text:
Talk:Bearded Collie

Ancestry
I removed the text saying the Komondor and the OES are part of the beardies' ancestry, since there's little or no evidence to support that.;Carl

Correct to remove these as it has been proven that Beardies are not related to either. In fact the Beardie is free from the MDR1 gene which the OES carries - clear proof they are not related. I don't believe the Komondor is MDR1 but if you go back to www.bcpedigree.se website you can track almost every beardie breed since WW2 After going back over the structure and size of the Komondor I would have to say it would have been an unlikely candidate for a hybridization with a Beardie. Back "in the old days" stud masters, who were generally horse, sheep or cattle men with a long history of breeding animals, would have been consulted to determine a best match. If you look at the old stud master histories they generally relied on phenotypical matches (phenotype being the visible manifestation of genetic coding as opposed to genetype which is the genetic coding its'self). The Komondor is a poor phenotype match as it's size is almost twice that of the Beardie. It takes a long time, and a lot of work to hybridise phenotypical mis-matches. With 1 allele from each parent you will always have divergence from the preferred phenotype so you need to only be breeding from those animals which exhibit the preferred phenotype and even then you will not be guaranteed of the preferred phenotype in any litter. Essentially breeding from phenotypical mis-matches could theoretically result in an animal in which one half looks like one breed and the other half likes like the other. Using phenotypically similar animals reduces the divergence or variance in the litters. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.170.211.12 (talk) 11:16, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

Thank you for telling us that brilliant news User:CyBorg. That will help us a lot.

Thanks a lot!!! Rm200661

Names
This looks like a mistake: "Hairy Mou ed Collie" ;Bear 20:01, 2004 Oct 23 (UTC)
 * It's not. It's a really old term for "hairy-mouthed Collie." You were right to add it -- it is an old name for the Beardie. --my3seadogs 18:44, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Lots of people say that Wikipedia is incorrect. Please feel free to give your thoughts on what Wikipedia is like. It has been a very good fact website, but now I realize that maybe the Wiki isn't trustworthy on the facts.

Thanks! Rm200661

Help!
Did a bit of editing on this page as it was a bit bare. Going to do some research tonight on general health concerns, and also adding a few pictures of my own. Any Beardie people, please feel free to contribute! -- User:iiartisanii 14/march/07
 * I added some information from the site :www.dog-dna.com/breeds/Bearded-Collie.php
 * I added about weight and height, but feel free to change it as that was the only site I could find with that information, so it may be wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Misty7737 (talk • contribs) 17:00, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

I am doing a dog project and I am on Bearded Collie. Do you think I should go to a different website just for this one and come back when I am on the next dog or do you think I should wait till it is fixed? please get back to me soon!

Thanks! Rm200661

Hi! Its me Rm200661 again. I would be glad to help fixing the page. I just got an account a few months ago so pleas tell me what to do it you want me to help! Please get back to me if you have an idea, feel free to tell me and I will tell the leader of the process of fixing the page.

Thanks for your help again! Rm200661

Hi Guys! It's me Rm200661 again! We don't know if the websites we are getting the "right" facts from are actually right so if you want to list some of the websites that you have been looking on, feel free to do that and I could check them out and see if they are trustworthy. if you think my idea is stupid, I'm sorry I was just giving a suggestion because we could be giving the wrong information

If you don't like my idea, just say "I don't think we should do that" instead of "That's SO stupid!!! You are the dumbest person I have ever met!!" because that would hurt their feelings.

Thanks a lot! From, Rm200661 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rm200661 (talk • contribs) 01:24, 27 May 2016 (UTC)

History, etc.
Tried to make this section more encyclopedic and removed the "story" tag. As a copy editor with only a general knowledge of dogs, I don't understand this sentence at the end of the "Working Life" section:

"Very few beardies show "eye" when working, most are quite upright".

...so any clarification would be welcome. Wi2g 23:33, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

Those herding dogs which "show eye" are generally those which crouch and/or slink and maintain eye contact with stock in an effort to predict direction of movement. Those which herd upright - stand upright. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.6.151.127 (talk) 07:05, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:17, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Puppies are dogs
Since puppies are dogs, then saying "dogs and puppies" is either like saying that puppies aren't dogswhich, of course, they areor the redundancy of "dogs and dogs." So I propose a rewording from "puppies and dogs" to just "dogs," because "dogs" is inclusive. But my edit was reverted, so I came here to discuss. Thanks. Thayve Sintar (talk) 04:21, 5 November 2017 (UTC)
 * To an extent you are right, but puppy is a specifier. It means baby dog, while just "dog" implies an adult. It does change the meaning of the sentence because some rescue groups don't handle puppies but give them to foster homes to be raised before being adopted (I think they'd be better off being raised by whoever will have them the rest of their life, but that's a different topic). It's not a huge issue though. White Arabian Filly  Neigh 23:35, 5 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your reply, . But no, really not correct, because just "dog" implies all ages, because the definition is for the whole species of animal, agelessly. The logic you used would be to imply that puppies are "a different species of animal than a dog," which they obviously are not.
 * So we could do this in two ways: Just go back to saying "dogs" only, since the contents of this article applies to both baby dogs and the adults, or if editors must still insist, for some odd reason, that the specificity still needs to be there, then let's add the word "adult" just before "dog," as in "puppies and adult dogs." So now that I've cleared that up for you, our next step would be that we agree on one of those two corrections and one of us goes back and remakes the change. Thayve Sintar (talk) 07:18, 12 November 2017 (UTC)

 * "Puppy" and "dog" are the same in the context of "same species", but represent different life stages of the animal. Puppies and dogs are not the same in the context of any discussion of health, nutrition, behavior, or required care - which is why there are separate words for each life stage. Changes to the meaning of the text should be made only if a cited source supports the change.

 * Thayve Sintar started this conversation on multiple other pages (for example: Talk:Puppy Bowl, Talk:Boxer (dog)) and has since been blocked from editing (see WP:Sockpuppet investigation). DferDaisy (talk) 18:01, 12 November 2017 (UTC)

 * I like "puppies and adult dogs." BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 21:30, 31 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bearded Collie


text: Talk:Milla Jovovich

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Milla Jovovich


text: Category:Philosophy of law

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User talk:Vasiliscul

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Mashugana
I have nominated Mashugana for immediate deletion. This is because Mashugana contains little or no information on the topic. Feel free to recreate the article with more information. Thanks! -ENIAC (Talk) (Current Projects) 21:54, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Becali.png
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title: User talk:Vasiliscul


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User talk:AnnaP

Hi AnnaP, welcome. I trust you don't need my regular welcome message! JFW | T@lk  20:03, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Balsam Fir at Spanish wiki
Hi AnnaP - I saw you added this in Spanish as es:Abeto de Navidad - when I checked in some plant dictionaries, Abies balsamea is given as abeto balsámico in Spanish, whereas abeto de Navidad is a general term equating in English to Christmas tree, not a particular species. I have edited es:Abeto de Navidad accordingly, but (as I don't have a Spanish wiki account) can't move the page to es:abeto balsámico. Also at the Spanish wiki, maybe es:Pinus halepensis should be moved to its Spanish name es:Pino carrasco? (currently a redirect to es:Pinus halepensis) - MPF 13:44, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Image:Ottoman small animation.gif
Hi Anna, happy new year! About this image: there is short answer and a more complicated answer. The short one is that images from EB are protected by copyright and can not be used for derivative work, hence a copyright violation. The complicated answer is that a simple map of Europe outlining the continent is probably too simple to be considered a creative work, hence not a copyright violation. It all depends on what the original map looked like. Copyright is difficult and there is no clear answer here. Perhaps the best would be if somebody created a replacement map and placed it under a free license? Regards, Thuresson 18:30, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Amr Diab's Album Cover
Hi, in Kammel Kalamak you've deleted the image of the album cover of Amr Diab. I wasn't quite aware of how to choose the right copyright tags, but I fixed it later to "Albumcover" tag but it didn't change -- and now its deleted.

I hope you can help me out in retrieving the image, or explaining how the tags work!

thank you... omar

Thomas Beckett
Hi Anna - The casket is the Beckett Chasse, now in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Further information is under #20 in. Hope this helps, Warofdreams talk 01:06, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Nazca Plaza de Armas Image
Hi Anna, I took the image myself in December, 2004 from the roof of the Hotel Mirador on the east end of the plaza de armas. You are of course more than welcome to use the image in the commons. I will add some more info to the picture to this respect.

Also, I have many other pictures from Nazca, Cemetery of Chauchilla and arial photos of the Nazca lines here: My Image Archive

--Ab5602 03:08, 5 May 2006 (UTC)---

 * Hi Anna, thanks, you have my permission to use any/all of the images at My Image Archive for the commons: Source = "own work", Credit = "Robert Thompson User:Ab5602, License = GFLD-self. Let me know if you need any context for the pictures, they are from Lima, Ica, Nazca and Cuzco as well as quite a few from places in between as they were taken on a road trip between these cities. --Ab5602 13:04, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Condor
Hello Anna, thanks for your message. I've arranged so you can use Image:Condor flying over the Colca canyon in Peru.jpg which is the same image with a more descriptive file name. Regards, Thuresson 17:36, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Pristigaster es 213.60.22.104 y se quiere registrar por aquí...
Hola Anna, te consulto porque me tiene pinta que también eres bibliotecaria por aquí (por lo que he podido ver). Soy el usuario 213.60.22.104, aunque Pristigaster en es.wikipedia, commons y wikispecies. Sólo quería crear una cuenta en en.wikipedia con mi nombre de usuario Pristigaster, pero quería integrar el historial de 213.60.22.104, que soy yo, en la nueva cuenta. ¿Me puedes ayudar? En es.wikipedia leí hace tiempo que era posible, pero no he sido capaz de volver a encontrar ese artículo.

Muchas gracias. Saludos, --213.60.22.104 14:44, 14 September 2006 (UTC) (Pristigaster)

Possibly unfree Image:Apio.jpg
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Steve Bywater
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Steve Bywater, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you agree with the deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add  to the top of Steve Bywater. J Milburn (talk) 22:26, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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User talk:Bennyp

Hello All! Please leave your comments at the top rather than the bottom of the page. Thanks!

I'll not be engaging in any Freetekno projects any longer. Thank you for your interest. ~

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Articles of Federation

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User talk:Adam H

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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User talk:Munkymu

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Thanks for putting some work in on the lotuses. I've been intending to work on this, but am currently enjoying a self-imposed wikivacation. If you check out the tree of articles under Nymphaeaceae you'll see that there's a lot of conflation/mixup between Egyptian and Indian lotuses that could stand to be cleaned up. But if you don't want to get into it I'll take care of it eventually. Thanks again. --Chinasaur

I more or less cleared up what I thought needed clearing. Thanks again for your help. Since you're interested in Anime, could I get you to take a look at Millennium Actress and see if you can add any insights? Thanks --Chinasaur

Hi! I've gotten the impression that you're interested in articles related to comics and sequential art. I've just created a project called WikiProject on Comics in order to establish consensus on the organization and content of such articles, and I hope you'll join in. See the main project page and please leave comments on the Talk page. Thanks! -leigh (φθόγγος) 01:35, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

Factoradic and Combinadic are now regular articles, no longer stubs. This a belated response to your comment in Cleanup/October. --J. W. McLeod 23:57, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight
As a member of WikiProject Comics, I thought you might be interested in the Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight we have set up. Please feel free to vote on the articles listed, although bear in mind that a vote for a particular article means you are pledging to help improve the article. The goal of the collaboration is to improve articles to Featured Article status, as we feel Comics is under-represented in that area. Thanks for your help. Steve block talk 15:48, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Munkymu


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User talk:Narc1

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Narc1


text:
User talk:Mscibing

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Mscibing


text:
User talk:Rusin~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

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ClockworkTroll 20:07, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rusin. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rusin~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:30, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:20, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rusin~enwiki


text:
Talk:The Gulf War Did Not Take Place

Why Do You Hate Freedom?
This article looks more like a book review than an encyclopedic article. 85.64.15.133 18:50, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Man, it's no longer a stub, but this thing just rambles now. Plus I took all of my information from reviews and synopses (sp?), so I can't verify it first hand. Also, just to top it off, I can't remember if "class A threat" is the actual terminology that was used. - Lifefeed 20:07, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

I don't think this rambles, i actually think its quite good. but one thing is that i think there could still be more information on this subject, like, what does the author think or call all the killings that took place if you don't call it a war. i don't think this question is answered in this article. - Leo Collin 01:15, 14 December 2005 (LVC)

Perhaps it's best to have more entries by users who specialize on Baudrillard, seeing that his name is known because of political debates, instead of philosophical debates (which is his actual expertise). E.g. to answer the comment above mine, Baudrillard thinks that the killings were horrible and therefore the way the war was televised is even more barbaric/disturbing, as it makes the war seem to have been a big media spectacle, instead of actually a war.Sanushikuto (talk) 11:39, 26 March 2016 (UTC)

Author male or female?
His/her sex changes from male to female halfway through the article. Drew3D 16:43, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * He's male. Article fixed Deadlock 16:57, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Is the title a reference to "The_Trojan_war_will_not_take_place" by Jean Giraudoux? Vnaughtdeltat 18:57, 2 August 2006 (UTC) - Indeed it is. A subtlety that has generally been lost on Anglo-Saxon readers, who have been keen to criticise the title - though maybe M.Baudrillard has himself to blame for that.--Lopakhin 15:12, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The phrase "Contrary to the provocative title, the author does believe that the events and violence of the 'Gulf War' actually took place." is dull, this seems quite obvious, don't you think ? Arronax50 23:18, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

No that doesn't seem obvius. There are people who insist that the halocast (WWII) literally did NOT happen. I think it is important to be explicit in what the author meant. 208.53.104.68 16:11, 18 May 2007 (UTC)amyanda2000

Clean up desperately needed!
This article is poorly written. It does indeed ramble, because the author seems not to have had any structure in mind when writing it. The last two paragraphs meander pointlessly and are difficult to understand. For instance: "This point also works in with another of Baudrillard claims that the war was so heavily edited when it was shown on television that what Americans saw wasn't even close to the real war." What in the world did the English language ever do to become the recipient of a massacre like that? Also, the phrase "to absolutely believe" is a split infinitive. I have corrected it where it once appeared in the second to last paragraph.

72.78.159.161 01:21, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

I agree. I just deleted the terrible third paragraph as it was a total misrepresentation. I dont have the book in front of me to cite, but the important theme is how the "war" is not a "war" because it represents no meta-narratives, but rather a media event that exists to mask the collapse of the very meta-narratives that "war" is a part of. The whole semantic argument is based on seeing war not just as hand-to-hand combat as the article suggests, but as a consequence of historical meta-narratives- which have collapsed. Also, Baudrillard is clear in his characterization of Saddam as totally complicit in the simulation, sacrificing his own people- this is an important part of the event not being a "war", because neither side was waging war, if it was solely American aggression, it would still be a war from the viewpoint of the Iraqis. -Chris Moser

The argument
The argument here is that because the Americans barely suffered casualties, it was not a real war? The Sound and the Fury (talk) 18:13, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

Indeed I also interpreted this article this way, contrary to what I interpret the texts by Boudrillard to be about: media alienating audiences from the events, i.e. televising the war as if it was a film, when it is actually real bombs, real violence and real people dying. Sanushikuto (talk) 15:51, 22 March 2016 (UTC)

Wag the dog
should be mentioned in the article. 95.31.177.9 (talk) 06:04, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Gulf War Did Not Take Place


text:
Categorical theory

In mathematical logic, a theory is categorical if it has exactly one model (up to isomorphism). Such a theory can be viewed as defining its model, uniquely characterizing the model's structure.

In first-order logic, only theories with a finite model can be categorical. Higher-order logic contains categorical theories with an infinite model. For example, the second-order Peano axioms are categorical, having a unique model whose domain is the set of natural numbers $$\mathbb{N}.$$

In model theory, the notion of a categorical theory is refined with respect to cardinality. A theory is $κ$-categorical (or categorical in $κ$) if it has exactly one model of cardinality $κ$ up to isomorphism. Morley's categoricity theorem is a theorem of stating that if a first-order theory in a countable language is categorical in some uncountable cardinality, then it is categorical in all uncountable cardinalities.

extended Morley's theorem to uncountable languages: if the language has cardinality $κ$ and a theory is categorical in some uncountable cardinal greater than or equal to $κ$ then it is categorical in all cardinalities greater than $κ$.

History and motivation
Oswald Veblen in 1904 defined a theory to be categorical if all of its models are isomorphic. It follows from the definition above and the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem that any first-order theory with a model of infinite cardinality cannot be categorical. One is then immediately led to the more subtle notion of $κ$-categoricity, which asks: for which cardinals $κ$ is there exactly one model of cardinality $κ$ of the given theory T up to isomorphism? This is a deep question and significant progress was only made in 1954 when Jerzy Łoś noticed that, at least for complete theories T over countable languages with at least one infinite model, he could only find three ways for T to be $κ$-categorical at some $κ$:

 * T is totally categorical, i.e. T is $κ$-categorical for all infinite cardinals $κ$.
 * T is uncountably categorical, i.e. T is $κ$-categorical if and only if $κ$ is an uncountable cardinal.
 * T is countably categorical, i.e. T is $κ$-categorical if and only if $κ$ is a countable cardinal.

In other words, he observed that, in all the cases he could think of, $κ$-categoricity at any one uncountable cardinal implied $κ$-categoricity at all other uncountable cardinals. This observation spurred a great amount of research into the 1960s, eventually culminating in Michael Morley's famous result that these are in fact the only possibilities. The theory was subsequently extended and refined by Saharon Shelah in the 1970s and beyond, leading to stability theory and Shelah's more general programme of classification theory.

Examples
There are not many natural examples of theories that are categorical in some uncountable cardinal. The known examples include:
 * Pure identity theory (with no functions, constants, predicates other than "=", or axioms).
 * The classic example is the theory of algebraically closed fields of a given characteristic. Categoricity does not say that all algebraically closed fields of characteristic 0 as large as the complex numbers C are the same as C; it only asserts that they are isomorphic as fields to C. It follows that although the completed p-adic closures Cp are all isomorphic as fields to C, they may (and in fact do) have completely different topological and analytic properties. The theory of algebraically closed fields of a given characteristic is not categorical in $ω$ (the countable infinite cardinal); there are models of transcendence degree 0, 1, 2, ..., $ω$.
 * Vector spaces over a given countable field. This includes abelian groups of given prime exponent (essentially the same as vector spaces over a finite field) and divisible torsion-free abelian groups (essentially the same as vector spaces over the rationals).
 * The theory of the set of natural numbers with a successor function.

There are also examples of theories that are categorical in $ω$ but not categorical in uncountable cardinals. The simplest example is the theory of an equivalence relation with exactly two equivalence classes, both of which are infinite. Another example is the theory of dense linear orders with no endpoints; Cantor proved that any such countable linear order is isomorphic to the rational numbers: see Cantor's isomorphism theorem.

Properties
Every categorical theory is complete. However, the converse does not hold.

Any theory T categorical in some infinite cardinal $κ$ is very close to being complete. More precisely, the Łoś–Vaught test states that if a satisfiable theory has no finite models and is categorical in some infinite cardinal $κ$ at least equal to the cardinality of its language, then the theory is complete. The reason is that all infinite models are first-order equivalent to some model of cardinal $κ$ by the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem, and so are all equivalent as the theory is categorical in $κ$. Therefore, the theory is complete as all models are equivalent. The assumption that the theory have no finite models is necessary.

title: Categorical theory


text:
User talk:Woww

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this:  Ravenswing  10:18, 7 April 2011 (UTC).

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 20:09, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Airlines
Woww, you just added a bunch of airlines to the List of airlines. Some of them (Jetsgo, Canadian) are defunct. This list is for active airlines. Defunct airlines belong on the List of defunct airlines. I think you'll find those two on that list already. I'm not sure where Air Nunavut belongs. Please check this other list out and delete from List of airlines as necessary. Thanks. Kevintoronto 22:12, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Jean Pronovost
Please refrain from adding nonsense to Wikipedia, as you did to Jean Pronovost. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Ravenswing 06:41, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Woww


text:
User talk:Jagatpreet

ClockworkTroll 20:09, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Lactovegan?
Hi - I wasn't sure what you were saying with lactovegan but the term doesn't make any sense, nor have I ever seen the word before. Since vegan means not consuming dairy (among other things), lactovegan is inconsistent - while you can have a lactovegetarian, you can't have a lactovegan. I'm sorry, I should have noted that your edit was in good faith - I just wasn't sure. If you meant a vegan who sometimes consumes milk, technically that person is then a vegetarian. I hope that explains my revert. If you put a short edit summary when you make a change, it's less likely to get reverted as vandalism.Bob98133 (talk) 13:47, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Nomination of XBML for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article XBML is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/lack of notability and commercial advertising until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Nickmalik (talk) 21:04, 20 February 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jagatpreet


text:
User talk:QVanillaQ

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 20:10, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thank you
Hey!, thank you for helping on Peruvian articles, maybe you can help us on the translating. My name is Gonzalo and I invite you to visit our country. Take care! --- Gonzalo

Table of contents to the right?
Hi! I was wondering why you think table of contents to the right is not appropriate for the SETI page. Without it, I get large expanses of white next to the table of contents, both with IE and Mozilla/Firefox, at a number of display resolutions. While TOCRight is not perfect (in particular IE on low-res displays does not fill very well) it always looks at least as good as the default, which is not very appealing at all with the defaults. Fold in the fact that most users will never scroll down, and see only what shows up initially, and I'd think you'd have a strong case for flowing the text around the table of contents. Is there a better way to do this than TOCRight? LouScheffer 05:58, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Oops. Thanks
Mumps - closing my comment. I thought I made that ages ago though. Midgley 14:46, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

JET Programme
Hi there. I saw on your Userpage that you applied to the JET Programme for this year. Were you successful? If so you might be interested in my idea about creating a new wiki related to the JET Programme over at Wikia.com. It is just in the idea stage at the moment but I'd be interested to hear what you think. Cheers, Bobo12345 12:17, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:QVanillaQ


text:
User talk:Rekia

how do you become a gangster--Rekia 20:12, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rekia


text: File:Happiness In Magazines.jpg

title: File:Happiness In Magazines.jpg


text:
Beas City

Beas is a riverfront city in the Amritsar district of the Indian state of Punjab. It is located, just 43 km from Amritsar city, the district headquarters. Beas lies on the banks of the Beas River. Beas town is mostly located in revenue boundary of Budha Theh with parts in villages Dholo Nangal and Wazir Bhullar.Beas falls in Amritsar district situated in Punjab state, with a population 55295. The male and female populations are 28921 and 26374 respectively. The size of the area is about 68.75 square kilometer. Beas railway station is the best and cleanest railway station in the india 2018. Radha Swami Beas hospital is the best Charitable Hospital in the punjab. Beas railway station is located on the boundaries of beas. And Budha Theh is a census town in Baba Bakala tehsil of Amritsar district.

Geography
Beas is centered (approx.) at 31.51667°N, 75.28889°W. It is located on the G.T. Road (from Kolkata to Afghanistan), in the Amritsar district in Punjab state of India. The nearest city is Kapurthala (24 km) to the southwest. The holy and historical city of the Amritsar (41 km) lies to its northwest, and Jalandhar (38 km) is situated to its southeast.

Radha Soami Satsang Beas
The headquarters of Radha Soami Satsang Beas is located just north of Beas town. The town is known as Dera Baba Jaimal Singh and is located in the east. Every year, millions of Radha Soami followers travel to Beas to attend satsangs (discourses) often held at the Dera for weeks at a time. Furthermore, there is also the Maharaj Sawan Singh Charitable Hospital, which was constructed in the 1980s by the Maharaj Jagat Singh Medical Relief Society. Since its inauguration, it has served countless patients free of cost. It is located in the center of beas town on the G.T. Road.

Transport
The nearest airport is Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport located in Amritsar about 57 km away. Dera beas has its own little airport too. The town of Beas is well connected through Beas Junction railway station to the major cities of Punjab and India. The station was rated as the cleanest and public friendly one in India in 2019 by NGO INTACT.
 * Air
 * Rail

National Highway 3 which was previously numbered as NH 1, passes through Beas town connecting it to the major cities of Punjab and India.
 * Road

title: Beas City


text:
James Hatfield

James Howard Hatfield (January 7, 1958 – July 18, 2001) was an American author.

Fortunate Son and controversy
Hatfield was the author of Fortunate Son, a book published in 1999 during the George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2000 that made serious allegations about George W. Bush. Published by the highly regarded St. Martin's Press, the book was revealed as allegedly fraudulent and recalled by the publisher within days of publication.

Soon after the book's release, The Dallas Morning News reported that Hatfield was a paroled felon who had been convicted in 1988 of paying a hit man $5,000 to murder his former boss with a car bomb. It was also revealed that Hatfield pleaded guilty to embezzlement in 1992. Hatfield at first denied the allegations when his publisher confronted him, but he eventually owned up to his criminal history.

This was the second time that a book of Hatfield's had been challenged. In 1985 he had written an unofficial James Bond novel, The Killing Zone, which – although purporting to be officially sanctioned by Glidrose, Bond's literary copyright holder – was in fact a vanity novel.

Due to the revelations of Hatfield's criminal past and the damage to his credibility, in October 1999, Hatfield's publisher, St. Martin's Press, recalled 70,000 copies of Fortunate Son and left an additional 20,000 books in storage. Even so, the book had already reached the New York Times bestseller list. Hatfield responded that, before the Bush campaign brought pressure to bear, St. Martin's had publicly stated that the book had been "carefully fact-checked and scrutinized by lawyers."

The book was later republished by Soft Skull Press. The relationship between Sander Hicks, founder of Soft Skull Press, and Hatfield was explored in the movie Horns and Halos, an award-winning documentary film directed by Suki Hawley and Michael Galinsky. In one scene from the DVD extra disc, Hatfield says to the camera, "If anything happens to me, get it out to the press."

Death
According to Detective John Hubbard of the Bentonville, Arkansas Police Department, on July 17, 2001, the Police went to Hatfield's house to arrest him on charges of credit card fraud but they were unable to locate him.

On July 18, 2001, Hatfield's body was found by a hotel housekeeper in room 312 at a Days Inn in Springdale, Arkansas, an apparent suicide by prescription drug overdose. According to the police, notes were left listing alcohol, financial problems and Fortunate Son as reasons for killing himself.

Horns and Halos

 * Official site

title: James Hatfield


text:
Colne Valley

The Colne Valley is a steep sided valley on the east flank of the Pennine Hills in the English county of West Yorkshire. It takes its name from the River Colne which rises above the town of Marsden and flows eastward towards Huddersfield.

The name is used to describe that section of the valley between its source and Huddersfield at the point where the River Holme joins the Colne. The name can describe the whole valley of the Colne, including the section through Huddersfield its confluence with the River Calder at Cooper Bridge. Using the more common definition, the Colne Valley includes the towns and villages of Marsden, Slaithwaite, Linthwaite, Milnsbridge, Scapegoat Hill, Longwood and Golcar.

Industry and economy
The Colne Valley played a significant role in the development of the Industrial Revolution. Most of the population had been hand loom weavers for generations but when water-powered textile mills were built on the streams and rivers, the area was set to become a major producer of textiles. The Colne and the Huddersfield Narrow Canal provided transport links which were added to by road and railway links to Huddersfield and Leeds to the east and Manchester and Liverpool to the west.

By the end of the Second World War, the importance of the Colne Valley as a centre of textile production had begun to decrease and Huddersfield Narrow Canal was largely abandoned in 1944. The area is now primarily residential, its transport links making it ideal for commuters. Tourism is promoted: the Huddersfield Narrow Canal was reopened in 2001 and boat trips into Standedge Canal Tunnel are available; the National Trust advertises walks on Marsden Moor Estate; and television programmes such as Last of the Summer Wine and Where the Heart Is have been filmed there.

Government and politics
Colne Valley was an urban district of the West Riding of Yorkshire between 1937 and 1974. It was created by the merger of Golcar, Linthwaite, Marsden, Scammonden and Slaithwaite urban districts, and had a population of about 20,000. The Local Government Act 1972 saw it merged into the metropolitan borough of Kirklees. It is a ward of Kirklees Council, whose population at the 2011 census was 17,369.

The Colne Valley parliamentary constituency preserves the Colne Valley name, although the constituency also includes the Holme Valley, Meltham and the outskirts of Huddersfield. Notable former MPs for the constituency include Victor Grayson and Richard Wainwright. The current MP is Jason McCartney - Conservative

title: Colne Valley


text:
User:Zootalures/inprogress

 * Joseph Bramah
 * Heat Pipe

title: User:Zootalures/inprogress


text:
Ifconfig

ifconfig (short for interface config) is a system administration utility in Unix-like operating systems for network interface configuration.

The utility is a command-line interface tool and is also used in the system startup scripts of many operating systems. It has features for configuring, controlling, and querying TCP/IP network interface parameters. Ifconfig originally appeared in 4.2BSD as part of the BSD TCP/IP suite.

Many Linux distributions have deprecated ifconfig in favor of tools from iproute2.

Usage
Common uses for ifconfig include setting the IP address and subnet mask of a network interface and disabling or enabling an interface. At boot time, many Unix-like operating systems initialize their network interfaces with shell scripts that call ifconfig. As an interactive tool, system administrators routinely use the utility to display and analyze network interface parameters. The following two examples show the output of the tool when querying the state of a single active interface each on a Linux-based host (interface eth0) and the ural0 interface on an OpenBSD installation. eth0     Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0F:20:CF:8B:42 inet addr:192.168.1.128 Bcast:  Mask:255.255.255.192 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500  Metric:1 RX packets:2472694671 errors:1 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:44641779 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:1761467179 (1679.7 Mb) TX bytes:2870928587 (2737.9 Mb) Interrupt:28 ural0: flags=8843 mtu 1500 lladdr 00:0d:0b:ed:84:fb media: IEEE802.11 DS2 mode 11b hostap (autoselect mode 11b hostap) status: active ieee80211: nwid ARK chan 11 bssid 00:0d:0b:ed:84:fb 100dBm inet 172.30.50.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 172.30.50.255 inet6 fe80::20d:bff:feed:84fb%ural0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0xa

 * HWaddr: hardware address, MAC address.
 * The parameter txqueuelen is measured in number of Ethernet frames and is the size of the buffer that is being managed by the network scheduler.

Medium access control functions
ifconfig is also commonly used to change the medium access control (MAC) address of an interface. In this process, the network interface is first disabled (set down) with the ifconfig command, followed by a MAC change command: ifconfig wlan0 down ifconfig wlan0 hw ether 13:11:20:33:49:66 ifconfig wlan0 up

Release status
The Berkeley Software Distribution UNIX operating systems (e.g., NetBSD, OpenBSD, and FreeBSD) continue active development of ifconfig and extension of its functionality to cover the configuration of wireless networking interfaces, VLAN trunking, controlling hardware features such as TSO or hardware checksumming or setting up bridge and tunnel interfaces. Solaris has historically used ifconfig for all network interface configuration, but as of Solaris 10 introduced dladm to perform data-link (OSI model layer 2) configuration, reducing ifconfig's purview to IP configuration.

In older Linux distributions, ifconfig, in conjunction with the utility route, was used to connect a computer to a network, and to define routes between networks. ifconfig for Linux is part of the package net-tools, released as the latest version 2.10 on 7 January 2021.

Many Linux distributions have deprecated the use of ifconfig and route in favor of the software suite iproute2, such as ArchLinux or RHEL since version 7, which has been available since 1999 for Linux 2.2. iproute2 includes support for all common functions of ifconfig(8), route(8), arp(8) and netstat(1). It also includes multicast configuration support, tunnel and virtual link management, traffic control, and low-level IPsec configuration, among other features.

Related tools
Another higher-level Linux command line tool is ifup (including ifdown and ifquery). In addition to controlling the interfaces, it also provides control of other aspects of the network such as specifying the DNS servers to use. The command is configured using the file /etc/network/interfaces, which contains "stanzas" for each interface.

NetworkManager is a Linux daemon that automatically reconfigures the network in dynamic environments, such as moving between WiFi hotspots. It is usually used in conjunction with a graphical front-end such as GNOME Shell.

Versions of Microsoft Windows from Windows 95 to Windows Me used winipcfg to give a graphical display of current IP information. ipconfig, a command similar to ifconfig, comes with Microsoft operating-systems based on the Windows NT kernel. ipconfig also controls the Windows DHCP client.

In macOS, the ifconfig command functions as a wrapper to the IPConfiguration agent, and can control the BootP and DHCP clients from the command-line. Use of ifconfig to modify network settings in Mac OS X is discouraged, because ifconfig operates below the level of the system frameworks which help manage network configuration.

iwconfig, a component of Wireless tools for Linux, which took its name from ifconfig, manages wireless network interfaces outside the original scope of Linux's ifconfig. iwconfig sets such specialized settings as a wireless network's SSID and WEP keys, and functions in tandem with iwlist. Linux also features iwspy, to read the signal, noise and quality of a wireless connection.

Other related tools for configuring Ethernet adapters are: ethtool, mii-tool, and mii-diag in Linux and the command dladm show-link in Solaris.

The ip suite has a similar purpose and is meant to replace the deprecated ifconfig.

title: Ifconfig


text: User talk:64.168.31.155

title: User talk:64.168.31.155


text:
Second Carlist War

The Second Carlist War, or the War of the Matiners (Catalan for "early-risers," so-called from the harassing action that took place at the earliest hours of the morning), was a civil war in Spain. Some historians consider it a direct Catalan revolt against Madrid, fought primarily in Catalonia by the Carlists under General Ramón Cabrera against the forces of the government of Isabella II. The uprising began in September 1846 and continued until May 1849, spreading to Galicia.

Theoretically, the war was fought to facilitate the marriage of Isabella II with the Carlist pretender, Carlos de Borbón (or Carlos VI), which was supported by some doctrinaire elements from the moderate party and by the Carlists. The marriage never took place, as Isabella II was wed to Francisco de Borbón.

The conflict was rather minor in the Basque Country in the Basque context, a central focus of Carlist uprisings, it was non-existent, so "Second Carlist War" invariably refers to the Third Carlist War. It coincided with the democratic Revolutions of 1848, when Maria Christina revoked the constitution of Ramón de Narváez. Narváez himself led the counterattack against the revolt in Galicia while Fernando de Córdova, captain-general of Catalonia, put down the isolated rebel cells in that region by early 1849. In June of that year, amnesty was granted to the Carlists and those who had fled returned.

The war caused between 3,000 and 10,000 casualties.

title: Second Carlist War


text: Category:1478 births

title: Category:1478 births


text: Category:1478 deaths

title: Category:1478 deaths


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River Colne, West Yorkshire

The River Colne in West Yorkshire is formed at the confluence of two brooks that originate in the Pennines close to  Marsden. It flows in an easterly direction through the Colne Valley and Huddersfield towards Cooper Bridge where it flows into the River Calder.

Course
Brooks formed by rainwater high (between 300 and 480 metres AMSL) in the Pennines of West Yorkshire, flow down the hillsides through the small valleys known locally as cloughs to fill March Haigh and Redbrook Reservoirs. The Haigh Brook and Redbrook continue down the valley fed by more tributaries, until they converge at a scenic spot called Close Gate or Eastergate Bridge where the River Colne is formed.

The river flows from west to east through the Colne Valley passing through Marsden, Slaithwaite and Milnsbridge to Huddersfield and then on to Cooper Bridge where it feeds the larger River Calder.

Its tributaries include Wessenden Brook, Bradley Brook, Crimble Brook, Mag Brook, Fenay Brook, New Mill Dike and the River Holme.

History
Due to the soft, acidic waters of the River Colne and its brooks flowing through the side valleys (cloughs) from the peat moors above, the Colne Valley was renowned for producing some of the highest quality woollen and cotton cloth produced anywhere.

Infrastructure
The Huddersfield Narrow Canal follows the course of the river through the valley, as does the Huddersfield Line railway, and the A62 road. The river itself is too shallow and rocky to be navigable by any watercraft.

There are numerous factories, warehouses and plants along the river providing goods, services and jobs, but a few of these cause pollution to the local environment and waterways. In order to help tackle pollution, the Environment Agency demand that certain standards be met by local companies.

On 24 May 2010, part of a chemical factory was accidentally set ablaze and caused waste to be emptied into the river and the canal causing the deaths of many fish.

title: River Colne, West Yorkshire


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User talk:FMephit

JFW | T@lk  20:23, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Handbook of Texas proposed deletion
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Association for Renaissance Martial Arts
Thanks for you edit on the ARMA page. The user that started that revert war is currently on a 24 hour block. Thanks again - xiliquiern  Talk  22:53, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Glutathione_S-transferase
Published your dissertation yet? :) --Seans Potato Business 22:42, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

--Yes I submitted it in April of this year, and it's on a year of in-house only electronic publication before becoming available to the general public IIRC. I'll get around to working on the GST article sometime soon, really. That being said, you are free to jump in there and edit as you are able.. FMephit 20:47, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:FMephit


text: Category:Italian violinists

title: Category:Italian violinists


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Category:Violinists by nationality

Violin players, by nationality.

title: Category:Violinists by nationality


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Consent of the governed

In political philosophy, the phrase consent of the governed refers to the idea that a government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is justified and lawful only when consented to by the people or society over which that political power is exercised. This theory of consent is starkly contrasted with the divine right of kings and has often been invoked against the legitimacy of colonialism. Article 21 of the United Nations' 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government". Consensus democracy is the application of consensus decision-making and supermajority to democracy.

History
Perhaps the earliest utterance of "consent of the governed" appears in the writings of Scottish Catholic priest and Franciscan friar Duns Scotus, who proposed this in his work Ordinatio in the 1290s. Scotus's lengthy writing in theology have largely overshadowed this notable contribution that he made to early political theory. It is believed these writings influenced the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320.

In his 1937 book A History of Political Theory, George Sabine collected the views of many political theorists on consent of the governed. He notes the idea mentioned in 1433 by Nicholas of Cusa in De Concordantia Catholica. In 1579 an influential Huguenot tract Vindiciae contra tyrannos was published which Sabine paraphrases: "The people lay down the conditions which the king is bound to fulfill. Hence they are bound to obedience only conditionally, namely, upon receiving the protection of just and lawful government…the power of the ruler is delegated by the people and continues only with their consent." In England, the Levellers also held to this principle of government.

John Milton wrote "The power of kings and magistrates is nothing else, but what is only derivative, transferred and committed to them in trust from the people, to the common good of them all, in whom the power yet remains fundamentally, and cannot be taken from them, without a violation of their natural birthright."

Similarly, Sabine notes the position of John Locke in Essay concerning Human Understanding: "[Civic power] can have no right except as this is derived from the individual right of each man to protect himself and his property. The legislative and executive power used by government to protect property is nothing except the natural power of each man resigned into the hands of the community…and it is justified merely because it is a better way of protecting natural right than the self-help to which each man is naturally entitled."

However, with David Hume a contrary voice is heard. Sabine interprets Hume's skepticism by noting "The political world over, absolute governments which do not even do lip-service to the fiction of consent are more common than free governments, and their subjects rarely question their right except when tyranny becomes too oppressive."

Sabine revived the concept from its status as a political myth after Hume, by referring to Thomas Hill Green. Green wrote that government required "will not force" for administration. As put by Sabine, "Even the most powerful and the most despotic government cannot hold a society together by sheer force; to that extent there was a limited truth to the old belief that governments are produced by consent."

According to James Feibleman, compliance with law is evidence for consent of the governed: "For a legal system to be consistent, it must be applicable; and for it to be complete, it must be compatible with the fundamental convictions of a majority of citizens. To say that an established legal order exists among them means that overtly they have consented to be governed in this fashion. Such public beliefs are embodied in institutions, first and foremost in the institution of the state, with its administration of law."

Consent of the governed, within the social liberalism of T. H. Green, was also described by Paul Harris: "The conditions for the existence of a political society have less to do with force and fear of coercion than with the members' mutual recognition of a good common to themselves and others, although it may not be consciously expressed as such. Thus for the conditions for any civil combination to disappear through resistance to a despotic government or disobedience to law would require such a disastrous upheaval as to be unlikely in all but the most extreme circumstances in which we might agree with Green that the price would be too high to pay, yet sufficiently rare to allow us to acknowledge that there would ordinarily be a moral duty to act to overthrow any state that did not pursue the common good."

In the United States of America
"Consent of the governed" is a phrase found in the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson.

Using thinking similar to that of John Locke, the founders of the United States believed in a state built upon the consent of "free and equal" citizens; a state otherwise conceived would lack legitimacy and rational-legal authority. This was expressed, among other places, in the 2nd paragraph of the Declaration of Independence (emphasis added):

"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness."

In section 6 of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, written in May, 1776, and passed in June, Founding Father George Mason wrote:

That elections of members to serve as representatives of the people, in assembly, ought to be free; and that all men, having sufficient evidence of permanent common interest with, the attachment to, the community, have the right of suffrage, and cannot be taxed or deprived of their property for public uses without their own consent, or that of their representatives so elected, nor bound by any law to which they have not, in like manner, assented, for the public good."

Although the Continental Congress at the outset of the American Revolution had no explicit legal authority to govern, it was delegated by the states with all the functions of a national government, such as appointing ambassadors, signing treaties, raising armies, appointing generals, obtaining loans from Europe, issuing paper money (i.e.  continentals), and disbursing funds. The Congress had no authority to levy taxes, and was required to request money, supplies, and troops from the states to support the war effort. Individual states frequently ignored these requests. According to the Cyclopædia of Political Science. New York: Maynard, Merrill, and Co., 1899, commenting on the source of the Congress' power:

The appointment of the delegates to both these congresses was generally by popular conventions, though in some instances by state assemblies. But in neither case can the appointing body be considered the original depositary of the power by which the delegates acted; for the conventions were either self-appointed "committees of safety" or hastily assembled popular gatherings, including but a small fraction of the population to be represented, and the state assemblies had no right to surrender to another body one atom of the power which had been granted to them or to create a new power which should govern the people without their will. The source of the powers of congress is to be sought solely in the acquiescence of the people, without which every congressional resolution, with or without the benediction of popular conventions or state legislatures, would have been a mere brutum fulmen; and, as the congress unquestionably exercised national powers, operating over the whole country, the conclusion is inevitable that the will of the whole people is the source of the national government in the United States, even from its first imperfect appearance in the second continental congress...

The "consent of the governed", when the Constitution was ratified, was flawed in that it was limited to white men of property.

Unanimous consent
A key question is whether the unanimous consent of the governed is required; if so, this would imply the right of secession for those who do not want to be governed by a particular collective. All democratic governments today allow decisions to be made even over the dissent of a minority of voters which, in some theorists' view, calls into question whether said governments can rightfully claim, in all circumstances, to act with the consent of the governed.

Hypothetical consent
The theory of hypothetical consent of the governed holds that one's obligation to obey government depends on whether the government is such that one ought to consent to it, or whether the people, if placed in a state of nature without government, would agree to said government. This theory has been rejected by some scholars, who argue that since government itself can commit aggression, creating a government to safeguard the people from aggression would be similar to the people, if given the choice of what animals to be attacked by, trading "polecats and foxes for a lion", a trade that they would not make.

Engineered consent
According to the propagandist Edward Bernays when discussing public relations techniques that were described in his essay and book The Engineering of Consent (1955), the public may be manipulated by its subconscious desires to render votes to a political candidate. Consent thus obtained undermines the legitimacy of government. Bernays claimed that "the basic principle involved is simple but important: If the opinions of the public are to control the government, these opinions must not be controlled by the government."

Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky in their book, Manufacturing Consent (1988), advanced a propaganda model for the news media in the United States in which coverage of current events was skewed by corporations and the state in order to manufacture the consent of the governed.

title: Consent of the governed


text: Category:1460 deaths

title: Category:1460 deaths


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Category:Spanish theologians

Theologians from the lands that currently are part of Spain.

title: Category:Spanish theologians


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Jeff Crowe

Jeffrey John Crowe (born 14 September 1958) is a former New Zealand cricketer. He played Test and One Day International cricket for New Zealand from 1983 to 1990, and first-class cricket for South Australia and then Auckland.

He has been an ICC match referee since 2004.

Early and personal life
Crowe was born in Auckland, New Zealand. He is the son of Dave Crowe, and the elder brother of Martin Crowe. The Crowe brothers are cousins of Oscar-winning actor Russell Crowe, whose father John Alexander Crowe is the brother of Dave Crowe; their grandfather John Doubleday Crowe, emigrated to New Zealand from Wrexham in Wales. He is also the great-grandson of All Black Francis Jervis (his mother's maternal grandfather).

Crowe's father played in three first-class cricket matches for Canterbury and Wellington between 1953 and 1957.

Domestic career
Crowe began his first-class cricket career at South Australia, where he played from 1977–78 to 1981–82. There was a suggestion that he could play for the Australian cricket team, but he returned to New Zealand in 1982–83 to play for Auckland, with the hope of playing for New Zealand instead. He worked on his fielding, and also occasionally kept wicket.

After a benefit season at Auckland in 1990–91, and one more domestic season, he retired from playing professional cricket at the end of the 1991–92 season.

International career
He was born just over 4 years before his younger brother Martin, but he made his Test debut for New Zealand in the First Test against Sri Lanka at Christchurch in March 1983, just over a year after his brother. He scored his maiden Test century (128) in the Third Test against England in Auckland in February 1984.

Playing against the dominant West Indies team in 1984–85, his team was following on 225 runs in arrears in the Fourth Test at Sabina Park in Kingston, Jamaica, in May 1985. Crowe went in at number 3 in the second innings, with the score at 1–13. Against a fierce fast bowling attack that included Courtney Walsh, Malcolm Marshall and Joel Garner, he scored his second Test century (112); but despite his heroics, New Zealand still lost by 10 wickets.

He was captain of the New Zealand cricket team for six Tests – a one-off Test against Sri Lanka at Colombo in April 1987 (when he scored the third and last of his Test centuries, 120 not out in a drawn match) and then three on tour to Australia in December 1987, and finally two at home against England in February 1988. One of the matches against Australia was lost, and the other five were drawn. Crowe played his last Test against Australia at Wellington in March 1990. He also played in 75 ODIs from 1983 to 1990, including the Cricket World Cups in England in 1983 and in India in 1987.

After cricket
Crowe was manager of the New Zealand cricket team from 1999 to 2003. He ran a golfing holiday business in Florida for a period, and since 2004 he has been an ICC match referee, including the World Cup finals in 2007 and 2011. He is one of three people to have been referee in more than 75 Tests (the others are Chris Broad and Ranjan Madugalle) and one of four to have been referee in more than 220 ODIs (as well as Crowe, Broad, and Madugalle, the fourth is Roshan Mahanama). In January 2017 he refereed his 250th ODI match, when he officiated the fifth ODI between Australia and Pakistan at the Adelaide Oval.

title: Jeff Crowe