads Commission that added over a thousand miles of major roads and highways to the state. Concerning environmental matters, Tawes established programs to help the oyster population within the Chesapeake Bay, established several island nature reserves, and doubled the size of the state park system. He also worked towards reducing water pollution and saving forests from destruction. Tawes also sought to phase out slot machines in Maryland, which was completed after he left office in 1968.

Regarding education, the state of Maryland saw significant strides in areas including the expansion of the University System of Maryland, the establishment of public educational television channels, and the creation of state agencies encouraging educational loans. Tawes would later remark that the educational strides under his administration should be regarded as the greatest accomplishment.

One of the major constitutional concerns during the Tawes Administration came from the reapportionment of districts within the state. When Maryland was granted an extra Congressional seat following the 1960 census, years of unsuccessful attempts to redraw the state districts resulted in a federal jury of three judges redrawing the boundaries in 1966. Regarding the General Assembly districts, Tawes oversaw the shift of power from the rural areas to the urban. Ever since the American Revolution, representation in the General Assembly was divided evenly for all counties, which meant the more numerous rural counties dominated politically. Following the series of "one man, one vote" decrees by the Supreme Court of the United States, a lower court in Maryland ruled the General Assembly districts unconstitutional. Tawes, a rural county politician himself, called the General Assembly into special session to redraw the districts, resulting in a substantial gain in representation in the State Senate and House of Delegates for the urban areas of the state for the first time.

In the election of 1962, Tawes faced substantial competition in the primary from David Hume, a critic of Tawes' conservation policies, and businessman George P. Mahoney. While both Hume and Mahoney polled impressively, Tawes managed to retain the Democratic nomination. His challenger in the general election, Congressman Frank Small, Jr., lost to Tawes by a margin of 78,000 votes, primarily due to Small's poorly managed campaign. Tawes' second administration began on January 9, 1963.

The Civil Rights Movement in the United States took place during the Tawes Administration. While Tawes was publicly neither strongly for or against discrimination, Maryland became the first state south of the Mason–Dixon line to enact a public accommodations laws under his administration, and he also directed the state government and its contractors to conduct anti-discriminatory hiring practices.

Many of the themes Tawes began in his first term were continued in his second, including educational reform. The allocation of state aid to educational institutions was recalculated by the legislature during his second term, resulting in increased funds being directed towards the most needy districts. Tawes also managed to establish an educational television network, which he had been campaigning for since his first term.

While Tawes had always maintained a platform of fiscal conservatism, spending by the state government doubled under his administration from approximately $448 million to over $1 billion. His final years in office involved the initiation of the review of the Maryland Constitution of 1867, and the establishment of commissions to remove areas of waste within the government. Both of these measures would not come to fruition until after he left office. Tawes's tenure as governor ended on January 25, 1967.

Later life
When Tawes left his office as governor, he was given a 1967 Cadillac Fleetwood as a gift from his supporters. Soon after he was elected by the people of Somerset County to represent them in the Maryland Constitutional Convention of 1967/68. Tawes was voted honorary president by the members of the convention, but remained silent during the proceedings as to not give the impression of a conflict of interest. After all, it was Tawes who called for the convention whilst governor.

After the signing of the Constitutional ratifications, Tawes was appointed by his successor, Governor Spiro Agnew, to serve as Chairman of the Board of Natural Resources. Agnew's successor, Marvin Mandel, appointed Tawes as Secretary of the newly created Department of Natural Resources, where he served as an advocate for the protection and nurturing of Maryland's environment. Tawes' final service to the state came as Treasurer of Maryland, where he was chosen to fill an unexpired term from 1973 to 1975.

Tawes was found unconscious at his home in Crisfield on June 25, 1979, from what appeared to be a heart attack. After spending nearly an hour attempting to revive him, ambulance personnel and doctors on the scene determined that he could not be saved. He had been admitted to the hospital a month before complaining of chest pains, and two weeks prior due to a mild heart attack.

Following his death, Tawes was reflected upon as a moderate and calm political figure. While publicly seen as weak due to his age and often indirect administration methods, Tawes was capable of pushing legislation through the General Assembly when necessary, though he was not always eager to do so. He was also capable of appealing to both sides of an issue by maintaining a moderate record. Before his death, Tawes noted his proudest accomplishments revolved around leaving a state government that was fiscally sound, and also for improving the education system and establishing community colleges. He is buried in Sunny Ridge Memorial Park in his hometown of Crisfield.

Building dedications

 * The Tawes State Office Building in Annapolis, Maryland.
 * J. Millard Tawes Historical Museum in Crisfield, Maryland.
 * Tawes Fine Arts Building at the University of Maryland, College Park.
 * Tawes Theatre at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland.
 * J. Millard Tawes College Center at Coppin State University in Baltimore, Maryland
 * The J. Millard Tawes Gymnasium on the campus of University of Maryland Eastern Shore.
 * Tawes Hall at Frostburg State University in Frostburg, Maryland
 * The Tawes Building, Spring Grove Hospital Center

title: J. Millard Tawes


text: Category:University of Michigan

title: Category:University of Michigan


text: Category:Ann Arbor, Michigan

title: Category:Ann Arbor, Michigan