text:
Baker McKenzie

Baker McKenzie is one of the largest international law firms, headquartered in Chicago. Founded in 1949 under the name Baker & McKenzie, it has 77 offices in 46 countries and employs 4,809 attorneys and approximately 13,000 employees.

History
Co-founding partner Russell Baker, born in Wisconsin and raised in New Mexico, opened his early practice, Baker & Simpson, in Chicago in 1925, following his graduation from the University of Chicago Law School. Baker had early exposure to the Spanish language and other cultures, and his firm provided legal services to Chicago's growing Mexican American community. The firm later advised U.S. companies investing in Latin America.

In 1949, the firm relaunched with John McKenzie, a litigator who had graduated from Loyola University Chicago School of Law, who took charge of the litigation practice, as Baker built an international practice.

Baker McKenzie became an international firm beginning in 1955, when a lawyer in Venezuela contacted Baker McKenzie about opening a joint venture office in Caracas. Russell Baker's son, Donald, moved to Caracas to launch the satellite office. Within the next three years, offices were opened in Washington, D.C., Amsterdam, Brussels, Zürich, New York and São Paulo. By 1978, Baker McKenzie had 26 offices in 20 countries. By 1990, the firm operated 49 offices on six continents, employing around 1500 attorneys, and generating $400 million in revenues. In October 2006, Unilever chose the firm to manage its global trademark portfolio, the largest in the world, with over 160,000 registrations, marking the first time a multinational company outsourced its trademark management to a law firm on such a large scale. In July 2013, co-founding partner Russell Baker was named one of American Lawyer's top 50 innovators for pioneering ideas and initiatives that changed the world of BigLaw.

In 1999, Christine Lagarde, the Paris managing partner and an antitrust and labor lawyer, was elected chair of the global executive committee, the first woman to lead Baker McKenzie or any major international law firm; she was chair for five years. She later became France's Minister of Finance and managing director of the International Monetary Fund.

In 2001, the firm employed 3,000 attorneys and garnered $1 billion in revenues. In 2005, 70 partners, and other legal staff, from the New York office of disbanding international firm Coudert Brothers joined Baker McKenzie.

In August 2014, Baker McKenzie revealed it was the first law firm to break through the $2.5bn revenues barrier since the financial crisis, and that it was also the largest firm in the world by headcount.

The firm's global chair, from 2016, until his death in April 2019, was former London managing partner Paul Rawlinson, who was the 15th chair, and the first British chair of the firm. Rawlinson had succeeded Eduardo C. Leite who was chair of Baker McKenzie from 2010 to 2016. In September 2019 the Firm announced that Milton Cheng had been elected as the global chair for four years, commenced October 2019.

In September 2022, after 40 years of existence in the UAE, Baker McKenzie announced to swiftly separate from its Emirati partner, Habib Al Mulla. The law firm raised a concern regarding the homophobic Twitter posts by Mulla, whose firm merged with Baker McKenzie in 2013. Mulla sparked controversy when he described homosexuality as "ugly" in his tweets. Baker McKenzie's head of investigations Borys Dackiw was temporarily appointed to lead. The law firm said it wanted to "ensure an inclusive work environment for all".

Size and structure
Baker McKenzie is the largest law firm in the United States by headcount. , it was the second largest law firm by headcount and third by revenue.

For 2015-2022, Reuters ranked the firm first by number of cross-border deals and for the eleventh year in a row the firm was ranked first for deals with emerging market involvement, by both number of announced and completed number of deals.

Baker McKenzie is organized as a Swiss Verein which allows regional profit pools and their related tax, accounting, and partner compensation systems to remain separate while allowing strategy, branding, information technology and other core functions to be shared between the constituent partnerships. Baker McKenzie is the only Verein that used to be a single partnership, while all of the other Vereins were created by firms merging.

Notable matters and transactions
In 2006, Baker McKenzie wrote the amicus brief of the Council of Parent Attorneys & Advocates (COPAA) in support of the petition for a Writ of Certiorari in Winkelman v. Parma City School District, and later, COPAA's amicus brief on the merits. It argued that parents have the right to represent themselves in court to enforce their IDEA rights and protect their children's access to free appropriate public education. This led to a unanimous Supreme Court decision in June 2007 granting parents the right to proceed without counsel on behalf of children with disabilities.

In December 2009, Baker McKenzie won a landmark tax case against the U.S. Internal Revenue Service for Symantec Corporation. The IRS had claimed that the Veritas Software Corporation, which Symantec had subsequently acquired in 2005, owed over $1 billion in back taxes, penalties, and interest as a result of Veritas' non-U.S. operations. Symantec took the case to the U.S. Tax Court where Baker & McKenzie argued that the IRS position was arbitrary, capricious, and unreasonable. In an opinion by Judge Maurice Foley, the court decided in favor of Symantec.

Baker McKenzie represented Microsoft in Microsoft Corporation v. Internal Revenue Service

In 2012, Baker McKenzie helped overturn Paul Chambers' conviction under the Communications Act of 2003 (the Twitter Joke Trial) for tweeting a "message of a menacing character." Chambers, an accountant, had tweeted a "silly joke" about "blowing up the Robin Hood airport in South Yorkshire." The team advising on his appeal was led by Preiskel & Co's David Allen Green, John Cooper QC of 25 Bedford Row, and Sarah Przybylska of 2 Hare Court. The Baker McKenzie team, which acted on the case pro bono from 2010, included partners Harry Small, Tom Cassels and Ben Allgrove.

Baker McKenzie is currently representing Facebook Inc. in its dispute with the IRS over the value of assets the company transferred to its Irish holding company. Lawyers with the U.S. Department of Justice asked for a court order forcing Facebook to provide information to the IRS related to agreements between the company and the holding company, Facebook Ireland Holdings.

Controversies
According to the ICIJ, Baker McKenzie has a history of working with "notorious fraudsters and autocratic regimes."

In 1986, Geoffrey Bowers, then a New York attorney, filed a complaint with the New York State Division of Human Rights, charging that he had been fired from his job at the Manhattan branch of Baker McKenzie law firm after AIDS-related lesions appeared on his face. The firm maintained that he was fired purely for his performance. Two months after testifying at a hearing on the complaint, he died at age 33. The case was resolved in his favor in late December when Baker McKenzie was ordered to pay $500,000 to Bowers' estate. It was one of the first AIDS discrimination cases to go to a public hearing. Baker McKenzie appealed but subsequently withdrew the appeal after they negotiated a confidential settlement in 1995 with Bowers' family forbidding parties from ever discussing the case or the terms of the agreement. These events were one inspiration for the film Philadelphia, starring Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington (the script of which was derived from numerous sources). The film's credits include the following message: "This motion picture was inspired in part by Geoffrey Bowers' AIDS discrimination lawsuit, the courage and love of the Angius family and the struggles of the many others who, along with their loved ones, have experienced discrimination because of AIDS."

In 1994, in a seminal case, a legal secretary, Rena Weeks, successfully sued the law firm for sexual harassment. The trial court ordered the law firm to pay $6.9 million in punitive damages, making it one of the largest damage awards in history for this type of action. On May 4, 1998, the California Court of Appeal for the First District upheld the trial court's judgment in full, and the Supreme Court of California denied review. A subsequent dispute among Weeks' victorious attorneys as to the division of fees among them (she had signed a contingent fee agreement for 40% of her recovery) did reach the Supreme Court of California in 2002; the court held that the later-associated co-counsel could not recover the full amount he sought because Weeks' attorneys had not obtained her consent to an agreement to split fees among co-counsel from different firms as required by California court rules. Martin R. Greenstein, the partner whose actions resulted in Weeks' successful lawsuit, was given a public reproval by the State Bar of California on March 26, 1998, and for obvious reasons, is no longer with Baker McKenzie (the Court of Appeal decision noted that he was terminated by the firm in August 1993).

Tax avoidance
In 2021, the law firm was listed in the Pandora Papers after the law firm conducted offshoring activities for organizations outside of the United States. One of the actions includes setting up shell companies in Cyprus for RJR Nabisco (which has split up), creating a tax shelter for Nike, as well as moving Facebook's tax headquarters to Ireland, allowing these companies to avoid taxes. Baker McKenzie's clients include Malaysian fugitive Jho Low.

Baker McKenzie has boasted about helping to set up tax-free zones in the UAE, which critics say encourage illicit activity. Baker McKenzie has lobbied against legislation to curb offshore tax avoidance by big companies and lobbied against legislation that would increase due diligence for foreign customers of American banks.

According to the ICIJ, Baker McKenzie is "an architect of the modern tax avoidance system." The company has helped fraudsters, corrupt officials and elites in authoritarian regimes avoid taxes and hide wealth through the use of shell companies, trusts and complex structures in tax havens. The Pandora Papers mentioned Baker McKenzie more than any other major U.S. law firm – the leaks alone revealed that Baker McKenzie was involved in setting up more than 440 offshore companies registered in tax havens.

Russia
Baker McKenzie has described itself as the "go-to firm for Russia's largest companies and major foreign investors."

Baker McKenzie has represented Russian state-owned companies Gazprom, Sberbank, VTB Bank, VEB.RF and Sviaz Bank, and the arms-manufacturer Rostec. In October 2021, the Pandora Papers leaks revealed that company represented at least six sanctioned Russian companies. After Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, the company initially did not sever ties with Russian state-owned companies, but said it was "reviewing and adjusting our Russia-related operations and client work" to adjust to sanctions. In late March 2022, the company said it was leaving Russia.

In 2016, Baker McKenzie worked for Rostec in selling shares in a Mongolian copper mine. The sale triggered a corruption investigation.

In 2021, Baker McKenzie advised the Russian Ministry of Finance on a $1.8 billion bond deal.

title: Baker McKenzie


text:
Talk:Sarmizegetusa Regia

Missing section
To fully comprehend the facts, I must add a correction: Costesti is indeed a town in Argeş county, Muntenia,Romania, but in this article it is confounded with the little village with the same name from Orastie mountains where is one of the fortresses that defended the dacian political center Sarmizegetusa.

Please Guys, start a page on the Roman Sarmizegetusa (Ulpia Traiana). I just found a paper claiming that beside the roads there were no cities in Roman Dacia!!! Let wikipedians know there are impressive cities, put photos of the temples and the amphitheatre. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.114.60.25 (talk) 15:12, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

map showing position of this settlement in romania needed
i like the town plan scematic thats very niffty but i need a map showing the location of this settlement inside of romania as i have no idea where it is. this seems to be a important settlement looking at the town plan map they even took the time to build temples so i see a great deal of anceint technoligy that went into this settlement -Masonry "city walls /" ,Ceremonial burial (religon) "temples" Ect ,ect its obvius this was not some semi-nomadic village build of wood and ment to be abandoned after a a few generations. this town should be held in a higher regard and for that to happin it needs a map showing its relative position with in a moder country. 76.211.5.120 (talk) 14:08, 18 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Done.--Codrin.B (talk) 15:11, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

Map inconsistency?
The map "Roman Dacia and Moesia Inferior" is quite awesome, but it is hard to match it with the article. Chiefly, it does not show "Sarmizegetusa Regia" anywhere.

Ptolemy's map complicates things further. The map in this article is very hard to read. Searching for other versions, it is possible to find:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Balkan_Peninsula.jpg

which seems to place "Sarmizegetusa Regia" where the article's map is placing "Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa" - but, the article claims strongly that the two should not be confused and are 40km apart.

On the other hand, this version of the map:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Ptolemy_Cosmographia_Dacia%2BDanube.jpg

places it somewhere else entirely.

For ease of reference, I suggest using Partiscum and Dierna, which appear in all three maps and seem consistent. Dierna is along the Danube. Feangio (talk) 23:44, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Sarmizegetusa Regia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120227080850/http://www.inmi.ro/lmi/HUNEDOARA.pdf to http://www.inmi.ro/lmi/HUNEDOARA.pdf

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Sarmizegetusa Regia


text:
Talk:Double Disc Court

Dead link. Is this one better?

title: Talk:Double Disc Court


text:
Yassa

The Yassa (alternatively Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag or Zasag; Их Засаг) was the oral law code of the Mongols, gradually built up through the reign of Genghis Khan. It was the de facto law of the Mongol Empire, even though the "law" was kept secret and never made public. The Yassa seems to have its origin in wartime decrees, which were later codified and expanded to include cultural and lifestyle conventions. By keeping the Yassa secret, the decrees could be modified and used selectively. It is believed that the Yassa was supervised by Genghis Khan himself and his adopted son Shigi Qutuqu, then the high judge (in улсын их заргач) of the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan appointed his second son, Chagatai (later Chagatai Khan), to oversee the laws' execution.

Etymology
The word yasa (or Yassa) exists in both Mongolic and Turkic languages. It is believed that the word derives from the Proto-Mongolian verb *jasa- (Modern засах), which means "to set in order". The Turkic verb yasa-, which means "to govern; to create", was probably borrowed from Mongolian.

In the earliest text in Mongolian, the Secret History of the Mongols, the word yassa seems to refer specificially to authoritative (military) decrees. Čerig žasa- - roughly equivalent to modern цэрэг засах - is a phrase commonly found in the Secret History that means "to set the soldiers in order", in the sense of rallying the soldiers before a battle. In modern Mongolian, the verb zasaglakh (засаглах) means "to govern".

Another word, which is sometimes equated with yassa, is yosun (Modern ёс). This term refers, broadly, to rules deriving from tradition, including for example rules of etiquette. Early chroniclers from Europe and the Middle East oftentimes did not clearly distinguish between the two terms - sometimes for ideological reasons - resulting in sources that often contain a mixture of laws and customs.

Historical and current use
Jasagh during the Qing dynasty referred to native provincial governors in Mongolia. The local office (the Lifan Yuan) served as their court of the first instance, and included secretaries and other officials.

The supreme executive body of the present-day Mongolian government is called the Zasgiin gazar (засгийн газар), which means "the place of Zasag", i.e. "the place of order".

Date and textual history
According to some scholars, the Yassa was proclaimed by Genghis Khan at the kurultai of 1206, when he officially assumed the title of Genghis Khan. In the Secret History, Genghis Khan tells his adopted son Shigi Qutuqu to create a register of jurisprudence, which implies the existence of such a document:"'Furthermore, writing in a blue-script register all decisions about the distribution and about the judicial matters of the entire population, make it into a book. Until the offspring of my offspring, let no one alter any of the blue writing that Šigi Qutuqu, after deciding in accordance with me, shall make into a book with white paper. Anyone who alters it shall be guilty and liable to punishment.'"

The Yassa may have later been written down in the Uyghur script, preserved in secret archives and known only to and read only by the royal family. Juvyani, in the Tarikh-i Jahangushay, writes of the role of the yasas during a kurultai (a military council):"These rolls are called the Great book of the Yasas and are kept in the treasury of the chief princes. Whenever a khan ascends the throne, or a great army is mobilized, or the princes assemble and begin [to consult together] concerning affairs of state and the administration thereof, they produce these rolls and model their actions thereon;"The Yasa decrees were thought to be comprehensive and specific, but no Mongolian scroll or codex has been found. There are records of excerpts among many chronicles including those of al-Maqrizi, Vardan Areveltsi, and Ibn Battuta. The first of these may have relied on the work of Ata-Malik Juvayni, an Ilkhanate official. Moreover, copies may have been discovered in Korea as well.

In the end, the absence of any physical document is historically problematic. Historians are left with secondary sources, conjecture and speculation, which describe much of the content of the overview. Historical certainty about the Yassa is weak compared to the much older Code of Hammurabi (18th century BCE) or the Edicts of Ashoka (3rd century BCE). The latter was carved for all to see on stone plinths, 12 to 15 m high, which were located throughout Ashoka's empire (now India, Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan).

Among the successors of Genghis Khan
Ögedei Khan, the third son of Genghis Khan and the second Great Khan, proclaimed the Great Yassa as an integral body of precedents at his coronation at the kurultai of 1229. He confirmed the continuing validity of his father's commands and ordinances, and added his own. Ögedei codified rules of dress, as well as the conduct of the kurultais. His two immediate successors followed the tradition of proclaiming the Yassa at their coronation.

The Mongols who lived in various parts of the empire began to add laws that were needed in their areas.

Present-day influence
In the modern Turkish language (as used presently in Turkey), the word for "law" is yasa, and the adjective "legal" is yasal. The word for a constitution, including the Constitution of Turkey, is Anayasa ("mother-law").

Overview of contents
The contents of the Yassa are not known from one single document, but scholars have reconstructed their contents from numerous sources relating to them. Among these, of particular interest are of course the Secret History, but also the Tarikh-i Jahangushay of Juvyani, and other works by contemporaries. Most detailed non-Mongolian sources don't distinguish clearly between legal decrees (yassa) and customs (yosun).

Contents according to the Secret History
In the Secret History, Genghis Khan tells Shigi Qutuqu, his adopted son, to create a blue-script book, which may be one of the books that formed the basis for what was later understood as the Yassa. In this book, as Genghis tells Shigi Qutuqu, the following items should be collected:"'[all] decisions about the distribution and about the judicial matters of the entire population'"According to David Morgan, this amounts to: (1) "Matters pertaining to [the] division (...) of spoils and property"; and (2) "Matters pertaining to trials". Elsewhere in the Secret History, individual decrees of Genghis Khan are mentioned, but to what extent these should be understood as permanent laws is not always clear.

Contents according to the Tarikh-i Jahangushay
In the Tarikh-i Jahangushay, a work by the Ilkhanate official Ata-Malik Juvyani, there appears one chapter dedicated to commenting on the yassas. This chapter is by no means comprehensive, as stated by the author himself:"There are many other [yassas] to record each of which would delay us too long; we have therefore limited ourselves to the mention of the above."However, some of the organisational matters discussed by Juvyani match pretty well with the brief statement in the Secret History about the contents of Shigi Qutuqu's blue-script book. He mentions both matters of tax, provisions and the divvying up of spoils, as well punishable offences, most of which appear to apply specifically to the peasantry that made up the army.

On the one hand, for example, he states that there is a requirement to share food with travelers, a rule of selling women from other families, and a duty to maintain provisions for the ǰamči's (post stations). On the other hand, he paints a picture of strict army dicipline, mentioning a ban on defection for soldiers, with the alleged punishment being summary public execution of the defector, and severe punishment for whoever offers shelter to the defector.

Throughout the rest of the work, Juvyani also mentions individual yassas, sometimes specifically ascribing them to Genghis Khan or his successors, and sometimes without further specification.

Further conjectured laws
The exoteric aspect of Yassa outlined laws for various members of the Mongol community such as soldiers, officers and doctors. The Yassa aimed at three things: obedience to Genghis Khan, a binding together of the nomad clans and the merciless punishment of wrongdoing. It concerned itself with people, not property. Unless a man confessed, he was not judged guilty. The purpose of many decrees was probably to eliminate social and economic disputes among the Mongols and future allied peoples. Among the rules were the ban on cattle raiding. It represented a day-to-day set of rules for people under Mongol control that was strictly enforced.

The Yassa also addressed and reflected Mongol cultural and lifestyle norms. Death via decapitation was the most common punishment unless the offender was of noble blood, when the offender would be killed by way of back-breaking, without shedding blood. Even minor offences were punishable by death. For example, a soldier would be put to death if he did not pick up something that fell from the person in front of him. Those favored by the Khan were often given preferential treatment within the system of law and were allowed several chances before they were punished.

As Genghis Khan had set up an institution that ensured complete religious freedom, people under his rule were free to worship as they pleased if the laws of the Yassa were observed.

Ancient sources

 * Bar Hebraeus (Abul-Faraj) [13th century AD]. Makhtbhanuth Zabhne (Chronicon) (vol. 2: Chronicon Ecclesiasticum) - The current edition of the Chronicon Ecclesiasticum is by Jean Baptiste Abbeloos and Thomas Joseph Lamy, Syriac text, Latin translation.
 * . This volume was translated by Beckingham after Gibb's death in 1971. A separate index was published in 2000.
 * Vardan Areveltsi [13th century AD]. Havakumn Patmutyun (Historical Compilation). Currently preserved at the Matenadaran in Yerevan, Armenia.
 * Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb [c. 1306-1311 AD]. Jami' al-tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles).
 * Ata-Malik Juvayni [13th century AD]. Tarikh-i Jahangushay (History of the World Conqueror).
 * Mirkhvand [c. 1497 AD]. Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ (The Gardens of purity in the biography of the prophets and kings and caliphs). Eng. trans. begun as History of the Early Kings of Persia, 1832.
 * al-Maqrizi [c. 1442 AD]. Kitāb al-Sulūk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Mulūk (The History of the Ayyubit and Mameluke Rulers). Translated (into French) by E. Quatremére (2 vols. Paris, 1837–1845)
 * Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb [c. 1306-1311 AD]. Jami' al-tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles).
 * Ata-Malik Juvayni [13th century AD]. Tarikh-i Jahangushay (History of the World Conqueror).
 * Mirkhvand [c. 1497 AD]. Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ (The Gardens of purity in the biography of the prophets and kings and caliphs). Eng. trans. begun as History of the Early Kings of Persia, 1832.
 * al-Maqrizi [c. 1442 AD]. Kitāb al-Sulūk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Mulūk (The History of the Ayyubit and Mameluke Rulers). Translated (into French) by E. Quatremére (2 vols. Paris, 1837–1845)

title: Yassa


text:
Marine Corps Air Station New River

Marine Corps Air Station New River is a United States Marine Corps helicopter and tilt-rotor base in Jacksonville, North Carolina, in the eastern part of the state. In 1972, the airfield was named McCutcheon Field for General Keith B. McCutcheon, one of the fathers of Marine Corps helicopter aviation. Near Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, it shares some facilities with Camp Geiger.

History
The base was originally 29 parcels of land, a simple stretch of tobacco farm that was purchased for $64,502 in 1941. Officials at Camp Lejeune investigated the area in search of an existing airfield for hosting aircraft in support of amphibious operations. Capt. Barnett Robinson, a member of Marine Glider Group 71, concluded in his search that the farmland would suit the Marine Corps’ needs.

The location was placed under the command of Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune and received its first squadron, VMSB-331 from Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point on 9 March 1943. On 1 June, VMSB-331 was divided in half to create VMSB-332. However, both squadrons were soon after relocated to Bogue Field. From mid-1943 through August 1944, Marine bombing squadrons VMB-433, VMB-443 and VMB-612 operating the land-based PBJ Mitchell bomber were stationed there. On 26 April 1944, the area of land around New River and Peterfield Point, named after the original owner of the farmland that was part of the government purchase, was commissioned Marine Corps Auxiliary Airfield Camp Lejeune. This delineated the airfield from Camp Lejeune, and marks its official birth as a separate Marine Corps installation. Over the next few years, paratrooper Marines, glider troops and air delivery personnel were trained in King Air hangar, the Stations’ first hangar, which was transported from Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina.

As World War II came to an end, MCAAF Camp Lejeune was closed and reverted to caretaker status as an outlying airfield of MCAS Cherry Point. This did not last long, however, as in 1951 the installation was reactivated and became Marine Corps Air Facility Peterfield Point, Camp Lejeune. Only one year later the name was changed again, this time to Marine Corps Air Facility New River. July 1954 marked the arrival of the first operational Marine Aircraft Group, MAG-26, which was transferred from MCAS Cherry Point.

The area faced another major name change in 1968, where it was recommissioned as Marine Corps Air Station (Helicopter) New River, marking its growth from a small training area to a major operational airfield.

In 2015, MCAS New River hosted the Global Rallycross racing series on Independence Day weekend. The race weekend was expanded to two rounds in 2016, but did not return for the 2017 season.

In January 2022, HMH-461 became the first operational unit in the Marine Corps to replace its CH-53E Super Stallion with the upgraded CH-53K King Stallion.

MV-22 Osprey
The Air Station was the first Marine Corps base with the new MV-22 Osprey. It has the ability to fly like a plane, and take off and land like a helicopter. The MV-22 has replaced all of the CH-46E Sea Knights on the east coast with the exception of HMX-1 and HMM-774. Currently there are seven operational Osprey squadrons, VMM-261, VMM-263, VMM-162, VMM-365, VMM-266, VMM-264 and VMMT-204.

Based units
Flying and notable non-flying units based at MCAS New River.

United States Marine Corps
Marine Corps Installations – East

 * Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron – UC-12W Huron

2nd Marine Aircraft Wing

 * Marine Air Control Group 28
 * Marine Air Control Squadron 2 (MACS-2) (Detachment B)
 * Marine Aircraft Group 26
 * Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 26 (MALS-26)
 * Marine Medium Tilt-Rotor Squadron 162 (VMM-162) – MV-22B Osprey
 * Marine Medium Tilt-Rotor Squadron 261 (VMM-261) – MV-22B Osprey
 * Marine Medium Tilt-Rotor Squadron 263 (VMM-263) – MV-22B Osprey
 * Marine Medium Tilt-Rotor Squadron 266 (VMM-266) – MV-22B Osprey
 * Marine Medium Tilt-Rotor Squadron 365 (VMM-365) – MV-22B Osprey
 * Marine Medium Tilt-Rotor Training Squadron 204 (VMMT-204) – MV-22B Osprey
 * Marine Aircraft Group 29
 * Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 29 (MALS-29)
 * Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 461 (HMH-461) – CH-53K King Stallion
 * Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 464 (HMH-464) – CH-53E Super Stallion
 * Marine Heavy Helicopter Training Squadron 302 (HMHT-302) – CH-53E Super Stallion
 * Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 167 (HMLA-167) – AH-1Z Viper and UH-1Y Venom
 * Marine Wing Support Group 27
 * Marine Wing Support Squadron 272

Commander, Operational Test and Evaluation Force

 * Marine Operational Test and Evaluation Squadron 1 (VMX-1)
 * Detachment – CH-53E Super Stallion and CH-53K King Stallion

United States Navy

 * Center for Naval Aviation Technical Training (CNATT)

United States Air Force
Air Education and Training Command (AETC)

 * Second Air Force
 * 82nd Training Wing
 * 362nd Training Squadron
 * Detachment 1, Operating Location A
 * Nineteenth Air Force
 * 58th Special Operations Wing
 * 58th Operations Group
 * Detachment 1

Education
Residents are zoned to schools of the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA). Delalio Elementary School, the sole school on the property, serves residents of the air station, while Brewster Middle School and Lejeune High School in Camp Lejeune serve the community for secondary school.

title: Marine Corps Air Station New River


text:
Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago

The Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago was a pro-Albanian Marxist–Leninist political party in Trinidad and Tobago. The party was founded in 1979. One source claims it was founded by Hardial Bains, the leader of Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist). CPTT published Class Struggle.

Many of the members of this party renounced their hardline communist stances by the end of the 1980s, coinciding with the Fall of the Soviet Union. Former members Michael Als and Wade Mark were involved in party politics in the late 1990s. Wade Mark is a member of the executive of the United National Congress. Michael Als was a UNC candidate for the 2000 election.

title: Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago


text:
Half marathon

A half marathon is a road running event of 21.0975 km—half the distance of a marathon. It is common for a half marathon event to be held concurrently with a marathon or a 5K race, using almost the same course with a late start, an early finish or shortcuts. If finisher medals are awarded, the medal or ribbon may differ from those for the full marathon. The half marathon is also known as a 21K, 21.1K, or 13.1 miles, although these values are rounded and not formally correct.

A half marathon world record is officially recognised by the International Association of Athletics Federations. The official IAAF world record for men is 57:31, set by Jacob Kiplimo of Uganda in November 2021 in Lisbon, Portugal, and for women is 1:04:02, set by Ruth Chepng'etich of Kenya on April 4, 2021, in Istanbul, Turkey. Participation in half marathons has grown steadily since 2003, partly because it is a challenging distance, but does not require the same level of training that a marathon does. In 2008, Running USA reported that the half marathon is the fastest-growing type of race.

Men

 * Correct.

Women

 * Correct.

Season's bests
This table lists the best half marathon performances per year since 1970, as recorded by the ARRS.

The largest half marathon ever held was Broloppet (the Bridge race) between Copenhagen in Denmark and Malmö in Sweden with 79,719 finishers, held in connection with the Øresund Bridge inauguration in 2000.

title: Half marathon


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Sorcerer (role-playing game)

Sorcerer is an occult-themed indie role-playing game written by Ron Edwards and published through Adept Press. The game focuses on sorcerers who summon, bind, and interact with demons, powerful non-human entities who work with and against the sorcerer.

Setting
The game has no definite default setting beyond a few guidelines. Examples of these guidelines include the unknown nature and origins of demons and authorities who do not believe in the supernatural. The rule examples, however, assume a modern fantasy world which to mundane people resembles our own.

Humanity
Play focuses on a particular theme defined by each group as "Humanity". Players make conscious decisions throughout play to commit their characters towards actions that support or negate Humanity, often risking it in the process of acquiring or utilizing the power of demons. Through doing so, players are making strong thematic statements about the issue defined by Humanity.

Bang
A "bang" is a situation that requires a choice from the player as to how the character will respond to the situation. The choice will often be thematically relevant, based on the Humanity definition and earlier events in the game. For a bang to be effective, the game master shouldn't force a specific choice, and the player doing nothing should also have consequences.

The game master should prepare a number of bangs for each session in what Edwards calls a bandoleer of bangs, but be prepared to alter them on the fly or discard them if necessary. A bang doesn't have to be initiated by the game master; another player or even the player himself could identify a bang situation that requires a choice.

The term was introduced by Edwards in the Sorcerer book.

Conflict Resolution
Conflict resolution is handled with opposed rolls in dice pools. These dice can be any size, but must be uniform (that is, you only play with ten-sided dice, or six-sided dice, etc., but never mix them.) During conflict, each opposing force rolls their dice pool. The single highest die result wins, where ties are removed from the pool before looking at the next highest result. After a winner is established, the other dice are compared to determine the degree of success: the winner receives one 'Victory' for each die that shows a higher value than the highest of the loser's dice.

 * 1) Player 1 rolls 10, 10, 5, 3 and Player 2 rolls 10, 9, 4, 4. Here Player 1 wins with 1 Victory.
 * 2) Player 1 rolls 7, 6, 5, 2 and Player 2 rolls 3, 2, 1. Here Player 1 wins with 3 Victories.
 * 3) Player 1 rolls 10, 4, 4, 2 and Player 2 rolls 10, 7, 5, 4. The 10s cancel and Player 2 wins with 2 Victory (because Player 2 did not gain a Victory from their 4).
 * 4) Player 1 rolls 10, 6, 4, 4 and Player 2 rolls 3, 2, 2, 1. Player 1 wins with 4 Victories.

The number of victories determine how close the contest was: a single victory means a close win, and four or more victories is total domination. If the player receives Victories equal to their number of dice, it is considered a Total Victory. That character should receive some sort of additional advantage.

History
Ron Edwards began working on Sorcerer while he was a biology instructor at the University of Florida, working on his PhD and writing his dissertation about on evolutionary theory. He submitted his role-playing game to an existing publisher, who agreed to publish it and sent Edwards a standard contract, which gave the publisher control over artwork and marketing, as well as the right to revise the game later if the author does not want to revise it, and to terminate the contract whenever they decide. Edwards found the proposed contract unacceptable — inspired by indie comic creator Dave Sim, he believed that creators should be able to control their works. He self-published Sorcerer in 1996, sending it to anyone who asked for a copy and asking for $5 in return if they liked the game, and soon afterward he produced an ashcan of Sorcerer to sell at conventions. He continued to playtest and produced a fully rewritten version of the game that he began selling in PDF form after acquiring the sorcerer-rpg.com domain. He also produced two PDF supplements – Sorcerer & Sword (1999) and The Sorcerer's Soul (2000) – and also licensed Concept Syndicate in early 2000 to put Sorcerer for sale on a CD-ROM. After seeing Obsidian: The Age of Justice, an independently published RPG, at GenCon 33 Edwards decided he could publish his own RPG while retaining ownership. Edwards re-published Sorcerer through his own company Adept Press as a 128-page hardcover book in 2001. Ron Edwards and Sorcerer were subsequently awarded the second annual Diana Jones Award for "excellence in gaming" in 2002.

Sorcerer was first self-published on-line as a free text document. It gradually built up an audience and Edwards has claimed that it made a profit at every stage of its growth. It is currently published as an annotated softcover (the original rules with clarifications and commentary on each facing page) with the three originals supplements bundled together as a separate softcover or PDF. Sorcerer has received numerous reviews on various web forums, such as RPGnet, and in print magazines, such as Realms of Fantasy. It played a substantial part in Ron Edwards' receipt of the "Diana Jones Award" in 2002.

Main rulebook and supplements

 * Sorcerer
 * The core rulebook. (Hardcover) ISBN 0-9709176-0-0

 * Sorcerer & Sword
 * A supplement for adapting the Sword and sorcery subgenre and Sorcerer to each other. (Paperback) ISBN 0-9709176-1-9

 * The Sorcerer's Soul
 * Re-examines Humanity and demons and introduces angels. (Paperback) ISBN 0-9709176-2-7

 * Sex and Sorcery
 * A look at player interactions, gender and story creation in the game. (Paperback) ISBN 0-9709176-3-5

Mini-supplements
Edwards employs a system for smaller official and fan-written supplements where the author keeps all earnings as long as Edwards has editorial control and the mini-supplement is sold in PDF format at the Adept Press website. A mini-supplement can include rule tweaks, new setting information other variations of the basic Sorcerer concept.

List of mini-supplements

 * Charnel Gods by Renee Knipe
 * A supplement to the Sorcerer & Sword supplement in which Sorcerers wield demon-infested weapons at the end of the world.

 * Demon Cops by Ron Edwards
 * An urban anime-style police-setting.

 * Electric Ghosts by Ravenscrye Daegmorgan
 * Demons infest technology, and communicates through the sound of electrical devices.

 * Hellbound by Dav Harnish
 * Humanity is the Sorcerer's immortal soul, something that can be sold or traded.

 * Schism, by Jared A. Sorensen
 * A psychic powers Cronenberg-inspired setting where Sorcerers are telepaths and clairvoyants.

 * Urge by Clinton R. Nixon
 * Sorcerers are people infested with an animal spirit, and has to fight the animal urges to remain human.

title: Sorcerer (role-playing game)


text:
DDE

DDE may refer to:

 * D.D.E. (band), a Norwegian rock band
 * Delay differential equation, a type of differential equation
 * Deep-dose equivalent, a measure of radiation absorbed by the body
 * Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, a chemical that results from the breakdown of DDT
 * Doctrine of double effect, a set of ethical criteria to evaluate the permissibility of acting when one's otherwise legitimate act may also cause an effect one would normally be obliged to avoid
 * Dwight D. Eisenhower, the 34th president of the United States
 * Dynamic Data Exchange, a Microsoft Windows and OS/2 inter-application data communication protocol
 * Escort destroyer, a US Navy classification used between 1945 and 1962
 * D.De., an abbreviation used for the United States District Court for the District of Delaware
 * Deepin Desktop Environment, a Desktop Environment used by several Linux Distributions

title: DDE


text:
International Year to Commemorate the Struggle Against Slavery and Its Abolition

The United Nations General Assembly declared 2004 as the International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (having welcomed the fact that UNESCO had proclaimed it as such earlier).

The General Assembly resolution in its entirety (of which this declaration was a single paragraph) was voted against by the Israel, Palau and the United States, with Australia and Canada abstaining.

The United Nations International Years, beginning with the World Refugee Year in 1959/1960, are designated in order to focus world attention on important issues. The proclamation of an international year to commemorate the struggle against slavery and its abolition marked the bicentenary of the proclamation of the first black state, Haiti, as well as the reunion of the peoples of Africa, the Americas, the Caribbean and Europe.

Among the initiatives that marked the commemorative year was a virtual exhibition, Lest We Forget: The Triumph over Slavery, created by the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture and New York Public Library.

Another effort that was launched during the year was a research and information programme, Forgotten Slaves. The programme was implemented by the French Marine Archaeology Group (GRAN) with the support of UNESCO. It was inspired by the wreck of the slave ship l’Utile off the shores of the Tromelin Island in the Indian Ocean in 1761 and was intended to be part of an information campaign to raise awareness of both the history of slavery and modern forms of slavery.


text:
Talk:William Rathje

Notability question
Not only is this a stub, I wonder if in fact this person is quite important enough to have their own wikipedia article. it sounds like something I could write about myself or my father, without any real consequence to humankind. Perhaps if he'd at least published a book (even a textbook) or was the head of several organizations? I'm not trying to put William Rathje down in any way, but there's a threshhold of importance for Wikipedia articles, and I'm not convinced by the current content that he meets it. I'm also wondering about his inclusion on the Notable Alumni page for the University of Arizona. Short point: Make me understand why he's more important than any random person I can meet on a college campus. Then he's worth a Wikipedia article and inclusion on Notable alumni (which is not intended to be a list of all degrees received by all wikipedians who graduated from the UofA). --ABQCat 11:42, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

He's the primary academic concerned with the fascinating topic of garbology and has been for decades. His center at Az is the foremost for the topic. Connections to scociology, to environmental study, pollution study, business planning (packaging, etc). and so on. He should be here, but there should certainly be more information on him, the discipline, and current results of garbology investigations here and there. I left it very stubby because I didn't know about the subject to write adequately. Didn't know he was an Ariz alum (nor why he should be listed as Notable, except for the garbology). ww 18:30, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

He is an ethno-archaeologist who focused on the relationship of people and their trash and especially in more modern periods. He published his book Rubbish, which can be purchased from most booksellers. Dr. Rathje using a variety of technologies and research projects, many funded by public health organizations and the EPA, has applied methodology that was formerly used solely for antiquities, to modern dumps around the country. In the process he and his students have developed models that can accurately determine what is going into our landfills and in what quantities. While it may not seem important to know that over 50% of what goes into our landfills is recyclable paper products, it is very important to know what chemicals and in what amounts are filling our landfills and thus potentially leeching into our water supplies. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mercwyn (talk • contribs) 01:31, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

Death
I've just read about his death, but don't have an official source for it yet. Dougweller (talk) 15:10, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Rathje


text:
Category:Microeconomics

Included in this category are articles detailing how individuals, households, businesses and governments make decisions on how to allocate limited resources in markets where goods or services are being bought and sold.

title: Category:Microeconomics


text:
Tingsryd

Tingsryd is a locality and the seat of Tingsryd Municipality, Kronoberg County, Sweden, with 3,037 inhabitants in 2010.

Sister cities

 * 🇺🇸 Lindström - Minnesota, United States

title: Tingsryd


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Talk:Canon EOS

There appear to be no sources cited at all, and a fair amount of opinion in this article. Shensey (talk) 22:25, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Any reason why the 'advanced prosumer' description isn't in the table with the other marker segments. It would be easier to read and quicker for readers to work out the naming scheme. Prosumer is a made up segment anyway so that is not an argument against it. --Danio 09:40, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

The list of EOS Cameras makes it look like primarily a digital series. There are 5 relatively recent digital SLRs listed, and 1 film SLR (the EOS 650, I guess the first one). The EOS-650 isn't exactly representative of the EOS film bodies. :-)

How about at least including all of the current EOS cameras? That would be, it looks like, EOS-1v/1vHS, EOS-3, EOS Elan 7N/7NE, EOS Rebel T2, Ti, K2, GII (film bodies) and EOS-1Ds mark II, EOS-1Ds, EOS-1D mark II, EOS 20D, EOS 10D, and EOS Digital Rebel (digital bodies). (Just reading off canoneos.com here.)

(Also, if I had to pick a camera photo to represent the EOS series, I'd pick one of the EOS-1 line. But that's just me.)

If you're looking for more information, I'd mention eye-controlled focus (ECF), which I believe is only available on EOS bodies, and image stabilization (IS), which I believe was first available on EOS lenses.

What about a section about IS (Image stabiliser) and USM (ultrasonic motor)

-- Just changed the section on L-series lenses a little bit - not *all* L-series lenses have flourite elements, but all have at least UD elements. The 70-200 f2.8L, for example, has no flourite. http://www.canon.com/camera-museum/camera/lens/ef/data/ef_70~200_28l_usm_bd.html has the block diagram.

table missing 450d
the table at the bottom is missing 450d, but i dont know how to fix it. --87.127.117.246 (talk) 22:25, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

The four first DSLRs should be in the table
In my opinion, EOS DCS3, DCS1, D2000 and D6000 should be in the timeline table even if their digital guts were constructed by Kodak - any comments? Rkarlsba (talk) 16:27, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Eye-controlled focus (ECF)
Now that EOS film is re-birthing as historical artifact, and since ECF is a lost secret (like the building of the pyramids), maybe there should be an Eye-controlled focus page. What is kind of cool about EOS film is that top lenses are still being made for it through digital EOS, and film has yet to give way to digital, as it is more convenient at the low-end, and more sensitive at the high end.

The paragraph sends the reader to the table, but the table does not specify ECF within model groups as ECF appeared only on some sub-models in at least some cases--and without consistent badging (still looking. I personally prefer a fully-mechanical shutter-release camera, and my interest in ECF is purely to satisfy curiosity.) --John Bessa (talk) 15:35, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

re-classification of xxD
I have to object to the claim that the XXD series continuation is now aimed at consumer and entry level photographers and is below the level of an "advanced amateur/enthusiast/prosumer". I agree that the 60D was not met with great prosumer reaction. In fact the 50D has on average gone up in price because people are very disappointed at things like the lack of a magnesium body. But, the 60D came in at roughly the same price point as it's predecessor with many more improvements (higher resolution, higher standard ISO, video [w/ manual audio control], SDHC/SHXC support, the LP-E6 battery that is used in the 7D and 5D MK II, wireless speedlite control, and an electronic level. The negatives are simply the micro AF, lack of magnesium, and and a negligible reduction in burst frame rate (still 43% higher FPS than any prior rebel).  Also, the 60D has the pentaprism viewfinder not the pentamirror viewfinder that is listed as Typically Common Features of the entry level cameras.  Before "Prosumer" existed the xxD line was the entry level professional digital camera, it pretty much invented prosumer.  Canon has listed as their current DSLR models: and then the ridiculous ones starting at $4000.  The claim on this page right now is that the line between "Advanced amateur/enthusiast/prosumer" and "Consumer/Entry-level" is between the 50D an the 60D with the 50D being prosumer and the 60D being entry level. That is absurd. It's simply some prosumer sticking his or her nose up at the "plastic body" camera with the "tilty-swively screen". I assert that the 60D and 7D are meant to grab the bottom and top of the popular "prosumer" market while the rebels are aimed at the consumer/entry-level market. There aren't many people who are going to spend what the 60D costs who are buying their first SLR or are buying it to take pictures of jimmy blowing out his birthday candles. I am going to remove the line that claims the 60D (which is $1400 with a kit lens) is an entry level or consumer camera and isn't up to the level of your "advanced amateur". -- UmassThrower (talk • contribs) 07:27, 6 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Rebel XS @ MSRP: $550 (with the $190 18-55 IS kit lens)
 * Rebel XSi @ $650 (w/lens)
 * Rebel T1i @ $750 (w/lens)
 * Rebel T2i @ $900 (w/lens)
 * 50D @ $1100 (body only)
 * 60D @ $1100 (body only)
 * 7D @ $1700 (body only)
 * 5D MKII @ $2500 (body only)

Furthermore, if you're going to make a statement like "Since 2010, 2-digit EOS model number (xxD) is also used to designate the continuation of what used to be known as the Rebel line." That is completely contradicted by what is on canon's own website then you should cite the source. UmassThrower (talk) 07:32, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

Similarity of EF mount with Contax G mount
The Contax G mount is body screw driven (i.e. the motor is in the camera body) and there are no electrical contacts between the body and the lens. The G system never switched to having the motors in the lenses as is implied in the article. 86.182.219.214 (talk) 21:37, 23 December 2011 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:09, 4 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Canon EOS-1DX Mark III.jpg

title: Talk:Canon EOS


text:
CAAT

CAAT may refer to:
 * Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand, an independent agency of the Thai government.
 * Computer Assisted Auditing Techniques Techniques and computer programs that are developed to audit electronic data
 * Centro de Apoyo Académico y Tutorías Academic Student Support Services & Tutoring Center
 * Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, a US research center
 * Campaign Against Arms Trade, a British campaigning organisation
 * The CAAT box in molecular genetics
 * The Children's Air Ambulance Trust, a fundraising organisation for the Children's Air Ambulance
 * Cornwall Air Ambulance Trust, a charity that maintains and runs the Cornwall air ambulance
 * Combined Anti-Armor Team - Highly mobile Anti-Armor teams used by the United States Marine Corps
 * Captive Air Amphibious Transporter, a DARPA tracked amphibious vehicle carrying containers from ship to shore
 * A Community Awareness Action Team based in Westminster, Colorado
 * Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology in the Canadian province of Ontario

title: CAAT