text:
Somitogenesis

Somitogenesis is the process by which somites form. Somites are bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing embryo in segmented animals. In vertebrates, somites give rise to skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons, endothelium, and dermis.

Overview
In somitogenesis, somites form from the paraxial mesoderm, a particular region of mesoderm in the neurulating embryo. This tissue undergoes convergent extension as the primitive streak regresses, or as the embryo gastrulates. The notochord extends from the base of the head to the tail; with it extend thick bands of paraxial mesoderm.

As the primitive streak continues to regress, somites form from the paraxial mesoderm by "budding off" rostrally as somitomeres, or whorls of paraxial mesoderm cells, compact and separate into discrete bodies. The periodic nature of these splitting events has led many to say to that somitogenesis occurs via a clock-wavefront model, in which waves of developmental signals cause the periodic formation of new somites.

These immature somites then are compacted into an outer layer (the epithelium) and an inner mass (the mesenchyme).

The somites themselves are specified according to their location, as the segmental paraxial mesoderm from which they form it itself determined by position along the anterior-posterior axis before somitogenesis.

The cells within each somite are specified based on their location within the somite. In addition, they retain the ability to become any kind of somite-derived structure until relatively late in the process of somitogenesis.

Periodicity
Once the cells of the pre-somitic mesoderm are in place following cell migration during gastrulation, oscillatory expression of many genes begins in these cells as if regulated by a developmental "clock." As mentioned previously, this has led many to conclude that somitogenesis is coordinated by a "clock and wave" mechanism.

In technical terms, this means that somitogenesis occurs due to the largely cell-autonomous oscillations of a network of genes and gene products, which causes cells to oscillate between a permissive and a non-permissive state in a consistently timed-fashion, like a clock. These genes include members of the FGF family, Wnt and Notch pathway, as well as targets of these pathways. The wavefront progress slowly in a posterior-to-anterior direction. As the wavefront of signaling comes in contact with cells in the permissive state, they undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition and pinch off from the more posterior pre-somitic mesoderm, forming a somite boundary and resetting the process for the next somite.

In particular, the cyclic activation of the Notch pathway appears to be of great importance in the wavefront-clock model. It has been suggested that the activation of Notch cyclically activates a cascade of genes necessary for the somites to separate from the main paraxial body. This is controlled by different means in different species, such as through a simple negative feedback loop in zebrafish or in a complicated process in which FGF and Wnt clocks affect the Notch clock, as in chicks and mice. However, the segmentation clock model is highly evolutionarily conserved.

Intrinsic expression of "clock genes" must oscillate with a periodicity equal to the time necessary for one somite to form, for example 30 minutes in zebrafish, 90 minutes in chicks, and 100 minutes in snakes.

Gene oscillation in presomitic cells is largely, but not completely, cell-autonomous. When Notch signaling is disrupted in zebrafish, neighboring cells no longer oscillate synchronously, indicating that Notch signaling is important for keeping neighboring populations of cells synchronous. In addition, some cellular inter-dependency has been displayed in studies concerning the protein Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in somitogenesis. Although expression of Shh pathway proteins has not been reported to oscillate in the pre-somitic mesoderm, they are expressed within the pre-somitic mesoderm during somitogenesis. When the notochord is ablated during somitogenesis in the chick embryo, the proper number of somites forms, but the segmentation clock is delayed for the posterior two-thirds of the somites. The anterior somites are not affected. In one study, this phenotype was mimicked by Shh inhibitors, and timely somite formation was rescued by exogenous Shh protein, showing that the missing signal produced by the notochord is mediated by Shh.

Signaling in separation and epithelialization of somites
The physical separation of somites depends on the pulling of cells away from each other and the formation of borders and new adhesions between different cells. Studies indicate the importance of pathways involving Eph receptor and the Ephrin family of proteins, which coordinate border formation, in this process. Also, fibronectins and cadherins help the appropriate cells localize with each other.

Specification and differentiation
Regarding the paraxial mesoderm from which somites form, fate mapping experiments at the blastula stage show pre-somitic mesoderm progenitors at the site of gastrulation, referred to as the primitive streak in some organisms, in regions flanking the organizer. Transplant experiments show that only at the late gastrula stage are these cells committed to the paraxial fate, meaning that fate determination is tightly controlled by local signals and is not predetermined. For instance, exposure of pre-somitic mesoderm to Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) ventralizes the tissue, however in vivo, BMP antagonists secreted by the organizer (such as Noggin and chordin) prevent this and thus promote the formation of dorsal structures.

Termination of somitogenesis
It is currently unknown by what particular mechanism somitogenesis is terminated. One proposed mechanism is massive cell death in the posteriormost cells of the paraxial mesoderm so that this region is prevented from forming somites. Others have suggested that the inhibition of BMP signaling by Noggin, a Wnt target gene, suppresses the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition necessary for the splitting off of somites from the bands of pre-somitic mesoderm and thus terminates somitogenesis. Although endogenous retinoic acid is required in higher vertebrates to limit the caudal Fgf8 domain needed for somitogenesis in the trunk (but not tail), some studies also point to a possible role of retinoic acid in ending somitogenesis in vertebrates that lack a tail (human) or have a short tail (chick). Other studies suggest termination may be due to an imbalance between the speed of somite formation and growth of the pre-somitic mesoderm extending into this tail region.

Somitogenesis in different species
Different species have different numbers of somites. For example, frogs have approximately 10, humans have 37, chicks have 50, mice have 65, and snakes have more than 300, up to about 500.

Somite number is unaffected by changes in the size of the embryo through experimental procedure. Because all developing embryos of a particular species form the same number of somites, the number of somites present is typically used as a reference for age in developing vertebrates.

title: Somitogenesis


text:
1906 in Ireland

Events in the year 1906 in Ireland.

Events

 * 4 January – Irish Parliamentary Party Member of Parliament William O'Brien called on nationalists to extract the maximum concessions for Ireland from every British government.
 * 16 May – Temperance reformers met with the Lord-Lieutenant to seek Sunday closing for all public houses, earlier closing on Saturdays, and a reduction of public house licences throughout the country.
 * 1 August – The Catholic Hierarchy ruled out any scheme for mixed religious education at Trinity College Dublin.
 * 7 August – Douglas Hyde was awarded the freedom of Dublin.
 * 8 August – A Parisian court granted a separation to Maud Gonne and John MacBride; Gonne was given custody of their son, Seán MacBride.
 * September – St Eunan's College opened in Letterkenny.
 * The Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast was completed, laying claim to being the first air conditioned building in the world.
 * Work on the building of Belfast City Hall was completed.
 * Alice Perry became the first woman to graduate with a degree in civil engineering in Ireland or Britain, at Queen's College, Galway, and was appointed in December as acting county surveyor for Galway.

Arts and literature

 * 'Æ' (George William Russell) published his poetry collection By Still Waters.
 * Douglas Hyde edited and translated The Religious Songs of Connacht from Irish into English.
 * Winifred Mary Letts' one-act play The Eyes of the Blind premièred at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin.
 * W. B. Yeats published his Poems, 1899–1905.
 * Ella Young published her first book of verse, Poems.

Football

 * International
 * 17 February – Ireland 0–5 England (in Belfast) (25th annual match, with no Irish wins) Val Harris became the first Dubliner to play for Ireland.
 * 17 March – Ireland 0–1 Scotland (in Dublin)
 * 2 April – Wales 4–4 Ireland (in Wrexham)
 * Irish League
 * Winners: Cliftonville F.C. and Distillery F.C. The title was shared after two playoff matches ended in draws.
 * Irish Cup
 * Winners: Shelbourne F.C. 2–0 Belfast Celtic. Shelbourne became the first Dublin club to win the Irish Cup.

Athletics

 * 22 April–2 May: in the Intercalated Games in Athens, Peter O'Connor beat Con Leahy to win Gold in the hop, step and jump, and also took Silver in the long jump. At the ceremony to mark the latter event, O'Connor scaled a flagpole and hoisted an Erin Go Bragh flag in protest at being put on the British team.

Births

 * 4 February – Letitia Dunbar-Harrison, librarian (died 1994 in Northern Ireland).
 * 13 February – Máirtín Ó Cadhain, Irish language writer (died 1970).
 * 13 April – Samuel Beckett, Nobel Prize in Literature, playwright, novelist, and poet (died 1989).
 * 24 May – John Joseph Scanlan, second Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu (died 1997).
 * 1 July – Ivan Neill, major and Unionist politician (died 2001 in Northern Ireland).
 * 19 July – Hugh T. Baker, cricketer (died 1989).
 * 11 August – James Graham, cricketer (died 1942).
 * 28 September – William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel, peer and Labour party politician (died 1997).
 * 28 September – Lawrence Parsons, 6th Earl of Rosse (d. c.1979).
 * 22 October – Charles Lynch, pianist (died 1984).
 * 10 December – Padraig Marrinan, artist (died 1975 in Northern Ireland).

Deaths

 * 2 March – Ellen Mary Clerke, author, journalist, poet, and science writer (born 1840).
 * 30 May – Michael Davitt, republican, nationalist agrarian agitator, social campaigner, labour leader, and Irish National Land League founder (born 1846).
 * 7 July – John Drummond, early settler and explorer in Western Australia, first Inspector of Native Police there (born 1816).
 * 21 October – Edward James Saunderson, leader of the Irish Unionist Party in the British House of Commons (born 1837).
 * 10 November – John Richardson Wigham, lighting engineer (born 1829 in Scotland).
 * 27 November – Michael Cusack, founder of the Gaelic Athletic Association (born 1847).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1906 in Ireland


text:
1905 in Ireland

Events in the year 1905 in Ireland.

Events

 * 9 January – The Lillebonne, the largest vessel ever constructed in Dublin, was successfully launched in the North Wall Yard.
 * 16 February – Explosions caused by petrol fumes after refuelling on board the newly commissioned submarine HMS A5 killed six of the eleven crew at the Royal Navy's base in Haulbowline.
 * 6 March – The obligation of the Post Office towards letters addressed in Irish was raised in the British House of Commons. The debate arose because the General Post Office in Dublin returned parcels addressed in Irish by the Gaelic League.
 * 29 May – Statistics in 1904 showed that nearly 37,000 people emigrated. Since 1851, almost four million people have left the island.
 * 7 July – The Drunkenness (Ireland) Bill was debated in the British House of Commons. Irish Members of Parliament criticised the bill on the grounds that it was offensive.
 * 28 November – The Sinn Féin party was founded.
 * Church House was built in Belfast, home to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland.

Arts and literature

 * February – J. M. Synge's historical play The Well of the Saints was first performed at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, by the Irish National Theatre Society.
 * 23 May – George Bernard Shaw's play Man and Superman was first performed at the Royal Court Theatre in London.
 * Padraic Colum's The Land was performed at the Abbey Theatre.
 * George A. Birmingham's roman à clef The Seething Pot was published.
 * Lord Dunsany's short story sequence The Gods of Pegāna was published.
 * Filson Young's novel The Sands of Pleasure was published.
 * The traditional hymn Be Thou My Vision was first translated from Old Irish into English by Mary Elizabeth Byrne, in the journal Ériu.

Association football

 * International
 * 25 February – England 1–1 Ireland (in Middlesbrough)
 * 18 March – Scotland 4–0 Ireland (in Glasgow)
 * 8 April – Ireland 2–2 Wales (in Belfast)
 * Irish League
 * Winners: Glentoran F.C.
 * Irish Cup
 * Winners: Distillery F.C. 3–0 Shelbourne F.C.
 * Windsor Park football ground in Belfast opened with a match between Linfield F.C. and Glentoran F.C.

Gaelic Games

 * The All-Ireland Champions were Kilkenny (hurling) and Kildare (football)

Births

 * 2 January – Padraic Fallon, poet (died 1974).
 * 23 April – William Conolly-Carew, 6th Baron Carew (died 1994).
 * 26 April – Denis O'Dea, actor (died 1978).
 * 22 May – Mick Ahern, Cork hurler (died 1946).
 * 8 June – Brian Coffey, poet and publisher (died 1995).
 * 24 June – Michael Scott, architect (died 1989).
 * 3 September – Jimmy Dunne, association football player (died 1949).
 * 9 September – Jimmy McCambridge, association football player (died 1980 in Northern Ireland).
 * 15 September – Pat O'Callaghan, athlete and Olympic gold medallist (died 1991).
 * 23 October – Aidan Roark, Irish 10-goal polo player (died 1984)
 * 11 December – Erskine Hamilton Childers, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet minister and fourth President of Ireland (died 1974).
 * Full date unknown
 * P. A. Ó Síocháin, journalist, author and lawyer (died 1995).
 * Jackie Wright, comedian (died 1989 in Northern Ireland).

Deaths

 * 12 January – James Mason, chess player and writer (born 1849).
 * 9 February – Valentine Browne, 4th Earl of Kenmare, peer (born 1825).
 * 14 March – George Fisher, Mayor of Wellington, New Zealand (born 1843).
 * 6 April – Henry Benedict Medlicott, geologist (born 1829).
 * 24 April – Kivas Tully, architect (born 1820).
 * 31 May – Michael N. Nolan, U.S. Representative from New York, mayor of Albany (born 1833).
 * 27 June – Harold Mahony, tennis player (born 1867) (bicycle accident).
 * 15 July – Kevin Izod O'Doherty, transported to Australia in 1849, physician and politician (born 1823).
 * 13 September – Patrick Collins, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts and Mayor of Boston (born 1844).
 * 19 September – Dr. Thomas John Barnardo, philanthropist (born 1845).
 * 31 October – Bryan O'Loghlen, politician in Australia, 13th Premier of Victoria (born 1828).

title: 1905 in Ireland


text:
Teppo Hauta-aho

Teppo Hauta-aho (May 27, 1941 – November 27, 2021) was a Finnish double bassist and composer.

Early life and studies
Hauta-aho was born in Janakkala, near Hämeenlinna, on May 27, 1941. He studied the double bass at the Sibelius Academy from 1963 to 1970 and with František Pošta in Prague.

Later life and career
From 1965 to 1972, Hauta-aho played with the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra. From 1975, he was with the Finnish National Opera Orchestra. In 1999 he performed with Brazilian tenor saxophonist Ivo Perelman, Irish-Swiss pianist John Wolf Brennan and Finish drummer Teppo Mäkynen at Kerava Festival. One of his best known works, Fantasia, for trumpet and orchestra, won the 1986 Queen Maria Jose competition in Geneva. Another, Kadenza, has been the set piece for international music competitions and has been played at music festivals.

He was self-taught as a composer, and his compositions included a double bass concerto, chamber music and works for the double bass.

Discography
With Tuohi Klang With Juhani Aaltonen With Pekka Pöyry With Anthony Braxton With Evan Parker With Cecil Taylor With Edward Vesala With Heikki “Mike” Koskinen With Otherworld Ensemble
 * Pensselman Hits vol. 2765 (Finnlevy, 1972)(re-issue Svart Records,2022)
 * Etiquette (Love, 1974)
 * Happy Peter (Leo, 1984)
 * 2 Compositions (Järvenpää) 1988 (Leo, 1988 [1996])
 * The Needles (Leo, 2000–01)
 * Lifting the Bandstand (Fundacja Słuchaj!, 2021)
 * Nan Madol (JAPO, 1974)
 * Soulset/Edward Vesala Jazz Band (Finnlevy, 1969)(re-issue Svart Records,2018)
 * Kellari Trio (Edgetone Records, 2015)
 * Mike Koskinen Orchestra (Finnlevy, 1973)(re-issue Svart Records,2016)
 * August Conversations (Edgetone Records, 2019)
 * Live at Malmitalo (Edgetone Records, 2018)
 * Northern Fire (Edgetone Records, 2018)
 * Return From Manala (Edgetone Records, 2020)

Sources:

title: Teppo Hauta-aho


text: Talk:Portuguese Grand Prix

title: Talk:Portuguese Grand Prix


text:
File:Discreet Music Virgin.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Virgin release of the Brian Eno album Discreet Music, 1975.

title: File:Discreet Music Virgin.jpg


text:
Tarrant Monkton

Tarrant Monkton is a village and civil parish in north Dorset, England, situated in the Tarrant Valley about 4 mi east-northeast of Blandford Forum. Within the parish boundary, 1+1/2 mi over hills to the west, lies the major part of Blandford Camp army base (including the Royal Signals Museum). In the 2011 census the parish—including the army base—had a population of 1,986. The village is centred on the All Saints Parish Church, opposite which is the Langton Arms, a public house and restaurant.

History
Evidence of prehistoric human activity within the parish includes three round barrows, traces of a possible Iron Age or Romano-British settlement, a 180 m dyke on the SW edge of the army camp and a linear dyke on Luton Down. The barrows previously numbered thirteen; ten others were destroyed after the construction of the army camp in 1914. The Roman road between Badbury Rings and Bath also passed through the parish.

In 1086 in the Domesday Book Tarrant Monkton was recorded as Tarente, and by 1280 it was Tarent Moneketon, the latter part of the name – derived from the Old English manne and tan – referring to ownership by the monks of Tewkesbury Abbey. The Domesday entry states that Tarente had 28 households, 8 ploughlands, 35 acre of meadow and one mill. It was in Pimperne Hundred and the lord and tenant-in-chief was Cranborne Abbey.

In the village the River Tarrant is crossed by a packhorse bridge that probably dates from the 17th century. The bridge was part of an old route between Blandford Forum and Moor Crichel.

The Tarrant Valley was agriculturally prosperous in the early 19th century due to high wheat prices and low labour costs. Wealthy farming squires built large farmhouses that survive to this day, though their workers often lived in mud-walled cottages that, according to Dorset-born broadcaster and agriculturist Ralph Wightman, "were no more improvable than old pigsties", and these generally have not survived.

Until the end of the 19th century the neighbouring parish of Tarrant Launceston was part of Tarrant Monkton parish. All Saints parish church is built of flint and ashlar and has a chancel dating from around 1400, and a 15th-century nave and west tower, though the building was substantially altered in the 18th century and in 1873.

Governance
Tarrant Monkton parish—including the army base—is in The Lower Tarrants electoral ward, which also extends south to Tarrant Keyneston. The ward had a population of 3,302 in the 2011 census and is part of the constituency of North Dorset, which is currently represented in the UK parliament by the Conservative Simon Hoare.

Geography
Measured directly, Tarrant Monkton village is about 4 mi ENE of Blandford Forum, 10 mi SE of Shaftesbury and 12 mi NNW of Poole. The parish, which covers just over 2000 acre, is based on chalk, at an elevation of about 45 to 115 m. All of the parish is within the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).

Demography
In the 2011 census Tarrant Monkton civil parish had 417 dwellings, 400 households and a population of 1,986. 1.8% of residents were age 65 or over (compared to 16.4% for England as a whole).

Amenities
Tarrant Monkton has a public house called The Langton Arms and a village hall, which hosts events organised by the Village Hall Committee and is also available for hire.

title: Tarrant Monkton


text:
1904 in Ireland

Events in the year 1904 in Ireland.

Events

 * 26 April – King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra arrived at Kingstown. The royal couple attended the Punchestown Races for the day.
 * 2 May – The King and Queen travelled to Waterford where they stayed at Lismore Castle, home of the Duke of Devonshire. Thomas Horgan of Youghal made the first known film in Ireland of this event.
 * 4 May – The final day of the royal visit to Ireland.
 * 2 June – The nave of St Anne’s Cathedral, Belfast, was consecrated.
 * 27 June – The second Fastnet Rock lighthouse was first lit.
 * 28 June – The Danish ocean liner, the SS Norge, was wrecked on Helen's Reef off Rockall with the loss of 635 lives.
 * 24 July – St Patrick's Cathedral was consecrated in Armagh town.
 * Construction started of Government Buildings, Merrion Street, Dublin (finishes 1922).
 * The "Limerick Pogrom" began.
 * The first "steamboat ladies" – female students at the women's colleges of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge – were awarded ad eundem degrees by Trinity College Dublin, at a time when their own universities refused to confer degrees upon women.
 * The first woman, Isabel Marion Weir Johnston, began attending Trinity College Dublin.

Arts and literature

 * 22 January – Baritone Harry Plunket Greene made his first gramophone recordings.
 * 25 February – J. M. Synge's tragedy Riders to the Sea was first performed at the Molesworth Hall, Dublin, by the Irish National Theatre Society.
 * 16 May – James Joyce won a prize for singing at a Feis Ceoil held at the Antient Concert Rooms in Great Brunswick Street, Dublin.
 * 16 June – The original "Bloomsday", the day James Joyce first walked out with his future wife Nora Barnacle (whom he first met on 10 June), to the Dublin suburb of Ringsend. He set the action of his novel Ulysses (1922) on today's date.
 * 1 September – The Leinster School of Music opened at 34 Harcourt Street, Dublin, by Samuel Myerscough. The school (which later added "Drama" to its title) became one of the examining bodies in Ireland for music and drama, moving to Griffith College, Dublin.
 * 1 November – George Bernard Shaw's comedy about Ireland, John Bull's Other Island, opened at the Royal Court Theatre, London, after W. B. Yeats rejected it for the Abbey Theatre.
 * 27 December – The Irish National Theatre Society (Abbey Theatre) opened to the public in Dublin for the first time. The bill consisted of three one-act plays, On Baile's Strand and Cathleen Ní Houlihan by Yeats and Spreading the News by Lady Gregory.
 * The Ulster Literary Theatre was established.
 * Lady Gregory published Gods and Fighting Men, a retelling of Irish mythology in English.
 * 'Æ' (George William Russell) published The Divine Vision, and Other Poems.
 * James Joyce's story "Eveline" was published.
 * Arthur Griffith's The Resurrection of Hungary was published.
 * Peadar Ua Laoghaire's story Séadna was first published in book form.
 * Grace Rhys's story The Charming of Estercel was published.

Camogie

 * 17 July – The first public game of camogie was played between Dublin teams Craobh an Chéitinnigh (Keatings branch of the Gaelic League) and Cúchulainns at a feis at the Meath agricultural showground in Navan.

Association football

 * International
 * 12 March – Ireland 1–3 England (in Belfast)
 * 21 March – Wales 0–1 Ireland (in Bangor)
 * 26 March – Ireland 1–1 Scotland (in Dublin)

 * Irish League
 * Winners: Linfield F.C.

 * Irish Cup
 * Winners: Linfield F.C. 5–1 Derry Celtic F.C.

 * Shelbourne F.C. became the second Dublin team to join the Irish Football League, after Bohemian F.C. who joined the previous year.

Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's all-around

 * Winner: Tom Kiely (in St. Louis, Missouri)

Births

 * 16 January – Frederick Boland, diplomat, first Irish ambassador to Britain and to the United Nations (died 1985).
 * 26 January – Seán MacBride, Clann na Poblachta party Teachta Dála (TD), Cabinet minister and Nobel Peace Prize winner (died 1988).
 * 19 February – Muiris Ó Súilleabháin, writer (drowned 1950).
 * 29 February – James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Abercorn, soldier and politician (died 1979).
 * 7 March – Jim Ganly, cricketer and rugby player (died 1976).
 * 27 April – Cecil Day-Lewis, poet and writer, Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom from 1967 to 1972 (died 1972).
 * 7 May – David Sullivan, labour leader in USA (died 1976).
 * 5 June – Derrick Kennedy, cricketer (died 1976).
 * 5 July – Michael McLaverty, novelist (died 1992).
 * 20 July – Molly Keane (born Mary Nesta Skrine), novelist and playwright (died 1996).
 * 17 August – John "Pondoro" Taylor, hunter and writer (died 1969).
 * 9 September – Jack Lawrence, cricketer (died 1984).
 * 2 October – Dermot Boyle, Marshal of the Royal Air Force (died 1993).
 * 21 October – Patrick Kavanagh, poet and novelist (died 1967).
 * 13 December – William McCrea, astronomer and mathematician (died 1999).

Deaths

 * 22 January – George Salmon, mathematician and theologian (born 1819).
 * 21 March – William Russell Grace, businessman and first Roman Catholic mayor of New York (born 1832).
 * 5 April – Frances Power Cobbe, social reformer, feminist theorist, pioneer animal rights activist and writer (born 1822).
 * 7 April – Timothy J. Campbell, Democratic party U.S. Representative from New York State (born 1840).
 * 25 May – Richard Harte Keatinge, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1858 at Chundairee, India (born 1825).
 * 20 October – Richard Phelan, fourth Roman Catholic bishop of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (born 1828).
 * 16 November – James Cooney, lawyer and Democratic party politician in Missouri (born 1848).
 * Full date unknown – Edwin Hayes, watercolourist (born 1819).

title: 1904 in Ireland


text:
1903 in Ireland

Events in the year 1903 in Ireland.

Events

 * 3 January – The Norwegian ship Remittant was towed into quarantine in Queenstown with the entire crew suffering from beriberi.
 * 3 February – The proposed canonisation of Oliver Plunkett was discussed in Rome.
 * 26–27 February – "Ulysses" Storm: A windstorm passed across Ireland, uprooting 1–3,000 trees in Phoenix Park.
 * 26 February – The ocean liner SS Columbus was launched by Harland and Wolff in Belfast.
 * 27 February – A meeting at the Mansion House, Dublin, enthusiastically welcomed a movement to establish Saint Patrick's Day as a national holiday.
 * 8 March – Charles Gavan Duffy was buried at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin. He was laid to rest near others who took part in the Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848.
 * 9 March – The Londonderry and Lough Swilly Railway's Letterkenny and Burtonport Extension was opened.
 * 17 March – In Waterford, Saint Patrick's Day was marked as a public holiday (to encourage temperance).
 * 26 March – The Chief Secretary for Ireland, George Wyndham, introduced his Irish Land Bill in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
 * 31 March – The Lord-Lieutenant announced that Edward VII and Queen Alexandra intended to visit Ireland within the coming year.
 * 15 May – The Chief Secretary for Ireland, George Wyndham, asked for support for his Irish Land Bill.
 * 23 May – Extracts from the annual report of the British Army showed that there were 35,717 Irishmen in its service.
 * 9 June – Trinity College Dublin announced following a vote that it was to award degrees to women. The first women would be admitted in 1904.
 * 1 July – The Belfast and Northern Counties Railway became the Northern Counties Committee of the Midland Railway of England.
 * 19–27 July – Edward VII made his first visit to Ireland as monarch, landing at Buncrana.
 * 14 August – The Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903 was passed in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, offering special incentives to landlords to sell their entire estates.
 * 5 September – Irish painter Henry Jones Thaddeus was granted permission to paint the first portrait of Pope Pius X.
 * 13 November – The 2nd Battalion of The Royal Dublin Fusiliers was welcomed home after nearly 20 years of foreign service.
 * Undated
 * Independent Orange Institution was formed, as a breakaway from the Orange Institution.
 * The Pigeon House generating station in Dublin started producing electricity.
 * The withdrawal of the last British Royal Navy guard ship to be permanently stationed at Kingstown, the cruiser HMS Melampus (1890), took place.
 * The Cork International Exhibition was re-opened.

Arts and literature

 * January – An Túr Gloine, the cooperative studio for stained glass, was established by Sarah Purser in Dublin.
 * 8 October – J. M. Synge's play, In the Shadow of the Glen, was first performed at the Molesworth Hall, Dublin.
 * 7 December – The first Irish language opera, Muirgheis, with music by Thomas O'Brien Butler and libretto by Thadgh O'Donoghue was first performed at the Theatre Royal, Dublin.
 * Padraic Colum's Broken Soil was performed by W. G. Fay's Irish National Dramatic Company.
 * George Moore's short stories The Untilled Field were published.
 * 'Æ' (George William Russell)'s The Nuts of Knowledge, lyrical poems old and new was published by Elizabeth Yeats's Dun Emer Press at Dundrum, Dublin.
 * W. B. Yeats's poetry collection In the Seven Woods, being poems of the Irish heroic age was published by his sister's Dun Emer Press; he also published his essays Ideas of Good and Evil.
 * County Cork-born Chicago chief of police Francis O'Neill's collection O'Neill's Music of Ireland was published.

Association football

 * International
 * 14 February – England 4–0 Ireland (in Wolverhampton)
 * 21 March – Scotland 0–2 Ireland (in Glasgow)
 * 28 March – Ireland 2–0 Wales (in Belfast)
 * Irish League
 * Winners: Distillery F.C.
 * Irish Cup
 * Winners: Distillery F.C. 3–1 Bohemian F.C.
 * Bohemian F.C. became the first Dublin team to join the Irish Football League.
 * The Oval football stadium, home of Glentoran F.C., was rebuilt, with the pitch being turned around ninety degrees.

Motor racing

 * 2 July – The Gordon Bennett Cup race was run on Irish public roads, the first international motor race in Ireland. The winner was Camille Jenatzy.

Births

 * 15 January – Joe Stynes, Irish Republican and sportsman (died 1991).
 * 19 January – Alfred Lane Beit, British politician, art collector and philanthropist, honorary Irish citizen (died 1994).
 * 28 January – Kathleen Lonsdale, X-ray crystallographer (died 1971).
 * 2 February – Hilton Edwards, actor, director, co–founder of Gate Theatre, born in London (died 1982).
 * 5 February – William Teeling, author, traveller and UK politician (died 1975).
 * 23 February – Alec Mackie, association football player (died 1984 in Northern Ireland).
 * 11 March – Michael Hilliard, Fianna Fáil party Teachta Dála (TD), Cabinet minister and Member of the European Parliament (died 1982).
 * 13 March – Joseph Blowick second leader of the Clann na Talmhan party, TD and Cabinet minister (died 1970).
 * 5 April – Leo Rowsome, teacher, player, and maker of uilleann pipes (died 1970).
 * 12 April – Paddy Collins, Cork hurler (died 1995).
 * 25 May – Ewart Milne, poet (died 1987).
 * 8 June – Harry Duggan, association football player (died 1968).
 * 17 July – Dinny Barry-Murphy, Cork hurler (died 1973).
 * 18 July – Charles Hill, cricketer (died 1982).
 * 5 August – Achey Kelly, cricketer (died 1961).
 * 17 September – Frank O'Connor, short story writer and memoirist (died 1966).
 * 6 October – Ernest Walton, physicist, 1951 Nobel Prize for Physics (died 1995).
 * 23 October – Patrick Cogan, Independent TD (died 1977).
 * 1 November – Max Adrian, actor (died 1973).
 * 18 December – Harry Forsyth, cricketer (died 2004).
 * Undated
 * Leo Maguire, singer, songwriter and radio broadcaster (died 1985).
 * Stanley Woods, motor cycle racer, with 29 Grand Prix wins and 10 Isle of Man TT wins (died 1993).

Deaths

 * 9 February – Charles Gavan Duffy, nationalist and Australian colonial politician (born 1816).
 * 5 April – Mary Anne Sadlier, novelist (born 1820).
 * 24 April – Walter Osborne, impressionist painter (born 1859).
 * 27 April – William Travers, lawyer, politician, explorer, and naturalist in New Zealand (born 1819).
 * 25 July – John Michael Clancy, Democratic Party United States Representative from New York (born 1837).
 * 31 August – Charles O'Hea, Catholic Priest, baptised Ned Kelly and ministered to him before he was hanged in 1880 (born c. 1814).
 * 12 September – Maxwell Henry Close, geologist (born 1822).
 * 22 October – William Edward Hartpole Lecky, historian (born 1838).
 * 24 October – James Adams (chaplain), recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in Afghanistan (1879) (born 1839).

title: 1903 in Ireland


text:
Johannes Theodor Baargeld

Johannes Theodor Baargeld was a pseudonym of Alfred Emanuel Ferdinand Grünwald (9 October 1892 – 16 or 17 August 1927), a German painter and poet who, together with Max Ernst, founded the Cologne Dada group. He also used the name Zentrodada in connection with Dada.

Baargeld was born in Stettin (Szczecin), Prussian Pomerania. He studied jurisprudence at Oxford and Bonn. Baargeld was the editor of the periodical The Fan (Der Ventilator) which Ernst and Hans Arp started in 1919, and he collaborated on many other Dadaist publications such as Bulletin D and Dada W/3.

Military service
When war broke out in 1914, Baargeld enlisted and served as a reserve lieutenant for three years.

Literary career
After serving in the army, Baargeld began his literary career in 1917 by writing for Pfemfert's journal Die Aktion. His contributions were mostly lyrical and political works. A year after he began writing for Die Aktion, Baargeld joined the Independent Socialist Party of Germany (USPD). Before establishing Dada, Baargeld had been the patron of a leftist periodical, Der Ventilator. The journal was the political and artistic means through which the would-be members of Dada, such as Angelika and Heinrich Hoerle, published satirical works.

Painting
Baargeld also collaborated with Max Ernst on some of the collages used in Ernst's Fatagaga series.

Baargeld gave up painting in 1921 and in 1927 died in an avalanche while climbing Aiguille de Bionnassay in the French Alps.

title: Johannes Theodor Baargeld


text:
Krujë

Krujë (Kruja; see also the etymology section) is a town and a municipality in north central Albania. Located between Mount Krujë and the Ishëm River, the city is 20 km north of the capital of Albania, Tirana.

Krujë was inhabited by the ancient Illyrian tribe of the Albani. In 1190 Krujë became the capital of the first Albanian state in the Middle Ages, the Principality of Arbër. Later it was the capital of the Kingdom of Albania, while in the early 15th century Krujë was conquered by the Ottoman Empire, but then recaptured in 1443 by Skanderbeg, leader of the League of Lezhë, who successfully defended it against three Ottoman sieges until his death in 1468.

The Ottomans took control of the town after the fourth siege in 1478, and incorporated it in their territories. A 1906 local revolt against the Ottoman Empire was followed by the 1912 Declaration of Independence of Albania. In the mid-1910s Krujë was one of the battlefields of the conflict between the short-lived Republic of Central Albania, founded by Essad Toptani, and the Principality of Albania. In 1914 Toptani managed to seize the town but during the same year it was reincorporated by Prênk Bibë Doda in the Principality of Albania. During World War II it was the centre of the activities of resistance leader Abaz Kupi.

The museums of Krujë include the Skanderbeg Museum, located in the environs of the Krujë Castle, and the national ethnographic museum.

Etymology
The name of the city is related to the Albanian word kroi, krua, meaning "fountain" or "water source", from Proto-Albanian * krana < * krasna.

The city was attested for the first time as Kroai (in Medieval Greek Κροαί) in Byzantine documents of the early 9th century. In medieval Latin it was known as Croia, Croya and Croarum. During the Ottoman era it was also known as Ak Hisar or Akçahisar from the Turkish words ak (white) and hisar (castle).

Early history
In ancient times the region of Krujë was inhabited by the Illyrian tribe of the Albani, while the town is located near the Iron Age Illyrian site of Zgërdhesh. Some scholars have identified the site with the main settlement of the Albani, Albanopolis, while others identified Albanopolis with Krujë itself. During the Illyrian Wars the area of Krujë was captured by the Roman Republic.

Early medieval artifacts of Krujë include dress items and weaponry found in fifth- and sixth-century cemeteries, which display the high status and the wealth of the burials. Originally a middle-sized fortress like other urban centers, Krujë expanded to a town probably from the sixth to the ninth century AD. In 1190 Krujë became the capital of the first Albanian state of the Middle Ages, the Principality of Arbër founded by Progon of the House of Progon. During the reign of Gulam of Albania the principality was dissolved and incorporated in the newly founded Kingdom of Albania. During the late 13th and early 14th century the Byzantine and the Thopia family and in 1343 the Serbian Empire took control of the city. The Kingdom of Albania was eventually dissolved between 1363 and 1368, when Karl Topia captured its capital Durrës and incorporated its territories, including Krujë in 1363 in the Princedom of Albania. After 1389 the House of Thopia gradually lost control of the town, which by 1395 had come under Ottoman vassalage. The Ottomans lost control of Krujë in the early 15th century, when it was captured by Niketa Thopia and regained it in 1415. After its recapture it was incorporated in the Sanjak of Albania and formed an administrative unit with the status of Subaşilik as attested in the regional register of 1431. During the Albanian Revolt of 1432-1436 the city was unsuccessfully besieged by Andrea Thopia.

Until 1432, the subaşi (governor) of Krujë had been Zagan Bey, then Hizir Bey, and later during 1437—1438 Skanderbeg was its governor. In November 1438 Hizir Bey was again appointed as subaşi of Krujë until he was replaced in April 1440 by Umur Bey. On 28 November 1443 Skanderbeg gained control over Krujë by deceiving its subaşi with forged sultan's letter, and raised the first Albanian flag on the same day. In 1444 Skanderbeg incorporated it in the League of Lezhë, the confederation of the Albanian principalities. From 1450 until 1477 Krujë was defended successfully by the Albanian troops four times against the Ottoman army, which eventually captured it in 1478 during the fourth Siege of the city. During the first siege of Krujë in 1450, the 1,500 to 2,000 soldiers of the League of Lezhë under Vrana Konti and Skanderbeg defeated an Ottoman force of about 100,000 men led by Sultan Murad II, who had tried to bribe Konti to surrender the castle of the town. In the following decade Krujë was first besieged in 1466 and then in 1467 unsuccessfully by Ballaban Pasha and Sultan Mehmed II, whose total troops were about 150,000. After Skanderbeg's death in 1468, the city's garrison was supplemented by troops of the Republic of Venice. In 1476 the town was once more besieged by a ten-thousand-man army under Gedik Ahmed Pasha; however, the local garrison led by proveditor Pietro Vetturi fended off the Ottoman besiegers, who retreated after the arrival of reinforcements under Francesco Contarini and Nikollë Dukagjini. The city was eventually conquered by the Ottomans in 1478 after being besieged for over a year. This success was viewed by the Ottomans as a good omen that the siege of Shkodra would also be successful.

Modern history

During the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire Krujë became the battlefield of various anti-Ottoman rebellions also related with the imposition of new taxes. In 1906 the people of Krujë revolted once more against the Ottoman Empire. The Wāli of Shkodër, Sali Zeki Pasha sent four battalions of the Ottoman army stationed in the city against the rebels of Krujë. After prolonged confrontations the Ottoman officials offered to begin negotiations with the rebels. On 20 September 1906 the leaders of Krujë and the Ottoman diplomats met at the Tallajbe quarter of Krujë to discuss the administrative status of the town, however, the Ottoman army under Şemsi Pasha ambushed the rebel leaders. During the battle that followed, which became known in history after the Tallajbe district, about 30 people died including uninvolved civilians. Throughout the Albanian Revolt of 1912, that led to the creation of the Albanian Vilayet and later in the Declaration of Independence of Albania Krujë, which was captured on 14 August, was one of the major anti-Ottoman centers. In 1914 Essad Toptani, a member of the notable Toptani family of the region and officer of the Ottoman army, captured the town and incorporated it in the Republic of Central Albania making it a center of his movement, but in June of the same year it was reincorporated by Prênk Bibë Doda in the Principality of Albania. On 20 December 1914 the local anti-Essadists, led by Abdi Toptani and Mehmet Gjinali, formed the Union of Krujë, which quickly extended its authority in central Albania.

Following the Italian invasion of Albania the country became a protectorate of the Kingdom of Italy. Mustafa Merlika-Kruja, a native of Krujë, who became the Prime Minister of the new regime ordered the formation of a 300-man gendarmerie force to defend the town against resistance groups. However, soon afterward, resistance leader Abaz Kupi, another native of the town, created one of the first permanent resistance forces of Albania in Krujë and gradually took control of the region. In 1943 at the assembly of Tapizë Balli Kombëtar proposed to the LNÇ the creation of provisional resistance government, with Krujë as the capital city, but this proposal was rejected by the LNÇ leaders. In the end of November 1944, the last German troops stationed in the area were defeated and LNÇ battalions entered the town.

Geography
Krujë is found at an altitude of 600 m (1,969 ft) on the foot of Mount Krujë (Mali i Krujës), while south and west of the town is found the plain of the Ishëm River. The town is located in the northern part of the outer Albanides tectonic unit, which consists of anticlines of Mesozoic carbonate platforms. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Krujë, but it also includes the villages of Barkanesh, Brre and Picerragë. The closest cities to Krujë are Tiranë and Durrës at a distance of 20 and 37 km respectively.

The municipality was formed at the 2015 local government reform by the merger of the former municipalities Bubq, Cudhi, Fushë-Krujë, Krujë, Nikël and Kodër-Thumanë, that became municipal units. The seat of the municipality is the town Krujë.

The current mayor of Krujë is Artur Bushi, who was elected in the 2015 local elections as a candidate of the Socialist Party of Albania.

Climate
Krujë has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) with warm summers, cool winters, and abundant precipitation.

Demography
The total population of Krujë is 59,814 (2011 census), in a total area of 339.20 km2. The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 11,721.

In 1922 the Director General of Health Services appointed the first director of health services in Krujë, Ihsan Korça while the last to hold the post before the establishment of the Socialist People's Republic of Albania was Abdulla Mehmeti. The first hospital and the first polyclinic of Krujë were built in 1946 and 1948 respectively. During 1968–69 a new medical laboratory and a department of surgery were added and expanded. In 1970 the Directorate of Hygiene and Epidemiology of the district was established in the town. In 1977-9 a new hospital and polyclinic were built, while in 1986 the first Obstetrics and gynaecology hospital of the town was opened. In 2008 the first hospital was rebuilt and renamed after its first director Stefan Gjoni.

Religion

In antiquity Krujë was a site used for pagan rituals, while after the spread of Christianity a church dedicated to Saint Alexander was built near Mount Krujë. In the late 9th century David of Krujë is mentioned as one of the bishops, who participated in the Fourth Council of Constantinople. In the early 10th century Krujë had an Eastern Orthodox suffragan bishop, subject to the metropolitan bishop of Durrës. The Roman Catholic bishopric of Krujë was established in 1167, when its bishop was consecrated by Pope Alexander III. In 1284 the Byzantine Empire expelled the Catholic bishop of Krujë, while after Stefan Uroš II Milutin captured the town, he also expelled the Catholic bishop Andreas Croensis in 1317.

In Illyricum Sacrum Daniele Farlati documented fourteen Catholics bishops of the town from 1286 to 1694, while Konrad Eubel documented four additional bishops. Bektashism was introduced in the region of Krujë in the early 18th century. During the Ottoman era a tekke dedicated to the Bektashi saint Sari Saltik was built near the church of Saint Alexander. In 1789–99 the Dollma tekke was built by the Dollma family near the castle. In 1807 Sheikh Mimi, sent by Ali Pasha to Krujë founded another tekke in the town. However, Sheikh Mimi was executed by Kaplan Pasha, who destroyed the tekke, which was restored by Baba Husayn of Dibër in the mid-19th century. In the early 20th century, Hasluck wrote that the population of Krujë ("Croia") appeared to be almost entirely Bektashi.

Museums

The museums of Krujë include the Skanderbeg Museum and the national ethnographic museum. The Skanderbeg Museum, founded in 1982, was built in the environs of the Krujë Castle. Its collection includes mostly 15th century artefacts related to the Albanian-Ottoman wars, during which the castle was besieged four times by the Ottoman army. The national ethnographic museum of Krujë was founded in 1989 and is located in a 15–6-room villa of the Toptani family built in 1764. The main exhibits of the museum are objects of artisanship, whose age varies from 60 to 500 years.

Sports
Krujë's most important football club is KS Kastrioti, founded in 1926 and briefly renamed as Puna Krujë in 1951. The club's home ground is Kastrioti Stadium, which has a capacity of 8,500 people.

Notable people

 * Mustafa Merlika-Kruja – Prime Minister of Albania
 * Abaz Kupi – Albanian military officer
 * Ali Riza Dede, second Dedebaba of the Bektashi Order
 * Mimoza Ahmeti – Albanian woman poet
 * Jurgen Bardhi – Albanian professional footballer
 * Megi Luka – Albanian model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe Albania 2015
 * Skanderbeg - Albanian national hero, who led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire
 * Gentian Selmani (born 9 March 1998 in Krujë ) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Albanian club Tirana and the Albania national football team.
 * Drita Ziri (born 26 May 2005 in Fushë-Krujë) - Miss Earth 2023 winner, the first Albanian to win the pageant as the youngest titleholder at age of 18, and the first Albanian woman to win one of the Big Four international beauty pageants.

Twin towns – sister cities
Krujë is twinned with:
 * 🇮🇹 Cortona, Italy
 * 🇮🇹 Portocannone, Italy
 * 🇧🇦 Stari Grad, Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina

title: Krujë


text:
1902 in Ireland

Events in the year 1902 in Ireland.

Events

 * 2 January – The South Irish Horse cavalry was formed as the South of Ireland Imperial Yeomanry.
 * 7 January – Waterford Corporation passed a motion to confer the freedom of the city on John Redmond.
 * 8 January – The Great National Convention took place in the Round Room of the Rotunda Hospital in Dublin. Motions were passed regarding coercion, the Irish language and evicted tenants.
 * 2 April – John Redmond was awarded the freedom of the City of Dublin.
 * Spring to autumn – The Cork International Exhibition (1902) was held.
 * 22 May – The White Star Liner SS Ionic was launched by Harland and Wolff in Belfast.
 * 2 June – The centenary of the Congregation of Christian Brothers was celebrated with High Mass in the Holy Name Cathedral, Chicago.
 * 22 July – Thomas Croke died at the age of 78 in Thurles. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cashel since 1875, he was the first patron of the Gaelic Athletic Association and a supporter of the Gaelic League and the Land League.
 * August – The first part of the cliff path at The Gobbins, Islandmagee, was opened.
 * 26 November – Ireland's Own magazine was launched.
 * The Dunraven land conference started.
 * The Roman Catholic St Brendan's Cathedral, Loughrea, was completed.

Arts and literature

 * 2 April – W. B. Yeats's play Cathleen Ní Houlihan was first performed in Dublin.
 * Michael McCarthy's Priests and People in Ireland was published.
 * The Irish Literary Theatre project ended.
 * Padraic Colum's anti-enlistment play, The Saxon Shillin' , was awarded a prize by Cumann na nGaedheal.
 * Percy French wrote the comic song Are Ye Right There Michael?
 * Augusta, Lady Gregory, published Cuchulain of Muirthemne, a retelling of Irish mythology in English.
 * Walter Osborne painted his last work, Tea in the Garden, in Dublin.

Football

 * International
 * 22 February – Wales 0–3 Ireland (in Cardiff)
 * 1 March – Ireland 1–5 Scotland (in Belfast)
 * 22 – March Ireland 0–1 England (in Belfast)
 * Irish League
 * Winners: Linfield F.C.
 * Irish Cup
 * Winners: Linfield F.C. 5–0 Distillery F.C.

Births

 * 2 January – Dan Keating, Ireland's oldest man and last surviving veteran of the Irish War of Independence (died 2007)
 * 13 January – Francis Connell, cricketer (died 1983).
 * 20 January – Kevin Barry, Irish Republican Army member (executed for his part in an operation resulting in the deaths of three British soldiers 1920).
 * 26 February – Jim Hurley, veteran of the Irish War of Independence, Cork Gaelic footballer and hurler (died 1965).
 * 25 April – Cormac Breslin, Fianna Fáil party Teachta Dála (TD) and Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann (died 1978).
 * 29 April – Francis Stuart, writer (died 2000).
 * 20 July – Jimmy Kennedy, songwriter (died 1984).
 * 21 July – William Bernard Barry, politician in the United States (died 1946 in the United States).
 * 16 August – Arthur Douglas, cricketer and rugby player (died 1937 in Northern Ireland).
 * 4 September – Patrick Lenihan, Fianna Fáil party TD (died 1970).
 * 11 September – Frank Ryan, member of the Irish Republican Army, editor of An Phoblacht, leftist activist and leader of Irish volunteers on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War (died 1944).
 * 16 September – James Dillon, former leader of the Fine Gael party, TD and government minister (died 1986).
 * 2 October – Alexander Montagu, 10th Duke of Manchester, born Viscount Mandeville, British Royal Navy officer and hereditary peer (died 1977 in England).
 * 16 December – Billy King, cricketer (died 1987).
 * 29 December – Edward Pakenham, 6th Earl of Longford, politician, dramatist, and poet (died 1961).
 * December – Maurice Gerard Moynihan, civil servant and writer (died 1999).
 * Full date unknown
 * Thekla Beere, civil servant (died 1991).
 * Frank Carney, playwright and civil servant (died 1978).
 * Maurice Gorham, journalist and broadcasting executive (died 1978).
 * Patrick MacDonogh, poet (died 1961).

Deaths

 * 20 January – Aubrey Thomas de Vere, poet and critic (born 1814).
 * 12 February – Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, politician, diplomat, and traveller (born 1826 in Florence).
 * 10 March – C. Y. O'Connor, engineer in Australia (born 1843).
 * 21 April – Ethna Carbery, writer and poet (born 1866).
 * 29 May – Edward Harrington, Member of Parliament (MP) for West Kerry 1885–1892 (born c.1852)
 * 20 July – John William Mackay, businessman in the United States (born 1831).
 * 22 July – Thomas Croke, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cashel and Emly, founder patron of the Gaelic Athletic Association (born 1824).
 * 23 December – Lucius Gwynn, cricketer (born 1873).
 * Full date unknown
 * John O'Hart, genealogist (born 1824).

title: 1902 in Ireland


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Video games/Collaboration of the month/History

CurrentGCOTW

The English Gaming Collaboration of the week (later month) process began on October 4, 2004, wherein the articles in question were voted on by editors in order to be selected. The final collaboration was on June 4, 2007; on January 19, 2009 the Collaboration of the Week was restarted, with the articles selected randomly by a bot from the set of high/top priority articles that were C-class or lower. On July 27, 2011, the collaboration was changed to run monthly. The winners for each week/month are listed below, along with a brief summary of how the article was improved during its featured time.

Vote-selected Collaborations

 * 1) October 7, 2004: Symbol support vote.svg Super Mario 64 (8 votes over 3 days)
 * 2) * 113 edits made by 14 editors (including 2 anonymous IPs)
 * 3) * Size increased from 6333 bytes to 21268 bytes.
 * 4) October 17, 2004: Crash Bandicoot (8 votes over 10 days)
 * 5) * 18 edits made by 11 editors (including 2 anonymous IPs)
 * 6) * Size increased from 1841 bytes to 4358 bytes
 * 7) October 24, 2004: Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars (13 votes over 20 days)
 * 8) * 19 edits made by 9 editors (including 1 anonymous IP)
 * 9) * Size increased from 5477 bytes to 7769 bytes
 * 10) October 31, 2004: The Oregon Trail (16 votes over 14 days)
 * 11) * 7 edits made by 7 editors (including 1 anonymous IP)
 * 12) * Size increased from 2111 bytes to 2909 bytes
 * 13) November 7, 2004: Age of Empires (15 votes over 22 days)
 * 14) * 33 edits made by 10 editors (including 0 anonymous IPs)
 * 15) * Size increased from 4083 bytes to 15646 bytes
 * 16) November 14, 2004: Super Smash Bros. (15 votes over 29 days)
 * 17) * 14 edits made by 7 editors (including 1 anonymous IP)
 * 18) * Size increased from 4103 bytes to 4863 bytes
 * 19) November 24, 2004: Super Mario 64 DS (6 votes over 8 days)
 * 20) * 42 edits made by 10 editors and 3 anonymous IP's
 * 21) * Size increased from 2389 bytes to 10390 bytes
 * 22) December 3, 2004: Game over (6 votes over 16 days)
 * 23) * 18 edits made by 8 editors
 * 24) * Size increased from 1019 bytes to 2990 bytes
 * 25) December 12, 2004: [[File:LinkFA-star.png]] Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater (8 votes over 20 days)
 * 26) * 21 edits made by 8 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 27) * Size increased from 11450 bytes to 13996 bytes
 * 28) December 19, 2004: Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door (7 votes over 15 days)
 * 29) * 81 edits made by 20 editors (including 10 anonymous editors)
 * 30) * Size increased from 2635 bytes to 18391 bytes
 * 31) February 6, 2005: Pilotwings (4 votes over 2 days)
 * 32) * 38 edits made by 8 editors (including 1 anonymous IP)
 * 33) * Size increased from 1875 bytes to 8842 bytes
 * 34) February 13, 2005: Star Fox (7 votes over 10 days)
 * 35) * 21 edits made by 11 editors (including 1 anonymous editor)
 * 36) * Size increased from 8070 bytes to 16188 bytes
 * 37) February 20, 2005: Difficulty level (11 votes over 5 days)
 * 38) * 42 edits made by 10 editors and 2 anonymous IP's
 * 39) * Size increased to 7047 bytes
 * 40) March 2, 2005: Gunstar Heroes (7 votes in 18 days)
 * 41) * 10 edits made by 6 editors
 * 42) * Size increased from 2261 bytes to 5343 bytes
 * 43) March 9, 2005: Sony Computer Entertainment (8 votes in 8 days)
 * 44) * 7 edits made by 2 editors
 * 45) * Size increased from 918 bytes to 5068 bytes
 * 46) March 16, 2005: Game controller (5 votes in 3 days)
 * 47) * 55 edits made by 8 editors and 2 anonymous IPs
 * 48) * Size increased from 1053 bytes to 13649 bytes
 * 49) March 27, 2005: Crazy Taxi (6 votes in 6 days)
 * 50) * 29 edits made by 6 editors
 * 51) * Size increased from 3890 bytes to 8111 bytes
 * 52) April 4, 2005: Star Wars: Rogue Squadron (series) (5 votes in 10 days)
 * 53) * 30 edits made by 6 editors
 * 54) * Size increased from 2497 bytes to 8064 bytes
 * 55) April 11, 2005: Password (video games) (10 votes in 15 days)
 * 56) * 36 edits made by 10 editors and 4 anonymous IPs
 * 57) * Size increased to 6406 bytes
 * 58) April 18, 2005: F-Zero (8 votes in 4 days)
 * 59) * 16 edits made by 5 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 60) * Size increased from 1641 bytes to 3745 bytes
 * 61) April 25, 2005: Konami (6 votes in 12 days)
 * 62) * 35 edits made by 10 editors, 1 bot, and 2 anonymous IPs
 * 63) * Size increased from 2580 bytes to 7385 bytes
 * 64) May 3, 2005: Minigame (7 votes in 6 days)
 * 65) * 15 edits made by 8 editors and 1 anonymous IPs
 * 66) * Size increased from 865 bytes to 1709 bytes
 * 67) May 10, 2005: Jak and Daxter (7 votes in 21 days)
 * 68) * 7 edits made by 4 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 69) * Size increased from 2594 bytes to 3709 bytes.
 * 70) May 16, 2005: Computer and video game packaging (14 votes in 6 days)
 * 71) * 28 edits made by 7 editors and 4 anonymous IP's
 * 72) * Size increased from 3969 bytes to 8150 bytes
 * 73) May 23, 2005: Mega Man (8 votes in 5 days)
 * 74) * 31 edits made by 8 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 75) * Size increased from 609 bytes to 5417 bytes
 * 76) May 30, 2005: Instruction manual (computer and video games) (10 votes in 14 days)
 * 77) * 35 edits made by 14 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 78) * Size increased from 174 bytes to 8967 bytes
 * 79) June 6, 2005:Computer and video games that have been considered the greatest ever (9 votes in 9 days)
 * 80) * 28 edits made by 11 editors and 2 anonymous IP's.
 * 81) * Size increased from 4922 bytes to 5844 bytes
 * 82) June 13, 2005: List of commercial failures in computer and video gaming (9 votes in 7 days)
 * 83) * 86 edits made by 17 editors and 6 anonymous IP's
 * 84) * Size increased from 4728 bytes to 14418 bytes
 * 85) June 20, 2005: Capcom (5 votes in 5 days)
 * 86) * 38 edits made by 9 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 87) * Size increased from 2804 bytes to 6397 bytes
 * 88) June 27, 2005: Hyrule Castle (10 votes in 7 days)
 * 89) * 35 edits made by 12 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 90) * Size increased from 3644 bytes to 6715 bytes
 * 91) July 4, 2005: Mega Man X (12 votes in 9 days)
 * 92) * 32 edits made by 13 editors and 2 anonymous IP's
 * 93) * Size increased from 4273 bytes to 8085 bytes
 * 94) July 11, 2005: Intelligent Systems (12 votes in 7 days)
 * 95) * 34 edits made by 12 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 96) * Size increased from 3916 bytes to 5451 bytes
 * 97) July 18, 2005: Super Mario World (13 votes in 10 days)
 * 98) * 18 edits made by 12 editors and 3 anonymous IP's
 * 99) * Size increased from 5229 bytes to 8972 bytes
 * 100) July 25, 2005: Hiroshi Yamauchi (8 votes in 19 days)
 * 101) * 21 edits made by 7 editors
 * 102) * Size increased from 1622 bytes to 7861 bytes
 * 103) August 2, 2005: Cel-shaded animation (12 votes in 10 days)
 * 104) * 50 edits made by 12 editors and 3 anonymous IP's
 * 105) * Size increased from 4397 bytes to 6935 bytes
 * 106) August 8, 2005: Comparison of handheld gaming consoles (11 votes in 13 days)
 * 107) * 48 edits made by 11 editors and 2 anonymous IP's
 * 108) * Size increased from 14,588 bytes to 19,603 bytes
 * 109) August 15, 2005: Platform game (10 votes in 11 days)
 * 110) * 49 edits made by 15 editors and 3 anonymous IP's
 * 111) * Size increased from 5,641 bytes to 13,501 bytes
 * 112) August 22, 2005: List of video game mascots (12 votes in 21 days)
 * 113) * 51 edits made by 12 editors and 4 anonymous IP's
 * 114) * Size increased from 3057 bytes to 6043 bytes
 * 115) August 29, 2005: Game demo (14 votes in 19 days)
 * 116) * 26 edits made by 9 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 117) * Size increased from 3451 bytes to 6312 bytes
 * 118) September 5, 2005: Phantasy Star series (10 votes in 24 days)
 * 119) * 7 edits made by 4 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 120) * Size decreased from 6617 bytes to 6534 bytes
 * 121) September 13, 2005: Rygar (5 votes in 7 days)
 * 122) * 24 edits made by 4 editors
 * 123) * Size increased from 2565 bytes to 5601 bytes
 * 124) September 19, 2005: Umbrella Corporation (5 votes in 13 days)
 * 125) * 29 edits made by 7 editors and 2 anonymous IP's
 * 126) * Size decreased from 20,544 bytes to 3232 bytes
 * 127) September 26, 2005: Handheld video game (11 votes in 5 days)
 * 128) * 75 edits made by 15 editors and 4 anonymous IP's
 * 129) * Size increased from 481 bytes to 8013 bytes
 * 130) October 3, 2005: Kirby's Adventure (8 votes in 3 weeks)
 * 131) * 33 edits made by 13 editors and 2 anonymous IP's
 * 132) * Size increased from 1568 bytes to 10,318 bytes
 * 133) October 10, 2005: Final Fantasy Legend (6 votes in 5 days)
 * 134) * 15 edits made by 7 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 135) * Size increased from 3184 bytes to 6943 bytes
 * 136) October 18, 2005: Lufia & the Fortress of Doom (3 votes in 7 days)
 * 137) * 29 edits made by 8 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 138) * Size increased from 290 bytes to 8031 bytes
 * 139) October 24, 2005: List of controversial games (4 votes in 3 days)
 * 140) * 29 edits made by 11 editors and 4 anonymous IP's
 * 141) * Size increased from 3245 bytes to 6618 bytes
 * 142) October 31, 2005: Syndicate (computer game series) (9 votes in 10 days)
 * 143) * 5 edits made by 2 editors
 * 144) * Size increased from 3291 bytes to 4095 bytes
 * 145) November 7, 2005: WikiProject Computer and video games/Essential articles (7 votes in 6 days)
 * 146) * 12 edits made by 3 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 147) * Size increased from 1877 bytes to 3233 bytes
 * 148) November 14, 2005: History of role-playing games (8 votes in 20 days)
 * 149) * 3 edits made by 2 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 150) * Size decreased from 18827 bytes to 18816 bytes
 * 151) November 21, 2005: Quest (gaming) (4 votes in 8 days)
 * 152) * 7 edits made by 5 editors
 * 153) * Size increased from 4525 bytes to 10309 bytes
 * 154) November 28, 2005: List of books on computer and video games (6 votes in 9 days)
 * 155) * 13 edits made by 6 editors
 * 156) * Size increased from 269 bytes to 5324 bytes
 * 157) December 5, 2005: The Urbz: Sims in the City (3 votes in 7 days)
 * 158) * 16 edits made by 4 editors and 2 anonymous IP's
 * 159) * Size increased from 1,557 bytes to 6,260 bytes
 * 160) December 12, 2005: Fighting game (3 votes in 12 days)
 * 161) * 13 edits made by 7 editors and 2 anonymous IP's
 * 162) * Size increased from 7,489 bytes to 10,930 bytes
 * 163) December 19, 2005: List of MMORPGs (5 votes in 11 days)
 * 164) * 19 edits made by 5 editors and 8 anonymous IP's
 * 165) * Size increased from 9,040 bytes to 9,127 bytes
 * 166) December 26, 2005:Symbol support vote.svg Personal computer game (3 votes in 3 days)
 * 167) * 52 edits made by 6 editors and 3 anonymous IP's
 * 168) * Size increased from 10,911 bytes to 27,057 bytes
 * 169) January 2, 2006: Stunts (video game) (2 votes in 2 days)
 * 170) * 12 edits made by 8 editors
 * 171) * Size increased from 5,102 bytes to 6,547 bytes
 * 172) January 9, 2006: SNK Playmore (3 votes in 5 days)
 * 173) * 27 edits made by 6 editors
 * 174) * Size increased from 9,727 bytes to 13,734 bytes
 * 175) January 16, 2006: Sports game (6 votes in 5 days)
 * 176) * 53 edits made by 6 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 177) * Size increased from 2,772 bytes to 21,041 bytes
 * 178) January 23, 2006: Square Enix (11 votes in 4 days)
 * 179) * 10 edits made by 7 editors
 * 180) * Size decreased from 10,528 bytes to 6,516 bytes
 * 181) January 30, 2006: Shoot 'em up (4 votes in 6 days)
 * 182) * 49 edits made by 6 editors and 3 anonymous IP's
 * 183) * Size increased from 8,157 bytes to 19,006 bytes
 * 184) February 6, 2006: Current computer and video games events (2 votes in 5 days)
 * 185) * 35 edits made by 4 editors
 * 186) * Size increased from 5,707 bytes to 11,938 bytes
 * 187) February 13, 2006: Digital pet (6 votes in 5 days)
 * 188) * 8 edits made by 5 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 189) * Size increased from 3,076 bytes to 3,564 bytes
 * 190) February 20, 2006: EarthBound (4 votes in 5 days)
 * 191) * 15 edits made by 3 editors and 6 anonymous IP's
 * 192) * Size increased from 20,281 bytes to 21,632 bytes
 * 193) February 28, 2006: Michael Jackson's Moonwalker (3 votes in 6 days)
 * 194) * 33 edits made by 7 editors
 * 195) * Size increased from 4,650 bytes to 14,692 bytes
 * 196) March 6, 2006: Bioforge (4 votes in 4 days)
 * 197) * 74 edits made by 8 editors
 * 198) * Size increased from 1,645 bytes to 10,083 bytes
 * 199) March 13, 2006: Computer and video game culture (7 votes in 5 days)
 * 200) * 81 edits made by 13 editors and 4 anonymous IP's
 * 201) * Size increased from 175 bytes to 16,158 bytes
 * 202) March 20, 2006: Dune II (7 votes in 12 days)
 * 203) * 71 edits made by 9 editors, 1 anonymous IP, and 2 bots
 * 204) * Size increased from 8686 bytes to 19,380 bytes
 * 205) March 27, 2006: Combo (computer and video games)
 * 206) * 36 edits made by 10 editors
 * 207) * Size increased from 1542 bytes to 10,874 bytes
 * 208) April 3, 2006: Game artificial intelligence (4 votes in 6 days)
 * 209) * 15 edits made by 7 editors
 * 210) * Size increased from 4,675 bytes to 9,653 bytes
 * 211) April 10, 2006: WikiProject Computer and video games/Workshop (10 votes in 4 days)
 * 212) * 3 edits made by 3 editors
 * 213) * Size increased from 4,680 bytes to 5,399 bytes
 * 214) April 17, 2006: Power-up (2 votes in 7 days)
 * 215) * 36 edits made by 10 editors
 * 216) * Size increased from 3,972 bytes to 9,026 bytes
 * 217) April 24, 2006: R.C. Pro-Am (2 votes in 4 days)
 * 218) * 50 edits made by 8 editors
 * 219) * Size increased from 1,188 bytes to 9,261 bytes
 * 220) May 1, 2006: Re-Volt (4 votes in 4 days)
 * 221) * 26 edits made by 9 editors
 * 222) * Size increased from 1,767 bytes to 4,908 bytes
 * 223) May 8, 2006: List of songs involving computer and video games (4 votes in 5 days)
 * 224) * 25 edits made by 9 editors and 2 anonymous IP's
 * 225) * Size increased from 4,965 bytes to 9,716 bytes
 * 226) May 15, 2006: Destruction Derby (5 votes in 12 days)
 * 227) * 20 edits made by 6 editors
 * 228) * Size increased from 2,472 bytes to 9,249 bytes
 * 229) May 22, 2006: Episodic games (4 votes in 6 days)
 * 230) * 9 edits made by 6 editors
 * 231) * Size increased from 9,356 bytes to 9,622 bytes
 * 232) May 29, 2006: Cooperative gameplay (9 votes in 7 days)
 * 233) * 39 edits made by 13 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 234) * Size increased from 2,129 bytes to 17,071 bytes
 * 235) June 5, 2006: Fangame (1 vote in 4 days)
 * 236) * 18 edits mady by 8 editors
 * 237) * Size increased from 2,797 bytes to 6,987 bytes
 * 238) June 12, 2006: Alternate reality game (2 votes in 5 days)
 * 239) * 1 edit made by 1 editor
 * 240) * Size increased from 21,092 bytes to 21,096 bytes
 * 241) June 19, 2006: Giants: Citizen Kabuto (1 vote in 1 day)
 * 242) * 4 edits made by 4 editors
 * 243) * Size increased from 3,450 bytes to 3,531 bytes
 * 244) June 26, 2006: History of computer role-playing games (2 votes in 4 days)
 * 245) * 18 edits made by 6 editors
 * 246) * Size increased from 5,335 bytes to 15,015 bytes
 * 247) July 4, 2006: Advergaming (1 vote in 3 days)
 * 248) * 2 edits made by 2 editors
 * 249) * Size decreased from 2,762 bytes to 2,647 bytes
 * 250) July 17, 2006: Gaming PC (1 vote in 1 week)
 * 251) * 54 edits made by 11 editors
 * 252) * Size increased from 5,229 bytes to 17,286 bytes
 * 253) July 25, 2006: Anime game (1 vote in 3 days)
 * 254) * 14 edits made by 6 editors
 * 255) * Size increased from 3,877 bytes to 8,094 bytes
 * 256) July 31, 2006: Fate (1 vote in 2 days)
 * 257) * 7 edits made by 4 editors
 * 258) * Size decreased from 3,582 bytes to 3,415 bytes
 * 259) August 7, 2006: Dead Rising (4 votes in 6 days)
 * 260) * 156 edits made by 25 editors and 49 anonymous IP's
 * 261) * Size increased from 11,203 bytes to 14,420 bytes
 * 262) August 14, 2006: Tropico (6 votes in 12 days)
 * 263) * 40 edits made by 15 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 264) * Size increased from 8,440 bytes to 11,394 bytes
 * 265) August 21, 2006: Cultural differences in computer and console role-playing games (5 votes in 15 days)
 * 266) * 19 edits made by 4 editors
 * 267) * Size increased from 16,993 bytes to 17,008 bytes
 * 268) August 28, 2006: Magi Nation (3 votes in 6 days)
 * 269) * 10 edits made by 4 editors
 * 270) * Size increased from 10,768 bytes to 11,364 bytes
 * 271) September 4, 2006: Frank West (Dead Rising) (3 votes in 7 days)
 * 272) * 57 edits made by 5 editors and 2 anonymous IP's
 * 273) * Size increased from 7,916 bytes to 11,742 bytes
 * 274) September 12, 2006: Captain Falcon (1 vote in 2 days)
 * 275) * 15 edits made by 1 editor
 * 276) * Size decreased from 18, 942 bytes to 17,974 bytes
 * 277) September 18, 2006: Bomberman (1 vote)
 * 278) * 27 edits made by 8 editors and 4 anonymous IP's
 * 279) * Size decreased from 18,691 bytes to 9,627 bytes
 * 280) September 26, 2006:Symbol support vote.svg Star Fox Command (3 votes)
 * 281) * 34 edits made by 7 editors and 3 anonymous IP's
 * 282) * Size increased from 11,526 bytes to 14,657 bytes
 * 283) October 3, 2006: Computer and video game journalism (1 vote)
 * 284) * 22 edits made by 7 editors and 1 bot
 * 285) * Size increased from 1,112 bytes to 6,408 bytes
 * 286) October 9, 2006: Ly the Fairy (2 votes)
 * 287) * 4 edits made by 3 editors
 * 288) * Size increased from 842 bytes to 1,106 bytes
 * 289) October 16, 2006: IndyCar Racing (2 votes)
 * 290) * 34 edits made by 7 editors and 1 bot
 * 291) * Size increased from 1,164 bytes to 28,826 bytes
 * 292) October 23, 2006: Disruptor (1 vote)
 * 293) * 6 edits made by 3 editors
 * 294) * Size increased from 1,217 bytes to 2,837 bytes
 * 295) October 31, 2006: To the Earth (1 vote)
 * 296) * 18 edits made by 4 editors
 * 297) * Size increased from 856 bytes to 3,789 bytes
 * 298) November 6, 2006: Brian Reynolds (4 votes)
 * 299) * 21 edits made by 6 editors
 * 300) * Size increased from 1,970 bytes to 5,271 bytes
 * 301) November 13, 2006: Codename: Panzers
 * 302) * 12 edits made by 6 editors
 * 303) * Size decreased from 12,416 bytes to 5,167 bytes
 * 304) November 20, 2006: Crystalis
 * 305) * 39 edits made by 10 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 306) * Size increased from 6,993 bytes to 11,604 bytes
 * 307) November 27, 2006: Kirby Air Ride (2 votes)
 * 308) * 42 edits made by 8 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 309) * Size increased from 8,923 bytes to 10,237 bytes
 * 310) December 4, 2006: Tactics Ogre: Let Us Cling Together (3 votes)
 * 311) * 68 edits made by 8 editors and 2 anonymous IP's
 * 312) * Size increased from 6,956 bytes to 19,017 bytes
 * 313) December 11, 2006: X-Men vs. Street Fighter
 * 314) * 42 edits made by 8 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 315) * Size increased from 4,864 bytes to 9,070 bytes
 * 316) December 18, 2006: Mobile Suit Gundam: Crossfire (3 votes)
 * 317) * 21 edits made by 8 editors
 * 318) * Size increased from 4,219 bytes to 5,320 bytes
 * 319) December 25, 2006: George Sanger (4 votes)
 * 320) * 19 edits made by 5 editors
 * 321) * Size increased from 1,747 bytes to 3,748 bytes
 * 322) January 1, 2007: Cheating (video games) (7 votes)
 * 323) * 129 edits made by 9 editors and 2 anonymous IP's
 * 324) * Size increased from 1,662 bytes to 18,661 bytes
 * 325) January 8, 2007: Symbol support vote.svg Goemon's Great Adventure
 * 326) * 146 edits made by 12 editors
 * 327) * Size increased from 1,661 bytes to 27,826 bytes
 * 328) January 15, 2007: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link (2 votes)
 * 329) * 33 edits made by 13 editors, 2 anonymous IP's, and 2 bots
 * 330) * Size increased from 16,822 bytes to 20,429 bytes
 * 331) January 22, 2007: Micromanagement (computer gaming) (5 votes)
 * 332) * 26 edits made by 7 editors, 1 anonymous IP, and 1 bot
 * 333) * Size decreased from 5,872 bytes to 3,620 bytes
 * 334) January 29, 2007: Street Fighter (series) (6 votes)
 * 335) * 34 edits made by 7 editors and 4 anonymous IP's
 * 336) * Size increased from 15,484 bytes to 16,678 bytes
 * 337) February 5, 2007: Mega Man 2 (3 votes)
 * 338) * 11 edits by 3 editors, 3 anonymous IP's, and 1 bot
 * 339) * Size increased from 9549 bytes to 12,261 bytes
 * 340) February 12, 2007: Symbol support vote.svg Turok 2: Seeds of Evil (3 votes)
 * 341) * 14 edits made by 5 editors and 2 bots
 * 342) * Size increased from 10,452 bytes to 11,834 bytes
 * 343) February 19, 2007: Prima Games (3 votes)
 * 344) * 16 edits made by 6 editors and 1 bot
 * 345) * Size increased from 348 bytes to 2,069 bytes
 * 346) February 26, 2007: Manhunt (video game) (3 votes)
 * 347) * 48 edits made by 10 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 348) * Size increased from 18,282 bytes to 20,326 bytes
 * 349) March 5, 2007: Kirby's Dream Land (5 votes)
 * 350) * 42 edits made by 6 editors, 1 anonymous IP, and 1 bot
 * 351) * Size increased from 7,255 bytes to 10,542 bytes
 * 352) March 12, 2007: Newbie (2 votes)
 * 353) * 13 edits made by 8 editors
 * 354) * Size decreased from 11,841 bytes to 6,834 bytes
 * 355) March 19, 2007: Tetris (Game Boy) (5 votes)
 * 356) * 39 edits made by 5 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 357) * Size increased from 2,473 bytes to 9,238 bytes
 * 358) March 26, 2007: Kirby Super Star (6 votes)
 * 359) * 14 edits made by 7 editors and 2 anonymous IP's
 * 360) * Size increased from 12,781 bytes to 13,028 bytes
 * 361) April 2, 2007: Baldur's Gate (series) (5 votes)
 * 362) * 27 edits made by 4 editors and 1 bot
 * 363) * Size increased from 13,291 bytes to 14,441 bytes
 * 364) April 9, 2007: Imagic (4 votes)
 * 365) * 22 edits made by 3 editors and 1 bot
 * 366) * Size increased from 3,653 bytes to 6,418 bytes
 * 367) April 16, 2007: Worms (series) (5 votes)
 * 368) * 18 edits made by 7 editors and 2 anonymous IP's
 * 369) * Size decreased from 22,835 bytes to 22,005 bytes
 * 370) April 23, 2007: Nintendo Power (6 votes)
 * 371) * 26 edits made by 8 editors and 1 anonymous IP
 * 372) * Size decreased from 26,790 bytes to 24,763 bytes
 * 373) April 30, 2007: Driver 2 (3 votes)
 * 374) * 25 edits made by 4 editors and 1 bot
 * 375) * Size increased from 6,017 bytes to 7,906 bytes
 * 376) May 7, 2007: Space Invaders (1 votes)
 * 377) * 15 edits made by 8 editors and 1 bot
 * 378) * Size decreased from 21,894 bytes to 21,685 bytes
 * 379) May 14, 2007: Rage Racer (4 votes)
 * 380) May 21, 2007: Sam & Max Hit the Road (4 votes)
 * 381) May 28, 2007: Civilization (computer game) (4 votes)
 * 382) June 4, 2007: Bomberman (3 votes)


text:
Cash cow

A cash cow is product or service that generates significant revenue over a long period of time for the company that sells it. They also generate more cash than they consume. Revenue “milked” from cash cows is often used to subsidise less profitable parts of a business.

The term cash cow is a metaphor for a dairy cow used on farms to produce milk, offering a steady stream of income with little maintenance.

Cash cows are products or services that have achieved market leader status, provide positive cash flows and a return on assets (ROA) that exceeds the market growth rate. The idea is that such products produce profits long after the initial investment has been recouped. By generating steady streams of income, cash cows help fund the overall growth of a company, their positive effects spilling over to other business units. Furthermore, companies can use them as leverage for future expansions, as lenders are more willing to lend money knowing that the debt will be serviced.

Cash cows can be also used to buy back shares already on the market or increase the dividends paid to shareholders. They usually bring in cash for years, until new technology or shifting market preferences renders them obsolete.

Disadvantages

Cash cows can act as barriers to entry to the market for new products, as entrants need to invest heavily in order to achieve the brand awareness required to capture a significant share of the market away from the dominant players. A higher pay out rate of earning in the form of share repurchase or cash/share dividend might also increase the risk of future dividend cut and is an indication of lack of growth opportunity.

Since the business unit can maintain profits with little maintenance or investment, a cash cow can also be used to describe a profitable but complacent company or business unit.

In his book The Innovator's Dilemma, Clayton M. Christensen argues that listening to existing customers' concerns can prevent a highly successful business from innovating, resulting in smaller competitors eventually producing disruptive innovations. This sentiment is expressed in the business aphorism "If I had asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses", which is misattributed to Henry Ford, a pioneering manufacturer of the automobile.

Example cash cows
Successful products that satisfy the criteria for cash cows include:

 * Amazon Web Services generates revenue which is used to subsidise the less profitable business of online shopping at Amazon
 * Apple Inc's iPhone lines
 * The higher education sector is often reliant on international students as a cash cow to subsidise research, management, administration and teaching of home students.
 * Private Market Assets can serve as a cash cow for investors.

title: Cash cow


text:
1901 in Ireland

Events in the year 1901 in Ireland.

Events

 * 1 January – The centenary of the Act of Union was celebrated by British forces in Ireland.
 * 3 January – Despite some opposition Drogheda Corporation voted to confer the freedom of the town on President Kruger of the Boers.
 * 22 January – Queen Victoria died in London. In Dublin theatres were closed and the blinds were drawn at the General Post Office.
 * 24 January – Edward VII was proclaimed King in Ireland in a state ceremony at Dublin Castle.
 * 2 February – Banks, public offices, theatres and music halls were closed in Dublin for the funeral of Queen Victoria.
 * 19 February – Thomas O'Donnell, a Nationalist Member of Parliament, was stopped by the Speaker from addressing the British House of Commons in Irish.
 * 31 March – The Irish population census was taken. The population of the entire island was 4.5 million people. Roman Catholics outnumbered Anglicans and Presbyterians by almost three to one.
 * 16 June – The Catholic Cathedral of St. Eunan and St Columba opened in Letterkenny.
 * 11 July – The RMS Celtic was launched at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. She was the largest ship in the world and would sail between Liverpool and New York.
 * The Jammet Hotel and Restaurant opened in Dublin.
 * The Barry's Tea company was founded in Cork.
 * The first Roches Stores shop opened.

Arts and literature

 * 21 October – Douglas Hyde's play Casadh an tSúgáin was premièred by Conradh na Gaeilge's Amateur Dramatic Society for the Irish Literary Theatre at the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin, featuring the author and Máire Ní Chinnéide and directed by William Fay and George Moore.
 * Patrick S. Dinneen's Cormac Ó Conaill became the first novel in Irish published complete in book form.
 * George Moore's novel Sister Theresa was published.

Football

 * International
 * 23 February – Scotland 11–0 Ireland (in Glasgow)
 * 9 March – England 3–0 Ireland (in Southampton)
 * 23 March – Ireland 0–1 Wales (in Belfast)

 * Irish League
 * Winners: Distillery

 * Irish Cup
 * Winners: Cliftonville 1–0 Freebooters

 * St Columb's Court, a team from Derry, joined the Irish Football League, but only lasted one season.

Athletics

 * 5 August – Peter O'Connor set the first International Association of Athletics Federations recognised long jump world record, of 24 ft 11¾ in. (7.61 m), in Dublin. It remained unbeaten for 20 years and an Irish record for 89.

Births

 * 11 February – Roddy Connolly, Labour Party Teachta Dála (TD), Seanad member, son of James Connolly (died 1980).
 * 15 February – Brendan Bracken, businessman and British cabinet minister (died 1958).
 * 10 May – John Desmond Bernal, scientist (died 1971).
 * 5 June – Wilfred Hutton, cricketer (died 1978).
 * 7 June – Anthony Barry, businessman, Fine Gael party TD, Seanad member and Lord Mayor of Cork (died 1983).
 * 8 June – John O'Sullivan, Fine Gael party TD, and Senator (died 1990).
 * 12 June – Jimmy Elwood, footballer (died 1936 in Northern Ireland).
 * 18 June – Denis Johnston, dramatist (died 1984).
 * 5 July – Matt Goff, Kildare Gaelic footballer (died 1956).
 * 17 July – Patrick Smith, TD and Cabinet minister (died 1982).
 * 6 October – Todd Andrews, Irish revolutionary and public servant (died 1985).
 * 7 November – Norah McGuinness, artist (died 1980 in Northern Ireland).
 * 21 November – Finlay Jackson, cricketer and rugby player (died 1941 in Northern Ireland).
 * 23 December – Seán Clancy, veteran of the Irish War of Independence (died 2006)
 * 26 December – Gustavus Kelly, cricketer (died [1980).

Deaths

 * 8 January – John Barry, soldier, posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1901 at Monument Hill, South Africa (born 1873).
 * 22 January – Queen Victoria, monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (born 1819).
 * 14 March – Arthur Gore, 5th Earl of Arran, Anglo-Irish peer and diplomat (born 1839).
 * 8 April – Edward Ernest Bowen, schoolmaster (born 1836).
 * 28 April – James Stephens, founding member of the Fenian Brotherhood movement (born 1825).
 * 1 July – James M. Bell, United States Army soldier, awarded the Medal of Honor in 1876 during the Indian Wars (born 1845).
 * 20 August – James Owens, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1854 at the Siege of Sebastopol in the Crimean War (born 1829).
 * 8 September – Michael Morris, 1st Baron Killanin, jurist, politician, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland (born 1826).
 * 16 November – William George Nicholas Manley, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1864 near Tauranga, New Zealand (born 1831).
 * 4 December – William MacCormac, surgeon (born 1836).

title: 1901 in Ireland


text:
File:Steve Miller Band Fly Like an Eagle.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Steve Miller Band album Fly Like an Eagle.


text:
Talk:Sid Watkins

External links modified
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I have just modified 5 external links on Sid Watkins. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://missing.liv.ac.uk/results.php?year=1956
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081209033349/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_/ai_n13940663 to http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_/ai_n13940663
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050122042821/http://www.fia.com/mediacentre/Press_Releases/FIA_Sport/2005/January/200105-01.html to http://www.fia.com/mediacentre/Press_Releases/FIA_Sport/2005/January/200105-01.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121126073259/http://www.institutequarterly.com/IQ-ISSUE02-article-03.html to http://www.institutequarterly.com/IQ-ISSUE02-article-03.html

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080723131404/http://www.one18racing.com/the_last_day.htm to http://www.one18racing.com/the_last_day.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080703201835/http://www.brainandspine.org.uk/about_us/index.html to http://www.brainandspine.org.uk/about_us/index.html
 * Added tag to http://www.fiainstitute.com/summit/force.php?file=qa-sid-watkins.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080522131130/http://www.fia.com/automotive/issue2/institute/article1.html to http://fia.com/automotive/issue2/institute/article1.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084747/http://formula-1.updatesport.com/news/article/1127145141/formula_one/F1headlines/Sign-up-for-Sir-Sid-Watkins/view.html to http://formula-1.updatesport.com/news/article/1127145141/formula_one/F1headlines/Sign-up-for-Sir-Sid-Watkins/view.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120726075648/http://www.fiainstitute.com/news/Pages/article-999999996.aspx to http://www.fiainstitute.com/news/Pages/article-999999996.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121118000648/http://www.blencolour.com/motorsportsafetyfund/WatkinsLecture.html to http://www.blencolour.com/motorsportsafetyfund/WatkinsLecture.html
 * Added tag to http://www1.skysports.com/formula-1/news/12433/8074980/F1-mourns-passing-of-Watkins
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120916202019/http://www.planetf1.com/driver/3213/8074803/Sid-Watkins-dies to http://www.planetf1.com/driver/3213/8074803/Sid-Watkins-dies

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title: Talk:Sid Watkins


text: User talk:69.210.127.78

title: User talk:69.210.127.78


text:
Talk:Pacific Grand Prix

Explanation of existence
Hi, does anyone know why (or a web page that does) the Pacific Grand Prix even came into being considering there was already a Japanese GP / How they got two races?. I always wondered the same thing about the European Grand Prix until i read the info on that page - started as an honorific title then became a handy stopgap. Would be a useful addition to the page... extraordinary (talk)
 * I'm sure I remember reading that the very wealthy Mr Tanaka said to Bernie Ecclestone that he wanted a Grand Prix at his circuit and Bernie said, "Anything is possible for the right money." So he paid his money and got himself a Grand Prix. Don't have a source for it though - this is just from memory. Readro (talk) 13:03, 22 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Interesting. That sounds about right. You can replace "Mr Tanaka" in your story with "Mr " and your story also accurately describes recent circuit additions. Sorry that's the cynic in me... Anyway, if anyone finds a source... extraordinary (talk) 11:10, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Creation of new page for 1960-1963 Pacific Grand Prix
The references to the 1960-1963 races should be removed from this article, as the majority of the article is about the 1994 and 1995 races. There should be a new page for the 1960-1963 races, and a disambiguation page created. Asd36f (talk) 11:59, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The title of the article is not Pacific Formula One Grand Prix. Many of the other Grand Prix articles include historires which is not as a Formula One race, don't see why this race should be treated differently from any of the others. --Falcadore (talk) 16:55, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Agree with Falcadore - inclusion of non-F1 races is consistent with the other "xxx Grand Prix" articles. DH85868993 (talk) 01:55, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

Flag
The Pacific Grand Prix name on the top of this page is combined with a Japanese flag. However, some editions of this Grand Prix not taking place in Japan are listed so I think that is not right. Tvx1 (talk) 22:46, 17 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Or it suggests the Pacific Grands Prix held in the USA should be removed to a seperate article. 124.185.17.231 (talk) 12:25, 19 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't quite agree there. Those races were Pacific Grands Prix too and this article clearly deals with anything race called Pacific Grand Prix. The flag issue needs to be adressed though. Tvx1 (talk) 18:07, 19 August 2013 (UTC)
 * It was dealt with and quite happily. You're just stirring things up because you've made a guess about how the flags work and gotten it wrong.
 * Detroit Grand Prix and Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix are excellent examples of how two races with the same name can be split on relevancy grounds. So perhaps you can draw inspiration from that instead. --58.165.127.55 (talk) 02:59, 20 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Well go and split them then. Either way the current situation with the Japanese flag for a race that has taken place in the USA too is incorrect. Either address the flag or split the articles Tvx1 (talk) 17:46, 22 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Again you think it is incorrect. But as with many things you've said since arriving here it's been substantially wrong. Instead of trying to change everything you see into what you believe is correct, why not talk to the editors who have been working on this project for many years and try to understand their thinking, understand wikpedias guidelines and rules, before barging in insulting all and sundry and insisting you are right and everyone else needs to change their view to match yours. It's probably been a big reason why you might have found the wikipedia experience to be unhappy and frustrating. Consensus is not about out-voting or out-shouting everyone else, it is working with them. --Falcadore (talk) 04:11, 23 August 2013 (UTC)
 * There's no need to get aggressive. I don't see what you're problem here is. Two possible solutions have been put forward and I have supported both. I'm just trying to help. Tvx1 (talk) 16:05, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pacific Grand Prix


text: Category:Steve Miller Band albums

title: Category:Steve Miller Band albums


text:
Fly Like an Eagle (album)

Fly Like an Eagle is the ninth studio album by American rock band Steve Miller Band, released in May 1976 by Capitol Records in the United States, Canada and Japan and Mercury Records in Europe.

The album was a success, spawning three singles: the title track, "Take the Money and Run" and "Rock'n Me", and eventually received quadruple platinum certification from the RIAA.

Fly Like an Eagle was voted number 400 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000). In 2012, the album was ranked number 445 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time."

The album remains a staple of rock, and its singles remain in constant rotation on classic rock radio stations in the United States and worldwide.

On the album's cover, Miller is posing with a black left-handed Fender Stratocaster that Jimi Hendrix had originally ordered, but Miller ended up claiming it from Manny's Music and re-strung it right-handed, as Hendrix had died after it was ordered. Unfortunately, the guitar was stolen after the album's release.

Critical reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine in a retrospective review for AllMusic felt that "the focus brings about his strongest set of songs (both originals and covers), plus a detailed atmospheric production where everything fits." However, he said that "it still can sound fairly dated", but concluded the review by saying that "its best moments [...] are classics of the idiom." Rolling Stone voted it 1976's Best Album. Jay Cridlin of the Tampa Bay Times described "Dance, Dance, Dance" as "the best John Denver song John Denver never recorded".

Track listing
* Contains a brief sample from Cheech & Chong's comedy routine "Championship Wrestling" (from Cheech & Chong's Wedding Album, 1974), inserted after the first verse. The sample includes the words "...c'mon, don't be nervous!"

Steve Miller Band

 * Steve Miller – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards, sitar, ARP Odyssey (on tracks 1, 2, 10, 12), producer
 * Lonnie Turner – bass (on all tracks but 12)
 * Gary Mallaber – drums (on all tracks but 12)

Additional personnel

 * James Cotton – harmonica (on track 11)
 * Curley Cooke – guitar (on track 12)
 * Les Dudek – guitar (on track 12)
 * Charles Calamise – bass (on track 12)
 * Kenny Johnson – drums (on track 12)
 * John McFee – dobro (on track 5)
 * Joachim Young – B3 organ (on tracks 2 and 12)

Technical

 * John Palladino – executive producer
 * Mike Fusaro – recording engineer
 * Jim Gains – mastering
 * Susan McCardle – photography
 * David Stahl – photography

Quadraphonic and original editions
A Quadraphonic mix of the album was available on the Quadraphonic 8-Track cartridge format (in which Track 1 - "Space Intro" is edited into "Fly Like an Eagle" as one track, and Track 6 - "Take the Money and Run" intro repeats twice).

On the U.K. original vinyl release "Space Intro" does not appear on track listing. A 40-second track called "Space Odyssey" segues into "Wild Mountain Honey".

30th anniversary edition
In 2006 the album was re-released to celebrate its 30th anniversary. The CD is digitally remastered and includes three bonus tracks and a bonus DVD features a concert performance at Mountain View, California's Shoreline Amphitheatre in 2005 with over two hours of music in 5.1 Surround Sound (Note this surround mix is not based on the QUAD mix as track 1 and 6 are not different from the standard releases). Guest musicians include George Thorogood and Joe Satriani. The DVD also features a lengthy interview with Steve Miller, archive footage, never-before-seen photographs, and early demo recordings.

Live at Shoreline Amphitheatre

September 17, 2005
 * 1) Swingtown
 * 2) True Fine Love
 * 3) Abracadabra
 * 4) Dance Dance Dance
 * 5) Wild Mountain Honey
 * 6) Nature Boy
 * 7) Mercury Blues
 * 8) The Stake
 * 9) Shu Ba Da Du Ma Ma Ma Ma
 * 10) I Love the Life I Live, I Live the Life I Love (featuring George Thorogood)
 * 11) Got Love If You Want It (featuring George Thorogood)
 * 12) Gangster of Love (featuring George Thorogood)
 * 13) All Your Love (I Miss Loving) (featuring Joe Satriani)
 * 14) I'm Tore Down (featuring Joe Satriani)
 * 15) Slow Blues (featuring Joe Satriani)
 * 16) Crossroads (featuring Joe Satriani)
 * 17) Fly Like an Eagle (featuring Joe Satriani)
 * 18) Take the Money and Run
 * 19) Rock'n Me
 * 20) Jungle Love
 * 21) The Joker
 * 22) Encore: Serenade (featuring Joe Satriani)

title: Fly Like an Eagle (album)


text:
Category:Years in Ireland

For older years, see Category:Centuries in Ireland

title: Category:Years in Ireland