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Robert C. Morgan

Robert C. Morgan (born 1943) is an American art critic, art historian, curator, poet, and artist.

Biography
Robert C. Morgan received his M.F.A. in sculpture from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst in 1975 and his Ph.D. in art education from New York University in 1978. Professor Morgan has had an extensive academic career. He has taught at New York University, Wichita State University, the University of Rochester, the School of Visual Arts, Barnard College, and Columbia University. From 1981- 2001, he was Professor of the History and Theory of Art at the Rochester Institute of Technology. He is currently an adjunct professor of Fine Arts in the Graduate School of Fine Arts at Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York.

Morgan has worked extensively as an independent curator. He has organized museum retrospectives of Allan Kaprow (1979) and Komar and Melamid (1980), both at the Ulrich Museum of Art in Kansas. In 1990, he curated Concept -- Decoratif in conjunction with the Holly Solomon Gallery in New York. From 1989 to 1990, he directed a gallery in SoHo (New York) where he curated a dozen exhibitions of both emerging and established artists, including Carolee Schneemann, Nancy Grossman, Hung Liu, Hong-Wen Lin, Robert Barry, Douglas Huebler, Mel Bochner, Antoni Muntadas, and Max Ernst. In 1994, he co-organized the exhibition Logo Non Logo with French critic Pierre Restany at the Thread Waxing Space in New York, which later traveled to the Art Museum of the University of South Florida in Tampa, Florida.

Morgan has authored numerous books, catalogs and monographs on contemporary artists in various countries. His book on the American conceptualist Robert Barry was published by Karl Kerber Press in Bielefeld, Germany (1986). Haim Steinbach was published by the Musee d’Art Contemporain, Bordeaux (1988). Duchamp, Androgyny, Etc., (on Marcel Duchamp) was published by Editions Antoine Candau in Paris (1990). A Hans Bellmer Miscellany was published by Baum/Malmburg in Malmö, Sweden in 1993. His Turkish Bath installation at Artists Space in 1976 has been recognized an early example of post-conceptual art.

Morgan frequently writes art criticism for the Brooklyn Rail. His books and collected critical essays published include commentaries on conceptual art, post-conceptual art and the new media arts (Umbrella Associates, 1992). He has published the following books in the United States: After the Deluge: Essays on the Art of the Nineties, (Red Bass Publications, 1993), Conceptual Art: An American Perspective (McFarland, 1994); Art into Ideas: Essays on Conceptual Art (Cambridge University Press, 1996), Between Modernism and Conceptual Art (McFarland, 1997): and The End of the Art World (Allworth Press, 1998).

His critical anthologies on Gary Hill (2000) and Bruce Nauman (2002) were published by Johns Hopkins University Press. An edited volume of the late writings by the critic Clement Greenberg was published by the University of Minnesota Press in 2003. In 1995, he traveled to Korea on a Fulbright Fellowship.

Books

 * Commentaries on the New Media Arts Pasadena, CA: Umbrella Associates, 1992
 * After the Deluge: Essays for Art in the Nineties. New York: Red Bass, 1993
 * Conceptual Art: An American Perspective. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland, 1994. Introduction by Michael Kirby
 * Art Into Ideas: Essays on Conceptual Art. London:Cambridge University Press, 1996
 * Between Modernism and Conceptual Art. Jefferson, North Carolina and London: McFarland, 1997
 * The End of the Art World New York: Allworth Press (in collaboration with the School of Visual Arts), 1998. Introduction by Bill Beckley
 * The enigmatic world of Dmitri Strizhov. Author. Global Curiosity, 1st edition. 1998
 * Gary Hill, editor. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000
 * Bruce Nauman, editor. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002
 * Clement Greenberg: Late Writings, editor. University of Minnesota Press. 2003
 * Vasarely. New York: George Braziller, 2004
 * Wild Dogs in Bali: The Art of Made Wianta. Singapore: SNP Editions, 2005

 * Anthologies and monographs
 * "Asparagus and Chrysanthemums = Sentimentality and Power," in Muntadas and D'Agostino, eds., The Un/Necessary Image, New York: Tanam Press and Cambridge, Committee on the Visual Arts, MIT, 1983
 * "The Delta of Modernism" Re-Dact, Edited by Peter Frank. New York: Willis, Locker, and Owens, 1984. Revised and reprinted in Kostelanetz, ed., Esthetics Contemporary, 2nd Edition, (Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, 1989 ( Spanish Translation appeared in Revista Esthetica (CAYC, Buenos Aires), Fall 1991. Revised in The End of the Art World, New York: Allworth Press, 1998.
 * "Systemic Books by Artists" in Joan Lyons, ed., Artists' Books: A Critical Anthology and Sourcebook, Peregrine Smith Books and Visual Studies Workshop Press, Rochester, N.Y., 1985.
 * Haim Steinbach: Monograph of an Exhibition, Bordeaux: capc Musee d'art contemporain, 1990 (French)
 * Joseph Nechvatal: Laminations of the Soul in Joseph Nechvatal. Paris: Antoine Candau Editions, 1990 (English and French) (Online)
 * "La Situacion del Arte Conceptual Desde "January Show" Hasta Nuestros Dias" in Juan Vicente Aliaga and José Miguel G. Cortés, editors, Arte Conceptual Revisado, Universidad Poletechnica de Valencia, 1990 (Spanish and English
 * "Entretien avec Robert C. Morgan" en Richard Serra: Ecrits et Entretiens, 1970-89 (Daniel Lelong Editeur, 1990). English Edition, Chicago University Press, 1993
 * Colin Naylor, ed .Contemporary Masterworks (London: St. James Press, 1992) Entries include critical discussions of works by Isamu Noguchi, Gordon Bunschaft, and Josep Renau.
 * Oscar de Mejo:The Naive Surrealist, Essay by Robert C. Morgan. New York: Abrams, 1992
 * Marcel Delmotte. Essay by Robert C. Morgan. Nahan Galleries (in collaboration with Galerie Isy Brachot, Bruxelles), 1991
 * "The Miralda Honeymoon Celebration in Las Vegas", Nevada State Council on the Arts, 1992
 * "Hans Bellmer:The Infestation of Eros" in A Hans Bellmer Miscellany, Anders Malmburg, Malmö and Timothy Baum, New York, 1993
 * "Dorothea Tanning's Sculptural Interlude" in Dorothea Tanning (New York: George Braziller, 1995)
 * "Philip Glass: The Photographer" (1984, revised 1996), Writings on Glass: Essays, Interviews, Criticism. Edited by Richard Kostelanetz and Robert Flemming. (New York: Schirmer Books, 1997)
 * "The Language of Eros" in Noritoshi Hirakawa, Matters, 1988–1997. New York: Deitch Projects and Antwerp: Zeno X Gallery, 1998
 * "A Sign of Beauty" in Bill Beckley and David Shapiro, Uncontrollable Beauty. New York: Allworth Press, 1998.
 * "Touch Sanitation: Mierle Laderman Ukeles" in Linda Frye Burnham and Steven Durland, editors. The Citizen Artist: 20 Years of Art in the Public Arena. Critical Press. The Gunk Foundation, 1998
 * "The End of the Art World" (excerpt) in Patricia Hills, Modern Art in the USA: Issues and Controversies of the 20th Centuries" Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000

Film appearance

 * Ciria, (Pronounced Thiria) (2013), directed by Artur Balder

title: Robert C. Morgan


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Achille Bonito Oliva

Achille Bonito Oliva (born 1939) is an Italian art critic and historian of contemporary art. Since 1968 he has taught history of contemporary art at La Sapienza, the university of Rome. He has written extensively on contemporary art and contemporary artists. He originated the term Transavanguardia to describe the new direction taken in the late 1970s by artists such as Sandro Chia, Francesco Clemente, Enzo Cucchi, Nicola De Maria, and Mimmo Paladino. He has organised or curated numerous contemporary art events and exhibitions; in 1993 he was artistic director of the Biennale di Venezia.

Life and career
Bonito Oliva was born in 1939 in Caggiano, in the province of Salerno, in Campania in southern Italy. He studied law, and then took a degree in letters. He took part in events connected with the avant-garde Gruppo 63 literary movement of the 1960s. From 1968 he taught history of contemporary art at La Sapienza, the university of Rome.

He became active as an art critic, as a writer on history of art – with work on Mannerism, the historic Avant-Garde movements, and the Neo-Avantgarde – and as an organiser and curator of contemporary art events and exhibitions.

In 1979, in an article in Flash Art, he coined the term Transavanguardia to describe the work of artists such as Sandro Chia, Francesco Clemente, Enzo Cucchi, Nicola De Maria and Mimmo Paladino, who – in a manner comparable to that of the Neo-Expressionists and the Neue Wilden – discarded the abstract and conceptual approach of the Neo-Avantgarde and instead returned to figurative painting using the traditional techniques and materials, and at times also the forms and motifs, of the past. Bonito Oliva curated an exhibition of their work at Biennale di Venezia in 1980. He later broadened his definition of the movement to include artists such as Jeff Koons and Julian Schnabel, bringing it closer to the international concept of Postmodernism.

He was the artistic director of the Biennale di Venezia of 1993, and has organised or curated numerous contemporary art events and exhibitions.

Books
Bonito Oliva has written many books, including monographs on artists such as Marina Abramović, Francis Bacon, Georg Baselitz, Joseph Beuys, Alighiero Boetti, James Lee Byars, Giorgio de Chirico, Braco Dimitrijević, Marcel Duchamp, Giuseppe Ducrot, Alex Katz, Georgia O'Keeffe, Frida Kahlo, Paul Klee, Nam June Paik, Joan Miró, Pino Pascali, Jackson Pollock, Robert Rauschenberg, Mario Schifano, Nancy Spero, Andy Warhol, Wolf Vostell, and Robert Wilson.

As author

 * Made in mater. Bologna: Sampietro, 1967
 * Il territorio magico. Comportamenti alternativi dell'arte. Firenze: Centro Di, 1971
 * Arte e sistema dell'arte. Opera, pubblico, critica, mercato. Pescara: Galleria Lucrezia De Domizio, 1975
 * Disegno. Trasparenza. Pollenza: La nuovo foglio, 1976
 * L'ideologia del traditore. Arte, maniera, manierismo. Milano: Feltrinelli, 1976
 * Vita di Marcel Duchamp. Roma: Marani, 1976
 * Europe/America. The different avant-gardes. Milano: Deco Press, 1976
 * Autocritico automobile attraverso le avanguardie. Milano: Il Formichiere, 1977
 * Passo dello strabismo. Sulle arti. Milano: Feltrinelli, 1978
 * Arcimboldo. Parma: Franco Maria Ricci, 1978
 * La Transavanguardia italiana. Milano: Politi, 1980
 * Il sogno dell'arte. Tra avanguardia e transavanguardia. Milano: Spirali, 1981
 * La Transavanguardia Internazionale. Milano: Politi, 1982
 * Manuale di volo. [Dal mito greco all'arte moderna, dalle avanguardie storiche alla transavanguardia]. Milano: Feltrinelli, 1982
 * Dialoghi d'artista. Incontri con l'arte contemporanea 1970-1984. Milano: Electa, 1984
 * Minori Maniere. Dal Cinquecento alla Transavanguardia. Milano: Feltrinelli, 1985
 * Progetto dolce. Nuove forme dell'arte italiana. Milano: Nuova Prearo, 1986
 * Antipatia. L'arte contemporanea. Milano: Feltrinelli, 1987
 * Superarte. Milano: Politi, 1988
 * Il tallone di Achille. Sull'arte contemporanea. Milano: Feltrinelli, 1988
 * Arte Lago 90, opere d’arte per la superficie acquatica. [Varese]: Lativa, 1990
 * L'arte fino al 2000. Firenze: Sansoni, 1991
 * Artae. Milano: Prearo, 1991
 * Wolf Vostell, L'Arte e lo Stile Della Conflittualità. Roma: Edizioni Carte Segrete, 1992
 * Conversation pieces. Torino: Allemandi, 1993
 * La dimora dei corpi gravi. Tributo a Masaccio. Milano: Charta, 1994
 * Lezioni di anatomia. Il corpo dell'arte. Roma: Kappa, 1995
 * Oggetti di turno. Dall'arte alla critica. Venezia: Marsilio, 1997
 * A.B.O.: M.D.. Milano: Costa & Nolan, 1997
 * Gratis. A bordo dell'arte. Milano: Skira, 2000
 * Fathi Hassan. Milano: Charta, 2000
 * L'arte oltre il 2000. Firenze: Sansoni, 2002
 * Autocritico automobile. Attraverso le avanguardie. Remake per le nuove generazioni. Latina: Cooper & Castelvecchi, 2002
 * I fuochi dello sguardo. Musei che reclamano attenzione. Roma: Gangemi, 2004
 * Lezione di boxe. Dieci round sull'arte contemporanea. Roma: Sossella, 2004
 * Il bianco e altro e comunque arte. Torino: Umberto Allemandi, 2006
 * Claudio Abate, fotografo: installation et performance art. Milano: Photology, 2007

As editor

 * Autonomia e creatività della critica. Cosenza: Lerici, 1980
 * Paul Klee. L'annunciazione del segno. Disegni e acquarelli. Milano: G. Mazzotta, 1982
 * Avanguardia/Transavanguardia. Milano: Electa, 1982
 * Desideretur. Artisti italiani giovanissimi nel Palazzo della Ragione. Bergamo, settembre-ottobre 1985. Roma: Spazio Skema, 1985
 * La transavanguardia italiana. Sandro Chia, Francesco Clemente, Enzo Cucchi, Nicola De Maria, Mimmo Paladino. Roma: Drago Arts & Communication, 2003

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Achille Bonito Oliva


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Saab Lofton

Saab Lofton is an author, cartoonist and radio personality. He lives in Seattle, Washington, United States.

Lofton graduated from The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington. After graduation, Lofton moved to Las Vegas where he hosted the "Saab Lofton Power Hour" for KLAV 1230 AM radio and wrote a column for the Las Vegas CityLife.

Lofton's work includes A.D., a novel he wrote while a student at San Francisco State University. Lofton's second novel is called Battle Neverending. Lofton formerly published a column in the discontinued Seattle Sinner, an alternative newspaper, and self-publishes an underground comic book called "Rufus the Black Cat".

title: Saab Lofton


text: User talk:24.164.68.12

title: User talk:24.164.68.12


text:
Congressional Budget Office

The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) is a federal agency within the legislative branch of the United States government that provides budget and economic information to Congress. Inspired by California's Legislative Analyst's Office that manages the state budget in a strictly nonpartisan fashion, the CBO was created as a nonpartisan agency by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974.

Whereas politicians on both sides of the aisle have criticized the CBO when its estimates have been politically inconvenient, economists and other academics overwhelmingly reject that the CBO is partisan or that it fails to produce credible forecasts. There is a consensus among economists that "adjusting for legal restrictions on what the CBO can assume about future legislation and events, the CBO has historically issued credible forecasts of the effects of both Democratic and Republican legislative proposals."

History
The Congressional Budget Office was created by Title II of the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (Pub. L. 93-344), which was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on July 12, 1974. Official operations began on February 24, 1975, with Alice Rivlin as director.

The CBO's creation stems from a fight between President Richard Nixon and a Democratic-controlled Congress. Congress wanted to protect its power of the purse from the executive. The CBO was created "within the legislative branch to bolster Congress's budgetary understanding and ability to act. Lawmakers' aim was both technical and political: Generate a source of budgetary expertise to aid in writing annual budgets and lessen the legislature's reliance on the president's Office of Management and Budget." In 2015, the Brookings Institution reported that since its creation, the CBO has since supplanted the OMB "as the authoritative source of information on the economy and the budget in the eyes of Congress, the press, and the public."

Mission
The Congressional Budget Office is nonpartisan, and produces "independent analyses of budgetary and economic issues to support the Congressional budget process." Each year, the agency releases reports and cost estimates for proposed legislation, without issuing any policy recommendations.

With respect to estimating spending for Congress, the Congressional Budget Office serves a purpose parallel to that of the Joint Committee on Taxation for estimating revenue for Congress, the Department of the Treasury for estimating revenues for the Executive branch. This includes projections on the effect on national debt and cost estimates for legislation.

Operations
Section 202(e) of the Budget Act requires the CBO to submit periodic reports about fiscal policy to the House and Senate budget committees to provide baseline projections of the federal budget. This is currently done by preparation of an annual Economic and Budget Outlook plus a mid-year update. The agency also each year issues An Analysis of the President's Budgetary Proposals for the upcoming fiscal year per a standing request of the Senate Committee on Appropriations. These three series are designated essential titles distributed to Federal Depository Libraries and are available for purchase from the Government Publishing Office. The CBO often provides testimony in response to requests from various Congressional committees and issues letters responding to queries made by members of Congress.

Divisions
The Congressional Budget Office is divided into nine divisions.
 * Budget Analysis
 * Financial Analysis
 * Health Analysis
 * Labor, Income Security, and Long-Term Analysis
 * Macroeconomic Analysis
 * Management, Business, and Information Services
 * Microeconomic Studies
 * National Security
 * Tax Analysis

Director

The Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate jointly appoint the CBO Director after considering recommendations from the two budget committees. The term of office is four years, with no limit on the number of terms a director may serve. Either house of Congress, however, may remove the director by resolution. At the expiration of a term of office, the person serving as Director may continue in the position until his or her successor is appointed. The list of directors of the CBO are:

Reception
Whereas politicians on both sides of the aisle have criticized the CBO when its estimates have been politically inconvenient, economists and other academics overwhelmingly reject that the CBO is partisan or that it fails to produce credible forecasts.

A March 2017 survey of leading economists shows a consensus behind the notion that "adjusting for legal restrictions on what the CBO can assume about future legislation and events, the CBO has historically issued credible forecasts of the effects of both Democratic and Republican legislative proposals." According to MIT economist David Autor, the "CBO has a good track record with a very difficult assignment. It errs, but not systematically or with partisan intent." According to Yale economist Christopher Udry, "There is no credible evidence of partisan bias." Economist Walter E. Williams, a classical liberal, wrote in 1998 that the CBO was well-regarded for its "honest numbers" on fiscal and economic matters. According to the Los Angeles Times, "the CBO's analyses and forecasting are regarded as good or better than others doing similar work... economists say that the CBO's economic projections generally compare favorably against other outfits, and its long-term budget estimates have been fairly accurate."

According to George Washington University political scientist Sarah Binder, the CBO "has emerged over its history as a neutral analyst of congressional budgets and cost estimates for proposed legislation." The agency has "a nonpartisan staff culture".

Historically, the House Budget Committee and Senate Budget Committee have insulated the CBO from external pressures and attempts to politicize or weaken the office. Professor Philip Joyce of the University of Maryland School of Public Policy writes:

"This is quite surprising, in a sense, given the partisan nature of the Congress. It is not necessarily that these partisans have embraced nonpartisanship as a positive end in itself, however. Rather, the Budget Committees (and especially their leadership and staff) have recognized that a weak CBO (one that does not have a reputation for objective analysis, and whose conclusions are viewed as partisan) is not in their interest. A weak CBO weakens the Budget Committees, and indeed weakens Congress as a whole in its inevitable battles with the executive over budget and economic policy."

title: Congressional Budget Office


text:
User talk:Lornova~enwiki

"I live in Italy, I know" etc.
I assume good faith in you and I want to believe you. However, you need to provide an explanation for the multitude of results on "Lega Padania" in Google:

http://www.google.com/search?hl=el&q=%22Lega+Padania%22&btnG=Google+%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7&meta=

Etz Haim 01:52, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Point taken. I've noticed the commas, parentheses etc. between the results, but I've also seen "Lega Padania" as an integer. Also, note that Wikipedia's policies suggest that popular names, even if they are not official, are mentioned and sometimes preffered over the others. Etz Haim 02:08, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Lombard League
Firstly, I agree that I've never heard the Lega Nord called "Lega Padania". Secondly, I'm assuming that if you know "League of Lombard" to be an incorrect English rendition/translantion, then you can help us to come up with a way to distinguish the precursor to the Lega Nord from the historical Lombard Leagure of mediæval times. (My interst is that an American group wanted to model itself after the Lega Nord. The first name they came up with, Southern League, was the same as a baseball organization, so they changed it to League of the South. (It should be noted that, unlike the Lega Nord, this group a) has little popular support and b) is not regarded as a "legitimate" party by most observers, but it exists nonetheless and should be noted in Wikipedia.)

 * Hi, I simply seen that there is the article Lombard League that covers both the historical movement and the political party, then it's a better translation of the italian name "lega lombarda". The previous form "League of Lombardy" translated literally in Italian is "lega della lombardia". So, the form "Lombard League" is the correct one, in my opinion, for both the historical and modern movements. Lornova 17:43, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the clarification. Again, I always try to defer to knowledgeable natives.  While I find the Lega Nord to be an interesting movement in its own right, I have already explained my motives for wanting to learn more.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Lornova. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Lornova~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:25, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:35, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lornova~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Democrazy

Democrazy was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Unreleased, non-notable movie that only gets ~50 displayed hits (for democrazy legge, to avoid other things named democrazy) all languages (14 English). Wikipedia is not a fortune teller. Niteowlneils 01:57, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Are you sure it deserves even that much credit? It seemed made up, to me.  At any rate, let the film come out and flourish before we discuss it. Geogre 04:07, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete . A film needs to have cultural or commercial impact to be listed. Films that aren't released yet need a wide expectation of commercial or cultural impact to be listed. This has neither. Average Earthman 10:59, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 01:14, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Dsmdgold 16:04, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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RAF Langford Lodge

Langford Lodge Airfield is a former United States Army Air Forces and Royal Air Force station near Belfast, Northern Ireland. Today the airfield is owned by RLC (UK) a subsidiary of RLC Engineering Group which is headquartered in the Isle of Man. Langford Lodge is located on the eastern shores of Lough Neagh and close to RAF Aldergrove/Belfast International Airport and the former RAF Nutts Corner.

The site was also known as No. 20 Satellite Landing Ground.

History
Planned to be a Satellite Landing Ground for No. 23 Maintenance Unit at RAF Aldergrove, Langford Lodge was selected in October 1941 to be developed as an air deport for the maintenance and repair of USAAF aircraft. A scheme was devised whereby the British Ministry of Aircraft Production would build the airfield and necessary facilities, while the American Lockheed Aircraft Corporation would staff the depot with civilian employees. Built during January-October 1942, and extended during the winter of 1943-44, the airfield eventually had two concrete runways, 26 pan hardstandings with 100 'fingers’ for aircraft storage, and nine T2, eight Robin and some 20 Butler hangars, plus a Lockheed-designed hangar.

Essentially, Langford Lodge was one of four primary air depots in the UK which during the period up to July 1944 when the contractual arrangements with Lockheed were terminated, provided complete logistical, ie supply and service back-up facilities to the USAAF, initially the 8th Air Force and then also the 12th, 9th and 15th Air Forces, albeit less extensively,. The other two, larger, depots were at Burtonwood and Warton in Lancashire but there were links between all three which were formalised by the setting up of a Base Air Depot Area organisation (BADA) in September 1943, at which time Langford Lodge was officially designated the 3rd Base Air Depot.

From July 1944 until its closure at the end of July 1945, the base functioned as a Storage and Experimental Station, continuing to do some of die work for which it had previously been responsible and, as the war moved towards a conclusion salvaging increasing numbers of war-weary aircraft. For a few months in 1944, Langford Lodge was also the base for Ferrying Squadrons of the 27*' Air Transport Group.

Following its closure in 1945, the airfield was placed in Care and Maintenance until 1952 when it was refurbished and used briefly to accommodate the RAF's No 5 Air Navigation School until its disbandment in January, 1953.

The following units were here at some point:
 * No. 4 Air Navigation School RAF was formed here on 22 September 1952 but disbanded less than two months later on 15 November 1952
 * No. 5 Air Navigation School RAF from 15 November 1952 until 31 January 1953 using Avro Ansons until it was disbanded
 * Sub site of No. 257 Maintenance Unit RAF (March 1946– ?)

Langford Lodge was a target in Operation Grün (Ireland), a second front to Operation Sea Lion, which was the planned Nazi invasion of Britain. German paratroopers were to capture Langford Lodge, Aldergrove and Nutts Corner while RAF Long Kesh, Lisburn was to be destroyed.

Notably, on 2 March 1989 a Dan-Air BAe 748 from Newcastle, bound for Belfast International Airport, mistakenly landed at Langford Lodge.

Some of the wartime airfield facilities used to house the Ulster Aviation Society's Heritage Centre. Exhibits included a Blackburn Buccaneer, a Hawker Sea Hawk and a Westland Wessex. In 2005 the society moved to Maze Long Kesh, Lisburn.

Today
Langford Lodge is currently home to two model flying clubs; Langford Model Aviation and Langford Model Heli Club.

There is a 6200 ft rocket sled track owned by Martin-Baker for ejection seat testing. The track, running alongside the old main runway, has been in use since 1971.

title: RAF Langford Lodge


text:
Talk:Best practice

Wikipedia Ambassador Program course assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at Mills College supported by the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2012 Q3 term. Further details are available on the course page.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 15:53, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Best practice


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Talk:The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World

Names of the battles
The titles I gave the battles are how Creasy referred to them in the book (these are the chapter titles). For example, he has "Victory of the Americans over Burgoyne at Saratoga" rather than "Battle of Saratoga". Also "Victory of Arminius over the Roman Legions under Varus" rather than "Battle of Teutenberg Forest". Is there a consensus which we should use? I prefer Creasy's versions, with links to the appropriate articles. Does anyone else have an opinion either way? --JW1805 02:06, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with using the chapter titles. Cribcage 20:16, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Other battles
I do believe that the "Miracle on the Vistula" of 1920 should be among those listed. Kazak 22:03, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Given that the war in question preserved the integrity of Poland for only a couple more decades and failed to stop the spread of the USSR's dominion, it's not a decisive battle.

 * Besides Poland was the aggressor. The Miracle on the Vistula was basically Poland being saved from its own hubris by the civil war exploding. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.180.97.112 (talk) 02:47, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

(As an aside, that battle is included as one of J.F.C.Fuller's Decisive Battles (written after WW2) because if the Bolsheviks had won Germany might well have gone Spartakist/Communist in 1920, and subsequent events would have been very different.Paulturtle (talk) 00:16, 17 July 2011 (UTC))

 * Some other battles to consider. The Battle of Yarmuk kicked off the wave of Islamic conquests in 636 AD by securing Syria for Islam. While the Battle of Tours in 722 AD and the Battle of Vienna in 1683 AD turned back the Umayyads of Hispania and the Ottomans respectively. The Mongolian Empire should have several on the list. After all, the Mongolians were responsible ultimately for the fall of many states. And their few uncontested defeats (eg, at Ain Jalut in 1260 and the two failed invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281. In the new world, the Battle of Tenochtitlán in 1521 resulted in the fall of the Aztec Empire and the begining of the colonization of the New World by the European powers.

 * For ancient battles, the defeat of the Assyrians and Egyptians at Carchemish in 605 BC marks both the end of the  Assyrian Empire and the end of ancient Egypt as a serious power in the Middle East.

 * Ultimately, it can be very subjective which wars should be considered sufficiently "decisive" and which ones shouldn't. While it'd be an interesting exercise, I'm not sure it is useful to make a Wikipedia list of decisive battles of history. —Preceding unsigned comment added by KarlHallowell (talk • contribs) 05:43, November 26, 2005

 * This article is about a book. The battles listed are Creasy's choices for "decisive battles".  Having an article listing Wikipedians' choices for decisive battles would be original research.  --JW1805 (Talk) 01:31, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * But the whole point of the book is to show how superior Euros are over other peoples! So of course Yarmuk (Arabs > Byzantium) and Carchemish (2 non-European states) wouldn't count. Although Tenochtitlan and Vienna were two European victories with important consequences. Hmm. Also, I don't think any Mongol victory (or defeat, for that matter) is particularly famous. Brutannica 02:34, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * In case anyone cares, here are my own opinions:

 * Tsushima - showed the world decisively that an East Asian country could defeat a European one;
 * Manzikert - a major setback for the Byzantine Empire, first entry of the Turks into Turkey, set the stage for the Crusades
 * Yarmuk
 * Salamis, instead of Marathon - I think Persia just burned its fingers with Marathon, in 480 B.C.E. the threat was much more serious
 * Sekigahara maybe - ended the Warring States Era in Japan, inaugurated the Edo period of peace & prosperity
 * Panipat - first entry of Moguls in India
 * Tenochtitlan
 * Talas River - pushed Chinese out of Central Asia
 * probably Gettysburg instead of Vicksburg

 * Of course, there are many wars and battles in history, and their importance easily depends on how important you gauge various peoples and countries as being (example: the Texan historian). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by  Brutannica  (talk • contribs) January 30, 2006.

 * The battles listed are Creasy's choices for "decisive battles". Having an article listing Wikipedians' choices for decisive battles would be original research. JW is right as usual.  It really does not matter what we think are the 15 most decisive battles of world history.  (and Midway, for instance, has made every list done since WWII) This article is about the book by Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy, and HIS list.  11:38, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Title?
My Barnes&Noble edition of this book lists it as Fifteen Decisive Battles of the Western World: From Marathon to Waterloo-while this article's title leaves out the western part. Does anyone know which one is correct? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by YankeeDoodle14  (talk • contribs) September 2, 2006.
 * The Barnes&Noble edition is wrong. The title of Creasy's book doesn't have "Western" in it.  --JW1805 (Talk) 03:00, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

The title of Creasy's book doesn't have "Western" in it, period. What someone does to puff up sales doesn't change what the original title BY THE AUTHOR was. old windy bear 11:38, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Arbitrary
This list is arbitrary, as supposed to a book of XIX century and rather patriotic. It has no sense to avoid the Battle of Lepanto, as neither including the Spanish Armada (it was not a battle were the fate of the world was being decided, neither even the fate of 1 nation).
 * The text itself is rather Eurocentric, and at that, Anglocentric. --  李博杰    | —Talk contribs email guestbook complaints 09:12, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

The Battle of Vertières
The Battle of Vertières which created the first black republic in the Western Hemisphere and led to Napoleon Bonaparte's defeat in Haiti, should also be considered. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.250.136.194 (talk) 02:38, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

 * "The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World: from Marathon to Waterloo is a book written by Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy and published in 1851." You may have difficulty contacting Sir Edward at this late stage with your suggestion that he should consider it. 195.149.121.121 (talk) 13:01, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

Formatting pictures and text
Pictures are sitting on top of text--I don't know how to fix this. Holy (talk) 08:32, 31 August 2011 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Vigatec (Chile)

Discussion about deleting or keeping article, OCT 2004
from VfD:

 * Delete Delete - Commerical Advert, non-encyclopedic - single contributing author.
 * This article is as encyclopedic as any other article for any other company. Maybe it lacks more information (I realize that it is no so interesting at this moment), but I have seen other articles about U.S. companies and if this is deleted, the others should have been deleted a long time ago.--AAAAA 15:29, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I added info about their labor policies. Please check them out.  Now it's a bit more interesting.--AAAAA 01:45, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Delete for crass commercialism. --Neschek 02:21, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * All I can say here is that it was not my intention(crass commercialism). Once in a while, I read or hear something about a particular company, and I contribute to it (or in this case, create an article).--AAAAA 15:29, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak delete: Having their logo put on us is an absolute no-no, for copyvio reasons if none other. However, it seems like a large wholesaler.  They are not manufacturers, just wholesalers.  I cannot assess how significant they are within their home nation, but at a certain size an NPOV article is warranted on companies.  This is advertising and a general company cheer, of course, but it is the fact that the company is a bit small for a Fortune 500 type of representation that I say delete instead of cleanup. Geogre 04:06, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * About the logo, according to: Fair use, corporate logos are FAIR USE. Every time I land (randomly or not) on a page of a company that has no logo, I upload and paste it to the page.
 * I am not sure about the size (I could not find sales figures on the Internet), but for what I read, it seems to me that they are the leading company in Chile in the areas of business they work on.
 * It is small for a U.S. Fortune 500, but it is my "guesstimate" that they probably would be included in a Chilean Fortune 500, if there was one.--AAAAA 15:29, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, since they're pretty large, but severe cleanup is needed to make it read less like an ad. Even more importantly, the logo should absolutely be removed.  Are there any contributors with useful information to add?  If there's a good reason that we can't get it up to standards, I'll change my vote, since the current article isn't worth much. Factitious 08:55, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you--AAAAA 15:29, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The article's looking a lot better now, so I'm changing my vote to a strong keep — not that that makes a difference in the counting. Factitious 23:42, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * KEEP. I created this article because I heard or read about this company somewhere, so I checked on the Internet for articles or news about it, and produced the article with the information I found.  Maybe it is not "interesting" enough, but I think it deserves to stay, being a large company in Chile (I don't have sales figures, but I believe so).  I spent maybe one hour in the research and the production of the article, and I won't die if it gets deleted, but I won't feel good either.  The way I see Wikipedia is like this:  Whenever I read or hear about ANYTHING, and I want to know more, I go to Wikipedia first (before using Google).  Wikipedia usually has a short concise article, vs the million pages that google produces, containing repeated information.  If I find an article, I read it.  If the article is good enough, I learned what I needed to learn and that's it.  If the article is shot, I "watch" it, to hopefully work on it in the future.  If there's no article, I either write a note to work on it in the future, or I create a stub to work it slowly, depending on how much time I have at that moment.  In general, I think that whatever was of enough interest for me to look for it in Wikipedia, DESERVES TO STAY.  That's why I vote KEEP.  I will try to improve the article to make it more interesting.--AAAAA 15:29, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * What prompted me to write this article in the first place were the "Interesting Labor oriented initiatives" of the company, which I intended to include in the article in the first place, but did not get to it until now. I especially liked their "second generation plan".  Maybe some companies in the U.S. already do it, but I have not heard or read about it.  This program seemed very appealing to me. So, if you voted "delete", please reconsider.  Thank you.--AAAAA 15:54, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, but willing to reconsider. Reads too much like a press release and that logo is way too large. Gamaliel 18:27, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I have changed it a bit, added info about their labor oriented initiatives and logo is now small.--AAAAA 01:45, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Apparently non-notable company, largely non-encyclopedic content (everything past the TOC is uninteresting). Delete unless someone can show, in the article, why this company is notable -- and trim drastically even if they can (put the logo off to the side, especially). --Aponar Kestrel (talk) 23:58, 2004 Oct 11 (UTC)
 * I have changed it a bit, added info about their labor oriented initiatives and logo is now small.--AAAAA 01:45, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. Fairly large company. Their labor policies are interesting, but need to be cleaned up to read less like a corporate flyer.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:33, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the "keep" vote. I changed it a bit.  Will keep working on it.--AAAAA 01:45, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh man, AAAAA, are all of your articles borderline? Very weak keep as stated by Gwalla. Furthermore, AAAAA has shown a strong commitment to cleaning up articles in the past. Cool Hand Luke  06:50, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Hi, CoolHandLuke. The articles you have seen might be borderline, because all the other "interesting" ones are already written.  As time passes, Wikipedia has more and more of everything.  Furthermore, I have worked on many others that nobody has complained about.
 * I am trying to get more info about the company, but it's getting kind of difficult. Google tends to have little information about foreign companies, and other search engines are not much help either.  Any ideas on where to find more info?--AAAAA 01:45, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Spam. Delete unless rewritten. - Mike Rosoft 11:39, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you.--AAAAA 00:23, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This is not "spam". I got interested in the labor oriented initiatives of this company, and that prompted me to write the article.--AAAAA 01:45, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I believe that you didn't intend to spam Wikipedia, but the article really looks more like an advertisement than like an encyclopedia entry. If kept, it should undergo a serious cleanup. - Mike Rosoft 13:48, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Changing my vote to keep following a rewrite. Thanks, Walden. - Mike Rosoft 20:27, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * For all the people that complained about the logo, I just changed it to a smaller size and on the left.--AAAAA 13:12, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The content of section 1 is not encyclopedia worthy and way too long. It should be rewritten into a _few_ lines in a proper history section (and with less bias). I think AAAAA has the right intentions with this article. Walden 13:28, 2004 Oct 13 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Any help you (or anybody) re-writing the article will be appreciated.  I don't seem to be too good editing.  I tend to compile info about the article I am working on, but I have seen other wikipedians with much more skills editing.--AAAAA 01:45, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've tried to do a quick rewrite. You or someone else can do the rest. regards, Walden 15:28, 2004 Oct 14 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Looks fine to me.--AAAAA 00:23, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * As of today, 5 KEEPs and 4 deletes. Thanks to whoever voted KEEP.--AAAAA 04:39, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not the place to try to promote ATM card manufacturers.
 * The company is an importer/distributor, not a manufacturer.--AAAAA 11:32, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but will need condensing and whatnot. Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa, you won me over.  Fishal 22:47, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you Fishal.--AAAAA 11:32, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * AAAAA, I see you re-inserted the "Labor oriented initiatives" section. I have to say that I don't like the tone nor the (relative) space you give to this section. I think you should browse some of the other company articles to get a sense of what is appropriate to include (eg. Ford Motor Company, Philips), and what is considered Dilbert inspired marketing. Walden 17:43, 2004 Oct 16 (UTC)
 * I already reverted the addition. (Sorry, but with this section expanded, the article looks too much like an advertisement.) - Mike Rosoft 20:38, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

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title: Talk:Vigatec (Chile)


text:
User talk:Mlindstr

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

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P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Image caption formatting
I see by your edits to the Indiana Jones article that you've added periods to the captions. According to the Wikipedia Manual of Style: "If the caption is a single sentence or a sentence fragment, it does not get a period at the end." I've gone back and removed the periods, but I wanted to let you know why I was reversing your edits (which, in turn, were a reversal of mine) so that we didn't get into a confusion about this again. Thanks! EVula 02:31, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I was unaware of that manual, sorry 'bout the mess! ;-) Mamour 16:33, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Outcast
I found that you have an expanded version of the Outcast article on your userspace. Why don't you add these informations to the main article? 84.178.112.251 15:56, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Gosh darn! How did you find it? :-O I plan on adding all that stuff eventually; but I'm busy with my exams right now, so I haven't had the time to continue the article. Besides, it's still somewhat unfinished, and I'll play through the game completely before committing all changes. Anyway, to get to the point, I'll fuse it with the current article within a week or so; I just need to get my last exam done ;-). Mamour 16:16, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Belgium
Bonjour, On a pris l'initiative de créer WikiProject Belgium, si vous voulez contribuer vous êtes vraiment bienvenu!Pour le moment, on craint un peu que nous manquions des contribueurs Wallons et Francophones... Pour le moment, tous ceux qui sont inscrits, sont des Flamands (=Belges néerlandophones). On ne veut pas donner l'impression que c'est une organisation pro-Flamande qui veut contrôler tout ce qui concerne la Belgique:), c'est donc pour ça qu'on veut inviter les francophones tout de suite. On voudrait y travailler en anglais.

Donc si vous en avez envie, ajoutez votre nom sur ce liste! Evilbu 23:00, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Image:Outcastbox.jpg
Hello Mamour, an automated process has found an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, such as fair use. The image (Image:Outcastbox.jpg) was found at the following location: User:Mamour/Outcast. This image or media will be removed per statement number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. The image that was replaced will not be automatically deleted, but it could be deleted at a later date. Articles using the same image should not be affected by my edits. I ask you to please not readd the image to your userpage and could consider finding a replacement image licensed under either the Creative Commons or GFDL license or released to the public domain. Thanks for your attention and cooperation. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 03:52, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:Outcast.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

MfD nomination of User:Mlindstr/Outcast
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MfD nomination of User:Mlindstr/Timelapse
User:Mlindstr/Timelapse, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Mlindstr/Timelapse and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of User:Mlindstr/Timelapse during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Ricky81682 (talk) 20:27, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mlindstr


text:
Black Mountain (Australian Capital Territory)

Black Mountain, also known as Galambary to the Ngunnawal people, is a small mountain with an elevation of 812 m  that is situated to the west of the Canberra central business district on the northern shore of Lake Burley Griffin, in the Australian Capital Territory of Australia. Black Mountain is protected from development by the Canberra Nature Park and is predominantly covered in native bushland and is a haven to native wildlife.

Cultural significance
Galambary (Black Mountain) is a sacred Aboriginal meeting and business site, predominantly for men’s business. Black Mountain and adjacent Mount Ainslie are referred to as women’s breasts. Galambary was also used by Ngunnawal people as an initiation site, with the mountain itself said to represent the growth of a boy into a man.

Location and features
The mountain is located west of the main campus of the Australian National University and, together with the ridge, forms a natural west and northwestern boundary for Canberra city. Black Mountain rises 256 m above the water level of Lake Burley Griffin that lies at its base. Situated close to the highest point on the mountain is Black Mountain Tower (previously known as Telstra Tower, and Telecom Tower), a broadcasting tower rising a further 195 m above the summit.

The Australian National Botanic Gardens and the CSIRO share the eastern base of Black Mountain, next to the Australian National University.

Black Mountain was originally named Black Hill at the same time as the naming of nearby Red Hill. The original name explains why the mountain is not named Mount Black, like nearby Mount Majura and Mount Ainslie. The early European settlers referred to the mountain formation as the Canberry Ranges.

Geology
The bulk of Black Mountain consists of the white quartz Black Mountain Sandstone. This was deposited in the late Early Silurian age. On the south-east slopes and north-west west there are exposures of State Circle shale. The Black Mountain Peninsula contains mudstone in the north and greywacke from the Ordovician age Pittman Formation in the south.


text:
Vladimir Drinfeld

Vladimir Gershonovich Drinfeld (Володи́мир Ге́ршонович Дрінфельд; Влади́мир Ге́ршонович Дри́нфельд; born February 14, 1954), surname also romanized as Drinfel'd, is a mathematician from the former USSR, who emigrated to the United States and is currently working at the University of Chicago.

Drinfeld's work connected algebraic geometry over finite fields with number theory, especially the theory of automorphic forms, through the notions of elliptic module and the theory of the geometric Langlands correspondence. Drinfeld introduced the notion of a quantum group (independently discovered by Michio Jimbo at the same time) and made important contributions to mathematical physics, including the ADHM construction of instantons, algebraic formalism of the quantum inverse scattering method, and the Drinfeld–Sokolov reduction in the theory of solitons.

He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1990. In 2016, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 2018 he received the Wolf Prize in Mathematics. In 2023 he was awarded the Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences.

Biography
Drinfeld was born into a Jewish mathematical family, in Kharkiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union in 1954. In 1969, at the age of 15, Drinfeld represented the Soviet Union at the International Mathematics Olympiad in Bucharest, Romania, and won a gold medal with the full score of 40 points. He was, at the time, the youngest participant to achieve a perfect score, a record that has since been surpassed by only four others including Sergei Konyagin and Noam Elkies. Drinfeld entered Moscow State University in the same year and graduated from it in 1974. Drinfeld was awarded the Candidate of Sciences degree in 1978 and the Doctor of Sciences degree from the Steklov Institute of Mathematics in 1988. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1990. From 1981 till 1999 he worked at the Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering (Department of Mathematical Physics). Drinfeld moved to the United States in 1999 and has been working at the University of Chicago since January 1999.

Contributions to mathematics
In 1974, at the age of twenty, Drinfeld announced a proof of the Langlands conjectures for GL2 over a global field of positive characteristic. In the course of proving the conjectures, Drinfeld introduced a new class of objects that he called "elliptic modules" (now known as Drinfeld modules). Later, in 1983, Drinfeld published a short article that expanded the scope of the Langlands conjectures. The Langlands conjectures, when published in 1967, could be seen as a sort of non-abelian class field theory. It postulated the existence of a natural one-to-one correspondence between Galois representations and some automorphic forms. The "naturalness" is guaranteed by the essential coincidence of L-functions. However, this condition is purely arithmetic and cannot be considered for a general one-dimensional function field in a straightforward way. Drinfeld pointed out that instead of automorphic forms one can consider automorphic perverse sheaves or automorphic D-modules. "Automorphicity" of these modules and the Langlands correspondence could be then understood in terms of the action of Hecke operators.

Drinfeld has also worked in mathematical physics. In collaboration with his advisor Yuri Manin, he constructed the moduli space of Yang–Mills instantons, a result that was proved independently by Michael Atiyah and Nigel Hitchin. Drinfeld coined the term "quantum group" in reference to Hopf algebras that are deformations of simple Lie algebras, and connected them to the study of the Yang–Baxter equation, which is a necessary condition for the solvability of statistical mechanical models. He also generalized Hopf algebras to quasi-Hopf algebras and introduced the study of Drinfeld twists, which can be used to factorize the R-matrix corresponding to the solution of the Yang–Baxter equation associated with a quasitriangular Hopf algebra.

Drinfeld has also collaborated with Alexander Beilinson to rebuild the theory of vertex algebras in a coordinate-free form, which have become increasingly important to two-dimensional conformal field theory, string theory, and the geometric Langlands program. Drinfeld and Beilinson published their work in 2004 in a book titled "Chiral Algebras."

title: Vladimir Drinfeld


text:
Talk:Rufus Griswold

Source
This article is based on the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica article, but, beyond some minor copyediting, I did make a couple substantive changes with regard to Poe. I put in the 1911 EB template, but I don't want to leave the impression that this is pure EB. P. Riis 02:19, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rufus Griswold


text: Talk:St. Thomas Aquinas College

title: Talk:St. Thomas Aquinas College


text:
Talk:Baja California peninsula

Dates
According to the article, the split into Alta and Baja took place in both 1773 and 1804. Can't be both. –Hajor 13:19, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Yes, it's true, i did not notice it until now, i would like to check that... the reason that i put down that date was because that is the year that appears in the inscription on the marker..., i was down there this last weekend, i will investigate and make any correction necesary... of course that correction on the inscription will be a little more difficult. =) By the way... where did you get the 1804 info?

dates
Sorry if i did anything wrong in my last answer to you... im quite new to all of this and not much of a computer expert... like i mentioned before i appreciate your comments and will look into them... i think i should have a reasonable answer in a couple of days...EjidoMike 05:05, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

I found the following information on the bajaquest.com website... it quotes the same Sociedad de Historia De rosarito A.C. as the source for the info - the same society that erected the marker - :

"In 1767 the Jesuits were expelled from Mexico in a political-religious decision, the Franciscans were asked to take over the administration of the missions. In 1772, a concordat (agreement) was signed between the King of Spain -with the support of the Viceroy of New Spain (Mexico) and the Pope- and the leaders of the Dominican and Franciscan monks resulting in the division of California in 1773, using the local mountain range that meet the sea at Calafia. The Palou Frontier was establish as the dividing line between Nueva (new) or Alta (upper) California and Antigua (old) of Baja (lower) California."

I also found many websites that indicate 1804 as the year the partition took place... i will keep looking into this. EjidoMike 05:45, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * That 1804 date goes back to the very earliest versions of the article. From what I've been reading, I assume there were two divisions -- one religious in 1773, and the other political/administrative in 1804. It's still not clear. Keep looking! –Hajor 14:05, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Im looking into this with a friend of mine... i think we should come up with some convincing theory... i'll keep you posted. (and see!!! i worked out how to reply correctly!!!!) EjidoMike 04:44, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think we got this figured out now... i'll be posting our research and sources soon EjidoMike 03:03, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * You're welcome. I'll keep you posted when I find out more (124.157.247.21 16:03, 1 October 2007 (UTC))

Tourist sites
Could someone please edit this article to include some links to some points of interest.

>>>I have repeatedly but JOHN HARDER deletes my links and discredits my BAJA site as SPAM

www.baja.org —Preceding unsigned comment added by 1stMensch (talk • contribs) 04:11, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Name
Is "Baja California Peninsula" an official name? Otherwise for the sake of consistency (and easier wikilinking) I propose the article is renamed "Baja California peninsula". Thanks for any insights, David Kernow 14:36, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

"Baja California Norte"
Since Baja California became a state, its official designation is no longer Baja California Norte. Baja California is the political designation for the northern state. Nonetheless, "Baja California Norte" continues to be commonly used as an informal designation, to distinguish it from the peninsula as a whole (which is also commonly referred to simply as "Baja California"). Yes, "Baja California Norte" is merely an informal designation. No, it is NOT incorrect! RhymeNotStutter 00:14, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Yes, "Baja California Norte" is merely an informal designation, informal but also INCORRECT!. The official state name is Baja California. When the North Territory of Baja California became a state the term "NORTH" didnt form part of the official name. There is a Baja California Sur but not a Baja California Norte because it doesn't exist. I live in Baja California and it is a little annoying to hear about BCN, imagine to read it in a global SOURCE of information. It's a common error, even to many mexicans, but Baja California Norte is a WRONG desiganation. JC 15:20, 18 January 2007 (PST)

 * You misunderstand what it means for a geographical designation to be "wrong" or "incorrect". If someone says that Ensenada is the capital of Baja California, that's factually wrong. If someone says that Eugenio Elorduy Walther is the governor of Baja California Norte, that's wrong, because "Baja California Norte" isn't the name of the political entity of which he's governor. If someone says that Ensenada is located in the Great Basin, that's wrong, because it's contrary to the accepted understanding of what the "Great Basin" means geographically. "Baja California Norte" is a well-established geographical (not political) term for the northern half of the Baja California peninsula. It isn't the official designation for the state in that region, so it's use should be labelled as informal, but it certainly is not wrong. Google Search shows approximately 942,000 hits for "Baja California Norte", so it's a well-established established usage. As a personal perference, you may not care for it, and you may wish it would stop. As a matter of fact, I never use "Baja California Norte" myself. Nonetheless, the purpose of Wikipedia is to inform its readers of facts, not to dictate to them your personal preferences or mine. Please don't label as "inaccurate" or "wrong" an accepted geographical usage that you don't happen to like. RhymeNotStutter 23:19, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Geographically there is a single region, the Baja California Peninsula, politically divided into 2 states. We normal use the name of the states to specify a region of the peninsula. The former Territory of Baja California was divide into 2 territories:
 * 1) the North(northern) Territory of Baja California, now the state of Baja California.
 * 2) the South(southern) Territory of Baja California, now the state of Baja California Sur.
 * You want facts, read this: http://www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx/portal/nuestro_estado/historia/transformacion.jsp and http://www.bcs.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=330&Itemid=73 You will find that Baja Califoria Norte has never been existed, geographically or politically talking.
 * The usage of the term could be very popular, but it's usage is not just innacurate, it is incorrect. It doesn't matter how many hits can google find, or if it is a well-established usage, this doesn't make it right.
 * I'm not asking to erase the term, just to inform that it use is not just informal, it is also inaccurate and sometimes incorrect.
 * JC 17:16, 19 January 2007 (PST)

Jcmenal: please stop trying to assert your personal preference in geographical terms as "fact". As you are aware, "Baja California Norte" has been used extensively, including in publications issued by the Mexican government, including the titles of books by at least two Mexican Presidents (Adolfo Ruiz Cortines and José López Portillo). No, it is not an official political designation. Neither is the regional term "Southern California," which has no political status, but it's usage is still perfectly correct. It is not appropriate to try to use Wikipedia as a medium to foist your personal preferences on readers as "fact" or to dismiss established a well-established usage as "incorrect" because you do not like it. RhymeNotStutter 00:20, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Personal references??, you edited the note and you added the official designation, do you have an official source of this?, I fixed your edit. The confusion here is that the northern part was never called Baja California Norte, however it was officially called Territorio Norte de la Baja California or Distrito Norte de la Baja California, also there is just one sourced region the Baja California Peninsula; to talk about the northern part we use "en el norte de la peninsula" never Baja California Norte. Please read the current and past Mexican costitutions, and Baja California constitution, you wont find an official "Baja California Norte" designation. Many Mexicans believes that Baja California Norte existed and/or is the real name of the current state right now, including former presidents; even legal institutions like banks or enterprises have used or uses Baja California Norte, but it is incorrect. JC 22:25, 15 March 2007 (PST)

 * One final point of interest: in Mexico, are "regions" officially designated entities? In the United States, they are not. "Regions" in the U.S. are informal geographical designations, established by conventional usage and not by legislation. So saying that a term for a region is not "official" would make no sense, at least in the U.S. If "regions" in Mexico are officially designated, then is "Baja California Peninsula" an officially established designation, or is its use also "incorrect", according to what you're saying? If "regions" are official in Mexico, then what term would you use for a category like "el norte de la peninsula" or, probably, "Baja California Peninsula"? Wouldn't "Baja California Norte" fall into that same class: a geographical term that "we use", as you wrote (but "we" in this case would mean Mexican presidents, banks, publishers, and many, many other people, although not you or me as individuals)? RhymeNotStutter 14:47, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * No they aren't in the current constitution, in past constitution the entities were also called "provinces". Regions in Mexico, as in the US are informal geographical designations, established by conventional usage and not by legislation. "Baja California Peninsula" is a geographical region of course inside a semi-official region called "Northwest" (used by government statistical dependencies). I tried to explain to you, "Baja California Norte" is always used to be refer to the state not to the northern part of the region thats why its usage is incorrect. I'm not pointing to you, as I siad, sadly most of the Mexicans believes that "Baja California Norte" is the official name of the state (including former presidents, banks and specially publishers), even the US embassy uses "Baja California Norte" as the official state name. JC 8:20, 16 March 2007 (PST)

picture caption
It's not actually highlighted, its a topographic map. 24.91.9.206 19:50, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Annex by US
Wasn't there an offer to annex/sell Baja California to the US during WW2 ? I have heard the story, but seen no references, that it was offered to Franklin Roosevelt around the time of the Pearl Harbor attack. - Bill 20:56, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Northern America
The article says: " It is considered territory of Northern America. "

This is at odds with the Wikipedia page "Northern America".

I've no idea which is correct, but one of the two pages needs to be changed.

Ordinary Person 08:45, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

It's North America. We cross into South America when we pass Panama. (Nurse Hilditch 16:07, 1 October 2007 (UTC))

Yup, it is a North American territory; it belonged to Northern America when the peninsula was part of the New Spain and the early years of independent Mexico. JC 10:05 1 Octuber 2007 (UTC-8)

Demographics
5% Asian (Most of them Filipinos)???, where you found this information, most of the Asian population here is Chinese. JC February 27 2007, 22:50 (PST)

Where are these demographic statistics coming from? I have never seen such a detailed survey for Baja California. 10% Asian seems to be a bit high; from sight I would say 4% max. As far as the other statistics, its hard telling. I have been in parts where there is a significant European component, but where are the official numbers? Libertythor 05:38, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

California Island?
The paragraph speculating that the Baja will continue to grow and turn parts of the State of California with it into a large island is written poorly and without citation, leading me, a normal person, to believe, from the wording use, that this will happen very soon, instead of millions or billions of years into the future. I suggest somebody, with extensive geologic knowledge re-write this portion of the article. Sierraoffline444 (talk) 08:38, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Chopped that along with more of the redundant to irrelevant stuff. Vsmith (talk) 14:31, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

was any land sold in this area —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.213.65.18 (talk) 00:20, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. The requesting editor has been blocked as a sockpuppet of a banned editor, and the balance of the arguments presented by the remaining participants does not support the move. RL0919 (talk) 13:22, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

Baja California peninsula → Baja California Peninsula — Relisted. Vegaswikian (talk) 19:52, 23 January 2011 (UTC) Capital P as for all(?) peninsulas in Category:Peninsulas by country that use the term "peninsula" in the article title.--TopoChecker (talk) 16:11, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

Evidence for existence of upper case can be found via http://www.google.com/search?q=%22baja+california+peninsula%22 - both variants seem possible, so WP can choose. If all(?!) other peninsulas are written with capital P, then this one should use upper case too? TopoChecker (talk) 02:59, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose; as near as I can tell, "peninsula" is not part of the formation's name. I have no idea why all other peninsulas are so capitalized.  Powers T 18:22, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Because they are proper names? Like "Lake", and "Ocean" are part of "Great Salt Lake" and "Pacific Ocean"? TopoChecker (talk) 02:52, 17 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I rarely see peninsulas labeled on maps, so I admit I can be wrong. I'd like to see some sources, though.  It seems to me that terms like "Baja California" and "Demarva" are often seen in isolation, but then the same is true of "Pacific" and "Tahoe" so it's hard to say.  Powers T 15:04, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Support "Baja California Peninsula" is a proper name, as the nominator correctly points out. Compare with Baja California Desert. The Celestial City (talk) 13:47, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Is the state (Baja California) really the primary topic? Or is it the peninsula?  Should the state be at Baja California (state) and move this article to Baja California or Baja California (peninsula) since it's usually just called Baja (California) without a modifier?   —   AjaxSmack   18:00, 17 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I guess none can be called clearly primary as defined by the guideline. "Baja California Peninsula" is just more clear and it is the way several peninsulas are named. Nevertheless, I would support moving the state to "Baja California (state)". There was also a Baja California Territory existing for more than 100 years. Baja California could be a dab page. TopoChecker (talk) 01:29, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose The formal name of Yorke Peninsula etc. contains the word "Peninsula" in capitals, hence it is included in the title name. There is no evidence that the formal name or the WP:COMMONNAME of Baja California contains the word "Peninsula" (no, the google search linked above is not evidence of either). If the term "peninsula" must be used for disambiguation purposes, then it should be in parentheses i.e. Baja California (peninsula) to avoid any inference that "Peninsula" or "peninsula" are part of the topic's name. -- Mattinbgn (talk) 02:52, 20 January 2011 (UTC)
 * AFAICT peninsulas do not have formal names. TopoChecker (talk) 19:42, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Support The GEOnet Names Server says the peninsula is called either "Baja California" or "Península de la Baja California". Also, the word "peninsula" is certainly part of the proper name of specific landforms in English, see and  (and literally hundreds of others listed at GNIS). Furthermore, we have pages like Iberian Peninsula, Kamchatka Peninsula, and so on. Pfly (talk) 20:31, 20 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Rewrite for a less Euro-centric bias?
This article could stand to be expanded. The current state doesn't match Wikipedia quality standards I've come to expect. Both its history section and timeline begin with arrival European explorers. I suggest more detail, significance, and at least a passing mention of indigenous peoples and cultures. 24.40.144.211 (talk) 03:36, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Baja California Peninsula
The article is named "Baja California peninsula", but English Wikipedia uses upper case for class names, compare these peninsula articles: Eldizzino (talk) 18:01, 22 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Malay Peninsula
 * Yucatán Peninsula
 * Liaodong Peninsula
 * Italian Peninsula
 * Trinity Peninsula
 * Korean Peninsula
 * Antarctic Peninsula
 * Shandong Peninsula
 * Arabian Peninsula
 * Alaska Peninsula
 * Labrador Peninsula
 * Iberian Peninsula
 * Cape York Peninsula
 * Kamchatka Peninsula

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"Baja, California" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Baja, California and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 August 30 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Tigraan Click here for my talk page ("private" contact) 11:43, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Baja California which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 22:02, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

Secret cartography
This sentence in the history section - A reason for such a mistake could have been originated in the secret in what the Spaniards hold their cartography far from other European powers' eyes - is referenced but makes limited sense. Anyone with knowledge of the topic care to improve it? Geopersona (talk) 06:41, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baja California peninsula


text: Category:Freudian psychology

title: Category:Freudian psychology