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Uncle Wiggily

Uncle Wiggily Longears is the main character of a series of children's stories by American author Howard R. Garis. He began writing the stories for the Newark News in 1910. Garis penned an Uncle Wiggily story every day (except Sundays) for more than 52 years, and published 79 books in his lifetime. According to his obituary in the Chicago Tribune, a walk in the woods in Verona, New Jersey was his inspiration. The books featured work by several illustrators, notably Lansing Campbell. Other illustrators of the series included George L. Carlson, Louis Wisa, Elmer Rache, Edward Bloomfield, Lang Campbell, and Mary and Wallace Stover.

Characters and stories
Uncle Wiggily, an engaging elderly rabbit, is lame from rheumatism. Wherever he goes, he always relies on a red, white, and blue crutch—described as being "striped like a barber-pole", or, in later episodes, "his candy-striped walking cane", with spiral red-and-white striping like a peppermint candy stick.

Uncle Wiggily is only one of many recurring characters in the series. For example, the Pipsisewah is an unsavory bully who appears as a rhinoceros-like creature. His head has a snout with two small horns and large, snorting nostrils; he wears a black, conical cloth hat and patched scarlet trousers, is stout with a giraffe-skin body and bovine tail, and walks upright on two legs. As do the other characters, he has hands, but boar's hooves for feet. He is normally accompanied by the crow-like Skeezicks, in his tall red cap and red-and-yellow-striped suit, and the two of them rarely engage in anything other than mischief harmless to the other characters in the storyline. The Bazumpus, the Crozokus, and the Scuttlemagoon appear less frequently, but are just as outlandish as the aforementioned "Pip" and "Skee", and always require appropriate "handling" by Uncle Wiggily—often with the aid of his animal friends.

There are also several other "bad chaps" in the stories: the Woozy Wolf, Bushy Bear, Skillery Skallery Alligator and the fierce Bobcat, to name but a few. They all seem bent on nibbling the "souse" off Uncle Wiggily's ears, but he always escapes. In shorter, more formulaic stories, his escape is generally enabled by some implement he has just purchased at the store—often while on an errand for his muskrat housekeeper, Nurse Jane Fuzzy Wuzzy. For example, Uncle Wiggily once used an umbrella to foil the Skillery Skallery Alligator by thrusting it into the creature's mouth and opening it, thus preventing his biting the old gentleman rabbit.

Uncle Wiggily also encounters amicable animal characters from his neighborhood, such as Sammie and Susie Littletail (Uncle Wiggily's young nephew and niece), Lulu, Alice, and Jimmie Wibblewobble (duck children), Dr. Possum (local physician), Uncle Butter (goat), Charlie and Arabella Chick, Jackie and Peetie Bow-Wow, Billie and Johnnie Bushytail (squirrel boys), Joie, Tommie, and Kittie Kat, Jennie Chipmunk, Munchie Trot (pony boy), Dottie and Willie Lambkin, Neddie and Beckie Stubtail (friendly bear cubs), as well as many others. In shorter stories, Uncle Wiggily is frequently found helping several of these friends out of some kind of predicament just before one of the bad chaps enters the picture, intent on obtaining "ear-nibbles" from their hapless victims. In longer stories, Uncle Wiggily often is off on a camping trip or other extended journey with one of his friends, fending off repeated incursions or baffling mean-spirited pranks from a lurking villain or two—not uncommonly with the aid of his crutch or a "thing-a-ma-bob" he happens to have brought along in his satchel.

Selected bibliography
Howard Garis published 79 books of Uncle Wiggily stories. A few of these included:

 * Uncle Wiggily's Adventures (1912)
 * Uncle Wiggily's Travels (copyright 1913)
 * Uncle Wiggily's Fortune (copyright 1913)
 * Uncle Wiggily's Automobile (copyright 1913)
 * Uncle Wiggily's Airship (copyright 1915)
 * Uncle Wiggily in the Country (copyright 1916)
 * Uncle Wiggily on the Farm (copyright 1918)
 * Uncle Wiggily's Empty Watch (copyright 1919) — three short stories
 * Uncle Wiggily's Fishing Trip (copyright 1919) — three short stories
 * Uncle Wiggily Goes Swimming (copyright 1919) — three short stories
 * Uncle Wiggily Indian Hunter (copyright 1919) — three short stories
 * Uncle Wiggily's Holidays (copyright 1919) — three short stories
 * Uncle Wiggily in Fairyland (Uncle Wiggily Arabian Nights) (copyright 1922)
 * Uncle Wiggily Book (copyright 1927) — published as a school reading book
 * Uncle Wiggily and Friends (copyright 1939)
 * Uncle Wiggily and the Littletails (copyright 1942)
 * Uncle Wiggily's Happy Days (copyright 1947)
 * Uncle Wiggily and Jackie and Peetie Bow Wow (copyright 1952)
 * Uncle Wiggily at the Seashore
 * Uncle Wiggily's Story Book
 * Uncle Wiggily's Picture Book
 * Uncle Wiggily and the Turkey Gobbler — three short stories
 * Uncle Wiggily's Water Spout — three short stories

Picture books with Lang Cambell
Howard Garis published 32 picture books of Uncle Wiggily stories with Lang Cambell. Each contains three stories, the title story and two more:

 * 1) Uncle Wiggily’s Auto Sled
 * 2) Uncle Wiggily’s Snow Man
 * 3) Uncle Wiggily’s Holidays
 * 4) Uncle Wiggily’s Apple Roast
 * 5) Uncle Wiggily’s Picnic
 * 6) Uncle Wiggily’s Fishing Trip
 * 7) Uncle Wiggily’s June Bug Friends
 * 8) Uncle Wiggily’s Visit To The Farm
 * 9) Uncle Wiggily’s Silk Hat
 * 10) Uncle Wiggily, Indian Hunter
 * 11) Uncle Wiggily’s Ice Cream Party
 * 12) Uncle Wiggily’s Woodland Games
 * 13) Uncle Wiggily On The Flying Rug
 * 14) Uncle Wiggily At The Beach
 * 15) Uncle Wiggily And The Pirates
 * 16) Uncle Wiggily’s Funny Auto
 * 17) Uncle Wiggily On Roller Skates
 * 18) Uncle Wiggily Goes Swimming
 * 19) Uncle Wiggily’s Water Spout
 * 20) Uncle Wiggily’s Laughing Gas Balloons
 * 21) Uncle Wiggily’s Empty Watch
 * 22) Uncle Wiggily’s Radio
 * 23) Uncle Wiggily And The Beaver Boys
 * 24) Uncle Wiggily And The Turkey Gobbler
 * 25) Uncle Wiggily’s Squirt Gun (1919)
 * 26) Uncle Wiggily And The Alligator
 * 27) Uncle Wiggily’s Washtub Ship
 * 28) Uncle Wiggily’s Rolling Hoop
 * 29) Uncle Wiggily’s Make Believe Tarts
 * 30) Uncle Wiggily’s Ice Boat
 * 31) Uncle Wiggily’s Jumping Boots
 * 32) Uncle Wiggily’s Icicle Spear

Board game
The Uncle Wiggily Game has been manufactured for more than a century. In 1916 Milton Bradley began selling a board game that has players taking cards that show how far they can move their Uncle Wiggily figurines across the board. The game was modified in 1929, 1947 and 1955. In 1987 Parker Brothers bought the rights to the game, and made further changes. As of 2018 Winning Moves was manufacturing the Uncle Wiggily Game.

In popular culture
Uncle Wiggley was the name of a small skateboard company that operated from 1984 to 1990 and was known for using "epoxyglass" in their skateboard manufacturing. In addition to making their own products, they also made skateboards decks for Losi, Blockhead, SGI, Magnusson Designs and Steadham Designs, as well as early H-Street decks. Sponsored professionals included Tony Magnusson (who was a part-owner) and John Schultes.

Uncle Wiggly was a 1990s-era rock band.

Uncle Wiggly's was also the name of a Baltimore-based chain of ice cream shops that was closed in January 2020.

A two-part song regarding Uncle Wiggily is on Tourniquet's albums Pathogenic Ocular Dissonance ("The Skeezix Dilemma") and Microscopic View of a Telescopic Realm ("The Skeezix Dilemma Part II").

The book Uncle Wiggily and His Friends makes a brief appearance in the 1994 film Forrest Gump, being read by Jenny while Forrest "dangles".

On the September 4, 2013 episode of Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, Uncle Wiggly's Rheumatism book was featured on the "Do Not Read List" skit.

Uncle Wiggily appears as a reference between the two characters, Eloise and Walt, in Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut - one of the nine short stories in J.D. Salinger's collection of short stories, 'Nine Stories'. Specifically, the story's title refers to an event recalled by Eloise in which she and Walt were running to catch a bus and she sprains her ankle. Walt then says, referring to her ankle in good humor, "Poor Uncle Wiggily...".

Likewise, in the movie My Foolish Heart, based on Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut, the two characters bond over childhood memories of Uncle Wiggily when Eloise (Susan Hayward) cuts her finger while washing Walt's (Dana Andrews) dishes. Walt, caring for her injured finger, says "Poor Uncle Wiggily...", referencing the rabbit's ears and then her ears, which ultimately leads to their first kiss.

In 1987, Uncle Wiggily was referred to in a "rock music fable" called "Little Boy Goes to Hell", a four-record set by Mark Nichols, released on PopLlama Records. The song is titled "Your Deepest Fear".

title: Uncle Wiggily


text:
Seal of North Dakota

The Great Seal of the State of North Dakota is the official seal of the U.S. state of North Dakota.

Description
The seal is based on the description of the seal of the Territory of Dakota, enacted in 1862-3:

The current description is found in Article XI, Section 2 of the Constitution of North Dakota.

The current seal was designed by Lili Stewart of North Dakota in 1987.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Seal of North Dakota


text:
User talk:Red Sox Nut

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text: Category:Umbrian painters

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User talk:US Chess Federation

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text: Category:Polish aviators

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Sit-up

The sit-up (or curl-up) is an abdominal endurance training exercise to strengthen, tighten and tone the abdominal muscles. It is similar to a crunch (crunches target the rectus abdominis and also work the external and internal obliques), but sit-ups have a fuller range of motion and condition additional muscles.

Form
Sit-ups begin with the practicing individual lying with their back on the floor, typically with the arms across the chest or hands behind the head and the knees and toes bent in an attempt to reduce stress on the back muscles and spine, and then elevating both the upper and lower vertebrae from the floor until everything superior to the buttocks is not touching the ground. Some argue that sit-ups can be dangerous due to high compressive lumbar load and may be replaced with the crunch in exercise programs. Performing alternative abdominal exercises to sit-ups actually increases the ability to do sit-ups.

Performing sit-ups do not cause the spot reduction of fat at the waist. Gaining a "six pack" requires both abdominal muscle hypertrophy training and fat loss over the abdomen—which can only be done by losing fat from the body as a whole.

Variations

The movement can be made easier by placing the arms further down away from the head. Typical variations to this include crossing the arms to place the palms on the front of the shoulders and extending the arms down to the sides with palms on the floor. The 'arms on shoulders' variation is also used to make the incline sit-up easier.

More intense movement is achieved by doing weighted sit-ups, incline sit-ups with arms behind neck and even harder by doing the weighted incline sit-up.

Health risks
With improper form, full sit-ups have been found to cause back pain and arching of the lower back, increasing the risk of back injury.

Since the 2010s, every branch of the U.S. armed forces have begun to phase out sit-ups, due to the high rates of lower-back injury.

title: Sit-up


text:
Asiatic Exclusion League

The Asiatic Exclusion League (often abbreviated AEL) was an organization formed in the early 20th century in the United States and Canada that aimed to prevent immigration of people of Asian origin.

United States
In May 1905, a mass meeting was held in San Francisco, California to launch the Japanese and Korean Exclusion League. Among those attending the first meeting were labor leaders and European immigrants, Patrick Henry McCarthy of the Building Trades Council of San Francisco, Andrew Furuseth, and Walter Macarthur of the International Seamen's Union.

Following the first meeting, the San Francisco Chronicle published a picture of laborers who collected at the meeting saying: "Some present owned their own little homes; while a majority know what it is to sit with the good wife of an evening, figure on approaching rent day and make up the cash on hand to see if there is enough to carry the family over to the next day." The Chronicle also mentioned of resilience coming from the men attending the meeting, angrily ranting against the foreign men who were preventing them from owning homes and achieving a middle class life.

In December 1907, the organization was renamed the Asiatic Exclusion League to include the exclusion of Indian and Chinese immigrants in their agenda. Advocating for the "white man's country" and the prohibition of Asian labor immigration, the AEL set up branches across the Pacific coast of North America, achieving transnational status and cross-border labor organization. Once the league was started they immediately began working to prevent any increase of Asians along the Western coastlines. The league used strong-arm methods and violence against Asians to try to ensure the rigorous enforcement of the Chinese Exclusion Act and expand its provisions to other Asian immigrants. They moved quickly to broaden their goals and aimed to prevent immigration of all people of East Asian origin. Their collective aims were to spread false anti-Asian information and to sway legislation towards restricting immigration. In response to their efforts General Ulysses S. Webb, Attorney General for the state of California began to apply a markedly greater effort into enforcing laws that prohibited Asian ownership of property.

Education
AEL framed a campaign geared towards the San Francisco Board of Education to exclude Japanese and Koreans from public schools. The San Francisco school board ruled in October 1906, that all Japanese and Korean students would be forced to join their Chinese counterparts at the segregated Oriental School which was established some two decades earlier in 1884. Many Japanese Americans challenged the school board's ruling by stating that the segregation of schools went against the Treaty of 1894. The Treaty did not address education; however, it did guarantee that equal rights be given to Japanese Americans. As part of the Japanese Americans' challenge, they secured the right to attend San Francisco public schools, but as part of the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907, the Japanese government agreed to stop issuing passports to Japanese laborers.

Government
Applying active pressure on Congress, in March 1907, Congress approved amending existing immigration legislation, thereby allowing President Theodore Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 589 that ended migration by Japanese or Korean laborers from Mexico, Canada, and Hawaii to the continental United States. This was taken together with the Gentlemen's Agreement (1907–1908) with Japan, in which the Japanese government agreed not to issue passports for those laborers seeking work in the United States. This ended the immigration of much-maligned Japanese laborers.

The league enhanced its activities by recruiting members, pledging political candidates to an exclusion law and by attempting to organize all of the western states in a concerted movement that would force Congress to grant their aspirations. For the forces against congress the AEL created a platform of five planks to bring forth to Congress:

"(1) Extending Chinese Exclusion Laws to exclude Japanese and Koreans, except those exempt by the terms of the Chinese Exclusion Act, from the United States and its territories; (2) the members are to pledge not to employ or patronize Japanese or to patronize any person or form employing Japanese or dealing with products coming from such firms; (3) actions of the School Board to adopt a policy segregating Japanese from white children be approved; (4) a campaign calling the attention of the President and Congress to this "menace", be taken over; (5) all labor and civic organizations in the state California are asked to contribute a fixed assessment to the cause."

On May 19, 1913 Governor Hiram Johnson signed the Webb–Haney Act, commonly recognized as Alien Land Law of 1913. These laws limited land leases by "aliens ineligible to citizenship." Consecutive amendments followed Webb-Hartley, passed in 1919 and again in 1920, only further restricted the leasing of land. The latter amendment, represented the most demanding measures this far and was praised to close one and for all any and all loopholes that allowed for Asians to gain ownership. It passed overwhelmingly as a ballot initiative and went into effect on December 9, 1920.

Canada

A sister organization with the same name was formed in Vancouver, British Columbia, on 12 August 1907 under the auspices of the Trades and Labour Council. Its stated aim was "to keep Oriental immigrants out of British Columbia."

On 7 September, riots erupted in Vancouver when League members besieged Chinatown after listening to inflammatory racist speeches at City Hall (then on Main Street near Georgia Street). 4,000 people shouting racist slogans, by the time the riot reached City Hall, it had reached 8,000 people. The crowd marched into Chinatown, vandalizing and causing thousands of dollars' worth of damage. The mob then rampaged through Japantown, where they were confronted by residents armed with clubs and bottles with which they fought back. The organization flourished immediately following the riots, but began to dwindle by the following year. The AEL resurfaced in the early 1920s, this time claiming a membership of 40,000 in the province in the period leading up to the passage of the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, which ended virtually all Chinese immigration to Canada.

In August 1921, there was a meeting held by the AEL bringing together church leaders, businessmen and veterans from World War I as well as representatives from six trade unions and the Vancouver Trades and Labour Council. During this meeting the League issued a program that called for the abolition of all Oriental immigration which later led to a campaign resulting in the Oriental Exclusion Act of 1923.

Another important, albeit indirect, consequence of AEL activity was that the 1907 Vancouver riots led to the first drug law in Canada. The Minister of Labour (and future Prime Minister), William Lyon Mackenzie King, was sent to investigate the riots as well as victim claims for compensation. One claim was submitted by opium manufacturers, which sparked an investigation into the local drug scene by King. Particularly alarming to the minister was that opium consumption was apparently spreading to young white women. A federal law was soon passed "prohibiting the manufacture, sale and importation of opium for other than medicinal purposes."

Both Asiatic Exclusion Leagues were the product of an overall atmosphere of white racism against Asians that prevailed in Canada and the United States from the 1800s on, culminating in the imposition of a head tax and other immigration policies designed to exclude Asians from Canada, as well as Japanese American internment and Japanese Canadian internment during World War II.

Further references
In 1908, the Asiatic Exclusion League reprinted the 1901 pamphlet "Some reasons for Chinese exclusion. Meat vs. Rice. American Manhood against Asiatic Coolieism. Which shall survive?" published by the American Federation of Labor, adding an introduction and appendices.

title: Asiatic Exclusion League


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Texas/to do

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Texas/to do


text:
User talk:Ayrnieu

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text: Category:Same-sex marriage in Canada

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Talk:GCHQ

Senior Staff, Bletchley vs. GC&CS
Either the senior staff at Bletchley is not identical with the senior staff at GC&CS, in which case Alan Turing does not belong onto that list, or it is, in which case at least Gordon Welchman is missing from the list. And maybe Hugh Alexander and Stuart Milner-Barry as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.143.60.50 (talk) 20:57, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

Most successful etc
Removed: "It is the most successful and advanced listening station in the Western World." I don't see how this could ever be verified given that governments are generally less that enthusiastic in publicizing their intelligence capabilities. -- anon
 * Quite, and the NSA are almost certainly more successful and advanced. — Matt Crypto 16:59, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I doubt it. I expect they are both as successful and advanced as they are required to be. As we are never allowed to see the output of GCHQ, despite been forced to fund it via taxes, we can never know whether it is successful or not.Markb 09:41, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Nickname

 * Amongst insiders, the organisation is gaining the nickname "The Jam" (since it can be found inside a doughnut).

An anonymous contributor removed this, and I can't verify it; I've moved it here in case anyone can cite a source. — Matt 23:07, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * It was in a BBC News article, IIRC.
 * James F. (talk) 15:25, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Name change: GC&CS -> GCHQ
When did GC&CS change its name to GCHQ? I've come across different versions: some pinpoint it at around 1942, others say 1946. (I'll try and dig them up). — Matt Crypto 23:03, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I found a document in the PRO from 1942 which suggests using the "GCHQ" as a cover name for Bletchley Park, but it could well be that this was a covername for the BP site, while the entire organisation was still offically known as GC&CS (work was done elsewhere apart from BP) until 1946. — Matt Crypto 15:21, 22 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Just found this reference, too in Michael Smith, Station X, Channel 4 Books, 1998, ISBN 0330419293: "In June 1946, GC&CS adopted its wartime covername Government Communications Headquarters" as its new title" (p. 176). — Matt Crypto 15:27, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

?npov
Why on earth is 'fired' more npov than 'sacked'? As far as I know, 'fired' is the American word for 'sacked': both mean 'summarily dismissed'. Since this is a UK article, it ought to be 'sacked'. Myopic Bookworm 15:00, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
 * That's what I thought, too. I agree that "sacked" is fine in a UK topic article. — Matt Crypto 17:02, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Potential sources to use
— Matt Crypto 11:24, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Richard J. Aldrich, GCHQ and Siginit in the Early Cold War 1945-70, Intelligence & National Security, Volume 16, Number 1 / Spring 2001, 67 - 96
 * Nigel West, GCHQ: the Secret Wireless War, 1900-86, London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1986.

 * Jock Kane, http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/106622

GC&CS and SIS
ISTR in reading Stewart Menzies biography C, that GC&CS was part of SIS after it was moved to the FCO from Admiralty. This remained the case until after WWII when it had got to a sufficient size that it could operate independently of SIS and split out. As a result of this Menzies had close control of the ULTRA intercept material generated from Bletchley. I haven't got access to the book at the moment but can anyone corroborate this from another source?ALR 16:44, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I cannot corroborate, but rather contradict: it was not part of SIS, though it reported to the head of the Secret Service. GC&CS by 1922 transferred to the Foreign Office, under the Chief of the Secret Service, to which service however, it did not belong. John Johnson, "The Evolution of British Sigint 1653-1939" —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Myopic Bookworm (talk • contribs) 20:50, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Regarding the first part: I don't know how much influence and control this gave Menzies over ULTRA, or whether he used this influence to improve the standing of SIS in the government (as our Stewart Menzies article states, but doesn't cite specific sources for). — Matt Crypto 20:55, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
 * "Menzies redesignated himself Director-General and promoted Travis to overall Director of GC&CS...these arrangements prevailed until the end of the Second World War. After the war, GCHQ managed to escape from the control of "C" and disengage itself from the even more fraught management problems of MI6." (Philip H. J. Davies, "From Amateurs to Professionals: GC&CS and Institution-building in SIGINT", pp. 386-402 in Action this Day edited by Ralph Erskine and Michael Smith, 2001)
 * Other than its head and a shared location for a time, GC&CS was separate to SIS: "GC&CS...formed initially in the Admiralty, but by 1922 transferred to the Foreign Office, under the Chief of the Secret Service, to which service, however, it did not belong...apart from the co-location and the common head there appears to have been no other connection, administratively or operationally, between the two organisations". (p. 43-44 in John Johnson, The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939, 1997) (as noted by Myopic Bookworm above; we had an edit conflict).

 * OK, so the two had the same head and they were co-located? GC&CS formed in the Admiralty and SIS originated as the Naval Section?  Call me a bluff old traditionalist but that looks remarkably like they were the same organisation.  although I note that both those sources are later than the Biog which as I recall is mid to late 80s.
 * In practical terms I can fully understand why the work of HUMINTers and SIGINTers wouldn't be integrated, they are different disciplines and whilst one does tend to cue the other the actual practice differs significantly.
 * According to the Biography Menzies controlled the access list for the ULTRA compartment and it's international release.
 * ALR 16:06, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I've just found this very pertinent official SIS web page; it describes the relationship between GCCS & GCHQ with SIS. It says that:
 * "By 1926 SIS and GC&CS shared Broadway Buildings (54 Broadway, St James's), performing distinct activities and occupying different floors. In his GC&CS role, Sinclair took the title 'Director of GC&CS'. Denniston and his deputy Edward Travis reported to him. Although Sinclair was not involved in the day-to-day operations of code-breaking and construction, he or other senior SIS staff represented GC&CS over matters such as foreign relations and inter-departmental arrangements for radio and cable interception. Senior promotions, financial questions and internal organisation within GC&CS were approved by him. In July 1938 Sinclair purchased Bletchley Park in Buckinghamshire as a wartime evacuation location for both his organisations. Both moved there in August 1939."
 * — Matt Crypto 17:41, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

ECHELON
The article says that the ECHELON section needs references. Would any of these be suitable for use as references?

The European Parliament had a sub-committee that reported on Echelon. I don't know if that counts as 'authoritative' or whatever. Here's a link to the European Parliament PDF report:

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML+REPORT+A5-2001-0264+0+DOC+PDF+V0//EN

The cryptome website has some useful information.

http://cryptome.org/echelon-ep.htm

And this page has some links to US news papers.

http://www.fas.org/irp/program/process/echelon.htm

DanBeale 20:08, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

GCCS officially formed on 1 November 1919,[8] and produced its first decrypt on 19 October. - 19th of october? what year? Surely the first decrypt wasnt made before it was formed? Its capabilities are suspected to include the ability to monitor a large proportion of the world's transmitted civilian telephone, fax and data traffic, primarily by way of satellite intercepts. - isn't most data transferred via fibre these days?

-- The Anonymous Pedant —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.209.19.111 (talk) 23:27, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Organisation section
The organisation section references Bamford and an organisation as of 1983. Is this really all that meaningful, since Cheltenham has undergone several rounds of business change, including a significant downsizing to move into the new build and then an unplift requiring the retention of the Oakley site as well as a significant change of focus from the USSR to CT andassymetric threats? I'd suggest that it's more meaningful to just talk in general terms; management, technology, collection planning, collection, analysis and dissemination. those are likely to survive any business change as these are the SIGINT activities.

I'd just go ahead and do it, but since it excises quite a chunk of the article I thought it would be better to discuss it first, in case anyone gets worked up about the fact that it's sourced.

Any thoughts? ALR (talk) 13:18, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree it looked very dated: I have updated it Dormskirk (talk) 14:26, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

Overview of British intelligence - new article
I have created a United Kingdom intelligence community page where we can address the broad issues, such as the relative scope of MI5 and MI6 (as mentioned here). Starting with the list of key agencies shown at the global List of intelligence agencies. It should provide an appropriate place to deal with some of the ambiguities that the present atomised articles fail to cover well.

To discuss, please use this Talk page. Earthlyreason (talk) 07:03, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

GCHQ and the constitution
1) The title of this section is overblown: the paragraph only relates a minor legal decision, not any constitutional position of GCHQ.The history of the sacking and reemployment of GCHQ staff for union activities is much more relevant to the article, under a different heading.

2) The rationale of the judgement seems at best of marginal relevance. Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service reconfirmed the scope of judicial review of the exercise of prerogative powers (the Crown's residual powers under common law). It happened to concern GCHQ, but that seems no more relevant than the location of a road accident or any other litigated event. Would it be better omitted, or linked to an article on judicial review?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jezzabr (talk • contribs) 23:57, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

No, i think it is a suitable statment, as the case effectivley defines what bits of the state can be "sued" by a citizen, that is which decisions of branches of government a citizen can request for a judge to review. (although of course unlike many other states the judge doesn't have the authority to overturn decisions, jsut ask govt. to change the decisions so it complies with law)

also on another constitutional point the minister responsible should be the Primeminister who is the head of security services, rather than david milliband, the minister in charge of the funding department? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.142.183.57 (talk) 17:22, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

GCHQ isn't funded by FCO, it's funded by the Single Intelligence Account, which is managed by Cabinet Office. It is accountable to the Foreign Secretary though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.233.60.26 (talk) 09:13, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

GCCS or GC&CS
Richard Aldrich's book "GCHQ: The Uncensored Story of Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency" is surely the definitive authority on the subject and uses GC&CS rather than GCCS throughout. I therefore suggest that it is appropriate to use the ampersand version of the abbreviation in this article.--TedColes (talk) 17:31, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

References to books are incorrect
A few of the references points to what seems like a surname, year and a page without any ISDN or further documentation where you can actually find these. For example, look at reference 1, 4, 5 and 6. Are they replaceable or traceable? I've been searching with no success. Steamruler (talk) 18:27, 13 May 2013 (UTC)

 * I just realized that these are infact references to books but is done incorrectly so they are unclickable. I have no idea how to fix it so can someone else do it? Steamruler (talk) 20:28, 13 May 2013 (UTC)

The Guardian articles about GCHQ spying, referring to documents leaked by Edward Snowden
Here are some articles from The Guardian about GCHQ spying, referring to documents leaked by Edward Snowden
 * Naughton, John. "If you think GCHQ spying revelations don't matter, it's time to think again." The Observer at The Guardian. Saturday 22 June 2013.
 * MacAskill, Ewen, Julian Borger, Nick Hopkins, Nick Davies and James Ball. "GCHQ taps fibre-optic cables for secret access to world's communications." The Guardian. Friday 21 June 2013. - In this article Snowden said "It's not just a US problem. The UK has a huge dog in this fight. They [GCHQ] are worse than the US."
 * MacAskill, Ewen, Julian Borger, Nick Hopkins, Nick Davies and James Ball. "How does GCHQ's internet surveillance work?." The Guardian. Friday 21 June 2013.
 * MacAskill, Ewen, Julian Borger, Nick Hopkins, Nick Davies and James Ball. "The legal loopholes that allow GCHQ to spy on the world." The Guardian. Friday 21 June 2013.
 * MacAskill, Ewen, Julian Borger, Nick Hopkins, Nick Davies and James Ball. "Mastering the internet: how GCHQ set out to spy on the world wide web." The Guardian. Friday 21 June 2013.
 * Davies, Nick. "MI5 feared GCHQ went 'too far' over phone and internet monitoring." The Observer at The Guardian. Saturday 22 June 2013.

CNN also posted this: WhisperToMe (talk) 18:34, 21 June 2013 (UTC)
 * CNN Staff (Bharati Naik contributed to this article). "Guardian newspaper: UK security agency has spy program; shares data with NSA." CNN. June 21, 2013.

SCMP articles on GCHQ spying
WhisperToMe (talk) 17:09, 22 June 2013 (UTC)
 * "UK spy agency played catch-up to 'master the internet'." (print title: "GCHQ forced to play catch-up - and it won") The Guardian at the South China Morning Post. Sunday 23 June 2013.
 * "Snowden says Britain’s spy agency secretly tapping fibre-optic cables." Agence France-Presse at the South China Morning Post. Saturday, 22 June, 2013.

GCHQ surveillance template
I've just started a new GCHQ surveillance template which is based on the NSAs equivalent surveillance template. It could do with some more info and eyes on it before possible inclusion in this article near the history section. To discuss the template, not it's inclusion here, please use the Talk page for it. Aluxosm (talk) 20:30, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

Invitation to help craft a proposal
Surveillance awareness day is a proposal for the English Wikipedia to take special steps to promote awareness of global surveillance on February 11, 2014. That date is chosen to coincide with similar actions being taken by organizations such as Mozilla, Reddit, and the Electronic Frontier Foundation.

Feedback from editors of this article would be greatly appreciated. Please come join us as we brainstorm, polish, and present this proposal to the Wikipedia Community. --HectorMoffet (talk) 12:30, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
Cyberbot II has detected that page contains external links that have either been globally or locally blacklisted. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed, or are highly innappropriate for Wikipedia. This, however, doesn't necessarily mean it's spam, or not a good link. If the link is a good link, you may wish to request whitelisting by going to the request page for whitelisting. If you feel the link being caught by the blacklist is a false positive, or no longer needed on the blacklist, you may request the regex be removed or altered at the blacklist request page. If the link is blacklisted globally and you feel the above applies you may request to whitelist it using the before mentioned request page, or request its removal, or alteration, at the request page on meta. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. The whitelisting process can take its time so once a request has been filled out, you may set the invisible parameter on the tag to true. Please be aware that the bot will replace removed tags, and will remove misplaced tags regularly.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

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If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 13:43, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

And were do you find the 'Black List' ? -- Narnia.Gate7 (talk) 22:02, 9 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I fixed the link in early April. It had 404'd. . Contact User:Cyberpower678, I presume he has a vellum bound copy of the black list. Gareth E Kegg (talk) 22:16, 9 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Please see the blacklisted links template Gareth E Kegg (talk) 22:25, 9 May 2014 (UTC)

Global surveillance
This article is about the Government Communications Headquarters. The Global surveillance template (on the right) was added, which I replaced with a See also template (above) in the most relevant section.Whizz40 (talk) 13:32, 12 October 2014 (UTC)

Operation Socialist
user:Gareth_E_Kegg Can you elaborate what section of Undue weight you specifically refer to? ChristopheT (talk) 16:52, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Why have you decided to present it in its own section? Not a single other alleged GCHQ operation has its own subsection, so the relatively minor Operation Socialist has undue prominence on the page. Even the vastly more significant Mastering the Internet and JTRIG are merely mentioned within the relevant history sections. Operation Socialist should be spun off to a new article and mentioned within the context of Snowden's revelations within the recent history section. Gareth E Kegg (talk) 19:29, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I am not necessarily against moving the section - so you suggest to add a bullet point to the list for *MIT *GTE and link it to an standalone article ?--ChristopheT (talk) 20:00, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

 * This topic has has already been started and spun out from Global surveillance, see Global surveillance by category. I would favour expanding the existing coverage or spinning out into a seaparte article. Whizz40 (talk) 20:21, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

user:Whizz40 can you have a look at the draft here - any comment ideas or suggestions are welcome - Thank you! ChristopheT (talk) 09:05, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I had a quick look only, looks fine in principle, I did not check the sources. One thing worth considering is has the topic received significant coverage in reliable sources. If it hasn't then making it a section of an existing article, eg a sub-section under Global surveillance by category might be the right approach; if it has then a new article might be the right way to go. The usual policies are good for guidance, for example neutral point of view (and sometimes useful to check WP:UNDUE, WP:FRINGE, WP:SYNTHESIS and WP:EXCEPTIONAL). Hope this is helpful. Whizz40 (talk) 05:31, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

 * thank you for taking the time to have a look - as far as sources go they are as good as it gets for European sources:  De Standaard (since 1911) Der Spiegel (since 1947) are both classical top tier newspapers with national coverage. The advantage I see in having a short independent article is that it can be linked to different topics (Belgacom, GCHQ, Mass Surveillance, Snowden revelation ect.)easily and it does increase visibility when searching  ChristopheT (talk) 10:53, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I would simply add a link the topic the same way as for "Mastering the Internet" & "Global Telecoms Exploitation" (GTE) in the history section if that is ok with you ChristopheT (talk) 10:58, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Suggestions for new content
Some things I think are missing and need adding

 * criticisms of ISC’s lack of independence
 * EU judgments saying the IPT offers no human rights remedy
 * Lack of appeals at IPT
 * The ISC’s admissions in their recent report of various missed oversight questions
 * The patchwork of codes emerging to cover gaps in the law (and therefore HR abuses)
 * The cases from Liberty, PI and others that are prompting these changes
 * And the assertion that there is no mass surveillance is reported without any counter view being mentioned in several places Jim Killock (talk) 14:12, 14 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Much of the above belongs in or is already covered in the articles Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom, Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament and Investigatory Powers Tribunal. In addition, there has been mainstream criticism of aspects of the above viewpoints which also needs to be noted. As an aside, following this week's report from the ISC, the Guardian came out strongly critical of the status quo and in favour of privacy and civil liberties as it always does, the Times carried some articles on the other side, the BBC has to be balanced and the Telegraph didn't even seem to cover it as far as I saw. While Liberty etc play an important role for rights, they are not democratically elected representatives, and the aforementioned articles seem to slip off the website front pages more quickly than I expected. The papers also seemed to be expressing editorial viewpoints, there doesn't seem to be a strong voice from the public at large being reported. Whizz40 (talk) 21:36, 14 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree that some of these points could go into the ISC and IPT articles for instance but many seem to be absent there too. I see no mention of Burden v United Kingdom (2008) 47 EHRR 38. and Malik v United Kingdom (Application no.32968/11) [2013] ECHR 794 (28 May 2013) for instance, which say that the IPT does not offer any human rights remedy on surveillance questions. I see no mention of the lack of appeals at the IPT in that article. The ISC oversight omissions (unregulated databases for instance) are new information that I think needs adding here. Jim Killock (talk) 14:27, 15 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Also this is factually misleading: "The Parliament of the United Kingdom appoints an Intelligence and Security Committee"–the committee has been appointed by the Prime Minister up to now, and the legislation says that members are appointed by the HoC from persons that are "nominated for membership by the Prime Minister". That of course makes it questionable whether it is truly independent, as the members are Prime Ministerial nominees.Jim Killock (talk) 14:28, 15 March 2015 (UTC)
 * On your first points, agree, I would say go ahead and add to those articles while this discussion is fresh, with cites ideally. On your second point, after the Justice and Security Act 2013 I recall MPs have the power to review and veto the prime minister's nominations which I think needs to be reflected as well. And the committee members themselves are elected by their constituents as MPs so accountable to their electorate; any slip up in their role or otherwise could see them lose their seat, as we have seen recently. But I think this debate belongs on the ISC article. This article should just correctly state who has the power to nominate, appoint and veto. Separately, there has also been mention of establishing a Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (United Kingdom), which the US already has: Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. Whizz40 (talk) 15:06, 15 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I don't wish to make these edits however. I'm happy to supply the information (including publicly) but I think it would be a step too far for me to write parts of the articles. See my user page, I think it would pose too many questions in some people's minds about NPOV Jim Killock (talk) 15:22, 15 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I thought I'd help on the role of Liberty, Privacy international and so on. The validation of their views is not in their pronouncements per se, which as ou say are of a self appointed group, albeit ones that can claim some expertise and experience. The validation or not is ultimately in what the courts say as a result. So for instance Liberty and PI's case in the IPT showed that bulk collection was effectively unlawful prior to publication of codes of practice; similar questions are emerging about equipment interference (hacking). At the point that all these groups reach the ECHR. their viewpoints on mass surveillance and bulk collection will be validated or rejected. But the ECHR process is ultimately far more important than IPT rulings, which as I mentioned have been found to lack the ability to make proper human rights remedies by the ECHR. Similarly, the ISC claims that bulk collection is not mass surveillance needs caveating by the fact that it will be appointed by nominees selected by the Prime Minister, and the current nominees are IIRC prime ministerial appointees.Jim Killock (talk) 15:18, 15 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I made edits to this article, Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom, Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament and Investigatory Powers Tribunal to address these points. Whizz40 (talk) 06:29, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

Spreading Falkland propaganda
https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/04/02/gchq-argentina-falklands/

Hi, I think GCHQ's operation to manipulate Latin American opinion on the Falklands deserves a mention in the article, but not sure if there's an appropriate section. Maybe a new section in history on Snowden's leaks should be added? Currently history only deals with their reaction to the internet (and surveillance of it). Magedq (talk) 06:56, 5 April 2015 (UTC)
 * The Intercept story refers to JTRIG as the arbiters of Operation Quito, and so it should be included in their article. Snowden's leaks are well linked from this article. Gareth E Kegg (talk) 15:39, 6 April 2015 (UTC)

Leaked memos reveal GCHQ efforts to keep mass surveillance secret
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/oct/25/leaked-memos-gchq-mass-surveillance-secret-snowden

This should be included. Ich901 (talk) 20:24, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jul/01/gchq-spied-amnesty-international-tribunal-email
and another one

http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jul/01/gchq-spied-amnesty-international-tribunal-email Ich901 (talk) 21:05, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Improvements
I have tagged for improvements, i am not going to improve this article myself, but could somebody look into making some edits re the new laws and re popular culture references. A Guy into Books (talk) 07:12, 12 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Please go ahead and make the improvements, if you have the sources yourself, rather than just tagging the article. Thanks.Dormskirk (talk) 09:07, 12 August 2017 (UTC)

I am not going to edit this article per WP:CONFLICT, however you can see The Whistle Blower and Investigatory Powers Act 2016 for more information or google search to find more cultural references. A Guy into Books (talk) 12:27, 12 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Possible new GCHQ site
https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/top-secret-spy-agency-gchq-14516029

In Manchester but only in 2019.

Sammartinlai (talk) 08:26, 11 April 2018 (UTC)

New GCHQ Loco
On 30th April 2018, GCHQ changed their logo, as seen here https://www.gchq.gov.uk/news-article/new-gchq-logo Sheikhalali (talk) 12:21, 6 May 2018 (UTC)
 * changed. Dormskirk (talk) 16:02, 6 May 2018 (UTC)

Old GCHQ head office address
Not sure where/how this will be useful, but from http://web.archive.org/web/20000301124949/http://www.gchq.gov.uk:80/careers/current.html I found the old pre-Doughnut address: "GCHQ, Priors Road, Cheltenham, Glos., GL52 5AJ" WhisperToMe (talk) 16:50, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 16 September 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved. This organisation is overwhelmingly known as GCHQ in the United Kingdom. WP:NCACRO states "if readers somewhat familiar with the subject are likely to only recognise the name by its acronym, then the acronym should be used as a title". This is the case here. (non-admin closure) Cwmhiraeth (talk) 12:44, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

Government Communications Headquarters → GCHQ – Surely this is an organisation that is much better known by its acronym than its full name? Just like NATO, BBC etc. Even its own website almost exclusively uses just GCHQ. See here 1 ElshadK (talk) 21:15, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. We should use its proper name. Dormskirk (talk) 22:28, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. 'Full formal name' is somewhere in the naming conventions.. Buckshot06 (talk) 06:39, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * The relevant guideline is WP:NCACRO which says In general, if readers somewhat familiar with the subject are likely to only recognise the name by its acronym, then the acronym should be used as a title. This is why we have articles at NBC, UNESCO, NAACP, etc. Colin M (talk) 19:07, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Strongly support. The article title should be GCHQ, which everyone knowns, and should then be explained as Government Communications Headquarters (with a redirect). I would never have known that Government Communications Headquarters was the same as GCHQ.--Ipigott (talk) 12:01, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:NCACRO. The abbreviation is more recognizable to readers, and RS seem to use it much more frequently than the full expanded name. Colin M (talk) 19:11, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support See above. It's better known as GCHQ rather than Government Communication Headquarters. Jezzerdo4 (talk) 06:21, 18 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I can well imagine that the initialism is the common name in UK Government circles and among those with a particular interest, but to myself and I suspect to a large portion of the global audience it's completely unrecognisable. It sounds more like a military organisation. No comparison to NATO at all. Andrewa (talk) 13:31, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Participation in Steele dossier about Donald J Trump and operation FULSOME
John Solomon and Sara Carter, have reported that Crown Prosecutor Alison Saunders had dinner with Bruce and Nellie Ohr, xi bearin their private home, four days before GCHQ Richard Hannigan came over.... https://www.sebgorka.com/video/the-truth-about-british-intelligences-role-in-obamagate-john-solomon-and-sara-carter-with-sebastian-gorka-on-america-first/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbsgIu6A-_o Also there was operation FULSOME to wiretap Trump and his tower (?). Source https://cdn.website-editor.net/07abdd0b496f4ee7a8b38c87f89a04ec/files/uploaded/UK%252520-%252520FISA.pdf 2A00:1370:812C:9562:44EC:F59C:B1B6:5EFD (talk) 12:38, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

Directors of GCHQ
There should be a link to the list of directors. I don't know how to do it. Snugglepuss (talk) 19:32, 19 January 2022 (UTC)
 * There is already at hatnote that links to the article that has the list, at the top of the "Leadership" section. -  wolf  05:54, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

PKI Clarity
Added some clarity to the PKI innovation section - it was broadly accurate, though by 1997 when the work was declassified the PKI world had marched on and the 1969 work became another footnote in cryptography history.

Rather a sad story actually...

Dr.BeingObjective (talk) 03:18, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

2010s thematic decade heading - consistency
https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2019/12/27/how-will-history-books-remember-the-2010s-089796 BeingObjective (talk) 03:18, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Does that article mention this subject? What is its relevance here? -- Valjean (talk) ( PING me ) 20:52, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Yup oddly it really does old chap - the article is formatted as GCHQ through the decades and each decade has been tagged with the year and a little statement encapsulating the challenges to GCHQ - I thought that was fine - 2010 is not formatted the same way - the link talks to the perception of each decade through the eyes of Politico anyhow - so adding the tone of 2010 to an Intelligence Service - kinda makes sense - is this clear? It is really not super complicated - should have not bothered to explain if this is confusing matters - cheers Dr. BeingObjective (talk) 21:02, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I only added this - as another editor gave me an outrageous and  ridiculously hard time for the PKI contribution - have a great day Dr. BeingObjective (talk) 21:06, 17 November 2023 (UTC) - only here to build an encyclopedia etc.

title: Talk:GCHQ


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dhabawallah

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - to be merged

Dhabawallah
Tagged as a speedy delete by Mjaganna but it meets none of the speedy criteria. By default, the discussion moves here. No vote. Rossami 23:09, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Support Oppose- I prefer that the page exist but as a redirect to Dabbawala Given Mjaganna's mention on the Dhabawallah discussion page that the change in the initial consonant would change the meaning of the word to a nonstandard but comprehensible compound word for a highway restauraunt operator, a redirect would be inappropriate and deletion is justified. --Noren 17:25, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge & redirect to dabbawala. I've reverted the redirect for the moment so that people can see the content that's under discussion here. It seems likely that a redirect will be the eventual outcome, but there's no rush. Wile E. Heresiarch 01:40, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Heresiarch. Merge & redirect to dabbawala. -- 01:42, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Heresiarch as well. The other article is more complete. Merge and redirect to dabbawala. - Chazzoz 02:11, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Cursed that stupid spelling. Since there's already a page on the subject I vote for a merge with dabbawala and leaving a redirect. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 07:22, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Australian left history

Australian left history was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Tagged as a speedy delete by TPermyakoff but it meets none of the speedy criteria. By default, the discussion moves here. No vote. Rossami 23:09, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete Keep. Looks like a valid article to me. Was unaware of Communist Party of Australia and edit dispute. -- Chris 73 Talk 01:43, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The information should be at Communist Party of Australia. Some people have found themselves in an edit dispute, so they've gone out and founded their own article. It's not the first time this has happened lately - lets kill this phenomenon now. Ambi 09:34, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nothing new other than CPA (revived) propaganda. Also, sorry about the speedy delete tagging, I just want it gone quickly.TPermyakoff 10:13, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. What Ambi said! -- Chuq 12:22, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with Ambi and Chug. See also Talk:Communist Party of Australia. Andrewa 13:57, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Painters from Tuscany

title: Category:Painters from Tuscany


text:
Banana Fish

Banana Fish (stylized in all caps) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Akimi Yoshida. It was originally serialized from May 1985 to April 1994 in Bessatsu Shōjo Comic, a manga magazine publishing manga (girls' manga). Set primarily in New York City in the 1980s, the series follows street gang leader Ash Lynx as he uncovers a criminal conspiracy involving "banana fish", a mysterious drug that brainwashes its users. In the course of his investigation he encounters Eiji Okumura, a Japanese photographer's assistant with whom he forms a close bond.

The visual and narrative style of Banana Fish, characterized by realist artwork and action-oriented storytelling, represented a significant break from then-established manga conventions of highly stylized illustration and romantic fantasy-focused stories. While the series was aimed at the audience of adolescent girls and young adult women, its mature themes and subject material attracted a substantial crossover audience of men and adult women. Its depictions of homoeroticism in this mature, action-oriented context were particularly influential on the boys' love (male-male romance) genre of manga. Banana Fish was acclaimed by critics, who offered praise for the series' plot, dialogue, and action scenes. It is Yoshida's most commercially successful work, with over 12 million copies of collected volumes of the series in circulation as of 2018.

An English-language translation of the series was published by Viz Media, which also serialized Banana Fish in its manga magazines Pulp and Animerica Extra beginning in 1997, making Banana Fish one of the earliest manga series to reach a wide audience in the United States. The series has been adapted several times, notably in 2018 as a 24-episode anime television series directed by Hiroko Utsumi and produced by MAPPA. The anime adaptation aired on Fuji TV's Noitamina programming block and is syndicated globally on Amazon Prime Video, which simulcast the series during its original broadcast run.

Plot

Banana Fish is set in the United States during the mid-1980s, primarily in New York City. Seventeen-year-old street gang leader Ash Lynx cares for his older brother Griffin, a Vietnam War veteran left in a vegetative state following a traumatic combat incident in which he fired on his own squadron and uttered the words "banana fish". One night, Ash witnesses two of his gang members kill a man who instructs Ash to "seek banana fish" before dying. The two gang members tell Ash they were acting on orders from Dino Golzine, the head of the Corsican mafia in New York; Ash was formerly an enforcer and child sex slave to Golzine, having been groomed from a young age to become the eventual heir to his criminal enterprise.

Ash begins to investigate "banana fish" but is impeded in this endeavor by Golzine, leading him to turn on his former patron. Ash encounters multiple allies and enemies in the course of his dual efforts to uncover the meaning of "banana fish" and dismantle Golzine's criminal empire: chief among his confidants is Eiji Okumura, a Japanese photographer's assistant who has travelled to New York to complete a report on street gangs, and with whom Ash forms a close bond. It gradually transpires that "banana fish" is a drug developed by an American military doctor during the Vietnam War that brainwashes its users; early versions of the drug were tested on American soldiers, including Griffin, which drove them to insanity. Its perfected formula has been acquired by Golzine, who intends to sell the drug to factions within the United States government, who in turn seek to use it to overthrow communist governments in South America.

Ultimately, Golzine is killed in a climactic battle, his government co-conspirators are exposed as participants in his child sex trafficking ring, and all evidence of the banana fish project is destroyed. Ash comes to recognize the danger he exposes Eiji to, and reluctantly ceases all contact with him. Eiji returns to Japan, though prior to his departure, he writes Ash a letter in which he tells him that "my soul is always with you." While distracted by the letter, Ash is fatally stabbed by a rival gang lieutenant. He staggers into the New York Public Library Main Branch where he dies, smiling and clutching Eiji's letter.

Context
manga (Japanese girls' comics) entered a period of significant creative development beginning in the 1970s, characterized by the emergence of new narrative and visual styles, and the ascendance of female manga artists into what had formerly been a category dominated by male creators. Manga such as The Rose of Versailles (1972–1973) by Riyoko Ikeda established non-Japanese settings and androgynous characters as a common motif for manga, while works by Moto Hagio, Keiko Takemiya, and other artists associated with the Year 24 Group originated  (male-male romance) as a distinct subgenre of  manga. Early Year 24 Group typically depicted romanticized European or historic Japanese settings, though works that depicted homosexuality by artists unassociated with the group such as Fire! (1969–1971) by Hideko Mizuno depicted unidealized American settings, and frequently included one or more Japanese characters that served as a point of reference and identification for Japanese readers.

Banana Fish creator Akimi Yoshida made her debut as a manga artist in 1977, having originally been inspired to pursue a career in manga after watching a revival screening of the 1969 film Midnight Cowboy while in high school. The film, which depicts the relationship between a con man and a male hustler in New York City, had a profound impact on Yoshida, and influenced her to create works that replicated its themes of close spiritual and fraternal bonds between men. Yoshida would first explore these themes in her debut serial manga series California Story (1978–1981), which depicts themes of homoeroticism in a New York City setting, and which manga scholar Yukari Fujimoto regards as a narrative and thematic precursor to Banana Fish.

Development

Yoshida did not have a fixed composition for the plot of Banana Fish from its outset; while she had a general idea of the series' story, the particulars of plot and characters were developed throughout its serialization. Owing to the influence of Midnight Cowboy, Yoshida sought to create Banana Fish as story focused on an emotionally intense relationship between two characters, who became Ash and Eiji. Originally, Ash was conceived as an upbeat character inspired by manga protagonists, as Yoshida sought to contrast the moody protagonists typical of her other works, while Eiji was originally conceived as a female character. In the latter case, Eiji was made male due the character's largely passive role in the story, and Yoshida's personal dislike of inert female deuteragonists in manga who exist solely as a source of conflict or romance for the male protagonist.

Yoshida's style as a manga artist – as exemplified by Banana Fish – deviated significantly from typical manga of its era in terms of narrative, character, setting, mood, and visual style. Writer and translator Frederik L. Schodt notes that while Yoshida's works adhere to certain conventions of manga as textual and subtextual homoeroticism, she at the same time adopts "a completely masculine art style, eschewing flowers and bug eyes in favor of tight bold strokes, action scenes, and speed lines". She forgoed many of the conventions made popular by the Year 24 Group – highly stylized character designs, a focus on romance and fantasy, grandiloquent writing – in favor of artwork that was stripped-down and realistic, panels that focused on characters and actions over backgrounds and environments, and frequent action sequences. Her characters are drawn as realistically proportioned, contrasting both the "willowy bodies" typical of men in manga and the "hyperdefined anatomy" typical of men in  manga (boys' manga). In contrast to the European settings popular in manga of the 1970s, Yoshida expressed a general disinterest in European culture and "English pretty boy types", preferring instead the "carefree attitude" of working-class American men.

The physical appearance of many of the characters in Banana Fish is based on real-life public figures: Ash's appearance is based on tennis player Stefan Edberg in the earliest chapters of the series before shifting to a design based on actor River Phoenix, while Eiji is based on actor Hironobu Nomura. Yoshida likened this process of selecting real-life figures to depict as characters to casting a "B-grade action movie". The author developed an interest in River Phoenix after watching his 1986 film The Mosquito Coast while visiting the United States; she was unaware Phoenix also appeared in the 1986 film Stand By Me, which she had previously seen, and became intrigued by Phoenix's range as an actor given the differences between the two characters. Yoshida notes how as Ash's design shifted from the Edberg to the Phoenix design his physicality shifts as well, from "athletic and solidly-built" to a "slender pretty boy".

Despite her lack of fixed composition for the story, Yoshida intended from the earliest stages of the series' development to have Banana Fish conclude with Ash's death. She briefly reconsidered this approach following Phoenix's death in 1993 at the age of 23, as she did not wish the series to be perceived as making light of a real-life tragedy. In discussing her rationale for Ash's death, Yoshida has indicated her fascination with people who live intensely and die young, describing Ash as a person who "lived his full life in 17 years"; further, Yoshida believed that as Ash had committed acts of violence and murder throughout the series, he needed to pay for these actions with his own life. The seeming ignominy of Ash's death at the hands of a low-level gang member was intentional on Yoshida's part; a protagonist who seems to die meaninglessly recurs as a motif in manga (such as Ashita no Joe), Midnight Cowboy, and Yoshida's own California Story.

The concept of the mind-controlling banana fish drug originated from Yoshida's interest in Central Intelligence Agency research into mind control, such as MKUltra and Project ARTICHOKE, and her research into similar programs in the Soviet Union leading her to consider drugs as a tool for warfare. Yoshida has had an intellectual interest in drugs since high school, noting that her generation was influenced by and developed knowledge of drugs in a broad sense due to the influence of the drug culture of the era. The author has stated that depicting Cold War-era politics became more difficult as political realities changed over the course of Banana Fish's nearly decade-long run – principally the dissolution of the Soviet Union mid-serialization – but that she ultimately did not strive for strict realism in her depiction of politics and current events.

Release
Banana Fish began serialization in the May 1985 issue of the manga magazine Bessatsu Shōjo Comic, a monthly supplement to the manga magazine Shōjo Comic, where it ran until its conclusion in the April 1994 issue. The total length of the series is roughly 3,400 pages. Bessatsu Shōjo Comic publisher Shogakukan also published Banana Fish as nineteen collected volumes under its Flower Comics imprint.

The series was released amid the so-called "manga boom" of the mid-1980s and 1990s, which saw the popularity of manga increase amid the emergence of new creators, series, genres, and magazines, as well as an increase in the popularity of manga in international markets. North American publisher Viz Media serialized an English-language translation of Banana Fish as a launch title for its manga magazine Pulp beginning in 1998. When Pulp folded in 2002, serialization of Banana Fish continued in Animerica Extra, which itself folded in 2004. Viz also published two editions of collected volumes of Banana Fish. The first, published from 1999 to 2002 and spanning the first seven volumes, features flipped artwork and censors some expletives. The second, published from 2004 to 2007 and spanning the full 19 volumes, is printed in the original right-to-left format and includes a re-translated script. The series was reprinted by Viz in 2018, shortly after the release of the anime adaptation of Banana Fish.

Side stories
In addition to the main manga series, Yoshida wrote and illustrated four one-shot (single-chapter manga) side stories:

 * Fly Boy, In The Sky, a prequel to Banana Fish, originally published in the Winter 1984 issue of the manga magazine Bessatsu LaLa. The manga focuses on Ibe and Eiji's first meeting, and the events that lead to Ibe taking on Eiji as his assistant.
 * Angel Eyes, a prequel published in June 1994 issue of Bessatsu Shōjo Comic. It focuses on Ash and Shorter Wong's first meeting while in juvenile prison together.
 * Garden of Light (光の庭), a postscript set seven years after the events Banana Fish, originally published in the August 1994 issue of Bessatsu Shōjo Comic. The story follows Akira Ibe, the niece of Shunichi Ibe, as she visits New York City and stays with Eiji, now an accomplished photographer living in Greenwich Village.
 * Private Opinion, a side story published in the January 1995 issue of Bessatsu Shōjo Comic. The manga tells the story of Ash and Blanca's first meeting after Golzine hires Blanca to train Ash in combat.

All four stories were encapsulated in Banana Fish: Another Story, a collected edition published by Shogakukan in 1997. The collection also includes Ura Banana (うら BANANA), a comedic fourth wall-breaking story where Ash and Eiji discuss fan mail the series has received with Yoshida.

Anime
Banana Fish was adapted into a 24-episode anime series produced by MAPPA and directed by Hiroko Utsumi, which aired on Fuji TV's Noitamina programming block and Amazon Prime Video from July 5 to December 20, 2018. The series was produced as a part of a commemoration project to mark the 40th anniversary of Yoshida's debut as a manga artist. The adaptation revises the setting of the series from the 1980s to the 2010s, adding modern references such as smartphones and substituting the Vietnam War with the Iraq War.

Other adaptations & tie-ins
A radio drama adaptation of Banana Fish was produced by NHK in 1994, with a cast that featured Tohru Furusawa as the voice of Ash and Kazuhiko Inoue as the voice of Eiji. The adaptation was later released on CD, and was re-broadcast in 2018. Two novelizations of Banana Fish have been published. The first, a four-volume series written by Akira Endō, was published by KSS Comic Novels in 1998. Titled Banana Fish: Makkusu Robo no Shuki (Banana Fish マックス・ロボの手記), the series tells the story of the manga from Max's perspective. The second, a three-volume series written by Miku Ogasawara based on the Banana Fish anime, was published by Shogakukan Bunko in 2018. Stage play adaptations of Banana Fish have been produced in 2005, 2009, 2012, and 2021. According to Yoshida, film rights for a live-action film adaptation of Banana Fish were at one point granted to Ryuichi Sakamoto, but no film was ever produced.

Shogakukan, which published the Banana Fish manga, has published several art books related to the series, including the art book Angel Eyes in 1994 and the companion book Rebirth: The Banana Fish Official Guidebook in 2001. The company also published New York Sense in 2001, an art book credited to "Eiji Okumura" and marketed as a book of photographs taken by the character.

Homosexuality
Banana Fish depicts homosexuality both in the text of the story through representations of male-male rape, and as subtext through the ambiguously homoerotic relationship between Ash and Eiji. Male homosexuality is a recurring motif in manga; while works created in the 1970s by artists associated with the Year 24 Group formalized  manga featuring male homosexuality as a distinct subgenre known as, homoerotic themes and subjects had long been a feature of  manga. Banana Fish would come to represent a shift for depictions of homosexuality in manga, towards older protagonists and realist writing and artwork, and away from the schoolboy romances and melodramas that had previously defined the genre. Some manga scholars such as Yukari Fujimoto consider Banana Fish as belonging to a continuous artistic canon that includes works by the Year 24 Group, while others such as James Welker argue that Banana Fish is narratively and stylistically closer to the boys' love genre of male-male romance manga that emerged in the 1990s.

Despite Banana Fish's influence and prominence as a manga depicting homosexuality, the central relationship between Ash and Eiji is never rendered as overtly romantic or sexual. Critic Ted Anderson argues that a romantic dimension to Ash and Eiji's bond can be readily inferred from the subtext of the story, writing that "the astute reader understands the unspoken elements of Ash and Eiji's relationship". Manga critic Jason Thompson similarly describes the series as a "love story" expressed "so subtly as to be invisible", noting how "the sensuality in this manga is in Ash teaching Eiji how to shoot a gun, or Ash and Eiji's friendly, teasing, couple-like dialogue." Manga scholar Christina Parte argues that the non-physical nature of Ash and Eiji's relationship mirrors typical manga romances, which commonly focus on a chaste relationship between a man and woman that is never physically consummated; Eiji's sexual and romantic inexperience is similarly typical of a  manga protagonist. Thompson considers several potential explanations for the largely subtextual nature of Ash and Eiji's relationship, including Yoshida's stated desire to focus on the emotional connection between the characters, that Yoshida did not wish to risk eroticizing the manga's themes of rape by depicting a romantic or sexual relationship, and the potential influence of manga censorship codes in limiting displays of same-sex romance and sex.

Gender
While the cast of Banana Fish is almost entirely male, several characters – notably Ash and Eiji – are (literally "beautiful boys"), a term for visually androgynous male characters who blend masculine and feminine qualities. Scholars have considered how are regarded as desirable by a female audience not merely for their physical attractiveness, but because they allow this audience to vicariously experience romance, agency, and personal autonomy through a character that is unconstrained by patriarchy. While romance between is tolerated in some contexts in Japan and is thus not necessarily transgressive or subversive on its face, Parte argues that Ash and Eiji's status as  allows them to "transgress Japanese gender norms" by resisting gender roles typically associated with female Japanese adolescents.

Per Parte, Ash and Eiji express a degree of gender ambivalence by alternating between masculinized and feminized agency. Ash embodies typically masculine agency in his position as a leader of a street gang, but is frequently feminized though the rape he suffers at the hands of men. Conversely, Eiji possesses the typically feminine trait of nurturing domesticity – he soothes Ash when he is troubled, treats his wounds, and remains at home while Ash fights – but towards the end of the series, it is ultimately Eiji who takes up arms to free an emaciated Ash from Golzine's clutches. Parte argues that despite the American setting of the series, Ash's quest for self-determination ultimately represents a rejection of restrictive Japanese gender roles: both the "good son" (becoming Golzine's heir) and the "obedient wife" (becoming Golzine's sex slave). Thus, through Ash and Eiji's struggles, the ostensibly female reader is able to "escape from Japanese reality" and "resist the pressures of a highly hierarchical gender and sexual system".

Occidentalism
The release of Banana Fish in the late 1980s coincided with a period of fascination with New York City in Japanese popular culture. Schodt notes how the series reflects the Japanese perception of 1980s New York as a "modern Wild West" characterized by rampant crime, drug use, poverty, and racial tension that was "a symbol of everything that was wrong with America", but which at the same time "seemed symbolic of America's raw energy and exciting individual freedoms". Within the New York of the story, Eiji functions as an intermediary for the Japanese reader, echoing earlier manga such as Fire! that used Japanese characters to link works in American settings to their Japanese readership. Parte argues that it is "tempting to see in Eiji the personification of reverse orientalism" as a Japanese character who is captivated by an American, but that his status as a representing a blending of male and female traits allows him to embody a "female internationalist occidentalism" wherein the female reader can vicariously experience an "exotic American setting" that has fewer limits on personal expression.

Beyond its American setting and characters, Banana Fish features frequent allusions to American literature: Blanca's character arc is drawn from Ernest Hemingway's Islands in the Stream, Ash compares his life to Hemingway's The Snows of Kilimanjaro, and the title of the series itself is a reference to J. D. Salinger's short story "A Perfect Day for Bananafish". The "bananafish" of Salinger's story are fish that eat to excess until they are unable to move, and the story ends with the sudden suicide of the protagonist. The symbolic meaning of the bananafish within "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" is the subject of debate, and the significance of manga's title as an allusion to the story is similarly obscure, as there are few direct references to "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" within the manga. Anderson writes that "there are perhaps connections to Golzine's self-destructive greed and Ash’s seemingly suicidal tendencies, but these connections are tenuous at best." Thompson considers how "both the manga and the story involve life's cruelty, and traumatic experiences, and sudden death", while Parte considers the manga's banana fish drug as symbolizing "male greed, materialism, and destruction". Critic Hisayo Ogushi considers a less allegorical explanation, noting that the protagonist of Salinger's story commits suicide after he envisions the bananafish, just as characters in the manga lose control of themselves after they are given the banana fish drug.

Violence
The action-oriented plot of Banana Fish, characterized by frequent fight scenes, multi-chapter action set pieces, and the extensive use of speed lines, represented a break from the typical visual and narrative conventions of manga. Yoshida has stated that her interest in action stems from childhood, specifically her desire to play active sports like soccer instead of typically feminine pursuits such as rhythmic dance, and that the preponderance of male characters in Banana Fish stemmed in part from her difficulty in imagining stereotypically passive girls in these active scenarios. Violence and its dehumanizing effects recur as a major theme throughout the series, as character struggle to reconcile their humanity with the violent acts they commit and endure. Ash represents the apex of this theme: a character whose traumatic past has left him resigned to a life of violence, and who faces the conflict between his desire for a "normal" life with Eiji, and his desire to "protect Eiji from the horrors of his violent life".

Sexual violence also recurs throughout the series, with depictions of rape that Parte argues echo scenes of sexual abuse of women in erotic manga. Thompson notes how the series does not contain any explicit depictions sex or nudity, and how rape is depicted "entirely as trauma and never as titillation", contrasting eroticized depictions of rape in BL manga.

Reception and legacy

By 2018, over 12 million copies of collected volumes of Banana Fish are in print. A 1998 reader's poll in the Japanese magazine Comic Link ranked Banana Fish as the greatest manga of all time. In TV Asahi's 2021 Manga Sōsenkyo, a ranking of the top 100 manga series calculated from a public vote of 150,000 people, Banana Fish ranked 26th.

While Yoshida had published several manga titles prior to Banana Fish, the series became her most critically and commercially successful work, and "cemented her status as a great creator". Though Banana Fish was published and marketed as a manga, its dense plot, heavy dialogue, and extensive action sequences led it to attract a significant crossover audience of male and adult female readers; Schodt identifies the series as "one of the few girls' manga a red-blooded Japanese male adult could admit to reading without blushing". The series was similarly praised "as an example of mature, plot-driven comics" when it was released in English, and became one of the earliest manga series to reach a wide audience in the United States. Banana Fish was particularly influential on the boys' love genre, inspiring a wave of action-centered boys' love manga which focused on older protagonists and realist artwork, including Fake, Yellow, and Togainu no Chi.

The series has been praised by critics, with Jason Thompson calling it "one of the great manga epics" and praising its "consciously literary" writing. Its artwork has received a mixed reception among critics: Frederik L. Schodt favorably compares Yoshida's artwork to the "clean-line realism" of artist Katsuhiro Otomo; Thompson, conversely, calls Yoshida's "dull artwork" the "one weakness" of the series, but nevertheless concludes that the "worldview of Banana Fish is so fully realised that the art is almost redundant, and even when the panels are nothing but talking heads, we hang on every word". Banana Fish is the favorite manga of Japanese musician Gackt – the artist claims to have read the series over one hundred times – and inspired the song "Asrun Dream" on his debut album Mars.

The New York Public Library Main Branch, a prominently featured location in the series, has become a tourist attraction for fans of Banana Fish; the New York Public Library reported a significant increase in gift shop revenue in the 2019 fiscal year, which they attributed to popularity generated by Banana Fish. Japanese tourism company Kinki Nippon Tourist Kanto offered a New York City tour featuring stops at locations featured in the series and a guided audio tour narrated by Yuma Uchida and Kenji Nojima, who respectively voice Ash and Eiji in the anime adaptation of Banana Fish, performing in-character. In 2019, the tour was selected by the Japan Travel Industry Association to receive the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism Award at the annual Tour Grand Prix, which honors tourism plans that benefit Japan's travel industry.

title: Banana Fish


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User:Ayrnieu

Julian Fondren (Ayrnieu) has lived in Texas and South Carolina. He speaks native English, can speak Mandarin, and mostly studies the languages of Southeast Asia.

Email: ayrnieu@gmail.com

title: User:Ayrnieu


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User talk:Gamer D

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List of stewards of the Chiltern Hundreds

Appointment to the position of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds (or the Three Hundreds of Chiltern) is a procedural device to allow members of Parliament (MPs) to resign from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Since MPs are technically unable to resign their seats in the House of Commons, they must resort to a legal fiction. An appointment to an "office of profit under The Crown" disqualifies an individual from sitting as an MP. Although several offices were used in the past to allow MPs to resign, only the stewardships of the Chiltern Hundreds and the Manor of Northstead are in present use.

Resignation
On 2 March 1624, a resolution was passed by the House of Commons making it illegal for an MP to quit or wilfully give up their seat. Believing that officers of the Crown could not remain impartial, the House passed a resolution on 30 December 1680 stating that an MP who "shall accept any Office, or Place of Profit, from the Crown, without the Leave of this House ... shall be expelled [from] this House." However, MPs were able to hold Crown Stewardships until 1740, when Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn was deemed to have vacated his Commons seat after becoming Steward of the Lordship and Manor of Bromfield and Yale. The practice of leaving the house when appointed as a minister of crown would result in a ministerial by-election until the early 20th century when this requirement was removed for most substantive offices.

The Chiltern Hundreds last needed a Crown Steward in the 18th century. When John Pitt wished to vacate his seat for Wareham in order to stand for Dorchester, the Crown Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds was available for this purpose. Pitt was appointed Crown Steward on 25 January 1751.

A number of other offices were subsequently used for resignation, but only the Chiltern Hundreds and the Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead are still in use. Appointees to the Chiltern Hundreds are alternated with the Manor of Northstead, allowing two MPs to resign at once. When more than two MPs resign, such as the 1985 walkout of Ulster Unionist MPs, appointees are dismissed after a few hours to allow other resigning MPs to take their place. The Parliamentary Information Office has produced a list of those appointed to the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds since 1850.

Office still in use

 * List of stewards of the Manor of Northstead

Offices no longer in use

 * List of Stewards of the Manor of East Hendred
 * List of Stewards of the Manor of Hempholme
 * List of Stewards of the Manor of Old Shoreham
 * List of Stewards of the Manor of Poynings


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Poochie

Poochie or Poochy may refer to:

 * Poochie (Pirates of the Caribbean), the jail dog in the film The Curse of the Black Pearl
 * Poochie (The Simpsons), an anthropomorphic dog first appearing in The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show
 * Poochie, alias of Wardell Fouse, a Bloods gang member implicated in the murder of The Notorious B.I.G.
 * Poochie (toy), a Mattel brand toy dog in the 1980s
 * Poochie Puet, the stage name of a U.S. actress and singer (also known as "Poochie Puett")
 * Poochy (dog), a dog character in the Mario franchise
 * Poochie, a character from the Donald Duck universe
 * "Poochy", slang for chubby

title: Poochie