text:
List of longest rivers in the United States by state

This is a list of longest rivers in the United States by state. It includes rivers that pass through the state or compose a portion of the state's border, as well as rivers entirely contained within the state.

Alabama

 * 1) Tennessee River – 652 mi
 * 2) Chattahoochee River – 430 mi
 * 3) Alabama River – 318 mi
 * 4) Coosa River – 280 mi
 * 5) Tallapoosa River – 265 mi
 * 6) Tombigbee River – 200 mi
 * 7) Conecuh River – 198 mi
 * 8) Elk River – 195 mi
 * 9) Cahaba River – 194 mi
 * 10) Black Warrior River – 178 mi

The Alabama River is the longest river that is entirely within Alabama. See also List of rivers of Alabama.

Alaska

 * 1) Yukon River – 1980 mi
 * 2) Kuskokwim River – 702 mi
 * 3) Porcupine River – 569 mi
 * 4) Tanana River – 569 mi
 * 5) Innoko River – 500 mi
 * 6) Koyukuk River – 500 mi
 * 7) Noatak River – 420 mi
 * 8) Porcupine River – 380 mi
 * 9) Stikine River – 379 mi
 * 10) Colville River – 350 mi

The Kuskokwim River is the longest river that is entirely within Alaska. See also List of rivers of Alaska.

Arizona

 * 1) Colorado River – 1450 mi
 * 2) Gila River – 650 mi
 * 3) Little Colorado River – 315 mi
 * 4) Salt River – 200 mi
 * 5) Santa Cruz River – 184 mi
 * 6) Verde River – 170 mi
 * 7) Puerco River – 167 mi
 * 8) Virgin River – 162 mi
 * 9) San Francisco River – 159 mi
 * 10) San Pedro River – 140 mi

The Little Colorado River is the longest river that is entirely within Arizona. See also List of rivers of Arizona.

Arkansas

 * 1) Mississippi River – 2320 mi
 * 2) Arkansas River – 1469 mi
 * 3) Red River – 1360 mi
 * 4) White River – 722 mi
 * 5) Ouachita River – 548 mi
 * 6) St. Francis River – 426 mi
 * 7) Bayou Bartholomew – 364 mi
 * 8) Black River – 300 mi
 * 9) Little River – 222 mi
 * 10) Bayou Macon – 218 mi

The Saline River (202 mi) is the longest river that is entirely within Arkansas. See also List of rivers of Arkansas.

California

 * 1) Colorado River – 1450 mi
 * 2) Sacramento River – 447 mi
 * 3) San Joaquin River – 365 mi
 * 4) Klamath River – 263 mi
 * 5) Pit River – 207 mi
 * 6) Eel River – 200 mi
 * 7) Amargosa River – 185 mi
 * 8) Owens River – 183 mi
 * 9) Salinas River – 170 mi
 * 10) Trinity River – 165 mi

The Sacramento River is the longest river that is entirely within California. See also List of rivers of California.

Colorado

 * 1) Rio Grande – 1896 mi
 * 2) Arkansas River – 1469 mi
 * 3) Colorado River – 1450 mi
 * 4) Canadian River – 906 mi
 * 5) Green River – 730 mi
 * 6) North Platte River – 716 mi
 * 7) Cimarron River – 698 mi
 * 8) Smoky Hill River – 560 mi
 * 9) South Platte River – 439 mi
 * 10) San Juan River – 383 mi

The Yampa River (250 mi) is the longest river that is entirely within Colorado. See also List of rivers of Colorado.

Connecticut

 * 1) Connecticut River – 407 mi
 * 2) Housatonic River – 139 mi
 * 3) Quinebaug River – 69 mi
 * 4) Farmington River – 47 mi
 * 5) Quinnipiac River – 46 mi
 * 6) Scantic River – 41 mi
 * 7) Naugatuck River – 40 mi
 * 8) Pawcatuck River – 34 mi
 * 9) Shepaug River – 26 mi
 * 10) Still River – 25.4 mi

The Farmington River is the longest river that is entirely within Connecticut. See also List of rivers of Connecticut.

Delaware

 * 1) Delaware River – 301 mi
 * 2) Choptank River – 71 mi
 * 3) Pocomoke River – 66 mi
 * 4) Nanticoke River – 64 mi
 * 5) Marshyhope Creek – 37 mi
 * 6) Christina River – 35 mi
 * 7) Sassafras River – 22 mi
 * 8) Murderkill River – 22 mi
 * 9) Brandywine Creek – 20 mi
 * 10) White Clay Creek – 19 mi

The Murderkill River is the longest river that is entirely within Delaware. See also List of rivers of Delaware.

Florida

 * 1) Chattahoochee River/Appalachicola River – 430 mi
 * 2) St. Johns River – 310 mi
 * 3) Suwannee River – 246 mi
 * 4) Ochlockonee River – 206 mi
 * 5) Alapaha River – 202 mi
 * 6) Conecuh River – 198 mi
 * 7) Pea River – 154 mi
 * 8) Indian River – 153 mi
 * 9) Choctawhatchee River – 141 mi
 * 10) Withlacoochee River (central Florida) – 141 mi

The St. Johns River is the longest river that is entirely within Florida. See also List of rivers of Florida.

Georgia

 * 1) Chattahoochee River – 430 mi
 * 2) Flint River – 344 mi
 * 3) Savannah River – 301 mi
 * 4) Ogeechee River – 294 mi
 * 5) Coosa River – 280 mi
 * 6) Tallapoosa River – 265 mi
 * 7) Ocmulgee River – 255 mi
 * 8) Suwannee River – 246 mi
 * 9) Satilla River – 235 mi
 * 10) Oconee River – 221 mi

The Flint River is the longest river that is entirely within Georgia. See also List of rivers of Georgia (U.S. state).

Hawaii

 * 1) Wailuku River – 28.0 mi
 * 2) South Fork Kaukonahua Stream – 18.1 mi
 * 3) North Fork Kaukonahua Stream – 16.3 mi
 * 4) Hanalei River – 15.7 mi
 * 5) Kolekole Stream – 12.4 mi
 * 6) North Fork Wailua River – 12.2 mi
 * 7) Waimea River – 12.1 mi
 * 8) Kaukonahua Stream – 9.9 mi
 * 9) Anahulu River – 7.1 mi

All of Hawaii's rivers and streams are entirely within the boundaries of the state. See also List of rivers of Hawaii.

Idaho

 * 1) Snake River – 1078 mi
 * 2) Kootenai River – 485 mi
 * 3) Salmon River – 425 mi
 * 4) Bear River – 350 mi
 * 5) Owyhee River – 346 mi
 * 6) Clark Fork – 310 mi
 * 7) Palouse River – 167 mi
 * 8) Bruneau River – 153 mi
 * 9) Big Wood River – 137 mi
 * 10) Blackfoot River – 136 mi

The Salmon River is the longest river that is entirely within Idaho. See also List of rivers of Idaho and List of longest streams of Idaho.

Illinois

 * 1) Mississippi River – 2320 mi
 * 2) Ohio River – 981 mi
 * 3) Wabash River – 503 mi
 * 4) Illinois River – 332 mi
 * 5) Rock River – 299 mi
 * 6) Kaskaskia River – 292 mi
 * 7) Sangamon River – 246 mi
 * 8) Little Wabash River – 240 mi
 * 9) Fox River – 199 mi
 * 10) Embarras River – 195 mi

The Illinois River is the longest river that is entirely within Illinois. See also List of rivers of Illinois.

Indiana

 * 1) Ohio River – 981 mi
 * 2) Wabash River – 503 mi
 * 3) White River – 362 mi
 * 4) St. Joseph River – 206 mi
 * 5) East Fork White River – 192 mi
 * 6) Tippecanoe River – 182 mi
 * 7) Patoka River – 167 mi
 * 8) Great Miami River – 160 mi
 * 9) Maumee River – 137 mi
 * 10) Kankakee River – 133 mi

The White River is the longest river that is entirely within Indiana. See also List of rivers of Indiana.

Iowa

 * 1) Missouri River – 2340 mi
 * 2) Mississippi River – 2320 mi
 * 3) Des Moines River – 525 mi
 * 4) Big Sioux River – 419 mi
 * 5) Cedar River – 338 mi
 * 6) Iowa River – 323 mi
 * 7) Wapsipinicon River – 300 mi
 * 8) Little Sioux River – 258 mi
 * 9) Grand River – 226 mi
 * 10) Chariton River – 218 mi

The Iowa River is the longest river that is entirely within Iowa. See also List of rivers of Iowa.

Kansas

 * 1) Missouri River – 2340 mi
 * 2) Arkansas River – 1469 mi
 * 3) Cimarron River – 698 mi
 * 4) Smoky Hill River – 560 mi
 * 5) Neosho River – 463 mi
 * 6) Republican River – 453 mi
 * 7) Saline River – 397 mi
 * 8) Big Blue River – 359 mi
 * 9) Verdigris River – 310 mi
 * 10) South Fork Solomon River – 292 mi

The Saline River is the longest river that is entirely within Kansas. See also List of rivers of Kansas.

Kentucky

 * 1) Mississippi River – 2320 mi
 * 2) Ohio River – 981 mi
 * 3) Cumberland River – 688 mi
 * 4) Tennessee River – 652 mi
 * 5) Green River – 384 mi
 * 6) Licking River – 303 mi
 * 7) Kentucky River – 260 mi
 * 8) North Fork Kentucky River – 168 mi
 * 9) Levisa Fork – 164 mi
 * 10) Tug Fork – 159 mi

The Green River is the longest river that is entirely within Kentucky. See also List of rivers of Kentucky.

Louisiana

 * 1) Mississippi River – 2320 mi
 * 2) Red River – 1360 mi
 * 3) Ouachita River – 548 mi
 * 4) Sabine River – 510 mi
 * 5) Pearl River – 444 mi
 * 6) Bayou Bartholomew – 364 mi
 * 7) Bayou Macon – 218 mi
 * 8) Boeuf River – 216 mi
 * 9) Calcasieu River – 200 mi
 * 10) Tensas River – 177 mi

The Calcasieu River is the longest river that is entirely within Louisiana. See also List of rivers of Louisiana.

Maine

 * 1) Saint John River – 418 mi
 * 2) Androscoggin River – 178 mi
 * 3) Kennebec River – 170 mi
 * 4) Saco River – 136 mi
 * 5) West Branch Penobscot River – 117 mi
 * 6) Aroostook River – 112 mi
 * 7) Penobscot River – 109 mi
 * 8) Moose River – 83 mi
 * 9) East Branch Penobscot River – 75 mi
 * 10) Saint Francis River – 75 mi

The Kennebec River is the longest river that is entirely within Maine. See also List of rivers of Maine.

Maryland

 * 1) Susquehanna River – 444 mi
 * 2) Potomac River – 302 mi
 * 3) Youghiogheny River – 134 mi
 * 4) Patuxent River – 115 mi
 * 5) North Branch Potomac River – 103 mi
 * 6) Conococheague Creek – 80 mi
 * 7) Choptank River – 71 mi
 * 8) Pocomoke River – 66 mi
 * 9) Nanticoke River – 64 mi
 * 10) Monocacy River – 58 mi

The Patuxent River is the longest river that is entirely within Maryland. See also List of rivers of Maryland.

Massachusetts

 * 1) Connecticut River – 407 mi
 * 2) Housatonic River – 149 mi
 * 3) Merrimack River – 117 mi
 * 4) Charles River – 80 mi
 * 5) Deerfield River – 76 mi
 * 6) Hoosic River – 76 mi
 * 7) Quinebaug River – 69 mi
 * 8) Westfield River – 61 mi
 * 9) Millers River – 52 mi
 * 10) Blackstone River – 48 mi

The Charles River is the longest river that is entirely within Massachusetts. See also List of rivers of Massachusetts.

Michigan

 * 1) Grand River – 252 mi
 * 2) Muskegon River – 216 mi
 * 3) St. Joseph River – 206 mi
 * 4) Manistee River – 190 mi
 * 5) River Raisin – 139 mi
 * 6) Au Sable River – 138 mi
 * 7) Huron River – 130 mi
 * 8) Kalamazoo River – 130 mi
 * 9) Shiawassee River – 120 mi
 * 10) Menominee River – 116 mi

The Grand River is the longest river that is entirely within Michigan. See also List of rivers of Michigan.

Minnesota

 * 1) Mississippi River – 2320 mi
 * 2) Red River of the North – 550 mi
 * 3) Des Moines River – 525 mi
 * 4) Minnesota River – 370 mi
 * 5) Cedar River – 338 mi
 * 6) Wapsipinicon River – 300 mi
 * 7) Little Sioux River – 258 mi
 * 8) Roseau River – 214 mi
 * 9) Red Lake River – 193 mi
 * 10) Otter Tail River – 192 mi
 * 11) Saint Louis River – 192 mi

The Minnesota River is the longest river that is entirely within Minnesota. See also List of rivers of Minnesota and List of longest streams of Minnesota.

Mississippi

 * 1) Mississippi River – 2320 mi
 * 2) Tennessee River – 652 mi
 * 3) Pearl River – 444 mi
 * 4) Big Black River – 330 mi
 * 5) Hatchie River – 238 mi
 * 6) Chickasawhay River – 210 mi
 * 7) Tombigbee River – 200 mi
 * 8) Yazoo River – 188 mi
 * 9) Leaf River – 180 mi
 * 10) Yalobusha River – 165 mi

The Pearl River is the longest river that is entirely within Mississippi. See also List of rivers of Mississippi.

Missouri

 * 1) Missouri River – 2340 mi
 * 2) Mississippi River – 2320 mi
 * 3) White River – 722 mi
 * 4) Des Moines River – 525 mi
 * 5) St. Francis River – 426 mi
 * 6) Black River – 300 mi
 * 7) Gasconade River – 280 mi
 * 8) Osage River – 276 mi
 * 9) Meramec River – 229 mi
 * 10) Chariton River – 218 mi

The Gasconade River is the longest river that is entirely within Missouri. See also List of rivers of Missouri.

Montana

 * 1) Missouri River – 2340 mi
 * 2) Milk River – 729 mi
 * 3) Yellowstone River – 692 mi
 * 4) Kootenai River – 485 mi
 * 5) Bighorn River – 461 mi
 * 6) Powder River – 375 mi
 * 7) Musselshell River – 342 mi
 * 8) Clark Fork – 310 mi
 * 9) Tongue River – 265 mi
 * 10) Frenchman River – 212 mi

The Musselshell River is the longest river that is entirely within Montana. See also List of rivers of Montana.

Nebraska

 * 1) Missouri River – 2340 mi
 * 2) North Platte River – 716 mi
 * 3) White River – 580 mi
 * 4) Niobrara River – 568 mi
 * 5) Republican River – 453 mi
 * 6) South Platte River – 439 mi
 * 7) Big Blue River – 359 mi
 * 8) Platte River – 310 mi
 * 9) Elkhorn River – 290 mi

The Platte River is the longest river that is entirely within Nebraska. See also List of rivers of Nebraska.

Nevada

 * 1) Colorado River – 1450 mi
 * 2) Owyhee River – 346 mi
 * 3) Humboldt River – 330 mi
 * 4) Amargosa River – 185 mi
 * 5) Reese River – 181 mi
 * 6) Virgin River – 162 mi
 * 7) Bruneau River – 153 mi
 * 8) White River – 138 mi
 * 9) Carson River – 131 mi
 * 10) Salmon Falls Creek – 121 mi

The Humboldt River is the longest river that is entirely within Nevada. See also List of rivers of Nevada.

New Hampshire

 * 1) Connecticut River – 407 mi
 * 2) Androscoggin River – 178 mi
 * 3) Saco River – 136 mi
 * 4) Merrimack River – 117 mi
 * 5) Contoocook River – 71 mi
 * 6) Pemigewasset River – 65 mi
 * 7) Ashuelot River – 64 mi
 * 8) Ammonoosuc River – 55 mi
 * 9) Lamprey River – 50 mi
 * 10) Magalloway River – 47 mi

The Contoocook River is the longest river that is entirely within New Hampshire. See also List of rivers of New Hampshire.

New Jersey

 * 1) Hudson River – 315 mi
 * 2) Delaware River – 301 mi
 * 3) Raritan River (including the length of the South Branch) – 121 mi
 * 4) Wallkill River – 88 mi
 * 5) Passaic River – 80 mi
 * 6) Great Egg Harbor River – 55 mi
 * 7) Mullica River – 51 mi
 * 8) South Branch Raritan River – 51 mi
 * 9) Musconetcong River – 46 mi
 * 10) Hackensack River – 45 mi

The Raritan River is the longest river that is entirely within New Jersey. See also List of rivers of New Jersey.

New Mexico

 * 1) Rio Grande – 1896 mi
 * 2) Pecos River – 926 mi
 * 3) Canadian River – 906 mi
 * 4) Cimarron River – 698 mi
 * 5) Gila River – 650 mi
 * 6) San Juan River – 383 mi
 * 7) Rio Puerco – 230 mi
 * 8) Puerco River – 167 mi
 * 9) San Francisco River – 159 mi
 * 10) Carrizo Creek – 145 mi

The Rio Puerco is the longest river that is entirely within New Mexico. See also List of rivers of New Mexico.

New York

 * 1) Saint Lawrence River – 744 mi
 * 2) Susquehanna River – 464 mi
 * 3) Allegheny River – 325 mi
 * 4) Hudson River – 315 mi
 * 5) Delaware River – 301 mi
 * 6) Genesee River – 157 mi
 * 7) Mohawk River – 149 mi
 * 8) Raquette River – 146 mi
 * 9) Oswegatchie River – 137 mi
 * 10) Black River – 125 mi

The Hudson River is the longest river that is entirely within New York State. See also List of rivers of New York.

North Carolina

 * 1) Roanoke River – 410 mi
 * 2) New River – 320 mi
 * 3) Neuse River – 275 mi
 * 4) Pee Dee River – 232 mi
 * 5) Catawba River – 220 mi
 * 6) Tar River – 215 mi
 * 7) Yadkin River – 215 mi
 * 8) Dan River – 214 mi
 * 9) French Broad River – 213 mi
 * 10) Cape Fear River – 202 mi

The Neuse River is the longest river that is entirely within North Carolina. See also List of rivers of North Carolina.

North Dakota

 * 1) Missouri River – 2340 mi
 * 2) James River – 710 mi
 * 3) Yellowstone River – 692 mi
 * 4) Sheyenne River – 591 mi
 * 5) Little Missouri River – 560 mi
 * 6) Red River of the North – 550 mi
 * 7) Souris River – 435 mi
 * 8) Pembina River – 319 mi
 * 9) Wild Rice River – 251 mi
 * 10) Maple River – 198 mi

The Sheyenne River is the longest river that is entirely within North Dakota. See also List of rivers of North Dakota.

Ohio

 * 1) Ohio River – 981 mi
 * 2) Wabash River – 503 mi
 * 3) Scioto River – 231 mi
 * 4) Great Miami River – 160 mi
 * 5) Maumee River – 137 mi
 * 6) Sandusky River – 133 mi
 * 7) Tuscarawas River – 130 mi
 * 8) Raccoon Creek – 114 mi
 * 9) Auglaize River – 113 mi
 * 10) Mahoning River – 113 mi

The Scioto River is the longest river that is entirely within Ohio. See also List of rivers of Ohio.

Oklahoma

 * 1) Arkansas River – 1469 mi
 * 2) Red River – 1360 mi
 * 3) Canadian River – 906 mi
 * 4) Cimarron River – 698 mi
 * 5) Neosho River – 463 mi
 * 6) North Canadian River – 440 mi
 * 7) Verdigris River – 310 mi
 * 8) Washita River – 295 mi
 * 9) North Fork Red River – 271 mi
 * 10) Salt Fork Arkansas River – 239 mi

The North Canadian River is the longest river that is entirely within Oklahoma. See also List of rivers of Oklahoma.

Oregon

 * 1) Columbia River – 1243 mi
 * 2) Snake River – 1078 mi
 * 3) Owyhee River – 346 mi
 * 4) John Day River – 281 mi
 * 5) Klamath River – 263 mi
 * 6) Deschutes River – 252 mi
 * 7) Rogue River – 215 mi
 * 8) Malheur River – 190 mi
 * 9) Willamette River – 187 mi
 * 10) Grande Ronde River – 182 mi

The John Day River is the longest river that is entirely within Oregon. See also List of rivers of Oregon and List of longest streams of Oregon.

Pennsylvania

 * 1) Ohio River – 981 mi
 * 2) Susquehanna River – 464 mi
 * 3) Allegheny River – 325 mi
 * 4) Delaware River – 301 mi
 * 5) West Branch Susquehanna River – 243 mi
 * 6) Genesee River – 157 mi
 * 7) Schuylkill River – 135 mi
 * 8) Youghiogheny River – 134 mi
 * 9) Monongahela River – 130 mi
 * 10) Raystown Branch Juniata River – 123 mi

The West Branch Susquehanna River is the longest river that is entirely within Pennsylvania. See also List of rivers of Pennsylvania.

Rhode Island

 * 1) Blackstone River – 48 mi
 * 2) Pawcatuck River – 34 mi
 * 3) Wood River – 25 mi
 * 4) Moosup River – 24 mi
 * 5) Ten Mile River – 22 mi
 * 6) Mill River – 17 mi
 * 7) Woonasquatucket River – 16 mi
 * 8) Sakonnet River – 14 mi
 * 9) Ponaganset River – 12.5 mi
 * 10) Pawtuxet River – 12.3 mi

The Woonasquatucket River is the longest river that is entirely within Rhode Island. See also List of rivers of Rhode Island.

South Carolina

 * 1) Savannah River – 301 mi
 * 2) Pee Dee River – 232 mi
 * 3) Catawba River – 220 mi
 * 4) Edisto River – 206 mi
 * 5) Saluda River – 200 mi
 * 6) Black River – 151 mi
 * 7) Broad River – 150 mi
 * 8) Santee River – 143 mi
 * 9) Lynches River – 140 mi
 * 10) Lumber River – 133 mi

The Edisto River is the longest river that is entirely within South Carolina. See also List of rivers of South Carolina.

South Dakota

 * 1) Missouri River – 2340 mi
 * 2) James River – 710 mi
 * 3) White River – 580 mi
 * 4) Little Missouri River – 560 mi
 * 5) Big Sioux River – 419 mi
 * 6) Cheyenne River – 295 mi
 * 7) Moreau River – 291 mi
 * 8) Belle Fourche River – 290 mi
 * 9) Little White River – 234 mi
 * 10) Bad River – 161 mi

The Moreau River is the longest river that is entirely within South Dakota. See also List of rivers of South Dakota.

Tennessee

 * 1) Mississippi River – 2320 mi
 * 2) Cumberland River – 688 mi
 * 3) Tennessee River – 652 mi
 * 4) Clinch River – 300 mi
 * 5) Duck River – 284 mi
 * 6) Hatchie River – 238 mi
 * 7) French Broad River – 213 mi
 * 8) Elk River – 195 mi
 * 9) Hiwassee River – 147 mi
 * 10) Caney Fork – 143 mi

The Duck River is the longest river that is entirely within Tennessee. See also List of rivers of Tennessee.

Texas

 * 1) Rio Grande – 1896 mi
 * 2) Red River – 1360 mi
 * 3) Pecos River – 926 mi
 * 4) Canadian River – 906 mi
 * 5) Colorado River – 862 mi
 * 6) Brazos River – 840 mi
 * 7) Trinity River – 710 mi
 * 8) Sabine River – 510 mi
 * 9) Neches River – 416 mi
 * 10) Nueces River – 315 mi

The Colorado River is the longest river that is entirely within Texas. See also List of rivers of Texas.

Utah

 * 1) Colorado River – 1450 mi
 * 2) Green River – 730 mi
 * 3) San Juan River – 383 mi
 * 4) Sevier River – 383 mi
 * 5) Bear River – 350 mi
 * 6) Dolores River – 250 mi
 * 7) Blacks Fork – 175 mi
 * 8) Virgin River – 162 mi
 * 9) White River – 160 mi
 * 10) Price River – 137 mi

The Sevier River is the longest river that is entirely within Utah. See also List of rivers of Utah.

Vermont

 * 1) Connecticut River – 407 mi
 * 2) Otter Creek – 112 mi
 * 3) Winooski River – 90 mi
 * 4) Lamoille River – 85 mi
 * 5) Missisquoi River – 80 mi
 * 6) Deerfield River – 76 mi
 * 7) Hoosic River – 76 mi

 * 8) White River – 60 mi

 * 9) Batten Kill – 59 mi
 * 10) West River – 54 mi

Otter Creek is the longest river that is entirely within Vermont. See also List of rivers of Vermont.

Virginia

 * 1) Roanoke River – 410 mi
 * 2) James River – 348 mi
 * 3) New River – 320 mi
 * 4) Potomac River – 302 mi
 * 5) Clinch River – 300 mi
 * 6) Dan River – 214 mi
 * 7) Rappahannock River – 195 mi
 * 8) Levisa Fork – 164 mi
 * 9) Tug Fork – 159 mi
 * 10) Appomattox River – 157 mi

The James River is the longest river that is entirely within Virginia. See also List of rivers of Virginia.

Washington

 * 1) Columbia River – 1243 mi
 * 2) Snake River – 1078 mi
 * 3) Yakima River – 214 mi
 * 4) Grande Ronde River – 182 mi
 * 5) Kettle River – 175 mi
 * 6) Palouse River – 167 mi
 * 7) Crab Creek – 163 mi
 * 8) Skagit River – 150 mi
 * 9) Pend Oreille River – 130 mi
 * 10) Similkameen River – 122 mi

The Yakima River is the longest river that is entirely within Washington state. See also List of rivers of Washington (state).

West Virginia

 * 1) Ohio River – 981 mi
 * 2) New River – 320 mi
 * 3) Potomac River – 302 mi
 * 4) Greenbrier River – 173 mi
 * 5) Elk River – 172 mi
 * 6) Little Kanawha River – 169 mi
 * 7) Guyandotte River – 166 mi
 * 8) Tug Fork – 159 mi
 * 9) South Branch Potomac River – 139 mi
 * 10) Tygart Valley River – 135 mi

The Greenbrier River is the longest river that is entirely within West Virginia. See also List of rivers of West Virginia.

Wisconsin

 * 1) Mississippi River – 2320 mi
 * 2) Wisconsin River – 430 mi
 * 3) Rock River – 299 mi
 * 4) Wolf River – 225 mi
 * 5) Oconto River – 209 mi
 * 6) Fox River (Green Bay tributary) – 200 mi
 * 7) Fox River (Illinois River tributary) – 199 mi
 * 8) Pecatonica River – 194 mi
 * 9) Saint Louis River – 192 mi
 * 10) Chippewa River – 191 mi

The Wisconsin River is the longest river that is entirely within Wisconsin, though its source is a lake that is partially in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. See also List of rivers of Wisconsin.

Wyoming

 * 1) Snake River – 1078 mi
 * 2) Green River – 730 mi
 * 3) North Platte River – 716 mi
 * 4) Yellowstone River – 692 mi
 * 5) Niobrara River – 568 mi
 * 6) Little Missouri River – 560 mi
 * 7) Wind River/Bighorn River – 461 mi
 * 8) Powder River – 375 mi
 * 9) Bear River – 350 mi
 * 10) Cheyenne River – 295 mi

The Wind River is the longest river that is entirely within Wyoming (its name changes to the Bighorn River at the Wedding of the Waters, on the north side of the Wind River Canyon). See also List of rivers of Wyoming.


text:
Zina Garrison

Zina Lynna Garrison (born November 16, 1963) is an American former professional tennis player. Garrison was the runner-up in singles at the 1990 Wimbledon Championships, a three-time major mixed doubles champion, and an Olympic gold and bronze medalist from the women's doubles and singles events, respectively, at the 1988 Seoul Olympics. She reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 4, on 20 November 1989.

Career
The youngest of seven children, Garrison started playing tennis at the age of 10 and entered her first tournament at the age of 12. At 14, she won the national girls' 18s title. In 1981, she won both the Wimbledon and US Open junior titles and was ranked the world No. 1 junior player. Garrison graduated from Sterling High School in Houston, Texas in 1982.

Garrison began suffering from the eating disorder bulimia when she was 19, following the death of her mother. "I had never been comfortable with my looks and felt I had lost the only person who loved me unconditionally", Garrison told the Observer Sport Monthly in 2006. "The pressure of being labeled 'the next Althea Gibson' only made things worse. I felt I was never going to be allowed to grow into just becoming me."

Garrison turned professional in 1982, and skipped her graduation at Ross Sterling High School to compete in the French Open, her first tournament as a professional, where she reached the quarterfinals. She was awarded the WTA Newcomer of the Year in 1982.

Despite battling bulimia during her first few years on the tour, Garrison enjoyed notable success on-court. She reached the Australian Open semifinals in 1983, her first full year on the tour, and finished the year ranked world No. 10. She won her first top-level singles titles in 1984 at the European Indoor Championships in Zürich. In 1985, Garrison beat world no. 3 Hana Mandlíková and world no. 2 Chris Evert on her way to winning the Amelia Island Championships. She was also a Wimbledon semifinalist in 1985, and in 1986, she won her first tour doubles at the Canadian Open (partnering Gabriela Sabatini).

At the Australian Open in 1987, Garrison won the mixed doubles (partnering Sherwood Stewart) and finished runner-up in the women's doubles (partnering Lori McNeil). A year later, Garrison and Stewart captured the mixed doubles title at Wimbledon.

At the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, Garrison teamed with Pam Shriver to win the women's doubles gold medal for the United States, defeating Jana Novotná and Helena Suková of Czechoslovakia in the final. Garrison defeated Shriver in the quarterfinals of the singles event, where she won a bronze medal. At the US Open, she defeated defending champion Navratilova for the first time in her career, advancing to the semifinals, where she lost to Sabatini.

In 1989, Garrison defeated Chris Evert 7–6, 6–2 in the quarterfinals of the US Open in Evert's final tournament. Garrison lost to Navratilova in the semifinals. She finished 1989 ranked at career-high No. 4 in singles.

The highlight of Garrison's career came in 1990 at Wimbledon, as she defeated Samantha Smith, Cecilia Dahlman, Andrea Leand, Helena Suková, then French Open champion Monica Seles in the quarterfinals 3–6, 6–3, 9–7, and defending Wimbledon champion and world No. 1, Steffi Graf, in the semifinals 6–3, 3–6, 6–4 to reach her only Grand Slam singles final, becoming the first African-American woman to do so since Gibson. Moreover, it ended Graf's record 13-time streak of Grand Slam finals. Then, she lost to Navratilova 4–6, 1–6, who thus won her record ninth women's singles title at Wimbledon. Garrison claimed her third mixed-doubles title at Wimbledon that year (partnering Rick Leach).

In 1992, Garrison finished runner-up in the Australian Open women's doubles (partnering Mary Joe Fernández).

At Wimbledon in 1994, Garrison beat world No. 2 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario on the way to her 15th and final Grand Slam quarterfinal appearance.

Garrison retired from professional tennis in 1996. From 1982 to 1995, she remained uninterrupted in the world's top 25. During her career, she won 14 top-level singles titles and 20 doubles titles.

Personal life and post-tennis career
Garrison married Willard Jackson in September 1989; however, the marriage ended in divorce in 1997.

Since retiring from the tour, Garrison has worked as a television commentator and maintained active roles in the community and in tennis. She founded the Zina Garrison Foundation for the Homeless in 1988, and the Zina Garrison All-Court Tennis Program, which supports inner-city tennis in Houston, in 1992. She has also served as a member of the United States President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. She is a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.

Garrison has maintained a presence on the professional tennis scene, and was the captain for the U.S. Federation Cup (later Fed Cup) team. Garrison also led the U.S. women's team at the 2008 Beijing Games tennis event where team members Venus and Serena Williams won a gold medal in doubles.

After "piling on weight" in her 40s, Garrison participated in season 16 of the reality TV competition The Biggest Loser, titled The Biggest Loser: Glory Days, which premiered September 11, 2014 on NBC. Despite losing 8 lbs., she was the first person eliminated from the program.

Playing style
Garrison played an attacking style. It was common for her to slice her backhand and attack the net (a chip-and-charge tactic). Garrison had excellent volleys and overheads. She was able to rally when she wanted to but her main game plan was to get to the net so she could finish with the volley.

Singles: 1 (bronze medal)
Garrison lost in the semifinals to Steffi Graf 2–6, 0–6. In 1988, there was no bronze medal play-off match, both beaten semifinal players received bronze medals.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Zina Garrison


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Did the american revolution occur because of political or economical reasons?

Did the american revolution occur because of political or economical reasons?
This appears to be a high-school essay. It was originally posted as a speedy but it doesn't fit the criteria. No vote from me. —No-One Jones (m) 01:22, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge into American revolution. Gazpacho 01:32, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Gazpacho, Merge with American revolution -- Chris 73 Talk 01:44, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research and discussion. Mikkalai 03:45, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Essay. But IMO this is a classic case where a welcome to a newbie was far more important than a VfD listing. The article was doing little harm, and the potential to gain a good writer and researcher is obvious. Andrewa 04:36, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge The work is okay, maybe shorten it a bit and move under American Revolution. --Asmodai 13:22, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree with Andrewa. Unfortunately, the article unequivocally states a judgement (of the question posed in its awkwardly phrased title) at the end, which makes it too POV to keep as is now that it is here, IMO. Curiously, there is evidence the American Revolution was aided and abetted by Freemasons on both sides, so I could argue that it was occult as well as economically or politically motivated. [[image:Ironyalert2.gif]] Fire Star 16:08, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pat answer that doesn't get into the complications of economics influencing politics and vice versa. A POV simplisitic analysis. It does read like a high school essay designed to show reasoning ability. Jallan 17:33, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. School essay.  Gamaliel [[Image:Watchmensmiley20.gif]] 17:39, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Essay. Merge with substantial cleanup would work too.   — Gwalla | Talk 20:56, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Too POV - it presents reasons why the revolutionary war was triggered by economics without examining the counter-arguments at all, or how the factors fed off of eachother and/or changed as the independence movement developed.  Nevertheless contains some very pertinent facts which should be merged into American Revolution.  --Jll 00:14, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge, either will work. Sjc 10:43, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Nathalie Tauziat

Nathalie Tauziat (born 17 October 1967) is a French former professional tennis player and coach. She was the runner-up in women's singles at the 1998 Wimbledon Championships and runner-up in the women's doubles at the 2001 US Open partnering Kimberly Po-Messerli. She reached a career-high ranking of world No. 3 in both singles and doubles.

She previously coached Canadian tennis player Bianca Andreescu and compatriot Harmony Tan.

Early life
Tauziat was born in Bangui, Central African Republic, where she lived for the first eight years of her life. She is a first cousin of Didier Deschamps, former captain and current manager of the French football team. About a week after Tauziat reached the Wimbledon final on 4 July 1998, Deschamps led France to win the World Cup on 12 July 1998.

Career
Tauziat turned professional in 1984. She won her first singles title in 1990. She reached her only Grand Slam singles final at the 1998 Wimbledon Championships, beating Haruka Inoue, Iva Majoli, Julie Halard-Decugis, Samantha Smith, Lindsay Davenport and Natasha Zvereva before losing to Jana Novotná. Her appearance in this final was the first by a Frenchwoman since Suzanne Lenglen in 1925.

Tauziat was runner-up with partner Kimberly Po in the 2001 US Open women's doubles final, losing to the team of Lisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs. She and partner Alexandra Fusai were doubles runners-up at the 1997 and 1998 Chase Championships. She was also part of the 1997 French Fed Cup team, which won its first title in the history of the competition.

Tauziat reached her career-high singles ranking of world No. 3 at the age of 32 years and 6 months in the spring of 2000, making her the oldest woman to debut in the top three and the fourth oldest to be ranked in the top three. She retired from the WTA Tour after the 2003 French Open, after having played only doubles in 2002 and 2003. Tauziat won 8 singles titles and 25 doubles titles on the WTA Tour in her career.

She wrote a book with the title "Les Dessous du tennis féminin" (published in 2001 in French) in which she gave her insights about life on the women's professional tennis circuit. In 2004 Tauziat received a state honour – le chevalier de la Légion d'honneur – from French President Jacques Chirac for her contributions to international tennis. She was an official WTA Tour mentor to French tennis player Marion Bartoli, beginning in 2003.

title: Nathalie Tauziat


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thomas Hatcher


text:
Titirangi

Titirangi is a suburb of West Auckland in the Waitākere Ranges local board area of the city of Auckland in northern New Zealand. It is an affluent, residential suburb located 13 km to the southwest of the Auckland city centre, at the southern end of the Waitākere Ranges. In the Māori language "Titirangi" means "hill reaching up to the sky".

Geography

Titirangi is bordered to the south by Manukau Harbour, to the west and north west by the rest of the Waitākere Ranges' native bush clad hills consisting of the large Centennial Memorial Park and water catchment areas which supply much of Auckland's water. The main road into the Waitākeres, Scenic Drive, begins in Titirangi. To the east and north are a number of more urban suburbs.

The Waitākere Ranges lie on the west coast of the North Island in the path of the prevailing winds from the Tasman and consequently attract a high rainfall. The native bush is home to many native birds, such as the fantail, tūī, kererū or "wood pigeon", morepork and white-eye, and geckos and rare native frogs. The landscape of Titirangi ranges from Titirangi Beach on the Manukau Harbour to 400 metre (1300') high parts of the Waitākere Ranges.

Mt Atkinson is in the foothills of Titirangi, not far from the village centre. In the early 20th century, this was known as Bishop's Hill. There is a short scenic walk, with expansive views of Titirangi Village and the Manukau and Waitemata harbours. There is also 'Zig Zag Track' walk, which winds its way through native bush from the village centre to Titirangi Beach. Exhibition Drive, a well-formed track very popular with walkers, joggers and cyclists, is located 1.5 km from the village centre.

History
The area is within the traditional rohe of Te Kawerau ā Maki, an iwi that traces their ancestry to some of the earliest inhabitants of the Auckland Region. The name Tītīrangi was chosen for the area by Rakataura, the senior tohunga of the Tainui migratory canoe. It was used to describe the area between the Motukaraka sandbank of the Manukau Harbour and Little Muddy Creek, and was named in commemoration of a hill in his Pacific homeland, and can be translated as "hill reaching up to the sky". Other translations of the name include "long streaks of cloud in the sky" and "fringe of heaven".

In the mid-19th century, the Manukau Harbour shoreline was primarily used for kauri logging. In December 1855, John Bishop and Thomas Canty acquired 227 acres of land from John Langford, a land dealer who acquired the area from a Crown grant. Most of the kauri forest was harvested for wood by the early settlers.

The first landowner at Titirangi was John Kelly, who bought 103 acre in 1848. Most of Titirangi and the surrounding area developed as farmland in the 1860s. For communities in the south of Titirangi, most contact to the outside world was through docks along the Manukau Harbour, which linked the settlements to the port of Onehunga. In 1902 at the suggestion of local engineer Henry Atkinson, the wooden precursor to the Upper Nihotupu Dam was constructed, to supply Auckland with a more constant water supply. Atkinson donated land at Titirangi for the project, which involved piping water from the dam to Titirangi, and then on to Auckland City. The dam finished construction in 1923.

Titirangi remained primarily farmland until the advent of World War I, when the number of farm workers in the area plummeted and native plants began to recolonise the area. The Titirangi township greatly developed in the 1910s, because of a need for the laborers working on Scenic Drive (then known as Exhibition Drive) to have lodgings. Exhibition Drive opened on 24 January 1914. In the early 20th century, Wood Bay, French Bay and other Manukau Harbour beaches became popular destinations for Aucklanders.

In 1930, the Hotel Titirangi (now known as Lopdell House) was established as a modern hotel, however the hotel faced difficulties securing a liquor license due to the prohibition of alcohol in West Auckland, and closed less than six months later.

As road access improved in the 1960s, the community became increasingly suburban. Artist Colin McCahon lived at Otitori Bay in Titirangi in the 1950s, during which he painted a number of artworks inspired by the Titirangi landscape. McCahon House is an artists residency. Artists include Tanu Gogo (2022) Emily Karaka, Moniek Schrijer and Cora-Allan Wickliffe (2021) and Judy Millar, Andrew McLeod, James Robinson, Gavin Hipkins, Rohan Wealleans, Luise Fong, Eve Armstrong, Lisa Reihana, Ava Seymour, Andy Leleisi’uao, Jim Speers, Liyen Chong, Tim Wagg and Wayne Youle.

Demographics
Titirangi covers 5.95 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Titirangi had a population of 7,203 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 561 people (8.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 828 people (13.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 2,469 households, comprising 3,570 males and 3,633 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female, with 1,470 people (20.4%) aged under 15 years, 1,155 (16.0%) aged 15 to 29, 3,645 (50.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 933 (13.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 83.4% European/Pākehā, 8.0% Māori, 5.4% Pacific peoples, 12.4% Asian, and 2.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 30.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.6% had no religion, 28.8% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 2.7% were Hindu, 0.5% were Muslim, 1.2% were Buddhist and 3.0% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 2,052 (35.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 555 (9.7%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,719 people (30.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 3,150 (54.9%) people were employed full-time, 867 (15.1%) were part-time, and 213 (3.7%) were unemployed.

As a result of its increased diversity, Titirangi reportedly has a distinctive accent.

Culture

Titirangi is characterised by houses built within the native bush of the Waitākere Ranges, sometimes with views of the Manukau Harbour. Some of the residential properties are of unusual design. For instance, some houses were raised on poles so that they could be built in the bush without harming the roots of trees surrounding the house.

The name "Titirangi" is often linked with Titirangi Golf Course. The course is actually located on the border of the nearby suburbs of New Lynn and Green Bay. Other areas surrounding Titirangi include Oratia, Nihotupu, Glen Eden, Woodlands Park, Laingholm and Waiatarua.

For a long time the area had a reputation for bohemianism. A number of well known New Zealand musicians, artists, writers and potters currently live or have lived in the area, including singer/songwriter Tim Finn (who wrote the song "I Hope I Never" there), actress Alma Evans-Freake, author Maurice Shadbolt, feminist artist Alexis Hunter, photographers Brian Brake and David Prentice, poet John Caselberg, potter Len Castle and glass artist Ann Robinson. The former house of painter Colin McCahon has been preserved as a museum and residence for artists and writers since 1998.

The sculpture on the round-about connecting Titirangi Road, Atkinson Road, Kohu Road, Scenic Drive and Huia Rd has been a symbol of Titirangi for many years, although it is a controversial presence. Designed by student artist-jeweller Lisa Higgins in 1993, it was originally erected with the intention of only being in place for five years but has remained permanently. This was part of a Waitakere City Council programme of involving artists in public developments. Its original pink colour was toned down to a teal green in 2009.

An active local theatre, cinema, community art gallery and radio station are based in historic Lopdell House. Located next door, Te Uru Waitakere Contemporary Gallery is West Auckland's regional art gallery. Many short walks or tramps in the Waitakeres start from Titirangi.

Education
Titirangi School is a coeducational contributing primary (years 1-6) school with a roll of as of  The school celebrated its centenary in 1972, although the history of the school goes back to around 1845.

The nearest state secondary schools are Green Bay High School, Kelston Boys' High School and Kelston Girls' College.

Biodiversity
The endemic New Zealand moth species Hierodoris huia has only been identified as occurring in Titirangi, and was named after Huia Road.

title: Titirangi


text:
Talk:Marque

No need to have project article templates and rankings on what is only a redirect. CZmarlin (talk) 03:42, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

Marque-vs-make
Is a marque the same as a make of car? [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 01:24, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * A marque is a "make" in the brand sense. E.g. Ford, Mercury, Lincoln are all marques, but they are not makes; all of them are made by the Ford Motor Company, sometimes in the same factory. —Morven 05:44, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * I always think of Ford, Mercury, Edsel and Lincoln as makes/brands of cars, while the marque is a model (ie Galaxie, Montclair, Citation and Capri) of the car make. user: stude62 user talk:stude62 03:34, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

NPOV
There are many things which do not seem completely neutral but the worst, I think, is:

Toyota's Lexus brand is exemplary. Brianjd 06:53, 2004 Dec 6 (UTC)

 * I disagree. It is not a qualitative statement but a quantitative one:  Lexus is one of the most successful marques in terms of vehicle sales in the world.  I re-read the article and fail to see much POV about it... --SFoskett 16:47, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * I disagree; it's markedly POV, in that it's written in an editorial, conclusion-making manner without citing references or attributing opinions. I'll think about what could be done to revise it. —Morven 18:27, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

Are there any continuing NPOV issues? I see the NPOV tag is still up but discussion apparently has ended..... -Willmcw 02:58, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Hearing no opposition, the motion passes. The NPOV tag is coming down until the next Marque controversy. -Willmcw 09:43, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Definition
This article flat out states that marque is a brand of automobile - that's not how I know the word (I know it from Milk Marque orginally), but I don't believe it has to be to do with cars. My dictionary says "a brand of product, esp. of a car" Tompagenet 09:01, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * That's right. What's needed is a "disambiguation" header at the top. There might also be a link over to "letter of marque", an obsolete term in the U.S. Constitution. Go for it. You're the editor! Cheers, -Willmcw 09:26, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * It would be fair to say that non-car uses are mostly obsolete and fairly rare. There already IS a link to letter of marque, right at the top.  However, it probably should be stated that it CAN mean a brand in general, but is more frequently used for cars than anything else. —Morven 20:09, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

Edsel
There are a lot more failed marques that should be noted, such as the ill-fated Edsel70.109.72.185 20:24, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Category:Marketing vs. Category:Branding vs. Category:Brands
Category:Brands is a category within Category:Branding which in turn is a category within Category:Marketing. — Robert Greer (talk) 01:19, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Rank
Why is the rank section only partial and there's no link to the original list? Chevrox (talk) 22:11, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marque


text:
Olga Morozova

Olga Vasilyevna Morozova (Ольга Васильевна Морозова; born 22 February 1949) is a retired tennis player who competed for the Soviet Union. She was the runner-up in singles at the 1974 French Open and 1974 Wimbledon Championships.

Career
Born in Moscow, Morozova started to play tennis aged 10. By 16, Morozova had improved so quickly that she was invited to represent the USSR at Wimbledon in the girls singles. Travelling internationally for the first time and playing on grass for the first time, Morozova won the 1965 Wimbledon junior's singles title.

Morozova was the first Soviet tennis player, male or female, to reach the singles final of any major tournament when she was the runner-up at the 1972 Italian Open. However, the peak of Morozova's career came during the summer of 1974 when she was the women's singles runner-up at both Wimbledon and the French Open, losing to Chris Evert on both occasions. At Wimbledon she shocked the defending champion Billie Jean King in straight sets in the quarters, and then came back from a set down against Virginia Wade to win the semi-final 6–4 in the third. She rose to No. 3 in the world going into the US Open that year – the highest ranking she achieved in her career.

Morozova became the first Soviet tennis player, male or female, to win a Grand Slam title when she teamed with Evert to win the women's doubles championship at the French Open in 1974. She was the first Soviet player to lead her team to the Federation Cup semifinals in 1978 (and again in 1979). She and Alex Metreveli were the first USSR players to reach a Grand Slam final when they teamed at Wimbledon in 1968, losing to Margaret Court and Ken Fletcher. In addition to winning the French Open doubles in 1974, Morozova was the runner-up at the 1975 Australian Open (teaming with Margaret Court), the 1975 French Open (teaming with Julie Anthony) and the 1976 US Open (teaming with Virginia Wade).

Morozova's playing career was cut short in 1977 because of the USSR's policy against allowing their athletes to compete with South Africans. At this point, she retired early from the professional tour. Morozova then began a coaching career. She became head coach of the Soviet Union ladies squad through the 1980s leading the Soviets to their first appearance in a Federation Cup Final (1988, losing to Czechoslovakia). Morozova also helped pioneer the creation of the Kremlin Cup.

In 1990, the LTA hired Morozova as head of girls tennis, based at the national performance centre in Bisham Abbey, UK. Morozova became a fixture in UK tennis for much of the 1990s. In December 1996, in a Russian interview, she noted a key difference in the approach to sport between England and Russia: "For them [the English], sport-wise participation is considered more important than winning. They fancy Coubertin a lot. For us, [ethnic] Russians, it is still more important to win".

In the 1990s, Morozova preferred to joke about the difference in tennis players' pay between the 1970s and 1990s: "I'm upset to the least because I wasn't paid at all." Her former compatriot and player, as a coach – Larisa Savchenko – also had a similar perspective, stating in 2021 the following: "The daily subsistence was 'decent'. Back then, all the other [USSR] sports trolled us: 'Here we are, tennis! They have $25 a day, and we have only $5'."

In 2003, she began working individually with notable players, including Elena Dementieva, Svetlana Kuznetsova, Sergiy Stakhovsky and Laura Robson. Morozova has been widely credited as one of the few female coaches to work at the very highest levels of the tour.

In 1998, she was awarded the Sarah Palfrey Danzig Trophy for character, sportsmanship, manners, spirit of cooperation, and contribution to the growth of the game as well as the help she rendered to professional players and junior players.

In 2000, the Russian Tennis Federation awarded Morozova the honour of Russian Tennis Player of the Twentieth Century.

title: Olga Morozova


text:
User talk:AnnaAniston/Archive1

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Who was Michael K?
Michael [Kazura] was the son of a Pennsylvania mine worker and became an activist in the 1960s, ending up in Ann Arbor MI, home of the SDS and the Weather Underground. He subsequently became involved in union politics, notably in the Industrial Workers of the World [IWW or wobblies] and later helped organize the graduate student assistants at the University of Michigan, eventually leading them out on strike. He was killed in a car crash in the early 1990s. During our visit to Chicago for the 100th anniversary of the Haymarket Event Michael took me to the statueless pedestal and informed me that he knew what had happened to it, but that he would never tell. The picture and the enigmatic caption are a sort of tribute to Michael. Does that belong in an encyclopedia? You be the judge. If you think not, then remove it. Carptrash 21:46, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I've changed the caption beneath the Michael K picture to insert the appellation "Activist". It now reads : "Activist Michael K at the statueless pedestal of the Policemen Monument, Chicago IL. MK took to his too early grave whatever he knew about the 1969 and 1970 bombings". I think this adequately describes MK's reason to be in the article. He sounds like an interesting chap. I like your story that he 'would never tell' what he knew about the bombings. An An 23:20, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the touch-up on the Michael K angle. He was an interesting fellow for sure, as well as a major pain in the ass.  He was born without a compromise or accommodation gear in his personal transmission.  He also had no reverse, so he was always pushing forward.  Usually a good thing, but  .  .  . . . . ...  His most compassionate side was the one he had for his mother, who still lived in Minersville PA [if i remember correctly].  He would fequently drive back to see her and on one of his trip a woman driving the other way on the expressway had an attack of some sort, crossed over the divide and met Michael head on, full speed, just like he had lived his life.  Carptrash 03:14, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

PS. Have you checked out my piece on Tina Modotti. You might like her. It needs work. You might be inspired.

W.R.: Mysteries of the Organism
Interesting article. Thanks for adding it. SlimVirgin 22:15, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

the Ballad of Michael K
I noticed that you had posted at the IWW enty, so, thought I'd try posting a picture here to see if it works. Or, to put it another way, I've never done this kinda thing before. Carptrash 04:20, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * whoooops. Ingrid was/is his widow. Carptrash 04:22, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Nihilist movement
Hi, An An. I just realised that I didn't change the nihilism page, but the nihilist movement one. Could you have a look at it and see if everything's fine? I need some feedback. Maybe you'll get interested, as it was a precursor of Nabatism. Mr.Rocks 02:28, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Have a look at Narodnaya Volya. They seem to have had their major influence on Ukraine. Also, I reckon they don't mention this much on Wikipedia pages, but the biggest job of those Nihilist-led movements was to distribute banned literature (the Tchaikovsky circles). There is a missing link to Society of Chaikovtsi in Sophia Perovskaya's page. I think they've misspelled it, and I think we should create this page. Kropotkin was active on one of those circles, and he describes it very extensively and positively. Much earlier, even Bakunin seems to have been part of the book smuggling effort as well, before leaving Russia. This was a major thing, and we should refer to that, 'cause it's an important part of the picture. A guy from the portuguese Wikipedia is writing lots of stuff about those XIX century russian movements, and he suggested me a book we have at Jura. Mr.Rocks 05:07, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

Circle of Tchaikovsky is up!!! Don't forget to check all those types mentioned there, especially Sophia Perovskaya. Except for Nechayev, they were all Kropotkin's buddies. Mr.Rocks 12:18, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

Can't add much to the People's Revenge, as I still have to discover how the Circle of Tchaikovsky ended and/or how its former members spread out to form other more radical organisations like Land and Liberty. Ah, and that last one had close ties with the revolutionaries in Kiev, Kharkov and Odessa. Does that ring some bells? Mr.Rocks 08:39, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Merge
Hi there! If you want things merged, you can just be WP:BOLD and do so, it doesn't require a VFD vote. Please see merge. Radiant_* 14:33, May 25, 2005 (UTC)

In regards to Votes for deletion/Steven Soliah, Votes for deletion/Michael Bortin, Votes for deletion/Russell Little, Votes for deletion/Camilla Hall, Votes for deletion/Willie Wolf, Votes for deletion/James Kilgore, etc: Actually, I'm glad you didn't merge these without a vote, because I think that these articles should be kept as they are. I'm curious as to why you nominated so many good articles to be deleted. Your copy and paste description "They are not encyclopedic outside the Symbionese Liberation Army, and can be adequately merged into the Symbionese Liberation Army page" doesn't really make much sense. My dictionary defines encyclopedic as comprehensive in terms of information, which many of these articles certainly are. If what you actually meant by "not encyclopedic" was "not worthy of inclusion in this encyclopedia", I've got to ask, why? We're trying to build an encyclopedic encyclopedia here. There has been clear consensus that Wikipedia should keep articles on far less "notable" people than these. See WP:BIO. But unfortunately, even though these people all clearly meet the criteria, because you nominated most of them seperately there is a chance you might succeed in getting one or two of them deleted (though most will certainly be kept). And I wonder, how do you think that will improve wikipedia? ~leif ☺ (talk) 21:17, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your well thought out reply! While I am throughly convinced that you're acting in good faith, I still strongly disagree with your premise that wikipedia is better served by having this type of article consolidated into a larger main article. Aside from the standard arguments of Wiki is not paper etc, it is especially useful to keep separate articles about people for the metadata I mentioned earlier (most often, the birth/death categories, but also all of the other person-specific categories that are often applied to articles about people). In the future, better browsers will make much more use of type of information... but if there aren't separate articles about a given person, then that person can't have that metadata applied to them. I think that losing this kind of useful semantic metadata hurts wikipedia significantly, and despite your lengthy reply, I still don't understand why you think wikipedia is "better served" by consolidating. Your comment that "The vfd process puts the value of these pages on the collective agenda, it inspires authors/editors to improve them or to cull that which is less than useful." is particularly disturbing — there is Cleanup and other tools for drawing attention to pages, and most of the subjects in wikipedia could be called "less than useful" by some peoples' standards of usefulness. I'd say that these articles are all useful to the person who types one of the subjects' name into the wikipedia search field and finds the article, I don't think any of them met any of the VfD criteria described at Deletion policy. It does look like all of the articles are going to be kept, and only one of them due to lack of consensus... I do hope that this will encourage you not to nominate more high-quality articles for deletion in the future. ~leif ☺ (talk) 02:16, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

Yes, lets agree to disagree. I am truly sorry if I sounded patronising, that was not my intent but re-reading my comments now I can see how they could be interpreted that way. Happy editing... ~leif ☺ (talk) 19:03, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Image Copyright
Regarding the image, I usually only upload publicly available police mugshots to crime related articles, however this image doesn't look very mugshot like I must admit. I don't recall where it came from sorry. If it must go, please delete it. -- Longhair | Talk 10:03, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

...then again, this character was known to laugh at his sentence of 55 years. A grin like that doesn't surprise me in a mugshot. Allow me to check :) -- Longhair | Talk 17:23, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

VfD and the SLA members
I have been closing out a number of the VfD nominations you made about members of the SLA. I agree with your original statement that these people are not significant except for their involvement in the SLA and think that we do our readers the best service by discussing the subjects in their proper context. When you run into this situation next time, may I suggest that you be bold and redirect the articles. Redirects do not have to be decided through VfD and are often far less controversial. Thanks. Rossami (talk) 04:15, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * And now I see that you've had this same conversation with others above. As leif's comments make clear, merging can be controversial too.  But those are discussions that get held on the article talk pages and not VfD.  For that reason alone, they tend to be more civil.  Good evening.  Rossami (talk)

Self-induced abortion
Not that I want to nitpick over terms, but you changed "mother" to "woman" in one place, and left it unchanged in other places. I personally hold to the opinion that a pregnant woman is a "mother", and that this status is not at all inconsistent with her having the right to terminate the pregnancy. Either way, I'd like the article to use consistent terminology. Cheers. -- BD2412 talk 00:11, 2005 Jun 23 (UTC)
 * Well, this could make for an interesting discussion... people have roles that they assume, either volitionally or by their actions. You, for example, are a woman, but also a law student - a role you went to some lengths to acquire (taking the LSAT, applying to law school, etc.). A woman who becomes pregnant usually does so through some intentional, volitional act (though the consequence may be unintended). Since most women who become pregnant do not terminate their pregnancies, they necessarily assume certain duties (e.g., don't drink or smoke or play contact sports) for the benefit of the child which they anticipate having. I opine that the assumption of these duties (or at any rate the decision to go ahead with the pregnancy) are enough to justify the label of motherhood, and that those duties should attach during any period of indecision with respect to the pregnancy. Of course, this somewhat contradicts what I've just said about you being a law student, as you were not one during your preparations for assuming that role, but at least I would not have been amiss to label you as an intended future law student. Also, there was no guarantee that you would be a law student until you received an offer of admission, while there is a fairly high probability that a pregnant woman who chooses to bear a child will, in fact, bear a child. Just my thoughts on it, but thank you for contributing to the article - it's an important topic. Cheers! -- BD2412  talk 00:37, 2005 Jun 23 (UTC)
 * Agreed, on the POV-loadedness of the term. -- BD2412 talk 01:27, 2005 Jun 23 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Law
Hello Anna! We are starting a major project at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Law to improve and standardize articles in the major areas of law derived from the common law of England (contracts, torts, evidence, etc.). Are you interested in working on this? Cheers! -- BD2412 talk July 2, 2005 23:34 (UTC)
 * Hi. Did you leave a note on my talk page? If so, you were not signed in - if not, please disregard this query. Cheers! -- BD2412 talk July 4, 2005 01:08 (UTC)
 * Click the "Remember Me" box when you log in, and it won't log you out. -- BD2412 talk July 4, 2005 14:18 (UTC)
 * It strikes me that U.S. and UK consideration are not all that different - I'm not even sure why we have separate articles on them. Perhaps we could have one article with a section explaining national variations? -- BD2412 talk July 6, 2005 23:57 (UTC)
 * I'll pitch that to Francis Davey, and to some of the folks who have done a lot of work on the UK version. Cheers! -- BD2412 talk July 7, 2005 00:30 (UTC)

Feminazi revert
I reverted to the version I wrote a day or so ago

18:16, 8 July 2005

which is pretty much this one

19:07, 28 June 2005

with some text defining misandry picked up from this one

19:43, 23 June 2005

Trying to accurately described the way the word is used and eliminate the flimsily disguised partisan claims about its appropriateness Monicasdude 13:07, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks, Cat Law Stubs
No problem. :) It's taken me a year to figure out how all the links and stuff work around here. :) Btw, you have two really great blogs, which I stumbled across a little while after stumbling across your user page. :) func (talk) 23:18, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Advice, please?
I'd like your advice, since you're a regular contributor to rape, and I trust your judgment. I was just writing an article where I used the term rape culture. I wanted to wikilink it, so that readers could get a good explanation of the term and the concept behind it. Thing is, there's no article for it, and on rape, I couldn't find it mentioned, either. I went ahead and made a red link to rape culture, figuring I can put an article together for it tonight or tomorrow or some other time very soon. But then I got to thinking, maybe it would be better to put rape culture in as a section in the rape article. What do you think? Should rape culture go as a section in rape, or should it get its own article? The Literate Engineer 06:51, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, looking at the history and talk pages for rape, and even at the article's contents, I think I'm definitely going to create rape culture instead of putting a section for it in the rape article. The Literate Engineer 19:38, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

SCUM Manifesto
I'm sorry you're finding me hard to deal with. You're probably used to scaring people with your aggression and tone and don't like being challenged on what you consider to be your territory. Still, I've done nothing but ask you to consider the policies of Wikipedia in your editing and to source your edits rather than fill the article with your own personal opinions. You might find that objectionable in itself but I've been polite enough in doing so.

I haven't said you're not important. I've said that Wikipedia ought not to include the opinions of any of its editors. You are reading that as a personal attack for whatever reason. I am not "trying to shoot you down". I've taken account of what you said -- I even removed a sentence you felt was objectionable -- and I'm perfectly happy with what we have now. Clearly, you're not, but if you want to claim that the manifesto is "satirical", I don't think it's unreasonable that you cite someone saying so, rather than insist the article should say so because you think it's plain that it is. Philip Arthur 05:18, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Portal:Law getting on the move!
Hi. Please join the discussion at Portal talk:Law - we're getting things off the ground for featured articles, pictures, cases, and a collaboration of the week! -- BD2412 talk 04:34, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Category:Law student Wikipedians
Heya, I've created Category:Law student Wikipedians - thought you might want to add yourself to it. BD2412 T 02:20, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

so .   .   .  .  .  .  . . . . . . . . ...................
does it make me a small-minded Americans who can't conceive of himself as part of a larger world if I correct typos on your user page? Carptrash 09:08, 5 January 2006 (UTC)
 * There. The deed is done.  Carptrash 17:22, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Poem A Tribute and a Claim
Please update me, but are poems relevant to an article not Wiki eligible ?I have seen them elsewhere within an article, is there a difference ? See Buttevant, origins of the name. Is there any way around the issue ? Or have you the authority to delete on the grounds that it is a poem and not a text article ? Thanky for clarifying Osioni 00:07, 12 January 2006 (UTC),

I am in possession of the original (signed) A Tribute and a Claim document (happens to be written by my grandfather) What is the Wikisource ? Osioni 00:18, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

OK, I understand, that is a possibility. I am just trying to find a section where I acn place it. I suppose I can just copy and paste ?.

Is there then afterwards a way of linking from a Wikipedia page to a Wikisource page ? . Osioni 15:51, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Hello again AnAn, I have set up a page in the Wikisource for Author:D.D. Sheehan, and transfered this poem to it. The links between it and the Wikipedia work fine. Thank you for your suggestion and help. You may now delete A Tribute and a Claim from the Wikipedia. Greetings Osioni 22:38, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

taking cases yet?
Welcome back skippy - max rspct  leave a message  13:24, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:AnnaAniston/Archive1


text: File:Chilean notes.jpg

title: File:Chilean notes.jpg


text:
Talk:Richard Carmona

Several things
Dr. Carmona is not a Vice Admiral of the US Navy. Rather, he's a Vice Admiral in the United States Public Health Service. "Dr." is in his own biography on the website because Dr. is a term of respect for those who have earned a medical degree. It wasn't necessary to remove every instance of "Dr." from the article. --ABQCat 01:29, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

resignation
Why did he quit? Anyone have a reliable source that states this?

 * He didn't quit. He left at the end of his four year term of office as Surgeon General.--FeralOink (talk) 12:10, 28 April 2017 (UTC)

UCSF degree
since when has UCSF awarded bachelors degrees?

 * Good question! I thought that UCSF only offered graduate and terminal/professional degrees. Maybe they did award bachelors degrees when he was there, back in the 1970s? There are other puzzling, possibly inaccurate details about his background.
 * How did he graduate from medical school after only two years? An M.D. degree in the United States requires four years usually.
 * How did he become a surgeon if he didn't do a surgical residency? Maybe he did, but his BLP article doesn't mention it.
 * It should be mentioned that it took him eight years to become certified in General Surgery, because he failed the exam twice, see The Vindicator newspaper story of 9 July 2002, which is already a reference for other content on the page.
 * How did he become a professor of surgery at a medical school with so little clinical experience?

 * I would think that his educational background and credentials were thoroughly vetted when he was confirmed as Surgeon General by the U.S. Senate in 2002, by a 98-0 vote! Regardless, it would be helpful to know how he earned so many degrees so quickly. I will try to find some sources to cite, as I am curious now.--FeralOink (talk) 12:29, 28 April 2017 (UTC)

Global climate change and warming
I noticed that the reference to Dr. Carmona's statement on global warming was just changed to reference the more general issue of global climate change. I'm unclear as to why the editor did this, but didn't want to quickly revert a good-faith edit. In the reference, Carmona mentions the specific topic of global warming, so it seems most appropriate to me to reference that and not global climate change in this article. Edurant 17:57, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, if he specifically used that term, it should be used in the article. The only reason I changed it is because "Climate change" is the more scientifically-accepted terminology.Athene cunicularia 18:01, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Former Surgeon General on NJoy E-Cigarette Board of Directors
Several sources cite Richard Carmona as member of board of directors of E-Cigarette company NJoy. Seems relevant, based on his actions as Surgeon General to discourage second hand tobacco smoke. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Big al in big d (talk • contribs) 02:38, 15 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Richard Carmona. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2002/03/27/2002-03-27_prez_taps_maverick_for_surge.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130307131809/http://articles.cnn.com/2002-07-17/health/carmona.profile_1_richard-carmona-surgeon-general-nominee-pima-county-sheriff-s-department?_s=PM%3AHEALTH to http://articles.cnn.com/2002-07-17/health/carmona.profile_1_richard-carmona-surgeon-general-nominee-pima-county-sheriff-s-department?_s=PM%3AHEALTH

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:47, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

RS for medals?
His official photo shows Purple Heart and Bronze Star ribbons, but the text and sourcing for the article is missing. – S. Rich (talk) 03:27, 24 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard Carmona


text:
Nitrosamine

In organic chemistry, nitrosamines (or more formally N-nitrosamines) are organic compounds with the chemical structure R2N\sN\dO, where R is usually an alkyl group. They feature a nitroso group (NO+) bonded to a deprotonated amine. Most nitrosamines are carcinogenic in nonhuman animals. A 2006 systematic review supports a "positive association between nitrite and nitrosamine intake and gastric cancer, between meat and processed meat intake and gastric cancer and oesophageal cancer, and between preserved fish, vegetable and smoked food intake and gastric cancer, but is not conclusive".

Chemistry
The organic chemistry of nitrosamines is well developed with regard to their syntheses, their structures, and their reactions. They usually are produced by the reaction of nitrous acid (HNO2) and secondary amines, although other nitrosyl sources (e.g., , RONO) have the same effect:
 * HONO + R2NH -> R2N\-NO + H2O

The nitrous acid usually arises from protonation of a nitrite. This synthesis method is relevant to the generation of nitrosamines under some biological conditions. The nitrosation is also partially reversible; aryl nitrosamines rearrange to give a para-nitroso aryl amine in the Fischer-Hepp rearrangement.

With regards to structure, the C2N2O core of nitrosamines is planar, as established by X-ray crystallography. The N-N and N-O distances are 132 and 126 pm, respectively in dimethylnitrosamine, one of the simplest members of a large class of N-nitrosamines

Nitrosamines are not directly carcinogenic. Metabolic activation is required to convert them to the alkylating agents that modify bases in DNA, inducing mutations. The specific alkylating agents vary with the nitrosamine, but all are proposed to feature alkyldiazonium centers.

History and occurrence
In 1956, two British scientists, John Barnes and Peter Magee, reported that a simple member of the large class of N-nitrosamines, dimethylnitrosamine, produced liver tumours in rats. Subsequent studies showed that approximately 90% of the 300 nitrosamines tested were carcinogenic in a wide variety of animals.

Tobacco exposure
A common way ordinary consumers are exposed to nitrosamines is through tobacco use and cigarette smoke. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines also can be found in American dip snuff, chewing tobacco, and to a much lesser degree, snus (127.9 ppm for American dip snuff compared to 2.8 ppm in Swedish snuff or snus).

Medication impurities
There have been recalls for various medications due to the presence of nitrosamine impurities. There have been recalls for angiotensin II receptor blockers, ranitidine, valsartan and others.

The US Food and Drug Administration published guidance about the control of nitrosamine impurities in medicines. Health Canada published guidance about nitrosamine impurities in medications and a list of established acceptable intake limits of nitrosamine impurities in medications.

title: Nitrosamine


text:
Jean Redpath

Jean Redpath MBE (28 April 1937 – 21 August 2014) was a Scottish folk singer.

Career
Jean Redpath was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, to musical parents. Her mother knew many Scots songs and passed them on to Jean and her brother, and her father played the hammered dulcimer. She was raised in Leven, Fife, Scotland, and later returned to Edinburgh, taking medieval studies at the University of Edinburgh. To help pay her way through her studies, she sang for beer money and undertook part-time work as a driving instructor and undertaker's assistant.

The Scottish poet and folk-song collector Hamish Henderson was working in the School of Scottish Studies at the university and Redpath took a keen interest in the archive of tapes and discs of music and songs. She learned about 400 songs, together with the oral folklore that went with them. In March 1961, at the age of 24, she arrived in the United States with just eleven dollars in her pocket. Her first performance was in San Francisco. Later she met up with Ramblin' Jack Elliott and Bob Dylan in Greenwich Village. The natural warmth and power of her voice brought her to perform at Gerde's Folk City. In 1963, following a concert performance, she signed with Elektra Records. In 1975, she switched to the Philo label. From 1972 to 1976, Redpath was artist-in-residence at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut. She lectured in folklore and acted as cultural resource in the local school system.

In 1976, Redpath embarked on a project to record all the songs of Robert Burns, some being folk songs, some Burns's own compositions, and most a mixture of the two. Twenty-two volumes were planned, but when her collaborator, the composer Serge Hovey, died after seven volumes, the project came to a premature end. Hovey had done the instrumental arrangements for 323 songs, and Redpath felt no other musician could replace him. The albums won critical praise from around the world. In 1986, she recorded Lady Nairne, a collection of songs written by Scottish women. Redpath sensitively reconstructed songs that might otherwise have been lost. Between 1974 and 1987, Redpath appeared regularly on Garrison Keillor's "A Prairie Home Companion" APM radio show. She also appeared on Robert J. Lurtsema's "Morning pro musica" broadcast from WGBH in Boston.

Redpath toured throughout the U.S. and Canada, played venues in South America, Hong Kong, and Australia, including the Sydney Opera House, and performed often at the Edinburgh Folk Festival. In 1977, Royal Jubilee Year, Redpath appeared at a royal banquet at Edinburgh Castle for Queen Elizabeth II.

Starting in 1979, Redpath was a lecturer at the University of Stirling, Scotland, with occasional trips to teach at Wesleyan University. She gave courses for ten years in Scottish Song at the Heritage of Scotland Summer School at the University of Stirling.

She was awarded the MBE in 1987, as well as being named a Kentucky colonel by the Governor of Kentucky. Redpath also received honorary doctorates from the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, University of Stirling and the University of St Andrews, and was inducted into the Scottish Traditional Music Hall of Fame in 2008. A portrait of Redpath by Alexander Fraser hangs in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh. In 1996, she launched the Burns International Festival.

In 2009, Redpath made an appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman, singing "Some Kind of Love" by the late John Stewart of The Kingston Trio. Letterman promoted her album By Request during her appearance, although the song "Some Kind of Love" does not appear on that album. This led to some confusion for viewers who wished to obtain a recorded version of the song.

In 2011, she returned to her alma mater to become artist-in-residence at the University of Edinburgh’s Department of Celtic and Scottish Studies. She kept her links to Scotland, owning a house in Elie during her life.

Death and legacy
Redpath died from cancer on 21 August 2014 at a hospice in Tucson, Arizona.

In the town where Redpath was raised, Leven in Fife, there is a street named in her honour: Jean Redpath Wynd.

Discography

 * Skipping Barefoot Through the Heather (1962) Prestige PR 13020
 * Scottish Ballad Book (1962) Elektra EKL 214
 * Laddie Lie Near Me (1963) Elektra EKL 274
 * Songs of Love, Lilt, Laughter (1963) Elektra EKL 224
 * Frae My Ain Countrie (1973) Folk Legacy FSS 49
 * Jean Redpath (1975) Philo PH 2015
 * Songs of Robert Burns vol. 1 (1976) Philo PH 1037
 * There were Minstrels (1977) Trailer LER 2106
 * Song of the Seals (1978) Philo PH 1054
 * Angels Hovering 'Round with Lisa Neustadt and The Angel Band (1979) Philo />
 * Father Adam (1979) Philo PH 1061
 * Lowlands (1980) Philo PH 1061
 * Songs of Robert Burns vol. 2 (1980) Philo PH 1048
 * Songs of Robert Burns vol. 3 (1981) Philo PH 1071
 * Songs of Robert Burns vol. 4 (1981) Philo PH 1072
 * Haydn: Scottish Songs (1984) Philo PH 1082
 * Love Is Teasin' (1984)
 * Love Is Teasin' (reissue)
 * Songs of Robert Burns vol. 5 (1985) Philo PH 1093
 * The Scottish Fiddle (1985) Lismor LIFL 7009
 * Lady Nairne (1986)
 * A Fine Song For Singing (1987)
 * Songs of Robert Burns vol. 6 (1987) Greentrax TRAX 005
 * First Flight (1989)
 * Songs of Robert Burns vol 7 (1990)
 * Leaving the Land (1990)
 * The Moon's Silver Cradle (1996)
 * ''Maiden Voyage' ' 2002 Jean Redpath records JR-112

title: Jean Redpath


text:
Wigner distribution

Wigner distribution or Wigner function may refer to:

 * Wigner quasiprobability distribution (what is most commonly intended by term "Wigner function"): a quasiprobability distribution used in quantum physics, also known at the Wigner-Ville distribution
 * Wigner distribution function, used in signal processing, which is the time-frequency variant of the Wigner quasiprobability distribution
 * Modified Wigner distribution function, used in signal processing
 * Wigner semicircle distribution, a probability function used in mathematics

title: Wigner distribution


text:
Kazimierz Żorawski

Paulin Kazimierz Stefan Żorawski (June 22, 1866 – January 23, 1953) was a Polish mathematician. Żorawski's main interests were invariants of differential forms, integral invariants of Lie groups, differential geometry and fluid mechanics. His work in these disciplines was to prove important in other fields of mathematics and science, such as differential equations, geometry and physics (especially astrophysics and cosmology).

Biography
Kazimierz Żorawski was born in Szczurzyn near Ciechanów, in the Russian Empire, now in Poland, to Juliusz Bronisław Wiktor Żórawski and Kazimiera Żórawska. In 1884 he completed secondary school in Warsaw. From 1884 to 1888 he studied mathematics at the University of Warsaw. In 1889 he was selected to continue his mathematics studies on the strength of a paper on observations that he had made at the Warsaw Astronomical Observatory.

In the years that followed he studied the theory of conversion groups and analytical mechanics in Leipzig, and differential equations in Göttingen. In 1891 he was awarded a PhD (under M. Sophius Lie) in Leipzig for his thesis on the applications of group conversion theory to differential geometry. In 1892 he became a lecturer at the Polytechnic Higher School of Lwów where he taught mathematics and, in 1893, assumed the Chair of Mechanical Science.

In 1893, Żorawski received a doctorate in mathematics from Jagiellonian University in Kraków, and in 1895 he traveled to Berlin to study higher level geodesy. He later returned to Kraków where, he was named assistant professor and, in 1898, full professor of mathematics at Jagiellonian where he taught higher analysis, geometry (analytic, differential and projective), theory of algebraic curves and theory of singularities. In 1900 he was elected a member of the Academy of Learning (from 1919 Polish Academy of Learning) in Kraków.

In 1905, Żorawski became a Dean of the Faculty of philosophy at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, and in 1910, he became an associate member of the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague. In 1911, he became a president of the Societies of the Scientific Committee. Two years later he took part in the Organizational Committee of Academy of Maining in Kraków. From 1917 to 1918, he was a rector and from 1918 to 1919 vice-rector of the Jagiellonian University

In 1919, Żorawski settled in Warsaw where he became a full professor in mathematics at the Warsaw University of Technology, while at the same time teaching courses on the application of geometric analysis at the University of Warsaw. That same year he became a member of the Polish Society of Mathematics.

In 1920, Żorawski was elected to the Warsaw Society of Science and Letters, and from 1926 to 1931, served as its president. To honor his services, the Society struck a commemorative medal (see picture) in 1931. At the same time, he became an active member of the Warsaw Technical Academy of Science, and in 1926, a full professor of mathematics at the University of Warsaw. He was a Polish delegate for the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation which was formally established in January 1922 (Marie Curie was a prominent member of this organization).

Żorawski announced his retirement in 1935 after 46 years devoted to professorship. Upon his retirement, the University of Warsaw conferred upon him the title of Professor Emeritus in mathematics and natural science.

Both before World War II and during the Nazi occupation of Poland, Professor Żorawski worked on analytical geometry, primarily in the area of first- and second-degree plane figures and differential properties of real andicomplex plane figures. His work was three-quarters completed when the Warsaw Uprising occurred. Żorawski, like tens of thousands of Warsaw residents, was expelled from the capital and sent to Pruszków. His apartment, which contained all of his property, including many of his scientific papers, was destroyed by fire.

Upon his release from the camp of Pruszków along with a group of other scientists, Zorawski took refuge in Nieborów, staying at the home of the Radziwill family. After the Red Army occupied Poland, Żorawski returned to a destroyed Warsaw and lived for a time with his daughter Leokadia Paprocka. Shortly thereafter, the Ministry for Education gave him a small bedroom with a kitchen at the Students House at the Narutowicz Square in Warsaw, one of the few buildings not destroyed by the Germans during the war. There he rewrote the nearly two-thirds (2650 pages) of his work that had been destroyed during the Warsaw Uprising.

In 1952, Żorawski was named a full member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was also decorated with the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta and the Gold Cross of Merit.

Żorawski died in 1953.

After his death, the importance of his work to the development of Polish mathematics was recognized by many scientists. A telegram addressed to his family by Bronisław Knaster, Edward Marczewski, Hugo Steinhaus, and Władysław Ślebodziński expressed this recognition: "[W]e wish to express to the family of Professor Kazimierz Żorawski our deep compassion. He was the first of the scientists of his generation to bring the name of Poland to the forefront of world mathematics."

Accomplishments
Kazimierz Żorawski dealt with a particularly difficult field of mathematics – continuous invariants of Lie groups, and the results of his work have been applied to other fields of mathematics and science, especially differential equations, geometry and physics.

The seventy scientific works of Professor Żorawski relate mainly to analytical geometry, differential geometry, Lie groups, differential equations, kinematics of continuous symmetry, and non-Euclidean complex geometry.

Kraków School of Mathematics
At the turn of the 20th century, groups of mathematicians worked in the Polish scientific centers of Lwów, Kraków and Warsaw and created the "mathematical Schools" of Warsaw, Lwów and Kraków. Kazimierz Żorawski, along with Stanisław Zaremba, (both faculty members of Jagiellonian University) was a cofounder of the Kraków School of Mathematics, to which professors Franciszek Leja, Władysław Ślebodziński and Tadeusz Ważewski also belonged. Thus, Jagiellonian became the center of traditional analysis of differential equations and analytical functions.

Polish Mathematical Society
On April 2, 1919, Żorawski chaired the inaugural meeting, in Kraków, of the Mathematical Society, which soon changed its name to the Polish Mathematical Society. Żorawski is considered one of the key founders of this Society.

Development of Polish mathematics
In 1958, Polish Mathematical Society member Władysław Ślebodziński recalled the importance of the role played by Stanisław Zaremba and Kazimierz Żorawski in the development of Polish mathematics: "... One can say that, thanks to these two scientists, Polish mathematics ceased being a mere consumer of foreign thinking and analysis. Both played pivotal roles in the development of this science.  Under the political conditions of the time, Stanislaw Zaremba and Kazimierz Żorawski were, for fifteen years, the only representatives of cutting-edge Polish mathematics (...) judging these facts by contrasting them with the current state of affairs, shows their immense progress and accomplishments (...) in spite of the catastrophic effects on Polish mathematics caused by the Nazi occupation."

Lie groups
Żorawski was a student of eminent Norwegian professor Sophus Lie, the author of the theory of continuous groups (Lie groups). Żorawski developed several areas close to the theory of Lie groups and other theories which were based upon it—in particular the theories of differential equations and differential geometry, as well as topics from the theory of integral invariants (new at that time), and selected problems of kinematics.

While a professor in Leipzig, Lie wrote the following regarding Żorawski's work devoted to Lie groups: Among the work done in Leipzig, let us remember in particular the superb work of Zorawski on the invariants of flexibility. With much ability, Żorawski worked to resolve difficult and complicated calculations which were necessary to solve the problems...

Personal life
In 1863, Żorawski's mother, Kazimiera, took part in the January Uprising against the Russian Empire. This uprising started as a spontaneous protest by young Poles against conscription into the Russian Army and was soon joined by politicians and high ranking Polish officers from the tsarist army. While the uprising failed militarily, it succeeded in blunting the effect of the Tsar's abolition of serfdom in the Russian partition. Kazimiera was captured and imprisoned by the Russian authorities, and her father was imprisoned in the citadel at Warsaw, where he later died.

Żorawski had five siblings, one of whom, Stanislaw, became proprietor of the Obrebiec Estate, near Przasnysz. In 1940, his property was seized by the Nazis and Stanislaw was arrested and interned at the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp, where he died.

Żorawski fell in love with the family governess, Maria Skłodowska (later better known as Marie Curie), whose father was a relative of the Żorawskis. The two discussed marriage, but Żorawski's parents rejected Maria due to her family's poverty. Nevertheless, their hopes of marriage continued until 1891, when a dispirited Maria moved to Warsaw and then to Paris, where she eventually married Pierre Curie and earned two Nobel prizes.

Żorawski married Leokadia Jewniewicz, a pianist. Her father, Hipolit, was a professor at the Institute of Technology in St. Petersburg, specializing in applied mathematics. One of his works, "The Theory of Elasticity", was published posthumously in Warsaw in 1910.

Żorawski and his wife had three children: Juliusz, Leokadia, and Maria. Juliusz became an architect, often compared with Le Corbusier; after World War II he was a professor of architecture at the Kraków Polytechnic.

title: Kazimierz Żorawski