text:
Kidsongs

Kidsongs is an American children's media franchise that includes Kidsongs Music Video Stories on DVD and video, the Kidsongs TV series, CDs of children's songs, songbooks, sheet music, toys, and a merchandise website. It was created by producer Carol Rosenstein and director Bruce Gowers of Together Again Video Productions (TAVP). The duo had produced and directed over 100 music videos for Warner Bros. Records (WBR) and took their idea of music videos for children to the record label. Warner Brothers funded the first video, "A Day at Old MacDonald's Farm". Shortly thereafter, a three-way partnership formed between TAVP, WBR, and View-Master Video, with TAVP responsible for production and WBR and View-Master responsible for distribution to video and music stores, and toy stores respectively.

History
The home video series was launched with four Kidsongs Music Video Stories episodes at New York's Toy Fair on January 1, 1985. "A Day at Old MacDonald's Farm" was one of those first four and has sold over 4 million copies and won the Vira Award. Each half-hour Music Video Stories episode features 10 to 15 songs, in a music video style production starring children. They sing and dance their way through well-known children's songs, nursery rhymes, and covers of pop hits from the '50s, '60s, '70s and ‘80s—all tied together by a simple story and theme.

The TAVP/WBR/View-Master Video partnership (Viewmaster was acquired by Tyco Toys in 1989–95) produced 16 Kidsongs episodes of the Music Video Stories. In 1995, WBR and TAVP bought out Tyco's distribution rights and produced three more View-Master videos called Billy Biggle's Favorite Songs, "Country Sing-Along" and "Boppin' with the Biggles" in 1994, and two KidVision videos called "Let's Put on a Show!" & "Baby Animal Songs" in 1995, as part of a new venture with another division of Warner Bros.--Warner Vision. In 1997, TAVP acquired all rights from WBR/Warner Vision and became the sole owner of all Kidsongs properties.

Later in 1997, TAVP entered into a distribution/production agreement with Sony Wonder, which resulted in the production of four more titles called "I Can Dance!", "I Can Do It!", "Adventures in Biggleland: Billy's Birthday" and "Adventures in Biggleland: Meet the Biggles". That agreement ended on July 1, 1998, and in 2002, distribution rights were licensed by RLJE Films, which continues to distribute the videos.

Notable members

 * Shawn Harrison (1986)
 * Devyn Puett (1986–1987)
 * Ryan Bollman (1986)
 * Raquel Alessi (1989–1990)
 * Jensen Karp (1989–1990)
 * Josh Keaton (1989–1990)
 * Veena Goel (1990)
 * Alexandra Picatto (1993–1995)
 * Galen Hooks (1994)
 * Lynsey Bartilson (1995)

Home videos
From December 3, 1985, to July 7, 1998, Kidsongs home video episodes encompassing 300 children's songs, nursery rhymes, and cover versions of pop hits from the '50s to the '90s were produced, featuring a variety of topics that are of interest to kids: animals, birthdays, the zoo, sports, summer camp, fantasy, vehicles, and general silliness. 14 have been certified platinum by the RIAA, with 5 of them having sold more than 2 million copies. As of now, the videos have sold over 19.5 million copies.

The following is a complete list of Kidsongs music video titles available on VHS:

A Day at Old MacDonald's Farm (1985)

 * 1) "Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
 * 2) "Shortenin' Bread" (also plays instrumentally during the intro of I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing)
 * 3) "Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush"
 * 4) "Mary Had a Little Lamb"
 * 5) "This Old Man"
 * 6) "Skip to My Lou" (also plays instrumentally during the intro and the end credits of this video and Ride the Roller Coaster)
 * 7) "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" (includes footage from the 1984 World Series a year before)
 * 8) "John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt"
 * 9) "She'll Be Comin' Round the Mountain"
 * 10) "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"

I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (1986)

 * 1) "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" (United States) (also used in the final scene and during the end credits)
 * 2) "Funiculi, Funicula" (Italy)
 * 3) "Did You Ever See a Lassie?" (Scotland)
 * 4) "London Bridge" (England)
 * 5) "Frère Jacques/Are You Sleeping" (France)
 * 6) "Kumbaya" (Ivory Coast)
 * 7) "Waltzing Matilda" (Australia)
 * 8) "Sakura Sakura" (Japan)
 * 9) "Los Pollitos" (Mexico)
 * 10) "Day-O (Banana Boat Song)" (Jamaica)

Good Night, Sleep Tight (1986)

 * 1) Playground Medley:
 * 2) "Ring Around the Rosie"
 * 3) "Pat-a-Cake"
 * 4) "A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
 * 5) "Let Us Dance, Let Us Play" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 6) "Our House" (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young)
 * 7) "Tomorrow is a Dream Away" (Michael Lloyd) (also used during the end credits)
 * 8) "The Unicorn" (The Irish Rovers)
 * 9) "St. Judy's Comet" (Paul Simon)
 * 10) "Hush, Little Baby"
 * 11) "Lullaby and Goodnight" (Johannes Brahms)
 * 12) "All the Pretty Little Horses"
 * 13) "Good Night" (The Beatles)

Cars, Boats, Trains and Planes (1986)

 * 1) "Car Car Song (Riding in My Car)" (Woody Guthrie)
 * 2) "Daylight Train (Get on Board, Little Children)"
 * 3) "Up and Down, Round and Round"
 * 4) "Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
 * 5) "I Got Wheels" (Michael Lloyd) (also used during the end credits)
 * 6) "Up, Up and Away" (The Fifth Dimension)
 * 7) "Where, Oh Where Has My Little Dog Gone?" (Septimus Winner)
 * 8) "I Like Trucks"
 * 9) "US Air Force (Wild Blue Yonder)"
 * 10) "The Bus Song"

Sing Out, America! (1986)

 * 1) "Yankee Doodle Dandy"
 * 2) "America's Heroes" (Michael Lloyd) (also used during the end credits)
 * 3) "Home on the Range"
 * 4) "I've Been Working on the Railroad"
 * 5) "Oh Susanna"
 * 6) "Deep in the Heart of Texas" (Perry Como)
 * 7) "There's a Hole in My Bucket"
 * 8) "Turkey in the Straw"
 * 9) "If I Had a Hammer" (Trini Lopez)
 * 10) "You're a Grand Old Flag" (includes footage from NASA)
 * 11) "Living in the USA" (Chuck Berry)

A Day with the Animals (1986)

 * 1) "Bingo"
 * 2) "Do Your Ears Hang Low?" (also used during the end credits)
 * 3) "Little Bo Peep"
 * 4) "Why Don't You Write Me?" (Simon and Garfunkel)
 * 5) "Rockin' Robin" (Bobby Day)
 * 6) "Water World" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 7) "The Wanderer" (Dion DiMucci)
 * 8) "Harmony" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 9) Pet Store Medley:
 * 10) "How Much is That Doggie in the Window?"
 * 11) "Little Duckie Duddle"
 * 12) "Hickory Dickory Dock"
 * 13) "Itsy Bitsy Spider"

What I Want to Be (1986)

 * 1) "What Do You Want to Be?" (Michael Lloyd) (also used during the end credits)
 * 2) "Sea Cruise" (Frankie Ford)
 * 3) "Drivin' My Life Away" (Eddie Rabbitt)
 * 4) School Medley:
 * 5) "One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
 * 6) "School Days"
 * 7) "The Alphabet Song"
 * 8) "I Wanna Be a Fireman" (Michael Lloyd) (also used during the end credits)
 * 9) "The Candy Man" (Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory)
 * 10) "Them Bones" (also used during the end credits)
 * 11) "Mr. Policeman" (Michael Lloyd) (also used during the end credits)
 * 12) "Rodeo Rider" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 13) "Act Naturally" (The Buckaroos)

The Wonderful World of Sports (1987)

 * 1) "It's Not If You Win or Lose" (Michael Lloyd) (also used during the end credits with extended version)
 * 2) "Practice Makes Perfect" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 3) "Bend Me, Shape Me" (The American Breed)
 * 4) "I Get Around" (The Beach Boys)
 * 5) "Over the River and Through the Woods"
 * 6) "Footloose" (Kenny Loggins)
 * 7) "Rah, Rah, Sis Boom Bah" (Removed from the British version)
 * 8) "Catch a Wave" (The Beach Boys)
 * 9) "Centerfield" (John Fogerty)
 * 10) "You Know That You Can Do It" (Michael Lloyd)

A Day at the Circus (1987)

 * 1) "The Circus Is Coming to Town" (Michael Lloyd) (tune: "The Caissons Go Rolling Along") (also used during the end credits)
 * 2) "Polly Wolly Doodle"
 * 3) "Strolling Through the Park"
 * 4) "The Sabre Dance" (Instrumental) (Aram Khachaturian)
 * 5) "Put On a Happy Face"
 * 6) "The Ringmaster Song" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 7) "The Man on the Flying Trapeze"
 * 8) "The Lion Tamer" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 9) "If You're Happy and You Know It"
 * 10) "Entry of the Gladiators" (Instrumental) (Julius Fučík)

A Day at Camp (1989)

 * 1) "The More We Get Together/The More We Play Together" (also used during the end credits)
 * 2) "The Caissons Go Rolling Along"
 * 3) "Fishin' Blues" (Taj Mahal)
 * 4) "On Top of Spaghetti"
 * 5) Campfire Medley:
 * 6) "99 Bottles of Pop"
 * 7) "Pop Goes the Weasel"
 * 8) "Found a Peanut"
 * 9) "The Ants Go Marching"
 * 10) "Boom, Boom, Ain't It Great to Be Crazy?"
 * 11) Animal Medley:
 * 12) "The Animal Fair"
 * 13) "Little Bunny Foo Foo"
 * 14) "Pussycat, Pussycat"
 * 15) "Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
 * 16) "The Old Gray Mare"
 * 17) "I Had a Little Rooster"
 * 18) "Whistle While You Work" (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs)
 * 19) "The Hokey Pokey"
 * 20) "When the Saints Go Marching In"

Ride the Roller Coaster (1990)

 * 1) "Let's Twist Again" (Chubby Checker)
 * 2) "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On" (Jerry Lee Lewis)
 * 3) "Little Deuce Coupe" (The Beach Boys)
 * 4) "Fast Food" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 5) "Here We Go Loopty Loo"
 * 6) "Anything You Can Do" (Annie Get Your Gun)
 * 7) "Splish Splash" (Bobby Darin)
 * 8) "A Pirate's Life" (tune: "Sailor's Hornpipe")
 * 9) "We're Gonna Get Wet" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 10) "1812 Overture" (Instrumental) (Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky)

Very Silly Songs (1991)

 * 1) "The Name Game" (Shirley Ellis)
 * 2) "Down by the Bay"
 * 3) "Rig-a-Jig-Jig" (also used during the end credits)
 * 4) "Mail Myself to You" (Woody Guthrie)
 * 5) "Purple People Eater" (includes footage from concert venue)
 * 6) "Fiddle-I-Dee" (from Kentucky)
 * 7) "The Thing" (Phil Harris)
 * 8) "Jim Along Josie"
 * 9) "Michael Finnegan"
 * 10) "Do the Silly Willy" (Michael Lloyd)

A Day of Fun (1991)

 * 1) "BINGO" (from A Day with the Animals)
 * 2) "I Got Wheels" (from Cars, Boats, Trains and Planes)
 * 3) "Old MacDonald Had a Farm" (from A Day at Old MacDonald's Farm)
 * 4) "Day-O (Banana Boat Song)" (from I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing)
 * 5) "The Circus Is Coming to Town" (from A Day at the Circus)
 * 6) "We're Gonna Get Wet" (from Ride the Roller Coaster)
 * 7) "Down by the Bay" (from Very Silly Songs)
 * 8) "Them Bones" (from What I Want to Be!)
 * 9) "I've Been Working on the Railroad" (from Home on the Range)
 * 10) "When the Saints Go Marching In" (from A Day at Camp)
 * 11) "The More We Get Together/The More We Play Together" (from A Day at Camp) (also used during the end credits)

We Wish You a Merry Christmas (1992)

 * 1) "Deck the Halls"
 * 2) "All I Want for Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth"
 * 3) "Frosty the Snowman"
 * 4) "Jingle Bells" (also used during the end credits)
 * 5) "Santa, Please Don't Forget Me" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 6) "If I Had a Pony for Christmas" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 7) "The Twelve Days of Christmas"
 * 8) "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
 * 9) "Santa Claus is Coming to Town"
 * 10) "We Wish You a Merry Christmas"

Play Along Songs (1993)

 * 1) "Come on and Join in the Game" (Pete Seeger)
 * 2) "Fooba Wooba John" (Burl Ives)
 * 3) "Down by the Station"
 * 4) "Oh, Dear, What Should the Color Be?"
 * 5) "Bumpin' Up and Down (in My Little Red Wagon)"
 * 6) "Three Little Fishies"
 * 7) "And the Green Grass Grows All Around"
 * 8) "Chickie Chickie Beat"
 * 9) "Ten in the Bed (Roll Over)"
 * 10) "Join the Band" (Michael Lloyd) (also used during the end credits)

If We Could Talk to the Animals (1993)

 * 1) "Hound Dog" (Elvis Presley)
 * 2) "If We Could Talk to the Animals" (Doctor Dolittle) (also used during the end credits)
 * 3) "Five Little Monkeys"
 * 4) "Raccoon & Possum"
 * 5) "Over in the Meadow"
 * 6) "The Bear Went Over the Mountain"
 * 7) "The Farmer in the Dell"
 * 8) "The Kicking Mule"
 * 9) "The Old Hen"
 * 10) "See You Later, Alligator" (Bill Haley and his Comets)

Billy Biggle's Favorite Songs (1994)

 * 1) "Down by the Bay" (from Very Silly Songs)
 * 2) "Jim Along Josie" (from Very Silly Songs)
 * 3) "Five Little Monkeys" (from If We Could Talk to the Animals) (also used during the end credits)
 * 4) "BINGO" (from A Day with the Animals)
 * 5) "Michael Finnegan" (from Very Silly Songs)
 * 6) "We're Gonna Get Wet" (from Ride the Roller Coaster)
 * 7) "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" (from A Day at Old MacDonald's Farm)
 * 8) "Down by the Station" (from Play Along Songs)
 * 9) "I've Been Working on the Railroad" (from Home on the Range)
 * 10) "Raccoon & Possum" (from If We Could Talk to the Animals)
 * 11) "The Farmer in the Dell" (from If We Could Talk to the Animals)
 * 12) "Old MacDonald Had a Farm" (from A Day at Old MacDonald's Farm)

Country Sing-Along (1994)

 * 1) "Swingin'" (John Anderson)
 * 2) "On the Road Again" (Willie Nelson)
 * 3) "Watch Our Oats and Barley Grow" (sung to "Oats, Peas, Beans and Barley Grow")
 * 4) "The Old Chisholm Trail"
 * 5) "Born to Be a Cowboy" (Michael Lloyd) (also used during the end credits)
 * 6) "Buffalo Gals"
 * 7) "Nashville Cats" (The Lovin' Spoonful)
 * 8) "Achy Breaky Heart" (Billy Ray Cyrus)
 * 9) "Country Kid" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 10) "Happy Trails to You"

Boppin' with the Biggles (1994)

 * 1) "Walkin' the Dog" (Rufus Thomas)
 * 2) "Head, Shoulders, Knees and Toes"
 * 3) "Alley Cat" (Bent Fabric)
 * 4) "La Bamba" (Ritchie Valens)
 * 5) "Put Your Little Foot Right There"
 * 6) "The Loco-Motion" (Little Eva)
 * 7) "Little Red Caboose" (also used during the end credits along with some instrumental music)
 * 8) "Peppermint Twist" (Joey Dee and the Starliters)
 * 9) "Rock Around the Clock" (Bill Haley and his Comets)
 * 10) "Paw Paw Patch"

Let's Put on a Show! (1995)

 * 1) "We'll Put on a Show" (Michael Lloyd) (tune: "Red River Valley") (also used during the end credits)
 * 2) "Personality" (Lloyd Price)
 * 3) "It's Magic" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 4) "Blue Suede Shoes" (Elvis Presley)
 * 5) "Mr. Bass Man" (Johnny Cymbal)
 * 6) "By the Light of the Silvery Moon" (Gus Edwards)
 * 7) "Me and My Shadow" (Peggy Lee)
 * 8) "The Best Dog in the World" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 9) "It's Time for the Show" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 10) "Give My Regards to Broadway" (George M. Cohan)

Baby Animal Songs (1995)

 * 1) "The Petting Zoo" (Michael Lloyd) (tune: "Down on Grandpa's Farm") (also used during the end credits)
 * 2) "Woolly Bully" (Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs)
 * 3) "'A' You're Adorable" (Perry Como and The Fontane Sisters)
 * 4) "Jeepers Creepers"
 * 5) "Yes! We Have No Bananas" (Louis Prima)
 * 6) "Side by Side" (Kay Starr)
 * 7) "Oh, You Beautiful Doll" (Al Jolson)
 * 8) "Five Little Ducks"
 * 9) "Does Your Chewing Gum Lose Its Flavour (On the Bedpost Overnight?)" (Lonnie Donegan)
 * 10) "The Way You Walk" (Michael Lloyd)

I Can Dance! (1997)

 * 1) "I Can Dance!" (Michael Lloyd) (also used during the end credits)
 * 2) "Dancing in the Street" (Martha and the Vandellas)
 * 3) "Charleston" (James P. Johnson)
 * 4) "Don't You Just Love to Waltz?" (Michael Lloyd) (tune: "My Bonnie Lies Over the Ocean")
 * 5) "Twist and Shout" (The Beatles)
 * 6) "Mexican Hat Dance"
 * 7) "The Yellow Rose of Texas"
 * 8) "Come on and Conga" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 9) "Barefootin'" (Robert Parker)
 * 10) "Mashed Potato Time" (Dee Dee Sharp)
 * 11) "At the Hop" (Danny and the Juniors)

I Can Do It! (1997)

 * 1) "I Can Do It!" (Michael Lloyd) (also used during the end credits)
 * 2) "Look What I Can Do" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 3) "How Does Your Garden Grow?" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 4) "All Shook Up" (Elvis Presley)
 * 5) "C'mon and Swim" (Bobby Freeman)
 * 6) "Peanut Butter"
 * 7) "Button Up Your Overcoat" (Helen Kane)
 * 8) "Bicycle Built for Two"
 * 9) "In the Good Old Summertime"
 * 10) "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" (The Andrews Sisters)
 * 11) "The Best Sandcastle" (Michael Lloyd)

Adventures in Biggleland: Billy's Birthday (1998)

 * 1) "Adventures in Biggleland" (Michael Lloyd) (also used during the end credits)
 * 2) "I'm a Big Boy Now" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 3) "Playmate"
 * 4) "Pat-a-Cake"
 * 5) "Go In and Out the Window"
 * 6) "Jump-Jump, Turn Around, Start Again" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 7) "Simon Says"
 * 8) "Limbo Rock" (Chubby Checker)
 * 9) "Happy Birthday to You"
 * 10) "You Can't Sit Down" (The Dovells)

Adventures in Biggleland: Meet the Biggles (1998)

 * 1) "Adventures in Biggleland" (Michael Lloyd) (also used during the end credits)
 * 2) "Consider Yourself" (Oliver!)
 * 3) "East Side, West Side (The Sidewalks of New York)"
 * 4) "Alouette"
 * 5) "Alexander's Ragtime Band"
 * 6) "Let's Rock it Up" (Michael Lloyd)
 * 7) "The Muffin Man"
 * 8) "Harrigan"
 * 9) "Let's Be Silly" (Michael Lloyd) (tune: "Today is Monday/Everybody Happy")
 * 10) "Ta-Ra-Ra-Boom-Dee-Ay"

Television series
The Kidsongs Television Show debuted on September 19, 1987, with 26 half-hour episodes distributed by Orbis Entertainment. The half-hour, live-action episodes featured the Kidsongs Kids running their own TV show in a top 8 countdown-style show, featuring music videos from the Kidsongs home video series. It ran on network affiliates, primarily on Saturday mornings. The series aired for two years in syndication, then was rerun on The Disney Channel in 1990. It won the prestigious Excellence in Children's Programming Award from ACT. In 1987–88, it was called The Kidsongs TV Show.

In 1994, a new version of the television series was developed by Rosenstein and produced in conjunction with Chicago public television station WTTW for 30 minutes and distributed by American Public Television to public television stations nationally. The Kidsongs Television Show reached 89 percent of households by 1998. Many of the original Kidsongs videos were used in the public television series, along with new educational content and in-studio guests. The kids are joined by the fantasy characters Billy and Ruby Biggle and their magical friends from Biggleland. The Biggles help the children resolve their problems and concerns in a comforting, kind way. They address age-appropriate issues, such as not wanting to share, jealousy, friendship, telling the truth and patience.

Seasons one through four of The Kidsongs Television Show totaled 96 episodes. It ran on public television for seven years, winning critical acclaim. Currently, fifteen episodes of The Kidsongs Television Show are available on DVD, and the series is also available in its entirety on digital download through iTunes and Amazon Video.

Season 1 (1987–1988)
The hosts this season are Chris Lytton and Triskin Potter.

Season 2 (1994)
The hosts this season are Christian Buenaventura and Alexandra Picatto (credited as Alexandra Palm). This is also the debut of Kidsongs' new mascots, the Biggles (though Ruby would appear in later episodes).

Season 3 (1995)
The hosts this season are Aaron Harvey, Alexandra Picatto (credited as Alexandra Palm), and Lynsey Bartilson (only in two episodes) with the Biggles.

Season 4 (1997)
The hosts this season are Sergio Centeno and Tiffany Burton with the Biggles.

title: Kidsongs


text:
1922 South American Championship

The sixth edition of the South American Championship was scheduled to be held in Chile, but Brazil asked to host it as part of its 100th anniversary independence celebrations. Thus it was held in Rio de Janeiro between 17 September and 22 October 1922.

Overview
All CONMEBOL members (as of 1922) attended: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay.

Squads
For a complete list of participants squads see: 1922 South American Championship squads

Final round
Each team played one match against each of the other teams. Two points were awarded for a win, one point for a draw and zero points for a defeat.

The match was abandoned after Paraguay walked off to protest the penalty kick awarded by the referee.

Play-off
As Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay finished tied on points, a playoff series was planned for the three teams; however, Uruguay withdrew from the competition to protest the performance of Brazilian referee Pedro Santos in their match against Paraguay.

Therefore, a playoff match was played between Brazil and Paraguay to determine the champion.

Goal scorers
4 goals
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Francia

2 goals

 * 🇧🇷 Amilcar
 * 🇧🇷 Formiga
 * 🇧🇷 Neco
 * Gerardo Rivas

1 goal

 * 🇦🇷 Ángel Chiessa
 * 🇦🇷 José Gaslini
 * 🇧🇷 Tatú
 * Manuel Bravo
 * Carlos Elizeche
 * Luis Fretes
 * Ildefonso López
 * Julio Ramírez
 * Felipe Buffoni
 * Juan C. Heguy
 * Antonio Urdinarán

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1922 South American Championship


text:
Price equation

In the theory of evolution and natural selection, the Price equation (also known as Price's equation or Price's theorem) describes how a trait or allele changes in frequency over time. The equation uses a covariance between a trait and fitness, to give a mathematical description of evolution and natural selection. It provides a way to understand the effects that gene transmission and natural selection have on the frequency of alleles within each new generation of a population. The Price equation was derived by George R. Price, working in London to re-derive W.D. Hamilton's work on kin selection. Examples of the Price equation have been constructed for various evolutionary cases. The Price equation also has applications in economics.

The Price equation is a mathematical relationship between various statistical descriptors of population dynamics, rather than a physical or biological law, and as such is not subject to experimental verification. In simple terms, it is a mathematical statement of the expression "survival of the fittest".

Statement

The Price equation shows that a change in the average amount $$z$$ of a trait in a population from one generation to the next ($$\Delta z$$) is determined by the covariance between the amounts $$z_i$$ of the trait for subpopulation $$i$$ and the fitnesses $$w_i$$ of the subpopulations, together with the expected change in the amount of the trait value due to fitness, namely $$\mathrm{E}(w_i \Delta z_i)$$:
 * $$\Delta{z} = \frac{1}{w}\operatorname{cov}(w_i, z_i) + \frac{1}{w}\operatorname{E}(w_i\,\Delta z_i).$$

Here $$w$$ is the average fitness over the population, and $$\operatorname{E}$$ and $$\operatorname{cov}$$ represent the population mean and covariance respectively. 'Fitness' $$w$$ is the ratio of the average number of offspring for the whole population per the number of adult individuals in the population, and $$w_i$$ is that same ratio only for subpopulation $$i$$.

If the covariance between fitness ($$w_i$$) and trait value ($$z_i$$) is positive, the trait value is expected to rise on average across population $$i$$. If the covariance is negative, the characteristic is harmful, and its frequency is expected to drop.

The second term, $$\mathrm{E}(w_i \Delta z_i)$$, represents the portion of $$\Delta z$$ due to all factors other than direct selection which can affect trait evolution. This term can encompass genetic drift, mutation bias, or meiotic drive. Additionally, this term can encompass the effects of multi-level selection or group selection. Price (1972) referred to this as the "environment change" term, and denoted both terms using partial derivative notation (∂NS and ∂EC). This concept of environment includes interspecies and ecological effects. Price describes this as follows:

"Fisher adopted the somewhat unusual point of view of regarding dominance and epistasis as being environment effects. For example, he writes (1941): ‘A change in the proportion of any pair of genes itself constitutes a change in the environment in which individuals of the species find themselves.’ Hence he regarded the natural selection effect on $M$ as being limited to the additive or linear effects of changes in gene frequencies, while everything else – dominance, epistasis, population pressure, climate, and interactions with other species – he regarded as a matter of the environment."

Proof
Suppose we are given four equal-length lists of real numbers $$n_i$$, $$z_i$$, $$n_i'$$, $$z_i'$$ from which we may define $$w_i=n_i'/n_i$$. $$n_i$$ and $$z_i$$ will be called the parent population numbers and characteristics associated with each index i. Likewise $$n_i'$$ and $$z_i'$$ will be called the child population numbers and characteristics, and $$w_i'$$ will be called the fitness associated with index i. (Equivalently, we could have been given $$n_i$$, $$z_i$$, $$w_i$$, $$z_i'$$ with $$n_i'=w_i n_i$$.) Define the parent and child population totals:
 * {|cellspacing=20

and the probabilities (or frequencies):
 * $$n\;\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\;\sum_i n_i$$ || $$n'\;\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\;\sum_i n_i'$$
 * }
 * }
 * {|cellspacing=20

Note that these are of the form of probability mass functions in that $$\sum_i q_i = \sum_i q_i' = 1$$ and are in fact the probabilities that a random individual drawn from the parent or child population has a characteristic $$z_i$$. Define the fitnesses:
 * $$q_i\;\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\;n_i/n$$ || $$q_i'\;\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\;n_i'/n'$$
 * }
 * }
 * $$w_i\;\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\;n_i'/n_i$$

The average of any list $$x_i$$ is given by:
 * $$E(x_i)=\sum_i q_i x_i$$

so the average characteristics are defined as:
 * {|cellspacing=20

and the average fitness is:
 * $$z\;\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\;\sum_i q_i z_i$$ || $$z'\;\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\;\sum_i q_i' z_i'$$
 * }
 * }
 * $$w\;\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\;\sum_i q_i w_i$$

A simple theorem can be proved: $$q_i w_i = \left(\frac{n_i}{n}\right)\left(\frac{n_i'}{n_i}\right) = \left(\frac{n_i'}{n'}\right) \left(\frac{n'}{n}\right)=q_i'\left(\frac{n'}{n}\right)$$ so that:
 * $$w=\frac{n'}{n}\sum_i q_i' = \frac{n'}{n}$$

and
 * $$q_i w_i = w\,q_i'$$

The covariance of $$w_i$$ and $$z_i$$ is defined by:
 * $$\operatorname{cov}(w_i,z_i)\;\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\;E(w_i z_i)-E(w_i)E(z_i) = \sum_i q_i w_i z_i - w z$$

Defining $$\Delta z_i \;\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\; z_i'-z_i$$, the expectation value of $$w_i \Delta z_i$$ is
 * $$E(w_i \Delta z_i) = \sum q_i w_i (z_i'-z_i) = \sum_i q_i w_i z_i' - \sum_i q_i w_i z_i$$

The sum of the two terms is:
 * $$\operatorname{cov}(w_i,z_i)+E(w_i \Delta z_i) = \sum_i q_i w_i z_i - w z + \sum_i q_i w_i z_i' - \sum_i q_i w_i z_i = \sum_i q_i w_i z_i' - w z $$

Using the above mentioned simple theorem, the sum becomes
 * $$\operatorname{cov}(w_i,z_i)+E(w_i \Delta z_i) = w\sum_i q_i' z_i' - w z = w z'-wz = w\Delta z$$

where $$\Delta z\;\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\;z'-z$$.

Derivation of the continuous-time Price equation
Consider a set of groups with $$i = 1,...,n$$ that are characterized by a particular trait, denoted by $$x_{i}$$. The number $$n_{i}$$ of individuals belonging to group $$i$$ experiences exponential growth:$${dn_{i}\over{dt}} = f_{i}n_{i}$$where $$f_{i}$$ corresponds to the fitness of the group. We want to derive an equation describing the time-evolution of the expected value of the trait:$$\mathbb{E}(x) = \sum_{i}p_{i}x_{i} \equiv \mu, \quad p_{i} = {n_{i}\over{\sum_{i}n_{i}}}$$Based on the chain rule, we may derive an ordinary differential equation:$$\begin{aligned} {d\mu\over{dt}} &= \sum_{i} {\partial \mu\over{\partial p_{i}}}{dp_{i}\over{dt}} + \sum_{i} {\partial \mu\over{\partial x_{i}}}{dx_{i}\over{dt}} \\ &= \sum_{i} x_{i}{dp_{i}\over{dt}} + \sum_{i} p_{i}{dx_{i}\over{dt}} \\ &= \sum_{i} x_{i}{dp_{i}\over{dt}} + \mathbb{E}\left( {dx\over{dt}} \right) \end{aligned}$$A further application of the chain rule for $$dp_{i}/dt$$ gives us:$${dp_{i}\over{dt}} = \sum_{j}{\partial p_{i}\over{\partial n_{j}}}{dn_{j}\over{dt}}, \quad {\partial p_{i}\over{\partial n_{j}}} = \begin{cases} -p_{i}/N, \quad &i\neq j \\ (1-p_{i})/N, \quad &i=j \end{cases}$$Summing up the components gives us that:$$\begin{aligned} {dp_{i}\over{dt}} &= p_{i}\left(f_{i} - \sum_{j}p_{j}f_{j}\right) \\ &= p_{i}\left[f_{i} - \mathbb{E}(f)\right] \end{aligned}$$

which is also known as the replicator equation. Now, note that: $$\begin{aligned} \sum_{i} x_{i}{dp_{i}\over{dt}} &= \sum_{i} p_{i}x_{i}\left[f_{i} - \mathbb{E}(f)\right] \\ &= \mathbb{E}\left\{ x_{i}\left[f_{i}-\mathbb{E}(f)\right] \right\} \\ &= \text{Cov}(x,f) \end{aligned}$$Therefore, putting all of these components together, we arrive at the continuous-time Price equation:$${d\over{dt}}\mathbb{E}(x) = \underbrace{\text{Cov}(x,f)}_{\text{Selection effect}} + \underbrace{\mathbb{E}(\dot{x})}_{\text{Dynamic effect}}$$

Simple Price equation
When the characteristic values $$z_i$$ do not change from the parent to the child generation, the second term in the Price equation becomes zero resulting in a simplified version of the Price equation:

 * $$w\,\Delta z = \operatorname{cov}\left(w_i, z_i\right)$$

which can be restated as:

 * $$\Delta z = \operatorname{cov}\left(v_i, z_i\right)$$

where $$v_i$$ is the fractional fitness: $$v_i=w_i/w$$.

This simple Price equation can be proven using the definition in Equation (2) above. It makes this fundamental statement about evolution: "If a certain inheritable characteristic is correlated with an increase in fractional fitness, the average value of that characteristic in the child population will be increased over that in the parent population."

Applications
The Price equation can describe any system that changes over time, but is most often applied in evolutionary biology. The evolution of sight provides an example of simple directional selection. The evolution of sickle cell anemia shows how a heterozygote advantage can affect trait evolution. The Price equation can also be applied to population context dependent traits such as the evolution of sex ratios. Additionally, the Price equation is flexible enough to model second order traits such as the evolution of mutability. The Price equation also provides an extension to Founder effect which shows change in population traits in different settlements

Dynamical sufficiency and the simple Price equation
Sometimes the genetic model being used encodes enough information into the parameters used by the Price equation to allow the calculation of the parameters for all subsequent generations. This property is referred to as dynamical sufficiency. For simplicity, the following looks at dynamical sufficiency for the simple Price equation, but is also valid for the full Price equation.

Referring to the definition in Equation (2), the simple Price equation for the character $$z$$ can be written:
 * $$w(z' - z) = \langle w_i z_i \rangle - wz$$

For the second generation:
 * $$w'(z'' - z') = \langle w'_i z'_i \rangle - w'z'$$

The simple Price equation for $$z$$ only gives us the value of $$z'$$ for the first generation, but does not give us the value of $$w'$$ and $$\langle w_iz_i\rangle$$, which are needed to calculate $$z''$$ for the second generation. The variables $$w_i$$ and $$\langle w_iz_i\rangle$$ can both be thought of as characteristics of the first generation, so the Price equation can be used to calculate them as well:

 * $$\begin{align}

w(w' - w) &= \langle w_i^2\rangle - w^2 \\ w\left(\langle w'_i z'_i\rangle - \langle w_i z_i\rangle\right) &= \langle w_i ^2 z_i\rangle - w\langle w_i z_i\rangle \end{align}$$

The five 0-generation variables $$w$$, $$z$$, $$\langle w_iz_i\rangle$$, $$\langle w_i^2\rangle$$, and $$\langle w_i^2z_i$$ must be known before proceeding to calculate the three first generation variables $$w'$$, $$z'$$, and $$\langle w'_iz'_i\rangle$$, which are needed to calculate $$z''$$ for the second generation. It can be seen that in general the Price equation cannot be used to propagate forward in time unless there is a way of calculating the higher moments $$\langle w_i^n\rangle$$ and $$\langle w_i^nz_i\rangle$$ from the lower moments in a way that is independent of the generation. Dynamical sufficiency means that such equations can be found in the genetic model, allowing the Price equation to be used alone as a propagator of the dynamics of the model forward in time.

Full Price equation
The simple Price equation was based on the assumption that the characters $$z_i$$ do not change over one generation. If it is assumed that they do change, with $$z_i$$ being the value of the character in the child population, then the full Price equation must be used. A change in character can come about in a number of ways. The following two examples illustrate two such possibilities, each of which introduces new insight into the Price equation.

Genotype fitness
We focus on the idea of the fitness of the genotype. The index $$i$$ indicates the genotype and the number of type $$i$$ genotypes in the child population is:
 * $$n'_i = \sum_j w_{ji}n_j\,$$

which gives fitness:
 * $$w_i = \frac{n'_i}{n_i}$$

Since the individual mutability $$z_i$$ does not change, the average mutabilities will be:

 * $$\begin{align}

z &= \frac{1}{n}\sum_i z_i n_i \\ z' &= \frac{1}{n'}\sum_i z_i n'_i \end{align}$$

with these definitions, the simple Price equation now applies.

Lineage fitness
In this case we want to look at the idea that fitness is measured by the number of children an organism has, regardless of their genotype. Note that we now have two methods of grouping, by lineage, and by genotype. It is this complication that will introduce the need for the full Price equation. The number of children an $$i$$-type organism has is:

 * $$n'_i = n_i\sum_j w_{ij}\,$$

which gives fitness:

 * $$w_i = \frac{n'_i}{n_i} = \sum_j w_{ij}$$

We now have characters in the child population which are the average character of the $$i$$-th parent.
 * $$z'_j = \frac{\sum_i n_i z_i w_{ij} }{\sum_i n_i w_{ij}}$$

with global characters:

 * $$\begin{align}

z &= \frac{1}{n}\sum_i z_i n_i \\ z' &= \frac{1}{n'}\sum_i z_i n'_i \end{align}$$

with these definitions, the full Price equation now applies.

Criticism
The use of the change in average characteristic ($$z'-z$$) per generation as a measure of evolutionary progress is not always appropriate. There may be cases where the average remains unchanged (and the covariance between fitness and characteristic is zero) while evolution is nevertheless in progress. For example, if we have $$z_i=(1,2,3)$$, $$n_i=(1,1,1)$$, and $$w_i=(1,4,1)$$, then for the child population, $$n_i'=(1,4,1)$$ showing that the peak fitness at $$w_2=4$$ is in fact fractionally increasing the population of individuals with $$z_i=2$$. However, the average characteristics are z=2 and z'=2 so that $$\Delta z=0$$. The covariance $$\mathrm{cov}(z_i,w_i)$$ is also zero. The simple Price equation is required here, and it yields 0=0. In other words, it yields no information regarding the progress of evolution in this system.

A critical discussion of the use of the Price equation can be found in van Veelen (2005), van Veelen et al. (2012), and van Veelen (2020). Frank (2012) discusses the criticism in van Veelen et al. (2012).

Cultural references
Price's equation features in the plot and title of the 2008 thriller film WΔZ.

The Price equation also features in posters in the computer game BioShock 2, in which a consumer of a "Brain Boost" tonic is seen deriving the Price equation while simultaneously reading a book. The game is set in the 1950s, substantially before Price's work.

title: Price equation


text:
Leigh, Kent

Leigh, historically spelled Lyghe, is a village and a civil parish located in the Sevenoaks district of Kent, England. It is located six miles (10 km) south of Sevenoaks town and three miles (5 km) west of Tonbridge.

There is a large village green; nearby is Hall Place, once Leigh Hall, occasionally open to the public, built in 1876. The parish church (13th century) is dedicated to St Mary.

History
The name of the village derives from the Old English leah, meaning a forest glade or clearing.

Leigh is thought to have grown from a hamlet, evidence of which dates back to the late 11th century. Much of the land around the village was acquired in the 14th century by Sir John de Pulteney, owner of nearby Penshurst Place. In 1533, the estate passed to the Sidney family who retained ownership of most of this land until the early 20th century. The village grew substantially in the 19th century when the Baily and Morley families built many of the distinctive buildings present today, including Hall Place, East and Old Lodges, The Square, Forge Square and School Master's House. The Tonbridge to Redhill railway was built in 1842 to the south of the village, bringing further growth in population.

Government
Leigh is administered by Sevenoaks District Council and Kent County Council. It falls within the UK parliamentary constituency of Tonbridge and Malling.

The parish of Leigh also includes the hamlet of Charcott as well as the Old Powder Mills and Moorden.

Community facilities
The Fleur De Lis is the only public house in the village itself, although the Plough Inn is located to the east of the village on Powder Mill Lane. The Fleur De Lis was originally built as cottages by Thomas Baily in 1855, but was bought by a local brewery, Bartrum and Company, in 1870.

Transport
Leigh railway station is on the Redhill to Tonbridge line and is located to the south of the village centre. It opened as "Leigh Halt" in 1911 but has been named "Leigh" since 1969.

The former Penshurst Airfield was located within the parish, to the south of Charcott. It operated mainly as a military airfield in 1916–1936 and 1940–1946. The remaining buildings were removed in 1991.

Local places of interest

 * St Mary's Church, Leigh

Notable people

 * Amy Catherine Walton (1849–1939), writer of noted Christian literature for children, moved to Leigh with her priest husband, Octavius Frank Walton, in 1906. He retired in 1918, but they soon moved back.

title: Leigh, Kent


text:
The Englishman Who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain

The Englishman Who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain is a 1995 romantic comedy film with a story by Ifor David Monger and Ivor Monger, written and directed by Christopher Monger. It was entered into the 19th Moscow International Film Festival and was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival.

The film is based on a story heard by Christopher Monger from his grandfather about the real village of Taff's Well, in the old county of Glamorgan, and its neighbouring Garth Hill. Due to 20th century urbanisation of the area, it was filmed in the more rural Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant and Llansilin in Powys.

Plot
In 1917, during World War I, two English cartographers, the pompous George Garrad and his junior, Reginald Anson, arrive in the fictional Welsh village of Ffynnon Garw to measure its "mountain", but everyone in town is at church, it being a Sunday. The only exception is Morgan the Goat who manages the local inn and is the only redhead in the village. Most of the men of the town are away at war, and the film implies that the women are visiting the inn and have redheaded children. The cartographers reach the top and do some preliminary measurements and come up with a height of 930 feet, qualifying it as a mere hill. Anson returns and reassures them that they have more accurate measurements to make the next day.

The next day, the entire village mills around the mountain, eagerly anticipating the results. The cartographers announce that the more accurate measurements indicate a height of 984 feet, just 16 feet short of qualifying the "hill" as a mountain at 1000 ft. The townsfolk are crestfallen and hold a town hall meeting. Morgan the Goat proposes that they raise the mountain by 20 feet, and the villagers return to the cartographers to persuade them to stay while they build a structure on the mountain, but Anson disagrees and says they have a tight schedule and they will be leaving in the morning. The Reverend Robert Jones, who, after initially opposing the scheme, grasps its symbolism in restoring the community's war-damaged self-esteem, conspires with Morgan to delay the cartographers' departure while they build an earth mound on top of the hill and make it high enough to be considered a mountain.

The next morning, everyone rallies and starts digging earth from their backyards and transporting it to the hill. On the first day, they make a mound that is approximately 14 feet high. Meanwhile, the cartographers' car is sabotaged, with the town mechanic deliberately fumbling around and breaking a part, informing them that a replacement needs to be brought in from Cardiff. When the cartographers try to catch a train from the local station, they are misinformed that the trains only carry coal. Morgan also enlists a local woman, Betty, to entertain the two Englishmen.

At this point, it starts raining and the mud on the hill begins washing off down from 14 to 10 feet. Morgan declares an emergency and asks the mechanic to remove the tarpaulin covering the broken car and take it to the mountain to cover the construction site. The rain continues all night and all day from Thursday to Sunday. On Sunday, Reverend Jones encourages the villagers to finish the work they started. Upon Anson's suggestion, they also cover the mound with sod before the last light. During the works, Reverend Jones collapses and dies from exhaustion and old age, and the mourning villagers bury him on the mountain.

After the burial, the townspeople convince Anson to stay the night at the top of the mountain and measure it at the break of dawn because their train leaves early. Betty, who has gotten close to him, offers to keep him company, and they end up sharing a kiss. When Anson descends from the mountain, he informs the people that the mountain is 1,002 feet high and also announces his engagement to Betty.

Many years later, the mountain has settled down to 997 feet, thus turning back into a hill. The spirit of the Reverend buried on the mountain exhales "a hill" in a groan and all the modern-day townspeople rally with buckets of earth to raise the hill again.

Cast

 * Hugh Grant as Reginald Anson
 * Ian McNeice as George Garrad
 * Tara Fitzgerald as Elizabeth/Betty from Cardiff
 * Colm Meaney as Morgan the Goat
 * Ian Hart as Johnny Shellshocked
 * Robert Pugh as Williams the Petroleum
 * Kenneth Griffith as the Reverend Robert Jones
 * Ieuan Rhys as Sgt Thomas
 * Tudor Vaughan as Thomas Twp
 * Hugh Vaughan as Thomas Twp too/two
 * Robert Blythe as Ivor
 * Garfield Morgan as Davies the School
 * Lisa Palfrey as Blod Jones
 * Dafydd Wyn Roberts as Tommy Twostroke
 * David Lloyd Meredith as Jones the JP
 * Frasier Cains as Evans the end of the world
 * Jack Walters as Grandfather
 * Harry Kretchmer as Young Boy
 * Howell Evans as Thomas the Trains
 * Maisie Evans as Girl in the classroom
 * Nicholas McGaughey as Narrator (uncredited)
 * Rock Salt as Villager

Writing
In the script there is a joke which is not obvious to non-Welsh speakers. A mechanic is asked about a nondescript broken part he has removed from a car, and replies "Well I don't know the English word, but in Welsh we call it a be'chi'ngalw." In Welsh, be'chi'ngalw is a placeholder name, like "whatchamacallit" or "thingamajig" in English. It literally means "what [do] you call?", and is a contracted form of "beth dych chi'n galw". The joke is made obvious in the novel published after the film's release.

Release
The film grossed $11 million in the United States and Canada and $21 million worldwide.

Reception
In regard to its humorous and affectionate description of the locals, the film has often been compared with Waking Ned, a 1998 comedy film written and directed by Kirk Jones. The movie has resulted in a stream of visitors climbing to the summit of The Garth, and the Pentyrch History Society and the local community council have erected a notice on the mountain to explain its real historical significance.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a "Fresh" score of 67% with an average rating of 6.0/10, based on 33 reviews. The consensus states: "With an ample serving of Hugh Grant's trademark charm, a quirky Welsh town comes together to put their town on the map in this feel-good folksy tale."

Parody
The 2000 VeggieTales episode "King George and the Ducky" includes a skit called "The Englishman Who Went Up A Hill (And Came Down With All The Bananas)". It quickly spirals out of control with the addition of "The Swede Who Went Up A Hill (And Came Down With All The Strawberries)".


text:
Levering, Michigan

Levering is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Emmet County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 215.

Geography
Levering is located in northeastern Emmet County, in northern McKinley Township and southern Carp Lake Township. U.S. Highway 31 passes through the community, leading north 11 mi to Mackinaw City and south 6 mi to Pellston. Petoskey, the Emmet County seat, is 24 mi south on US 31.

The community of Levering was listed as a newly-organized census-designated place for the 2010 census, meaning it now has officially defined boundaries and population statistics for the first time.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Levering CDP has a total area of 0.44 sqmi, all of it land.

title: Levering, Michigan


text:
Svinesund

Svinesund is a sound separating the Swedish municipality of Strömstad in the province of Bohuslän in the county of Västra Götaland from the Norwegian municipality of Halden in the county of Østfold.

Two bridges, the old and new Svinesund Bridge, span this sound of the Iddefjord. The Swedish side is extremely popular with Norwegians who flock to buy relatively cheap goods in Sweden, where a large shopping area can be found immediately after crossing the sound. Following the inauguration of the new bridge in June 2005, both the old and new bridges are toll bridges.

Norwegian and Swedish customs authorities have offices and checkpoints on their respective sides of the sound. While there is not normally any passport control on the border, vehicles crossing are regularly stopped and searched. Norway is not in the EU so there are much stricter restrictions on the amount of goods (e.g. alcohol, cigarettes, food, etc.) that can be taken across the border without stopping to pay customs duties than between EU countries. Customs duties are paid immediately after crossing the border using the new bridge.

title: Svinesund


text: User:Swkz~enwiki

title: User:Swkz~enwiki


text:
Haddon Hall

Haddon Hall is an English country house on the River Wye near Bakewell, Derbyshire, a former seat of the Dukes of Rutland. It is the home of Lord Edward Manners (brother of the incumbent Duke) and his family. In form a medieval manor house, it has been described as "the most complete and most interesting house of [its] period". The origins of the hall are from the 11th century, with additions at various stages between the 13th and the 17th centuries, latterly in the Tudor style.

The Vernon family acquired the Manor of Haddon by a 12th-century marriage between Sir Richard de Vernon and Alice Avenell, daughter of William Avenell II. Four centuries later, in 1563, Dorothy Vernon, the daughter and heiress of Sir George Vernon, married John Manners, the second son of Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland. A legend grew up in the 19th century that Dorothy and Manners eloped. The legend has been made into novels, dramatisations and other works of fiction. She nevertheless inherited the Hall, and their grandson, also John Manners, inherited the Earldom in 1641 from a distant cousin. His son, another John Manners, was made 1st Duke of Rutland in 1703. In the 20th century, another John Manners, 9th Duke of Rutland, made a life's work of restoring the hall.

History
The origins of the hall date to the 11th century. William Peverel held the manor of Haddon in 1087, when the survey which resulted in the Domesday Book was undertaken. Though it was never a castle, the manor of Haddon was protected by a wall after a licence to build one was granted in 1194. The hall was forfeited to the Crown in 1153 and later passed to a tenant of the Peverils, the Avenell family. Sir Richard de Vernon acquired the manor in 1170 after his marriage to Alice Avenell, the daughter of William Avenell. The Vernons built most of the hall, except for the Peveril Tower and part of the Chapel of St Nicholas, which preceded them, and the Long Gallery, which was built in the 16th century. Richard's son, Sir William Vernon, was a High Sheriff of Lancashire and Chief Justice of Cheshire. Prominent later family members include Sir Richard Vernon (1390–1451), also a High Sheriff, MP and Speaker of the House of Commons. His son Sir William was Knight-Constable of England and succeeded him as Treasurer of Calais and MP for Derbyshire and Staffordshire; his grandson Sir Henry Vernon KB (1441–1515) Governor and Treasurer to Arthur, Prince of Wales, married Anne Talbot daughter of the Earl of Shrewsbury and rebuilt Haddon Hall.

Sir George Vernon (c. 1503 – August 31, 1565) had two daughters, Margaret and Dorothy. Dorothy married John Manners, the second son of Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland in 1563. Sir George supposedly disapproved of the union, possibly because the Manners were Protestants while the Vernons were Catholics, or possibly because the second son of an earl had uncertain financial prospects. According to legend, Sir George forbade John Manners from courting the famously beautiful and amiable Dorothy and forbade his daughter from seeing Manners. Shielded by the crowd during a ball given at Haddon Hall by Sir George in 1563, Dorothy slipped away and fled through the gardens, down stone steps and over a footbridge where Manners was waiting for her, and they rode away to be married. If indeed the elopement happened, the couple were soon reconciled with Sir George, as they inherited the estate on his death two years later. Their grandson, also John Manners of Haddon, inherited the Earldom in 1641, on the death of his distant cousin, George, the 7th Earl of Rutland, whose estates included Belvoir Castle.

That John Manners' son was John, the 9th Earl, and was made 1st Duke of Rutland in 1703. He moved to Belvoir Castle, and his heirs used Haddon Hall very little, so it lay almost in its unaltered 16th-century condition, as it had been when it passed in 1567 by marriage to the Manners family. In the 1920s, another John Manners, the 9th Duke of Rutland, realised its importance and began a lifetime of meticulous restoration, with his restoration architect Harold Brakspear. The current medieval and Tudor hall includes small sections of the 11th-century structure, but it mostly comprises additional chambers and ranges added by the successive generations of the Vernon family. Major construction was carried out at various stages between the 13th and the 16th centuries. The banqueting hall (with minstrels' gallery), kitchens and parlour date from 1370, and the St. Nicholas Chapel was completed in 1427. For generations, whitewash concealed and protected their pre-Reformation frescoes.

The 9th Duke created the walled topiary garden adjoining the stable-block cottage, with clipped heraldic devices of the boar's head and the peacock, emblematic of the Vernon and Manners families. Haddon Hall remains in the Manners family to the present day, and is occupied by Lord Edward Manners, brother of the 11th Duke of Rutland, and Lady Edward Manners since they decided in 2016 to relocate to the hall.

The house was Grade I listed in 1951 following the passing of the Town and Country Planning Act 1947. The estate and gardens were separately listed at Grade I in 1984 on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England.

In 2011, the hall's foundations were identified as needing urgent repairs to mitigate potential damage to the ornate plaster ceiling and central bay of the Long Gallery, but the owners were unable to finance repairs. In 2021, a £262,662 grant from Historic England, together with an additional £50,000 from the Historic Houses Foundation, enabled works to be started.

Layout
The hall stands on a sloping site, and is structured around two courtyards; the upper (north-east) courtyard contains the Peverel or Eagle Tower and the Long Gallery, the lower (south-west) courtyard houses the Chapel, while the Great Hall lies between the two. As was normal when the hall was built, many of the rooms can only be reached from outside or by passing through other rooms, making the house inconvenient by later standards.

In literature and the arts
The hall has figured prominently in a number of literary and stage works, including the following, all of which describe the Vernon/Manners elopement:
 * A story entitled King of the Peak – A Derbyshire Tale, written by Allan Cunningham, was published in the London Magazine in 1822.
 * An 1823 novel, The King of the Peak – A Romance, in three volumes, was written by William Bennett (1796–1879), writing under the pseudonym Lee Gibbons.
 * "The Love Steps of Dorothy Vernon", a short story by Eliza Meteyard (1816–1879), writing under a pseudonym in 1849, was the first full-blown version of the legend. It was first published in the December 29, 1849 issue of Eliza Cook's Journal and then in The Reliquary, October 1860, p. 79.
 * A light opera, called Haddon Hall, with music by Arthur Sullivan and a libretto by Sydney Grundy, premiered in London in 1892.
 * A novel called Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall was written in 1902 by American Charles Major and became a best seller.
 * A play of the same name, based on Major's novel, was written by American playwright Paul Kester. It debuted on Broadway in 1903.
 * Fred Terry and his wife Julia Neilson adapted that play for London, calling it Dorothy o' the Hall, where it played in 1906.
 * A 1924 film, Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall, starring Mary Pickford, was adapted by American screenwriter Waldemar Young (grandson of Brigham Young) from the Major novel.
 * Frederick Booty, the English watercolourist, painted Haddon Hall several times, including pictures of the peacocks in the gardens.
 * English painter Joseph Nash depicted the main hall in oils in 1838, a painting later used (with alterations) as the cover art for the 1975 album Minstrel in the Gallery by progressive rock band Jethro Tull.

In film and television
The hall has been used as a location for filming, including in Treasure Houses of Britain (1985); The Princess Bride (1987); the BBC's adaptation of The Silver Chair (1990); Jane Eyre (1996); Elizabeth (1998); Pride & Prejudice (2005); Jane Eyre (2006); Jane Eyre (2011); A Tudor Feast at Christmas (2013); Time Crashers (2015); and Gunpowder (2017).

title: Haddon Hall


text:
Virgin Express

N.V. Virgin Express S.A. was a Belgian airline created within the Virgin Group. It operated flights mainly to southern Europe from its hub at Brussels Airport. Ticket sales were mainly through the Internet. The airline merged with SN Brussels Airlines to form Brussels Airlines, which started operations on 25 March 2007. Virgin Express' head office was in Building 116 at Brussels Airport in Zaventem, Belgium, near Brussels.

History
Virgin Express was founded on 23 April 1996, when the Virgin Group (with chairman Richard Branson) bought the Belgian leisure airline EBA - EuroBelgian Airlines, founded by Victor Hasson and Georges Gutelman, and rebranded it Virgin Express. It also took over EBA's fleet of Boeing 737s and operated this type of aircraft from thereon. The airline soon concentrated on low-budget scheduled flights out of its Brussels hub, and became a major competitor for Sabena and later SN Brussels Airlines.

In October 2004, the Virgin Group sold its assets to SN Brussels Airlines, and both airlines were integrated into the parent holding company SN Airholding, chaired by Viscount Étienne Davignon.

On 31 March 2006, SN Brussels Airlines and Virgin Express announced their merger into a single company, named Brussels Airlines. The combined airline added long haul destinations and strengthened its position in Africa.

Fleet

During its 11-year existence, Virgin Express had operated the following aircraft:

Three Boeing 737-300 (OO-VEX, OO-VEG and OO-VEH) were fitted with winglets (March 2007). The airline operated a maximum of 26 737s at its peak, and was given the first Joint Aviation Authorities air operator's certificate delivered by the Belgian Civil Aviation Authorities. After the merger, all ten of the Virgin Express fleet went to Brussels Airlines. The airline has since phased out its Boeing 737s.

title: Virgin Express


text:
Manston

Manston is the name of a number of settlements in England:

 * Manston, Dorset
 * Manston, Kent
 * location of the former RAF Manston airfield, Manston Airport and the Manston Asylum Processing Centre
 * Manston, Leeds

title: Manston


text:
Manteca

Manteca may refer to:
 * The Spanish word for lard

People

 * Albert Manteca (born 1988), Spanish footballer
 * Jon Manteca (1967–1996), Spanish activist
 * Sergio Martínez (born 1969), nicknamed "Manteca", Uruguayan former footballer

Places

 * Manteca, California

Music

 * Manteca (band), a Canadian jazz fusion band
 * Manteca!, a 1965 album by Clare Fischer
 * Manteca (album), a 1958 album by Red Garland
 * "Manteca" (song), a 1947 jazz tune co-written by Dizzy Gillespie, Chano Pozo, and Gil Fuller

title: Manteca


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Manston, Dorset

Manston is a small village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England, lying next to the River Stour in the Blackmore Vale, 2 mi east of Sturminster Newton. The geology of the parish consists mostly of Kimmeridge clay, with a thin strip of Corallian limestone in the west.

History
In 1086 in the Domesday Book, Manston was recorded as Manestone; it had 19 households, 8 ploughlands, 25 acre of meadow and 2 mills. It was in the hundred of Gillingham and tenant-in-chief was Waleran the hunter.

The parish church of St Nicholas has a 13th-century chancel, 14th-century nave and 15th-century west tower. The first legal cremation in Britain took place at Manston House in 1883, carried out by Captain Thomas Hanham.

In 2013 the estimated population of the parish was 140. Northwood Farm in Manston is a former dairy farm that converted to a grain farm. It grows oats, wheat, and fava beans and has received the Biocyclic Vegan Standard.

title: Manston, Dorset


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Mantel clock

Mantel clocks—or shelf clocks—are relatively small house clocks traditionally placed on the shelf, or mantel, above the fireplace. The form, first developed in France in the 1750s, can be distinguished from earlier chamber clocks of similar size due to a lack of carrying handles.

These clocks are often highly ornate, decorative works. They are most frequently constructed from any combination of ormolu, porcelain, and wood. One of the most common and valued types of mantel clocks are the French Empire-style timepieces.

Simon Willard's shelf clock (half clock, Massachusetts shelf clock) was a relatively economical clock which was produced by the celebrated Simon Willard's Roxbury Street workshop, in Boston, Massachusetts, around the first decades of the 19th century. Right after inventing the banjo clock, Simon Willard brought the design further, designing the similar Massachusetts shelf clock which was related to the traditional bracket clocks. Simon's new creation ran for eight days.

Specifications
In contrast to wall clocks, whose movements were attached to the back board, the shelf clock had its movement supported by a seat board. In the 1790s in Boston, Simon Willard began selling other standardized shelf clocks. Indeed, it looked like a standard tall clock whose hood and base were directly conjoined and whose body was missing. These models included both a second hand and a calendar dial.

Georgian era
Simon Willard's shelf clocks were weight-driven and some models had an extended base for the weight so they achieved a one-week running period. Also, they had a pinwheel escapement. Their strike mechanism was the rack and snail. The pendulum length could be adjusted through a hole in the clock face at the 12 o'clock position, so it was not necessary to open the case.

Victorian decorative arts
Some later shelf clocks featured two artistically finished glass tablets which were beside the circular dial. The whole clock was mounted on lion paws. Willard's shelf clocks were produced until the 1830s. The Willard Brothers revolutionized the clock manufacturing by both labor division and using multiple previously molded parts. However, it is commonly accepted that historically their clocks were not definitively popular. Instead, Eli Terry popularized the clock ownership among common American people. Nowadays, Simon Willard's clocks are recognized as American masterpieces. As such, they are avidly sought by both antiquarians and museums. A Simon Willard clock in perfect condition can be purchased for anywhere from $50,000 up to $250,000.

Edwardian
Carriage clock

In popular culture
An animated figure of a mantel clock, "Cogsworth", is a character in Disney's films, Beauty and the Beast (1991; animated), voiced by David Ogden Stiers, and Beauty and the Beast (2017; live action/CGI), portrayed by Ian McKellen.

title: Mantel clock


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Heartbeat: The Abbreviated King Crimson

Heartbeat: The Abbreviated King Crimson is a compilation by the band King Crimson, originally intended for radio stations as a promo vehicle to accompany Frame by Frame: The Essential King Crimson 4-CD boxed set. It was released in 1991. The medley was prepared to present an intensive overview of the catalogue to Virgin Records.

Track listing

 * 1) "The King Crimson Barber Shop" (Tony Levin) (1:31)
 * Also featured on the compilation (4-CD set) Frame by Frame: The Essential King Crimson (1991); subsequently featured on the reissued version of the album Three of a Perfect Pair (1984)
 * 1) "21st Century Schizoid Man" (Robert Fripp, Michael Giles, Greg Lake, Ian McDonald, Peter Sinfield) (4:43)
 * Abbreviated version from the album In the Court of the Crimson King (1969)
 * 1) "The Court of the Crimson King" (McDonald, Sinfield) (4:54)
 * Single version from the album In the Court of the Crimson King
 * 1) "Elephant Talk" (Adrian Belew, Bill Bruford, Fripp, Levin) (3:33)
 * Edited version from the album Discipline (1981)
 * 1) "Matte Kudasai" (Belew, Bruford, Fripp, Levin) (3:46)
 * From the album Discipline
 * 1) "Heartbeat" (Belew, Bruford, Fripp, Levin) (2:57)
 * Edited version from the album Beat (1982)
 * 1) "Medley" (1:20)
 * Consisting of the following songs: "The King Crimson Barber Shop," "21st Century Schizoid Man," "Ladies of the Road," "Red," "Starless,"
 * "Epitaph," "The Court of the Crimson King," "Elephant Talk," "Cat Food," "Matte Kudasai," "Sleepless," and "Heartbeat."

title: Heartbeat: The Abbreviated King Crimson


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Odiham

Odiham is a large historic village and civil parish in the Hart district of Hampshire, England. It is twinned with Sourdeval in the Manche Department of France. The 2011 population was 4,406. The parish in 1851 had an area of 7,354 acres with 50 acres covered by water. The nearest railway station is at Hook, on the South West main line. The village had its own hundred, named The Hundred of Odiham. The village is situated slightly south of the M3 motorway and approximately midway between the north Hampshire towns of Fleet and Basingstoke, some 37 miles (59.5 km) north-northeast of Southampton and 43 miles (69 km) southwest of London.

RAF Odiham, home of the Royal Air Force's Chinook heavy lift helicopter fleet, lies to the south of the village.

History
The first written record of Odiham's existence is in the Domesday Book (1086), where it appears with its current spelling, although the spellings Odiam and Wudiham have sometimes been used since.

Odiham Castle
King John decided in 1204 to build Odiham Castle and it was built during the years 1207 to 1214 at a cost of over £1000. He already had some ninety strongholds all over the country, and he may have chosen Odiham because it is halfway between Windsor and Winchester. In 1216 the French Dauphin Louis VIII besieged King John in the castle for two weeks.

King Henry III, son of King John, gave the castle to his sister Eleanor in 1236, so when she married Simon de Montfort in 1238 the castle became the de Montfort family home. However, Simon was killed in the Battle of Evesham in 1265 when he led the rebellious barons to fight against the king; Eleanor was sent into exile.

During the fourteenth century the castle played a role in several significant events, including a sitting of Parliament, and the imprisonment of King David II of Scotland in the castle for eleven years. during the reign of Edward III of England. However, by the fifteenth century its only use was as a hunting lodge. Odiham Park was a park which contained a hunting lodge owned by Henry VIII of England. On 4 August 1531, he stayed there with Anne Boleyn, who would later become his second wife.

The castle was described in 1605 as a ruin, which it remains to this day.

Odiham Pest House
The Pest house was built c. 1622 and subsequently housed local people and travellers suffering from the plague, smallpox and other infectious diseases. Many such "isolation hospitals" were built in that period but the Odiham Pest House is one of only five examples surviving. It was restored by the Odiham Society in 1981 to form a mini Heritage Centre.

William Lily
Thomas Cox wrote in 1738:

 * This Place is famous for giving Birth to Mr. William Lily, who wrote the Grammar; which, with some Alterations, is commanded by Act of Parliament in King Henry VIII's Reign, to be taught in all Schools. He died master of St. Paul's School, London, Anno 1522.

Victoria Cross
Two people with links to Odiham won the Victoria Cross in the First World War, and have streets in the village named after them:

Reverend William Addison (VC) was educated at Robert May's School;

Brigadier Manley James (VC) was born and spent his childhood in the village.

Odiham Agricultural Society
On 16 May 1783, a group drawn from 'Gentlemen of Rank, fortune and Ingenuity' plus some 'intelligent farmers' met in The George Inn, Odiham to inaugurate the Odiham Agricultural Society as a 'society for the encouraging of Agricultural and Industry in their village and neighbourhood'. Influenced by key members like Thomas Burgess and Granville Penn, the Society also resolved to reform farriery and animal care by establishing a school to teach veterinary science in England. This was to result in a far-reaching outcome: the foundation of the Royal Veterinary Society and the birth of the veterinary profession in Britain.

Education

 * Robert May's School was founded in 1694.

In 2020, Hampshire County Council announced plans to close Odiham library.

title: Odiham


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Mappowder

Mappowder is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England. The parish lies approximately 9 mi southeast of the town of Sherborne and covers about 1900 acre at an elevation of 75 to 160 m. It is sited on Corallian limestone soil at the southern edge of the Blackmore Vale, close to the northern scarp face of the Dorset Downs. In the 2011 census the parish had 71 dwellings, 69 households and a population of 166.

The village name comes from mapuldor, Old English for 'maple tree'. In 1086 in the Domesday Book Mappowder was recorded as Mapledre and appears in four entries; it was in Buckland Newton Hundred, had 33.3 households and a total taxable value of 8.3 geld units.

The church, dedicated to St Peter & St Paul, is Perpendicular and was built in the late 15th and 16th centuries. However, it includes features remaining from an earlier 12th-century church. The chancel was extended in 1868 by the Wingfield Digby family of Sherborne Castle, who owned the village in Victorian times.

Mappowder was once the home of the Coker family, who built a large mansion here in 1654, although this was pulled down in the mid-eighteenth century. The building which occupies the site now, Mappowder Court, is mostly of mid-eighteenth-century origin, with some earlier remnants. The stone gateposts at the entrance remain from the original Coker manor; these are topped by carved human heads which in 1905 Sir Frederick Treves described as "Blackamore's" these being "those indefinite natives of the tropics having been used for the crest of the Coker family." In 1559 Henry Coker (c.1528–1596) was member of parliament for the constituency of Shaftesbury. Mappowder Court is listed by English Heritage as Grade II*, with the gateposts and courtyard walls as Grade II.

Novelist and short story writer Theodore Francis Powys lived in Mappowder for the last 13 years of his life; he died and was buried here in 1953.

title: Mappowder


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Frame by Frame: The Essential King Crimson

Frame by Frame: The Essential King Crimson is a 4-CD box set by the band King Crimson, released in 1991.

Disc 1: 1969-1971

 * 1) "21st Century Schizoid Man" (Robert Fripp, Michael Giles, Greg Lake, Ian McDonald, Peter Sinfield) - 7:20
 * 2) "I Talk to the Wind" (McDonald, Sinfield) - 6:05
 * 3) "Epitaph" (Fripp, Giles, Lake, McDonald, Sinfield) - 8:44
 * 4) "Moonchild" (Fripp, Giles, Lake, McDonald, Sinfield) - 2:26
 * Abridged version, omitting the improv section of the song
 * 1) "The Court of the Crimson King" (McDonald, Sinfield) - 9:25
 * 2) "Peace: A Theme" (Fripp) - 1:16
 * 3) "Cat Food" (Fripp, McDonald, Sinfield) - 2:45
 * Single version
 * 1) "Groon" (Fripp) - 3:31
 * Previously unreleased on CD; also featured on the 2-LP compilation A Young Person's Guide to King Crimson (1976)
 * 1) "Cadence and Cascade" (Fripp, Sinfield) - 4:10
 * New mix, replacing Gordon Haskell's original vocals with vocals performed by Adrian Belew, July 1991
 * 1) "The Sailor's Tale" (Fripp) - 7:27
 * Abridged version, removing approximately 3.5 seconds' worth of the cymbal introduction
 * 1) "Ladies of the Road" (Fripp, Sinfield) - 5:31
 * 2) "Bolero" (Fripp, Sinfield) - 6:45
 * New mix, replacing Gordon Haskell's original bass guitar with bass guitar performed by Tony Levin, June 1991

 * Tracks 1-5 from In the Court of the Crimson King (1969)
 * Tracks 6-7 & 9 from In the Wake of Poseidon (1970)
 * Tracks 7-8 released as the single "Cat Food/Groon" in 1970
 * Track 12 from Lizard (1970)
 * Tracks 10-11 from Islands (1971)

Total Running Time - 67:47

Disc 2: 1972-1974

 * 1) "Larks' Tongues in Aspic (Part I)" (Bill Bruford, David Cross, Fripp, Jamie Muir, John Wetton) - 10:53
 * Abridged version
 * 1) "Book of Saturday" (Fripp, Richard Palmer-James, Wetton) - 2:53
 * 2) "Easy Money" (Fripp, Palmer-James, Wetton) - 7:55
 * 3) "Larks' Tongues in Aspic (Part II)" (Fripp) - 7:09
 * 4) "The Night Watch" (Fripp, Palmer-James, Wetton) - 4:40
 * 5) "The Great Deceiver" (Fripp, Palmer-James, Wetton) - 4:03
 * 6) "Fracture" (Fripp) - 6:57
 * Abridged version
 * 1) "Starless" (Bruford, Cross, Fripp, Palmer-James, Wetton) - 4:38
 * Abridged version
 * 1) "Red" (Fripp) - 6:17
 * 2) "Fallen Angel" (Fripp, Palmer-James, Wetton) - 5:59
 * 3) "One More Red Nightmare" (Fripp, Wetton) - 7:09

 * Tracks 1-4 from the album Larks' Tongues in Aspic (1973)
 * Tracks 5-7 from the album Starless and Bible Black (1974)
 * Tracks 8-11 from the album Red (1974)

Total Running Time - 69:08

Disc 3: 1981-1984
All tracks on disc 3 written by Adrian Belew, Bruford, Fripp and Tony Levin, unless otherwise indicated.

 * 1) "Elephant Talk" - 4:42
 * 2) "Frame by Frame" - 5:08
 * 3) "Matte Kudasai" - 3:48
 * 4) "Thela Hun Ginjeet" - 6:26
 * 5) "Heartbeat" - 3:54
 * 6) "Waiting Man" - 4:22
 * 7) "Neurotica" - 4:48
 * 8) "Requiem" - 6:36
 * 9) "Three of a Perfect Pair" - 4:11
 * 10) "Sleepless" - 5:22
 * 11) "Discipline" - 5:05
 * 12) "The Sheltering Sky" - 8:16
 * 13) "The King Crimson Barber Shop" (Levin) - 1:31
 * Also featured on the compilation Heartbeat: The Abbreviated King Crimson (1991), subsequently featured on the reissued version of the album Three of a Perfect Pair (1984)

 * Tracks 1-4 & 11-12 from the album Discipline (1981)
 * Tracks 5-8 from the album Beat (1982)
 * Tracks 9-10 from the album Three of a Perfect Pair (1984)

Total Running Time - 64:08

Disc 4: Live 1969-1984
Total Running Time - 61:20
 * 1) "Get Thy Bearings" (Donovan Leitch) - 9:21
 * Recorded at Plumpton Racetrack (at the Ninth National Jazz and Blues Festival), Streat, UK, 9 August 1969
 * subsequently featured on the live album (4-CD set) Epitaph
 * 1) "Travel Weary Capricorn" (Fripp, Giles, Lake, McDonald, Sinfield) - 4:23
 * Recorded at Plumpton Racetrack (at the Ninth National Jazz and Blues Festival), Streat, UK, 9 August 1969
 * Subsequently featured on the live 4-CD set Epitaph (1997)
 * 1) "Mars" (Gustav Holst) - 8:09
 * Recorded at the Fillmore West, San Francisco, California, United States, 14 December 1969*
 * subsequently featured on the live 4-CD set Epitaph
 * 1) "The Talking Drum" (Bruford, Cross, Fripp, Muir, Wetton) - 8:30
 * Recorded at the Concertgebouw, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 23 November 1973;
 * subsequently featured on the live 2-CD set The Night Watch (1997)
 * 1) "21st Century Schizoid Man" (Fripp, Giles, Lake, McDonald, Sinfield) - 9:15
 * Recorded at the Concertgebouw, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 23 November 1973
 * subsequently featured on the live 2-CD set The Night Watch
 * 1) "Asbury Park" (Bill Bruford, Cross, Fripp, Wetton) - 6:52
 * Recorded at the Casino, Asbury Park, New Jersey, 28 June 1974; previously featured on the live album USA (1975)
 * 1) "Larks' Tongues in Aspic (Part III)" (Belew, Bruford, Fripp, Levin) - 2:35
 * recorded at Le Spectrum, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 11 July 1984; excerpt version from the afternoon show. A complete performance from the evening show was subsequently featured on the live 2-CD set Absent Lovers: Live in Montreal (1998)
 * 1) "Sartori in Tangier" (Belew, Bruford, Fripp, Levin) - 4:08
 * recorded at Le Spectrum, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 11 July 1984
 * subsequently featured on the live album (2-CD set) Absent Lovers: Live in Montreal
 * 1) "Indiscipline" (Belew, Bruford, Fripp, Levin) - 5:26
 * Recorded at the Arena, Fréjus, France, 27 August 1982; subsequently featured on the live album (King Crimson Collectors' Club release) Live at Cap D'Agde (April 1999)

(*) The Frame by Frame booklet incorrectly lists the date as 10 December 1969.


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Talk:Eilenberg–MacLane space

Page name

 * Section added. —Nils von Barth (nbarth) (talk) 17:26, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Page name - I know MacLane adopted Saunders Mac Lane; but Eilenberg-MacLane is standard in the literature.

Charles Matthews 14:01, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Duly noted – I’ve added a note to that effect.
 * —Nils von Barth (nbarth) (talk) 17:26, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Representability
It is certainly not true that for abelian π and any topological space X, the set [X, K(π,n)] of homotopy classes of based maps from X to K(π,n) is in natural bijection with n-th coholmology Hn(X; π) of the space X. A good counterexample is the pseudocircle. The usual correct statement of this result is with X restricted to be a CW complex. However another common formulation is to allow X to be arbitrary, but then take [X, K(π,n)] to be the Hom set in the weak homotopy category. This basically amounts to the same thing, since that Hom set is obtained by replacing X by a CW approximation and taking based homotopy classes.

However I have heard of a formulation of this result where one takes based homotopy classes with X not necessarily a CW complex, but something like a compact metric space. The resulting set of homotopy classes is in 1-1 correspondence with something like Cech cohomology instead of singular cohomology. Does anyone know the precise formulation of this result? Fiedorow 17:43, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Never mind. I found a reference for this result and incorporated it into the article. Fiedorow 18:53, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

More info
More information, please. In particular, in what sense are these spaces "building blocks for homotopy theory"? And, can this topic be introduced in more elementary terms to give some intuition? 83.160.106.234 (talk) 03:23, 8 July 2013 (UTC)
 * "Building blocks" --> general toplogical spaces can be built via Postnikov system aka the Postnikov tower. "Intuitive" --> not so much. Notice that all but one of the examples is K(G,1), the only other example is CP^\infty which is KG(Z,2) which follows from the Hopf fibration for the finite-dimensional CP's. You can build more as loop spaces. Not sure if loop spaces count as either intuitive or elementary.  I mean, they sound simple, at first, until you dive in deeper, and then suddenly you're doing M-theory, wtf.  I'm saying this only because maybe someone else can provide a more "elementary" and "intuitive" explanation. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 05:12, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

Redirect page
I found this page, and I want to know, what is the purpose of redirecting something to itself? HelicopterLlama (talk) 22:27, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

 * It doesn't redirect to itself -- note that your link contains a long dash, while the actual page name contains a short dash. - Saibod (talk) 12:17, 28 May 2014 (UTC)

Connected?
It's a minor detail, but... "Let G be a group and n a positive integer. A connected topological space X is called..." Should that be simply connected? Otherwise it might not have a single homotopy group. 108.36.152.130 (talk) 01:31, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Yes, but you don't actually have to say that, as its already built into the definition: K(G,n) for n>1 implies that only $$\pi_n$$ is non-trivial, i.e. it implies that all other pi's such as $$\pi_1$$ are trivial, i.e. its simply connected. Mathematicians are cleverly parsimonious.  I'm not sure exactly how to add that to the article, as its a forehead-slapper once you see it. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 04:20, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

Useful Notes
These notes contain many useful facts about Eilenberg-Maclane spaces and include multiple spectral sequence computations:

https://web.archive.org/web/20180821213836/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~xiyin/Site/Notes_files/AT.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.250.143.235 (talk) 21:39, 21 August 2018 (UTC)
 * https://mathoverflow.net/questions/237469/table-of-integral-cohomology-groups-of-kz-n

title: Talk:Eilenberg–MacLane space


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Marshwood

Marshwood is a village and civil parish in west Dorset, England, situated on the northern edge of the Marshwood Vale approximately 5.5 mi northeast of Lyme Regis. Dorset County Council estimate that the parish had a population of 310 in 2013. Figures published from the 2011 census are for Marshwood parish combined with the small neighbouring parish of Bettiscombe: the combined population was 346.

The village school was opened in 1842 and covers the catchment areas of Marshwood, Pilsdon, Bettiscombe, and Blackdown Ward of Broadwindsor. Secondary education is provided at Woodroffe School, Lyme Regis. The church of St Mary's was built in 1840-41 and underwent a rebuild in 1883–84.

The Bottle Inn on the outskirts of Marshwood is home to the world stinging nettle eating championships. It is also the 2016 Regional (Dorset, Hampshire, Wiltshire & the Channel Islands) CAMRA winner for its range & quality of ciders & ales.

The parish contains the ruins of Marshwood Castle, which is a scheduled monument.

Notable residents

 * Peter De Greef (1922-1980), actor resident in the village for many years and buried in the church yard of St Mary's church

title: Marshwood


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Sleepless: The Concise King Crimson

Sleepless: The Concise King Crimson is a compilation by the band King Crimson, released in 1993.

title: Sleepless: The Concise King Crimson


text: User talk:84.118.49.252

title: User talk:84.118.49.252


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Melbury Bubb

Melbury Bubb is a small village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in South West England, situated approximately 7 mi south of the town of Sherborne. It is sited on Cornbrash limestone beneath the chalk hills of the Dorset Downs. The A37 trunk road between Dorchester and Bristol passes about 0.5 mi to the west, on the other side of Bubb Down Hill. This hill used to be the site of a beacon. The first half of the village name derives from maele and burh—Old English for "multi-coloured" and "fortified place"—and the second half is a manorial name which derives either from a Saxon resident named 'Bubba' or from medieval lords of the manor. Dorset County Council's latest (2013) estimate of the parish population is 40.

The parish church of St Mary has a 15th-century tower but the rest of the building was largely rebuilt in a 19th-century restoration. Its font however is carved out of the column of an upturned Saxon cross; it is elaborately carved, although the carvings are upside-down. Families were often noted as owners in books, for instance: the Blain family recently sold the property, despite occupying it for just shy of 100 years.

title: Melbury Bubb


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AMPL

AMPL (A Mathematical Programming Language) is an algebraic modeling language to describe and solve high-complexity problems for large-scale mathematical computing (e.g. large-scale optimization and scheduling-type problems). It was developed by Robert Fourer, David Gay, and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories. AMPL supports dozens of solvers, both open source and commercial software, including CBC, CPLEX, FortMP, MOSEK, MINOS, IPOPT, SNOPT, KNITRO, and LGO. Problems are passed to solvers as nl files. AMPL is used by more than 100 corporate clients, and by government agencies and academic institutions.

One advantage of AMPL is the similarity of its syntax to the mathematical notation of optimization problems. This allows for a very concise and readable definition of problems in the domain of optimization. Many modern solvers available on the NEOS Server (formerly hosted at the Argonne National Laboratory, currently hosted at the University of Wisconsin, Madison ) accept AMPL input. According to the NEOS statistics AMPL is the most popular format for representing mathematical programming problems.

Features
AMPL features a mix of declarative and imperative programming styles. Formulating optimization models occurs via declarative language elements such as sets, scalar and multidimensional parameters, decision variables, objectives and constraints, which allow for concise description of most problems in the domain of mathematical optimization.

Procedures and control flow statements are available in AMPL for
 * the exchange of data with external data sources such as spreadsheets, databases, XML and text files
 * data pre- and post-processing tasks around optimization models
 * the construction of hybrid algorithms for problem types for which no direct efficient solvers are available.

To support re-use and simplify construction of large-scale optimization problems, AMPL allows separation of model and data.

AMPL supports a wide range of problem types, among them:
 * Linear programming
 * Quadratic programming
 * Nonlinear programming
 * Mixed-integer programming
 * Mixed-integer quadratic programming with or without convex quadratic constraints
 * Mixed-integer nonlinear programming
 * Second-order cone programming
 * Global optimization
 * Semidefinite programming problems with bilinear matrix inequalities
 * Complementarity theory problems (MPECs) in discrete or continuous variables
 * Constraint programming

AMPL invokes a solver in a separate process which has these advantages: Interaction with the solver is done through a well-defined nl interface.
 * User can interrupt the solution process at any time
 * Solver errors do not affect the interpreter
 * 32-bit version of AMPL can be used with a 64-bit solver and vice versa

Availability
AMPL is available for many popular 32 & 64-bit operating systems including Linux, macOS, Solaris, AIX, and Windows. The translator is proprietary software maintained by AMPL Optimization LLC. However, several online services exist, providing free modeling and solving facilities using AMPL. A free student version with limited functionality and a free full-featured version for academic courses are also available.

AMPL can be used from within Microsoft Excel via the SolverStudio Excel add-in.

The AMPL Solver Library (ASL), which allows reading nl files and provides the automatic differentiation, is open-source. It is used in many solvers to implement AMPL connection.

Status history
This table present significant steps in AMPL history.

A sample model
A transportation problem from George Dantzig is used to provide a sample AMPL model. This problem finds the least cost shipping schedule that meets requirements at markets and supplies at factories.

Solvers
Here is a partial list of solvers supported by AMPL:

title: AMPL


text: User talk:82.36.98.120

title: User talk:82.36.98.120


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Hartley Wintney

Hartley Wintney is a large village and civil parish in the Hart district of Hampshire, England. It lies about 3 mi northwest of Fleet and 8 mi east of Basingstoke. The parish includes the smaller contiguous village of Phoenix Green as well as the hamlets of Dipley, Elvetham, Hartfordbridge, and West Green.

The 2011 census recorded the parish's population as 4,999.

Character
The parish includes large wooded areas such as Yateley Heath Wood and part of Hazeley Heath. The River Hart flows through the parish northeast of the town. The River Whitewater forms the western parish boundary. The southern boundary now follows the M3 motorway.

The town has a typical wide Hampshire main street, lined with local businesses, shops, an osteopath, public houses and a Baptist church. The town has also a Methodist church. The Roman Catholic church of St Thomas More was built in the 1960s. In 2016 a fire destroyed its roof.

The town is known for its numerous antique shops. At the southern end is the green and with thatched duck house. The pond is called Hatton's Pond, after a landlord of the Waggon and Horses public house in about 1870. The red-brick Church of England parish church of St John the Evangelist overlooks the green.

Beyond the green are the Mildmay oak trees. They were planted at the behest of Lady St John Mildmay in response to a call in 1807 by Admiral Collingwood after the Battle of Trafalgar for landowners to plant oaks to provide timber for naval ships. The cricket green, home of the oldest cricket club in Hampshire, is behind the shops, with a second duckpond and Dutch-gabled farmhouse, Causeway Farm, a short distance away through a stand of oaks.

In 1831 the parish (then excluding Elvetham and part of Hartfordbridge) had a population of 1,139. In 2004 the ward had a population of 4,954. The town is twinned with Saint-Savin near Poitiers, France and with Malle in Belgium.

Hartley Row is a former hamlet within Hartley Wintney. As late as 1969, bus timetables referred to the village as Hartley Row.

History
In prehistory the area was probably fairly heavily wooded with a lake and a marshy area. The Domesday Book of 1086 does not record Hartley Wintney by name. Both before and after the Norman conquest of England it was probably part of the royal manor of Odiham.

The earliest record of Hartley Wintney by name is from the 12th century, when Wintney Priory of Cistercian nuns was founded there. In the 13th century its toponym was variously recorded as Hercelega, Hurtlegh or Hertleye Wynteneye. This last version means "forest clearing where the deer graze by Winta's island". Winta was probably a Saxon who held the island in the marshes. The toponym was recorded as Hurtleye Winteney or Wytteneye in the 14th century and Herteley Witney in the 16th century.

About 100 years after the Norman conquest Hartley Wintney was made a separate manor held by the FitzPeter family. It was Geoffrey FitzPeter who founded the Cistercian priory. A deer park stretched from Odiham to the outskirts of the settlement and to the north. It was used for 600 years by royalty and others for hunting, and its wood was used for fuel.

Parish churches
St Mary's Church, about 2/3 mi south of the centre of the town, is Hartley Wintney's original Church of England parish church. It was built in the 13th century and given new windows in the 14th and 15th centuries. In the 19th century the brick transepts and west tower were added and more windows were inserted. St Mary's is a Grade II* listed building.

In 1869–70 a new parish church of St John the Evangelist was built nearer the centre of the town. It is a Gothic Revival building designed by EA Lansdowne. In the 20th century the Diocese of Winchester declared St Mary's redundant and vested it in the Churches Conservation Trust, leaving St John's as the parish's sole Anglican place of worship.

Elvetham
Elvetham is a hamlet about 1 mi east of Hartley Wintney. Until the 20th century it was a separate civil parish. Hartfordbridge, about 3/4 mi northeast of Hartley Wintney, was partly in Elvetham parish and partly in Hartley Wintney.

Elvetham was a manor by the time of Edward the Confessor in the 11th century. There has been a country house there since at least 1535, when John Seymour entertained Henry VIII there. Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford entertained Elizabeth I there in 1591. Of that house no trace remains. The present Elvetham Hall was designed by Samuel Sanders Teulon and built in 1859–62. It is now a Grade II* listed building. Formerly the seat of the Barons Calthorpe, the house is now a 70-bedroom hotel, conference and banqueting venue.

Elvetham had a parish church from an early date, but in 1840 it was dismantled. The present Romanesque Revival church of St Mary the Virgin in the grounds of Elvetham Hall was completed in 1841. In the 20th century the Diocese of Winchester declared it redundant. The church is now one of Elvetham Hall's conference and banqueting venues.

Air crash
On 5 October 1945 a Consolidated B-24 Liberator GR.VI aircraft of No. 311 Squadron RAF crashed and burst into flames in a field on the Elvetham Hall estate. All of its passengers and RAF crew were Czechoslovak. All twenty-three people aboard were killed, including five young children who were aged from 18 months to three years old. The Flight List had the names of the five crew and the seventeen civilians who were on board the plane. However an extra civilian was found, a woman. Thirteen of the civilians were buried in a communal grave in Brookwood Civil Cemetery, and the crew received a military burial 100 metres away in Brookwood Military Cemetery. The extra casualty was Edita Sedlakova who had initially been offloaded in favour of a replacement but she had stowed aboard the flight. Sedlakova had not long been married to the Flight Engineer, Zdenek Sedlak, and this was their honeymoon flight home. Edita lies in the communal grave while Zdenek is in the Military Cemetery. Edita was just 19 years old.

Other notable buildings

 * West Green House is an 18th-century country house owned by the National Trust. The gardens are open to the public.
 * Victoria Hall, at the west end of Hartley Wintney, was designed by Thomas Edward Collcutt. It was built in 1897 and opened by Lady Calthorpe on 20 October 1898 to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. It won the Hart Design Awards best new building award in 2002 for a sensitive restoration and extension.

Sport and leisure
Hartley Wintney F.C. is a Non-League football club that plays at The Memorial Playing Fields.

The village is believed to have one of the oldest continuously used cricket grounds in England. In 2020 the Hartley Wintney Cricket Club celebrated its 250th anniversary.

Road
The town is on the A30 at its junction with the A323 Fleet Road, almost equidistant between Basingstoke to the west and Camberley to the east. This was the main trunk road to the West Country and Southampton until 1971, when the M3 motorway was opened.

Railway
The nearest railway station is at Winchfield on the South West Main Line. It is about 1+1/2 mi south of Hartley Wintney and is signposted from the village.

Bus
Stagecoach South route 7 runs between Aldershot and Phoenix Green. In addition, route 65X runs between Alton College and Phoenix Green via Hartley Wintney and route 408 runs between Farnborough College of Technology and Odiham via Hartley Wintney during term time.

Hartley Wintney Community Bus Service runs a regularly weekday commuter service to Winchfield railway station and services to Hook, Yateley, Frogmore and The Meadows. A Saturday service goes to Camberley as well as The Meadows from Hartley Wintney, via Yateley and Frogmore.

Nearby towns

 * Hook – 3 mi west
 * Fleet – 3 mi southeast
 * Yateley – 4 mi northeast
 * Sandhurst – 5 mi northeast
 * Farnborough – 6 mi east-southeast
 * Camberley – 7 mi east-northeast
 * Aldershot – 7+1/2 mi southeast
 * Basingstoke – 8 mi west
 * Reading – 11 mi north
 * London (central) – 39 mi east-northeast

Notable residents

 * Field Marshal Alan Brooke (1883–1963), later Viscount Alanbrooke, had his home in the town during the Second World War and continued to live here until his death in 1963. He is buried in St Mary's churchyard, next to his daughter who was killed in a horseriding accident. His younger son, the third Viscount Alanbrooke (1932-2018) lived in the village until his death.
 * Matthew Bennett (historian), a historian specialising in Medieval warfare and former Senior Lecturer in the Department of Communication and Applied Behavioural Science at The Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, is a long-term village resident.
 * Richard C. Davis, originator of the American television programme Flip This House, rents a farm in Hartley Wintney. The programme focused on the process of buying, remodelling, and selling houses for profit.
 * Lieutenant-General Henry Hawley (died 1759), the infamous butcher at the Battle of Culloden, lived at West Green House and is buried in the family vault beneath St Mary's Church.
 * Thomas Howard (1781–1864), Hampshire county cricketer, lived all his life at Hartley Wintney.
 * Admiral Sir William Milbourne James was born in the town in 1881.
 * Henry Kirkwood (1886–1954), first-class cricketer and British Army officer.
 * William Lethaby (1857–1931), architect and architectural historian, is buried in St Mary's parish churchyard.
 * Philip Scrutton (1923–1958), leading English amateur golfer, died in a road traffic accident in Hartley Wintney on 30 October 1958 aged 35.
 * William Lowe (1873–1945), cricketer for Cambridge University and Worcestershire, died in Hartley Wintney.
 * Claude Myburgh (1911–87), cricketer and soldier, lived for his latter years at Inholmes Court.
 * Admiral Sir Richard Onslow (1904–75) lived in Hartley Wintney at Bears Barn in the latter part of his naval career.
 * Justin Rose (born 1980), 2013 US Open golf champion, was at one time a member of the local golf course.
 * Sir Benjamin Rudyerd (1572–1658), politician and poet, grew up in Hartley Wintney.
 * Spencer Wilks (1891–1971), president of the Rover Company and Maurice Wilks (1904–63), Chairman of the Rover Company.
 * Adrian Stoop (1883–1957), Rugby union player for Harlequins and England, lived at The Grange in Hartley Wintney.
 * Gerald Tuck (1902–1984), cricketer and Royal Navy officer.

Preservation Society
Hartley Wintney Preservation Society was founded in 1966 but in 2019 chose to change its name to Hartley Wintney Heritage Society, to more accurately reflect the Society's positive and forward-thinking attitudes. The Hartley Wintney Heritage Society strongly oppose the benches on the cricket green.

title: Hartley Wintney


text:
Melbury Osmond

Melbury Osmond is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England. It lies approximately 7 mi south of the Somerset town of Yeovil. The underlying geology is Cornbrash limestone, with adjacent Oxford clay. Within the clay can be found deposits of stone which can take on a very high polish, earning them the name "Melbury marble". The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book as a possession of the Arundell family, and remained so until the 19th century. The parish church, St. Osmund's, was totally rebuilt in 1745 and restored in 1888, although it has registers dating back to 1550. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 199.

The major part of Melbury Osmond village lies on a cul-de-sac lane which from the church descends past cottages to a stream and ford. The attractive appearance of the village has been noted by commentators: it has been described as "a calendarsmith's dream of thatched cottages" and in 1906 Sir Frederick Treves wrote that it was "the most charming village in these Western backwoods".

In its history the village has been involved in the trade of plated buckles and horn buttons, and the manufacture of dowlas. During the 19th century, the village was home to the Dorset Ooser, a wooden mask brought out during "Rough Music" ceremonies.

There are 34 listed buildings and structures within the parish, including the Grade II* Old Rectory and the Grade I parish church.

Thomas Hardy's mother lived in Melbury Osmond as a child, and she was married in the church. The village appears as "Little Hintock" in Hardy's novel The Woodlanders, in which the heroine's name is "Grace Melbury". Hardy also incorporated a legend about the Duke of Monmouth taking refuge in one of the village's cottages into his short story "The Duke's Reappearance".

title: Melbury Osmond


text:
Oscar Borg

Oscar Borg (11 June 1851 – 29 December 1930) was a Norwegian composer and conductor. He is best known for his compositions of marches for wind bands.

Alfred Oscar Johannessen Borg was born in Halden, Norway. His father, Ole Peter Johannesen (1816–1890), was from the Borg farm in Solør, from which the family name originated. His father was music sergeant in the 1st Brigades Band of Fredriksten Fortress in Halden.

Oscar Borg attended the Royal College of Music (Musikaliska Akademien) in Stockholm, under the sponsorship of the Crown Prince of Sweden, later King Oscar II of Sweden. He entered the academy in 1869 and took the music director exam with top marks in the spring of 1872. He had a contractual obligation to return to his old band. He gave his first concert in his hometown as flautist and violinist during October 1872. When in 1881, conductor Friedrich August Reissiger resigned as director of the 1st Brigades Band, Oscar Borg was his replacement. Borg remained the director of the 1st Brigades Band in Halden until he resigned 11 June 1918.

Borg's compositions are characterized by good melodies, euphonious harmonies and skillful instrumentation. Oscar Borg composed 60 marches for military bands, 275 songs and about 170 arrangements. Among the marches most played are Kong Haakon VIIs Honnørmarsj (1905), Kronprins Olavs Honnørmarsj, Den Norske Løve (1894) and Norsk Turnermarsj (1886). He received the King's Medal of Merit in gold and was made a Knight 1st Class of the  Order of Vasa. He was awarded the King Oscar II Medal in gold, and Kaiser Wilhelms Krieg Verdienstmedalje.

Personal life
Oscar Borg was married twice. In 1874, he married Emilie Göthilda Brunstedt (1853–1904). In 1906, he married Marie Gribsrud (1875–1907). Oscar Borg had 12 children, three of whom died early. Several of the children excelled in the artistic direction: Helge Borg (1894–1965) as a composer of dance music, Dag Borg (1893–1966) as architect and artist and his daughter Ellen (Ragnhild) Borg was a singer.

Other sources

 * Hjorthaug, S. Oscar Borg. Hans betydning for musikklivet i Fredrikshald og hans mannskorsanger (University of Oslo: 1970)
 * Gundersen, E.A. Oscar Borg. Norges Marsjkonge (Skien: 1991)

title: Oscar Borg