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IMAGE (spacecraft)

IMAGE (Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration, Explorer 78 or MIDEX-1) is a NASA Medium Explorer mission that studied the global response of the Earth's magnetosphere to changes in the solar wind. It was believed lost but as of August 2018 might be recoverable. It was launched 25 March 2000, at 20:34:43.929 UTC, by a Delta II launch vehicle from Vandenberg Air Force Base on a two-year mission. Almost six years later, it unexpectedly ceased operations in December 2005 during its extended mission and was declared lost. The spacecraft was part of NASA's Sun-Earth Connections Program, and its data has been used in over 400 research articles published in peer-reviewed journals. It had special cameras that provided various breakthroughs in understanding the dynamics of plasma around the Earth. The principal investigator was Jim Burch of the Southwest Research Institute.

In January 2018, an amateur satellite tracker found it to be transmitting some signals back to Earth. NASA made attempts to communicate with the spacecraft and determine its payload status, but has had to track down and adapt old hardware and software to the current systems. On 25 February 2018, contact with IMAGE was again lost only to be reestablished on 4 March 2018. The signal disappeared once again on 5 August 2018. If recovery efforts succeed, NASA may decide to fund a restarted mission.

Overview

IMAGE was the first spacecraft dedicated to imaging the Earth's magnetosphere. IMAGE was a spacecraft developed by the Medium-class Explorer (MIDEX) program, and it was the first spacecraft dedicated to observing the magnetosphere of the Earth, producing comprehensive global images of plasma in the inner magnetosphere. The IMAGE craft was placed in a 1000 km × 46004 km orbit around the Earth, with an inclination of 90.01° (passing over the poles) and a 14.2 hour period.

By acquiring images every 2 minutes in wavelengths invisible to the human eye, it allowed detailed study of the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere and the magnetosphere's response during a magnetic storm. From its distant orbit, the spacecraft produced a wealth of images of the previously invisible region of space in the inner magnetosphere, exceeded all its scientific goals. A senior review in 2005, just previous to its loss, described the mission as "extremely productive", having confirmed several theoretical predictions (e.g. plasmasphere plumes, pre-midnight ring-current injection, and continuous antiparallel reconnection), discovered numerous new and unanticipated phenomena (e.g. plasmasphere shoulders, subauroral proton arcs, and a secondary interstellar neutral atom stream), and answered a set of outstanding questions regarding the source region of kilometric continuum radiation, the role of solar wind pressure pulses in ionospheric outflow, and the relationship between proton and electron auroras during substorms. When the spacecraft went silent in December 2005, it had already been approved a mission extension until 2010.

Costs for IMAGE are estimated at US$132 million, including the spacecraft, instruments, launch vehicle, and ground operations.

Payload
Its science payload consists of three suites of instruments:
 * Energetic neutral atom imagers (LENA, MENA, HENA) — These instruments use hydrogen, helium, and oxygen atoms in the exosphere to form images and determine the properties of their low-, medium- and high-energy parent ions. HENA, the High Energy Neutral Atom imager is a modified version of the MIMI/INCA (Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument/Ion and Neutral Camera) sensor flown on the Cassini–Huygens mission.
 * Ultraviolet imagers (FUV and EUV) — The extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imager detects light from helium atoms in Earth's plasmasphere. The Far ultraviolet (FUV) imager employs three detectors to image the auroras in different wavelengths and measure the distribution of different ions.
 * Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) — This instrument uses pulses of radio waves to image the entire volume of the Earth's magnetic field. With its 502 m-long antenna, it sends out a burst of radio waves, which reflect off of clouds of charged particles between the plasmasphere's outer boundary all the way out to the boundary where the Earth's magnetic field is impacted by the solar wind. RPI also measures naturally occurring plasma waves at the spacecraft's location.

The Central Instrument Data Processor (CIDP) as well as the Command & Data Handling Subsystem (main on-board computer) were built around the mission-proven IBM RAD6000 avionics processors.

Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUV)
The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUV) of the IMAGE mission observes the distribution of He+ in Earth's plasmasphere by detecting its resonantly-scattered emission at 30.4-nm. It records the structure and dynamics of the cold plasma in Earth's plasmasphere on a global scale. The 30.4-nm feature is relatively easy to measure because it is the brightest ion emission from the plasmasphere, it is spectrally isolated, and the background at that wavelength is negligible. Measurements are easy to interpret because the plasmaspheric He+ emission is optically thin, so its brightness is directly proportional to the He+ column abundance. Effective imaging of the plasmaspheric He+ requires global "snapshops" in which the high apogee and the wide field of view of EUV provide in a single exposure a map of the entire plasmasphere. EUV consists of three identical sensor heads, each having a field of view of 30° in diameter. These sensors are tilted relative to one another to cover a fan-shaped field of 84° by 30°, which is swept across the plasmasphere by the spin of the satellite. EUV's spatial resolution is 0.6° of 0.1 RE in the equatorial plane seen from apogee. The sensitivity is 1.9 count/second-Rayleigh, sufficient to map the position of the plasmapause with a time resolution of 10 minutes.

Far Ultraviolet Imager (FUV)
The IMAGE satellite instrument complement includes three Far Ultraviolet (FUV) instruments. In the wavelength region 120-190 nm, a downward-viewing auroral imager is only minimally contaminated by sunlight, scattered from clouds and ground, and radiance of the aurora observed in a nadir viewing geometry can be observed in the presence of the high-latitude dayglow. The Wideband Imaging Camera (WIC) provides broadband ultraviolet images of the aurora for maximum spatial and temporal resolution by imaging the LBH N2 bands of the aurora. The Spectrographic Imager (SI), a monochromatic imager, images different types of aurora, filtered by wavelength. By measuring the Doppler-shifted Lyman-a, the proton-induced component of the aurora can be imaged separately. Finally, the GEO instrument observes the distribution of the geocoronal emission, which is a measure of the neutral background density source for charge exchange in the magnetosphere. The FUV instrument complement looks radially outward from the rotating IMAGE satellite and, therefore, it spends only a short time observing the aurora and the Earth during each spin (120-seconds period). Detailed descriptions of the WIC, SI, GEO, and their individual performance validations can be found in the January 2000 issue of the Space Science Reviews. One primary requirement of the FUV instrument is to maximize photon collection efficiency and use efficiently the short time available for exposures. The FUV auroral imagers WIC and SI both have wide fields of view and take data continuously as the auroral region proceeds through the field of view. To minimize data volume, multiple images are taken and electronically co-added by suitably shifting each image to compensate for the spacecraft rotation. In order to minimize resolution loss, the images have to be distortion -corrected in real time for both WIC and SI prior to co-adding. The distortion correction is using high speed look up tables that are pre-generated by least square fitting to polynomial functions by the on-orbit processor. The instruments were calibrated individually while on stationery platforms, mostly in vacuum chambers as described in the companion papers. Extensive ground-based testing was performed with visible and near UV simulators mounted on a rotating platform to estimate their on-orbit performance.

High-Energy Neutral Atom Imager (HENA)
The High-Energy Neutral Atom (HENA) imager on IMAGE is one of three instruments designed to make observations of the Earth's magnetospheric environment using neutral atom imaging. The HENA instrument determines the velocity, trajectory, energy, and mass of ENAs in the 10-500 keV energy range and from these data generates images of ENA source regions in the inner magnetosphere. The two main HENA components are the sensor and the main electronics unit (MEU). The HENA sensor consists of alternately charged deflection plates mounted in a fan configuration in front of the entrance slit, three Microchannel plate detectors (MCP), a solid-state detector (SSD), two carbon-silicon-polyimide foils (one at the entrance slit, the other placed just in front of the back MCP), and a series of wires and electrodes to steer secondary electrons ejected from the foils (or the SSD) to the MCPs. Power for the MCPs and deflection plates and for secondary electron steering is provided by high-voltage power supplies that reside with the sensor. The MEU contains HENA's data processing unit (DPU), the analog electronics (which amplifies and processes signals from the sensor and performs housekeeping monitoring), analog-to-digital converters, and a low-voltage power supply.

HENA determines the velocity of the ENAs that it detects by measuring their time of flight (ToF) and trajectory through the sensor (from the entrance slit either to the back foil and two-dimensional imaging MCP detector or to the SSD. When an incoming ENA passes through the entrance foil, it produces secondary electrons, which are accelerated and steered to the front imaging MCP. This MCP, the "start" MCP, provides a start signal for the TOF analysis and registers the position at which the ENA penetrated the entrance slit. The ENA then continues through the sensor to the backplane and strikes either the foil in front of the 2-D imaging MCP or the SSD. In the first case, secondary electrons ejected from the back foil trigger a stop pulse in the 2-D imaging MCP, which also registers the position of the incident ENA. If the ENA strikes the SSD instead, the secondary electrons ejected by the impact are steered to the "coincidence" MCP, which provides the TOF stop signal; the position of impact is registered by the SSD. The start and stop signals are processed by the analog ToF electronics in the MEU and digitized for input into the DPU. The start and stop pulses give the ENA's time of flight, while the position measurements reveal its trajectory and thus its path length within the sensor. With these two pieces of information, time of flight and path length, HENA can calculate the ENA's velocity. The energy of the incident ENAs is measured with the SSD. When an ENA strikes the SSD, it generates a current pulse. The amplitude of this pulse (the pulse height) is directly proportional to the amount of energy that the ENA deposits in the SSD crystal. Thus, by analyzing the pulse height, HENA can determine the energy of an ENA incident on the SSD. And as mass is equal to the twice the energy divided by the velocity squared, once the energy and velocity of the ENA have been determined, its mass can be calculated. Calculating mass from the velocity and the SSD energy measurement is the primary technique used by HENA to determine composition of the ENAs. A second technique uses the pulse height of the MCP signal to distinguish between oxygen and hydrogen, the two most common neutral atoms expected in the magnetosphere.

Low-Energy Neutral Atom Imager (LENA)
The Low-Energy Neutral Atom (LENA) imager on IMAGE is one of three instruments designed to make observations of the Earth's magnetospheric environment using neutral atom imaging. The objectives of LENA are to: (1) measure neutrals without interference from electrons, ions or UV; (2) distinguish neutral protons from oxygen; (3) determine ion outflow on five minute time scales over broad range of local times; and, (4) measure energies as low as 10 eV with high counting statistics. The LENA instrument consists of a collimator, conversion unit, extraction lens, dispersive energy analyzer and time-of-flight mass analyzer with position-sensitive particle detection. Neutral particles enter the instrument through a collimator which filters charged particles. LENA converts neutrals to negative ions through a near specular glancing reflection from a tungsten surface. Negative ions from the surface are then collected by an extraction lens which focuses all negative ions with the same energy to a fixed location. In the extraction lens, the ions are accelerated by 20 kV prior to entering the electrostatic analyzer. Finally, the ions pass into a time-of-flight/position sensing section where ion mass, energy, and angle are determined.

Medium-Energy Neutral Atom Imager (MENA)
The Medium-Energy Neutral Atom (MENA) imager on IMAGE is one of three instruments designed to make observations of the Earth's magnetospheric environment using neutral atom imaging. MENA is a slit-type imager designed to detect energetic neutral hydrogen and oxygen atoms with energies ranging from 1 to 30 keV. The instrument determines the time of flight and incidence angle of the incoming ENAs. From these raw data it calculates their trajectory and velocity and generates images of the magnetospheric regions from which they are emitted. The imager consists of three identical sensor heads mounted on a DPU. The three sensor heads are mounted side by side on top of the DPU. The middle sensor looks straight ahead, with a 107° field of view in the plane of the spin axis. The look directions of the two side sensors are offset from that of the middle sensor by 20°. This 20° offset compensates for a 20° blind spot in the center of each detector. The resulting field of view in the plane of the spin axis is 147°. The MENA DPU consists of a single 16-bit Harris RTX2010 microcontroller operating at 4.91 MHz, look-up tables used to process the raw data, a low-voltage power supply, a high-voltage controller, and, for each of the three sensors, the front end time of flight and pulse height electronics and high-voltage power supplies. The DPU communicates with the sensor heads and the Central Instrument Data Processor (CIDP). It monitors instrument health and safety and receives and processes the raw sensor data, producing one image every two minutes (i. e. each spacecraft spin period). It transmits this image, together with a selection of the raw sensor data, event rate data, and housekeeping data, to the CIDP for downlink to Earth.

Radio Plasma Imager (RPI)
The Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) used pulses of radio waves to "sound" nearly the entire volume of the Earth's magnetic field. With its 502 m tip-to-tip antenna, it is one of the biggest sensors ever flown in space. Like a policeman's radar detector, the RPI's 10-watt transmitter sent out a burst of radio waves, which reflected off of clouds of charged particles between the plasmasphere's outer boundary all the way out to the boundary where the Earth's magnetic field is impacted by the solar wind. The RPI "radar" scans across a spectrum from 3 kilohertz (cycles per second) up to 3 megahertz, spanning the entire AM radio band and beyond. Every five minutes, an image was built from the returned radio signals that will contain information about the direction, speed and density of distant plasma clouds. The instrument was developed by a team led by Dr. Bodo Reinisch, University of Massachusetts at Lowell. The Central Instrument Data Processor (CIDP) provided acquisition, compression, storage and telemetry formatting of science data from all imagers, routes commands to the imagers and interfaces with the spacecraft systems. The CIDP was developed by SwRI.

Lost contact
On 18 December 2005, the satellite failed to make an expected contact at 16:20 UTC. An earlier contact had ended successfully at 07:39 the same day with no sign of trouble. Over the following days and weeks, commands were sent "blind" to reset the transmitter, change antennas, and otherwise attempt to re-establish contact with the spacecraft, but no signal (not even an unmodulated carrier wave) was received. Recovery efforts included using different NASA Deep Space Network (NASA DSN) antennas, using non-NASA ground stations in case there was some systematic NASA DSN error, transmitting no commands for several days to trigger a 72-hour watchdog timer, increasing transmit power in case the antenna was badly misaligned, and optical and radar observations of the satellite to check for debris, change in spin rate or change in orbit indicative of a collision or other damage.

The spacecraft was also commanded to slightly increase its spin rate and asymmetrically turn on its heaters. If observed, these would indicate that it could receive commands but not transmit. Neither change was seen and analysis later indicated that the temperature change would have been undetectable. An attempt to observe the craft's temperature to determine if it was completely dead or consuming the power expected in safe mode was inconclusive.

A careful failure analysis revealed that, among plausible causes for an abrupt bidirectional loss of communication, the Solid State Power Converter (SSPC) for the transponder had, among its features, an "instant trip" shutdown in response to a high-current ($100 A$) short circuit. Critically, such a shutdown was not reported in the power supply's telemetry output and this lack was not documented. Because it was undocumented the spacecraft's hardware and software had no provision for attempting to reset the SSPC if it reported good status. This would result in the observed symptoms: no radio communication with an apparently undamaged spacecraft.

Although such a short circuit would be almost impossible without fatal damage to the spacecraft, the shutdown could be falsely triggered by a radiation-induced single event upset. It could be simply fixed by power-cycling the supply, but the spacecraft design left no way to send such a command, nor was one built in.

The same problem with the same model of power supply had affected the Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) and Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellites (launched after IMAGE), but they were able to recover.

In January 2006, NASA declared the mission over, declaring that "Preliminary analysis indicated the craft's power supply subsystems failed, rendering it lifeless". Despite this, they continued to try and establish contact. In early 2006, NASA convened a board of experts to figure out what went wrong. After several months they created a report in which they theorized that IMAGE had tripped a power breaker and might fix itself.

It was hoped that an eclipse when the spacecraft passed through the Earth's shadow in October 2007 would result in a sufficiently deep supply voltage sag that it would trigger a total bus reset, which would cause a power cycle of the suspect supply. However, attempts to contact the craft after this eclipse were not successful.

Recovery efforts
On 20 January 2018 IMAGE was found by Canadian radio amateur and satellite tracker Scott Tilley to be broadcasting, and he reported it to NASA. He had been scanning the S-band (microwaves) in the hopes of finding the Zuma satellite.

On 24 January 2018, Richard Burley of NASA reported that they were trying to establish communication with the satellite using the NASA DSN. Two days later, Burley reported that engineers at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) successfully acquired the signal, and confirmed on 30 January 2018 that IMAGE is the source. It is not known when the satellite started broadcasting, but re-examination of old data recorded by Tilley and fellow satellite tracker Cees Bassa showed transmissions from the same satellite in October 2016 and May 2017. Bassa hypothesized that while the 2007 eclipse did not manage to reset the satellite, another one did the trick, probably sometime between 2014 and 2016.

On 8 February 2018, NASA published a detailed account of the IMAGE satellite's recovery. The satellite was transmitting data beyond simple telemetry, indicating that some of its six onboard instruments were still active. NASA engineers are attempting to determine the satellite's status, but since the software and hardware type used in the IMAGE Mission Operations Center have been discarded and no longer exist, they are in the process of adapting old software and databases to their modern systems and track down replacement hardware.

On 25 February 2018, NASA again lost contact with the satellite, but not in the same manner it did in 2005. Richard Burley, former IMAGE mission director, stated that he believes there is an issue with IMAGE's spin axis in relation to its medium-gain antenna placement. If NASA can regain control of the spacecraft, and the status of data and ground systems can be assessed, it will decide if it can fund a mission restart.

On 4 March 2018, the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University reported detecting the signal from the satellite, but it was too faint to lock onto.

On 9 May 2018, Scott Tilley again detected a strong signal from IMAGE. Hours later NASA and APL engineers had locked onto the signal and were receiving telemetry. Commands were transmitted to IMAGE, but for unknown reasons the spacecraft only acknowledged receipt of a fraction of those commands.

On 28 August 2018, NASA announced that the IMAGE team had stopped receiving any signals from the satellite, as previously happened in winter, and would continue to try sending commands.

On 20 January 2019, a full year passed since the spacecraft's rediscovery date and it has remained out of contact since 5 August 2018. Efforts continue, especially following eclipses which might reset the electronics.

title: IMAGE (spacecraft)


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Talk:Hamburger Helper

34
Jeffrey Dahmer died at the age of 34 and had Hamburger Helper as his last meal, according to Richard Kalapos. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:18B:8200:5830:612F:F0E7:4C5D:F57F (talk) 04:09, 21 January 2017 (UTC)

Ravioli
Ravioli and Cheese flavor seen here http://www.shopwell.com/hamburger-helper-home-cooked-skillet-meal-ravioli-cheese/meal-kits/p/1600027890 isn't listed under either current or discontinued. Anyone know the status of this 208.95.202.18 (talk) 22:24, 31 December 2012 (UTC)

Zesty Italian
It's listed as a discontinued flavor but for all effective purposes it's actually been changed into the Italian Sausage Flavor. After growing up on the stuff, I can tell you that the only discernable difference is an ever so slight change in the aftertaste.

So what is this, exactly?
I'm not entirely sure from the article. Is it just some seasoning or does it have rice or pasta something to bulk out the meat too? Sockatume 02:33, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Agreed. It is not clear what hamburger helper actually is/is for 121.73.151.234 (talk) 09:37, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

I came to this page to find out what this stuff is, and I'm confused. It sounds disgusting, but I'm not sure what it is meant to do. Is it something that is meant to be added while making hamburgers? Adding browned ground beef, water and milk to a pasta product sounds like a really strange (and improbable) way to make hamburgers. But I'm not sure how it makes 'a complete dish' either. Is it meant to make a loose ground beef type dish? Or is it like a pasta/rice/potato dish with a kind of ground meat sauce? Anyway, the whole thing reads like a (spoof?) advertisement and could do with a revision. AliasMe (talk) 07:15, 4 May 2009 (UTC)
 * In the U.S., this is unquestionably a notable product, with knock-offs, store brands, "quick and easy" (just add water and microwave) versions, etc. Commercials have been all over U.S. TV for decades.
 * As to what the finished dish looks like, imagine macaroni and cheese with crumbles of ground beef mixed in and you have a pretty close approximation of the "Cheseburger Macaroni". Other varieties use different noodles and sauces. Tuna Helper uses tuna instead of ground beef. Maybe photos would help?
 * The basic idea of the product is simplicity. Originally, ground beef + water + a box of the stuff made a meal for the whole family in one pan in about half an hour. For whatever reason, you now need milk as well. New pasta tech has knocked about 5 minutes of prep time. Also, I suppose the age old need to extend meat is an issue. - SummerPhD (talk) 13:56, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah like the last guy suggested, this is not to make hamburgers. It is to use what we call "hamburger meat" or "hamburger" in the US (ground beef) to make pasta dishes with cheese and spices. So the seasonings and pasta are in the box, and mixing it all together makes things it calls lasagna, stroganoff, etc, but are basically different types of sauces with pasta, generally cheese, and meat. While it's simple fare, I can assure you it's yummy, and it is definitely easy to make. And as noted there is tuna helper, which makes dishes with canned tuna. 70.112.210.120 (talk) 07:07, 13 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this: 'what we call "hamburger meat" or "hamburger" in the US (ground beef)' --- I think the main problem for non-Americans is where the "hamburger" comes in. The rest is clear and easily understood, but I had a hard time seeing where that damned burger was. It might be helpful to mention/link something about this. Idontcareanymore (talk) 01:22, 10 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this: 'what we call "hamburger meat" or "hamburger" in the US (ground beef)' --- I think the main problem for non-Americans is where the "hamburger" comes in. The rest is clear and easily understood, but I had a hard time seeing where that damned burger was. It might be helpful to mention/link something about this. Idontcareanymore (talk) 01:22, 10 April 2014 (UTC)

advertisement
this reads like an advertisement. Also, what is the credibility of this seventies page?

Helping Hand claim
On the linked site for product information, there is no mention or picture of the "Helping Hand" mentioned in the article, although it is supposed to be "on the packaging" and there is a picture of the package on the linked site. Unless the "Helping Hand" claim can be verified, it should be removed. JesseW 22:38, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've taken this out. —tregoweth 23:55, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Good. JesseW 02:30, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't know what you guys' issue with the Helping Hand was. I can remember seeing him in commercials for as far back as I can remember the commercials, and as someone who is a relatively frequent consumer of various kinds of Hamburger Helper, I can attest that he is in fact to be found on the packaging of every one of the boxes I've got in my cupboard at the moment.Toroca 01:30, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Anyone know what the original flavor was for Hamburger Helper? And what it was like? From what I remember it had flat noodles. 66.32.56.100 01:01, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Rice Oriental
I grew up with this stuff, but now can only find it in one store in my area. The box has been updated, so it's not like they're just selling old stock. Can anyone else out there find it to buy?--Sar e kOfVulcan 16:06, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I still buy it frequently at one of the supermarkets in my little rural town. I have noticed that it's not one of the brands available at Wal-Mart supercenters, probably because they only seem to carry the five or six most popular flavors. When I lived in Denver, I could find it at all four of the major supermarket chains, but NOT at every individual store for those chains. I don't understand why it's not as popular; Rice Oriental has been my favorite Hamburger Helper since I was little.Toroca 21:40, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

I had some a few weeks ago. When I saw it in my cubbard I was wondering what I was thinking when I bought it, but after I made it, I was surprised, it was tasty. AbstractClass 23:31, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

I too love this one....i also love the cheesy jambalaya these 2 are my all time favorites and i cant find either one of them anywhere does anyone know if i could order the dadgum things online? i dont even like the others that much so i dont even buy them but i sure would like to fine these 2 any help? 68.62.44.206 23:22, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

2Lbs of lean ground beef. 2 cups of parboiled rice. ( uncle bens) 4 Tbs of less sodium soy sauce. ( kikkoman) 4 packs of onion gravy mix. ( McCormick) 1 tsp of onion powder. 1 tsp of garlic powder. 5 1/2 cups of water. brown ground beef, drain off excess fat, add rice, onion powder, garlic powder, water, soy sauce, and gravy mix, bring to a simmer, stir well and cover, 25 minutes or until rice is tender, will thicken as it cools. this is as close as i can get to what the box meal taste like. enjoy, from DeeBeesHive@AOL.com. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.30.160.218 (talk) 23:28, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Other Helpers
Should the "Other Helpers" section be expanded to include product names from the Tuna and Chicken Helper lines, or should those lines be given their own pages? There are at least a dozen flavors of those two products.Toroca 21:45, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Vandals
This page was vandalized by someone who thought it would be funny to write "they are DELISH!!!" by macaroni helper's name. Fixed the problem! dmurawski

CONFUSED.COM
I concur with Sockatume's comment above. I've never heard of this stuff, it was mentioned on a TV programme and I came here to find out what it was, however this article did not help in any way. Can someone, presumably American, make it clear what this product actually is? --Brideshead 20:38, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Answer
It is a boxed dinner containing uncooked pasta and seasonings appropriate to the meal. It is left to the cook to provide liquids (milk, water), and meat.

It's also very unhealthy! Has little nutritional value and is packed with cholestorol, fat {[trans fat]}, and sodium.

 * The anonymous poster above clearly doesn't know what they're talking about. If one examines the nutritional information for the various products, it becomes apparent that for most of them, the unhealthy aspects are not present in the packaged product itself. Online, all I've been able to find is the info for the prepared product, but on the actual boxes, the nutrition information is supplied for the product as packaged, also (meaning, without the hamburger or milk or whatever ingredients the consumer must add).

 * What becomes clear from examining the on-box nutrition information is that the unhealthy aspects such as fat and cholesterol comes from the addition of the hamburger; these aspects are either not present in the packaged product or are only present in small amounts. The exception is sodium, which these products do tend to be high in (but then again, it's almost impossible to find a prepackaged meal product that's NOT high in sodium). Also, there is NO trans fat in any of the ones I've been able to check the nutrition information for. Further, the prepared product does contain moderate amounts of some nutrients, like calcium, niacin, and folic acid.

 * Some might say this is "original research," but I dispute that considering this information is printed on tens of millions of boxes of these products found in thousands of grocery stores. All I've done is read the information provided by the company. Toroca (talk) 22:16, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Composition comment
This article needs to be improved; the previous comments on "what exactly is 'hamburger helper'?" make this clear. The introduction should be edited to contain a better explanation of the item. For example: "Hamburger helper is [insert exact definition which does not include the contents of the dinner itself]. It contains [insert ingredients/contents]." Can someone who knows exactly what this item is and what it contains edit this page properly? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.109.71.98 (talk) 17:01, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I cleaned up the lead a little bit. I hope this makes things a little more clear. This product is a little hard to describe to people who aren't aware of it or have never used it (sort of like vegemite or Spam). The problem is, you can't really describe the food adequately without describing its contents. --Jtalledo (talk) 22:54, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

Oven Classics??
I want to find the Oven Classics made for Hamburger Helper- in particular the meatloaf and Mashed Potatoes! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.147.124.138 (talk) 13:50, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

Cultural references?
Parodied on a recent episode of 'Family Guy'. I'm sure there's been others ('The Simpsons' comes to mind as an obvious one, though I'm not sure it's been done before).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Guy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TjMqd7wQe8&feature=related

Also how about a section for past and present slogans? Macshill (talk) 07:21, 14 February 2010 (UTC)
 * So-called "cultural references" have repeatedly been found to be inappropriate in most cases. The exception? When references to a subject is cited in independent reliable sources. Were it not for this limitation, some topics would be completely overwhelmed by cultural references. Imagine, for instance, if the article God included all such references: every song, poem, play, novel, movie, TV show, etc. that mentions "God" would be listed. The list would be huge, woefully incomplete and, essentially, worthless. - SummerPhD (talk) 19:59, 14 February 2010 (UTC)
 * So-called "cultural references" have repeatedly been found to be inappropriate in most cases. The exception? When references to a subject is cited in independent reliable sources. Were it not for this limitation, some topics would be completely overwhelmed by cultural references. Imagine, for instance, if the article God included all such references: every song, poem, play, novel, movie, TV show, etc. that mentions "God" would be listed. The list would be huge, woefully incomplete and, essentially, worthless. - SummerPhD (talk) 19:59, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

Name Change?
The article says they changed their name. If this is true, the article may need to as well, w/a redirect.Smarkflea (talk) 00:05, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

Soundcloud promotion
Over the past 45 years, Hamburger Helper has run numerous promotional campaigns. There have been t-shirts, oven mitts, stuffed toys, TV/radio/newspaper/magazine ads, coupons, in store displays and a lot more. They all have one thing in common: the attracted no notice from independent reliable sources. Now, a promotion has come along that is available on the web, giving us a primary source we can point to and say, "Look, it's true!" Yes, it is now verifiable, but it is still trivial. 5 years from now, in all likelihood, no one will discuss this promotion in discussing Hamburger Helper. If, OTOH, this is one of those rare promotions that does have lasting impact in some way, we will know through the existence of independent reliable sources. Until then, this is the Hamburger Helper t-shirt from 1983 stuffed in the back corner of someone's closet. - 05:04, 2 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Comments? - Sum mer PhD v2.0 03:02, 3 April 2016 (UTC)

Still Under Betty Crocker?
We just made a box of Hamburger Helper today and Betty Crocker wasn't on the box at all. All there was was the info under the nutrition fact about being distributed by General Mills. Is Hamburger Helper still under Betty Crocker or are they their own brand now? 208.167.254.206 (talk) 20:15, 3 September 2016 (UTC)
 * The homepage for Helper (formerly "Hamburger Helper") is http://www.bettycrocker.com/products/helper. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 22:52, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

past tense?
Should this be past tense? Meaning, does the brand still offer all of these? "Hamburger Helper offers a variety of flavors that include Lasagna, Cheeseburger Macaroni, Bacon Cheeseburger, Philly Cheesesteak and others." --Ygtz792 (talk) 18:33, 12 December 2016 (UTC)
 * The website currently lists something like 20 to 30 varieties. I can't imagine any reason we would need all of them. I'd be willing to bet varieties come and go. If anyone has an opinion on whether we should list a few examples, I'm more than willing to listen to ideas on how we might choose which to mention. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 01:28, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

still a few problems
For instance, the lede declares that the Helpers
 * create a complete flavorful dish

yet there's no support for the "flavorful" claim, and not only is the other modifier unsupported but there's no attempt at all to explain w.t.f. "complete" — are we talking the mythical "complete breakfast" of 1960s sugared-cereal ads? or maybe something like complete protein? If the latter, then there's gonna have to be some discussion of nutrition… which (perhaps predictably enough) is a word that never appears at all in this article, ostensibly about a food product central to many meals. Weeb Dingle (talk) 21:29, 22 June 2019 (UTC)

 * I've taken a crack at cleaning this up. Yes, "flavorful" is promotional and POV. Pretty much every food is supposed to be "flavorful". Whether or not they succeed is the reason there is more than one ice cream flavor in the world.
 * "Complete" is a different animal. As advertised (and in my house as a child), the idea is that the preparation of an entire meal takes place in one pan. I call similar recipe ideas my "one pan wonders". Rather than, for example, pasta in a pot, sauce in the pan and a bowl of salad with bread in the oven, you make one thing in one pan and you are done. Less work, less cleanup, etc. The best I could do and keep it brief was "a complete one-dish meal". I welcome alternative approaches.
 * As for nutrition, I can't remember any mention in the advertising or on the packages (other than the required nutritional data). Yes, I'm sure many a hurried meal in the 1970s was augmented with a can of green beans and that assuaged some parental guilt. Whatever. The advertising focused on the star of the show: simplicity and easy. No doubt some period articles in Good Housekeeping and such recommended the quick can of veggies for an easy way to feel better about what you are serving your kids nutritional boost. If anyone wants to track that stuff down, have at it. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 00:56, 23 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Actually, I like the "one-pan meal" description as a definition for "complete," though then I'm stuck for a supporting source.

 * But I'm restraining myself from essayism. Now that I've got the concept in my head, it seems clear that the Helpers are essentially a stovetop casserole or hotdish, where
 * A hotdish … contains a starch, a meat, and a canned or frozen vegetable mixed with canned soup
 * so having advantages such as shorter cook time — most hotdishes require the meat to be cooked separately, and most Helpers are ready to serve in about the time it'd take to heat up an oven.

 * And using that "complete" we can set aside all the "balanced nutrition" questions! So, thanks: around here ANY progress is often remarkable. Weeb Dingle (talk) 15:51, 23 June 2019 (UTC)

History
I notice there isn't very much detail in the History section. I found some good info at https://blog.generalmills.com/2017/02/how-helper-got-its-start/, but I'm not sure that counts as a credible source.

64.222.110.200 (talk) 01:46, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hamburger Helper


text: Category:Film by year

title: Category:Film by year


text:
Talk:Computer addiction

Lumber skills
Please leave the caption as-is. I know the source of this picture and they're leveling LUMBER SKILLS. CrookedAsterisk 12:05, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * My bad. Having never played the game, I assumed that was someone trying to be funny and failing. I won't revert it now that I know it's not vandalism. --Habap 14:00, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Please consider[WP:NOR] and [WP:SPS]FlashNerdX (talk) 16:59, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

Environment vs. Object
"A variation of computer addiction is the proposed Internet addiction disorder, which suggests that people can not only be addicted to an object, such as a computer, but also an environment, i.e. the Internet.". What I don't see is how a computer doesn't setup an environment for a 'computer' addict. When I am using a computer, I don't care about the actual object, but about the environment it puts me in, and that is what I have been personally addicted to. I also can't truly differentiate between a computer and internet addiction except that one is part of the other, leading me to think that there isn't truly a computer addiction but an addiction to any specific environment created by a computer, such as World of Warcraft, or the internet (which is of course technically not inside 'a' computer, nonetheless the personal environment is created by one). Thus this sentence makes no sense to me whatsoever. Xilliah (talk) 11:26, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

POV
Isn't this article rather POV? Andre ( talk )A| 22:42, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Where? - Lifefeed 20:19, Dec 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * What? Epic Genius 14:22, 19 March 2013 (UTC)

OCD
Knowing what I do about a disease I am a borderline case of, what the heck is OCD doing on that list? It stems from fears (checking closet for monsters in children, washing hands etc.) I cant imagine someone being afraid of the computer dying or something. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.144.157.70 (talk • contribs)

 * There's more to OCD than fear. Be more specific. --DanielCD 19:17, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Our own page on obsessive-compulsive disorder states that it's an anxiety disorder dealing mainly with several different forms of abnormal anxiety, fear, phobia and nervous condition. Wouldn't it be better related to compulsive addiction? --Roy Laurie 22:22, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

These two should be merged because they are basically the same so there is no contest it should be merged. --bigko12 12:30 July,18:2006 {UTC}

Proposed merger discussion
The template for Game addiction's discussion about the merger points here, even though the discussion is on it's own talk page (Talk:Game addiction). Just wanted to clarify. --Roy Laurie 22:35, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Image description
The images is supposed to be of an "addicted" teen playing runescape. But there's no source for the fact that this kid is "addicted" -- couldn't we just say that it's of "a teenager playing runescape, an addictive computer game"? Graymornings (talk) 02:30, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

There is also no proof that they are playing RuneScape. The image doesn't even show the screen of the PCFlashNerdX (talk) 16:56, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

and it also (i would say) a prejudicative atmoshphere in this image : Dark Computer Lab,  Intense Stare, Youthful user. Who says this isn 't finlan during the arctic winter? Who says this boy used his computer so long? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.161.60.137 (talk) 16:12, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Addicted to Online Gaming : Socom
I need help with my addiction with this game called socom. Can anyone relate to me. I have stopped playing, but cant stop thinking about it. All the friends i have made on the game. Are they real friends. I talk to them and have known them through it for years ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.235.193.52 (talk) 22:38, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Hatchetizing
Cutting to the talk page:

OR: A variation of computer addiction is the proposed Internet addiction disorder, which suggests that people can not only be addicted to an object, such as a computer, but also an environment, i.e. the Internet. This needs a source.

As gaming in the form of PC games and game consoles from various companies like Nintendo and Sega caught on and spread through the end of the millennium, the use of Internet as an increasingly viable medium for communication also rose, and traditional offline activities such as politics and dating began to take advantage of online capability. As a result, computer addiction became a more serious study, and a more vocal social concern.

Please re-add only with sourcing to show the cause and effect.

Please also consider "computer addiction" as separate from gaming or Internet or web-- just the feedback loops and interaction with the computer. Art4med (talk) 18:17, 6 January 2013 (UTC)

Proposal of page deletion
This page is severely lacking good sources and 'computer addiction' is way too vague. What exactly would you be addicted to? The physical object? Addiction to video games, the internet, social media, maybe even chain mails, yes. But just 'computers' is too broad. It's like being addicted to sound, or animals. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Matthias2207 (talk • contribs) 22:02, 2 December 2013 (UTC)

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Join us in Improving "Computer Addiction" Article
Hi, This is Gerry (Gerry0444) collaboratively working as a group with Man(Username2211) and Bironke(Corine7) to improve this Computer Addiction article. Please feel free to drop by and leave a message or suggestion. Gerry0444 (talk) 03:17, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Is "marital infidelity" really an accurate representation of the referenced source?
The source that is provided states.. "Computer addiction may also present with comorbidities such as depression, gambling, substance abuse, and marital infidelity and divorce."

Yet here both depression and marital infidelity are listed as symptoms, not "comorbidities". All of these other mentioned comorbidities are also not included in the list of symptoms on this page, which makes me wonder why particularly these two were included.

Ybllaw (talk) 12:46, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Computer addiction


text:
Mount Revelstoke National Park

Mount Revelstoke National Park is a national park located adjacent to the city of Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada. The park is relatively small for a national park, covering 260 km2. It is located in the Selkirk Mountains and was founded in 1914. Approximately 600,000 visitors enter Mount Revelstoke and nearby Glacier National Park each year.

History
Mount Revelstoke is part of a string of mountain national parks along the Canadian Pacific Railway corridor including Banff, Yoho, and Glacier. Established in 1914, its creation came later than the other mountain national parks which date to the 1880s. The initiative to establish a park was led by local residents of Revelstoke; the mountaineering and skiing clubs worked with municipal officials and the local Progress Club to build the first trail to the summit of Mount Revelstoke in 1910. Park boundaries were extended southward toward the Revelstoke townsite in 1920. A lodge and tea house, known as Heather Lake Lodge, were constructed in the 1930s, and demolished in 1966.

Meadows in the Sky Parkway
The 26-kilometre summit road, now known as the Meadows in the Sky Parkway, was started in 1911, and was completed in 1927. During the First World War, Parks Commissioner J.B. Harkin authorized the use of interned "enemy aliens", mostly men from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, on construction projects in the national parks. An internment camp was constructed on the slopes of Mount Revelstoke in 1915. Over 200 interned men worked on the road to the summit, but began to refuse work once cold weather hampered them in the fall. The camp was abandoned and the men moved to other camps in the region.

Skiing
By the early 20th century, Revelstoke had become a popular skiing area, one of the first ski destinations in North America. Mount Revelstoke became the home of a ski-jumping facility in 1915; this was expanded to Olympic specifications in 1933. Other downhill runs were added, and Mount Revelstoke hosted many international competitions in the first half of the century. The jump was the longest natural jump in Canada, and international records were set there. Nels Nelsen was an early supporter of the skiing facilities and set several of the jumping records. The last event was held in 1971, and the ski area was converted to a trail system for hiking and downhill mountain biking.

Climate
The park contains a portion of one of the world's few inland temperate rainforests. Steep, rugged mountains can be found in a warm, moist climate. A variety of plant and animal life is typical with stands of old-growth Western Redcedar and Western Hemlock, a forest type which is rapidly declining outside of protected areas. The park's inland rainforest also has an isolated population of banana slugs which marks the easternmost boundary of their distribution in British Columbia.

Fauna
This national park protects a small herd of the threatened caribou as well as providing habitats for cougars, grizzly bears, lynxes, black bears, red foxes, moose, martens, coyotes, a variety of bats, timber wolves, several species of shrews, voles, mice, wolverines, and mountain goats.

Flora
A variety of wildflowers grow in the park, some of which include Arctic lupine, glacier lily, pink mountain heather, willowherb, and spotted saxifrage. Wetland plant species that are found in the park include skunk cabbage, duckweed, and horsetail. Lichen, moss, and fungi also grow in the park's temperate rainforest habitat.

Tourism
The Meadows-in-the-Sky Parkway is a paved mountain road open during the snow free months. The parkway begins in the rainforests of the park's southwest corner, winds upward through the sub-alpine forests and ends in the rolling sub-alpine wildflower meadows. The Monashee Mountains rise to the west, with the Selkirk range to the east.

Giant Cedars Boardwalk is a 500 m. (0.3 mi.) interpretive trail that twists through a stand of old-growth western red cedar and hemlock trees, some more than 800 years old. Exhibits along the way explore the secrets of this inland rainforest.

Skunk Cabbage Boardwalk is a 1.2 km. (0.75 mi.) interpretive trail that leads through valley bottom rainforest and fragile wetlands inhabited by muskrats, beavers, bears and the strange skunk cabbage plant. Exhibits also help to identify the many birds that migrate from South and Central America to the Skunk Cabbage area each year.

title: Mount Revelstoke National Park


text:
Crinan

Crinan is a name of Gaelic origin and it has a number of contexts:

 * Crinan, Argyll, a village in Scotland
 * The Crinan Canal, a waterway in Scotland with one of its outlets at Crinan, linking Loch Fyne with Loch Crinan
 * Crínán of Dunkeld, a powerful Scottish lord around the beginning of the 11th Century and the father of Duncan I of Scotland
 * Crinan is a statistical area in Appleby, a suburb of Invercargill, New Zealand

title: Crinan


text:
Category:Cossacks

Articles relating to the Cossacks.

title: Category:Cossacks


text: User talk:80.74.97.135

title: User talk:80.74.97.135


text:
Talk:Metcalfe's law

How you measure that value?
Value can be measured as number of users using the system. But I am not sure whether there is any precise meaning of value in the context of Metcalfe's law.

Perhaps it would be better to explain that the value of a system is a function of the number of users, then describe the nature of that function, without being so specific.

[--anon.]

 * Are all nodes of value?
 * Can some nodes even represent negative value?

 * A negative value node might be defined as being an influence that effectively suppresses the value of interconnectivity by injecting into the network negative interference.

 * An example on a computer network might be SPAM, virii, Denial of Service attacks, etc. An example on a human level might be the annoying guy on a chat room that "flames" other members so that discussions get no where as members react to what the flamers says (or worse, leave the network).

 * As more connections are made, the likelihood of a negative node, or nodes, becoming part of the network increases. This would result in an increase in interference and a suppression of value gained from being connected to more nodes on the network.

 * [--other anon.]

 * Odlyzko and Tilly themselves address the issue of some nodes in a network which subtract from its value (spammers, etc.) as well as the negative value of being faced with too many choices.  They refer to two sources (McAfee and Oliveau 2002, Rohlfs 2001) which make the same observation.  Maybe in the paragraph about Odlyzko and Tilly there should be a reference to this point?  Perhaps, "Some connections are even of negative value, for example those which result in unwanted calls from telemarketers." [--anonymous]

 * what would be a formula to convert a network size back to an original number of people (or a close estimate)? [--another anon.]

Metcalf's clarification.
It states that 1 telephone can make 2 connection and 5 telphones can make 10 connections... It seems to me that 2 telephones to make 2 connections. 5 phones can connect to 20 connections. The falacy is directional. Metcalfe states 2 phones can make a  single connection. phone 1 to phone 2. Each phone can call the other etc. A to B is one connection and B to A is another connection. It can not be stated the A to B and B to A are the same. How could it be written otherwise?

166.205.147.19 (talk) 19:43, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metcalfe's law


text:
Alice Neel

Alice Neel (January 28, 1900 – October 13, 1984) was an American visual artist. Recognized for her paintings of friends, family, lovers, poets, artists, and strangers, Neel is considered one of the greatest American portraitists of the 20th century. Her career spanned from the 1920s to 1980s.

Her paintings have an expressionistic use of line and color, psychological acumen, and emotional intensity. She pursued a career as a figurative painter during a period when abstraction was favored, and she did not begin to gain critical praise for her work until the 1960s. Her work contradicts and challenges the traditional and objectified nude depictions of women by her male predecessors. This is done by depicting women through a female gaze, illustrating them as being consciously aware of the objectification by men and the demoralizing effects of the male gaze.

Early life
Alice Neel was born on January 28, 1900, in Merion Square, Pennsylvania. Her father was George Washington Neel, an accountant for the Pennsylvania Railroad, and her mother was Alice Concross Hartley Neel. In mid-1900 her family moved to the rural town of Colwyn, Pennsylvania. Young Alice was the fourth of five children with three brothers and a sister. Her siblings were named Hartley, Albert, Lillian, and George Washington Jr. Her oldest brother, Hartley, died of diphtheria shortly after she was born. He was eight years old. She was raised in a straight-laced, lower-middle-class family during a time when there were limited expectations and opportunities for women. Her mother had said to her: "I don't know what you expect to do in the world, you're only a girl." From a young age Alice wanted to be an artist, even with little exposure to art.

In 1918, after graduating from high school, she took the civil service exam and got a high-paying clerical position in order to help support her parents. After three years of work, taking art classes by night in Philadelphia, Neel enrolled in the fine art program at the Philadelphia School of Design for Women (now Moore College of Art & Design) in 1921. In her student works she rejected impressionism, the popular style at the time, and instead embraced the Ashcan School of Realism. It is believed this influence came from one of the most prominent figures of the Ashcan School, Robert Henri, who also taught at Philadelphia School of Design for Women. At Philadelphia School of Design for Women, she won honorable mention in her painting class for the Francisca Naiade Balano Prize two years in a row. In 1925 Neel received the Kern Doge Prize for Best Painting in her life class. She graduated from Philadelphia School of Design for Women in 1925.

Cuba
In 1924, Neel met Carlos Enríquez, an upper-class Cuban painter, at the Chester Springs summer school run by PAFA. The couple married on June 1, 1925, in Colwyn, Pennsylvania. Neel soon moved to Havana to live with Enríquez's family. In Havana, Neel was embraced by the burgeoning Cuban avant-garde, a set of young writers, artists and musicians. In this environment Neel developed the foundations of her lifelong political consciousness and commitment to equality. Neel later said she had her first solo exhibition in Havana, but there are no dates or locations to confirm this. In March 1927, Neel exhibited with her husband in the 12th Salon des Bellas Artes. This exhibition also included Eduardo Abela, Víctor Manuel García Valdés, Marcelo Pogolotti, and Amelia Peláez who were all part of the Cuban Vanguardia Movement. During this time, she had seven servants and lived in a mansion.

Personal difficulties, themes for art
Neel's daughter, Santillana, was born on December 26, 1926, in Havana. In 1927, though, the couple returned to the United States to live in New York. Just a month before Santillana's first birthday, she died of diphtheria. The trauma caused by Santillana's death infused the content of Neel's paintings, setting a precedent for the themes of motherhood, loss, and anxiety that permeated her work for the duration of her career. Shortly following Santillana's death, Neel became pregnant with her second child. On November 24, 1928, Isabella Lillian (called Isabetta) was born in New York City. Isabetta's birth was the inspiration for Neel's Well Baby Clinic, a bleak portrait of mothers and babies in a maternity clinic more reminiscent of an insane asylum than a nursery.

In the spring of 1930, Carlos had given the impression that he was going overseas to look for a place to live in Paris. Instead, he returned to Cuba, taking Isabetta with him. During the time of Enriquez's absence, Neel sublet her New York apartment and traveled to work in the studio of her friends and fellow painters Ethel V. Ashton and Rhonda Myers.

Mourning the loss of her husband and daughter, Neel had a nervous breakdown, was hospitalized, and attempted suicide. She was placed in the suicide ward of the Philadelphia General Hospital.

"Even in the insane asylum, she painted. Alice loved a wretch. She loved the wretch in the hero and the hero in the wretch. She saw that in all of us, I think."

Deemed stable almost a year later, Neel was released from the sanatorium in 1931 and returned to her parents' home. Following an extended visit with her close friend and frequent subject, Nadya Olyanova, Neel returned to New York.

Depression era
There Neel painted the local characters, including Joe Gould, whom she depicted in 1933 with multiple penises, which represented his inflated ego and "self-deception" about who he was and his unfulfilled ambitions. The painting, a rare survivor of her early works, has been shown at Tate Modern.

During the Depression, Neel was one of the first artists to work for the Works Progress Administration. At the end of 1933, Neel was offered $30 a week to participate in the Public Works of Art Project (PWAP) during an interview at the Whitney Museum. She had been living in poverty. While Neel participated in the PWAP and the Works Progress Administration (WPA)/Federal Art Project, her work gained some recognition in the art world. While enrolled in these government programs she painted in a realist style and her subjects were mostly Depression-era street scenes and Communist thinkers and leaders. Some of these sitters included Mother Bloor, the poet Kenneth Fearing, and Pat Whalen. She had an affair with a man named Kenneth Doolittle who was a heroin addict and a sailor. In 1934, he set afire 350 of her watercolors, paintings and drawings. At this time, her husband Carlos proposed to reunite, although in the end the couple neither reunited nor officially filed for divorce.

She consorted with artists, intellectuals, and political leaders of the Communist Party, all of whom became subjects for her paintings. Her work glorified subversion and sexuality, depicting whimsical scenes of lovers and nudes, like a watercolor she made in 1935, Alice Neel and John Rothschild in the Bathroom, which showed the naked pair peeing. In the 1930s, Neel gained a reputation as an artist, and established a good standing within her circle of downtown intellectuals and Communist Party leaders. While Neel was never an official Communist Party member, her affiliation and sympathy with the ideals of Communism remained constant. In the 1930s, Neel moved to the Spanish Harlem and began painting her neighbors, specifically women and children.

Female nude portraits
The summer of 1930 was a period in her life that she described "as one of her most productive" because that was when she painted her earliest female nudes. Initially Neel preferred painting men to women. She believed women in art represented a dreary way of life consisting of serving men. It was during the time when she felt most vulnerable because of the loss of her children and separation from her husband. That autumn she had a nervous breakdown and had to be institutionalized. Neel's subject matter changed; she went from painting portraits of ordinary people, family, friends, strangers, and well-known art critics to female nudes. The female nude in Western art had always represented a "Woman" as vulnerable, anonymous, passive, and ageless and the quintessential object of the male gaze. However, Neel's female nudes contradicted and "satirized the notion and the standards of the female body." By this sharp contrast to this prevailing idealistic idea of how the female body should be portrayed in art, art historians believe that she was able to free her female sitters from this prevailing ideology that in turn gave them an identity and power. Through her use of "expressive line, vibrant palette, and psychological intensity", Neel did not depict the human body in a realistic manner; it was the way she was able to capture and dignify her sitters' psychological and internal standpoint that made the portraits realistic. For this reason, many art critics today describe Neel's female nudes as truthful and honest portraits, although at the time the works were controversial in the art world because they questioned women's traditional role. Neel often painted women in social interaction or in public spaces, starkly challenging the "Spheres of Femininity" that most 19th-century women artists existed and worked within. In other words, it is believed that Neel challenged the norms of women's role in the household and in everyday life from her paintings. Neel fundamentally changed the way the art establishment viewed the potentialities of the female nude by depicting an unprecedented range of the female experience.

One of Neel's best known early female nude portraits is of Ethel V. Ashton (1930 ). Neel depicted Ethel, her friend from the Philadelphia School of Design for Women (now part of Moore College of Art and Design), as many art historians described as "nearly crippled with self conscious by her own exposure". Ethel's body was exposed in a crouched seated position, where she was able to look the viewer directly in the eye. Ethel's eyes were commonly described as "soulful" and expressing a sense a fear. Neel painted her friend through a distorted scale that added to the idea of "vulnerability and fearfulness". Neel said of the image: "She's almost apologizing for living. And look at all the furniture she has to carry all the time." By furniture the artist "referred to her heavy thighs, bulging stomach, and pendulous breasts." The formal elements of the painting, light and shadow, the brushstrokes, and the color are suggested to add pathos and humor to the work but they are done in a precise manner to convey a certain tone, which is vulnerability. The painting was exhibited 43 years later at the Alumni Exhibition, where it was severely criticized by many art critics and the general public. The reaction that the painting received was a firm dislike as it was thought it was going against the norms of how female nudes were supposed to be depicted. Ethel, the female nude, saw it on display and "stormed out of rage". The particular painting of the female nude was neither sexual nor flattering to the female form. However, Neel's aim was not to paint the female body in an idealistic way, she wanted to paint in a truthful and honest manner. For this reason she thought of herself as a realist painter.

Post-war years
Neel's second son, Hartley, was born in 1941 to Neel and her lover, the communist intellectual Sam Brody. During the 1940s, Neel made illustrations for the Communist publication Masses & Mainstream, and continued to paint portraits from her uptown home. However, in 1943 the Works Progress Administration ceased working with Neel, which made it harder for the artist to support her two sons. During this time, Neel would shoplift and was on welfare to help make ends meet. Between 1940 and 1950, Neel's art virtually disappeared from galleries, save for one solo show in 1944. In the 1950s, her friendship with Mike Gold and his admiration for her social realist work garnered her a show at the Communist-inspired New Playwrights Theatre. In 1959, Neel even made a film appearance after the director Robert Frank asked her to appear alongside a young Allen Ginsberg in his beatnik film, Pull My Daisy. The following year, her work was first reproduced in ARTnews magazine.

Pregnant female nudes
By the mid-1960s, many of Neel's female friends had become pregnant which inspired her to paint a series of these women nude. The portraits truthfully highlight instead of hiding the physical changes and emotional anxieties that coexist with childbirth. When she was asked why she painted pregnant nudes, Neel replied,

"It isn't what appeals to me, it's just a fact of life. It's a very important part of life and it was neglected. I feel as a subject it's perfectly legitimate, and people out of a false modesty, or being sissies, never show it, but it is a basic fact of life. Also, plastically, it is very exciting ... I think its part of the human experience. Something that primitives did, but modern painters have shied away from because women were always done as sexual objects. A pregnant woman has a claim staked out; she is not for sale."

Neel chose to paint the "basic facts of life" and strongly believed that this form of subject matter is worthy enough to be painted in the nudes, which was what distinguished her from other artists of her time. The pregnant nudes suggested by the art historian, Ann Temkin, allowed Neel to "collapse the imaginary dichotomy that polarizes women into the chaste Madonna or the specter of the dangerous whore" as the portraits were of ordinary women that one sees all around, but not in art.

One of her works that depicted a pregnant female nude is Margaret Evans Pregnant (1978), now in the collection of the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston. Margaret was painted while sitting on upright chair that forced her to expose her pregnant stomach even more, which became the central point in the canvas. Right behind the chair a mirror was placed which allowed the viewer to see the back of her head and neck. However, the mirrored reflection did not look anything like Margaret's frontal portrait. The motive behind this particular section of the painting remains unknown, but art historian Jeremy Lewison says the image is "an uncanny double of the sitter and the artist, presaging older age", and suggests that the reflection is of an older and wiser woman and perhaps a combination of Margaret and Neel's reflection. Pamela Allara says Neel has been accurately characterized as a "sort of artist–sociologist who revived and redirected the dying genre of ameliorative portraiture by merging objectivity with subjectivity, realism with expressionism. In visually interpreting a person's habitus, Neel understood that she could not be an objective observer, that her depictions would of necessity include her own response."

Neel's self-portrait and last paintings
Neel painted Kate Millett in 1970, using photographs of Millett to do so, because Millett had refused to pose for Neel. Kate Millett was the author of Sexual Politics., an important text of second-wave feminism. Alice Neel's career was given new life by the feminist art movement, and Kate Millett was a feminist icon of the time. Neel considered herself "a collector of souls" and she aimed to capture Millett's powerful aura. Neel painted this portrait at a time when many independent women, fighting for equal opportunities and being ignored, were looking for a mentor. In this painting, Kate Millett is directly looking at the viewer, and her stare is very commanding. Kate Millett was featured in the September 25, 2017 issue of Time magazine, in which Time referred to her as the "high priestess" of feminism and to Sexual Politics as the feminist bible.

Neel painted herself in her eightieth year of life, seated on a chair in her studio. She presented herself fully nude. She wore her glasses and held her paintbrush on right hand and an old cloth on the other hand. The white color of her hair and the several creases and folds of her bare skin indicated her old age. As she painted herself seated on the chair her body faced away from the viewer while head was turned towards the viewer. The portrait was completed in 1980 but she had started to paint it five years earlier, before abandoning it for a period of time. However, she was encouraged by her son Richard to complete it and came back to in her early 80s as she was also invited to take part in an exhibition of self-portraits at the Harold Reed Gallery in New York. When Neel's unconventional self-portrait was showcased it attracted considerable attention. Neel painted herself in a truthful manner as she exposed her saggy breasts and belly for everyone to see. Yet again in her last painting, she challenged the social norms of what was acceptable to be depicted in art. Her self-portrait was one of her last works before she died.

On October 13, 1984, Neel died with her family present in her New York City apartment, from advanced colon cancer.

Recognition
Toward the end of the 1960s, interest in Neel's work intensified. The momentum of the women's movement led to increased attention, and Neel became an icon for feminists. In 1970, she was commissioned to paint the feminist activist Kate Millett for the cover of Time magazine. Millett refused to sit for Neel; consequently, the magazine cover was based on a photograph.

Her image is included in the iconic 1972 poster Some Living American Women Artists by Mary Beth Edelson.

By the mid-1970s, Neel had gained celebrity and stature as an important American artist. The American Academy and the Institute of Arts and Letters elected Neel in 1976. In 1979, President Jimmy Carter presented her with a National Women's Caucus for Art award for outstanding achievement. Neel's recognition was at its height at the time of her death in 1984.

Neel's life and works are featured in the documentary Alice Neel, which premiered at the 2007 Slamdance Film Festival and was directed by her grandson, Andrew Neel. The film was given a New York theatrical release in April of that year.

Her career was used in a 3-episode series of the Freakonomics podcast "The Hidden Side of the Art Market", illustrating that "the art market is so opaque and illiquid that it barely functions like a market at all".

Neel's work was included in the 2022 exhibition Women Painting Women at the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth.

Exhibitions
In 1943, Neel's female nude portrait of Ethel Ashton was exhibited at Alumni Exhibition for the very first time, 13 years after the painting was created, and received brutal criticisms from art critics and the general public.

In 1971, Moore College of Art hosted a solo exhibition of alumna Neel's work.

In 1974, Neel's work was given a retrospective exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art, and posthumously, in the summer of 2000, also at the Whitney.

In 1980. she was invited to take part in an exhibition of self-portraits at the Harold Reed Gallery in New York, where her self-portrait was showcased for the first time.

In 2001 the Philadelphia Museum of Art organized a retrospective of her art entitled "Alice Neel".

In 2004, the first exhibition dedicated to Neel's works in Europe was held in London, at the Victoria Miro Gallery. Jeremy Lewison, who had worked at the Tate, was the curator of the collection.

In 2010, Jeremy Lewison and Barry Walker presented, for Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Alice Neel: Painted Truths, on view from March 21 to June 15, 2010, which later went to the Whitechapel Gallery, London and Moderna Museet Malmö, Sweden.

In 2013, the first major presentation of the artist's watercolors and drawings, as Alice Neel: Intimate Relations, was on view at Nordiska Akvarellmuseet in Skärhamn, Sweden.

In 2015, Xavier Hufkens began representing The Estate of Alice Neel.

In 2016, the Ateneum, Helsinki presented Alice Neel: Painter of Modern Life, which later went to the Kunstmuseum Den Haag, The Hague, the Fondation Vincent van Gogh Arles, France, and, in 2018, the Deichtorhallen, Hamburg, Germany, from October 10, 2017, to January 14, 2018.

In 2017, Hilton Als curated the exhibition "Alice Neel, Uptown" at the Victoria Miro Gallery in London (May 18 – July 29, 2017).

In March 2021, a career-spanning retrospective of Neel's work opened at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Titled "Alice Neel: People Come First", the exhibit featured more than 100 works and was the largest-ever show of Neel's work in New York and the first in two decades.

In September 2021, Alice Neel: People Come First, a retrospective of her work, opened at the Guggenheim Bilbao on September 17 and ran through February 6, 2022. Subsequently, opened at de Young Museum on March 12, 2022, and ran through July 10, 2022.

In 2023, Alice Neel: Hot Off The Griddle, the largest exhibition of her work to date in the UK, opened at The Barbican Centre Art Gallery in London running from 16 February until 21 May 2023.

Collections
Work by the artist is represented in major museum collections, including:
 * Art Institute of Chicago
 * Blanton Museum of Art
 * Cleveland Museum of Art
 * Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
 * Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.
 * Honolulu Museum of Art
 * Jewish Museum, New York
 * Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
 * Moderna Museet, Stockholm
 * Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles
 * Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
 * Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
 * Museum of Modern Art, New York
 * National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
 * National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.
 * Philadelphia Museum of Art
 * San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
 * Speed Art Museum, Louisville, Kentucky
 * St. Louis Art Museum, St. Louis Missouri
 * Tate Modern, London
 * Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut
 * Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
 * Worcester Art Museum, Massachusetts
 * Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut

title: Alice Neel


text:
User talk:ChrisUK/Archive of old pages

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

SMG3 history ?
Hello Chris! Are you the one who has made a lot of 04.08. CRs in SMG3? regards --193.7.145.70 11:31, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC) (= user:Dreiundvierzig in the german WP, where I'm engaged since September)

Nope not me! I work in the industry but not on the standards side, more on the project delivery areas.

title: User talk:ChrisUK/Archive of old pages


text:
Independent software vendor

An independent software vendor (ISV), also known as a software publisher, is an organization specializing in making and selling software, as opposed to computer hardware, designed for mass or niche markets. This is in contrast to in-house software, which is developed by the organization that will use it, or custom software, which is designed or adapted for a single, specific third party. Although ISV-provided software is consumed by end users, it remains the property of the vendor.

Software products developed by ISVs serve a wide variety of purposes. Examples include software for real estate brokers, scheduling for healthcare personnel, barcode scanning, stock maintenance, gambling, retailing, energy exploration, vehicle fleet management, and child care management software.

An ISV makes and sells software products that run on one or more computer hardware or operating system platforms. Companies that make the platforms, such as Microsoft, AWS, Cisco, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Red Hat, Google, Oracle, VMware, Lenovo, Apple, SAP, Salesforce and ServiceNow encourage and lend support to ISVs, often with special "business partner" programs. These programs enable the platform provider and the ISV to leverage joint strengths and convert them into incremental business opportunities.

Independent software vendors have become one of the primary groups in the IT industry, often serving as relays to disseminate new technologies and solutions.

title: Independent software vendor


text:
Talk:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism

Calculation Error?
I tried to replicate the calculation shown here and rather than 1.1e41 J, I got 2.2e41 J, which gave me a lifespan 2 times larger. Is this just me?

Blablabliam (talk) 18:59, 8 December 2018 (UTC)

Your numerical computation is correct, as it is the number given in the article. However, the calculation presented is wrong by a factor of two. The reason is that it only takes into account the potential energy, while the total energy has to be considered for the analysis to be complete. The total energy can be calculated using the virial theorem, which gives one-half the gravitational potential energy, hence the factor of two mismatch. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.8.188.210 (talk) 10:37, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

Jupiter/Saturn
"This mechanism is evident on Jupiter." Not Jupiter but Saturn. Jupiter mostly consists of liquids, and liquids can hardly compress. -Hapsiainen 22:45, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

Many sources tell it is evident on Jupiter, too. Also, Jupiter consists of mostly the same elements as Saturn, most notably molecular Hydrogen (H2). It is a liquid just because of the pressure. see http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html - Rgerhards 19:38, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

It would seem like using the current energy state would indicate age not lifetime.
By dividing the current energy state of the Sun by yearly energy output, the result would be the number of years this energy could have been released at this rate up until now assuming all mass started at infinity. The expected lifetime would depend on what limit was put on the eventual radius. If the radius is allowed to decrease by a factor of 1000 or more, your energy output could continue for a billion years or more assuming constant energy output. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.230.201.245 (talk) 08:21, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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AKA lapse rate
Can we add verbiage showing how this is the same mechanism by which the lapse rate comes about (gravitational auto-compression)? The conversion of translational mode (kinetic) energy in the z-axis DOF to gravitational potential energy with altitude (and vice versa)?

I'd do it, but I've never quite grasped the editing process here, so any time I try to edit something, I always mess things up. 76.30.103.137 (talk) 22:40, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism


text:
Plana Cays

The Plana Cays are a group of two small uninhabited islands in the southern Bahama Islands, located east of Acklins Island and west of Mayaguana Island. The indigenous Lucayan people called the islands Amaguaya, meaning "toward the middle lands".

The eastern cay was the last natural habitat of the Bahamian Hutia, a species of rabbit-sized rodent. It was thought to be extinct until 1966, when a population was found on the Plana Cays by biologist Garrett Clough. Hutias have since been transplanted from the Plana Cays to other parts of the Bahamas.

The Plana Cays have been suggested as the first landfall of Christopher Columbus in the New World.

title: Plana Cays


text: User talk:66.222.62.150

title: User talk:66.222.62.150


text:
United States Navy Armed Guard

United States Navy Armed Guard units were established during World War II and headquartered in New Orleans. The purpose of the guard was to man the deck guns of merchant ships to provide a nominal defense against attack. This was to counter the constant danger presented by enemy submarines, surface raiders, fighter aircraft and bombers. There was a shortage of escort vessels to provide the merchant vessels with adequate protection. The NAG had three training centers, at Norfolk, Virginia; San Diego, California; and Gulfport, Mississippi. At the end of the war, there were 144,857 men serving in the Navy Armed Guard on 6,200 ships.

Unit composition
The United States Navy Armed Guard (USNAG) were U.S. Navy gun crews consisting of Gunner's Mates, Coxswains and Boatswains, Radiomen, Signalmen, an occasional Pharmacist's Mate, and toward the end of the war a few radarmen serving at sea on merchant ships. Armed Guard crews served on Allied merchant marine ships in every theatre of the war. Typically the crew was led by a single commissioned officer, but earlier in the war chiefs and even petty officers had command.

Duty
The assignment as an Armed Guardsman was often dreaded because of the constant danger. Merchant ships were slow, unwieldy, and priority targets of submarines and planes. Furthermore, merchant ships were among the last to receive updated equipment. Early on in the war, some ships only had a few machine guns, so the crews painted telephone poles to imitate the barrels of larger guns. The most common armament mounted on merchant ships were the MK II 20mm Oerlikon autocannon and the 3"/50, 4"/50, and 5"/38 deck guns.

When practicable, the Navy Armed Guard aboard a merchant ship would provide cross-training to merchant crew members in the use of the guns in the event the Navy personnel were killed or injured. The Navy Armed Guardsmen would typically sail round trip on the same ship, occasionally they would get a different assignment upon reaching their destination depending on convoy schedules.

In film
The 1943 film Action in the North Atlantic, featuring Humphrey Bogart, Raymond Massey, and Alan Hale, illustrates the importance of the Naval Armed Guard and how it interfaced with the Merchant Marine officers and crew.

title: United States Navy Armed Guard


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Disco Studs

DISCO movement and The Disco Studs were proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 4 votes to delete. Postdlf 23:07, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Non-notable movement and its non-notable spinoff group. RickK 22:46, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete both: Campus lore, campus group, and people trying to revive the worst music of all time (except for the sentimental rock of Bread).  Geogre 01:01, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Disco is dead. Not notable. --Improv 15:30, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * D Disco is dead? Why didn't you tell me? Chris 01:16, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.