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Cleveland Metroparks Zoo

The Cleveland Metroparks Zoo (a.k.a. Cleveland Zoological Park) is a 183 acre zoo in Cleveland, Ohio. The Zoo is divided into several areas: Australian Adventure; African Savanna; Northern Wilderness Trek, The Primate, Cat & Aquatics Building, Waterfowl Lake, The RainForest, Asian Highlands, and the newly added Susie's Bear Hollow. Cleveland Metroparks Zoo has one of the largest collections of primates in North America, The Zoo is a part of the Cleveland Metroparks system.

The Cleveland Metroparks Zoo (CMZ) was founded in 1882. It is one of the most popular year-round attractions in Northeast Ohio by attendance with a two percent increase from the previous year to 1.2 million visitors in 2007, compared to the Cleveland Guardians who were the most popular attraction in Northeast Ohio in 2007 with a total attendance of over 2.2 million.

History
The Zoo, originally named the Cleveland Zoological Park, first opened in 1882 at Wade Park where the Cleveland Museum of Art now stands. During its early years, the Zoo only held animals of local origin. In 1907, the city of Cleveland moved the Zoo to its current location in Old Brooklyn, and the Zoo acquired its first elephant. The park was informally known (and referred to) as Brookside Zoo for many years. Beginning in 1910, the Zoo constructed Monkey Island, sea lion pools, and a moated bear exhibit. By 1940, the Zoo was home to three elephants and its first (permanent) elephant resident since 1924. That same year, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History assumed control of the Zoo.

Between 1955 and the transfer of management to the Cleveland Metroparks in 1975, the Zoo experienced rapid expansion despite setbacks due to flooding: the Zoo's reptile collection and several other buildings were lost when Big Creek overflowed in January 1959. Although the Zoo had recovered by 1962, it would not have another permanent reptile collection until the opening of the RainForest thirty years later. Ostrich races proved popular in 1965 and 1966 and a large public swimming pool sat on the grounds from 1930 until the 1960s.

Construction began on the Primate & Cat Building in 1975 (the Aquatics section would be added in 1985), later followed by the RainForest in 1992, Wolf Wilderness in 1997, Australian Adventure in 2000, and the Sarah Allison Steffee Center for Zoological Medicine in 2004. Newer exhibits include the Asian highlands and Tiger Passage opened in 2017 and 2018, and The Rhino Reserve was completed in 2020.

The Zoo's official website states that it currently has 3,000 animal residents representing more than 600 different species.

Development history
The following is a timeline of the creation of selected buildings, structures, exhibits and attractions:
 * 1882: Cleveland Zoological Park opens at Wade Park (now University Circle)
 * 1884: Wade Hall is built
 * 1907: Cleveland's City Council moves the Zoo to its current location; the Cleveland Museum of Art is built
 * 1934: Monkey Island is completed
 * 1956: Pachyderm Building is built
 * 1970: Wade Hall is moved to its current location on the shore of Waterfowl Lake
 * 1975: Construction began on the Primate & Cat Building
 * 1985: Aquatics portion of the Primate & Cat Building is added
 * 1992: The RainForest is completed
 * 1997: Wolf Wilderness is completed
 * 2000: Australian Adventure is completed
 * 2004: Sarah Allison Steffee Center for Zoological Medicine opens
 * 2008: Pachyderm building closes to make room for African Elephant Crossing
 * 2011: African Elephant Crossing opens
 * 2015: Ben Gogolick Giraffe Encounter opens
 * 2016: Rosebrough Tiger Passage opens
 * 2018: Asian Highlands opens
 * 2019: Monkey Island is demolished to make way for Rhino Reserve
 * 2020: Rhino Reserve opens
 * 2021: Eagle Zip Adventure opens
 * 2023: Susie’s Bear Hollow opens

Goss: 7th director
Dr. Leonard Goss, DVM, PhD (1913–1999) was a veterinary pathologist and retired from the Cleveland Zoo (later renamed the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo) as its director in 1979. Prior to assuming the director position in Cleveland, he was the fourth chief veterinarian at the New York Zoological Society's Bronx Zoo as well as assistant director of the Bronx Zoo. Goss was President of the AZA and twice Vice-President.

At the Bronx Zoo, which is the headquarters for the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Goss conducted clinical, epidemiological and pathological research in collaboration with eminent field zoologist George Schaller. Schaller was the Director of the Bronx Zoo's Animal Research and Conservation Center, which is now referred to as the Wildlife Conservation Society's Global Conservation Program.

The Cleveland Zoo has since made efforts to replicate this type of collaborative research relationship as demonstrated by Drs. Goss and Schaller in the 1970s and more recently by Atlanta, Chicago (Lincoln Park & Brookfield), National, San Diego, and Saint Louis zoos.

In the mid and late 1990s General Curator Hugh Quinn hired Patricia McDaniels as the first of three successive curators for the CMZ's Science and Conservation section. The unit now has a veterinary epidemiologist on staff. Sharon Deem, DVM, PhD Dipl. ACZM (now with the Saint Louis Zoo), was the first formally trained epidemiologist on staff and was both a researcher and experienced clinician from the National Zoo.

When Goss, a graduate of the Cornell University and The Ohio State University veterinary colleges returned to Ohio to assume the role as director of the Cleveland Zoo, he continued to conduct research in zoological medicine and related animal science disciplines. Goss was a president of the board of directors of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (previously the "American Zoo and Aquarium Association", and originally the "American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums").

Vitantonio: 8th director
Michael "Mike" Vitantonio was hired as the eighth director of the Cleveland Zoo in its 130 plus year history.

Taylor: 9th director
Inspired by the TV show Zoorama, zoo director-emeritus Steve H. Taylor, B.S. began his zoo career in 1972 as an animal keeper at the Los Angeles Zoo. According to his website, he is now a "Zoo Consultant and Entertaining Speaker". Taylor continues to advise zoos, including the Akron Zoo as both a professional consultant and member of its board of trustees. He also served on the board of directors of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Prior to moving to Ohio, Taylor was the director of the 5-hectare Sacramento Zoo.

Taylor resigned as director of the 5 ha zoo in Sacramento to accept the directorship of the 70 ha zoo in Cleveland. In his memoirs, published in a newsletter, Taylor described the CMZ to be poorly managed and "undistinguished" when he assumed the position as its 9th director. He credits himself for improving the conditions for both animals and staff over his 24-year career in Cleveland.

Emeritus staff recognition
The National Zoo Association awarded Cleveland Metroparks' Zoo staff with Honorary Memberships. Retired CMZ administrators and career zoo and aquarium professionals Daniel Moreno and Donald Kuenzer were recognized as Honorary Membership Winners by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Recipients of Honorary Membership are recognized as the most esteemed and distinguished zoo professionals in North America. According to the AZA website, Honorary Membership is conferred by the AZA Board of Directors upon those AZA members who have made "significant contributions to the zoological profession during their careers."

Moreno and Kuenzer are included in a list of other notable North American zoo and aquarium professionals. Other recipients include William G. Conway, Hon. PhD (Director General/President Emeritus, Bronx Zoo-based Wildlife Conservation Society), Lester Fisher, DVM (Veterinarian/Director Emeritus, Lincoln Park Zoo), Murray Fowler, DVM (Veterinarian/Professor, University of California), Jack Hanna, Hon. PhD (Director Emeritus, Columbus Zoo and Aquarium), Charles H. Hoessle, Hon. PhD (Director Emeritus, Saint Louis Zoo), Marvin Jones (Registrar Emeritus, San Diego Zoo), Peter Karsten (Director Emeritus, Calgary Zoo), Edward Maruska, (Director Emeritus, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden), Dennis Meritt, Jr., Ph.D. (Professor–Assistant Director Emeritus, Depaul University–Lincoln Park Zoo), George B. Rabb, PhD (President/Director Emeritus, Brookfield Zoo), Alan H. Shoemaker, MS (Curator Emeritus, Riverbanks Zoo), Kurt Benirschke, MD (Board of Trustees, San Diego Zoo), Gary K. Clarke (Director Emeritus, Topeka Zoo), Roger Conant, Hon ScD (Curator Emeritus, Toledo Zoo) and Ted A. Beattie (President/Director Emeritus, Shedd Aquarium).

Daniel Moreno
Dan Moreno joined the CMZ after serving three decades at the helm of the Cleveland Aquarium as both its director and curator under the auspices of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. The Cleveland Aquarium's animal collection was "absorbed" by the CMZ in 1986 after structural elements of the aquarium building forced its closing.

Until his retirement in 1997, Moreno managed the aquatic animal collections at the Cleveland Zoo under General Curator Don Kuenzer. He supervised animal husbandry programs for the Rainforest and Aquatics exhibits. Moreno was a charter member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (originally the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums) and served on its board of directors from 1971 to 1976.

In 2012, the Greater Cleveland Aquarium opened to the public as the only free standing aquarium in the state of Ohio.

Donald Kuenzer
Don Kuenzer retired after a 40-year career serving in multiple capacities, including senior curator, general curator and acting director. In 1961, Kuenzer began his career at the Cleveland Zoo's Petting Farm as an attendant animal care technician. After serving as an animal keeper, he was promoted to Assistant General Curator in 1975 by zoo director Dr. Leonard Goss.

Kuenzer was credited with designing The Rainforest, a state-of-the art indoor naturalistic living exhibit dedicated to the display of tropical and subtropical species from multiple continents. He served on the Board of Regents for the Association of Zoos and Aquariums.

Exhibits
The Cleveland Metroparks Zoo (CMZ) is divided into several bio-thematic areas that house animals from different regions of the world. Each area is themed for the particular region of the world they represent, although the older areas (such as the Primate, Cat & Aquatics Building) are less thematic than those that were constructed more recently. Upon entering, visitors arrive in the Welcome Plaza which features administrative buildings, an amphitheater, food court, and the Zoo's largest souvenir shop. Numerous smaller concession/souvenir stands are located throughout the park.

Aside from walking, Zoo patrons may opt to ride the "ZooTram" line which shuttles visitors between the Welcome Plaza (near African Elephant Crossing) and the Primate, Cat & Aquatics Building.

The RainForest
The RainForest, opened in 1992, is one of the most popular exhibits at the CMZ. It is contained in a large, two-story building with over 2 acre of floor space, making it one of the largest indoor tropical environments in the world. The RainForest boasts more than 10,000 plants, and over 600 animals, from the tropical regions of Australasia, Africa, and the Americas. The opening of the RainForest also introduced the Metroparks Zoo's first permanent reptile collection since the flooding in 1959. The RainForest's herpetile collection includes Amazon milk frogs and tree boas, Baron's green racers, Burmese pythons, climbing toads, dwarf crocodiles, Fiji banded iguanas, green-and-black, blue-and-black and 'Mint Terribilis' poison dart frogs, green tree monitors and pythons, harlequin frogs, Indian gharial, Indochinese box turtles, Madagascar leaf-tailed geckos, magnificent tree frogs, spider tortoise, Panamanian golden frogs, prehensile-tailed skinks, the aquatic tentacled snake, tiger ratsnakes, tomato frogs and Yemeni veiled chameleons. The RainForest is housed in a large glass and granite building, just outside the main entrance to the Zoo. The structure is divided into an outer ring—featuring an assortment of tropical plants, exhibits containing small mammals, a cafeteria, and a gift shop—and an inner area that contains the principal animal exhibits. Animal habitats are located on both floors of the RainForest. The exhibits contained on the ground floor are collectively known as the "Lower Forest", and those on the second floor are known as the "Upper Forest". Upon entering the RainForest, visitors are immediately greeted by a cascading, 25 ft waterfall and a rush of hot, humid air, as the entire complex is heated year-round to an ambient 80°F (27°C). All around the waterfall is a lush, tropical garden of epiphyte and lithophyte plants, growing vertically, rooted to the different trees and rock wall; botanical species here include various types of bromeliads, aroids, and orchids. The entire garden display grows steadily towards the sun, soaring upwards of two stories. The walls behind the waterfall resemble Ancient Mayan temple ruins; as visitors walk around the water feature, exhibited creatively within the walls are a series of (geographically appropriate) diminutive New World monkeys, including the pied tamarin, Geoffroy's tamarin, white-headed marmoset and the endangered golden lion tamarin.

The outer ring of The RainForest is home to a wide variety of tropical plants including lancepods, ficus, dracaena, philodendron, prayer plants, clusia (or balsam apple), Indian-almond, bixa/achiote (or lipstick trees), numerous varieties of orchids, a kapok tree (Malvaceae family), and the annual-blooming titan arum (corpse flower). The central "Tropical Rain Storm" exhibit is a life-like recreation of a rainforest "island", with a large tree in the center, surrounded almost entirely by a moat stocked with tinfoil barb and pangasius catfish. The island itself is inhabited by several Cape porcupine. Several times daily (seasonally-dependent), a simulated tropical thunderstorm occurs; darkened ambience, flashing "lightning" and rumbling thunder sound effects signal the several-minutes-long event's commencement. Above the moat and encircling the island, a vertical "wall" of water provides visitors a glimpse of a tropical downpour, with water streaming down into the river below. After the "storm" passes, a sense of tranquility is created as fog fills the entire exhibit.

The core animals of The Rainforest are the Bornean orangutans, of which the zoo has five: males Tiram and Zaki, and females Kera Wak, Kayla, and Merah. Zaki is the most recent orangutan baby at the zoo, born in 2021 to Tiram and Kera Wak.

Animals contained in the RainForest include the binturong, red-rumped agouti, a large group of free-flying straw-coloured fruit bats and Rodrigues flying foxes, the giant anteater, a group of capybara, scarlet ibis, the prehensile-tailed Brazilian porcupine, white-faced whistling ducks, green aracari, Prevost's squirrel, leafcutter ants, ocelot, clouded leopard, Luzon bleeding-heart pigeons, roseate spoonbill, yellow-spotted river turtles, Asian small-clawed otter, François' langur, and fishing cats. Additionally, visitors will encounter numerous smaller, "discovery"-type exhibits featuring tropical invertebrates, Australian rainbowfish, upside-down catfish, jewel cichlids, red-bellied piranha, small mammals, and many reptiles and amphibians.

African Savanna
The African Savanna area is located near the park entrance. Visitors can observe African lions, flamingos, giraffes, zebras, bontebok, a variety of African birds, and eastern black rhinos. the African elephant crossing contains elephants and meerkats. On February 7, 2018, a baby rhino, named Lulu, was born to parents Forrest and Kibbibi. On August 20 of the same year, another baby rhino, named Nia, was born to parents Forrest and Inge.

The Sarah Allison Steffee Center for Zoological Medicine
As part of CMZ's focus on conservation, the Zoo constructed the Steffee Center for Zoological Medicine in September 2004. The center hosts medical, laboratory and surgical suites, in addition to a ward and quarantine area. Its veterinary hospital is equipped with the first CT scanner for use in a zoo hospital. Located in a nearby pavilion is the Reinberger Learning Lab, where Zoo patrons can learn about veterinary care at every stage of an animal's life. The Learning Lab offers interactive, hands-on educational displays as well as views into surgical suites where visitors may observe treatment procedures in progress.

African Savanna and Ben Gogolick Giraffe Encounter
Consisting of several large yards, the African Savanna features a variety of mammals and birds. The exhibit houses animals such as Masai giraffes, Grant's zebras, bonteboks, ostriches, white-backed vultures as well as several species of African storks and geese. In 2015, the Ben Gogolick Giraffe Encounter was completed, and visitors are now able to purchase leaves to feed the giraffes.

African Elephant Crossing
In 2011, the Zoo opened its new elephant exhibit, African Elephant Crossing. At a total cost of $25 million, the state of the art habitat quadrupled the elephants' living space, allowing the zoo to increase its number of African elephants from three, to a herd of eight to ten. The exhibit features two large ranges—the Savanna and the Mopani—spread out over several acres. The ranges include deep ponds so that the elephants can swim, as well as expanded sleeping quarters. Areas of the ranges are also heated to maximize the elephants' habitat during the winter months. Periodically throughout the day, the elephants are shepherded across the pathway between the ranges, allowing visitors an up-close view of the animals. In addition to expanding the number of African elephants, the African Elephant Crossing exhibit introduced Meerkats, naked mole rats, an African rock python, and several species of birds.

Australian Adventure
The Australian Adventure area is an 8 acre exhibit designed to resemble the Australian outback. It is home to wallaroos, kangaroos, emus and wallabies that roam freely throughout Wallaby Walkabout. Dingoes are also housed in this area along with two aviaries one for a kookaburra and another for a Barn owl. Zoo patrons can learn how sheep are sheared at Kookaburra Station, and experience up-close encounters with Southdown sheep, goats, Alpacas and other farm animals in the adjoining Contact Yard. The Australian Adventure is also home to a 55 ft Yagga Tree, which contains animal exhibits and a snake slide for younger visitors. Due to Northeast Ohio's inclement winters, Australian Adventure is weather dependent in the colder months.

Gum Leaf Hideout
Located in Koala Junction, Gum Leaf Hideout is home to the zoo's collection of bettongs, koalas, and Matschie's tree-kangaroos. The exhibit also features interactive displays that teach visitors about the devastating effects of deforestation on Australian ecosystems.

Reinberger Homestead
Modeled after a traditional 19th-century sheep station, the Reinberger Homestead offers Zoo visitors a look into Australian home life. The area contains animatronics of a koala and kookaburra, who speak about the culture.

Wallaby Walkabout and Boomerang Railway
Designed to replicate the Australian outback, Wallaby Walkabout features winding paths that visitors share with kangaroos, Red-necked wallabies, and Common wallaroos during the months of April through October. The landscape includes vegetation intended to be consumed by the animals. Families can also take a train ride through the exhibit. In July 2007, the Zoo fell under scrutiny from PETA after a one-year-old kangaroo was struck and killed by the exhibit's "Boomerang Railway" train. In response, the Zoo quickly dismissed the employee who was operating the train, and installed a fence along the tracks to prevent future injuries from happening.

Yagga Tree
The artificial, 55 foot tall Baobab known as the Yagga Tree is the star of Australian Adventure. It contains exhibits for a prehensile-tailed skink, a cane toad, and a sugar glider, as well as another animatronic, this time a crocodile named Wooly Bill.

Wilderness Trek
The Wilderness Trek area is home to cold climate animals such as Siberian tigers, grizzly bears, Tufted deer, Reindeer, the near threatened American Bison, and Red-crowned cranes which remain active outdoors year-round. The California sea lion/harbor seal exhibits feature large pools for visitors to observe the animals at play. The Metroparks Zoo also contains one of the largest collections of bear species in North America, including grizzly bears, Andean bears, Malayan sun bears, North American black bears, and sloth bears. On January 14, 2019, a female sloth bear named Shive gave birth to a female cub named Shala. Shala was the first sloth bear cub born at the zoo in 30 years.

Wolf Wilderness
Wolf Wilderness gives visitors a comprehensive look into the environment and wildlife of a northern temperate forest. Wolf Lodge, which anchors the exhibit, serves as an education and viewing center for gray wolves, beavers, and a variety of wetland species. Wolf Wilderness is one of the principal North American habitats at the CMZ. The exhibit opened in 1997 and consists of the Wolf Lodge, a large woodland enclosure for the wolves, a 65,000-gallon pond, and panoramic viewing rooms. Visitors access the exhibit through the Wolf Lodge, a 3000 sqft building that is modeled after a 19th-century fur trading post. Upon entering, visitors arrive in the welcome center, which offers information on the indigenous animals of North America's deciduous forests and wetlands; this room leads into the two main exhibit areas.

The first exhibit room is dedicated to the six Mexican gray wolves contained in a vast, wooded area directly behind the Wolf Lodge. Zoo patrons are able to observe the wolves through a large viewing room with floor-to-ceiling windows, which look out into the habitat. Surveillance cameras within the enclosure are linked to monitors in the viewing room, allowing visitors to see the wolves even when they are out of direct view.

The viewing room leads into the second exhibit area—the wetlands and wolf display room. Here, visitors can observe both the wolves and several other North American animals through floor-to-ceiling windows, similar to the viewing room. Although visitors can also view the wolves from this room, the principal exhibits are the Canadian beaver habitat, the 65000 gal freshwater pond, and the Zoo's collection of bald eagles. The Canadian beaver habitat features an artificial beaver dam with cross-sectional windows that grant visitors a chance to view the beavers' nest within. The freshwater pond is adjacent to the viewing windows, thereby creating an aquarium effect that allows visitors to see what a wetland pond looks like beneath the water's surface. The pond contains numerous fish indigenous to the North American wetlands.

Rosebrough Tiger Passage
Opened June 3, 2016, this exhibit features "four separate, interconnected habitat areas for the [zoo's] Amur tigers to roam", and includes "two overhead elevated pathways".

Asian Highlands
Asian Highlands opened June 12, 2018. This exhibit features expanded habitats for snow leopards, Amur leopards, Malayan tigers, and red pandas, and also includes Sichuan takins. on April 22, 2018, three snow leopard cubs were born.

Primate, Cat & Aquatics
Opened originally as the Primate & Cat Building in 1975, the Primate, Cat & Aquatics Building houses one of the largest collections of primate species in North America, including western lowland gorillas, Müller's gibbons, Allen's swamp monkeys, Golden-bellied mangabeys (one of only twelve zoos currently displaying them), Black howler, White-faced sakis, Bolivian gray titis, Ring-tailed lemurs, Red ruffed lemur, Mongoose lemurs and Crowned lemurs. Also next to the Gorillas is a nocturnal section containing Aye-ayes, Mohol bushbabies, and Pygmy slow lorises. Non primate species in the primate section include Fossas and Northern treeshrews. However, the building does not display the zoo's entire primate collection with some primates featured in the Rainforest and African Savanna.

In 1985, the Cleveland Aquarium permanently closed and donated its collection of exotic fishes and invertebrates to the Metroparks Zoo. A section of the Primate & Cat building was renovated to accommodate the new Aquatics section, which currently features 35 salt- and freshwater exhibits include Australian lungfishes, a giant Pacific octopus, electric eels, and hundreds of living coral.

The Primate, Cat & Aquatics Building has also featured outdoor exhibits such as the outdoor section of the gorilla and golden bellied mangabey exhibits. The zoo's slowest resident, the Aldabra giant tortoise, can be found in the enclosure directly across from its fastest resident, the cheetah. Several of the tortoises are over one-hundred years old.

Waterfowl Lake
The marshy shallows of Waterfowl Lake are home to Chilean flamingos, Black swan, Canvasback ducks, and trumpeter swans. During the summer months, Müller's gibbons and lemurs populate the lake's islands, and use ropes suspended above the water to navigate between them. Visitors can observe predatory birds such as Andean condors and Steller's sea eagles in-flight within towering, outdoor flight cages on the lake's eastern shore. The nearby Public Greenhouse contains hundreds of tropical plant species in addition to a seasonal butterfly exhibit. Waterfowl Lake is also the site of Wade Hall, one of the oldest zoo buildings in North America. Today, the hall serves as a Victorian ice cream parlor for Pierre's Ice Cream Company.

Recognition
The CMZ is one of five city zoos in Ohio. The 'Buckeye State' has been referred to as a "Zoo State", as only California rivals Ohio in the sheer number of options zoogoers have for visiting reputable zoos.

A 2014 "Top Ten" ranking of the nation's zoos by USA Today (based on data provided by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums) recognized the CMZ for being nominated for the USA Today award. Three other Ohio zoos were nominated and won awards for the 'Best US Zoo' contest: the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden and the Toledo Zoo.

Timmy (Gorilla)
Arguably the most famous animal resident in the Cleveland Metropark Zoo's history, Timmy the Western lowland gorilla attained greater fame as a very prolific sire at the Bronx Zoo. Although he was known as the "dud stud" at the Cleveland zoo, he proved to be quite virile after he arrived at the Bronx Zoo on loan. Timmy was managed indoors in human care for 25 years before being sent on breeding loan to the Wildlife Conservation Society's main campus and headquarters at the Bronx Zoo. The move was highly controversial. The consideration of separating Timmy from his companion Kate, was met with much protest by animal rights activists and was the subject of a federal court case. CMZ Director Emeritus Steve H. Taylor cites the lawsuit surrounding the breeding loan as one of the most significant in the history of modern zoos.

Timmy went on to sire more than 13 offspring in New York, many of whom were conceived in the Bronx Zoo's state-of-the-art Congo Gorilla Forest exhibit, which opened after his arrival in New York City.

Timmy's offspring Okpara was born to Pattycake at the Bronx Zoo. Okpara returned to Cleveland before moving on to another facility.

Blackie
On January 13, 2014, the CMZ's Nile hippopotamus "Blackie", was euthanized at approximately 60 years of age. He formerly lived at the Pachyderm Building from 1955 until 2008. For the remaining years of his life, he lived at the zoo's private Africa barn in a two-room enclosure. Blackie may have been the longest-lived male Nile hippopotamus ever recorded in human care in North America. As far as hippos go, he had a gentle demeanor and weighed approximately 3700 lbs.

Aldabra Tortoises
The Zoo cares for three tortoises, including a pair of animals both exceeding 100 years of age.

Education and outreach
Cleveland Metroparks Zoo (CMZ) hosts day and overnight camps for children ages 5 to 14 during the summer months. The Summer Day Camp program teaches children about conservation and encourages understanding of the natural world. Overnight opportunities include stays in the Australian Adventure's Reinberger Homestead; stays in the Wolf Lodge, where guests can use the same tracking technology utilized by field scientists; and the African-themed "Rising Waters Safari Camp". Campers at Rising Waters stay in the zoo's African Savanna for an authentic safari experience complete with animal encounters. Each overnight program combines elements of Australian, Native American and African culture with an overarching theme of conservation.

Other educational opportunities include the Zoo's "Keeper for a Day" program, which is open to middle school, high school, and college students who are interested in a career working with animals. Similar to a job shadowing program, program participants spend a day working with animal professionals in the Zoo's Conservation Education Division. Participants are tasked with preparing meals, cleaning enclosures, conducting training exercises, and providing animals with enrichment items to stimulate them both mentally and physically.

The CMZ is a part of Miami University's graduate-level Advanced Inquiry Program (AIP). The program offers a Master of Arts in Biology or Master of Arts in Teaching through online coursework and face-to-face experiential learning experiences at the zoo.

Conservation support
The zoo also offers numerous grant opportunities which fund research and conservation projects around the world. In 2011, the zoo and Zoological Society awarded grants to more than 90 field conservation projects and programs in 39 countries. Some of these projects include elephant conservation in southern Africa, studying gorilla ecology and behavior in central Africa, and anti-poaching initiatives for Asiatic freshwater turtles. Over the past ten years, the CMZ has supported more than 600 conservation projects in nearly 100 countries. Current initiatives include "Quarters for Conservation" and spreading awareness of the burgeoning Palm Oil Crisis in Malaysia and Indonesia.

Boo at the Zoo
CMZ's annual fall event, "Boo at the Zoo", takes place in October. Visitors can observe the various cold weather animals that still roam outside, and are encouraged to wear costumes to the park. The Boo at the Zoo event is a safe Halloween option that offers animal shows, live performances, and other fall-related activities.

DINOSAURS!
During the summer months, the Zoo features prehistoric animals along the wooded path around Waterfowl Lake. Younger visitors have the opportunity to dig for "fossils" and learn about the field of paleontology. The 2007 and 2010 "DINOSAURS!" exhibits showcased dinosaurs from around the world: Tyrannosaurus rex, Stegosaurus, Triceratops, Pteranodon, Omeisaurus, Dilophosaurus, Baryonyx, Iguanodon, Styracosaurus, Apatosaurus, Kentrosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Suchomimus and more. The 2013 "DINOSAURS!" exhibit featured 20 animatronic dinosaurs, including Quetzalcoatlus and Troodon.

Venue hire
In Spring 2015, the CMZ opened a new reception event center, Stillwater Place. Offering scenic views of nearby Waterfowl Lake and a capacity of up to 300 guests, Stillwater Place is open year-round and caters to many occasions, such as weddings, birthdays, reunions and more.

Incidents
In 1938, Judy Zemnick, a young artist with the Works Progress Administration (WPA), was pulled into an enclosure by a polar bear named "Silver" and "badly mangled," according to news reports. Two other WPA artists, James C. Kulhanek and Clarence Zuelch, witnessed the attack, called for help, and attempted to drive the bear away from Ms. Zemnick. Zoo visitors were known to throw things, including broken glass, at "Silver" for several years in retaliation for the incident with Ms. Zemnick. In October 1940, an anonymous "10-year-old girl" sent $2.00 ("her savings") to the zoo "protesting the throwing of bottles and stones at the bear." She specified one dollar was to be given to the zoo staff members who "are good to animals" with the other donated for "a new place for the zoo."

In 2015, Mitchelle Schwab was charged after allegedly dropping her 2-year-old son into a cheetah exhibit. His parents were finally able to retrieve him from the exhibit and was taken to MetroHealth Medical Center.

title: Cleveland Metroparks Zoo


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Ospitaletto

Ospitaletto (Brescian: Öspedalèt) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy.

Transport

 * Ospitaletto-Travagliato railway station

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title: Ospitaletto


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Mark Rogowski

Mark Anthony "Gator" Rogowski (born August 10, 1966) is an American former professional skateboarder who was convicted of murder. He was mainly prominent in the 1980s and early 1990s. Rogowski's career ended when he pled guilty for assaulting, raping, and murdering Jessica Bergsten in 1991. His life was chronicled in a critically acclaimed 2003 documentary titled Stoked: The Rise and Fall of Gator by American filmmaker Helen Stickler.

Early years
Rogowski was born in Brooklyn, New York, but he moved to Escondido, California, at the age of three after his parents divorced. Rogowski was a gifted athlete, playing little league baseball in his youth. Rogowski started to skateboard at age seven and, while most of his friends were into surfing, he eventually started to hang out at skate parks several years later. In 1978 after 2 years of skating local parks, 12 year old Rogowski was picked up by a local skate team.

Rise to prominence
Rogowski started his professional skateboarding career in 1980 at age 14. In 1982, he won his first major contest, the Canadian Amateur Skateboarding Championships in Vancouver, British Columbia. In 1984, he won a national championship. Rogowski soon received endorsement deals from Gullwing Trucks and G&S early in his career. He was the first skateboarder to receive his own 'pro-deck' by Vision Sports, and his pro-deck proved popular and was soon followed by the Mark Gonzales and Tom Groholski models. Rogowski was soon featured on the cover of Thrasher magazine for the first time in June 1984 and he would go on to be featured on the cover of Transworld Skateboarding in October 1985. He was featured on the covers of both magazines again in July & October 1987 as well.

At the height of his fame, Rogowski was being paid "between $4,000 and $8,000 a month" for clothing and skateboarding equipment endorsements. By 1987, Rogowski was earning two dollars per skate deck from Vision, which was selling 7,000 decks on a monthly basis, resulting in royalties totaling US$14,000 for Rogowski (US$ 0 in 2024). Additionally, Vision was also selling T-shirts, berets, hip packs, and stickers using the "Gator" name.

Rogowski was one of a group of elite skaters who enjoyed significant fame in the 1980s, alongside Christian Hosoi, Tony Hawk, Lance Mountain, and Steve Caballero. He was a charismatic, flamboyant personality who received fame and fortune during skateboarding's return to popularity following the success of vert skateboarding.

In 1986, Rogowski was detained by police in Virginia Beach, VA after assaulting an officer in the parking lot of Mount Trashmore Park during the East Coast Assault pro contest. At a 1987 skate show in Scottsdale, Arizona, U.S., Rogowski was introduced to Brandi McClain and her good friend Jessica Bergsten, an aspiring model. Soon afterward, he began a tumultuous long-term relationship with McClain—they appeared together in numerous advertisements and promotional videos for Vision, which had become one of the top-selling skateboarding brands of the 1980s.

In late 1988 Rogowski was featured on the "Swatch Impact Tour" of 35 tour dates across the United States, which also showcased fellow pro-skaters Jeff Phillips, Kevin Staab, Chris Miller & Joe Johnson. In 1989 Rogowski also worked as a stunt double on the 1989 film Gleaming the Cube, which starred Christian Slater, and appeared, along with McClain, in the music video for Free Fallin' by Tom Petty.

Downhill slide
Rogowski's popularity declined as 'vert skating', popular in the 1980s, was supplanted by street skateboarding in the 1990s. Vision, the company he was with for the majority of his career, filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy. For re-invention, Rogowski changed his name to "Gator" Mark Anthony, explaining "Rogowski" was the name of the father he never knew.

After a severe accident in West Germany, where Rogowski either fell or was pushed from a hotel window and landed on a fence, Rogowski returned home to Carlsbad to recover. After befriending Augie Constantino, an ex-surfer turned born-again Christian who also became his "spiritual advisor", Rogowski converted to a strict Evangelical form of Christianity, influencing Rogowski's attitude and skateboard deck designs. After four years of dating McClain, Rogowski suggested the couple marry, proclaiming they "can't have sex anymore unless we get married." The sudden lifestyle change contributed to the end of McClain's relationship with Rogowski, along with his occasional bouts of violence (which included his locking her in a closet) and unprovoked jealousy, and she returned to her parents' home in San Diego, California. Rogowski began a period of severe alcoholism following McClain's departure.

Murder of Jessica Bergsten
Following the end of his relationship with McClain, Rogowski was jealous: He entered her home to steal gifts he had given her, he made threatening telephone calls to McClain's new boyfriend, and he also threatened McClain directly.

On March 20, 1991, Rogowski talked with 22-year-old Bergsten for the first time in years. Bergsten asked Rogowski to show her around San Diego. They spent a day together on March 21, 1991. According to Rogowski, he and Bergsten then went back to his condo to watch movies, smoke weed, and drink wine. He then came up behind her and hit her in the head with a Club, a metal auto anti-theft device. After knocking her into semi-consciousness with several strikes, he handcuffed her, dragged her to his bedroom on the second floor, and raped her while she was shackled to his bed. Afterward, he placed her in a surfboard bag because he was concerned about the neighbors hearing the noise. Rogowski then either strangled or suffocated her and drove the body to the Shell Canyon desert, where disposed of her corpse in a shallow grave.

Concerned when his daughter failed to answer phone calls, Bergsten's father reported her missing and put up posters with her photo requesting information all over the city of San Diego. While out with his spiritual advisor and friend Auggie Constantino, Rogowski saw one of these posters. Though he did not say anything incriminating at the time, Constantino later said that Rogowski's demeanor changed after seeing the poster.

Bergsten's body was found by campers on April 10, 1991, but it was so decomposed that it could not be identified. Shortly thereafter, Rogowski confessed to his friend Constantino that: "Remember that girl from the poster? She was the one I killed." Constantino encouraged Rogowski to confess his crime to the police.

Rogowski turned himself in on April 11, 1991, and led police to where he had disposed of Bergsten's body. Police searched his home and found blood that soaked through the carpet padding and into the floorboards in two small spots, adjacent to where Bergsten's head allegedly rested. In his confession, Rogowski claimed that he had killed Bergsten in a misplaced act of revenge toward McClain, saying that Bergsten was made from the "same mold Brandi was made out of".

Hearing and Sentencing
Rogowski was charged with murder and a "special circumstances" enhancement because the murder was committed during a rape. Under California law, this warrants the death penalty or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. His lawyer, John Jimenez, challenged the validity and content of the confession. Jimenez also moved to dismiss the rape charge, insisting the decomposed body showed no signs of forcible rape, but the judge denied that request.

Following the advice of his attorney, Rogowski pled guilty to first-degree murder and rape, thus avoiding the death penalty or life without the chance of parole. In January 1992, at the plea hearing, Rogowski submitted a four-page written statement. He claimed to accept responsibility for his acts, but also began blaming outside factors unrelated to the death, such as his previous sexual activities outside of marriage, pornography, and "not following the word of the Bible."

Rogowski was sentenced on March 6, 1992. Five uniformed bailiffs with metal detectors were at the hearing due to a rumor that Stephen Bergsten, the father of the victim, would attempt to harm Rogowski. With the bailiffs standing between Rogowski and Bergsten, Rogowski stated "I sincerely hope that they can accept my apology for my carelessness," a statement that prompted outrage from Bergsten. In his victim impact statement, Bergsten called Rogowski a coward who would "die a thousand deaths".

Rogowski received a 31-year-to-life prison sentence: six years for forcible rape and 25 years to life for the first-degree murder charges to be served consecutively. After entering prison, Rogowski was diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

Later Statements
Although Rogowski claimed to take responsibility for his actions while in court, he later attempted to retract his police confession and change his story, placing a significant share of the blame on Jessica herself. In 1992, he told Cory Johnson, a writer for the Village Voice, that:"“The fact is that it wasn’t rape. It was more like an involuntary manslaughter. If it weren’t for my submission to her wiles and the temptation of having such sex with her …I don’t want to defame Jessica at all. I’m very, very sorry about what happened to her. I just want to make it known that I was led into a sexual situation that I didn’t want to have anything to do with...That night, I didn’t realize what kind of a purring feline she was. It’s really hard for me to say these things about Jessica, we lost her and I don’t feel good about that. I just want to make it known that I was led into a sexual situation that I didn’t want to have anything to do with. I was scared I’d be discovered with this wayward woman. There were a lot of kids in my neighborhood, my protégés in skateboarding who would have Bible studies with me. I was being an example to these impressionable kids. For them to see me with this woman and all that had been going on — the wine bottles, the cigarettes upstairs — it would have been devastating. In my attempt to quiet her, in her intoxicated and belligerent state, I had put my hand over her mouth to quiet her for a second so I could hear the voices and the footsteps coming up my walkway. She must have suffocated or had a seizure or a stroke or something. The next thing I knew, I look down and she’s not breathing and not moving.”"Johnson wrote that during this interview he was "listening to a man skating away from the idea that the murder was really his fault."

Parole Attempts
Rogowski was denied parole on February 7, 2011. Deputy District Attorney Richard Sachs argued that Rogowski remains an "unreasonable risk to society" and should remain imprisoned. A family member of Bergsten also attended the hearing and requested Rogowski remain incarcerated. On February 6, 2015, another parole hearing was scheduled, but Rogowski waived his right to a hearing for one year. On March 9, 2016, he was again denied parole for seven years.

On December 10, 2019, multiple media reports indicated that Rogowski's parole board recommended parole. The California Board of Parole Hearings finalized the decision, and the case went before the California governor's staff for review. On April 27, 2020, Rogowski's parole grant was reversed by Governor Gavin Newsom, stating Rogowski needed to gain a "deeper understanding" of his crimes, possibly in reference to statements in which Rogowski attempted to shift responsibility away from himself and onto the victim.

In June 2022, a San Diego County Parole Board granted Rogowski parole with his attorney citing "the parole board's 'trained psychologist found him to be a low risk of danger to the public.'" This was to be followed by a 120-day review period by the board, and then up to 30 days for the Governor to make a final decision. However, Governor Gavin Newsom again reversed the parole board's decision, ensuring Rogowski would continue to serve his sentence.

As of November 2023, Rogowski is incarcerated at Donovan State Prison.

In media
A documentary examining Mark Rogowski's trajectory, Stoked: The Rise and Fall of Gator, was released in 2003 by Palm Pictures. The film was written, directed, and produced by Helen Stickler, and features interviews with other professional skateboarders such as Tony Hawk, Kevin Staab, Lance Mountain, Ken Park, Steve Caballero, Jason Jessee, Craig Johnson, Stacy Peralta, and Rogowski. Since California law prohibits video interviews with prison inmates, Rogowski was interviewed over the recorded prison phone for the documentary. He gave details on his background, his downfall, and claimed to have remorse for murdering Jessica Bergsten.

The case was featured on an episode of Shattered on the Investigation Discovery channel.

Several podcasts have been devoted to the life and crimes of Mark Rogowski, including:

Crime in Sports, episode #188: [https://crime-in-sports.simplecast.com/episodes/188-killing-in-the-name-of-the-senselessness-of-mark-gator-rogowski-qHQV_U0e Killing In The Name Of... - The Senselessness of Mark "Gator" Rogowski]

The Wicked Ones Podcast: Born Again & Murderer: Mark Anthony "Gator" Rogowski

Invisible Choir: Gator The Skater

Contest history
Amateur: Pro:
 * Top 5 at the Vans/Offshore Amateur State Finals (California) for the boys 11-13 division, 1980
 * 4th Place, Del Mar Freestyle Contest, 1982
 * 2nd Place, Whittier Freestyle Contest, 1982
 * 1st Place, Canadian Amateur Skate-boarding Championships, Vancouver, British Columbia, 1982
 * 1st Place, Del Mar NSA Spring Contest, 1984
 * 6th Place, NSA Summer Series at Upland Skatepark, Upland, CA 1984
 * 5th Place, Terror in Tahoe, 1985
 * 5th Place, NSA 1 Houston, TX, 1986
 * 4th Place, Del Mar Pro Jam 1986
 * 6th Place, East Coast Assault, Virginia Beach, VA, 1986
 * 7th Place, NSA Chicago Blowout, Chicago, IL, 1986
 * 3rd Place, Vision Ramp N' Rage Down South, 1987
 * 9th Place, Vision Street Wear US Skateboard Championships, 1988
 * 1st Place Tracker Bluegrass Aggression Session, Louisville, KY 1988

title: Mark Rogowski


text:
Hock

Hock may refer to:

Common meanings:
 * Hock (wine), a type of wine
 * Hock (anatomy), part of an animal's leg
 * Hock lock, a food accoutrement used to secure the hind legs of a bird during roasting.
 * To leave an item with a pawnbroker

People:
 * Hock (surname)
 * Richard "Hock" Walsh (1948-1999), Canadian blues singer

Other uses:
 * A type of wine bottle used primarily for German or Alsatian wine

title: Hock


text:
Ossimo

Ossimo (Camunian: Osèm) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, Lombardy, northern Italy. It is part of Val Camonica, and is divided into two centers: Ossimo Superiore and Ossimo Inferiore.

It can be reached by the provincial road 5, that leads from Malegno to Borno.

title: Ossimo


text:
Hilbre Islands

The Hilbre Islands are an archipelago consisting of three islands at the mouth of the estuary of the River Dee, the border between England and Wales at this point. The islands are administratively part of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral. They are a Local Nature Reserve and are within the estuary Site of Special Scientific Interest. As of 2012, the islands have no permanent residents. The name is thought to derive from a chapel built on the Island and dedicated to St. Hildeburgh. Visitors typically travel by foot to the Islands from West Kirby.

Origin of the name
Hilbre Island's name derives from the dedication of a medieval chapel built on the island to St. Hildeburgh, an Anglo-Saxon holy woman, after which it became known as Hildeburgheye or Hildeburgh's island. Hildeburgh is said to have lived on Hilbre Island in the 7th century as an anchorite. Some consider that she never existed, while others equate her with Saint Ermenhilde, the mother of Saint Werburgh to whom Chester Cathedral is dedicated, or St Edburga of Mercia, daughter of the pagan king Penda. The 19th-century St Hildeburgh's Church, Hoylake, built nearby on the mainland, is named for her.

History
The islands are thought to have been occupied on and off since the Stone Age: several finds of Stone and Bronze Age items and Roman pottery items were discovered in 1926.

Hilbre Island may already have been a hermitage before the Norman invasion or at least a place of pilgrimage based around the lore of St Hildeburgh. In about 1080 a cell and church for Benedictine monks was established on Hilbre Island as a dependency of Chester Cathedral. Although not named directly, it is believed that all three islands were mentioned in the Domesday Book in which mention is made of Chircheb (West Kirby) having two churches: one in the town and one on an island in the sea.

The islands were part of the lands of the Norman lord Robert of Rhuddlan. He gave the islands to the abbey at Saint-Evroul-sur-Ouche in Normandy, who in turn passed responsibility to the Abbey of St. Werburgh in Chester. The islands became a common place for pilgrimage in the 13th and 14th centuries. At the dissolution of the monasteries two monks were allowed to remain on the islands, as they maintained a beacon for shipping in the river mouth. The last monk left the islands in about 1550, as they were no longer considered a sanctuary, having become a centre for commerce and a busy trading port – so much so that a custom house was established to collect taxes on the goods traded. John Leland briefly describes Hilbre Island in his Itineraries (c. 1538–43) and says that "there was a Celle of Monkes of Chestre and a Pilgrimage of Our Lady of Hilbyri", though his contemporary description mentions only "conies" (rabbits) inhabiting the island. William Camden wrote of Hilbre in Britannia (1586), the first chorographical survey of the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, as follows: "In the utmost brinke of this Promontorie lieth a small, hungrie, barren and sandie Isle called Il-bre, which had sometime a little cell of monkes in it."

In 1692 a small factory was set up to refine rock salt. There was also a beer house or inn, which was open when the writer Richard Ayton visited in 1813. With the silting of the River Dee trade switched to ports on the River Mersey and the trade vanished from the islands leading to the closure of the beer house; part of the structure of this building remains incorporated in the custodian's residence.

The islands were bought in 1856 by the Trustees of the Liverpool Docks, which later became known as the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board. Hilbre Island Lighthouse was constructed here in 1927. The islands were sold to Hoylake Council in 1945 for £2,500, passing to Wirral Borough Council on its formation in 1974.

Location and character
Hilbre Island, the largest of the group, is approximately 11.5 acre in area, and lies about 1 mi from Red Rocks, the nearest part of the mainland of the Wirral Peninsula. The other two islands are Middle Eye (or in older sources Middle Island and on Ordnance Survey maps Little Hilbre), which is about 3 acre in size and Little Eye, which is considerably smaller. All three islands are formed of red Bunter sandstone. The main island and Little Hilbre are about 250 yd apart, and Little Hilbre is about 1250 yd from Little Eye.

Tourism
Hilbre Island is one of 43 (unbridged) tidal islands that can be reached on foot from the mainland of Great Britain. The island can be reached on foot from West Kirby at low tide; this is a popular activity with tourists, especially during the summer months. Little Eye and Middle Eye are both unpopulated, but Hilbre Island has a few houses, some of which are privately owned.

Facilities
The most southerly building on the islands is the Hilbre Bird Observatory, from which birds are continuously monitored in connection with a national network of observatories and ringing stations. In January 2011 it was announced that there would be no permanent ranger. Wirral Council said that they had had difficulty finding a ranger prepared to live without mains electricity or running water on the islands. There are two composting toilets and a rain shelter on the main island.

title: Hilbre Islands


text: User talk:69.136.70.216

title: User talk:69.136.70.216


text:
Padenghe sul Garda

Padenghe sul Garda is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. It is situated on the southwest coast of Lake Garda. Neighbouring communes are Calvagese della Riviera, Desenzano del Garda, Lonato del Garda, Moniga del Garda and Soiano del Lago.

History
Traces of prehistoric settlements have been found (arrowheads) in the peat bogs. More recent findings attest to the Roman presence.

In the Christian era Padenghe depended on the Parish of Desenzano and the first church, San Cassiano, was built next to the town center by the lake. This first village was abandoned because of the Hungarian invasions, straddling the 9th and 10th centuries, which forced the inhabitants to fortify a hill, where the castle was erected. In 1154 Padenghe is mentioned in the document with which Frederick Barbarossa, after the Diet of Roncaglia, recognizes the rights of Theobald, Bishop of Verona on certain territories in province of Brescia.

In the Middle Ages, the castle turned it into a Ghibelline fortress and was contested between Brescia and Verona. In 1330 Padenghe was conquered by the Scala family, who were driven by John of Bohemia, son of Henry VII. In 1362, the Cansignorio took the castle, but lost it two years later. At the end of the XIV century the town requested and obtained autonomy from the ruling Visconti. Each country had its own statutes.

In 1414 Pandolfo Malatesta, who was at the beginning of the century signore of Brescia, appointed Drugolo Castle (now in the territory of Lonato) to Padenghe removing it to the family Vimercati to punish rebellion. After the Peace of Lodi (1454), the Venetian Republic held a garrison in the castle of Padenghe.

The macaronic poet Teofilo Folengo, that at the beginning of 1500 stayed in the convent of Maguzzano, called the inhabitants of Padenghe "superb people", and the French, during their rule, had to be afraid of it, though in 1509 the governor ordered the demolition of the castle, avoided by the intervention of Cardinal D'Amboise. In 1513 the Imperial German soldiers subjected to violence and looting. In 1532 Padenghe and other municipalities gravitating around the lower lake at Desenzano, which formed the Quadra di Campagna, they asked, not obtain it, independence from Salò, where the riviera was headed.

At the end of the 16th century the area was run by ruthless bandits, among which is remembered Giacomazzo of Padenghe, born Giacomo Dainese. In Padenghe was also born the painter Giovanni Andrea Bertanza, which inspired his work in Palma il Giovane and Veronese and worked in Valtenesi and the Riviera at the end of the 16th century. It is well to remember the Jesuit Giambattista Rodella (1724–94), a friend of Mazzucchelli, in whose house he lived for 22 years working in the drafting of the Dictionary of the writers of Italy and drafting their own works and translations. Padenghe Zuliani the brothers, who between 700 and 800 gained fame as a jurist and Andrea Francis as a physician, either by being involved in teaching.

During the Italian Resurgence was at Padenghe that the volunteers of Tito Speri took him prisoner, on 28 March 1848, the Austrian general Schonhals, fleeing insurgent Brescia. From 1928 to 1947 it became part of the town of Padenghe Moniga and Soiano, which later acquired autonomy.

Medieval castle
It has preserved its original structure: solid walls of large stones and three towers (the central collapsed) on the north-west. Above the entrance, with traces of openings of the drawbridge and a pedestrian walkway, stands the main tower, square, without battlements. The castle and the garrison lived in castellino, built later in the curtain.

Municipal government
Padenghe is headed by a mayor (sindaco) assisted by a legislative body, the consiglio comunale, and an executive body, the giunta comunale. Since 1995 the mayor and members of the consiglio comunale are directly elected together by resident citizens, while from 1945 to 1995 the mayor was chosen by the legislative body. The giunta comunale is chaired by the mayor, who appoints others members, called assessori. The offices of the comune are housed in a building usually called the municipio or palazzo comunale.

Since 1995 the mayor of Padenghe is directly elected by citizens, originally every four, then every five years.

title: Padenghe sul Garda


text: Category:Property law

title: Category:Property law


text:
Contessa

Contessa may refer to:

Entertainment

 * Contessa (film), a 2018 Indian film
 * Contessa (TV series), a 2018 Philippine television series
 * The Contessa, a character in the game show  Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?
 * The Contessa, a villain from the Sly Cooper video game franchise; see Sly 2: Band of Thieves
 * Contessa, a fictional ship the TV series Chuck; see "Chuck Versus the Push Mix"

Transportation

 * Contessa 26, a GRP yacht in a range of yachts built by Jeremy Rogers Ltd. and J. J. Taylor & Sons Ltd.
 * Contessa 32, a design in a range of GRP yachts built by Jeremy Rogers Ltd.
 * Hino Contessa, a 1960s car made by Hino Motors
 * Hindustan Contessa, an Indian car made by Hindustan Motors

title: Contessa


text:
Paderno

Paderno may refer to:

 * Paderno Dugnano, in the province of Milano, Italy
 * Paderno d'Adda, in the province of Lecco, Italy
 * Paderno Franciacorta, in the province of Brescia, Italy
 * Paderno Ponchielli, in the province of Cremona, Italy
 * Paderno del Grappa, in the province of Treviso, Italy

title: Paderno


text: User talk:142.22.16.53

title: User talk:142.22.16.53


text:
Transporter

Transporter may refer to:
 * Transporter (vehicles), types of vehicles designed to transport items
 * Transporter wagon, a railway car designed to carry another railway car
 * Volkswagen Transporter, a model of van
 * Transporter bridge, a bridge which carries cars across a river in a suspended gondola
 * Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge, the transporter bridge in Middlesbrough, England

Film and television

 * The Transporter (1950 film), an Italian film directed by Giorgio Simonelli
 * Transporter (Star Trek), a fictional type of teleportation device in Star Trek
 * Transporter (franchise), a series of action films starring Jason Statham
 * The Transporter, a 2002 action film starring Jason Statham
 * Transporter 2, a 2005 action film starring Jason Statham
 * Transporter 3, a 2008 action film starring Jason Statham
 * The Transporter Refueled, a 2015 action film reboot of the franchise
 * Transporter: The Series, a 2012 TV series starring Chris Vance
 * The Transporters, a 2006 direct-to-DVD animated TV series for autistic children

Music

 * Transporter (album), a 2004 album by Immaculate Machine
 * "Transporter", song by Pinchers (singer)
 * "Transporter", a song from Lil Baby's Harder Than Ever (2018)

Science and technology

 * Membrane transport protein
 * Neurotransmitter transporter
 * Transport protein
 * Transporter-1 to Transporter-15, a series of SpaceX missions launched on Falcon 9

Others

 * The Transporters, an animated series developed by the Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge

title: Transporter


text:
Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland

The Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland (Bundesgericht, Tribunal fédéral, Tribunale federale, ) is the supreme court of the Swiss Confederation and at the head of the Swiss judiciary.

The Federal Supreme Court is headquartered in the Federal Courthouse in Lausanne in the canton of Vaud. The two social security divisions of the Federal Supreme Court (formerly Federal Insurance Court, as an organizationally independent unit of the Federal Supreme Court), are located in Lucerne. The Federal Assembly elects 38 justices to the Federal Supreme Court. The current president of the court is Martha Niquille.

Functions
The Federal Supreme Court is the final arbiter on disputes in the field of civil law (citizens-citizens), the public arena (citizen-state), as well as in disputes between cantons or between cantons and the Confederation. The Supreme Court's decisions in the field of human rights violations can be appealed to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.

As a state agency, the Federal Supreme Court examines the uniform application of federal law by the cantonal and federal courts of lower instance. It protects the rights that citizens have under the Federal Constitution. In the proceedings, the Federal Supreme Court examines the application of the law but does not examine the facts established by the lower courts, unless they are manifestly arbitrary.

When an appeal is filed, the Federal Supreme Court examines whether the law was correctly applied in the contested decision and thus ensures the uniform application of federal law throughout the country. Its decisions contribute to the development of the law and to its adaptation to new circumstances. The other courts and the administrative authorities use the decisions of the Federal Supreme Court as a reference and adopt their principles. Procedures before the Federal Supreme Court take place in writing. There are no court hearings with plaintiffs and defendants giving testimony and lawyers pleading their cases. The Federal Supreme Court bases its decisions on facts as they are established by the lower instances and described in the records of the previous proceedings. If the Federal Supreme Court concludes that a lower court has decided incorrectly, it overturns the contested decision and if necessary sends it back to the previous instance for a new decision. In addition to its work as the highest judicial authority, the Federal Supreme Court exercises administrative supervision over the Federal Criminal Court, the Federal Administrative Court and the Federal Patent Court.

According to the Constitution of Switzerland, the court has jurisdiction over violations of:
 * federal law;
 * public international law;
 * inter-cantonal law;
 * cantonal constitutional rights;
 * autonomy of municipalities, and other guarantees granted by the cantons to public corporate bodies; and
 * federal and cantonal provisions concerning political rights.

Because of an emphasis on direct democracy through referendum, the Constitution precludes the Federal Supreme Court from reviewing acts of the Federal Parliament, unless such review is specifically provided for by statute.

Decisions of arbitral tribunals constituted under Swiss law, such as the Court of Arbitration for Sport, can be appealed to the Federal Supreme Court, although judicial review is limited to a very narrow set of questions of law in such cases.

Organisation

The supervisory bodies are the Court Assembly, the Administrative Commission and the Conference of Presidents. The Court Assembly consists of all ordinary justices and is mainly responsible for the Court's internal organisation. It designates the divisions, appoints their presidents and issues the procedural rules for the Court. The Administrative Commission is responsible for managing the Court's administration. It is composed of the President of the Federal Supreme Court, the Vice-President and one other justice. The Conference of Presidents consists of the presidents of the various divisions and is responsible for the coordination of judicial decision-making among the divisions. The President of the Federal Supreme Court acts in an advisory capacity. The Secretary-General participates in meetings held by the Court Assembly, the Administrative Commission and the Conference of Presidents in an advisory capacity. The first woman to be elected into the Federal Supreme Court was Margrith Bigler-Eggenberger in 1972 one year after women were permitted to participate in elections on a federal level.

Federal justices
A total of 38 justices sit on the bench of the Federal Supreme Court. Currently 14 women and 24 men serve as federal justices. Of the federal justices currently serving on the bench, three have Italian, 12 French and 23 German as their native language. The justices are forbidden from engaging in any gainful occupation outside of their work as federal justices. The federal justices have the status of government officials.

The federal justices are proposed by the Judicial Committee and elected by the United Federal Assembly (National Council and Council of States) for a term of office of six years. They can be re-elected an unlimited number of times. There is, however, an upper age limit of 68. Anyone who has the right to vote at the federal level may be elected a federal justice; the law does not prescribe any legal training. In practice, however, only proven jurists from the judiciary, practicing legal profession, academia or the public sector are elected.

Deputy federal justices
The Federal Supreme Court numbers 19 deputy justices, who are also elected by the Federal Assembly. Of the deputy justices currently sitting on the bench, three have Italian, five French and 11 German as their native language. Nine of the deputy justices are women. The deputy federal justices serve in a part-time capacity, otherwise they are professors, practicing lawyers or cantonal judges. As a general rule, they serve as replacements for justices who have recused themselves or have taken ill, or when the Court's docket has become overly full. In the proceedings on which they sit they have the same rights and obligations as the ordinary federal justices.

Court clerks
The court clerks are the judicial staff of the justices. Previously their primary task was to draft the written judgements after the decisions had been rendered in court. Due to the increasing case load of the Court, the court clerks are now also tasked with drafting the draft ruling in many cases. They also are involved in an advisory capacity in the preparatory stages of proceedings and during deliberations. They draft the final text of rulings based on the remarks made by the members of the division. Currently 132 court clerks serve on the Federal Supreme Court, approximately one third of whom are women.

Divisions
The 38 federal justices are elected by the United Federal Assembly. The Federal Supreme Court is composed of seven divisions, with five or six justices each. The tasks of the divisions differ according to the legal domains they cover (public law, private law, criminal law).

Guarantee of ownership, national and regional spatial planning and construction law, environmental protection, political rights, international judicial cooperation in criminal matters, road traffic (including the revocation of driving licences), citizenship, guarantees of due process. In criminal proceedings: appeals against interlocutory rulings. Division president: Lorenz Kneubühler, Judges: Monique Jametti, Stephan Haag, Thomas Müller, Laurent Merz, François Chaix
 * First Public Law Division

Rights of foreigners, taxes and duties, public commercial law (e.g. state liability, subsidies, radio and television), fundamental rights such as freedom of religion and conscience, freedom of language and economic freedom. Division president: Florence Aubry Girardin Judges: Yves Donzallaz, Stephan Hartmann, Marianne Ryter, Julia Hänni, Michael Beusch
 * Second Public Law Division

Code of Obligations (law of obligations), insurance contracts, intellectual property rights, competition law and international arbitration. Division president: Fabienne Hohl Judges: Martha Niquille, Christina Kiss, Yves Rüedi, Marie-Chantal May Canellas
 * First Civil Law Division

Civil Code (law of persons, family law, law of succession and property law), proceedings concerning debt recovery and bankruptcy. Division president: Christian Herrmann Judges: Elisabeth Escher, Luca Marazzi, Nicolas von Werdt, Felix Schöbi, Grégory Bovey
 * Second Civil Law Division

Criminal matters arising from substantive criminal law (including the execution of penalties and measures) and from the Code of Criminal Procedure (except appeals against interlocutory rulings in criminal proceedings). Division president: Christian Denys Judges: Laura Jacquemoud-Rossari, Giuseppe Muschietti, Beatrice van de Graaf, Sonja Koch
 * Criminal Law Division

Disability insurance, accident insurance, unemployment insurance, cantonal social insurance, family allowances, social assistance, military insurance and civil service law. Division president: Martin Wirthlin (Präsident), Judges: Alexia Heine, Daniela Viscione, Bernard Abrecht, Marcel Maillard
 * First Social Law Division

Old-age and survivors’ insurance, disability insurance, loss-of-income payments, supplementary benefits, health insurance and occupational pensions. Division president: Francesco Parrino Judges: Thomas Stadelmann, Lucrezia Glanzmann, Margit Moser-Szeless
 * Second Social Law Division

title: Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland


text:
Paderno Dugnano

Paderno Dugnano (Milanese: Paderna Dugnan ) is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Milan, in Lombardy, northern Italy. It is bounded by comuni of Senago, Limbiate, Varedo, Cusano Milanino, Cormano, Nova Milanese, Bollate, Novate Milanese, Cinisello Balsamo. Paderno Dugnano is about 15 kilometers from the center of Milan.

Following the unification of Italy in 1861, a reorganization of the internal subdivisions of the country ensued. By decree of 17 March 1869, the comuni of Paderno, Dugnano, Incirano, Cassina Amata, and Palazzolo Milanese were fused into a new comune called Paderno Milanese.

Other names for the comune were proposed (including Padergnano and Borgosole) through the 1880s. By decree of 1 February 1886, the comune's name was formally changed to the current name of Paderno Dugnano.

Paderno Dugnano received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on 25 September 1989.

Twin towns
Paderno Dugnano is twinned with:
 * Inđija, Serbia

title: Paderno Dugnano


text:
North Wirral Coastal Park

The North Wirral Coastal Park, on the Wirral Peninsula, England is a coastal park including public open space, common land, natural foreshore and sand-dunes. The park lies between Dove Point in Meols, and the Kings Parade in New Brighton, and was created in 1986.

The park is managed by the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral ranger service from their offices in the Leasowe Lighthouse, and occupies some 400 acres (988 hectares) of land in a four-mile stretch along the coastline making it Wirral's largest park.

Although the park in its current form is relatively new, the history of the site goes back at least 5000 years to when the area, including the foreshore, was heavily forested. The remains of this coastal forestland are known as the 'submerged forest' and can be seen at Dove Point, Meols, between the slipway and the groyne.

Wildlife

The park, which has been granted triple-SI (Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)) status, is one of the country's premier sites for wading bird populations. Among the species which can be found in the area are: Eurasian oystercatcher, common redshank, dunlin, sanderling, ruddy turnstone, northern lapwing, bar-tailed godwit and Eurasian curlew. The large population of fish, worms and crustaceans in the foreshore region sustains the bird wildlife. Among these are to be found: shore crabs, shrimps, prawns, lugworm, ragworm, cockles, tellin, peppery furrow shell, gobies, blennies, sole, plaice, flounder, dab and pipefish.

Sports
The park is a popular site for sailing, angling, swimming, cycling, picnicking, walking, jogging, ball games, bird watching and horse riding.

title: North Wirral Coastal Park


text:
Denny, Falkirk

Denny (an Daingneach) is a town in the Falkirk council area of Scotland. Historically in Stirlingshire, it is situated 7 mi west of Falkirk, and 6 mi northeast of Cumbernauld, adjacent to both the M80 and M876 motorways. At the 2011 census, Denny had a resident population of 8,300.

History
Denny is separated from neighbouring village Dunipace by the River Carron. A stone bridge was built over the river in 1825. Denny Town House was completed in 1931. Until the early 1980s, Denny was a centre for heavy industry, including several iron foundries, brickworks, a coal mine and paper mills.

The first phase of a £7.6 million regeneration scheme in the town centre was completed in 2017.

Notable people
In the First World War 902 men signed up from Denny and Dunipace. Of those, 154 were killed in action or died on service. Decorations were earned by 31 men.

 * Thomas Bain, politician
 * John Adam Cramb, historian
 * David Forrester, divine
 * George William Gray, chemist
 * Matthew Hay, doctor
 * Carl Kirkwood, politician
 * Christian Maclagan, archaeologist
 * Stevie McCrorie, musician
 * William Morehead, landowner
 * Simon Perry, philanthropist

Sport
The local football team are Dunipace F.C., who play at Westfield Park where they moved to from their previous home of Carronbank. They compete in the East of Scotland Football League. Another team, Denny Hibs, operated in the Junior leagues from the 1900s to the 1930s – Dunipace were also part of that setup until the 2010s.

Notable sportspeople from Denny include:
 * Sammy Baird, football player and manager
 * Cameron Buchan, rower
 * Martyn Corrigan, football player and manager
 * Kenny Deuchar, footballer
 * Willie Loney, footballer
 * Niall Mackenzie, motorcycle racer
 * Danny Malloy, boxer
 * Jimmy McMullan, professional footballer
 * Jim McNab, footballer
 * Thomas Scott, footballer
 * Billy Steel, footballer

title: Denny, Falkirk


text:
Regret (New Order song)

"Regret" is the twentieth single by British alternative rock band New Order. It was released on 5 April 1993 by London Records as the lead single from their sixth studio album, Republic (1993). Stephen Hague is credited as both the producer and as a co-writer. It was the band's first single released on CentreDate Co Ltd (through London Records) following the collapse of Factory Records.

The song was a critical and commercial success, reaching the top 10 in Canada, Ireland, Portugal and the United Kingdom. It peaked at number 28 on the US Billboard Hot 100—New Order's highest placement on that chart—and reached number one on two other Billboard charts. Peter Care directed a music video for the song; the video appears on the "Regret" promotional VHS, as well as a DVD collection.

Release
The single was released worldwide in a variety of formats. The B-side of the single differed in the various releases, but all were remixes of the A-side, including the "Fire Island Mix", and "Junior Dub" by Pete Heller and Terry Farley, and two Sabres of Paradise mixes.

Critical reception
In 2010 Pitchfork Media included the song at number 34 on their Top 200 Tracks of the 90s. Tom Ewing of Freaky Trigger also named it his 37th favourite single of the 1990s. John Bush of AllMusic described it "as sublime a balance of obtuse lyrics, just barely emoted vocals, vague club leanings, and grooving synth melodics as their classic material." Peter Hook has said that "Regret" was the "last good New Order song".

Chart performance
The song reached number four on the UK Singles Chart, the last time the band had a top five hit. "Regret" also peaked at number 28 on the US Billboard Hot 100, thus becoming the band's highest-charting single in the United States. The song also appeared on several other charts in the US, including two terms at number one on the Modern Rock Tracks chart (now the Alternative Songs chart). During its second term at number one on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, "Regret" also topped the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart on the strength of its remixes. At the end of 1993, the song came in at number one on the Modern Rock Tracks' year-end chart. On Canada's RPM 100 Hit Tracks chart, the song debuted at number 80 on 15 May 1993 and climbed to its peak of number six on 3 July, staying there for two weeks and spending six weeks in the top 10. It also reached number five on the RPM Dance chart on 17 July.

Live performances
In 1993 New Order filmed a live performance of the song for Top of the Pops in Venice Beach, California as part of an episode of the hit TV series Baywatch, featuring David Hasselhoff and various background actors and bikini-clad actresses dancing and playing on the beach. The band's performance was directed by notable music video and feature film director Thomas Mignone and was broadcast via satellite to the United Kingdom.

title: Regret (New Order song)


text:
List of municipalities in Asturias by area

The following is a list of municipalities in Asturias by area:


text:
Cassina

Cassina may refer to:

Places in Italy

 * Cassina de' Pecchi, in the province of Milan
 * Cassina Rizzardi, in the province of Como
 * Cassina Valsassina, in the province of Lecco
 * Cassina Amata, in the province of Milan
 * Cassina Nuova, in the province of Milan
 * Cassina, ancient name of Cascina, in the province of Pisa

People with the surname

 * Igor Cassina, Italian gymnast

Other uses

 * Ilex cassine (Dahoon Holly)
 * Ilex vomitoria (Yaupon Holly)
 * The black drink brewed by Native Americans of the Southeastern United States from the leaves of the Yaupon Holly
 * Cassina S.p.A., manufacturer of design furniture in Milan

title: Cassina


text:
Ethan Phillips

Ethan Phillips (born John Ethan Phillips February 8, 1955) is an American actor. He is best known for his television roles as Neelix on Star Trek: Voyager and PR man Pete Downey on Benson.

Personal life
Phillips was raised on Long Island, New York. His father was the owner of Frankie & Johnnie's, a steakhouse on 45th and Eighth Avenue in New York City. He received a bachelor's degree in English literature from Boston University and a Master of Fine Arts from Cornell University. He plays the tenor saxophone in the Allan Wasserman Jazz Ensemble.

Theatre
Phillips began his show business career in New York City, performing off-Broadway at theaters including Direct Theater, winning the Best of the Actors’ Festival there in 1977; at the Wonderhorse Theater, in the premiere of Christopher Durang's The Nature and Purpose of the Universe; and at Playwrights Horizons in a revival of Eccentricities of a Nightingale. Tennessee Williams, who helped shape the latter production, wrote a new monologue for Phillips, which Williams personally dictated to him when it was realized that leading lady Jill Eikenberry needed more time for a dress change.

In 1979–80, Phillips appeared as Maurice Utrillo in the premier of Dennis McIntyre's Modigliani, with Jeffrey DeMunn, at the Astor Place Theater. It ran for 208 performances.

Phillips performed in many plays in New York over the next 15 years, including Terrence McNally's Lips Together, Teeth Apart at the Lucille Lortel, Measure for Measure with Kevin Kline at The Public Theater's Delacorte Theater; and the Broadway premier of My Favorite Year at Lincoln Center, with Andrea Martin and Tim Curry, as well as new works for Ars Nova (theater), Ensemble Studio Theatre, Playwrights Horizons, the Hudson Guild Theater, the American Jewish Theater, and many others.

He went on to appear in the premier of David Mamet's November with Nathan Lane and Laurie Metcalf at the Ethel Barrymore Theater and performed it once more with John Malkovich and Patti Lupone for Stars in the House. He played the title character opposite Peter Dinklage in The Imaginary Invalid for Bard College's 2012 SummerScape Festival. In 2013–14 he appeared as Stanley Levison in Robert Schenkkan's All the Way at the American Repertory Theater. Phillips moved with the show to Broadway's Neil Simon Theater where the play won the Tony Award for Best Play and Best Actor, Bryan Cranston. More recently Phillips played leading roles in the premiers of Dennis Kelly’s Taking Care of Baby, Terrence McNally's Golden Age, and Sharyn Rothstein's By the Water, all for the Manhattan Theatre Club (off-Broadway). Most recently, Phillips played Murray Lefkowitz in the Broadway premier of Ayad Akhtar's Junk: The Golden Age of Debt at Lincoln Center's Vivian Beaumont Theater.

Phillips' regional theater credits include leading roles for San Diego's Old Globe Theater, the Alaska Repertory Theater, at Seattle Repertory Theater, at Baltimore's Centerstage, for the Westport Country Playhouse, Boston Shakespeare Company, Actors Theater of Louisville, The American Repertory Theater, the Salt Lake Acting Co., and the McCarter Theatre. In Los Angeles, Phillips acted in Side Man at the Pasadena Playhouse, in Lips Together, Teeth Apart for the Mark Taper Forum; in You Can't Take It with You at the Geffen Playhouse, in The Bourgeois Gentleman for the Pasadena Symphony, and as Polonius in Hamlet for the Uprising Theater.

Phillips has been an actor at the Sundance Institute's Playwrights Conference in Utah for six summers, where he developed his play Penguin Blues, which is published by Samuel French Inc. and included in The Best Short Plays of 1989 (Applause, ed. Ramon Delgado). Based on his experiences at Sundance, Phillips helped found First Stage, a playwright development lab in Los Angeles.

Film
Phillips has appeared in over 50 films, beginning with Ragtime (directed by Miloš Forman). Other features include For Richer or Poorer, Jeffrey, The Shadow, Wagons East, The Man Without a Face, Green Card, Lean On Me, Critters, Bloodhounds of Broadway, The Island, Bad Santa, and The Babysitters. His more recent films include Shadow Witness, Audrey, the Coen Brothers' Inside Llewyn Davis, Woody Allen's Irrational Man, and James DeMonaco's The Purge: Election Year.

Television
In 1980, Phillips joined the cast of the sitcom Benson as PR man Pete Downey, for five seasons.

He has made scores of guest appearances on television series and tele films, including Pushing Daisies, Bones, Eli Stone, Criminal Minds, NUMB3RS, Las Vegas, L.A. Law, JAG, Law & Order, Arrested Development, Boston Legal, Touched by an Angel, Castle, Rizzoli & Isles, The Good Guys, The Mentalist, Deadbeat, The Good Wife, New Amsterdam (2018 TV series), Better Call Saul and Veep. He played the recurring role of Keith in the final two seasons of Lena Dunham's Girls. He currently plays Spike Martin in Armando Iannucci's space comedy Avenue 5 on HBO.

In 1990, he began his Star Trek career playing the Ferengi doctor Farek in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Ménage à Troi". He went on to play the Talaxian character Neelix on Star Trek: Voyager from its inception in 1995, and stayed with the series two episodes short of its entire seven-season run. He also cameoed as a holographic nightclub maître d' in the 1996 film Star Trek: First Contact, and appeared as a Ferengi pirate captain in the Star Trek: Enterprise episode "Acquisition".

Phillips has also performed voice work for several of the Star Wars franchise video games: 2000's Star Wars: Force Commander, 2001's Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds, and 2003's Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic.

title: Ethan Phillips


text:
Northgate

Northgate or North Gate may refer to:

Historical structures

 * Northgate, Chester, part of the city wall, in Cheshire, England
 * St Michael at the North Gate, a church in Oxford, England

Australia

 * Northgate, Queensland
 * Northgate, South Australia

Canada

 * Northgate, Saskatchewan

England

 * Northgate Street, in Gloucester
 * Northgate, Lincolnshire, see List of United Kingdom locations: Ni-North G
 * Northgate, Somerset, see List of United Kingdom locations: Ni-North G
 * Northgate, West Sussex
 * Northgate (Wakefield), street in West Yorkshire

South Africa

 * Northgate, Gauteng

United States

 * Northgate, Oakland, California, Contra Costa County
 * North Gate, California
 * Northgate, Illinois, in Tuscola Township
 * Northgate, North Dakota
 * Northgate, Ohio
 * Northgate, Salem, Oregon
 * Northgate, Texas
 * Northgate, Seattle, Washington

Stations

 * Northgate railway station, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
 * Northgate station (Sound Transit), Seattle, Washington, United States
 * Chester Northgate railway station, Cheshire, England
 * Newark North Gate railway station, Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire, England
 * Northgate Transit Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Schools

 * Northgate High School (disambiguation)
 * Northgate Junior – Senior High School, Bellevue, Pennsylvania, United States
 * Northgate School District, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States

Businesses

 * Northgate (company), based in Darlington, England
 * Northgate Computer Systems (now defunct), based in Minnesota, United States
 * Northgate Cyberzone, a business district and financial enclave in Muntinlupa City, Philippines
 * Northgate Information Solutions, based in Hemel Hempstead, England

Australia

 * Northgate Shopping Centre, Glenorchy, Tasmania

Canada

 * Northgate Centre, Edmonton, Alberta

South Africa

 * Northgate Shopping Centre, Johannesburg

United States

 * Northgate Mall (Durham), North Carolina
 * Northgate Mall (Hixson), Tennessee
 * Northgate Mall (Ohio), Cincinnati
 * Northgate Mall (San Rafael), California
 * Northgate Station (shopping mall), formerly Northgate Mall, Seattle, Washington

People

 * Dan Michel of Northgate, a 14th century English writer

title: Northgate


text:
Commandant of the Coast Guard

The commandant of the Coast Guard is the service chief and highest-ranking member of the United States Coast Guard. The commandant is an admiral, appointed for a four-year term by the president of the United States upon confirmation by the United States Senate. The commandant is assisted by a vice commandant, who is also an admiral, and two area commanders (U.S. Coast Guard Pacific Area and U.S. Coast Guard Atlantic Area) and two deputy commandants (deputy commandant for operations and deputy commandant for mission support), all of whom are vice admirals.

Though the United States Coast Guard is one of the six military branches of the United States, unlike the other service chiefs, the commandant of the Coast Guard is not a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The commandant is, however, entitled to the same supplemental pay as each member of the Joint Chiefs, per ($4,000 per annum in 2009), and is accorded privilege of the floor under Senate Rule XXIII(1) as a de facto JCS member during presidential addresses.

The commandant maintains operational command over the Coast Guard, unlike the chiefs of the other services, who serve only administrative roles. Thus, while the operational chain of command for the other services (per the Goldwater–Nichols Act) goes from the president through the secretary of defense to the combatant commanders of the unified combatant commands, command and control of the Coast Guard goes from the president through the secretary of homeland security (or secretary of defense, when the Coast Guard is acting as a service in the Department of the Navy) through the commandant. Prior to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security in 2003, the United States Coast Guard operated under and the commandant reported to the secretary of transportation from 1966 to 2003, and the secretary of the treasury from 1790 until 1966.

The current and 27th commandant is Admiral Linda L. Fagan, who assumed office on 1 June 2022. She is the first woman to serve in the role.

History
The title of commandant dates to a 1923 act that distributed the commissioned line and engineer officers of the U.S. Coast Guard in grades. Before 1923, the rank and title of the head of the Coast Guard was "captain-commandant." The rank "captain-commandant" originated in the Revenue Cutter Service in 1908. The original holder of that rank was the Chief of the Revenue Cutter Service (also known as the Revenue Marine). The Coast Guard traces the lineage of commandants back to Captain Leonard G. Shepard, chief of the Revenue Marine Bureau, even though he never officially received the title of captain-commandant. The captain-commandant position was created in 1908 when Captain Worth G. Ross was the first to actually hold the position. Although he was retired, Ross's predecessor, Captain Charles F. Shoemaker, was elevated to the rank of captain-commandant. Shoemaker's predecessor, Captain Shepard, had already died and was not elevated to the rank.

Chiefs of the Revenue Marine Bureau
Chiefs exercised centralized control over the Revenue Marine Bureau.

 * Captain Alexander V. Fraser, USRM, 1843–1848
 * Captain Richard Evans, USRM, 1848–1849

In 1849 the Revenue Marine Bureau was dissolved, and the Revenue Marine fell under the control the commissioner of customs until the Revenue Marine Bureau was again established in 1869.

 * N. Broughton Devereux, 1869–1871
 * Sumner I. Kimball, 1871–1878
 * Ezra Clark, 1878–1885
 * Peter Bonnett, 1885–1889

List of commandants
There have been 27 commandants of the Coast Guard since the office of chief of the Revenue Marine Bureau was transferred to a military billet. This includes Admiral Linda L. Fagan, the current commandant.

title: Commandant of the Coast Guard


text:
Cassina Valsassina

Cassina Valsassina (Valassinese Casìna) is a town and comune in the province of Lecco, in Lombardy.

title: Cassina Valsassina


text:
Cassina Rizzardi

Cassina Rizzardi is a town and comune in the province of Como, in Lombardy.

title: Cassina Rizzardi


text:
Dromore

Dromore may refer to:

Places

 * Dromore, Ontario, Canada
 * Dromore (crater), a crater in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars

Northern Ireland

 * Dromore, County Down
 * Dromore, County Tyrone

Republic of Ireland

 * Dromore, County Clare, townland in the civil parish of Ruan
 * Dromore Lough, County Clare, a lake in Dromore townland
 * Dromore, County Westmeath, townland in the civil parish of Castletownkindalen, Barony of Moycashel
 * Dromore West, County Sligo

Other

 * Bishop of Dromore, named for the town in County Down; the pre-Reformation antecedent of:
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Dromore
 * Diocese of Down and Dromore, in the Church of Ireland
 * Baron Dromore, subsidiary title of Viscount Scudamore in the Peerage of Ireland

title: Dromore


text: Template:R from alternative name

title: Template:R from alternative name


text:
Amy Wright

Amy Wright is an American actress and former model. She has appeared in such films as The Deer Hunter, Breaking Away,  The Accidental Tourist, Hard Promises, Crossing Delancey, and Miss Firecracker. She is the widow of actor Rip Torn.

Early years
Born in Chicago, Wright is a graduate of Beloit College.

Career
Wright acted in summer-stock productions in Rockford, Illinois, before going to New York, where she studied acting with Uta Hagen. She starred with Eric Schweig in The Scarlet Letter and Tom and Huck (both made in 1995). She produced a Netflix series called The Next Step.

Wright starred in the original production of Breakfast with Les and Bess as Shelby. Wright also appeared on Broadway in the original productions of Fifth of July and Noises Off. Wright currently is on the faculty of HB Studio in New York City.

Personal life
Wright was married to actor Rip Torn from 1989 until his death in 2019, and the couple had two daughters, Katie and Claire Torn.

title: Amy Wright


text:
Cassina de' Pecchi

Cassina de' Pecchi (Cassina de Pecci ) is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Milan, in Lombardy, northern Italy. The comune is bounded by other communes of Cernusco sul Naviglio, Bussero, Gorgonzola, Melzo and Vignate. Cassina de' Pecchi has received the recognition of "Sustainable city for girls and boys" in 1999, concerning councils with less than 50000 inhabitants

Twin towns
Cassina de' Pecchi is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Élancourt, France, since 1997

title: Cassina de' Pecchi


text:
Dromore, County Tyrone

Dromore is a town, townland and civil parish in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is 9 mi south west of Omagh on the A32 and 16 mi from Enniskillen. The population of Dromore was 1,198 at the 2011 Census.

History
The town was originally built in 1757 when the then Lord of the manor, William Hamilton, of Aughlish House gave a grant of the townland of Mullinacross, now called Dromore, to two families - Stewart and Humphreys. The town at that time consisted of only four houses. The original name of the townland is derived from an ancient stone cross which formerly stood on the top of the hill overlooking the town, and near to where the Cistercian Abbey was located. This abbey which was destroyed by a fire in 1690 is said to have been built on the site of a nunnery founded by Saint Patrick for Saint Cettumbria, the first Irish female who received the veil from his hands. In the village, still to be seen, are the ivy-clad remains of a Protestant church built in 1694.

During the Irish Rebellion of 1798, when Lord Blayney came to Tyrone, as Dromore was principally inhabited by rebels, he set it on fire and burned some of the houses, but owing to the exertions of Captain Charles Muirhead, Lieutenant James Alexander and the Rev. Benjamin Marshall the balance of the town was saved from destruction.

In the area around Dromore are to be found a number of ancient earthen forts. At Dullaghan about four miles to the northwest is a Druid's Altar - a small roofless chamber tomb. A tannery was known to have existed in the village.

In the Dromore Parish at least nine locations of Mass Rocks are known. During the times of the Penal Laws certain "Mass Gardens" were located in the district where the local parishioners met in seclusion to celebrate Mass. It is said that Lord Belmore, who owned considerable property around Dromore, was so impressed with the devotion of the congregation at one of these gatherings, which he came across one day by chance, that he made available a piece of ground for the erection of a church with a condition that the chapel could not be seen from the village. Hence St Dympnas Chapel was built in a hollow. St Davogs chapel built in 1987 is where the Catholic Church of Dromore now stands.

In April 1921, during the Irish War of Independence, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) ambushed Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) patrols in the area. On the night of 6–7 April, an RIC sergeant shot and wounded a Catholic girl on the main street in a sectarian attack. He was then shot dead by the girl's brother, an IRA volunteer. In reprisal, Special Constables took three local IRA volunteers from their homes and summarily executed them, dumping their bodies by the roadside.

Townlands of Dromore
Early Irish ancestors gave us the vast bulk of the local placenames we use to this day, especially our townland names. The words in Irish for hill (druim, cnoc, cor, iomaire, mullan, tulach) predominate. The name "Dromore" (Droim Mor) itself means "the great ridge". The word "meen" (found in Meenagowan and Meenagar) shows the wet, healthy nature of much of the land. Dromore parish consists of over sixty townlands; roughly elliptical in shape, it is bounded on the north by Drumquin, on the south by Trillick, on the west by Ederney and on the east by Omagh and Fintona.

Nowadays, townland names in particular are under threat owing to a new computerised system of addresses for rural homes, a system suited to areas in Great Britain where townlands do not exist. Roads are now to be given arbitrary names by administrators who do not possess a deep knowledge of the area, attaching arbitrary house numbers to them. For example, the former Corbally Road is to be known as 'St. Dympnas Road', on the specious argument that St. Dympna's Catholic Church is situated near it. This inevitably has met considerable opposition with local residents who value of these ancient names as badges of personal identification, and many will continue to use them to preserve the ancient names for future generations and residents.

19th century population
The population of Dromore village increased slightly overall during the 19th century:

21st century population
Dromore is classified as a village by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 1,000 and 2,499 people). On Census Day (27 March 2011) the usually resident population of Dromore Settlement was 1,198, accounting for 0.07% of the NI total. Of these:
 * 23.96% were aged under 16 years and 13.44% were aged 65 and over
 * 48.58% of the population were male and 51.42% were female
 * 85.89% were from a Catholic background and 11.44% were from a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' background

Sport

 * Dromore St. Dympna's is the local GAA club.
 * Tummery Athletic is the local Soccer club.
 * Dromore Ladies GFC [Gaelic Football Club]

Dromore townland
The townland is situated in the historic barony of Omagh East and the civil parish of Dromore and covers an area of 157 acres.

The population of the townland (excluding Dromore village) declined during the 19th century:

Climate
Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).

title: Dromore, County Tyrone