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Benson & Hedges

Benson & Hedges is a British brand of cigarettes owned by American conglomerate Altria. Cigarettes under the Benson & Hedges name are manufactured worldwide by different companies such as Rothmans, Benson & Hedges, Philip Morris USA, British American Tobacco, or Japan Tobacco, depending on the region. In the UK, they are registered in Old Bond Street in London, and were manufactured in Lisnafillan, Ballymena, Northern Ireland, before production was moved to Eastern Europe in 2017.

They are predominantly made from Virginia tobacco.

In some countries where Philip Morris does not hold the Benson & Hedges trademark, such as the Philippines, a variant of the North American Benson & Hedges cigarette brand is sold under the "Philip Morris" brand using similar packaging.

History
Benson & Hedges was founded in London in 1873 by Richard Benson and William Hedges as Benson and Hedges Ltd. Alfred Paget Hedges succeeded his father in the business in 1885, the same year which Richard Benson left the business. The 1900s saw branches of Benson & Hedges Ltd. opening in the United States and Canada. In 1928, the American branch became independent, and was bought by Philip Morris in 1958. Benson & Hedges Ltd in the UK was acquired by the Gallaher Group in 1955.

A Royal Warrant was issued to the British company in 1878, after the required five years of supply to the Royal Family. It was revoked in 1999 due to a "lack of demand in the royal households". The Warrant seal, which had previously been on the flip lid of the box, was removed.

Spin-offs
In July 1968, Philip Morris released Virginia Slims which were a spin-off of Benson & Hedges intended to be sold to women. They were sold during a period of time where society was beginning to realize the dangers of smoking. Therefore, they were a thinner and more "elegant" alternative to regular cigarettes.

Formula 1
From to, the company was the primary sponsor of the Jordan Grand Prix team. When racing in countries with bans on tobacco advertising (such as the United Kingdom, France and later Germany, Belgium, Canada, United States, Italy, Turkey), the team used alternative liveries such as "Bitten & Hisses", "Buzzin' Hornets", "Bitten Heroes" and "Be on Edge" to bypass the bans on cigarette advertising while still promoting their product.

Australian Touring Car Championship
Benson & Hedges sponsored Tony Longhurst's team in the 1980s and early 1990s in Australian Touring Car racing. All sponsorships ceased when 1996 federal government legislation banned tobacco advertising at sporting events.

Ice skating
Benson & Hedges sponsored a touring ice show, "Benson & Hedges on Ice", in the late 1980s.

Cricket
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s the company was a major sponsor of international cricket, with naming rights for Test Cricket with the home Australia tests and most of the one-day international tournaments held in Australia including the World Series Cup, the World Championship of Cricket held in 1985 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Victoria and the 1992 Cricket World Cup held by Australia and New Zealand and the English County one day cup competition the Benson & Hedges Cup. The Australian sponsorship ended in 1996 due to the Federal Governments ban on tobacco advertising while the sponsorship in England carried on until 2002 when the UK Government banned tobacco sponsorship which led to the English competition to be replaced by the T20 Cup now known as the T20 Blast.

Other
Benson & Hedges was a big sponsor of the iD Dunedin Fashion Week in New Zealand from the 1940s until 1995, around the time tobacco sponsorship was banned completely. The Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 was already in force in 1990 which restricted smoking in offices, the public parts of workplaces, and in public and eating places and transport; banned advertising of tobacco products, tobacco sponsorship, and tobacco advertising on other goods, and established a health sponsorship council. Before that however, Benson & Hedges sponsored the fashion week by awarding their tickets in gold cigarette box-inspired packaging and by allowing the women to pick various novelty items and cigarette accessories.

Benson & Hedges sponsored fireworks competitions in Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, Ontario and Vancouver, British Columbia, until tobacco advertising laws passed by the Government of Canada came into force in 2000.

Benson & Hedges sponsored the movie B&H Golden Dreams (next B&H Gold & Dreams) and B&H Golden Dreams Extreme on TV3 in the 1990s.

Canadian class-action lawsuit
The three largest Canadian tobacco companies, Imperial Tobacco Canada, JTI-Macdonald Corp, and Rothmans Benson & Hedges, were the subject of the largest class-action lawsuit in Canadian history, brought by current and former smokers. The case started on 12 March 2012 in Quebec Superior Court, and the companies faced a potential payout of C$27 billion (US$27.30 billion) in damages and penalties. In addition, a number of Canadian provinces are teaming up to sue tobacco companies to recover healthcare costs caused by smoking.

On 1 June 2015, Quebec Superior Court Justice Brian Riordan had awarded more than $15 billion to Quebec smokers in a landmark case that pitted them against three Canadian cigarette giants, including JTI-Macdonald Corp.

Markets
The cigarettes are available in Gold or Silver forms, and in some countries also as Red, Green (Menthol), Blue, White and Black. Japan Tobacco also manufactures Hamlet cigars.

In the United States, the brand is owned by Philip Morris USA and available varieties include Kings (box), Menthol (box), Multifilter Kings (soft pack), DeLuxe (box), DeLuxe Menthol (box), Luxury, and Luxury Menthol (soft pack or box). Beginning in 1967, US television ads for the Benson and Hedges brand featured a musical theme (written by Mitch Leigh ) called "The Disadvantages Of You;" of which an adapted version charted briefly for a group called The Brass Ring. The commercials humorously depicted various "disadvantages" encountered by smokers struggling to adapt to the unusual length of Benson and Hedges 100s, which were "longer than king-size, at the same price as king-size". These commercials ran until cigarette advertising was banned on US television in 1971. The related print advertising campaign ran for several years afterward.

The brand was or still is sold in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark, Pakistan, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, France, Austria, Switzerland, Spain, Ceuta and Melilla, Italy, Cyprus, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Lithuania, Slovenia, Serbia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Egypt, Nigeria, Sudan, Kenya, South Africa, Seychelles, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan, Canada, United States, Mexico, Jamaica, Dominica, Trinidad and Tobago, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, Croatia.

UK market
In the 1980s, the company's products were advertised in a series of posters and cinema films which featured the gold pack in various surreal juxtapositions and transformations, devoid of words and people. In 2001, brand was changed from Special Filter to Gold, and a Silver version was introduced, with reduced tar content and 0.1 mg less nicotine, at a slightly cheaper price. In 2008, a 14 cigarette pack was launched, alongside existing 10 and 20 packs. In July 2009, a Gold and Silver versions of rolling tobacco were launched. , the company's UK brands were Gold, Silver, White and Gold Superkings, and rolling tobacco. Discontinued former brands in the UK have included: Sovereign, Gold Bond, Virginia Red, Virginia Blue, and Black.

In October 2012, a new cigarette called Benson and Hedges Dual was introduced. If the smoker prefers a menthol cigarette, they press the capsule inside of the filter and the cigarette goes from regular to a menthol tasting cigarette. In 2020, however, this cigarette was taken off the market due to the EU menthol cigarette ban.

Overseas markets
In the 1930s, Benson & Hedges (Overseas) Ltd was established by Abraham Wix to handle international trade. This branch was acquired by British American Tobacco in 1956. Today, British American Tobacco markets Benson & Hedges throughout Asia and the Pacific, including Australia and New Zealand, but with the exception of Taiwan and the Philippines. The Canadian branch of Benson and Hedges is owned by Philip Morris International.

In Australia, the company's cigarettes are available as Classic 25s, Rich 25s, Smooth 20s, 25s, Subtle 25s, Fine 25s and Ultimate 25s, in the standard Australian plain packaging.

United States
Products available in the US from 2020.

Regular

 * Benson & Hedges Premium (Full Flavor) 100s
 * Benson & Hedges Luxury (Lights) 100s
 * Benson & Hedges DeLuxe (Ultra Lights) 100s

Menthol

 * Benson & Hedges Premium (Menthol Full Flavor) 100s
 * Benson & Hedges Luxury (Menthol Lights) 100s
 * Benson & Hedges DeLuxe (Menthol Ultra Lights) 100s

United Kingdom
Products available in the UK from May 2020:

 * Benson & Hedges Gold (King Size and Superkings)
 * Benson & Hedges Silver (King Size only)
 * Benson & Hedges New Dual (originally Dual Capsule) (King Size only)
 * Benson & Hedges Blue (King Size and Superkings)
 * Benson & Hedges Sky Blue (King Size and Superkings)
 * Benson & Hedges New Blue Dual (originally Blue Dual Capsule and Double Capsule)(King Size only)
 * Benson & Hedges New Green (Superkings only)
 * Benson & Hedges Silver Hand Rolling Tobacco (30g pouches only)
 * Benson & Hedges Blue Hand Rolling Tobacco (30g and 50g pouches )

Canada

 * Benson & Hedges Prime (Red) King Size 25
 * Benson & Hedges Reserve (Black) King Size 25
 * Benson & Hedges Deluxe (Gold) King Size 25

Australia

 * Benson & Hedges Smooth Dark Blue 20
 * Benson & Hedges Classic Red 20
 * Benson & Hedges Smooth Dark Blue 25
 * Benson & Hedges Classic Red 25
 * Benson & Hedges Fine Silver 25
 * Benson & Hedges Smooth Dark Blue 30

title: Benson & Hedges


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Tangley

Tangley is a village in the English county of Hampshire. Tangley is situated north of the old market town of Andover and the village of Charlton, Hampshire.

Tangley Parish covers an area of 4017 acre and has just under 600 residents in three villages, Tangley, Wildhern and Hatherden and the hamlets of Charlton Down and Little Hatherden. It lies in the north west corner of Hampshire and most of it is an officially designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The houses are typical of the different kinds to be found in the area with the older ones being of flint and brick and chalk cob with thatched or tiled roofs.

A walk through the parish of Tangley takes one through woodland, downland and farmland. The villages are scattered over the chalklands south of the Hampshire downs, on high land which overlooks the Bourne valley to the north and the remains of Chute Forest to the west.

History
The name Tangley is Anglo-Saxon. The earliest reference, in 1174, calls it Tangelea, meaning a wood or clearing (leah) on a tongue, or perhaps tongues, of land. Tangelea 1175. Possibly 'woodland clearing at the spits of land'. Old English tang + leah

In the sixteenth century the manor of Tangley was owned by the Reade family, whose most distinguished member was Sir Richard Reade (1511–1575),  who served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland in the 1540s.

Tangley has a War Memorial dedicated to those who gave their lives in the Great War of 1914–1918.

Tangley has become famous for the devastating fire that consumed its manor house, and resulted in the deaths of MP Michael Colvin and his wife in February 2000.

The small Victorian church of St Thomas is surrounded by its old graveyard with ancient yew trees. People have prayed here for centuries and three sarsen stones remain, as possible evidence there was pagan worship there before Christian times.

Landmarks
Tangley was the last point for the drovers who walked their sheep over the downs to the Weyhill Fair in October each year. Tangley offered refreshments and lodging to the drovers, and their flocks in the form of five inns or beer houses, of which two remain – The Fox to the south and The Cricketer's in the centre of the village.
 * Cricketers Arms
 * The Fox Inn

Tangley Parish Hall, which was rebuilt in 1959, is situated in the peaceful village of Wildhern. It lies on a $4 1/2$-acre site which is in a designated area of outstanding natural beauty.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tangley


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Dołęga coat of arms

Dołęga (pronunciation: ) is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Blazon
"Azure, a downward opened horse-shoe argent with a cross former of the same charged on the edge of its arch. Inside the horse-shoe an argent arrow whose downward point protrudes. Helmet with mantling azure, lined argent. Crowned. Crest: a vulture's wing with an argent arrow shot through." There are four varieties of the coat of arms of which one is shown on RHS of top of the page.

History
This coat-of-arms appears in 1345, as the seal of Mysliborz, a Judge of Dobrzyn (Dobrzyń nad Wisłą).

In a 1373 manuscript of Jan, the Bishop of Płock, the village of Łeg is first mentioned as a Dołęga Clan possession.

It is surrounded by villages once owned by Dołęga Clan families. These are: Dabrowa, Dziedzice, Grabow, Gzino, Koskowo, luzniewo, Mlice, Osiek, Ossowa, Zakrzewo, Zalesie, and others, owned respectively by the Dabrowski, Dziedzicki, Grabowski, Gzinski, Koskowski, Luzniewski, Mlicki, Osiecki, Ossowski, Zakrzewski, and Zaleski families etc. These villages and Płock are in the Masovian region of east Poland.

In 1413 the Act of Horodlo Union the Dołęga crest was transferred to Lithuania. Many of the clan families emigrating at the beginning of the seventeenth century migrated to Lithuania. Some settled in the parish areas of Vilnius, given land and properties from Russians who were either killed or exiled.

A court record of 1373 describes the war cry as "Do Langa". In records after 1400 the two words merge as "Dolanga," then more recently as Dołęga. "Do łęga" means "To Łeg!" and perhaps served as a rallying point in times of conflict, or for the local clan celebrations.

Others say Dołęga means "To Bows" a cry to arms as the enemy approached. Another source says the word Dołęga in old Polish, meant potent - having great physical strength, forcefullness. The coat was born in Poland in King Boleslaw Krzywousty's (1102–1139) war against the Prussians. While defending a castle under siege, Polish knights ambushed the Prussian army. A knight named Dołęga shot the hoof of the Prussian army commander's horse with his crossbow so well that the Prussian commander was thrown from it. The Polish knights captured and executed him during the ambush. This inspired the Polish people to rise up and attack, and the Prussians were driven back by Polish sabers. Dołęga took an arrow in the appendix, but the battle was won. As a reward for his amazing shot, the King granted him a coat of arms after his name, Dołęga. The coat of arms he received depicts a raven wing, the heraldic symbol of loyalty and faith, and a horseshoe representing the horse hoof he shot.

There is a village named Prusy which ostensibly for purposes of inheritance, was divided up among Dołęga Clan members. The name of this village may have given rise to the 'myth', that at one time, Dołęga clansmen might have defeated and captured Prussian (Baltic-speaking) enemies, and reduced them to serfs on their various properties.

Also there is a village called Dołęga in Małopolskie district of southern Poland which has a well-preserved nineteenth-century szlachta noble manor house (now a museum) surrounded by a natural forest park, in which there is a small chapel built by the nobleman owner. It was quite common for the nobleman to provide money/men to build the village church or chapel depending on size and riches of the family.

In December 1990, the Ulanów City Council, Nisko County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Southern Poland adopted Resolution No. X/54/90 on granting the Statute of the Municipality and the City Lancers in which it was given municipality and city coat of arms "Dołęga" in the image and shape of which used the city founder Stanislaw de Ulin Magna Uliński. The image of the coat of arms was placed on the building of the municipality and town in the national emblem as well as the seals and the Board of Municipal and Town.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:

 * Maria Skłodowska-Curie - Physicist and Chemist (c. 1900)
 * Aleksander Kakowski - Cardinal Archbishop of Warsaw (c. 1920)
 * Tadeusz Dołęga-Mostowicz - Polish Journalist and Author
 * Dołęga-Ossowski - Family (c. 1400-c. 1900)
 * Dołęga-Mycielski - Family
 * Wacław Michał Zaleski - Poet, Politician (1799–1849)
 * Tadeusz Mazowiecki - Polish Journalist, Author, Politician (1927–2013)
 * Paweł Włodkowic
 * Jan Dołęga-Zakrzewski - Politician (1866–1936)
 * Roch Dołęga-Kossowski - Politician and Treasurer of the Crown (c. 1760)
 * Aleksander Kadow - Living in U.S. Possesses Notarized Nobility documents dating back 1400s. Title of Count.

title: Dołęga coat of arms


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Mike Mussina

Michael Cole Mussina (born December 8, 1968), nicknamed "Moose", is an American former baseball starting pitcher who played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles (1991–2000) and the New York Yankees (2001–2008). He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his sixth year of eligibility in 2019.

Mussina spent his entire career in the American League East, won at least 11 games in 17 consecutive seasons – an American League record – and recorded a career .638 winning percentage. Among pitchers, he ranks 23rd in strikeouts (2,813), and 23rd all-time in pitching Wins Above Replacement (82.9), 33rd in all-time wins (270), 33rd in games started (535), 66th in innings pitched (3,562.2). A five-time All-Star and seven-time Gold Glove winner, Mussina's consistency resulted in six top-five finishes in the voting for his league's Cy Young Award.

Early life
Mussina was born on December 8, 1968, in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. At Montoursville Area High School in Montoursville, Pennsylvania he had a 24–4 win–loss record with a 0.87 earned run average (ERA) for the school's baseball team. In the summer, he played for the Montoursville American Legion Baseball team. While playing baseball in college, he also played in the summertime for Jerseytown, Pennsylvania of the North Branch Baseball League of PA (NBBL).

Mussina also excelled in the sports of football and basketball as his records remain near the top of Montoursville High School's all-time boys' basketball career scoring leaders with over 1,000 points scored. An outstanding placekicker, he received an offer to play college football from Penn State University head coach Joe Paterno, but he turned down the offer to focus on playing baseball. He also received a Division 1 college basketball scholarship offer from Vanderbilt University.

As a high school senior, Mussina just missed being the valedictorian of his graduating class. According to some reports, he intentionally came up short to avoid delivering a commencement speech.

Mussina was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles in 1987 but chose to attend college at Stanford University rather than sign.

College career
Mussina enrolled at Stanford University, where he played college baseball for the Stanford Cardinal baseball team. In three years with the Cardinal, Mussina compiled a 31–16 record with a 3.89 ERA. He made two College World Series appearances and was selected as an All-American. His junior year in 1990 was his best, finishing 14–5 with a 3.50 ERA over 149 innings, before being drafted again by the Baltimore Orioles, this time as a first round pick (20th overall).

Mussina graduated from Stanford in 1990 with a degree in economics. He is a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity.

Draft and minor leagues
Mussina made his professional debut with the Class AA Hagerstown Suns of the Eastern League in 1990. In the minor leagues, Mussina posted a 2.38 ERA in 189 innings.

1992–1995
In 1992, Mussina's first full season with the Orioles, he finished with an 18–5 record and a 2.54 ERA in 241 innings. His .783 win–loss percentage led the league, and his 1.79 BB/9 was second best behind Chris Bosio. His four shutouts were tied for second in the league behind only Boston's Roger Clemens. He finished fourth in the American League Cy Young Award voting, and pitched one perfect inning in the 1992 All-Star Game.

Mussina struggled in 1993 due to shoulder soreness, which placed him on the disabled list (DL) from July 22 to August 19. Nonetheless, he won 14 games while posting the seventh best winning percentage in the American League. Mussina also allowed 83 earned runs in only 167.2 innings of work for a 4.46 ERA while striking out 117 batters. He was voted onto the All-Star team, however he did not pitch in the game. There was a controversial incident toward the end of the game when Mussina chose to warm up in the bullpen, despite the fact AL manager Cito Gaston had told him that he would not enter the game. Orioles fans believed Mussina was warming up in preparation to come in and pitch the ninth inning, and when Gaston put Duane Ward in to pitch the ninth inning, the fans at Camden Yards spent the rest of the game chanting "We Want Mike" and booing Gaston very loudly, as the popular slogan "Cito Sucks" was born in Baltimore. The slogan could be seen on T-shirts or heard even years later in Baltimore any time the visiting Blue Jays came to town. Gaston was never treated well by Baltimore fans for the rest of his managerial career and he was subject to death threats for not pitching Mussina in the game. For his part, Mussina said he was just getting his work in, as he was scheduled to throw that day, and it was apparent Gaston did require his services. Mussina returned from the DL in August against the Texas Rangers, only to have the Orioles shut him down three weeks later in mid-September due to lower back pain.

Mussina returned to form in 1994, but a player's strike cut his season short, causing him to finish with only 16 wins and 99 strikeouts in 176.1 innings of work. Mussina finished tied for second in the league in wins, and his 3.06 ERA placed him fourth. He was selected to his third consecutive All-Star Game and pitched one inning, giving up one hit while striking out one batter. Mussina finished fourth in voting for that year's American League Cy Young Award.

In 1995, Mussina started and won Cal Ripken's record-breaking 2,131st consecutive game on September 6, 1995. Mussina led the league with 19 wins and had one of his finest statistical seasons. He struck out 158 batters in 221.2 innings, allowing only 81 earned runs for an ERA of 3.29. Mussina led the league with four shutouts, and he also allowed a league-low 2.03 BB/9, while his 1.069 WHIP was second only to Seattle's Randy Johnson. Despite his excellent season, Mussina was not elected to that year's All-Star Game, and finished fifth in the American League Cy Young Award voting.

1996–2000
In 1996, Mussina won 19 games and set a new career high of 243.1 innings. His league-leading 36 games started were also a career high. 18 of his starts that year were quality starts. In his last start of the season, the Orioles bullpen blew a late-inning lead, costing Mussina a 20-win season. Mussina also won his first Gold Glove that year.

Mussina did not start the Opening Day game in 1997 due to elbow tendonitis. He had been the Opening Day starter for the Orioles every year since 1993. Mussina finished the season with a 15–8 record, and his 3.20 ERA was fourth best in the league. In addition, his 218 strikeouts were a career high and established a franchise record. Mussina was again selected for the All-Star team but did not appear in the game. He finished sixth in the American League Cy Young Award voting and won his second consecutive Gold Glove. In the 1997 American League Championship Series he pitched 15 innings over two starts, allowing one run and four hits, and striking out 25—an ALCS record at the time. However, the Orioles failed to score in both of his starts, and Mussina ended up receiving no-decisions for each.

Mussina's 1998 season was punctuated by two separate trips to the DL, including for injury resultant from when a ball hit by Sandy Alomar Jr. struck him on the face and fractured his nose. Mussina still won 13 games and post a 3.49 ERA, with 175 strikeouts in 206.1 innings. His strikeout-to-walk ratio was good for second in the league. Mussina won his third consecutive Gold Glove with a perfect 1.000 fielding percentage out of 50 total chances. On April 11, Mussina struck out Detroit's Bip Roberts for his 1,000th career strikeout.

In 1999, he finished second in the league with 18 wins, and his 3.50 ERA and .720 win–loss percentage were good for third. Mussina struck out 172 batters in 203.2 innings while walking just 52, for a 3.31 K/BB ratio. He was selected as an All-Star and pitched one inning. Mussina finished second in the American League Cy Young Award voting that year behind Pedro Martínez. He committed just one error out of 61 total chances and won his fourth consecutive Gold Glove, further cementing his reputation as one of the top defensive pitchers in baseball.

In 2000, Mussina recorded his first and only losing season, going 11–15. However, he did not pitch as badly as his record suggests, as he allowed 100 earned runs in a league-leading 237.2 innings for a 3.79 ERA. He struck out 210 batters while allowing 44 walks. Opponents batted just .255 off him. He finished sixth in voting for the Cy Young Award that year.

New York Yankees
Following the 2000 season, Mussina decided to leave the Orioles via free agency. He signed a six-year, $88.5 million contract with the New York Yankees on November 30, 2000.

2001–2004
Mussina finished the 2001 season with a 17–11 record. He was second in the league in ERA (3.15), strikeouts (214), shutouts (3), and strikeout/walk ratio (5.10), and fifth in strikeouts/9 IP (8.42) and complete games (4). Mussina pitched seven shutout innings in Game 3 of the 2001 American League Division Series and the Yankees went on to win the game 1–0, and eventually the series, becoming the only team to win a division series after losing the first two games at home. Mussina started Games 1 and 5 of the 2001 World Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks, posting an 0–1 record with a 4.09 ERA in 11 innings pitched.

In 2002, Mussina was second in the AL in walks/9 IP (1.65), third in strikeouts (182) and strikeouts/9 IP (7.60), eighth in wins (18), and ninth in walks/9 IP (2.00). He held batters to a .198 batting average when the game was tied.

In 2003, Mussina was third in the league in strikeouts/9 IP (8.18) and strikeout/walk ratio (4.88), fourth in strikeouts (195) and walks/9 IP (1.68), fifth in wins (17), and eighth in ERA (3.40). He held batters to a .190 batting average when there were two outs and runners in scoring position. During Game 7 of the 2003 ALCS, Mussina authored one of the greatest clutch pitching performances of all time. With the Yankees trailing Boston 4–0, Mussina made the first relief appearance of his career. With runners on the corners and nobody out, Mussina struck out Jason Varitek before inducing Johnny Damon to hit into a double play. Mussina went on to pitch 2 more scoreless innings and kept the Yankees within striking distance in a game they later came back to win.

In 2004, plagued by a series of injuries, Mussina ended the year with a 12–9 record and a 4.59 ERA. He was fourth in the league in strikeouts (195), and eighth in walks/9 IP (2.19).

2005–2008
In 2005, Mussina finished with a 13–8 record and a 4.41 ERA. He was seventh in the AL in strikeouts/9 IP (7.11).

In 2006, he ended the season with a 15–7 record. He was second in the league in OBP against (.279), third in the American League in walks/9 IP (1.60; a career-best), batting average against (.241), and strikeout/walk ratio (4.91), fourth in ERA (3.51), sixth in win–loss percentage (.682). He fanned Cody Ross to reach the 2,500 strikeout mark on June 25. Mussina also became the first pitcher in American League history to win 10 or more games for 15 consecutive seasons.

On November 20, 2006, Mussina and the Yankees reached a preliminary agreement, pending a physical, on a two-year, $23 million contract. Earlier in the off-season the Yankees declined the one-year, $17 million option on Mussina's previous contract. Under that back-loaded six-year, $88.5 million contract, Mussina earned $19 million in each of the last two seasons.

In 2007, Mussina became just the ninth player to win 100 games with two different teams—he had won 147 with Baltimore. However, with the Yankees locked in a tight pennant race, Mussina struggled and temporarily lost his spot in the rotation to prospect Ian Kennedy. After just one relief appearance, (the first of his regular season career), Mussina returned as a starter, going 3–0 in his final four starts to end with 11–10 record and a career-high 5.15 ERA. The '07 season for Mussina and Mets' pitcher Tom Glavine was the subject of a 2008 book by John Feinstein, Living on the Black: Two Pitchers, Two Teams, One Season to Remember, showcasing a pivotal season for two New York City pitchers as Mussina nailed down milestone career win #250 with the Yankees and Glavine earned win #300 with the cross-town Mets.

In 2008, Mussina started his eighth season with the Yankees as a much-needed veteran of an inexperienced rotation. The year began with difficulty reminiscent of 2007, and many noted a sharp decline in his pitch velocity. Owner Hank Steinbrenner suggested that Mussina should "learn how to pitch like Jamie Moyer", and no longer rely so much on his fastball. Although that remark was widely interpreted as a slight, Mussina joked in response that he could not pitch like Moyer because he did not throw left-handed, and afterwards he excelled, going 9–1 in his subsequent 11 starts. On June 14, he recorded his 10th win of the season, extending his American League record to 17 consecutive seasons with at least 10 wins. On September 18, Mussina notched his 18th victory of the season and led the Yankees to a 9–2 victory over the first place White Sox in his final start at Yankee Stadium. On September 28, he won 20 games for the first time at the age of 39, with a 6–2 win over the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park, becoming the oldest first-time 20 game winner in MLB history. He finished 20–9 with a 3.37 ERA. His 67.6% first-strike-percentage was the highest among major league starters.

Mussina would later finish second to Cleveland Indians pitcher Cliff Lee in the voting for American League comeback player of the year honors. On November 6, he was awarded his seventh career Gold Glove Award, and the third in his career with the Yankees. He would later finish behind Lee again in the balloting for the 2008 AL Cy Young Award. Mussina's sixth-place finish was his best since 2001.

Mussina officially announced his retirement on November 20, 2008. Mussina is the first pitcher to retire following a 20-victory season since Hall of Famer Sandy Koufax in 1966.

Near-perfect games
Mussina pitched several near-perfect games throughout his career:
 * On July 17, 1992, he retired the first 12 Texas Rangers before surrendering a double to Kevin Reimer. Mussina retired the final 15 batters he faced for a one-hit 8–0 shutout.
 * On May 30, 1997, he retired the first 25 Cleveland Indians before surrendering a single to Sandy Alomar Jr. with one out in the ninth. Mussina struck out the last two batters for a one-hit 3–0 shutout.
 * On August 4, 1998, he retired the first 23 Detroit Tigers he faced before surrendering a double to Frank Catalanotto with two outs in the eighth. Mussina gave up another hit in the eventual two hit 4–0 shutout.
 * On August 1, 2000, he tossed a one-hitter against the Minnesota Twins.
 * On September 2, 2001, he retired the first 26 Boston Red Sox he faced; he then ran pinch-hitter Carl Everett (batting for Joe Oliver) to a 1-and-2 count before Everett blooped a single to left-center. Mussina then retired leadoff man Trot Nixon on a grounder, striking out 13 batters in a one-hit 1–0 shutout. The losing pitcher was David Cone—the pitcher of the last perfect game at the time, on July 18, 1999. Although Mussina did not achieve perfection, James Buckley Jr. considered it special enough to include an appendix chapter about it in his 2002 book Perfect: The Inside Story of Baseball's Sixteen Perfect Games.

Other career achievements

 * Seven-time Gold Glove award winner
 * Placed in the top five of voting for the Cy Young Award six times
 * 1994 Baseball America First-Team American League All-Star starting pitcher
 * 1999 Baseball America Second-Team American League All-Star starting pitcher
 * Led AL in win–loss percentage (.783) in 1992
 * Led AL in wins (19), walks/9IP (2.03) and shutouts (4) in 1995
 * Led AL in games started (36) in 1996
 * Led AL in innings ($237 2/3$) in 2000
 * Reached the 2001 and 2003 World Series with the New York Yankees
 * Won 15 games in a season 11 times
 * One 20-win season (2008), two 19-win seasons, three 18-win seasons, and two 17-win seasons

Postseason performance
Mussina collected an overall 7–8 record and 3.42 ERA, with 145 strikeouts in 23 career postseason games. His finest postseason occurred in 1997 for the Orioles, when in four games he went 2–0 with a 1.24 ERA in 29 innings pitched while allowing 11 hits, four earned runs, seven walks and 41 strikeouts. Notably, he twice outdueled Seattle Mariners ace Randy Johnson in head-to-head matchups during the ALDS. A feature on The Washington Post's website ranked his performance the sixth-most memorable moment at Camden Yards.

Pitching style
Early in his career, Mussina's arsenal included a four-seam fastball that topped out at 95 mph, a two-seam fastball, a slider, a changeup, and a plus knuckle-curve. He was always a finesse pitcher, and coming up through the Orioles' organization, he was often compared to Jim Palmer. He received praise for the ability to make in-game adjustments to compensate for days when he was not at his best.

Mussina's prolonged success was also the result of his ability to make adjustments. He added a splitter to his repertoire and replaced his knuckle-curve with a more conventional curveball. He became more skilled at changing speeds with his breaking pitches and using different arm angles to confuse batters as well as to compensate for the diminishing speed of his fastball.

During spring training in 2006, Yankees catcher Jorge Posada noticed the unique grip Mussina used for his changeup and promptly hit a home run off it during an intra-squad game. Posada alerted Mussina to the tip-off, and he adjusted the grip. This new changeup was difficult for batters to recognize and was considered a main reason for his success that season.

Mussina's remarkable results in 2008 were attributed to changes in pitching style. While in the past he was known for painting the outside corner of the plate with a mid-90s four-seam fastball, he began to work on both sides of the plate with his diminished upper-80s fastball. Additionally, when throwing the fastball, he often used the two-seam grip, which gives the ball late breaking motion. Despite his lower fastball velocity, Mussina maintained a significant differential in pitch speed by also lowering the velocity of his changeup. In addition to those more obvious changes, Craig Brown of The Hardball Times also attributed Mussina's renaissance to excellent control, noting that he was walking fewer batters than ever before and was becoming a ground-ball pitcher for the first time in his career.

Throughout his career, Mussina also complemented his pure pitching ability by doing the little things well. He issued very few walks, held baserunners well, and fielded his position superbly.

Hall of Fame debate
Mussina's candidacy for the Hall of Fame was the subject of debate. "Do I compare to some guys who are in? I think I do", Mussina told USA Today in 2006. The only other pitchers to match Mussina's 17 seasons of 10 or more victories are Ted Lyons, Tom Glavine, Gaylord Perry, Phil Niekro, Walter Johnson, Greg Maddux, Warren Spahn, Cy Young, Don Sutton, Tom Seaver, Tommy John and Steve Carlton; all are Hall of Famers, except Tommy John. Of the 23 eligible pitchers who have at least 265 wins and an ERA of 3.69 or less, 20 are in the Hall of Fame, his ERA is the third highest ahead of Bobby Wallace, who was a full-time pitcher for just two seasons, and Red Ruffing. Mussina's consistency was often overshadowed by the dominant peaks of contemporaries like Pedro Martínez and Randy Johnson. Mussina's ERA may have suffered from playing at a time when hitters dominated.

In 2014, Mussina received 20.3% of the vote on his first ballot (75% required for induction). In 2015, he received 24.6% on his second ballot. He rose to 43.0% in 2016 on his third ballot. In his fourth year of eligibility, support for his candidacy continued to steadily increase, as he received 51.8% of the vote. In 2018, he received 63.5% of the vote, inching closer to the 75% mark. Mussina was inducted into the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame on August 25, 2012.

On January 22, 2019, Mussina was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, receiving 76.71% of the vote. He chose not to have a logo on his bust, saying, "I don't feel like I can pick one team over the other because they were both great to me. I did a lot in Baltimore and they gave me the chance and then in New York we went to the playoffs seven of eight years, and both teams were involved. To go in with no logo was the only decision I felt good about".

Personal life
Mussina married Jana McKissick in 1997. The couple has two sons, Brycen and Peyton. He also adopted his step-daughter Kyra, who is Jana's from a previous marriage. He still resides in his hometown of Montoursville, where he is well known. He often helps out with the athletic programs at his high school and he operates a training camp for student athletes in the area. He serves on the Little League International Board of Directors, based in nearby South Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Mussina is the head basketball coach for the boys' team at Montoursville Area High School. He accepted the position in June 2013. When he received the phone call notifying him that he had been elected to the Hall of Fame, he had just completed a practice with his team.

Mussina is of Slavic descent. Due to his last name, which was Americanized by his ancestors, he is often misidentified as an Italian American; before the inaugural World Baseball Classic in 2006, Gene Orza, the chief operating officer of the players union, even asked him to play for Italy on that assumption.

In December 2014, Mussina was announced as one of the six recipients of the 2015 Silver Anniversary Awards, presented annually by the NCAA to outstanding former student-athletes on the 25th anniversary of the end of their college sports careers. The award is based on both athletic and professional success.

Mussina is also a crossword puzzle enthusiast and was featured in the 2006 documentary film Wordplay.

Mussina's younger brother, Mark, was elected County Commissioner of Lycoming County in November 7, 2023.

He is also a collector of tractors and vintage cars.

title: Mike Mussina


text:
1907 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football (soccer) in the year 1907.

title: 1907 in Norwegian football


text:
Talk:Denny Triangle, Seattle

Untitled
Besides the Denny Regrade neighborhood there is the Denny Regrade itself (the actual regrading). What should it be called?

 * It should be called the Denny Regrade. I've redirected Denny Regrade to the neighborhood article because there's info on the actual regrading in the neighborhood article, but feel free to un-redirect Denny Regrade and write an article there! --Lukobe 18:37, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

For some reason I'm under the impression that some of the raw material from the Denny Regrade was used as fill down in SoDo where Boeing Field and whatnot are today. I have the 1891 birds-eye-view map of the city and it's fairly apparent that they'd need a lot of fill for Harbor Island and SoDo. Sadly, I have no source for my impression. -- wac (talk contrib) 08:03, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Harbor Island was filled with dirt from other regrading projects and the dredging of the Duwamish, but not the Denny regrade . I also have this impression, from somewhere that some of SoDo (specifically where the big stadia are now) was filled in with Denny Hill's material, but what I'm finding at HistoryLink doesn't seem to support this. It sounds like dirt from Denny Hill was simply washed into the bay. Disappointing as it is to find out I was wrong about this, I think I'll update the article to reflect it, seeing as it does seem to be a fairly common belief. Eldang 20:31, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Hrm... on second thoughts, I'm not sure that "some people believe X, but sources don't support it" is exactly encyclopaedic, so I'm going to lay off. However, here are the sources if this is of interest to anyone:   (the regrading project in 3 distinct phases). Eldang 20:36, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

A bogus site
http://www.dennyhill.com/ is a bogus site, basically a joke, not to be used as a reference. - Jmabel | Talk 19:35, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denny Triangle, Seattle


text:
User talk:Esseini

Hello, "Esseini" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

. -- Infrogmation 17:42, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
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 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

Image:Peinimap.jpeg
Thanks for uploading Image:Peinimap.jpeg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Until a more informative tag is provided, it will be listed as no source or no license. Could you add a better tag to let us know its source and/or copyright status? If you made the image yourself, an easy way to deal with this is add GFDL if you're willing to release it under the GFDL. Alternatively, you could release all rights to it by adding NoRightsReserved. This would allow anyone to do whatever they wish with your image, without exceptions. However, if it isn't your own image, you need to specify what free license it was distributed under. You can find a list of the tags here. If it was not distributed under a free license, but you claim fair use, add {{fairuse}} but you need to substantiate your claim by explaining why you think it's fair use. If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images by posting to my talk page. If you do this, I can tag them for you. Thanks.

title: User talk:Esseini


text:
Talk:Astrodynamics/to do

 * Historical approaches
 * Show how Kepler's laws and conservation laws can be derived from first principles
 * Perturbation theory
 * Variation of parameters
 * Direct f=ma for perturbations
 * Universal variable formulation
 * Who developed it?
 * Description
 * Pseudocode?
 * Expand on non-ideal orbits
 * post an image of a planets "B" plane and the Ellipse ( aim point) that a space craft must fly through to arrive at its next Destination  or to achive a hyberbolic orbit.
 * Add a discussion of applicable numerical methods. Sdsds 17:27, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Astrodynamics/to do


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Paprzyca coat of arms

Paprzyca is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
Herb Paprzyca (Bychawa, Kuczawa, Ruchaba, Ruczaba, Paprzyca, Rakwicz) – coat of arms, with the clan's battle cry of Iwiczna and Kuszaba.

"From the Czech, this coat of arms was to be brought to Poland by Bolesław the Chaste, and this is how it was to be acquired: "A lady was told that a maid had bore three sons, and she not only had her suspected of adultery on this occasion (understanding that with one husband so many children can not be) but also punished her severely. It came about thanks to the Divine cause, who defends the innocent, that the same lady gave birth to nine sons quickly. Whether then, whether ashamed or afraid of some lousy disagreement with her husband, she ordered a serving woman to have eight sons in a near river drowned, one of them only left to raise. At that time, her husband was not at home, but for the preparation of God, he came when the serving woman was carrying the children to their sad fate. He asked her: what are you carrying? She answered - I am carrying pups to drown. The husband looked inside out of curiosity if there was no one fit for game hunting; then he saw the children and learned everything. Secretly he ordered the miller to raise the sons. When they grew up, he guests and neighbours to a feast, and after feeding them he asked them as to what that a mother deserved who would kill her children, All judged her death worthy; Only then the father says: let my puppies stand here: they bring eight boys, all in the same coloring, vividness and complexity, almost all equal height. He explained to all those who have been invited what happened to them and, turning to his wife, he says - for this sin, you worthy of punishment much more significant, only God has kept you from sin through me; for this, thank him for his holy providence. Is it then for the sons in remembrance of this revolution or the miller who raised them as a reward, the shape of the coat of arms, the authors disagree."

Blazon
Description of the coat of arms

In the silver field, a black millstone with a middle silver rynd. In the jewel, eight silver puppies heads in two rows; two at the top looking right, two left, one at the bottom looking right, and three turned left. The description of the coat of arms Kuszaba appears already in Jewels of Jan Długosz: as Kuszaba. "Cuius insignia lapis molaris griseus cum ferrea paprzicza in or campo." What in Translation means: Kuszaba. Which sign a millstone grey with iron debris in a white field. According to Niesiecki (...), there should be a millstone upright, grey in color, with a cast iron in the middle, as in the field, in the field with white, on the helmet with eight puppies. Szymański claims that "(...) in a silver field, a millstone (black) with silver papy". By the act of the Harold Union, the coat of arms was transferred to Lithuania (the Lithuanian boyar Manstold adopted the boyar, he adopted Marmicz from Iwiczny Iwicki, the Łęczyca bailiff).

Earliest references

Coat of arms from the Piast dynasty. Year of creation 1249-1296 (XIII century).

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include: Dąbrowski, Grodziński, Iwicki, Jarzyczewski, Książyk, Kussowski, Lubowiecki, Niewiński, Niwiński, Śnieżawski, Warszewicki, Zgliński

title: Paprzyca coat of arms


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Basildon railway station

Basildon railway station is on the London, Tilbury and Southend line, serving the town of Basildon, Essex. It is 24 mi down the main line from London Fenchurch Street and is situated between Laindon to the west and Pitsea to the east. Its three-letter station code is BSO. The station and all its trains are currently operated by c2c.

History
The "Pitsea direct" line of the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway was opened between East Horndon and Pitsea on 1 June 1888 and allowed trains between London and Southend to avoid the longer route via Tilbury, significantly reducing journey times. Laindon station opened with the new line in 1888 and Pitsea, originally opened in 1855, became a junction station.

Basildon was designated a new town on 4 January 1949. Laindon and Pitsea stations fell within the new town boundary, albeit on the periphery. As was the case at other new towns, it took many years to deliver a railway station. Basildon station was opened by British Rail on 25 November 1974.

In September 2022, the down (towards Southend) platform was partially closed, preventing 12-carriage trains from calling at the station in that direction.

Design
The station has two platforms, both located on the upper level.

The ticket hall houses a retail unit as well as self-service ticket machines. The ticket office has three serving positions.

Services
Basildon is served by c2c trains westbound to Fenchurch Street in the City of London and eastbound to Shoeburyness in eastern Essex.

As of the June 2024 timetable the typical Monday to Friday off-peak service is:
 * 4 tph (trains per hour) westbound to London Fenchurch Street (2 tph all stations and 2 tph semi-fast)
 * 4 tph eastbound to Shoeburyness (2 tph all stations and 2 tph semi-fast)

title: Basildon railway station


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Lis coat of arms

Lis (Polish for "Fox") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by many noble families of Clan Lis.

The legend of the coat of arms
In 1058 Duke Casimir I the Restorer while chasing the pagan Lithuanians and Yotvingians who devastated Polish lands, came to Sochaczew. He sent a knight of the Lis Clan (Fox Clan) to scout the region for enemies. When the knight came across a river he met a strong enemy unit. Unable to attack them alone, he decided immediately to shoot a lighted arrow into the air to call for reinforcements. Help arrived soon and defeated the enemies. A grateful Casimir granted the brave knight a new coat of arms with an arrow in the escutcheon and his former sign - the fox - was placed in the crest.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:
 * Krystyn z Kozichgłów
 * Jaksa z Targowiska
 * Mikołaj z Kozłowa
 * Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski
 * Stanisław Chomętowski
 * Sapieha Family
 * Adam Stefan Sapieha
 * Aleksander Michał Sapieha
 * Aleksander Paweł Sapieha
 * Jan Sapieha
 * Kazimierz Sapieha
 * Kazimierz Jan Paweł Sapieha
 * Lew Sapieha
 * Paweł Jan Sapieha
 * Kazimierz Nestor Sapieha
 * Szymon Rudnicki, Bishop of Warmia
 * Melchior Wańkowicz
 * Henryk Samsonowicz
 * Ferdynand Ruszczyc

title: Lis coat of arms


text:
User talk:Coguk

Hello, "Coguk" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

. P.S.: Make sure any article you start has a minimum of one complete sentence describing the topic. Cheers, -- Infrogmation 17:48, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

title: User talk:Coguk


text:
User:MalcontentUK

Zygote

title: User:MalcontentUK


text:
Rodman gun

The Rodman gun is any of a series of American Civil War–era columbiads designed by Union artilleryman Thomas Jackson Rodman (1815–1871). The guns were designed to fire both shot and shell. These heavy guns were intended to be mounted in seacoast fortifications. They were built in 8-inch, 10-inch, 13-inch, 15-inch, and 20-inch bore (8 ,). Other than size, the guns were all nearly identical in design, with a curving bottle shape, large flat cascabels with ratchets or sockets for the elevating mechanism. Rodman guns were true guns that did not have a howitzer-like powder chamber, as did many earlier columbiads. Rodman guns differed from all previous artillery because they were hollow cast, a new technology that Rodman developed that resulted in cast-iron guns that were much stronger than their predecessors.

Casting

Guns had been traditionally cast solid and the bore was bored out of the solid metal. With this traditional method, the gun cooled from the outside inward. Castings shrink as they cool. As each succeeding layer cooled it contracted, pulling away from the still molten metal in the center, creating voids and tension cracks. Drilling out the bore removed the voids, but the tensions in the metal were still toward the outside. Rodman devised a method of hollow casting where the gun cooled from the inside out, so that as cooling occurred, it created compression rather than tension. This resulted in a much stronger gun.

With Rodman's method of casting, a cooling core was placed in the mold before casting. This core consisted of a watertight cast-iron tube, closed at the lower end. A second, smaller tube, open at the bottom was inserted into the first. As the molten iron was poured into the mold, water was pumped through the smaller tube to the bottom of the larger tube. The water rose through the space between the two tubes and flowed out at the top. The water continued flowing as the metal cooled. To further ensure that the gun cooled from the inside out, a fire was built around the iron flask containing the gun mold, keeping the gun mold nearly red-hot. For an 8-inch Rodman columbiad, the core was removed 25 hours after casting and the flow of water continued through the space left by the core for another 40 hours. Over 50,000 USgal of water was used in the process. For larger guns, the cooling periods were longer and more water was used.

After cooling the gun the machining process began. The bore was bored out to proper size, the exterior was turned smooth, the trunnions were turned on a trunnion lathe, and a vent was drilled.

Columbiads were not the only guns cast using Rodman's method. Dahlgren XV-inch shell guns for the U.S. Navy were also hollow cast. A 20-inch hollow cast gun, which may not have been identical to the two guns supplied to the U.S. Army, was sold to Peru.

Rodman guns were cast at the Fort Pitt Foundry, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; the Scott Foundry, Reading, Pennsylvania; Cyrus Alger & Co., Boston, Massachusetts; and the West Point Foundry, Cold Spring, New York.

Carriages
Rodman guns were mounted on three types of carriages—a front-pintle barbette carriage, a center-pintle barbette carriage, and a casemate carriage. All of these carriages were made of wrought iron. All three types of carriage were similar in design, having an upper carriage that was placed on a two-rail chassis. The gun and upper carriage recoiled along the chassis. The chassis would pivot to train the gun left or right.

The barbette carriages were designed to fire over a parapet and could be used in either permanent or temporary fortifications. The front pintle carriage pivoted at the front of the chassis. This made the gun mount more compact and allowed the gun and detachment to be better protected by embrasures and traverses. The center pintle carriage gave the gun a 360° traverse and was stronger for guns firing at high angles because the pintle, the strongest part of the carriage, would have been under the breech when the gun was fired at high angles.

The casemate carriage was designed to fire from casemates which were chambers in permanent fortifications. The carriage was essentially a front-pintle design, with the pintle fixed in the masonry in front of the chassis and below the guns embrasure. A "tongue" connected the chassis to the pintle. The casemate carriage has a lower profile than the barbette carriages.

The 8-inch and 10-inch Rodman guns could be mounted on all three types of carriages. The 15-inch Rodman guns were mounted on both types of barbette carriage. The two 20-inch guns were mounted on front-pintle barbette carriages.

Sling carts were used to transport these guns to the carriages.

Production
Rodman guns were all nearly identical in design, with a curving soda bottle shape, the only differences being the size of the gun. They were all smoothbore guns designed to fire spherical shot and shell, primarily against ships. The guns were elevated and depressed by means of a lever called the elevating bar. The point of this lever fits into ratchets on the earliest guns cast, or sockets on the later guns. The fulcrum, called the ratchet post, fit on the rear transom of the upper carriage. The ratchet post was cast iron and had several notches for adjusting the position of the elevating bar.

Only one 13-inch Rodman gun appears to have been made, but it was placed in service. Two 20-inch Rodman guns were emplaced at Fort Hamilton, New York. A third, shorter 20-inch gun was cast for USS Puritan using the Rodman technology. One 20-inch Rodman gun remains in a park just north of Fort Hamilton, and another is at Fort Hancock, Sandy Hook, New Jersey.

The other, smaller Rodman guns were placed in seacoast fortifications around the United States. It took 8 men to load and fire a 10-inch Rodman gun, and 12 men for a 15-inch Rodman gun.

Over 140 Rodman guns survive today. They may be seen at coastal fortifications around the country.

Use
Rodman guns saw little action during the Civil War. Two 10-inch columbiads were used in 1864 and 1865 in Union operation against Fort Sumter. It seems likely, due to the time period in which they were used, that these were Rodman guns rather than earlier model columbiads. Other reports of the use of 8-inch and 10-inch columbiads may refer to Rodman guns. The 15-inch Rodman guns were never fired in anger; however, they were widely deployed in coast defense until replaced by Endicott Period fortifications 1895–1905. Some Rodmans of various sizes, along with Parrott rifles, were deployed shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898 as a stopgap; it was feared the Spanish fleet would bombard the US east coast.

The 20-inch Rodmans were only fired eight times in practice to determine the effect of the 1080 lb projectiles. It was nearly impossible to find a target that would leave enough evidence to measure the effect of hits. The first four shots were fired with charges of 50, 75, 100, and 125 lb of gunpowder, reaching a bore pressure of 25000 psi. Four more shots were fired in March 1867 with charges of 125, 150, 175, and 200 lb throwing the projectile 8000 yd with the barrel elevated to 25 degrees.

Rifled versions

During the War, and immediately after, attempts were made to cast rifled Rodman guns. Unsuccessful attempts were made to cast a 12-inch rifle in 1861, an 8-inch rifle in 1862, and another 12-inch rifle in 1868. However, Robert Parker Parrott at the Cold Spring Foundry, across the Hudson River from the United States Army Military Academy at West Point, used the Rodman water core method of casting to produce large-bore rifled guns in 200- and 300-pound models. Parrott rifles that had been cast using the Rodman method were inscribed with the initials WC in order to differentiate those guns from ones that had been cast using ordinary methods. Primarily these guns were used on naval vessels, especially large monitors. In the 1870s and 1880s, efforts focused on converting existing Rodman guns into rifles. 10-inch Rodman smoothbore guns were converted into 8-inch rifles. The first method used was inserting a wrought iron rifle sleeve through the muzzle; a similar steel sleeve was also used later. The last method involved drilling and tapping the breech of the 10-inch Rodman and inserting a rifled steel sleeve and screwing it in tight with a threaded breech plug. These breech-inserted guns are easily recognized by the square "cascabel" which was designed to provide purchase for screwing the breech plug and liner securely into the gun.

These conversions were not viewed favorably and were primarily seen as cheap stopgaps until modern breech-loading rifles could be developed and emplaced. However, the 8-inch converted rifle was widely deployed in fortifications constructed in the 1870s, and remained in service until 1905.

Confederate copies
In 1859 Joseph R. Anderson of the Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Virginia, and Junius L. Archer of the Bellona Foundry, Midlothian, Virginia (the only two gun foundries then operating in what would become the Confederacy), failed to adopt the Rodman technique of hollow casting, and as result the U.S. Army cancelled contracts with both firms for casting columbiads. Therefore, at the outbreak of the war, southern foundries were not capable of casting guns using the Rodman method.

The Confederates used solid cast 8-inch and 10-inch columbiads that resemble Rodman guns. A closer examination of these Confederate columbiads reveals that they have a straighter cylindrical contour between the trunnions and the breech as opposed to the sweeping continuous curve of the Rodman gun. The Confederate columbiads have longer trunnions that were intended for use with heavy wooden carriages. The Union gun were designed to be mounted in iron carriages with thinner cheeks, permitting shorter trunnions. The exteriors of the Confederate columbiads are rough, not having been finished on a lathe as were their Union counterparts.

On November 14, 1864, and February 20, 1865, Anderson cast two 12-inch columbiads using the Rodman method at the Tredegar Iron Works. The guns were made too late and were never finished or mounted.

Similar weapons
The 3-inch ordnance rifle and the 4.5-inch siege rifle were frequently misidentified as Rodmans. Neither gun was hollow cast. The 3-inch ordnance rifle was made of hammer-welded wrought iron, and the 4.5-inch siege rifle was conventionally cast.

This error was not limited to those ignorant of artillery; in November 1864 Brig. Gen. John Milton Brannan, chief of artillery in the Union Department of the Cumberland, described the armament of the Chattanooga forts as including several 3-inch and 4.5-inch Rodman guns. First Lieutenant Henry S. Hurter of the 1st Minnesota Light Artillery Battery wrote in his report to Oscar Malmros, Adjutant General for the State of Minnesota, "On the 5th of March captain Clayton exchanged the old guns, two 12-pound howitzers, and two 6-pound rifled guns, caliber 3.67, for four new rifled 3-inch Rodman's guns." The letter was written on November 11, 1864, in Georgia.

title: Rodman gun


text:
Anthems of Rebellion

Anthems of Rebellion is the fifth studio album by Swedish melodic death metal band Arch Enemy. This was the first Arch Enemy album to feature clean vocals. The clean vocals were sung by Christopher Amott on "End of the Line" and "Dehumanization".

A music video was produced for the album's single, "We Will Rise", which saw moderate airing on Headbangers Ball and Uranium. It featured a legion of people racing across a beach under a darkened sky. According to the band, one of the participants in the video hurt an ankle considerably in leaping off a large hill but did not sue.

A video was also produced for Dead Eyes See No Future, which consisted of a live performance. The song also appeared on the Alone in the Dark Original Soundtrack.

Release
At its time of release, Anthems of Rebellion gave Century Media its then highest first-week Soundscan sales in the United States, and later became one of the top ten best-selling albums under the record label.

Bonus disc
In numerous regions, a bonus DVD was supplied with the initial release in three forms. Track listings would be identical, save the Europe jewel case edition, which omitted "Exist to Exit" (5.1). The U.S. jewel case release and Europe digipak included all tracks available on the releases.

Reception
Anthems of Rebellion was received mostly well. Sean Palmerston and Laura Taylor of Exclaim! praised the album stating that it is the "finest album so far without a doubt" and that "with Gossow's death-rattle vocals, and tight performances all around, Anthems of Rebellion is a pretty delectable razor to the eardrums", respectively. Gregory Bradley of Metal Review called the album of "a vicious beast of millennium death/thrash". He praised the Angela Gossow vocals stating that they "are absolutely top notch, some of the best and most signature vocals out there." Bradley also comments that the backing vocals were "a very welcome surprise". Justin Donnelly of Blistering that praised Gossow writing that her "vocal delivery is a solid improvement, and not only complements the aggressive music, but seems to bring more power and style than ever before", commented that the inclusion of Christopher Amott's backing vocal "works surprisingly well". He said that everything on Anthems of Rebellion makes it "one of Arch Enemy's most finest, most diverse yet satisfying releases to date". About the clean vocals, Jackie Smit of Chronicles of Chaos commented that they were "well-implemented". Smit felt that the keyboard lines "add a welcome dash of variety to the proceedings". Nevertheless, he disliked of the lyrics, but stated that "Arch Enemy have produced perhaps their best record to date", though.

EvilG of Metal Rules praised the producer and the band. He said that "the sound and clarity of the album is great, thanks to producer Andy Sneap" and that the band "easily outplays many of their peers from the melodic death metal and blackened thrash metal heap, yet they still manage to push the boundaries of their musical style and create a fury that is second to none." Critic Anders Sandvall, also of Metal Rules, stated that "the band has done a masterpiece in their genre". Carl Begai of Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles called Sneap's production "ridiculously perfect" and stated that "Metallica could learn a lot from listening to this album". He comments that Anthems of Rebellion "is an excellent follow-up to their now classic breakthrough album", but the band will probably never surpass the song "Enemy Within" from Wages of Sin. Ralph of Lords of Metal praised the album and the production of Sneap. He completes stating that Anthems of Rebellion is a "very complete metal record". David Atkinson of RevelationZ Magazine praised the album stating that "this is everything Metallica was, should have been and could have been!". Atkinson compared it with Master of Puppets by Metallica and Peace Sells... but Who's Buying? by Megadeth and called it of classic.

Mike Stagno of Sputnikmusic called Gossow's performances of "superb". He also mentioned that the band balances out the heavy and melodic parts very well and praised the album when he wrote that "infectious melodic guitars, top notch vocal efforts, superb song writing, this album has everything one would want from a band of this stature. Definitely an impressive album." However, Stagno wrote that the songs "Tear Down the Walls" and "Anthem" are unnecessary. Tony Daley of Blabbermouth.net said that Mike Amott is a fantastic guitarist, but felt that the album "still isn't quite what he and his band are realistically capable of." Vincent Eldefors of Tartarean Desire praised Gossow, however, he said that the previous release was more impressive. Todd Kristel of Allmusic, who wrote a mixed review of the album, stated that "In general, the lyrics aren't particularly impressive and the band has only mixed success at musically evoking the pervasive sense of menace they seem to be going after." Meanwhile, he concluded that it "is a reasonably solid album that should appeal to the band's fans."

Personnel

 * Arch Enemy
 * Angela Gossow − vocals
 * Michael Amott − guitars
 * Christopher Amott − guitars, clean vocals (on tracks 10 and 11)
 * Sharlee D'Angelo − bass
 * Daniel Erlandsson − drums
 * Per Wiberg − keyboards

 * Other personnel
 * Niklas Sundin − album art

Release history
Arch Enemy's video for "We Will Rise" was the first video played on the revived Headbangers Ball on MTV in 2003. The song "Silent Wars" is featured in the 2005 documentary Metal: A Headbanger's Journey.

title: Anthems of Rebellion


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Nowina coat of arms

Nowina is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The original clan consisted of only 24 families.

History
Nowina is one of the oldest Polish heraldic marks with claims that it existed prior to 960 CE. However, the earliest known depiction was on a seal of Nacislaw of Dobrosolow of the Nowina clan in 1293 CE. It was first mentioned in a court registry of 1392 and spread across the families of Greater Poland and the lands of Kraków, Lublin, Sandomierz and Sieradz. After the Union of Horodło of 1413 CE several boyar families adopted this coat of arms. The representative of the Nowina clan adopted the nobility of Lithuanian descent was Mikołaj of Sepno, while the newcomers were represented by Mikołaj Bejnar.

Blazon
Azure, a cauldron's handle Argent, with both ends upwards. Between them a cross or a sword proper, with the handle upwards. Out of the crest coronet an armoured leg bent in the knee as if kneeling. Foot directed leftwards.

Notable bearers

 * Hetman Fylyp Orlyk (1672–1742), secretary and close associate of Hetman Ivan Mazepa, diplomat, Hetman of Zaporizhian Host in exile
 * Hryhoriy Orlyk (1702–1759), Ukrainian-born French military commander, special envoy and member of Louis XV's secret intelligence service
 * Jan Przerębski (?–1523), castellan of Sieradz
 * Jan Przerębski (1519–1562), Crown chancellor, secretary of the Crown, royal secretary, nominee for the bishopric of Chełm
 * Stefan Przanowski (1874–1938), Minister of Provisions, Minister of Food and Control, Minister of Industry and Trade, Disputed 7th Prime Minister of Poland
 * Edward Przanowski(1845–1929), soldier of the January Uprising, committee president of the Public Charity Council of the Łęczyca County, chief engineer and architect in Słupca and Łęczyca, chieftain and chairman of the Łęczyca volunteer fire brigade
 * Jerzy Krasuski (1930–2009), historian, specializing in the history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
 * Anton Luckievič (1884–1942), Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Belarusian Democratic Republic
 * Marcin Szlachciński (1511/1512–?), scholar, translator, poet, philosopher and professor at the Jagiellonian University
 * Marian Przysiecki (1905–1943), economist, agronomist, officer of the Home Army
 * Michał Jankowski (1842–1912), pioneer of the Russian Far East, naturalist and breeder
 * Mikołaj Złotnicki (?–1694), cup-bearer to John III Sobieski
 * Olga Boznańska (1865–1940), painter, portraitist and representative of Modernism
 * Stanisław Brzóska (1832–1865), priest, general, one of leaders of the Polish insurgency and the last partisan of the January Uprising
 * Devil Boruta - fictional character, a devil from Polish folklore

title: Nowina coat of arms


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1908 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football in the year 1908.

National team
Sources:

title: 1908 in Norwegian football


text: User talk:81.153.5.11

title: User talk:81.153.5.11


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Saveloy

A saveloy is a type of highly seasoned sausage, usually bright red, normally boiled and available in fish and chip shops around Britain. It is sometimes also available fried in batter.

Etymology
The word is believed to be derived from Middle French cervelas or servelat, originating from Old Italian cervella ('pigs brains'), ultimately from the Latin cerebrus ('brain'). Its first known use in the English language in this meaning was 1784. Cervellato is still the name of a sausage in Italy; it is longer and thinner than standard Italian sausages.

Ingredients
Although the saveloy was traditionally made from pork brains, the ingredients of a shop-bought sausage are typically pork (58%), water, rusk, pork fat, potato starch, salt, emulsifiers (tetrasodium diphosphate, disodium diphosphate), white pepper, spices, dried sage, preservatives (sodium nitrite, potassium nitrate), and beef collagen casing.

The saveloy is mostly eaten with chips.

England and Wales
Popular in the northeast of England, saveloys are sometimes eaten in a "saveloy dip" sandwich: the bun is dipped in the water in which the saveloy has been boiled, or in gravy, with a layer of stuffing and pease pudding, additionally seasoned with English mustard. Elsewhere in England and Wales, saveloy is most commonly served in fish and chip shops.

Australia and New Zealand
The saveloy is eaten in Australia and New Zealand, often dipped in batter and deep fried, when it is known as a "battered sav".

At the turn of the 20th century, the saveloy was described in an Australian court case as a "highly seasoned dry sausage originally made of brains, but now young pork, salted" but by the mid-century, it was commonly defined by its size as a 19 cm sausage, as opposed to a frankfurter at 26 cm. This distinction may be due to frankfurters’ popularisation in that country (as the main ingredient in hot dogs). Saveloys also tend to have more seasoning and are thicker.

In Australia, saveloys are usually a beef-pork blend. As in England, they are sold at fish-and-chip shops, as well as bought from supermarkets, to be simmered at home.

Saveloys are often the basis of the New Zealand battered-sausage-on-a-stick "hot dog", very similar to the US corn meal-battered variant of the corn dog as sold at fairgrounds and shows. The Australian showground version is often called a "dagwood dog", when prepared on site (and should not be confused with the "pluto pup", equivalent to the US Pronto Pup, a mass-produced, pre-prepared product that is essentially the same, but which invariably uses frankfurters, rather than saveloys and can often be found at takeaway shops).

A cocktail sausage is a smaller version of the saveloy, about a quarter of the size; in Australia sometimes called a "baby sav", a "footy frank" or a "little boy", and in New Zealand and Queensland called a "cheerio". These are a popular children's party food in New Zealand and Australia, often served hot, with tomato sauce.

United States
A type of hot dog which is almost indistinguishable from the saveloy is popular in the state of Maine, where it is commonly known as a "red hot" or "red snapper".

title: Saveloy


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Chilon of Sparta

Chilon of Sparta (Χείλων) (fl. 6th century BC) was a Spartan and one of the Seven Sages of Greece.

Life
Chilon was the son of Damagetus, and lived towards the beginning of the 6th century BC. Herodotus speaks of him as contemporary with Hippocrates, the father of Peisistratus. Diogenes Laërtius states that he was an old man in the 52nd Olympiad (572 BC), and that he was elected an ephor (overseer) in Sparta in the 56th Olympiad (556/5 BC). Alcidamas states that he was a member of the Spartan assembly. Diogenes Laërtius even goes so far as to claim that Chilon was also the first person who introduced the custom of joining the ephors to the kings as their counselors. Chilon is said to have helped to overthrow the tyranny at Sicyon, which became a Spartan ally. He is also credited with the change in Spartan policy leading to the development of the Peloponnesian League in the sixth century BC. Another legend claims that he died of joy when his son gained the prize for boxing at the Olympic games, and that his funeral was attended by all the Greeks assembled at the festival.

One of his descendants married king Anaxandridas II of Sparta and had a son with him, king Cleomenes I.

Sayings and teachings
Chilon of Sparta also said the famous Ancient Greek proverb: "Το λακωνίζειν εστί φιλοσοφείν", in English "less is more", or "brevity is the soul of wit", or "brevity is a way of philosophy", which means that the best way of being a philosopher is through brevity and describes the Spartans' way of thinking and attitude. Diogenes Laërtius describes him as a writer of elegiac poems, and attributes many sayings to him: According to an inscription at the Bath of the Seven Sages in Ostia "cunning Chilon taught to fart silently."
 * "Do not speak evil of the dead."
 * "Honor old age."
 * "Prefer punishment to disgraceful gain; for the one is painful but once, but the other for one's whole life."
 * "Do not laugh at a person in misfortune."
 * "If one is strong be also merciful, so that one's neighbors may respect one rather than fear one."
 * "Learn how to regulate one's own house well."
 * "Do not let one's tongue outrun one's sense."
 * "Restrain anger."
 * "Do not dislike divination."
 * "Do not desire what is impossible."
 * "Do not make too much haste on one's road."
 * "Obey the laws."

title: Chilon of Sparta


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Category:Legends

Articles relating to legends, a genre of folklore that consists of a narrative featuring human actions perceived or believed both by teller and listeners to have taken place within human history. Narratives in this genre may demonstrate human values, and possess certain qualities that give the tale verisimilitude. Legend, for its active and passive participants, includes no happenings that are outside the realm of "possibility," but may include miracles. Legends may be transformed over time, in order to keep them fresh, vital, and realistic. Many legends operate within the realm of uncertainty, never being entirely believed by the participants, but also never being resolutely doubted.

title: Category:Legends


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Giuseppe Acerbi

Giuseppe Acerbi (May 3, 1773 – August 25, 1846) was an Italian naturalist, explorer and composer.

Biography
Giuseppe Acerbi was born on May 3, 1773, in Castel Goffredo, in Lombardy. He was an Italian naturalist, explorer and composer. In 1798, Acerbi traveled to Lapland, publishing his experiences in Travels through Sweden, Finland and Lapland to the North Cape in the years 1798 and 1799 (1802). Some of his works can be found in the New York Society Library in New York, New York. He also written other works along with compositions that became popular.

During his travels, he collected some Finnish folk melodies and religious songs, one of which he used in a Clarinet Concerto. This was the first Finnish melody to be used in serious music.

In 1836, Acerbi retired from his travels and career. He returned to his hometown Castel Goffredo. He began to organize and administer his notes and collections from his travels. He never completed the task; Giuseppe Acerbi died in his hometown of Castel Goffredo, Italy on August 25, 1846. He was seventy-three years old.

Education
Giuseppe Acerbi was educated by both his parents at a young age. As he got older, he eventually was taught by a tutor that demanded Acerbi to learn French, German and English as an addition of knowing his native Italian language. He also learned Latin to add to his list of languages. He was taught about classic music, art, and become heavily involved with the sciences. At the age of twenty one, he graduated and received a degree of law from University at Pavia.

Travels
Since the start of his travels, the Finnish coast was not what Acerbi expected. From the beginning, Acerbi hated it. He was shocked by the culture of the people and did not enjoy it. After fighting with other explorers that were part of his trip, Acerbi decided travel through Finnish Lapland by himself on his return of going home. On his way, he recorded hundreds of pages of observations on the Sami people. He wrote notes on the Sami music, language, clothing and the customs. Eventually, he would grow to appreciate the Sami people and culture.

During his stay in Finland he picked up several books of poems, Jos mun tuttuni tulisi ( "If you were my dear"), the lullaby Nuku, nuku nurmilintu ( "Sleep, sleep little bird"), the poem of Antti Keksi about the flood of the river Tornionjoki in 1677, eventually becoming a religious song. He recorded the melody of the song "Do Not Be afraid of the People of Finland" and of Kalevala, the Finnish epic poem, composed of 50 songs, or runi, describing the execution of the poems, the local shaman singers,

The figure of Acerbi is much more famous in Finland than in Italy: the Finnish radio station's title is derived from its melody. Acerbi returned to Italy for after the publication of his book.

The Premio letterario Giuseppe Acerbi, an Italian literary award, is named for Acerbi.

title: Giuseppe Acerbi


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Ciołek coat of arms

Ciołek (Polish for "bull calf") is a Polish coat of arms, one of the oldest in medieval Poland. It was used by many szlachta (noble) families under the late Piast dynasty, under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, during the Partitions of Poland, and in the 20th century. The variant names "Siolek" and "Cialek" arose from miscommunication among early-20th-century Polish immigrants to the United States.

History
A history of this coat-of-arms is included in a Short History of Polish Arms written by Countess Ewa Theresa Korab-Karpinska in the late 1980s, which is currently lodged at the College of Arms in London. As heraldic heiress and only daughter of Tadeusz Josef Żeleński (also spelled Zielinski/Zelinski), Ewa was one of a handful of women to write upon the subject of heraldry. The bull and crown were later exceptionally incorporated as a crest into an English Grant of Arms by the English College of Arms.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:
 * Gerard Ciołek
 * Poniatowski family
 * Andrzej Poniatowski
 * Izabella Poniatowska
 * Józef Antoni Poniatowski
 * Michał Jerzy Poniatowski
 * Stanisław Poniatowski (1676–1762)
 * Stanisław Poniatowski (1754–1833)
 * Stanisław August Poniatowski, last King of Poland
 * Zbigniew J. Lipowski (1925–1997)
 * Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński
 * Żeleński family
 * Count Tadeusz Josef Żeleński
 * Countess Ewa Theresa Żeleńska Korab-Karpinska
 * Countess Sarah Elżbieta Philimina Korab-Karpinska Żeleńska Eagan

title: Ciołek coat of arms