text:
List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II

This is an incomplete list of Japanese-run military prisoner-of-war and civilian internment and concentration camps during World War II. Some of these camps were for prisoners of war (POW) only. Some also held a mixture of POWs and civilian internees, while others held solely civilian internees.

Camps in the Philippines

 * Cabanatuan
 * Davao Prison and Penal Farm
 * Camp O'Donnell
 * Los Baños
 * Santo Tomas Internment Camp
 * Bilibid Prison
 * Puerto Princesa Prison Camp
 * Camp John Hay
 * Camp Holmes Internment Camp
 * Camp Manganese, Guindulman, Bohol
 * Camp Malolos, Bulacan

Camps in Malaya and the Straits Settlements (Singapore)

 * Changi Prison, Singapore
 * Selarang Barracks, Singapore
 * River Valley Camp, Singapore
 * Blakang Mati, Sentosa, Singapore
 * Outram Road Prison, Singapore
 * Sime Road, Singapore
 * No 2 and no 5 detached camp, Port Dickson, Malaya
 * No 1 detached camp, Kuala Lumpur, Malaya - possibly Pudu Prison
 * Unit 9420

Camps in Formosa (Taiwan)

 * Kinkaseki#1
 * Taichu#2 (Taichung)
 * Heito#3 (Pingtung)
 * Shirakawa#4 (Chiayi)
 * Taihoku#5 Mosak (Taipei)
 * Taihoku#6 (Taipei)
 * Karenko (Hualien)
 * Tamazato (Yuli)
 * Kukutsu (Taipei)
 * Oka (Taipei)
 * Toroku (Touliu)
 * Inrin (Yuanlin)
 * Inrin Temporary (Yuanlin)
 * Takao (Kaohsiung)
 * Churon (Taipei)
 * Tiahokum (Taipei)
 * Giran (Yilan)

Camps in British Borneo (Brunei and East Malaysia)

 * Batu Lintang camp (Batu Lintang, Kuching)
 * Jesselton camp (Kota Kinabalu)
 * Sandakan camp (Sandakan)

Camps in China

 * Ash Civilian Assembly Center (Shanghai)
 * Chapei Civilian Assembly Center (Shanghai)
 * Columbia Country Club Civilian Assembly Center (Shanghai)
 * Fengtai Prison
 * Kiangwang POW Camp
 * Lunghua Civilian Assembly Center (Shanghai)
 * Lushun (Port Arthur) POW Camp
 * Unit 1855 (Beijing)
 * Unit 1644 (Nanjing)
 * Unit 8604 (Guangzhou)
 * Unit 543 (Hailar District)
 * Wusong POW Camp (Wusong, Shanghai)
 * Weixian Civil Assembly Center (Wei County, Shandong, near Weifang)
 * Yu Yuen Road Civilian Assembly Center (Shanghai)
 * Yangtzepoo Civilian Assembly Center (Shanghai)
 * Zikawei Camp

Camps in Manchuria

 * Hoten Camp
 * Harbin Camp
 * Mukden POW Camp
 * Unit 731
 * Unit 100
 * Unit 516
 * Zhongma Fortress

Camps in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)
Japanese Internment Camps in Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia):
 * (3 camps), Rantau Prapat, North Sumatra
 * Ambon (Ambon Island)
 * Ambarawa (2 camps), Central Java
 * Balikpapan POW camp, Balikpapan (Dutch Borneo)
 * Bangkong, Semarang, Central Java
 * , Central Java
 * Bicycle Camp, Batavia, West Java
 * Berastagi, North Sumatra
 * Fort van den Bosch, Ngawi, East Java
 * Glodok Gaol, Glodok, a suburb of Batavia, West Java
 * (Glugur), Medan, North Sumatra
 * Grogol, Batavia, West Java
 * , near Makassar, South Celebes (today Sulawesi)
 * Kampoeng Makasar, Meester Cornelis, West Java
 * Camp Kareës, Bandung, West Java
 * Koan School, Batavia (today Jakarta), West Java
 * Lampersari, Semarang, Central Java
 * Makasoera, Celebes
 * Moentilan, Magelang, Central Java
 * (5 camps) (Pulo Brayan), Medan, North Sumatra
 * Pontianak POW camp, Pontianak (Dutch Borneo) (today Kalimantan)
 * Si Rengo Rengo (Siringo-ringo), Labuhanbatu, North Sumatra
 * Tandjong Priok POW camp, Tandjong Priok, Batavia, West Java
 * Tebing Tinggi, North Sumatra
 * Tjideng, Batavia, West Java
 * Tjibaroesa, Buitenzorg (now Cibarusah, Bekasi), West Java
 * Tjimahi (now Cimahi, 6 camps), West Java
 * Usapa Besar, Timor

Camps in Thailand and Burma (Myanmar)

 * Anakwin
 * Apalon (82 Kilo Camp)
 * Aungganaung (105 Kilo Camp)
 * Ban Kao
 * Ban Pong
 * Chungkai
 * Hellfire Pass
 * Hintok
 * Kanchanaburi
 * Khonkhan (55 Kilo Camp)
 * Konkoita
 * Konyu
 * Mezali (70 Kilo Camp)
 * Nakhon Nayok
 * Niki Niki
 * Nong Pladuk
 * Paya Thanzu Taung (108 Kilo Camp)
 * Rephaw (30 Kilo Camp)
 * Sonkrai (Songkurai)
 * Tamarkan
 * Tampi
 * Tarsao
 * Taungzun (60 Kilo Camp)
 * Tha Kanun (Takanun)
 * Thanbaya (53 Kilo Camp)
 * Thanbyuzayat
 * Three Pagodas Pass
 * Wang Pho

Camps in New Guinea

 * Rabaul
 * Oransbari - Civilian internment camp. Alamo Scouts liberated a family of 14 Dutch-Indos, a family of 12 French, and 40 Javanese on 5 Oct 1944. Zedric, Lance Q. Silent Warriors: The Alamo Scouts Behind Japanese Lines (Pathfinder 1995).

Camps in Portuguese (East) Timor

 * Baucau
 * Dili

Camps in Korea

 * Inchon
 * Seoul (Keijō)
 * Hamhung

Camps in Hong Kong

 * Argyle Street Camp
 * Ma Tau Chung Camp
 * Ma Tau Wai Camp
 * North Point Camp
 * Sham Shui Po Camp
 * Stanley Internment Camp

Camps in Japan
• Achi Yamakita

• Aioshi

• Akasaka

• Akenobe #6B

• Akita

• Amagasaki Subcamp

• Aokuma (or Okuma) (Fukuoka #22)

• Aomori (Ōmori, Tokyo Base Camp #1)

• Arao

• Asahigawa

• Ashio

• Ashikago

• Atami

• Beppu

• Bibai-Machi Branch Camp #3

• Camp #11 (Fukuoka #11) (Later renamed #8)

• Camp #23

• Chiba

• Chugenji (or Chuzenji)

• Franciscan Monastery

• Fukuoka #17

• Fuji

• Funatsu

• Furashi

• Furumaki

• Fuse

• Futase (Fukuoka #10, later renamed #7)

• Futatsui City

• Gifu - Nagara Hotel

• Hakodate #2 (Utashinia or Akabira)

• Hakodate #3 (Utashin1a)

• Hakodate Divisional Camp

• Hakodate Main Camp

• Hakone

• Hanawa Sendai #6

• Harina (or Harima)

• Hayashi Village

• Higashi-Misone (Subcamp #10)

• Himeji

• Hiraoka (Subcamp #3)

• Hirohata Divisional Camp

• Hitachi (Ibaraki-Ken Camp #D12)

• Hitachi Motoyama

• Honshu, (Naniwa Camp)

• Ichioka (or Itchioka) Stadium Hospital

• Iizuka (Probably #7)

• Ikuno (Osaka #4B)

• Imoshima Island (Subcamp #2)

• Kagawa Christian Fellowship Home

• Kamioka

• Kamiso Subcamp #1

• Kamitan (or Kamita) Kozan (Sendai #11)

• Kanagawa Kenko

• Kanagawa Tokyo 2nd Div.

• Kanazawa

• Kanose

• Karuizawa

• Kashii (or Kashu) Camp #1 (Fukuoka #1)

• Kawasaki #1

• Kawasaki Camp - Kobe

• Kawasaki Dispatch Camp #5

• Kawasaki Subcamp #2 ("Mitsui Madhouse")

• Kempei Tai

• Kita Kurihara

• Kobe

• Kobe (Camp #31)

• Kobe POW Hospital

• Kōchi

• Kosaka (Sendai Camp #8)

• Koshian Hotel

• Koyagi Shima (Fukuoka #2)

• Kumamoto (First location of Fukuoka #1)

• Kure

• Kurume

• Kyota - branches at Hakata

• Maibara

• Maisure

• Minato-ku

• Mito

• Mitsu Branch Camp #5

• Mitsuishi

• Mitsushima (or Matsushima) Camp #2D

• Miyata (Fukuoka #9B)

• Mizumaki

• Mizonkuchi

• Moji #4

• Moji Hospital

• Morioka

• Motoyama Subcamp #8

• Mukaishima Island Subcamp #1 (Hiroshima Sub-Camp #4)

• Murakami

• Muroran (Kamiso Machi Camp #73)

• Myoshi

• Nakama #21 (Fukuoka #21) (Also spelled Nacama)

• Nagasaki

• Nagasaki #14

• Nagasaki #2 (Same as #139)

• Nagasaki #4

• Nagoya Main Camp

• Nagoya Subcamp #10

• Nakano

• Narashino Airport

• Narumi

• Niigata (Subcamp #5)

• Niihama Branch Camp #2

• Nogeyama Park

• Naoetsu Prison Camp (Niigata Ken)

• Notogawa #9B

• Odate

• Oeyama (or Oyama)

• Ōfuna Camp

• Ohama Subcamp #9

• Ohashi

• Old City Hall

• Omine Subcamp #6

• Ōmori Main Camp

• Ōmuta Camp #17 Fukuoka 17

• Onada Branch Camp #8

• Onada Branch Camp #9

• Osaka #1 Headquarters Camp (Chikko)

• Osaka Central Market

• Otaru

• Oyeama

• Park Central Camp

• Park Central Stadium

• Roku Roshi

• Sakai Prison

• Sakata Branch Camp, Yamagata (Sendai 9-B)

• Sakurajima

• Sakurajima Ichioka School

• Sapporo Penitentiary

• Sasebo (Fukuoka #18)

• Sekiguchi at Koishikawaku

• Sendai

• Shibaura

• Shimodate

• Shimomago Hitachi

• Shimonseki

• Shinagawa Main Camp

• Shinagawa POW Hospital

• Shingu

• Shinjuku Camp #1

• Shizuoka

• Subcamp #12 (Fukuoka #12)

• Sumidagawa

• Sumiyoshi-ku

• Suzuki Aio No Moto Factory

• Suzurandai

• Takadanobaba

• Tamano Branch Camp #3

• Tanagawa

• Tan Tui (or Tan tooey)

• Teniya (or Temiya) Park Stadium

• Tobata (Fukuoka #3)

• Tomakomai

• Toyama

• Toyoka (or Toyooka)

• Tsumori (Osaka Subcamp #13B)

• Tsuruga Divisional Camp #5B

• Tsurumi Subcamp #5

• Ube Subcamp #7

• Umeda Bonshu (Osaka Warehouse)

• Uraga

• Utsonomiya

• Uywake (or Iwake or Yuwake)

• Wakasen

• Wakayama

• Wakinohama (Osaka #18-B)

• Yamashita Camp #1

• Yodogawa

• Yokkaichi

• Yokohama #5

• Yonago

• Yura

• Zentsuji Headquarters Camp

• Zentsuji Subcamp #3


text:
Aviation Composite Technology

Aviation Composite Technology (ACT) is an aircraft manufacturer formed in the Philippines in 1990. It was established to produce the Apache 1 for the Philippines military and police service.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aviation Composite Technology


text:
Buhla

Buhla is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Buhla


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Canada and the 2004 U.S. presidential election

Canada and the 2004 U.S. presidential election
I wouldn't normally list such a long page on VfD, but I think that this page 1) Is unnecessary 2) Is so unencyclopedic, biased, and lacking NPOV that it's nearly unsalvageable, and 3) Could only be effective if placed in the context of the worldwide view of the upcoming election.

Consider the first sentence: "While the entire world is paying attention to the 2004 U.S. presidential election, no country is doing so more than Canada." Aside from the NPOV problems, a page on the Canadian view of the 2004 election is just too specialized to be effective.

Acegikmo1 22:00, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Abstain. It is, in large part, glaringly NPOV POV, but the comments about Canadian-resident US voters are probably worthwhile. Bits and pieces look mergeable, but I haven't a clue where they could go. --Aponar Kestrel (talk) 23:09, 2004 Sep 30 (UTC)
 * Do you mean 'glaringly POV'? --Saforrest 23:19, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * ... yes. Yes I do. --Aponar Kestrel (talk) 23:26, 2004 Sep 30 (UTC)
 * Keep. At present it is ridiculously POV and pro-Kerry (e.g. it does not even mention the various arguments made by Canadian newspapers against Kerry for his protectionist urges).  However, I think that the historical, linguistic and cultural connections between Canada and the U.S. are such that an article detailing Canada's specific response to the event deserves to exist.  The article is its present form sucks, but that's a reason to hack it up, not delete it. --Saforrest 23:17, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep improve if you find it deficient. By the way the article does mention Kerry's protectionism, and the first sentence is backed up by facts in the article. - SimonP 01:09, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Fix it, and keep it. CJCurrie 02:09, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps it would be better named Candian views on the 2004 U.S. presidential election, since that it what it discusses. If the actions of the Canadian government or populace had an affect on the US election then perhaps this article could have the content the title promises.  That said, this article is going to be irrelevant in 2 months.  Delete Dsmdgold 03:08, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * To be fair, I haven't even read the article. But the US presidential election will have an effect in many other countries (UK, Australia, Iraq, as well as Canada), maybe there could be an article "International ramifications of the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election" (or similar) -- Chuq 03:47, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, or at least merge into an appropriate article in Category:Canada and the United States. This article is certain susceptible to POVness, but (1) we don't delete articles for being POV, and (2) IMHO, the author did an excellent job of just reporting the facts, ma'am. The article is reporting the fact that Canada is generally pro-Kerry; it's not advocating Kerry itself. Yes, it definitely could use some dissenting Canadian views, but that's no reason to delete. • Benc • 06:27, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as unencyclopedic. This is a good start for a news article but an encyclopedia article should have some relevance across time.  I can not imagine anyone caring about this article in 10 weeks, much less 10 years. Rossami 03:26, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm a Canadian. I think the article is largely accurate, though it could be improved. I think it feels more POV than it is. It feels like the writter is soooo happy with the findings which is why it needs rewritting. But Wikipedia shouldn't have articles that are essentially only part of a breaking news story. Instead, some of this information should be put in other articles. Jallan 19:17, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Would Canada and the 1960 U.S. presidential election be encyclopedic? How long must one wait for an event not to be breaking news? - SimonP 01:59, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think this is an important article, and a correct one.  It is pretty much a fact:  Canadian polls support Kerry by a usual 3-1 margin over Bush, and the Liberal government doesn't have a full position, but would be helped by a Kerry win.  Some clean-ups could make it a very fine article, and a future article could include the result.Habsfannova
 * Delete. Whats next, one about Mexico? Cuba? Russia, Germany, France, Japan, Brazil? This is another case of  "I want to feel important" Canadians blowing our country's place in the world our of proportion. Pellaken 10:14, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't think this could ever be NPOV.  ~leif ☺ HELO 08:25, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Sphinx (novel)

Sphinx is a 1979 novel by Robin Cook. It follows a young American Egyptologist named Erica Baron, on a working vacation in Egypt, who stumbles into a dangerous vortex of intrigue after seeing an ancient Egyptian statue of Seti I in a Cairo market. Cook's third novel, it is one of the few not centered on medicine.

In 1981, the novel was adapted into the film Sphinx starring Lesley-Anne Down as Erica and Frank Langella as Ahmed Khazzan.

title: Sphinx (novel)


text:
Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe

Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe (ABWH) were an English progressive rock band active from 1988 to 1990 that comprised four past members of the English progressive rock band Yes. Singer Jon Anderson left Yes as he felt increasingly constrained by their commercial and pop-oriented direction in the 1980s. He began an album with other members from the band's 1970s era: guitarist Steve Howe, keyboardist Rick Wakeman, and drummer Bill Bruford, plus bassist Tony Levin (Bruford's bandmate in King Crimson).

The group released their only studio album, Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe, in June 1989 which reached number 14 in the UK and number 30 in the US. Their 1989–90 world tour was well-received and spawned two live albums, An Evening of Yes Music Plus (1993) and Live at the NEC – Oct 24th 1989 (2012).

The thirteenth Yes album, Union (1991), featured tracks recorded in 1990 and originally intended for a second ABWH studio album, alongside songs recorded by Yes around the same time and a solo track by Howe. This marked the end of Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe and the start of the eight-member Yes formation which lasted until 1992, comprising Anderson, Bruford, Wakeman, Howe, Chris Squire, Trevor Rabin, Tony Kaye, and Alan White.

Background and formation
In 1983, singer Jon Anderson returned to Yes to record lead vocals on their 1983 studio album 90125, which saw Yes adopt a musical direction that was more commercial and pop-oriented. The line-up during this time included bassist Chris Squire, drummer Alan White, keyboardist Tony Kaye, and guitarist Trevor Rabin, who wrote the majority of 90125. The release of 90125 saw Yes reach their greatest commercial success. It was followed by their 1987 album Big Generator, also a significant commercial success.

In September 1988, Anderson left Yes citing his growing dissatisfaction with the band's commercial direction. He had also felt sidelined from the creative process due to the machinations of other band members and producer Trevor Horn. Anderson spent his summer on the Greek island of Hydra writing songs with Vangelis, where he first came up with the idea of making music with other members of the 1971–72 Yes line-up of guitarist Steve Howe, keyboardist Rick Wakeman, and drummer Bill Bruford. The only missing member from that line-up was Chris Squire, who remained in the then-current version of Yes.

Studio album
On his return trip from Hydra, Anderson met Howe in London who presented him with his musical ideas including the chorus of "Brother of Mine" and "Birthright". Five weeks were spent producing demo tracks at La Frette Studios in Paris. Anderson asked musician Milton McDonald to help with the project and play additional guitars. Bruford recalled meeting Anderson, Howe, Wakeman, and former Yes manager Brian Lane, at the airport in London. He said, "Oh, we're in trouble here. This obviously meant it was some sort of Yes project ... I thought I was just going to put some drums on a Jon Anderson solo record".

Recording moved to AIR Studios on the island of Montserrat for six weeks. Bruford saw the recording location as "a deal clincher". It was there when Bruford suggested to have his King Crimson bandmate Tony Levin play bass on the album. Bruford noticed Anderson being "on strong form ... he conducted proceedings without fear of let or hindrance" from the problematic times recording with Yes. When recording was complete, Anderson supervised the album's mixing sessions at Bearsville Studios with mixing engineers Steve Thompson and Michael Barbiero.

Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe was released on 20 June 1989 through Arista Records, using catalog number AL85-90126. The album peaked at number 14 in the UK and number 30 in the US. It went on to reach the top 30 in Canada, Switzerland, Germany, France, Norway, and Sweden. The album sold 750,000 copies.

Lawsuit and tour
On 31 May 1989, weeks before the release of their album and tour, the group were subject to a suit filed by Yes that wished to prevent Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe from mentioning the name "Yes" in their promotional material, suggesting or calling attention to Yes music, which they argued may cause "confusion in the minds of the public over which group is the real Yes", and prohibiting Anderson from speaking of his former membership in Yes. The suit was based on a separation agreement entered into by each past and present member of Yes in May 1984 that specified who was entitled to use the Yes name; any "withdrawing partner" from the group could no longer use the name or mention they were in the band before, after a specified date. Yes argued that Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe had "wrongfully converted" the Yes name in an advertisement for Los Angeles Times that promoted their upcoming concert as "an evening of Yes music plus". Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe filed a response on 5 June; their attorneys called Yes's suit "an outrageous attempt ... to stop the media and public from comparing ABWH's new recording with theirs". According to former Yes tour co-ordinator Jim Halley, "the European promoters began splashing the name Yes all over the posters ... in the end they came to an accommodation". Anderson stressed, "we never said we were Yes. It was the record company." In June 1989, a U.S District Court judge ruled that ABWH could refer to its Yes heritage and material in promoting their tour.

ABWH named the tour An Evening of Yes Music, Plus. Rehearsals took place at Nomis Studios in London.

Cancelled second album, merger with Yes and Union
ABWH and Yes produced a Yes album titled Union. The album includes recordings originally intended for separate albums by both groups. Several songs originally intended for the second ABWH album, tentatively titled Dialogue, surfaced on the 1990s bootleg We Make Believe and the underground Yesoteric bootleg compilation. This material included demos by Anderson but without the other three that were subsequently released as part of Jon Anderson's The Lost Tapes box set series as Watching the Flags That Fly.

Songs from the ABWH album have been included on subsequent Yes compilations and Yes concerts.

Discography and videography

 * Studio albums
 * Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe (1989)

 * Singles
 * "Brother of Mine" / "Themes" (1989) [UK #63]
 * "Order of the Universe" / "Fist of Fire" (1989) [UK #93]
 * "I'm Alive" / "Let's Pretend" (Ger/US 1989)

 * Live albums
 * An Evening of Yes Music Plus (1993)
 * Live at the NEC – Oct 24th 1989 (2010)

 * Home videos
 * In the Big Dream (1989)
 * An Evening of Yes Music Plus (1993)

 * Music videos
 * "Brother of Mine" (1989)
 * "Order of the Universe" (1989)
 * "I'm Alive" (1989)

Personnel

 * Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe
 * Jon Anderson – lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitars, percussion, harp
 * Bill Bruford – acoustic and electronic drums, percussion
 * Rick Wakeman – keyboards
 * Steve Howe – acoustic and electric guitars, lap steel guitar, backing vocals

 * Additional musicians
 * Tony Levin – bass, Chapman stick, backing vocals (album and European tour)
 * Jeff Berlin – bass, backing vocals (American tour replacement after Levin fell ill)
 * Milton McDonald – rhythm guitar (album and tour), backing vocals (tour)
 * Matt Clifford – keyboards, programming, orchestration and backing vocals (album)
 * Julian Colbeck – additional keyboards, backing vocals (tour)
 * Deborah Anderson, Tessa Niles, Carol Kenyon, Francis Dunnery, Chris Kimsey - backing vocals (album)
 * Emerald Isle Community Singers, Montserrat - backing vocals
 * Joe Hammer - percussion programming

title: Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe


text:
The Spirit of St. Louis (book)

The Spirit of St. Louis is an autobiographical account by Charles Lindbergh about the events leading up to and including his 1927 solo trans-Atlantic flight in the Spirit of St. Louis, a custom-built, single engine, single-seat monoplane (Registration: N-X-211). The book was published on September 14, 1953, and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1954.

Summary
The book covers a period of time between September 1926 and May 1927, and is divided into two sections: The Craft and New York to Paris. In the first section, The Craft (pp. 3–178), Lindbergh describes the latter days of his career as an airmail pilot and presents his account of conceiving, planning, and executing the building of the Spirit of St. Louis aircraft. He describes the many challenges he faced, including getting financial backing, constructing an aircraft that could carry the necessary fuel and still fly, and completing the project within several months—other pilots were racing to achieve the first solo trans-Atlantic flight and win the $25,000 Orteig Prize.

In the second section, New York to Paris (pp. 181–492), Lindbergh gives a detailed hour-by-hour account of his 33-hour solo flight above the Atlantic and northern Europe that began in the early morning hours of May 21, 1927. He describes the numerous challenges presented by navigation, storms, fuel calculation, boredom, and lack of sleep during the course of the flight that would take him over 3,600 miles from Roosevelt Field in Long Island, New York to Le Bourget field in Paris. Throughout the narrative, Lindbergh interjects flashback memories of his childhood in Little Falls, Minnesota, his college years, his early years as an aviator barnstorming across the countryside, his aviation mentors and friends who flew the mail routes with him, and his family—especially his father, who was not only a congressman, but a respected and sage companion to his young son.

As Lindbergh flies through the long, solitary night toward Europe, forcing his sleep-obsessed mind to check and re-check his course, he recalls the night he was flying the mail from St. Louis to Chicago when he first thought of flying across the Atlantic Ocean. Lindbergh believed he could make that flight, and he remembers his nine St. Louis friends who helped him purchase the Spirit of St. Louis and realize his dream. Lindbergh describes the thrill of spotting the first fishing boats off the coast of Ireland, and then crossing the coast of France, and then following the Seine River all the way to Paris and Le Bourget field.

In addition to an Afterword (pp. 495–501), Lindbergh included an extensive Appendix (pp. 503–562) containing his flight log, a flight map, his journal account of his return to the United States aboard the cruiser USS Memphis, an article about the decorations, awards, and trophies he received, engineering data and engine specifications, 16 pages of photographs, various illustrations, and a glossary.

Background information
The Spirit of St. Louis was the third book length account Lindbergh wrote of his solo trans-Atlantic flight. The first was called "WE" which was published by G. P. Putnam's Sons in July, 1927 less than two months after the flight. He wrote a more expansive account in a book titled Of Flight and Life, which covered his entire aviation history. Lindbergh was pleased with the way Charles Scribner's Sons handled the publication of the latter, and he chose them to publish The Spirit of St. Louis. He asked for and received a $25,000 advance and 15 percent royalty from the first copy sold. He arranged for all proceeds to go directly into a trust for his children.

Lindbergh's editor, John Hall Wheelock, responded enthusiastically to the first manuscripts he read, writing to Lindbergh how impressed he was "not only by the way you have unfolded your story, but by the extraordinary beauty of the descriptions of sea and air." When Lindbergh asked Wheelock for more severe criticism, the editor responded with several suggestions that trimmed the book by about 70 pages—mainly flashbacks to his early life, which the editor felt distracted from the main narrative.

Lindbergh hired a literary agent, George T. Bye, who negotiated a serialization deal and motion-picture rights for $100,000 from The Saturday Evening Post. Ten installments appeared in that periodical under the title, "33 Hours to Paris". These installments generated the largest sales in the magazine's history. The Book of the Month Club selected The Spirit of St. Louis as the main selection in September 1953.

According to the author's Preface (pp. ix–xii), Lindbergh worked on the manuscript of The Spirit of St. Louis for 14 years. Work began in 1938, 11 years after the last event described in the book, so Lindbergh needed to rely on memory for his early drafts; few detailed records were available to him. The author cites his belief in the future of aviation as his primary motive for the flight, and tried to capture that in his book.

Prior to the publication of The Spirit of St. Louis on September 14, 1953, Lindbergh presented an advance copy in August 1953 to Carl B. Allen, who had read the manuscript and provided criticism and suggestions (he is included in the Acknowledgements). Accompanying the inscribed book was a two-page typewritten letter signed by Lindbergh that provides information about some of the challenges the author faced in the writing of the book.

I feel sure that some errors will be found, but want to exhaust every reasonable method of eliminating them before publication. In regard to the take-off area at North Island (San Diego), I have no figures. There was plenty of margin in this instance as the plane was carrying only a little over a half load of fuel. I wrote the first draft of the manuscript in past tense, then changed to present. Personally, I think it made a great improvement in spite of certain obvious restrictions. In regard to the difference between We and The Spirit of St. Louis, as you probably know I wrote We in three weeks (with the exception of about 5000 words which I had pieced together previously); also, one learns, or at least should learn during a quarter century of life. I have worked with more or less regularity for fourteen years on this present manuscript—quite intensively this winter. Also, as I am sure you realize more than most, being married to Anne has affected this book, in a deeper sense, as much as though she had written large parts of it.

In the months leading up to its publication, Lindbergh and his wife Anne labored over the galley proofs, leaving no detail unnoticed. Charles Scribner would later recall, "He would measure the difference between a semicolon and a colon to make sure each as what it ought to be. To him, every detail in the book has as much significance as if it were a moving part in the airplane."

Just prior to publication, Lindbergh dedicated the book to his wife, "To A.M.L. Who will never realize how much of this book she has written". A dark blue dustjacket was prepared by George W. Thompson of a night sky filled with stars. The book's endpapers were reproduced from an original aquatint by Burnell Poole titled, "The Epic of the Air".

Reception
The Spirit of St. Louis was an overwhelming bestseller and generated near universal praise and favorable reviews. The Book of the Month Club alone sold over 100,000 copies in the first year, with several hundred thousand additional copies sold in bookstores and elsewhere. The Chicago Daily News called it a "stunning, tremendously beautiful reading experience ... a classic of adventure writing." Time noted, "At its exciting best, this book keeps the reader cockpit close to a rare adventure." And Lindbergh biographer Brendan Gill concluded, "The best authority on Lindbergh is Lindbergh."

In his book review that appeared in The New York Times on September 13, 1953, Quentin Reynolds wrote: At last we have a book that explains and humanizes Lindbergh; that brings him into the company of his fellow mortals. The book is The Spirit of St. Louis, and it is of course written by the one man who really knows Lindbergh—himself. He spent fourteen years in the writing of it; the years were well spent. Were this merely a personal account of his almost miraculous flight it would have interest, but not much significance. But this is far more than that; this is a frank and fascinating autobiography that destroys the myth of the phlegmatic, nerveless airman impervious to doubt and to the uncertainties that plague lesser mortals. Lindbergh had his moments of doubt and fear, when fourteen hours out of Roosevelt Field ice appeared on the wings of his plane and when black thunderheads loomed ahead. "They are barbaric in their methods. They lash you with their hailstones, poison you with freezing mist." No, Lindbergh during that flight was not merely a robot-like figure at the stick, he was not the supremely confident master of his plane and of his destiny. Was he on the right course? 'Am I heading for Africa instead of Europe?' he asked himself in desperate anxiety. His book is written in the present tense, a happy choice, for somehow this style sustains the tension of the flight and enables the reader to feel himself a stowaway aboard the plane, sharing the dangers, the uncertainties and the eventual triumph. It takes quite a bit of literary skill to sustain the first person singular, present indicative, throughout five hundred pages, but take the word of this awed and amazed reader, Lindbergh writes as well as he flies, and the interest and suspense never lessen."

Later editions
The Spirit of St. Louis continued to be reprinted in a number of editions with a variety of different covers with the copyright being renewed in 1981 by Anne Morrow Lindbergh. Later reprints beginning with the 1993 edition for the Minnesota Historical Society Press, featured an introduction written by Reeve Lindbergh. The latest hardcover and paperback editions are published by Scribner, the modern counterpart of the original, Charles Scribner's Sons. Scribner's 1956 edition bore the iconic 1927 portrait photograph of Lindbergh as a US Air Mail pilot.

There is no commercial audiobook version; however, the Canadian National Institute for the Blind produced a version in the 1980s narrated by Gordon Gould, and the American National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped produced a version narrated by Bruce Huntey.

Adaptations
Lindbergh's literary agent, George T. Bye, sold the film rights to Warner Bros. for more than a million dollars. The film version of the book was released in 1957, directed by Billy Wilder, and starring James Stewart as Charles Lindbergh.

Legacy
A copy of the book flew in space on the first competitive Ansari X Prize flight in 2004, SpaceShipOne flight 16P. The X Prize was inspired by the Orteig Prize that Lindbergh won for his flight.

title: The Spirit of St. Louis (book)


text:
Muttahida Qaumi Movement – London

The Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) (, Muttaḥidah Qọ̄mī Mūwmaṅṫ), previously known as Muhajir Qaumi Movement, is a secular political party in Pakistan that was founded by Altaf Hussain in 1984. Currently the party is split between 2 main factions. MQM-London faction is controlled by Altaf Hussain from London, while MQM-Pakistan is run by Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui based in Pakistan. Its electoral symbol was a kite.

It was founded as a student organization, All Pakistan Muhajir Student Organization (APMSO), in 1978 by Altaf Hussain. APMSO gave birth to the Muhajir Qaumi Movement in 1984. In 1997, the MQM removed the term Muhajir (which denoted the party's roots among the country's Urdu-speaking community) from its name and replaced it with Muttahida ("United"). The MQM is generally known as a party that once held strong mobilizing potential in Karachi, having traditionally been the dominant political force in the city.

The party has kept its influence over Pakistan's federal government as a key coalition partner since the late 1980s (1988–1990, 1990–1992, 2002–2007, 2008–2013). However, in 2015, MQM parliamentarians resigned from the National Assembly, Senate and Provincial Assembly of Sindh in protest against a crackdown on party supporters.

In August 2016, after Altaf Hussain's 22 August speech, there was military crackdown on the party. Nine Zero, the party headquarters in Karachi, was sealed, the party's leaders including Farooq Sattar were arrested, and most elected parliamentarians in the MQM were forced to disassociate themselves from Altaf Hussain. MQM terminated Farooq Sattar's party membership for party rules violations, and he then formed his own faction.

Founding
The first political organization of Muhajirs, called All Pakistan Muhajir Student Organization (APMSO), was founded on 11 June 1978 by Altaf Hussain in Karachi University. On March 18, 1984, the APMSO evolved into a proper political organization—Muhajir Qaumi Movement. It was launched to protect the Muhajir community who perceived themselves as the victims of discrimination and repression by the quota system that gave preference to certain ethnicities for admissions in educational institutions and employment in civil services.

Late 1986 to 1990
In its early years, MQM drew enormous crowds, the epitome of which was the rally of August 8, 1986 at Nishtar Park, Karachi. Three years into its existence, MQM won the November 1987 local body elections in Karachi and Hyderabad and had several mayors win unopposed. Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won the highest number of seats in the general election of 1988 and formed a coalition government in the Sindh Province with the help of MQM, which then had a larger mandate in urban Sindh in comparison to PPP whose majority of support came from rural areas of Sindh. A 59-point agreement, called the Karachi Accord, was signed which included statements about protection of the democratic system and political rights, urban development goals, and creating objective criteria for admission to universities and colleges. Within a few months of the agreement, differences surfaced and MQM ministers in the Sindh Cabinet resigned because the agreement was not implemented. Thus, the alliance broke up in October 1989 and MQM joined hands with PPP's opponents. During these times MQM made mark for public benefit initiatives. Khidmat-e-Khalq Committee, a social welfare initiative, was founded in 1978 which in 1998 transformed into Khidmat-e-Khalq Foundation (KKF).

1990 to 1999
In the elections of October 1990, MQM emerged as the third strongest party in the country. This time, it made its alliance with Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) to establish a provincial government in Sindh whereas IJI formed the federal government. During these times, small factions of MQM separated themselves on the main body of the party, and the largest among these factions was MQM Haqiqi (Real MQM), which was formed by Afaq Ahmad and Amir Khan. It is generally believed that MQM Haqiqi was formed by the collusion of Pakistani Government in power and the Establishment/Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) to weaken MQM and was supported by successive federal governments and the military. In the years to come, federal governments switched between forming alliance with MQM and fighting against it to establish greater control over Karachi.

From 1992 to 1994, the MQM was the target of the Pakistan Army's Operation Clean-up, The period is regarded as the bloodiest period in Karachi's history, with thousands MQM workers and supporters killed or gone missing. Although more than 20 years have passed since the alleged arrest or disappearance of MQM workers, families of the missing people are still hopeful after registering the cases in the Supreme Court of Pakistan. The operation left thousands of Muhajir civilians dead.

The violence gripped urban Sindh politics in the late 1980s after General Zia ul-Haq's era, and finally in 1992, the erstwhile government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif passed a resolution in assembly to launch a military operation in Karachi to target 72 'big fishes'. The federal government gave the reasoning behind this operation, known as "Operation Clean-up", as the government's attempt to end terrorism in Karachi and to seize unauthorized arms. Operation Clean-Up, which ostensibly sought to eliminate all terrorists irrespective of their political affiliation, began in June 1992. MQM perceived this operation as an attempt to wipe out the party altogether. Political violence erupted while MQM organized protests and strikes. The resulting lawlessness prevailed in the largest metropolitan city of Pakistan, which led to the country's president dissolving the National Assembly.

During the 1992 violence Altaf Hussain left the country when a warrant was issued for him in connection with a murder. Since then, the political party is run by Mr Hussain from self-imposed exile in London.

MQM boycotted the subsequent 1993 general elections claiming organized military intimidation but participated in provincial elections. MQM secured 27 seats in provincial assembly, in comparison to its political rival PPP which won 56 seats. This resulted in PPP forming both the provincial and federal governments. Whereas, MQM Haqiqi failed to gain any seats at federal or provincial level. Political violence gained momentum in 1993 and 1994. During the 1994 violence, heavily political killings were reported between MQM, MQM factions, and Sindhi nationalist groups. By July 1995, more than 1,800 people had been assassinated in Karachi. In 1997, MQM boycotted the general elections and officially changed the previously maintained name 'Muhajir' to 'Muttahida'("United").

Accusations of violence
In the mid-1990s, MQM created widespread political violence and militancy that affected Pakistan's Sindh province, particularly Karachi, the port city that is the country's commercial capital. In the mid-1990s, the U.S. State Department, Amnesty International, and others accused the MQM and a rival faction, MQM Haqiqi, of summary killings, torture, and other abuses. The MQM-A routinely denied involvement in violence.

The party's use of extra-legal activities in conflicts with political opponents have earned it the accusation of terrorism. The party's strongly hierarchical order and personalist leadership style led to some critics labelling the MQM as fascist.

Jinnahpur Conspiracy
During Operation Clean-up, MQM was accused of being anti-Pakistan and of planning a separatist break-away state, Jinnahpur. However, later some senior army officers, Brigadier (R) Imtiaz and General (R) Naseer Akhtar, confessed that Jinnahpur was "nothing but a drama" against MQM for the military operation and there was no map of Jinnahpur.

On October 19, 1992, Pakistani newspapers carried an ISPR press release, conveying Army's denial of the knowledge of the Jinnahpur plan. The ISPR, the public relations arm of the Pakistan Army stated, "The Army had no evidence concerning the so-called Jinnahpur plan, it is clarified that the newspaper story in question is baseless. The Army has neither handed over to the government any document or map as reported, nor is it in possession of any evidence concerning the so-called Jinnahpur Plan. It is also factually wrong that the matter was discussed at any meeting of the corps commander." Asif Zardari who was then President of Pakistan is said to have "said in a court premises in Karachi that the Jinnahpur scandal was created to malign the MQM."

2001 to present
In 2001, MQM boycotted the local body elections but in the 2002 general elections, MQM won 17 out of 272 seats in national assembly.

In the 2008 elections, MQM won 25 seats in the National Assembly of Pakistan and 52 seats in the Provincial Assembly of Sindh.

In 2013, the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) filed a Rs 5 billion defamation suit against Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf chairman Imran Khan at the Sindh High Court for issuing statements against MQM chief Altaf Hussain. MQM was also threatened by Taliban.

In June 2014, the Metropolitan Police raided the London home of its leader, Altaf Hussain, on suspicion of money-laundering.

In 2008, Foreign Policy released a Global Cities Index which named Mustafa Kamal as Mayor of the Moment, but Kamal gave all credit to Altaf Hussain.

The party has won majority in the local government election of Karachi and Hyderabad and brought its mayor in Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (KMC) and Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. The mayor of Karachi, Wasim Akhtar has been put behind bars without any charge by anti terror court and is waiting Sindh High Court to grant him bail in order to resume his office as the mayor of Karachi. MQM has also brought its chairman and vice chairman in the municipal committee of fourth largest city of Sindh Mirpurkhas.

Election Boycott 2018
MQM and its leader Altaf Hussain decided to boycott elections in 2018 due to military intervention in political affairs, MQM-P which is a separate party now would instead contest for elections using traditional MQM symbol kite. This would be the second boycott of general elections after 1993 and third boycott of all elections including local bodies election in 2001. The average turnout of Karachi constituencies was 40.4% in 2018 elections comparing to 55 percent in 2013.

Party structure
The party is led by Altaf Hussain under whose supervision, members of the Rabita Committee (also known as Central Coordination Committee) formulate the party's political program. It consists of 24 members from Pakistan and 10 from London, United Kingdom. The party's Karachi-based organizational operations are held under its Karachi Tanzeemi Committee.

On 20 November 2011, Muttahida Qaumi Movement announced the formation of Central Executive Committee with its members drawn from Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtoonkhawa, Balochistan and Sindh. Addressing a Press Conference, Farooq Sattar, a senior MQM official, told that the purpose of Central Executive Committee is to assist MQM Coordination Committee and the party in organizational matters, policy-making and preparation of manifesto.

MQM has several chapters across the world in the United States, Canada, South Africa, several European countries, and Japan. Currently, the heads of MQM North America are former Federal Minister Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui and Ibad Rehman.

Controversy
MQM's Party leadership faced widespread arrests after Altaf Hussain's controversial speech and later attack on ARY channel which faced much criticism from the media and particularly from the establishment which was discontented by his words: 'Pakistan Murdabad' (Death to Pakistan). On the orders of Chief of Army Staff General Raheel Sharif Paramilitary forces immediately sealed MQM offices including Nine Zero. MQM's deputy convenor Shahid Pasha, parliamentary leader Farooq Sattar, Sindh assembly opposition leader Izhar ul Hasan and Rabita Committee members Qamar Mansur and Member National Assembly and ex Hyderabad Mayor Kanwar Naveed Jameel were arrested. Farooq Sattar who was released shortly, later disassociated himself from MQM founder and leader Altaf Hussain saying his statements were unacceptable and later presented and facilitated resolutions in Federal and provincial assemblies against his controversial speech, Farooq also claimed to strip MQM chief from constitution and powers. The crackdown against MQM took a rapid turn when over hundred MQM Unit and Sector offices have been demolished and many MQM workers rounded up.

On August 21, 2016, according to Election Commission of Pakistan, Nadeem Nusrat and not Farooq Sattar was the leader of MQM. and According to Nadeem Nusrat, Minus Altaf formula is not acceptable.

MQM leadership in Sindh Assembly declared that it wants MQM leader Altaf Hussain tried for high treason and also removed Nadeem Nusrat, Convenor of the party along with Wasay Jaleel, Mustafa Azizabadi etc.

On 22 September 2016, MQM convenor Nadeem Nusrat termed the moves of Farooq Sattar against party rules and illegal and emphasized he is an elected Convenor and dissolved entire party infrastructure including Rabita Committee and ordered mass resignation of MQM parliamentarians from assemblies and to contest new elections on their own.

In a media conference the spokesman for the United States State Department, John Kirby, stated that US was aware of the arrests of the MQM leaders and was closely monitoring the events.

Naming controversy
Although media refers to Muttahida Qaumi Movement as MQM-London, MQM has instructed media to use the original name Muttahida Qaumi Movement only where as Farooq Sattar led faction has adopted the name MQM-Pakistan.

Karachi Baldia Town factory
A private garment factory lit on fire and the flames ignited chemicals that were stored in the factory. The Baldia Town factory inferno case took a dramatic turn on Friday 7 Feb 2015 when a report by Rangers claimed that the MQM was behind the deadly fire that claimed the lives of at least 258 factory workers. MQM set fire factory to take Extortion money from owners. A documentary film is prepared on Factory fire name Discount workers in 2020.

Pakka Qila Operation (26, 27 May 1990)
The Pakka Qila Operation was launched by Sindh Police to target MQM workers in Pakka Qilla Hyderabad. Over 250 besieged people were killed during the operation, which carried on for 275 hours before Pakistan army men eventually moved in.

Operation Clean-up (1992–1994)
Operation Clean-up was started by late general Asif Nawaz after Jinnahpur conspiracy and major kaleem torture case.

Operation (1994–1996)
During the tenure of Benazir Bhutto, interior minister General Naseerullah Babar conducted a second operation against MQM between 1994 and 1996.

Due to serious doubts over credibility of operation due to fake encounters, extrajudicial killings and rise of killings in Karachi, Benazir Bhutto's government was dismissed by the then President of Pakistan, Farooq Ahmed Laghari.

Operation (1998)
In the aftermath of Hakeem Saeed's assassination, governor rule was imposed by Nawaz Sharif in the Sindh province and military operation was initiated against MQM.

Karachi targeted action (2013–present)
Due to rise in targeted killing, organised crimes of extortion, kidnapping for ransom and the increased crime rate of the city, the Nawaz Sharif government initiated the Karachi operation in 2013 with the intention of creating peace in the city. Even though the interior minister Chaudhry Nisar claimed that the intentions of the operation were apolitical, there have been systematic crackdowns against MQM. In 2015 MQM's Headquarter Nine Zero was raided twice by the paramilitary Rangers and many top officials of MQM were taken into custody. On August 22, 2016, the Headquarter was sealed and hundreds of MQM offices were bulldozed.

Many journalists opine that the Army establishment is behind the formation of PSP and MQM-Pakistan. Many MQM officials including Zafar Arif, Kanwar Khalid Yunus, adv Sathi ishaq, Amjadullah khan, Qamar Mansur, and Shahid Pasha have been in detention since four months.

MNA Kanwar Naveed Jameed and MPA Kamran Farooqui have also been arrested by the paramilitary forces.

Human rights violations by the state
Targeted action between 1994 and 1996 saw gross human rights violations by the state organisations which included kidnapping for random, extrajudicial executions, disappearance, torture, fake encounters etc.

The speeches and images of Altaf Hussain have been banned by the decision of Lahore High Court's justice Naqvi and Anti-Terror court has issued arrest warrants of Altaf Hussain numerous times.

Journalists have accepted that targeted operations are only against MQM.

During the Nine Zero raid, MQM worker Waqas Shah was shot down by Ranger's 9mm pistol fire from point blank range. The video evidence released on electronic media confirmed the incident.

Farooq Sattar's coordination officer Syed Aftab Ahmed was killed while in the custody of paramilitary forces. Initially the force denied torture and stated that he died of a heart attack, but it had to accept after social media publicised videos of torture marks on Aftab's body and an autopsy report confirming death due to torture.

As a result of the operation, MQM claims 67 of its workers have been extrajudicially murdered by the paramilitary force, while 150 are still missing and more than 5,000 are imprisoned. The Amnesty International, US State Department, and the United Nations Human Rights Commission have published several documents highlighting gross human rights violations during the targeted operation against MQM.

Post split election campaigns
MQM took part in local bodies by election from Union Committee 46 Hyderabad which was vacated by the death of counselor as independent candidate. MQM supported independent candidate Asif Baig defeated the candidate of MQM-Pakistan by a healthy margin.

title: Muttahida Qaumi Movement – London


text:
Atlas XH-1 Alpha

The Atlas XH-1 Alpha is a prototype attack helicopter built by Atlas Aviation (now Denel) of South Africa, which used it as a concept demonstrator for the then-planned Rooivalk project.

Development
It was developed from an Aérospatiale Alouette III airframe, retaining that helicopter's engine and dynamic components, but replacing the original cockpit with a stepped tandem one, adding a 20 mm cannon under the chin and converting the undercarriage to tail-dragger configuration.

The XH-1 first flew on 3 February 1985, and soon embarked on a rigorous flight test program to examine the feasibility of a dedicated attack helicopter in southern African conditions. The results were ultimately good enough to convince Atlas and the South African Air Force to go ahead with the development of a dedicated attack helicopter, the Denel Rooivalk.

The XH-1 and Rooivalk are completely different aircraft and share no components. The Rooivalk was developed from the later XH-2 prototype.

The sole XH-1 was retired sometime in the late 1980s and was handed over to the South African Air Force Museum, where it remains to this day.

title: Atlas XH-1 Alpha


text:
Washington State Gambling Commission

The Washington State Gambling Commission is an agency of the government of the State of Washington, founded in 1973 as the state's gaming control board, which is responsible for enforcing gambling laws and regulations. This organization is the second oldest national agency of such a type. The director of Washington State Gambling Commission is Tina Griffin, who has been the director since 2022.

title: Washington State Gambling Commission


text:
Gernrode, Thuringia

Gernrode is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Its agricultural land is some of the most productive in the district and it therefore does not have any wooded areas.

Geography
Gernrode is located in Upper Eichsfeld in the southern foothills of the Harz. It lies on both sides of the River Wipper, between the Dün and the Ohm Hills, in the centre of the Eichsfelder Kessel (although it is not part of the administrative unit of that name).

History
The ending -rode indicates that the village was founded sometime between the 8th and the 12th centuries. It is first mentioned, as Germenroth, in a document which may date to 1267. At this time it was governed by Haarburg, later by Haarburg-Worbis. During the Middle Ages, the course of the Wipper was changed, making possible the construction of 3 mills in the village. From 1586, Germenrode and Kirchworbis constituted a combined parish. In 1632, during the Thirty Years' War, troops from Weimar burnt down the church and the majority of the houses. The Catholic Church of St. Stephen, built in 1654 (and enlarged in 1932) has a baroque altar and is one of the largest and finest in Eichsfeld. The parish registers go back to 1662. In 1656, the population was reduced by war and plague to 382. The village recovered through migration from surrounding areas.

In 1802, with the rest of the then County of Eichsfeld, Gernrode became part of Prussia and during the Napoleonic Wars was temporarily part of the Kingdom of Westphalia. In the 18th century, the town's economy benefited from flax processing, which was later commemorated in the municipal arms. In 1810, Gernrode had 820 residents.

In 1867, with the construction of the segment of the Halle–Kassel railway between Nordhausen and Arenshausen, Gernrode became the site of one of the 3 stations in Eichsfeld, which, however, was later renamed after Niederorschel because of confusion with Gernrode in the Harz. On 9 December 2007, the station was renamed Gernrode - Niederorschel.

In 1878 a new school was built, followed by a Great Hall. After industrialisation reduced demand for hand weaving and fabric bleaching, the inhabitants found work in plywood production and mechanised weaving near the station, and in cigar factories. Gernrode is today one of the largest settlements in the District of Eichsfeld.

People born in Gernrode

 * Heinrich Ernemann (1850-1928), industrialist.
 * Rolf Berend (born 1943), politician.

title: Gernrode, Thuringia


text:
List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in Italy

There were a number of Axis prisoner-of-war camps in Italy during World War II. The initials "P.G." denote Prigione di Guerra (Prison of War), often interchanged with the title Campo (field or military camp). The Italian Armistice, declared on 8 September 1943, ended the Italian administration of the camps, many of which in the Italian Social Republic of northern and central Italy were resecured by the Germans and used to hold new prisoners and recaptured escapees.

In film

 * Von Ryan's Express

Other publications

 * (Foreword by Winston Churchill)

 * CC-BY icon.svg
 * (Contains a sketch map of Castello Vincigliata, route of capture, and escape route : Sidi Azir to London).
 * (Tells of the authors' experiences as a prisoner of the Italians during WWII).
 * (Book of his WW2 prisoner-of-war experiences).
 * (Written whilst a POW, a narrative of Vincigliata as Camp P.G. 12, contains a scale plan of Castello di Vincigliata, and photographs taken by the author just after the war).
 * - includes a list of some basic information about some of the camps already listed, by Brian Sims, and a drawn plan of Camp 49 Fontanellato, showing an escape route
 * - includes a list of some basic information about some of the camps already listed, by Brian Sims, and a drawn plan of Camp 49 Fontanellato, showing an escape route
 * - includes a list of some basic information about some of the camps already listed, by Brian Sims, and a drawn plan of Camp 49 Fontanellato, showing an escape route
 * - includes a list of some basic information about some of the camps already listed, by Brian Sims, and a drawn plan of Camp 49 Fontanellato, showing an escape route


text:
Water fuel cell

The water fuel cell is a non-functional design for a "perpetual motion machine" created by Stanley Allen Meyer (August 24, 1940 – March 20, 1998). Meyer claimed that a car retrofitted with the device could use water as fuel instead of gasoline. Meyer's claims about his "Water Fuel Cell" and the car that it powered were found to be fraudulent by an Ohio court in 1996.

Purported design

The water fuel cell purportedly split water into its component elements, hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen gas was then burned to generate energy, a process that reconstituted the water molecules. According to Meyer, the device required less energy to perform electrolysis than the minimum energy requirement predicted or measured by conventional science. The mechanism of action was alleged to involve "Brown's gas", a mixture of oxyhydrogen with a ratio of 2:1, the same composition as liquid water; which would then be mixed with ambient air (nitrogen, oxygen, argon, etc). The resultant hydrogen gas was then burned to generate energy, which reconstituted the water molecules in another unit separate from the unit in which water was separated. If the device worked as specified, it would violate both the first and second laws of thermodynamics, allowing operation as a perpetual motion machine.

Throughout his patents Meyer used the terms "fuel cell" or "water fuel cell" to refer to the portion of his device in which electricity is passed through water to produce hydrogen and oxygen. Meyer's use of the term in this sense is contrary to its usual meaning in science and engineering, in which such cells are conventionally called "electrolytic cells". Furthermore, the term "fuel cell" is usually reserved for cells that produce electricity from a chemical redox reaction, whereas Meyer's fuel cell consumed electricity, as shown in his patents and in the circuit pictured on the right. Meyer describes in a 1990 patent the use of a "water fuel cell assembly" and portrays some images of his "fuel cell water capacitor". According to the patent, in this case "... the term 'fuel cell' refers to a single unit of the invention comprising a water capacitor cell ... that produces the fuel gas in accordance with the method of the invention."

Media coverage

In a news report on an Ohio TV station, Meyer showed a dune buggy he claimed was powered by his water fuel cell. He stated that only 22 US gallons (83 liters) of water were required to travel from Los Angeles to New York. Furthermore, Meyer claimed to have replaced the spark plugs with "injectors" that introduced a hydrogen/oxygen mixture into the engine cylinders. The water was subjected to an electrical resonance that dissociated it into its basic atomic make-up. The water fuel cell would split the water into hydrogen and oxygen gas, which would then be combusted back into water vapor in a conventional internal combustion engine to produce net energy.

Philip Ball, writing in academic journal Nature, characterized Meyer's claims as pseudoscience, noting that "It's not easy to establish how Meyer's car was meant to work, except that it involved a fuel cell that was able to split water using less energy than was released by recombination of the elements ... Crusaders against pseudoscience can rant and rave as much as they like, but in the end they might as well accept that the myth of water as a fuel is never going to go away."

Lawsuit
Stanley Meyer's invention was later termed fraudulent after two investors to whom he had sold dealerships offering the right to do business in Water Fuel Cell technology sued him in 1996. His car was due to be examined by the expert witness Michael Laughton, Professor of Electrical Engineering at Queen Mary University of London and Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering. However, Meyer made what Professor Laughton considered a "lame excuse" on the days of examination and did not allow the test to proceed. His "water fuel cell" was later examined by three expert witnesses in court who found that there "was nothing revolutionary about the cell at all and that it was simply using conventional electrolysis." The court found Meyer had committed "gross and egregious fraud" and ordered him to repay the two investors their $25,000.

Meyer's death
Stanley Meyer died suddenly on March 20, 1998, while dining at a restaurant. His brother claimed that during a meeting with two Belgian investors, Meyer suddenly ran outside, saying "They poisoned me". After an investigation, the Grove City police agreed with the Franklin County coroner report that ruled that Meyer, who had high blood pressure, died of a cerebral aneurysm. Some of Meyer's supporters believe that he was assassinated to suppress his inventions. Philippe Vandemoortele, one of the Belgian investors, stated that he had been supporting Meyer financially for several years and considered him a personal friend, and that he has no idea where the rumors came from.

Aftermath
Meyer's patents have expired. His inventions are now in the public domain, available for all to use without restriction or royalty payment. No engine or vehicle manufacturer has incorporated Meyer's work.

title: Water fuel cell


text:
Radio Swan

Radio Swan was a pirate radio station owned by the CIA, and based in the Swan Islands, a group of islands in the western Caribbean Sea, near the coastline of Honduras. Under the "Radio Swan" and "Radio Americas" names, the station was in operation from 1960 to 1968.

History
In 1960, a Central Intelligence Agency cover, the Gibraltar Steamship Company owned and established Radio Swan on Swan Island, a covert black operation to win supporters for U.S. policies and discredit Fidel Castro. The Gibraltar Steamship Company did not own any steamships at the time while under the presidential rule of Thomas Dudley Cabot.

The radio station began acting as a regular commercial broadcaster with sponsors such as Kleenex, Phillip Morris Co., and others lined up, operating with a 50,000-watt transmitter on AM 1165 (early 1960s) and 1160 and on shortwave with a power of 7,500 watts on 6 MHz. The importance of this island was in its location and proximity to the island of Cuba. On March 17, 1960, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower had approved covert action to topple the regime of Fidel Castro in Cuba. As early as October 30, 1960, the Castro government sent reconnaissance flights over Swan Island and the Caribbean Coast of Guatemala (CIA 11-3-1960).

Swan Island was claimed by the governments of both the United States and Honduras, although the island was in the de facto hands of personnel acting on behalf of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). A Mr. Sumner Smith of Boston also claimed ownership while Federal Communications Commission (FCC) claimed that it had no jurisdiction over the station.

The AM transmitter in use by Radio Swan had been used by Radio Free Europe and was taken to Swan Island by US Navy Seabees of Mobile Construction Battalion 6 on two LSTs. Along with erecting two radio transmission towers, the Seabees built a small facility with an airstrip, dock and quonset hut. At first all broadcasts of this pseudo-commercial radio station were in the Spanish language and it was announced on air as Radio Swan, la Voz Internacional del Caribe ("Radio Swan, the International Voice of the Caribbean"), with its initial commercial programming coming on tape recordings from anti-Castro political groups in exile.

Cuba responded to the broadcasts by setting up a jamming station to block the transmissions of Radio Swan and initiated La Voz de INRA, or The Voice of INRA, which represented the National Institute of Agrarian Reform with an anti-American message. This action was followed on January 3, 1961, by a break in diplomatic relations between both countries that had been initiated by the US. Following this action, Cuba commenced broadcasting to the US and to the world, with a new international service called Radio Havana Cuba.

In March 1961 Radio Swan announced that it would no longer sell its airtime for political programming and the station changed to an all-news format while infusing its broadcasts with coded messages. The station described itself as "assisting those who are fighting Castro within Cuba" and it began transmitting on fourteen frequencies. The CIA issued a press release claiming its anti-Castro broadcasts were now being beamed by seven radio stations as well as Radio Swan.

A station identifying itself as Radio Swan briefly resumed broadcasts in 1975–1976 on 6.185 MHz. The station used a mailing address in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, and referred to itself as "La Primera Voz Democratica de Latinoamerica" ("The First Voice of Democracy in Latin America"). Since San Pedro Sula is located on the Honduran mainland, it is possible that these broadcasts originated there rather than on Swan Island, though no positive verification has been determined.

Bay of Pigs invasion broadcasts
During the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba, which took place between April 15–19, 1961, it became obvious to all concerned that the purpose of the station was to assist in the landings. But following the abortive invasion, Radio Swan suddenly changed format again. While its tone remained anti-Castro, its programming did not promote an uprising against the Cuban government. The station changed its format and name and Vanguard Service Corporation became new owners of the station. Radio Swan became Radio Americas and it remained on the air until May 1968 when the station closed down and its AM transmitter was transported to South Vietnam to assist in the wars of South-East Asia.

The World Tomorrow radio program
One of the loyal sponsors who advertised on both Radio Swan and Radio Americas was Herbert W. Armstrong with The World Tomorrow radio program. In the January edition of his magazine The Plain Truth, a letter to the editor praised Armstrong by claiming that "''... you could not have chosen a better station than Radio SWAN for reaching the Caribbean area. ... It is becoming popular with all those who share in the dislike of Fidel Castro and his communistic dictatorship." - Lady, Costa Rica.''

In the same edition, his Radio Log listed his 'The World Tomorrow' program as being broadcast by Radio Swan in the English language at 6 p.m. on Sundays and at 9 p.m. on Saturdays and Sundays. This listing remained unchanged through the edition of January 1962. The February 1962 edition of his Radio Log listed the English-language broadcast at 6:30 p.m. on Sundays over Radio Americas, but on the same frequency as Radio Swan, while the Spanish-language broadcast was listed at the same times as before, but over Radio Swan. In the March edition, the Spanish-language broadcast was also listed as being heard over Radio Americas.

The World Tomorrow broadcast was also carried on several other radio stations around the world which also appeared to have a proprietary connection to the CIA.

title: Radio Swan


text:
Haynrode

Haynrode is a municipality in the Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Haynrode


text:
Talk:Radio Swan

Untitled
This is the expansion page from the main topic called Pirate Radio. It was created due to space limitations on the original page. MPLX/MH 22:09, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

First addition of text to the article page
I have now added a full page of original text to the initial stub. MPLX/MH 03:39, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

If I remember correctly, Radio Americas broadcast on 1165 kHz, not 1160 [ANON, Feb 17, 2015 ] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.105.228.250 (talk) 04:57, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Radio Swan


text:
Talk:Liberal arts education

Requested move 7 February 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. RM is not the best place for discussions about rescoping, as it's an either/or thing. That said, the rescoping discussion has merit and I don't want this closure to prematurely end it. (closed by non-admin page mover) Sceptre (talk) 20:21, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

Liberal arts education → Liberal arts – Shorter and more consistent title; see WP:AT and WP:COMMONNAME. Mast303 (talk) 00:37, 7 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose not the same thing. In ictu oculi (talk) 14:49, 7 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment – Is it your intention to change the article's scope? Graham (talk) 05:51, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes. We should have an article on liberal arts in general. Mast303 (talk) 01:17, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * That seems like a rather different rationale from your initial proposal. Graham (talk) 02:52, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, if you want to do that, changing the scope of this article, you should get consensus for that first. I think you would find it a rather more slippery concept than you imagine. Johnbod (talk) 05:24, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose not the same thing. Johnbod (talk) 05:53, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Support - By judging the article's current content, clearly "education" is an extraneous appendage to the article's topic and title. "Liberal arts" is a shorter Boolean search term, and the succinctness of the title would offer a better grasp of the topic more broadly, with a subsection to address the topic pedagogically.  I fully support the change. Sapienna (talk) 02:13, 11 February 2023 (UTC)
 * But literally the whole article is about education! Johnbod (talk) 22:33, 11 February 2023 (UTC)
 * @Johnbod, @In ictu occuli: We should not only move, but also make the article about liberal arts in general. Then, we should devote a section to Liberal arts education. I might also consider splitting off this article into Liberal arts. Mast303 (talk) 22:35, 11 February 2023 (UTC)
 * What does "splitting off this article into Liberal arts" mean? Horse Eye's Back (talk) 22:40, 11 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I propose having an article on liberal arts (in general) and another article specific to liberal arts education. Or we could have a section on liberal arts education. Mast303 (talk) 22:42, 11 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I would support a new article on the liberal arts in general. That doesn't require doing anything to this one. Horse Eye's Back (talk) 22:46, 11 February 2023 (UTC)
 * That's a moving target! We already have Trivium and Quadrivium, between them covering the 7 arts in the classical and medieval idea of the term, plus articles on all the much longer list of subjects that might be covered by the modern idea of the term (see the article). I'm not sure anything else is needed. Anyway, as you say, only a link or two would be needed here. On the other hand, the lead could do with an expansion clarifying the difference between the older 7 and the much wider modern range. That's all in the article now, but somewhat buried in the dense 2nd section. The very last thing we need imo is a listy series of short paras explaining everything given in the article for modern areas: "The modern use of the term liberal arts consists of four areas: the natural sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities. Academic areas that are associated with the term liberal arts include: Life sciences (biology, ecology, neuroscience)Physical science (physics, astronomy, chemistry, physical geography)Logic, mathematics, statistics, computer sciencePhilosophyHistorySocial science (anthropology, economics, human geography, linguistics, political science, jurisprudence, psychology, and sociology)Creative arts (fine arts, music, performing arts, literature)
" Johnbod (talk) 23:21, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * I've added a para to the lead as I suggested above. Johnbod (talk) 05:03, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

“Mathematics, Geometry”
I might be wrong here, but isn’t the term “Arithmetic” better suited? 141.179.80.215 (talk) 12:06, 30 June 2023 (UTC)

Formal Sciences and Natural Sciences are taught within a Liberal Arts Education Framework; Liberal Arts is not synonymous with Humanities and/or Social Sciences
According to the sources cited, the "formal sciences" which includes "logic, mathematics, statistics, computer science" among others is taught as part of a liberal arts education framework in all universities, at least in North America were all accredited universities follow a liberal arts education framework and where most liberal arts-style education is most taught in the world.

If you have problems with the scholarly consensus definition of liberal arts education (which is also known as the " arts and sciences" at most universities) which includes the natural sciences and formal sciences along side the humanities, social sciences, and creative arts, go to the talk page to air out your objections to scholarly consensus. And stop deleting sourced material.

Here is the breakdown of all the sub-categories of Liberal arts education (if you want sources go to the article) --

The modern use of the term liberal arts consists of four areas: the natural sciences, social sciences formal sciences, and humanities. Academic areas that are associated with the term liberal arts include:
 * Natural science
 * Life sciences (biology, ecology, neuroscience, etc.)
 * Physical science (physics, astronomy, chemistry, geology, physical geography, etc.)
 * Formal science (Logic, mathematics, statistics, computer science, etc.)
 * Social science (anthropology, economics, human geography, linguistics, political science, jurisprudence, psychology, sociology, etc.)
 * Humanities
 * Investigative and systematized humanities (philosophy, history, etc.)
 * Language arts (literature, language education, writing, oratory, rhetoric, poetry, etc.)
 * Creative arts and fine arts
 * Performing arts (theater, music, dance, etc.)
 * Visual arts (painting, sculpture, photography, filmmaking, etc.)

See revision of https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_arts_education&oldid=1166135278 because someone keeps deleting not only the information stated there but also the sources that backs up the text.

66.44.114.72 (talk) 15:16, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Your edits are not supported by sourcing - you cannot simply change the article to your personal beliefs about the subject. Substituting 'formal science' for the 'arts' as one of the main areas of a liberal arts education is simply disconnected from reality. - MrOllie (talk) 15:30, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Look, I'm not substituting the term "arts" for "formal sciences," the term "arts" identified in this context with the terms "creative arts" or "fine arts" is redundant because the "creative arts" are a tertiary sub-category of humanities the same exact way "life sciences" and "physical science" are tertiary sub-categories of natural sciences. If for example, if the text instead of saying "liberal arts consists of ... the natural sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities" it says 'liberal arts consists of ... the natural sciences, life sciences, physical science, social sciences, arts, logic, mathematics, statistics, computer science, language arts, filming, and humanities" I would follow the same logic as before, remove the redundancies and concisely write 'liberal arts consists of four areas: the natural sciences, social sciences formal sciences, and humanities' where the term "humanities" is already inclusive of the "arts" which is a factual statement in line with the sources already cited in the text and scholarly consensus. 66.44.114.72 (talk) 15:39, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * This is all WP:NOR. Removing 'arts' because you personally think it is redundant is the problem, as is adding 'formal science' because of the way you personally categorize things. MrOllie (talk) 15:45, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Speaking of redundancy, though, please stop bloating the article lead with unnecessary trivia. It is supposed to be short and simple, we don't need to list every variant of post-secondary educational institution. MrOllie (talk) 15:52, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Here is a quote from a sources if you can't find this out yourself (https://www.topuniversities.com/blog/what-liberal-arts-education):
 * What is Liberal Arts Education? -- By Hasna Haidar

 * "What is liberal arts education today?
 * So, in a modern context, what is a liberal arts education? There are now many subjects that fall within the broad scope of the category; a typical liberal arts degree program is interdisciplinary, covering topics within the humanities, as well as social, natural and formal sciences. There are differences in the particular subjects included in liberal arts degree programs at different institutions. However, the liberal arts spectrum is generally accepted as covering the following fields:

 * * Humanities – includes art, literature, linguistics, philosophy, religion, ethics, modern foreign languages, music, theater, speech, classical languages (Latin/Greek) etc.
 * * Social sciences – includes history, psychology, law, sociology, politics, gender studies, anthropology, economics, geography, business informatics, etc.
 * * Natural sciences – includes astronomy, biology, chemistry, physics, botany, archaeology, zoology, geology, Earth sciences, etc.
 * * Formal sciences – includes mathematics, logic, statistics, etc."

66.44.114.72 (talk) 15:54, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

 * You should have a read of WP:RS. A blog on 'topuniversities.com' is not going to help you here. MrOllie (talk) 15:55, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

 * "Today liberal arts include humanities, social sciences, natural sciences and formal sciences. When its historical roots are traced, it is found that the liberal arts were the oldest higher" -

 * This is From "Liberal Arts Education: Imparting Intellectual Vision" by Samhita K of Jain University-Bangalore in the International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 – 0882 (Volume 7, Issue 9, September 2018) - Link: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Samhita-Krishnaswamy/publication/328381909_Liberal_Arts_Education_Imparting_Intellectual_Vision/links/5bc99081a6fdcc03c793afa8/Liberal-Arts-Education-Imparting-Intellectual-Vision.pdf.

 * — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.44.114.72 (talk) 16:01, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Nor is a well-known predatory journal. MrOllie (talk) 16:04, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

More sources incoming:

 * Appalachian State University (26 June 2017). "What is Arts and Sciences?". What is Arts and Sciences?. https://cas.appstate.edu/about/what-arts-and-sciences
 * "About the College of Arts & Sciences". American University. https://www.american.edu/cas/about/
 * Cornell University - "Home | The College of Arts & Sciences". https://as.cornell.edu/
 * What Does Liberal Arts Mean? - Princeton University. https://admission.princeton.edu/academics/what-does-liberal-arts-mean
 * Quote: "The typical liberal arts subjects are on the broad scope of the category including the humanities, as well as social, natural, and formal sciences." - Journal of Literature and Art Studies [Volume 9, Number 8, August 2019 (Serial Number 93)] - Link: https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61351717/Journal_of_Literature_and_Art_Studies_Vol.9_Issue_8_August_201920191127-94353-skwckh-libre.pdf?1574845191=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DJournal_of_Literature_and_Art_Studies_Vo.pdf&Expires=1689786676&Signature=GEV9HFgHg4SxzF1ySj0gYmX6o~tOhnFSB3BB9DgIBY7DW76EaHYDg5jZZSZmIJfV7jRoLlzLZtAAuBQRS77WmZOnlrwsox4nLULMlPE2C-nzhl2RrTdWQYeflyjvkOZ4~E2QoskolLptv13H-v3G1yYbRZMGEYDsKbUorT4qiMWrPE4M04T6i-5jbytESRQWs6wUInwp9~vQH4ixsjpqpbTpMteHX0vBtgjdtOeLw0nFCyHXMgxYatAahS80wa6YkRwhh-edk4AxfPjEh5d0bB2JsIovNt43waZX~2W46d4Q2Xa8tOjx6~znJjyNPV~bRM8nXgV8wyMk6i16ccQpPA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=116

66.44.114.72 (talk) 16:17, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

The spitefulness I just faced is just petty, are they really just going to revert the term "legal case" to "or a specific/a specific group of lawsuit(s)/court case(s)" evidenced by them in the strategic communication article saying "Dept of redundancy dep" just as a jab at me because I made sourced edits on a completely different article that didn't fit their personal beliefs. The term "legal case" is a lot better and concise relative to the phrase "or a specific/a specific group of lawsuit(s)/court case(s)". That's just unfair. [Just to be on the safe side and to give the benefit of the doubt to other, if that wasn't meant to be a spiteful jab at me over something petty and was a good faith edit, I will recant this and continue as if it never happened]. 66.44.114.72 (talk) 16:50, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

 * When someone is making the encyclopedia worse on one article, it is pretty standard to look at their contributions to see if they are also making it worse elsewhere. In this case I found some more stuff that needed fixing. MrOllie (talk) 17:02, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

I get that most academics count the liberal arts as encompassing the sciences as well but would it be possible to just include a side note in brackets about the fact that quite a lot of people don't consider mathematics or the sciences as liberal arts? I mean in the context of university degrees the liberal arts only seem to encompass history, literature, writing, philosophy, sociology, psychology and maybe a few more. If the goal is to be as impartial as possible then i think this should be taken note of.

title: Talk:Liberal arts education


text:
Kirchworbis

Kirchworbis is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Kirchworbis lies to the south of the Langenberg, a summit in the Ohm Hills.

Kirchworbis is first mentioned in a 1209 document as "Kirchworvece." Part of the Electorate of Mainz since the Middle Ages, the place became part of Prussia in 1802. After a short affiliation with the Kingdom of Westphalia, Kirchworbis was part of the Prussian Province of Saxony until 1945. During World War II, more than 100 women and men from Poland and Ukraine were brought to Kirchworbis and forced to work on farms, starting in 1940. From 1945 to 1949, Kirchworbis was in the Soviet occupied zone, and was part of East Germany from 1949 until German reunification in 1990.

title: Kirchworbis


text:
User:NathanHawking/monobook.css

font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; }
 * 1) content {

title: User:NathanHawking/monobook.css


text:
Steve Lillywhite

Stephen Alan Lillywhite, (born 15 March 1955) is a British record producer. Since he began his career in 1977, Lillywhite has been credited on over 500 records, and has collaborated with a variety of musicians including new wave acts XTC, Big Country, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Simple Minds, Ultravox, the Psychedelic Furs, Toyah, David Byrne, Talking Heads and Kirsty MacColl, as well as U2, the Rolling Stones, the Pogues, Blue October, Steel Pulse, the La's, Peter Gabriel, Morrissey, the Killers, Dave Matthews Band, Phish, Counting Crows and Joan Armatrading. He has won six Grammy Awards, including Producer of the Year, Non-Classical in 2006. In 2012, he was made a Commander of the Order of The British Empire (CBE) for his contributions to music.

Early years
Lillywhite entered the music industry in 1972, when he worked as a tape operator for PolyGram. He produced a demo recording for Ultravox!, which led to them being offered a recording contract with Island Records. Lillywhite soon joined Island as a staff producer, where he worked with many of the leading new wave musicians, including his brother's band, The Members, and guitarist Johnny Thunders, for whom he produced a solo album, So Alone. His first commercial success came in August 1978 as the producer of "Hong Kong Garden", the debut single from Siouxsie and the Banshees which peaked at number 7 in the UK Singles chart. He was soon hired to produce Siouxsie and the Banshees' debut album The Scream which was certified silver in the UK. He also produced "Ku Klux Klan", the first single that Steel Pulse released on Island Records in 1978. In 1979, he scored two hits for Virgin Records with The Members: the Surrey anthem "Sound of the Suburbs" and protest reggae classic "Offshore Banking Business". Lillywhite along with engineer Hugh Padgham began working with the band XTC in June and July 1979 at Townhouse Studios in London for Virgin Records. The resulting album, Drums and Wires, was released on 17 August 1979 and "Making Plans for Nigel", the single taken from the album, reached #17 on the UK Singles Chart in the fall of that year.

1980s
In February 1980, the Psychedelic Furs' self-titled debut album was released, produced by Lillywhite. He also produced Peter Gabriel's critically acclaimed third solo album Peter Gabriel (also known as III or Melt), which was released in May 1980 and topped the UK album chart. It established Gabriel as "one of rock's most ambitious, innovative musicians" and "raised considerably" Lillywhite's profile. During the recording of the album, he pioneered (with Gabriel and engineer Hugh Padgham) the gated reverb drum sound which became a hallmark of Phil Collins' solo career. Later in the year, Boy, the debut album of U2, was released, produced by Lillywhite. Lillywhite's collaboration with U2 continued with the albums October and War. He moved on to produce work by Bruce Foxton (of The Jam), Big Country, XTC, The Chameleons, Toyah, Talking Heads, Eddie and the Hot Rods, Morrissey, The Rolling Stones and the Shine album by the former ABBA vocalist Anni-Frid Lyngstad. Lillywhite was also hired by Rush to produce their 1984 album, Grace Under Pressure but, much to their frustration, withdrew from the project to work with Simple Minds. Alex Lifeson, Geddy Lee, and Neil Peart referred to Lillywhite as a man not of his word for not following through on what had already been scheduled.

In 1987, Lillywhite worked with the Pogues, producing "Fairytale of New York". His wife, Kirsty MacColl, provided the lead female vocal for the song, which became the band's biggest hit. The single narrowly missed being the UK Christmas number one single, but was still one of the biggest selling records that year, and has frequently returned to the holiday charts. MacColl also provided additional vocals during Lillywhite's production of Talking Heads' final album, 1988's Naked.

The song "Cotton Fields", from the Pogues' 1989 album Peace and Love (also produced by Lillywhite), includes a reference to "Steve Lillywhite's drunken mix".

1990s
During the 1990s, Lillywhite produced the multi platinum albums Under the Table and Dreaming, Crash, and Before These Crowded Streets by the Dave Matthews Band. In 1991, he continued to produce Morrissey and co-produced songs from U2's Achtung Baby, working alongside Brian Eno, Daniel Lanois and Flood. That same year he returned to Dublin to produce Engine Alley's debut album entitled A Sonic Holiday, and Kirsty MacColl again provided additional vocals, this time for the single "Song for Someone". He also produced Travis' debut album and the debut (and only) album by The La's. In 1996, he produced Phish's Billy Breathes, and he returned to produce Joy in 2009.

Lilywhite was featured as the subject for a BBC Radio 1 documentary series on record producers. In 1999, he produced the US band Guster's Lost and Gone Forever.

2000s
In 2000, Lillywhite was fired from the fourth album by the Dave Matthews Band after band members cited creative differences. In 2001, a number of their recordings emerged on a bootleg album, known now as The Lillywhite Sessions; many of the songs from those recordings followed later, on the Dave Matthews Band's album Busted Stuff. The unfinished tracks appeared online, and the majority of the tracks were re-recorded, without Lillywhite, with Stephen Harris as the preferred choice by the band.

In 2002, Universal Music Group head Lucian Grainge invited Lillywhite to become managing director. Lillywhite signed singer-songwriter Darius Danesh and served as executive producer for his debut album Dive In, which spawned three Top 10 hits, and Mercury Records' first number one in eighteen years. He also signed Razorlight, and also produced Jason Mraz's Mr. A-Z.

In September 2005, Lillywhite joined Columbia Records as a Senior Vice-president of A&R. During his tenure he signed MGMT. He left the label at the end of 2006. Lillywhite collected consecutive Grammy Awards for Record of the Year with U2's "Beautiful Day" and "Walk On". In 2006, Lillywhite won three more Grammys: Producer of the Year (Non-Classical), Best Rock Album also with U2's How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb; and a partial win for Album of the Year, also for How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb.

In late 2006, he worked with Chris Cornell on his album Carry On, and also produced two songs on Switchfoot's album, Oh! Gravity.. In February 2007, Lillywhite began work with Crowded House on tracks for Time on Earth, the band's first studio album in fourteen years. The majority of the album was produced by Ethan Johns, but Lillywhite produced four songs with the full touring line-up, including new drummer Matt Sherrod as well as studio guest guitarist Johnny Marr. Lillywhite's next project was working with Matchbox Twenty on an EP that comprised a portion of Exile on Mainstream, a two-disc album that entered the US charts at No. 3 and Australian charts at No. 1. In 2008, Lillywhite again worked alongside Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois on U2's No Line on the Horizon. He also worked on Blue October's Approaching Normal, and rejoined Flood to work with Thirty Seconds to Mars on This Is War.

In 2008, Lillywhite produced a number of recordings for the World Cafe radio show on NPR. This included sessions at Avatar Studios in New York with Fleet Foxes, She & Him, Bell X1, Dr. Dog, and Mercury Rev.

In November 2009, he began presenting his own weekly radio show on East Village Radio called "The Lillywhite Sessions".

2010s
On 25 May 2010, the official Oasis website announced that Lillywhite was working with Liam Gallagher, Gem Archer, Andy Bell and Chris Sharrock on material for their new band Beady Eye. Lillywhite produced an album for Evanescence at MSR Studios from February 2010 to April that year, but was scrapped in early 2011. On his work with Evanescence, Lillywhite said: "what happened was a few people lost their nerve. I don't even think it was her [ Amy Lee]. It was people at the record company who really had no other band. They were thinking more in terms of the commerce rather than the art."

In 2011, Bono and the Edge brought Lillywhite in to produce the Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark cast recording for Interscope.

In 2012, Lillywhite was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to music.

On 16 July 2012, the Irish Examiner reported that Lillywhite was attached to a new television show entitled ’'The Hit''.

Lillywhite reunited with Thirty Seconds to Mars in 2012, co-producing the band's fourth studio album Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams, alongside Jared Leto.

In 2015, at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, Lillywhite was awarded his sixth Grammy Award for his work on Juanes's album Loco De Amor. That same year, he was credited as a producer on Amy Lee's cover of Chris Isaak's "Baby Did a Bad, Bad Thing" for her Recover, Vol. 1 EP. The track was originally recorded for Evanescence's original third album produced by Lillywhite in 2010 but it was rejected by their label.

In 2016, Lillywhite produced an album by Thai rock band Slot Machine.

In April 2017, musician and writer Jon Regen wrote an article for The New York Times profiling Lillywhite and his work bundling recorded CDs with fried chicken in Indonesian KFC restaurants.

Lillywhite worked with a Japanese act for the first time when he co-produced Luna Sea's 2019 album Cross. In interviews about the album, the producer has stated that he is semi-retired living in Jakarta for the past five years and now only works with select artists.

Personal life
Lillywhite was born in Surrey, England. From 1984 to 1994, he was married to Kirsty MacColl; they had two sons, Jamie and Louis. (MacColl died in 2000.) He married Patricia Louise Galluzzi on 29 May 2004; they divorced ten years later. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to music.

Selected works

 * Beady Eye – Different Gear, Still Speeding
 * Big Country – The Crossing, Wonderland, Steeltown
 * Bruce Foxton – Touch Sensitive
 * Blue October – Approaching Normal
 * Chris Cornell – Carry On
 * Climie Fisher – some songs from Everything
 * Counting Crows – Hard Candy
 * Crowded House – Time on Earth
 * Darius Danesh – Dive In
 * Dark Star – Twenty Twenty Sound
 * Dave Matthews Band – Under the Table and Dreaming, Crash, Before These Crowded Streets, The Lillywhite Sessions (unreleased), Away from the World
 * Elwood – The Parlance of Our Time
 * Frida – Shine
 * Gigi – Setia Bersama Menyayangi dan Mencintai
 * Guster – Lost and Gone Forever
 * Iwan Fals – SATU
 * Jason Mraz – Mr. A-Z
 * Joan Armatrading – Walk Under Ladders, The Key, mixing on Sleight of Hand
 * Johnny Thunders – So Alone
 * Juanes – Loco de Amor
 * Kirsty MacColl – Kite, Electric Landlady
 * Luna Sea – Cross
 * Marshall Crenshaw – Field Day
 * Matchbox Twenty – Exile on Mainstream
 * Morrissey – Vauxhall and I, Southpaw Grammar, Maladjusted
 * Noah – Second Chance
 * Ours – Distorted Lullabies
 * Penetration – Coming Up for Air
 * Peter Gabriel – Peter Gabriel (aka Peter Gabriel III or Melt)
 * Phish – Billy Breathes, Joy
 * Rearview Mirror – All Lights Off
 * Simple Minds – Sparkle in the Rain
 * Siouxsie and the Banshees – The Scream
 * Slank – Palalopeyank
 * Switchfoot – Oh! Gravity.
 * Talking Heads – Naked
 * The Adventure Babies – Laugh
 * The Killers – Battle Born
 * The La's – The La's
 * The Members – At the Chelsea Nightclub
 * The Pogues – If I Should Fall From Grace with God, Peace and Love
 * The Psychedelic Furs – The Psychedelic Furs, Talk Talk Talk
 * The Rolling Stones – Dirty Work
 * The Sam Willows – Glasshouse (Lillywhite edition)
 * The Smiths – mixed the "Ask" single (The World Won't Listen)
 * Thirty Seconds to Mars – This Is War, Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams
 * Thompson Twins – Set
 * Tom Robinson – Sector 27
 * Toyah – The Changeling
 * Travis – Good Feeling
 * U2 – Boy, October, War, and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb; as well as some songs on The Joshua Tree, Achtung Baby, All That You Can't Leave Behind, No Line on the Horizon and Songs of Experience
 * Ultravox – Ultravox!, Ha!-Ha!-Ha!
 * Urban Verbs – Early Damage
 * World Party – Bang!
 * XTC – Drums and Wires, Black Sea

title: Steve Lillywhite


text:
Bernterode (bei Heilbad Heiligenstadt)

Bernterode is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the town Heilbad Heiligenstadt.

title: Bernterode (bei Heilbad Heiligenstadt)


text:
Dieterode

Dieterode is a municipality in the district Eichsfeld, Thuringia, Germany. It is part of the municipal association Ershausen/Geismar.

Situation
Dieterode, is situated eight kilometers south west of Heilbad Heiligenstadt between Höheberg and Rachelsberg. Neighbouring communities are Kalteneber (north east), Rüstungen, Schwobfeld (to the south) and Eichstruth (to the west).

History
The place is said to be firstly mentioned 1184 or 1251 as "Diethenroth". The church, built in 1520, was newly built in 1785. In 1914, railway reached Dieterode. (Schwebda). Due to Inner German border closing, railway traffic ended in 1947. The rails were dismantled.

Demography

 * Source: Thüringian Statistics Office

Community council
The Dieterode community council comprises 6 members.

The election proposal list of FFw (FFw = Voluntary Fire brigade) won all 6 seats (Date: 7. Juni 2009)

Mayor
The (voluntary) mayor Uwe Günther (FFw) was first elected in 1994, and re-elected in 1999, 2004, 2010 and 2016.

Tourist attractions

 * Catholic church „St. Georg“, built 1785
 * Former railway station Dieterode; almost originally status

title: Dieterode


text:
Geismar

Geismar is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Geismar


text:
Kella, Thuringia

Kella is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Kella, Thuringia


text:
Role-oriented programming

Role-oriented programming as a form of computer programming aims at expressing things in terms that are analogous to human conceptual understanding of the world. This should make programs easier to understand and maintain.

The main idea of role-oriented programming is that humans think in terms of roles. This claim is often backed up by examples of social relations. For example, a student attending a class and the same student at a party are the same person, yet that person plays two different roles. In particular, the interactions of this person with the outside world depend on his current role. The roles typically share features, e.g., the intrinsic properties of being a person. This sharing of properties is often handled by the delegation mechanism.

In the older literature and in the field of databases, it seems that there has been little consideration for the context in which roles interplay with each other. Such a context is being established in newer role- and aspect-oriented programming languages such as Object Teams. Compare the use of "role" as "a set of software programs (services) that enable a server to perform specific functions for users or computers on the network" in Windows Server jargon.

Many researchers have argued the advantages of roles in modeling and implementation. Roles allow objects to evolve over time, they enable independent and concurrently existing views (interfaces) of the object, explicating the different contexts of the object, and separating concerns. Generally roles are a natural element of human daily concept-forming. Roles in programming languages enable objects to have changing interfaces, as we see in real life - things change over time, are used differently in different contexts, etc.

Authors of role literature

 * Barbara Pernici
 * Bent Bruun Kristensen
 * Bruce Wallace
 * Charles Bachman
 * Friedrich Steimann
 * Georg Gottlob
 * Kasper B. Graversen
 * Kasper Østerbye
 * Stephan Herrmann
 * Trygve Reenskaug
 * Thomas Kühn

Programming languages with explicit support for roles

 * Cameleon
 * EpsilonJ
 * JavaScript Delegation - Functions as Roles (Traits and Mixins)
 * Object Teams
 * Perl (Moose)
 * Raku
 * powerJava
 * SCala ROLes Language

title: Role-oriented programming