text:
Talk:Haiku-Pauwela, Hawaii

Haiku and Haiku-Pauwela
Can anyone verify whether "Haiku, Hawaii" is exactly the same place as "Haiku-Pauwela, Hawaii"? After some quick Google searching, I've discovered that most websites seem to have knowledge only of one or the other. But pages for Haiku, Haiku-Pauwela, and Pauwela on PlacesNamed.com list slightly different latitude and longitude coordinates (though as the site doesn't appear to speak with any authority, I don't know that we should rely on it to settle that sort of question), and says:

 * A staff review of the proposal reveals that Haiku-Pauwela is listed as a census designated place in the 1990 U.S. Census which attributes it with a population of 4,509.  According to the 1995 Rand McNally Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide, Haiku is separately attributed with a population of 1,100.  Additionally, we have determined that Haiku contains churches, schools, and numerous commercial establishments, and is the distribution center for Pauwela's mail service.

The US Postal Service site can only give me a ZIP code for "Haiku", not "Haiku-Pauwela" or "Pauwela". If the two names refer to different towns, we should make an article for Haiku, Hawaii. If they refer to the exact same place, we should make that article and redirect it to this one. If they are not quite the same—perhaps one is a region of the other—we should explain that in the article, and still make the redirect. —Triskaideka 15:34, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

ACK! I spent way more time on this than I expected to, while still not coming close to any sort of answer. :-(

My best guess so far is that Haiku-Pauwela is some sort of Census Dept. grouping while Haiku and Pauwela are two separate towns or communities. As far as I can tell, the County of Maui is run sort of like a very large city with separate eight community districts within Maui County, with Paia-Haiku being one of them. If that's true, then there are probably lots of place names in Maui, and maybe most of Hawaii, that we need to be changed, fixed, added, etc.

The best bet may be to try to contact some place local, like the Haiku Elementary School, and see if we can get some students there to help us. I'm going to be signing off of the internet for about 10 hours, but I'll probably try to find out some more later today or tomorrow.

[Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)] [U.S. Census Bureau's Tiger Map Server for Haiku Elementary School] [Maui Visitors Bureau] [Maui Chamber of Commerce] gK 18:10, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I now have a better answer. I should have thought to rely upon the experts here at the Wikipedia sooner. ;-) See Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Cities/Archive_3.

 * "There are no incorporated places in Hawaii. Census data is reported at the county and census-designated place (CDP) levels." see  Nelson Ricardo

That means that there probably should also be seperate Wikipedia articles for Haiku, Hawaii, Pauwela, Hawaii, and Paia, Hawaii just to cover this one area of the island of Maui, Hawaii. gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 07:42, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe so—not that we have any information about the place/s except census data, so far. The latest edit here, which switched from calling it a town to calling it a "census-designated place", is probably sufficient for the scope of this article.  If/when separate articles on Haiku and Pauwela are written, then this should link to them.   —Triskaideka 15:48, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

--- I used to live in haiku, i think i can answer this- they are kind of the same thing. Pauwela was some sort of cannery (probably pineapple), a long time ago. But it was more of a mini town, people lived in Pauwela and they even had their own money. But that does not exist anymore, just the town of haiku. I cant cite any sources but i know if you look it up in the RED BOOK of coin prices you will find Pauwela coins. I remember seeing the remains of BIG warehouse type buildings, in the 80"s

title: Talk:Haiku-Pauwela, Hawaii


text: Category:English art critics

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:English art critics


text: Category:English essayists

title: Category:English essayists


text:
Villiers

Villiers may refer to:

France

 * Villiers, Indre, in the Indre département
 * Villiers, Vienne, in the Vienne département
 * Villiers-Adam, in the Val-d'Oise département
 * Villiers-au-Bouin, in the Indre-et-Loire département
 * Villiers-aux-Corneilles, in the Marne département
 * Villiers-Charlemagne, in the Mayenne département
 * Villiers-Couture, in the Charente-Maritime département
 * Villiers-en-Bière, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Villiers-en-Bois, in the Deux-Sèvres département
 * Villiers-en-Désœuvre, in the Eure département
 * Villiers-en-Lieu, in the Haute-Marne département
 * Villiers-en-Morvan, in the Côte-d'Or département
 * Villiers-en-Plaine, in the Deux-Sèvres département
 * Villiers-Fossard, in the Manche département
 * Villiers-Herbisse, in the Aube département
 * Villiers-la-Garenne, former community
 * Villiers-le-Bâcle, in the Essonne département
 * Villiers-le-Bel, in the Val-d'Oise département
 * Villiers-le-Bois, in the Aube département
 * Villiers-le-Duc, in the Côte-d'Or département
 * Villiers-le-Mahieu, in the Yvelines département
 * Villiers-le-Morhier, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Villiers-le-Pré, in the Manche département
 * Villiers-le-Roux, in the Charente département
 * Villiers-lès-Aprey, in the Haute-Marne département
 * Villiers-le-Sec, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Villiers-le-Sec, Haute-Marne, in the Haute-Marne département
 * Villiers-le-Sec, Nièvre, in the Nièvre département
 * Villiers-le-Sec, Val-d'Oise, in the Val-d'Oise département
 * Villiers-les-Hauts, in the Yonne département
 * Villiers-Louis, in the Yonne département
 * Villiers-Saint-Benoît, in the Yonne département
 * Villiers-Saint-Denis, in the Aisne département
 * Villiers-Saint-Frédéric, in the Yvelines département
 * Villiers-Saint-Georges, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Villiers-Saint-Orien, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Villiers-sous-Grez, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Villiers-sous-Mortagne, in the Orne département
 * Villiers-sous-Praslin, in the Aube département
 * Villiers-sur-Chizé, in the Deux-Sèvres département
 * Villiers-sur-Loir, in the Loir-et-Cher département
 * Villiers-sur-Marne, in the Val-de-Marne département
 * Villiers-sur-Morin, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Villiers-sur-Orge, in the Essonne département
 * Villiers-sur-Seine, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Villiers-sur-Suize, in the Haute-Marne département
 * Villiers-sur-Tholon, in the Yonne département
 * Villiers-sur-Yonne, in the Nièvre département
 * Villiers-Vineux, in the Yonne département
 * Villiers (Paris Metro), a station of the Paris Métro (lines 2 and 3)

Elsewhere

 * Villiers Island, an artificial island at the north-west corner of Toronto's Port Lands
 * Villiers, Ontario, Canada, a small settlement near Peterborough
 * Villiers, Free State, South Africa
 * Villiers, Switzerland, in the Val-de-Ruz district of the canton of Neuchâtel

People

 * Villiers family, British noble family
 * Villiers baronets, in the Baronetage of England
 * Abraham de Villiers, French Huguenot refugee in South Africa
 * AB de Villiers (born 1984), South African cricketer
 * Alan Villiers (1903–1982), Australian author, adventurer, photographer and mariner
 * Amherst Villiers (1900-1991), English automotive, aeronautical and astronautic engineer and portrait painter
 * André Villiers (born 1954), French politician
 * André-Jean-François-Marie Brochant de Villiers (1772–1840), French mineralogist and geologist
 * Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam (1838–1889), French symbolist writer
 * Barbara Villiers, later Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709), English courtesan
 * Charles Villiers (disambiguation)
 * Constance Villiers-Stuart (1877-1966), English author and water-colour painter
 * Édouard de Villiers du Terrage (1780–1855), French engineer
 * Edward Villiers (disambiguation)
 * Elizabeth Villiers, later Elizabeth Hamilton, Countess of Orkney (1657–1733), English courtier
 * Fanie de Villiers (born 1964), South African cricketer
 * Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey (1753–1821), English mistress of the Prince Regent
 * Francis Child Villiers (1819–1862), British politician
 * Francis Hyde Villiers (1852–1925), British civil servant and diplomat
 * François Villiers (1920–2009), French film director
 * François Hüet Villiers (1772–1813), French-born artist resident in London
 * Frederic Villiers (1851–1922), British war artist and war correspondent
 * Sir George Villiers (of Brokesby) (c.1544–1606), High Sheriff of Leicestershire, England, and Member of Parliament
 * George Villiers (disambiguation)
 * Gérard de Villiers (1929–2013), French writer, journalist and publisher
 * Giniel de Villiers (born 1972), South African racing and rally driver
 * Jacques Villiers (1924–2012), French aerospace engineer and public servant
 * James Villiers (1933–1998), British actor
 * Jean de Villiers (grand master) of the Knights Hospitaller in the 13th century
 * Jean de Villiers (born 1981), South African rugby union footballer
 * John Villers (born 1485/86), English politician
 * Katherine Villiers, Duchess of Buckingham (died 1649)
 * Sieur Louis Coulon de Villiers (1710–1757), French Canadian military officer
 * Philippe de Villiers (born 1949), French politician
 * Pieter de Villiers (disambiguation)
 * Priscilla de Villiers, Canadian activist
 * Sarah Villiers, Countess of Jersey (1785–1867)
 * Theresa Villiers (born 1968), British politician
 * Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey (1845–1915), British banker, politician and colonial administrator
 * William Villiers (disambiguation)

Fictional characters

 * Diana Villiers, a fictional character in the Aubrey-Maturin series by Patrick O'Brian
 * Snow Villiers is a playable character in Square Enix's Final Fantasy XIII
 * A character in the 1596 play Edward III, partly written by William Shakespeare
 * A character in the James Bond film Casino Royale
 * Anthony Villiers, the protagonist of a science-fiction series by Alexei Panshin
 * A character in Arthur Machen's novella The Great God Pan
 * A character in The Bourne Identity series by Robert Ludlum

Other

 * Battle of Villiers, a 1870 battle during the Franco-Prussian war
 * Villiers Engineering, a manufacturer of bicycle and motorcycle parts
 * Villiers School, in Limerick, Ireland

title: Villiers


text:
Category talk:Centenarians

You may want to use People_by_year/Reports/Oldest to expand this category. Note that some of the people listed there may already have their years of birth/death corrected. -- User:Docu

Splitting this category
How many people get to be in this category?? Can anyone think of a way to split it?? 66.245.74.65 00:17, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Why split? It doesn't reach 8k yet. -- User:Docu

I know how this could be split - make a separate page for living centenarians and deceased centenarians. --86.31.26.112 14:50, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

I propose Category:Living centenarians is created. --Dovea 19:00, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
 * It was created and swiftly deleted as subdividing category:Living people is denigrated. Piccadilly 23:46, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Centenarians


text:
Talk:Shoe size

Trying to demystify shoe sizes
Athletic brands generally follow an athletic scale, which isn't shown in any if the charts on this wiki. Non athletic shoes generally follow the scale more commonly seen. (I'm speaking from the US)

So that's two systems, now for the fun part. Now, you must figure out what amount of "wiggle room" the manufacturer uses. Nominally it is about 1.5 cm or 3/4 of an inch for a good fit, or smaller due to personal preference. Some manufacturers use 1 cm and some I've seen use zero wiggle room. The cm size you see in modern shoes is what size foot in cm that shoe is made for. But not knowing the wiggle room, that number is as equally meaningless as the other size numbers. Wiggle room has more to do with people saying how shoe "runs" "big" or "small" than anything else. The size scales are pretty much standardized, and there are only two major ones in use.

The chart image near the bottom is correct for the non-athletic us mens scale. How it lines up vs cm from chart to chart will always differ because it would be based on a certain amount of wiggle room in a particular manufacturer. Not knowing what wiggle room is assumed or what manufacturer the chart came from, the size number will not agree.

Sometimes a brand changes or uses different factories in different parts of the world, and of which each factory uses/used it's own wiggle room factor. So wiggle room - thus how they "run" can be entirely different for even the same shoe depending on vintage and where it's made. 76.19.5.215 (talk) 18:37, 11 August 2018 (UTC)

 * US athletic sizes were deleted from this article in 2010 because there were no references to any standard or specification.
 * Sport shoe manufacturers are actually using Mondopoint since 1980s, even though they continue to mark their footwear with US/UK and EU sizes. There could be some deviation in last size and width, resulting in a different fit for the same foot length and width, but this is described right in the overview section Shoe size - I can't see how this could be further improved without introducing some major confusion. Dmitry (talk•contibs) 01:32, 16 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Actually in the previous (largely incorrect) version of shoe size conversion chart, "US athletic" sizes were aligned exactly on Mondopoint boundaries, so I assume it was some manufacturer-specific version of Mondopoint, like the ASICS system for kids ASICS - Shoe Size Guide" which remaps Mondopoint sizes from 170 to 195 mm as grades from K10 to K13, and sizes from 200 to 255 mm as custom sizes 1, 1.5, ..., 7. --Dmitry (talk•contibs) 22:22, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

'Foot versus shoe and last' clarification
By 'last length' are we talking stick length of bottom length of the last? There is also quite a bit of confusion around foot and last length. Most brands / shoemakers provide a 'cm' column within their size chart. This is generally understood to be the last length; however, some shoemakers provide foot measurements to allow customers to measure and size accordingly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jimba the hut (talk • contribs) 31 August 2021 14:36 (UTC)

 * Who knows, ISO/TS 19407:2015 "Footwear - Sizing - Conversion of sizing systems" specification defines no procedure for measurement of last length. ISO TC 137 also released ISO/TS 19408:2015 "Footwear - Sizing - Vocabulary and terminology" specification, and they are currently preparing ISO/TS 19409 "Footwear - Sizing - Measurement of last dimensions" and ISO/TS 19410 "Footwear - Sizing - Inshoe measurement" specifications", but these are currently at the draft stage. --Dmitry (talk•contibs) 23:27, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

Contradiction in ISO 19407 and shoe size conversion
The final section Size Conversion has the sentence. Converted values are rounded to a larger shoe size to increase comfort. Yet the tables listed do not consistently carry this out for inexact conversions.

Karl (talk) 10:39, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

 * First of all, ISO/TS 19407 actually assumes that US adult and US children's sizes should be shifted $1/4$ barleycorn or 1/12 in comparing to the UK sizes, but in practice adult sizes are actually shifted by 1 barleycorn (i.e. 1 full size). I have therefore updated the US/Brannock tables and formulas, so finally all the numbers came along quite nicely and I could finish my hand-coded new visual conversion chart, which I've been working on for quite some time.

 * Secondly, ISO/TS 19407 assumes that shoe sizes are centered  on their respective foot length in mm, and each size can also accomodate length variations up to a half-step in each system (i.e. ±2.5 mm, ±3.33 mm, ±3.75 mm, ±4.23 mm respectively for Mondopoint 5 mm, European, Mondopoint 7.5 mm, and UK/US systems). Therefore half-sizes in EU and UK/US scales are actually overlapping with full sizes, so it's not about rounding up to a next size boundary (as in Mondopoint) but rather about using vertical ruler to find matching full- or half-sizes which are nearest to the centerline.

 * With that consideration in mind, I find that the ISO/TS 19407 adult size conversion tables do align pretty well with my new conversion chart. --Dmitry (talk•contibs) 23:17, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

Fractional half-sizes
There is no need to use natural fractions for half-sizes in the conversion tables, it complicates page search even if they look prettier. Product labels always use decimal points anyway.

Indicating natural fractions makes sense for foot/last sizes and Pariser point sizes which make an rational number when converted to millimeters, requiring an apporixmation or repeating decimal notation. --95.29.161.205 (talk) 22:17, 6 February 2022 (UTC)

Uncited and dubious claim that a person with a twelve inch foot takes a size 12 shoe.
I have tagged shoe size as uncited and tagged specifically as dubious the claim This is the basis for current UK and North American shoe sizes, with the largest shoe size taken as twelve inches (a size 12). (Straight away, a US 12 is smaller than a UK 12.) The article foot (unit) says 13 (UK), 14 (US male), 15.5 (US female) or 48 (EU sizing). (It was uncited until I added the citation below).

Strongly disliking drive-by tagging, I searched the web for an accurate ratio between length and size: the best I found (in terms of clear explanation of derivation and the algorithms) was this: Unfortunately, todayifoundout.com is identified by the Unreliable/Predatory Source Detector as "generally unreliable". That does not assert that this particular citation cannot be used, but a better one should be sought.
 * (12×3=36. US(m): 36−22=14, UK: 36−23=13, EU:30.5×1.5=45.75 then +2 "for comfort" plus rounding = 48)

Meanwhile, can it be used to correct the existing uncited and dubious assertion? 𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 13:29, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I have made this change to the article: it is better to have a "good enough" citation rather than let uncited speculation stand. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 16:35, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shoe size


text: Category:English literary critics

title: Category:English literary critics


text:
Maria Soledad Torres y Acosta

María Soledad Torres y Acosta (2 December 1826 – 11 October 1887) - born Manuela - was a Spanish Roman Catholic professed religious and the founder of the Servants of Mary. Her apostolic actions - and those of her order - were dedicated towards the nursing of the sick and the poor in the places that it operated in. Torres' childhood consisted of the desire to join the religious life and managed to join a priest's fledgling religious cluster of women after the Dominicans refused to admit her due to her frail constitution. But a series of struggles saw her in a conflicted position of leadership that saw her removed and reinstated twice.

Torres was beatified in 1950 and was later proclaimed a saint in 1970. Her liturgical feast is affixed to the date of her death as is the norm. In 2016, a movie was produced in Spain (original title: Luz de Soledad) that tells her vocation and the struggles during the early years of her life as founder.

Life
Manuela Torres Acosta was born on 2 December 1826 as the second of five children to Francisco Torres and Antonia Acosta in Madrid; she was baptized as "Antonia Bibiana Manuela". Her parents ran a small business in their home near the Plaza de España.

Torres received her education from the Vincentian Sisters and often visited the sick in her neighborhood. The girl also helped at a free school for the poor that the order managed.

In about 1850 she felt called to enter an enclosed religious order and applied to a Dominican convent (not too far from her home) for admission as a secular religious but had to wait until there was room for her. In 1851 she heard of the efforts of Miguel Martínez Sanz (a Third Order Servite) who was the parish priest in Chamberí. Martínez envisioned founding a group of seven women who would minister to the sick and poor of his parish in their own homes since those people often could not afford proper hospitalization. Torres offered herself for this work and (with initial reluctance) Martínez accepted her as the seventh and final member of the order that he wished to establish. On 15 August 1851 she and her six companions committed their lives to this service as a religious group and at that time took the religious habit; she assumed the religious name of "María Soledad".

Martínez in 1856 took with him six of the twelve religious to the missions at Fernando Pó which left Torres as the superior of the order and the sole remaining member of the original group. The remaining religious soon removed her from this office which left the group disorganized and such was the chaos that the local bishop even threatened to dissolve it. The bishop examined Torres and the circumstances of her removal before deciding to re-appoint her as the superior. Torres managed to continue her work with the help of her spiritual director Gabino Sánchez who was an Augustinian Recollect. It was at this time that the order was named as the Servants of Mary. The dedication of the order was brought to the attention of the public after their notable and extensive care of the sick during the cholera epidemic in 1865.

Torres faced several trials throughout her time of leadership in the congregation and soon became the victim of slander and was again removed from her office until Father Sánchez had her reinstated following after another investigation. While establishing a new group of the order in Valencia she faced the liberalizing government which took control of the empire in the Revolution of 1868. It was around this stage that several of the nuns left the order but the order continued to grow in number and in 1875 began to serve in Havana. The order received definitive papal approval in 1876 from Pope Pius IX.

Torres died from pneumonia on 11 October 1887. Her remains were buried in a simple plot around fellow religious of her order but were exhumed and transferred to the chapel of the motherhouse on 18 January 1893; her remains were deemed to be intact and it was reported that her remains exuded a blood-like liquid and a sweet odor. But it was not long after upon another inspection that her remains were limited to bones which meant decomposition had advanced perhaps due to the first exhumation and transferral.

Canonization
Two informative processes opened in Madrid for the collection of documentation in relation to the cause for sainthood. Those documents would prove her saintliness while the theologians summoned to investigate her writings approved them on 21 November 1920. On 26 November 1924 she was titled a Servant of God. The documentation was forwarded to Rome where the Congregation for Rites approved them on 18 December 1929. First an antepreparatory committee met and approved the cause on 28 July 1936 while the preparatory one also approved it on 6 July 1937 as did a general committee on 11 January 1938. The confirmation of her life of heroic virtue allowed for Pius XI to sign a decree on 23 January 1938 that titled Torres as Venerable.

Two miracles were required for her beatification and the C.O.R. validated the two informative processes on 24 April 1942 that investigated the two separate cases. An antepreparatory committee approved these two healings as miracles on 30 November 1943 as did the preparatory one on 31 May 1949 and the general one on 22 November 1949. Pope Pius XII approved both miracles on 27 November 1949 and beatified Torres on 5 February 1950 in Saint Peter's Basilica. One miracle was the cure of Sister Lucia Santiago Allende on November 10, 1915 from grave tuberculosis and severe gastric complications.

Two more miracles were investigated in two separate cognitional processes and the Congregation for the Causes of Saints later approved this on 29 October 1968 after their meeting while passing it onto Pope Paul VI on 10 November 1969 who confirmed them. Paul VI canonized Torres as a saint on 25 January 1970.

title: Maria Soledad Torres y Acosta


text: Category:Literary critics by nationality


text: Category:French literary critics

title: Category:French literary critics


text:
Saint Thomas Parish

Saint Thomas Parish may refer to:

 * Saint Thomas, Barbados
 * Saint Thomas Parish, Jamaica

title: Saint Thomas Parish


text:
Talk:ETOPS

Letraindunord (talk) 03:56, 18 November 2018 (UTC)

Help requested on map
This user finds the map confusing. The text says, "... if an aircraft is certified for 180 minutes, it is permitted to fly any route not more than 180 minutes single-engine flying time to the nearest suitable airport." Shouldn't that be the dashed blue line, as all parts of that line are within distance R of a suitable airport? Similarly, shouldn't the portion of the green line marked outside the circles, marked with the bracket, be the Non-ETOPS portion of a flight? Thanks. 184.23.11.185 (talk) 22:56, 17 January 2018 (UTC) Anon User

I agree. It seems to me that either the map is wrong, or the article doesn't properly explain what an "ETOPS flight path" is. 208.91.121.202 (talk) 15:25, 18 June 2018 (UTC)

Map legend seems wrong : green flight line and dashed blue line are inversed

1)radius must be less than 180mile/180mins-of-flight-apart else the plane doesn't make it to the airport for emergency land ops188.25.57.84 (talk) 01:26, 20 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Picture is good enough but caption is wrong. Green line is not "ETOPS flight path" but rather something like "Shortest flight path achieved by ETOPS" (ideal route) Apetrov09703 (talk) 17:43, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

Range
How did you calcuate the 2 hours' range? If the air speed is 850 km/h, the airplane will cover 1700 km in two hours. This will make a Hong Kong -> Los Angeles flight pretty safe that you can land in Taipei. Tokyo, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Anchorage, Vancouver and Los Angeles (these are just a few selected major airports). Or you have to slow down the airplane because flying one one engine will be slow. But how slow? -- Toytoy 15:41, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

Okay, the ETOPS diversion flights are certified like this, during an inflight shut down, the airplane must descend to approved heights, maximum thrust will be used and the fuel consumption is higher during such flights (due to carrying the dead engine and extra drag needed to keep the plane straight). The tables in the cockpit's airplane flight manual will give you the figures. If the air is still, it's no problem. However strong headwinds will lower the ground speed, reducing the distance you can cover within the given diversion time. Northern Pacific has particulary not so good weather most of the year. Also, if the weather permits opening of the diversion airports. If airports are closed (especially the Russian ones), the pilot is left with a wing and a prayer. ETOPS-180 takes care of that.-- Fikri 05:07, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

ETOPS/LROPS
I reverted the article title because, though LROPS is still proposed, it is still very much intertwined with ETOPS. Their descriptions are very similar, and the fate of one relies on the other. —Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 05:38, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

There is a further restriction in the ETOPS rules which state that the fuel must be the greater of the single engine burn to the ETOPS alternate or the 2 engine burn at 10,000 feet. This altitude is the maximum altitude the aircraft can operate in the event of a depressurization.

On flights from North America across the Pacific,, particularly the Hawaiian rouites, the 10,000 foot fuel burn is often more restrictive than the single engine fuel burn requirements.

The computation of the Equal Time Point (ETP) is based on the result.

Further, the aircraft must be equipped with enhanced equipment that increases the redundancy of certain systems, specifically hydraulics and electrics. A 3 or 4 engine aircraft has the engine driven generators and hydraulic pump redundancy, but a two engine aircraft does not. On the Boeing products a Hydraulic Motor Controlled Generator (HMG) is installed which provides this redundancy on 2 engine aircraft. Gandrews 03:44, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Neutrality Despute: Early twin-engine high-bypass turbofan airliners
From the article:

"Outside the USA, other countries followed ICAO regulations, which allowed for 90 minutes' diversion time. This fact was exploited by Airbus, launching the world's first twin-engined high-bypass turbofan widebody airliner, the Airbus A300, in 1974. It was about three quarters the size of DC10s and Tristars and for an equivalent load for the same distance and cheaper to operate. The A300 was eagerly snapped up by airlines all over the world."

The bold selection is a very disingenuous statement. Airlines were very cool to the initial Airbus A300, and the first customers were all national airlines of the Airbus member states. In fact, Airbus was forced to build and park a number of "white tail" aircraft due to insufficient demand.

Comparing A300 sales from 1974 through 1977 with the 747, DC-10:

A300 - 53 747 - 105 DC10 - 72

It wasn't until 1978 that Airbus began relieving consistent orders for the A300, which is a far cry from the quotation above. Not to mention, the A300 was ultimately surpassed in orders by its competitor, the B767. Given the fact that Airbus employees were found tampering with Wikipedia articles, I believe this section should be revised to remove bias.

 * The original text appears to be long gone, but certainly is in keeping with the anti-American, pro-European stance in most Wiki articles. Have tried to point out several cases of this - one particularly funny one was the famous barrel role performed by an American airliner documented in one article where some anglophile had added a paragraph saying basically that "who cares, some British military aircraft had done the same thing." Go look at the article for the British military aircraft and there was no mention of the American airliner. So, okay, put in the exact same citation in reverse in the Brit article. Within minutes, it was pulled with the comment that there is no reason to refer to a 'foreign' aircraft in this article about this highly significant British aircraft (you know, the kind where they built 30 or so of them compared to hundreds of the American aircraft). So, go back and remove the citation in the American aircraft's article - immediately it is reinstated and I get this nasty note from some Wiki-ite that such malicious vandalism will not be tolerated! So, I go back and put in the info back in the British article and put in a note in both that this same Wiki-ite should deal similarly with the vandals there. After a couple more rounds, this or some other Wiki-ite (who cares) finally gets the point and removes the crap from the American a/c article. When I want a good laugh, I find one of these biased statements and correct it, just to see how violently and quickly the anti-American elements takes off. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.129.224.141 (talk) 12:45, 22 May 2011 (UTC)

That's your own bias, not "pro-Brit" or "pro-European". Stating an American aircraft to perform a feat simply because it was simply the first American aircraft to do so, is bias. Hence no mention on an equivalent article. You mean the kind where they were built in the same numbers as the American aircraft you moron except half weren't written off in hull-loss accidents? Bitter American trying to tamper with Wikipedia, just like Boeing and even the US military. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.107.23.175 (talk) 22:16, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

This is a very Boeing biased article with no mention of the Airbus A300, furthermore the statement that the Boeing 767 was the first ETOPS is just plane wrong. The caption "the 767, the ETOPS pioneer" Is also highly biased, both the A300 and 767 pioneered ETOPS. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 120.21.218.214 (talk) 12:07, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

ETOPS-330
The FAA granted ETOPS 330. It will take some significant reworking of the article to fit this in:  —Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 04:20, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

EROPS
It used to be called EROPS, not ETOPS. The early 767 flights over the North Atlantic were called EROPS before the name was changed in the mid to late 1980s. I inserted this fact in the article. Archtrain 19:08, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Add maps?
Would it be possible to add maps showing the range of ETOPS-90/120/180/etc. aeroplanes, so that you can see what kind of areas are excluded if you don't have the required certification? -- pne (talk) 11:37, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The Great Circle Mapper displays ETOPS maps, but it notes that the area depends on aircraft speed on one engine, which will vary from aircraft to aircraft. Sommerfeld (talk) 23:49, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Little twins.
Does anybody use B-737 or A-320 on routes where ETOPS is really significant (esp. big waters)? I remember someone in the late 1980s asked for FAA licence to charter wingtip droptank equipped vintage DC-9 planes between LA and Aloha. He was told to find a mental asylum. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.131.210.162 (talk) 17:13, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * WestJet uses 737NG (with ETOPS 180 certification) on their Vancouver (CA) -> Honolulu Route, see http://avherald.com/h?article=42bfd942&opt=0. Thomas EDDV —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.82.84.214 (talk) 20:57, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

SATCOM
Could some expert in this topic add to the article an interpretation of the 2007 FAA "final rule" as regards Satellite-Based Voice Communications? Is the result that aircraft now must have voice SATCOM to fly some routes? (sdsds - talk) 04:28, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

Mention "Engines Turn Or Passengers Swim" ?
Around the time that the 777 got its ETOPS certification, I recall a friend who was a pilot mentioning a cynical alternate expansion of the acronym: """Engines Turn, or Passengers Swim""" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sommerfeld (talk • contribs) 23:35, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

 * You just did! But unless it's particularly notble, and has a reliable source attesting to that notability, it shouldn't go into the text. It is cute, though - I hand't heard that one before. - BillCJ (talk) 23:44, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

I was at a company that designs the engine controllers and software for planes like the 777. A guy there that worked on those controllers told me "Engines Turn or People Swim" and then said "sometimes it's 'passengers'". So that's a second source that seems reliable. The text on the page doesn't match either one at the moment. 192.174.37.52 (talk) 19:19, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

 * FWIW, I used to read the industry magazine Flight back in the 90s, and several times saw reference to "ETOPS" being expanded by air industry professionals as "Engines Turning Or Passengers Swimming." Citations from Flight might be findable (though not by me at the moment, sorry). 87.81.230.195 (talk) 05:58, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

There are multiple reliable sources available for this expression. Here's a couple: It's part of the history, so I think it's worth adding to the article.—RJH (talk) 19:04, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

I agree...it's part of the "history" and often used jokingly by pilots. It is even spelled out on the commemorative "Jepp Plate" recently produced by Jeppeson (and available on their website) to honor the pilots & crew of US Airways flight 1549 ("Miracle on the Hudson")(note at bottom of the plate: "ETOPS: Engines Turning or People Swimming") —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kc5qnk (talk • contribs) 22:43, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

It's a very common industry term, one I hear my dear old dad use frequently after a long day at the United Technologies mines 76.199.89.243 (talk) 16:44, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

As a former United Airlines Engineering Dept Employee for the 75/76 fleets, I would like to say that 'Engines Turn, or People Swim' was absolutely a term that was thrown around. However I would also like to point out a slight discrepancy in how ETOPS is the aviation acronym for Extended Operations. This is really not correct. According to Boeing, According to United Airlines, and several other airlines I worked with, ETOPS stood for Extended Twin Overwater Passenger Service. Because this was a certification for twin engine wide bodies to fly, over water, with paying passengers, a specified distance away from a potential landing strip should there be an engine failure. The former acronym does not cover this, the latter however does. Sadly, I can find little to no reference about this acronym online, despite in the early 00's it being in pretty much every engineering document that we had. Kaltezar (talk) 11:22, 26 March 2017 (UTC)

Early turbine engine experience
This section makes no sense at all, for a number of reasons:

 * 1) The Rolls-Royce Conway was a low-bypass turbofan (the first to reach production, in fact), not a turbojet. The original contributor is right; the Rolls-Royce Conway is a turbo-jet because all marks has a set of fixed inlet guide vanes in front of the first stage of the low pressure compressor. It was however, the world's first by-pass turbojet in commercial service. 81.110.185.32 (talk) 18:33, 13 January 2011 (UTC)
 * 2) The Boeing 727 first began commercial operations in 1964, the same year the “60-minute rule” was allegedly waived, so the waiver can't have been based on the 727's “excellent record”.
 * 3) It was designed for the Pratt & Whitney JT8D, not the Conway, though some later models were retrofitted with Rolls-Royce Tay high-bypass turbofans in the early 1990s.
 * 4) The Boeing 737 first began commercial operations in 1967, after the “60-minute rule” was allegedly waived.
 * 5) Like the 727, it was initially designed for the Pratt & Whitney JT8D.  Boeing later switched to the CFM56.
 * 6) The only airliners that flew with Conway engines were the four-engine Boeing 707, Douglas DC-8 and Vickers VC10.

DES (talk) 21:51, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

ETOPS Exclusions corrections
You cannot say the route Sao Paulo - Cape Town is outside Etops since it is flied commercially by a B777-300ER.

--177.166.134.117 (talk) 10:31, 25 December 2012 (UTC)

Single Engine Cruise Speeds
As not only the single engine flight time endurance (60 min, 180 min etc), but also the single engine cruise speed is needed for calculating the geographical no-go zones for a certain aircraft type, perhaps a section should be added elaborating on the latter Tavernsenses (talk) 10:04, 24 October 2014 (UTC)

LAN A340 solely for Sydney?
This article says that "...although LAN (which had acquired A340s solely for its Sydney-Santiago route)..." which seems pretty weird to me because I have been flying by LAN A340s to/from Madrid for several years (before they put 787 on this flight). 78.128.198.193 (talk) 17:58, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

Early ETOPS experience
In the section "Early ETOPS experience" of the article, there is a picture of a 767 with the caption "Boeing 767-300ER, the ETOPS pioneer". However, I'm pretty sure that the first ETOPS aircraft was the A300 which became ETOPS compliant in 1977. Can somebody please find reliable a source and correct the mistake? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Csace22003 (talk • contribs) 11:04, 9 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Done! Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 13:56, 9 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Even Airbus seems inconsistent about whether they were first!
 * On the history section of their webpage, they say: "In 1977, the A300B4 became the first “ETOPS compliant” aircraft".
 * In this document from Airbus Customer Services, they say: "Airbus operators have been operating their A300 twinjet aircraft across the North Atlantic, the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean under the 90-minute ICAO rule since 1976. However, ETOPS officially began in 1985 with the newly issued ETOPS criteria. In 1985, the first ETOPS operations (90 minutes) were made in February by TWA with a 767 and in June by Singapore Airlines with an A310."
 * So depending on who at Airbus you ask, ETOPS either began in the 1970's with Airbus or in the 1980's with Boeing. 2601:602:A080:1240:25D2:A198:3FB7:1A99 (talk) 17:49, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

Government owned military aircraft
At the end of the intro, the article mentions that government owned aircraft do not have to adhere to ETOPS; however, there is no source for this and I see no reason to believe they don't apply to military aircraft? Xeoknight (talk) 03:42, 29 November 2016 (UTC)

 * The clue is in the name of the name of the organisation administering ETOPS.
 * ICAO is the International CIVIL Aviation Organisation. Military aircraft fly by their own rules. WendlingCrusader (talk) 10:03, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

Need a simple intro
Experts - this article needs a simple intro to describe what is meant by ETOPS. There is a nice technical description, but I came here as an ignorant n00b to the topic, and still don't really understand what ETOPS is meant to do. I can write something, but maybe someone a bit more versed in this might be better (or perhaps my errors would spur a good correction?) Jed (talk) 18:31, 3 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Have included some wording, you may wish to have a look Apetrov09703 (talk) 12:24, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

Article needs serious work
I read Wikipedia a lot (multiple times per day) and this has got to be one of the worse articles I've ever come across, at least for someone such as myself who doesn't know much about the subject. More than three quarters through the article I finally found this line "For example, if an aircraft is rated for ETOPS-180, it means that it is able to fly with full load and just one engine for three hours." Some kind of explanation like this needs to be near the beginning of the article. 185.20.212.44 (talk) 21:35, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:ETOPS


text:
Ian Anderson (British politician)

Ian Hugh Myddleton Anderson (1953 – 2 February 2011) was a leading figure on the British far-right in the 1980s and 1990s.

Early life
Anderson was born in Hillingdon in 1953. His involvement in politics began in the mid-1970s when he was close to certain elements on the right of the Conservative Party, particularly the Monday Club.

National Front
Anderson joined the National Front in the late 1970s and was initially seen as a supporter of National Organiser Martin Webster. However, when the Political Soldier faction, led by figures such as Nick Griffin and Derek Holland, moved against Webster and his assistant Michael Salt, Anderson sided with the rebels and used his casting vote to ensure that Webster and Salt were expelled for mismanagement.

Anderson became a close associate of Andrew Brons and, like Brons, largely indulged the Political Soldiers faction, writing for the Third Positionist party magazine Nationalism Today. He also played a leading role in working with Ian Stuart Donaldson to ensure that Rock Against Communism became the province of the NF rather than the British Movement. As Anderson grew in influence within the NF divisions between the faction led by Brons and himself and the Political Soldiers grew, as Anderson was a strong supporter of electoral participation. He became one of the leading figures grouped around the dissident Flag newspaper (edited by Martin Wingfield) and was expelled by the Official National Front along with the rest of his faction in 1986, reconstituting as the Flag Group. The divisions reached a crisis at the Vauxhall by-election in 1989, where an NF candidate for each faction stood (Patrick Harrington and Ted Budden), splitting support and haranguing one another on live TV as the declaration of votes was made. Anderson, nonetheless, became a powerful figure within the Flag Group and by 1990 was effective leader, Andrew Brons having left the political scene.

In 1987, Troy Southgate and Patrick Harrington, acting for the NF's Security and Intelligence Department (SID), photographed Anderson in Stratford, east London, when it was discovered that his printing business was housed in the same building as the offices of Searchlight, an anti-fascist organisation.

With the Official NF having split into the International Third Position and Third Way, Anderson gained control of the NF in 1990 and attempted to remodel the party back along the lines of John O'Brien in the early 1970s when they had appeared at one stage to be a potential threat to the mainstream parties. The spur for this was undoubtedly the success of the Front National. He had also attempted to gain contacts in the United States and in 1989 he had established a link with Richard Barrett and the Nationalist Movement with a pact known as the 'New Atlantic Charter'. Anderson's NF suffered however from the inactivity and in-fighting of the 1980s, whilst the emergence of the British National Party was also a major check on his ambitions as leader.

National Democrats
Anderson soon came to believe that the negative connotations of the National Front name were proving a bar to success and so in 1995 he relaunched the party as the National Democrats, after a postal ballot of the members. The launch was not without its problems however: within a month, many activists had joined the continuing National Front run by John McAuley.

Anderson maintained contacts in Northern Ireland (which the Flag Group's Joe Pearce had built up during the 1980s), particularly within the right of the Ulster Unionist Party and in the 1997 General Election he stood as a candidate for the Londonderry East constituency. Securing a mere 0.2% share of the vote in the constituency, Anderson soon abandoned his Northern Ireland strategy.

Later activities
The National Democrats became the Campaign for National Democracy pressure group and ceased actively contesting elections.

In 2004, he became a figure in community politics, campaigning for adult learning, local clean-ups, and more shops and fewer restaurants amongst other local campaigns. He was also involved in setting up the People's Campaign to Keep the Pound, along with Anthony Bennett, a leading member of Robert Kilroy-Silk's Veritas.

Anderson was the leader of the short-lived Epping Community Action Group, which was registered with the Electoral Commission as a political party in April 2006. The group stood two candidates, including Anderson, for election to Epping Forest District Council in the 2007 local elections, but came third in both wards. He gained 215 votes in the Epping Hemnall ward beating a British National Party candidate by 68 votes.

Anderson was also involved in a number of other groups such as the Conservative Democratic Alliance. He gave considerable support to UKIP in later years and aided Pam Barden of Save Our Sovereignty (now sponsored by UKIP).

Panther Print
Anderson ran a printing business called Panther Print in Dagenham, which has been used by the nationalist movement. Panther Print was based at Britannia House, and the building doubled as National Democrats' HQ.

He died in Epping in 2011 from a brain tumour, at the age of 57. His funeral took place on 15 February 2011.

title: Ian Anderson (British politician)


text: Template:Whyte types

title: Template:Whyte types


text:
Talk:Christian churches and churches of Christ

Watchman Herald
The "Watchman Herald" link has no place on this page. This paper is published by members of the non-instrumental Churches of Christ; I'm not really sure if it would be considered as "mainstream" even among them. Please quit just sticking the link onto this page; if you insist on doing so, please at least show the rest of us the courtsey of establishing an account, logging on to this page, and justifying what you are doing to the rest of us so that we can discuss it.

Rlquall 15:43, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Sort by state...
I'd like to change the list of churches to list them by state then country. The current list is poorly organized at best. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ckvkkeek (talk • contribs) 14:15, September 22, 2006

 * I agree that would be useful. Census regions don't mean much to most people. --Danny Reese 20:16, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

 * According to the article, the movement has 5500–6000 different congregations. Should we even have a list of member churches at all? -Branddobbe 06:43, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It seems like useful information to have, but perhaps not on the main page. We could create another page called "List of Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ" or something like that, and then reserve the main article for more descriptive info.  Just a thought. --Danny Reese 15:45, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with Branddobbe. Entire sections of this article have become an external link repository which is not really appropriate.  The list is already much longer than the rest of the article and should be removed. -- Satori Son 21:06, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with Satori. I prefer the first item in the Ext. Link section  over a hodge-podge list of churches.  I've been meaning to see how other denom. deal with this.  Some include a list of dioceses (1) or synods (2), which have no correlation to this article.  Others include a list of megachurches (3) or the largest churches (4).  I wouldn't object to the latter within this article, if there were a good source, or at least splitting the list to a separate article. --Spiffy sperry 22:23, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I believe the link to the locater is sufficient. Many of the churches listed are linked to that site anyway. I think it would be worthwhile to link the annual list of Megachurches from The Christian Standard (I added a link to the Standard's web site) Links to the pdf. If that is awkward then we could move that into another page called Christian Church Megachurches and include the text in tere. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MrBobBrown (talk • contribs) 01:29, January 15, 2007

Based upon the emerging consensus here, and Wikipedia guidelines, I have removed the List of Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ section. The current websites included under External links will direct any interested reader to the information, and there are some other options mentioned above which would not overwhelm this article. -- Satori Son 18:02, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Citation Needed for Property Issues
This article states as a fact that "During this time the DoC made several attempts to take over facility and property ownership from many Independent congregations and Independents attempted to take over facility and property ownership from many DoC congregations. In this 45+ years both types of congregations were forced to seek legal representation. Representation was necessary in order to maintain ownership of their property and to prevent eviction and forfeiture of assets." There are debates about how much this happened. If there were legal cases they should be referenced; if you make a claim like "many churches" than some survey should be cited. Atterlep 22:16, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Churches_of_Christ&oldid=103905843 alludes to these court cases.jonathon (talk) 15:44, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Citing the Bible
While the Bible would be an appropriate source in an article written by a member of the church to explain the reasons for a doctrine, it isn't the appropriate kind of source to verify that a doctrine is indeed practiced by the independent Christian Churches and Churches of Christ. I've removed the Bible verses that were used as sources for specific CoC beliefs, but they'll need to be replaced with sources writing specifically about this group of churches, and I know that many of the most useful of those are in books that I don't have. If anyone out there can provide better sources, that would be groovy. -FisherQueen (talk · contribs) 21:34, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Logo
Where did that logo come from? Given the autonomous nature of these congregations, I have major doubts that any of them accept it as a corporate logos for their strain of the CoC. jonathon (talk) 02:10, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
 * It seems to come from this web site, which doesn't make any claim for it as an official logo of the CoC. While I appreciate that pictures  = good on Wikipedia, I think the logo is presented as an official logo representing the whole group of churches, and that isn't what it is. -FisherQueen (talk · contribs) 14:16, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Baptism Section
I would suggest that the baptism section needs some rework, as it is at odds with the practice in many of the ICC/CoC churches, who believe in salvation by grace alone, and that baptism is the public expression of the inward change upon acceptance of Christ. If you look at the statements of faith from many (if not most) of the major ICC/CoC churches, they would be at odds with what is recorded in this article.

Example from the largest ICC/CoC (Louisville Southeast) :

 * The act of baptism cannot save an individual. We are saved only through accepting Christ's sacrifice on the cross. Baptism demonstrates the believer's acceptance of Christ and is the point of time when the believer receives assurance of his or her faith.

As it is written, though, I'm not sure you'd get most churches to agree with the characterization put forth.--Lyonscc (talk) 18:55, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Since only three of the bullet points in the article can't be supported by cites to that website --- but can be supported by cites to other CoC church websites, I'm not sure how they would be at odds with what the article claims. jonathon (talk) 23:27, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Suggestion: Rewrite the section in the talk page, so it does not say what you think is at odds with the data on that link.jonathon (talk)

This section very much sounds like advocacy cloaked in descriptive language. The objections raised by "those of a Calvinistic" persuasion and the counterpoints to the objection sound very much like advocacy. In addition, the use of the "proof texts" lends to the idea of advocacy. This is a description of the theology of the movement. This is not supposed to advocate. Nor are encyclopedia article supposed to be an exhaustive treatment of the rationale for positions. They need to describe and direct the reader to the right sources for more exhaustive research. I'll try to clean up the language at a later date. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Koine2002 (talk • contribs) 12:03, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

"Fundamentally Identical"
As I've been a member of both Churches of Christ and Christian Churches, I question the statement that "The instrumental Christian Churches and the a cappella Churches of Christ are otherwise fundamentally identical." There are several differences, probably the most important being that Christian Churches are fundamentalist in character, while the Churches of Christ are not. I think this sentence should be removed. Dwight911 (talk) 06:16, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

Proposed move
The current name of this page, Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ seems rather artificial. I am concerned that it comes across as a proper name, and that it is one that Wikipedia has created. I propose instead that we move the page to Christian Churches and Churches of Christ, which is more descriptive and seems less like a proper name. Furthermore, the latter gets 6 or 7 times as many hits in a Google search.

I am wondering if there is any comment before I go ahead and attempt the move. --BlueMoonlet (t/c) 16:33, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

 * It works for me. Where you might find a rub is that some may consider "Christian Church" to be a generic description of all Christian churches.  I have no problems, though.--Lyonscc (talk) 20:23, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

Rename
The current article name was invented by Wikipedia, but comes across as a proper name. I propose renaming it to "Christian Churches and Churches of Christ", which is more descriptive and seems less like a proper name, not to mention it gets 6 or 7 times as many hits in a Google search. However, the rename would involve a lot of collateral work, so I want to make sure there is broad support before taking action. --BlueMoonlet (t/c) 18:10, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

Support, but I don't think it's a lot of work—seems like a relatively-simple page move, and the caps are needed because these are the names of denominations. Good luck and all the best,--Miniapolis (talk) 15:01, 15 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, I've now finished the work I had in mind, which was fixing all the linked references. I disagree on the caps because it is not actually the proper name of anything.  There is no denominational organization.  It is a descriptive name for individual congregations that more or less flock together.  --BlueMoonlet (t/c) 18:18, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I thought your RFC was to rename the article using capital letters.--Miniapolis (talk) 16:17, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Sorry, after a long time of no comments, I went ahead and made the change I had suggested. The old article name was "Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ".  --BlueMoonlet (t/c) 21:18, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I would strongly suggest changing the name of this article back to something along the lines of the old title, "Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ". There has been confusion about names from the beginning of the Restoration Movement, and the current article name does nothing to help clarify things for the reader.  There are two completely different groups that have very similar names: the "Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)" and the "Churches of Christ".  Naming this article "Christian Churches and Churches of Christ" makes it look like we're talking about some combination of the other two.  The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement uses the term "Christian Churches/Churches of Christ," which isn't ideal. Others call them "Independent Christian Churches" or "Independent Churches of Christ" because they separated from the "Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)".  While a title along the lines of "Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ" is somewhat artificial, it has the virtue of bringing some clarity to a confusing topic.  If we're concerned that it might be taken as a proper name, we can easily drop a sentence or two about the various names that are used into the lede.  EastTN (talk) 22:40, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Not surprisingly, I disagree. :)  The current name (for posterity, in case it changes, it's "Christian churches and churches of Christ") is really not much different from what you propose, "Christian Churches/Churches of Christ."  The primary differences are twofold, and I see them both as improvements:  it avoids the awkward "Churches/Churches" and it clarifies the status as a common noun by keeping both instances of "churches" in the lowercase.
 * As for confusion with related movements, using "churches" instead of "Church" should be plenty sufficient to distinguish the article subject from the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). Distinguishing from the Churches of Christ is tricky in any case, as neither movement has a proper proper name (if you will), but I don't think the current version is any worse than any other.  I wouldn't mind "Independent Christian churches" (or even "Churches"), except that some congregations go by "church of Christ" and not "Christian church."  --BlueMoonlet (t/c) 21:50, 29 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Confusion (and disagreement) over names has dogged the Restoration Movement from the beginning! Actually, you've done a better job than I did of laying out my reasoning.  "Independent Christian Churches" is the least confusing of the alternatives, and it has the advantage of giving a nod to the history with the "Christian Churches (Disciples of Christ)". But, as you correctly point out, some congregations go by "church of Christ".  That leads to "Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ", awkward as it may be.  I would be fine with "Independent Christian churches and churches of Christ", but it's getting a bit long.

 * On the capitalization, don't count on keeping the lowercase "churches" instead of "Churches". We fought that battle long and hard on the "Churches of Christ" page, and eventually lost.  Most wikipedia editors not associated with the Restoration Movement interpret the article naming guidelines as requiring capitalization.  I strongly prefer the lower case myself, because that's the more common usage within the movement - but my experience is that when the wider community gets engaged, it's highly likely that the words "church" and "churches" will end up capitalized.

 * Bottom line, I'll modify my proposal to "Independent Christian churches and churches of Christ". That would help, in my judgement, to make the distinction between the groups a bit clearer. I suspect the capitalization will be modified at some point in the future, but sufficient unto the day. EastTN (talk) 20:03, 30 November 2013 (UTC)

 * "Independent Christian churches and churches of Christ" is fine with me. I don't think the length is any objection.  WP:TITLE says that the title should be "no longer than necessary to identify the article's subject and distinguish it from other subjects."  For a subject with such a difficult naming issue, I think this qualifies.
 * Regarding capitalization, I agree with you that the churches of Christ should also be treated as a common noun. That means that the article title should be capitalized (just like, e.g., airplane or honey), but that the subject name should not be capitalized when it is not the first word of a sentence.  In the "battle" you mentioned, which of the two was at issue?  --BlueMoonlet (t/c) 12:17, 1 December 2013 (UTC)

Invited to comment, first off, the lede is completely out of compliance.
"The Christian churches and churches of Christ are a part of the Restoration Movement ..." First concern: aren't we talking about proper names which need to be capitalized? Second concern: no citation Third concern: Factually incorrect in that "Church of Christ" can refer to more than one denomination and the lede does not distinguish them.  Geo Bard  Semi-retired 00:31, 25 October 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) This grouping of churches has no formal organization, thus it is not a proper name. 2) Which statement do you doubt the truth of?  We can discuss your concerns and add a citation if necessary.  3) The lede does not say "Church of Christ" but "Churches of Christ", which is a common name for a grouping of churches closely related to the subject of this article.  --BlueMoonlet (t/c) 14:33, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 9 June 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus. As BlueMoonlet stated, "The article subject is in fact a common noun, not the proper name of any organization". This makes it hard to justify capitalization. Our policy on WP:Article titles doesn't have a concept of "borrowing portions of common names" as proposed by Zfish118. EdJohnston (talk) 21:44, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

Christian churches and churches of Christ → Christian Churches and Churches of Christ – Both uses of "churches" in the title should be capitalized. While there is no formal name for the collective grouping of churches, the title of the article here is simply borrowing portions of the proper names of individual congregations. For instance "Anytown Christian Church" and "Big City Christian Church" are affiliated only in similarity of belief, with no common church governance. However, both signify their similar beliefs using "Christian Church" in their names. The article here thus essentially concatenates parts of both church proper names; the title of the article should reflect this. --Zfish118 (talk) 19:29, 9 June 2015 (UTC)
 * As an addendum to my original proposal, I would like to note that the Association for Religious Data Archives uses the naming convention "Christians Churches and Churches of Christion", capitalizing both words in each clause.

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * REvert per nom to the old capitalization and naming -- 70.51.202.183 (talk) 04:29, 10 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Question To clarify, do you support "Christian Churches and Churches of Christ"? --Zfish118 (talk) 04:47, 10 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, revert to the old name, "Christian Churches and Churches of Christ", per the nom. -- 70.51.202.183 (talk) 04:23, 11 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Just FYI, "Christian Churches and Churches of Christ" is not the previous title of this article, though I can't say for sure that it was never the title. The longstanding title before this one was a true clunker: "Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ."  --BlueMoonlet (t/c) 04:58, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Suggest either move to Churches of the Restoration Movement or merge of contents to Restoration Movement. There are already separate articles on Christian Churches and Churches of Christ.  GregKaye 05:52, 10 June 2015 (UTC)
 * The "Churches of Christ" is a confederation of congregations. The congregations here are unaffiliated. "Christian Church" is about all beliefs regarding the organization of Christianity.--Zfish118 (talk) 17:42, 10 June 2015 (UTC)
 * There is no need to merge this article. It is a well-defined topic that needs its own article.  It is just hard to name.  --BlueMoonlet (t/c) 04:58, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Strong oppose current title and support this move as proposed. Cannot remain at the common-noun title Red Slash 23:28, 10 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Can you say more about why you dislike the common-noun title? The article subject is in fact a common noun, not the proper name of any organization.  --BlueMoonlet (t/c) 02:47, 14 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Any Christian church could be called a Christian church or even one of the churches of Christ. Red Slash 06:33, 14 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, but in a way that's exactly the point. The churches in this movement want to think of themselves as nothing more than Christian, and they name themselves accordingly.  Nevertheless, they are part of a distinct movement (Restorationism).  Furthermore, they are even more loosely bound than the other two offshoots of Restorationism.  Whatever we choose to call them, it should be as spare as possible and (it seems to me) must be a common noun.  --BlueMoonlet (t/c) 11:32, 14 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, they say that, but as per "The group of Christians known as the Christian Churches or Churches of Christ are congregations within the Restoration Movement that no have formal denominational affiliation with other congregations, but still share many characteristics of belief and worship.[1] Churches in this tradition are strongly congregationalist and have no formal denominational ties, and thus there is no proper name that is agreed to apply to the movement as a whole." they do not deny that a Lutheran church, for instance, is a Christian church, yet it is not included as one of them. It can't be a common noun. Red Slash 21:22, 14 June 2015 (UTC)
 * You've just shown that the name is not unique, and I readily agree to that. But you have not shown that it is not a common noun.  Although it is true that the term "Christian churches and churches of Christ" could be used to refer to other groups (e.g., Lutherans), it does so in a secondary way.  For the article subject, on the other hand, there is no more common term.
 * If anything, the text you just cited shows that the article title (whatever we eventually agree that it should be) cannot be a proper noun. A proper noun indicates a name that is generally agreed to apply to something, and there simply is no such thing for this article subject.  --BlueMoonlet (t/c) 01:39, 15 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose this move There is no organization by this name, and thus the title cannot be a proper noun.
 * The nom argument that it is the plural of proper nouns (the names of individual congregations) is not convincing; if you were speaking of several churches that were all something-or-other "Baptist Church", you would speak of "Baptist churches," not "Baptist Churches."
 * The nom addendum (appealing to ARDA) would only be convincing if the ARDA website had some article titles that were common nouns and not capitalized; instead, the ARDA website has several article titles that are clearly common nouns and are nonetheless capitalized, so this is simply a difference between their style (which is apparently to capitalize common nouns in a title) and WP's style (which is to leave common nouns uncapitalized in a title).
 * If people really hate the common noun title, we could try a different title that avoids the issue. Zfish118's mistaken move to "Autonomous Restoration churches" is an intriguing idea; it is still an invented name, but any title for this article is necessarily an invented name.  --BlueMoonlet (t/c) 04:58, 11 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment What I find is that the current title is awkward (and my proposal here is not much better). I do like the idea of switching altogether. I like the old name "Independent Christian churches/churches of Christ", although saw that some objected to "Independent", as it was not clear if it were descriptive, or part of formal name (such as with "Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)"). Perhaps Unaffiliated Christian churches/Churches of Christ? With regard to "Autonomous Restoration churches", even the congregations that entered into the denominations still retain their automony, and could theoretically leave. If we went this route, I would prefer Unaffiliated Restoration congregations. I think "Unaffiliated" is less ambiguous about the status and relationships of these congregations. --Zfish118 (talk) 23:57, 11 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Second comment, While there is no "organization" by the name of the this article, it does discuss a distinct movement, similar to "Latter Day Saint movement". --Zfish118 (talk) 04:46, 12 June 2015 (UTC)
 * You still have not actually said what you don't like about "Christian churches and churches of Christ." I've rebutted your argument about the article subject being a common noun, and you haven't replied to those points.  Thus, I don't see that you have any case for moving the article at all.
 * Speaking of which, please stop moving the article when we have not yet reached consensus. This is the second time.  I've made a request at WP:RM for the move to be undone, and the request may have a better chance if you second it.
 * Having "Churches/Churches" in the middle of the title is exceedingly inelegant, and getting rid of that construction was a major motivation or moving the title to its present form, as you would know if you read the discussions above. --BlueMoonlet (t/c) 02:47, 14 June 2015 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

 * Why did someone move the article while the move discussion is in progress? "Unaffiliated Christian Church/Church of Christ congregations" is completely inappropriate due to WP:SUBPAGE -- the slash in the title is wrong to use for Wikipedia article names -- 70.51.202.183 (talk) 04:08, 13 June 2015 (UTC)

 * What on earth?? Zfish118, what on earth could have possibly compelled you to move this article while it's still under discussion? What on earth? Red Slash 06:40, 14 June 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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text: Category:Australian art critics

title: Category:Australian art critics


text:
User talk:0101HOcc

Help Help ~ am experiencing some problems while editing the first paragraph the whole thing looks so weird now~ 0101HOcc

title: User talk:0101HOcc


text:
Everyman's Feast

Everyman's Feast, also known as Jedermanns Fest, is a 2002 Austrian drama film written and directed by. It was entered into the 24th Moscow International Film Festival.

Plot
Jan Jedermann (played by Klaus Maria Brandauer) is an ingenious fashion designer, but also an unscrupulous showman. He dies in a car accident and ruminates during his last hours about how one more night in his life could have gone by. He just cannot accept that Death comes to get him on the evening of his greatest triumph, a fashion show set on the roof of the Vienna Opera. He makes a pact with Death, allowing him to remain among the living at least until the morning.

Cast

 * Klaus Maria Brandauer as Jan Jedermann
 * Juliette Gréco as Yvonne Becker
 * Redbad Klynstra as Daniel
 * Sylvie Testud as Sophie
 * Alexa Sommer as Isabelle
 * Veronika Lucanska as Cocaine
 * Susan Lynch as Maria
 * Piotr Wawrzynczak as Jurek

title: Everyman's Feast


text:
Talk:Sword Scabbard Declaration

This is a text that I myself deem to be less than mediocre, but it seems as if my energy, my capacity or my enthusiasm has run out. In my own opinion, it would need to get polished npov-wise, and balanced, and... I hope that will come. /Tuomas 15:48, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Guess you were wrong. It's currently pretty hopeless. The original meaning of the declaration (Defence->offence) has been gradually removed. --Illythr 14:53, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Defensive war? Soviet attack? Perhaps we should mention the secret German-Finnish agreements? Mudriy zmei (talk) 04:13, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sword Scabbard Declaration


text:
Kabuki: Quantum Fighter

Kabuki: Quantum Fighter (地獄極楽丸) is a 2D platform game developed by Human Entertainment and published by HAL Laboratory for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was originally released on December 21, 1990, in Japan and was released in January 1991 for the North American market before being released in Europe on February 20, 1992.

Plot
In the year 2056, a virus has appeared in the main defense computer of the planet Earth. The origin and nature are unknown. Players adopt the persona of 25-year-old Colonel Scott O'Connor, a military agent who has transferred his brain into raw binary code using experimental technology in order to combat a rogue program in the main defense computer. When O'Connor enters the system, his body forms the self-image of his great-great-grandfather, who was a kabuki actor. The virus in the virtual world takes on properties of an actual virus-it leaves behind debris, mutant creatures, and parasite environments of a biological nature. At the final level, it is revealed that the virus is of alien origin, having been picked up by the lost Hyperion probe launched to a neighboring planet. O'Connor stops it before the virus can order the Hyperion to fire its laser weapons and destroy the human population.

Gameplay
The field is generally side-scrolling, with a single room with a boss at the end of each level. O'Connor uses his long hair and chip-based weaponry to attack enemies inside the computer. The chip-weaponry includes the Energy Gun, Fusion Gun, Quantum Bombs and Remote-Controlled Bolo.

Regional differences
The Family Computer version was designed as a tie-in to the 1990 Kaizo Hayashi film Zipang. In this version, a fifteen-year-boy named Bobby Yano transforms into his samurai ancestor, Jigoku Gokurakumaru, enters a supercomputer on a space station to clear it of viruses. References to the film were removed in the international releases.

Reception
Kabuki: Quantum Fighter received mixed to positive reviews upon its release. Nintendo Power described the game as sci-fi action. It received a rating of 3.6 out of 5 for Graphics and Sound, 3.6 out of 5 for Play Control, 3.5 out of 5 for Challenge, and a 3.7 out of 5 for Theme and Fun.

Paul Glancey and Paul Rand of Computer and Video Games magazine gave an overall score of 82 out of 100 in their review. The reviewers praised the detailed graphics but criticized the sound. Despite some initial skepticism, they found the game enjoyable after getting used to its difficulty and peculiar storyline. The game's ratings in specific categories were as follows: 85 for graphics, 53 for sound, 79 for playability, and 84 for lastability.

title: Kabuki: Quantum Fighter


text:
Villiers-sur-Orge

Villiers-sur-Orge (, literally Villiers on Orge) is a commune in the arrondissement of Palaiseau, in the Essonne department, in the Île-de-France region.

Population
Inhabitants of Villiers-sur-Orge are known as Villiérains in French.

Sites of interest

 * Town hall
 * Saint-Claude chapel

Location and transport
As the name suggests Villiers-sur-Orge is situated on the bank of the small river Orge. The Orge separates Villiers-sur-Orge from neighbouring Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois.

Villiers-sur-Orge is located in the southern suburbs (banlieue) of Paris, France and can be accessed by car from the Francilienne ring road and the A6 motorway (part of the Autoroute du Soleil). The nearest train station is in neighbouring Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois (RER line C).

title: Villiers-sur-Orge


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Madhavi

Madhavi was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Content is "famous writer, hello" + a picture wich is probably (c). Hashar 15:50, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I think this can be speedied as newbie testing-cum patent nonsense, don't you think? Dunc_Harris|☺ 15:52, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Madhavi


text:
Villerville

Villerville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. The commune is located towards the eastern end of the 40 km coastline called the Côte Fleurie (Flowery Coast).

In entertainment
In the summer of 1923 the American art collector and patron Peggy Guggenheim rented a villa in the village and entertained, amongst others, the American photographer Man Ray and his partner, the French model, singer, artist and 'Queen of Montparnasse' Alice Prin, also known as 'Kiki'. According the recently published biography of Kiki, Peggy would encourage her guests to paint in the villa's garden, and Peggy "picked up a brush for the first and last time of her life."

Composer Francis Bayer (1938–2004) was born in Villerville.

The film A Monkey in Winter Un singe en hiver, starring Jean Gabin and Jean-Paul Belmondo, was shot there in 1962. Villerville celebrated the film's 50th anniversary with special events from 30 June to 20 October 2012.

La Baleine Theatre (The Whale Theater) operated between July and November 1894. The brainchild of Simon-Max, who managed Villerville's Casino for a time, he purchased the remains of a beached whale at auction and had it converted into a theater seating 80–100, where he himself performed in various revues.

The attraction was so successful it was moved first to Trouville, then to the Casino de Paris, where it served the dual function of a museum and theater. It was destroyed by fire on the night of February 25–26, 1895, causing the Casino substantial damage.

The "Friends of the Villerville Whale" was founded in 2013 with the aim of reviving the town's casino. In July 2014 they commemorated the 120th anniversary of The Whale Theater.

International relations
Villerville is twinned with:
 * Hausen bei Würzburg (in Bavaria, Germany)

title: Villerville


text:
Villiers-le-Sec

Villiers-le-Sec may refer to the following communes in France:

 * Villiers-le-Sec, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Villiers-le-Sec, Haute-Marne, in the Haute-Marne département
 * Villiers-le-Sec, Nièvre, in the Nièvre département
 * Villiers-le-Sec, Val-d'Oise, in the Val-d'Oise département

title: Villiers-le-Sec


text:
Human behaviour genetics

Human behaviour genetics is an interdisciplinary subfield of behaviour genetics that studies the role of genetic and environmental influences on human behaviour. Classically, human behavioural geneticists have studied the inheritance of behavioural traits. The field was originally focused on determining the importance of genetic influences on human behaviour (for e.g., do genes regulate human behavioural attributes). It has evolved to address more complex questions such as: how important are genetic and/or environmental influences on various human behavioural traits; to what extent do the same genetic and/or environmental influences impact the overlap between human behavioural traits; how do genetic and/or environmental influences on behaviour change across development; and what environmental factors moderate the importance of genetic effects on human behaviour (gene-environment interaction). The field is interdisciplinary, and draws from genetics, psychology, and statistics. Most recently, the field has moved into the area of statistical genetics, with many behavioural geneticists also involved in efforts to identify the specific genes involved in human behaviour, and to understand how the effects associated with these genes changes across time, and in conjunction with the environment.

Traditionally, the human behavioural genetics were a psychology and phenotype based studies including intelligence, personality and grasping ability. During the years, the study developed beyond the classical traits of human behaviour and included more genetically associated traits like genetic disorders (such as fragile X syndrome, Alzheimer's disease and obesity). The traditional methods of behavioural-genetic analysis provide a quantitative evaluation of genetic and non-genetic influences on human behaviour. The family, twin and adoption studies marks the huge contribution for laying down the foundation for current molecular genetic studies to study human behaviour.

History
In 1869, Francis Galton published the first empirical work in human behavioural genetics, Hereditary Genius. Here, Galton intended to demonstrate that "a man's natural abilities are derived by inheritance, under exactly the same limitations as are the form and physical features of the whole organic world." Like most seminal work, he overstated his conclusions. His was a family study on the inheritance of giftedness and talent. Galton was aware that resemblance among familial relatives can be a function of both shared inheritance and shared environments. Contemporary human behavioural quantitative genetics studies special populations such as twins and adoptees.

The initial impetus behind this research was to demonstrate that there were indeed genetic influences on human behaviour. In psychology, this phase lasted for the first half of the 20th century largely because of the overwhelming influence of behaviourism in the field. Later behavioural genetic research focused on quantitative methods.

In 1984, a research program named the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA) was initiated in gerontological genetics. The research was executed on Twins Reared Apart (TRA) and Twins Reared Together (TRT). In this three-year interval study, the testing was carried out in two ways, Mail-Out Questionnaire and In-Person Testing (IPT). The IPT includes functional capacity, physical performance measurements, neurological state, general health, cardiovascular health, and cognitive abilities, all of which are particularly significant in ageing. The IPT had two major components for testing, Biomedical and Cognitive Assessment. The biomedical component was constructed to analyses the general health status like age changes, lungs function and capacity, physical strength. With this, the cognitive component was developed to represent and evaluate domains of crystallized and fluid intelligence and memory.

The data acquired from this study allowed researchers to assess genetic contributions to age changes and continuities throughout the length of the SATSA twins' later lives, which prolonged a decade and a half.

Contemporary behavioural quantitative genetics
Behavioural geneticists study both psychiatric and mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and alcoholism, as well as behavioural and social characteristics, such as personality and social attitudes.

Recent trends in behavioural genetics have indicated an additional focus toward researching the inheritance of human characteristics typically studied in developmental psychology. For instance, a major focus in developmental psychology has been to characterize the influence of parenting styles on children. However, in most studies, genes are a confounding variable. Because children share half of their alleles with each parent, any observed effects of parenting styles could be effects of having many of the same alleles as a parent (e.g. harsh aggressive parenting styles have been found to correlate with similar aggressive child characteristics: is it the parenting or the genes?). Thus, behaviour genetics research is currently undertaking to distinguish the effects of the family environment from the effects of genes. This branch of behaviour genetics research is becoming more closely associated with mainstream developmental psychology and the sub-field of developmental psychopathology as it shifts its focus to the heritability of such factors as emotional self-control, attachment, social functioning, aggressiveness, etc.

Several academic bodies exist to support behaviour genetic research, including the International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society, Behavior Genetics Association, the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, and the International Society for Twin Studies. Behaviour genetic work features prominently in several more general societies, for instance the International Behavioral Neuroscience Society.

Methods of human behavioural genetics
Human behavioural geneticists use several designs to answer questions about the nature and mechanisms of genetic influences on behaviour. All of these designs are unified by being based around human relationships which disentangle genetic and environmental relatedness.

The cornerstone of behavioural genetics approaches is quantitative genetics theories, which were formulated more than half a century ago by geneticists concerned with the practical challenges of increasing economically relevant characteristics of domestic plants and animals. These methods are used to study a myriad of traits, including intelligence and other cognitive abilities, personality traits like extraversion and emotionality, and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disease.

Traditional methods of behavioural-genetic analysis
To examine genetic and environmental impacts on complex human behavioural traits, researchers uses three classic methods: family, twin, and adoption studies. Individual variations within the normal range of variation, as well as the genesis of psychopathologies, are investigated using each of these techniques.

Family studies
Genes and shared (or familial) environmental factors have a role in family resemblance. The majority of familial research on schizophrenia are concerned with relative risk. Despite the fact that the scope of diagnosis varies, the lifetime risk of schizophrenia in the general population is generally stated as 1%. Siblings of people with schizophrenia, on the other hand, constitute 13% of the population. The hazards for second- and third-degree relatives are lower, at 3% and 2%, respectively, as predicted. In a As a result, schizophrenia is certainly a familial trait.

Twin and adoption studies
The basic understanding of behavioural genetics requires the separate study of effects of genes and environment influence on human behaviour. Such as, the genetic effects in a trait are discernible if pair of genetically identical (monozygotic twins) are much similar to one another than pair of genetically non-identical (dizygotic twin).

Twin and adoption studies describe the extent to which family resemblance is due to shared genes and the extent to which it is due to shared environments. Behavioral Scientist uses twin studies to examine hereditary and environmental influences on behavioural development.

For instance, some researchers also study adopted twins: the adoption study. The adoption design produces estimates of various genetic and environmental components of variance, similar to the twin design. Furthermore, the adoption design facilitates

(1) the identification of specific environmental influences that are unaffected by heredity (e.g., the effects of life stressors),

(2) the analysis of heredity's role in ostensibly environmental relationships, and

(3) the evaluation of genotype-environment interactions and correlations.

In this case the adoption disentangles the genetic relatedness of the twins (either 50% or 100%) from their family environments. Likewise the classic twin study contrasts the differences between identical and fraternal twins within a family compared to differences observed between families. This core design can be extended: the so-called "extended twin study" which adds additional family members, increasing power and allowing new genetic and environmental relationships to be studied. Excellent examples of this model are the Virginia 20,000 and the QIMR twin studies.

Generally, if the observed behaviour and cognitive traits have a genetic component, then genetically similar relatives resemble to each other as comparative to individuals who share lesser component of genome. I n case of environmental influence, researchers study the two broad classes of effects in behavioural genetics such as shared environmental factors causing them to behave similarly and the other one is nonshared environmental factors causing them to behave different from one another. For example, siblings raised together in same environment will have more evident shared environment influences whereas in relative siblings raised apart from each other will have non-shared environmental influence. The understanding of the effects of genes and the influence of shared and nonshared environment on human behaviour provides a comprehensive data for genetic and environmental relatedness.

Also possible are the "children of twins" design (holding maternal genetic contributions equal across children with paternal genetics and family environments) and the "virtual twins" design - unrelated children adopted into a family who are very close or identical in age to biological children or other adopted children in the family. While the classical twin study has been criticized they continue to be of high utility. There are several dozen major studies ongoing, in countries as diverse as the US, UK, Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Australia, and the method is used widely on phenotypes as diverse as dental caries, body mass index, ageing, substance abuse, sexuality, cognitive abilities, personality, values, and a wide range of psychiatric disorders. This is broad utility is reflected in several thousands of peer-review papers, and several dedicated societies and journals.

Contemporary methods of behavioural-genetic analysis: new approaches
The approaches improve the capacity to specify and generalize results on the effects of genetic and environmental factors on characteristics and their evolution across time.

QTL analysis study
Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis is a statistical approach for attempting to explain the genetic basis of variation in complex characteristics by linking two types of data: phenotypic data (trait measurements) and genotypic data (typically molecular markers).

Researchers in disciplines as diverse as agriculture, biology, and medicine use QTL analysis to relate complicated traits to particular chromosomal regions. The purpose of this procedure is to determine the action, interaction, quantity, and type of action. The ability to disentangle the genetic component of complex characteristics has been enabled by QTL studies in model systems.

To research behavioural characteristics such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, alcoholism, and autism, large-scale national and international alliances have been constructed. Such partnerships will bring together enormous, consistently gathered samples, improving the likelihood of finding real susceptibility gene connections.

Biometric model fitting
The method is designed in collaboration of quantitative geneticists to enhance the capabilities to delineate between the genetic and environmental components of complex behavioural characteristics. Path analysis and structural equation modelling are two statistical approaches used in this methodology. The approach is used to see if genetic and environmental impacts can be employed in various populations. It would be useful to know how much of the total genetic variance—heritability—is accounted for by a limited selection of potential loci in studies of emotional stability, for example.

title: Human behaviour genetics


text:
James Quinn (athlete)

James F. Quinn (September 9, 1906 – July 12, 2004) was an American athlete, winner of gold medal in 4 × 100 m relay at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

As a student of College of the Holy Cross, James Quinn won the IC4A 100 yd title in 1928.

At the Olympic Games in Amsterdam, Quinn ran the second leg in the American 4 × 100 m relay team, which won the gold medal with a world record of 41.0.

James Quinn died in Cranston, Rhode Island, aged 97.

title: James Quinn (athlete)


text:
La Villette, Calvados

La Villette is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, La Fresnée, Claude Fougère, La Villette, Les Forges, Les Poiriers and La Porte.

Two streams flow through the communes borders La Porte and The Val Fournet.

title: La Villette, Calvados


text:
Villiers-le-Sec, Calvados

Villiers-le-Sec is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Creully sur Seulles.

title: Villiers-le-Sec, Calvados


text:
Villons-les-Buissons

Villons-les-Buissons is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Villons-les-Buissons


text: Category:Brazilian artists

title: Category:Brazilian artists


text: Category:Brazilian people by occupation

title: Category:Brazilian people by occupation