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Talk:Medicare (Canada)

Opinions Section
I was under the impression that the majority of the cuts to the mediacare system came under the stewardship of the Liberal Party, not the Conservative Party. I would love to see a citation for the assertion that now former PM Paul Martin has "already reduced wait times, increased the number of doctors and nurses". Smacks of left-wing bias.

Remember that this is an encyclopedia, not an opinion forum
I have mostly rewritten "Services Covered" in the article. The previous text was wrong, blatantly critical, and did nothing to provide an accurate picture of Canada's healthcare system. --CarrieD 10:17, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

I have heavily edited and added to the section "Medicare". I swear, who writes this Wikipedia stuff about Canada? There is such a Pro-American, Anti-Canadian bent to articles about my Country, it is deeply offensive. I've fixed it. You should require a national ID before you let anyone from another country write about someplace they know nothing about. Lord, that's irritating.

I would also request that you change the title of that section to read "Healthcare". Canada's political leaders may be adopting the term medicare in the recent election, but it is not how our system is known in Canada for anyone born prior to 1980. I expect that controversy over the name to begin when the election ends. Everyone is too preoccupied to care about a word just now. Except me of course. --CarrieD 10:35, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

The section "Alternatives to Fee for Service" is so mangled, I can't even edit it. There are NO alternatives currently in Canada, except private clinics, which are few and far between and have already been covered in the article. This "Alternatives" section is trying to imply that non-profit groups and County Health Units all function the same, and they don't. And all are funded by the government still, so they are not "alternatives". And they have been in existence for decades, not since the 1990s only.--CarrieD 10:54, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

All dental, optometry, and physiotherapy clinics at least in Ontario are private. Also the Shouldice Hospital in Thornhill Ontario is a "Alternative to Fee for Service" Don't let your collectivist bias cloud your references or lack thereof. rasblue 04:40, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

The Shouldice Hospital is indeed privately run - like most doctor's offices - but its hernia operations are covered under OHIP (Ontario Hospital Insurance Plan, i.e., public insurance). It is not an alternative. -jgould (24 July 2007)

Anti-American Implied Arguements
Please keep your prejudice to yourself. This is an encyclopedia, not rabble.ca. Compare systems if you must, but be fair. That means keep the pros and cons for each side about equal if you are giving opinion. If you are giving fact reference your facts please. I put the link for the most current Fraser Institute study. If you find one that highlights your point of view, feel free to add the link. Just remember that biased studies don't help.

Opinions on Medicare
I don't think that Medicare Reform is the "political Suicide" that it used to be. There is a general acknowledment that Canadians are paying for 1st class care but receiving 2nd class service. How this will be solved is still up in the air, but the point that the basis of single tier health care in Canada is more ideological than economic is increasingly being recognized. Some people think that the basis of not having a private tier is class envy, and Canadians, it should be noted, are a mostly socialistic nation which looks down upon "tall poppies."

Also note the recent success of the Conservative Party in the polls regardless of the parties policy on "decentralilzation" of health care.

I removed much of the blatant opinionated left wing bias. I tried to be fair adding for each pro status quo point a con status quo point.

User:Baldwin.jim

 * I removed the following statement: "Canadians are also concerned that the nation isn't living up to our own self image as world leaders in health care." POV disguised as NPOV... and it doesn't even make sense. Sorry. Edwardian 23:07, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

First comment is by a Conservative political party supporter and NOT indicative of ALL Canadians by any stretch of the imagination. Also, Canadians are not a "mostly socialistic nation which looks down" on anyone. --CarrieD 09:34, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

24 hour Medical Clinics
Just for the record 24 hour Medical Clinics have existed for many years in Ontario. I know, I used one recently.

User:Baldwin.jim

=There are several issues in the page that i think should be discussed. First I don't think that 98% of all hospital costs are covered by medicare. It is 98% of basic medical costs (if that is the percentage). Many people have private insurance for semi private or private rooms with private insurance and that would be considered a hospital cost in my opinion.

A discussion of how the federal government changed funding for medicare from the mid 1980's to the present would be an asset. I'm not sure if that would be done as a sub page (stub? i'm still learning). In the mid 80's the government started caping the percentage of provincial health care costs it would pay in some provinces(previously it paid 50% of what every province paid). The original funding was under the Canada Assistance Plan (known as CAP) which included funding for social assistance and post-secondary education.This decrease in funding was refered to as a cap on CAP (i may not have the capitalizations correct. In the 1990's the federal government drastically reduced the transfers that it would give to provincial governments merging all of the funding previously covered under CAP into one payment (but a much smaller one). This lead to more of the costs of health care being assumed by the provincial governments. Since the federal government is no longer providing as much funding for health care it becomes more difficult for them to enforce the rules. In fact medicare has come out better than the other areas that the funding was merged in. There have been drastic cuts in social assistance and university funding under this system.

Also it is my belief (as expressed in the edit) that generally it is those that are better off that on average find ways to get their medical needs taken care of when they are delisted. While I've been poor most of my life my parents were middle class and this (and other experiences in life) gave me an advantage in dealing with the medical system and other bureacracies. The eye exams are an example. When my eyes needed testing before the two year period my GP sent me to an opthamologist, in which case it was covered. But i knew enough that there was likely some solution since i couldn't see properly with my glasses at that point. Also there is a strong history of eye disease in my family, and i had actually put off finding a new eye doctor for quite some time ( something i should have done). I ended up at the opthamologists because that was the only way my eyes could be retested (i did not have the income to pay for it privately). Due to the prevalance of vision problems in the family my opthomolgist has me come into the office every year at a minimum. He does this mostly to check certain stuff that has nothing to do with my vision test, but he always does a vision test at the same time.

I also know of a specialized hospital in Ontario that has a total of 4 ward beds. All of the rests of the beds are semi private and require someone (insurance company, individual, worker's comp) to pay for the semi private bedrooms. However the hospital recieves full OHIP funding due to those 4 ward beds, although to me that is a privatized hospital. Anyone else know of similar situations?

Finally is anyone interested in a section on the health summit that just occured? Some discussion of how to discuss the topic would be good in my opinion.--Marcie 02:45, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

It might be worth noting that, in Alberta at least, the health care fees that we pay go into general tax revenue rather than directly to health care. I cannot say whether or not this is true for other provinces (and heck, it may have changed recently in Alberta as well). --161.184.162.27

Hmm i'm not sure on that one officially, but unofficially they just changed the way they are collecting health care taxes (whereever they go) in ON and there shit would hit the wall if it didn't go into health care with what is going on...regardless of where it goes officially...give it a few years though and who knows (i'm a cynic as well)--Marcie 21:40, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

This page has gotten long enough to need some organization. I've created some sections and sub-sections which correspond roughly to what has already been written. feel free to rename or rearrange anything you don't agree with. Dhodges 05:33, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

where did the 98% figure come from
If you look above you will see that i don't believe that 98% of hospital costs are covered. Perhaps the medical costs, but most people think of their size of room as a medical cost too (especially when a hosptial of several hundred beds has four that are ward beds (fully covered) just to retain public funding...can someone told me where they got this reference or could we put something a big more vague in until we have a more accurate figure?--Marcie 22:47, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Don't think that is on the page any more, but FYI - CIHI estimates that 99% of physician costs come from public sector sources, ca 90% of hospital costs, and about 70% of total health expenditures.R2SBD (talk) 22:05, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

proposed reforms
What was written on reforms was correct but it wasn't balanced (not quite a POV issue one gets a lot more press...i've added other types of reforms suggested and tried by other place (the article itself does reference the proposals in it to the right wing. Write back here or come to my talk page if you want to discuss it further--Marcie 10:51, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Repeated paragraphs
there seems to have been a failed cut and paste operation in Proposed reforms, a couple of paragraphs were repeated. My apologies if some actual differences were omited in putting this right.Dhodges 13:41, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

No problem...i cut and paste to the word processor to try and find spelling errors or typo's (someone finally suggeted it to me after a month or so). It looks good. I'm still concerned about the 98% statistic. I think it is wrong, and i study this kind of thing (as an activist). Where do we bring it if we think a statistic is wrong so tht it will get publicly posted so more people will see it and maybe it can be fixed...i'm putting this on your talk page too in case you miss this...i've also done some more work on the page. The reorganization of reforms was nice if you did it. (well nice regardless)--Marcie 18:05, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I've written a small stub on delisting since it was listed as needing a link and there was one. A basic definition and then a suggestion to go back to the medicare in Canada page. I thought others here might be interested in looking it over.--Marcie 23:49, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

P3 projects / POVery
Since the article mentions public-private patnerships in connection with the United Kingdom, I thought I'd mention that while they're generally supported here, the specific way in which many projects are done (the Private Finance Initiative) is controversial to say the least. The article as it stands seems to imply that everyone here thinks PFI is appropriate for hospital building, which is far from being the case; many people in the UK would say that to call its implementation "successful" would be overdoing it.

There also seems to be some pretty obvious POV in the article. For example:

 * This tracks the usual story arc of socialism where invisible infrastructure and maintenance accounts are robbed to continually provide "visible proof" that government domination of a sector provides superior results. While the long-term costs of this create misery, this misery is visited on later generations.

Loganberry 15:16, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm aware that the P3 (or Foundation Hospitals) are not all that cut and dried in the UK but i read a fair amount of British Press. I'm still not sure how you put forth the way things are controversial on the Wiki without getting into POV arguments (as to the above...i didn't write it and i guess no one has gone after the Gremilin that added it yet)[i'm putting this on the talk page as well of Loganberry as well]--Marcie 00:05, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I'm not too well up on the precise nature of Canadian P3 projects (which is why I didn't edit the article myself), but the bit I quoted does rather imply that it is socialism itself that results in misery. This may or may not be the case, but it's not really the place of an encyclopaedia to say so. If one could find, say, a major politician who's said something along those lines, then I'd think it would be better to do that, since then you'd have a hard fact rather than an opinion. Loganberry 01:45, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

healthcare vs. medicare
Where I live (Ontario), people usually refer to it as Health Care for the Canadian system and healthcare in general. I am pretty sure the formal government name is "Health Care" or simply "health care system." I think small 'm' "medicare" is slang (adopted from the name of the US system) and the predominant Canadian term for a health care system here, at least around here, is "healthcare," and not "medicare". Thoughts? Health Canada - Health Care.—Ben 03:22, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

and my proposal is a to switch the redirects around, so Medicare (Canada) redirects to Health care in Canada (which currently redirects here), Healthcare (Canada), or Health care (Canada), etc. as well as modifying the medicare page?? Ben 03:36, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Well i'm from Ontario as well. I use several terms, some of which show my age. OHIP is the one i grew up with generally, then medicare. I guess i would recognize healthcare but i wouldn't call it that. I think it would be better to rerout so if people put in healthcare, OHIP or whatever would be better...or is it already that way (i'm not the best on the technical stuff here). Of course that is my opinion...anyone else have thoughts?--Marcie 02:58, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The system is a mix of federal and provincial legislation with no one official name. The term medicare was used in the planning stages of the system, back in the 60's. I think it's as good a name as any for the article title. Dhodges 20:11, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Canada's healthcare system has ALWAYS been referred to as "Healthcare"; check historical political leaders for reference as well as any news article. The term "medicare" was ALWAYS used in reference to the United States healthcare system.

That said, in the recent election, for the first time ever in my 41 years on this planet, I heard Prime Minister Paul Martin refer to our "healthcare system" as "medicare". I'm not happy about it either. Any Canadian born before 1980 knows, we have always called our system our "healthcare system". Why they're now calling it medicare beats me but that is a VERY recent change. --CarrieD 09:55, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

I was born after 1980 and pretty much anytime ANYONE speaks about medicare/healthcare it is called healthcare, though history textbooks DO call it medicare each and every time it is mentioned. Not that I see a problem with it, it's just a bit odd. Anyone know if it was given an "official" name by the gov't at any point?

I agree with Ben. Medicare refers to the doctor/hospital insurance, as required by the Canada Health Act (which also has a page). Health care is the more general term. So it is more confusing that it needs to be. In the US, Medicare refers to the insurance program for the elderly, and Medicaid to the insurance program for the poor. So, whoever handles the redirects, it might make sense to do some merging, re-directing.R2SBD (talk) 22:08, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

I agree, I have never referred to it as "medicare". I actually thought it was a solely American term that refers to their healthcare system. I've only ever referred to it as healthcare and (being that I'm from Ontario) I mostly only call it OHIP. I think the medicare title should be changed. It's not accurate. Celynn (talk) 07:27, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

Redundancy / Quality of Text
I'm not sure how it should be organized, but the opinions section is showing visible signs of many successive quick-edits. For example, search for the term "wait" and notice that while there are several variations on the term "waiting list" or "wait time", they occur at random and there is no consistent schema around which those terms would be used.

Someone more knowledgable than myself could perhaps create a subsection called "Treatment Waiting" and explain:

 * What is common waiting time vs. what is reported.
 * What one is required to wait for -- services? GP? etc.
 * Some sources and statistics?

I added some sources and statistics.R2SBD (talk) 22:10, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Services Provided
It seems like, but I can't really tell, that Canadian services might work differently than American ones. Here in America, we have really two types of care: seeing a doctor you already have, and the emergency room. This tends to result in a lot of people going to the ER who really should be going to some kind of Clinic -- which isn't a doctor's office, but isn't a hospital either.

Canadian services work like this - we go to the doctor, we show our health card (each province issues their own), the visit and any services are billed by the doctor to the provincial healthcare plan. If we go to Emergency, same thing - show the card, all treatment billed to the province.

In recent years, due to delisting of services, the costs of Ambulance transportation, crutches, splints (minor things like that) are billed to the patient to paid by the patient. The patient pays the Ambulance service for that and pays the Hospital for crutches etc. People with private insurance through their employer or other can submit those invoices for reimbursement most of the time.

Most employer health plans cover up to 85% of costs billed to the patient. But when in hospital, everything is free really except if you want anything other than a ward (4 beds per room); that's where having semi-private coverage can be a benefit. While in hospital, all meds and surgeries and tests are paid by the province. Outside of hospital, you pay your own meds but that's it pretty much. And each province does have a drug benefit plan, available to every Canadian citizen regardless of income.

About semi-private coverage, honestly, if you've been ill enough to need hospital care, you're too sick to notice if there are 2 or 3 other patients in the room, depending on why you're in there. And if you're critical, it's a big mass ward type room normally. Given the reduction in nurses and doctors, it's been my experience and the experience of many others, that it's safer to be in a ward type room anyway. You get looked in on more frequently than if you're in semi-private or private. --CarrieD 09:46, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Well, I have to disagree with this statement. When I'm sick its true that I'm very sick. it I do notice if I'm in a ward. A ward is noisy is not conducive to recovery. In my opinion all hospital rooms should be semi-private or private. It helps a lot and is more conducive to receiving necessary rest especially when one has been waiting in the ER for two or more days for a hospital bed! Co-eding ... who ever came up with this idea? Its bad. I've heard that some Canadian hospitals are placing male and female roommates in the same semi-private rooms due to lack of beds or failure to change the rooms around. One time in Toronto I never did get a bed and spent four days in the ER - very ill with pneumonia before leaving against medical orders. I was not receiving chestphysio, was not receiving my nebs (masks), and still the nurses were doing the best they could. Our system is scary and getting worse, not better, not enough nurses, not enough doctors, and some of the young one's do not know what they are doing - need better training. I have cystic fibrosis and left the hospital even through I was very ill, because I needed my nebs, physio, etc and could receive them better at home than in hospital. Scary stuff.

Health care in Canada
Should it be merged/integrated? It provides mostly the same data about the public system.

Yes, I think so. Even though I have done some editing on this page, and not (yet) on the other.R2SBD (talk) 22:11, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Quality & Accuracy
I came across this article and was very disappointed in the blatant POV and numerous errors.

 * First off the article should not be called "Medicare", it should be "Health care in Canada" or whatever. "Medicare" says low-income government health assistance in the United States to most Canadians.

 * Prescription coverage is not universal in every province as is stated in the article. In Ontario, as the article on OHIP states, prescriptions are not covered outside of the hospital.  However, the Ontario Drug Benefit provides prescription coverage for anyone receiving public assistance payments, as well as everyone over the age of 65.  Private insurance (usually through an employer) provides prescription coverage for others.  The information about “Section 8” forms is oddly specific for this article and outdated.

 * There is a lot of background information missing as well. The “card” system, at least in Ontario, is a relatively recent development.  Prior to the early 1990s, an OHIP number was issued to a family, and each family member would use that number.  Most doctors kept these numbers on file, and there were no “health cards” per se (the “head” of the household would have a paper card with the OHIP number and names of family members).  To combat billing fraud, the “Health Card” was introduced in the early 1990s.  Since then, a card with a photograph (very similar to a driver’s license) is issued to each and every resident eligible for coverage (young children’s cards don’t have photographs).

 * Although it is true that routine (preventative) dental coverage is not provided by any provincial plans, emergency dental procedures are usually covered when an ER visit is required.

 * The note about vision testing seems out of place – the two-year rule was true in Ontario until 2004, and may be true of other provinces; it’s better to say that routine vision care coverage varies widely from province to province.

 * Cosmetic procedures undertaken for reasons of vanity are not covered. However some provinces cover cosmetic restoration procedures which may be required due to another medical condition (e.g., burns).

 * The opinion section needs to be excised for obvious reasons. It’s all opinion.

Geez I’m not even a quarter of the way through and it’s making my head hurt. I wouldn’t even know where to start on this mess. --69.157.122.126 06:08, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Whew. Tried to start on improving things but there is just so much wrong with this I can't decide where to start. Inconsistent capitalization, little wikification, poor writing style, inaccurate and wild speculation instead of facts, no real citations, need I go on? Please don’t anyone use this article as a source for anything! I give up. Maybe a night's sleep will inpsire me. --69.157.122.126 06:12, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Medicare Canada, Wikipedia, comment
The word 'Medicare' comes from the United States project of the 1960s

The Canadian health insurance plans have been named by Province, for example OHIP (Ontario), Assurance Maladie (Quebec).

I find your article acurate without question.

Thank you. kwd...

Keith Daniel Montreal, Canada ensign0 at vif dot com

There was a passage stating that employers with more than 20 workers have to offer health insurance in the United States. I believe that is inaccurate. Although some states are trying to pass reforms in requiring health insurance for employers with more than X workers, those are controversial. In fact they may violate the ERISA Federal law and are being challeneged. Even the so-called "Wal-mart" tax in Maryland is being challenged on ERISA grounds. There is one state that does require all employers to cover their employees: Hawaii. But, it is exempt from the ERISA, since its law was in effect before ERISA. ERISA See: http://hawaii.gov/labor/DO/phc_9-9-05/phc_9-9-05_files/frame.htm for information about Hawaii's "Prepaid Health Care Act" and it's exemption from ERISA requirements. Slide 11.

Use of the word Medicare in Canada
I first spoke up about this back in February of 2005, so I suppose its a bit late to be supporting my argument with some citations. Nonetheless, here's the definition from the Oxford English Dictionary and some dated citations:

Medicare-

b, a name of a similar scheme in Canada.
 * 1963, Times 25th Feb. (Canada suppl.) p. vi/6. The Canadian medicare problem must be seen against Canada’s geographical, economic and political background.
 * 1968, Globe and Mail 13 Feb. 1/7. Under the federal medicare legislation starting July 1 Ottawa will pick up half the average per capita cost.
 * 1971 Maclean’s Oct. 65/3…deterrent fees for Medicare.
 * 1974 Globe and Mail 2 Mar. 8/3 Saskatchewan, which introduced medicare amid stormy and turbulent summer days in 1961…

Now, here's the cover of an old CCF pamphlet.

As you can see, people have been using the term with respect to Canada since the early 60's. The current intro makes it sound somewhat like this is a recent Americanism. -Dhodges 18:12, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Regardless of word usage in the 60s and 70s, currently the term Medicare, although it does occur, is quite rare. "Medicare" is almost always used to refer to the US system and consequently has taken on a derogatory meaning.  Peter Grey 21:30, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

I don't agree; most people in the health care system refer to "Medicare" to refer to the services covered by the Canada Health Act.R2SBD (talk) 16:06, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Half-truth.
Just an observation.

Here in Canada the inabilty of the media to expose to the general public that the medicare system is not in fact a true public system reflects a conspiracy of sorts.

Well the leader of the Liberal Party, (did not reveal that she was married to a family doctor, who was head of the doctors union) and who reflected the spirit of restricting the supply of new doctors into the system.

A conspiracy ? No just simple politics !

This public system label to a system that is merely publically funded is one of the great half-truths of the modern era...and to see Mr.Ramanow spend millions and not see this simple half-truth, is rather bizarre.

--Son of Maryann Rosso and Arthur Natale Squitti 22:46, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

I sat next to the head of the doctors union, back in 1996 at a workshop on the future of health care in Canada.

We had listed a variety of 'options' to alleviate the doctor shortage in Canada, including recruiting foreign doctors. When it came his turn to communicate our thoughts to the 'workshop', he merely turned the page. It was then i realized the doctors union does not want more doctors, because it will reduce the income of doctors in the system.

Also note that back in 1989, I was attending a lunch with a cousin of mine, a doctor, born in Canada, taught in Italy. He wanted to return back to his city of birth as a doctor. When I mentioned this fact to a doctor, he was horrified that the city would have another Italian doctor. Doctors in Canada are self employed businessmen and under the current fee per visit, they, the doctors, most doctors, and especially the 'boys' at the top do not want competition.

You will not find these observations on sites because this is politically incorrect.

--Son of Maryann Rosso and Arthur Natale Squitti 19:19, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

My research on the 'Canadian Health System is dedicated to the memory of my mother, Mariann Squitti who was killed twice by the a system that is full of half-truths and lies.,,and to the tremendous amount of human suffering it caused my family and others...because of deceptive half-truths that conceal a system that rewards chaos...(and greed)

"Justice is mine sayth the Lord ".

--Caesar J. B. Squitti :  Son of Maryann Rosso and Arthur Natale Squitti 03:22, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Rearranging (or redirecting?) the page
The page seems to be a combination of several topics, some of which are already on other pages. Medicare, as noted, is another term for the services covered under the Canada Health Act definitions (and it is not clear why the dictionary definitions are necessary; could they be deleted?) There is another page on the Canada Health Act, to which those seeking that information could be directed. Then there is material on Canada's health care, which seems to overlap the page Health care in Canada. Much of this, as noted, seems to violate Wikipedia guidelines for balance. There is also some material on health reforms in the province of Ontario - which could use some updating, but might warrant its own page, or be put on the stub for the Ontario Ministry of Health. I have done some editing on the first sections, but have not yet touched the rest. Would it be appropriate for me to continue?R2SBD (talk) 16:47, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

PREMIUMS
Under "reforms," this article says that Ontario and Quebec use premiums. But according to the "Canada Health Act Annual Report 2006-2007," neither province has premiums. I haven't been able to find other online sources to clarify. Did Ontario and Quebec just adopt premiums after 2007, or is this a mistake in the article, or is there ambiguity about what "premium" means? It is my understanding that only Alberta and BC have "premiums." Lilyprof (talk) 05:54, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

The Liberal government of Ontario introduced the "Ontario Health Premium" in the 2004 budget with effect from July 1st, 2004. It is in fact a progressive income tax that is capped at $900 per year.

The Four Deuces (talk) 20:02, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

History
I would expect the medicare article to mention the history of medicare. Instead, a brief history is only to be found in the middle of the "Health care in Canada" page. Does anyone know more about the history? 128.135.191.205 (talk) 16:43, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I concur. History is usually the first thing to appear, and it's absence is conspicuous here. 128.54.254.102 (talk) 16:13, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

Terms to clarify.
Canada's Health care system is full of inaccurate terms. (half-truths)

1. Public system. NO Well no not really, it serves the public, it is paid for by the public but the services are provided by private enterprises, most doctors are incorporated as small businesses. Counries that have a true public system, supply and demand, have doctors on a salary system, directed to the government, not to a hospital who bills per services.

2. Private clinics. WE ALREADY HAVE THEM. Most all clinics are privately owned, today they bill the publically funded health system.

The suggestion is to have private clinics privately bill.

3. Doctors are paid for a service. NOT REALLY. To clarify, there are some services that are paid for, ie knee surgery, but most all doctor visits are not for the service, but for a visit. Short visit, long visit. If the visit is 5 seconds or 10 minutes the payment may be the same. (problem here it is not really a service as in to deal with one problem, but a visit)

There is alot of confusion by all those involved including the politicians who cannot grasp the details.

--Caesar J. B. Squitti :  Son of Maryann Rosso and Arthur Natale Squitti 04:33, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

inacurate
Hot Tubs for birthing in Canadian Hospitals? can somebody please clarify this? Maybe it is the case in different provinces, but in Ontario, and specifically, in GTA area there is only one hospital, where a hot tub is available to birthing mothers, and, as far as I know, it is never used, because of the cost cutting. Moreover, it is not available for the birth itself. To have a water-birth in Ontario, you need to rent a private tub, and this option is only available if a woman has a home birth —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.63.185.182 (talk) 23:35, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

Unofficial Name
The article begins: "The term medicare is the unofficial name for Canada's universal publicly funded health insurance system".

I have tagged this as uncited. A check of the four parties represented in Parliament shows that they all use the term "health care".
 * Conservatives: http://www.conservative.ca/EN/4739/78188
 * Liberals: http://www.cbcn.ca/en/?section=1&category=802&regionid=&page=5355
 * Bloc Quebecois: http://www.blocquebecois.org/fr/publications-english.asp
 * New Democrats: http://www.ndp.ca/platform/healthcare

Even the Libertarian Party of Canada calls it health care: http://www.libertarian.ca/english/positions-social-concerns.html

The Four Deuces (talk) 19:51, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

See these: So the term is not unheard of. Gimmetrow 20:16, 6 March 2009 (UTC)
 * http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/medi-assur/index-eng.php
 * http://archives.cbc.ca/health/health_care_system/topics/90/
 * http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/medicare/

That does not make it "the unofficial name". Also, the term medicare is more likely to mean "universal publicly funded health insurance" rather than "Canada's universal publicly funded health insurance system". The Four Deuces (talk) 21:48, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The article is at "Medicare (Canada)". How would you rephrase the disputed sentence? Gimmetrow 02:50, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

Ideally, this article would be specifically about Canada's health insurance system while Health care in Canada would be about the system as a whole. Incidentally, it seems to me that the platform documents cited for "health care" are also referring to the system as a whole. The term medicare has been around since the sixties -Dhodges (talk) 06:41, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

 * How about changing the first paragraph from:
 * The term medicare (in lowercase) (French: assurance-maladie) is the unofficial name for Canada's universal publicly funded health insurance system. The formal terminology for the insurance system is provided by the Canada Health Act and the health insurance legislation of the individual provinces and territories.
 * To:    The formal terminology for medicare in Canada is provided by the Canada Health Act and the health insurance legislation of the individual provinces and territories.

 * The term medicare in Canada carries no negative connotations and Canadians recognize that the country has medicare but is not a commonly used term. And Canadians are unlikely to talk about the national  system anyway.  Many would be even unaware that there is a system.  Furthermore, in New Brunswick and PEI where it is the formal name of the provincial program it could hardly be used informally for the national system.  Note too that the French word "assurance-maladie", literally "sickness insurance" is usually translated as "health insurance" not medicare.

 * It's like the difference between saying "The head of state is the unofficial name for the Queen of Canada" and "Canada's head of state is the Queen".

 * The Four Deuces (talk) 00:00, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

How about we just not get hung up on this point? Isn't the important thing that Wikipedia has an article on Canada's universal medical insurance? -Dhodges (talk) 14:17, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

MEDICARE
when did Medicare start in Canada —Preceding unsigned comment added by 156.34.84.44 (talk) 19:25, 7 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I was curious about this and so I had added to the article that it became national in 1966, However, individual states introduced it earlier. Thincat (talk) 10:38, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * An excellent question. I wanted the date the law passed, & I'm frankly astonished there's none mentioned, considering how important it was. When did it pass? (I confess, I'm a bit suspicious of 1966, too; I seem to recall '65, but by no means expert.)    TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  10:03, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

The governing legislation was passed in bits and pieces over a great many years see: Health policy The Canadian Encyclopedia. -Dhodges (talk) 15:02, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

Name change
There was a little concern about the name of the article above. Can I suggest we change the article from (one of) the unofficial names to the official name: Canada's Health Care System. DJ Clayworth (talk) 13:12, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Can you back up that this is the official name? The original objection suggested that Medicare is refers to the American system. My reading suggests that the Johnson Administration basically got their terminology from Canada. Meanwhile, medicare is a frequently used term for the Canadian system. Try doing a Google search. Incidentally, there is already a Health care in Canada article. You might look at the above section

Ideally, this article would just be about the Canadian health insurance system while Health care in Canada would be about the system as a whole. -Dhodges (talk) 20:25, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Medicare (Canada)


text: Category:Years in Australia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Years in Australia


text:
Biu–Mandara languages

The Biu–Mandara or Central Chadic languages of the Afro-Asiatic family are spoken in Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon.

A reconstruction of Proto-Central Chadic has been proposed by Gravina (2014).

Gravina (2014)
Gravina (2014) classifies Central Chadic as follows, as part of a reconstruction of the proto-language. Letters and numbers in parentheses correspond to branches in previous classifications. The greatest changes are breaking up and reassigning the languages of the old Mafa branch (A.5) and Mandage (Kotoko) branch (B.1).

 * Central Chadic
 * South
 * South
 * Bata (A.8)
 * Bata Proper: Bacama, Bata, Fali, Gude, Gudu, Holma (†), Jimi, Ngwaba (from A.1 Tera), Nzanyi, Sharwa
 * Tsuvan: Tsuvan, Zizilivakan
 * Daba (A.7)
 * Daba Proper: Daba, Mazagway Hidi
 * Mina: Mina, Mbudum
 * Buwal: Buwal, Gavar
 * Mafa (= South A.5 Mafa (d)): Mafa, Mefele, Cuvok
 * Tera (A.1):
 * East Tera: Boga, Ga'anda, Hwana
 * (West Tera): Jara, Tera
 * Sukur (A.6)
 * Hurza
 * Hurza (from A.5 Mafa): Vame, Mbuko
 * North
 * Margi–Mandara–Mofu
 * Margi (A.2)
 * Bura: Bura, Cibak, Putai, Nggwahyi
 * Margi Proper: Kilba, Margi South, Margi
 * Mandara (A.4):
 * Wandala: Mandara (Malgwa), Glavda
 * Dghwede: Cineni, Dghwede, Guduf, Gava, Gvoko
 * Podoko: Podoko, Matal (from A.5 Mafa)
 * Mofu (part of South A.5 Mafa)
 * Tokombere: Ouldeme, Mada, Muyang, Molokwo
 * Meri: Zulgo, Gemzek, Merey, Dugwor
 * Mofu Proper: Mofu North, Mofu-Gudur
 * Maroua
 * Maroua (part of South A.5 Mafa (c)): Giziga North, Giziga South, Mbazla
 * Lamang
 * Lamang (West A.4 Wandala): Lamang, Hdi, Mabas
 * Higi
 * Higi (A.3): Bana, Hya, Psikyɛ, Kamwe, Kirya-Konzel
 * Musgum – North Kotoko
 * Kotoko Island: Buduma
 * Kotoko North: Mpade, Afaɗə, Malgbe, Maltam
 * Musgum (B.2): Musgum, Mbara, Muskum (†)
 * Kotoko Centre
 * Kotoko Centre: Lagwan, Mser
 * Kotoko South
 * Kotoko South: Zina, Mazera
 * Gidar

Jilbe was not classified, as no sources were available.

Blench (2006)
The branches of Biu–Mandara traditionally go by either names or letters and numbers in an outline format. Blench (2006) organizes them as follows:

 * Biu–Mandara
 * Tera (A.1): Tera, Pidlimdi (Hinna), Jara, Ga'anda, Gabin, Boga, Ngwaba, Hwana
 * Bura–Higi
 * Bura (A.2): Bura-Pabir (Bura), Cibak (Kyibaku), Nggwahyi, Huba (Kilba), Putai (Marghi West), Marghi Central (Margi, Margi Babal), Marghi South
 * ? Kofa
 * Higi (A.3): Kamwə (Psikyɛ, Higi), Bana, Hya, ? Kirya-Konzəl
 * Wandala–Mafa
 * Wandala (Mandara) (A.4)
 * East: Wandala (Mura, Mandara, Malgwa), Glavda (Gəlvaxdaxa)
 * Parəkwa (Podoko)
 * West: Gəvoko, Guduf-Gava (Cineni), Dghweɗe, Hdi (Xədi, Hedi, Tur), Lamang, Woga, Vemgo, Mabas
 * Sukur (Sakwun, A.6)
 * Mafa (A.5)
 * Northeast Mafa: Vame (Pəlasla), Mbuko, Gaduwa
 * Matal (Muktele)
 * South Mafa
 * (a) Wuzlam (Ouldémé), Muyang, Maɗa, Məlokwo
 * (b) Zəlgwa-Minew, Gemzek, Ɗugwor, Mikere, Merey
 * (c) North Giziga, South Giziga, North Mofu, Mofu-Gudur (South Mofu), Baldemu (Mbazlam)
 * (d) Cuvok, Mafa, Mefele, Shügule
 * Daba (A.7)
 * North Daba: Buwal (Gadala), Gavar (Kortchi)
 * South Daba: Mina (Besleri, Hina), Daba (Mazagway), Mbədam
 * Bata (Gbwata) (A.8): Bacama, Bata (Gbwata), Sharwa, Tsuvan, Gude, Fali of Mubi, Zizilivakan (Ulan Mazhilvən, Fali of Jilbu), Jimi (Jimjimən), Gudu, Holma (†), Nzanyi
 * Mandage (Kotoko) (B.1)
 * South Mandage: Msər (Kousseri), Lagwan (Logone)
 * ? Jilbe
 * North Mandage: Afaɗə, Maslam, Malgbe (Gulfey), Mpadə
 * Buduma (Yedina)
 * East–Central
 * Gidar (Kaɗa)
 * Munjuk (B.2): Mbara, Muskum (Muzuk) (†), Mpus, Beege (Jafga), Vulum (Mulwi)
 * Mida'a (< B.1): Jina, Majəra

Newman (1977)
Central Chadic classification per Newman (1977):

Names and locations (Nigeria)
Below is a list of language names, populations, and locations (in Nigeria only) from Blench (2019).

Numerals
Comparison of numerals in individual languages:

title: Biu–Mandara languages


text:
Battle of Baxter Springs

The Battle of Baxter Springs, more commonly known as the Baxter Springs Massacre, was a minor battle of the American Civil War fought on 6 October 1863, near the present-day town of Baxter Springs, Kansas.

In late 1863, Quantrill's Raiders, a large band of pro-Confederate bushwhackers led by William Quantrill, was traveling south through Kansas along the Texas Road to winter in Texas. Numbering about 400, this group captured and killed two Union teamsters who had come from a small Federal Army post called Fort Baxter (frequently referred to as Fort Blair). The bushwhackers assaulted the fort but were repulsed, eventually retreating to the prairie, where they attacked a separate Union column, leaving only a few survivors.

Fight at the fort
Quantrill decided to attack Fort Baxter and divided his force into two columns, one under him and the other commanded by a subordinate, David Poole. Poole and his men proceeded down the Texas Road, where they encountered Union soldiers, most of whom were African Americans. They chased and attacked the Union troops, killing some before the soldiers reached the earth-and-log Fort Baxter. The garrison there consisted of about 25 cavalry and 65–70 infantry of the United States Colored Troops.

Poole's column attacked the fort, but the garrison fought them off. First Lieutenant James Burton Pond received the Medal of Honor for leading the defense of the fort. The citation for his Medal of Honor reads:

 * For extraordinary heroism on 6 October 1863, while serving with Company C, 3d Wisconsin Cavalry, in action at Baxter Springs, Kansas. While in command of two companies of Cavalry, First Lieutenant Pond was surprised and attacked by several times his own number of guerrillas, but gallantly rallied his men, and after a severe struggle drove the enemy outside the fortifications.. First Lieutenant Pond then went outside the works and, alone and unaided, fired a howitzer three times, throwing the enemy into confusion and causing him to retire.

The American flag remained standing over the fort thanks to the bravery of the 2nd Kansas Colored Infantry, who helped rally the federal soldiers.

Massacre of Blunt's column
Moving out onto the prairie, Quantrill's column encountered a Union detachment escorting Maj. Gen. James G. Blunt, who was moving his command headquarters south from Fort Scott, Kansas to Fort Smith, Arkansas. Quantrill's men greatly outnumbered the Union forces.

Wearing Federal uniforms and thereby taking the Federals by surprise, Quantrill's column killed most of the detachment, including many who attempted to surrender. Among the dead was a military band, Maj. Henry Z. Curtis (son of Maj. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis), and Johnny Fry (first official westbound rider of the Pony Express), a total of 103 men. Also killed was James R. O'Neill, an artist-correspondent for Leslie's Weekly. When a few men escaped to Fort Baxter, soldiers went out to search for survivors; there were few, but Blunt was among them.

After the massacre of Blunt's troops, Quantrill sent a demand ordering Pond to surrender the fort. Pond refused the surrender. Quantrill's subordinate, William T. Anderson, known as "Bloody Bill," wanted to attack the fort again, but Quantrill refused, and the guerrillas left for Texas.

Aftermath
Blunt was removed from command for failing to protect his column, but he was soon restored. Union supporters called the killings a massacre; the conflict at Baxter Springs was characteristic of the vicious Kansas–Missouri border warfare. Fort Baxter was temporarily reinforced, but by the end of 1863, the Union Army pulled its troops back to Fort Scott, which was better fortified. Before abandoning the fort, U.S. forces demolished it and removed everything usable to prevent use by the enemy. Quantrill and Anderson would continue to disagree on conducting warfare on the Kansas–Missouri border. In 1864, the two split their forces, limiting the bushwhackers' use to fighting in Missouri only.

Baxter Springs later developed as the first "cow town" in Kansas, a way station for cattle drives to markets and railroads further north. By 1875, it had a population estimated at 5,000.

title: Battle of Baxter Springs


text:
Rinoa Heartilly

Rinoa Heartilly (リノア・ハーティリー) is a character and the co-protagonist of Square's (now Square Enix) 1999 role-playing video game Final Fantasy VIII. She is a teenaged member of a resistance faction known as the Forest Owls. After she recruits protagonist Squall Leonhart and his friends, she decides to stay with his group and falls in love with Squall in the process. During their adventure, she is briefly possessed by the evil sorceress Ultimecia and becomes a sorceress herself once the spirit leaves her body. After defeating Ultimecia, Rinoa and Squall become a couple. Rinoa has also made cameo appearances in other Final Fantasy and Square Enix games.

Character artist Tetsuya Nomura designed her to be cute, not beautiful, as he wanted to create a character whose personality would leave an impression on the player. He felt that the more realistic graphical capabilities the original PlayStation could provide, along with advances like full motion video, made female characters too beautiful and was overshadowing their personalities. The design team set out from the beginning to make Rinoa's clothing more realistic than past Final Fantasy games.

Critics and players alike have praised Rinoa for her personality and her beauty. They also praised her romance with Squall, calling both their relationship and Final Fantasy VIII one of the most romantic Final Fantasy titles. Some reviewers, however, called their relationship forced and criticized that they expressed their feelings so late in the story.

Character design

Character artist Tetsuya Nomura found Rinoa the hardest character to design in Final Fantasy VIII. Nomura emphasized that he tried to avoid letting the possibilities presented by the recent advancements in full-motion video technology become the entire focus. He believed that these innovations might tempt developers to make their female characters "too beautiful" and focus more on physical appearance than personality. With this concern in mind, Nomura set out to avoid making Rinoa gorgeous and simply make her "cute" instead. To further emphasize this, he wrote a list of vocabulary traits and physical habits for Rinoa's character that he felt conveyed this idea of "cute, not gorgeous", and sent them to scenario writer Kazushige Nojima along with the character's design.

Designers also based Rinoa's appearance on feedback Nojima got after developing Final Fantasy VII. The women on the development team wanted a different design as they were concerned it was not realistic for a female character to fight in a miniskirt. Yoshinori Kitase, the director of Final Fantasy VIII, designed the game's logo, which shows a male and female character embracing. Kitase wanted to make fans curious about why the couple was embracing. The games' Event Director Hiroki Chiba said that his favorite moment in the Final Fantasy franchise was Squall and Rinoa's embrace with Faye Wong's "Eyes On Me" playing. Chiba listened to the song many times to make the scene's action line up precisely.

For the Kingdom Hearts series, some parts of Squall's design were changed to reference Rinoa's, most notably the wings in his jacket. Nomura stated that the reason Rinoa did not appear in the franchise was because he did not have a clear understanding of Rinoa's personality. Rinoa's first voiced appearance was in Dissidia Final Fantasy NT, with Kana Hanazawa providing her voice in Japanese, and Skyler Davenport performing the English version.

In Final Fantasy VIII
Rinoa Heartilly is the 17-year-old daughter of General Caraway, a high-ranking officer in the Galbadian army, and Julia Heartilly, a famous singer. Over the course of the game, she falls in love with the protagonist, Squall Leonhart. Rinoa is a member of the "Forest Owls", a tiny resistance faction seeking to liberate the small nation of Timber from Galbadian occupation. She is called the "princess" of the group. Rinoa first meets Squall at the SeeD inauguration ball at Balamb Garden. During the dance, she manages to charm the usually antisocial Squall into dancing with her. She then hires Squall and his mercenary friends Zell Dincht and Selphie Tilmitt to fight for the Forest Owls. After failing to assassinate Sorceress Edea for her crimes against Timber, the Forest Owls escape the sorceress and Rinoa decides to stay with the group.

While at the Fishermans Horizon, she shares a moment with Squall during a concert performed by other members of her group. Later on, the evil Sorceress Ultimecia possesses Rinoa after losing control of Edea, which causes Rinoa to fall into a coma-like state. Ultimecia then uses Rinoa to release Sorceress Adel from her orbital prison. Ultimecia then possesses Adel and leaves Rinoa to die. Squall rescues her and the two share another personal moment on the Ragnarok spaceship. Rinoa discovers that she now has Edea's magical powers from her time possessed by Ultimecia, making her a Sorceress as well. Fearful of sorceresses, the Esthar government imprisons her but Squall convinces himself to rescue her. During the game's ending, she reunites with Squall and kisses him on the Balamb Garden balcony for the first time.

Other appearances
Rinoa appears in Square's and Sony's PlayStation 2 technology demo. Originally a pre-rendered video, the demo recreated the ballroom dance scene in real-time. She appears in several other games, such as the 2012 rhythm video game Theatrhythm Final Fantasy and in the role-playing video game Puzzle & Dragons as part of a Final Fantasy collaboration. Her outfits are available for players to put on their characters in the video game Gunslinger Stratos 2. Rinoa, accompanied by her pet dog Angelo, appears as a playable character in Dissidia Final Fantasy NT. Rinoa and Angelo are also available for recruitment in the free-to-play mobile game Dissidia Opera Omnia.

Reception
Rinoa Heartilly has been mostly well received by video game critics and the general public. Japanese fans voted Rinoa as the tenth favorite female Final Fantasy character in an official Square Enix survey in 2013. In 2020 NHK conducted an All-Final Fantasy Grand Poll of Japanese players, with Rinoa ranked as the thirty fifth greatest Final Fantasy character by Japanese respondents. David Smith at IGN UK regarded her as one of the franchises' most memorable characters.

Natalie Flores from Paste Magazine praised her character arc as Rinoa starts as a pacifist heroine and becomes motivated to aid SeeD to defeat Edea and Ultimecia. Mike Gorby, writing for Goomba Stomp, observed that Rinoa subverts gender stereotypes and roles expected of a typical female character and compared her favorably to Squall as he found her more realistic. When Game Revolution's Johnny Liu expressed the wish that the game had voice acting, he specifically mentioned Rinoa. She has been noted due to her beauty by multiple video game publications. IGN's Justin Kaehler and Naomi Cheung remembered the "hot" Rinoa as one of the game's main strengths. GamesRadar described her as "rough around the polygonal edges", but also "feminine enough to make fanboys latch on for years to come".

Some critics focused on the relationship between Rinoa and Squall. IGN noted that their first dance together was both cute and awkward. Aneni Soren of RPGamer wrote a feature article about the "great" relationship between Squall and Rinoa. Jenni Lada of TechnologyTell ranked Final Fantasy VIII as the third most romantic Final Fantasy game. IGN's Ryan Clements called Final Fantasy VIII "one of the best examples of the innocent relationship" based on how subtle it was. IGN UK also ranked the pair as one of the best romances in Final Fantasy and gaming in general. RPGFan found their relationship complicated to like as despite Rinoa's being easygoing with Squall on their first meetings with the protagonist, the fact that she previously dated the antagonistic Seifer made it complicated to take Rinoa properly and instead cannot find himself able to flirt with Rinoa back.

On the other hand, Charlie Barratt of GamesRadar listed her as an example of "lazy character cliches". Ashley Reed of GamesRadar criticized the over-reliance of Rinoa's character on the damsel in distress cliche, alongside other traits that made the character unlikable. Brett Elston, also from GamesRadar, believed her character was too stereotypical. Elston opined that the couple's relationship was a "most forced, uninteresting romance" comparing them to the main cast from the film Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones. IGN's Jeff Lundigran criticized that they did not express their feelings until late in the game and that players expected more romance from the game's promotional images. Reflecting on the divisive reception received, Flores from Paste Magazine called them the most misunderstood characters in the Final Fantasy series.

A popular fan theory about the game was that the overarching antagonist of Final Fantasy VIII, Ultimecia, is Rinoa from the future. Reed also included the theory of Rinoa being Ultimecia on the list of top nine lingering plotlines in video games. According to Glenn Morrow of RPGamer, most of the arguments in favor of it have potential but also opined that the theory is "in no way" plausible. Kitase debunked this theory when interviewed during the PAX West 2017 event, conceding that while there are similarities, such as both being sorceresses, they are not the same person.

Legacy
According to Official PlayStation Magazine, "the Final Fantasy VIII characters have certainly been embraced by the Japanese gaming public. At the Tokyo Game Show [1999], there were hundreds of people dressed up as Final Fantasy VIII characters", including Rinoa. Scenario writer Kazushige Nojima said that "it is scary to think about the impact that a game can give to the society". Art director Yusuke Naora also said that "I sometimes really admire them for the time, energy, and money they spent on the costumes". Rinoa, an English post-metal group active from 2007 to 2010, was named after the Final Fantasy character. The 2010 film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World includes a dream sequence referencing a similar scene involving Squall and Rinoa at the end of the game. In 2011, American beauty YouTuber Michelle Phan made a tutorial on how to recreate Rinoa Heartilly's make-up.

title: Rinoa Heartilly


text:
Testbed

A testbed (also spelled test bed) is a platform for conducting rigorous, transparent, and replicable testing of scientific theories, computing tools, and new technologies.

The term is used across many disciplines to describe experimental research and new product development platforms and environments. They may vary from hands-on prototype development in manufacturing industries such as automobiles (known as "mules"), aircraft engines or systems and to intellectual property refinement in such fields as computer software development shielded from the hazards of testing live.

Software development
In software development, testbedding is a method of testing a particular module (function, class, or library) in an isolated fashion. It may be used as a proof of concept or when a new module is tested apart from the program or system, it will later be added to. A skeleton framework is implemented around the module so that the module behaves as if already part of the larger program.

A typical testbed could include software, hardware, and networking components. In software development, the specified hardware and software environment can be set up as a testbed for the application under test. In this context, a testbed is also known as the test environment made of:
 * Testing hardware equipment (test bench, optical table, custom testing rig, dummy equipment as simulates an actual product or its counterpart, external environment means, like showers, heaters, fans, vacuum chamber, anechoic chamber).
 * Computing equipment (processing units, data centers, in-line FPGA, environment simulation equipment).
 * Testing software (DAQ / oscilloscopes, visualisation and testing software, environment software to feed a dummmy equipment with data).

Testbeds are also pages on the Internet where the public are given the opportunity to test CSS or HTML they have created and want to preview the results, for example:
 * The Arena web browser was created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and CERN for testing HTML3, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), Portable Network Graphics (PNG) and the libwww.
 * The Line Mode browser got a new function to interact with the libwww library as a sample and test application.
 * The libwww was also created to test network communication protocols which are under development or to experiment with new protocols.

Aircraft development
In aircraft development there are also examples of testbed use like in development of new aircraft engines when these are fitted to a testbed aircraft for flight testing. Such usage of testbeds was originally pioneered by Rolls Royce in their development of jet engines.

title: Testbed


text:
User talk:Ikester8

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Nomination of Certified Health Physicist for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Certified Health Physicist is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Certified Health Physicist until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. I like to saw logs! (talk) 04:50, 15 March 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ikester8


text: Category:Somerset County, Maine

title: Category:Somerset County, Maine


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Lawrence Massacre

The Lawrence Massacre (also known as Quantrill's Raid) was an attack during the American Civil War (1861–65) by Quantrill's Raiders, a Confederate guerrilla group led by William Quantrill, on the Unionist town of Lawrence, Kansas, killing around 150 unarmed men and boys.

The attack, on the morning of Friday August 21, 1863, targeted Lawrence due to the town's long support of abolition and its reputation as a center for the Jayhawkers, who were free-state militia and vigilante groups known for attacking plantations in pro-slavery Missouri's western counties.

Background
By 1863, Kansas had long been the center of strife and warfare over the admission of slave states versus free states.

In the summer of 1856, the first sacking of Lawrence sparked a guerrilla war in Kansas that lasted for years. John Brown might be the best-known participant in the violence of the late 1850s, participating on the abolitionist or Jayhawker side, but numerous groups fought for each side during the "Bleeding Kansas" period.

By the beginning of the American Civil War, Lawrence was already a target for pro-slavery ire, having been seen as the anti-slavery stronghold in the state and, more importantly, a staging area for Unionist and Jayhawker incursions into Missouri. Initially, the town and surrounding area were extremely vigilant and reacted strongly to rumors that enemy forces might be advancing on the town. By the summer of 1863, none of the threats had materialized, so citizen fears had declined, and defense preparations were relaxed.

Retaliation for Jayhawker attacks
Lawrence was a headquarters for a band of Jayhawkers (sometimes called "Red Legs"), who had initiated a campaign in late March 1863 with the purported objective to eliminate civilian support for the Confederate guerrillas. In describing the activities of these soldiers, U.S. Army General Blunt stated, "'A reign of terror was inaugurated, and no man's property was safe, nor was his life worth much if he opposed them in their schemes of plunder and robbery.'" Indeed, many Jayhawker leaders like Charles "Doc" Jennison, James Montgomery, and George Henry Hoyt terrorized Western Missouri, angering both pro-slavery and anti-slavery civilians and politicians alike. The historian Albert Castel thus concludes that revenge was the primary motive, followed by a desire to plunder.

The survivors confirmed the retaliatory nature of the attack on Lawrence. According to Castel, "'The universal testimony of all the ladies and others who talked with the butchers of the 21st ult. is that these demons claimed they were here to revenge the wrongs done their families by our men under Lane, Jennison, Anthony and Co.'" Charles L. Robinson, the first Governor of Kansas and an eyewitness to the raid, also characterized the attack as an act of vengeance: "'Before this raid the entire border counties of Missouri had experienced more terrible outrages than ever the Quantrill raid at Lawrence... There was no burning of feet and torture by hanging in Lawrence as there was in Missouri, neither were women and children outraged.'" Robinson explained that Quantrill targeted Lawrence because Jayhawkers had attacked Missouri "as soon as war broke out" and Lawrence was "headquarters for the thieves and their plunder."

Quantrill said his motivation for the attack was "to plunder, and destroy the town in retaliation for Osceola." That was a reference to the Union's attack on Osceola, Missouri in September 1861, led by Senator James H. Lane. Osceola was plundered, and nine men were given a drumhead court-martial trial and executed.

Collapse of the Women's Prison in Kansas City
The collapse of the Women's Prison in Kansas City is also often believed to have inspired some to join in on the attack. In a bid to put down the Missouri guerrilla raiders operating in Kansas, General Thomas Ewing, Jr. issued in April 1863 "General Order No. 10," which ordered the arrest of anyone giving aid or comfort to Confederate guerrillas. This meant chiefly women or girls who were relatives of the guerrillas. Ewing confined those arrested in makeshift prisons in Kansas City. The women were sequentially housed in two buildings which were considered either too small or too unsanitary, before being moved to an empty property at 1425 Grand. This structure was part of the estate of the deceased Robert S. Thomas, George Caleb Bingham's father-in-law. In 1861 Bingham and his family were living in the structure, but in early 1862 after being appointed treasurer of the state of Missouri, he and his family relocated to Jefferson City. Bingham had added a third story to the existing structure to use as a studio.

At least ten women or girls, all under the age of 20, were incarcerated in the building when it collapsed on August 13, 1863, killing four: Charity McCorkle Kerr, Susan Crawford Vandever, Armenia Crawford Selvey, and Josephine Anderson—the 15-year-old sister of William T. "Bloody Bill" Anderson. A few days later, Nannie Harris died from her wounds. Survivors of the collapse included Jenny Anderson (crippled by the accident), Susan Anne Mundy Womacks, Martha "Mattie" Mundy, Lucinda "Lou" Mundy Gray, Elizabeth Harris (later married to Deal), and Mollie Grindstaff. Anderson's 13-year-old sister, who was shackled to a ball-and-chain inside the jail, suffered multiple injuries including two broken legs. Rumors circulated (later promulgated by Bingham who held a personal grudge against Ewing and who would seek financial compensation for the loss of the building) that the guards undermined the structure to cause its collapse. A 1995 study of the events and affidavits surrounding the collapse concludes this is "the least plausible of the theories." Instead, testimony indicated that alterations to the first floor of the adjoining Cockrell structure for use as a barracks caused the common wall to buckle. The weight of the third story on the former Bingham residence contributed to the resultant collapse.

Even before the collapse of the jail, the arrest and planned deportation of the girls had enraged Quantrill's guerrillas; George Todd left a note for General Ewing threatening to burn Kansas City unless the girls were freed. While Quantrill's raid on Lawrence was planned before the collapse of the jail, the deaths of the guerrillas' female relatives undoubtedly added to their thirst for revenge and blood lust during the raid.

Attack
The attack was the product of careful planning. Quantrill had gained the confidence of many of the leaders of independent Bushwhacker groups and chose the day and time of the attack well in advance. Different Missouri rider groups approached Lawrence from the east in several independent columns. They converged with well-timed precision in the final miles before Lawrence during the pre-dawn hours of the chosen day. Many of the men had been riding for over 24 hours to make the rendezvous and had lashed themselves to their saddles to keep riding if they fell asleep. Almost all were armed with multiple six-shot revolvers.

Henry Thompson, a black servant from Hesper, attempted to run on foot to Lawrence to warn the town of hundreds of raiders making their way toward Lawrence. Thompson made it as far as Eudora, Kansas before stopping from exhaustion. An unidentified man riding a chaise nearby rode by to ask Thompson if he needed help. Thompson replied that he had run from Hesper and needed to warn Lawrence. While Thompson and the man on the chaise were able to gather some Eudorans to ride into Lawrence to warn the city to the west, none of them made it in time.

Around 450 guerrillas arrived on the outskirts of Lawrence shortly after 5 a.m. A small squad was dispatched to the summit of Mount Oread to serve as lookouts, and the remainder rode into town. One of the first deaths was the pastor and lieutenant of the 2nd Kansas Colored Regiment, Samuel S. Snyder, who was outside milking his cows when he was shot by the passing raiders, who were making their way into town. Snyder's death was witnessed by his longtime friend Reverend Hugh Fisher. Their initial focus was the Eldridge House, a large brick hotel in the heart of Lawrence. After gaining control of the building (which then served as Quantrill's headquarters during the raid), Quantrill's force broke into smaller groups that fanned out throughout the town. Over four hours, the raiders pillaged and burned a quarter of the buildings in Lawrence, including all but two businesses. They looted most of the banks and stores in town and killed over 150 people, all of them men and boys. According to an 1897 account, among the dead, were 18 of 23 unmustered army recruits. By 9 a.m., the raiders were on their way out of town, evading the few units that came in pursuit, and eventually splitting up to avoid Union pursuit of a unified column into Missouri.

Some families attempted to make the run towards Mount Oread in a last-ditch flight for safety.

The raid was less of a battle and more of a mass execution. Two weeks before the attack, a Lawrence newspaper had boasted, "Lawrence has ready for any emergency over five hundred fighting men...every one of who would like to see [Quantrill's raiders]". However, a squad of soldiers temporarily stationed in Lawrence had returned to Fort Leavenworth, and due to the surprise, swiftness, and fury of the initial assault, the local militia was unable to assemble and mount a defense. Most of those Quantrill and his raiders killed were not carrying any weapon. Before the Lawrence Massacre, a previous attack on Lawrence, the Sacking of Lawrence, saw the pro-slavery attackers, led by Samuel J. Jones, a pro-slavery Missourian who served as Sheriff of Douglas County, demanding that the citizens of Lawrence give up their firearms to the raiders. Many citizens initially refused, but by the end of the sacking itself, many in Lawrence were left without a weapon of any sort, which, along with the swiftness of the Lawrence Massacre later on, saw Lawrence left defenseless against the attack.

Because revenge was a principal motive for the attack, Quantrill's raiders entered Lawrence with lists of men to be killed and buildings to be burned. Senator James H. Lane was at the top of the list. Lane was a military leader and chief political proponent of the jayhawking raids that had cut a swath of death, plundering, and arson through western Missouri (including the destruction of Osceola) in the early months of the Civil War. Lane escaped death by racing through a cornfield in his nightshirt. John Speer, who Lane had put into the newspaper business, was one of Lane's chief political backers and was also on the list. Speer likewise escaped execution, but two of his sons were killed in the raid. (One of Speer's sons may have been the same John L. Speer that appeared on a list of Red Legs previously issued by the Union military. ) Speer's youngest son, 15-year-old Billy, may have been included on the death lists, but Quantrill's men released him after he gave them a false name. (Billy Speer later shot one of the raiders during their exit from Lawrence, causing one of the few casualties among Quantrill's command while in Lawrence.) Charles L. Robinson, first governor of Kansas and a prominent abolitionist, may also have been on the list, although he was not killed. This according to Richard Cordley, a minister in Lawrence and a survivor of the attack:

"Ex-Governor Charles Robinson was an object of special search among them. He was one of the men they particularly wanted. During the whole time they were in town he was in his large stone barn on the hillside. He had just gone to the barn to get his team to drive out into the country, when he saw them come in and saw them make their first charge. He concluded to remain where he was. The barn overlooked the whole town, and he saw the affair from beginning to end. Gangs of raiders came by several times and looked at the barn and went round it, but it looked so much like a fort, that they kept out of range."

Cordley was also on the list of men Quantrill wanted to kill. In some of his writings, Quantrill later lamented that he did not kill Cordley, "The Abolition Preacher."

While many of the victims had been specifically targeted beforehand, executions were more indiscriminate among segments of the raiders, particularly Todd's band that operated in the western part of Lawrence. The men and boys riding with "Bloody Bill" Anderson also accounted for a disproportionate number of the Lawrence dead. The raid devolved into extreme brutality; according to witnesses, the raiders murdered a group of men and their sons who had surrendered under assurances of safety, murdered a father who was in a field with his son, shot a defenseless man who was lying sick in bed, killed an injured man who was being held by his pleading wife, and bound a pair of men and forced them into a burning building where they slowly burned to death. Another dramatic story was told in a letter written on September 7, 1863, by H.M. Simpson, whose entire family narrowly escaped death by hiding in a nearby cornfield as the massacre raged all around them:

"My father was very slow to get into the cornfield. He was so indignant at the ruffians that he was unwilling to retreat before them. My little children were in the field three hours. They seemed to know that if they cried the noise would betray their parents whereabouts, and so they kept as still as mice. The baby was very hungry & I gave her an ear of raw green corn which she ate ravenously."

Many have characterized Quantrill's decision to kill young boys alongside adult men as a particularly reprehensible aspect of the raid. Bobbie Martin is generally cited as being the youngest victim; some histories of the raid state he could have been as young as ten to twelve years old, while others state he was fourteen. Most accounts state he was wearing a Union soldier uniform or clothing made from his father's uniform; some state he was carrying a musket and cartridges.

Aftermath
Once the confederates withdrew to the southeast, Lane led a small group of survivors of the massacre in pursuit of Quantrill's men and was joined by a force of about 200 U.S. Army cavalrymen, commanded by Major Preston B. Plumb. They overtook the raiders south of the town of Brooklyn, Kansas and fought the first of several engagements, beginning with the Skirmish near Brooklyn, Kansas.

The Lawrence massacre was one of the bloodiest events in the history of Kansas. The Plymouth Congregational Church in Lawrence survived the attack, but a number of its members were killed and records destroyed. Cordley, the pastor at Plymouth, said to his congregation a few days after the attack, "My friends, Lawrence may seem dead, but she will rise again in a more glorious resurrection. Our ranks have been thinned by death, but let us 'close-up' and hold the ground [of Kansas]. The conflict may not be ended, but the victory must be ours. We may perish but the principles for which we contend will live."

A day after the attack, some of the surviving citizens of Lawrence lynched a member of Quantrill's Raiders who was caught in the town. On August 25, General Ewing authorized General Order No. 11 (not to be confused with Grant's infamous General Order of the same name) evicting thousands of Missourians in four counties from their homes near the Kansas border. Virtually everything in these counties was then systematically burned to the ground. The action was carried out by the infamous Jayhawker, Charles "Doc" Jennison. Jennison's raids into Missouri were thorough and indiscriminate. They left four counties in western Missouri wasted, save for the standing brick chimneys of the two-story period houses, which are still called "Jennison Monuments" in those parts.

George Miller, a Missouri abolitionist and preacher, described the role of the Lawrence Massacre in the region's descent into the horror of total war on the civilian populations of both eastern Kansas and western Missouri:

"Viewed in any light, the Lawrence Raid will continue to be held, as the most infamous event of the uncivil war! The work of destruction did not stop in Kansas. The cowardly criminality of this spiteful reciprocity lay in the fact that each party knew, but did not care, that the consequences of their violent acts would fall most heavily upon their own helpless friends. Jenison in 1861 rushed into Missouri when there was no one to resist, and robbed and killed and sneaked away with his spoils and left the union people of Missouri to bear the vengeance of his crimes. Quantrell [sic] in 1863 rushed into Lawrence, Kansas, when there was no danger, and killed and robbed and sneaked off with his spoils, leaving helpless women and children of his own side to bear the dreadful vengeance invoked by that raid. So the Lawrence raid was followed by swift and cruel retribution, falling, as usual in this border warfare, upon the innocent and helpless, rather than the guilty ones. Quantrell [sic] left Kansas with the loss of one man. The Kansas troops followed him, at a respectful distance, and visited dire vengeance on all western Missouri. Unarmed old men and boys were accused and shot down, and homes with their now meagre comforts were burned, and helpless women and children turned out with no provision for the approaching winter. The number of those killed was never reported, as they were scattered all over western Missouri."

After the attack, Quantrill led his men south to Texas for the winter. By the next year, the raiders had disintegrated as a unified force and could not achieve similar successes. Quantrill died of wounds he received in Kentucky in 1865, with only a few staunch supporters left. Among those who remained by his side were Frank James and his younger brother, Jesse James.

After Quantrill's attack, the U.S. Army erected several military posts on Mount Oread (of which a few were named Camp Ewing, Camp Lookout, and Fort Ulysses) to keep guard over the rebuilt city. No further attacks were made on Lawrence, and these installations were eventually abandoned and dismantled after the war.

In popular culture

 * The Lawrence massacre is a central episode in Wildwood Boys (William Morrow: New York, 2000), a biographical novel about Bloody Bill Anderson by James Carlos Blake.
 * The battle is also depicted in the Steven Spielberg-produced 2005 miniseries Into the West and in Ang Lee's 1999 film Ride with the Devil, as well as the Audie Murphy western Kansas Raiders (1950).
 * The 1940 film Dark Command, based on a novel of the same name, is a fictionalized account of the events in much more of a classic B-movie western style. The film bore no resemblance to the events of history.
 * The 1979 TV movie The Legend of the Golden Gun was about chasing down Quantrill and had some fiction in about Custer.
 * There is a section in Charles Portis's 1968 book, True Grit in which the characters Marshal Rooster Cogburn and Texas Ranger LaBoeuf argue about Quantrill. LaBoeuf calls him a murderer; Cogburn, who "rode with" Quantrill, calls him a patriot. LaBoeuf ends the argument after Cogburn refers to "Captain Quantrill," ridiculing the title: "Captain of what?" This conversation later appeared in the 1969 and 2010 films.
 * In Telltale's 2012 video game The Walking Dead, Quantrill's raid is mentioned as two characters, Lee and Omid, bond over Civil War history.
 * In "Weekend Warriors" the 6th episode of season 1 of Psych, originally aired August 11, 2006, a reenactment of the battle in Lawrence, KS, where Quantrill is killed is the scene for the murder that is the focus of the episode.
 * The 1968 movie Bandolero! references the event.

title: Lawrence Massacre


text:
John Buck (baseball)

Johnathan Richard Buck (born July 7, 1980) is an American former professional baseball catcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals, Toronto Blue Jays, Florida/Miami Marlins, New York Mets, Pittsburgh Pirates, Seattle Mariners and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. He went to high school in Taylorsville, Utah.

Houston Astros
Buck was initially drafted by the Houston Astros in the 7th round of the 1998 Amateur Draft. He was signed to a minor league contract on June 11, 1998.

By 2002, Buck was highly regarded for his defensive ability, becoming one of the game's top minor league catchers and 68th top prospect in all of baseball. In 2003, Buck moved farther up prospect lists. He was listed as the 21st-best prospect in baseball by John Sickels.

Kansas City Royals
On June 24, 2004, the Astros traded him to the Kansas City Royals as part of a three-way deal to acquire Carlos Beltrán, sending Buck and cash to Kansas City and Octavio Dotel to the Oakland Athletics. Mark Teahen and Mike Wood went from the Athletics to the Royals as well. The Royals immediately put Buck in their starting lineup, replacing injured veteran Benito Santiago. Buck made his major league debut on June 25. Although he initially appeared overmatched by major-league pitching—his batting average reached a low of .138 on July 7—he impressed the team with his defensive ability and his handling of pitchers. His hitting improved with time, and by September 25 he had raised his average to .243 with 12 home runs, and 30 RBIs.

In 2006, Buck fought with teammate Runelvys Hernández in the Royals dugout during a game against the Indians.

Toronto Blue Jays
On December 16, 2009, Buck signed a one-year contract with the Toronto Blue Jays worth $2 million. On April 29, 2010. Buck hit 3 home runs in a single game against the Oakland Athletics. Buck was elected to the 2010 American League All-Star team on July 4, along with fellow Blue Jays Vernon Wells and José Bautista. In his first All-Star Game, he went 1–2 with a double. Buck finished his only season in Toronto with career-highs in batting average (.281), hits (115), home runs (20), RBI (66), doubles (25), slugging percentage (.489), and on-base plus slugging (.802).

Florida/Miami Marlins
Buck agreed to a three-year contract with the Florida Marlins worth $18 million on November 15, 2010. The deal was confirmed on November 17, 2010. In his first game with the Marlins, he hit a grand slam off New York Mets pitcher Mike Pelfrey.

In 2011, he had the lowest percentage of runners caught stealing of all major league catchers, at 17%.

In 2012, Buck hit .192/.297/.347 with 12 home runs and 41 RBI in 106 games while throwing out 27% of runners.

New York Mets
On November 19, 2012, Buck was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays along with Josh Johnson, José Reyes, Mark Buehrle, and Emilio Bonifacio, in exchange for Jeff Mathis, Adeiny Hechavarria, Henderson Álvarez, Yunel Escobar, Jake Marisnick, Anthony DeSclafani, and Justin Nicolino. On December 17, 2012, the Blue Jays traded him, Noah Syndergaard, Travis d'Arnaud, and Wuilmer Becerra to the New York Mets for R. A. Dickey, Josh Thole, and Mike Nickeas.

Buck began 2013 as the starting catcher, with Anthony Recker as his backup. After a great April in which he hit .241/.269/.575 with 9 home runs and 25 RBI, Buck cooled down some. On August 17, Buck was placed on paternity leave, and he was replaced on the roster by the catcher he was traded with, Travis d'Arnaud. d'Arnaud took the starting role when Buck returned, and Buck would soon be traded.

Pittsburgh Pirates
On August 27, 2013, Buck and Marlon Byrd were traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates in exchange for infield prospect Dilson Herrera and a player to be named later, identified on August 29 as Vic Black. He finished the season as the backup to Russell Martin. In 110 games total (9 with Pittsburgh), he hit .219/.285/.362 with 15 home runs and 62 RBI.

Seattle Mariners
On January 14, 2014, Buck agreed to a 1-year, $1 million deal with the Seattle Mariners. He was projected to split time at catcher with Humberto Quintero and Mike Zunino. On July 7, Buck's 34th birthday, the Mariners designated him for assignment. After clearing waivers unclaimed, Buck became a free agent.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Buck was signed to a minor league contract by the Los Angeles Angels on July 21, 2014. He was assigned to the Triple-A Salt Lake Bees. The Angels designated Buck for assignment on October 7, 2014, after claiming Alfredo Marte and Roger Kieschnick on waivers. He rejected an assignment to Triple-A, becoming a free agent.

Retirement
In January 2015, Buck agreed to a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves. The contract included an invitation to major-league spring training. Buck was expected to start the 2015 season at Triple-A. However, on March 26, he announced that he was retiring from baseball.

Personal life
Buck's wife Brooke gave birth to twins twelve weeks prematurely in May 2008. The twins' names are Cooper and Brody. In August 2013, his wife gave birth to their third son, Bentley.

In December 2011, Buck assisted in rescuing two elderly women from an overturned car in Sunrise, Florida.

title: John Buck (baseball)