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Toghon Temür

Toghon Temür (Тогоонтөмөр; Mongolian script: ; ; 25 May 1320 – 23 May 1370), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Huizong of Yuan bestowed by the Northern Yuan dynasty and by his posthumous name as the Emperor Shun of Yuan  bestowed by the Ming dynasty, was the last emperor of the Yuan dynasty and later the first emperor of the Northern Yuan dynasty. Apart from Emperor of China, he is also considered the last Khagan of the Mongol Empire. He was a son of Kusala (Emperor Mingzong).

During the last years of his reign, the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Red Turban Rebellion, which established the Ming dynasty, although the Yuan court under his rule remained in control of northern China and the Mongolian Plateau. The remnant Yuan regime is known as the Northern Yuan in historiography.

Emperor Huizong was a Buddhist student of the Karmapas (heads of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism) and is considered a previous incarnation of the Tai Situpas. He also notably invited the Jonang savant Dölpopa Shérab Gyeltsen to teach him, but was rebuffed.

Before succession
Toghon Temür was born to Kuśala, known as Khutughtu Khan or Emperor Mingzong, when he was in exile in Central Asia. Toghon Temür's mother was Mailaiti, descendant of Arslan Khan, the chief of the Karluks. According to a folk legend, the former Chinese Southern Song Emperor Gong of Song, Zhao Xian, had an affair with Yuan Empress Mailaiti. Zhao Xian allegedly fathered Yuan Toghon Temür with Mailaiti. The Mongols circulated a similar story about the Yongle Emperor.

Following the civil war known as the War of the Two Capitals that broke out after the death of Yesün Temür (Emperor Taiding) in 1328, Toghon Temür attended his father and entered Shangdu from Mongolia. However, after Kuśala died and his younger brother was restored to the throne as Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür (Emperor Wenzong), he was kept from the court and was banished to Goryeo (modern Korea) and later to Guangxi in South China. While he was in exile, his stepmother Babusha was executed.

When Emperor Wenzong died in 1332, his widow, Empress Dowager Budashiri respected his will to make the son of Kuśala's succeed to the throne instead of Wenzong's own son, El Tegüs. However, it was not Toghon Temür but his younger half-brother Rinchinbal, who was enthroned as Rinchinbal Khan (Emperor Ningzong). However, he died only two months into his reign. The de facto ruler, El Temür, attempted to install El Tegüs as emperor but was stopped by Empress Budashiri. As a result, Toghon Temür was summoned back from Guangxi. El Temür feared that Toghon Temür, who was too mature to be a puppet, would take arms against him since he was suspected of the assassination of Toghon Temür's father, Emperor Mingzong. The enthronement was postponed for six months until El Temür died in 1333.

In 1333, Toghon Temür first met Lady Gi, a Korean concubine, with whom he fell deeply in love. Lady Ki had been sent to China sometime in the late 1320s as "human tribute" as the kings of Goryeo were required to send a certain number of beautiful teenage girls to Yuan to serve as concubines after the Mongol invasions.

Early reign
The new emperor appointed his cousin El Tegüs crown prince as he was ward of El Tegüs' mother Empress Dowager Budashiri, but he was controlled by warlords even after El Temür's death. Among them, Bayan became as powerful as El Temür had been. He served as minister of the Secretariat and crushed a rebellion by El Temür's son Tang Ki-se. During his despotic rule, he made several purges and also suspended the imperial examination system. When Toghon Temür tried to promote Lady Ki to secondary wife, which was contrary to the standard practice of only taking secondary wives from Mongol clans, it created such opposition at court to this unheard of promotion for a Korean woman that he was forced to back down. In 1339, when Lady Ki gave birth to a son, whom Toghon Temür decided would be his successor, he was finally able to have Lady Ki named his secondary wife in 1340.

As Toghon Temür matured, he came to disfavor Bayan's autocratic rule. In 1340 he allied with Bayan's nephew Toqto'a, who was in discord with Bayan, and banished Bayan in a coup. He also removed El Tegüs and Empress Budashiri from court. With the help of Toqto'a, he also managed to purge officials that had dominated the administration.

Middle reign
With the dismissal of Bayan, Toqto'a seized the power of the court. His first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit. The young leader was quick to distinguish his regime as something wholly different from Bayan's. A new Chinese era name, Zhizheng, was decreed to show this. Bayan's purges were called off. Many of the great Chinese literati came back to the capital from voluntary retirement or from administrative exile and the imperial examination system was restored.

Toqto'a also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government. One of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled official histories of the Liao, Jin and Song dynasties, which were eventually completed in 1345.

Toqto'a resigned his office with the approval of Toghon Temür in June 1344, which marked the end of his first administration. The several short-lived administrations that followed from 1344 and 1349 would develop an agenda very different from Toqto'a's. In 1347, the emperor forced Toqto'a into Gansu with assistance from former officers of Kuśala and Yesün Temür.

In 1349, Toghon Temür recalled Toqto'a, which began Toqto'a's second and very different administration.

Late reign
Since the late 1340s, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters, droughts, floods, and ensuing famines. The lack of effective government policy led to a loss of support from the people. Illicit salt dealers who were disaffected by the government's salt monopoly raised a rebellion in 1348, triggering many revolts around the empire. Among them was the Red Turban Rebellion, which started in 1351 and grew into a nationwide turmoil.

In 1354, when Toqto'a led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghon Temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal. This resulted in the restoration of Toghon Temür's power but also a rapid weakening of the central government. Thus he had no choice but to rely on the forces of local warlords.

Toghon Temür gradually lost interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles. His son Biligtü Khan, who became Crown Prince in 1353, attempted to seize power and came into conflict with Toghon Temür's aides, who dominated politics instead of the khan. During this time power was increasingly exercised by Lady Ki. Chief Empress Lady Ki and his minister persuaded Biligtü Khan to overthrow the latter. Toghon Temür was unable to conciliate the dispute but executed the minister. In 1364 the Shanxi-based warlord Bolad Temür occupied Khanbaliq and expelled the Crown Prince from the winter base. In alliance with the Henan-based warlord Köke Temür, Biligtü Khan defeated Bolad Temür in the next year. This internal struggle resulted in further weakening of the political and military power of the central government. In 1365, Toghon Temür finally promoted his much beloved Lady Ki to First Empress and announced that his son by her would be the first in the line of succession.

During the Yuan dynasty, one of Confucius' descendants, who was one of the Duke Yansheng Kong Huan's 孔浣 sons, named Kong Shao 孔紹, moved from China to Goryeo era Korea and established a branch of the family there called the Gong clan of Qufu after marrying a Korean woman (Jo Jin-gyeong's 曹晉慶 daughter) during Toghon Temür's rule. (Also see 曲阜孔氏 (朝鲜半岛) and 곡부 공씨)

Avignon Papacy

Pope John XXII and Pope Benedict XII successfully extended a network of Catholic churches throughout the Mongol Empire from Crimea to China between 1317 and 1343. The archbishop of Khanbaliq, John of Montecorvino, died in 1328. With the backing of the Toghon Temür, the Alans wrote to Pope Benedict XII in 1336 asking for a new metropolitan. In 1338, the pope sent back the embassy headed by Giovanni de' Marignolli, who stayed at Beijing three or four years. They brought gifts for Toghon Temür that included fine European horses.

Japan
When the Koreans captured a Japanese fishing ship they thought was spying, the Goryeo court sent it to their overlord, the Yuan emperor Toghon Temür, who then sent the fishermen back to Japan. In reply, the Ashikaga shogunate sent an embassy led by a monk to express its gratitude.

Retreat to the north

After absorbing the Chen Han dynasty, conquering Southern China, and establishing the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang – crowned as the Hongwu Emperor – conducted military expeditions to North China and defeated the Yuan army in 1368. When Köke Temür lost battles against the Ming general Xu Da and Ming troops approached Hebei, Toghon Temür gave up Khanbaliq and fled to his summer base, Shangdu.

In 1369 when Shangdu also fell under the Ming's occupation, Toghon Temür fled northward to Yingchang, which was located in present-day Inner Mongolia. He died there in 1370; his son succeeded him as Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara and retreated to Karakorum in the same year. The Yuan remnants ruled northern China and the Mongolian Plateau while they continued to claim the title of Emperor of China, from which point they are referred to as the Northern Yuan dynasty. He was the longest-lived emperor of Yuan China after Kublai Khan.

At the time of his death, the Northern Yuan maintained its influence, stretching the domination from the Sea of Japan to the Altai Mountains. There were also pro-Yuan, anti-Ming forces in Yunnan and Guizhou. Even though its control over China proper had not been stable yet, the Ming considered that the Yuan lost the Mandate of Heaven when it abandoned Khanbaliq, and that the Yuan was overthrown in 1368. The Ming did not treat Toghon Temür after 1368 and his successor Ayushiridara as legitimate emperors.

The Ming gave Toghon Temür the posthumous name Emperor Shun (順皇帝), which implied that he followed the Mandate of Heaven ceding his empire to the Ming. But the Northern Yuan dynasty gave him their own posthumous name Emperor Xuanren Puxiao (宣仁普孝皇帝) and temple name Huizong (惠宗).

Even after Toghon Temür, there was still Yuan resistance to the Ming in the south. In southwestern China, Basalawarmi, the self-styled "Prince of Liang", established a Yuan resistance movement in Yunnan and Guizhou that was not put down until 1381.

Legacy

Mongolian chronicles such as the Erdeniin Tobchi include a poem known as the Lament of Toghon Temür. It deals with his grieving after the loss of Khanbaliq (Beijing).

Family
Consorts and their respective issue(s):
 * First Empress Consort: Empress Danashiri (答纳失里皇后) (1320 – 1335), of the Kipchak tribe (钦察部人), daughter of El Temür
 * Prince Maha (摩訶王) (12 May 1334 – 23 November 1334)
 * Second Empress Consort: Empress Bayan Khutugh (伯颜忽都皇后) (1324 – 1365), of the Hongjila clan (弘吉剌氏) from Onggirat, daughter of Bolod Temür
 * Third Empress Consort: Empress Gi (奇皇后) (1315 – 1369) of the Korean Haengju Gi clan (幸州 奇氏)
 * Emperor Zhaozong of Northern Yuan (北元昭宗) (23 January 1340 – 28 April/26 May 1378)
 * Miscarriage at 4 months in 1347
 * Pure Consort, of the Chinese Long clan (淑妃 龍氏), personal name Ruijiao (瑞嬌)
 * Pure Consort, of the Cheng clan (淑妃 程氏) (1333 – 1368), personal name Yining (一寧)
 * Consort, of the Korean Gyoha No clan (妃交河盧氏)
 * Pure Consort, of the Ge clan (淑妃 戈氏), personal name Xiaoge (小娥)
 * Concubine Li (麗嬪), of the Zhang clan (張氏), personal name Ayuan/Axuan (阿元/阿玄)
 * Talented Lady (才人), of the Ning clan (凝氏), personal name Xiang'er (香兒)
 * Unknown
 * Emperor Tianyuan of Northern Yuan (兀思哈勒汗, b. 1342)
 * Talented Lady (才人), of the Ning clan (凝氏), personal name Xiang'er (香兒)
 * Unknown
 * Emperor Tianyuan of Northern Yuan (兀思哈勒汗, b. 1342)

In popular culture

 * Portrayed by Lee Suk-koo in the 2005–2006 MBC TV series Shin Don.
 * Portrayed by Ji Chang-wook in the 2013-2014 MBC TV series Empress Ki.

title: Toghon Temür


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Catriona LeMay Doan/setbacks

Catriona LeMay Doan/setbacks was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 8 votes to delete. Postdlf 06:45, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Catriona LeMay Doan/setbacks
Vanity, rather bloggish and mostly nonsensical. Perhaps a speedy candidate? Fire Star 21:00, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * ...and it's an orphaned article subpage. Delete -- Ferkelparade π 22:30, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If it made any sense, it would be as a part of the parent article. — Bill 23:26, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Incompehensible. I'm sorry she fell down. That's bad, I guess.  Geogre 00:28, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Where's the question? :) Nadavspi 00:43, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense. jni 10:25, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Candicate for BJAODN? --Improv 14:04, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unnecessary and spectacularly uninsightful. I second Improv's BJAODN nom, too. Bearcat 18:00, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * When did pages in the article name-space start getting subpages? Maybe someone was using this as a "sandbox"? func(talk) 22:12, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Category:Sara Hickman albums

title: Category:Sara Hickman albums


text:
List of places in Cornwall

This is a list of towns and villages in the ceremonial county of Cornwall, United Kingdom. The ceremonial county includes the unitary authorities of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly.

In accordance with gazetteers, Cornish names are in the standard written form approved by the Maga signage panel.

For the civil parishes which often share the name of a village, see Civil parishes in Cornwall.

F
Falmouth, Farms Common, Fenton Pits, Fentonadle, Feock, Fernsplatt, Fistral Beach, Fivelanes, Fletchersbridge, Flexbury, Flushing, Fonston, Forder, Forge, Forrabury, Foundry, Four Lanes, Fowey, Foxhole, Fraddam, Fraddon, Freathy, Frogmore, Frogpool, Frogwell

G
Gam, Gang, Garker, Garras, Georgia, Germoe, Gerrans, Gilbert's Coombe, Gillan, Gloweth, Gluvian, Godolphin Cross, Godrevy, Golant, Golberdon, Goldsithney, Gollawater, Gonamena, Goon Gumpas, Goon Piper, Goonabarn, Goonbell, Goonhavern, Goonhusband, Goonlaze, Goonown, Goonvrea, Gooseham, Gooseham Mill, Gorran Churchtown, Gorran Haven, Gorran High Lanes, Gothers, Gracca, Grade, Grampound, Grampound Road, Great Bosullow, Great Tree, Great Work, Green Bottom, Greensplat, Greenwith Common, Grillis, Grimscott, Grumbla, Gulval, Gummow's Shop, Gunnislake, Gunwalloe, Gwallon, Gwavas, Gwavas, Gwedna, Gweek, Gwennap, Gwenter, Gwills, Gwinear, Gwinear Downs, Gwithian

H
Halabezack, Halamanning, Hale Mills, Halgabron, Hallew, Hallworthy, Halsetown, Halton Barton, Halvosso, Halwin, Hannafore, Harcourt, Harlyn, Harlyn Bay, Harrowbarrow, Hatt, Hawker's Cove, Hay, Hayle, Heamoor, Helebridge, Helford, Helford Passage, Helland, Hellandbridge, Hellesveor, Helscott, Helston, Helston Water, Helstone, Hendra, Hendra Croft, Hendrabridge, Hendraburnick, Henwood, Herniss, Herodsfoot, Hersham, Hessenford, Hewas Water, Hick's Mill, High Cross, Constantine, High Cross, Truro, High Lanes, High Street, Higher Bal, Higher Boscaswell, Higher Condurrow, Higher Crackington, Higher Cransworth, Higher Downs, Higher Lank, Higher Menadew, Higher Penpol, Higher Porthpean, Higher Tolcarne, Higher Town, Higher Town (Scilly), Higher Tremarcoombe, Highercliff, Highertown, Highlanes, Highway, Hillhead, Holmbush, Holy Vale, Holywell, Hornick, Horningtops, Horsedowns, Hugh Town, Hugus

I
Idless, Illand, Illogan, Illogan Highway, Inchs, Indian Queens, Insworke

J
Jacobstow, Jolly's Bottom, Joppa

K
Kea, Kehelland, Kelly, Kelly Bray, Kelly Rounds, Kelynack, Kennards House, Kenneggy, Kenneggy Downs, Kents, Kenwyn, Kerley Downs, Kerris, Kersbrook Cross, Kerthen Wood, Kestle, Kestle Mill, Keybridge, Kilhallon, Kilkhampton, Killaworgey, Killivose, Kingbeare, Kingsand, Knave go by, Knightor, Knightsmill, Kuggar, Kynance Cove

L
Laddenvean, Ladock, Ladycross, Laity Moor, Lamanva, Lambourne, Lamellion, Lamledra, Lamorick, Lamorna, Lamorran, Landewednack, Landrake, Land's End, Landulph, Lane, Lane-end, Laneast, Lanescot, Langarth Garden Village, Langore, Lanhydrock, Lanivet, Lanjeth, Lanjew, Lank, Lanlivery, Lanner, Lanreath, Lansallos, Lanteglos-by-Camelford, Lanteglos-by-Fowey, Lanteglos Highway, Lantuel, Lantyan, Larrick, Latchbrook, Latchley, Launcells Cross, Launceston, Lavrean, Lawhitton, Leburnick, Leedstown, Lelant, Lelant Downs, Lellizzick, Lerryn, Lesnewth, Levalsa Meor, Lewannick, Lezant, Lezerea, Linkinhorne, Liskeard, Little Beside, Little Bosullow, Little Comfort, Little Petherick, Little Treviscoe, Lizard peninsula, Lizard, Lockengate, Lodge Hill, London Apprentice, Longdowns, Long Rock, Longships, Longstone (St Mabyn), Longstone (St Mary's), Looe, Looe Mills, Lostwithiel, Lower Amble, Lower Bodinnar, Lower Boscaswell, Lower Brynn, Lower Clicker, Lower Croan, Lower Lank, Lower Menadue, Lower Mill, Lower Penpol, Lower Porthpean, Lower Rose, Lower Town, Lower Trebullett, Lower Tregantle, Lower Woodley, Lower Woon, Lowertown (Luxulyan), Lowertown-by-Helston, Luckett, Ludgvan, Luxulyan, Lynstone

M
Mabe Burnthouse, Maders, Madron, Maenporth, Maer, Malpas, Manaccan, Manhay, Manor Parsley, Marazanvose, Marazion, Marhamchurch, Marshgate, Maryfield, Maudlin, Mawgan, Mawgan Porth, Mawla, Mawnan, Mawnan Smith, Maxworthy, Mayon, Maypole, Meaver, Medlyn, Melinsey, Mellangoose, Mellingey, Mena, Menabilly, Menacuddle, Menadarva, Menagissey, Menheniot, Menherion, Menna, Merry Meeting, Merrymeet, Merther, Merther Lane, Metherell, Mevagissey, Michaelstow, Middle Crackington, Middle Penpol, Middle Taphouse, Middle Town (St Agnes), Middle Town (St Martin's), Middlehill, Middlewood, Milcombe, Millbrook, Millendreath, Millook, Millpool, Milltown (Cardinham), Milltown (Lanlivery), Mineshope, Mingoose, Minions, Mitchell, Mithian, Mithian Downs, Mixtow, Molinnis, Mongleath, Monkscross, Moorswater, Mornick, Morvah, Morval, Morwenstow, Mount, Mount Ambrose, Mount Hawke, Mount Hermon, Mount Misery, Mount Pleasant, Mountjoy, Mousehole, Muchlarnick, Mulberry, Mulfra, Mullion, Mullion Cove, Mylor, Mylor Bridge, Mylor Churchtown

N
Nance, Nanceddan, Nancegollan, Nancemellin, Nancenoy, Nancledra, Nanpean, Nanquidno, Nansledan, Nanstallon, Nantithet, Narkurs, Navarino, Netherton, New Downs, New Grimsby, New Mill, New Mills, New Polzeath, Newbridge, Newlyn, Newport, Newquay, Newton, Newtown, Newtown-in-St Martin, Nine Maidens Downs, Ninnes, Ninnes Bridge, No Man's Land, Noonvares, Normandy, Norris Green, North Beer, North Corner, North Country, North Darley, North Hill, North Petherwin, North Tamerton, Northcott, Northward, Notter, Notter Bridge

O
Old Cardinham Castle, Old Grimsby, Old Kea, Old Mill, Old Park, Old Town, Otterham, Otterham Down, Otterham Mill, Otterham Station

P
Padstow, Palmersbridge, Pantersbridge, Par, Paramoor, Parc Erissey, Park Bottom, Parkengear, Parkfield, Paul, Paul's Green, Paynter's Cross, Paynter's Lane End, Pelistry, Pelynt, Pempwell, Penare, Penbeagle, Penberth, Penberth Cove, Pencarrow, Pencoys, Pencuke, Pendeen, Pendoggett, Pendrift, Penelewey, Pengegon, Pengelly, Pengersick, Pengold, Pengover Green, Penhale, Penhale Jakes, Penhallam, Penhallick, Penhallow, Penhallym, Penhalurick, Penhalvean, Penmarth, Penmayne, Pennance, Pennytinney, Penpethy, Penpillick, Penpol, Penpoll, Penponds, Penpont, Penrose, Penrose Hill, Penryn, Pensilva, Penstraze, Pentewan, Pentire, Penwartha, Penwartha Coombe, Penweathers, Penwithick, Penzance, Percuil, Perran Downs, Perran Wharf, Perranarworthal, Perrancoombe, Perranporth, Perranuthnoe, Perranwell, Perranwell Station, Perranzabuloe, Peterville, Petherwin Gate, Phillack, Philleigh, Piece, Pillaton, Pipers Pool, Pityme, Plaidy, Plain Street, Plain-an-Gwarry, Playing Place, Plusha, Plushabridge, Point, Polbathic, Polborder, Polbrock, Poldice, Polgear, Polgigga, Polgooth, Polkerris, Polladras, Polmarth, Polmassick, Polmear, Polmorla, Polpenwith, Polpeor, Polperro, Polruan, Poltesco, Polwheveral, Polyphant, Polzeath, Poniou, Ponjeravah, Ponsanooth, Ponsongath, Pont, Pool, Porkellis, Port Gaverne, Port Quin, Port Isaac, Porteath, Porth, Porth Kea, Porth Navas, Porthallow, Porthcothan, Porthcurno, Porthgwarra, Porthgwidden, Porthhallow, Porthilly, Porthleven, Porthloo, Porthmeor, Portholland, Porthoustock, Porthtowan, Portloe, Portlooe, Portmellon, Portreath, Portscatho, Portwrinkle, Poughill, Poundstock, Praa Sands, Praze-an-Beeble, Probus, Prospidnick, Prussia Cove, Puddle

Q
Quethiock, Quintrell Downs, Quoit

R
Radnor, Raginnis, Rame (in Maker-with-Rame), Rame (in Wendron), Readymoney Cove, Reawla, Red Post, Redmoor, Redruth, Redtye, Reen Manor, Rejerrah, Releath, Relubbus, Rescassa, Rescorla, Reskadinnick, Restronguet Passage, Resugga Green, Retallack, Retire, Rezare, Rilla Mill, Rillaton, Rinsey, Rinsey Croft, Rising Sun, Roche, Rock, Rockhead, Rocky Hill, Roscroggan, Rose, Rose-an-Grouse, Rosecare, Rosedinnick, Rosehill, Roseland, Rosemelling, Rosemergy, Rosenannon, Rosenithon, Rosevean, Rosevear, Rosevine, Rosewarne, Roseworthy, Roseworthy Barton, Roskear Croft, Roskorwell, Rosudgeon, Row, Ruan High Lanes, Ruan Lanihorne, Ruan Major, Ruan Minor, Rumford, Ruthernbridge, Ruthvoes

S
Salem, Saltash, Sancreed, Sandplace, Sandylake, Saveock, Scarcewater, Scorrier, Scredda, Sea Mills, Seaton, Seaureaugh Moor, Sellan, Sennen, Sennen Cove, Seworgan, Sharptor, Sheffield, Sheviock, Shop, Shortacross, Shortlanesend, Shutta, Silverwell, Sithney, Sithney Common, Sithney Green, Skewes, Skinner's Bottom, Sladesbridge, Slaughterbridge, South Carne, South Hill, South Petherwin, South Pill, South Tehidy, South Treveneague, South Wheatley, Southcott, Southdown, Sparnon Gate, Splatt, Stenalees, Stencoose, Stennack, Stepaside, Stibb, Sticker, Stithians, Stoke Climsland, Stoptide, Stratton, Stursdon, Summercourt, Sweets, Sweetshouse

St
St Agnes (Cornish mainland), St Agnes (Isles of Scilly), St Allen, St Ann's Chapel, St Anthony-in-Meneage, St Anthony in Roseland, St Austell, St Blazey, St Blazey Gate, St Breock, St Breward, St Buryan, St Cleer, St Clement, St Clether, St Columb Major, St Columb Minor, St Columb Road, St Day, St Dennis, St Dominick, St Endellion, St Enoder, St Erme, St Erney, St Erth, St Erth Praze, St Ervan, St Eval, St Ewe, St Gennys, St Germans, St Gluvias, St Hilary, St Issey, St Ive, St Ive Cross, St Ives, St Jidgey, St John, St Just in Penwith, St Just in Roseland, St Keverne, St Kew, St Kew Highway, St Keyne, St Lawrence, St Levan, St Mabyn, St Martin-by-Looe, St Martin-in-Meneage, St Mawes, St Mawgan, St Mellion, St Merryn, St Mewan, St Michael Caerhays, St Michael Penkevil, St Michael's Mount, St Minver, St Neot, St Newlyn East, St Pinnock, St Ruan, St Stephens by Saltash, St Stephens, St Teath, St Tudy, St Veep, St Wenn, St Winnow

T
Talland, Talskiddy, Telegraph, Temple, Tencreek, Terras, The Towans, Thorne, Three Hammers, Three Holes Cross, Threemilestone, Threewaters, Thurdon, Tideford, Tideford Cross, Tilland, Timbrelham, Tintagel, Titson, Todpool, Tolborough, Tolcarne, Tolcarne Wartha, Toldish, Tolgullow, Tolgus Mount, Tolskithy, Tolvaddon Downs, Tomperrow, Torfrey, Torpoint, Towan, Towan Cross, Towednack, Townshend, Traboe, Tramagenna, Treal, Treamble, Treath, Treator, Trebarber, Trebartha, Trebarwith, Trebarwith Strand, Trebeath, Trebell Green, Trebetherick, Trebilcock, Trebudannon, Trebullett, Treburgett, Treburgie, Treburley, Treburrick, Trebyan, Treclago, Tredannick, Tredaule, Tredavoe, Tredethy, Tredinnick, Tredrizzick, Treen (in St Levan parish), Treen (in Zennor parish), Treesmill, Trefanny Hill, Treforda, Trefrize, Trefusis, Tregada, Tregadgwith, Tregadillett, Tregajorran, Tregamere, Tregardock, Tregargus, Tregarland, Tregarlandbridge, Tregarne, Tregarrick Mill, Tregaswith, Tregatillian, Tregatta, Tregavarah, Tregear, Tregeare, Tregellist, Tregeseal, Tregew, Tregidden, Tregirls, Tregirls beach, Tregolls, Tregona, Tregonce, Tregonetha, Tregonna, Tregonning, Tregony, Tregoodwell, Tregoose, Tregorden, Tregorrick, Tregoss, Tregreenwell, Tregrehan Mills, Tregue, Tregullon, Tregunna, Tregurrian, Tregurtha Downs, Trehan, Trehemborne, Trehunist, Trekeivesteps, Trekenner, Trekenning, Treknow, Trelan, Trelash, Trelassick, Treleigh, Trelew, Treligga, Trelights, Trelill, Trelion, Treliske, Trelissick, Treliver, Treloquithack, Trelowia, Trelowth, Tremail, Tremaine, Tremar, Trematon, Trematon Castle, Tremayne, Trembraze, Tremedda, Tremethick Cross, Tremore, Tremorebridge, Tremough, Trenance, Trenant, Trenarren, Trenay, Trencreek, Trencrom, Trendeal, Trenear, Treneglos, Trenerth, Trenean, Trenethick Barton Trengale, Trengune, Trenhorne, Treningle, Treninnick, Trenithon, Trenoon, Trenoweth, Trenoweth, Isles of Scilly, Trenwheal, Trequite, Trerair, Trerise, Trerose, Trerulefoot, Tresamble, Tresarrett, Tresavean, Tresawle, Tresawson, Trescoll, Trescowe, Tresean, Tresevern Croft, Tresillian, Tresinney, Treskerby, Treskillard, Treskilling, Treskinnick Cross, Treslothan, Tresmeer, Tresowes Green, Tresoweshill, Tresparrett, Tresparrett Posts, Treswithian, Treswithian Downs, Trethellan Water, Trethevy, Trethewell, Trethewey, Trethillick, Trethosa, Trethowel, Trethurgy, Trevadlock, Trevalga, Trevalgan, Trevance, Trevanger, Trevanson, Trevarrack, Trevarren, Trevarrian, Trevarrick, Trevarth, Treveal, Trevegean, Treveighan, Trevellas, Trevelmond, Trevelver, Trevemper, Treven, Trevena, Trevenen, Trevenen Bal, Trevenning, Treveor, Treverbyn, Treverva, Trevescan, Trevia, Trevigro, Trevilder, Trevilla, Trevilson, Trevine, Treviscoe, Treviskey, Trevithal, Trevoll, Trevone, Trevorrick, Trevowah, Trevowhan, Trew, Trewalder, Trewarmett, Trewartha, Trewassa, Treween, Trewellard, Trewen, Trewennack, Trewennan, Trewetha, Trewethen, Trewethern, Trewey, Trewhiddle, Trewidland, Trewindle, Trewinnion, Trewint, Trewithian, Trewithick, Trewollock, Trewoodloe, Trewoon, Treworga, Treworlas, Treworld, Trewornan, Treworrick, Treworthal, Treyarnon, Trezaise, Trezelah, Trillacott, Trispen, Troan, Trolver, Troon, Troswell, Truas, Truro, Truscott, Trussall, Truthan, Truthwall, Trythogga, Tubbs Mill, Tuckingmill (near Camborne), Tuckingmill (near St Breward), Tuelmenna, Turfdown, Tutwell, Twelveheads, Twelvewoods, Two Bridges, Two Burrows, Tywardreath, Tywardreath Highway

U
United Downs, Uny Lelant, Upton, Upton Cross

V
Valley Truckle, Varfell, Vellanoweth, Venterdon, Ventongimps, Ventonleague, Veryan, Victoria, Viscar, Vogue

W
Wadebridge, Wainhouse Corner, Wall, Wanson, Warbstow, Warbstow Cross, Warleggan, Washaway, Watergate, Waterloo, Wearde, Week Green, Week St Mary, Welltown, Wendron, Wenfordbridge, Werrington, West Curry, West Downs, West Looe, West Pentire, West Taphouse, West Tolgus, West Watergate, West Youlstone, Westdowns, Wheal Alfred, Wheal Baddon, Wheal Busy, Wheal Coates, Wheal Frances, Wheal Kitty, Wheal Rose, Wherrytown, Whipsiderry, White Cross, Whitecross (Crowlas), Whitecross (Lanteglos), Whitecross (St Breock), Whitecross (Blisland), Whitemoor, Whitewell, Whitstone, Widegates, Widemouth Bay, Wilcove, Windmill, Windsor, Winnard's Perch, Withiel, Withielgoose, Woodford, Woolley, Woolston, Woon, Wringsdown

Y
Yeolmbridge

Z
Zelah, Zennor, Zoar

title: List of places in Cornwall


text:
Bognor or Bust

Bognor or Bust is a 2004 UK television panel game, on the subject of news and current affairs. Produced by 4DTV for ITV, the show conventionally gave contestants the opportunity to win prizes, yet was comedic in style. It combined members of the public and celebrities on the same panel.

The show was hosted by comic actor and presenter Angus Deayton. His hosting of this show was largely viewed as his next step after being ousted from Have I Got News for You. Designing the style of the show to be similar to that of HIGNFY may have been deliberate.

Before the game began, the two contestants picked two out of a group of four celebrities to play on their team. In Round 1, Deayton asked a series of questions on the week's news, to be answered on the buzzer]. At the end of the round, there was a quick recap of the scores. For the End of Part 1, the viewers were shown a picture with something missing, and were asked to guess what it is during the commercial break. In Part 2, the missing object was revealed (to general amusement) and Round 2 commenced. The player in the lead chose one of two pictures that served as (not very good) cryptic clues to a certain category. The team then had to answer a succession of quick-fire questions within that category in a time limit. Afterwards, the process repeated with the other team and the other category. At the end of Round 2, the player with the most points proceeded to the final round.

The final round consisted of a single multiple choice question with two possible answers, on which the contestant can confer with all four celebrities. When answered correctly, the contestant was awarded a paid-for exotic holiday. (The question was based on a story taken from a newspaper from the country from the holiday's destination.) However, if the final question was answered incorrectly, the contestant was instead 'awarded' a trip to the seaside resort Bognor Regis in West Sussex, from which the name of the show was derived, and a randomly selected member of the audience won the exotic holiday. In the context of this show, Bognor was not seen as an upmarket resort and was therefore a satirical booby prize.

Despite steady ratings of three to four million viewers, the series was not recommissioned following its original run.

title: Bognor or Bust


text:
Talk:Toghon Temür

The passage about the descendants of Confucius is controversial because his ethnicity is described as "Dong-Yi" a designation as non-Han chinese and likely from a Korean group. The passage about Confucious in this article is needlessly divisive and biased toward a Han chauvanist point of view, and is an example of chinese historical revisionism, one of many examples promoted by china currrently.

The passage around Empress Ki had a problematic tone and was unbalanced in its content. It needed to be put into historic context better or else removed entirely. Empress Ki herself was an important figure in East Asian history and needed to be treated much better than the cursory way it was originally written, again likely from a Han-chinese chauvanist contributor. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sumaiyahle (talk • contribs) 21:36, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

Sumaiyahle (talk) 21:39, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

The few lines about Empress Ki in this article are very negative, not at all mentioning what it says in the main article on Empress Gi: "one of the most peaceful and prosperous periods for Yuan and in China's history as a whole". Toove (talk) 06:57, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

Names
Why is it that the article title includes two names - Ukhaantu Khan and Huizong - and then the article proceeds to call him Toghun Temür throughout? Either the article is titled wrongly, or else the text should be changed to call him by one of the names he's called in the title. john k 23:34, 30 November 2007 (UTC)
 * On GBooks, it's 5 post-2000 results for "Toghan temur" -wikipedia, 5 for "Ukhaantu Khan" -wikipedia, and 92 for "Togon-temür" -wikipedia. Britannica uses "Togon-temür". Kauffner (talk) 02:35, 28 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Cf. WP:USEENGLISH WP:COMMONNAME. It doesn't matter what Britannica calls him. I'll fix it in a sec.

 * That said, even factoring the Song guy in, this page should probably be at Huizong or Shundi. I'll let somebody else fight that battle, though, since it's probably tied to some policy for all of the Yuan pages. — Llywelyn II   21:27, 18 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Welp, guess I can't. Dammit. Be right back... — Llywelyn II   23:16, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

How about the articles about other Yuan emperors after Kublai Khan then? Current article naming seems to be inconsistent. For example, how should the article Temür Khan, Emperor Chengzong of Yuan be named? --Evecurid (talk) 01:48, 22 March 2015 (UTC)

Also note the article for his successor is named Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara, not sure if this can be considered an example for other articles. --Evecurid (talk) 02:16, 22 March 2015 (UTC)

Move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was moved. --BDD (talk) 20:18, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

Togon-temür → Toghon Temür – Per WP:COMMONNAME.

Jeez, there're too many variants of this guy's names and too many people who share it.

A cursory ngram will give you results like this, but it's misleading since most of the Chinese results are talking about other emperors. Of the many, many variants of the Mongolian name, "Toghon Temur" is the most common. That brings it up to a still pitiful 4th place. Going through Books and Scholar to exclude unrelated hits, though, leaves 71 for Huizong, 61 for Shundi, and 60 for Toghon Temur. (There're still more for Shun Ti/Shun-ti, even at Scholar, but they're obviously dated.) Since Huizong and Shun would need lots of dabbing and aren't appreciably more common, we can use the Mongolian but we should use the normal form of it with or without the umlauts. — Llywelyn II   23:16, 18 November 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
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what the heil
The cocaine 103.229.120.166 (talk) 13:37, 16 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toghon Temür


text:
Talk:Ukhaatu Khan/to do

 * Image (I cannot find one using [http://images.google.com/ Google Image Search)
 * Birth and Death dates
 * Extended posthumous names
 * Biography

title: Talk:Ukhaatu Khan/to do


text:
Talk:Bognor or Bust

Untitled
Right, well that's that created. I forgot a few things like running time (since September/August 2004?), and the link to 4DTV isn't about the production company, but they can be fixed.

I used Have I Got News For You as a bit of a template.

--AdamM 21:06, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bognor or Bust


text:
The Wall of Sacrifice

The Wall of Sacrifice (spelled as Thè Wäll Öf Säcrificè on vinyl cover) is an experimental, dark folk album by Death in June. The original vinyl pressing, released in 1989, was limited to 666 copies. A CD version was released in 1990.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Wall of Sacrifice" - 15:57
 * 2) * Sixteen minute martial, minimalist track that features sparse keyboard, military drumming and trumpeting, German folk singing (at 9:08 "Märkische Heide [  de] "), German military marches,  a child's sing-song looped and repeated, and various other  noise and vocal effects.
 * 3) "Giddy Giddy Carousel" - 2:22
 * 4) * An atmospheric folk song featuring Douglas P.'s cryptic lyrics relating to the ruins of Europa. Background vocals by Rose McDowall
 * 5) "Heilige Leben" - 2:30
 * 6) * Instrumental, hypnotic soundscape featuring echoized fragments of Rose McDowall's vocals as well as a submerged, repeated vocal by her (Holy Life in German).
 * 7) "Fall Apart" - 2:26
 * 8) * Traditional folk arrangement, distorted guitar intro, with vocal and lyric by Douglas P. Instrumentation contributed by David Tibet.
 * 9) "Bring in the Night" - 4:18
 * 10) * Military drumming and a stark, misanthropic spoken piece from Boyd Rice, vocal by Rose McDowall.
 * 11) "In Sacrilege" - 3:59
 * 12) * Acoustic guitar and multiple vocal tracks, over industrial bed. Vocal(s) by David Tibet.
 * 13) "Hullo Angel" - 1:34
 * 14) * Also Recorded for the Current 93 album, Swastikas for Noddy. Vocal by Douglas P.
 * 15) "Death is a Drummer" - 9:17
 * 16) * Nine minutes. Looped noise effects, embedded electronics, military marches, treated vocals, simulated aircraft manoeuverings and a range of other effects and treatments.

Some versions also have a hidden track, "Heilige Tod" ("Holy Death" in German).

Personnel

 * Douglas P.
 * David Tibet
 * Rose McDowall
 * Boyd Rice
 * Nikolas Schreck
 * Andrea James
 * Jan O

title: The Wall of Sacrifice


text:
User talk:Sophoclès

Stop immediately. This is your final warning. Any more funny stuff and I'll ban you right away. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (hopefully!)]] 21:07, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sophoclès


text:
Gerald Bartley

Gerald Bartley (12 June 1898 – 18 April 1975) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Minister for the Gaeltacht and Minister for Defence from 1959 to 1965. He was a TD for the Galway and Galway West constituencies from 1932 until his retirement in 1965.

Bartley was born in Cloghan, County Mayo. He was the son of RIC Sergeant John Bartley and Anne Costelloe, a grocer. His family later settled in Clifden, County Galway. He was educated at O'Connell Schools in Dublin and joined the Irish Volunteers in 1914. He served with the West Connemara Brigade flying column from early 1921 during the War of Independence, was promoted to vice-brigadier of the West Connemara Brigade of the Irish Republican Army in the Truce period, took the anti-Treaty side in the Civil War, was involved in a number of attacks on National Army troops and was captured by the Free State Government in October 1922 and interned until June 1924. In 1925 Bartley was elected to Galway County Council and served as chairman of the finance committee before his election to Dáil Éireann. Bartley applied to the Irish government for a service pension under the Military Service Pensions Act, 1934 and was awarded 7 and 5/6 years service in 1937 at Grade C for service with the Irish Volunteers and the IRA between 1 April 1917 and 30 September 1923.

For almost twenty years Bartley remained as a backbench TD before his first government appointment as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Agriculture in 1951. On returning to government in 1957, Bartley was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Industry and Commerce. He was moved to the position of Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Finance the following year before joining the cabinet as Minister for the Gaeltacht in 1959. Two years later Bartley became Minister for Defence, a post he held until his retirement from politics in 1965.

title: Gerald Bartley


text: User talk:146.171.254.65

title: User talk:146.171.254.65


text:
Talk:Crust

(Moved into Dab)
Text moved in from crust formation, which had no future. However, the discussion still could use some editing by someone familiar with the technique as it used in construction and forest fire suppression. I do not know if it is even a real process - Marshman 04:43, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It may or not have been reasonable in '05 to expect moving prose into a Dab to give it a "future", but it certainly could not in the long run. The two chunks of text -- the overblown dictdef for crust, and the fireproofing stuff -- which were rightly removed as not Dab'g content, may be seen in the old revision that received it. A Dab entry is for access to an article or section with a least a little info, or to plausibly solicit one. If you find crust formation or fireproofing crust plausible as one of those, the best way to do something toward it is write a stub that won't make your colleagues incredulously delete the Dab entry pointing to it. --Jerzy•t 03:09, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

The Clown
More obvious than anything else, and it is missing! Sigh! ... said: Rursus ( m bork³ ) 17:15, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

Further removals
I removed the following:
 * *Brian O'Conner, Paul Walker's character in The Fast and The Furious
 * ...even tho O'Conner is indeed played by Walker, bcz neither our articles nor IMDb's on them or that series mention "Crust"
 * You're forgetting about the legendary quote "No crust?" - "No crust." which earned him that alias. 109.160.229.187 (talk) 21:51, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
 * * The outer layer of a loaf of bread or a cheese
 * replace by entry lk'g to Bread, bcz while some cheese rinds constitute a crust rather than a coating, they are still called the rind of the cheese, not its crust

--Jerzy•t 07:21, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

tell me what is up about the crust
U ppl tell me nothing about the crustBold text —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.89.59.210 (talk) 23:23, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crust


text:
Yippy

Yippy was a metasearch engine that grouped searched results into clusters. It was originally developed and released by Vivísimo in 2004 under the name Clusty, before Vivisimo was later acquired by IBM and Yippy was sold in 2010 to a company now called Yippy, Inc. At the time, the website received 100,000 unique visitors a month.

From August 2019, Yippy's main page stated their searches were powered by IBM Watson, asserting it was "the right search" (italics theirs) that delivered "fair search results based on balanced algorithms."

In 2019, Yippy CEO Rich Granville presented the search engine as free of censorship of conservative views, calling it an "intelligence enterprise" with high-level White House connections, telling a reporter "you don't know who you’re fucking with."

From late April 2021 to early June 2022, the website would redirect to DuckDuckGo.

History
Clusty was developed by Vivísimo in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Vivísimo was a company built on Web search technology developed by Carnegie Mellon University researchers, much like Lycos was a decade earlier. Clusty added new features and a new interface to the previous Vivisimo clustering web metasearch. Different tabs also offer metasearch for news, jobs (in partnership with Indeed.com), U.S. government information, and blogs. Customized tabs allow users to select sources for their own metasearch to create personalized tabs.

Yippy Inc., formerly Cinnabar Ventureess Inc., acquired Clusty for $5.55 million in May 2010. The acquisition included the license for the Velocity software, which was bought by IBM in 2012 and renamed IBM Watson Explorer.

In 2012, Yippy received "Welcome to the Cloud" as a registered trademark with the USPTO.

Yippy acquired MuseGlobal 6,500 pre-built Smart Connectors fully documented Source Factory that monitors, maintains and updates the Muse Smart Connectors on a 24/7 basis and guarantees highly sustainable and scalable use.

Yippy received "Welcome to your Data" as a registered trademark with the USPTO.

In 2016, Yippy released its Yippy Search Appliance (YSA) as a Google Search Appliance (GSA) replacement to market after Google announced it was sunsetting the GSA and capitalizing on the $500M revenue from the GSA.

In 2019, Yippy Inc. CEO Rich Granville organized in Atlanta a "Digital Soldiers Conference", with the aim of preparing "patriotic social media warriors" for a coming "digital civil war" against "censorship and suppression". The event featured several prominent Donald Trump supporters, including Michael Flynn and George Papadopoulos. At the time, Granville also used many QAnon references on Twitter.

In late April 2021, Yippy's site started redirecting to DuckDuckGo. As of August 2021, the Georgia Secretary of State website shows Yippy, Inc's corporate status as "Revoked".

title: Yippy


text:
Ainsdale

Ainsdale is a village near Southport in Merseyside, England, situated three miles south of the centre of Southport. Originally in the historic county of Lancashire, at the 2001 Census it had a population of 12,723. By the time of the 2011 census, only figures for Ainsdale (ward) were available.

It makes up the southern edge of the town, separated from neighbouring Formby by RAF Woodvale. The village and roads leading to the beach are middle class areas, with some new modern developments around the station, including the addition of the private estate Village Row in 2006, and the Belway estate in 2013.

Prior to 1600
Ainsdale was listed in the Domesday Book as Einulvesdel. Deriving from Old Norse name Einulfsdalr, this apparently was the valley occupied by a Scandinavian by the name of Einulf.

1600-Present
Ainsdale formed part of Sir Cuthbert Halsall of Halsall's estates during the early part of the 1600s. After financial difficulties the land containing Ainsdale (then Aynsdale) had to be sold. In 1634 the ownership was passed to Robert Blundell. The lands were passed from generation to generation within the Blundell family and remained in their ownership until the mid-1900s.

Throughout the 1800s Ainsdale remained an agricultural community. Prior to the British Agricultural Revolution fields and farms in the locality were small and land was enclosed. The 1841 Census listed 176 inhabitants in 33 houses with occupations of farmer, agricultural labourers and servants.

Ainsdale railway station opened in 1848. A second station was opened in 1901. It was originally named Seaside, being renamed Ainsdale Beach in 1912. It closed in 1952. The route of the line it was on now forms the Coastal Road from Woodvale to Southport. The row of houses over the road from the Sands Hotel were originally railway staff cottages for that line.

Ainsdale became part of the County Borough of Southport in 1912 after being part of Birkdale Urban District, though it remained a separate civil parish to Southport until 1925. Although now in the administrative county of Merseyside it is still in the County Palatine of Lancashire.

Land speed record
On 16 March 1926, Sir Henry Segrave set his first land speed record of 152.33 mph using Ladybird, a 4-litre Sunbeam Tiger on Ainsdale beach. This record was broken a month later by J.G. Parry-Thomas driving Babs, a custom-built car with a 27-litre 450 hp V12 Liberty aero engine.

Governance
The area of Ainsdale, together with the adjoining settlement of Woodvale, and a significant part of Birkdale, forms a single electoral ward named Ainsdale, it is currently represented by three councillors on Sefton Council. As of May 2023, they were Janet Harrison (Labour), Lynne Thompson (Liberal Democrat) and Tony Brough (Conservative).

For parliamentary elections, the ward is part of the Southport constituency, currently represented by the Conservative MP, Damien Moore, who was elected at the 2019 United Kingdom general election. As part of constituency boundary changes effective at the next general election, the town will move into the Sefton Central constituency.

Landmarks
Ainsdale Mill, built circa 1800 on the site of an earlier wooden mill, was an impressive - and functional - landmark until its closure in 1965 and later demolition. A branch railway line from Ainsdale railway station served the corn mill during its operating years. The original Ainsdale timber post windmill served both Ainsdale and Birkdale and is mentioned in 1631 as being ‘in the possession of Cuthbert Rimmer’, in a lease from Robert Blundell.

Ainsdale boating lake, along with the beach itself, were popular tourist attractions, and thus Lakeside Hotel (now known as The Sands) was built to accommodate those wishing to stay in the area. However, a large campsite was also well populated in the busiest periods of the year.

In the village green there is a war memorial that commemorates the lives of forty-four Ainsdale residents killed as a result of the First World War.The War Memorial was totally refurbished by the Ainsdale Civic Society in 2012 when some missing names of those Ainsdale men killed in action in WW1 and extra plaques were inset on the Memorial to accommodate those lost from WW2 and Afghanistan. It took two years of research and fundraising to complete the second part of the project to restore the monument to its former glory. Space has been left on the memorial for additional names; however, they hope it never needs to be filled.

Transport
The locality is served by Ainsdale railway station, which is situated on the Northern Line of the Merseyrail network, linking Southport to Liverpool. Trains operate every 15 minutes in each direction from early morning to late evening from Monday to Saturday and every 30 minutes on Sundays.

Frequent bus services passing through Ainsdale are provided by Arriva North West, including:

• 44/44A Crossens - Formby

• 47 Crossens - Liverpool (20 minutes weekday daytime, less frequent evenings)

• 49 Crossens - Woodvale (12 minutes daytime, half-hourly evenings, slightly less frequent daytime on Sundays)

Stagecoach provides the X2, running from Preston through Tarleton, Banks, Southport, Birkdale, Ainsdale, Formby, Crosby and Bootle before finishing in Liverpool (half-hourly weekday daytime, restricted in evenings, early finish Sundays).

Recreation and sports
Sport in Ainsdale is represented in various streams such as football, cricket, bowls, pool and chess. The village is also the home of the famous Southport and Ainsdale Golf Club.

The football section of Ainsdale Sports and Social Club namely Southport & Ainsdale Amateurs AFC host teams from Under 6 up to Under 18 and Open Age Teams. The senior first team play in the Premier Division of the Mid Lancashire League. Ainsdale Cricket Club play in the successful Liverpool Competition. The club also has three All weather 3G pitches as part of its set up.

Ainsdale is also home to Hillside Lawn Tennis Club who play in the Southport Tennis League.

Every year at the start of July, Ainsdale Horticultural Society hold a village show. This popular local event showcases local growers produce in an horticultural competition and hosts many other events by local people.

Ainsdale beach is designated by Sefton Council as a kite beach where kitesurfing and land-based kite traction activities are allowed.

The Sefton coastal path and the Trans Pennine Trail both pass through Ainsdale. A number of waymarked nature trails are also accessible from the town. These trails allow access to the Ainsdale Sand Dunes, designated as one of the national nature reserves in England. This nature reserve also comprises part of a Ramsar site.

The publisher Café Royal Books is based in the area.

Notable people

 * Anthony Quayle, Actor
 * Sophie Abelson, Actress
 * Wilfred Pickles, Actor and broadcaster
 * Clarence Blakiston, Actor

title: Ainsdale


text:
AFCI

AFCI may refer to:
 * Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative
 * Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter
 * Association of Film Commissioners International

title: AFCI


text:
Španovica

Španovica, known as Novo Selo under the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, is a village in Pakrac, Croatia. It is located on the Pakrac–Požega main road, south of the Papuk mountain in western Slavonia. It has a population of 23, according to the 2011 Croatian census.

History
Španovica was established in the second half of the 19th century when Croats from Ravna Gora, in the mountainous region of Gorski Kotar, settled there. The surrounding villages were inhabited by ethnic Serbs.

The inhabitants of Španovica and their Serb neighbours coexisted peacefully until the outbreak of World War II, when the village became a stronghold of the fascist Ustaše movement, which began arresting Serbs from the surrounding area. In the summer of 1942, Ustaše official Vjekoslav Luburić oversaw the "cleansing" of the surrounding Serb villages, which resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Serb villagers and the deportation of many others to detention camps. Some residents of Španovica took part in these operations. That autumn, the Yugoslav Partisans captured Španovica from the Ustaše. Serb villagers whose relatives had previously been killed by the Ustaše subsequently burned most of the village to the ground, killing an undetermined number of Croat civilians and forcing the survivors to flee to the nearby town of Pakrac.

After World War II, Španovica was renamed Novo Selo and repopulated by Serbs from Bosnia. Its previous Croat inhabitants were prohibited from returning. During the Croatian War of Independence, Novo Selo was initially under the control of Croatian Serb rebels. It was captured by the Croatian Army in December 1991, and its Serb inhabitants fled. The village's earlier name was subsequently reinstated. By 2020, only around a dozen of Španovica's former inhabitants had returned to the village. That year, director Jadran Boban released a documentary film about Španovica and its history, titled Ono drugo selo.

title: Španovica


text: Category:Villages in New Jersey

title: Category:Villages in New Jersey


text: User talk:83.146.11.95

title: User talk:83.146.11.95


text:
The Corn Years

The Corn Years is an album by Death in June, released in 1989.

The first Death in June material to be (officially) released in CD format, this album compiles and reinterprets output from 1985 through 1987. Personnel involved on the compilation include Douglas P., David Tibet, Rose McDowall, Andrea James, Gary Carey, Bee, John Balance, Jan O', David Tiffen, and J.R.P.

Track listing

 * 1) "Heilige!"  (new introduction)
 * 2) "Torture by Roses"  (from The World That Summer)
 * 3) "Love Murder" (re-recorded version, originally from The World That Summer)
 * 4) "Zimmerit" (from "To Drown A Rose" single)
 * 5) "We are the Lust" (from Brown Book)
 * 6) "To Drown A Rose" (from Brown Book)
 * 7) "Break the Black Ice" (re-recorded version, originally from The World That Summer)
 * 8) "Behind the Rose (Fields of Rape)" (re-recorded version, originally from Nada!)
 * 9) "Punishment Initiation" (from Brown Book)
 * 10) "Rocking Horse Night" (from The World That Summer)
 * 11) "Break the Black Ice (Instrumental)" (from The World That Summer)
 * 12) "Runes and Men" (from Brown Book)
 * 13) "Rule Again" (re-recorded version, originally from The World That Summer)
 * 14) "Hail! The White Grain" (from Brown Book)
 * 15) "Blood of Winter" (from The World That Summer)
 * 16) "The Fog of the World" (from Brown Book)
 * 17) "Europa: The Gates of Heaven" (from "To Drown a Rose" single)
 * 18) "Come Before Christ and Murder Love" (from The World That Summer)

title: The Corn Years


text:
User:LUH 3417

Name
In THX 1138, LUH 3417 is the name of the title character's mate.

Word's pronunciation
IPA: /lʌ/

SAMPA: /lV/

Number's uniqueness
3417 is the only positive integer such that adding the digits of its 115th power to the squares of the digits of its 18th power is equal to itself:

 * 1) 3417115 = 23 397 667 330 645 637 407 106 290 923 260 249 452 999 729 751 922 441 976 283 772 893 888 935 627 228 881 284 334 294 904 896 176 575 898 874 049 761 196 030 517 342 170 563 014 539 856 213 540 772 142 624 595 924 163 228 260 806 505 518 454 239 253 344 565 737 533 218 581 047 125 187 027 167 602 833 763 011 488 046 722 591 431 206 813 269 338 822 093 042 053 143 284 130 906 047 187 717 319 456 548 087 254 759 909 013 970 186 568 149 221 993 157 901 955 991 100 104 213 907 978 594 258 289 839 613 681 213 104 152 853 459 326 452 798 793
 * 2) 2 + 3 + 3 + 9 + 7 + 6 + 6 + 7 + 3 + 3 + 0 + 6 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 + 7 + 4 + 0 + 7 + 1 + 0 + 6 + 2 + 9 + 0 + 9 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 6 + 0 + 2 + 4 + 9 + 4 + 5 + 2 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 7 + 2 + 9 + 7 + 5 + 1 + 9 + 2 + 2 + 4 + 4 + 1 + 9 + 7 + 6 + 2 + 8 + 3 + 7 + 7 + 2 + 8 + 9 + 3 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 9 + 3 + 5 + 6 + 2 + 7 + 2 + 2 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 1 + 2 + 8 + 4 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 2 + 9 + 4 + 9 + 0 + 4 + 8 + 9 + 6 + 1 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 7 + 5 + 8 + 9 + 8 + 8 + 7 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 9 + 7 + 6 + 1 + 1 + 9 + 6 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 5 + 1 + 7 + 3 + 4 + 2 + 1 + 7 + 0 + 5 + 6 + 3 + 0 + 1 + 4 + 5 + 3 + 9 + 8 + 5 + 6 + 2 + 1 + 3 + 5 + 4 + 0 + 7 + 7 + 2 + 1 + 4 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 9 + 5 + 9 + 2 + 4 + 1 + 6 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 8 + 2 + 6 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 6 + 5 + 0 + 5 + 5 + 1 + 8 + 4 + 5 + 4 + 2 + 3 + 9 + 2 + 5 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 5 + 7 + 3 + 7 + 5 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 8 + 5 + 8 + 1 + 0 + 4 + 7 + 1 + 2 + 5 + 1 + 8 + 7 + 0 + 2 + 7 + 1 + 6 + 7 + 6 + 0 + 2 + 8 + 3 + 3 + 7 + 6 + 3 + 0 + 1 + 1 + 4 + 8 + 8 + 0 + 4 + 6 + 7 + 2 + 2 + 5 + 9 + 1 + 4 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 0 + 6 + 8 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 6 + 9 + 3 + 3 + 8 + 8 + 2 + 2 + 0 + 9 + 3 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0 + 5 + 3 + 1 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 8 + 4 + 1 + 3 + 0 + 9 + 0 + 6 + 0 + 4 + 7 + 1 + 8 + 7 + 7 + 1 + 7 + 3 + 1 + 9 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 8 + 0 + 8 + 7 + 2 + 5 + 4 + 7 + 5 + 9 + 9 + 0 + 9 + 0 + 1 + 3 + 9 + 7 + 0 + 1 + 8 + 6 + 5 + 6 + 8 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 9 + 9 + 3 + 1 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 0 + 1 + 9 + 5 + 5 + 9 + 9 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1 + 3 + 9 + 0 + 7 + 9 + 7 + 8 + 5 + 9 + 4 + 2 + 5 + 8 + 2 + 8 + 9 + 8 + 3 + 9 + 6 + 1 + 3 + 6 + 8 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 0 + 4 + 1 + 5 + 2 + 8 + 5 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 9 + 3 + 2 + 6 + 4 + 5 + 2 + 7 + 9 + 8 + 7 + 9 + 3 = 1809
 * 3) 341718 = 4 032 827 244 334 172 203 597 665 883 630 075 707 505 956 448 253 594 033 419 703 409
 * 4) 4² + 0² + 3² + 2² + 8² + 2² + 7² + 2² + 4² + 4² + 3² + 3² + 4² + 1² + 7² + 2² + 2² + 0² + 3² + 5² + 9² + 7² + 6² + 6² + 5² + 8² + 8² + 3² + 6² + 3² + 0² + 0² + 7² + 5² + 7² + 0² + 7² + 5² + 0² + 5² + 9² + 5² + 6² + 4² + 4² + 8² + 2² + 5² + 3² + 5² + 9² + 4² + 0² + 3² + 3² + 4² + 1² + 9² + 7² + 0² + 3² + 4² + 0² + 9² = 1608
 * 5) 1809 + 1608 = 3417

(Deliberately avoiding proper math markup to permit line-breaks.)

title: User:LUH 3417


text:
Haliburton Forest

Haliburton Forest & Wild Life Reserve Ltd. is a 300 km2 forest in Haliburton County, Ontario. Forestry operations within the reserve are certified by the international Forest Stewardship Council in Canada. Haliburton Forest also supports ecosystem-based research projects, primarily conducted by the University of Toronto's Faculty of Forestry, and operates year-round recreation, tourism, and education programs.

History
In the British North American Province of Upper Canada, the northern townships of Peterborough County were first surveyed during the winters of 1862 and 1863. In 1885, 10 of these townships were sold to the London-based Canadian Land and Emigration Company under the leadership of Thomas Chandler Haliburton.

The company planned on subdividing its holdings into 100 acre lots and selling them to British emigrants as farmland. These plans were soon canceled when it became obvious that the plots in question, with the exception of a few small parcels, were unsuitable for agriculture. The company went into receivership and was renamed the "Canadian Land and Immigration Company", with headquarters in Toronto.

From 1870 to 1910, large lumber companies acquired cutting rights and cleared most of the white pine stands.

By the 1930s, up to 80,000 acre remained in the hands of the Algonquin Corporation who continued harvesting timber until they were acquired by Hay and Co., a veneer milling company based in Woodstock, Ontario, in 1946. Between 1946 and 1971, more than 150000000 board feet of lumber had been sawn and several million more board feet of veneer left northern Haliburton for the mother mill in Woodstock. Most of this timber was cut on the land that today makes up Haliburton Forest.

By 1960, two forest inventories suggested that the harvestable volume of timber was rapidly declining on Hay and Co. lands, which had been taken over in the meantime by Weldwood of Canada. The decline in trees due to destructive harvesting methods and the sheer volume cut down during the past century left future milling to be deemed detrimental to the area and unprofitable. This eventually would lead to the land being put up for sale.

In 1962, German Baron von Fuerstenberg acquired the Weldwood property and renamed his holding Haliburton Forest and Wild Life Reserve Ltd. Previously, the lakeshores of Redstone and Kennisis Lakes had been sold off to a development company. The timber rights remained with the Weldwood mill until 1967 before being turned over to the new company. A few years later, in 1970, the sawmill at Kennisis Lake closed down.

Fishing
Several of the lakes within the park are home to native brook trout and lake trout. Four lakes (Stocking Lake, Dutton, No Name Lake, Wildcat Lake) are naturally reproducing Brook Trout lakes.

There are also several bass fisheries within the forest.

Wolf Centre
The Wolf Centre opened in July 1996 to the general public and is home to a pack of five timber wolves (Canis lupus). Within the 61000 m2 enclosure (one of the largest in the world), they roam freely. Fed on a random schedule (approximately once a week), they can often be found near the viewing area due to it being close to both the highest point in the enclosure and the wolf's water source.

Three months prior to the opening, Patricia Wyman, a new employee at the facility, was attacked by the wolves and died. Her body was found wearing nothing and featuring multiple mauling wounds.

EcoLog Homes
EcoLog Homes is a builder and supplier of log home kits. The logs they harvest come from the 70,000 acre within Haliburton Forest & Wildlife Reserve Ltd. Each season, mature hemlock becomes ready for harvesting, with some trees measuring up to thirty inches in diameter. Each tree is felled and skidded by horse before being transported to the nearby Haliburton Forest Mill. Each board is squared for timbers or sawn into boards for planking.

Canopy Tour
The Canopy Tour experience, named "A Walk in the Clouds", is offered to those who visit the reserve and includes the following: a guided van tour through the private lands of Haliburton Forest and Wildlife Reserve Ltd. that passes through forests and along lakes and streams; a 0.5 km walk along the scenic Pelaw River: a short, guided voyageur-canoe ride across a wilderness lake to the final destination—Canopy Boardwalk.

Snowmobiling
Haliburton Forest is the only wholly privately owned snowmobiling operation in the world, holding 80,000 acre of forest wilderness, 50 lakes, and numerous ponds and creeks across the area. The core of the 300 km trail system is double-tracked and up to 20 ft wide, with single-tracked trails that access some of the remote areas within the property. Half a dozen shelter cabins dot the forest, equipped with stoves and firewood.

Dog sledding
Both half and full-day dog sledding tours are available at Haliburton Forest along groomed winter trails with over 130 Siberian Huskies. Professional guides provide introduction to the basics of dogsledding.

Mountain biking
Many roads and forest trails are available for mountain bikers on the reserve, with the cycling season extending from Victoria Day to the weekend after Thanksgiving.

Astronomy
Due to its location three hours north of the lights of the Golden Horseshoe, Haliburton Forest is part of the Algonquin Dome, offering light-free viewing of the skies. This location allows astronomers to observe stars, galaxies, and deep-sky objects not normally observed in light-polluted locations.

Situated on a small rise near the entry point into the forest, an observatory offers an unobstructed view of the night skies. Much of the upper floor is reserved for telescopes and other astronomy equipment; however, the ground floor is open to visitors and is even set up for presentations.

There are two 10″ and one 12″ Schmidt-Cassegrain telescopes. They are self-tracking and equipped with computerized functions accessing a 64,000-object database.

Sawmill tours
The new Haliburton Forest sawmill opened to the public in 2010, and hosts tours featuring the milling process.

The Forest Festival
The annual Forest Festival is held within Haliburton Forest and Wild Life Reserve.

title: Haliburton Forest


text:
Joan London

Joan London is the name of:

 * Joan London (Australian author) (born 1948), Australian fiction author
 * Joan London (American writer) (1901–1971), California author and daughter of Jack London
 * Joan London (EastEnders), character in the British TV drama EastEnders

title: Joan London


text: User talk:69.111.161.89

title: User talk:69.111.161.89


text:
User:Mrb712

I'm a desktop publisher by trade, and I can't get enough of it after five o'clock, so I do it in my spare time as well. I just found Wikipedia, and I think it's a great new way to use the Internet.

title: User:Mrb712


text:
Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier

Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier  was a French chemistry and physics teacher, and one of the first pioneers of aviation. He made the first manned free balloon flight with François Laurent d'Arlandes on 21 November 1783, in a Montgolfier balloon. He later died when his balloon crashed near Wimereux in the Pas-de-Calais during an attempt to fly across the English Channel. He and his companion Pierre Romain thus became the first known fatalities in an air crash.

Early life
He was born in Metz, the third son of Magdeleine Wilmard and Mathurin Pilastre, known as "de Rozier", a former soldier who became an innkeeper. His interests in the chemistry of drugs had been awakened in the military hospital of Metz, an important garrison town on the border of France. He made his way to Paris at the age of 18, then taught physics and chemistry at the Academy in Reims, which brought him to the attention of the Comte de Provence, brother of King Louis XVI.

He returned to Paris, where he was put in charge of Monsieur's cabinet of natural history and made a valet de chambre to Monsieur's wife, Madame, which brought him his ennobled name, Pilâtre de Rozier. He opened his own museum in the Marais quarter of Paris on 11 December 1781, where he undertook experiments in physics, and provided demonstrations to nobles. He researched the new field of gases, and invented a respirator.

Flight pioneer
In June 1783, he witnessed the first public demonstration of a balloon by the Montgolfier brothers. On 19 September, he assisted with the untethered flight of a sheep, a cockerel, and a duck from the front courtyard of the Palace of Versailles. French King Louis XVI decided that the first manned flight would contain two condemned criminals, but de Rozier enlisted the help of the Duchess de Polignac to support his view that the honour of becoming first balloonists should belong to someone of higher status, and the Marquis d'Arlandes agreed to accompany him. The king was persuaded to permit d'Arlandes and de Rozier to become the first pilots.

After several tethered tests to gain some experience of controlling the balloon, de Rozier and d'Arlandes made their first untethered flight in a Montgolfier hot air balloon on 21 November 1783, taking off at around 2 pm from the garden of the Château de la Muette in the Bois de Boulogne, in the presence of the king. Their 25-minute flight travelled slowly about 5½ miles (some 9 km) to the southeast, attaining an altitude of 3,000 feet, before returning to the ground at the Butte-aux-Cailles, then on the outskirts of Paris.

Along with Joseph Montgolfier, he was one of six passengers on a second flight on 19 January 1784, with a huge Montgolfier balloon Le Flesselles launched from Lyon. Four French nobles paid for the trip, including a prince. Several difficulties had to be overcome. The wallpaper used to cover the balloon's envelope became wet because of extreme weather conditions. The top of the balloon was made of sheep- or buckskin. The air was heated by wood in an iron stove: to start, the straw was set on fire with brandy. (In other tests, charcoal or potatoes were used). The balloon had a volume around 23,000 m³, over 10 times that of the first flight, but it only flew a short distance. The spectators kneeled down when the balloon came down too quickly. That evening, the aeronauts were celebrated after listening to Gluck's opera, Iphigénie en Tauride.

Rozier took part in a further flight on 23 June 1784, in a modified version of the Montgolfiers' first balloon christened La Marie-Antoinette after the queen, which took off in front of the King of France and King Gustav III of Sweden. Together with Joseph Proust, the balloon flew north at an altitude about 3,000 metres, above the clouds. They travelled 52 km in 45 minutes before cold and turbulence forced them to descend past Luzarches, between Coye and Orry-la-Ville, near the Chantilly forest. They set records for speed, altitude, and distance travelled.

Final flight
De Rozier's next plan was an attempt to cross the English Channel from France to England. A Montgolfier balloon would not be up to the task, requiring large stocks of fuel for the hot air, so his balloon, the Rozière balloon, was a combination of a hydrogen and hot air balloon. It was prepared in the autumn of 1784, but the attempt was not launched until after another Frenchman, Jean-Pierre Blanchard, and his American companion, Dr. John Jeffries, flew across the channel in a hydrogen gas balloon from England to France on 7 January 1785.

Despite several attempts, De Rozier and his companion Pierre Romain were not able to set off from Boulogne-sur-Mer until 15 June 1785. At the take off, a nobleman tried to climb in the balloon with them, but Rozier persuaded him not to, saying it was too dangerous. After making some progress, a change of wind direction pushed them back over land some 5 km from their starting point. According to contemporary accounts, the balloon caught fire in midair before suddenly deflating and crashing near Wimereux in the Pas-de-Calais, from an estimated height of 450 m (1,500 ft). Both occupants were killed. Eight days later, his former fiancée died, possibly having committed suicide. A commemorative obelisk was later erected at the site of the crash. The King had a medal struck and gave his family a pension.

The modern hybrid gas and hot air balloon is named the Rozière balloon after his pioneering design.

title: Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier


text:
History of Salt Lake City

Originally, the Salt Lake Valley was inhabited by the Shoshone, Paiute, Goshute and Ute Native American tribes. At the time of the founding of Salt Lake City the valley was within the territory of the Northwestern Shoshone, who had their seasonal camps along streams within the valley and in adjacent valleys. One of the local Shoshone tribes, the Western Goshute tribe, referred to the Great Salt Lake as Pi'a-pa, meaning "big water", or Ti'tsa-pa, meaning "bad water". The land was treated by the United States as public domain; no aboriginal title by the Northwestern Shoshone was ever recognized by the United States or extinguished by treaty with the United States. Father Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, a Spanish Franciscan missionary is considered the first European explorer in the area in 1776, but only came as far north as Utah valley (Provo), some 60 miles south of the Salt Lake City area. The first US visitor to see the Salt Lake area was Jim Bridger in 1824. U.S. Army officer John C. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845. The Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley a year before the Mormon pioneers. This group had spent weeks traversing difficult terrain and brush, cutting a road through the Wasatch Mountains, coming through Emigration canyon into the Salt Lake Valley on August 12, 1846. This same path would be used by the vanguard company of Mormon pioneers, and for many years after that by those following them to Salt Lake.

Early years
On July 24, 1847, 143 men, three women and two children founded Great Salt Lake City several miles to the east of the Great Salt Lake, nestled in the northernmost reaches of the Salt Lake Valley. The first two in this company to enter the Salt Lake valley were Orson Pratt and Erastus Snow. These members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ("LDS Church") sought to establish an autonomous religious community and were the first people of European descent to permanently settle in the area now known as Utah. Thousands of Mormon pioneers would arrive in Salt Lake in the coming months and years.

Brigham Young led the Saints west after the death of Joseph Smith. Upon arrival to the Salt Lake valley, Young had a vision by saying, "It is enough. This is the right place. Drive on." (This is commonly shortened to, "This is the place"). There is a state park in Salt Lake City known as This Is The Place Heritage Park commemorating the spot where Young made the famous statement.

Settlers buried thirty-six Native Americans in one grave after an outbreak of measles occurred during the winter of 1847. Salt Lake City was originally settled by Latter-day Saint Pioneers to be the New Zion according to church President and leader Brigham Young. Young originally governed both the territory and church by a High council which enacted the original municipal orders in 1848. This system was later replaced with a city council and mayor style government.

After a very difficult winter and a miraculous crop retrieval, in which Pioneers reported to have been saved from cricket infestation by seagulls (see Miracle of the Gulls), the "Desert Blossomed as the Rose" in the Salt Lake Valley. Early Pioneers survived by maintaining a very tight-knit community. Under Young's leadership Pioneers worked out a system of communal crop sharing within the various ward houses established throughout the Salt Lake Valley.

The California Gold Rush brought many people through the city on their way to seek fortunes. Salt Lake, which was at the cross-roads of the westward trek, became a vital trading point for speculators and prospectors traveling through. They came with goods from the East, such as clothing and other manufactured items, trading with the local farmers for fresh livestock and crops.

The Congress organized the Utah Territory out of the "State of Deseret" in 1850, and a few months later on January 6, 1851, the city was formally organized as "The City of the Great Salt Lake". Originally, Fillmore, Utah was the territorial capital, but in 1856 it was moved to Salt Lake City, where it has stayed ever since.

In 1855 Congress directed the President of the United States to appoint a surveyor general for Utah Territory, and to cause that the lands of that territory should be surveyed preparatory to bringing them on the market. Certain sections were to be reserved for the benefit of schools and a university in the territory. The surveyor general arrived in Utah in July of the same year to begin surveying. He established the initial point for his survey (base line and meridian) at the southeast corner of the Temple Block, and from there extended that survey over 2 million acres. Because of numerous conflicts between the surveyor and the territorial government the first surveyor general abandoned his post in 1857. His successors recommended that no additional land be surveyed. Conflict between the federal and territorial governments kept the issue on hold until 1868, and in the meantime, large sections of the territory were transferred to neighboring territories and states. Again in 1868, Congress directed the President to appoint a surveyor general in the Utah Territory, to establish a land office in Salt Lake City, and to extend the federal land laws over the same. The land office opened 9 March 1869. In 1857, when the Mormon practice of polygamy came to national awareness, President James Buchanan responded to public outcry by sending an army of 2500 soldiers, called the Utah Expedition, to investigate the LDS Church and install a non-LDS governor to replace Brigham Young. In response, Brigham Young imposed martial law, sending the Utah militia to harass the soldiers, a conflict called the Utah War. Young eventually surrendered to federal control when the new territorial governor, Alfred Cumming, arrived in Salt Lake City on April 12, 1858. Most troops pulled out at the beginning of the American Civil War.

In order to secure the road to California during the Civil War, more troops arrived under the command of Colonel Patrick Edward Connor in 1862. They settled in the Fort Douglas area east of the city. Thoroughly anti-LDS, Connor viewed the people with disdain, calling them, "a community of traitors, murderers, fanatics, and whores." To dilute their influence he worked with non-LDS business and bank owners, and also encouraged mining. In 1863 some of his troops discovered rich veins of gold and silver in the Wasatch Mountains.

In 1866, Thomas Coleman, a Black Mormon man, was murdered, and his body was left on Capitol Hill with an anti-miscegenation warning attached to his body. In 1883, Sam Joe Harvey, another Black man, was lynched for allegedly shooting a police officer, and his body was dragged down State Street.

In 1868 Brigham Young founded the Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution (ZCMI) as a way to ward off dependency on outside goods and arguably to hinder ex-LDS retailers. Although ZCMI is sometimes credited with being the nation's first department store, a decade earlier New York City's "Marble Palace" and Macy's vied for that title.

Change was inevitable. The world started to come to Salt Lake City in 1869 with the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad at Promontory Summit, north of the city. By 1870 Salt Lake had been linked to it via the Utah Central Rail Road. People began to pour into Salt Lake seeking opportunities in mining and other industries.

City government was dominated by the People's Party until 1890. The non-national People's Party was an LDS-controlled political organization, and each of the early mayors of Salt Lake City was LDS. Sparks often flew between LDS city government and non-LDS federal authorities stationed just outside Salt Lake. A dramatic example occurred in 1874 when city police were arrested by US Marshals, who took control of the national election being held in Salt Lake City. Mayor Daniel H. Wells, a member of the LDS Church First Presidency, declared martial law from the balcony of the Old Salt Lake City Hall. Federal troops arrested the mayor, but he was soon released.

In the 1880s, the anti-polygamy Edmunds-Tucker Act systematically denied many prominent LDS Church members the right to vote or hold office. Polygamists were detained in a Federal prison just outside Salt Lake in the Sugar House area. Consequentially, the non-LDS Liberal Party took control of City government in the 1890 election. Three years later the Liberal Party and People's Party dissolved into national parties anticipating Utah statehood, but both LDS and non-LDS leaders would govern Salt Lake City from that point onward.

The city became Utah's state capital on January 4, 1896, when Utah entered the union upon President Grover Cleveland's decree after the LDS Church agreed to ban polygamy in 1890.

The 20th Century
In 1907, Salt Lake City was home to Industrial Workers of the World Industrial Union No. 202.

The city adopted a non-partisan city council in 1911. As LDS/non-LDS tensions eased people began to work together for the common good, improving roads, utilities and public healthcare.

The Great Depression hit Salt Lake City especially hard. At its peak, the unemployment rate reached 61,500 people, about 36%. The annual per capita income in 1932 was $276, half of what it was in 1929, $537 annually. Jobs were scarce. Although boosted by federal New Deal programs as well as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the economy did not fully recover until World War II.

After suffering through the depression Salt Lake's economy was boosted during World War II due to the influx of defense industries to the Wasatch Front. Demands for raw materials increased Utah's mining industry, and several military installations such as Fort Douglas and Hill Air Force Base were added.

After the Second World War, Salt Lake City grew rapidly. It began to suffer some of the same problems other cities face. Urban sprawl became a growing problem due to a combination of rapid growth and an abundance of available land. Military and aerospace also became dominant industries.

Salt Lake began its bid for the Winter Olympics as early as the 1930s, when the Utah Ski Club tried to bring the games to the valley. At the time, however, the Summer Olympic host city had the option of hosting the winter games, and all attempts failed. Salt Lake tried again throughout the decades until 1995, when the International Olympic Committee announced Salt Lake City as the site of the 2002 Winter Olympics.

After 132 years in business, ZCMI was sold to the May Department Stores Company in 1999. Remaining ZCMI stores, including one in downtown Salt Lake City, were converted into Meier & Frank stores, although the facade still reads "1868 ZCMI 1999".

In April 1999, the Salt Lake City council voted 5 to 2 along LDS membership lines to sell to the LDS Church the segment of Main Street that lay between Temple Square and the LDS Church office buildings for $8.1 million. The Church planned to build a large plaza on the land as well as a parking structure below. There was much public outcry about the sale of public lands to a private organization, but a Church representative assured residents that the plaza would be a "little bit of Paris", a characterization that would be used against the LDS Church later. Concerns also lay in plans to ban such activities as demonstrations, skateboarding, sunbathing, smoking, and other activities it considered "vulgar". The Utah ACLU believed that these restrictions were incompatible with the pedestrian easement that the city retained over the plaza. ACLU attorneys claimed this made the plaza into a public free speech forum. Nonetheless, the property was sold to become the Main Street Plaza. After the Utah District Court ruled against the ACLU, they were vindicated by the 10th Circuit Court in the Fall of 2002. Scrambling to satisfy residents, Rocky Anderson offered a plan for "time and place" restrictions on speech as suggested by the court. However, the LDS Church held firm to get the easement rescinded. Although The Salt Lake Tribune backed the mayor's initial plan, the city council disliked it. In its place, Anderson offered to waive the easement in exchange for west side property from the LDS Church to build a community and a commitment of donations for it. All parties agreed to the arrangement, and the Main Street Plaza is now wholly owned by the LDS Church. Some suppose Anderson's compromise was an effort to strengthen his 2003 re-election campaign among Latter-day Saints and west side residents. Both groups tended to have less favorable impressions of the former mayor.

2002 Winter Olympics and their legacy
Much change occurred in the Wasatch Front due to the 2002 Winter Olympics. Scandal rocked the city when it was discovered that millions of dollars had been funneled into bribes to International Olympic Committee members.

The Games
The games opened with the 1980 US hockey team lighting the torch and President George W. Bush officially opening the games at the Rice-Eccles Stadium set designed by Seven Nielsen. Closing ceremonies were also held at that venue.

Controversy erupted when in the first week the pairs figure skating competition resulted in the French judge's scores being thrown out and the Canadian team of Jamie Salé and David Pelletier being awarded a second gold medal. Athletes in short-track speed skating and cross-country skiing were disqualified for various reasons as well (including doping), leading Russia and South Korea to file protests and threaten to withdraw from competition.

Heightened fear of terrorism following the September 11 attacks turned out to be unfounded, and the games proved safe.

The 2002 games ended with a dazzling closing ceremony, including bands such as Bon Jovi and KISS (who shared the stage with figure skater Katarina Witt).

Most of the 2,500 athletes paraded into Rice-Eccles Stadium, watching from the stands. Bobsledding bronze medalist Brian Shimer carried the American flag. Russia and South Korean both threatened to boycott the ceremony to protest what they felt was unfair judging, but showed up anyway.

Legacy
Many improvements were made to the area's infrastructure. $1.59 billion were spent on highway improvements, including improvements of Interstate 15 through the city and new interchanges near Park City. A light rail system was constructed from downtown to the suburb of Sandy and later to the University of Utah.

The Athlete's Village is now student housing at the University of Utah. Many venues in and around the city still stand even after the games.

Many hotels, motels and restaurants were built for the games and still exist today.

Future
Salt Lake City still somewhat struggles with its identity, trying to strike a balance between capitol of a major religion and modern secular metropolis. While founded by Mormons, the city is increasingly dominated by non-members, with its LDS population falling steeply and steadily since the 1990s. Considerable changes are being made to alter the downtown in adjustment to the phenomenal growth of the area. In the early 2010s, the LDS Church purchased the Crossroads and ZCMI malls and rebuilt them into the City Creek Center, which is connected by walkways, and with new high density residential and commercial buildings nearby. The commuter rail FrontRunner is in place along the northern Wasatch Front, with extensions planned for the southern portion of the region. Light rail extensions to the Trax system are ongoing to provide service to the western and southern parts of the valley, as well as to Salt Lake City International Airport. The controversial Legacy Highway has one segment completed (the Legacy Parkway), with the construction of the early phase of the next segment (the Mountain View Corridor) completed through the west side of the Salt Lake Valley.

title: History of Salt Lake City


text:
User talk:AdamM

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

NAMBLA
As I saw that you edited Roman Catholic Church sex abuse scandal I would like to invite you to help with conflicts in the article about the "North American Man/Boy love organization" as well. Get-back-world-respect 20:21, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * What what what? Did I? I have no recollection of editing those pages. --AdamM 20:27, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the writer Get-back-world-respect might be referring to me, although I did not edit the page Roman Catholic Church sex abuse scandal to which the writer refers. Hello anyway. adamm 01:18, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Welcome
As you've already discovered, it's a strange community.... Adambisset

 * Hehe. Indeed. --AdamM

Something
(cur) (last) 19:24, 6 Mar 2005 AdamM (rv pointless sentence) (cur) (last) 18:02, 6 Mar 2005 Intellact (Something is not nothing and not everything)

This sentence pointing to philosophy is pointless.

tune to tuna Intellact 00:38, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Opal Fruits
Love the comment on Opal Fruits! But I think you may be reading too much Lynne Truss! (If you haven't yet, RUN to the bookstore!!) Iluvchineselit 03:14, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yep, I've got Eats, Shoots and Leaves. Besides my similar love of Opal Fruits, I think I am a bit of a stickler! --AdamM 00:25, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

Thank you.?
Thank you for your generous courtesy, but I'd appreciate it if you would reframe from trying to scare me into sounding like a bad person. It was a simple mistake--not vandalism. As for the picture, I'd actually not bother to look at your damn talk page to see about some picture that you have clearly mistaken. As anybody--except for possibly you--would know: publishers change the covers of books to suit the public's eye. In either case, I'd appreciate you not leaving any more rude comments on my talk page! I feel that you have vandalized it with your harsh words--which I will be sure to edit out. And, for future reference, you should sign page after publishing it on my talk page.

Thank you: and I hope you're satisfied. --216.233.169.207 21:47, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

rap metal
Reasons why is does not need to be in the template: - it redirects to rapcore - it's already mostly covered by Nu metal: "The terms rapcore and nu metal are almost interchangeable" Further discuss this at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Metal as the template talk page indicates Spearhead 12:48, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * you can propose a merger with the mergefrom/mergeto templates or just blatantly merge them.... the latter probably results in reversions etc... Spearhead 12:12, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Circumcision article
I am concerned about the actions of editors of this article who are hell-bent on editing out anything that disagrees with their mindset. In particulat I am concerned about Avi. I do not object to the fact that he supports metzitzah b'peh, but I do object to the way he fights tooth and nail against edits that show that many Jews are against this practice. I have had to endure a bullying warning from him about my edits. I answered his accusation both there and on the discussion page, neither of which he had the courtesy of replying to. Now he has removed two links to articles in the Jewish press on grounds that I find totally spurious. I have replied to this in this discussion, but I've had a gutfull of this editor and his nonsense. Please inform me what avenues are open to me to get this editor to behave with a little more fairness, or failing that, to complain about his behaviour. Michael Glass 04:09, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Rapcore
It would not be very reasonable to have rapcore on the template. Rapcore, or rap metal, is very closely linked to nu metal (apart from some artists), and since nu metal is already on the template, it is almost useless to add rapcore to the list. Also, rapcore is relatively small compared to the other subgenres of metal listed on the template. Please try to discuss the issue if you feel it should go any farther. Zouavman Le Zouave (Talk to me!) 15:05, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

 * If this is the case, and rapcore is not distinct enough from nu metal, would you therefore assist me in merging the rapcore article into the nu metal article? --AdamM 15:07, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

I would be able to help you, but as I said earlier, not all rapcore artists are part of the nu metal movement. I think that rapcore is distinct enough from nu metal to have its own article, but not to have its place on the template. Again this is only my opinion. If you really want to propose a merge between the two articles, I could probably help you set it up, but if I was to give my opinion, I would probably disagree with the merge of rapcore in nu metal. Zouavman Le Zouave (Talk to me!) 15:11, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Well then I'm sorry but this doesn't make sense. Either rapcore is a legitimate subgenre of metal and can go on the template, or it is a subgenre of nu metal and must be merged into that article. You cannot ignore rapcore if it exists, no matter how insignificant it is. --AdamM 15:14, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

A legitimate subgenre of metal does not necessarily have to be on the template. Do you really think that the only legitimate subgenres of metal are the ones listed on the template? NWOBHM, for example, isn't up there. However it is generally recognized as a legitimate subgenre of metal. Rapcore can exist as a separate article without being notable or significant enough to be on the template. Otherwise the template will become enormous. Zouavman Le Zouave (Talk to me!) 15:21, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

CopyrightedFreeUse
CopyrightedFreeUse was a terrible licensing tag for several reasons: Hope that helps. Kaldari 15:02, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) The wording was extremely vague and confusing
 * 2) Over 50% of the images that used it, used it incorrectly, i.e. for "fair use" or just images they found on the web
 * 3) Giving up all rights to an image is the same as releasing it to the public domain. The only questionable aspect to this is the idea of "temporarily" giving up your rights, which some have argued is possible and others say is not. If it is possible, it isn't a "free license" and thus isn't appropriate for Wikipedia. If it isn't possible, then it's the same as PD anyway.
 * 4) NoRightsReserved is essentially the same as CopyrightedFreeUse but not so vaguely worded. Although personally, I oppose using NoRightsReserved as well for some of the reasons mentioned above.
 * A copyright notice and a disavowal of all rights are contradictory. If you could give me a specific example maybe I could be more specific. "Copyright" means you are asserting unique rights, "rights of copying" if you will. Disavowing all rights means you can't have copyright. Whether or not the hundreds of images already uploaded to Wikipedia that fall under that definition are unusable is a good question. The licensing terms of CopyrightedFreeUse were so vague it's impossible to know for sure. You would have to take it to court to find out. NoRightsReserved doesn't have that problem because it specifically says "irrevocably". Regardless, the wording of NoRightsReserved is still arguably nonsense (or at least confusing). That's why I would love to delete it as well, but I'm sure I would encounter a lot more resistance. Deleting CopyrightedFreeUse took over a year of hard work. I don't think I'm ready to try it again :P Kaldari 19:09, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:RarewareLogo.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:RarewareLogo.jpg. You've indicated that the image is being used under a claim of fair use, but you have not provided an adequate explanation for why it meets Wikipedia's requirements for such images. In particular, for each page the image is used on, the image must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Can you please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for each article the image is used in.
 * That every article it is used on is linked to from its description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --FairuseBot (talk) 07:31, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:The Sun Hillsborough Real Truth headline 130912.jpg)
Thanks for uploading File:The Sun Hillsborough Real Truth headline 130912.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hazard-Bot (talk) 04:12, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

The Dark Knight Rises
Hello, thank you for partially restoring your recent edit to The Dark Knight Rises. Apologies for deleting this, I attempt to check back over changes as much as possible, but seemed to miss an instance. For future reference, it might be checking recent edits of a page to see if your changes have been made/reverted before. In the case of the Robin inclusion, this was a bit hard, because the edit has happened so many times, and been reverted so many times, that we've dropped down to saying "previous consensus" or something similar. However, it's good practise to check a couple of previous edits to the section you're changing, just in case. Thanks! drewmunn talk 11:35, 11 April 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Tony Egginton
I have made some more changes to the article primarily to re-focus the article, as it is was not focused on Egginton, but focused heavily on Rickersey, and Mansfield independent Forum, salon with the post of Mayor of Mansfield.

Please feel free to update the other articles accordingly with relevant information. Sport and politics (talk) 20:01, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:AdamM