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Winter Quarters (North Omaha, Nebraska)

Winter Quarters was an encampment formed by approximately 2,500 members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as they waited during the winter of 1846–47 for better conditions for their trek westward. It followed a preliminary tent settlement some 3½ miles west at Cutler's Park. Members of the LDS faith built more than 800 cabins at the Winter Quarters settlement. Located in present-day North Omaha overlooking the Missouri River, the settlement remained populated until 1848.

History
Wintering Saints had been driven from their homes in Nauvoo, Illinois by mobs. Forced to leave on relatively short notice, they were unable to bring many useful supplies. Influential non-member Thomas L. Kane, seeking to convince the LDS leadership to establish a volunteer military group (later known as the Mormon Battalion), received permission from the U.S. federal government for the group to encamp in Omaha Tribe lands, including the site of Cutler's Park. Conditions at the settlement remained primitive the first month, with pioneers living in tents while the men put up hay, found water and managed the cattle.

Due to arguments among the Oto and Omaha tribes over use of the land, the Latter-day Saints moved their camp three miles east to a site overlooking the Missouri River. There they built cabins and sod houses for the winter. One group of cabins became known as Kimball Row. It consisted of thirteen adjacent cabins, with the homes of church leaders Heber C. Kimball and Newel K. Whitney at either end. The Latter-day Saints actively traded with American Indian and trading settlements in northern Missouri and Iowa, exchanging household goods and small amounts of cash for foodstuffs, such as hogs, grain and vegetables, and supplies for the emigration effort. Young LDS men also produced handcrafted items such as willow baskets and washboards for sale. Church funds also allowed the community to build a much needed water-powered gristmill.

Even with trade, diet in the camp was mainly corn bread, salt bacon and a little milk, with occasional fresh game or domestic meat. Scurvy, known as "blackleg" during this period, became a major problem. Missouri potatoes and horseradish found at old Fort Atkinson helped ease the level of disease, but all residents lacked fresh vegetables in their diet. Tuberculosis (known as consumption), malaria, and unidentified fevers and chills also plagued the temporary settlement. Church member Louisa Barnes Pratt recalled in her memoirs:

"I hired a man to build me a sod cave. He took turf from the earth, laid it up, covered it with willow brush and sods. Built a chimney of the same... I paid a five dollar gold piece for building my sod house, 10 × 12... A long cold rain storm brought more severely again the chills and fever. These with scurvy made me helpless indeed!... Many of my friends sickened and died in that place, when I was not able to leave my room, could not go to their bedside to administer comfort to them in the last trying hours, not even to bid them farewell. Neither could I go to see their remains carried to their final resting place where it was thought I would shortly have to be conveyed." Church records for the first summer do not contain information on disease victims; however, later records indicate that, from mid-September 1846 to May 1848, disease caused the deaths of 359 residents.

Brigham Young supervised construction of the Florence Mill. It is reportedly the only surviving building in the area to have been built by the LDS camp. The settlers needed a mill to grind corn, wheat, and rye to create cornmeal and flour products. Constructed next to Turkey Creek, later called Mill Creek, which flowed into the Missouri River, the original structure was started in the fall of 1846. it was completed by spring of 1847 at the cost of $3000. Brigham Young sold this mill to John Neff, who left it when he also moved to Salt Lake City. Later settlers renovated and used the mill for years. Evidence of the original construction techniques has been found in the surviving Florence Mill.

The area that was once Winter Quarters became part of the community of Florence, located in North Omaha. The pioneer community is remembered with several attractions, including the Mormon Pioneer Cemetery, Cutler's Park, Mormon Trail Center and the Mormon Pioneer Memorial Bridge. The Winter Quarters Nebraska Temple was dedicated there in April 2001.

title: Winter Quarters (North Omaha, Nebraska)


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User:NickZ

NickZ is a quite new contributer on Wikipedia. More info to come...

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:NickZ


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Hindu Makkal Katchi

Hindu Makkal Katchi (HMK), literally meaning Hindu People's Party, also pronounced as Indu Makkal Katchi (IMK), is a right-wing, Hindu nationalist party in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

The organisation was set up by Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) as a front for its political activities in Tamil Nadu. Since its formation served as the platform for RSS and its subsidiaries known as the Sangh Parivar.

Formation
Hindu Munnani, the parent organization of Hindu Makkal Katchi was set up by Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) as a front for its political and communal activities in Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu was free from the political influence of RSS, which was trying to influence the state since the early 1980s. Hindu Munnani org was founded in 1980 by Rama Gopalan, a member of R.S.S. and since its formation served as the platform for RSS and its subsidiaries known as the Sangh Parivar.

The organisation promoted a Hindu communal identity and used it as a political mobilisation strategy. In the early 1990s, the AIADMK Jayalalitha government (1991–1996) tilted towards Hindutva,in reaction to the vote-bank politics of DMK. Jayalalitha-led government supported the activities of Hindu Munnani in organizing Vinayaka Chathurthi processions in major cities of Tamil Nadu. The state government's support of Rama Gopalan's activity made him a follower of Jayalalitha. Due to this proximity, a faction of Hindu Munnani broke away and found another group named Hindu Makkal Katchi under the leadership of S.V. Sridhar in 1993. The militants of the two groups used vituperative and abusive language against the Muslims. The provocative speeches against Islam and Muhammad polarized the social atmosphere of the region. Their anti-Muslim speeches and activities led to formation of Muslim group Al Umma.

The activities of RSS, Hindu Munnani and Hindu Makkal Katchi continued uninterrupted under Jayalalitha. The BJP alliance with AIADMK led to further spread of RSS ideology in Tamil Nadu. These organisations used religious festivals to combine their strength and caused riots.

Activities
Due to various extremist actions, the party was repeatedly in conflict with the law. Its leader Arjun Sampath was arrested in 1997 on an attempted murder charge.

Hindu Makkal Katchi staged demonstrations on 29 October 2017 in front of theatres across Tamil Nadu in protest against freedom of speech i.e. 'objectionable sentences' about Goods and Services Tax in actor Vijay's 'Mersal'. HMK leader Arjun Sampath led a demonstration in front of a theatre in Kumbakonam and demanded removal of the 'controversial sentences'. Party activists tore up banners of Vijay and movie director Atlee. In Tiruchirapalli, HMK members staged a demonstration in front of a theatre, while similar protests were held at Ottenchathram in Dindigul and in Chennai. The movie ran into trouble soon after its 18 October 2017 release, coinciding with Diwali, over 'incorrect references' to the GST.

In 2008 and 2009 party members were temporarily arrested by the police to block them from staging nationalistic demonstrations on the island of Kachchatheevu, which belongs to Sri Lanka.

In 2009, some Tamil fishermen were arrested by Sri Lankan Navy. To protect them, HMK supporters started agitations and pressurized Indian Govt to take responsibility of them and rescue them from Sri Lanka. When former Union Home Minister P. Chidambaram visited Tamil Nadu, HMK supporters showed black flag as central government failed to rescue the Tamil fisherman from the Sri Lankan navy. 19 supporters were arrested and removed from the Gandhi park area by police. Not only Sri Lanka issue they also sought about handling problems in bilateral relations with Pakistan and China.

The party also made repeatedly headlines with peaceful charges against women. It pressed charges against the movie stars Khushbu Sundar (2006), Shriya Saran (2008) and Mallika Sherawat (2008) for "indecent dressing" and "offending Hindu values". Party members also harassed women visiting pubs and young couples being out on Valentine's Day.

The Party's president Arjun Sampath claimed that 1000 Dalit Christians will be reconverted to Hinduism at Tirunelveli which gains significance in the backdrop 9 March police shootout in which two people were killed when clashes broke out between the members of upper caste Catholics and Dalit Catholics.

The party's five activists were arrested for indulging in demolition of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy's statue installed in front of the Rajagopuram of the Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam.

In 2017, Hindu Makkal Katchi leader strongly opposed the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's second time visit to Sri Lanka next month, where he was going to participate in the United Nations Vesak Celebrations which was held from 12 to 14 May 2017. This 'International Day of Vesak' was hosted by the Buddhist-majority country and the commemorations in Colombo was also include an International Buddhist Conference in which over 400 delegates from more than 100 countries.

In November 2019, Hindu Makkal Katchi leader Arjun Sampath was detained following his draping of saffron shawl on Thiruvalluvar statue in Pillayarpatti, Thanjavur. This is read as an attempt at saffronization of Thiruvalluvar.

They were instrumental in bringing back Lakshmi, the temple elephant at Manakula Vinayagar Temple in Puduchery. Lakshmi was taken away by PETA and the Animal Welfare Board and accused the Temple of violating the Prevention of Cruelty to animals and the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. She was relocated to Krishi Vigyan Kendra at Kurumamber, where her health was reported to have deteriorated.

Attacks against Hindu Makkal Katchi
In February 2023, Manikandan, the south district deputy head of the Hindu Makkal Katchi was killed by a gang in Madurai, Tamil Nadu. Police said that the accused escaped after committing the crime.

In March 2020, a group attacked Nandakumar, Tirupur north district deputy secretary of HMK. Police said that the group escaped after the attack.

In September 2018, the Coimbatore city police, arrested five persons (Jafar Safiq Ali (29) of Vysarpadi, Ismail (25) of Tindivanam, Samsudeen (20) and Shalavuddin (25) of Pallavaram, and Ashik (25) of Coimbatore) for planning to kill HMK leader Arjun Sampath and his son, Omkar Balaji. Coimbatore city police said that one of the accused, Ashik, was facing many cases, including the kidnapping of girls.

In January 2018, a gang threw petrol bombs at the house of HMK south zone organizing president, Balamurugan, in Sivaganga. Police said that the men came in a motorbike, threw bombs, and fled.

In July 2014, a group attempted to attack HMK spokesperson Sendhur Pandi, at Kenikarai. Police identified the attackers as Sadam Hussain (25), Mohamed Nizarudhin (23) and a 16-year-old boy, who were later arrested.

title: Hindu Makkal Katchi


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User talk:Vilemiasma

=Inner Product Space= Hey, Vilemiasma, glad to see that we've got a new contributor to the mathematics section! You were half-right about sesquilinarity. From the definitions above, that line was superfluous. However, you had gotten a bit confused in the linearity stuff. For a two-argument function like the inner product to be linear, it would have to act like this: Note that 2 is violated by the inner product, since we have: Also note that 3 & 4 are a part of the definition of linearity (and sesquilinearity), not a separate property.
 * 1) $$\forall b\in F,\ \forall x,y\in V,\ \langle x,by\rangle= b \langle x,y\rangle$$
 * 2) $$\forall b\in F,\ \forall x,y\in V,\ \langle bx,y\rangle= b \langle x,y\rangle$$
 * 3) $$\forall x,y,z\in V,\ \langle x,y+z\rangle= \langle x,y\rangle+ \langle x,z\rangle.$$
 * 4) $$\forall x,y,z\in V,\ \langle x+y,z\rangle= \langle x,z\rangle+ \langle y,z\rangle.$$
 * $$\forall b\in F,\ \forall x,y\in V,\ \langle bx,y\rangle= \overline{b} \langle x,y\rangle$$

I'm not sure if expanding sesquilinearity from one line into its components is a good idea, but I'll leave it that way for now.

Again, nice to have you on board. If you like, go check out the tips that Angela left at my talk page, it may help you get started with Wikipedia. -FunnyMan 18:21, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vilemiasma


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Talk:Swern oxidation

Untitled
Extern link: I have linked to the english version of the Swern Reaction. It is the same publisher and the content is similar.

Considerations
I think the statement "one of the most foul odors known in organic chemistry." is overdone. See the article on dimethyl sulfide for a more realistic description. The detection limit of ppb also seems low.ChemistHans (talk) 19:00, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Daniel Swern

 * --Stone (talk) 18:01, 13 January 2008 (UTC)
 * --Stone (talk) 18:01, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

reaction table
The reaction table proposed for this article does not contain any new information. The link to the rsc page does not provide any information, info in the box is duplicated from the article itself. Focus really should be on generating new content. Discussion V8rik (talk) 18:23, 3 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I'll relay this to template talk:Reactionbox. --Dirk Beetstra T  C 08:02, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Reaction diagram (perhaps?) does not agree with text
The lead says "primary or secondary alcohols", but the affected alcohol (compound 5 in the diagram) appears to me (a non-chemist) to be a tertiary alcohol. Could someone with a "real" chemical background check this?

 * Riventree (talk) 18:55, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Compound 5 is indeed a secondary alcohol: the carbon that has the OH attached to it has two other substituents (the generic "R" groups) and one hydrogen. DMacks (talk) 05:05, 17 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I knew I was getting something wrong. :) Thanks
 * You're welcome! DMacks (talk) 13:53, 17 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Swern oxidation


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River Forest

River Forest may refer to the following locations in the United States:

 * River Forest, Illinois
 * River Forest (Metra), a railroad station
 * River Forest, Indiana
 * River Forest, Missouri, a Kansas City neighborhood

title: River Forest


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Battle of Vella Gulf

The Battle of Vella Gulf (ベラ湾夜戦) was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II fought on the night of 6–7 August 1943 in Vella Gulf between Vella Lavella and Kolombangara in the Solomon Islands of the southwest Pacific.

This engagement was the first time that American destroyers were allowed to operate independently of the American cruiser force during the Pacific campaign.

In the battle, six American destroyers had intelligence that a Japanese group was coming to Vella Gulf on that night, and laid in wait for them. They engaged four Japanese destroyers and three cruisers attempting to reinforce Japanese troops on Kolombangara. The American warships put an island with mountains at their backs, because the Japanese could not discriminate ships from the island due to the poor quality of their radar. The group then closed the Japanese force undetected with the aid of radar, turned broadside in a line, and fired a full salvo of torpedoes. At the same time, they opened fire with main guns, and reloaded torpedoes and continued firing. They sank three Japanese destroyers, damaged two cruisers, and killed an estimated 3,100 Japanese sailors. The American ships did not get hit by even a single bullet.

Background
After their victory in the Battle of Kolombangara on 13 July 1943, the Japanese had established a powerful garrison of 12,400 around Vila on the southern tip of Kolombangara in an attempt to block further island hopping by the American forces, which had taken Guadalcanal the previous year as part of Operation Cartwheel. Vila was the principal port on Kolombangara, and it was supplied at night using fast destroyer transport runs the Americans called the "Tokyo Express". Three supply runs—on 19 July, 29 July, and 1 August—were completed.

During the final run on 1 August, a force of 15 U.S. PT boats launched an unsuccessful attack, firing between 26 and 30 torpedoes. Four Japanese destroyers responded, and in the ensuing battle PT-109, captained by Lieutenant John F. Kennedy, later President of the United States, was rammed and sunk by JAPANESE DESTROYER Amagiri. By 5 August, the Americans were driving towards the Japanese-held airfield at Munda on New Georgia just south of Kolombangara, and the Japanese decided to send a fourth transport run to Vila with reinforcements.

Battle
On the night of 6 August, the Imperial Japanese Navy sent a force of four destroyers under Captain Kaju Sugiura—2 Kagero-class destroyer: JAPANESE DESTROYER Hagikaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Arashi and 2 Shiratsuyu-class destroyer: JAPANESE DESTROYER Kawakaze of Sugiara's own Destroyer Division 4 and JAPANESE DESTROYER Shigure of Captain Tameichi Hara's Destroyer Division 27—carrying about 950 soldiers and their supplies. The Japanese airfield at Munda, which the force at Vila was assigned to reinforce, was on the verge of being captured; it actually fell later that day. The Imperial Japanese commanders expected that Vila would become the center of their next line of defense. The Japanese operational plan specified the same approach route through Vella Gulf as the three previous successful transport runs over the objections of Hara, who argued that repeating prior operations was courting disaster.

The U.S. Navy Task Group 31.2 (TG 31.2) of six destroyers—USS Dunlap (DD-384), USS Craven (DD-382), USS Maury (DD-401), USS Lang (DD-399), USS Sterett (DD-407), and USS Stack (DD-406)—commanded by Commander Frederick Moosbrugger, having been forewarned of the Japanese operation, was dispatched to intercept the Japanese force. The morale of Moosbrugger's crews was buoyed by the realization that at last they would be free of the combat doctrine that required them to stick close to the cruisers; on this night, they would be able to apply their own tactics.

The U.S. ships made radar contact with the Japanese force at 23:33 on 6 August. Moosbrugger's battle plan divided his forces into two divisions. Moosbrugger's own Destroyer Division 12 (Dunlap, Craven and Maury), whose ships retained their full pre-war torpedo batteries, was to launch a surprise torpedo attack out of the shadow of Kolombangara. Meanwhile, Commander Roger Simpson's Destroyer Division 15 (Lang, Sterett and Stack), whose ships had exchanged some of their torpedo tubes for extra 40 mm guns, was to cover Moosburger's division from an overwatch position, turning to cross the enemy's course. The idea was that any attempt by the Japanese to turn into the first division's torpedo attack would expose their broadsides to torpedo attack from the second division.

The two divisions could then switch roles if a repeat torpedo attack proved necessary, or alternate roles if barges were encountered, which could be dealt with by the second division's extra guns if necessary. Having learned the harsh lessons of naval combat at night after the Battle of Kolombangara, the Battle of Kula Gulf, and a previous PT boat skirmish, and having finally addressed the technical problems that had plagued their Mark 15 torpedoes since the beginning of the war, the American destroyers did not give away their position with gunfire until their torpedoes started striking their targets.

Dunlap, Craven and Maury fired a total of 24 torpedoes in the space of 63 seconds before turning to starboard and withdrawing at high speed, using the mountainous island to their east to help camouflage their movements. The Americans were operating on the assumption that the Japanese had nothing to match their new centimetric SG radar; they knew that their older meter band radars could not differentiate between the surface ships and the island and presumed Japanese radars were no better. In the event, none of the Japanese ships present actually had radar, and the looming mass of the island served to conceal the American ships from visual observation. Lang, Sterett and Stack turned to port to cross their opponent's T and opened fire as soon as the torpedoes started detonating. All four Japanese destroyers were hit by American torpedoes. Hagikaze, Arashi, and Kawakaze burst into flames and either sank immediately or were quickly sunk by naval gunfire. The torpedo that hit Shigure was a dud that passed through her rudder without detonating, allowing her to escape into the darkness. Shigure fired eight torpedoes while it retreated from the scene, all of which missed their targets.

Aftermath
Many of the Japanese soldiers and sailors left floating in the water after their ships sank refused rescue by American ships. A total of 685 Japanese soldiers were lost, mostly by drowning. In addition, 356 sailors were lost on Hagikaze and Arashi (178 on each) and 169 on Kawakaze. A small group of 300 survivors reached Vella Lavella. They were later transferred to Kolombangara. During this battle, no U.S. ship was struck, with the only casualty being a crush injury to a gun loader caused by an accident.

The battle—coming less than one month after the night action at the Battle of Kolombangara—was the first time that the Japanese had been beaten in a night destroyer action. The six destroyers had accomplished what a squadron of 15 American PT boats could not shortly before: sink the Tokyo Express with torpedoes with no American or friendly navy losses. The Empire of Japan could no longer supply their garrison on Kolombangara, and the Allies bypassed it, landing instead on Vella Lavella to the west on 15 August. The Japanese Army soon abandoned Kolombangara, completing their withdrawal by early October.

Two of the US destroyer captains, Lieutenant Commanders Clifton Iverson (Dunlap) and Frank Gardner Gould (Sterett), were later awarded the Navy Cross for their actions during the battle.

Namesakes
The escort aircraft carrier USS Vella Gulf (CVE-111), in commission from 1945 to 1946, and the Ticonderoga-class cruiser guided-missile cruiser USS Vella Gulf (CG-72), in commission from 1993 to 2022, were named for this battle.

title: Battle of Vella Gulf


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Richard Butler (general)

Richard Butler (April 1, 1743 – November 4, 1791) was an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War who was later killed while he was fighting Native Americans in the United States in a battle that is known as St. Clair's Defeat.

Family
Born in St. Bridget's Parish, Dublin, Ireland, Richard Butler was the oldest son of Thomas and Eleanor (Parker) Butler. Thomas Butler was an Irish aristocrat who served in the British army. He was the brother of Colonel Thomas Butler and Captain Edward Butler. All three brothers served in the American Revolution and in the Northwest Indian War against the Western Confederacy of Native American tribes in the Northwest Territories. His two other brothers, William and Percival, served in the Revolution but did not see later military service.

Early life
In 1748 Butler's father opened a gun shop in Dublin, but that same year the family moved to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he learned to make the Pennsylvania long rifles used in the French and Indian War.

By 1760, the family had moved to the frontier at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, where Thomas and his sons manufactured long rifles and became friends with Daniel Morgan. The Butler gun shop still stands in Carlisle.

By the 1770s, Richard Butler and his brother William were important traders at Fort Pitt in Pennsylvania and in Ohio. A street in Pittsburgh, Butler Street, is named for them.

American Revolution
At the outset of the American Revolution, the Continental Congress named Richard Butler a commissioner in 1775 to negotiate with the Indians. He visited representatives of the Delaware, Shawnee, and other tribes to secure their support, or at least neutrality, in the war with Britain.

On July 20, 1776, Butler was commissioned a major in the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment in the Continental Army, serving first as second in command to his friend Daniel Morgan. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on March 12, 1777, retroactive to September 1776. On June 7, 1777, he was promoted to colonel and placed in command of 9th Pennsylvania Regiment.

During the war he saw action at the Battle of Saratoga (1777) and the Battle of Monmouth (1778). His four other brothers also served, and were noted for their bravery as the "fighting Butlers".

In January 1781 he was transferred to the 5th Pennsylvania and lead the Continental Army at the Battle of Spencer's Ordinary.

At the conclusion of the Battle of Yorktown in October 1781, General George Washington conferred on Richard Butler the honor of receiving Cornwallis' sword of surrender, an honor which Richard gave to his second in command, Ebenezer Denny. At the last moment, Baron von Steuben demanded that he receive the sword. This almost precipitated a duel between Butler and Von Steuben.

At the victory dinner for his officers, George Washington raised his glass and toasted, "The Butlers and their five sons!"

Following Yorktown, Butler remained in the Continental Army and was transferred to the 3rd Pennsylvania following a consolidation of the Army on January 1, 1783. On September 30 of the same year, he was breveted (i.e. an honorary promotion) as a brigadier general. Butler remained in active service with the Continental Army until it was finally disbanded on November 3, 1783.

In 1783 Butler and his brothers became Original Members of the Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati, a military society of officers who had served in the Continental Army.

Post American Revolution activity
After the war, the Confederation Congress put Richard Butler in charge of Indians of the Northwest Territory. He negotiated the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1784, in which the Iroquois surrendered their lands. He was also called upon during later negotiations, such as the Treaty of Fort McIntosh in 1785.

Butler returned to Pennsylvania, and was a judge in Allegheny County. He also served in the state legislature. He married Maria Smith and had four children, only one of whom lived to have children and continue the line. Butler also fathered a son, Captain Butler (or Tamanatha) with Shawnee chief Nonhelema. Butler and his Shawnee son fought in opposing armies in 1791.

In 1791, Butler was commissioned a major general in the levies (i.e. militiamen conscripted into Federal service) under Major General Arthur St. Clair to fight against the Western Confederacy of Native Americans in the Northwest Territories (modern day Ohio). He was killed in action on November 4, 1791, in St. Clair's Defeat at what is now Fort Recovery, Ohio.

Reportedly he was first buried on the battlefield, which site was then lost until it was accidentally found years later. The remains were laid to rest with the remains of the other fallen at Fort Recovery.

Legacy
Butler County, Ohio, where Fort Hamilton stood, is named for Richard Butler, as are Butler County, Kentucky, and Butler County, Pennsylvania. The city of Butler, Pennsylvania, and the General Richard Butler Bridge (located in the city of Butler) are also named for him.

A miniature portrait of Richard Butler was painted by "The Painter of The Revolution," Colonel John Trumbull, in 1790 and is in the collection of Yale University.

He is also honored in the name of General Richard Butler KYSAAR, Butler County, Kentucky recognized August 20, 2016. A chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution is named for him as well as on in the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), the General Richard Butler Chapter, founded in Butler, Pennsylvania.

title: Richard Butler (general)


text:
User talk:Paulpinson

Greetings
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia.

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I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian on en:. Drop us a note at New user log so we can meet you and help you get started. You can also leave questions on my talk page. :)

Regards, +sj + 18:29, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Nomination of Livestrong wristband for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Livestrong wristband is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Livestrong wristband until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Dennis Bratland (talk) 00:11, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Paulpinson


text:
George Manners, 11th Baron Ros

George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros of Helmsley (c. 1470 – 27 October 1513) was an English peer.

Family
George Manners, born about 1470, was the son of Sir Robert Manners (d. 1495) of Etal, Northumberland, and Eleanor de Ros or Roos (d. 1487), eldest daughter of Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros (9 September 1427 – 17 May 1464), and Philippa Tiptoft (c. 1423 – after 30 January 1487), daughter of John Tiptoft, 1st Baron Tiptoft and Powis. He had a brother and two sisters:

 * Edward Manners.
 * Elizabeth Manners, who married Sir William Fairfax (d. 11 May 1514) of Steeton, Yorkshire, Justice of the Common Pleas, son and heir of Sir Guy Fairfax of Steeton, Chief Justice of Lancaster, by Margaret, daughter of Sir William Ryther. A descendant of this marriage was the Parliamentary commander, Thomas Fairfax, who on 20 June 1637 married Anne Vere, daughter of Horace Vere, 1st Baron Vere of Tilbury, and Mary Tracy. Their daughter, Mary Fairfax, married George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, whose mother, Katherine, was the daughter of Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland.
 * Cecily Manners, who married Thomas Fairfax.

Career
Manners was enrolled at Lincoln's Inn on 12 May 1490. In 1508, he was coheir to his uncle, Edmund de Ros, 10th Baron de Ros. In 1492, it had been determined that Edmund de Ros was unable to administer his own affairs, and he was placed in the custody of his brother-in-law, Sir Thomas Lovell, husband of Manners' aunt, Isabel Lovell. Edmund de Ros died on 23 October 1508, and was buried in the parish church at Elsing in Enfield, Middlesex. In about 1509, Manners was the sole heir to his aunt, Isabel Lovell.

Manners was with Thomas Howard, then Earl of Surrey, in the Scottish campaign of 1497, and was knighted by him on or before 30 September of that year. He was in attendance in 1500 when King Henry VII met Archduke Philip near Calais. In November 1501, he was among those who received Catherine of Aragon at St. George's Field. He was nominated to the Order of the Garter on 27 April 1510, although not elected.

In 1513, Manners campaigned in France. He was a commander at the siege of Thérouanne, and was present at the siege of Tournai. He fell ill about the time Tournai surrendered on 23 September 1513.

Manners died on 27 October 1513, either in France or at Holywell in Shoreditch. He may have been first buried at Holywell, and his body later removed to St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. His effigy is in the Rutland Chapel. His widow, Anne, died on 21 April 1526, and was buried at St. George's, Windsor.

Manners owned a medieval manuscript copy of a chanson de geste, Les Voeux du Paon (The Vows of the Peacock), by Jacques de Longuyon, which is now Spencer Collection MS 009 in the New York Public Library. Manners wrote his name on a flyleaf of the manuscript, folio i verso, which may be viewed online.

Marriage and issue
Manners married, about 1490, Anne St Leger (c. 1475/6 – 21 April 1526), daughter and heiress of Thomas St. Leger by Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, the second child and eldest surviving daughter of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville (1415–1495), daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland. Anne of York was the elder sister of King Edward IV; Edmund, Earl of Rutland; Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk; Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy; George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence and King Richard III.

George Manners and Anne St Leger had five sons and six daughters:

 * Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland, who married Eleanor Paston, credited with saying to Anne of Cleves, 'Madam there must be more to it than that, or it will be long before we have a Duke of York which all this realm much desireth'. Their son, Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland, married Margaret Neville, daughter of Ralph Neville, 4th Earl of Westmorland by Katherine Stafford.
 * Oliver Manners.
 * Anthony Manners.
 * Sir Richard Manners.
 * John Manners.
 * Anne Manners, who married Sir Henry Capell.
 * Eleanor Manners, who married John Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Bath.
 * Elizabeth Manners, who married Thomas Sandys, 2nd Baron Sandys.
 * Katherine Manners, also known as Catherine Manners (c. 1510–c. 1547), who married Sir Robert Constable.
 * Cecily Manners.
 * Margaret Manners, who married firstly, Sir Henry Strangeways, and secondly, Robert Heneage.

Monument
His monument, consisting of a grand chest tomb with sculpted effigies of himself and his wife, survives in the Rutland Chantry (formerly the St Leger Chantry, founded by his father-in-law Sir Thomas St Leger) forming the north transept of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. The base of the monument and the stained glass windows display much heraldry of the Manners and St Leger families.

title: George Manners, 11th Baron Ros


text:
User talk:Baricom

Because I am rarely logged in to Wikipedia, please e-mail me if your request is time sensitive. I will respond to comments and e-mails on this page, unless you ask otherwise.

Greetings
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia.

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Regards, +sj + 18:30, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Regarding Extended Data Services...
I just wanted to let you know that the article for Extended Data Services (XDS) is not in copyright violation, the source you have listed in the copyvio notice for the article has actually plagarized themselves part of the article in which I originally wrote. If you go to their page, the first 3 paragraphs seem to be written by them from scratch, but its obvious that the last and remaining 3 paragraphs on their site were "ripped off" from my original writing for the XDS article. I originally wrote the passage regarding XDS being used by ABC, and the people at birds-eye.net just plagarized it. I had no prior knowledge of that site until now. misternuvistor 07:28, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I thought that might be the case, but I wasn't sure. I would be happy to withdraw my report, or do whatever else is necessary to restore the page.  I have been on Wikipedia a while, but I edit rarely, so I'm not familiar with the policies.  Can I just revert to the last non-blanked page?  Baricom 09:18, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * AFAIK, yes. I see you've already done so as well, I think this is sufficient if I'm not mistaken.  Looks good... :) misternuvistor 21:14, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

File:Joe Moore (KHON).jpg listed for deletion
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File:Gensiro Kawamoto.jpg listed for deletion
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File:MarketSite Studio.jpg listed for deletion
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title: User talk:Baricom


text:
User talk:Martinjoh

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia.

 * Helpful links : Editing || Writing a great article || Naming || Style Manual || Policies Reassigning old edits || What Wikipedia is not

 * Maintenance : Deleting articles || all maintenance tasks (see also open tasks, below)

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Regards, +sj + 18:30, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Martinjoh


text:
User talk:Dafyddyoung

British Communists
The present list seems rather short, arbitrary, silly and tendentious, sorry - see my comments there :-)

List of Left-wing publications...
Please, when moving pages in future, use the move tab at the top of the page, and do not cut and paste as this destroys the page history - which has taken me quite some time to restore. Thank you, howver, for your additions to the page. Warofdreams 11:31, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Greetings Comrade
From the westernmost country of Europe — Portugal! Afonso Silva 10:57, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

Image:Hammer and sickle dimensions.gif listed for deletion
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LPMCOTW
Hi,

have a look at Leftist Parties and Movements Collaboration of the Week. --Soman 20:32, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

vote
Hi, please vote at Categories for deletion/Log/2005 November 6 concerning Category:Stalinists. --Soman 19:53, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Image:Ruskin House.jpg
Hi, please add your source for this photo. Thuresson 01:56, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Image:Albert Owen MP Anglesey.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Albert Owen MP Anglesey.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

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Unspecified source for Image:Ucheldre_Centre.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ucheldre_Centre.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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Image:Ucheldre_Centre.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ucheldre_Centre.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

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Holy_Island_Shipwrecks.jpg
I have tagged Image:Holy_Island_Shipwrecks.jpg as replaceable fair use. If you wish to dispute this assertion, please add to the image description page and a comment explaining your reasoning to the the image talk page. Calliopejen1 22:11, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

CATI
Hi there, if you are interested in supporting the Coalition Against Tagalog Imperialism please add. The logo would look like

Arikasikis (talk) 03:59, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Cuban Young Communist Logo.gif)
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File source problem with File:Communist party of britain logos.png
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File source problem with File:Communist Party Logos STWC Demonstration.jpg
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File source problem with File:Dafydd Young and Hamilton.jpg
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File source problem with File:Harry Pollitt.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Harry Pollitt.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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File source problem with File:Communist Party of Britain Organisation.png
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File source problem with File:Communist wales assembly poster.gif
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File permission problem with File:Panorama of Holyhead.jpg
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File permission problem with File:Sstack1.jpg
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Orphaned non-free image File:Communist Review Cover.gif
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:16, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dafyddyoung


text:
User talk:S tyers

Hello, "S tyers" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

-- Infrogmation 18:31, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello S tyers! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 01:12, 18 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Liz Barker -

title: User talk:S tyers


text:
Talk:Norodom Chakrapong

Translation

 * Article: nl:Norodom Chakrapong
 * Corresponding English-language article: none
 * '''Worth doing because:
 * Little information is available on the Cambodian royal family in English.
 * Originally Requested by: Sesel 01:59, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Status: completed by -- Sietse 17:18, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Other notes: none

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 00:18, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Chakrapong's biodata
For reference #30 (as of June 2015) - notable biodata of N. Chakrapong - accessed from Free Press Magazine (Cambodia)

http://www.fpmonline.net/article/80904

Original Khmer
ប្រវត្តិ របស់សម្ដេចព្រះមហិស្សរា នរោត្ដម ច័ក្រពង់្ស រៀបរៀងដោយ ៖ យូ សារ៉ាវុឍ្ឍ Sunday 14 September 2014 - 4:22 pm - ផ្សាយក្នុងផ្នែក ៖ ខ្សែជីវិតពិត សម្ដេចព្រះមហិស្សរា នរោត្ដម ច័ក្រពង់្ស អតីតជាឧបនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី, សមាជិកព្រឹទ្ធ, តំណាងរាស្ត្រ, សមាជិកក្រុមប្រឹក្សាធម្មនុញ្ញ និងតំណែងជាច្រើនទៀត ទាំងផ្នែកនយោបាយ និងធុរកិច្ច។ ១.ប្រវត្តិសង្ខេប norodom-chakrapong–នាម និង គោត្តនាម ៖ នរោត្ដម ច័ក្រពង់្ស [អានថា៖ នៈ-រោត-ដំ-ចាក់-ក្រ-ពង់] –សញ្ជាតិ               ៖ ខ្មែរ –ថ្ងៃ ខែ ឆ្នាំ កំនើត     ៖ ១២ ខែតុលា ឆ្នាំ១៩៤៥។ –ទីកន្លែងកំនើត        ៖ នៅក្រុងភ្នំពេញ។ –អាសយដ្ឋានបច្ចុប្បន្ន ៖ រាជធានីភ្នំពេញ។ –ព្រះអង្គ ជាព្រះរាជបុត្រ នៃព្រះករុណា ព្រះបាទ សម្ដេចព្រះ នរោត្ដម សីហនុ ជាមួយនឹងព្រះអង្គម្ចាស់ ស៊ីសុវត្ថិ មុនីកេសន និងជាព្រះរៀមមាតាទីទៃ នៃព្រះករុណាព្រះបាទសម្ដេចព្រះ នរោត្ដម សីហមុនី ព្រះមហាក្ស័ត្រិយ៍ នៃព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា។ ២.ការសិក្សា –១៩៥៨ – ១៩៦៣  សិក្សានៅវិទ្យាល័យម៉ារស៊ីល្ល (Marseille) ប្រទេសបារាំង។ –១៩៦៣ – ១៩៦៦ ជាមន្ត្រី និងសិស្សទាហានអាកាសយានិក នៃកងទ័ពជើងអាកាសខេមរភូមិន្ទ។ –១៩៦៨ – ១៩៦៩ រៀនបច្ចេកទេសបើកបរយន្តហោះចម្បាំងនៅប្រទេសបារាំង។ –១៩៧២ – ១៩៧៣ បណ្ឌិតសភាយោធាផ្នែកសេនាធិការ (ជំនាន់ទី៥) នៅប្រទេសកម្ពុជា។ –១៩៨៥ រៀនអគ្គមេបញ្ជាការជាន់ខ្ពស់ នៅល្វបុរី ប្រទេសថៃ។ ៣.ព្រះកិច្ចនានា 8news.ap.org_r620x349–១៩៦៦ – ១៩៧០ ជាមន្ត្រី និងអាកាសយានិក នៃទ័ពជើងអាកាសខេមរភូមិន្ទ។ –១៩៧៣ – ១៩៧៥ ព្រះប្រធានពិធីការសម្ដេចព្រះ នរោត្ដម សីហនុ ព្រះប្រមុខរដ្ឋកម្ពុជា។ –១៩៧៥ – ១៩៧៦ បណ្ឌិតយោធាទ័ពអាកាសនៅប្រទេសយូកូស្លាវី។ –១៩៨២ – ១៩៨៥ រដ្ឋមន្ត្រីក្រសួងសុខាភិបាល និងសង្គមកិច្ច នៅក្នុងរដ្ឋាភិបាលចម្រុះកម្ពុជាប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ ត្រីភាគី។ –១៩៨៥ – ១៩៩១ រដ្ឋមន្ត្រីក្រសួងការពារជាតិ នៅក្នុងរដ្ឋាភិបាលចម្រុះកម្ពុជាប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ ត្រីភាគី និងជាអនុប្រធានទីមួយនៃកងទ័ពសីហនុនិយម។ –១៩៩២ – ១៩៩៣ ឧបនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី នៃរដ្ឋកម្ពុជា ទទួលបន្ទុកក្រសួងចំនួន៧ (ឧស្សាហកម្ម, ទេសចរណ៍, អប់រំ, សង្គមកិច្ច, វប្បធម៌, អាកាសចរណ៍ស៊ីវិល)។ ព្រះប្រធាននៃអាកាសចរណ៍កម្ពុជា ត្រូវបានបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសរើសជាសមាជិកសភា (គណបក្សប្រជាជនកម្ពុជា)។ –១៩៩២ – ១៩៩៤ សមាជិកអចិន្ត្រៃយ៍នយោបាយនៃគណៈបក្សប្រជាជនកម្ពុជា។ –១៩៩៤ ទទួលតំណែងជាឧត្ដមសេនីយ៍ផ្កាយ៤ នៃកងយុទ្ធពលខេមរភូមិន្ទ។ –១៩៩៤ – ១៩៩៨ នាយករងខុទ្ទកាល័យសម្ដេចនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី។ –១៩៩៩ – ២០០៥ ទីប្រឹក្សារាជរដ្ឋាភិបាលកម្ពុជា មានព្រះឋានៈស្មើឧបនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី សមាជិកព្រឹទ្ធសភា នៃព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា។ –១៩៩៩ – ២០០៦ ព្រះប្រធានអគ្គនាយកនៃក្រុមហ៊ុនអាកាសចរណ៍ រ៉ូយ៉ាល់ភ្នំពេញ អ៊ែរវេយ៍។ –២០០៦ – ២០០៧ អនុប្រធានគណៈបក្ស នរោត្ដម រណឫទ្ធិ។ –២០០៧ ចូលនិវត្តន៍ពីនយោបាយ។ –២០០៧ – បច្ចុប្បន្ន ព្រះប្រធានមូលនិធិ សម្ដេច នរោត្ដម រ៉ាវិវង្ស។ –១៩៩៩ – បច្ចុប្បន្ន ឧត្ដមទីប្រឹក្សាផ្ទាល់ព្រះមហាក្សត្រិយ៍ មានព្រះឋានៈស្មើឧបនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី។ –បច្ចប្បន្ន សមាជិកក្រុមប្រឹក្សាធម្មនុញ្ញ។ ៤.ជីវិតអាពាហ៍ពិពាហ៍ –សម្ដេចព្រះមហិស្សរា នរោត្ដម ច័ក្រពង់្ស ទ្រង់មានព្រះជាយា និងព្រះបុត្រាបុត្រី ដូចតទៅនេះ៖ ១. អ្នកម្នាង ហ៊ុន សឿន មានបុត្រាបុត្រីចំនួន៥ព្រះអង្គ៖ 1.អ្នកអង្គម្ចាស់ នរោត្ដម ពុទ្ធពង្ស 2. អ្នកអង្គម្ចាស់ នរោត្ដម អមឫទ្ធិវង្ស 3. អ្នកអង្គម្ចាស់ នរោត្ដម នរាវង្ស 4. អ្នកអង្គម្ចាស់ នរោត្ដម នឫទ្ធិពង្ស 5. អ្នកអង្គម្ចាស់ នរោត្ដម រវិចក្រ។ ២. អ្នកម្នាង ជូឡុង ខេធី អភិសេកថ្ងៃទី១៨ ខែវិច្ឆិកា ឆ្នាំ១៩៦៥ និងមានបុត្រមួយព្រះអង្គ៖ –អ្នកអង្គម្ចាស់ នរោត្ដម នន្ទាទេវី។ ៣. អ្នកម្នាង ដួង ឌីយ៉ាត អភិសេកថ្ងៃទី១០ វិច្ឆិកា ឆ្នាំ១៩៦៧ និងមានបុត្រ៣ព្រះអង្គ៖ 1.អ្នកអង្គម្ចាស់ នរោត្ដម វិមាលា 2.អ្នកអង្គម្ចាស់ នរោត្ដម បុប្ផារី 3.អ្នកអង្គម្ចាស់ នរោត្ដម ឥន្ទ្រពង្ស។ ៤. អ្នកម្នាង ដួង យ៉ានី អភិសេកឆ្នាំ១៩៧៤ និងមានបុត្រ១ព្រះអង្គ៖ –អ្នកអង្គម្ចាស់ នរោត្ដម នរិន្ទ្រា។ ៥. អ្នកម្នាង ចារុវណ្ណ ដួងចន្ទ្រ (ជនជាតិថៃ) និងមានបុត្រាមួយព្រះអង្គ៖ –អ្នកអង្គម្ចាស់ នរោត្ដម ចារុរក្ស។ ៦. អ្នកម្នាង មុនីរាម និងមានបុត្រចំនួន២ព្រះអង្គ៖ –អ្នកអង្គម្ចាស់ នរោត្ដម ពង្សសុរិយា អ្នកអង្គម្ចាស់ នរោត្ដម ពង្សមុនីរ៉េត។ ៧. អ្នកម្នាង គជានិភា (ជនជាតិថៃ) ៥.គ្រឿងឥស្សរិយយស សម្ដេចព្រះមហិស្សរា នរោត្ដម ច័ក្រពង់្ស ទ្រង់បានទទួលការស្ថាបនាព្រះឥស្សរិយយសពីព្រះករុណា ព្រះបាទសម្ដេចព្រះ នរោត្ដម សីហនុ ព្រះមហាក្ស័ត្រិយ៍ នៃព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា ជាបន្តបន្ទាប់ ដូចជា៖ –១៩៩៤ ជា «ស្ដេចក្រុមឃុន»។ –១៩៩៩ ជា «សម្ដេច»។ –៣១ សីហា ២០០៤ ជា «សម្ដេចព្រះមហិស្សរា»។ ទំព័រទាក់ទង –សម្ដេចព្រះមហិស្សរា នរោត្ដម ចក្រពង់្ស

Source maybe accessed via Google translate for non-Khmer speakers. Not 100% accurate, but about 75-80% accurate as it is automatic. As it is a very useful resource, I am pasting it here in the event that this source is no longer available online. Mr Tan (talk) 13:16, 7 June 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Norodom Chakrapong


text: File:Jeremy Brett.jpg

title: File:Jeremy Brett.jpg


text:
User talk:Eichberger~enwiki

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title: User talk:Eichberger~enwiki


text: Category:Bascule bridges

title: Category:Bascule bridges


text:
Parabolic fractal distribution

In probability and statistics, the parabolic fractal distribution is a type of discrete probability distribution in which the logarithm of the frequency or size of entities in a population is a quadratic polynomial of the logarithm of the rank (with the largest example having rank 1). This can markedly improve the fit over a simple power-law relationship (see references below).

In the Laherrère/Deheuvels paper below, examples include galaxy sizes (ordered by luminosity), towns (in the USA, France, and world), spoken languages (by number of speakers) in the world, and oil fields in the world (by size). They also mention utility for this distribution in fitting seismic events (no example). The authors assert the advantage of this distribution is that it can be fitted using the largest known examples of the population being modeled, which are often readily available and complete, then the fitted parameters found can be used to compute the size of the entire population. So, for example, the populations of the hundred largest cities on the planet can be sorted and fitted, and the parameters found used to extrapolate to the smallest villages, to estimate the population of the planet. Another example is estimating total world oil reserves using the largest fields.

In a number of applications, there is a so-called King effect where the top-ranked item(s) have a significantly greater frequency or size than the model predicts on the basis of the other items. The Laherrère/Deheuvels paper shows the example of Paris, when sorting the sizes of towns in France. When the paper was written Paris was the largest city with about ten million inhabitants, but the next largest town had only about 1.5 million. Towns in France excluding Paris closely follow a parabolic distribution, well enough that the 56 largest gave a very good estimate of the population of the country. But that distribution would predict the largest city to have about two million inhabitants, not 10 million. The King Effect is named after the notion that a King must defeat all rivals for the throne and takes their wealth, estates and power, thereby creating a buffer between himself and the next-richest of his subjects. That specific effect (intentionally created) may apply to corporate sizes, where the largest businesses use their wealth to buy up smaller rivals. Absent intent, the King Effect may occur as a result of some persistent growth advantage due to scale, or to some unique advantage. Larger cities are more efficient connectors of people, talent and other resources. Unique advantages might include being a port city, or a Capital city where law is made, or a center of activity where physical proximity increases opportunity and creates a feedback loop. An example is the motion picture industry; where actors, writers and other workers move to where the most studios are, and new studios are founded in the same place because that is where the most talent resides.

To test for the King Effect, the distribution must be fitted excluding the 'k' top-ranked items, but without assigning new rank numbers to the remaining members of the population. For example, in France the ranks are (as of 2010):

 * 1) Paris, 12.09M
 * 2) Lyon, 2.12M
 * 3) Marseille, 1.72M
 * 4) Toulouse, 1.20M
 * 5) Lille, 1.15M

A fitting algorithm would process pairs {(1,12.09), (2,2.12), (3,1.72), (4,1.20), (5,1.15)} and find the parameters for the best parabolic fit through those points. To test for the King Effect we just exclude the first pair (or first 'k' pairs), and find parabolic parameters that fit the remainder of the points. So for France we would fit the four points {(2,2.12), (3,1.72), (4,1.20), (5,1.15)}. Then we can use those parameters to estimate the size of cities ranked [1,k] and determine if they are King Effect members or normal members.

By comparison, Zipf's law fits a line through the points (also using the log of the rank and log of the value). A parabola (with one more parameter) will fit better, but far from the vertex the parabola is also nearly linear. Thus, although it is a judgment call for the statistician, if the fitted parameters put the vertex far from the points fitted, or if the parabolic curve is not a significantly better fit than a line, those may be symptomatic of overfitting (aka over-parameterization). The line (with two parameters instead of three) is probably the better generalization. More parameters always fit better, but at the cost of adding unexplained parameters or unwarranted assumptions (such as the assumption that a slight parabolic curve is a more appropriate model than a line).

Alternatively, it is possible to force the fitted parabola to have its vertex at the rank 1 position. In that case, it is not certain the parabola will fit better (have less error) than a straight line; and the choice might be made between the two based on which has the least error.

Definition
The probability mass function is given, as a function of the rank n, by
 * $$ f(n;b,c) \propto n^{-b} \exp(-c(\log n)^2) ,$$

where b and c are parameters of the distribution.

title: Parabolic fractal distribution


text:
Donald Dunn

Donald Dunn may refer to:
 * Donald "Duck" Dunn (1941–2012), American bass guitarist, session musician, record producer, and songwriter
 * Donald G. Dunn (1923–2021), decorated U.S. Army veteran of World War II

title: Donald Dunn


text:
Talk:Martin O'Neill (footballer)

Just to clarify, O'Neill never actually had talks with Leeds - although there was much speculation he was on his way, leading to the protest, O'Neill later confirmed his chairman hadn't agreed to let him talk to Peter Ridsdale at Leeds.

Also, hasn't he successfully sued a couple of newspapers for suggesting he's had secret talks with English Premiership clubs while at Celtic?

S tyers 18:36, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Martin O'Neill (footballer)


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Beals (crater)

Beals is a lunar impact crater that is located near the eastern limb of the Moon, and lies across the southwestern rim of the crater Riemann. From the Earth the crater is viewed nearly from on edge, and is best seen during favorable librations. To the west is the large walled plain Gauss.

This crater formation is only lightly worn, with no significant impacts within its perimeter. The inner wall is narrower along the north-northeast face where the crater intrudes into Riemann, and the rim is somewhat irregular at the southern end. The interior floor has only a few minor ridges located near the midpoint.

Beals was formerly designated Riemann A, a satellite crater of Riemann, until the International Astronomical Union renamed it in 1982 to commemorate Carlyle S. Beals, a Canadian astronomer. Prior to the crater being designated Riemann A, this crater was known as Crater 110.

title: Beals (crater)


text:
Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland

Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland, 12th Baron de Ros of Helmsley, KG (c. 1497 – 20 September 1543), of Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire (adjacent to the small county of Rutland), was created Earl of Rutland by King Henry VIII in 1525.

Origins
Thomas was the son of Sir George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros (c. 1470 – 1513) by his wife Anne St Leger (1476–1526). His maternal grandparents were Sir Thomas St Leger (c. 1440–1483) and Anne of York (1439–1476), a daughter of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville. She was thus an elder sister of Kings Edward IV (1461–1483) and of his brother and eventual successor, Richard III (1483–1485). Her other brothers were Edmund, Earl of Rutland and George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence. Her sisters included Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk and Margaret of York. Anne St Leger's first cousin, Elizabeth of York, married Henry Tudor and was the mother of Henry VIII and grandmother of Elizabeth I. Thomas Manners was thus a second cousin to Henry VIII.

Career
On 22 June 1513, Thomas landed at Calais on the French expedition. In 1513 he became Baron Ros, probably aged 16 or 17, on his father's death and was summoned in 1515 to Parliament. He was at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 and at King Henry VIII's meeting with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor afterwards. In December 1521 he became cupbearer to the king. In January 1522 he was made steward of Pickering, Yorkshire, and from April to October of the same year he held the appointment of Lord Warden of the East Marches, in which he was succeeded by Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland. He received the wardenship of Sherwood Forest on 12 July 1524, an office which afterwards became practically hereditary in his family. He was appointed a Knight of the Garter on 24 April 1525 and on 18 June 1525 he was made Earl of Rutland, a title previously held by members of the house of York.

He was a great favourite of King Henry VIII and received many grants, including the keepership of Enfield Chase on 12 July 1526, and Belvoir Castle, which remains the chief seat of his family. On 11 October 1532 he landed with the king in France. He was at the coronation of Queen Anne Boleyn in 1533 and later took part in her trial. Rutland was actively engaged in meeting the Pilgrimage of Grace. He held a joint command with the Earls of Huntingdon and Shrewsbury and marched to Nottingham and thence to Newark, Southwell, and Doncaster against the northern rebels.

He was steward of many monasteries, and from his various ancestors had claims through their having founded certain of the houses. Hence at the Dissolution of the Monasteries, he received numerous grants of monastic property. In Leicestershire he obtained Charley, Garradon, and by exchange, Croxton; in Yorkshire he received Beverley, Warter, and Rievaulx by exchange. Jointly with Robert Tyrwhit, he obtained Belvoir, Eagle, and Kyme in Lincolnshire, and in Yorkshire Nun Burnham.

When Anne of Cleves came to England to marry the king, Rutland was appointed her lord chamberlain and met her at Shooter's Hill on her approach to Greenwich Palace, after her unfortunate interview with the king at Rochester. In 1542 he became constable of Nottingham Castle. He went to the border again on 7 August 1542 as Warden of the Marches, but was recalled, in consequence of illness, in November of the same year. From Newark-on-Trent he wrote on 7 November to the Council of the North: "As Gode best knows, I ame in a poyur and febvll estat". He died on 20 September 1543.

Knight of the Garter
Manners, about two months before receipt of his earldom, was nominated by Henry VIII as a Knight of the Garter in 1525. His Garter stall plate of brass inlaid with coloured enamel, survives in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. It is inscribed: Thom(a)s lord roosse, Erle of rotteland. Above the escutcheon, circumscribed by the Garter, is the crest of Manners: A peacock in pride. The arms displayed are: quarterly: 1 and 4, or, two bars azure a chief quarterly of the last and gules, on the 1st and 4th, two fleurs-de-lis or, on the 2nd and 3rd, a lion passant guardant or (Manners, with augmentation for the 1st Earl); 2, a grand quarter consisting of
 * 1, gules, three water bougets argent (Ros)
 * 2, azure, a Catherine wheel or (Belvoir)
 * 3, gules, three Catherine wheels argent (Espec)
 * 4, argent, a fess between two bars gemels gules (Badlesmere)

3, a grand quarter consisting of
 * 1, gules, three lions pasant guardant or, within a bordure argent (Holland, Earls of Kent)
 * 2 and 3, argent, a saltire engrailed gules (Tiptoft)
 * 4, or, a lion rampant gules (Edward Charleton, 5th Baron Charleton of Powys (1370–1421))

Marriages and children
He married twice:
 * Firstly in about 1512 to Elizabeth Lovell. The marriage ended in 1513.
 * Secondly in about 1523 he married Eleanor Paston, daughter of Sir William Paston of Norfolk. They had the following children:

Sons

 * Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland (1526–1563)
 * Sir John Manners (c. 1534–1611), of Haddon Hall, Derbyshire, husband of Dorothy Vernon, grandfather of John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland and great-grandfather of John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland and Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury.
 * Sir Thomas Manners, grandfather of Thomas Vavasour, 1st Baronet.
 * Roger Manners (died 1607) of Uffington, a squire of the body to Elizabeth I, died unmarried
 * Oliver Manners, Esq.

Daughters

 * Gertrude Manners, who married George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury and was the mother of Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury and Edward Talbot, 8th Earl of Shrewsbury.
 * Anne Manners, who married Henry Neville, 5th Earl of Westmorland and was the mother of Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland.
 * Frances Manners, who married Henry Nevill, 6th Baron Bergavenny and was grandmother of Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland.
 * Katherine Manners, who married Sir Henry Capell, Sheriff of Essex.
 * Elizabeth Manners (c. 1530 – 8 August 1570), who married Sir John Savage of Rocksavage, whose mother was Elizabeth Somerset, daughter of Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester by his wife Elizabeth Herbert, 3rd Baroness Herbert. She was the grandmother of Thomas Savage, 1st Viscount Savage and the great-grandmother of John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers and was the great-great-grandmother of Charles Paulet, 1st Duke of Bolton.
 * Isabel Manners, died young.

Death and burial
He died on 20 September 1543 and was buried in Bottesford Church, Leicestershire. His body was embalmed with spices purchased in Nottingham and a surgeon encased it in wax. A plumber then encased it in a close-fitting leaden shell.

Monument
His surviving alabaster chest tomb in the chancel of St Mary's Church, Bottesford, Leicestershire, was created by Richard Parker of Burton-on-Trent with John Lupton (rough mason) and his father, over a period of six days, the floor having been strengthened to the weight of the tomb. Thomas Richard Parker "the alabaster man" was paid £20 for the sculpture and the supervision of its positioning. Surviving accounts at Belvoir Castle record in considerable detail the arrangements for this work and the funeral. As well as commemorating the 1st Earl of Rutland and his wife this monument also marks the first of the future burials in the church of eight earls and four dukes over a period of almost 250 years.

Description
The Earl's effigy is dressed in chain mail and full plate armour with a loose military tabard over which he wears the mantle of the Order of the Garter while on his left leg is the Garter itself. His head wears a basic form of coronet and rests on his tilt-heaume on top of which is the Manners crest of a peacock in pride on a Cap of Maintenance. The feet rest on a unicorn, from which the horn is now missing. The effigy of the countess is dressed in a gown and a short cape and wears an ermine-trimmed mantle fastened by a cordon whose ends reach almost to her feet, under which is a griffon. Tasselled cushions support her head. The base of the tomb is decorated with corner pilasters, tasselled swags and "weeper" figures representing knights, ladies and others.

title: Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland


text: User talk:81.77.187.104

title: User talk:81.77.187.104


text:
Calippus (crater)

Calippus is a small lunar impact crater that is located on the eastern edge of the rugged Montes Caucasus mountain range in the northern part of the Moon. It was named after Greek astronomer Callippus of Cyzicus. It lies to the southwest of the crater remnant Alexander, to the northwest of the Mare Serenitatis.

The outer rim of Calippus has an irregular appearance, with outward bulges to the northeast and particularly to the west where there is an interior shelf of slumped material. The exterior has a slight rampart that is surrounded by the rugged terrain of the mountain range. Within the sharp-sided interior walls is a rough and irregular interior floor.

To the southeast of this crater, on the edge of the Mare Serenitatis, is an arcing rille designated Rima Calippus. This cleft follows a path to the northeast for a length of about 40 kilometers.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Calippus.

title: Calippus (crater)


text:
Fowler–Noll–Vo hash function

Fowler–Noll–Vo (or FNV) is a non-cryptographic hash function created by Glenn Fowler, Landon Curt Noll, and Kiem-Phong Vo.

The basis of the FNV hash algorithm was taken from an idea sent as reviewer comments to the IEEE POSIX P1003.2 committee by Glenn Fowler and Phong Vo in 1991. In a subsequent ballot round, Landon Curt Noll improved on their algorithm. In an email message to Landon, they named it the Fowler/Noll/Vo or FNV hash.

Overview
The current versions are FNV-1 and FNV-1a, which supply a means of creating non-zero FNV offset basis. FNV currently comes in 32-, 64-, 128-, 256-, 512-, and 1024-bit variants. For pure FNV implementations, this is determined solely by the availability of FNV primes for the desired bit length; however, the FNV webpage discusses methods of adapting one of the above versions to a smaller length that may or may not be a power of two.

The FNV hash algorithms and reference FNV source code have been released into the public domain.

The Python programming language previously used a modified version of the FNV scheme for its default  function. From Python 3.4, FNV has been replaced with SipHash to resist "hash flooding" denial-of-service attacks.

FNV is not a cryptographic hash.

The hash
One of FNV's key advantages is that it is very simple to implement. Start with an initial hash value of FNV offset basis. For each byte in the input, multiply hash by the FNV prime, then XOR it with the byte from the input. The alternate algorithm, FNV-1a, reverses the multiply and XOR steps.

FNV-1 hash
The FNV-1 hash algorithm is as follows:

algorithm fnv-1 is hash := FNV_offset_basis for each byte_of_data to be hashed do hash := hash × FNV_prime hash := hash XOR byte_of_data return hash

In the above pseudocode, all variables are unsigned integers. All variables, except for byte_of_data, have the same number of bits as the FNV hash. The variable, byte_of_data, is an 8 bit unsigned integer.

As an example, consider the 64-bit FNV-1 hash:

 * All variables, except for byte_of_data, are 64-bit unsigned integers.
 * The variable, byte_of_data, is an 8-bit unsigned integer.
 * The FNV_offset_basis is the 64-bit FNV offset basis value: 14695981039346656037 (in hex, 0xcbf29ce484222325).
 * The FNV_prime is the 64-bit FNV prime value: 1099511628211 (in hex, 0x100000001b3).
 * The multiply returns the lower 64-bits of the product.
 * The XOR is an 8-bit operation that modifies only the lower 8-bits of the hash value.
 * The hash value returned is a 64-bit unsigned integer.

FNV-1a hash
The FNV-1a hash differs from the FNV-1 hash by only the order in which the multiply and XOR is performed:

algorithm fnv-1a is hash := FNV_offset_basis for each byte_of_data to be hashed do hash := hash XOR byte_of_data hash := hash × FNV_prime return hash The above pseudocode has the same assumptions that were noted for the FNV-1 pseudocode. The change in order leads to slightly better avalanche characteristics.

FNV-0 hash (deprecated)
The FNV-0 hash differs from the FNV-1 hash only by the initialisation value of the hash variable:

algorithm fnv-0 is hash := 0 for each byte_of_data to be hashed do hash := hash × FNV_prime hash := hash XOR byte_of_data return hash

The above pseudocode has the same assumptions that were noted for the FNV-1 pseudocode.

A consequence of the initialisation of the hash to 0 is that empty messages and all messages consisting of only the byte 0, regardless of their length, hash to 0.

Use of the FNV-0 hash is deprecated except for the computing of the FNV offset basis for use as the FNV-1 and FNV-1a hash parameters.

FNV offset basis
There are several different FNV offset bases for various bit lengths. These offset bases are computed by computing the FNV-0 from the following 32 octets when expressed in ASCII:
 * chongo  /\../\

which is one of Landon Curt Noll's signature lines. This is the only current practical use for the deprecated FNV-0.

FNV prime
An FNV prime is a prime number and is determined as follows:

For a given $$s$$:
 * $$s\in \mathbb{Z}^*~$$ (i.e., s is an integer)
 * $$4 < s < 11$$

where $$n$$ is:
 * $$n = 2^s$$

and where $$t$$ is:
 * $$t = \left\lfloor \frac{5+n}{12}\right\rfloor$$
 * NOTE: $$\lfloor x \rfloor\,$$ is the floor function

then the n-bit FNV prime is the smallest prime number $$p$$ that is of the form:
 * $$256^t + 2^8 + \mathrm{b}\,$$

such that:
 * $$0 < b < 2^8$$
 * The number of one-bits in the binary number representation of $$b$$ is either 4 or 5
 * $$p\mod(2^{40} - 2^{24} - 1) > (2^{24} + 2^8 + 2^7)$$

Experimentally, FNV prime matching the above constraints tend to have better dispersion properties. They improve the polynomial feedback characteristic when an FNV prime multiplies an intermediate hash value. As such, the hash values produced are more scattered throughout the n-bit hash space.

FNV hash parameters
The above FNV prime constraints and the definition of the FNV offset basis yield the following table of FNV hash parameters:

Non-cryptographic hash
The FNV hash was designed for fast hash table and checksum use, not cryptography. The authors have identified the following properties as making the algorithm unsuitable as a cryptographic hash function:

 * Speed of computation – As a hash designed primarily for hashtable and checksum use, FNV-1 and FNV-1a were designed to be fast to compute. However, this same speed makes finding specific hash values (collisions) by brute force faster.
 * Sticky state – Being an iterative hash based primarily on multiplication and XOR, the algorithm is sensitive to the number zero. Specifically, if the hash value were to become zero at any point during calculation, and the next byte hashed were also all zeroes, the hash would not change. This makes colliding messages trivial to create given a message that results in a hash value of zero at some point in its calculation. Additional operations, such as the addition of a third constant prime on each step, can mitigate this but may have detrimental effects on avalanche effect or random distribution of hash values.
 * Diffusion – The ideal secure hash function is one in which each byte of input has an equally-complex effect on every bit of the hash. In the FNV hash, the ones place (the rightmost bit) is always the XOR of the rightmost bit of every input byte. This can be mitigated by XOR-folding (computing a hash twice the desired length, and then XORing the bits in the "upper half" with the bits in the "lower half").

title: Fowler–Noll–Vo hash function


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Crommelin (lunar crater)

Crommelin is an ancient lunar impact crater that is located in the vicinity of the south pole of the Moon, on the far side. It lies to the north of the large crater Zeeman, and to the east-northeast of Numerov.

This formation has been almost completely worn away by subsequent impacts, leaving little more than a crater-riddled depression in the surface. There is an equally worn crater lying across the northern rim, and Crommelin X is attached to the outward-bulging northwest perimeter. The largest of the craterlets within the interior form a pair near the southern rim. There is a slight central peak, consisting of little more than a low rise in the surface.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on Lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Crommelin.

title: Crommelin (lunar crater)


text:
Provincial Treasurer

In Canadian politics the Provincial Treasurer is a senior portfolio in the Executive Council (or cabinet) of provincial governments. The position is the provincial equivalent of the Minister of Finance and is responsible for setting the provincial budget. In most provinces the title of the position has changed to Minister of Finance in recent years.

title: Provincial Treasurer


text:
The UPS Store

The UPS Store (formerly the United States arm of Mail Boxes Etc.) is a franchised subsidiary of United Parcel Service which provides, according to its website, shipping, shredding, printing, fax, passport photos, personal and business mailboxes, and notary services.

History
In March 2001, UPS acquired Mail Boxes Etc., which was founded in 1980 as an alternative to the post office. In February 2003, UPS rebranded more than 3,000 Mail Boxes Etc. locations as The UPS Store. Each location is independently owned.

Services
The UPS Store offers shipping, packaging, printing, shredding, notary services and postal services for individual consumers and small businesses. Franchise locations are typically found on or near military bases, hotels, colleges, shopping centers and convention centers. there were 5,268 UPS Store locations across the United States and Canada.

Each UPS Store also serves as an access point for UPS shipping where customers can drop off packages with prepaid labels, as well as pack and ship new shipments.

The UPS Store's other major industry is printing. The store offers brochures, door hangers, car magnets, flyers, yard signs, menus for restaurants, manuals, and 3D printing.

Awards
In 2019 and 2020, The UPS Store was ranked fifth overall among the top franchise brands in Entrepreneur Magazine’s Franchise 500 list. The company ranked third on the Franchise 500 list in 2021.

title: The UPS Store