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Bankura district

Bankura district (Pron: bãkuɽa) is an administrative unit in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is part of Medinipur division—one of the five administrative divisions of West Bengal. Bankura district is surrounded by Purba Bardhaman district and Paschim Bardhaman district in the north, Purulia district in the west, Jhargram district and Paschim Medinipur district in the south, and some part of Hooghly district in the east. Damodar River flows in the northern part of Bankura district and separates it with the major part of Burdwan district. The district head quarter is located in Bankura town.

The district has been described as the "connecting link between the plains of Bengal on the east and Chota Nagpur plateau on the west." The areas to the east and north-east are low-lying alluvial plains while to the west the surface gradually rises, giving way to undulating country, interspersed with rocky hillocks.

Centre of the historic Mallabhum (Malla Kingdom) of western Bengal, Bankura and its surrounding regions are identified with its historical and cultural significance for the later Middle Ages. Vaishnavism, which gained the status of state religion in the Malla Kingdom in the seventeenth century, shaped the culture of the region. The Malla Kingdom was annexed by the British East India Company in 1765 and the modern Bankura district took its form in 1881 and was named after its headquarters.

Etymology
There are few accepted opinions about the etymology of the word Bankura. In the language of the Kol-Mundas, orah or rah means habitation. Banku means extremely beautiful. It may also have come from the word banka which means zig-zag. One of the most influential deities in the district is Dharmathakur and he is locally called Bankura Roy. According to local tradition, the town, which is presently the headquarters of the district, was named after its founder, a chieftain named Banku Rai. Another legend has it the town was named after Bir Bankura, one of the twenty-two sons of Bir Hambir, the Raja of Bishnupur. He divided his kingdom into twenty-two tarafs or circles and gave one to each son. Taraf Jaybelia fell to the lot of Bir Bankura. He developed the town that now bears the name Bankura. It has also been suggested that the name is a corruption of the word Bankunda, meaning five tanks. The name Bacoonda is found in old official records.

History
The earliest signs of human habitation in the area are at Dihar—by about 1000 BC chalcolithic people had settled on the north bank of the Dwarakeswar. Bankura district was inhabited by various indigenous tribes in later pre-historic times as well as Aryanised or assimilated with the people and culture of the Indo-Aryan group, who prevailed in northern India, substantially later than rest of Bengal. These developments took place over many centuries through both conflict and cordiality.

The district was part of Rarh in ancient times. In the old Jain book Acaranga Sutra (around 4th century) there is mention of Sumha and Ladha (Rarh?) and there too the reference is to an area inhabited by uncivilised and barbaric people.

In the fourth century, Susunia edicts record in Prakrit and Sanskrit that Chandravarman, son of Simhavarman, was the ruler of Pushkarana (modern Pakhanna in Bankura district). According to the inscription on the Allahabad pillar, Chandravarman was defeated by Samudragupta and the area became a part of the Gupta Empire. The area was for many years part of Dandabhukti and Bardhamanbhukti.

Many historians opine that assimilation with Indo-Aryans took place first in northern and eastern Bengal and then in western Bengal. This has also been the broad course of the spread of Buddhism and Jainism in Bengal. There is ample evidence of pre-eminence of Indo-Aryan religion and culture in West Bengal from around the sixth century.

Bishnupur kingdom
From around the seventh century until around the advent of British rule, for around a millennium, the history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Hindu Rajas of Bishnupur. The area around Bishnupur was called Mallabhum. At its farthest extent Bishnupur kingdom stretched from Damin-i-koh in Santhal Parganas to Midnapore and included parts of Bardhaman and Chota Nagpur. Smaller kingdoms of aboriginal tribes, such as Dhalbhum, Tungbhum, Samantabhum and Varahabhumi or Varabhumi were gradually subdued and overshadowed by the Malla kings of Bishnupur.

Adi Malla (born 695 AD), the founder of the Malla dynasty, ruled in Laugram, 8.4 km from Kotulpur, for 33 years. When he was 15 years old he had no equal as a wrestler in the territory all around. It was this that earned him the sobriquet of Adi Malla, the original or unique wrestler. He was also known as Bagdi Raja and was succeeded by his son, Jay Malla, who extended his domains and shifted his capital to Bishnupur. The subsequent kings steadily extended their kingdom. Among the more renowned are: Kalu Malla, Kau Malla, Jhau Malla, and Sur Malla. Bir Hambir, the 49th ruler of the Malla dynasty who flourished around 1586 and ruled in the 16th-17th century, was a contemporary of the Mughal emperor Akbar. He was involved on the side of Mughals in their struggle against the Afghans and is mentioned by Muslim historians. He paid an annual tribute to the Muslim viceroys of Bengal and thus acknowledged their suzerainty. He was converted to Vaishnavism by Srinivasa and introduced the worship of Madan Mohan in Bishnupur.

Raghunath Singha Dev, who followed Bir Hambir, was the first Bishnupur Raja to use the Kshatriya title Singh. With exquisite palaces and temples built during the period that followed Bishnupur was reputed to be the most renowned city in the world, more beautiful than the house of Indra in heaven. However, it has also been recorded that while these royal patrons of Hindu art and religion were busy building temples they had lost much of their independence and sunk to the position of tributary princes. Bir Singh walled up alive all his sons, eighteen in number. The youngest, Durjan, alone escaped, having been kept in hiding by the servants. The status of the Raja of Bishnupur was that of a tributary prince, exempted from personal attendance at the court at Murshidabad, and represented there by a resident.

Maratha raids
The Bishnupur Rajas who were at the summit of their fortunes towards the end of the 17th century, started declining in the first half of the 18th century. First, the Maharaja of Burdwan seized the Fatehpur Mahal, and then the Maratha invasions laid waste their country. In 1742, when the Marathas, under Bhaskar Rao, attacked Bishnupur, the troops put up a spirited defence but then Gopal Singh retreated within the fort and ordered the troops and citizens to pray to Madan Mohan to save the city. It is believed that Madan Mohan responded and the cannons were fired without human assistance. The truth probably is that the Maratha cavalry were unable to pierce the strong fortifications and retired. While they failed to take the fort and pillage the treasury, the Marathas harried the less protected parts of the kingdom. Intrigue and litigation that followed ruined the Bishnupur Raj family and eventually in 1806, the estate was sold for arrears of land revenue and bought up by the Maharaja of Burdwan.

British administration
Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760. The Marathas had laid the country waste and famine of 1770 completed the misery of the kingdom. A large section of the population was swept away, cultivation fell, and lawlessness spread. The once powerful king had been reduced to the status of a mere zamindar. In 1787, Bishnupur was united with Birbhum to form a separate administrative unit, the headquarters was shifted to Suri, and a rebellious situation prevailed. Bankura continued to be one district with Birbhum till 1793, when it was transferred to the Burdwan collectorate.

Towards the end of the 18th century, certain portions of the district around Raipur was affected by the Chuar Rebellion. At the time Bankura appears to have been part of Jungle Mahals. The disturbances of the Chuars in 1832 in the western part of the district lead to the disbandment of the Jungle Mahals in 1833. Bishnupur was transferred to Burdwan. In 1872, the parganas of Sonamukhi, Indas, Kotulpur, Shergarh and Senpahari were transferred from Manbhum to Burdwan. In 1879, the district acquired its present shape with the thanas of Khatra and Raipur and the outpost of Simplapal being transferred from Manbhum, and the thanas of Sonamukhi, Kotulpur and Indas being retransferred from Burdwan. However, it was known for sometime as West Burdwan and in 1881 came to be known as Bankura district.

Post-independence
The district is currently a part of the Red Corridor.

Geography

Bankura district is a part of Medinipur division. It is situated between 22° 38’ and 23° 38’ north latitude and between 86° 36’ and 87° 46’ east longitude. It has an area of 6882 km2. On the north and north-east the district is bounded by Bardhaman district, from which it is separated mostly by the Damodar River. On the south-east it is bounded by Hooghly district, on the south by Paschim Medinipur district and on the west by Purulia district. Bankura district has been described as the "connecting link between the plains of Bengal on the east and Chota Nagpur plateau on the west." The areas to the east and north-east are low-lying alluvial plains, similar to predominating rice lands of Bengal. To the west the surface gradually rises, giving way to undulating country, interspersed with rocky hillocks. Much of the country is covered with jungles.

The western part of the district has poor, ferruginous soil and hard beds of laterite with scrub jungles and sal woods. Long broken ridges with irregular patches of more recent alluvium have marks of seasonal cultivation. During the long dry season large extents of red soil with hardly any trees lend the country a scorched and dreary appearance. In the eastern part the eye constantly rests on wide expanses of rice fields, green in the rains but parched and dry in summer.

The Gondwana system is represented in the northern portion of the district, south of the Damodar, between Mejia and Biharinath Hill. The beds covered with alluvium contains seams of coal belonging to the Raniganj system.

Hills
The hills of the district consist of outliers of the Chota Nagpur plateau and only two are of any great height – Biharinath and Susunia. While the former rises to a height of 448 m, the latter attains a height of 440 m.

Rivers
The rivers of the area flow from the north-east to the south-west in courses roughly parallel to one another. They are mostly hill streams, originating in the hills in the west. The rivers come down in floods after heavy rains and subside as rapidly as they rise. In summer, their sand beds are almost always dry. The principal rivers are: Damodar, Dwarakeswar, Shilabati, Kangsabati, Sali, Gandheswari, Kukhra, Birai, Jaypanda and Bhairabbanki. There are some small waterfalls along the course of the Shilabati near Harmasra, and along the course of the Kangsabati in the Raipur area.

Kangsabati Project was started during the second five-year plan period (1956–1961). The dam across the Kangsabati has a length of 10098 m and a height of 38 m.

Climate
The climate, especially in the upland tracts to the west, is much drier than in eastern or southern Bengal. From the beginning of March to early June, hot westerly winds prevail, the thermometer in the shade rising to around 45 C. The monsoon months, June to September, are comparatively pleasant. The total average rainfall is 1400 mm, the bulk of the rain coming in the months of June to September. Winters are pleasant with temperatures dropping down to below 27 C in December.

Economy
Bankura is economically underdeveloped and is mostly dependent on agriculture. Almost 70% of the district's income is generated through agriculture where 80% of the farmers are small & marginal in nature. Bankura is one of the most draught prone district of West Bengal. However due to protective irrigation system, land reforms and use of high fertile & hybrid crops the economic condition of the district has improved. Also, cottage and small-scale industries, such as Stone-crushing, Weaving, Oilseed-crushing, handicraft units like Dokra, Terra-cotta, Baluchari Sari play a key economic role in district.

In 2006, the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Bankura one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the nineteen districts in West Bengal currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Administrative divisions
The district comprises three subdivisions: Bankura Sadar, Khatra and Bishnupur. Bankura Sadar subdivision consists of Bankura municipality and eight community development blocks: Bankura I, Bankura II, Barjora, Chhatna, Gangajalghati, Mejia, Onda and Saltora. Khatra subdivision consists of eight community development blocs: Indpur, Khatra, Hirbandh, Raipur, Sarenga, Ranibandh, Simlapal and Taldangra. Bishnupur subdivision consists of Bishnupur and Sonamukhi municipalities and six community development blocks: Indas, Joypur, Patrasayer, Kotulpur, Sonamukhi and Bankura.

Bankura is the district headquarters. There are 21 police stations, 22 development blocks, 3 municipalities, 190 gram panchayats and 5187 villages in this district.

Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocs which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 5 urban units: 3 municipalities and 2 census towns.

Bankura district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:

Assembly constituencies
As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal, the district is divided into 12 assembly constituencies: Raipur and Ranibandh constituencies are reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST) candidates. Saltora, Katulpur, Indas and Sonamukhi constituencies will be reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. Saltora, Chhatna, Ranibandh, Raipur, Taldangra, and Bankura constituencies will be part of Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency), which will also contain one assembly segment from Purulia district. Barjora, Onda, Bishnupur, Katulpur, Indas and Sonamukhi will be assembly segments of Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency), which also contains one assembly segments from Bardhaman district.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Bankura district has a population of 3,596,674, roughly equal to the nation of Lithuania or the US state of Connecticut. This gives it a ranking of 80th in India (out of a total of 739). The district has a population density of 523 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.64%. Bankura has a sex ratio of 954 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 70.95%. 8.33% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes collectively account for 42.9% (SC: 32.65% and ST: 10.25%) of the district's total population. The prominent communities in this group, in terms of the district's total population, are Bauri (9.74%), Santal (8.31%), Bagdi/Duley (8.02%), Lohar (3.18%), Sunri (excluding Saha) (2.48%), Khaira (2.2%), Mal (1.1%), Bhumij (1.09%), Chamar (1.05%), Dom (1.03%), Namasudra (0.76%), Jalia Kaibartta (0.57%), Hari (0.53%), Kora (0.37%), and Bhuiya (0.34%). Additionally, populations ranging between ten thousand to one hundred include Keot, Mallah, Savar, Bhogta, Mahar, Lodha/Kharia, Kaora, Mahali, Munda, Kotal, Rajwar, Karenga/Koranga, and Bedia.

In the 2001 census, Bankura district had a total population of 3,191,822 of which 1,634,561 were males and 1,557,261 were females. Decadal growth for the period 1991-2001 was 13.79% in Bankura district against 17.84% in West Bengal. The urban population was 235,264 against a rural population of 2,956,558. The district had a density of population of 464 persons per km2. Bankura had a literacy rate of 63.84 per cent.

The first census was taken in 1872. The district as now constituted had a population of 968,597. In the 1901 census, 90.7 per cent of the population spoke a dialect of Bengali known as Rarhi Boli, which was also spoken in the adjoining districts. Santali was spoken by about 9 per cent of the population. 87.4 per cent of the population were Hindus, 8 per cent were Animists and 5.6 per cent were Muslims.

Religion
Hinduism is the predominant religion, and makes up nearly the entire population in urban areas. Islam is almost entirely to be found in rural areas, as are tribal religions. Muslims are most concentrated in the east of the district bordering Bardhaman and Hooghly districts, while tribal religions are largely in the south west, and form significant minorities in Ranibundh (39.44%) and Raipur (27.66%) CD blocks.

Language
According to the 2011 census, 90.68% of the population spoke Bengali and 7.96% Santali as their first language.

Places of interest
Bankura is the headquarters of the district. Bishnupur (or Vishnupur) is a subdivisional town of Bankura district. It was the capital of the Mallabhum kingdom, once the most important Hindu dynasty in Bengal. This town famous for the Terracotta Temples made by the local red soils. This city often called as the 'Temple City' of Bengal.

In addition to Bishnupur, many towns and villages in Bankura such as Kotulpur, Joypur, Sonamukhi, Hadal Narayanpur, and Akui have brick terracotta temples built between the 17th and 19th centuries.

Susunia hills and Beharinath hills are located in the district. Mukutmanipur, the second largest earthen dam in India and Sutan are tourist spots. Mejia power plant is the only thermal power plant of this district. Darakeshwar, Gandheswari and Kangsabati are the major rivers flow through the district. Jaipur forest is the only forest in the plains of Southern Bengal. Bankura Sammilani Medical College is the oldest medical college in this area.

Flora and fauna
The eastern portion of the district is a part of the rice plains of West Bengal. The land under rice cultivation contains marsh weeds of Gangetic plain. Around human habitations there are shrub species such as:
 * Glycosmis,
 * Polyalthia suberosa,
 * Clerodendrum infortunatum,
 * Solanum torvum and various other species of the same genus,
 * Trema,
 * Streblus and
 * Ficus hispida.

The larger trees are: Other plants found include: Forests or scrub jungles contain: *Wendlandia exserta,
 * papal,
 * banyan,
 * red cotton tree (Bombax malabaricum),
 * mango (Mangifera indica),
 * jiyal (Lannea coromandelica),
 * Phoenix dactylifera, and
 * Borassus flabellifer.
 * Jatropha gossypifolia,
 * Urena,
 * Heliotropium and
 * Sida.
 * Gmelina arborea,
 * Haldina cordifolia,
 * Holarrhena antidysenterica,
 * Wrightia tomentosa,
 * Vitex negundo and
 * Stephegyne parvifolia.

The western portion of the district is higher. The uplands are either bare or are covered with scrub jungle of Ziziphus and other thorny shrubs. This thorny forest gradually merges into sal (Shorea robusta) forest. Low hills are covered with Miliusa, Schleichera, Diospyros and other trees.

Some of the common trees of economic interest found in the district are:
 * Alkushi (Mucuna pruriens),
 * amaltas (Cassia fistula),
 * asan (Terminalia tomentosa),
 * babul (Acacia nilotica),
 * bair (Ziziphus jujuba),
 * bael (Aegle marmelos),
 * bag bherenda (Jatropha curcas),
 * bichuti (Tragia involucrate),
 * bahera (Terminalia belerica),
 * dhatura (Datura stramonium),
 * dhaman (Cordia macleodii),
 * gab (Diospyros embryopteris),
 * harra (Terminalia chebula),
 * imli (Tamarindus indica),
 * kuchila (Strychnos nux-vomica),
 * mahua (Bassia latifolia),
 * palas (Butea frondosa),
 * sajina (Moringa pterygosperma),
 * kend (Diospyros melanoxylon),
 * mango,
 * date-palm,
 * nim,
 * papal,
 * banyan,
 * red cotton tree and
 * jiyal.

Education
Bankura district had a literacy rate of 70.26% as per the provisional figures of the census of India 2011. Bankura Sadar subdivision had a literacy rate of 69.56%, Khatra subdivision 69.79% and Bishnupur subdivision 71.60%.

Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Bankura district for the year 2013-14. The primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.

Health care
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Bankura district.

Transport
Bankura Junction railway station is managed by the South Eastern Railways and is on the Adra-Midnapore rail route. It is in Bankura city. Bhubaneswar Rajdhani Express, Rupashi Bangla Express, Aranyak Express, Puri-New Delhi (Nandan Kanan) Superfast Express, Ernakulam-Patna Express, Howrah-LTT Samarsata Express and Purulia-Howrah Express pass through this station. It is the originating and terminating station of Bankura Damodar Railway which will connect to Howrah-Bardhaman Chord section. Computerized reservation facility is available. Going towards north-west, Adra Junction Railway Station is the nearest main station and moving to south, Midnapore Railway Station is the major station next to Bankura.

The Bankura Junction railway station and bridge over Dhaleshwari River were built by Gujarati Railway Contractors of the town Jeewan Gangji Savaria and Lalji Raja Vadher in 1900 working for Bengal Nagpur Railway.

National Highway 14 (India) running from Morgam (in Murshidabad district) to Kharagpur (in Paschim Medinipur district), State Highway 9 (West Bengal) running from Durgapur (in Paschim Bardhaman district) to Nayagram (in Jhargram district) and State Highway 5 (West Bengal) running from Rupnarayanpur (in Bardhaman district) to Junput (in Purba Medinipur) pass through Bankura. NH 14 links Bankura to NH 12 and NH 16. Both NH 14 and SH 9 link Bankura to NH 19 (Grand Trunk Road).

title: Bankura district


text: Category:Nobility by country

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Nobility by country


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Flaming Doctor Pepper

A Flaming Doctor Pepper is a flaming cocktail with taste similar to the soft drink Dr Pepper, despite Dr Pepper not being one of its ingredients. Dave Brinks of the Gold Mine Saloon lays claim to inventing the drink.

Preparation
It is usually made by filling a shot glass with 3 parts Amaretto and 1 part high-proof liquor, such as Everclear or Bacardi 151. The two liquors are not mixed; the high-proof alcohol is layered on top of the Amaretto. The shot is then set on fire and dropped into a glass half-filled with beer. The flames are extinguished by the beer, and the cocktail should then be drunk quickly.

title: Flaming Doctor Pepper


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User:Hemanshu/invisible pages

This page will contain a list of pages not cached by Google. Such pages cannot be searched using Google.

 * Mary Rose Oakar

title: User:Hemanshu/invisible pages


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User:Rising~enwiki

Interests

 * Computer programming

Web Site

 * MYSTellany

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Lal Waterson

Elaine "Lal" Waterson (15 February 1943 – 4 September 1998) was an English folk singer and songwriter. She sang with, among others, The Watersons, The Waterdaughters and Blue Murder. She was born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire. In 1998, she died suddenly in Robin Hood's Bay, of cancer diagnosed only ten days before. "Lal Waterson's voice was stark but captivating, her songs lyrically ambitious and melodically powerful."

Lal Waterson was the sister of Norma Waterson and Mike Waterson, the aunt of Eliza Carthy and the sister-in-law of Martin Carthy. She was married to George Knight and had two children, Oliver Knight and Maria Gilhooley, with both of whom she recorded albums.

Biography
Lal, Norma, and Mike Waterson were orphans and brought up by their grandmother who was of part gypsy descent. Always very close, they began singing together, with cousin John Harrison, in the 1950s, with Lal 'singing unexpected harmonies.' Having opened their own folk club in a pub in the fishing port of Hull where they grew up, by the mid 1960s they had developed their own unaccompanied style singing harmony style re-workings of traditional English songs. In 1968 they stopped touring and became geographically separate for the first time – Norma went to Montserrat, and Lal to Leeds where her husband George lived, while Mike stayed in Hull. Both Mike and Lal were writing songs and when Lal returned to Hull they began working together. When Martin Carthy heard Lal's songs, he found them extraordinary. At this time Carthy was in the folk-rock band Steeleye Span and he told the bass player Ashley Hutchings about Lal and Mike's songs and together they arranged to have them recorded, not unaccompanied, but with a backing band that included Carthy, Hutchings and Richard Thompson. Bright Phoebus was released in 1972 and "caused a quiet sensation".

Her songs sometimes echoed traditional material but also involved a variety of other influences – 'some veered towards jazz and ragtime, others like Winifer Odd had a quirky charm worthy of The Beatles, but with bleak lyrics added. Another favourite Fine Horseman, made use of unexpected chords and structures.' Lyrics were as important to her as the music. The writer she admired most was the 19th century French poet Arthur Rimbaud.

In 1976 all three Waterson siblings moved to Kirk Moor on the edge of the North York Moors and re-formed the group, with Martin Carthy taking over for John Harrison. In the 1980s Lal and George, and Norma and Martin, moved to Robin Hood's Bay, where the sea and landscape of the area often became the inspiration for Lal's songs. She left The Watersons in 1990 for health reasons, staying at Robin Hood's Bay, still writing and painting, and recorded her songs at home with her son Oliver Knight, who was a producer, guitarist, and songwriter. When Once in a Blue Moon was released however, she refused to sing the songs live – perhaps the result of a bad experience while singing with the Watersons. According to Martin Carthy: "She was a perfectionist.. she never sang solo after she forgot something on stage.. she couldn't bear the idea of it going wrong."

Whilst recording Bed of Roses with Oliver Knight, she died of cancer; the album was released posthumously.

Migrating Bird: The Songs of Lal Waterson (2007) is a tribute album, with contributions from James Yorkston, Alasdair Roberts, Willard Grant Conspiracy, Vashti Bunyan, Victoria Williams and others. Jo Freya's album "Lal" (2007) is another tribute to her.

Her songs have been covered by a series of singers including June Tabor, Billy Bragg, The Fatima Mansions, Lady Maisery and The Unthanks. Rachel Unthank: "Her lyrics are so descriptive and evocative,... the melodies twist and turn in ways I wouldn't expect, and yet each line seems to melt into each other.."

Bright Phoebus, released in 1972 by Lal and Mike Waterson, was reissued in 2017 by Domino. The reissue included previously-unheard home demo recordings, and was remastered from the original tapes.

Discography

 * Lal and Mike Waterson – Bright Phoebus (1972)
 * Lal and Norma Waterson – A True Hearted Girl (1977)
 * Lal Waterson & Oliver Knight – Once in a Blue Moon (1996)
 * Lal Waterson & Oliver Knight – A Bed of Roses (1999)

title: Lal Waterson


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List of storms named Ma-on

The name Ma-on has been used for four tropical cyclones in the Western Pacific Ocean. This name was provided by Hong Kong and is the name of a peak in New Territories.

 * Typhoon Ma-on (2004) (T0422, 26W, Rolly) – made landfall on Japan's Izu Peninsula, killing 6 people.
 * Typhoon Ma-on (2011) (T1106, 08W, Ineng) – struck Shikoku in Japan before recurving to the open sea.
 * Tropical Storm Ma-on (2016) (T1624, 27W) – stayed at sea through its duration.
 * Severe Tropical Storm Ma-on (2022) (T2209, 10W, Florita) – affected northern Philippines, South China and northern Vietnam.

After the 2022 storm, the name Ma-on was announced to be retired and will no longer be used. In 2024, the name was replaced by Tsing-ma, which refers to the Tsing Ma Bridge in Hong Kong that connects to the main airport.

title: List of storms named Ma-on


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Apparent weight

In physics, apparent weight is a property of objects that corresponds to how heavy an object appears to be. The apparent weight of an object will differ from the ordinary weight of an object whenever the force of gravity acting on the object is not balanced by an equal but opposite contact force. By definition, the weight of an object is equal to the magnitude of the force of gravity acting on it. This means that even a "weightless" astronaut in low Earth orbit, with an apparent weight of zero, has almost the same weight as he would have while standing on the ground; this is due to the force of gravity in low Earth orbit and on the ground being almost the same.

An object that rests on the ground is subject to a contact force exerted by the ground. The contact force acts only on the boundary of the object that is in contact with the ground. This ground reaction force is transferred into the body; the force of gravity on every part of the body is balanced by stress forces acting on that part. A "weightless" astronaut feels weightless due to the absence of these stress forces. By defining the apparent weight of an object in terms of contact forces, one can capture this effect of the stress forces. A common definition is "the force the body exerts on whatever it rests on."

The apparent weight can also differ from weight when an object is "partially or completely immersed in a fluid", where there is an "upthrust" from the fluid that is working against the force of gravity. Another example is the weight of an object or person riding in an elevator. When the elevator begins rising, the object begins exerting a force in the downward direction. If a scale were used, it would be seen that the weight of the object is becoming heavier because of the downward force, changing the apparent weight.

The role of apparent weight is also important in fluidization, when dealing with a number of particles, as it is the amount of force that the "upward drag force" needs to overcome in order for the particles to rise and for fluidization to occur.

title: Apparent weight


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Category:Nobility

Articles relating to the nobility, a social class normally ranked immediately below royalty and found in some societies that have a formal aristocracy. Nobility is an estate of the realm that possesses more acknowledged privilege and higher social status than most other classes in society.

title: Category:Nobility


text: Talk:Aviation safety

title: Talk:Aviation safety


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Sylvester of Kiev

Sylvestr (Сильвестр) (c. 1055–1123, aged 67-68) was a clergyman and a writer in Kievan Rus'.

Some sources name Sylvestr as a compiler of either the Primary Chronicle itself or its second edition. He was a hegumen of the Vydubetsky Monastery in Kiev, which had been founded by Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich. In 1118, Sylvestr was sent to Pereiaslav as a bishop.

As a person close to Vsevolod's son Vladimir Monomakh, Sylvestr played a notable role in political and ecclesiastical affairs of Kievan Rus.

He is said to have continued the work of St Nestor the Chronicler and written nine Lives of the holy saints of the Kiev Caves. He is celebrated on September 28 and commemorated on January 2.

title: Sylvester of Kiev


text:
Ballistite

Ballistite is a smokeless propellant made from two high explosives, nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. It was developed and patented by Alfred Nobel in the late 19th century.

Military adoption
Alfred Nobel patented Ballistite in 1887 while he was living in Paris. His formulation was composed of 10% camphor and equal parts nitroglycerine and collodion. The camphor reacted with any acidic products of the chemical breakdown of the two explosives. This both stabilized the explosive against further decomposition and prevented spontaneous explosions. However, camphor tends to evaporate over time, leaving a potentially unstable mixture.

Nobel's patent specified that the nitrocellulose should be "of the well-known soluble kind". He offered to sell the rights of the new explosive to the French government, but they declined. Modern research shows that Vieille already discovered it in 1884-1885, about the same time as his Poudre B, and noted its high flame temperatures leading to bore erosion, which led French military to conclude it's unsuitable for military use (indeed, it was a problem for all the militaries which tried to use double- base propellants later). Nobel subsequently licensed the rights to the Italian government, which entered into a contract on 1 August 1889 to obtain 300,000 kg of Ballistite; and Nobel opened a factory at Avigliana, Turin.

The Italian Army swiftly replaced their M1870 and M1870/87 rifles, which used black powder cartridges, by the new M1890 Vetterli, which used ballistite cartridges. As Italy was a competing great power to France, this was not received well by the French press and the public. The newspapers accused Nobel of industrial espionage, by spying on Paul Vieille (the inventor of Poudre B), and "high treason against France". Following a police investigation, he was refused permission to conduct any more research, or to manufacture explosives in France. He therefore moved to San Remo in Italy, in 1891, where he spent the last five years of his life.

Rifle grenades such as the ENERGA and Spigot mortar rounds used in the PIAT used Ballistite.

Ballistite is still manufactured as a solid fuel rocket propellant, although the less volatile but chemically similar diphenylamine is used instead of camphor.

Development of cordite and unsuccessful claim by Nobel of patent infringement
Meanwhile, a government committee in Great Britain, called the "Explosives Committee" and chaired by Sir Frederick Abel, monitored foreign developments in explosives. Abel and Sir James Dewar, who was also on the committee, jointly patented a modified form of ballistite in 1889. This consisted of 58% nitroglycerin by weight, 37% guncotton and 5% petroleum jelly. Using acetone as a solvent, it was extruded as spaghetti-like rods initially called "cord powder" or "the committee's modification of ballistite", but this was soon abbreviated to cordite.

After unsuccessful negotiations, in 1893, Nobel sued Abel and Dewar over patent infringement and lost the case. It then went to the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords in 1895 where he also lost the two appeals and the Nobel's Explosives Company had to pay the costs. The claim was lost because the words "of the well-known soluble kind" in his patent were taken to mean soluble collodion, and to specifically exclude the ether-alcohol-insoluble guncotton.

title: Ballistite


text:
Talk:Himalayas

Status quo
I have reverted user:Fayninja’s last edit. The text they have proposed to add, "It is the highest, youngest and most active continental mountain range on Earth," (with "continental" linked to Continental plate) is ambiguous. What is the most active range? As the Himalayas are not volcanic, does it mean the rate of subduction is the highest, or the speed of uplifting or the rate of compression of the tectonic plates or do they mean it has more active faults than other ranges? If the last, then how are active faults summed across a range? How will an average reader understand this if subduction is introduced much later in the lead? There are similar issues of ambiguity with pretty much everything they have added. Fowler&fowler «Talk»  04:58, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * To understand the complexity, even in a small section of the Himalayas, please read the geology section of the WP:FA Darjeeling, for example: "The Darjeeling hills have been formed by accumulations of folds, faults and tangential thrusts caused by a compression in the north–south direction as the Indian tectonic plate has subducted under the Eurasian plate.[72] Their physical composition varies from unaltered sedimentary rocks in the southern regions to several types of metamorphic rock and some intrusive rocks in the middle and northern, suggesting upward intrusion of the earth's mantle.[72] The collective process has sheared, folded, crushed together, fractured and jointed the rocks, reducing their strength and making them vulnerable to water percolating down their crevices and causing pore water pressure to build up.[72] Phyllites and schists are found in the hills around Kalimpong, which lies to the east, and gneiss predominates the western regions in which Darjeeling lies.[72]" Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  09:13, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * In other words,, how can we say that when two relatively porous continental plates collide, the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate, the complicated crumpling and stacking produced (as demonstrated, for example, in one small section of the range above) is somehow more active than when the denser oceanic Nazca plate more cleanly subducts under the continental South American plate to uplift the Andes—that are nonetheless full of volcanic activity? Also, is it clear that the Himalayas are more active than the Karakorams, or necessarily younger? I feel hazarding these large-scale judgments, cited to a chapter of a speciality secondary source, serves little encyclopedic purpose.

Fowler&fowler «Talk»  10:10, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

 * The Himalayas are labelled as the "most active" continental mountain range by experts due to their geological and tectonic characteristics, including ongoing processes of continental under thrusting, rotational movements, and rapid uplift. Nevertheless, using the term "active" can be misleading for readers since it typically pertains to volcanic activity, unlike the case with the Himalayas, which are not associated with volcanoes.
 * As to why the Himalayas are younger, the experts state this: The Karakoram-Kohistan-Afghan terrains in the northwest Himalayas witnessed the initial collision between the Indian and the Eurasian Plates. According to Treloar et al. (1989), the first phase of collision resulted in unobtrusive docking of the Indian Plate along the southern part of the Eurasian Plate between 72 and 65Ma. A ‘land-bridge’-type link was formed between the two Plates that allowed large variety of animals and amphibians including frogs (which were the normal residents of the present-day central Asia) to enter for the first time in the Indian Territory. Sahni (1984) estimated the time of migration of the central Asian animals and amphibians as the Maastrichtian (72–66Ma).
 * The duration of collision was, however, long extended. It had initiated in the northwest and ended up in the northeast Himalayas denoting anticlockwise rotation of the Indian Plate. Gibbons et al. (2015) elucidated a multistaged collision history between the Indian and Eurasian Plates: The collision of the Greater India with the Tethyan intraoceanic Arc in Paleocene-Eocene time that led to the final closing of the Tethyan seaway during the middle to late Eocene time. Geological evidence from the collision zone indicates an age of initial Arc-Continent collision at ~52Ma. Fayninja (talk) 14:37, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * You are copying text. Please communicate by summarizing.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  14:51, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I understand that they are young. But to make a blanket claim of youngest in the second or third sentence of the lead does not add encyclopedic information in a digestible form, for it lacks WP:COHERENCE. To venture into a fine-honed lead of many years and to add bits and pieces of information here and there is to risk tampering with coherence and cohesion.  Leads of high-level articles are not easily written.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  15:01, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The reason I wanted to change the lead was because of the unverifiable claim of their being over 100 peaks above 7200 metres. If you read my edit, you will come to know that there are actually not that many which hold that distinction. Fayninja (talk) 15:35, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure about Wikipedia tables. The Britannica article "Himalayas" written by Shiba P. Chatterjee and Barry Bishop states in its second sentence,"The Himalayas include the highest mountains in the world, with more than 110 peaks rising to elevations of 24,000 feet (7,300 metres) or more above sea level."  Not sure how mountains are being counted:Britannica is certainly not including the Karakorams and Hindu Kush in the Himalayas, but for what is in place it provides a well-worn source. To say that there are 61 or 58 peaks above 7200 would be tricky, as a tertiary source will be needed to ascertain its content.
 * Fowler&fowler «Talk»  16:30, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I had read that but could not find any primary sources from which they could have retrieved such data. So, I had to trust and go along with NASA. Fayninja (talk) 16:35, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Basically, the collision went from the West (Karakoram and Northwestern Himalayas) to the East (Central and Eastern Himalayas) through a pivoting motion of the Indian plate. The first impact occurred between 72 and 65Ma in the Karakoram region and the collision to the rest of the Eurasian plate (following the present-day Himalayan arc) was completed at ~52Ma. Fayninja (talk) 15:17, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Well I don't think things were that clear cut, nor for that matter how the age of mountains is decided. Subduction can take place in different and distinct spurts. Essentially the age of a mountain is decided by whether it is growing or whether erosion has begun to set in. The main impact of the Indian plate, from what I remember from my  undergraduate geology book,  was along the India-Nepal border and it experienced a westward torque. The theories of the mechanism keep changing. This is the problem with editing the lead of an article with specialized sources each of which is competing with other specialized sources to have their say.  It is best to stick to tertiary sources.  I've flown over the Karakorams.  They are certainly more jagged than the Himalayas, signifying continued growth.   Wikipedia must have an article that speaks to this.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  17:43, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Geology of the Himalayas says: "In the Late Cretaceous (84 Ma), the Indian plate began its very rapid northward drift covering a distance of about 6000 km, with the oceanic-oceanic subduction continuing until the final closure of the oceanic basin and the obduction of oceanic ophiolite onto India and the beginning of continent-continent tectonic interaction starting at about 65 Ma in the Central Himalaya. The change of the relative speed between the Indian and Asian plates from very fast (18-19.5 cm/yr) to fast (4.5 cm/yr) at about 55 Ma is circumstantial support for collision then. Since then there has been about 2500 km of crustal shortening and rotating of India by 45° counterclockwise in the Northwestern Himalaya to 10°-15° counterclockwise in North Central Nepal relative to Asia (Fig. 4)" Anyway, I don't think much purpose is served by declaring the Himalayas the youngest mountain chain and not some very high mountains in their midst, the youngest mountains. But that does not belong to the lead either.  Sorry.   Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  18:08, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * So, academic textbooks are the go to source for adding anything to Wikipedia articles. Fayninja (talk) 01:47, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * That is certainly my preference especially for high level or broad scale articles. More tomorrow. Sleep beckons. Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  03:48, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Sleep well! Fayninja (talk) 04:02, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't their greater jaggedness suggest a lengthier period of uninterrupted erosion, indicating that they predate the Himalayas?
 * To make such an assertion, we must assume a uniform erosion rate throughout the entire area. Fayninja (talk) 04:01, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I was talking about wind erosion, not glacial erosion. Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  09:59, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * See, for example, Mike Searle's Colliding Continents, OUP, 2013, Chapter 3,
 * Dreaming Spires of the Karakoram, "The geology of the Karakoram Range is similar to that beneath the Tibetan Plateau to the east, but whereas Tibet is high and flat with an extremely arid climate and very little erosion, the Karakoram has a similar average elevation of about 5 kilometres, but has enormously high relief, deep glacial erosion and exposes mainly metamorphic and granitic rocks that were formed at great depth and subsequently uplifted during the India–Asia collision. Whereas the geology of Kashmir, Ladakh, and Zanskar revealed the fate of the Indian side of the great collision, the Karakoram would show the geological results of the collision along the Asian margin."
 * Combine this with the fact that the India-Asia collision took place in the Central Himalayas, along what is today the India-Nepal order, it is not clear at all that the Himalayas are younger than the Karakorams in terms of uplift. Dating the rocks is not helpful, as you can have old rocks that may have been uplifted at a later date.
 * "Spires" is a good word. The Karakorams are a surreal landscape of steep tower-like mountains, all clustered together. Best,  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  10:16, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * While examining the separate chapter publications on ScienceDirect, I regarded them as independent research articles. However, I discovered that these chapters were actually extracted from a published book by Elsevier, making it a tertiary source. Sorry for the oversight. Despite my search, I have not come across any other tertiary sources that oppose the claim made in this book, stating that they are not the youngest. Nevertheless, I understand if you prefer not to include the term "youngest" in the introduction, taking into account varying collision theories.
 * Btw, did you find any elevation data that they could have used to make this statement in the Britanica: "The Himalayas include the highest mountains in the world, with more than 110 peaks rising to elevations of 24,000 feet (7,300 metres) or more above sea level."
 * NASA's estimate is much lower: "The Himalayas, home to the tallest mountains on Earth, include more than 110 peaks and stretch 2,500 kilometres (1,550 miles)."
 * "The snowcapped Himalayas trend in a southeast-northwest arc with more than 30 peaks rising to heights of more than 24 000 feet (7300 meters)."
 * If you prefer the many Britannica contributors over NASA, I am fine with that too. Fayninja (talk) 15:17, 27 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Please leave it as is. The Youngest statement has been confirmed by multiple sources and is the most widely accepted theory. It won't look good if the Wikipedia contradicts most other sources of information about a very much searched about topic. 117.197.254.209 (talk) 14:46, 3 August 2023 (UTC)

Adding hindi name of himalaya next to the Himalayas.
According to Wikipedia's guideline WP:NOINDICSCRIPT, for Hinduism-related articles, the use of Indic languages is permitted. Therefore, for topics such as the Himalayas, which is related to Hinduism, the use of Indic languages is acceptable. So, I propose to add this information. TheDarkKnight433 (talk) 01:16, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

 * No. This is an article about a mountain range. Topics 'related to Hinduism' are articles directly about religion. MrOllie (talk) 01:25, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It is directly related to Hinduism. Go the subheading of this article of "Religion". I can also show you multiple sources available on internet to prove this claim. TheDarkKnight433 (talk) 01:37, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/featured/sunday-hans/the-spiritual-significance-of-the-himalayas-745531 This source is enough to end this discussion and further arguments. TheDarkKnight433 (talk) 01:42, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * You have to actually convince people to support your changes somehow, and simply declaring that discussion is at an end will not do so. MrOllie (talk) 01:58, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I proved it that it's related to Hinduism. Now, if you hv further doubts, go on. TheDarkKnight433 (talk) 02:04, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The article would have to be directly about Hinduism to qualify for the exception. A tenuous relationship is not sufficient. MrOllie (talk) 02:38, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It is directly related. I literally attached a source to prove this claim. If you don't have knowledge about this topic, please refrain yourself from such topics. Thank you! TheDarkKnight433 (talk) 02:47, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Ipse dixit. Also, making personal attacks about other people's level of knowledge will not cause others to support your proposals. Since we are duplicating comments here and at Talk:Ganges I do not plan on responding to this talk page again until something unique is brought here. MrOllie (talk) 02:49, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok, good. TheDarkKnight433 (talk) 02:57, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

You started this debate by removing replacing Urdu (which was only added yesterday) with Hindi, with an edit summary of "This mountains ranges has nothing to do with urdu[sic]". I deleted the Hindi with an edit summary of "Lets avoid multiple languages" because the Himalayas are in five countries Nepal, China, Pakistan, Bhutan and India, some of which use multiple languages. There is already a detailed section on the name, which makes such inclusion in the lead unnecessary, and it would become unnecessarily cluttered if they were all included, and we would not choose one language for inclusion over the others. - Arjayay (talk) 10:50, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

 * That's basically my thought on this as well. An article that would be fall into the exception would be one that is primarily focused on Hinduism.  It's not intended to be a broad exception, and this would be pushing it to way beyond where it was intended.
 * And the OP has been blocked as a sock, so fairly moot discussion.  Ravensfire  (talk) 00:46, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Himalayas


text:
Hagen-Priorei

Priorei (officially Hagen-Priorei) is a small town on the River Volme in the Ruhr district of Germany. Administratively a part of the independent urban district of Hagen (North Rhine Westphalia) since 1975, it is situated some 12 km south of Hagen city centre.

Priorei is best known for an ancient tree, believed to be over 1000 years old, the Priorlinde (the prior's lime). This is the basis of the town's name, although no priory ever existed here: it is a corruption of an Old High German word meaning a place of assembly for law making, and such assemblies were commonly held under a lime tree.

Numerous mills, smithies, and foundries arose along the Volme in the pre-industrial age, harnessing the river's power, and Priorei was one of the localities in which the iron industry developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Priorei lies on federal road 54 (Gronau – Wiesbaden) and is served by bus route 510 (Baukloh – Hagen – Sterbecke).

title: Hagen-Priorei