text:
Attempted assassination of Theodore Roosevelt

On October 14, 1912, former saloonkeeper John Schrank (1876–1943) attempted to assassinate former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt while he was campaigning for the presidency in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Schrank's bullet lodged in Roosevelt's chest after penetrating Roosevelt's steel eyeglass case and passing through a 50 page thick (single-folded) copy of his speech titled "Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual", which he was carrying in his jacket pocket. Schrank was immediately disarmed and captured; he might have been lynched had Roosevelt not shouted for Schrank to remain unharmed. Roosevelt assured the crowd he was all right, then ordered police to take charge of Schrank and to make sure no violence was done to him.

As an experienced hunter and anatomist, Roosevelt correctly concluded that since he was not coughing blood, the bullet had not reached his lung; he declined suggestions to go to the hospital immediately. Instead, he delivered his scheduled speech. His opening comments to the gathered crowd were, "Friends, I shall ask you to be as quiet as possible. I don't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot—but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose."

Afterwards, probes and an x-ray showed that the bullet had lodged in Roosevelt's chest muscle, but did not penetrate the pleura. Since doctors concluded that it would be less dangerous to leave it in place than to attempt to remove it, Roosevelt carried the bullet with him for the rest of his life.

Both President Taft and Democratic nominee Wilson suspended their campaigning until Roosevelt recovered and resumed his own. When asked if the shooting would affect his election campaign, he said to the reporter "I'm fit as a Bull Moose." The Bull Moose had become a symbol of both Roosevelt and the Progressive Party, often referred to as simply the Bull Moose Party, after Roosevelt boasted that he felt "strong as a bull moose" after losing the Republican nomination in June 1912. He spent two weeks recuperating before returning to the campaign trail. He later wrote to a friend about the bullet inside of his body: "I do not mind it any more than if it were in my waistcoat pocket."

The shooter, John Schrank, initially pleaded guilty to the charge of attempted murder, but the trial judge, unconvinced of Schrank's sanity, declined his plea and the case was brought to trial. Schrank was found not guilty by reason of insanity by the jury and was committed to indefinite institutionalization.

Background
Theodore Roosevelt had ascended to the presidency on the assassination of William McKinley in 1901, serving the remaining 3 years 6 months of the term, and was then elected to a full term in the 1904 presidential election. He refused to run for another term in 1908, in accordance with the tradition established by George Washington that no one should serve more than two terms as US president (later codified in the 22nd Amendment). Roosevelt endorsed William Howard Taft, his secretary of war, at the 1908 Republican National Convention. Taft went on to win both the Republican nomination and the general election, but Roosevelt became dissatisfied with the work of his successor and in the next election sought to retake the presidency.

The 1912 presidential election campaign was characterized by a serious split in the Republican Party between the conservative wing under President Taft and the liberal/reform wing under ex-President Roosevelt. After a bitter confrontation at the 1912 Republican National Convention, Taft won renomination. Roosevelt led a bolt of his followers, who held a convention of their own and nominated him for president on the ticket of the Progressive Party, nicknamed the "Bull Moose Party". Taft and his supporters attacked Roosevelt for being power-hungry and seeking to break the tradition that U.S. Presidents only serve two terms in office.

Assassination attempt

According to documents found on Schrank after the attempted assassination, Schrank had written that the ghost of William McKinley came to him in a dream and told Schrank to avenge his death, pointing to a picture of Theodore Roosevelt. Ultimately, on October 14, 1912, while Roosevelt was campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Schrank attempted to assassinate him.

Roosevelt was at the Gilpatrick Hotel, at a dinner provided by the hotel's owner, a supporter. The ex-President was scheduled to deliver a speech at the Milwaukee Auditorium. News had circulated that Roosevelt was at the hotel, and Schrank (who had been following Roosevelt from New Orleans to Milwaukee) went to the hotel. The ex-president had finished his meal and left the hotel to enter an open car. Roosevelt stood to acknowledge the cheering of the assembled crowd, and Schrank acted.

Schrank did shoot Roosevelt, but the bullet lodged in Roosevelt's chest only after hitting both his steel eyeglass case and a 50-page copy of his speech titled "Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual", which he was carrying in his jacket pocket. As onlookers gasped and screamed, Elbert E. Martin, one of Roosevelt's secretaries and an ex-football player, was the first to react, leaping at Schrank, wrestling him to the ground and seizing his gun. A. O. Girard, a former Rough Rider and bodyguard of the ex-president, and several policemen were upon Schrank at the same moment. Roosevelt stumbled, but straightened himself, and again raised his hat, with a reassuring smile upon his face. His aide, Harry Cochems, asked Roosevelt if he was hit, and Roosevelt simply said assuredly, "He pinked me, Harry."

As Schrank was subdued and held up on his feet, the crowd went into a frenzy. Several of the closest men around Schrank began pummeling him, and others screamed "kill him!", and "hang him!". Roosevelt, seeing what was happening, shouted to the crowd, "Don't hurt him. Bring him here. I want to see him." The crowd, hearing Roosevelt's voice, looked at Roosevelt, astonished to see him standing up and talking. A member asked, "Is he okay?"; Roosevelt, with a reassuring smile, waved his hat in the air and said, "I'm all right, I'm all right." In relief, the crowd erupted in cheers, enabling four policemen to gain their way into the crowd and hold Schrank.

Roosevelt ordered, "Bring him to me." Schrank was led to Roosevelt, and the two men looked into each other's eyes. Putting his hands on Schrank's head so he could look at him, and to determine if he had seen him before, Roosevelt said to Schrank, "What did you do it for?" Getting no response, he said, "Oh, what's the use? Turn him over to the police." As police held Schrank, Roosevelt looked down at him, and said, "You poor creature." Roosevelt ordered, "Officers, take charge of him, and see that there is no violence done to him." Girard and another officer led Schrank away into the hotel as the crowd booed at him and applauded for Roosevelt, abiding by his wishes. Roosevelt gave another reassuring tip of the hat to the crowd before he took off in his car. Schrank was led into the kitchen where he was turned over to the local police.

Roosevelt, as an experienced hunter and anatomist, correctly concluded that since he was not coughing blood, the bullet had not reached his lung, and he declined suggestions to go to the hospital immediately. Instead, he delivered his scheduled speech with blood seeping into his shirt. He spoke for 50 minutes before completing his speech and accepting medical attention. His opening comments to the gathered crowd were, "Ladies and gentlemen, I don't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot, but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose."

Afterwards, probes and an x-ray showed that the bullet had lodged in Roosevelt's chest muscle, but did not penetrate the pleura. Doctors concluded that it would be less dangerous to leave it in place than to attempt to remove it, probably remembering what had happened to Roosevelt's immediate predecessor who died after the bullet's wound got infected, and Roosevelt carried the bullet with him for the rest of his life. In later years, when asked about the bullet inside him, Roosevelt would say, "I do not mind it any more than if it were in my waistcoat pocket."

Both Taft and Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson suspended their own campaigning until Roosevelt recovered and resumed his. When asked if the shooting would affect his election campaign, he said to the reporter, "I'm fit as a bull moose." Roosevelt made only two more speeches in the campaign. Although Roosevelt won more votes and electoral votes than Taft, Wilson bested both of them to win the presidency.

Perpetrator

The attempt on Roosevelt's life was perpetrated by John Schrank, a Bavarian-born saloonkeeper from New York. Schrank was born in Erding, Bavaria, on March 5, 1876. He emigrated to the U.S. at the age of 9. His parents died soon after, leaving Schrank to work for his uncle, a New York tavern owner and landlord. Upon their deaths, Schrank's aunt and uncle left him valuable properties, with the expectation that Schrank could live a quiet and peaceful life. Schrank was heartbroken, not just because he had lost his second set of parents, but also because his first and only girlfriend Emily Ziegler had died in the General Slocum disaster on New York's East River. Schrank sold the properties, and drifted around the East Coast for years. He became profoundly religious, and a fluent Bible scholar, whose debating skills were well known around his neighborhood's watering holes and public parks. He wrote spare and vivid poetry. He spent a great deal of time walking around city streets at night but caused no documented trouble.

Aftermath and motives
Schrank was arrested, pleaded guilty and held on US$7,500 bail. Sergent Robert Flood asked him why he did it, and he said, "I did it because I was opposed to the third term. Don't talk to me I will not say anything until tomorrow, for I want to sleep." The Milwaukee Sentinel published a Newspaper extra on October 15, 1912 with the headline, "Insane Man Shoots Roosevelt".

Soon after the assassination attempt, psychologists examined Schrank and reported that he had "insane delusions, grandiose in character," declaring him to be insane. At his trial, the would-be assassin claimed that William McKinley's ghost had visited him in a dream and told him to avenge his assassination by killing Roosevelt. Schrank was committed to the Central State Hospital for the Criminally Insane in Waupun, Wisconsin, in 1914. He remained there for 29 more years, until he died on September 15, 1943, of bronchial pneumonia. His body was donated to the medical school at Marquette University (now the Medical College of Wisconsin) for anatomical dissection.

Theodore Roosevelt opposed Schrank's insanity claims. Roosevelt noted that Schrank, who had started following him in Louisiana, had the good sense to wait until he got to Wisconsin to attempt the murder, because Schrank probably would have gotten lynched if he had attempted the murder in a Southern state (as it was, he almost got lynched even in Wisconsin), and because Schrank would have been executed in a Southern state even if he had not been lynched.

For the 100th anniversary of the attempted assassination Historic Milwaukee Inc. reenacted the assassination attempt. The event was attended by Mayor Tom Barrett and took place on Sunday, October 14, in front of the Hyatt Regency Milwaukee, 333 W. Kilbourn Ave.

Archive
While John F. Schrank was committed, he wrote a number of letters to the doctor he was consulting at the mental hospital, Adin Sherman. The University of North Carolina at Wilmington possesses twenty of them. The letters are dated between 1914 and 1918. The accession number in the Manuscripts Collection is 148.

The Milwaukee Public Library contains a collection of court exhibits and transcripts from Schrank's trial. It is Local History Manuscript Collection 43.


text:
NEC SX-6

The SX-6 is a NEC SX supercomputer built by NEC Corporation that debuted in 2001; the SX-6 was sold under license by Cray Inc. in the U.S. Each SX-6 single-node system contains up to eight vector processors, which share up to 64 GB of computer memory. The SX-6 processor is a single chip implementation containing a vector processor unit and a scalar processor fabricated in a 0.15 μm CMOS process with copper interconnects, whereas the SX-5 was a multi-chip implementation. The Earth Simulator is based on the SX-6 architecture.

The vector processor is made up of eight vector pipeline units each with seventy-two 256-word vector registers. The vector unit performs add/shift, multiply, divide and logical operations. The scalar unit is 64 bits wide and contains a 64 KB cache. The scalar unit can decode, issue and complete four instructions per clock cycle. Branch prediction and speculative execution is supported. A multi-node system is configured by interconnecting up to 128 single-node systems via a high-speed, low-latency IXS (Internode Crossbar Switch).

The peak performance of the SX-6 series vector processors is 8 GFLOPS. Thus a single-node system provides a peak performance of 64 GFLOPS, while a multi-node system provides up to 8 TFLOPS of peak floating-point performance.

The SX-6 uses SUPER-UX, a Unix-like operating system developed by NEC. A SAN-based global file system (NEC's GFS) is available for a multinode installation. The default batch processing system is NQSII, but open source batch systems such as Sun Grid Engine are also supported.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: NEC SX-6


text:
New Rice for Africa

New Rice for Africa (NERICA) is a cultivar group of interspecific hybrid rice developed by the Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice) to improve the yield of African rice cultivars. Although 240 million people in West Africa rely on rice as the primary source of food energy and protein in their diet, the majority of this rice is imported. Self-sufficiency in rice production would improve food security and aid economic development in West Africa.

The results of the NERICA Project, which is funded by the African Development Bank, the Japanese government, and the United Nations Development Programme, was a major agenda item at the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD-IV) in 2008. The new rice varieties, which are suited to drylands, were distributed and sown on more than 200,000 hectares during the last five years in several African countries, notably Guinea, Nigeria, Mali, Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, and Uganda, according to the Africa Rice Center. Though this represents a major advance, it is still projected to fall short of meeting the growing demand for rice as a food staple.

African and Asian rice
African rice Oryza glaberrima has been cultivated for 3,500 years and is well adapted to the African environment. African rice has profuse vegetative growth, which serves to smother weeds; it is also resistant to drought, the insect pest African rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzivora), Rice yellow mottle virus and blast disease. However, African rice has relatively low yields, because it lodges, or falls over, when grain heads are full. Grains may also shatter, further reducing yield.

Cultivation of African rice has been abandoned for the cultivation of high-yield Asian varieties of Oryza sativa. Asian varieties are poorly adapted to African conditions as their cultivation requires abundant water. Asian rice cannot compete with weeds due to their semi-dwarf phenotypes and are susceptible to pests and diseases in African conditions.

New rice for Africa

The new rice for Africa was created by crossing O. glaberrima and O. sativa. Because the different species do not naturally interbreed, a plant tissue culture technique called embryo-rescue was used to assure that crosses between the two varieties survive and grow to maturity. The new rices display heterosis, the phenomenon in which the progeny of two genetically different parents grow faster, yield more, or resist stresses better than either parent.

Key features of the new varieties include:
 * An increase in grain head size from 75-100 grains per head to 400 grains per head.
 * An increase in yield from 1 tonne per hectare to 2.5 tonnes per hectare, yield increases to 5 tonnes per hectare with fertilizer use.
 * Contains 2% more protein than their African or Asian parents.
 * They are taller than most rices, which makes harvesting easier.
 * They resist pests, and they tolerate drought and infertile soils better than Asian varieties.

Some NERICA lines show high growth with low uptake of water and seem to be appropriate for long periods of cultivation in drought condition.

For his leadership in developing NERICA, Monty Jones was named a co-recipient of the 2004 World Food Prize.

title: New Rice for Africa


text:
Talk:Road movie

References to use

 * Please add to the list references that can be used for the film article.

Great list, thanks! OnBeyondZebrax • TALK 11:42, 14 September 2021 (UTC)

WorldCat Genres
Maximilianklein (talk) 23:44, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

Wow
can't believe yall had a list of road movies without pee-wee's big adventure on it smh — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.94.186.32 (talk) 01:30, 18 February 2016 (UTC)

Added films
I've added a few films that either originate from a non-U.S. country, and U.S. films that are culturally significant:

Non-U.S.:
 * Knockin' on Heaven's Door (Germany, 1997)
 * The Parade (Serbia, 2011)
 * Come as You Are (Belgium, 2011)
 * Mourning (Iran, 2011)
 * Eyjafjallajökull (France, 2013)
 * Loev (India, 2015)
 * Ameerika Suvi (Estonia, 2016)

U.S.:
 * The Last Detail (1973)
 * The Sugarland Express (1974)
 * My Own Private Idaho (1991)
 * Are We There Yet? (2005)
 * On the Road (2012)

The table in the article still contains some films that are not exactly road movies in its classical sense, such as "Thor: Ragnarok". Others don't seem to have the necessary significance. - Mardus /talk 03:37, 3 July 2017 (UTC)

'Romy and Michele's High School Reunion'?
Arguably, this is largely a 'road movie', as well. Will not add until further input. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.238.143.157 (talk) 16:39, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

Can someone add this to the list of road movies?
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jesus_Rolls Ageless (talk) 04:34, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Road movie


text:
Talk:Research chemical

Not able to understand
I am not able to understand what this article is all about. Abhijeet Safai (talk) 09:13, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Research chemical


text:
Welcome Home ('Til Tuesday album)

Welcome Home is the second studio album by the American band 'Til Tuesday, released in 1986. It peaked at No. 49 on the Billboard 200. The band supported the album with a North American tour.

Production
The album was produced by Rhett Davies. All of its songs were written or cowritten by Aimee Mann.

Critical reception
The Los Angeles Times wrote that "Mann is adept at writing melancholy lyrics about shattered romance, but they don't have to be set to languid music." The Gazette determined that "none of the members of this East Coast modern pop quartet could put together a decent song if it were written on their beautiful foreheads, and one more video band takes the gas." The Orlando Sentinel called Welcome Home "a warm, sepia-toned collection of tunes that exploit Mann's songwriting abilities." The New York Times concluded that "one by one, the songs just barely steer clear of self-pity... But together, they add up to an album as single-mindededly morose as Frank Sinatra's Only the Lonely."

Track listing

 * 1) "What About Love" (Mann) – 3:56
 * 2) "Coming Up Close" (Mann) – 4:40
 * 3) "On Sunday" (Hausman, Holmes, Mann, Pesce) – 4:06
 * 4) "Will She Just Fall Down" (Mann) – 2:49
 * 5) "David Denies" (Hausman, Holmes, Mann, Pesce) – 4:50
 * 6) "Lovers' Day" (Mann, Pesce) – 4:19
 * 7) "Have Mercy" (Mann) – 4:55
 * 8) "Sleeping and Waking" (Hausman, Holmes, Mann, Pesce) – 3:24
 * 9) "Angels Never Call" (Mann) – 3:40
 * 10) "No One Is Watching You Now" (Mann) – 3:52

Personnel

 * 'Til Tuesday
 * Aimee Mann – vocals and bass
 * Joey Pesce – piano, synthesizers, backing vocals
 * Robert Holmes – guitars, backing vocals
 * Michael Hausman – drums and percussion
 * Technical
 * Mark McKenna, Rhett Davies - engineer
 * Bruce Lampcov - engineer, mixing
 * Mark Larson - art direction
 * Erica Lennard - photography

title: Welcome Home ('Til Tuesday album)


text:
User talk:Jbierce

ClockworkTroll 02:25, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jbierce


text:
Quartz (graphics layer)

In Apple's macOS operating system, Quartz is the Quartz 2D and Quartz Compositor part of the Core Graphics framework. Quartz includes both a 2D renderer in Core Graphics and the composition engine that sends instructions to the graphics card. Because of this vertical nature, Quartz is often synonymous with Core Graphics.

In a general sense, Quartz or Quartz technologies can refer to almost every part of the macOS graphics model from the rendering layer down to the compositor including Core Image and Core Video. Other Apple graphics technologies that use the "Quartz" prefix include these:
 * Quartz Extreme
 * QuartzGL (originally Quartz 2D Extreme)
 * QuartzCore
 * Quartz Display Services
 * Quartz Event Services

Quartz 2D and Quartz Compositor
Quartz 2D is the primary two-dimensional (2D) text and graphics rendering library: It directly supports Aqua by displaying two-dimensional graphics to create the user interface, including on-the-fly rendering and anti-aliasing. Quartz can render text with sub-pixel precision; graphics are limited to more traditional anti-aliasing, which is the default mode of operation but can be turned off. In Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger, Apple introduced Quartz 2D Extreme, enabling Quartz 2D to offload rendering to compatible GPUs. However, GPU rendering was not enabled by default due to potential video redraw issues or kernel panics. In Mac OS X v10.5 Quartz 2D Extreme was renamed to QuartzGL.

The Quartz Compositor is the compositing engine used by macOS. In Mac OS X Jaguar and later, the Quartz Compositor can use the graphics accelerator (GPU) to vastly improve composition performance. This technology is known as Quartz Extreme and is enabled automatically on systems with supported graphics cards.

title: Quartz (graphics layer)


text:
Talk:Quartz (graphics layer)

why Quartz 2D Extreme is disabled
Until now, under 'Quartz 2D & Quartz Compositor', the end of the first paragraph read...

''In Mac OS X v10.4, Apple introduced Quartz 2D Extreme, which allows Quartz 2D to leverage supported GPUs for rendering. In Mac OS X 10.4, Quartz 2D Extreme is not enabled by default, as it offers few speed improvements in its current implementation.[4]''

... with the citation at the end pointing to the Quartz section from Ars Technica's review of Tiger. The claim that 'it offers few speed improvements in its current implementation' is not at all supported by anything in that review, though -- in fact, the author claims exactly the opposite, and provides lots of numbers and bar graphs to back it up. I have no idea how somebody could have drawn any other conclusion.

So... i have changed that paragraph to the following:

''In Mac OS X v10.4, Apple introduced Quartz 2D Extreme, which allows Quartz 2D to leverage supported GPUs for rendering. In Mac OS X 10.4, Quartz 2D Extreme is not enabled by default, because it may lead to video redraw issues or kernel panics.[4]''

That last part (with citation of Apple's official word on the subject) is lifted from the Quartz 2D article. ~ lav-chan @ 04:30, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Copyright status
Is this closed-source proprietary software? The article should mention. -- Beland (talk) 22:03, 24 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Quartz (graphics layer)


text:
Naomi Zaizen

Naomi Zaizen (財前 直見) is a Japanese actress.

Films

 * Heaven and Earth (1990), Yae
 * Brave Father Online: Our Story of Final Fantasy XIV (2019), Yukiko Iwamoto
 * The Women in the Lakes (2024), Ikuko Matsumoto

Television

 * Homura Tatsu (1993)
 * Yoshitsune (2005), Hōjō Masako
 * Naotora: The Lady Warlord (2017), Chika
 * Dear Radiance (2024), Fujiwara no Yasuko

Dubbing

 * Avalon, Ash (Małgorzata Foremniak)

title: Naomi Zaizen


text: Category:Music of Burkina Faso

title: Category:Music of Burkina Faso


text: Category:Culture of Burkina Faso

title: Category:Culture of Burkina Faso


text:
Category:Airlines of France

See Also: List of airlines and List of defunct airlines

title: Category:Airlines of France


text:
Suffragette City

"Suffragette City" is a song by the English singer-songwriter David Bowie. It was originally released in April 1972 as the B-side of the single "Starman" and subsequently appeared on his fifth studio album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (1972). The song was later reissued as a single in 1976, with the US single edit of "Stay" as the B-side, to promote the compilation album Changesonebowie in the UK. Co-produced by Bowie and Ken Scott, it was recorded by Bowie at Trident Studios in London with his backing band the Spiders from Mars, consisting of Mick Ronson, Trevor Bolder and Mick Woodmansey, at a late stage of the album's sessions. The song was originally offered to English band Mott the Hoople, who declined it and recorded Bowie's "All the Young Dudes" instead. It is a glam rock song that is influenced by the music of Little Richard and the Velvet Underground. The lyrics include a reference to Anthony Burgess' novel A Clockwork Orange and the lyric "Oooohh wham bam, thank you, ma'am".

"Suffragette City" received acclaim from music critics, with many praising the guitar work, the band's performance, the false ending, the lyric and the song's power. It has subsequently been called one of Bowie's greatest songs by multiple publications, including NME. Bowie performed the song frequently during his concert tours and it has appeared on multiple compilation albums. It has been remastered several times, including 2012 for the 40th anniversary of the album; this version was included as part of the 2015 box set Five Years (1969–1973).

Composition and recording
"Suffragette City" was recorded on 4 February 1972 at Trident Studios, London, towards the end of the Ziggy Stardust sessions. Also recorded during this session were "Rock 'n' Roll Suicide" and "Starman". It was co-produced by Bowie and Ken Scott and recorded with Bowie's backing band the Spiders from Mars, consisting of Mick Ronson, Trevor Bolder and Mick Woodmansey. Before recording it himself, Bowie offered "Suffragette City" to Mott the Hoople, an English band he greatly admired, provided they forgo their plan to break up. The group refused but recorded Bowie's "All the Young Dudes" instead.

The track is a glam rock, proto-punk, and hard rock song. The piano riff was heavily influenced by the music of Little Richard. The song features one of Bowie's earliest uses of the ARP synthesiser, which would later become the backbone of his Berlin Trilogy. The instrument was used to mimic a saxophone, which underscores the guitar throughout the track. Bowie composed the riff, while Scott used the ARP located at Trident to find the right sound and Ronson played the notes. The backing vocals move from the left channel in the first verse to the right in the second. According to biographer Peter Doggett, while other rock songs such as the Rolling Stones' "Brown Sugar" and the Kinks' "All Day and All of the Night" use a standard three-chord structure that is spaced "two and three semitones apart" (such as E-G-A or A-G-C), "Suffragette City" uses tighter, two-semitone gaps (F-G-A), which "leaves the ear to expect a softer A minor as the root of the song, only for a decisive A major chord to appear instead". Doggett believes that this decision gives the track its "unrelenting power". The track's acoustic guitar instrumentation was played by Bowie, but is mostly buried in the mix under Ronson's electric guitar. After a false ending, Bowie cries "wham bam, thank you, ma'am!" before the band gets back into the groove, finishing with Bowie shrieking "Suffragette!"

According to Doggett, before "Suffragette City", the only popular song to contain "suffragette" in its title was "Sister Suffragette", from the 1964 film Mary Poppins. He argues the film's song has more to do with women's liberation than "Suffragette City" does. "Suffragette City" includes the lyric "Ah droogie, don't crash here", a direct reference to the Anthony Burgess' novel A Clockwork Orange (1962); Stanley Kubrick's film adaptation was a major influence on Ziggy Stardust's cultural grab-bag, dictating both costumes and pre-show music on tour. The song was written only a few months after the film's release in 1971. The famous, "sexually charged" hook "wham bam, thank you, ma'am!" previously appeared as the title of a song on jazz bassist Charles Mingus's 1961 album Oh Yeah, as well as a 1967 song by the Small Faces. Bowie also uses the "hey man!" backing vocals in the same style as "white light!" from the Velvet Underground's 1968 song "White Light/White Heat", a line from the 1970 song "I Found Out" by John Lennon, a Marc Bolan-esque boogie, "some Flamin' Groovies speed, some Jerry Lee Lewis swagger", and a "dose of hard rock theatrics" to finish it out.

Bowie's handwritten lyrics for the song were included in the David Bowie Is travelling exhibit from 2013 to 2018 and were put up for auction by the owner, who had been gifted the lyrics by Bowie, in late 2023.

Release and reception
"Suffragette City" was originally released on 28 April 1972 by RCA Records as the B-side of Bowie's single "Starman" (as RCA 2199). It was subsequently released as the 10th and penultimate track on his fifth studio album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, on 16 June of that year. RCA reissued the track as the A-side of a single (RCA 2726) on 9 July 1976, to promote the compilation album Changesonebowie in the UK, with the US single edit of the Station to Station track "Stay" as the B-side. The single failed to chart.

Since its release, "Suffragette City" has received critical acclaim, with many writers praising the guitar work. In a review of Ziggy Stardust on its release, Richard Cromelin of Rolling Stone called "Suffragette City" Bowie's "supreme moment as a rock & roller". Noting the Velvet Underground influence, he praised the guitar work in the second half and the false ending, writing that the lyric "Oooohh Wham Bam Thank you Ma'am!" brings you back into it and would make you want to do somersaults. Cromlin concluded by saying that there's only one thing left for the Star, quoting the lyric "There's only room for one and here she comes, here she comes". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic praised Ronson's guitar work, writing, "[Ronson] plays with a maverick flair that invigorates rockers like 'Suffragette City', 'Moonage Daydream' and 'Hang On to Yourself'". Ned Raggett, also of AllMusic, noted the influence of Lou Reed and the Velvet Underground, which was previously seen on the Hunky Dory track "Queen Bitch", but found an overall better result in "Suffragette City". Raggett similarly praised Ronson's guitar work, acknowledging it as both a glam trademark and rock trademark. He further complimented the keyboards and piano, saying they add to song's power and drive. Of the lyrics, Raggett said that some seem like "bad ideas" but that the false ending and famous hook make up for it.

Ian Fortnam of Louder, in a review ranking every song on The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars from worst to best, placed "Suffragette City" at number five, calling it "Ziggy's most reconstructed rocker". Also praising the false ending and famous hook, he ends his review by describing the track as "glam rock in excelsis". Jordan Blum, writing for PopMatters, described "Suffragette City" and "Ziggy Stardust" as the album's standout tracks that are "still endlessly addicting and pleasantly infectious" 40 years later. He adds that both songs have "archetypal" guitar riffs that, together with the instrumentation and dynamics, make for phenomenal recordings. Blum concluded his review praising this track's hook, chorus and horns, while acknowledging it as "one of the best anthemic tracks ever made". In 2018, the writers of NME listed "Suffragette City" as Bowie's 14th greatest song. In 2015, Ultimate Classic Rock placed the track on their list of the top 200 songs of the 1970s, writing, "this song underscored Bowie's broad interests – he pulled in references from Charles Mingus and A Clockwork Orange – even as it showcased his willingness to experiment with things like the ARP synth".

Live versions and subsequent releases
On 16 May 1972, Bowie recorded "Suffragette City" for the BBC radio programme Sounds of the 70s, presented by John Peel; the session was broadcast one week later. In 2000, this recording was released on the compilation album Bowie at the Beeb. Pegg called the performance "excellent", praising Ronson's "sharp" guitar work and the boogie-woogie piano-playing from Nicky Graham. The song was frequently performed by Bowie during concert tours throughout his career. Performances from the Ziggy Stardust Tour (1972–1973) have appeared on the live albums Live Santa Monica '72 (2008) and Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture (1983), the final concert of the tour at which Bowie unexpectedly announced it as "the last show we'll ever do". Performances from the 1974 Diamond Dogs Tour have appeared on David Live (1974), Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74) (2017), and I'm Only Dancing (The Soul Tour 74) (2020). A performance from the 1976 Isolar Tour was released on Live Nassau Coliseum '76 (2017), while performances from the 1978 Isolar II Tour were included on the 2017 edition of Bowie's live album Stage and Welcome to the Blackout (2018).

Since its release, "Suffragette City" has appeared on numerous compilation albums, including Changesonebowie (1976), Changesbowie (1990), The Best of David Bowie 1969/1974 (1997), and Best of Bowie (2002). The song, along with the entire Ziggy Stardust album, has been remastered multiple times, including in 1990 by Rykodisc, and 2012 for its 40th anniversary. The 2012 remaster and a 2003 remix, by producer Ken Scott, were included as part of the box set Five Years (1969–1973) in 2015.

Track listing
All tracks written by David Bowie.

1972 B-side single
 * 1) "Starman" – 4:10
 * 2) "Suffragette City" – 3:25

1976 A-side single
 * 1) "Suffragette City" – 3:25
 * 2) "Stay" – 3:21

Personnel
Personnel per Cann and O'Leary:
 * David Bowie – vocals, twelve-string acoustic guitar, producer
 * Mick Ronson – backing vocals, electric guitar, piano, ARP 2600 synthesiser
 * Trevor Bolder – bass guitar
 * Mick Woodmansey – drums
 * Ken Scott – producer

title: Suffragette City


text:
User talk:Ardhi108

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Fan art
Fan art is derivitive work, something we can't use in these articles. They have to be pictures from the manga itself, something we already have. – Someguy0830 (Talk | contribs) 21:27, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Ardhi108


text:
Talk:Deniable encryption

obey government requirements
BestCrypt, commercial on-the-fly disk encryption for MS Windows "respect" stringent governmental requirements.

Whatever it mean it something was coded in. Why you cover up this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.90.197.244 (talk) 23:05, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * My apologies, that was a good addition, sorry about that. I will fix it now. LegoKontribsTalkM 23:08, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Including that in this article is just irrelevant. Surely if it contains a government backdoor, they wouldn't be boasting about it. If you read that page, it just seems a continuation of the thought that governments have high standards for crypto products — usual meaningless marketing drivel. By taking it out of context and adding your quotes around "respect", you're introducing bias that doesn't exist in the source. -- intgr [talk] 23:28, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Quotes removed now word "respect" is not highlighted by any means. Are any sources to hypothesize above if-thesis? 99.90.197.244 (talk) 00:07, 20 August 2010 (UTC)
 * It's irrelevant to the article — whether or not it has been approved for government use does not affect its deniability. Unless you're alleging that it's a backdoor, in which case it is your bias, not what the source is saying (because you took it out of context). And it's quoted from marketing blurb that shouldn't be used as a source on Wikipedia anyway. -- intgr [talk] 00:29, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

DoxBox
Can someone please update this article to add a reference to DoxBox (https://t-d-k.github.io/doxbox/ ) which is a relaunch of FreeOTFE. I am the maintainer of DoxBox. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Squte (talk • contribs) 23:57, 30 August 2014 (UTC)

Rework
This article confuses 3 different types of 'deniable encryption' (only one of which is normally called that), viz:

 * 1) Decrypting the same cypher text to different plain texts depending on the key. This is implied to be the only form that exists in the 2nd para and the 'scenario', but there are no practical programs that do this (afaik)
 * 2) Steganography. This is not normally called 'deniable encryption'
 * 3) Hiding encrypted data in pseudo-random data. Which is the most common approach, but is an afterthought

The section on Malleable encryption also isn't much to do with 'malleable encryption' as defined in that article. It would be better to call it 'deniable authentication' and remove the link to 'malleable encryption'.

There should also be a section on practical problems with deniable encryption (as in the Schneier paper ref'd)

If no one has any objections, I'll update the article accordingly. Tdk at squte (talk) 10:17, 4 September 2014 (UTC)

I've removed the sentence claiming enc'd data is generally detectable using a chi^2 test. The reference given has just a blank statement to that effect, and is biased. OTOH this reference http://www.devttys0.com/2013/06/differentiate-encryption-from-compression-using-math/ is more credible and gives evidence that it's indistinguishable from random data (as you'd expect). Tdk at squte (talk) 10:51, 4 September 2014 (UTC)

 * In general, agreed.
 * Wrt #1, I think it should be clarified that that's the ideal end-goal of deniable encryption, but practical systems have to make tradeoffs to be usable and manageable. I don't think the article suggests that's "the only form that exists". AFAICT it's only possible with "long key" systems, like the one-time pad, where part of the message is encoded in the key itself, but simply not useful in practice. There was previous discussion about this at.
 * #2 It's a related concept, maybe it would be good to describe steganography in summary style. But I agree that the current references to "steganography" in the article aren't relevant. -- intgr [talk] 14:10, 4 September 2014 (UTC)

Deniable Encryption via a Complete Transposition Cipher
—By adding decoy words to a plaintext, and transposing the result, one generates a ciphertext, which the intended reader will be able to properly reverse-transpose, but a cryptanalyst will face irreducible entropy: a list of plausible plaintext candidates. For example: let the plaintext be P = "We shall meet on Wednesday, at 7pm". The message writer will construct the following combination: P* = "We shall meet on Wednesday at 7pm # Sunday, Monday,... 1pm, 2pm,..... " and then transpose the words into a ciphertext C. The intended reader possesses the transposition-key, and performs a reverse-transposition, then she ignores everything right of the "#". A cryptanalyst, will find several keys that would reverse transpose C to several plausible plaintext candidates. For example: P' = "We Shall meet on Sunday, at 2pm"... For this deniability to work the transposition cipher must be 'complete' namely it must be able to encrypt any arbitrary permutation to any other arbitrary permutation. See more in https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/510 — Preceding unsigned comment added by GideonSamid (talk • contribs) 06:21, 22 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Right now this is just a preprint; it can't be considered for Wikipedia before it appears in a peer-reviewed journal or conference, and is feasible and useful in practice. -- intgr [talk] 17:02, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Rubberhose (file system) and Rubber-hose cryptanalysis into Deniable encryption
All three pages have source and notability problems. Rubberhose pages are both about deniable encryption and should merge to it to make one good page Softlem (talk) 05:06, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deniable encryption


text: User talk:66.56.231.87

title: User talk:66.56.231.87


text: File:Til Tuesday - Everything's Different Now.jpg


text:
Seongnam FC

Seongnam FC is a South Korean professional football club based in Seongnam that competes in the K League 2, the second tier of South Korean football. Founded in 1989 as Ilhwa Chunma Football Club, the club has won seven national league titles, three FA Cups, three League Cups, and two AFC Champions League titles. Seongnam also placed fifth in the IFFHS Asian Clubs of the 20th century.

In 2014, the club was bought by the Seongnam City Government and was renamed as Seongnam FC.

Foundation
In 1975, Sun Myung Moon, the owner of Tongil Group, wanted to found a professional football club in South Korea. Since the Korean Super League was founded in 1983, he tried to find a club to participate in the league but Choi Soon-young, the head of Korea Football Association, ignored Moon's interest due to a religious reasons.

Nevertheless, Tongil Group prepared the foundation of a new football club since 1986 and finally obtained a license from Korea Football Association as a club based in Seoul. Tongil Group firstly considered to find the club in Honam provinces but there was objection from the local community.

Officially, the club was founded on 18 March 1989 as Ilhwa Chunma Football Club (Chunma is known in Korean culture as the winged horse that the Jade Emperor riding in heaven) and the club based in Seoul became the sixth member of the Korean Super League. The foundation ceremony was held in Sheraton Walkerhill Hotel in Seoul. Korea Football Association helped the club to form a team quickly by giving the permission to have six priority picks out of players from Honam regions in the 1989 K League draft. The club has chosen six players, including Ko Jeong-woon and signed Park Jong-hwan as the head coach. The contract with Park was a lucrative deal back then; a signing bonus of 100 million KRW was paid along with 48 million KRW as annual salary.

Early successes
The club was successful from its beginning, winning its first League Cup three years after its foundation in 1992 and winning three consecutive league titles from 1993 to 1995. In 1995, K League clubs wanted to stop the club's third consecutive title and agreed to change the league format back to two stages and the championship playoffs system; however, Ilhwa Chunma still won the title. Seongnam also won the 1995 Asian Club Championship, defeating Al-Nasr 1–0 after extra time in the final.

Cheonan Bound
The club was forced to move out from Seoul in 1996, as a part of the decentralization policy of the league, Ilhwa Chunma moved to the city of Cheonan due to the city council proposition of refurbishing the Cheonan Oryong Stadium into the football-specific stadium and building another sports complex in Baekseok-dong. The club also changed its name to Cheonan Ilhwa Chunma as a part of the policy.

By the end of 1997, Ilhwa was still a successful team. The club reached the final of the 1996–97 Asian Club Championship and the 1997 Korean FA Cup. However, from 1998, Cheonan Ilhwa Chunma went into a slump due to the core players moved out for various reasons, including Valeri Sarychev, Chunma's goalkeeper, due to K League's year-by-year gradual restriction on foreign goalkeepers' appearances.

As a result, they had recorded the bottom of the league for two consecutive seasons, in 1998 and 1999. In mid-1999, Cha Kyung-bok considered to resign voluntarily due to the poor results.

Not only the results on the field, but also the facilities of Cheonan Oryong Stadium were below the standard. On 22 August 1998, Cheonan Ilhwa Chunma had to finish the game against Jeonnam Dragons during the penalty shoot-out, after 1–1 draw in extra time. According to K League regulations back then, teams were required to decide the winner with the golden goal or the penalty shoot-out after the extra time, if the match score is level at the end of normal time. Since the field was not equipped with a floodlight system, they had to finish their games before sunset. Cheonan Ilhwa Chunma won the game by a draw.

On 21 November 1999, Cheonan Ilhwa Chunma was crowned as the winners of the 1999 Korean FA Cup by winning the final 3–0 against Jeonbuk Hyundai Dinos at Jeju Stadium.

Resettled in Seongnam
In 2000, the club moved to the Seoul satellite city of Seongnam and renamed themselves to Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma. The move worked out very well, as the rejuvenated club went on to win three consecutive K League titles from 2001 to 2003, as well as a league cup title in 2002 and an A3 Champions Cup in 2004.

A disappointing 2004 campaign saw them meekly relinquish their title. However, they reached the final of the 2004 AFC Champions League, where despite winning the away leg 3–1, they lost the home leg 5–0 to Saudi Arabian club Al-Ittihad and lost the tie 6–3 on aggregate. The defeat led to the resignation of their manager, Cha Kyung-bok.

With Kim Hak-bum's management, the club bounced back to the forefront of South Korean football in style as they claimed their seventh league title in 2006, defeating Suwon Samsung Bluewings 3–1 on aggregate in the championship playoff final. This was their seventh K League title which is a record out of all the K League clubs.

Before they were defeated by Suwon Bluewings 2–1 on 15 July 2007 in the 2007 season, they went undefeated for 22 consecutive league matches – the third longest streak in the history of the K League.

Seongnam reached the final of the 2007 K League Championship but were beaten 4–1 on aggregate by the Pohang Steelers, despite finishing in first place during the regular season.

Seongnam's former player Shin Tae-yong returned as caretaker manager in the 2009 season, then as manager from the following season and continued the club's success. On 13 November 2010, Seongnam beat Iranian club Zob Ahan FC 3–1 in the final of the 2010 AFC Champions League. This was their second AFC Champions League title and qualified them directly into the quarter-finals stage of the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup. Seongnam finished the tournament in fourth place. Seongnam added another FA Cup trophy in 2011, beating Suwon Bluewings 1–0 in the final on 15 October 2011.

During the 2013 season, there were rumors that the club was going to be sold to Ansan city government after the death of Sun Myung Moon, the founder of the Unification Church. Moon was extremely devoted to football so the Unification Church had been running the club, but after his death, the Unification Church's board of directors saw no reason to continue running the club and stated their thoughts on selling the club to another organization. After the rumor was reported by the press, Ansan's mayor officially mentioned that the city is in a process of purchasing the club from Ilhwa. Estimated number of 800 supporters protested in front of the Seongnam city hall stating the city could not lose one of the most successful clubs in the Asian football's history. Seongnam city started negotiation to purchase the club from Ilhwa. In October 2013, Lee Jae-myung, the mayor of Seongnam, had a conference and announced that Seongnam City Council agreed to take over the club from Ilhwa Sports and will be participating under the name Seongnam FC.

Seongnam FC era (2014–present)
In December 2013, Seongnam City officially took over the club from Ilhwa Co., Ltd. They changed their symbol to magpie, the symbol of the Seongnam city, from chunma, which was the symbol of the Unification Church. The yellow color of their uniform was also replaced with black. Their first manager Park Jong-hwan, who had managed the club from 1988 to 1996, returned to the club as manager once again.

The club played the first home game as Seongnam FC on 15 March 2014 against FC Seoul, resulting in a 0–0 draw. Their first victory came on 26 March, when they beat their bitter rivals Suwon Samsung Bluewings 2–0. The following month, manager Park Jong-hwan resigned after it was revealed that he had been assaulting players. After months of confusion, the club appointed Kim Hak-bum, who previously led their golden age, as their manager. The return turned out to be successful, as Seongnam not only escaped relegation but also won their third FA Cup trophy, beating FC Seoul in a penalty shoot-out.

In the 2016 season, after Incheon's win over Suwon FC on the final day of the season, Seongnam finished 11th and were relegated to the second division for the first time in their history after being defeated by Gangwon FC on away goals rule in the promotion-relegation playoffs.

Nam Ki-il was announced as the club's new manager on 6 December 2017, replacing Park Kyung-hoon. He contributed a lot to the promotion of Seongnam FC to the first division just one season after it was demoted to the second division. Nam resigned his position as the manager of the club on December 16, 2019

Kim Nam-il was appointed as the club's new manager on 23 December 2019 to lead the club in the 2020 K League 1 season.

League

 * K League 1
 * Winners (7): 1993, 1994, 1995, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006
 * Runners-up (3): 1992, 2007, 2009
 * K League 2
 * Runners-up (1): 2018

Cups

 * Korean FA Cup
 * Winners (3): 1999, 2011, 2014
 * Runners-up (3): 1997, 2000, 2009
 * Korean League Cup
 * Winners (3): 1992, 2002, 2004
 * Runners-up (3): 1995, 2000, 2006
 * Korean Super Cup
 * Winners (1): 2002
 * Runners-up (2): 2000, 2004
 * President's Cup
 * Winners (1): 1999

Asian

 * Asian Club Championship/AFC Champions League
 * Winners (2): 1995, 2010
 * Runners-up (2): 1996–97, 2004
 * Asian Super Cup
 * Winners (1): 1996
 * A3 Champions Cup
 * Winners (1): 2004

Worldwide

 * FIFA Club World Cup
 * Fourth place (1): 2010
 * Afro-Asian Club Championship
 * Winners (1): 1996

Season-by-season records

 * Key
 * Tms. = Number of teams
 * Pos. = Position in league

title: Seongnam FC


text:
2 Skinnee J's

2 Skinnee J's (alternatively spelled Two Skinnee J's or Too Skinnee J's) is an American hip hop band from Brooklyn, New York, whose music has been categorized as nerdcore and rap rock. The band was founded in 1991 by Special J (vocals), Rabbi J-Slim (vocals), Joey Viturbo (guitar), Sammy B (bass guitar), DJ Casper (keyboards), and Andy Action (drums). With numerous line-up changes, the band was active through the 1990s until 2003, when they officially disbanded. The group recorded several demos, 2 EPs, and 3 studio albums; SuperMercado! on Capricorn Records, Volumizer on Volcano Records, and Sexy Karate on Dolphins vs. Unicorns. The band went through several key membership changes before its breaking up in 2003, although they briefly reunited for reunion tours in 2005, 2008, 2010 and 2012.

History
2 Skinnee J's formed in 1991 at Columbia University in New York City. The original line-up was Special J and Rabbi J-Slim (vocals), Joey Viturbo (guitar), Sammy B (bass), DJ Casper (keyboards), and Andy Action (drums). Their first independent release was on cassette, titled 6 Songs for 5 Bucks. They attracted a fan following through heavy touring in their early years. A second cassette release entitled American Heroes, was released in 1994 with the band titled "Too Skinnee J's". Several personnel changes saw original rapper J-Slim bass player Sammy B and guitarist Joey Viturbo part with the band; whilst J Guevara (formerly of Canadian ska band Me Mom and Morgentaler) and Stevie Spice (of Connecticut ska band Spicy Gribblets) were recruited. Former bassist Sammy B rejoined the band in 1995 as a guitarist and using the name King Vitamin.

They started to break into the mainstream in 1998 after signing with Capricorn and releasing SuperMercado!, which found airplay on modern-rock radio stations. 2 Skinnee J's performed at Woodstock '99 and later criticized the event. Relations soured with Capricorn and the label delayed release of the second album on 2 Skinnee J's two-album contract, Volumizer, produced by Mickey Petralia, for two years after it was recorded. The label folded and the band's contract was bought by Volcano Records. When the album was officially released in 2002, many critics refused to review it again as they had reviewed a pre-release version years earlier. Rockworthy says the delay and its fallout, which left the band without a label, were a major problem and contributed to their decision to break up in 2003. Sexy Karate was released on indie label Dolphins vs Unicorn that year, before their farewell tour in 2003. They returned for a "Five Nights of Fury" tour in 2005 and another five-show reunion tour in 2008.

In 2009 the band website announced the September premier of Get In The Van, a film shot during the 2008 reunion tour.

Special J, Eddie Eyeball, Lance Rockworthy and Andy Action got together for the band's next reunion tour, billed as "acoustically-charged, tell-all brawls," of which there were seven dates between February 12 and April 16, 2010. These shows were held at small, intimate venues, and featured heavy audience participation, through Q&A sessions and singalongs. In between acoustic versions of selections from their entire catalog of songs, each band member told stories about how songs were written, life on the road and the evolution of the band. J Guevara was scheduled to join the band for two of the April shows, and several hints were dropped about plans for a "full-on electric" tour to follow in summer 2010.

Albums

 * SuperMercado! (1998)
 * Volumizer (2002)
 * Sexy Karate (2003)

EPs

 * 6 Songs for 5 Bucks (1993)
 * American Heroes (1994)
 * Return of the New & Improved (1995)
 * Sing, Earthboy, Sing! (1997)

Live and compilations

 * Live at Lakewood Amphitheatre 09/18/1999
 * Live At the Blue Note 11/14/2000
 * 718: Live Farewell Extravaganza
 * Enter the Gold Hat: Sexy Karate Live!
 * The Good, The Bad & The Serious!
 * The Big Green Book

title: 2 Skinnee J's


text:
Idrissa Ouédraogo

Idrissa Ouédraogo (21 January 1954 – 18 February 2018) was a Burkinabé filmmaker. His work often explored the conflict between rural and city life and tradition and modernity in his native Burkina Faso and elsewhere in Africa. He is best known for his feature film Tilaï, which won the Grand Prix at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival and Samba Traoré (1993), which was nominated for the Silver Bear award at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival.

Early life and education
Idrissa Ouédraogo was born in Banfora, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), in 1954. He grew up in the town of Ouahigouya in the northern region of his homeland, and in 1976 he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree. To ensure a better life his farmer parents sent him to Ouagadougou for further education, where he attended the African Institute for Cinema Studies (Institut Africain d’Etudes Cinématographiques) completing his studies in 1981 with a masters. After studying in Kyiv in the USSR he moved to Paris, where he graduated from the Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (IDHEC) in 1985 with a DEA from the Sorbonne.

Early career
On graduating from IAFEC in 1981, Ouédraogo set up his own independent film company, "The Future of Films", which became "Les Films de la Plaine". In 1981, before moving to Kyiv, he worked for the Burkina Faso Directorate of Cinema Production (Direction de la Production Cinématographique du Burkina Faso), where he directed several short films.

In his earliest short, Pourquoi (1981), a man dreams of killing his wife, but is unsure if it is a dream or reality. Ouédraogo followed this with another short film, Poko (1981), which won the short film prize at that year's Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO). Poko follows a young pregnant woman who dies after failing to reach medical facilities whilst being transported on a cart. The film highlighted the fact that despite paying their taxes, the poor gain little real help in day to day necessities from the government. This was followed by the shorts Les Écuelles ("The Platters"; 1983), Les Funérailles du Larle Naba, ("Larle Naba's Funeral"; 1984), Ouagadougou, Ouaga deux roues ("Ouagadougou, Ouaga Two Wheels"; 1985) and Issa le tisserand ("Issa the Weaver"; 1985). His last short was Tenga (1985), which explores a villager who after moving to the city, returns to his hometown. In these shorts Ouédraogo explores themes and film techniques that he would return to in his future feature films.

Feature films
Ouédraogo's first feature, Yam Daabo ("The Choice"; 1986) was well received, and focuses on a rural family's decision to remain reliant on aid or to move location and become self-sufficient. His first film to receive greater distribution was Yaaba ("Grandmother"), which won awards at festivals, including the FIPRESCI Prize at Cannes, and was shown around the world, popular because of its beauty and simplicity. Despite its popularity, critics felt the Yaaba lacked the critical insight into the serious issues that affected village life.

His next film Tilaï ("A Question of Honour") won the Grand Prix at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival. Centered around a moment of change in the Mòoré culture, where the lives of the children of a family are torn apart by the unwavering adherence to tradition in a rapidly transforming modern world. The success of both Yam Daabo and Tilaï placed pressure on Ouédraogo to produce another international success, and his next film Karim and Sala was rushed to be shown at the 12th Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO) and was not well received and suffered from poor distribution. Samba Traoré (1993), returns to the themes of rural versus city life, tradition against change and was well received, being nominated for the Silver Bear at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival. Ouédraogo followed Samba Traoré with The Heart's Cry (Le Cri du cœur; 1994), Kini and Adams (1997), Anger of the Gods (La Colère des dieux; 2003) and Kato Kato (2006).

Ouédraogo's output has been criticised as being too focused on appealing to audiences in Africa and the West. Françoise Pfaff names Ouédraogo, amongst a group of African directors, as a storyteller who has a predilection for filming shots of atypical African rural scenes, such as "monotonous images of women pounding millet or corn". Pfaff's view is that Ouédraogo's work is too focused on non-African audiences and alienates African viewers. In defence, Sharon A. Russell argues that Ouédraogo must always consider the needs of a director who wishes to keep filming in Africa, and that funding for the next film is a priority and that he is a talented person making films under difficult circumstances.

Later life and death
In February 2015, Ouédraogo announced shortly before the opening of the 24th Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO) his desire to direct "an important film" on foreign colonization of the African continent, the anti-colonial struggle and the leading figures of that movement. During a March 2015 interview with Le Monde, Ouédraogo underlined what he believed to be three issues facing the film industry of Burkina Faso. Among those issues are the lack of sufficient knowledge and professionalism when it comes to cinematography. Funding shortages and the absence of a demanding local market are the two other problems he mentioned. During his last few years, Ouédraogo's relatives noted his disappointment in modern African cinema due to what he considered to be deficiency in talent and in means of production.

At around 5:30 a.m. GMT on 18 February 2018, Ouédraogo died at the Bois clinic in Ouagadougou at the age of 64 as a result of an unspecified "illness", according to a statement by the UNCB (Union nationale des cinéastes du Burkina). Shortly after his death, Burkinabé president Roch Marc Christian Kaboré said that his country "had lost a filmmaker of immense talent". On 20 February, he was buried at the Gounghin Cemetery. On its way there, the funeral procession stopped by the Monument of African Filmmakers at the Place des Cinéastes, close to the Ouagadougou City Hall, where he was commemorated by the city's mayor. The convoy then stopped in front of the gate of the FESPACO. Politicians, religious figures and artists were present at the procession, where he was given a military funeral.

Television series

 * Entre l'arbre et l'ecorce (1999)
 * Kadi Jolie (2001)

Segments

 * Lumière and Company (1995)
 * 11'09"01 September 11 (2002)

title: Idrissa Ouédraogo


text:
Robert Herbert

Sir Robert George Wyndham Herbert, (12 June 1831 – 6 May 1905), was the first Premier of Queensland, Australia. At 28 years and 181 days of age, he was the youngest person ever to become premier of an Australian state.

Early years
Born in Brighton, England, on 12 June 1831, Herbert was the only son of the Hon. Algernon Herbert, a younger son of the first Earl of Carnarvon. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. He won a Balliol scholarship in 1849 and, subsequently, the Hertford and Ireland scholarships. He took a first-class in Classical Moderations, won the Latin verse prize in 1852, and obtained second-class final honours in the classical school. He was elected Fellow of All Souls in 1854, and was Eldon law scholar. In 1855, he became private secretary to William Ewart Gladstone and was called to the bar of the Inner Temple in 1858.

Queensland colony
When Queensland was formed into a separate colony, Sir George Bowen was appointed the first governor. He arrived at Brisbane on 10 December 1859 and brought Herbert with him as his private secretary. On the day of the governor's arrival, Herbert was gazetted as colonial secretary, with Ratcliffe Pring as attorney-general. These with the governor formed an executive council to which additions were made afterwards. At the election held early in 1860, Herbert was returned unopposed for one of the Leichhardt seats in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, and became the first Premier of Queensland. He showed himself to be a good leader and held office from December 1859 to February 1866.

During his time as Premier, four land acts were passed, and the education question was also the subject of early measures. The governor, in writing to the secretary of state, stated that the Queensland parliament "had passed a greater number of really useful measures than any other parliament in any of the Australian colonies". Certainly, the first Queensland government was in marked contrast to those of the other colonies, each of which averaged half a dozen ministries in the same period. However, Herbert fell into some disfavour when financial difficulties arose. He resigned in February 1866 and was succeeded by Arthur Macalister who served as premier until 20 July 1866. Herbert was anxious to return to England on account of private business but, at the request of the governor, formed a ministry which lasted less than three weeks and before being merged into the second Macalister ministry. Herbert then left for England, having gained the sort of experience which was to be very useful to him in later years.

Career in England
A few months after Herbert's arrival in England, he was appointed Assistant-Secretary to the Board of Trade. In 1870 was made Assistant Under-Secretary for the Colonies, while his relative, Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, was the serving Secretary of State and, in 1871, became Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. He held that position with great distinction for 21 years. In 1899/1900 he briefly took on the role as Acting Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies because of illness to Sir Edward Wingfield. His attitude was generally conciliatory and he was tactful in dealing with men who came in contact with him.

In 1882, he was created K.C.B. and, in 1892, G.C.B. In the same year, he was appointed chancellor of the Order of St Michael and St George. He left the Colonial Office in 1892, but afterwards took up his duties again for a few months at the special request of Joseph Chamberlain. In 1893–6, he was agent-general for Tasmania, and did active work in connection with the formation of the British Empire League. In December 1903, he was chairman of the tariff commission.

Later years
In later years, Robert Herbert suffered from heart trouble. Believing his health would benefit from a sea voyage, he went for a cruise in the Mediterranean. He met his sister in Marseilles, France, where his health worsened and he returned immediately to England. He was taken in an ambulance railway car on the Great Eastern Railway to his residence at Ickleton, Cambridgeshire, where he died on 6 May 1905.

Personal life
Robert Herbert met his companion, John Bramston, at Balliol College Oxford University, England in the early 1850s. The pair shared rooms at Oxford, and also in London. When Herbert was Premier of Queensland, and Bramston his Attorney-General, the two created a farm on what is now the site of the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital. They named the farmhouse in which they both lived "Herston", a combination of their names, which is now the name of the modern day suburb.

Herbert never married, and modern historians, such as Robert Aldrich, Clive Moore, Robert French, and Garry Wotherspoon, conclude that he was likely gay. In 1864, Herbert gave this explanation as to why he had not married: "It does not seem to me reasonable to tell a man who is happy and content, to marry a woman who may turn out a great disappointment."

Legacy
Herston became the name of a modern-day Brisbane suburb surrounding the site of the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital.

The Herbert River is located in Far North Queensland, Australia. The southernmost of Queensland's wet tropics river systems, it was named in 1864 by the explorer George Elphinstone Dalrymple after Robert Herbert.

The Queensland federal electorate of Herbert, one of the original 65 divisions contested at the first federal election, was named after him.

Governor George Bowen, Queensland's first Governor, appointed Sir Robert George Wyndham Herbert as first Colonial Secretary of Queensland before leaving England in 1859. This document was ranked #5 in the 'Top 150: Documenting Queensland' exhibition when it toured to venues around Queensland from February 2009 to April 2010. The exhibition was part of Queensland State Archives' events and exhibition program which contributed to the state's Q150 celebrations, marking the 150th anniversary of the separation of Queensland from New South Wales.

title: Robert Herbert