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Korczak coat of arms

Korczak is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several noble families of Clan Korczak in the times of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
The coat of arms has Hungarian origins; the three bars represent the Danube, Tisza (or Drava), and Sava rivers. Earliest mention – 1142 annum (Ogród królewski, Paprocki Bartłomiej, D. Siedlczański, Praga, 1599). The first mention of the coat of arms was 1368, while the oldest known seal bearing the coat dates to 1432. The Gorajscy family was the first to use the seal.

Bearers are largely made up of noble families from Red Ruthenia and Lesser Poland. The arms were confirmed in Lithuania at Union of Horodło (1413).

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
 * Komorowski family
 * Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, Inspector General of the Armed Forces of Poland
 * Countess Anna Maria Komorowska, mother of Queen Mathilde of Belgium
 * Gertruda Komorowska
 * Branicki family
 * Franciszek Ksawery Branicki
 * Katarzyna Branicka
 * Jan Andrzej Prochnicki Biskup Kamieniecki i protektor zakonu kawalerów maltańskich na terenie Rzeczypospolitej. Fundator kolegium jezuitów w Kamieńcu Podolskim. W 1614 został przeniesiony na stanowisko arcybiskupa lwowskiego
 * Władysław Grzegorz Branicki
 * Zofia Branicka
 * Bronisław Komorowski, Incumbent and Acting President of Poland (in fact of the Dołęga coat of arms)
 * Janusz Korczak-Ziolkowski Polish-British artist
 * Ivan Horbachevsky (1854–1942) — Ukrainian chemist and politician. First Health minister of Austria-Hungary
 * Maria Zankovetska (1854–1934) — Ukrainian theater actress
 * Yosyf Shumlyansky (1643–1708) — Eastern Catholic (previously Orthodox) bishop of the Eparchy of Lviv, Halych and Kamianets-Podilskyi
 * Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm
 * Korczak Ziolkowski
 * Dymitr z Goraja
 * Jerzy Wołodyjowski, on whom the fictional Michał Wołodyjowski is based
 * Boris Korczak

title: Korczak coat of arms


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Elsie Ferguson

Elsie Louise Ferguson (August 19, 1883 – November 15, 1961) was an American stage and film actress. Seen by some as an early feminist, she promoted suffrage, which she discussed in interviews, and supported animal rights.

Early life
Born in New York City, Elsie Ferguson was the only child of Hiram and Amelia Ferguson. Her father was a successful attorney. Raised and educated in Manhattan, she became interested in the theater at a young age and made her stage debut at 17 as a chorus girl in a musical comedy. For almost two years, from 1903 to 1905, she was a cast member in The Girl from Kays. In 1908, she was leading lady to Edgar Selwyn in Pierre of the Plains. By 1909, after several years apprenticeship under several producers, including Charles Frohman, Klaw & Erlanger, Charles Dillingham and Henry B. Harris, she was a major Broadway star, starring in Such a Little Queen. In 1910, she spent time on the stage in London. Actresses Evelyn Nesbit and Ethel Barrymore were friends of hers.

During World War I, a number of Broadway stars organized a campaign to sell Liberty Bonds from the theatre stage before the performance as well as at highly publicized appearances at places such as the New York Public Library. On one occasion, Ferguson is reputed to have sold $85,000 worth of bonds in less than an hour.

Stardom
At the peak of her popularity, several film studios offered her a contract but she declined them all until widely respected New York-based French director Maurice Tourneur proposed she appear in the lead role as a sophisticated patrician in his 1917 silent film Barbary Sheep. She also may have consented to films because she no longer had the protection of her Broadway employers Henry B. Harris, who died on the Titanic in 1912, and Charles Frohman, who perished on the Lusitania in 1915. Producer and director Adolph Zukor then signed her to an 18-film, three-year, $5,000-per-week contract.

Following this first film, Ferguson was billed prominently in promotional campaigns, and starred in two more films directed by Tourneur under a lucrative contract from Paramount Pictures that paid her $1,000 per day of filming in addition to her weekly contract income. Her only surviving complete silent film is The Witness for the Defense (1919), co-starring Warner Oland and performed as a play in 1911 by her friend Ethel Barrymore. A surviving fragment of footage of Ferguson from The Lie or The Avalanche can be seen in Paramount's The House That Shadows Built (1931). Other brief surviving footage of Ferguson is preserved in Paramount's A Trip to Paramountown (1922) Continuing to play roles of elegant society women, Ferguson was quickly dubbed "The Aristocrat of the Silent Screen", but the aristocratic label also was because she was known as a difficult and sometimes arrogant personality with whom to work. Many of the films she agreed to do were because they were adaptations of stage plays with which she was familiar.

Elsie Ferguson eventually followed the move west and bought a home in the hills of Hollywood, California. In 1920, she traveled to the Middle East and Europe. She fell in love with Paris and the French Riviera, and within a few years, she bought a permanent home there.

In 1921, she accepted another contract offer from Paramount Pictures to star in four films to be spread over a two-year period. One of these was the 1921 film entitled Forever in which she starred with Wallace Reid.

"Talkies" and retirement
Ferguson's last silent film before returning to Broadway was the 1925 drama The Unknown Lover. In 1930, she made her first sound film that also would be her final film, titled Scarlet Pages, which is now preserved in the Library of Congress. The film was based on a 1929 Broadway production of the same name that she also starred in. She was described as having a "pleasantly low-pitched voice with perfect diction."

Well known as difficult to work with, temperamental, and argumentative, she married four times. Following her final marriage at age 51, she and her husband acquired a farm in Connecticut and divided their time between it and her home in Cap d'Antibes.

Ferguson made her final appearance on Broadway in 1943, at the age of 60, that met with critical acclaim. She played in Outrageous Fortune, a play written by her neighbor Rose Franken. The play closed eight weeks after it opened. Critics hailed Ferguson's performance as "glowing" and having "the charm and winning manner of old."

Ferguson died in Lawrence Memorial Hospital in New London, Connecticut, in 1961. She lived on an estate called White Gate Farms. She was interred in the Duck River Cemetery in Old Lyme, Connecticut. A very wealthy woman with no heirs and a lover of animals, she left a large part of her considerable estate to a variety of charities, including several for animal welfare.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Elsie Ferguson


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User:Wijker~enwiki

User: Wijker Nationality: Dutch since: 13th october 2004

title: User:Wijker~enwiki


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WDW

WDW may refer to:

 * Walt Disney World, amusement park complex
 * WDW (Washington, D.C.), radio station from 1921–1922
 * Why Don't We, American pop boy band
 * WDW (TV station), a digital television station in Western Australia

title: WDW


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Fullerton

Fullerton may refer to:

Australia

 * Fullerton Cove, New South Wales
 * Fullerton, New South Wales

Canada

 * Cape Fullerton, Nunavut

United States

 * Fullerton, California, a city in Orange County
 * California State University, Fullerton (commonly CSUF), part of the California State University System
 * Fullerton Arboretum, a botanical-garden located on the north-east corner of the CSUF campus.
 * Fullerton College, the oldest continuously operating community college in California
 * Fullerton Union High School, a high school created in 1893
 * Fullerton (Amtrak station), a passenger rail and bus station
 * Fullerton Municipal Airport, a Regional Relief airport
 * Fullerton Police Department, established in 1904
 * Fullerton Public Library, established in 1906
 * Fullerton, Louisiana
 * Fullerton, Maryland, an unincorporated community in Baltimore County
 * Fullerton, Nebraska, a city in Nance County
 * Fullerton Township, Nance County, Nebraska
 * Fullerton, North Dakota, a city in Dickey County
 * Fullerton, Pennsylvania, a census-designated place in Lehigh County
 * Fullerton (CTA), a Chicago rapid transit station on the 'L'

United Kingdom

 * Fullerton, Hampshire, on the river Test, between Andover and Stockbridge

Other uses

 * Fullerton (surname)
 * Fullerton Dam, a ruined former dam in western Oklahoma, U.S.
 * Fullerton Line, a former train route in California, U.S.
 * Fullerton Securities, a financial planning and wealth management product company

title: Fullerton


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Jelita coat of arms

Jelita is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families.

History
One of the oldest Polish coats of arms. First depicted on the seal of Tomisław z Mokrska from 1316.

Additionally, the Polish medieval chronicler, diplomat and soldier Jan Długosz referred to those bearing the Jelita coat of arms as "a clan born in Poland of men who are modestly devoted to dogs and hunting."

Legend
Legend has it that this coat of arms was granted by King Władysław I Łokietek to a peasant soldier (and his family) after the Battle of Płowce (1331) in which the Polish armies defeated the 40,000-strong force of the Teutonic Knights with minimal casualties. The man fought with great courage and only fell in battle when pierced by three spears in the abdominal area which caused his bowels to fall out. Shortly before his death, the King ennobled the fatally wounded man. Hence, the three crossed spears in the coat of arms, as well as the name Jelita, Bowels or Guts.

Blazon
There are three lances of gold (or yellow), displayed in the design of a star on a red field, so that two on the sides are shown with their ends and points upward and the center lance with its point straight downward. on the helmet is a demi goat leaping with its forepaws upward, facing to the right, with horns on its head. The goat on top is the symbol of persistence, practical wisdom and an emblem of a man who wins through diplomacy rather than war. It may also refer to the goat crest of Lublin. The Act of the Union of Lublin, signed in 1569, created the so-called Commonwealth of two Nations, under one monarch, with one parliament and unified monetary systems.

The heraldic motto of this coat of arms is "To mniey boli" (It hurts less).

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:

 * House of Zamoyski
 * Adam Zamoyski
 * Jan Zamoyski
 * Joanna Barbara Zamoyska
 * Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska
 * Jan "Sobiepan" Zamoyski
 * Tomasz Zamoyski
 * Florian Pacanowski
 * Józef Śliwicki
 * Ignacy Jan Paderewski
 * Franciszek Dąbrowski
 * Stefan Żeromski
 * Witold Lutosławski
 * Ryszard Kaczorowski
 * Jacek Saryusz-Wolski
 * Count Petr Mikhaïlovitch Korwin-Litwicki (1796-1856}, titular councillor of the Russian Empire

title: Jelita coat of arms


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James L. Quinn (editor)

James L. Quinn was an American science fiction editor and publisher.

Quinn was the founding publisher of the science fiction magazine If and, after Paul W. Fairman left shortly after its launch in 1952, became its editor as well as publisher until 1958. During his tenure, the magazine's circulation never sold as well as he'd hoped, even with the assistance of Larry Shaw and a short tenure by Damon Knight as editor of the magazine. After several issues edited by Knight failed to reverse the circulation slide (many sf magazines saw a drop in circulation after the 1957 launch of Sputnik, probably for a variety of reasons), Quinn sold the title to Robert Guinn, publisher of Galaxy, where it continued with H.L. Gold as the editor, with assistance from eventual editor Frederik Pohl.

Quinn continued primarily as a publisher of word-puzzle magazines into the 1970s; several of his titles continue to be published by Kappa Publishers Group (as of 2011). (If was merged with Galaxy in 1974, though there have been attempts to revive the title since then.)

title: James L. Quinn (editor)


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User:Star Garnet/William E. Brock

William E. Brock may refer to:

 * William Emerson Brock (1872–1950), United States Senator from Tennessee (1929–1931), grandfather of William Emerson Brock III
 * William Emerson Brock III (1930–2021), United States Senator from Tennessee (1971–1977)

title: User:Star Garnet/William E. Brock


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Qualla Boundary

The Qualla Boundary or The Qualla is territory held as a land trust by the United States government for the federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI), who reside in Western North Carolina. The area is part of the large historic Cherokee territory in the Southeast, which extended into eastern Tennessee, western South Carolina, northern Georgia and Alabama. Currently, the largest contiguous portion of the Qualla lies in Haywood, Swain, and Jackson counties and is centered on the community of Cherokee, which serves as the tribal capital of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. Smaller, non-contiguous parcels also lie in Graham and Cherokee counties, near the communities of Snowbird and Murphy, respectively.

The tribe purchased this land in the 1870s, and it was subsequently placed under federal protective trust; it is not a reservation created by the government. Individuals can buy, own, and sell the land, provided they are enrolled members of the tribe of the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians.

Etymology
Qualla comes from the Cherokee word kwalli ('old woman'). It refers to Polly, an elder Cherokee woman who lived in the area.

Location
The Qualla Boundary is located at 35.5°N, -83.26667°W. The main part of the Qualla Boundary lies in eastern Swain and northern Jackson counties (just south of Great Smoky Mountains National Park). A small portion of the main trust lands extends eastward into Haywood County. The trust lands include many smaller non-contiguous sections to the southwest in Marble, Hiwassee, and Hanging Dog areas of Cherokee County, and the Snowbird community in Graham County. The total land area of these regions is 213.934 km2 (82.6 sq mi), with a 2000 census resident population of 8,092 people.

History
The Cherokee and their ancestors have long occupied the area, having migrated there centuries before Europeans arrived. During their colonial expansion west, European settlers sometimes came into conflict with the Cherokee, whose territory extended into present-day Tennessee and northern Georgia. After the late 18th century and warfare with American settlers during and after the Revolutionary War, many of the Cherokee moved further south along the Tennessee River, into Georgia and westward into Alabama, establishing at least eleven new towns.

The Cherokee were forcibly removed in the late 1830s from much of this area, especially the Black Belt in Georgia and Alabama, under federal authority as authorized by Congress in the 1830 Indian Removal Act. They were relocated to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, in what is the present-day state of Oklahoma.

During the winter of 1838 and early the spring of 1839, the U.S. Federal Government relocated approximately 11,000 Cherokee from their homeland in North Carolina, in what is known as the Trail of Tears. Some of the Cherokee were able to evade the initial removal and hide in the Great Smoky Mountains, some were free to stay on their lands because of earlier treaties, but the majority of the Cherokee people were removed from the land. This was when the main struggle for land at what became the Qualla Boundary began.

The Qualla Boundary was first surveyed in 1876 by M. S. Temple under the auspices of the United States Land Office. These pieces were embodied in a map published as the Map of the Qualla Indian reserve. The Qualla Boundary is a land trust supervised by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs. The land is a fragment of the extensive historical homeland of the Cherokee in the region and was considered part of the Cherokee Nation during the 19th century, prior to certain treaties and Indian Removal in the 1830s. William Holland Thomas had lived and worked among the Cherokee people for a good portion of his life. He had a knowledge of their traditions and language and was close friends with some members of the tribe. The Cherokee valued and respected Thomas; he had studied law and was adopted into the tribe and named as successor by its hereditary chief. He is the only European American to have served as chief in their history.

Thomas purchased lands around the Oconaluftee River for the tribe, the total area adding up to around 50,000 acres; the purchased lands are a large part of what makes up the Boundary today. The Cherokee organized and formed a corporation in 1870 to be able to purchase and hold additional lands. The Cherokee who gained the ability to live in North Carolina were considered to be an independent band from the Cherokee Nation living in Oklahoma.

In the 1930s, the federal government requested the tribe to cede land for the construction of a new motorway, called the Blue Ridge Parkway, that would cut through the Qualla Boundary to end at the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The tribe resisted the federal government, which initially wanted the land for free. In 1939, the tribe and the federal government reached an agreement and signed a pact for right-of-way acquisition; in return the federal government would make a $40,000 payment for the tribe's land, require the state to build a regular highway through the Soco Valley (US 19), and transfer two other parcels to the tribe, known as the Boundary Tree tract (north of US 441, near the national park entrance) and Ravensford tract (east of the Oconaluftee River and Raven Fork confluence). Two years later, the U.S. Congress decided not to give the tribe the Ravensford tract as stated in the pact. In 2003, the tribe negotiated a land swap with the federal government; this involved the tribe buying 218 acres near Waterrock Knob then trading it for the Ravensford tract. In 2009, Cherokee Central Schools opened a $140 million school campus on the Ravensford tract.

Government and law
The tribal community functions like most municipalities, operating schools, law enforcement, and rescue services, in addition to their own hospital and gaming casino, known as Harrah's Cherokee. They have opened a second location of the casino on their land in Murphy, North Carolina. The tribe has operated a court system since 1987.

Tribal police have exclusive police jurisdiction on Indian lands. The FBI and other federal agencies have jurisdiction to handle certain major federal criminal offenses. N.C. State Highway Patrol, motor vehicle inspectors, wildlife officers, state alcohol agents, SBI agents, and other state peace officers assigned to counties that overlap with the Qualla Boundary can be called to assist tribal law enforcement officers, and can be commissioned as "special officers" of the Department of the Interior to assist in federal investigations. Non-tribal members charged with a crime in Qualla Boundary are referred to county courts.

Administrative divisions
The Qualla Boundary is divided into seven communities, which are similar to townships.

There are no municipalities, instead each community elects two representatives to the tribal council; except for Cherokee County and Snowbird, which share two representatives to the tribal council. Cherokee, a census-designated place, overlaps most of Painttown and Yellowhill, with a small portion also in Wolftown.

Education
From 1890 to 1954, the U.S. Indian Service (later renamed the Bureau of Indian Affairs) operated the Cherokee Boarding Schools in Cherokee. It replaced these with elementary day schools, located closer to students' homes in Big Cove, Soco, Birdtown, and Snowbird. In 1962 all elementary day schools were consolidated into Central Elementary School in Cherokee.

In 1975, Cherokee High School was opened with grades seven through twelve. In 1990 Cherokee Central Schools became a tribally operated school district, under a grant from the Bureau of Indian Affairs, with students assigned from Big Cove, Birdtown, Painttown, Wolftown, and Yellowhill communities. In 1996, the school district established the Kituwah curriculum for kindergarten through sixth grade, which incorporates the Cherokee language. Prior to this, the schools operated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs allowed only English to be used. In 2004, the EBCI established the New Kituwah Academy, a private bilingual Cherokee-English language immersion school for Cherokee students in kindergarten through sixth grade, located in the Yellowhill community.

In 1975 Western Carolina University opened its Cherokee Center in cooperation with the EBCI, which is the headquarters for outreach and involvement between residents in the Qualla Boundary and outside surrounding communities. It provides services including application process, transcript request, scholarships, internships placement, high school recruitment, as well as college level courses. The Cherokee Center is supported by an advisory board composed of representatives from the EBCI and Western Carolina University.

Representation in media
In the mid-1950s, much of Disney's five-part television series, Davy Crockett (starring Fess Parker), was filmed here.

title: Qualla Boundary


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Jastrzębiec coat of arms

Jastrzębiec is one of the most ancient Polish coat of arms. Dating back to the 10th century, it has been used by Poland's oldest szlachta families — Poland's Immemorial nobility — and remains in use today.

Legend of the coat of arms
According to the Polish-Czech writer and heraldist Bartosz Paprocki, this coat of arms is called Jastrzebiec because the clan's pagan ancestors bore a Goshawk, or Jastrzab.

In the era of King Bolesław the Brave, circa 999, during a siege of the mountain fortress Łysa Góra – two miles from Bozecin, now called Swiety Krzyz (Holy Cross) – the Christian besiegers were challenged by the pagan holders of the place, to "Send forth one from among you who is willing to fight for Christ, in a challenge against one of our men." Jastrzebczyk, a knightly member of the Jastrzebiec clan invented horseshoes that enabled his horse to climb the slippery slopes and to defeat and bring the pagan champion before the king. The rest of the Polish forces, their horses similarly shod, scaled the mountain to defeated their enemy. In gratitude, king granted Jastrzebczyk the right to bear a horseshoe with a cross as part of his arms, with the Goshawk being elevated above the shield.

It is doubtful that Jastrzebczyk in 999, was the first in Poland to shoe horses. Poppaea, in the time of the Roman emperor Nero, had her horse shod with silver shoes. Others before her used iron. In 278, in Bohemia, there was a noble house with three horseshoes on its seal. In Poland, in the time of Leszek II, Leszek the Traitor shod his horse to cross Pradnik Field, which was covered in barbs, to get to a crown on a pillar, and was credited as being the inventor of horseshoes. It may therefore be that Jastrzebczyk renewed a previous practice.

Possibly, the arms arrived in Poland with Lech, the legendary founder of Poland. The cross may have added for a member of his family who was baptized (in Stromata, Paprocki affirms that one member of this family while in foreign lands, converted to Christianity there, and this was the cause of the Polish prince Mieczyslaw's Mieszko conversion). The antiquity of the arms is further attested to by one of the Jastrzebczyks being among the twelve voivodes who at different times ruled the entire country.

The antiquity of the Jastrzebiec coat-of-arms is also evident by the fact that no other coats of arms is borne by more families. Paprocki says, in O herbach, that several hundred years ago the clan called themselves simply Jastrzebczyks. Not until after the days of Archbishop Wojciech of Gniezno did foremost members of this house began to write z Rytwian ("from Rytwiany"). Other members similarly named themselves after the estates they possessed.

Jastrezebiec's antiquity lead others coat-of-arms to be derived from it, including Dąbrowa, Zagłoba, and Pobóg. These arms are also called Boleszczyc, in Silesia, and Lazanki, in Mazovia. In other places Jastrzebczyks are called by names coming from the word for "goshawk", Kaniowa or Kudbrzowa. In Paprocki's day there was a Jastrzebiec castle, belonging to the Zborowskis; General Piotr Zborowski from Rytwiany, Kraków voivode, tore it down, dug it out, and had a large pond put in its place.

Ancestors of this house
Based on a grant of privilege to a monastery in 999, Paprocki cites the most ancient member of this house as being a castellan of Sandomierz, a man named Mszczuj. Mszczuj's two sons Mszczuj and Jan, who signed themselves "from Jakuszewice", were both made canons in Kraków by Bishop Lambert in 1061. In 1084, Dlugosz wrote that the Jastrzebczyks who came from Hungary with Mieczyslaw, son of Boleslaw the Bold.

Derszlaw was cup-bearer for King Bolesław Wry-mouth in 1114. Bolesław IV the Curly granted the title to the villages of Jakuszewice and Kobelniki to Derszlaw's sons Wojciech and Derszlaw, of whom Wojciech was the Sandomierz standard-bearer. Paprocki cites a fragment of his in O herbach, but the long stretch of time between them and their father, 166 years, indicates that they were not the sons of Derszlaw the cup-bearer. Paprocki cites a monastery grant of privilege given in 1199 for Borzywoj and Derszlaw Jastrzebczyk, heirs to Jakuszowice. He also includes Piotr, son of Wojciech, the Sandomierz standard-bearer.

Swentoslaw, a pastor from Poznań and Gniezno canon, was chosen to be bishop of Poznań; already of an advanced age, he had retired, but he yielded to those urging him and accepted the office. He spent only a year at this see before his death in 1176 and was buried in the church. Nakiel. w Miechov. fol. 66, praises the good works of this Swietoslaw, for saving his monastery at its beginning with generous alms; he ascribes to Swietoslaw the Pobog arms. Yet Długosz in ''Vitae Episc. Posnan'', and others, call him a Jastrebczyk. Paprocki writes that in Jędrzejów a grave from the year 1206 is covered with a stone on which the Jastrzębiec arms are still visible, but the letters can no longer be read.

Piotr Brevis (called Maly ("small"), as brevis is Latin for "short") was chosen to be the nineteenth bishop of Plock in 1254. In the fifth year of his episcopate, he moved to another see. However in ''Vitae Episc. Plocens'', Lubienski ascribed no coat-of-arms to him yet wrote Piotr Brevis was of a noble clan. Paprocki in O herbach, added that Piotr Brevis was a Jastrzebczyk.

Silesian Bishop Jan of Wrocław was the first Pole to ascend the episcopacy, inasmuch as only Italians had held the position before. Bishop Jan of Wrocław elected in 1062, presided for 10 years, and died in 1072. This is attested to by Dlugosz in Kronika, wherein he wrote that Bishop Jan of Wrocław was of the Jastrzebiec clan.

Additional forebears of this clan are Michal, castellan of Kraków in 1225; Mistuj, voivode of Kraków in 1242; Scibor, voivode of Leczyca in 1242; and Msciug, voivode of Sandomierz in 1342. A letter of Kazimierz the Great, King of Poland, given to the Strzelno monastery, mentions, inter praesentes, Mszczuj, Kraków chamberlain.

Jedrzej, Bishop of Vilna, called "Vasilo" by the Lithuanians, was an apostolic shepherd in the days of King Władysław II Jagiełło. Kromer. In 1399, Jedrzej proselytized Christianity in pagan Lithuania. Marcisz, brother of Bishop Jedrzej, endowed the Franciscan Fathers in Nowe Miasto with a monastery and he bought Zborów, from which came the family of Zborowskis.

Wojciech, Archbishop of Gniezno, was born in the village of Lubnica. His father, possessed of a meager fortune, gave up Wojciech to the Bensowa parish church. As Dlugosz wrote n ''Vitae Episcop. Posnan.'':

"I give you up, my son, not into the ranks of students but of bishops. Remember, when you have become a bishop, do not forget your current standing, in which you see both your mother and me, your brothers and sisters: this lack of means in which you were born is greater than could fade from your memory if you had the greatest fortune. When you become a bishop, do this for me, make a church of brick in this place where I give you up for schooling."

Wojciech listened to all of this and promised to fulfill the exhortation as a paternal order. The hopes of both were realized, for Wojciech, soon became a priest, from being a Kraków scholastic, as Dlugosz says, or from being a Kraków dean and Poznan pastor, he became the mitred prelate of Poznan in 1399. Tearing down the wooden church in Bensowa, he had a brick one built in 1407, and later settled the friars of St. Paul the Hermit there, and gave to it the villages of Bensowa, Bensowka, Bydlowa, and Bystronowice. Besides this, he founded the collegiate church in Warsaw, and the cathedral.

Thus for 14 years Wojciech held that post at that church in a laudable manner, so that he was held in high regard by all, both for his wisdom, which was demonstrated at every chancellery function, and for his piety. But he put himself under great strain when, having removed Piotr Wiss, of Leszczyc arms, from the Kraków episcopacy. He recalled Wiss to that of Poznan and he himself occupied the Kraków bishopric in 1412. He had many quarrels because of it: for as soon as the matter arose at the Council of Konstanz it moved all the priests assembled there with compassion for Peter Wiss, and surely Wiss would have returned to his bishopric if he had not died at that point.

Wojciech, more secure after Wiss's death, founded a city, having cleared some woods, and called it Jastrzebie. He endowed and gave to it two parish churches in Sandomierz province: one in Wysokie, in Lublin district; the other in Kortynicak, in Sandomierz district. He designated a tithe for the altar of St. Agnes, in Kraków diocese. Then in 1423, he was elevated to the rank of metropolitan and primate, and there left a memory of his generosity, funding two benefices, one theological and one juridical, as well as a third in Kalisz. He set up an altar in Leczyca, returned regular canons to Klodawa, and raised their church to collegiate rank. He died in 1436, an important, judicious man and a great lover of his country, as Dlugosz and Damalew praised him in ''Vitae Archiepisc. Gnesn.'', and Starowol. in ''Vitae Episc. Cracov''.

Wojciech had amassed considerable wealth, which he left to his successors, and while yet alive bought for them Rytwiany, in Sandomierz district, and Borzyslawice, in Leczyca district, where he funded benefices. The sources of that wealth were suspect, in that the curate of the Poznań Cathedral had shown him the collection and treasury of the ancient kings of Poland, of which the curates had passed on knowledge in secret, each to the next, until that time.

From that time, Wojciech's successors began to sign their names as z Rytwian ("from Rytwiany"): his brother was Scibor, voivode of Leczyca, who had twenty sons. Paprocki saw all their portraits in the Bensowa church, but the signatures under them could not be read. Eight of the sons died in the Prussian war, the other twelve were various castellans.

In the Jastrzębiec family, there is also the case of a man from the Witowski family, who, on the basis of his marriage, left for Russia, from where, in the next generation, a high-ranking aristocrat Katarina Wiltawsky returned to the vicinity of Krakow, who married a Polish German (Pruska), who took her surnames and Russian titles of nobility. Their descendant Baron Wiltawský attended the coronation of Emperor Charles VI. in Prague. The descendants of this line remained settled in the vicinity of Ratibórz and Opava. Books: Crönungs - Ceremoniel, Oder Accurate Nachricht , was Bey der Crönung Des Aller

Blazon

The following is from the classic heraldic reference Herbarz Polski, by Kasper Niesiecki, S. J., Leipzig edition, 1839-1846. In this book, for each herb (clan shield or coat of arms) the blazon, or verbal description of the arms, is first given in authentic heraldic style, followed by a translation from the Polish description by Niesiecki.

Arms: azure, a horseshoe reversed, between its branches, a small cross patée en abime, both or. Upon a wreath of the colors mantled of his liveries whereon is set for a crest: out of a ducal coronet, a hawk proper, wings surgent, belled and jessed, holding in its dexter talons, a charge of the shield.

On a shield in a blue field is a gold horseshoe, with its heels pointed straight up, and in its center a cross; on the helmet over a crown is a goshawk with its wings slightly raised for flight, facing the right side of the shield. On its legs are small bells and a leather strap, in its right talon it holds a horseshoe with cross, like those on the shield.

In heraldry, the right and left sides of a shield are considered from the standpoint of the bearer—i. e., the one holding the shield. His right would be your left and vice versa. The tinctures (colors) are as follows: azure = blue; gules = red; sable = black; or = gold; argent = silver; and vert = green. All charges (pictures) on a shield are assumed to be facing dexter (bearer's right side) unless otherwise specified. In Polish heraldry, all animals or birds are assumed to be in their natural coloring unless otherwise specified.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
 * Adam Chmielowski
 * Xawery Stanisław Czernicki
 * Count Antoni Litwicki, son of Jan Karol Litwicki (Head of State Audit), brother of Michal
 * Count Michal Litwicki (1796–1856) officer in the November Rising (1830–1831), second lieutenant, then captain in the 2nd Mazurian Cavalry Regiment in the army of the Kingdom of Poland (1830)
 * [[File:Portret Zachariasz Mysyrowicz (c. 1800).png]] Zachariasz Mysyrowicz (portrait c. 1790) Royal Secretary and Starost of Kamianets-Podilskyi
 * Andrzej Niemirowicz
 * Zdzisław Peszkowski
 * Edmund Taczanowski
 * Władysław Taczanowski
 * Dominik Dziewanowski
 * Marian Kamil Dziewanowski
 * Kazimierz Dziewanowski First post-communist Polish ambassador to the US.
 * Marcin Kunert-Dziewanowski known as Martin Kunert within the United States
 * Both family
 * Conrad Swan
 * Jan Skrzetuski is a fictional character created by Polish author Henryk Sienkiewicz in the novel With Fire and Sword.

Towns and counties

 * Konopnica, Wieluń County
 * Gmina Konopnica, Łódź Voivodeship
 * Bychawa

Gallery
Standard variations

Related coats of arms

 * Chyliński coat of arms

title: Jastrzębiec coat of arms


text:
Zaremba coat of arms

Zaremba is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta (noble) families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
The first historical record of the Zaremba coat of arms appears on the shield of Thomas II Zaremba, prince-bishop of Nysa, in 1270 CE. In the 12th century, the Zaremba clan itself founded the town and endowed the church of Tuliszkow. Tuliszkow would become the seat of the Zaremba clan and in 1450, Mikolaj Zaremba, castellan of Leczyca, built the St. Vitus church, which still stands today.

The Zaremba coat of arms is mentioned by Romain Gary in his novel Promise at dawn.

Blazon
Per fess or and gules, embattled. In chief a demi lion rampant issuant sable, langued gules. In base three golden bricks 2 and 1 garnished or. For a crest: out of a ducal coronet a lion as in the arms.

Notable bearers
Thomas II Zaremba, Prince–Bishop of Nysa, 13th century

Marcin of Sławsko, Lord High Steward of Kalisz, 14th century

Andrzej Zaremba, Bishop of Poznań, 14th century

Jan Suchorzewski, nobleman, politician, and soldier (ca. 1740–1804)

Józef Zaremba, Polish military commander and general of the 18th century.

title: Zaremba coat of arms


text: User talk:216.47.186.31

title: User talk:216.47.186.31


text:
Ossorya coat of arms

Ossorya is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:
 * Borys Martos (1879 – 1977) — Ukrainian politician, pedagogue, economist.

title: Ossorya coat of arms


text:
Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language

The Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language (Délégation pour l'adoption d'une langue auxiliaire internationale) was a body of academics convened in the early part of the 1900s (decade) to decide on the issue of which international auxiliary language should be chosen for international use. The ultimate decision of the committee charged by the Delegation was to adopt the Esperanto language, but with certain reforms. The result became a distinct language known as Ido.

Creation
The Delegation was founded in 1901 by French academics Louis Couturat and Léopold Leau, who had noted the language difficulties arising among international bodies convening during the 1900 World's Fair in Paris. Working with European esperantists, they gathered support for the Delegation from professional societies, companies, and universities.

Among the chief aims of the Delegation were to select a language to be taught alongside "natural languages" and allow written and spoken communication in an international environment. Three conditions were laid out for the language to be chosen:

 * 1) It must be capable of serving the needs of science, in addition to everyday life, commerce and general communication,
 * 2) It must be able to be easily learned by all people of average education, and especially those of the civilized nations of Europe, and
 * 3) It must not be a living language.

In June 1907, the Delegation convened and refused to decide the ultimate issue, but rather, at Couturat's insistence, created a committee to make the decision.

The Committee
The Delegation Committee arranged to meet in Paris starting on the 15th of October 1907. Supporters of Esperanto, including its author L. L. Zamenhof, warned Couturat that the committee had no authority to impose an international language, but they had received assurances from Couturat that Esperanto would be chosen anyway. The members of the Committee were:

 * Manuel Barrios, President of the Peruvian Senate
 * Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, Professor of Linguistics, University of St. Petersburg
 * Émile Boirac, University of Dijon, author and Esperanto supporter known for the phrase déjà vu
 * Charles Jacques Bouchard, Professor, Paris College of Medicine
 * Loránd Eötvös, Hungarian Academy of Sciences
 * Wilhelm Förster, President of the International Committee for Weights and Measures
 * Col. George Harvey, Esperanto supporter and editor of the North American Review
 * Otto Jespersen, philologist, University of Copenhagen
 * Spyridon Lambros, University of Athens
 * Constantin Le Paige, University of Liege
 * Wilhelm Ostwald, University of Leipzig, future Nobel Prize winner (chemistry)
 * Hugo Schuchardt, University of Graz.

The committee heard from representatives of language projects, including Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano in support of his own Latino sine flexione. Esperanto was represented by Louis de Beaufront, an active supporter of the language. Other languages, such as Bolak, Spokil and Idiom Neutral received the attention of the committee.

Towards the end of the Committee's meeting, committee members received a proposal by an anonymous author identified as "Ido" (I.D. in Esperanto, possibly for Internacia Delegacio International Delegation, but also meaning "offspring" in Esperanto). The proposal reformed Esperanto in a number of ways, including removing circumflexed letters, dropping the mandatory accusative ending and reforming the plural. The reforms were endorsed by Esperanto's representative, de Beaufront.

The decision of the committee was to adopt Esperanto in principle, but with the reforms spelled out by Ido. A permanent commission was set up to see the implementation of the reforms. The anonymous "Ido", author of the reform project, was later revealed to be Louis de Beaufront, acting in concert with Louis Couturat.

Aftermath
The commission delivered an ultimatum to the Esperanto Language Committee, the nearest approximate to a governing body of the Esperanto movement at the time. A response was demanded in one month, but this was logistically impossible as members of the Language Committee spread out all over Europe and beyond. After a month passed with no response, the commission broke relations with the Esperantists.

A number of Esperantists did migrate to the movement, including a number of influential leaders of the movement, but most ordinary speakers did not support the Ido reforms. This prompted the observation from outsiders that the Idists were generals without an army, and the Esperantists were an army with no generals. Less than a year later, the Universala Esperanto-Asocio was created to provide stronger leadership within the Esperanto movement, which had not received organizational guidance from its inventor, Dr. Zamenhof. While Esperantists have little regard for the Delegation and its decisions, partisans of Ido continue to insist that the Delegation Committee was legitimate. The Ido language even today still has a following.

The Encyclopedia of Esperanto summarizes the Esperantists' position as follows:

 * La "Delegitaro" estis unu-homa afero, sen kunvenoj aŭ difinita regularo. La unu klara regulo, ke aŭtoroj de lingvoprojekto ne rajtas partopreni, estis rompita. El la 12 membroj de la komitato nur du estis lingvistoj, kaj nur 4 partoprenis; oni aldonis nomojn de anstataŭantoj aŭ novaj membroj sen rajtigo. La fina rezolucio estis voĉdonita de nur tri el la 12 plus 4 anstataŭantaj kaj la sekretarioj. Oni sendis al la L. K. 25 kopiojn de la projekto, por disdoni ilin inter 100 membroj de la L. K. (loĝantaj ankaŭ ekster Eŭropo) kaj postulis respondon post unu monato.

 * The "Delegation" was a one-man enterprise, without meetings or a definitive set of rules. The one clear rule, that authors of language projects have no right to participate, was broken. Of the 12 members of the committee, only two were linguists, and only four participated; they added names of substitutes or new members without permission. The final resolution was voted upon by only three of the twelve plus four substitutes and the secretaries. They sent to the L.K. (Esperanto Language Committee) 25 copies of the project, to distribute among its 100 members (some of whom were living outside of Europe) and demanded a response in one month.


text:
Karen Eliot

Karen Eliot is a multiple identity, a shared pen name that anyone is welcome to use for activist and artistic endeavours. It is a manifestation of the "open pop star" idea within the Neoist movement. The name was developed in order to counter the male domination of that movement, the most predominant multiple-use names previously being Monty Cantsin and Luther Blissett.

The experimental composers and artists David Chokroun, Aydem Azmikara, André Éric Létourneau, Marc Couroux, Engram Knots, and Vanessa Grey have used "Karen Eliot" to collectively and anonymously write musical compositions during and throughout their lifetimes. According to writer Eldritch Priest, as a composer "Karen Eliot belongs to nobody and is no one...the collective nature and schematic indirection of 'Karen Eliot' circulates her contradictions and inconsistencies in a way that keeps doubt and the status of her reality in play." Many of André Éric Létourneau's radio-art works are also signed by Karen Eliot.

History of multiple-use names
These multiple names were developed and popularized in artistic subcultures of the 1970s to 1990s like Mail Art, Neoism and post-Situationist discourse, with the pseudonym Rrose Sélavy – jointly used by Dada artist Marcel Duchamp and the surrealist poet Robert Desnos – forming a historical precedent, as did the poetry of Taliesin. The political references go back much further, for instance to Ned Ludd.

In the 1960s underground culture the multiple name Emmett Grogan was adopted by San Francisco Diggers. In the 1970s the multiple name Wally was adopted by The Wallies of Wessex, a group of squatters in and around Stonehenge.

title: Karen Eliot


text:
Marj Dusay

Marjorie Ellen Mahoney Dusay (née Mahoney; February 20, 1936 – January 28, 2020) was an American actress known for her roles on American soap operas. She was especially known for her role as Alexandra Spaulding on Guiding Light, a role she played on and off from 1993 through the show's 2009 cancellation, as well as Jean Faircloth, the wife of Douglas MacArthur, in the 1977 movie MacArthur.

Career
In 1967, Kansas native Dusay was a member of the Session, an improvisational comedy group in Los Angeles, formed by Rob Reiner. One member of the Session was Richard Dreyfuss.

Her dramatic debut occurred on December 21, 1967, in an episode of television's Cimarron Strip.

She appeared in the film Sweet November (1968).

Dusay started her career with a small role as a waitress alongside Elvis Presley in the film Clambake in 1967. In 1968, Dusay played a special agent in the TV series Hawaii Five-O, in an episode titled "Twenty-Four Karat Kill". In 1969, Dusay played a woman who agrees to testify against a mobster in "The Singapore File", as well as appearing three times as seductive temptresses on Hogan's Heroes. In 1968-69 she played Gloria in the CBS comedy Blondie.

She made numerous guest appearances on popular television shows in the late 1960s and 1970s. She played alien Kara in "Spock's Brain", the first episode of season three of Star Trek. In it, Dusay delivered arguably one of the most memorable lines of the original Star Trek: "Brain and brain—what is brain?!" She was a popular guest at Star Trek fan conventions, often appearing with personal friend and fellow Star Trek actor Michael Dante. She appeared on Daniel Boone in its 1969 episode "Benvenuto... Who?" as a beautiful French diamond thief named Eugenie.

The majority of her acting career, however, was spent on television in dozens of popular programs, such as Get Smart, Star Trek, The Wild, Wild West, Bonanza, Hawaii Five-O, Hogan's Heroes, The Mod Squad, Love, American Style, The F.B.I., Mannix, The Bionic Woman, Quincy, M.E. and The Facts of Life.

She starred as Jean MacArthur in the 1977 film MacArthur, and guest-starred as Blair Warner's mother, Monica Warner, on The Facts of Life. In 1982, she appeared as Kate Hanrahan, a madam/con artist, in several episodes of Bret Maverick, in 1982-1983, she portrayed Beverly Tepperman in Square Pegs, and in 1979 she was Jennifer in Stop Susan Williams.

Summer 1999, Dusay starred in Andrew Repasky McElhinney's period art-slasher film, A Chronicle of Corpses (released 2001). The film made a "festival splash" and was praised by Dave Kehr of The New York Times as belonging "to the small but significant tradition of outsider art in American movies - films like Herk Harvey's Carnival of Souls or George Romero's Night of the Living Dead - that reflect powerful personalities formed outside any academic or professional tradition.” Dusay was praised for her performance as "Grandmother Elliot" in A Chronicle of Corpses which culminates in a tour de force seven-minute monologue for her character. She received uniformly good notices and several acting awards for her work in A Chronicle of Corpses the including winning the prestigious Silver Unicorn for Best Actor ("Unicornio de plata a la mejor Interpretación" — the highest acting honor) at The 3rd Annual Estepona Fantastic Film Festival  (held in Spain 23–29 September 2002). A Chronicle of Corpses was named one of the Top Ten Movies of the Year by The New York Times  and The Village Voice  and its original camera negative is in the permanent collection of MoMA - The Museum of Modern Art (New York). On the occasion of her death, Film International published a fond remembrance of Marj Dusay by A Chronicle of Corpses writer/director McElhinney.

Daytime
She enjoyed consistent success in several roles on daytime television. She made her soap debut in April 1983, replacing Carolyn Jones as the powerful Washington, DC, matriarch Myrna Clegg on Capitol, which she played through the final episode in March 1987. As the rival of the kindly Clarissa McCandless (Constance Towers), she had a part in practically every storyline, as well as a steady leading man in veteran film actor Richard Egan. Dusay received two Supporting Actress Soap Opera Digest nominations for this part.

She then took over for Shirley Anne Field as the troubled Pamela Pepperidge Capwell Conrad on Santa Barbara from 1987–88 and in 1991. As C.C. Capwell's first wife and Mason Capwell's mother, she also became the mother-in-law to Mason's half-sister, Kelly, who married Pamela's other son, Jeffrey Conrad. A brief affair with C.C. ended badly, causing Pamela to go insane and try to kill Kelly. Her 1991 return had Pamela seemingly recovered, but quickly slipping back into insanity when Mason took her to C.C.'s for a surprise dinner.

In 1993, Dusay briefly filled in for Louise Sorel as Vivian Alamain on Days of Our Lives while Sorel was on medical leave. After a nationwide search for an actress to take over for the enormously popular Beverlee McKinsey as Alexandra Spaulding on Guiding Light, Dusay was cast in the role and began airing in August 1993, remaining on the show until March 1997. She returned for a brief stint from November 1998 to February 1999.

Dusay originated the role of Vanessa Bennett on All My Children from 1999, a role she played until 2002. As the mother of Dr. David Hayward (Vincent Irizarry, her co-star from Guiding Light) and Leo DuPres (Josh Duhamel), she also became Palmer Cortlandt's last wife, playing opposite James Mitchell. Dusay then once again returned to the role of Alexandra on Guiding Light, this time replacing Joan Collins, who left three months into a six-month contract.

In late May 2005, Dusay was one of several cast members taken off contract due to budget cuts. Dusay continued to make recurring appearances on the show. Dusay played a 2006 storyline where Alexandra married younger man Cyrus Foley (Murray Bartlett) to keep Cyrus in the country - while scheming to keep him out of a younger woman's bed. While Dusay's appearances were greatly reduced after this storyline ended, she did appear in the show's final year, opposite Grant Aleksander, who played her onscreen nephew Philip Spaulding. CBS announced the cancellation of Guiding Light on April 1, 2009, and the final show aired on September 18, 2009. Dusay appeared as Alexandra during the final week of the show. Alexandra attended her brother's funeral and had a "happy ending" of sorts when she reunited with former romantic partner Fletcher Reade.

Personal life
In 1955, she married John Dusay, a physician. They had a son, Randy, and a daughter, Debra, who is an actress. The marriage ended in divorce in 1962. In 1967, she married Thomas Perine, who died in 1987. Randy Dusay died in 1993 from AIDS.

Beginning in 1984, Dusay sponsored the Marj Dusay Celebrity Golf Tournament in Russell, Kansas. The event was designated as a fundraiser for the Kansas Child Abuse Prevention Centers and for establishing a statewide hotline.

On January 28, 2020, Dusay died at age 83 in Manhattan, New York.

Partial TV and filmography

 * Clambake (1967) as Waitress
 * Year 1999 A D. (1967 short) as Karen
 * The Wild Wild West (1967-1968, TV series) as Dolores Hammond / Crystal Fair
 * Sweet November (1968) as Carol
 * Star Trek (1968, episode "Spock's Brain") as Kara
 * Bonanza (1968-1969, TV Series) as April Horn / Stephanie Regan
 * Hawaii Five-O (1968-1969, TV series) as Nicole Wylie / Andrea Claire Dupre
 * Hogan's Heroes (1968-1970, TV series) as Countess Marlene / Baroness von Krimm / Heidi Eberhardt
 * Pendulum (1969) as Liz Tennant
 * Dead of Night: A Darkness at Blaisedon (1969, TV movie, Dan Curtis production-TV movie pilot] as Angela Martin
 * Family Affair (1970, episode "The Unsinkable Mr. French") as Dana Markham
 * The Odd Couple (1971, episode "What Does a Naked Lady Say To You") as Madelyn
 * Getting Together (1971, episode "All Shook Up")
 * Mannix (1971, episode "A Gathering of Ghosts")
 * McMillan & Wife (1972, episode "The Face of Murder") as Eloise Simms
 * Thirty Dangerous Seconds (1973) as Patricia Randolph
 * The F.B.I. (1973 as Peg Higgins
 * Breezy (1973) as Betty Tobin
 * MacArthur (1977) as Jean MacArthur
 * Wheels (1978, TV miniseries) as Caroline Horton
 * Stop Susan Williams! (1979, TV series) as Jennifer Selden
 * The Facts of Life (1981-1987, TV series, recurring) as Monica Warner
 * Capitol (1983-1987, TV series) as Myrna Clegg
 * Dallas (1985, TV series) as Bernice Billings
 * Made in Heaven (1987) as Mrs. Packert
 * The Law & Harry McGraw (1987, episode "The Fallen Arrow") as Judith Harris
 * Santa Barbara (1987-1991, TV series) as Pamela Capwell Conrad
 * Guiding Light (1987-2009, TV series) as Alexandra Spaulding / Radio Show Organist (final appearance)
 * Murder, She Wrote (1989-1992, TV series) as Miriam Bowman / Alice Reynard Carson
 * Friday the 13th: The Series (1990, episode "Spirit of Television") as Ilsa Van Zandt
 * Days of Our Lives (1993, TV series, temporary replacement, replacing Louise Sorel while she was away) as Vivian Alamain
 * Siao Yu (1995) as Rita
 * Love Walked In (1997) as Mrs. Moore
 * 12 Bucks (1998) as Oldie
 * All My Children (1998-2002, TV series) as Vanessa Bennett Hayward Cortlandt
 * A Chronicle of Corpses (2000) as Grandmother Elliot
 * Pride & Loyalty (2002) as Aunt Jeanne

Award nominations
Daytime Emmy Awards
 * (1995) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for Guiding Light
 * (2002) Special Fan Award America's Favorite Villain for playing Vanessa Cortlandt on All My Children

Soap Opera Digest Awards
 * (1986) Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role on a Daytime Serial for Capitol
 * (1988) Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role: Daytime for Capitol
 * (1995) Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Villainess for Guiding Light

title: Marj Dusay


text:
User talk:Chrisdalby

Don't vandalize Wikipedia. --24.103.207.38 17:22, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi, thanks for editing on Wikipedia. However, cutting and pasting full texts of source material into articles is generally frowned upon. Try to expand existing analyses instead. Ellsworth 18:45, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Zhang yong
A tag has been placed on Zhang yong, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to have no meaningful content or history, and the text is unsalvageably incoherent. If the page you created was a test, please use the sandbox for any other experiments you would like to do. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you have any questions about this.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. - Realkyhick (Talk to me) 02:59, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Gail Emms in Action.jpg
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Skype
You might note that at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Monitor lizard, also introduced some extraneous text around some numerical characters. This may be due to a combination of your browser and Skype trying to identify and highlight telephone numbers. Thank you.--Rumping (talk) 00:04, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

November 2011
Welcome to Wikipedia. It might not have been your intention, but your recent edit removed content from List of websites blocked in the People's Republic of China with this edit. When removing content, please specify a reason in the edit summary and discuss edits that are likely to be controversial on the article's talk page. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the content has been restored, as you can see from the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_websites_blocked_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&action=history page history]. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia, and if you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Funnyfarmofdoom (talk to me) 15:45, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chrisdalby


text:
User talk:Bobbkehrer

Bobbkehrer also known as Khrystal Leight is a female impersonator who has created the concept of Drag Balls at midwestern colleges and universities to acclimate female impersonation to the educated masses to garner acceptance and understanding of the artform of female impersonation. Bobb Kehrer was born in Freeburg, Illinois before moving to St. Louis, MO, where he began female impersonation while attending Washington University in St. Louis. Kehrer became Khrystal Leight, a zaftig blonde drag queen, and within his first year of performing in 1993, at the age of 21, Khrystal became the Bette of the Midwest with his uncanny impersonation of

Bette Midler
. Kehrer has used his celebrity to raise thousands of dollars for PAWS-STL, Food Outreach, Doorways, and many other benefits to help those afflicted with AIDS and HIV. Kehrer realized that national recognition would help promote his charitable causes, so he began competing in national pageants as a state and/or regional title holder. Kehrer has won the titles of Miss Tri-States Newcomer of the Year, Miss Midwest Entertainer of the Year, Miss Missouri Entertainer of the Year, Miss Mid-America Entertainer of the Year, Miss Missouri USofA-at Large, Miss Missouri Continental Plus, Miss Paducah, Miss Club DV8, Miss Sweetheart, Miss Complex, Miss Iowa USofA-at Large, Miss Chicago Continental Plus, 2nd alternate to Miss Missouri Continental and first alternate to Miss Illinois Enterainer of the Year and Miss Iowa Continental Plus. Kehrer is a consummate performer and still entertains the midwest with his illusion of Bette Midler.

If you're going to add a lot of pages on drag pagents, could you at least format them right? They're all currently one big paragraph... Kiand 16:57, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Drag Ball

The article Drag Ball has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Unotable event

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Wgolf (talk) 02:37, 26 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bobbkehrer


text:
Hale, Greater Manchester

Hale is a suburb and electoral ward within the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, in Greater Manchester, England. The population of the village taken at the 2011 census was 15,315. It is contiguous with the southeast of Altrincham, about 9 mi southwest of the city of Manchester.

Located within the boundaries of the historic county of Cheshire, the earliest documented reference to Hale is in the Domesday Book of 1086, although the name of the settlement is probably as old as 7th or 8th century. The area was mostly agricultural. Hale grew in the Middle Ages to the point when Hale Barns was established as a separate settlement. Hale was formerly in Cheshire.

Hale, Bowdon and Hale Barns together are regarded as the wealthiest areas in Greater Manchester and outside of London, and similarly wealthy to Golden Triangle towns Wilmslow, Alderley Edge and Prestbury in Cheshire. These towns and the area between them contain some of the most expensive properties in the United Kingdom outside London.

History
The toponym "Hale" derives from the Old English halh, meaning a nook or shelter, as supported by the surrounding area that has natural features that provide shelter. The name Hale occurs in a number of places throughout Britain.

The oldest record of Hale is in the Domesday Book of 1086. However, what little evidence there is – in the form of etymology and a few surviving records of events in the area – points to Saxons settling the area in the 7th century. The Domesday Book records that in the reign of Edward the Confessor in the mid-11th century a Saxon thegn, Ælfward, held the manor of Hale, and after the Norman Conquest of England his lands were held by the Norman Hamon de Massey who also gained Dunham and Bowdon. The Massey family remained barons of this area until the mid-14th century, due to the extinction of the Massey line. A this time Hale was divided between the Booths of Dunham – the family that became the Earls of Stamford – and two other owners. Throughout this period the area around Hale was mainly agricultural.

Hale expanded and prospered over throughout the Middle Ages to the extent that by the middle of the 15th century a tithe barn had been established in Hale Barns – the value of the tithe taken from Hale was more than double that of any other township in the Bowdon parish. The growth of Hale resulted in the establishment of Hale Barns as a separate settlement to the east. Previously Hale Barns had merely been an isolated extension of the main settlement of Hale, but the first explicit reference to the village of Hale Barns is in documentation from 1616.

The Cheshire Midland Railway (later the Cheshire Lines Committee) opened from Altrincham to Knutsford on 22 May 1862 with a station in Hale named Peel Causeway. It was the arrival of the railway in Hale in the mid-19th century that prompted the change from an agricultural village to a commuter area for middle class merchants working in the city. The station was renamed Hale in 1902.

Governance
Between 1900 and 1974, Hale lay within the Hale Urban District of the administrative county of Cheshire. As part of local government reforms, on 1 April 1974, Hale Urban District was abolished and its territory amalgamated into the new Metropolitan Borough of Trafford of Greater Manchester.

Hale Central ward has three out of 63 seats on Trafford Borough Council, and as of the 2012 local election all three seats were held by the Conservative Party. The current councillors for Hale Central are Chris Candish, Alan Mitchell, and Patricia Young. Hale forms part of the Altrincham and Sale West Constituency and is represented in the House of Commons by the Conservative Member of Parliament; since the constituency was formed in 1997 it has been represented by Graham Brady.

Geography
Hale is southeast of Altrincham with the villages of Hale Barns and Bowdon to the east and west respectively. Hale is bounded by the River Bollin to the south and Altrincham Golf Course to the north. The local geology consists of sand and gravel deposited in the last ice age. In common with much of Cheshire, the bedrock of Hale is mainly sandstone.

Sub-districts
 * Hale Barns

Demography
According to the Office for National Statistics, at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001, Hale had a population of 15,315. The 2001 population density was 2,847 per km², with a 100 to 96.6 female-to-male ratio. Of those over 16 years old, 25.5% were single (never married) and 56.2% married. Hale's 6,198 households included 26.0% one-person, 45.8% married couples living together, 5.3% were co-habiting couples, and 5.6% single parents with their children. Of those aged 16–74, 13.7% had no academic qualifications, significantly lower than the averages of Trafford (24.7%) and England (28.9%).

In 1931, 26.4% of Hale's population was middle class compared with 14% in England and Wales, and by 1971, this had increased to 56.3% compared with 24% nationally. Parallel to this doubling of the middle classes in Hale was the decline of the working class population. In 1931, 14.9% were working class compared with 36% in England and Wales; by 1971, this had decreased to 10.6% in Hale and 26% nationwide. The rest of the population was made up of clerical workers and skilled manual workers or other miscellaneous. This shows that Hale is an affluent suburb, alongside neighbouring Bowdon. Hale was named by The Daily Telegraph as the 12th most expensive place in Britain with house prices 194% higher than those in surrounding areas and having increased by 78% since 2003.

Economy
According to the 2001 UK census, the industry of employment of residents aged 16–74 was 24.7% property and business services, 14.5% retail and wholesale, 12.1% health and social work, 10.7% manufacturing, 9.9% education, 6.3% transport and communications, 4.6% finance, 4.1% construction, 3.6% hotels and restaurants, 3.3% public administration, 0.6% agriculture, 0.6% energy and water supply, 0.1% mining, and 5.0% other. Compared with national figures, Hale had a relatively high percentage of residents working in property, and a relatively low percentage working in agriculture, public administration, and manufacturing. The census recorded the economic activity of residents aged 16–74, 1.7% students were with jobs, 4.6% students without jobs, 7.3% looking after home or family, 2.5% permanently sick or disabled, and 2.2% economically inactive for other reasons. The 1.6% unemployment rate of Hale was low compared with the national rate of 3.3%, and the proportion of people who were self-employed was significantly higher than the national average of 8.3.

Religion
At the 2001 UK census, 71.2% of Hale's residents reported themselves as being Christian, 6.9% Jewish, 3.1% Muslim, 1.2% Hindu, 0.2% Buddhist, and 0.1% Sikh. The census recorded 10.9% as having no religion, 0.1% had an alternative religion and 6.3% did not state their religion.

Christian landmarks
St. Peter's Church of England church was built in 1892 and is a fine example of late Victorian architecture. Hale Chapel was established in Hale Barns by Nonconformists in 1723 on what is now Chapel Lane. It underwent alterations around 1880. The Chapel is the earliest place of worship in either Hale or Hale Barns and is a Grade II* listed building. It also features an eighteenth-century pulpit and nineteenth-century stained glass.

Jewish landmarks
The Hale & District Hebrew Congregation was founded in 1976. Having started in a flat, the community moved to their current synagogue on Shay Lane in 1978. The move was necessary due to increasing attendance. The original Shule and Community Centre building in Hale served its members for 20 years until the community outgrew its facilities. In 2002, a rebuilding project was launched, forcing the congregation to hold its services in a tent in a neighbouring field for 16 months, until the new Hale Shule and P.J. Davis Community Centre was consecrated and opened in March 2003. A Sephardi synagogue is also undergoing construction, and is due to be open later this year or in early 2015.

Muslim landmarks
In July 2003 the former St David's Church on Grove Lane, Hale was converted it into a Mosque by the Altrincham Muslim Association. The Mosque serves the Muslim community of Hale and families who live in the outlying areas of Lymm, Mobberley, Bucklow Hill, Mere and Knutsford.

Transport
Hale is near the transport interchange in Altrincham and has regular bus services to Hale and Hale Barns. The village is also west of Manchester Airport. Hale railway station, in the centre of Hale, is on the Mid-Cheshire Line between Chester and Manchester.

Landmarks and culture
Royd House is situated on Hale Road. The house was designed by architect Edgar Wood and built for himself as his home. It is regarded as one of the most advanced examples of early-20th century domestic architecture and is referenced in a number of architectural digests. Royd House is a Grade I listed building.

Hale Library is situated in Leigh Road. The centre of Hale village has a bowling green. A crown green bowling green is attached the Bull's Head public house in Hale Barns. There are many parks, including Stamford Park named after Earl of Stamford, who lived at Dunham Massey.

title: Hale, Greater Manchester


text:
Smart material

Smart materials, also called intelligent or responsive materials, are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, moisture, electric or magnetic fields, light, temperature, pH, or chemical compounds. Smart materials are the basis of many applications, including sensors and actuators, or artificial muscles, particularly as electroactive polymers (EAPs).

Types
There are a number of types of smart material, of which are already common. Some examples are as following:
 * Piezoelectric materials are materials that produce a voltage when stress is applied. Since this effect also applies in a reverse manner, a voltage across the sample will produce stress within sample. Suitably designed structures made from these materials can, therefore, be made that bend, expand or contract when a voltage is applied.
 * Shape-memory alloys and shape-memory polymers are materials in which large deformation can be induced and recovered through temperature changes or stress changes (pseudoelasticity). The shape memory effect results due to respectively martensitic phase change and induced elasticity at higher temperatures.
 * Photovoltaic materials or optoelectronics convert light to electrical current.
 * Electroactive polymers (EAPs) change their volume by voltage or electric fields.
 * Magnetostrictive materials exhibit a change in shape under the influence of magnetic field and also exhibit a change in their magnetization under the influence of mechanical stress.
 * Magnetic shape memory alloys are materials that change their shape in response to a significant change in the magnetic field.
 * Smart inorganic polymers showing tunable and responsive properties.
 * pH-sensitive polymers are materials that change in volume when the pH of the surrounding medium changes.
 * Temperature-responsive polymers are materials which undergo changes upon temperature.
 * Halochromic materials are commonly used materials that change their color as a result of changing acidity. One suggested application is for paints that can change color to indicate corrosion in the metal underneath them.
 * Chromogenic systems change color in response to electrical, optical or thermal changes. These include electrochromic materials, which change their colour or opacity on the application of a voltage (e.g., liquid crystal displays), thermochromic materials change in colour depending on their temperature, and photochromic materials, which change colour in response to light—for example, light-sensitive sunglasses that darken when exposed to bright sunlight.
 * Ferrofluids are magnetic fluids (affected by magnets and magnetic fields).
 * Photomechanical materials change shape under exposure to light.
 * Polycaprolactone (polymorph) can be molded by immersion in hot water.
 * Self-healing materials have the intrinsic ability to repair damage due to normal usage, thus expanding the material's lifetime.
 * Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are smart material systems which produce large strains (up to 500%) under the influence of an external electric field.
 * Magnetocaloric materials are compounds that undergo a reversible change in temperature upon exposure to a changing magnetic field.
 * Thermoelectric materials are used to build devices that convert temperature differences into electricity and vice versa.
 * Chemoresponsive materials change size or volume under the influence of external chemical or biological compound.

title: Smart material


text:
User talk:Fbd

Hi everybody ^_^
 * Message Me by Clicking here!
 * Archive

Notability of Rehabilitating Mr. Wiggles
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Rehabilitating Mr. Wiggles, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Rehabilitating Mr. Wiggles is an article about a certain website, blog, forum, or other web content that does not assert the importance or significance of that web location. Please read our criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 7 under Articles, as well as notability guidelines for websites. Please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources which verify their content. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Rehabilitating Mr. Wiggles, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. CSDWarnBot 13:04, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Research survey invitation
Greetings Fbd-

My name is Randall Livingstone, and I am a doctoral student at the University of Oregon, studying digital media and online community. I am posting to invite you to participate in my research study exploring the work of Wikipedia editors who are members of WikiProject: Countering Systemic Bias. The online survey should take 20 to 25 minutes to complete and can be found here:

https://oregon.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_cSHzuwaQovaZ6ss

Your responses will help online communication researchers like me to better understand the collaborations, challenges, and purposeful work of Wikipedia editors like you. In addition, at the end of the survey you will have the opportunity to express your interest in a follow-up online interview with the researcher.

This research project has been reviewed and approved by the Wikimedia Research Committee as well as the Office for Protection of Human Subjects at the University of Oregon. For a detailed description of the project, please visit its Meta page. This survey is voluntary, and your confidentiality will be protected. You will have the choice of using your Wikipedia User Name during the research or creating a unique pseudonym. You may skip any question you choose, and you may withdraw at any time. By completing the survey, you are providing consent to participate in the research.

If you have any questions about the study, please contact me via my Talk Page (UOJComm) or via email. My faculty advisor is Dr. Ryan Light. If you have any questions regarding your rights as a research participant, please contact the Office for Protection of Human Subjects at the University of Oregon.

Thank you very much.

Sincerely,

Randall Livingstone School of Journalism & Communication University of Oregon UOJComm (talk) 03:56, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fbd


text:
Leliwa coat of arms

Leliwa is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several hundred szlachta families during the existence of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and remains in use today by many of the descendants of these families. There are several forms of the arms, all of which bear the name, Leliwa, but which may be distinguished as variations of the same arms by the addition of a Roman numeral. In 19th century during a pan South-Slavic Illyrian movement heraldic term Leliwa (Leljiva) also entered Croatian heraldry as a name for the coat of arms considered to be the oldest known symbol; Bleu celeste, a mullet of six points Or surmounted above a crescent Argent – A golden six-pointed star (representing the morning star) over a silver crescent moon on a blue shield, but also as a name for all other coats of arms that have a crescent and a mullet.

Blazon
Original coat of arms of Leliwa, otherwise referred to as Leliwa I include Azure Shield (in Polish heraldry, this tincture is always sky blue), a crescent or, surmounted by a mullet of six points of the second, a Polish nobleman's helm, Crest out of a Polish nobleman's coronet, a fan of seven peacock's feathers proper, charged with the elements of the shield. Azure Mantling and or Motto Leliwa, signifying the battle cry, 'to the Liwa', of these proclamatio-arms.

Notable bearers and others
Bearers mostly resided in the regions Kraków, Poznań and Sandomierz of Poland, Wolyn and Podolia of Ukraine.

Families: Tarnowski family, Sieniawski family, Roycewicz family, Morsztyn family, Hlebowicz family, Czapski family, Tyszkiewicz family, Średziński families (Śrzedziński, Srzedziński, Sredziński), Sudnik family of Sudniki in the former Vilnius poviat (modern day Belarus).

Notable bearers of this coat of arms include: Henryk Leliwa-Roycewicz, Krzysztof Monwid Dorohstajski, Rafał Jarosławski, Jan Andrzej Morsztyn, Adam Sieniawski, Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski, Mikołaj Sieniawski, Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski, Konstanty Słotwinski, Jędrzej Śniadecki, Jan Tarnowski, Jan z Tarnowa, Ludwik Tyszkiewicz, Ludwik Skumin Tyszkiewicz, Jan Janowicz Zabrzeziński, Jan Jurejewicz Zabrzeziński, Juliusz Słowacki, Witold Pilecki, Andrzej Bobola, Józef Czapski, Karol Hutten-Czapski, Emeryk Hutten-Czapski, Agenor Romuald Gołuchowski, Spytek I Jarosławski, Jan Chrucki, Henryk Dobrzański, Kazimierz Antoni Wodzicki, Michael Bisping

There are also: Lipka Tatar families of Aksan, Aksanow, Adamowicz, Abramowicz, Musicz, Illasiewicz and Smolski. Zaporozhian Cossack families of Hłasko (Hlaska). Hungarian families of Hontpazmany or conte Panzano, Urak and Czobor. Circassian families of Szymkowicz and Temruk. French families of de Virion and de Spiner. German, Prussian families of Morstyn, Beyer, Brandt, Bolte, Przywidzki, Damerau, Kappel, Lipen. Flemish family of Bremer and Dutch/Netherlands families of De Kunder/Kunter/Kunther. Moldavian family Brăescu.

Gallery
Drawings of Leliwa during the ages

title: Leliwa coat of arms


text:
Doliwa coat of arms

Doliwa is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Blazon
Azure, on a bend sinister Argent, three roses proper.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
 * Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky (Michał Doliwo-Dobrowolski) – engineer and inventor

title: Doliwa coat of arms


text: User talk:194.52.67.34

title: User talk:194.52.67.34


text:
User:Romanm/Test

rrr

مراد الاو šah

title: User:Romanm/Test


text: User talk:169.244.143.114

title: User talk:169.244.143.114


text:
Ernst Hanfstaengl

Ernst Franz Sedgwick Hanfstaengl (2 February 1887 – 6 November 1975) was a German American businessman and close friend of Adolf Hitler. He eventually fell out of favour with Hitler and defected from Nazi Germany to the United States. He later worked for Franklin D. Roosevelt and was once engaged to the author Djuna Barnes.

Early life and education
Hanfstaengl, nicknamed "Putzi", was born in Munich, Bavaria, Germany, the son of a German art publisher, Edgar Hanfstaengl, and an American mother. He spent most of his early years in Germany and later moved to the United States. His mother was Katharine Wilhelmina Heine, daughter of Wilhelm Heine, a cousin of American Civil War Union Army general John Sedgwick. His godfather was Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He had an elder sister, Erna, two elder brothers Edgar and Egon, and a younger brother Erwine.

He attended Harvard College and became acquainted with Walter Lippmann and John Reed. A gifted pianist, he composed several songs for Harvard's football team. He graduated in 1909.

He moved to New York City, where he took over the management of the American branch of his father's business, the Franz Hanfstaengl Fine Arts Publishing House. Many mornings he would practice on the piano at the Harvard Club of New York City, where he became acquainted with both Franklin and Theodore Roosevelt. Among his circle of acquaintances were the newspaper baron William Randolph Hearst, author Djuna Barnes, to whom he was engaged, and actor Charlie Chaplin.

At the outbreak of World War I, he asked the German military attaché in New York City, Franz von Papen, to smuggle him back to Germany. Slightly baffled by the proposal, the attaché refused, and Hanfstaengl remained in the U.S. during the war. After 1917, the American branch of the family business was confiscated as enemy property.

Admirer and confidant of Hitler
Hanfstaengl returned to Germany in 1922. While living in his native Bavaria, he first heard Adolf Hitler speak in a Munich beer hall. A fellow member of the Harvard's Hasty Pudding club who worked at the U.S. Embassy asked Hanfstaengl to assist a military attaché sent to observe the political scene in Munich. Just before returning to Berlin, the attaché, Captain Truman Smith, suggested that Hanfstaengl go to a Nazi rally as a favor and report his impressions of Hitler. Hanfstaengl was so fascinated by Hitler that he soon became one of his most intimate followers, although he did not formally join the Nazi Party until 1931. "What Hitler was able to do to a crowd in 2½ hours will never be repeated in 10,000 years," Hanfstaengl said. "Because of his miraculous throat construction, he was able to create a rhapsody of hysteria. In time, he became the living unknown soldier of Germany."

Hanfstaengl introduced himself to Hitler after the speech and began a close friendship and political association that would last through the 1920s and early 1930s. After participating in the failed Munich Beer Hall Putsch in 1923, Hanfstaengl briefly fled to Austria, while the injured Hitler sought refuge in Hanfstaengl's home in Uffing, outside of Munich. Hanfstaengl's wife, Helene, allegedly dissuaded Hitler from committing suicide when the police came to arrest him.

For much of the 1920s, Hanfstaengl introduced Hitler to Munich high society and helped polish his image. He also helped to finance the publication of Hitler's Mein Kampf, and the NSDAP's official newspaper, the Völkischer Beobachter (People's Observer). Hitler was the godfather of Hanfstaengl's son Egon. Hanfstaengl composed both Brownshirt and Hitler Youth marches patterned after his Harvard football songs and, he later claimed, devised the chant "Sieg Heil". Included among Hanfstaengl's friends during this period were Hanns Heinz Ewers and fellow Nazi Party worker and journalist Kurt Lüdecke.

When Winston Churchill was staying at the Hotel Regina in Munich in late August 1932, Hanfstaengl introduced himself and said he could easily arrange a meeting with Hitler there since he came to the hotel every evening around five o'clock. At the time, Churchill said he had no national prejudices against Hitler and knew little of his "doctrine or record and nothing of his character."

In the course of the conversation with Hanfstaengl, Churchill asked, "Why is your chief so violent about the Jews? I can quite understand being angry with the Jews who have done wrong or who are against the country, and I understand resisting them if they try to monopolise power in any walk of life; but what is the sense of being against a man because of his birth? How can a man help how he is born?" Hanfstaengl, according to Churchill, must have related this to Hitler because the next day, around noon, he came to the hotel to tell Churchill that Hitler would not be coming to see him after all. In addition, Hitler may not have wanted to meet with Churchill, who was then out of power and thought to be of no importance. Churchill declined to meet with Hitler on several subsequent occasions.

During the Reichstag fire, Hanfstaengl was staying at Göring's official residence, noticed the fire, and alerted members of the Nazi Party.

Fall from power
As the Nazi Party consolidated its power, several disputes arose between Hanfstaengl and Germany's Propaganda Minister, Joseph Goebbels. In 1933, Hanfstaengl was removed from Hitler's staff. He and Helene divorced in 1936. Hanfstaengl fell completely out of Hitler's favour after he was denounced by Unity Mitford, a close friend of both the Hanfstaengls and Hitler.

In 1937, Hanfstaengl received orders to parachute into an area held by the nationalist side of the Spanish Civil War, to assist in negotiations. While on board the plane he feared a plot on his life and learned more details from the pilot about the mission, who eventually admitted he had been ordered to drop Hanfstaengl over Republican-held territory, which would have meant almost certain death. The pilot eventually landed on a small airfield near Leipzig after claiming an engine malfunction following a brief talk with Hanfstaengl, which allowed him to escape.

That version of the story was related by Albert Speer in his memoirs, who stated that the "mission" to Spain was an elaborate practical joke, concocted by Hitler and Goebbels, designed to punish Hanfstaengl after he had displeased the Führer by making "adverse comments about the fighting spirit of the German soldiers in combat" during the Spanish Civil War. Hanfstaengl was issued sealed orders from that which were not to be opened until his plane was in flight. The orders detailed that he was to be dropped in "Red Spanish territory" to work as an agent for Francisco Franco. The plane, according to Speer, was merely circling over Germany containing an increasingly disconcerted Hanfstaengl, with false location reports being given to convey the impression that the plane was drawing ever closer to Spain. After the joke had played itself out, the pilot declared he had to make an emergency landing and landed safely at Leipzig Airport. Hanfstaengl was so alarmed by the event that he defected soon afterward.

In a late 1960s interview at his home in Schwabing in present-day Munich, Hanfstaengl said that he was convinced he was to be tossed out of the plane and parachute over northern Germany.

Imprisonment
He made his way to Switzerland and, after securing his son Egon's release from Germany, he moved to Great Britain, where he was imprisoned after the outbreak of World War II. He was later moved to a prison camp in Canada.

Cooperation with United States
In 1942, Hanfstaengl was turned over to the U.S., worked for U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt's "S-Project" and revealed information on approximately 400 Nazi leaders. He provided 68 pages of information on Hitler alone, including personal details of Hitler's private life. In 1943, he helped Henry Murray, the director of Harvard University's psychological clinic, Walter Charles Langer, a psychoanalyst, and other experts create a report for the Office of Strategic Services, titled Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler.

In 1944, Hanfstaengl was handed back to the British, who repatriated him to Germany at the end of World War II. William Shirer, a CBS journalist who resided in Nazi Germany until 1940 and was in frequent contact with Hanfstaengl, described him as an "eccentric, gangling man, whose sardonic wit somewhat compensated for his shallow mind."

Hanfstaengl wrote Unheard Witness (1957), which was later re-released as Hitler: The Missing Years, about his experiences. In 1974, Hanfstaengl attended his 65th Harvard reunion, where he regaled the Harvard University Band about the authors of various Harvard fight songs.

Personal life
On 11 February 1920, Hanfstaengl married Helene Elise Adelheid Niemeyer of Long Island. Their only son, Egon Ludwig, eventually enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Corps. A daughter, Hertha, died at the age of five.

Death
Hanfstaengl died in Munich on 6 November 1975. In 2004, Peter Conradi authored a biography of Hanfstaengl, Hitler's Piano Player: The Rise and Fall of Ernst Hanfstaengl, Confidante of Hitler, Ally of FDR.

In popular culture
Hanfstaengl was portrayed by Liev Schreiber in the 2003 Canadian television miniseries Hitler: The Rise of Evil. American actor Randy Quaid played him in the 1982 television film Inside the Third Reich. Ronald Pickup played him in the 1989 miniseries The Nightmare Years. In the 1964 fiction novel, Herzog, written by Saul Bellow, a Putzi Hanfstaengl is mentioned as being Hitler's personal pianist.

In his story "The Sacred Grove", collected in "While Rome Burns", Alexander Woollcott refers to an encounter with an uncooperative attendant in a New York picture store in 1916, whom he later identifies as Hanfstaengl.

title: Ernst Hanfstaengl


text:
Wąż coat of arms

Wąż (Polish for "Snake") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta (noble) families under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Blazon
Gules, a snake vert, crowned or, holding an apple of the same, with two leaves vert.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:
 * Guillaume Apollinaire (Wilhelm Albert Włodzimierz Apolinary Kostrowicki)

title: Wąż coat of arms