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Talk:Aberdeenshire (council area)

This unformated text was put into the top of the article, above the introduction, I have moved it to talk:

- Aberdeenshire Council was established in April 1996, replacing 3 District Councils (Banff & Buchan, Gordon and Kincardine & Deeside) and Grampian Regional Council. There are 68 Councillors (28 Liberal Democrat, 15 SNP, 14 Independent and 11 Conservative).

The Council's net expenditure is £399.1m a year (2003/04). Education takes the largest share of expenditure (55%), followed by Social Work and Housing (19%), Transportation and Infrastructure (11%), and Joint Services such as Fire and Police (10%). 22% of revenue is raised locally through the Council Tax. Average Band D Council Tax is the eighth lowest in mainland Scotland at £966 (2003/04).

Aberdeenshire has a population of 226,871, representing 4.5% of Scotland's total, and a 20% increase since 1981, 50% since 1971. Major towns are Peterhead (17,947), Fraserburgh (12,454), Inverurie (10,882), Stonehaven (9,577), Westhill (9,498) and Ellon (8,754). The population has a higher proportion of younger age groups than the rest of Scotland, reflecting employment-driven in-migration in recent decades.

Aberdeenshire has devolved power to 6 Area Committees: Banff & Buchan, Buchan, Formartine, Garioch, Marr and Kincardine & Mearns.

Banff and Buchan
Population 35,742 (2001 Census)

Fishing and agriculture are important industries, together with associated processing and service activity. The Area is relatively self-contained, and in recent years has seen a small decline in population. It does, however, have marketable tourism assets in its spectacular coastline, attractive coastal villages and visitor attractions. Economic dependency, peripherality, and the future of the Common Fisheries/Agricultural Policies, are key issues. The Buchan Local Action Plan will address some of these concerns. The Area qualifies for European Union Objective 2 structural funding.

Buchan
Population 39,160 (2001 Census)

Peterhead is the largest town in Aberdeenshire; the principal white fish landing port in Europe; and a major oil industry service centre. Equally important, is the nearby gas terminal at St Fergus. Attempts are being made to counter the negative effects of several recent key company closures and economic threats. Inland, the Area is dependent upon agriculture, and many villages have seen a decline in population and services. Issues affecting Banff and Buchan also apply here, as does the future of the oil and gas industry. Part of Buchan benefits from EU aid coverage. Opportunities exist through the Buchan Local Action Plan to safeguard and enhance the economic future of Peterhead and Buchan.

Formartine
Population 36,478 (2001 Census)

Formartine has experienced rapid population growth, particularly around Ellon and Oldmeldrum, and in the south east where development has spread outwith Aberdeen. By contrast, the area around Turriff retains strong dependency on the traditional agricultural economy. The Area's coastline and rural environment also offer recreation potential.

Garioch
Population 42,947 (2001 Census)

Centred on Inverurie, a traditional rural market town, Garioch has also experienced rapid growth due to its proximity to Aberdeen. Significant growth in population, services and employment is anticipated in the A96 corridor and in Westhill. The Area is largely agricultural, but is strongly affected by the City's economy and the oil and gas sector. Garioch holds growing potential for tourism, in its environment and archaeological heritage.

Marr
Population 34,038 (2001 Census)

To the west, the spectacular mountain environment of the Cairngorms National Park sustains a well developed tourist industry based on heritage and outdoor pursuits. Forestry and livestock farming are key industries, particularly in remoter areas. Part of the Area has qualified for EU financial assistance. To the east, Marr has experienced population growth due to its strong commuter links with the City.

Kincardine and Mearns
Population 38,506 (2001 Census)

Transport links with Aberdeen have encouraged very rapid population growth, especially to the north of the Area. Existing settlements such as Portlethen and Stonehaven have greatly expanded, along with industrial activity. The southern part is more self-contained, with the fertile Mearns area sustaining a strong agricultural economy. Small scale tourism activity exists along its attractive coastline and former fishing villages. -

Link suggestions
An automated Wikipedia link suggester has some possible wiki link suggestions for the Aberdeenshire article, and they have been placed on this page for your convenience. Tip: Some people find it helpful if these suggestions are shown on this talk page, rather than on another page. To do this, just add to this page. — LinkBot 10:30, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I have copied it all back and added wikilinks and sections as seem appropriate. Minor edits for POV purposes as we11. The structure of the whole thing is cumbersome but I don't know how it can be easily improved. Saga City 12:25, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aberdeenshire (council area)


text:
Talk:Deep-fried Mars bar

1980 origin assertion
"It is known that the deep-fried Mars Bar was preceded by the deep-fried pizza. It was common practice in Angus to deep fry frozen pizza from as early as 1980." This was changed on 21 February 2006 by Mais oui! to Angus from the previous "east of dundee". It was originally posted by an anonymous user on 18 July 2005. It's been on here for 4 years now, uncited, and is now being copied all over the Internet. It's prolly well time that the assertion be backed up, or dropped. It's already been disputed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Deep-fried_Mars_Bar#Odd.2C_possibly_illogical_sentence

But I'll leave it to someone more intimately involved with this piece to make the call as to which way to go. My instinct is to flee whenever a sentence starts with, "it is known" :} Randal Oulton (talk) 16:22, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I've removed it. As well as being long term uncited, its relevance is unclear.  Lots of different food gets deep-fried in lots of different countries, dating to lots of different dates.  What's especially significant about Pizzas in relation to Mars Bars?  Apart from that, it was in a section listing foods "influenced".  If we take the claim at its word it precedes Mars Bars, so could hardly have been influenced by them.  -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 14:36, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Recipe
I noticed that the recipe only calls for one tablespoon of oil... Wouldn't deep frying a chocolate bar require a lot more oil, enough to completely submerge it? --Arteitle 09:54, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

Proposed move
This should be moved to Deep fried Mars Bar with a capital B. Exploding Boy June 29, 2005 22:23 (UTC)

Rarity
It should be noted that very few people in Scotland have ever tried one and, apart from the Royal Mile in Edinburgh where they are sold to gullible tourists, you would be hard pressed to find a fish and chip shop that actually sells them (the danger is it will melt and spoil the oil). The Lancet 'study' quoted on the article is probably apocryphal (click on the link and it takes you to the Lancet wiki page, not the 'study' itself). It's largely an urban myth that these are a delicacy north of the border. Now deep fried pizza, that's a different matter altogether... MyThoughtsExactly (talk) 20:22, 16 September 2010 (UTC)       There is a mention of this at bondisurfseafood.com.au, where they say Mars actually authorised them to sell these after satisfactory tests, and I recall it was reported in the local newspaper. SignedJohnsonL623 (talk) 12:16, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

Recipe
The recipe is already on wikibooks cookbook, shouldn't we remove it from here? - Joolz 11:12, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Origin

 * The practice originates from Brian MacDonald who lives in Stonehaven.

Sorry, but we're going to need to see a citation on this. Remember, no original research. ProhibitOnions 00:42, 20 February 2006 (UTC) (Yes, I have eaten one, in Birmingham, not in Scotland.)

I'll put the tag here for now:

unreferenced

For a possible origin, check Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator. There's a mention there of cooking Mars bars, but I can't remember whether the cook recommends frying or baking. The mention is toward the end, when the president decides to invite the characters to the White House. Gazpacho 09:46, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Gazpacho, I don't have that book, and being in Germany I'm unlikely to find it easily; sounds like something that ought to be mentioned, so if you can find it, please do so. However, I placed the unverified tag here not because we don't know where fried Mars bars came from (I suspect what the article says is probably true), but because there aren't any sources specifically backing up what is asserted in the article. The news articles linked at the end don't really conclude anything. ProhibitOnions 18:07, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * It's searchable on Google Books, and it turns out that it's just a throwaway gag ("What do men from Mars eat for lunch?" "Mars Bars." "Baked or boiled?" "Oh, baked, of course, Monsieur le President. You will ruin a Mars Bar by boiling!"). --McGeddon (talk) 13:47, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

Well, I don't know Brian MacDoanld, but I have met the girl who was working in the chipper who actually deep-fried the thing for him. It's fairly common knowledge in Stonehaven. Maybe if someone emailed a local history association or something a citation could be got hold of. 195.62.204.75 11:41, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

There's a lot of annecdotal evidence that casts doubt on the Scottish claim. Personally, I distinctly remember that when I moved to Leeds (West Yorkshire), my mother (who was already living there) pointed out a fish and chip that did DFMBs the first time we went round the city centre together. This was in April 1984. There are claims that it originated in Hull, but the trick would be finding a printed reference to them pre-dating the 1995 Scottish ones. Nick Cooper 16:07, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Sadly I have no written proof of DFMB, but the first and only time I came across them was when working In Edinburgh in the mid 1980's (1982..1987). A colleague of mine came from Glasgow, and knew all about them, had them when he was a child (late 60's & 70's) but claimed that they (Graham and his wife) preferred a microwaved mars bar sandwich. The date would probably be around 1983..4. Another colleague from Ayrshire confirmed that the DFMB was popular where she came from.

I'm sure they are an Australian invention. In 1981 there was an Australian TV series "Ratbags" and John Derum presented a regular "Cooking with Mars Bars" segment. As an aside, the main article states 'Rod Quantock's cooking segment parody "How to cook a Mars Bar" on the Australian sketch comedy series Australia You're Standing In It'; this series dates from 1983. Quantock was the host of the earlier "Ratbags" series; why not recycle a great sketch in a later series? I have recordings of 6 of the 13 episodes of "Ratbags" and each features a "Cooking with Mars Bars" segment but sadly no deep fried ones. I watched the series when it first went to air and I'm sure I rememer a deep fried segment. --TrogWoolley 17:17, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I have now located episodes 7 & 8 of "Ratbags", and episode 7 features fried Mars Bars. John Derum frys them in a fry pan, with onions and serves them as you would eat eggs and bacon.  This is shallow frying; my quest for the rest of the series continues.  --TrogWoolley (talk) 11:01, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Wow! Do you know if this might be referred to in reliable sources? -- Trevj (talk) 12:55, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

 * So personal experience with deep-fried Mars bars in the early '80s is not considered a reliable source? Our local Fish & Chip shop in rural Victoria, Australia, was selling them in the '70s but I can't vouch for any earlier than that on account of only being born in '69.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kwazimoto69 (talk • contribs) 13:33, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, Wikipedia relies on verifiable facts rather than personal experiences. If deep-fried Mars bars were around in Australia in the 1970s, though, it should be possible to track down a reliable source (a cookbook, a biography, a newspaper clipping or something) that backs this up. --McGeddon (talk) 13:41, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the clarification, McGeddon (& for signing my comment for me ;). Having completed my research I have verified that Wiki User TrogWoolley (above) is correct in that fried Mars bars appeared as early as 1981, in Rod Quantock's short-lived series as"Ratbags. A video of the relevant segment can be seen on Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgcZYPR19pg#t=1m25s with the fried Mars bars making their appearance at the 1:25 mark, as Mars Bar Fingers. While the cooking segment is clearly a spoof, the Mars Bar Finger has clearly been battered prior to pan frying, which is in keeping with the more conventionally deep-fried Mars bar.

 * A review of this first episode of Ratbags appeared on page 54 of the June 14, 1981, issue of The Sun-Herald. Titled "Ratbag satire rates poorly", the review specifically mentions Derum's "...woefully-unfunny attempts to make culinary catastrophes with Mars bars," and an archived copy can be seen here: http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LoZWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=n-YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1174%2C4381749

 * As this clearly refutes the claim that the Havon Chip Bar invented the Deep-fried Mars bars in 1995, I will amend the History section of the article itself to reflect this, giving credit to Ratbags not as the inventor, but as the first known appearance of the deep-fried Mars bar. Kwazimoto69 (talk) 18:30, 6 September 2012 (UTC)
 * We've been around this loop before, at least once (mid March). What is abundantly clear from the clip is that deep-frying is not being employed. Mutt Lunker (talk) 22:35, 6 September 2012 (UTC)
 * What is also abundantly clear is that the deep-fried Mars bar was not invented in Scotland in 1995. It's possible it was invented in Scotland, but if so it happened at least 20 years prior to the Haven Chip Bar's spurious claim to fame. Last input on this issue and that's it for me. A 2006 entry on a Sydney Morning Herald (newspaper) Blog as seen here: http://blogs.smh.com.au/sit/archives/2006/10/achievements_fa.html states that "George Dimitrios [the owner] of Bondi Surf Seafoods has been dishing up deep fried Mars Bars since 1994. He told us yesterday he sells about 80 a day, especially to Asian tourists. He had a provisional patent for the concept, consisting of a Mars Bar fried in coconut batter. "The recipe is a secret," said Dimitrios, because the deep-fried snack food market is "very competitive". Signing off. Kwazimoto69 (talk) 01:43, 7 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Possibly so but it was hardly "abundantly clear", this being the first time you've mentioned this new source. I was simply addressing the dud clip you posted before, which was abundantly clearly not of deep-frying. This ain't a competition.Mutt Lunker (talk) 06:36, 7 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Also, the 1995 Stonehaven version had contemporary coverage in the press. This new citation, while potentially worthy of mention, is from 2006, relying only on the word of the claimant inventor for the 1994 origin, interstingly the very year before the other possible origin. 12 years later the patenting is just at a provisional stage, a non-examined application prior to the potential continuance to application for patent protection within 12 months (do we know if he then pursued this?). Dimitrios may have an earlier claim but he also may be retrospectively cashing in on the hype. Mutt Lunker (talk) 07:15, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

Odd, possibly illogical sentence

 * "It is known that the deep-fried Mars bar was preceded by the deep-fried pizza. It was common practice in Angus to deep fry frozen pizza from as early as 1980.

 * This is factually incorrect, deep fried pizza has been on most chip shop menues, in the Paisley area at least, since well before the 1980's. I practically lived on them through the 80's and they certainly weren't new then.

 * This practice has found its way into Canadian culture. Canadians often serve this deep fried treat with ice cream, and large quanities of beer. Deep-fried Mars bars are also available in Sydney, Australia at a few local beaches predominately at the famous Bondi Beach."

The bold section is the strange one; is the 'treat' deep fried pizza (as mentioned in the previous paragraph and supported by the 'large quantities of beer'), or is it DFMB as mentioned in the subsequent sentence, and supported by the 'ice cream'?--Anchoress 14:31, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Mars Bar and Snickers are not the same
This has come up occassionally during the history of this article, that Snickers and Mars Bar are the same thing. They are not. A Mars Bar is caramel over a nougaty chocolaty base all covered in chocolate. A Snickers bar is a nougat base, with peanut butter and peanut caramel topping covered in chocolate. Not the same thing. Ben W Bell  talk  14:58, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

According to a Marcdh 2003 article in Time for Kids, they are the same Zbl 15:09, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Well it's wrong. Just look at the Wikipedia articles or the chocolate bar's websites. Ben W Bell   talk  15:28, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

I want to include what the article said, but say that the article was wrong. Zbl 15:40, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * But it's completely irrelevant to the article on Wikipedia. Some newspaper made a mistake, it's nothing to do with Wikipedia and the mistake isn't in any way relevant to this article.  Ben W Bell   talk  15:43, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

If the article itself is relevant, isn't the article's mistake relevant? Zbl 15:47, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * No not really as that is a small part of the article. The mistake isn't calling the rest of the article into question (or maybe it is, I haven't seen the article so cannot comment). Ben W Bell   talk  15:53, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

The article itself is not in question, only the one statement. However, including the article's mistakes would make people who read the article know that there is a difference. Zbl 15:56, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Snickers is the same everywhere in the world; the article writers should have figured this out. The Mars bar is the same everywhere in the world, except for the United States, where the name is currently not in use (it was previously applied to an almond bar), and the worldwide Mars bar is known instead as Milky Way. (The international Milky Way bar is known in the U.S. as the Three Musketeers bar.) The mistake in the article regarding this point is not relevant to this article, and should not be mentioned here. Pro hib it O ni o ns  (T) 10:27, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Also note that in the UK, Snickers was originally called Marathon. --ukexpat 21:05, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Apropos of nothing, there's an episode of M*A*S*H in which Potter asks Radar to get him a Snickers.
 * "With peanuts?"
 * "No!"
 * (mutters) "Ah, Milky Way".Deke42 (talk) 14:12, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

Okay lets discuss this line that User:Zbl insists on adding to the article. "The article also stated that Mars-Bars and the American candy bar Snickers are one and the same, although some dispute this fact." This line has no encyclopaedic content relevant to this article, the fact that a magazine made a mistake isn't encyclopaedic. The article hasn't even been referenced to show that A: a mistake was made, or even that B: it produced such an article in the first place. Even if it did make a mistake and did write an article it really has no place in this article. It's pointless trivia at best, and completely unenyclopaedic. Ben W Bell  talk  22:48, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Battered mars.jpg
Image:Battered mars.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 09:15, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Other bars
I don't completely disagree with the reason for the revert (not relevant to topic) of my recent edit (regarding deep fried Moro bars in New Zealand), however it seems to me that this article probably should be expanded to include other deep fried chocolate bars, and (where appropriate) their relationship to Deep Fried Mars Bars (in my edit about Moro bars, I had mentioned the "Scottish connection" in the areas of New Zealand that it is popular). I see in this discussion people have mentioned Snickers, and the "Deep Fried Moro Bar" is something of an icon in much of New Zealand (I'd say, at least as much as the Deep Fried Mars Bar in Scotland). It doesn't make much sense to me to create new articles for "Deep Fried Moro Bar" and "Deep Fried Snickers Bar" and whatever else. Thoughts? —Preceding unsigned comment added by YttriumOx (talk • contribs) 15:01, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Would anyone else like to comment here? I still think that mention of other deep friend chocolate bars (especially those that are very similar to Mars Bars) IS relevant here, as it adds perspective to the article.  Without it, someone is likely to make the incorrect assumption that Deep Fried Mars Bars being eaten in Scotland is the only place in the world where this culinary delight is enjoyed.  The information is therefore suitable as encyclopaedic material as it gives the reader an extra perspective on the article (on topic) that wasn't previously there.  I'm very tempted to just add my edit back in to the article, but I don't want to start an edit war.  Someone back me up, please? YttriumOx (talk) 04:42, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Personally, I don't think it would be an error to mention them under the "Culinary influence" section. :) Bilby (talk) 09:39, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Type of Batter
CarterBar, you've replaced the information on the type of batter used. Can you explain why this information belongs here please. Is this batter different than batter used outside the British Isles? Do French and Spanish people use different batter? Is it relevant that batter is also used for haggis? Most importantly, have you any references for these irrelevant pieces of trivia? Thank you. --Bardcom (talk) 11:24, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I must say I have to agree with Bardcom on this one, seems irrelevant information. Canterbury Tail   talk  11:33, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm more inclined to agree with CarterBar for adding it back in. The type of batter is relevant not because it's different to what is used in other countries for the same thing, but because it IS different to what is used for deep frying many other things in other parts of the world.  If the type of batter were not specified, then the natural assumption by people outside of the British Isles would be for another kind, thereby giving them a false understanding of the topic.  And, for people within the British Isles, it would be a case of "probably this, maybe something else", simply leaving it as a question in their minds.  I'd say it's definitely suitable information from an encyclopaedic viewpoint because it removes the assumption or question.  When considering the relevance of information added, I like to work with the general idea of saying to myself, "If I wanted to know everything about this topic, and currently knew nothing, does this help me?".  In the case of the type of batter, the answer is definitely yes. YttriumOx (talk) 04:42, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Your response lacks detail and has too much vagueness. It does not address any of the questions posed above and introduces new assumptions.  For example, it implies that there are different types of batter in different parts of the world for deep frying?  Please provide a reference or citation for this - batter is simply flour and water.  Your response splits the world of deep-fat frying into two.  Outside and inside the British Isles, which implies that the British Isles is unique in some way with regards to deep-fat frying, and some editors might wonder "Oh, I wonder should I use British Isles Batter type-A or some other batter".  Can you provide references or citations for this please.  Can you also provide references as to why the British Isles is unique when it comes to deep fat frying.  Thank you. --Bardcom (talk) 09:32, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The batter doesn't particularly have to be unique to the British Isles, though it may be (I'm not an expert here). The fact is, it is used in the British Isles, and that's good enough for it to be reported here. Remember that it doesn't have to be used in every nook and cranny of the British Ises either; use in just part of the BI will do. CarterBar (talk) 17:38, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Please explain the relevance of talking about batter to this article. --Bardcom (talk) 18:31, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Pardon? If we remove the batter what are we left with? A) a Mars Bar. Please also bear in mind WP:PRESERVE before you and Crispness (no less) remove every last reference to "British Isles" on Wikipedia. We are going to go to some very bizarre places together aren't we. Oh I can't wait. --Matt Lewis (talk) 00:46, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Age of Consumers
It may be that the alleged youth of the consumers may be due to the drastic shortening of life expectancy amongst them subsequent to consumption --Streona (talk) 02:38, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Name
Aren't they more commonly called battered mars bars rather the deep-fried mars bars? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.104.123.201 (talk) 03:55, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

 * In Glasgow, at least, they're called 'Stoners'. All I have on this is memory, but maybe someone who resides in the area could get a pic of a menu or something.--Deke42 (talk) 14:19, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

deep fried mars bars
sorry i'm somewhat computer illiterate every date in the article refers to mid 1990's i worked at the hilton hotel in toronto in 1981 with a scot which is the first time i heard 0f a deepfried mars bar — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.74.213.110 (talk) 17:13, 13 July 2011 (UTC)
 * That would of course be very interesting if it were true, but personal memories are notoriously unreliable, which is why they are not allowed as sources on Wikipedia. Very often, witnesses simply misremember things – long-standing experience in criminal investigation. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 13:16, 20 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I was at university in Glasgow in the late 80s and early 90s, and they were already being sold by then (1989-90) in the Blue Lagoon chip shops. As well as deep fried pizza - that had been a staple in chip shops for years by that point. I know this is uncitable, but I also know that this chip shop's claim is utter rubbish. Etrigan (talk) 11:31, 21 July 2015 (UTC)

Merge?
Could we merge this wit the page for Mars bar?Mr.Magik-Pants (talk) 02:54, 6 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:GNG, WP:UNDUE. This topic seems to have independent notability, further confirmed by another news item today, now added as a ref. -- Trevj (talk) 09:59, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

Possible ref?
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4564482.stm

-- Bananasoldier  (talk) 18:35, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Deep-fried Mars bar


text: Category:Beaver County, Pennsylvania

title: Category:Beaver County, Pennsylvania


text:
Division of Banks

The Division of Banks is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales.

History
The division was created in 1949 and is named for Sir Joseph Banks, the British naturalist and botanist who accompanied James Cook on his voyage to Australia in 1770. It has always been based in the south-western and southern suburbs of Sydney, including the suburbs of Padstow, Panania, Peakhurst and Revesby.

Up until 2013, it was held since its creation by the Australian Labor Party, but has grown increasingly marginal from the 1990s onward. It was almost lost in 2004, but the 2006 redistribution added areas to the west in Bankstown and Condell Park which strengthened the seat for Labor. Those areas were lost in the 2009 redistribution, which pushed Banks into new areas to the east, around Hurstville. Long-term Labor member, Daryl Melham, was defeated at the 2013 federal election by current member David Coleman. Coleman became the first non-Labor member for the seat, breaking a 64-year tradition.

Boundaries
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

The division includes the suburbs of Allawah, East Hills, Hurstville Grove, Lugarno, Mortdale, Oatley, Padstow, Padstow Heights, Panania, Peakhurst, Peakhurst Heights, Picnic Point, Revesby Heights, and South Hurstville; and parts of Bankstown, Bankstown Aerodrome, Beverly Hills, Blakehurst, Carlton, Condell Park, Connells Point, Hurstville, Milperra, Narwee, Penshurst, Revesby, and Riverwood.

Election results
{{legend|#0047AB|Liberal}} {{legend|#DE3533|Labor}}
 * {{legend|#ED9121|Lang Labor}}

{{legend|#FFCD00|Australia Party / Australian Democrats}} {{legend|#10C25B|Greens}} {{legend|#218998|Democratic Labour Party}} {{legend|#C30944|Communist Party of Australia}} {{legend|#888888|Independent}} {{legend|#F36C21|One Nation}} {{legend|#FFED00|Palmer United/United Australia Party}} {{legend|#DF73FF|Christian Democrats}} {{legend|#986421|Against Further Immigration}}

title: Division of Banks


text: Category:Olympic sailors for Greece

title: Category:Olympic sailors for Greece


text:
Division of Barton

The Division of Barton is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales.

History
The division was created in 1922 and is named for Sir Edmund Barton, the first Prime Minister of Australia. For much of its history, Barton has been a marginal seat, held by the Australian Labor Party for most of the time after 1940, but won by the Liberals (or their predecessors) at "high-tide" elections.

Barton's most prominent member has been Dr H. V. Evatt, who was Leader of the Labor Party between 1951 and 1960. After seeing his majority more than halved in 1949, and nearly being defeated in 1951 and 1955, he transferred to the safe seat of Hunter in 1958. A former minister in the Hawke and Keating ministries, Gary Punch, held the seat for Labor between 1983 and 1996. Robert McClelland, Attorney-General in the Rudd and Gillard governments, held the seat for Labor between 1996 and 2013.

Nickolas Varvaris won the seat for the Liberals at the 2013 federal election, achieving a swing of 7.2 percent to finish with a two-party-preferred vote of just 50.3 percent, which made Barton the Coalition government's most marginal seat, but was defeated in 2016 by Labor’s former state deputy opposition leader Linda Burney, who has held the seat ever since.

The Division of Barton is linked to one of the more unusual episodes in Australian politics. The first member for Barton, Labor's Frederick McDonald, disappeared after his 1925 defeat by Nationalist Thomas Ley, and it is now believed that Ley had him murdered. After being found guilty of an unrelated murder in England in 1947, Ley was declared insane and died in Broadmoor Asylum four months later.

Boundaries
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

The division has always been based in the inner southern suburbs of Sydney, and currently includes the suburbs of Arncliffe, Banksia, Bardwell Park, Bardwell Valley, Bexley, Bexley North, Brighton-Le-Sands, Clemton Park, Earlwood, Kyeemagh, Rockdale, Tempe, Turrella, Undercliffe, and Wolli Creek; as well as parts of Belmore, Beverly Hills, Campsie, Canterbury, Carlton, Dulwich Hill, Hurlstone Park, Hurstville, Kingsgrove, Kogarah, Marrickville, and Penshurst.

title: Division of Barton


text:
Division of Bennelong

The Division of Bennelong is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. The division was created in 1949 and is named after Woollarawarre Bennelong, an Aboriginal man befriended by the first Governor of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip. The seat is represented by Jerome Laxale since the 2022 Australian federal election.

Bennelong covers 60 km2 of the Northern Sydney region, including all of the local government areas of Ryde and parts of Hornsby and Parramatta. It includes the suburbs of Denistone, Denistone East, Denistone West, East Ryde, Eastwood, Epping, Macquarie Park, Marsfield, Meadowbank, Melrose Park, North Epping, North Ryde, Putney, Ryde, Tennyson Point and West Ryde; as well as parts of Beecroft, Carlingford, Chatswood West, Dundas, Ermington and Gladesville.

It was represented from 1974 until 2007 by John Howard, who served as the Prime Minister of Australia from 1996 until 2007. As well as his government then being defeated, Howard also became the second sitting Australian Prime Minister to lose his own seat. Though historically a fairly safe Liberal seat, modern-day electoral boundaries and demographic changes have seen Bennelong become an increasingly marginal seat. The 2007 outcome in Bennelong resulted in Labor candidate Maxine McKew winning the seat on a thin 1.4 percent margin after a close contest, making her the first Labor MP for Bennelong. After a single term, McKew was defeated by Liberal candidate John Alexander in 2010, who retained it (not including a short vacancy in 2017) until the 2022 general election.

The seat was vacant from 11 November 2017 when Alexander resigned amid the 2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis after confirming he was a dual citizen and therefore ineligible to sit in parliament. Despite a significant swing against him, Alexander was re-elected at the 2017 Bennelong by-election on 16 December.

Geography
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

Electoral history
When the Division of Bennelong was created in 1949, it covered mainly the suburbs of Ryde, Hunters Hill and Lane Cove, all of which were (and still are) relatively affluent areas. It was originally created as a notionally marginal Liberal seat. However, the Liberal margin blew out in the Coalition's landslide victory that year, and for most of the next half-century it was a fairly safe to safe Liberal seat.

The seat's first member was Sir John Cramer, a minister in the Menzies government. In 1974, he handed the seat to John Howard, a minister in the Fraser government, and Leader of the Opposition from 1985 to 1989 and 1995 to 1996 before becoming Prime Minister of Australia from 1996 to 2007.

From 1949 to 1996, the Liberal hold on the seat was only seriously threatened four times; those were the only times that the seat was marginal against Labor. From 1998 onward, Bennelong became increasingly marginal, and this has been attributed to two factors. Firstly, the electoral boundary of Bennelong has been redrawn ("redistributed") numerous times, pushing it further westward into Labor-friendly territory near Paramatta. Successive redistributions eliminated Lane Cove and Hunters Hill in the east and incorporated Eastwood, Epping, Carlingford and middle-class Ermington in the north and west. Secondly, the demographic has changed as well: since the early 1990s, Eastwood and surrounding suburbs have seen an influx of migrants from China, Hong Kong, South Korea and India, who are relatively affluent and conservative, but are sensitive towards political policies on immigration and multiculturalism.

1998 election
In 1998, Prime Minister John Howard finished just short of a majority on the first count in the seat, and was only assured of re-election on the ninth count. He ultimately won a fairly comfortable 56 percent of the two-party-preferred vote.

2004 election
In 2004, for the second time since becoming Prime Minister, Howard came up short of a majority in the first count for the seat. He was assured of re-election on the third count, ultimately winning 53.3 percent of the two-party-preferred vote. The two-party-preferred vote for the Liberals declined 3.4% in the 2004 election, contrary to a strong national trend to the Coalition (and a particularly strong one to the Coalition in outer-suburban metropolitan seats), making Bennelong a marginal seat at that time, with a margin of just 4.3%. The 2006 redistribution pushed this margin slightly further into Labor territory, due to the inclusion of the predominantly working-class and public housing suburb of Ermington in Bennelong's boundaries. The Greens increased their vote at this election by 12.34% to 16.37% at this election, owing to the pre-selection of the high-profile Andrew Wilkie as candidate.

2007 election
In the 2007 election, the incumbent Member for Bennelong, then-Prime Minister John Howard, lost the seat to Labor candidate Maxine McKew, after holding it for 33 years. This was only the second time in Australian history that an incumbent Prime Minister had been defeated in his own electorate, the first being Stanley Bruce in 1929. The election marked the first time a Labor candidate won, and also the first time a woman won the seat.

After the 2004 election, Howard sat on a margin of four percent, placing Bennelong just barely on the edge of seats that would fall to Labor in the event of a uniform swing that delivered it government.

As expected, the contest was very tight, and many media outlets listed Bennelong as a Labor gain on election night. In his nationwide speech conceding the election, Howard admitted it was "very likely" he had lost his own seat. Following initial reluctance to officially call the outcome (despite confidence of success), McKew declared victory officially on 1 December. At that time, the Australian Electoral Commission showed McKew ahead on a two-candidate-preferred basis, by 43,272 votes to 41,159; however, pre-poll, postal and absent votes were still being counted and could possibly have affected the outcome.

Howard formally conceded defeat in Bennelong on 12 December. The Electoral Commission declared the seat, with 44,685 votes for McKew to 42,251 for Howard. McKew led for most of the night, and ultimately won on the 14th count after over three-fourths of Green preferences flowed to her. Voter turnout in Bennelong was 95%.

2010–17
For the 2010 federal election, the Liberal Party pre-selected former tennis professional and tennis commentator John Alexander to contest the marginal seat. McKew recontested the seat for Labor. After a long and high-profile campaign, Alexander won the seat back from Labor; he increased both the Liberals' two-party-preferred and primary vote for the first time since 2001, and gained the largest swing towards the Liberals since 1996. Alexander defeated McKew with a two-party-preferred swing of 4.52% (cf. the 2.58% national swing in the 2010 federal election), contributing to the Gillard government's loss of its parliamentary majority.

McKew said Labor had failed to repeat the professional and targeted campaign of 2007. She also conceded that the removal of Kevin Rudd as Prime Minister had been a factor in the party's poor showing, along with the Government's dumping of the emissions trading scheme and a lacklustre national campaign.

Alexander picked up a four-percent swing in the 2013 federal election as the Coalition returned to government, returning Bennelong to its traditional status as a safe Liberal seat. He was reelected in 2016 with a small swing in his favour, even as the Coalition barely won a second term. On 11 November 2017, Alexander resigned his seat over questions of his eligibility to stand under section 44 of the Constitution, necessitating a by-election.

2017 by-election
Amid the 2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis, the trigger for the by-election was the resignation of Liberal incumbent John Alexander effective 11 November 2017. A few weeks following the increased clarity which came from the judgment of the High Court of Australia sitting as the Court of Disputed Returns on 27 October 2017 further determining dual citizenship ineligibility under Section 44 of the Constitution, Alexander resigned due to a belief that he may have held British citizenship at the time of his nomination and election, meaning he would be ineligible under Section 44 of the Constitution to sit in the Parliament of Australia. Alexander renounced any British citizenship he may have held, or otherwise been eligible for, in order to nominate for election again.

Alexander won the 2017 Bennelong by-election despite an approximate five percent two-party swing away to Labor candidate Kristina Keneally which made the seat marginal.

2019 election
Alexander was not challenged for preselection for the 2019 federal election. With a margin of 9.7% from the 2016 election, Alexander competed against high profile neurosurgeon Brian Owler, who formerly chaired the Australian Medical Association and has worked closely with the NSW Government to be the face of a successful anti-speeding campaign for road safety. Owler's eminent persona was aided by several inflammatory remarks from Alexander, ultimately leading to a 2.8% swing away to Labor, which reduced the Liberal Party's hold on the seat to a margin of 6.9%. Alexander, who was standing for the 5th time as candidate for Bennelong, is widely regarded to have built a strong personal vote in the seat. This has led to Bennelong having a relatively stable two party preferred result from the last 3 federal elections, in the Coalition's favour. Alexander declared victory shortly after counting had passed 50%.

2022 election
On 12 November 2021, Alexander revealed that he would not contest the seat at the forthcoming federal election. ABC election analyst Antony Green pointed to the loss of Alexander's high personal vote as a vulnerability for the Coalition, giving the Labor Party a strong chance to reclaim the seat after McKew was unseated by Alexander in 2010. Former Ryde mayor and Labor candidate Jerome Laxale took the seat from the Liberals with a 7.9% swing in his favour, making him the second Labor member ever to win it. The loss of the seat has been attributed to the notably large swings against the Liberal Party among Chinese Australian voters which has cost the Liberal Party many key seats.

Demographics
As of the 2021 Census significant statistics included a population of 191,219 with an median age of 37 years old with a median weekly household income of $2,124.

Further information can be found from recent Censuses, most recently the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021 Census profile.

title: Division of Bennelong


text:
Auen

Auen may refer to:

 * Auen, Germany, Bad Kreuznach district, Rhineland-Palatinate
 * a community in Wolfsberg, Carinthia, Austria
 * ǂKxʼaoǁʼae or Auen, a southern African Khoisan language

title: Auen


text:
International Space University

The International Space University (ISU) is dedicated to the discovery, research, and development of outer space and its applications for peaceful purposes, through international and multidisciplinary education and research programs. ISU was founded in 1987 and is registered in France and in the US as a non profit organisation. The university offers a one or two-year Master in Space Studies (MSS) in Strasbourg and shorter professional development programs across the world. The latter include an itinerant nine-week Space Studies Program (SSP), a five-week Southern Hemisphere SSP in partnership with the University of South Australia, a 6-week Commercial Space graduate certificate in partnership with the Florida Institute of Technology, and one-week Executive Space Courses in Australia, Europe and the United States.

The International Space University Central Campus and global headquarters are located in Illkirch-Graffenstaden which is a suburb of Strasbourg in northeastern France. ISU was founded on the "3-Is" philosophy providing an Interdisciplinary, Intercultural, and International environment for educating and training space professionals and post-graduate students. As of April 2020, there were over 5000 ISU alumni from 109 countries. In November 2017 the International Space University hosted a conference in Strasbourg that led to the formation of the Moon Village Association. The ISU faculty members include astronauts, space agency leaders, space engineers, space scientists, managers, and experts in space law and policy comprising an international collection of experts in technical and non-technical space-related fields.

The Chancellor of the International Space University is Pascale Ehrenfreund, Chair of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) Executive Board and President of the International Astronautical Federation (IAF). She was preceded by Apollo astronaut Buzz Aldrin, who succeeded then–European Space Agency Director-General Jean-Jacques Dordain and acclaimed science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke, in 2004. The sixth President of the International Space University is Juan de Dalmau who succeeded Prof. Walter Peeters, in September 2018.

History
In 1985, three young space enthusiasts created the Space Generation Foundation, dedicated to fostering a sense of identity for those people born since the beginning of the space era. The ISU founders are Peter Diamandis, one of the founders of SEDS and a medical doctor with a Master's in aerospace engineering from MIT; Todd Hawley, a graduate from Space Policy Institute at George Washington University; Robert D. Richards, an engineer and physicist, and former assistant of the well-known astrophysicist Carl Sagan. The three men generated a series of novel ideas from which a "Space University" was exceptionally well received. The idea garnered the support of a number of important personalities in the space field, including Prof. U.R. Rao, president of the Indian Space Research Organization; Dr. Harrison Schmitt, an Apollo 17 astronaut and former senator; Dr. Burton Edelson, Associate Administrator of NASA for Space, Science, and Applications; Dr. Gerard K. O'Neill from the Space Studies Institute; space pioneer Prof. Hermann Oberth; and Arthur C. Clarke, the visionary writer, along with many others.

This initiative was further developed and presented to the Advances in the Astronautical Sciences (AAS) Meeting dedicated to Aerospace Century XXI  in Boulder, Colorado in 1986. The following year, a three-day Founding Conference convened at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 10 to 12 April 1987. These dates were chosen to commemorate the flight of Yuri Gagarin (12 April 1961), the first human in space. The Founding Conference culminated in the formal creation of the International Space University, and established it as a 501(c)(3) non-profit educational organization in the state of Massachusetts, USA. The first ISU Summer Session Program (SSP) took place at MIT from 20 June to 20 August 1988 with the support of the major space agencies. A significant announcement in an article dating 5 July 1988, in the Christian Science Monitor introduced the four founders and their novel and exciting venture. In a ceremonial gesture, the first international participants in the summer session were led by the four founders in a walk across the Charles River from MIT in Cambridge to Boston. The artwork for the first brochure was made by Pat Rawlings and is still in use today. The original offices of the fledgling ISU were located in a Victorian townhouse overlooking bustling Kenmore Square in Boston.

Following an international competition for a host city for the Central Campus, the ISU home base moved from Massachusetts to Illkirch-Graffenstaden in the Urban Community of Strasbourg, France, in 1994. ISU is now a non-profit association registered in Alsace (France), and is still registered in the US as a 501(c)(3) non-profit educational organization. The Governing Members of ISU are international organizations, industries, space agencies, academic institutions, and individual members.

The French Ministry of Education formally recognized ISU as an institute of higher education in 2004 The International Space University has had permanent observer status with the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs since 1998. ISU was also granted full membership of the Space Agency Forum (SAF) in 1995. ISU is a member of the International Astronautical Federation (IAF) and has been invited to contribute to a number of international activities including the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum, the IAF Symposium on "Bringing Space into Education", the World Space Workshop on Education, and the National Science Week Steering Committee.

To ensure that the programs being offered meet the demands of a rapidly changing space sector, ISU regularly conducts surveys to ascertain the latest educational needs of the global space enterprises and updates its programs accordingly. The milestones of the history of ISU are noted in the Table below:

Campus
ISU originally evolved in a geographically decentralized way, with summer sessions convened in a different country each year. In 1994 the Central Campus was established in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, because of its central European location and unique character. During the first years, the Master of Science classes took place in the Pôle API of the École Nationale Supérieure de Physique de Strasbourg.

Since 2002 ISU has had its own building, thanks to the support of the local authorities. The Central Campus is now located in the Parc d'Innovation of Illkirch-Graffenstaden just south of Strasbourg, less than 30 minutes from the city centre by public transportation.

Organization and administration
ISU's organizational structure includes a Board of Advisors, chaired by the Chancellor, and a board of trustees elected by the Governing Membership of the ISU. The Board of Trustees determines ISU's overall objectives, oversees the university's affairs and appoints the ISU President. The President is supported by an executive committee, Academic Staff (who prepare and deliver ISU programs) and Administrative Staff (responsible for the daily operation of the Institution). The Academic Staff are led by the Dean, who is supported by staff responsible for ISU's academic programs (Masters and SSP) and library services. The Academic Council of ISU is responsible for ensuring the academic quality of ISU's teaching and research activities. ISU academic staff include a number of Resident Faculty, augmented by other Faculty and Lecturers as needed for the programs.

Academics
The programs offered by ISU are dedicated to the space-related fields, as well as sports programs.

Programs delivered each year on a regular basis

 * A twelve-month Master of Science in Space Studies (MSS)
 * A two-month Space Studies Program (SSP)
 * A five-week Southern Hemisphere Summer Space Studies Program (SHSSP)
 * A one-week Executive Space Course (ESC) providing a basic introduction to space topics for corporates executives.

Short programs delivered on demand

 * Professional Development Programs
 * Workshops
 * Short Courses
 * Forums

Participation in these programs is open to individuals and institutions of all nationalities.

Masters of Science
The Master of Science in Space Studies (MSS) and the Master of Science in Space Management (MSM) are graduate-level degree programs in the space field. These one-year degree programs include a three-month professional internship and several professional visits. The main elements of the Masters are:
 * Lectures covering all major disciplines related to space, with corresponding workshops and roundtables,
 * Lectures on contemporary space-related issues and events which as a whole provide an interdisciplinary and intercultural education,
 * Team Projects involving most, if not all, of those disciplines (see Table below),
 * Individual Projects performed during the academic year and during an internship period,
 * Professional Visits and participation to ISU Annual Symposium,
 * Specific skills training.

Space Studies Program
The Space Studies Program (SSP) is an intense two-month course for postgraduate students and professionals of all disciplines. The curriculum covers the principal space related fields, both non-technical and technical and ranges from policy and law, business and management and humanities to life sciences, engineering, physical sciences and space applications. The shared experience of an international, interactive working environment is an ideal networking forum leading to the creation of an extensive, international, multidisciplinary professional network.

Each year the SSP convenes in a different location around the world. The SSP curriculum includes:
 * Core Lectures covering fundamental concepts across all relevant disciplines,
 * Theme days presenting keys/issues of space with an interdisciplinary approach,
 * Hands-on workshops providing practical applications of the concepts presented in the lectures,
 * Departmental Activities of the seven SSP departments providing in-depth lectures & workshops, professional visits, and individual research projects,
 * Team Projects in which the SSP participants address a relevant space topic as an international, interdisciplinary, and intercultural team.

Future Space Studies programs are planned for:
 * Future Space Studies Programs
 * 2020: Postponed to 2021 in Granada. An online experience is offered during the summer of 2020: the Interactive Space Program (ISP).
 * 2021: Granada, Spain.
 * 2023: São José dos Campos, Brazil.

Past Space Studies Programs, Locations and Team Projects

Southern Hemisphere Summer Space Program
The Southern Hemisphere Summer Space Program (SH-SSP) is a five weeks course open to undergraduate students and professionals of all disciplines with space interest. As in all ISU programs, the curriculum covers not only space-related fields and space applications but also non-technical fields such as policy, law, space business, and management techniques.

The intention of a second program, next to the established SSP program of ISU, was to extend the offering to participants of the Southern Hemisphere, in line with the local summer holidays, but participants from all nations are welcomed.

The program is offered in partnership with the University of South Australia in Adelaide (Mawson Lakes Campus) and benefits from scholarship support from the Australian Space Research Program. The intention is to have the program iterating to different locations in the Southern Hemisphere, in particular in Africa and South America, but regularly returning to Australia.

Previous White Paper executive summaries and full reports are available for download from the ISU Library.

Executive Space Course
The Executive Space Course (ESC) provides an overview of space and of space-related subjects for professionals of diverse backgrounds, including marketing, finance, law, and contract management, intended to improve their communication with technical colleagues.

Library
Since 1995, the collection of the ISU Library has grown to reach about 9,000 space-related documents. The collection supports the interdisciplinary aspects of the courses and includes subjects like space-related business and management, space policy and law, international cooperation, remote sensing and Earth observation, telecommunication, space engineering, space mission design, astronomy, space life sciences, and space medicine. The Library also features news about space, information from space agencies and research institutes around the world, and awareness and alerting services from journals. RSS feeds can be used to follow the library's new acquisitions. Interested people may subscribe to the feeds for receiving regular updates about books, electronic documents, or Team Projects reports that are added to the online catalog.

Training facilities
With the strong support from ESA, the following facilities were installed and put into operation:

Astronomy Observatory
Several optical and radio telescopes at ISU give students the opportunity of performing observations as well as the necessary analysis, which introduces them to typical techniques of astrophysical research and gives them a first-hand experience in the study of the invisible Universe.

ESA-Dresden Radio Telescope
The satellite television Ku band (10–12 GHz) is suitable to perform observations of the Sun and the Moon, using conventional material, such as a 1.2-meter parabolic dish, placed on the roof of the ISU building. This telescope, developed under ESA contract by the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits in Dresden for use in schools, has been given to ISU by ESA. It is capable of providing properly calibrated data and hence allows to determine the surface temperatures of the Sun and the Moon. Since its in-depth testing by ISU Masters students, it has been extensively used in the framework of workshops and individual student projects. With the ESA-Dresden Radio Telescope, the students can experience and perform all the necessary steps from observation, calibration, and data reduction to the interpretation and evaluation of the results.

ESA-Haystack Radio Telescope
The Haystack Observatory, run by MIT, developed a Small Radio Telescope (SRT) for educational purposes, consisting of a 2.3-meter diameter standard satellite dish antenna. This radio telescope operates at a 1.42 GHz frequency (21-cm wavelength) where hydrogen atoms emit a strong spectral line. This allows radio astronomers to detect hydrogen, the most abundant element of the Universe. One SRT has been donated to ISU by ESA and is operational since 2009. This new asset, named the ESA-Haystack Radio Telescope, provides the students with the opportunity of performing observations of astronomical objects even outside the Solar System.

Concurrent Design Facility (CDF)
When the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) acquired a new Concurrent Design Facility, its initial CDF was set up at the ISU Central Campus in 2008. The CDF brings the Masters's students the possibility of familiarizing themselves with concurrent engineering and its application processes through workshops and assignments. These hands-on activities always have double-oriented tasks, by combining the CDF process with the development of space-related topics. As the usefulness of concurrent engineering extends much further than space mission design, the use of the ISU CDF for design processes in other industry fields than space is also under consideration.

GENSO Tracking Ground Station
A fully automated satellite tracking station is installed at ISU since 2008. This ground station provides several hands-on training opportunities for the Masters' students, as satellite communication is now a reality at ISU. The ISU Tracking Ground Station was built in the scope of the Global Educational Network for Satellite Operations (GENSO) project, an endeavor involving students worldwide and promoted by the International Space Education Board (ISEB), an organization including the educational departments of some of the major space agencies worldwide.

Human Performance in Space Laboratory
Established in 2009, the ISU Human Spaceflight Laboratory includes a rotating chair, the training model of the ultrasound echocardiograph, and body motion analysis equipment that flew on Mir in 1988, and the flight model of the neuroscience Pocket equipment that flew on the Space Shuttle STS-51G mission. This equipment was all donated by CNES. In addition, NASA has loaned a training model of the ISS Advanced Life Support Pack (ALSP) and ESA has loaned a training model of the ISS 3DSPACE experiment. The Human Spaceflight Laboratory is also equipped with a clinostat, an autoclave, a laminar flow cabinet, microscopes, medical diagnosis and surgery tools, and other laboratory equipment to provide realistic hands-on training on the experiments performed in space by astronauts.

Self Deployable Habitat for Extreme Environments (SHEE)
The goal of the Self Deployable Habitat for Extreme Environments (SHEE) is to develop a deployable space analog habitat demonstrating technologies and architecture that may one day be used in extreme environment habitats on the Earth, Moon, and Mars. This project is a partnership between seven different companies and institutions representing five different European nations. This habitat is designed to support two "astronauts" for missions of up to two weeks in duration. Construction was completed in July 2015, after which the SHEE was shipped to ISU for validation and testing. ISU faculty and students will spend the next six months evaluating the habitat and delivering a report on their findings to the European Commission. The SHEE will live in the ISU High Bay until April 2016 when it will take part in a Mars Analog mission called Moonwalk in Rio Tinto, Spain.

Annual symposium
Up until 2013, an annual ISU symposium was convened to address a topic with broad interest both with the space industry and among the space agencies. The Symposium has been suspended until further notice. Other international conference-style events are being planned and convened on the ISU campus. Refer to the ISU web site for more details. The following table presents the topics covered from 1996 to 2013.

Founders

 * Peter Diamandis
 * Todd B. Hawley
 * Robert D. Richards

Chancellors

 * 1987–2004: Arthur C. Clarke
 * 2004–2015: Jean-Jacques Dordain
 * 2015–2018: Buzz Aldrin
 * 2018–present: Pascale Ehrenfreund

Presidents

 * 1991–1994: George Van Reeth
 * 1994–1998: Roland Doré
 * 1998–2004: Karl Doetsch
 * 2004–2011: Michael Simpson
 * 2011–2018: Walter Peeters
 * 2018–2021: Juan De Dalmau
 * 2021–2023: Pascale Ehrenfreund
 * 2023–present: Nicolas Peter (Acting)

Notable faculty

 * Ben Finney, 1994-2003 co-chair of Space and Society department
 * Dustin Bates, 2006 ISU Summer Session Program Teaching Associate

Astronauts

 * Oleg Atkov, Russian Railways, Faculty
 * James H. Newman, NASA, the first ISU alumnus (SSP 1989) to go into space
 * Jeffrey Hoffman, NASA & MIT, Faculty
 * Chiaki Mukai, JAXA, Faculty
 * Reinhold Ewald, ESA, lecturer
 * Jean-Jacques Favier, CNES, lecturer
 * Robert Thirsk, CSA, lecturer
 * Soyeon Yi, KARI, lecturer, the first astronaut to attend ISU (SSP 2009)
 * Anousheh Ansari, the first person to receive an ISU honorary doctorate while in space
 * Sergei Krikalev, Energya, Special Guest Lecturer
 * Yang Liwei, CASC, Special Guest Lecturer
 * Michel Tognini, CNES & ESA, Special Guest Lecturer
 * Jessica Meir, NASA, alumna (MSS 2000)

title: International Space University


text: Category:Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania


text:
Division of Berowra

The Division of Berowra is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. The Division covers the northern parts of the Greater Sydney area with the local government areas of the Hornsby Shire and the Hills Shire.

Geography
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

History
The division was created in 1969 and is named for the suburb of Berowra.

Its boundaries have changed little since it was created, and it includes the suburbs of Annangrove, Arcadia, Berowra, Berowra Creek, Berowra Heights, Berowra Waters, Berrilee, Brooklyn, Canoelands, Cheltenham, Cherrybrook, Cowan, Dangar Island, Dural, Fiddletown, Fishermans Point, Forest Glen, Galston, Glenorie, Hawkesbury River, Hornsby Heights, Kenthurst, Laughtondale, Maroota, Middle Dural, Milsons Passage, Mount Kuring-gai, Pennant Hills, Round Corner, Sackville North, Singletons Mill, South Maroota, Thornleigh, and Westleigh; as well as parts of Asquith, Beecroft, Carlingford, Castle Hill, Cattai, Glenhaven, Hornsby, Leets Vale, Lower Hawkesbury, Lower Portland, Maraylya, Mount Colah, Normanhurst, West Pennant Hills, and Wisemans Ferry.

The seat has always been viewed as a safe seat for the Liberal Party, but has become slightly more marginal in 2022. The seat is currently held by Liberal Julian Leeser. Leeser served as shadow Attorney-General and shadow Minister for Indigenous Australians from the 2022 election until resigning from both positions on 11 April 2023 due to the Liberals formally announcing their opposition to the Indigenous Voice to Parliament referendum.

title: Division of Berowra


text:
Talk:Musselshell River

Only Montana
montana is the only state where is flows in, correct? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.60.139.188 (talk • contribs)
 * Correct. Adding to article. BarkingMoon (talk) 20:11, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

Fun sources
Lewis and Clark stuff on the Musselshell: http://lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2914

Another one. I don't know where to get a free copy, though it is theoretically possible that I could obtain one myself eventually... http://cmrussell.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/product_full/ROUNDUPONTHEMUSSELSHELL.jpg

Photos on the way
Someone has just agreed to release two photos under CC 3.0. I'll soon be uploading them. BarkingMoon (talk) 22:51, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

Basin size
This page gives these data: 9,570 sq mi (24,800 km2) for the basin area. It is a mistake for sure. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fev (talk • contribs) 23:34, 11 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Musselshell River. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040224170703/http://www.dnrc.state.mt.us/wrd/musselshell.htm to http://www.dnrc.state.mt.us/wrd/musselshell.htm

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title: Talk:Musselshell River


text:
Division of Blaxland

The Division of Blaxland is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales.

Blaxland runs from the M4 motorway line in the north to Marion Street and the Bankstown railway line and M5 motorway in the south, between Woodville Road in the west and Stacey Street in the east, covering 61 square kilometres of Labor heartland in the Cumberland and Canterbury-Bankstown local government areas in Sydney's west, with strong Middle Eastern and East Asian communities.

History
The division was created in 1949 and is named after Gregory Blaxland, a farmer and an early Australian explorer of the Blue Mountains in New South Wales. The division has been a comfortably safe seat for Labor since its creation; western Sydney has been a Labor heartland for over a century. Initially created as a notional Lang Labor seat, the official ALP narrowly won it over former NSW Premier Jack Lang. This is the only election at which (official) Labor has won less than 56 percent of the two-party vote, as well as the only one in which it did not win an outright majority on the first count.

Its most notable member has been Paul Keating, who was Prime Minister of Australia from 1991 until 1996 after having previously served as Treasurer of Australia from 1983 until 1991. In 2007, Keating's successor, Michael Hatton, lost preselection for this seat to current member Jason Clare, who was a staffer for former New South Wales Premier Bob Carr.

In 2017, the division had the highest percentage of "No" responses in the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey, with 73.9% of the electorate's respondents to the survey responding "No". The Survey had strong opposition from Muslim communities in the electorate.

Boundaries
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

The division is based in the western suburbs of Sydney, and includes the suburbs of Bass Hill, Berala, Birrong, Chester Hill, Georges Hall, Lansdowne, Lansvale, Potts Hill, Regents Park, Sefton, and Yagoona; and parts of the business park and airport at Bankstown Airport; as well as parts of Auburn, Bankstown, Canley Vale, Carramar, Condell Park, Guildford, Lidcombe, Merrylands, South Granville, Villawood, and Yennora.

Demographics
Blaxland is a socially conservative and historically working-class electorate which includes sizable immigrant populations from China, Vietnam, and the Middle East. It has one of the highest Muslim populations in Australia at 29.2%. According to the 2016 census, 20.1% of electors spoke Arabic at home, the highest percentage in Australia. The electorate remains an electoral stronghold for the centre-left Labor Party.

title: Division of Blaxland


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Division of Bradfield

The Division of Bradfield is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales.

History
Bradfield was created in the 1949 expansion of Parliament, and was named in honour of John Bradfield, the designer of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Its first member was Billy Hughes, a former Prime Minister of Australia and the last serving member of the first federal Parliament. The bulk of the seat was carved out of North Sydney, which Hughes represented from 1923 to 1949. After Hughes, its best-known member was Brendan Nelson, a minister in the third and fourth Howard governments and the federal Leader of the Opposition from 2007 to 2008. The current Member for Bradfield, since the 2009 Bradfield by-election, is Paul Fletcher, a member of the Liberal Party of Australia.

Located in the traditional Liberal stronghold of Sydney's North Shore, Bradfield has been in Liberal hands for its entire existence, and for most of that time has been reckoned as a very safe Liberal seat. Most of the territory covered by the seat has been represented by centre-right MPs since Federation.

The Liberal hold on the seat has only been even remotely threatened twice. Af a 1952 by-election triggered by Hughes’ death, the Liberals were held to 58 percent of the two-party vote–the only time that Labor has come anywhere close to winning the seat. Even in 1952, the Liberals still won more than enough primary votes to retain the seat without the need for preferences.

In the 2022 federal election, Voices of Bradfield-endorsed independent candidate Nicolette Boele slashed the Liberal margin in the seat from 16.56% to 4.23%, turning Bradfield into a marginal seat on a two-candidate preferred basis for the first time in its history, amid the collapse of Liberal support in the North Shore. The swing against the Liberals was enough to drop the Liberal margin in a "traditional" two-party contest with Labor to 56 percent, the first time the seat has been marginal against Labor. The Liberal primary vote plummeted to 45.05%, the first time the Liberal Party received less than 50% of the primary vote in Bradfield. The primary vote swing against the Liberal Party of 15.28% was also the largest in the country.

Boundaries
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

The electorate is located in the upper North Shore and covers an area of approximately 101 km2, covering the suburbs Castle Cove, East Killara, East Lindfield, Gordon, Killara, Lindfield, North Turramurra, North Wahroonga, Pymble, Roseville, Roseville Chase, South Turramurra, St Ives, St Ives Chase, Turramurra, Wahroonga, Waitara, Warrawee, and West Pymble; as well as parts of Asquith, Chatswood, Chatswood West, Hornsby, Mount Colah, and Normanhurst. The electorate has undergone minor boundary changes, with the latest redistribution in 2016 shifting slightly south, gaining Castle Cove and parts of Chatswood from North Sydney while losing parts of Thornleigh, Normanhurst and Hornsby.

title: Division of Bradfield


text: Category:Jefferson County, Pennsylvania

title: Category:Jefferson County, Pennsylvania


text:
Łuk coat of arms

Łuk (Polish for "Bow") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta (noble) families under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:

title: Łuk coat of arms


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Division of Calare

The Division of Calare ( or ) is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales.

Geography
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

History
The division was first contested at the 1906 election; created to replace the abolished Division of Canobolas, and is named for the local Aboriginal name for the Lachlan River, which runs through the western part of the division. The Aboriginal name is pronounced Kal-ah-ree, but the pronunciation Kul-air is established for the division.

The division originally encompassed Forbes, Orange and Parkes. Subsequent boundary changes moved it eastwards to encompass Bathurst, Lithgow and Oberon. On these boundaries it was notionally a marginal seat between the Australian Labor Party (which held it 1983–96) and the National Party, but it was held comfortably by an independent, Peter Andren, from 1996 to 2007. Andren was not a candidate for the 2007 election: he intended to run for a Senate seat but was diagnosed with cancer in 2007 and died during the election campaign.

A redistribution in 2006 moved the boundaries west to take in Cowra, Grenfell and the vast north-west of New South Wales from Brewarrina to Menindee, making Calare New South Wales's largest electorate. Lithgow, Bathurst and Oberon, which tend to favour Labor, were transferred to the neighbouring seat of Macquarie. At the 2007 federal election, Calare was won by the Nationals' representative John Cobb on a margin of 12.1 percent. Cobb had previously represented the Division of Parkes, parts of which were redistributed into Calare in 2006.

The 2009 redistribution of NSW moved the boundaries back east, to again include Lithgow, Bathurst and Oberon. Most of the northwestern area of the division was transferred to the neighbouring Division of Parkes. The changes took effect at the 2010 election.

The division currently stretches from Mudgee, Gulgong, Dubbo, Wellington in the north-west, to Orange, Bathurst, Lithgow and Oberon in the south-east and Canowindra in the south-west.

The current Member for Calare, since the 2016 federal election, is Andrew Gee, an Independent member who was originally elected as a member of the National Party.

title: Division of Calare


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Division of Charlton

The Division of Charlton was an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. The division was created in 1984 and is named for Matthew Charlton, who was Leader of the Australian Labor Party 1922–28.

The division was located in the Hunter region of New South Wales, including the coal-mining towns of Cardiff and Wallsend as well as Toronto, Morisset, Cooranbong, Brightwaters, Windermere Park, Sunshine, Glendale and Warners Bay.

The division was renamed Division of Hunter in the 2016 federal election, while the previous Division of Hunter was abolished in the same election. The last Member for Charlton, from the 2013 federal election, was Pat Conroy, a member of the Australian Labor Party.

History
Charlton was first created in 1984. Much of its territory came from Hunter, which Matthew Charlton held from 1910 to 1928. From its inception, it had been a safe seat for Labor. The Hunter Region is one of the few areas outside capital cities where Labor has consistently done well.

The most prominent members were Bob Brown, a minister in the Hawke and Keating governments, and Greg Combet, a former secretary of the ACTU from 2000 to 2007, and a minister in the Gillard and Rudd governments.

During the 2013 federal election campaign, the Liberal Party of Australia endorsed Kevin Baker as their candidate for the division. However, Baker was forced to end his campaign on 21 August 2013 due to controversy over inappropriate content on a car enthusiasts' website that he hosted. The Australian Electoral Commission had closed candidate nominations by the time Baker abandoned his campaign. The Liberals did not field a replacement candidate in the election. However, Baker was still listed on ballot papers as the Liberal candidate, as they had already been printed at the time of Baker's resignation from the campaign; in excess of 24,500 electors gave him their first preference vote.

Under the original proposed redistribution for the 2016 federal election, the Division of Hunter was to be abolished. Since Hunter is an original Federation electorate, the Australian Electoral Commission's guidelines for redistributions required it to make every effort to preserve the Hunter name. To that end, the Commission proposed renaming Charlton to Hunter. Effectively, this meant that Charlton was abolished, and Hunter pushed slightly eastward to absorb much of Charlton's former territory. Although most voters of the new Hunter division came from the former Charlton division, Conroy stood down in favour of the member for the old Hunter division, Joel Fitzgibbon. Conroy contested and won the neighbouring seat of Shortland.

title: Division of Charlton


text: User talk:213.47.156.98

title: User talk:213.47.156.98


text:
Division of Chifley

The Division of Chifley is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales.

Chifley is located in outer western Sydney. It includes Rooty Hill, Doonside, Woodcroft, Dean Park, parts of Marayong and Blacktown, and all the suburbs of the Mt Druitt housing estate.

History
The division was created in 1969 and is named for Ben Chifley, who was Prime Minister of Australia 1945–49.

Chifley has been won by the Labor Party at every federal election since its creation in 1969, and at the 2007 federal election was one of Labor's safest seats. The Member for Chifley, since the 2010 federal election, is Ed Husic, a member of the Australian Labor Party.

Boundaries
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

The division is located in the western suburbs of Sydney. On its original boundaries it was based on Blacktown, but now includes the suburbs of Angus, Bidwill, Blackett, Bungarribee, Colebee, Dean Park, Dharruk, Doonside, Emerton, Glendenning, Hassall Grove, Hebersham, Lethbridge Park, Marayong, Marsden Park, Melonba, Mount Druitt, Nirimba Fields, Oakhurst, Plumpton, Richards, Rooty Hill, Ropes Crossing, Shalvey, Shanes Park, Tregear, Whalan, Willmot, and Woodcroft; as well as parts of Arndell Park, Blacktown, Eastern Creek, Huntingwood, Quakers Hill, Riverstone, and Schofields.

Demographics
Chifley is home to immigrant communities from the Philippines, India, and Fiji, and is heavily Catholic at 30.8% with a larger-than-average Muslim population at 8.3%. Some voters are socially conservative, particularly those of religious background.

The current MP is Ed Husic, a member of the Australian Labor Party. Husic himself comes from a Bosnian Muslim family, but describes himself as non-practising Muslim.

title: Division of Chifley