text:
Alfred J. Kwak

Alfred J. Kwak is a children's animated comedy-drama television series based on a Dutch theatre show by Herman van Veen, produced by Telecable Benelux B.V. in co-production with VARA, ZDF, TVE, TV Tokyo and animated by Telescreen Japan, and first shown in 1989. It consists of 52 episodes. The series characters were designed by Harald Siepermann. There are also toys and a comic based on the animated series.

The series has been broadcast in many countries and has been dubbed and subtitled in Dutch, French, Japanese, Greek, English, Italian, Spanish, Hebrew, Arabic, Hungarian, Finnish, Serbian, Polish, German, Swedish, Danish, Icelandic, Chinese, Czech, Romanian, Korean and Norwegian.

In 1991, Herman van Veen won the Goldene Kamera award for the cartoon.

Origins
"When our children were still young, I wrote the first story on Alfred Jodocus Kwak. This was really caused by two things. One night I was driving my car home through the countryside, when I accidentally ran over a duck. I regretted it deeply. A few days later I was on the telephone at home and saw a mother duck and seven little ducklings wobbling through our garden. The man I was talking to on the phone was the leader of a symphonic orchestra. He asked if I could write a fairytale and if I could come over and tell and sing about it, while the orchestra would provide musical accompaniment. While we were talking I thought: 'Could that mother duck be looking for her husband? And how do you explain to a duck that you've ran over another duck?' 'Hello, hello?', the voice on the phone said, 'What are you thinking about?' 'I'm thinking of a duck', I replied. The man said: 'Excellent, so you'll write us a fairytale about a duck.' And that's how Alfred Jodocus Kwak was born, by accident."

Plot
Alfred J. Kwak was born as the son of Johan Sebastian and Anna Kwak. Some time after his birth, Alfred loses his parents and his brothers and sisters after a car hits them as they're moving their home during a heavy rainstorm. Alfred was saved due to his being distracted by a frog, which he broke away from his family to chase. Henk the mole, a good friend of the Kwak family, raises the little orphan duck. Alfred experiences a lot of adventures.

Unlike many other cartoons targeted for children, Alfred J. Kwak features exceptionally mature and often dark themes. Amongst others it deals with different social and political issues, such as abuse of power, but also raises important values such as friendship and solidarity.

The cartoon is also notable for the political themes on which it touches. In the cartoon, Alfred fights against a fascist dictator, takes in refugees fleeing from a country under apartheid (with white geese and black ducks), saves whales against hunters, and oversees the changeover of his country from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy with a democratically elected president. Such themes are far from typical in a children's cartoon, and form a big part of Alfred J. Kwak's appeal. Other episodes have satirised the Japanese love of golf, and criticised countries which have sharp north/south economic divides.

The cartoon is also unusual for the subtlety of its long-term narrative. In most children's cartoons, the characters do not age. In Alfred J. Kwak, we see the progress of the main characters from very young children to adulthood as the series advances. This is particularly striking in the character of Dolf, who is initially a mere schoolboy, but who, as time passes, becomes a criminal and a dictator.

Setting
The time setting of the cartoon is somewhat surreal. On the whole the technology and dress of most characters seems appropriate to the late 20th century, and yet Alfred and Paljas/Boffin often travel in a spaceship with a technology far more advanced than that, while many characters such as the king's staff, Scratchpaws the cat, and Dolf in his Napoleonic incarnation wear clothes more appropriate to previous ages. Other surreal elements to the cartoon include such strange characters as the evil genie of the bottle, living chess pieces from Alfred's chess game, Pied Piper style Clown on the Moon, and aliens who appear like ducks except for their human-style feet, and a "dream" style wild West episode during which Dolf seems to become aware that he is a character in a cartoon.

Alfred
Alfred Jodocus Kwak is a duck. As a baby he lived in a giant clog with his family. After his family was run over by a car, he was adopted by Henk and lives with him in a clog-shaped house. He is very concerned with other people and values many virtues, like human rights and good manners. Friends, family and the environment, are also close to his heart and he in some episodes even risks his own safety when it comes to do the right thing. Although he has gone through a lot of sad things, his favourite song is 'Ik ben vandaag zo vrolijk' (I'm so happy today). In the English version, his middle name is changed to "Johnathan". In the Hebrew version, His name is "Shealtiel". In the Icelandic version he is named Alfreð Önd.

Dolf
Dolf is Alfred's archenemy and first appears in episode 4. In the first episode Dolf's parents, a crow and a blackbird, can be seen making disparaging comments on the eggs of Alfred's mother. Both are dressed in traditional German garments. The father wears lederhosen, a feathered hat and, in the Dutch original, speaks with a heavy German accent, while Dolf's mother is seen in a dirndl outfit. In the German version, Dolf is called Kra, and in the Finnish version, him is called Korppi. "Oh, they look repulsive. Waterfowl aren't real birds, like us. So in a way I can understand why they are so vile and disgusting."

Dolf gradually develops from a mere naughty schoolboy to a merciless dictator, an arms dealer, a reckless politician, and overall criminal. Though the show clearly portrays Dolf's acts as inherently negative and wrong, it also provides the background on how Dolf became who he is. For example, as a child, Dolf is prone to blame others for problems in which he too played a role. Dolf mentions that his mother died very early and that his father neglects him due to alcoholism. Dolf can also be seen to express a sense of self hate and poor self image; as he is disgusted by the fact that he is only part crow, and paints his orange beak black to disguise his true identity. When Alfred accidentally finds out about this, he cannot understand why Dolf is so ashamed and urges him to drop the secret and tell others about it. Dolf however is petrified and convinced that his friends will make fun of him, and makes Alfred swear he will never tell anyone about it. Episode 22 through 25 are essentially an allegory of the rise and fall of Fascism and Nazism, with Dolf himself, though wearing a Napoleonic uniform, as a clear caricature of Adolf Hitler. It begins with Dolf returning from abroad, in a train with Austrian markings, and meeting up with his friends. He then discusses the current political climate in Great Waterland, and expresses disgust of it. Dolf then decides to found a political party, the later National Crows Party, for which he goes to Alfred to lend money. He explains his ideas, but Alfred refuses and Dolf barges out of Alfred's house in a fit of rage. Alfred and Henk express their fear of Dolf, but Henk reassures Alfred that Dolf will never gather enough money to fund his intended party. Not much later however, Dolf inherits a huge fortune. He founds his party, which through promising employment and change quickly becomes a major and powerful political movement. Dolf eventually stages a coup d'etat and takes over the country. Political opponents, including Alfred, are imprisoned on the charge of high treason. Alfred and his friends barely escape and flee abroad to the neighboring country of Great Reedland. Not much later the King of Great Waterland himself flees as well, and Dolf proclaims himself Emperor Dolf I. Alfred and the other political dissidents however devised a plan to dispose of Dolf and steal Dolf's inheritances from the vaults of his palace. Without his money, Dolf's power quickly dwindles and he is forced to flee.

Dolf eventually makes an appearance as an illegal arms dealer and general criminal in further episodes. In the 43rd and 44th episodes, the King has decided to abdicate and for the first time democratic elections are held. Dolf once again attempts to rule Great Waterland as one of the three official candidates. In order to get ahead of other two candidates (Ollie being the first candidate), he hires some foreigners to sabotage the dam, which protects the waterland from being flooded by the seawater. After the dam has broken, Dolf cunningly withdraws his entry because he wants to *help* people and cannot waste time on a campaign. Dolf then publicly funds the repairs of the dam, skyrocketing his popularity and prompting his reentry in the presidential race. He then, in an attempt to get rid of any compromising evidence, tries to kill Lispel, who saw the criminal act. Lispel manages to escape and, though heavily wounded, is able to tell Alfred the truth on the flood.

Dolf manages to escape and continues his life of crime. In the final two episodes, Dolf becomes the henchman of an oil magnate who is attempting to get his hands on the blueprints of an environmentally friendly fuel, invented by Professor Buffon. After a fight, in which Dolf attempts to kill Alfred by pushing his car off the road, Dolf is again captured and is sentenced to 26 years of imprisonment. Aided by a former member of his Crows Party, he can escape and takes Winnie, Alfred's girlfriend, hostage. In the series' finale, after a manic hunt, Alfred finds Dolf, who tells him where Winnie is. After telling Alfred her whereabouts, Dolf attempts to escape, only to be caught by the police and put back into prison.

Henk
Henk is a mole and the adoptive father of Alfred. In the Israeli version, he is called Hafi, a diminutive for "Hafarperet" - the Hebrew word for "mole".

Winnie
Winnie is a black duck and Alfred's girlfriend, her name is a reference to Winnie Mandela. In the Dutch version, she speaks Afrikaans-accented Dutch. Afrikaans being a language closely related to Dutch and spoken in South Africa. Alfred meets her and her family, in episode 27, on a train leaving for Great Waterland after his holidays. Her family are refugees who escaped from their home country after it has been taken over by white geese. After Alfred helps her parents to sort out the problems in her country, she joins Alfred on many of his adventures and holidays. She works in the local university as a secretary (as first seen in episode 34) and lives with her brother Tom in a little house near the forest.

Secondary characters

 * Professor Paljas is an interdisciplinary academic. He is a polar bear, and speaks with a German accent. In the UK, Hungarian, Serbian, and Israeli versions he is called Professor Buffon. He makes his first appearance in episode 18, in which he attempts to communicate with the whales in the South Pole using his new invention "Jonus". He returns in episode 26, in which he asks Alfred to join him on his expedition to the Himalayas. He also travels (with Alfred of course), to Egypt to find the only medicine which can cure his ill colleague, and the jungle to investigate a volcano which keeps erupting. He cares a lot about the environment and develops a petrol for vehicles that doesn't expose any carbon monoxide and prevents acid rain.
 * Ollie is Alfred's close school-friend, a stork who grows up to be a lawyer, and later, after the defeat of Dolf, the first democratically elected president of Great Waterland. In the Dutch version, Ollie is a girl during childhood, but a male when he is an adult, confirming his status as Transgender. This change is never directly addressed in the series. In a Dutch interview from 2013 however, Van Veen stated that this gender change was intentional, since that also happens in the real world. In the Israeli version, is a female and is named Lolly.
 * Pikkie is another friend of Alfred's from his schooldays. A magpie, Pikkie is prone to stealing shiny objects, a trait which often lands his friends in trouble. Pikkie is called Stibitzi in the German version, Ruby in the Israeli version, Grabbie in the UK version, Hannu in Finnish version and Grabljivko in Serbian version. He makes his first appearance in episode 2, in which he attends Alfred's first birthday party. He steals the king's ruby during a visit in the king's castle and Alfred gets blamed for it. He is often seen in the early episodes when Alfred was still at school. After episode 12 he isn't seen or spoken of for 19 episodes. We are not told what he did or where he was during Dolf's activism and other events. Alfred and Henk meet him again coincidentally on an oil rig, sporting a stubbly beard, where he worked as a diamond expert. In episode 49 he falls from the sky in front of Alfred's house after trying to fly to the rainbow. He joins Alfred, Prof. Paljas and Henk on an expedition to the rainforest in which the legendary Pot of Gold is kept. His weakness for shining objects persuades him to steal it but Dolf takes it from him at the airport.
 * Franz Ferdinand is a lion and the king of Great Waterland, the country in which Alfred lives. He is a well-meaning, yet lazy and incompetent monarch, with no interest in politics. He is named after the real historical figure Franz Ferdinand. He makes his first appearance in episode 2. In episode 20 Alfred wonders what kind of a king he is. He then is shown lying in his lemonade bath and enjoying life, when a servant comes in and tells him that the messenger from Great Sparrowland has arrived and wants to speak him. The king claims that he just got into the bath, but the servant reassures him that he's been in it for over two hours. The king asks the servant to speak with the messenger for him but since his signature is needed he reluctantly gets out of the bath. In episode 21 the king goes bankrupt and is forced to take loan from Alfred, which he doesn't pay back. After the rise of Dolf, the exiled king realises how careless and reluctant he has been, and begins to take interest in politics. After Dolf's fall, in the planning of which Franz Ferdinand was involved, he becomes a just and beloved king. In episode 43 however, he decides to surrender all his executive power and remain only as a ceremonial head of state, with a democratically elected president as the actual head of government.
 * Lispel is a sinister jellyfish and a spy working for the mayor of the city. As his name suggests, he talks with a lisp. He makes his first appearance in episode 7 as a contact to another agent. In episodes 14, 16 & 19 he informs the mayor of Alfred's plans of preventing him from making ships that catch all fish of the world. In episode 23, during Dolf's activism Lispel informs Dolf where Alfred and his friends are hiding after they escaped imprisonment. In episode 27 he sees Alfred taking in the refugees and threatens to tell the authorities unless he gets three gold coins. Alfred gives him the money but doesn't listen to Lispel's information (Which he must tell him, because he got his money). After several attempts of getting Alfred to listen to him, Lispel does go to the police and betrays them. Lispel makes some minor appearances in later episodes, but in episode 44, before the presidential elections, he sees Dolf and some hired foreigners damaging the dam which causes a huge flood. Dolf pays for repairs and equipment to become more popular, but Lispel threatens to tell unless he gets his gold. Dolf refuses because he thinks that Lispel will keep returning for more gold. By the docks (Their meeting point), Dolf pulls out a revolver and shoots Lispel several times. Lispel falls into the sea. Later in the episode he stands, badly injured, in Alfred's front garden and tells him everything. His last appearance is in episode 51 in which he informs the mayor of Prof. Paljas's plans on making a petrol which doesn't expose any gases or fumes. He receives his payment, leaves the mayor's house and is never seen again. He is not present at Alfred's birthday in the last episode.

Great Waterland
Great Waterland (Groot-Waterland in Dutch) is arguably the most important setting within the series. It is Alfred's birthplace as well the home, or future home, of many of the show's characters. It is, partly, a caricature of the Netherlands. The land consists of polders, the town Alfred lives in is built in a typical Dutch style, while he himself lives in a house made from a clog. For most of the series Great Waterland is an absolute monarchy, led by Franz Ferdinand, a lion. Near the conclusion of the show's first season Dolf assumes command, and Waterland briefly becomes an authoritarian fascist state, before reverting to a monarchy and eventually becoming a constitutional monarchy with an elected president.

Episode list
Season 1 1. Alfred Comes to Life

2. Alfred's First Birthday

3. The Ruby of the Crown

4. My Father Is Henk

5. Dolf's Secret

6. The Great Race

7. Sea Scouts Part 1

8. Sea Scouts Part 2

9. The Strange Bottle

10. Flying Carpet

11. Alfred Joins the Circus

12. Alfred's Chess Adventure

13. The Queen Loses Her Crown

14. Let's Find the Sawfish

15. Alfred's Perilous Voyage

16. The Search for the Whales

17. Visitors from Outer Space

18. The Southern Cross

19. The Ocean Belong to All of Us

20. Desert Dream

21. The King Takes a Loan

22. Dolf Is Justice

23. Escape from the Crow Party

24. Emperor Dolf the First

25. The Decline and Fall of Emperor Dolf

26. The Snowman

Season 2 1. Love at First Sight

2. A Gift from the King

3. Journey to At

4. A Turtle Island

5. Drilling for Oil

6. They Come to Atlantis

7. Gunfight at Tombstone

8. The Riddle of the Pyramid

9. The Labyrinth

10. The Course of True Love

11. An Invitation from the Prince

12. Love Unites

13. Who Wants to Marry a Witch

14. The Stolen Pan

15. The Volcano Erupts

16. Save the Dragon

17. Vote for Ollie

18. Dolf Takes a Chance

19. The Strange Epidemic

20. Clown on the Moon

21. The Magic Fiddle

22. How About a Game of Golf

23. Looking for the Rainbow

24. Pot of Gold

25. Forests of Fuel?

26. Dolf's Last Stand

Dutch version
Spetter Pieter Pater Zo vrolijk
 * Performed by Herman van Veen (OP)
 * Performed by Ryan van den Akker and Herman van Veen (ED)

Dutch
Alfred J. Kwak is one of the first cartoon series in the Netherlands to feature an (almost) all-star cast. Actress Ryan van den Akker is Alfred and Herman van Veen is Professor Paljas (an alternate phrase for fool, clown).

Japanese version
Yakusoku da yo (約束だよ) Happy Happy (ハッピー・ハッピー Happī Happī)
 * Performed by Megumi Hayashibara (OP)
 * Performed by Megumi Hayashibara (ED)

German version
Plätscher, Plitscher, Feder
 * Performed by Ryan van den Akker (lalala part) and Herman van Veen (OP)

Warum bin ich so fröhlich
 * Performed by Ryan van den Akker and Herman van Veen (ED)

English version
Never keep a good Duck down Alfred Song
 * Performed by Alan Carr, Russell Shaw (OP)
 * Performed by Alan Carr (ED)

Danish version
Sprøjte, pjatte, plaske I dag er jeg så lyk'lig
 * Performed by Lasse Lunderskov (OP)
 * Performed by Vibeke Dueholm and Lasse Lunderskov (OP)

Hebrew version
בין טיפות המים תמיד אני שמח
 * Performed by Orit Yaron
 * Performed by Orit Yaron and Yuval Zamir

Finnish version
Alfred J. Kwak Onnenpäivä
 * Performed by Katja Liljestrand, Liisa Lind, Solveig Sundqvist and Heidi Yrjä
 * Performed by Katja Liljestrand, Liisa Lind, Solveig Sundqvist and Heidi Yrjä

Italian version
"Niente paura, c'è Alfred!" (used as opening and ending theme)
 * Performed by Cristina D'Avena, lyrics written by Alessandra Valeri Manera, and composed by Ninni Carucci

Serbian version

 * Performed by Željko Plivelić

 Swedish version

"Plaska, stänka, skvätta!"

Performed by Håkan Mohede

"Jag är så lycklig"

Performed by Nina Gunke

Credits

 * Original idea and storylines: Herman van Veen
 * Scripts and storyboards: Akira Miyazaki
 * Director: Hiroshi Saito
 * Production supervisor: Matsue Jimbo
 * Character designer and storyboard supervisor: Harald Siepermann
 * Background designs: Hans Bacher, Susumu Shiraume, Masaru Amamizu
 * Colour designs: Hans Bacher
 * Filming director: Hisao Shirai
 * Music: Herman van Veen, Erik van der Wurff, Nard Reijnders
 * Lyrics: Herman van Veen
 * Sound direction: Shigeharu Shiba
 * Production managers: Manabu Tamura, Tamehide Hyakuzuka, Tuneumi Nakamura
 * Production studios: Telescreen Japan Inc, Teleimage Inc, Visual '80
 * Producer: Kazuo Tabata
 * Executive producer: Dennis Livson
 * Produced by: Telecable Benelux B.V.
 * In co-production with: TV Tokyo (Japan), Vara (Netherlands), ZDF (Germany), Televisión Española (Spain)

English version

 * Recorded at: EPK Work in Arts, Bray Studios (UK)
 * Voices: John Baddeley, Alan Carr, Steve Cooke, Melvyn Hayes, Jill Lidstone, Hugo Myatt, Lyn Beardsall
 * Director: Stanley Joseph
 * Dubbing editor: Russell Shaw

Danish version

 * Distribution: Scanbox Danmark A/S
 * Translation: Tekstkontoret
 * Voices: Lasse Lunderskov, Tim Mehrens, Vibeke Dueholm

Hebrew version

 * Recorded at: Triton Studio
 * Voices: Orit Yaron, Yuval Zamir, Efron Etkin, Eli Gorenstein, Itzik Saidoff, Dov Reiser, Sarit Baruch-Seri, Shimon Cohen, Shosh Marciano, Gilat Ankori
 * Translator and director: Safrira Zachai
 * Producer: Hasia Wertheim
 * Dubbing editor: Sonia Yudilevich

Finnish version

 * Recorded at: Yleisradio
 * Translation: Irja Hämäläinen, Marjatta Kilpi-Wikström, Arja Kuittinen, Marjatta Sario, Arja Kataja, Pirjo Aaltonen, Arja Kari-Ovaskainen, Marja Huuskonen, Kirsti Luova, Maija Rantanen, Jertta Ratia-Kähönen
 * Voices: Jarmo Koski, Martti Tschokkinen, Titta Jokinen, Pekka Autiovuori, Harri Hyttinen, Rabbe Smedlund, Pirkko Aarnio, Kauko Helovirta, Jukka Voutilainen (actor), Maria Salo, Kaija Kiiski, Voitto Nurmi
 * Director: Irja Hämäläinen, Marja Huuskonen
 * Voice recording: Timo Hintikka, Tarja Laaksonen, Pekka Heinonen, Matti Nuotio, Veijo Lehti, Ari Lyytikäinen, Heikki Häkkinen, Pekka Vanhanen

Serbian version

 * Voices: Violeta Peković, Nebojša Burović, Tatjana Stanković, Goran Peković
 * Translation: Neda Kovačević
 * Songs: Željko Plivelić
 * Tone master: Nebojša Burović
 * Executive producer: Vladan Škrkić
 * Dubbed by: BK TV

Alternative titles

 * Alfred J. Quack
 * Little Duck's Big Love Story
 * The Adventures of Alfred J. Quack
 * Alfred Jodocus Kwak (Dutch)
 * Alfred Jonatan Kwak (Polish)
 * Приключения Альфреда Квака (Priklyuchenia Alfreda Kwaka) (Russian)
 * Niente paura, c'è Alfred! (Italian)
 * Rasmus Rap (Danish)
 * آلفرد كواك ("Alferd Quack") (Arabic)
 * שאלתיאל קוואק (She'al'ti'el Quack) (Hebrew)
 * Alfred Andreas Kvakk (Norwegian)
 * Alfred Jeremias Kvack (Swedish)
 * Alfred J. Kwak (Finnish)
 * Alfréd a kacsa (Hungarian)
 * Rățoiul Alfred (Romanian)
 * Alfred Džonatan Kvak (Алфред Џонатан Квак) (Serbian)
 * 鴨鴨歷險記 (Yia1 Yia1 Li4 Tian3 Gi4, The Adventures of Ducky) (Chinese)
 * Alfreð Æringi Önd (Icelandic)
 * Ο Άλφρεντ το παπί (O Álfred to papí) (Greek)
 * 오리대장 꽉꽉 (Ori Daejang Ggwak Ggwak, "Captain Duck Ggwak Ggwak") (Korean)

title: Alfred J. Kwak


text:
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Grób Nieznanego Żołnierza) is a monument in Warsaw, Poland, dedicated to the unknown soldiers who have given their lives for Poland. It is one of many such national tombs of unknowns that were erected after World War I, and the most important such monument in Poland.

The monument, located at Piłsudski Square, is the only surviving part of the Saxon Palace that occupied the spot until World War II. Since 2 November 1925 the tomb houses the unidentified body of a young soldier who fell during the Defence of Lwów. Since then, earth from numerous battlefields where Polish soldiers have fought has been added to the urns housed in the surviving pillars of the Saxon Palace.

The Tomb is constantly lit by an eternal flame and assisted by a guard post provided by the three companies of the 1st Guards Battalion, Representative Regiment of the Polish Armed Forces. It is there that most official military commemorations take place in Poland and where foreign representatives lay wreaths when visiting Poland.

The changing of the guard takes place every full hour, 365 days a year.

History
In 1923, a group of unknown Varsovians placed, before Warsaw's Saxon Palace and the adjacent Saxon Garden, a stone tablet commemorating all the unknown Polish soldiers who had fallen in World War I and the subsequent Polish-Soviet War. This initiative was taken up by several Warsaw newspapers and by General Władysław Sikorski. On April 4, 1925, the Polish Ministry of War selected a battlefield from which the ashes of an unknown soldier would be brought to Warsaw. Of some 40 battles, that for Lwów was chosen. In October 1925, at Lwów's Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów, three coffins were exhumed: those of an unknown sergeant, corporal, and private. The coffin that was to be transported to Warsaw was chosen by Jadwiga Zarugiewiczowa, mother of a soldier who had fallen at Zadwórze and whose body had never been found.

On November 2, 1925, the coffin was brought to Warsaw's St. John's Cathedral, where a Mass was held. Afterward eight recipients of the order of Virtuti Militari bore the coffin to its final resting place beneath the colonnade joining the two wings of the Saxon Palace. The coffin was buried along with 14 urns containing soil from as many battlegrounds, a Virtuti Militari medal, and a memorial tablet. Since then, except under German occupation during World War II, an honor guard has continuously been held before the Tomb.

Architecture
The Tomb was designed by the famous Polish sculptor, Stanisław Kazimierz Ostrowski. It was located within the arcade that linked the two symmetrical wings of the Saxon Palace, then the seat of the Polish Ministry of War. The central tablet was ringed by 5 eternal flames and 4 stone tablets bearing the names and dates of battles in which Polish soldiers had fought during World War I and the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21). Behind the Tomb were two steel gratings bearing emblems of Poland's two highest Polish military decorations—the Virtuti Militari and Cross of Valor.

During the 1939 invasion of Poland, the building was slightly damaged by German aerial bombing, but it was quickly rebuilt and seized by the German authorities. After the Warsaw Uprising, in December 1944, the palace was completely demolished by the Wehrmacht. Only part of the central colonnade, sheltering the Tomb, was preserved. Although German sappers were ordered to demolish the entire palace they refused to demolish the section that housed the tomb and its memorial. The original damaged walls either side of the present building are still in evidence.

After the war, in late 1945, reconstruction began. Only a small part of the palace, containing the Tomb, was restored by Henryk Grunwald. On 8 May 1946 it was opened to the public. Soil from 24 additional battlegrounds was added to the urns, as well as more tablets with names of battles in which Poles had fought in the Spanish Civil War and World War II. However, the government of the Polish People's Republic erased all trace of the Polish–Soviet War of 1920 as a goodwill gesture towards the Soviet Union, and only a few of the Polish Armed Forces' battles in the West were included. In the years following the end of communism in Poland in 1989, the names of Polish-Soviet War battles were restored, the names of Spanish Civil War battles were erased, and tablets containing the names of battles fought by the cursed soldiers were added.

In August 2022 ground works started on rebuilding the Saxon Palace, after the Polish Government announced a plan for reconstruction. It is expected to be completed by 2030.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw


text:
Froggy

Froggy may refer to:

 * Frog, especially a diminutive version
 * An ethnic slur to describe the French

Nickname, pen name or stage name

 * Kermit Davis (born 1959), men's head basketball coach at Middle Tennessee State University
 * F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre (1948-2010), journalist, novelist, poet and illustrator
 * Tiffani McReynolds (born 1991), American hurdler
 * Alan Thomson (cricketer) (born 1945), Australian former cricketer
 * DJ Froggy, real name Steven Howlett, British DJ
 * Froggy Fresh, American rapper

Fictional characters

 * Froggy the Gremlin, on the Buster Brown Gang radio show and Andy's Gang TV show in the 1940s and 1950s
 * Froggy, an Our Gang film character played by Billy Laughlin
 * Froggy, in Russell Banks's novel Rule of the Bone
 * "Froggy" LeSueur, in The Foreigner (play)
 * Froggy (Sonic the Hedgehog character), a frog in the Sonic the Hedgehog series of video games
 * Froggy, the titular character of the Froggy book series written by Jonathan London

Other uses

 * Froggy (game), a Commodore 64 computer game
 * Froggy (brand), a brand of radio stations that play mostly country music
 * Froggy (ISP), an Australian internet service provider that went bankrupt in 2002

title: Froggy


text:
Herbert Sorrell

Herbert Knott Sorrell (April 18, 1897 – May 7, 1973) was an American labor leader and Hollywood union organizer. He headed the Conference of Studio Unions (CSU) in the late 1940s, and was the business manager of the Motion Picture Painters union, Local 644 until the 1950s.

Early life
At age twelve, he found employment in a sewer pipe factory in Oakland, California, and later in Oakland he worked with union leader Harry Bridges. At one point he tried boxing as a career. He moved to Los Angeles in 1925, became a scenery painter for the movie studios, and joined the local painters union. In April 1937, his union local was one of those unaffiliated with IATSE which formed the Federation of Motion Picture Crafts (FMPC). The same month, the FMPC went on strike against the major studios. In the picket line at Warner Brothers, Sorrell's determination earned him the rank of "picket captain", and the attention of Blayney F. Mathews, head of Warner Brothers' security, who had him arrested. He was never charged and was released several days later. This notoriety led to his subsequent position as the business representative for the painter's union and as a result he became one of the major negotiators who settled the strike in June.

Conference of Studio Unions
In May 1941, Sorrell called for a strike against the Disney film studio. The strike was supported by the newly formed Screen Cartoonist's Guild, and the cooperation resulted in the organization of the Conference of Studio Unions (CSU), which Sorrell proceeded to lead.

In 1945, Sorrell lead the CSU strike that led to Hollywood Black Friday. The strike originated from a dispute between two unions, CSU and IATSE, over which one of them had union authority over 77 set decorators. After an National Labor Relations Board vote and War Labor Board decision in favor of CSU, the studios refused to recognize CSU's bargaining authority, and the strike began. After violence on Black Friday, the strike quickly settled. However, collusion between the IATSE leadership and the studios resulted in another strike in September 1946, which the CSU did not have the financial strength to endure. Sorrell was convicted of "contempt of court" and "failure to disperse" in connection with the 1945 strike but acquitted of all of the felony charges. which included "inciting to riot" and "rioting."

Communist ties
In 1941 and again in 1946, Sorrell testified before the California Legislature's Joint Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities (the Tenney Committee), but there was insufficient evidence that he was tied to the Communist Party. The CSU strike of 1945, which Sorrell had led, was actively opposed by the Communist Party USA. In 1947, Walt Disney testified before the House Committee on Un-American Activities that he "believed at that time that Mr. Sorrell was a Communist because of all the things that I had heard and having seen his name appearing on a number of Commie front things." Sorrell was also deemed responsible for the rumor of Disney's anti-Semitism, possibly as retaliation for Disney's testimony to the committee on Un-American Activities.

In 1953, in an actor's lawsuit, Sorrell testified that he was never a communist, but he accepted money from them, and "felt free to spend communist money".

title: Herbert Sorrell


text:
Jerk (cooking)

Jerk is a style of cooking native to Jamaica, in which meat is dry-rubbed or wet marinated with a hot spice mixture called Jamaican jerk spice.

The art of jerking (or cooking with jerk spice) originated with indigenous peoples in Jamaica from the Arawak and Taíno tribes, and was carried forward by the descendants of 17th century Jamaican Maroons who intermingled with them.

The smoky taste of jerked meat is achieved using various cooking methods, including modern wood-burning ovens. The meat is normally chicken or pork, and the main ingredients of the spicy jerk marinade sauce are allspice and Scotch bonnet peppers. Jerk cooking is popular in Caribbean and West Indian diaspora communities throughout North America, Canada and the United Kingdom.

Etymology
The word jerk is said to come from charqui, a Spanish term of Quechua origin for jerked or dried meat, which eventually became the word jerky in English.

The term jerk spice (also commonly known as Jamaican jerk spice) refers to a spice rub. The word jerk refers variously to the spice rub, a wet marinade and mop sauce made from it, and to the particular cooking technique. Jerk cooking has developed a global following, most notably in American, Canadian and Western European cosmopolitan urban centres.

History
Historians have evidence that jerked meat was first cooked by the indigenous Taíno. During the invasion of Jamaica in 1655, the Spanish colonists freed their enslaved Africans who fled into the Jamaican countryside, intermingling with the remaining Taínos, learning and adapting aspects of their culture, and becoming some of the first Jamaican Maroons. It appears that these runaway slaves learned this practice from the Taíno. The technique of cooking in underground pits is speculated by some to have been used in order to avoid creating smoke which would have given away their location, though it is common throughout the world and best known in the West in the form of kālua-style imu cooking central to the luau. It is also speculated that the Taíno developed the style of cooking and seasoning. While all racial groups hunted the wild hog in the Jamaican interior, and used the practice of jerk to cook it in the seventeenth century, by the end of the eighteenth century most groups had switched to imported pork products. Only the Maroons continued the practice of hunting wild hogs and jerking the pork.

Jamaican jerk sauce primarily developed from these Maroons, seasoning wild hogs with native allspice and slow cooking them over indigenous pimento wood, and adding the also native Scotch bonnet pepper, which is largely responsible for the heat found in Caribbean jerks. Over time the basic recipe has been modified as various cultures added their influence.

Jerk cooking and seasoning has followed the Caribbean diaspora all over the world, and forms of jerk can now be found at restaurants almost anywhere a significant population of Caribbean descent exists, such as the United Kingdom, Canada, or the United States. Poulet boucané (or 'smoked chicken'), a dish found in French Caribbean countries such as Martinique and Guadeloupe, is quite similar to traditional Jamaican jerk chicken.

Techniques

The cooking technique of jerking, as well as the results it produces, has evolved over time from using pit fires to grilling over coals in old oil barrel halves. Around the 1960s, Caribbean entrepreneurs seeking an easier, more portable method of jerking cut oil barrels lengthwise, added holes for ventilation and hinged lids to capture the smoke. These barrels are fired with charcoal; other jerking methods include wood-burning ovens.

Street-side "jerk stands" or "jerk centres" are frequently found in Jamaica and the nearby Cayman Islands, as well as throughout the Caribbean diaspora and beyond. Jerked meat, usually chicken or pork, can be purchased along with hard dough bread, deep fried cassava bammy (flatbread, usually with fish), Jamaican fried dumplings (known as "Johnnycake" or "journey cakes"), and festival, a variation of sweet flavored fried dumplings made with sugar and served as a side.

Ingredients
Jerk seasoning principally consists of allspice and Scotch bonnet peppers. Other ingredients may include cloves, cinnamon, scallions, nutmeg, thyme, garlic, brown sugar, ginger, soy sauce, vinegar, and salt.

Uses
Jerk seasoning was originally used on chicken and pork, but in modern recipes it is used with other ingredients including fish, shrimp, shellfish, beef, sausage, lamb, goat, tofu, and vegetables.

title: Jerk (cooking)


text:
Groovie Goolies

Groovie Goolies is an American animated television show that had its original run Saturday mornings on CBS between 1970 and 1972. It was rebroadcast the following season on Sunday mornings. Set at a decrepit castle, the show focused on its monstrous but good-natured and mostly friendly inhabitants. Created by Filmation, Groovie Goolies was an original creation of the studio; its characters would cross over with Filmation's Archie Comics adaptations including Sabrina the Teenage Witch and The Archie Show, as well as with the Looney Tunes cast.

Premise
The Goolies were a group of hip monsters residing at Horrible Hall (a haunted boarding house for monsters) on Horrible Drive. Many of the characters referred to each other as cousins. Most of the Goolies were (in look and sound) pop-culture echoes of the classic horror-film monsters created in the 1930s and 1940s, mostly by Universal Pictures. Shows consisted of fast-cut sequences of pun-filled jokes and short skits, and each episode included two pop songs, one performed by The Monster Trio (Drac, Frankie and Wolfie) and a closing number crooned by one of a rotating roster of guest bands.

Characters

 * Drac (voiced by Larry Storch) – the short-tempered vampire who is the head of Horrible Hall. He plays the pipe organ in the Groovie Goolies that has arms where the music sheets would go. At the beginning of each episode where the viewer is welcomed to Horrible Hall, Drac in his bat form would try to fly into the window, only to crash into the wall when the window moves. Upon crash-landing, Drac would say "This place is driving me batty".
 * Frankie (voiced by Howard Morris) – an easygoing Frankenstein's monster who headed the Muscle-leum Gymnasium. He plays the bone xylophone/drums in the Groovie Goolies. Often would be zapped by lightning, revealing his inner mechanical workings, and then remarking "I needed that!!" Frankie also had a dual identity as the inept superhero "Super Ghoul" (as seen in the song of the same name).
 * Rover – Frankie's pet sauropod-type dinosaur.
 * Wolfie (voiced by Howard Morris) – a hippie werewolf that speaks in a combination of beatnik, surfer, and hippie slang. Wolfie plays a lyre-like stringed instrument in the Groovie Goolies and is always seen wearing a T-shirt, shorts, and beach sandals. Wolfie is always out for a good time like running wild, surfing, or driving his Wolf Wagon. He especially gets on Drac's nerves.
 * Fido – Wolfie's pet piranha that eats anything and can fly when necessary.
 * Hagatha (voiced by Larry Storch in episodes 1-13, Howard Morris in episodes 14-16) – a plump witch who served as the resident chef. She also has a living broom named Broomhilda and is the aunt of Hauntleroy.
 * Bella La Ghostly (voiced by Jane Webb) – a female vampire who works as Horrible Hall's switchboard operator.
 * Sabrina Spellman (voiced by Jane Webb) - a witch who is cousin of the Groovie Goolies.
 * Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (voiced by Howard Morris) – the two-headed resident doctor who often fought as to which one of them was Jekyll and/or Hyde. The right head is a normal "human" doctor while the left head is a green-skinned "monster" doctor. As a result, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde have their own second opinion.
 * Mummy (voiced by Howard Morris) – a bandaged mummy who dabbles in first aid. Mummy serves as the newsman for "The Mummy's Wrap-Up" newscasts. He would often become unraveled.
 * Boneapart (voiced by Larry D. Mann) – a skittish skeleton in a Napoleon hat who had a tendency to fall apart.
 * Ghoulihand (voiced by Larry Storch) – a giant, talking, disembodied glove.
 * Ratso and Batso (voiced by Larry Storch in episodes 1-12, Dallas McKennon in episodes 13-16) – two fanged imp-like brats with a penchant for coming up with plans for swiping treats, as well as playing mean practical jokes that often backfired on them.
 * Hauntleroy (voiced by Howard Morris) – a rotund, conniving, selfish and two-faced kid in a sailor suit who was often the primary foil for Ratso's and Batso's tricks. He is the nephew of Hagatha.
 * Icky and Goo (voiced by Larry Storch and Dallas McKennon) – two gargoyle-like creatures that seem to be the main pets of Horrible Hall. Icky is a blue gargoyle-like creature while Goo is a red gargoyle-like creature.
 * Tiny Tomb – a diminutive, long-haired mummy with a high-pitched voice. He is the nephew of Mummy and the lead singer of the Mummies and the Puppies.
 * Missy – an enigmatic mummified spook whose long, pink hair hides her face and body except for one large, blue eye. She is Tiny's wife and a member of the Mummies and the Puppies.
 * Mama Casket – a plump green mummy who is a member of The Mummies and the Puppies.
 * Orville (vocal effects provided by Howard Morris) – a large thing-eating plant.
 * The Spookoo Clock - a cuckoo clock that has a vulture coming out of it.
 * The Ask-It Casket - a talking casket that answers any questions given to it.
 * The Lovesick Loveseat - a living loveseat that especially has a crush on Drac.
 * The Skelevator - an elevator shaped like a large human skull.

Musical groups
Every episode featured two musical segments. The first one is by the Groovie Goolies with Drac on the pipe organ, Wolfie playing a lyre-like stringed instrument, and Frankie on a drum set with a xylophone made of bones. The second musical segment is by one of the other resident bands, including:

 * The Bare Bones Band – a band consisting of three living skeletons.
 * The Mummies and the Puppies – a folk/pop group led by Tiny Tomb on guitar, with his wife Missy on tambourine, Mama Casket on drums and four puppies (two sharing a guitar, one on tambourine and one on piano).
 * The Rolling Headstones – a band consisting of three living tombstones. Their names are Hudson Rock, Captain Marble and General Granite.
 * The Spirits of '76 – a band consisting of three ghosts who all wear tri-cornered hats.

Production
Thanks to television airings, the Universal Classic Monsters were having a resurgence of popularity in the 1960s and Filmation producer Lou Scheimer, who had grown up with the films, wanted to create a humorous animated adaptation. In 1968, Scheimer hired Laugh-In writers Jack Mendelsohn and Jim Mulligan to begin developing a show called Monster Inn, which would riff on the characters that Universal had popularized. Although some of their initial ideas fell by the wayside, the groundwork for Groovie Goolies was quickly laid, including having the monsters living together in a castle and the lead trio performing pop songs. Mendelsohn also had been raised with the Universal films, and claimed to have done most of the work on the show, while Mulligan "took the money and ran".

In 1969, Fred Silverman, the Head of Children's Programming at CBS asked for a companion to Filmation's popular The Archie Show, so the company began developing a series for fellow Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch, who had already appeared as a supporting character on the show. Silverman was also looking to exploit the overwhelming success of the network's new cartoon Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, so he optioned Scheimer's monster show, which went through a succession of titles before they settled on Groovie Goolies. Since both shows featured witches, the decision was made to package them together in an hour-long block. Interestingly, monsters had been common to the Archie's Mad House comics, Sabrina's actual origins.

Sabrina and the Groovie Goolies premiered in 1970, featuring two 15-minute segments of Sabrina, and a 30-minute block of Groovie Goolies, with the characters crossing over into both shows. During the inaugural season, it was the highest-rated children's program, receiving a 54% audience share. This incarnation featured a variation of the Goolie Get-Together theme song which announced, "It's time for the Goolies and Sabrina!"

In 1971, CBS split the two shows apart and paired reruns of Groovie Goolies with Tom and Jerry on Sunday mornings in an hour-long animation block, beginning on September 12. It was at this point that the more common Goolie Get-Together opening credits sequence was created, consisting of a montage of scenes from the song The Monster Trio. After a single season on Sundays, the show was canceled.

Despite the cancellation, CBS was not done with the Groovie Goolies yet. In 1972, they were bumped up to regulars on Sabrina the Teenage Witch, appearing in half of that season's episodes, which continued to be rerun until 1974. That same year, they also appeared on rival network ABC in a film entitled Daffy Duck and Porky Pig Meet the Groovie Goolies (which was part of The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie), teaming them with the Looney Tunes characters. This film also featured a brief, live-action sequence featuring some of the Goolies, including Frankie, Drac, Wolfie and Hauntleroy. ABC later rebroadcast the original series for one season in 1975, both on Saturday and Sunday mornings. The characters made their final original appearances in two episodes of NBC's 1977 series The New Archie and Sabrina Hour, and Frankie was featured in that show's closing credits.

In 1977, the show entered syndication as part of an anthology series entitled The Groovie Goolies and Friends, which featured over 104 half-hour episodes. The Groovie Goolies were packaged with several other Filmation series in shared rotation. The syndication format featured new opening credits and "bumpers" featuring the Goolies interacting with characters from the various shows, while the original end credits for each series was retained. The syndication package included The New Adventures of Waldo Kitty (minus the live-action sequences) (13 shows), Lassie's Rescue Rangers (17 shows), The New Adventures of Gilligan (24 shows), My Favorite Martians (16 shows), and former Uncle Croc's Block segments M.U.S.H. ("Mangy Unwanted Shabby Heroes"), Fraidy Cat, and Wacky and Packy (combined into 18 shows).

In 1978, Filmation planned to produce a Groovie Goolies feature film, but it never came to fruition. In 1984, the company decided to resurrect the property, developing two separate shows. "Fright Camp" was set at a summer camp and would have starred the Junior Goolies, the children of the pre-established Groovie Goolies. A second prospective show was titled The Goolies and would have featured the characters as toddlers. Neither series ever got past the development stage. For their 1986 Ghostbusters cartoon, Filmation borrowed many elements from the show, most notably the Skelevator, and they reused designs and animation of Drac and Bella La Ghostly in the episode "The Girl Who Cried Vampire".

The cartoon aired with the UK version of Hanna-Barbera's Banana Splits in the early 1980s. The show was translated into many languages and was broadcast globally, garnering numerous video releases in Germany and various other countries, spawning tie-in albums in different languages, and the show was so popular in France that the characters were featured on a float in France's 1986 Carnaval de Cholet. The complete series was remastered and issued on DVD in the US in 2006. Since then, various episodes have surfaced on compilation DVDs, and discs have also been issued elsewhere around the globe. In May 2009, re-edited minisodes were released on the streaming site Crackle.

Show structure
The show was structured very much like the then-popular show Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, with several short segments of one-liner jokes and riddles. This was most shown by "Weird Windows Time", a take-off on Laugh-In's famous Joke Wall. Every so often, one of the Goolies had a special segment in which they instructed the audience about one thing or another, such as:

 * Dracula's Schoolhouse – a school that provides the finer points of (mad) science.
 * Hagatha's Bedtime Stories – Hagatha reads a popular fairy tale to Frankie at bedtime, with the other inhabitants in different parts.
 * Home Movies – the inhabitants watch the home movies of their past activities.
 * The Mummy's Wrap-Up – a news program hosted by Mummy, who reports news revolving around monsters.
 * Wolfie's Theater – Wolfie re-enacts a popular fairy tale with some of the inhabitants, while the others watch.

Groovie Goolies episodes
The scripts for the shows are untitled; they are differentiated only by episode number. When the series was issued on DVD, episodes were saddled with the title of one of the two featured songs.

Special
Daffy Duck and Porky Pig Meet the Groovie Goolies is a one-off special that aired on The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie.

Sabrina the Teenage Witch
Following the cancellation of the show, the Goolies went on to be prominently featured in eight episodes (16 shorts) during the 1972-73 season of Sabrina the Teenage Witch.

The New Archie and Sabrina Hour
The Groovie Goolies made two final appearances in segments of The New Archie and Sabrina Hour.

Cast

 * John Erwin as Additional voices
 * Dallas McKennon - Rover, Batso (episodes 13-16), Ratso (episodes 13-16), Goo, Salem, additional voices
 * Larry D. Mann as Boneapart, additional voices
 * Howard Morris as Frankie, Wolfie, Fido, Hagatha (episodes 14-16), Dr. Jekyll and Hyde, Mummy, Hauntleroy, Orville, "Welcome to Horrible Hall!" narrator, additional voices
 * Larry Storch as Drac, Hagatha (episode 1-13), Ghoulihand, Batso (episodes 1-12), Ratso (episodes 1-12), Icky, additional voices
 * Jane Webb as Bella La Ghostly, Sabrina Spellman, additional voices

American version
In late 1970 RCA Victor Records released the album Groovie Goolies (RCA LSP 4420). The cover is adorned with two photos of the album's producers/musicians as the live-action Wolfie (Jeffrey Thomas), Frankie (Ed Fournier), and Drac (Dick Monda), as well as a small image of the animated monster trio.

All of the songs on the disc were written by Linda Martin and Sherry Gayden. "We Go So Good Together" and "Spend Some Time Together" are both original compositions that were never featured on the show. The only singles issued from the album were "First Annual Semi-Formal Combination Celebration Meet-the-Monster Population Party" and "Save Your Good Lovin' For Me".

Monda reworked the lyrics of, and re-recorded, an additional song from the series, "Chick-A-Boom (Don't Ya Jes' Love It)", under the pseudonym Daddy Dewdrop in 1971. The tune was included on Dewdrop's self-titled album and a single was released which peaked at #5 on the Cash Box Top 100 singles chart, which landed him on a list of One Hit Wonders at The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

French version
In 1983, a tie-in album was issued in France by Magical Ring Records under the show's French title Les Croque Monstres. The only English-language song that was translated into French was the theme song, and a band performed the song to promote the album dressed as the show's characters. The record includes a strange assortment of monster-themed tunes and covers of hits by artists such as Taxxi ("Not Me Girl"), Sylvester ("Do Ya Wanna Funk"), and The Doobie Brothers ("Long Train Runnin'"). The album was reissued on CD in 2013 by Balthazar Music with a slightly different track order.

Czechoslovakian version
In 1992, Bonton Records issued a pair of albums titled Bubušou 1 and 2. Combined, the two albums include renditions of all 33 of the songs featured on the show, with Czech lyrics adapted by Jiří Josek.

Home video
All of the Groovie Goolies' appearances have been issued on video in various regions around the world, with the exceptions of the live-action sequence in Daffy Duck and Porky Pig Meet the Groovie Goolies and the syndicated Groovie Goolies and Friends show.

title: Groovie Goolies


text:
User:Acme401

Hi

--acme401 16:01, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Acme401


text:
K series

K series may refer to:

 * Lincoln K series, a line of luxury vehicle
 * Scania K series, a series of bus chassis with longitudinal rear-mounted engines
 * Skoda K series, a heavy howitzer
 * K series engine (disambiguation)
 * International Harvester K and KB series, a line of heavy trucks of the 1940s
 * QI (K series), the eleventh series of quiz show QI
 * Sony Ericsson K series, a series of cell phones
 * K-series (trains), a type of train in China
 * "K" series, a set of messages in the military Variable Message Format data protocol
 * K Series (TV series), a television programming block on Puthuyugam TV
 * K Series, a series of bullion coins produced by Korea Minting and Security Printing Corporation

title: K series


text:
Talk:Harry Bridges

Untitled
This phrase should be deleted or replaced:
 * Cold War era anti-Communist witch-hunts.

It is biased towards the idea that anti-Communism was nothing more than a witch hunt: Better to say that some historians viewed the Cold War in terms of selfish or corrupt demagogues unfairly stigmatizing innocent political activists. --Uncle Ed 16:05, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC) I removed, if only on the general grounds of NPOV, "Through his sense of fair play, advocacy of rank-and-file voting, personal incorruptibility, and international outlook, the ILWU became one of the most successful American unions today." How can that remotely be considered NPOV? My university offers a course on San Francisco, which I've sometimes taught. I'm well aware Harry Bridges is still a potent and beloved figure here in SF. But if his advocates want the General Reader to take this page at all seriously, they have to not make it look like a an old-time mimeo flier pasted on the student union. Be judicious, folks. Oct 06
 * a campaign against a fictious enemy; or,
 * a campaign against people who are falsely portrayed as having evil powers or motives

Harry Bridges in multimedia
There's a segment of the series "Wizards of Money" (Part 17 I think. Available a number of places online in mp3 format) which deals at length with Harry Bridges and the ILWU. It has some audio clip material of him speaking.

I recommend the entire series too.

Pazouzou 09:26, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Monument to Harry
As the chair of the committee in charge of the Monument to Harry, and the naming of the Plaza, I made a few changes. I explained them in full but forgot to hit "save" and now I got to run. Suffice for the moment that the Lincoln Vets are not involved.

Grif Fariello Committee for Harry Bridges Plaza

Grifross 02:36, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

"Song for Bridges"
I've added a note on this song from the Almanac Singers to the Trivia section. Richard Lugg (talk) 09:01, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Meaningless sentences.
Towards the end of this entry, there are a couple of sentences that do not make sense. I'm hesitant to edit them myself, as I might change their content. Could someone who has been involved in this page read it over again and clean up the garbled sentences? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 103.224.118.199 (talk) 14:10, 15 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Harry Bridges. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20091212100607/http://harrybridges.com:80/index.html to http://harrybridges.com/index.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:54, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Harry Bridges. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091212102730/http://www.theharrybridgesproject.org/film.html to http://www.theharrybridgesproject.org/film.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:09, 30 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harry Bridges


text:
Talk:Type-in program

Type-ins and cover tapes/disks
I'm only vaguely familiar with the situation in Europe, where I understand "cover disks" and/or cassettes were common in the mid-1980s. Here in the States, there were magazines offering type-ins into the early 1990s (I sold a type-in to a Commodore-oriented magazine in 1991). U.S. magazines offered their type-ins on disk for a higher price, and often included a bonus program or two that was too big to fit in the magazine so you got something extra for your money, but type-ins for the 8-bit computers survived for a very long time over here. And the magazine/disk combination wasn't very common on newsstands.

I didn't want to make the change until we talked about it though. --Dave Farquhar 16:07, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm, I just might have been a tiny bit too quick with my time periods. Nevertheless, the fact remains that cover tapes, typically containing 3--6 backlist games, were commonly included with European home computer mags from the late 80s and into the early 90s. The amount of 'full length' type-ins subsided as the 80s came to an end. From my collection of RUN and Compute! ('s Gazette), however, I do know that type-ins survived for a longer time in the States. With the hindsight I get from your comment I openly admit to having thoughtlessly committed an act of Euro-biased writing in 'my' initial article. :-) Therefore, please feel free to alter the contents as you see fit.

 * BTW, the practice of the serious US mags, such as C!s Gazette, of featuring a checksum program to use with their type-ins, was not at all common (if at all present) in Europe IIRC, probably due to the publication of type-ins not surviving as long as in the US, where the type-in concept seems to have been around long enough to have matured to a higher degree. Another practice corraborating this is the more common use of pretty-printing the screen control codes, which I'm quite sure I noticed occurring more often in the listings in the US mags. Many Euro mags didn't even bother to ensure decent print quality for all the listings, thus ending up with almost illegible type-ins. --Wernher 21:35, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I've added a US perspective, hopefully without trashing the European perspective. I remember spending many an hour keying in programs, especially from Gazette, up until about 1991 though by the time I discovered modems and BBSs it's funny how much that declined. We'd split up typing duties, or someone would just buy the disk and share it with the rest of us. But the longest program you ever managed to type in all by yourself remained a bragging point. --Dave Farquhar 18:06, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't have experience over the whole Europe, but I'm inclined to think that "in Europe" should probably be "in the UK". At least in Finland (where I'm from), cover tapes or disks were extremely rare, pretty much non-existent, and the major computer magazines offered type-in programs instead. What's the situation in Scandinavia? Germany, the Netherlands, France Spain, Portugal, Italy? Eastern Europe? 10:16, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * IIRC the earliest "cover" tapes were usually reserved for subscribers of the magazine, those, like myself that bought through a newsagent had to wear out our keyboard. They became more common in the late 80s and, by the 90s, cover disks and/or compact discs were practically mandatory. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.12.161.209 (talk) 15:10, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Speaking for Norway, we usually bought the ever abundant UK home computer mags, which were sometimes imported including the tapes and sometimes w/o the tapes (to the great disappointment of us teenage computer geeks with sore fingers...). IIRC, the tape import issue improved somewhat over the years until the demise of 8-bit home computers altogether). ST, Amiga, and PC mags never had tapes of course, they had 3.5" disks (I seem to remember that PC mags didn't start including cover disks until the 3.5" ones had taken over from the 5.25" floppies, probably due to the 5.25" disks' low endurance for generally rough shipping treatment).

 * However, like in Finland our domestic home computer mags never came with cover tapes -- all typing by yourself there. :) --Wernher 02:55, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * So the situation in Norway was the same as in Finland: Only imported British magazines had cover tapes or disks, and domestic magazines only had type-ins? 7:55, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, Finnish computer magazines did have cover disks of sorts: Annual publication of all type-in programs published that year (separately for each platform, of course) on disk and tape. Of course, this isn't a "cover" thing because you had to order this separately by mail and it cost money. At least MikroBitti and C= did this. (I have a couple of these, for 1988 and 1990, though the disks may have gone bad and I don't know if I can find the cable-transferred .d64 copies - too bad I also lost the docs that came with these...) --wwwwolf (barks/growls) 16:02, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

"10-liners"
I remember a lot of magazines (well, the Amstrad CPC ones anyway) often had a "10-line type-in" section, consisting of short (10-line or less) type-in programs, usually reader-submitted, in addition to the longer ones. Presumably the idea was to have some short, easy to type programs. In practice, they were often very long programs squashed into 10 lines, making them harder to type out and encouraging bad programing habits. In particual I remember one (actually quite fun game, once you got it working) that consisted of 5 lines of as much code as Locomotive BASIC would let you fit in one line, followed by 5 massive lines of machine code. (Still, that wasn't as bad as a type-in I found in a French CPC mag, that consisted of several pages of machine code). Were these "10-liner" type-ins notable (and citable) enough to be mentioned here? Wardog (talk) 09:21, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

Micro User checksum trivia (possibly mis-recalled)
If I recall correctly, and I may not, when Micro User magazine introduced checksums and the program to generate them, they listed a short BASIC program to generate them (but didn't list the checksums for it, since they were no use without a working program to generate them). They also listed a longer assembler checksum program, with checksums - so users could type in the simple BASIC program to generate the checksums for the longer, more-tedious-to-type but much faster assembler version. David (talk) 18:33, 5 January 2013 (UTC)
 * That doesn't sound too far fetched. I'll try to check one day when I have all my old copies of the mags to hand! -- Trevj (talk) 18:47, 5 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Type-in program


text:
Category:Adoption

Adoption is the act of legally placing a child with a parent or parents other than those to whom they were born. An adoption order has the effect of severing parental responsibilities and rights of the original parent(s) and transferring those responsibilities and rights to the adoptive parent(s).

title: Category:Adoption


text:
Talk:Stax Records

Working on articles
I'm working on articles for the phenomenon - The Memphis Sound: Southern soul, Southern rock, Stax, The Mar-keys ) and members and other Memphis Sound people:
 * Booker T and the MGs)
 * Staple Singers
 * Delaney and Bonnie
 * Sam and Dave
 * Isaac Hayes
 * etc.
 * Quinobi 16:08, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * There. More of the stuff resolves now.
 * Quinobi 19:20, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Introduction
I believe the introduction is getting too long now and should be shortened. I may shorten the intro myself when I get around to it. Steelbeard1 (talk) 12:45, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I believe the last paragraph of the intro is expendable as it duplicates info in the body of the article. What do you think?  I may delete it myself tomorrow. Steelbeard1 (talk) 14:14, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I think far too much has ben removed. The intro should properly summarize the topic at hand, to where one doesn't necessarily have to read the (on the long side) article to get the general gist of who or what it is about. The old intro also had the misfortune of having a poor tone (While Stax almost exclusively produced African-American music, the label is noted for having several popular ethnically-integrated bands." is a very problematic sentence), At three paragraphs (one of which is rather short), the new intro properly sets up the article, and explain the important points of what Stax was, who was primarily involved with it, and why they are important enough to have an article. --70.119.13.45 (talk) 22:31, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Bad hyperlink
Hi. The hyperlinks for the musical group, The Astors, is wrong. The link leads to The Astor Family - the richies in NYC, who are descendants of John Jacob Astor Sibber91 (talk) 00:37, 3 August 2017 (UTC) sibber91 Sibber91 (talk) 00:37, 3 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stax Records


text: Category:Rover engines

title: Category:Rover engines


text:
Arrondissement of Sens

The Arrondissement of Sens is an arrondissement of France in the Yonne department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It has 118 communes. Its population is 131,368 (2016), and its area is 1916.8 km2.

Composition
The communes of the arrondissement of Sens, and their INSEE codes, are:

 * 1) Arces-Dilo (89014)
 * 2) Armeau (89018)
 * 3) Bagneaux (89027)
 * 4) La Belliole (89036)
 * 5) Béon (89037)
 * 6) Bœurs-en-Othe (89048)
 * 7) Les Bordes (89051)
 * 8) Brannay (89054)
 * 9) Brion (89056)
 * 10) Bussy-en-Othe (89059)
 * 11) Bussy-le-Repos (89060)
 * 12) La Celle-Saint-Cyr (89063)
 * 13) Cérilly (89065)
 * 14) Cerisiers (89066)
 * 15) Cézy (89067)
 * 16) Champigny (89074)
 * 17) Champlay (89075)
 * 18) Chamvres (89079)
 * 19) La Chapelle-sur-Oreuse (89080)
 * 20) Chaumont (89093)
 * 21) Chaumot (89094)
 * 22) Chéroy (89100)
 * 23) Les Clérimois (89111)
 * 24) Collemiers (89113)
 * 25) Compigny (89115)
 * 26) Cornant (89116)
 * 27) Coulours (89120)
 * 28) Courgenay (89122)
 * 29) Courlon-sur-Yonne (89124)
 * 30) Courtoin (89126)
 * 31) Courtois-sur-Yonne (89127)
 * 32) Cudot (89133)
 * 33) Cuy (89136)
 * 34) Dixmont (89142)
 * 35) Dollot (89143)
 * 36) Domats (89144)
 * 37) Égriselles-le-Bocage (89151)
 * 38) Étigny (89160)
 * 39) Évry (89162)
 * 40) Flacy (89165)
 * 41) Foissy-sur-Vanne (89171)
 * 42) Fontaine-la-Gaillarde (89172)
 * 43) Fouchères (89180)
 * 44) Fournaudin (89181)
 * 45) Gisy-les-Nobles (89189)
 * 46) Gron (89195)
 * 47) Joigny (89206)
 * 48) Jouy (89209)
 * 49) Lailly (89214)
 * 50) Les Sièges (89395)
 * 51) Lixy (89229)
 * 52) Looze (89230)
 * 53) Maillot (89236)
 * 54) Malay-le-Grand (89239)
 * 55) Malay-le-Petit (89240)
 * 56) Marsangy (89245)
 * 57) Michery (89255)
 * 58) Molinons (89261)
 * 59) Montacher-Villegardin (89264)
 * 60) Nailly (89274)
 * 61) Noé (89278)
 * 62) Pailly (89285)
 * 63) Paron (89287)
 * 64) Paroy-sur-Tholon (89289)
 * 65) Passy (89291)
 * 66) Perceneige (89469)
 * 67) Piffonds (89298)
 * 68) Plessis-Saint-Jean (89302)
 * 69) Pont-sur-Vanne (89308)
 * 70) Pont-sur-Yonne (89309)
 * 71) La Postolle (89310)
 * 72) Précy-sur-Vrin (89313)
 * 73) Rosoy (89326)
 * 74) Rousson (89327)
 * 75) Saint-Agnan (89332)
 * 76) Saint-Aubin-sur-Yonne (89335)
 * 77) Saint-Clément (89338)
 * 78) Saint-Denis-lès-Sens (89342)
 * 79) Saint-Julien-du-Sault (89348)
 * 80) Saint-Loup-d'Ordon (89350)
 * 81) Saint-Martin-d'Ordon (89353)
 * 82) Saint-Martin-du-Tertre (89354)
 * 83) Saint-Maurice-aux-Riches-Hommes (89359)
 * 84) Saint-Sérotin (89369)
 * 85) Saint-Valérien (89370)
 * 86) Saligny (89373)
 * 87) Savigny-sur-Clairis (89380)
 * 88) Sens (89387)
 * 89) Sépeaux-Saint-Romain (89388)
 * 90) Serbonnes (89390)
 * 91) Sergines (89391)
 * 92) Soucy (89399)
 * 93) Subligny (89404)
 * 94) Thorigny-sur-Oreuse (89414)
 * 95) Les Vallées-de-la-Vanne (89411)
 * 96) Vallery (89428)
 * 97) Vaudeurs (89432)
 * 98) Vaumort (89434)
 * 99) Verlin (89440)
 * 100) Vernoy (89442)
 * 101) Véron (89443)
 * 102) Villeblevin (89449)
 * 103) Villebougis (89450)
 * 104) Villechétive (89451)
 * 105) Villecien (89452)
 * 106) Villemanoche (89456)
 * 107) Villenavotte (89458)
 * 108) Villeneuve-l'Archevêque (89461)
 * 109) Villeneuve-la-Dondagre (89459)
 * 110) Villeneuve-la-Guyard (89460)
 * 111) Villeneuve-sur-Yonne (89464)
 * 112) Villeperrot (89465)
 * 113) Villeroy (89466)
 * 114) Villethierry (89467)
 * 115) Villevallier (89468)
 * 116) Villiers-Louis (89471)
 * 117) Vinneuf (89480)
 * 118) Voisines (89483)

History
The arrondissement of Sens was created in 1800. In 1926 it was expanded with part of the former arrondissement of Joigny (the former cantons of Cerisiers, Saint-Julien-du-Sault and Villeneuve-sur-Yonne). In August 1973 the cantons of Sens-Nord-Est, Sens-Ouest and Sens-Sud-Est were created from the former cantons of Sens-Nord and Sens-Sud. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Yonne, it received 12 communes from the arrondissement of Auxerre.

As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Auxerre were, as of January 2015:

 * 1) Cerisiers
 * 2) Chéroy
 * 3) Pont-sur-Yonne
 * 4) Saint-Julien-du-Sault
 * 5) Sens-Nord-Est
 * 6) Sens-Ouest
 * 7) Sens-Sud-Est
 * 8) Sergines
 * 9) Villeneuve-l'Archevêque
 * 10) Villeneuve-sur-Yonne

title: Arrondissement of Sens


text:
User:Kesavan7777

JOKE: 1. A sales rep, a secretary and the manager are walking to lunch when they find an antique oil lamp. They rub it and out comes a Genie in a puff of smoke. The Genie says, "I only grant three wishes, so I'll give each of you just one.  "Me first! Me first!" says the sales rep. "I want to be in the Bahamas, driving a speedboat, without a care in the world."  Poof!  She's gone.   "Me next! Me next!" says the secretary. "I want to be in Hawaii, relaxing on the beach with my personal masseuse, an endless supply of pina coladas and the love of my life."  Poof! He's gone.   "OK, you're up," the Genie says to the manager.   The manager looks grim.  "I want those two back in the office after lunch!"

Moral of the story:

Always let your boss have the first say.

title: User:Kesavan7777


text:
Peter Diamandis

Peter H. Diamandis (born May 20, 1961) is an American marketer, engineer, physician, and entrepreneur. He is best known for being founder and chairman of the X Prize Foundation, and the cofounder and executive chairman of Singularity University. He is former CEO and cofounder of the Zero Gravity Corporation, cofounder and vice chairman of Space Adventures Ltd., founder and chairman of the Rocket Racing League, cofounder of the International Space University, cofounder of Planetary Resources, cofounder of Celularity, founder of Students for the Exploration and Development of Space, vice chairman and cofounder of Human Longevity, Inc.

Early life
Diamandis was born in The Bronx, New York. His parents, both Greek immigrants, were in the medical business. His father was a physician. From a very early age, Diamandis expressed a keen interest in space exploration. At age 8, he began giving lectures on space to his family and friends. At age 12, Diamandis won first place in the Estes Rocket Design Competition for building a launch system able to simultaneously launch three rockets.

After graduating from Great Neck North High School in 1979, Diamandis attended Hamilton College for his first year, then transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to study biology and physics. During his second year at MIT in 1980, Diamandis cofounded Students for the Exploration and Development of Space.

After graduating from MIT in 1983 he entered Harvard Medical School to pursue his MD through the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology. During his second year of medical school, he cofounded the Space Generation Foundation to promote projects and programs that would help the "Space Generation"—all those born since the flight of Sputnik—get off the planet.

In 1986, Diamandis put his medical degree on hold and returned to MIT to pursue a master's degree in aeronautics and astronautics, conducting research at NASA Johnson Space Center, the MIT Man Vehicle Laboratory and MIT's Whitehead Biomedical Institute. After completing his M.S. at MIT, Diamandis returned to Harvard completing his M.D.

During his last year of medical school in 1989, Diamandis was acting as managing director of the International Space University and CEO of International Micro Space, a microsatellite launch company.

Career
Diamandis has participated on the boards of several companies throughout his career, including Hyperloop and Cogswell Polytechnical College. He has also won several awards in his field, including Economist "No Boundaries" Innovator of the Year, the Neil Armstrong Award for Aerospace Achievement and Leadership, the World Technology Award, presented by the World Technology Counsel, and the Arthur C. Clarke Award for Innovation, among others.

International Space University
In 1987, during his third year of medical school, Diamandis cofounded International Space University with Todd Hawley, Walter Anderson, Christopher Mau and Robert Richards. Diamandis served as the managing director and chief operating officer of the university until 1989. Today, ISU offers a Space Studies program and two accredited Master of Space Studies degrees. It has grown into a $30 million university campus headquartered in Strasbourg, France.

International MicroSpace, Inc.
Diamandis cofounded Microsat Launch Systems, later renamed International MicroSpace Inc., in 1989 during his fourth year of medical school and served as the company's CEO. IMI designed a small launcher called Orbital Express (later renamed "ORBEX" ) for taking 100-kg payloads to low-Earth orbit, collaborating with Bristol Aerospace for the manufacture. The company won a $100 million SDIO contract for one launch plus nine options and was sold to CTA Inc of Rockville, MD in 1993 for $250,000. Diamandis joined CTA for one year as VP of Commercial Space Programs post-acquisition. The ORBEX contract was eventually cancelled "because of a glut of small launchers," and CTA put the project on hold and eventually cancelled the project.

Constellation Communications and Angel Technologies Corporation
In 1991, Diamandis founded Constellation Communications, Inc., one of five low-Earth orbit satellite constellations for voice telephony. The company planned to deploy an equatorial ring of 10 satellites to provide communications primarily to Brazil and Indonesia. Diamandis remained director until 1993, when it was acquired by Angel Technology. Between 1995 and 1999, Diamandis was the president of Angel Technologies Corporation, a commercial communications company that intended to develop wireless broadband communications networks based on a high-altitude aircraft.

X PRIZE Foundation
In 1994, Diamandis founded the X PRIZE Foundation after the failure of International MicroSpace, Inc and reading Charles Lindbergh's The Spirit of St. Louis. He serves as chairman and CEO of the foundation. X PRIZE was created to fund and operate a $10 million incentive competition intended to inspire a new generation of private passenger-carrying spaceships. The prize was announced on May 18, 1996, in St. Louis, MO without any purse money or any teams. The prize was ultimately funded through an insurance policy underwritten by the Anousheh and Hamid Ansari Family and renamed the Ansari X PRIZE in their honor.

The $10 million competition attracted 26 teams from seven countries as teams and was won on October 4, 2004, by Mojave Aerospace Ventures, a team run by famed aviation designer Burt Rutan and funded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen. The winning vehicle, SpaceShipOne, was piloted to space twice within two weeks to win the competition. The first flight was made on September 29, 2004, piloted by Mike Melvill, and the winning, second flight was made on October 4, 2004, by pilot Brian Binnie. SpaceShipOne was the world's first non-government piloted spacecraft and is now hanging in the National Air and Space Museum adjacent to the Spirit of St. Louis aircraft.

In January 2005, the X PRIZE Foundation Board of Trustees expanded the focus of the X PRIZE to address four different group areas: Exploration (oceans and space), Life Sciences, Energy and Environment, and Education and Global Development.

Since inception, the foundation has launched the $10M Ansari X PRIZE (awarded), the $10M Automotive X Prize (awarded), the $10M Archon X Prize (in progress), the $30M Google Lunar X PRIZE (in progress), the $10M Qualcomm Tricorder X PRIZE, the $2M Lunar Lander Challenge (awarded), the $1.4M Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge (awarded), the Wendy Schmidt Ocean Health X PRIZE, and the $101 million X PRIZE Healthspan targeting aspects of the biology of aging. In May 2012, the Robin Hood Foundation announced its plans to partner with the X PRIZE Foundation for several New York-based challenges targeted at eradicating poverty.

The X PRIZE Foundation has a staff of approximately 50 individuals and is headquartered in Culver City, California. Its board of trustees includes Larry Page, Elon Musk, James Cameron, Dean Kamen, Ratan Tata, Ray Kurzweil, Jim Gianopulos, Naveen Jain, Arianna Huffington, Will Wright and Craig Venter.

Zero Gravity Corporation
In 1994, Diamandis cofounded ZERO-G with Byron Lichtenberg and Ray Cronise. The space entertainment company offers weightless experiences aboard its FAA-certified Boeing 727 aircraft and provides NASA with parabolic flight services for research, education and training. The company has flown over 10,000 customers.

In 2007, physicist Stephen Hawking experienced eight rounds of weightlessness on a ZERO-G flight. Diamandis said that the successful outcome of that flight was proof that "everyone can participate in this type of weightless experience." He would recount the experience of taking Dr. Hawking into the upper atmosphere at TED2008.

Space Adventures, Ltd.
Founded in 1998, Space Adventures is a space tourism company that has flown eight private customer missions to the International Space Station since 2001. Diamandis provided some of the initial funding for Space Adventures.

BlastOff! Corporation
Between 1999 and 2001, Diamandis was the CEO of BlastOff! Corporation, which proposed to fly a private rover mission to land on the Moon as a mix of entertainment, Internet and space. Diamandis commented on how the initial startup cost for the project was in the region of five million dollars, which was necessary to cover the costs of the servers, bandwidth and software. The company lost funding and ceased business in 2001.

Rocket Racing League
In 2005, Diamandis cofounded the Rocket Racing League. Developed as a cross between IndyCar racing and rockets, it envisioned enabling the public to enjoy speed, rockets and competitive spirits. Diamandis was the chairman of RRL until it ceased business.

Singularity University
In 2008, alongside American author, inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil, Diamandis cofounded Singularity University (SU). Today Diamandis serves as the university's cofounder and executive chairman. SU is an interdisciplinary university based on the NASA Ames campus in Silicon Valley and supported by a number of corporate founders and partners including Autodesk, Cisco, Nokia, Kauffman Foundation and ePlanet Ventures. The university runs a 10-week Graduate Studies Program, a seven-day Executive Program and a five-day Exponential Medicine conference.

Planetary Resources Inc.
In April 2012, Diamandis cofounded Planetary Resources Inc., an organization dedicated to the identification, remote sensing and prospecting of near-Earth approaching asteroids, with Eric Anderson. He has also served on the company's board. and Charles Simonyi. Following financial troubles, it was announced in October 2018 that the company's human assets were purchased by the blockchain software technology company ConsenSys, Inc.

Biotechnology ventures
In March 2014, Diamandis cofounded Human Longevity Inc. (HLI), a genomics and cell therapy-based diagnostic and therapeutic company focused on extending the healthy human lifespan, with Craig Venter and Robert Hariri.

In February 2018, Diamandis co-founded Celularity, a biotechnology company productizing allogeneic cells and tissues derived from the postpartum placenta, with Robert Hariri.

Books
In 2012, alongside Steven Kotler, Diamandis coauthored Abundance: The Future Is Better Than You Think. The nonfiction work discusses the potential for exponential technology and three other emerging market forces to significantly raise global standards of living within the next 25 years.

Abundance was well-received; it was No. 2 on The New York Times Best Seller list and remained on the list for nine weeks. It was No. 1 on the non-fiction bestseller lists of Amazon and Barnes and Noble.

In 2015, again alongside of Steven Kotler, Diamandis coauthored another New York Times best selling book, Bold: How to Go Big, Create Wealth, and Impact the World. This nonfiction book provides analysis and instruction for entrepreneurs interested in learning about exponential technologies, moon-shot thinking and crowdsourcing.

January 28, 2020, Kotler and Diamandis released the third and final book in their series "The Exponential Mindset Trilogy"; which includes the books "Abundance" and "Bold". The Future is Faster Than You Think: How Converging Technologies are Transforming Business, Industries, and Our Lives examines the revolutionary changes brought about by convergence.

Diamandis also has a chapter giving advice in Tim Ferriss' book Tools of Titans.

Additional notable achievements
Diamandis also:
 * Served as CEO of Desktop.tv, a spin-off company from BlastOff! designed to provide a global peer-to-peer television network for broadcasting unique content to the desktop.
 * Served as chairman of Starport.com, an Internet channel for space exploration for kids of all ages. The site represents over 20 astronauts and features space heroes, missions and simulations. Sold to Space.com.
 * Cofounded and served as director of the Space Generation Foundation, a nonprofit organization established in 1985 to create, in all people born since the advent of the Space Age on October 4, 1957, a sense of identity and awareness that they are born as members of a space-faring race. The foundation supports numerous educational and research projects.
 * Founded SpaceFair in 1983. SpaceFair is a national space conference that was hosted by MIT in 1983, 1985 and 1987.
 * Was a key subject in the 2007 documentary film, Orphans of Apollo.
 * Is a member of the Xconomists, an ad hoc team of editorial advisors for the tech news and media company, Xconomy.

Personal life
Diamandis proposed to girlfriend Kristen Hladecek on a Zero Gravity Corporation spaceflight in 2004. Diamandis has twin sons, born c. 2012.

Santa Monica COVID superspreader event
In February 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, MIT Technology Review reported that Diamandis held a "mostly maskless" event in Santa Monica in violation of the local stay-at-home order that became a superspreading event. The event charged up to $30,000 for tickets. In a followup article, MIT Technology Review revealed that after COVID-19 started spreading among attendees, Diamandis tried to sell them "fraudulent" treatments including inhaled amniotic fluid and ketamine lozenges, which a professor of law and medicine at Stanford University characterized as "quackery". The superspreading event was covered widely by publications including the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times.

Videos

 * Peter Diamandis: Our next giant leap (TEDGlobal 2005)
 * Peter Diamandis: Stephen Hawking's zero g flight (TED2008)
 * Peter Diamandis: Abundance is our future (TED2012)
 * MIT Video: Peter Diamandis talks about the X PRIZE and future of space travel
 * Open SSP08 Lecture: Peter Diamandis talks about the X PRIZE, Zero gravity, Rocket Race League SSP08 podcast
 * Perimeter Institute: Peter Diamandis' lecture at the Quantum to Cosmos festival
 * Perimeter Institute: Peter Diamandis' lecture at the Quantum to Cosmos festival

title: Peter Diamandis


text:
Model State Emergency Health Powers Act

The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEHPA) is a public health act originally drafted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to aid the United States' state legislatures in revising their public health laws to control epidemics and respond to bioterrorism. The CDC's draft was revised by the Center for Law and the Public's Health, a collaboration between Georgetown University and Johns Hopkins University. By December 21, 2001, the act was released to state legislatures for review and approval. Critics immediately charged that the MSEHPA failed to protect the general public from abuses arising from the tremendous powers it would grant individual states in an emergency. The MSEHPA provisions also went beyond the scope of addressing bioterrorism while disregarding medical privacy standards. As of August 1, 2011, forty states have passed various forms of MSEHPA legislation.

Draft
The initial public health emergency proposal was drafted by the CDC in 1999. Still in the CDC's draft form, Lawrence O. Gostin, an attorney and professor at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. began reworking the document during the anthrax letter attacks in 2001, using funds provided by the CDC. Gostin's produced a preliminary draft on October 23, before releasing a second draft in December 2001. Gostin stated that it took him three to four weeks to prepare the act.

The preliminary draft named the National Governors Association, the National Conference of State Legislatures, the National Association of Attorneys General, the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, and the National Association of County and City Health Officials as collaborators without Gostin contacting them. The second draft, dated December 21, 2001, made the revised statement on its title page that the law was a "draft for discussion … to assist" those organizations.

Criticism
The Association of American Physicians and Surgeons claimed that the draft used sweeping language to the extent that it "could turn governors into dictators" since the MSEHPA gave governors the authority to declare public health emergencies, and afterward force vaccinations on the general public without their informed consent. The deployment of state National Guards could be used to administer the vaccines or substances. Legal liabilities for drug companies which manufactured the vaccines and/or substances were removed. ACT-UP/San Francisco protested the MSEHPA, stating it was a potential assault on gay men who could be rounded up en masse as vectors of disease, and the leaders of ACT-UP were jailed for three months on anti-terrorism charges for their protest.

In 2002, the public strongly criticized a similar but federal version of MSEHPA, folded into Section 304 of the Homeland Security Act. Of concern was Sidney Taurel's seat on the Homeland Security Advisory Council and his influence in creating what was commonly referred to as the Lilly Rider, those HSA provisions which protected Eli Lilly and Company and other drug manufacturers against legal liabilities. The primary difference between HSA provisions and MSEHPA provisions was that traditional state control of public health concerns was removed and replaced by federal health department control. The Department of Homeland Security would declare public health emergencies instead of governors, and be responsible for enacting forced vaccinations without informed consent. The HSA was passed by Congress, but Section 304 was struck from the bill in 2003.

Phyllis Schlafly called the MSEHPA "an unprecedented assault on the constitutional rights of the American people."

Defence
Attorneys Jason W. Sapsin, Stephen P. Teret; Scott Burris, Julie Samia Mair, James G. Hodge Jr, Jon S. Vernick and Gostin wrote in an article in the August 2002 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Assn., that "Provided those powers are bounded by legal safeguards, individuals should be required to yield some of their autonomy, liberty, or property to protect the health and security of the community."

Current status
As of 2007, 33 states had introduced 133 legislative bills or resolutions that were based upon or featured provisions related to the articles or sections of the act. Of these, 48 had passed.

title: Model State Emergency Health Powers Act


text:
Category talk:Science fiction writers/to do

Miquel Barceló - David Brin - Gabriel Bermudez Castillo - Randall Frakes - Wyman Guin - Karen Haber - Douglas Hill - Christopher Hinz - Paul Hofrichter - H.H. Hollis - Robert L. Holt - Matthew Hunter - Dean Ing - Simon Ings - Laurence M. Janifer - D. F. Jones - Raymond F. Jones - Nina Liedtke - Jean Lorrah - Leo Margulies - Susan R. Matthews - P. Schuyler Miller - Chris Moriarty - Janet Morris - Howard L. Myers - Charles Oberndorf Jerry Oltion - Jerry Ordway - Marek Oramus - Edgar Pangborn - Cory Panshin - Charles Pellegrino - Doris Piserchia - Bill Ransom - Rick Raphael - Javier Redal - Ross Rocklynne - Tony Rothman - Christopher Rowley - Richard Paul Russo - David Saperstein - Pamela Sargent - Al Sarrantonio - T.L. Sherred - Joan Slonczewski - Nancy Springer - Christopher Stasheff - Steve Rasnic Tem - William F. Temple - Robert Thurston - Karen Traviss - Elisabeth Vonarburg - Steve White (writer) - David Wingrove -
 * Add a SciFan link to each article
 * Add a ISFDB link: use
 * The writers shown below in red do not have a Wikipedia article about them yet: delete from this list as these get created and added to this category.
 * Also see Portal:Speculative fiction/Article announcements
 * A
 * B
 * C
 * D
 * F
 * G
 * H
 * I
 * J
 * K
 * L
 * M
 * N
 * O
 * P
 * Q
 * R
 * S
 * T
 * V
 * W


text:
Walter Allen

Walter Ernest Allen (23 February 1911 – 28 February 1995) was an English literary critic and novelist and one of the Birmingham Group of authors. He is best known for his classic study The English Novel: a Short Critical History (1951).

Life and career
Allen was born in Aston, Birmingham; he drew on his working-class roots for All in a Lifetime (1959), generally considered his best novel. He was educated at King Edward's Grammar School and the University of Birmingham, graduating in 1932—his friends at that period included Henry Reed and Louis MacNeice.

He taught and took numerous temporary academic positions. In 1935, he was a Visiting Lecturer in English at the University of Iowa, Iowa City; from 1955 to 1956 he was visiting professor of English at Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; from 1963 to 1964 he was visiting professor of English, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, and in 1967 he was at University of Kansas, Lawrence, and University of Washington, Seattle. He also worked in journalism, being at one time literary editor of the New Statesman; and was a broadcaster. In 1967 he took a position as Professor of English Studies at the New University of Ulster.

Allen published many novels early in his career mostly dealing with the life of the working class in England. As I Walked Down New Grub Street which accounts his meetings with prominent literary figures was published in 1982. After a significant break from fiction-writing for 27 years he published Get Out Early in 1986. He was known as an editor of George Gissing. He wrote some poetry, which appeared in John Lehmann's publications in the 1940s. He left much writing in manuscript. He died in London.

Novels

 * Innocence is Drowned (1938)
 * Blind Man's Ditch (1939)
 * Living Space (1940)
 * The Black Country (1946)
 * Rogue Elephant (1946)
 * Dead Man Over All (1950)
 * All in a Lifetime (1959) [U.S. title: Three Score and Ten]
 * Get Out Early (1986)
 * Accosting Profiles (1989)

Short stories

 * The Festive Baked-Potato Cart (1948)

Criticism

 * Writers on Writing (1948), editor
 * Reading a Novel (1949)
 * Arnold Bennett (1949) The English Novelists series
 * Joyce Cary (1953)
 * The English Novel; a Short Critical History (1954)
 * The Novel Today (1955)
 * Six Great Novelists (1955)
 * George Eliot (1964)
 * Tradition and Dream: The English and American Novel from the Twenties to Our Time (1964)
 * The Urgent West (1969)
 * The Short Story in English (1981)

Autobiography

 * As I Walked Down New Grub Street (1981)

Archives
Papers of Walter Allen are held at the Cadbury Research Library (University of Birmingham).

title: Walter Allen