text:
Talk:Lucretius

Philtre
'' He claims that Lucretius was driven mad by a love-philtre and that the work was written during the intervals of his insanity, before he killed himself. '' Philtre links to some band, which I'm guessing is not the meaning used here. Perhaps the meaning of the word should be explained? --Arbiter125
 * Good eye! I changed it for you.  --Rednblu 16:12, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

I changed "love philter" to "love potion" because (a) this is more readily understandable, (b) "love philter" is a pleonasm, as "philter" alone is already "love potion" (see Potion), and (c) the word "philter" (Gr. φίλτρον, La. philtrum) isn't even in the Latin original, which has "amatorio poculo". --Fabullus 11:35, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Did Lucretius actually free men's minds of superstition?
Titus Lucretius Carus (c. 99 - 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher, whose contribution was to free men's minds of superstition and fear of death.

That sounds like he actually did it too. And impossible task. -FredrikM

---

 * What do you propose as an improvement and replacement sentence? What have scholars said about Lucretius in regard to "freeing men's minds of superstition and fear of death"?  What did Lucretius say about "freeing men's minds of superstition and fear of death."  ---Rednblu 21:05, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know how the sentence should be revised, but in addition to previous comments, it sounds a little grammatically ambiguous Euphoria 16:04, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Where could we look to get an idea of how to fix what troubles you in that sentence? ---Rednblu | Talk 19:25, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Life/Death of Lucretius; Jerome
I fixed up the balderdash that was placed as Jerome's account of L's live. Here's the Latin, taken from E. J. Kenney's edition of De Rerum Natura III (cited in main article): "Titus Lucretius poeta nascitur, qui postea amatorio poculo in furorem versus, cum aliquot libros per intervalla insaniae conscripsisset quos postea Cicero emendavit, propria se manu interfecit anno aetatis XLIIII." When I get around to it I'll put in something about Cicero's emending the text. Existent80 July 7, 2005 00:13 (UTC)

Comment cut to here for discussion

 * Although the poem De Rerum Natura is Epicurean in nature, the really interesting question to think on is whether Lucretius himself was indeed and Epicurean. This question presents a problem only intended for philosophical thinkers due to the nature of it.  And when I speak of the nature of this problem, it is only to point out the complexity of dealing with ancient authors and their respective writings.

I cut the above editorial comment here for discussion. Is there a published scholar who says this? We would need a citation, please. ---Rednblu | Talk 23:37, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC) --- R.E. Latham translated "religio" as "superstition." It clearly seems to me that it should have been translated as "religion." English readers have no idea that Lucretius used "religio" as his original word. This makes a great difference in the understanding of his writing. -- Montaigne was fascinated by Lucretius. In his "Apology for Raymond Sebond," Montaigne was supposed to be writing an essay in support of Christianity. But, his frequent quotations from Lucretius tend to convince the reader that Christian dogma is not credible. 64.12.117.8 22:40, 9 September 2005 (UTC)Bruce Partington --- Re: "religio", Lucretius seems to say that all religion is suspect because it has such power to make people commit horrible and evil deeds in its name. Lucretius would give no pass to the millions of people who throughout history have committed horrors because they thought the needs or wants of their god justified them. No member of any religion practiced today, western or otherwise, can hide behind the notion that it is only shallow superstition that Lucretius rails against. It is your religion, and mine, also. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kidrpstl (talk • contribs) 23:52, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Disambiguation needed?
The poet/philosopher Lucretius is the most famous member of the ancient clan of Lucratii. Shouldn't there be a disambiguation page for other Lucratii? There is also a Lucius Lucratius and a Gnaeus Lucratius. 220.15.200.33 02:26, 25 October 2005 (UTC) MGA
 * Indeed. In addition to Titus Lucretius Carus there are Gnaeus Lucretius Trio and Lucius Lucretius Trio as you have said. Also Sp. Lucretius Triciptinus, T. Lucretius T. p. Triciptinus, a Lucretius (Triciptinus), L. Lucretius T. f. T. n. Triciptinus, Hostus Lucretius L. f. T. n. Triciptinus, P. Lucretius Hosti f. Triciptinus, L. Lucretius Flavus Triciptinus, Lucretius Vespillo, two by the name of Q. Lucretius Vespillo and of course the famous Lucretia. Most of these can be dealt with as a short note on a disambig. page, but not all. Whogue 09:25, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Please, "the gens Lucretia", not "the clan". Rome was not in Scotland. --Sk (talk) 09:57, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Organization
With all due respect, the points mentioned below are all of minor import. The first thing that is needed to make this article work, is organization and structure. First of all the text should be divided into chapters. I propose the following chapters: The second thing would be to divide the existing text over the above headings. I urgently invite others to contribute their views, for I can't do it alone. Fabullus 20:13, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Introduction
 * Life
 * Work
 * Philosophy
 * Poetry

 * Nice ideas. I suggest we would select a model Wikipedia page--just for comparison.  What is the best Wikipedia page on a philosopher, poet, or poet-philosopher to serve as a model for this page?  What is next do you think?  Might we move this discussion to the bottom of this page so that the time sequence on this page is preserved?  --Just an idea. --Rednblu 06:08, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you! (I have followed your suggestion to move the discussion). Lucretius' case is pretty unique - in a number of ways: he is about the only poet-philosopher who needs to be discussed both as a poet and a philosopher, and he is also about the only poet-philosopher whose complete work survives, and yet we know next to nothing about the man. I am afraid there is no page that can serve as a model all the way. I have noticed, however, that the corresponding German, Dutch, French and Italian articles are much better by way of organization (even though I disagree with some of their factual content). How do you think we could attract other people's interest to this discussion? Fabullus 08:18, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I think you did the right thing. You looked for editors that had showed an interest in this page.  A lot of people have this page on their WatchList.  So if you start making improvements, they will watch over what we do here--even if they only correct our typos.  What should be done first?  --Rednblu 19:59, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

I have carried out a major re-organization of the article, without, however, deleting or adding anything of importance. See how you like it. Fabullus 19:55, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Looks good to me. Too bad we don't have more details of this man's life!  Wouldn't you like to know how he kept himself writing day after day in such a hostile environment?  --Rednblu 20:15, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, I would, but I am very skeptical about all but the most general claims made about his life on the basis of either Jerome's testimony (see also the discussion above) or passages in his own work, which have led some to believe he was a Celtic freedman and others that the was a Campanian farmer. As soon as I find some time I will try to rewrite the section on his life in a more conservative vein. Fabullus 16:17, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

 * What balance of sources do you think you will use? --Rednblu 20:50, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

 * See for yourself. I have revised the section on Lucretius' life as far as the years of his birth and death are concerned. --Fabullus 09:53, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Picture
It is nice to have a picture of someone we know so little about! Does anyone know where the picture comes from? --Fabullus 17:03, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree it is interesting, as is, of course, the philosopher himself and his work. Practically the same engraving (though photographed under what is apparently different lighting) is listed in Britannica on-line and subtitled "engraving of a bust" (which might easily compete for the most unhelpful caption ever).. Porfyrios 18:46, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

It's a guy with a beard and the thing looks old. Good enough for Wikipedia. 109.58.143.202 (talk) 19:29, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

Now it's a "modern bust of Lucretius". A carefully researched rendering of his appearance, using the best ancient sources. Or perhaps just some guy with a beard?193.182.242.2 (talk) 17:43, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

bias
I find it odd that the epicurean philosophy of reason and discouraging romantic entanglements trumps the christian philosophy of honesty. where is the proof that the epicureans dedication to their ideals are greater than the christians. it seems that the only way one would accept that this is "not generally now believed" hangs on the assumption that the epicureans are generally more trustworthy than christians. also if one is to rely on the argument that "it is likely" that jerome "as one of the early church fathers" (i wouldn't call him early) was merely trying to "defame" lucretius by claiming he was mad, then more evidence than jerome or christian writers in general used "ad hominen attacks imputing immorality, the use of witchcraft and insanity to the poet" is needed because ad hominen attacks imputing the immorality, the use of witchcraft, etc seems to me to have been an acceptable practice among the pagan latins as well (cicero comes to mind). furthermore, merely assuming that it is improbable to compose a "sustained poetic masterpiece" falls short as well, because, a) it assumes that the ancient mind works exactly the same as the modern mind, and since we have no examples of modern "madmen" writing such a poetic masterpiece then lucretius would be no different. b) madness often come in bouts. the poet cowper wrote "the ballad of john gilpin" (if memory of "engl. 127: survey of british literature" holds true) during periods of lucidness. i have read the introduction to the loeb DRN and it seems to me that the final judgement as to lucretius' madness, and the one with which i find the most valid, is that the poem itself shows no signs of a mind prone to morbidity. this of course is no ironclad defense of lucretius' sanity, as we are unsure of how the ancient mind worked and whether or not we would recognize the signs of morbidity in the mind of an ancient. it seems that we are saying: jerome--unreliable because he is a christian, and any argument, however tenuous, for lucretius' sanity must be given more weight than the assertions of someone who lived much closer to the time of lucretius. 20:07, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

 * You are right. Doubting Jerome's account simply because he was a christian will not do. If you feel up to it, you might rewrite the corresponding passage of the article yourself. Otherwise I will give it a try, whenever I find the time. --Fabullus (talk) 19:32, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The Vita section does seem to be more an attack on Jerome than a description of Lucretius. The whole section needs to be much shorter. It needs to state more forcefully that we know almost nothing about Lucretius. It needs to state up front what little is known. Then Jerome's short comment can be presented in toto along with the proviso that it is impossible to judge the reliability of Jerome's description since nothing is known of his sources. Rwflammang (talk) 20:09, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, I've done the deed, and re-reading it I have to wonder whether I was too zealous with the meat-cleaver. I like the fact that it is much shorter. But I wonder whether I should restore a sentence saying, The text of his poem shows no sign of being written by a madman or of having been edited by Cicero. The only problem is I don't have a reference for this statement, other than the earlier version of this article.

 * I also see that I cut out a valid reference, which I think I shall restore, Virgil writes in the second book of his Georgics, clearly referencing Lucretius, "Happy is he who has discovered the causes of things and has cast beneath his feet all fears, unavoidable fate, and the din of the devouring Underworld." Rwflammang (talk) 15:43, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

 * You did a good job, the biography is much more readable now. The earlier version of this page, was, I think, derived from Martin Ferguson Smith; he's fairly scathing of the Jerome story, I believe, although he in no way suggests that Jerome invented the story, but just that Jerome (quite plausibly) drew on some an anti-Epicurean source. I googled up a few references concerning different views on the love potion story, and on the question of whether Cicero edited the text. Singinglemon (talk) 19:38, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Sound bytes?
HEY EDITORS---INCLUDING ROBOTS!!!! IS THERE ANY WAY WE CAN GET SOME SOUND BYTES ON HERE SAYING SOME LUCRETIUS OUT LOUD?!?! --152.1.72.156 (talk) 03:31, 19 November 2008 (UTC)
 * (cut from the article and pasted here by Fabullus (talk) 13:09, 19 November 2008 (UTC))

Life of Vergil
Suetonius's Life of Vergil is known via the writings of Donatus, who included it in his own Life of Vergil.
 * So, what we have is Donatus's Life of Virgil, and the extent to which this derives from Suetonius's now lost Life of Virgil is a matter of speculation, well worth exploring, but not in an article on Lucretius. I propose, therefore, henceforth to refer to the text as 'Donatus's Life of Virgil.' --Fabullus (talk) 13:38, 18 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, that sounds reasonable. I'm sure we can effect a reading which everybody can agree on. If scholarly opinion broadly accepts that Donatus Life is derived from Suetonius, then there is probably no harm in mentioning this. There is some value in knowing that Suetonius is the probable source for the comments. Singinglemon (talk) 17:50, 18 December 2008 (UTC)
 * A good job, as always! --Fabullus (talk) 19:01, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

Textual Transmission
I have a problem with the wording of the 'Textual Transmission' section. First of all there is no evidence of 'hostility' from the 'Catholic Church' toward Lucretius or his poem. In fact, had there been hostility toward the poem then the poem would most likely have been burned, as the poems of Sapho. The fact that the poem survives shows that we owe a great debt to the Christians who preserved the manuscript, and not the modern readers. There is a great explication of the textual transmission in the introduction of the W.E. Leonard, S.B. Smith edition of the Latin text of De Rerum Natura. I do not have time this moment to rewrite the section, but I propose it be deleted until the author can provide citations. 63.230.81.246 (talk) 17:19, 13 January 2010 (UTC) 11:15, 13 December 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.230.81.246 (talk)

Here is the section I cut out:

Transmission of the text
The textual survival of the poem is remarkable considering the hostility of the Catholic Church (the main transmission channel for Latin writings) towards Lucretius and Epicurean ideas. The surviving manuscript tradition (accounts will be found in the references given below) is often mangled, with numerous, significant lacunae. A great debt is owed by modern readers to the ingenious work of generations of scholars to produce a faithful, coherent, and readable text. 63.230.81.246 (talk) 17:19, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Other Lost Works?
Are there any (lost) works referenced by the ancient commentators, apart from "The Nature of Things"? Is he known to have produced anything else? --Michael C. Price talk 09:56, 8 July 2010 (UTC)
 * No, as far as we know, "The Nature of Things" was his sole work. --Fabullus (talk) 06:17, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

The Swerve
I'm new to wiki editing. I was wondering what others think of adding Stephen Greenblatt's The Swerve: How the World Became Modern? It was winner of the National Book Award and discusses the early modern rediscovery of De rerum natura but it more popular than the scholarly books in the bibliography.

Influences need reliable substantiation
It is not good enough to use arbitrary opinion and/or original research to add names to the fields 'Influences' and 'Influenced' in the Philosopher (or any other) infobox. The MoS requires "Entries in influences, influenced, and notable ideas should be explained in the main text of one of the articles. Those that are not mentioned in the main text may be deleted." Bjenks (talk) 06:05, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Sentence from November 2018 removed
Removed text: The use of inane is often overlooked, but it contributes depths to the work that reach far beyond not only De Rerum Natura, but into the rest of Roman philosophy as well. - it has makes no reference to anything else in the page, it doesn't look like a quote, it has no source. Perhaps the anonymous contributor could reconsider how best to state his case. JohnHarris (talk) 18:38, 17 January 2019 (UTC)

Please tell me I'm wrong...
I have a problem with the image of the De rerum natura manuscript, and I would like to ask for a second opinion.

The source given on the file page is this link to the Cambridge University Digital Library, together with the statement from the uploader that they took this photograph while examining several manuscripts in the Cambridge University Library. However, upon checking the digitized version, I am unable to locate the section that is said to have been photographed. The image description says that this photo shows the beginning of the manuscript, but just to be sure, I looked through all 600+ pages, without finding it. Most of the book is printed (not a manuscript) anyway. This image was added eight years ago, but I cannot find any mention on the file page or elsewhere that it was suspicious.

The trouble is, I wanted to contact the creator of the photo, User:LegesRomanorum, to ask if they may have linked to the wrong CUDL source. I found out on their user talk page that they have been blocked indefinitely in August 2023, for the creation of an elaborate hoax article that had just been discovered after surviving on Wikipedia for multiple years (that prank was created in 2020).

I do not think we can trust the user that the image is genuine. Moreover, if this turns out to be another hoax (and I surely hope it doesn't), that would turn what may have been a singular incident into a habit of bad-faith editing. The account was created in 2009 and has about 1,400 edits, many in their apparent "field of expertise" (ancient history).

Since this page is part of Vital Articles (Level 4), I'm going to also notify all the relevant WikiProjects. The best possible outcome is that I am making a fool of myself. Renerpho (talk) 19:36, 29 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks for all your work trying to trace the actual source. For now, I think it makes sense to immediately remove the image and only add it back later if its actual existence can be verified.  Tkbrett  (✉) 19:51, 29 October 2023 (UTC)
 * This image is of an illuminated manuscript, the 1563 version from the Cambridge University Library is a printed edition. This image clearly isn't of that copy.  I don't know enough about the manuscript tradition of Lucretius to be sure, but I would expect that if CUL owned a manuscript of Lucretius then they would list it on their online collection as an important object in their collection; the fact that I can find no evidence of it makes me very suspicious. Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 20:01, 29 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't know about the last point. It's pretty clearly 15th-century Italian from after the "rediscovery" in 1417, and those aren't exceptionally rare. It's an odd sort of hoax, since the MS appears to a genuine one. Johnbod (talk) 20:39, 29 October 2023 (UTC)
 * If it is a fake then there are three main possibilities: Either the entire manuscript is a forgery (very difficult to do); or it's real but they never owned the rights to the image (a copyright violation); or they genuinely created the image, but with a made-up background story (easy to do). To me, the made-up background story sounds most plausible. Would that be an odd sort of hoax? I don't know. The background story is part of the "bundle", and it has made its way beyond Wikipedia.
 * I don't think LegesRomanorum have ever commented on why they faked Philodoppides, and their motives are unknown. The manuscript photo was uploaded about five years before their first proven hoax, so it may have been a test: Can they get away with a bogus story? If they had been caught, it would have looked like an honest mistake. I mean, we still can't rule out that it was an honest mistake! It depends on whether the manuscript is actually part of the CUL collection.
 * The image is featured on their user page, on this Lucretius article, but nowhere else on Wikipedia. Renerpho (talk) 21:22, 29 October 2023 (UTC) -- At the time the image was uploaded, LegesRomanorum were a self-described undergraduate Classics student, working towards a BA degree, and their academic interests included Ancient Greek and Latin language, literature and linguistics, esp. Greek epic and tragedy. Renerpho (talk) 21:56, 29 October 2023 (UTC)

 * It looks like a genuine page from an illuminated manuscript; there's no reason to suspect that it's a forgery other than that it's been misattributed, and the author once wrote a hoax article about a completely different subject, although otherwise he seems to have been a productive contributor to Wikipedia for a number of years. I'm inclined to regard the hoax article as a one-off, and the attribution as a careless mistake—although unless someone contacts the Cambridge University Library and asks about the image, it's possible that it is from a manuscript in their collection—just not one that's been included in their online and publicly-accessible digital holdings.
 * I don't believe that copyright is likely to be an issue here: the text is in the public domain; the version of the book it's from is in the public domain; and there's no evidence that someone other than the uploader took the photograph, which in any case displays originality only to the extent that it frames only a portion of the page, being otherwise an apparently faithful reproduction of a public domain original. The person we believe to be the author claims no copyright in that.  So unless some other facts turn up suggesting that the photograph was a forgery, or that someone else has copyright in the picture—and not the thing it's a photo of—I think it's safe to keep it.
 * But it would still be prudent to check with Cambridge and ask whether they can verify or refute that this is a photo from a manuscript of Lucretius in their collection. Merely failing to find this page in their online digital library doesn't satisfy that inquiry, IMO, because it's quite possible—perhaps probable—that they have many items that aren't digitized and posted online where anyone can view them.  It would be better to establish whether this photograph depicts what it appears to and is in the public domain, than to make no effort and delete it without knowing whether we can keep it legitimately.  P Aculeius (talk) 23:37, 29 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I suppose it might be a photograph of a photograph or other reproduction. This indicates that there are colour plates of the first page of the Codex Oblongus (it's not that), the Codex Quadratus and the Schedae Gottorpienses between page 196 and 197 of The Early Textual History of Lucretius' De Rerum Natura (David Butterfield, Cambridge University Press, 2013 (two years before the upload), 978-1-107-03745-8) (the later softcover edition may only have them in black-and-white). Does anyone have access to that? NebY (talk) 01:12, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
 * It's not the first page from "the scans of G available through the Codices Haunienses resource online" (Butterfield, p. x) - that's here. NebY (talk) 01:29, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I am contacting CUL, to check whether they can identify it. Renerpho (talk) 18:02, 31 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I found it: it is in the CUL and its catalogue number is Nn.2.40. There's a b/w image of the page in Western Illuminated Manuscripts: A Catalogue of the Collection in Cambridge University Library by Binski & Zutshi (p.427). Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 22:13, 31 October 2023 (UTC)
 * 446 Nn.2.40, f.1 -- Great find, thanks ! I'll update the file page accordingly. Renerpho (talk) 23:07, 31 October 2023 (UTC) I see that's already done. :) Renerpho (talk) 23:11, 31 October 2023 (UTC)
 * It's gone from the article, & I've added a similar (but rather classier) MS page, so I'm not sure we need to worry about it too much. The article text seems rather patchy to me.... Johnbod (talk) 02:05, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

Considering the manuscript has been found and identified, I think we can accept this as an honest mistake. When the copyright of the image was questioned a few weeks after it was originally uploaded, LegesRomanorum added the link to the CUDL, and I guess they just mixed up the several manuscripts they had looked at. Case closed, I guess. I'm glad we can keep the file, now with the correct information. I feel like I have only made half of a fool of myself. Thanks everyone for your help! Renerpho (talk) 23:30, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Not a fool: there were legitimate reasons for doubting the legitimacy of the file, given that it didn't match the linked document, and the uploader was banned for a hoax article. Although I think he was probably a good editor who made up a silly article as a lark and got slapped down hard for it when someone flagged it years later—that's beside the point.  It was a legitimate inquiry, and I think we can all be pleased that the subject has been identified and the attribution corrected.  It'd be a shame to lose such an attractive bit of illumination!  Thanks to everyone who commented on and helped solve this, especially Caecilus in the Garden!  P Aculeius (talk) 02:43, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lucretius


text:
Brazilian Society of Health Informatics

The Sociedade Brasileira de Informática em Saúde (Brazilian Society of Health Informatics), abbreviated as SBIS, is a professional society created in November 1986 in Campinas, during the First Brazilian Congress on Health Informatics. It has the mission of promoting the development and the interchange of ideas and results in the fields devoted to the information technologies applied to the health sciences (Medical informatics, Telemedicine, Bioinformatics, etc.).

Mission and areas of interest
SBIS is a nonprofit membership organization of individuals and institutions interested in developing and using information technologies to improve health care in Brazil. To accomplish its goal, SBIS may develop the following activities:
 * Stimulate educational activities related to health informatics;
 * Stimulate scientific research and technical development in Health Informatics;
 * Organize conferences, symposiums, courses, seminars, and other activities that lead to experience and knowledge exchange;
 * Cooperate with sister societies;
 * Contribute to the definition of healthcare policies;
 * Promote Health Informatics as a means to reduce costs and improve the quality of healthcare services.

Some of SBIS areas of interest are:

 * Health information systems
 * Health information management
 * Electronic patient record
 * Telemedicine and telehealth
 * Medical decision support systems
 * Biological signal processing
 * Medical image processing
 * Internet applications in health
 * Health information standards
 * Health informatics education
 * Distance education in health

Currently it has around 780 associates, thus being the third largest in the Americas, after the American Medical Informatics Association and the Canada's Health Informatics Association, and the largest in Latin America, according to the International Medical Informatics Association. The Society is affiliated to the International Medical Informatics Association since 1988.

Governance
The current Executive Board (2008–2010) is led by Dr. Cláudio Giulliano Alves da Costa (President). Former presidents were: Roberto J. Rodrigues, Renato M.E. Sabbatini, Mariza Machado Klück, Beatriz de Faria Leão, Daniel Sigulem, Umberto Tachinardi, Lincoln de Assis Moura Jr. and Heimar de Fátima Marin. Short histories of Health Informatics in Brazil have been published elsewhere by former presidents of the Society.

Conferences and Meetings
SBIS organizes since 1986 a biannual national conference, the Brazilian Congress of Health Informatics and a biannual specialized conference on Electronic Health Records (PEP); besides other, smaller and less periodical meetings.

The Brazilian Congress on Health Informatics takes place in different cities every two years and has as its main subjects the applications of information technology and telematics to medicine, nursing, dentistry and allied health care sciences, from the point of view of the expert scientific and technical worker in these areas. The first conference was organized in November 1986, in the city of Campinas by Dr. Renato M.E. Sabbatini. The vice-president was Dr. Hugo Sabatino, and the editor-in-chief of the Conference's proceedings was Dr. Renato G.G. Terzi, all with the Medical School at the same university. During this conference, the Brazilian Society of Health Informatics was launched, as well as the Brazilian Journal of Health Informatics. The conference was then repeated in 1988 (São Paulo), 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996 (Campos do Jordão), 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004 (Natal), 2006 (Florianópolis) and 2008 (Campos do Jordão). The next conference will be held in November 2010, in Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco.

Publications
SBIS' flagship periodical is the on-line scientific journal, Journal of Health Informatics (Heimar Marin, Editor-in-Chief). It also publishes SBIS News, an electronic bulletin hosted by Yahoo! Groups (Renato M.E. Sabbatini, editor-in-chief), and coordinates the SBIS-L e-mail discussion list.

Electronic Health Record Certification Project
In collaboration with the Brazilian Federal Council of Medicine since 2007, SBIS has developed one of few programs in the developing world geared towards the software certification in the area of electronic health records. The standards for access, information security, digital certification, patient confidentiality, storage of records, etc., have been discussed together and officially approved by a number of decrees enforced by CFM and are part now of a Manual, a course for buildup of a task force of specialized consultants. The certification standards cover ambulatory healthcare, clinical laboratory and other areas, and in the future will be expanded for inpatient health records and Picture archiving and communication system.

Professional Education
In 2008 the Society approved the creation of a new initiative and a directorship to boost educational activities in health informatics. A website and a Learning Management System based on Moodle server were created in 2009 (address ). The site is used to support presential courses as well as to offer purely distance courses, seminars, lectures, and other educational activities. The site has also a digital library with on-line references to papers, reviews, e-books, multimedia files, etc., which are deemed useful for education and learning purposes. In addition, webconferencing facilities using DimDim have been added and can be used by associated individuals and institutions.

Professional Certificate in Health Informatics
In October 2009 the Society launched a program for certificating health care professionals as specialists, in a manner similar to medical specialties coordinated by the Brazilian Medical Association and the Federal Council of Medicine in Brazil. The program entails a minimum list of technical proficiency, a written and oral annual examination, and the issue of a certificate which is valid for five years. The revalidation of the certificate will be mandatory by means of continuing education credits. The Society installed also an educational accreditation program in place, for recognizing courses and curricula in health informatics, for this purpose, with a point-based system of credits. The entire program is under the responsibility of a new Directorship of Professional Education, coordinated by Prof. Renato M.E. Sabbatini.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brazilian Society of Health Informatics


text:
Talk:Pacific Coast Ranges

Name of article?
This article would better be named Pacific Coast Ranges (as it is specifically about those particular coastal ranges). There is a (dictionary definition) article at Coastal range, that probably should be moved to Wikitionary. Any comments? - Marshman 19:21, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I decided to fix the confusion of names. This article is now at Pacific Coast Ranges - Marshman 17:45, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Are there non-Pacific-bordering "Coast Ranges"? Stan 19:22, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Not in North America, but there is a page Coastal range that was more a definition and gave the west coast as an example, so the concept is certainly not limited to the NA west coast. I'm sure there are other places in the world where "coast range" has a local meaning (in Japan, the "coast range" is on the western side of Honshu). Indeed, having grown up in California myself, my use of the term "Coast Range" is decidedly more local than this article encompasses. I'd have never meant the Olympic Peninsula in Washington or places in Alaska or Mexico by the term: the "Coast Range" clearly went from a bit north of LA to south of the Columbia River, at the very most!  So the term that is uniting about all these ranges described in the article is that they are part of the North America Pacific Coastal Ranges—shortened to Pacific Coast Ranges. This eliminates some confusion I found in what various permutations of "coast(al) range(s) should redirect to - Marshman 21:23, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"Calipoiea Mountains"?
What are the Calipoiea Mountains? I tried googling them, and google wants to spell it Calliopeia Mountains. A search on < oregon coast range Calliopeia > had no web hits. I was raised in Oregon, and have never heard of these mountains.

 * I think we mean Calapooya Mountains See also: Kalapuya Katr67 22:01, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Tehachapi Mountains?
And — the Tehachapi Mountains are considered a coastal range? dino 00:35, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I would question that too. Although they "attach" to the coastal range, they divide the SJ Valley and the desert. Maybe whomever added them can explain inclusion of that particular transverse range? - Marshman 03:07, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Enormous state footers
I agree. That ("California box") addition is absolutely ridiculous. I would hope there are no plans to stamp that monstrousity onto every article that remotely has to do with California. I thought the purpose of Categories was to avoid such redundant "sludge" ? - Marshman 19:02, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Marshman! I thought I was the only person who was repelled by enormous state navigation footers. I think they're ridiculous, even in articles that are completely intra-state. And your point that categories supercedes them is a good one.

 * Do you think there is a chance that we can move the consensus away from using them, at least for inter-state regional articles? -- hike395 05:09, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I would hope so. Imagine a page with 6 to 10 of those worthless Tables of Contents, which could be the case here as Alaska, Yukon,  BC, Washington, Oregon, California, and Baja could all claim a spot on this page (the "Rockies" article would be unusable!). Users do not go to an article like this to find a list of cities of a state. I'd ban them from all articles and use categories - much less space involved, serve the same purpose (see how we have been doing it for Hawaii), and can be focused AND worked on by all. Not so "templates" which I can seldom even find where they are to make corrections/changes and require careful attention to formatting - Marshman 17:59, 28 May 2005 (UTC) Oops, I see someone has plastered the templates on the Hawaii articles too! However, I will see to it that they only appear on articles for which the ToC template has an existing link (i.e., cities, islands, counties) - Marshman

 * I have no idea where to start a policy discussion about this. Do you? -- hike395 04:10, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Not really, but we could bring it up at the "Village Pump" - Marshman 18:17, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Oregon Coast Ranges
I've lived in Oregon for almost 35 years, most of that in Lane County, and as far as I know, the range of mountains you cross on the way to the coast has always been called the "Coast Range". I'm completely unaware that there is a more specific name for it. All of the Oregon articles that mention the "Coast Range" redirect to "Pacific Coast Ranges", which doesn't seem specific enough. I like the idea of starting an "Oregon Coast Ranges" article, but what a mess to disambig all those links. I'd be interested to hear what any geography experts have to say on the subject. What is the darn range really called, and does it merit its own article? Katr67 17:03, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Problem with "Coast Range" is it's a synonym for the Coast Mountains in BC-Alaska; officially they're the Coast Mountains but habitually people, including official types, will say Coast Range. The qualifier on Oregon Coast Range may be necessary just for that reason.  Similarly there's issues with the way Americans used "Cascades" and the way Canadians do.Skookum1 17:21, 2 July 2006 (UTC)!

 * I have long thought of the coastal highlands of Oregon and Washington as called the "Coast Range", which, from a geologic perspective, includes the Olympic Mountains and the insular mountains of British Columbia (Vancouver Island, Queen Charlottes); while the "Coast Mountains" refers specifically to the big mountains along the mainland coast of British Columbia, which appear on maps to be a continuation of the Cascades north of the Fraser River although they are not geologically the same. I'm sure people call the Coast Mountains the Coast Range and vice versa all the time, and really the words "mountains" and "range" mean the same thing.  Still, I wish there was an article on what I've described as the Coast Range.  There doesn't seem to be one.  It would be nice to wikilink to a page on just that range instead of every mountain range near the Pacific coast from Mexico to Alaska.  The page could be called "Coast Range (Oregon)", since the term is usually applied only to the Oregon portion.  If I find the energy and time, I'll make it.  It can describe the problems and common confusion over the names of the coastal highland and mountains in the Pacific Northwest.  Anyway, I was kind of surprised to discover it didn't already exist, but then again, there doesn't seem to be a "Geography of Washington" page either!  Working on that one. Pfly 03:11, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for offering to do something about this. There are a few pages linking to Oregon Coast Range, including this article, so I think that would be an OK title for the article unless naming conventions dictate the ugly parenthetical... If you look at Marys Peak, you will also see why it would be handy to have an Oregon-specific article, as it says it is the highest point in the *Oregon* Coast Range. Katr67 05:46, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Peninsular Range?
Why is the Peninsular Range included here? It is not part of the Coast Range, and has more in common with the Sierra Nevada than it does the California Coast Range. --Pegminer 22:19, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure anyone is keeping a close eye on this list, and it may have been added incorrectly. If no one responds with a good reason for inclusion in a few days, I would say it would be safe to delete it, especially if you could find a source to show it *isn't* part of the Coast Range that you could cite here. Katr67 22:43, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Note: The Peninsular Ranges article says they belong to the Coast Range as well. Katr67 22:48, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Cascade Range?
Is the Cascade Range really considered part of the Pacific Coast ranges? Katr67 06:29, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes; capital-r Pacific Coast Ranges is a grouping which has various names, e.g. Pacific Cordillera, American Cordillera, although both those definitions tend to include the Rockies and other inland ranges. I realize you may be speaking from the Oregon orientation, where the "Coast Range" is the lower line of mountains between the Williamette and the Pacific, yes?  Thing is "Coast Range" in Canada is synonymous with "Coast Mountains" so we add "Pacific" to it to mean the larger grouping.  The grouping includes the Sierras, the California coastal ranges (whose names I don't know), the Olympics, the Insular Mountains, the Coast Mountains, and the St. Elias and Chugach Mountains....so why shouldn't it also include the Cascade Range?Skookum1 19:41, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Alaska Ranges?
I've currently set the northward limit here at the Chugach, Kenai and Talkeetna; ranges farther west, though also limning the Pacific Coast, sort of, are all in the Alaska Ranges; not sure if they should be included here, i.e. if they're classified as part of the Pacific Cordillera or not, or are something separate.Skookum1 23:51, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Name and Definition
Hi, is Pacific Coast Range or Pacific Coast Ranges a well established name for the whole group of mountain ranges along the coast including the Cascade Range? I could not find any such use outside of Wikipedia. Brittanica concise defines Pacific Coast Range as only the coastal ranges from Southern California to mid Washington, and specifically excludes Cascade Range. Please give some references for the use of this term in the sense of the article. --h-stt !?  17:39, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I added a cite from a reasonably reliable source. It does not mention the Alaskan and Canadian portions (as this article does), but has a peculiarly vague everything west of Puget Sound included in it.  I guess Vancouver Island and Alaska are west of Puget Sound.... Does this satisfy your query?  —EncMstr 19:39, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately not really. The main aspect of my question is, whether the Cascade Range is part of this Pacific Coast Range or not. The northernmost parts may be checked too. And everything west of Puget Sound would exclude Cascade Range, would it? But this articles claims Cascade Range to be a part. The question originally arouse in the de-Wikipedia. Someone copied this list over there, but it doesn't fit with the geographic structures in the other articles on the West Coast. Thanks so far for your help. --h-stt !?  20:27, 30 July 2007 (UTC) PS: The definiton from USGS ends at the Strait of Juan de Fuca, so Vancouver Island and Alaska are excluded. To me it seems, that this whole article needs some serious editing. --h-stt  !?  09:27, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The main "authoritative" source for BC geographical nomenclature is S. Holland's Landforms of British Columbia (Prov. of BC, 1976); it is used as the basis for the range-naming on the NTS topo and BC Basemap/MoE/MoF maps and similar. I don't have Holland handy - in most BC university libraries and often in school libraries - but I recall that "Pacific Coast Ranges" (note plural) he used to include the Cascade Mountains as well as the Coast Mountains, perhaps also the Hazelton Mountains (which are just behind the Coast Range) in the Terrace-Smithers area), and the Insular Mountains (the Vancouver Island-Queen Charlotte Islands ranges); but only in the singular, not in the plural.  NB in BC "Coast Range" is synonymous with the Coast Mountains; not sure where else to look for citations of these usages, maybe the Canadian Encyclopedia but it's quite useless as it's edited in Edmonton or Toronto or wherever and they get all kinds of things wrong about BC (part of the "Granite Curtain" effect).  There may be more recent geographical classification writings but I don't know of them; we used Holland as the basis for names/range definitions in http://bivouac.com (Canadian Mtn Encyclopedia) and you might want to look at peakbagger.com for his references.Skookum1 19:56, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I can get got a scan of the first edition from 1964 of the book by Holland here in Germany, but it would need some time for it would be a inter-library-loan. Can some of you get it easier? And do we need it? From my perspective, it seems like everyone on the West Coast calls the mountains in his vicinity Coastal Range and Coastal Mountains as an unspecific umbrella term. The USGS as well as Brittanica use Pacific Coast Range only for those ranges in the continuous US and immediately at the coast and therefore exclude Cascade Range from the term, the Canadians (or at least the British Columbia Dept. of Mines and Petroleum Resources in 1964/76) use the term in the plural form in a much broader sense and include everything from Baja to Alaska and the Cascade Range . What does this mean for Wikipedia? Which definition is more helpful? Any statements? --h-stt !?  10:19, 2 August 2007 (UTC) [edited] --h-stt  !?  14:46, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Here - Here is Holland's book in PDF.  I can't find the original download page but it's on the same BC govt server somewhere Maybe here or else just start at this main page and search for "Bulletin 48" and "map"- that's an ancillary map that goes with it, I have it stored on a Cd, if you shoot me an email I'll be glad to forward it.  while looking for the map I also found [http://homer.ugdsb.on.ca/jfr/jfr_geog/CGC/CGC_landforms/landforms_of_canada.ppt this powerpoint - Landform Regions of Canada which is Canada-wide...Skookum1 (talk) 06:23, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

 * According to Holland, the terminology is different than given in our article: The Pacific Range stretches from the Burke Channel and the Bella Coola River for about 300 miles to Fraser River. It has just one mayor subdivision, the Chilcotin Ranges on the east flank of the Pacific Range, between the Klinaklini River and Lillooet, British Columbia. The Cascade Range is not a part of any of them, but it is covered in the following separate chapter [Holand, Landforms of British Columbia, 1964, p 42/43] So now I have even less confidence in the definition of this article and would suggest some heavy editing, to reflect these reliable sources. --h-stt !?  14:46, 2 August 2007 (UTC) PS: I can send the two-page-PDF-scan to anyone who needs it, just contact me through the systems e-mail-function.
 * Another source is peakbagger.com, which divides all of the worlds mountains into a hierarchy of ranges. They simply call it the Pacific Ranges, but have it include the Sierra Nevada. They do warn that it is a "Bogus mountain grouping for this site", so perhaps we shouldn't take it seriously.
 * I think this article dates back to the early days of WP, when we were trying to sketch out the world's information, and didn't worry so much about WP:OR. This does need to be rewritten, perhaps separating into two article, one with the USGS definition, and the other about the Canadian range. hike395 15:06, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

How about moving the article to List of Pacific Coastal Ranges? Then the title is marked as descriptive and not a proper name. Because that gave reason for the confusion in the first place. --h-stt !?  12:17, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Yukon Ranges?
Does the Pacific Coast Ranges include the Yukon Ranges? I'm the creator of the article but I'm not sure if the Pacific Coast Ranges is appropiate for the parent; it's not listed in the article. If the Yukon Ranges are part of the Pacific Coast Ranges, it should be included with the list. Bivouac currently lists 10 mountain ranges and 4 sub-ranges associated with the Yukon Ranges. Black Tusk 23:40: 3 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't think the Wrangells are part of the PCR system, despite their physical linkage to the Saint Elias Mountains....to me, FRIR, the Yukon Ranges are all the other ranges in the Yukon, but not the Saint Elias; the Yukon Ranges and Pacific Coast Ranges are different systems, i.e. "sister ranges"....I think the confusion may be because of the mixing up of "Pacific Cordillera" which is the name for everything west of the Great Barrens-Mackenzie/Prairies and is better called the Western Cordillera and sometimes the Canadian Cordillera. The Ruby, Ogilvies etc are all inland ranges; I seem to recall the Wrangells not being in the same "mother system" as the Saint Elias and Chugach, I'll look at the bivouac link...I guess I should sign up for at least a free month with them again so I can look through all the lists and range defintions that *I* built but it's conceivable that site owner has rearranged things to suit himself, as he was doing when I left (and which is why I left...).  What's http://www.peakbagger.com say?Skookum1 (talk) 06:05, 11 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Peakbagger lumps the Alaska Ranges and Yukon Ranges together as the Alaska-Yukon Ranges, and includes the Saint Elias in them; I'll have to write him and ask where his definition comes from; there's a spur of it that drops south into BC east of the Alsek Ranges, not sure what he means by that; that would be the same bit of possibly-Coast Mountains that you added the YT switch to the WPCan template on Coast Mountains for. As far as Pacific Coast Ranges go, he uses Pacific Ranges here....I wonder if he has the subrange of the Coast Mountains similarly named?  I'll be back...Skookum1 (talk) 06:11, 11 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Hm he gets around hte name-conflict by using "Northern Pacific Ranges" and "Southern Pacific Ranges" but he doesn't give maps for them as he does on higher tiers...he's also got "Lillooet Range" in the singular and such; I've never considered that site authoritative; I was trying to make bivouac.com that way but....well, I won't get into it right now....I'll use one of my dummy email accounts and cop a free month or whatever the trial period is on bivouac.com but I'd probably like to make a list of all the things I should check there for teh short time I'll have access to it.....Skookum1 (talk) 06:14, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

USGS ref re opening paragraph
I amended the opening paragraph in accordance with what I "know" to be the case, although my own ref for that is in the distant past from my work at bivouac.com - must have been Stuart Holland's definition, as I know he discussed the term; I'll look in my copy when I get a chance. I had a look at the USGS ref for that paragraph and it's US-only:
 * ''Incomplete record. Series of ranges, most of which have individual names, extending along the Pacific coast from southern California to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. They also include everything west of Puget Sound, the Willamette, Sacramento, and San Joaquin valleys, and southwest of the Mojave Desert.

There's nothing in BCGNIS or CNGDB but, again, I'm pretty sure Holland gets into it somewhere, and distinguishes the broader meaning of the term from its Oregon-only meaning. So effectively the USGS ref is a dud, as far as the macro-definition of the range-system goes; as I recall, the Alaska Range is not part of it, though the Saint Elias Mountains are, while maybe the Chugach Mountains are not (even though part of the Chugach is east of the Copper River, which otherwise would make a nice tidy boundary....but in toponymy nothing is all that tidy, in many cases.....the Rockies, for example, are pierced by the Peace - largely because nobody ever gave a esparate name to their extension north of the Peace (what's now Lake Williston)Skookum1 (talk) 05:59, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I've been unsatisfied by this article for almost 5 years now: it seems that there is no consistent hierarchy of ranges in North America, and so if we select one, we'll be violating NPOV, and if we try to make a new one, we'll be violating NOR. I am really uncertain what to do here.

 * An analogous case is with ecoregions of North America. For a few years, using the WWF ecoregions in WP was all of the rage. Then, editors started to realize that might be POV, so that now we have ecozones based on the CEC (NAFTA) data. We have ecozones ending with (WWF), and ones ending with (CEC), and it's kind of a mess. And, to top off the confusion, we have Cascade Range and Cascades (ecoregion). I just don't know how to resolve it. hike395 (talk) 08:50, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

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Insular Mountains
The second paragraph of the article indicates that Vancouver Island's Insular Mountains are not Pacific Coast Ranges, but the fourth paragraph lists them as one of the ranges. It seems most intuitive to include them, even if they are "geologically distinct". In fact I think we could cut the whole second sentence. Dardanelle (talk) 02:21, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pacific Coast Ranges


text:
Gaylordsville, Connecticut

Gaylordsville is a village (neighborhood/borough) in the northwest corner of the town of New Milford, Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. It was listed as a census-designated place (CDP) prior to the 2020 census.

History
The early history of Gaylordsville is closely connected to the Gaylord family, early settlers in New England. In 1630 William Gaylord arrived in Dorchester, Massachusetts on the ship "Mary and John" along with his wife and five sons. A deacon in the puritan church, he was involved in the affairs of the colony, signing land grants and serving on the first jury in the colony. He later settled in East Windsor, Connecticut. His great-grandson, Ensign William Gaylord, moved to Woodbury in 1706 and married Joanna, the daughter of Captain John Minor. Joanna's sister, Grace, married Samuel Grant, and was an ancestor of President Grant.

In 1712, the Gaylord couple came to New Milford, Connecticut, which had been settled only five years previously. Their house stood on the corner of Main and Elm Streets. For a time he kept a tavern there in addition to doing his regular work as a surveyor. He did a lot of surveying for the State, laying out town boundary lines, and it was, no doubt, on one of these surveying trips that he became impressed with the large areas of level land several miles north of the New Milford village, just north of the straits on the Housatonic River. He began taking title to parcels of it, and soon owned a large part of the valley. To ensure the good will of the Native Americans living in the area, he also bought it from them, giving, according to legend, a horse, a mule, and a two-wheeled cart.

In 1722, a highway was laid out 'by marked trees' north from New Milford to the brook called Whemiseck. The blazed trail ran through Squash Hallow, past the straits, and over Cedar Hill. Mr. Gaylord was probably the surveyor who laid out this road, and probably put it over Cedar Hill so it would not cut into the level areas that were to become his fields.

In 1725, Mr. Gaylord travelled this trail from New Milford and built a log cabin west of the Housatonic just north of the straits. He lived in this cabin three years while he was clearing land, cutting timbers, and building his frame house, which he built in 1728. The following year his oldest son, Aaron, built a house about a quarter of a mile south of his father's, and on the west side of the valley.

During this time the Gaylord family became good friends with their Indian neighbors, teaching them better methods of agriculture, and dickering with them for furs they could use. The family consisted of Mr. and Mrs. Gaylord, Aaron, Joanna, Ruth, Benjamin, and Mary. Benjamin remained at his father's home, and eventually took over the homestead. He married Tryal Morehouse on October 23, 1745.

William Gaylord died October 25, 1743, at the age of 73. His grave, and that of Mrs. Gaylord were the first ones in a cemetery that had been laid out about half a mile south of the Gaylord home.

Geography
Gaylordsville is located at geographical coordinates 41° 38′ 47" North, 73° 29′ 5" West (41.646469, -73.484673).

Gaylordsville is located in the northwest corner of New Milford. It is part of the valley known to the Native Americans as the Wheniuck or Red Plumb Plain. On the east the boundary is Quanuctnic or Long Mountain, but it has never been decided whether it should be at the foot of the mountain or somewhere up on top. The southern boundary is also vague, usually considered to be an imaginary line leaving the Housatonic River somewhere south of the Tory Cave and extending across Squash Hollow. The Sherman town line forms the western boundary, although several homes in Sherman are usually considered to be part of the Gaylordsville community.

The Housatonic River runs through the center of the village and is joined by the Wimisink, Womunshenuck, Naromiyocknowhusunkatankshunk (Morrissey), and Squash Hollow brooks. The south end of the valley is divided into two narrow valleys by Straits Mountain or Pauguiack. The north end of this overlooks the village and is called "the Pinnacle". The area usually considered to be Gaylordsville is about four miles long and one mile wide.

Historical sites

 * Brown's Forge, a blacksmith shop. 1870
 * The Little Red Schoolhouse 1740 - 1967. The last operating one-room schoolhouse in Connecticut. Also known as the Gaylord School, it was one of New Milford's primary schools for 227 years.
 * Merwinsville Hotel 1843

Notable people

 * Rex Brasher, American watercolor painter and ornithologist died here in 1960
 * Katharine Anthony, biographer
 * Elisabeth Irwin, founder of the Little Red School House in New York City
 * Florence Maybrick, convicted murderer, died here in 1941.
 * Isaac Stern, violinist
 * Nan Watson, artist

title: Gaylordsville, Connecticut


text:
Gordon College (Massachusetts)

Gordon College is a private Christian college in Wenham, Massachusetts. The college offers 44 majors, 55 concentrations, and 30 interdisciplinary and pre-professional minors as well as graduate programs in education, music education, public health and leadership. Gordon has an undergraduate enrollment of around 1,600 students representing more than 50 Christian denominations.

History
In 1889 Adoniram Judson Gordon founded the school, Boston Missionary Training Institute, in the Fenway–Kenmore neighborhood of Boston at the Clarendon Street Baptist Church to train Christian missionaries for work in what was then the Congo Free State. Progressive at its inception in 1889, the school admitted both men and women of various ethnicities. It was renamed Gordon Bible College in 1916 and expanded to Newton Theological Institution facilities along the Fenway, into a facility donated by Martha Frost in 1919. Frost, a widowed Bostonian with several properties in the city, provided a significant philanthropic gift. In 1921, the school was renamed Gordon College of Theology and Missions.

In the early 1950s, a Gordon student named James Higginbotham approached Frederick H. Prince about selling his 1000 acre estate to the college after learning of recent property viewings by the United Nations and Harvard University. In 1955, Gordon developed into a liberal arts college with a graduate theological seminary and moved to its present several-hundred-acre Wenham campus north of Boston. Gordon sold its Boston campus on Evans Way to Wentworth Institute of Technology. The Prince Memorial Chapel on the Wenham campus (since replaced) was named for Frederick Prince, and the Prince residence was named Frost Hall after Martha Frost.

In 1958, Gordon College instituted a core curriculum. In the 1950s it launched its first study-abroad program, European Seminar.

In 1962, the school changed its name to Gordon College and Divinity School. In 1970, the Gordon Divinity School separated from the college to merge with the Conwell School of Theology, once part of Temple University, to form the Gordon–Conwell Theological Seminary in Hamilton, Massachusetts.

Barrington College, founded in 1900 as the Bethel Bible Institute in Spencer, Massachusetts, later relocated to Dudley, Massachusetts, and then to Providence, Rhode Island. It took the name Barrington after the campus was moved to Barrington, Rhode Island, in 1959. Barrington merged with Gordon College in 1985, forming a United College of Gordon and Barrington.

Tuition decrease
In the October 2020, Gordon College announced a 33% reduction in tuition from $56.7k sticker price to $37.9k, joining two other CCCU schools in bringing tuition costs more in line with what a typical family would consider 'affordable.' The college notes that this reduction is made possible due to its Faith Rising capital campaign, which has expanded its base endowment by $125 million in the past year (250%), coupled with 24% debt reduction. Scholarships will be adjusted accordingly, with current students allowed to choose which arrangement they prefer. The reduction took effect in the fall semester of 2021.

Previously, in the fall of 2019, Gordon received the largest donation in its history, an anonymous gift of $75.5 million, with additional commitments of an additional $50 million, substantially increasing an endowment of $50 million and resulting in a 15% increase in college-funded student financial aid.

2014 discrimination controversy
On July 1, 2014, Gordon College President D. Michael Lindsay was one of fourteen leaders of religious and civic organizations who signed a letter to U.S. President Barack Obama about an executive order he was contemplating that would prohibit federal contractors from discriminating on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. The letter asked the president to include language that would exempt religious organizations from the executive order's requirements, suggesting he "find a way to respect diversity of opinion . . . in a way that respects the dignity of all parties". They suggested the exemption be based on language the U.S. Senate had recently added as an amendment to the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA). Obama did not use the ENDA amendment's language when he issued his order on July 21 but left in place a narrower exemption established with respect to federal contractors in 2002 by President George W. Bush's Executive Order 13279.

In response, on July 9, Salem, Massachusetts, Mayor Kimberley Driscoll ended Gordon College's contract to manage and maintain the city's Old Town Hall, citing a city ordinance that prohibits Salem from contracting with entities that discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation. Gordon's contract with the city would otherwise have expired on September 1. For similar reasons, in August, the Lynn Public Schools ended its relationship with the college, which had provided students to work without pay in the schools as part their training toward degrees in education and social work.

In late July, the Peabody Essex Museum ended its academic relationship with the Gordon museum studies program, later withdrawing its support for Gordon's grant application to the National Endowment for the Humanities that aimed at funding an expansion of its museum studies program. In mid-September the New England Association of Schools and Colleges gave the college a year to report on how its non-discrimination policies met the organization's standards for accreditation. At its April 2015 meeting, the New England Association of Schools and Colleges affirmed that Gordon's accreditation remained in good standing, with no further action required by the Commission at that time.

Conservative legal organizations have offered to represent the college in lawsuits that would argue that severing ties to the school constituted retaliation for the exercise of free speech and the practice of religion. Lindsay declined those offers and later said he would not have signed the letter had he anticipated the reaction and the impact on Gordon. The school subsequently reviewed its code of conduct, which, in addition to banning sex outside of marriage, bans homosexual practice. Based on that review, Lindsay announced that "its policy barring student or faculty sex out of heterosexual marriage will remain as is." In addition, Gordon College rolled out several initiatives aimed at preventing bullying of gay, lesbian, transsexual, and bisexual students.

Lawsuits
In 2015, Lauren Barthold, associate professor in the department of philosophy, filed a lawsuit against the college for retaliating against her because she publicly disagreed with the college's President D. Michael Lindsay who sought to allow federal contractors, on the basis of religion, to discriminate against LBGTQ individuals in hiring. The lawsuit contends that the college violated state laws protecting against retaliation. As part of a joint resolution, Prof. Barthold resigned in 2016.

In 2017, the college was sued by Margaret DeWeese-Boyd, associate professor in the department of sociology and social work. DeWeese-Boyd filed a complaint in Essex Superior Court claiming that the college's President Lindsay and Provost Janel Curry discriminated against her because of her gender and denied her promotion to full professorship for advocating against the school's LGBTQ policies. The college filed a motion seeking a summary judgment to determine whether the ministerial exception clause barred DeWeese-Boyd from suing. In November 2019, both parties appeared before the court for a hearing and DeWeese-Boyd argued that she never worked as a minister with the college. On April 2, 2020, Judge Jeffrey T. Karp of the Massachusetts Superior Court ruled against the ministerial exception defense. This decision was appealed to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (SJC) based on the July 2020 Supreme Court decision handed down in Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru. The SJC upheld the Superior Court decision in an opinion authored by Justice Scott L. Kafker. The United States Supreme Court declined a request to review the SJC's decision.

Academic associations
Gordon College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education. The music program is accredited by the National Association of Schools of Music (NASM) and the social work program is accredited by the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE). The Department of Education of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts recognizes Gordon College's teacher-education program under the Interstate Service Compact. Gordon is a member of the Annapolis Group and of the Christian College Consortium. It is also a member of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU).

Academics
Gordon College offers BA, BM, BS, MEd, MMEd, MA, and MS degrees. It offers undergraduate degrees from 27 majors, 42 concentrations and 11 interdisciplinary and preprofessional minors. Gordon offers both a graduate degree in education and music. The Graduate Education program offers the MEd degree. The Graduate Music program offers an MMEd degree, licensure-only options, and workshops.

Student life
a total of 2,109 students were enrolled at Gordon College, 1,707 of them undergraduates.

A Christian multidenominational college, Gordon requires students to sign the school's Statement of Faith, though the religious conclusions and commitments among students and faculty remain diverse. Catholics do not teach at Gordon College although some students are Catholic. All students must also sign a Life and Conduct Statement agreeing to the standards of behavior that Gordon values. Gordon College prohibits sexual relations outside marriage, homosexual practice, alcohol, tobacco, and narcotic or hallucinogenic drugs on campus and continues to uphold a dorm-visitation policy that allows for male-female visitation only during particular hours. Chapel services take place on Mondays and Wednesdays, and an academic convocation takes place on Fridays; attendance of chapel, convocation or other events (lectures, debates, presentations, films, exhibitions, etc.) is required to graduate. All full-time students must obtain 30 "Christian Life and Worship Credits" per semester.

Student body and demographics
In the fall of 2013 the college drew its undergraduate enrollment of 1,707 from 43 states and 41 foreign countries. Approximately 22 percent of enrollment—including international students—were of Asian, African American, mestizo, Native American, or other non-Caucasian descent.

Extracurriculars
Gordon College has a student association, student ministries, intramural sports, and a Campus Events Council. There are student-led community-service and outreach organizations ranging from drama troupes to Big Brothers Big Sisters and Habitat for Humanity.

Many other Gordon College outreach programs are based at other sites, such as Lynn, Massachusetts, where the school has partners for community development. Several student-led groups organize spring-break, winter-break and summer-break community-service trips and mission trips to different sites around the country and the globe.

Athletics
Gordon College's varsity sports compete in the NCAA Division III, primarily in the Commonwealth Coast Conference (CCC). Gordon College's 30 teams compete in baseball, basketball, cross-country, field hockey, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball. Athletes are called "The Fighting Scots".

Men's basketball
Head coach Tod Murphy, who became head coach in 2009, had led the Fighting Scots to five Commonwealth Coast Conference tournament appearances. One of these five years he led the team to an NCAA tournament appearance.

Eric Demers, a '20 graduate, led the nation in points per game averaging 33.3 points, including a 42-point performance against University of Hartford (Division 1).

Campus

In 2007, Gordon College dedicated its 450-acre campus property in the name of benefactors Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler following an unrestricted endowment promise of $60 million from their estate, which the college would receive at an undetermined future date. As of 2007, the Fowler gift (once received) was projected to triple the current endowment for Gordon College. In 2014 the Gordon endowment was $44,008,437. The Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler Campus at Gordon College is 25 miles north of Boston. The campus is situated on 450 acres of wooded property.

The Gordon College Bennett Center is a 78,000 ft2 athletics and recreational sports facility. The Bennett Center is a gift to the Gordon community from the George and Helen Bennett family. The $8 million center was completed in October 1996 and in 1997 won the Athletics Business Magazine Top Ten New Facilities Award for its design and usability.

The Ken Olsen Science Center, named for the founder of Digital Equipment Corporation and long-time Gordon College Board member, Ken Olsen, is an 80,000 ft2 science and technology center.

Gordon Global Programs
Gordon's Global Education Office has programs in Orvieto, Italy, Hong Kong, Oxford, Belize, Croatia, the Balkans, New Zealand, Latin America, and Uganda. Students enrolled in Gordon's Global program may use financial aid towards a study abroad semester.

Notable alumni

 * John-Manuel Andriote, journalist
 * Edwin David Aponte, cultural historian, author, and Presbyterian minister
 * Roy A. Clouser, professor of philosophy and religion
 * Jonathan Draper, Anglican priest and theologian
 * Rob Graves, songwriter and producer
 * Pete Holmes, comedian
 * James Davison Hunter, sociologist
 * Meredith G. Kline, theologian and Old Testament scholar
 * George Eldon Ladd, Baptist minister and professor of New Testament exegesis and theology
 * Thomas Lake, reporter
 * Ted Malloch, author, consultant, and television producer
 * Kenneth Lee Pike, linguist and anthropologist
 * Ralph Richardson, former chancellor of Atlantic Baptist University (now Crandall University) in Canada
 * Gary D. Schmidt, author
 * Hillary Scholten, politician
 * Jen Simmons, web developer, graphic designer and educator
 * Christian Smith, sociologist
 * Katrina Smith, politician
 * Doug Worgul, novelist, attended in 1971 and 1972

Notable faculty

 * Marvin R. Wilson – Emeritus, Harold John Ockenga Professor of Biblical & Theological Studies
 * Bruce Herman – Professor of art, visual artist and author

title: Gordon College (Massachusetts)


text:
Trusts & Estates (journal)

Trusts & Estates is a wealth management journal published by Informa which covers trust law and estates. It was first published in 1904 (as a periodical called Trust Companies) under the direction of Christian A. Luhnow, who was the editor, publisher and owner of the magazine at the time.

Today, Trusts & Estates publishes articles contributed by practitioners in the fields of estate planning and taxation, fiduciary professionals, family offices, insurance, investments, philanthropy, retirement benefits and valuations. According to trustsandestates.com, articles are generally peer-reviewed by an editorial advisory board. The journal is published 12 times per year with a Wealth Management Resource Guide bonus issue in December.

History
Christian A. Luhnow founded Trust Companies in March 1904 in response to the rise of the trust banking industry in the United States. Most of the 1,300 United States trust companies then in existence had been formed in the previous 25 years. Yet, according to the magazine back then, "no other financial institutions of comparatively recent growth have made such giant strides and at the same time are so little understood outside of those immediately interested."trusts in the 1800 were used as business techniques during the industrial growth these ways were often used by large companies

title: Trusts & Estates (journal)


text:
Buchs

Buchs may refer to:

Places
Several towns in Switzerland are called Buchs:
 * Buchs, Aargau
 * Buchs, St. Gallen
 * Buchs, Zurich
 * Buchs, Lucerne in the municipality of Dagmarsellen

People with the surname

 * Emanuel Buchs (born 1962), Swiss ski mountaineer, cross-country skier and biathlete
 * Herbert Büchs (1913–1996), German Air Force general and Luftwaffe officer

title: Buchs


text:
John Ridley Stroop

John Ridley Stroop (March 21, 1897 – September 1, 1973), better known as J. Ridley Stroop, was an American psychologist whose research in cognition and interference continues to be considered by some as the gold standard in attentional studies and profound enough to continue to be cited for relevance into the 21st century. However, Christianity was the real passion of his life; psychology was simply an occupation.

Early life
John Ridley Stroop was born in the rural community of Hall's Hill, outside Murfreesboro in Rutherford County, Tennessee. In poor health as an infant, his family thought that he was not going to live long so he was spared part of the heaviest farm work. Stroop was brilliant in his local county school at Kitrell, finishing the first of his class. He attended David Lipscomb High School in Nashville, graduating in 1919. Stroop then began to study at David Lipscomb College, then a two-year junior college, in Nashville, Tennessee, an institution where he would later return as a faculty member after his university doctoral work. Two years later, in 1921, he obtained his diploma from Lipscomb, graduating first in his class.

On December 23, 1921, Stroop married Zelma Dunn (1899-1988) with whom he had 3 sons. Zelma was the great-niece of Margaret Zellner, wife of David Lipscomb.

Academic career
Stroop spent his academic career at George Peabody College in Nashville while also teaching courses at David Lipscomb College. He received his B.S. degree in 1924 and his M.S. in 1925.

Stroop's doctoral studies at Peabody were focused on Experimental Psychology with a minor in Educational Psychology. His research at the Jesup Psychological Laboratory and his dissertation were under the direction of Joseph Peterson. Stroop's research was built on studies in the early 1880s by Cattell under the direction of Wilhelm Wundt to measure mental processes involving naming objects as well as reading object names. The elegance of Stroop's research was to apply experimental rigor and a clarity of explanation that led to identification of the tested processes with his name. Stroop developed a color-word task to demonstrate interference between reading an object's name and naming an object, and explained some of its psychological characteristics, which were later named the Stroop effect. Soon after producing his dissertation on the color-word task to obtain his Ph.D, Stroop left experimental psychology. He produced only two other papers related to the color-word task.

After obtaining his doctorate, Stroop worked briefly for the Tennessee Educational Commission and also for the Tennessee Polytechnic Institute, now Tennessee Technological University. He soon returned to David Lipscomb College, where he served as Registrar for eleven years, and then as chair of the Psychology Department from 1948 to 1964. Stroop continued to teach psychology and Biblical studies until he retired in 1967. He served one year as dean of Ohio Valley College in Parkersburg, West Virginia before returning to Lipscomb as Emeritus Professor of Biblical Studies until his death on September 1, 1973.

Psychology theses and dissertations

 * A study of the inaccuracy of scoring handwriting by handwriting scales (1925)
 * Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions (1935)

Psychology articles

 * Is the judgment of the group better than that of the average member of the group? (1932; Journal of Experimental Psychology, 15, 550–562)
 * Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions (1935; Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643–662)
 * The basis of Ligon's theory (1935; American Journal of Psychology, 47, 499–504)
 * Factors affecting speed in serial verbal reactions (1938; Psychological Monographs, 50, 38–48)

Religion works

 * Why do people not see the Bible alike? (1949)
 * God's plan and me. Book 1, Jesus’ mission and method (1950)
 * God's Plan and Me, How to Inherit Eternal Life (1954)
 * Syllabus on later Hebrew history (1960)
 * God's Plan and Me (1950–1961)
 * The gospel in context (1961)
 * The church of the Bible (1962)
 * Syllabus on Paul's briefer epistles and the general epistles (1965)
 * Restoration ideas on church organization (1966)
 * Galatians : the sufficiency of the gospel without the law (1971)
 * The superiority of the Gospel over the Law : (Hebrews) (1972)
 * Romans : righteousness through faith (1973)
 * What shall we do with the new Bible (Revised Standard Version)
 * The faith that saves (1950–1970)
 * Does love demand or excuse? (1950–1970)
 * Syllabus on the epistles of Paul to the churches.

title: John Ridley Stroop


text:
Attur, Salem

Attur or Aathur is a municipality and headquarters of Attur taluk in the Salem district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. As of the 2011 census, the town had a population of 61,793. Attur is growing economically.

Transport
Attur is located at the junction of NH 79 and NH 136. One National Highway and two state highways originate from Attur.

Demographics
According to 2011 census, Attur had a population of 61,793 with a sex-ratio of 1,021 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 6,147 were under the age of six, constituting 3,209 males and 2,938 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 22.33% and 0.62% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 74.65%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The city had a total of 16,371 households. There were a total of 25,949 workers, comprising 1,417 cultivators, 3,740 main agricultural labourers, 735 in household industries, 17,482 other workers, 2,575 marginal workers, 36 marginal cultivators, 703 marginal agricultural labourers, 176 marginal workers in household industries and 1,660 other marginal workers. As per the religious census of 2011, Attur had 90.7% Hindus, 7.24% Muslims, 1.88% Christians, 0.03% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, 0.04% Jains, 0.11% following other religions and 0.0% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.

Politics
Attur assembly constituency is part of Kallakurichi (Lok Sabha constituency). Thiru.Jayashankar is the current Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (MLA) representing the Attur constituency as of 2021.

title: Attur, Salem


text:
Man's best friend

"Man's best friend" is a common title given to domestic dogs, referring to their multi-millennia-long history of close relations, loyalty, friendship, and companionship with humans. The first recorded use of a related phrase is by Frederick the Great of Prussia. It was likely popularized by its use in a poem by Ogden Nash and has since become a common colloquialism.

Before the 19th century, breeds of dogs (other than lap dogs) were largely functional. They performed activities such as hunting, tracking, watching, protecting and guarding; and language describing the dog often reflected these roles. In older works, dogs are rarely depicted as faithful or as man's best friend, but as "vicious, ravening, or watchful." Beginning in the 18th century, multiplying in the 19th and flourishing in the 20th century, language and attitudes towards dogs began to shift.

Argos and Odysseus
In Homer's Odyssey (c. 8th century BC), upon Odysseus' return, his beloved dog Argos is the only individual to recognize him.

"As they [Eumaeus and Ulysses] were thus talking, a dog that had been lying asleep raised his head and pricked up his ears. This was Argos, whom Ulysses had bred before setting out for Troy, but he had never had any work out of him. In the old days he used to be taken out by the young men when they went hunting wild goats, or deer, or hares, but now that his master was gone he was lying neglected on the heaps of mule and cow dung that lay in front of the stable doors till the men should come and draw it away to manure the great close; and he was full of fleas. As soon as he saw Ulysses standing there, he dropped his ears and wagged his tail, but he could not get close up to his master. When Ulysses saw the dog on the other side of the yard, dashed a tear from his eyes without Eumaeus seeing it, and said:

Eumaeus, what a noble hound that is over yonder on the manure heap: his build is splendid; is he as fine a fellow as he looks, or is he only one of those dogs that come begging about a table, and are kept merely for show?'

This hound,' answered Eumaeus, 'belonged to him who has died in a far country. If he were what he was when Ulysses left for Troy, he would soon show you what he could do. There was not a wild beast in the forest that could get away from him when he was once on its tracks. But now he has fallen on evil times, for his master is dead and gone, and the women take no care of him. Servants never do their work when their master's hand is no longer over them, for Jove takes half the goodness out of a man when he makes a slave of him.'"

King Frederick II of Prussia
The statement Dog is man's best friend was first recorded as being made by Frederick II, King of Prussia (1740–1786). Frederick referred to one of his Italian Greyhounds as his best friend.

Poet C.S. van Winkle
The earliest citation in the U.S. is traced to a poem by C.S. Winkle printed in The New-York Literary Journal, Volume 4, 1821:
 * The faithful dog – why should I strive
 * To speak his merits, while they live
 * In every breast, and man's best friend
 * Does often at his heels attend.

Attorney George Graham Vest
In 1870 Warrensburg, Missouri, George Graham Vest represented a farmer suing for damages after his dog, Old Drum, had been shot and killed. During the trial, Vest stated that he would "win the case or apologize to every dog in Missouri."

Vest's closing argument to the jury made no reference to any of the testimony offered during the trial, and instead offered a eulogy of sorts. Vest's "Eulogy of the Dog" is one of the most enduring passages of purple prose in American courtroom history (only a partial transcript has survived):

Gentlemen of the jury: The best friend a man has in this world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daughter that he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name, may become traitors to their faith. The money that a man has, he may lose. It flies away from him, perhaps when he needs it the most. A man's reputation may be sacrificed in a moment of ill-considered action. The people who are prone to fall on their knees to do us honor when success is with us may be the first to throw the stone of malice when failure settles its cloud upon our heads. The one absolutely unselfish friend that a man can have in this selfish world, the one that never deserts him and the one that never proves ungrateful or treacherous is his dog.

Gentlemen of the jury: A man's dog stands by him in prosperity and in poverty, in health and in sickness. He will sleep on the cold ground, where the wintry winds blow and the snow drives fiercely, if only he may be near his master's side. He will kiss the hand that has no food to offer, he will lick the wounds and sores that come in encounters with the roughness of the world. He guards the sleep of his pauper master as if he were a prince. When all other friends desert, he remains. When riches take wings and reputation falls to pieces, he is as constant in his love as the sun in its journey through the heavens.

If fortune drives the master forth an outcast in the world, friendless and homeless, the faithful dog asks no higher privilege than that of accompanying him to guard against danger, to fight against his enemies, and when the last scene of all comes, and death takes the master in its embrace and his body is laid away in the cold ground, no matter if all other friends pursue their way, there by his graveside will the noble dog be found, his head between his paws, his eyes sad but open in alert watchfulness, faithful and true even to death.

Vest won the case (the jury awarded $50 to the dog's owner) and also won its appeal to the Missouri Supreme Court.

In 1958, a statue of Old Drum was erected on the Johnson County Courthouse lawn containing a summation of Vest's closing speech, "A man's best friend is his dog."

As well, a bust of the dog resides in the Missouri Supreme Court building in Jefferson City, Missouri.

Voltaire
Much earlier, however, Voltaire had written in his Dictionnaire philosophique of 1764:
 * CHIEN. — Il semble que la nature ait donné le chien à l'homme pour sa défense et pour son plaisir. C'est de tous les animaux le plus fidèle : c'est le meilleur ami que puisse avoir l'homme.

Translated, this reads:
 * DOG. — It seems that nature has given the dog to man for his defense and for his pleasure. Of all the animals it is the most faithful: it is the best friend man can possibly have.

Ogden Nash
In 1941, Ogden Nash wrote "An Introduction to Dogs," beginning:
 * The dog is man's best friend.
 * He has a tail on one end.
 * Up in front he has teeth.
 * And four legs underneath.

title: Man's best friend


text:
Buchs, Aargau

Buchs is a municipality in the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

It is located near the river Suhre and borders with the municipalities of Aarau, Rupperswil and Suhr. The municipality is accessed by the A1 motorway via the Aarau-Ost exit.

History
Buchs is first mentioned in 1225 as Buhse. In 1361 it was mentioned as Buchs.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent a Box-tree Vert eradicated issuant from Coupeaux of the same. The coat of arms contains an example of canting, the tree is a box-tree (Buchsbaum) which refers to the municipal name.

Geography
The center of the village is located at the river Suhre, which joins the river Aare two kilometers farther north. The older populated areas are the "Oberdorf" west of, and the "Ausserdorf" east of, the river; this is surrounded by the newer areas. The area of Buchs lies in the plains of the Suhre, the eastern part is covered by the "Suretwald" forest.

Buchs has an area,, of 5.3 km2. Of this area, 13.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 46.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 40.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (0.2%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes).

The highest elevation, 394 meters, is located at the south-west border in the "Steinfeld" area, the lowest elevation, 371 meters, is located where the Suhre leaves the area of Buchs in the north.

Demographics
Buchs has a population (as of ) of. , 31.3% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 3.7%. Most of the population speaks German (80.3%), with Italian being second most common ( 6.0%) and Serbo-Croatian being third ( 4.3%). Of the rest of the population 2.6% spoke Turkish, 1.2% Spanish, 0.7% Albanian, 0.6% French, 0.5% Portuguese.

The age distribution,, in Buchs is; 615 children or 9.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 716 teenagers or 10.9% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 946 people or 14.5% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 976 people or 14.9% are between 30 and 39, 1,020 people or 15.6% are between 40 and 49, and 855 people or 13.1% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 586 people or 9.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 482 people or 7.4% are between 70 and 79, there are 294 people or 4.5% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 49 people or 0.7% who are 90 and older.

, there were 340 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 1,538 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 756 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. The average number of people per household was 2.24 individuals. there were 912 single family homes (or 28.9% of the total) out of a total of 3,153 homes and apartments.

The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Buchs about 66.7% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the school age population, there are 434 students attending primary school, there are 123 students attending secondary school, there are 166 students attending tertiary or university level schooling in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Government
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 35.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (19.6%), the FDP (13.1%) and the CVP (10.9%).

Legislative
In place of a village meeting (Gemeindeversammlung), a citizen assembly (Einwohnerrat) of 40 members is elected by the citizens, and follows the policy of proportional representation. It is responsible for approving tax levels, preparing the annual account, and the business report. In addition, it can issue regulations. The term of office is four years. In the last two elections the parties had the following representation:

At the district level, some elements of the government remain a direct democracy. There are optional and obligatory referendums, and the population retains the right to establish an initiative.

Executive
The executive authority is the municipal council (Gemeinderat). The term of office is four years, and its members are elected by a plurality voting system. It leads and represents the municipality. It carries out the resolutions of the assembly, and those requested by the canton and national level governments.

The five members (and their party) for the period 2006-2009 are:
 * Heinz Baur (FDP), President (Gemeindeammann)
 * Hansruedi Werder (Jungliberale Bewegung), Vice President
 * Urs Affolter (FDP)
 * Barbara Keusch (CVP)
 * Jörg Kissling (SP)

Economy
Buchs offers approximately 4100 jobs, whereof 1% in agriculture, 48% industry and 51% services. The industrial areas are mainly located near the railway line in the north, and in the "Wynenfeld" in the south-eastern part. The largest employers are the Chocolat Frey AG, the Jowa bakery and the Mibelle AG cosmetics manufacturer, all of them belonging to Switzerland's largest retailer Migros. Express and mail delivery company TNT has its Swiss head office and hub in Buchs. The waste incineration plant KVA (Kehricht-Verbrennungs-Anlage) Buchs incinerates the waste of 82 municipalities.

, Buchs had an unemployment rate of 2.81%. , there were 21 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 4 businesses involved in this sector. 1,997 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 61 businesses in this sector. 2,096 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 181 businesses in this sector.

there was a total of 3,231 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 2,491 or about 77.1% of the residents worked outside Buchs while 2,892 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 3,632 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality.

Traffic
A bus line of the Aarau town bus company Busbetrieb Aarau AG connects Buchs to Aarau.

In 1877 the railway company Schweizerische Nationalbahn opened a standard gauge branch line from Aarau via Buchs to Suhr, connecting it with their main line Singen – Winterthur – Wettingen – Lenzburg – Zofingen. It was later taken over by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB). The Aarau-Buchs-Suhr branch was closed down in 2004. It is currently being replaced by a narrow gauge railway line of the Wynental branch of AAR bus+bahn.

By car, Buchs is accessed by the A1 motorway via the Aarau-Ost exit.

Religion
From the, 2,031 or 32.9% are Roman Catholic, while 2,436 or 39.4% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there are 13 individuals (or about 0.21% of the population) who belong to the Christian Catholic faith, 8.1% are Muslim, 4.4% are Orthodox Christian and 1.0% are another religion.

title: Buchs, Aargau


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text: User talk:64.107.141.20

title: User talk:64.107.141.20