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F.C. Motagua

Club de Fútbol Motagua, formerly Club Deportivo Motagua up to 2017, is a professional association football club, located in Tegucigalpa, capital of Honduras.

F.C. Motagua was founded as Club Deportivo Motagua on 29 August 1928. The club competes in the Honduran top division playing its home games at the Estadio Nacional Chelato Uclés. The club is one of the most successful and renowned in Honduras.

History
The club was founded on 29 August 1928. Three previous clubs, América, Honduras Atlética and Águila, were in the process of falling apart. Marco Antonio Ponce and Marco Antonio Rosa called a meeting and proposed that the clubs unite to form a new club, Motagua (named for a nearby river). After the success of the meeting, a board of directors was appointed.

The first game, played on 25 November 1928, was against Tejeros del España at La Isla. Constantine Gálvez "Tatino" was the captain and Daniel Bustillo was the manager. The team fought to a 1–1 draw.

The first international game was played on 9 April 1939 against Costa Rican side Orión at the San Felipe field in Tegucigalpa; Motagua were managed by Honduran coach Lurio Martínez and won the match 3–0 with three goals from "Gorgojo" Ramos.

Professional Era
The team debuted professionally in the 1965–66 season. It took them only three years to win their first-ever championship. Under the leadership of manager Rodolfo Godoy, Motagua surged past two-time defending champions Olimpia to win the 1968–69 title, with 39 points to the Olimpia's 36. Godoy's club completed the double that season by winning the first-ever Honduran Cup.

This was the beginning of a long run at or near the top of the table for Motagua; they finished second behind Olimpia in 1969–70, then won the 1970–71 crown. That last season ended with Motagua and Olimpia level on points, with Motagua hoisting the crown on goal difference. They would likely have won a third championship in 1972–73, as they led the table halfway through the season. However, the season was cancelled at its midway point, and the records expunged.

The rest of the 1970s remained a good time for Motagua. They won titles in 1973–74 and 1978–79, while finishing second in 1974–75 and 1976–77. The club had become established as one of the nation's strongest, and when the Honduras national football team qualified to the World Cup Finals, they featured five Motagua players.

However, the 1980s were not as strong. Between 1979 and 1992, the club was locked out of the Honduran crown. It wasn't until the end of the 1991–92 season that the drought was over. They claimed that title by beating Real España 1–0 in the championship playoffs. With the drought broken, Motagua began winning titles regularly. They claimed the Honduran Cup in 1993 and 1995, then claimed an unexpected championship in the 1998 Apertura, beating Real España 5–2 on aggregate in the championship final. They repeated as champions that October, beating Olimpia 1–0.

They did it again in 1999–2000, beating Olimpia on penalties in both the Apertura and Clausura finals. They added another title in the 2002 Apertura, beating Marathón on penalties in a thrilling 5–3 shootout. After a drought of nearly five years, Motagua returned to the top with a title in the 2006 Apertura (over Olimpia) and 2011 Clausura (again over Olimpia).

In 2013, a new golden age began. Diego Vásquez, a veteran Honduran keeper who had played in two stints for Motagua, took over. In just his second full season, Vasquez steered Motagua to the 2014 Apertura crown, beating Real Sociedad 2–1 in the championship final (Rubilio Castillo's header was the winner). Three near misses followed, but in 2016–2017, Vasquez would lead the team to new heights.

It started with the 2016 Apertura. After taking 4th in the regular season, Motagua battled their way through the quarterfinals and semi-finals (beating Olimpia). Then they held off Platense 2–1 on aggregate to win the Apertura title. In the Clausura, they finished 2nd in the regular season, then stormed to the title, crushing Honduras Progreso 7–1 on aggregate.

Vasquez, who remains Motagua's manager, is the longest tenured manager in the history of Honduras's top-flight; he has managed 200 consecutive matches with Las Aguilas.

Overall, between both amateur and professional seasons, Motagua has won 27 titles. They have won 16 professional titles. The club has participated in all Honduran top division seasons since its inception in 1965 and is one of the few unrelegated teams.

Colours and badges
Motagua's traditional colour is dark blue representing the blue waters of the Motagua River. This is because at the time the club was founded, the Motagua River was in dispute between Honduras and Guatemala. Since 2011, Motagua has worn pink jerseys for all their games during the month of October for National Breast Cancer Awareness Month.

The Motagua badge has a blue eagle. This is because one of the three clubs that united to become Motagua was named CD Águila, or Eagle in Spanish.

Stadium
Motagua plays their home matches at Estadio Nacional Chelato Uclés in Tegucigalpa. The stadium is named after Honduran football player and manager Chelato Uclés. The stadium is divided into Sol Norte, Sol Sur, Sol Centro, Preferencia, Silla and Palco. The Motaguan supporters "La Revo" are located at Sol Norte and the "Macro Azurra" sits in Sol Centro.

Traditions
There are some traditions within the Motagua institution.

Debuting players– When a new player debuts, he must shave his head. This is optional, most of the players that do shave are recently promoted from the reserve team or are young of age.

Supporters
Motagua has many supporters throughout Honduras. Motagua has one Barra Brava and three other supporters' groups. The barra brava is "Los Revolucionarios del Motagua 1928", who call themselves "La Revo". This fan group has "bandas" or smaller groups inside La Revo such as (from Tegucigalpa) "Los Fuser", "Los Dementes", "Escuadron 57", "Comando 21", "Los Poltershe", "Irreverentes", "Capone", "Infernales", "Danger's", "Anarkia", etc. (from Comayagua) "C26", (from San Pedro Sula) "Los Del Norte", (from La Ceiba) "Revo Ceiba", (from Choluteca) "Revo Choluteca", (from El Progreso) "Revo Progreso", (from Siguatepeque) "Revo Sigua". All of the "bandas" hang "mantas" or huge pieces of cloth saying their banda's name inside the stadium. They also hang one with the barra's website and many of Che Guevara. Matches from Motagua against Olimpia it's illegal to hang these mantas because some of the members go to steal them and cause great scandal so police prefer banning this. La Revo don't cause many scandals between other barras bravas in Honduras only with Olimpia's Ultra Fiel. Throughout 2006–07 La Revo had problems with Marathon's Furia Verde but they came to peace under the same belief in all of Honduras. "Por Una Honduras Libre De Chucos" which translates to "For a Honduras free of Dirtbags" (Chucos being Olimpia). Marathon, Real España and Motagua's barra bravas all have a manta with this phrase.

Another of the biggest fan group is named "Macro Azurra" which is supported by the club. They can be easily be spotted in the stadium because they generally always have blue ballons. This group is bigger in the northern territory and is sponsored by the club and by FedEx

There are also two smaller groups one being "Fortaleza Azul" and "JAH" which stands for "Justicia Amor y Humildad" which means "Justice Love and Humbleness". JAH is a religious based fan group which was founded by seven members of the Jehová es Nuestro Pastor church. JAH say that their trips are paid by God.

Superclásico
El Clasico Capitalino (The Capital's Classic) or Superclásico Hondureño (Honduran Super Classic) is played between Motagua and Club Deportivo Olimpia. Their matches are also known as El Clasico Local (The Local Classic) in Tegucigalpa. There is a huge rivalry between the clubs and their fans; (La Ultra Fiel [of Olimpia] and La Revo [of Motagua]).

Clásico de las M's
El Clásico de las M's (The M's Classic) or El Derbi de las M's (The M's Derby), is a derby football match played between Motagua from Tegucigalpa and C.D. Marathón from San Pedro Sula, two of the most successful and popular football teams in Honduras.

Motagua–Real España
The Motagua–Real España derby is not as fierce as the other two already mentioned as these both teams have a good relationship with each other from the players, to the board and the fans; however they had played seven intense league finals, four won by Real España and three by Motagua. It is one of the most even all-time series in the league.

Short Lived
One smaller rivalry, which might be called extinct, was against Universidad (also known as UNAH). The club named Universidad, represented the Honduran National Autonomous University in Tegucigalpa, and therefore shared the city with Motagua. This inspired a local derby until UNAH was relocated to Choluteca. UNAH, in various occasions left Motagua out of the play-offs, intensifying the rivalry. This derby can now be called extinct since Universidad were relegated to the Liga de Ascenso. The club was eventually sold to, and renamed, Universidad Pedagogica Nacional-Francisco Morázan (also known as UPNFM) (National Pedagogical University-Francisco Morázan).

Achievements
Motagua is the second most successful club in Honduras having won 18 domestic leagues since the inauguration of the Honduran Liga Nacional in 1965–66.

:: → National level
 * Honduran Liga Nacional
 * Winners (18): 1968–69, 1970–71, 1973–74, 1978–79, 1991–92, 1997–98 A, 1997–98 C, 1999–2000 A, 1999–2000 C, 2001–02 A, 2006–07 A, 2010–11 C, 2014–15 A, 2016–17 A, 2016–17 C, 2018–19 A, 2018–19 C, 2021–22 C
 * Runners-up (14): 1969–70, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1982–83, 1990–91, 1993–94, 2002–03 C, 2007–08 A, 2009–10 C, 2014–15 C, 2015–16 A, 2017–18 A, 2017–18 C, 2020–21 C

 * Honduran Cup
 * Winners (1): 1968
 * Runners-up (4): 1993, 1995, 1997, 1998

 * Honduran Supercup
 * Winners (2): 1999, 2017

 * Honduran Amateur League
 * Winners (2): 1948, 1950–51
 * Runners-up (2): 1947, 1951–52

 * → Regional level

 * Francisco Morazán Major League
 * Winners (5): 1947, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1954

 * → International level

 * CONCACAF League
 * Runners-up (3): 2018, 2019, 2021

 * UNCAF Interclub Cup
 * Winners (1): 2007
 * Third place (1): 2002

League records

 * As of 2021–22
 * Click 'show' to expand details

All time top scorers

 * As of 2020–21 Apertura

International level

 * Updated 1 November 2023

 * Friendly matches not included.
 * Games decided by penalty shootout are counted as ties.

Retired numbers
16 – Edy Vásquez, retired for 2 years (2007–09) in memorian of Edy Vásquez's death.

20 – Amado Guevara, retired.

Former managers

 * 🇭🇺 Horacio Brummer (1964)
 * Ernesto Henríquez (1965)
 * Rodolfo Godoy (1966–67, 1969)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Colechio (1968)
 * José Herrera (1969)
 * Carlos Padilla (1970–74)
 * Ángel Rodríguez (1976)
 * Hermes Romero (1977)
 * Néstor Matamala (1978)
 * Rodolfo Godoy (1980)
 * José Materas (1981)
 * Carlos Padilla (1982, 1983–90)
 * Óscar Nolasco (1985)
 * Rubén Guifarro (1985–87)
 * Gonzalo Zelaya (1987)
 * Carlos Jurado (1990)
 * Ángel Rodríguez (1991–93)
 * 🇧🇷 Roberto Abruzzesse (1993)
 * Ramón Maradiaga (1993–95)
 * Carlos Jurado (1995–96)
 * Ernesto Luzardo (1996)
 * Ramón Maradiaga (1997–99)
 * 🇲🇽 José Treviño (1999–00)
 * Luis "Chito" Reyes (2000)
 * 🇸🇻 Óscar Benítez (2000–01)
 * Óscar "Cocli" Salgado (2001)
 * Julio González (2001)
 * Gilberto Yearwood (2001–02)
 * 🇲🇽 Alejandro Domínguez (2003)
 * Hernaín Arzú (2003)
 * 🇧🇷 Flavio Ortega (2004)
 * Edwin Pavón (2005)
 * Javier Padilla (2005)
 * Germán Cornejo (2005)
 * Ramón Maradiaga (2006–07)
 * Jorge Pineda (2008)
 * Reynaldo Clavasquín (2008)
 * 🇨🇴 Jaime de la Pava (2008–09)
 * 🇲🇽 Juan Castillo (2009)
 * Ramón Maradiaga (July 2009 – Sept 11)
 * Luis "Chito" Reyes (2011)
 * 🇲🇽 José Treviño (Sept 2011–12)
 * Reynaldo Clavasquín (2012–13)
 * 🇲🇽 Juan Castillo (2013)
 * 🇷🇸 Risto Vidaković (2013)
 * Milton Reyes (2013)
 * 🇦🇷 Diego Vásquez (2014– February 2022)
 * César "Nene" Obando (February 2022- March 2022)
 * 🇦🇷 Hernán "La Tota" Medina (March 2022- 2023)
 * Ninrol Medina (2023)
 * 🇦🇷 César Vigevani (September 2023 - ‘Present’)

Notable former players
See also Category:F.C. Motagua players

title: F.C. Motagua


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North Preston

North Preston is a community located in Nova Scotia, Canada within the Halifax Regional Municipality.

The community is populated primarily by Black Nova Scotians. North Preston is the largest Black community in Nova Scotia by population, and has the highest concentration of African Canadians of any community in Canada.

History
The community traces its origins from several waves of migration in the 18th and 19th centuries. The American Revolution brought Black Loyalists to the Preston area. The 1790s brought a different group of Black settlers to the regions, the Maroons from Jamaica. While many Maroons later left for Sierra Leone, a number stayed in Preston and Guysborough County. These groups were joined shortly after by a third migration starting in 1813, of Black refugees from the War of 1812. The Black Refugees came to Nova Scotia mostly from the Southern US states, bringing with them a strong Baptist tradition. These three major waves of migrants were also periodically joined by runaway slaves. In recent times, lifelong residents have been joined by small numbers of migrants from Ontario, the Caribbean, Africa, and the United States – many of whom are married into families in North Preston.

In 1842, the First Preston Church was organized for the area. In 1854, the African Baptist Association was organized by Richard Preston and Septimus Clarke to band together the Baptist churches across Nova Scotia, whose members were primarily black. A second church was organized in North Preston in 1856. This second church was called the “South Church” until 1879, when the congregation erected a new building. The church was renamed St. Thomas Church after their first pastor, John R. Thomas.

William Brown Sr. and William Arnold purchased land on the southern shore of Bedford Basin in the City of Halifax. In 1846, people migrated out of Preston (and Hammonds Plains) and began settling in the area, which gradually became known as Africville.

In 2014, a multi-purpose community centre designed to serve 5,000 residents was opened on Simmonds Road. An RCMP detachment was built adjoining the community centre, and serves North Preston, East Preston, Cherry Brook and Lake Loon. A $300,000 olympic-sized basketball court was constructed next to the community centre in 2019, as a result of the fundraising efforts of North Preston resident Shaquille Smith.

Present day
North Preston has a high home-ownership rate and a stable population, and has resisted gentrification through urban sprawl which has occurred in other Black Nova Scotian settlements. At $33,233, North Preston has a higher average income compared with the average of $31,795 for Nova Scotia. The community remains relatively isolated from the rest of Halifax, in its rural setting.

North Preston Day is an annual community festival and parade occurring each July 4. Many members of the community attend; the event is free and guests from outside of the community attend.

North Preston is served by Nelson Whynder Elementary School. A number of community buildings, a day care, a medical centre, a volunteer fire department and several local businesses are located in North Preston. Saint Thomas United Baptist Church forms the spiritual heart of the community.

There is some discrepancy about how many residents live in the community. The population estimates range from a low of 805 by the area's city Councillor, to a high of 4,100 by The Globe and Mail.

Notable people

 * Kirk Johnson, boxer
 * Custio Clayton, six-time Canadian amateur champion boxer
 * Dwayne Provo, athlete and politician
 * Lindell Wigginton, basketball player
 * Keonte Beals, singer and author

Representation in popular culture

 * The 2008 children's picture book, Up Home, written by Shauntay Grant depicts places and people in the community.
 * In 2010, television personality Debbie Travis visited the community on North Preston Day to film an episode for her show All for One on CBC.
 * The 2015 Director X directed film, Across the Line, is largely filmed in North Preston. It is loosely based around the events surrounding the 1989 Cole Harbour District High School race riots.
 * The legal drama television series Diggstown centres around North Preston, where the show's main character Marcie Diggs is from. The first season premiered on CBC Television on March 6, 2019.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: North Preston


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Chief Illiniwek

Chief Illiniwek was the mascot of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), associated with the university's intercollegiate athletic programs, from October 30, 1926, to February 21, 2007. Chief Illiniwek was portrayed by a student to represent the Illiniwek, the state's namesake, although the regalia worn was from the Sioux. The student portraying Chief Illiniwek performed during halftime of Illinois football and basketball games, as well as during women's volleyball matches.

Since the 1970s, Chief Illiniwek had been the center of a controversy between fans and alumni who view the mascot as part of the UIUC tradition; while Native American individuals and organizations, social scientists, and educators view such mascots as cultural appropriation of indigenous images and rituals, which perpetuate stereotypes about American Indian peoples. In 2005, Chief Illiniwek was one of 19 mascots cited as "hostile or abusive" by the NCAA in a policy that banned schools from full participation in postseason activities as long as they continued to use such mascots.

The University of Illinois retired Chief Illiniwek in 2007, with his last official performance on February 21, 2007. UIUC has not selected a replacement. A non-binding resolution to make "Alma Otter" the official mascot was placed on the spring 2019 student election ballot, but failed to receive a majority, although some see the vote as a sign of progress. In 2020, the belted kingfisher received a majority of student votes as a possible new mascot. In September 2020, the University Senate overwhelmingly endorsed the kingfisher as the new mascot, voting 105 to 2 with 4 abstaining. Support is building on campus and among alumni for the kingfisher, but as of December 2022, some alumni are opposed to the new mascot, and several online petitions continue to advocate for the return of Chief Illiniwek.

Supporters of Chief Illiniwek sometimes object to the use of the term "mascot", and instead refer to the Chief as a "symbol" of the university.

Background
Chief Illiniwek and the Chief Illiniwek logo—a stylized front view of an American Indian face and headdress—are trademarks of the University of Illinois. Licensed use of the logo by the university has been increasingly restrictive as a result of the ongoing controversy. Chief Illiniwek is not based on an actual American Indian chief, nor did a historical figure with this name ever exist.

Since he performed many of the functions of other schools' mascots, Chief Illiniwek is generally referred to as the university's mascot in media reporting and academic sources regarding the controversy. Chief Illiniwek predates the use of mascots by most sports teams, adding strength to the claim that the portrayal was never a mascot at all. In the final years he did not perform at road games, since other Big Ten universities refused to allow the character to perform at their home games, citing him as offensive.

During sporting events, Chief Illiniwek was portrayed by a student selected via audition and wearing authentic Lakota (Sioux) clothing. The portrayal also included a dance that originated from the first three portrayers' experience in the Boy Scouts of America, as taught by Ralph Hubbard, who had traveled widely in Europe and America staging "Indian pageants". This dance corresponded to the music and lyrics of the "Three in One" performed by the university band, which is an arrangement of three original songs entitled "The March of the Illini", "Hail to the Orange", and "Pride of the Illini".

History
The origin of Chief Illiniwek dates to 1926, when Ray Dvorak, assistant director of bands at the University of Illinois, conceived the idea of having a Native American war dance performed during halftime of Illinois football games. The first performance occurred on October 30, 1926 at Memorial Stadium during the halftime of a game against the University of Pennsylvania. At the conclusion of his performance, Illinwek was met at midfield by a drum major dressed as the University of Pennsylvania's Quaker mascot, offered a peace pipe, and walked off the field arm in arm. Student Lester Leutwiler, an Eagle Scout, created the original costume and performed the dance based upon his experience as a Boy Scout. The expression Illiniwek (meaning "the complete human being - the strong, agile human body, and the indomitable human spirit") was first used in conjunction with the University of Illinois football team by football coach Bob Zuppke, referring to the Illinois Confederation of Native Americans who historically had inhabited much of present-day Illinois.

Another student, A. Webber Borchers, was the only Chief to ride on horseback around the field and solidified the Chief tradition, continuing the performances and soliciting contributions for a permanent costume in 1930. Since then, the costume has been replaced several times, most recently in 1982. The current costume was sold to the university marching band by Frank Fools Crow, chief of the Oglala Sioux (a nation unrelated to the Illiniwek), after being sewn by his wife. He visited the campus in 1982 to present the regalia during halftime of a football game at the request of then-Assistant Director of Bands and Director of Athletic Bands Gary Smith. The costume contained real eagle feathers, but because eagle feathers are sacred to Native Americans, and because they came from a species protected by the Lacey Act of 1900, the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (1940), the Migratory Bird Act, and at that time the Endangered Species Act, the feathers in the headdresses worn by the Chief were replaced with dyed turkey feathers after requests from the family of Chief Fools Crow.

A total of 36 different students officially performed the role of the Chief. All but one have been men: one woman, Idelle (Stith) Brooks, served in 1943 due to the shortage of male students during World War II; she was called "Princess Illiniwek." No student portraying Chief Illiniwek was of American Indian heritage during the 82 year span, although Brooks, a journalism major who had grown up on the Osage Reservation in Fairfax, Oklahoma, was described as an "honorary princess of the Osage Indian tribe". Brooks weighed 90 pounds and her Chief regalia weighed 50.

The actual descendants of the Illiniwek opposed the Chief (see Controversy, below). Whereas, when in May 1995, a WICD reporter interviewed members of the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, Chief Don Giles said, "We do not have a problem with the mascot.", by 2000, the tribal council, under a new chief, passed a resolution opposing the use of the Chief by the university. On January 17, 2007, the executive committee of the Oglala Sioux Tribal Council, issued a resolution asking that the University of Illinois return the regalia to the family of Frank Fools Crow and cease the use of the Chief Illiniwek mascot. The resolution was delivered to the university's board of trustees, UI President B. Joseph White, and Chancellor Richard Herman. The campus' Native American House was authorized by the Oglala Sioux to distribute the resolution to the public.

The Chief appeared at the university's homecoming parade and pep rally until 1991.

Controversy
From the mid-1970s, the Chief was the subject of debate at the University of Illinois. In October 1989, Charlene Teters, a graduate student from the Spokane tribe, began protesting the Chief at athletic events after her young son and daughter's reaction to the Chief's dance at a basketball game. Soon, individuals and organizations, some from outside of the university, began to support the Chief's elimination. Some academic departments adopted official stances in favor of retirement of the mascot. External organizations including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the National Education Association, Amnesty International, the Modern Language Association, and Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas also took positions in favor of retiring the Chief. In November 1989, the Illinois state legislature passed a resolution in support of the Chief.

Student and alumni organizations, such as the Honor the Chief Society and Chief Illiniwek Educational Foundation, are dedicated to explaining and preserving the tradition of Chief Illiniwek. The Students for the Chief group formed in 1990. Among the national Native American organizations which called for the retirement of the mascot were the National Congress of American Indians and the National Indian Education Association. At the Urbana-Champaign campus, the Native American House, the American Indian Studies program, and the Native American student organizations all called for its retirement.

Those in favor of retiring the Chief contended that the Chief misappropriates and misrepresents Native American culture and perpetuates harmful racial and ethnic stereotypes. They argued that this obstructed the creation of a diverse and tolerant learning community, harmed the reputation of the university, and promoted an inaccurate image of Native Americans. Those in support of the mascot claimed that he was a revered symbol representing not only a proud people but the great spirit of a great university.

A 1995 ruling by the United States Department of Education found that the mascot did not violate Native American students' civil rights. Also in 1995, the state legislature approved a bill making the Chief the "official symbol" of the university, but Governor Jim Edgar's amendatory veto allowed the decision to remain with the university.

On January 13, 2000, the board of trustees of the University of Illinois passed a resolution concerning the issue of the continuation of the Chief Illiniwek performances at its athletic events. The resolution acknowledged the existence of a controversy. Pursuant to this resolution, the board retained Louis B. Garippo, a former circuit court judge in Cook County, to assist in conducting a dialogue on Chief Illiniwek. The Special Intake Session on Chief Illiniwek was held in Foellinger Auditorium on the Urbana campus on April 14, 2000. Garippo presided over the session, reviewed and compiled communications on the issue, and prepared a report to the board. Garippo's task was to convey respondents' opinions to the board, not to make a recommendation on the status of Chief Illiniwek.

In 2006, the University Board of Trustees opted to study the issue and passed a resolution calling for "a consensus conclusion to the matter of Chief Illiniwek." Many on both sides of the issue found this resolution problematic, given that former trustee Roger Plummer determined that a compromise on the issue was not possible. At that point, the board of trustees had not consulted on the matter with the faculty of the American Indian Studies Program.

In the past few years, opinion polls on the subject have not been much help in defining Native American opinion on the subject. In 2002, a Peter Harris Research Group poll of those who self-declared Native American ethnicity on a U.S. census showed that 81% of self-identified Native Americans support the use of Indian nicknames in high school and college sports, and 83% of Native Americans support the use of Indian mascots and symbols in professional sports. However, the methods and results of this poll have been disputed. A separate poll conducted by the Native-run newspaper Indian Country Today in 2001 reported that 81% of those polled "indicated use of American Indian names, symbols and mascots are predominantly offensive and deeply disparaging to Native Americans."

A non-binding student referendum on Chief Illiniwek was conducted in March 2004. Of the approximately one-third of the student body who cast ballots, 69% of the voters favored retention of the Chief. Faculty have tended to be critical of the Chief. Another non-binding student referendum on Chief Illiniwek was conducted in February 2008. Of the approximately 23% of the student body who cast ballots, 79% (7,718) voted to show support for Chief Illiniwek, while 21% (2,052) voted to not show support.

Position of the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
The Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma are the closest living descendants of the Illinois Confederation, having been relocated to Oklahoma in the 19th century. The position of the tribal leadership has evolved over the years. In a television interview with WICD-TV in 1995, Don Giles, then Chief of the Peoria Tribe, said, "To say that we are anything but proud to have these portrayals would be completely wrong. We are proud. We're proud that the University of Illinois, the flagship university of the state, a seat of learning, is drawing on that background of our having been there. And what more honor could they pay us?" Supporting Chief Giles was another tribal elder, Ron Froman, who stated that the protesters "don't speak for all Native Americans, and certainly not us."

Ron Froman was later elected Chief, by which time his views on the Chief Illiniwek mascot had changed. In April 2000, following meetings with American Indian students attending the university, the tribal council, with Chief Froman's support, passed by the margin of 3 to 2 a resolution requesting "the leadership of the University of Illinois to recognize the demeaning nature of the characterization of Chief Illiniwek, and cease use of this mascots [sic]". Froman said, "I don't know what the origination was, or what the reason was for the university to create Chief Illiniwek. I don't think it was to honor us, because, hell, they ran our (butts) out of Illinois." This puts Chief Illiniwek in a position different from that of the mascots of other schools such as Florida State University, whose American Indian mascots are not opposed by the leadership of the corresponding tribes. In 2005, a new Chief, John P. Froman, when asked his position by the NCAA, indicated that "the Chief was not representative of our tribe and culture, mainly because the costume is Sioux." In 2006, in response to a widely published column by journalist George Will in support of the mascot's use, he wrote a letter reiterating the Peoria Tribe's opposition to the mascot and decrying that the "University of Illinois has ignored the tribe's request for nearly five years."

NCAA involvement
In August 2005, the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the primary governing board for intercollegiate athletics, instituted a ban on schools that use what they call "hostile and abusive American Indian nicknames" from hosting postseason games, beginning February 2006. The University of Illinois was among the 18 schools subject to the ban which, among other things, prohibited the University from hosting NCAA-sponsored tournaments. The ban was soon expanded to include Bowl Championship Series-sponsored bowl games, starting with the 2006 football season. The university appealed the ban in October on the grounds that it violates NCAA bylaws and violated institutional autonomy.

On November 11, 2005, the NCAA, stating that it had "found no new information relative to the mascot, known as 'Chief Illiniwek' or the logo mark used by some athletics teams that depicts an American Indian in feathered headdress," upheld the ban on the University of Illinois. However, it did allow the continued use of the nicknames "Illini" and "Fighting Illini" by the university because they are based on the name of the state and not of American Indian descent. The university appealed the decision again on January 30, 2006, mere days before the deadline. While the NCAA Executive Committee granted an extension to April 28, the committee's next meeting, to other schools affected by the ban, the University of Illinois requested a longer stay until May 15, the end of the current semester. The executive committee ignored the request for a longer stay and denied the university's second appeal while indicating that no further appeals would be entertained.

The Chicago Sun-Times reported on August 31, 2006 that Chief Illiniwek would "no longer be an official university mascot" after the 2006–2007 basketball season. The paper also reported that the ownership of the Chief would be transitioned to an organization called the "Council of Chiefs" and made up of a number of people who have previously portrayed Chief Illiniwek. The next day, however, the university disputed the Sun-Times report. University sources confirmed that several former Chiefs had met with university officials to discuss preserving the mascot's tradition but stated that the so-called "Council of Chiefs" did not exist as a formally organized group. A University spokesman stated that "no decisions have been made" regarding the mascot's fate.

Chief Illiniwek and the Fighting Illini
Some have incorrectly linked Chief Illiniwek with the nickname Fighting Illini. Though many assume that both are based on Illinois' American Indian traditions, the name Illini was first associated with the school by the student newspaper, which in 1874 changed its name from The Student to The Illini.

The addition of the adjective "fighting" originated about five years before the appearance of Chief Illiniwek, as a tribute to Illinois soldiers killed in World War I. Similarly, the on-campus football venue, Memorial Stadium, was named in honor of those fallen soldiers. As stated above, the NCAA has exempted the names "Illini" and "Fighting Illini" from its ban on American Indian imagery, as these names are purely based on the name of the state, and not a Native American tribe.

The state of Illinois was named by French explorers after the indigenous Illiniwek people, a consortium of Algonquian tribes which thrived in the area.

The word Illiniwek or iliniwek is the plural form of ilinwe and means "those who speak in the ordinary way," although it has often been mistranslated as "tribe of superior men."

Retiring Chief Illiniwek
On February 16, 2007, Lawrence Eppley, chair of the board of trustees issued a unilateral ruling retiring Chief Illiniwek. Chief Illiniwek's last performance, by the final Chief, Dan Maloney of Galesburg, Illinois, took place on February 21, 2007 at the last men's home basketball game of the 2006–2007 regular season against Michigan, in Assembly Hall. As at the time, Chief Illiniwek also performed at women's home basketball games, the first halftime performance without the portrayal of Chief Illiniwek was the following night, February 22, 2007, at the women's basketball game against Michigan State.

On March 13, 2007, the University of Illinois board of trustees voted to retire Illiniwek's name, image and regalia.

In February 2007, the National Congress of American Indians thanked the university and commended them for retiring Chief Illiniwek.

After retirement
On October 4, 2009, the University of Illinois gave the Chief Illiniwek regalia to the Oglala Lakota. The media were denied entry to this event, which was called a "private function" by associate director of athletics Dana Brenner. The university did not offer a public statement about the return.

Students and fans still chant "Chief" during the performance of Three In One during halftime. Since neither the NCAA nor the university have any control over what the fans chant, opposition groups have called to additionally ban the Three In One performance.

In April 2014, an indigenous student, Xochitl Sandoval, sent a letter to the university administration (which she also posted on her Facebook page) describing her thoughts of suicide resulting from the daily insults she felt due to the continued presence of "The Chief" on campus, including other students wearing the old image and name on sweatshirts and the continued "unofficial" performances by the current "Chief", Ivan A. Dozier. She stated that these thoughts came as a result of her feeling that she had no recourse because the university had not enforced its own policies regarding racism and the creation of a hostile environment for indigenous students such as herself; but had instead stated her only recourse would be personal action. Soon afterward there was a gathering on the Quad organized by the president of the Native American Indigenous Student Organization in support of Sandoval, and calling for further action by the university to eliminate the presence of the Chief on campus. The Campus Faculty Association (CFA) also issued a statement in support of Sandoval.

In May 2016, the university announced that a process was underway to select a "first-ever athletic mascot" for the university—the phrase evidently recognizing the argument by some Chief supporters that the Chief was not a mascot but a "symbol."

In August 2017, University Chancellor Robert Jones made the decision to ban the school's "War Chant", in response to critic claims that said the music stereotyped Native Americans and prolonged the divisive debate over Chief Illiniwek. ""Debating it was not going to do anything but kind of re-initiate a lot of the agony and the angst that have been a cancer that has been eating away at this university for more than a decade," Jones said of the closed-session ruling. Later in 2017, a protest interrupted the school's homecoming parade in response to the Unofficial chief marching with the Honor the Chief Society. Though touted as “peaceful”, both the Chancellor and the Chief portrayer were escorted away by police after an officer was assaulted on the hood of the Chancellor’s car. As of 2017, no one had been charged or held responsible. The following morning, a number of members of one Sioux nation hosted a powwow on campus bearing a banner reading "The Fighting Sioux Support the Fighting Illini". These performers were part of an organization known as NAGA (Native American Guardians Association). "...the idea is to educate, not eradicate, and the idea is to improve what you have but never give up the opportunity to teach about Native Americanism." said Andre Billeaudeaux, executive director of NAGA.

Proposed replacement mascots
UIUC has not yet selected a replacement. A non-binding resolution to make "Alma Otter" the official mascot was placed on the spring 2019 student election ballot, but failed to receive a majority, although some saw the vote as a sign of progress. In 2020 the belted kingfisher received a majority of student votes as a possible new mascot. In September 2020 the University Senate overwhelmingly endorsed the kingfisher as the new mascot, voting 105 to 2 with 4 abstaining.

The belted kingfisher, a bird local to Illinois whose female is orange and blue, has been proposed as a replacement mascot. The kingfisher as a mascot has been endorsed by the American Indian Center of Chicago, the Chicago Tribune editorial board, and the Champaign Audubon Society. In December 2022, the National Congress of American Indians endorsed efforts to find a replacement mascot, though the kingfisher was not explicitly mentioned. Supporters of the Kingfisher have dubbed the bird "naturally true to the orange and blue."

In February 2023, the Association on American Indian Affairs endorsed adopting a new mascot, saying, “Retiring harmful imagery is commendable but not formally replacing that imagery allows for stereotypes to continue and fails to give the University community a new identity that is truly representative of them.”

In July 2023, the Native American Rights Fund endorsed the belted kingfisher as a replacement mascot.

In 2023, a group of students and faculty created a costume for the unofficial kingfisher mascot, and the kingfisher has made appearances on campus.

Selection of unofficial chief portrayers
In April 2008, the "Council of Chiefs", a group of previous Chief Illiniwek performers, named a student to portray the chief, although this portrayal is not sanctioned or endorsed by the university. Logan Ponce, a Latino student, was chosen as the 37th portrayer. Ponce expressed the ultimate goal of returning the Chief to the university. "It's unique to Illinois and has been such an important part of our history," he said. "It's part of our heritage. We look forward to continuing it."

In May 2010 the Students for Chief Organization chose a new student to serve as the 38th chief portrayer: Ivan A. Dozier, who is of Cherokee ancestry. Dozier performed as Chief at the "Next Dance" event over homecoming weekend at the university in 2010. He also appeared in regalia at numerous sporting events throughout the years. Bennett Kamps was select to replace Dozier upon his graduation, with an initial appearance in February, 2016. In 2017 the portrayer was Omar Cruz Aranda.

Unofficial performances and events
An event called "Students for Chief Illiniwek Presents: The Next Dance," happened on November 15, 2008 following the football game against Ohio State University, in the Assembly Hall. "We want to do this event on a very exciting day for Illini fans and we want it to be a complement to that day's game," said Roberto Martell Jr., former president of Students for Chief Illiniwek and a junior in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. An open letter was sent forth by the Native American House encouraging the entire university community to speak out against the event.

On February 26, 2010 the webpage of Students for Chief Illiniwek posted nearly fifty email correspondences, obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, of several members of the university administration attempting to prevent the "Next Dance" portrayals. Parties involved include Renee Romano, Anna Gonzalez, Robert Warrior, and then-Chancellor Richard Herman. The emails include conversations between Romano and Richard Herman appreciating "the fact that we've been trying to get in the way of allowing the students for the chief to perform a dance in the assembly hall and "trying to think of a reason to deny them access to Assembly Hall on Oct. 2." The revelation of free speech violations by the administrators was criticized by free-speech advocates, including the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, which currently gives the University of Illinois a yellow light rating.

In October 2012, the Chief made an unsanctioned halftime appearance at Memorial stadium, in the Homecoming football game against Indiana.

In January 2015, an unofficial appearance at Tuscola High School, by former portrayer Ivan A. Dozier, was cancelled. School officials removed the announcement post from social media saying they did not have the time or personnel to address the bad language and personal attacks that were made in the online comments. The School District announced via Twitter that the appearance was cancelled "In order to ensure highest level of student/community safety."

The Council of Chiefs, Students for Chief Illiniwek, and Honor the Chief Society posted events on Facebook encouraging fans to wear "Chief" gear to the basketball game with Purdue on February 22, 2018. Entitled "Paint the Hall Chief", and started by several female members of the community, the posting prompted the university to request that Facebook remove the events due to copyright infringement of the original Chief Illiniwek logo; which Facebook refused to do because the image used is significantly different than the original, constituting legal "fair use". At the game, about 100 protestors assembled at the main entrance to the State Farm Center displaying signs and chanting opposition to the Chief.

University employee Jay Rosenstein was arrested for allegedly stalking and invasion of privacy after he followed Dozier and the current unofficial portrayer of the Chief into a public bathroom at the Assembly Hall on January 22, 2018, and allegedly recorded them in a state of undress. No charges were filed by the states attorney. Dozier filed suit against Rosenstein in January 2019; the judge rejected Rosenstein's motion to dismiss and the lawsuit can proceed.

Chancellor's Commission
The effort to resolve the controversy by the current chancellor, Robert J. Jones has included the work of a committee that issued a report of its "critical conversations" that included over 600 participants representing all sides, which remain sharply divided. The chancellor has appointed a Commission on Native Imagery: Healing and Reconciliation to implement the recommendations of the committee.

In 2019 the Office of the Chancellor issued a report with four goals and recommendations.
 * 1) Provide closure, healing and reconciliation for stakeholders - Recommendations include a formal event recognizing the public retirement of Chief Illiniwek, establishing a plaque or monument outside Memorial Stadium commemorating the history, the original intent of the Chief, and the University’s decision to retire the tradition to better align with current educational perspectives on diversity and inclusion.
 * 2) Facilitate the establishment of new traditions - Engaging all key stakeholders in identifying new tradition(s) such as music, symbols, branding, marketing, or a mascot that do not rely upon Native American images or traditions.
 * 3) Remember the history of the Chief with a focus on both the intent and impact of the tradition - Development of an historically accurate account documenting the Illini, Fighting Illini, and Chief Illiniwek.
 * 4) Honor and partner with the Native Nations for whom Illinois is their ancestral home

Both sides of the debate immediately criticized the report. Pro-chief members of the commission characterized the exclusion of Native American imagery from future traditions as "discriminatory" while opponents view the Chief as a racist past that should be not be commemorated.

Subsequent to the release of the commission report, several dozen current and former faculty (out of over 2,000 on campus) signed a letter urging the NCAA to once again prohibit the UI from hosting postseason competitions until it “fully complies” with NCAA policies on the use of native imagery in sports. The continued presence of the Chief's image on campus and the use of the nickname "Fighting Illini" were cited as examples of policy violations. Chancellor Jones responded that these were not violations.

Implementation Plan on Native Imagery
In December 2020 chancellor Robert J. Jones announced the Implementation Plan on Native Imagery, a set of reforms planned for the following three years. These included expanding the school's American Indian Studies program, repatriating sacred artifacts to indigenous people, offering in-state tuition to students from federally recognized tribal nations, having a campus historian develop an accurate history of the school's use of Native American symbols, and creating a council to develop new traditions for the student body. The plan does not address the adoption of a new sports mascot, or the possibility of changing the name of the Fighting Illini sports teams.

Official Chief portrayal list
* Stith portrayed "Princess Illiniwek".

Films

 * Chief Video Documentary - The Chief & The Tradition
 * In Whose Honor? - Jay Rosenstein Productions (1997)

title: Chief Illiniwek


text:
C.S.D. Municipal

Club Social y Deportivo Municipal, also known as Municipal or Los Rojos (the Reds), are a Guatemalan professional football club based in Guatemala City.

They compete in the Liga Nacional, the top tier of Guatemalan football, and play their home matches at the Estadio El Trébol. As of 2015, they are the team that has remained the most years at the top level in Guatemala, having done so since the inception of the national league in 1942. They have won the domestic league 32 times, most recently winning the 2024 Clausura tournament. They won the CONCACAF Champions' Cup in 1974.

Municipal are the most popular football club in Guatemala and are traditional rivals of Comunicaciones, who are also based in Guatemala City, and with whom they share the lead in all-time league titles in the country with 32 each as of 2024.

History
The club was founded on May 17, 1936, by workers of the Ayuntamiento (city hall) of the Guatemala City municipality, hence the name Municipal. They were first promoted to the top division, (then called Liga Capitalina) in 1938. They finished in second place in their debut season, and have since remained in the top division.

Early domestic success (1940s–1960s)
The team won its first national league title in the 1942–43 tournament, the first ever official national league championship in Guatemala. They won three of the following six tournaments, the other three being won by Tipografía Nacional, whom which they had their first known rivalry. Municipal were coached by Manuel Felipe Carrera, one of the original founders of the club, and whose name was later given to the stadium where the team currently practices.

During the 1940s and early 1950s, Municipal's most iconic player was the forward Carlos "Pepino" Toledo, who wore the red shirt throughout his career. He helped the club win their first four league titles, the last of them coming at the 1954–55 tournament (also the year Toledo retired). His career total of 129 goals remains the fourth-highest in club history. He was also one of Guatemala's first national stars and was chosen for the national team. Later, he became Municipal's coach.

In 1948, Municipal won its first international honors at a friendly tournament held in Havana, Cuba to commemorate the Cuban Independence. That squad featured Toledo, Mario Camposeco, and goalkeeper José Pedro "Tarzán" Segura.

The end of the 1950s were a darker time for Municipal. Toledo had retired and Comunicaciones had dethroned them at the top of the league, winning it three years in a row. Municipal struggled through an eight-year title drought. They managed to break that drought with three championships in the 1960s (1963–64, 1965–66, and 1969–70), but Comunicaciones remained Guatemala's dominant team, winning seven titles in 14 years from 1956–72. The Comunicaciones-Municipal match emerged as a high-profile local derby, the biggest in the country. Another rivalry developed with a third Guatemala City club, Aurora, which also won three titles during this time.

1970s: First international success
In 1973, Uruguayan coach Rubén Amorín arrived at Municipal. He managed a group of players that included defender Alberto López Oliva, midfielders Benjamín Monterroso and José Emilio "Pepe" Mitrovich, and forward Julio César Anderson. Anderson would become the club's highest-ever goalscorer, and help lead the team to its era of greatest glory. Municipal won league championships in both 1973 and 1974 (their first repeat titles). In 1974, the same year they were marching to a dominant repeat championship, they became the first Guatemalan club to win the CONCACAF Champions' Cup. The Rojos then went on to play the Copa Interamericana against Argentina's "red team", Independiente.

The first leg was played in Guatemala on November 24, 1974, and Independiente won, 1-0. However, Municipal surprised the continent by winning 1-0 in Argentina two days later. The hero was Argentine-born José Emilio "Pepe" Mitrovich in the second half. With both teams equal in points and goal difference, the match went to extra time. No further goals were scored, and the match went into penalty kicks. Misses by Julio César "Morocho" Anderson and Benjamín "Mincho" Monterroso allowed Independiente to prevail, 4-2, but Municipal had earned continental respect.

1980s: Almost relegated
Municipal's glory years continued with another league title in 1976, but their results began to fade. They finished 8th in 1979-80, and in 1981 they fell even further to 11th, forcing them into a relegation mini-league. Ironically, their safety was secured when old rivals Tipografía Nacional were relegated instead. In 1982, the club came even closer to oblivion, finishing 9th in the regular season. That result put them back in the relegation mini-league, and this time they escaped only on goal differential. Over the next several years, Municipal put some distance between themselves and the bottom of the table, but they would not seriously challenge for another title until 1987.

1980s and 1990s: Return to the top
1987 was the year that Argentine coach Miguel Ángel Brindisi arrived in Guatemala City. A former midfield star who had won two Argentine titles and played a stint in Spain, he came to Municipal with just one year of managerial experience. His two years in Guatemala saw brilliant success. In 1987, they beat Aurora 4-2 on penalties to win a championship playoff and claim the Guatemalan title for the first time since 1976. A year later, they repeated as champs for the first time since the early 1970s. Brindisi moved on to manage Barcelona SC in Ecuador, but successor Walter Ormeño kept the momentum by guiding the team to a third straight crown.

In 1990-91, Municipal came within one match of a fourth straight title, but bowed 1-0 to Comunicaciones in the championship final. They avenged that defeat in 1991-92, beating Comunicaciones 2-1 in a championship playoff replay. That made it four titles in five years.

The team reached the finals of the CONCACAF Champions Cup in December 1993, narrowly losing out to Costa Rican champions Saprissa. They did manage to claim some silverware from the season, winning the Guatemalan championship for the fifth time in seven seasons.

2000s: A Decade of Success
In 2000, after the league's competition format was changed to two yearly tournaments on the Apertura and Clausura fashion, Municipal won the title again after Comunicaciones had set a record by winning the previous four; Municipal surpassed that record in 2006 when they won the 2006 Apertura tournament, their fifth consecutive title, under coach Enzo Trossero. They also added third and fourth Central American titles by winning the Copa Interclubes UNCAF in 2001 and 2004.

Colours and crest
Initially, the team's uniform colors consisted of a red-and-black striped shirt and black shorts. The colors soon changed to the current red shirt and blue shorts for home matches, and all blue for away matches, although other colors have been used for away matches.

The club's logo is based in the emblem of the Municipalidad de Guatemala, which is itself based in the original coat of arms of the city of Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala, with the image of Apostle Santiago (Saint James) over the stylized scenery of the region. The team's version includes an image of the type of ball used at the time the club was founded, next to a blue and red striped canton in between the former two elements. The circular field is surrounded by the name of the team on a red background.

Stadium
Throughout the years, Municipal has used the Estadio Doroteo Guamuch Flores as their home ground, sharing it with Comunicaciones since the 1950s until 1991, and again starting in 2005. Other stadiums hosted Municipal in the beginning, namely the Estadio Autonomía. The Estadio La Pedrera has been used when the Mateo Flores has not been available and houses a soup kitchen in the basement. The Estadio Manuel Felipe Carrera, also known as "Estadio El Trébol", has been the training venue for the team, and it has been occasionally used for official matches by the club; Municipal had an undefeated streak of 33 official matches in this ground from July 9, 1991, until March 7, 2008, when they lost to Deportivo Petapa 1–0 for the 2008 Clausura tournament.

Supporters
Municipal is believed to have the largest fan base of all Guatemalan clubs, and that their popularity have earned them nicknames like El mimado de la afición (Fans' pampered team) and El equipo del pueblo (People's team).

Statistics and records
Municipal has set a record in Guatemalan football by being the club that has spent the most consecutive seasons in the maximum division, having remained there uninterruptedly since 1938.

Juan Carlos Plata is the team's all-time top goalscorer in league matches and overall. As of the end of 2010, Plata has scored 299 league goals and 403 overall goals with Municipal, the only club he has played for.

Domestic
League
 * Liga Nacional de Guatemala and predecessors
 * Champions (32): 1942–43, 1947, 1950–51, 1954–55, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1969–70, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1987, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1993–94, Clausura 2000, Apertura 2000, Apertura 2001, Clausura 2002, Apertura 2003, Apertura 2004, Clausura 2005, Apertura 2005, Clausura 2006, Apertura 2006, Clausura 2008, Apertura 2009, Clausura 2010, Apertura 2011, Clausura 2017, Apertura 2019, Clausura 2024

Cup
 * Copa de Guatemala and predecessors
 * Champions (8): 1960, 1967, 1969, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003, 2003–04
 * Campeón de Campeones (Super Cup) and predecessors
 * Champions (5): 1952, 1967, 1977, 1994, 1996

Continental

 * CONCACAF Champions' Cup
 * Champions (1): 1974
 * UNCAF Interclub Cup
 * Champions (4): 1974, 1977, 2001, 2004
 * Copa Interamericana
 * Runners-up (1): 1974

Retired numbers
15 – 🇬🇹 Juan Carlos Plata, forward (1990–2010)

Notable players
Players with at least two years of service for the club are listed here. Former

 * 🇦🇷 Miguel Ángel Brindisi (FW), (1984–1985)
 * 🇦🇷 Martín Crossa (MF), (2009–2010)
 * 🇦🇷 🇬🇹 José Emilio Mitrovich (MF), (1970's)
 * 🇨🇷 Josimar Arias (MF), (2012)
 * 🇨🇷 Rónald Gómez (MF), (1998–1999)
 * 🇸🇻 Eliseo Quintanilla  (FW), (2011–2012)
 * 🇸🇻 José Luis Rugamas (MF), (1984–1986)
 * 🇸🇻 José Pedro "Tarzan" Segura (GK), (1946–1950)
 * 🇬🇹 Mario Acevedo (FW), (2001–2009)
 * 🇬🇹 Julio César Anderson (FW), (1969–1984)
 * 🇬🇹 Carlos Figueroa (MF), (2001–2003), (2004–2007), (2009–2010)
 * 🇬🇹Guillermo Ramirez (FW/MF), (1997–2000), (2003–2008), (2010–2011)
 * 🇬🇹 Juan Manuel Funes (MF), (1986–1997)
 * 🇬🇹 Freddy García (MF), (2003–2004), (2004–2009)
 * 🇬🇹 🇭🇳 Óscar Isaula (FW), (2011–2012)
 * 🇬🇹 Alberto López Oliva (DF), (1963–1978)
 * 🇬🇹 Benjamín Monterroso (DF / MF), (1970–1979)
 * 🇬🇹 Juan Carlos Plata (FW), (1989–2010)
 * 🇬🇹 Selvyn Ponciano (DF), (1994–2009)
 * 🇬🇹 Julio Rodas (FW), (1988–1994)
 * 🇬🇹 Sergio Guevara (MF), (2003–2011)
 * 🇬🇹 German Ruano (DF), (1993–2009)
 * 🇬🇹 Carlos Ruiz (FW), (1997–2001), (2014–2016)
 * 🇬🇹 Carlos Toledo (FW), (1938–1955)
 * 🇲🇽 Pablo Hutt (MF), (2011)
 * 🇲🇽 Juan Manuel Romo (GK), (1983–90)
 * 🇬🇩 Kassius Ettienne (MF), (2010–2012)
 * 🇵🇦 Jaime Penedo (GK), (2007–2013)
 * 🇵🇾 Edgar Aguilera (MF), (2001–2002)
 * 🇵🇾 Richart Báez (FW), (2003–04)
 * 🇺🇾 Julio César Cortés (MF), (1973–1974)
 * 🇺🇾 Carlos Nicola (GK), (2003–2005)
 * 🇬🇹 Gonzalo Romero (MF), (1997–98), (2000–2011)
 * 🇬🇹 Guillermo Lobos (DF), (1942–1955)
 * 🇬🇹 Claudio Albizuris (MF), (2000–10), (2011–2017)
 * 🇸🇻 Jaime Alas (MF), (2016-2023)
 * 🇬🇹 Marco Pappa (MF), (2006–2008), (2017–2018)
 * 🇵🇦 Felipe Baloy (DF), (2017-2018)
 * 🇵🇦 Blas Perez (FW), (2017-2018)
 * 🇬🇹 Paulo Motta (GK), (2004–2008), (2014–2018)
 * 🇬🇹 Nicholas Hagen (GK), (2015–2020)

List of coaches

 * 🇧🇷 Jaime Borja (1957)
 * 🇭🇺 Ferenc Mészáros (1967–1968)
 * 🇨🇱 Rolando Torino (1986)
 * 🇺🇾 Gustavo Faral (1996)
 * 🇦🇷 Horacio Cordero (2000–2001)
 * 🇺🇾🇵🇾 Ever Hugo Almeida (2001–2004)
 * 🇦🇷 Enzo Trossero (2004–2006)
 * 🇬🇹 Victor Hugo Monzon (Jul 2007-Oct 2007)
 * 🇦🇷 Jorge José Benítez (Oct 2007–Apr 2008)
 * 🇦🇷 Horacio Cordero (Apr 2008-Dec 2008)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Ruiz (Jan 2009-Nov 2009)
 * 🇦🇷Jorge Habbegger (Nov 2009-Mar2010)
 * 🇺🇾Manuel Keosseian (Apr 2010-Jun 2010)
 * 🇵🇹 Guilherme Farinha (2010)
 * 🇨🇷 Javier Delgado (May 2011–Oct 2012)
 * 🇭🇳 Ramón Maradiaga (Oct 2012–Feb 2013)
 * 🇨🇱 Fernando Díaz (Feb 2013–Dec 2013)
 * 🇺🇾 Aníbal Ruiz (Dec 2013–Sept 2014)
 * 🇦🇲 🇺🇾 Manuel Keosseián (Oct 2014–Dec 2014)
 * 🇦🇷 Enzo Trossero (Jan 2015–May 2015)
 * 🇨🇷 Mauricio Wright (Jul 2015–Nov 2015)
 * 🇺🇾 Gustavo Machain (Nov 2015–Oct 2017)
 * 🇺🇾🇵🇾 Ever Hugo Almeida (Oct 2017–Dec 2017)
 * 🇨🇷 Hernán Medford (Jan 2018–Sep 2018)
 * 🇦🇷 Horacio Cordero (Sep 2018-Sep 2019)
 * 🇦🇷 Sebastián Bini (Sep 2019-May 2021)
 * 🇵🇾 José Cardozo (May 2021-May 2022)
 * 🇲🇽 Juan Antonio Torres (Jun 2022-Oct 2022)
 * 🇵🇾 José Cardozo (Oct 2022-May 2023)
 * 🇦🇷 Sebastián Bini (May 2023-present)

title: C.S.D. Municipal


text:
List of settlements in Aetolia-Acarnania

This is a list of settlements in Aetolia-Acarnania, Greece.

 * Achladokastro
 * Achyra
 * Aetopetra
 * Aetos
 * Afrato
 * Afroxylia
 * Agalianos
 * Agia Paraskevi
 * Agia Sofia
 * Agia Varvara
 * Agios Andreas
 * Agios Dimitrios
 * Agios Georgios
 * Agios Ilias
 * Agios Konstantinos
 * Agios Nikolaos Trichonidos
 * Agios Nikolaos
 * Agios Thomas
 * Agios Vlasios
 * Agrampela
 * Agridi
 * Agrinio
 * Aitoliko
 * Akres
 * Alevrada
 * Amfilochia
 * Amorgianoi
 * Ampelaki
 * Ampelakiotissa
 * Ampelia
 * Amvrakia
 * Analipsi
 * Anavryti
 * Angelokastro
 * Ano Chora
 * Ano Kerasovo
 * Ano Koudouni
 * Ano Vasiliki
 * Anoixiatiko
 * Anthofyto
 * Antirrio
 * Arachova
 * Archontochori
 * Argyro Pigadi
 * Aspria
 * Astakos
 * Avarikos
 * Bampalio
 * Bampini
 * Chaliki Amvrakias
 * Chalkiopoulo
 * Chomori
 * Chouni
 * Chrysovergi
 * Chrysovitsa
 * Chrysovitsa
 * Dafni
 * Dafnias
 * Dendrochori
 * Diasellaki
 * Diplatanos
 * Dokimi
 * Dorvitsa
 * Drymonas
 * Drymos
 * Elaiofyto
 * Elatou
 * Elatovrysi
 * Eleftheriani
 * Ellinika
 * Empesos
 * Evinochori
 * Famila
 * Floriada
 * Fragkoulaiika
 * Fyteies
 * Galatas
 * Gavalou
 * Gavrolimni
 * Gavros
 * Giannopouloi
 * Gouria
 * Gouriotissa
 * Grammatikou
 * Grammeni Oxya
 * Grigori
 * Kainourgio
 * Kalavrouza
 * Kallithea
 * Kalloni
 * Kaloudi
 * Kalyvia
 * Kamaroula
 * Kandila
 * Kapsorachi
 * Karaiskakis
 * Kastanea
 * Kastanoula
 * Kastraki
 * Katafygio
 * Kato Chora
 * Kato Chrysovitsa
 * Kato Kerasovo
 * Kato Makrinou
 * Katochi
 * Katouna
 * Kechrinia
 * Kentriki
 * Kerasea
 * Kleisorrevmata
 * Klepa
 * Kokkinochori
 * Kokkinovrysi
 * Kompoti
 * Koniska
 * Konopina
 * Kryoneria
 * Kydonea
 * Kyparissos
 * Kypseli
 * Kyra Vgena
 * Lampiri
 * Lefka
 * Lefko
 * Lepenou
 * Lesini
 * Limnitsa
 * Livadaki
 * Loutraki
 * Loutro
 * Lygias
 * Lysimacheia
 * Machairas
 * Makrinou
 * Makyneia
 * Malesiada
 * Mamoulada
 * Manina Vlizianon
 * Mandrini
 * Mastro
 * Mataragka
 * Matsouki
 * Megali Chora
 * Megas Kampos
 * Menidi
 * Mesarista
 * Milea
 * Missolonghi
 * Molykreio
 * Monastiraki
 * Mousoura
 * Myrtea
 * Mytikas
 * Naupactus
 * Nea Avorani
 * Neapoli
 * Neochori, Missolonghi
 * Neochori, Nafpaktia
 * Neokastro
 * Nerochori
 * Neromanna
 * Ochthia
 * Palaiochoraki
 * Palaiokarya
 * Palaiomanina
 * Palaiopyrgos
 * Palairos
 * Paliampela
 * Pamfio
 * Panagoula
 * Panaitolio
 * Pantanassa
 * Papadates
 * Papadatou
 * Paravola
 * Patiopoulo
 * Pentakorfo
 * Pentalofo
 * Peratia
 * Perdikaki
 * Perdikovrysi
 * Perista
 * Peristeri
 * Perithori
 * Perkos
 * Petrochori
 * Petrona
 * Pitsinaiika
 * Plagia
 * Platanos
 * Podogora
 * Podos
 * Pogonia
 * Pokista
 * Potamoula Messolongiou
 * Potamoula
 * Prodromos
 * Prosilia
 * Psilovrachos
 * Retsina
 * Rigani
 * Riganio
 * Sardinia
 * Sargiada
 * Sidira
 * Simos
 * Sitaralona
 * Sitomena
 * Skala
 * Skourtou
 * Skoutera
 * Skoutesiada
 * Spartias
 * Sparto
 * Spolaita
 * Stamna
 * Stanos
 * Stathas
 * Stranoma
 * Stratos
 * Strongylovouni
 * Stylia
 * Terpsithea
 * Thermo
 * Thyrio
 * Trichonio
 * Triklino
 * Trikorfo
 * Tryfos
 * Varetada
 * Varnakas
 * Vasiliki
 * Vasilopoulo
 * Vatos
 * Velvina
 * Vlachomandra
 * Vliziana
 * Vomvokou
 * Vonitsa
 * Vrouviana
 * Xiropigado
 * Zevgaraki


text:
Indian Union Muslim League

Indian Union Muslim League (abbreviated as the IUML or Muslim League) is a political party primarily based in Kerala. It is recognised as a State Party in Kerala by the Election Commission of India.

After the Partition of India, the first Council of the Indian segment of the All-India Muslim League was held on 10 March 1948 at the south Indian city of Madras (now Chennai). The party renamed itself as the 'Indian Union Muslim League' and adopted a new constitution on 1 September 1951.

IUML is a major member of the opposition United Democratic Front, the INC-led pre-poll state level alliance in Kerala. Whenever the United Democratic Front rules in Kerala, the party leaders are chosen as important Cabinet Ministers. The party has always had a constant, albeit small, presence in the Indian Parliament. The party is a part of the INDIA in national level. The League first gained a ministry (Minister of State for External Affairs) in Indian Government in 2004.

The party currently has five members in Parliament - E. T. Mohammed Basheer, M. P. Abdussamad Samadani and Kani K. Navas in the Lok Sabha and P. V. Abdul Wahab and Adv. Haris Beeran in the Rajya Sabha - and fifteen members in Kerala State Legislative Assembly.

History

The first Muslim political agency in the region was the Kerala Muslim Majlis formed in 1931. It joined the federal setup of All-India Muslim League later.

After the partition of India in 1947, the All-India Muslim League was virtually disbanded. It was succeeded by the Indian segment of the Muslim League in the new Dominion of India (first session on 10 March 1948 and constitution passed on 1 September 1951). M. Muhammad Ismail, the then President of the Madras unit of the Muslim League was chosen as the Convener of the Indian segment of the party. The Travancore Muslim League (the States' Muslim League) was merged with the Malabar League in November, 1956.

Indian Union Muslim League contests General Elections under the Indian Constitution. The party is normally represented by two members in the Indian Lower House (the Lok Sabha). B. Pocker, elected from Malappuram Constituency, was a member of the First Lower House (1952–57) from the Madras Muslim League. The party currently has four members in Parliament.

Apart from Kerala and West Bengal, the League had Legislative Assembly members in Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Maharastra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, and Assam. In West Bengal, the League had won Assembly seats in the 1970s, and A. K. A. Hassanussaman was a member of the Ajoy Mukherjee cabinet.

Indian Union Muslim League first gained a ministry in Kerala Government as part of the Communist Party of India Marxist-led United Front in 1967. The party switched fronts in 1969 and formed an alliance with the Congress in 1976. It later became a chief constituent in a succession of Indian National Congress-led ministries.

Early years

 * First Council of the Indian segment of the Muslim League was held on 10 March 1948 at the south Indian city of Madras (now Chennai).
 * On 1 September 1951, the 'Indian Union Muslim League' came into being in Madras (constitution was passed).
 * B. Pocker Sahib, elected from Malappuram Constituency, was a member of the first Lok Sabha (1952–57).
 * K. M Seethi Sahib served as the Speaker of the Kerala Assembly from 1960 to 1961.

From the 1960s to the 80s

 * The League gained a ministry in Kerala Government in 1967 (C. H. Mohammed Koya and M. P. M. Ahammed Kurikkal).
 * The League oversaw the creation of the University of Calicut, the second university in Kerala, in 1968.
 * Contribution to local government - the League oversaw the creation of Malappuram District in 1969.
 * Death of M. Muhammad Ismail (1972) and Bafaqy Thangal (1973). Syed Ummer Bafaqy Thangal rebels against the leadership.

With the Congress Party

 * Muslim League formed an alliance with the Congress in 1976.
 * C. H. Mohammed Koya served as the Chief Minister of Kerala from 12 October to 1 December 1979.
 * Muslim League joined the Congress (Indira)-lead United Democratic Front in 1979/80.
 * The 'rebel' Muslim League formed 'All India Muslim League' and joined the Left Front in 1980.
 * C. H. Mohammed Koya and K. Avukaderkutty Naha served as Deputy Chief Ministers of Kerala in the 1980s.

In the 1990s

 * All India Muslim League (AIML) quit the Left Front and merged with the Muslim League in 1985.
 * Demolition of the Babri Masjid (1992). Panakkad Syed Mohammed Ali Shihab Thangal made a passionate plea to all the Muslims in Kerala to remain calm. Kerala remained peaceful throughout.
 * Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait, then National President, rebelled and formed the Indian National League (INL) in 1994.
 * Minister of Education (E. T. Mohammad Basheer) decided to establish the University of Sanskrit (1993) in Kerala.

From the 2000s

 * Atal Bihari Vajpayee dispatched E. Ahamed to the United Nations (Geneva) to represent India (2004).
 * Mid-2000s witnessed the Manjeri (2004) and the Kuttippuram-Mankada (2006) defeats.
 * The League first gained a ministry (E. Ahamed) in Indian Government (Manmohan Singh Ministry) in 2004.
 * Panakkad Syed Mohammed Ali Shihab Thangal died in 2009.
 * The League won a record 20 out of the contested 23 seats in the 2011 Assembly Elections.
 * The League remains in the Opposition for two consecutive terms (2016 and 2021)

Ideology
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Organizational structure

 * Youth Wing: Muslim Youth League (the Youth League)
 * National President: Asif Ansari (New Delhi)
 * National Secretary: Najma Thabsheera (Kerala)
 * national Council Secretary: Faisal Babu (Kerala)
 * National vice President Mufeeda Thesni (Kerala)
 * Kerala State President: Sayyid Munavvar Ali Shihab Thangal
 * Kerala State secretary: Fathima Thahiliya
 * Kerala State General Secretary: P. K. Firoz
 * Students' Wing: Muslim Students Federation (M. S. F.)
 * National President: P.V. Ahamed Saju
 * National General Secretary: S. H. Muhammed Arshad
 * Scheduled Caste Wing: Indian Union Dalit League
 * Women's Political Wing: Haritha and Muslim Women's League
 * Trade Union Organization (Kerala): Swatantra Thozhilali Union (S.T.U)
 * Peasants' Union (Kerala): Swathanthra Karshaka Sangam (Independent Peasants Union)
 * Advocates: Lawyers Forum
 * Expatriates: Kerala Muslim Cultural Centre (K. M. C. C.)

Kerala Legislative Assembly
Source: http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/electionhistory.html

Loksabha
Source: Loksabha • 1st House

• *B. Pocker (Malappuram)

• 2nd House - No members

• * B. Pocker (Manjeri) - independent

• 3rd House

• *C. H. Mohammed Koya (Kozhikode)

• *M. Muhammad Ismail (Manjeri)

• 4th House

• *M. Muhammad Ismail (Manjeri)

• *Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait (Kozhikode)

• *S. M. Muhammed Sheriff (Ramanathapuram)

• 5th House

• *M. Muhammad Ismail (Manjeri)

• *Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait (Kozhikode)

• *S. M. Muhammed Sheriff (Periyakulam)

• *Abu Taleb Chowdhury (Murshidabad) - independent

• 6th House

• *G. M. Banatwalla (Ponnani)

• *Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait (Manjeri)

• 7th House

• *G. M. Banatwalla (Ponnani)

• *Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait (Manjeri)

• *A. K. A. Abdul Samad(Vellore)

• 8th House

• *G. M. Banatwalla (Ponnani)

• *Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait (Manjeri)

• 9th House

• *G. M. Banatwalla (Ponnani)

• *Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait (Manjeri)

• *A. K. A. Abdul Samad (Vellore)

• 10th House

• *Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait (Ponnani)

• *E. Ahamed (Manjeri)

• 11th-13th Houses

• *G. M. Banatwalla (Ponnani)

• *E. Ahamed (Manjeri)

• 14th House

• *E. Ahamed (Ponnani) as Union Minister of State.

• *K.M. Kader Mohideen(Vellore)

• 15th House

• *E. Ahamed (Malappuram) as Union Minister of State

• *E. T. Mohammed Basheer(Ponnani)

• *Abdul Rahman (Vellore)

• 16th House

• *E. Ahamed and P. K. Kunhalikutty (Malappuram)

• *E. T. Mohammed Basheer (Ponnani)

• 17th House

• *P. K. Kunhalikutty and M. P. Abdussamad Samadani (Malappuram)

• *E. T. Mohammed Basheer (Ponnani)

• *K. Navas Kani (Ramanathapuram)
 * 18th House

 * E. T. Mohammed Basheer(Malappuram)

 * M. P. Abdussamad Samadani (Ponnani)

 * K. Navas Kani (Ramanathapuram)

Rajya Sabha
Source: Rajyasabha • Madras

• M. Muhammad Ismail (1952–58) - independent

• Kerala

• Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait (1960–66)

• Abdulla Koya (1967–73, 1974–98)

• Hamid Ali Schamnad (1970–79)

• Abdussamad Samadani (1994–2006)

• Korambayil Ahammed (1998–03)

• P. V. Abdul Wahab (2004–10, 2015–21)

• Adv.Haris Beeran (2024-

• Tamil Nadu

• A. K. A. Abdul Samad (1964–70)

• S. A. Khwaja Mohideen (1968–74)

• A. K. A. Abdul Samad (1970– 76)

• A. K. Refaye (1972–78)

• S. A. Khwaja Mohideen (1974-80)

Controversies
The party when in control of the local self-government department, issued a circular which legalised marriage for Muslim women between ages of 16 and 18 and Muslim men below age 21.The circular was later amended after backlash.

The Muslim League has opposed the Supreme Court of India verdict regarding entry of adult women to Sabarimala temple. It is also at odds with several LGBTQ rulings from the Supreme Court. The party also supports the primacy of Muslim Personal Law among Indian Muslims.

IUML opposes implementing gender neutrality and comprehensive sex education in school curriculum saying that it promotes homosexuality, leads to sexual anarchy and is part of an atheist-liberal conspiracy to destroy religious values.

An article by the current president of the Muslim League, on Hagia Sophia, seemed to support the views of political Islam.

Muslim League generally presents itself as a conservative political party in Kerala. In 2021, ten female leaders from the disbanded Haritha state committee lodged a police complaint against the state president of the Muslim Students Federation (MSF) and the Malappuram district general secretary, accusing them of making sexual remarks.

In July 2023, following the Manipur violence where a woman was paraded naked in public, members of the Muslim League raised anti Hindu slogans like “will hang Hindus in front of temples and burn them alive” in Kanhangad, located in the Kasaragod district of Kerala. The following day, Kerala Police arrested five of those members. Upon criticism over the incident, the State President of IUML Panakkad Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal responded on 28 July, saying no one has the right to hurt the sentiments and faith of others.

title: Indian Union Muslim League


text:
The Knight of the Burning Pestle

The Knight of the Burning Pestle is a play in five acts by Francis Beaumont, first performed at Blackfriars Theatre in 1607  and published in a quarto in 1613. It is the earliest whole parody (or pastiche) play in English. The play is a satire on chivalric romances in general, similar to Don Quixote, and a parody of Thomas Heywood's The Four Prentices of London and Thomas Dekker's The Shoemaker's Holiday. It breaks the fourth wall from its outset.

Text
It is most likely that the play was written for the child actors at Blackfriars Theatre, where John Marston had previously had plays produced. In addition to the textual history testifying to a Blackfriars origin, there are multiple references within the text to Marston, to the actors as children (notably from the Citizen's Wife, who seems to recognise the actors from their school), and other indications that the performance took place in a house known for biting satire and sexual innuendo. Blackfriars specialised in satire, according to Andrew Gurr (quoted in Hattaway, ix), and Michael Hattaway suggests that the dissonance of the youth of the players and the gravity of their roles combined with the multiple internal references to holiday revels because the play had a Shrovetide or midsummer's day first production (Hattaway xxi and xiii). The play is certainly carnivalesque, but the date of the first performance is purely speculative. The second quarto publication came in 1635, with a third the same year. The play was omitted from the first Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1647 but included in the second folio of 1679. The play was later widely thought to be the joint work of Beaumont and John Fletcher.

Characters

 * Speaker of the Prologue
 * A Citizen (George)
 * His Wife (Nell)
 * Rafe, his Apprentice
 * Boys
 * Venturewell, a Merchant
 * Humphrey
 * Old Merrythought
 * Michael Merrythought, his son
 * Jasper Merrythought, another son
 * Host of an Inn
 * Tapster
 * Barber
 * Three Men, supposed captives
 * Sergeant
 * William Hammerton
 * George Greengoose
 * Soldiers, and Attendants
 * Luce, Daughter of Venturewell
 * Mistress Merrythought
 * Woman, supposed a captive
 * Pompiona, Daughter of the King of Moldavia
 * Susan, Cobbler's maid in Milk Street

Plot
Scene: London and the neighbouring Country, except for Act IV Scene ii which is set in Moldavia.

As a play called The London Merchant is about to be performed, a Citizen and his Wife 'in the audience' interrupt to complain that the play will misrepresent the middle-class citizens of the city. The Citizen, who identifies himself as a grocer, climbs onto the stage, bringing his Wife up to sit with him. They demand that the players put on a play of their own choosing and suggest that the Citizen's own apprentice, Rafe, should be given a part. Rafe demonstrates his dramatic skills by quoting Shakespeare, and a part is created for him as a knight errant. He refers to himself as a 'Grocer Errant' and has a burning pestle on his shield as a heraldic device.

This meta-plot is intercut with the main plot of the interrupted play, The London Merchant, in which Jasper Merrythought, the merchant's apprentice, is in love with his master's daughter, Luce, and must elope with her to save her from marriage to Humphrey, a City man of fashion. Luce pretends to Humphrey that she has made an unusual vow: she will only marry a man who has the spirit to run away with her. She knows that Humphrey will immediately inform her father. She intends to fake an elopement with Humphrey, knowing that her father will allow this to happen, but then to drop him and meet up with Jasper.

Meanwhile, Jasper's mother has decided to leave her husband, Old Merrythought, who has spent all his savings in drinking and partying. When Jasper seeks his mother's help, she rejects him in favour of his younger brother Michael. She tells Michael that she has jewellery that she can sell to live on while he learns a trade. They leave Merrythought, and lose themselves in a wood where she misplaces her jewellery. Jasper arrives to meet Luce and finds the jewels. Luce and Humphrey appear. Jasper, as planned, knocks over Humphrey and escapes with Luce. The Grocer Errant arrives, believing when he sees the distraught Mrs Merrythought that he has met a damsel in distress. He takes the Merrythoughts to an inn, expecting the host to accommodate them chivalrously without charge. When the host demands payment, the Grocer Errant is perplexed. The host tells him there are people in distress he must save from an evil barber named Barbaroso (a barber surgeon who is attempting cures on people with venereal diseases). He effects a daring rescue of Barbaroso's patients.

The Citizen and his Wife demand more chivalric and exotic adventures for Rafe, and a scene is created in which the Grocer Errant must go to Moldavia where he meets a princess who falls in love with him. But he says that he has already plighted his troth to Susan, a cobbler's maid in Milk Street. The princess reluctantly lets him go, lamenting that she cannot come to England, as she has always dreamed of tasting English beer.

Jasper tests Luce's love by pretending he intends to kill her because of the way her father has treated him. She is shocked, but declares her devotion to him. Humphrey and her father arrive with other men. They attack Jasper and drag Luce away. The merchant locks Luce in her room. Jasper feigns death and writes a letter to the merchant with a pretend dying apology for his behaviour. The coffin, with Jasper hiding within, is carried to the merchant's house, where Luce laments his demise. Jasper rises and explains his plan to save her from marriage to Humphrey: Luce is to take Jasper's place in the coffin while Jasper remains hidden in the house. When the merchant enters, Jasper pretends to be his own ghost and scares the merchant into expelling Humphrey. A chastened Mrs Merrythought returns to her husband. Jasper reveals he is still alive. The merchant asks for Old Merrythought's forgiveness and consents to Jasper's match with Luce.

The Citizen and his Wife demand that Rafe's part in the drama should also have an appropriate ending, and he is given a heroic death scene. Everyone is satisfied.

Satire
The play hits a number of satirical and parodic points. The audience is satirised, with the interrupting grocer, but the domineering and demanding merchant class is also satirised in the main plot. Beaumont makes fun of the new demand for stories of the middle classes for the middle classes, even as he makes fun of that class's actual taste for an exoticism and a chivalry that is entirely hyperbolic. The Citizen and his Wife are bombastic, sure of themselves, and certain that their prosperity carries with it mercantile advantages (the ability to demand a different play for their admission fee than the one the actors have prepared).

The broader humour of the play derives from innuendo and sexual jokes, as well as joking references to other dramatists. The players, for example, plant a winking joke at the Citizen's expense, as the pestle of Rafe's herald is a phallic metaphor, and a burning pestle/penis implies syphilis, on the one hand, and sexual bravado, on the other. The inability of the Citizen and Wife to comprehend how they are satirised, or to understand the main plot, allows the audience to laugh at itself, even as it admits its complicity with the Citizen's boorish tastes.

Staging
If written for Blackfriars, The Knight of the Burning Pestle would have initially been produced in a small private theatre, with minimal stage properties. However, the private theatres were first to introduce the practice of having audience members seated on the stage proper (according to Gurr, op cit. in Hattaway ix), which is a framing device for this play's action. Additionally, the higher cost of a private theatre (sixpence, compared to a penny at some public theatres) changed the composition of the audience and would have suggested a more critically aware (and demanding) crowd. The play makes use of several "interludes," which would have been spare entertainments between the acts (but which are integrated into the performance in this case), again emphasising the smallness and spareness of the initial staging (as interludes would have allowed for technicians to arrange the lights and scenery and to put actors in place).

Revivals of the play are largely undocumented, but some are attested. Hattaway suggests that it was performed in the Cockpit Theatre in Drury Lane in 1635, at court the next year, and then after the Restoration at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane in 1662 and again in 1665 and 1667 (Hattaway xxix). The play "has proved popular with amateur and university groups," according to Hattaway, but not with professional troupes.

Reception
The play was a failure when it was first performed, although it won approval over the next generation or two. In Richard Brome's The Sparagus Garden (1635), the character Rebecca desires to see it "above all plays." Beaumont's comedy was performed at Court by Queen Henrietta's Men on 28 February 1636 (new style).

London revivals
The play was revived in London in 1904, with Nigel Playfair in the principal role of Rafe. In 1920 the young Noël Coward starred as Rafe in a Birmingham Repertory Theatre production which transferred to the West End. The Times called the play "the jolliest thing in London". In 1932 the play was staged at the Old Vic, with Ralph Richardson as Rafe and Sybil Thorndike as the Citizen's Wife. The Greenwich Theatre presented the play in 1975, with Gordon Reid as Rafe. The Royal Shakespeare Company performed it in 1981, with Timothy Spall in the lead. In a 2005 revival at the Barbican Theatre Rafe was played by Spall's son Rafe, who was named after the character in the play. The play was performed as part of the opening season of the Sam Wanamaker Theatre in 2014.

American productions
In 1957 the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego presented The Knight of the Burning Pestle. The American Shakespeare Center (then the Shenandoah Shakespeare Express) staged it in 1999 and revived it in 2003 at the Blackfriars Playhouse in Staunton, Virginia, a recreation of Shakespeare's Blackfriars Theatre. The American Shakespeare Center's "Rough, Rude, and Boisterous tour" of 2009 to 2010 also included the play. The Theater at Monmouth staged the play in the summer of 2013. In June 2016, Theatre Pro Rata, a small professional theater in St. Paul, Minnesota, staged a 90-minute version of the play with eight actors, four in the play–within–the–play playing multiple roles. With a cast of 12, The Independent Shakespeare Company of Los Angeles staged a full performance in Griffith Park in July 2022. In 2023, the play is being presented at the Lucille Lortel Theatre by Red Bull Theater in association with Fiasco Theater in the first major New York revival in over 50 years.

1938 TV film
A 90-minute television film version was broadcast by BBC Television on 19 and 30 December 1938. The film had music by Frederic Austin and starred Frederick Ranalow as Merrythought, Hugh E. Wright as The Citizen, Margaret Yarde as Wife, Manning Whiley as Tim and Alex McCrindle as George Greengoose.

title: The Knight of the Burning Pestle


text:
Ratafia

Ratafia is a broad term used for two types of sweet alcoholic beverages, a flavouring essence whose taste resembles bitter almonds, later to a ratafia flavoured biscuit, a biscuit to be eaten along with ratafia, and later still, to a cherry variety.

The Oxford English Dictionary lists the word's earliest date of use as 1699.

Liqueur
Ratafia liqueurs are alcoholic beverages compound liqueurs or cordials made by the maceration of ingredients such as aromatics, fruits, in pre-distilled spirits, followed by filtration and sweetening, the flavouring ingredients being merely infused in it. Ratafia may be flavoured with kernels (almond, peach, apricot, or cherry), lemon peel and spices in various amounts (nutmeg, cinnamon, clove, mint, rosemary, anise, etc.), typically combined with sugar. Other flavourings can be used, such as vegetables and fresh herbs.

The liqueur is typical of the Mediterranean areas of Spain (particularly in Catalonia), Italy, and north-east of France (Champagne and Burgundy). In the south-central region of Italy, (specifically Molise and Abruzzo) ratafià is made exclusively with fresh cherries and Montepulciano d'Abruzzo wines.

Lazzaroni Amaretto, Luxardo Albicocca, Kahlua, Heering Original Cherry Liqueur, Alpenz Saint Elizabeth Allspice Dram, Carlshamms Flaggpunsch, Seale John D. Taylor's Velvet Falernum are ratafia liqueurs.

The liqueur form of ratafia is mentioned humorously in the lyrics of the song "The Unfortunate Miss Bailey", written by Lou Gottlieb and released by the Kingston Trio in 1959 on their album Here We Go Again!.

Fortified wine
The second type, ratafia de Champagne, a fortified wine, is a type of mistelle, a mixture of marc (grappa) and the unfermented juice of the grape, and is the type produced in France.

D.H. Lescombes, in New Mexico, uses Moscato grapes fortified with brandy to stop the fermentation early, which keeps the residual sugar high.

Biscuit
"a small macaroon flavoured with almonds − Collins English Dictionary" Ratafia biscuits are made with ratafia essence, sweet almonds, apricot kernels, rosewater, egg white, sugar. Originally made with sweet and bitter almonds, now apricot kernels. Amaretto is a ratafia liquor, thus the ratafia biscuits.

In 1727, The Compleat Housewife by Eliza Smith included a recipe for To make Ratafia Bisket, with the ingredients: bitter almonds, sugar and egg white, making it a confection that is very similar to a modern macaroon.

In 1789, The Complete Confectioner, by Frederick Nutt, a confectioner, formerly apprenticed with Domenico Negri, an Italian who opened "The Pot and Pineapple" confectionery shop at 7-8 Berkeley Square, London, founded 1757, included a recipe, "No. 29. Ratafia Biscuits": Take half a pound of sweet almonds, and half a pound of bitter almonds, and pound them in a mortar very fine, with whites of eggs; put three pounds of powdered sugar, mix it well with the whites of eggs, to the proper thickness into a bason; put two or three sheets of paper on the plate you bake on; take your knife, and the spaddle made of wood, and drop them on the paper, let them be round, and about the size of a large nutmeg; put them in the oven, which must be quick, let them have a fine brown, and all alike, but be careful they are not burnt at bottom, else they will not come off the paper when baked; let them be cold before you take them off.

Other uses
Ratafia essence was suggested in a BBC recipe in their 1940 publication Food Facts For The Kitchen Front, for making mock marzipan, along with soya flour, margarine and sugar.

title: Ratafia


text:
Lakemont, Washington

Lakemont is a neighborhood located on the Northern face of Cougar Mountain and is often used to refer to many of the communities on Cougar Mountain centered on Lakemont Park and Lewis Creek Park. The majority of Lakemont is located within the city limits of Bellevue, Washington (ZIP 98006) but part of it also falls within Issaquah, Washington (ZIP 98027). The neighborhood falls fully within the Issaquah School District. Some sections within the Lakemont Community Association include Branderwood, Brighton, Creekside Circle, Longshadow Ridge, Wyngate, Woodcroft, Greystone, Findley Court, Silverleaf, Vuemont Meadows, Collingwood, Sky Mountain, Stratford, Chandler Park, Lakemont Woods, Forest Ridge, the Summit, Belvedere and Lakemont Highlands (Divisions I and II). There is one small shopping center in Lakemont with a variety of stores. Lakemont borders the nearby cities of Issaquah and Newport, and is one of the largest suburban areas of Bellevue.

title: Lakemont, Washington


text:
Erick Scott

Erick Arnoldo Scott Bernard (born 21 May 1981) is a Costa Rican professional footballer who currently plays for Limón.

Club career
Scott joined the Columbus Crew of Major League Soccer on loan in March 2004, after several exceptional years with Alajuelense, with whom he had played since May 2001. Scott scored 13 goals in the 2001-02 season, and another 20 in the 2002-03 season, propelling Alajuelense to two straight league titles. Scott also scored several goals against MLS and Mexican league teams in the CONCACAF Champions Cup, and was a key player during his first episode with Alajuelense.

After joining the Crew, however, Scott saw minimal playing time, and did not return for the 2005 season. He was picked up by Real Salt Lake with the last pick of the 2004 MLS Expansion Draft, but was not brought into the squad. Instead, he stayed in Costa Rica and returned to Alajuelense.

Scott found himself playing with a different squad and a different manager at Alajuelense, and his performances were not up to the level they were when he left the squad less than a year earlier. Accordingly, he wasn't involved in many matches during what was left of the 2005 Clausura tournament. Observers expected him to begin the following Apertura tournament in the starting line-up but due some differences with fans and some members of the managerial team, he was sent on loan for 6 months to Marathón in Honduras.

He returned to fitness and started playing well for Marathón, scoring important goals as the club won the 2007 championship. This resulted in attention from clubs in the Chinese Super League, and ultimately in a move to Shanghai Shenhua in January 2008 along with Honduran player Emil Martinez. They were teammates at Alajuelense and at Marathón and were acquired together by the Chinese team. He returned to Marathón ahead of the 2009 Clausura.

In summer 2010, Scott moved to Salvadoran side Luis Ángel Firpo after Alajuelense did not want to renew his contract. In summer 2011, Scott joined Saprissa from San Carlos only to leave them in January 2012 for Santos de Guápiles.

In June 2013, Scott joined Cartaginés, only for the club to release him a year later.

International career
Scott has made 28 appearances for the senior Costa Rica national team, scoring 7 goals in the process. At the youth level, he appeared in the 2001 World Youth Championship held in Argentina as well as the 2004 Summer Olympics. Scott made his debut for the senior team in a friendly match against Ecuador on October 16, 2002. He has appeared in the UNCAF Nations Cup 2003 and UNCAF Nations Cup 2005, as well as the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup held in the United States. Additionally, he appeared in five qualifying matches for the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

Scott was recently called into the Costa Rica national team for a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying match, where he was an unused substitute.

International goals

 * Scores and results list. Costa Rica's goal tally first.

title: Erick Scott