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Talk:Panic of 1873

Depression of 1873-79
The introduction of this article should be amended to deemphasize the 1870s depression. The severity of this depression appears to be myth, more than fact. Balke and Gordon (1989) and Davis (2004) show that negative GDP growth and falling industrial production definitely ended by 1875. Romer (1989) shows no evidence of a recession at all. Either way, the weight of the evidence suggests that the depression/recession of the 1870s (if there even was one) was shallow, short-lived, and ultimately not terribly damaging when compared with larger crises such as the Great Depression or the 2008 Financial crisis. US GDP returned to trend well within the decade. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.226.36.157 (talk) 02:04, 2 August 2016 (UTC)

Crime of 1873
As there is a section discussing Grant's contracting of the money supply, presumably by demonetizing silver, there should be a link to the Fourth Coinage Act/Crime of 1873. Additionally, these economic "hard times" led to the north's slackening on Reconstruction efforts, as well as creating Populism's base of discontent. 24.44.50.254 01:08, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Austrian School
I have excised the Austrian School section as in appropriate for the article as it currently stands. Should anyone care to pen a section on differing interpretations of this (and presumably other) panics, it can be restored. Eusebeus 15:51, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

This section was restored at some point; I'm deleting it again, since Rothbard's interpretation is the only one mentioned and is -- as the original author of the paragraph obviously recognizes -- not widely accepted by economic historians. Davenoon (talk) 06:43, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm not the original author, but I did edit it to give more appropriate context of that passage's weighting, although I have no argument with the idea that the section completely lacks the notability to be included, especially as it was originally written up. BigK HeX (talk) 19:41, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Merge Long Depression and Panic of 1873
I disagree, stock market crashes and depressions are different things, even if they are linked. Very few crashes are followed by a depression, so they are notable when they happen. Take the Black Monday (1987) crash, now believed to be just a correction in a long term bull run. nirvana2013 17:14, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Great Railroad Strike of 1877
This is alluded to in the current article, but should be described a bit more broadly and linked. Also, Grant was out by 1877, Hayes mobilized federal troops during the Great Strike.

Contradictions in article
(1) The Long Depression article makes no connective mention of the Panic of 1873; (2) the opening sentence of the article indicates depression lasted "until 1877" and the closing sentence says "the depression lifted in the spring of 1879."

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Was Jay Gould involved?
I've read that Jay Gould was closely involved with this; can somebody either add this or state that it's not so? --NE2 23:18, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

New article as source
Here is an interesting article that discusses the Panic and the depression afterwards. Hopefully this information can be included in the article. The Real Great Depression: The depression of 1929 is the wrong model for the current economic crisis. Remember (talk) 22:08, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

The Crime of 73
There are a few causes listed for the panic. But the only one that I can see that could have caused the panic is the coinage act 1873, which was referred to by the miners as 'The Crime of 73'. I can't see the relevance of the Vienna Stock Exchange crash. Can anybody elaborate on this? It seems that this article may need to be trimmed down a bit. Somebody needs to find a common denominator between the events in Europe and the events in North America otherwise I can't see the connection. The American Civil War and the Franco-Prussian War can hardly be considered as a common denominator. This article deals simultaneously with two contemporary but seemingly unrelated events on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean David Tombe (talk) 20:08, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Now the article seems to give the lower price of silver as the link or cause. Due to Germany demonetising silver, due (in part) to getting reparations from the Franco-Prussian war in gold. ? - Rod57 (talk) 13:48, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

Is there any evidence that this incident was actually a cause for the panic
I've removed this paragraph to the talk page for closer scrutiny.

''The outbreak of equine influenza in 1872 had a pervasive effect on the economy. Called the "Great Epizoötic", it had an effect on every aspect of American transportation. The whole street railway industry ground to a halt. Locomotives came to a halt as coal or wood could not be delivered to power them. Even the United States Army Cavalry was reduced to fighting the Western tribes on foot; their adversaries likewise found their mounts too sick to do battle. The outbreak forced men to pull wagons by hand, while trains and ships full of cargo sat unloaded, tram cars stood idle and deliveries of basic community essentials were no longer being made. ''

Do we have any evidence that this incident was in any way connected to the panic?

I've further removed this section to the talk page for closer scrutiny. Since when has a fire caused a major economic depression? Do we have proof that this fire was related to the crash of 73?

''Coming at the height of an extremely dry period, the Chicago fire of October 8-9, 1871, caused a loss of nearly $200 million in property in a blaze that overran four square miles. Its effect was compounded by simultaneous fires at Holland, Michigan; Manistee, Michigan; Port Huron, Michigan; and Peshtigo, Wisconsin. The lumbering industry boomed as Chicago rebuilt, but other sectors of the economy were disordered by the financial losses incurred in the series of fires. '' David Tombe (talk) 13:43, 9 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, it came with a reference - "Mayer, Harold M., and Wade, Richard C. (1969), Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press." pp. 106-117-124.  You should really check this before removing it. - Crosbiesmith (talk) 19:41, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

OK. But it's mentioned in the article anyway in its own due proportion. In fact, the more that I think about it, the more it becomes obvious that Bismarck's role in silver demonetization would have vastly exceeded the role of any fire in Chicago. Did the source in question actually specifically state that the Chicago fire contributed towards the economic crash two years later? David Tombe (talk) 10:02, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

The common link betwen the panic in the USA and the panic in Germany
Crosbiesmith, Regarding the citation tag that you inserted, I have provided a source which shows that Bismarck began silver demonetization immediately after he had received a payment from France following his victory in the Franco-Prussian war. That would have caused a depression in the international value of silver that would have ultimately lead to a crash in an era of over speculation. It would also have put pressure on the USA to adopt the gold standard, which they did in 1873. That in turn would have excacerbated the situation in the USA and led to a crash there also, especially as over speculation had been going on there too. In fact, here is a quote from reference 17 which I believe contains the whole story,

''“There is but one enduring CAUSE OF THE FALL OF SILVER, and that is the cessation of the demand for it in the standard coinage of the mints in the Christian world. On the 23rd of November 1871, after Germany conquered France, and Bismarck exacted a thousand million dollars in gold indemnity, he commenced the execution of his scheme of new coinage in Germany, and on the 9th of July, 1873, was ordained by law the national gold standard with the gold mark as the unit of value. Before this the metallic currency of Germany was silver. She then commenced the coinage of gold, called in her silver in exchange at the ratio of 1:15.5 and threw her silver upon the market. Then Denmark, Norway and Sweden changed their currency to gold and threw their silver also upon the market, and the Netherlands did the same.” (pages 230-231)''

I would say from reading this that silver was the singular cause of the panics on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. I have definitely read somewhere in the past that the 1873 US coinage act was a consequence of Germany going unto the gold standard, following the Franco-Prussian war, but I would never be able to find that source again. I've tried google, but I can come up with nothing. So it looks like you may just have to remove the section if you are not satisfied with the quote above, and we'll just have to leave it at two parallel events with seemingly no common link. With the 1930's Great Depression it is easier to establish the common link because we all know that Germany had huge loans from the USA. David Tombe (talk) 11:58, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

repetition
This article mentions two separate times critics of discontinuing coining silver calling it "the crime of '73". There should be no reason to mention something like that more than once in the same article.

OK, It's been removed. David Tombe (talk) 18:42, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

Economic growth statistics
These growth statistics are from Friedman's monetary history of the United States, whom Rothbard is citing. Last time I checked, Friedman is as "mainstream" as you can get; there's no reason to dismiss statistics that he has gathered. And it is not as if the Austrians are a "fringe" school; Heterodox, to be sure, but Mises is listed on the economics template as a famous economist and Hayek has won the nobel economics prize. Even many of Rothbard's papers, such as the panic of 1819, are widely cited. I will quote from the text to support this assrtion:

By some measures the 1880s was the most productive decade in our history. In their A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960, Professors Friedman and Schwartz quote R.W. Goldsmith on the subject: The highest decadal rate [of growth of real reproducible, tangible wealth per head from 1805 to 1950] for periods of about ten years was apparently reached in the eighties with approximately 3.8 percent.

As clear as you can get.Teeninvestor (talk) 19:14, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

 * The current CITATION is for a fringe economist published through a company where the author was Vice President. Even worse, the text is not supported by the passage that you're referring to, due to a poor attempt at summarization. BigK HeX (talk) 20:16, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Right, the 1880's don't follow the 1870's. And as I said, I'm sure Friedman isn't exactly a "fringe economist". Even the Austrian School is referred to as a "heterdox school", not a fringe school.Teeninvestor (talk) 20:40, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

 * You can refer to Friedman as often as you like, but I don't have to trust that a basically self-published source is reliably quoting Friedman. Trying to make some point about the 1880's and the 1870's is pretty asanine given that the text in question only makes vague, inspecific claims, failing to reflect the poor source.
 * We can argue "fringe" regarding Rothbard, but given your edit comments, it's pretty obvious you are only now gaining some small sense of the Austrian School's relation to the mainstream. BigK HeX (talk) 21:05, 19 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Self-published? The source was published  after Rothbard's death. Unless his spirit was resurrected its hard for the source to be referred to as "self published". Also, the Austrian School may be heterodox, but its views are that of a significant minority and should be represented. On this particular issue, the Austrian view is reflecting that of the mainstream, notably that of the Chicago school; not a particularly radical view.Teeninvestor (talk) 22:10, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

The Germany and Austria section
The Germany and Austria section seems to be nearly gibberish. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.102.112.242 (talk) 22:42, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

I wholeheartedly agree. I can't make sense out of this section. It has been nibbled to death by individual edits. Can someone knowledgeable of this aspect of the discussion please take a look at how this section reads in its entirety and then refine it to make it more coherent? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bdamont (talk • contribs) 14:03, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

Today there is still a lot of garbage to be removed. --Hors-la-loi (talk) 08:14, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

This section is still desperately in need of a rewrite.2602:306:CEAE:E60:7423:3C5D:1C2B:34E (talk) 10:04, 9 May 2015 (UTC)

Deflation
The article mentions reduced money supply and higher interest rates but does not mention deflation. Can anyone say to what extent there was deflation and how this might have related to business failures and the pressure for the coinage act of 1873 and the free silver movement? - Rod57 (talk) 14:00, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Deflation didnt cause business failures. The 1870s were actually a time of prosperity and the Long Depression didnt occur.--Metallurgist (talk) 04:04, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

New research
New research (as well as a look at the on Long Depression indicates that this was actually a time of prosperity and not a depression at all. How can this be incorporated into the article? If sources that claim certain facts are proven wrong, are they to be removed? Sources:, , , .--Metallurgist (talk) 04:07, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

Article organization
If the first major event in the Panic of 1873 was Black Friday (May 9), why does the U.S. section get more prominent coverage? Shouldn't this article be more chronological and start with the events in Germany and Austria? — howcheng  {chat} 20:42, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

Nominate for GA/FA
Really great work on this article - I learned a lot. Would one of the editors move this through the GA / FA process so it can be featured on the front page? We really need more topics like this to be featured. Cheers, Lemurbaby (talk) 03:11, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

 * The text must have deteriorated since your enthusiastic comment as it is now inadequate, garbled, ill-focused and parochial. --Hors-la-loi (talk) 08:19, 18 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Concur with Hors-la-loi. PRRfan (talk) 13:31, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

"Wiener Krach" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Wiener Krach. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Utopes (talk / cont) 00:03, 13 April 2020 (UTC)

Long, complex sentence fragment
"In Baltimore, Maryland where strikers set fire to buildings owned by B.& O. Railroads and an outnumbered militia guard division opened fire when they were surrounded by rioters, killing 10 and injuring 25 more leading to a days-long standoff at Camden Yards." This has several dependent clauses, but no independent subject or verb. After reading it a couple more times, I'm going to replace it with this: "In Baltimore, Maryland strikers set fire to buildings owned by B.& O. Railroads. When an outnumbered militia guard division was surrounded by rioters, they opened fire, killing 10 and injuring 25 more, and leading to a days-long standoff at Camden Yards." If you've got a way to improve on that, go for it. Dgndenver (talk) 12:57, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Panic of 1873


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Ship breaking

Ship breaking (also known as ship recycling, ship demolition, ship scrapping, ship dismantling, or ship cracking) is a type of ship disposal involving the breaking up of ships either as a source of parts, which can be sold for re-use, or for the extraction of raw materials, chiefly scrap. Modern ships have a lifespan of 25 to 30 years before corrosion, metal fatigue and a lack of parts render them uneconomical to operate. Ship-breaking allows the materials from the ship, especially steel, to be recycled and made into new products. This lowers the demand for mined iron ore and reduces energy use in the steelmaking process. Fixtures and other equipment on board the vessels can also be reused. While ship-breaking is sustainable, there are concerns about its use by poorer countries without stringent environmental legislation. It is also labour-intensive, and considered one of the world's most dangerous industries.

In 2012, roughly 1,250 ocean ships were broken down, and their average age was 26 years. In 2013, the world total of demolished ships amounted to 29,052,000 tonnes, 92% of which were demolished in Asia. As of January 2020, Alang Ship Breaking Yard in India has the largest global share at 30%, followed by Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard in Bangladesh and Gadani Ship Breaking Yard in Pakistan.

The largest sources of ships are China, Greece, and Germany, although there is greater variation in the sources of carriers versus their disposal. The ship-breaking yards of India, Bangladesh, China and Pakistan employ 225,000 workers as well as providing many indirect jobs. In Bangladesh, the recycled steel covers 20% of the country's needs and in India it is almost 10%.

As an alternative to ship breaking, ships may be sunk to create artificial reefs after legally mandated removal of hazardous materials (though this does not recycle any materials), or sunk in deep ocean waters. Storage is a viable temporary option, whether on land or afloat, though most ships will eventually be scrapped; some will be sunk, or preserved as museums.

History
Wooden-hulled ships were simply set on fire or "conveniently sunk". In Tudor times (1485–1603), ships were dismantled and the timber re-used. This procedure was no longer applicable with the advent of metal-hulled boats in the 19th century.

In 1880 Denny Brothers of Dumbarton used forgings made from scrap maritime steel in their shipbuilding. Many other nations began to purchase British ships for scrap by the late 19th century, including Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Japan. The Italian industry started in 1892, and the Japanese industry after the passing of an 1896 law to subsidise native shipbuilding.

After suffering damage or disaster, liner operators did not want the name of a broken ship to tarnish the brand of their passenger services. Many Victorian ships made their final voyages with the final letter of their name chipped off.

In the 1930s it became cheaper to "beach" a boat by running her ashore—as opposed to using a dry dock. The ship would have to weigh as little as possible and would run ashore at full speed. Dismantling operations required a 10 ft rise of tide and close proximity to a steel-works. Electric shears, a wrecking ball and oxy-acetylene torches were used. The technique of the time closely resembles that used in developing countries. Thos. W. Ward Ltd., one of the largest breakers in the United Kingdom in the 1930s, would recondition and sell all furniture and machinery. Many historical artifacts were sold at public auctions: the Cunarder RMS Mauretania, sold as scrap for GB£78000, received high bids for her fittings worldwide. However, any weapons and military information, even if obsolete, were carefully removed by Navy personnel before turning over the ship for scrapping.

In 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic crippled the cruise ship trade, cruise vessels began to appear more frequently in ship breaking facilities.

Location trends
Until the late 20th century the majority of ship breaking activity took place in the port cities of industrialized countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States. those dismantlers that still remain in the United States work primarily on government-surplus vessels.

Starting in the mid-20th century, East Asian countries with lower labour costs began to dominate ship-breaking. As labour costs rose, centres of the ship-breaking industry moved—initially from countries such as Japan and Hong Kong, to Korea and Taiwan and then to China. For example, the southern port city of Kaohsiung in Taiwan operated as the world's leading dismantling site in the late 1960s and 1970s, breaking up 220 ships totaling 1.6 million tons in 1972 alone; in 1977 Taiwan continued to dominate the industry with more than half the market share, followed by Spain and Pakistan. At the time, Bangladesh had no capacity at all. However, the sector is volatile and fluctuates wildly, and Taiwan processed just two ships 13 years later as wages across East Asia rose. For comparison, depending on their profession, shipbreakers in Kaohsiung earned from (day labourer) to  (torch operator) per day in 1973.

In 1960, after a severe cyclone, the Greek ship M D Alpine was stranded on the shores of Sitakunda, Chittagong (then part of East Pakistan). It could not be re-floated and so remained there for several years. In 1965 the Chittagong Steel House bought the ship and had it scrapped. It took years to scrap the vessel, but the work gave birth to the industry in Bangladesh. Until 1980 the Gadani Ship Breaking Yard of Pakistan was the largest ship breaking yard in the world.

Tightening environmental regulations resulted in increased hazardous waste disposal costs in industrialised countries in the 1980s, causing the export of retired ships to lower-income areas, chiefly in South Asia. This, in turn, created a far worse environmental problem, subsequently leading to the Basel Convention of 1989. In 2004 a Basel Convention decision officially classified old ships as "toxic waste", preventing them from leaving a country without the permission of the importing state. This has led to a resurgence of recycling in environmentally compliant locations in developed countries, especially in former shipbuilding yards.

On 31 December 2005 the French Navy's FRENCH AIRCRAFT CARRIER Clemenceau left Toulon to be dismantled in Alang, India—despite protests over improper disposal capabilities and facilities for the toxic wastes. On 6 January 2006 the Supreme Court of India temporarily denied access to Alang, and the French Conseil d'État ordered Clemenceau to return to French waters. Able UK in Hartlepool received a new disassembly contract to use accepted practices in scrapping the ship. The dismantling started on 18 November 2009 and the break-up was completed by the end of 2010; the event was considered a turning point in the treatment of redundant vessels. Europe and the United States have had a resurgence in ship scrapping since the 1990s.

In 2009 the Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association won a legal case prohibiting all substandard ship breaking. For 14 months the industry could not import ships and thousands of jobs were lost before the ban was annulled. That same year, the global recession and lower demand for goods led to an increase in the supply of ships for decommissioning. The rate of scrapping is inversely correlated to the freight price, which collapsed in 2009.

Technique
The decommissioning process is entirely different in developed countries than it is in third world countries. In both cases, ship-breakers bid for the ship, and the highest bidder wins the contract. The ship-breaker then acquires the vessel from the international broker who deals in outdated ships. The price paid is approximately $400 per tonne; regions with more lax environmental legislation typically can offer higher prices. For the industry in Bangladesh, 69% of revenue is spent on purchasing vessels; only 2% is labour costs. The ship is taken to the decommissioning location either under its own power or with the use of tugs.

Developing countries
In developing countries, chiefly the Indian subcontinent, ships are run ashore on gently sloping sand tidal beaches at high tide so that they can be accessed for disassembly. In the beaching method, no external source of energy is used to pull the ship, as opposed to the dry dock method of ship recycling where a ship is floated into the dry dock using a substantial amount of energy. However, maneuvering a large ship onto a beach at high speed takes skill and daring even for a specialist captain, and is not always successful. Next, the anchor is dropped to steady the ship and the engine is shut down. It takes 50 labourers about three months to break down a normal-sized cargo vessel of about 40,000 tonnes.

Before the decommissioning begins, various clearances and permissions are obtained from regulatory, pollution and customs authorities after a thorough inspection is conducted by them. The ship recycling process then begins with the draining of fuel, hydraulic fluid, coolant, lubricating oils and firefighting liquid which may be disposed of or sold to the trade. Any reusable fixtures are sold to the trade. Any kind of waste such as plastic, garbage, or oily sand is sent to waste treatment facilities, like the Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage Disposal Facility (CHW-TSDF) set up by the Gujarat Maritime Board in Alang. Any usable oil is sent to government authorized refineries where used oil is chemically treated. The next steps entail recovering unused and partially spent materials, disposal of bilge water, recovering and obtaining reusable materials, and safe disposal of bio-hazardous materials like asbestos and glass wool. Each of these materials are inspected and sent to regulated waste treatment facilities or to buyers for further use and processing. In recycling yards in the Indian subcontinent, specifically in Alang, upgraded facilities such as 100% impervious floors with drainage systems, heavy-lift cranes, yard and vessel-specific training for workers, and the development and implementation of Ship Recycling Facility Plans and Ship Recycling Plans (as per IMO's guidelines in Resolutions MEPC.210(63) and MEPC.196(62)) have been implemented.

Developed countries
In developed countries the dismantling process mirrors the technical guidelines for the environmentally sound management of the full and partial dismantling of ships, published by the Basel Convention in 2003. Recycling rates of 98% can be achieved in these facilities.

Prior to dismantling, an inventory of dangerous substances is compiled. All hazardous materials and liquids, such as bilge water, are removed before disassembly. Holes are bored for ventilation and all flammable vapours are extracted.

Vessels are initially taken to a dry dock or a pier, although a dry dock is considered more environmentally friendly because all spillage is contained and can easily be cleaned up. Floating is, however, cheaper than a dry dock. Stormwater discharge facilities will stop an overflow of toxic liquid into the waterways. The carrier is then secured to ensure its stability. Often the propeller is removed beforehand to allow the watercraft to be moved into shallower water.

Workers must completely strip the ship down to a bare hull, with objects cut free using saws, grinders, abrasive cutting wheels, hand-held shears, plasma, and gas torches. Anything of value, such as spare parts and electronic equipment is sold for re-use, although labour costs mean that low-value items are not economical to sell. The Basel Convention demands that all yards separate hazardous and non-hazardous waste and have appropriate storage units, and this must be done before the hull is cut up. Asbestos, found in the engine room, is isolated and stored in custom-made plastic wrapping prior to being placed in secure steel containers, which are then landfilled.

Many hazardous wastes can be recycled into new products. Examples include lead-acid batteries or electronic circuit boards. Another commonly used treatment is cement-based solidification and stabilization. Cement kilns are used because they can treat a range of hazardous wastes by improving physical characteristics and decreasing the toxicity and transmission of contaminants. Hazardous waste may also be "destroyed" by incinerating it at a high temperature; flammable wastes can sometimes be burned as energy sources. Some hazardous waste types may be eliminated using pyrolysis in a high-temperature electrical arc, in inert conditions to avoid combustion. This treatment method may be preferable to high-temperature incineration in some circumstances such as in the destruction of concentrated organic waste types, including PCBs, pesticides, and other persistent organic pollutants. Dangerous chemicals can also be permanently stored in landfills as long as leaching is prevented.

Valuable metals, such as copper or aluminum in electric cable, that are mixed with other materials may be recovered by the use of shredders and separators in the same fashion as e-waste recycling. The shredders cut the electronics into metallic and non-metallic pieces. Metals are extracted using magnetic separators, air flotation separator columns, shaker tables, or eddy currents. Plastic almost always contains regulated hazardous waste (e.g., asbestos, PCBs, hydrocarbons) and cannot be melted down.

Large objects, such as engine parts, are extracted and sold as they become accessible. The hull is cut into 300-tonne sections, starting with the upper deck and working slowly downwards. While oxy-acetylene gas torches are most commonly used, detonation charges can quickly remove large sections of the hull. These sections are transported to an electric arc furnace to be melted down into new ferrous products, though toxic paint must be stripped prior to heating.

Historical techniques
At Kaohsiung in the late 1960s and '70s, ships to be scrapped were tied up at berths in Dah Jen and Dah Lin Pu, at the southern end of Kaohsiung Harbor. There were a total of 24 breaking berths at Kaohsiung; each berth was rented by the scrapper from the Port Authority at a nominal rate of per square foot per month, and up to 18000 ft2 could be rented surrounding a 300 ft berth at a time. A typical 5,000-ton ship could be broken up in 25 to 30 days.

The process began with "cleaning", a process in which subcontractors would come on board the ship to strip it of loose and flammable items, which were often resold in second-hand shops. After that, the cutting crews would start to dismantle the hull, stern first; large sections were cut off the ship and moved via cranes and rigging taken from previously scrapped ships. Because the scrapping at Kaohsiung was done at the docks, scrap metal was placed on trucks waiting to transport it to Kaohsiung's mills.

The Basel Convention
The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal of 1989 was the first convention to environmentally govern the ship breaking industry. It has been ratified by 187 countries, including India and Bangladesh. It controls the international movement of hazardous wastes and for their environmentally sound management mainly through consent for the shipment between the authorities of the country exporting the hazardous wastes with the authorities of the importing country.

Though the Basel Convention has notably reduced illegal exports of hazardous wastes to countries that are unable to process and dispose of them in an environmentally sound manner, it has failed to define the minimum standards of recycling soundly. It also completely ignores important aspects such as workers' safety and falls short in overcoming bureaucratic barriers when it comes to communication between exporting and importing countries. Furthermore, the decision to scrap a ship is often made in international waters, where the convention has no jurisdiction.

The "Ban Amendment" to the Basel Convention was adopted in March 1994, prohibiting the export of hazardous wastes from OECD countries to non-OECD countries. The Amendment would enter into force 90 days after it has been ratified by at least three-quarters of the 87 countries that were Parties to the Convention at the time it was adopted. Croatia deposited the 66th ratification in September 2019, and the Ban Amendment entered into force 25 years after adoption on December 5, 2019. However, the European Union had already enacted the Ban Amendment unilaterally through the European Waste Shipment Regulation, which incorporated the Basel Convention and the Ban Amendment into European Union law in February 1993, the European Union replaced its previous regulation with the Waste Shipment Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 (the WSR), which also unilaterally implemented the Ban Amendment, prohibiting the export of hazardous wastes from European Union member states to any developing (i.e. non-OECD), countries and regulating their export to OECD countries through the Basel Convention's prior informed consent mechanism.

When the European Commission attempted to apply the WSR to end-of-life ships, it encountered numerous obstacles and evasion. This is because, in enforcing the Ban Amendment, the European Waste WSR considers it illegal to recycle any ship that has started its last voyage from a European Union port in Bangladesh, China, India, or Pakistan, regardless of the flag the ship flies. These four non-OECD countries have consistently recycled around 95% of the world's tonnage. In fact, according to a study conducted by the European Commission in 2011, at least 91% of ships covered by the WSR disobeyed or circumvented its requirements. The European Commission admitted publicly that enforcing its own Waste Shipment Regulation to recycle ships had not been successful. The commission, unable to wait for the HKC to take effect, began developing new legislation to regulate the recycling of European-flagged ships. This led the European Commission in 2012 to propose the development of a new European Regulation on Ship Recycling.

The Hong Kong Convention
To overcome the difficulties of the Basel Convention in terms of the inordinate time and effort required in gaining the consent of all countries involved in its due time, and to highlight regulations that this convention left out, its governing body requested the International Maritime Organisation for a newer convention in 2004. Thus, the Hong Kong Convention came into existence. In essence, the Convention aims to ensure that ships, when being recycled after reaching the end of their operational lives, do not pose any unnecessary risks to human health, safety and the environment. The convention covers regulations including:

 * 1) the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling, without compromising the safety and operational efficiency of ships;
 * 2) the operation of ship recycling facilities in a safe and environmentally sound manner; and
 * 3) the establishment of an appropriate enforcement mechanism for ship recycling (certification/reporting requirements).

With much more sound standards of ship recycling, easier implementation and better supervision, the Hong Kong Convention was finally adopted in 2009. However, the convention will only come into universal force 24 months after the date on which the following conditions are met:

 * 1) ratification or accession by 15 States,
 * 2) the fleet of the States that have ratified or acceded to represent at least 40 percent of world merchant shipping by gross tonnage, and
 * 3) the combined maximum annual ship recycling volume of the States during the preceding 10 years to constitute not less than 3 percent of the gross tonnage of the combined merchant shipping of the same States.

As of 2 April 2023, 20 countries have acceded to the HKC, making up 30.16% of the world's merchant shipping by gross tonnage, with a combined maximum annual ship recycling volume of the States at 2.6% of the gross tonnage of the combined merchant shipping of the same States. This leaves the second and third conditions yet to be fulfilled for the HKC to enter into force.

Nearly 96 of India's 120 operational ship recycling yards have achieved Statements of Compliance (SoC) with the Hong Kong Convention by various IACS class societies—including ClassNK, IRClass, Lloyd's Register and RINA. In addition, a yard in Chattogram, Bangladesh has also become the first one to achieve an SoC by ClassNK in January 2020, having first achieved a RINA SoC in 2017. Furthermore, to encourage the growth of India's vital ship recycling sector, in November 2019, the Government of India acceded to the Hong Kong Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships and became the only South Asian country and major ship recycling destination so far to take such a step.

The EU Ship Recycling Regulation
Most recently, in March 2012, the European Commission proposed tougher regulations to ensure all parties take responsibility. The aim of the EUSRR was to facilitate the early ratification of the Hong Kong Convention; however, it differs from the HKC in the way yards are authorised and in its list of inventories of hazardous materials, or IHM. Under this regulation, if a vessel has a European flag, it must be disposed of in a shipyard on an EU "green list." The facilities would have to show that they are compliant and regulated internationally to bypass corrupt local authorities.

This list, as of 11 November 2020, comprises 43 yards, including 34 yards in Europe, eight yards in Turkey, and one yard in the USA. The list excluded some of the most major ship recycling yards in India and Bangladesh, which have achieved SoCs with the HKC in various class societies. This exclusion has led to many ship owners changing the flag to evade the regulations, and many excluded countries to strive towards bringing the HKC into force as the universal regulation, arguing that it would be irrational if international shipping were regulated by multiple and competing standards.

Health risks
Seventy percent of ships are simply run ashore in developing countries for disassembly, where (particularly in older vessels) potentially toxic materials such as asbestos, lead, polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy metals along with lax industrial safety standards pose a danger for the workers. Burns from explosions and fire, suffocation, mutilation from falling metal, cancer and disease from toxins are regular occurrences in the industry. Asbestos was used heavily in ship construction until it was finally banned in most of the developed world in the mid-1980s. Currently, the costs associated with removing asbestos, along with the potentially expensive insurance and health risks, have meant that ship breaking in most developed countries is no longer economically viable. Dangerous vapours and fumes from burning materials can be inhaled, and dusty asbestos-laden areas are commonplace.

Removing the metal for scrap can potentially cost more than the value of the scrap metal itself. In the developing world, however, shipyards can operate without the risk of personal injury lawsuits or workers' health claims, meaning many of these shipyards may operate with high health risks. Protective equipment is sometimes absent or inadequate. The sandy beaches cannot sufficiently support the heavy equipment, which is thus prone to collapse. Many are injured from explosions when flammable gas is not removed from fuel tanks. In Bangladesh, a local watchdog group claims that, on average, one worker dies per week and one is injured per day.

The problem is caused by negligence from national governments, shipyard operators and former ship owners disregarding the Basel Convention. According to the Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights, workers who attempt to unionize are fired and then blacklisted. The employees have no formal contract or any rights, and sleep in over-crowded hostels. The authorities produce no comprehensive injury statistics, so the problem is underestimated. Child labour is also widespread: 20% of Bangladesh's ship breaking workforce are below 15 years of age, mainly involved in cutting with gas torches.

There is, however, an active ship-breaker's union in Mumbai, India (Mumbai Port Trust Dock and General Employees' Union) since 2003 with 15,000 members, which strikes to ensure fatality compensation. It has set up a sister branch in Alang, gaining paid holidays and safety equipment for workers since 2005. They hope to expand all along the South Asian coastline. In the world's largest ship recycling destination, Alang, safety awareness drives with hoardings, posters, films as well as training programmes for different categories of workers under the Safety Training and Labour Welfare Institute, safety evaluation by external teams, personal protective equipment (PPEs) including gloves, gumboot, goggles and masks are provided to workers to mitigate the hazards of their work. In addition to this, GMB has also included regular medical examinations of workers exposed to bio-hazardous materials, provision of medical facilities at the Red Cross Hospital in Alang, mobile medical vans and health awareness programmes.

Several United Nations committees are increasing their coverage of ship-breakers' human rights. In 2006, the International Maritime Organisation developed legally binding global legislation which concerns vessel design, vessel recycling and the enforcement of regulation thereof and a 'Green Passport' scheme. Water-craft must have an inventory of hazardous material before they are scrapped, and the facilities must meet health & safety requirements. The International Labour Organization created a voluntary set of guidelines for occupational safety in 2003. Nevertheless, Greenpeace found that even pre-existing mandatory regulation has had little noticeable effect for labourers, due to government corruption, yard owner secrecy and a lack of interest from countries who prioritise economic growth. There are also guards who look out for any reporters. To safeguard worker health, the report recommends that developed countries create a fund to support their families, certify carriers as 'gas-free' (i.e. safe for cutting) and to remove toxic materials in appropriate facilities before export. To supplement the international treaties, organisations such as the NGO Shipbreaking Platform, the Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights and ToxicsWatch Alliance are lobbying for improvements in the industry.

Environmental risks
In recent years, ship breaking has become an issue of environmental concern beyond the health of the yard workers. Many ship breaking yards operate in developing nations with lax or no environmental law, enabling large quantities of highly toxic materials to escape into the general environment and causing serious health problems among ship-breakers, the local population and wildlife. Environmental campaign groups such as Greenpeace have made the issue a high priority for their activities.

Along the Indian subcontinent, ecologically important mangrove forests, a valuable source of protection from tropical storms and monsoons, have been cut down to provide space for water-craft disassembly. In Bangladesh, for example, 40,000 mangrove trees were illegally chopped down in 2009. The World Bank has found that the country's beaching locations are now at risk from sea level rise. Twenty-one fish and crustacean species have been wiped out in the country as a result of the industry as well. Lead, organotins such as tributyltin in anti-fouling paints, polychlorinated organic compounds, by-products of combustion such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and furans are found in ships and pose a great danger to the environment.

The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal of 1989 has been ratified by 166 countries, including India and Bangladesh, and in 2004, End of Life Ships were subjected to its regulations. It aims to stop the transportation of dangerous substances to less-developed countries and mandate the use of regulated facilities. Furthermore, the decision to scrap a ship is often made in international waters, where the convention has no jurisdiction.

The Hong Kong Convention is a compromise. It allows ships to be exported for recycling, as long as various stipulations are met: All water-craft must have an inventory and every shipyard needs to publish a recycling plan to protect the environment. The Hong Kong Convention was adopted in 2009 but with few countries signing the agreement.

However, nearly 96 of the 120 ship recycling yards in India have achieved Statements of Compliance (SoC) with the Hong Kong Convention by various IACS class societies—including ClassNK, IRClass, Lloyd's Register and RINA. In addition, a yard in Chattogram, Bangladesh has also become the first one to achieve an SoC by ClassNK in January 2020, having first achieved a RINA SoC in 2017. Furthermore, to encourage the growth of India's vital ship recycling sector, in November 2019 the Government of India acceded to the Hong Kong Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships and became the only South Asian country and major ship recycling destination so far to take such a positive step.

In March 2012 the European Commission proposed tougher regulations to ensure all parties take responsibility. Under these rules, if a vessel has a European flag, it must be disposed of in a shipyard on an EU "green list". The facilities would have to show that they are compliant, and it would be regulated internationally in order to bypass corrupt local authorities. However, there is evidence of ship owners changing the flag to evade the regulations. China's scrap industry has vehemently protested against the proposed European regulations. Although Chinese recycling businesses are less damaging than their South Asian counterparts, European and American ship-breakers comply with far more stringent legislation.

That being said, ship recycling yard owners have made investments into upgrading their recycling facilities and safety infrastructure in the recent past, including 100% impervious floors with drainage systems, setting up of hazardous waste processing facilities like the Common Hazardous Wastes Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (CHW-TSDF) in Alang, and adherence to various internationally recognised conventions. The ship recycling industry also produces about 4.5 million tons of re-rollable steel per year. That comes up to nearly 2% of total steel produced in India, coming from a process that does not exploit natural resources and thereby saves non-renewable natural resources and energy. Recycling of one ton of scrap saves 1.1 tons of iron ore, 0.6–0.7 tons of coking coal and around 0.2–0.3 tons of fluxes. Specific energy consumption for production of steel through BF-BOF (primary) and EAF& IF (secondary routes) is 14 MJ/kg and 11.7 MJ/kg, respectively. Thus, it leads to savings in energy by 16–17%. It also reduces the water consumption and GHG emission by 40% and 58%, respectively.

List of ship-breaking yards
The following are some of the world's largest ship breaking yards:

Bangladesh

 * Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard at Chittagong

Belgium

 * Galloo, Ghent, formerly Van Heyghen Recycling

China

 * Changjiang Ship Breaking Yard, located in Jiangyin, China

India
As of January 2020, India has a 30% share of ship breaking. Once India passes the planned "Recycling of Ships Act, 2019" which ratifies the Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships, ships that are currently not coming for breaking to India from the treaty nations of USA, Europe and Japan will begin arriving in India, thus doubling its global share of ship breaking to 60%. This will also double India's annual ship breaking revenue to US$2.2 billion.

 * Alang Ship Breaking Yard
 * Steel Industrials Kerala Limited

Pakistan

 * Gadani Ship Breaking Yard

Turkey

 * Aliaga Ship Breaking Yard, at Aliağa

United Kingdom

 * Able UK, Graythorpe Dock, Teesside

United States

 * SA Recycling, Brownsville, Texas
 * International Shipbreaking, Brownsville, Texas
 * Mare Island Dry Docks, Vallejo, California

List of ship breaking yards
This is a list of notable ship breaking yards:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ship breaking


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Azzano

Azzano may refer to places in Italy.

Municipalities (comuni)

 * Azzano d'Asti, in the Province of Asti
 * Azzano Decimo, in the Province of Pordenone
 * Azzano Mella, in the Province of Brescia
 * Azzano San Paolo, in the Province of Bergamo
 * Castel d'Azzano, in the Province of Verona

Civil parishes (frazioni)

 * Azzano (Mezzegra), in the municipality of Mezzegra (Province of Como)
 * Azzano (Premariacco), in the municipality of Premariacco (Province of Udine)
 * Azzano (Spoleto), in the municipality of Spoleto (Province of Perugia)
 * Azzano (Seravezza), in the municipality of Seravezza (Province of Lucca)

title: Azzano


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Takin' It to the Streets (The Doobie Brothers album)

Takin' It to the Streets is the sixth studio album by American rock band The Doobie Brothers. The album was released on March 19, 1976, by Warner Bros. Records. It was the first to feature Michael McDonald on lead vocals.

Background
By late 1974, touring was beginning to take its toll on the band, especially leader Tom Johnston. Things became worse during touring in support of Stampede when he was diagnosed with stomach ulcers. His condition worsened and several shows were cancelled. With Johnston forced to reduce his involvement with the band, the other members considered disbanding, but while in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, member Jeff Baxter suggested calling up friend and fellow Steely Dan graduate Michael McDonald, who at the time was between gigs and living in a garage apartment. McDonald was reluctant at first, feeling he was not what they wanted; according to him, "...they were looking for someone who could play Hammond B-3 organ and a lot of keyboards, and I was just a songwriter/piano hacker. But more than anything, I think they were looking for a singer to fill Tommy's shoes." He agreed to join them and met them at the Le Pavillon Hotel in New Orleans, where they moved into a warehouse to rehearse for the next two days. Expecting to be finished once touring was completed, McDonald was surprised when the band invited him to the studio to work on their next album.

Recording
With Johnston on the sidelines, the band was unsure how to proceed. They doubted being able to make an album without Johnston. "I knew the record company was panicked about any change in the band," McDonald admitted. "They were leery about getting a new guy. I was thrilled to have had the gig, but I wasn't expecting all that much." With encouragement from producer Ted Templeman, the band began poring over the songs they had available. They knew they needed more, so McDonald brought in his own demos. Templeman told them, according to Patrick Simmons, "You've got a real diamond in the rough here that you can make into something if you want to go ahead." They decided to record his songs knowing it would take them in a completely different direction. While Johnston was absent for most of the sessions, he contributed one song – "Turn It Loose" – as well as back-up vocals and duet vocals with Simmons on "Wheels of Fortune". "I hadn't quit the band", he later stated. "I just wasn't physically able to do it. I needed to get off the road and get away from that whole scene for a while.". "For Someone Special" was written by bassist Tiran Porter for Johnston. Porter both wrote and sang lead on the track.

Personnel
The Doobie Brothers
 * Tom Johnston – electric guitar, lead and backing vocals on "Turn It Loose"; vocals on "Wheels of Fortune"
 * Patrick Simmons – lead and backing vocals, electric guitars
 * Jeff "Skunk" Baxter – electric guitars, acoustic guitar on "For Someone Special"
 * Michael McDonald – lead and backing vocals, piano, electric piano, clavinet, synthesizers
 * Tiran Porter – bass, backing vocals, lead vocal on "For Someone Special"
 * John Hartman – drums, percussion
 * Keith Knudsen – drums, percussion, backing vocals

Additional personnel
 * The Memphis Horns
 * Wayne Jackson – trumpet
 * Andrew Love – tenor saxophone
 * James Mitchell – baritone saxophone
 * Lewis Collins – tenor saxophone
 * Jack Hale – trombone
 * Bobby LaKind – congas on "Takin' It to the Streets", "Losin' End" and "Rio"
 * Richie Hayward – drums (with John Hartman) on "Wheels of Fortune"
 * Novi Novog – viola on "Losin' End"
 * Jesse Butler – organ on "Takin' It to the Streets"
 * Maria Muldaur – cameo vocal on "Rio"
 * Ted Templeman – additional percussion

Production
 * Producer – Ted Templeman
 * Production Coordination – Beth Naranjo
 * Engineer – Donn Landee
 * Art Direction – Ed Thrasher
 * Photography – Dan Fong
 * Management – Bruce Cohn


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Azzano Mella

Azzano Mella (Brescian: Sa) is a comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, northern Italy.

title: Azzano Mella


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ontario Varsity Football League

Ontario Varsity Football League was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Seems to just be an ad. Contains only an external link added by an anonymous user. [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 01:31, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Seeing a s it's just a link, it's a very likely speedy candidate. -- [[User:Bobdoe| Bob Doe ]] 01:56, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I would have speedy deleted it for lack of context/definition. Delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:24, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * ...without prejudice against any real article that may come along in the future. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:26, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, or Speedy delete preferably. jni 07:37, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Valid speedy, but looks to me to be notable enough for an article if someone (maybe from a bit closer to the action) wants to expand it to a good stub at least. No vote for now. Andrewa 10:17, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep; worthless now as an article but that isn't to say it shouldn't be expanded. --Daniel C. Boyer 17:19, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just an external link. Speedy candidate.   — Gwalla | Talk 18:20, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 21:56, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Azzano San Paolo

Azzano San Paolo (Bergamasque: Sà) is a comune in the province of Bergamo, in Lombardy, northern Italy.

History
The origins date back to Roman times and the place-name, according to many experts, comes from a landowner of that historical period named Attius.

The place was first mentioned in 875, referring to a certain Agemundi de Aciano. The area was ruled by the Lombards and after them the Holy Roman Empire. During the communal period, the village was affected by significant clashes between opposing factions of the Guelphs and Ghibellines. Because of its proximity to the city Bergamo, numerous fortifications for defensive purposes, such as towers and a castle, were built.

In 1083 Count Albert, son of Arduin Glaber, allowed the serfs to own homes, lands and any kind of good. This event, reported by official documents, anticipated by almost seven centuries the democratic achievements towards the slaves, occurred in Europe only since the 18th century.

Azzano was subsequently ruled by the Republic of Venice, the Cisalpine Republic and the Austrian Empire. In 1859 it was annexed into the Kingdom of Italy.

In 1896 it was founded here a convent of Dominican nuns coming from the monastery of Matris Domini in Bergamo, adapting an old country house and a textile mill previously owned by the counts Morlani.

Traditionally a small farming village on the outskirts of Bergamo, it maintained its agricultural vocation until the end of World War II. With the Italian industrialization process of the 1960s and 1970s, the hamlet's economy diversified, the population tripling since then. The expansion process is still ongoing because the proximity to Bergamo makes it a suitable area new settlements.

Neighbouring comuni

 * Bergamo
 * Orio al Serio
 * Stezzano
 * Zanica

title: Azzano San Paolo


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Cultus Lake

Cultus Lake may refer to:

 * Cultus Lake, British Columbia, Canada
 * Cultus Lake (Oregon), United States
 * Little Cultus Lake, Oregon, United States

title: Cultus Lake


text:
The Naked Time

"The Naked Time" is the fourth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by John D. F. Black and directed by Marc Daniels, it first aired on September 29, 1966.

In the episode, a strange, intoxicating infection, which lowers the crew's inhibitions, spreads throughout the Enterprise. As the madness spreads, the entire ship is endangered.

This was the first episode in which the audience saw the Vulcan nerve pinch (the nerve pinch was actually filmed first in "The Enemy Within", but the latter was broadcast a week after "Naked Time").

The story has a sequel in Star Trek: The Next Generation, the 1987 episode "The Naked Now".

Plot
The USS Enterprise under the command of Captain Kirk arrives at the dying planet Psi 2000. Their mission is to observe and document the planet's breakup, and to retrieve a research team stationed on the planet. Mr. Spock and Lt (junior grade) Joe Tormolen beam down and find the researchers' life support system shut down and the team frozen to death—one fully clothed in a shower, one seated at a control console as if nothing was wrong, and one who was strangled. Tormolen removes his environmental suit glove to scratch his nose and comes in contact with a strange red liquid. The landing party is beamed back to the ship and examined by Chief Medical Officer Dr. McCoy. McCoy finds no medical issues with them and allows them to return to duty.

While having lunch, Tormolen begins to act irrationally, expressing hostility towards other crew members, and threatening Lieutenants Sulu and Riley with a knife before turning it on himself. His wound is not life-threatening, but in sick bay he dies after a successful surgery, to McCoy's bewilderment.

Both Sulu and Riley also begin to behave irrationally. Sulu runs about with a sword, like a swashbuckler from The Three Musketeers, while Riley revels in his Irish ancestry, locks himself in the engineering section, and proclaims himself captain of the Enterprise. Riley repeatedly sings a disjointed version of the old ballad "I'll Take You Home Again, Kathleen". Those whose skin they have touched also start showing erratic symptoms, and the infection quickly spreads through the crew. As they abandon their posts, the ship's orbit destabilizes and it falls into the planet's erratic gravity well. As the Enterprise enters the upper atmosphere, the hull begins to heat.

Chief Engineer Scott regains control of engineering from Riley, but Riley has shut down the engines. It will be impossible to restart them by normal procedures before the Enterprise burns up.

Spock becomes infected when Nurse Chapel takes his hands and confesses her love for him. Spock struggles to contain his emotions, and infects Captain James T. Kirk when he tries to help. McCoy studies blood samples from his patients and water from Psi 2000 and finds that the water from the planet possesses a previously undetected complex chain of molecules that affects humanoids like alcohol, depressing the centers of judgment and self-control, and is transmitted by touch. He develops a serum to reverse the effects, administering the initial doses to the command crew to allow them to bring the ship back under control.

Kirk orders Scott to make a full-power restart of the warp engines, a dangerous process that mixes matter and antimatter in a cold state to create a controlled implosion and drive the ship away from the planet. This is suggested by a theory postulating a relationship between time and antimatter, but it has never before been attempted. The restart is successful, propelling the Enterprise at impossible speed away from the planet into a space-time warp that sends the ship back 71 hours in time. Spock comments that they now know a way to travel back through time. Kirk's response is "We may risk it someday, Mr. Spock."

Production
"The Naked Time" was originally intended to be a two-part episode, with part one ending with a cliffhanger with the Enterprise going back in time. The ending was revised so it would become a standalone episode. What would have been part two eventually became another standalone episode, "Tomorrow Is Yesterday".

When the script required Lieutenant Sulu to reveal that in his deepest self he sees himself as a swashbuckler, George Takei had to learn how to handle a fencing rapier in a hurry. When not needed on the set, he would practice fencing, frequently lunging at passing members of the film crew and sometimes pinking them. A delegation eventually called on Gene Roddenberry and threatened that the entire crew would quit if Sulu were ever given a sword again.

"The Naked Time" is the only episode of The Original Series in which the rank of Lieutenant (junior grade) was shown or referred to. The sleeve insignia of that rank is a single broken stripe, and Joseph Tormolen is the only member of the Enterprise crew ever to be shown wearing it.

"The Naked Time" is also the only episode of The Original Series in which all three principal female characters, Lt. Nyota Uhura (Nichelle Nichols), Yeoman Janice Rand (Grace Lee Whitney), and Nurse Christine Chapel (Majel Barrett), appear in the same episode.

Releases
In July 2011, the streaming service Netflix made all Star Trek episodes available, which would include this episode.

Reception
George Takei has repeatedly mentioned in interviews that this is his favorite episode, and spends a chapter on it in his autobiography.

In 2012, Christian Science Monitor ranked this the third best episode of the original Star Trek.

In 2013, Wired magazine ranked this episode one of the top ten most underrated episodes of The Original Series at that time.

In 2015, Syfy ranked this episode as one of the top ten essential Star Trek original series Spock episodes.

In 2016, SyFy listed Uhura's rebuff of the maddened Sulu's offer to "protect" her as the character's tenth best moment in Star Trek.

IGN ranked "The Naked Time" the 8th best episode of The Original Series in 2016 and the 12th best episode of all Star Trek series in 2013.

In 2016, USA Today noted "The Naked Time" as an interesting episode of the Star Trek franchise.

In 2018, PopMatters ranked this the 11th best episode of The Original Series.

In 2019, Nerdist included this episode on their "Best of Spock" binge-watching guide.

title: The Naked Time


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Dave Green (journalist)

Dave Green is a journalist, broadcaster and snack food expert. He was Production Editor on Amiga Power magazine (who claimed he was an alien) and Reviews Editor for the brief early version of Wired UK. Together with Danny O'Brien, he was jointly responsible for publishing the email newsletter Need To Know and with whom he also co-wrote and -presented the television show 404 Not Found. He also published Snackspot, which called itself the "world's premier snack food discussion site", and was technology correspondent for the Phill Jupitus breakfast programme on BBC 6Music. He worked with Ben Moor on BBC2's Big Science series, and with Kevin Cecil and Andy Riley on The 99p Challenge.

He was primary organiser of the UK grassroots technology conferences Extreme Computing, NotCon04, and Open Tech 2005.

Dave graduated from University College, Oxford in 1990, and was a postgraduate in Artificial Intelligence at the University of Edinburgh, where he co-wrote the Internet meme "20 Things That Never Happen in Star Trek" with Graeme MacDonald.

He lives in London, England.

title: Dave Green (journalist)


text:
Bagnolo

Bagnolo may refer to:

Places in Italy

 * Bagnolo Cremasco, in the Province of Cremona
 * Bagnolo del Salento, in the Province of Lecce
 * Bagnolo di Po, in the Province of Rovigo
 * Bagnolo in Piano, in the Province of Reggio Emilia
 * Bagnolo Mella, in the Province of Brescia
 * Bagnolo Piemonte, in the Province of Cuneo
 * Bagnolo San Vito, in the Province of Mantova
 * Bagnolo, Santa Fiora, in the Province of Grosseto

Other uses

 * Litsea garciae, a tree native to Southeast Asia locally called bagnolo

title: Bagnolo


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R. H. Tawney

Richard Henry Tawney (30 November 1880 – 16 January 1962) was an English economic historian, social critic,  ethical socialist, Christian socialist,  and important proponent of adult education. The Oxford Companion to British History (1997) explained that Tawney made a "significant impact" in these "interrelated roles". A. L. Rowse goes further by insisting that "Tawney exercised the widest influence of any historian of his time, politically, socially and, above all, educationally".

Early life and education
Born on 30 November 1880 in Calcutta, British India (present-day Kolkata, India), Tawney was the son of the Sanskrit scholar Charles Henry Tawney. He was educated at Rugby School, arriving on the same day as William Temple, a future Archbishop of Canterbury; they remained friends for life. He read Greats at Balliol College, Oxford. The college's "strong ethic of social service" combined with Tawney's own "deep and enduring Anglicanism" helped shape his sense of social responsibility. After graduating from Oxford in 1903, he and his friend William Beveridge lived at Toynbee Hall, then the home of the recently formed Workers' Educational Association (WEA). The experience was to have a profound effect upon him. He realised that charity was insufficient and major structural change was required to bring about social justice for the poor.

Christian socialism
Whilst Tawney remained a regular churchgoer, his Christian faith remained a personal affair, and he rarely spoke publicly about the basis of his beliefs. In keeping with his social radicalism, Tawney came to regard the Church of England as a "class institution, making respectful salaams to property and gentility, and with too little faith in its own creed to call a spade a spade in the vulgar manner of the New Testament".

For three years from January 1908, Tawney taught the first Workers' Educational Association tutorial classes at Longton, Stoke-on-Trent, and Rochdale, Lancashire. For a time, until he moved to Manchester after marrying Jeannette (William Beveridge's sister and a Somerville graduate), Tawney was working as part-time economics lecturer at Glasgow University. To fulfil his teaching commitments to the WEA, he travelled first to Longton for the evening class every Friday, before travelling north to Rochdale for the Saturday afternoon class. Tawney clearly saw these classes as a two-way learning process. "The friendly smitings of weavers, potters, miners and engineers, have taught me much about the problem of political and economic sciences which cannot easily be learned from books".

World War I Service
During the First World War, Tawney served as a Sergeant in the 22nd Manchester Regiment. He turned down a commission as an officer as a result of his political beliefs, preferring instead to serve in the ranks. He had initially opposed the war on political grounds, however he decided to enlist following reports of atrocities committed during the German Army's invasion of Belgium. He served at the Battle of the Somme (1916), where he was wounded twice on the first day and had to lie in no man's land for 30 hours until a medical officer evacuated him. He was transported to a French field hospital and later evacuated to Britain. The war led Tawney to grapple with the nature of original sin. "The goodness we have reached is a house built on piles driven into black slime and always slipping down into it unless we are building night and day". It also heightened his sense of urgency for meaningful social, economic and political change. In 1918, he largely wrote Christianity and Industrial Problems, the fifth report (the other four were on more ecclesiastical matters) from a Church of England commission which included a number of bishops. Notable for its socialist flavour, the report "set the tone for most Anglican post-war social thinking".

Academic historian
Tawney's first important work as a historian was The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century (1912). He was a Fellow of Balliol College from 1918 to 1921. From 1917 to 1931, he was a lecturer at the London School of Economics. In 1926 he helped found the Economic History Society with Sir William Ashley, amongst others, and became the joint editor of its journal, The Economic History Review. From 1931 until retirement in 1949, he was a professor of economic history at the LSE and Professor Emeritus after 1949. He was an Honorary Doctor of the universities of Oxford, Manchester, Birmingham, Sheffield, London, Chicago, Melbourne, and Paris. He was an elected International member of the American Philosophical Society.

Tawney's historical works reflected his ethical concerns and preoccupations in economic history. He was profoundly interested in the issue of the enclosure of land in the English countryside in the 16th and 17th centuries and in Max Weber's thesis on the connection between the appearance of Protestantism and the rise of capitalism. His belief in the rise of the gentry in the century before the outbreak of the Civil War in England provoked the 'Storm over the gentry' in which his methods were subjected to severe criticisms by Hugh Trevor-Roper and John Cooper.

Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926) was his classic work and made his reputation as an historian. It explored the relationship between Protestantism and economic development in the 16th and 17th centuries. Tawney "bemoaned the division between commerce and social morality brought about by the Protestant Reformation, leading as it did to the subordination of Christian teaching to the pursuit of material wealth".

The Oxford historian Valerie Pearl once described Tawney as having appeared to those in his presence as having an "aura of sanctity". He lent his name to the Tawney Society at Rugby School, the R. H. Tawney Economic History Society at the London School of Economics, the annual Tawney Memorial Lectures (Christian Socialist Movement), the R. H. Tawney Building at Keele University and the Tawney Tower Hall of Residence at Essex University.

Adrian Hastings wrote: "Behind the list of major publications was the mind of a man tirelessly guiding government, Labour movement, Church and academic community towards a new society, at once fully democratic, consciously socialistic and fully in accord with Christian belief. In effective intellectual terms it is doubtful whether anyone else had remotely comparable influence in the evolution of British society in his generation"

Social criticism
Two of Tawney's books stand out as his most influential social criticism: The Acquisitive Society (1920), Richard Crossman's "socialist bible", and Equality (1931), "his seminal work". The former, one of his most widely read books, criticised the selfish individualism of modern society. Capitalism, he insisted, encourages acquisitiveness and thereby corrupts everyone. In the latter book, Tawney argues for an egalitarian society.

Both works reflected Tawney's Christian moral values, "exercised a profound influence" in Britain and abroad, and "anticipated the Welfare state". As David Ormrod of the University of Kent stresses, "intermittent opposition from the Churches to the new idolatry of wealth surfaced from time to time but no individual critics have arisen with a combination of political wisdom, historical insight and moral force to match that of R.H. Tawney, the prophet who denounced acquisitiveness".

Christian socialist politics
Historian Geoffrey Foote has highlighted Tawney's "political shifts": "From an endorsement of a radical Guild socialism in 1921 through his authorship of the gradualist Labour & the Nation in 1928, his savage attacks on gradualism in the 1930s to his endorsement of revisionism in the 1950s". Nevertheless, the same author also argues that "Tawney's importance lies in his ability to propose a malleable yet coherent socialist philosophy which transcends any particular political situation. In this sense, his mature political thought never really changed".

In 1906, Tawney joined the Fabian Society and was elected to its executive from 1921 to 1933. His fellow Fabian Beatrice Webb described him as a "saint of socialism" exercising influence without rancour. He joined the Independent Labour Party in 1909 and the Labour Party in 1918. He stood three times, all unsuccessfully, for election to a seat in the House of Commons: for Rochdale in 1918, for Tottenham South in 1922, and for Swindon in 1924. In 1935, Tawney refused the offer of a "safe seat", believing that being an MP was now not the most effective contribution he could make to the Labour Party.

He participated in numerous government bodies concerned with industry and education. In 1919, he and Sidney Webb were among the trade union side representatives on the Royal Commission on the Coal Mining Industry, chaired by Sir John Sankey. Equal division of membership between union and employer representatives resulted in opposing recommendations on the future organisation of the industry. The union side recommended nationalisation largely due to Tawney and Webb. His Secondary Education for All (1922) "informed Labour policy for a generation" and Tawney has been credited for the Party document, Labour & the Nation (1928), which formed the basis of the 1931 general election manifesto. Geoffrey Foote has claimed that Tawney's importance in the realm of political thought, and his contribution to the Labour Party, cannot be overestimated. His call for specific reforms in health and education were important in laying the basis of Labour's plans for the welfare state, while his criticisms of acquisitive morality were an important intellectual and emotional basis for many future politicians who were committed to social reform. However, the reforms in the social services which were eventually to be put into effect by the 1945 Labour government took place within the confines of the acquisitive society condemned by Tawney. The social advances made by the Labour Party were not to be as permanent as many believed.

Adult education advocacy
Leveraging his base among intellectuals in the Labour Party, he spent years in making a lasting impact on democratising higher education. He promoted equality, through restructuring and curricular innovation. For more than forty years, from 1905 to 1948, Tawney served on the Workers' Educational Association executive, holding the offices of Vice-President (1920–28; 1944–48) and President (1928–44). He served on the Consultative Committee of the Board of Education (1912–31), the education Committee of the London County Council, and the University Grants Committee. He contributed to several government reports on education. His thinking was influential in the creation of the University College of North Staffordshire which opened in 1950 and received its University Charter in 1962 as the University of Keele. The new Teaching Block was renamed the Tawney Building in May 1960 in recognition of Tawney's impact on the educational ideals and principles that inspired the "Keele Experiment".

Death and interment
Tawney died in London on 16 January 1962. He is buried on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery. Richard Rees was his literary executor.

Works

 * The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century (1912), London: Longman, Green and Co.
 * English Economic History: Select Documents (1914, compiled and edited with Alfred Edward Bland and Philip Anthony Brown)
 * The Acquisitive Society (1920); republished Harcourt Brace and Howe (Mineola, NY, Dover: 2004; ISBN 0-486-43629-2)
 * Secondary Education for All (1922)
 * Education: the Socialist Policy (1924)
 * "Historical Introduction" to A Discourse Upon Usury, By Thomas Wilson (1925)
 * Tudor Economic Documents: being Select Documents illustrating the Economic and Social History of Tudor England (1925, editor with Eileen Power)
 * Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (London: John Murray, 1926); republished Mentor (1953) and Peter Smith (1962; ISBN 0-7658-0455-7)
 * Equality (1931; ISBN 0-04-323014-8)
 * Land and Labour in China (1932) (excerpt)
 * Social History and Literature (1950)
 * The Attack and Other Papers (1953)
 * Business and Politics under James I: Lionel Cranfield as Merchant and Minister (1958), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
 * The Radical Tradition: Twelve Essays on Politics, Education and Literature (1964), Harmondsworth, Penguin; ISBN 0-14-020834-8

title: R. H. Tawney


text:
Moishe Oysher

Moishe Oysher (משה אוישער) (March 8, 1906 – November 27, 1958) was an American cantor, recording artist, and film and Yiddish theatre actor. During the 1940s and 1950s he was one of the top Hazzans and his recordings continue to be appreciated due to his rich, powerful voice and creative arrangements.

Early life
Oysher was born in Lipcani, Bessarabia Governorate, Russian Empire on March 8, 1906. He was born to a Jewish family that traced six generations of. He told writer Khaver-Paver that his grandfather sang folk songs and workers' songs to his students when Moyshe was young, and the heartfelt tunes were in my blood, and that it was from his other grandfather "" and his father "" that he inherited his gift as a.

Oysher's father departed for America when Moyshe was young, leaving him with his grandfather. He started acting in school and played a few roles in the poet Eliezer Steinberg's Der Berditchever Rov ("The Rebbe from Berdichev"). He named Steinberg as a profound influence on his life.

In 1921, he traveled to Canada to join his father. On the way, his voice broke, so in Canada he worked at first as a dishwasher and later a launderer to support himself.

Career
Oysher was able to retrain his voice and began singing again in literary and dramatic clubs. He met actor Wolf Shumsky and traveled with him to Winnipeg, where he played Yiddish theater for three seasons. He was allowed into the Canadian Actors' Union in 1924 and played in the Montreal Yiddish theater under the direction of Isidore Hollander. He may have gone back and forth between Canada and the United States during this time.

In 1928, he was on Yiddish radio in Philadelphia, where his parents had moved, and that same year he was engaged at the Hopkins Theater in Brooklyn. The manager of the Hopkins theatre, Louis Weiss, was married to the female lead, Florence Weiss; she ended up leaving Louis for Oysher. The pair left for Newark, New Jersey to work at the Lyric Theater. He married Florence Weiss in Newark in January 1929. In 1931, he was accepted into the New York Actors' Union and played in Anshel Schorr group, and lived in Philadelphia for a time. He then played with Boris Thomashevsky, then in 1932, he started his own company and traveled to Buenos Aires and across Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil.

Returning to the U.S., he worked on the radio and starred with his wife in the Harry Kalmanovitsh - Joseph Rumshinsky operetta (This is what's called being loved). Around the same time, with the encouragement of friends, he applied to conduct services as for the High Holidays at the First Roumanian-American Congregation, in Manhattan, New York, on the Lower East Side and caused a sensation, being perhaps the first singer to step from "" (stage) to "" (pulpit). He thereafter worked around the world in both arenas.

Some say that Oysher's voice was like the "roaring of the lion." In regard to his popularity, he was considered "the darling of many Jews.."[museumoffamilyhistory.com] He liked the jazz style, popular at that time, and he used similar rhythmic melodies in his prayers, respecting always the traditional Bessarabian "doinas" and "" moods of the prayers.

Oysher starred in three Yiddish films. In 1943 Oysher signed a contract with Fortune Gallo to perform several roles with the Chicago Opera Company and a fine career was foreseen, but after a heart attack he had to abandon the idea; he continued to work in radio and as a and recording artist until, after other heart attacks, on the advice of his doctors, he entered semi-retirement.

Oysher died in New Rochelle from undisclosed causes in 1958 aged 52, although his age was misreported as 51.

Family
Oysher was survived by his second wife Theodora (a pianist who had often accompanied him in concert), their daughter Shoshana (Rozanna), his sister Fraydele (a Yiddish theater actress and singer) and her husband Harold Sternberg, a chorister in the Metropolitan opera; their daughter is recording artist Marilyn Michaels. Rozanna married Armond Lebowitz and they had two sons, David and Brad.

Oysher died in 1958, aged 52, and is interred in Cedar Park Cemetery in Paramus, New Jersey.

Filmography
Directed by Ilya Motyleff and Sidney Goldin. Other actors: Judith Abarbanel and Florence Weiss. Based on Moishe Oysher's life. A very poor young immigrant lands a job as a custodian, where he is "discovered" and becomes famous immediately. However, his success seems meaningless as he yearns for home.
 * The Cantor's Son (Dem Khazn's Zindl) 1937, USA, B&W, 90 min, Yiddish with English subtitles. ISBN 1-56082-079-9

Directed by Edgar G. Ulmer. Also with Miriam Riselle and Florence Weiss. This is a classic story of a blacksmith who is a womanizer and almost an alcoholic. One day, he meets a beautiful lady called Tamare and his life changes.
 * The Singing Blacksmith (Yankl der Shmid; the Yiddish title literally means "Yankel the Smith") 1938, USA, B&W, 95 min, Yiddish with English subtitles. ISBN 1-56082-085-3

Directed by Max Nosseck. Helen Beverly and Florence Weiss. Oysher is the "Vilner Balabesl" - a cantor in Vilnius - with a renowned voice. Two men come from the Warsaw Opera to hear him sing "Kol Nidre" on Yom Kippur and are so impressed that they introduce him to European classical music and to reading sheet music; they convince him, against the wishes of much of his family (and especially his father-in-law) to become an opera singer in Warsaw. He leaves his job as the Vilnius cantor, and seems at first to be on the path to fame and fortune as an opera star in Warsaw, when the news arrives that his son has died. Grief-stricken, he stumbles over the aria he is supposed to sing, starting instead into a lullaby he used to sing to his son. In disgrace, he also loses his voice; he tries to return to his life in Vilna; finally, his voice comes briefly back to him on Yom Kippur. He sings the first few lines of the "Kol Nidre", then dies of a heart attack.
 * Overture to Glory (Der Vilner Shtot Khazn; the Yiddish title literally means "The Vilnius City Cantor") 1940, USA, B&W, 85 min, Yiddish with English subtitles. ISBN 1-56082-063-2

 * In the 1944 movie Song of Russia, using the pseudonym Walter Lawrence, Moyshe Oysher sang "Rusland iz ir nomen" ("Russia is Her Name"), music by Jerome Kern.
 * Singing in the Dark, 1956, USA, B&W, English. A motion picture about a Holocaust survivor suffering from total amnesia who comes to the United States and becomes a singer. Oysher sings in English and in Hebrew.

title: Moishe Oysher


text:
Bagnolo Mella

Bagnolo Mella (Brescian: Bagnöl) is a comune and town in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy.

History
During the Roman era, Bagnolo Mella (lat. Balneolum) was crossed by the Via Brixiana, a Roman consular road which connected Cremona (lat. Cremona) to Brescia (lat. Brixia), from which Roman roads passed and then branched out towards the entire Cisalpine Gaul.

Transportation
Bagnolo Mella has a railway station on the Brescia–Cremona line.

Twin towns
Bagnolo Mella is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Brie-Comte-Robert, France
 * 🇩🇪 Stadtbergen, Germany

title: Bagnolo Mella


text:
1997 MLS supplemental draft

The 1997 Major League Soccer supplemental draft was held in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on February 2, 1997.

title: 1997 MLS supplemental draft


text:
Bagnolo Cremasco

Bagnolo Cremasco (Cremasco: Bagnól) is a comune in the province of Cremona, in Lombardy, northern Italy.

title: Bagnolo Cremasco


text: File:The Doobie Brothers - Minute by Minute.jpg


text:
User talk:Fimbulvetr

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A tag has been placed on Overclockers-network.com, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because it is an article about a certain website, blog, forum, or other web content that does not assert the importance or significance of that web location. Please read our criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 7 under Articles, as well as notability guidelines for websites. Please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources which verify their content.

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Nomination of Comparison of demand-generation software for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Comparison of demand-generation software is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Comparison of demand-generation software until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. asnac (talk) 17:11, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fimbulvetr


text: File:The Doobie Brothers - Livin' on the Fault Line.jpg


text:
Anno II

Anno II (c. 1010 – 4 December 1075) was Archbishop of Cologne from 1056 until his death. From 1063 to 1065 he acted as regent of the Holy Roman Empire for the minor Emperor Henry IV. Anno is venerated as a saint of the Catholic Church.

Life
He was born to the edelfrei Steusslingen family at Altsteußlingen (near Ehingen) in Swabia, and was educated in Bamberg, where he subsequently became head of the cathedral school. In 1046 he became chaplain to the Salian emperor Henry III, and accompanied him on his campaigns against King Andrew I of Hungary in 1051 and 1052. The emperor appointed him provost at the newly erected Cathedral of Goslar in 1054 and Archbishop of Cologne two years later. Due to his dominant position at the imperial court, Anno was able to influence other appointments. Anno's nephew, Burchard, was made Bishop of Halberstadt in 1059, and in 1063, his brother, Werner, became Archbishop of Magdeburg.

According to contemporary sources, Anno led an ascetic life and was open to reform. Nevertheless, he was a fearsome adversary to anyone perceived as a threat to the interests of his archdiocese. His plans to seize the prosperous monastery in Malmedy, challenging the authority of the Imperial abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy, caused much controversy and ultimately failed. On the other hand, he founded the Benedictine abbey of Michaelsberg, modelled on the Italian Abbey of Fruttuaria, which soon evolved to a centre of the Cluniac Reforms in Germany.

After the death of Emperor Henry III in 1056, the archbishop took a prominent part in the government of the empire during the minority of the six-year-old heir to the throne, Henry IV. He was the leader of the party which in April 1062 seized the person of Henry in the Coup of Kaiserswerth, and deprived his mother, Empress Agnes, of power. Agnes, initially with the support of Pope Victor II, had stirred up several German princes against her rule by assigning extended fiefs to presumed supporters and by appointing her confidant Bishop Henry II of Augsburg regent. After he also had secured the Imperial regalia for himself, Anno for a short time was able to exercise the chief authority in the Empire, but he was soon obliged to share this with his fellow conspirators, Archbishop Adalbert of Bremen and Archbishop Siegfried of Mainz, retaining for himself the supervision of Henry's education and the title of magister.

The office of archchancellor of the Imperial Kingdom of Italy was at this period regarded as an appanage of the Archbishopric of Cologne, and this was probably the reason why Anno had a considerable share in settling a papal dispute brewing since 1061: relying on an assessment by his nephew Bishop Burchard of Halberstadt, he declared Alexander II to be the rightful pope at a synod held at Mantua in May 1064, and took other steps to secure his recognition against Empress Agnes' candidate Antipope Honorius II. Returning to Germany, however, he found the chief power in the hands of Archbishop Adalbert of Bremen, and as he was disliked by the young emperor, Anno gradually lost ground at the imperial court though he regained some of his former influence when Adalbert fell from power in 1066. In the same year he was able to secure the succession of his nephew, Conrad of Pfullingen, as Archbishop of Trier. By 1072 he had become imperial administrator and thus the second most powerful man, acting as an arbitrator in the rising Saxon Rebellion.

In the course of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the City of Cologne attained great prosperity. Local crafts flourished; the spinners, weavers, and dyers, the woollen-drapers, goldsmiths, sword-cutlers, and armour-makers of Cologne were especially celebrated. No city north of the Alps was so rich in great churches, sanctuaries, relics, and religious communities. It was known as the "German Rome,". With the growth of the municipal prosperity, the pride of the citizens and their desire for independence also increased, and caused them to feel more dissatisfied with the sovereignty of the archbishop. This resulted in bitter feuds between the bishops and the city, which lasted for two centuries with varying fortunes. The first uprising occurred under Anno II, at Easter of the year 1074. The citizens rose against the archbishop, but were defeated within three days, and severely punished. It was reported he had allied himself with William the Conqueror, King of England, against the emperor. Having cleared himself of this charge, Anno took no further part in public business and died in Siegburg Abbey on 4 December 1075, where he was buried.

Veneration
He was canonised in 1183 by Pope Lucius III. He was a founder or co-founder of monasteries (Michaelsberg, Grafschaft, St. Maria ad Gradus, St. George, Saalfeld and Affligem) and a builder of churches, advocated clerical celibacy and introduced a strict discipline in a number of monasteries. He was a man of great energy and ability, whose action in recognizing Alexander II was of the utmost consequence for Henry IV and for Germany. He is the patron of gout sufferers.

Anno was the subject of two important literary works, the Latin Vita Annonis Minor, and the Middle High German Annolied.

title: Anno II


text:
Livin' on the Fault Line

Livin' on the Fault Line is the seventh studio album by the American rock band the Doobie Brothers. The album was released on August 19, 1977, by Warner Bros. Records. It is one of the few Doobie Brothers albums of the 1970s which did not produce a Top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 (although "You Belong to Me" was a hit as recorded by co-author Carly Simon). Still, the album received modest critical acclaim. Tom Johnston (guitar, vocals) left the band early in the sessions. He is listed as part of the band (appearing in the inside group photo) but appears on little or none of the actual album: he wrote and sang five songs during the sessions for the album, but they were not included on the final release. The track "Little Darling (I Need You)" is a remake of the Marvin Gaye 1966 hit.

Personnel
The Doobie Brothers:
 * Patrick Simmons – electric and acoustic guitars, lead and backing vocals
 * Jeff "Skunk" Baxter – electric and acoustic guitars
 * Michael McDonald – acoustic and electric pianos, organ, clavinet, synthesizer, lead and backing vocals
 * Tiran Porter – bass, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Need a Lady"
 * Keith Knudsen – drums, percussion, backing vocals
 * John Hartman – drums, percussion
 * Tom Johnston – guitar, vocals (listed as band member in credits but does not appear on album)

Additional Players:
 * Bobby LaKind – congas, backing vocals
 * Dan Armstrong – electric sitar solo on "Need a Lady"
 * Norton Buffalo – harmonica on "There's a Light"
 * Victor Feldman – vibes on "Livin' on the Fault Line"
 * Rosemary Butler – backing vocals on "Little Darling (I Need You)", "You Belong to Me" and "There's a Light"
 * Maureen McDonald – backing vocals on "You're Made That Way"
 * Ted Templeman – percussion
 * David Paich – string and horn arrangements on "You're Made That Way", "Little Darling (I Need You)", "You Belong to Me" and "There's a Light", string arrangement on "Nothin' But a Heartache"

Production

 * Producer – Ted Templeman
 * Production coordination – Beth Naranjo
 * Engineer – Donn Landee
 * Second engineer – Kent Nebergall
 * Cover photography and album design – Bruce Steinberg
 * Inner sleeve photo – Michael Zagaris
 * Aerial photo pilot – Roger Glenn
 * Hand-tinting – Kristin Sundbom

title: Livin' on the Fault Line


text: User talk:64.231.246.138

title: User talk:64.231.246.138


text:
User:Chrissy snow

Hello, My name is Chrissy_snow. I'm currently a fourth year Early Childhood Education Student at Ryerson University.

Links:

[ECEGroup]

[Chrissy_snow's Widgetwiki Page]

chrissy_snowlivejournal

chris1982livejournal

user: d2murphy

title: User:Chrissy snow


text:
Bagolino

Bagolino (Brescian: Bagulì) is a comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, Italy, in the valley of the river Caffaro, on the right side of Valle Sabbia. Bagolino is known for the cheese named Bagòss and the carnival. Similar to grana padano, Bagòss is a salty cheese with traces of natural mold at times.

The village retains its medieval appearance, with abutting historical buildings and winding streets, arcades, squares, fountains, and narrow stairs that go up to the church of St. George.

The frazione Ponte Caffaro lies on the shore of Lake Idro.

Neighbouring communes

 * Anfo
 * Bienno
 * Bondone (Trentino)
 * Breno
 * Collio
 * Condino (TN)
 * Idro
 * Lavenone
 * Prestine
 * Storo (TN)

Physical Geography
Territory

Bagolino is placed inside the Caffaro Valley, a tributary valley of the Sabbia Valley.

Twin towns
Bagolino is twinned with:

 * 🇩🇪 Oettingen in Bayern, Germany, since 2000
 * 🇫🇷 Mozac, France, since 2009

title: Bagolino


text: Category:Tuva

title: Category:Tuva


text:
Barbariga

Barbariga can refer to:

 * Barbariga, Croatia, a village in Croatia
 * Barbariga, Lombardy, a comune in the Province of Brescia, Italy

title: Barbariga


text:
User talk:Chrissy snow

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

re: Arts and crafts resources
Good evening. As you may already know, the article you initiated titled "Arts and crafts resources" was nominated for deletion on 8 January 2005. The main concerns about the article were
 * 1) The inherent point of view in the selection of which resources to include and which to exclude.  Wikipedia tries to avoid such value judgments.
 * 2) The appropriateness of this list as an encyclopedia article.  Except for the very nice graphics and the descriptions, this page can be seen as a mere list of links.  (Please see What Wikipedia is not.)

Several people recognized that you have clearly done a lot of work on this page and it's a shame to let it go completely. They asked whether this would be a more appropriate contribution to Wikibooks. I'd like to ask your help and thoughts about that.

In addition, I have my own questions about the graphics. Our GNU Free Documentation License is quite specific that all images (and other material) must be releasable. The images you added for this page are not sourced. I'd also like your help documenting the permission to use the images. (It's usually noted on the image's discussion page.)

In the meantime, I've moved the article to a sub-section of your user space. See User:Chrissy snow/Arts and crafts resources. While there, no article in the main encyclopedia space should link to it. You can however continue to improve it to address the concerns raised in the VfD discussion or we can transwiki it to Wikibooks. Please leave me a note on my talk page once you've had a chance to think about it. Rossami (talk) 22:47, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Image source
Thank you for uploading Image:Tf-68.gif. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. Thank you.

title: User talk:Chrissy snow


text:
Barghe

Barghe is a comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy.

title: Barghe


text: Category:Tucson, Arizona

title: Category:Tucson, Arizona