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Diphyllobothrium

Diphyllobothrium is a genus of tapeworms which can cause diphyllobothriasis in humans through consumption of raw or undercooked fish. The principal species causing diphyllobothriasis is D. latum, known as the broad or fish tapeworm, or broad fish tapeworm. D. latum is a pseudophyllid cestode that infects fish and mammals. D. latum is native to Scandinavia, western Russia, and the Baltics, though it is now also present in North America, especially the Pacific Northwest. In Far East Russia, D. klebanovskii, having Pacific salmon as its second intermediate host, was identified.

Other members of the genus Diphyllobothrium include D. dendriticum (the salmon tapeworm), which has a much larger range (the whole northern hemisphere), D. pacificum, D. cordatum, D. ursi, D. lanceolatum, D. dalliae, and D. yonagoensis, all of which infect humans only infrequently. In Japan, the most common species in human infection is D. nihonkaiense, which was only identified as a separate species from D. latum in 1986. More recently, a molecular study found D. nihonkaiense and D. klebanovskii to be a single species.

Morphology

The adult worm is composed of three fairly distinct morphological segments: the scolex (head), the neck, and the lower body. Each side of the scolex has a slit-like groove, which is a bothrium for attachment to the intestine. The scolex attaches to the neck, or proliferative region. From the neck grow many proglottid segments which contain the reproductive organs of the worm. D. latum is the longest tapeworm in humans, averaging ten meters long. Unlike many other tapeworms, Diphyllobothrium eggs are typically unembryonated when passed in human feces.

In adults, proglottids are wider than they are long (hence the name broad tapeworm). As in all pseudophyllid cestodes, the genital pores open midventrally.

Life cycle

Adult tapeworms may infect humans, canids, felines, bears, pinnipeds, and mustelids, though the accuracy of the records for some of the nonhuman species is disputed. Immature eggs are passed in feces of the mammal host (the definitive host, where the worms reproduce). After ingestion by a suitable freshwater crustacean such as a copepod (the first intermediate host), the coracidia develop into procercoid larvae. Following ingestion of the copepod by a suitable second intermediate host, typically a minnow or other small freshwater fish, the procercoid larvae are released from the crustacean and migrate into the fish's flesh where they develop into a plerocercoid larvae (sparganum). The plerocercoid larvae are the infective stage for the definitive host (including humans).

Because humans do not generally eat undercooked minnows and similar small freshwater fish, these do not represent an important source of infection. Nevertheless, these small second intermediate hosts can be eaten by larger predator species, for example trout, perch, walleye, and pike. In this case, the sparganum can migrate to the musculature of the larger predator fish and mammals can acquire the disease by eating these later intermediate infected host fish raw or undercooked. After ingestion of the infected fish, the plerocercoids develop into immature adults and then into mature adult tapeworms which will reside in the small intestine. The adults attach to the intestinal mucosa by means of the two bilateral grooves (bothria) of their scolices. The adults can reach more than 10 m (up to 30 ft) in length in some species such as D. latum, with more than 3,000 proglottids. One or several of the tape-like proglottid segments (hence the name tapeworm) regularly detach from the main body of the worm and release immature eggs in freshwater to start the cycle over again. Immature eggs are discharged from the proglottids (up to 1,000,000 eggs per day per worm) and are passed in the feces. The incubation period in humans, after which eggs begin to appear in the feces is typically 4–6 weeks, but can vary from as short as 2 weeks to as long as 2 years.

Disease
Diphyllobothriasis is considered a parasitic, zoonotic infection. D. latum causes a wide spectrum of disease and severity. The tapeworm induces changes in the concentration of several immunomodulators in the host. It can also cause structural changes in the GI tract as it modulates neuroendocrine responses and enhances secretion and gut motility. Damage may also come from the body's immune response against the worm and its millions of eggs (around 1 million/day) mediated by mast cells, eosinophilic cell degranulations resulting to inflammatory cytokines. Diphyllobothriosis is considered as the most important fish-borne zoonosis with up to 20 million individuals infected.

D. latum causes B12 deficiency in humans leading to megaloblastic or pernicious anemia. The worm absorbs around 80% of dietary B12 and prolonged infection can also cause abdominal pain, mechanical obstruction, and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia. Patients with prolonged infection of D. latum should be offered B12 supplementation along with anti-parasitics such as niclosamide or praziquantel.

title: Diphyllobothrium


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Talk:Venturi

There are a ton of good diagrams of plain venturis and ventiuri meters that can be found on Google Image Search. My drawing skill is not good; can somebody redraw one? Rpresser 20:14, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I have uploaded an image (GFDL'ed) of an actual Venturi Tube apparatus from Green Hope High School Physics department. In other considerations, we should really consider a merge - I may merge this article with Venturi Effect.Nimur 14:39, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

(Talk below is old and no longer applicable to current version. Rpresser 20:14, 21 April 2006 (UTC))

This looks like an eponymous name, especially since it's getting written with a capital initial letter. Who is its eponym? The article should say. Michael Hardy 20:52, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Accuracy
I doubt it is true that orifice plates are less accurate than venturis for measuring mass flow. More likely the other way round. It is true that the pressure drop from a venturi is very much less though. Man with two legs 18:47, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

For flow measurement, it is easier to make a very accurate orifice than a very accurate venturi. There is more to a venturi, so there will be more imperfections in it. NuicWen (talk) 06:35, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Venturi


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Getulina

Getulina is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 11,447 (2020 est.) in an area of 678 km2. The elevation is 487 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Getulina


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Glicério

Glicério is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 4,829 (2020 est.) in an area of 273 km2. The elevation is 400 m. The city is known for being the birthplace of former president of Brazil, Jair Bolsonaro.

The city was originally founded in 1906 as the village of Povoado de Castilho. The name of the village originated from the presence of the Castilho family who set up the first ranches in the area.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Notable people

 * Jair Bolsonaro (born 1955) 38th President of Brazil and former Federal Deputy of Brazil and captain of the Brazilian Army.

title: Glicério


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Secure file transfer program

sftp is a command-line interface client program to transfer files using the SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), which runs inside the encrypted Secure Shell connection.

It provides an interactive interface similar to that of traditional command-line FTP clients.

One common implementation of sftp is part of the OpenSSH project. There are other command-line SFTP clients that use different names, such as lftp, PSFTP and PSCP (from PuTTY package) and WinSCP.

title: Secure file transfer program


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Garðar Svavarsson

Garðarr Svavarsson (Old Norse: ; Modern Icelandic: Garðar Svavarsson ; Modern Swedish: Gardar Svavarsson) was a Swede who briefly resided in Iceland, according to the Sagas. He is said to be the second Scandinavian to reach the island of Iceland after Naddod. He and his family appear in the Icelandic Sagas with the principal source from Haukr Erlendsson's edition of Landnámabók.

Biography
Svavarsson is described as a Swedish Viking who owned land in Zealand (in modern Denmark). He was married to a woman from the Hebrides. During the 860s, he needed to claim his inheritance from his father-in-law. During a voyage to these isles, he sailed into a storm at Pentland Firth. This storm pushed his ship far to the north until he reached the eastern coast of Iceland. He circumnavigated the island, becoming the first known person to do so and thus establishing that the landmass was an island. He went ashore at Skjálfandi where he built himself a house and stayed for the winter. Since then, the place located in North Eastern Iceland has been called Húsavík.

Having returned, he praised the new land and called it after his own name Garðarshólmi (see names of Iceland). Nothing is known of his fate thereafter, but his son, Uni danski (Uni the Dane), later emigrated to Iceland. He made a feeble attempt to win it for the Norwegian king with himself as earl. He had discussed this with the king but when the local farmers knew his intent, they would help him in no way and soon he was killed.

Uni danski had a son, Hróar Tungugoði, who inherited the entire estate. In the Sagas of Icelanders, Hróar quarreled with other men and was twice challenged to a hill battle and won both times. He killed his opponents but was eventually murdered but then avenged by his son. Hróar's wife was Arngunnur, sister of Gunnar Hámundarson, who is one of the main characters in Njáls saga, the longest and generally considered the greatest of the Icelandic Sagas.

Other sources

 * Sigurðsson, Jón (1968) Garðar og náttfari (Reykjavík: Leiftur)

title: Garðar Svavarsson


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kuhanesh

Kuhanesh
Member of high school band. See vfd on Crimson Crush.
 * Delete for all Crimson Crush pages (vanity, non-notable band). jni 09:42, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete band vanity. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:30, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not vanity. anthony (see warning) 21:42, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: a kid in a band. Geogre 02:20, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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Talk:Phil Plait

Real name?
Surely it is preferable to have the article under the guy's real name, and have 'Bad Astronomer' as the redirect, instead of the other way round?--Fangz 20:57, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I reckon you're right, I just turned the Phil Plait one into the redirect because it was the shorter of the two. Because both already exist I reckon we'll need an admin to do the swap-over. Sockatume 12:38, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Watch out for Vandals
I just changed back all the references to "BadAstronomy.com". Some vandal has changed it to BadAstronomer.com. Which is a known woo-woo site run by a banned member of Bad Astronomy.

Be on the lookout for vandals, and make sure the links work, and point to the correct sites. Skyman8081 18:46, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Edit: Hi! This is the titular Bad Astronomer here. If anyone sees this page as being changed by "vandals", please contact me at badastro @ badastronomy.com. I'd like to know if/when it happens. Thanks! Phil Plait TheBadAstronomer 20:36, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, editors watching this page will revert any vandalism they notice, but don't expect anyone to email you. That is considered very un-wiki.   — Frecklefoot | Talk 01:48, September 9, 2005 (UTC)

Edit: Thanks for that. I didn't know. OK, that's cool. But I am familiar with this particular vandal, and he will continue to come back and change this page. I will subscribe to the page (as have others) and correct it whenever he comes back. Is there any other action that can be taken? Thanks. TheBadAstronomer 21:03, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Kinda doubtful, I'm afraid. If he uses a consistent IP, then we can block these IPs. However, looking at the history page, this guy seems to cycle through IPs, so we may hit innocent people too. Possibly, we can protect the page and prevent it from being edited at all, but that's a very drastic step and I don't think things are that bad yet.
 * Of course, since we know his IP, we can theoretically track him down and send one of our highly trained wikininjas to teach him a lesson with the wiffle bat...--Fangz 00:14, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Small Edit
I added one sentance about the merger of the boards so that other people would not get confused as I did about it. William Stoett

Redirect from Babb
Umm...why in the world does this page redirect from "babb"? Babb is my last name and it has alot of history dating all the way back to England before William the Conqueror(pre-1000 AD). Im going to change it unless someone could give me a good reason why not too.

BABB used to stand for the Bad Astronomy Bulletin Board, so that's why it redirected to this page. The board is now BAUT (Bad Astronomy and Universe Today), so it's fine by me if you change it. -Phil Plait

I second the notion to stop the re-direct from "Babb" to this page. I was curious why it did so and had to look all the way here on the Talk page to find out why it did so. Does that necessitate that we create a page for the "Babb" entry? Michaeloz 23:24, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Move BadAstronomy.com?
Since there's a Bad Astronomy article for the book, it seems like it'd be appropriate to put the website section on that page. So the Phil article is about Phil and the BA article is about the book and website. --ndc (talk) 01:46, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * That seems OK to me. I'll let others weigh in though.  Bubba73 (talk), 01:52, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The approval of another person made it worth sticking merge proposal tags up. =D --ndc (talk) 22:05, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I do not think it is necessary to remove the section on BadAstronomy.com. In its current state, it adds to the article about its creator and, seeing as how the subject of the article is known for his work on BadAstronomy.com, the section compliments the article. If this specific section grows so large that it detracts from, rather than enhances the article, a move might be prudent. As things are at the moment, I find it wholy unnecessary Anrie (talk) 12:05, 17 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I would argue there is a large enoug difference between the book and the badastronomy.com website that the two should remain seperate. The blog covers general science news, science fiction news, skeptic news, and examples of "bad astronomy." This section could use a little cleanup, but besides that I think it should stay where it is for now. 3Juno3 (talk) 22:36, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, do not converge this section into Bad Astronomy. BA Blog and the book are different. 76.114.240.3 (talk) 14:16, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

I am removing the notice. Orion11M87 (talk) 14:18, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

This article does not meet wikipedia standards
Phil Plait is not even a minor celebrity. He is not famous and therefore doesn't deserve mention. I suggest this article be deleted. Wamboman (talk) 04:17, 15 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I respectfully disagree. Having a show on the Discovery Channel and featured, no matter how brief, on Time.com makes him notable. From Notability: "Significant coverage" means that sources address the subject directly in detail, so no original research is needed to extract the content. Significant coverage is more than a trivial mention but it need not be the main topic of the source material." There is no mention of celebrity status. Blehfu (talk) 04:25, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

I worked all over the Harvard Medical School campus ... there are some extremely famous intellects there and most of them dont have more than a one or two paragraph item here on wiki ... not only should this person's wiki article be massively cut back but also someone should personally tell him to STOP TALKING WITH HIS HANDS! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.162.171.210 (talk) 00:10, 19 January 2011 (UTC) I will give an example ... this guy is 100 x's the intelect of phil plait and see how little he gets on wiki, Jack L. Strominger —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.162.171.210 (talk) 00:15, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

Looks like you have some work to do then. Stop commenting on Plaits page and start working on their sites. Sgerbic (talk) 15:23, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Disagree with deletion. Phil Plait is a notable public figure. He has the media appearances and mainstream media citations to support that. As for the claim that "smarter people have smaller articles," well, I agree with Sgerbic. Get to work beefing up their wiki articles. I don't even understand the "not even a minor celebrity" argument. I mean Vine star Curtis Lepore has a wikipedia page. What, never heard of him? Basically, he's famous with people who use a particular phone app. The idea that a published author who had his own Discovery miniseries, plus appearing on numerous others, should have his wikipedia page deleted makes no sense to me. I don't understand people who have all this spare time that they want to spend their time nominating well-written articles for deletion. Dustinlull (talk) 14:36, 31 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Hi Dustinlull, if you would like to weigh in, the discussion page for the deletion nomination is at Articles_for_deletion/Phil_Plait. While I agree with you that the subject meets General Notability Guidelines (outlined at WP:GNG), I'm hoping the discussion actually results in the improvement of the article, reducing its reliance on primary sources. Deletion nominations can seem frustrating, especially if you've been involved in helping to write the article, but they hopefully result in a stronger Wikipedia article in the end. Nmillerche (talk) 00:50, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

False and misleading quotes by Phil Plait
Phil Plait**:

"New CEPHEI is the farthest star you can see with the naked eye" - which he states in his own youtube channel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UHGLcNDGvA at approx 3:00 - 3:35

correct answer: Eta Carinae is.

Its getting better! Phil Plait also claims that ALL shuttle astronauts has been through the van allen belts!!!!!!!!: "Every single shuttle astronaut who has ever gone into space" - which he claims in a radio program with Joe Rogan http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvIC1QDSnIc at approx 6:00 - 6:13

Two lies, and still his website is used all over wikipedia to debunk the moon hoax theory? 91.145.38.53 (talk) 14:08, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I don't know if they're "lies" so much as misstatements, but they're not even incorrect. According to Wikipedia (I'm sure you've heard of it), Eta Carinae is a stellar system, not a single star. And the Van Allen belt extends from 1000 km above the surface of the Earth. Whether they've all passed through it depends on your definition of astronaut. — Frεcklεfσσt | Talk 16:01, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

Just for the record, no Space Shuttle orbiters have had apogees as high as 1,000km. They were all less than half that. It's the same for all Cosmonauts. The only crews who flew higher were aboard Moonbound Apollo missions. A few of those crew also eventually flew some Space Shuttle missions. If one were to arbitrarily define "Shuttle Astronaut" = "Apollo Astronaut Who's Been To The Moon", then it can be said that all Shuttle astronauts have been through the Van Allen Belts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.223.130.60 (talk) 12:59, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

This article does not meet wikipedia standard and should be deleted, and his website should not be used as a source in the moon hoax articles because, as we can see, contains numerous of errors and misleading propaganda 31.209.16.177 (talk) 11:46, 20 July 2013 (UTC)

 * 91.145.38.53 (talk), if there are statements in the article which do not accurately reflect what the source says, then please feel free to update it or add the appropriate maintenance templates for uncited information. However, it sounds like the objections here are to statements made in Youtube videos that are not mentioned in the subject's Wikipedia article. 31.209.16.177 (talk), if you have suggestions for improving the article then I invite your participation. Disagreeing with the subject's views regarding moon landing hoax conspiracy theories is not itself grounds for the article's removal. Nmillerche (talk) 12:21, 20 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Note both those IPs are the same editor, or at least highly suspected of being so, and both have been blocked over incivility and personal attacks. Canterbury Tail   talk  16:50, 20 July 2013 (UTC)

Expansion
I have just performed an expansion and reorganization of parts of the article, primarily focusing on Career, research and educational outreach, while also adding, updating and improving citations where applicable. Here's hoping these edits are helpful. Nmillerche (talk) 02:13, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I think this page has been greatly improved over the last few months. I have assessed it as "B" class on the Wikiproject Skepticism but I have not assessed it for the other wikiprojects. Members of those projects may want to do that.

 * Perhaps it should be referred for an official review by the GA reviewers. Should I do that or does someone else want to weigh in first? Allecher (talk) 01:24, 17 January 2014 (UTC)

Planet X, or Nibiru cataclysm?
Someone put a wikilink to Nibiru cataclysm and labeled it Planet X. These are two completely different things, and links should not be mislabeled to mislead the reader. We need to fix ths, but I'm not familiar enough with Plait to know exactly which idea he's debunking. JustinTime55 (talk) 16:35, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

Criticism of Plait's blog regarding Bill Kaysing
Whoever keeps whitewashing this section by deleting the criticism, please stop it. It is a demonstratable fact that Phil Plait published a blog entry containing strawman fallacies about Bill Kaysing, and that such strawman fallacies were disputed by daughter Wendy Kaysing and follower Jararh White.

Plait's blog entry for June 28 2005 contained the following statement: "To be fair, some may actually believe what they say. Kaysing may have. But he was still wrong, and made claims that are sickening (NASA killed the Apollo 1 astronauts to keep them quiet; NASA blew up Challenger on purpose to keep the astronauts quiet about the “fact” that space travel is impossible, and much more)." [Emphasis added]

While Kaysing did believe the Apollo 1 and Challenger crews were murdered, he did not believe they were murdered because space travel was impossible. In the Fox special - which Plait cites in the same blog entry! - Kaysing specifically states in his interview: "The astronauts were launched with the Saturn V. Then, in order to account for their disappearance, they simply orbited the Earth for eight days and in the interim they showed these fake pictures of the astronauts on the Moon. But on the eighth day the command console separated from the vehicle and descended to Earth as, of course, was shown in the films." [Emphasis added]

Jarrah White published a pdf on Aulis, Section 2 contained criticism and direct quotes from Wendy Kaysing. Here's the full section.

"After Bill Kaysing died in 2005, he became the subject of trolling by many of his enemies. Phil Plait the Bad Astronomy webmaster and defender of Apollo was fully aware of this FOX TV special and yet now finds it useful to repeatedly blog that Kaysing believed “All space travel was impossible.” [P. Plait, 2005; 2009] Demonstrably untrue. Yet in the comments on one of his YouTube videos Plait knowingly repeated this false claim to me. Then, in the very next sentence, in an attempt to reinforce this notion Plait paraphrased what Kaysing had said about the Challenger disaster on Naudwaur Radio. In reply I supplied the actual quote from that same interview, which once again demonstrated that Kaysing DID NOT claim that all space travel was impossible [Fig. 2.2]. And equally clearly demonstrated that Plait wittingly puts his own words into Kaysing’s mouth. Even after this April 11 2008 public discussion and other personal communications, Plait has made no attempt to rectify this ‘error’. It was this attempt to control the Apollo hoax narrative via character assassination and the fabrication of complete untruths that led me to think about writing an essay on such matters [...] (Wendy Kaysing) told me in response to Phil Plait’s strawman: During his time at Rocketdyne, Bill Kaysing had told his daughter – and summarized in his technical reports for the company – that the scientists that he was working with believed that they had the technology “to get to the Moon but not get back”. (In other words a Moon landing could not occur since take off from the Moon and re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere were not achievable). She had added this comment: “I cannot imagine my father ever saying that we could not do space travel. That’s ludicrous! That’s ridiculous! […] Anybody who says that about my father is just trying to discredit my father’s ability to even think.”" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.111.13.126 (talk) 00:10, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Please read WP:BLP. The issue isn't whether Plait wrote certain things or whether anyone criticized what he wrote: it's whether this is WP:DUE to include in the article. White isn't an independent source, being a follower of Kaysing and discussing his own arguments with Plait in that (unreliable for contentious information in a blp) pdf. There doesn't appear to be any mention of this incident/dispute in any independent reliable sources. Schazjmd   (talk)  00:29, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Phil Plait presents himself as an authority on fact-checking all things space and astronomy related, and on the occasions when somebody in that field that been taken out of context he has condemned such actions (for example ). Thus Plait should be held accountable for quoting out of context himself. It is a demonstrable fact that Bill Kaysing did NOT claim "all space travel is impossible", and having posted a rebuttal to the Fox special in which Kaysing specifically theorized the Apollo astronauts stayed in Earth orbit the entire time, Plait should know better than to strawman his opponent's position.
 * As far as independent sources go, White spoke about his dispute with Plait in a Binnard of America radio show, his dispute of Plait's strawman appears at about 36min and 30sec into the program. He talks about how he went so far as to travel from Australia to Las Vegas to call Plait's bluff at a convention where he was talking.
 * Perhaps a shorter version of this criticism section would be more appropriate? How about the following instead?
 * "Following the death of Bill Kaysing, the originator of the Apollo hoax theory, Plait published an obituary stating: “(Kaysing) made claims that are sickening […] about the “fact” that space travel is impossible.” Plait repeated this claim in many subsequent blog articles and social media comments.
 * Plait's comments were disputed by Kaysing’s family and followers. Jarrah White argued that in the same Fox television show that Plait had responded to, Kaysing specifically theorized that the Apollo astronauts stayed in Earth orbit the entire time. White called Plait's comments a strawman attempting to “control the Apollo hoax narrative via character assassination and the fabrication of complete untruths.” Wendy Kaysing concurred: "I cannot imagine my father ever saying that we could not do space travel. That’s ludicrous! That’s ridiculous! […] Anybody who says that about my father is just trying to discredit my father’s ability to even think" As of 2023, Plait has not corrected his blog entries. 137.111.13.126 (talk) 01:24, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Correct link regarding White's appearance on Binnall of America. 137.111.13.126 (talk) 01:28, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Hit REPLY too soon. The interviews with Wendy Kaysing that White cites can be found on YouTube. She clearly disputes what Plait said about her father doubting all space travel. 137.111.13.126 (talk) 01:33, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * What was wrong with them amended version? It contained independent links verifying what was said. 137.111.13.126 (talk) 04:32, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The reply above covers the situation, as does my comment at your talk. You must examine the links provided and not expect that people will paraphrase them for you. Johnuniq (talk) 06:13, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Plait should be held accountable Then go hold him accountable somewhere else, because that is not what Wikipedia is for. See WP:RGW. "Anybody can edit" does not mean "anybody can write whatever they want and it will stay there".
 * So Plait made a mistake tantamount to saying that some guy believes in unicorns with blue/orange stripes although the guy actually believes in unicorns with blue/red stripes. If reliable source pick that nitpick up, we can discuss about including it. Until then, WP:RS forbids it. --Hob Gadling (talk) 07:20, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Your unicorn analogy is invalid, let me fix it for you. Let's suppose I make a claim that "unicorns are real" and somebody else came along and said I believe "all horses are actually unicorns". Obviously that is neither correct nor is it what I said. Or on the flip side, let's suppose I make the argument that "unicorns don't exist", and somebody else comes along and alleges I believe "all horses don't exist". Again, that is neither correct nor is it what I said. Both scenarios are a warped strawman of what was originally said. The first strawman doesn't make the first argument any more wrong and the second strawman doesn't make the second argument any less right.
 * That's exactly what we have with Plait strawmanning Kaysing's position. Whether Kaysing is right or wrong about the Moon landings being faked, he specifically stated that astronauts DID indeed make orbit. Yet Plait claims that Kaysing said 'all space travel is impossible.' And if this strawman was 'a mistake', why has Plait made no attempt to correct his mistake after Jarrah White brought it to his attention in both personal communication and publically in various interviews and YouTube videos? The fact that Plait repeated his strawman suggests it was intentional, rather than a mere mistake. And given that Plait has chastised others for quoting astronauts and astronomers out of context, his not leading by example makes his stance on quotemining appear - to say the least - something of a double standard.
 * How are the sources not reliable? The first source is Plait's own blog article covering Kaysing's death, in which he cites both Kaysing's interviews on the Fox special and Nardwaur Radio as 'evidence' that Kaysing believed any space travel is impossible. The subsequent sources are links to the interviews in question clearly showing Kaysing state the exact opposite of what Plait claimed. And the remaining sources are YouTube videos of Wendy Kaysing - Bill's daughter - clearly refuting Plait's strawman;  Jarrah White appearing on Binnall of America radio again refuting Plait's strawman; and a Flat Earth debunk pdf by White published on Aulis which includes a section refuting Plait's strawman. How much more reliable can you get?! 137.111.13.126 (talk) 22:23, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * You're approaching this like an investigative reporter, assembling evidence into a narrative. That is not what Wikipedia editors do. The article should summarize what independent, reliable sources have said about the article subject. Find reliable coverage of the matter by sources not connected to Plait or Kaysing. Schazjmd   (talk)  22:33, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phil Plait


text:
Guaimbê

Guaimbê is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is located near the cities of Lins and Araçatuba. It was founded in 1953. The population is 5,785 (2020 est.) in an area of 218 km2. Its altitude is 469 m.

Guaimbê or guaibê is also a plant (Thaumatophyllum bipinnatifidum) which has a sweet fruit which was very much appreciated by the Guarani Indians. The location was probably named after the plant.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Guaimbê


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Abbeyfeale

Abbeyfeale is a historic market town in County Limerick, Ireland, near the border with County Kerry. The town is on the N21 road from Limerick to Tralee, some 21 km south-west of Newcastle West and 16 km south-east of Listowel and 38 km north-east of Tralee. The town is in a civil parish of the same name.

Geography
The town is situated on the banks of the River Feale in the foothills of the Mullaghareirk Mountains.

History
In 1418, Thomas FitzGerald, 5th Earl of Desmond was dispossessed of his lands and deprived of his earldom by his paternal uncle, James FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Desmond, after Thomas had concluded a marriage far below his station to Catherine MacCormac of Abbeyfeale; Catherine was the daughter of one of Thomas's dependants, William MacCormac, known as "the Monk of Feale." A marriage between a man of Norman blood and a woman of Gaelic ancestry violated the Statutes of Kilkenny.

Town
The main feature in Abbeyfeale's Square is a statue of Father William Casey. Fr. Casey was the parish priest from 1883 to 1907 and helped the tenant farmers fight against their landlords. The local Gaelic football team is named in his honour (Fr. Caseys GAA Club). Recently the town celebrated the centenary of Fr. Casey's influence by having a Fr. Casey-themed Saint Patrick's Day Parade.

The May Bank Holiday weekend sees the town host the "Fleadh by the Feale" traditional music festival. The 2009 festival was the thirteenth of these annual events. The International Bone Playing Competition is one of the highlights of the festival and is held on the Bank Holiday Monday evening on an open-air stage in the town square. The town is known for its musical traditions, and traditional musicians such as Donal Murphy and Eibhlin Healy have lived in the town.

There was a cinema in the town, opened by the Tobin family in the 1940s designed in the classical tradition. Its demise came about with the advent of the multi-complex and it closed in the early 1990s. It is now a protected building and still stands today. The town had a dancehall, "The Abbey Ballroom", also established by the Tobin family in the 1930/1940s. Many big bands of the time played there. With the opening of the dance/pubs, it closed in the 1980s.

The town previously had an abbey, located in the centre of the town square, but this has since all but disappeared, and the only identifiable remnants are those used in the construction of the Roman Catholic Church in 1847, on the site of the current boys' national school on Church street. Church street as it is now known was originally named Chapel street, as can be seen in old-period OS maps of the town. The Geraldine Portrinard Castle (or Purt Castle) is situated about 2.5 km northwest of the town, on the north bank of the Feale.

Transport
Abbeyfeale railway station opened on 20 December 1880, but was finally closed on 3 November 1975. The Great Southern Trail is a greenway rail trail that follows the route of the former Limerick-Tralee railway line between Abbeyfeale and Rathkeale. Bus Abbeyfeale is served by Bus Éireann routes 13 (Tralee-Limerick) and Route 14 (Killarney-Limerick) and Dublin Coach from Tralee/Killarney to Dublin

Education
Schools include Coláiste Íde agus Iosef, a secondary school serving Limerick and surrounding counties. The boys' school is called St Mary's and the girls' school is called Scoil Mháithair Dé.

Sports
Abbeyfeale has several sporting clubs, including Father Caseys Gaelic football club, Abbeyfeale United FC soccer club, and Abbyefeale RFC (rugby union).

Notable people

 * Phil Danaher, Irish Rugby International and Gaelic Footballer (Limerick Senior team, Kerry minor team), grew up in Abbeyfeale.
 * Michael Lenihan, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of La Ceiba in Honduras, was born in Abbeyfeale.
 * Denis Behan, a former striker for Cork City and Republic of Ireland U23.
 * Richard J. Hayes, World War II cryptographer and Director of the National Library of Ireland.

title: Abbeyfeale


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Silent Story

Silent Story is a 2001 film which was written and directed by Eduardo Cisneros. It is a fantasy-comedy/sci-fi film and was released in November 2001. It is rated 7.8 stars on IMDB.

It stars Megahn Perry as Rose and David Fickas as Eddie. The film won Best Short at the Los Angeles Latino International Film Festival in 2001.

title: Silent Story


text:
USS Lynx (1814)

USS Lynx, a 6-gun Baltimore Clipper rigged schooner, was built for the United States Navy by James Owner of Georgetown, Washington, D.C., in 1814, intended for service in one of the two raiding squadrons being built as part of President James Madison's administration’s plan to establish a more effective Navy, one capable not only of breaking the British naval blockade, but also of raising havoc with the British merchant marine.

Service history
Though the War of 1812 ended by the time the schooner was completed, the ship was still placed in service in early 1815 and on 3 July sailed from Boston with the nine-ship squadron of Commodore William Bainbridge, bound for the Mediterranean to deal with the acts of the Barbary pirates against American commerce.

Arriving off the North African coast by the beginning of August, Lynx found that a squadron under Commodore Stephen Decatur had already achieved satisfactory agreements to American treaty demands. The schooner remained in the Mediterranean, however, until late in the year as part of a show of force led by Commodore Bainbridge's flagship USS Independence (1814), the Navy's first ship of the line, to encourage the Barbary States to keep the peace treaties just concluded. Returning to the United States, the ship made a preliminary survey of the northeastern coast during 1817, Lt. George W. Stover in command, at times carrying Commodore William Bainbridge, now Commandant of the Charlestown, Massachusetts, Navy Yard, and Brigadier General Joseph Gardner Swift aboard during her voyage.

Following this duty, Lynx sailed for the Gulf of Mexico to operate along the southern U.S. coast and in the West Indies suppressing piracy, continuing on this service for the next two years. On 24 October 1819, while under command of Lt. John Ripley Madison, she captured two schooners and two boats in the Gulf of Mexico, filled with pirates and booty, and 11 days later, on 9 November found another pirate boat in Galveston Bay and took her. Remaining off the southern coast through the end of the year, the Lynx departed St. Mary's, Georgia, on 11 January 1820, bound for Kingston, Jamaica, to continue her service suppressing pirates. She was never seen nor heard from again, and despite the searching of schooner USS Nonsuch (1813), no trace of her or her 47-man crew was ever found.

title: USS Lynx (1814)


text:
Ventolin

Ventolin may refer to:

 * Ventolín, creature of the Cantabrian mythology.
 * Salbutamol (albuterol), bronchodilator medication marketed under the brand name Ventolin among others
 * Ventolin (EP), a song by Aphex Twin

title: Ventolin


text:
Adare

Adare is a village in County Limerick, Ireland, located southwest of the city of Limerick. Adare is designated as a heritage town by the Irish government. The village is in a townland and civil parish of the same name.

History
The River Maigue is tidal as far as Adare, with the settlement forming around the eastern bank of the Maigue overlooking the fording point from which the village gets its name. An annalistic reference is made in the medieval Annals of Inisfallen at AI982.4 "The Tree of Mag Adar was broken by Leth Cuinn". Owing to the strategic importance of the river crossing the Desmond castle was built overlooking the site near Ardshanbally (derived from Ard an tSeanbhaile - 'high ground of the old town'), and was first mentioned in 1226. Historically a market town, in the Middle Ages, Adare had three monasteries.

Desmond Castle
A castle or fortress is said to have first been built with an ancient ring-fort, by the O'Donovans, rulers of the region into the 12th century, and afterwards to have passed into the possession of the Kildare branch of the FitzGerald dynasty, who may be responsible for the majority of the remains of the present fortress (which occurred with Croom Castle, also on the Maigue). Desmond Castle, as it is popularly known (after the FitzGeralds of Desmond), stands on the north bank of the Maigue. An extensive renovation has been in progress on the castle since 1996 and supervised tours are offered in the summer months. This is one of a series of significant Desmond properties, which also include Desmond Hall and Castle in Newcastle West, another castle in Askeaton and Castle Matrix near Rathkeale, further west in County Limerick.

Augustinian Priory

Adare's Augustinian Priory was founded in 1316 by John FitzThomas FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Kildare. The Priory was suppressed in the reign of Henry VIII. In 1807, the church of the Priory was given to the local Church of Ireland congregation as the parish church. In 1814, the refectory was roofed and converted into a schoolhouse. Between 1852 and 1854, a second restoration of the church was undertaken by Caroline, Countess of Dunraven.

Franciscan Abbey
The Franciscan friary, also known as the friary of St Michael the Archangel, was founded in 1464 by Thomas Fitz-Maurice, 7th Earl of Kildare and his wife Joan, and completed two years later. It is currently a ruin and is located inside the Adare Manor Golf Club.

Trinitarian Abbey

The Trinitarian Order established their only monastery in Ireland in Adare in 1230. It is believed that the Trinitarian monks who came to Adare may have come from Scotland. The Abbey was restored in 1811 by the first Earl of Dunraven as the Catholic Parish church.

Adare Manor
Adare Manor is a mansion located on lands on the banks of the River Maigue and the former seat of the Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl. The present building was built in the early 19th-century in a Tudor-revival style, while retaining part of an earlier structure. It is now the Adare Manor Hotel & Golf Resort, a luxury resort hotel, reopened after an extensive restoration in October 2017.

Architecture

The main street combines typical Irish architecture with the English styled buildings and infrastructure purpose-built for the Dunraven estate as an estate village. Examples of the latter architectural forms include the thatched cottages near the entrance to Adare Manor. The later 20th century additions were designed by Detmar Blow.

Economy

Adare is a tourist destination and the local heritage centre, which gives insight into the history of the village, also hosts a number of craft shops. The village is a wedding and conference venue. Adare has two 18-hole golf courses - the Adare Golf Club, which incorporates a driving range and which was the site of the 2007 and 2008 Irish Open, the Adare Manor Golf Club and a pitch and putt course. Adare also has an equestrian centre, located in Clonshire.

Schools
There are four primary schools in Adare: St Joseph's National School (Catholic, boys), Our Lady's Abbey National School (Catholic, girls), St Nicholas' National School (Church of Ireland, mixed) and Shountrade National School (Catholic, mixed). The village's secondary school, Adare CBS, closed in 1973.

Transport
The main Limerick-Tralee road, the N21 passes through the village, causing persistent heavy congestions. In late 2015 a corridor for the long-delayed bypass was chosen that realigns the N21 road north of the village as part of a new dual carriageway planned to link Foynes port to Limerick.

Adare is a stop on Bus Éireann's Limerick-Tralee/Killarney bus service and Dublin Coach's Dublin-Tralee/Killarney service. Both run hourly.

The disused "Limerick-Foynes" railway line passes 800 metres (half a mile) to the north-west of the village. Adare railway station, opened on 12 July 1856 by the Limerick & Foynes Railway company, was closed to passengers on 4 February 1963 and to freight on 2 December 1974. The line to Foynes continued to carry freight traffic until it was mothballed in 2001 and has seen no trains since 7 May 2002 when the annual Irish Rail weed spray train visited the line. The line, designated an engineers siding, is still officially open for traffic.

Sport
The local Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club, Adare GAA, was founded in 1929. The club's senior hurling team has won the county championship in 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 and 2009. In football, the club won the Limerick Senior Football Championship title for the first time in 2017. The club retained the title in 2018.

The local association football (soccer) team is Adare United AFC. The club play at Deer Park Field, situated off the Blackabbey Road in the village. Founded in 1937, Adare United participates in the Limerick Desmond Schoolboys/Girls League at Under 8, U10, U12, U14 and U16 age groups and in the Limerick Desmond League at Junior (adult) and Youth level. The 2006/07 Season saw the club form its first ladies team, who compete in the Limerick Desmond Ladies League.

The Irish Open golf championship was staged at Adare in 2007 and 2008. There are two 18-hole golf courses in the village: The Adare Golf Club which is on the grounds of the Adare Manor Hotel, and the Adare Manor Golf Club, which is a separate entity.

In athletics, the village has hosted the annual Adare 10K, held every February, since 1994.

Twin towns
Adare has twinning connections to its sister towns in Germany.
 * Buchloe, Germany
 * Buckow, Germany

title: Adare


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nicholas Hee

Nicholas Hee
Member of high school band. See vfd on Crimson Crush
 * Delete for all Crimson Crush pages (vanity, non-notable band). jni 09:43, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete band vanity. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:30, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. anthony (see warning) 21:43, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: a kid in a band. Geogre 02:20, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Megahn Perry

Megahn Perry is an American actress.

Career
Perry appeared in Buffy the Vampire Slayer in season two, episode fifteen ("Phases") as Theresa Klusmeyer, a girl who is later turned into a vampire. She also had a guest star appearance on Dawson's Creek. She starred in the short-lived VH1 series I Hate My 30's, as Carol, someone who just started her 30s.

In 2006, she had a supporting role in the supernatural horrorfest film The Gravedancers. She played paranormal investigator Frances Culpepper. It was chosen as one of the 8 Films To Die For in 2006 and screened at that year's After Dark Horrorfest film festival. It's received positive reviews.

She starred in the film Silent Story as Rose and was in Liam Kyle Sullivan's Text Message Breakup and No Booty Calls videos as Kelly's gothic, vampire friend Heather.

Perry was featured in the 2010 thriller The Perfect Host, starring David Hyde Pierce.

Heather's Vlog
Perry starred in a YouTube web series under the channel LiamKyleSullivan. She portrays "Heather the Vampire". Based on the release dates of the videos, she was originally active from 2008 to 2012 but made cameo appearances in 2020 and 2021.

title: Megahn Perry


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Cernache do Bonjardim

Cernache do Bonjardim is a former civil parish in the municipality of Sertã, central Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Cernache do Bonjardim, Nesperal e Palhais. The population in 2011 was 3,052, in an area of 71.59 km2.

The Portuguese hero Nuno Álvares Pereira was born in Cernache do Bonjardim on 24 June 1360.

The parish includes the following villages:
 * Brejo da Correia
 * Calvaria
 * Carvalhos
 * Cernache do Bonjardim
 * Escudeiros
 * Matos
 * Mendeira
 * Pampilhal
 * Pinheiro da Aldeia Velha
 * Porto dos Fusos
 * Quintã
 * Roda
 * Sambado
 * Várzea de Pedro Mouro

title: Cernache do Bonjardim


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Athea

Athea ( or Áth Té) is a village in west County Limerick, Ireland. Athea has a Roman Catholic church, and is the centre for the parish of Athea, which encompasses several nearby townlands.

History
The community was dependent on agriculture and a creamery was built near the river which acted as the centrepoint for local trade. A primary school was built near the creamery to cope with the rising younger population. Over time, cottages and workshops lined the main road to create the village of Athea. New local roads were built to neighbouring Moyvane and off the main Listowel-Limerick and Glin-Abbeyfeale roads. The river was the primary water source as well as its use for drainage.

The Catholic population were forbidden to practise their faith under Penal Laws, and the first church wasn't built in Athea until the early 19th century. Prior to this locals congregated each Sunday at a Mass rock to the east of the village.

Topography
Athea is situated on the river Galey and the crossroads of the R523 (Reens - Listowel) and R524 (Glin - Abbeyfeale) regional roads. It is a 3 km east of the Limerick/Kerry border in the hills of west Limerick. Its highest point is in the Parkanna townland where, at 220 m above sea level, surrounding towns and counties can be seen.

The river Galey is a tributary to the larger River Feale. The name is derived from the Irish language "Abhainn na Gáile", River of the Gaille, a tribe who lived along its banks. There are two bridges across the river; the R523/R524 intersection bridge just east of the village and Barry's Bridge, 2 km northwest of the village. Athea has suffered damage and disruption over several years, when the River Galley flooded in 2005, 2008, 2009 and 2015. Proposals and funding to address the issue had been muted for several years, and a civil engineering consultancy were appointed by Limerick County Council in October 2019 to "assess, develop and design" a flood relief scheme.

Townlands
The large parish of Athea is divided into 25 townlands:
 * Athea Lower [Áth an tSléibhe Íochtair - the fort of the mountain]
 * Athea Upper [Áth an tSléibhe Uachtar - the fort of the mountain]
 * Clash North [An Chlais - the trench]
 * Clash South [An Chlais - the trench]
 * Coole East [An Chúil - the corner]
 * Coole West [An Chúil - the corner]
 * Cratloe East [An Chreatalach - a sallow wood]
 * Cratloe West [An Chreatalach - a sallow wood]
 * Direen Lower [An Doirín - the small thicket]
 * Direen Upper [An Doirín - the small thicket]
 * Dromada [Drom Fhada - long ridge]
 * Glashapullagh [Glaise an Phollaigh - the stream of the place of holes]
 * Glenagore [Gleann an Ghabhair - the glen of the goat]
 * Gortnagross [Gort na gCros - the field of the crosses]
 * Keale North [An Caol - the narrow feature]
 * Keale South [An Caol - the narrow feature]
 * Knockdown [Cnoc Donn - brown hill]
 * Knockfinisk [Cnoc Finnisce - hill of bright water]
 * Knocknagorna [Cnoc na gCoirneach - the hill of the clerics]
 * Parkanna [An Pháirc - the field]
 * Rooskagh [Rúscach - marshy place]
 * Templeathea East [Teampaill an tSléibhe - The church of the mountain]
 * Templeathea West [Teampaill an tSléibhe - The church of the mountain]
 * Tooradoo [Na Tuara Dubha - the black animal enclosures]
 * Tooreendonnell [Tuairín Dónaill - the small animal enclosure of Dónall]

Electoral division
Athea is situated in the constituency of Limerick West; the parish itself is subdivided into two electoral areas - the Newcastlewest electoral area (predominantly south of the river Galey) and the Rathkeale electoral area (north of the river) which are used mainly in local elections. At European level, Athea is in the constituency of Ireland South. At election times, the school is used as the polling station.

Built heritage
Colbert Street and Dalton Street are the main streets in the village. St. Bartholomew's Church is located on Colbert Street and the village has two graveyards, Holy Cross on the outskirts of the village and The "Old Graveyard" in Templeathea just over a mile away.

Con Colbert Memorial Hall
Opened in January 1974 by Erskine Hamilton Childers, Con Colbert Memorial Hall is named after one of the executed leaders of the 1916 Easter Rising. The hall is used for meetings, sports events and other gatherings. Since its opening, it has been extended to incorporate a sports complex. The cost of this renovation neared €1 million and despite charity donations, government grants and other fundraising efforts, the community hall committee is still faced with a large (if decreasing) debt.

John Paul II Footbridge
Athea's only pedestrian bridge was opened by Donal Murray, Bishop of Limerick, in 2005. The bridge is located next to the existing road bridge at the eastern end of the main street. It had been proposed for years for the local school pupils who were crossing the busy road bridge and was seen as a health and safety hazard sharing the bridge with cars. The bridge is 2m wide and 11m long. It was commissioned by Athea Community Council Ltd. who raised €260,000. The debt was reduced to €27,000 by the "Lucky Numbers" drawings, held Saturday nights.

St. Bartholomew's Church
St. Bartholomew's Roman Catholic Church is located on the main street and was built in 1832. It underwent renovations in 1862 and 1980s. The church spire can be seen from all approach roads to the village.

Monuments
The Goold Monument, located in Upper Athea commemorates James Goold, a landlord who, at the time of the Great Famine refused to evict tenants who couldn't pay rent. Dated to 1863, the monument comprises a 4 m high Celtic cross which stands just off the road to Listowel.

The Olympic Statue, colloquially called "the feet" is a monument in The Square commemorating two Irish olympic medalists who were originally from Athea - Tim Ahearne and Dan Ahearne. Tim Ahearne won gold in the triple jump in the 1908 Olympics, while his younger brother Dan Ahearne is known for setting a world record in 1909. The sculpture depicts two golden feet with wings spread out.

Events
Annually large events such as the Vintage Rally, TradFéile and Athea Motorcycle Road Races are held during summer months. The latter, the Athea Motorcycle Road Races, is a two-day event taking place on a Saturday and Sunday at the end of June. In 2007 the race attracted an estimated 18,000 visitors to the village according to Gardaí. Names such as Martin Finnegan and William Dunlop have taken part in the event in the past. A fun fair is usually brought to the village the week before the festival.

Parklands
The "Giant's Garden" is a walk from the Memorial Hall to Holy Cross Cemetery in Templeathea. It is named after a legend that incorporates a giant carrying his deceased mother on his shoulders to be buried. The Giant's Garden overlooks Athea Village as well as the hills and river southwest of the village.

Media
The Athea & District News newsletter is published by local print company Cáirde Dúchais on a weekly basis. It features local columnists and current affairs. It also contains articles for the neighbouring towns and villages of Knockdown, Carrigkerry and Abbeyfeale.

The Weekly Observer newspaper which contains articles for towns over much of west Limerick has an "Athea Notes" column resulting in it being a household newspaper in Athea.

Sport
Athea GAA (Áth an tSléibhe CLG) is the local Gaelic Athletic Association club, and its team colours are maroon and white. The club is located in Templeathea, 1 km east of the village on the R523. Athea Credit Union are the primary sponsors of the club.

Athea United Athletic Football Club is a local soccer club. It moved to a new site in 2000, and its clubhouse is located in Lower Dirreen on the Glin Road (R524).

The Athea Blazers Basketball Club was formed in 2005 and has its base is at Con Colbert Memorial Hall. Fishing also takes place in the area.

Demographics
In the 2016 census, the population of the village was 369. Approximately 90% of the population were born in Ireland, with other residents born in the UK, Poland, and elsewhere in the world.

91% of census respondents in Athea listed their religion as Roman Catholic, 7% other stated religions and approximately 2% no stated religion or no religion.

Education
The primary school - Athea National School (Athea NS) - was built in 1921. Prior to this, a small thatched schoolhouse was located centrally in the village (now no longer in use). Athea NS is located in Templeathea townland, just east of the village centre. When opened in 1921, it had a capacity of 100 students. A large extension to the school was officially opened in 2009. Today's building houses five classrooms with toilet facilities in each room, a principal's office, a secretary's office, a library, a computer room and a preschool. The school is headed by the Athea National School Board of Management.

Although there are no post-primary schools in Athea, bus transport is available to secondary schools in nearby Abbeyfeale (St. Ita's, St. Joseph's and Abbeyfeale Vocational School) and Tarbert (Tarbert Comprehensive).

Transport
A Limerick-Tralee bus service operates via Athea every Wednesday. There are also local hackney services available. The closest train stations to Athea are the Colbert Station in Limerick city and Charleville in County Cork.

Notable people

 * Con Colbert, the youngest man to be executed by the British after the Easter Rising in 1916, lived on the family farm in Athea.
 * Kevin Danaher, folklorist and historian, was born in Athea. His early education was at Athea National School and Mungret College, County Limerick. In 1934, Danaher became a part-time collector for the Irish Folklore Commission.
 * Tim Ahearne and Dan Ahearn were brothers who competed in the 1908 and 1920 Olympics respectively.
 * Con Greaney, traditional Irish singer, is from Athea.
 * Lisa Murtagh, whose mother is an Athea native, was crowned 48th Rose of Tralee. She represented New York, but acknowledged Athea as her "second home" in her speech at the pageant in 2008.

title: Athea


text:
User talk:Haydes

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Vandalism
Please stop vandalising fluffer. I have already listed you on the Vandalism in Progress page. Thanks. --Lst27 20:07, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Please stop vandalizing fluffer with your personal opinion. If you continue you can be blocked from editing. - Tεx  τ  urε  21:10, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Please do not create spam links and do not create links or articles for your or your friends first names (Kelly and Megan). We do not create articles for the purpose of advertising ourselves or our products. If you continue to ignore these warnings you can be blocked from editing. - Tεx  τ  urε  21:17, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

May I suggest that you work on these articles about yourself, friends, and ancestors in your own user page? It is provided for just that purpose and to allow to to work on articles that are not ready for review. This would avoid any deletion of your work while you are working on it. Please let me know if this is inadequate and what we could do to work this out with you. Thanks. - Tεx  τ  urε  21:20, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Please discuss your problems with Fluffer on its talk page. Whosyourjudas (talk) 21:19, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be prevented from editing Wikipedia. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 21:50, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Banned (again)
I have banned this user for two weeks. →Raul654 22:01, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, he's back, and creating ridiculous things like "45005 is a number." So what do we do? Adam Bishop 21:40, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * STOP IT please! The actor is absolutely non-notable, he has to play a major role in a major movie first. If you continue to create that article it will be considered vandalism. Is it so difficult to understand that this article will not stay here? andy 21:24, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

User was temporarily reblockfor vandalism again (someone beat me to it). If they start such vandalism again, an indefinate block would be called for. Reforming your ways and making serious contributions, of course, would be welcome. -- Infrogmation 23:37, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Fifth grade
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Fifth grade, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process
 * Article does not seem to be particularly noteworthy, and also seems to be biased towards American educational system. Additionally, article talk page contains at least two proposals for either deletion or merger into another primary education-based article.

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Ekips (talk) 22:45, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Haydes! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 18:51, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Fred Armstrong -

Nomination of Fred Armstrong (mayor) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Fred Armstrong (mayor) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Fred Armstrong (mayor) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Bearcat (talk) 19:19, 13 November 2017 (UTC)

Nomination of Jay Russell for deletion
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title: User talk:Haydes


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Ballingarry, South Tipperary

Ballingarry is a village and civil parish in County Tipperary, Ireland. Ballingarry is one of 19 civil parishes in the barony of Slievardagh, and also an ecclesiastical parish in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly. Ballingarry village is situated near the Kilkenny border on route R691 in the Slieveardagh range. Historically, the area was associated with the coal mining industry.

History

Ballingarry is best known for the rebellion that broke out there on 29 July 1848 against British rule. The site of this uprising, the McCormack House, known also as the Warhouse (officially Famine Warhouse 1848) has since been designated as a national memorial and historical building by the State. It was here during the ill-fated rebellion that the national tricolour of green, white and orange was unfurled for the first time by the rebels, led by William Smith O'Brien, thus emulating the French rebels who also took to the streets with their tricolour for the first time earlier that year. Sub-Inspector Trant and 46 other local policemen took refuge from the rebels in a large two-story farmhouse, taking the five young children in the house as hostages. They barricaded themselves in, pointing their guns from the windows. The house was surrounded by the rebels and a stand-off ensued. Mrs. Margaret McCormack, the owner of the house and mother of the children, demanded to be let into her house, but the police refused and would not release the children. Mrs. McCormack found O'Brien reconnoitring the house from the out-buildings, and asked him what was to become of her children and her house.

O'Brien and Mrs. McCormack went up to the parlour window of the house to speak to the police. Through the window, O'Brien stated, "We are all Irishmen—give up your guns and you are free to go." O'Brien shook hands with some of the police through the window. The initial report to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland stated that a constable fired the first shot at O'Brien, who was attempting to negotiate. General firing then ensued between the police and the rebels. O'Brien had to be dragged out of the line of fire by James Stephens and Terence Bellew MacManus, both of whom were wounded. As he tried to flee the district, William Smith O'Brien was arrested at Thurles railway station on 5 August. He and the other three leaders were found guilty of treason and were among the last people to be sentenced to 'hanging, drawing and quartering'. At the insistence of Queen Victoria herself, who thought the sentencing too harsh for the crime committed, they were transported to Australia.

Amenities
On Ballingarry's main street, there is a church, primary school and shops. The nearby collieries of Ballingarry are historically associated with anthracite mining in Ireland.

Economy
The area was the centre of an active coal-mining industry for nearly two hundred years. However, economic factors led to the demise of Ballingarry Coal Mines in the late 20th century. With the mining shafts now flooded and the associated infra-structure derelict or removed, there is little or no prospect of its revival.

Sport
Ballingarry GAA club is the local Gaelic Athletic Association club and has a pitch in the village.

title: Ballingarry, South Tipperary


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Vasile Alecsandri

Vasile Alecsandri (21 July 1821 – 22 August 1890) was a Romanian patriot,  poet, dramatist, politician and diplomat. He was one of the key figures during the 1848 revolutions in Moldavia and Wallachia. He fought for the unification of the Romanian Principalities, writing "Hora Unirii" in 1856 and giving up his candidacy for the title of prince of Moldavia, in favor of Alexandru Ioan Cuza. He became the first minister of foreign affairs of Romania and was one of the founding members of the Romanian Academy. Alecsandri was a prolific writer, contributing to Romanian literature with poetry, prose, several plays, and collections of Romanian folklore, being considered, alongside Mihai Eminescu, which admired and was inspired by the writings of Alecsandri, as one of the most important Romanian writers in the second half of the 19th century.

Origins and childhood
Alecsandri was born in the Moldavian town of Bacău and he was of Greek origin. His parents were Vasile Alecsandri, a middle-ranking nobleman, from the noble Greek family of Alecsandri, and Elena Cozoni, a Romanianized Greek woman. They had seven children, of which three survived: one daughter, Catinca, and two sons, Iancu — a future army colonel – and Vasile.

The family prospered in the lucrative business of salt and cereals trade. In 1828, they purchased a large estate in Mircești, a village near Siret River. The young Vasile spent time there studying with a devout monk from Maramureș, Gherman Vida, and playing with Vasile Porojan, a Gypsy boy who became a dear friend. Both characters would later appear in his work.

Adolescence and youth
Between 1828 and 1834, he studied at the Victor Cuenim "pensionnat", an elite boarding school for boys in Iași. He moved to Paris in 1834, where he dabbled in chemistry, medicine, and law, but soon abandoned all in favor of what he called his "lifelong passion", literature. He penned his first literary essays in 1838 in French, which he had mastered to perfection during his stay in Paris. After a brief return home, he left for Western Europe again, visiting Italy, Spain, and southern France.

Romantic interest
A year later, Alecsandri attended a party celebrating the name day of Costache Negri, a family friend. He there fell in love with Negri's sister. The 21-year-old and not long divorced Elena Negri responded enthusiastically to the 24-year-old youngster's love declarations. Alecsandri began writing love poems until a sudden illness forced Elena to head abroad to Venice. He met her there, where they shared two torrid months.

They cruised to Austria, Germany, and to Alecsandri's former romping grounds, France. Elena's chest illness aggravated in Paris, and after a brief stint in Italy, they both boarded a French ship to return home 25 April 1847. Tragedy struck on the ship, when Elena died in her lover's arms. Alecsandri channeled his mourning into a poem, "Steluța" (Little Star). Later, he dedicated his "Lăcrimioare" (Little Tears) collection of poems to her.

Political involvement
In 1848, he became one of the leaders of the revolutionary movement based in Iași. He wrote a widely read poem urging the public to join the cause, "Către Români" (To Romanians), later renamed "Deșteptarea României" (Romania's Awakening). Together with Mihail Kogălniceanu and Costache Negri, he wrote a manifesto of the revolutionary movement in Moldavia, "Dorințele partidei naționale din Moldova" (Wishes of the National Party of Moldavia).

However, as revolution failed, he fled Moldavia through Transylvania and Austria, moving on to Paris, where he continued to write political poems.

Literary achievements

After two years, he returned to a triumphant staging of his new comedy, "Chirița în Iași". He toured the Moldavian countryside, collecting, reworking, and arranging a vast array of Romanian folklore, which he published in two installments, in 1852 and 1853. The poems included in these two enormously popular collections became the cornerstone of the emerging Romanian identity, especially the ballads "Miorița", "Toma Alimoș", "Mânăstirea Argeșului", and "Novac și Corbul." His volume of original poetry, "Doine și Lăcrămioare", further cemented his reputation.

Broadly revered in Romanian cultural circles, he oversaw the establishment of "România Literară", to which writers from both Moldavia and Wallachia contributed. He was one of the most vocal unionists, supporting the union the two Romanian provinces, Moldavia and Wallachia. In 1856, he published in Mihail Kogălniceanu's newspaper, Steaua Dunării, the poem "Hora Unirii", which became the anthem of the unification movement.

New romantic interest
The end of 1855 saw Alecsandri pursuing a new romantic interest, in spite of promises made to Elena Negri on her deathbed. At age 35, the now renowned poet and public figure fell in love with the young Paulina Lucasievici, the daughter of an innkeeper. The romance moved at a lightning pace: they moved in together to Alecsandri's estate at Mircești and, in 1857, their daughter Maria was born.

Political fulfilment
Alecsandri found satisfaction in the advancement of those political causes he had long championed. The two Romanian provinces united and he was appointed minister of External Affairs by Alexandru Ioan Cuza. He toured the West, pleading to some of his friends and acquaintances in Paris to acknowledge the newly formed nation and support its emergence in the turbulent Balkan area.

Retreat at Mircești
The diplomatic tours tired him. In 1860, he settled in Mircești for what would be the rest of his life. He married Paulina more than a decade and a half later, in 1876.

Between 1862 and 1875, Alecsandri wrote 40 lyrical poems, including "Miezul Iernii, "Serile la Mircești, "Iarna," "La Gura Sobei", "Oaspeții Primăverii", and "Malul Siretului." He also dabbled in epic poems, collected in the volume "Legende", and he dedicated a series of poems to the soldiers who participated in the Romanian War of Independence. He also wrote the lyrics of Ștefan Nosievici's march "Drum bun".

In 1879, his "Despot-Vodă" drama received the award of the Romanian Academy. He continued to be a prolific writer, finishing a fantastic comedy, "Sânziana și Pepelea," (1881) and two dramas, "Fântâna Blanduziei" (1883) and "Ovidiu" (1884).

In 1881, he wrote Trăiască Regele (Long Live the King), which became the national anthem of the Kingdom of Romania from 1884 until the abolition of the monarchy in 1947.

Alecsandri was also a member of the Macedo-Romanian Cultural Society.

Long suffering from cancer, Alecsandri died in 1890 at his estate in Mircești.

Politics
Alecsandri had an important political career. He was one of the supporters of slave emancipation. He was allegedly antisemitic, although, according to some Romanian historians (including Neagu Djuvara), he had distant Jewish roots. "The appearance of the literary stereotype of the 'Polish Jew,' or Ostjude, in Romanian literature was largely due to Vasile Alecsandri, the most important and most popular writer of the time. The Jew was depicted with sidecurls, and caftan, he used characteristic jargon and was portrayed as having 'typical' personality traits — he was an unscrupulous cheat, a profit–hungry usurer, an exploiter and 'poisoner' of the peasant."

title: Vasile Alecsandri


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Bruff

Bruff is a town in east County Limerick, in the midwest of Ireland, located on the old Limerick–Cork road (R512). The town lies on the Morning Star river, with two bridges in the town itself. The horseshoe lake of Lough Gur is nearby. The town is in a townland and civil parish of the same name.

Name
The town's official name in Irish is An Brú, historically written as Brugh. Older spellings in English, dating from 1200 onward, include Bru, Brugh, Browe, and Broff, Brown, Braun, Braff, Bruno,  An Bru’ Because of its close association with the Anglo-Norman de Lacy family, the town's name was also rendered in Irish as Brú an Léisigh; it is believed that a modern name for the town, Brú na nDéise, is a corruption of this name that was popularised from the early 1900s on.

History
Historical artefacts found around the area date back to the Stone Age, with various buildings up to the early Christian era still extant. Bruff is the hometown of the American missionary and bishop John Joseph Hogan. In the sixteenth century, it was granted to the Standish family, from whom it passed by inheritance to the Hartstonge Baronets, and ultimately to the Earl of Limerick.

The town suffered heavy fighting in the Battle of Killmallock during the Irish Civil War. Near the Catholic Church, there is a large statue of Sean Wall, commander of the East Limerick Irish Republican Army and chairman of Limerick County Council until his death on 6May 1921 during the War of Independence.

The former seat of the O'Grady family, Kilballyowen, is near Bruff.

The US President John F. Kennedy was a descendant of the Fitzgeralds of Bruff. His daughter, Caroline Kennedy, visited the town in May 2013 with her husband and son.

Sport
The town has Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), Pitch & Putt, hockey, soccer, and rugby union clubs.

The rugby club, Bruff R.F.C., is the home club of John Hayes, the Ireland rugby union international. The GAA club, Bruff GAA, won the Limerick Intermediate Hurling Championship in 2014. Bruff is also home to Limerick F.C.'s Kirby O'Sullivan Sports, Social and Business Park.

Development and economy
Bruff town has been classified as a satellite town of Limerick City. Major expansion for the town is laid out in the development plan published by Limerick County Council in 2012.

Ard Scoil Mhuire, the only secondary school in the town, has been closed down, its former campus is now home to the Kirby O'Sullivan Sports, Social and Business Park.

Tourism
Bruff's Cultural and Arts Society organises an Annual Summer Festival, an event held annually since its inception in 2006. It includes the Morning Star Rose Competition and the Morning Star Escort Competition (since 2008). The Sean Wall Committee organise a "Bloomsday in Bruff" festival every year on 16 June. A number of murals have been painted on the walls of buildings in the town.

There are four pubs (one with a restaurant), two restaurants, a Eurospar, a Centra, a pharmacy, a B&B and a post office in the town.

Accommodation in the town is provided in what used to be the old AIB Bank, known as "The Old Bank", which had also served as the Garda station in the town.

People

 * James David Bourchier (1850–1920), journalist, Balkans correspondent of The Times
 * Paul Browne (1989–), hurler.
 * George Clancy (1881–1921), Mayor of Limerick.
 * George Clancy (1977–), international rugby union referee.
 * John Crimmin (1859–1945), Victoria Cross recipient.
 * Marie Curtin (1985–), Republic of Ireland women's international footballer
 * Seán Finn (1996–), hurler.
 * Anthony O'Riordan (1966–), hurler.

title: Bruff


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Cappamore

Cappamore is a small town in northeast County Limerick in the midwest of Ireland. It is also a parish in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly.

Location and facilities
Cappamore is situated on the R505 regional road, on the banks of the Mulcair River. The village is overlooked by the Slieve Felim Mountains and is approximately 20 minutes driving time from Limerick City. It has a rich agricultural hinterland in which the dairy industry is prominent.

The town has several pubs, grocery shops and filling stations, a GP surgery, pharmacy, bookmaker shop and veterinary clinic. Other services include a library and arts studios complex, a church, community centre and day care centre. The village also has a fire brigade serving the surrounding area.

The town hosts an annual Agricultural Show in August each year.

Cappamore is officially twinned with Langonnet in Brittany, France since 2011.

Education
There are three primary schools in Cappamore: Bilboa National School, Tineteriffe National School, and Scoil Chaitríona.

The village is home to a campus for the Limerick and Clare Education and Training Board College of Further Education & Training. This is on the site of the former St. Michael's Technical School, a secondary school that existed in the village up to 2013 when it amalgamated with the two second-level schools in Doon to create Scoil na Trionóide Naofa.

Transport
Cappamore is served by two Bus Éireann routes: the 332 - travelling westwards to Limerick City via Murroe, Newport and eastwards to Cashel which operates six times daily, Monday to Sunday, in both directions; and the 341 to Shannon also via Murroe, Newport and Limerick City which operates once daily, Monday to Friday. Limerick Junction train station is located 20 kilometres from Cappamore and has Iarnród Éireann services to Dublin, Cork, Kerry and Waterford. Limerick train station is 23 kilometres away with services to Dublin and Galway.

The nearest airport is Shannon, located 50 kilometres away with services to the UK, mainland Europe and North America.

History
The famine years hit the area particularly badly, with the parish of Cappamore losing half of its population. Cappamore Historical Society produced a major publication on the history of the area in 1992 entitled "Cappamore: A Parish History".

Sport
Cappamore has a number of sports clubs. Cappamore GAA and Camogie club organises hurling, camogie and Gaelic football teams at all levels. The club has won the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship on five occasions: 1904, 1954, 1956, 1958 and 1964.

Cappamore Celtic FC is the local soccer club catering for adult and underage teams, both male and female.

The local athletics club is Bilboa AC.

People
Notable people from Cappamore include:

 * David Gleeson, Irish film director and writer.
 * William O'Connor, professional darts player.
 * Seamus Coffey, economist and former chair of the Irish Fiscal Advisory Council.
 * John Hayes, former international rugby player.
 * Rosemary Ryan, Olympian.

title: Cappamore


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Croom, County Limerick

Croom is a village in County Limerick, Ireland. It is located just off the N20 (which has bypassed the town since 2001) on the River Maigue. It is 8 km southeast of Adare on the N20. The village is in a townland and civil parish of the same name.

History
Cromadh (now Croom) was a village in the territory of the Uí Fidgenti, and one of the seats of the O’Donovans of the Ui Fidgheinte, which flourished from the late 4th century to the mid 12th century. A hermitage, Dísert Óengusa, was founded nearby by Óengus of Tallaght around the year AD 780. The townland is located on the River Maigue, which although now having a tidal flow only to Adare, in ancient years the river had a tidal flow past Croom, making it a transit route for the Viking ships traversing inland from the Shannon during the 9th and 10th centuries. Contacts arising along the Maigue River between Danish Vikings and the Uí Donnabháins provide an insight into the alliance between the two groups in the late 10th century.

John O’Donovan claimed in an appendix to the Annals of the Four Masters that Croom derived its name from Ancrom O'Donovan Crom Ua Donnabáin, who was slain in Innis Beale Antha Dos (now Broadford) in 1254, based on the similarity of Ancrom with Crom. However, that claim has been thoroughly discredited.

The earliest mention of Cromadh in the historical annals was in 1151, when "A great predatory excursion was made by Ruaidhrí, son of Toirdhealbhach Ua Conchobhair, into Thomond; and he carried away many cows, and burned Cromadh". This event took place only three years after Turlogh O’Brien, King of Munster in 1148, and whom alternatively allied with and opposed Ruaidhrí Ua Conchobhair, defeated the Danes at the nearby fort of Rathmore. The burning of Croom in 1151 should be viewed in the larger context of leading powers continuing to punish and push the O’Donovans with their Danish alliances from their historical territory, which continued for another century as new Anglo Saxon powers arose from the Fitzgeralds, Butlers, Roches and whom competed with the O’Briens, O’Connors and MacCarthys for the Ui Fidgheinte (Ui Chairpre and Ui Chonaill) territories.

Ultimately, in the early 13th century, the lands surrounding Croom were given to the Fitzgeralds of Kildare. The Earls of Kildare continued to administer and build in the area of Croom through the end of the 16th century, and the competition for control of the Croom area was reduced to regional contests between the Earls of Desmond and the Earls of Kildare. Both houses associated their war cries with their territory: the war cry of the Geraldines of Kildare was Cromadh-abú ('Victory to Croom'), with various spellings Croom Abú. For comparison, the war-cry of the Desmond Geraldines was Seanaid-abú, associated with Shannid Castle, or Shannid Forever.

Places of interest
Croom is home to Croom Castle, rebuilt by the FitzGeralds and Fitzmaurices from an earlier O'Donovan fortress, which may or may not have first been destroyed. In any case, it was restored in the 19th century. In the 18th century, it was the meeting-place of the "Maigue poets." West of Croom are the ruins of a 15th-century church (National Monument) and a round tower (12th century), the top part of which is missing. To the east is Croom Hospital which began life in 1852 as a workhouse, and became a hospital in 1924. Along the river Maigue is a ruin mill along with a newer mill, built by Henry Lyons in 1788 and was operational until 1927. In late 2014, a new Civic Centre was opened which includes a restaurant, library, public computers and function hall.

Transport
Croom railway station opened on 1 August 1862, closed for passenger traffic on 31 December 1934 and for goods traffic on 9 September 1963, finally closing altogether on 27 March 1967.

The town is bypassed by the N20 Croom Bypass (2001), and Bus Éireann and Citylink buses no longer stop in Croom.

Sport
The thoroughbred horse stud Islanmore Stud is on the south side of the village. The original 18th-century house was built for a younger brother of the Earl of Dunraven.

The local GAA club is Croom GAA. Croom United F.C. is a soccer club in the area.

Education
Croom has two schools, a primary school named "St. Marys" and a secondary school named "Coláiste Chiaráin".

title: Croom, County Limerick


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Victorville (disambiguation)

Victorville is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States.

Victorville may also refer to:
 * Victor Valley Transportation Center, the Victorville train station in Victorville, California, United States
 * George Air Force Base, a former United States military base formerly named Victorville Army Airfield (1941–1948) and Victorville Air Force Base (1948–1950)
 * Victorville Army Airfield auxiliary fields of World War II
 * Victorville Airport, officially Southern California Logistics Airport, a public airport in Victorville, California, United States
 * Federal Correctional Complex, Victorville, a U.S. prison complex in Victorville, California, which includes:
 * Federal Correctional Institution, Victorville, a medium-security prison; and
 * United States Penitentiary, Victorville, a high-security prison
 * Victorville shoulderband, a species of gastropod in the family Helminthoglyptidae

title: Victorville (disambiguation)


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List of stewards of the Manor of Northstead

The office of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead functions as a procedural device to allow a member of Parliament (MP) to resign from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. As members of the House of Commons are forbidden from formally resigning, a legal fiction is used to circumvent this prohibition: appointment to an "office of profit under The Crown" disqualifies an individual from sitting as an MP. As such, several such positions are maintained to allow MPs to resign. Currently, the offices of Steward of the Manor of Northstead and Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds are used, and are specifically designated for this purpose under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975; several other offices have also been used historically. The appointment is traditionally made by the chancellor of the Exchequer. The position was reworked in 1861 by William Ewart Gladstone, who was worried about the honour conferred by appointment to people such as Edwin James, who had fled to the United States over £100,000 in debt. As such, the letter by the chancellor was rewritten to omit any references to honour.

The office was first used in this way on 20 March 1844 to allow Sir George Henry Rose, MP for, to resign his seat. Appointees to the offices of Steward of the Manor of Northstead and Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds are alternated so that two MPs can resign at once (as happened on 23 January 2017 when Tristram Hunt and Jamie Reed resigned). However, every new appointment revokes the previous one, so there is no difficulty in situations in which more than two resign, such as the 1985 walkout of Ulster Unionist MPs when several separate appointments were made on a single day. If a resigning MP wishes to contest the following by-election, as Douglas Carswell did in 2014, they need to resign the stewardship to avoid further disqualification.

The incumbent steward of the Manor of Northstead is Scott Benton, formerly the Independent (elected Conservative) MP for Blackpool South.

Dual appointments
Some former MPs have held both offices of Steward of the Manor of Northstead and of the Chiltern Hundreds. These include:
 * William Philip Price
 * William Welby-Gregory
 * Lord Charles Beresford
 * John William Logan
 * Boris Johnson — when he resigned his seat of Henley in 2008

Office still in use

 * List of stewards of the Chiltern Hundreds

Offices not in use

 * List of stewards of the Manor of East Hendred
 * List of stewards of the Manor of Hempholme
 * List of stewards of the Manor of Old Shoreham
 * List of stewards of the Manor of Poynings


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Fethard, County Tipperary

Fethard is a small town in County Tipperary, Ireland. Dating to the Norman invasion of Ireland, the town's walls were first laid-out in the 13th century, with some sections of these defensive fortifications surviving today.

Fethard is located 16 km east of Cashel on the Clashawley River where the R692, R689 and R706 regional roads intersect. It is a civil parish in the barony of Middle Third and in the ecclesiastical parish of "Fethard and Killusty" in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly. , the town's population was 1,738.

History
Fethard was founded in the early 13th century during the Norman invasion of Ireland. While the low hill, on which the town stands, may have been the location of a pre-Norman church, the first evidence of significant settlement dates from 1201, when a Norman lord, likely William de Braose, settled here.

Fethard was laid-out with a market area, a church and graveyard, and a regular pattern of streets. Its economy was supported by the area's arable farmland. Fethard's founding charter gave it the status of a 'borough' and provided it with a constitution. Under this constitution, the town's people (burgesses) had fixed annual rents, access to a court, and defined fines for certain offences.

The town and lands of Fethard passed out of William de Braose's hands in 1208 following a dispute with King John. In 1215 Fethard was granted to the archbishops of Cashel, and it remained part of the archepiscopal estates until the 16th century. At the start of the 14th century, an Augustinian Friary was established outside the town.

Because of some lawlessness in the town's hinterland (marked, for example, when the nearby woods of Thomas de St Aubin were cleared because some travelling merchants had been robbed or killed), defensive walls were built around Fethard and other towns in the area. The first reference to the walling of Fethard dates to 1292 when the king allowed levies to be applied (over seven years) on items sold in the town, with the collected funds allocated to "the inclosing of their vill and the greater security of Ireland". Records of money still being collected (to fund wall building) date to the 14th century, with another grant issued for Fethard in 1375. This grant specified that stone walls were to be built, suggesting that the earlier town walls were made of earth and timber.

The town received a royal charter from Edward VI in 1552–3, allowing it a corporation in perpetuity, composed of one Sovereign, one Provost, Burgesses and inhabitants. The next royal charter was issued in 1608. A figure in the attainment of this second charter was Sir John Everard. John Everard, a lawyer and member of a local landed family, served the Butler clan and Earl of Ormond. His performances as a justice in the Earl's liberty of Tipperary saw him appointed by Elizabeth I as Second Justice of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland) in 1602. Although the Everards were Catholic, John Everard (by this time "Sir" John Everard) pledged allegiance to the Crown, and when he surrendered all his property to the Crown in 1607, it was immediately granted back to him. His good favour with the Crown was a factor in Fethard attaining a new charter in 1608.

In the new charter, the town was described as "a place of strength surrounded with a fair strong wall", and under its terms, the town's corporation was renewed and enlarged. The Fethard corporation was directed to build "a Tholsel (common Hall) for assemblies"; this led to the construction of some almshouses, which developed to become Fethard Town Hall.

During the 17th century, the town was subject to two significant threats. The first was by the army of Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin, and followed his Sacking of Cashel in 1647. When news of the massacre at Cashel reached Fethard, its citizens submitted to Inchiquin. Three years later, in 1650, Oliver Cromwell marched on Fethard on his way to besiege and take Kilkenny. In a letter, Cromwell described Fethard as "having a very good wall with round and square bulwarks, after the old manner of fortification". Referring to the nearby Augustinian Friary, he wrote that he had stationed troops "in an old abbey in the suburbs". As with Inchiquin, the citizens of Fethard also agreed to terms of surrender with Cromwell.

By the 18th century, some parts of the town were in a state of decay, with the corporation's books for 1718 noting that 56 people had houses with dangerous chimneys. In the same period, the Everard family's involvement with Fethard came to an end when the last Baronet, Sir Redmond Everard, 4th Baronet, who lived in France, sold his family's properties in Fethard in 1725. The new landowner, Mr Barton (a wine merchant from Bordeaux), replaced the old Everard mansion with a new house, which in turn became a military barracks early in the 19th century.

During the 19th century, the remaining medieval fabric of the town was largely demolished, with all but one of the town's gates removed. The west tower of the Augustinian Friary was removed in 1835.

Despite some demolition works, much of the town's defensive walls remain, making it one of the "best example[s] of a medieval walled town in Ireland". In some areas the remaining walls rise to a height of 7.8 m.

Economy
According to Tipperary County Council's 2017 "Settlement Plan for Fethard", the economy and employment within the town are "linked deeply with the heritage of the Town, the surrounding agricultural hinterlands and the equine industry". Heritage tourism marketing for the area focuses on the town's medieval defensive walls and the area's association with horse-racing and breeding.

Sport
The town is also known in the thoroughbred horse racing industry as the home of Coolmore Stud and of the stables of Michael "Mouse" Morris. McCarthy's Hotel was the home of Dick McCarthy, a professional jockey of the early 20th century, who rode Savernake in the 1930 Grand National.

Fethard GAA Club plays at Fethard GAA Park, formerly known as the Barrack Field. The club holds 21 senior county Gaelic football titles, more than any other team in the county.

Transport
The Thurles-Clonmel bus route, operated by Bernard Kavanagh & Sons/The Shamrock Bus Company, serves Fethard.

The nearest station is Clonmel railway station, approximately 13 kilometres away.

Culture
The Fethard Medieval Festival takes place annually in June. A parade runs through the main street that culminates in Valley Park centred on the River Clashawley, next to the town's medieval walls. Activities in the festival include amusements, workshops, craft demonstrations, archery, live music, and food stalls.

Fethard was used as a location for the 2011 film Stella Days, based on a book by Michael Doorley about life in Borrisokane during the 1950s.

Notable people

 * Thomas Bray, Archbishop of Cashel (1792–1820)
 * John Butler, 12th Baron Dunboyne was buried in the Augustinian friary, Fethard
 * John J. Cantwell, Archbishop of Los Angeles, attended the Patrician Brothers Monastery National School, and the nearby Classical Academy
 * John Magnier, owner of Coolmore Stud, is based in Fethard
 * Mouse Morris, Irish racehorse trainer, is based in Fethard
 * Patrick Mary O'Donnell, Archbishop of Brisbane, Australia (1965–73), born in Fethard
 * William Tirry (1609-1654), executed during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and buried in the former Augustinian Priory at Fethard, he was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1992 as one of the Irish Catholic Martyrs.

title: Fethard, County Tipperary


text:
Garryspillane

Garryspillane ( meaning "the garden of Ó Spealáin"), sometimes spelled "Garryspellane", is a village in southern County Limerick, Ireland, located near Knocklong on the R513 road. It is around 15 km west of Tipperary Town. Amenities in the village include a pub, a garage (service station), and a co-op. The Morning Star River flows near the village. It is a mainly agricultural area.

Sport
The local hurling team is known as Garryspillane, although the pitch is located in the nearby village of Knocklong.

title: Garryspillane