text:
Gerald L. K. Smith

Gerald Lyman Kenneth Smith (February 27, 1898 – April 15, 1976) was an American clergyman, politician and organizer known for his populist and far-right demagoguery. He began his career as a leader of the populist Share Our Wealth movement during the Great Depression. After the death of Huey Long he shifted away from advocating wealth redistribution towards anti-communism and later anti-semitism, becoming known for far-right causes such as the Christian Nationalist Crusade, which he founded in 1942. He founded the America First Party in 1943 and was its 1944 presidential candidate, winning fewer than 1,800 votes. He was a preeminent antisemite and a white supremacist.

Late in life, he built the Christ of the Ozarks statue in Eureka Springs, Arkansas, with donations, and initiated the Passion Play there.

Early life and education
Gerald Lyman Kenneth Smith was born on February 27, 1898, in Pardeeville, Wisconsin, to Sarah and Lyman Z. Smith. He had one sister, Barbara, who was ten years older. His father was a traveling salesman and preacher who spoke on patriotic occasions and was a supporter of Robert La Follette. Gerald Smith said of his childhood, "We took it for granted that the word 'Christian' was the companion for the word 'American.'" The family moved to rural Richland County, Wisconsin, and Gerald Smith received a public education, first at rural schools and then at a larger school in Viola. After Lyman Smith recovered from pernicious anemia, which he had suffered from during most of his son's childhood, the family moved to Viroqua, Wisconsin, where Gerald Smith graduated high school in 1915.

In 1918, after two and a half years of study, Smith graduated from Valparaiso University in Indiana with a degree in biblical studies. Smith enlisted in the United States Army but was not deployed before the end of World War I. An attack of nephritis forced him to return to Viroqua to recuperate.

Ministry
Smith said that he determined he would be a Disciples of Christ minister, like three generations of his family before him, when he was twelve. He was ordained in 1916, while at Valparaiso. Upon his recovery from nephritis in 1919, he became a temporary pastor in Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin, then at a larger church in Footville, then organized another church in the larger community of Beloit. On return from a trip to Chicago, he expressed his earliest recorded views on race in a letter to his parents: "[W]hen you see the white and black mixing it is terrible. White girls dancing cheek to cheek with black men. ... It sickens one."

After marriage and another period of illness, Smith joined a larger church in Kansas, Illinois. In 1922, he drew national attention for a sermon at a ministerial convention in St. Louis and moved to Indianapolis, where he preached to a congregation of two thousand. In Indianapolis, rumors circulated that he was a member of the Ku Klux Klan, which was popular among the state's Protestant men but notorious following the conviction of Grand Wizard D. C. Stephenson. Smith denied these rumors throughout his life.

In 1929, Smith's wife contracted tuberculosis, and he moved his family to Shreveport, Louisiana, to seek treatment. He became minister of Kings Highway Christian Church, where his congregation included the city's mayor, two bank presidents, and the president of the Chamber of Commerce. In his early time in Shreveport, Smith was ecumenical, preaching at B'Nai Zion Temple and in return sharing his pulpit with the temple's rabbi.

Huey Long and Share Our Wealth
Upon his move to Shreveport, shortly after the 1929 stock market crash, Smith began to engage more actively in politics. He became chaplain of the Louisiana American Federation of Labor and delivered a keynote at the Louisiana chapter meeting of the American Bankers' Association. He also began preaching radio sermons calling for social reform and denouncing the Standard Oil Company.

Shortly after his arrival in the city, Smith met Governor Huey P. Long, who maintained a law office there. His friendship with Long ultimately forced his resignation from his church in 1933, as many of the congregation were opposed to Long. Following his resignation, Smith allegedly turned toward fascist politics by contacting William Dudley Pelley and attempting to reach Adolf Hitler to discuss "Semitic" and "anti-German" propaganda.

In 1934, Long formed the Share Our Wealth Society, which proposed minimum and maximum limits on household wealth and income, and named Smith its national organizer. In describing his campaign philosophy, Smith wrote that "in order to succeed, a mass movement must be superficial for quick appeal, fundamental for permanence, dogmatic for certainty, and practical for workability." Smith delivered campaign speeches for Share Our Wealth throughout the country, described as "a combination of Savonarola and Elmer Gantry" and often drawing large crowds of supporters and hecklers. In 1935, he boasted to a reporter that he might "duplicate the feat of Adolph Hitler in Germany". Behind the scenes, he encouraged Long to challenge President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936.

After Long was assassinated in 1935, Smith failed to take control of the Long faction in Louisiana and was effectively expelled from the state politically by Seymour Weiss. Smith was fired from Share Our Wealth, which was soon abolished.

Union Party
After departing Louisiana, Smith campaigned in Georgia for white supremacist Governor Eugene Talmadge, who intended to oppose Roosevelt for the 1936 Democratic nomination. Smith then joined Francis Townsend, an advocate of pension reform, in New York City on the incorrect belief that Townsend had acquired Long's mailing list. Smith soon ingratiated himself to Townsend against the misgivings of many of Townsend's advisors. In November 1935, Smith convinced Townsend to join with Charles Coughlin, an anti-Roosevelt Roman Catholic priest, to back William Lemke for president to oppose, in Smith's words, "the communistic philosophy of [Roosevelt advisors] Frankfurter, Ickes, Hopkins, and Wallace".

Late in the 1936 campaign, Smith announced his intent to form an independent movement to oppose communism and "seize the government of the United States." He claimed support from "ten million patriots" willing to sacrifice their lives to prevent "an international plot to collectivize [the United States]" and from wealthy donors who would provide one percent of their annual incomes "to make America vigorously nationalistic." Townsend promptly disowned Smith and Lemke's campaign manager expelled him from the Union Party, despite his protests. Coughlin ignored the controversy, having already developed antipathy toward Smith during the campaign.

In the fall of 1936, Smith returned to Louisiana to join former Governor James A. Noe in a tour of Louisiana in which the two railed against Governor Richard Leche's sales tax on luxury items, revenue that the governor claimed was essential for the state's share of the new Social Security program. Noe charged that Leche "sold out to Roosevelt to finance Social Security." On October 22, he was punched in the face after delivering a radio talk in New Orleans. On the night before the election, he was arrested for disturbing the peace, reviling the police, and using obscene language after attacking Leche on statewide radio. Despite the boasts of Smith, Townsend, and Coughlin, the Union ticket received only 2 percent of the national vote, mostly in Catholic precincts where Coughlin's popularity was strongest; within two years, the party collapsed entirely.

America First Party of 1943
As European tensions rose with the ascendancy of the Nazi Party in Germany, Smith tried to form an alliance with the non-interventionist America First Committee, but did not succeed.

In 1943, Smith formed the America First Party, essentially appropriating the name. He became a member of William Dudley Pelley's fascist Silver Legion of America, which was patterned after Hitler's brown shirts. (Pelley was later convicted for violating the Espionage Act in 1942 and sentenced to 15 years in prison, but he was acquitted in 1944 for violating the Alien Registration Act.) Smith told an audience of Silver Shirts, "We're going to drive that cripple out of the White House," meaning Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

After moving to Michigan, Smith ran for the United States Senate as a Republican from there, but lost in the primary.

In 1947, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai Brith cited Smith's Christian Nationalist Crusade along with Merwin K. Hart's National Economic Council and the Ku Klux Klan as "organized anti-Jewish organizations... which had significant influence, resources and membership." In late 1947, Smith moved CNC offices from Detroit to St. Louis.

Presidential bids
Smith ran as the America First Party candidate in the 1944 presidential election, winning 1,781 votes (1530 in Michigan, 281 in Texas). In 1948, with running mate Harry Romer on the Christian Nationalist Party ticket, he received 48 votes. Smith's only other bid for the presidency was in 1956, when he received eight write-in votes in California.

"Gerald Smith ran for president because he lusted for power, but his hatred for Jews and his relentless crusade against them had no such 'rational' motivation... Smith was fascinated by the Office of the President of the United States," wrote biographer Glen Jeansonne.

Post-war activities
In 1946, Smith was sentenced to 60 days in jail for contempt in court for Illinois for misconduct at the trial of Arthur Terminiello, a Catholic priest charged over inflammatory comments made against various racial groups. His publicity agent, Don Lohbeck, who was found guilty with him, was sentenced to 30 days in jail.

In the early 1950s, at the time of the appointment of Anna M. Rosenberg as Assistant Secretary of Defense, the Anti-Defamation League published an article attributing the attacks on Rosenberg's loyalty to "professional anti-Semites and lunatic nationalists", including the "Jew-baiting cabal of John Rankin, Benjamin Freedman and Gerald Smith". Smith's activism in the Los Angeles area was opposed by a coalition of Jewish and black groups; a headline in the B'nai B'rith Messenger called him "the Little Fuehrer".

In 1956, Smith joined a strong campaign against the Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act. He was among such opponents as those who nicknamed it the "Siberia Bill" and denounced it as being part of a communist plot to hospitalize and brainwash Americans. It was a bipartisan, federal effort to improve mental health care for residents of Alaska, which was still a territory, and its passage was aided by the support of the conservative senator Barry Goldwater.

The Christian Nationalist platform called for deportations of Jews and African Americans. Smith and his groups also targeted screeds against Catholics, President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and others. In 1959, the Cross and the Flag, the Christian Nationalist Crusade's magazine, claimed that six million Jews were not killed in death camps in Europe during World War II but instead immigrated to the United States during the war.

Last years
Smith eventually moved to Eureka Springs, Arkansas, where he bought and renovated a mansion as a retirement home. In 1964, he began construction of a planned religious theme park on his own property, to be called "Sacred Projects". Smith's biographer, Glen Jeansonne, in Gerald L. K. Smith: Minister of Hate, writes that Smith only had $5,000 to his name at the end of 1963 and yet raised $1,000,000 by the spring of 1964 to commission and construct the "Christ of the Ozarks" project.

Although the park was never fully developed, in 1966 the centerpiece, the Christ of the Ozarks statue, was completed on Magnetic Mountain at an elevation of 1,500 feet, from where it overlooked the town. Emmet Sullivan, the sculptor, had worked under Gutzon Borglum as one of the sculptors of Mount Rushmore.

Smith's original plans were for a life-size recreation of ancient Jerusalem in the hills near Eureka Springs; no construction of this portion took place. He did initiate an annual outdoor Passion Play, inspired by another passion play which is performed every ten years in the town of Oberammergau, Germany. It is staged in an amphitheater located near the statue for several nights each week from late April through late October.

Personal life and death
Smith married Elna Sorenson in 1922. The couple adopted their only child, whom they named Gerald L. K. Smith Jr.

Smith died age 78 on April 15, 1976, of pneumonia in Glendale, California. His wife took over the Christian Nationalist Crusade at his death. With his wife, he is buried adjacent to the Christ of the Ozarks statue, where hymns are continuously played near the graves.

Works
Smith is claimed to be the originator of the following quotation, often wrongly attributed to others (in particular Baptist pastor, author, and political commentator, Adrian Rogers, who quoted it in a sermon without attribution): "'You cannot legislate the poor into freedom by legislating the wealthy out of freedom. What one person receives without working for, another person must work for without receiving. The government cannot give to anybody anything that the government does not first take from somebody else. When half of the people get the idea that they do not have to work because the other half is going to take care of them, and when the other half gets the idea that it does no good to work because somebody else is going to get what they work for, that my dear friend, is about the end of any nation. You cannot multiply wealth by dividing it.'"

According to the Congressional Record of 1958, it had also been said by U.S. Senator James Eastland of Mississippi during his address at the November 13, 1957, annual meeting of the Illinois Agricultural Association.

Smith read Henry Ford's book The International Jew, which became one of his favorites; Smith sold many copies of this book, which he reprinted.

 * Books published by Smith
 * The International Jew: The World's Foremost Problem (prepared by Gerald L. K. Smith)
 * Books by Smith
 * Matters of Life and Death: A Handbook for Patriots dealing with the issues on which America will rise or fall
 * Books edited by others:
 * Besieged patriot : autobiographical episodes exposing communism, traitorism, and Zionism from the life of Gerald L.K. Smith

title: Gerald L. K. Smith


text:
Fudai daimyō

Fudai daimyō (譜代大名) was a class of daimyō (大名) in the Tokugawa Shogunate (徳川幕府) of Japan who were hereditary vassals of the Tokugawa before the Battle of Sekigahara. Fudai daimyō and their descendants filled the ranks of the Tokugawa administration in opposition to the tozama daimyō and held most of the power in Japan during the Edo period.

Origins
Fudai daimyōs originated from the families and clans who had served the prominent Tokugawa clan before its rise to national primacy during the Azuchi–Momoyama period in the late Sengoku period, including the Honda, Sakai, Sakakibara, Ii, Itakura, and Mizuno clans. A number of other clans which were not retainers of the Tokugawa before the Azuchi–Momoyama period also came to be counted as fudai, such as the Ogasawara and the Doi. Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, Sakai Tadatsugu, and Ii Naomasa — Tokugawa Ieyasu's "Four Great Generals" — were all pre-Edo period fudai who went on to become fudai daimyōs. In addition, some branches of the Matsudaira clan, from which the Tokugawa clan originated, were classed as fudai while allowed to retain the Matsudaira name.

According to "Mikawa Monogatari" which authored by by Ōkubo Tadataka, they are divided into Anjo Fudai, Yamanaka Fudai, and Okazaki Fudai. the vassals who served the Matsudaira clan when they had their base in Anjo Castle were Anjo Fudai, the vassals who served after they captured Yamanaka Castle were Yamanaka Fudai, and the vassals who served after they moved their base to Okazaki Castle were Okazaki Fudai. According to historian Yasutsune Owada, Anjo Fudai vassals has served the Matsudaira clan since the time of Ieyasu's grandfather, Matsudaira Kiyoyasu. Thereby, Ieyasu highly valued them, and placed great importance on the Anjo Fudai vassals. The clans which considered as Anjo fudai were the Ishikawa, Ōkubo, Naitō, Abe, Aoyama, Uemura, Hiraiwa, Naruse, Sakai, Honda and Watanabe clan.

Edo period (江戸時代)
The birth of the fudai daimyō class began as Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川家康) rose to power in Japan in the 16th century. Ieyasu's han (domains) increased as he gained prominence, and as his domains increased, he began to hand out landholdings to his vassals, so that one by one, many of them became daimyōs, the powerful feudal lords of the samurai warrior noble class. Ieyasu became the most powerful lord in Japan following victory at the Battle of Sekigahara in October 1600, displacing the Toyotomi clan and unofficially founding the Tokugawa Shogunate as his de facto military government with himself as the Shōgun. However, Ieyasu sought to consolidate his rule from potential usurpers, including the Toyotomi loyalists who were still fighting for Toyotomi Hideyori, the son and designated successor of Ieyasu's rival Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who had been an infant at the Battle of Sekigahara. The capital of the Tokugawa Shogunate was established in the eastern city of Edo, and Ieyasu filled his administration with fudai in fear of the tozama ("outside") daimyōs, who became Tokugawa vassals only after the battle. The fudai, in contrast to the tozama, typically ruled small domains in strategic locations along Japan's principal roads or in the Kantō region near Edo. High-ranking posts in the shogunate government (Bakufu) such as the rōjū, the wakadoshiyori, and the Kyoto Shoshidai normally went to fudai.

The Tudai daimyō lords usually characterized that with their domination in bureaucratic bodies of the central government, in contrast with the Tozama daimyō lords that mostly limited to their jurisdictions of their respective domains. However it was not almost the case, as The Ii clan, Honda clan of Tadakatsu branch, and Sakakibara clan were also hereditarily acted as guardians of provinces, and traditionally served more in military roles than bureaucratic ones.

Occasionally, a family could be raised to or from fudai status. For instance, the Matsudaira clan to which Matsudaira Sadanobu belonged went from being a fudai house to being a shinpan (recognized relative) of the Tokugawa family. Also, a hatamoto who had an increase in income which raised his income level over 10,000 koku became a fudai daimyō.

Bakumatsu and Meiji Restoration
Many fudai daimyōs were involved in the vigorous political activity of the Bakumatsu, the gradual decline of the Tokugawa Shogunate from 1853, and the renewed military activities which occurred in that period. Two such men of fudai daimyō background were Ogasawara Nagamichi and Itakura Katsukiyo, who were two of the last rōjū, and actively worked for reform and strengthening of the ailing shogunate. Others, such as Matsudaira Munehide, were involved in diplomacy and foreign affairs.

In the Boshin War of 1868 to 1869, when supporters of the Imperial Court rose up in the Meiji Restoration against the Tokugawa Shogunate, some fudai houses such as the Toda of Ogaki and the Tōdō of Tsu sided with the shogunate during the first battle at Toba–Fushimi. However, after the shogunate's loss there, many fudai houses did not side with the shogunate or with remnants of the Shōgun's former army under Enomoto Takeaki which moved northward to Hokkaido and eventually set up the Ezo Republic. Some remained neutral, while others (like the lords of Ōgaki and Tsu) switched allegiances and openly supported the new Imperial Japanese Army. Ogasawara Nagamichi and Itakura Katsukiyo led small groups of their retainers during the fight against the Imperial forces. However, their domains had already been occupied by the Imperial army, and were forced to participate in the war on the Imperial army's behalf. Only one fudai daimyō, Hayashi Tadataka of Jōzai Domain, willingly left his domain early in 1868, and led most of his retainer force on behalf of the armies of the former Shōgun, in the fight against the Imperial army. Also, a handful of fudai in the north of Honshu formed part of the Northern Alliance, fighting for the Alliance but not for the now-retired Shōgun.

Most of the fudai in the country entered the Meiji era peacefully, and ruled their domains until abolition of the domains in 1871. After this, the former families of fudai daimyōs transitioned into the kazoku in the new Japanese nobility system.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fudai daimyō


text:
Martin XB-27

The Martin XB-27 (Martin Model 182) was an aircraft proposed by the Glenn L. Martin Company to fill a strong need in the United States Army Air Corps for a high-altitude medium bomber. Its design was based approximately on that of Martin's own B-26 Marauder. The XB-27 remained on paper, and no prototypes were built.

title: Martin XB-27


text: Category:Neoclassical composers

title: Category:Neoclassical composers


text:
Zuma

Zuma may refer to:

People

 * Zuma (surname), a South African surname
 * Suma people, or Zuma people, people living in northern Chihuahua and the Rio Grande valley of western Texas

Fictional characters

 * Zuma (comics), a Filipino comic book character
 * Zuma, a character from PAW Patrol

Places

 * Zuma Beach in Malibu, California
 * Zuma Rock, in Nigeria
 * Zuma, Sudan, an archaeological site

Entertainment

 * Zuma (video game)
 * Zuma (Neil Young & Crazy Horse album), 1975
 * Zuma (Southern Pacific album), 1988

Vehicles and transport

 * Yamaha Zuma, motor scooter
 * Yamaha Zuma 125, motor scooter
 * Zuma, a small cat-rigged dinghy made by American Machine and Foundry (AMF)
 * Zuma (satellite), a U.S. military satellite launched by SpaceX

Others

 * Zuma (restaurant)
 * Zuma Press, a US-based wire service
 * Zuma (harvestman), a genus of arachnid in the family Paranonychidae

title: Zuma


text:
Asset-based lending

Asset-based lending is any kind of lending secured by an asset. This means, if the loan is not repaid, the asset is taken. In this sense, a mortgage is an example of an asset-based loan. More commonly however, the phrase is used to describe lending to business and large corporations using assets not normally used in other loans. Typically, the different types of asset-based loans include accounts receivable financing, inventory financing, equipment financing, or real estate financing. Asset-based lending in this more specific sense is possible only in certain countries whose legal systems allow borrowers to pledge such assets to lenders as collateral for loans (through the creation of enforceable security interests).

Usage
Asset-based lending is usually done when the normal routes of raising funds is not possible, such as the capital markets (selling bonds to investors) and normal unsecured or mortgage secured bank. This is often because the company has exhausted other capital raising options or needs more immediate capital for project financing needs (such as inventory purchases, mergers, acquisitions, and debt purchasing). Asset-based loans are also usually accompanied by lower interest rates, as in the event of a default the lender can recoup its investment by seizing and liquidating the assets tied to the loan.

Many financial services companies now use asset-based lending package of structured and leveraged financial services. Many banks, both national investment banks (e.g. Citi, J.P. Morgan, Wells Fargo, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, et al.) and regional banks, offer these services to corporate clients.

Asset-based lenders are known for taking out tombstone ads in much the same way as investment banks.

An example of asset-based loan usage was when the global securitization market shrank to an all-time low after the collapse of investment bank Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc in 2008. Within Europe in 2008, over 710 billion euros worth of bonds were issued, backed largely by asset-based loans, such as home and auto loans.

Asset-based lending, once considered a last-resort finance option, has become a popular choice for companies and individuals that do not have the credit ratings, track record, or patience to pursue more traditional capital sources.

Asset-based loans
An asset-based business line of credit is usually designed for the same purpose as a normal business line of credit: to allow the company to bridge itself between the timing of cashflows of payments it receives and expenses. The primary timing issue involves what are known as accounts receivables—the delay between selling something to a customer and receiving payment for it.

A non-asset-based line of credit will have a credit limit set on account opening by the accounts receivables size, to ensure that it is used for the correct purpose. An asset-based line of credit however, will generally have a revolving credit limit that fluctuates based on the actual accounts-receivable balances that the company has on an ongoing basis. This requires the lender to monitor and audit the company to evaluate the accounts receivable size, but also allows for larger limit lines of credits and can allow companies to borrow that which it normally would not be able. Generally, terms stipulating seizure of collateral in the event of default allow the lender to profitably collect the money owed to the company should the company default on its obligations.

Factoring receivables
Factoring of receivables is a subset of asset-based lending (which uses inventory or other assets as collateral). The lender mitigates its risk by controlling with whom the company does business to make sure that the company's customers can actually pay.

Lines of credit may require that the company deposit all of its funds into a "blocked" account. The lender then approves any withdrawals from that account by the company and controls when the company pays down the line of credit balance.

Pledging receivables
Still another subset of a collateralized loan is a pledging of receivables and an assignment of receivables as collateral for the debt. In these instances, receivables are transferred to the lender when they are pledged as collateral. When the receivables are pledged as collateral, or assigned with the condition that the lender has recourse in the event the receivables are uncollectible, the receivables continue to be reported as the borrower's asset on the borrower's balance sheet and only a footnote is required to indicate these receivables are used as collateral for debt. The debt is reported as a liability on the borrower's balance sheet and as an asset (specifically, a receivable) on the lender’s balance sheet.

In some situations, the lender can actually repledge or sell the collateral the borrower used to secure the loan from the lender. In this instance, the borrower continues to recognize the receivables as an asset on its balance sheet, and the lender only records the liability associated with the obligation to return the asset.

title: Asset-based lending


text: Category:Iranian fighter aircraft

title: Category:Iranian fighter aircraft


text:
Greater Lebanon

The State of Greater Lebanon (دولة لبنان الكبرى; État du Grand Liban), informally known as French Lebanon, was a state declared on 1 September 1920, which became the Lebanese Republic (الجمهورية اللبنانية ; République libanaise) in May 1926, and is the predecessor of modern Lebanon.

The state was declared on 1 September 1920, following Decree 318 of 31 August 1920, as a League of Nations Mandate under the proposed terms of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon which was to be ratified in 1923. When the Ottoman Empire was formally split up by the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920, it was decided that four of its territories in the Middle East should be League of Nations mandates temporarily governed by the United Kingdom and France on behalf of the League. The British were given Palestine and Iraq, while the French were given a mandate over Syria and Lebanon.

General Gouraud proclaimed the establishment of the state with its present boundaries after support from the majority of Lebanese regardless of religion and with Beirut as its capital. The new territory was granted a flag, merging the French flag with the Lebanese cedar.

Name and Conception
The term Greater Lebanon alludes to the almost doubling of the size of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, the existing former autonomous region, as a result of the incorporation of the former Ottoman districts of Tripoli and Sidon as well as the Bekaa Valley. The Mutasarrifate had been established in 1861 to protect the local Christian population by the European powers under the terms of the Règlement Organique. The term, in French "Le Grand Liban", was first used by the Lebanese intellectuals Bulus Nujaym and Albert Naccache, during the buildup to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference.

Nujaym was building on his widely read 1908 work La question du Liban, a 550-page analysis which was to become the foundation for arguments in favor of a Greater Lebanon. The work argued that a significant extension of Lebanon's boundaries was required for economic success. The boundaries suggested by Nujaym as representing the "Liban de la grande époque" were drawn from the map of the 1860-64 French expedition, which has been cited as an example of a modern map having "predicted the nation instead of just recording it".

Paris Peace Conference
On 27 October 1919, the Lebanese delegation led by Maronite Patriarch Elias Peter Hoayek presented the Lebanese aspirations in a memorandum to the Paris Peace Conference. This included a significant extension of the frontiers of the Lebanon Mutasarrifate, arguing that the additional areas constituted natural parts of Lebanon, despite the fact that the Christian community would not be a clear majority in such an enlarged state. The quest for the annexation of agricultural lands in the Bekaa and Akkar was fueled by existential fears following the death of nearly half of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate population in the Great Famine; the Maronite church and the secular leaders sought a state that could better provide for its people. The areas to be added to the Mutasarrifate included the coastal towns of Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon and Tyre and their respective hinterlands, all of which belonged to the Beirut Vilayet, together with four Kazas of the Syria Vilayet (Baalbek, the Bekaa, Rashaya and Hasbaya).

Proclamation
Following the peace conference, the French were awarded the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, under which the definition of Lebanon was still to be set by the French. Most of the territory was controlled by the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration, with the remainder controlled for a short time by the Arab Kingdom of Syria until the latter's defeat in July 1920. Following the decisive Battle of Maysalun, Lebanese Maronites openly celebrated the Arab defeat.

On 24 August 1920, French Prime Minister Alexandre Millerand wrote to Archbishop Khoury: "Your country's claims on the Bekaa, that you have recalled for me, have been granted. On instructions from the French government, General Gouraud has proclaimed at Zahle's Grand Kadri Hotel, the incorporation into Lebanon of the territory that extends up to the summit of the Anti-Lebanon range and of Hermon. This is the Greater Lebanon that France wishes to form to assure your country of its natural borders."

Syria-Lebanon Campaign
During World War II when the Vichy government assumed power over French territory in 1940, General Henri Fernand Dentz was appointed as high commissioner of Lebanon. This new turning point led to the resignation of Lebanese president Émile Eddé on 4 April 1941. After five days, Dentz appointed Alfred Naqqache for a presidency period that lasted only three months. The Vichy authorities allowed Nazi Germany to move aircraft and supplies through Syria to Iraq where they were used against British forces. Britain, fearing that Nazi Germany would gain full control of Lebanon and Syria by pressure on the weak Vichy government, sent its army into Syria and Lebanon.

After the fighting ended in Lebanon, General Charles de Gaulle visited the area. Under various political pressures from both inside and outside Lebanon, de Gaulle decided to recognize the independence of Lebanon. On 26 November 1941, General Georges Catroux announced that Lebanon would become independent under the authority of the Free French government.

Levant Crisis and Independence
Elections were held in 1943 and on 8 November 1943, the new Lebanese government unilaterally abolished the mandate. The French reacted by throwing the new government into prison. In the face of international pressure, the French released the government officials on 22 November 1943, and accepted the independence of Lebanon.

In October, the international community recognized the independence of Lebanon, which was admitted as a founding member of the United Nations along with Syria. On 19 December 1945, an Anglo-French agreement was eventually signed – both British forces from Syria and French forces from Lebanon were to be withdrawn by early 1946.

Government
The first Lebanese constitution was promulgated on 23 May 1926, and subsequently amended several times. Modeled after that of the French Third Republic, it provided for a bicameral parliament with Chamber of Deputies and a Senate (although the latter was eventually dropped), a President, and a Council of Ministers, or cabinet. The president was to be elected by the Chamber of Deputies for one six-year term and could not be reelected until a six-year period had elapsed; deputies were to be popularly elected along confessional lines.

A custom of selecting major political officers, as well as top ranks within the public administration, according to the proportion of the principal sects in the population was strengthened during this period. Thus, for example, the president ought to be a Maronite Christian, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a Shia Muslim. A Greek Orthodox and a Druze would always be present in the cabinet. This practice increased sectarian tension by providing excessive power to the Maronite president (such as the ability to choose the prime minister), and hindered the formation of a Lebanese national identity. Theoretically, the Chamber of Deputies performed the legislative function, but in fact bills were prepared by the executive and submitted to the Chamber of Deputies, which passed them virtually without exception. Under the Constitution, the French high commissioner still exercised supreme power, an arrangement that initially brought objections from the Lebanese nationalists. Nevertheless, Charles Debbas, a Greek Orthodox, was elected the first president of Lebanon three days after the adoption of the Constitution.

At the end of Debbas's first term in 1932, Bishara al-Khuri and Émile Eddé competed for the office of president, thus dividing the Chamber of Deputies. To break the deadlock, some deputies suggested Shaykh Muhammad al Jisr, who was chairman of the Council of Ministers and the Muslim leader of Tripoli, as a compromise candidate. However, French high commissioner Henri Ponsot suspended the constitution on 9 May 1932, and extended the term of Debbas for one year; in this way he prevented the election of a Muslim as president. Dissatisfied with Ponsot's conduct, the French authorities replaced him with Count Damien de Martel, who, on 30 January 1934, appointed Habib Pacha Es-Saad as president for a one-year term (later extended for an additional year).

Émile Eddé was elected president on 30 January 1936. A year later, he partially reestablished the Constitution of 1926 and proceeded to hold elections for the Chamber of Deputies. However, the Constitution was again suspended by the French high commissioner in September 1939, at the outbreak of World War II.

High Commissioners of the Levant
The High Commissioner of the Levant, named after 1941 the General Delegate to Syria and Lebanon, was the highest ranking authority representing France in the French-mandated countries of Syria and Lebanon. Its office was based in Beirut, Lebanon in the Pine Residence and is now the official residence of the French ambassador to Lebanon. The office was first held by Henri Gouraud. Jean Chiappe should have held office on 24 November 1940 but the aircraft taking him to Lebanon was shot down by mistake by Italian air force taking part in the Battle of Cape Spartivento near Sardinia. The pilot, Henri Guillaumet, the other members of the crew including Marcel Reine, the two passengers, Chiappe, his leader of the cabinet, were killed. Last to hold office was Étienne Paul-Émile-Marie Beynet which began on 23 January 1944 and ended on 1 September 1946, 5 months after the withdrawal of French forces in Lebanon.

Education
The French mandate promoted French culture and the French language in education. English was also common in higher education. Foreign mission schools were the main institutions for education, providing higher standards of education than under Ottoman administration, with no state-run system.

Demographics
The first and only official religious census of Greater Lebanon was carried out in 1932 which concludes that the population is roughly split equality between Muslims and Christians, the largest sects being Maronite Christianity, Sunni Islam and Shia Islam. In total 785,542 people lived within the boundaries of Greater Lebanon in 1932.

title: Greater Lebanon


text: Category:Iranian military aircraft

title: Category:Iranian military aircraft


text:
Beal Aerospace

Beal Aerospace was a launch vehicle development company founded in February 1997 by Andrew Beal, president of Beal Bank in Dallas, Texas. Headquartered in Frisco, Texas, the goal of the company was to build and operate a privately developed heavy lift orbital launch vehicle. It ceased operations on October 23, 2000.

Company history
After being founded in 1997, employment grew to approximately 200 people at the company's peak in late 1999. A rocket engine test facility was successfully established in McGregor, Texas. There, the company conducted liquid-fueled engine tests, added several buildings, and built a vertical test stand. Ambitious plans were made to establish a launch pad on Sombrero Island in Anguilla, and to mass-produce launch vehicles in the Virgin Islands, but environmentalists were fiercely opposed to these development plans.

On March 4, 2000, Beal Aerospace conducted a successful test firing of the BA-2 rocket engine, the largest since the NASA Apollo program.

Following NASA's announcement that they would fund research and development of competing launch vehicles under the Space Launch Initiative (SLI), Andrew Beal announced on October 23, 2000, that Beal Aerospace would cease operations. Beal cited NASA's commercial practices as the primary reason for closing.

Launch vehicles
Beal Aerospace initially considered a rocket that used kerosene and liquid oxygen, but soon switched to kerosene fuel in combination with high concentration hydrogen peroxide oxidizer. This combination was selected in order to avoid the expense and complexity of cryogenic storage, and to reduce development costs. Kerosene was injected into the hot steam and oxygen exhaust products of catalytically decomposed hydrogen peroxide, resulting in spontaneous ignition. The original BA-1 launch vehicle design was intended to service the LEO (Low Earth Orbit) satellite constellation launch market, but was replaced by the much larger BA-2 design when it was decided to concentrate on the more stable Geostationary satellite launch market as the LEO constellations became financially unsound. All three stages of the BA-2 vehicle were to be pressure-fed using high-pressure helium storage to replace the expense and complexity of turbopumps. All of the BA-2 propellant tanks and primary structures were to be manufactured from lightweight composite materials. The engines were self-cooled with ablative materials.

Subsequent history
After the dissolution of Beal Aerospace, its McGregor, Texas test site was acquired by SpaceX to become its McGregor test site in late 2002.

title: Beal Aerospace


text:
Talk:Stahlhelm

9mm proof?
In the introduction it says that the Stahlhelm was capable of turning direct hits from 9mm bullets and buckshot, sometimes without damage to the helmet. I think this is doubtful at best. A steel helmet may certainly turn a glancing blow, or stop shrapnel, but direct buckshot or pistol bullets? This claim absolutely needs a citation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.242.181.138 (talk) 21:37, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

United States
The "Personnel Armour System for Ground Troops" (PASGT) helmet is modern version of the Stahlhelm. The shape of PASGT helmet is very similar to the Wehrmacht Stahlhelm used by the Heer during Word War 2. Some soldiers have nicked-named it the "Fritz" helmet for it's resemblance to the German Helmet of WWII. The PASGT helmet is made primarily from kevlar instead of steel. Beowulf cam (talk) 17:28, 4 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The current US helmet indeed bares a canny resemblance to the Stahlhelm. Any reason then why it isn't in the list of countries that used (or in this case: are using) a Stahlhelm-type helmet?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.210.2.136 (talk) 00:08, 26 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, it isn't made of steel for starters.--172.190.44.239 (talk) 06:25, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Well. There is a photo of the Chilean Honor Guard wearing "German Style" helmets in the article but one can see from the photo, they're not made of steel. Looks like fiberglass. So... Anyway. I think, at this time, the question needs to be asked regarding the PASGT; is this a "German Style" helmet, or even justifiable to be classified as one just because there's a skirt and extended ear protection? Hmmmmm. --XB70Valyrie (talk) 00:53, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

 * The PASGT resembles a Stahlhelm, but that doesn't make it a Stahlhelm. Two objects designed for the same purpose will likely end up looking a little similar, even though the Stahlhelm has more of a true skirt over the ears and neck, while the PASGT has what could also be described as flaps over the ears, like a baseball helmet, and the rear skirt isn't nearly flared as much.  Best regards,TheBaron0530 (talk) 20:29, 13 October 2016 (UTC)theBaron0530

Modern use of Stahlhelm design
Just did an [http://www. .  /     s?q=feuerwehrhelm              on Google under "Feuerwehrhelm"] and learned (confirming what I thought a rumour) that modified versions of the Stahlhelm are in use by firefighters. Just my 2¢. - knoodelhed 06:34, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * (Aluminum) helmets in the classic Stahlhelm shape have been used for decades by volunteer fire departments. They used to be dark red with a white stripe, now they are yellow fluorescent with a white reflective stripe. --217.238.38.38 (talk) 12:40, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

IMHO the article lacks on more pieces of information about the modern use of Stahlhelm : e.g.,in this video one can see the honor guard of the Bundeswehr bearing,if not the Stahlhelm,a helmet strongly alike and so in this from a sister-project.Besides,why not talk more about the Chilean Army Stahlhelm?Altough I am a militaria-otaku,however,I do not have satisfying notions to edit this page by myself.Hence,if someone could courteously give me a little help... A.Bahn--83.211.54.242 (talk) 22:32, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

Why isn't this included in the article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.145.191.157 (talk) 11:50, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Spain also received shipments of the helmet.
Well, a local version was produced at the Trubia weapons factory (Asturias). The locally produced Stahlhelm was in service until the 1990s.Randroide 12:35, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Darth Vader
Does anyone have information/documentation suggesting the Stahlhelm was an inspiration for the helmet of Darth Vader? --Dpr 03:52, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

I've always suspected that Lucas's inspiration for the Empire was Nazi Germany. Storm troopers, the officer's uniforms and of course Vader's helmet suggests so. - DrFod 04:53, 25 Nov 2005 (UTC)
 * He admits freely that Triumph of the Will influenced some of the cinematography in Star Wars. It's plain to see he took a lot of design cues from Nazi Germany for the Galactic Empire, and things such as the name of the stormtroopers. I'm not sure if any of that merits a mention in this article, though. boffy_b 12:43, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I would think that the "Pop Culture" section would be a good place for these references Zanter 19:31, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Vader's helmet is not reminiscent of a Japanese kabuto. Rama 14:54, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Ralph McQuarrie's "Star Wars Portfolio," consisting of prints of his original artwork of designs for the movie, includes a color depiction of the climactic duel between Vader and Ben Kenobi. The comments include a note that Vader's armor is largely inspired by samurai armor.  I think the similarity to the Stahlhelm is rather coincidental. Best regards,
 * Yes, a lot of the costumes were based on WW2 uniforms. Darth Vaders helmet is a bit of a mix between a stahlhelm and a samurai helmet. However, The mould for the Helmet was not directly moulded out of an existing helmet, unlike other Star Wars helmets, but was instead sculpted out of clay. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:C23:C443:1100:5CD1:B5AA:A7E4:A79A (talk) 01:20, 13 May 2020 (UTC)

TheBaron0530 (talk)theBaron0530 —Preceding undated comment added 20:25, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Stahlhelm decals
The new text added by User 71.102.122.174 introduces a subject far more complex than touched on so far. Virtually every German military and naval service and every political organization applied its own decals to the M1935/40, so the subject of Stahlhelm decals requires far more than the couple of sentences inserted thus far. Anyone up for creating a new paragraph or section that deals with Stahlhelm insignia, thereby properly covering this complex subject? Jack Bethune 02:59, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Thanks to Chris Hedley, this topic at last has been added,and readers are able to learn more about the subject of Stahlhelm decals. Chris's initial efforts were invaluable. I have attempted to add to his work and offer extra information and history regarding the use of Stahlhelm decals. Those with an interest in this subject are welcome to add their thoughts, as the treatment is still very sketchy at this stage. Anyone able to add illustrations? Jack Bethune 15:54, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Much as I'd like to take the credit, I just reorganised things a bit! The actual text was created by 71.102.122.174 (talk • contribs) and 151.204.129.119 (talk • contribs); they deserve the credit for doing the research.  Chris 16:25, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Switch to Aramid helmet by BGS
''After the war, the German Bundeswehr continued to call their standard helmet Stahlhelm, but the design was based on the American M1 helmet. The Bundesgrenzschutz, however, continued to use the original German design, until either troop switched to the new M92 Aramid helmet.[clarification needed][1] '' From [] it appears that BGS switched to that model in the mid 90s. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Naor (talk • contribs) 20:22, 15 October 2019 (UTC)

Pictures
Since the Stahlhelm was mainly worn by German troops, some images about German soldiers wearing Stahlhelme are definitely missing.217.85.87.5 18:16, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Parody
Here a link to the German version of the plastic Stahlhelm: http://www.swr.de/-/id=1253658/property=detail/width=160/height=120/ug28u6/index.jpg 217.85.87.5 18:28, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Parodies of everythig exist, I see no reason to include them in every Wikipedia article if we're serious about an Encyclopedia. Ulritz 14:42, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

This parody created a controversy and is very well documented (hence it's referenced) and was all over Dutch and international news during the E.C. It deserves to be included and it will remain included. Rex 14:44, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * If anywhere, this belongs at 2006 World Cup fads, despite being insignificant enough to even have a reference (saying it does doesnt change the fact it doesnt). Ulritz 14:49, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

It has references. If you deny it let me help you: http://www.ad.nl/wkvoetbal/article97198.ece? Rex 14:53, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Since this isnt a Dutch phenomenon, I will rephrase the last section to give it the weight and scope it deserves. Ulritz 15:10, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Unacceptable. It is referenced information and the reasons you've presented to remove the section are not enough. Rex 15:29, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It is irrelevant to the topic, regardless of how referenced it is. Ameise -- chat 02:42, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Naturally it is relevant. Rex 08:59, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Wow, great comeback. how is it relevent at all? I can make a cheese helmet and write the word "Holland" on it, does that make it a parody of the Netherlands? Ameise -- chat 14:38, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

No that would only make you look stupid I guess. Do note that this is the Stahlhelm we're talking about, one of thé symbols of nazism. This has a little more value that you wearing a cheese helmet. This parody shows that Europe is "getting over" its world war II traumas. Do you honestly think wearing an orange steelhelmet would have been possible here 15 years ago?! It's 2006, over 60 years after the war and it still causes a lot of trouble but it came over that, it wasn't forbidden and the majority of the people thought it was fun rather than neo-nazi-like. Are you blind?Rex 14:48, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

(ps. Your removal of " ==Parody== " is acceptable. To me.Rex 14:50, 14 October 2006 (UTC))

 * Where is the consensus? All I see is mud-slinging at two users who disagree with your one-man "consensus". Ulritz 22:45, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Above you snide comment: "YOUR REMOVAL OF PARODY IS ACCEPTABLE TO ME" no further reverts were made hence CONSENSUS.Rex 23:02, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Your egoistic, bad faith blanket reverts will be reverted on sight, just to let you know. Ulritz 23:57, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Fallschirmjäger version
Only the earliest versions of the Fallschirmjäger helmet were actual, customized modifications of existing M1935 helmets. By far, the majority of issued Fallschirmjäger helmets had nothing "removed." Instead, they were designed and manufactured in an original form that was "lacking" the extended features of the standard helmet, so the paragraph is correctly worded as is. Jack Bethune 21:54, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Japanese bicycle helmets
Under the heading 'Postwar' the article mentions that there are also some Japanese bicycle helmets (with accompanying goggles) that resemble the Stahlhelm. Is there any more info on those helmets? Links, photos? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.34.130.172 (talk) 09:53, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

Stahlhelm used by the 10th Brigade
Edited the caption of picture File:Dzialon armaty PPanc wz 36.jpg which has a description of "wz. 36 AT gun crew of the Polish 10th Brigade". Problem with that erroneous statement under the picture is that the Finnish troops used the helmet in mass number, and the picture is probably of them. To argue my point... the Polish 10th Brigade was a TANK UNIT, so why does the picture show ordinary infantryman fighting on the ground. Also, note the cylinder shaped gear containers worn by the soldiers in the picture, Polish soldiers NEVER had those issued to them, they were used by the Axis forces only. Another problem is that you can notice that the soldier laying on the ground is wearing knee high combat boots, but Polish solders had boots that went just above the ankle. Finally, the soldiers in the picture are wearing WINTER COATS, but as the picture caption claimed it was taken during the September 1939 invasion of Poland, So, clearly these are not troops of the Polish 10th Brigade.

is this supposed to be a stahlhelm?
I'm looking into the helmets use in modern media ad I wanted to know if this was it http://images.wikia.com/metalgear/images/0/0e/Mgs3_gru_motorcycle.jpg --173.63.7.27 (talk) 04:06, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

is this supposed to be a stahlhelm?
I'm looking into the helmets use in modern media ad I wanted to know if this was it http://images.wikia.com/metalgear/images/0/0e/Mgs3_gru_motorcycle.jpg --173.63.7.27 (talk) 04:06, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

Question about the NRA soldier
The image name clearly states that he is of the Wang Jingwei puppet regime. Perhaps the caption shouldn't read "Chinese Nationalist Army?"68.145.212.169 (talk) 21:38, 14 July 2013 (UTC)
 * You are right. I have changed the image caption accordingly. Next time you find an error, you can rectify it youself immediately by editing the page. Alfons Åberg (talk) 06:39, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

Norwegian army
As part of the m51 uniform regulation the Norwegian army adopted the german stahlhelm. When germany capitulated there were several hundred thousand german soldiers in Norway. When they were shipped back to germany, they left behind most of their weaponry and equipment to the Norwegian Army. In the fifties the Norwgian Army adopted the US m43 uniform as m51 and started using all types of german helmets, m16, m35, m40 and m42. The helmets were given a new paint job and two norwegian lion decals. In the sixties the army adopted the US style Nato helmet and passed on the german helmets to the home guard (heimevernet) who used them until the nineties. Some helmets were also given to the industrial air defence (industrivern). They were painted yellow and given a new liner.

Helmets in use: http://forsvaret.no/om-forsvaret/fakta-om-forsvaret/historie/Sider/1900-tallet-og-verdenskriger.aspx

Post war lion decal: http://www.ima-usa.com/norwegian-helmet-decal.html

212.251.152.162 (talk) 18:03, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

Stirnpanzer brow plate
In what section of the article should the "Stirnpanzer" brow plate be described? M11rtinb (talk) 19:49, 3 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Stahlhelm. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080828155127/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2003/1/2003_1_34.shtml to http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2003/1/2003_1_34.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:10, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

use of the Stahlhelm in the black September hostage crisis in 1972
The article mentions in the postwar section(for context of talks about the West Germany still using them), "police units can be seen wearing them during footage of the Black September hostage crisis in 1972". what footage? couldn't find any. — Preceding unsigned comment added by VacoTank (talk • contribs) 05:41, 21 June 2019 (UTC)

Belgium is on the list of users
What kind of stahlhelms did Belgium use Ekse.long (talk) 19:14, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

What kind of stahlhelm did Belgium use Ekse.long (talk) 04:20, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

Belgium on the list of users
Did Belgium make their own stahlhelm and for which war Ekse.long (talk) 21:50, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

Belgium is on the list of users
How did Belgium obtain the stahlhelm, did they make their own Ekse.long (talk) 23:37, 30 April 2021 (UTC)

Article Clean-up
I've started to clean up this article. It's an absolute mess of random disjointed and convoluted statements, most of which are without citation.

I removed the section on German reunification since it's plainly wrong. the source it cites clearly states, and shows with pictures, that they do not use the Stahlhelm, but the modern Gefechtshelm with a different suspension system to make it easier to don and doff during parade movements (i.e. for prayers during the Grosser Zapfenstreich).

In the lead, Pickelhaube does not mean "spiked helmet". It's a derivation of the German term for a bascinet, as the German wikipedia states.

"The term Stahlhelm refers both to a generic steel helmet and more specifically to the distinctive German military design." is in the lead; that's just plain wrong. This is the English wikipedia, in English it only refers to the German variants from the two world wars. In German it may be a catch-all term, but that's not the concern of the English wikipedia. Do we have an English source that refers to the post-war helmets as Stahlhelms, and not just in the form of stating it was their official name? Even the German wikipedia page states that this name is ambiguous, and goes over a multitude of steel helmets from many countries.

I believe that everything beyond the East German helmets should be removed with only short statements about the Stahlhelm's replacement in various militaries. The article should be focused on the archetypal Stahlhelm and not every steel helmet ever used in Germany.

--2607:FEA8:E983:F200:E89E:2E8D:73F3:9D75 (talk) 01:53, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stahlhelm


text:
Yesterday Went Too Soon

Yesterday Went Too Soon is the second studio album by Welsh rock band Feeder. It was released on 30 August 1999 on The Echo Label.

Yesterday Went Too Soon entered the UK charts at #8, after a decent amount of critical success. The title track gave them their first top 20 single, and the album would in total give the band 4 top 50 hits. Its critical and cult appeal including slots on Top of the Pops for the first time, enabled the album to aid the band's breakthrough which was completed on the follow-up Echo Park.

The album gained a Silver certification in April 2001, shortly before the release of breakthrough album Echo Park, and then went Gold in March 2003 after the extended commercial recognition of Comfort In Sound, thus making the album an overdue commercial success sales-wise.

Despite the band's American breakthrough with single "High" and extensive touring in the States, Yesterday Went Too Soon was never released in the US. Promotional copies of the album were released by the band's former US label Elektra, but they would ultimately turn down the album for distribution.

Charts and sales
When the album was released, the band's reputation was on the rise and it entered the UK albums chart at number eight, which was at the time an unexpected chart position for the band. Before that, the band had released the album's first single, "Day In Day Out", in March 1999 which charted at #31 followed by "Insomnia" at #22, resulting in their first appearance on Top of the Pops. A week before the album's release, the band played the main stage of the Reading and Leeds festivals, while the title track from the album was at #20 in the singles chart. The album was then released on 30 August 1999. Only one single was lifted from the album after its release, in which a re-recorded version of "Paperfaces" charted at #41.

The album was Melody Maker's #24 album of 1999, while Metal Hammer placed the album in at #6 and Kerrang! ranked it at #16.

Background
The band decided to self-produce the album, brought in Matt Sime for engineering duties and had the album mixed in New York by Andy Wallace.

The working title for the album was originally A Life Through Headphones, and was originally set to be a double album. The name change was due to former Take That singer Robbie Williams releasing his solo debut album Life Thru a Lens, with the band not wanting to be compared to him.

The album was written and recorded during and before the band's US tour of 1998. Before they left the UK, some demos were recorded with a few completed into final recordings, with some of these featuring on their single "Suffocate" as B-sides. "Dry" on CD2 of the single was later made into a full band version, as opposed to the acoustic recording found on the single.

Some of the album's lyrical themes were derived from Grant's personal perspective of working in a menial supermarket job ("Day in Day Out"), his experiences after gigs on their US tour ("Insomnia" and "You're My Evergreen"), past relationships (the title track and "Dry"), the music industry ("Hole in My Head") and "fear of commitment in relationships" ("Anaesthetic") amongst others. Musically, the album employed an indie rock feel to it, which also featured extended appearances of an acoustic guitar on some of its tracks.

"Dry" was re-recorded as a full band version after the original acoustic version appeared on "Suffocate" as a b-side. That single's b-sides featured tracks from the sessions for that album, therefore revealing what sort of direction it would take on.

The album was due for release in June 1999, but this was delayed to include material written after its completion which the band felt was too good to leave off.

Cover artwork and images for the album and related singles were photographed by Rick Guest in the grounds of the recently decommissioned RAF Ash in Kent.

Accolades

 * #6 on Metal Hammer's 1999 list (the highest placing from a UK act that year).
 * #24 on Melody Maker's 1999 list.
 * #16 on Kerrang's 1999 list.
 * #73 in Kerrang! magazines "Top 100 British Rock Albums of All Time" list.
 * Maxim and Loaded's- "Album of The Month".

Personnel

 * Feeder
 * Grant Nicholas – guitar, vocals, keyboards on "Dry"
 * Taka Hirose – bass guitar
 * Jon Henry Lee – drums, percussion

 * Additional personnel
 * Audrey Riley – string arrangements on "Yesterday Went Too Soon" and "Dry"
 * Matt Sime – engineering
 * Andy Wallace – mixing
 * Al Clay – mixing on "Yesterday Went Too Soon" and "Hole in my Head", additional engineering on "Hole in my Head"
 * George Marino – mastering
 * Rick Guest – photography

title: Yesterday Went Too Soon


text:
Echo Park (album)

Echo Park is the third studio album by Welsh rock band Feeder. It was their first album since 1999's Yesterday Went Too Soon. The album was recorded at Great Linford Manor in Milton Keynes during most of 2000 and was produced by Gil Norton.

Following a return to live performances of their own, after performing for most of the year at various festivals and the release of the singles "Buck Rogers" and "Seven Days in the Sun" the album was released on 23 April 2001. Two further singles—"Turn" and "Just a Day"—followed the album's release, in which the latter was not on the album, but as a B-side on "Seven Days in the Sun". The album initially received mixed reviews from the music press but was received well by the public and in retrospect by critics, reaching number five on the UK Albums Chart. It is the last album to feature drummer Jon Lee before his death the following year.

Background
Following the minor commercial success of their highly regarded 1999 album, Yesterday Went Too Soon, the band appeared at the Manic Millennium concert at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, South Wales, supporting fellow Welsh band the Manic Street Preachers, before a headline show at the London Astoria the following year. During this time Grant Nicholas, the group's frontman and principal songwriter, began to write new material for a future album, with songs such as "Buck Rogers" and "Seven Days in the Sun" emerging through the course of the year. Versions of the newly composed songs were performed many times during the course of 2000 at various festivals such as V2000 (in which "Oxygen" was performed, and broadcast on MTV UK), the Glastonbury Festival and T in the Park, before the band then embarked on a mini-tour playing small venues in December.

Lyrically a lot of the album is inspired by Grant Nicholas ending a long-term relationship around the time of writing the record. Mainly in songs such as "Buck Rogers", "Piece by Piece", "We Can't Rewind", "Turn", "Tell All Your Friends" and "Satellite News".

During the summer of the same year, Feeder began to finalise the song demos while on breaks from touring. The band recorded at the Milton Keynes recording studio, Great Lindford Manor, which comprises a family living upstairs and the studio downstairs.

Producer Gil Norton worked alongside the band. In an interview, Grant said that there were periods of time in which there was friction between him (Gil) and the band, but said that despite the occasional arguments, they still remained good friends, and continued to work together on the next two studio albums.

Music
Echo Park features a varied mix of musical styles. While most of the tracks are fast, with "We Can't Rewind" showing aggression, and demonstrate the change in direction to a more commercial approach, other songs such as "Piece by Piece", "Satellite News", "Turn" and "Oxygen" reveal a quieter, slower and more melodic temperament. With Echo Park, the band began to incorporate additional instruments into their sound. Many tracks feature the use of Moog synthesizers, which Grant experimented with during the recording of the album. The opening track, "Standing on the Edge", is seen by Grant as the most experimental track on the album, as it is mostly synthesized. The closing track "Bug", was recorded live in the studio and uses more dirty-sounding riffs than most of the tracks on the record.

The voice heard at the beginning of the track "Standing on the Edge" is that of Matt Sime who is a friend of the band. He played keyboards on tour from 2000 to 2001, and also at their festival appearances of 2002. He continued to work with the band in the studio, engineering their recordings, until retiring permanently from the music business in 2011.

The lyrical themes explored on Echo Park range from those of relationships on "Buck Rogers", to the idea of turning the clock back and wanting to change the past on "Turn". The two songs both feature dark moods in the lyrics, with "Oxygen" and "Satellite News" also employing a similar approach.

Release
Echo Park was released in the United Kingdom on 23 April 2001. Before the album's release, the single "Seven Days in the Sun" reached #14 in the UK Singles Chart, which was the follow-up to "Buck Rogers" which reached #5. The album entered the UK Albums Chart at the same position, before becoming their first Gold album; they had been in danger of splitting up if the album didn't sell well. Grant said at the time in a Melody Maker interview, "It's the same with any band. That's just the way the music business is. There is only a certain amount of money a label will put into a band. I'm just being realistic. We've been around for seven or eight years and I am not planning on giving up, but we're putting everything into this record and I'm just hoping that people like it".

In July 2001 Echo released "Turn" as the third UK single to be taken directly from the album. The single reached #27 on the UK Singles Chart. It was the last UK single from the album, but "Just a Day", a B-side from "Seven Days in the Sun", was released in December of that year, and made #12 in the UK Singles Chart. "Piece by Piece" was released in Europe only shortly after "Turn". In August 2003, the album was later certified Platinum after the commercial success of Comfort in Sound.

Accolades
In 2015, Drowned in Sound included the album in its list "In Depth: Lost Albums 2000–2015". a list of 16 albums the website considers to be great but overlooked.

The album was also featured as one of 38 albums on the Official Charts website as one of their “Albums turning 20 years old in 2021”.

The week the album was released “Free All Angels”, by Northern Ireland band Ash, entered the top spot of the album charts and initially had a substantial career sales lead over “Echo Park”. In late 2020 however, “Echo Park” sold more than any other album to be released that week overall, on 332,000 sales. “Free All Angels” stood on 299,000 at the time, aided hugely by streaming equivalent sales for "Buck Rogers" being much more significant than that of "Shining Light" the most streamed track from Ash's album.

Personnel

 * Feeder
 * Grant Nicholas – guitar, keyboards, vocals, additional production on "Piece by Piece"
 * Taka Hirose – bass
 * Jon Henry Lee – drums, percussion

 * Additional personnel
 * Gil Norton – producer
 * Feeder – producer on "Standing on the Edge and "Choke"
 * Matt Sime – engineering additional engineering, additional production on "Standing on the Edge" "Piece by Piece" and "Choke" mixing on "Bug"
 * Dante Supple – engineering on "Buck Rogers"
 * Mark Pythian – programming
 * Jack Joseph Puig – mixing
 * Richard Thomas Ash – second mix engineer
 * Joe Zook – second engineer, Pro Tools operator
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering
 * Blue Source – art direction
 * Roy Wilkinson – illustration

title: Echo Park (album)


text:
Category talk:Composers from Vienna

Untitled
Can we fit this under Category:Classical composers by nationality? Hyacinth 06:38, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Composers from Vienna


text:
Hans Rey

Hansjörg Rey, aka Hans "No Way" Rey (born 4 June 1966) is a pioneer in mountain bike trials and extreme mountain biking also known as Freeride /"Freeriding". Rey began riding in the late 1970's, since 1987, he has ridden exclusively on GT bikes. In 1999, he was inducted to the Mountain Bike Hall of Fame.

Hans Rey, born and raised in Emmendingen, Germany; is a citizen of Switzerland and, since 2008, he is also a US citizen. He lives in Laguna Beach California with his wife Carmen.

Career
Over the years he has won a large number of bike trials riding championships, including German, Swiss and USA National Champion, NORBA World Champ, Winner of the UCI World Champs, and Bike Trial Union Vice World Champ, Bronze Medal MTB Slalom Worlds, and X Games Silver Medal winner in the Trials in 1995 when the X Games were known as the ESPN Extreme Games; but since 1997, has retired from competitive sports to explore the world on his mountain bike adventures.

He is the only permanent member of the "Hans Rey Adventure Team", a quest to explore the world using his mountain bike talent always in search of something historical or mysterious. These trips are often filmed for television and the stories have been published in magazines all over the world. He has traveled to over 70 countries and has been featured on approx. 400 magazine covers. He has done a first descent on bikes of Mount Kenya, traversed the Sinai Desert in the footsteps of Moses, created the No Way Transalp route, searched for headhunters in Borneo, ridden the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu, ridden the Roop Kund trek in the Indian Himalayas, Bike Safari in Botswana, circumnavigation of Mount Kilimanjaro, Rubicon Trail in California, searched for the mysterious Dropa tribe in China, Wadi Rum Desert in Jordan, Cuba's Sierra Maestra Mountains, Annapurna Trek in Nepal, Copper Canyon Mexico, 5 volcanos in 5 days in Ecuador, Haute Route in France/Switzerland and many more glaciers, volcanos and treks. In 2016 Rey climbed and rode Mount Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro back to back.

In 2017 Rey started his "Urban Adventure" series with his "TransAngeles" project, a 5-day ride across Los Angeles. Followed by TransNapoli, TransHongKong and in Oct.21 w 'Slay The Bay' in San Francisco. Most of his adventure documentaries are featured on his YouTube Channel.

Rey made a name for himself with a number of publicity stunts on this bike, like a photoshoot in gridlock traffic on the 405 Freeway near Los Angeles on top of car, bungy jumps with his bike, his wild ride on ropes down a 14-story skyscraper in New Zealand, his ride along the 600 ft. high ledge at the Cliffs of Moher and his bike dance on the volcano in Hawaii surrounded by hot lava on the edge of a boiling ocean.

Hans was one of the first to produce action videos of his trials biking and extreme biking skills, including his own VHS series from 1992 to 1996: "Hans No Way Rey", "Level Vibes", Monkey See - Monkey Do" and "Big Five". He has also starred in movies like Tread (1994), and made guest appearances and stunt work on the TV series Pacific Blue (1995-1998).  He was also part of the closing ceremony of the 1996 Olympic Games, appeared in Willy Bogner Fire, Ice and Dynamite and White Magic films.

In 2005 Hans Rey founded Wheels4Life, a non-profit charity that provides bicycles to people in Developing Countries in need of transportation. More info can be found wheels4life.org. By 2021 over 15,000 bicycles haD been given to students, healthcare workers and farmers in 32 countries. Hans and his wife Carmen run the charity as volunteers along with supporters from around the world.

Sponsors: Hans Rey's sponsors include GT Bicycles - their partnership (since 1987) is one of the longest standing sponsorship relationships in the entire cycling, action sports and outdoor industry, Adidas FiveTen TERREX since 1993, Shimano since 1988, since 2017, Rey is a Shimano eBike ambassador, LUK Automotive Systems since 1992, Crank Brothers components, SR Suntour suspension, Carosello 3000, Livigno Bike Resort, Clif Bar, SQ-Lab saddles, Stans No Tubes wheels, iXS protection, Adidas Eyewear, Deuter backpacks. He was also sponsored by Swatch as part of the SwatchProTeam for 19 years.

title: Hans Rey


text:
Talk:Area

"are" in plain text really threw me off
I think it would be prudent to embolden or italicize the word "are" used as a noun that is the archaic term for hectare and pronounced with a long 'a' sound. Perhaps even prelude it with the formal definition before using it in a sentence. Steph6n (talk) 16:42, 27 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Area


text:
Comfort in Sound

Comfort in Sound is the fourth studio album by Welsh rock band Feeder, released on 21 October 2002 and also the first to be released by the band after the suicide of drummer Jon Lee earlier in the year. The album was recorded at RAK Studios in London during most of 2002, and was produced by Gil Norton.

The band returned to live performance after Lee's suicide, playing low-key slots at various festivals in the United Kingdom, before releasing the single "Come Back Around" and then the album. Three further singles—"Just the Way I'm Feeling", "Forget About Tomorrow" and "Find the Colour"—followed the album's release. The album received positive reviews from the music press and was received well by the public, reaching number six on the UK Albums Chart. Although charting one place lower than predecessor Echo Park, Comfort in Sound had a much stronger chart run of 36 weeks on the weekly top 75 album chart, in comparison to the nine weeks of Echo Park. It is also one of the most successful albums of all time to be released in the United Kingdom as an independent album, spending a total of 121 non-consecutive weeks in the Top 50 of the U.K. Independent Albums Chart, with 47 of those also non-consecutive spent in the top 10. The album spent two weeks at No.1 on this listing.

Comfort in Sound is seen as a major commercial success, selling 506,127 units in the United Kingdom and giving the band their second top ten single, "Just the Way I'm Feeling". Inside the inlay, there were also a number of illustrations by Aya Takano, including a picture per song for four of these only, each with a lyrical extract. The first three of these were released as singles from the album, all in their order of appearance in the booklet, which led to beliefs that the fourth song "Comfort in Sound", would be the fourth single, only for "Find the Colour" to be released in its place instead.

In late 2016, Comfort in Sound was played in full on Kerrang! Radio, as part of a classic albums series. Later on in February 2017, the album was inducted into Virgin Radio's "Classic Albums Vault".

Release
The album was given a low-key promotional build up due to the death of drummer Jon Lee. Before the album's release, the band played a warm-up show at the Portsmouth Wedgewood rooms prior to performing at the Reading and Leeds festivals and at the Gig on the Green. Kerrang! magazine gave a rating of 5/5 (KKKKK), for the band's performance at Reading. Part of the band's appearance on the main stage at the 2003 Glastonbury Festival was featured on BBC Three and the full set was broadcast on BBC Radio 1 later in the year. The band went on to play an arena tour at the end of the year, with high ticket sales and selling out at the Bournemouth International Centre.

Lead single "Come Back Around" had its first airplay on BBC Radio 1's "The Evening Session" show, and was A-listed by the station. The song was originally recorded as an instrumental demo in 2001, with the lyrics shortly written afterwards. After Lee's suicide, Grant Nicholas re-wrote the lyrics to relate to their friend and colleague's death: when the final version was recorded with Mark Richardson on drums. A completely instrumental version of the album was issued to television and radio media.

Reception
The album was well received by critics and was a commercial success. It initially entered the charts at #6 before dropping out of the top 75 after only four weeks. It charted at #178 on the 2002 year-end charts, selling just under 100,000 units. In 2003, the release of "Just the Way I'm Feeling" sent the album back to #13 and helped it to #66 in the 2003 end of year charts. The album re-entered the album charts in early 2005: in total, it spent 36 weeks in the top 75. As of October 2016, it has sold over 506,000 copies.

"Just the Way I'm Feeling" gained over 15,000 UK radio plays and charted at #10 on the UK singles chart, with follow-up single "Come Back Around" reaching #14.

Accolades

 * #5 in Rocksound’s 2002 albums list
 * #37 in Q magazine's 2002 albums list
 * #27 in Planet Sound's 2002 albums list (incorrectly listed as "Come Back Around")
 * #32 in Kerrang! magazine's "Top 100 British Rock Albums of All Time"
 * Rock Sound – "Album of the Month"
 * Kerrang! – "Album of the Week"
 * Metal Hammer – "Album of the Month"
 * The Times – "Album of the Week"
 * Virgin Radio – Classic Albums Vault inductee, February 2017

Award nomination

 * "Best Album" at the 2003 Q Magazine Awards.

Personnel

 * Feeder
 * Grant Nicholas – vocals, guitars, keyboards, production, additional arrangements
 * Taka Hirose – bass
 * Mark Richardson – drums, percussion

 * Additional musicians
 * Audrey Riley - string arrangements
 * Enrico Tomasso - trumpet on "Helium"
 * Charles Gillingham - accordion on "Quick Fade"
 * Matt Page - piano

 * Production
 * Gil Norton - production, additional arrangements
 * Adrian Bushby - engineering, mixing
 * Matt Sime - engineering, programming
 * Feeder - mixing
 * John Dunne - programming
 * Bob Ludwig - mastering
 * Aya Takano - artwork

title: Comfort in Sound


text: Category:Aircraft by country

title: Category:Aircraft by country


text: File:Nightwish Oceanborn.jpg

title: File:Nightwish Oceanborn.jpg


text: User talk:80.225.252.189

title: User talk:80.225.252.189


text:
Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.

Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. is the fourth album by the Monkees. It was released on November 6, 1967, during a period when the band exerted more control over their music and performed many of the instruments themselves (previously forbidden by Colgems). However, although the group had complete artistic control over the proceedings, they invited more outside contributions than on their previous album, Headquarters, and used session musicians to complement their sound. The album also featured one of the first uses of the Moog synthesizer in popular music. Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. sold over three million copies. It was the band's fourth consecutive album to reach No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard 200.

History
The group employed studio musicians to a greater extent than their previous album, Headquarters. The greater reliance on studio musicians resulted from the band's busy filming schedule for their popular sitcom. The album's single, "Pleasant Valley Sunday" b/w "Words", was a hit, peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The album was among the earliest to make use of the Moog synthesizer, which Micky Dolenz introduced to the group and played in the studio; he owned one of the first twenty ever sold. Along with the Doors' September 1967 album Strange Days and the Byrds' January 1968 album The Notorious Byrd Brothers, Pisces was one of the first commercial recordings featuring the Moog to reach a wide audience. Dolenz played the synthesizer on "Daily Nightly", while electronic musician Paul Beaver played it on "Star Collector".

Two additional songs, "Daydream Believer" and "Goin' Down", were recorded during the album sessions. Released on 7-inch vinyl in October 1967, it was the group's last  single.

The album's title stems from each band member's respective astrological sign: Dolenz is Pisces, Peter Tork is Aquarius, and both Nesmith and Davy Jones are Capricorn.

The album's cover features a drawing of the four Monkees by Bernard Yeszin, their facial features blank, standing in a field of flowers, with the group's guitar logo half-buried.

In 2007, Rhino issued a two-disc deluxe edition of the album. The CD set featured original album artwork, including replicas of the original Colgems vinyl labels on each disc, as well as a booklet of essays and session information by Monkees historian Andrew Sandoval. The discs contain remastered mixes of the album's stereo and mono releases, as well as alternate mixes and outtakes.

Aborted track listing
The original track lineup for the album, compiled on October 9, 1967, included the following songs:

Side one
 * 1) "Special Announcement"
 * 2) "She Hangs Out"
 * 3) "Salesman"
 * 4) "Cuddly Toy"
 * 5) "Words"
 * 6) "Don't Call on Me"
 * 7) "Goin' Down"

Side two
 * 1) "The Door Into Summer"
 * 2) "Hard to Believe"
 * 3) "What Am I Doing Hangin' 'Round?"
 * 4) "Daily Nightly"
 * 5) "Peter Percival Patterson's Pet Pig Porky"
 * 6) "Pleasant Valley Sunday"
 * 7) "Star Collector"

Personnel
Credits adapted from 2007 Rhino "Deluxe Edition" CD, except where noted.

The Monkees
 * Michael Nesmith – lead vocals (1, 3–4, 8, 12), guitar (1, 4, 8, 11–13), shaker (1), electric guitar (2, 10), acoustic guitar (5), tremelo electric guitar (6), percussion (6), backing vocals (6, 10)
 * Micky Dolenz – percussion (1), backing vocals (1–2, 4–5, 8, 13), harmony vocals (3, 5, 13), drums (5), lead vocals (6, 10–11), Moog synthesizer (11), intro chatter (12)
 * Davy Jones – percussion (1, 6), backing vocals (1–2, 4–5, 8, 10–11, 13), lead vocals (2, 5, 7, 13), tambourine (4–5), intro chatter (12)
 * Peter Tork – organ (2, 4–6, 11–13), keyboards (3, 5), backing vocals (5, 10), lead vocals (6), spoken word (9), piano (10)

Additional musicians

 * Chip Douglas – nylon-string guitar (1), bass guitar (1–6, 8, 10–13), backing vocals (2, 4–6, 8, 13), guitar (3), acoustic guitar (12)
 * Eddie Hoh – drums (1–4, 6, 8, 10–13), percussion (10), claves (12)
 * Pete Candoli – trumpet (2)
 * Al Porcino – trumpet (2)
 * Manny Stevens – trumpet (2)
 * Dick Noel – trombone (2)
 * Dick Leith – bass trombone (2)
 * Philip Teele – bass trombone (2)
 * Ted Nash – reeds (5), winds (5)
 * Tom Scott – reeds (5), winds (5)
 * Bud Shank – reeds (5), winds (5)
 * Edgar Lustgarten – cello (5)
 * Kim Capli – guitar (7), piano (7), bass guitar (7), drums (7), shaker (7), cowbell (7), claves (7), other percussion (7)
 * Vincent DeRosa – French horn (7)
 * Ollie Mitchell – flugelhorn (7)
 * Anthony Terran – flugelhorn (7)
 * Bobby Knight – bass trombone (7)
 * Jim Horn – baritone sax (7)
 * Leonard Atkins – violin (7)
 * Arnold Belnick – violin (7)
 * Nathan Kaproff – violin (7)
 * Wilbert Nuttycombe – violin (7)
 * Jerome Reisler – violin (7)
 * Darrel Terwilliger – violin (7)
 * Doug Dillard – banjo (8)
 * Bill Chadwick – acoustic guitar (10)
 * Bob Rafelson – piano intro (12)
 * Bill Martin – intro chatter (12)
 * Charlie Rockett – intro chatter (12)
 * Paul Beaver – Moog synthesizer (13)

Unconfirmed personnel and duties
 * Chip Douglas – backing vocals (1, 10), electric guitar (13)
 * Peter Tork – acoustic guitar (1)
 * Additional electric guitar, tambourine, handclaps & other percussion (2)
 * Michael Nesmith – guitar (3)
 * Micky Dolenz – drums (3), guitar (10)
 * Bill Martin – unknown (3–4)
 * Harry Nilsson – unknown (3–4)
 * Percussion (3)
 * Handclaps, percussion (4)
 * Davy Jones – backing vocals (6)
 * Others in intro chatter (12)
 * Additional backing vocals (13)

Technical
 * Chip Douglas – producer
 * Lester Sill – music supervisor
 * Hank Cicalo – recording engineer
 * Pete Abbott – recording engineer
 * Richie Schmitt – recording engineer
 * Bernard Yeszin – cover design
 * Roger Farris – arranger (7)
 * George Tipton – orchestrator (7)


text:
Reflection attack

In computer security, a reflection attack is a method of attacking a challenge–response authentication system that uses the same protocol in both directions. That is, the same challenge–response protocol is used by each side to authenticate the other side. The essential idea of the attack is to trick the target into providing the answer to its own challenge.

Attack
The general attack outline is as follows:

 * 1) The attacker initiates a connection to a target.
 * 2) The target attempts to authenticate the attacker by sending it a challenge.
 * 3) The attacker opens another connection to the target, and sends the target this challenge as its own.
 * 4) The target responds to the challenge.
 * 5) The attacker sends that response back to the target on the original connection.

If the authentication protocol is not carefully designed, the target will accept that response as valid, thereby leaving the attacker with one fully authenticated channel connection (the other one is simply abandoned).

In simple terms, in this type of attack, the attacker spoofs the IP address of its target, sends a query to the server exploiting the vulnerability that arises from the open nature of the misconfigured server, and the server has no way of distinguishing the spoofed IP address from the real one, and thus believes it to be an authentic request, and in turn provides a response to the query.

Solution
Some of the most common solutions to this attack are described below:

 * The responder sends its identifier within the response so, if it receives a response that has its identifier in it, it can reject it.
 * 1) Alice initiates a connection to Bob.
 * 2) Bob challenges Alice by sending a nonce N. B → A: N
 * 3) Alice responds by sending back the MAC calculated on her identifier and the nonce using the shared key Kab. A → B: MACK ab $\{A, N\}$
 * 4) Bob checks the message and verifies the MAC, making sure it is from Alice and not a message he had sent in the past by making sure that it verifies with A and not B, and on the nonce which is the same as the one he sent in his challenge, then he accepts the message.
 * Require the initiating party to first respond to challenges before the target party responds to its challenges.
 * Require the key or protocol to be different between the two directions.

title: Reflection attack


text:
Talk:Tren Urbano

pictures and costs
Someone needs to fix one of the pictures, where it says in the caption "bayamon station". It is actually deportivo station.

I reworked the article removing serious incosistencies and incorrect statements. This is not Puerto Rico's second train system and the first one was not a theme park ride! Puerto Rico had a rail system in place by the late 19th century which linked San Juan, Arecibo and Ponce, southern municipalities had rail systems built for the sugar cane industry and some of the largest cities had trolley systems during the 20th century.

All of this very true, and old bridge of the train is still in Santurce.

That's right. You can still see remnants of old train tracks and bridges along the PR state road # 1 between Ponce and Arroyo (south part of the island), in the Playa sector of Ponce, and in the Mercedita Sugar Cane sector of Ponce (Serralles Distillery). Old and abandoned locomotives can be seen at the Mercedita sector, and an actual early 20th century locomotive is on display in a park in the town of Peñuelas. An old train tunnel still stands in a beach close to the Guajataca lake and reserve.

Does anyone has any references as to the original proposed costs of the Urban Train? I believe it was around $600 million, although I may be wrong. I know certain changes, like the change from light to heavy rail, caused massive increases in costs, but the original project was far less than $2.5 billion.

I think it was 1.3 billion..

sign talk comments
I think it was 1.3 billion..

Sorry to nag guys, but please sign with your comments. - Mtmelendez 19:32, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Tren Urbano Extensions
The Tren Urbano is heavy-rail,the Caguas extension will be light-rail.

The Carolina extension will have some heavy-rail and some light-rail stations.

 * The Caguas extension will be “Light-Rail” according to the mayor of Caguas, but a speedy “Light Rapid Rail” is what studies recommend to be competitive with vehicles.

 * There is no such thing as Heavy or Light-Rail stations in one line, all Heavy-Rail have third rail and high platforms while the latest generation of Light-Rail are low floor with pantographs and street operated in most cases. Moebiusuibeom-en 14:41, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Two thoughts: (1) There's a recent trend to use the term "Light Rail" to describe rail systems that would have been termed "Commuter Rail" 20 years ago which has caused some confusion. Functionally there's no difference, although there may be some differences in the technology used for the vehicles and propulsion from older commuter rail systems. (2) What happened to the proposed two station extension of the original line from Sagrado Corazon to Minillas, where there's a concentration of government offices? This extension received environmental approval back in 1997 (or early 1998) and at the time there was talk that the extension would be built and open with the initial 16-station line.  I'm not finding any mention of it as being built or even under construction on the internet, and the article here doesn't even mention it as a proposed extension.  It wouldn't surprise me if it got postponed for financial reasons (most of the extension would be tunnel in a dense urban area) but I wish I could find some record of what happened to the proposal.

 * I should have Googled a bit more before posting part (2) there. The Minillas extension proceeded to preliminary engineering but was rated as "Not Recommended" by FTA in FY 2004, which would effectively be a death sentence for the extension.  Here's a link (apologies if it's not in proper wiki format - I'm just a visitor) to an FY 2004 FTA table showing it as not recommended: http://www.fta.dot.gov/printer_friendly/planning_environment_3309.html

... Minillas Extension anyone?
As mentioned above, "Not Recommended" by FTA in FY 2004 may mean lack of funding and not necessarily a death sentence, nevertheless, it's it's highly recommended to densify and provide a more walkable city so as to prevent further urban sprawl, who says? a 150 million US dollar Research and Study by competent professional authorities say so! It's a short run but where it ends at present in Sagrado Corazón is practically useless, technicality and deep tunneling under the Minillas tunnel may complicate things but it's extension should definitely be an eminent priority, and as some suggest; a light tramway through traffic clogged city streets  just wont cut the cake. Moebiusuibeom-en 14:59, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

“Tren Urbano” is the only Metro (or not) in the Caribbean... Not anymore
I suggest this article to be revised or modified, before it gets obsolete, as Metro Santo Domingo, which is 14.5 KM long is currently under testing runs, and it will be opened "commercially" by August 2008. Construction started by late 2005 and already the first convoy is under testing runs.

Metro de Santo Domingo is to become the 1st of its kind in the Caribbean, since Tren Urbano operates in different manner and with low ridership. --200.88.135.184 (talk) 22:44, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

It's still the only commercial Metro in the Caribbean!--BoricuaPR (talk) 01:16, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Well obviously the Santo Domingo Metro will have a bigger ridership. San Juans Metro Area is bigger than Santo Domingos,it's less populated and obviously less dense plus there are more cars in PR than in the entire DR! --207.166.121.201 (talk) 03:22, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
Cyberbot II has detected that page contains external links that have either been globally or locally blacklisted. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed, or are highly innappropriate for Wikipedia. This, however, doesn't necessarily mean it's spam, or not a good link. If the link is a good link, you may wish to request whitelisting by going to the request page for whitelisting. If you feel the link being caught by the blacklist is a false positive, or no longer needed on the blacklist, you may request the regex be removed or altered at the blacklist request page. If the link is blacklisted globally and you feel the above applies you may request to whitelist it using the before mentioned request page, or request its removal, or alteration, at the request page on meta. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. The whitelisting process can take its time so once a request has been filled out, you may set the invisible parameter on the tag to true. Please be aware that the bot will replace removed tags, and will remove misplaced tags regularly.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/tren/
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist
 * http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/sanjuan/
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist

If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 09:13, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

In regards to my edit
In regards to my edit dated 01:34, 28 September 2016:

To say that it serves the metropolitan area of San Juan, Puerto Rico is totally misleading and incorrect, that is a United States Census Bureau defined Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in northeastern Puerto Rico, which includes a total of forty-one (41) municipalities covering approximately half of the island, the Tren Urbano only covers three (3) municipalities, these are the municipalities of San Juan, Guaynabo and Bayamon. Moebiusuibeom-en (talk) 01:40, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

Expansion plans
The capacity figures in this section don't make sense. If its 40,000 pax per hour per direction (pphpd) for 6-car trains at 90 second headways then that is 166 pax per car. However the current capacity of 3,000 pphpd for 4-car trains on 8 minute headways is only 100 pax per car. Also this website says the capacity is 180 pax per car (72 seated + 108 standing). I haven't find anything definitive yet so rather than an edited the main article I'm posting here. Tjej (talk) 00:57, 15 August 2017 (UTC) When? My son lifes in this town, he has blue eyes and is very handson. The company is always open?

title: Talk:Tren Urbano