text:
Tupolev Tu-22M

The Tupolev Tu-22M (Туполев Ту-22М; NATO reporting name: Backfire) is a supersonic, variable-sweep wing, long-range strategic and maritime strike bomber developed by the Tupolev Design Bureau in the 1960s. The bomber was reported as being designated Tu-26 by Western intelligence at one time. During the Cold War, the Tu-22M was operated by the Soviet Air Forces (VVS) in a missile carrier strategic bombing role, and by the Soviet Naval Aviation (Aviatsiya Voyenno-Morskogo Flota, AVMF) in a long-range maritime anti-shipping role. As of 2021, there were 66 of the aircraft in service.

Development

In 1962, after the introduction of the Tupolev Tu-22, it became increasingly clear that the aircraft was inadequate in its role as a bomber. In addition to widespread unserviceability and maintenance problems, the Tu-22's handling characteristics proved to be dangerous. Its landing speed was 100 km/h greater than previous bombers and it had a tendency to pitch up and strike its tail upon landing. It was difficult to fly, and had poor all-round visibility. In 1962, Tupolev commenced work on major update of the Tu-22. Initially, the bureau planned to add a variable-sweep wing and uprated engines into the updated design. The design was tested at TsAGI's wind tunnels at Zhukovsky.

During this time Sukhoi developed the T-4, a four-engine titanium aircraft with canards. A response to the XB-70, it was to have a cruise speed of 3,200 km/h, requiring a major research effort in order to develop the requisite technologies. Tupolev, whose expertise was with bombers, offered the Soviet Air Force (Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily, VVS) a massively updated version of the Tu-22.

Compared to the T-4, it was an evolutionary design, and thus its appeal lay in its simplicity and low cost. The Soviet government was skeptical about the need to approve the development of a replacement aircraft so soon after the Tu-22 had entered service. The Air Force and Tupolev, in order to save face regarding the Tu-22's operational deficiencies and to stave off criticisms from the ICBM lobby, agreed to pass off the design as an update of the Tu-22 in their discussions with the government. The aircraft was designated Tu-22M, given the OKB code "Aircraft 45", and an internal designation of "AM". Their effort was successful as the government approved the design on 28 November 1967, and decreed the development of the aircraft's main weapon, the Kh-22 missile. The T-4 itself made its first flight in 1972, but was later cancelled.

US intelligence had been aware of the existence of the aircraft since 1969, and the first satellite photograph of the bomber was taken in 1970. The existence of the aircraft was a shock to US intelligence as Nikita Khrushchev, who had been the Soviet premier up to 1964, was adamant that ICBMs would render the bomber obsolete.

As in the case of its contemporaries, the MiG-23 and Su-17 projects, the advantages of variable-sweep wing (or "swing wing") seemed attractive, allowing a combination of short take-off performance, efficient cruising, and good high-speed, low-level flight. The result was a new swing-wing aircraft named Samolyot 145 (Aeroplane 145), derived from the Tupolev Tu-22, with some features borrowed from the abandoned Tu-98 project. The Tu-22M was based on the Tu-22's weapon system and used its Kh-22 missile. The Tu-22M designation was used to help get approval for the bomber within the Soviet military and government system.

The Tu-22M designation was used by the Soviet Union during the SALT II arms control negotiations, creating the impression that it was a modification of the Tu-22. Some suggested that the designation was deliberately deceptive, and intended to hide the Tu-22M's performance. Other sources suggest the "deception" was internal to make it easier to get budgets approved. According to some sources, the Backfire-B/C production variants were believed to be designated Tu-26 by Russia, although this is disputed by many others. The US State and Defense Departments have used the Tu-22M designation for the Backfire.

Production of all Tu-22M variants totalled 497, including pre-production aircraft.

Modernization
An initial attempt at modernizing the Tu-22M, Adaptation-45.03M, based on modernizing the aircraft's radar, began in 1990, but was abandoned before reaching production. In 2007, work began on a new radar for the Tu-22M, the NV-45, which was first flown on a Tu-22M in 2008, with four more repaired Tu-22Ms refitted with NV-45 radars in 2014–2015.

A contract for a full mid-life upgrade, the Tu-22M3M, was signed in September 2014. The aircraft was then planned to receive a further modified NV-45M radar, together with new navigation equipment and a modified flight control system. A new self-defense electronic radar suite was to be fitted, replacing the tail gun of the existing Tu-22M3. Much of the new avionics were planned to be shared with the upgraded Tu-160M2. , armament was planned to be enhanced by adding the new Kh-32 missile, a heavily modified version of the current Kh-22, the subsonic Kh-SD, the hypersonic Kh-MT, or the Kh-47M2 Kinzhal missiles. In 2018, deliveries of the Tu-22M3M were expected to begin in 2021.

On 11 May 2020, it was reported by TASS, citing anonymous sources in the military-industrial complex, that a test launch of a new hypersonic missile, not belonging to the Kh-32 family, was conducted from a Tu-22M3M. Reportedly, work on the missile had been initiated several years earlier, and its tests were expected to be completed "simultaneously with the work on the upgraded Tu-22M3M bomber".

A separate, simpler, upgrade program (SVP-24-22) was being carried out in 2018 by the company Gefest & T, based on avionics developed for the Sukhoi Su-24 attack aircraft, including a new computer, a new navigation system and digital processing for the aircraft's radar. The upgrade is claimed to greatly increase navigation accuracy and bomb delivery. A SVP-24-22-equipped Tu-22M underwent trials in 2009, and the program was moved into production, with deliveries after 2012.

In September 2023, it was reported that the Tu-22M3 have been modified to carry a missile with a payload capacity of 1700 kg.

Soviet Union

The two prototypes Tu-22M(0) were delivered to Long Range Aviation's 42nd Combat Training Centre at Dyagilevo air base, near Ryazan, in February 1973. The aircraft began practice sorties in March. Within 20 days of the aircraft's delivery, the air and ground crew at the air base had received their type ratings; this was helped by their earlier training at Tupolev, the Gromov Flight Research Institute and the Kazan plant. In June that year, the aircraft were demonstrated to Soviet government officials, destroying tanks and armoured personnel carriers.

The Tu-22M was first unveiled in 1980 during the aircraft's participation in a major Warsaw Pact exercise. During the exercise, naval Tu-22M2s conducted anti-ship operations by mining parts of the Baltic Sea to simulate an amphibious landing. The exercise was extensively covered by the press and TV media. In June 1981, four Tu-22Ms were intercepted and photographed by Norwegian aircraft flying over the Norwegian Sea.

The first simulated attack by the Tu-22M against a NATO carrier group occurred between 30 September and 1 October 1982. Eight aircraft locked onto the U.S. task forces of USS Enterprise and USS Midway which were operating in the North Pacific. They came within 120 mi of the task forces. The reaction of the U.S. Navy was thought to have been restrained during this event so as to allow the observation of the Tu-22M's tactics. The bomber also made attempts to test Japan's air defense boundary on several occasions.

The Tu-22M was first used in combat in Afghanistan. It was deployed December 1987 to January 1988, during which the aircraft flew strike missions in support of the Soviet Army's attempt to relieve the Mujahideens' Siege of Khost. Two squadrons of aircraft from the 185th GvBAP based at Poltava were deployed to Maryy-2 air base in Turkmenistan. Capable of dropping large tonnages of conventional ordnance, the aircraft bombed enemy forts, bases and material supplies. In October 1988, the aircraft was again deployed against the Mujahideen. Sixteen Tu-22M3s were used to provide cover to Soviet forces that were pulling out of the country. The Tu-22Ms were tasked with destroying paths of access to Soviet forces, attacking enemy forces at night to prevent regrouping, and to attack incoming supplies from Iran and Pakistan. Working alongside 30 newly arrived MiG-27s, the aircraft also flew missions aimed at relieving the besieged city of Kandahar. The aircraft had its last Afghan operation in January 1989 at Salang pass.

The Tu-22M suffered from widespread maintenance problems due to poor manufacturing quality during its service with the Soviet forces. The engines and airframes in particular had short service lives. The Air Force at one point sought to prosecute Tupolev for allegedly rushing the inadequate designs of the Tu-22M and the Tu-160 into service. This was compounded by the government bureaucracy, which hampered the provision of spare parts to allow the servicing of the Tu-22M. With some aircraft grounded for up to six months, the mission-capable rate of the aircraft in August 1991 was around 30–40%.

Russia
At the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, 370 remained in Commonwealth of Independent States service. Production ended in 1993.

The Russian Federation used the Tu-22M3 in combat in Chechnya during 1995, performing strikes near Grozny.

In August 2007, the Tu-22M and the Tu-95 began conducting long-range patrolling, for the first time since 1992.

On 9 August 2008, a Russian Tu-22MR reconnaissance aircraft was shot down in South Ossetia by a Georgian air defence Buk-M1 surface-to-air-missile system during the 5–day Russo-Georgian War. One of its crew members was captured (Major Vyacheslav Malkov), two others were killed and the crew commander, Lt. Col. Aleksandr Koventsov, was missing in action.

On 29 March 2013, two Tu-22M3 bombers flying in international airspace made a simulated attack on Sweden. The Swedish air defense failed to respond. Two Tu-22Ms flew supersonic over the Baltic Sea on 24 March 2015. Two Tu-22Ms approached Öland in international airspace on 21 May 2015. The Swedish Air Force sent two Saab JAS 39 Gripen fighters to mark their presence. On 4 July 2015, two Tu-22Ms approached the Swedish island of Gotland without violating its airspace, followed by Swedish and other fighter aircraft.

In 2014, Russian aerospace expert Piotr Butowski estimated there were seven squadrons of Tu-22Ms in service, each with approximately 10 aircraft, stationed at three airbases; 40 at Belaya airbase in southeastern Siberia, 28 at Shaykovka airbase southwest of Moscow, and 10 at Dyagilevo airbase in Ryazan southeast of Moscow which serves as the training unit for the bomber.

Syrian Civil War
Since late January 2017, six Tu-22M3s resumed airstrikes in the area of Deir ez-Zor to prevent capture of the city by jihadists and again in late 2017 to support a government offensive. 22–31 January 2016, Tu-22M3s reportedly conducted 42 sorties performing airstrikes in the vicinity of Deir ez-Zor. On the morning of 12 July 2016, six Tu-22M3 bombers carried out a concentrated attack around Palmyra, Al-Sukhnah and Arak. On 14 July, six Tu-22M3 bombers operating from airfields in Russia delivered another massive strike on the newly detected IS facilities in the areas east of Palmyra, as well as in Al-Sukhnah, Arak, and the T-3 oil pumping station in the province of Homs. New raids were conducted on 21 July, 8 August, 11 August, and 14 August 2016.

On 16 August 2016, the bombers began to fly missions in Syria using Iran's Hamedan Airbase.

In November 2017, six Tu-22M3s resumed airstrikes in the area of Deir ez-Zor to support a government offensive. In May 2021, three Tu-22Ms were temporarily deployed to the Khmeymim airbase in Syria. Tu-22Ms were again deployed in eastern Mediterranean in June of the same year for large RF Navy and Air Force drills.

Invasion of Ukraine
On 15 April 2022, the Ukrainian Defence Ministry stated Russia had used Tu-22M3 bombers for the first time since the start of its invasion of Ukraine, to strike targets in Mariupol. It had earlier been reported that FAB-3000M-46 dumb bombs had been reactivated in Russia for use with Tu-22M3 bombers to strike targets at the Azovstal iron and steel works plant that became the last bastion for Ukrainian troops in the besieged city of Mariupol.

On 11 May 2022, a video emerged on social media showing a Russian Aerospace Forces Tu-22M3 bomber launching two Kh-22 missiles at targets somewhere in Ukraine.

On 5 December 2022, a Russian Aerospace Forces Tu-22M3 bomber, identified as RF-34110, was shown damaged as a result of a long-range drone attack by the Armed Forces of Ukraine against the Dyagilevo air base. Images on social media showed at least the engine outputs and the trailing edge of the stabilizers damaged.

On 20 August 2023, the Russian government confirmed a drone attack on an airbase in Novgorod and BBC News subsequently published verified images of a Tu-22M3 engulfed in flames at Soltsy air base, Russia, which had been attacked by drones on the day before.

According to Ukraine, one Tu-22M3 was destroyed, and two were disabled, in an operation of a Ukrainian intelligence unit led by Oleh Babiy in August 2023.

During the 29 December 2023 Russian strikes on Ukraine and other attacks, some 300 Kh-22 missiles have been launched at Ukraine by Russian forces, all by Tu-22M bombers. None have been shot down by Ukrainian forces, although it is suggested that Russia has been targeting areas where there are no MIM-104 Patriot or SAMP/T missile batteries.

On 19 April 2024, a Russian Tu-22M3 crashed near Stavropol, over 450 km of distance from the nearest Ukrainian controlled territory as of the time of the event. Ukraine claimed to have shot down the long-range strategic bomber about 300 km from Ukraine as it was reportedly trying to return to base after a combat sortie. Russian authorities claimed the aircraft crashed in Krasnogvardeysky District due to a technical malfunction, killing one crew member, with another missing. A source claimed that Ukraine's Main Directorate of Intelligence had planned and executed the downing with a S-200 missile, the same type of missile Ukraine claimed to shot down a Beriev A-50 in February 2024. If confirmed, it would be Ukraine's first shot down of a Tu-22M in the air. Ukraine "likely destroyed" one Tu-22M at an airbase in Novgorod Oblast in August 2023, using drones.

Export

The Tupolev company has sought export customers for the Tu-22M since 1992, with possible customers including Iran, India and the People's Republic of China, but no sales have apparently been made. Unlike the Tu-22 bomber, Tu-22Ms were not exported to Middle East countries that were threatened by the US military presence in the region.

During 1999, India reportedly signed a lease-to-buy contract for four Tu-22M aircraft for maritime reconnaissance and strike purposes, which were to enter IAF service in 2001. At the time, the aircraft were to be delivered with Kh-22 cruise missiles. As of 2023 there is no evidence of operation or acquisition by the Indian Air Force.

Variants

 * Tu-22M(0)
 * Earliest pre-production variant, 9 were produced.

 * Tu-22M1
 * Pilot-production aircraft, 9 were produced in 1971 and 1972. Its NATO reporting name was Backfire-A.

 * Tu-22M2
 * The first major production version, entering production in 1972, was the Tu-22M2 (NATO: Backfire-B), with longer wings and an extensively redesigned, area ruled fuselage (raising the crew complement to four), twin NK-22 engines (215 kN thrust each) with distinctive intake ramps, and new undercarriage with the main landing gear in the wing glove rather than in large pods. 211 Tu-22M2 were built from 1972 to 1983. The Tu-22M2 had a top speed of Mach 1.65 and was armed most commonly with long-range cruise missiles/anti-ship missiles, typically one or two Raduga Kh-22 anti-ship missiles. Some Tu-22M2s were later reequipped with more powerful NK-23 engines and redesignated Tu-22M2Ye.

 * Tu-22M3
 * The later Tu-22M3 (NATO: Backfire-C), which first flew in 1977, was introduced into operation in 1983 and officially entered service in 1989, had new NK-25 engines with substantially more power, wedge-shaped intake ramps similar to the MiG-25, wings with greater maximum sweep and a recontoured nose housing a new Almaz PNA (Planeta Nositel, izdeliye 030A) navigation/attack (NATO 'Down Beat') radar and NK-45 nav/attack system, which provides much-improved low-altitude flight. The aerodynamic changes increased its top speed to Mach 2.05 and its range by one third compared to the Tu-22M2. It has a revised tail turret with a single cannon, and provision for an internal rotary launcher for the Raduga Kh-15 missile, similar to the American AGM-69 SRAM. It was nicknamed Troika ('Trio' or third) in Russian service. 268 were built until 1993.

 * As built, the Tu-22M included the provision for a retractable probe in the upper part of the nose for aerial refueling. The probe was reportedly removed as a result of the SALT negotiations, because with refueling it was considered an intercontinental range strategic bomber. The probe can be reinstalled if needed.

 * Tu-22M3s used to attack targets in Syria underwent modernization, during which the SVP-24-22 specialized computing subsystems were installed on them, significantly increasing the accuracy of the bombing.

 * Tu-22M4
 * The development of the "Izdeliye 4510" began in 1983. It was a modernization with the installation of new NK-32 engines (from the Tu-160) and with a change in engine air intakes. The avionics were modernized by installing a new PNK, the Obzor ("Overview") radar from the [Tu-160 and electronic warfare systems. The range of weapons was expanded: 3 Kh-32 or 10 Kh-15 (with placement on 6 internal and 4 external points of suspension) or UPAB-1500 with a television guidance system. In 1990, a prototype was built at the Kazan aircraft factory. Works in this direction were discontinued in November 1991. The prototype aircraft No. 4504 is in the museum exposition of the Dyagilevo air base.

 * Tu-22MR
 * Several Tu-22M3s, perhaps 12, were converted to Tu-22M3(R) or Tu-22MR standard with the Shompol side looking airborne radar and other ELINT equipment.

 * Tu-22DP
 * Tu-22DP (Dal'nego Perekhvata, long-range interception)/ DP-1 was a long-range interceptor project based on the Tu-22M2 (later on the basis of the Tu-22M3). R & D was conducted by the AN Tupolev Design Bureau together with GosNIIAS. It was assumed that the DP could also carry strike weapons.

 * Tu-344
 * A canceled civilian supersonic aircraft based on the Tu-22M3, designed to carry 10–12 passengers. Developed by Tupolev Design Bureau (ANTK named after A. Tupolev) within the framework of conversion program in the second half of the 1990s. The development of the aircraft began in the 1990s with the emergence of interest and demand for supersonic business jets (SBJ). Since the creation of an aircraft from scratch requires a large investment, Tupolev Design Bureau decided to create an SBJ-class aircraft based on Tu-22M3. However, the project proved to be unpromising at the time, as the aircraft was supposed to be used internationally, but did not meet international environmental standards of the day.

 * Tu-22M3 with SVP-24-22
 * Modernized Tu-22M3 of the Russian Aerospace Forces fitted with a new sighting and computing system SVP-24-22 Gefest, instead of the NK-45 Vakhta-2 complex. The SVP-24-22 includes a new and more powerful SV-24 onboard computer, UVV-MP-22 input-output device, flight information generation unit – BFI, aviation collimator indicator KAI-24, radio navigation system SRNS-24 with the A737 satellite receiver and the solid-state information storage device TBN-K-2 to save data of the navigation-targeting complex SVP-24-22 and of the flight recorder. 5 modernized aircraft entered service in 2015,  2 in 2017,  1 in 2018, 2 in 2019 and 2 in 2022.

 * Tu-22M3M
 * Tu-22M3 for the Russian Aerospace Forces with engines from Tu-160M2 (NK-32-02), 80 percent of avionics are replaced or upgraded, including SVP-24-22 bombsights, a phased array NV-45 radar, GLONASS navigation system, modern digital glass cockpit and engine controls, electronic warfare countermeasures, and the ability to use precision air-to-surface weapons. The modernization also counts with installation of mid-air refueling equipment, removed from existing aircraft in 1979 under the SALT II agreement, that will significantly increase the combat radius of the bomber. The Russian Ministry of Defense intends to upgrade up to 30 aircraft out of approximately 60 Tu-22M3s currently in service to the advanced Tu-22M3M variant. Can carry 3 Kh-32 or 4 Kh-47M2 Kinzhal missiles. Service life will be extended to 40–45 years. On 16 August 2018, the first modernized aircraft was unveiled during a roll-out ceremony at the Kazan Aviation Plant. It performed its maiden flight on 28 December 2018. On 20 March 2020, the second modernized Tu-22M3M aircraft had its maiden flight.  On 27 May 2020, it was reported that an upgraded Tu-22M3M strategic bomber had undergone trials at supersonic speed during its fourth test flight out of five already conducted.

Operators

 * Russian Aerospace Forces – 63 were in service as of 2018.
 * Olenya (air base)
 * 40th Mixed Aviation Regiment
 * 6952nd Air Base – Belaya (air base), Irkutsk Oblast
 * Elements of 326th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (HQ: Ukrainka)
 * 43rd Center for Combat Application and Training of Aircrew for Long Range Aviation – Dyagilevo (air base), Ryazan Oblast
 * 1st Instructor Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment
 * Shaykovka (air base), Kaluga Oblast
 * 52nd Heavy Bomber Regiment of the 22nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division
 * 52nd Heavy Bomber Regiment of the 22nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division

Former operators

 * Russian Naval Aviation – Tu-22M3s of the Northern Fleet and Pacific Fleet were transferred to the Russian Air Force in 2011.
 * Northern Fleet
 * 924th Maritime Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment – Olenya (air base), Murmansk Oblast (now 40th Mixed Aviation Regiment of Russian Long Range Aviation
 * Pacific Fleet
 * 568th Composite Aviation Regiment – Kamenny Ruchey, Khabarovsk Krai
 * Soviet Air Forces – aircraft were transferred to Russian and Ukrainian Air Forces after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
 * 22nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division
 * 200th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment – Babruysk, Mogilev Region, Byelorussian SSR
 * 260th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment – Stryi Air Base, Lviv Oblast, Ukrainian SSR
 * 326th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division
 * 132nd Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment – Raadi Airfield, Estonian SSR
 * 402nd Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment – Balbasovo Air Base, Vitebsk Region, Byelorussian SSR
 * 840th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment – Soltsy-2 (air base), Novgorod Oblast, Russian SFSR
 * 13th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division
 * 184th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment – Pryluky Air Base, Chernihiv Oblast, Ukrainian SSR
 * 185th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment – Poltava Air Base, Poltava Oblast, Ukrainian SSR
 * 52nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment – Shaykovka (air base), Kaluga Oblast, Russian SFSR
 * Soviet Naval Aviation
 * 5th Maritime Missile Aviation Division
 * 574th Maritime Missile Aviation Regiment – Lakhta air base, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian SFSR
 * 924th Guards Maritime Missile Aviation Regiment – Olenya (air base), Murmansk Oblast, Russian SFSR
 * 2nd Guards Maritime Missile Aviation Division
 * 5th Guards Maritime Missile Aviation Regiment – Veseloye, Crimean Oblast, Ukrainian SSR
 * 943rd Maritime Missile Aviation Regiment – Oktiabrske, Crimean Oblast, Ukrainian SSR
 * 33rd Center for Combat Employment and Retraining of Personnel Aviation VMF – Kulbakino Air Base, Mykolaiv, Ukrainian SSR
 * 540th Instructor-Research Maritime Missile Aviation Regiment
 * 33rd Center for Combat Employment and Retraining of Personnel Aviation VMF – Kulbakino Air Base, Mykolaiv, Ukrainian SSR
 * 540th Instructor-Research Maritime Missile Aviation Regiment

 * Ukrainian Air Force and Navy inherited a large number of Tu-22M2/M3 bombers. 60 Tu-22Ms (17 Tu-22M2 and 43 Tu-22M3) and 423 Kh-22 cruise missiles were scrapped under the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction agreement led by the US. The last bombers were scrapped in January 2006.
 * 13th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division – Poltava Air Base, Poltava Oblast
 * 185th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment
 * 22nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division – Stryi Air Base, Lviv Oblast
 * 260th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment
 * Ukrainian Naval Aviation
 * 2nd Guards Maritime Missile Aviation Division
 * 5th Guards Maritime Missile Aviation Regiment – Veseloye, Crimea
 * 943rd Maritime Missile Aviation Regiment – Oktiabrske, Crimea
 * 33rd Center for Combat Employment and Retraining of Personnel Aviation VMF – Kulbakino Air Base, Mykolaiv
 * 540th Instructor-Research Maritime Missile Aviation Regiment
 * 1 Tu-22M3 in the Poltava Museum of Long-Range and Strategic Aviation
 * 1 Tu-22M0, 1 Tu-22M2 and 1 Tu-22M3 in the Ukraine State Aviation Museum.
 * 1 Tu-22M0, 1 Tu-22M2 and 1 Tu-22M3 in the Ukraine State Aviation Museum.

Notable accidents and losses

 * On 16 September 2017, a Tu-22M3 overran the runway at Shaykovka Air Base due to an aborted take off. The aircraft was written off. All four crew members survived without injury.
 * On 22 January 2019, a Tu-22M3 crash-landed after a training flight while attempting to make a landing at the Olenya Air Base near the city of Olenegorsk in Russia's Murmansk region. Three of the four crew members died in the crash. A video shows the aircraft making a hard landing, which instantly ruptured the airframe and detached the forward cockpit area.
 * On 23 March 2021, a Tu-22M3's ejection system malfunctioned, suddenly activating while still on the ground. The incident resulted in the deaths of three crew members and the hospitalization of a fourth. An official from Russia's Defense Ministry said that "due to the insufficient altitude for parachute opening, three crew members received fatal injuries upon landing". The aircraft was at Shaykovka Air Base undergoing engine start procedures.
 * On 19 August 2023, a Tu-22M3 was destroyed by a drone strike from the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive while on the ground at Soltsy-2 in Novgorod Oblast. Satellite pictures of the air base showed that the other bombers stationed there had been evacuated, while photographs taken on the ground showed the plane that had been hit by the drone ablaze and was completely destroyed by the resultant fire.
 * On 19 April 2024, a Tu-22M3 crashed in the Stavropol region of Russia. Video shows the aircraft in a flat spin with visible flames on the rear of the aircraft. Ukrainian sources claimed that the bomber was shot down using a surface-to-air missile, with the loss of the Tu-22M3 being the second confirmed kill of a strategic bomber during the conflict.

title: Tupolev Tu-22M


text:
User talk:Jamielaing

Gee, there is rich text editing on here. Are you guys going to support that?

Lame

Underline

Dust in the wind
talking about dust here

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page; Editing tutorial; Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article; Naming conventions; Manual of Style

Whosyourjudas (talk) 21:54, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Jamielaing


text:
Ontario Bond Scandal

The Ontario Bond Scandal was a criminal case that was brought against the former Ontario provincial treasurer, Peter Smith and Smith's associates in 1924 and 1925.

Ontario had been governed by the United Farmers of Ontario (UFO) political party, led by Ontario Premier Ernest C. Drury since 1919. In 1920, when Peter Smith was the Ontario Treasurer, the United Farmers leadership contracted with Aemilius Jarvis to acquire and retire three series of previously issued Succession Duty free bonds. The United Farmers lost their control of the provincial government in 1923, when a new Conservative government, led by Howard Ferguson, was elected a year later.

Four years later in 1924, after the United Farmers government had fallen, prosecutors under the new provincial government alleged that former Treasurer Smith and financier Jarvis had conspired with Andrew Harvey ("A.H.") Pepall, Smith's friend and the government's agent for the deal, to inflate the price paid for the bonds and to split the excess profit. An official inquiry discovered that the Jarvis firm had earned some GB£130000 pounds in profit from the arrangement. A very large portion of the profit had gone to Pepall as a commission, and a portion of Pepall's commission had been deposited into Smith's bank account. Criminal charges of theft, fraud and conspiracy to defraud were brought against Smith and Jarvis. A.H. Pepall who was then living in California, was not charged, but his brother Harry, and Jarvis's son both of whom worked at the Jarvis firm, were criminally charged.

The only hint of any impropriety before this had arisen in 1922, when a legislative committee had questioned why A.H. Pepall, a close friend of Smith, had been paid the then large sum of $C80 per day for the trip, in which he seemed to have done little actual work.

In October 1924 Smith, Jarvis, his son, and Harry Pepall went on trial. The verdicts were handed down on October 24, 1924. All four were found not guilty of theft and fraud. Harry Pepall and the younger Jarvis were also found not guilty of conspiracy. But, in an illogical twist, the elder Jarvis and Smith were found guilty of conspiracy to defraud the government. Jarvis was sentenced to six months in prison, and Smith received three years. They were each joint and severally liable to pay a fine of CA$600,000, then the largest fines ever imposed in the British Empire. The fines were reduced on appeal and each was made separately liable for their portion.

The next year Andrew Pepall, who was living in California, was extradited. At that time conspiracy was not an extraditable offence, so he could only be brought back to Canada to face charges of theft and receiving the proceeds of a criminal conspiracy. He was found not guilty of these in late 1925.

Aemilius Jarvis -a prominent businessman and sports figure- was convicted on the charge of conspiracy, despite the fact that he had saved the provincial government millions of dollars in the retirement of the Succession Duty free bonds. Released from jail in six months, he spent the remainder of his life protesting his innocence which was proven when he took the stand, in the trial of Andrew Pepall. Jarvis was cleared in the eyes of the public, although his conviction was never overturned, nor was a pardon granted by the courts The Premier of Ontario (from 1919 to 1923), Ernest C. Drury, labelled Jarvis "Canada's Dreyfus," a reference to Alfred Dreyfus (who had been wrongfully charged and jailed in his native France for blatantly political reasons) and the Government of Canada would later be petitioned, unsuccessfully, to pardon Jarvis.

title: Ontario Bond Scandal


text:
GSM frequency bands

GSM frequency bands or frequency ranges are the cellular frequencies designated by the ITU for the operation of GSM mobile phones and other mobile devices.

GSM frequency usage around the world
A dual-band 900/1800 device is required to be compatible with most networks apart from deployments in ITU Region 2.

GSM-900, EGSM/EGSM-900 and GSM-1800
GSM-900 and GSM-1800 are used in most parts of the world (ITU-Regions 1 and 3): Africa, Europe, Middle East, Asia (apart from Japan and South Korea where GSM has never been introduced) and Oceania.

In common GSM-900 is most widely used. Fewer operators use GSM-1800. Mobile Communication Services on Aircraft (MCA) uses GSM-1800.

In some countries GSM-1800 is also referred to as "Digital Cellular System" (DCS).

GSM-850 and GSM-1900
GSM-1900 and GSM-850 are used in most of North, South and Central America (ITU-Region 2). In North America, GSM operates on the primary mobile communication bands 850 MHz and 1900 MHz. In Canada, GSM-1900 is the primary band used in urban areas with 850 as a backup, and GSM-850 being the primary rural band. In the United States, regulatory requirements determine which area can use which band.

The term Cellular is sometimes used to describe GSM services in the 850 MHz band, because the original analog cellular mobile communication system was allocated in this spectrum. Further GSM-850 is also sometimes called GSM-800 because this frequency range was known as the "800 MHz band" (for simplification) when it was first allocated for AMPS in the United States in 1983. In North America GSM-1900 is also referred to as Personal Communications Service (PCS) like any other cellular system operating on the "1900 MHz band".

Frequency mixing between GSM 900/1800 and GSM 850/1900
Some countries in Central and South America have allocated spectrum in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands for GSM in addition to the common GSM deployments at 850 MHz and 1900 MHz for ITU-Region 2 (Americas). The result therefore is a mixture of usage in the Americas that requires travelers to confirm that the devices they have are compatible with the bands of the network at their destination. Frequency compatibility problems can be avoided through the use of multi-band (tri-band or, especially, quad-band) device.

The following countries are mixing GSM 900/1800 and GSM 850/1900 bands:

GSM-450
Another less common GSM version is GSM-450. It uses the same band as, and can co-exist with, old analog NMT systems. NMT is a first generation (1G) mobile system which was primarily used in Nordic countries, Benelux, Alpine Countries, Eastern Europe and Russia prior to the introduction of GSM. The GSM Association claims one of its around 680 operator-members has a license to operate a GSM 450 network in Tanzania. However, currently all active public operators in Tanzania use GSM 900/1800 MHz. There are no publicly advertised handsets for GSM-450 available.

Very few NMT-450 networks remain in operation. Overall, where the 450 MHz NMT band has been licensed, the original analogue network has been closed, and sometimes replaced by CDMA. Some of the CDMA networks have since upgraded from CDMA to LTE (LTE band 31).

Multi-band and multi-mode phones
Today, most telephones support multiple bands as used in different countries to facilitate roaming. These are typically referred to as multi-band phones. Dual-band phones can cover GSM networks in pairs such as 900 and 1800 MHz frequencies (Europe, Asia, Australia and Brazil) or 850 and 1900 (North America and Brazil). European tri-band phones typically cover the 900, 1800 and 1900 bands giving good coverage in Europe and allowing limited use in North America, while North American tri-band phones utilize 850, 1800 and 1900 for widespread North American service but limited worldwide use. A new addition has been the quad-band phone, also known as a World Phone, supporting at least all four major GSM bands, allowing for global use (excluding non-GSM countries such as Japan, South Korea and as well countries where 2G system was shut down to release frequencies and spectrum for LTE networks like Australia (since 2017), Singapore and Taiwan (since 2018).

There are also multi-mode phones which can operate on GSM as well as on other mobile phone systems using other technical standards or proprietary technologies. Often these phones use multiple frequency bands as well. For example, one version of the Nokia 6340i GAIT phone sold in North America can operate on GSM-1900, GSM-850 and legacy TDMA-1900, TDMA-800, and AMPS-800, making it both multi-mode and multi-band. As a more recent example the Apple iPhone 5 and iPhone 4S support quad-band GSM at 850/900/1800/1900 MHz, quad-band UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA at 850/900/1900/2100 MHz, and dual-band CDMA EV-DO Rev. An at 800/1900 MHz, for a total of 'six' different frequencies (though at most four in a single mode). This allows the same handset to be sold for AT&T Mobility, Verizon, and Sprint in the U.S. as well as a broad range of GSM carriers worldwide such as Vodafone, Orange and T-Mobile (Excluding-US), many of whom offer official unlocking.

title: GSM frequency bands


text: User talk:62.252.128.15

title: User talk:62.252.128.15


text:
Talk:Luise Rainer

Place of birth
According to the IMDb, she was born in Dusseldorf, Germany. This article says Vienna, Austria. Anyone know which is right? --Feitclub 21:52, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * According to Halliwell's Who's Who in the Movies, Dusseldorf was the place of her birth. But when Rainer arived in Hollywood Louis B. Mayer insisted her birthplace be "changed" to Vienna and her nationality to Austrian. Crisso 16:03, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

When she came to England she provided details of her life and career to Pitmans for their brilliant and thoroughly checked book "Who's Who in the Theatre". She said she was born and educated in Vienna but that her first stage appearance was in Dusseldorf. In addition she gave her parent's names. I find it hard to believe that Mayer would have had any influence over her or her correct details in 1946. David Lauder 10:32, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

I asked the Düsseldorf register office for a copy of her birth certificate - she was definitely born there. --141.20.126.151 (talk) 14:12, 24 November 2007 (UTC)
 * The consensus from biographical references (2 cited) state Vienna as her birthplace. The only one so far that disputes it is Halliwell's, however their material on her is minute (75 words), and written in the form of an anecdote without a source. The others are much more biographical, even quoting her. Apparently she studied acting with Reinhardt in Germany. Therefore, we cannot simply change her place of birth without declaring that these other sources are wrong.

 * Other books that have her born in Vienna are: The MGM Stock Company: the Golden Era; Hollywood Musicals Year by Year; Inside: The Biography of John Gunther; The Quiet Invaders: The story of the Austrian Impact Upon America; and Katharine Hepburn: A Remarkable Woman. There are others. --Wikiwatcher1 (talk) 20:11, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

 * This German article states that she was born in Düsseldorf, Germany but she had to deny her origin since the Nazis were in power in germany during that time...User:85.176.74.244
 * Please translate relevant paragraphs. It would also help if there was an explanation of why her birthplace would have made any difference in Nazi attitudes. But in any case, the primary reference books giving her biography, describe her as from Vienna. A magazine article would not be enough to outweigh the the other sources. If you translate the article details, and include something about the author, it could be mentioned in the Early years section. But if it seems more of a rumor, and there's plenty of that in the entertainment world, it should be left out. --Wikiwatcher1 (talk) 19:49, 12 January 2010 (UTC)
 * It says "Geboren in Düsseldorf am 12. Januar 1910 als Kind eines reichen Kaufmanns und einer Fabrikantentochter, aufgewachsen im vornehmen Hamburger Stadtteil Harvestehude." ---Translated: "Born in Düsseldorf on Jan 12, 1910 as the daughter of a rich businessman and ... [I do not know the English word], raised in the noble Hamburg district of Harvestehude." The article is from tagesschau.de which is the website of the biggest news show on German television, so I assume that they have relevant sources for this information, but I will try to get the names of those sources and write them down here as soon as I get them.
 * Concerning the denial of her real birthplace: she had to deny her real origin when she was in hollywood, probably because it would have been bad for her career to be seen as a german while the nazis were in power in germany  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.176.92.153 (talk) 22:48, 26 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Today I got an answer from the author of the tagesschau.de article, he said that e.g. MGM faked the birhtplace in "The MGM Stock Company: the Golden Era" and that indeed she was born in Düsseldorf, Germany, as she herself has already told reporters in many interviews. I googled the Internet and I found more sources:
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2845151.stm (stating that she is German)
 * http://news.scotsman.com/entertainment/Interview-Luise-Rainer--39God.5954875.jp (stating she was born in Dusseldorf)
 * http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/6398728/Actress-Luise-Rainer-on-the-glamour-and-grit-of-Hollywoods-golden-era.html (stating that she was born in Dusseldorf)
 * BBC and the Daily Telegraph are two reliable British sources. There are so many sources saying she was born in Düsseldorf, including herself. The other sources listed, that say she was born in Vienna, do not sound very reliable to me thus for me the matter is clear, I changed the birthplace in the Wikipedia article 85.176.67.104 (talk) 18:24, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

 * There's no question that her birthplace has been published as being in two different places, and that both her parents were German. The rationale you gave above is possible. As you got the theory—of why two places are known—from a journalist, it's only his opinion. Personally, I doubt if too many people would care either way, since they were bordering countries and allies in WWII. But since you have printed cites, it makes sense to present the uncertain birthplace within the text, so readers will understand the apparent error. The "theory" is not cited, even if interesting. It doesn't make Wikipedia very reliable when it bounces around with facts that are printed in numerous places.

 * As mentioned above, most of the leading film reference books show her as being born in Vienna. If you can find some more verifiable details that can be given, you can add them to the article. But as it is, I hope you agree it only makes sense to give her most-cited, and verifiable place of birth (i.e. Turner Classic Movies,) as Vienna, and include your other cites in the body. --Wikiwatcher1 (talk) 20:27, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Most-cited does not automatically mean true. But anyway, concerning Luise Rainer, I am the opinion that the most-cited birthplace is Düsseldorf, not Vienna. There is a big chance that those film reference books all copied from what the MGM published. The article from the Daily Telegraph that I mentioned is based on an interview with her. And who would know best where she was born if not Luise herself? 85.176.94.212 (talk) 21:22, 27 January 2010 (UTC)
 * And see what Turner Classic Movies says now: born in Düsseldorf! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.59.149.49 (talk) 23:25, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

Turner Classic Movies is broadcasting Luise Rainer films to celebrate her birthday. In his introduction to The Emperor's Candlesticks, Robert Osbourne just said Rainer was born in Dusseldorf, Germany. --JamesAM (talk) 07:08, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, it looks like a mystery. The Turner Classic Movies bio on her has Vienna. --Wikiwatcher1 (talk) 07:41, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

I looked up ancestry.com and Luise is on a Passenger list in 1935. Here are the details:

Name: Luise Rainer. Age: 25. Female. Single. Occupation: Actress. Race or People: Hebrew. Place of Birth: Germany, Dusseldorf. Immigration Visa Number: Q562. Issued at: Vienna. Date Issued: December 21st 1934. Last Permanent Address: Austria, Vienna. Name Of Ship: Ile De France. Sailing From: Le Havre, France. When: January 9th 1935. Sailing To: New York. Arriving: January 15th 1935. Luise would have celebrated her 25th birthday onboard the ship. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aaron2001 (talk • contribs) 12:26, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
 * But you haven't added a source with it. Wildhartlivie (talk) 12:52, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

I already said I looked it up on ancestry.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aaron2001 (talk • contribs) 17:30, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Please read WP:CITE and WP:REF for information on how something is sourced here. Stating it on the edit summary is not adding a source. Wildhartlivie (talk) 23:04, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

How many older?
How many Academy Award winners of the past were older than Rainer is now? --RandomOrca2 19:46, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Only George Burns, who died at the age of 100 in 1996. John Mills died at the age Rainer is now (97) in 2005. This does not include Honary Academy Award winners (Bob Hope, Lillian Gish) nor winners outside the acting department. 84.87.228.147 11:28, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Dates and ages
I changed some. In the sentence "She began studying acting with Max Reinhardt, and by the time she was 16, there was already...", I changed 16 to 18, because in the interview article How Hollywood 'Discovered' Its Latest Foreign Star (referenced) it was mentioned she began acting at age 16, followed by the sentence: "Two years later Luise enrolled in the Max Reinhardt Theater in Vienna." Therefore, I changed the 16 to 18.

In the same 1935 article, it was said Rainer was discovered "a year ago". Because of that, I changed the "1935" in "She later appeared in several German language films before being discovered in 1935" to 1934.Moviefan (talk) 00:12, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Inconsistent Dates
"Disenchanted with Hollywood, where she later said it was impossible to have an intellectual conversation,[1] she moved to New York City in 1940 to live with her husband, playwright Clifford Odets, whom she had married in 1937. Rainer and Odets were divorced three years later. Rainer had never made it a secret that she felt terrible as Odets' wife, and exclaimed in a 1938 interview: "All the acting I've done on the stage or screen has been nothing compared to the acting I did in New York, when I tried to make everyone think I was happy – and my heart was breaking."[38] She filed for divorce in mid-1938, but proceedings were delayed "to next October" when Odets fled to England.[39] The divorce was finalized on May 14, 1940."

Does anyone else see how these dates (1937, 1940, 1943) can't possibly match up? Which are correct?

Also, regarding this: "Rainer had become an American citizen in the 1940s, but they had lived in the UK and Switzerland[36] for most of their marriage." Who is this ("they") talking about? --69.251.209.87 (talk) 18:34, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Welcome to Wikipedia! The editing issues you mentioned are very typical throughout Wikipedia, especially where there are dozens of different sources used, some good, some bad.  For Rainer, you'll note that we're not even sure where she was born!  There are often debates on all parts of articles.  Remember too that there can be many dozens of small edits made by dozens of different people, and sometimes details are added without any valid source.  The way to handle these issues is to point out the problems and then try to fix them if you can. --Wikiwatcher1 (talk) 20:06, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Was her father Jewish?
The article doesn't really make it clear, if her father was Jewish as well. What do the cited books say? All Hallow's Wraith (talk) 00:56, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * They note only her mother's religion. But as they do go into detail on her parents' background, it can be implied that he was not Jewish, but only of German ancestry. Her father's name was Heinz Rainer. --Wikiwatcher1 (talk) 01:28, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Interesting. Biographical information I can find on her father mentions that he lived in Houston, Texas, with an uncle after he was orphaned. Indeed, I managed to find Henry Rainer (as he was known at the time) in some Texas records, including his passport application (born in Munich in 1875). Though those do not list religion. It appears that his uncle and aunt were Henry and Melinda or Malina Freund, both of whom were Jewish (listed in the JewishGen Online Worldwide Burial Registry). My guess would be that Henry Freund was his mother's brother. That seems the most likely scenario. And thus, that Heinz Rainer (Henry Rainer) was Jewish. Spartacus SchoolNet lists Rainer as being born into a "Jewish family" - . All Hallow's Wraith (talk) 05:20, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Brecht visa
I've removed this sentence: ''In World War II, she signed a visa affidavit to get Bertolt Brecht out of Germany because she "loved his poetry". In return, he wrote the role of Grusha Vashnadze in his 1944 play The Caucasian Chalk Circle for Rainer. However they had a disagreement and she never played it.''

Besides the four year old "citation needed", there's the problem that Brecht left Germany in 1933; he came to the US from Finland in 1941. --jpgordon:==( o ) 04:04, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Perfectly justified removal. DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 05:39, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Excellent work by jp. Quis separabit?  14:42, 10 February 2014 (UTC)
 * By the way, does anyone know what happened to her parents and/or extended family (I know she's an only child) during the Holocaust? No mention in article. She claimed her father was a naturalized US citizen but there's no indication that they moved to the US or anywhere, nor if/that they died before WWII. Thanks. Quis separabit?  19:38, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

 * No, she's not an only child, at least according to my genealogical sources. She had two siblings, Robert and Fritz, but the geni.com information on them is quite sketchy (and of course could be wrong; the stuff is after all crowd-sourced.) Her Dad died in 1956 and her mom in 1961 (in Los Angeles.) Her Mom is my first cousin's wife's first cousin thrice removed's wife's first cousin once removed's husband's great nephew's wife's sister. (geni is so much fun and such a fine time waster -- but I got to thinking about her after watching The Great Ziegfeld last night.) --jpgordon:==( o ) 21:36, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the update. I am glad they survived. Quis separabit?  23:07, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Luise Rainer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071015210856/http://entertainment.sympatico.msn.ca/Oscars/OscarStory.aspx?cp-documentid=2742849 to http://entertainment.sympatico.msn.ca/Oscars/OscarStory.aspx?cp-documentid=2742849

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:36, 27 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Luise Rainer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120213182918/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USArainer.htm to http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USArainer.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:43, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

Combat still
The still from Combat! Finest Hour is of Luise Rainer with Ramon Novarro, not Maurice Marsac 203.220.204.68 (talk) 16:40, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Luise Rainer


text:
Elephant garlic

Elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum var. ampeloprasum) is a plant belonging to the onion genus. It has a tall, solid, flowering stalk and broad, flat leaves. The flavor is milder than garlic and can be eaten raw in salads, roasted, or sauteed, but is generally not a substitute for conventional garlic in cooking. It is sometimes confused with solo garlic.

Cultivation and use
The mature bulb is broken up into cloves that are large with papery skins, and these are used for both culinary purposes and propagation. Also, much smaller corms with a hard shell grow on the outside of the bulb. Many gardeners often ignore these, but if they are planted, they produce a nonflowering plant in their first year, which has a solid bulb, essentially a single large clove. In their second year, this single clove then, like a normal bulb, divides into many separate cloves. While it may take an extra year, it is desirable to plant these small bulbils (several can be produced by each bulb) and increase the harvest.

Unlike many garlics, elephant garlic does not have to be harvested or divided each year, but can be ignored and left in the ground without much risk of rotting. The plant, if left alone, will spread into a clump with many flowering heads (one stalk and flower from each clove, once the bulb divides). These are often left in flower gardens as an ornament and to discourage pests. Once they get overcrowded, the plant may not do as well, and growth is stunted, with some rotting. Elephant garlic is not generally propagated by seeds.

Like regular garlic, elephant garlic can be roasted whole on the grill or baked in the oven, then used as a spread with butter on toast. Fresh elephant garlic contains mostly moisture and foams up like boiling potatoes, whether on the stove or in a glass dish in the oven. Drying in the basement for a few months reduces the moisture content and brings out a fuller flavor.

Properties
When crushed and then analyzed using a DART ion source, elephant garlic has been shown to produce both allicin, found in garlic, and syn-propanethial-S-oxide (onion lachrymatory factor), found in onion and leek, but absent in garlic, consistent with the classification of elephant garlic as a closer relative of leek than of garlic.

Cultivation
Elephant garlic can be planted at two different times of the year: spring and autumn. In warmer areas, it can be grown over winter for a late-spring harvest.

title: Elephant garlic


text:
Talk:History of Salt Lake City

Image use
Well, I would love to add some more pics to this new page, but I'm not sure where to obtain them, and copyrights and such...I saw a really great pic of the Salt Lake Temple during construction in a book, but it mentioned it was coutesy of the LDS archives...not sure what kind of restrictions there are on 140 year old photos...Any ideas anyone?
 * Jon, Conqueror of Men 21:54, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I went ahead and uploaded one here I found through the Library of Congress search. The short answer is that anything prior to 1923 is now Public domain. the long answer is found in Copyright issues, Copyrights, and Image copyright tags.

Basically, scans or picture of pictures can be copyright, which is why the picture to the right is not as nice as it could be. It comes from the Denver Public Library which does assert copyrights over the digital images of their (public domain) pictures. That's annoying because other libraries don't. However, in order for something to be copyright, it must have creative expression. I believe the Denver Library's pictures have no creative expression and are archival (they show the entire photo), so I put the image in as public domain. However, if a picture copy is cropped, enhanced, or modified in any other possibly-creative way, then the modifier of the picture typically retains copyright.

So to summarise: if you take a picture or make a scan of an image created before 1923, it's 100% free. If you use scan, copy, or photograph newer copies of images from before 1923, it's probably also public domain. You cannot, however, use images that have been enhanced, even if the original was from before 1923. And if the image is from after 1923, no dice unless the owner specifically committed it to the public domain. There is one important exception though: images produced for the federal government are not copyright. This includes stamps, many military photos, and lots of other things. I have some newer government survey photos of the Salt Lake Tabernacle uploaded on my image page (I still needd to expand that article).

You might have luck finding pictures from books before 1923, but I doubt it. The LDS Archive is also a lot more restrictive than they used to be, so it'd be hard to get access or permission for the original. If the picture doesn't appear to be modified in any way though, you should be able to scan it from the book, but be sure to include the source.

That way, if the image is not fair game for the public domain, it almost certainly will be for fair use. This is legal, but many people on wikipedia don't like fair use. For one thing, the United States is the only country in the world that allows fair use of copyrighted materials.

Whew. Cool Hand Luke (Communicate!)  23:59, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I think I get it, I was a bit confused at first... I added the above pic to the main page, until something grander can be found...
 * Thanks! :)
 * Jon, Conqueror of Men 18:29, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Street system
Hey! Why don't someone write an article about the street system used in SLC and other cities in that part of the country. They have names like 800 West and 3200 South. What's the deal with that?

 * Well see, I'll take 800 West and 3200 South for example. 800 West would mean 8 blocks west of Main Street. 3200 South would mean 32 blocks south of South Temple. If there was, say, 1215 North and 670 East, then that would be 12.15 blocks north of South Temple and 6.7 blocks east of Main Street.The Runescape Junkie 23:04, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Removal of accurate history
This is a very poor page I think the history of Downtown Salt lake City is far superior, this page either needs to be completely re-written or eliminated.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Rmarkosian (talk • contribs) 23:51, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Found some references but from a banned (spam) site
I found the following referrences:

 * Jules Remy and Julius Brenchley, A Journey To Great Salt Lake City (London: 1861), 192-194.
 * Mary Burell, “Council Bluffs to California, 1854” in Covered Wagon Women: Diaries & Letters from the Western Trails, 1840-1890 vol. VI ed. Kenneth L. Holmes (Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clark, 1986), 242-243.

 * Richard Thomas Ackley, “Across the Plains in 1858” [typed manuscript], Utah State Historical Society, 29.

 * Artemus Ward, The Complete Works of Artemus Ward (New York: A.L. Burt Company, 1898), 288-289.

 * Jules Remy and Julius Brenchley, A Journey To Great Salt Lake City (London: 1861), 194-195.

 * Enrico Besana, “Enrico Besana: The New Road of Iron Will Destroy This Anomaly” in On the Way to Somewhere Else: European Sojourners in the Mormon West 1834-1930 ed. Michael W. Homer (Spokane, Washington: Arthur C. Clark Co., 2006), 121. The Salt Lake Temple is actually built out of granite, not marble.

in a very interesting article found here: but when I try to add the link, it gives a spam error. Anyone want to add this information. if not, I will try to do it later. Bytebear (talk) 05:39, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
 * americanhistory dot suite101 dot com/article.cfm/salt_lake_city_before_the_railroad

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on History of Salt Lake City. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040817010717/http://www.slcgov.com/info/area_info/salt_lake_city.htm to http://www.slcgov.com/info/area_info/salt_lake_city.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071107070027/http://www.utahstories.com/transcript_second_Instalment_main%20street.htm to http://www.utahstories.com/transcript_second_Instalment_main%20street.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:09, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Salt Lake City


text:
Whiston, Merseyside

Whiston is a town and civil parish within the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley in Merseyside, England. Previously recorded within the historic county of Lancashire, it is located 8 mi east of Liverpool and 3/4 mile east of Huyton Quarry. The population was 13,629 at the 2001 Census, increasing to 14,263 at the 2011 Census.

A new village, Halsnead Garden Village, was approved with government support in 2017 and will be located in the Halsnead area of the town. The new village will contain over 1,500 houses, a primary school, a country park, and various community and leisure facilities. Construction is estimated to cost around £270 million.

History
The first record of Whiston comes in 1245, being rendered as "Quistan" and being within the West Derby Hundred in Lancashire. Archeological evidence such as a neolithic polished hand-axe and mesolithic tool fragments suggest that the region was host to pre-historic settlement up to 12,000 years, ago while other archaeological finds include remnants of a Roman tile workshop in nearby Tarbock and a medieval shovel head.

The main industry of Whiston's earlier documented history is agriculture, with the first recorded mill in the area being held by local lord Henry Travers from 1190. By 1521, the first documentation of coal mining is made, which would in time become Whiston's primary industry. By 1700, the coalfields of Whiston, Prescot, and Sutton were producing 25,000-50,000 tonnes of coal annually, and this would only increase as the Industrial Revolution progressed and the Whiston area became host to tens of collieries over the 18th and 19th Centuries. By 1901, the population of Whiston was 3,430.

The Church of St. Nicholas on Windy Arbor Road was consecrated on 30 July 1868, replacing a chapel dating from 1846. It hosts a war memorial, designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, which was struck by lightning in 1928. The memorial was replaced in 1932. The stone-built Methodist Church on the High Street dates from the 19th century.

Whiston had a sanatorium, an isolation hospital, and a workhouse, part of the Prescot Union workhouses.

Whiston was previously host to Halsnead Hall, a neoclassical manor that housed the Willis family, chief landholders in Whiston from 1684 until the auctioning of their estate in 1929. Halsnead Hall, demolished in 1932 and now the site of Halsnead static caravan park, was designed by the renowned architect Sir John Soane. Before its demolition, it was the sole example of Soane's work in either Lancashire or Cheshire.

Governance
Prior to boundary changes in 2016, Whiston consisted of the Whiston North and Whiston South wards of the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley. The North and South wards were separated by the Liverpool to Manchester Railway, which runs directly through the town. The former borough wards of North and South are still used in the form of Town Council wards, but for the purposes of Borough representation, Whiston elects three councillors via the combined ward of Whiston and Cronton.

Whiston lent its name to and was formerly the headquarters of the Whiston Rural District within the County of Lancashire before the Local Government Act 1972. Today, Whiston Town Council oversees parish level administration.

Transport
Whiston is crossed by the historic Liverpool to Manchester Railway, and is served by Whiston railway station with services to Liverpool and Manchester, operated by Northern. Local bus routes to Runcorn, Liverpool, St Helens and Huyton also serve the town. These are operated by, among other smaller local providers, Stagecoach and Arriva.

Health
St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust operates Whiston Hospital. The hospital supports the primary maternity department for the Knowsley and St Helens boroughs, alongside a regional Burns and Plastic Surgery Unit serving North West England, North Wales and the Isle of Man. The Trust is a member organisation of the teaching hospital system partnered with the University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Edge Hill University.

Industries
Local industry includes Glen Dimplex Home Appliances, producing kitchen appliances and employing approximately 1,000 people.

Primary education

 * St Luke's Catholic Primary School
 * Halsnead Primary School
 * Whiston Willis Primary School
 * St Leo's & Southmead Catholic Primary School

Secondary education
In 2010, two of Whiston's secondary schools were closed and redeveloped under the Labour Party governments 'Building Schools for the Future' scheme. This £150 million programme created seven new 'Centres for Learning' to replace the ten existing secondary schools within the Knowsley borough.

Constructed in 1964, Knowsley Higher Side Comprehensive School was one of the first comprehensive schools in the local area, purpose built under the Labour Party's education reforms to formally abolish the tripartite system of education; to amalgamate grammar, technical and secondary modern schools into one appropriately named Comprehensive System. In March 2010, after serving the local area for 46 years, Higher Side Comprehensive School was permanently closed and subsequently demolished to make way for the new St Edmund Arrowsmith Catholic Centre for Learning which was constructed on vacant land behind Higher Side's main buildings. The land on which Higher Side once stood now serves as a car park and recreational area for staff and pupils of the new St Edmund Arrowsmith.
 * Knowsley Higher Side Comprehensive School, Cumber Lane.

The only remaining building of the former Higher Side School site is the former Whiston & Prescot City Learning Centre (CLC), now St Edmund Arrowsmith Science Hub. The building was originally constructed and opened in 2000. Pupils of the school who were still enrolled at Higher Side at the time its closure were transferred to its replacement Knowsley Park Centre for Learning (now The Prescot School) based on Knowsley Park Lane, Prescot.

Closed, relocated and rebuilt behind the former Knowsley Higher Side Comprehensive School on Cumber Lane. Renamed as 'St Edmund Arrowsmith Catholic Centre for Learning' for a while. The original St Edmund Arrowsmith Building on Scotchbarn Lane was retained for several years and redeveloped as a youth training academy, but has also since been demolished.
 * St Edmund Arrowsmith Catholic Academy, Whiston, Cumber Lane.

Notable people

 * Alan Allport, historian
 * Peter Briggs, screenwriter
 * Melanie C, singer, "Sporty Spice" of the Spice Girls
 * Martin Dwyer, jockey
 * Steven Gerrard, footballer
 * Steve Hampson, rugby league player
 * Jamie Harrison, cricketer
 * Craig Hignett, footballer
 * Martin Kelly, footballer
 * David Leather, cricketer
 * Stuart Maconie, radio presenter and author
 * Kym Marsh, actress and singer
 * Conor McAleny, footballer
 * Dave McCabe, lead singer and guitarist of The Zutons
 * Natalie McCool, songwriter and musician
 * Rachel McDowall, actress
 * James Roby, rugby league player
 * Willy Russell, screenwriter and playwright
 * Matty Smith, rugby league player
 * William Snowden, cricketer
 * Mark Ward, footballer

title: Whiston, Merseyside


text:
Perspectives of New Music

Perspectives of New Music (PNM) is a peer-reviewed academic journal specializing in music theory and analysis. It was established in 1962 by Arthur Berger and Benjamin Boretz (who were its initial editors-in-chief).

Perspectives was first published by the Princeton University Press, initially supported by the Fromm Music Foundation. The first issue was favorably reviewed in the Journal of Music Theory, which observed that Berger and Boretz had produced "a first issue which sustains such a high quality of interest and cogency among its articles that one suspects the long delay preceding the yet-unborn Spring 1963 issue may reflect a scarcity of material up to their standard". "However, as the journal's editorial 'perspective' coalesced, Fromm became—in the words of David Gable—disenchanted with the 'exclusive viewpoint [that] came to dominate' it. 'However intrinsically valuable the kinds of analytic approaches that came to typify it may [have been], Perspectives [became] in essence a highly specialized theory journal for contemporary music. For a decade, Fromm and certain members of the advisory board attempted to broaden the journal's scope, and when the editorial board ... refused to return to the original conception, Fromm withdrew his funding in 1972." When Fromm discontinued his support, Perspectives of New Music formed an independent corporation, which has continued its publication.

Boretz edited the journal from 1962 through 1983, with co-editors Berger (1962–1964), Edward T. Cone (1968–1972), and Elaine Barkin (1972–1983). John Rahn was editor from 1983 until 1993, and Boretz again in 1994/95. From 1995 until 2000, there was a group of five editors: Joseph Dubiel, Marion Guck, Marianne Kielian-Gilbert, Andrew Mead, and Stephen Peles. Musicologist Jerome Kohl was the journal's managing editor from 1985 to 1999. The current editors are Boretz, Robert Morris, and Rahn.

title: Perspectives of New Music


text:
Talk:Superliner (railcar)

Intercity cars split
I think the section talking about the Bi-Level Intercity cars should split into its own article. While the design of these cars is based on the "design baseline" of the Superliner, they are their own car type. In addition, properly covering all three types of this car is nearly as long as the different types of Superliner cars. RickyCourtney (talk) 09:17, 20 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Is the "Bi-Level Intercity" phrase a proper noun, or just a description? I've noticed that the capitalization for the phrase is inconsistent in the existing article and the status of the noun should probably be resolved before a new article is spun off. --AlikaAlex 03:53, 14 September 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alikaalex (talk • contribs)

 * In any case, they are NOT "Superliners" and were never branded as such. They are California Cars and Surfliners.  They may have the same shape as Superliners, but they were built separately and have very different interiors. Given that they are confined to their own routes and not used across many different ones, it may be best to simply merge the content into the route articles. Jason McHuff (talk) 23:54, 22 September 2013 (UTC)

I think there's a good case for separate articles on the equipment, especially as the California Cars float around. I would locate these at Pacific Surfliner (railcar) and California Car (currently a redirect). Mackensen (talk) 02:26, 23 September 2013 (UTC)

Good points by all. I've now split the section into two articles, California Car (railcar) and Surfliner (railcar). At the moment the California Car page has more on how the intercity cars came to be, while the Surfliner page has more on the future third generation intercity railcar. RickyCourtney (talk) 08:59, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

Lead image
We've used File:Auto Train lounge.jpg in the article since April 2006 and in the lead since September 2006. I find this unsatisfactory inasmuch as this is about the least representative Superliner in existence: one of five Superliner I dining cars converted for lounge use on the Auto Train. Unless you ride the Auto Train you'll never encounter one. The image itself is comparatively small (709 × 477, 127 KB), though of good quality for all that. What I'm wondering is what sort of image could replace this? An action shot of one of the Western trains, showing a couple cars? A zoomed-out shot showing many cars but none distinctly? A close-in shot similar to the current one, but of something more representative like a coach? Mackensen (talk) 23:26, 7 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I really like the composition of the shot you have up now, but personally, I think we should have a picture that depicts the current "Phase IVb" livery. Hopefully we can find an equally nice, but more recent photo and shift the Phase II photo to the history section. --RickyCourtney (talk) 06:49, 15 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I've spent a lot of time with the Superliner images on Commons and it's just hard to match Roger Puta's skill (Drew Jacksich is pretty good too). I've added a Phase IVb image of an S-II to the history section. Given the Superliner's importance in rescuing Amtrak in the 1980s I think you make a case for featuring an S-I in Phase II in the lead. Mackensen (talk) 13:59, 15 January 2017 (UTC)

Safety
This section is cited to a single report and could probably be shortened. More importantly, Superliners ran on the final run of the International, which implies that something happened. Either Amtrak addressed the accessibility issue, ignored the TSB, or got a waiver. Anyone know? Mackensen (talk) 02:35, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Per Sanders (2006), Amtrak replaced the Superliners with Horizons because to augment capacity on Western trains. I believe he's relying on unpublished correspondence from June 7, 1999, which predates the accident. He doesn't mention the accident. It's possible he's wrong, or Amtrak planned to withdraw the Superliners anyway. Mackensen (talk) 03:18, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

First Empire Builder with Superliners?
The image at right was published in Amtrak NEWS to illustrate the article about the first Empire Builder equipped with Superliners. The printed caption reads "The Superliner-equipped Empire Builder rolls out of Chicago heading for Seattle." The image shows an EMD F40PH, three coaches or sleepers, a diner, and another coach or sleeper. Sanders (2006), based on reports in various railfanning publications, reports the following for the October 28 consist: two F40PHs, a baggage car, a Hi-Level step-up transition coach, two Superliner coaches, a Superliner diner, and a Superliner sleeper. I'm trying to find a contemporary news account (if any exist) to explain the discrepancy. Mackensen (talk) 14:04, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
 * The Amtrak NEWS caption is "The Superliner-equipped Empire Builder rolls out of Chicago heading for Seattle". It could be that this was not the very first train, or that this is the first of two training sets that Amtrak ran earlier in the month. The second train was only four cars, but the first was "three coaches, a diner, and two Amtech training cars" according to Amtrak NEWS, which would be a plausible match for this photo. I'll try my hand at getting Sanders' sources. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 00:12, 14 January 2017 (UTC)
 * It's actually the press run from October 11. More later. Mackensen (talk) 17:10, 21 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Aha, so it is the first of those two training / display trains. Makes sense! I'll update the filename etc when you have time for the additional details. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 18:20, 21 January 2017 (UTC)

 * George Drury has an almost identical shot published in the January 1980 edition of Trains. He must have been standing next to the Amtrak NEWS photographer. It's identified as the October 11 press run out to Lisle. The same issue includes a shot of the Empire Builder's first revenue run on October 28 and definitely has a Hi-Level in the consist. Mackensen (talk) 18:20, 21 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Oh interesting! So I was wrong, this was not either of the longer display/training trips, but just a short hop. The photo matches perfectly with the NYT description of the event. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 18:51, 21 January 2017 (UTC)

Lines served in infobox
I think the  parameter in the infobox should be limited to routes where Superliners are regularly assigned. In practice this is the Western long-distance trains, the Heartland Flyer because it exchanges equipment with the Texas Eagle, the Capitol Limited, the City of New Orleans, and the Pere Marquette. It's common for Superliners to rotate out to the other Midwestern corridor routes in the winter but that's not a regular assignment. Similarly Superliners sub in on the Amtrak California routes but that's not their regular assignment (leaving aside the wreck repairs painted up to look like Surfliners). If we included routes where Superliners are no longer used we'd have to include the Cardinal, plus potentially any of the discontinued routes which had Superliners. We'd wind up with a very long list, and that's better handled in prose in the History section, if at all. Mackensen (talk) 17:25, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Seems logical to me. It's probably worth putting a hidden note to explain the logic to future editors. --RickyCourtney (talk) 06:44, 15 January 2017 (UTC)

Coach interior picture
Question about the excellent File:Upper Level of Superliner I.jpg uploaded by. According to the caption it's No. 34960, Sequoia Grove, one of the California wreck repairs. It's not representative of Superliner I coaches, though it's a great picture. I think if it's going to stay where it is it needs to be clearly labeled. Mackensen (talk) 23:26, 13 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Sorry about that, I actually forgot about the refurbed wrecks being given to Caltrans. That's my fault. The main reason why I replaced the image was due to the fact that I was able to snag a photo of an empty Superliner (which in my opinion, is quite unusual). Feel free to mention it in the caption! TJH2018  talk  15:34, 14 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Superliner (railcar). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160207120429/https://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/717/203/ATK-15-032%20Amtrak%20Coast%20Starlight%20Business%20Class%20Pilot%20Revised.pdf to https://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/717/203/ATK-15-032%20Amtrak%20Coast%20Starlight%20Business%20Class%20Pilot%20Revised.pdf
 * Added tag to https://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/897/154/Amtrak-Five-Year-Service-Plans-FY17-FY21.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20170108093952/https://www.amtrak.com/media/train_tour/superliner/superlinerSLEEPER_CONTROLLER.html to https://www.amtrak.com/media/train_tour/superliner/superlinerSLEEPER_CONTROLLER.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:09, 27 October 2017 (UTC)

Derivatives
I think it's worth mentioning the direct derivative types - the California Car and Surfliner, plus the ill-fated third generation - in the article rather than merely as See also links. I'm not sure where the best place to put it would be - perhaps at the end of the lede of the Design section? Pi.1415926535 (talk) 02:46, 15 March 2019 (UTC)
 * That's a legacy of the split. Maybe a section called "Further development", summarizing the history of the new orders and some of the more noteworthy design changes? Mackensen (talk) 11:02, 15 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Okay, I've done my best. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 20:30, 15 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me. Mackensen (talk) 12:13, 16 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Superliner (railcar)


text:
Bidston

Bidston is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral in Merseyside, England.

Administratively, it is a ward of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral. Before local government reorganisation on 1 April 1974, it was part of the County Borough of Birkenhead, within the geographical county of Cheshire. At the 2001 Census, the population of Bidston was 10,446, consisting of 4,725 males and 5,721 females. By the time of the 2011 Census the electoral ward was called Bidston and St. James (St James is part of Bidston and not a separate locality). This ward includes Beechwood to the south of Bidston and extends into much of Birkenhead to the east, including all of the south side of the Great Float. The total population of this ward at this Census was 15,216 of which 7,117 were males and 8,099 were female.

History

Bidston has been occupied since the Mesolithic era, evidenced by flints excavated during the 1990s. Neolithic and Roman artefacts have also been discovered in the vicinity of the village. The circular nature of the St Oswald's Church grounds indicate an early origin to the site. Bidston Hill contains a number of ancient rock carvings, including that of a Sun Goddess, thought to have been carved by the Norse-Irish around 1000 AD.

The original parish of Bidston comprised Bidston, Moreton, Saughall Massie, Claughton and Birkenhead. Bidston Hall was originally held by the heirs of Hamon de Massey. The hall eventually passed to the Stanley family, after being purchased by John Stanley of Lathom on 24 June 1397.

The residential buildings in the village core date from between the 16th and 18th century. Typically, these are former farmhouses, farm buildings and cottages, constructed from local red sandstone. Many are Grade II listed buildings.

Early modern
The Liverpool to Holyhead semaphore telegraph was set up in 1826, on which Bidston had a signals station. This replaced a flag signalling station dating to 1763, and which itself was replaced in 1861 by an electrical telegraph. Along with the construction of Bidston Lighthouse in 1771, this facilitated shipping to the Port of Liverpool. Bidston Observatory was added in 1866, further enabling shipping movements on the River Mersey.

In the 19th century, Bidston underwent industrial expansion. The greatest effect was possibly the drainage of Bidston Moss, during the construction of Birkenhead Docks. By the end of the century, Bidston had also gained significant railway infrastructure with an engine shed and a railway junction where the Birkenhead to West Kirby, New Brighton and Wrexham lines met.

20th century
A goods marshalling yard was added to the railway infrastructure by the early 20th century. During World War I, Bidston had an army training camp. Bidston Aerodrome opened temporarily in 1920, on the site of what is now the golf course. Bidston Dock was opened in 1933, remaining in use until the 1990s. During World War II, a German prisoner-of-war camp was temporarily established. Although never used for its original purpose, Bidston Hill's air-raid shelter was built from December 1941, having 2,213 bunks and 793 seats. The Gordon, a three-wheeled car, was produced in Bidston between 1954 and 1958.

The Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory's Joseph Proudman building was opened in Bidston in 1975, surviving until 2013.

Geography
Bidston is in the northern part of the Wirral Peninsula, 1.9 km from the Irish Sea at Leasowe, approximately 8 km east-north-east of the Dee Estuary at West Kirby and 4.2 km west of the River Mersey at Seacombe. The village of Bidston is situated on the north-western side of Bidston Hill, with the centre of the village at an elevation of approximately 16 m above sea level.

The Birket passes between Bidston Village and Bidston Moss, before discharging into West Float and then into the River Mersey.

Government
Bidston is part of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, in the metropolitan county of Merseyside. The village is part of the parliamentary constituency of Birkenhead. The current Member of Parliament is Mick Whitley, a Labour representative. He has been the MP since 2019 and currently holds a majority of 17,705.

The area is also part of a local government ward of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, this being Bidston and St. James Ward. Bidston is represented on Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council by three councillors. These are Julie McManus, Ann McLachlan and Brian Kenny, who are all Labour councillors. Ann McLachlan is also the Deputy Leader of the council. The most recent local elections took place on 5 May 2016.

The electorate numbered 9,985, there was a turnout of 24.6% and the majority is 1,373.

Retail

The major employers in Bidston are a 24-hour Tesco superstore and B&Q. The Tesco superstore and petrol station, built in the 1990s, occupy the site of the former Bidston steelworks and a disused railway marshalling yard. Meanwhile, B&Q operates within the Bidston Moss Retail Park, a 5.9 ha development built in the 1980s, which includes branches of Halfords, Home Bargains, Carpetright and Pets at Home. Marks & Spencer and Aldi each opened stores at the retail park in 2016. Other businesses, which formerly occupied the retail park, included MFI.

Industrial estate
The Valley Road Industrial Estate includes the premises of Park Group PLC, a Christmas hamper and pre-paid gift card provider.

Bidston Moss also has one of the main waste and recycling centres for Wirral, which is operated by Veolia. Originally part of the same site, the former Bidston tip was in operation from the 1930s, closing around 1997, and then landscaped as part of the Bidston Moss Nature Reserve.

Schools
Bidston Village Church of England Primary School is located in Ballantyne Drive, close to the centre of the village, and accommodates around 300 pupils. Holy Cross Catholic Primary School is located on Gautby Road. The Observatory School, located on Bidston Village Road, is a community special school serving pupils aged 11–16.

Churches

St Oswald's Church is Bidston's Church of England church, and dates back to the 13th century. The current building has a 16th-century tower, with the rest of the church rebuilt in the mid to late-19th century. Holy Cross Church, the last designed by F. X. Velarde and built in 1959, is a Grade II listed building located at the junction of Hoylake Road and Worcester Road. This church is Bidston's local Catholic church but is now closed and boarded up. Bidston also has a Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses, located in School Lane.

Leisure
A play and community centre is situated on Gautby Road, and a model boating lake is opposite.

Public houses
The only operational public house, within the vicinity of the village, is The Bidston on Hoylake Road. Bidston has had a couple of public houses closer to the centre of the village. The Ring 'o Bells Inn closed in 1868, and is now a residential property. The Corsair closed prior to 2009, and the site was approved for a residential construction in 2015.

Parks, commons and other green spaces
Bidston Hill comprises 100 acre of heathland and woodland maintained by Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council as a nature reserve and public park. The land was purchased in stages from 1894 to 1908 by Birkenhead Corporation from local landowner Lord Vyner. It is the site of Bidston Windmill, built around 1800 and Bidston Observatory, owned by the Natural Environment Research Council.

Adjacent to Bidston Hill is Tam O'Shanter Cottage, which is believed to have been built about 300 years ago. Its name derives from a stone carving of the poem Tam O'Shanter by Robert Burns, which adorns a wall on the site. In 1950, the building was recognised as having special historical interest for preservation. Despite two fires and threats of demolition in 1954 and 1975, the cottage was rebuilt and restored in the mid-1970s. Four acres around the cottage were developed as a city farm in 1986, known as the Tam O'Shanter Urban Farm.

Opposite the cottage is Flaybrick Memorial Gardens, Birkenhead's first municipal cemetery. The grounds encompass an arboretum and nature trails.

Bidston Moss was originally low-lying wetland marsh at the head of Wallasey Pool. In 1936 most of the land was given over to residential, commercial and industrial landfill. Since the cessation of waste disposal operations in 1995, Merseyside Waste Disposal Authority and the charitable trust Groundwork Wirral have undertaken environmental restoration works to landscape the site. The former landfill sites are now part of a nature reserve, which has several sections surrounding Bidston Moss Retail Park and Junction 1 of the M53.

Bidston Village has won title of Best Small Village several times at the Northwest In Bloom awards.

Sport
Bidston Golf Club and 18-hole golf course, opened in 1913, is situated to the north of the village, on the opposite side of the M53 and railway station. The Wirral Tennis and Leisure Centre, operated by the local council and located on Valley Road, offers six indoor and two outdoor tennis courts, a sports hall, a fitness suite and five-a-side football pitches.

Road
The village is nearest to the northern end of the B5151 road. The retail park is situated on the A554 and also adjacent to Junction 1 of the M53 motorway. The A553 Bidston bypass separates the village from the railway station, and the retail park, to the north. This dual carriageway allows quicker road travel between Birkenhead and Moreton. The former route, through the centre of the village, is now cut off at the western end by the M53.

Rail
The locality is served by Bidston railway station. Trains operate to Liverpool and West Kirby on the Wirral Line of the Merseyrail network and to Wrexham on the Borderlands Line. Birkenhead North railway station is also a short distance away from the locality.

Cycling
National Cycle Route 56 passes through the centre of the village, along Bidston Village Road and School Lane. The route continues alongside the A554 and turns off before Bidston Moss Retail Park, travelling between the retail park and the nature reserve and then beneath the M53 motorway. This route goes from Chester to Liverpool via Leasowe and Seacombe and includes part of the Wirral Way, along its course.

Notable people

 * Lewis Collins, English actor, born in Bidston
 * Elsie Kelly, English actress, lives in Bidston
 * Harry B. Neilson, illustrator, lived at Meadowbank, 36 School Lane, Bidston

title: Bidston


text:
Bromborough

Bromborough is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, Merseyside, England, and the historic county of Cheshire, on the Wirral Peninsula southeast of Bebington and north of Eastham.

At the 2011 census, the population of the ward was 14,850.

History
The name Brunanburh is suggested to mean "Bruna's fortification", with  burh being Old English for a fortified place. Bromborough is a contender for the site of an epic battle of 937, the Battle of Brunanburh, which confirmed England as a united Anglo-Saxon kingdom.

In an article in Notes and Queries in 2022, Michael Deakin questions the philological case for Bromborough as Brunanburh, suggesting that the first element in the name is 'brown' and not 'Bruna'. Bromborough would therefore be 'the brown [stone-built] manor or fort'. Reconstructed from fragments, an Anglo Saxon cross is in the churchyard of local parish church St Barnabas. However, Bromborough is not specifically named in the Domesday Survey, and the name does not appear in records until the 12th century.

A charter for a market to be held each Monday was granted by Edward I in 1278 to the monks of St. Werburgh's Abbey. It was hoped that establishing the market in the vicinity of Bromborough Cross would promote honest dealing. The market cross was the traditional centre of the village and also an assembly point for local farm labourers available for hire. The steps of the cross are from the original 13th-century monument. The cross itself is a more recent reproduction, presented to the town by the Bromborough Society.

With a watermill having been recorded near Bromborough at the time of the Domesday Survey, Bromborough watermill was likely to have been the oldest mill site on the Wirral. Located on the River Dibbin at what is known as Spital Dam, it was worked until 1940 and demolished in 1949. The site is now a children's nursery. A windmill, built in 1777, existed on higher ground also at the same location. Having fallen into disuse and much deteriorated, it was destroyed by gunpowder in about 1878.

An increase in traffic passing through the area resulted in Bromborough undergoing extensive redevelopment in the 1930s. Bromborough Hall, built in 1617, was demolished in 1932 to make way for a by-pass and a number of farmhouses and cottages in the area of Bromborough Cross were replaced with shops.

Civic history
Bromborough was a township and parish in the Wirral Hundred, which became a civil parish in 1866. From 1894 Bromborough was also an urban district. Both the civil parish and the urban district were abolished in 1922 when it was merged with the neighbouring civil parish of Bebington, ultimately becoming part of the Municipal Borough of Bebington. Under local government reorganisation on 1 April 1974, Bromborough transferred from Cheshire to the newly-formed county of Merseyside.

Geography
Bromborough is situated on the eastern side of the Wirral Peninsula, at the western side of the River Mersey. The area is approximately 12.5 km south-southeast of the Irish Sea at New Brighton and about 8 km east-northeast of the Dee Estuary at Parkgate. Bromborough Cross is at an elevation of about 32 m above sea level.

Governance
Bromborough is within the parliamentary constituency of Wirral South. The current Member of Parliament is Alison McGovern, a Labour representative.

At local government level, the town also a ward of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, in the metropolitan county of Merseyside. As of, the ward boundary is generally defined by Stanley Road in New Ferry to the north, the Mersey to the east, the railway line to the west and Acre Lane to the south. Bromborough is represented on Wirral Council by three councillors. The most recent local elections took place on 2 May 2019.

Landmarks
The partially medieval Bromborough Cross, in the old village centre, is a designated Grade II* listed building. St Barnabas' Church, designed by George Gilbert Scott, is also Grade II* listed and was constructed in the 1860s to replace a smaller church. Both Stanhope House and Pear Tree Cottage are Grade II listed and are amongst several buildings from the late seventeenth century that survive in the modern town.

Community
To the west of the A41 New Chester Road, Bromborough is mainly residential development started in the 1930s, centred on the original village centre with its market cross.

There are a number of pubs in Bromborough: 'The Bromborough,' the 'Royal Oak' and the local British Legion, now known as the Bromborough Social Club are situated in Bromborough Village. 'The Archers' pub had closed down by 2013 and planning permission was submitted for it to be demolished. On the outskirts, bordering Eastham, are the 'Merebrook' and the 'Dibbinsdale', where there is a branch of the Pesto restaurant chain.

Bromborough's green spaces include Brotherton Park and Dibbinsdale Local Nature Reserve, along the banks of the River Dibbin, and Marfords Park to the south west of the town.

The local newspapers are the Bromborough and Bebington News and the Wirral Globe.

Economy
East of the A41 road, towards the River Mersey, is industrial development and includes Bromborough Pool, an early industrial "model village" developed from 1853–58 by Price's Candles. Part of the industry is connected to the former Bromborough Dock and includes a ammonium nitrate warehouse and the main landfill site for the Wirral, now a walkway with views of the river. Cereal Partners employs 340 people and produces Cheerios and Corn Flakes, among other breakfast cereals, in a factory formerly owned by Viota. Rank Hovis McDougall briefly owned the business in the 1990s. Another major business is Sun Valley Snacks Ltd, which processes peanuts.

The Croft Retail & Leisure Park, which opened in March 1990, is located off the A41.

Road
The main road through the area is the A41 New Chester Road. The B5137 Spital Road joins the A41 at Bromborough. Junctions 4 and 5 of the M53 motorway are equidistant from Bromborough, each about 3 km away; Junction 4 is to the west and Junction 5 is to the south.

Bus
There are many local bus services which serve the village, mostly operated by Stagecoach Merseyside. Stagecoach Gold service 1 offers direct, premium connections to Liverpool and Birkenhead to the north; Chester, Chester Zoo and Ellesmere Port to the south.

Rail
Bromborough and Bromborough Rake railway stations are both situated on the Wirral line of the Merseyrail network. Trains run every 15 minutes to Chester, every 30 minutes to Ellesmere Port, and there are six trains per hour to Liverpool Central.

title: Bromborough


text:
Talk:The Helping Hand

The Helping Hand was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECT. The article has already been made into a redirect. 3 votes to delete, 1 vote to keep, 3 votes to move to Hamburger Helper. The vote was split, 4 to 1 against deletion, but 6 to 1 in favor of not keeping an independent article on this topic. The article shall be kept purely as a redirect. Postdlf 05:36, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The Helping Hand
Stub about the mascot for a product (Hamburger Helper) that is itself not listed in Wikipedia. —tregoweth 21:56, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * keep: well-known advertisement. and someone shouold write an article on Hamburger Helper. Whosyourjudas (talk) 22:00, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Move to Hamburger Helper and develop that article.  —Triskaideka 22:23, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Brands are not usually notable, advertisements are almost never encyclopedic. --Improv 02:44, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Triskaideka. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 03:48, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree, move to Hamburger Helper and develop that article. — siro  χ  o  04:22, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ambi 00:35, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Talk:The Helping Hand