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Taum Sauk Hydroelectric Power Station

The Taum Sauk pumped storage plant is a power station in the St. Francois mountain region of Missouri, United States about 90 mi south of St. Louis near Lesterville, Missouri, in Reynolds County. It is operated by Ameren Missouri.

The pumped-storage hydroelectric plant was constructed from 1960–1962 and was designed to help meet daytime peak electric power demand. It began operation in 1963. Electrical generators are turned by water flowing from a reservoir on top of Proffit Mountain into a lower reservoir on the East Fork of the Black River. At night, excess electricity on the power grid is used to pump water back to the mountaintop.

The Taum Sauk plant is an open-loop pure pumped operation: unlike some other pumped storage sites, there is no natural primary flow into the upper reservoir available for generation. It is therefore a net consumer of electricity; the laws of thermodynamics dictate that more power is used to pump the water up the mountain than is generated when it comes down. However, the plant is still economical to operate because the upper reservoir is refilled at night, when the electrical generation system is running at low-cost baseline capacity. This ability to store huge amounts of energy led its operator to call Taum Sauk "the biggest battery that we have". An unusual feature is the upper reservoir which is constructed on a flat surface, requiring a dam around the entire perimeter.

On December 14, 2005, a catastrophic failure in the upper reservoir dam put the plant out of operation until it was rebuilt, recertified, and reopened on April 21, 2010. The new upper reservoir dam, rebuilt from the ground up, is the largest roller-compacted concrete dam in North America.

Size and location
The upper reservoir can hold about 1.5 e9USgal of water behind a wall nearly 100 ft tall. It sits 760 ft above the 450 MW hydroelectric plant, which gives it a greater head than that of Hoover Dam. The two are connected by a 7000 ft tunnel bored through the mountain.

The Taum Sauk upper reservoir sits on ridge just below the summit of Proffit Mountain, not Taum Sauk Mountain, which is about 5 mi to the east. It is visible from Route 21 north of Centerville and from Route N approaching Johnson's Shut-ins State Park from the south.

Before the failure of the upper reservoir, visitors could drive to the top of Proffit Mountain and walk to an observation deck above the reservoir. Ameren operated a museum at the entrance gate highlighting the geologic and natural history of Missouri. The power plant was frequently visited by geology students because of a striking example of Precambrian/Cambrian unconformity in the rock layers exposed by the plant's construction.

Site selection
In 1953, the Union Electric Company began to look for a site on which to build a new pumped storage plant. By 1958, company officials had decided to focus on sites with at least 300 ft of vertical head, which would allow them to use a smaller storage reservoir. Union Electric hired Sverdrup-Parcel & Associates to evaluate potential sites in the St. Francois Mountains, which were chosen for their relative proximity to St. Louis (where Union Electric was based) and the favorably large elevation differentials (some approaching 1000 ft).

Sverdrup-Parcel & Associates intended to recommend Taum Sauk Mountain as the site, in part because it was the highest point in Missouri at 1752 ft, but strong political opposition to development of the scenic mountain (which was later incorporated into a state park) ruled it out. The nearby Proffit Mountain ended up being an excellent alternative thanks to its comparable elevation (1720 ft, the 6th-highest point in Missouri), its close proximity to the East Fork of the Black River, and the reasonably short distance of 27 mi to the existing power transmission grid.

Construction
Construction on Taum Sauk began in 1960. The construction team consisted of Fruin-Colnon Construction and the Utah Construction and Mining Company. It went into operation in 1963 with two reversible pump-turbine units that could each generate 175 MW of power. It was not licensed by the US Federal Power Commission (the predecessor of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) because Union Electric contended that the FPC did not have jurisdiction over the non-navigable headwaters where the power station was constructed. In FPC v. Union Elec. Co., 381 U.S. 90 (1965), the United States Supreme Court held that the FPC did have jurisdiction and that Taum Sauk did require a FPC license. Although designed and built without federal supervision, a license was retroactively granted.

At its completion, the Taum Sauk plant was by far the largest pumped storage plant in North America in a number of measures, and was considered a major milestone in the development of pumped storage technology. Its pump-turbines were the largest ever produced at the time of construction, it had an unusually high head (the highest in the US at the time, far surpassing all previous US pumped storage projects), a large storage capacity (it has been described as "the first of the large capacity pumped-storage stations to begin operation in the United States" ), black start capability, and had the unique ability to be operated either remotely by remote human operators in off-site facilities located 90–120 miles away (at St. Louis or Osage Power Plant/Bagnell Dam) or even fully automatically with zero human intervention. Taum Sauk was also the first pure pumped storage plant in the United States.

Upgrades
The pump-turbine units were uprated in July 1972 from their initial rating of 175 MW each to 204 MW each, increasing the plant's overall rating from 350 MW to 408 MW.

From 1998–1999, the turbine runners for both units were upgraded, resulting in improved flow rates and another power uprate to 225 MW per unit (450 MW total).

Minor leaks in the reservoir led to the construction of a collection pond and pumpback station to collect and return leaked water to the reservoir. Later, to reduce leakage, Geo-Synthetics installed lining material in the reservoir itself from September 13 to November 15, 2004.

The plant was named an IEEE Milestone in October 2005, just months before the upper reservoir failed. It was subsequently rededicated as an IEEE Milestone in 2010 after the new upper reservoir dam was completed.

2005 upper reservoir failure

At 5:12 a.m. on December 14, 2005, the northwest side of the upper reservoir was overtopped when water continued to be pumped from the lower reservoir after the upper was full. This led to the catastrophic failure of a triangular section of the reservoir wall and the release of 1 e9USgal of water in 12 minutes. The sudden release sent a 20 ft crest of water northwest of the reservoir about 1.75 mi down the ridge to the East Fork of the Black River inside the north upstream side of Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park. The river at the park is normally very shallow with rapids running over granite boulders. The flood destroyed many of the structures in the park and forced the closing of the trail connecting it to Taum Sauk Mountain.

A combination of design and construction flaws, continuing to operate the dam when the primary system for gauging the water level was known to be inaccurate (gauge pipes had become detached), moving the "failsafe" secondary gauging system above the actual height of the dam to avoid false positives, and operating the dam in an unsafe manner by routinely overfilling the reservoir caused the upper reservoir dam to overtop. There was no overflow spillway in the original reservoir.

A memo from Richard Cooper, superintendent of hydroelectric plant, indicated that the reservoir had a "Niagara Falls" style overflow on September 27 at the same spot that was breached (caused by wave action related to winds from Hurricane Rita). Another Cooper memo had also indicated that Cooper had warned that gauges used to monitor the water height in the reservoir were malfunctioning in October.

No one was killed by the failure. The superintendent of Johnson's Shut-Ins and Taum Sauk State Parks, Jerry Toops, his wife and three children were swept away when the wall of water obliterated their home. They survived, suffering from injuries and exposure. The children were transported to a hospital in St. Louis and later released. One child was treated for severe burns which resulted from heat packs applied by rescue workers as treatment for hypothermia.

The flood continued downstream 4.3 miles on the East Fork of the Snake River to the dam on the river supplying the Lower Reservoir for plant. The dam of the lower reservoir, which by design is able to hold much of the capacity of the upper reservoir, withstood the onslaught of the flood. By storing most of the deluge it spared towns downstream, including Lesterville and Centerville, from a damaging flood. A voluntary evacuation order was issued for those areas, but there was no damage. The high water was totally stopped at Clearwater Lake 29 miles below the Lower Reservoir, the dam of which was not damaged by the rising waters.

Litigation and investigations
The US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) fined Ameren US$15 million pursuant to a settlement for the breach at Taum Sauk—a US$10 million civil penalty combined with the requirement to pay US$5 million into interest-bearing escrow in order to fund a variety of "project enhancements at or near the Taum Sauk project". The US$15 million fine was the largest fine in FERC's history, 30 times larger than the previous record fine of US$500,000.

The State of Missouri sued Ameren for "actual and punitive damages" alleging Ameren was reckless in its operation of the plant.

The Missouri Highway Patrol delivered a report of its criminal investigation to the Missouri Attorney General in June 2007 which "did not name any suspect" and the attorney general made a statement that there would be no criminal charges. According to press reports, the report states that Ameren failed to provide the identity of the person who raised the gauges meant to prevent overtopping and also states that the gauges were moved before investigators were on the scene.

KMOX radio in St. Louis reported that the US Environmental Protection Agency assisted by the US Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Missouri had begun an investigation into violations of the Clean Water Act and has requested the Missouri Highway Patrol's report.

The Missouri Public Service Commission (PSC) reopened its investigation and subsequently found the accident to be a failure of Ameren management, stating:

...the Commission can only conclude that the loss of the Taum Sauk plant was due to imprudence on the part of UE (Ameren's AmerenUE Subsidiary). UE was well aware of the catastrophic results likely to occur if the UR (Upper Reservoir) was overtopped by over-pumping. UE knew, or should have known, that storing water against the parapet wall of a rockfill dam was 'unprecedented'. UE knew, or should have known, that operating with a freeboard of only one or two feet left no margin for error and required particularly accurate control of the UR water level. Given that circumstance, UE's decision to continue operating Taum Sauk after the discovery of the failure of the gauge piping anchoring system and the consequent unreliability of the piezometers upon which the UR control system was based is frankly beyond imprudent – it is reckless. UE also knew or should have known that the upper Warrick probes had been reset above the lowest point at the top of the UR." (PSC Report page 71, definitions of Acronyms added)

Ameren had 90 days from the date of the report to tell the PSC how it will meet the recommendations of the report, which include a whistleblower rule, changes in safety management structure, financial accounting for the rebuild of the upper reservoir, and single point of management for the rebuild.

Ameren was reported to have paid a total of close to US$200 million in settlements related to the 2005 breach.

Reconstruction

Water was pumped into the rebuilt reservoir for the first time on February 27, 2010, and engineers monitored the response of the new structure as the water level was repeatedly raised and lowered. The final approval required from the FERC for "return to normal project operations" was received on April 1, 2010. The utility met the Missouri Public Service Commission’s in-service criteria for operations on April 15, and electricity was first generated from the new structure on April 21, 2010. The new dam was recognized by the United States Society on Dams with its "Award of Excellence in the Constructed Project". On September 27, 2010, IEEE rededicated the plant as an IEEE Milestone.

General references

 * Southeast Missourian (Cape Girardeau, Missouri): Taum Sauk Reservoir fails
 * Ameren Press Releases: Media Release Detail, Media Release Detail
 * Daily Journal (Park Hills, Missouri): Taum Sauk Dam Fails
 * National Weather Service, St. Louis Office: Taum Sauk Dam Failure
 * Photos from the USGS Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center
 * Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park damage update page
 * Ameren web pages on Taum Sauk and Johnson's Shut-ins restoration

title: Taum Sauk Hydroelectric Power Station


text: Category:Spanish inventors

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Spanish inventors


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USAF Hunter-Killer

Hunter-Killer is an unofficial project name based upon an Aviation Week & Space Technology article. The U.S. Air Force's Hunter-Killer program was a tactical unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV) procurement program. The General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper, a variant of the MQ-1 Predator won the project and was deployed in Afghanistan.

The term “HK” or Hunter-Killer was used in the 1984 film The Terminator to describe autonomous, twin-ducted fan UAS capable of identifying and destroying targets.

History
This is the U.S. Air Force program for which several companies have developed vehicles.

Although the J-UCAS concept is a long way from the early idea of a "reusable cruise missile", that notion is apparently alive and well.

Lockheed Martin Minion
In September 2003, an announcement was made that Lockheed Martin's "Skunk Works" was developing a stealthy air-launched UCAV named "Minion". Its radar cross section is smaller than that of the F/A-22 Raptor (return smaller than a marble) and F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Details released describe it as having a launch weight of 3,400 kg and able to carry a reconnaissance payload, a jammer system, a high-power microwave weapon, or four 100 kg GPS-guided small-diameter bombs. It could also be used as a decoy, though it would need to have radar-enhancement payload as it is described as extremely stealthy.

Range is given as up to 1,000 nautical miles (1,850 kilometers). Two would be carried into combat by a single strike fighter such as a Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, with one under each wing, and launched from standoff distances to attack heavily defended targets. In practice, two strike fighters are expected to be used, launching four Minions, with the pilot of one aircraft watching out for threats while the other directs the UCAVs over a line-of-sight communications link. After the mission, the Minions would return to base and land conventionally on retractable landing gear.

A vague picture released with the announcement showed the Minion to have a certain broad resemblance to various air-launched cruise missiles, such as the Anglo-French Matra-BAe Dynamics APACHE / Storm Shadow or the US AGM-158A Joint Air to Surface Standoff Missile (JASSM), which is also built by Lockheed Martin and may have some degree of commonality with the Minion. The picture showed the Minion to have a spikelike, square-sided fuselage, with pop-out wings and twin tailfins, with the engine inlet just forward of the tailfins and the exhaust just behind the tailfins. Both the intake and the exhaust are shielded by triangular covers.

Despite the stealthiness of the Minion, Lockheed Martin is designing it for low cost, to be substantially cheaper than the $400,000 JASSM. Rumors about a Skunk Works project involving a cruise-missile-like UCAV had been circulating for a year or two before the announcement. There were also very vague and unconfirmed rumors that the Minion was used in an operational evaluation during the invasion of Iraq in the spring of 2003.

Other designs
Somewhat more visibly, in the summer of 2004, the Air Force, in need of a less expensive short-term UCAV solution with a focus on endurance, opened up a competition for a "Hunter-Killer" UCAV. Specifications include:

 * An operating altitude of 10.7 to 15.25 kilometers (35,000 to 50,000 ft).
 * Endurance from 16 to 30 hours or more carrying a warload of 1,360 kg, in specific six 225 kg guided bombs.
 * Fit of SAR/MTI or EO/IR sensors and laser target designator. Of course, the Hunter-Killer would be capable of performing surveillance or reconnaissance missions along with its active combat role.

Cost specifications were given as US$10 million per aircraft and $30 million per "system", with each system including two aircraft and the necessary support gear. The Hunter-Killer program has attracted considerable interest and a number of interesting proposals.

Northrop Grumman has come up with two concepts. The first is the "Model 395", a militarized version of the Scaled Composites Proteus modified to a pure UAV configuration, with a sensor turret under the nose and a SAR-MTI pod under the forward fuselage, and carrying munitions on the centerline, for example tandem triple racks to carry six 225 kg munitions. With reduced fuel, it could even carry a single 2,270 kg bunker buster. At maximum takeoff weight, it would have a ceiling of 15,000 m.

The other Northrop Grumman proposal is effectively a half-weight Global Hawk, the "Model 396", with a wingspan of 10.7 m, a length of 7 m, and a gross weight of 6,800 kg, half that of the Global Hawk. It would be powered by a single Pratt & Whitney 545 bizjet turbofan.

General Atomics offered the turboprop-powered Predator B for the role. Aurora Flight Sciences and Israel Aircraft Industries are offering an armed Heron II. Lockheed Martin has responded to the Air Force request but has been keeping quiet about their proposals. Boeing did not submit a proposal, stating the company was busy with other UCAV work.

Raytheon proposed a sixth option, whereby they would offer a combination of sensors, communications systems, and other mission-related systems as a package, and then choose an airframe at a later date. Raytheon's perspective was that, as long as it performs to a minimum set of specifications, the individual airframe is less important than the systems it will carry.

The Air Force wanted to field the Hunter-Killer by 2007 and may order up to 60 machines. The program seems focused to avoid "gold plate", and most of the avionics will likely be off-the-shelf.

title: USAF Hunter-Killer


text:
GrimSkunk

GrimSkunk is a rock band from Montreal, Quebec, Canada, with punk, rock, progressive and world music influences. Its style is self-described as "world punk" It is regarded as being part of the foundation of the Quebec alternative scene, having influenced many young musicians and bands.

The band integrates many languages into its songs, such as French, English, Spanish, Greek and Persian. It has also integrated many styles of music, including punk rock, hardcore, reggae, progressive and psychedelic rock, ska, rap and world music.

Over the years, the band shared the stage with many prominent acts such as System Of A Down, Meshuggah, Manu Chao and Suicidal Tendencies, as well as peers Anonymus, Vulgaires Machins, Deadly Apples and The Sainte Catherines. They have toured extensively, including concerts on four continents.

History
GrimSkunk was formed in November 1988 from a previous hardcore group known as Fatal Illness. GrimSkunk played its first show in May 1989 in St. Hyacinthe. The band's first demo album, Autumn Flowers, was released two years later, in April 1991. Along with Groovy Aardvark, the band was among the first "alternative" bands to tour Quebec, thus creating a market for this genre.

In the first years of GrimSkunk's career, cannabis was always very present in the band's image. Hemp leaves were on their CD covers, and references to cannabis could be found in the albums' names (Autumn Flowers, Exotic Blend), in their songs' titles (Zig-Zag), and in their lyrics ("Pourquoi, pourquoi ne pas fumer? / C'est ben légal de boire", Why, why can't we smoke / Isn't it legal to drink?). The band's name itself is an allusion to skunk cannabis.

The band's second album, Meltdown, was released in 1996.

In 1997, the band's longtime manager and friend, Simon Gallipeault, was killed in a "hit-and-run" longboard accident involving a car. The band became self-managed with Franz Schuller as the main "mouthpiece". The 1998 album, Field Trip, is dedicated to Gallipeault and his voice is sampled before the track "Live For Today".

The bass guitarist, Marc-Boris St-Maurice, left in 1999 to become an activist in the marijuana legalization movement, founding the Bloc Pot and the Marijuana Party of Canada. Tod Wirschem replaced Saint-Maurice for a few years. He has since been replaced by Vince Peake, the former Groovy Aardvark singer and bass guitarist.

The band took a break in 2000 after the keyboardist, Joe Evil, suffered serious burns from a fire in his apartment.

In 2002, the band released its seventh album, Seventh Wave, which was not well received by certain critics and fans who did not like the musical change in direction.

In 2002, GrimSkunk performed its first and only unplugged show in Saint-Roch Church in Quebec City.

In 2006, the band released Fires Under the Road, which marked a return to the sound of the earlier albums. They recorded Set Fire! in 2012 in Sydney, Australia. The album was produced by Gus Van Go and Werner F.  In 2018,  they released their ninth album Unreason in the Age of Madness which includes songs about the National Rifle Association of America, Donald Trump, the impact of technology.

Indica Records
In 1997, GrimSkunk members founded an independent Montreal-based record label Indica Records following the bankruptcy of the band's former label Cargo Records. From then on, all of the band's albums were released on that label, which also helped to promote local alternative bands.

The label initially supported only GrimSkunk's music but later expanded to support and release music for other band including punk, rock, metal, alternative, world music, indie and pop rock, electronic and hip-hop from Quebec and elsewhere. There is an office in Australia named Indica Australia. Artists have included Les Trois Accords, Priestess, The Franklin Electric, Vulgaires Machins, Hey Major, La Voix runner up Colin Moore,  Caracol, Half Moon Run, Misteur Valaire, Australian acts The Cat Empire, John Butler, Kim Churchill and French acts such Anaïs and La Ruda Salska.

Members

 * Franz Schuller - rhythm guitar, vocals
 * Joe Evil - keyboard, vocals
 * Alain Vadeboncoeur - drums (1988–2009; 2021-now)
 * Vincent Peake - bass guitar
 * Peter Edwards - lead guitar
 * Marc-Boris St-Maurice - bass guitar (1988–1999)
 * Tod Wirschem - bass guitar (1999–2004)
 * Ben Shatskoff- drums (2009-2021)

Discography

 * Autumn Flowers Demo (GrimSkunk Productions) 1991
 * Exotic Blend E.P. (GrimSkunk Productions) 1992
 * Rooftop Killer 7" (GrimSkunk Productions, L'Oblique, en Guard Records) 1993
 * Grim Skunk (Indica Records) 1994
 * Meltdown (Indica Records) 1995
 * Autumn Flowers - Rerolled (Indica Records) 1997
 * Fieldtrip (Indica Records) 1998
 * EP 2000 (Indica Records) 2001
 * GrimSkunk Plays... Fatal Illness (Indica Records), 2001
 * Seventh Wave (Indica Records), 2002)
 * Live + DVD unplugged (Indica Records), 2003
 * Fires Under the Road (Indica Records), 2006
 * Skunkadelic (Compilation Album) (Indica Records), 2011
 * Set Fire! (Indica Records), 2012
 * Unreason In the Age of Madness (Indica Records), 2018

title: GrimSkunk


text:
Template talk:Chinese Emperor

Comments
Recent modifications included not just extensions to the template, but incompatible changes that broke a number of pages which are using this template. Perhaps the recent changes were necessary, but as a matter of procedure, it might be good to have some discussion first.

Regarding the specifics of the current revision, I think it is too simplistic. The template seems to suggest that there is a neat correspondence between the reigning person, the name of their reign or era, dynasties, etc. This is often the case, but not always. For example: the Zhengtong Emperor and the Tianshun Emperor of the Ming Dynasty are the same person and the dates of his reign are not contiguous; before the Ming, many emperors used more than one era name, e.g. Tang Gao Zong more than a dozen; Hong Taiji ruled both the Later Jin dynasty and the Qing dynasty; etc. If the template should be applicable to all Chinese emperors (perhaps that not possible, though), some flexibility and greater generality is required. --MarkSweep 05:02, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Discussion occurred at Wikipedia talk:History standards for China-related articles. I think we will ultimately have to make one for each dynasty (clan name in Qing should be family name in Ming even if the naming conventions for Ming/Qing emperors is the same {era name} Emperor).--Jiang 21:34, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Update
I've updated the code of this template and added parser functions. All fields are included in this template and are entirely optional, so there is no longer any need to maintain half a dozen variants. PC78 21:55, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Multiple reigns
Can someone implement a way to have allow the template to handle an emperor who reigned multiple (interrupted) times? (E.g., Emperor An of Jin, Emperor Ruizong of Tang.) --Nlu (talk) 01:59, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

Similar templates

 * Template:Chinese Emperor
 * Template:Chinese Emperor 0
 * Template:Chinese Emperor 1
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title: Template talk:Chinese Emperor


text:
Talk:Earth's energy budget

Dreadful English
The article seems to have been written by someone with an inadequate grasp of English syntax.

"Energy Budget" Section
The conclusion of this section is "thereby demonstrating no net gain of energy by the Earth." In that case why would anyone believe there's global warming? The only reference for this section is to three biologists. Biologists! This section's diagram is helpful for gaining intuition, however. I ask whoever wrote this section to either delete or otherwise explain its mystifying conclusion. Page Notes (talk) 20:16, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

A greenhouse effect of 110K?
It might not bother anyone, but this article AND NASAs illustration are claiming the "back radiation" was 340.3W/m2. Even though the term is stupid, it is obviously identical with the GHE or radiative forcing by GHGs and clouds. The magnitude of this GHE was commonly assumed to be about 33K or about 152W/m2. This figure works even in the context of the NASA chart, as 288 - ((398.2 - 152)/398.2)^0.25 * 288 = 32.6K. (Note that 398.2W/m2 "emitted by surface" could only hold true if emissivity was precisely 1, which of course it is not by far) Ok.. With 340.3W/m2 the "new" GHE grows to .. 288 - ((398.2 - 340.3)/398.2)^0.25 * 288 = 110.2K (!!!). Does it not hurt in the brain, when spreading such fake facts? Leitwolf22 (talk) 18:27, 27 June 2017 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Earth's circumference which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 23:03, 6 January 2019 (UTC)

Photosynthesis
The article states: "Photosynthesis has a larger effect: photosynthetic efficiency turns up to 2% of incoming sunlight into biomass"

This is a little confusing. I think this is peak photosynthetic efficiency, not average efficiency. And the article linked quotes various numbers for "typical efficiency," ranging from 0.1 to 4.3%.

", for a total photosynthetic productivity of earth between ~1500–2250 TW (~1%+/-0.26% solar energy hitting the Earth's surface).[11]"

A dubious value. This number is not in the reference quoted; that's a back-calculation from the total production of cyanobacteria divided by the estimated fraction of the total that is produced by cyanobacteria.

The reference was But the citation is not the actual source of the quoted figure (much less the calculation), but cites it as coming from the following source: I don't have access to this; can anybody check this reference and give the correct source?
 * Waterbury JB, Watson SW, Guillard RRL, Brand LE. Widespread occurrence of a unicellular, marine, planktonic, cyanobacterium. Nature. 1979;277:293–294

Because the cited reference wasn't actually a source for the data in the article, I cut the reference, and instead put in two citations to two different values: and Geoffrey.landis (talk) 19:26, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

C-class assessment and importance assignments
The article's quality score was upgraded from 'Start' to 'C' since it now provides a reasonably complete overview of the subject, its sections are manageably sized, progression of key concepts seems logical, and most content is well-referenced with up-to-date numbers and figures. Improvements could perhaps be made in some places with more technically accurate and consistent use of the energy & power related terms (e.g. thermal energy, heat, flow, flux, etc). Some remarkable findings regarding the north/south hemispherical behaviors are described in more recent studies  and seem worth keeping an eye on. These could warrant inclusion within a new section nearer the end at some point.

WikiProject Oceans was added since that is where more than 90% of the extra energy from the ongoing heating imbalance is stored. I also assigned initial importance/priority ratings of 'High' with respect to stated goals of the Climate change, Environment, and Ocean projects. That is especially bolstered by scientists' statements on the "imperative" priority of the subject (see final section of article) ... and so a 'Top' rating could also be appropriate. A 'Low' rating was assigned relative to WikProject Energy since the project goals are directed mainly towards subject matter that encompasses the harness of its use by humans. Bikesrcool (talk) 18:10, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

Major mistake
It is a significant, though often made error, that IR radiation from the surface is the only source of IR from the atmosphere. Absorbed IR in the atmosphere is themalized (transferred to kinetic energy of the molecules) by collisions where it is mixed with thermal energy transferred by sensible heat and condensation. Collisions also result in the reverse, vibration excitation of other ghgs. Proportionally each of the thermal energy transfer mechanisms power the back radiation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Joshua Halpern (talk • contribs) 16:04, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
 * So what is your suggestion regarding a possible change to this article, User:Joshua Halpern? EMsmile (talk) 08:21, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

Questions about the section "Role of the greenhouse effect"
I have two questions about the section "Role of the greenhouse effect": Can we perhaps shorten it, given that we have a separate article about it (greenhouse effect) - maybe even use an excerpt from the lead. I know that the article greenhouse effect has recently been improved so I assume that the content there is better than the content here (?).

Secondly, does it make sense to have this section ("Role of the greenhouse effect") within the section on "budget analysis"? Does it perhaps fit better in the section on "Earth's energy flows"? EMsmile (talk) 21:53, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes to both. The role of the greenhouse effect should be elsewhere and simply referred to briefly here.  In my book I include "The Greenhouse effect" in a chapter called "Earth's energy balance". 125.236.142.0 (talk) 09:26, 10 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi, which book is that? And where in the structure of this Wikipedia article would a shortened version of the greenhouse effect content best be placed? How could its relationship with the overall Earth's energy budget best be explained to a layperson? It is a subset of the overall system? Or a mechanisms which explains XXX? Just trying to understand which of the two articles is the parent and which is the sub-article (if we can view them like that). In any case, we should not duplicate more than necessary the content about the greenhouse effect in two articles but rather refer people across to greenhouse effect, after having explained what it has to do with it. EMsmile (talk) 11:23, 10 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Also pinging User:Bikesrcool and User:Rhwentworth. EMsmile (talk) 11:23, 10 October 2023 (UTC)
 * My book is:
 * 'The changing flow of energy through the climate system', Cambridge University Press, 336 pages,
 * Chapters
 * 1. Earth and Climate System; 2. Earth's Energy Imbalance and Climate Change; 3. Earth's Energy Balance;
 * 4. The Sun-Earth System; 5. Observations of Temperature, Moisture, Precipitation and Radiation;
 * 6. The Climate System; 7. The Weather Machine; 8. The Dynamic Ocean;
 * 9. Poleward Heat Transports by the Atmosphere and Ocean; 10. The Changing Hydrological Cycle;
 * 11. Teleconnections and Patterns of Variability; 12. El Niño; 13. Feedbacks and Climate Sensitivity;
 * 14. Earth's Energy Imbalance Estimates; 15. Attribution and the Hiatus; 16. Prediction and Projection;
 * 17. Emissions and Information; 18. Climate Change and Environmental Issues;
 * References and further reading; Bibliography; Glossary; Acronyms; Index.
 * There is a foreword, by former Vice President Al Gore. 125.236.142.0 (talk) 21:30, 13 October 2023 (UTC)

 * OK, I've now made some changes - I hope I got it right? I've moved the section on "role of greenhouse effect" up to the section called "Earth's energy flows". Then I shortened it. And I also added an excerpt from greenhouse effect. Let me know if it should be shortened further or if we can explain better what the greenhouse effect has to do with the energy budget (in a language that lay persons can understand!). Here are the two paragraphs that I've removed as they are similar in the lead of greenhouse effect which we have transcribed to here with the excerpt tool:

+++++++++ Greenhouse gases absorb a majority of the thermal infrared energy that is emitted by Earth's surface. Those gasses also radiate thermal infrared energy in all directions. With radiation traveling in all directions, the net effect is that that is little net energy transfer (radiation heat transfer) in the lower atmosphere. The atmosphere thins with altitude, and at roughly 5–6 kilometres, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the overlying atmosphere is so thin that radiated heat can escape to space.

Because greenhouse gas molecules radiate infrared energy in all directions, some of it spreads downward and ultimately returns to the Earth's surface, where it is absorbed. This downward radiative energy flow balances most of the thermal radiative energy flow upward from Earth's surface, greatly reducing the rate of radiative cooling of the surface. This leads to solar energy accumulating, raising the surface temperature until the surface is warm enough that the rate of cooling matches the rate of warming from absorbed sunlight. This results in the surface being warmer than it would be if greenhouse gases were not inhibiting radiative heat loss. This reduced cooling and associated increased temperature is the natural greenhouse effect. ++++++ EMsmile (talk) 17:23, 15 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree it could make more sense to condense it into a paragraph or two under the OLR section, perhaps as an excerpt. That said, the GHE article properly focuses on describing its role as a static phenomena (in time) that raises the planet's equilibrium surface temperature.
 * I think the relevant role to describe within this article's context is that changes to the GHE strength can force changes to OLR, the overall balance, and eventually to a higher temperature (over time).  That role is the focus of the Radiative Forcing article.  Having a separate excerpt section here on the greenhouse forcing without similar treatments of albedo forcing, aerosol forcing, etc. may thus not make sense.   There are already links and references to the encompassing topic of radiative forcing elsewhere in the article. Bikesrcool (talk) 17:51, 15 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi Bikesrcool I am not fully following you but that's just due to my lack of expertise in this area. Can you make the changes as you see fit? Should we delete the section about greenhouse effect and just refer to it somewhere in a sentence or two. And are we interlinking well enough with radiative forcing or could this be done better? I guess it's hard to describe the whole complex situation in a group of separate articles which all overlap and interlink to some extent: Earth's energy budget, greenhouse effect, radiative forcing, cloud feedback plus others probably. EMsmile (talk) 20:43, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi User:Bikesrcool where do we stand with this now? I see you've made changes since this talk page entry. Has everything been addressed that you had identified? What about the concern that I had noted earlier about the section "Role of the greenhouse effect"? EMsmile (talk) 14:56, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I've now removed the section "Role of the greenhouse effect" and excerpt, and just integrated it within the section on "Outgoing longwave radiation". I think this works better and will stop the temptation in future to add more content about the greenhouse effect to this article. EMsmile (talk) 15:04, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree. Consolidating all of this to one paragraph at the end of the OLR section with a GHE link works well enough too. Based on page views, it seems most readers who come here may already be familiar with the GHE article. Bikesrcool (talk) 14:07, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Earth's energy budget


text:
My Mother the Car

My Mother the Car is an American fantasy comedy that aired for a single season on NBC between September 14, 1965, and April 5, 1966. Thirty episodes were produced by United Artists Television. The premise features a man whose deceased mother is reincarnated as an antique car, who communicates with him through the car radio.

My Mother the Car had an experienced production team with extensive comedy credentials: Rod Amateau (The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show and The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis); Allan Burns (wrote for Jay Ward and went on to create several critically acclaimed shows, including The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Rhoda, and Lou Grant); James L. Brooks (Room 222, Taxi, and later served as executive producer of The Simpsons) and Chris Hayward (produced and wrote for Barney Miller during its first several seasons).

Critics and adult viewers panned the show. In 2002, TV Guide proclaimed it to be the second-worst television show of all time, behind The Jerry Springer Show. TV Land's first day of programming in April 1996 included the series premiere as a collection of television firsts and rarities, billing it as "the strange but true...infamous series". The show's premise was similar to other popular comedies of the 1960s that featured a fantastic gimmick, such as a talking horse (Mister Ed), a martian (My Favorite Martian), a suburbanite witch (Bewitched), an obedient genie (I Dream of Jeannie), or a flying nun (The Flying Nun).

Synopsis
The show follows the exploits of attorney David Crabtree (played by Jerry Van Dyke) who, while shopping at a used-car lot for a station wagon to serve as a second family car, instead purchases a dilapidated 1928 Porter touring car. Crabtree hears the car call his name in a woman's voice. The car turns out to be the reincarnation of his deceased mother, Gladys (voiced by Ann Sothern). She talks (only to Crabtree) through the car's radio: the dial light flashes in synchronization with "Mother's" voice. In an effort to get his family to accept the old, tired car, Crabtree brings it to a custom body shop for a full restoration. The car is coveted by a fanatical collector named Captain Manzini (Avery Schreiber), but Crabtree purchases and restores the car before Manzini can acquire it.

For the rest of the series, Crabtree is pursued by the avaricious Captain Manzini, who is determined to acquire the valuable automobile by hook or by crook. In a running gag characterizing his shifty nature, Manzini (who resembles a 1920s silent film villain) always mangles Crabtree's name when speaking to him. "Now, then, Crabapple..." "That's Crabtree." "Whatever."

Others in the cast included Maggie Pierce as wife Barbara, Cindy Eilbacher (the sister of Lisa Eilbacher) and Randy Whipple as the kids, Cindy and Randy. Veteran movie and television character actors played supporting roles, including Bill Daily, Harold Peary, Byron Foulger, Bob Jellison, Sam Flint, and Willis Bouchey.

Production notes
The show was created by Allan Burns and Chris Hayward, who had better success with Rocky & Bullwinkle, The Munsters, and Get Smart (which debuted the same season). Aluminum Model Toys (AMT), a well-known producer of plastic model car kits, introduced a 1/25-scale kit of the Porter in late 1965.

The theme music was composed and conducted by Ralph Carmichael, with lyrics written and sung by Paul Hampton. It was used on an episode of Arrested Development also called "My Mother, the Car".

The show began with a black-and-white pilot, which was later refilmed in color. The pilot did not originally air, but has been shown several times on Canadian television. Network censors insisted that one particular scene be deleted where the car backfired.

Car
The on-set car, called a 1928 Porter Stanhope touring car, was a custom car, rebuilt by Norm Grabowski, from a 1924 Ford Model T, and later restyled by property master Kaye Trapp and Norm Breedlove. A stunt car, driven by a rear-floorboard-hidden driver, was built by George Barris, as a replica. The actual Porter Motor Company existed briefly from 1900-1901, and only made an automobile in the runabout style, not the stanhope or touring car style.

The on-set car used in My Mother the Car was, in 2016, located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and owned by Dave Bodnar. The stunt car was once owned by casino giant William Harrah, who had one of the largest special-interest and antique auto collections of all time in Reno, Nevada. After Harrah's death in 1984, the auction catalogue advertised the car as having a carnation red body with white top and created from parts of a Ford Model T, a Maxwell, a Hudson and a Chevrolet. (The actual Porter Motor Company existed only in 1900-1901.) Harrah's F.R.P. is, since 1994, at the Seal Cove Auto Museum on Mount Desert Island in Maine. As of 2012, the stunt Porter is at the Star Cars Museum in Gatlinburg, Tennessee. On September 3, 2017, the car sold at the Dragone auction, part of the Historic Festival 35 at Lime Rock Park in Lakeville, CT, for $50,000.

Soundtrack
The series was scored by Ralph Carmichael with the lyrics of the title song by Paul Hampton. Sammy Davis Jr. did a cover version.

Cast

 * Jerry Van Dyke as Dave Crabtree
 * Maggie Pierce as Barbara Crabtree (née Netwick)
 * Ann Sothern as Mother the 1928 Porter (formerly Gladys Crabtree (née Brown))
 * Avery Schreiber as Captain Bernard Manzini
 * Cindy Eilbacher as Cindy Crabtree
 * Randy Whipple as Randy Crabtree
 * Paula Winslowe as Mrs. Netwick

Critical reception
A review of the show by John Sinnott on DVD Talk reported that although "the concept is pretty stupid" and that the show "has gained a reputation for being one of the worst shows to ever air on American TV," it is "actually not that bad," noting that "Jerry Van Dyke does a very good job," "the pretty and perky Maggie Pierce was also very good," and it "gives some decent laughs." A review of the show on Vulture described it as "the epitome of dated, stupid, campy, embarrassing, lowest common denominator television," that "any blatant attempts at comedy were not successful," and that this "prime example of hackneyed, brainless situation comedy did not have a laugh track for most of their episodes. This helped result in a lot of really tonally confusing work."

Release
In the United Kingdom the series debuted on ITV on 8 November 1965.

Ownership status
The show's current owner is Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, which bought United Artists in 1981.

Home media
TGG Direct released a DVD box set of the series on 12 November 2013. It contains the 30 episodes that aired, but not the unaired pilot. The laugh track has been removed for the DVD set.

All 30 episodes were available for viewing on Hulu. The show is also available on MGM's YouTube channel.

Syndication
Antenna TV began airing episodes of the show on September 19, 2015.

title: My Mother the Car


text:
Homebake

Homebake was an annual Australian rock festival, featuring an all-Australian lineup (with the occasional artist from New Zealand). The festival was first held on 3 January 1996 at Belongil Fields in Byron Bay, on the far north coast of New South Wales. The same year saw a second event held at the grounds of the University of Sydney.

The festival returned in January 1998 as an East Coast event happening in Melbourne, the Gold Coast and Sydney. In December of the same year, it was held again in Sydney this time at the Domain. In late 1999 the event went on the road again, but this time to only the Gold Coast and Sydney. In 2000 the festival reverted to just Sydney, and was held at the Domain every December until 2012.

Tickets for the festival regularly sold out in advance, the fastest sell out was the 2006 event which sold out on the first day of sale, but this was then dwarfed with the 2008 show selling all 20,000 tickets in less than 10 minutes.

The 2007 Homebake took place on Saturday 8 December, once again at The Domain. It was announced that the event would be 18+ for the first time in its history. Despite some protests, Homebake organisers explained on Triple J's ''Hack' program that each year the all ages liquor licence was becoming harder to obtain, and compared to their research showing that attendance for the event by underagers was between 5 and 8% influenced the decision to go 18+.

The last Homebake was held in 2012, and the following year's event was unexpectedly cancelled. The festival has not been held since, and as of now, it is unlikely to be resurrected.

2009
Rowland S. Howard was advertised to play but was forced to cancel citing health concerns. Dappled Cities played in his allotted timeslot.

2010
On 25 August 2010, the organisers of Homebake announced the festival would not take place in 2010, and would instead return in 2011. The organisers cited "not being able to have the 'planets align' to a standard we feel appropriate" as a reason for cancelling the festival in 2010.

2012
Event organisers announced that the 2012 Homebake would be a "Global" edition. While the line-up for the event, scheduled for 8 December 2012, is predominantly Australasian, American band Blondie has been selected as the headlining act. Pond, Tame Impala, Kimbra, Something For Kate, Hilltop Hoods, Sonic Animation, and Birds of Tokyo are some of the other performing artists.

After 2012
The event was cancelled in 2013. Organizers acknowledged that there was a hiatus for 2014. It is unlikely the festival will ever return.

title: Homebake


text:
William Richmond (politician)

Christopher William Richmond (12 July 1821 – 3 August 1895), generally called William Richmond, was a 19th-century New Zealand politician. He held a number of Cabinet positions between 1856 and 1861. He worked as a lawyer and was appointed a senior judge.

Early life
Richmond was probably born in London on 12 July 1821. His father, Christopher Richmond, died when William Richmond was only ten years old, leaving William in the sole care of Maria (Lely) Wilson, his mother. He was raised in the Unitarian faith, and attended Unitarian schools. His health was always delicate, and he suffered from severe asthma throughout his life. From 1841 to 1843, he was in France, but in 1844, he began working in various law offices. He also developed a strong friendship with Richard Holt Hutton, a writer and theologian who influenced his views considerably.

Emigration to New Zealand
Richmond became a practising lawyer in 1847, but business was poor. James Crowe Richmond and Henry Richmond, his two younger brothers, sought better fortunes in New Plymouth, New Zealand, in 1850, and William Richmond considered joining them. On 15 September 1852, Richmond married Emily Elizabeth Atkinson, described by Joseph Hutton (father of Richmond's friend Richard Holt Hutton) as "a remarkable woman of singular intellectual power, moral earnestness and charming spontaneity of character". Shortly after their marriage, the two set out for New Zealand on the  Sir Edward Paget, being joined by his mother, his sister, and Harry and Arthur Atkinson (two brothers of Emily; Harry would later become Premier). In New Plymouth, Richmond re-established his law practice, and soon became a prominent member of the local community.

Political career
On 5 November 1855, he was elected to represent the Town of New Plymouth electorate in the 2nd New Zealand Parliament. When Edward Stafford formed a government on 2 June 1856, Richmond accepted an invitation to become Colonial Secretary (forerunner to the modern Minister of Internal Affairs). When Henry Sewell resigned, Richmond also became Colonial Treasurer (forerunner to the modern Minister of Finance), although Sewell briefly resumed this post for two months in 1859. On 27 August 1858, he became New Zealand's first Minister for Native Affairs, but lost this post to Frederick Weld in late 1860. He also served as Commissioner of Customs.

Politically, Richmond aligned himself with the centralist faction, believing that the power of the provinces needed to be curtailed. Richmond also believed in the need to "reform" Māori institutions and culture, being particularly adamant about the need to eliminate the beastly communism of common land ownership. Richmond generally had a very low opinion of Māori, considering them to be savages.

He was confirmed at the 1860 general election, which was held on 28 November. After the Stafford government fell, Richmond did not remain in Parliament for long, and he resigned on 20 January 1862. He was succeeded by Isaac Newton Watt.

Legal career
He established a law practice in Dunedin with Thomas Gillies, a fellow MP. He was soon appointed to a post as a senior judge, a role which he seemed to enjoy more than his former political career. In 1865, he turned down an invitation by Stafford to return to politics, despite a suggestion that he could become Premier.

During the "Barton Affair" of 1876–78 he was a member of the court with Chief Justice James Prendergast who imprisoned lawyer George Elliott Barton for a month for contempt of court, a ruling that split the Wellington legal profession.

Towards the end of his life, Richmond became increasingly conservative, condemning the Liberal Party's proposals for women's suffrage, a land tax, and an income tax.

Family and death
The Richmonds had five daughters and four sons. Their daughter Margaret married the surgeon Walter Fell in 1886. Richmond died in Wellington on 3 August 1895.

title: William Richmond (politician)


text: Category:Fictional dinosaurs

title: Category:Fictional dinosaurs


text:
The Simpsons (video game)

The Simpsons is an arcade beat 'em up developed and published by Konami released in 1991. It was the first video game based on the Simpsons franchise to be released in North America. The game allows up to four players to control members of the Simpson family as they fight various enemies to rescue the kidnapped Maggie. It was a commercial success in the United States, where it was one of the top three best-selling arcade video game machines of 1991, The game also features the television shows's voice actors; Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright and Yeardley Smith reprising their respective roles as the Simpsons family.

The game was ported to the Commodore 64 and MS-DOS soon after its launch in the arcades, and was released as The Simpsons Arcade Game on those platforms. It was also released under that title on Xbox Live Arcade for Xbox 360 and PlayStation Network for PlayStation 3 in February 2012; however, for unknown reasons, it was removed from both services on December 20, 2013. In 2021, Arcade1Up released a 30th anniversary home arcade cabinet.

Plot
While walking through downtown Springfield, the Simpsons collide with Smithers, who has just stolen a large diamond from a jewelry shop for Mr. Burns. The diamond goes flying and lands in Maggie's mouth, and she begins sucking on it like a pacifier as Smithers kidnaps her. The rest of the Simpsons give chase across the city, fighting off hordes of enemies (hired by Mr. Burns) to reach the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. The pursuit covers eight stages, each of which ends with a fight against a strong boss character. In the final stage, the Simpsons must defeat first Smithers and then Mr. Burns, who uses a mobile battle suit equipped with a variety of weapons. Once Mr. Burns is defeated, Maggie puts her pacifier in his mouth and the Simpsons take her home, with Homer throwing the diamond away.

Gameplay
The Simpsons is a side-scrolling beat 'em up that allows players to join in at any time. Two different cabinet models were produced: one allowing up to two simultaneous players, each able to choose a character, and another allowing four players with a dedicated position for each character. Controls consist of an eight-way joystick and two buttons to jump and attack.

The characters have distinctive attack styles; Homer punches and kicks, Marge swings a vacuum cleaner, Bart wields a skateboard, and Lisa attacks with a jump rope. Two characters standing close to each other can mount a combined attack, such as Homer and Marge holding each other's ankles to roll around the screen and mow down enemies, or Homer placing Lisa on his shoulders so they can strike at two different heights. Each player has a health meter, which decreases upon being hit by enemies; food items can be picked up to replenish it. Players can also pick up and throw/swing items such as hammers, bowling balls, and mailboxes as melee weapons. One life is lost whenever a player's health meter runs out; if all lives are lost, the player may continue the game by adding credits within a time limit. Two minigames played between stages require players to hit their buttons as quickly as possible, with computer-controlled enemies replacing any characters not in play.

The Japanese version of the game includes many differences from the North American release. These changes include throwable small scale nuclear bombs that clear all on-screen enemies. A life bar that, unlike in the North American version, can accumulate three levels by eating food beyond the first full level. The player's life is turned into bonus points after they complete a level and is restored when the next level begins. In this version there are hidden items (food and weapons) which appear when the player hits specific points of the screen. Also, in the Japanese version the score system is different: each enemy character defeated gives the player a certain number of points, while at the North American version the player only earns a single point by defeating them. This is similar to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles arcade game score system.

Legacy
Soon after the Simpsons' arcade release, Novotrade released ports for Commodore 64 and MS-DOS computers. A listing on the Australian Classification Board website, posted on November 9, 2011, hinted at a port of the game being developed by Backbone Entertainment for multiple platforms. In January 2012, a high-definition port of The Simpsons Arcade Game was announced for PlayStation Network for release in February, with a release on Xbox Live Arcade also revealed. The port features online multiplayer, the ability to unlock the rare Japanese 4-player version of the game, and promotional content from the game's arcade launch. The game was initially made available exclusively to PlayStation Plus users at no charge. In December 2013, the game was removed from the PlayStation Network store, although at the time it was still available through the Xbox Live Marketplace; no reason for the removal was given by either Sony or Konami.

A completely different title inspired by the arcade game, The Simpsons Arcade, was released by Electronic Arts for iOS on December 19, 2009. Unlike the arcade game, the title is a single player game where players control Homer, assisted by the other family members via power-ups. The plot is also slightly altered, as it revolves around a thumb drive containing plans for Burns' "Project: Operation Mission" hidden inside a donut that Homer attempted to eat after bumping into Smithers, who had been tasked with securing the plans, allegedly containing the town's secret data. With Burns' associates retrieving the donut and taking turns keeping it safe while Homer remains ignorant of the drive inside, his objective is simply to take back the donut. But first, he must defeating Chief Wiggum before advanced to next level, before taking final showdown with Burns in his mansion.

In June 2021, Arcade1Up announced its intent to release a 30th anniversary edition home arcade cabinet in late fall the same year.

Reception
In the United States, thousands of arcade cabinets were ordered upon its debut at the American Coin Machine Exposition (ACME) in March 1991. The Simpsons went on to win a Platinum award from the American Amusement Machine Association (AAMA) for sales achievement in 1991, making it one of the top three best-selling arcade video game machines of 1991 (with the Neo Geo MVS which won Platinum and below Street Fighter II which won Diamond). In Japan, Game Machine listed The Simpsons on their October 1, 1991 issue as being the eleventh most-popular arcade game for the previous two weeks.

The arcade game received positive reviews from critics. Sinclair User gave it a positive review, saying “It’s the great looking graphics, good sampled sound and clever animations that makes the Simpsons such fun to play“ ScrewAttack ranked the arcade game as the best cartoon-based game.

The PC/MS-DOS version of the game was reviewed in 1992 in Dragon #180 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 3 out of 5 stars.

title: The Simpsons (video game)


text:
Hephzibah

Hephzibah or Hepzibah ( or ; ) is a minor figure in the Books of Kings in the Bible. She was the wife of Hezekiah, King of Judah (reigned c. 715 and 686 BCE), and the mother of Manasseh of Judah (reigned c.  687–643 BCE).

Biblical and rabbinic accounts
Hephzibah is depicted in. According to Rabbinic literature, Isaiah was the maternal grandfather of Manasseh.

Symbolic name
The name Hephzibah is also used as a symbolic name for Zion following its restoration to the favor of Yahweh in Isaiah 62:4.

title: Hephzibah


text:
Heppner

Heppner may refer to:

 * Heppner (surname)
 * Heppner, Oregon
 * Heppner, South Dakota
 * Heppner National Forest, in northeast Oregon

title: Heppner


text: File:Billy Joel - 2000 Years.jpg

title: File:Billy Joel - 2000 Years.jpg


text:
Herndon

Herndon may refer to:

People

 * Herndon (surname), an American surname
 * Herndon Davis (1901–1962), American artist, journalist, illustrator, and painter

Communities

 * Herndon, California, an unincorporated community
 * Herndon, Georgia, an unincorporated community
 * Herndon, Kansas, a city
 * Herndon, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
 * Herndon, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Herndon, Pennsylvania, a borough
 * Herndon, Virginia, a town
 * Herndon Historic District, a national historic district
 * Herndon, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Herndon Homes, a former housing project in Atlanta, Georgia

Historic buildings and monuments

 * Herndon Building, a historic professional building in Atlanta, Georgia
 * Herndon Depot Museum, a historic railroad depot museum in Herndon, Virginia
 * Herndon Hall, a historic house in Des Moines, Iowa
 * Herndon Home, a historic house museum in Atlanta, Georgia
 * Herndon Monument, a monument in Annapolis, Maryland
 * Herndon Terrace, a historic house in Union, South Carolina

Schools

 * Herndon Career Center, a career and technical high school in Raytown, Missouri
 * Herndon High School, a public high school in Herndon, Virginia
 * Herndon High School (Kansas), a former high school in Herndon, Kansas

Transportation centers

 * Herndon station, a planned Washington Metro station in Herndon, Virginia
 * Orlando Executive Airport, a public airport in Orlando, Florida, formerly called Herndon Airport

Other

 * Herndon House, a former hotel in Omaha, Nebraska
 * Herndon Stadium, an abandoned stadium in Atlanta, Georgia

Ships

 * USS Herndon, the name of more than one United States Navy ship
 * USS Raymon W. Herndon (APD-121), a United States Navy high-speed transport in commission from 1944 to 1946

title: Herndon


text:
Herreid

Herreid may refer to:
 * Herreid, South Dakota, a city in Campbell County, South Dakota, United States
 * Herreid (surname)

title: Herreid


text:
Herrin

Herrin may refer to:

 * Herrin (surname)
 * Herrin, Illinois, a city, United States
 * Herrin, Nord, a commune of the Nord (département), in France
 * Herrin massacre, a battle during a mining labor dispute in Herrin, Illinois

title: Herrin


text: Category:Italian inventors

title: Category:Italian inventors


text:
Irving Kaufman

Irving Robert Kaufman (June 24, 1910 – February 1, 1992) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.

Early life and education
Born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York City, Kaufman received a Bachelor of Laws from Fordham University School of Law in 1931. Although he was Jewish, Kaufman earned the nickname "Pope Kaufman" for his achievement in the required Christian doctrine classes at Fordham, a Catholic school.

Career
Kaufman entered private practice of law in New York City from 1932 to 1935. He was a Special Assistant United States Attorney of the Southern District of New York from 1935 to 1939. He returned to private practice in New York City from 1940 to 1949. He was an Assistant United States Attorney from 1939 to 1940. He was Special Assistant to the Attorney General of the United States from 1947 to 1948.

United States District Court

Kaufman received a recess appointment from President Harry S. Truman on October 21, 1949, to the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, to a new seat created by 63 Stat. 493. He was nominated to the same seat by Truman on January 5, 1950. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 4, 1950, and received his commission on April 7, 1950. His service was terminated on September 22, 1961, when he was elevated to the Court of Appeals. Notable cases include:
 * 1951: Kaufman is best remembered as the judge who presided over the espionage trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and imposed their controversial death sentences. Roy Cohn, one of the prosecutors in the case, claimed in his autobiography that his influence led to Kaufman's being appointed to the case and that Kaufman had imposed the death penalty on Cohn's personal advice.  This claim has not been verified, although it has been shown that after Kaufman learned that the FBI and Justice Department opposed death penalties in the case, he asked the prosecution to withhold its recommendation before issuing his death sentence. In his summing up Kaufman was considered by many to have been highly subjective: "Judge Kaufman tied the crimes the Rosenbergs were being accused of to their ideas and the fact that they were sympathetic to the Soviet Union. He stated that they had given the atomic bomb to the Russians, which had triggered Communist aggression in Korea resulting in over 50,000 American casualties. He added that, because of their treason, the Soviet Union was threatening America with an atomic attack and this made it necessary for the United States to spend enormous amounts of money to build underground bomb shelters." Kaufman said that he had gone to synagogue to pray before issuing his death sentence; this enraged Supreme Court justice Felix Frankfurter, who later wrote to Judge Learned Hand, "I despise a judge who feels God told him to impose a death sentence," and also told Hand that he was "mean enough" to stay on the court long enough to prevent Kaufman from having a chance to take Frankfurter's place in the so-called "Jewish seat" on the court.
 * 1959: Kaufman presided over the jury trial in the federal government's conspiracy case against 21 of the Apalachin meeting delegates. The guilty verdicts of 20 of the men, and the stiff sentences Kaufman meted out, were later reversed and invalidated by the Court of Appeals.

United States Court of Appeals
Kaufman was nominated by President John F. Kennedy on September 14, 1961, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, to a new seat created by 75 Stat. 80. He was confirmed by the Senate on September 21, 1961, and received his commission on September 22, 1961. He served as chief judge from 1973 to 1980. He assumed senior status on July 1, 1987. His service was terminated on February 1, 1992, at his death. Notable cases included:
 * 1964: Kaufman wrote the Second Circuit's opinion in Irving Berlin et al. v. E.C. Publications, Inc., a case that helped establish the legal precedent for the right to parody.
 * 1966: Kaufman wrote an opinion in the case of United States v. Freeman 357 F.2d 606 (2d Cir. 1966). The judgment over-turned the rigid M'Naghten standard for insanity defense and adopted the modern insanity defense described in Section 4.01 of Model Penal Code developed by the American Law Institute. The judgment embraced advances in psychiatry and emphatically rejected the M'Naghten test by stating that, "the outrage of a frightened Queen has for far too long caused us to forego the expert guidance that modern psychiatry is able to provide."
 * 1974: Kaufman was the chief judge in the decision (Coniglio v. Highwood Services, 1974)  that prevents Professional Football  fans from gaining redress against the NFL's policy requiring them to purchase seats for exhibition games at regular-season prices in order to qualify for season tickets.
 * 1975: Kaufman presided over the three-judge appeals court panel reviewing the deportation of John Lennon and rejected the government's attempt to deport him from the United States to the United Kingdom based upon his having pleaded guilty in England to possession of hashish. After a widely publicized argument, Kaufman found that Lennon had been singled out for deportation for political reasons, allowed him to remain in the United States on what some observers characterized as a technicality, and criticized what he called the "labyrinthine provisions of the Immigration and Naturalization Act."
 * 1980: Kaufman also wrote an opinion in the case of Filártiga v. Peña-Irala, 630 F.2d 876 (2d Cir. 1980). The case opened U.S. courts to foreigners who were tortured in other countries. The case has had a wide-ranging impact on human rights and the role of corporations and their foreign operations.

Death and legacy
Kaufman died age 81 on February 1, 1992, at Mount Sinai Medical Center in Manhattan of pancreatic cancer.

On October 7, 1987, Kaufman was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Ronald Reagan. A substantial collection of Kaufman's personal and judicial papers is archived at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., but is not yet fully open for research. Kaufman had been known to lament what he regarded as the distortion of judicial opinion and finding, as it passed through the filter of the media: "The judge is forced for the most part to reach his audience through the medium of the press whose reporting of judicial decisions is all too often inaccurate and superficial."

title: Irving Kaufman


text: Category:Canadian inventors

title: Category:Canadian inventors


text:
Hersey

Hersey may refer to:

United States

 * Hersey, Maine, a town
 * Hersey, Michigan, a village
 * Hersey, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 * Hersey Township (disambiguation)
 * Hersey (MBTA station), below-grade commuter rail station in Needham, Massachusetts
 * John Hersey High School, in Illinois

United Kingdom

 * Alan Hersey Nature Reserve, on the Isle of Wight
 * a possible Old Norse name for the Isle of Arran

Other uses

 * Hersey (name)
 * USS General M. L. Hersey (AP-148), transport ship for the U.S. Navy in World War II

title: Hersey


text:
Category talk:Modernist composers

I propose categorizing serialists as Category:Avant garde composers. Hyacinth 05:36, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The next epoch after Modernism is Postmodernism. But it is too hard to distinguish Modern from Postmodern composers. --A1 (talk) 18:15, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

Schoenberg & Stravinsky
I just HAVE to ask: how on earth did Arnold Schoenberg and Igor Stravinsky get left out of this category??? (Until now -- I just added them.) Cgingold (talk) 22:46, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Modernist composers


text:
2000 Years: The Millennium Concert

2000 Years: The Millennium Concert is a two-disc set and the third live album by Billy Joel, released in 2000. On May 31, 2000, it was certified Gold by the RIAA for sales of 250,000 copies.

The album was recorded on New Year's Eve 1999 at Madison Square Garden in New York City, during Joel's The Night of Two Thousand Years Tour. Some alterations were made before its release: some songs are not the same version featured in the original concert (like "Big Shot"), others were edited in studio.

2000 Years: The Millennium Concert also marked the first time several songs had to be transposed to lower keys to accommodate Joel's deepening voice. "Only the Good Die Young" (C to B), "Goodnight Saigon" (C to B), "I Go To Extremes" (C to B), and "The River of Dreams" (G to F#) are a semitone lower. "New York State of Mind" (C to Bb), "I've Loved These Days" (C to Bb), and "This Night" (A to G) are a tone lower. "2000 Years" is a tone and a half lower (F to D).

Track listing
All songs written by Billy Joel, except where noted.

1. "Beethoven's Ninth Symphony" (Ludwig van Beethoven) – 1:43
 * Disc one

2. "Big Shot" – 4:55

3. "Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)" – 5:23

4. "Summer, Highland Falls" – 5:29

5. "The Ballad of Billy the Kid" – 6:52

6. "Don't Ask Me Why" – 4:49

7. "New York State of Mind" – 8:29

8. "I've Loved These Days" – 4:30

9. "My Life" – 5:47

10. "Allentown" (Includes an excerpt from the Allegro of Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 5, "The Emperor" ) – 4:48

11. "Prelude/Angry Young Man" – 5:23

12. "Only the Good Die Young" – 3:49 1. "I Go to Extremes" – 5:01
 * Disc two

2. "Goodnight Saigon" – 7:28

3. "We Didn't Start the Fire" – 5:21

4. "Big Man on Mulberry Street" – 5:29

5. "2000 Years" – 6:02

6. "Auld Lang Syne" (Burns/Traditional) – 1:44

7. "The River of Dreams" (Includes a bridge from "Land of a Thousand Dances" written by Chris Kenner) – 5:54

8. "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant" – 8:05

9. "Dance to the Music" (Sly Stone) – 3:17

10. "Honky Tonk Women" (Mick Jagger/Keith Richards) – 3:17

11. "It's Still Rock & Roll to Me" – 4:08

12. "You May Be Right" – 6:07

13. "This Night" (Ludwig van Beethoven/Billy Joel) – 4:49 Some editions include a bonus track:

"This Is the Time" (live) European release: Columbia 497981 2

"This Is the Time" (live) and "Just The Way You Are" Japanese release: Sony SRCS 2267-8, which also included a 48-page booklet.

Several songs were performed in the concert but not included on the CD:
 * "Pressure" and "Just the Way You Are" were performed in between "Don't Ask Me Why" and "New York State of Mind."
 * "This is the Time" was performed in between "My Life" and "Allentown."
 * "Uptown Girl" was performed in between "Prelude/Angry Young Man" and "Only the Good Die Young" (transposed from the key of E to D).
 * "Miami 2017 (I've Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway)" and "And So it Goes" were performed in between "Big Man and Mulberry Street" and "2000 Years."
 * A cover of The Jimi Hendrix Experience's "Purple Haze" was performed in between "The River of Dreams" and "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant."
 * Covers of Led Zeppelin's "Good Times Bad Times" and Mark James' "Suspicious Minds" were performed in between covers of Sly and the Family Stone's "Dance to the Music" and The Rolling Stones' "Honky Tonk Women."
 * After "This Night," "Souvenir" and "Piano Man" were performed to conclude the concert. "Souvenir" was transposed from the key of E flat to D and "Piano Man" from C to B.

Personnel

 * Billy Joel – lead vocals, keyboards
 * David Rosenthal – keyboards, backing vocals
 * Mark Rivera – keyboards, guitars, saxophones, flute, backing vocals
 * Tommy Byrnes – guitars, backing vocals
 * Crystal Taliefero – guitars, percussion, saxophone, backing vocals
 * David Santos – bass
 * Liberty DeVitto – drums
 * Richie Cannata – alto saxophone, soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone
 * Ozzie Melendez – trombone
 * Barry Danielian – trumpet
 * The Philadelphia Orchestra – orchestra (1)
 * Eugene Ormandy – conductor (1)
 * Mormon Tabernacle Choir – choir (1)
 * Melodie Crittenden – backing vocals
 * Kim Keyes – backing vocals
 * Curtis King – backing vocals
 * Michael Mellett – backing vocals
 * Marlon Saunders – backing vocals
 * Arif St. Michael – backing vocals
 * Biti Strauchn – backing vocals

title: 2000 Years: The Millennium Concert


text:
Hewett

Hewett may refer to:

 * Hewett (surname)
 * Hewett, Wisconsin, a town in the United States
 * Hewett, South Australia, a town
 * Hewett gas field, UK natural gas field

title: Hewett


text:
Solimões River

Solimões is the name often given to upper stretches of the Amazon River in Brazil from its confluence with the Rio Negro upstream to the border of Peru. The Solimões flows for about 1,600 km (1,000 miles) through a floodplain about 80 km (50 miles) wide.

Geography
The Amazon / Solimões river just above the confluence of the Solimões and Rio Negro is already by far the largest river in the world, even though its two largest tributaries (the Negro and the Madeira River) have not yet contributed to the flow volume.

The Solimões portion of the Amazon River lies entirely in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, and some portion of the state is often referred to as the "Solimões region". The ecoregion of the Solimões River drainage basin is entirely tropical rainforest.

Etymology
An Amazonian aboriginal nation called Soriman was corrupted in Portuguese to Solimão and Soliemoens, from which the name of this section of the river and the region it drains is derived.

Use of the name Solimões for the upper Amazon is mostly confined to Brazilian speakers of Portuguese; the rest of the world refers to both the upper and lower portions of the river as the Amazon.

title: Solimões River


text: Category:New Zealand intelligence agencies


text:
JBU

JBU may refer to:
 * Japan Federation of Basic Industry Workers' Unions, a Japanese trade union
 * JetBlue, an American airline
 * Jim Baen's Universe, an online magazine
 * John Brown University
 * Jukun Takum language
 * Jutland Football Association (Danish: Jydsk Boldspil-Union), now DBU Jutland

title: JBU


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Soutehern Croos Warmbloods

Soutehern Croos Warmbloods
Delete. Ad. For a horse stud, no less. Bonus hilariously bad spelling. -Randwicked 05:44, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC) Delete. Yep, ad, almost wondering if the name is a joke or just someone trying to type under the influence. StuartH 08:54, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete ad. Perhaps we are seeing an affect of the coriolis effect on the users keyboard? Fire Star 13:20, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I almost wish that Wikipedia had a special page for insultingly stupid attempts at product advertisement. But since we don't, Delete. CJCurrie 17:20, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert.   — Gwalla | Talk 21:25, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert. Dsmdgold 22:15, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete Susvolans 13:29, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Spam. Delete. -- Mike Rosoft 20:34, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I tried to propose a mechanism for handling these things before VfD, but I was obviously trying to create a power grab. Geogre 02:09, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Alisma

Alisma is a genus of flowering plants in the family Alismataceae, members of which are commonly known as water-plantains. The genus consists of aquatic plants with leaves either floating or submerged, found in a variety of still water habitats around the world (nearly worldwide). The flowers are hermaphrodite, and are arranged in panicles, racemes, or umbels. Alisma flowers have six stamens, numerous free carpels in a single whorl, each with 1 ovule, and subventral styles. The fruit is an achene with a short beak.

The nineteenth century British art and social critic John Ruskin believed that the particular curve of the leaf-ribs of Alisma represented a model of 'divine proportion' and helped shape his theory of Gothic architecture.

Copóg Phádraig ("Patrick's leaf") is the Irish name for the water-plantain. It is reputed to ward off fairies.

Water plantains are perennial plants. These herbs are usually emergent plants 0.1-1 m high. They have broad leaves that can be either tapered or rounded at the base. When submerged, the plant produces ribbon-like leaves. Inflorescences are highly branched. They produce whorls of perfect flowers either white or pinkish. The fruits are flat-sided nutlets 2.5-3 mm in length. These herbs usually flower in late May to early September, but this can vary with conditions.

Water-plantains are wetland plants and found in saturated soils and shallow water as well as marshes, wooded swamps, shrub swamps and flooded farmland. When introduced to an area, water plantain can rapidly reproduce.

Species and subspecies
The following taxa are recognized as of May 2014:

 * Alisma × bjoerkqvistii Tzvelev - Russia
 * Alisma canaliculatum A.Braun & C.D.Bouché - eastern Asia
 * Alisma gramineum Lej. - Europe, Asia, North Africa; minor naturalization in North America
 * Alisma × juzepczukii Tzvelev - European Russia
 * Alisma lanceolatum Withering - Europe, Asia, North Africa; naturalized in Australia, New Zealand, California etc.
 * Alisma nanum D.F.Cui - Xinjiang
 * Alisma orientale
 * Alisma plantago-aquatica L. - Europe, Asia, Africa
 * Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. orientale (Sam.) Sam.
 * Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. plantago-aquatica
 * Alisma × rhicnocarpum Schotsman - western Europe
 * Alisma subcordatum Raf. eastern North America
 * Alisma triviale Pursh - North America
 * Alisma wahlenbergii (Holmb.) Juz. Baltic Sea region

title: Alisma


text:
Didier Queloz

Didier Patrick Queloz (born 23 February 1966) is a Swiss astronomer. He is the Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Cambridge, where he is also a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, as well as a professor at the University of Geneva. Together with Michel Mayor in 1995, he discovered 51 Pegasi b, the first extrasolar planet orbiting a Sun-like star, 51 Pegasi. For this discovery, he shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics with Mayor and Jim Peebles. In 2021, he was announced as the founding director of the Center for the Origin and Prevalence of Life at ETH Zurich.

Early life and education
Queloz was born in Switzerland, on 23 February 1966.

Queloz studied at the University of Geneva where he subsequently obtained a MSc degree in physics in 1990, a DEA in Astronomy and Astrophysics in 1992, and a PhD degree in 1995 with Swiss astrophysicist Michel Mayor as his doctoral advisor.

In the area of religion The Daily Telegraph reports him as saying, "although not a believer himself, “Science inherited a lot from religions”".

Career and research
Didier Queloz is at the origin of the “exoplanet revolution” in astrophysics when as part of his PhD at the University of Geneva, with his supervisor, they discovered the first exoplanet around a main sequence star. In 1995 with Michel Mayor announced a giant planet orbiting the star 51 Pegasi; the planet was identified as 51 Pegasi b and determined to be of a Hot Jupiter. The planet was detected by the measurement of small periodic changes in stellar radial velocity produced by the orbiting planet. Detecting this small variability by the Doppler effect had been possible thanks to the development of a new type of spectrograph, ELODIE, installed at the Haute-Provence Observatory, combined creative approach to measuring precise stellar radial velocity. For this achievement, they were awarded half of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star" resulting in “contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth’s place in the cosmos.”

This seminal discovery has spawned a revolution in astronomy and kickstarted the research field of exoplanets. Over the next 25 years, Didier Queloz's main scientific contributions have essentially been focused to expand our detection and measurement capabilities of these systems to retrieve information on their physical structure. The goal is to better understand their formation and evolution by comparison with the Solar System. In the course of his career, he developed new astronomical equipment, novel observational approaches, and detection algorithms. He participated and conducted programs leading to the detection of hundred planets, including breakthrough results.

Early in his career, he identified stellar activity as a potential limitation for planet detection. He published a reference paper describing how to disentangle stellar activity from a planetary signal using proxies, including new algorithms that have become standard practice in all planet publications based on precise Doppler spectroscopy data. With this work he set the foundation to optimize measurements of stellar radial velocity that is still in use today.

Queloz received the 2011 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award of Basic Sciences (co-winner with Mayor) for developing new astronomical instruments and experimental techniques that led to the first observation of planets outside the solar system.

Shortly after the start of the ELODIE planet survey at OHP, he led the installation of an improved version (CORALIE), on the Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope. Very quickly this new facility started to detect exoplanets on stars visible in the southern hemisphere. In 2000, he took the responsibility, as a project scientist, in the development of HARPS, a new type of spectrograph for the ESO 3.6m telescope. This instrument commissioned in 2003 was about to become a reference in the business of precise Doppler spectroscopy. HARPS performances, allied with the development of a new analysis software inherited from all past experiences gathered with ELODIE and CORALIE, would considerably improve the precision of the Doppler technique. Eventually, it would deliver spectacular detections of smaller exoplanets in the realm of Neptune, super-Earth systems before Kepler would massively detect them and establish their statistic occurrence.

After the announcement of the detection of the first transiting planet (in 1999), Didier Queloz's research interest got broader with the objective to combine capabilities offered by transiting planets and follow-up Doppler spectroscopy measurements. In 2000 he achieved the first spectroscopic transit detection of an exoplanet using the so-called Rossiter-McLaughlin effect. This type of measurement essentially tells us about the projected angle between the stellar angular momentum vector and the planet orbital angular momentum vector. The pinnacle of this program would be reached 10 years later, after he led a significant upgrade of CORALIE, and established a collaboration with the Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) consortium in the UK. With his Ph.D. student they demonstrated a significant number of the planets were surprisingly misaligned or in a retrograde orbit, providing a new insight about their formation process. In 2017 he received the Wolf Prize in Physics 2017 for that work and all the planet discoveries he had made.

The special geometry of transiting planets combined with precise Doppler spectroscopic observations allow us to measure the mass and radius of planets and to compute their bulk densities to get insights about their physical structure. In 2003 Didier Queloz, recently appointed at a faculty position, with his research team pioneered and established the combination of these techniques by first measuring bulk density of OGLE transiting planets. They also looked for transit opportunities on known radial velocity planets and they found the first transiting Neptune-size planet Gliese 436 b. In the course of this program and a collaboration with his Colleague S. Zucker from Tel-Aviv University, they developed the mathematical foundation to compute residual noise they encountered during the analysis of transit they were trying to model. They established statistical metric to address pink noise in the data. Today this concept is widely used in the field to estimate systematics in light-curves and transit modelling.

In 2007 Didier Queloz became associate professor. Over the next 5 years following his nomination his research program based on the combination of spectroscopy and transit detection intensified. He took the lead in the spectroscopic follow-up effort of the WASP consortium and the CoRoT space mission. The combination of WASP and Corot data with follow-up observations using EulerCam (CCD imager ), CORALIE spectrograph, HARPS spectrograph, and other main ESO facilities was amazingly successful. It led to more than 100 publications, some of them breakthroughs providing new insights on the formation and nature of hot Jupiter-type planets. Further, in the same period, the detection of COROT-7b combined with an intensive follow-up campaign established the first planet detection with a bulk density similar to a rocky planet.

All follow-up expertise he developed naturally extended to the Kepler space telescope era with HARPS-N consortium confirming the Earth-like bulk density of Kepler-10. On the ground-based transit programs, Didier Queloz was deeply involved in the design and installation of a new generation of survey telescope: the NGTS Observatory. His role was decisive during system tests in Europe and to establish the facility at the Paranal Observatory in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile.

At the time Didier Queloz moved to the University of Cambridge, he essentially focused his activity to set up a comprehensive research activity directed to the detection of Earth-like planets and life in the Universe, and to further develop the exoplanet community in UK. When he left Switzerland, he was co-directing a major national initiative which eventually got funded. At Cambridge with the help of his colleagues of the IoA and DAMTP he established the Cambridge Exoplanet Research Centre to stimulate joint coordinated efforts and collaborations between departments. In UK he organized the first “Exoplanet community meeting” and installed the idea of a regular yearly “community” workshop. In the European context, he is leading at Geneva (through his joint Professor appointment) the development of the ground segment CHEOPS space mission and he chairs the science team.

His most recent research highlights are related to the search for transiting Earth-like planets on low mass stars and Universal life. This program, carried out in collaboration with M. Gillon from the University of Liège, is at the origins of the detection of TRAPPIST-1, a planetary system potentially interesting to further search for atmosphere and life signature. Another successful avenue of research is the characterization of the rocky surface or atmosphere of hot small planets with the work on 55 Cancri e. The recent extension of this program towards “Life in the Universe” is carried out in the context of an international research initiative supported by the Simons Foundation. The highlight result of this collaboration is the definition – combining chemistry and astrophysical constraints – of minimum conditions for the origins of RNA precursors on exoplanets (“abiogenesis zone”).

Discoveries of exoplanets attract a lot of attention from the public and media. In parallel to his research and teaching activities, Didier Queloz has participated in numerous documentaries, movies, articles, and TV and radio interviews to share the excitement, and to explain results and promote interest in science in general.

He was also a visiting scientist at the MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research in 2019.

In October 2019, related to his work in astronomy and exoplanet discoveries, Queloz predicted humans will discover extraterrestrial life in the next 30 years, stating, "I can't believe we are the only living entity in the universe. There are just way [too] many planets, way too many stars, and the chemistry is universal. The chemistry that led to life has to happen elsewhere. So I am a strong believer that there must be life elsewhere."

In December 2019, Queloz took issue with those who are not supportive of helping to limit climate change, stating, “I think this is just irresponsible, because the stars are so far away I think we should not have any serious hope to escape the Earth [...] Also keep in mind that we are a species that has evolved and developed for this planet. We’re not built to survive on any other planet than this one [...] We’d better spend our time and energy trying to fix it.”

Highlights and publications
Didier Queloz has over 400 scientific publications, attracting over 50,000 citations. His H-index is 115.

Awards

 * 2011: BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award of Basic Sciences (co-winner with Michel Mayor)
 * 2013: Clarivate Citation Laureates
 * 2017: Wolf Prize in Physics
 * 2019: Nobel Prize in Physics
 * 2020: Elected Fellow of the Royal Society

Named after him
 * Asteroid 177415 Queloz was named in his honor.

title: Didier Queloz