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Online game

An online game is a video game that is either partially or primarily played through the Internet or any other computer network available. Online games are ubiquitous on modern gaming platforms, including PCs, consoles and mobile devices, and span many genres, including first-person shooters, strategy games, and massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG). In 2019, revenue in the online games segment reached $16.9 billion, with $4.2 billion generated by China and $3.5 billion in the United States. Since the 2010s, a common trend among online games has been to operate them as games as a service, using monetization schemes such as loot boxes and battle passes as purchasable items atop freely-offered games. Unlike purchased retail games, online games have the problem of not being permanently playable, as they require special servers in order to function.

The design of online games can range from simple text-based environments to the incorporation of complex graphics and virtual worlds. The existence of online components within a game can range from being minor features, such as an online leaderboard, to being part of core gameplay, such as directly playing against other players. Many online games create their own online communities, while other games, especially social games, integrate the players' existing real-life communities. Some online games can receive a massive influx of popularity due to many well-known Twitch streamers and YouTubers playing them.

Online gaming has drastically increased the scope and size of video game culture. Online games have attracted players of a variety of ages, nationalities, and occupations. The online game content is now being studied in the scientific field, especially gamers' interactions within virtual societies in relation to the behavior and social phenomena of everyday life. As in other cultures, the community has developed a gamut of slang words or phrases that can be used for communication in or outside of games. Due to their growing online nature, modern video game slang overlaps heavily with internet slang, as well as leetspeak, with many words such as "pwn" and "noob". Another term that was popularized by the video game community is the abbreviation "AFK" to refer to people who are not at the computer or paying attention. Other common abbreviations include "GL HF" which stands for "good luck, have fun," which is often said at the beginning of a match to show good sportsmanship. Likewise, at the end of a game, "GG" or "GG WP" may be said to congratulate the opponent, win or lose, on a "good game, well played". Many video games have also inspired internet memes and achieved a very large following online.

The culture of online gaming sometimes faces criticism for an environment that can promote cyberbullying, violence, and xenophobia. Some are also concerned about gaming addiction or social stigma. However, it has been argued that, since the players of an online game are strangers to each other and have limited communication, the individual player's experience in an online game is not necessarily different from playing with artificial intelligence players.

History
The history of online games dates back to the early days of packet-based computer networking in the 1970s, An early example of online games is MUDs, including the first, MUD1, which was created in 1978 and originally confined to an internal network before becoming connected to ARPANet in 1980. Commercial games followed in the next decade, with Islands of Kesmai, the first commercial online role-playing game, debuting in 1984, as well as more graphical games, such as the MSX LINKS action games in 1986, the flight simulator Air Warrior in 1987, and the Famicom Modem's online Go game in 1987.

The rapid availability of the Internet in the 1990s led to an expansion of online games, with notable titles including Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds (1996), Quakeworld (1996), Ultima Online (1997), Lineage (1998), StarCraft (1998), Counter-Strike (1999) and EverQuest (1999). Video game consoles also began to receive online networking features, such as the Famicom Modem (1987), Sega Meganet (1990), Satellaview (1995), SegaNet (2000), PlayStation 2 (2000) and Xbox (2001). Following improvements in connection speeds, more recent developments include the popularization of new genres, such as social games, and new platforms, such as mobile games.

Entering into the 2000s, the cost of technology, servers, and the Internet has dropped so far that fast Internet was commonplace, which led to previously unknown genres like massively multiplayer online games (MMOs) becoming well-known. For example, World of Warcraft (2004) dominated much of the decade. Several other MMOs attempted to follow in Warcrafts footsteps, such as Star Wars Galaxies, City of Heroes, Wildstar, Warhammer Online, Guild Wars 2, and Star Wars: The Old Republic, but failed to make a significant impact in Warcrafts market share. Over time, the MMORPG community has developed a sub-culture with its own slang and metaphors, as well as an unwritten list of social rules and taboos.

Separately, a new type of online game came to popularity alongside World of Warcraft, Defense of the Ancients (2003) which introduced the multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) format. DotA, a community-created mod based on Warcraft III, gained in popularity as interest in World of Warcraft waned, but since the format was tied to the Warcraft property, others began to develop their own MOBAs, including Heroes of Newerth (2009), League of Legends (2010), and Dota 2 (2013). Blizzard Entertainment, the owner of Warcraft property, released their own take on the MOBA genre with Heroes of the Storm (2015), emphasizing on numerous original heroes from Warcraft III and other Blizzard's franchises. By the early 2010s, the genre had become a big part of the esports category.

During the last half of the 2010s, hero shooter, a variation of shooter games inspired by multiplayer online battle arenas and older class-based shooters, had a substantial rise in popularity with the release of Battleborn and Overwatch in 2016. The genre continued to grow with games such as Paladins (2018) and Valorant (2020).

A battle royale game format became widely popular with the release of PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds (2017), Fortnite Battle Royale (2017), and Apex Legends (2019). The popularity of the genre continued in the 2020s with the release of the Call of Duty: Warzone (2020). Each game has received tens of millions of players within months of its releases.

Demographics
The assumption that online games in general are populated mostly by males has remained somewhat accurate for years. Recent statistics begin to diminish the male domination myth in gaming culture. Although a worldwide number of male gamers still dominates over female (52% by 48%), women accounted for more than half of the players of certain games. As of 2019, the average gamer is 33 years old.

The report Online Game Market Forecasts estimates worldwide revenue from online games to reach $35 billion by 2017, up from $19 billion in 2011.

Console gaming
Xbox Live was launched in November 2002. Initially the console only used a feature called system link, where players could connect two consoles using an Ethernet cable, or multiple consoles through a router. With the original Xbox Microsoft launched Xbox Live, allowing shared play over the internet. A similar feature exists on the PlayStation 3 in the form of the PlayStation Network, and the Wii also supports a limited amount of online gaming. Nintendo also has a network, dubbed "Nintendo Network", that fully supports online gaming with the Wii U and Nintendo 3DS.

Browser games
As the World Wide Web developed and browsers became more sophisticated, people started creating browser games that used a web browser as a client. Simple single player games were made that could be played using a web browser (most commonly made with web technologies like HTML, JavaScript, ASP, PHP and MySQL).

The development of web-based graphics technologies such as Flash and Java allowed browser games to become more complex. These games, also known by their related technology as "Flash games" or "Java games", became increasingly popular. Games ranged from simple concepts to large-scale games, some of which were later released on consoles. Many Java or Flash games were shared on various different websites, bringing them to wide audiences. Browser-based pet games are popular among the younger generation of online gamers. These games range from gigantic games with millions of users, such as Neopets, to smaller and more community-based pet games.

More recent browser-based games use web technologies like Ajax to make more complicated multiplayer interactions possible and WebGL to generate hardware-accelerated 3D graphics without the need for plugins.

Player versus environment (PvE)
PvE is a term used in online games, particularly MMORPGs and other role-playing video games, to refer to fighting computer-controlled opponents.

Player versus player (PvP)
PvP is a term broadly used to describe any game, or aspect of a game, where players compete against each other rather than against computer-controlled opponents.

First-person shooter game (FPS)
During the 1990s, online games started to move from a wide variety of LAN protocols (such as IPX) and onto the Internet using the TCP/IP protocol. Doom popularized the concept of a deathmatch, where multiple players battle each other head-to-head, as a new form of online game. Since Doom, many first-person shooter games contain online components to allow deathmatch or arena style play. And by popularity, first person shooter games are becoming more and more widespread around the world. As games became more realistic and competitive, an e-sports community was born. Games like Counter-Strike, Halo, Call of Duty, Quake Live and Unreal Tournament are popular with these tournaments. These tournaments have a range of winnings from money to hardware.

Expansion of hero shooters, a sub-genre of shooter games, happened in 2016 when several developers released or announced their hero shooter multiplayer online game. Hero shooters have been considered to have strong potential as an esport, as a large degree of skill and coordination arises from the importance of teamwork. Some notable examples include Battleborn, Overwatch, Paladins and Valorant.

Real-time strategy game (RTS)
Early real-time strategy games often allowed multiplayer play over a modem or local network. As the Internet started to grow during the 1990s, software was developed that would allow players to tunnel the LAN protocols used by the games over the Internet. By the late 1990s, most RTS games had native Internet support, allowing players from all over the globe to play with each other. Popular RTS games with online communities have included Age of Empires, Sins of a Solar Empire, StarCraft and Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War.

Massively multiplayer online game (MMO)
Massively multiplayer online games were made possible with the growth of broadband Internet access in many developed countries, using the Internet to allow hundreds of thousands of players to play the same game together. Many different styles of massively multiplayer games are available, such as:
 * MMORPG (Massively multiplayer online role-playing game)
 * MMORTS (Massively multiplayer online real-time strategy)
 * MMOFPS (Massively multiplayer online first-person shooter)
 * MMOSG (Massively multiplayer online social game)

Multiplayer online battle arena game (MOBA)
A specific subgenre of strategy video games referred to as multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) gained popularity in the 2010s as a form of electronic sports, encompassing games such as the Defense of the Ancients mod for Warcraft III, League of Legends, Dota 2, Smite, and Heroes of the Storm. Major esports professional tournaments are held in venues that can hold tens of thousands of spectators and are streamed online to millions more. A strong fanbase has opened up the opportunity for sponsorship and advertising, eventually leading the genre to become a global cultural phenomenon.

Battle Royale games
A battle royale game is a genre that blends the survival, exploration and scavenging elements of a survival game with last-man-standing gameplay. Dozens to hundreds of players are involved in each match, with the winner being the last player or team alive. Some notable examples include PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, Fortnite Battle Royale, Apex Legends, and Call of Duty: Warzone, each having received tens of millions of players within months of their releases. The genre is designed exclusively for multiplayer gameplay over the Internet.

MUD
MUD is a class of multi-user real-time virtual worlds, usually but not exclusively text-based, with a history extending back to the creation of MUD1 by Richard Bartle in 1978. MUD were the direct predecessors of MMORPG.

Other notable games
A social deduction game is a multiplayer online game in which players attempt to uncover each other's hidden role or team allegiance using logic and deductive reasoning, while other players can bluff to keep players from suspecting them. A notable example of the social deduction video game is Among Us, which received a massive influx of popularity in 2020 due to many well-known Twitch streamers and YouTubers playing it. Among Us has also inspired internet memes and achieved a very large following online.

Online game governance
Online gamers must agree to an End-user license agreement (EULA) when they first install the game application or an update. EULA is a legal contract between the producer or distributor and the end-user of an application or software, which is to prevent the program from being copied, redistributed or hacked. The consequences of breaking the agreement vary according to the contract. Players could receive warnings to termination, or direct termination without warning. In the 3D immersive world Second Life where a breach of contract will append the player warnings, suspension and termination depending on the offense.

Where online games supports an in-game chat feature, it is not uncommon to encounter hate speech, sexual harassment and cyberbullying. Players, developers, gaming companies, and professional observers are discussing and developing tools which discourage antisocial behavior. There are also sometimes Moderators present, who attempt to prevent anti-Social behavior. Online games also often involve real-life illegal behavior, such as scam, financial crimes, invasion of privacy, and other issues.

Recent development of gaming governance requires all video games (including online games) to hold a rating label. The voluntary rating system was established by the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB). A scale can range from "E" (stands for Everyone) inferring games that are suitable for both children and adults, to "M" (stands for Mature) recommending games that are restricted to age above 17. Some explicit online games can be rated "AO" (stands for Adult Only), identifying games that have content suitable for only adults over the age of 18. Furthermore, online games must also carry an ESRB notice that warns that any "online interactions are not rated by the ESRB".

Shutdown of games
The video game industry is highly competitive. As a result, many online games end up not generating enough profits, such that the service providers do not have the incentives to continue running the servers. In such cases, the developers of a game might decide to shut down the server permanently.

Shutting down an online game can severely impact the players. Typically, a server shutdown means players will no longer be able to play the game. For many players, this can cause a sense of loss at an emotional level, since they often dedicate time and effort to making in-game progress, e.g., completing in-game tasks to earn items for their characters. In some other cases, the game might still be playable without the server, but certain important functionalities will be lost. For example, earning key in-game items often requires a server that can track each player's progress.

In some cases, an online game may be relaunched in a substantially different form after shutting down, in an attempt to increase the game's quality, remedy low sales, or reverse a declining player base, and see significantly greater success. Final Fantasy XIV was negatively received upon its 2010 release, and relaunched as A Realm Reborn in 2013 - the new version was met with considerable positive reception, and is still running as of 2022. Splitgate: Arena Warfare relaunched as Splitgate in 2021, switching to a free-to-play model and adding cross-platform multiplayer, and subsequently saw 2 million new players, with the servers being unable to handle the influx.

However, games may remain a commercial failure despite a planned relaunch. These include the 2015 asymmetrical first-person shooter Evolve, which transitioned to a free-to-play title known as Evolve Stage 2 a year after launch, after it was criticized for its significant amount of DLC despite being a full-priced game, but had its servers permanently shut down roughly two years later after its user base "evaporated" as a result of infrequent updates. The 2019 looter-shooter Anthem was also planned to be relaunched as Anthem Next, but the changes were never implemented, partially due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and an unwillingness to further invest in the game by Electronic Arts, and it was permanently shut down.

title: Online game


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Black (disambiguation)

Black is a color corresponding to the absence of light.

Black may also refer to:

People and fictional characters

 * Black people, a racial categorization of humans mostly used for people of Sub-Saharan African descent, Indigenous Australians and Melanesians
 * Black (singer) (1962–2016), a stage name for Colin Vearncombe
 * Black (surname), a list of people and fictional characters
 * List of people known as the Black, various people, real or fictional

Terrestrial

 * The Black Sea, a sea between Europe and Asia
 * Black, Alabama, a town, United States
 * Black, Illinois, an unincorporated community, United States
 * Black, Missouri, an unincorporated community, United States
 * Black, West Virginia, an unincorporated community, United States
 * Black Glacier, Victoria Land, Antarctica
 * Black Head (disambiguation)
 * Black Hill (disambiguation)
 * Black Island (disambiguation)
 * Black Lake (disambiguation)
 * Black Mountain (disambiguation)
 * Black Mountains (disambiguation)
 * Black Peak (disambiguation)
 * Black River (disambiguation)
 * Black Town, another name for George Town, in India
 * Black Township (disambiguation)
 * Black Volcano, an inactive volcano near Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
 * The Black-E, a community arts centre in Liverpool, England

Extraterrestrial

 * Black (crater), a lunar crater
 * 11207 Black, a main-belt asteroid

Film and television

 * Black (2004 film), a Malayalam film directed by Ranjith Balakrishnan
 * Black (2005 film), a Hindi film directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali
 * Black (2008 film), a French heist film directed Pierre Laffargue
 * Black (2015 Belgian film), a Belgian crime film by Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah
 * Black (2015 Bengali film), a Bengali film directed by Raja Chanda
 * Black (South Korean TV series), a 2017 South Korean TV series
 * Black (Indian TV series), a 2009 Hindi-language Indian television series
 * Pacific Rim: The Black, a 2021 Netflix animated television series
 * "Black" (Supernatural), a 2014 television episode of the Supernatural fantasy U.S. TV show

Games

 * Black (video game), a 2006 first-person shooter
 * Pokémon Black and White, 2011 video games for the Nintendo DS
 * Twisted Metal: Black, a 2001 vehicle combat video game
 * White and Black in chess

Literature

 * Black (novel), a novel in the Circle Trilogy by Ted Dekker
 * Black (play), a play by Joyce Carol Oates

Music

 * Black (event), a Dutch hardstyle event
 * Black (singer), stage name of English singer Colin Vearncombe
 * Black (video), a live performance video by Psychic TV
 * Black (Bangladeshi band), a Bangladeshi rock band
 * The Black (American band), an American rock band

Albums

 * Black (band Black album), 2011
 * Black (1987 singer Black album), a retrospective compilation released by Warner
 * Black (1991 singer Black album), a studio album released by A&M
 * Black (Dierks Bentley album) or the title song (see below), 2016
 * Black (Lee Hyori album) or the title song, 2017
 * Black (Lita Ford album) or the title song, 1994
 * Black (Project Pitchfork album), 2013
 * The Black (Asking Alexandria album) or the title song, 2016
 * The Black (Imminence album), 2024
 * The Black (EP), by William Control, 2017

Songs

 * "Black" (Dierks Bentley song), 2016
 * "Black" (Pearl Jam song), 1991
 * "Black" (Sevendust song), 1997
 * "Black" (Trivium song), 2012
 * "Black" (YoungBoy Never Broke Again song), 2023
 * "Black", by Basement from Colourmeinkindness, 2012
 * "Black", by Danger Mouse and Daniele Luppi from Rome, 2011
 * "Black", by Dave from Psychodrama, 2019
 * "Black", by Guru Randhawa, 2019
 * "Black", by Motionless in White from The Whorror, 2007
 * "Black", by Neurosis from Pain of Mind, 1987
 * "Black", by Sarah McLachlan from Solace, 1991
 * "Black", by Will Oldham from I See a Darkness, 1999

Other uses

 * Black (horse), a coat color of horse
 * Black (turkey), a breed of domestic turkey
 * Black (automobile), a 19th-century U.S. automobile
 * Black Motor Company, an American automobile manufacturer from 1908 to 1910
 * Boeing Black, a phone by Boeing
 * A slang for a Black & Mild, a tobacco product

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Black (disambiguation)


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Capovalle

Capovalle (before 1907 Hano; À) is a town and comune in the Italian province of Brescia, in Lombardy in the upper Valle Sabbia.

title: Capovalle


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User talk:Ceri

Hi Ceri, welcome to Wikipedia! And nice to see another person from Winchester contributing, that's where I'm from too. I hope you enjoy contributing and decide to stick around. Enchanter 23:34, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ceri


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Capriano del Colle

Capriano del Colle (Brescian: Cavreà) is a comune in the province of Brescia, Lombardy, northern Italy. It is bounded by other communes of Azzano Mella, Bagnolo Mella, Flero, Poncarale, Castel Mella and Dello. It is situated on the eastern slopes of Monte Netto, famous for the production of Clinto grapes.

title: Capriano del Colle


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Loja, Ecuador

Loja, formerly Loxa and fully City of the Immaculate Conception of Loja (Ciudad de la Inmaculada Concepción de Loja), is the capital of Ecuador's Loja Province. It is located in the Cuxibamba valley in the south of the country, sharing borders with the provinces of Zamora-Chinchipe and other cantons of the province of Loja. Loja holds a rich tradition in the arts, and for this reason is known as the Music and Cultural Capital of Ecuador. The city is home to two major universities.

The city has a population of about 203,000, and is situated 2060 m (6758 ft) above sea level. It has a mild Andean climate, ranging between 16 and 30 °C.

The Pan-American Highway runs past Loja.

History
The city of Loja was colonized by Field Marshal Alonso de Mercadillo in 1548, and it is named for his hometown of Loja in Spain. Originally located near La Toma in the Catamayo canyon since 1546, the city was relocated to its present location (about 35 km east) after a devastating earthquake and problems with Malaria. At nearly 500 years, it is one of the oldest cities in Ecuador. One of its founding-reasons for the Spanish colonizers was to have a fortified town next to the region of Zaruma, which was in that time rich in gold. It was as well a departure point for the Amazon Basin to search for the mystic town of El Dorado. The city was also visited by Simón Bolívar in his campaign to unite Gran Colombia. It declared its independence from Spain on November 18, 1820.

The city of Loja has the distinction of being the first city in Ecuador to be wired for electric power provided by a hydroelectric dam that was completed in the 1890s.

Geography
Loja is in the bottom of the broad glacial Cuxibamba valley. It lies between the humid Amazon Basin and the Peruvian sechura, and is composed mainly of paramo, cloud-forest, and jungle. The valley borders the Podocarpus National Park, which is a massive cloud-forest reserve accessible through the Cajanuma gates just minutes outside the city. The Rio Zamora and Rio Malacatos flow through the city of Loja.

Climate
Loja has a mild Andean climate, generally warm during the days and colder and often wetter at night. The average temperature is 16 C. June and July brings an eastern drizzle with the trade winds, and is referred to as the "windy season." Due to its valley location, the city is often misty in the morning with general absence of sunshine, clearing off towards the afternoon.

Economy

Loja is the capital of one of Ecuador's main coffee-growing provinces. Close to the city of Loja, the first wind power station of Ecuador is located with a visitors center and 11 generators.

Arts and culture

There is a thriving musical scene in Loja, in keeping with the city's reputation. There are numerous small music and salsa clubs, and it is not uncommon to hear Lojanos singing as they go about their day. On Sundays, the local police band performs in the Plaza de Independencia outside of San Sebastian Church.

The city is full of public artworks, including massive painted tile murals, frescoes, and statuary. Of particular note are the frescoes of Bolívar and Sucre that greet visitors as they pass through the gates of the city.

Annual cultural events

 * May 30 - August 15 - Pilgirmage of the Virgin of El Cisne
 * June 25 - Foundation of Loja Province
 * September 1–15 - Ecuador-Peru Border Integration Fair
 * November 1 - Return of the Virgin of Cisne to the town of El Cisne
 * November 18 - Independence of Loja
 * December 8 - Foundation of Loja

Points of interest
The gates of the city are modeled after the coat of arms of the city, presented by King Philip II of Spain in 1571. The gate is on Av. Gran Colombia, and houses four galleries which show contemporary Lojano artwork, and a cafeteria and gift shop. Loja contains a number of historic churches; the city's board of tourism has approached finding them in a novel manner. Beginning at the Puerta de la Ciudad, one of the first thing a tourist will notice is a large orange stripe painted on the sidewalk. Following the stripe takes the interested on a self-guided tour of the main historic churches and areas of Loja. The main Cathedral, built in the colonial style, is located on the central square. It is home for six months of the year to the Virgin of Cisne, whose statue is carried on the backs of the faithful to and from the town of Cisne, 45 km north of Loja. The procession shuts the road to traffic twice a year, and it is a mark of pride among Lojanos to participate. Original adobe in the cathedral building dates from the 16th century; the current building dates from 1838 (previous edifices were lost to earthquakes). The Cathedral is one of the largest churches in Ecuador. It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Loja. The small Church of San Francisco houses the city's Franciscan convent. The church was built in 1548 and then rebuilt in 1851. The plaza, located on the corner of Av. Bolivar and Av. Colon, features a monument to Alonso de Mercadillo, founder of the city. The Church of Santo Domingo was built in 1557; the entire edifice was once in the Gothic style, but after an earthquake in 1867 only the twin spires remained standing. The church was refinished in the colonial style, but the spires were left as a reminder of the former facade. The church was painted and decorated by notable Lojano Fray Enrique Mideros. In the plaza of the church stands a monument to Manuel Carrión Pinzano, a founder in 1853 of the Federalism movement in Loja. In 1660, the city of Loja was consecrated to St. Sebastian in order to prevent destruction by earthquakes. The present church dates from 1900. Perhaps the most notable landmark of Loja stands on the Plaza San Sebastian (also called the Plaza of Independence) - the 32 meter clock tower commemorates the declaration of independence from the Spanish Crown on November 18, 1820. The tower has four faces with brass bas relief depicting scenes from the city's history. There are numerous other monuments to famous Lojanos and Ecuadorians. Central Square contains the monument to Bernardo Valdivieso, the founder of Loja's universities; a monument to Bolívar is housed in a park of the same name to commemorate his visit to Loja in October 1822. A monument to Pío Jaramillo stands on the south end of the avenue bearing his name, and at the junction of Av. Jaramillo and Av. Carrión stands a monument to Benjamin Carrion. A monument to Isidro Ayora stands in the roundabout in front of the bus terminal.
 * Puerta de la Ciudad
 * Cathedral
 * Church of San Francisco
 * Church of Santo Domingo
 * Church of San Sebastian
 * Monuments

Sports
The city is home of Liga de Loja, a major football team that plays in the Ecuadorian professional football league.

Parks and recreation
There are three parks of note inside the city, and a botanical garden just outside the city limits. In the north of the city, Jipiro Park covers more than 10 hectares, is home to various native bird species, and is notable for its scale reproductions of historic and cultural buildings. The park boasts a pagoda, mosque, St. Basil's cathedral, a medieval castle, and many more, as well as a lake for paddle-boating with an island aviary. Next to Jipiro on the eastern and western shores of the Rio Zamora, is a huge greenspace with a public carting race track, riding trails, an orchid nursery, and the Loja zoo. On a hill called Pucará de Podocarpus, this is a children's park with playground equipment and a beautiful scenic view. It is located on the city's former drinking water treatment plant. Across the road from University Park is the botanical garden which is open to the public and the oldest in Ecuador, created in 1949. There are over 800 native and exotic species. It is a living laboratory for scientific research and environmental education. It covers an area of 7 hectares divided into 5 sections for viewing. Most of the trees in this garden are over 40 years old, and the park is one of the world's highest-altitude botanical gardens. Located opposite the Botanical Gardens about 5 km south of central Loja, the park covers 90 hectares and includes hiking trails, camping areas, and classrooms for environmental education.
 * Jipiro
 * La Banda Park
 * Parque Pucará de Podocarpus
 * Jardín Botánico Reinaldo Espinosa
 * Parque Universitario de Educación Ambiental y Recreación "Francisco Vivar Castro"

Education
Loja has some of the top Universities in Ecuador. The Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja is one of the top 3 in the nation, offering local and distance education in different fields, such as Architecture, Medicine, Communications, Law, Accounting, Engineering, Auditing, Electronics and Telecommunications, Trades, Administration, Humanities, Biology, and many more.

In September 2007, the UTPL adopted an academic model based on the European System of Credit Transfer and Accumulation (ECTS), which assesses the student's workload, in order to achieve the objectives of an academic program which are reflected in learning achievements and acquired competencies. This university has partnership programs with many universities around the world, such as the University of California at San Diego, Berkeley College, University of Frankfurt, Technische Universität München, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and many other top universities around the globe. In addition, the U.T.P.L has three international campuses, besides the principal one in Loja, Ecuador. They are located in New York (USA), Madrid (Spain), and Rome (Italy).

Another notable school, in the top 10 in the nation, is the Universidad Nacional de Loja, which offers programs in Law, Aperture Science, Education, Medicine, Veterinary Sciences, Business, Science and Technology, and Fine Arts. The Loja campus of the Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, in partnership with Harvard University, and the International University of Florida, offers Business Engineering, Finance, Marketing, Ecotourism, Foreign Trade, Economics, Law, Industrial Design, and Interior Design.

Transportation
Streets are laid out on a grid system, and named for notable Ecuadorians and city founding dates. Paved walkways frame the two rivers and provide easy access to the north and south through the city. There are several bus lines running in the city, and also many taxis. There is a bus station at the north end of the city, with routes connecting to the rest of Ecuador and into Peru. Loja is served by Ciudad de Catamayo Airport in Catamayo, 30 km away. From there, it is possible to fly to Quito or Guayaquil.

Media
The major newspapers are La Hora, and Cronica http://www.cronica.com.ec ; the Quito and Guayaquil dailies are also available here.

Culture
Loja is regarded as a seat of Ecuadorian culture. A local saying is: "The one who does not play the guitar can sing a song; the one who does not sing a song can write a verse; the one who does not write a verse reads a book."

Notable people

 * Isidro Ayora, President of Ecuador 1926–1931
 * Alejandro Carrión, writer and journalist
 * Benjamín Carrión, founder of the Ecuadorian "Casa de la Cultura" and writer
 * Clodoveo Carrión Mora, palaeontologist and naturalist
 * Matilde Hidalgo, physician, poet, and activist
 * Eduardo Kingman, artist
 * Bernardo Valdivieso, benefactor of Loja's universities and defender of religious principles
 * Christopher Vélez, singer

Twin towns – sister cities
Loja is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇪 Chiclayo, Peru
 * 🇵🇪 La Huaca, Peru
 * 🇵🇪 Santiago de Surco, Peru
 * 🇵🇪 Vichayal, Peru

title: Loja, Ecuador


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Capriolo

Capriolo (Brescian: Cavriöl) is a town and comune in the Italian province of Brescia, in Lombardy. It is situated on the left bank of the river Oglio, southwest of Lago d'Iseo.

title: Capriolo


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Makarov

Makarov may refer to:

Places

 * Makarov, Russia, a town in Sakhalin Oblast
 * Makarov Basin, in the Arctic Ocean
 * Makariv, a town in Ukraine, often known by the Russian form

People

 * Makarov (Hasidic dynasty)
 * Makarov (surname)

Other uses

 * 5545 Makarov, an asteroid
 * 9×18mm Makarov, a pistol cartridge
 * Makarov PM, a semi-automatic pistol

title: Makarov


text:
Carpenedolo

Carpenedolo (Brescian: Carpenédol) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, northern Italy.

title: Carpenedolo


text:
Piscataway School Board v. Taxman

Piscataway School Board v. Taxman, 91 F.3d 1547 (3d Cir. 1996) is a United States labor law case on racial discrimination, that began in 1989 against the Piscataway Township Schools.

Facts
The school board of Piscataway, New Jersey needed to eliminate a teaching position from the high school's Business Education department. Under New Jersey state law, tenured teachers have to be laid off in reverse order of seniority. However, the board faced a problem, as the district's least senior tenured teachers, Sharon Taxman (a white teacher) and Debra Williams (an African-American teacher), had started working at the school on the same day, and thus had equal seniority. In the interest of maintaining racial diversity (Williams was the only African-American teacher in the department, and 50% of the students were minorities), the school board voted to lay off Taxman. Taxman complained to the EEOC, saying that the board had violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and was given authority to file suit against the board.

Judgment
The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ruled in favor of Taxman.

Significance
The school board appealed to the United States Supreme Court and a hearing was scheduled for January 1998, but civil rights groups, fearing that the case could lead to the prohibition of affirmative action, provided money for the board to settle the case out of court, so the case was never heard.

Taxman was subsequently rehired, and later reassigned to Conackamack Middle School.

Williams retired at the conclusion of the 2009–2010 school year.

title: Piscataway School Board v. Taxman


text:
Castegnato

Castegnato (Brescian: Castegnàt) is a town and comune in the Italian province of Brescia, in Lombardy.

title: Castegnato


text:
Federal Way Public Schools

Federal Way Public Schools is a school district in King County, Washington covering all of Federal Way and portions of Kent, Des Moines, Auburn, and unincorporated census-designated places Lakeland North and Lakeland South, encompassing 35 sqmi.

School composition
FWPS operates 37 schools, including:

 * 20 Elementary schools
 * 3 K-8 schools
 * 6 Middle schools
 * 4 High schools
 * 4 Specialized schools

Student body demographics
Out of 21,136 students, the demographic is as follows:

 * 20.6% White
 * 15.9% Black
 * 12.2% Asian or Asian/Pacific Islander
 * 11.3% Two or more races
 * 6.1% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
 * 0.5% American Indian or Alaska Native

Enrollment by gender is

 * 48% Female
 * 52% Male

Elementary schools

 * Adelaide Elementary School
 * Brigadoon Elementary School
 * Camelot Elementary School
 * Enterprise Elementary School
 * Green Gables Elementary School
 * Lake Dolloff Elementary School
 * Lake Grove Elementary School
 * Lakeland Elementary School
 * Mark Twain Elementary School
 * Meredith Hill Elementary School
 * Mirror Lake Elementary School
 * Olympic View Elementary School
 * Panther Lake Elementary School
 * Rainier View Elementary School
 * Sherwood Forest Elementary School
 * Silver Lake Elementary School
 * Star Lake Elementary School
 * Sunnycrest Elementary School
 * Twin Lakes Elementary School
 * Valhalla Elementary School
 * Wildwood Elementary School

K-8 schools

 * Nautilus K-8 School
 * Olympic K-8 School
 * Woodmont K-8 School

Middle schools

 * Illahee Middle School
 * Kilo Middle School
 * Lakota Middle School
 * Sacajawea Middle School
 * Sequoyah Middle School
 * Evergreen Middle School

High schools

 * Decatur High School
 * Federal Way High School
 * Thomas Jefferson High School ("TJ")
 * Todd Beamer High School

Specialized schools

 * Open Doors at Truman Campus
 * Career Academy at Truman
 * Internet Academy (K-12)
 * Public Academy (6–10) ("FWPA", )
 * TAF@Saghalie (6–12)

History
Before the establishment of Federal Way Public Schools (FWPS) in 1929; the area was thinly populated and characterized by early settlers working in logging, trapping or previously served in the military. Settlements were sparse as many individuals preferred to reside closer to Tacoma or Seattle, where educational opportunities were more accessible. Within the Federal Way vicinity, education was overlooked, as homesteaders provided informal instruction to their families or had none at all. However, the landscape began to change by the early 1880s, as a wave of emigrants began to settle in and around Poverty Bay and Auburn-- marking the beginning of community development in the area.

The formal establishment of FWPS began in 1929, with the consolidation of five small school districts into District 210, known as Federal Way. Since its inception, the district has expanded significantly to accommodate the growing population. Federal Way High School opened its doors in 1938, with numerous elementary and middle schools following suit in the subsequent decades. As FWPS recently celebrated their 90th anniversary in 2019, they still vouch for their tagline, "Each scholar: a voice, a dream, a bright future. Since then, the school district underwent a transition from Junior High Schools to Middle Schools during the 2002 to 2004 time period.

Governance
The Board of Directors for Federal Way Public Schools consists of five members who are elected by the voters of the entire school district. Each director must reside and be a registered voter, at the time of their election or appointment, in the geographical region, known as a Director District, they represent on the board. The Board also consists of two student representatives, selected by the Board of Directors. The length of the term is four years. Board meetings are generally held twice monthly. Currently, board meetings are typically scheduled for the second and fourth Tuesday of the month at 6:00 p.m., with some exceptions, at various schools in the district.

Graduation rates
From the 4 high schools in FWPS, their graduation rates is as follow:

Federal Way High School

 * 90% - All students
 * 87% - Hispanic (40% of students)
 * 94% - White (16% of students)
 * 88% - Black (18% of students)
 * 90% - Asian (10% of students)

Decatur High School

 * 87% - All students
 * 85% - Hispanic (30% of students)
 * 84% - White (28% of students)
 * 89% - Black (15% of students)
 * 79% - Pacific Islander (6% of students)
 * 87% - Two or more races (12% of students)

Todd Beamer High School

 * 82% - All students
 * 79% - Hispanic (26% of students)
 * 83% - White (25% of students)
 * 91% - Black (17% of students)
 * 82% - Asian (16% of students)

Thomas Jefferson High School

 * 90% - All students
 * 93% - Hispanic (36% of students)
 * 85% - White (22% of students)
 * 90% - Black (12% of students)
 * 91% - Asian (18% of students)

Censorship
On January 9, 2007, the Federal Way Public School District temporarily blocked its teachers from showing Vice President Al Gore's global warming documentary, An Inconvenient Truth, without presenting a "credible, legitimate opposing view." The order was passed after Frosty Hardison, a Federal Way parent, complained about the movie's use in his daughter's class. Hardison was quoted in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer citing Biblical predictions of the age and end of the world, and saying neither condones Al Gore's view points being taught within school. The Board cited its policies on the teaching of controversial issues, neither of which provide for a moratorium. On January 23, after two weeks of criticism in the local and national scene, the Board backtracked and repealed the moratorium, but still insisted that opposing views need to be considered.

Curriculum and programs
In the Federal Way Public School District, 71% of high school students in the district have taken an advanced course and 92% of students taking an advanced course are earning a passing grade. Along with this, 63% of students enrolled in a two or four year college program and 81% of scholars who attended a four-year postsecondary institution were continuously enrolled.

Federal Way Public Schools has also hosted an annual STEM Exploration Night since 2017; and in 2018, they launched Scholar Art in the City, an initiative that displays student art and writing in businesses and organizations across the city of Federal Way.

In 2021, the school district mandated that students earn 24 hours of community service as a graduation requirement, with this being the standard for the following graduating classes.

title: Federal Way Public Schools


text: Category:Jesus

title: Category:Jesus


text:
VICE

The software program VICE, standing for VersatIle Commodore Emulator, is a free and cross platform emulator for Commodore's 8-bit computers. It runs on Linux, Amiga, Unix, MS-DOS, Win32, macOS, OS/2, RISC OS, QNX, GP2X, Pandora, Dingoo A320, Syllable, and BeOS host machines. VICE is free software, released under the GNU General Public License since 2004.

VICE for Microsoft Windows (Win32) prior to v3.3 were known as WinVICE, the OS/2 variant is called Vice/2, and the emulator running on BeOS is called BeVICE.

History
The development of VICE began in 1993 by a Finnish programmer Jarkko Sonninen, who was the founder of the project. Sonninen retired from the project in 1994.

VICE 2.1, released on December 19, 2008, emulates the Commodore 64, Commodore 128, Commodore VIC-20, Commodore Plus/4, C64 Direct-to-TV (with its additional video modes) and all the Commodore PET models including the CBM-II but excluding the 'non-standard' features of the SuperPET 9000. WinVICE supports digital joysticks via a parallel port driver, and, with a CatWeasel PCI card, is planned to perform hardware SID playback (requires optional SID chip installed in socket).

VICE was one of the most widely used emulators of the Commodore 8-bit personal computers. It is also one of the few usable Commodore emulators to exist on free Unix-based platforms, including most Linux and BSD distributions.

VICE 3.4 drops support for Syllable Desktop, SCO, QNX, SGI, AIX, OPENSTEP/NeXTSTEP/Rhapsody, and Solaris/OpenIndiana, as well as remaining traces of support for Minix, SkyOS, UNIXWARE, and Sortix, due to lack of staff.

VICE 3.5 drops explicit support for OS/2 and AmigaOS, due to the transition to GTK3 UI.

In December 2022, the VICE emulator was used as an inspiration for an Apple Macintosh emulator powered by a Raspberry Pi.

title: VICE


text:
Talk:Molybdenum

"Molybdenom" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Molybdenom. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Steel1943 (talk) 19:39, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

"Molybendium" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Molybendium. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Steel1943 (talk) 19:39, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

"Dimolybdenum" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Dimolybdenum and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 20 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. 1234qwer1234qwer4 13:28, 20 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Molybdenum