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Porbeagle

The porbeagle or porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus) is a species of mackerel shark in the family Lamnidae, distributed widely in the cold and temperate marine waters of the North Atlantic and Southern Hemisphere. In the North Pacific, its ecological equivalent is the closely related salmon shark (L. ditropis). It typically reaches 2.5 m in length and a weight of 135 kg; North Atlantic sharks grow larger than Southern Hemisphere sharks and differ in coloration and aspects of life history. Gray above and white below, the porbeagle has a very stout midsection that tapers towards the long, pointed snout and the narrow base of the tail. It has large pectoral and first dorsal fins, tiny pelvic, second dorsal, and anal fins, and a crescent-shaped caudal fin. The most distinctive features of this species are its three-cusped teeth, the white blotch at the aft base of its first dorsal fin, and the two pairs of lateral keels on its tail.

The porbeagle is an opportunistic hunter that preys mainly on bony fishes and cephalopods throughout the water column, including the bottom. Most commonly found over food-rich banks on the outer continental shelf, it makes occasional forays both close to shore and into the open ocean to a depth of 1360 m. It also conducts long-distance seasonal migrations, generally shifting between shallower and deeper water. The porbeagle is fast and highly active, with physiological adaptations that enable it to maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding water. It can be solitary or gregarious, and has been known to perform seemingly playful behavior. This shark is aplacental viviparous with oophagy, developing embryos being retained within the mother's uterus and subsisting on non-viable eggs. Females typically bear four pups every year.

Only a few shark attacks of uncertain provenance have been attributed to the porbeagle. It is well regarded as a game fish by recreational anglers. The meat and fins of the porbeagle are highly valued, which has led to a long history of intense human exploitation. However, this species cannot sustain heavy fishing pressure due to its low reproductive capacity. Direct commercial fishing for the porbeagle, principally by Norwegian longliners, led to stock collapses in the eastern North Atlantic in the 1950s, and the western North Atlantic in the 1960s. The porbeagle continues to be caught throughout its range, both intentionally and as bycatch, with varying degrees of monitoring and management. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the porbeagle as vulnerable worldwide, and as either endangered or critically endangered in different parts of its northern range.

Taxonomy
The etymology of the word "porbeagle" is obscure. A common suggestion is that it combines "porpoise" and "beagle", referencing this shark's shape and tenacious hunting habits. Another is that it is derived from the Cornish porth, meaning "harbor", and bugel, meaning "shepherd". The Oxford English Dictionary states that the word was either borrowed from Cornish or formed from a Cornish first element with the English "beagle". The Dictionary also notes that no evidence exists for a connection to the French porc, meaning "swine", or to porpoise, as has been proposed. Other common names for the porbeagle include Atlantic mackerel shark, Beaumaris shark, bottle-nosed shark, and blue dog.

The first scientific description of the porbeagle was authored by French naturalist Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre in the 1788 Tableau encyclopédique et methodique des trois règnes de la nature, and based on an earlier 1769 account by Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant. Bonnaterre named the shark Squalus nasus, the specific epithet nasus being Latin for "nose". In 1816, French naturalist Georges Cuvier placed the porbeagle into its own subgenus, Lamna, which later authors elevated to the rank of full genus.

Phylogeny and evolution
Several phylogenetic studies, based on morphological characters and mitochondrial DNA sequences, have established the sister species relationship between the porbeagle and the salmon shark (L. ditropis), which occurs in place of it in the North Pacific. The genus Lamna evolved 65–45 Mya. When its two extant species diverged from each other is uncertain, though the precipitating event was likely the formation of the ice cap over the Arctic Ocean, which would have isolated sharks in the North Pacific from those in the North Atlantic.

Fossilized porbeagle remains are known from Late Miocene epoch (about 7.2 Mya) deposits in Belgium and the Netherlands, Pliocene epoch (5.3–2.6 Mya) deposits in Belgium, Spain, and Chile, and Pleistocene epoch (2.6 Mya to 12,000 BP) deposits in the Netherlands. However, Lamna teeth that closely resemble those of the porbeagle have been found in the La Meseta Formation on Seymour Island off the Antarctic Peninsula, which date to the middle to late Eocene epoch (50–34 Mya). Much taxonomic confusion remains regarding Lamna in the fossil record due to the high degree of variability in adult tooth morphology within species.

Distribution and habitat
The porbeagle has an almost global amphitemperate distribution, i.e., it is absent from the tropics; in the North Pacific, its niche is assumed by the salmon shark. It is found mostly within 30–70°N and 30–50°S latitudes. In the North Atlantic, the northern limit of its range extends from the Newfoundland Grand Banks off Canada, through southern Greenland, to Scandinavia and Russia; the southern limit of its range extends from New Jersey and Bermuda, through the Azores and Madeira, to Morocco. It is found in the Mediterranean Sea, but not the Black Sea. Normally, North Atlantic sharks only stray as far south as South Carolina and the Gulf of Guinea, but pregnant females from the western North Atlantic population are known to range into the Sargasso Sea, almost as far as Hispaniola, to give birth. In the Southern Hemisphere, the porbeagle apparently occupies a continuous band bound in the south by the Antarctic Convergence, and extending as far north as Chile and Brazil, the Western Cape province of South Africa, Australia to southern Western Australia and southern Queensland, and New Zealand. In New Zealand it is most common south of the Cook Strait. The porbeagle is thought to have colonized the Southern Hemisphere during the Quaternary glaciation (beginning around 2.6 Mya), when the tropical climate zone was much narrower than it is today.

Offshore fishing banks are the favored habitat of the porbeagle, though it can be found from a depth of 1360 m in oceanic basins to littoral (close to shore) waters less than 1 m deep, over the entire water column. A single, anomalous record was made of a juvenile in brackish water in Mar Chiquita in Argentina. A tracking study off the British Isles has found substantial variation in the short-term movements of this species, both between and within individuals. Vertical movements tended to increase with water depth and corresponding temperature stratification; in shallow, unstratified waters, sharks either showed no pattern in changing depth or made reverse diel movements, spending the day in shallow water and descending at night. In deeper, stratified waters, the sharks performed a regular diel migration, spending the day below the thermocline and rising towards the surface at night. The porbeagle has been reported across a temperature range of 1 to 23 C, with most records between 8 and 20 C. In a study that included 420 porbeagles caught in the northwest Atlantic off Canada, all were in water below 13 C and the majority between 5 and 10 C.

Porbeagle populations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres appear to be completely separate. Two stocks are in the North Atlantic, east and west, that seldom mix; only one individual is known to have crossed the Atlantic, covering 4260 km from Ireland to Canada. Several discrete stocks are likely present in the Southern Hemisphere, as well. This species segregates by size and sex in the North Atlantic, and at least by size in the South Pacific. For example, males outnumber females 2:1 off Spain, females are 30% more numerous than males off Scotland, and immature males are predominant in the Bristol Channel. Older, larger sharks may frequent higher latitudes than younger individuals.

Seasonal migrations have been observed in porbeagles from both hemispheres. In the western North Atlantic, much of the population spends the spring in the deep waters of the Nova Scotia continental shelf, and migrates north a distance of 500 - 1000 km to spend late summer and fall in the shallow waters of the Newfoundland Grand Banks and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In December, large, mature females migrate south over 2000 km into the Sargasso Sea for pupping, keeping deeper than 600 m during the day and 200 m at night so as to stay in the cooler waters beneath the Gulf Stream. In the eastern North Atlantic, porbeagles are believed to spend spring and summer in shallow continental shelf waters, and disperse northwards to overwinter in deeper waters offshore. Migrating sharks may travel upwards of 2300 km, though once they reach their destination they tend to remain within a relatively localized area. In the South Pacific, the population shifts north past 30°S latitude into subtropical waters in winter and spring, and retreats south past 35°S latitude in summer, when sharks are frequently sighted off subantarctic islands.

Description
The porbeagle is a very stout-bodied shark with a fusiform (spindle-like) shape. The long, conical snout tapers to a sharp point, and is supported by enlarged, highly calcified rostral cartilages. The eyes are large and black, without nictitating membranes (protective third eyelids). The small, S-shaped nostrils are positioned in front of and below the level of the eyes. The mouth is large and strongly curved, with moderately protrusible jaws. North Atlantic sharks have 28–29 upper tooth rows and 26–27 lower tooth rows, while Southern Hemisphere sharks have 30–31 upper tooth rows and 27–29 lower tooth rows. Each tooth has a strongly arched base and a nearly straight, awl-like central cusp, which is flanked by a pair of smaller cusplets in all but the smallest individuals. The five pairs of gill slits are long and precede the pectoral fin bases.

The pectoral fins are long and narrow. The first dorsal fin is large and high, with a rounded apex, and originating just behind the pectoral fin bases. The pelvic fins are much smaller than the first dorsal fin. The second dorsal and anal fins are smaller still, and placed about even with each other on narrow bases that allow pivoting from side to side. The sides of the caudal peduncle are expanded into prominent lateral keels. A second, shorter pair of keels are present below the main keels. The caudal fin is large and crescent-shaped, with the lower lobe almost as long as the upper; both dorsal and ventral depressions (precaudal pits) are at the caudal fin base, and a deep ventral notch is near the tip of the upper caudal fin lobe. The skin is soft and covered by tiny, flattened dermal denticles (scales), lending a velvety texture. Each denticle has three horizontal ridges that lead to teeth on the posterior margin.

The dorsal coloration is a medium to dark gray or slate, extending to the bases of the pectoral fins. The underside is white; adults in the Southern Hemisphere often have dark coloring under the head and dusky blotches scattered over the belly. The free rear tip of the first dorsal fin is abruptly light gray or white, a feature unique to this species. The porbeagle may attain a length of 3.7 m, though this is uncertain and may have resulted from confusion with other mackerel shark species. A more typical length is 2.5 m.  Female sharks grow larger than males in the North Atlantic, with maximum confirmed fork lengths (snout tip to caudal fin fork) of 2.5 m for males and 3.0 m for females. Southern Hemisphere sharks are smaller and the two sexes are similar in size, with males and females attaining fork lengths of 2.0 and 2.1 m respectively. Most porbeagles weigh no more than 135 kg, with the record being a 230 kg individual caught off Caithness, Scotland, in 1993.

Biology and ecology
Fast and energetic, the porbeagle can be found singly or in groups. Its fusiform body, narrow caudal peduncle with lateral keels, and crescent-shaped tail are adaptations for efficiently sustaining speed, which have also been independently evolved by tunas, billfishes, and several other groups of active fishes. The salmon shark and it are the thickest-bodied members of their family (length-depth ratio approaching 4.5), and consequently have the stiffest swimming style; they oscillate their tails while holding their bodies mostly rigid, which confers propulsive power with high energy efficiency, but at the cost of maneuverability. The large gill surface area of the porbeagle allows more oxygen to be delivered to its tissues. It also has a short band of aerobic "red muscle" along each side, which can contract independently of the regular "white muscle" at a lower energy cost, enhancing the shark's stamina.

Porbeagles are among the few fishes that exhibit apparent play behavior. Reports, principally off the Cornish coast, have this species rolling and repeatedly wrapping themselves in long kelp fronds near the surface; this activity may have an exploratory or self-stimulatory purpose, though alternately, the sharks may be attempting to feed on small kelp organisms or scrape off parasites. In addition, porbeagles within a group have been seen chasing each other, and they will reportedly "play with anything floating on the water"; individuals have been observed prodding, tossing, or biting natural and artificial objects, including pieces of driftwood and balloon floats used by anglers.

Great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) and killer whales (Orcinus orca) are plausible, albeit undocumented, predators of the porbeagle. In one record, a small individual caught off Argentina bore bite marks from a copper shark (Carcharhinus brachyurus) or similar species, but whether the porbeagle was the target of attempted predation or if the two were simply involved in interspecific aggression is uncertain. Known parasites of this species include the tapeworms Dinobothrium septaria and Hepatoxylon trichiuri, and the copepods Dinemoura producta, Laminifera doello-juradoi, and Pandarus floridanus. Natural annual mortality is low, estimated to be 10% for juveniles, 15% for adult males, and 20% for adult females in the western North Atlantic.

Feeding
The porbeagle is an active predator that predominantly ingests small to medium-sized bony fishes. It chases down pelagic fishes such as lancet fish, mackerel, pilchards, herring, and sauries, and forages near the bottom for groundfishes such as cusk, haddock, redfish (i.e., Sebastes, Lutjanus, Trachichthyidae, and Berycidae), cod, hake, icefish, dories, sand lances, lumpsuckers, and flatfish. Cephalopods, particularly squid, also form an important component of its diet, while smaller sharks such as spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and tope sharks (Galeorhinus galeus) are rarely taken. Examinations of porbeagle stomach contents have also found small shelled molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms, and other invertebrates, which were likely ingested incidentally, as well as inedible debris such as small stones, feathers, and garbage fragments.

In the western North Atlantic, porbeagles feed mainly on pelagic fishes and squid in spring, and on groundfishes in the fall; this pattern corresponds to the spring-fall migration of these sharks from deeper to shallower waters, and the most available prey types in those respective habitats. Therefore, the porbeagle seems to be an opportunistic predator without strong diet specificity. During spring and summer in the Celtic Sea and on the outer Nova Scotian Shelf, porbeagles congregate at tidally induced thermal fronts to feed on fish that have been drawn by high concentrations of zooplankton. Hunting porbeagles regularly dive from the surface all the way to the bottom, cycling back every few hours; this vertical movement may aid in the detection of olfactory cues. A one-year-old porbeagle 1 m long, was reported to have had fed on krill and polychaete worms.

Life history
The timing of the porbeagle's reproductive cycle is unusual in that it is largely similar in both hemispheres, rather than being offset by six months. This suggests that its reproduction is not significantly affected by temperature or day length, perhaps owing to its endothermic physiology. Mating takes place mainly between September and November, though females with fresh mating scars have been reported as late as January off the Shetland Islands. The male bites at the female's pectoral fins, gill region, and flanks while courting and to hold on for copulation. Two mating grounds are known for western North Atlantic porbeagles, one off Newfoundland and the other on Georges Bank in the Gulf of Maine. Adult females have a single functional ovary, on the right, and two functional uteri. They probably reproduce every year. The litter size is typically four, with two embryos oriented in opposing directions sharing each uterus; on rare occasions, a litter may contain as few as one or as many as five pups. The gestation period is 8–9 months.

Like other members of its family, the porbeagle is aplacental viviparous with oophagy, i.e. the main source of embryonic nutrition are unfertilized eggs. During the first half of pregnancy, the mother ovulates enormous numbers of tiny ova, packed into capsules up to 7.5 cm long, into her uteri. A newly conceived embryo is sustained by a yolk sac and emerges from its egg capsule at 3.2 - 4.2 cm long. At this time, the embryo has well-developed external gills and a spiral valve intestine. When the embryo is 4.2 - 9.2 cm long, it has resorbed its external gills and most of its yolk sac, but cannot yet feed, as it lacks the means to open egg capsules. At a length of 10 - 12 cm, the embryo grows two massive, recurved "fangs" in the lower jaw for tearing open capsules, as well as two much smaller teeth in the upper jaw. It begins to feed voraciously on yolk, acquiring an enormously distended stomach; to accommodate this, the muscles on the belly split down the middle and the skin on the abdomen stretches greatly.

At 20 - 21 cm long, the embryo appears pink because it lacks pigment except in its eyes, and its head and gill regions are laterally enlarged and gelatinous. The yolk stomach can comprise up to 81% of the embryo's total weight when it is 30 - 42 cm long. The embryo gains pigment and sheds its fangs at a length of 34 - 38 cm. Around this time, the mother stops producing ova. From then on, the embryo relies mainly on the yolk stored in its stomach, though it may continue to feed on remaining eggs by squishing the capsules between its jaws or swallowing them whole. It begins to transfer its energy stores from its stomach to its liver, causing the former to shrink and the latter to grow exponentially. The embryo is essentially fully pigmented by a length of 40 cm, and has assumed its newborn appearance by a length of 58 cm. By then, its stomach has shrunk enough for the abdominal muscles to close, leaving what has been termed an "umbilical scar" or "yolk sac scar" (neither is accurate). Several series of single-cusped teeth grow in both jaws, though they lie flat and remain nonfunctional until birth.

Newborn porbeagles measure 58 - 67 cm long and do not exceed 5 kg. Up to a tenth of the weight is made up of the liver, though some yolk also remains in its stomach and continues to sustain the pup until it learns to feed. The overall embryonic growth rate is 7 - 8 cm per month. Sometimes, one pup in a uterus is much smaller than the other, but otherwise normal. These "runts" may result from a dominant, forward-facing embryo eating most of the eggs as they arrive, and/or the mother being unable to provide an adequate egg supply for all her offspring. Birthing occurs from April to September, peaking in April and May (spring-summer) for North Atlantic sharks and June and July (winter) for Southern Hemisphere sharks. In the western North Atlantic, birth occurs well offshore in the Sargasso Sea at depths around 500 m.

Both sexes grow at similar rates until the onset of maturation, with females maturing later and at a larger size than males. In the first four years of life, the annual growth rate is 16 - 20 cm and similar in both hemispheres; thereafter, sharks from the western South Pacific begin to grow slower than those from the North Atlantic. In the North Atlantic, males mature at a fork length of 1.6 - 1.8 m and an age of 6–11 years, and females at a fork length of 2.0 - 2.2 m and an age of 12–18 years. In the Southwest Pacific, males mature at a fork length of 1.4 - 1.5 m and an age of 8–11 years, and females at a fork length of 1.7 - 1.8 m and an age of 15–18 years. The oldest porbeagle on record was 26 years of age and measured 2.5 m long. The maximum lifespan of this species appears to be 30–40 years in the Atlantic, but could be as much as 65 years in the South Pacific.

Thermoregulation
Like other members of its family, the porbeagle is endothermic; metabolic heat generated by its red muscles is conserved within the body by specialized systems of blood vessels called retia mirabilia (Latin for "wonderful nets"; singular rete mirabile), that act as highly efficient countercurrent heat exchangers. The porbeagle has several rete mirabile systems: the orbital retia accessing its brain and eyes, the lateral cutaneous retia accessing its swimming muscles, the suprahepatic rete accessing its viscera, and the kidney rete.

Among sharks, the porbeagle's capacity for elevating body temperature is second only to the salmon shark's. Its red muscles are located deep within the body, adjacent to the spine, and its lateral rete is composed of over 4,000 small arteries arranged in bands. It has one of the highest core temperatures within its family, 8 – warmer than that of the surrounding water. Being warm-bodied may allow this shark to maintain higher cruising speeds, hunt in deep water for extended periods of time, and/or enter higher latitudes during winter to exploit food resources not available to other sharks. The orbital retia of the porbeagle can raise the temperature of its brain and eyes by 3 –, and likely serve to buffer those sensitive organs against the large temperature shifts that accompany changes in depth; potential benefits of this include increased visual acuity and reduced response times.

Human interactions
The porbeagle has very rarely, if ever, bitten swimmers or boats. As of 2009, the International Shark Attack File attributes three bites to this species, one provoked and none fatal, and two on boats. One older anecdote tells of a fisherman who provoked a porbeagle into leaping from the water and tearing his clothes. In another account of a swimmer bitten by a "mackerel shark", the species responsible could easily have been a misidentified shortfin mako or great white shark. Recently in the North Sea, adult porbeagles have been filmed charging at divers working on oil platforms, sometimes even brushing lightly against them without doing harm. These rushes do not appear to have predatory intent and may instead be motivated by curiosity or defense.

On 14 May 2018, a porbeagle shark was reported to have bitten a fisherman off the coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom, as it was being returned to the sea.

At one time, porbeagles were regarded as nuisances by some commercial fishers because they damaged lighter fishing gear intended for smaller species and took hooked fish from lines. This shark is highly valued as a game fish by sport fishers in Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It fights strongly on hook-and-line, but does not usually jump into the air like the related shortfin mako shark. Novice anglers often mistake this shark for the mako, which has earned it the affectionate moniker "fako" in New England. The International Game Fish Association keeps records on the porbeagle.

Commercial fishing
Prized for its meat and fins, the porbeagle has long been under heavy fishing pressure. The meat is sold fresh, frozen, or dried and salted, and ranks among the most valuable of any shark: in 1997 and 1998, it had a wholesale price of 5–7 eur/kg, four times that of the blue shark (Prionace glauca). Most of the demand comes from Europe, though the United States and Japan also import this species. The fins are shipped to East Asia for use in shark fin soup. The remainder of the shark may also be used for production of leather, liver oil, and fishmeal. International trade in the porbeagle appears to be significant, but remains unquantified, as shark products tend not to be reported to the species level, and many consist of a mix of various species. This shark is caught most readily on longlines, but is also susceptible to gillnets, driftnets, trawls, and handlines. It is valuable enough to be generally retained when caught as bycatch; if storage space cannot be spared, it may be finned and the carcass discarded.

Intensive fishing for the porbeagle dates back the 1930s, when Norway and to a lesser extent Denmark began operating longline vessels in the Northeast Atlantic. The Norwegian annual catch rose from 279 tons in 1926 to 3,884 tons in 1933, and peaked at around 6,000 tons in 1947, with the resumption of fishing after World War II. Soon after, the stock collapsed; Norwegian annual catches declined steadily to 1,200–1,900 tons from 1953 to 1960, 160–300 tons in the early 1970s, and 10–40 tons in the late 1980s to early 1990s. Similarly, Danish annual catches fell from 1,500 tons in the early 1950s to under 100 tons in the 1990s. France and Spain began to target porbeagles in the Northeast Atlantic in the 1970s. French fishers operate mainly in the Celtic Sea and the Bay of Biscay, and saw a decline from an annual catch over 1,000 tons in 1979 to 300–400 tons in the late 1990s. Catches by Spanish fishers were highly variable, ranging from negligible to over 4,000 tons per year, which may reflect shifts of fishing effort into historically less-exploited waters. Since 2011, all fishing for the porbeagle has been illegal in waters of the European Union, and EU-registered vessels are also prohibited from fishing for the species in international waters. In 2012, similar restriction came into effect in Norway.

As porbeagles had become scarce in the Northeast Atlantic, in the 1960s, the Norwegian fishing fleet moved west to the waters off New England and Newfoundland. A few years later, they were joined by longline vessels from the Faroe Islands. Norwegian annual catches rose from 1,900 tons in 1961 to over 9,000 tons in 1965; the catch was largely exported to Italy, where porbeagle (smeriglio) is an extremely popular food fish. Again, the stock collapsed, this time in only six years; by 1970, Norwegian catches had fallen under 1,000 tons per year, and Faroese catches observed a similar trend. With the population decimated, most fishers moved on or switched to other species. Porbeagle numbers gradually recovered in the ensuing 25 years, to about 30% of pre-exploitation levels. In 1995, Canada established an Exclusive Economic Zone and became the primary fisher of porbeagles in the region. Between 1994 and 1998, Canadian fishing vessels landed 1,000–2,000 tons per year, which depleted the population to 11–17% of pre-exploitation levels by 2000. Strict regulations and greatly reduced fishing quotas introduced in 2000 have since begun to reverse the stock decline, though recovery of the stock is projected to take decades due to the low productivity of the species. Some evidence shows that incidental artificial selection caused by heavy fishing has led to a compensatory growth response, i.e. faster growth and earlier maturation.

In the Southern Hemisphere, commercial fishing for the porbeagle is mostly undocumented. Substantial numbers are caught incidentally by pelagic longline fisheries targeting more valuable species such as southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii), swordfish (Xiphias gladius), and Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides), including vessels operated by Japan, Uruguay, Argentina, South Africa, and New Zealand. Porbeagle catches by the Uruguayan tuna pelagic longline fishery peaked in 1984 with 150 tons landed. Records of catch per unit effort for this fishery have shown a 90% decline in porbeagle landings from 1988 to 1998, though whether this reflects a real population decline or changing fishing habits is uncertain. New Zealand has reported annual catches of 150–300 tons, mostly of immature individuals, from 1998 to 2003.

Conservation
The rapid collapse of porbeagle stocks on both sides of the North Atlantic is often cited as archetypal of the "boom and bust" pattern of most shark fisheries. Factors including a small litter size, long maturation time, and the capture of multiple age classes all contribute to this shark's susceptibility to overfishing. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the porbeagle globally as vulnerable, endangered in the western North Atlantic (including the Baltic), and critically endangered in the eastern North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea.

The porbeagle is listed on Annex 1 (Highly Migratory Species) of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and on Annex 1 of the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS; also known as the Bonn Convention) Migratory Shark Memorandum of Understanding. This species benefits from bans on shark finning instituted by several nations and supranational entities, including Canada, the United States, Brazil, Australia, the European Union, and the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas. Although the Animals Committee of the UN Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) recommended additional conservation actions for the porbeagle, CITES rejected proposals to list the species in 2008 and again in 2010. In March 2013, the porbeagle was listed on Appendix II of CITES, allowing for increased regulation in the international trade of this species.

In March 2015, The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) responded to a court order to compile information as to whether the shark will be listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act.

Southern Hemisphere
The only regulation of porbeagle catches in the Southern Hemisphere is New Zealand's total allowable catch of 249 tons per year, instituted in 2004. In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the porbeagle as "Not Threatened" with the qualifier "Threatened Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

Eastern North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea
In the eastern North Atlantic, porbeagle fishing has been illegal in waters of the European Union since 2011. From 1985 and until the EU ban, the Faroe Islands and Norway (which are not members of the EU) were allowed annual quotas of 200 tons and 125 tons, respectively, from European Community waters. Although these quotas were lower than the originals set in 1982 (500 tons for Norway and 300 tons for the Faroe Islands), they were still consistently higher than the yearly total porbeagle catch in the region, thus had no practical effect. The species is included on the red list of Norway and it has been protected in their national waters since 2012. Any porbeagle caught in EU or Norwegian waters by accident must be released.

In the Mediterranean Sea, the porbeagle is on the verge of extinction, with a population decline over 99.99% since the mid-20th century. Its range has contracted to the waters around the Italian Peninsula, where a nursery area may exist. Only a few dozen specimens have been recorded in the past few decades, from scientific surveys, swordfish fishery bycatch, and sport fishers. In 1995, it was included in Annex III ("species whose exploitation is regulated") of the Barcelona Convention Protocol on protected areas and biodiversity in the Mediterranean, which has not been ratified. In 1997, it was listed on Appendix III of the Bern Convention (the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats). However, these listings have yet to result in the implementation of new management plans, despite the recognized need for urgent action.

The European Union prohibits EU vessels from fishing for, retaining, boarding, transhipping, or landing porbeagle sharks in all waters since January 2011. It is subject to a zero total allowable catch in EU waters by any vessel.

Western North Atlantic
The western North Atlantic porbeagle population has a more positive prospect than in the eastern North Atlantic. Fishing in Canadian waters was originally regulated by the 1995 Fisheries Management Plan for pelagic sharks in Atlantic Canada, which established an annual quota of 1,500 tons, restricted the time, place, and gear types allowed for commercial fishing, and set limits for bycatch and recreational fishing. In 2000–2001, Fisheries and Oceans Canada prepared a detailed population model and concluded that a quota of 200–250 tons would allow for population growth, resulting in a quota of 250 tons being adopted for the period of 2002–2007. The mating grounds off Newfoundland were also closed to shark fishing. In 2004, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada listed the porbeagle as endangered, largely on the basis of the low population abundance (<25% of original numbers). Canada decided not to list the species under its Species At Risk Act, but further reduced the total fishing quota to 185 tons. In US waters, the 1993 Fishery Management Plan for Sharks of the Atlantic Ocean sets an annual quota of 92 tons (after processing) for the porbeagle. In 2006, this species was listed as a species of concern by the NMFS, meaning that it merits conservation concern, but data are insufficient for inclusion on the US Endangered Species Act.

title: Porbeagle


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User:Elpincha

Dale Tetracampeón!!

elpincha is an Argentine guy (b. Buenos Aires 09 April 1963), who is willing to maintain sundry articles here and there, but feels a special responsibility for handling Estudiantes de La Plata (and related issues), Balvanera, Miguel Abuelo, and Edmundo Rivero. He pretty much let go of Manal, Pappo, Boedo, and some such.

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Sniper (disambiguation)

A sniper is a military or police member or civilian who shoot targets, humans or animals at long ranges using rifles equipped with telescopic sights.

Sniper or the sniper may also refer to:

People

 * Adam Lindgren (born 1985), known as the Swedish Sniper, a Super Smash Bros. Melee player
 * Luc Poirier (ring name "Sniper", born 1961), Canadian professional wrestler
 * MC Sniper (born 1979), South Korean male rapper

Fictional characters

 * Sniper (comics), a fictional Marvel Comics character
 * Sniper (NX Files), a fictional character in NX Files
 * Sniper (Team Fortress 2), one of the nine playable classes in the video game

Films

 * Sniper (1931 film), a 1931 Soviet drama film
 * The Deadly Tower, a 1975 film), starring Kurt Russell, also known as Sniper
 * Sniper (film series), a series of action and war films
 * Sniper (1993 film), the first film in the series, starring Tom Berenger and Billy Zane
 * The Sniper (1952 film), by Edward Dmytryk
 * The Sniper (2009 film), a Hong Kong action thriller film
 * Sniper: Special Ops, a 2016 American war film
 * Sniper (2022 film), a Chinese war film
 * Sniper: The White Raven, a 2022 Ukrainian film

Television

 * "The Sniper" (M*A*S*H), an episode of the television show
 * Snipers: Love under the Crosshairs, a 2012 Russian miniseries

Games

 * Sniper Studios, an American game studio
 * Sniper (1997), original title of SubSpace
 * Sniper! (board game), a 1973 board game designed by James Dunnigan for TSR
 * Sniper! (video game), a computer game adaptation of the board game
 * Sniper: Ghost Warrior, a first-person shooter series developed by City Interactive
 * Sniper Fury (2015) is an online single player video game developed and published by Gameloft

Literature

 * The Sniper (novel), 1974 thriller by Nelson DeMille, re-published in 1989 with the Joe Ryker series, with the author as Jack Cannon
 * "The Sniper" (poem) (1917), by W.D. Cocker
 * "The Sniper" (story) (January 12, 1923), by Liam O'Flaherty

Groups and labels

 * Sniper (American band), an American glam punk band
 * Sniper (group), a French musical act made up of Tunisiano, Aketo and Blacko

Songs

 * "Sniper" (song), a 1972 song by Harry Chapin

Technology

 * AT-11 Sniper or 9M119 Svir, a Soviet anti-tank missile
 * Beretta Sniper, a bolt-action sporting rifle
 * Lockheed Martin Sniper XR, targeting pod for fighter aircraft

Other

 * Auction sniping, the act of placing a winning bid at the last possible moment

title: Sniper (disambiguation)


text:
The Mark of Zorro (1920 film)

The Mark of Zorro is a 1920 American silent Western romance film starring Douglas Fairbanks and Noah Beery. This genre-defining swashbuckler adventure was the first movie version of The Mark of Zorro. Based on the 1919 story The Curse of Capistrano by Johnston McCulley, which introduced the masked hero, Zorro, the screenplay was adapted by Fairbanks (as "Elton Thomas") and Eugene Miller.

The film was produced by Fairbanks for his own production company, Douglas Fairbanks Pictures Corporation, and was the first film released through United Artists, the company formed by Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, and D. W. Griffith.

Noah Beery Jr. makes his first of many dozens of screen appearances, portraying a young child. His father began sporadically billing himself as Noah Beery Sr. as a result.

The film has been remade twice, once in 1940 (starring Tyrone Power) and again in 1974 (starring Frank Langella). In 2015, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry, finding it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
The Mark of Zorro tells the story of Don Diego Vega, the outwardly foppish son of wealthy ranchero Don Alejandro Vega in the old Spanish California of the early 19th century.

Seeing the mistreatment of common citizens by rich landowners and the oppressive colonial government, Don Diego dons the mask of the Robin Hood-like rogue Señor Zorro ("Mr. Fox"), champion of the people, who appears out of nowhere to protect them from the corrupt administration of Governor Alvarado and his henchmen, the villainous Captain Juan Ramon and the brutish Sergeant Pedro Gonzales (Noah Beery, Wallace Beery's older half-brother). With his swift swordplay and an athletic sense of humor, Zorro scars the faces of evildoers with his mark, "Z".

When not in the disguise of Zorro, Don Diego courts the beautiful Lolita Pulido with bad magic tricks and worse manners, though she cannot stand him. Lolita is also courted by Captain Ramon; and by the dashing Zorro, whom she likes.

In the end, when Lolita's family is jailed and impoverished by the machinations of Governor Alvarado, Don Diego throws off his masquerade, wins over the soldiers to his side, forces the wicked governor to abdicate, and wins the hand of Lolita, who is delighted to discover that her effeminate suitor, Diego, is actually the dashing hero.

Primary cast

 * Douglas Fairbanks as Don Diego Vega/Señor Zorro
 * Marguerite De La Motte as Lolita Pulido
 * Noah Beery Sr. as Sergeant Pedro Gonzales
 * Charles Hill Mailes as Don Carlos Pulido
 * Claire McDowell as Doña Catalina Pulido
 * Robert McKim as Captain Juan Ramon
 * George Periolat as Governor Alvarado
 * Walt Whitman as Father Felipe
 * Sidney De Gray as Don Alejandro Vega
 * Tote Du Crow as Bernardo, Don Diego's mute servant
 * Noah Beery Jr. as Boy
 * Charles Stevens as Peon beaten by Sergeant Gonzales
 * Milton Berle (uncredited child)

Reception and impact
The New York Times gave The Mark of Zorro a mixed review.

Fairbanks biographer Jeffrey Vance, assessing the film's legacy in 2008, writes: "The Mark of Zorro is a landmark, not only in the career of Douglas Fairbanks, but also in the development of the action-adventure film. With this, his thirtieth motion picture, Fairbanks was transitioning from comedies to the costume films for which he is best remembered. Instead of reflecting the times, The Mark of Zorro offers an infusion of the romantic past with a contemporary flair ... Beyond reenergizing his career and redefining a genre, Fairbanks's The Mark of Zorro helped popularize one of the enduring creations of twentieth-century American fiction, a character who was the prototype for comic book heroes such as Batman."

The Mark of Zorro was preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2012.

title: The Mark of Zorro (1920 film)


text:
File:Frogger game arcade.png

Frogger game screenshot (arcade version).

In this image, the player is located in the center of the road and progressing towards the top. Four frogs have already made it to the goal. The final goal currently has a "fly" bonus inside.

Fair use rationale
This image is valid for use on the Frogger page under fair use because:

 * 1) Is an insignificant portion of the commercial product.
 * 2) Contributes to encyclopedic content.
 * 3) Will not hinder the copyright owner's ability to sell the related product.
 * 4) Similar images are posted elsewhere.

title: File:Frogger game arcade.png


text:
Lillington

Lillington may refer to:

England

 * Lillington, Dorset, a hamlet
 * Lillington, Warwickshire, a suburb of Leamington Spa

United States

 * Lillington, North Carolina, a town

Other uses

 * Karlin Lillington (born 1959), technology journalist
 * The Lillingtons, a punk rock band

title: Lillington


text:
Victor and Nikki Newman

Victor and Nikki Newman are fictional characters and a supercouple from the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. Victor is portrayed by Eric Braeden and Nikki is portrayed by Melody Thomas Scott. Together, they have shared three marriages and two children; Victoria and Nicholas Newman (Amelia Heinle and Joshua Morrow). The couple is often referred to by the portmanteau "Niktor" by fans on internet message boards and in magazines. Nikki was originally from the lower walks of life, having been a prostitute and stripper. After multiple failed relationships, she began a romance with Victor, who taught her about society. Nikki gave birth to Victoria in 1982, and the pair were married in 1984. Ashley Abbott (Eileen Davidson, Brenda Epperson) then came between Victor and Nikki, causing them to divorce and each of them remarrying to Ashley and Victor's nemesis, Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman), respectively. However, the pair continued to be linked to one another, with an affair between the two resulting in second child Nicholas.

The soap opera's writers originally detailed Victor and Nikki to marry and divorce or depart from each other in some form or fashion or continuous cycle, a take on the original supercouple formula. Their pairing, regarded as an "inspired decision", led to Victor and Nikki becoming the most successful supercouple on The Young and the Restless. Despite Victor marrying architect Diane Jenkins (Alex Donnelley) in 1997, Nikki suffered a gunshot wound the following year and came close to death, resulting in Victor supposedly divorcing Diane and remarrying Nikki on her deathbed. However, Victor and Diane's divorce was never legal, invalidating the pair's remarriage. An actual divorce between Victor and Diane took place, resulting in the reunion of Victor and Nikki. In September 2002, they remarried again at the site of their first wedding, which would last six years. In 2008, Nikki began an affair with the devious David Chow (Vincent Irizarry), resulting in the pair's second divorce. Scott has stated that she thinks the couple always has to get back together, but "not without a challenge". In March 2013, after four years of an on-and-off relationship, Victor and Nikki remarried for the third time, coinciding with the 40th anniversary of The Young and the Restless.

Victor and Nikki are recognized as one of daytime television's most prominent pairings, as well as receiving a positive response from critics throughout the years. Scott has also stated that she believes the pair "will always be a huge dynamic". Braeden has stated that he thought Victor and Nikki's storyline was an "honestly felt love story with great material for conflict with Nikki". The News & Advance cited Victor and Nikki with other romances considered "epic" of the early supercouple era.

Development
Nikki was originally from the lower walks of life, having been a stripper. After multiple failed relationships, she began a romance with Victor, who taught her about society. They fell in love and had a baby, Victoria Newman (Heather Tom), and later a son Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow). The couple are widely considered a supercouple within the realm of soap operas. The writers of The Young and the Restless detailed characters Victor Newman and Nikki Reed to marry and divorce or depart from each other in some form or fashion in a continuous cycle. This has taken place for as long as the couple has been together, a take on the original supercouple formula. Soap Opera Digest relayed the beginning of the pairing's creation and their impact. The "inspired decision" led to Victor and Nikki becoming the series' most successful supercouple. In an interview with Dose magazine, Melody Thomas Scott said that the couple always has to get back together, but not without a challenge. She stated: That's the writers' job to come up with something believable. I mean, that is always their challenge. Nikki and Victor have played this cycle over and over again and it’s very successful because people care about them. I would imagine just because I've watched the show for 33 years as well as played it – they've got to get back together! There’s nothing else they could do! They have to get back together, as for how, I don't know. The writers have a rough job coming up with something that I hope will be good!

The characters had their first wedding on the episode that aired on April 13, 1984.

1981–2000
Victor Newman met Nikki Reed, who, barely out of her teens, was working as a stripper at the Bayou. Victor was intrigued by her and took her home, where under his influence, she was transformed into a classy young lady. Victor is adamant at first that he has no romantic feelings for Nikki, but he soon succumbed to her charms and they had a night of passionate love-making. Victor cast this off as a mistake, and instead took up with a woman named Lorie Brooks, who in truth only wanted to be with Victor to write an exposé on him. Victor later admitted that he truly is in love with Nikki, and she eventually gives birth to a daughter, Victoria Newman, and the couple was married in a lavish ceremony two years later.

One of the greatest threats to Victor and Nikki's union is arguably Ashley Abbott, as some time later, Victor fell in love with her, who happens to be the sister of his archenemy Jack Abbott. Victor was heartbroken in discovering that Ashley had aborted his baby so that he would stay with a dying Nikki. Nikki later recovered, but intentionally hadn't informed Victor to stay clear of the threat Ashley posed. Yet, they share one final night of passion together, which resulted in the birth of Nicholas Newman. Victor and Nikki ended up divorcing after he lashed out at her for purposely providing information about Ashley's abortion to an unauthorized biographer — Leanna Love. Victor marries her, all while being unaware of her true intentions. The marriage is quickly annulled and Victor pays Leanna a settlement, but she remains a bothersome component in Victor's life on occasion. Victor then married Ashley by 1990, but the marriage ended after three years due to extreme marital problems. Nikki married Jack, which ended after four years when Victor told Jack he would give him Jabot Cosmetics if he divorced Nikki.

After Victor was blasted by Nikki, Ashley and teenaged Victoria, all resenting the control he tried to exert in their lives, he left town, and during his trip, he is robbed of his wallet, jewelry, and car. After his car is found with a body inside burned beyond recognition, word reaches Genoa City that Victor is dead. However, Victor turned up at the Kansas farm of the blind Hope Wilson just in time to rescue her from a rapist. After Victor lived with Hope, they grew close, and they returned to Genoa City and married. Afterward, Hope gave birth to a son, Victor Adam Newman, Jr., and shortly after she left Victor. Victor hoped to return to Nikki, but she was engaged to Brad Carlton. After Victor was shot by Mari Jo Mason, Nikki returned to his side until he decided to visit Hope again. By 1997, Victor married architect Diane Jenkins, Jack's ex-fiancée, but when Nikki was shot by her husband's ex-wife Veronica Landers, Victor left Diane to remarry Nikki on her deathbed, and eventually Nikki survived. They realized they wanted to be together, and thus led Victor to divorce Diane, although with his speedy marriage to Nikki, the divorce wasn't legal. Eventually, Diane reluctantly agreed to a legal divorce after she acquired millions in the divorce settlement in a very lengthy divorce. Yet, by that time Victor and Nikki had gone their separate ways again.

2002–2011
Two years later, Victor and Nikki remarried legally at the site of their first wedding. Nikki and Victor again started up the rocky aspect of their romance when Victor's unethical and illegal business practices harm Jabot, as Nikki had made a notable investment there. Nikki started to have horrible flashbacks of accidentally shooting Joshua Cassen when she was five years old, and she was stunned to discover that Joshua was the older brother of her new business associate Bobby Marsino, with whom she has a brief romance. Victor came to Nikki's rescue after Bobby's mob associates kidnapped her. Nikki moved on, and she and Victor partnered with Phyllis Summers to create a chain of Wellness Spas across the country. However, when Victor learns that Nick, married to Sharon Newman, had an affair with Phyllis, Victor fires her and returned to holding the reins of his company.

When Victor suffers a head injury while rescuing Nikki from a carjacking, Victor becomes epileptic. His loved ones were well off at the seemingly new laid-back personality Victor now encompasses, but they soon became worried for his health when he began experiencing seizures. Making things even more complicated, as well as bizarre, he suddenly developed a friendly relationship with his main enemy Jack. Nikki later became concerned that Jack was manipulating a vulnerable Victor for his own personal financial gain. After a while, Victor finally appeared in good health. Victor and Nikki had their ups and downs, but typically manage to find their way back to each other romantically through various situations. Victor's son Victor, Jr. returned to town, now going by Adam Newman. However, they divorce again, and Victor married Victoria's friend Sabrina Costelana, and Nikki married David Chow. The following year, Victor remarried Ashley, but Nikki and Victor reunited after he was shot by Patty Williams and given a heart transplant. They went to Europe, and Victor and Ashley divorced.

Victor returned from Belgium with Nikki on his arm. Victor declared himself as head of Newman Enterprises, and Victor and Nikki move back into their Ranch house, and helped discover and return their kidnapped infant granddaughter Faith Newman back to her parents Nick and Sharon. Adam ends up being found "dead", and Victoria and Nick were arrested. In order to protect his children, Victor takes the blame saying he did it for everything Adam did to his family. Victor is later released and Nick is the main suspect. However, there was a growing amount of proof to suggest that Adam killed Richard Hightower to fake his own death. In order to protect Nick, Victor went to Canada trying to find Adam. There he befriended Meggie McClaine and he ended up nearly being killed. Back at the Newman Ranch, Victor tries to rebuild his relationship with Nikki, but she felt that Meggie was in the way. Victor claimed that he was trying to protect her and she became Nikki's personal assistant. In reality, she put together a scheme to get Nikki drinking again, therefore opening up the way for her to marry Victor. Once she marries him, she would kill him and get his money. Meggie eventually recruits Deacon Sharpe to help spike Nikki's drinks. Eventually, Deacon and Meggie set up Victor and Nikki to look like Nikki and Deacon were having an affair. Once Victor caught them, he sent Nikki to rehab, where Deacon soon ends up to continue scheming with Meggie. In rehab, he tried to actually help Nikki, and their relationship did turn romantic, especially when Meggie was able to elope with Victor. Meggie posted their wedding photo online and Nikki saw it, giving into romance with Deacon. Meggie fully revealed herself as a manipulative gold-digger targeting the Newman fortune as a widow after she mortally eliminates him. After apparently many spiked drinks, Victor appeared to suffer a heart attack, but stunningly unveiled his sobriety and caught her in a sting operation set up by him, Patrick Murphy, and the cops though Nikki didn't know. Meggie was arrested and Victor went to fill in Nikki, but before he did found her in bed with Deacon, blemishing the chances of another marriage. Victor explained that Meggie caused her alcoholic craving by spiking all her drinks to rid her from the ranch and get to him and his money.

2011–present
Nikki continued her romance with Deacon, while Victor ended up remarrying Diane Jenkins. Nikki broke up with Deacon after his role in Meggie's scheme came to light, and Victor and Nikki eventually had an affair, but their reunion was short lived. Eventually, Victor sent Nikki back to rehab as her alcoholism issues had resurfaced. After a quick annulment from Victor, Diane posted pictures of him and Nikki in bed online. She was murdered months later. After Nikki returned—having escaped from rehab—memories of Diane's murder caught up with her. She then confessed to being the killer to Victor, who admitted to killing his ex-wife to protect Nikki.

Victor was jailed, and later married Sharon to keep Nikki away from him, though the marriage ended days later. Deacon blackmailed Nikki into marrying him, using fake information about Diane's murder. Nikki agreed, however this marriage was short lived. When Victor was released from jail, the two reunited again.

Victor brought Chelsea Lawson and her mother to town to ruin Victoria's marriage to Billy Abbott. When Nikki learned of this, she left him. Victor then pursued a genuine relationship with Sharon, much to everyone's dismay. Nikki moved on from Victor when she reunited with Jack after eighteen years apart, and ended up marrying him. Hours after this marriage, Victor eloped with Sharon, despite showing up at the wedding and unsuccessfully telling Nikki not to go through with it.

Yet soon after Victor disappeared and ended up in Los Angeles in amnesia. Sharon set out to get revenge by taking over Newman, while Nikki left Jack to try to find Victor. As a result of an explosion, it was believed that Victor died and the family was shocked. Yet, Victor actually survived.

Nikki and Victor reunited, while they set out to destroy Sharon and Tucker McCall who wanted to keep Victor away so he could take over Newman.

Reception and impact
Victor and Nikki are recognized as one of daytime's most prominent couples. The couple has received positive reviews from critics throughout the years, The News & Advance cited Victor and Nikki with other romances considered "epic" of the early supercouple era. They have garnered a large fan following, being commonly referred to as "Niktor" on internet message boards. In addition, the couple's weddings have been reported by mainstream media. Melody Thomas Scott has said, "Let’s face facts: Victor and Nikki will always be a huge dynamic, they’ve been in a circular cycle for over 30 years!  Finding a new leading man that you have chemistry with is like finding gold." Eric Braeden has said, "I love working with Melody [as well]. I always thought it was an honestly felt love story with great material for conflict with Nikki." Former As the World Turns actress Martha Byrne has said, "Young and Restless' Victor and Nikki are the perfect example of a couple who they can tear apart and put back together how many times? And [the writers] do it really well because they're so stable as characters that you can basically do anything with them now, and the audience will go on the journey with them." Daytime expert Michael Fairman stated: "Victor and Nikki just can’t, we mean can’t, ever get it together long enough to find any happiness with each other. So, many would say that they deserve each other and the baggage and betrayals that come along with their co-dependent relationship."

title: Victor and Nikki Newman


text:
Braulio Alonso High School

Braulio Alonso High School is a public high school located in Tampa, Florida, United States. It serves grades 9-12 for the Hillsborough County Public Schools.

Alonso High is named after Braulio Alonso. He served on the board of directors in the National Education Association from 1958 to 1964, and was elected as its president in 1967, the first Hispanic to hold that office.

International Baccalaureate Programme
Alonso is the fifth school in Hillsborough County to have an International Baccalaureate Programme with the other IB high schools being King, Strawberry Crest, Hillsborough, and Robinson. The program was established in the 2020-2021 school year and offers a Pre-IB curriculum for grades 9 and 10, and an IB Diploma Programme for grades 11 and 12. Alonso received the status of a full-fledged IB diploma school for the 2022–2023 school year. The first class of IB students graduated in May 2024.

Demographics

 * Student Diversity
 * 57.2% Hispanic
 * 28.0% White
 * 6.7% Black
 * 4.8% Asian
 * 3.0% Two or more races
 * 0.2% American Indian/Alaska Native
 * 0.2% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander

Athletics
Alonso High School currently offers the following sports:

 * Baseball
 * FHSAA's 2008-09 6A State Baseball Champions; 2010-2011 6A State Baseball Champions 2009-2010
 * Football (Varsity, JV)
 * Lacrosse (boys’ and girls’)
 * Soccer (boys' and girls')
 * Basketball (Varsity and JV, boys' and girls')
 * Wrestling (boys' and girls')
 * Tennis (boys' and girls')
 * Swim and Dive
 * Golf (boys' and girls')
 * Volleyball (Varsity and JV)
 * Softball
 * Cross country (boys' and girls')
 * Girls' flag football (Varsity and JV)
 * District Champions - 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023
 * Regional Champions - 2010, 2011, 2014, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023
 * State Runner-Up - 2010, 2011
 * State 2A Champions 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023
 * Track and Field (boys' and girls')
 * Cheerleading (Varsity, JV, Competition)
 * Ascent Dance Team

Clubs and Organizations

 * Band
 * Orchestra
 * Amateur Arts and Crafts
 * Multicultural Student Union
 * Rho Kappa
 * Tri-Music Honor Society
 * Environmental
 * Literature
 * Photo and Video
 * Science
 * Best Buddies
 * Speak Up
 * FCA
 * Zoology
 * JROTC
 * Raiders
 * Drill
 * Rifle
 * German Club
 * Aquarium Club
 * Speech and Debate
 * Mu Alpha Theta
 * Yearbook
 * Avid
 * FFA
 * Model United Nations
 * Ping Pong
 * National Honor Society
 * Beta
 * DECA
 * Theater
 * Art Club
 * Leadership
 * FBLA
 * Crochet
 * Pride
 * 5k Remodels of Excellence
 * Chess
 * SAT Club
 * Wall Street Ravens
 * Poetry Club
 * The Animal Project
 * Thespians
 * Encore

Principals
Sandy Bunkin was the school's first principal, and retired after five years. She was replaced by Louie Diaz, who was the Assistant Principal of Athletics for the first two years the school was open, then became the principal of Jefferson High School. Both principals had buildings in the school named after them, the Sandy Bunkin Auditorium which is located near the front of the school and is where many concerts by the band and orchestra are held and the Louie Diaz Athletic Complex which is located near the football field. Kenneth Hart took over the role in 2015 followed by James Harris in 2021.

Notable alumni

 * Anthony Chickillo, National Football League (NFL) player
 * Howell Emanuel Donaldson III, serial killer
 * Leger Douzable, NFL player
 * Alex Faedo, Major League Baseball (MLB) player
 * Jose Fernandez, MLB player
 * Ryan Fernandez, MLB player

title: Braulio Alonso High School


text:
Littlebredy

Littlebredy (also written Little Bredy, pronounced ) is a small village and civil parish in the English county of Dorset, situated approximately 6.5 mi west of the county town Dorchester. It is sited at the head of the valley of the small River Bride, surrounded by wooded chalk hills of the Dorset Downs. The parish contains the Valley of Stones National Nature Reserve and is in an area rich with evidence of early human occupation. In the 2011 census it had a population of 121.

History
The area around Littlebredy is rich with evidence of early human occupation, including stone circles, strip lynchets, tumuli (long and round barrows) and a probable hill fort. North and east of the village the density of barrows is as great as the area around Stonehenge. One mile north of the village and just outside the parish is a group of 44 Bronze Age round barrows of various sizes, known as Winterbourne Poor Lot Barrows or just Poor Lot. On a hill immediately south of the village are the earthworks of Old Warren (or Danes' Camp), which most likely was a univallate (single rampart) Iron Age hill fort. Old Warren may later have been used as a burh in the time of Alfred the Great, though it may have been not completed, or abandoned in favour of a site at what is now Bridport.

Records from the 10th century refer to the area as 'Bridian' or 'Brydian' and in 1086 Littlebredy specifically was recorded in the Domesday Book as 'Litelbride'. The words 'Bride' and 'Bredy' derive from the Celtic for a torrential, gushing stream; the addition of 'Little' distinguishes the parish from the larger neighbouring parish of Long Bredy.

Littlebredy was owned by Cerne Abbey until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century, when the Abbey sold its land to Philip Vanwilder. The estate subsequently passed to the Freke family of Iwerne Courtney and then Sir Robert Meller (or Mellor) of Winterborne Came, who built Bridehead House in the early 17th century. In 1730 the estate was bought by the Meech family who in 1797 sold it to wealthy banker Robert Williams from Hertfordshire.

During the 19th century the Williams family—headed by four successive Roberts who all became members of parliament —made substantial changes to the estate. The architects Peter Frederick Robinson and then Benjamin Ferrey were employed. Bridehead House was extended and altered by Robinson in 1830–33, then extended further by Ferrey a few years later. The River Bride was dammed near its source to create a lake as part of landscaping around the house. Ferrey also designed new cottages to form an estate village and provided plans for restoring the parish church, including adding a spire to its 14th-century tower. Some Jacobean buildings in the village were also changed around this time, being reworked into a Gothic farmyard or stable block. Ferrey's plan for the church—which involved virtually rebuilding it—was implemented in 1847 under the supervision of the third Robert Williams' brother-in-law, Arthur Acland, who also had an architectural input.

In the churchyard is a memorial to Frederic Wallis, Bishop of Wellington, New Zealand, who married into the Williams family. It is made from the wood of a tree sent specially from New Zealand.

Government
Littlebredy is in the West Dorset parliamentary constituency and is currently represented in the House of Commons by Chris Loder, who succeeded Oliver Letwin in 2019.

In local government, Dorset Council is responsible for all local services including social services, public transport, police and fire services, Trading Standards, strategic planning, planning decisions and building control, local roads, environmental health, refuse collection and recycling. Littlebredy currently does not have a parish council (the lowest tier of local government), but it does have parish meetings.

Geography
Littlebredy village is sited between 85 and 110 metres above sea-level at the head of the small River Bride, surrounded by wooded chalk hills of the Dorset Downs. It is 6.5 mi west of the county town Dorchester, 8 mi east of Bridport, 8 mi northwest of Weymouth and 3.5 mi north of the English Channel. The nearest railway stations are Maiden Newton, Dorchester West, Dorchester South, Upwey and Weymouth, which are all within a direct radius of 8.5 mi. The nearest main road is the A35 trunk road approximately 1 mi to the north. All of Littlebredy parish lies within the Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

Valley of Stones
In the south of the parish is the Valley of Stones, which in 1906 was described by Sir Frederick Treves as "a mysterious glen among the downs, on whose grassy slopes many huge stones are scattered." In prehistoric times it was used as a source of building material for nearby constructions such as tombs and stone circles, and within 4 miles are two-thirds of all such structures in the county. Folklore attributes the origin of the stones to have been two giants playing stone-throwing games, but they are the result of conditions at the end of the last ice age, when freezing and thawing caused sandstone on surrounding hilltops to break up and slump downhill. They form one of the best British examples of a sarsen stone boulder train. The stones and the surrounding dry chalk valley provide habitats for a variety of flora and fauna—including clustered bellflower, autumn gentian, lichens, bryophytes and the adonis blue butterfly—and the area is designated a National Nature Reserve.

Demography
In the 2011 census Littlebredy civil parish had 53 dwellings, 45 households and a population of 121.

The population of the parish in the censuses between 1921 and 2001 is shown in the table below:

In the 1861 census the parish had 41 inhabited dwellings and a population of 199.

Notable people

 * Ben Pentreath, architect and interior designer

title: Littlebredy


text:
Maclodio

Maclodio (Brescian: Maclo) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy.

title: Maclodio


text:
Talk:Star Fox

"Money-making"
I removed the (slightly) non-neutral "money-making" from the following opening sentence:
 * "The Star Fox series (Japanese: スターフォックス) is one of Nintendo's many famous money-making franchises."

I'm sure most people know that Nintendo, along with mostly any other company out there, wants to make money. --Spug 22:07, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. Andre ( talk )A| 22:28, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

question...
In the characters articles, such as Fox McCloud, Falco Lombardi, etc., I was thinking of removing the "Star Fox Assault Vs. Mode Skills" sections. Seeing how in the What Wikipedia is not article, "FAQ" is listed. Comments? Thunderbrand 17:32, May 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I would say its not needed, but if the appropriate context was there it would be o.k. information. If its just going to stay a list though, then its not really appropriate, IMHO. Related - isn't there more background information on these characters that can be added to the articles? Seems rather bare. K1Bond007 16:36, May 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, there isn't a whole lot of information on them, and what is there is summed up okay. The Krystal article has a good deal of info., though. Thunderbrand 16:46, May 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm just surprised, given their Nintendo characters. K1Bond007 17:09, May 12, 2005 (UTC)

If no one else objects or does not comment, i'll remove them. Thunderbrand 02:27, May 13, 2005 (UTC)

Merging minor characters?
I was thinking of merging some of the "minor" characters, such as Miyu, Fay Spaniel, Fara Phoenix, Vixy Reinard, Bill Grey, Katt Monroe, ROB 64 (he basically is a minor character now), Caiman,  into their own page called List of minor characters in the Star Fox series, like what was done with the planets a while back. Most of these probably won't be significantly expanded anytime soon (especially Miyu and Fay, who I doubt will never be seen outside of Star Fox 2). Comments? Thunderbrand 16:29, August 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * If there's no formatting problems with it (placement of pictures, etc.), I think it's a good idea, and I'll gladly help out with it if the need arises. One thing, though; I would keep ROB 64 as its own article, as he technically is part of the team. Jaxl | talk 00:05, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, I'll keep ROB 64 on his own page. Thunderbrand 03:51, August 5, 2005 (UTC)

Assault timeline
I noticed on the back of the Star Fox: Assault box that it says It's been several years since disaster was adverted on Dinosaur Planet..., while inside the instruction manual it says One year has passed..., so I am confused is to what they are really referring to! Although I'm thinking that the reference inside the manual is the correct one since it uses the name "Sauria" and the back of the box has "Dinosaur Planet", of which Sauria is only used in-game. Comments? Thunderbrand 00:51, August 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * I haven't seen the instruction manual since I only rented the game and beat it (hence, it came in a Blockbuster box). I do have a theory, though. I believe the instruction manual probably has the correct story. I think the reason why the manual story differs from the back of the box is because the game was developed by Namco but published by Nintendo. On Nintendo.com's entry on the game, it says something similar to what you said was on the back of the box. However, if Namco was the one developing the game (ie. creating the story), they must have also created the manual, and therefore the official story (the one Namco, the creators of the actual game and storyline produced), is in the manual. Nintendo probably made the box since they were publishing it, but seemed to neglect looking at the story as the creators (Namco) made it and instead put their own version. I know that's probably a bit confusing, but the bottom line here is that Namco made the game and the manual, and therefore their story is probably the official one, while Nintendo probably speculated on what the story was. The fact that the box mentioned Dinosaur Planet and not Sauria makes it even more convincing that Nintendo in fact did not review Namco's original story. Jaxl | talk 02:05, 12 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I would tend to agree that in general, game has precedence over manual, which has precedence over box. This being since the back of the box is produced primarily for advertising, and is independent from the game development, while the manual is actually meant as a companion to the game. Aerion//talk 04:04, 12 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, that clears it up a bit. Thanks. Thunderbrand 04:17, August 12, 2005 (UTC)

Measurement Systems used in the Star Fox universe
Based on our Measurement Systems but adding "Space" in the beginning.

 * SM - Space Meters
 * SPW - Space Pounds of Thrust
 * ST - Space Tons
 * SK - Space Kilos
 * SKM/H - Space Kilometers/Hour
 * SKT/H - Space Knots/Hour

--Arima 04:07, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * In what games are these used; or more importantly, where are they referrenced from? Thunderbrand 05:40, September 13, 2005 (UTC)

Star Fox and Star Fox 64. --Arima 01:44, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Although they have fallen out of use since then, so I would hold off on adding them to articles. I doubt the average person would know, or care, what they mean and translate to. Thunderbrand 04:10, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I personally don't recall ever seeing those units in Star Fox games before, but either way, I agree with Thunderbrand; people may not understand what they mean. Jaxl | talk 22:47, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I think they were just used in the strategy guides and/or manuals, but not in the games. Thunderbrand 23:42, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, that explains it, although probably just in the strategy guides, since I can't find them in my Star Fox 64 manual. Jaxl | talk 23:54, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v43/Luigi/Arwing/fox1.jpg
 * http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v43/Luigi/Arwing/SW_Arwing_blaupause2.jpg
 * http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v43/Luigi/Arwing/SFXArwingBlueprints.jpg --Arima 05:00, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Nova bomb
Recently, A Link to the Past redirect the Nova bomb article to the Arwing article. I was thinking of reverting his changes. The nova bomb article has a lot of info in it and it has info about the Wolfen's and Landmaster's bomb use, not just the Arwing. Thoughts? Thunderbrand 15:31, 19 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Nevermind, I merged it. Thunderbrand 21:44, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry I couldn't respond quickly, but that's probably the best idea anyway.  Rob ert  00:08, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Star Fox (Wii)
Really, it has merely been hinted at. There are no confirmations of development whatsoever. A minor note saying that Miyamoto has expressed interest in a Wii title would be fine, but to put it under the official list of games in the series is a bit ridiculous. 199.126.137.209 05:45, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not "ridiculous". It came straight from him. Thunderbrand 14:18, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with "199.126.137.209", Miyamoto only suggested that the Wii-mote would be good for the next Star Fox game, he neither confirmed nor denied actual development of such a game; it's SPOnG who made the assessment that a Wii version is likely, which is an editorial comment, not proof. I think it should be mentioned, but doesn't deserve it's own entry in the list; perhaps a category for future games (confirmed and hinted) should be added. -- VederJuda 15:56, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is true. It has not been officially announced. I guess I'll make a small section about it. Thunderbrand 17:38, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think "rumoured" is a bit misleading as well. Who says it's a "rumour"?  It just sounds like a possibility.  I'm not sure Wikipedia is really even supposed to deal with rumours like this, considering that as far as I know, no websites have actually reported it as a rumour (and even if they have, it still might not be noteworthy).  Maybe a headline of something like "series' future" would be more apt. 199.126.137.209 00:33, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Star Fox Wii
How soon will it be confirmed/denied if Star Fox Wii exists?

ds version of star fox and star fox 64
spong also says "a DS version of the SNES and N64 classic." that could be worth mentioning.
 * Whoever you are, sign your posts. We already know this game to be Star Fox Command. dogman15 (talk) 19:40, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

Star Fox vehicles
I propose merging these somehow - I mean really, do we need an article on the Landmaster Tank? - A Link to the Past (talk) 17:25, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

 * There does not need to be a separate article, but at least a section, and a redirect. The Landmaster in particular is more notable because it shares a name (only) with the Landmaster from Damnation Alley, and the two are often confused (as can be seen by many incorrect edits to the Landmaster article.) —MJBurrage(T•C) 22:40, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

 * But is it really notable enough to have its own section? --(trogga) 16:02, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Without a section heading it cannot be properly redirected to from other articles. All by itself it may not be especially notable, but because of the shared name with more notable vehicles Landmaster and Land Master, etc. there will always be confusion without this section.
 * As for the Star Fox Landmaster section itself, it is written from an encyclopedic point-of-view (simple description), and is factual. If someone wanted to add similar sections on other vehicles that occurred in multiple games that would also be appropriate, so-long as they were not describing them solely as if they were real-life vehicles and/or giving game-guide style play tips. —MJBurrage(T•C) 17:33, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Still, why is it the only sub-section in the "Recurring elements" section? --(trogga) 18:16, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Because the other items that would go here have been deleted, and as yet not been restored. Someone more familiar with the games than myself could:
 * Restore and clean up the content that has existed before on things like the jet/spaceship that appear in multiple games,
 * Remove the "Recurring elements" heading, making "Landmaster" a main section,
 * Leave things as is.
 * If I had more knowledge of the game, I would do #1, but my knowledge only extends to what I have learned about the Landmaster tank while fixing and moving incorrect edits from Landmaster and Land Master (articles related in name only).
 * Between #2 and #3, I would have thought that #3 fits the article's logical structure better. (An article on a game series, should have a section on recurring elements.) —MJBurrage(T•C) 04:25, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:N64 Star Fox 64.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 22:08, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Possible move
I'm a bit confused as to why this is called "Star Fox (series)". This makes someone think of a TV series. Wouldn't "Star Fox (franchise)" or "Star Fox (video game)" or "Star Fox (video game franchise)" make more sense? Unschool (talk) 03:49, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I think it would, but this is something that concerns all video game "series" articles; Star Fox is just following the usual trend. You might want to address the issue on the WikiProject Video Games talk page for a global change. Kariteh (talk) 08:35, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Well gosh, one of those won't work. Want to take a wild guess as to where "Star Fox (video game)" leads? dogman15 (talk) 08:03, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

star fox xbox
wasnt a star fox game planned for the xbox???--24.109.218.172 (talk) 21:45, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
 * All I remember was rampant speculation on what was going to happen to Star Fox Adventures after Microsoft bought Rare - ultimately Rare finished SFA for GameCube anyway (and they've also done GBA/DS games since). I seriously doubt Nintendo would have let SF games to be produced on any other platform, after all, it's their property, not Rare's. --wwwwolf (barks/growls) 18:28, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Star Fox copyrights always belonged to Nintendo. Therefore, no matter how much had Microsoft taken out of Rare, they had absolutely no rights to release any game series which originally belonged to Nintendo. Besides, in a court rule, Rare decided to keep all the original characters they had originally created for their Nintendo 64 and GameCube games: Banjo-Kazooie, Conker, etc. whilst they sold all their original Kongs, plus the Dinosaur Planet characters to Nintendo since those characters now belong to the Donkey Kong and Star Fox universes respectively. Hope(N Forever) (talk) 16:10, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

I saw that a store had a misprinted ad that assult was an Xbox game once. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.85.139.22 (talk) 21:12, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

Star Fox vs. StarFox
From what I'm seeing, the title of the game is "StarFox" in Wiki. Why? Syphe D. Mar (talk) 23:31, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
 * From the looks of the logo, it should be StarFox. -- Stormwatch (talk) 04:15, 31 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Nintendo's site uses "Star Fox" consistently, so I assume that's official.--187.58.84.131 (talk) 22:34, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

Spoilers?
Hey! It showed Fox, Falco and WOLF in that picture of them in SSBB! I suggest it be removed, as Wolf is supposed to be a secret charcater! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.70.124.170 (talk) 18:54, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * See Content disclaimer and Spoiler.  Pagra shtak  19:28, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Broken Link
Reference Number 7 is broken.

THIS ONE: http://www.gamesradar.com/gb/wii/game/news/article.jsp?releaseId=20070125154649578007&articleId=20070125154649578007&sectionId=1006

It's the interview with Takaya Imamura.

May I suggest replacing it with the offical web site?

http://www.nintendo.co.uk/NOE/en_GB/news/2007/interview_star_fox_command.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by MrShowtime (talk • contribs) 14:41, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

I question reliability.
When I went to this page, I was surprised to find... well, you can click on it to see what I found; But how true could this be? I want to believe it, but then again, it seems unlikely. Is this wiki just pulling my leg?

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Mention of the Arwing in Ocarina of Time?
Yes, believe it or not, the Arwing was used in Ocarina of Time to test the game's Z-Targeting feature, and the code for it remains in the game. It can only be accessed with a Gameshark or other game altering device though. Should we mention this?

Heres a video of the Arwing if you need proof/a source. [] —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.87.69.48 (talk) 04:15, 11 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure this belongs in the Star Fox page, plus YouTube is not a considered reliable source. - sesu  PRIME  15:42, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

Is this really start-class?
Well, is it? - sesu  PRIME  15:44, 13 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Haha... no. But no one cared to change it. It has been C worthy since about late 2007. I think it could be B class with a few more sources and images. RP9 (talk) 16:16, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

new star fox game
http://sickr.wordpress.com/2009/08/26/nintendo-wii-star-fox-wii-set-to-be-unveiled-in-nintendo-power/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by Devanwolf (talk • contribs) 18:34, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
 * It would be awesome, but it is only rumour right now. RP9 (talk) 20:22, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Chairs?
I mean really, chairs? Someone obviously spent way too much time formulating that wiki markup just to blank this page and made it about bogus chairs. They also turned Jigglypuff into a country (?!?) dogman15 (talk) 20:50, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

DO A BARREL ROLL! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.161.162.246 (talk) 07:53, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

Arcade Game?
Reading on System16, i saw on the Namco Triforce hardware it mentioned Star Fox as having an arcade game ported to it. (http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=545) Silrox9 (talk) 11:44, 17 December 2009 (UTC)
 * UPDATE: Arcording to the MAME source it was planned but not released. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Silrox9 (talk • contribs) 16:33, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

Technical issues in article
In the games' timeline on the right, editor with IP 76.69.170.236 removed Dinosaur Planet and added "based on the cancelled Dinosaur Planet" to Star Fox Adventures. However, I have the feeling that only "bas" can be seen on most computer monitors. My screen in 1024x768, and using Internet Explorer 8's zoom tool (at 75% and 50%), I think other screen resolutions fail to show the entire text as well. Is there a way this can be remedied? dogman15 (talk) 03:41, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

Removal of "fancruft"
Trogga, I noticed, has removed the entire section on "Recurring Elements", which includes the Arwing, Landmaster, and Wolfen. However, I believe that these entries are well-written and informative. Since the very nature of this article is about fiction, I think some "cruft" is okay. Was WP:FANCRUFT consulted? What about WP:NOCRUFT? I think the Arwing, Landmaster, and Wolfen entries should come back in. Then again, who actually reads this talk page? Who even reads this article anymore? Okay, so it approaches (and sometimes hits) 1,000 views a day, but still. I'd like to see those entries come back. Please discuss. dogman15 (talk) 03:56, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I think those might actually be good candidates for keeping, but it would be good to see some sourcing, plus some critics' reactions to the machines. --Izno (talk) 04:00, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

 * The section was started in part because of ongoing confusion between the Landmaster from the Star Fox franchise, and the Landmaster from Damnation Alley. The best place for a section on the Star Fox Landmaster is this article since 1) There does not appear to be enough material for a standalone article, 2) The subject appears in multiple games in the series, so a section in any one game's article is less appropriate than a section in this article.  That was the conclusion reached last time this came up, and once the section was started, editors added the other vehicles to the section.
 * While I agree that the entries should describe the items from a real-world non-fictional point of view, I personally do not have the knowledge nor sources to do so. (I do not play any of the games, nor do I have any of the magazines that cover such games.) Regardless, this means that the sections should be tagged for improvement by those with access to the appropriate sources to do so, not simply deleted.
 * —MJBurrage(T•C) 06:42, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Reference [13]
It currently leads to a 404 page. I believe it may need to be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.209.103.52 (talk) 22:05, 24 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Citation numbers change often as other cites are added or removed. Which one is it? dogman15 (talk) 20:54, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Star Fox 64 3D's Spot on the Timeline
Is it really verifiable for it to be released in 2011, it could be a launch title possibly for if the 3DS launches later this year. So should it really be on there at this time? 71.143.239.160 (talk) 02:04, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Upcoming Games
The only confirmed upcoming game is Star Fox 64 3D. I removed a sentence claiming three different games were in the works, all of which are rumors that have been debunked. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.112.255.97 (talk) 23:49, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

The Japanese title
Think I got this one figured out. Yes, the Japanese title is ever so slightly different... and consistently so! Pretty much all Japanese material just slaps down a "STARFOX" (while pretty much any American material uses "Star Fox" instead). The problem is that I don't know whether or not it would be reasonable to use "StarFox" as nodded to in American branding and the eventual Japanese branding; personally, I think so.

Either way, at least we've got typographical consistency in multiple regions here, not like with the mess known as OutRun. That they chose to change it is a concern, but I get the feeling that "Star Fox" was a forced change that NoA stuck with anyway. Despatche (talk) 07:33, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

Multiplayer on foot
Hi. On March 5th 2016, I made an edit to this page in the "Star Fox 64" section in which I removed the statement that a player can unlock an option to play the multiplayer fighting mode on foot; I hastily removed said statement, having never experienced the mode myself, and I put this for the edit summary: "(→Star Fox 64: Very doubtful - please do not revert without giving a citation)". I don't know what mood I was in that day, but despite my edit being Good Faith, it was very hasty and foolish to be that BOLD like I did. I have since read in more than one place (including the Star Fox 64 article on Star Fox Wiki on Wikia--that wouldn't be a reliable source so I can't use that I don't think) that there is such a mode as that. I'm very sorry I said "very doubtful - please do not revert without giving a citation" as that was in haste and not thinking through things. Could we add the statement back in since there is in fact an on foot multiplayer mode? I don't know if there's a source we could use but if possible that would be helpful too. Thanks/Sorry, 63.248.183.82 (talk) 20:52, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

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"Bacoon" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Bacoon. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Steel1943 (talk) 18:31, 17 December 2019 (UTC)

"Zoness" listed at Redirects for discussion
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"Star Fox Warriors"
Honestly, why do we even still have this filed under "Canceled games"? There's no actual real proof of its existence and it comes from Lara Kate Dale, an insider with a very sketchy track record (she got literally every single thing wrong regarding the Switch's software lineup: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Cxs0XohXcAQypsX.jpg).

It just feels weird and misleading to have what was at best a vague rumor listed with Star Fox VB and Star Fox arcade, games that we actually knew existed at one point only to get canceled. We may as well have "Star Fox Grand Prix" listed here as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.34.178.3 (talk) 11:11, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Star Fox


text:
Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod

The Lockheed Martin Sniper is a targeting pod for military aircraft that provides positive target identification, autonomous tracking, GPS coordinate generation, and precise weapons guidance from extended standoff ranges.

The system has been designated AN/AAQ-33 in U.S. military service as the Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod (ATP). Further variants are the Sniper Extended Range (XR), as well as the PANTERA export derivative of the Sniper XR. The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is built with the equivalent of the Sniper XR in its onboard sensors called the AN/AAQ-40 Electro-Optical Targeting System (EOTS). The most modern version is the Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod - Sensor Enhancement (ATP-SE).

Design

The Sniper is a single, lightweight targeting pod with much lower aerodynamic drag than the systems it replaces. Its image processing allows aircrews to detect, identify and engage tactical-size targets outside the range of most enemy air defenses, giving it a crucial role in the destruction of enemy air defense missions. It also supports urban engagements beyond jet noise range for counter-insurgency operations. It offers a 3-5X increase in detection range over the older LANTIRN system, and is currently flying on U.S. Air Force and multinational F-16, F-15, B-1B, CF-18, Harrier, A-10, B-52 and Tornado aircraft.

The pod incorporates a high definition mid-wave FLIR, dual-mode laser, visible-light HDTV, laser spot tracker, laser marker, video data link, and a digital data recorder. Advanced sensors and image processing incorporating image stabilization enable targets to be identified at ranges which minimize exposure to defensive enemy systems. The dual-mode laser offers an eye-safe mode for urban combat and training operations along with a laser-guided bomb designation laser.

The pod's FLIR allows observation and tracking through smoke and clouds, and in low light / no light conditions. The CCD camera supports the same operations in visible light for most daylight conditions.

For target coordination with ground and air forces, a laser spot tracker, a laser marker, and an HDTV quality video down-link to ground-based controllers supports rapid target detection and identification. The Sniper can also provide high-resolution imagery for non-traditional Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (NTISR) missions without occupying the centerline station on small fighter aircraft, and can maintain surveillance even when the aircraft maneuvers. As a result, a second, dedicated fighter aircraft isn't needed to provide protection to a dedicated ISR aircraft, which many small nations cannot afford.

For ease of maintenance, Sniper's optical bed design, partitioning, and diagnostic capabilities permit two-level maintenance, eliminating costly intermediate-level support. Automated built-in testing allows maintenance personnel to isolate and replace a line replaceable unit in under 20 minutes to restore full mission-capable status.

In use

In August 2001, the U.S. Air Force announced Lockheed Martin's Sniper as the winner of the Advanced Targeting Pod (ATP) competition. The contract provides for pods and associated equipment, spares and support of the F-16 and F-15E aircraft for the entire force, active-duty Air Force and Air National Guard. The U.S. Air Force initial seven-year contract for Sniper ATP has potential value in excess of $843 million. The Sniper ATP has delivered over 125 pods and the U.S. Air Force plans to procure at least 522 Sniper ATPs. The follow-on Advanced Targeting Pod - Sensor Enhancement (ATP-SE) contract was split between the Lockheed Martin Sniper and the LITENING.

In 2014, the USAF declared initial operational capability for the Sniper ATP-SE which included sensor and networking improvements.

The Sniper is used on the U.S. Air Force B-52H Stratofortress, B-1B Lancer, F-15E Strike Eagle, F-16 Fighting Falcon, and A-10 Thunderbolt II. It was also used on the British Harrier GR9 and the Canadian CF-18 Hornet. In 2016 Lockheed Martin announced that Kuwait would be the first country to use Sniper on the Eurofighter Typhoon. A team of Lockheed Martin UK, BAE Systems and Leonardo S.p.A. (Selex S&AS at the time) has successfully demonstrated and flown a Sniper ATP on board a Tornado GR4 combat aircraft.

The Sniper came under fire in 2014 in the aftermath of a deadly airstrike in Afghanistan that saw five American and one Afghan soldier killed when a B-1B bomber equipped with the pod could not detect the infrared strobe lights on the helmets of U.S. troops in a firefight, resulting in the deadliest case of friendly fire between American forces in the course of the Afghanistan War.

On 27 March 2015, Lockheed Martin was awarded a sole-source contract by the US DOD worth $485 million firm fixed price with minimal cost-plus-fixed-fee, indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity to provide multiple Sniper advanced targeting pods to the USAF.

Operators

 * 🇧🇪 Belgium
 * Belgian Air Force
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Royal Canadian Air Force
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt
 * Egyptian Air Force
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * Hellenic Air Force
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * Indonesian Air Force
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * Iraqi Air Force
 * 🇯🇵 Japan
 * Japan Air Self Defence Force
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan
 * Royal Jordanian Air Force
 * 🇲🇦 Morocco
 * Royal Moroccan Air Force
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands
 * Royal Netherlands Air Force
 * 🇳🇴 Norway
 * Royal Norwegian Air Force
 * 🇴🇲 Oman
 * Royal Air Force of Oman
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan
 * Pakistan Air Force
 * 🇵🇱 Poland
 * Polish Air Force
 * 🇷🇴 Romania
 * Romanian Air Force
 * 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia
 * Royal Saudi Air Force
 * 🇸🇬 Singapore
 * Republic of Singapore Air Force
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea
 * Republic of Korea Air Force
 * 🇹🇼 Taiwan
 * Republic of China Air Force
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * Royal Thai Air Force
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey
 * Turkish Air Force
 * 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates
 * United Arab Emirates Air Force
 * Royal Air Force
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * United States Air Force
 * United States Air Force

Specifications

 * Primary function: Positive identification, automatic tracking and laser designation
 * Prime contractor: Lockheed Martin
 * Length: 98.2 inches (252 centimeters)
 * Diameter: 11.9 inches (30.5 centimeters)
 * Weight: 446 pounds (202 kilograms)
 * Aircraft: Boeing F-15E Strike Eagle, General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, Rockwell B-1B Lancer, Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet, Harrier, Panavia Tornado GR4, KAI T-50 Golden Eagle, Mitsubishi F-2, Eurofighter Typhoon, Dassault Rafale
 * Sensors: Mid-wave third generation forward looking infrared, dual mode eye-safe, laser designator, Charge-coupled device-TV, laser spot tracker and laser designator
 * Date deployed: January 2005

title: Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod