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Estrela

Estrela, Portuguese for "star", may refer to:

Animals

 * Estrela Mountain Dog, a breed of working dog native to the range
 * Phyllonorycter estrela, a moth of the family Gracillariidae

Portugal

 * Serra da Estrela Subregion, a NUTS3 statistical subregion of Portugal
 * Beiras e Serra da Estrela, an administrative division of Portugal
 * Serra da Estrela, a mountain range in Portugal
 * Torre (Serra da Estrela), highest point of Mainland Portugal
 * Serra da Estrela Natural Park, the largest natural conservation area in Portugal
 * Estrela (Lisbon), a parish located in the municipality of Lisbon, Portugal

Brazil

 * Centro Oriental Rio-Grandense, one of the Mesoregions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Alagoas

 * Estrela de Alagoas, a municipality in the state of Alagoas, Brazil

Goiás state

 * Estrela do Norte, Goiás, a municipality in north Goiás state, Brazil

Mato Grosso

 * Porto Estrela, a municipality in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Minas Gerais

 * Estrela do Indaiá, a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil
 * Estrela Dalva, a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil
 * Estrela do Sul, a municipality the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Rio Grande do Sul

 * Estrela, Rio Grande do Sul, a municipality in Brazil
 * Estrela Velha, a municipality in the state Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

São Paulo

 * Estrela d'Oeste, a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
 * Mira Estrela, a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
 * Estrela do Norte, São Paulo, a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Footballers

 * Estrela (footballer) (born 1995), Angolan footballer born Valdomiro Lameira
 * Elaine Estrela Moura, Brazilian international woman's football player
 * Wilson Constantino Novo Estrela, Angolan retired footballer
 * Nélson Alexandre Farpelha Estrela, Portuguese footballer

Other

 * Edite Estrela (born 1949), Portuguese socialist politician and Member of the European Parliament

Sports clubs

 * Estrela do Norte Futebol Clube, a Brazilian football (soccer) club
 * Estrela de Cantanhez FC, a Guinea-Bissau football team
 * Estrela dos Amadores, a Cabo Verdean football team
 * Estrela Negra de Bissau,a Guinea-Bissau football team
 * Estrela Miyazaki, a former Japanese football club based in Miyazaki
 * GD Estrela Vermelha, a sports club in Maputo, Mozambique
 * Estrela Clube Primeiro de Maio, a football (soccer) club from Benguela, Angola
 * Estrela de Vendas Novas, a sports club from Vendas Novas, Évora, Portugal
 * Estrela Vermelha (Beira), a Mozambique multi sports club from Beira, Mozambique
 * Estrela do Norte Futebol Clube, a Brazilian football club based in Cachoeiro do Itapemirim, Espírito Santo state

Other

 * Muito (dentro da estrela azulada), an album by Brazilian singer and composer Caetano Veloso
 * 1990 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, the 12th edition of the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira football event
 * Arena das Dunas, a football stadium in Natal, Brazil
 * Estrela (company), a Brazilian toy manufacturer
 * Estrela Basilica, a basilica in Lisbon, Portugal
 * Escola Catolica Estrela do Mar (Macau) a Catholic school in Macau
 * Serra da Estrela cheese, a cheese from Serra da Estrela in Portugal with PDO status
 * Estrela de absinto, a Portuguese-language novel by Brazilian author Oswald de Andrade
 * Telstar 14 or Estrela do Sul 1, a commercial communications satellite
 * 1990 Taça de Portugal Final, the final match of the 1989–90 Taça de Portugal
 * Estrela report, a failed EU resolution on women's health and reproductive rights proposed by Edite Estrela

title: Estrela


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Pig-Pen

Pig-Pen is a fictional character in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz. While amiable, he is a young boy who is, except on rare occasions, extremely dirty and attracts a permanent cloud of dust.

History
"Pig-Pen" is a nickname. In a 2000 Gallup Poll, Pig-Pen was found to be the fifth most popular Peanuts character. In strips up through 1980, Schulz spelled the character's name "Pig-Pen", with a hyphen; since 1981, the name has been spelled "Pigpen". He is also mocked by other characters because of his dirtiness.

Pig-Pen is known for his perpetually filthy overalls and the cloud of dirt and dust that surrounds him everywhere he goes. When he takes a deep breath (to sing, for example), the dust rises briefly around him. He has proudly referred to his personal cloud as "the dust of ancient civilizations". He cannot seem to rid himself of the dust for more than the very briefest of periods — indeed, in spite of his best efforts, it appears that he cannot stay clean. He is referred to in an early strip as the only person who can get dirty while walking in a snowstorm. Nevertheless, on rare occasions he has briefly appeared clean, and hence unrecognizable. Once this was in order to impress Violet, of whom he was a bit fond. On another occasion (September 6, 1954), he managed to keep one side of his body clean and presented this clean side to Patty, causing her to believe that he was completely clean. In The Peanuts Movie (2015), Patty seems to have a crush on Pig-Pen and he seems to return these feelings.

Once, after bathing and dressing in clean clothes, Pig-Pen stepped outside his house and instantaneously became dirty and disheveled, whereupon he declared to Charlie Brown, "You know what I am? I'm a dust magnet!" On another occasion, Pig-Pen decided it was important to have clean hands, but after failing to wash them, realized that he had "reached a point of no return."

One notable exception is an earlier strip where he gets caught in a brief but heavy rainfall, and while trying to seek shelter, the storm ends, revealing him to be clean. He responds with disdain, stating that, "In one minute the rain has washed away what took me all day to accomplish".

Though Pig-Pen is proud of his uncleanliness, Charlie Brown is the only other Peanuts character to unconditionally accept Pig-Pen for who he is, even defending his uncleanliness in one strip (which was re-used in A Charlie Brown Christmas and Peanuts):

"Don't think of it as dust. Just think of it as the dirt and dust of far-off lands blowing over here and settling on 'Pig-Pen!' It staggers the imagination! He may be carrying the soil that was trod upon by Solomon or Nebuchadnezzar or Genghis Khan!"

Charles Schulz admitted that he came to regret Pig-Pen's popularity, given the character's essentially one-joke nature; he utilized the character very rarely in the later years of the strip's run; Pig-Pen was featured in just over 100 of the 17,897 Peanuts comic strips that Schulz created (though still appearing commonly in the TV specials and movies of the franchise). Like most of Schulz's characters, Pig-Pen has (both with and without lines) appeared in many of the animated Peanuts television specials beginning in the 1960s, as well as all five movies. One time, his clean self was shown in a miniseries titled This Is America, Charlie Brown, where he is an astronaut aboard a futuristic space station, demonstrating how personal hygiene would apply in zero gravity. True to form, the clean Pig-Pen is immediately dirtied again when dirt is attracted to him magnetically. In the 1990s, he appeared (in an animated overlay against a live-action backdrop) in a series of television commercials for Regina vacuum cleaners where all the dirt is sucked off his body and filthy trousers by one of the company's products, arguably one of the few times where Pig-Pen remains clean. In 2015, Pig-Pen appeared in a commercial for All laundry detergent for a tie-in with The Peanuts Movie. In the commercial, Snoopy, dressed as a magician, puts a cloth over Pig-Pen and instantly makes him clean, causing Snoopy to get dirty. This is also one of the few times where he remains clean.

Geoffrey Ornstein first voiced Pig-Pen in the 1965 movie A Charlie Brown Christmas. Although he also later played the role in Charlie Brown's All Stars!, other various actors have voiced him ever since.

He last appeared in the Peanuts comic strip on September 8, 1999. That strip was very uncharacteristic of him in that it showed him embarrassed to the point of shame in his dirtiness, with none of the pride or sense of destiny that he expressed in earlier strips.

Pig-Pen is evidently a talented musician, as he is shown playing the double bass, notably in A Charlie Brown Christmas, and later in the 1971 special Play It Again, Charlie Brown he easily takes to a set of drums brought out by Snoopy.

He plays third base on Charlie Brown's baseball team, and is likely the best player; in a March 1997 strip, when asked by Lucy why he doesn't look as neat as the others, he answers that his previous year's batting average was .712, adding "Neatness doesn't bat .712".

Voiced by

 * Geoffrey Ornstein (1963–1966)
 * Gabrielle DeFaria Ritter (1966–1969)
 * Christopher DeFaria (1969)
 * Chris Inglis (1971)
 * Tom Muller (1974)
 * Carl Steven (1984–1986)
 * Jacob Ferry (1994)
 * Brandon Taylor (1997)
 * Corey Padnos (2000)
 * Jake Miner (2003)
 * Shane Baumel (2011)
 * A.J. Tecce (2015)
 * Sage Correa (2016)
 * Zach Atkinson(2018)
 * Jacob Soley (2021-2023)
 * Lucien Duncan-Reid (2023-present)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pig-Pen


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title: File:BarbJungr Chanson.jpg


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Darwin (spacecraft)

Darwin was a suggested ESA Cornerstone mission which would have involved a constellation of four to nine spacecraft designed to directly detect Earth-like planets orbiting nearby stars and search for evidence of life on these planets. The most recent design envisaged three free-flying space telescopes, each three to four metres in diameter, flying in formation as an astronomical interferometer. These telescopes were to redirect light from distant stars and planets to a fourth spacecraft, which would have contained the beam combiner, spectrometers, and cameras for the interferometer array, and which would have also acted as a communications hub. There was also an earlier design, called the "Robin Laurance configuration," which included six 1.5 metre telescopes, a beam combiner spacecraft, and a separate power and communications spacecraft.

The study of this proposed mission ended in 2007 with no further activities planned. To produce an image, the telescopes would have had to operate in formation with distances between the telescopes controlled to within a few micrometres, and the distance between the telescopes and receiver controlled to within about one nanometre. Several more detailed studies would have been needed to determine whether technology capable of such precision is actually feasible.

Concept
The space telescopes were to observe in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. As well as studying extrasolar planets, the telescopes would probably have been useful for general purpose imaging, producing very high resolution (i.e. milliarcsecond) infrared images, allowing detailed study of a variety of astrophysical processes.

The infrared region was chosen because in the visible spectrum an Earth-like planet is outshone by its star by a factor of a billion. However, in the infrared, the difference is less by a few orders of magnitude. According to a 2000 ESA bulletin, all spacecraft components in the optical path would have to be passively cooled to 40 kelvins to allow infrared observations to take place.

The planet search would have used a nulling interferometer configuration. In this system, phase shifts would be introduced into the three beams, so that light from the central star would suffer destructive interference and cancel itself out. However, light from any orbiting planets would not cancel out, as the planets are offset slightly from the star's position. This would allow planets to be detected, despite the much brighter signal from the star.

For planet detection, the telescopes would operate in an imaging mode. The detection of an Earth-like planet would require about 10 hours of observation in total, spread out over several months. A 2002 design which would have used 1.5 metre mirrors was expected to take about 100 hours to get a spectrum of a possibly Earth-like planet.

Were the Darwin spacecraft to detect a suitable planet, a more detailed study of its atmosphere would have been made by taking an infrared spectrum of the planet. By analyzing this spectrum, the chemistry of the atmosphere could be determined, and this could provide evidence for life on the planet. The presence of oxygen and water vapour in the atmosphere could be evidence for life. Oxygen is very reactive so if large amounts of oxygen exist in a planet's atmosphere some process such as photosynthesis must be continuously producing it.

The presence of oxygen alone, however, is not conclusive evidence for life. Jupiter's moon Europa, for example, has a tenuous oxygen atmosphere thought to be produced by radiolysis of water molecules. Numerical simulations have shown that under proper conditions it is possible to build up an oxygen atmosphere via photolysis of carbon dioxide. Photolysis of water vapor and carbon dioxide produces hydroxyl ions and atomic oxygen, respectively, and these in turn produce oxygen in small concentrations, with hydrogen escaping into space. When O2 is produced by H2O photolysis at high altitude, hydrogenous compounds like H+, OH− and H2O are produced which attack very efficiently O3 and prevent its accumulation. The only known way to have a significant amount of O3 in the atmosphere is that O2 be produced at low altitude, e.g. by biological photosynthesis, and that little H2O gets to high altitudes where UV is present. For terrestrial planets, the simultaneous presence of O3, H2O and CO2 in the atmosphere appears to be a reliable biosignature, and the Darwin spacecraft would have been capable of detecting these atmospheric components.

Candidate planets
Planet Gliese 581 d, discovered in 2007, was considered a good candidate for the Darwin project. It orbits within the theoretical habitable zone of its star, and scientists surmise that conditions on the planet might be conducive to supporting life.

Similar initiatives
The interferometric version of NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder mission is similar in concept to Darwin and also has very similar scientific aims. According to NASA's 2007 budget documentation, released on February 6, 2006, the project was deferred indefinitely, and in June 2011 the project was reported as cancelled. Antoine Labeyrie has proposed a much larger space-based astronomical interferometer similar to Darwin, but with the individual telescopes positioned in a spherical arrangement and with an emphasis on interferometric imaging. This Hypertelescope project would be much more expensive and complex than the Darwin and TPF missions, involving many large free-flying spacecraft.

title: Darwin (spacecraft)


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Nancy Ling Perry

Nancy Ling Perry (September 19, 1947 – May 17, 1974, born Nancy Ling) was also known as Nancy Devoto, Lynn Ledworth, and Fahizah while a founding member of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), a small leftist terrorist group based in northern California. Considered one of its chief theorists and activists, she died in a shootout with the Los Angeles Police Department at an SLA safehouse in that city.

Background
Nancy Ling was born in San Francisco in 1947 to an upper-middle-class family. She attended Montgomery High School in Santa Rosa, where she was a cheerleader. She also served as a Sunday school teacher at her church. In 1964, while in high school, she was a campaign worker for Barry Goldwater. While in high school, Ling was also involved in Job's Daughters (Bethel #16) and served as their Honored Queen.

She began university at Whittier College. After a few semesters at Whittier, however, she transferred to the University of California, Berkeley. At Berkeley she majored in English.

Ling met Black jazz musician Gilbert Perry when he was working for a state employment office, and the couple were married December 26, 1967. Married for six years, they had a relationship described as a "love-hate affair". It ended when Gilbert left Nancy, but she remained deeply interested in black culture.

Retaining her married name, Ling Perry worked as a topless blackjack dealer in San Francisco. During this period, she was deeply involved in using psychedelic drugs and amphetamines.

Symbionese Liberation Army
Perry became politically active and joined other students serving in a university-sponsored prisoner outreach program through the Black Cultural Association (BCA) at Vacaville Prison. The program was organized by Colston Westbrook, a professor at University of California, Berkeley. At Vacaville, Perry formed a relationship with black inmate Donald DeFreeze, who was active at the prison. He was given permission to see her in conjugal visits. This was unusual, as authorities generally authorized such visits only for married couples.

DeFreeze was transferred to Soledad Prison for good behavior. He escaped from there in March 1973 and made his way to Oakland, where he contacted Russ Little and some other white associates he had met through the BCA at Vacaville. Little put him in touch with Patricia Soltysik, and he started living at her apartment. They formed a sexual relationship and were co-founders of what became the Symbionese Liberation Army. Perry is also considered a co-founder.

Others in the small group were Thero Wheeler, a black convict who escaped from Vacaville in August 1973; Chicano Joe Remiro (classified as white by the New York Times), and Angela Atwood, another white woman. They were soon joined by a white married couple, Emily Harris and her husband William. All but DeFreeze, Wheeler and Remiro were white and mostly educated, from middle and upper-class families.

With Soltysik, Perry is considered to have been a chief theorist and driver of the SLA. She was the only one to identify publicly as SLA, and wrote a five-page letter to The San Francisco Chronicle in 1974 affirming this.

Initially Wheeler and Remiro, a veteran, began training the whites in the use of weapons. None had any experience with them. Wheeler was increasingly opposed to the radical plans for violence formed by SLA leaders. He believed it was the wrong direction, and withdrew in October 1973 with his heiress girlfriend Mary Alice Siem. After the two separated, he lived as a fugitive for two years before being apprehended.

The SLA first made headlines by claiming credit for the murder on November 6, 1973, of Marcus Foster, Superintendent of Oakland Public Schools. He was the first black superintendent of any major urban school system. This act outraged the black community, which had strongly admired him. In a public statement, the unknown group SLA claimed that the bullets used were tipped with the poison cyanide. This was confirmed by the city coroner and the police realized they had a new group to monitor.

Perry narrowly avoided arrest a few days later on November 11. A serial rapist appeared at the front door of her house and attempted to assault her. She stopped this and talked to police on the front lawn after they were alerted by neighbors. She managed to prevent the police from entering her house and finding the many SLA materials inside. The rapist was later apprehended.

In an effort to evade police attention after the attack on Foster and his deputy, Perry rented a house for the SLA under a false name in Concord, California, east of the Berkeley hills. Little and Remiro were stopped in that area in early January 1974 by police and exchanged shots with them. They were both arrested.

In an effort to destroy evidence linked to the SLA, Perry set the house on fire and fled. But the fire was discovered and put out, and police found numerous documents, illegal weapons, lists of target public figures, and other materials connected to the SLA. Little and Remiro were both charged and convicted of the murder of Foster and wounding of his deputy. They were sentenced to prison and assigned to San Quentin. Little's conviction was overturned on appeal, but Remiro remained in prison in 2023, the only member of the SLA still incarcerated. Parole has been repeatedly denied.

During the next several months, the SLA undertook increasingly risky actions, including kidnapping heiress Patty Hearst in February. In April they conducted an armed robbery of a bank. By this time Hearst had publicly declared she had joined the SLA; she was filmed in videos at the bank brandishing an assault weapon.

In May 1974 Nancy Ling Perry, DeFreeze, Patricia Soltysik and two other founding members of the SLA had taken refuge at a safe house in south central Los Angeles, at 1466 East 54th Street. On May 17, 1974, the Los Angeles Police Department surrounded the house with a SWAT team and a shootout began. The house accidentally caught on fire. and the group hid in a crawlspace.

As the hideout burned, Perry and SLA member Camilla Hall exited the house. Police claimed that Perry was the first to come out. When police ordered her to freeze, Perry turned and began firing a revolver; police fatally shot her in response. Perry was shot twice; one shot hit her right lung, the other shot severed her spine. Camilla Hall emerged after Perry, and police said she was brandishing a pistol. She was fatally shot once in the forehead. Angela Atwood pulled Hall's body back inside the house. Investigators working for Perry's parents later claimed that Perry had left the house intending to surrender. DeFreeze committed suicide by gunshot in the house as the fire raged. Soltysik and Atwood also died in the house.

title: Nancy Ling Perry


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Estrela d'Oeste

Estrela d'Oeste is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is 8,419 (2020 est.) in an area of 296.3 km2. Estrela d'Oeste belongs to the Mesoregion of São José do Rio Preto.

History
The area of Estrela d´Oeste was first explored at the beginning of the 20th century. Settlement started in 1942, and in 1948 it became an independent municipality by separation from Fernandópolis.

Census Data - 2010
Total Population: 8208 Population density (inhabitants / Km ²): 27.69
 * Urban: 6831
 * Rural: 1377
 * Men: 4133
 * Women: 4075

Census Data - 2000
(Source: IPEADATA)
 * Infant mortality to 1 year (per thousand): 10.43
 * Life expectancy (years): 74.42
 * Fertility rate (children per woman): 1.96
 * Literacy Rate: 87.26%
 * Human Development Index (HDI): 0.792
 * Income HDI: 0.705
 * HDI Longevity: 0.824
 * HDI Education: 0.848

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Estrela d'Oeste


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Estrela do Norte

Estrela do Norte (Star of the North) or variant, may refer to:

Places

 * Estrela do Norte, São Paulo, a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
 * Estrela do Norte, Goiás, a municipality in the state of Goiás, Brazil

Ships

 * Estrella Do Norte, a Mersey-class trawler
 * Estrella do norte, a Portuguese ship wrecked on a North Sea sandbank in 1815; see List of shipwrecks in 1815

Other uses

 * Estrela do Norte Futebol Clube, Cachoeiro do Itapemirim, Espírito Santo state, Brazil

title: Estrela do Norte


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Valeria Mazza

Valeria Raquel Mazza (, ; born 17 February 1972) is an Argentine model and businesswoman. Mazza rose to prominence in the 1990s and became a household name after appearing on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue of 1996 alongside Tyra Banks. Mazza worked for fashion designers such as Gianni Versace and Roberto Cavalli.

Biography
Mazza was born in Rosario, Santa Fe Province to Raúl Mariano Mazza Ceriani and Monica Ferreira, and was raised in Paraná, Entre Ríos Province. A model since age 14, Mazza has also worked as an actress, presenter and brand ambassador. As a businesswoman, she has released three perfumes, her own magazine, and created an eyewear company and production company. Once a student of occupational therapy, she also promotes humanitarian causes, and is noted for her work with the Special Olympics, UNICEF, and the Pediatrics Unit of the Austral Hospital in Pilar, Buenos Aires Province.

Mazza remains a leading figure in Latin American fashion, and is considered the most important fashion model in Argentine history.

Personal life
On 9 May 1998, Mazza married businessman Alejandro Gravier in the Basilica of the Blessed Sacrament in Retiro, Buenos Aires; the wedding reception was held at the Hipodromo Argentino de Palermo with 1,500 guests. The couple have four children born in 1999, 2002, 2005, and 2008. They reside in Buenos Aires. The couple owns Finca Valeria, a countryside vacation property in La Barra, near Punta del Este, Uruguay, where they hold an important party with renowned guests every summer. In 2008, she and her husband were under investigation by Argentina's Revenue Service, AFIP, for alleged tax evasion for two million US dollars.

In addition to her native Spanish, Mazza also speaks Italian and English.

title: Valeria Mazza


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Scaled Composites Proteus

The Scaled Composites Model 281 Proteus is a tandem-wing high-altitude long-endurance aircraft designed by Burt Rutan to investigate the use of aircraft as high-altitude telecommunications relays. The Proteus is a multi-mission vehicle able to carry various payloads on a ventral pylon. The Proteus has an extremely efficient design and can orbit a point at over 19,800 m for more than 18 hours. It is currently owned by Northrop Grumman.

Design and development
Proteus has an all-composite airframe with graphite-epoxy sandwich construction. Its wingspan of 77 ft is expandable to 92 ft with removable wingtips installed. Proteus is an "optionally piloted" aircraft ordinarily flown by two pilots in a pressurized cabin. However, it also has the capability to perform its missions semi-autonomously or flown remotely from the ground. Under NASA's Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) project, NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center assisted Scaled Composites in developing a sophisticated station-keeping autopilot system and a satellite communications (SATCOM)-based uplink-downlink data system for Proteus' performance and payload data. The Proteus wing was adapted for use on the Model 318 White Knight carrier aircraft, which is the launch system for Rutan's Tier One spacecraft and the DARPA X-37.

Flight testing of the Proteus began with its first flight on July 26, 1998, at the Mojave Airport and continued through the end of 1999. In June, Proteus was deployed internationally for the first time, debuting at the Paris Air Show. It was flown non-stop from Bangor, Maine to Paris. During the week-long show, it flew each day, demonstrating its capabilities as a telecommunications platform.

The Proteus is the current holder of a number of FAI world records for altitude (class: C1-e: landplanes 3,000–6,000 kg, Group: 3, turbojet), set in cooperation with NASA Dryden. The highest altitude achieved was 63245 ft in October 2000.

Proteus was included in the list of the "100 Best of 1998 Design", by Time magazine, December 21, 1998.

Operational history
Due to the multimission nature of the aircraft, it has been involved in a number of significant research projects and missions. Scaled Composites, a wholly owned subsidiary of Northrop Grumman, actively markets the aircraft as a research platform, and has published a user's guide for planning proposed missions.

Angel Technologies HALO
Proteus was originally conceived as a high-altitude, long operation (HALO) telecommunications platform. Proteus was to be the first of a series of aircraft built by Scaled Technology Works of Montrose, Colorado (a proposed spinoff of Scaled Composites which was later cancelled). The aircraft was intended to carry a 14 ft antenna, which was flight tested in the autumn of 1999 and the summer of 2000, including the relay of a video conference while the aircraft orbited over Los Angeles. The project failed to move forward, however, and the subsequent series of aircraft were not built.

ARTIS camera
A small Airborne Real-Time Imaging System (ARTIS) camera, developed by HyperSpectral Sciences, Inc., under NASA's ERAST project, was demonstrated during the summer of 1999 when it took visual and near-infrared photos from Proteus while it was flying high over the Experimental Aircraft Association's AirVenture 99 Airshow at Oshkosh, Wisconsin. The images were displayed on a computer monitor at the show only moments after they were taken.

NAST validation
Proteus' first science mission was to carry the National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Airborne Sounder Testbed – Interferometer (NAST-I) instrument in March 2000 during the Cloud-Intensive Operating Period over the Department of Energy Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) site. The flights, based out of Stilwell, Oklahoma, encompassed 30 flight hours over a week and a half, characterizing cloud properties and validating the instrument.

Then, in September and October 2000, during the Water-Vapor Intensive Operating Period, Proteus and NAST flew validation flights studying upper tropospheric water vapor and performing underflights of the Terra satellite.

ARM-FIRE AFWEX project
In November–December 2000, Proteus flew as part of the DOE's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program and their water vapor experiments. Flights were essentially the same as was flown for the NAST Water-Vapor Intensive Operating Period validation flights.

NASA TRACE-P
As part of the TRACE-P (Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific) mission, Proteus once again carried the NAST pod during March 2001. The aircraft logged 126 flight hours, and was variously based out of Alaska, Hawaii and Japan, gathering data in coordination with ground, balloon and satellite sensor packages over the North Pole in March 2001.

NASA CLAMS
Proteus took part in the NASA Chesapeake Lighthouse & Aircraft Measurements for Satellites (CLAMS) program in July and August 2001, flying out of NASA's Wallops Flight Facility. The project used a number of different aircraft to develop methods of measuring ocean characteristics, and estimates of aerosols.

Airborne laser target
In February 2002, Proteus carried a 30 ft pod which served as a target for development of the Boeing YAL-1 Airborne Laser system. The pod housed an array of over 2000 small holes containing optical sensors to detect the laser system. Due to scheduling constraints with other Proteus customers, the Airborne Laser never conducted an actual flight test with the Proteus target system. A target system was designed and integrated into the NKC-135 Big Crow aircraft and used for the majority of Airborne Laser testing.

ERAST DSA system
In March 2002, NASA Dryden, in cooperation with New Mexico State University's Technical Analysis and Applications Center (TAAC), the FAA and several other entities, conducted flight demonstrations of an active detect, see and avoid (DSA) system for potential application to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) out of Las Cruces, New Mexico. This was a part of the NASA ERAST Project. Proteus was flown as a surrogate UAV controlled remotely from the ground, although safety pilots were aboard to handle takeoff and landing and any potential emergencies. Three other aircraft, ranging from general aviation aircraft to a NASA F/A-18, served as "cooperative" target aircraft with an operating transponder. In each of 18 different scenarios, a Goodrich Skywatch HP Traffic Advisory System (TAS) on the Proteus detected approaching air traffic on potential collision courses, including several scenarios with two aircraft approaching from different directions. The remote pilot then directed Proteus to turn, climb or descend as needed to avoid the potential threat.

In April 2003, a second series of flight demonstrations focusing on "non-cooperative" aircraft (those without operating transponders), was conducted in restricted airspace near Mojave, California, again using the Proteus as a surrogate UAV. Proteus was equipped with a small Amphitech OASys 35 GHz primary radar system to detect potential intruder aircraft on simulated collision courses. The radar data was sent directly to the ground station as well as via an Inmarsat satellite system installed on Proteus. A mix of seven intruder aircraft, ranging from a sailplane to a high-speed jet, flew 20 scenarios over a four-day period, one or two aircraft at a time. In each case, the radar picked up the intruding aircraft at ranges from 2.5 to 6.5 mi, depending on the intruder's radar signature. Proteus' remote pilot on the ground was able to direct Proteus to take evasive action if needed.

IHOP 2002
The International H2O Project (IHOP 2002) was a field experiment which took place over the Southern Great Plains of the United States from May 13 to June 25, 2002. The chief aim of IHOP 2002 was improved characterization of the four-dimensional (4-D) distribution of water vapor and its application to improving the understanding and prediction of convection. The NASA Holographic Airborne Rotating Lidar Instrument Experiment was flown as a part of this project. Flights were performed in coordination with Lockheed P-3 and DC-8 aircraft.

NASA Crystal-FACE
In July 2002, Proteus participated in Crystal-FACE, measuring tropical cirrus clouds, operating from Key West, Florida, flying as far south as Belize. For this phase of the project, the aircraft was configured with 10 ft canards and $13 1/2$-foot wingtip extensions.

ARM-UAV
Proteus has been used in a number of deployments as a part of a project sponsored by the DOE's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program and the Sandia National Laboratories to study cirrus clouds in the upper atmosphere.

Space trapeze
In May and June 2005, Transformational Space Corp., or t/Space, flight tested their rocket release concept utilizing Scaled Composites' Proteus. A captive-carry test flight was performed on May 13, and the rocket mockup was dropped three times, on May 24, June 7 and June 14, over Edwards AFB. The mockup was a 23% scale model of a proposed four-person crew capsule (called the CXV) and its AirLaunch LLC-produced QuickReach II booster. These particular flight tests were to demonstrate the concept of t/Space's Trapeze/Lanyard (TLAD) air drop system.

Model 395 development
Northrop Grumman is using the Proteus to research new UAV technologies, as it can be controlled from the cockpit, a ground control station, or operate semi-autonomously. Scaled, in partnership with Northrop Grumman, is offering a fully uncrewed version of the Proteus, labeled Model 395, as part of the competition for the USAF Hunter-Killer competition. If selected, that product would have been flown in 2007.

On February 24, 2005, Proteus became Scaled's first bomber with the release of an inert 500-pound weapon over Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada.

Global Hawk radar
On April 27, 2006, Proteus flight tested a large pod designed to house a developmental version of the Multi-Platform Radar Technology Insertion Program, or MP-RTIP. This is a long range, high resolution air-to-ground and air-to-air synthetic aperture radar system being developed for use on the RQ-4 Global Hawk. This pod is, by function of its length and frontal area, one of the largest payloads carried by Proteus to date. Actual flight testing of the MP-RTIP system began in late September 2006, with initial flight reaching 100 kn and 22000 ft altitude.

World records
Proteus has set several world altitude records in FAI Class C-1e (Landplanes: takeoff weight 3000 to 6000 kg), Group 2, turbojet, including:

 * Altitude: piloted by Mike Melvill and Robert Waldmiller, 19277 m, October 25, 2000.
 * Altitude in horizontal flight: piloted by Mike Melvill and Robert Waldmiller, 19015 m, October 25, 2000.
 * Altitude with 1000 kg payload: piloted by Mike Melvill and Robert Waldmiller, 17067 m, October 27, 2000.

title: Scaled Composites Proteus


text:
Euclides da Cunha Paulista

Euclides da Cunha Paulista is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is named after Euclides da Cunha, a Brazilian writer. The population is 9,325 (2020 est.) in an area of 574 km². The elevation is 265 m.

The municipality contains 30% of the 6677 ha Mico Leão Preto Ecological Station, established in 2002. It also contains part of the 246800 ha Great Pontal Reserve, created in 1942.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Euclides da Cunha Paulista


text:
Orenburg Cossacks

The Orenburg Cossack Host (Оренбургское казачье войско) was a part of the Cossack population in pre-revolutionary Russia, located in the Orenburg province (today's Orenburg Oblast, part of the Chelyabinsk Oblast and Bashkortostan).

History
After having constructed fortifications around the future town of Orenburg in 1734, they officially founded it in 1735. For the purpose of defending the city and colonizing the region, the Russian government relocated the Cossacks from Ufa, Iset, Samara and other places and created the Orenburg non-regular corps in 1748. In 1755, a part of it was transformed into the Orenburg Cossack Host with 2,000 men.

In 1773–1774, the Orenburg Cossacks took part in Yemelyan Pugachev's insurrection. In 1798, all of the Cossack settlements in the Southern Urals were incorporated into the Orenburg Cossack Host (except for the Ural Cossacks). A decree of 1840 established the borders of the Host and its composition (10 cavalry regiments and 3 artillery battalions). In the mid-19th century, the Cossack population of this region equaled 200,000 people.

The Orenburg Host participated in the Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790, and later in the campaigns that Russia waged in order to conquer Central Asia.

Organisation
The Orenburg Host consisted of 2 districts, or okrugs (after 1878 - 3 departments, or otdels). By 1916, the Cossack population of this region had grown to 533,000 people occupying a territory of 7,45 million desyatinas. One desyatina equaled 2,7 acres (11,000 m2). In the early 19th century, the Orenburg Cossack Host supplied 6 cavalry regiments, 3 artillery battalions, 1 cavalry battalion, 1 sotnia (100 men) of guards and 2 detached sotnias. During World War I, the Orenburg Cossack Host supplied 18 cavalry regiments, 9,5 artillery battalions, 1 cavalry battalion, 1 sotnia of guards, 9 unmounted sotnias, 7,5 reserve sotnias and 39 detached and special sotnias (to a total of about 27,000 men).

Post revolution
After the October Revolution of 1917, the leadership of the Orenburg Cossack Host, under the command of Ataman Alexander Dutov, fought against the Turkestan Red Army. The poorer Cossacks joined the ranks of the Red Army. The 1st Orenburg Cossack Socialist Regiment took part in the Ural Army Campaign of 1918.

In 1920, the Orenburg Cossack Host ceased to exist.

Distinctions
The distinguishing colour of the Orenburg Cossack Host was light blue; worn on the cap bands, shoulder straps and wide trouser stripes of a dark green uniform, of the loose-fitting cut common to the Steppe Cossacks. High fleece hats were worn on occasion with light blue cloth tops. Officers wore silver epaulettes and braiding. After 1907 a khaki-grey service uniform of standard Imperial Cavalry pattern was introduced but the light blue distinctions were retained until 1920.

External

 * Petr I. Avdeev Istoricheskaya Zapiska ob Orenburgskom Kazach'em Voiske, 1904

title: Orenburg Cossacks


text:
User:Incognito

Current Project

 * WikiProject: My Little Pony.

title: User:Incognito


text:
Herbert Trench

Frederic Herbert Trench (12 November 1865 – 11 June 1923) was an Irish poet.

Life
Trench was born in Avonmore, County Cork, and educated at Haileybury and Keble College, Oxford. From 1891 he worked as an examiner for the Board of Education.

In 1908 a Dramatic Symphony, opus 51, written by Joseph Holbrooke setting Trench's poem Apollo and the Seaman was performed, under Thomas Beecham. Trench then moved into theatrical work for a few years, collaborating with his friend Thomas Evelyn Scott-Ellis, 8th Baron Howard de Walden. They put on The Blue Bird by Maeterlinck in 1909, and Ibsen's The Pretenders in 1913, at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket. Afterwards, he spent time travelling. He died in Boulogne-sur-Mer.

Some of his other poems were set to music by Arnold Bax and Mildred Lund Tyson.

Works

 * Deirdre Wed and other Poems (1901)
 * New Poems (1907)
 * Lyrics and Narrative Poems (1911?)
 * Ode from Italy in time of War (1915)
 * Napoleon (1919) play
 * Poems (1924, Cape)

Translations

 * "The Death of the Gods. Julian the Apostate" (1901) (Wikimedia scans) from Russian novelist Dmitry Merezhkovsky
 * "The Romance of Leonardo da Vinci" (1904) (Wikimedia scans) from Russian novelist Dmitry Merezhkovsky

title: Herbert Trench


text:
Max Factor

Max Factor is a line of cosmetics from Coty, founded in 1909 as Max Factor & Company by Maksymilian Faktorowicz.

Max Factor specialized in movie make-up. Until its 1973 sale for US$500 million (approximately $ billion in 2017 dollars), Max Factor & Company was owned by several generations of the family, becoming an international company during that time. Procter & Gamble purchased it in 1991.

History
Max Factor was born Maksymilian Faktorowicz in Congress Poland, and later moved to Moscow where he was employed as a wig maker. After immigrating to the United States in 1904, Factor moved his family and business to Los Angeles, California, seeing an opportunity to provide made-to-order wigs and theatrical make-up to the growing film industry. Besides selling his own make-up products he soon became the West Coast distributor of both Leichner and Minor, two leading theatrical make-up manufacturers.

When the film industry was beginning to evolve, stick greasepaint (although the accepted make-up for stage use) could not be applied thinly enough, nor did the colors work satisfactorily on the screen. Factor began experimenting with various compounds to develop a suitable make-up for the new film medium. By 1914 he had perfected his first cosmetic product. With this major achievement to his credit, Max Factor became the authority on cosmetics in film-making. Soon movie stars were eager to sample his "flexible greasepaint".

For the first few years of the business, Factor personally applied his products to actors and actresses. He developed a reputation for being able to customize makeup to present film stars in the best possible light on screen. Among his most notable clients were Mabel Normand, Ben Turpin, Gloria Swanson, Mary Pickford, Pola Negri, Jean Harlow, Claudette Colbert, Bette Davis, Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, Lucille Ball and Judy Garland. As a result, virtually all of the major movie actresses were regular customers of the Max Factor beauty salon, located near Hollywood Boulevard.

In 1918, Max Factor completed development of his "Color Harmony" face powder which, due to its wide range of shades, allowed him to customize and provide more consistent make-up for each actor. He created many unique looks for notable actresses, such as Clara Bow's heart-shaped/pierrot lips. Years later, he exaggerated Joan Crawford's naturally full lips to distinguish her from the many would-be stars copying the Clara Bow look. He also created specific shades: Platinum (Jean Harlow), Special Medium (Joan Crawford), Dark (Claudette Colbert) and Light Egyptian (Lena Horne). For Rudolph Valentino, he created makeup to complement the actor's complexion and mask the darkness of his skin on screen.

In 1920, Max Factor accepted his son Frank's suggestion and officially began referring to his products as "make-up," based on the verb phrase "to make up" (one's face). Until then the term "cosmetics" had been used; "make-up" was considered vulgar, to be used only by people in the theater or of dubious reputation and not in polite society.

In 1922, while on holiday in Europe with his wife, Factor visited the Leichner headquarters in Germany. He was by then the biggest retailer of their theatrical stick greasepaint, yet Factor was snubbed and kept waiting at reception. Upset at this treatment, he left and immediately cabled his sons to begin selling his own brand of greasepaint. Until then, Factor had made his own greasepaint for his clients, but had made no attempt to market it while he was representing other brands. Now he concentrated on his own products, which he offered in a collapsible tube instead of in stick form. His tube greasepaint was not only more hygienic, but could be applied thinly and evenly. Soon Max Factor's version was the leading brand.

By the 1920s, his sons Davis and Frank were heavily involved in the business, with Davis the general manager and Frank assisting his father in the development of new products. In 1925, the company received its biggest order to date when it had to complete a rush order to supply 600 gallons of light olive makeup for the movie Ben-Hur to ensure the skin color of the extras used in filming undertaken in America would match that of the darker-skinned Italian extras in the scenes filmed in Italy.

For the 1926 film Mare Nostrum, Max and Frank Factor developed the first waterproof theatrical make-up.

By the 1920s, Max Factor was becoming known outside the film community, which led to the company developing an in-house PR department in the early 1930s.

In 1935, Max Factor opened the Max Factor Salon, which was frequented by virtually all of Classic Hollywood's greatest starlets.

National distribution
While Max Factor was satisfied to remain a specialized supplier of products to the film community, his children were convinced they could grow the company into a much larger enterprise. National distribution began in 1927 when Sales Builders, an established distribution company, obtained the rights to advertise, distribute and sell Factor's products. Due to his strong connection with the film industry, Max Factor was able to use celebrity endorsements in advertising. In return for a nominal payment of US$1 to the actor, the advertising would also promote the star's latest film.

Development of Panchromatic
The introduction of sound-on-film led to the replacement of the old noisy carbon arc lights by tungsten lights, which were less hot and created a softer light. At the same time the orthochromatic film, which until that time had been used by the industry, was replaced by super-sensitive faster Panchromatic film which noticeably darkened skin colors. These developments required six months of intensive development to create make-up compatible with the new environment. Because they had been designed for black and white film the existing products were unsuitable for everyday use. This new Panchromatic make-up was trademarked in October 1929.

Development of Pan-Cake
The development of Technicolor film required the company to develop a new line of products as its existing Panchromatic make-up left a slight sheen on the skin which reflected surrounding colors. As a result of how bad they looked in color many actors and actresses refused to appear in color films. Because Max Factor was recovering from being hit by a delivery van at the time, Frank Factor took the lead in the two years it took to develop a suitable make-up, initially called the "T-D" and then renamed the "Pan-Cake" series. It was sold in a solid cake form and applied with a damp sponge which offered the advantage of concealing skin imperfections under a transparent matte finish. Its first appearance was in the film Vogues of 1938. The Pan-Cake make-up was made for on-screen looks but was wearable for day-to-day looks.

It was an immediate hit and its advantages led to women stealing it from the film sets and using it privately. Its only disadvantage for everyday use was that it could not be used at night as it made the skin too dark under all but the powerful lights used in film studios. While Max Factor wanted to reserve the product for film use, Frank Factor was open to the commercial possibilities and began developing lighter shades. At the time the company was only able to produce enough to meet studio demand, which delayed commercial release until production could be increased. The company used the release of Vogues of 1938 in August 1937 and five months later The Goldwyn Follies, the second film to use the make-up, to commercially release Pan-Cake to the public, backed by a color-based national advertising campaign. It immediately became the fastest and largest selling single make-up item to date, as well as the standard make-up used in all Technicolor films.

Beauty micrometer
In the 1930s, Factor helped to develop a mask-like device to measure the contours of subjects' faces. He called it the "Beauty Micrometer". Its purpose was to detect even barely-visible structural flaws, that might be magnified and more-noticeable on camera. A technician could then apply makeup to mask the problem.

Max Factor's death
After Max Factor's death in 1938, Frank Factor took the name Max Factor, Jr., and expanded the still private cosmetics firm, along with members of the immediate family including Sidney Factor, Louis Factor, Davis Factor and Max Firestein.

In 1939 Max Factor, Jr., began development of a smear-proof lipstick which would also both be non-irritating and not change color. A kissing machine was constructed to test the formula's resistance to fading. The result was released in 1940 as "Tru-Color" in six shades of red.

During World War II, Max Factor developed make-up shades for use by the US Marine Corps in camouflaging faces.

In 1947 after 26 months of development by Max Factor, Jr., the company released "Pan-Stik", a cream make-up supplied in stick form and designed to take advantage of the latest changes in studio lighting and film stock. This product was quick to apply as well as non-greasy. It was released to the public in 1948 and was immediately commercially successful.

In 1951 the company expanded their range to offer a range of male shampoo, aftershave lotion, deodorant and shaving foams.

The introduction of color television lead the company to develop Max Factor Color TV Make-up, which became the standard for use in color television.

In 1955 the company released "Electrique", its first fragrance and three years later "Primitif".

In 1956 Max Factor inc. purchased Sales Builders, which had until that time handled all of their national sales and distribution. This led to a complete reorganization of the company's American markets, advertising, sales and distribution division.

By the 1960s, Max Factor, Jr., Max Firestein, and grandsons Donald Factor, Alfred Jay Firestein and Chester Lee Firestein were still involved. Under his leadership, in 1965 Max Factor, Jr., established "Geminesse", a line of makeup, skincare and perfume products that were sold only by uniformed clerks in department stores. The packaging and products were different; many of the containers were designed to resemble Greek sculptures.

The early 1960s saw the company become a public company and list its Class A stock on the New York Stock Exchange. This period also saw the third generation of the Factor family, Barbara Factor, Davis Jr. Factor, Donald Factor, Alfred Firestein, and Chester Firestein rising to senior positions within the company. His place of work is now a museum located in downtown Hollywood.

Merger with Norton Simon
By the early 1970s Sidney Factor had retired from the board, and Barbara Factor, Donald Factor and Davis Jr. Factor from the third generation had also left the company to pursue other interests. As a result, there was decreasing family involvement. Davis Factor was still board chairman while Alfred Jay Firestein was president and CEO when in 1973 the company agreed to merge with Norton Simon. This event was marred weeks later by the sudden death of Alfred Jay Firestein at the age of 48. Chester Firestein succeeded him as president of the company, only to resign three years later in 1976, to devote his time to his personal interests; he was replaced by a non-family member. His departure, together with that of Max Factor, Jr., in the same year, meant that there were now no members of Max Factor's immediate family working for the company.

During Chester Firestein's time in charge the company expanded overseas and launched many new products including Musk For Men, UltaLucent Waterproof make-up and, in 1975, the successful Halston line of fragrances, which quickly became the second best-selling designer fragrance in the world, trailing Chanel No. 5.

It was under Norton Simon that Max Factor launched "Maxi", a line of makeup aimed at a younger, more savvy consumer. Maxi sold products aimed at adolescent tastes, such as lip gloss, color rubs and "mood" lipsticks. Maxi was priced to compete with market leaders Bonne Bell and CoverGirl. Neither Maxi, Geminesse, nor Max Factor were able to lift the company's declining profits and market share.

In 1983 Norton Simon was taken over by Esmark, by which time no one in the Factor family was involved in the company's day-to-day operations. A year later Esmark merged with Beatrice Foods, which lumped Max Factor into their Playtex beauty division and moved the Max Factor headquarters from Los Angeles to Stamford, Connecticut. In 1986, Ronald Perelman of Revlon bought the Playtex beauty division for $500 million. In 1991, Revlon sold Max Factor to Procter & Gamble for $1.5 billion.

By the first quarter of 2010, Procter & Gamble had discontinued Max Factor in the United States, instead focusing its marketing efforts on the more successful CoverGirl cosmetics line. Max Factor continued to be marketed overseas.

In June, 2015, Max Factor was one of a number of beauty brands purchased from P&G by Coty for $12 billion. Coty relaunched Max Factor in 2018.

Innovations
Max Factor is credited with many cosmetic innovations, among which are:
 * 1914: Released the first cosmetic made specifically for motion pictures, a thinner greasepaint made in 12 shades. It was in cream form and packaged in jars, as opposed to the thicker stick grease paints used for theater.
 * 1917: Released "Supreme Liquid Whitener" which provided the means of obtaining an alabaster smoothness on the neck, shoulder, arms and hands.
 * 1918: Released "Color Harmony", a range of face powder which due to its wide range of shades allowed the customizing of consistent make-up for an individual actor or actress.
 * 1925: Released "Max Factor's Supreme Nail Polish," a metal pot of beige-colored powder that was sprinkled on the nails and buffed with a chamois buffer, to give nails shine and some tint.
 * 1927: Released "Society Nail Tint," a small porcelain pot containing rose colored cream. Applied to the nail and buffed, it gave a natural rose color. "Society Nail White" was also released. This was a tube of chalky white liquid that was applied under nail tips and left to dry. The result resembled the modern French manicure.
 * 1928: Developed cosmetics specifically for use in black-and-white films. Max Sr. was awarded an Oscar award for this innovation.
 * 1930: Invented lip gloss.
 * 1932: Developed a line of "Television Make-up," specifically to meet the needs of television.
 * 1934: Released Liquid Nail Enamel, forerunner of today's nail polishes.
 * 1935: Opened the Max Factor Make-up Salon in Los Angeles.
 * 1935: Released "Pan-Cake", forerunner of modern cake makeup, originally developed for color films.
 * 1940: Released "Tru-Color" lipstick, the first smear-proof lipstick. Created the "Hunter's Bow" shape that is popular among the pin-up.
 * 1948: Released "Pan-Stik" makeup.
 * 1954: Released "Erace", the original concealer, and developed a line of cosmetics specifically for color television's needs. (This line remained the standard for TV cosmetics until the arrival of HDTV.)
 * 1971: Released the first "waterproof" make-up.
 * 1980: Japanese subsidiary acquired an antioxidant derived from sake wine, called Pitera. Subsequently, launched Max Factor Secret Key with Pitera, which would later be renamed SK-II.
 * 1988: Launched the world's first clear colorless mascara
 * 2000: Launched the first 12-hour long-lasting non-transfer lip color, "Lipfinity" lipstick
 * 2008: Launched "False Lash Effect mascara"

title: Max Factor


text:
Euclides da Cunha (disambiguation)

Euclides de Cunha may refer to:

 * Euclides da Cunha (1866–1909), a Brazilian writer, sociologist and engineer
 * Euclides da Cunha Paulista, a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
 * Euclides da Cunha, Bahia, a municipality in the state of Bahia, Brazil

title: Euclides da Cunha (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Chanson: The Space in Between

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title: Talk:Chanson: The Space in Between


text:
Talk:MPlayer

Windows?
Err.. from what I can find out from the manual and website, MPlayer really is Linux-only. Yes, it can work under Cygwin, but so do a lot of other Linux programs. -- Harry 15:50, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Most definitely not. You can create native Windows MPlayer binaries with MinGW.  It also runs under Mac OS X and most Unix variants. DonDiego 14:53, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

But MPlayer includes a video output driver for DirectX and an audio output driver for native Windows audio. So if the program is compiled under Windows with Cygwin or Mingw, it behaves like a native Windows command line program and doesn't require a running X server (unlike most other graphical Linux programs running under Windows/Cygwin). Also, if you only want run MPlayer on Windows, you don't have to have Cygwin or Mingw installed. AxelBoldt 21:49, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah.. OK. I'll stick with Winamp then ;) -- Harry 16:08, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * You don't have to compile it to use it, bozo. ;-) --ClariT (talk) 23:26, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

Legal Status?
I would like to see a discussion of the legal status of MPlayer. The Debian project does not include MPlayer because in the past they believed it violated the licenses of some of its components (now believed resolved). They also cite patent concerns. See, and. --ChrisRuvolo 21:09, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * This is answered at The Debian and mplayer FAQ which includes it has been in Debian since "Oct 2006. It may be part of the next release Debian 4.0 (codename "etch")" Previously "there were problems with copyright and patents (according to this summary of the history)" with references Foolswisdom 07:14, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * MPlayer is part of Etch, the latest Debian release.--DonDiego 09:47, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

How can MPlayer play DVDs? Isn't it illegal to distribute DVD codecs like that?

 * (Per history, above unsigned was added 18 March of 2006 by 199.111.242.64 --ClariT (talk) 23:31, 17 June 2008 (UTC))

Codec Lists
I've just added most of the codecs that the MPlayer team thinks are most important, but the video codec list seems a bit long; suggestions on whether it should be changed, or what should be culled from the list? --Dave2 21:39, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * To be frank, I think the table looks quite ugly, apart from being incomplete. Since MPlayer supports more multimedia formats than any other player, I think it is best characterized as such.  All the other multimedia players have free form lists in their description, so there is no need to make MPlayer different.  A new article with a comparison of codec support by different multimedia players would be interesting, similar to the comparison of media players. DonDiego 09:47, 2005 Mar 23 (UTC)

 * I'm split on whether a freeform list is better or not. On the one hand, it's more compact, but on the other hand it does make it a bit cluttered IMO. I don't feel that it can be completely scrapped, just leaving the page on mplayerhq.hu, as that would leave out wikification. --Dave2 12:35, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The correct solution is this: stop lying to users just because 99 % of people don't want to understand the difference between software and a format, or specification and implementation. A list of supported formats should only list supported formats and not names of the most famous software products that create audio/video in supported formats. For example, when MPlayer supports MPEG-4 ASP video, the correct way is listing only MPEG-4 ASP as the supported video compression, not "3ivx, DivX and Xvid" which are company/brand/product names (and furthermore not listing FFmpeg MPEG-4 just because it's not as famous as DivX and Xvid even though MPlayer supports video encoded with it, too). —J. M. 22:16, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Image mangling
The screen shot on the right and the list of formats at the top of the page for MPlayer get stacked on top of each other. This occours at 800x600 display mode.

Other kind of Mplayer
I was looking for information on the former gaming service Mplayer. I can do a new article on this, but there should be a link to it, or this page should be made a disambig page. Flyerhell 10:26, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Resolved, I guess. See mplayer.com.  Flyerhell, you sound knowledgable on this topic and I don't see that you contributed at mplayer.com; you should review what was done there. --ClariT (talk) 23:39, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

MPlayer now uses Subversion
Might be worth updating MPlayer, MEncoder, and FFmpeg articles to reflect that. They finished transition on June 1 2006. -Matt 23:48, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

list of windows frontends
a section in the article that would be most apreciated (at least by me) since alternatives to MPUI definitely exist. So far to my knowledge there is MPF (mplayer frontend) and rulesplayer but i feel we need more before making this list. Anyone know of any others?

 * I use a win32 version based on mingw32 (the link to the project is available on the official website), it allows the same skinned UI that MPlayer has on linux. In fact you can even change the default skin to those available on the official website - although not all functionalities will be available through the interface.
 * Download the "Precompiled Mplayer win32 GUI binaries" in the projects website, it's in 7zip.
 * Why this version and mplayer itself is not more popular on windows, escapes me, it is truly an underrated killer app.--MrBlonde 16:43, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * the related projects page of mplayerhq.hu has the list of win32 mplayer guis. Compn 16:01, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Unclear - FFMPEG or MPlayer?
Is the DLL loader part of MPlayer or FFMPEG? The way the relevant text is worded is unclear. Also, coverage of the bundled w32codecs would be interesting in its own right. 74.138.55.7 01:55, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * It's part of MPlayer. Most of the open source codecs are part of ffmpeg.  For those codecs not supported by ffmpeg or other open source libraries, it uses the DLL loader.  How do you think this should be worded? --Mcoder 03:36, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

System requirements for MPlayer in Windows
The MPlayer site does not tell you the windows system requirements, but this site (which seems to be selling freeware!) http://www.virtualsoftware.com/ProdPage.cfm?ProdID=1930 says: Min Processor: 486, Min RAM: 8 MB, 605 Kb only Disk Space, Sound Card

After going through the list comparing media players for Windows, Mplayer The KMPlayer and VLC came out as best. But VLC requires XP. Havnt found out about The KMPlayer yet. MPlayer and The KMC just can't be bothered to tell potential new users what the system requirements are.
 * Probably because no one can tell. → Aza Toth 20:03, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It's not that they are not bothered; there are no definite system requirements. MPlayer does not rely on any Windows feature. If you are persistent enough, you'd likely be able to compile it for DOS. To get closer to your point, one of the developers stated this here: "MPlayer is the most efficient player available. I can watch almost all movies smoothly on my 500MHz K6-III." But if you want to play four-to-eight XVID video streams in parallel in a VJ set, you'll prefer an Athlon64 2G+. So hardware requirements depend on what you want to play. Kuteni 20:42, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Its hard to explain system requirements, since each codec requires a different minimum speed. I've ran mplayer on a win95 p160 for mp3s. I've used it for playing vcds (mpeg1 video) on a p233. Playing dvds (mpeg2 video) works on a celeron 400mhz win98/2k. 640x480 h264 runs on an athlon 900mhz with win2k. i dont know the min requirements for 720p hdtv h264, but they are at least 1.8ghz. and 1080 h264 no idea. feel free to incorporate this into the article if you can word/table it properly. --65.29.97.246 (talk) 22:36, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Recent revert
This edit made the article internally inconsistent, using the terms "Linux" and "GNU/Linux" interchangeably. This is confusing; we should use one or the other. The point in question is also rather banal, and doesn't really need to be pointed out. It should be reverted. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 18:03, 2 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Didn't my subsequent edit address that, or are you saying you'd like to excise the phrase the default GUI for Unix-like systems from the article? Mind  matrix  18:16, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Oops. You're absolutely right - I'm satisfied with the current wording. Apologies for the interruption. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 19:23, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

In Bahasa Indonesia
MPlayer article in Bahasa Indonesia is available now. Please help the interlingua. Thank you. Reindra (talk) 12:49, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

MPlayer dead?
Website is down, and I don't think they were updating the codec packages for a long time now.Hexrei2 (talk) 15:46, 27 June 2011 (UTC)
 * MPlayer is actively developed (What do you mean with codec packages? The binary packages should not be needed for any real-world content.), but some of the (automatically chosen) mirrors are down. I explicitly set the main server now.--Regression Tester (talk) 10:12, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

The site is not down — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.18.200.144 (talk) 23:09, 23 February 2019 (UTC)

Alternate Windows build
I added a link to my Windows build alongside Sherpya's and am declaring that here to avoid possible COI accusations. The previous link was just to Sherpya's MPlayer builds, and I have been releasing different builds to his for a while now, so it is less biased to include them both instead of giving preference to just one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SubJunk (talk • contribs) 02:00, 16 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Where are sources and license?--Regression Tester (talk) 09:12, 16 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Sources are on the page (via SVN) and the license is in the download. SubJunk (talk) 22:30, 18 August 2011 (UTC)
 * So how can I download the sources for (for example) MPlayerMEncoder-SB6.zip ?--Regression Tester (talk) 22:57, 18 August 2011 (UTC)
 * You can just checkout the SVN repository. If you want an older version you can update to previous revisions. If you're unfamiliar with SVN and use Windows I recommend TortoiseSVN which provides SVN integration with Windows Explorer — Preceding unsigned comment added by SubJunk (talk • contribs) 05:10, 21 August 2011 (UTC)
 * So do we agree that you either did not read the GPL (it is your responsibility to provide the *complete* sources used to compile the binaries you distribute) or that you do not want to comply?--Regression Tester (talk) 07:42, 22 August 2011 (UTC)
 * No, we do not agree. 100% of the sources are available in the SVN repository which is clearly marked with large letters in the given link. SubJunk (talk) 02:48, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

mplayer2
Is there an article about mplayer2.--78.48.167.122 (talk) 12:08, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

And another crappy article
Like many many article about some software, this article is IMO also crap.
 * 1) Just now, June 2014, I added a === Video acceleration === subsection, which proves, that MPlayer supports VDPAU, and though it, use the acceleration on all Nvidia graphics cards that have some version  of PureVideo. I do not understand, how such a section could be missing all these years? Now what about other APIs, such as VAAPI? Can MPlayer make use of them?
 * 2) besides missing important information, the article lacks a structure and is full of crap. User:ScotXW t@lk 18:23, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree. previous versions of the article had more info on history, authors, etc. seems to have gotten lost over the years. I think a more interesting article would focus on how MPlayer was the first (well, possibly the first) software player to handle quicktime, wmp and realplayer formats, and is currently one of the very few players to support vivo files.
 * to answer your other quesiton, vaapi was never merged and was forked off mplayer to the mplayer-vaapi project. --Compn (talk) 01:56, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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MplayerX is bundling malware
https://blog.malwarebytes.com/puppum/2016/09/pup-friday-mplayerx/ maybe wikipedia does not want to link to malware --Tavin (talk) 19:22, 12 February 2018 (UTC)
 * What does this have to do with the article? It does not link to MPlayerX anywhere.—J. M. (talk) 23:59, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:MPlayer


text: Talk:Every Grain of Sand: Barb Jungr Sings Bob Dylan


text:
Fartura (municipality)

Fartura is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 16,070 (2020 est.) in an area of 429 km2. The elevation is 516 m.

History
Historically inhabited by the Caiová Indians of the Guarani macro-family, the fertile lands of Fartura began to attract settlers in the late 19th century, a time when large settlements were carried out under the leadership of Frei Pacífico de Montefalco and financed by João da Silva Machado, the Baron of Antonina.

In 1880, fulfilling a promise made by his father, Manoel Remígio Viana donated land to Luís Ribeiro Salgado and Vicente de Oliveira Trindade with the obligation to build a chapel in honor of Our Lady of Sorrows, the patron saint of the municipality. The completion of the work was only possible with the efforts of the local families, who had recently built a wooden cross under which they prayed on Sundays and holy days. The strong religiosity of the early inhabitants of Fartura is represented by the vivid red cross on the municipality's coat of arms, a symbol of high Christian faith according to traditional heraldry.

In 1881, the newly inaugurated Municipal Chamber of Piraju sent tax inspector Manuel Martins to Fartura with the aim of collecting the taxes due from the growing settlement, thus beginning its struggle to prevent the village from being elevated to the status of a District and, subsequently, the construction of a new parish. However, on February 7, 1884, Domingos Antônio Raiol, then president of the province, sanctioned Law No. 5 of the Province of São Paulo, elevating the village of Capela Nossa Senhora das Dores de Fartura to the category of Freguesia de Fartura, detaching it from Piraju and annexing it to Itaporanga.

On March 31, 1891, the year of the first republican Constitution, after facing much political resistance, Américo Brasiliense de Almeida Melo issued decree no. 145/1891 of the State of São Paulo, elevating the newly formed Freguesia de Fartura to the status of a municipality. This date is considered the foundation of the municipality, celebrated by the townspeople with EXPOFAR, commonly known as the Fartura Festival. The traditional city anniversary celebration provides residents and visitors from neighboring cities with various artistic and cultural attractions, such as traditional and contemporary country music shows, a festival of country-style guitar, an amusement park, open-air markets, and more.

Interestingly, the disagreement over the name of the municipality was already present among the early inhabitants, but the most accepted version is that Fartura is due to the abundance of fish in the stream that bathes the city.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Fartura (municipality)


text: Talk:Waterloo Sunset (album)

title: Talk:Waterloo Sunset (album)


text:
Category talk:British cyclists

Sean Kelly is Irish, not British (and deserves far fuller coverage)

What do I do about Josie Dew who is a British cyclist, but isn't a sportsperson. (There are other forms of cycling apart from sport!) -- SGBailey 17:26, 2005 Feb 17 (UTC)

Categories are not the same as lists. Phlebas 22:40, 11 May 2005 (UTC)
 * List now moved to List of British cyclists. Vclaw 12:54, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:British cyclists


text:
Fernando Prestes

Fernando Prestes is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 5,794 (2020 est.) in an area of 170 km2. The elevation is 545 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Fernando Prestes


title: File:Georingo1.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Monochrom

New vfd

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was Keep. Nomination withdrawn. utcursch | talk 11:31, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Vanity. Delete. Was moved to Votes for deletion earlier, but was saved by IP Edit keeps, non-existant users and possibly sock-puppets (have a look at the contributions of users who voted to keep. utcursch 09:41, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep but edit down! Agree with the concerns about who voted to keep article, may have value to keep in a heavily edited down form Jschwa1 12:35, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Having a myriad of sockpuppets, while annoying, is not a reason to delete an article.  Several very narrow Google searches clearly demonstrate that this organization is noteworthy, especially within Austria.  I hate to say it, but the sockpuppets were right.  Move on.  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:14, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yay sockpuppets, even a broken clock is right twice a day. Keep. --fvw *  03:13, 2004 Dec 22 (UTC)
 * Needs a great deal of cleanup. Perhaps the sockpuppets would like to lend a hand? Alphax (talk) 04:15, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, no reason for deletion (nor heavy editing, Wiki is not paper). Dan100 10:03, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I've done some copyediting and removed some of the hype and excessive detail. --LeeHunter 16:19, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and Cleanup - speaking as a proud sock puppet, I'd like to lend a hand. What needs to be done? - Verres
 * i'm one of the people who edited the page, so of course i say keep, but if work has to be done i'm certainly willing to help. Stabilo
 * Hello, folks! I'm Johannes and I'm one of the members of monochrom. Because of this I'm not going to cast a vote here. I'm just highly amused how eagerly the Wikipedia community tries to figure out if we are important or not. I can tell you that I know some of the guys who edited the monochrom page, some are just fans, some are people from the Austrian and German art scene. After all, I would like to assure you that the summary is well researched, no errors. Most of them are rewrites of texts taken from catalogues. I always loved the collection of 'recurring topics' that LeeHunter now removed, but whatever... maybe something for Talk:Monochrom. Ok, have a nice wikithingy and nerdy season's greetings! Grenz 20:58, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Incidentally, utcursch, how do you justify the accusation of "sockpuppet"? Nothing seems to indicate that they're the same person. The far more likely explanation is that they were different people, fans of Monochrom, who found out about this VfD from the same source. Misusing "sock puppet" to mean non-Wikipedians who arrive at the same time for the same reason is elitist, plus it's going to dilute the term. RSpeer 05:27, Dec 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I would like to emphasize that I said possibly sock-puppets. I didn't mean to hurt anybody. Anyway, I will say sorry for that. But, I still maintain that User:Fra is non-existant, User:Jope has only two contributions, User:Smurfit's only contribution is keep vote on this page. User:Hans and Michael never voted keep (these were IP Edits). I will apologize User:Verres (Philipp). utcursch 06:56, Dec 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm one of the editors of the page and proud fan and sockpuppet, too (hi Verres). I remember someone posted the VfD on a media art mailing list and some people dropped in to vote. Quite possible they are first-time wikipedians. Interstellarpoliceman 01:43, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

OK. I finally remove the vfd tag. Convinced of notability. utcursch 05:13, Dec 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

Old vfd
Keep - Monochrom is today's most important Austrian art group, had projects all over the world, represented Austria in the Biennale 2002 in Sao Paulo and is the #1 hit for the word "monochrom" (meaning monochrome in German) in Google. Also, they have been around for over 10 years now, meaning that monochrom is clearly not one of those "let's get a name, do a project and vanish"-groups. - Philipp

Keep - seconding the message above - but i also have to note that they aren't just influencing the more local people. because of the popularity they gained since they exist, you can find their output everywhere, if it's an art exibition in Istanbul or a demonstration in the United States. - Michael

Keep - I do not see any reason for deleting. User:Jope

Keep - it is also listed on de.wikipedia.org and returns thousands of entries in the .de, .at and .ch google. User:fra

Keep - good entry User:smurfitSmurfit 13:34, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Keep - Monochrom is important, in austria as well as in europe and worldwide. they are avant-garde. they are active since 1994, cooperated with austrian and international artists and have an enourmous output, including several books they publish. for me it would be necessary to have them in en.wikipedia.org User:hans


text:
Fernandópolis

Fernandópolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is 71,186 in an area of 550 km2. Fernandópolis is the center of the microregion of Fernandópolis with 104,623 inhabitants and area of 2,811.7 km2.

History
The beginning of the city has relation with the cattle creation in the region and the opening of a "cow road" (Estrada Boiadeira) in the beginning of the 20th century. The coffee production in the region begins in 1917.

On November 30, 1944, the district was established and on January 1, 1945, the municipality of Fernandópolis was officially established with the emancipation from Tanabi.

Geography
Fernandópolis is located in the northwest of São Paulo state, 555 km from the city of São Paulo.

Economy
The Tertiary sector is the economic basis of Fernandópolis. Commerce, services and public administration corresponds to 69.6% of the city GDP. Industry is 26.7% of the GDP, and the Primary sector corresponds to 3.6%.

Culture
The city hosts an annual Expo, the Exposição de Fernandópolis, with Rodeo and other leisure options.

Indicators

 * Population: 71,186 (IBGE/2022)
 * Area: 550.0 km2 (212.4 sq mi)
 * Population density: 126.97/km2 (328.9/sq mi)
 * Urbanization: 96.9% (2010)
 * Sex ratio (Males to Females): 94.77 (2011)
 * Birth rate: 10.10/1,000 inhabitants (2009)
 * Infant mortality: 7.69/1,000 births (2009)
 * HDI: 0.832 (UNDP/2000)

All indicators are from SEADE and IBGE

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Sports
The city has a professional football team, the Fernandópolis Futebol Clube.

title: Fernandópolis


text:
King crab

King crabs are decapod crustaceans in the family Lithodidae that are chiefly found in cold seas. Because of their large size and the taste of their meat, many species are widely caught and sold as food with the most common being the red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus).

King crabs are not true crabs, and are generally thought to be derived from hermit crab ancestors within the Paguridae, which may explain the asymmetry still found in the adult forms. This ancestry is supported by several anatomical peculiarities which are present only in king crabs and hermit crabs. Although some doubt still exists about this hypothesis, king crabs are the most widely quoted example of carcinisation among the Decapoda. The evidence for this explanation comes from the asymmetry of the king crab's abdomen, which is thought to reflect the asymmetry of hermit crabs, which must fit into a spiral shell.

Taxonomic controversy
In 2007, the king crabs were moved from their classification among the hermit crabs in the superfamily Paguroidea into a separate superfamily, Lithodoidea. This was not without controversy, as there is widespread consensus in the scientific community that king crabs are derived from hermit crabs and closely related to pagurid hermit crabs; therefore, a separate superfamily in the classification poorly reflected the phylogenetic relationship of this taxon. In 2023, king crabs were folded back into Paguroidea, with Lithodoidea being considered superseded.

Species
, 137 species of king crab (one extinct) are known in 15 genera. These are split across its two subfamilies – Hapalogastrinae and Lithodinae – and include:

Hapalogastrinae

 * Acantholithodes
 * Acantholithodes hispidus
 * Dermaturus
 * Dermaturus mandtii
 * Hapalogaster
 * Hapalogaster cavicauda
 * Hapalogaster dentata
 * Hapalogaster grebnitzkii
 * Hapalogaster mertensii
 * Oedignathus
 * Oedignathus inermis
 * Placetron
 * Placetron wosnessenskii

Lithodinae

 * Cryptolithodes Brandt, 1848
 * Cryptolithodes expansus Miers, 1879
 * Cryptolithodes sitchensis Brandt, 1853 – umbrella crab
 * Cryptolithodes typicus Brandt, 1848 – butterfly crab
 * Echidnocerus Brandt, 1848
 * Echidnocerus cibarius White, 1842 – Puget Sound king crab
 * Echidnocerus foraminatus Stimpson, 1859 – brown box crab
 * Glyptolithodes Faxon, 1895
 * Glyptolithodes cristatipes (Faxon, 1893)
 * Lithodes Latreille, 1806
 * Lithodes aequispinus Benedict, 1895 – golden king crab or brown king crab
 * Lithodes ahyongi Takeda, 2018
 * Lithodes aotearoa Ahyong, 2010
 * Lithodes australiensis Ahyong, 2010
 * Lithodes ceramensis Takeda & Nagai, 2004
 * Lithodes chaddertoni Ahyong, 2010
 * Lithodes confundens Macpherson, 1988
 * Lithodes couesi Benedict, 1895 – scarlet king crab
 * Lithodes ferox Filhol, 1885
 * Lithodes formosae Ahyong & Chan, 2010
 * Lithodes galapagensis Hall & Thatje, 2009
 * Lithodes jessica Ahyong, 2010
 * Lithodes longispina Sakai, 1971
 * Lithodes macquariae Ahyong, 2010
 * Lithodes maja (Linnaeus, 1758) – Norway king crab or trollkrabbe
 * Lithodes mamillifer Macpherson, 1988d
 * Lithodes manningi Macpherson, 1988
 * Lithodes megacantha Macpherson, 1991
 * Lithodes murrayi Henderson, 1888
 * Lithodes nintokuae Sakai, 1976
 * Lithodes panamensis Faxon, 1893
 * Lithodes paulayi Macpherson & Chan, 2008
 * Lithodes rachelae Ahyong, 2010
 * Lithodes richeri Macpherson, 1990
 * Lithodes robertsoni Ahyong, 2010
 * Lithodes santolla (Molina, 1782) – Chilean centolla or Chilean king crab
 * Lithodes turkayi Macpherson, 1988
 * Lithodes turritus Ortmann, 1892
 * Lithodes unicornis Macpherson, 1984
 * Lithodes wiracocha Haig, 1974
 * Neolithodes A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1894
 * Neolithodes agassizii (Smith, 1882)
 * Neolithodes asperrimus Barnard, 1947
 * Neolithodes brodiei Dawson & Yaldwyn, 1970
 * Neolithodes bronwynae Ahyong, 2010
 * Neolithodes capensis Stebbing, 1905
 * Neolithodes diomedeae (Benedict, 1895)
 * Neolithodes duhameli Macpherson, 2004
 * Neolithodes flindersi Ahyong, 2010
 * Neolithodes grimaldii (A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1894)
 * Neolithodes indicus Padate, Cubelio & Takeda, 2020
 * Neolithodes nipponensis Sakai, 1971
 * Neolithodes vinogradovi Macpherson, 1988
 * Neolithodes yaldwyni Ahyong & Dawson, 2006
 * Paralithodes Brandt, 1848
 * Paralithodes brevipes (H. Milne-Edwards & Lucas, 1841)
 * Paralithodes californiensis (Benedict, 1895) – California king crab
 * Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815) – red king crab
 * Paralithodes platypus (Brandt, 1850) – blue king crab
 * Paralithodes rathbuni (Benedict, 1895)
 * Paralomis White, 1856
 * Paralomis aculeata Henderson, 1888
 * Paralomis africana Macpherson, 1982
 * Paralomis alcockiana Hall & Thatje, 2009
 * Paralomis alis Ahyong, 2020
 * Paralomis anamerae Macpherson, 1988
 * Paralomis arae Macpherson, 2001
 * Paralomis arethusa Macpherson, 1994
 * Paralomis aspera Faxon, 1893
 * Paralomis birsteini Macpherson, 1988
 * Paralomis bouvieri Hansen, 1908
 * Paralomis ceres Macpherson, 1989
 * Paralomis chilensis Andrade, 1980
 * Paralomis cristata Takeda & Ohta, 1979
 * Paralomis cristulata Macpherson, 1988
 * Paralomis cubensis Chace, 1939
 * Paralomis danida Takeda & Bussarawit, 2007
 * Paralomis dawsoni Macpherson, 2001
 * Paralomis debodeorum Feldmann, 1998 †
 * Paralomis diomedeae (Faxon, 1893)
 * Paralomis dofleini Balss, 1911
 * Paralomis echidna Ahyong, 2010
 * Paralomis elongata Spiridonov, Türkay, Arntz & Thatje, 2006
 * Paralomis erinacea Macpherson, 1988
 * Paralomis formosa Henderson, 1888
 * Paralomis gowlettholmes Ahyong, 2010
 * Paralomis granulosa (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1846)
 * Paralomis grossmani Macpherson, 1988
 * Paralomis haigae Eldredge, 1976
 * Paralomis hirtella de Saint Laurent & Macpherson, 1997
 * Paralomis histrix (De Haan, 1849)
 * Paralomis hystrixoides Sakai, 1980
 * Paralomis inca Haig, 1974
 * Paralomis indica Alcock & Anderson, 1899
 * Paralomis investigatoris Alcock & Anderson, 1899
 * Paralomis jamsteci Takeda & Hashimoto, 1990
 * Paralomis japonicus Balss, 1911
 * Paralomis kyushupalauensis Takeda, 1985
 * Paralomis longidactylus Birstein & Vinogradov, 1972
 * Paralomis longipes Faxon, 1893
 * Paralomis macphersoni Muñoz & García-Isarch, 2013
 * Paralomis makarovi Hall & Thatje, 2009
 * Paralomis manningi Williams, Smith & Baco, 2000
 * Paralomis medipacifica Takeda, 1974
 * Paralomis mendagnai Macpherson, 2003
 * Paralomis microps Filhol, 1884
 * Paralomis multispina (Benedict, 1895)
 * Paralomis nivosa Hall & Thatje, 2009
 * Paralomis ochthodes Macpherson, 1988
 * Paralomis odawarai (Sakai, 1980)
 * Paralomis okitoriensis Takeda, 2019
 * Paralomis otsuae Wilson, 1990
 * Paralomis pacifica Sakai, 1978
 * Paralomis papillata (Benedict, 1895)
 * Paralomis papua Ahyong, 2020
 * Paralomis pectinata Macpherson, 1988
 * Paralomis phrixa Macpherson, 1992
 * Paralomis poorei Ahyong, 2010
 * Paralomis roeleveldae Kensley, 1981
 * Paralomis seagranti Eldredge, 1976
 * Paralomis serrata Macpherson, 1988
 * Paralomis sonne Guzmán, 2009
 * Paralomis spectabilis Hansen, 1908
 * Paralomis spinosissima Birstein & Vinogradov, 1972
 * Paralomis staplesi Ahyong, 2010
 * Paralomis stella Macpherson, 1988
 * Paralomis stevensi Ahyong & Dawson, 2006
 * Paralomis taylorae Ahyong, 2010
 * Paralomis truncatispinosa Takeda & Miyake, 1980
 * Paralomis tuberipes Macpherson, 1988
 * Paralomis verrilli (Benedict, 1895)
 * Paralomis webberi Ahyong, 2010
 * Paralomis zealandica Dawson & Yaldwyn, 1971
 * Phyllolithodes Brandt, 1848
 * Phyllolithodes papillosus Brandt, 1848 – flatspine triangle crab
 * Rhinolithodes Brandt, 1848
 * Rhinolithodes wosnessenskii Brandt, 1848 – rhinoceros crab
 * Sculptolithodes Makarov, 1934
 * Sculptolithodes derjugini Makarov, 1934

Glyptolithodes
Glyptolithodes is found chiefly in the Southern Hemisphere, but extending as far north as California, although all its closest relatives live in the Northern Hemisphere. Its single species, G. cristatipes, was originally placed in the genus Rhinolithodes.

Paralithodes
Red (P. camtschaticus) and blue (P. platypus) king crabs are some of the most important fisheries in Alaska. However, populations have fluctuated in the past 25 years, and some areas are currently closed due to overfishing. The two species are similar in size, shape and life history. Habitat is the main factor separating the range of blue and red king crabs in the Bering Sea. Red king crabs prefer shallow, muddy or sandy habitats in Bristol Bay and Norton Sound, while blue king crabs prefer the deeper areas made up of cobble, gravel and rock that occur around the Pribilof, St. Matthew, St. Lawrence, and Diomede Islands.

Red king crabs have an 11-month brood cycle in their first reproductive year and a 12-month cycle thereafter. Both red and blue king crabs have planktotrophic larvae that undergo 4 zoeal stages in the water column and a non-feeding intermediate glaucothoe stage which seeks appropriate habitat on the sea floor.

Paralithodes camtschaticus
The red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus, is a very large species, sometimes reaching a carapace width of 11 in (28 cm) and a leg span of 6 ft (1.8 m). Its natural range is the Bering Sea around the Kamchatka Peninsula area, between the Aleutian Islands and St. Lawrence Island. It can also be found in the Barents Sea and the European Arctic, where it was intentionally introduced and has now become a pest. By 2022 they had spread to the North Sea, becoming both a lucrative new stock to British fisheries, and an invasive species.

Paralithodes platypus
The blue king crab, Paralithodes platypus, lives near St. Matthew Island, the Pribilof Islands, and the Diomede Islands, Alaska, and there are populations along the coasts of Japan and Russia. Blue king crabs from the Pribilof Islands are the largest of all the king crabs, sometimes exceeding 18 lb (8 kg) in weight.

Symbiosis
Juveniles of species of king crabs, including Neolithodes diomedeae, use a species (Scotoplanes Sp. A) of sea cucumber (often known as “sea pigs”) as hosts and can be found on top of and under Scotoplanes. The Scotoplanes reduce the risk of predation for the N. diomedeae, while the Scotoplanes are not harmed from being hosts, which supports the consensus that the two organisms have a commensal relationship.

Parasites
Some species of king crab, including those of the genera Lithodes, Neolithodes, Paralithodes, and likely Echidnocerus, act as hosts to some parasitic species of careproctus fish. The careproctus lays eggs in the gill chamber of the king crab which serves as a well-protected and aerated area for the eggs to reside until they hatch. On occasion king crabs have been found to be host to the eggs of multiple species of careproctus simultaneously.

title: King crab


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Fernão

Fernão is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 1,727 (2020 est.) in an area of 101 km2. The elevation is 558 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Fernão


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User:Verres

Philipp Droessler from Vienna, Austria

Nicknames: kingmob, verres

Email: kingmob@im-all.net

title: User:Verres


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Ferraz

Ferraz is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Afonso Ferraz (born 1964), Angolan sprinter
 * Antonio Ferraz (born 1929), Spanish road racing cyclist
 * Artur Ivens Ferraz (1870–1933), Portuguese military officer and politician
 * Bruna Ferraz (born 1981), Brazilian adult model, pornographic actress and television personality
 * Carolina Ferraz (born 1968), Brazilian actress, television presenter and former model
 * Esther Figueiredo Ferraz (1916–2008), Brazilian politician
 * Filipe Ferraz (born 1980), Brazilian volleyball player
 * Gastão de Freitas Ferraz, Portuguese spy
 * Guilherme Ivens Ferraz (1865–1956), Portuguese Navy officer
 * J. A. Beleza Ferraz (1901−?), Portuguese military personnel
 * Joaquim Ferraz (born 1974), Portuguese footballer
 * Jose Ferraz (born 1949), Portuguese football player and manager
 * Jurema Ferraz (born 1985), Angolan model and beauty pageant titleholder
 * Kiros Stanlley Soares Ferraz (born 1988), Brazilian football
 * Lucas Ferraz Vila (born 1998), Argentine footballer
 * Luís Ferraz (born 1987), Portuguese footballer
 * Luís Antônio de Carvalho Ferraz (1940–1982), Brazilian Navy officer
 * Matheus Ferraz (born 1985), Brazilian footballer
 * Salomão Barbosa Ferraz (1880–1969), Brazilian priest and bishop
 * Sílvio Ferraz (born 1959), Brazilian composer
 * Tercio Sampaio Ferraz Jr., Brazilian jurist and author
 * Valentín Ferraz y Barrau (1792–1866), Spanish military commander and politician
 * Walter Ferraz de Negreiros (born 1946), Brazilian retired footballer

title: Ferraz