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Talk:Kokoda Track

Owers' Corner
Replaced references to "Owens Corner" - there is no such place. It is Owers' Corner, which is the start/finish of the Kokoda Track through the Owen Stanley Range. Owers' Corner is situtated 61km NE (by road) of Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. Killfactor 00:35, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Is it Owers' Corner or Ower's Corner? Assuming it was named after someone, was their name Ower or Owers? (Correct name was Captain Owers) In any case, the article seems to spell it without the apostrophe, and maybe this should be corrected throughout. M.J.E. (talk) 12:18, 18 November 2009 (UTC)
 * It is defnitely Owers' Corner as it is named after a Captain Owers. Paul ( Paul Roberton (talk)) 13:03, 1 March 2010 (UTC)- Correct punctuation (possessive) is OWERS' CORNER - It was named after Captain Owers.

It seems very common for possessive apostrophes to just fade from use with time, such as Surfers Paradise and Bells Beach. I just found some leftover "Owen's Corner"s in the infobox. SpoolWhippets (talk) 03:24, 1 March 2010 (UTC) ... er, and some more in the body of the text. —Preceding unsigned comment added by SpoolWhippets (talk • contribs) 12:11, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Owers' Corner, is spelt with an apostrophe. Owers' Corner is named after Australian Army Captain Noel 'Jerry' Owers. (http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/pages/NT0000214E) Paul ( Paul Roberton (talk)) 13:03, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Foundation
Added information about the Kokoda Track Foundation. Will add more (have foundation members sending me information). Killfactor 02:00, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Oops, forgot to log in before updating the page! --kudz75 05:35, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Redirect to new page
Please help to redirect links to the new Battle page Kokoda Track Campaign. This Kokoda track page will deal with part history part present day hiking, not solely war orientated. Nomadtales 02:32, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Track/Trail
I have deleted the following:
 * wilderness routes in Australia are almost always called "tracks", and rarely, if ever, "trails".

As an Australian, I think this is simply false (though it is often asserted in the Kokoda context). The common term 'fire trail' comes to mind. There are over 7 million Google hits for 'trail' with an Australian domain, predominantly wilderness related. This is a fair dinkum furphy.--Jack Upland 08:54, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

It is absurd and unfair that someone has dumped contrary information into the article. I hope they can come up with a citation (though the American tourist theory seems unsupportable given the facts already laid out).--Jack Upland 07:42, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I hope this citation also supports the contention that a trail is 'something you walk from the start to finish'. I mean, really!--Jack Upland 11:16, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Jack, and where is your reference?! I was told many years ago -- and it seems perfectly logical -- that the name Kokoda Trail was invented during WW2 to conform to the usage of "trail" in the USA, where "track" implies a railway (or railroad to Americans). The driving force was US-oriented radio, newspaper and newsreels. New Guinea was an Australian colony, not a US colony. You can't be serious in your assertions about "trail" in Australia. I grew up in the country and I can tell you we always referred to paths through the bush as tracks. What about the Birdsville Track? How many Australians would say they are going bushwalking on a "trail"?! Almost none. I would be interested to see examples of "trail" being used in Australia before WW2.  Grant65 | Talk 18:06, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

My references on the Kokoda Trail were given in the article. The first reference occurs in an Australian newspaper. You are the one peddling unsupported assertions (which seem "logical" to you!!!). As to the general Australian usage of "trail", I am not denying that the term "track" is commonly used. Of course it is! On the contrary, the onus is on you in the anti-trail brigade to prove that trail is "rarely, if ever" used. I refer back to my original comment, where I cited Google entries and the term "fire trail". Pre-WW2 usage may be harder to establish, but I'm prepared to look into it if you're prepared to at least try and substantiate your claims.--Jack Upland 22:06, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The onus is on me to do what? The article has never been at Kokoda Trail, there is no groundswell to move it and Wikipedia policy is to use common names (which are not necesarily the official names). The dispute over the name is mentioned in the article. Grant65 | Talk 11:57, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

If you make a statement, the onus is on you to support it, not on other people to refute it.--Jack Upland 23:38, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Which statement do you want me to support? Kokoda Track is common usage (Macquarie Dictionary, 4th ed., 2005, p. 791); Wikipedia policy is to follow common usage. Grant65 | Talk 03:23, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * And one of the references you provided (http://www.kokodatrail.com.au/track_or_trail.html) states: "overland routes in Papua New Guinea have always been known as "tracks"." Grant65 | Talk 03:34, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

The assertions I would like supported are: Any (or preferably all) of those assertions would be nice.
 * The Kokoda Trail/Track was originally called the Kokoda Track.
 * The term 'trail' is not used in Australia.
 * The use of the term 'Kokoda Trail' was due to pernicious American influence.
 * The term 'Kokoda Trail' has never been prevalent in Australia or anywhere else.

I have walked the 'Kokoda Track'. Everyone who lives along the track uses that term. I agree totally with the assertions immediately preceding this - It should only be known/written as the 'KOKODA TRACK'!

The fact is that that the term 'Kokoda Trail' was generally used until recently (within the past decade). Since then - for whatever reason - a campaign has been launched to label this 'unAustralian', 'unhistorical, or whatever. To say that 'Kokoda Track' is now 'common usage' is merely to say that this ridiculous and ill-founded campaign has been successful. That may justify calling this page 'Kokoda Track'. It does not justify putting forward a false history on this issue, as was done previously.Jack Upland 10:24, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

 * In conclusion, all the historical evidence supports "Trail", but all the contemporary argumentation favours "Track". This in itself is a phenomenon worthy of documenting. Who started it?--Jack Upland (talk) 08:59, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Unless someone puts up a logical case for "Track" I'm going to revert everything to "Trail". OK?--Jack Upland (talk) 12:21, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Recently added information regarding 'Track' sourced from my Grandfather, a WW II veteran. I would like to add a citation and am currently looking into finding where this is published which it should be. In the meantime maybe someone can advise the best way to verify quotes from a living person to meet Wikipedia guidelines? Still researching. Jaykay88 (talk) 01:26, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

 * In order for it to be eligible for inclusion, it really needs to be referenced from a reliable published source. WP:V and WP:OR are the applicable policy that you should read. There is also an essay at WP:RS that is highly relevant. If you can find a reliable, verifiable source that quotes your grandfather, then leave the quote in, otherwise, I would like to request you remove it. I, of course could remove it too, but I must adhere to WP:EQ, WP:AGF, and of course, WP:DBN. The good thing is you have used your brain and figured people just can't add anything from anywhere to an encyclopedia, and really theres a lot of other stuff that should be removed too. If you can in anyway improve this article with your research to somewhere near the standards we will like to see them at, it would be a rarity for a PNG based article indeed. See WP:GACR for how we would like to see it done. Thanks for dropping into the talk page, reading what you have seen here already, and doing this thing sensibly. aliasd·U·T 10:17, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Advice greatly appreciated. Am reading 'A Bastard Of A Place' by Peter Brune regarding Kokoda and the Papuan Campaign as I continue my research looking for published references. Thank you for letting the entry stand. Am sure I will be able to find verification before long. Jaykay88 (talk) 09:36, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, no matter how many veterans you cite, you need to deal with the 1942 citation by Sydney's 'Daily Telegraph'. I'd also like to know why there's such a concern to overturn the long-accepted name of "Kokoda Trail". If it is virulent anti-Americanism, at least let us know that. To say that the Australian soldiers called it the/a "track" is not particularly decisive. Did British/French/German soldiers call Waterloo "Waterloo" - and who cares? The point is that the term "Kokoda Trail" was overwhelmingly accepted from the 1940s to the 1990s, at which point this pointless revisionism took over.  Prove me wrong.--Jack Upland (talk) 03:14, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

'''I'll call a spade and spade ( and a track a track). The Kokoda Track is so called because Australians call it that, and it is most proudly a 'virulent anti-Americanism'. It was fought by Australians, with little to no support from Generals Blamey and McArthur ('Kokoda' by Peter Fitzsimons Hodder, 2004 passim). Its one of those many things Australia did without the need for the Americans cf Gallipoli, Ypres, Beer Sheba, and East Timor for that matter. Anti-Americanism? Hell yes. I'll stop short of telling you what to do with your corncob pipe. Decisive enough???? And if I haven't offended anyone enough, I'll try a little harder. I'm walking Kokoda in July. If anyone else can tear themselves away from their computers long enough to lose their paunch and hike it as well, then I'll listen to you. ''' Proberton (talk) 23:20, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I went to school in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s, and it was always, always known as the "Kokoda Trail". Although we use "track" for such places in Australia, this particular "track" happened to be, for whatever reason, known as a "trail".  Nobody ever questioned it, and the name change to "Kokoda Track" is a quite recent revision of history.  What this means is that, to many young people, it has become known as the "Kokoda Track", but to millions of older Australians it will only ever be the "Kokoda Trail".  --  JackofOz (talk) 00:13, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

As someone who went to school in the 1970s and 80s, I had the same experience. As to the knee-jerk anti-Americanism behind it, "Proberton" confirms this but fails to explain why we should accept this revisionism despite what we think of America and its present and past governments.--Jack Upland (talk) 10:12, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I guess what we need to focus on here is not to debate which is the "correct" name, but to acknowledge the name or names that have actually been used. Once upon a time, the only name that was ever used was "Kokoda Trail".  Now, for reasons that shouldn't matter to Wikipedians, "Kokoda Track" has also become a legitimate name for the thing because that's what a lot of people actually call it.  --  JackofOz (talk) 12:23, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Well, I've never argued that any name was "correct", just that the pro-Trail arguments were false and prejudiced (as has been amply demonstrated). I don't know why you think the name change "shouldn't matter to Wikipedians". It's a valid issue and I think Wikipedia should document the reason for the change if possible.--Jack Upland (talk) 10:08, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * PS When was the first recorded objection to "Trail"? When did the controversy erupt? It's of historical interest.--Jack Upland (talk) 10:17, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

I have deleted the following:

 * The Australian War Memorial (AWM) suggests that "trail" is probably of United States origin, so track should probably be the correct term used when talking about it.

It doesn't have any relation to the AWM website as it stands (apparently currently being updated), it doesn't cohere to the evidence already given in this article, it isn't logical to anyone not moronically anti-American, and as an appeal to authority it's weak and wishy-washy, given the use of "probably" twice in one sentence.--Jack Upland (talk) 11:38, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I find all the arguments to and fro a bit confusing, but I'm Australian, 55, and all my life anyone I've ever heard refer to it has called it the Kokoda Trail - not just most of the time but invariably - until just a year or two ago, when all of a sudden, rather puzzlingly, I heard people calling it the Kokoda Track in news reports. Only a couple of years ago I'd never heard this before, and it just sounds completely wrong, and it seems to me the case is stronger for "Trail" being correct.  Is it some kind of revisionist campaign to change to "Track"?  Some people are sheep-like enough that, once someone publicly prominent starts doing this, they will also follow.  Is this enough basis for Wikipedia to regard the new version as correct?  I hope not.

 * If both are correct, I would have thought that the more-established, older version should get preference for determining the title of the article. I am tempted to change the title to "Kokoda Trail" myself, but I suppose I will set off a storm of protest and an ugly editing war if I do that.  Maybe I don't quite have the nerve to do that.  But I do think "Track" is wrong, and (although I don't really care a lot personally) I do somehow feel a niggle of annoyance at hearing all these sheep-like news reporters suddenly calling it "Track" out of the blue. M.J.E. (talk) 12:33, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

I completely agree with the above. There does seem to have been a revisionist campaign. Unfortunately it's hard to pin this campaign down because the claim is that it's always been called "Kokoda Track" (even though little or no evidence is produced.)

On the same topic the following sentence has been deleted on the grounds that it is "not true": "The first known published use of "Kokoda Trail" was in Sydney's Daily Mirror on 27 October 1942". On what basis is it said that it is untrue? I have re-inserted this information, reconnecting it with its source (footnote 22).--Jack Upland (talk) 08:43, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

I had a look on Google Ngram Viewer (https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Kokoda+Trail%2CKokoda+Track&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2CKokoda%20Trail%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CKokoda%20Track%3B%2Cc0). The 1890s mention of 'Kokoda Trail' seems to be suspect when you view the source, nonetheless 'Kokoda Trail' is still the dominant term. Rwestera (talk) 22:14, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

Track rather than trail is just another wikiality that also has Dave Brown at David Brown, Don Bradman at Donald Bradman, and corn at maize — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.171.163.246 (talk) 06:46, 29 December 2017 (UTC)

Rugby League player completing in 11.5 hours
I have removed the following from the article:

"In July 2007, a Papua New Guinean rugby player unofficially completed the trail in 11.5 hours - the fastest time yet. He began at 5:00am from Ower's Corner, reaching Kokoda village that evening. This was in training for the marathon to be held the next month."

I have searched, Papua New Guinean newspapers included, and can't find any evidence that this occurred. If someone can correctly cite it then do so. Nomadtales 02:17, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

I mentioned this feat to the Papuans on our trek to Kokoda last month (most from Buna-Gona-Sanananda) and it was suggested that this was achieved by former Melbourne Storm player Marcus Bai. Granted its original research, but I mention it more as a point of interest.Proberton (talk) 17:00, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm keenly interested and yahoo serious. Let's go forward on this go-forward.--Jack Upland (talk) 11:40, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

Trekking
I've just done the trek, finishing 15 May 2008 You can buy Coke or bananas from most villages. One village didn't have the "shop" set up but we asked for Coke and they sold us some.

You can also ask for a guide in Port Moresby at Kokoda Track Authority, Boroko.

I completed the track South - North on July 14th. At that time, one could by soft drinks ranging from Sprite, Solo, New Guinea produced 330ml Coke cans, Twisties, Bananas and Pine apples. These villages include Nauro, Isurava and Deniki, Brigade Hill and Ioribaiwa.Proberton (talk) 09:54, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

203.59.117.106 (talk) 05:54, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Cundell
I have removed this from the article:

 * Captain R.G. Cundell who served in the Papuan campaign said, "To all the men who fought on it it was known as 'The Track'. The confusion arose because reports of it sent down South to Headquarters used the word 'Trail' as the Americans down there would think it was a railway track, and so 'Trail' became widely used. It is now being restored to the original 'Track', much to the approval of the Diggers. I have spoken to many of the authors, but nothing can be done until the books are reprinted." (March 2008).

I understand from above that it is a quotation from someone's relative, but it doesn't sit well with the published sources.--Jack Upland (talk) 09:55, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Kokoda Challenge Race
Do we really need the results of this every year???--Jack Upland (talk) 11:34, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Why not? It may be useful to someone coming here looking for that information; and those who are not interested will probably go past it. It does no harm to leave it in. M.J.E. (talk) 12:15, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

 * That's an argument to include any and all information. And the section hasn't been updated since 2008.  It has to go.  This is not a hall of fame.--Jack Upland (talk) 07:05, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

Kurt Fearnley
Wheelchair athlete Kurt Fearnley recently crawled the length of the trail in 9 days:

http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/exhausted-fearnley-finishes-kokoda-crawl-20091118-ilga.html

Wonder what that means for those who want to "test" the hiker's physical fitness before allowing them on the trail.

Tre.fire (talk) 16:54, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Who was the first aussie to walk the track after the war? Reference needed.
Hey guys, Firstly - apolologies if I am not using the editing section correctly! I'm very new to wikipedia. :-) I'm actually a history student at the university of western australia and I am writing a history of Kokoda Trekking. You can find out more about the project here - www.mykokoda.com.au

I'm really interested in finding out who the first aussie/s were that made the journey. I've been looking in online newspaper archives (trove) but have not yet found a reference for John Landy's walk (wikipedia exerpt below). I might need to hit the microfilm soon! Is there any way I can find out who wrote the original post? It would be brilliant if you could point me in the right direction. Cheers! Jo

"After the war the track fell into disuse and disappeared in many places. John Landy, the long-distance runner, set a record of four days for the crossing using carriers and guides during the 1950s, and in 1964 Angus Henry, the art teacher at Sogeri High School with two of his students, John Kadiba and Misty Baloiloi, set a new record which was to stand until after the millennium by completing the journey in three and a quarter days without guides, carriers or any signposts or bridges." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hawkie55 (talk • contribs)

Edits by
This edit has been added and contested. The route surveyed by Stuart-Russell followed the Brown River and not the Kokoda track. Events that occurred are unrelated to the article subject. The track is from Illolo to Kokoda (96 km). Part of the added text would also refer to events near Buna, a similar distance from Kokoda. This is fairly clearly a case of WP:COATRACK and WP:RIGHTGREATWRONGS. The material added might belong on WP somewhere but not at this article. Please see WP:BRD and WP:ONUS. If new material is contested, there is an onus to establish consensus for inclusion. Cinderella157 (talk) 02:04, 12 May 2023 (UTC)

 * In Nelson it says that the soldiers in WW2 followed the same route as charted by Stuart-Russell. Material on the Australian War Memorial website agrees as do the other authors quoted. I find it alarming that an ex-serviceman of the Australian Army would disagree with the AWM to the point where he/she would vandalise and censor the information made available by this institution. Please resist this un-Australian behaviour and stop deleting well referenced information. Many thanks. (Dippiljemmy (talk) 23:41, 13 May 2023 (UTC))

 * Stuart-Russell's route started by following the Brown River (see map here). The Kokoda Track starts at Ower's corner. They both cross the Gap, which is not a narrow defile but about 11 km wide (cf Kokoda Track campaign). From the Gap, Stuart-Russell descended into the Yodda Valley. So, it is clear that route taken in WW2 was not that of Stuart-Russell from the Brown River. Whether Stuart-Russell's route crossed or converged with the Kokoda Track for at least part of his journey is unclear. Unfortunately, the map of his route is omitted from the digitized 1900 annual Report on British New Guinea. Nelson (Black, White and Gold) is being a little liberal (waxing) with the facts.

 * Stuart-Russell did shoot Papuans per the quote in one instance (as far as I can see) in the Yodda Valley. This was after the Papuan's initially friendly attitude to Stuart-Russell's party turned openly hostile and the party was attempting to disengage. The text added is a misrepresentation by omission. Similarly in the case of Monckton who came upon one of Stuart-Russell's staging posts (somewhere south of the Gap) that was under siege, which he relieved.

 * Nelson et al, p 26 states that miners travelling overland from the south had not travelled the route of the Kokoda Track (certainly not prior to Stuart-Russell) as the first para of the Colonial history section would state. The first credible Western use of the Track would appear to be establishment of the mail route from Kokoda to PM, supported in part by James, p 35. I recall very recently reading this was set up by two government officers walking north and south respectively, though the source eludes me at present. As for the shooting pigs, this occurred near Buna - about as far from Kokoda as PM and just as long a bow to draw (near 100 km).

 * The text would state: ... sent Captain Charles Monckton to resupply the group with food, ammunition and troopers of the Native Constabulary. Monkton p 154 (cited source but the citation is less the page number) describes this more simply as a relief mission, without such detail. Conflict between these miners and the local tribes living around the track, led the colonial administration to send in paramilitary forces. From 1900, officers such as William Edington Armit ... [emphasis added] The miners in the Yodda Valley were to the west of Kokoda and in 1900, there was no Kokoda, as a government station until 1904. Armit operated from Tamata (now Ioma) (Nelson, p121). I don't see how the AWM source supports this particular paragraph except in a most peripheral way.

 * The sources cited in the contested material are remarkable for the absence of pages in the citations. The material contested is like an impressionist painting - fuzzy about the edges. It is a collage of factoids rather loosely knitted together that are notable for being misrepresented by omission and an obvious POV piece. It might belong somewhere but WP:NOTHERE. Cinderella157 (talk) 12:59, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kokoda Track


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Talk:Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma

Untitled
Much of the information for Marie-Louise, as well as the references to Ferdinand's homosexuality, is from Crowns in Conflict by Theo Aronson, John Murray Publishers (1986). --Roisterer 05:35, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Digitigrade

Digitigrade was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

Untitled
Seems to be a dictdef. I think it should go, unless someone can expand it. - Ta bu shi da yu 05:36, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * If that topic is expanded it could be interesting, maybe it should be marked as a stub. Neonumbers 05:48, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Gosh this takes me back to my school years, when for each animal we had to memorize whether they were digitigrade or plantigrade (which I notice has no corresponding stub yet), plus their dentition. Move to Wiktionary. — Bill 12:24, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * And unguligrade. You forgot unguligrade. How could you forget unguligrade? Actually I forgot it, too, but I just looked it up. I keep wanting to put tardigrade in there, too, but cute as those little buggers are, they have absolutely nothing to do with locomotory habit. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 00:40, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * As it stands right now, Move to Wiktionary Nadavspi | talk 17:36, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or Move to Wiktionary for now. There should be, and could be a good article about the evolution of locomotory habit in mammals. And maybe we already cover this somewhere. If so, plantigrade, digitigrade, and unguligrade should redirect to it. But they only make sense in an integrated article that explains their relationships to each other. Evolutionary, anatomical, and mechanical. By themselves, they can never be much more than dictionary definitions. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 00:40, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Changing to "fat redirect to locomotion as suggested by Wile E. Heresiarch below. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 09:50, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Make it a fat redirect (i.e., existing text plus a see-also link) to locomotion, which is, unfortunately, just a stub; it really merits a lengthy discussion. Wile E. Heresiarch 01:42, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, add to articles needing attention. --Improv 07:36, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep — siro  χ  o  08:17, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and list on articles needing attention. It needs a clearer explanation, more links, a picture, and more attention in general.  A plantigrade article would also be useful.  Deleting what there is now would be a step backwards. Factitious 20:16, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. Isn't this the sort of thing that some Ballarinas do? Perhaps the article could mention something about that. Sorry, didn't realize it was a term that applies to species, not individual acts of locomotion.  Still, Keep, on the grounds that it could very easily turn into an informative encyclopedic article, and we ought to let the wiki process do its magic on stubs, rather than delete them. Posiduck 03:45, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is certainly a subject worthy of an article, so I don't see why we should delete it because someone just got off to a start. --Tmh 10:04, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Expandable. anthony 警告 14:01, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, stub. Sam [Spade] 18:52, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, add to needing attention. Encyclopedia-worthy if expanded. Suntiger 03:23, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep expand. Cross-reference to existing articles.  Discuss evolution of locomotion, significance in an evolutionary/survival context of being fast and quiet...  significance of digigrant vs ungulant vs plantigrant habits of locomotion.  a good stub.  move to pages needing attention.  Very worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia.  Additionally add dictionary definition to wiktionary, for this and related terms.  More references, especially books.Pedant 18:23, 2004 Oct 28 (UTC)
 * Keep & expand -- agree with Pedant. Catherine | talk 03:17, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * keep this, make it a stub, or redirect us to wikitionary. Colinstu 04:38, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Talk:Digitigrade


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Khachkar

A khachkar (also spelled as khatchkar) or Armenian cross-stone (խաչքար,, խաչ xačʿ "cross" + քար kʿar "stone") is a carved, memorial stele bearing a cross, and often with additional motifs such as rosettes, interlaces, and botanical motifs. Khachkars are characteristic of medieval Christian Armenian art.

Since 2010, khachkars, their symbolism and craftsmanship are inscribed in the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Description
The most common khachkar feature is a cross surmounting a rosette or a solar disc. The remainder of the stone face is typically filled with elaborate patterns of leaves, grapes, pomegranates, and bands of interlace. Occasionally a khachkar is surmounted by a cornice sometimes containing biblical or saintly figures.

Most early khachkars were erected for the salvation of the soul of either a living or a deceased person. Otherwise they were intended to commemorate a military victory, the construction of a church, or as a form of protection from natural disasters.

The most common location for early khachkars was in a graveyard. However, Armenian gravestones take many other forms, and only a minority are khachkars.

History
The first true khachkars appeared in the 9th century, during the time of Armenian revival after liberation from Arab rule. The oldest khachkar with a known date was carved in 879 (though earlier, cruder, examples exist). Erected in Garni, it is dedicated to queen Katranide I, the wife of king Ashot I Bagratuni. The peak of the khachkar carving art was between the 12th and the 14th centuries. The art declined during the Mongol invasion at the end of the 14th century. It revived in the 16th and 17th centuries, but the artistic heights of the 14th century were never achieved again. Today, the tradition still remains, and one can still see khachkar carvers in some parts of Yerevan.

About 40,000 khachkars survive today. Most of them are free standing, though those recording donations are usually built into monastery walls. The following three khachkars are believed to be the finest examples of the art form:
 * One in Geghard, carved in 1213, probably by master Timot and master Mkhitar
 * The Holy Redeemer khachkar in Haghpat (see gallery), carved in 1273 by master Vahram
 * A khachkar in Goshavank, carved in 1291 by master Poghos.

A number of good examples have been transferred to the Historical Museum in Yerevan and beside the cathedral in Echmiadzin. The largest surviving collection of khachkars is in Armenia, at Noraduz cemetery on the western shore of the Lake Sevan, where an old graveyard with around 900 khachkars from various periods and of various styles can be seen. The largest number was formerly located at the Armenian cemetery in Julfa in the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan, which contained approximately 10,000 khachkars in 1648. The number of khachkars dwindled over time through destruction of various causes until the only 2,700 khachkars remained in 1998, when the Azerbaijani government embarked on a systematic campaign destroying and leveling the entire medieval cemetery between 1998 and 2005.

Present
The art of carving khachkars has witnessed a rebirth as a symbol of Armenian culture in the 20th century.

There are hundreds of khachkars worldwide, many of which are memorials to commemorate the victims of the Armenian genocide. Khachkars have been placed in various locations, including at the Vatican Museums, Canterbury Cathedral's memorial garden,  St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney,  Colorado State Capitol,  Temple of Peace, Cardiff, Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, and elsewhere.

According to one count, there are nearly 30 khachkars on public locations in France.

Armenian khachkars have been acquired or donated to many museums or temporarily represented at significant exhibitions all around the world such as at the British Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art or the Special Exhibition of the National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, Japan.

Endangered khachkars
A large portion of khachkars, which were created in historic Armenia and surrounding regions, in modern times are now located in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Iran. As a result of systematic eradication of khachkars in Turkey since the Armenian Genocide, today only a few examples survive. These few survivors are not cataloged and properly photographed. Thus, it is difficult to follow up with the current situation. One documented example of such destruction took place in the Armenian Cemetery in Jugha, in Nakhchivan. The government of Azerbaijan has denied claims that members of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces smashed the khachkars with sledgehammers in December 2005. The destruction of khachkars was despite a 2000 UNESCO order demanding their protection, in what has been termed "the worst cultural genocide of the 21st century."

One source says that khachkars are being damaged, neglected, or moved in Armenia. Reasons cited for moving these khachkars include; decoration, to create new holy places, or to make space for new burials.

Types
Amenaprkich (Ամէնափրկիչ, meaning Holy Saviour) is a particular type of khachkar in which on the cross is a depiction of the crucified Christ. Only a few such designs are known, and most date from the late 13th century. One of the few such surviving khachkars today is located in the Sevanavank monastery, which also depicts scenes from the Bible.

title: Khachkar


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Australian megafauna

The term Australian megafauna refers to the megafauna in Australia during the Pleistocene Epoch. Most of these species became extinct during the latter half of the Pleistocene, and the roles of human and climatic factors in their extinction are contested.

There are similarities between the prehistoric Australian megafauna and some mythical creatures from the Aboriginal Dreamtime.

Causes of extinction
Many modern researchers, including Tim Flannery, think that with the arrival of early Aboriginal Australians (around 70,000~65,000 years ago), hunting and the use of fire to manage their environment may have contributed to the extinction of the megafauna. Increased aridity during peak glaciation (about 18,000 years ago) may have also contributed, but most of the megafauna were already extinct by this time. Others, including Steve Wroe, note that records in the Australian Pleistocene are rare, and there is not enough data to definitively determine the time of extinction of many of the species, with many of the species having no confirmed record within the last 100,000 years. They suggest that many of the extinctions had been staggered over the course of the late Middle Pleistocene and early Late Pleistocene, prior to human arrival, due to climatic stress.

New evidence based on accurate optically stimulated luminescence and uranium-thorium dating of megafaunal remains suggests that humans were the ultimate cause of the extinction for some of the megafauna in Australia. The dates derived show that all forms of megafauna on the Australian mainland became extinct in the same rapid timeframe—approximately 46,000 years ago —the period when the earliest humans first arrived in Australia (around 70,000~65,000 years ago long chronology and 50,000 years ago short chronology). However, these results were subsequently disputed, with another study showing that 50 of 88 megafaunal species have no dates postdating the penultimate glacial maximum around 130,000 years ago, and there was only firm evidence for overlap of 8-14 megafaunal species with people. Analysis of oxygen and carbon isotopes from teeth of megafauna indicate the regional climates at the time of extinction were similar to arid regional climates of today and that the megafauna were well adapted to arid climates. The dates derived have been interpreted as suggesting that the main mechanism for extinction was human burning of a landscape that was then much less fire-adapted; oxygen and carbon isotopes of teeth indicate sudden, drastic, non-climate-related changes in vegetation and in the diet of surviving marsupial species. However, early Aboriginal peoples appear to have rapidly eliminated the megafauna of Tasmania about 41,000 years ago (following formation of a land bridge to Australia about 43,000 years ago as Ice Age sea levels declined) without using fire to modify the environment there,  implying that at least in this case hunting was the most important factor. It has also been suggested that the vegetational changes that occurred on the mainland were a consequence, rather than a cause, of the elimination of the megafauna. This idea is supported by sediment cores from Lynch's Crater in Queensland, which suggest that fire increased in the local ecosystem about a century after the disappearance of Sporormiella (a fungus found in herbivorous animal dung used as a megafaunal proxy), leading to a subsequent transition to fire-tolerant sclerophyll vegetation. However, the use of Sporormiella as a megafaunal proxy has been criticised, noting that Sporormiella is found sporadically in the dung of various herbivorous species, including extant emus and kangaroos, not just megafauna, that its presence depends on a variety of factors, often unrelated to megafaunal abundance, and that in Cuddie Springs, a well known megafaunal site, the densities of Sporormiella were consistently low. A study of extinct megafauna at the Walker Creek site in Queensland, found that their disappearance from the site after 40 kya came after an extended period of environmental deterioration.

Chemical analysis of fragments of eggshells of Genyornis newtoni, a flightless bird that became extinct in Australia, from over 200 sites, revealed scorch marks consistent with cooking in human-made fires, presumably the first direct evidence of human contribution to the extinction of a species of the Australian megafauna. This was later contested by another study that noted the too small dimensions (126 x 97 mm, roughly like the emu eggs, while the moa eggs were about 240 mm) for the Genyornis supposed eggs, and rather, attributed them to another extinct, but much smaller bird, the megapode Progura. The real time that saw Genyornis vanish is still an open question, but this was believed as one of the best documented megafauna extinctions in Australia.

"Imperceptive overkill", a scenario where anthropogenic pressures take place, slowly and gradually wiping the megafauna out, has been suggested.

On the other hand, there is also evidence to suggest that (contrary to other conclusions) the megafauna lived alongside humans for several thousand years. The question of if (and how) the megafauna died before the arrival of humans is still debated; with some authors maintaining that only a minority of such fauna remained by the time the first humans settled on the mainland. One of the most important advocates of human role, Tim Flannery, author of the book Future Eaters, was also heavily criticised for his conclusions. A surprisingly late date of 33-37 kya is known for a Zygomaturus specimen from the Willandra Lakes Region in New South Wales, the latest known date for any Australian Megafauna. This is well after aboriginal arrival in Australia around 50 kya.

A 2021 study found that the rate of extinction of Australia's megafauna is rather unusual, with some more generalistic species having gone extinct earlier while highly specialised ones having become extinct later or even still surviving today. A mosaic cause of extinction with different anthropogenic and environmental pressures was proposed.

Living Australian megafauna
The term "megafauna" is usually applied to large animals (over 100 kg). In Australia, however, megafauna were never as large as those found on other continents, and so a more lenient criterion of over 40 kg is often applied.

Marsupials

 * The red kangaroo (Osphranter rufus) grows up to 1.8 m tall and weighs up to 85 kg (187 lb). Females grow up to 1.1 m tall and weigh up to 35 kg (77 lb). Tails on both males and females can be up to 1 m long.
 * The eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). Although a male typically weighs around 66 kg (145 lb) and stand almost 2 m tall, the scientific name Macropus giganteus (gigantic large-foot) is misleading, as the red kangaroo living in the semi-arid inland is larger.
 * The antilopine kangaroo (Osphranter antilopinus), sometimes called the antilopine wallaroo or the antilopine wallaby, is a species of macropod found in northern Australia at Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, the Top End of the Northern Territory, and the Kimberley region of Western Australia. They can weigh as much as 47 kg and grow over 1 m long.
 * Common wombats (Vombatus ursinus) can reach 40 kg. They thrive in Eastern Australia and Tasmania, preferring temperate forests and highland regions.

Birds

 * The emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)
 * The southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius)

Reptiles

 * Goannas, being predatory lizards, are often quite large or bulky, with sharp teeth and claws. The largest extant goanna is the perentie (Varanus giganteus), which can grow over 2 m in length. However, not all goannas are gargantuan: pygmy goannas may be smaller than a man's arm.
 * A healthy adult male saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is typically 4.8 – long and weighs around 1,000 kg), with many being much larger than that. The female is much smaller, with typical body lengths of 2.5 –. An 8.5 m saltwater crocodile was reportedly shot on the Norman River of Queensland in 1957; a cast was made of it and is on display as a popular tourist attraction. However, due to the lack of solid evidence (other than the plaster replica), and the length of time since the crocodile was caught, it is not considered "official".
 * The freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni) is a relatively small crocodilian. Males can grow to 2.3 – in length, while females reach a maximum length of 2.1 m. Males commonly weigh around 60 kg, with large specimens up to 85 kg or more, as against the average female weight of 20 kg. In places such as Lake Argyle and Nitmiluk National Park (Katherine Gorge), there exist a handful of confirmed 4 m individuals.

Extinct Australian megafauna
The following is an incomplete list of extinct Australian megafauna (monotremes, marsupials, birds and reptiles) in the format:

 * Latin name, (common name, period alive), and a brief description.

Monotremes
Monotremes are arranged by size with the largest at the top.

 * Murrayglossus hacketti was a sheep-sized echidna uncovered in Mammoth Cave in Western Australia, and is the largest monotreme so far uncovered.
 * Obdurodon dicksoni was a platypus up to 60 cm in total length, fossils of which were found at Riversleigh.
 * Megalibgwilia ramsayi was a large, long-beaked echidna with powerful forelimbs for digging.

Marsupials
Marsupials are arranged by size, with the largest at the top.

1,000 –

 * Diprotodon optatum is not only the largest known species of diprotodontid, but also the largest known marsupial to ever exist. Approximately 3 m long and 2 m high at the shoulder and weighing up to 2,780 kg, it resembled a giant wombat. It is the only marsupial known, living or extinct, to have conducted seasonal migrations.
 * Palorchestes azael was a diprotodontoid similar in size to Zygomaturus. It had long claws to grasp branches with. It lived during the Pleistocene.

100 –

 * Euowenia grata
 * Euryzygoma dunense
 * Zygomaturus trilobus was a smaller (bullock-sized, about 2 m long by 1 m high) diprotodontid that may have had a short trunk. It appears to have lived in wetlands, using two fork-like incisors to shovel up reeds and sedges for food.
 * Macropus pearsoni and M. ferragus
 * Mukupirna nambensis, in its own family Mukupirnidae within the Vombatiformes suborder of the large marsupial order Diprotodontia
 * Nototherium was a diprotodontoid relative of the larger Diprotodon.
 * Phascolonus gigasGiant Wombat (Phascolonus gigas).png gigas'']]
 * Procoptodon goliah (the giant short-faced kangaroo) is the largest-known kangaroo to have ever lived. It grew 2–3 metres (7–10 feet) tall, and weighed up to 230 kg.
 * Procoptodon rapha, P. pusio and P. texasensis
 * Protemnodon, a genus of wallaby with four known giant species out of 11 known species
 * Palorchestes parvus
 * Ramsayia magna
 * Sthenurus tindalei and S. atlas
 * Thylacoleo carnifex (the marsupial lion) is the largest known carnivorous mammal to have ever lived in prehistoric Australia, and was of comparable size to female placental mammal lions and tigers, It had a catlike skull with large slicing pre-molars, a retractable thumb-claw and massive forelimbs. It was almost certainly carnivorous and a tree-dweller.

10 –

 * Simosthenurus pales
 * Phascolarctos stirtoni (the giant koala) was similar in structure to the modern koala (P. cinereus), but one-third larger.
 * Phascolomys medius
 * Lasiorhinus angustidens
 * Thylacinus cynocephalus (the thylacine, Tasmanian wolf or Tasmanian tiger), which notably survived into recent history (the last known individual died in 1936).Thylacine at Beaumaris Zoo, 1936 (NS4371-1-1063).jpg, Tasmania.]]
 * Congruus congruus, a wallaby from Naracoorte
 * Troposodon minor
 * Sthenurus oreas
 * Simosthenurus occidentalis (another sthenurine) was about as tall as a modern eastern grey kangaroo, but much more robust. It is one of the nine known species of leaf-eating kangaroos identified in fossils found in Naracoorte Caves National Park.
 * Simothenurus brownei
 * Propleopus oscillans (the giant rat-kangaroo) was a large (about 70 kg rat-kangaroo with large shearing and stout grinding teeth that indicate it may have been an opportunistic omnivore able to eat invertebrates, vertebrates (possibly carrion), fruits, and soft leaves. Grew to about 1.5 - 3 m in height.
 * Simothenurus maddocki
 * Sthenurus andersoni
 * Vombatus hacketti
 * Macropus thor
 * Macropus piltonensis
 * Macropus rama
 * Simothenurus gilli
 * Warrendja wakefieldi, a wombat from Naracoorte
 * Sarcophilus harrisii laniarius, a large subspecies of the Tasmanian devil.
 * Thylacinus megiriani

Birds

 * Family Dromornithidae: this group of birds was more closely related to modern fowl than to modern ratites.
 * Dromornis stirtoni, (Stirton's thunder bird) was a flightless bird 3 m tall that weighed about 500 kg. It is one of the largest birds so far discovered. It inhabited subtropical open woodlands and was probably herbivorous with some omnivory. It was heavier than the moa and taller than the elephant birds.
 * Dromornis (formerly Bullockornis) planei (the "demon duck of doom") was another huge member of the Dromornithidae. It was up to 2.5 m tall and weighed up to 250 kg; it was probably herbivorous with some omnivory.
 * Genyornis newtoni (the mihirung) was related to Dromornis, and was about the height of an ostrich. It was the last survivor of the Dromornithidae. It had a large lower jaw and was probably herbivorous with some omnivory.
 * Progura gallinacea (the giant malleefowl) was a larger relative of the extant malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata).
 * Cryptogyps lacertosus
 * Dynatoaetus gaffae, largest bird of prey of Australia, second only to the Haast's eagle of New Zealand

Reptiles

 * Varanus priscus (formerly Megalania prisca) (the megalania) was a giant carnivorous goanna that might have grown to as long as 7 m, and weighed up to 1,940 kg (Molnar, 2004). Giant goannas and humans overlapped in time in Pleistocene Australia, but there is no evidence that they directly encountered each other.
 * Wonambi naracoortensis was a non-venomous snake of 5 – in length. It was an ambush predator living at waterholes located in natural sun traps and killed its prey by constriction.
 * Quinkana was a semi-terrestrial crocodile that normally grew around 3 m in length. Its blade-like teeth for cutting suggests its terrestrial ecology. It belonged to the mekosuchine subfamily (all now extinct). It was discovered at the Bluff Downs in Queensland.
 * Liasis dubudingala, lived during the Pliocene epoch, grew up to 10 m long, and is the largest Australian snake known. It hunted mammals, birds and reptiles in riparian woodlands. It is most similar to the extant olive python (Liasis olivacea).
 * Meiolania was a genus of huge terrestrial cryptodire turtles measuring 2.5 m in length, with horned heads and spiked tails.

Extinct megafauna contemporaneous with Aboriginal Australians
Monsters and large animals in Dreamtime stories have been associated with extinct megafauna.

The association was made at least as early as 1845, with colonists writing that Aboriginal people identified Diprotodon bones as belonging to bunyips, and Thomas Worsnop concluding that the fear of bunyip attacks at watering holes remembered a time when Diprotodon lived in marshes.

In the early 1900s, John Walter Gregory outlined the Kadimakara (or Kuddimurka or Kadimerkera) story of the Diyari (similar stories being told by nearby peoples), which describes the deserts of Central Australia as having once been "fertile, well-watered plains" with giant gum trees, and almost solid cloud cover overhead. The trees created a roof of vegetation in which lived the strange monsters called Kadimakara—which sometimes came to the ground to eat. One time, the gum trees were destroyed, forcing the Kadimakara to remain on the ground, particularly Lake Eyre and Kalamurina, until they died.

In times of drought and flood, the Diyari performed corroborees (including dances and blood sacrifices) at the bones of the Kadimakara to appease them and request that they intercede with the spirits of rain and clouds. Sites of Kadimakara bones identified by Aboriginal people corresponded with megafauna fossil sites, and an Aboriginal guide identified a Diprotodon jaw as belonging to the Kadimakara.

Gregory speculated that the story could be a remnant from when the Diyari lived elsewhere, or when the geographical conditions of Central Australia were different. The latter possibility would indicate Aboriginal coexistence with megafauna, with Gregory saying: "If, therefore, the geologist can determine whether the bones of the extinct monsters of Lake Eyre correspond to those described in the aboriginal traditions, he can throw light on several interesting problems.

If the legends attribute to the extinct animals characters which they possessed, but which the natives could not have inferred from the bones, then the legends are of local origin. They would prove that man inhabited Central Australia, at the same time as the mighty diprotodon and the extinct, giant kangaroos. If, on the other hand, there is no such correspondence between the legends and the fossils, then we must regard the traditions as due to the habit of migratory peoples, of localising in new homes the incidents recorded in their folklore."

After examining fossils, Gregory concluded that the story was a combination of the two factors, but that the environment of Lake Eyre had probably not changed much since Aboriginal habitation. He concluded that while some references to Kadimakara were probably memories of the crocodiles once found in Lake Eyre, others that describe a "big, heavy land animal, with a single horn on its forehead" were probably references to Diprotodon. Geologist Michael Welland describes from across Australia Dreamtime "tales of giant creatures that roamed the lush landscape until aridity came and they finally perished in the desiccated marshes of Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre", giving as examples the Kadimakara of Lake Eye, as well as continent-wide stories of the Rainbow Serpent, which he says corresponds with Wonambi naracoortensis.

Journalist Peter Hancock speculates in The Crocodile That Wasn't that a Dreamtime story from the Perth area could be a memory of Varanus priscus. However, the story in question details dingoes attacking or frightening off the alleged V. priscus, when the giant lizard died out nearly 46,000 years before the accepted arrival date of dingoes.

Rock art in the Kimberley region appears to depict a marsupial lion and a marsupial tapir, as does Arnhem land art. Arnhem art also appears to depict Genyornis, a bird that is believed to have gone extinct 40,000 years ago.

An Early Triassic archosauromorph found in Queensland, Kadimakara australiensis, is named after the Kadimakara.

title: Australian megafauna


text: User talk:129.81.191.114

title: User talk:129.81.191.114


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Fernando Vallejo

Fernando Vallejo Rendón (born 1942 in Medellín, Colombia) is a Colombian-born novelist, filmmaker and essayist. He obtained Mexican nationality in 2007.

Biography
Vallejo was born and raised in Medellín, though he left his hometown early in life. He started studies in Philosophy at Universidad Nacional de Colombia in Bogotá, but after one year he abandoned the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters. Soon after he began new studies on biology at the Universidad Javeriana in Bogotá, which he finished. Then he spent one year in Italy at the film academy Cinecittà, where he obtained basic notions on cinema.

Vallejo then returned to Colombia with the project of filmmaking. Yet after difficulties with the Colombian Government in producing and, after he produced it, in presenting his first film (it was censored), he decided to leave his country.

In Mexico he produced and distributed three films about the violence in Colombia. He also wrote an award-winning children's theater script, "El reino misterioso o Tomás y las abejas." He has been living in Mexico since 1971, where he not only produced his cinematographic pieces, but also the whole of his literary work. Despite time spent in other locales, mainly Europe and the United States, most of his novels take place in Colombia. Some of his themes are grammar, biology, philosophy, physics, violence, pederasty, adolescence, drugs, death and politics, mostly related to places such as Antioquia and Medellín; yet his main theme is his life. His books are written in first person, in an autobiographical style, although he manipulates the conventions of autobiography such that the line between autobiography and fiction becomes significantly blurred.

His best-known novel, La virgen de los sicarios, has been translated into English as Our Lady of the Assassins. It deals with his fictionalized return to Medellín, and his relationships with two teenagers caught in the local cycle of violence. The autobiographical/fiction La virgen de los sicarios was made into a full feature film in 2000 and released in the United States as Our Lady of the Assassins.

In 2003, Colombian filmmaker Luis Ospina made a feature-length documentary about him: "La desazón suprema: retrato incesante de Fernando Vallejo ("The Supreme Uneasiness: Incessant Portrait of Fernando Vallejo").

In April 2007, Vallejo obtained Mexican citizenship and published a letter in which he publicly renounced his Colombian nationality. The letter presents the reasons for his decision by mentioning several incidents during his career, among them the recent reelection of President Álvaro Uribe, that eventually led him to this decision.

Vallejo is openly gay and lives with his partner, scenographist David Antón. He is known as an animal rights defender and vegan, and because of his antinatalist views, he has no children. He is an atheist and fiercely critical of religion.

Selected works

 * "El reino misterioso o Tomás y las abejas" - [The Mysterious Kingdom, or, Thomas and the Bees] (1975). In Pilo Tamirano Luca: 2o. Concurso Nacional de Obras de Teatro. México, DF: IMSS.
 * Logoi: una gramática del lenguaje literario (1983) ISBN 968-16-1324-4
 * Barba Jacob, el mensajero (1984) ISBN 968-7234-00-8
 * The Blue Days - Los días azules (1985) ISBN 958-614-229-9
 * The Secret Fire - El fuego secreto (1987) ISBN 958-614-197-7
 * The Roads to Rome - Los caminos a Roma (1988) ISBN 958-614-261-2
 * Years of Indulgence - Años de indulgencia (1989) ISBN 958-614-299-X
 * El mensajero (1991) ISBN 958-614-325-2
 * Among ghosts - Entre fantasmas (1993) ISBN 958-614-378-3
 * La virgen de los sicarios - [Our Lady of the Assassins](1994) ISBN 958-24-0141-9
 * Chapolas negras (1995) ISBN 958-24-0283-0
 * The Darwinist Tautology - La tautología darwinista (1998)
 * The Precipice - El desbarrancadero (2001) ISBN 958-8061-62-8
 * Rambla Paralela - "La rambla paralela" (2002) ISBN 84-204-4457-X
 * My Brother the Mayor - Mi hermano el alcalde (2003) ISBN 84-204-0097-1
 * Brief Handbook of Impostorology in Physics - "Manualito de imposturología física" (2005)
 * The Whore of Babylon - "La puta de Babilonia" (2007) ISBN 970-37-0326-7
 * White Crow - "Cuervo Blanco" (2012) ISBN 978-6071-1195-13

He received the Rómulo Gallegos Prize in 2003, one of the most prestigious prizes for Literature in the Spanish language for El desbarrancadero and, protesting the political climate in Venezuela, donated the cash from the award to Caracas's dogs. Acceptance speech at the Rómulo Gallegos prize, in Spanish:

Interviews
"La sinceridad puede ser demoledora" Ciberletras, 13. Lehman University.

title: Fernando Vallejo


text:
Faux Cyrillic

Faux Cyrillic, pseudo-Cyrillic, pseudo-Russian or faux Russian typography is the use of Cyrillic letters in Latin text, usually to evoke the Soviet Union or Russia, though it may be used in other contexts as well. It is a common Western trope used in book covers, film titles, comic book lettering, artwork for computer games, or product packaging which are set in or wish to evoke Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, or Russia. A typeface designed to emulate Cyrillic is classed as a mimicry typeface.

Letters are substituted regardless of phonetic matching. For example, R and N in RUSSIAN may be replaced with Cyrillic Я ("ya") and И ("i") to form the faux-cyrillic "ЯUSSIAИ". Other examples include the use of Ш for W, Ц for U, Я/Г for R/backwards and upside-down L, Ф for O, Д for A, Б, Ь, or Ъ for B/b, З, Э, or Ё for E, Ч or У for Y. Outside the Russian alphabet, Џ (from Serbian) can act as a substitute for U, Ғ (from Turkic languages) for F, Ә (from Turkic languages, Abkhaz, Dungan, Itelmen, Kalmyk and Kurdish) or Є (from Ukrainian) for E, Ө (from Turkic, Mongolic and Uralic languages) for O, Һ (from Turkic and Mongolic languages and Kildin Sámi) for H, and Ћ (Serbian) for Th. A reversed ☭ (written as ☭ ) is also sometimes used for G. A common substitution is $ for S. Further variants include an inverted or rotated K (ꓘ), which is not used in any alphabet except Fraser.

This effect is usually restricted to text set in all caps, because Cyrillic letter-forms do not match well with lower case Latin letters. In Cyrillic typography, most upright lower case letters resemble smaller upper case letters, unlike the more distinctive forms of Latin-alphabet type. Cursive Cyrillic upper and lower case letters are more differentiated. Most Cyrillic letter-forms were derived from the Greek alphabet in the 9th century, but the modern forms have more closely resembled those in the Latin alphabet since Peter the Great's civil script reform of 1708.

Many versions of Tetris, including those by Atari/Tengen and Spectrum Holobyte, used faux Cyrillic to spell the name as TETЯIS to emphasize the game's Russian origins.

The mockumentary film Borat used faux Cyrillic to stylize its title as BORДT (in Russian the name would be spelt БОРАТ).

Characters
The letters А, В, Е, Ѕ*, І*, Ј*, К, М, Н, О, Р, С, Т, Ү*, У, Ғ*, Ѵ*, and Х (*used in other Cyrillic alphabets or from Church Slavonic) are strongly homoglyphic or related to Latin letters, depending on intended sound values to the point that their substitution may not be noticed, unlike those listed above. If compatibility issues arise that limit mixing of scripts, these can be used with faux Cyrillic letters in lieu of their Latin counterparts.

title: Faux Cyrillic


text: Category:Yates County, New York

title: Category:Yates County, New York


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Transverse City

Transverse City is the seventh studio album by American recording artist Warren Zevon, released in October 1989 by Virgin Records. It features appearances from a number of prominent musicians, including guitarists Neil Young, David Gilmour (of Pink Floyd), Jerry Garcia (of Grateful Dead) and Mike Campbell (of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers), as well as jazz pianist Chick Corea. Michael Ironside provides narration on the track "Run Straight Down."

Track listing
All tracks composed by Warren Zevon, except where indicated.

Personnel

 * Warren Zevon – vocals, guitar, harmonica, piano, keyboards, harmony
 * Jorge Calderón – bass and harmony on "Networking"; harmony on "Gridlock"
 * Mike Campbell – guitar on "Splendid Isolation"; guitar and mandolin on "Nobody's in Love This Year"
 * Jack Casady – bass on "They Moved the Moon" and "Gridlock"
 * Chick Corea – piano on "The Long Arm of the Law"
 * Howie Epstein – banjo, mandolin on "Networking"; bass on "Down in the Mall"
 * Jerry Garcia – guitar on "Transverse City" and "They Moved the Moon"
 * David Gilmour – guitar on "Run Straight Down"
 * Bob Glaub – bass
 * Richie Hayward – drums
 * Mark Isham – flugelhorn on "Nobody's in Love This Year"
 * Rob Jaczko – miscellaneous percussion
 * Jorma Kaukonen – acoustic guitar and harmony on "Gridlock"
 * David Lindley – saz, steel guitar, oud, harmony vocals, lap steel guitar on "Down in the Mall"
 * John Patitucci – bass on "Transverse City"
 * J.D. Souther – harmony vocals on "Run Straight Down", "Turbulence" and "Nobody's in Love This Year"
 * Benmont Tench – organ on "Networking"
 * Waddy Wachtel – acoustic guitar on "Run Straight Down", "Networking" and "Nobody's in Love This Year"
 * Neil Young – lead guitar on "Gridlock", harmony vocals on "Splendid Isolation"
 * Jordan Zevon – harmony vocals on "The Long Arm of the Law"

Production

 * Producers: Warren Zevon, Duncan Aldrich, Andrew Slater
 * Engineers: Duncan Aldrich, John Cutler, Andrew Jackson, Andy Jackson, Rob Jaczko, Tim Mulligan
 * Assistant engineers: Heidi Hanschu, Robert Reed, Ira Rubnitz
 * Mixing: Rob Jaczko
 * Design: Jimmy Wachtel
 * Art direction: Jimmy Wachtel
 * Photography: Jonathan Exley, Nels Israelson, Jimmy Wachtel

Charts
Singles

title: Transverse City


text:
Talk:Transverse City

Fair use rationale for Image:Warren Zevon - Transverse City.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 03:13, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transverse City


text:
User:Rmsharpe

Well, if I ever do anything useful here, this is where you'll learn about it.

title: User:Rmsharpe


text: Talk:World Wide Association of Specialty Programs and Schools


text:
Lake Hauroko

Lake Hauroko is the deepest lake in New Zealand. The lake, which is 462 metres deep, is located in a mountain valley in Fiordland National Park.

Etymology
"Hauroko" translates from te reo Māori as "soughing of the wind" or "sounding wind". Prior to 1930, the lake was also called "Lake Hauroto".

Geography

Lake Hauroko is 462 m deep; sources range from calling it the 16th deepest lake in the world to the 23rd deepest. The S-shaped lake is 20 miles long and has a surface area of 25 sqmi. The lake surface is about 155 m above sea level.

One of the country's southernmost lakes, it is only 13 km from the southern coast of the South Island. It sits between the similarly-sized lakes Monowai and Poteriteri. According to the 1925 New Zealand Official Yearbook, it drains about 1800 ft3/sec via the 20 km-long Wairaurāhiri River into Foveaux Strait 10 kilometres to the west of Te Waewae Bay.

The largest island in Lake Hauroko is Mary Island, named in 1883 after the wife of the government surveyor John Hay. A smaller island is adjacent to Teal Bay at the southern end of the lake. There are also a few other smaller islets and rocks in the lake.

Geology
Traditionally, Ngā Puna Wai Karikari o Rakaihautu say the lake was dug by rangatira Rākaihautū on his journey south with his ko. The lake is a Statutory Acknowledgement site under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998.

Geologists say it's a glacial lake, formed near the Hauroko Fault (it and other faults in the area have slipped several kilometres) in early carboniferous granites and metamorphic rocks, on the higher ground, with much more recent Hauroko Formation Eocene - Oligocene sediments such as calcareous sandstone, on the lower ground, towards the southeast.

Hauroko granite is about 358 million years old, medium grained, white, granodiorite and granite, with red-brown biotite. It has intruded dikes, plugs and xenoliths into metasediment. Albert Edward Granite is coarser, with pink K-feldspar megacrysts and green-brown biotite. There are also small amounts of carboniferous diorite. Towards the northwest of the lake, the area between the Hauroko Burn and the Hay River has dioritic, felsic dykes.

Access
A 30 km road from Clifden to the lake was built in about 1909 and improved in the 1960s. A water taxi runs to the Dusky Track, which starts at the north end of the lake and leads to Lake Manapouri.

Burial on Mary Island
Mary Island is the subject of several local myths, including one that the island is subject to a Māori curse. Such stories are dismissed by local Māori. The island is famous for the discovery of a burial site of a Māori woman in 1967, who is known as "the lady of the lake" by Southland locals. The burial site is in a cave on the eastern side of the island. Believed to have been placed on the burial site sometime between the late 16th century and 17th century, possibly around 1660, the woman was laid to rest wearing a flax cloak and a dog skin collar with weka feather edging around her neck, and was seated upright on a bier made of sticks and leaves. The reasons for the burial in this manner are uncertain, although it has been suggested that these burials were to either make sure the remains were protected from desecration by enemies, or to protect living descendants from a dangerous "tapu" (sacred, forbidden or taboo ) that Māori may have believed the ancestral bones possessed. This led to the belief that this woman was of high-ranking status, and it was later discovered through an archaeological investigation that she was a chieftain of the Ngāti Moimoi tribe. The burial remains on the island today, with a grille made of steel and wire mesh ensuring that people can still view the burial, but the woman will remain untouched.

Natural history
Trees are mainly matai, totara, rimu, tawhai pango, tawhai, Pseudopanax linearis and rautawhiri (Pittosporum Colensoi).

The lake is one of the few not yet colonised by invasive water weeds, except the bulbous rush, Juncus bulbosus,  so it retains plants such as Nitella stuartii algae, Callitriche petriei water-starwort, Isoetes kirkii quillwort, Pilularia novaezelandiae pillwort fern, Trithuria inconspicua waterlilies and Charales fibrosa.

Pests include stoats and possums, which arrived in the 1990s. They are controlled by trapping, bait stations and periodic 1080 drops.

title: Lake Hauroko


text: File:Warren Zevon - Mr. Bad Example.jpg

title: File:Warren Zevon - Mr. Bad Example.jpg


text:
Internal pudendal artery

The internal pudendal artery is one of the three pudendal arteries. It branches off the internal iliac artery, and provides blood to the external genitalia.

Structure
The internal pudendal artery is the terminal branch of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. It is smaller in the female than in the male.

Path
It arises from the anterior division of internal iliac artery. It runs on the lateral pelvic wall. It exits the pelvic cavity through the greater sciatic foramen, inferior to the piriformis muscle, to enter the gluteal region.

It then curves around the sacrospinous ligament to enter the perineum through the lesser sciatic foramen.

It travels through the pudendal canal with the internal pudendal veins and the pudendal nerve.

Branches
The internal pudendal artery gives off the following branches:

The deep artery of clitoris is a branch of the internal pudendal artery and supplies the clitoral crura. Another branch of the internal pudendal artery is the dorsal artery of clitoris.

Some sources consider the urethral artery a direct branch of the internal pudendal artery, while others consider it a branch of the perineal artery.

In males, the internal pudendal artery also gives rise to the perforating arteries of the penis.

Variation
Around 70% of men have an accessory internal pudendal artery. This usually does not originate from the internal iliac artery, instead originating from the external iliac artery, the obturator artery, or the vesical arteries.

Function
The internal pudendal artery supplies blood to the external genitalia.

Clinical significance
In women, the internal pudendal artery may be damaged during childbirth. This may cause a haematoma, which usually resolves without treatment, but may form an infected abscess.

title: Internal pudendal artery


text:
Talk:Choy Gar

Untitled
i want to know about the life of choy gau lee(yi), thanks

Wikipedia:List_of_Wikipedians_by_martial_art add yourself!
List_of_Wikipedians_by_martial_art

title: Talk:Choy Gar


text:
Bill Manhire

William Manhire (born 27 December 1946) is a New Zealand poet, short story writer, emeritus professor, and New Zealand's inaugural Poet Laureate (1997–1998). He founded New Zealand's first creative writing course at Victoria University of Wellington in 1975, founded the International Institute of Modern Letters in 2001, and has been a strong promoter of New Zealand literature and poetry throughout his career. Many of New Zealand's leading writers graduated from his courses at Victoria. He has received many notable awards including a Prime Minister's Award for Literary Achievement in 2007 and an Arts Foundation Icon Award in 2018.

The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature (2006) states that he is "recognised as among the two or three finest New Zealand poets of his generation", and literary critic Peter Simpson has observed that Manhire has "probably done more to widen the audience for poetry in New Zealand than any other individual".

Early life
Manhire was born in Invercargill. His mother was from Scotland with a degree in science, and his father was a publican; they had met and married during World War II, and his mother sailed to New Zealand on a ship of war brides on Valentine's Day in 1946. In his memoir Under the Influence (2003), he described growing up in different small town South Island pubs. He attended Otago Boys' High School, and later the University of Otago in Dunedin where he received his B.A. in 1967, his M.A. (with honours) in 1968, and his M.Litt. in 1970. He went on to study Norse sagas at University College London (1970–73, M.Phil.).

As a young writer, Manhire sent some poetry to Charles Brasch; of this work, Manhire later said, "I can't remember the exact contents, but I think they had lines like 'I stalk the streets of the midnight city' and were full of soiled sheets and neon and terrible things like that". He said he was "enormously encouraged" by Brasch's response, which encouraged him to keep trying and to take himself seriously as a writer. Other writers Manhire met in Dunedin included Iain Lonie, Trevor Reeves and James K. Baxter.

Career
In the 1960s, while still an undergraduate at the University of Otago, Manhire had his first poems published in New Zealand journals, including notably the journal Landfall, then edited by Robin Dudding. While studying in London in the early 1970s he had poems published in British magazines. His first book was a poem, Malady, published in 1970. It consisted of just four words ("malady", "melody" and "my lady") arranged in patterns on the page, accompanied by drawings by artist Ralph Hotere, who had met Manhire in Dunedin while he was the Frances Hodgkins Fellow. Manhire's second book, The Elaboration (1972), was also a collaboration with Hotere, and was published by Charles Brasch and Janet Paul. Around this time, and while living in London, Manhire and fellow poet Kevin Cunningham set up the Amphedesma Press to publish their own and their friends' work, including poetry books by Ian Wedde and Bob Orr.

In 1973, after returning to New Zealand, Manhire began lecturing in the English department of Victoria University of Wellington, where he founded New Zealand's first creative writing course in 1975. His creative writing course, which he taught for more than 25 years, had a major influence on New Zealand literature, with many well-known New Zealand writers having graduated, including Elizabeth Knox, Barbara Anderson and Jenny Bornholdt. Mutes & Earthquakes (1997) was an anthology of works by his former students; the introduction by Manhire begins with two pieces of advice: "1. Write what you know, and / 2. Write what you don't know". From 2001 to 2013 he was the inaugural and founding director of the International Institute of Modern Letters, which offers an MA and Ph.D. in creative writing, as well as a range of specialised undergraduate workshops. Students of the Institute have included Eleanor Catton, Catherine Chidgey and Hinemoana Baker. In 2016 the institute's building was named the Bill Manhire House in recognition of his contribution to the university and to New Zealand literature. His successor Damien Wilkins said on the occasion that Manhire's name "is synonymous with creative writing at Victoria".

Manhire has published a number of poetry collections, including notably his Collected Poems (2001). His poetry is known for word-play, experimentation and his ironic and whimsical sense of humour. Critic Iain Sharp writes that Manhire's reputation "rests on a solid, seriously intentioned body of work, notable for its oblique lyricism and sense of wonder at the strangeness of both life and language". After his fifth book of poetry, Good Looks (1982), Manhire for a time switched to writing prose, publishing The Brain of Katherine Mansfield (1988), a book in the style of the Choose Your Own Adventure series with illustrations by Gregory O'Brien, and The New Land (1990), a collection of satirical short stories. In 1986 he wrote a critical study of fellow New Zealand writer Maurice Gee.

In 1998, Manhire went to Antarctica for several weeks with poet Chris Orsman and painter Nigel Brown, as part of the Artists to Antarctica programme run by Antarctica New Zealand. The experience inspired a number of poems which formed the basis of his collection What to Call Your Child (1999), as well as a subsequent anthology of writing about Antarctica called The Wide White Page: Writers Imagine Antarctica (2004) which he edited and introduced. For the 25th anniversary of the Erebus air disaster in 2004, Manhire wrote the poem "Erebus Voices", which was read by Sir Edmund Hillary at the commemorative service at Scott Base, Antarctica.

Throughout his career Manhire has been a significant promoter of New Zealand poetry and other local writing, acting as editor of several compilations of New Zealand works, including NZ Listener Short Stories (1977), Some Other Country: New Zealand's Best Short Stories (with his wife Marion McLeod, 1984, with updated editions published in 1992, 1997 and 2007) and Six by Six: Short Stories by New Zealand's Best Writers (1989). His collection of New Zealand poetry, 100 New Zealand Poems (1993), proved particularly popular, and was subsequently expanded to become 121 New Zealand Poems (2005). He was a founding publisher of the online Best New Zealand Poems series, which began in 2000. For many years he presented a poetry segment on the Kim Hill Show on Radio New Zealand. To mark his 60th birthday in 2006, Victoria University Press and Sport published the limited edition Manhire at 60: A Book for Bill. The book featured essays, poems, stories and other written work from over 40 writers who had been inspired by Manhire.

Manhire has regularly worked collaboratively with other artists and creators during his career, including with the artist Ralph Hotere, physicist Paul Callaghan, composer Norman Meehan and singer Hannah Griffin. His work with Meehan and Griffin has resulted in a range of music publications with lyrics or words by Manhire, including Buddhist Rain (2010) and These Rough Notes (2012).

Awards and honours
Manhire has received a number of New Zealand's most prestigious literary awards and fellowships, including the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship in 2004, an Arts Foundation Laureate Award in 2004 and the Prime Minister's Award for Literary Achievement in 2007. He received the Lilian Ida Smith Award in 1987 for fiction and in 1989 for poetry. He was appointed the first New Zealand Poet Laureate in 1996, and from January to May 1999 was the Fulbright visiting professor in New Zealand studies at Georgetown University.

In the 2005 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to literature, and that same year received an honorary doctorate of literature from the University of Otago. In 2010 he was appointed a fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand Te Apārangi. In 2015 he was the UNESCO visiting professor of creative writing at the University of East Anglia. In 2018, the Arts Foundation of New Zealand bestowed on him the Icon Award, an award recognising New Zealand's greatest artists, which is limited to 20 living recipients. In 2021 he received an honorary doctorate of literature from University College London.

His work has won the Poetry Prize at the New Zealand Book Awards six times:
 * 1978: How to Take Your Clothes Off at the Picnic
 * 1985: Zoetropes
 * 1992: Milky Way Bar
 * 1994: 100 New Zealand Poems (as editor)
 * 1996: My Sunshine
 * 2006: Lifted

Personal life
He is married to journalist Marion McLeod, and has two children, Vanessa and Toby, who are both journalists and writers.

Poetry

 * 1970: Malady (with Ralph Hotere) (Dunedin: Amphedesma Press)
 * 1972: The Elaboration (with Ralph Hotere) (Wellington: Square & Circle)
 * 1977: How to Take Off Your Clothes at the Picnic (Wellington: Wai-te-ata Press)
 * 1979: Dawn/Water (Eastbourne: Hawk Press)
 * 1981: Zoetropes (London: The Murihiku Press)
 * 1982: Good Looks (Auckland: Auckland University Press)
 * 1984: Zoetropes: Poems 1972–82 (Wellington, Port Nicholson Press; Sydney: Allen & Unwin; Manchester: Carcanet Press)
 * 1990: The Old Man's Example (Wellington: Wrist & Anchor Press)
 * 1991: Milky Way Bar (Wellington: Victoria University Press; Manchester: Carcanet Press)
 * 1995: Selected Poems (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 1996: My Sunshine (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 1996: Sheet Music: Poems 1967–1982 (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 1999: What to Call Your Child (Auckland: Godwit / Random House New Zealand)
 * 2001: Collected Poems (Wellington: Victoria University Press; Manchester: Carcanet Press)
 * 2005: Lifted (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 2005: Pine (with Ralph Hotere) (Dunedin: Otakou Press)
 * 2010: The Victims of Lightning (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 2017: Some Things to Place in a Coffin (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 2020: Wow (Wellington: Victoria University Press; Manchester: Carcanet Press)

Anthologies (edited)

 * 1969: New Zealand Universities Arts Festival Yearbook 1969 (Dunedin: Caxton Press)
 * 1977: NZ Listener Short Stories (Wellington: Methuen)
 * 1978: NZ Listener Short Stories Volume 2 (Wellington: Methuen)
 * 1984: Some Other Country: New Zealand's Best Short Stories (with Marion McLeod, revised editions published in 1992 and 1997) (Wellington: Port Nicholson Press)
 * 1989: Six by Six: Short Stories by New Zealand's Best Writers (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 1991: Soho Square. Four (Wellington: Bridget Williams Books)
 * 1993: 100 New Zealand Poems (Auckland: Godwit)
 * 1995: Denis Glover: Selected Poems (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 1996: 1396, a Literary Calendar : 13 works, hand-set & hand-printed (Wellington: Wai-te-ata Press)
 * 1997: Mutes & Earthquakes: Bill Manhire's Creative Writing Course at Victoria (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 1997: The New Zealand Short Story Collection (with Marion McLeod, Australian edition of Some Other Country) (St. Lucia, Australia: University of Queensland Press)
 * 2001: Southern Convergence: Antarctic art (Wellington: Pemmican Press)
 * 2001: Spectacular Babies: new writing (Co-edited with Karen Anderson) (Auckland: Flamingo)
 * 2004: The Wide White Page: Writers Imagine Antarctica (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 2005: 121 New Zealand Poems (Auckland: Godwit)
 * 2006: Janet Frame: The Goose Bath – Poems (with Pamela Gordon and Denis Harold) (Auckland: Vintage)
 * 2006: Are Angels OK? The Parallel Universes of New Zealand Writers and Scientists (with Paul Callaghan) (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 2007: Still Shines When You Think of It: A Festschrift for Vincent O'Sullivan (with Peter Whiteford) (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 2008: Some Other Country: New Zealand's Best Short Stories (with Marion McLeod, 4th edition) (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 2008: Storms Will Tell: Janet Frame’s Selected Poems (with Pamela Gordon and Denis Harold) (Northumberland: Bloodaxe Books)
 * 2011: The Best of Best New Zealand Poems (with Damien Wilkins) (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 2012: Ein anderes Land: Short Storys aus Neuseeland (German edition of Some Other Country, re-edited, translated by Saskia Bontjes van Beek) (Munich: Dt. Taschenbuch-Verlag)
 * 2019 Contributor to The New Divan: A Lyrical Dialogue Between East and West ISBN 9781909942288

Other works

 * 1975: Song Cycle (performance, with Jack Body, John Casserly and others) (Wellington: Sound-Movement Theatre)
 * 1978: Riddles for voice and piano (with Gillian Whitehead) (London: Photographic Service (Music Reproductions))
 * 1983: Locating the Beloved and Other Stories (Wellington: Single Title Press)
 * 1986: Maurice Gee (biography) (Auckland: Oxford University Press)
 * 1988: The Brain of Katherine Mansfield (choose-your-own-adventure book) (Auckland: Auckland University Press)
 * 1990: The New Land: a Picture Book (collection of short stories) (Auckland: Heinemann Reed)
 * 1994: South Pacific (collection of short stories) (Manchester: Carcanet Press)
 * 1996: Songs of My Life (collection of short stories) (Auckland: Godwit)
 * 1998: Homelight: an Antarctic Miscellany (collaborative work with Chris Orsman and Nigel Brown) (Karori: Pemmican Press)
 * 2000: Doubtful Sounds: essays and interviews (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 2003: Under the Influence (memoir) (Wellington: Four Winds Press)
 * 2010: Buddhist Rain (album with music by Norman Meehan and Hannah Griffin) (Wellington: Rattle Records)
 * 2011: Making Baby Float (album with music by Norman Meehan and Hannah Griffin) (Wellington: Rattle Records)
 * 2012: These Rough Notes (book and album, with Anne Noble, Norman Meehan and Hannah Griffin) (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 2016: The Stories of Bill Manhire (collection of short stories) (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 2017: Tell Me My Name (riddles set to music by Norman Meehan and sung by Hannah Griffin) (Wellington: Victoria University Press)
 * 2021: Bifröst (album with music by Norman Meehan, Hannah Griffin, Andrew Laking, Blair Latham, Lance Philip, Neil Aldridge, and Michael Sutherland) (Wellington: Rattle Records)

title: Bill Manhire


text: Talk:Autumn

title: Talk:Autumn


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/El Dorado Kansas

El Dorado Kansas was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete and tunr into redirect

Delete, then create a redirection to El Dorado, Kansas. This information is hopelessly POV and there is nothing to be merged that can be kept by a merger. RickK 06:06, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * You called that perfectly, Rick: Delete, redirect. — Bill 12:25, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree: delete first to clear the history and then redirect. Seems like small town politics propagated on the web. Geogre 13:49, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Turn into redirect - Skysmith 09:04, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:653 deaths

title: Category:653 deaths


text:
Hooded wheatear

The hooded wheatear (Oenanthe monacha) is a wheatear, a small insectivorous passerine that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher, Muscicapidae.

This 15.5–17 cm long bird is a resident breeder in unvegetated desert from eastern Egypt through the Arabian peninsula used to be in UAE and Oman a scarce breeder in Hajar mountains to Iran and Pakistan. It occurs annually in Cyprus on passage. The nest is built in a rock crevice, and 3-6 eggs is the normal clutch.

In summer the male hooded wheatear is a white and black bird. The white crown and belly contrast with the black face, back and throat. The tail and rump are white with black central tail feathers.

The female is brown, becoming somewhat paler below. The tail pattern is similar to the male's, but the ground colour is buff rather than white.

Hooded wheatear feeds on insects, often taken in the air. Its call is a whistled vit, and the song is a harsh chattering.

title: Hooded wheatear


text:
File:Warren Zevon - Learning to Flinch.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album Learning to Flinch by Warren Zevon