text:
Edward Greenspan

Edward Leonard Greenspan, (February 28, 1944 – December 24, 2014) was one of Canada's most famous defence lawyers, and a prolific author of legal volumes. His fame was owed to numerous high-profile clients and to his national exposure on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation radio series (and later a CBC television series) Scales of Justice (1982–94).

Life and career
A graduate of University College, Toronto (1965) and Osgoode Hall Law School (1968), Greenspan was called to the Ontario Bar in 1970 and was the senior partner of the Toronto law firm of Greenspan Partners LLP. He was a vice president of the Canadian Civil Liberties Association. He was a member of the Quadrangle Society and a Senior Fellow of Massey College at the University of Toronto. Greenspan became a Queen's Counsel in 1982. In 1991 in Boston Massachusetts, he was inducted into the American College of Trial Lawyers.

Greenspan's work as a criminal defence lawyer was widely recognized in the form of honorary degrees and medals. In 1999 the Law Society of Upper Canada awarded him an Honorary Doctor of Laws. He was awarded the G. Arthur Martin Medal in 2001. He received a Doctorate of Civil Laws from the University of Windsor in 2002, Assumption University in 2004 and Brock University in 2012. He was awarded the Advocates' Society Medal in 2009 and the highest honour to be bestowed on an Ontario Lawyer, the Law Society Medal.

A Canadian of Jewish heritage, Greenspan was a vocal supporter of Israel and related issues. On October 10, 2002, he and fellow Toronto lawyer David C. Nathanson published an opinion piece in the National Post arguing that the Canada Customs and Revenue Agency should recognize the Magen David Adom as a charitable organization.

Greenspan was an outspoken opponent of the death penalty. In 1986, when the House of Commons of Canada was debating a proposal to reinstate capital punishment in Canada, Greenspan suspended his practice for three months in order to tour the country and debate the issue in any forum available. The proposal was ultimately defeated. In 2001 he argued and won a case at the Supreme Court of Canada which barred extradition of people from Canada to face possible capital punishment in other countries.

Greenspan was partners with some of the most accomplished lawyers in Canada. Greenspan's former partners include: Michael Moldaver (Supreme Court of Canada Judge), Marc Rosenberg (Judge of the Ontario Court of Appeal), Marie Henein and Todd B. White. As of 1986, he was reported to have billed $1.1 million for one murder case; when asked to disclose his fee, he suggested the reporter "get charged with a criminal offence, come to my office and I'll be happy to talk to you". Greenspan was an outspoken critic of Prime Minister Stephen Harper's criminal justice legislation, including in a 2012 opinion piece in magazine The Walrus and a 2013 opinion piece in newspaper The Globe and Mail.

He was the subject of a documentary film, A Criminal Mind, directed by Barry Avrich.

Death
Greenspan died of heart failure at the age of 70 while vacationing in Phoenix, Arizona in December 2014. Greenspan's funeral was held at Beth Torah Synagogue in Toronto with burial at Mount Pleasant Cemetery.

Toronto Mayor John Tory said of Greenspan, "Life as a defence lawyer isn't always easy. Edward Greenspan was a larger than life figure in legal circles, our city and country. He was a brilliant lawyer who understood how important it is that everyone have a defence, and he was a tireless champion for human rights. On top of that he was a great citizen and a wonderful human being. On my own behalf, and on behalf of the people of Toronto, I offer my sincere condolences to his family. He will truly be missed."

The Ontario MPP Jagmeet Singh reflected on Greenspan's career in fighting for "societies marginalized" as being an inspiration.

Personal and family
His brother, Brian Greenspan, is also a Canadian lawyer.

Clients
Among Greenspan's famous clients were:

 * Justice Leonard Pace, Nova Scotia Court of Appeal judge, when the Justice was called before a panel of the Canadian Judicial Council
 * Roland J. Thornhill, former deputy premier of Nova Scotia: three charges of forgery dismissed, 1991
 * Gerald Regan, former premier of Nova Scotia, acquitted on 9 sex-related charges, 1995 1998 trial
 * Daniel Bailey, soccer player (acquitted)
 * Conrad Black (convicted)
 * Helmuth Buxbaum (1984 -1985, convicted)
 * Peter Demeter, at whose trial Greenspan made his name as junior counsel (convicted)
 * Garth Drabinsky, Toronto impresario (client was convicted)
 * Marc Stuart Dreier, prominent New York lawyer charged with hedge-funds related fraud in Canada (client went to U.S. voluntarily and was tried there with U.S. counsel)
 * Gerard Filion, past editor of Le Devoir and chairman of the Board of Marine Industries, charged with bid rigging (acquitted)
 * Robert Latimer, Saskatchewan farmer who killed his disabled daughter (argued appeal in the Supreme Court of Canada)
 * Gary Payton, Sam Cassell, with the Milwaukee Bucks, charged with assault causing bodily harm (acquitted)
 * P. Reign, rapper charged with gun possession charges in Toronto (client was acquitted)
 * Wolodumir "Walter" Stadnick, president of Hells Angels Canada (convicted).
 * Karlheinz Schreiber, German financier (extradition matter)
 * Stephen Williams, author of a book on Paul Bernardo (acquitted)

Publications
Greenspan published or edited over 25 books, including:

 * Greenspan, The Case for the Defence. Autobiography, co-written with George Jonas.
 * The Canadian Charter of Rights Canada Law Book, 1982-
 * Counsel for the Defence: the Bernard Cohn Memorial Lectures in Criminal Law Irwin Law, 2005.
 * The Criminal Procedure and Practice. Toronto: Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, 1976- (many later editions).
 * The Dubin Lectures on Advocacy, 1998-2002. Canada Law Book, 2004.
 * Martin's Annual Criminal Code. Toronto: Canada Law Book, [1955] (editor since 1978)
 * ''Martin's Related Statutes (editor since 1980)
 * Perspectives in Criminal Law: Essays in Honour of John L. J. Edwards, edited by Anthony N. Doob and Edward L. Greenspan. Canada Law Book, 1985.

title: Edward Greenspan


text:
Human rights in Iraq

Human rights in Iraq are addressed in the following articles:

 * Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq
 * Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq
 * Human rights in post-invasion Iraq
 * Human rights in Iraqi Kurdistan
 * Human rights in ISIL-controlled territory
 * Human rights in Islamic countries

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Human rights in Iraq


text: File:Bloodbath-BreedingDeath.jpg

title: File:Bloodbath-BreedingDeath.jpg


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Talk:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission

Comment
This article was listed on Votes for deletion and the consensus was keep: see Votes for deletion/New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission

Redirect?
I'm thinking that the NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission should probably be a redirect to a larger article about NYC Landmarks Law, its history, purpose, etc. Chuck 18:45, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Moved
Moved the following from the page, and instead changed the location listed in the text of the page (which was listed as Madison Square) Jxan3000 03:51, 7 January 2007 (UTC):

Error
There is an error in this article. Madison Square Garden was located near Madison Square until 1924 when the great Stanford White building, where he was murdered, was demolished to build the current New York Life tower. At the time, the Garden moved to 50th Street and Eighth Avenue where it remained until replaced by the current version, but retained its famous name. The 50th Street venue was famous for boxing matches and political rallies. I am old enough to remember it. The 50th Street 8th Avenue subway stop featured a tile sign saying "Madison Square Garden" until its demolition. Robert Furman NYC Historian Executive Director Four Borough Neighborhood Preservation Alliance Foundation

March 2008
I just blew up the article! I started off saying 'oh I'll just add a source' about its role and of course it exploded. I'm not sure I'm happy with the layout and I know the history/decisions still need significant expansion (and are so-tagged). Sources, for anyone who might have time to tackle this befor I get back to it:
 * Commission in the New York Times
 * in Books
 * in the news recently
 * and throughout the years

Collaboration
I've put the article on my to-do list, but I think this one needs serious collaboration to make sure it's comprehensive. Thoughts? TRAVELLINGCARI My storyTell me yours 03:37, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
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 * Removed. BMK (talk) 00:59, 12 August 2015 (UTC)

"Prominent court decisions" section
I suggest that the text about the court decisions about the Fulton Fish Market and Little Syria, Manhattan should be condensed into 1 paragraph each. The existing sections should probably be moved to the respective article, so as not to give undue weight to these sections. Epic Genius (talk) 00:39, 19 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20151003041050/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/13/opinion/13WOLF.html?pagewanted=2 to http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/13/opinion/13WOLF.html?pagewanted=2&position&en=7172cb24e3ffbd43&ex=1381464000&%20ei=5007&partner=USERLAND

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Re my reverted edit of June 7th
Yesterday I spotted certain items in the lede that were not represented in the main article, and transferred them to an appropriate place in the body, along with 4 cites which, of course, had never belonged in the lede in the first place. As these items did not seem lede-worthy, I did not include them in the new lede.

Beyond My Ken promptly reverted my changes, commenting ‘Add it to the body, don’t remove it from the lede.’ What does he mean by this? Is it some policy from the wiki guidelines? The lede is meant to summarise the article, which the old one didn’t.

In reverting my changes, he has removed the additions to the main article, which he had just told me to leave in. So once again, the lede fails to summarise the article.

The place to debate other people’s edits is on the Talk Page, and I would have welcomed his views, if first presented here. If nobody objects in the next few weeks, I will re-revert. Valetude (talk) 11:07, 8 June 2016 (UTC)
 * No, please read WP:BRD, your Bold edit was Reverted, then we Discuss. Discussion does not have to take place before the Bold edit is Reverted. Please learn what you're talking about.In general, the lede is a summary of the body of the article, which is why it does not generally require sources, but it can also contain facts that are not in the body, if they are sourced, which is the case here.  If you want those facts in the body, the thing to do is to add them to the body without removing them from the lede, then there will be no problem. BMK (talk) 14:38, 8 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Is it not permitted to exercise judgment as whether or not an item is lede-worthy, and delete it if not? Valetude (talk) 17:54, 8 June 2016 (UTC)
 * No, it's permitted, and it's also permitted for other editors to disagree with your judgement and revert your edit. BMK (talk) 18:50, 8 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080310231623/http://gothamist.com/2008/03/07/some_grand_cent.php to http://gothamist.com/2008/03/07/some_grand_cent.php

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text:
Talk:Khurja

DEAR ALL,

title: Talk:Khurja


text:
Defense Message System

The Defense Message System or Defense Messaging System (DMS) is a deployment of secure electronic mail and directory services in the United States Department of Defense. DMS was intended to replace the AUTODIN network, and is based on implementations of the OSI X.400 mail, X.500 directory and X.509 public key certificates, with several extensions to meet the specific needs of military messaging.

DMS is sometimes operated in conjunction with third-party products, such as the Navy's DMDS (Defense Message Dissemination System), a profiling system that takes a message and forwards it, based on message criteria, to parties that are required to take action on a message. This combination has met with success with the upper echelons of command, since parties do not have to wait for messaging center operators to route the messages to the proper channels for action. The Navy also uses Navy Regional Enterprise Messaging System (NREMS). NREMS uses an AMHS backend to send secure Organizational Messages via a web interface to Naval commands.

The US Army's version of DMS is run solely on an AMHS platform both for CONUS and OCONUS operations. The Pentagon Telecommunications Center (PTC) is the hub for CONUS operations and there are several AMHS sites OCONUS for strategic messaging. In the tactical environment the Army deploys an independent Tactical Message Systems (TMS) that is also built on an AMHS platform for secure messaging capability in austere environments when communications with OCONUS AMHS sites are unavailable.

DMS has been coordinated by the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), and testing began in 1995. DMS has many third-party vendor products, such as DMDS, DMDS Proxy MR, CP-XP (the CommPower XML Portal), AMHS (Automated Message Handling System), MMHS, and CMS 1.0.

title: Defense Message System


text:
Talk:Sher

Untitled
Wondeful work! Please get a login ID on this system. We need people who can provide the kind of information on the topics you are contributing and contributing to.--iFaqeer 18:48, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sher


text: User talk:207.162.229.12

title: User talk:207.162.229.12


text:
Leningrad affair

The Leningrad affair, or Leningrad case (Ленинградское дело, Leningradskoye delo), was a series of criminal cases fabricated in the late 1940s–early 1950s by Joseph Stalin in order to accuse a number of prominent Leningrad based authority figures and members of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of treason and intention to create an anti-Soviet, Russian nationalist, organization based in the city. This happened in the aftermath of the Siege of Leningrad during the war, the victorious end of which led to the mayor, his deputies and others who kept Nazi German forces out of the city earning fame and strong support as heroes all over the USSR.

Preamble
Moscow and Leningrad were two competing power centers in the Soviet Union. Researchers argue that the motivation behind the cases was Joseph Stalin's fear of competition from the younger and popular Leningrad leaders – who had been fêted as heroes following the city's siege. Stalin's desire to keep power was combined with his deep distrust of anyone from Leningrad from the time of Stalin's involvement in the Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, execution of Grigory Zinoviev and the Right Opposition. In this earlier time, among Stalin's competitors from Leningrad who were also assassinated were two former leaders of the city, Sergei Kirov and Leon Trotsky, whose appointed subordinates continued to work in the city government for years after they left office. During the siege of Leningrad, the city leaders were relatively autonomous from Moscow. Survivors of the siege became national heroes, and leaders of Leningrad again gained much clout in the Soviet central government in Moscow.

Events
In January 1949 Pyotr Popkov, Alexey Kuznetsov and Nikolai Voznesensky organised a Leningrad Trade Fair to boost the post-war economy and support the survivors of the Siege of Leningrad with goods and services from other regions of the Soviet Union. The fair was attacked by official Soviet propaganda, and was falsely portrayed as a scheme to use the federal budget from Moscow for business development in Leningrad, although the budget and economics of such a trade fair were normal and legitimate and approved by State Planning Commission and the government of the USSR. Other accusations included that Kuznetsov, Popkov and others tried to re-establish Leningrad's historic and political importance as a former capital of Russia, thus competing with the Moscow-centered communist government. The initial accuser was Georgy Malenkov, Stalin's first deputy. Then formal accusations were formulated by the Communist Party and signed by Malenkov, Khrushchev and Lavrentiy Beria. Over two thousand people from the Leningrad city government and regional authorities were arrested. Also arrested were many industrial managers, scientists and university professors. The city and regional authorities in Leningrad were swiftly occupied by pro-Stalin communists transplanted from Moscow. Several important politicians were arrested in Moscow and other cities across the Soviet Union.

As a result of the first prosecution, on 30 September 1950, Nikolai Voznesensky (chairman of Gosplan), Mikhail Rodionov (Chairman of the RSFSR Council of Ministers), Alexey Kuznetsov, Pyotr Popkov, Ya. F. Kapustin and P. G. Lazutin were sentenced to death on false accusations of embezzlement of the Soviet State budget for "unapproved business in Leningrad", which was labeled as anti-Soviet treason. Several of those prosecuted were also accused of Russian chauvinism for their desire to create a separate Russian Communist Party.

Executions
The verdict was announced behind closed doors after midnight and the six main defendants, including the mayor of the city, were executed by shooting on 1 October 1950. Stalin's government had reinstated the death penalty in the Soviet Union on 12 January 1950; it had previously been repealed in 1947. It was applied to the accused retroactively. Over 200 Leningrad officials were sentenced to prison terms from 10 to 25 years. Their families were stripped of rights to live and work in any major city, thus limiting their lives to Siberia and other remote regions of the country. About 2,000 of Leningrad's public figures were removed from their positions and exiled from their city, thus losing their homes and other property. All of them were repressed, together with their relatives. Respected intellectuals, scientists, writers and educators, many of whom were pillars of the city's community, were exiled or imprisoned in the Gulag prison camps. Intellectuals were harshly persecuted for the slightest signs of dissent, such as Nikolai Punin, who was killed in a prison camp for expressing his dislike of Soviet propaganda and "tasteless" Lenin portraits.

The Leningrad affair was organised and supervised by Malenkov and Beria. Executions and purges were done by Viktor Abakumov and the MGB. The graves of the executed leaders of Leningrad were never marked and their exact locations are still unknown.

All of the accused were later rehabilitated during the Khrushchev Thaw, many of them posthumously.

Alexei Kosygin, the future Chairman of the Council of Ministers, and Iosif Shikin, the political director of the Red Army, survived but their political careers were hampered for some time.

title: Leningrad affair


text: User talk:207.162.228.11

title: User talk:207.162.228.11


text: File:A2600 Yars Revenge.png

title: File:A2600 Yars Revenge.png


text:
Talk:'Maqta'

Needs editing. I have added stuff that is redundant, I guess.--iFaqeer 18:51, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)

And shouldn't the title be changed to not include quote marks?--  — iFaqeer | Talk to me! 19:33, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:'Maqta'


text:
Bush plane

A bush airplane is a general aviation aircraft used to provide both scheduled and unscheduled passenger and flight services to remote, undeveloped areas, such as the Canadian north or bush, Alaskan tundra, the African bush, or savanna, Amazon rainforest and the Australian Outback. They are used where ground transportation infrastructure is inadequate or does not exist.

Common traits
A bush plane is defined by how it is used, and many different aircraft with different configurations have been so used over the years. However, experience has shown certain traits to be desirable (though not mandatory), especially on aircraft specifically designed as bush planes.
 * Undercarriage designed to be fitted with floats, skis or wheel/skis to permit operation from water or snow—primarily for Canadian, Alaskan and Russian use.
 * High wings ease loading and unloading, particularly from docks; improve downward visibility during flight; and increase clearance to reduce the potential for damage during landing, take-off, loading, and unloading.
 * Conventional or "tail dragger" landing gear—two large main wheels and a small rear wheel—reduces both weight and drag, increasing the aircraft's speed and useful load. It reduces stress on the airframe compared to a nosewheel. A failure is also less critical, as a broken tailwheel is easily repaired and does not prevent the aircraft from flying, unlike a broken nose wheel.
 * Short runway performance and low-speed flight characteristics are typically improved by high aspect ratio wings and high-lift devices such as flaps, slots and slats.
 * Very large, low-pressure tundra tires may be fitted to enable the pilot to operate from broken ground. It is not uncommon for a bush pilot to land and take off from unprepared surfaces.
 * Piston engines are preferred over turboprops, as they are cheaper to build and maintain and easier to start without the aid of ground facilities. In extremely remote areas where avgas can be difficult to acquire, some bush pilots prefer turboprop engines that can burn kerosene-derived jet fuel.

Current and historical bush planes
Years in brackets are of first flight.

 * AAC Angel (1984)
 * Aermacchi AL-60 (1959)
 * Antonov An-2 (1947)
 * Antonov An-14 (1958)
 * Antonov An-28 (1968)
 * Antonov An-38 (1994)
 * Auster Autocrat (1945)
 * Aviat Husky (1986)
 * Avro Avian (1926)
 * Avro Anson (1935)
 * Avro York (1942)
 * Bach T-11P (1927)
 * Barkley-Grow T8P-1 (1937)
 * Barrows Bearhawk (1995)
 * Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing (1932)
 * Beechcraft Model 18 (1937)
 * Bellanca CH-300 Pacemaker (1929)
 * Bellanca CH-400 Skyrocket (1930)
 * Bellanca Aircruiser (1930)
 * Bellanca Senior Pacemaker (1935)
 * Bellanca Senior Skyrocket (1935)
 * Boeing B1E (1928)
 * Bristol Freighter (1945)
 * Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander (1965)
 * Buhl Airsedan (1928)
 * Bushcaddy L-162 Max (1995)
 * Bushcaddy L-164 (2007)
 * Canadian Vickers Vedette (1924)
 * Cessna Crane (1939)
 * Cessna 172 (1956)
 * Cessna 180 (1952)
 * Cessna 182 Skylane (1956)
 * Cessna 185 Skywagon (1960)
 * Cessna 206 Stationair (1962)
 * Cessna 208 Caravan (1982)
 * Champion Citabria (1964)
 * Consolidated Catalina/Canso (1935)
 * CubCrafters CC19 XCub (2016)
 * Curtiss HS (1917)
 * Curtiss Lark (1925)
 * Curtiss Robin (1928)
 * Curtiss Thrush (1929)
 * Curtiss-Wright C-46 Commando (1940)
 * Curtiss-Wright Junior (1930)
 * de Havilland DH.60 Moth (1925)
 * de Havilland DH.61 Giant Moth (1927)
 * de Havilland DH.82 Tiger Moth (1931)
 * de Havilland DH.83 Fox Moth (1932)
 * de Havilland DH.89 Dragon Rapide (1934)
 * de Havilland DH.90 Dragonfly (1935)
 * de Havilland Australia DHA-3 Drover (1948)
 * de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver (1947)
 * de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter (1951)
 * de Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou (1958)
 * de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter (1965)
 * Dornier Do 27 (1955)
 * Douglas Dolphin (1930)
 * Douglas DC-3/Douglas C-47 (1935)
 * Douglas DC-4 (1942)
 * Eastman E-2 Sea Rover (1928)
 * Evangel 4500 (1964)
 * Fairchild 24 (1932)
 * Fairchild C-82 Packet (1944)
 * Fairchild FC-2/51 (1926)
 * Fairchild 71 (1926)
 * Fairchild Super 71 (1934)
 * Fairchild 100 (1930)
 * Fairchild 82 (1935)
 * Fairchild F-11 Husky (1946)
 * Fieseler Fi 156 Storch (1936)
 * Fleet Freighter (1938)
 * Fokker Universal (1926)
 * Fokker Super Universal (1928)
 * Fokker F.11 (1928)
 * Ford Trimotor (1926)
 * Found FBA-2 (1960)
 * GAF Nomad (1971)
 * Gippsland GA8 (1995)
 * Gippsland GA10 (2012)
 * Grumman Goose (1937)
 * Grumman Widgeon (1940)
 * Grumman Mallard (1946)
 * Halpin Flamingo (1929)
 * Hamilton H-47 (1928)
 * Helio Courier (1954)
 * Howard DGA-8/9/11/12 (1936)
 * Howard DGA-15 (1939)
 * Johns Ra-Son Warrior (1947)
 * Junkers F.13 (1919)
 * Junkers G 31 (1926)
 * Junkers W 33 (1926)
 * Junkers W 34 (1926)
 * Junkers Ju 52/1m (1930)
 * Kitfox (1984)
 * Lake Buccaneer (1960)
 * Lockheed Vega (1927)
 * Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar (1939)
 * Max Holste Broussard (1952)
 * Maule M-7 (1984)
 * Murphy Rebel (1990)
 * Murphy Moose (1995)
 * Murphy Elite (1996)
 * Noorduyn Norseman (1935)
 * Northrop N-23 Pioneer (1946)
 * Northwest Ranger (1968)
 * PAC P-750 XSTOL (2001)
 * Piper J-3 Cub (1938)
 * Piper PA-18 Super Cub (1949)
 * Piper PA-22 Bushmaster
 * Piper PA-23 (1952)
 * Pipistrel Virus SW (2006)
 * Pilatus PC-6 Porter/Turbo Porter (1959)
 * Polikarpov Po-2 (1927)
 * PZL-104 Wilga (1962)
 * Quest Kodiak (2004)
 * Rans S-7 Courier (1985)
 * Republic RC-3 Seabee (1945)
 * Rutan Grizzly (1982)
 * Ryan Brougham (1927)
 * Shavrov Sh-2 (1930)
 * Short SC.7 Skyvan (1963)
 * Sikorsky S-38 (1928)
 * Sikorsky S-39 (1929)
 * Stearman C3 (1927)
 * Stearman M-2 (1929)
 * Stearman 4 (1930)
 * Stinson Detroiter (1926)
 * Stinson Junior (1928)
 * Stinson Model A (1934)
 * Stinson Reliant (1933)
 * Stinson Voyager (1939)
 * Stinson 108 (1946)
 * Supermarine Sea Otter (converted after 2nd World War)
 * Technoavia SM92 Finist (1993)
 * Travel Air 6000 (1928)
 * Vickers Viking (1919)
 * Waco 10 (1927)
 * Waco Standard Cabin series (1931)
 * Waco AQC-6/Waco ZQC-6 Freighter (1936)
 * Westland Limousine (1919)
 * Wild DoubleEnder (2010)
 * Yakovlev Yak-12 (1947)
 * Zenith STOL CH 701 (1986)

Aviation museums with large collections of bush planes

 * Alberta Aviation Museum
 * Alaska Aviation Heritage Museum
 * Canada Aviation and Space Museum
 * Canadian Bushplane Heritage Centre
 * Western Canada Aviation Museum

title: Bush plane


text:
Velbert

Velbert (, Low Rhenish: Vèlbed) is a town in the district of Mettmann, in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The town is renowned worldwide for the production of locks and fittings.

Geography
Velbert is located on the hills of 'Niederberg' (meaning Lower Mountain), part of the Berg region, approx. 20 kilometres north-east of the capital of North Rhine Westphalia, Düsseldorf, and 12 kilometers north-west of Wuppertal on the south side of the Ruhr river.

Velbert stands on the highest part of the Niederberg region and also in its centre. Its average elevation is around 230 metres above sea level; its highest point, at 303 metres, is the Hordt-Berg, and its lowest, at around 70.6 metres, is in Nierenhof am Deilbach. The highest point in Velbert itself is 263 metres above sea level, at the corner of Friedrichstraße and Langenberger Straße.

Incorporation
As part of the reform of local government districts in North Rhine-Westphalia that came into effect on 1 January 1975, the formerly independent cities of Velbert, Neviges and Langenberg were merged to form the present city of Velbert.

History
Velbert was first mentioned in AD 875 as Feldbrahti and was ruled by the abbey at Werden.

Administration
Velbert is divided into three administrative areas, reflecting the three former cities: Velbert-Mitte (Central Velbert), Neviges and Langenberg. There are also numerous suburbs, including Tönisheide, Losenburg, Nordpark, Langenhorst, Birth, Röttgen and Hefel.

Politics
The current mayor of Velbert has been Dirk Lukrafka of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since 2014. The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows:

! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate ! rowspan=2| Party ! colspan=2| First round ! colspan=2| Second round ! Votes ! % ! Votes ! % ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 31,133 ! 98.3 ! 24,484 ! 99.4 ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 540 ! 1.7 ! 137 ! 0.6 ! colspan=3| Total ! 31,673 ! 100.0 ! 24,621 ! 100.0 ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 65,876 ! 48.1 ! 65,837 ! 37.4
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Dirk Lukrafka
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union
 * 12,730
 * 40.9
 * 12,352
 * 50.4
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Esther Kanschat
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens
 * 6,686
 * 21.5
 * 12,132
 * 49.6
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Rainer Hübinger
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party
 * 5,148
 * 16.5
 * align=left| August-Friedrich Tonscheid
 * align=left| Velbert Differently
 * 1,915
 * 6.2
 * align=left| Cem Demircan
 * align=left| Independent Velbert Citizens
 * 1,862
 * 6.0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Helmut Stiegelmeier
 * align=left| Pirate Party Germany
 * 1,262
 * 4.1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Birgit Onori
 * align=left| The Left
 * 1,009
 * 3.2
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Marcel Stubbe
 * align=left| Independent
 * 521
 * 1.7
 * align=left| Birgit Onori
 * align=left| The Left
 * 1,009
 * 3.2
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Marcel Stubbe
 * align=left| Independent
 * 521
 * 1.7
 * 1.7
 * colspan=7| Source: City of Velbert (1st round, 2nd round)
 * }
 * }

City council
The Velbert city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=2| Valid votes ! 31,194 ! 98.5 ! ! ! ! colspan=2| Invalid votes ! 471 ! 1.5 ! ! ! ! colspan=2| Total ! 31,665 ! 100.0 ! ! 70 ! 8 ! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout ! 65,875 ! 48.1 ! 1.1 ! !
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * 9,471
 * 30.4
 * 4.2
 * 21
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * 6,543
 * 21.0
 * 10.2
 * 15
 * 8
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * 5,435
 * 17.4
 * 9.7
 * 12
 * 5
 * align=left| Independent Velbert Citizens (UVB)
 * 2,343
 * 7.5
 * 2.2
 * 5
 * 2
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 * 1,998
 * 6.4
 * New
 * 4
 * New
 * align=left| Velbert Differently (Anders)
 * 1,643
 * 5.3
 * 1.3
 * 4
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * 1,392
 * 4.5
 * 0.4
 * 3
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Left (Die Linke)
 * 1,174
 * 3.8
 * 1.6
 * 3
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Pirate Party Germany (Piraten)
 * 1,177
 * 3.8
 * 1.3
 * 3
 * 1
 * colspan=7 bgcolor=lightgrey|
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Independent
 * 18
 * 0.1
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * 1.3
 * 3
 * 1
 * colspan=7 bgcolor=lightgrey|
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Independent
 * 18
 * 0.1
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * colspan=7| Source: City of Velbert
 * }
 * }

Coat of arms
The first coat of arms was created in 1882 and abolished in local government reform of 1975. It showed the lion of the Counts, later Dukes, of Berg (originally the symbol of Limburg) and keys referring to locksmithing, a traditional industry in Velbert.

After 1975 a new coat of arms was created that included heraldic symbols for all three formerly independent towns. The key, referring to Velbert's main traditional industry, was retained with a simpler design. Langenberg is represented by an oak leaf, referring to the oak in the old arms of Langenberg. The chevrons in the bit of the key refer to the coat of arms of the lords of Hardenberg, from the coat of arms of Neviges.

Economics
The main traditional industry of Velbert is small scale manufacturing, mostly metal based, typical products include locks, hinges, small tools, hoseclamps. Most companies are small to medium scale and many evolved from backyard forges. There are also companies producing parts for the automotive industry, for example the suppliers of vehicle access systems Witte Automotive and Huf. As well as this Stein & Co Gmbh, the makers of Sebo vacuum cleaners, are based in the city.

Transportation
Velbert's S-Bahn service runs every 30 minutes line S9, from Recklinghausen / Haltern am See–- Gladbeck to Bottrop– Essen-Nierenhof - Langenberg-Neviges - Rosenhügel-Wuppertal - Hagen, which is an attractive line to commuters. The old town of Velbert has no railway connection left. In 2011 most of the former railway line within the city was converted to a cyclepath. The former station buildings at Velbert-West and Velbert-Central are now restaurants, and the station at Velbert-Tönisheide is disused. All three were on the discontinued Niederberg Railway (Wülfrath-Velbert-Heiligenhaus–Kettwig). The operational stations serving the city are Langenberg, Neviges, Nierenhof and Rosenhügel.

Velbert also used to have a tram service, and was the meeting point of tramlines from Heidhausen, Neviges, Wülfrath and Hösel with Heiligenhaus. Nowadays a number of bus routes connect Velbert to the surrounding cities. The city belongs to the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr.

Twin towns – sister cities
Velbert is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Châtellerault, France (1965)
 * 🏴 Corby, England, United Kingdom (1966)
 * 🇬🇷 Igoumenitsa, Greece (2012)
 * Podujeva, Kosovo (2019)

Friendly cities
Velbert also has friendly relations with:
 * 🇹🇷 Hacıbektaş, Turkey (2000)
 * 🇵🇱 Morąg, Poland (2016)

Theatres

 * The central theatre of the town is in Forum Niederberg.

Museums
The town's museum is also located in Forum Niederberg. It is the German museum for locks and metal fittings. The museum exhibits a broad variety of keys and locks.

Buildings

 * Maria, Königin des Friedens, or Nevigeser Wallfahrtsdom, also known as Mariendom, in Neviges which was designed by the famous architect Gottfried Böhm
 * Hardenberg Castle in Neviges
 * Historical town centres in Neviges and Langenberg
 * Event Church in Langenberg
 * Bürgerhaus (Citizen's house) in Langenberg
 * Transmission towers in Langenberg for MW, FM and TV (303.7 m and 170m high)
 * City hall incl. Thomas-Carré in Velbert-Mitte
 * The Art Nouveau church called Christuskirche (Christ Church) in Velbert-Mitte

Notable people

 * Lüder Lüers (1926–2022), German horticultural architect, engaged in founding Kindernothilfe
 * Alexander Mies (born 1992), German racing driver
 * Dieter Ramsauer (1939–2021), German engineer
 * Walter Schlüter (1911–1977), German racing driver

title: Velbert


text:
Talk:Human rights in Iraq

I created this page because there were redirects that arbitrarily pointed to one of the three articles. "Torture and murder in Iraq" pointed to the article on Saddam's Iraq, while "Human rights violations in Iraq" pointed to the one on post-Saddam Iraq. I changed both of those redirects to point to this disambiguation page, and also redirected "Human rights abuses in Iraq" here. Fpahl 18:55, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Not really a disambiguation page, because it is not listing different topics that have the same title. This is a list, in the nature of an index to several articles about sub-topics of a single topic.  --R'n'B (call me Russ) 12:23, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Human rights in post-invasion Iraq which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 17:00, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Human rights in Iraq


text:
Middleboro

Middleboro is the name of some places:

Places

 * In the United States
 * Middleboro, Indiana
 * Middleboro, Ohio
 * Middleborough, Massachusetts (sometimes spelled Middleboro)

 * Elsewhere
 * Middleboro, Nova Scotia, Canada

title: Middleboro


text:
José Sánchez del Río

José Luis Sánchez del Río (March 28, 1913 – February 10, 1928) was a Mexican Cristero who was put to death by government officials because he refused to renounce his Catholic faith. His death was seen as a largely political venture on the part of government officials in their attempt to stamp out dissent and crush religious freedom in the area. He was dubbed "Joselito."

He was declared to be venerable on June 22, 2004, by Pope John Paul II and was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI – through the Cardinal-Prefect of the Congregation of the Causes of Saints – on November 20, 2005, in Mexico. Pope Francis approved a miracle attributed to him on January 21, 2016, allowing for his canonization to take place; a date was determined at a consistory on March 15, 2016, and he was canonized a saint on October 16, 2016.

Background
The Cristero War began when the government began eliminating church privileges and seizing church properties throughout the country, in accordance with anti-clerical laws written into the Mexican Constitution. President Plutarco Elías Calles, who took office in 1924, focused on the Roman Catholic Church, which led to seizure of church property, the closing of religious schools and convents, and the exile or the execution of priests.

Life and Cristero War
José Luis Sánchez del Río was born on March 28, 1913, in Sahuayo, Michoacán. He attended school first in his hometown, then in Guadalajara in Jalisco.

When the Cristero War broke out in 1926, his brothers joined the rebel forces, but his mother would not allow him to take part. The rebel general, Prudencio Mendoza Alcazar, also refused his enlistment. The boy insisted that he wanted the chance to give his life for Jesus Christ and so come to Heaven easily. Mendoza relented and allowed José to become the flagbearer of the troop. The Cristeros nicknamed him Tarcisius, after the early Christian saint who was martyred for protecting the Eucharist from desecration.

During heavy fighting on January 25, 1928, a soldier named Mendoza had his horse killed and José gave his horse to the man so that he could flee. Then he sought cover and fired at the enemy until he ran out of ammunition. The government troops captured the boy and imprisoned him.

Torture and death
It was later reported that José was captured by government forces, who ordered him to renounce his faith in Christ, under threat of death. He refused to accept apostasy.

To break his resolve, he was made to watch the hanging of another Cristero that they had in custody, but instead José encouraged the man, saying that they would soon meet again in Heaven after death. In prison, José prayed the Rosary daily and wrote an emotional letter to his mother, saying that he was ready to fulfill the will of God to whom he dedicated himself. His father attempted to raise a ransom to save him, but was not able to appease the government in time to do so, thus failing to secure the release of his son.

Others recalled the gruesome events that transpired after the government's failure to break José's resolve on the evening of February 10, 1928: "Consequently they cut the bottom of his feet and obliged him to walk around the town toward the cemetery. They also at times cut him with a machete until he was bleeding from several wounds. He cried and moaned with pain, but he did not give in. At times they stopped him and said, 'If you shout, "Death to Christ the King" we will spare your life'. José would only shout, 'I will never give in. Viva Cristo Rey!'"

Burial and relics
The remains of José Luis Sánchez del Río are enshrined above a side altar in the Church of Saint James the Apostle in Sahuayo, his hometown.

Sainthood
The sainthood proceedings opened in Zamora on May 1, 1996 in a diocesan process that continued until October 25, 1996. A week prior to the conclusion of that phase the Congregation for the Causes of Saints declared "nihil obstat" (nothing against) to the cause on October 21, 1996; this granted him the title Servant of God, the first stage in the sainthood process. The process was later ratified on November 29, 2002, and allowed for officials to draft and submit in 2003 the Positio on his martyrdom.

Pope John Paul II approved the findings on June 22, 2004, thus allowing his beatification. He was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI on November 20, 2005, in Mexico; the Cardinal-Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints presided on behalf of the pontiff.

The miracle needed for his canonization attributed to José Luis Sánchez del Río the inexplicable recovery of a baby in Mexico who doctors said had "no hope of survival", 2008–2009. It was investigated on a local level in Mexico and concluded its work on January 30, 2015. A medical board approved it in 2015 while theologians did so as well on October 8, 2015; the C.C.S. granted final approval on January 12, 2016, before submitting it to the pope for his approval.

Pope Francis approved the miracle as being directly attributed to his intercession on January 21, 2016, and the pope confirmed at an ordinary consistory of cardinals on March 15, 2016, the date of which he would be elevated to sainthood. He was canonized as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church on October 16, 2016.

Legacy
The "Blessed José Sánchez del Río High School Seminary" was established in 2008 in Mankato, Minnesota by Father Carlos Miguel Buela of the Institute of the Incarnate Word (IVE) (Instituto del Verbo Encarnado), a Roman Catholic religious institute. The junior (middle) high school and high school is a preparatory seminary quartered on the 1854 parish grounds of the Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church in Mankato, Minnesota. The school's teen and young adult students are known collectively as "The Minor Seminarians".

The newly named "St. José Sánchez del Río Catholic School" is located in San Antonio, Texas. Under the auspice of the Archdiocese of San Antonio, Archbishop Gustavo Garcia-Siller renamed the school prior to the start of the 2019–2020 school year. The school's mascot are the "Defenders of the Faith" in line with the charism of San Joselito and uses the rosary, Virgen de Guadalupe, and a palm as symbols of his devotion and faith. In 2021 the school closed and soon the campus was dedicated as the new St. Jose Sanchez Del Rio Catholic Church parish. The gymnasium has been repurposed as the church where Mass is celebrated every day. The new parish is growing fast with religious education and many ministries available to the approximately 450 families registered as parishioners as of early 2023.

In popular culture
José Luis Sánchez del Río is one of the characters portrayed in the film For Greater Glory which depicts the story of the Cristero War and also depicts his martyrdom.

title: José Sánchez del Río