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Aldo Ray

Aldo Ray (born Aldo Da Re; September 25, 1926 – March 27, 1991) was an American actor of film and television. He began his career as a contract player for Columbia Studios before achieving stardom through his roles in The Marrying Kind, Pat and Mike (which earned him a Golden Globe nomination), Let's Do It Again, and Battle Cry. His athletic build and gruff, raspy voice saw him frequently typecast in "tough guy" roles throughout his career, which lasted well into the late 1980s. Though the latter part of his career was marked by appearances in low-budget B-movies and exploitation films, he still appeared occasionally in higher-profile features, including The Secret of NIMH (1982) and The Sicilian (1987).

Early life and education
Ray was born Aldo Da Re in Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania, to an Italian family with five brothers (Mario, Guido, Dante, Dino, and Louis) and one sister (Regina). His brother Mario Da Re (1933-2010) lettered in football at USC from 1952 to 1954 and appeared as a contestant on the May 12, 1955, edition of Groucho Marx's NBC-TV quiz show You Bet Your Life. His family moved to the small town of Crockett, California, when Aldo was four years old. His father worked as a laborer at the C&H Sugar Refinery, the largest employer in the town. He attended John Swett High School, where he made the football team; he also coached swimming.

At age 18, during World War II in 1944, Ray entered the United States Navy, serving as a frogman until 1946; he saw action at Okinawa with UDT-17. Upon leaving the Navy in May 1946, he returned to Crockett. He studied and played football at Vallejo Junior College and then entered the University of California at Berkeley to study political science. (Ray later described himself as an "arch conservative" and a "right-winger". ) He left college in order to run for the office of constable of the Crockett Judicial District in Contra Costa County, California. "I always knew I was going to be a big man, but I thought it would be in politics," he said.

Saturday's Hero
In April 1950 Columbia Studios sent a unit to San Francisco to look for some athletes to appear in a film they were making called Saturday's Hero (1951). Aldo's brother Guido saw an item in the San Francisco Chronicle about the auditions and asked his brother to drive him there. Director David Miller was more interested in Ray than in his brother because of his voice; also, Ray was comfortable talking to the camera owing to his political experience. He later recalled, "They... said, 'What's wrong with your voice kid? Are you sick? If you're sick you don't belong here.' I said, 'No, no, no, this is the way I've always spoken.' And they loved it." Ray would later retell this story in the trailer for Pat and Mike.

Ray signed a contract and was sent to Los Angeles for a screen test. He was cast in the small role of a cynical college football player opposite John Derek and Donna Reed.

Ray worked on the film between the primary and general elections. He was elected constable on 6 June. "I was 23 and a sort of child bride to the voters," he later said. "The guy I ran against was a 16-year incumbent, and I destroyed him with 80 percent of the vote! I was going to work my way up to the U.S. Senate, see, and I would've, too."

Columbia picked up its option on Ray's services and signed him to a seven-year contract. "Of all the people in the picture they took up only one option—mine," he said. "And I said, 'Thank you, goodbye. I'm going home where I can be a big fish in my small pond. You can take this town (Hollywood) and shove it."

Columbia refused to release him from his contract and put him under suspension, giving him a leave of absence to work as constable. "I told them I couldn't care less, they could give me whatever they wanted," he said. Ray started his new job in November 1950.

Hollywood stardom: The Marrying Kind
After several months, Ray found "the quiet life... monotonous", so he contacted Max Arnow, talent director at Columbia, and expressed interest in appearing in more movies. Four weeks later, Arnow called back, saying Columbia wanted to audition Ray for a small part in Judy Holliday's new movie The Marrying Kind.

Ray went to Hollywood and did a screen test with the director, George Cukor. The first test went badly, but head of Columbia Harry Cohn liked Ray and asked for another test. The second one was done opposite (Miss) Jeff Donnell, whom Ray later married; it was more successful and Ray ended up being cast in the lead.

Harry Cohn felt the name "Aldo Da Re" was too close to "Dare" and wanted to change it to "John Harrison"; the actor refused and "Aldo Ray" was the compromise. He divorced his wife and resigned as constable in September 1951. His studio salary was $200 a week.

Cukor famously suggested that Ray go to ballet school because he walked too much like a football player. The director later talked about the actor: "He has a great advantage: the way his eyes are made. The light comes into them. There are certain people who have opaque eyes which refuse to catch the light. But his eyes had a certain glow and gave quite well in the photographed result. He did this silent scene very well lying there on the bed in the same room with Judy (Holliday). Then later he did comedy scenes with her—very difficult ones—and there were also emotional sequences where he broke down and cried. They were brilliant." "Cukor is hypersensitive to reality", recalled Ray. "He told me exactly what to do and why. He explains everything and he knows exactly what he wants."

Ray's performance was much praised. Sight & Sound later commented: "To give the performance he did in The Marrying Kind after so little previous experience was clear evidence that in Aldo Ray the screen had discovered one of its rare 'naturals'. This was no carefully edited, tricked out performance, but a strikingly sincere and imaginative interpretation: an exceptional talent responding to a finely intuitive director... There was about him none of the personality assurance that extracts a special consideration of the actor as distinct from his role." Cukor then cast Ray in a supporting role in Pat and Mike, starring Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn. Ray's work in Pat and Mike led to his nomination, along with Richard Burton and Robert Wagner, for a Golden Globe as Best Newcomer. Burton won the award that year, but Ray's career was launched. He said after two films with Cukor: "I never needed direction again."

Ray said Spencer Tracy told him: "Kid, I don't know what it is that you got, and I got, and some of us have, but you can work in this business forever." "That," said Ray, "made me feel good, you know, coming from a guy like him. I never bowed down to anybody at Columbia or anywhere else, but my overall idea was, I'll do whatever they tell me because it's their business, not mine, and I've got to learn it."

Columbia leading man
Columbia Pictures head Harry Cohn liked Ray and wanted him for the role of Private Robert Prewitt in From Here to Eternity (1953), but Fred Zinnemann insisted Montgomery Clift be cast. However, other good roles followed instead. "Because of Harry, all my first pictures were big hits, tremendously popular", Ray recalled.

Ray starred opposite Jane Wyman in Let's Do It Again (1953), then followed this acting opposite Rita Hayworth in Miss Sadie Thompson (also 1953), the third film version of the W. Somerset Maugham story "Rain". He also appeared in a production of Stalag 17 at La Jolla Playhouse.

Ray was loaned to Warner Bros to appear in Battle Cry (1955), which was directed by Raoul Walsh, who would become one of Ray's favorite directors. The film was a box-office hit—probably the most popular movie Ray ever made—although it led to his being typecast.

"In some ways the tough soldier role locked me in", reflected Ray later. "There were no sophisticated roles for me. I never seemed to get past master sergeant, though I always thought of myself as upper echelon."

Clash with Columbia
Ray was meant to appear in My Sister Eileen (1955) as The Wreck, but he walked off the set, claiming his role was too small, and had to be replaced by Dick York.

Battle Cry was a big hit at the box office, so Columbia gave Ray a lead role as a sergeant who marries a Japanese girl in Three Stripes in the Sun (originally The Gentle Wolfhound) (1955) and then loaned him to Paramount for We're No Angels (also 1955), in which he starred with Humphrey Bogart, Peter Ustinov, Basil Rathbone, Leo G. Carroll, and Joan Bennett.

Ray was profiled in Sight & Sound as follows: "Aldo Ray's technical advance in the four years since The Marrying Kind enables him now to work in subtler, more economical degree; there is an authoritative reserve and, still remarkably intact, the original rare lack of ostentation. All the same, his career seems to have become a nomadic drifting round the studios looking for the right kind of film. The good humour, the lenitive smile, the frog in the throat voice betray nothing of the disappointment the actor must feel after such exciting beginnings under Cukor's guidance." Ray was meant to appear in Jubal but refused because Columbia had made a profit on his loan-outs for Battle Cry and We're No Angels but not paid Ray a bonus; Rod Steiger took the role instead. Ray was put on suspension.

Ray then refused to appear in Beyond Mombasa (1956) because he did not want to go on location. This led to his being replaced by Cornel Wilde and put under suspension again. However, the situation was resolved when he agreed to make Nightfall (1957), playing an artist who encounters a pair of ruthless bank robbers.

In 1956, in between appearances in Three Stripes In The Sun and Men in War, Ray worked in radio as a personality and announcer at hit music station WNDR in Syracuse, New York. A photo of Ray with a colleague in the WNDR studios, taken as part of a station promotional package, survives and can be found on a WNDR tribute website. By 1957, in any event, he had left WNDR and the radio business and returned to Hollywood.

On January 31, 1957, Ray appeared on NBC's The Ford Show Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford. He and Tennessee Ernie Ford did a comedy skit from a foxhole.

Two with Anthony Mann
Columbia loaned Ray out to Security Pictures (who released through United Artists) for him to appear in Men in War (1957) opposite Robert Ryan; it was directed by Anthony Mann, who became Ray's favorite director. Ray was given 5% of the profits, which he later estimated at $70,000.

Ray was reunited with Security Pictures, Ryan, and Mann to star in God's Little Acre (1958), an adaptation of Erskine Caldwell's controversial novel directed by Mann starring Robert Ryan and Tina Louise.

By the seventh year of his contract with Columbia, Ray was earning $750 a week. He later said for the first ten years of his career he made less than $100,000. He expressed interest in producing his own vehicle, The Magic Mesa, from a script by Burt Kennedy, but it was not made.

Instead Ray appeared in an adaptation of David Goodis's novel Nightfall (1957) directed by Jacques Tourneur and The Naked and the Dead (1958), an adaptation of Norman Mailer's novel directed by Raoul Walsh. It was produced by Paul Gregory, who said: "Aldo Ray was drunk the entire time. He was a very sweet guy, but he was gone. He drank drank drank. Raoul Walsh would say, 'Let's get him in the morning 'cause in the afternoon it's over.'... I just could not get used to it, actors who got all this money and then didn't behave professionally. The English actors have classical training. They perform like professionals. You take someone like Aldo Ray who was just picked up and catapulted into stardom, and then he was just a sponge for booze. He killed himself drinking, not living up to his moral contract." Ray later admitted that producers were scared of casting him in projects because of his drinking.

Leaving Columbia
Ray had been popular with Harry Cohn because, in the actor's words, "[h]e took no shit from anybody and he saw that I was that kind of a guy, too." But when Cohn died in 1958, Columbia elected not to renew Ray's contract and he decided to leave Hollywood. He later said, "I never was an expatriate. I spent some time in England and Spain and Italy but I was never out of this country [the US] longer than six months."

He starred in 1959 in Four Desperate Men (The Siege of Pinchgut), filmed in Australia; it was the last movie produced by Ealing Studios (releasing through MGM) and a box office disappointment. He then appeared opposite Lucille Ball in an episode of Desilu Playhouse. He said he made more money from these two projects "than I'd made the whole eight years before."

In 1959, Ray was cast as Hunk Farber in the episode "Payment in Full" of the NBC western series Riverboat. In the story line, Farber betrays his friend and employer to collect reward money that he uses to court his girlfriend, Missy.

Ray made The Day They Robbed the Bank of England, directed by John Guillermin, in the UK and Johnny Nobody in Ireland. He later described his British sojourn as a "big mistake" because none of his British films were widely seen in America.

"Everything went well until the end of '62—then everything collapsed—including me", he later said. "I didn't take care of myself physically and mentally."

He hired a press agent, started taking better care of himself physically, and changed agents.

Return to Hollywood
Ray returned to Hollywood in 1964. He had a small role in Sylvia (1965) and made a pilot for a TV series financed by producer Joseph E. Levine, Steptoe and Son (an unsuccessful adaptation of the British TV series). "I feel I shall have a complete regeneration of my career", he said in 1965.

He later appeared in What Did You Do in the War, Daddy?, Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round, and Welcome to Hard Times. He also made several guest appearances on television.

In 1966 Ray claimed, "I've been turning down a lot of TV and B movies. I won't consider anything but important roles in important pictures." He said he was "almost independently wealthy", having saved and invested wisely in real estate from the times when his fee was $100,000 a film. He was interested in returning to politics but not until he had made "at least" four more movies. "The ideal situation would be three films every two years."

In 1966 Ray played "Jake", a deaf mute, in "The Virginian" entitled "Jacob was a plain man".

He formed his own company, Crockett Productions, and bought two original scripts for films that were not made: Soldares, by Edwin Gottlieb, about the search for Pancho Villa, and Frogman, South Pacific, by William Zeck.

His best-known work of the 1960s was his portrayal of Sergeant Muldoon, alongside John Wayne, in The Green Berets (1968).

Ray starred in Kill a Dragon, shot in Hong Kong in 1966, and Suicide Commando, shot in Rome and Spain in 1968. He also made two television pilots in the 1960s; neither was picked up.

Career decline
As the 1960s ended, Hollywood's appetite for Ray's machismo started to wane. Though he worked steadily in the 1970s, the quality of his roles diminished, and he was typically cast as a gruff and gravelly redneck.

By 1976, Ray was broke. He blamed this on his ex-wives and red tape that meant he could not develop his real estate properties. "I lost it all", he said. "And I am very, very bitter about it... The biggest mistake I ever made was discovering women. I only wish society had been as free and easy when I was coming along as it is today because if that had been the case I wouldn't have been married. Three women in my life utterly destroyed me."

In 1979, Ray appeared in a pornographic movie, Sweet Savage, in a nonsexual role. Ray said later: "I wanted, I guess, to see what it was all about—a kind of half-assed adventure, you know? It was also a kind of vacation for me in a bad time—a nice location in Arizona—and I picked up a few thousand bucks. After it came out, a few people wagged their fingers at me—'Oh-ho-ho, you dirty dog'—but I knew I hadn't done anything wrong. They shot all the sex stuff after I'd flown back to L.A. I won the adult film Oscar for that, by the way, but somebody copped it." In 1981, Ray told a newspaper that his drinking was "under control" and said, "I think things are going to shoot straight up. I'm working on a deal now and if the picture is made my worries... are over... If things go the way I anticipate and I stay healthy I think I've got better years ahead of me than behind me." He said he was open to a return to politics "if my movie career doesn't take off like I think it will." He admitted being unhappy with his career, saying: "I think I should have gotten more good stuff."

His career decline accelerated in the 1980s, and after being diagnosed with throat cancer in 1989, he accepted virtually any role that came his way to maintain his costly health insurance. He returned to Crockett in 1983.

Though at this stage in his career Ray starred mostly in low-budget and exploitation films, he did appear in occasional higher-profile works. He provided voice-over work as Sullivan for the 1982 animated film The Secret of NIMH alongside fellow character actor John Carradine. Ray was originally cast in the role of Gurney Halleck in David Lynch's 1984 film Dune, as his ex-wife Johanna Ray was the casting director, but was replaced by Patrick Stewart owing to ongoing issues with alcoholism.

During the last stages of his career, Ray made a number of films for Fred Olen Ray. "He'd give me $1,000 in cash, pay my expenses, and I'd do a day's work", said Ray. "Somebody showed me one of his cassettes—'starring Aldo Ray'—but it was just a one-day job... I needed money at the time, and Fred knew I needed a buck, so I did it. He exploited me, yeah... but I was ripe for it." He also appeared in two films for Iranian-born filmmaker Amir Shervan, better known for his cult classic Samurai Cop.

Final years and death
In 1986 Ray's SAG membership was revoked when it was discovered he was acting in a non-union production, Lethal Injection. However, Ray still got his union pension and benefits. His fee at this stage was $5,000 a week. He appeared in two more higher-profile films, Michael Cimino's The Sicilian (1987) and Blood Red (1989), both in supporting roles that emphasized his Italian heritage.

In 1989, he was diagnosed with a malignant tumor in his throat that Ray attributed to excessive smoking and drinking.

His last film, which was filmed in mid 1990, was Shock 'Em Dead, in which he appeared with Traci Lords and Troy Donahue. In an interview that same year, he said about his cancer: "I regret that I don't have more control of my tongue and thoughts—because I speak too frankly and too honestly, and this world is not meant for frank and honest people. They don't mix. Reality is pretty phony... I'm in great shape—got all my energy and strength back. I had surgery on my neck last March, and after one more session of the chemo—that's 50 more hours—the doctors say I'll have it all beat... I'm not scared of dying—it's how I die that matters. I'd rather live one good year than ten more crappy years. And I think I've got some good pictures ahead of me if I can find the right roles. There's plenty of good stuff left in me, you know?" Ray remained in Crockett, with his mother and family and friends. On 19 February 1991, he was admitted to the Veterans Administration Hospital in Martinez, 40 miles east of San Francisco. He died there of complications from throat cancer and pneumonia on 27 March 1991 at age 64. He was cremated and his ashes were put in an urn and buried in Crockett, with a majority of the residents coming out to pay their respects.

Personal life
Ray was married three times:
 * Shirley Green on June 20, 1947. They had one child, a daughter named Claire.
 * Jeff Donnell (married 30 September 1954, divorced 1956)
 * British actress Johanna Bennet (married March 26, 1960, divorced 1967), who continues to work today under the name Johanna Ray as a respected casting director. They had two sons, Paul and Eric. Johanna Ray, a longtime collaborator with David Lynch, cast her son with Aldo, Eric Da Re, in Lynch's Twin Peaks series as well as in the movie Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me.

Legacy
Author Richard Matheson said that his best-known work, The Incredible Shrinking Man, was inspired by a scene in Aldo Ray's Let's Do It Again in which a character puts on someone else's hat and it sinks down past his ears; "I thought, what if a man put on his own hat and that happened?" he recounted in an interview for Stephen King's nonfiction work Danse Macabre.

Quentin Tarantino says Aldo Ray would have been ideal casting for the character of Butch in Pulp Fiction (1994) and that the look of Butch in the film (as played by Bruce Willis) was inspired by Ray.

Brad Pitt's character in Tarantino's 2009 war film Inglourious Basterds is a soldier named "Aldo Raine", in tribute to Ray.

Ray appears as a character in Tarantino's 2021 novel Once Upon a Time in Hollywood.

The Crockett Museum has a display depicting his life.

A profile in Movie Morlocks analysed Ray's appeal from the film Nightfall: "Nobody smokes a cigarette like Aldo Ray. There's no forethought involved. No effort to seduce or impress audiences with an exaggerated pose or gesture. Ray doesn't have to pretend to be cool, threatening, bruised, battered or tough. He just is. And I find every unassuming gesture he makes utterly captivating. Aldo Ray has never been considered a great Hollywood actor in the traditional sense but his natural, unaffected performances often seemed to emerge from some unsettled place. You could frequently hear a genuine urgency in the way he delivered his lines and his casual swagger told you he'd been around the block more than once. Whenever Ray erupted on screen it felt like you were watching a volcano explode and if you didn't get out of the way it could easily swallow you up in a heavy flow of golden molten lava. Film historians often like to talk about the sea change that occurred in the 1950s, when actor's [sic] like Montgomery Clift and Marlon Brando brought a new kind of sincerity to Hollywood. These highly trained method actors changed the way we appreciate and understand acting today and they've rightfully been recognized for their accomplishments. But there were other performers that unconsciously championed a new kind of natural approach to acting. And one of them was Aldo Ray."

Filmography

 * My True Story (1951) as Mark Foster (as Aldo DaRe)
 * Never Trust a Gambler (1951) as State Trooper (uncredited)
 * Saturday's Hero (1951) as Gene Hausler (as Aldo DaRe)
 * The Barefoot Mailman (1951) as Theron Henchman (uncredited)
 * The Marrying Kind (1952) as Chet Keefer
 * Pat and Mike (1952) as Davie Hucko
 * Let's Do It Again (1953) as Frank McGraw
 * Miss Sadie Thompson (1953) as Sgt. Phil O'Hara
 * Battle Cry (1955) as Pvt. / Pfc Andy Hookens
 * Lux Video Theatre (1955, TV Series, episode "Intermission Guest") as Intermission Guest
 * We're No Angels (1955) as Albert
 * Three Stripes in the Sun (1955) as MSgt. Hugh O'Reilly
 * Nightfall (1957) as James Vanning
 * Men in War (1957) as Montana
 * The Naked and the Dead (1958) as Sgt. Sam Croft
 * God's Little Acre (1958) as Will Thompson
 * Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse (1958, TV Series, episode "KO Kitty") as Harold Tibbetts
 * Four Desperate Men (1959) (aka Siege of Pinchgut) as Matt Kirk
 * Riverboat (1959, TV Series, episode "Payment in Full") as Hunk Farber
 * The Day They Robbed the Bank of England (1960) as Charles Norgate
 * Johnny Nobody (1961) as Johnny Nobody
 * Frontier Circus (1961, TV Series, episode "Depths of Fear") as Toby Mills
 * The Virginian (1962, TV Series, episode "Big Day Great Day") as Frank Krause
 * Naked City (1962, TV Series, episode "Idylls of a Running Back") as Elvin Rhodes
 * Musketeers of the Sea (1962) as Moreau
 * Alcoa Premiere (1963, TV Series, episode "Lollipop Louie") as Louis Mastroanni
 * Ben Casey (1963, TV Series, episode "Little Drops of Water, Little Grains of Sand") as Frank Alusik
 * Kraft Suspense Theatre (1964, TV Series, episode "The Deep End") as Sam Kimber
 * Burke's Law (1964, TV Series, episode "Who Killed Andy Zygmut?") as Mister Harold
 * Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre (1964, TV Series, episode "Have Girls, Will Travel") as Moose
 * Bonanza (1964, TV series, episode "The Wild One") as Leif Jessup
 * Nightmare in the Sun (1964) as Sheriff
 * Sylvia (1965) as Jonas Karoki
 * Daniel Boone (1965, TV Series, episode "The Trek") as Benton
 * What Did You Do in the War, Daddy? (1966) as Sgt. Rizzo
 * Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round (1966) as Eddie Hart
 * The Virginian (1966, TV Series, episode "Jacob was a Plain Man") as Jacob 'Jake' Walker
 * Run for Your Life (1967, TV Series, episode "The Face of the Antagonist") as Vince Murdock
 * Riot on Sunset Strip (1967) as Walt Lorimer
 * Welcome to Hard Times (1967) as Man from Bodie
 * The Violent Ones (1967) as Joe Vorzyck
 * The Danny Thomas Hour (1967, TV Series, episode "Fame is a Four Letter Word") as Georgie Cutler
 * Kill a Dragon (1967) as Vigo
 * The Power (1968) as Bruce
 * The Green Berets (1968) as Sgt. Muldoon
 * Suicide Commandos (1968) as Sergeant Cloadec
 * A Torn Page of Glory (1968) as Major Comack
 * The Outsider (1969, TV Series, episode "The Old School Tie") as Eddie Wolfe
 * The Bold Ones: The Protectors (1969, TV Series, episode "Deadlock") as Edward Logan
 * Love, American Style (1969, TV Series, episode "Love and the Advice-Givers") as Herb (segment "Love and the Advice-Givers")
 * Angel Unchained (1970) as Sheriff
 * The Houndcats (1972, TV Series) as Mussel Mutt (voice)
 * And Hope to Die (1972) as Mattone
 * Bonanza (1972, TV Series, episode "Riot") as Heiser
 * The Bad Bunch (1973) as Lt. Stans
 * Dynamite Brothers (East Meets Watts) (1974) as Burke
 * The Centerfold Girls (1974) as Ed Walker
 * Movin' On (1974, TV Series, episode "The Trick is to Stay Alive) as Art
 * Police Story (1974, episode "Love, Mabel") as Capt. Eagle
 * Gone with the West (1974) as Mimmo, Stage Robber
 * Seven Alone (1974) as Dr. Dutch
 * Promise Him Anything (1975, TV Movie) as Cop
 * The Man Who Would Not Die (1975) as Frank Keefer
 * SWAT (1975, TV Series, episode "The Vendetta") as Ralph Costas
 * Inside Out (1975) as M.Sgt. Prior
 * Marcus Welby, M.D. (1975, TV Series, episode "The Tidal Wave") as Joe Gavanelli
 * Psychic Killer (1975) as Lt. Dave Anderson
 * Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) as Stubby Stebbins
 * The Quest (1976, TV Series, episode "Seventy Two Hours") as Chippy
 * Black Samurai as D.R.A.G.O.N. chief (uncredited)
 * Haunted (1977) as Andrew
 * Mission to Glory: A True Story (1977) as Mine Boss
 * Paesano: A Voice in the Night (1977) as Sheriff
 * Haunts (1977) as Andrew
 * The Lucifer Complex (1978) as Karl Krauss
 * Death Dimension (1978) as Verde
 * Women in White (1979, TV Movie) as Frederick Thaler
 * Don't Go Near the Park (1979) as Taft
 * Bog (1979) as Sheriff Neal Rydholm
 * Sweet Savage (1979) as Banner
 * The Glove (1979) as Tiny
 * Human Experiments (1979) as Mat Tibbs
 * CHiPs (1979) (TV series) as Karl Beasley
 * The Great Skycopter Rescue (1980) as Sheriff Burgess
 * Smokey and the Judge (1980)
 * When I Am King (1981) as The Manager
 * The Secret of NIMH (1982) as Sullivan (voice)
 * Boxoffice (1982) as Lew
 * Mongrel (1982) as Bouchard
 * Dark Sanity (1982) as Larry Craig
 * To Kill a Stranger (1983) as Inspector Benedict
 * Vultures (1984) as Wally
 * Frankenstein's Great Aunt Tillie (1984) as Bürgermeister
 * The Executioner, Part II (1984) as Police Commissioner
 * Flesh and Bullets (1985) as Lieutenant in Police Department
 * Biohazard (1985) as General Randolph
 * Evils of the Night (1985) as Fred
 * Falcon Crest (1985, TV Series) as Phil McLish
 * Frankenstein's Brain (1985, Short)
 * Prison Ship (1986) as The Inquistor
 * Hateman (1987) as Sheriff Benny
 * Hollywood Cop (1987) as Mr. Fong
 * The Sicilian (1987) as Don Siano of Bisacquino
 * Terror on Alcatraz (1987) as Frank Morris
 * Terror Night (1987) as Capt. Ned
 * Drug Runners (1988) as Victor Lazzaro
 * Blood Red (1989) as Father Stassio
 * Young Rebels (1989) as Sheriff
 * Night Shadow (1989) as Gene Krebelski
 * Shooters (1989) as General Makepeace
 * Crime of Crimes (1989) as Johnson
 * Shock 'Em Dead (1991) as Tony

title: Aldo Ray


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Boxed rice productions

Boxed rice productions
Ontario performance group of very dubious notability. Wolfman 03:06, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable even amongst otaku. --Aponar Kestrel (talk) 05:07, 2004 Sep 27 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity.   — Gwalla | Talk 19:05, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep but include a bit more about the group.--ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 18:33, 04 Oct 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Packing

Packing may refer to:

Law and politics

 * Jury packing, selecting biased jurors for a court case
 * Packing and cracking, a method of creating voting districts to give a political party an advantage

Other uses

 * Packing (firestopping), the process of installing backer materials, such as mineral wool in service penetrations
 * Packing (phallus), the practice of wearing a phallic object inside the clothing to give the appearance of male genitals
 * Packing, in autism therapy, wrapping children in cold wet sheets
 * Packing, also known as an O-ring or other type of mechanical seal, a term for a sealing material
 * Packing problems, a family of optimization problems in mathematics

title: Packing


text: User talk:66.69.96.98

title: User talk:66.69.96.98


text:
Mood Indigo

"Mood Indigo" is a jazz song with music by Duke Ellington and Barney Bigard and lyrics by Irving Mills.

Composition
Although Irving Mills—Jack Mills's brother and publishing partner—took credit for the lyrics, Mitchell Parish claimed in a 1987 interview that he had written the lyrics.

The tune was composed for a radio broadcast in October 1930 and was originally titled "Dreamy Blues". It was "the first tune I ever wrote specially for microphone transmission", Ellington recalled. "The next day wads of mail came in raving about the new tune, so Irving Mills put a lyric to it." Renamed "Mood Indigo", it became a jazz standard.

The main theme was provided by Bigard, who learned it in New Orleans, Louisiana from his clarinet teacher Lorenzo Tio, who called it a "Mexican Blues". Ellington's arrangement was first recorded by his band for Brunswick on October 17, 1930. It was recorded twice more in 1930. These recordings included Arthur Whetsel (trumpet), Tricky Sam Nanton (trombone), Barney Bigard (clarinet), Duke Ellington (piano), Fred Guy (banjo), Wellman Braud (bass), Sonny Greer (drums). Ellington blended muted trumpet, muted trombone, and clarinet.

Ellington took the traditional front-line—trumpet, trombone, and clarinet—and inverted them. He chose Yvonne Luanauze (real name Eve Duke) as the band’s vocalist because her mellow timbre was similar to the sound of a saxophone. At the time of these first three recordings in 1930, the usual voicing of the horns would be clarinet at the top (highest pitch), trumpet in the middle, and the trombone at the bottom (lowest pitch). In "Mood Indigo" Ellington voices the trombone right at the top of the instrument's register, and the clarinet at the very lowest. This was unheard of at the time, and also created (in the studio) a so-called "mike-tone"—an effect generated by the overtones of the clarinet and trombone (which was tightly muted as well). The "mike-tone" gives the audio-illusion of the presence of a fourth "voice" or instrument. Ellington used this effect in "(In My) Solitude" (1932), "Dusk" (1940), and many other pieces throughout his career. The Ellington band performed and recorded the song continuously throughout its 50 years, both in its original form and as a vehicle for individual soloists.

In 1975, the 1931 release of "Mood Indigo" by Duke Ellington on Brunswick Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Other versions

 * Duke Ellington – 1930
 * Lee Morse - 1932
 * The Boswell Sisters - 1933
 * Jimmie Lunceford – 1934
 * Duke Ellington – Masterpieces by Ellington (1950)
 * In 1954, the Norman Petty Trio had a hit with the song, which reached No. 14 on the pop charts.
 * The Four Freshmen– 1954
 * Frank Sinatra - In The Wee Small Hours (1955)
 * Thelonious Monk – Thelonious Monk Plays Duke Ellington (Riverside 1955)
 * Nina Simone – Little Girl Blue (1959)
 * Charles Mingus – Mingus Dynasty (Columbia 1960) & Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus (Impulse! 1964)
 * Linda Lawson – Introducing Linda Lawson (1960)
 * Duke Ellington and Coleman Hawkins – Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins (Impulse! 1962)
 * Clark Terry and Bob Brookmeyer with Hank Jones – Gingerbread Men (Mainstream 1966)
 * Mina (arr. Gianni Ferrio) – Plurale (1976)
 * Yukihiro Takahashi – Saravah! (1978)
 * The Singers Unlimited (arr. Clare Fischer; voc arr. Gene Puerling) – A Special Blend (1980)
 * Marcus Roberts – Alone with Three Giants (1990)
 * Dave Grusin – Homage to Duke (1993)
 * Dee Dee Bridgewater (arr. Clare Fischer) – Prelude to a Kiss: The Duke Ellington Album (1996)
 * Mulgrew Miller and Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen – The Duets (1999)

Film appearances
"Mood Indigo" is featured in the films Bait (1954); The Continental Twist (1961); Paris Blues (1961); All Night Long (1962); Julia (1977); Rough Cut (1980);  (1981); Frances (1982); The Cotton Club (1984); The Untouchables (1987); Harlem Nights (1989); The White Countess (2005); White Men Can't Jump (1992); Curtain Call (1999); Pitch People (1999); The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000); Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (2002); Hart's War (2002); Up In the Air (2009); and Keep On Keepin' On (2014).

It can also be heard in the TV movie Relentless: Mind of a Killer (1993); in the miniseries Come In Spinner (1990) and Mildred Pierce (2011); and in episodes from two HBO series created by David Chase: "Walk Like a Man" from The Sopranos (1999–2007) and "El Dorado," the series finale of Boardwalk Empire (2011–2014).

title: Mood Indigo


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Gregory Isaacs

Gregory Anthony Isaacs OD (15 July 1951 – 25 October 2010) was a Jamaican reggae musician. Milo Miles, writing in The New York Times, described Isaacs as "the most exquisite vocalist in reggae".

Early career
In his teenage years, Isaacs became a veteran of the talent contests that regularly took place in Jamaica. In 1968, he made his recording debut as Winston Sinclair, with the single "Another Heartache", recorded for producer Byron Lee. The single sold poorly and Isaacs went on to team up with Errol Dunkley to start the African Museum record label and shop, and soon had a hit with "My Only Lover", credited as the first lovers' rock record ever made. He recorded for other producers to finance further African Museum recordings, having a string of hits in the three years that followed, ranging from ballads to roots reggae, including "All I Have Is Love", "Lonely Soldier", "Black a Kill Black", "Extra Classic" and his cover version of Dobby Dobson's "Loving Pauper". In 1974, he began working with producer Alvin Ranglin, and that year he had his first Jamaican no. 1 single with "Love Is Overdue".

Isaacs recorded for many of Jamaica's top producers during the 1970s, including Winston "Niney" Holness, Gussie Clarke ("My Time"), Lloyd Campbell ("Slavemaster"), Glen Brown ("One One Coco"), Harry Mudie, Roy Cousins, Sydney Crooks and Lee "Scratch" Perry ("Mr. Cop"). By the late-1970s, Isaacs was one of the biggest reggae performers in the world, regularly touring the US and the UK, challenged only by Dennis Brown and Bob Marley. Between 1977 and 1978, Isaacs again teamed up with Alvin Ranglin, recording a string of hits including "Border" and "Number One" for Ranglin's GG's label.

He opened the Cash and Carry shop at 118 Orange Street, later moving to no. 125, next door to Prince Buster's Record Shack, which was also the base for the Cash and Carry record label that he ran with Trevor "Leggo" Douglas.

International success
International stardom seemed assured in 1978 when Isaacs signed to the Virgin Records offshoot Front Line Records, and appeared in the film Rockers, in which he performed "Slavemaster". The Cool Ruler (which became one of his nicknames) and Soon Forward albums, however, failed to sell as well as expected, although they are now considered among his best work. In 1981, he made his first appearance at the Reggae Sunsplash festival (returning annually until 1991), and he moved on to the Charisma Records offshoot Pre, who released his The Lonely Lover and More Gregory albums along with a string of increasingly successful singles including "Tune In", "Permanent Lover", "Wailing Rudie" and "Tribute to Waddy". He signed to Island Records and released the record that broke through to a wider audience, "Night Nurse", the title track from his first album for the label (Night Nurse (1982)). Although "Night Nurse" was not a chart hit in either the UK or US, it was popular in clubs and received heavy radio play, and the album reached number 32 in the UK. It was also used in adverts for an over the counter cold & flu remedy of the same name.

This success for Isaacs coincided with problems with cocaine. He served a six-month prison sentence in Kingston in 1982 for possession of unlicensed firearms. Isaacs claimed that he had the weapons only for protection, but it emerged that this was his 27th arrest and that he had become involved in drug dealing and was addicted to crack cocaine. He celebrated his release from prison with his second album for Island, Out Deh! (1983). Yellowman wrote the song "Gregory Free" also celebrating Isaacs's release, and was later featured on the Young, Gifted and Yellow album. He was featured in the 1982 documentary Land of Look Behind.

When his contract with Island ended, Isaacs returned in 1984 with the "Kool Ruler Come Again" single, and began a period of prolific recording, working with producers including Prince Jammy, Hugh "Redman" James, Bobby Digital, Tad Dawkins and Steely & Clevie, maintaining a consistent standard despite the volume of work produced. Isaacs then built a strong relationship with Gussie Clarke of the Music Works label. They began with Isaacs's 1985 album Private Beach Party, and had a hit with "Rumours" in 1988, which was followed by further popular singles including "Mind Yu Dis", "Rough Neck", "Too Good To Be True" and "Report to Me". The association with Clarke continued into the early 1990s, teaming up with singers including Freddie McGregor, Ninjaman and J.C. Lodge. He dueted with Beres Hammond on the 1993 Philip "Fatis" Burrell-produced "One Good Turn", Burrell also producing Isaacs's 1994 album Midnight Confidential.

In the 1990s, the African Museum label continued to release all of Isaacs's music, and that of artists he produced. In 1997 Simply Red covered "Night Nurse". Isaacs continued to record and perform live in the 2000s. In 2005 Lady Saw produced another version of "Night Nurse" with her toasting over the original lyrics.

Isaacs's drug addiction had a major impact on his voice, with most of his teeth falling out as a result. Isaacs said of his addiction in 2007: "Drugs are a debasing weapon. It was the greatest college ever, but the most expensive school fee ever paid – the Cocaine High School. I learnt everything, and now I've put it on the side."

He performed at the ICC Cricket World Cup 2007 Inauguration at Jamaica, and in 2007 he collaborated with the Spanish rap group Flowklorikos/Rafael Lechowski album Donde Duele Inspira.

In 2008, Isaacs released a new studio album, Brand New Me, which was nominated for the Grammy Awards for 2010. The album received positive reviews from critics; Reggae Vibes wrote: "Gregory is back, and how! 'Brand New Me' is a very suitable album title for the cool ruler's new album. He is back in a different style, more or less like we were used to from this great 'lovers & roots' artist". This was followed in 2009 by the album My Kind Of Lady.

In 2010, Isaacs put out the last of his albums to be released while he was still living: Isaacs Meets Isaac, with Zimbabwean reggae singer King Isaac. In November 2010, Isaacs Meets Isaac was nominated for Best Reggae Album for the 2011 Grammy Awards, Isaacs's fourth Grammy nomination, and King Isaac's first.

Death
Isaacs died of lung cancer on 25 October 2010 at his home in Harrow Weald, London. A memorial service was held on 20 November at Kingston's National Indoor Sports Centre, including a musical tribute from artists including Lloyd Parks and We the People Band, Ken Boothe, Freddie McGregor, Shaggy, Judy Mowatt, Mavado, the Tamlins and Bongo Herman, before his remains were interred at the Dovecot Cemetery.

Legacy
The Gregory Isaacs Foundation was set up on 15 July 2011 (Isaacs's birthday) by his wife June Wyndham, with the intention of continuing his charitable work. A year later a free concert was staged featuring artists such as U-Roy, Big Youth, and the Mighty Diamonds, to raise funds for two schools.

In July 2015, a mural by Junior Moore depicting Isaacs was unveiled at 125 Orange Street, the former site of his Cash and Carry shop and now the Leggo Recording Studios. The unveiling also saw the launch of "Cool Ruler" spring water.

In 2016, the Jamaican government announced that it would posthumously award Isaacs the Order of Distinction (Officer Class) in recognition of his contribution to the country's music.

In October 2016 the UK branch of the Gregory Isaacs Foundation installed a commemorative blue plaque at 59 Weald Lane, Harrow, the house where Isaacs lived for the last three years of his life, with his British wife Linda Diane Isaacs (16.01.1948 - 21.06.2023). It was Linda's house, her son and grandchildren still live there. In February 2018, a blue plaque was unveiled at Isaacs's former home at 15 Sunrise Crescent in St. Andrew, with the foundation also announcing plans to open a museum dedicated to Isaacs at the site.

Solo albums
More than 500 Gregory Isaacs albums have been released to date, a great many of them being compilations of previously released material. Only studio albums of original material are listed below:

 * 1975: In Person (Trojan)
 * 1976: All I Have Is Love (Trojan)
 * 1977: Extra Classic (African Museum)
 * 1977: Mr Isaacs (DEB)
 * 1978: Cool Ruler (Front Line)
 * 1978: Slum (Gregory Isaacs in Dub) (Burning Sounds)
 * 1978: The Best of Gregory Isaacs (GG's)
 * 1979: Soon Forward (Front Line)
 * 1979: Gregory Isaacs Meets Ronnie Davis (Plant), with Ronnie Davis
 * 1980: Showcase (Taxi)
 * 1980: Lonely Lover (Pre)
 * 1981: More Gregory (Pre)
 * 1982: Night Nurse (Island/Mango)
 * 1983: The Sensational Gregory Isaacs (Vista)
 * 1983: Out Deh! (Island/Mango)
 * 1984: Let's Go Dancing
 * 1985: Judge Not (Greensleeves), with Dennis Brown
 * 1985: Private Beach Party (Greensleeves & RAS)
 * 1985: Easy (Tad's)
 * 1986: Double Dose (Blue Trac), with Sugar Minott
 * 1987: All I Have is Love Love Love (Tad's)
 * 1987: Victim (VP)
 * 1987: Watchman of the City (Rohit)
 * 1988: Come Along (Live & Love)
 * 1988: Red Rose for Gregory (Greensleeves & RAS)
 * 1989: Warning (Firehouse)
 * 1989: Feature Attraction (VP for Mixing Lab Records)
 * 1989: No Contest (Greensleeves & VP), with Dennis Brown
 * 1989: I.O.U. (Greensleeves & RAS)
 * 1990: Dancing Floor (Heartbeat)
 * 1990: Call Me Collect (RAS)
 * 1991: Set Me Free (VP, Digital B & Vine Yard)
 * 1991: No Intention (VP)
 * 1991: Boom Shot (Shanachie)
 * 1991: State of Shock (RAS)
 * 1991: Past and Future (VP)
 * 1992: Pardon Me! (RAS)
 * 1992: Cooyah! (label unknown)
 * 1992: Can't Stay Away (VP & Xterminator)
 * 1992: Rudie Boo (Star Trail)
 * 1993: Unattended // Absent (Pow Wow & Greensleeves)
 * 1993: Unlocked (RAS)
 * 1994: Midnight Confidential (Greensleeves for Xterminator Records)
 * 1995: Dreaming (Heartbeat)
 * 1995: Not a One Man Thing (RAS)
 * 1996: Private Lesson (Heartbeat)
 * 1996: Come Closer
 * 1996: Mr. Cool (VP)
 * 1996: Maximum Respect (House of Reggae)
 * 1997: Hold Tight (Heartbeat)
 * 1997: Hardcore Hits (Ikus)
 * 1997: Dance Curfew (Acid Jazz), with Dread Flimstone
 * 1998: Kingston 14 Denham Town (Jamaican Vibes)
 * 1998: Do Lord (Xterminator)
 * 1997: Happy As A King (Raven)
 * 1999: New Dance (Prestige)
 * 1999: Turn Down The Lights (Artists Only)
 * 2000: So Much Love (Joe Gibbs Music)
 * 2000: Future Attraction (VP)
 * 2000: Father & Son (2B1 – Gregory Isaacs & Son)
 * 2002: It Go Now (2B1)
 * 2003: Here By Appointment ( Jet Star Music)
 * 2004: Life's Lonely Road
 * 2004: Give It All Up (Heartbeat)
 * 2004: One 2 One Volume 2 (High Power Music, VP Records), with (George Nooks)
 * 2004: Rat Patrol (African Museum)
 * 2004: Masterclass (Greensleeves for Blacker Dread Records)
 * 2005: Gregory Isaacs Sings Dennis Brown( Sanctuary Records Group LTD)
 * 2005: Revenge (P.O.T.)
 * 2005: Substance Free (Vizion Sounds)
 * 2006: Come Take My Hand (Mun Mun)
 * 2007: Gregory Isaacs In Dub
 * 2007: Substance Free
 * 2008: Hold Tight (Mafia & Fluxy)
 * 2008: Brand New Me (African Museum)
 * 2009: My Kind of Lady (Rude Productions)
 * 2010: Isaacs Meets Isaac, with King Isaac (King Isaac Music)

Remix albums

 * 2023: Rebirth of the Cool Ruler (VP)

title: Gregory Isaacs


text:
Category:New Urbanism

New urbanism is an urban design movement that became very popular beginning in the 1980s and is still rapidly growing in influence.

The goal of new urbanists is to reform all aspects of real estate development and urban planning. These include everything from permaculture to suburban infill.

There are some common elements of new urbanist design. New urbanist neighborhoods are walkable, and are designed to contain a diverse range of housing and jobs. New urbanists support regional planning for open space, appropriate architecture and planning, and the balanced development of jobs and housing. They believe these strategies are the best way to reduce the time people spend in traffic, to increase the supply of affordable housing, and to rein in urban sprawl. Many other issues, such as historic preservation, safe streets, green building, and the renovation of brownfield land are also covered in the Charter of the New Urbanism, the movement's seminal document.

title: Category:New Urbanism


text: User:Kyouteki

title: User:Kyouteki


text:
AIA

AIA or A.I.A. or Aia may refer to:

Aia

 * Aia, a small town in the province of Gipuzkoa, Spain
 * Peñas de Aya, small mountain range in Oiartzun, Gipuzkoa
 * Aia, current Kutaisi, ancient capital of Colchis
 * Aia, another name for Aea (Malis), an ancient town in Greece
 * Aia, the collected edition of E. C. Vivian's 1920s novels Fields of Sleep and People of the Darkness
 * Saint Aia (died c. 711), Belgian Catholic saint also known as Aye

Academia

 * Abstract Intelligent Agent, a generalization and a hypothetical essence of human intelligence
 * Archaeological Institute of America
 * Arizona Interscholastic Association
 * Art Institute of Atlanta, a private fine-art college
 * Association for Industrial Archaeology, a body supporting the archaeology of industry in Britain
 * Artists' International Association

Statutes and treaties

 * Access to Information Act, a Canadian freedom of information act
 * Leahy-Smith America Invents Act
 * Anglo-Irish Agreement, a 1985 agreement between the governments of Ireland and the UK, aimed at bringing an end to The Troubles
 * Anti-Injunction Act, a US federal law

Aerospace

 * Aerospace Industries Association
 * American International Airways, now known as Kalitta Air
 * Avies, an Estonian airline (ICAO code: AIA)

Airports

 * Adelaide International Airport
 * Alliance Municipal Airport in Alliance, Nebraska (IATA Code: AIA)
 * Asuncion International Airport, in Luque, Asuncion, Paraguay
 * Athens International Airport, serving Athens, the Greek capital
 * Auckland Airport in Auckland, New Zealand

Sport and entertainment

 * Aliens in America, an American comedy TV show
 * Arizona Interscholastic Association, an Arizona high school athletics association
 * Asociación Iberoamericana de Atletismo, the governing body for the sport of athletics of European, Latin-American, and African countries with Iberian origin and/or Spanish or Portuguese language
 * Athletes in Action, an evangelical sports ministry
 * Autódromo Internacional do Algarve, a motor-racing track in Portugal

Business

 * American Insurance Association
 * AIA Group, a Hong Kong insurance and finance corporation
 * Amerindo Investment Advisors, a financial-services company
 * Annual investment allowance, a type of capital allowance in accounting

Technology and engineering

 * Application Integration Architecture, an integration framework marketed by Oracle Corporation
 * Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, an instrument that provides imaging of the Sun's corona on the Solar Dynamics Observatory
 * Automated Imaging Association
 * Authority Information Access
 * Automated immunoassay

Professional bodies and qualifications

 * Alliance of Independent Authors
 * American Institute of Architects
 * Associate of the Institute of Actuaries
 * Association of International Accountants
 * Australian Institute of Architects
 * Afghan Interim Administration
 * America's Infrastructure Alliance

Other

 * Anguilla, from its ISO 3-letter country code
 * Air Intelligence Agency, the former name of the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency of the United States

title: AIA


text: User talk:70.25.17.96

title: User talk:70.25.17.96


text:
Category:Grenades

Articles related to grenades.

title: Category:Grenades


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Indian Institute of Management Lucknow

Indian Institute of Management Lucknow (abbreviated IIM Lucknow or IIM-L) is a public business school in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was established in 1984 as the fourth Indian Institute of Management (IIM) by the Government of India. IIM Lucknow offers post-graduate diploma, fellowship and executive programs in management. It is recognised as an "Institution of Excellence" by India's Ministry of Human Resource Development. IIM Lucknow serves as the mentor institution for the newly established IIM Jammu, IIM Rohtak and IIM Kashipur. It also served as a mentor institute to IIM Sirmaur till 2018.

The institute is on a 200-acre site in the northern outskirts of Lucknow. It also has a second campus on a 20-acre site at Noida exclusively for one year full-time MBA program (IPMX), Two-year PGP for working executive and executive education. The admission for the two-year PGP and fellowship programmes is done through Common Admission Test (CAT), while GMAT score is used for International Programme in Management for Executives, a one-year full-time residential programme equivalent to an MBA program, while admission to the Two-year PGP for working executive program is done based on GMAT score or a competitive written examination conducted by IIM Lucknow. The shortlisted candidates based on GMAT or the written examination go through the Writing Ability Test and Personal Interview (WAT & PI) to get final selection. The programs are accredited by the global accreditation body AMBA, EQUIS and AACSB. The institute, therefore, has a triple crown accreditation. The institute has tie-ups with 24 leading B-schools across the world for student exchange. A number of b-competitions, cultural and sports events are organised by various clubs, academic interest groups and committees throughout the year.

History
IIM Lucknow was established in 1984 and is currently a centrally funded institution. It is the fourth Indian Institute of Management to be established in India (after IIM Calcutta, IIM Ahmedabad, and IIM Bangalore). Noted academician Ishwar Dayal played a significant role in setting up the institution; he served as the founding director of IIM Lucknow for four years. Industrialist Hari Shankar Singhania, who took over as the chairman of Board of Governors in 1992, served until 2007.

The Post Graduate Programme (PGP) was started in 1985–86 with 30 students. When the institute was established, classes were held in rented rooms at Butler Palace and subsequently moved to Giri Institute of Developmental Studies. The current campus was built in 1992 in the outskirts of Lucknow.

Links were made with three foreign universities in 2001 to start the student exchange program. The Agribusiness Course was started in 2004 with 13 students.

In 2005, IIM Lucknow established a second campus at Noida near Delhi. The Noida campus was established exclusively for executive education. Additionally, in 2015, PGP Sustainable Management (PGP-SM) Program was started from the Noida Campus. IIM Lucknow is the first IIM in the country to start an additional campus.

Campuses
IIM Lucknow main campus spans 200 acre and is in Prabandh Nagar on the outskirts of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 16 km away from Lucknow railway station and 25 km away from Lucknow Airport. IIM Lucknow also has a city office at Aliganj.

IIM-Lucknow's Noida Campus is spread over 20 acres in Sector-62, NOIDA. PGPSM (Sustainable Management) and IPMX courses are main highlight of the campus.

Academic infrastructure
The academic buildings are constructed in medieval Indian architectural style with red brick wall texture. All the major buildings in the campus are named in Sanskrit symbolising the activities conducted in them. The academic blocks (Bodhigrih-I and II) houses classrooms and seminar halls. The Faculty block (Chintan) houses faculty rooms and Fellowship classrooms. The Library (Gyanodaya) spanning 30,000 sq ft has five reading halls with a seating capacity for 250 people. The library houses a collection of 40,000 books, 500 periodicals and online subscription to 1600 e-journals and 34 e-databases. The library building houses the computer centre, audio visual lab, Enterprise Resource Planning lab and a videoconferencing hall. The 15,000 sq ft computer centre has a fibre optic backbone network and provides wireless connectivity to all the buildings in the campus.

The Management Development Block (Manthan) catering to the short-term executive programs has exclusive library, computer centre and guest house (Patanjali) for participants. The Centre for Food and Agribusiness Management undertakes agribusiness research and consultancy projects and offers the Agribusiness Management course. The institute has an incubation centre (Abhiyan) for supporting the entrepreneurial plans of its students and alumni.

Social infrastructure
Fully residential, the institute provides housing to its students, faculty and research scholars.

While the campus has separate sports fields for football, cricket, basketball, volleyball, tennis, and badminton, most of the hostels have their own table tennis and badminton courts. A fitness and recreation centre (Umang) was set up in 2010, which houses a gymnasium, swimming pool, squash, and billiards. The multipurpose utility hall (Samanjasya) hosts most of the cultural activities on the campus.

The campus has a health centre with residential and visiting doctors available around the clock. The centre has an ambulance to reach associated hospitals.

The two guest houses Chanakya and Patanjali have 128 serviced rooms. The campus has a student activities complex with two banks, a medical shop, a travel agency, a supermarket, a post office, a saloon, a coffee shop, an ice cream parlour, and three restaurants. A Central school (Kendriya Vidyalaya) was established opposite the campus as a community school.

Environmental responsibility
Tree plantation campaign is undertaken every year on the foundation day and the campus, which was started in barren lands, has been converted into an ecosystem consisting of peacocks, monitor lizards, snakes, porcupines, monkeys, Great Indian horned owl and other birds. The main campus consists of open lawns and tree lined pathways. Rediff listed IIM Lucknow as one of the beautiful B-school campuses in India.

Governance
IIM Lucknow is an autonomous institution established as a registered society under the Union Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India. The IIM Council acts as an overseeing body to facilitate coordination among the IIMs.

The Board of Governors of IIM Lucknow is chaired by Natarajan Chandrasekaran, chairman of Tata Sons. The board consists of 10 industrialists, four Government representatives and three academicians in addition to the director and two deans of the institution.

Administration
The director of IIM Lucknow, the head of the institution, is selected and appointed by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet of Ministry of Human Resource Development. The institute has three separate deans for academic affairs, planning and development, and Noida campus. Each of the academic programmes is overseen by a faculty chairperson.

The non-academic functions such as Placements, Corporate and Media Relations, Alumni affairs, Admissions and Student affairs are chaired by faculty and assisted by student committees. Office administration is carried out without the involvement of faculty and is headed by the Chief Administrative Officer. The elected body of the students' council coordinates student activities in the campus.

Controversy on director appointments
MHRD issued a letter in September 2014 (DO 4/4/2013-TS.V)) addressed to Jamshed J Irani, chairman, board of governors, IIM-L. It reads: "Competent authority have directed to assign additional charge of director IIM-L to Prof Srivastava for a period of six months with effect from 09-09-2014 or till appointment of regular director or until further order, whichever is earliest."

The institute did not execute the order and incumbent director Devi Singh who completed his six months of extension period, on 8 September did not leave office even after receiving the letter. As a result, there was confusion at IIM-L campus for almost a week. The allegations against Devi Singh, who served two term as director of IIM-L, ranges from nepotism to mismanagement of accounts. The Central Vigilance Commission also asked the HRD ministry to 're investigate' allegations of corruption against Devi Singh.

In a letter to the higher education secretary, CVC secretary KS Ramasubban has asked the ministry as to why the case against Singh is being closed when specific allegations have not been answered. The CVC has taken exception to the fact that the case is being closed on the basis of an "emotional reply" by Singh. CVC sources said the ministry had taken Singh's reply as final. "Without investigation how can general comments be taken as the final word?" a CVC official asked. CVC sources also said that the institute's Board of Governors had rejected allegations against Singh. "This is not how an investigation is conducted," the CVC official said, adding that the HRD ministry was to be blamed for not following the procedure.

Academics
IIM Lucknow conducts regular two-year diploma program in management, one-year MBA program for Executives (fully residential), Two year MBA program for working executives (partly residential), fellowship program and short-term MDP and executive programs. The management programmes of IIM Lucknow are accredited by London-based AMBA association.

Structure
IIM Lucknow offers master's degrees. The postgraduate programmes in Management (MBA), Agribusiness Management (MBA-ABM), and Sustainable Management (MBA-SM) are full-time residential masters courses. These are two-year programs, with the first year stretching from June to March in three ten-week trimesters, after which students undergo a two-month summer internship with a company or organisation. The specialisations offered in the second year are finance, marketing, operations, human resources, systems, strategy and economics — while the PGPABM course students specialise in agribusiness. Course of independent study and dissertation are available based on merit.

As a part of student exchange programs, students spend a three-month term in a foreign university in October to December in their second year. Every year around 85-90 students of IIM Lucknow are selected for the exchange programs based on merit, while around 30+ foreign students come to IIM Lucknow.

IIM Lucknow has student exchange relationships with 24 leading B-schools in Europe, USA, Canada, Singapore, and China. The current partner institutions are ESSEC Business School, Ecole De Management, Jean Moulin University, Reims School of Management, European School of Management, Toulouse Business School, Institute National Des Telecommunications, ESC Bretagne Brest, European Business School, Leipzig School of Management, George Mason University, University of Connecticut, McMaster University, Brock University, Carleton University, Louvain Catholic University, Copenhagen Business School, ESADE Business School, Jonkoping International Business School, University of St. Gallen, Bocconi University, MIP Politecnico di Milano, Athens University of Economics and Business, National University of Singapore, Turku School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, Beijing Jiaotong University.

The Dual Degree Program, offered in association with the ESCP Europe business school in France, awards degrees from both institutes after students spend a year in each. About four or five students are selected each year for the program. Students, after completing two trimesters (July–September and October–December) at IIM Lucknow, spend two semesters (January–May and September–December) at ESCP Europe's Paris campus and return to IIM Lucknow to complete the final term from January to March.

Methodology
The courses are taught under 11 diverse disciplines of Business Environment, Communication, Decision Sciences, Finance and Accounting, Marketing, Human Resource Management, Operations Management, Information Technology and Systems, Strategic Management, Agribusiness Management and Legal Management. Students are trained in management using lectures, case studies, projects, workshops, management games and roleplays under a rigorous syllabus. They are evaluated based on examinations, projects, quizzes, presentations, and class participation under a relative grading system. Academic learning is supplemented by live projects, management competitions, guest lectures, and interactions with alumni and industry leaders organised by committees. Students get a chance to provide consultancy to companies and get paid.

Post Graduate Programme for Executives
The International Programme in Management for Executives (IPMX) is a one-year, full-time MBA programme for executives, offered at IIM Lucknow's Noida campus. It only admits candidates with a minimum of five years professional experience. The course consists of four 10-week terms including a term spent at a partner university and a term spent in Lucknow campus.

The Post Graduate Programme in Management for Working Executives (PGPM-WE), also called Working Managers Programme (WMP), offered at the Noida campus, is an executive MBA programme designed for working executives having a minimum of three years professional experience. It consists of seven terms that stretches for 21 months. It has an International Module also initiated from 2017, students will visit one of the top university in Europe as a part of this exchange program, they will have a 1 credit subject being taught there.

Management Development Programmes (MDP) are tailor made programs to train executives in specific industry, government, and non-governmental organisations. These programs, which typically last three to five days, are customised by subject or target group. Around 50 to 60 programs are conducted every year. A one-year General Management program is offered through virtual classroom. As a combined initiative with the Ministry of Defence, a six-month General Management Programme is conducted for Defence officers to assist their career transition to the corporate sector. In October 2019, IIM Lucknow in collaboration with WileyNXT has introduced a six-month program in business and data analytics.

Fellow Programme in Management
Fellow Programme in Management (FPM) is a research-oriented Doctor of Business Administration programme in various domains of management sciences. This programme was started in 2000. Candidates with master's degrees in appropriate discipline or engineering undergraduate degree holders are eligible for admissions. Any professional qualification holder such as CA, ICWA and CS with a minimum 55% aggregate marks can also apply. While the mandatory pgp-level course work is undertaken in the first year and doctoral level specialisation courses in the second year, the research work starts in the beginning of the third year after a comprehensive examination. Students who have completed MBA from any of the IIMs are admitted directly to the second year. The specialisations offered are Agribusiness management, Decision Sciences, Economics, Finance and Accounting, Human Resources Management, Information Technology and Systems, Marketing Management, Operations Management and Strategic Management. The Agribusiness Management area for FPM is only offered by IIM Ahmadabad apart from IIM Lucknow. The institute pays a liberal monthly stipend to FPM scholars apart from several other research grants. Also the accommodation facility is provided free of cost. Admission in Fellow program is through CAT, GATE, UGC/CSIR/ICAR-JRF/SRF or GMAT/GRE score and other secondary area specific parameters based shortlisting, followed by rigorous interview process.

IIM Lucknow also has an EFPM (Executive DBA) for working executives. The admission process for EFPM is separate from FPM.

Rankings
The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked it sixth among management colleges in 2022. It was ranked fourth by Business Today "India's Top Five B-Schools Yearly Ranking In 2022".

Admission
Admission to the post graduate programs and fellowship program is done through the Common Admission Test (CAT), which is jointly conducted by the IIMs in the month of November every year. Applications are shortlisted based on CAT scores, scholastic achievement and work experience. The weightage given for each of these components varies each year. The candidates are called for group discussions and personal interviews, conducted in cities in India in the months of February and March. The final selection is based upon the performance in CAT, scholastic achievement, work experience, performance in group discussion, and personal interview. Admissions to the IPMX program are done based on GMAT score, work profile and personal interview. Admission to the PGPM-WE (WMP) program are done based on GMAT score or a competitive written examination conducted by IIM Lucknow. The short listed candidates based on GMAT or the written examination go through Writing Ability Test and Personal Interview (WAT & PI) to get final selection.

Research
They have various journals published consistently. They also feature a scholarly journal in collaboration with Sage Publications known as the 'Metamorphosis - A Journal of Management Research '

Social responsibilities
IIM Lucknow has been involved in many social initiatives in collaboration with NGOs. A separate committee "Bhavishya" was formed to carry out these initiatives. As a part of adult literacy campaign, all the workers and labourers in the campus were taught to read and write. Evening school and career guidance are provided for the underprivileged students of the neighboring villages. A T20 cricket league tournament called as Harmony Cup is conducted every year with 30 teams involving 250 students. The funds raised from this event is used for social initiatives such as infrastructure development at village schools and orphanages, medical camp, employee welfare and sponsor for education of underprivileged school children.

The institute offers short term MDP programs on environmental management and carbon markets. The Centre of Excellence for Business Sustainability was set up in 2011 that conducts training programs and workshops on business sustainability. The competition Yajna is held in collaboration with many NGOs across India, where students present solutions for issues faced by the NGOs.

Student life

The Media and Communication Cell (MCC) serves as a communications liaison between the institute and the external world. Team Synapse, a student committee, develops and maintains IT applications for the institute community. Biztech, the product management and analytics cell of IIM Lucknow organizes multiple events in the field of Product Management, Analytics, and other technology-related fields. It also hosts CoLAB Talk series in collaboration with product management clubs of IIM Ahmedabad, IIM Bangalore, and IIM Calcutta. "Manfest-Varchasva" is IIM Lucknow's annual management, sports and cultural festival held in November. The three-day event hosts many management contests, leadership summits, and other inter college quizzes and sports and cultural competitions. Samvit, the annual leadership summit of IIM Lucknow witnesses some of the financial leaders and economists of the country with whom students get an opportunity to interact.

"Bhukkad" and "Gossip and Bite" (popularly known as "G&B") are two student run food ventures in the campus and are passed on to the next cohort every year. The Entrepreneurship Cell conducts a competition called "Bizness", where all participants are given a seed capital of ₹ 2000 to run any business in the campus for two days and earn profits. The student committee "Credence Capital" runs a mutual fund, in which other students of the batch can invest. The Mess (Annapoorna) is entirely run and managed by students, with the infrastructure provided by the institute and is continuously ranked the best mess among that of all IIMs.

A classical cultural night "Aarohan" is organised by the IIM Lucknow chapter of SPIC MACAY in the month of August. It showcases live shows of classical arts including carnatic, Hindustani, folk, instrumental and classical Indian dances. The institute's dance club "Random Walk" organises dance workshops regularly and performs stage shows during major festivals. The dramatics club "Abhivyakti" performs stage plays and street plays in Hindi and English. Two intracollege events, Camaraderie and Sangram are held every year during the months of October or November. Camaraderie is the annual cultural meet and Sangram is the annual sports meet. The institute sports team participates in most of the popular college sports meets including the Inter-IIM Meet (Sangharsh) held during January every year. The last edition of Sangharsh was hosted by IIM Lucknow in January 2019 and IIM Lucknow emerged as the overall champion. The next edition of Sangharsh will be hosted by IIM Calcutta in January 2023.

Notable alumni

 * Rajdeep Grewal, Townsend Family Distinguished Professor of Marketing at Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 * Shanmughan Manjunath, IOC Manager, who was murdered for opposing Corruption
 * Gayatri Iyer, Indian playback singer
 * Suhail Sameer, CEO, Bharatpe
 * Gaurav Aggarwal, IAS
 * Annamalai Kuppuswamy, BJP State President of Tamilnadu
 * Nitin Seth, Bestselling author; Co-founder and CEO Incedo Inc.

title: Indian Institute of Management Lucknow


text:
Neurasthenia

Neurasthenia (from the Ancient Greek νεῦρον neuron "nerve" and ἀσθενής asthenés "weak") is a term that was first used as early as 1829 for a mechanical weakness of the nerves. It became a major diagnosis in North America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries after neurologist George Miller Beard reintroduced the concept in 1869.

As a psychopathological term, the first to publish on neurasthenia was Michigan alienist E. H. Van Deusen of the Kalamazoo asylum in 1869. Also in 1868, New York neurologist George Beard used the term in an article published in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal to denote a condition with symptoms of fatigue, anxiety, headache, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, neuralgia, and depressed mood. Van Deusen associated the condition with farm wives made sick by isolation and a lack of engaging activity; Beard connected the condition to busy society women and overworked businessmen.

Neurasthenia was a diagnosis in the World Health Organization's ICD-10, but deprecated, and thus no more diagnosable, in ICD-11. It also is no longer included as a diagnosis in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The condition is, however, described in the Chinese Society of Psychiatry's Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders.

Americans were said to be particularly prone to neurasthenia, which resulted in the nickname "Americanitis" (popularized by William James ). Another (albeit rarely used) term for neurasthenia is nervosism.

Symptoms

The condition was explained as being a result of exhaustion of the central nervous system's energy reserves, which Beard attributed to modern civilization. Physicians in the Beard school of thought associated neurasthenia with the stresses of urbanization and with stress suffered as a result of the increasingly competitive business environment. Typically, it was associated with upper class people and with professionals working in sedentary occupations, but really can apply to anyone who lives within the monetary system.

Freud included a variety of physical symptoms into this category, including fatigue, dyspepsia with flatulence, and indications of intra-cranial pressure and spinal irritation. In common with some other people of the time, he believed this condition to be due to "non-completed coitus" or the non-completion of the higher cultural correlate thereof, or to "infrequency of emissions" or the infrequent practice of the higher cultural correlate thereof. Later, Freud formulated that in cases of coitus interruptus as well as in cases of masturbation, there was "an insufficient libidinal discharge" that had a poisoning effect on the organism, in other words, neurasthenia was the result of (auto)intoxication. Eventually he separated it from anxiety neurosis, though he believed that a combination of the two conditions existed in many cases.

In 19th-century Britain and, by extension, across the British Empire, neurasthenia was also used to describe mental exhaustion or fatigue in “brain workers” or in the context of “overstudy”. This use was often synonymous with the term “brain fag”.

Diagnosis
From 1869, neurasthenia became a "popular" diagnosis, expanding to include such symptoms as weakness, dizziness and fainting. A common treatment promoted by neurologist S. Weir Mitchell was the rest cure, especially for women. Data from this period gleaned from the Annual Reports of Queen Square Hospital, London, indicates that the diagnosis was balanced between the sexes and had a presence within Europe. Virginia Woolf was known to have been forced to have rest cures, which she describes in her book On Being Ill. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's protagonist in The Yellow Wallpaper also suffers under the auspices of rest cure doctors, much as Gilman herself did. Marcel Proust was said to suffer from neurasthenia. To capitalize on this epidemic, the Rexall drug company introduced a medication called "Americanitis Elixir" which claimed to be a soother for any bouts related to neurasthenia.

Treatment
Beard, with his partner A.D. Rockwell, advocated first electrotherapy and then increasingly experimental treatments for people with neurasthenia, a position that was controversial. An 1868 review posited that Beard's and Rockwell's knowledge of the scientific method was suspect and did not believe their claims to be warranted.

William James was diagnosed with neurasthenia, which he nicknamed "Americanitis", and was quoted as saying, "I take it that no man is educated who has never dallied with the thought of suicide."

In 1895, Sigmund Freud reviewed electrotherapy and declared it a "pretense treatment". He emphasized the example of Elizabeth von R's note that "the stronger these were the more they seemed to push her own pains into the background."

Nevertheless, neurasthenia was a common diagnosis during World War I for "shell shock", but its use declined a decade later. Soldiers who deserted their post could be executed even if they had a medical excuse, but officers who had neurasthenia were not executed.

Modern diagnosis
This diagnosis remained popular well into the 20th century, eventually coming to be seen as a mental and behavioural rather than physical condition. Neurasthenia had largely been abandoned as a medical diagnosis by the 21st century, and is deprecated in the ICD-11 classification system of the World Health Organization.

The earlier ICD-10 system categorized neurasthenia under "F48 – Other neurotic disorders". Under "F48.0 Neurasthenia", the characteristics of the disorder differ among various cultures. Two overlapping symptoms can be present: Increased fatigue after mental exertion can be associated with a reduction in cognitive function. Minimal physical effort might be felt as extreme fatigue along with pain and anxiety. Many other symptoms of bodily discomfort may be felt with either form. Excluded from this disorder are: asthenia NOS (R53), burn-out (Z73.0), malaise and fatigue (R53), postviral fatigue syndrome (includes myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)) (G93.3) and psychasthenia (F48.8).

One modern theory of neurasthenia is that it was actually dysautonomia, an "imbalance" of the autonomic nervous system.

Barbara Ehrenreich, restating James's view, considered that neurasthenia was caused by the Calvinist gloom, and it was helped by the New Thought, through replacing the "puritanical 'demand for perpetual effort and self-examination to the point of self-loathing'" with a more hopeful faith.

In Asia
The medical term neurasthenia is translated as Chinese shenjing shuairuo or Japanese shinkei-suijaku (神経衰弱), both of which also translate the common term nervous breakdown. This loanword combines shenjing (神經) or shinkei (神経) "nerve(s); nervous" and shuairuo or suijaku (衰弱) "weakness; feebleness; debility; asthenia".

Despite being removed from the American Psychiatric Association's DSM in 1980, neurasthenia is listed in an appendix as the culture-bound syndrome shenjing shuairuo as well as appearing in the ICD-10. The condition is thought to persist in Asia as a culturally acceptable diagnosis that avoids the social stigma of a diagnosis of mental disorder.

In China, traditional Chinese medicine describes shenjingshuairuo as a depletion of qi "vital energy" and reduction of functioning in the wuzang "five internal organs" (heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys). The modern CCMD classifies it as a persistent mental disorder diagnosed with three of these five symptoms: "'weakness' symptoms, 'emotional' symptoms, excitement' symptoms, tension-induced pain, and sleep disturbances" not caused by other conditions. Arthur Kleinman described Chinese neurasthenia as a "biculturally patterned illness experience (a special form of somatization), related to depression or other diseases or to culturally sanctioned idioms of distress and psychosocial coping."

In Japan, shinkei-suijaku is treated with Morita therapy involving mandatory rest and isolation, followed by progressively more difficult work, and a resumption of a previous social role. The diagnosis is sometimes used to disguise serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and mood disorders.

title: Neurasthenia


text:
Wikipedia:People by year/Reports/Stats

Births/deaths in the 20th century

 * /Births in 19xx-2005 (as of January 2, 2006)
 * /Deaths in 19xx-2005 (as of January 2, 2006)

People alive in a given year
/Living in year X

By decade
From October 23, 2004:

* Alive or missing year of death category

A few year pre-1500 years have not been included.

Other categories
From May 16, 2005:

The articles, categorized by year of birth/death, in how many other categories are they included?

For this list, most of the template based categories (1911 Britannica, People stubs) have not been included.

Most frequent other categories
From May 16, 2005:

Articles categorized by year are also in:

30 article in most categories
Moved to People by year/Reports/Articles in most categories.

Articles also covered by year pages
From May 16, 2005 (counts need fixing, they are one or two off):

Sample from below:
 * For 1300, Category:1300 births includes 7 articles, 0% of those are already listed on 1300.

 * (*) compared to 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004;
 * not to Deaths in 2001, Deaths in 2002, Deaths in 2003, Recent deaths

title: Wikipedia:People by year/Reports/Stats


text:
Liz Ellis

Elizabeth Margaret Ellis, (born 17 January 1973) is a retired Australian netball player and television presenter who was a member of the national netball team from 1992 until 2007 and captain for the last four of those years. She is the most capped international player for Australian netball. Liz Ellis was inducted to the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2006.

Early life and education
Ellis was born in Windsor, New South Wales, on 17 January 1973. After attending Holy Family High School and finishing the last two years of secondary education at John Paul II Senior High School (now known as St Andrew's College), Ellis attended the Australian Institute of Sport on a netball scholarship. She also completed a law degree at Macquarie University while she worked her way up the ranks of Australian netball.

Netball career
After attending the AIS in 1991–1992, Ellis made her debut for the Australian Netball Team in July 1993 against Wales. It was the 1995 World Championships in Birmingham where she stamped her mark on the international netball scene with a sterling performance in the grand final against South Africa. She went on to be a mainstay of the Australian Netball Team, participating in the 1995, 1999, 2003 and 2007 World Championships and the 2002 and 2006 Commonwealth Games. She was named Vice-Captain of the team in 2000 and Captain in 2004 and broke the record for the highest number of tests played for Australia in 2005. She was named Australian Netball's Most Valued Player on four occasions – 1996, 1998, 2002 and 2006.

Ellis became the captain of the Sydney Swifts in 2000. She was the captain for their team in 2001, 2004, 2006 and 2007 Commonwealth Bank Trophy premierships. She played her entire domestic career for the Swifts and holds the record for the most games played in the Commonwealth Bank Trophy (173). In October 2005, Ellis suffered a career-threatening knee injury in a match against New Zealand in Auckland. She defied the critics by making a full recovery from a full knee reconstruction and producing some of the best netball of her career in the two years that followed. Ellis announced her retirement from netball on 19 November 2007, two days after leading Australia to a World Championship victory over New Zealand.

Television career
Since her retirement, Ellis has been a netball commentator, working initially for Fox Sports and Network Ten during their coverage of the ANZ Championship and Australian Diamonds test matches. She moved to the Nine Network when it picked up the rights to the Suncorp Super Netball league, and became a regular panellist on the network's weekly Sports Sunday program.

In 2023, Ellis appeared as a contestant in the ninth season of the Australian edition of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, which she won. She also began appearing regularly on Network 10's The Project as a panelist in 2023.

In October 2023, Network 10 announced at their 2024 upfronts that Ellis was set to host a revival of the sports entertainment competition show Gladiators Australia in 2024, alongside Beau Ryan. The show officially premiered on 15 January 2024.

Personal life
Ellis met former businessman Matthew Stocks in 1992. They became engaged in 2000 and married in 2006.

On 31 March 2011, Ellis announced that she was pregnant. On 28 September 2011, she gave birth to her first child, a daughter, at Sydney's Royal Prince Alfred Hospital.

On 21 October 2015, Ellis announced on "The Project" that after several rounds of IVF and three miscarriages, she was pregnant with her second child. A son was born 4 April 2016.

Ellis wrote a book in 2018 titled "If at First You Don't Conceive", detailing her experiences with her troubles having children.

In May 2024, Ellis was appointed Chair of the Netball Australia Board.

Recognition
In the 2018 Australia Day Honours, Ellis became an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for "distinguished service to netball as an elite player and coach, through support and advocacy for young women, as a contributor to the broadcast and print media industries, and to the community". In recognition of her outstanding career, since 2008 the highest individual accolade awarded to an Australian netball athlete has been the annual Liz Ellis Diamond.

In 2019, she was inducted into Hall of Fame at Australian Women's Health Sport Awards.

In 2020, a river-class ferry on the Sydney Ferries network was named in her honour.

title: Liz Ellis


text:
Army of Occupation Medal

The Army of Occupation Medal is a military award of the United States military which was established by the United States War Department on 5 April 1946. The medal was created in the aftermath of the Second World War to recognize those who had performed occupation service in either Germany, Italy, Austria, Japan or Korea. The original Army of Occupation Medal was intended only for members of the United States Army, but was expanded in 1948 to encompass the United States Air Force shortly after that service's creation. The Navy and Marine equivalent of the Army of Occupation Medal is the Navy Occupation Service Medal, which features the same ribbon with its own medallion and clasps.

History
Although authorized in 1946, it was not until 1947 that the first Army of Occupation Medals were distributed. The first medal was presented to General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, who had been the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force Commander during World War II.

Because of the legal status of West Berlin as an occupied territory, the Army of Occupation Medal was issued for forty-five years until the unification of Germany in 1990, making it one of the longest active military awards of both the Second World War and the Cold War.

In addition, some recipients of the award were born two generations after the end of the conflict which the medal was designed to represent. Much like the National Defense Service Medal, the Army of Occupation Medal has come to be considered a "multi-generational" award.

Although 30 days in West Berlin was a requirement for issuing the award, it was not unusual for supply sergeants to issue it along with other unit insignia and equipment. If the soldier questioned it, he would be told "You aren't going anywhere for 30 days! Just wait to put it on your uniform."

Criteria
To be awarded the Army of Occupation Medal, a service member was required to have performed at least thirty consecutive days of military duty within a designated geographical area of military occupation. The Army of Occupation Medal was presented with a campaign clasp, denoting either European or Asian service, depending on the region in which occupation service had been performed. Campaign clasps were worn on the full-sized medal only with no corresponding device when wearing the Army of Occupation Medal as a ribbon on a military uniform.

In addition to the Germany clasp, for those service members who performed 92 consecutive days of military duty during the Berlin Airlift in 1948 and 1949, the Berlin Airlift Device is authorized as a device to the Army of Occupation Medal. (If further eligible, persons could also be awarded the Medal for Humane Action.)

Germany clasp

 * Germany (9 May 1945 to 5 May 1955)
 * Austria (9 May 1945 to 27 July 1955)
 * Italy (9 May 1945 to 15 September 1947)
 * West Berlin (9 May 1945 to 2 October 1990)

Japan clasp

 * Japan (3 September 1945 to 27 April 1952)
 * Korea (3 September 1945 to 29 June 1949)

Appearance
The medal is bronze measuring 1.25 inches across. On the obverse, are the abutments of the Remagen Bridge with the words "ARMY OF OCCUPATION" inscribed above. On the reverse, is Mount Fuji with a low-hanging cloud over two Japanese junks above a wave and the inscribed date "1945". A bronze clasp 0.125 inches wide and 1.5 inches in length with the word "GERMANY" or "JAPAN" is worn on the suspension ribbon of the medal to indicate service in Europe or the Far East. The ribbon is 1.375 inches wide with two thin white stripes at the edges and two thicker stripes in the middle, the first being black and the second in scarlet. A myth was that if a soldier served in Germany the ribbon's black band was worn to his right and if in Japan the red was to his right. The only approved display was for the black band to be to the wearer's right.

title: Army of Occupation Medal


text:
User:Graciebear

[[Media:Qirien_-_The_Bath_Song.ogg]]<- from lotr

LINKS

 * my live journal
 * course live journal
 * nolan
 * widgetwiki

user:graciebear

title: User:Graciebear


text:
Hodrick–Prescott filter

The Hodrick–Prescott filter (also known as Hodrick–Prescott decomposition) is a mathematical tool used in macroeconomics, especially in real business cycle theory, to remove the cyclical component of a time series from raw data. It is used to obtain a smoothed-curve representation of a time series, one that is more sensitive to long-term than to short-term fluctuations. The adjustment of the sensitivity of the trend to short-term fluctuations is achieved by modifying a multiplier $$\lambda$$.

The filter was popularized in the field of economics in the 1990s by economists Robert J. Hodrick and Nobel Memorial Prize winner Edward C. Prescott, though it was first proposed much earlier by E. T. Whittaker in 1923. The Hodrick-Prescott filter is a special case of a smoothing spline.

The equation
The reasoning for the methodology uses ideas related to the decomposition of time series. Let $$y_t\,$$ for $$t = 1, 2, ..., T\,$$ denote the logarithms of a time series variable. The series $$y_t\,$$ is made up of a trend component $$\tau_t$$ and a cyclical component $$c_t$$ such that $$y_t\ = \tau_t\ + c_t\,$$. Given an adequately chosen, positive value of $$\lambda$$, there is a trend component that will solve

 * $$\min_{\tau}\left(\sum_{t = 1}^T {(y_t - \tau _t )^2 } + \lambda \sum_{t = 2}^{T - 1} {[(\tau _{t+1}  - \tau _t) - (\tau _t  - \tau _{t - 1} )]^2 }\right).\,$$

The first term of the equation is the sum of the squared deviations $$d_t=y_t-\tau_t$$, which penalizes the cyclical component. The second term is a multiple $$\lambda$$ of the sum of the squares of the trend component's second differences. This second term penalizes variations in the growth rate of the trend component. The larger the value of $$\lambda$$, the higher is the penalty. Hodrick and Prescott suggest 1600 as a value for $$\lambda$$ for quarterly data. Ravn and Uhlig (2002) state that $$\lambda$$ should vary by the fourth power of the frequency observation ratio; thus, $$\lambda$$ should equal 6.25 (1600/4^4) for annual data and 129,600 (1600*3^4) for monthly data; in practice, $$\lambda = 100$$ for yearly data and $$\lambda = 14,400$$ for monthly data are commonly used, however.

The Hodrick–Prescott filter is explicitly given by

 * $$\mathit{HP} = \left[ \lambda L^2 - 4\lambda L + (1 + 6\lambda) - 4\lambda L^{-1} + \lambda L^{-2} \right]^{-1}$$

where $$L$$ denotes the lag operator, as can be seen from the first-order condition for the minimization problem.

Drawbacks to the Hodrick–Prescott filter
The Hodrick–Prescott filter will only be optimal when:
 * Data exists in a I(2) trend.
 * If one-time permanent shocks or split growth rates occur, the filter will generate shifts in the trend that do not actually exist.
 * Noise in data is approximately normally distributed.
 * Analysis is purely historical and static (closed domain). The filter causes misleading predictions when used dynamically since the algorithm changes (during iteration for minimization) the past state (unlike a moving average) of the time series to adjust for the current state regardless of the size of $$\lambda$$ used.

The standard two-sided Hodrick–Prescott filter is non-causal as it is not purely backward looking. Hence, it should not be used when estimating DSGE models based on recursive state-space representations (e.g., likelihood-based methods that make use of the Kalman filter). The reason is that the Hodrick–Prescott filter uses observations at $$t+i, i>0 $$ to construct the current time point $$t$$, while the recursive setting assumes that only current and past states influence the current observation. One way around this is to use the one-sided Hodrick–Prescott filter.

Exact algebraic formulas are available for the two-sided Hodrick–Prescott filter in terms of its signal-to-noise ratio $$\lambda$$.

A working paper by James D. Hamilton at UC San Diego titled "Why You Should Never Use the Hodrick-Prescott Filter" presents evidence against using the HP filter. Hamilton writes that:

 * 1) The HP filter produces series with spurious dynamic relations that have no basis in the underlying data-generating process.
 * 2) A one-sided version of the filter reduces but does not eliminate spurious predictability and moreover produces series that do not have the properties sought by most potential users of the HP filter.
 * 3) A statistical formalization of the problem typically produces values for the smoothing parameter vastly at odds with common practice, e.g., a value for λ far below 1600 for quarterly data.
 * 4) There's a better alternative. A regression of the variable at date t+h on the four most recent values as of date t offers a robust approach to detrending that achieves all the objectives sought by users of the HP filter with none of its drawbacks."

A working paper by Robert J. Hodrick titled "An Exploration of Trend-Cycle Decomposition Methodologies in Simulated Data" examines whether the proposed alternative approach of James D. Hamilton is actually better than the HP filter at extracting the cyclical component of several simulated time series calibrated to approximate U.S. real GDP. Hodrick finds that for time series in which there are distinct growth and cyclical components, the HP filter comes closer to isolating the cyclical component than the Hamilton alternative.

title: Hodrick–Prescott filter


text:
Zek

Zek may refer to:

 * Achmet Zek, a character from the serial film Tarzan the Tiger
 * Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War (Zentralstelle zur Erforschung der Kriegschuldfrage), a think-tank based in Berlin
 * Zek, a character from the TV series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
 * Zek, a term for prisoners in Soviet Gulags
 * Zentralstelle für Kreditinformation, a Swiss organisation centralizing and listing every credit attached to someone

title: Zek