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Cleft

A cleft is an opening, fissure, or V-shaped indentation.

Cleft may refer to:

Anatomy

 * Cleft lip and palate, a congenital deformity
 * Cleft chin, a dimple on the chin
 * Pudendal cleft, part of the vulva
 * Intergluteal cleft, the groove between the buttocks

Fiction

 * The Cleft, a 2007 novel by Nobel prize laureate Doris Lessing
 * Cleft, the Boy Chin Wonder, a character in The Fairly Odd Parents

Linguistics

 * Cleft sentence, a type of grammatical construction

Places

 * Cleft Island (Antarctica)
 * Cleft Island (Victoria)
 * Cleft Ledge
 * Cleft Point
 * Cleft Peak
 * Cleft Rock

title: Cleft


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Great king

Great king, and the equivalent in many languages, refers to historical titles of certain monarchs, suggesting an elevated status among the host of kings and princes.

History
The title is most usually associated with the shahanshah (shah of shahs, i.e. king of kings, indeed translated from Greek as basileus tōn basileōn, later adopted by the Byzantine emperors) of Persia under the Achaemenid dynasty whose vast empire in Asia lasted for 200 years up to the year 330 BC, which was later adopted by successors of the Achaemenid Empire whose monarchial names were also succeeded by "the great". In comparison, "high king" was used by ancient rulers in Great Britain and Ireland, as well as Greece.

In the 2nd millennium BC Near East, there was a tradition of reciprocally using such addresses between powers, as a way of diplomatically recognizing each other as an equal. Only the kings of countries who were not subject to any other king and powerful enough to draw the respect from their adversaries were allowed to use the title of "great king". Those were the kings of Egypt, Yamhad, Hatti, Babylonia, Mitanni (until its demise in the 14th century), Assyria (only after the demise of Mitanni), and for a brief time the Myceneans. Great kings referred to each other as brothers and often established close relationships by means of marriages and frequent gift exchanges. Letters exchanged between these rulers, several of which have been recovered especially in Amarna and Hittite archives, provide details of this diplomacy.

The case of maharaja ("great raja", great king and prince, in Sanskrit and Hindi) on the Indian subcontinent, originally reserved for the regional hegemon such as the Gupta, is an example of how such a lofty style can get caught in a cycle of devaluation by "title inflation" as ever more, mostly less powerful rulers adopt the style. This is often followed by the emergence of one or more new, more exclusive and prestigious styles, as, in this case, maharajadhiraja (king of great kings"). The Turkic-Mongol title khan also came to be "augmented" to tiles like khagan, chagan or hakan, meaning "khan of khans", i.e. equivalent to king of kings.

The aforementioned Indian style maharajadhiraja is also an example of an alternative semantic title for similar "higher" royal styles such as King of Kings. Alternatively, a more idiomatic style may develop into an equally prestigious tradition of titles, because of the shining example of the original – thus, various styles of emperors trace back to the Roman imperator (strictly speaking a republican military honorific), or the family surname Caesar (turned into an imperial title since Diocletian's tetrarchy).

As the conventional use of king and its equivalents to render various other monarchical styles illustrates, there are many roughly equivalent styles, each of which may spawn a "great X" variant, either unique or becoming a rank in a corresponding tradition; in this context, "grand" is equivalent to "great" and sometimes interchangeable if convention does not firmly prescribe one of the two. Examples include grand duke and German Grosswojwod.

Examples

 * Antiochus III the Great, Hellenistic Greek king and the sixth ruler of the Seleucid Empire, bore the title Basileus Megas
 * In medieval Serbia, Stefan the First-Crowned, likely Stefan Uroš I, Stefan Dečanski and Stefan Dušan had the title of "great king" (Велики краљ, Veliki kralj)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Great king


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Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann

Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann (née Kleemann, born 7 September 1966) is a German former speed skater. She is a three-time Olympic gold medallist, winning the 3000 metres in 1992 and 1998 and the 5000 metres in 1992. She won a total of eight Olympic medals.

Personal life

Born as Gunda Kleemann in Sondershausen, Bezirk Erfurt, East Germany, she has lived in Erfurt for most of her life. Before German reunification in 1990, she skated for East Germany.

She changed her name to Gunda Niemann after her marriage in 1991 to judoka Detlev Niemann. After their divorce in 1995, she kept the name Niemann. She changed her name to Niemann-Stirnemann after marrying her Swiss long-time manager, Oliver Stirnemann, on 11 July 1997. Their daughter Victoria Stirnemann is also a competitive speed skater.

The speed skating oval in Erfurt, the Gunda-Niemann-Stirnemann-Halle, was named after her.

Career
Niemann-Stirnemann dominated women's speed skating for several years, especially on the longer distances. She has competed in four Olympics, from 1988 to 1998, and won eight Olympic medals (3 gold, 4 silver, and 1 bronze). In the nine years from 1991 to 1999, she won the World Allround Championships every year except 1994. She has a record number of 98 World Cup single distance victories and has won 19 overall World Cup titles. She was European Allround Champion 8 times. Over the course of her career, she set 18 world records. For her performances, she received the Oscar Mathisen Award three times: in 1995, 1996 and 1997.

Niemann-Stirnemann left speed skating in 2001 to give birth to a daughter, but later returned to competition. She planned to make one last comeback and participate in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, but a lingering back injury – which she suffered from since the 2004–05 season – made her quit. At the end of October 2005, a few days before the German Championships, she announced her retirement.

Except for one day in March 1998, Niemann-Stirnemann was number one in the Adelskalender, the all-time allround speed skating ranking, from 24 January 1993, until 2 March 2001 – a total of 2,958 days. She skated in Olympic, World, World Cup, European and national championships to 215 medals, thereof 163 gold medals.

World records
Over the course of her career, Niemann-Stirnemann skated 18 world records:

Note that the 10000 m was suspended as a world record event at the 1953 ISU Congress.

Personal records
To put these personal records in perspective, the last column (WR) lists the official world records on the dates that Niemann-Stirnemann skated her personal records.

Niemann-Stirnemann has an Adelskalender score of 160.167 points. Her highest ranking on the Adelskalender was the first place.

Biography

 * Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann: Ich Will. Traumkarriere mit Tränen und Triumphen (2000). Das Neue Berlin.

title: Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann


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Avraham Tehomi

Avraham Tehomi (אברהם תהומי, also Avraham T'homi, 1903–1990) was a militant who served as a Haganah commander, and was one of the founders and first commander of the Irgun. He is best known for the assassination of Jacob Israël de Haan.

Biography
Avraham Zilberg (later Tehomi) was born in Odessa in the Russian Empire. He immigrated to Palestine as a pioneer and started working in road construction. He became a member of the Haganah, completed his Haganah courses with honors, and served as a commander in Jerusalem. As a Haganah officer, he served under the leadership of Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, who would in 1952 become the second President of Israel.

Pre-state underground
On June 30, 1924, the Dutch Jewish poet, novelist and diplomat Jacob Israel de Haan, who was living in Jerusalem as a journalist, was shot and killed. Tehomi was allegedly responsible for the assassination. De Haan had come to Palestine as an ardent Zionist, but he had become increasingly critical of the Zionist organizations as he favored a negotiated solution to the struggle between Jews and Arabs. The murder shocked Palestine and Europe, and the British authorities offered a reward for information that would lead to the arrest of the assassin, but the killer was not caught. In an interview for Israeli television 60 years later, Tehomi confessed to killing de Haan to Israeli journalists Shlomo Nakdimon and Shaul Mayzlish. He openly stated: "I have done what the Haganah decided had to be done. And nothing was done without the order of Yitzhak Ben-Zvi. I have no regrets because he [de Haan] wanted to destroy our whole idea of Zionism."

In 1925, Tehomi was appointed deputy commander of the Jerusalem District Haganah and served as District Commander from 1929 to 1931.

The 1929 Palestine riots caused unrest in the Haganah ranks because the organization was not ready and did not respond appropriately to the Arab attacks. The disputes on this issue led to Tehomi's departure from the Haganah, and the establishment, in 1931, of the Haganah Bet, a parallel Zionist organisation that would later become the Irgun, which was more prepared to use violence, and which Tehomi headed. That same year, he left Palestine for the United States on private business, but when he stopped over at Piraeus, his visa was canceled by the US consul for medical reasons, and he returned to Palestine. Tehomi later tried to reunite the two organizations and in 1937 returned to the Haganah in order to take up a senior position. However, approximately only half of the 3,000 fighters of the Irgun followed Tehomi back into the Haganah. The other half retained the Irgun as a separate fighting organization, engaging in conflict with both British and Arabs in Palestine. When the Haganah failed to fulfill its obligations under the amalgamation agreement, Tehomi resigned, and from then on allegedly engaged in independent illegal immigration activities and intelligence work. Several years later he retired from all activity.

Later life
In 1945, Tehomi immigrated to the United States with his wife, where they entered the international trade in precious stones. He remained there until 1968, when he returned to Israel and established a gem-polishing plant in Jerusalem. In the final years of his life, he lived in Hong Kong, where he died in 1990.

title: Avraham Tehomi


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Pico-Union, Los Angeles

Pico-Union is a neighborhood in Central Los Angeles, California. The name "Pico-Union" refers to the neighborhood that surrounds the intersection of Pico Boulevard and Union Avenue. Located immediately west of Downtown Los Angeles, it is home to over 40,000 residents.

The neighborhood contains two historic districts, both listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

It has five public schools as well as a public library.

Google Maps
Google Maps draws the following boundaries for Pico-Union: Olympic Boulevard on the north, the Harbor Freeway on the east, the Santa Monica Freeway on the south and Hoover St. on the west.

Mapping L.A. Project
According to the Los Angeles Times' Mapping L.A. project, Pico-Union is bounded by Olympic Boulevard on the north, the Harbor Freeway on the east, the Santa Monica Freeway on the south and Normandie Avenue on the west. It also includes the California Highway Patrol station beneath the Dosan Ahn Chang Ho Memorial Interchange northeast of Washington Boulevard.

Pico-Union is flanked by Koreatown and Westlake to the north and northeast, Downtown to the east, Adams-Normandie, University Park and Exposition Park to the south and Harvard Heights to the west.

History

The Tongva village of Geveronga was located at the present-site of Pico-Union. It was destroyed in 1781 by Spanish settlers as part of the Anza Expedition who issued a claim to the land and water rights from King Carlos III.

The area was part of the early Pueblo de Los Ángeles settlement in Spanish and Mexican California.

The area encompassed by Pico-Union was developed as a middle and upper middle class residential district beginning in the 1910s. Easy access to downtown Los Angeles and the nearby Wilshire District drew large numbers of affluent homeowners. Following the Second World War, the Pico-Union area, like many inner city neighborhoods, experienced an outflux of residents to the suburbs. The loss of residents and business led to high vacancy rates and lower property values in much of the neighborhood by the 1960s.

In the late 1970s and 1980s, the area became a major point of entry for Salvadoran and Guatemalan immigrants seeking refuge from civil war, according to the Pico Union Self-Guided Walking Tour, published in 2009 by the Los Angeles Conservancy.

Pico-Union became the city's 19th Historic Preservation Overlay Zone on August 10, 2004. It contains two historic districts listed in the National Register of Historic Places: South Bonnie Brae Tract Historic District and Alvarado Terrace Historic District.

In August 2012, the City of Los Angeles designated a portion of Vermont Avenue in Pico-Union as El Salvador Community Corridor; parts of Pico-Union are also being considered for designation as The Central American Historical District.

The former First Church of Christ, Scientist, once one of Jim Jones' Peoples Temples, was located in Pico-Union, at the corner of Alvarado Street and Alvarado Terrace.

Population
Pico-Union is the fourth-most-dense neighborhood in Los Angeles, surpassed only by East Hollywood, Westlake and Koreatown. The 2000 U.S. census counted 42,324 residents in the 1.67-square-miles neighborhood—an average of 25,352 people per square mile. In 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 44,664. The median age for residents was 27, considered young for the city and the county.

The ethnic breakdown in 2000 was Latinos, 85.4%; Asians, 7.6%; whites, 3.0%, blacks, 2.9%; and others, 1.1%. El Salvador (44.4%) and Mexico (23.3%) were the most common places of birth for the 64.6% of the residents who were born abroad, a figure that was considered high in comparison with foreign-born in the city as a whole. Other immigrants come from Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua.

The median household income in 2008 dollars was $26,424, considered low for both the city and the county. The percentage of households earning $20,000 or less was high, compared to the county at large. The average household size of 3.3 people was relatively high for Los Angeles. Renters occupied 90.5% of the housing units, and home- or apartment owners the rest.

The percentages of never-married men (43.4%) and never-married women (36.2%) were among the county's highest. The census found 2,113 families headed by single parents, the 23.3% rate being considered high for both the city and the county.

In 2000 there were 667 military veterans living in Pico-Union, or 2.3% of the population, considered a low rate for the city and the county overall.

Education

Pico-Union residents aged 25 and older holding a four-year degree amounted to 6.7% of the population in 2000, considered low for both the city and the county, and there was a high percentage of residents with less than a high school diploma.

Schools
These are the elementary or secondary schools within the neighborhood's boundaries:

 * West Adams Preparatory High School, LAUSD, 1500 West Washington Boulevard
 * SIATech Pico-Union is a public charter high school, 2140 West Olympic Boulevard suite 327. "Classes are held from approximately 9:00 am - 4:00 pm. This site is an independent study school where students complete work at home, online and on site."
 * Loyola High School of Los Angeles, private, 1901 Venice Boulevard
 * Berendo Middle School, LAUSD, 1157 South Berendo Street, which claims the title as the oldest intermediate school continuously in operation in Los Angeles and perhaps in the entire United States
 * Sophia T. Salvin Special Education Center, LAUSD, 1925 Budlong Avenue
 * Leo Politi Elementary School, LAUSD, 2481 West 11th Street
 * Tenth Street Elementary School, LAUSD, 1000 Grattan Street
 * Saint Thomas the Apostle School, private elementary, 2632 West 15th Street
 * Magnolia Avenue Elementary School, LAUSD, 1626 South Orchard Avenue
 * Los Angeles Christian School, private, 1630 West 20th Street
 * Equitas Academy Charter Schools, charter, 1700 West Pico Boulevard

Public library
Los Angeles Public Library operates the Pico-Union Branch Library at 1030 South Alvarado Street.

Cemetery
Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery was founded as Rosedale Cemetery in 1884, when Los Angeles was a small city of around 28,000 people, on 65 acre of land between Washington and Venice boulevards (then 16th Street) between Normandie Avenue and Walton and Catalina Streets.

Notable people

 * Larry Elder, talk show host and politician
 * Elizabeth Harrower (1918 - 2003), actress, writer
 * Jim Jones, founder and the leader of the Peoples Temple
 * Jacob Kuhrts, 19th Century Los Angeles businessman and politician
 * Pomeroy Wills Powers, president, Los Angeles City Council, 1900–02
 * Susan Seaforth Hayes, actress

title: Pico-Union, Los Angeles


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Narayan

Narayan or Narayana may refer to:

People

 * Narayan (name), a common Indian name (including a list of persons with this and related names)

Media and entertainment

 * Narayan, a song by The Prodigy on their album The Fat of the Land
 * Narayan, age in the video game Myst III: Exile
 * Narayan, lead character of the 2005 film Water

Religion

 * Narayana, another name of the Hindu god Vishnu
 * Nara-Narayana, a duo of divine sages
 * Lakshmi Narayana, the divine couple of Narayana accompanied by his consort, Lakshmi

Other uses

 * Narayan, Nepal in the Dailekh District

title: Narayan


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Category:Military medicine

Articles relating to military medicine.

title: Category:Military medicine


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PDTV

PDTV is an abbreviation short for Pure Digital Television. Often seen as part of the filename of TV shows shared through P2P, The Scene, and FTP servers on the Internet. In this case, PDTV refers not to container, bitrate or dimensions of the video, but the digital nature of the capture source. Non Scene European rippers often use the label DVBRip or DVB-rip to specify a purely digital rip of a Digital Video Broadcast (DVB), however all Scene groups use standardized labeling.

PDTV encompasses a broad array of capture methods and sources, but generally it involves the capture of SD or non-HD digital television broadcasts without any analog-to-digital conversion, instead relying on directly ripping MPEG streams. PDTV sources can be captured by a variety of digital TV tuner cards from a digital feed such as ClearQAM unencrypted cable, Digital Terrestrial Television, Digital Video Broadcast or other satellite sources. Just as with Freeview (DVB-T) in the United Kingdom, broadcast television in the United States has no barriers to PDTV capture. Hardware such as the HDHomeRun when connected to an ATSC (Antenna) or unencrypted ClearQAM cable feed allows lossless digital capture of MPEG-2 streams (Pure Digital Television), without monthly fees or other restrictions normally implemented by a Set-top box. Although different from the analog hole, Pure Digital Television capture imposes no technological restriction on what is done with the stream; playback, Mash-Ups and even recompression/pirated distribution are possible without the permission of the rights holder.

A publisher of fan-made DVD releases also uses the name PDTV, but with no connection to the more common usage explained above. The "PD" in this case refers to "planet dust" with an additional connotation of Public Domain, even though the material offered is more often the video equivalent of abandonware as opposed to anything where copyright has actually expired. Whereas PDTV content online (as described above) is indiscriminate in terms of copyright, physical DVD releases from PDTV only exist to supply fans with material not officially published to the DVD format.

As of 2018, the latter PDTV has undergone somewhat of a "rebranding", shifting its focus slightly to further emphasize preservation of VHS, Beta and Laserdisc content. The meaning of the "PD" part of its name thus becoming more associated with "physical disc" rather than anything else.

title: PDTV


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User:Yougi

My name is Hironori MIYAUCHI.

I'm a student in the Graduate School of Science at the Unversity of Tokyo.

Majoring in synthetic organic chemistry, I'm planning to create articles related to this field.

title: User:Yougi


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Nicholas Wolterstorff

Nicholas Paul Wolterstorff (born January 21, 1932) is an American philosopher and theologian. He is currently Noah Porter Professor Emeritus of Philosophical Theology at Yale University. A prolific writer with wide-ranging philosophical and theological interests, he has written books on aesthetics, epistemology, political philosophy, philosophy of religion, metaphysics, and philosophy of education. In Faith and Rationality, Wolterstorff, Alvin Plantinga, and William Alston developed and expanded upon a view of religious epistemology that has come to be known as Reformed epistemology. He also helped to establish the journal Faith and Philosophy and the Society of Christian Philosophers.

Biography
Wolterstorff was born on January 21, 1932, to Dutch emigrants in a small farming community in southwest Minnesota. After earning his BA in philosophy at Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1953, he entered Harvard University, where he earned his MA and PhD in philosophy, completing his studies in 1956. He then spent a year at the University of Cambridge, where he met C. D. Broad. From 1957 to 1959, he was an instructor in philosophy at Yale University. Then he took the post of Professor of Philosophy at Calvin College and taught for 30 years. He is now teaching at Yale as Noah Porter Professor Emeritus Philosophical Theology.

In 1987 Wolterstorff published Lament for a Son after the untimely death of his 25-year-old son Eric in a mountain climbing accident. In a series of short essays, Wolterstorff recounts how he drew on his Christian faith to cope with his grief. Wolterstorff explained that he published the book "in the hope that it will be of help to some of those who find themselves with us in the company of mourners."

He has been a visiting professor at Harvard University, Princeton University, Yale University, the University of Oxford, the University of Notre Dame, the University of Texas, the University of Michigan, Temple University, the Free University of Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit), and the University of Virginia. In 2007, he received an honorary Doctorate in Philosophy from Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. He has been retired since June 2002.

Wolterstorff published his memoir with William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. in 2019, illustrating the close relationship between his personal life and his distinguished academic career.

Professional distinctions

 * Woodrow Wilson Fellowship, 1953
 * Harvard Foundation Fellowship, 1954
 * Josiah Royce Memorial Fellowship, Harvard University, 1954
 * Fulbright Scholarship, 1957
 * President of the American Philosophical Association (Central Division)
 * President of the Society of Christian Philosophers
 * Senior Fellow, Institute for Advanced Study in Culture, University of Virginia, 2005

Endowed lectureships

 * Kuyper Lectures, Free University of Amsterdam, 1981
 * Wilde Lectures, University of Oxford, 1993
 * Gifford Lectures: "Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology", St Andrews University, 1995
 * Tate-Willson Lectures, Southern Methodist University, 1991
 * Stone Lectures, Princeton Theological Seminary, 1998
 * Lectures at Southern Seminary, Lecture #2, Lecture #3, The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2000
 * Taylor Lectures, Yale University, 2001
 * Laing Lectures, Regent College, 2007

Personal life
Nicholas Wolterstorff lives in Grand Rapids, Michigan, with his wife Claire. He has four grown children. His oldest son died in a mountain climbing accident at age 25. He has seven grandchildren.

Thought
While an undergraduate at Calvin College, Wolterstorff was greatly influenced by professors William Harry Jellema, Henry Stob, and Henry Zylstra, who introduced him to schools of thought that have dominated his mature thinking: Reformed theology and common sense philosophy. (These have also influenced the thinking of his friend and colleague Alvin Plantinga, another alumnus of Calvin College).

Wolterstorff builds upon the ideas of the Scottish common-sense philosopher Thomas Reid, who approached knowledge "from the bottom-up". Instead of reasoning about transcendental conditions of knowledge, Wolterstorff suggests that knowledge and our knowing faculties are not the subject of our research but have to be seen as its starting point. He rejects classical foundationalism and instead sees knowledge as based upon insights in reality which are direct and indubitable. In Justice in Love, he rejects fundamentist notions of Christianity that hold to the necessity of the penal substitutionary atonement and justification by faith alone.

Selected writings

 * On Universals: An Essay in Ontology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1970.
 * Reason within the Bounds of Religion. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 1976. 2nd ed. 1984
 * Works and Worlds of Art. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1980.
 * Art in Action: Toward a Christian Aesthetic. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 1980. 2nd ed. 1995
 * Educating for Responsible Action. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 1980.
 * Until Justice and Peace Embrace. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 1983. 2nd ed. 1994.
 * Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God (ed. with Alvin Plantinga). Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. 1984.
 * Lament for a Son. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 1987.
 * "Suffering Love" in Philosophy and the Christian Faith (ed.Thomas V. Morris). Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. 1988.
 * Divine Discourse: Philosophical Reflections on the Claim That God Speaks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995.
 * John Locke and the Ethics of Belief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1996.
 * Religion in the Public Square (with Robert Audi). Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. 1997.
 * Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001.
 * Educating for Life: Reflections on Christian Teaching and Learning. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. 2002.
 * "An Engagement with Rorty" in The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Spring, 2003), pp. 129–139.
 * Educating for Shalom: Essays on Christian Higher Education. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 2004.
 * Justice: Rights and Wrongs. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2008.
 * Inquiring about God: Selected Essays, Volume I (ed. Terence Cuneo). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2009.
 * Practices of Belief: Selected Essays, Volume II (ed. Terence Cuneo). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2009.
 * Hearing the Call: Liturgy, Justice, Church, and World . William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 2011.
 * The Mighty and the Almighty: An Essay in Political Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2012.
 * Journey toward Justice: Personal Encounters in the Global South. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. 2013.
 * Understanding Liberal Democracy: Essays in Political Philosophy (ed. Terence Cuneo). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012.
 * Art Rethought: The Social Practices of Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2015.
 * Justice in Love. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 2015.
 * The God We Worship: An Exploration of Liturgical Theology. Grand Rapids:  William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 2015.
 * Acting Liturgically: Philosophical Reflections on Religious Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2018. ISBN 9780198805380
 * In This World of Wonders: Memoir of a Life in Learning. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 2019.
 * United in Love: Essays on Justice, Art, and Liturgy. (ed. Joshua Cockayne and Jonathan Rutledge). Eugene, OR: Cascade, Wipf & Stock. 2021 ISBN 9781666715590

Secondary

 * Sloane, Andrew, On Being A Christian in the Academy: Nicholas Wolterstorff and the Practice of Christian Scholarship, Paternoster, Carlisle UK, 2003.

title: Nicholas Wolterstorff


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Talk:Geography of Norway

[Untitled]
It would be nice with a topographical map of Norway on the page, as that would show how mountaneous the terrain really is. erikD 18:19, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Could someone add some nice pictures of f.eks. Sunnmørsalpene, Lofoten, o.l. - ?

Interestingly, if you compare northern and southern points of all countries in the world, Norway is with a decent margin the most north-south spread country in the world.

Also, without its colonies, it'd probably battle Finland for the second place in the race over which countries' southern ends are to the most north. 90.228.255.194 23:37, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Glacial hiking
--Mattisse 18:47, 18 January 2007 (UTC) norway is in europe it has a very cold climate

Growing season and frost-free season
This refers to the climate section in article. As many other articles and works of science use the frost-free season (I believe particularly in the US), I was thinking about adding the average frost-free season in the same column as the growing season, making it easy to compare. This is however some work to calculate, and I suggest to use the last 10 years (2000 - 2009) as base period for the frost-free season, and add this for some locations representing a region. Some of the locations in the table has seen their weather station discontinued (Tønsberg, Kristiansand - Kjevik airport can possibly be used, Geilo, Kongsvoll, Honningsvåg, Kirkenes - Kirkenes airport can possibly be used, Longyearbyen - Svalbard airport can possibly be used). For other stations (Molde, Rørvik, Leknes) the data has not been made available in the database. Bardufoss, located in an inland valley well into the Arctic circle, is one of few locations with overnight frost recorded this autumn. The average length of the frost-free season based on the 10 - year period 2000 - 2009 is 116 days, so for Bardufoss the G Season row would be like this: 134/116. Thus, there would be little needed extra space. Legend under the table would be something like this: G Season: Growing season, average days/year with 24-hr average temperature at least 5 C/average length of frost-free season (last overnight frost in spring to first overnight frost in fall, threshold 0 C, base period 2000 - 2009, only added for some stations). It seems that for Tromsø, located in the same region but on the coast, the average lenght of the frost-free season will be some 140 days (no frost recorded this fall yet, so data for 2009 still lacking), which is indeed remarkable for a location at nearly 70 deg N. Other stations I would like to add is Bergen, Oslo and Trondheim, possibly one or two more. What do you think about this suggestion? Orcaborealis (talk) 20:57, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I have collected much data and intend to proced as described here (no objections it seems). However, I will use a 15 year base period (1995 - 2009), as this gives more robust average for the frost-free season (against the odd year) and it also will include some "cold" years in the 90s (it also gave me more work). I have not had time to to this for all stations, but have prepared Oslo/Blindern, Lillehammer, Bergen/Florida, Trondheim/Værnes, Bardufoss and Tromsø (the meteorogical institute, also located in the city at 100 m). All data are from met.no, retro.met.no (fastest, but only goes back to 2000) and eKlima. The data has revealed that even when the statistical 24-hr temperature is the same (say 5 Celsius), the inland valleys are more prone to frost nights due to larger diurnal temperature variations (they still are lush, as the northern/boreal plants are adapted to a shorter growing season). I seems that coastal areas have average frost-free seasons approximately as long as the season with 24-hr temperature at least 5 Centigrades. There are substantial local variation in the frost-free season due to the Norwegian topography with valleys and especially due to the ice-free fjords. Cold air, typically on a calm, clear night, will become denser and thus heavier and will flow towards lower terrain in the area. Inland valleys are often naturally frost hollows, so the valley floor can see a frost night, while the hillside does not. The sea and ice-free fjords have seawater that are comparatively warmer, so the areas near the fjords have some natural protection against frost nights in late spring or early autumn, which tend to be the time of year when frost nights can do damage to the plants, as they might be in an active growing phase (and not dormant as in winter). Cold air flowing down to the fjords, will meet the warmer water and warm up. Most lakes in Norway are far too small to have such an effect (and freeze over in winter in most areas), so these can be frost hollows. Slopes in general, and particularly when sloping towards fjords/the sea, are less prone to overnight frost in late spring and early atumn. This effect is even stronger at the outer seabord. As a sidenote: Warmth loving plants in Norway near their northern climatic border tend to grow on the northern shore of the fjords (Norways fjords mainly go east - west) because: 1 The fjords are more sheltered and thus have warmer summer days than the outer seabord (there are som sheltered slopes near the outer seabord as well); 2 On the northern shore they will face south towards the daytime sun, and 3 the seawater in the fjords usually saves them from late spring and early autumn frost, and keep winters from getting too cold. The size of the fjords matter, as a wide and deep fjord with a large volume of water will keep warm better throughout the winter, while the much smaller, shallower inner fjord branches cannot keep warm quite as long and might freeze some winters (winter temperatures are milder than inland though). Orcaborealis (talk) 19:16, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

I was reading the article and saw a reference to Florida. Is the use of Florida with this article correct? Magnum Serpentine (talk) 01:26, 17 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Florida is a local name (area) in Bergen, Norway, and is the location of the Bergen office (Værvarslinga for Vestlandet) of the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Just to be clear, it has nothing to do with the US State of Florida. Orcaborealis (talk) 19:12, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

Frost-free days/ season at some locations
Since I have taken time to get data for the frost-free season, I will put it here now, and the exact number of days for average frost-free season will be added as frost arrives this autumn. Lillehammer and Bardufoss are located in inland valleys. Latest overnight spring frost gives the latest date this has happened in these years, and earliest start gives the earliest date for latest spring frost (no frost after this date that summer season). Frost-free season. Based on 1995 - 2009. Threshold 0°C, frost starts at -0.1°C. Stavanger/Sola airport: Average frost-free season: 201 days. Earliest start: 26.March (2004). Latest overnight frost: 4.May (1999). Shortest season: 170 days (1997). Longest season: 250 days (2000). Bergen/Florida: Average frost-free season: 210 days. Earliest start: 15.March (2005). Latest overnight frost: 30.April (1995). Shortest season: 152 days (1995). Longest season: 254 days (2000; in 2006 first frost came as late as 29.December). Lærdal (three stations varying from 36 m to 2 m above sea level, 24 m from 1997-2008, base period 14 years due to lacking data for 1996): Average frost-free season: 155 days. Earliest start: 14.April (2009). Latest overnight frost: 10.June (2001 - exceptional late frost 18 days later than any other year). Shortest season: 110 days (2001). Longest season: 206 days (2000). Tafjord (fjord area in Møre og Romsdal, should be fairly similar to Molde, 1995-2009): Average frost-free season: 187 days. Earliest start: 25.March (2004). Latest overnight frost: 16.May (2006). Shortest season: 140 days (1995). Longest season: 226 days (2004). Kristiansand/Kristiansand airport Kjevik: Average frost-free season: 175 days. Earliest start: 10.April (2000). Latest overnight frost: 17.May (1995, 2005). Shortest season: 135 days (1995). Longest season: 251 days (2000, exceptional season). Oslo/Blindern: Average frost-free season: 179 days. Earliest start: 5. April (2008). Latest overnight frost: 16.May (1996). Shortest season: 159 days (2004). Longest season: 244 days (2000 - exceptional frost-free season compared to the other years in Oslo). Oslo Airport, Gardermoen in Ullensaker: Average frost-free season: 145 days. Earliest start: 16.April (2000). Latest overnight frost: 21.May (1998). Shortest season: 113 days (2003). Longest season: 228 days (2000) - exceptional frost-free season. Lillehammer (242 m): Average frost-free season: 138 days. Earliest start: 25.April (2009). Latest overnight frost: 21.May (2004). Shortest season: 122 days (2005 and 2007). Longest season: 169 days (2000). Geilo (810 m, 772 m from 2007, no data for 2006, base period 14 years): Average frost-free season: 87 days. Earliest start: 16.May (1995). No frost-free months, but July only saw frost in 1996. Shortest season: 35 days (1996). Longest season: 130 days (1995). Dovrefjell/Fokstugu (973 m / 3000 ft altitude): Average frost-free season: 67 days. Shortest season: 33 days (1998). Longest season: 118 days (2002). No month of the year is free of frost in all years. Frost is least likely in July and early August. Trondheim/Værnes airport: Average frost-free season: 155 days. Earliest start: 7.April (2000). Latest overnight frost: 25.May (1998). Shortest season: 121 days (2004). Longest season: 202 days (2000). Bodø: Average frost-free season: 163 days. Earliest start: 14.April (2002). Latest overnight frost: 24.May (2004). Shortest season: 138 days (1995). Longest season: 194 days (2008). Bardufoss: Average frost-free season: 114 days. Earliest start: 30.April (2002). Latest overnight frost: 30.May (1997). Shortest frost-free season: 90 days (1996). Longest season: 141 days (2002). Tromsø (100 m): Average frost free season: 141 days. Earliest start: 21.April (2009). Latest overnight frost: 4.June (1997). Shortest season: 123 days (2001). Longest season: 165 days (2000). As of January 2011, data from Tromsø-Langnes has been used in article; with base period 16 years this gave an average frost free season of 137 days. Kautokeino/Finnmarksvidda (330 m, 307 m before 2000; base period 1997-2009 due to lacking data for 1995-96): Average frost-free season: 85 days. Earliest start: 19.May (2006). Latest overnight frost: 9.June (2000). Shortest season: 66 days (2000). Longest season: 117 days (2006). No frost in July, the last three weeks of June and the first 11 days of August in these 13 years. Kirkenes/Kirkenes airport: Average frost-free season: 120 days. Earliest start: 15.May (2005). Latest overnight frost: 9.June (2008). Shortest season: 90 days (1998). Longest season: 159 days (2000). Bardufoss and Kirkenes are the only lowland stations listed here that has seen frost in August (earliest: 20.Aug in 2009 at Bardufoss, earliest in Kirkenes is 31.Aug in 1998). Lighthouses along the coast, and especially on islands, will have the longest frost-free season, and frost is often minimal on islands from Stavanger in the south to Ålesund in the north: Utsira (, yr.no Utsira) recorded a frost-free season lasting from 25.February 2007 to 3.February 2008 or more than 11 months. Even Skrova near Svolvær, 200 km north of the Arctic circle, has an average frost-free season lasting some 6 months (, yr.no Skrova). Locations in the upper part of the inland valleys at some altitude can have very short seasons; Røros saw last frost 17. June in 2009 and first frost 15.August. (Note: 3 years in Lillehammer with some missing daily minimum temperature data, estimated exact date from 24hr average and nearby stations). Orcaborealis (talk) 19:08, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Some notes: As data for Leknes and Rørvik is unavailable and Fauske discontinued for many years, I used Bodø, which should be a fairly good approximation for Leknes (Fauske is closer, but a bit less oceanic). Kristiansand/south coast: Station dicontinued. Data from Oksøy lighthouse is easy to obtain, but located on an exposed island out in the sea it is not a very good approximation for frost-free period in the more sheltered Kristiansand city (more frost in the city, but warmer summers). However, Kjevik airport is a possibility. Kirkenes airport probably represents Kirkenes fairly good. Svalbard airport could represent Longyearbyen. Orcaborealis (talk) 11:52, 27 September 2009 (UTC)
 * 6. November and first frost in Bergen, so completed statistic. However, on some islands, the frost-free season continues. Even 200 km inside the Arctic circle - Skrova still has seen no frost (yr Skrova), and certainly no frost at Utsira (yr Utsira).Orcaborealis (talk) 19:26, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Urban heat island: Data from stations located inside larger cities (such as in Oslo and Bergen) might have got their frost-free period prolonged due to the Urban heat island - effect compared to cities with their weather stations located at airports outside the urban environment (Kristiansand, Stavanger, Trondheim). This might help explain why Oslo seems to have a longer frost-free season than Kristiansand. Cities in general seems to get warmer than the surrounding countryside. Nevertheless, the city stations represents the actual microclimate the citizens of those cities experience. Orcaborealis (talk) 18:30, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Oslo Airport Gardermoen is located 35 km northeast/inland of Oslo and thus away from the moderating effect of the Oslofjord. It also lacks the urban heat island effect in the city, which particularly results in warmer overnight temperatures in urban environments.

EEZ
Should the large Exclusive Economic Zone be added to article? I think it should be mentioned. Norway controls a sea area many times larger (7 times larger? must check this) than the land area, and has sea borders with Russia (disputed border!), Greenland, Iceland (the latter two due to Jan Mayen zone), UK, Germany, Denmark and Sweden. Orcaborealis (talk) 14:07, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

Sunrise & sunset table
As Norway has extreme seasonal changes wrt daylight hours compared to almost all other countries, a table showing sunrise and sunset might be of interest. What do you think of this suggestion?

Ok my suggestion seems ok, I will insert this table in article. Orcaborealis (talk) 13:57, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

no — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cookwald II (talk • contribs) 19:20, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Erickson's Law

Erickson's Law was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

- Neologism, like Gerdwin's Law and a host of others we've deleted in the last month or so. 29 hits on google, including this article and mirrors, and unrelated articles. --Tagishsimon
 * Delete. Neologism. jni 11:04, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:48, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: If we keep it, the terrorists have won and forced us to catalog platitudes as encyclopedic content. Geogre 13:23, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism, no evident of widespread use presented. Creating neologisms was a typical Nazi tactic. If we oppose it, God wins. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 20:15, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

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Ruvuma Region

Ruvuma Region (Mkoa wa Ruvuma in Swahili) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions The region covers a land area of 63,669 km2. The region is comparable in size to the combined land area of the nation state of Latvia. The region is also bordered to the north by the Morogoro Region, to the northeast by the Lindi Region, to the east by the Mtwara Region,the west by Lake Nyasa with Malawi and to the northwest by the Njombe Region. The regional capital is the municipality of Songea.

According to the 2012 national census, the region had a population of 1,376,891, which was lower than the pre-census projection of 1,449,830. For 2002–2012, the region's 2.1 percent average annual population growth rate was the twentieth highest in the country. It was also the 28th most densely populated region with 22 PD/km2.

Etymology
The region is named after the Ruvuma River, the second longest river in Tanzania, which forms most of its southern boundary with Niassa province of Mozambique (where it is known as «Rovuma»).

Geography
Ruvuma Region is located in the Southern Highlands, which range between 300 and 2000 meters above sea level. Lake Nyasa, which is located in the Western arm of the Great Rift Valley, covers the western portion of the area. The Matengo Mountains ranges, which reach heights of up to 2000 meters, are to the east of the Rift Valley. In a similar vein, the Lukumburu Mountains, which can reach an elevation of 2000 meters above sea level, are located to the north. The Ruvuma River cuts across the lower plains in the region's south. The region has diverse topology. While the Lukumburu and Matengo mountains' northern and western portions climb to a height of 2,000 meters above sea level, the region's eastern lowlands are only 300 meters above sea level.

Climate
Depending on the wet or dry season and altitude, the average temperature in the Ruvuma Region is 23°C. With lows of 13°C, the months of June, July, and August are particularly frigid in the Mbinga District's sections near the Matengo Highlands. The hottest months are October and November, which have an average temperature of 30°C. The area receives enough rainfall each year, excluding tough years. The annual cycle of rainfall shows a single, extended season that runs from November to May. The annual rainfall ranges from 800 to 1800 millimeters. The amount of rain varies from one district to the next, with Tunduru District typically receiving less than 900 mm of rain annually, while Mbinga District records the greatest annual average rainfall of 1,225 mm. Particularly early in the day, the location of Ruvuma experiences relatively high mean humidity. In the month of March, the humidity is approximately 88 percent during the day, while in the month of October, it may only be 37 percent at night.

Fauna
Woodlands, bushland thickets, and grasslands make up the fauna of Ruvuma Region. Arable land's typical vegetation consists of planted trees, bamboos, and shrubs. The majority of the area is covered by miombo forests, which also extend into some areas of Tunduru, Mbinga, and the rural Songea district. Plantations of eucalyptus and pine trees have been planted all around Mount Matogoro.There are three species of common trees in the area: branchstegia, julbernardia, and isoberlinia. In recent times, a sizable portion of the Ruvuma region was covered by the forests (Miombo). Lower slopes include the bushland. The growth of bushes is a result of tree-cutting, shifting cultivation, curing tobacco, and forest clearing. Due to the harmful human activities outlined above, as well as the impacts of drainage and rainfall, grasslands are typically widespread in lowlands and plateau. Ruvuma, Njuga, Ngembambili, Lukimwa, Luegu, Luhuji, Mbarang'angu, Lutukira, and Ruhuhu were just a few of the rivers in the region.

Economy
According to the 2012 Population and Housing Census, approximately 75.8% of the region's population 10 years of age and older are employed in agriculture, which also provides the majority of the region's cash income from the production of coffee, beans, maize, ground nuts, paddy, potatoes, tobacco, cassava, sesame, millet, coconuts, cashew nuts, sorghum, fruits, and sunflowers. Approximately 7.5 percent of the active population work in trade and commerce, which is the second-most significant industry after agriculture. Domestic services (2.2 percent), manufacturing (1.7 percent), sales of raw foods (1.5 percent), fishing, hunting, and raising livestock (1.4 percent), and communications and transportation (2.9 percent) are the next most common occupations (0.1 percent).

Agriculture
The prevalence of smallholder peasant subsistence farming is one of the general characteristics of agriculture in the area. Smallholder farmers use improved seeds and fertilizers at a relatively higher rate than smallholder farmers in other areas, which accounts for the abundance of perennial goods like coffee (mostly grown in Mbinga District) and cashew nuts as well as annual crops like maize, sunflower, and soy beans that are reported to be marketed in large quantities (mostly in Tunduru and Namtumbo).With a 61 percent share of the planted land, maize is the most common crop, followed by cassava (19 percent), paddy (15 percent), and beans (5 percent).

The appropriateness of Ruvuma's districts for crop production varies: Songea DC has the highest percentage of maize planted land (28.9%), followed by Mbinga DC (23.7%), Namtumbo DC (12.6%), and Madaba DC (10.3 percent). It's interesting to note that, although cultivating only 4.3 percent of the total area under maize, Tunduru DC contributes 13.5 percent of the crop.Of course, Songea DC continues to lead in production, with an average of 119,640 metric tonnes produced year (28.7%), followed by Mbinga DC (20.8%) and Tunduru (56,408 metric tonnes) (13.5 percent). Namtumbo DC appeared to have the lowest productivity since, although having 12.6% of the region's planted maize area, it contributes only 8.4% of the region's total production.

Cassava is another crop that is equally significant for both food and money, and it is mostly grown in Namtumbo DC (40%) as well as Nyasa DC (24.8%), Tunduru DC (18.3%), and Songea DC (12.6 percent). Four LGAs, namely Namtumbo DC (53%), Tunduru DC (24.9%), and Nyasa DC, farm paddy (11.2 percent). Beans are mostly produced in the following districts: Madaba DC (63.9%), Songea DC (24.2%), Songea MC (7.1%), and Namtumbo DC (4.7 percent).

The Region was successful in allocating an average of 70,806 ha (or 22.7 percent of the Region's total land area) per year for cash crops between 2011 and 2015. Sesame is the main crop, covering 16,072 acres (or 22.7 percent). Pigeon peas (13,432 ha, 19.0%), coffee (10,037 ha, 14.2%), soy beans (9,904 ha, 14.0%), tobacco (7,045 ha, 9.9%), sunflower (6,765 ha, 9.6%), cashew nuts (5,643 ha, 8.0%), and groundnuts (5,643 ha, 8.0%) came in second and third, respectively (1,908 ha, 2.7 percent). However, in terms of output volume, tobacco (37.9%) took the top spot, followed by pigeon peas (16.6%), sesame (14.1%), cashew nuts (13%) and ground nuts (13%) as well as coffee (8.8%), soy beans (4.4%), sunflower (2.9%), and sesame (2.3 percent).

Although the bulk of ginger is sold raw, ginger production has increased in popularity in recent years, as well as some small-scale processing. Along the region's river valleys, tomatoes and other vegetables are grown. The region has roughly 197,108.2 ha that seem to be ideal for irrigated farming, however only 7,385.3 ha (equal to 3.7 percent) were utilized during the 2015 season. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Songea DC has the largest irrigation area (34.3%), followed by Nyasa DC (25.4%) and Tunduru DC (17.3%). Madaba DC has the smallest amount of land used for irrigated agriculture (3.7 percent). Paddy, horticulture crops, maize, and sweet potatoes were the main crops irrigated.

Livestock and dairy
The number of cattle increased by 517.1% and the number of sheep increased by 25.7 % between 2008 and 2012. In terms of animals, goats (272,147) outnumbered pigs (222,420), cattle (177,041), sheep (30,625), and donkeys in the area (997). Tunduru DC had a 33.3 percent share of the total cattle population in the area, followed by Mbinga DC (20.8 percent), Songea DC (13.7 percent), and Songea MC (2.5 percent). There were reportedly 181,700 ha of land suitable for grazing livestock in the area, of which about 80,600 ha (44.4 percent) were actually used. In terms of facilities for animal health, there were 48 cattle dips in 2015, however only 16 of them were operational.

The value of livestock sales climbed from roughly TZS 1.5 billion in 2013 to TZS 7.8 billion in 2015, with sales of indigenous cattle and goats accounting for the majority (85%) of the rise (12.3 percent). There is a chance to raise the percentage of sales value and the quantity of pigs and poultry. The number of units sold for hides and skins grew from 31,044 pieces in 2014 (worth TZS 203,338,200) to 43,020 pieces in 2015. (valued at TZS 259,840,800). Despite a drop in milk output from 40,891 liters in 2014 to 37,738 liters in 2015, the region saw an increase in revenue thanks to an increase in market prices from TZS 1,000 to 1,300 per liter.

Industry
The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) states that the classification of businesses as Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs) and Large is based on the capital expenditure and number of employees: Micro industries are defined as those that employ fewer than five people and have less than TZS 5 million in capital; Small-scale industries are defined as those that have more capital than TZS 5 million but less than TZS 200 million and employ fewer than 50 people; and Medium-scale industries are defined as those. There were 5,263 small-scale businesses in 2015, and 49.9% of them were engaged in milling grains, primarily maize and paddy. The following industries were welding (7.6 percent), tailoring (7.6 percent), and carpentry (28.8 percent) (6.6 percent). There were just 8 industries that processed sunflower oil (0.2 percent).

In terms of the overall number of small-scale industries, Mbinga DC was in first place (1,248 industries, 23.7 percent). Madaba DC has the fewest smallscale industries in the region, followed by Nyasa DC (22.2%) and Tunduru DC (20.4%). Nyasa DC accounted for the second-highest percentage of the region's overall industries (142 industries, 2.7 percent). Mbinga DC had the biggest concentration of food processing (25) and welding businesses, as well as 858 maize and paddy milling equipment (283). Tunduru DC had the majority of garages (80) and carpentry industries (582) whereas Nyasa DC had the most tailoring businesses (279).

Forestry
Natural forest reserves made up a total of 1,283,870 ha in the Ruvuma Region in 2015, or 20.0 percent of its 6,476,400 ha total land area. Natural forest reserves covered the largest area (540,036.6 hectares) in Namtumbo DC, followed by Tunduru DC (323,125 ha), and the smallest area (7,632 ha) in Songea MC. There were 38,075 traditional beehives between 2011 and 2015, the majority of which were in Madaba DC (16,708 beehives, or 43.9 percent), Namtumbo DC (8,950 beehives, or 23.5 percent), and Mbinga DC (6,213 beehives, 16.3 percent). The smallest number of traditional beehives was found in Mbinga TC (576 beehives, 1.5 percent).

Fisheries
The 2,979 square kilometer Lake Nyasa is the primary location for fishing operations. The waters of the Ruhuhu, Ruhuji, Lukimwa, Ruvuma, Mwambesi, Nampungu, and Muhuwesi rivers also produce a considerable number of fish through line fishing. The area distributed 3,345 fishing licenses in 2015. There are 675 unregistered fishing vessels, 1,761 registered fishing vessels, and 4,662 registered fisherman. Fish harvesting totaled 265,629 million tonnes, worth TZS 649,602,500, with the majority of it taking place in Nyasa DC, however fishing and selling are also done at modest levels in Songea DC and Namtumbo DC from the Ruvuma, Luwegu, and Londo rivers as well as from natural dams.

Tourism
The Ruvuma Region is endowed with attractions, most of which have not been developed to draw tourists. These attractions include landscape scenery, cultural attractions, the Mbamba Bay Port, unspoiled beach sites along Lake Nyasa, game hunting, historical and archaeological sites.

Sites like the Majimaji Museum and the Songea MC German historical buildings (boma) are located in the region. Muhuwesi, Undendeule, Mwambesi, Litumbandyosi, and Liparamba are the five game-controlled areas in Ruvuma. Muhuwesi and Mwambesi are in Tunduru DC, while Undendeule is in Namtumbo DC. Ruvuma has one national park (Nyerere National Park), as well as five other game-controlled regions.

Mining
Ruvuma Region contains a variety of gemstones, coal, uranium, gold, and diamonds, especially in the southernmost part of the territory. The distribution of the mineral deposits is as follows: coal is known to exist in the five basins of Ngaka, Muhukuru, Mbamba-Bay, Njuga, and Lumecha; gold is primarily thought to be present along Muhuwesi River in Tunduru DC; uranium reserves are particularly abundant in Namtumbo DC.

GDP
The Ruvuma Region's GDP increased steadily from TZS 1.6 million in 2010 to TZS 2.3 million in 2012, then hit TZS 3.0 million in 2014 before reaching TZS 3.5 million in 2015. This is according to the 2015 National Accounts of Tanzania new series statistics. Therefore, between 2010 and 2015, the economy increased by 119 percent, or 23.8 percent year on average, which is much faster than the country as a whole. In both years, the Ruvuma Region's GDP per capita in current prices placed it fourth in the Tanzanian mainland economy. From TZS 1.7 million in 2012 to TZS 2.4 million in 2015, its per capita GDP grew. It was surpassed by the top-ranking cities of Dar es Salaam, Iringa, and Arusha.

Population
Wamatengo, Wangoni, Wayao, Wanyasa, Wandendeule, Wapoto, Wamanda, Wanindi and Wamatambwe are the indigenous ethnic groups in the Ruvuma Region. With more than 60% of the district's population belonging to one ethnic group, Wamatengo, they are the dominant group in Mbinga district. Around with a few Wangoni, the Wanyasa, Wamanda, and Wapoto live along Lake Nyasa's shoreline.

In Songea Urban, the Wangoni make up the majority of the ethnic groups, followed by the Wandendeule, Wamanda, Wayao, Wamatengo, and Wanyasa. Wayao constitute the majority ethnic group in Tunduru district. Additionally, Wamakua, Wandendeule, and Wamatambwe are contained inside them. The two most common ethnic groups in Songea's rural district are Wangoni and Wandendeule, who live in the Ruvuma and Ndendeule divisions, respectively. The divisions of Muhukuru, Sasawala, and Madaba are occupied by additional small ethnic groups such the Wayao, Wabena, and Wanindi.

In 2018, there were more than 1.56 million people living in the Ruvuma Region, with 74.5 percent of them living in rural areas and 25.5 percent in urban areas.

Districts
Ruvuma Region is divided into five districts, each administered by a council:

Constituencies
For parliamentary elections, Tanzania is divided into constituencies. As of the 2010 elections, the Ruvuma Region had six constituencies:

 * 1) Nyasa Constituency
 * 2) Mbinga Mjini Constituency
 * 3) Mbinga Vijijini Constituency
 * 4) Namtumbo Constituency
 * 5) Peramiho Constituency
 * 6) Songea Mjini Constituency
 * 7) Tunduru Constituency
 * 8) Madaba Constituency

Healthcare
With one health center serving 16 wards as of 2015, Mbinga TC has the greatest shortfall of health centers and dispensaries, followed by Songea DC (16 wards per health center) and Mbinga DC with an average of 15 wards per health center. However, Nyasa District 5 had a ratio of 5 wards per health facility, followed by Namtumbo DC with 4 wards per health facility. Nearly 4 mitaa are typically facilitated by each dispensary, with Madaba DC having the lowest ratio of 2 villages per dispensary. Following it were Mbinga DC, Mbinga TC, Songea DC, and Tunduru DC, each with three villages and a dispensary.

Education
Although students appeared to perform better in transitioning from primary to secondary education (with passes ranging from 60.4 percent for Namtumbo DC to 71.5 percent for Mbinga), Form IV results indicated that something was wrong either at the primary or secondary school level. This is due to the fact that, of those who took the Form IV examination, less than 15% received grades in Divisions I, II, and III. A little over 50% of the remaining students received Division 0 while about 34% received Division IV (failed).

Only nine vocational training facilities existed in the area up to 2015, and they were situated in Mbinga TC, Namtumbo DC, Songea DC, and Tunduru DC. In all, 476 Vocational Skills Training (VST) students graduated in 2015; the courses provided include driving, electrical installation and plumbing, masonry and joinery, carpentry, and tailoring. As of 2019, the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) has opened branches in Nyasa DC, Tunduru DC, and Madaba DC for the training of programs relating to tourism, wildlife management, and beekeeping.

Notable persons from Ruvuma Region

 * Sidi Mubarak Bombay, Tanzanian explorer
 * Rashid Kawawa, Tanzania's second Prime Minister
 * Godfrey Mwakikagile, Tanzanian author and scholar
 * Oscar Kambona, Tanzania's first Minister of Defence and External Affairs
 * Edward Said Tingatinga, Tanzanian painter

title: Ruvuma Region


text:
Equal-loudness contour

An equal-loudness contour is a measure of sound pressure level, over the frequency spectrum, for which a listener perceives a constant loudness when presented with pure steady tones. The unit of measurement for loudness levels is the phon and is arrived at by reference to equal-loudness contours. By definition, two sine waves of differing frequencies are said to have equal-loudness level measured in phons if they are perceived as equally loud by the average young person without significant hearing impairment.

The Fletcher–Munson curves are one of many sets of equal-loudness contours for the human ear, determined experimentally by Harvey Fletcher and Wilden A. Munson, and reported in a 1933 paper entitled "Loudness, its definition, measurement and calculation" in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Fletcher–Munson curves have been superseded and incorporated into newer standards. The definitive curves are those defined in ISO 226 from the International Organization for Standardization, which are based on a review of modern determinations made in various countries.

Amplifiers often feature a "loudness" button, known technically as loudness compensation, that boosts low and high-frequency components of the sound. These are intended to offset the apparent loudness fall-off at those frequencies, especially at lower volume levels. Boosting these frequencies produces a flatter equal-loudness contour that appears to be louder even at low volume, preventing the perceived sound from being dominated by the mid-frequencies where the ear is most sensitive.

Fletcher–Munson curves

The first research on the topic of how the ear hears different frequencies at different levels was conducted by Fletcher and Munson in 1933. Until recently, it was common to see the term Fletcher–Munson used to refer to equal-loudness contours generally, even though a re-determination was carried out by Robinson and Dadson in 1956, which became the basis for an ISO 226 standard.

The generic term equal-loudness contours is now preferred, of which the Fletcher–Munson curves are now a sub-set, and especially since a 2003 survey by ISO redefined the curves in a new standard.

Experimental determination
The human auditory system is sensitive to frequencies from about 20 Hz to a maximum of around 20,000 Hz, although the upper hearing limit decreases with age. Within this range, the human ear is most sensitive between 2 and 5 kHz, largely due to the resonance of the ear canal and the transfer function of the ossicles of the middle ear.

Fletcher and Munson first measured equal-loudness contours using headphones (1933). In their study, test subjects listened to pure tones at various frequencies and over 10 dB increments in stimulus intensity. For each frequency and intensity, the listener also listened to a reference tone at 1000 Hz. Fletcher and Munson adjusted the reference tone until the listener perceived that it had the same loudness as the test tone. Loudness, being a psychological quantity, is difficult to measure, so Fletcher and Munson averaged their results over many test subjects to derive reasonable averages. The lowest equal-loudness contour represents the quietest audible tone—the absolute threshold of hearing. The highest contour is the threshold of pain.

Churcher and King carried out a second determination in 1937, but their results and Fletcher and Munson's showed considerable discrepancies over parts of the auditory diagram.

In 1956 Robinson and Dadson produced a new experimental determination that they believed was more accurate. It became the basis for a standard (ISO 226) that was considered definitive until 2003, when ISO revised the standard on the basis of recent assessments by research groups worldwide.

Recent revision aimed at more precise determination – ISO 226:2023
Perceived discrepancies between early and more recent determinations led the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to revise the standard curves in ISO 226. They did this in response to recommendations in a study coordinated by the Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Japan. The study produced new curves by combining the results of several studies—by researchers in Japan, Germany, Denmark, UK, and the US. (Japan was the greatest contributor with about 40% of the data.)

This has resulted in the recent acceptance of a new set of curves standardized as ISO 226:2003. The report comments on the surprisingly large differences, and the fact that the original Fletcher–Munson contours are in better agreement with recent results than the Robinson–Dadson, which appear to differ by as much as 10–15 dB, especially in the low-frequency region, for reasons not explained.

According to the ISO report, the Robinson–Dadson results were the odd one out, differing more from the current standard than did the Fletcher–Munson curves. The report states that it is fortunate that the 40-phon Fletcher–Munson curve on which the A-weighting standard was based turns out to have been in agreement with modern determinations.

The report also comments on the large differences apparent in the low-frequency region, which remain unexplained. Possible explanations are:
 * The equipment used was not properly calibrated.
 * The criteria used for judging equal loudness at different frequencies had differed.
 * Subjects were not properly rested for days in advance, or were exposed to loud noise in traveling to the tests, which tensed the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles controlling low-frequency mechanical coupling.

Side versus frontal presentation
Real-life sounds from a reasonably distant source arrive as planar wavefronts. If the source of sound is directly in front of the listener, then both ears receive equal intensity, but at frequencies above about 1 kHz the sound that enters the ear canal is partially reduced by the head shadow, and also highly dependent on reflection off the pinna (outer ear). Off-centre sounds result in increased head masking at one ear, and subtle changes in the effect of the pinna, especially at the other ear. This combined effect of head-masking and pinna reflection is quantified in a set of curves in three-dimensional space referred to as head-related transfer functions (HRTFs). Frontal presentation is now regarded as preferable when deriving equal-loudness contours, and the latest ISO standard is specifically based on frontal and central presentation.

Because no HRTF is involved in normal headphone listening, equal-loudness curves derived using headphones are valid only for the special case of what is called side-presentation, which is not how we normally hear.

The Robinson–Dadson determination used loudspeakers, and for a long time the difference from the Fletcher–Munson curves was explained partly on the basis that the latter used headphones. However, the ISO report actually lists the latter as using compensated headphones, though it doesn't make clear how Robinson–Dadson achieved compensation.

Headphones versus loudspeaker testing
Good headphones, well sealed to the ear, provide a flat low-frequency pressure response to the ear canal, with low distortion even at high intensities. At low frequencies, the ear is purely pressure-sensitive, and the cavity formed between headphones and ear is too small to introduce modifying resonances. Headphone testing is, therefore, a good way to derive equal-loudness contours below about 500 Hz, though reservations have been expressed about the validity of headphone measurements when determining the actual threshold of hearing, based on the observation that closing off the ear canal produces increased sensitivity to the sound of blood flow within the ear, which the brain appears to mask in normal listening conditions. At high frequencies, headphone measurement becomes unreliable, and the various resonances of pinnae (outer ears) and ear canals are severely affected by proximity to the headphone cavity.

With speakers, the opposite is true. A flat low-frequency response is hard to obtain—except in free space high above ground, or in a very large and anechoic chamber that is free from reflections down to 20 Hz. Until recently, it was not possible to achieve high levels at frequencies down to 20 Hz without high levels of harmonic distortion. Even today, the best speakers are likely to generate around 1 to 3% of total harmonic distortion, corresponding to 30 to 40 dB below fundamental. This is not good enough, given the steep rise in loudness (rising to as much as 24 dB per octave) with frequency revealed by the equal-loudness curves below about 100 Hz. A good experimenter must ensure that trial subjects really hear the fundamental and not harmonics—especially the third harmonic, which is especially strong as a speaker cone's travel becomes limited as its suspension reaches the limit of compliance. A possible way around the problem is to use acoustic filtering, such as by resonant cavity, in the speaker setup. A flat free-field high-frequency response up to 20 kHz, on the other hand, is comparatively easy to achieve with modern speakers on-axis. These effects must be considered when comparing results of various attempts to measure equal-loudness contours.

Relevance to sound level and noise measurements
The A-weighting curve—in widespread use for noise measurement—is said to have been based on the 40-phon Fletcher–Munson curve. However, research in the 1960s demonstrated that determinations of equal-loudness made using pure tones are not directly relevant to our perception of noise. This is because the cochlea in our inner ear analyzes sounds in terms of spectral content, each "hair-cell" responding to a narrow band of frequencies known as a critical band. The high-frequency bands are wider in absolute terms than the low-frequency bands, and therefore "collect" proportionately more power from a noise source. However, when more than one critical band is stimulated, the signals to the brain add the various bands to produce the impressions of loudness. For these reasons equal-loudness curves derived using noise bands show an upwards tilt above 1 kHz and a downward tilt below 1 kHz when compared to the curves derived using pure tones.

Various weighting curves were derived in the 1960s, in particular as part of the DIN 4550 standard for audio quality measurement, which differed from the A-weighting curve, showing more of a peak around 6 kHz. These gave a more meaningful subjective measure of noise on audio equipment, especially on the newly invented compact cassette tape recorders with Dolby noise reduction, which were characterized by a noise spectrum dominated by the higher frequencies.

BBC Research conducted listening trials in an attempt to find the best weighting curve and rectifier combination for use when measuring noise in broadcast equipment, examining the various new weighting curves in the context of noise rather than tones, confirming that they were much more valid than A-weighting when attempting to measure the subjective loudness of noise. This work also investigated the response of human hearing to tone-bursts, clicks, pink noise and a variety of other sounds that, because of their brief impulsive nature, do not give the ear and brain sufficient time to respond. The results were reported in BBC Research Report EL-17 1968/8 entitled The Assessment of Noise in Audio Frequency Circuits.

The ITU-R 468 noise weighting curve, originally proposed in CCIR recommendation 468, but later adopted by numerous standards bodies (IEC, BSI, JIS, ITU) was based on the research, and incorporates a special quasi-peak detector to account for our reduced sensitivity to short bursts and clicks. It is widely used by Broadcasters and audio professionals when they measure noise on broadcast paths and audio equipment, so they can subjectively compare equipment types with different noise spectra and characteristics.

title: Equal-loudness contour


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Snow (Spock's Beard album)

Snow is the sixth studio album of the progressive rock band Spock's Beard, and the final album with main songwriter and vocalist Neal Morse, who left immediately after the release of the album due to his conversion to Christianity. It was released in 2002 on Radiant Records.

A concept album, Snow follows the story of "Snow", a 17 year old albino with mystical healing powers who goes on a journey through ego and unrequited love and is ultimately redeemed by spirituality in the end.

Background and recording
Neal Morse began recording Snow in summer of 2001, when he flew from Tennessee to Los Angeles, California. Upon arrival, he wasn't satisfied with his recording of the album, and decided to re-write it, in order to create a decent concept piece. For that, he needed to fly back. He then returned with an almost completely rewritten version, which Dave Meros was surprised by, because he awaited the revised version. The group then completed recording it overnight, on September 10, 2001. The next day, Spock's Beard was scheduled to fly back to Tennessee, but due to the September 11 attacks, ended up stranded in the airport.

Spock's Beard decided to rent a car so they could get safely home. During that time, while the group listened to Bob Dylan and God Bless America (which was sung by Congress over the radio), Neal Morse got an idea for the album's concept. It will become a mysterious Albino psychic and healer. Upon returning to Tennessee, Neal spent months polishing the concept and writing more songs, but upon returning to LA, he suffered an emotional wreck, and decided to quit the band, the announcement of which came nine months after the first recording of the album. He told his band members that he was a devoted Christian, and viewed the songs "Open Wide the Flood Gates," "Love Beyond Words," and Wind at My Back" as prayers. He then had a hard time deciding whether to go with the band's ideology, or create his own solo album, with a focus on Christianity as its base. After the recording was complete, Neal said his farewells to the former band. Due to Neal's departure, the Snow tour was cancelled.

Neal Morse and Nick D'Virgilio returned to the band in 2016 for the Snow Live concert at Morsefest in Nashville, Tennessee. Snow Live was also performed once more in 2016 at the Night of the Prog festival in Loreley, Germany.

Live release
On November 10, 2017, Spock's Beard released a live Blu-ray DVD version of the album via Metal Blade and Radiant Records. The DVD version contains both parts of the album, as well as encores "June" and "Falling for Forever", and behind the scenes featurette "The Making of Snow Live".

Track listing
All songs written by Neal Morse, except where noted.

Disc three
The Special Limited Edition of this album contains a third disc, made of acoustic tracks, work-in-progress and a cover ("South Side of the Sky", originally on the Yes album Fragile)
 * 1) "South Side of the Sky" (Jon Anderson, Chris Squire) – 9:11
 * 2) "The Good Don't Last/Open Wide the Flood Gates" (Live acoustic) – 11:26
 * 3) "Working on 'Devil/Fiddly/Disco" – 4:41
 * 4) "Looking for Answers" (Live acoustic) – 4:59
 * 5) "Stranger in a Strange Land (Demo)" – 2:34
 * 6) "4 O'Clock" – 0:24
 * 7) "Working on Ryo's Solo" – 7:42
 * 8) "Lost Bass Solo" – 2:01
 * 9) "The Light" (Live acoustic) – 6:08
 * 10) "Working on I Will Go" – 2:10

Personnel

 * Neal Morse – lead vocals, piano, synths, acoustic guitar
 * Alan Morse – electric guitars, vocals, cello
 * Ryo Okumoto – hammond organ, mellotron, jupiter 8, minimoog, vocoder
 * Dave Meros – bass, vocals, French horn
 * Nick D'Virgilio – drums, percussion, vocals, lead vocals on "Carie" and "Looking for Answers"

Production
 * Chris Carmichael – violin, viola, cello
 * Jim Hoke – saxophone, clarinet, autoharp
 * Neil Rosengarden – flugelhorn, trumpet
 * Molly Pasutti – backing vocals on "Open the Gates Part 2"
 * Rich Mouser - mixing

title: Snow (Spock's Beard album)


text:
Talk:Snow (Spock's Beard album)

Untitled
Created the page- linked from The Who - Tommy. Apologies for stylistic errors, it's 11.30 am and I haven't gone to bed yet. Jelly441 10:27, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Spocks Beard Snow.jpg
Image:Spocks Beard Snow.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:30, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Snow (Spock's Beard album)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Byteshift web design

Byteshift web design was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Advert of a web design startup. Surely not notable with only three employees. jni 10:28, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yup, advert. Delete. — Bill 11:27, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 19:14, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. WikiSpam.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:48, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Ad. Geogre 13:24, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Raman scattering

Untitled
"When light is scattered from an atom or molecule, most photons are elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering). The scattered photons [...]" -- I think, someone should rewrite these lines, they sound scattering to me =)

How do I tell if for example http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/atmos/raman.html is copyright? Should I incorporate parts of that text (rewriting them a bit differently) into this one to make it more complete?
 * The simple answer is that it is almost certainly copyright, (probably of the university rather than the author in this case) so you can't incorporate parts of the text by copy and paste. What you can do is use it as a reference of the facts, and can then write text based on those facts. Average Earthman 13:05, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

That seems pretty clear, thanks. I'll do that when I get the time to do a decent job of it unless someone else can do it before. Also I think attention will have to be paid to not overlap too much with information already present on Raman spectroscopy...

 * The second paragraph needs rewriting. Perhaps this revision makes sense:

 * The interaction of light with matter in a linear regime allows the matter to absorb or stimultaneously emit light, the energy of which precisely matches the difference in energy levels of an interacting electron.

 * Italic parts were changed. I'm not sure if this revision is accurate, but the original makes little sense. --Weevil 10:15, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

2nd or 3rd order?
Is Raman scattering a 2nd or 3rd order effect? It says here it's 2nd order, but I was under the impression it was 3rd order. (If it can happen in symmetric materials, then it must be 3rd order.)

Raman scattering unless it is stimulated is a linear optical effect!

 * Raman scattering is a third order effect. It occurs in nonisotropic and isotropic medium.
 * see for instance "Quantum Electronics" by Amnon Yariv

Most Raman is first order, the Raman scattering increases lineraly with the excitation intensity! You need second order pertubation theory to describe within quantum mechanics and there are two photons and one lattice (or molecular) vibration involved, but it is still first order. However, when you try really hard you can get second and third order Raman signals and coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is third order. Grmf

Then i delete the statement about Raman beeing third order, see e.g. D. A. Long, Raman Spectroscopy (McGraw-Hill, 1977). There is lots which could be improved in the article Grmf

Raman scattering is a third order effect. See page 261 of Principles of Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy by Shaul Mukamel 1995. Any statement refering to it as a first order effect is either wrong, or a limited classical description. Since the output frequency differs from the input frequency, it cannot be first order. Secondly, it happens in symmetric materials, and is therefore not second order. Writting a Feynman diagram, or using a wave mixing energy level (WMEL) diagram shows that it is a third order effect. The statement that "most raman is first order" makes no sense in a quantum mechanical frame. CARS, stimulated Raman, and your normal Raman scattering experiment differ in how many excitation lasers versus vacuum photons are used (ignoring phase matching, naturally). While looking at how the signal scales with respect to an input laser can be used as an fair guide to determine the order of an effect classically, one cannot ignore vacuum photons for a rigorous treatment. Nmathew 18:02, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Hm, this seems to be a difference in viewpoints of a theoretician and experimentalist. For me (the experimentalist), a limited classical description is perfectly fine as long as it describes the experiment well. The classical treatment describes normal Raman scattering (spontaneous, not too high electric field) well as long as it is off resonance. In this sense it is right to say that Raman is a linear process. The non-linearity needed to get a frequency change is provided by the interaction with the lattice- (or molecular-) vibration (or rotation). There is a methodological aspect as well, as Shaul Mukamel writes in the introduction of his book “Principles of Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy”: Optical measurements can be naturally classified according to their power-law dependences on the external electric field. No virtual photons here! That is why he writes on page 261: … “ in a strict sense the technique is ‘linear’.”, with “the technique” referring to spontaneous light scattering Raman and fluorescence).  You might have gained further insight into the process by going through the full quantum mechanical treatment, but I guess you have not learnt anything more than the experimentalists has already found out. And it is far too complicated for an encyclopedia article anyhow. Grmf

Uses of Raman Effect
It should be mentioned the DTS (Distributed Temperature Sensing) in which the Stokes and the anti-Stokes Raman scattering are compared in a SRS system (only one of them is temperature-dependent, I can't remember which). This is used for measuring temperature along electrical cables and oil wells, early fire detection as well as many other applications.

Another new use for stimulated raman scattering is in-vivo video microscopy. This just a news article: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-12/hu-nmt120110.php, the original journal article's citation is "Science 3 December 2010: Vol. 330 no. 6009 pp. 1368-1370 DOI: 10.1126/science.1197236 " (I'm relatively new to authoring so I'm unsure how to proceed) Falconerd (talk) 02:45, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

Directional bias
It sounds like this effect can have a directional bias (light is not scattered in all directions equally, without regard to the direction of the incoming radiation). It would be interesting to get details on that and also have a diagram illustrating it.

The Raman effect has indeed a directional bias: the intensity of Raman scattering depends on the scattering angle (and as a matter of fact, the polarization state of the scattered light also depends on the scattering angle). However, unlike for Rayleigh scattering, no simple formula can be found that describes this dependence in all situations. The precise form of the dependence varies with kind of transition that is taking place and with the polarization states. However, I don't know what is appropriate to add to the Wikipedia article for this point. More information can be found in following reference: "The Raman Effect, A Unified Treatment of the Theory of Raman Scattering by Molecules" by Derek A. Long (ISBN 9780471490289, DOI 10.1002/0470845767). 134.184.47.51 (talk) 11:42, 2 April 2013 (UTC)

External link does not work
Maybe it should be deleted: http://www.onforum.com/tutorials/acrobat/raman.pdf does not work, it does not send you to a Raman Scattering Pdf. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.147.160.146 (talk) 13:45, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

INDIAN Physicist
"In 1922, Indian physicist C. V. Raman published his work..." - is it necessary to emphesise that he was Indian? This never done for British, German, American physicists, etc., and it's inconsistent with, for example, Thomson scattering ("... first explained by the physicist J.J. Thomson"). The emphasis on his nationality seems to imply that prominent Indian physicists are uncommon, which is arguably not the case.

I'm not Indian by the way, so this isn't a Nationalistic chip-on-the-shoulder. I just like consistency :D

155.198.208.29 (talk) 12:04, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

C. V. Raman was the first Indian scientist to win the Nobel Prize for Physics, and hence it makes sense to emphasise his nationality in this sense as it is a (arguably) somewhat significant historic fact. - Shaktal

Anti-Raman scattering and inverse Raman scattering
Please write something about anti-Raman scattering and inverse Raman scattering. Lorem Ip (talk) 23:20, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The latter article has now been merged in, resolving that issue. Klbrain (talk) 11:07, 25 November 2017 (UTC)

Update External Link
I am the program coordinator of the ACS-National Historic Chemical Landmarks program. I have updated the references to ACS-NHCL web content, as those pages are being replaced. KLindblom (talk) 21:50, 6 June 2012 (UTC)

Nature
Particle nature or wave nature Samir yogi (talk) 16:35, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Heisenberg-Schrodinger "wager"
In Rechenberg's bio of Heisenberg, he cites Heisenberg referring to a 1926 "wager" (unclear if it was formally one or not) about an experiment on (what was to be known as) Raman scattering that would decide between Schrodinger's then-current interpretation and Heisenberg's -- in the context of Schrodinger and Wien very publicly crowing that Heisenberg's matrix mechanics was now obsolete; I'm nowhere learned enough to explain how the Raman / Krishan 1928 work resolved this, but I'm tempted to nevertheless add a blurb to the History section, unless there are objections.

Would also love any additional context here; we'd obviously not want an extended aside on the wave/matrix mechanics controversy, but the idea that this result helped to conclusively stop the reactionary impulses to turn the clock back on quantum theory feels both relevant and encyclopedic.

Any thoughts? ShadyNorthAmericanIPs (talk) 16:25, 20 August 2023 (UTC) ShadyNorthAmericanIPs (talk) 16:25, 20 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Raman scattering


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i iz 1337 |-|4xx0R U R T3H N00B |\|0W STFU

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title: User:1337 h4XoR


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Charybdis (band)

Charybdis (band) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

A vanity article about a not so notable band. jni 10:38, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Band vanity.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:49, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: One imagines a Battle of the Bands with Scylla (band), and both have to play Cream (band)'s "Tales of Brave Ulysses." Anyway, if the band has been around for 14 years, they're either a cover act or they have records.  I can't find any evidence of the latter, so it's probably the former.  Not notable. Geogre 13:26, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Stay - try using google... that sometimes helps.

 * Stay I have a few of their ep's and they're great!! Definitely not unknowns.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.