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Nilgiri tea

Nilgiri tea is a drink made by infusing leaves of Camellia sinensis that is grown and processed in the Nilgiris district in Tamil Nadu, India. The leaves are processed as black tea, though some estates have expanded their product offerings to include leaves suitable for making green, white and oolong teas. It is generally described as being a brisk, fragrant and full-bodied tea. The region produces both rolled and crush, tear, curl tea and it is predominantly used for blending. Nilgiri tea is also used for making iced tea and instant tea.

''Camellia sinensis var. sinensis'' was introduced to Nilgiri Mountains by the British in 1835 from seeds shipped from China. Commercial production commenced in the 1860s, where the industry would evolve to include a mixture of many small growers with a few large corporate estates and the government-owned Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation established for the purpose of assisting in repatriating Indian Tamils from Sri Lanka. Its fertile soils located on well-drained slopes with geography that brings two monsoons per year with periods of fog and humid, cold weather, allow the sinensis variety to thrive. The tea is of sufficient quality and uniqueness to warrant being a registered geographical indication.

History
Camellia sinensis was first planted in the Nilgiri area in 1835. The British had been using the area as a hill station and, as they had been seeking to create a source of tea outside of China, shipped seeds there, as well as various locations across southern India, for experimental plantings. Botanist George Samuel Perrottet planted the seeds in the governor's garden in Ketti. Though they were not well-cared for, they did survive to be later propagated. The Thiashola estate, established in 1859, was one of the first tea estates in the region though commercial tea production began in 1862, and by 1904 there was over 3,200 ha of tea under cultivation (second only to coffee which had three times as much land under cultivation). However, the plantations were largely operated by retired European military and civil servants, with labour from the native tribal people, all with little knowledge of tea production. Many early plantations failed but with the assistance of Chinese tea-makers brought in by the British, the industry was able to develop. European planters (of both coffee and tea) formed the Nilgiri Planters' Association which joined the United Planters Association of South India (UPASI) in 1894 to advocate for foreign interests in land and financing. In what would become one of the largest holdings in Nilgiri tea, Robert Stanes founded the United Nilgiri Tea Estates Company in 1922 from the Allada Valley estate, with the Chamraj and Rockland estates added in 1923, Devabetta in 1926, and Kodery in 1928.

Following Indian independence in 1947, the British began to sell their interests in tea gardens to Indian owners and the 1953 Tea Act put the tea industry under the regulatory jurisdiction of the Tea Board of India. While a tea auction was established in Coonoor in 1963, the Soviet bloc countries became the primary customers of tea from the region, taking about 80% of Nilgiri tea from the 1970s to 1990s. To accommodate Soviet preferences for mass-produced lower-cost teas, processing methods shifted to production of Crush, Tear, Curl and instant tea. More processing factories were built and cooperative agreements, such as Indcoserve, were made to accommodate small holders.

There was an increase in production during the 1970s as the Sirima–Shastri Pact brought in many repatriated Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka to the region and the Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation Corporation was established as a government-operated tea garden to provide for their transition. Of the small farm growers, the majority belong to the Badagas community. A crop diversification program initiated in the 1980s by the UPASI and the Tea Board saw many small holders move into the tea industry, resulting in nearly doubling the amount of land under tea cultivation by 2000. As the economies of the Soviet countries began to waver later in the 1980s, the Nilgiri Planters' Association led efforts to encourage estates and small growers to reform cultivation and processing practices to accommodate the preferences of the Western market. They tested new clonal varieties, moved to produce orthodox-rolled teas and white teas, began marketing single-origin estate teas, and encouraged maintaining certification of social and environmental practices. The Tea Board of India created a trademark for use on tea that is produced solely in Nilgiri and attained geographical indication status in 2008.

Geography, cultivation and processing
While Camellia sinensis is cultivated in areas across the southern tip of India in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka, Nilgiri tea, and is defined as that which is cultivated and processed in District of Nilgiris, constitutes about half this area's total production. The Nilgiri Mountains form the border between the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka, but are predominantly within the District of Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu. Located within the Western Ghats mountain range and the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, the Nilgiri tea growing areas range between 1,000 and 2,500 metres in elevation and are exposed to the Southwest Monsoon weather from the Malabar Coast from June to September, followed by the Northeast Monsoon in October to November. The resulting alternating periods of fog and direct sunlight, as well as the South Western Ghats montane rain forests soils, described as lateritic loam, on the hillsides provides the high elevation drainage and conditions needed for ''Camellia sinensis var. sinensis'' to thrive.

Cultivation of tea in the Nilgiri region is conducted on few large corporate holdings, many small farms and the government-owned Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation Corporation. The small holders, typically under 1 hectare, vary widely in their practices, such as soil management, use of shade trees, ground cover, fertilizers and pesticides, plant age, etc. However, common to the region, plucking can occur approximately every 10 days almost all year round, typically 32 annual pluckings per plant. As opposed to the assamica variety, the sinensis variety requires a period of dormancy; in Nilgiris there is a short dormancy period during the cold temperatures of December–January. The first leaves after the dormancy are some of the plant's most flavourful as they contain a higher concentration of defensive compounds secreted during the cold weather. This first harvest, plucked from January to March, is referred to as "frost tea" since it is collected in relatively cold but humid weather.

The larger estates own and operate their own processing facilities for drying, rolling, oxidizing and sorting the leaves. There are numerous independent or cooperatively-owned processing facilities ("bought leaf factories") that buy green leaves from the small farms, with price and quality levels prescribed by the Tea Board of India. The processed leaves ("made tea"), that are not otherwise purchased on a contract basis, are sold at tea auctions in Coonoor, Coimbatore and Kochi. These factories predominantly produce black tea, but some also produce limited quantities of specialty white, green and oolong teas. Of the black tea produced, most use the crush, tear, curl (CTC) method though since the 2000s, as Argentina and Vietnam took more CTC market share, orthodox (e.g. rolled) teas have also been produced.

Flavour and blends
Nilgiri tea is known for its briskness, referring to lively fragrant flavours, a quality attributed to its climatic growing conditions. Nilgiri tea is variously described as being light but full-bodied or well-rounded in flavour, with fruit, like citrus, and floral notes. Its orthodox tea is compared to Ceylon teas which grow under similar conditions, such as two monsoons. Its light but fragrant liquor makes it useful for blending and it can be found in brands of bagged tea  and blended with Assam tea in masala chai. Chemically, Nilgiri tea has been shown to be higher in Quinic acid and lower in tannins than other black teas. Nilgiri tea is particularly useful for making iced tea since it retains its clarity as it cools, whereas other black teas will often become cloudy. Global commercial brands, such as Nestea, utilize Nilgiri tea in their iced tea products that use real tea.

title: Nilgiri tea


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Talk:The Greens – The Green Alternative

Article title
Does the move from Austrian Green Party to The Greens-Green Alternative really make sense? The current title may be the real name of the party translated into English (!), but with the name of the country missing no one will be able to make head or tail of it. Also, not a single page is directly linked to it.  21:39, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * The problems is see with The Greens-Green Alternative are:
 * Hardly anyone uses this translated name. Google gives me only 41 hits, but half of them - surprise! - are for a Spanish party.
 * This means this translated name is also not unique.
 * The name is not descriptive (Austria).
 * It doesn't look good (Greens-Green). For mimicking the original you need extra spaces (Greens - Green).
 * For these reasons I'd rather prefer either:
 * Austrian Green Party or
 * Die Grünen - Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne, Greens, Green party, Austria)
 * Cheers, -Nikai 01:08, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. Received an email from the press office of the Grünen and in english they are known as the "Austrian Green Party", and not some literal translation from the German name. Gryffindor  15:36, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

some one with an austrian background should translate the name or something because the direct translation may not be the same out of the context of the spoken Austrian language. cheers, --zachjones4 04:40, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

I do not agree with this; the evidence is spurious, in my opinion, and in doubt I strongly prefer to use a literal translation of the name. If this *REALLY* should be moved to something else, then certainly to Green Party (Austria) and not Austrian Green Party. Anyway, I think the present title is fine. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 19:44, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Personally i prefer 'Greens - Green Alternative' (leaving out the double 'The', not used in same way as German 'Die'). Since there have been other Green parties in Austria, its preferable that the article title is as precise as possible. --Soman 11:55, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Confer Confederation of The Greens, The Greens (France), Alliance '90/The Greens, Federation of the Greens, The Greens (Luxembourg), The Greens (Netherlands), Ecologist Party "The Greens". Either all of them lose the "The", or all retain it; I'm in favour of the latter version, as it's closer to the original name and is a literal translation. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 15:55, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

I'm still not sure that this is the right way to do it. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 13:50, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * In fact, they *also* refer to themselves as "DIE GRÜNEN" in English: see http://www.gruene.at/partei/party_profile/ I'm strongly in favour of keeping the article at its translated name. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 13:55, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with nightstallion, this translated name is just strange, I would support either Green Party (Austria) or The Greens (Austria) or The Greens – The Green Alternative over the current title. C mon 15:03, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd be strongly in favour of the full name translated, i.e. "The Greens – The Green Alternative". — Nightst a  llion  (?) 21:54, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't see how we should use a name that the party itself does not use in English. They call themselves "Austrian Green Party" in English, what gives us the idea to give them another name that they don't use? Gryffindor  19:42, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

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Centre-left?
Green parties worldwide tend to be left wing, rather than ecological. I suspect that the Austrian Green Party is no exception. That would mean that the description of "centre-left" would be wrong, and "Left wing" or "Far Left" would be more accurate.Royalcourtier (talk) 03:53, 24 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20031206081955/http://www.europeangreens.org/peopleandparties/members/austria.html to http://www.europeangreens.org/peopleandparties/members/austria.html

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Program?
I couldn't find anywhere a section on the program/policies of this party, wanting to add somewhere their reasonable position of legalizing cannabis. This makes no sense.Miacek (talk) 09:56, 10 May 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 10 April 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: No consensus (non-admin closure) Iffy★Chat -- 21:14, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

The Greens – The Green Alternative → Austrian Green Party – Official translation, common name, and everything is better than the full literal translation "The Greens – The Green Alternative" nobody uses Colonestarrice (talk) 17:05, 10 April 2019 (UTC) --Relisting. — usernamekiran (talk)  17:37, 18 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Support - We use the English name, not the translation of the original name. Safrolic (talk) 02:36, 11 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose - we have an established article name which is a translation of the original German language party name, which is already useful to disambiguate this article from other articles about Green Parties. We not need a less-accurate translation. Also, there are examples including here and here of reliable sources using the accurately-translated party name.--Autospark (talk) 17:13, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

 * This is not about accuracy regarding translation (both names are accurate) this is about colloquialism, only the German Wikipedia uses the full official name of a subject as article title, the English Wikipedia uses the common name.
 * "Which is already useful to disambiguate this article from other articles about Green Parties" – I can't see how "Austrian Green Party" could cause ambiguity with the Green Parties of other countries; in contrary, I think the new name aids in disambiguation since "The Greens – The Green Alternative" doesn't necessarily clarify that the party is from Austria (nor that it is a party in general).
 * "Also, there are examples including here and here of reliable sources using the accurately-translated party name." – They may be accurately translated but we still don't use full official names here.
 * Regards Colonestarrice (talk) 19:24, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose - I also think, as User:Autospark, that we should keep the current name. It is a little bit complicate (I admit that), but it is the established name of the article, it is the more accurate translation and it is cited in several sources. The proposed move seem really worthless to me. --Checco (talk) 06:58, 12 April 2019 (UTC)
 * "The proposed move seem really worthless to me" – how civilized. Colonestarrice (talk) 10:19, 12 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. Rreagan007 (talk) 21:51, 12 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:NATURALDIS and Autospark; it accurately reflects the name of the party, as is appropriate in the case of most green parties where either the native or translated long-form name serves as a natural disambiguator. Mélencron (talk) 21:59, 12 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. Current name is not particularly recognisable nor is it in use outside of Wikipedia. The proposed name ticks all the boxes: Recognisable, concise, unambiguous and in use. Andrewa (talk) 23:05, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

"GRÜNE" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect GRÜNE and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 October 9 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. — Ceso femmuin mbolgaig mbung, mellohi! (投稿) 22:25, 9 October 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Greens – The Green Alternative


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cheffer

Cheffer was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 4 votes to delete. 1 unsigned vote (though later attributed by another contributor) was disregarded. Postdlf 00:37, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Cheffer
Vanity Page and/or Neologism. Didn't make me laugh, either. Naturenet 21:39, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh come on. "The standard uniform for a cheffer is a white hat." That's at least grin-worthy. Delete
 * Vote by User:Fishal it seems.

 * Delete: I didn't find it amusing, either. I know of a professor who banned "hats and imitations of hats" from his classroom so that he could ban baseball caps.  Just a joke, and one not worth repeating verbally, much less preserving electronically. Geogre 04:05, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless evidence is presented that this is a real term in actual use. We do not have articles on Allessandro Purpura. If we assume as Google does that Allessandro is a misspelling for Allesandro Purpura we will don't have articles on him, and he doesn't seem to be notable. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 22:41, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, this article is a joke. Radman1 15:57, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cheffer


text: User:Irrelevant

title: User:Irrelevant


text: User talk:65.48.206.205

title: User talk:65.48.206.205


text:
File:St.-Clair-at-Lansdowne.jpg

St. Clair Ave West at Lansdowne, looking east. Photo by Krupo for Wikipedia

Photo taken in October 2004.

title: File:St.-Clair-at-Lansdowne.jpg


text: File:Robert Miles Dreamland CDCover.jpg

title: File:Robert Miles Dreamland CDCover.jpg


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Altovise Davis

Altovise Joanne Davis ( Gore; August 30, 1943 – March 14, 2009) was an American entertainer, best known for being Sammy Davis Jr.'s third wife.

Biography
Born in Charlotte, North Carolina, as Altovise Joanne Gore, she was raised in Brooklyn, New York. A life member of The Actors Studio, Gore worked during the 1960s as a chorus-line dancer in various musical shows both in London and on Broadway.

Her relationship with Sammy Davis Jr. started in 1968 while they were working in the same show. They were married in a Philadelphia courthouse by the Rev. Jesse Jackson on May 11, 1970, and adopted a son, Manny, in 1989.

Sammy Davis Jr. died from throat cancer on May 16, 1990, five days after their 20th wedding anniversary.

Television and film roles
In the 1970s and 1980s Altovise Davis made a few guest appearances in major TV series such as Charlie's Angels and CHiPs and minor roles in films such as Welcome to Arrow Beach (1974), Kingdom of the Spiders (1977), Boardwalk (1979), and Can't Stop the Music (1980).

Both she and her husband were frequent panelists on the 1970s television game show Tattletales.

Taxes
Long saddled with tax problems following the death of her husband, Altovise Davis was included in 2008 on the California Franchise Tax Board's list of the top 250 delinquent taxpayers, with $2,708,901.75 in unpaid personal income tax.

Death
She died of complications from a stroke on March 14, 2009, at age 65 in Los Angeles. She is interred in an unmarked grave at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, next to her husband, Sammy Davis Jr.

title: Altovise Davis


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Aretas Blood

Aretas Blood (October 8, 1816 – November 24, 1897) was an American businessman from Vermont. He played an important role in the manufacture of early American railroad steam locomotives.

Biography
Blood was born in Weathersfield, Vermont, the son of Nathaniel Blood and Roxellana (Proctor) Blood. As a child he moved with his parents to Windsor, Vermont, where he attended the common schools. At the age of 17, as railroads began to be built in the United States, he was apprenticed as a blacksmith. After a few years learning the trade, he moved to Lowell, Massachusetts, where he was hired by the Locks and Canals Machine Shop. 1849 brought a new title to Blood at a different foundry, when he took the position of "job hand" at the Essex Machine Shop.

At the Essex Machine Shop Blood manufactured locomotive parts and he built up enough of a cash reserve that he was able to purchase a share of the Manchester Locomotive Works when it opened in 1853. Blood took over the shop superintendent position at Manchester in 1857 when the original superintendent, O. W. Bayley, left the company.

It was Blood's opinion that the locomotives that Manchester produced were too light for the future needs of the railroads. When he took over in 1857, he quickly instigated more substantial locomotive construction at the shop. Through succeeding years, Blood acquired greater principal in the company until he was the majority owner.

Under Blood's tenure, Manchester purchased the locomotive manufacturing business of Amoskeag Locomotive Works in 1859, and the fire engine manufacturing business from the same company in 1876. Blood died in 1897 in Manchester, New Hampshire, but Manchester Locomotive Works continued in his absence, building as many as 1,800 locomotives by 1901.

Family life
Blood married Lavinia Kendall on September 4, 1845. They had two daughters, Nora Blood and Elenora Blood. His wife Lavina founded the Manchester Women's Aid and Relief Society in 1875. Blood and his wife are both interred at Valley Cemetery in Manchester, New Hampshire, in one of the cemetery's 13 private mausoleums.

Blood's daughter Elenora married Amoskeag Manufacturing Company president Frank Pierce Carpenter. Upon her death in 1910, Carpenter donated funds for an elaborate new building for the city's public library.

title: Aretas Blood


text: File:Robert Miles 23am CDCover.gif

title: File:Robert Miles 23am CDCover.gif


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Rosenberg Trio

The Rosenberg Trio is a Dutch jazz band consisting of lead guitarist Stochelo Rosenberg, rhythm guitarist Nous'che Rosenberg and bassist Nonnie Rosenberg. The band is influenced by Django Reinhardt, the gypsy jazz guitarist of the 1930s.

The group's first album was Seresta in 1989. Notable events include the release in 2010 of Djangologists a DVD featuring a recording tribute to Django Reinhardt, and the 1992 live album The Rosenberg Trio: Live at the North Sea Jazz Festival, which captured the trio at an eclectic, youthful high point.

There is no exact date before 1989 when the Rosenberg Trio began playing under that name. Two of the Rosenbergs, Nous'che and Nonnie, are sons of Sani Rosenberg, a musician in the Dutch Gypsy community. Having been raised in a very musical family, they all were influenced by the music of Django Reinhardt.

Nous'che started playing with his cousin and buddy, Stochelo Rosenberg, when Stochelo was about 10 years old.

Nous'che and Stochelo both own Selmer guitars: Nous'che a "D-hole" and Stochelo an "oval-hole" (which was the model Django Reinhardt favoured).

Despite being surrounded by guitarists at a young age, Nonnie was encouraged to play the double bass in part of his family band. This compelled Nonnie to heavily practice, leading to his mastery of the instrument.

They have played with other influential musicians such as Angelo Debarre, Romane, Bireli Lagrene, and Peter Beets.

Discography

 * Seresta (Hot Club Records, 1990)
 * Gipsy Summer (Polydor, 1991)
 * Impressions (Dino Music, 1992)
 * 85 and Still Swinging with Stephane Grappelli (Angel, 1993)
 * Live at the North Sea Jazz Festival '92 (Verve/Polydor, 1993)
 * Caravan (Verve, 1994)
 * Swinging Favourites of '45 (Quintessence, 1995)
 * Noches Calientes (Polydor, 1998)
 * Je Zoenen Zijn Zoeter with Herman van Veen (Polydor, 1999)
 * Deine Kusse Sind Susser with Herman van Veen (Polydor, 1999)
 * Tes Bisous Sont Plus Doux with Herman van Veen (Harlekijn, 2000)
 * So This Is My Baby with Herman van Veen (Harlekijn, 2000)
 * Your Kisses Are Sweeter with Herman van Veen (Harlekijn, 2000)
 * Suenos Gitanos (Polydor, 2001)
 * Louis van Dijk & the Rosenberg Trio Live (Pink, 2003)
 * Live in Samois Tribute to Django Reinhardt (Universal, 2003)
 * Roots (Iris Music, 2007)
 * Tribute to Stephane Grappelli (FM Jazz, 2008)
 * Cor Goes Gipsy (Foreign Media Music, 2008)
 * Djangologists (Enja, 2010)
 * La Familia (Coast Music, 2015)
 * Django (Impulse!, 2017)

Notable live performances (live albums)

 * North Sea Jazz Festival (1992)
 * Carnegie Hall - The 85th Birthday Concert (1993)
 * Samois (2003)

title: Rosenberg Trio


text:
User:Dieter Simon/Sandbox

Words

Merge and redirect to The Praise of Folly. It is part of the 'Madmess and Civilization' essay by Foucault which discusses the themes of madness during the Renaissance. It shows the the "hierarchy of vices" in the shape of the 'wicked soldiers of the psychomachy' who manifest themselves as "twelve dualities that dispute the sovereignty of the human soul". Unless you juxtapose all these in the same article it will make no sense at all. Dieter Simon 00:25, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Dieter Simon/Sandbox


text:
California State Route 144

State Route 144 (SR 144) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that runs through the Sycamore Canyon in Santa Barbara. It travels along Sycamore Canyon Road from its intersection with Alameda Padre Serra at the Five Points Roundabout to Stanwood Drive (State Route 192).

Route description
Route 144 begins at a roundabout called the Five Points Roundabout. From the roundabout, Route 144 continues north onto Sycamore Canyon Road, a winding two-lane road between steep hillsides to its terminus with State Route 192/Stanwood Drive.

The highway used to begin at U.S. Route 101's interchange with Milpas Street. From there, SR 144 headed northwest on Milpas, a conventional 4-lane thoroughfare. In less than four blocks, however, the route then turned northeast on Mason Street, a two-lane residential street, passing by an elementary school and through a narrow bridge crossing the Sycamore Creek. Mason Street ends at Salinas Street; at this intersection, the route turned northwest onto Salinas Street, another two-lane street, until it reached the Five Points Roundabout. This portion of SR 144 between US 101 and the roundabout has since been relinquished (see below).

SR 144 is not part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.

History
The State of California highway system's first modern roundabout was constructed in 1992 at the intersections of Alameda Padre Serra, Montecito Street, Salinas Street, and Sycamore Canyon Road which carried Route 144. It was called Five Points Roundabout. The roundabout cost $250,000 to construct and was designed by consulting firm, Ourston & Doctors. In 1999, the state law was changed to permit the relinquishment of Route 144 to the City of Santa Barbara. This was because the City of Santa Barbara wished to do several improvements on Milpas Street. One of these improvements includes the installation of a roundabout at the off-ramp from northbound Route 101, which Caltrans did not approve of. The roundabout controls traffic coming from Milpas Street, Carpinteria Street, and two ramps from and to Route 101. It is a significantly larger and bolder version of the Salinas Street roundabout, though the latter channels five streets. Currently, the portion from Route 101 to the Salinas traffic circle has been relinquished to the city but the portion on Sycamore Canyon remains as a state highway.

The final portion of Route 144 from Ranchito Vista Road to its junction with Route 192 had been closed off and on between 2005 and 2012 due to repetitive mudslides. In April 2012, crews completed repairs to the surrounding hillsides and reopened this segment of the highway.

title: California State Route 144


text: User talk:130.245.212.88

title: User talk:130.245.212.88


text:
Bhuj

Bhuj is a city and the headquarters of Kutch district in the Indian state of Gujarat.

Etymology
According to legend, Kutch (Kachchh) was ruled by the Nāga chieftains in the past. Sagai, a queen of Sheshapattana, who was married to King Bheria Kumar, rose up against Bhujanga, the last chieftain of Naga. After the battle, Bheria was defeated and Queen Sagai committed sati. The hill where they lived later came to be known as Bhujia Hill and the town at the foothill as Bhuj. Bhujang was later worshiped by the people as snake god, Bhujanga, and a temple was constructed to revere him.

History
Bhuj was founded by Rao Hamir in 1510 and was made the capital of Kutch (kachchh) by Rao Khengarji I in 1549. Its foundation stone as state capital was formally laid on Vikram Samvat 1604 Maagha 5th (approx. 25 January 1548). From 1590 onwards, when Rao was forced to acknowledge the Mughal supremacy, Bhuj came to be known as Suleiman Nagar amongst Muslims. The city's walls were built by Rao Godji I in 1723, and the Bhujia Fort by Devkaran Seth in Rao Deshalji I's time (1718 - 1741).

Bhuj has been attacked six times. In two instances, the defense was successful and in four other instances, the defense failed. In 1728, an attack by Sarbuland Khan, Mughal Viceroy of Gujarat, was repulsed by Rao Deshalji I, and, in 1765 Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro was, by a timely display of the strength of the fortifications, induced to withdraw. During the civil troubles of the reign of the Rao Rayadhan III, Bhuj was thrice taken, by Meghji Seth in 1786, by Hansraj in 1801, and by Fateh Muhammad in 1808. On 26 March 1819, the hill fort of Bhujia was captured by a British detachment under Sir William Keir.

In 1818, Bhuj had a population of 20,000 people. The earthquake on 16 June 1819 destroyed nearly 7000 houses with a loss of an estimated 1140 human lives. About one-third of the buildings that escaped ruin were heavily damaged, and the north face of the town wall was leveled with the ground.

The British garrison at Bhuj peaked in 1826 with nearly 1400 British troops (685 infantry, 543 dragoons, 90 foot artillery and 74 horse artillery) supported by over 5000 Indian soldiers. Amongst the highest profile British figures during this time was Alexander Burnes who was based here between 1826 and 1829.

In 1837, Bhuj is said to have had a population of 30,000, including 6,000 Muslims.

After independence of India in 1947, Kutch State acceded unto the dominion of India and was constituted an independent commissionaire, Kutch State. In 1956, Kutch State was merged with Bombay state, which in 1960 was divided into the new linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, with Kutch becoming part of Gujarat state as Kutch district. Bhuj is the district headquarters of Kutch District, the largest district in India.

On 21 July 1956 as well as on 26 January 2001, the city suffered great losses of life and property due to earthquakes. Many parts of Bhuj were demolished due to the extensive damage, whilst others were repaired. There has been great progress in rebuilding the City since the 2001 earthquake, with considerable improvements to roads, transportation, and infrastructure.

Bhuj is home to one of the first Swaminarayan Sampraday temples, built in 1822. Bhuj temple is one of the six original temples built during the earthly presence of the Lord Swaminarayan. The devotees living in Bhuj including Gangaram Mull, Sundarji Suthar and Hirji Suthar requested Lord to construct a temple at Bhuj. Lord instructed Vaishnavanand Swami to construct the temple, and Lord himself installed the murti of Lord NarNarayan Dev in Bhuj on VS 1879 on the 5th day of the bright half of the month of Vaishakh (Friday 15 May 1823 AD).

Geography
Bhuj has an average elevation of 110 metres (360 feet). On the eastern side of the city is a hill known as Bhujia Hill, on which there is a Bhujia Fort, that separates Bhuj city and Madhapar town ( considered one of the richest villages in Asia ). It has two lakes namely Hamirsar and Deshadsar (દેેેશળસર).

Climate
Bhuj has a hot semi-desert climate (BSh). Although annual rainfall "averages" around 350 mm the variability is among the highest in the world with coefficient of variation of around sixty per cent – among the few comparably variable climates in the world being the Line Islands of Kiribati, the Pilbara coast of Western Australia, the sertão of Northeastern Brazil, and the Cape Verde islands. Recorded annual rainfall has been as low as 21.9 mm in 1899 – yet in 1926 a total of 1177.1 mm fell and in the incomplete year of 1959 rainfall exceeded 1160 mm, of which 730.6 mm fell during Bhuj's wettest-ever month of July 1959.

Apart from the cool mornings of the "winter" season from December to February, temperatures are very warm to sweltering throughout the year, which further reduces the effectiveness of the erratic monsoonal rainfall. During the "hot" season from mid-March to mid-June, temperatures of 40 C are frequent, whilst during the monsoon season they exceed 34 C with high humidity except during rainy spells accompanied by cooler temperatures but oppressive humidity.

Places of interest

 * The Fort: The old city was surrounded by a fort wall with five major gates (Mahadev, Patvadi, Sarpat, Bhid and Vaniyavad) and one small gate known as Chhathi Bari (sixth window). The fort wall is 35 feet high and four feet thick, and during its use was armed with fifty-one guns. Much of the fort wall has either fallen down or been demolished, due to the damage sustained in the 2001 earthquake and the city's redevelopment.
 * Hamirsar Lake
 * Kutch Museum
 * Prag Mahal
 * Aina Mahal
 * Sharadbaug Palace
 * Chhatardi
 * Ramkund
 * Mohammad Pannah Masjid
 * Bharatiya Sanskriti Darshan Museum
 * Swaminarayan temple
 * Bhujia Fort and Smritivan on Bhujia Hill
 * Regional Science Centre
 * Hill Garden
 * Trimandir
 * Tapkeshwari Temple
 * Vande Mataram Memorial at village Bhujodi near Bhuj
 * Living and Learning Design Centre at Bhuj - Bhachau Hwy Opp. Anchor Company, Ajarakhpur, Bhuj
 * Smritivan Earthquake Memorial and Museum

Demographics
In 2011 the population of Bhuj was 213,514, which consisted of 111,146 males and 102,368 females. A 2003 source reported that 24% of Bhuj's population was Muslim.

The slums of Bhuj are inhabited primarily by Muslims, Dalits and other minorities. For example, in the slums of Western Bhuj, an estimated 80% of the population is Muslim.

Culture
Bhuj is a famous destination within India for observing the historic craftsmanship of the Kutch region, including the textile crafts of bandhni (tie-dye), embroidery, Rogan art and leatherwork. Artists of nearby villages bring their artwork for sale in 'Bhuj Haat', which is situated near Jubilee Ground. Locals often visit Hamirsar Lake for relaxation in natural surroundings.

Bhuj is also famous for its regional cuisine, especially Pakvans, chikki, Kutchhi Dabeli, (a vegetarian burger made with mashed potato, cooked with masala curry and chutneys), and regional Gujarati sweets.

Media and communications
State-owned All India Radio has a local station in Bhuj which transmits various programmes. Local TV channels and newspapers are the most popular media.

Education

Alfred High School, the first high school of Kutch, established in 1870, is also an architectural heritage of the town.

Krantiguru Shyamji Krishna Verma Kachchh University is located in Bhuj. The university has 41 colleges affiliated, nineteen of which are in Bhuj. The university grants degrees in arts, science, commerce, law education, management, pharmacy, social welfare, medicine and engineering.

Little Steps Montessori School is the first Montessori School in Kutch established in the year 2000 by the royal family of Tera-Kutch.

Primary and secondary
Matruchhaya Kanya Vidyalay Little Steps Montessori School Bhuj
 * St. Xavier's High School, Bhuj
 * Alfred High School
 * Army Public School
 * Sheth V.D. High School
 * Indira Bai Girls High School
 * Hope Foundation School near Ashapura Nagar
 * Shree Swaminarayan Vidhyalaya
 * Shishukunj International School
 * White House Public School
 * Matrushree R.D. Varsani high school
 * Kendriya Vidyalaya No.1, Airforce Station Bhuj
 * Kendriya Vidyalaya No.2, Army Cantt. Bhuj
 * Bhuj English School
 * Kiddy's Campus Nursery and Playhouse.
 * Shree Kutchi Leva Patel Kanya Vidhyamandir.
 * Chanakya Academy

Higher education

 * Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Science

Government Engineering College, Bhuj

 * Government Polytechnic
 * Shri R. R. Lalan College
 * Sheth D. L. Law College
 * Industrial Training Institute
 * J B Thacker Commerce College
 * MEWS College of Management & IT
 * Sanskar Institute of Management & IT

Radio Station & Television
Bhuj has its own Radio Station with Studio. Prasar Bharati under Information and Broadcasting Ministry is operating Radio Studio. MW is available on 1314 kHz and FM is available on 103.7 MHz. There is also terrestrial DD channel available. DD National and DD Girnar available.

Transportation
Bhuj is connected to Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Pune, Gaziabad, Jaipur, Ajmer, Hapur, Moradabad, Bareilly, Kharagpur, Ujjain and other cities within India by railway. The city has a domestic airport, from which daily flights connect to Mumbai with flights operated by Air India. State Transport buses are available from the ST stand in the middle of the town to various places in Gujarat. Additionally, many private tour operators also run frequent buses to major cities within and outside of the state of Gujarat. Kandla Airport is 53 km from Bhuj. The city may be navigated by the city bus and auto rickshaw.

title: Bhuj


text:
User:ChristopherWillis

I'm a college Physics major, who's been interested in Latin and other dead ancient languages like Ancient Greek, Old English, and Sanskrit, ever since I first found out about Proto-Indo-European in high school. I guess you could say I'm a fan of historical linguistics. I feel pretty comfortable with Latin since, along with the four years of it in high school, I took a semester here at college too, and occasionally do translations in my spare time. Some day I'd like to master Ancient Greek and Old English in the same way I feel comfortable with Latin.

title: User:ChristopherWillis


text:
Barbara Dare

Barbara Dare (born February 27, 1963) is an American former pornographic actress. She was one of the industry's initial contract performers with Essex Video and Vivid Entertainment and is an AVN and XRCO Hall of Fame inductee.

Personal life
Dare was born in Wichita Falls, Texas. After her father, a dentist, left the Air Force, the family moved to Wayne, New Jersey. She was raised in the Jewish faith. Early in her professional career, Dare self-identified as a lesbian, having personal relationships with women.

Dare spent several years addicted to drugs, including heroin. She got sober and became a Certified Addiction and Substance Abuse Counselor.

Career
Dare began appearing in adult films in the mid-1980s after meeting people who were involved in the adult film industry at Plato's Retreat and also made appearances in magazines such as Hustler, Swank, and High Society. In 1989, she joined fellow adult film actress Stephanie Rage as authors of a monthly article for Swank.

Dare was one of the top adult film stars of the 1980s. She appeared in scenes with several (at the time) top adult films stars, including Tracey Adams and Ginger Lynn. She became one of the first women in the industry to sign an exclusivity contract with Essex Video for 10 movies a year and an annual salary of $150,000 and would later leave that studio to sign with Vivid Entertainment and become one of the earliest Vivid Girls. Dare's final film was Bratgirl (1992); she retired in 1994.

Jerry Butler stated in his autobiography that Dare had a "commanding screen presence" while on set, in spite of her smaller physical stature.

Dare also worked as a stripper, commanding a $10,000 weekly salary.

Appearances
Dare was interviewed in 1987 for the episode of the television news series Frontline regarding the death of Shauna Grant.

She also had minor roles in mainstream productions such as the Roy Scheider and Ann-Margret film 52 Pick-Up in 1986 and the live-action/animated comedy-horror B-movie Evil Toons (where she was credited as "Stacey Nix") in 1992.

In the August 1992 issue of Esquire, Dare was profiled in their annual feature "Women We Love".

Selected filmography
• Hannah Does Her Sisters (1986)

• Slippery When Wet (1986)

• Blame it on Ginger (1986)

• Barbara the Barbarian (1987)

• Ginger and Spice (1987)

• Girls who Dig Girls 8 (1988)

• Barbara Dare's Bad (1988)

• Angela Baron Takes a Dare (1988)

• Sex in Dangerous Places (1988)

• For Her Pleasure Only (1989)

• Ginger then and Now (1990)

• Where the Boys Aren't 2 (1990)

• Bratgirls (1992)

Awards

 * 1987 AVN Award – Best New Starlet
 * 1989 AVN Award – Best Actress, Video (Naked Stranger)
 * 1990 AVN Award – Best All-Girl Sex Scene, Video (True Love) with April West
 * AVN Hall of Fame inductee
 * XRCO Hall of Fame inductee

title: Barbara Dare


text:
User talk:ChristopherWillis

Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics! You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages. The Wikipedia directory is also quite useful. In addition, you might want to add yourself to the new user log; if you made any edits before getting an account, you may wish to assign those to your username.

By the way, an important tip: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments.

Finally, here are some open tasks:

Hope to see you around the Wiki! And if you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (hopefully!)]] 22:00, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

Image:IndoEuro.jpg
Image:IndoEuro.jpg seems to be a copyright infringement. Could you please explain why it was uploaded when the image tag said "All Rights Reserved"? Wikiacc 03:21, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

COTW Project
You voted for Culture of Ancient Rome, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article.

Native Latin speakers?
Greetings, fellow Latinist. If you have second, please cast your two cents in on the discussion of a category for native Latin speakers who are also Wikipedians. --Flex 13:02, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Translation
Do you think you can do a translation of the following text? We need this for Talk:Ancient Greek phonology. We have already a translation but it is by an italian editor and his English is not perfect. Andreas 03:08, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Ac Erasmus quidem quâ occasione ad scribendum de rectâ pronunciatione fuerit impulsus, paucis cognitum arbitror. Itaque visum hâc de adjicere, quod in schedâ quadam habeo, scriptâ olim manu Henrici Coracopetræi, viri egregiè docti, doctisque perfamiliaris. Ea ita habet: ‘Audivi M. Rutgerum Reschium, professorem Linguæ Græcæ in Collegio Buslidiano apud Lovanienses, meum piæ memoriæ præceptorem, narrantem, se habitâsse in Liliensi pædagogio unà cum Erasmo, plus minus biennio eo superius, se inferius cubiculum obtinente: Henricum autem Glareanum Parisiis Lovanium venisse, atque ab Erasmo in collegium vocatum fuisse ad prandium: quò cùm venisset, quid novi adferret interrogatum, dixisse (quod in itinere commentus erat, quòd sciret Erasmum plus satis rerum novarum studiosum, ac mirè credulum) quosdam in Græciâ natos Lutetiam venisse, viros ad miraculum doctos; qui longè aliam Græci sermonis pronunciationem usurparent, quàm quæ vulgò in hisce partibus recepta esset. Eos nempe sonare pro B vita, BETA: pro H ita, ETA: pro ai æ, AI: pro OI I, OI: & sic in cæteris. Quo audito, Erasmum paulò pòst conscripsisse Dialogum de rectâ Latini Græcique sermonis pronunciatione, ut videretur hujus rei ipse inventor, & obtulisse Petro Alostensi, typographo, imprimendum: qui cùm, fortè aliis occupatus, renueret; aut certè se tam citò excudere, quàm ipse volebat, non posse diceret; misisse libellum Basileam ad Frobenium, a quo mox impressus in lucem prodiit. Verùm Erasmum, cognitâ fraude, nunquam eâ pronunciandi ratione postea usum; nec amicis, quibuscum familiariter vivebat, ut eam observarent, præcepisse. In ejus rei fidem exhibuit M. Rutgerus ipsius Erasmi manuscriptam in gratiam Damiani à Goes Hispani pronunciationis formulam (cujus exemplar adhuc apud me est) in nullo diversam ab eâ, quâ passim docti & indocti in hac linguâ utuntur’. Henricus Coracopetræus Cuccensis. Neomagi. CI I LXIX. pridie Simonis & Iudæ.

Tank you, Andreas 03:08, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

respondavi tam
haec, Tom e rtalk 07:47, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Please be careful
You restored some heavy vandalism of Great Depression. --Nlu (talk) 13:08, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Indo-European
Hi, I just added some possible Dutch cognates on the talk page of the IE roots. Im no linguist so I dont dare add them to the list. nl:Gebruiker:Sokpopje

See Talk:List_of_Proto-Indo-European_roots

Latin translation
I note you're fairly conversant in Latin, so I was wondering if you could translate a city motto for me so that I could include it in an infobox: Per Ardva Ad Summum Bonum Civilium. Thanks. └ OzLawyer / talk ┐ 13:55, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

recorrection of Battle of Marathon
the place Marathon is in greek Μαραθών genitivus Μαραθῶνος.It is derived from the once abudance there of the plant μάραθον genitivus μαράθου plural μάραθα genitivus μαράθων. Your correction was totally wrong.

Thanatos666 21:51, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

noticed your interests and trade at your page
''Hey, I'm a college physics major interested in Latin and other ancient languages like Ancient Greek, Old English, and Sanskrit.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:ChristopherWillis" ''

though I'm only in ancient greek (I have always wanted to learn latin too ,but despite same minor efforts and tries, I wish my t -> oo,unfortunately it doesn't, the only thing I've accomplised so far is the basics(in fact less) and a comperative, syncretic to greek understanding) being also a physics gratuate is kind of funny,don't you think?.seeyou :-)

Thanatos666 21:18, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Quote
It is from Nietzche's Ecce Homo. I don't remember now the exact chapter; it is my translation - I hope I haven't distorted the original text! I'll soon inform you about the exact section. Cheers!--Yannismarou 18:33, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

help?
Hi there.

Due to reasons unbeknownst to myself, a friend wants the Rousseau quote "Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains." tattooed on himself in Latin. Yes, I know, anyone else would get it in the original French, and anyone in the know will be baffled by his bizarre choice. However, to each their own- and I have been enlisted to find out what it is in Latin. Would you be able to assist?

Thanks, sars 16:27, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:ChristopherWillis


text:
RKN

RKN may refer to:

 * Redknee, a Canadian telecommunications company with the stock name RKN
 * The Mega Man Killers, antagonists from the Mega Man series
 * Roskomnadzor, Russian federal executive agency responsible for monitoring, controlling and censoring Russian mass media.

title: RKN


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Army Public School

Army Public School
 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep.

Army Public School
Non-notable. --jpgordon{gab} 22:02, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not encyclopedic, not information that will be sought, and advertising for students. Geogre 04:02, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: I tried to tidy this up, and while it certainly was previously an advertisment, i think that i have managed to get rid of the bias, and have added quite a bit more info. The bellman 08:04, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. - Ta bu shi da yu 10:20, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak keep, seems to be encyclopedic — siro  χ  o  00:43, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * As rewritten, a very very weak keep; I still have trouble detecting the notability. --jpgordon{gab} 01:42, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep If you do not like this article do not search for it. Keep it for the people who want to know. --ShaunMacPherson 18:59, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * K A school originally founded specifically for military families, funded by the military for that purpose. This certainly sets it apart from J. Random High Scool.  Chris 04:00, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. - Florescentbulb 23:03, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it's a relatively unique school based on it's founding. PPGMD 23:07, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Nottingham Girls' High School

Nottingham Girls' High School is a private day school for girls aged 3–19, situated just north of Nottingham city centre. The school was founded in 1875 and forms part of the Girls' Day School Trust.

History
Nottingham Girls' High School was founded on 14 September 1875 by the Girls' Public Day School Company (now the Girls' Day School Trust). It was among the first such schools opened outside London.

Before the 1870s, education for girls in Nottingham was fixed by social class, with limited opportunities for working-class girls to receive any post-primary schooling. Much of the development in girls' education was due to the work of feminist reformers. Nottingham Girls' High School was originally in Nottingham's Oxford Street, with Mrs Bolton as Headmistress, before relocating to its current location in Arboretum Street, in a building that had been a lace manufacturer's house. When it first opened, it had 34 pupils, but by the time of its relocation that had increased to 146.

The outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 caused the school to move to two separate locations: Ramsdale Park and Daybrook. The Arboretum Street buildings were used to accommodate the South Notts Hussars until 1944–1945, when the school was able to move back. Ten years later, as the school celebrated its 80th anniversary, the number of pupils reached 800.

The 1970s saw significant building expansion at the school and in 1975 the school marked its centenary. On 18 May 1973, the Milford Building was officially opened by the Duchess of Gloucester and in 1978, the Duke of Edinburgh opened the Edinburgh Library.

In 1995, a house system was introduced and named after the first four headmistresses of the school: Bolton, Hastings, Luxton and Skeel. The Bowering Sports Hall was opened by Richard Bacon in 1998 and eleven years later, in May 2009, the new Sixth Form Centre opened. In 2016 the old dining hall building was demolished and replaced by a performing arts centre, The Squire Performing Arts Centre, after an alumna, Dame Rosemary Squire.

In 2020, a nursery was opened by the education innovator Shonette Bason-Wood.

In 2023, the newly expanded and refurbished 1875 Sports Centre was opened by Lydia Greenway OBE.

Over its history, the school has been headed by 13 headmistresses and one acting headmistress. Julie Keller is the current Head.

Facilities
Originally placed in a group of Victorian houses, the school has since expanded considerably. Its professional-grade performing arts centre, The Squire Performing Arts Centre is regularly used for music and drama productions at the school and can be hired for non-school conferences, meetings and performances. It provides a source of education for girls interested in all aspects of the performing arts and theatre production work, from music to lighting, sound and costume.

There is a Sixth Form Centre adjoining The Squire PAC, with modern classrooms, a kitchen area and tuck shop, and an outside garden and decking area. There are two libraries – one in the Senior School and one in the Junior School – along with a lecture theatre, drama studio, music building, dining hall, and common rooms for the lower and upper schools. The Infant and Junior schools are on the same site, based in the buildings on Balmoral Road.

In recent years, the school has invested in IT provision and training. Girls from Year 4 upwards are issued with a personal iPad; younger girls share iPad facilities. Classrooms have interactive whiteboards with Google Classroom, and there is digital equipment for use across the curriculum, such as cameras and microscopes. DT and food rooms have been refurbished to include a 3D printer, among other high-tech equipment.

The school grounds include all-weather courts, grass pitches, a gymnasium, and the recently refurbished and expanded 1875 Sports Centre which includes the sports hall, fitness studio and state-of the art fitness suite. The outdoor learning area comprises a climbing wall. Upnah Wood has plentiful outdoor learning equipment, such as low ropes, a fire pit and a pizza oven.

Houses
The four school houses are named after the four first headmistresses of the school; Bolton, Hastings, Luxton and Skeel. In recent years, the Junior School has also adopted the House system, so that girls can be in the same House as siblings further up the school. The House system includes inter-house competitions and sports events.

Academic structure
There were 738 students in the 2019–2020 academic year, of whom 151 were in the sixth form studying for A Level. The sixth form is overseen by a Head of Sixth Form. There are usually around 280 girls in the Junior School, which has its own Head. Nottingham Girls' High School is among the largest of the 23 schools and 2 academies run through the Girls' Day School Trust, which has promoted education of girls since its foundation in 1872.

Student Leadership
A team of committed Sixth Formers are appointed to a range of positions each year. This includes a Head Girl and two Deputy Head Girls, who work closely with the Senior Leadership Team on a range of projects and strategies. Included in this group is a series of Prefect House Captains who oversee all House events.

Notable alumnae

 * Julia Bell (1879–1979), geneticist
 * Gina Birch (living), bass player with The Raincoats
 * Helen Cooper (born 1947), literary scholar
 * Helen Cresswell (1934–2005), children's author
 * Janice Elliott (1931–1995), novelist, journalist and children's writer
 * Muriel Glauert (1892–1949) mathematician who made significant contributions to early advances in aerodynamics.
 * Helen Karagounis (born 1981), née Thieme, 2004 Olympic relay runner
 * Sudha Kheterpal (living), percussionist
 * Clare Hammond (born 1985), concert pianist
 * Julie Myerson (born 1960), author and writer for the Financial Times
 * Stella Rimington (born 1935), Director-General of MI5
 * Indhu Rubasingham (living), theatre director
 * June Spencer (born 1919), actress (The Archers)
 * Rosemary Squire (born 1956), theatre owner and entrepreneur
 * Janet Whitaker, Baroness Whitaker (born 1936), Labour Party politician and Life Peer
 * Molly Whittington-Egan (1924–2016), writer

title: Nottingham Girls' High School


text:
Langsam

Langsam may refer to:

 * Langsam, a German tempo marking for slow music
 * Marcel Langsam (1891–1979), Luxembourgian gymnast
 * Walter C. Langsam (1916–1985), American academic
 * Langsam (train), the name of a passenger train in Indonesia

title: Langsam


text:
Fischer indole synthesis

The Fischer indole synthesis is a chemical reaction that produces the aromatic heterocycle indole from a (substituted) phenylhydrazine and an aldehyde or ketone under acidic conditions. The reaction was discovered in 1883 by Emil Fischer. Today antimigraine drugs of the triptan class are often synthesized by this method.

This reaction can be catalyzed by Brønsted acids such as HCl, H2SO4, polyphosphoric acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid or Lewis acids such as boron trifluoride, zinc chloride, and aluminium chloride.

Several reviews have been published.

Reaction mechanism
The reaction of a (substituted) phenylhydrazine with a carbonyl (aldehyde or ketone) initially forms a phenylhydrazone which isomerizes to the respective enamine (or 'ene-hydrazine'). After protonation, a cyclic [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement occurs producing a diimine. The resulting diimine forms a cyclic aminoacetal (or aminal), which under acid catalysis eliminates NH3, resulting in the energetically favorable aromatic indole. Isotopic labelling studies show that the aryl nitrogen (N1) of the starting phenylhydrazine is incorporated into the resulting indole.

Buchwald modification
Via a palladium-catalyzed reaction, the Fischer indole synthesis can be effected by cross-coupling aryl bromides and hydrazones. This result supports the previously proposed intermediacy as hydrazone intermediates in the classical Fischer indole synthesis. These N-arylhydrazones undergo exchange with other ketones, expanding the scope of this method.

Application

 * Indometacin preparation.
 * Triptan synthesis
 * Iprindole synthesis (phenylhydrazine + suberone → 2,3-Cycloheptenoindole).

Related reactions

 * Madelung synthesis
 * Reissert synthesis
 * Gassman synthesis
 * Nenitzescu synthesis

title: Fischer indole synthesis


text:
User talk:GoNeBaNaNeRz

Russia: Jan. 22, 1905. For centuries, a great gap existed in Russia between the wealthy few and the many poor. During the 1800's, economic and political progress narrowed the gap between rich and poor in Europe and improved living conditions for many workers. Compared with many of its European neighbors, Russia made little economic and political progress during the 1800's. The lack of progress angered many Russians of all classes. New political parties and labor unions arose. Worker strikes and other protests occurred frequently. The country was on the brink of revolution by the early 1900's.

On Sunday, Jan. 22, 1905, thousands of striking workers marched peacefully to the czar's Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. The workers, led by Father Georgi Gapon, a Russian Orthodox priest, planned to ask Czar Nicholas II for reforms. Government troops opened fire on the marchers, who were unarmed, and killed or wounded hundreds.

This Bloody Sunday marked the beginning of Russia's Revolution of 1905. The violence permanently damaged the czar's reputation. As a result, Russia's revolutionaries gained enough strength to force the czar to make some government reforms. See Russia (The Revolution of 1905).

title: User talk:GoNeBaNaNeRz


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Irismeister 3/Evidence

Anyone, whether directly involved or not, may add evidence to this page. Please choose an appropriate header for your evidence and sign your comments with your name.

It is extremely important in order that your submitted evidence be considered by the Arbitrators that when you cite evidence to provide a link to the exact edit which displays the transaction, links to the page itself are not sufficient. For example, to cite the edit by Mennonot to the article Anomalous phenomenon adding a link to Hundredth Monkey use this form:.

This page is not for general discussion - for that, see talk page.

If you disagree with some evidence you see here, please provide counter-evidence, or an explanation of why the evidence is misleading. Please do this under a seperate header, to seperate your response from the original evidence.

Be aware that the Arbitrators may at times rework this page to try to make it more coherent. If you are a participant in the case or a third party, please don't try to refactor the page, let the Arbitrators do it. If you object to evidence which is inserted by other participants or third parties please voice your objections on the talk page. It is especially important to not remove evidence presented by others.

Description by complainants (User:Pakaran, User:Theresa knott, User:Jwrosenzweig, and others)
According to Jwrosenzweig, Irismeister's conduct since his last arbitration case continues to show a pattern of POV editing, rudeness, personal attacks, and legal threats -- the "personal attack parole" has been ineffective in curbing his misbehavior (although it causes him to leave for days and weeks at a time, he always returns, exhibiting the same misbehavior), and several editors have requested a long-term ban.

Evidence
the below is copied from the original arbitration request -- I'll add the template in a sec

Irismeister's comments on Talk:Alternative medicine in particular demonstrate that he has not been cowed by the personal attack parole. I think it's clear that the censure and limited sanctions of two previous RFAs are ineffective in solving this problem -- I hope the Arbitration Committee will save itself the inconvenience of continually revisiting this user's legal threats and personal attacks, and impose a long-term ban. Jwrosenzweig 21:45, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC) P.S. While the comments on T:AM are the largest part of the evidence, I think the fairly detailed legal threat posted to an RfAR subpage is worth considering also. Jwrosenzweig 21:54, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC) P.S. Recent edits include a detailed legal threat and personal attack on Theresa on his userpage. Jwrosenzweig 14:09, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anton Solomoukha

Anton Solomoukha
Most Google hits are to mirrors of Wikipedia.

See the same vote for deletion on fr:Wikipédia:Pages à supprimer. This vote for deletion has no sense (and no explanation on fr:). Ma'ame Michu 23:45, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Well, the first Google hit for Anton Solomoukha is a copy of this article. More than half of the Google hits are to this article, and the information in the article ranges from hard to verify to unverifiable. G-u-a-k-@ 12:29, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Ma'ame Michu 17:30, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Solo exhibit at Ukrainian Institute of Modern Art among others. Niteowlneils 03:47, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Is that enough for a Wikipedia article? How many Institutes of Modern Art are there in the world? And how many people exhibited in them? Is it okay to have Wikipedia articles about all of them? G-u-a-k-@ 13:48, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * PS Just noticed this seems to have been nominated by an anon. Niteowlneils 03:55, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * PS Does that matter? The article was mostly written by an anon...
 * I'm not certain. Anon votes don't count, so anon nominations probably shouldn't, either. Niteowlneils 17:36, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Weak keep if verfied — siro  χ  o  00:41, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. A few exhibits, the artist seems real if not critically important. Ploum's 10:31, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
The Ultimate Jerky Boys Collection

The Ultimate Jerky Boys is a double-disc compilation album by the Jerky Boys. It was released on October 26, 2004.

Disc one

 * 1) "Sol's Civil War Memorabilia"
 * 2) "Sol's Civil War Memorabilia (Part 2)"
 * 3) "Piano Tuner"
 * 4) "Uncle Freddie"
 * 5) "Unemployed Painter"
 * 6) "Laser Surgery"
 * 7) "Insulator Job"
 * 8) "The Gay Model"
 * 9) "The Home Wrecker"
 * 10) "Egyptian Magician"
 * 11) "Sol's Glasses"
 * 12) "Bad Tomatoes"
 * 13) "Car Salesman"
 * 14) "Sushi Chef"
 * 15) "Super Across The Way"
 * 16) "Auto Mechanic"
 * 17) "Dental Malpractice"
 * 18) "Starter Motor Repair"
 * 19) "Hurt At Work"
 * 20) "Hot Rod Mover"
 * 21) "Firecracker Mishap"
 * 22) "Irate Tile Man"
 * 23) "Punitive Damage"
 * 24) "Gay Hard Hat"

Disc two

 * 1) "Sol's Naked Photo"
 * 2) "Ball Game Beating"
 * 3) "Pizza Lawyer"
 * 4) "Sol's Nude Beach"
 * 5) "Drinking Problem"
 * 6) "Pet Cobra"
 * 7) "Sol's Warts"
 * 8) "Breast Enlargement"
 * 9) "Roofing"
 * 10) "Gay Hairdresser"
 * 11) "Volunteer"
 * 12) "Terrorist Pizza"
 * 13) "Pico's Mexican Hairpiece"
 * 14) "A Little Emergency"
 * 15) "Sparky The Clown"
 * 16) "Security Services"
 * 17) "Diamond Dealer"
 * 18) "Pablo Honey"
 * 19) "The Mattress King"
 * 20) "Sporting Goods"
 * 21) "Scaffolding"
 * 22) "Sex Therapy"
 * 23) "Sol's Phobia"
 * 24) "Cremation Services"
 * 25) "Fava Beans"
 * 26) "Husband Beating"

title: The Ultimate Jerky Boys Collection


text: Talk:The Ultimate Jerky Boys Collection

title: Talk:The Ultimate Jerky Boys Collection