text:
Itsukushima

Itsukushima (厳島) is an island in the western part of the Inland Sea of Japan, located in the northwest of Hiroshima Bay. It is popularly known as Miyajima (宮島), which in Japanese means "Shrine Island". The island is one of Hayashi Gahō's Three Views of Japan specified in 1643. Itsukushima is part of the city of Hatsukaichi in Hiroshima Prefecture. The island was part of the former town of Miyajima before the 2005 merger with Hatsukaichi.

Itsukushima is famous for the Itsukushima Shrine, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. According to records, the shrine was established in the time of Empress Suiko. The warrior-courtier Taira no Kiyomori gave the shrine its present form. In 1555, Mōri Motonari defeated Sue Harukata at the Battle of Miyajima. Toyotomi Hideyoshi built a large building, the Senjō-kaku, on a hill above the shrine.

Itsukushima has a number of temples, including Toyokuni Shrine with a five-storied pagoda, and Daiganji Temple - one of the three most famous Benzaiten temples of Japan. The island is also famous for its upper hill side cherry blossoms and maple leaf autumn foliage.

The island of Itsukushima, including the waters around it (part of Seto Inland Sea), lies within Setonaikai National Park. This sea is affected by strong tides. At low tide, the bottom of the sea is exposed past the island's torii. At high tide, the sea covers all the previously exposed seabed mud and fills areas underneath the shrine boardwalk.

Location and geography
Itsukushima is mountainous and sparsely settled. It has an elementary school and a middle school. There are no traffic signals. It is rural and mountainous, only 30.39 km2, and has a population of about 2000. There are no cities, only small towns with simple houses and privately owned shops. The islanders work hard to preserve the forests and respect nature.

Frequent ferry services, operated by JR West (JR Miyajima ferry) and by Miyajima Matsudai Tourist Ship, carry traffic between the island and the mainland at Miyajimaguchi. The trip takes about ten minutes. There is an hourly express passenger ferry to Hiroshima harbour.

Miyajima's maple trees are renowned throughout Japan and blanket the island in crimson in the autumn. Momiji manjū, pastries filled with azuki jam or custard, are popular souvenirs and carry maple-leaf emblems. Many other varieties such as chocolate and cheese are available. Because the island is seen as sacred, trees may not be cut for lumber. Sika deer roam freely. Deer are thought of as sacred in the native Shinto religion because they are considered messengers of the gods. They walk the streets of the city, not afraid of the tourists.

The shamoji, a style of wooden paddle used to serve cooked rice without impairing the taste, is said to have been invented by a monk who lived on the island. The shamoji is a popular souvenir, and there are some outsized examples around the shopping district.

The peak of Mount Misen, at 535 m, is the highest point on the island. Miyajima Ropeway carries visitors to within a 30-minute hike to the top. There are several sites related to the historic Buddhist priest and founder of Shingon Buddhism, Kōbō Daishi (弘法大師) (774–835), including Daishō-in, near the top.

The island contains the Miyajima Natural Botanical Garden (宮島自然植物実験所) on its north coast.

People often take the short ferry ride from mainland Japan to pray at Miyajima's shrines and to marvel at the beauty of its forests. Shrines on the island include Senjokaku (Toyokuni Shrine), Five-storied Pagoda, Two-storied Pagoda, Kiyomori Shrine, and Omoto Shrine.

Shrines and temples
In Japan, the term "shrine" implies a Shinto religious structure and "temple" implies a Buddhist one.

Itsukushima Shrine
Miyajima is famous for the Itsukushima Shrine (厳島神社) which is a Shinto shrine. It is known for its "floating" torii gate. The historic shrine complex is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as well as one of the National Treasures by the Japanese government.

Daiganji Temple
Next to the Itsukushima Shrine is Daiganji Temple, dedicated to Goddess Benzaiten as well as three Buddhas important to Shingon Buddhism. Benzaiten Goddess in Japan has been traced to Goddess Saraswati of Hinduism in India. She is the Goddess of eloquence, music, arts, wealth and knowledge. The three Buddha in the temple are Gautama Buddha, Wisdom Buddha and Mercy Buddha.

Daiganji Temple is one of the three most famous Benzaiten Temples in Japan, along with Enoshima Benzaiten (Kanagawa) and Chikubujima Benzaiten (Shiga). The Benzaiten is opened to the public only once every year on June 17. On this day, Miyajima holds a big festival, and people of the region visit the temple to offer their prayers.

The precise date for the first construction of Daiganji Benzaiten temple is unclear. It was reconstructed around 1200 AD in the Kamakura period. The construction date of Itsukushima-jinja and Daiganji temple is estimated to be 6th century or later, and the existence of Itsukushima-jinja is confirmed by early 9th century by ancient Japanese texts. The Nihon Shoki confirms the sacredness of these Miyajama structures during the Heian Period (794-1184).

Daishō-in Temple
Daishō-in is a historic Japanese temple on Mount Misen, the holy mountain on the island. It is the 14th temple in the Chūgoku 33 Kannon Pilgrimage and famous for the maple trees and their autumn colors. It is also called "Suishō-ji". As the headquarters of the Omuro branch of Shingon Buddhism, it is the most important temple of Miyajima. The temple was the administrator of the Itsukushima shrine before Meiji Restoration forbade (Shinbutsu bunri) syncretism (Shinbutsu-shūgō) between Shinto and Buddhism in 1868.

Senjokaku (Toyokuni Shrine)

Senjokaku (lit. "pavilion of 1000 mats") is the largest structure at Miyajima Island as the name implies. Toyotomi Hideyoshi started construction of Senjokaku as a Buddhist library in which the chanting of Senbu-kyo sutras could be held for fallen soldiers. Hideyoshi died in 1598 and the building was never fully completed. Originally, Amitabha Buddha and two Buddhist saints, Ānanda and Mahākāśyapa, were enshrined in the structure until the Meiji reformation. Then, the structure was converted into a Shinto shrine dedicated to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Numerous votive picture tablets that had been hanging in the Itsukushima Shrine buildings until the Meiji era, have been hung on the walls inside the hall.

Five-storied Pagoda (Gojunoto)

The nearby Five-storied Pagoda constructed in 1407 (thus predating Senjokaku) enshrined Yakushi Nyorai Zazo, the Buddha of Medicine said to have been made by Kobo Daishi himself, accompanied by Fugen Bosatsu (Mercy Buddha) and Monju Bosatsu (Wisdom Buddha). The three images were moved to the Daiganji Temple during the Meiji reformation.

title: Itsukushima


text:
Chʼol people

The Chʼol are an Indigenous people of Mexico, mainly in the northern Chiapas highlands in the state of Chiapas. As one of the Maya peoples, their indigenous language is from the Mayan language family, known also as Chʼol. According to the 2000 Census, there were 140,806 speakers of Chʼol in Chiapas, including 40,000 who were monolingual.

Geographical history
The Maya regions can be divided into three eco-logical areas: Southern Lowland, Northern Lowlands, and highlands/pacific slope region. The northern area was important because of its salt production, limestone, and cacao production. The limestone was essential to the construction of the Mayan cities and sculptures. The highlands consist of volcanic areas that are surrounded by mountain ranges from the Chiapas to Southern Guatemala. The mountain peaks vary from 3300 to 13100 ft. Additionally, the landscape is characterized by valleys with fertile land and large lakes. These characteristics made the region appealing to explorers who later exploited the locations abundant natural resources.

History of the Chʼol in Mexico
In 1554, the Spanish military first invaded Lacandon jungle, where the Lakandon Chʼol and other indigenous groups lived. At the end of the 1550s, the Spanish invasion forced the Chʼol and other Mayan groups into settlements called Reducciones. Eventually, when the reducciones were split, the Chʼol were sent to the North, to Palenque, Tilá, and Tumbalá. The people sent to these regions were the ancestors of today's Chʼol. The Chʼol were forced to work on encomiendas until the Spanish crown gave them a document called the "cédulas reales" which granted them the land they had worked on for generations.

In the 19th century, President Benito Juarez established a system of agrarian ejidos with the intent of changing the traditional system of production in Mexico. To establish the system, Juarez took away land from indigenous tribes such as the Chʼol. However, the ejidos did not provide enough natural resources to support the Chʼol people. As a result, the Chʼol began to move into the Lacandon Jungle. Today there is conflict between the Chʼol and the Lacandon-Yucatec speakers as the Chʼol continue to move into the land the Lacandones now claim as their own.

Language
The language that is called Chʼol in English is referred to as "Lak tyʼañ" means "our speech". The word Chʼol refers to both the language and the people.

The Chʼol language consists of three branches: Sabanilla, Tilá and Tumbalá. Although some linguists consider them as three different languages, they are commonly known as dialects of the same Chʼol language. Speakers of Tilá and Tumbalá can usually understand each other. In total, there are an estimated 120,000 speakers of the Chʼol language. The Tilá speakers inhabit Chiapas, Tila, and while the Tumbala inhabit north central Chiapas, Tumbala, Sabanilla, Misjia, Limar, Chivalita. Both dialects are spoken in Vicente Guerrero, Limar, and Chivalito.

Although most Chʼol people are monolingual, those that speak Spanish have a variation called "Castia". This form of Spanish is characterized by:

 * Continued use of archaisms that are no longer used in other varieties in Spanish like: Cuartia, fanego, libra
 * Use of Vos instead of tu in second person singular
 * Phonetic transformation in the second singular: "i" is dropped and "e" is stressed. For example: Vos quereis = Vos queres
 * Frequent use of "lo" even when there is a masculine or feminine article: "lo hizo las tortillas" o "lo miro el rio"

Food and culture
The Chʼol practice Christianity. However, many Mayan traditions are incorporated into the Chʼols' Christian religious practices (more so than in other regions of Mexico). For example "cave worship has been legitimized throughout the region and local curers alternate between churches and caves to gain their powers and carry out their functions. Earth owner, the Mayan cave god, and Christ have been reconciled, and cave ceremonies have continued to be performed since the conversion of the population to Christianity."

The staple food of the Chʼol people are corn, livestock (chicken, turkey), beans, squash, bananas, greens and other fruits. A source of income for some Chʼol includes selling livestock, (like pigs, cows and chicken) as well as fruits; this income is used to purchase soap, medicine and other essential materials.

Education and bilingualism
The growing interaction between Spanish speakers and Chʼol speakers has created a desire for higher education and more job opportunities. The interaction has also heightened the need to learn Spanish and has caused the stigmatization of native languages including Chʼol. However, the majority of Spanish speakers in the Chʼol community are males, younger women, and children. Children learn to speak Spanish in primary school; they are taught in Chʼol till fourth grade when instruction begins to be given in Spanish. In some rural villages, there are secondary schools, but for higher education most have to travel to a different town. However, the cost of doing so generally prohibits this. In México, education is mandatory through secondary school, but many Chʼol students (especially girls) stop attending around the sixth grade due to early marriage and financial issues.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chʼol people


text: User talk:67.85.211.226

title: User talk:67.85.211.226


text:
Wikipedia talk:Copyrights/Archive 1

 * images talk to Wikipedia talk:Image use policy/copyright
 * Questions on whether one can use various stuff to Wikipedia talk:Copyrights/Can I use...
 * -> Wikipedia talk:GFDL History (unofficial)

I suggest changing the final bullet to:
 * you must acknowledge the authorship of the article (section 4B), and you must provide access to the "transparent copy" of the material, and to previous versions of the document. (section 4J). (The "transparent copy" of a Wikipedia article is its wiki text.) To fulfil these two obligations you must provide a conspicuous link back to the home of the article here at wikipedia.org.

I suggest this change because under section 4J of the license, users of the material are required to "Preserve the network location ..... for previous versions it was based on". So linking back to Wikipedia isn't optional as a way for crediting history and giving a transparent copy, as the existing wording implies; it is demanded by the license.

Could someone with a good understanding of the license check I have understood this correctly? Enchanter 15:51 Aug 21, 2002 (PDT)

 * A link back to the article is just one way to fulfill their obligations. For instance, if they produce a printed version of Wikipedia, or a "book on tape" version, they cannot do that. AxelBoldt 16:58 Aug 21, 2002 (PDT)

fair use
Question - do quotations come under the guidelines on this page? I'm currently doing lots of stuff to the pages dealing with Neil Gaiman's Sandman stories, and sometimes use quotations from the original in the entries. Do I need to include a copyright notice for these? AW

Yes, I'd suggest preserving copyright notices, along with some kind of "Used pursuant to 17 USC §107" notice. Otherwise, it's borderline plagiarism. (Plagiarism != infringement. Not crediting is plagiarism; breaking the fair use guidelines is infringement.) --Damian Yerrick

Public domain
Could someone clatify the status of public domain works? The whole of the article Victor Lustig was pasted from a web site marked "public domain". -- Tarquin
 * When something is in the public domain, that means that the author gives up the copyright. The work is then freely distributable in whatever way anyone sees fit. Copyright on works was originally set to expire after 14 years, but with the various copyright extensions, copyright can now easily last for 150 years. So most works no longer enter the public domain on their own; the author must explicitly disclaim copyright.
 * Under the U.S. Federal Copyright Act, material that is originated by the Federal government is not subject to copyright. In some cases, material may originate with a private contractor which assigns the copyright to the agency. However, material that is generated by the Federal government which doesn't have a notice can be copied. Note this only applies to the federal government. United States state governments can copyright materials.
 * A lot of the U.S. government's works (e.g. NASA photos and the CIA World Factbook info) are in the public domain. Take a look at Public domain resources for more resources. :-) --KQ 15:26 Sep 15, 2002 (UTC)

---

How does translating text fit in here? Most of the time translation is paraphrasing since exact translation is not possible with most languages. --voidvector

 * A translated text is a derivative work, and as such subject to the original's copyright as well as the translator's. So, please include only translations of material that is itself public domain, GFDL or GFDL-compatible licensed, or explicitly approved by the copyright holder (which is to say, GFDL-licensed by request). (Disclaimer: IANAIPL.) --Brion

I have a question ..... what is the meaning of copyright? Obviously very few of us actually "know" the person or object we are writing about. For example, when writing about Mary Queen of Scots I assume no one has actually met her to get a report on her life (!) so everything about her on this site must have been taken from an existing text. So most of this encyclopaedia is copyright!! My last statement is obviously nonsense so where does copyright end? Is it OK to rephrase an existing text in such a way that it cannot be recognised in the encyclopaedia? How different must it be? I'm really puzzled. Help!! Arpingstone 20:51 Jan 21, 2003 (UTC)

 * check out Copyright for some info. The links at the bottom of that page will take you to a bunch of other pages on copyright in the wiki, and some discussion. Dachshund

 * facts are not copyright, but the expression of them is. So rephrasing text, basically, is fine (it's got to be rephrased enough to be original -- same as essays at school) -- Tarquin 20:54 Jan 21, 2003 (UTC)

 * Tarquin is right. I'd like to add that if you want to write really good Wikipedia articles, you scour multiple sources -- books, papers, websites, mailing lists, newspaper articles ... -- and try to develop a coherent picture from that. By doing so, you are creating a new work that presents all points of view. However, if someone has already done so, you should just summarize that source.

 * But copyright is an idiotic concept that should be abolished. One way to get there is to create lots of open content -- so go for it! --Eloquence 21:12 Jan 21, 2003 (UTC)

It's cool that we're allowed to copy individual articles from Wikipedia. But how about copying the entire thing ? What do I do if I want to, say, create a CD-ROM containing all of Wikipedia ? Maybe this should be explained here ? Or a link should be provided to a page explaining it ? User:Eivind Jan 29, 2003

 * You can do this already. See Database download. However what you get by that is exactly what is displayed here and you have to install the Software to use it (you'll have to generate the HTML yourself). There are plans for creating a pure HTML version of the database that can be placed on a CD ROM though. --mav

Are people allowed to quote from the Wikipedia? How long a quote can they take before it stops being fair use?

Seriously: I have no intention of contributing to an unquotable encyclopedia, any more than I would want to start a cancer plague. --Uncle Ed 23:18 Feb 27, 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes. "Fair use" is a broad brush, and we oursleves take full advantage of it. Tannin

 * IANAL but fair use would allow for quoting Wikipedia without violating the GNU FDL. --mav

Implications of International Law
A discussion regarding Wikipedia's image use policy has brought up a very interesting question: What about copyright law in foreign jurisdictions?

 * Copyright in a work can expire under U.S. law, but remain valid under the law of another country. Thus, if you make use of a work in another country or on the Internet you may be subject to liability under the laws of a foreign country, even the work has entered the public domain in the U.S.

(Bromberg & Sunstein, LLP - Copyright Durations - Foreign Rights and Works)

IMHO, this is a very serious concern for Wikipedia. -- NetEsq 02:28 Apr 17, 2003 (UTC)

From your reference:

 * Under current law, foreign authors from most countries are accorded the same exclusive rights under U.S. copyright law as they would have if they were U.S. citizens.

It was talk of "national treatment" similar to this statement that led me to write previously "Foreign copyright owners from such countries, whose rights are infringed by Wikipedia, would generally act against Wikipedia under US law". I was confused by the idea that the foreign copyright can be protected, but protected by the mechanism of national law. If copyright has expired in the US but not elsewhere, can a civil case be brought against Jimbo or Bomis in a US court? Are the protections for website owners, under DMCA, removed when it is a foreign copyright owner who is wronged? -- Tim Starling 02:46 Apr 17, 2003 (UTC)

My *GUESS* is that United States law would obtain if suit were brought in a United States court, but that is only a guess. Moroever, if someone in the United Kingdom were to bring suit against Wikipedia in the United Kingdom, my guess is that the United Kingdom would apply the law of the United Kingdom, but (once again) that is only a guess. The implications of such forum shopping are truly mind-boggling. I vaguely remember a legal dispute some twenty years ago (not involving copyright) where the courts in these two countries claimed jurisdiction and dismissed the jurisdictional claims of the other country, and the litigants passed away long before the dispute was resolved, assuming that it ever was resolved. -- NetEsq 03:09 Apr 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * It would seem pretty bizarre to me to expect a US judge to apply UK law, or attempt to create some mish-mash between the two. But then I'm told that's the primary failing of scientists like myself trying to understand law: assuming there's some kind of logic to it.

 * I had a brief look at jurisdiction shopping some time ago, when Kay Shearin (US) threatened to sue Tarquin (UK). I read up on extradition treaties: it seemed to me that even if the US case was successful, Shearin would have had buckleys chance of getting Tarquin arrested (unless he went for a visit to the US). -- Tim Starling 03:29 Apr 17, 2003 (UTC)

I found an article that is totally on point: Conflict of Laws Issues in International Copyright Cases By Peter K. Yu. Basically, there is no "right" answer when it comes to international conflicts of copyright law, and anyone relying upon Wikipedia's GFDL in a foreign jurisdiction does so at his or her own risk. [Please note that nothing that I have posted here should be construed as a legal opinion or as constituting legal advice.] -- NetEsq 04:05 Apr 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * Very interesting, it seems the answer is exactly my "bizarre" mish-mash of US and UK laws applied by a US judge. I wonder how people would react if we wrote on Copyrights "don't infringe copyright, because we don't know what will happen if you do." I think it would be appropriate to update Copyrights and Image use policy to indicate that data submission should be legal under both US law and the law of the copyright-holder's country. Oh, and the law of the uploader's country, too. -- Tim Starling 04:53 Apr 17, 2003 (UTC)

This is my opinion (a non-lawyer's) based on the spirit of the GFDL, rather than the letter. When you licence a work under the GFDL, you licence it so that everyone can use it. You explicitly say "You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium". If the work may not be copied and distributed outside the US, then you may not licence it under the GFDL. Note that the GFDL doesn't allow you to place geographical restrictions on who can copy it, so you can't say that "Wikipedia text is licensed under the GFDL for use in the US only". Hence, all data submitted has to be legal under all copyright law - essentially this means following the union of US law, EU law, and the Berne convention. Martin

 * You have a good point. I agree with everything you said there except one thing: "all" copyright law is not US+EU+Berne. I stumbled across this interesting article, which sorts countries around the world by level of protection. Apparently Mexico and Guatemala protect literary works for life+75 years, Colombia for life+80, and France for up to life+84 years (in a small set of cases). Oh, and the James Barrie play Peter Pan is protected forever, in the UK. People submitting work to Wikipedia are obliged to follow the strictest set of protections: in most cases, life+80 years. -- Tim Starling 12:05 Apr 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * Colombian law

-

 *  << If the work may not be copied and distributed outside the US, then you may not licence it under the GFDL. >>

In theory, that's all well and good, but there is no guarantee on how foreign jurisdictions will interpret the GFDL. They can do whatever they want. In fact, there is no guarantee as to how courts in the United States might interpret copyright claims (public domain or otherwise) based on foreign publication.

 *  << Note that the GFDL doesn't allow you to place geographical restrictions on who can copy it, so you can't say that "Wikipedia text is licensed under the GFDL for use in the US only". >>

Based upon my initial research, I am of the opinion that the GFDL *IS* in fact limited to publications within the context of United States copyright law. It does not -- and cannot -- take the copyright law of foreign jurisdictions into account. This is an unsettled area of the law, and those who contribute or publish content outside of the jurisdiction of the United States do so at their own risk.

In other words, as stated by Tim Starling above, those who upload or contribute content to Wikipedia are obliged to comply with the copyright law in the jursidiction where they upload or contribute content, whereas those who download and/or publish content from Wikipedia must comply with the copyright law in their jurisdiction. Contrary to assertions made above, the Berne convention does *NOT* provide appropriate "choice of law" provisions. -- NetEsq 17:31 Apr 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * Why is the GFDL limited to "publications within the context of United States copyright law"? How is it incompatible with, say, EU copyright law? The GFDL doesn't explicitly reference any particular jurisdiction, so there's nothing obvious. What are the differences between EU and US law that make the license work for US publications and not work for EU publications? Martin

 *  << Why is the GFDL limited to "publications within the context of United States copyright law"? >>

 * Let me qualify that assertion: Since Wikipedia is under the jurisdiction of the federal courts of the United States, the licensing of Wikipedia content under the GFDL only applies to publications that are licensed within the context of United States copyright law. If someone were to publish a Wikipedia fork using the GFDL in a foreign jurisdiction, the copyright law of that foreign jurisdiction would obtain. As I am not even remotely familiar with "EU copyright law" (assuming, arguendo, that there actually is such an animal), I cannot even guess as to how the GFDL would be interpreted by an EU court.

 * What I can say for certain is that copyright claims to Bambi under German copyright law were upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in 1996, contrary to everyone's expectations. Twin Books v. Walt Disney, 83 F.3d 1162 (1996). As a result, certain foreign works published between July 1, 1909, and December 31, 1922, are still subject to copyright, but only if they were *NOT* published in the United States. This ruling is very narrowly tailored and only applies to the jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit.

 * Simply put, there is no international copyright law, so those who contribute to Wikipedia from foreign jurisdictions or publish Wikipedia content in foreign jurisdictions must comply with the copyright law of those foreign jurisdictions. Other things being equal, this isn't necessarily all that big of a deal, but an appropriate disclaimer/warning should be included on the Wikipedia:Copyrights page. -- NetEsq 21:02 Apr 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * My understanding is that there's a series of national laws set by Britain, France, Germany, ... that are all essentially identical, following an EU treaty where these countries agree to standardise their copyight terms to author's life + 70 years. Martin

 * After some cursory research, I found an article on the EU Copyright Directive. "The Directive" was first published in June 2001, and it is due to become law in the United Kingdom in late Spring of 2003.  The problems with the Directive are that it *STILL* doesn't contain "choice of law" provisions and each EU nation has to approve the Directive before it becomes law in that particular nation.  As such, each EU nation can and will implement the Directive as it sees fit. -- NetEsq 14:17 Apr 18, 2003 (UTC)

And French don't use Linux.... Ericd 21:16 Apr 17, 2003 (UTC)

-

 * Most open source licences were designed according to the United States law. . . . [P]reliminary results seem to conclude that GPL (and many similar licences) are enforceable in at least some European countries, and particularly in France. However, much more work is needed in this direction, to provide open source models with a strong legal basis, especially in countries other than the United States, where most open source licences have been written and studied.

(Open source and copyright law.)

You guys are going nuts over something that doesn't matter. If there is a copyright infringement, the offended party will notify you. At that time, remove the offending content. There is never going to be a lawsuit against wikipedia unless you guys delete everybody's contributions and start copying everything from the Encyclopedia Britannica. Instead you are wasting your time trying to protect wikipedia from a threat that does not exist and in the process you are turning wikipedia into a police state. Same with your decision to use the GFDL.

 * Don't get all bent out of shape because a few people question your articles. Definitely don't blank them until the issue has been discussed.-- goatasaur

The anonymous user above would be well advised not to rely on getting a cease-and-desist notice if s/he infringes the copyright law of another country, while uploading material to Wikipedia. Many countries do not take such a lenient view of copyright infringement, and prefer to seize evidence and bring charges immediately. -- Tim Starling 01:54 Apr 18, 2003 (UTC)

 * Is there any remaining material that is questionable? If so, sing out and I'll help rephrase them. Tannin

 *  << You guys are going nuts over something that doesn't matter. >>

I, for one, am not "going nuts." In fact, I distinctly said that "this isn't necessarily all that big of a deal, but an appropriate disclaimer/warning should be included on the Wikipedia:Copyrights page [in re international copyright issues]."

 *  << If there is a copyright infringement, the offended party will notify you. At that time, remove the offending content. >>

Apples and oranges: The Wikipedia:Copyrights article needs to provide an appropriate disclaimer/warning in re international copyright issues. This has absolutely nothing to do with overzealous enforcement of potential copyright infringement by busybodies and control freaks, something which I have spoken out against repeatedly. To wit, beyond the issue of quality control, there is no need whatsoever for Wikipedians to assume the role of copyright police. -- NetEsq 02:48 Apr 18, 2003 (UTC)

 * Nod - we should remove copyrighted images/text on quality control grounds, not legal grounds. On some occasions perhaps it's better to hold off on requesting that an image is deleted until one has found a GFDL replacement? Martin

 * I disagree. When we find copyright protected text that has clearly been copied from some web page, we routinely delete it.  Why would we hold images to a lower standard? -º¡º

 * The quality control procedures for Wikipedia content should be more or less the same for text and images. To wit, if you have a reasonable suspicion that content infringes on copyright, you should remove the content from the article where it appears -- wholly on the grounds of quality control -- and give the contributor of that content a reasonable opportunity to respond.  More importantly, if you are not reasonably familiar with the concepts of copyright, public domain, fair use, etc., don't take it upon yourself to police copyright infringement by other Wikipedians, as you will probably chase away valuable Wikipedia contributors. -- NetEsq 17:59 Apr 18, 2003 (UTC)

 * Ah! I hadn't grasped that your definition of quality control included protecting wikipedia from containing copyright infringement.  Thanks - º¡º

translation
I would like to know if it is possible to translate an article of the encyclopedia to edit it in the french part. For example, since the notice about Hemingway in french is really small, it would be interesting to translate in french the existing one in english. Thank you David

title: Wikipedia talk:Copyrights/Archive 1


text:
User:Defunkt

Oh Wikipedia of yore, where have you gone?

title: User:Defunkt


text:
Kalanga language

Kalanga, or TjiKalanga (in Zimbabwe), is a Bantu language spoken by the Kalanga people in Botswana and Zimbabwe. It has an extensive phoneme inventory, which includes palatalised, velarised, aspirated and breathy-voiced consonants, as well as whistled sibilants.

Kalanga is recognised as an official language by the Zimbabwean Constitution of 2013 and is taught in schools in areas where its speakers predominate. The iKalanga language is closely related to the Nambya, TshiVenda, and KheLobedu languages of Zimbabwe and South Africa.

Classification and varieties
Linguists place Kalanga (S.16 in Guthrie's classification) and Nambya (in the Hwange region of Zimbabwe) as the western branch of the Shona group (or Shonic, or Shona-Nyai) group of languages, collectively coded as S.10.

Kalanga has a dialectal variation between its Botswana and Zimbabwean varieties and they use slightly different orthographies. Historically, Wentzel mentioned Kalanga proper in the east and Lilima (Tjililima, Humbe) on the west, as well as varieties that are now rare or extinct: Nyai (Rozvi), Lemba (Remba), Lembethu (Rembethu), Twamamba (Xwamamba), Pfumbi, Jaunda (Jawunda, Jahunda), and †Romwe, †Peri, †Talahundra (Talaunda).

Consonants

 * Phonemes occur only as marginal phonemes.
 * Sounds are sounds that are borrowed from Tswana.

Vowels
Kalanga has a typical five-vowel system:

title: Kalanga language


text:
List of calypso musicians

This is a list of calypso musicians. Bands and artists are listed by the first letter in their name (not including the words "a", "an", or "the").

 * Ajamu
 * André Toussaint
 * Anslem Douglas
 * Arrow
 * Atilla the Hun
 * Black Stalin
 * Byron Lee & the Dragonaires
 * Calypso Rose
 * Chalkdust
 * Charles D. Lewis
 * Crazy
 * Lord Creator
 * David Rudder
 * Denyse Plummer
 * Denzil Botus
 * Destra
 * Drupatee
 * The Duke of Iron
 * Freddy Grant
 * The Growler
 * Growling Tiger
 * Grynner
 * Gypsy
 * Harry Belafonte
 * Jimmy Buffett
 * Jolly Boys
 * "King" Eric Gibson
 * King Radio
 * King Short Shirt
 * Lord Beginner
 * Lord Brynner
 * Lord Caresser
 * Lord Executor
 * Lord Intruder
 * Lord Invader
 * Lord Kitchener
 * Lord Melody
 * Lord Mouse and the Kalypso Katz
 * Lord Pretender
 * Lord Radio
 * Lord Shorty
 * Lord Woodbine
 * The Merrymen
 * Mighty Bomber
 * Mighty Cypher
 * Mighty Destroyer
 * Mighty Dougla
 * The Mighty Duke
 * Mighty Gabby
 * Mighty Panther
 * Mighty Shadow
 * Mighty Sparrow
 * Mighty Spoiler
 * Mighty Striker
 * Mighty Terror
 * Ras Shorty I
 * Red Plastic Bag
 * Roaring Lion
 * Robert Mitchum
 * Sam Manning
 * Serenata Guayanesa
 * Singing Sandra
 * Sir Galba
 * Sir Lancelot
 * Sugar Aloes
 * Superblue
 * The Talbot Brothers of Bermuda
 * Walter Ferguson
 * The Wounded Soldier
 * Wilmoth Houdini
 * Young Pretender
 * Young Tiger
 * Your Song Is Good
 * Yvonne Curtis

title: List of calypso musicians


text:
Aero Boero AB-95

The Aero Boero AB-95 is a small Argentine civil utility aircraft that first flew on March 12, 1959. It was built by Aero Boero S.A. of Córdoba. The AB-95 is a conventional high-wing monoplane built of fabric-covered metal structure. It has fixed undercarriage.

Variants

 * AB-95 – basic production version. 95 h.p. Continental C-90-12F
 * AB-95A de Lujo – 75 kW (100 hp) Continental O-200-A engine.
 * AB-95A Fumigador – crop duster with O-200A engine, and a 55-Imp gallon (250 liters) chemical tank.
 * AB-95B – 1963 version with 112 kW (150 hp) engine.
 * AB-115BS – air ambulance version fitted with a stretcher (25 built).
 * AB-95-115 – 86 kW (115 hp) Textron Lycoming O-235 engine, more streamlined engine and main wheel fairings (45 built). Subsequently, this was developed into AB-115.

title: Aero Boero AB-95


text:
Talk:Spiegel affair

Terminology
What is "Obrigkeitsstaat" ? Thanx 68.39.174.91 05:10, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Authoritarian state; I inserted the translation in the article; I, too, think it's needed. Tempshill 21:48, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Although 'authoritarian state' is indeed the literal translation of the German term 'Obrigkeitsstaat', I suggest using a different translation. 'Authoritiarianism' is incompatible with democracy. Thus, descibing the FRG as being autoritarian in 1960s, might lead to the misconception that the FRG was not a democratic state back then. Yet, that would be wrong and any such misunderstanding should be avoided. Supranationalist 17:35, 8 October 2006 (CET)

Seems to be missing...
...any discussion of exactly what the claims were, or why a treason charge might have been filed. I think the article would be greatly improved if a few examples of the sort of complaints in the original der spiegel article were presented.

Maury 02:16, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Cuban Missile Crisis
Was there any tie-in between the Spiegel arrests and the U.S-Soviet confrontation which was taking place during those same weeks?

 * No, the timing is a coincidence, those events unrelated. However some have suggested that because Chancellor Adenauer was distracted by Cuba, he did not pay sufficent attention to what Strauss was doing on October 26th (climax of the Cuba-missile crisis) and therefor got into deeper trouble than necessary. Nevfennas 15:54, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

 * What's your basis for definitely stating they are completely unrelated? I'm pretty sure that the Minister of Defense would be aware that the US went to DEFCON 2, and with war imminent, and him in charge of an incompetent military in the direct path of the Red Army, he may feel the need to do something. When events of such importance are going on in the world, you can't just make a blanket statement they would not affect the actions of others. Repeter (talk) 13:35, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

 * The thing is, though, he was neither incompetent himself nor in charge of an incompetent military; nor did the Spiegel article say so, if read in its entirety. What it did say was that the Federal Armed Forces did not pass further than the lowest NATO classification, "in good conditions, ready to fight back". But then, the Federal Armed Forces were built to include a number of just below 500000 soldiers, which it had probably reached or almost reached at the time, and it had sworn in its first advance-party of just over 100 soldiers less than seven years ago and was built completely from scratch (though with some war-experience in the older soldiers). You don't get a powerful army in a heartbeat.--2001:A61:260C:C01:455C:E5D6:8760:20CC (talk) 11:08, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

Terminology 2
Should it say "West Germany" of "FRG" everywhere rather than "Germany"? A Geek Tragedy 15:12, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Sources missing
Please put some sources in the article. A newspaper article could do. Thanks. --Ben T/C 23:36, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Use of ß(es-tsett) in German names in English
The usual practice, e.g. in Strauss' own Wikipedia article and Rudolf Hess' article, is to transcribe ß as ss in German names when written about in English (with a mention of German spelling in main article), because most English-speakers would not know how to pronounce ß: this is how a German friend of mine has her name transcribed on a university register in England. Kingal86 (talk) 10:30, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with you completely, Kingal86. The use of such Germanisms in English-language articles is simply indefensible. GeorgeLouis (talk) 03:51, 12 January 2015 (UTC)

Contents of the 1966 ruling
The article says the Federal Constitutional Court "issued a groundbreaking ruling in August 1966 that laid down the basics of the freedom of the press for decades to come". I think it would be helpful to have information in the article on what this groundbreaking ruling actually said. Is there anyone who speaks German who might be interested in translating the corresponding information from the German article or adding it from sources? Thanks! aoxiang 翱翔 (user)(talk) 07:09, 4 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Thing is, you don't get in German lexica more than that, usually; and actually, this is the important thing if you know the traditions of Continental law. - The case came before the Constitutional Court, and the Constitutional Court took this occasion to delve deeply into the realm of press-freedom theory, in a ruling still cited to this day as reference. Oh, and then, with four votes out of eight (because a "guilty" requires five votes), it said that despite this and despite that the actions of the Federal Government were still not hard enough to actually be considered a breaking the freedom of the press*; but this is rather little known.--2001:A61:260C:C01:455C:E5D6:8760:20CC (talk) 11:14, 8 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Note: * One has to consider that the Federal Government did not take issue with the Spiegel's opinion, but with the fact that it had published Armed Forces internal information.--2001:A61:260C:C01:455C:E5D6:8760:20CC (talk) 11:16, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spiegel affair


text:
Azure tit

The azure tit (Cyanistes cyanus) is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is a widespread and common resident breeder throughout Russia, Central Asia, northwest China, Manchuria, and Pakistan.

It is found in temperate and subarctic deciduous or mixed woodlands, scrub, and marshes. It is a resident species, and most birds do not migrate. It nests in tree holes, laying approximately 10 eggs. The bird is a close sitter, displaying defensive behaviors such as hissing and biting when disturbed. Its diet primarily consists of insects, seeds, small invertebrates, bug larvae, and eggs.

This 12 – bird is unmistakable. Its head, tail corners, wing bars, and underparts are white, while the upperparts are blue. It has a distinctive dark line running through its eye.

This bird is the eastern counterpart of the common Eurasian blue tit. It will hybridise with that species, but the offspring usually show a blue crown, rather than the white of azure tit. The calls are similar to blue tit, calling dee, dee, dee or a scolding churr. The song is a tsi-tsi-tshurr-tsi-tsi-tshurr, which has been described as intermediate between blue tit and crested tit.

There are some records of the species in other parts of Europe, including in Finland, Sweden, Poland and Austria.

Taxonomy
For many years the azure tit was known as Parus cyanus. In 2005, analysis of the mtDNA cytochrome b sequences of the Paridae indicated that Cyanistes was an early offshoot from the lineage of other tits, and more accurately regarded as a genus rather than a subgenus of Parus.

The azure tit not infrequently hybridizes with the blue tit in western Russia; the resulting birds are called Pleske's tit (Cyanistes × pleskei) and were once considered a distinct species.

The population in central Asia, yellow-breasted tit (C. c. flavipectus or Parus flavipectus), is sometimes included as a subspecies of the azure tit.

title: Azure tit


text:
Franz Reuleaux

Franz Reuleaux (30 September 1829 – 20 August 1905) was a German mechanical engineer and a lecturer at Technische Hochschule Berlin (today Technische Universität Berlin), later appointed as the president of the academy. He was often called the father of kinematics. He was a leader in his profession, contributing to many important domains of science and knowledge.

Today, he may be best remembered for the Reuleaux triangle, a curve of constant width that he helped develop as a useful mechanical form.

Early life
Reuleaux was born in Eschweiler in Germany (at the time part of Prussia). His father and grandfather were both mechanical engineers. His technical training was at the Karlsruhe Polytechnic School. He then studied at universities in Berlin and Bonn.

Middle years
After a time spent in the family business he became a professor at the Swiss Federal Institute in Zürich. Eventually, in 1879 he became Rector at the Königs Technischen Hochschule Berlin – Charlottenburg. This was a major technical institute, with about 300 professors. He became widely known as an engineer-scientist — a professor and industrial consultant, education reformer and leader of the technical elite of Germany.

Reuleaux was the appointed chairman of the German panel of judges for the Sixth World Industrial Fair opened in Philadelphia on 10 May 1876. He admitted that German-made goods were far inferior to those of other countries and that German industry's guiding principle was “billig und schlecht” (English: cheap and shoddy). This shook business and evoked wide comment in the press.

Reuleaux was a consultant to the development of the Otto-Langen internal combustion engine, winner of the 1867 World's Fair in Paris, France, based on efficiency.

Reuleaux served on several international juries and commissions and considerably involved in formation of a patent system, as he was active in German politics.

In 1877, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.

He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1882.

Kinematics
Reuleaux believed that machines could be abstracted into chains of elementary links called kinematic pairs. Constraints on the machine are described by constraints on each kinematic pair, and the sequence of movements of pairs produces a kinematic chain.

He developed a compact symbolic notation to describe the topology of a very wide variety of mechanisms, and showed how it could be used to classify them and even lead to the invention of new useful mechanisms. At the expense of the German government, he directed the design and manufacture of over 300 beautiful models of simple mechanisms, such as the four-bar linkage and the crank. These were sold to universities for pedagogical purposes. Today, the most complete set are at Cornell University College of Engineering.

Using his notation and methods for systematically varying the elements (e.g. inversions, changing relative sizes of the links, etc.) he showed how the four-bar linkage could be mutated into 54 mechanisms, which fall within 12 classes.

Books by Franz Reuleaux

 * Kinematics of Machinery (1875), ebook
 * The Constructor (1861), ebook
 * Kurzgefasste Geschichte der Dampfmaschine (1891)
 * Thomassche Rechenmaschine (2d ed. 1892)

title: Franz Reuleaux


text:
Douz

Douz (دوز ) is a town in the Kebili Governorate in the south of Tunisia, known as the "gateway to the Sahara." By road it is located 31 km southwest of Blidet, 125 km southeast of Tozeur, and 475 km south of the Tunisian capital of Tunis.

History
It has been called the "ultimate palm oasis", because it has over 500,000 palm trees in the area, and it is a major producer of "diglat noor" dates. In previous times it was an important stop on the trans-Saharan caravan routes. Today, it is a destination for tourists who are interested in seeing the desert, and a starting point for desert treks by camel, motorcycle, or four-wheel-drive vehicle.

Culture
Every year Douz hosts the International Festival of the Sahara, a four-day celebration of traditional desert culture. The festival, usually held in November or December, features traditional music and dancing, poetry readings, camel wrestling, and racing of horses and salugis. Douz is home to the Museum of the Sahara, which showcases displays on traditional nomadic desert culture of the Mrazig people who now mostly live a settled life in the town.

Demography
The majority of inhabitants of Douz are from Arab descent (Banu Sulaym) Douz is the home of Mrazig people.

title: Douz


text:
Porte du Peyrou

The Porte du Peyrou is a triumphal arch in Montpellier, in southern France. It is situated at the eastern end of the Jardin de Peyrou, a park near the center of the city.

The arch was designed by François Dorbay, after the model of the Porte Saint-Denis in Paris. Its construction was completed in 1693. Its rusticated surface is crowned by a Doric entablature, suitable to a martial monument. Its later panels in bas-relief and inscriptions glorifying King Louis XIV of France were added in 1715.

These reliefs show four major events from the reign of Louis XIV, rendered as allegories:
 * the capture of Namur during the War of the Grand Alliance, in which the figure representing the Dutch Republic kneels before Louis XIV
 * Louis in the figure of Hercules being crowned by Victory
 * the digging of the Canal du Midi that links the Bay of Biscay with the Mediterranean Sea
 * the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

title: Porte du Peyrou


text:
Talk:Yam

Making yam (vegetable) the primary topic
It seems that yam (vegetable) is easily the primary topic for all meanings of the term "yam". Is there any disagreement to moving "yam (vegetable)" to "yam", and moving this disambiguation page to "yam (disambiguation)"? Providing there is not, I will go ahead and move it. Not only will it aid in searching, but there will be fewer to no links to the disambiguation page. -- Nataly a 18:43, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The problem is that in the US, "yam" officially refers to I. Batatus, not Dioscorea. It's a US vs. UK difference.  (No, I don't know where Canada and Australia fall.  It's really kind of irrelevant.)  (I would also say this isn't the same as "color" vs. "colour," since this is a disambguation page, and the entire point is not to settle on a single usage.)  Twin Bird (talk) 05:40, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

"Erroneously?"
I don't believe the use of "yam" to refer to the sweet potato to be erroneous, except to this strictest of UK prescriptivists. It's not even like "American," where there are political reasons for the argument; it's just that government usage in the US considers "yam" and "sweet potato" to be synonyms, referring to the tuber of the plant Ipomoea Batatus. Twin Bird (talk) 05:41, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yam


text:
Dublin Chamber of Commerce

Dublin Chamber of Commerce also known as the Dublin Chamber, is the oldest chamber of commerce in Ireland.

Origins
The Dublin Chamber of Commerce was founded in 1783. It had been preceded by other collective bodies including the Guild of Merchants, which dated from the mediaeval period, and the Ouzel Galley Society, established at the beginning of the 18th century. Dublin Chamber's formation followed a weakening of the merchant guild system which left an opening for bodies which advocated free trade. Much of the focus of the organisation in its early years was on abolishing impositions and opposing restrictions on export trade. Travers Hartley served as the first president of the Chamber from 1783 to 1788.

The creation of Dublin Chamber led to the formation of other chambers of commerce around Ireland, including Waterford (1787), Limerick (1805), Cork (1819), and Londonderry (1885). By 1819, there were 19 chambers of commerce operating in Britain and Ireland, and a federation, the Association of Chambers of Commerce, was created in 1860 to include the Irish chambers. Following independence, the chambers in Ireland became members of the Association of Irish Chambers of Commerce, a body now known as Chambers Ireland.

In 1996, Mary Finan was appointed president of the Chamber, the first woman to hold the position.

Notable past presidents
Notable former presidents have included:
 * Arthur Guinness II (1827-1855)
 * Malcolm Inglis (1900-1902)
 * Andrew Jameson (1921)
 * Henry Morgan Dockrell (1933)
 * Eddie Kelliher (1978)
 * Mary Finan (1996)

title: Dublin Chamber of Commerce


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nathan Chen

Nathan Chen
A budding ice skater, currently five years old. His site is a Freewebs page. The article says that he was in a television show, but no additional information is given. Delete for non-notability. --Slowking Man 06:42, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete --French Tourist 06:45, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable yet. jni 08:17, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * He can have an article when he wins the Winter Olympics. Delete till then. Mandel 10:11, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmm...maybe will be notable in a couple of years. For now, delete. -- Ferkelparade π 12:44, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, for now. I suspect he may someday be notable, and we'll re-add him then. --Improv 18:14, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  RickK 23:48, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Awww, what a brave little kid. And at least we know that he didn't write this entry, so it's not strictly a vanity page. That doesn't mean he gets an entry, though. Delete (for now - maybe in 10 years). DS 16:21, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete First bio-related delete I've actually agreed with thus far. I wish everyone who nominated these were as sensible as Slowking Man. --Radman1 14:44, 18 Oct 2004 (PST)
 * Deletejericho4.0 02:29, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Story is checking out . Keep. anthony (see warning) 15:48, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete for now. --ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 20:03, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Griseofulvin

Griseofulvin is an antifungal medication used to treat a number of types of dermatophytoses (ringworm). This includes fungal infections of the nails and scalp, as well as the skin when antifungal creams have not worked. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include allergic reactions, nausea, diarrhea, headache, trouble sleeping, and feeling tired. It is not recommended in people with liver failure or porphyria. Use during or in the months before pregnancy may result in harm to the baby. Griseofulvin works by interfering with fungal mitosis.

Griseofulvin was discovered in 1939 from the soil fungus Penicillium griseofulvum. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Medical uses
Griseofulvin is used orally only for dermatophytosis. It is ineffective topically. It is reserved for cases in which topical treatment with creams is ineffective.

Terbinafine given for 2 to 4 weeks is at least as effective as griseofulvin given for 6 to 8 weeks for treatment of Trichophyton scalp infections. However, griseofulvin is more effective than terbinafine for treatment of Microsporum scalp infections.

Pharmacodynamics
The drug binds to tubulin, interfering with microtubule function, thus inhibiting mitosis. It binds to keratin in keratin precursor cells and makes them resistant to fungal infections. The drug reaches its site of action only when hair or skin is replaced by the keratin-griseofulvin complex. Griseofulvin then enters the dermatophyte through energy-dependent transport processes and binds to fungal microtubules. This alters the processing for mitosis and also underlying information for deposition of fungal cell walls.

Biosynthesis
It is produced industrially by fermenting the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum.

The first step in the biosynthesis of griseofulvin by P. griseofulvin is the synthesis of the 14-carbon poly-β-keto chain by a type I iterative polyketide synthase (PKS) via iterative addition of 6 malonyl-CoA to an acyl-CoA starter unit. The 14-carbon poly-β-keto chain undergoes cyclization/aromatization, using cyclase/aromatase, respectively, through a Claisen and aldol condensation to form the benzophenone intermediate. The benzophenone intermediate is then methylated via S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) twice to yield griseophenone C. The griseophenone C is then halogenated at the activated site ortho to the phenol group on the left aromatic ring to form griseophenone B. The halogenated species then undergoes a single phenolic oxidation in both rings forming the two oxygen diradical species. The right oxygen radical shifts alpha to the carbonyl via resonance allowing for a stereospecific radical coupling by the oxygen radical on the left ring forming a tetrahydrofuranone species. The newly formed grisan skeleton with a spiro center is then O-methylated by SAM to generate dehydrogriseofulvin. Ultimately, a stereoselective reduction of the olefin on dehydrogriseofulvin by NADPH affords griseofulvin.

Mice
Griseofulvin is found to alter the bile metabolism of mice by Yokoo et al. 1979. The same team went on to find a similar effect on mice by a chemically unrelated substance, 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine, in Yokoo et al. 1982 and Tsunoo et al. 1987.

title: Griseofulvin


text:
Colorectal surgery

Colorectal surgery is a field in medicine dealing with disorders of the rectum, anus, and colon. The field is also known as proctology, but this term is now used infrequently within medicine and is most often employed to identify practices relating to the anus and rectum in particular. The word proctology is derived from the Greek words πρωκτός proktos, meaning "anus" or "hindparts", and -λογία -logia, meaning "science" or "study".

Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called colorectal surgeons or proctologists. In the United States, to become colorectal surgeons, surgical doctors have to complete a general surgery residency as well as a colorectal surgery fellowship, upon which they are eligible to be certified in their field of expertise by the American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery or the American Osteopathic Board of Proctology. In other countries, certification to practice proctology is given to surgeons at the end of a 2–3 year subspecialty residency by the country's board of surgery.

Scope of the specialty
Colorectal surgical disorders include:

 * varicosities or swelling, and inflammation of veins in the rectum and anus (hemorrhoids)
 * unnatural cracks or tears in the anus (anal fissures)
 * abnormal connections or passageways between the rectum or other anorectal area to the skin surface (fistulas)
 * severe constipation conditions
 * fecal incontinence
 * protrusion of the walls of the rectum through the anus (rectal prolapse)
 * birth defects such as the imperforate anus
 * treatment of severe colic disorders, such as Crohn's disease
 * cancer of the colon and rectum (colorectal cancer)
 * repositioning of the rectal area if fallen out
 * anal cancer
 * any injuries to the anus
 * removal of objects inserted into anus
 * performing colonoscopies
 * performing hemorrhoidectomies

Surgical treatment and diagnostic procedures
Surgical forms of treatment for these conditions include: colectomy, ileo/colostomy, polypectomy, strictureplasty, hemorrhoidectomy (in severe cases of hemorrhoids), minimally invasive surgery, anoplasty, and more depending on the condition the patient has. Diagnostic procedures, such as a colonoscopy, are very important in colorectal surgery, as they can tell the physician what type of diagnosis should be given and what procedure should be done to correct the condition. Other diagnostic procedures used by colorectal surgeons include: proctoscopy, defecating proctography, sigmoidoscopy. In recent times, the laparoscopic method of surgery has seen a surge of popularity, due to its lower risks, decreased recovery time, and smaller, more precise incisions achieved by using laparoscopic instruments.

Mechanical bowel preparation
Mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) is a procedure lacking evidence in literature, wherein fecal matter is expelled from the bowel lumen prior to surgery, most commonly by using sodium phosphate.

title: Colorectal surgery


text:
Aero Boero AB-115

The Aero Boero AB-115 is an Argentine civil utility aircraft. It was developed from the AB-95-115, a refined AB-95 with a more powerful engine and improved aerodynamics. Specific differences included wheel spats, a redesigned engine cowling molded of fiberglass, and aluminum ailerons and flaps.

The type was successfully exported to Brazil, and used extensively as trainers by aero clubs.

Production of the AB-115 ended in January 1973. The following month a modified version, the -115BS, was flown. It featured greater wingspan, swept empennage members, and greater fuel capacity.

Design
The AB-115 is a high-wing monoplane, with strut-braced rectangular wings (NACA 23012 profile). The wings are made of metal, the fuselage and empennage members are made of fabric-covered welded steel tubes. It is a development of Aero Boero's earlier AB-95.

The trainer version, the most common variant, contains two seats in tandem configuration, with the pilot-flying/student pilot in the front seat, and the instructor/pilot-not-flying seating in the rear. Behind the rear seat there is a cargo hold, with capacity of up to 25 kg (55 lb). The front seat has a three-point seatbelt, while the rear one has a simple, abdominal belt. Both occupants enter and exit the aircraft through one single, large door in the right side of the cockpit.

The flight commands are duplicated, with the front seat's center stick, throttle lever, rudder pedals and brake pedals mechanically connected to the rear seat's. The rear stick and the throttle lever can be disassembled when carrying passenger(s).

The primary flight commands are actuated by cables and pulleys. The ailerons and flaps are made of aluminum alloy, while the rudder and elevators are made of steel tubes and fabric. The flaps have four positions (neutral, 15°, 30° and 45°), and are actuated manually, by a lever in the upper left part of the cockpit. The pitch trim tab is located in the trailing edge of the left elevator, and is actuated by a handle in the left side of the cockpit. The rudder and the left aileron also have ground-adjustable trim tabs.

A Lycoming O-235-C2A air-cooled engine, rated at 115 hp (85.8 kW), drives a Sensenich Propeller model 72 CK-050, metallic fixed-pitch twin-bladed propeller. The fuel system uses a FACET MA 3PA carburetor, equipped with carburetor heat. Electrical power is supplied by a Prestolite alternator. The ignition system is driven by dual Bendix Scintilla S5LN magnetos; the starter motor is also by Prestolite. The engine incorporates a wet crankcase, and the lubricant is cooled by an oil radiator in the front of the engine's air intake, which is triggered by a bi-metallic thermostatic valve.

The maximum fuel capacity is 115 liters, with 110 liters usable. The engine can use gasoline of 80/87 to 100/130 octane. Each wing contains an aluminum fuel tank in the root. Fuel quantity is indicated by sight glasses in the wing roots. There are two separate fuel selectors, for each tank, which can be independently opened and closed.

The aircraft uses a conventional undercarriage. Each main gear is fixed to the fuselage at three points – two articulated joints, plus one shock absorber. The wheels are made of aluminum alloy and magnesium, and are equipped with independent hydraulic-actuated brakes. There is no parking brake; when parked, it must be secured by chocks. The tailwheel is connected to the rudder by bungee springs, and it can also rotate freely when "unlocked".

The instrument panel is, since the AB-115 is mostly used for basic flight training. The flight instruments are an airspeed indicator, altimeter, VSI a turn coordinator, and a magnetic compass. The engine instruments are a tachometer, oil pressure and oil temperature indicators, and an ammeter. The panel includes one Bendix/King VHF radio and one Bendix/King transponder. The cabin instruments are flood-lit; the light operates when the running lights are on. The right wing has two landing lights, which have a five-minute continuous operating limit.

Variants

 * Aero Boero AB-115BS
 * Civil utility/Ambulance version.

 * Aero Boero AB-115 Trainer
 * Trainer version.

 * Aero Boero AB-115/150
 * Version with more powerful 150 hp Lycoming O-320 engine. Can be used for crop spraying.

title: Aero Boero AB-115


text:
Crystal field excitation

Crystal field excitation is the electronic transition of an electron between two orbitals of an atom that is situated in a crystal field environment. They are often observed in coordination complexes of transition metals. Some examples of crystal field excitations are dd-transitions on a copper atom that is surrounded by an octahedron of oxygen atoms, or ff-transitions on the uranium atom in uranium antimonide.

title: Crystal field excitation


text:
User:Prof of asskickology

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia, again. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! BTW, you can sign your name using three tildes, like this:. Four tildes ( ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Here's the standard list of various open tasks you can take a look at if you get bored:
 * How to edit a page
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Cheers — Nat Krause 06:54, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Prof of asskickology


text:
Ebor

Ebor is the abbreviation of the Latin Eboracum, an early Latin form for York in Britain. It may also mean:

 * Ebor, the legal alias of the Archbishops of York
 * Ebor, Manitoba, a community in Canada
 * Ebor, New South Wales, a village in Australia
 * Ebor, a post-nominal used after the degree letters to indicate that it was awarded by the University of York
 * Ebor (horse), a British Thoroughbred racehorse
 * Ebor Handicap, a horse race run at York Racecourse in August
 * Ebor Festival, the four day race meeting at which this race is run
 * EBOR, Experimental Beryllium Oxide Reactor, a nuclear reactor at the Idaho National Laboratory, USA
 * Ebor Way, a footpath in Yorkshire, England
 * The Ebor Singers, a choir at the University of York, England
 * Ebor Falls, waterfalls in New South Wales, Australia

title: Ebor


text:
Talk:Lodève

Unsubstantiated claims moved from article: olivier 06:56, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

"There has been a recent speight of fruit theft, reportedly as a result of an influx in foreign tourists. Locals have reported english speaking gangs opperating in the area, gangs who are also thought to be responisble for vandalism in the neighbouring village of Soubes."

title: Talk:Lodève


text:
Aero Boero AB-180

The Aero Boero AB-180 is an Argentine civil utility aircraft, a substantially improved development of the AB-95. It featured a more powerful engine and incorporated the aerodynamic changes made on the AB-115 and improved on them. The first example flew in 1967 and was in production until 2000.

Variants

 * AB-180RV – long-range version
 * AB-180RVR – glider tug
 * AB-180 Condor – high-altitude version of 1971 with optional turbocharger (4 built)
 * AB-180Ag – agricultural aircraft with 270 L (66 US gal) belly tank for chemicals
 * AB-180SP – 180Ag with an additional set of short wings to make a sesquiplane. In this variant, the agricultural application liquid is carried within the short wings, rather than in a belly tank. The added wings allow a fully loaded stall speed of 56 km/h (35 mph), compared to 89 km/h (55 mph) in the AB-180Ag.
 * AB-180PSA – two-seat primary training aircraft

Operators

 * Argentine Air Force
 * Club de Planeadores Rosario
 * Club de Planeadores Rosario

title: Aero Boero AB-180


text:
Talk:Louis Sullivan

Critic?
Just wondering, it says that he's a critic of the Chicago style but on the Chicago style page its says he is a major member, and even uses a picture of one of his buildings as an example.

I took out many of the pictures in the article because they wasn't enough text to be able to fit them in properly. Also, if anyone knows how to place pictures on the left side while still using bullets (they always show up over or underneath the picture) please alternate the last picture to the other side. Thanks. --TheGrza 06:59, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Fixed it. --TheGrza 00:11, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)

Does someone have refrences about Sullivan's last years? I have heard that Wright "stole" all the Sullivan clients and that this, along with personal problems, lead Sullivan to a personal crisis and an alcohol dependency. I have also been told that Sullivan spent the last ten years of his life homeless in Chicago. --J4vier 03:52, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

1) That is not a picture of Louis Sullivan at the head of the page.

2)"I have heard that Wright "stole" all the Sullivan clients and that this, along with personal problems, lead Sullivan to a personal crisis and an alcohol dependency." Not true.  Sullivan split with his partner Adler, and that coupled with the Chicago boom being over led to a loss of work coming in.  In later years, Sullivan designed some splendid small banks through the Mid-West, and later spent time in the Chicago 'Cliff Dwellers' club competing his book 'A System of Architectural Ornament.'  I understand that Sullivan's last years were spent in his holiday home at Ocean Springs, Mississippi.

a "modest headstone"
is how Sullivan's marker is described. I just added a picture of it [in fact, two] and I'm wondering if it seems not so modest to anyone else? Compared to the Palmers and Fields and McCormicks maybe, but still. . . . . . . . . .......... ?? Carptrash 15:14, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * That description may be referring to Sullivan's original headstone, which is a simple stone laid flush with the ground. See the image at http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/3570/3864/320/GRACE6.jpg (web page http://urbsinhorto.blogspot.com/).  The large marker with the Sullivan-style ornamentation is a later addition. Kevin Forsyth 17:49, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Good point. Meanwhile . . . . . .. Carptrash 19:38, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

I just removed this from the article.

 * "in fact, Adolf Loos, the author of the seminal manifesto "Ornament and Crime", had worked in Sullivan's office."

Here is why. First of all, "in fact" pretty much always is some version of "in my opinion." Secondly, the citation for including it is "Hughes" and here is what Hughes has to say.
 * The architect who launched the attack on decorated architecture was Adolf Loos (1870-1933), a Czech who lived in Vienna. Between 1893 and 1896, Loos worked for a time in Louis Sullivan’s office in Chicago.

At various other web site (sorry, didn't get addresses) I discovered:
 * "He (Loos) moved to the United States, and stayed for 3 years. Loos was very impressed by the architecture of Louis Sullivan, and the efficiency of buildings in the U.S."

and

 * ...and (Loos) then went to the United States, where he worked as a mason, a floor-layer, and a dishwasher. Loos was impressed by the efficiency of American architecture, and he admired the work of Louis Sullivan.

No mention of working for Sullivan.

Trombly, author of (in my opinion) the best biography of Sullivan, only says: "Adolph Loos, who had been inspired by Sullivan during his 1890s sojourn in America . . . ... "

Could Hughes have been mistaking Irving Gill, another of thew stripped down modernests, and who worked for Sullivan from 1891 to 1893 with Loos? Hines, in his book, Irving Gill:and the Architecture of Reform while discussing Loos' visit to America mentions that Loos visited Chicago where he "encountered the elemental geometry and organic ornamentation of Gill and Wright's mentor, Louis Sulllivan, at precisely the same time that the young Americans (Gill and Wright) were working in his office. " No mention of Loos actually working for Sullivan. So, anyway, I took it out and am interested if anyone else has opinions. Next comes the claim, "In his last years, Sullivan seemed willing to abandon ornament altogether in favor of honest massing." Carptrash 19:44, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Photo of Louis Sullivan
After wondering for a long time about the photo that has been used on this page, I found it on Britannica.com, and it states that it is "Louis Sullivan, detail of an oil painting by Frank A. Werner, 1919; in the collection of the Chicago Historical Society."

"Sullivan, Louis." Online Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Oct. 2007 .

So that answers that question. I never knew he looked like that in his last years.

Marykeiran 21:35, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Louis Sullivan, Adler & Sullivan, Dankmar Adler
Shouldn't there be an article about Adler & Sullivan that addresses the work of the firm; and then separate biographical articles about Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler, each of which provides a complete biography along with information about their individual work when they were not partners? The Sullivan article as currently written tends to emphasize Sullivan alone, but isolation of Sullivan is artificial when Adler, Wright, Elmslie and others played significant roles and at times were certainly equal or more than equal contributors. Sullivan may have portrayed himself as a "lone genius," but his greatest success clearly occurred when he was part of a large firm. SeattleArch 17:08, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

In a book
'Louis spent most of his childhood learning about nature while on his grandparent’s farm. In the later years of his primary education, his experiences varied quite a bit.'

In 'Louis Sullivan' by Morrison, it says that Sullivan spent his summers at his grandparents but has to move back to Boston each September. Shall I change it? 94.168.41.206 (talk) 22:09, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Spelling of Sullivan's Middle Name
I remember attending a lecture on Sullivan a couple of years ago, in which the lecturer stated that, as a final indignity, his gravestone mis-spelled his middle name (i.e., Henri in place of Henry). I see that our article currently adopts the spelling from the gravestone -- Henri -- although the source that is footnoted adopts the apparently correct spelling of Henry. Does any user wish to object to a proposal to change the text's spelling to Henry? Nandt1 (talk) 13:19, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

Independent sources (i.e., those not likely to be have been influenced by Wikipedia itself) clearly agree that Henry is the correct spelling, and I suggest we should fall in line with this. Nandt1 (talk) 16:50, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

 * It was, I believe, Oscar Wilde who said that the truth is seldom pure and never simple. In his autobiography Sullivan writes, "That settled it and they named him Louis Henri Sullivan.''  I suggest that we not rush off and make any rash changes, which you obviously are not inclined to do or you would not have posted here first.  Einar aka Carptrash (talk) 19:34, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Thank you: an informative contribution. This said, many published authorities and reference works have clearly come to the opposite conclusion.  It would be good to hear from additional voices on the arguments pro and con. Nandt1 (talk) 21:40, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

It does raise that old question, can we actually believe someone writing about themselves? Wikipedia often says "No." Of course, this is also a published source, so.... Carptrash (talk) 22:13, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

"Can we believe someone writing about themselves?" A case-by-case question, obviously, and I really have "no dog in this fight" -- merely the hope that we can get it right. I don't know when the Autobiography was written -- as opposed to published -- but we all know that LHS was a mess towards the end of his life. If the birth certificate said "Henry" I might be inclined to give it more weight than a late memoir, but mistakes are possible in either, and -- as I said -- I have no emotional stake in one answer or the other, and am merely a seeker after the facts! Nandt1 (talk) 02:08, 10 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The autobiography was written just before he died, 1922 or so. Twombly, in the definitive biography of Sullivan (another way of saying "the one I have") states that his birth certificate got it wrong, that it says "Henry Louis Sullivan" but that he was always called "Louis Henry Sullivan." No "i"s in any case.  His maternal grandfather was named Henri, I suspect that late in his life he was drawn to that for some reason.  I am comfortable undoing my undo of your edit, I was just surprised to find what he, Sullivan, had written about it.  Carptrash (talk) 06:19, 10 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Thank you for this response, which manages to be both gracious and informative. I have, in turn, tried to incorporate a little of the nuance that you have supplied here into the article.  Nandt1 (talk) 19:28, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

I learned early in life to be a gracious looser. Sort of a survival thing. Thanks for your good work. Carptrash (talk) 19:36, 10 January 2012 (UTC)
 * In response to a subsequent User's reversion of the name to Henri again, I have now added a footnote which draws on the above exchange for its treatment of the naming controversy. Nandt1 (talk) 11:50, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

Wrong fotos
This foto is of Victor Horta - Belgian architect. The first one.

And on his site is foto of Louis Sullivan. Some body did completely salad of fotos of these two architects. Louis Sullivan built Wainwright Building too. Source - Book: 50 architects you should know. Very trustworthy.

And on this foto, on second one, is none of them.

--188.28.229.225 (talk) 16:19, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Later Career and Decline's Last Paragraph is biased and appears totally unsourced
"To experience Sullivan's built work is to experience the irresistible appeal of his incredible designs, the vertical bands on the Wainwright Building, the burst of welcoming Art Nouveau ironwork on the corner entrance of the Carson Pirie Scott store, the (lost) terra cotta griffins and porthole windows on the Union Trust building, the white angels of the Bayard Building. Except for some designs by his long time draftsman George Grant Elmslie, and the occasional tribute to Sullivan such as Schmidt, Garden & Martin's First National Bank in Pueblo, Colorado (built across the street from Adler and Sullivan's Pueblo Opera House), his style is unique. A visit to the preserved Chicago Stock Exchange trading floor, now at The Art Institute of Chicago, is proof of the immediate and visceral power of the ornament that he used so selectively. Original drawings and other archival materials from Sullivan are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries in the Art Institute of Chicago and by the Drawings and Archives Department in the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University. Fragments of Sullivan buildings are also held in many fine art and design museums around the world."

The portions in bold are what first caught my eye, but the paragraph as a whole isn't up to snuff. Even if the other statements were sourced the phrases in bold still need to go. Stating that something has irresistible appeal is incredibly biased. As is stating that the Art Nouveau ironwork is inherently welcoming.

The ideas about his legacy may fit more appropriately in their own section, if fleshed out and cited, or at least need to be made to fit better with its current section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.182.198.115 (talk) 18:35, 7 March 2014 (UTC)

Sullivan and the steel highrise
Sullivan never wrote a "poem" in Lippincott's magazine. I have downloaded a pdf of the original Lippincott's article that Sullivan wrote for the March 1896 issue, and the text shown in this Wiki article as a "poem" exists in prose form, which is why I corrected it. I also checked the source [8] which is cited and that claims that Sullivan wrote a poem in Lippincott's; this citation is actually correct in that Higgins, Hannah B. (The Grid Book) does actually make this claim. Higgins's claim, however, is false, as can be easily verified by examining the original Lippincott's article, as I have done. I accessed it through the Cornell University library, but the pdf has restricted access for some reason. The transcription of the article from MIT which I added to the "external links" section also shows the section as prose, exactly as in the original Lippincott's article. Can you put my corrected text back after verifying that it is, in fact, correct and appropriate? Thanks!Nathan Horne (talk) 01:39, 26 September 2015 (UTC)
 * What you downloaded was a transcription of the article, not a facsimile, so it proves nothing about whether what Sullivan wrote was in poem-form or not. Because of that, what the reliable source says remains in the article. If you can find an actual facsimile or photocopy of the Lippincott's article, that would be proof that Higgins is incorrect, or was writing figuratively. BMK (talk) 01:46, 26 September 2015 (UTC)
 * OK, having found a facsimile of the original, it is not written in the form of a poem, even though the phraseology is extremely poem-like, so I have removed the reference to is as a poem, and the cite to Higgins, replacing it with a cite to the facsimile version on Google Books. BMK (talk) 01:59, 26 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Louis Sullivan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091028152838/http://geocities.com/SoHo/1469/sullivan.html to http://richardnickelcommittee.org/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:07, 26 May 2017 (UTC)

"Form [ever] follows function"
The page presently (30 May 2017) states:

"Sullivan, however, attributed the concept to Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, the Roman architect, engineer, and author, who first asserted in his book, De architectura, that a structure must exhibit the three qualities of firmitas, utilitas, venustas – that is, it must be solid, useful, beautiful.

and refers to Autobiography of an Idea. Not only can I find no reference to Vitruvius in Autobiography, I have not yet found any place in any of Sullivan's works that makes the connection. Does someone have a reference? Autobiography instead actually speaks of the formula having been evolved by Sullivan "though long contemplation of living things." (Autobiography, p. 258 in Dover edition)

Vitruvius undoubtedly enunciated something similar, but where is the evidence that Sullivan ever attributed the idea to him?

Stephendcole (talk) 04:26, 30 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Louis Sullivan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110720182039/http://exhibits.slpl.org/steedman/data/Steedman240102106.asp?thread=240093347 to http://exhibits.slpl.org/steedman/data/Steedman240102106.asp?thread=240093347
 * Added tag to http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/mo/mo0600/mo0668/data/mo0668.pdf
 * Added tag to http://www.explorestlouis.travel/media/pressKit/historicCemeteries.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091213173019/http://www.tusculum.edu/tour/campus/tvirginia.html to http://www.tusculum.edu/tour/campus/tvirginia.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:55, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Louis Sullivan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131027121823/http://www.siue.edu/universitymuseum/virtualmuseum/Sullivan_Collection_in_Lovejoy_Library.shtml to http://www.siue.edu/universitymuseum/virtualmuseum/Sullivan_Collection_in_Lovejoy_Library.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:51, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

Ayn Rand connection
While the connection to Ayn Rand may be important to students of The Fountainhead, the long section devoted to this on the Sullivan page seems out of place. The information would be more appropriately provided in the entry for the book. Any connection to Rand's writing is peripheral to Sullivan's cultural significance, meriting at most a mention, not a full section. Indeed Sullivan advocated for democracy in a fashion that would have been anathema to Rand. Giving her anti-democratic philosophy significant space on this page could confuse readers' understanding of his legacy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.164.87.100 (talk) 00:15, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

"father of skyscrapers"
Some readers may interpret this to mean that Sullivan 'invented' the skyscraper, which as far as I'm aware he did not. How did he earn recognition as a 'father of skyscrapers'? Jonathan f1 (talk) 19:59, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Louis Sullivan


text:
Spermatid

The spermatid is the haploid male gametid that results from division of secondary spermatocytes. As a result of meiosis, each spermatid contains only half of the genetic material present in the original primary spermatocyte.

Spermatids are connected by cytoplasmic material and have superfluous cytoplasmic material around their nuclei.

When formed, early round spermatids must undergo further maturational events to develop into spermatozoa, a process termed spermiogenesis (also termed spermeteliosis).

The spermatids begin to grow a living thread, develop a thickened mid-piece where the mitochondria become localised, and form an acrosome. Spermatid DNA also undergoes packaging, becoming highly condensed. The DNA is packaged firstly with specific nuclear basic proteins, which are subsequently replaced with protamines during spermatid elongation. The resultant tightly packed chromatin is transcriptionally inactive.

In 2016 scientists at Nanjing Medical University claimed they had produced cells resembling mouse spermatids artificially from stem cells. They injected these spermatids into mouse eggs and produced pups.

DNA repair
As postmeiotic germ cells develop to mature sperm they progressively lose the ability to repair DNA damage that may then accumulate and be transmitted to the zygote and ultimately the embryo. In particular, the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by the non-homologous end joining pathway, although present in round spermatids, appears to be lost as they develop into elongated spermatids.

title: Spermatid


text:
Formally real field

In mathematics, in particular in field theory and real algebra, a formally real field is a field that can be equipped with a (not necessarily unique) ordering that makes it an ordered field.

Alternative definitions
The definition given above is not a first-order definition, as it requires quantifiers over sets. However, the following criteria can be coded as (infinitely many) first-order sentences in the language of fields and are equivalent to the above definition.

A formally real field F is a field that also satisfies one of the following equivalent properties:

 * −1 is not a sum of squares in F. In other words, the Stufe of F is infinite. (In particular, such a field must have characteristic 0, since in a field of characteristic p the element −1 is a sum of 1s.)  This can be expressed in first-order logic by $$\forall x_1 (-1 \ne x_1^2)$$, $$\forall x_1 x_2 (-1 \ne x_1^2 + x_2^2)$$, etc., with one sentence for each number of variables.
 * There exists an element of F that is not a sum of squares in F, and the characteristic of F is not 2.
 * If any sum of squares of elements of F equals zero, then each of those elements must be zero.

It is easy to see that these three properties are equivalent. It is also easy to see that a field that admits an ordering must satisfy these three properties.

A proof that if F satisfies these three properties, then F admits an ordering uses the notion of prepositive cones and positive cones. Suppose −1 is not a sum of squares; then a Zorn's Lemma argument shows that the prepositive cone of sums of squares can be extended to a positive cone P ⊆ F. One uses this positive cone to define an ordering: a ≤ b if and only if b − a belongs to P.

Real closed fields
A formally real field with no formally real proper algebraic extension is a real closed field. If K is formally real and Ω is an algebraically closed field containing K, then there is a real closed subfield of Ω containing K. A real closed field can be ordered in a unique way, and the non-negative elements are exactly the squares.

title: Formally real field


text:
Aero Boero AB-150

The Aero Boero AB-150 is an Argentine civil utility aircraft, developed in parallel with the AB-180 as a lower-cost, lower-powered version of that aircraft. Like the 180, it was produced by Aero Boero in long-range and agricultural variants.

Variants

 * AB-150 Ag :At least five built
 * AB-150 RV :Orders for the AB-150RV were transferred to the Aero Boero AB-180RV

title: Aero Boero AB-150


text:
Aero Boero AB-210

The Aero Boero AB-210 is an Argentine civil utility aircraft, a development of the AB-180 with improved performance delivered by a fuel-injected engine. Unlike previous aircraft by this manufacturer, it also featured tricycle undercarriage, but retained the same general high-wing configuration. Only a single prototype was built, first flying on 22 April 1971.

The aircraft was later re-engined with a more powerful Lycoming O-540 and redesignated the AB-260 (not to be confused with the unrelated Aero Boero 260AG). A second example was also built to this standard, but no serial production ensued.

Variants

 * AB-210
 * The basic version developed from the AB-180, powered by a Continental IO-360 engine, one built.

 * AB-260
 * Further proposed development powered by a 260hp (194kW) Lycoming O-540 engine, one built.

title: Aero Boero AB-210


text:
Talk:Półkozic coat of arms

Untitled

 * Previous deletion debate

My family also signed with Polkozic CoA. Should I add Danileccy to the list? ;-) Szopen 07:15, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * And have you checked in the Liber Chamorum first? ;) [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 10:08, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

Well, no, since i've never feel much urge to check it. I know that Danileccy are recorded in XIX century as gentry; one of my distant-distant cousins assured me that our ancestors appeared first in Podole from XV century, but then were limited to one region: bialostoczczyzna and grodzienszczyzna,

title: Talk:Półkozic coat of arms


text:
Penny Johnson Jerald

Penny Johnson Jerald (born March 14, 1961) is an American actress. She played Beverly Barnes on the HBO comedy series The Larry Sanders Show, Kasidy Yates on the syndicated science fiction series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Sherry Palmer on the Fox series 24, Captain Victoria "Iron" Gates on the ABC comedy-drama series Castle, and Dr. Claire Finn on the Fox/Hulu science-fiction series The Orville, and the voice of Sarafina in The Lion King and its upcoming Mufasa: The Lion King.

Early life
Johnson was born in Baltimore, Maryland, one of seven siblings. She aspired to be an actress as a child. She first attended Western High School before transferring to Park School of Baltimore. Johnson trained at the Juilliard School, where her classmates in 1982 included Megan Gallagher, Jack Kenny, Jack Stehlin, and Lorraine Toussaint.

Career
Jerald began her career with small guest roles. She made her screen debut on an episode of American Playhouse in 1983. Her first major role on television was Vivian Conway in The Paper Chase from 1984 to 1986. She appeared in General Hospital in 1986 and Do the Right Thing in 1989. She portrayed Virginia "Vicki" Harper on short-lived sitcom Homeroom in 1989.

In 1992, Jerald landed the role of unflappable personal assistant, Beverly Barnes, on The Larry Sanders Show. For her work on Larry Sanders, Jerald received a CableACE Award nomination for Best Actress in a Comedy Series in 1996. Two years later, she earned an NAACP Image Award nomination in the category of Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She continued playing Beverly until the show ended in 1998.

Throughout the 1990s, Jerald guest starred in several television series, including Parker Lewis Can't Lose, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Grace Under Fire, Cosby and Family Law. She appeared as Lavinia in television film Class of '61 and portrayed Lorraine in What's Love Got to Do with It (1993).

Following Larry Sanders, Jerald appeared in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine playing freighter captain Kasidy Yates, the love interest for the series's main character Benjamin Sisko, a recurring role which she played from 1995 to the show's end in 1999. In 1997 she played Laura Simon in the film Absolute Power. She also had a recurring guest role on ER as Lynette Evans from 1998 to 1999. She then appeared as Roscoe Dellums in the Emmy Award–winning TV movie The Color of Friendship. Jerald also guest starred on Frasier, The Practice, Touched by an Angel and The X-Files.

Jerald's most-recognized role came in 2001 when she appeared in the Kiefer Sutherland-led Fox series, 24, playing Sherry Palmer, the wife of Senator David Palmer. Jerald believed it was the first role to test her acting ability, claiming the majority of her previous characters were "easy-going." She appeared in all but two of the first season episodes and multiple episodes of the second and third seasons. She received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2003 alongside her 24 co-stars.

In 2003, Jerald portrayed Condoleezza Rice in DC 9/11: Time of Crisis, a TV movie about the September 11 attacks in 2001. She reprised the role in the miniseries The Path to 9/11, which aired September 10–11, 2006.

Jerald also guest-starred on the sitcom Eve, playing Shelly's mother Beverly in four episodes. She portrayed Rebecca Parrish in three episodes of sci-fi series The 4400 in 2007. Jerald had a recurring role on ABC midseason drama October Road for the 2007–08 season.

She made guest appearances on episodes of Tyler Perry's House of Payne. Jerald gave voice to Amanda Waller in animated series Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles in 2015.

Jerald joined the cast of ABC's Castle in its fourth season as the new captain of the 12th Precinct, Victoria "Iron" Gates, replacing Ruben Santiago-Hudson's deceased character Roy Montgomery as captain of the precinct. In 2015, Jerald announced on Twitter that she had been let go from the series, and was herself "saddened" and "surprised" by the news. Regarding Jerald's exit from the series, Castle showrunner Alexi Hawley stated it was "very difficult" writing her out of the series.

She was later cast in the role of Dr. Claire Finn in the Fox/Hulu science-fiction series The Orville. In 2019, Jerald provided the voice of Sarafina in The Lion King, a remake of the 1994 film.

Personal life
She married Gralin Jerald in 1983. Jerald also teaches acting workshops and produces and directs for Outreach Christian Theater Company, which she and her musician husband founded in 1994. The couple have a daughter.

title: Penny Johnson Jerald


text: User talk:165.21.154.13

title: User talk:165.21.154.13


text:
Go (radio show)

Go! was a Saturday morning entertainment show on the Radio One network of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation that ran from 2002 to 2010, hosted by Brent Bambury. The show included interviews, music, live performances, and comedy bits.

The show first aired as a summer series in 2002, concurrently with Bambury's stint as host of All in a Day, the network's local afternoon program in Ottawa. Following a second summer run in 2003, the show was added to the network's regular year-round schedule that fall.

The show was produced in Ottawa before moving to Toronto in 2005. After 2004, most episodes were broadcast in front of a live studio audience.

According to Bambury, "we wanted to do a show that wasn't about anything, so every week was a voyage of discovery to figure out what it was about. But what it was really about was that you didn't have to think very hard. You didn't have to feel smart about anything to listen to it. It was the opposite of a CBC show." The show's format commonly took the form of a pop culture contest of some type. For example, three celebrities would compete against each other in a trivia match, or celebrity judges would evaluate amateur stand-up comedians or celebrity impersonators. Early in the show's run, this included a consistent regular feature titled Groove Shinny, which set a Canadian musician against a "perfect musical mind" (Richard Crouse) and a "perfect stranger", for a music trivia match. At other times, the show would simply broadcast offbeat comedy and entertainment segments, such as guests singing Bible passages or a comedic mock kidnapping of Governor General Adrienne Clarkson.

Regulars included Nana aba Duncan who appeared in an audience participation features titled "Contest Nana", in which she presented an audio montage of soundclips which listeners can e-mail the show to identify. The feature was previously hosted by comedian Sabrina Jalees. Kliph Nesteroff hosted a segment titled "That Time of the Month", showcasing unintentionally funny audio ephemera from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. A live musical guest also often appeared, performing three or four numbers during the course of the show.

The last episode of the show aired on June 26, 2010. In September, Bambury launched a new public affairs magazine show, Day 6, in the same time slot. Go's weekly listener montage contest was retained on Day 6 as "Riffed from the Headlines".

title: Go (radio show)