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Waka/Jawaka

Waka/Jawaka (also known as Waka/Jawaka — Hot Rats) is the fourth solo album, fifteenth album counting the work of his band the Mothers of Invention, by Frank Zappa, released in July 1972. The album is the jazz-influenced precursor to The Grand Wazoo (November 1972), and as the front cover indicates, a sequel of sorts to 1969's Hot Rats. According to Zappa, the title "is something that showed up on a ouija board at one time."

Songs
"Big Swifty" is a jazz-fusion tune, similar to many of Zappa's pieces from the jazz period of his compositional timeline. It features many horns to achieve a thick brassy sound as well as room for improvisation and use of multiple time signatures. The tune initially alternates between and  time signatures, soon settling on a  swing feel for several extended solos. Known recorded live versions expanded rhythmic diversification to and rubato parts (e.g. live in Texas, 1973).

The track "It Just Might Be a One-Shot Deal" is a strange tale of hallucinations sung by Sal Marquez and Janet Ferguson (the "tough-minded" groupie in 200 Motels). Sneaky Pete Kleinow's pedal steel guitar sets up a dream-like, smooth quality, but with the words "but you should be diggin' it while it's happening cause it just might be a one-shot deal", though played in real time rather than achieved with a splice, it again sounds as if the music has started to run backwards.

Critical reception
Initial reviews for the album were mixed. Rolling Stone's Rob Houghton compared it to "second-rate Miles Davis," but concluded that Waka/Jawaka was "one of Zappa’s most enjoyable, less hypertense efforts." Village Voice critic Robert Christgau was less charitable: "With Sal Marquez playing 'many trumpets' all over 'Big Swifty,' there are times you could drop the needle and think you were listening to recent Miles Davis. That's certainly what Zappa's been doing. But where Davis is occasionally too loose, Zappa's always too tight—he seems to perceive only what is weird and alienating in his influences, never what is humane. Also, Sal Marquez doesn't play trumpet(s) as good as Miles." However, the album's reputation has improved over time. In UDiscoverMusic in 2022, Jamie Atkins wrote, "Waka/Jawaka stands up on its own as one of Zappa’s most vibrant and enjoyable explorations of jazz-rock."

Reissues
It was reissued in a digitally remastered version on CD by Rykodisc in 1988 (with much digital reverb added and missing the back cover artwork) and in 1995 (restoring the rear cover, but with identical sound). In 2012, Universal Music released a CD containing a remastered version of the original vinyl mix. On December 16, 2022, Universal Music released Dolby Atmos & Dolby TrueHD mix of this album along with The Grand Wazoo as part of a 4CD+1Blu-Ray set named Waka/Wazoo, to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the albums. The album was also released in black & colored vinyl to celebrate the 50th Anniversary.

Track listing
All songs written, composed and arranged by Frank Zappa.

Musicians on the album

 * Frank Zappa – guitar (all tracks, including acoustic guitar on track 3), percussion (1), electric bed springs and uncredited vocals (3)
 * Sal Marquez – trumpets (all tracks), vocals (2, 3); chimes (1, 4), flugelhorn (4)
 * Erroneous (Alex Dmochowski) – electric bass (all tracks), vocals (3), fuzz bass (4)
 * Aynsley Dunbar – drums (all tracks), washboard and tambourine (3)
 * Tony Duran – slide guitar (1, 2, 3), vocals (3)
 * George Duke – ring-modulated & echoplexed electric piano (1), tack piano (2)
 * Mike Altschul – baritone saxophone and piccolo (2, 4), bass flute, bass clarinet and tenor sax (4)
 * Kris Peterson – vocals (2, 4)
 * Joel Peskin – tenor sax (2)
 * Jeff Simmons – Hawaiian guitar and vocals (3)
 * Sneaky Pete Kleinow – pedal steel guitar solo (3)
 * Janet Ferguson – vocals (3)
 * Don Preston – piano and Minimoog (4)
 * Billy Byers – trombone and baritone horn (4)
 * Ken Shroyer – trombone and baritone horn (4)

Production

 * Producer: Frank Zappa
 * Engineers: Marshall Brevitz, Kerry McNabb
 * Mastering: Frank Zappa
 * Supervisor: Marshall Brevitz
 * Concept: Sal Marquez
 * Creative consultant: Sal Marquez
 * Design: Cal Schenkel
 * Cover Design: Cal Schenkel
 * Cover illustration: Marvin Mattelson
 * Illustrations: Marvin Mattelson
 * Photography: Philip Schartz
 * Back cover: Philip Schwartz
 * Packaging: Cal Schenkel
 * Repackaging: Ferenc Dobronyi

title: Waka/Jawaka


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Flesh and Blood (1985 film)

Flesh and Blood (stylized as Flesh+Blood) is a 1985 romantic historical adventure film directed by Paul Verhoeven, and starring Rutger Hauer, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Tom Burlinson, Susan Tyrrell, Ronald Lacey, Bruno Kirby and Jack Thompson. The script was written by Verhoeven and Gerard Soeteman. The story is set in the year 1501 in Italy, during the early modern period, and follows two warring groups of mercenaries and their longstanding quarrel.

The script is partly based on unused material for the Dutch TV series Floris, which was the debut for Verhoeven, Soeteman and Hauer. The film, originally titled God's Own Butchers, was also known as The Rose and the Sword on early VHS releases. It was Verhoeven's first English-language film.

The film follows a group of mercenaries who carry out missions for a lord who has lost his castle but after retaking it they are betrayed and forced to leave. During a revenge attack the group find and take a young woman who is betrothed to the lord's son. This changes the dynamic of the group during a dangerous time of medieval fighting and the plague.

The film was a huge box office flop, only managing to make back US$100,000 out of its estimated US$6.5 million budget, although the film has a small cult following.

Plot
In 1501, a city in Italy was taken by a coup d'état while its rightful ruler, Arnolfini, was away. Arnolfini promises some mercenaries 24 hours of looting if they succeed in retaking the city, and they do so, raping and killing those who stand in their way. In their revelry, Arnolfini decides that he wants the mercenaries gone.

Hawkwood, the commander of the troops, cares for a young nun he mistakenly attacked during the siege. Arnolfini promises to get medical attention for her, while Hawkwood leads Arnolfini's cavalry, betraying his former lieutenant, Martin. The cavalry ejects the mercenaries from the city without their loot. Martin's son is later stillborn. Burying the infant unearths a wooden statue of Saint Martin of Tours—a saint with a sword. The mercenaries' chaplain views this as a sign from God to follow Martin as their new leader.

Arnolfini's son Steven is betrothed to Agnes. They meet for the first time and eat from a mandrake to magically fall in love, and later the entourage is attacked and robbed by Martin's band. Arnolfini is seriously injured; Kathleen, Agnes' lady-in-waiting, is killed; and Agnes is hauled away, concealed among her valuable dowry. Martin discovers Agnes that evening as they strip the caravan of valuables. The men desire to rape her but Martin decides to take her himself. He rapes Agnes in front of the caravan while she at first taunts him, and then begs Martin's protection when he is finished. Martin prevents the rest of the men from raping her.

The mercenaries come upon a castle where, unknown to them, the inhabitants are infected with the plague. They capture the castle with the help of Agnes. She induces Martin to fall in love with her and works on the other mercenaries to accept her. She appears to have given up on her former life. Determined to rescue her, Steven turns to Hawkwood. Hawkwood only wants to live a quiet life, married to the former nun. Steven, becoming as ruthless as his father, seizes her to force Hawkwood to help his pursuit of Martin.

Steven's party locates Martin and the mercenaries. They do not have sufficient force to take the castle and lay siege to it. In the castle, Martin asks Agnes where her true loyalty lies; she is noncommittal, hinting that the winner takes all. Outside, the plague spreads among Steven's forces and infects Hawkwood. Steven builds a siege tower to storm the castle, and Martin destroys it with something Steven had tried earlier: gunpowder. Steven's soldiers are killed as Steven scales the tower's ladders, and falls into the castle grounds.

The mercenaries capture Steven and shackle him in the courtyard; Agnes joins in his abuse. Using a new medical technique Steven learned (cutting the buboes on the infected body), Hawkwood cures his plague. He cannot continue the siege alone but, before leaving for additional troops, he catapults pieces of an infected dog into the castle. One chunk lands near the chained Steven; he initially warns Martin of the danger of the dog, but flings it into the castle's water well after seeing Agnes acquiesce to Martin's sexual demands. Steven says that she can decide whether to tell the mercenaries.

The mercenaries wish to leave the castle, fearing the plague, but Martin persuades them to stay. At the next meal, Agnes watches as they drink infected water. As Martin begins to drink, she slaps the cup from his hand, just as the mercenaries begin to show signs of the plague. The party blame Martin, and hurl him into the well. Agnes then joins in the abuse of Martin.

After the throng departs, Steven needs Martin's key to escape from the shackles, and Martin needs Steven to get out of the well. The two cooperate, but upon seeing that Hawkwood and Arnolfini recovered from their wounds and returned with an army, Martin flees to the belfry. Using a lightning storm to strike the chain, Steven frees himself and, as the battle rages, races to find Agnes. During the fighting, the belfry catches fire. All the mercenaries, save Martin, Polly, Anna, and Little John, end up dead.

Martin confronts Agnes, who claims that she loves him. He prepares to murder her rather than allow her to return to Steven. As Martin is strangling Agnes, Steven attacks. Martin overpowers Steven and almost drowns him, but Agnes strikes Martin on the head, and she and Steven flee the blazing castle and reunite with Hawkwood. As Agnes and Steven embrace, Agnes sees Martin over Steven's shoulder, escaping from the castle, a sack of loot on his shoulder. She says nothing.

Cast

 * Rutger Hauer as Martin, mercenary leader
 * Jennifer Jason Leigh as Agnes, virgin daughter of an aristocrat
 * Tom Burlinson as Steven, learned son of Arnolfini
 * Jack Thompson as Hawkwood, a captain of mercenaries
 * Fernando Hilbeck as Arnolfini, feudal lord
 * Susan Tyrrell as Celine, a drunken prostitute attached to Martin
 * Ronald Lacey as Cardinal, a visionary
 * Brion James as Karsthans, a mercenary
 * Bruno Kirby as Orbec, a mercenary
 * Simon Andreu as Miel, a mercenary
 * John Dennis Johnston as Summer, a mercenary
 * Marina Saura as Polly, a prostitute
 * Kitty Courbois as Anna
 * Jake Wood as Little John, Anna's son
 * Nancy Cartwright as Kathleen, Agnes's lady-in-waiting
 * Héctor Alterio as Niccolo
 * Blanca Marsillach as Clara
 * Jorge Bosso as Sterz
 * Mario De Barros as Herman
 * Hans Veerman as Father George, a physician
 * Ida Bons as Roly Poly
 * Jaime Segura as Lord of the Castle
 * Bettina Brenner as Lady of the Castle
 * Siobhan Hayes as Child of the Castle
 * Susan Beresford as Sturdy Woman
 * Monica Lucchetti as Tongueless Girl
 * Anne Lockhart as Wife

Production
After tiring of attempting to have his controversial Dutch films subsidized by the government, Verhoeven looked elsewhere for funding for Flesh and Blood, eventually securing most of the budget from Hollywood studio Orion Pictures. However, Orion soon requested changes, feeling that the film needed a love interest; thus, instead of focusing on the relationship between Hawkwood and Martin, Agnes was introduced and attention turned to her romantic entanglement with both Martin and Steven. Verhoeven later said: "The triangular relationship [of] Martin–Agnes–Steven is now the main story line, but in retrospect I think we should have stuck with Hawkwood and Martin. The failure of Flesh and Blood was a lesson for me: never again compromise on the main story line of a script."

In addition to a cast featuring American, Australian, British, Spanish and Dutch actors, attempting to handle an international co-production funded by multiple sources who all wanted to take the film in different directions overwhelmed Verhoeven, who had also not storyboarded the film in a bid to achieve a "looser visual approach". There were a number of delays and disagreements because of the subsequent improvisational style of filming; many members of the cast and crew also arrived and left when they pleased to party on a local beach. One of the most notable disagreements was between Verhoeven and Hauer, who wanted to cultivate a reputation for playing heroic characters rather than villains, as he did in Ridley Scott's Blade Runner (1982). This was at odds with Verhoeven's intent to portray the moral ambiguity of its characters and the Middle Ages as a "stinking time in which to live" to distance it from typical medieval fantasy depictions of the period. This caused a bitter rift to develop between the two, who did not work together again.

Some of the film was censored, including the rape sequence. This upset Jennifer Jason Leigh, who was opposed to censorship. "It's a hard scene to watch," she said. "Brutal and ugly as rape is, I know it's going to upset a lot of people. But the film is extraordinary. Paul Verhoeven is so gifted."

Flesh and Blood was shot in Spain, in Belmonte (Cuenca), Cáceres and Ávila.

Flesh and Blood's musical score was composed by Basil Poledouris, conducting the London Symphony Orchestra. La-La Land Records released an extended CD of the score in 2013 with almost twice as much music as the original 1985 LP/CD release by Varèse Sarabande.

Release
Though the film received worldwide release in the summer of 1985, in the United States, Orion Pictures gave the film a limited theatrical release on August 16, 1985, in Los Angeles and New York City. Thus, the film did not gross a large amount in the country, and by most accounts, performed poorly. By 1986, the film was showing in the U.S. on HBO, a business partner of Orion Pictures.

Box office
Verhoeven has hypothesized on the reasons for the film's failure at the American box office in the years since its release, including statements that it was "too cynical and downbeat" to be a hit. Professor of film and literature at California Polytechnic State University Douglas Keesey suggested that the film had "no hero to root for and no happy fantasy element to lighten its unpleasantly realistic depiction of the Middle Ages".

The film's financial failure caused Verhoeven to move to the United States in September 1985 in order to better understand American culture and what films would be suited to its audience. In addition to this, his previous films, notably Spetters (1980), had been protested by members of the Dutch public and it had become difficult to gain financing to shoot productions in his home country.

Critical response
Although unsuccessful at the box office upon release, the film has become a critical and cult favorite. It maintains an 86% approval rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews, with a weighted average of 6.1/10.

Noel Murray of The A.V. Club wrote in his review: "From the start of his career, Dutch director Paul Verhoeven has mostly focused on making violent, sexy genre pieces—often punishing, often absurd, and always placed in the context of a moralistic pessimism. Verhoeven’s 1985 English-language film debut Flesh and Blood wallows in mud and misery, with Rutger Hauer playing an early-16th-century mercenary who leads a troupe of undesirables in a revolt against a deadbeat lord, and Jennifer Jason Leigh playing a virginal lady who’s kidnapped by the rebels and becomes Hauer’s (mostly) willing mate."

Cultural impact
The movie inspired Berserk creator Kentaro Miura, who said in a 2003 interview when he won the Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize's Award for Excellence (2002) that he based the design of Berserk protagonist Guts on the character Martin as portrayed by actor Rutger Hauer.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Flesh and Blood (1985 film)


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User talk:Sean Kelly

Reed School colors?
Sean, do you have a reference for your comment about Reed's school colors? It's a great anecode, even so. JesseW 01:48, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

See the discussion at Reed College Sean Kelly 17:39, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Style guide italics question
Hi, Sean. About your proposal at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style, I wanted to fill you in a little bit about Wikipedia customs. I moved your post to the bottom of the page, where new discussions normally go. Changes within Wikipedia are more often discussed than voted on. And it's usual for people making proposals to give their rationale. Hope you're enjoying Wikipedia so far. Maurreen 06:11, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

And yes, your test worked, and it was fixed by speedy deletion. If you create an article in error and want it deleted, you should mark it with a, then it will not get lost. andy 12:27, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * See answer on my talk - I notified the developers to the problem. andy 22:00, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Mathematics not an art?
Hi Sean. In the Mathematics article, I noticed that you changed: "Some say that mathematics is not a science at all, rather an art" to simply: "Some say that mathematics is not a science at all" with the edit summary of "woa woa... math is definitely in no way an art". While you may not consider it so, I can assure you that very many mathematicians (myself and the many mathematicians that I know, included) do consider it to be an art. See for example: Mathematical beauty. Or do a Google search on "mathematics as art". Regards, Paul August ☎ 19:01, Jan 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * I would agree that Mathematics is artistic, but not an art. Things that are artistic are beautiful, pleasant to behold, and consonant, like mathematics.  Things that are art are created, in the physical world, and exist to be appreciated, all of which mathematics is not.  Do you share this distinction?
 * Secondly, the passage as it was originally given is misleading. IMHO, to the average person, "Some say that mathematics is not a science at all, rather an art" would not convey the idea you and I (and the many mathematicians that you know) share, which is that mathematics is beautiful. --Sean Kelly 21:42, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

No I'm afraid I don't share the distinction you make above. Mathematics is no less "physical" than poetry and, in the opinion of many mathematicians, no less artful. I'm not so interested in arguing whether mathematics is or is not an art, rather I'm trying to make you understand that, whether they are right or not, many mathematicians regard it as such. Paul August ☎ 23:05, Jan 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * I could see something like, "The way you write your proofs is an art," or "Making connections between polytopes and the sphere packing problem is an art." But these sentences describe the pleasure we get when we think about their aesthetics, not their nature.  Their nature is not to please, but to be valid.
 * Well either way, I will stop babbling and accept your point that most mathematicians consider mathematics an art. It just give me goosebumps is all.  --Sean Kelly 13:40, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Testing

 * Out my signature -- S ean κ 08:47, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Again --sean κ 08:47, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Again --Sean κ. 08:48, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Again _Sean κ. 08:49, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Again — sean κ. ☎ 08:52, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
Welcome to the WikiProject on Beer! We're just starting out, so there's alot to be done. – ClockworkSoul 12:39, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hog' s Back Brewery
Hog' s Back Brewery cannot be speedy deleted, but you could try Votes for deletion instead if you wish. --Henrygb 00:57, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

New Belgium Brewery...
It looks like we have two pages with the same content...we should merge one to the other (and I don't have a preference which way). New Belgium Brewery and New Belgium Brewing Company Wikibofh 23:22, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Nah...I created mine after yours...:) No worries we can do whatever is best.  Wikibofh 23:33, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for your message and support. I do apologize for making the mistakes. I usually do the four tildes and summarize my actions, I just forgot. Thanks again for the message. I will watch my actions more carfully in the future. Mcfly85 23:15, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

WP:TS
Thanks for your support (and vote) for my "Developed Solution" at WP:TS. I too think it's the best submission (with bias, obviously) but with 12 votes compared to 42 for the winner I don't think anything can come of it. I do like the chosen submission though, and I'm happy as long as we get some form of standardisation for the templates. violet/riga (t) 23:18, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Beer image request
In April you listed a request on Requested pictures for a picture with 5 types of beer in it, because all the pictures are of only one beer. Are there the individual pictures that could be combined into one image that would fulfill this request? (I don't have the individual pictures but I might be able to assemble them into one picture if we did.) RJFJR 20:47, May 15, 2005 (UTC)

Public Domain Beer images of high quality can be downloaded here: http://www.washjeff.edu/capl/category_list.asp?cat=sub&id=20

Smalltalk justification?
Hello. You requested a justification for Smalltalk on the PL template—I wrote my justification in the edit summary, but as you (obviously) thought it inadequate: I see legacy apps written in various flavors of Smalltalk consulting at various banks (off the top of my head, Chase and Washington Mutual). I thought to myself, if COBOL isn't a historical language, why is Smalltalk academic? Plus Extreme Programming was first practiced at Chrysler Comprehensive Compensation, which to my knowledge is still running, though it stopped active development in 2002 or so. --AllanBz 06:02, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

"please place pictures better"
Just a reminder that the location of "floating" images relative to other text and other images is entirely dependant on the width of your browser -- you might find that when you resize the browser window (to simulate the view of people with different graphics hardware and preferences) or change the font size, then floating images will rearrange themselves on the page. It can be difficult to get (or to expect) exact layout of graphical elements on the web, where the users' browsers are given so much control of how the pages are shown. Ojw 23:14, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Conspiracy theory
Hi Sean, can you explain your vote comment over on Wikipedia talk:Conspiracy theory? "The author of the proposal has no idea what conspiracy theory means?" I quoted from Wikipedia's own article Conspiracy theory when formulating the proposal. "Conspiracy theory" is being wielded as a language weapon against some subjects but not others on Wikipedia. Because of its double meanings, the phrase "conspiracy theory" is at best ambiguous while at worst it extremely pre-discredits a subject by connoting that the subject is unworthy of being taken seriously, which seems custom made to discourage an objective analysis of that subject (it appeals to gut reaction thoughts, not deep thinking and analysis). All of which should be the anti-thesis of an encyclopedia. If something is factually debunkable it should be debunked with facts, not intentionally ambiguous and subtly discrediting language. Please explain your opinion logically. zen master   T  05:12, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * At least one encyclopedia is not actually avoiding colloquial words and phrases. The way "conspiracy theory" works to discredit a subject is by people, such as yourself, repeatedly referring to theories as literally a theory of people conspiring, the secondary definition "dubious theory" comes along for the ride.  If there is a subject you don't want to discredit you simply don't repeatedly harp on the literal definition.  "Conspiracy theory" is obviously a POV device when people go to such lengths of illogic to defend it's usage. Many words and phrases have duplicitous meanings, but only "conspiracy theory"'s secondary definition pre-discredits and even discourages an objective analysis of a subject, which is custom made to appeal to readers' gut reaction thought of "oh this subject is unworthy of being taken seriously, then I won't even read or deeply think about the article".  If a subject is worthy of an encyclopedia, it should be presented neutrally and encourage deep thinking and logical analysis.  To repeat, if a theory or allegation is factually debunkable it should be debunked with facts inside the article, rather than merely discouraging an objective analysis of the subject by using word games in the title.  zen master    T  17:39, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * There are discussions already ongoing on talk pages for many of the articles under the proposal. My main point about "conspiracy theory" titles is that many of them have more factually cited non-dubious evidence than other neutrally titled articles. This title discrepancy amongst arguably equally dubious articles on Wikipedia forms a pattern (aligned with the same POV).  An encyclopedia should treat the existence of an allegation or theory neutrally, all debunking should take place within the contents of an article.  The flat earth theory article is titled Flat Earth, but allegations from nobel prize winning scientists about AIDS and biowarfare are instead titled discreditingly and discouragingly as AIDS conspiracy theories.  The POV exists and works precisely because the masses are misreading the phrase "conspiracy theory", which I surmise that the POV pushers want to happen. 9/11 conspiracy theories should be retitled simply as 9/11 controversies. zen master    T  18:25, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Like all pro "conspiracy theory" apparent POV pushers before you, you completely ignore the secondary definition which both discredits and discourages an objective analysis of a subject. In terms of ease of propagandization, it's very convenient there exists this phrase "conspiracy theory" that can be used to discredit anything which is literally a theory of people conspiring.  Appealing to people's gut reaction thoughts about the worthiness of a subject must work a lot better than going to the lengths it would take to actually factually debunk that same subject, or even more ominously, it could be an attempt to obfuscate the truth under subtly discrediting and discouraging duplicitous language.  If it can be established that there is evidence AIDS was bioengineered then it logically follows someone conspired.  But first and foremost titles should not conclude anything about a subject.  A title should be solely about presenting the existence of a theory or allegation neutrally (if it's worthy enough for inclusion).  You keep trying to argue "conspiracy theory" is literally or objectively true which is impossible given the multiple definitions and negative connotations.  Please stop endlessly repeating that same core falsehood in a myriad of ways under different user accounts.  When making a logical and factual case for something, even if showing something is generally considered debunked, words and phrases that have duplicitous "negative connotations" should be discouraged in an encyclopedia, and from titles especially.  An encyclopedia's place is not to subtly suggest to the reader that a subject should not be taken seriously, instead, any conclusions about a subject should follow from facts presented inside the article.  An encyclopedia should want readers to actually know all the specific facts about why a controversial theory or allegation is false, rather than the reader being tricked into concluding they don't even need to think about a subject because it is unworthy.  Read Wikipedia's neutrality policy on why Flat Earth is titled the way it is, your suggestion of "Flat Earth conspiracy theories" for the society does not jive with it. zen master    T  21:22, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The negative connotations with "conspiracy theory" are much worse than all the other words you list because "conspiracy theory" discourages an objective analysis of any article titled with it. If any of those other words you list are being used in titles those articles should be renamed as well.  As my proposal notes, I am not against the use of "conspiracy theory" inside an article, the proposal is simply about declaring "conspiracy theory" as not being appropriate nor neutral enough for a title only.  "conspiracy theory" as language does not convey pristine nor even merely sufficient clarity of thought.  zen master    T  22:16, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

I wonder whether it's a good idea to move trolltalk out of discussion pages...
...because that makes it easier for monomaniacs/trolls/troublemakers to shout "censorship!". (And by the way, I don't think "trollfood" is the correct terminology - the template should read "trolltalk").

In the case of 211.28 all attempts at discussion with him are indeed hopeless and fruitless, but there is one point about him that IMO needs to be discussed: what should the community do with him? He does not share our goals, he disrespects our rules, and he wastes the time of fair-minded Wikipedians. As long as he is allowed to edit, there will be trouble without end. Methinks we should find some kind of consensus what to do with him. RfC? RfAr? Kosebamse 15:57, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Linux edits
Tried my best to clarify my Linux edit, its all based on Linus' book Just for Fun. Nixdorf 10:46, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)

Requests for comment/211.28.*.*
The RFAr suggestion on Time Cube has been moved here. Please look at it, add evidence and suggestions, and sign your endorsement if appropriate. Radiant_ >|< 09:06, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

Please put your signature under "users certifying the basis for this dispute", since you've been involved in discussion and reversion. This is necessary because 2 people need to sign under that section for the RfC to not be deleted. -- brian0918 ™  17:40, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the note. Mgw 02:55, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

RE: Linux troll
Yeah, I noticed him using a dynamic IP; thanks for the heads-up though. I will gladly extend the 4-day block to his IPs as well. Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 17:33, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

Re; page move vandals
To fix it an admin can undo the move, it's not easy for a non-admin to fix it since the remaining redirect needs to be overwritten. Anyway, after some confusion with many people trying to fix it at once, it's ok now. No harm done. Shanes 18:37, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Table namespace
— Omegatron 01:09, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

Beer Categories
It has been suggested by User:BrianSmithson that the Beer and brewery categories should be renamed. The proposal has been supported by User:Syrthiss, and supported and expanded by myself. The notion is that the regional categories should follow the format of "Beer and breweries in Africa" /Europe/Asia/North America/South America/Oceania. "Brewers and breweries" could also be renamed "Beer and breweries by region". And all the countries should also be renamed (and merged if needed) as, for example, "Beer and breweries of Germany", "Beer and breweries of Britain", "Beer and breweries of Poland". The word in each case would be beer rather than beers to allow for general articles on beer culture in each region as well as individual beers.

Comments, suggestions, objections and simple votes to Wiki Beer Project SilkTork 14:44, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Beer & brewery notability criteria discusion document
A discussion document has been opened up. WikiProject Beer/Notability Criteria. Please put in your views either on the main page or on the attached talk page. SilkTork 17:53, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Brewery poll
Your vote/opinion on brewery notability is requested here: SilkTork 11:56, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:InBev logo.png)
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title: User talk:Sean Kelly


text:
Lovers of Zion

The Lovers of Zion, also Hovevei Zion (חובבי ציון) or Hibbat Zion (חיבת ציון), were a variety of proto-Zionist organizations founded in 1881 in response to the anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire and were officially constituted as a group at a conference led by Leon Pinsker in 1884.

The organizations are now considered the forerunners and foundation-builders of modern Zionism. Many of the first groups were established in Eastern European countries in the early 1880s with the aim to promote Jewish immigration to Palestine, and advance Jewish settlement there, particularly agricultural. Most of them stayed away from politics.

History
19th century Palestine was inhabited by Muslims, Armenians, Christians, and Jews. As early as 1840 Moses Montefiore advocated for the Jews in the Ottoman Empire, which controlled the areas of Palestine, meeting with British consul Lord Palmerston to get Mehemet Ali and the Sultan to protect the Jews of Palestine from conflicts with the Ottomans.

In 1850, according to the Ottoman census provincial yearbook, Palestine had 63,659 recorded households. Roughly 85% were Muslim, 11% were Christian and 4% Jewish. The Jewish population was recorded at about 14,730, and increased to 24,000 by 1882.

In 1854, Judah Touro bequeathed money to fund Jewish residential settlement in Palestine. Sir Moses Montefiore was appointed executor of his will, and used the funds for a variety of projects, including building the first Jewish residential settlement and almshouse outside of the old walled city of Jerusalem in 1860, which is known today as Mishkenot Sha'ananim quarter. Laurence Oliphant failed in a like attempt to bring to Palestine the Jewish proletariat of Poland, Lithuania, Romania, and the Turkish Empire (1879 and 1882).

In the Russian Empire, waves of pogroms of 1881–1884 (some allegedly state-sponsored), as well as the anti-Semitic May Laws of 1882 introduced by Tsar Alexander III of Russia, deeply affected Jewish communities. More than 2 million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920. The vast majority of them emigrated to the United States, but some decided to form an aliyah to Ottoman-ruled Palestine.

In 1882, a group of ten Hovevei Zion enthusiasts from Kharkiv, headed by Zalman David Levontin and including noted philanthropists Isaac Leib Goldberg and Reuven Yudalevich, founded Rishon LeZion, the first Zionist settlement founded in the Land of Israel by the New Yishuv. This was done despite obstacles posed by the Turkish government, which hindered the purchase of land. Later, Bilu pioneers strengthened the settlement and enlarged it. For many years, textbooks gave Bilu the credit for the establishment of Rishon LeZion, but in the last decades—after a campaign by the veterans of Rishon and their descendants—Hovevei Zion were given the credit as the founders of the city.

The Hovevei Zion tract Aruchas bas-ami was authored by Isaac Rülf in 1883, and in 1884, 34 delegates met in Kattowitz, Germany (today Katowice, Poland). Rabbi Samuel Mohilever was elected the president and Leon Pinsker the chairman of the organization they named Hovevei Zion. Pinsker was aided by Shaul Pinchas Rabbinowicz. The group tried to secure financial help from Baron Edmond James de Rothschild and other philanthropists to aid Jewish settlements in Palestine and to organize educational courses. In June 1887, another conference was held in Druskininkai.

The Warsaw chapter was founded by L. L. Zamenhof, who was working on the first grammar textbook of Yiddish ever written, published under the pseudonym "Dr. X" only in 1909, in Lebn un visnshaft, in the article "Vegn a yidisher gramatik un reform in der yidisher shprakh".

In order to attain legal recognition by the authorities, the Russian branch of Hovevei Zion had to meet a demand to be registered as a charity. Early in 1890 its establishment was approved by the Russian government as "The Society for the Support of Jewish Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Eretz Israel," which came to be known as The Odessa Committee. It was dedicated to the practical aspects in establishing agricultural settlements and its projects in 1890–1891 included help in the founding of Rehovot and Hadera and rehabilitation of Mishmar HaYarden.

One of the major donors was the famous tea merchant, Kalonimus Wolf Wissotzky, who founded the largest tea company in Russia, Wissotzky Tea. Wissotzky financed agricultural colonies in Palestine and visited the country in 1884–1885. He later published a book about his visit.

In 1897, before the First Zionist Congress, the Odessa Committee counted over 4,000 members. Once the Congress established the Zionist Organization, most of the Hovevei Zion societies joined it.

title: Lovers of Zion


text:
Talk:Dublin Port Tunnel

Tunnel length
The tunnel is quite a short one. Austria alone has 13 road tunnels that are longer. See http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Tunnel_in_Österreich —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.65.178.206 (talk) 22:05, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Finally opening?
It is being reported in a number of places including here that the tunnel will open in late October/early November. While the city council has not given a final date, the tunnel website has had a significant makeover in the last couple of days. Nelson50 09:02, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

I heard Tim Brick from Dublin City Council say it is likely to open in December. Objection 14:03, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Tunnel height
The Sydney (Australia) Harbour Tunnel has only 4.2m verticle clearance, and from time to time a taller truck gets stuck and causes chaos.

Just like the Dublin (Ireland) Port Tunnel to be.

About a quarter of Australian have Irish descent - perhaps that explains things. :-) :-)

Syd1435 08:50, 2004 Oct 1 (UTC)

Picture Reqeusts
Hi all, my office looks over the dublin port end of this tunnel, I work in East Point Business Park. Any picture requests for this article, let me know on my talk page. Smitz 20:45, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Hi,

I haven't been in Dublin since November 2004. I'm eager to know if its nearly finished. Can anyone tell me what stage its at. Have they repaved the M1 at Santry yet?

simon.finnegan@firstdata.com.au

Well, I'm writing in March 2006, and it still isn't finished... Also, I think a map of the route showing it with other main motorways/dual carriageways (M1/M50/N7/etc...) would be good. Jvlm.123 10:50, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Map
There's a map here which is already showing the intended route. Why the NRA/DCC etc. are claiming it links to the M50 in 6 minutes, I don't know... it links to the M1, and there's still a good 10 minutes drive (assuming no traffic jams!) to the M50... Bastun 17:08, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the map is wrong - at least for me the arrow is pointing south of stephens green - while the tunnel ends on the northside close to dublin port. this doesn't make sense.
 * As well it really links to M50 in 6 minutes (I think 3 minutes even is plausible) - there is traffic and it moves slow exactly because the tunnel is still closed - once it opens - the traffic will be... well probably worse, but the M50 is really close to the north exit of it. Dominykas Blyze 20:32, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Yep, ignore the arrow - dunno where that came from. The tunnel is the one that cuts across Fairview Park in the map, easily visible if you zoom in.  I still think the travel times are hugely optimistic.  Bear in mind that the tunnel exits onto the M1 in the middle of the road (overtaking lane) - and it's now illegal for HGVs to drive in the overtaking lane, so every truck exiting will have to cross straight away to the driving lane.  Chaos.  Bastun 22:08, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

The M50 will extend down from the m1 intersection to the tunnel, so the tunnel exits will be the main line, with N1 merging on to it.

 * When it's finished, the M1 will end at the current M50/M1 roundabout. The M50 will continue from that roundabout south (down the current M1) and into DPT, coming to an end in the north port. I think the figure of 6 minutes is end to end inside the tunnel.

Could the article answer the question why they decided to undertake building this tunnel rather than raise taxes at dublin port so other irish ports could be used?

 * There's a good map here, and another here. There are different types of maps here. 81.156.237.114 09:55, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Correct Conversions to Imperial/US Units
The Tunnel specs have been converted wrong,I'd change but then some people change it back. Either I feel, the imperial should be removed or corrected. Below I made typed the correct figures, based on the 25.4 mm inch / 0.9144 metre yard

Tunnel specifications Interior of the port tunnel Interior of the port tunnel

* Length: 4.5 km (2.8 miles) - total project 5.6 km (3.5 miles) * Bores: 2 * Bore width: 11.77 m (38.62 ft) * Lane width (two per bore): 3.65 m (11.97 ft) * Shoulder width (two per bore): 1 m (3.28 ft) * Bore height: 4.9 m (16.07 ft) * Operating height: 4.65 m (15.25 ft) * Lowest point: -30 m (-98.43 ft) at Marino —Preceding unsigned comment added by Limbo-Messiah (talk • contribs) 16:13, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It was probably auto-converted, and the auto converter does some very strange and nonsensical things depending on the accuracy of the input. I've complained blue in the face about it on bugzilla but thems what hold the reins don't seem to think it's a problem, even though it will happily e.g. convert 110km to "70 miles" and 100km to "60"... Best to just work it out by hand if you know the factors. 193.63.174.211 (talk) 12:20, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

Importance
I've upgraded the status of the article within WikiProject Ireland to Mid, given the project's importance as a major piece of infrastructure in both Ireland and Europe. As the second-longest urban tunnel on the continent it's highly likely people from outside Ireland will be researching it.

Personally though I feel these importance ratings take from the articles - they demean the lesser ones as substandard when in fact the information might all be present, just not referenced or badly presented. Ste01 (talk) 15:32, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

Exit positioning controversy
I'm going to "be bold" and straight-up delete that small section, as it is arguably patent nonsense, and both of the cite links are dead (one either out of date or typo'd, the other completely blank) meaning there's no evidence this isn't completely made up.

In any case, any point that may have been made by the RHA spokesman (should he exist and this not be the wibblings of some other madman) is pretty null - a cursory checkover of the road itself (e.g. using google streetview) or its plans and policies show that the northbound exit forms the outer two lanes of the M1/M50 approach, with a connecting lane from the N1 to M50 making up the leftmost lane of the three. Throughout that whole section, a kilometre or so long, the lanes are marked as M50 ¦ M1 ¦ M1. Even if it was a 120km/h limit, and trucks were banned from the outer lane of 2-lane sections (which the second "M1" marked lane effectively counts as), they would still be allowed to use the middle one. Which is the same lane as the only one they are allowed to be in through the whole of the tunnel, as overtaking by HGVs is banned outright on that section.

There is no problem here at all, and almost certainly never was unless the layout either used to be, or now is drastically different. The only drivers who would have to "immediately cross two lanes" are those in sub-3-tonne vehicles, headed for the M50, who somehow don't realise they need to diverge left for the first 900 metres...

(I have no personal interest here - I just came across the tunnel at random, sat in a different country, whilst looking at a map of Dublin for a different reason) 193.63.174.211 (talk) 12:42, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

 * The links used to work and there is indeed an RHA spokesman. I think the (genuine) controversy may have resulted in another case of "an Irish solution to an Irish problem" - with the result being that the leftmost lane was designated as being the M50 rather than the M1, making it legal for HGVs to stay in the "middle" lane.  The lack of a current, ongoing controvery and lack of crashes, though, means it's probably fine to delete the section. Bastun Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ! 14:42, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

Over Budget?
The article states that the project didn't run over budget- I have sincere doubts about this: The Dublin City Council audit of 2010 put the cost at €804 million. see here: http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/LocalGovernment/AuditService/2010AuditorsReports/FileDownLoad,29304,en.pdf

The Minister for Transport, Seamus Brennan said in the Dáil in 2003 that "The original all-in price of the finally settled on project, after all the issues to do with different size bores were considered, was €533 million." http://debates.oireachtas.ie/dail/2003/03/11/00009.asp

That seems like a large over-run to me... 89.101.207.244 (talk) 16:28, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

Tunnel Renamed
According to their website, it is now the "Dublin Tunnel" not "Dublin Port Tunnel". Should this page be renamed? Although it is no longer officially the Dublin Port Tunnel, it is still known by that name by most peopleRoyboymaps (talk) 22:57, 9 September 2013 (UTC).
 * Still named Dublin Port Tunnel by the NRA: http://www.nra.ie/RoadSchemeActivity/DublinCityCouncil/M50DublinPortTunnel/SchemeName,16534,en.html It's funny though, does that mean there will never be another tunnel in Dublin?  I wouldn't support renaming just yet, but do not feel strongly about it either way.  Well spotted BTW.   Nelson50 T   20:08, 20 September 2013 (UTC)

Looks like the page got moved in February 2014, without discussion. 'Dublin Port Tunnel' is by far and away the WP:COMMONNAME, so I'm moving it back. Bastun Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ! 17:18, 21 October 2014 (UTC)

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is it really a tunnel?
I went through it on a bus and we never seemed to go down (or up). Is it actually an ordinary road with a roof (cf. Dublin's two trams which don't meet.)?

https://www.theaa.ie/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Dublin-Port-Tunnel-600x400.jpg
 * Yes it is a tunnel. Read the article :-) — Rwxrwxrwx (talk) 17:36, 30 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dublin Port Tunnel


text:
Nearest star

The characteristic nearest star can refer to both stars:

 * Proxima Centauri, in relation to the Solar System
 * Sun, in relation to Earth and humanity

title: Nearest star


text: User talk:68.161.12.55

title: User talk:68.161.12.55


text:
Playoff Bowl

The Playoff Bowl (officially known as the Bert Bell Benefit Bowl) was a post-season game for third place in the National Football League (NFL), played ten times following the through  seasons, all at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida. It was originally known as the Runner-Up Bowl.

The official title of Bert Bell Benefit Bowl came from the former NFL commissioner, Bert Bell. Bell, who co-founded the Eagles and co-owned the Steelers, was commissioner of the NFL from until his death during an NFL game in October. The game raised money for the players' pension fund, and reportedly raised a million dollars over the decade of the 1960s.

Location
All ten games in the Playoff Bowl series were contested at the Orange Bowl in Miami. The games were played in January, the week following the NFL championship game (and the collegiate Orange Bowl game on New Year's Day), except for the final year, when it was played the day before the NFL title game. The NFL's Pro Bowl (all-star game) was played the week after the Playoff Bowl.

History
After the season, NFL owners faced competition from the newly-formed American Football League and wanted a vehicle through which to showcase more of its supposedly superior NFL professional football product on television, then carried through the CBS Television Network. At the time, unlike the AFL, which had a contract with the ABC Television Network for their nationally televised games, often double-headers, few NFL games were televised nationally during the season and there was only one scheduled post-season game, the NFL Championship Game. The Playoff Bowl was devised to match the second-place teams from the NFL's two conferences (Eastern and Western). This doubled from two to four the number of top NFL teams appearing in post-season play on national television.

The 1966 season required another game following the American Football League Championship Game and the NFL Championship Game, the first of four AFL–NFL World Championship Games between the champions of the two major Professional Football leagues for the undisputed championship. The establishment of the AFL–NFL World Championship Game (the Super Bowl name was not made official until Super Bowl III) was the first phase of the AFL–NFL merger of June 1966. This new mega-game between the rival leagues was played in mid-January at a warm weather location, two weeks after the championship games for each league. The NFL's Playoff Bowl was played during the idle week, and because of AFL's equally major league status, interest in the game was waning. In addition, the arrival of the Miami Dolphins in 1966 as an expansion franchise in the AFL reduced local interest in the game.

In the season, the NFL expanded to 16 teams and four scheduled post-season contests. The NFL sub-divided its two conferences (now eight teams each) into two divisions of four teams each: The Capitol and Century divisions in the Eastern conference, and the Central and Coastal divisions in the Western conference. The four division winners advanced to the post-season, competing for their conference titles in the first round of the NFL playoffs. The winners (conference champions) advanced to the NFL championship game, the losers (conference runners-up) appeared in the Playoff Bowl to vie for third place. For the three seasons (–69) preceding the merger with the AFL, the loser of the NFL's third place game ended up with a peculiar record of 0-2 for that post-season. In its final season in 1969, the AFL also expanded to a four-team post-season, adding two more playoff games.

The highest attendance was over 65,500 in January 1966 for the Baltimore Colts' rout of the Dallas Cowboys; the  season was the last one prior to the Dolphins starting play, the AFL–NFL merger agreement, and the creation of the Super Bowl. In January 1968 and 1969, the Super Bowl was played in the Orange Bowl the following week, which further contributed to the declining attendance for the NFL's consolation game.

The end of the Playoff Bowl
When the merger was completed for the season, there was discussion about continuing the Playoff Bowl, with the losers of the AFC and NFC Championship Games playing each other during the idle week before the Super Bowl. There were now seven post-season games in the NFL (three for each conference, plus the Super Bowl), and the Pro Bowl all-star game. A "losers' game" was not necessarily attractive for the league, and the Playoff Bowl came to an end.

Official status
The ten Playoff Bowls were official third place playoff games at the time they were played; today, the NFL consider the games as exhibitions.

Criticism
Green Bay Packers coach Vince Lombardi detested the Playoff Bowl, coaching in the games following the 1963 and 1964 seasons, after winning NFL titles in 1961 and 1962. To his players, he called it "the 'Shit Bowl', ...a losers' bowl for losers." This lack of motivation may explain his Packers' rare postseason defeat in the 1964 game (January 1965) to the St. Louis Cardinals. After that loss, he fumed about "a hinky-dink football game, held in a hinky-dink town, played by hinky-dink players. That's all second place is – hinky dink."

Using the Playoff Bowl (and loss) as motivation in 1965, the Packers won the first of three consecutive NFL championships from 1965 to 1967. The Packers remain the sole NFL team to win three consecutive titles in the post-season era, which began in. During this successful run, the Packers also won the first two Super Bowls in convincing fashion. Lombardi's final game (and victory) as head coach of the Packers was Super Bowl II, played in the Orange Bowl in January 1968.

All-Pro defensive tackle Roger Brown appeared in five Playoff Bowls, the most by any player, and was on the winning side each time (Detroit Lions in 1960, 1961, 1962; Los Angeles Rams in 1967, 1969). He said playing in those seemingly meaningless contests was like having "the worst inferiority complex." He added, "I was in five of them, and to have played in it five in the ten years it was in existence is pitiful."

The Lions also hold the dubious distinction of having the most victories in the Playoff Bowl, three, along with tying for the best winning percentage, 1.000.

Players' shares
In its second year, the players on the winning team received $600 each, the losers $400 ; and the fifth year game paid $800 and $600. In its final years, the winners received $1,200 each, and the losers $500.

Legacy
The Playoff Bowl was typically held in the Orange Bowl stadium in Miami. It led to Super Bowl II being held in Miami, the first of 11 Super Bowls held in Miami area, and is credited by NFL Films for the creation of the expansion Miami Dolphins.

The 1966 season Playoff Bowl game was used by NFL Films to put a microphone on Philadelphia Eagles' head coach Joe Kuharich, which is credited by the league as part of the signature of NFL Films' videos featuring microphones on coaches and players.

That same Eagles-Colts Playoff Bowl marked the debut of the "slingshot" or "tuning fork" goalpost, with one curved support, in American football. This style of goalpost was first used by the Canadian Football League for the 54th Grey Cup the previous November. The NFL adopted the single-support post for the 1967 season, and it continues to be used by the NFL and CFL, as well as most colleges and many high schools in both countries.

One vestige of the Playoff Bowl remained through the 2008 season in that the head coaches of the losing teams from the conference championship games were the head coaches of their conferences' Pro Bowl teams. From 1980 to 2009, this all-star game was played at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu the Sunday following the Super Bowl. However, in 2010, the Pro Bowl moved to Miami Gardens, Florida, and was played the week before Super Bowl XLIV (as the Playoff Bowl was in the Super Bowl era).

For the 2009 season, a new rule for determining the Pro Bowl coaches resulted in the disappearance of one Playoff Bowl legacy. The coaching staffs for the 2010 Pro Bowl did not come from the losers of the conference championship games, but instead from the teams with the best regular-season records among those that lost in the divisional round of the playoffs in each conference.

Playoff Bowl results
All ten games were played at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida. Most were played the week following the NFL Championship game, with two exceptions: the first was played two weeks after and the last the day before. The first two games and the last one were played on Saturday, with the rest being played on Sunday. The Western Conference team won eight of the ten games.

title: Playoff Bowl


text:
Stéphanie de Beauharnais

Stéphanie Louise Adrienne de Beauharnais (28 August 1789 – 29 January 1860) was a French princess and the Grand Duchess consort of Baden by marriage to Karl, Grand Duke of Baden.

Early life
Born in Versailles at the beginning of the French Revolution, Stéphanie was the daughter of Claude de Beauharnais, 2nd Count des Roches-Baritaud (1756–1819). In 1783 the 2nd Count married Claudine Françoise de Lezay (1767–1791). The marriage resulted in the birth of first her older brother Alberic de Beauharnais (1786–1791) and then Stephanie herself. Her father remarried in 1799 to Suzanne Fortin-Duplessis (1775–1850).

On 13 December 1779 Alexandre, Vicomte de Beauharnais, first cousin of her father, married Joséphine Tascher de la Pagerie. On 23 July 1794, Alexandre was guillotined. Joséphine had affairs with several influential figures of the French Directory, including Paul François Jean Nicolas Barras. The latter would introduce her to his recent favorite Napoléon Bonaparte. Napoléon soon started courting her. On 9 March 1796 they were married.

General Napoléon Bonaparte was now stepfather to Eugène de Beauharnais and Hortense de Beauharnais, second cousins of Stephanie. As his prominence and wealth continued to rise, Napoléon found himself being de facto patron to both the Bonaparte and the de Beauharnais families. Stephanie would soon see her patron rise to become First Consul of France.

Princess
Her "uncle" crowned himself Emperor of the French on 2 December 1804. As a prominent member of the new Imperial Family, Stephanie held residence in the Tuileries Palace. Her new status allowed her to live a rather luxurious life.

This was a consequence of Napoleon's effort to secure an alliance with the Prince-elector of Baden. The alliance was to be secured through a marriage between the descendants of the two sovereigns, connecting the two dynasties. The Prince-Elector was to be represented by his grandson. Napoleon on the other hand lacked legitimate descendants of his own. He adopted Stephanie and named her "Princesse Française" (French Princess) with the style of Imperial Highness.

Grand Duchess of Baden
The marriage of Stephanie and Karl (Charles), took place in Paris on 8 April 1806. On 25 July 1806 her new grandfather-in-law was named Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden.

By most accounts the arranged marriage was not particularly successful. Her husband was determined to continue living as a bachelor. He set residence in Karlsruhe. She was allowed to settle separately in Mannheim. Even the official complaints by the Emperor did not resolve this situation. The Grand Duke offered Schwetzingen to be their common summer residence. But only Stephanie accepted the offer. The situation changed somewhat when it became evident that the aging Grand Duke would not live much longer. The couple reconciled in an effort to produce heirs for the throne when her spouse succeeded to the throne in 1811.

The Grand Duke died on 8 December 1818. Stephanie remained a widow for the rest of her long life. She was reportedly a devoted mother to her three daughters. Her residence in Mannheim became a popular Salon for artists and intellectuals. Stephanie died in Nice, France at the age of 71, in 1860, 41 years after her husband.

Children
On 10 June 1811 Stephanie's husband, Karl succeeded his grandfather as Grand Duke of Baden. He and Grand Duchess Stephanie would have five children:
 * Princess Luise Amelie Stephanie of Baden (5 June 1811 – 19 July 1854). She was married on 30 November 1830 to Gustav, Prince of Vasa.
 * Unnamed son (29 September 1812 – 16 October 1812).
 * Princess Josephine Friederike Luise of Baden (21 October 1813 – 19 June 1900). She was married on 21 October 1834 to Karl Anton, Fürst of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.
 * Prince Alexander of Baden (1–8 May 1816).
 * Princess Marie Amelie Elisabeth Karoline of Baden (11 October 1817 – 8 October 1888). She was married on 23 February 1843 to William Alexander Anthony Archibald Douglas-Hamilton, 11th Duke of Hamilton.

title: Stéphanie de Beauharnais


text:
May Laws

Temporary regulations regarding the Jews (also known as May Laws) were residency and business restrictions on Jews in the Russian Empire, proposed by minister Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev and enacted by Tsar Alexander III on15 May (3 May O.S.), 1882. Originally, intended only as temporary measures, they remained in effect for more than thirty years.

Regulations
They read as follows:
 * 1) "As a temporary measure, and until a general revision is made of their legal status, it is decreed that the Jews be forbidden to settle anew outside of towns and boroughs, exceptions being admitted only in the case of existing Jewish agricultural colonies."
 * 2) "Temporarily forbidden are the issuing of mortgages and other deeds to Jews, as well as the registration of Jews as lessees of real property situated outside of towns and boroughs; and also the issuing to Jews of powers of attorney to manage and dispose of such real property."
 * 3) "Jews are forbidden to transact business on Sundays and on principal Christian holy days; the existing regulations concerning closing of places of business belonging to Christians on such days should apply to Jews also."
 * 4) "The measures laid down in paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 shall apply only to governments within the Pale of Jewish Settlement."

Subsequent legislation
In subsequent years, other discriminatory laws were enacted. Quotas were enacted, limiting the number of Jews admitted to high schools and universities and their overall population percentage.

This legislation was repeatedly revised. In 1887, these administrative quotas were tightened down to 10% within the Pale (still double that of Jewish percentage), 5% outside the Pale, except Moscow and St. Petersburg, which were held at 3%. Many towns in the Pale with a significant Jewish population resulted in half-empty schools and many potential students forbidden to enroll. Many Jewish students were unable to complete their education on the soil of their birth.

The proportion of Jewish doctors working in the army was not allowed to exceed 5%. In contrast, any Jewish lawyer who wished to become a barrister needed the express consent of the Minister of Justice.

At the end of the reign, the right of Jews to sell alcohol was revoked.

In the spring of 1891, most Jews were deported from Moscow (except a few deemed "useful") and a newly built synagogue was closed by the city's authorities, headed by governor-general Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, the Tsar's brother. About 20,000 were expelled, causing international condemnations.

In his 9 December 1891 speech to the United States Congress, President Benjamin Harrison said: "This government had found occasion to express in a friendly spirit but with much earnestness, to the government of the Tsar, its serious concern because of harsh measures being enforced against the Hebrews."

In 1892, new measures banned Jewish participation in local elections despite their large numbers in many towns of the Pale. "The Town Regulations ("Городовое положение") of 1892 prohibited Jews from the right to elect or be elected to town Dumas... That way, reverse proportional representation was achieved: the majority of town's taxpayers had to be subjugated to minority governing the town against Jewish interests."

The next year, the Law Concerning the Names ("Об именах") imposed criminal punishment on those Jews who tried to "adopt Christian names" and dictated that Jews must use their birth names ("какими они означены в метрических книгах") in business, writings, advertisements, nametags, etc.

Those laws remained in effect until 1917 and, together with the steady anti-Jewish riots known as pogroms, provided the impetus for mass emigration from Russia. In the period from 1881 to 1920, over two million Jews left the Russian Empire. Most Russian Jewish emigrants settled in the United States or Argentina, though some immigrated to Palestine, then a province of the Ottoman Empire.

title: May Laws


text:
Dyskinesia

Dyskinesia refers to a category of movement disorders that are characterized by involuntary muscle movements, including movements similar to tics or chorea and diminished voluntary movements. Dyskinesia can be anything from a slight tremor of the hands to an uncontrollable movement of the upper body or lower extremities. Discoordination can also occur internally especially with the respiratory muscles and it often goes unrecognized. Dyskinesia is a symptom of several medical disorders that are distinguished by their underlying cause.

Medication-induced dyskinesias
Acute dystonia is a sustained muscle contraction that sometimes appears soon after administration of antipsychotic medications. Any muscle in the body may be affected, including the jaw, tongue, throat, arms, or legs. When the throat muscles are involved, this type of dystonia is called an acute laryngospasm and is a medical emergency because it can impair breathing. Older antipsychotics such as Haloperidol or Fluphenazine are more likely to cause acute dystonia than newer agents. Giving high doses of antipsychotics by injection also increases the risk of developing acute dystonia.

Methamphetamine, other amphetamines and dopaminergic stimulants including cocaine and pemoline can produce choreoathetoid dyskinesias; the prevalence, time-frame and prognosis are not well established. Amphetamines also cause a dramatic increase in choreoathetoid symptoms in patients with underlying chorea such as Sydenham's, Huntington's, and Lupus. Long-term use of amphetamines may increase the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD): in one retrospective study with over 40,000 participants it was concluded that amphetamine abusers generally had a 200% higher chance of developing PD versus those with no history of abuse; the risk was much higher in women, almost 400%. There remains some controversy as of 2017.

Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is evident in patients with Parkinson's disease who have been on levodopa for prolonged periods of time. LID commonly first appears in the foot, on the most affected side of the body. There are three main types that can be classified on the basis of their course and clinical presentation following an oral dose of :
 * Off-period dystonia – correlated to the akinesia that occurs before the full effect of sets in, when the plasma levels of  are low. In general, it occurs as painful spasms in the foot. Patients respond to  therapy.
 * Diphasic dyskinesia – occurs when plasma L-DOPA levels are rising or falling. This form occurs primarily in the lower limbs (though they can happen elsewhere) and is usually dystonic (characterized by apparent rigidity within muscles or groups thereof) or ballistic (characterized by involuntary movement of muscles) and will not respond to dosage reductions.
 * Peak-dose dyskinesia – the most common form of levodopa-induced dyskinesia; it correlates with the plateau plasma level. This type usually involves the upper limbs more (but could also affect the head, trunk and respiratory muscles), is choreic (of chorea), and less disabling. Patients will respond to  reduction but may be accompanied by deterioration of parkinsonism.  Peak-dose L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia has  been suggested to be associated with cortical dysregulation of dopamine signaling.

Chronic or tardive
Late-onset dyskinesia, also known as tardive dyskinesia, occurs after long-term treatment with an antipsychotic drug such as haloperidol (Haldol) or amoxapine (Asendin). The symptoms include tremors and writhing movements of the body and limbs, and abnormal movements in the face, mouth, and tongue – including involuntary lip smacking, repetitive pouting of the lips, and tongue protrusions.

Rabbit syndrome is another type of chronic dyskinesia, while orofacial dyskinesia may be related to persistent replication of Herpes simplex virus type 1.

Non-motor
Two other types, primary ciliary dyskinesia and biliary dyskinesia, are caused by specific kinds of ineffective movement of the body, and are not movement disorders.

title: Dyskinesia


text:
Samuel Sebastian Wesley

Samuel Sebastian Wesley (14 August 1810 – 19 April 1876) was an English organist and composer. Wesley married Mary Anne Merewether and had 6 children. He is often referred to as S.S. Wesley to avoid confusion with his father Samuel Wesley.

Biography
Born in London, he was the eldest child in the composer Samuel Wesley's second family, which he formed with Sarah Suter having separated from his wife Charlotte. Samuel Sebastian was the grandson of Charles Wesley. His middle name derived from his father's lifelong admiration for the music of Bach.

After singing in the choir of the Chapel Royal as a boy, Samuel Sebastian embarked on a career as a musician, and was appointed organist at Hereford Cathedral in 1832. While there he married the sister of the Dean, John Merewether. S.S. Wesley was, like his father Samuel Wesley, a Freemason. He was initiated in Palladian Lodge No.120 in Hereford on 17 September 1833. He moved to Exeter Cathedral three years later, and joined St George's Lodge No.129 Exeter on 10 December 1835. He subsequently held appointments at Leeds Parish Church (now Leeds Minster) (from 1842), Winchester Cathedral (from 1849), Winchester College and Gloucester Cathedral (1865–1876). In 1839 he received both his Bachelor of Music degree and a Doctor of Music degree from Oxford. He became a Professor of Organ at the Royal Academy of Music in 1850. He died at his home in Gloucester on 19 April 1876 aged 65. He is buried next to his daughter in St. Bartholomew's Cemetery in Exeter by the old City Wall. There are memorial tablets to him in Exeter Cathedral and Winchester Cathedral, and his memorial at Gloucester Cathedral is in stained glass.

Famous in his lifetime as one of his country's leading organists and choirmasters, he composed almost exclusively for the Church of England, which continues to cherish his memory. His better-known anthems include Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace and Wash me throughly. He also wrote several rather late examples of verse anthems, which contrast unison and contrapuntal sections with smaller, more intimate passages for solo voice or voices. Blessed be the God and Father, The Wilderness and Ascribe unto the Lord are of considerable length, as is his Service in E.

The popular short anthem Lead me, Lord is an extract from Praise the Lord, O my soul. Several of his pieces for solo organ have enduring value and continue to be played in recitals now and then.

Of his hymn tunes the best-known are "Aurelia" and "Hereford." "Aurelia" has been widely adopted in the United States, and is regularly heard there. Usually now sung to the words "The Church's One Foundation", Wesley composed the tune for the hymn "Jerusalem the Golden", hence the name "Aurelia".

One notable feature of his career is his aversion to equal temperament, an aversion which he kept for decades after this tuning method had been accepted on the Continent and even in most of England. Such distaste did not stop him from substantial use of chromaticism in several of his published compositions.

While at Winchester Cathedral Wesley was largely responsible for the cathedral's acquisition in 1854 of the Father Willis organ which had been exhibited at The Great Exhibition, 1851. The success of the exhibition organ led directly to the award of the contract to Willis for a 100-stop organ for St George's Hall, Liverpool, built in 1855. Wesley was the consultant for this major and important project, but the organ was, arguably, impaired for some years by Wesley's insistence that it be tuned to unequal temperament.

Wesley, with Father Willis, can be credited with the invention of the concave and radiating organ pedalboard, but demurred when Willis proposed that it should be known as the "Wesley-Willis" pedalboard. However, their joint conception has been largely adopted as an international standard for organs throughout the English-speaking world and those exported elsewhere.

Musical works
Selected works include the following:

Anthems

 * The Wilderness (1832)
 * Blessed be the God and Father (1833/34)
 * Let us lift up our heart (c. 1836)
 * O Lord, thou art my God (c. 1836)
 * To my request and earnest cry (c. 1836)
 * Wash me throughly (c. 1840)
 * Cast me not away (1848)
 * The face of the Lord (1848)
 * Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace (c. 1850)
 * Ascribe unto the Lord (1851)
 * I am thine, O save me (1857)
 * Praise the Lord, O my soul (1861), includes:
 * Lead me, Lord

Services

 * Morning and Evening Service in E (1845)
 * Short Full Service in F (c. 1865)

Hymn tunes

 * "Alleluia"
 * "Aurelia"
 * "Bude"
 * "Colchester"
 * "Cornwall"
 * "Doncaster"
 * "Gweedore"
 * "Hampton"
 * "Harewood"
 * "Hereford"
 * "Hornsey"
 * "Wetherby"
 * "Wigan"
 * "Winscott"
 * "Wrestling Jacob"
 * "Bowden" (arranged by Wesley, original composer not known)

Other hymn tunes composed or arranged by Wesley are listed on the Library of Congress Linked Data Service.

Organ

 * "Air on Holsworthy Church Bells"
 * Variations and Fugue on "God Save the King" (1831) [in addition to this set of 7 variations in G, he also composed 8 variations in B Flat and 3 variations in D on the same theme]
 * Introduction and Fugue in C sharp minor (?1835)
 * Larghetto in F minor (c. 1835)
 * Three Pieces for a Chamber Organ, book 1 (1842), includes:
 * Choral Song and Fugue
 * Three Pieces for a Chamber Organ, book 2 (1843), includes:
 * Larghetto in F sharp minor

Literary works

 * A Few Words on Cathedral Music and the Musical System of the Church, with a Plan of Reform (1849)

Bicentenary celebrations
Celebrations in Leeds for the 200th anniversary of Wesley's birth began with Festal Evensong at Leeds Parish Church on Sunday 4 July 2010 followed by a gala choral recital. Worship on Sunday 15 August was broadcast on BBC Radio Four. Simon Lindley gave a commemorative recital of Wesley's organ music in the evening and a commemorative recital of music by Wesley at Leeds Town Hall on 13 September.

title: Samuel Sebastian Wesley