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Talk:Root canal

History
How about a history of root canal therapy ? The article discusses modern therapy, and mentions inprovements (from what) over the last 10-20 years.

My recollection of seeing people who just had a root canal back in the 1980's CE, is that they looked like they just had lost a fight - black eyes and other facial brusing and pain.

It would be great if someone could contribute a knowledgable history of root canal therapy.

Mr. Grace 21:58, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

In my opinion these people had the largest effect on endodontics over time

1683 Antonin van Leeuwenhoek the Father of Microbiology

1894 Miller In 1894, Miller became the first researcher to associate the presence of bacteria with pulpal disease

1965 Kakehashi et al Gnotobiotic (germ‐free) vs normal rats

Exposures created in single molar teeth in each animal

Normal rats had pulpal abscesses

Germ free rats had dentinal bridging

Micro‐organisms are the basis of all endodontic disease

1966 Moller Culturing studies on root canals, transport media and growth media.

Showed that up till now all studies on RC flora had identified the wrong causative species.

Previous studies had cultured aerobic sp. Sampling techniques were not sophisticated enough to extract the real culprits from deep within the RC.

These sp are anaerobic, and easily killed by any exposure to oxygen.

1976 Sundqvist ‐ periapical lesions (Human) 32 Humans with non vital unrestored teeth

All teeth with apical lesions demonstrated infection within the canals

Teeth without areas were sterile

The more sp. isolated from the canal, the larger the lesion

>6 sp. correlated with pain

Bacteroides melaninogenicus assoc with pain, swelling, pus

Necrosis + bacteria = endodontic disease

1981 Fabricius et al ‐ periapical lesions (Primates) Series of experiments on monkeys

Exposures sterile + contaminated

Sterile‐necrotic pulpal tissue did not cause inflammation of surrounding tissues

Contaminated‐ evidence of inflammation clinically +/or radiographically in all teeth

The longer a contaminated tooth was left closed, the more anaerobic the bacterial population became.

Anaerobic sp. inoculated primarily failed to colonize; they require preceding sp. to create right ecology.

Then you could go into the history and modern techniques for chemomechanical canal preparation, obturation the advancement in materials to now where there is the thermofil GP

Once I am done with exams I will flesh it out —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lint.n (talk • contribs) 13:05, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

Root canal definition
"Root canal refers to the hollow area in the center of a tooth" (first sentence)

 * Isn't that the same as pulp chamber? A-giau 16:34, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

My understaning is that the pulp chamber comprises of the chamber proper in the coronal area of the tooth and the root canal system that connects the chamber to the tips of the roots. Some texts will refer to the the root canal and the chamber together as the "pulp chamber", while others will differentiate between the two.

 * Thanks. From the x-rays I've seen, each canal appears as a fine, elongated tube.  So I was surprised to learn here that a root canal refers to a central hollow area (which in my mind is something like a chamber).  The details do clarify this impression, though.  A-giau 08:05, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Trying to clear this up, I looked around; http://www.aae.org/patients/toothillus.htm and Endodontics both indicate that the root canals are below the pulp chamber, and a canal is long and thin. Editing accordingly, to "Root canals are the long passages full of soft tissue within the dentin at the center of a tooth, below the pulp chamber." -Elvey

 * To point out an obvious issue, the root canals are only below the pulp chamber if the tooth is in the mandible. If it is in the "upper jaw", then the root canals would be above the pulp chamber.  The term in dentistry to describe the position of something closer to the root tips is "apical".  Thus, the root canals are apical to the pulp chambers in all teeth. This makes for a good picture. - Dozenist  talk  17:07, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Doh! I replaced it with 'adjoined', a word in more general use than 'apical'. Thanks.

Pain
I just had a root canal today. The dentist used A LOT of anesthetic, however when he was drilling up into the root it was rather painful. Nothing that I couldn't handle, I guess the level of pain for this procedure varies greatly from individual to individual. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.233.101.147 (talk) 01:35, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

I just had my treatment started on the NHS at a dental access centre. I had an injection and never felt any pain just some vibration as the drilling was happening. Mine felt the same as any other filling i've had before. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Katerlyn (talk • contribs) 11:40, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

I was somewhat nervous before having this procedure done, and there's nothing to be nervous about. After the anesthetic is applied you won't feel a thing. They gave me a prescription for vicodin and told me to take some advil, and it should be fine in a couple of days. (Each endodontist preforms the surgery differently, ask questions if you have any) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.34.125.24 (talk) 19:49, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Contrary to popular belief, root canal treatment is usually painless due to effective pain control techniques used by the dentist while the treatment is being performed and the (optional) use of pain control medication after treatment.

When I had root canal treatment, my dentist only gave me a little anesthetic and told me to tell him when it hurt - apparently this is how he knew he'd hit the end of the root canal. Apparently this "drill by feel" is or was a common technique, so the above passage doesn't seem very accurate to me. --203.52.130.136 04:21, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This is EXACTLY what happened to me on Monday. "Drill by feel" is exactly what she called it. I think it needs to be re-written. TruthCrusader

When I had a root canal I was surprised it didn't hurt more. It was reasonably painless (no worse then most fillings and better than some). There wasn't that much drilling involved. Once the pulp cavity was exposed it was done with files (of graduated size). RJFJR 20:50, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Guys I don't know about you but in my case it hurt like anything... The anesthesia has been wearing off and even the place where the doctor injected me with has started to hurt. Trust me I am not being a baby, I have gone through military training with flying colors and there were some massive quantities of pain there as well. I guess it serves me right for going to a military hospital for treatment... :) --80.92.52.5 22:56, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

people only talk about the bad painful root canals. The majority are not painful. But some times the nerve is harder to anesthetize due to the severity of the infection or trauma to the nerve. It becomes hyper sensitive. - ?

I had a painless root canal procedure (a 4-root molar, #19/USA numbering). My Endodontist injected me several (3, I think) times beforehand, and gave it around 15 minutes to take effect, and injected me once more when I 'ummed' to let him know I felt something (a very slight discomfort). Because of something I read here, I avoided swallowing during the 15 minutes so my throat wouldn't go numb. My jaw up to my ear canal and half my tongue were numb. '''So it seems it depends on the effort and skill of the procedure followed. It also depends on the sensitivity of the patient - this varies widely too. I rarely feel pain from the needle when I give blood. However, I must add that I'd cheated''' - I'd also taken a (generic) Vicodin 40 minutes before the root canal procedure started. (Luckily, I had some from an episode of back pain.) I suspect it's important to scrape one's teeth together shortly after the temporary filling has been put into place (I think this will keep it from protruding such that biting puts pressure on the root.  I didn't close my mouth until a few hours later; it was painful; I carefully scraped a bit of the temporary away with a knife where the opposing teeth had indented, and that and a second Vicodin fixed the problem.)  (Note, this was my idea and I'm not a dentist; this isn't medical advice! Maybe one can pipe up.) Oh, and I asked for a mirror and watched much of the procedure (while keeping the mirror out of the dentist's way) and it was cool to see (of course, this could freak out the more squeamish!) -Elvey

This is essentially correct--anesthetic is pH sensitive, and if the infection has caused a good deal of inflammation, the pH in the region will be lowered (more acidic). The anesthetic has a harder time penetrating the nerve fiber in this environment, and consequently its pain reducing effect can be greatly decreased/slowed. Also, many patients complain of the time the procedure can take, requiring them to sit with their mouth wide open for a long time, leading to TMJ pain. But in general most root canals should be no more painful than a standard filling. Wikipac 21:42, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Having just gone through this treatment myself today, I must say that the only pain was in the injection, and that was mostly projected from my discomfort around needles. I took ibuprofen as soon as the numbness started wearing off an I haven't felt anything except a small bit of soreness. -- Masterzora 04:02, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

I had a root canal recently after a tooth with a large cavity broke (on a bit of popcorn in fact, the dentist's bane). I went in for an initial visit with a dentist, who did some drilling and applied a sort of plaster that started to break apart about two hours after the visit. As I understand, this was some sort of preparation for my root canal. The pain from this first visit was intense, such that even the impact of walking was excruciating. Recovery from the root canal itself (some week or two later) was almost painless, though. Does anyone know what might have occurred during the initial procedure that caused so much pain and inflammation? Only the root canal itself, the later visit, was performed by an actual endodontist, so I don't think the first procedure was anything described here. The pain was unrelated to the breaking of the tooth itself, as best I can infer, since the only pain involved there occurred during the fracture itself. If this is a tangent or a probable exception to the rule, my apologies, but I am curious about just what might have happened. -(Second question:) Now that I've had my root canal, the endodontist wants me to come back so that it can be "closed up" (his words), but there is some kind of rubbery material over it presently, which I expect is the Gutta-percha mentioned in the article. I am supposed to go in for a crown at the dentist's, however. Do I need the appointment with the endodontist to "close up" if a crown would do the same job? Or is he planning to close the canals themselves, and not just the chamber? Thanks in advance. Fearwig 16:24, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Call the endodontist's office and ask; don't guess.

 * When I went in and the dentist determined I needed a root canal he couldn't get me a long enough appointment that day to do the whole job so he did some that he had time for and we made an appointment when there was an opening in his schedule. He also put me on antibiotics.  (I wasn't prescribed pain meds at that time but if I'd called back they almost certainly would have.) RJFJR 16:36, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * That may be it. I probably just filled up a talk page with personal chat, but these questions came to my mind as I was reading about the typical procedures. Perhaps some incorporation into that section of RJFJR's experience of multiple visits would be apt (though I don't know enough about what is and isn't typical to venture a guess myself). As for the antibiotics, RJFJR, I expect I wasn't placed on them because I don't think there was an active infection--most people get root canals because their tooth is infected, whereas I just had a deep cavity that went to the pulp (I think). They probably thought it better to remove the pulp from a broken molar before crowning it, just in case it became infected later (I wouldn't want to have to remove someone's crown for drilling if I were a dentist). Speculation, though. It may just be that they don't put everyone with a root canal on antibiotics, since the infected material is, after all, extracted. Fearwig 16:53, 1 June 2006 (UTC) Also, since the topic is pain, I will note that I was given tylenol 3 (300mg acetaminophen, 30mg codeine) in anticipation of post-procedural pain. This indicates to me that pain is commonly significant, but not extreme (as there is a 60mg codeine variety as well, not to mention other pain medications--the 30mg variety is pretty light-weight for an opiate/NSAID combination). Fearwig 16:56, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

From my perspective, having a root canal is not that bad--it was tedious (the procedure is intricate), but not painful thanks to judicious administration of medication by my dentist.

Needing a root canal, however, is amazingly painful, even though I had the help of Vicodin. Tellumo 09:33, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

I just got one and it was the least painful dental procedure I've ever had (painless procedure, imo). Drilling and filling is many times more painful, but it's possible that the excedrin I took several hours earlier helped cancel out some of the pain.

I've had two root canals in the past four days, the first one I already had a severe toothache in, and I can say without a doubt it was the most physically painful thing I've ever experienced. They gave me 2 shots prior (and my gums were numbed with orajel or something prior to that), the shots didn't really hurt, but was alittle uncomfortable (but really, aren't all shots?) . They also ended up spraying more directly into the tooth when it became evident just how badly it was hurting me. The actual drilling didn't hurt and neither was removing the pulp, the real pain came when she started killing the nerves. I had to litaraly wrap my legs around the base of the chair to prevent myself from raising up out of the chair. Then the second big pain (and third) was after all that was finished, and they jammed the filling in. This was about as painful as moderate tooth ache. After all that, all I could really do was crawl into bed and sleep, waking up now and then to re-dose on painkillers/antibiotics for the rest of that day(was finished by about noon) and all of the next day. My second one, thankfully, hadn't developed into a tooth ache (just a slight increase in it's sensitivity to cold). This time they gave my 3 injections (2 on the outer sides of my gums and one at the interior), in addition to spraying alittle more once they got the pulp out of the way. Now, I wouldn't say it was painless, but nothing like the first. The drilling/pulp removing were no problem. But again, there was a little (stress on the little) pain when they killed the nerve. But again, it hurt when they put in the fillings (the rubber they have to heat up first). This was about as bad as a moderate tooth ache again. The pain from the actual filling is what will stick with you for awhile(and what the dentist will most likely prescribe a painkiller for). My advise, if your dentist tells you that you need this, get it done asap, even better if you haven't developed a tooth ache yet. From my experience, the more pain your in prior to the operation, the more pain your going to be in during and after the operation. If your at all worried about pain during the operation, take a painkiller(preferably prescription-strength) about an hour before the operation. Your most likely still going to feel pain, at least from the filling process, but you can at least minimize it.172.193.63.91 06:49, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Picture
The picture labels the tooth as 46. Human adults only have 32. 68.23.224.34 20:58, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Tooth nubering systems vary depending on the country. One system in common use numbers teeth by the quadrant from 11 to 18, 21 to 28, 31 to 38 and 41 to 48 (for adults). Another system (used in the USA) goes from 1 to 32 for the same teeth.

 * I edited the picture description by identifying the tooth by its actual name to clear up any confusion. But about that picture, it isn't really a good example of normal root canal therapy, seeing as the tooth has also had a partial root amputation in addition to root canal therapy.  I'll try to find a pic that just shows a plain old vanilla root canal.LitMatch 18:45, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I had root canal done a couple of weeks back, and after reading the talk on this page scanned and uploaded a copy of my x-ray. Added it to the page as a 'normal' example. Renski 15:30, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Can someone (e.g. LitMatch) put up X-ray pictures that show teeth that do and do not need root canals? That would be a valuable addition. -Elvey
 * There can be some examples placed, but (for the record) you cannot definitively diagnose a tooth needing a root canal from a radiograph alone. - Dozenist talk  17:00, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I have x-rays I could scan, but as my tooth was also broken it would probably serve as a bad example. And Dozenist's point is probably quite valid. It's an interesting idea to post comparison photos, though. That be informative for almost any medical article. Of course, I suppose it's more likely for editors to have personal dental X-rays than, say, photos of their own scarred liver tissue (I am sure most existing photos of such on the internet are copyrighted). Fearwig 17:00, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

I just had a root canal earlier today. Before I tell you how it went keep in mind that I am a 13 year old girlie-girl who cries at the sight of flu shots and is a huge whimp. The freezing was nothing. I could barely feel anything more than the slightest pinch. The rest of the time i couldn't feel anything. My only problem was that it was boring. After the freezing wore off i didnt have the slightest amount of pain. I hope that this reassured anyone who is having worries about getting a root canal:) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.141.189.160 (talk) 17:49, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Files Can Be Lost in Canals
A root canal performed on a patient by a dentist (not an endodonist, resulted in a file being broken off and lodging inside the canal. When this happens, it is usually given the status of "if it's not broken, don't fix it." Problems can occur including pain and infection of the tooth anywhere from five to fifteen years while the broken file remains intact. If a root canal patient experiences swelling and extreme pain in any tooth where a dentist or endodonist has told the patient a file was lost in the canal, seek immediate attention. The patient will suffer swelling, infection, and extreme pain. Usually, but not always an endodontist can extract the file(see solutions) once the infection has ceased, however, if the file is in an canal not wide enough to extract, the tooth may have to be pulled. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jean Scheid (talk • contribs) 19:58, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

Endodontist Solutions for Broken Files
According to QNA Dental, the following procedure(s) may be used to correct a file broken off during a root canal:

Your question about 'will the broken file cause a problem' does not have a straightforward answer however. Depending on the type of instrument and the location within the canal it broke at, some are actually able to be removed. There is no doubt that the best solution is to remove the broken file. The second best solution is to bypass it, clean around it, and ultimately incorporate it into the filling by entombing it in the root canal filling material. When these two things cannot be achieved, the third solution is to complete the case as well as possible and observe for future healing and resolution. Endodontic specialists are becoming more highly skilled in removing objects that should not be there (including broken files) from root canals. A variety of techniques to remove objects (such as broken files, posts and old filling material) are available. Many of the techniques require special training and instruments your general dentist may not be aware of or does not have. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jean Scheid (talk • contribs) 20:16, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

getting a root canal
do you get to sleep through a root canal if you are under 18?does it hurt to get a root canal done ?(what about under 18?)
 * See the 'pain section' above and in the article. It answers both of these questions.  (Well, it could be explicit: a shot (of novacaine (sp?)) does not put you to sleep, but sometimes nitrous is used.  Without pain medication, it would be extremely painful.)
 * I am told that general anesthetic is rarely used for root canals. It's understandable--as long as you are responsive to local anesthetic general would be an unnecessary risk. Being especially sensitive, I was found minimally responsive to novocaine, but they stuck to it. Six shots, I think, were needed, and they still didn't resort to nitrous. Fearwig 17:03, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Why drill?
Could someone explain why root canal treatment requires the drilling? Why not inject an antibiotic with a needle trough the gum and be done with it? (thus sprake some unknown person.)

I think the point is, it is absolutely necessary to get out ALL the organic soft material down inside there, so it does not rot over the coming years. This requires mechanical procedures. 69.87.201.21 21:51, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Actually, Root canal treatment requires two types of drilling. The first is to get access to the pulp chamber and the pulp canals. This is usually performed with high speed drills. Traditionally these are the "noisy" drills. Once accessed, the canals themselves can be "cleaned" either by hand, with hand files, or with electric rotary drills. This part of the procedure is usually "quiet". The question you ask is a good one. "why can't we just use antibiotics".The problem is, once the pulp (nerve and blood vessels) has degenerated, the bodys normal defenses against the bacteria are disabled. Root canal therapy removes the contents of the canal system through mechanical and chemical means. Then, a material is placed in the canal system that ideally fills the space three dimensionally so bacteria can not get in. Although this sounds simple, it is by no means easy. In most instances it is impossible to completely "sterilize" the root canal systems. Research is presently being done to find the right combination of irrigations to effectively remove all of the infected and healthy tissue within the root canal system without causing significant damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. September -06

The root canal process can be "finished off" per se using a bleach to clean out the rest of the small canals the doctor could not reach with the file. However, the compound will damage gums if it is allowed to come into contact with them. The canal must be accessed with a drill for a safer procedure. January -09 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.3.2.2 (talk) 15:54, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

illustration
I feel having a crown as part of the initial picture implies that its a nessacery part of the process. I'm also pretty sure (and the article text seems to agree) that in many cases it is not. Anyone have any comments on this? Plugwash 21:10, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * If you have a root canal, you will eventually need a crown to protect the significantly weakened tooth. It is not absolutely necessary to have it the minute you finish the root canal procedure, but a crown will be needed to extend the lifetime of the tooth. - Dozenist  talk  21:56, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I wonder if the country makes a difference to whats accepted practice. Afaict here in the UK the NHS won't pay for a crown until the tooth actually breaks. Plugwash 22:29, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, finance may affect what commonly occurs in terms of treatment, but a tooth that has a root canal is sufficiently weakened to the point that a crown is needed if the goal is to extend the life of the tooth as long as possible. If the tooth cracks, then it can break sufficiently enough for a crown to be too late and the only possible treatment is extraction of the cracked tooth. So well, a crown may not absolutely be "necessary" after a root canal, but it would be the ideal treatment if the purpose is to save the tooth (which I guess would be the purpose if you went through the trouble of having a root canal in the first place. - Dozenist  talk  05:44, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

One of the links lead to what is siad to be animated images of root canal treatment, but there is no animations. Animations would be moving pictures.

Crowning without root canal work?
I had a large filling in my RU5 premolar which just fell out, leaving a largely hollow tooth. However there is no infection at all. My dentist filled it temporarily. My question is... is root canal work really required in this situation? I would like the tooth to be crowned without killing the nerve. If future infection does occur for whatever reason, then I will simply have the whole tooth removed. Is there a reason to have root canal work on this heathly tooth? Darrall 00:53, 7 March 2007 (UTC)Darrall

 * I don't know whether I should touch this one, but here goes. Occasionally, if there is not enough tooth structure left to support a standard filling, another option is elective endodontics (root canal) in order to use the root canal space to hold a post and core, which would support a crown.  This is a difficult concept to get across in just words, but the post in the centre of the root retains a core material, which is meant to replace lost tooth structure.  The new core supports a crown which covers the core and part of the tooth in order to obtain a ferrule effect (ferrule being the band of a barrel which holds it together), thereby preventing bite force causing the post to fracture the root.  All complicated, but short answer is sometimes root canal is necessary if you want to save a tooth.

 * This procedure is particularly prevalent in premolars because once the decay has compromised the centre of the tooth (usually from mesial to distal - the front to back, not side to side) the filling placed can act as a wedge and split the two cusps resulting in a near catastrophic loss of tooth structure. This means the only way to save the tooth is by bonding a filling - which has an unpredictable prognosis in many cases, or by using the internal root canal space to retain a restoration.  Sorry if this is overly complicated, but it is a concept which takes some dental students a year or two to get their heads around.  A diagram would help, but I don't have one.Dr-G - Illigetimi non carborundum est. 19:06, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

A crown is usually only immediately necessary if the tooth the root canal operation was performed on is one of the back molars. Crowns can cost a good bit of money, if you don't necessarily need one, it's okay to live without it. However, always consult your dentist. January -09 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.3.2.2 (talk) 15:57, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

Separate article?
I just realized after looking closer at this article that there are two topics being discussed. It begins with a discussion of the anatomy of a tooth's root canals and then goes further to discuss root canal therapy as in endodontics. Should there not be two separate articles: one focused on the anatomical part of the tooth and another on the treatment when the tooth is infected? - Dozenist talk  18:45, 3 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. But who are you going to get to write about such an interesting subject? Dr-G - Illigetimi nil carborundum est. 18:08, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I feel the sarcasm, man. :-P Don't worry, I am sure I can find someone... - Dozenist talk  21:20, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Lidocaine and NSAID
The common local anesthesia dentists use today is Septocaine (4% Septocaine 1:100,000 epinephrine). This medication replaces the traditonal lidocaine because it has less toxicity, more perfusion, and more profound analgesia.

Ibuprofen is not the medication commonly prescrided for relieving moderate-to-severe dental pain. Typically the dentists would prescribe a "combined" medication. The combined drug includes a nonsteroidal anti-inflamatory agent (NSAID) such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen and a narcotic agent such as codeine or hydrocodone. Tylenol #4 and Vicodin ES are examples of these combined drugs.Drnguyen 04:00, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

I'm sorry Dr. Nguyen, but I wouldn't agree. Most dentists in the UK and Ireland still use lidocaine hcl 2% w/1:80000 epi. As far as therapeutics are concerned, mine and many dentists (and I believe correct) approach is to prescribe the minimum strength drug that will achieve the desired analgesia. Usually I prescribe ibuprofen with codeine for mild to moderate dental pain. Codeine and other low strength opioids have debatable application in dentistry, as they have many side effects, and mediocre painkilling abilities. My therapeutics lecturer in college famously once said that codeine is only good for making people constipated. If I'm managing pain, I think the more robust, cox-2 selective NSAIDS such as diclofenac and nimesulide are great. However, I am aware of the published evidence regarding combined NSAID and opioid use for dental pain, which says that this is an extremely effective modality. This issue is clearly difficult to make NPOV. Dr-G - Illigetimi nil carborundum est. 18:07, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
 * This may be an issue where POV is important. The POV of the patient.  I have been prescribed Hydrocodone and the tylenol/codein combinations, but for me they are never as effective as plain Ibuprofen.  People experience pain and pain killers differently.  It is important to know what works for you. -- Sam uel Wan t man 22:59, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Septocaine is actual the septodont trade name of Articaine hydrochloride 4% with epinephrine 1:100,000 or 1:200,000. I disagree that articaine HCl 4% is the most common anaesthetic. One should note that a higher rate of mandibular nerve damage in inferior aleveolar nerve blocks (mandibular blocks) has been documented. Articaine is useful and common, but I strongly suspect lidocaine HCl 2% is still the most commonly used dental local anaesthetic due to its documented safety (re max dose in mg/kg) and excellent overall practicality for duration of anaesthesia. stdavidsboy (talk) 02:31, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Proposed name change to 'Root canal therapy'
As hinted to in the first section of this talk page... root canal definition, Root canal should actually refer to the pulp chamber of the tooth. Root canal therapy is what this page is about, not about the canals in the roots of teeth. (Bouncingmolar 09:23, 22 February 2007 (UTC))

 * I think people are more likely to search for "root canal" than "root canal therapy". If it is moved, which I'm not advocating, please leave a redirect at "root canal" so people can find the article. RJFJR 14:22, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * That is exactly what would happen. a redirect or link would definately be present. But a root canal is just the name for the canal inside the root. root canal therapy/ root canal fillings, are the treatment of the canal in the root by filling it. Therefore it should be retitled, as root canal is the lay term for root canal therapy Bouncingmolar 22:06, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I know that, I just don't want it moved then a proposal to delete the redirect to be made. I also wanted it on record that (I believe) this is the common term, and is what people would search on.  RJFJR 19:58, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Whether it is the common term or not, it is not the correct term. I am in favour of the name change.  Root canal should, in fact, be a separate article.  Dr-G - Illigetimi non carborundum est. 23:00, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * It's irrelevant what people search for -- that's the beauty of Wikipedia. We can redirect them. I have already begun an article on endodontic therapy, will redirect 'root canal therapy' to that, and place a disambiguation notation at the top of the 'root canal' article.  DRosenbach  ( Talk 12:13, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

How to tag
There was a tag on the article, but I disagree (so I move it here). There is no how to section - it doesn't tell someone how to do it (that's a job for a trained dentist). What there is, is a description of what happens, which is not only encyclopedic by necesdsary (kind of hard to discuss something that you don't know what involves, AND the thing I relaly wanted to know was what is the dentist doing to me while I'm sitting here and is this going to hurt).

Therefore I removed the tag and created this discussion. We can add it back or take care of it if there is consensus here. RJFJR 14:26, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Removed External Link
Replaced link to www.aae.org/patients/faqs/rootcanals.htm with one to WebMD article since the aae.org article no longer exists. GuyInCT 09:28, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Pro-industry POV
It is interesting to me that the criticisms of endodontics pioneers Weston Price and George Meinig are not addressed in this article. IMHO, this reflects pro-industry POV. --207.244.187.107 (talk) 05:05, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

I'm not sure I would describe Weston Price as an "endodontic pioneer". AFAIK his criticisms of root canal therapy were soundly discredited, and my limited probing of him yields some pretty crackpot stuff. Asserting that his omission qualifies as "pro-industry POV" would seem akin to criticising the objectivity of virtually any medical article that failed to mention the alternative healing powers of (insert your crackpot pseudo-science here)... Recommend that the criticism above (from 207.244.187.107) not be considered grounds for NPOV claim. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.55.200.20 (talk) 20:19, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

High cost due to cartelization
There should be some discussion of the tremendously increased cost of root canal therapy over the past 30 years due to the dental cartels strict control over the number of practicing dentists. The research of economist Morris Kleiner should be mentioned, as well as new evidence that dental therapists can do much of the same work as dentist so, but at lower cost. (See New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/business/28teeth.html?_r=3&scp=1&sq=Alaska+dentistry&st=nyt&oref=slogin&oref=slogin) Nicmart (talk) 17:41, 28 April 2009 (UTC)
 * That may be a valid criticism of dental practice in general, but it does not go on this page. The NY Times article you link to specifically states that dental therapists cannot do root canals or other complex procedures.--Scarren (talk) 15:35, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

Controversies from Meinig's "Root Canal Cover-Up" and a historical review
Copied this to Talk:Endodontic_therapy. I noticed George Meinig's Root Canal Cover Up (see summary) on Amazon. Haven't read the book, but did some research and found a 2000 California Dental Association article which has a good review of the "focal infection theory" (root canals leak bacteria into the blood, causing chronic illness). So if this controversy ever gets big, the 2000 CDA is an excellent resource - although it doesn't reference the book specifically, it is about the same "focal infection theory". Shankland seems to be a modern advocate of the theory who has published in peer-reviewed journals (see his summary).

The CDA article actually disputes the validity of the "Focal Infection Theory". That is to say, teeth treated with root canals do not cause disease. The article does admit that there is a connection between the following: untreated infections may cause or increase the risk of certain systemic diseases. Specifically, the bacterial that cause periodontal (gum) disease have been found in the plaque coasted arteries in coronary disease.

This is the Abstract:

"This paper discusses the past, present, and future of the focal infection theory of disease. A focal infection is a localized or general infection caused by the dissemination of microorganisms or toxic products from a focus of infection. The resurgence of the focal infection theory of disease has been greeted with great enthusiasm in some quarters; however, the present evidence for the relationship of oral microorganisms and systemic disease is very limited due not only to a dearth of prospective studies and a complete lack of interventional studies but also to very significant methodological difficulties associated with the clinical studies that have been performed."

Some more searching turned up Microbiology of endodontics and asepsis in endodontic practice, an excellent article which references Meinig specifically. I will look into incorporating into the article. II | (t - c) 05:57, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

Choice of illustration
If this article is about the root canal and not the root canal procedure, then the main illustration probably shouldn't be of the root canal procedure. It is misleading. It makes you think you are in the right place when you are not. Xuehxolotl (talk) 01:18, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Move discussion in progress
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title: Talk:Root canal


text: Category:English mystery writers

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:English mystery writers


text: Category:Mystery writers by nationality

title: Category:Mystery writers by nationality


text: Category:English short story writers

title: Category:English short story writers


text: Talk:Education in Canada

title: Talk:Education in Canada


text:
William Ros, 2nd Baron Ros

William Ros, 2nd Baron Ros of Helmsley, sometime spelled William Roos (c. 1285 – 3 February 1343) was the son of William Ros, 1st Baron Ros and Maud de Vaux.

Biography
As 2nd Baron Ros of Helmsley, Werke, Trusbut & Belvoir, he was summoned to Parliament during the reigns of Edward II and Edward III of England. In 1321 he completed the religious foundation which his father had begun at Blakeney. He was created Lord Ross of Werke. He was appointed Lord High Admiral and was one of the commissioners with the Archbishop of York, and others, to negotiate peace between the king and Robert de Bruce, who had assumed the title of king of Scotland.

William Ros was buried at Kirkham Priory, near the great altar.

Family
William Ros married, before 25 November 1316, Margery Badlesmere (c.1306 – 18 October 1363), eldest daughter of Bartholomew Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere, with Margaret, daughter of Sir Thomas de Clare, with whom he had two sons and three daughters:

 * William, who succeeded his father as Baron.
 * Thomas, who succeeded his brother as Baron.
 * Margaret, who married Sir Edward de Bohun.
 * Maud, who married John de Welles, 4th Baron Welles.
 * Elizabeth, who married William la Zouche, 2nd Baron Haryngworth.

Maud survived her husband by many years and was one of the very few English people present at the Jubilee, at Rome, in 1350; the king had tried to prevent the attendance of his subjects at this ceremony on account of the large sums of money usually taken out of the kingdom on such occasions.

title: William Ros, 2nd Baron Ros


text: Category:English engineers

title: Category:English engineers


text:
Teddy Atlas

Theodore A. Atlas Jr. (born July 29, 1956) is an American boxing trainer and fight commentator.

Early life
The son of a doctor, Atlas grew up in a wealthy area of Staten Island, New York City, New York. His mother, Mary Riley Atlas, was a former contestant in the Miss America pageant system, as well as a model. His father was of Hungarian Jewish ancestry and his mother of Irish descent. Atlas was raised in his mother's Catholic faith and spent summers in Spring Lake, New Jersey, with his family's friends.

By his own admission, Atlas had a somewhat troubled, rebellious youth. He dropped out of school and was arrested several times. He participated in an armed robbery and served time on Rikers Island. Atlas was involved in a street fight in Stapleton, Staten Island, in which his face was severely slashed with a "007" flick knife. The wound took 400 stitches in total to close, with 200 on the outside of his face and 200 on the inside. The attack left him with a distinctive scar.

Boxing trainer
Atlas trained as an amateur boxer with Hall of Fame trainer Cus D'Amato. He had some amateur fights and won a 135-pound Golden Gloves title but had to turn to work as a trainer due to a back injury. Atlas was an assistant to D'Amato, although his role in the Catskill Boxing Club was short-lived. In 1980 he trained Sweden Olympic Boxing Team for 1980 Summer Olympics. His duties included assisting in the training of D'Amato's teenage protégé Mike Tyson. However, Atlas left the camp in 1982 following an altercation with the 15-year-old Tyson after Tyson had been sexually inappropriate with an 11-year-old female relative of Atlas' (Tyson said he had grabbed the girl's buttocks). Atlas put a .38 caliber handgun to Tyson's ear and told him to never touch his family again, or he would kill him if he did. This altercation between Atlas and a young Mike Tyson led to Atlas' dismissal from the Catskill Boxing Club, and he was told he was no longer welcome in D'Amato's home or around any of his adopted children (his fighters whom he had legally adopted, Tyson included).

Atlas enjoyed his biggest success as head trainer to Michael Moorer, whom he guided to the world heavyweight title in 1994. He drew criticism for what some considered to be overly dramatic speeches in the ring corner, particularly during Moorer's heavyweight title fight with Evander Holyfield, and some felt he did this to draw attention to himself rather than help his fighter. During one such speech, Atlas blocked Moorer from sitting on his stool and asked, "Do you want me to take over?" Atlas has denied this, stating that he did what he believed the fighter needed based on his understanding of the fighter. Moorer went on to defeat Holyfield by a majority decision, with Moorer's manager John Davimos crediting Atlas' motivation, stating "I don't know if Michael could have done this without Teddy Atlas."

Atlas also worked the corners of featherweight world champion Barry McGuigan in one fight and light heavyweight Donny Lalonde. Lalonde was a top-ranked boxer and went 8–0 with Atlas as his trainer, but they clashed in temperament and style. "He ran things like an army camp," Lalonde said, "I'm more of a free spirit." Lalonde also said it was a waste of time in his career. He and Atlas parted ways, and Lalonde hired Tommy Gallagher as his new trainer. In his autobiography, Atlas claimed he was so angry at having been fired by Lalonde that he went to Lalonde's house with a gun intending to kill him. However, Lalonde refuted Atlas' story, claiming he did not even live at the apartment Atlas described at the time. Lalonde also called Atlas "the least significant of all my trainers throughout my career."

In 2009, Atlas began training Russian heavyweight Alexander Povetkin as Povetkin prepared for an eventual title match against Wladimir Klitschko. Povetkin was a former world amateur champ and was the number one contender. Atlas said that Povetkin "wasn't ready" for Klitschko

In 2015, Atlas returned to training to prepare Timothy Bradley for his welterweight title defense against Brandon Rios. With Atlas in his corner, Bradley knocked out Rios in the ninth round of their fight, which took place on November 7, 2015, in Las Vegas.

In September 2018 Atlas agreed to train Oleksandr Gvozdyk for upcoming fight with Adonis Stevenson on December 1, 2018 in Montreal for WBC and lineal light heavyweight titles.

In 2019, when asked who, in his opinion, was the best overall of the boxers he had trained, he said Wilfred Benítez.

Sportscasting
Atlas served as a commentator for ESPN, formerly for ESPN2's Friday Night Fights and Wednesday Night Fights and later for ESPN's Premier Boxing Champions fights. On January 25, 2008, Atlas was suspended by ESPN twice, once for threatening a crew member and once (for one week) after confronting the network's boxing program director, Doug Loughrey. Atlas accused Loughrey of showing favoritism to certain promoters and matchmakers, who were abusing their ESPN connections by taking fighters from other promoters with promises of potential ESPN dates. In December 2017, Atlas was removed from ESPN's live fight coverage after 21 years of ringside commentating following his criticism of the judging in the Manny Pacquiao–Jeff Horn fight. He is in contract until 2020, and continues to provide boxing analysis for ESPN.

In 2001, Atlas won the Sam Taub Award for excellence in boxing broadcasting journalism. Atlas worked as a boxing commentator for NBC's coverage of the Olympic Games in Sydney (2000), Athens (2004), Beijing (2008), London (2012) and Rio de Janeiro (2016).

Atlas was a contributor on fight doctor Ferdie Pacheco's The 12 Greatest Rounds of Boxing DVD. In it, he stated that in the first Ali-Liston fight, during the famous "blind round" in which Ali could not see after being hit by Liston's gloves which had been smeared in a substance that temporarily blinded Ali, he would have refused to have cut Ali's gloves off and would have simply sent him out with the advice to just "run".

Atlas is also featured as a member of the in-game commentary team on Fight Night Round 4 and Fight Night Champion, alongside Joe Tessitore.

Other
In 1989 he was part of the cast and the crew in the film Triumph of the Spirit which portrays the story of Salamo Arouch, a Jewish Greek boxer who survived the Holocaust by boxing (over 200 bouts) for the entertainment of German Nazi officers in Auschwitz Concentration Camp. Atlas played the role of Klaus Silber, main antagonist in the movie. He was also a boxing consultant for Willem Dafoe.

Personal life
Atlas is married to Elaine, with whom he has two children: Teddy III and Nicole. Teddy III is a scout for the NFLPA Collegiate Bowl.

In 1997, he founded the Dr. Theodore Atlas Foundation to honor the memory of his father. The foundation awards scholarships and grants to individuals and organizations. Atlas published his autobiography, Atlas: From the Streets to the Ring: A Son's Struggle to Become a Man, in 2006. The book covers many different periods of Atlas's life and compares his position as trainer to a role as a father.

Honors
Atlas has been inducted into the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Staten Island Sports Hall of Fame in 2005.

Trained boxers

 * Chris Reid (IBF super middleweight contender)
 * Jimmy McMahon
 * Timothy Bradley
 * Felix Santiago
 * Donny Lalonde 1985–1986, 8 fights
 * Michael Moorer 1993–1997, 7 fights
 * Barry McGuigan
 * Michael Grant 2001–2003, 9 fights
 * Alexander Povetkin 2009–2011, 6 fights
 * Oleksandr Gvozdyk 2018 – present, 3 fights

title: Teddy Atlas


text:
Spring Lake Park

Spring Lake Park is the name of some places in the United States of America:

 * Spring Lake Park, Minnesota, a city
 * Spring Lake Park (Illinois), a public park in Macomb, Illinois
 * Spring Lake (Omaha, Nebraska), a public park in South Omaha, Nebraska
 * Spring Lake Regional Park, a public park in Santa Rosa, California
 * Spring Lake Park (Texarkana, Texas)
 * Spring Lake (King County, Washington) and Lake Desire, adjacent to Spring Lake/Lake Desire Park

title: Spring Lake Park


text: Category:Clockmakers

title: Category:Clockmakers


text: Category:Clocks

title: Category:Clocks


text:
Sprague

Sprague may refer to:

Places

 * Canada
 * Sprague, Manitoba, a small town near the Minnesota/Manitoba border
 * United States
 * Sprague, Alabama in Montgomery County, Alabama
 * Sprague, Connecticut
 * Sprague, Missouri
 * Sprague, Nebraska
 * Sprague, Washington
 * Sprague, West Virginia
 * Sprague, Wisconsin
 * Sprague Field, on the campus of Montclair State University in New Jersey
 * Sprague Lake (Colorado)
 * Sprague Mountain
 * Sprague River (Maine)
 * Sprague River (Oregon)

Roads

 * Sprague Avenue (Spokane, Washington) a main arterial road in Spokane and Spokane Valley, Washington

First name

 * Sprague Cleghorn, former NHL hockey player
 * Sprague Grayden, American actress (born 1980)

Middle name

 * L. Sprague de Camp, author

Surname

 * Achsa W. Sprague (1827–1862), American spiritualist
 * Bud Sprague (1904–1973), American football player
 * Burr Sprague (1836-1917), American politician
 * Carl T. Sprague (1895-1979), American country musician
 * Charles Sprague (disambiguation)
 * Clifton Sprague (1896–1955), American admiral during World War II
 * David Sprague (1910–1968), Canadian football player
 * E. Carleton Sprague (1822–1895), American lawyer and politician
 * Ed Sprague Sr. (1945–2020) American baseball pitcher
 * Ed Sprague Jr. (born 1967), American baseball third baseman
 * Edward Spragge (AKA Spragg or Sprague, c. 1620–73), Irish admiral of the Royal Navy
 * Elmer Sprague, American philosopher
 * Erik Sprague (born 1972), American freak show and sideshow performer
 * Ernest Sprague (1865–1938), American football player, public official, and engineer
 * Ernest Headly Sprague (1859–1945), English architect, engineer, teacher, author
 * Ezra T. Sprague (1833–1888), American lawyer and judge
 * Frank J. Sprague (1857–1934), American naval officer and inventor, notable for development of electric machinery
 * Frank Lee Sprague (1958–2018), American guitarist and composer
 * Franklin B. Sprague (1825–1895), American military officer, businessman, and judge
 * George Sprague (1871–1963), American businessman and mayor of Dallas
 * Homer Sprague (1829–1918), American military officer, author, and educator
 * Isaac Sprague (1811–1895), American botanical illustrator
 * Isaac W. Sprague (1841–1887), American sideshow performer
 * J. Russell Sprague (1886–1969), American politician
 * Jack Sprague (born 1964), American racing driver
 * Jake Sprague (born 1984), American rugby union player
 * Jo Ann Sprague (born 1931), former Massachusetts State Representative and State Senator
 * John Allison Sprague (1844–1907), Ontario farmer and politician
 * John W. Sprague (1817–1894), American soldier and railroad executive
 * Ken Sprague (born 1945), American bodybuilder, businessman, and schoolteacher
 * Ken Sprague (cartoonist) (1927–2004), English political cartoonist
 * Lucian Sprague, American railroad executive
 * Lucy J. Sprague (1851–1903), American suffragist
 * Lucy Sprague Mitchell (1878–1967), American educator, writer, college dean
 * Martyn Sprague (born 1949), Welsh former footballer
 * M. Estella Sprague (1870–1940), American home economist and academic administrator
 * Peleg Sprague (Maine politician) (1793–1880), American politician and judge
 * Peleg Sprague (New Hampshire politician) (1756–1800), American politician
 * Peter Sprague (born 1955), American jazz musician
 * Richard E. Sprague (1921–1996), American computer technician, researcher and author
 * Robert C. Sprague (1900–1991), American Air Force Undersecretary, inventor and founder of Sprague Electric
 * Roderick Sprague (1933–2012), American anthropologist, ethnohistorian and historical archaeologist
 * R. B. Sprague (1937–2010), American artist
 * Roland Sprague (1894–1967), German mathematician
 * Royal Sprague, 11th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California
 * Thomas Archibald Sprague (1877–1958), Scottish botanist
 * Thomas Bond Sprague (1830–1920), British actuary
 * Thomas L. Sprague, American vice admiral in World War II
 * William Sprague (disambiguation)
 * W. G. R. Sprague, London theatre designer

Other uses

 * Sprague (towboat), a former steamwheeler towboat
 * Howard Sprague, a fictional character in the television series The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry R.F.D.
 * Ted Sprague, a fictional character in the television series Heroes
 * Sprague Electric, an electronic component maker, best known for making capacitors, acquired in 1992 by Vishay Intertechnology

title: Sprague


text:
Yenko Chevrolet

Yenko Chevrolet was a Chevrolet dealership located at 575 West Pike Street in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. Operating from 1949 to 1982, the dealership is best known for selling customized sports cars during the late 1960s. Referred to presently as "Yenkos," they are among the most collectible 1960s vehicles.

History
Yenko Chevrolet's history dates back to 1929, the year Frank Yenko opened a dealership for selling Durant cars. After the Durant company ended in 1932, Yenko opened a Chevrolet dealership in Pennsylvania in Bentleyville in 1934. In 1949, Yenko opened a second Chevrolet dealership in Canonsburg, nearby in the same state.

In 1957, Frank's son Don Yenko assumed ownership of the dealership. Known for his modified Chevrolets, Don managed the dealership until 1982, at which time he sold the business.

Custom Cars
In 1966, Don Yenko was impressed with the late model Chevrolet Corvair's handling, and decided to apply for SCCA approval of the Corsa model for racing. The sanctioning body approved the cars with back seat removed and upgrades to the Corsa engine increasing horsepower and torque. The 100 1966 Corsas that received certification were all painted white and most had blue striping, and were named "Yenko Stingers". Yenko continued to modify Corvair coupes as Stingers for the rest of the car's production run. The last Stinger was a 1969 coupe, after which Corvair production ceased at Willow Run, Michigan. Charlie Doerge wrote a book on the Yenko Stinger and some of Don's escapades in 2011. The book lists many original and subsequent owners, as well as known racing history with much information on all of the cars that were produced. Jay Leno in a video has declared it "the bible for Yenko Stinger owners".

When Camaros, classifiable as a "pony car", became available in 1967, Yenko transferred Chevrolet's 427 cubic inch (7 L), 425hp (317 kW) L-72 engine (along with other high-performance parts) into some Camaros, creating the Yenko Camaro. The 1967 & 1968 427 Camaros were so popular that, in 1969, Yenko used Chevrolet's Central Office Production Order (COPO) system to have L-72 engines installed into Chevrolet Camaros and Chevelles.

During 1971 and 1972, Yenko sold Yenko Stinger Vegas. Based on the Chevrolet Vega GT Hatchback, Stinger Vegas included front and rear spoilers and Yenko Stinger side striping and a special COPO engine with alloy-plated forged aluminum pistons. The modified Vega aluminum-block 2.3 inline 4 with a turbocharger and 155 hp required a 50,000 mile test for EPA certification and Don Yenko eventually decided against using the turbochargers. Chevrolet was not interested in the marketing potential of a Turbo version as neither the Yenko-requested higher-compression engine blocks nor factory equipped turbo engines were ever built. The Stinger Vega was offered from Yenko Chevrolet through 1972 without turbochargers installed, but Yenko did offer the turbochargers as an aftermarket kit. The high performance and limited production of all Yenko-modified cars makes them valuable and prized to collectors.

title: Yenko Chevrolet


text:
Capital University

Capital University (Capital, Cap, or CU) is a private university in Bexley, Ohio, United States. Capital was founded as the Theological Seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Ohio in 1830 and later was associated with that synod's successor, the American Lutheran Church. The university has undergraduate and graduate programs, as well as a law school. Capital University is the oldest university in Central Ohio and is one of the oldest and largest Lutheran-affiliated universities in North America.

History
Capital University was founded on June 3, 1830, as the Theological Seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Ohio in Canton, Ohio, 40 years before the founding of Ohio State University, making it the oldest university in Central Ohio. It moved to downtown Columbus in 1832. On March 2, 1850, The non-seminary portion of the school was renamed Capital University and the seminary was renamed the Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary (ELTS). At that time, the denomination was renamed to the Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and Other States and grew into a nationwide church body. The first president of the renamed university was William Morton Reynolds.

In 1930, the Joint Synod was merged with two other smaller German language groups, the Iowa Synod (formed 1854) and the Buffalo Synod (founded 1845) to create the American Lutheran Church (ALC), headquartered in Columbus. The ALC existed for only three decades, until 1960, when it, in turn, participated in a more extensive merger with the Evangelical Lutheran Church and the United Evangelical Lutheran Church Danish to form The American Lutheran Church. The second ALC lasted until the formation of the current Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) in 1988, with offices in Chicago, Illinois.

The university eventually moved its main campus to the rural periphery of the state capital in the community of Bexley. This rural area has since developed into an upscale suburb. Capital University's educational mission is based on Lutheran values of free inquiry, critical thinking, and leadership. A current motto used at the school is "Ask. Think. Lead", a continuing reminder of its educational mission.

In recognition of several buildings' historic architectural merit, a portion of the campus was entered on the National Register of Historic Places as the "Capital University Historic District" in 1982. The district comprises Mees Hall, Bexley Hall, the Kerns Religious Life Center (formerly Rudolph Hall), and Leonard Hall. The district initially included Lehmann Hall and Loy Hall, but those two buildings have since been demolished.

In May 2004, the university received approval to close Mound Street between College Avenue and Pleasant Ridge Avenue from the city of Bexley. In 2006, the university constructed a pedestrian mall on the closed portion of Mound Street, including parking, improved lighting, benches, and landscaping. The $2.5 million project unified the northern and southern parts of campus.

Denvy A. Bowman, the university's 15th president retired on July 1, 2016, ending his ten-year tenure as president. On February 9, 2016, Elizabeth L. Paul was named as the 16th president of Capital and was the first woman to hold the position at the university; she resigned in 2020 after a no-confidence vote was held amongst faculty and staff. David Kaufman became interim president in June 2020 and was named the 17th president on July 25, 2021.

ELTS became independent of the university in 1959. It merged with the theological department known as Hamma Divinity School of nearby Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio, in 1978 and reopened on the Bexley campus as Trinity Lutheran Seminary, where it continues today as a theological seminary of the ELCA. In the fall of 2016, Capital University and Trinity Lutheran Seminary announced that the two would reunite after 58 years of operating separately. The goal was to complete the reunion plan by the summer of 2017, with implementation to follow over the next two years.

On July 13, 2020, the university Board of Trustees announced plans to retire the Crusader nickname and the "Cappy" mascot following a 15-month-long study. The university formally adopted "Capital Comets" as the new mascot name on September 30, 2021.

Academics
Capital is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. It has more than 60 majors and 51 minors to choose from.

The academic buildings on campus include Battelle Hall, Ruff Learning Center, Troutman Hall, Kerns Religious Life Center, Huber-Spielman Hall, Conservatory of Music, and Renner Hall.

Capital University's ranking in the 2022 U.S. News & World Report edition of Best Colleges is Regional Universities Midwest, tied at #37.

Law School
Capital University Law School is an ABA-accredited private law school located in downtown Columbus. U.S. News & World Report listed Capital's full-time Juris Doctor program as "Rank Not Published" in 2018, but in 2022 it was ranked as tied for No. 147-193 out of 197 schools in Best Law Schools.

Student organizations
Capital University features more than 70 student organizations. This includes 13 fraternities and sororities, arts and media organizations, cultural organizations, honors societies, campus programming, religious organizations, service organizations, and government and social organizations. Some examples include Pride, PRSSA, Circle K, Jewish Student Association, ReCap Literary Magazine, the Chimes (student news), intramural sports, student government, and numerous music organizations in which both non-music and music majors can perform.

Residence life
Capital is a residential campus that operates on semester schedules. Most students live on campus in one of seven residence halls: Saylor-Ackermann Hall, Cotterman Hall, the Lohman Complex (comprising several residence halls), Schaaf Hall, Capital Commons, College Avenue Hall, and the Capital University Apartments (formerly the Woodsview Apartments).

Music
Capital University's music program is well-respected in the music community. Consisting of traditional and contemporary tracks, legendary faculty member Ray Eubanks started the jazz and music industry programs, some of the first in the nation. The largest degree concentration within the Conservatory is the Music Technology program, consisting of two tracks authored by Dr. Rocky J. Reuter, who also created the composition degree, the MIDI Band (an all-electronic live ensemble that has toured throughout the mid-west and eastern US), Ensemble Now (an improvisational-based contemporary music ensemble) and NOW MUSIC Festival, an annual celebration of contemporary music. The Chapel Choir has performed around Ohio and the world, including Carnegie Hall. The annual Christmas Festival at Capital is a popular local event and community institution led by all the choral ensembles (the Capital Chordsmen, Women's Chorus, Choral Union, and Chapel Choir). Recently, the university appointed its first female Assistant Dean of the Conservatory of Music.

WXCU Radio
The campus radio station, WXCU Radio, is entirely student-run and managed. In 2007, the radio station began streaming online only with an alternative and indie rock format. Students can host their radio show and interview nationally touring acts. Additionally, the station hosts several concerts and also supports the efforts of other groups campus-wide. Participation can be either extra-curricular or for credits. The station takes music submissions and frequently features music produced by students.

Harry C. Moores Student Union
During the summer of 2013, the Harry C. Moores Campus Center underwent a multimillion-dollar renovation. Capital University's Student Government rededicated the building as the 'Harry C. Moores Student Union' in the fall of 2013. Capital's Barnes & Noble bookstore is located on the first floor of the Union. The Student Union is also home to the campus mail room and the main dining facilities for Capital University.

The main dining room (MDR), or "Capital Court" on campus, underwent renovations during the summer of 2015.

The bookstore on the first floor of the student union underwent renovations during the summer of 2016.

The third floor of the student union underwent renovations during the fall of 2016 to install a new workout area on campus. The workout facility opened in January 2017. The third floor used to have a lounge and game tables; it was also home to the 'Mezz' dining option; however, that option was closed in 2015.

Blackmore Library
The Capital University Blackmore Library is a four-floor structure. Computers are located on the first three floors for use, with only one on the third floor. The third floor contains many articles and much of the university's historical data. The fourth floor is the home to the Schumacher Gallery, which houses a large art collection on campus. The second floor has an extensive music collection, including a vinyl section. Constructed in 1969 and dedicated in March 1971, the library now contains more than 300,000 media articles. The library was named in 1998 for Josiah Blackmore, a well-known legal scholar, and former university president. The first and second floors of Blackmore Library were renovated in Summer 2012.

Schumacher Gallery
Schumacher Gallery houses the 502-piece Schreiber-Fox Collection of African Art. Schreiber and Fox donated their collection of African art to Capital University. The Schumacher Gallery's permanent collections consist of a diverse selection of more than 2500 works of art for education and enjoyment.

A piece of the Berlin Wall is a popular attraction for visitors and incoming students. Obtained in 1992, the wall was given on a long-term loan from Hansa Consulting, a German-based corporation. On one side is colorful graffiti written during the separation of East and West Berlin, while on the other is blank concrete revealing a few bullet holes, evidence of the confinement of East Berliners. Once housed in the university's library, the structure stands outside Huber-Spielman Hall. The concrete wall weighs 2.8 tons.

Convergent Media Center
The three-story Convergent Media Center is designed to facilitate interdisciplinary work. The lower level contains a professional recording studio and digital art and design laboratories.

A television and radio studio on the first floor allows video production and radio, television, film, visual, technical, and performing arts training. The first floor also houses the student radio station, WXCU, studios, and the control room for CapTV, along with event space for student publications.

The second level houses faculty offices, small conference rooms, and seminar classrooms.

Athletics
Capital University participates in numerous intercollegiate sports as a member Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) at the NCAA Division III level. The school's primary athletic rival is the Otterbein Cardinals of Westerville, Ohio. Capital's teams have been known as the Comets since September 2021, when the name was changed from the Crusaders. In the 1930s, the school's teams were called the Fighting Lutherans. The following teams and clubs compete on the varsity level:

Men's sports
 * Baseball
 * Basketball
 * Cross country
 * Football
 * Golf
 * Soccer
 * Tennis
 * Track and field (indoor and outdoor)
 * Lacrosse

Women's sports
 * Basketball
 * Cross country
 * Golf
 * Soccer
 * Softball
 * Tennis
 * Track and field (indoor and outdoor)
 * Volleyball
 * Lacrosse

Intramural sports
 * Basketball
 * Dodgeball
 * Volleyball
 * Flag football
 * Ultimate frisbee
 * Racquetball
 * Soccer
 * Softball
 * Zumba

National championships
Capital University became the first school to win back-to-back NCAA Division III Women's Basketball National Championships in 1994 and 1995. The two championships highlight a five-year run that featured four trips to the national semifinals and finals. The Crusaders finished second in the nation in 1993 and third in 1997.

Bernlohr Stadium
Bernlohr Stadium is home to the football, men's and women's soccer, track, and men's and women's lacrosse teams. In 2011, Field turf was reinstalled on the field. The stadium does have a three-lane track. The capacity is around 3,000, with seating and standing room. In the fall of 2012, a new HD LCD scoreboard was revealed. In October 2014, Capital was granted permission to install stadium lights and a new sound system at the stadium by the Bexley Planning Commission. This decision was upheld in January 2015 by the Bexley City Council after residents living near the stadium appealed the planning commission's decision.

In the fall of 2016, alumnus Wells Purmort (class of 1958) donated to the university's athletic department. Purmort gave a gift of $1 million, which will be used to maintain the turf at the stadium and be used for the eventual replacement of the field. To show its appreciation, the university named the playing surface after him. The stadium is now known as Purmort Field at Bernlohr Stadium.

Capital Center
The Capital Center is a 126,000-square-foot recreational and athletic complex that opened in 2001. Located inside is a weight room and cardio workout area open to students. The facility has an indoor track as well. The basketball and volleyball teams use the main gym inside the complex for their home games. Some classes are also held inside the Capital Center. The Capital Center is connected to Bernlor Stadium.

Clowson Field
Clowson Field is home to the baseball and softball teams. The field is located just a short drive from campus off of South Nelson Road. In 2021, a project to bring the softball and baseball fields to the main campus using space south of the Student Union was being considered.

People
Capital has many alums living in central Ohio and throughout the United States.

title: Capital University


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Chesapeake and Ohio Railway

The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway was a Class I railroad formed in 1869 in Virginia from several smaller Virginia railroads begun in the 19th century. Led by industrialist Collis P. Huntington, it reached from Virginia's capital city of Richmond to the Ohio River by 1873, where the railroad town (and later city) of Huntington, West Virginia, was named for him.

Tapping the coal reserves of West Virginia, the C&O's Peninsula Extension to new coal piers on the harbor of Hampton Roads resulted in the creation of the new City of Newport News. Coal revenues also led the forging of a rail link to the Midwest, eventually reaching Columbus, Cincinnati and Toledo in Ohio and Chicago, Illinois.

By the early 1960s the C&O was headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1972, under the leadership of Cyrus Eaton, it became part of the Chessie System, along with the Baltimore and Ohio and Western Maryland Railway. The Chessie System was later combined with the Seaboard Coast Line and Louisville and Nashville, both the primary components of the Family Lines System, to become a key portion of CSX Transportation (CSXT) in the 1980s.

C&O's passenger services ended in 1971 with the formation of Amtrak. Today Amtrak's tri-weekly Cardinal passenger train follows the historic and scenic route of the C&O through the New River Gorge in one of the more rugged sections of West Virginia. The rails of the former C&O also continue to transport intermodal and freight traffic, as well as West Virginia bituminous coal east to Hampton Roads and west to the Great Lakes as part of CSXT, a Fortune 500 company which was one of seven Class I railroads operating in North America at the beginning of the 21st century.

At the end of 1970 C&O operated 5067 mi of road on 10219 mi of track, not including WM or B&O and its subsidiaries.

Passenger Operations and the "Chessie" Cat mascot

The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway never spent lavishly on streamlined passenger trains, or passenger service in general, opting to put most of its resources into moving coal and freight. However, it did have a number of well known passenger trains including the George Washington, Fast Flying Virginian, Sportsman, Pere Marquette, and Resort Special. While the George Washington was the railroad's flagship, the Sportsman (which connected Detroit with Washington, D.C., and Newport News) and the Resort Special were also well-traveled trains on the system. Much of the reason for the popularity of C&O's passenger trains was because of Chessie, the sleeping kitten, one of the most successful and fondly remembered marketing campaigns ever developed. Chessie was so popular when she debuted in 1933 that the C&O could not keep enough merchandise in stock.

The C&O mostly focused on passenger trains in the eastern half of its system. Despite connecting to Chicago, the largest rail hub and third largest city in the country, passenger service to it was discontinued in 1933. Trains continued to run as west as Hammond, Indiana, a Chicago suburb, until 1949. It had accessed the city’s Central Station (and previously, Dearborn Station) via the former Chicago, Cincinnati and Louisville Line.

Chessie sported two kittens, Nip and Tuck. During World War II, Chessie's "husband" — Peake — (creating the name "Chessie Peak", as in Chesapeake) was shown with a bandage on his paw as a war veteran returning from military service.

While the kitten was created by the Austrian artist Guido Grünewald, the success of Chessie as a marketing tool is often credited to Lionel Probert, at the time an assistant to the C&O president.

Chessie System, CSX
C&O continued to be one of the more profitable and financially sound railways in the United States, and in 1963, under the guidance of Cyrus S. Eaton, helped start the modern merger era by "affiliating" with the Baltimore & Ohio. The two lines' services, personnel, motive power and rolling stock, and facilities were gradually integrated. Under the leadership of Hays T. Watkins, in 1973 Chessie System was created as a holding company for the C&O, B&O and Western Maryland Railway. In effect, C&O formally adopted a nickname that had been used colloquially for the railroad for several years, after the mascot kitten used in ads since 1933.

Under Watkins' leadership, Chessie System then merged with Seaboard Coast Line Industries, holding company for Seaboard Coast Line Railroad and several other great railroads of the Southeast (including Louisville and Nashville Railroad, Clinchfield Railroad and others) to form CSX Corporation, with Chessie and SCL as its leading subsidiaries. Watkins became CEO of the merged company.

Over the next five years, the CSX railroads began consolidating into one mega-railroad. The process began when SCL merged its railroads into the Seaboard System Railroad in 1982.

Western Maryland was merged into B&O on May 1, 1983. B&O was merged into C&O on April 30, 1987. Seaboard changed its name to CSX Transportation on July 1, 1986. Finally, C&O merged into CSX Transportation on Aug. 31, 1987. After acquiring 42% of Conrail in 1999, CSX became one of four major railroad systems left in the country.

title: Chesapeake and Ohio Railway