text:
Talk:Dolmen

Construction
Someone ought to include some information on construction, although it is difficult to locate I have found some very interesting speculative accounts on the construction of these structures. Perhaps others know of more scholarly resources.

Allee Couverte?
Nice pictures. They look a lot like allee couverte tombs to me though. Dolmen is a very non-specific term to British archaeologists at least, although I understand that the word is used more technically on the continent. When my photos come back from the developers I will add a picture of Kit's Coty which looks more like the simple stone table type.

 * I've removed pictures of Hunebed & Dolmen Duh. They don't seem to be Dolmen's to me, but I stand open to correction, so...Coil00 23:01, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

hunebed
Can anyone clarify hunebed - is it a folk term for any megalithic tomb or does it refer to a specific type? If it is the latter then I'm all for moving it back to its own page and keeping Dolmen generic. adamsan 12:41, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Hunebed is the Dutch word. Where I come from we used it to refer to the various megalithic tombs in our surroundings. The term was probably coined by people who didn't know of other megalithic tombs.
 * Several opinions on the meaning of hunebed:
 * Any megalithic tomb through meaning extension.
 * Any tomb built by the Trechterbeker(??)-people.
 * Any tomb built from gigantic zwerkeien (roamboulders??).
 * Side note: Same question as the translation of manga from Japanese to Dutch:
 * strip (extended meaning)
 * Japanse strip (a specific, regional kind)
 * manga (not a strip at all))
 * A map of Europe with hunebedden and such.
 * Based on floorplan there are four types:
 * portaalgraf - Rolde - D17 & D18
 * ganggraf - Gasteren - D10
 * langgraf - Emmen - D43
 * trapgraf - Eext - D13
 * Often they were originally buried in a mount. Encircling this mound often a ring of stones.
 * Disclaimer: I am not an archaeologist, nor a liguist.
 * Shinobu 00:54, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks Shinobu. In that case I think Hunebed should stay here with the differences in floorplan getting their own pages. Portaalgraf sounds like it may be the same as Portal dolmen and gangraf the same as Gallery grave. Could langraf be a Passage Grave? Does trapgraf mean staircase grave, ie an underground Shaft and chamber tomb?

 * I Agree with above comment. The name Hunebed is in Dutch used for the Dolmen type of grave, originally only for the indigenous ones, but it is a generic term in Dutch. In addition I would like to add that literal translation is 'Hun's bed' or 'bed of the Huns'. (I would say so does the German word). The Huns did not get as far west as the Netherlands, and the term Hun seems to be used in older texts as a generic term for either barbarians or giants, but I would still say that translating it as simply 'Made by Giants' is a bit coarse. - F. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 145.89.212.249 (talk) 13:04, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

Rough guide to hunebedden
Okay, I've cought up on my reading a bit. The wikipedia articles you linked to are not really conclusive, so I think a long response is in order.

First things first, terminology.
 * hunebedden is the plural of hunebed. Sometimes erroneously spelt with nn.
 * zwerfkei litterally means roamboulder but is perhaps more properly translated using the clinical term glacial erratic. They are large boulders (think 30 metric tonnes, although there are large variations in sizes) deposited by glaciers.
 * graven is the plural of graf. English term: grave.
 * trilithon is any construction of two stones supporting a third stone.

Construction
Hunebedden consist of trilithons. The supporting stones are part of the wall, the covering stone is part of the ceiling. They are usually very roughly east-west aligned. So the supporting stones form the north and south walls of a hunebed. Two closing stones form the west and the east wall.

This is what is left of most hunebedden today. Originally the gaps between the large stones were filled with smaller stones and the whole tomb was covered in a mound of soil.

Portaalgraf
Usually three trilithons. D18 has seven. The middle trilithon contains the entry. Instead of one southern supporting stone there are two, turned 90 degrees, so as to make a little portal. Hence the name.

Ganggraf
Ganggraven are usually larger than portaalgraven. D10 has three. (It is therefore very small for a gangraf. It is unfortunately also in very bad condition.) They have an extra, as I understand it slighly smaller, trilithon on the south side in front of the entry, forming a small corridor (gang) leading to the chamber. Hence the name.

8 of the 13 ganggraven have a ring of stones around the mound. In about half of the cases kidney shaped so as to connect to the entry.

Langgraf
Langraven are a bit of a mystery. D43 is the only one found in Drenthe, although more have been found in Saksen and Denmark. Contains two hunebedden of three and five trilithons. The name is coined because of the shape of the mound of soil, wich is longer than usual to accomodate for more than one hunebed.
 * It consists of a stone circle with one or two Steenkisten (stonecoffins) in it. Kleuske 10:20, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Trapgraf
Usually tree trilithons. A small staircase of three or four steps provides access to the chamber. D13 is the only one found in Drenthe, although more have been found in Saksen. Unfortunately the staircase has been destroyed in later times. The stones of this hunebed are exceptionally well crafted, unlike the other hunebedden.

G2 (G5)
This tomb has three trilithons. However the enry was located on the short side. Therefore it is thought by some to an enlarged dolmen(sic). Although the term dolmen is used it does appear in lists of hunebedden. The term dolmen is used apparently because the size (small) and shape are typically scandinavian.

Criticism of these classifications
Critics argue that it is too easy to confuse these types. For instance if a langgraf has lost it's corridor it might easily be mistaken for a portaalgraf. Also some argue that all hunebedden are variations on one theme and that one should not try to subclassify them.

Destruction
When Christianity startet to settle in Drenthe, the church, perhaps afraid of the symbolism of the hunebedden, did everything it could to portray them as pagan temples and the contructors as a brutal, savage, inhuman people. Religious fervor cuased a lot of the hunebedden to be destroyed.

The hunebedden had lost their respect. Parts of hunebedden were used for construction. Primitive archaeology was perhaps the final blow.

cf. Paapeloze kerk, "Priestless church". Kleuske 10:22, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

van Giffen & D49
Professor doctor A.E. van Giffen is often considered the first modern archaeolist to have studied the hunebedden. He documented te state all the hunebedden ware in, and numbered them. He was apparently very sad by the destruction he found.

When he wanted to reconstruct a hunebed, he chose a hunebed that was not in very good state. Perhaps because he didn't like the thought of messing with a hunebed that was in a good state, I don't know. The reconstruction could however not be finished without replacing the missing stones. D33 was eventually sacrificed for this purpose, because it was in a deplorable state in any case. As an archaeologist van Giffen was appalled by this idea. However he gave in, perhaps because of the pressure of others, perhaps because of the educational value, or perhaps just because it was the only way to give Drenthe back what it had lost so long ago. After reconstruction half of the hunebed was covered in the mound that had originally been there. Although this reconstruction was very controversial, it is as far as I know the only place were a Drentsch hunebed can be seen in it's orignal state.

Links
You can find much more information here:

Dutch text, pictures (English text): D18 D10 D43 D13 G2 (G5) (reconstructed from the original stones, found buried in the Groninger clay) D49

Epilogue
I think by now you have got enough information to make an informed judgement. And perhaps even enough for a whole new article ;-) Shinobu 17:43, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Wow! Thanks for all that Shinobu. I certainly agree with your points about the value of classification of these monuments, not to mention that two archaeologists will never interpret a site the same way. Many hunebedden look like gallery graves; the side entrance is an unusual feature but there are parallels in Denmark. The angle of the capstone in D44 would suggest a portal dolmen. Gangraffen seem to be an exotic type of passage grave. The langgraf tombs look to be related to the chambered long barrows of Britain and France especially the Medway tombs. I've never heard of similar types to the trapgraf though. I think they all deserve their own pages.

 * It seems that hunebed is a general term for several architecturally distinct monument types, just as dolmen is a popular term in English for the various chamber tombs. I get the impression that 'dolmen' on the European continent can also refer to an particular type of simple chamber tomb and would like to get some more information on this to incorporate into the article. adamsan 19:02, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The tombs in Drenthe, northern Germany, Denmark and southern Sweden were made by the same people, so certain parallels are perhaps not a surprise. I found the translation of Trechterbekervolk on the web: Funnelbeakerpeople. Not all dolmens in Europe were built by this people though.

The description statet in Gallery grave might fit, with differences noted, but I don't know if they were made by the same people.

D44 was probably not a portal dolmen, if the description on that page is correct. Note that apparently a portal dolmen is not the same as a portaalgraf. Portal dolmens don't occur in Drenthe I think. At least I'm quite sure I've never seen anything like the description on that page. In any case D44 has been heavily damaged (according to Van Giffen after 1848), so no one can tell how it looked originally. (That information came from the Dutch version of the webpage. The English version only stated that is was ruined.)

The passage grave picture indeed resembles a ganggraf, but it is very odd that it has only one trilithon. In Drenthe ganggraven are usually larger.

The langgraven may be chambered long barrows or something similar, but the article is not really specific enough.

I might also add that it is unfortunate that navigation between all these types of tombs is not really easy. Maybe I should sync things with the Dutch Wikipedia someday. Internationalization is very well, but unfortunately wiki doesn't post warnings to translated articles when the originals have been changed. Also some articles exist in only one of the two wikis. It is also unfortunate that finding a proper floorplan of a hunebed is so difficult.

As a last note, I shoud report the immense difference in sizes. You might have seen so from the pictures, but some are hardly longer than one man, and some are just really impressive big structures. I vaguely remember having flipped through a book on this years ago. I wonder... Shinobu 19:47, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * We have an article on the Funnelbeaker culture which currently attributes al hunebedden to them and will need changing. User:Yak did lots of great work on central European archaeology and would probably be able to contribute but sadly he seems to be no longer on the wiki. If you ever find that book....
 * As for navigation problems this is a big difficulty; it doesn't help that there are so few authorities who agree on terminology in one language let alone two or three. Once we start including megaliths from places outside Europe then things get even more complicated. I will add the different hunebed types to the Chamber tomb article, which is the most general page we have on these monuments. adamsan 20:12, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Amen. To me hunebedden just were a part of the landscape. They were there. You learned about them. You visited them. Especially D1, D2 and D5 look very familiar. If I visit a hunebed again, maybe I'll sketch a floorplan myself, although that might be ages away. Shinobu 20:49, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

On my (as yet unsuccessful) hunt for a floorplan I found this. Thank's to the girl in the photograph it gives you a very good impression of the size of the boulders. If we would ever include a schematic we should include a person. It gives an image a bit of human perspective which is impossible to create any other way. Shinobu 22:48, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Schematics!
Finally I found some! Often schematics give clearer look on a subject than a photo, so here goes:

Floorplan of a hunebed - Not quite "regular" in construction, but it shows the kidney-shaped circle of stones.

I haven't even begun to explore this site (in German and English): It may sound a bit silly, but I don't know how to reach these images from the pages.
 * D13
 * D15
 * D21 - translated in German.
 * D28
 * D30
 * D43 - shows quite nicely why it's called a langgraf.
 * D49
 * D53

Compare: I don't know if these are proper allées couvertes in the correct meaning, but it may be useful to have a look at them.
 * Allée couverte, for comparison
 * Another a.c.
 * Very odd a.c.
 * A.c.
 * A.c. - very different from my mental picture of hunebed...

Maybe some differences can be explained by the usage of "roamboulders". You see, Drenthe does not contain rock formations from which stone could be delved.

Using these sketches and the photographs it must be possible to construct quite a comprehensive list of dolmen-types. We could even draw schematics with their characteristics. (Not for every dolmen, but for every difference.) Shinobu 23:53, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Terminology

 * What I'm still curious about though is a definition of 'dolmen' that satisfies every international interpretation of the word. In Britain, the term has only a generic meaning and from what I infer from your info, this is a similar thing in the Netherlands where there are definite distinctions between megalithic tomb subtypes but 'hunebed' covers them all and this is what non-archaeologists call these stone monuments. From what you say about G2 (G5) though, I get the impression that the term 'dolmen' can apply to a specific monument type from northern Europe amongst archaeologists there. Is this how you read the description of this unusual example?

 * The way I currently see it is that all these monuments are chamber tombs and that dolmen/hunebed is a general term for the stone 'skeletons' of a European subgroup of chamber tombs. Furthermore, dolmens/hunebedden represent the remains of a more complicated group of many differing monuments built by different cultures in different periods. If some people treat a dolmen as something else though, something different from a hunebed (as G2 (G5)'s description implies) then I am wrong and we need to take account of this.

 * Also, in English a dolmen is the term for the remaining stone structure left when the covering barrow has gone. Would it be correct in Dutch to call D49 a 'dolmen/hunebed' or give it one of the more precise -graf names now that it has been restored? adamsan 22:14, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

dolmen - Maybe, I'm confused about this as well. Isn't dolmen supposed to be the French term? But it doesn't really look like one.

chamber tomb - It sounds like a nice general term to me. We have to account for the fact that for some people dolmen and hunebed are specific terms for regional variants, and for some general terms. We could use something like "In a broader sense hunebed/dolmen can also be any kind of..." and then use a link.

hunebed - I don't think it matters for nomenclature wether the burrow is still intact. A hunebed with intact burrow is still a hunebed.

*graf - A *graf is a kind of hunebed, wether only it's skeleton remains, it is restored, or still intact.

All in all, it is confusing the way people tend to use names. I'll try to compile a list of typical properties. This might take some time though. When we are finished with this I might draw some diagrams, but I won't start on that job until we have firm soil beneath our feet.

 * Thanks, that makes sense. The Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology's entry on dolmen says:

 * A traditional French term for any kind of megalithic chambered tomb. Formerly used occasionally in England but now obsolete except in the name Portal Dolmen

 * Cromlech is also described as an obsolete, general term. So I think until somebody can tell us that they use dolmen for a particular type of tomb, we should keep this article as open as possible, and use hunebed and cromlech as redirects to dolmen. We can then emphasise the different types and link to pages on each one and to chamber tomb. I look forward to seeing the results of your work on the hunebedden. adamsan 10:40, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I just looked up hunebed too, the dictionary says:

 * The Dutch name for the Neolithic Passage graves found in the northern part of the Netherlands. These tombs are associated with Trichterbecker C material. (my emphasis)

 * This seems incorrect as only some hunebedden have passages leading into the chamber as you demonstrated earlier. Also, attributing them all to one phase of Trichterbecker sounds wrong. adamsan 10:48, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Table
Okay, the idea behind the following list is like this: by editing and adding we'll find out what the differences are. J.B. Meijer's site contains a litterature list. Some of these are in the collection of my university, but I don't know if I've got clearance to enter that building - or borrow anything. (What with having way too much interests and having to choose one study...)

"ref WIKI" should be used as warning that data comes from Wikipedia and that is should not be considered as a confirmation of the same data.

Also remember that the subclassification is criticized. (As mentioned above.)
 * Hunebed (all types)
 * 2700 en 2400 BC
 * ref
 * ref ISBN 90-70884-18-6
 * 3600 BC
 * ref
 * ref ISBN 90-5826-123-9
 * note that both claim C14 sources
 * contruction:trilithons
 * coverings stones don't extend over the walls
 * material used:glacial erratics (source gives 20 tonnes)
 * ref
 * ref ISBN 90-70884-18-6
 * boulders used in similar fashion to Northern German examples
 * ref ISBN 0-7478-0341-2
 * Recent work suggests use of stone rather than wood was a result of the availability of local materials rather than evidence of cultural links with other megalithic societies as previously thought
 * ref ISBN 1-902771-39-7 p193
 * originally padded with smaller stones
 * originally covered in mound of soil

 * Hunebed\Portaalgraf
 * short sides closed with closing stones
 * one wallstone of (usually) the middle trilithon replaced with two portal stones

 * Hunebed\Ganggraf
 * short sides closed with closing stones
 * one wallstone of (usually) the middle trilithon replaced with two portal stones
 * another (may be smaller) trilithon in front of portal
 * may have ring of stones

 * Hunebed\Langgraf
 * short sides closed with closing stones
 * one wallstone of (usually) the middle trilithon replaced with two portal stones
 * is located together with other tomb(s) in a single elongated mound
 * (may have) ring of stones
 * Similarities with Medway tombs and long barrows of Northern Germany
 * ref ISBN 0-7478-0341-2

 * Hunebed\Trapgraf
 * short sides closed with closing stones
 * one wallstone of (usually) the middle trilithon replaced with two portal stones
 * small staircase to entry

 * Hunebed\G2
 * one of the short sides closed off with a closing stone

 * (type?) Ireland, Denmark, France, Portugal
 * oldest shortly after 5000 BC, apex between 4000 en 3000 BC
 * ref
 * ref ISBN 90-5826-123-9

 * (type?) Belgium
 * about 2800 BC
 * ref
 * ref ISBN 90-5826-123-9

You are encouraged to add things as you see fit. - You have to be very careful when web-crawling. I think this site is a sufficient warning not to believe everything you read in itself. Makes all kinds of claims, states no sources.

On another note, did you know that 27 endangered species of lichen live on hunebedden? Or that the "Papenloze Kerk" has an interesting more modern history? :-) Shinobu 12:57, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hünengräber
I've just walked into the library and no one complained. ISBN 3-89442-118-5 contains pretty pictures. The book states that the megalithic tombs in northern Germany are a sub-class of Ganggräben (which is therefore not synonymous with ganggraven).
 * Großsteingräber = megalithic tombs
 * Hünengräber = hunebedden (name coined by Saxo Grammaticus apparently)

The book differentiates between 5 classes of tombs:
 * 1) Tombs in a rectangular enclosure
 * 2) *Don't occur in Drenthe.
 * 3) *Are very neat and regular.
 * 4) *Length of enclosure 30 to 100 m.
 * 5) *Width of enclosure 5 to 9 m.
 * 6) *Very neat geometrical proportions (1:5, 1:3). Odd, isn't it?
 * 7) *Contains normal hunebed, which is surprisingly tiny compared to the whole structure, and located very off-center (usually to the west).
 * 8) In an oval enclosure
 * 9) *More or less like some ganggraven.
 * 10) Rectangular without enclosure
 * 11) *Like portaalgraven.
 * 12) Trapezoid
 * 13) *Very weird. I can't remember having seen something like it before.
 * 14) *Floorplan is trapezoid.
 * 15) *Usually broader on eastern side.
 * 16) In a mound of soil
 * 17) *This is thought to be the original state, I think.
 * 18) *Could not find these in the catalogue of the book.

I'll compile this date into the table if I have time to do so. Sometimes German ganggraven have two entry trilithons. The stone circles are never "kidney-shaped" (like D53 and D21), but always oval or rectangular. I have compiled some data from the schematics in the book. Maybe I'll do something with that someday. One of the graves is dated 2500-2000 BC. Don't know if that is typical though. The book also contains a map of locations. Shinobu 16:38, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The view from the side in the sketch of D21 has it's vertical scale wrong... I thought the boulders looked a bit flat in that one. So I did some pen & paper math. The lower picture is 1m:32px, but the vertical axis of the side view is more like 1m:20px.

To calculate this I used measurements by van Giffen, stating that the inner size of the chamber is (l; b; h) = (6,5m; 2,2m; 1,50m à 1,70m).

The scale of the top-down view is probably okay. Shinobu 18:28, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sketches/diagrams.
I've got enought data to do a sketch of a ganggraf with circle.

This could be used to explain other Drentsche hunebedden as well.

I intend to do one of the German rectangular type 1 things too. Other regional types on demand, provided a few good photos and information on dimensions (length, height, width, perimeter, anything).

Only one problem remains: real life (you know, that room with the blue ceiling). It's getting in the way. Shinobu 16:40, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Brilliant. It is time to start creating some articles! adamsan 21:27, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The sketch has been finished for some time now. Unfortunately real life turns out to be quite an exhausting experience. It may take a while before I post a first version, also because I want to double check the dimensions. Regards, Shinobu 20:03, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

reading dolmens
perhaps the article also ought to mention that such dolmens and their sites can be "read" often giving a far greater understanding; such "readings" consisting of actual reading of the markings as sometimes they are an ancient language as old norse etc, and also, reading the location or site and its surrounding "imprints" / imprinting can depcit the persons who were there (this later is a form of psychic reading but not actually, it is engaging the location e.g. from a broader overhead picture to read clearly the spiritual "imprint" left behind that is still there 1000s of years later) /s/ lil dol man sr 69.121.221.97 (talk) 03:32, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Factoid spoted.
"Dolmens were usually covered with earth or smaller stones to form a barrow, though in many cases that covering has weathered away, leaving only the stone 'skeleton' of the burial mound intact."

That is an old and not proven theory. In fact most domens never was covered and that's easy to "prove". There are a lot of mounds around, often in the same area as the domens and those does not got dolmens inside (or it is wery rare). An other thing is that it is seldomly any traces of erosion at the mounds either. So, how come most of the mounds covering domens are gone when the mounds that does not have dolmens inside remains?

Brownshill Dolmen
I changed the weight of the capstone to 150t; based on this sign at the site of the dolmen:

Moving Stones
I notice that a few non-native speaker have been putting their tuppence in on this article - particularly after looking at this talk page. But one quote from the main page does disturb me:
 * "And all around the country, several dolmens stand still, such as the ones of Passebonneau and des Gorces near Saint-Benoît-du-Sault."

The "dolmens stand still" means they are not moving at the moment. "Dolmens still stand", "Dolmens are still standing" or even "Dolmens remain standing" would be more appropriate. TinyMark 19:06, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Nov. 15, 2007 Warning
This article was recommended by MTG.com at http://wizards.com/default.asp?x=mtgcom/arcana/1463, so we might see a fair amount of vandalism on the article today.--Bedford 05:09, 15 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Built by Giants eh? (Sarah777 23:51, 15 November 2007 (UTC))

Weights
At the sci desk we were looking at the alleged 150 tonne size of a capstone with Franamax getting this: "rock is 160-190 lb/ft3, so a 20' x 8' by 1' slab would be around 12 tons. To get 150 tons, you need 50' x 9' x 4' - none of the pics look to be quite that impressive"

If no-one objects I'll change it to 1.5 tonne with a few more calculations. check with a math person Julia Rossi (talk) 09:02, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Korean dolmen
Korea holds more dolmens than any other places in the world, we need to add more information about Korean dolmens and add map. This article contains so little information about Korea when there are huge dolmen research and studies was conducted from Korea by foreign researchers.--Korsentry 01:26, 19 March 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by KoreanSentry (talk • contribs)

This May we went to Brittany for its menhirs, dolmen and alignments. By now I've written our personal 'trip-report', which may, still incompletely, clarify dolmen from the French perspective. It's a multi-page PDF, that I'll be happy to share. BTW. A 'cromlech' is an area surrounded by stones, not a dolmen. The stones could, have been part of a dolmen's covering's retaining wall, and be mistaken for a cromlech.173.66.169.150 (talk) 01:33, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Korean dolmen - warrants a separate article
I'm stopping now, but there is clearly enough material for a stand-alone article. See, and. The title of one of these, Constructing "Korean" origins: a critical review of archaeology is tantalising. Dougweller (talk) 17:49, 12 August 2012 (UTC)

Dolmen
The word "Dolmen" is from Turkic origin and means "to build, to construct with stones". It probably came to use in Europe with the Huno-iranic invasion or the Mongolian horde later on. The etymology is clearly not Breton, English or Nordic. The explanation with taol maen is a clear speculation. Table: From Middle English table, tabel, tabil, tabul, from Old English tabele, tabul, tablu, tabule, tabula, ("table, board"; also as tæfl, tæfel), from *tabla, *tabula (“table, board”), an early Germanic borrowing of Latin tabula (“tablet, board, plank, chart”). Reinforced in Middle English by Old French table, from the same Latin source. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/table As you can see we have *b as in stable root everywhere ( exept german spelling). Where is the connection with "taol" where *b is missing.
 * Tell the OED, not us Johnbod (talk) 20:33, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

 * The b is missing due to regular Breton sound developments. It's an ancient loanword from Latin tabula, see the AHD quoted here.
 * Note how the user above (who has not signed but is identified as one Nix1129 in the history) baldly asserts wild, completely implausible speculation as fact and dismisses the established explanation, both with absolute confidence, without giving any arguments or sources! On Wikipedia, I have more than enough experience with this kind of clueless, wilfully ignorant anti-science POV pushers who follow the Pan-Turkist delusion/dogma/ideology that Turkic peoples were present everywhere and everything has Turkic origins à la Sun Language Theory and goropism, academic scholarship and actual evidence be damned – this is typical bullshit like creationism, for which "fringe science" or even "pseudoscience" is too mild a characterisation. It's just plain old chauvinism/ethnocentrism/supremacism trying to give itself a serious veneer. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 21:09, 17 July 2014 (UTC)

"Dolmin" date
The etymology says: "the current spelling was introduced about a decade later and had become standard by 1995"

Surely that should be 1895 or 1795, not 1995, right?Shepazu (talk) 23:43, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
 * You'd think. Introduced here by the normally reliable Doug Weller. Even the original OED only mentions "dolmin" as a word "inexactly reproduced" in French, & gives no English uses at all. His Dutch source is clearly referring only to French usage and actually says "about 1885". I will adjust. Johnbod (talk) 20:28, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Well caught. The source does say 1885 and my fingers were obviously one key over. Johnbod, don't you just hate typos? You changed it to 1895, I've changed it to 1885. Somehow I got diverted from this article and didn't finish my editing as you are indeed correct about the source referring to French usage - I was going to discuss the etymology further but it all got lost. Dougweller (talk) 14:25, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Ah, yes, the whole area is obviously laid with typo-mines. Thanks, Johnbod (talk) 15:28, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

The Brazilian dolmen
There is a dolmen in brazil it's called "Pedra da Santana"(Santana Stone or Saint Anne Stone). The stone is located at the Chapada Diamantina Park - Bahia State ( http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapada_Diamantina )

It's possible to see some pictures of the stone here.

http://g1.globo.com/VCnoG1/0,,MUL106809-8491,00.html >

The wikipedia pt-br page for the "Pedra da Santana" shows a completely different photo, saying it's in Paramirim, Bahia, so it seems that Brazil has two dolmens. http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_da_Santana http://historum.com/ancient-history/74218-why-dolmens-found-all-around-world-2.html (higher definition picture)

In addition, there's a Brazilian 'stonehenge' in Amapá, north of Brazil. It's a stone circle, but not a dolmen, but worth mentioning. http://revistaplaneta.terra.com.br/secao/ciencia/no-amapa-uma-stonehenge-amazonica — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.113.24.1 (talk • contribs) 18:57, 4 June 2015

 * We've got an article on that, see Amazon Stonehenge. Needs work, I put some sources on the talk page a while ago. But it's not a dolmen so I'm not sure it should be included. It's not a henge either! Doug Weller (talk) 13:01, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dolmen


text:
Habitat (video game)

Habitat is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by LucasArts. It is the first attempt at a large-scale commercial virtual community that was graphic based. Initially created in 1985 by Randy Farmer, Chip Morningstar, Aric Wilmunder and Janet Hunter the game was made available as a beta test in 1986 by Quantum Link, an online service for the Commodore 64 computer and the corporate progenitor to AOL. Both Farmer and Morningstar were given a First Penguin Award at the 2001 Game Developers Choice Awards for their innovative work on Habitat. As a graphical MUD it is considered a forerunner of modern MMORPGs unlike other online communities of the time (i.e. MUDs and massively multiplayer onlines with text-based interfaces). Habitat had a GUI and large user base of consumer-oriented users, and those elements in particular have made Habitat a much-cited project and acknowledged benchmark for the design of today's online communities that incorporate accelerated 3D computer graphics and immersive elements into their environments.

Culture
"Habitat is 'a multi-participant online virtual environment', a cyberspace. Each participant ('player') uses a home computer (Commodore 64) as an intelligent, interactive client, communicating via modem and telephone over a commercial packet-switched network to a centralized, mainframe computer. The client software provides the user interface, generating a real-time animated display of what is going on and translating input from the player into messages to the host. The host maintains the system's world model enforcing the rules and keeping each player's client informed about the constantly changing state of the universe."

Users in the virtual world were represented by onscreen avatars, meaning that individual users had a third-person perspective of themselves, making it rather like a videogame. Players in the same region (denoted by all objects and elements shown on a particular screen) could see, speak (through onscreen text output from the users), and interact with one another. Habitat was governed by its citizenry. The only off-limits portions were those concerning the underlying software constructs and physical components of the system. The users were responsible for laws and acceptable behavior within Habitat. The authors of Habitat were greatly concerned with allowing the broadest range of interaction possible, since they felt that interaction, not technology or information, truly drove cyberspace. Avatars had to barter for resources within Habitat, and could even be robbed or "killed" by other avatars. Initially, this led to chaos within Habitat, which led to rules and regulations (and authority avatars) to maintain order.

Timeline
Randy Farmer, Chip Morningstar, Aric Wilmunder and Janet Hunter created the first graphical virtual world, which was released in a beta test by Lucasfilm Games in 1986 as Habitat for the Quantum Link service for the Commodore 64. Habitat ran from 1986 to 1988, and was closed down at the end of the pilot run. The service proved too costly to be viable, so Lucasfilm Games recouped the cost of development by releasing a sized down version called Club Caribe on Quantum Link in 1988. It was then licensed by Fujitsu in 1988, and released in Japan as Fujitsu Habitat in 1990.

In 1994, Fujitsu Cultural Technologies was spun off as a new division of Fujitsu Open Systems Solutions, INC or OSSI for short. In conjunction with Electric Communities, the two companies began work on the WorldsAway project (which was codenamed "Reno" at the time). Originally, the initial plan was for the team to work from the Fujitsu Habitat code and bring it to the Mac and Windows operating systems. This proved not to be possible due to the fact the underlying architecture was nothing like its predecessor Habitat due to being developed by a different team. This led to delays in the project whilst the kinks were being worked out. It was launched on CompuServe in 1995 as a free service for members. The world was called Dreamscape and moved to the public Internet in 1997 still under the operation of Fujitsu. As CompuServe morphed into AOL's "value brand", Fujitsu sought to sell off its product as they were making a loss. Inworlds.com (who later became Avaterra, Inc) stepped up and bought the licensing rights and took over the reins. In 2011 the Dreamscape was still surviving independently as one of the VZones.com worlds – owned by Stratagem Corporation. Other WorldsAway worlds using the same server software that have been launched during Stratagem times were newHorizone, Seducity, Second Kingdom and Datylus. The VZones.com worlds closed in August 2014. The only remaining licensees of the technology is vzones.com.

Creation
One challenge in producing games is to resist the "conceit that all things may be planned in advance and then directly implemented according to the plan's detailed specification". Morningstar and Farmer argue that this mentality only leads to failure as the potential capabilities and imagination of a game would remain confined within the small niche of developers. They generalized this well by pointing out that "even very imaginative people are limited in the range of variation that they can produce, especially if they are working in a virgin environment uninfluenced by the works and reactions of other designers".

An example of this approach was when Wilmunder, the programmer responsible for developing both backgrounds for the Habitat World and Avatar animations noted how the original specification only included a single generic male and female character. Wilmunder determined that the system could go further and he implemented the ability to customize player Avatars, first by patterning their clothing, and later allowing Avatars to change height, carry items, and ultimately to allow the players to select from over one hundred different heads for their characters, capabilities that are today taken for granted in other Avatar based systems. This feature became so popular that 'heads' were sold in in-game vending machines and were even used as rewards for players when they completed quests.

With this outlook Morningstar and Farmer stated that a developer should consider providing a variety of possible experiences within the cyberspace, ranging from events with established rules and goals (i.e. hunts) to activities propelled by the user's own motivations (entrepreneur) to completely free-form, purely existential activities (socializing with other members). The best method to manage and maintain such an immense project, they have discovered, was to simply to let the people drive the direction of design and aid them in achieving their desires. In short the owners became the facilitators as much as designers and implementers.

Regardless, the authors note the importance of separation between the access levels of the designer and the operator. They classify the two coexisting virtualities as the "infrastructure level" (implementation of the cyberspace, or the "reality" of the world), which the creators should only control, and the "experiential level" (visual and interactive feature for users), which the operators are free to explore. The user not need to be aware of how data are encoded in the application. This naturally follows from the good programming practice of encapsulation.

Revival
In 2016 a project was undertaken to relaunch Habitat using emulation of both the Commodore 64 and the original Q-Link system that Habitat ran on. The project was headed by Alex Handy, founder of The Museum of Art and Digital Entertainment (MADE), who received the game's source code from its original developers. That July, the source code was uploaded by MADE to GitHub under MIT license for open review.

In February 2017, an open-source project to revive Habitat led by Randy Farmer (one of Habitat's creators) named NeoHabitat was announced to the public. The project was requesting volunteer contributors to aid in developing code, region design, documentation and provide other assistance. Due to the volunteer contributors, original source files, maps created during development and database backups were unearthed. This enabled the original Populopolis world to be fully restored. NeoHabitat is currently operational and accessible to all. Development is mostly complete and the original Habitat experience can be had once more.

WorldsAway
WorldsAway was launched in 1995 and was developed by some of the Habitat team, although no code is shared between the two projects. WorldsAway is an online graphical "virtual chat" environment in which users designed their own two dimensionally represented avatars. It was one of the first visual virtual worlds. In 1996 it was one of the top 20 most popular forums on Compuserve. WorldsAway users would login, originally through dial-up Compuserve accounts and later through the Internet. First-time users would choose their gender, name, head and body style on a virtual ship before entering the world proper to meet other online users (these could be changed later by paying a quantity of tokens).

Each subscriber would view and manipulate their own avatar which was displayed in a limited set of poses and profiles. A user would walk their avatar around a virtual city (named Kymer), enter shops and teleporter cabins, gesture or chat to other avatars (cartoon like text bubbles would appear), and carry out various in-game actions. Ty Burr's 1996 review of the three graphical chat worlds then available (the others were Worlds Chat and Time Warner's The Palace) rated WorldsAway the lowest at C+, criticizing the slowness and lack of flexibility.

Unlike some modern virtual worlds, WorldsAway did not boast 3D graphics or any combat system (although inworld combat had been planned, it was never implemented). Most time spent in the world by users was spent on economic endeavors and chat. This meant that the world had a monetary token system and virtual business endeavors could be set up such as Clover's famous auctions with commissions for sales, or Dennis S's nightclub with admission charges, or the payments for the various street games such as bingo. The token system facilitated the economy. Avatars received tokens based on the number of hours played, from sales of objects, from gifts, and other sources such as running enterprises. Rare and/or functional objects were introduced into the world by stores and Acolytes. Acolytes were appointed by the Oracles and had access to changing supplies of objects that they gave away or awarded as prizes to the community. Clover's famous auctions were held weekly and people bid vast amounts of tokens to acquire rare items such as heads, clothing, furniture, and other useful or artistic objects. Apartments could be purchased, furnished, or sold. Other popular past-times were playing Bingo and other simple games. These games were not a part of the original software, but were made by third party developers as plug-ins.

Dreamscape
Dreamscape was the first graphical online chat environment built on the WorldsAway platform. It allowed users to create an avatar to represent themselves in a 2D world and interact with other users and virtual items. The player chooses an avatar, which is the graphical representation of the player. The avatar can text chat, move, gesture, use facial expressions, and is customizable in a virtually unlimited number of ways. Avatars earn money, own possessions, rent apartments, and make friends. The environment itself is composed of thousands of screens, in which the player's avatar moves about.

Popular culture
Much of the second and third seasons of the American TV series Halt and Catch Fire is centered around the development and troubles of the fictional tech startup Mutiny, heavily inspired by the story of PlayNET and Quantum Link in the 1980s. In the show, Mutiny transitions from an online games company to eventually delivering an online subscriber-based graphical chat community for Commodore 64 users, mirroring Habitat.

Reception
Roy Wagner reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and wrote that "this game effectively optimizes the local storage, processing and graphics power of the low cost Commodore 64/128 home computer that is in over four million homes and the real-time, person-to-person, interactivity made possible by a low cost nationwide network that is accessible with a local phone call".

Reviews

 * Commodore Microcomputers
 * Run

Literature

 * Farmer, F. R. (1993). "Social Dimensions of Habitat's Citizenry". Virtual Realities: An Anthology of Industry and Culture, C. Loeffler, ed., Gijutsu Hyoron Sha, Tokyo, Japan
 * "Habitat Anecdotes and other boastings" by F. Randall Farmer (Fall 1988), Electric Communities

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Habitat (video game)


text:
Aircraft maintenance technician

An aircraft mechanic, aviation mechanic or aircraft maintenance technician (AMT) is a tradesperson who carries out aircraft maintenance and repairs. AMTs inspect and perform or supervise maintenance, preventive maintenance, repairs and alteration of aircraft and aircraft systems.

For a person who holds a mechanic certificate issued by the Federal Aviation Administration, the rules for certification, and for certificate-holders, are detailed in Subpart D of Part 65 of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs), which are part of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations. The US licensed qualification is sometimes referred to by the FAA as the Aviation Maintenance Technician and is commonly referred to as the Airframe and Powerplant (A&P).

Certification
In the U.S, the general requirement for eligibility for a mechanic certificate include the following. The candidate must:

 * Be 18 or older
 * Be able to read, speak, and understand English fluently;
 * Meet the experience or educational requirement; and
 * Pass a set of required tests within a maximum of 24 months.

The required tests include a set of knowledge tests, followed by a practical test, which includes an oral examination component, and which is administered by a Designated Mechanic Examiner (DME).

A person who fulfills the necessary requirements is issued a mechanic certificate with either an airframe or powerplant rating, or both. These ratings together account for the common practice of referring to mechanics as "A&Ps." Until 1952, instead of the Powerplant rating, an Engine rating was issued, so the abbreviation "A&E" may appear in older documents.

Eligibility for the mechanic tests depends on the applicant's ability to document their knowledge of required subject matter and ability to perform maintenance tasks. The FAA recognizes two ways of demonstrating the needed knowledge and skills: practical experience or completion of a training program at a school certificated under Part 147 of the FARs.

Industry competitions
The AMT Society presents the annual maintenance skills competition, which recognizes top AMT teams across all aviation including commercial and military.

Applications based on experience
Applicants for a mechanic certificate with a single rating—either airframe or powerplant—and who base their application on practical experience must demonstrate 18 months of work experience applicable to the chosen rating. Those applying for both ratings must show a total of 30 months of applicable experience. The United States military provides an opportunity to gain practical experience, and there is a simple process of obtaining eligibility from military experience to earn an Airframe and Powerplant License as long as the members careers meet the required career specialty codes or MOS.

Applications based on education
Applicants who attend an aviation maintenance school program certificated under Part 147 study an FAA-approved and supervised curriculum. Those applying for a mechanic certificate with a single rating—either airframe or powerplant—study a "general" set of subjects for at least 400 hours, as well as at least 750 hours of material appropriate to the chosen rating, for a total of 1,150 hours. Those who pursue both ratings study the "general" material, as well as the 750 hours for each rating, for a total of at least 1,900 hours. Completion of such a program of study typically requires between 18 and 24 months.

Required areas of study in the "general" curriculum include electricity, technical drawings, weight and balance, hydraulics and pneumatics, ground operation of aircraft, cleaning and corrosion control, basic mathematical calculations, forms and record-keeping, basic physics, maintenance manuals and publications, and applicable federal regulations. Thorough knowledge of FAA rules and regulations (especially with regard to accepted repair/modification procedures) is also expected of A&P mechanics.

Required areas of study in the airframe curriculum include inspection, structures—wood, sheet metal, composite—and fasteners, covering, finishes, welding, assembly and rigging, hydraulics, pneumatics, cabin atmosphere control systems, instrument systems, communication and navigation systems, fuel systems, electrical systems, position and warning systems, ice and rain control systems, and fire protection systems.

Required areas of study in the powerplant curriculum include inspection, reciprocating and turbine engine theory and repair, instrument systems, fire protection systems, electrical systems, lubrication systems, ignition and starting systems, fuel metering systems, fuel systems, induction and airflow systems, cooling systems, exhaust and reverser systems, propellers, unducted fans, and auxiliary power units.

Inspection authorization
Some AMTs, after at least three years of working in their field, choose to acquire an inspection authorization (IA), which is an additional rating added on to the individual's mechanic certificate. These individuals are allowed to perform annual inspections on aircraft and sign off for return to service on major repairs and alterations on the required block of the FAA form 337. Certification and limitations, including renewal requirements, of mechanics with inspection authorization is contained in 14 CFR Part 65.

The requirements for obtaining an inspection authorization is that the AMT must be licensed for a minimum of three years and actively exercising the rights of an A&P for the two years prior to the date that the IA examination is to be taken.

Renewal of the IA rating must be done every two years (on odd years) by submitting to the FAA a form showing a minimum of activity in which the IA exercised his or her authority. This activity comprises either annual inspections, major repairs, major alterations, or a minimum of 8 hours of FAA approved training. This activity must be accomplished every 12 months even though the renewal period is every 24 months.

Employment status
There are 180 maintenance schools in the United States. In 2017 number of students was 18,000. The scholarship for students ranges from $2,500 to $16,000.
 * Training

In 2019 number of aircraft technicians was 292,002, only 2.4% were women. According to the 2019 report from Boeing North America will need 192,000 new technicians over the next 20 years.
 * Employment opportunity

The average annual income of aircraft maintenance personnel is $68,677 in the United States.
 * Wage level

title: Aircraft maintenance technician


text: Category:Neurons

title: Category:Neurons


text:
Slovak euro coins

The Slovak euro coins are the European monetary union euro coins issued by Slovakia since 2009. They feature three separate designs for the three series of coins.

Slovakia has been a member of the European Union since May 2004, and is a member of the European Economic and Monetary Union. Slovakia adopted the euro on 1 January 2009, replacing its previous currency, the Slovak koruna.

Adopting the euro
In 2005, an official public contest for Slovak euro coin designs was held, which took place over two rounds. The deadline for the first round was 31 January 2005, after which the ten top designers chosen by the National Bank of Slovakia (NBS) were invited to make plaster reliefs of their designs. In the second round, the NBS called a public vote conducted from 12 November until 20 November 2005 on the ten designs that were picked from the over 200 submissions. On 21 November 2005, the results were made public; the most popular design was the coat of arms of Slovakia. On 20 December 2005, the design for the Slovak euro coins was officially made public on the NBS website. Since then Slovakia has been doing economic reforms to be able to adopt the euro.

After three years of reforms, on 1 April 2008, the NBS announced their plan for withdrawal, disposal and destruction of the Slovak koruna notes and coins. On 7 May 2008, the European Commission approved the application and asked member states to endorse the bid during the EU finance minister's meeting in July 2008. Slovakia's 12-month inflation was 2.2% compared with 3.2% that is required. Annual inflation however was 3.6% for March 2008. Fiscal deficit was 2.2% versus the reference value of 3.0%. And finally the government debt ratio was 29.4% of GDP in 2007, well below the maximum ratio of 60.0%.

On 3 June 2008, the European Union finance ministers gave Slovakia the green light to join the euro zone in 2009 while urging the country to be ready to fight inflation with tight fiscal policies. "We are happy to see Slovakia join the euro zone on January 1, 2009," Jean-Claude Juncker, who chairs the Eurogroup of euro zone finance ministers, told reporters.

Slovakia's mint has been tasked to produce some 500 million euro and cent coins. As a preparation for the change on 1 January, starting from November 2008, these coins will be distributed to businesses all over Slovakia.

On 17 June 2008, the European Parliament agreed to Slovakia's bid to join the euro zone from the start of 2009, urging the country to tighten fiscal policies to avoid inflationary risks. The assembly voted 589 to 17 with 86 abstentions to approve a report that said the European Union newcomer met all euro entry criteria. However, the parliament's role is consultative only. Slovakia's bid to become the euro zone's 16th member was approved by EU leaders. EU finance ministers set the final conversion rate of the Slovak koruna into the euro on 8 July 2008.

On 19 June 2008, the leaders of the EU Member States confirmed Slovakia's readiness to join the eurozone on 1 January 2009. "I congratulate Slovakia for meeting all the relevant criteria", said the current President of the European Council and Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Janša.

On 8 July 2008, the European Union formally invited Slovakia to join the European single currency and set the official rate at which korunas will be exchanged for euros – 30.1260 korunas to the euro.

On 5 September 2008, as part of the preparations for euro adoption, the NBS announced that by the end the year Slovakia planned to transport over €7 billion in banknotes from Austria and to mint coins worth €167 million to pre-stock itself with the new currency. Start-up packages containing the EUR equivalent of 500 Sk (€16.60 ) were sold at all post offices from 1 December 2008. The package contained 45 Slovak euro coins with nominal values from 1-cent (0.30 Sk) to 2 euro (60.25 Sk).

A few days before the €-day, the government spent €6.5 million to educate the public about the new currency.

Slovak euro design
For images of the common side and a detailed description of the coins, see euro coins.

title: Slovak euro coins


text:
Talk:Wuhan University

"Corona"
The intro contains clunky shoehorned references to a book called Corona with bogus citations (They feel legit, just not for this). It feels a *little* problematic.

"It is one of the most prestigious and selective universities in China, and was recognized by the Chinese Ministry of Education for it's fabled book 'Corona'.[4] ... Nationally, it was ranked fourth and it's also famous for releasing de book named 'Corona'[7] in 2016"

Does anyone know how to identify the specific edits in the page's history, to maybe recover an earlier version with info that might actually correspond with the citations? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ethan MP (talk • contribs) 17:31, 26 May 2021 (UTC)

"211 Project?"
I have removed this as neither myself (native English speaker) nor my girlfriend (Chinese native speaker and recent Wuhan graduate) have any idea what it means:

"...are the central-China center officially decided for the "211 Project" documents--ensuring system of the Chinese universities and colleges." Jsteph 09:57, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Too much boosterism, really. Charles Matthews 12:49, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Yeah, it must have been copied off the school website, I edited it all down to just NPOV --220.245.178.135 13:45, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

English names of its predecessors
Why are the English names of its predecessors transliterated in Pinyin? — Instantnood 10:08, 28 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it's kind of silly, but - anachronism notwithstanding - more people can read it this way. Anyone who knows it's anachronistic probably also understands the rationale. Matttoothman (talk) 01:23, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Proposed merged from Wuhan University School of Geodesy and Geomatics
--Openthedoors (talk) 14:21, 15 January 2008 (UTC) I think its not necessary to merge this article to Wuhan University.

mongolia hi namaig battushig gedeg temka_nomko@yahoo.com nadad tanai surguuliin medeelel heregtei baina —Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.0.133.190 (talk) 14:49, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

Official English names?
Article lists:

The National Wuchang Higher Normal College	国立武昌高等师范学校

The National Wuchang Normal University	国立武昌师范大学

The National Wuchang University	国立武昌大学

The National Wuchang Zhongshan University	国立武昌中山大学

National Wuhan University

Are these English names official?

Better translations would be:

Wuchang State Superior Normal School or The Public Superior Normal School of Wuchang (c.f Ecole Normale Superieure, Moscow State University)

Wuchang State Normal University

Wuchang State University

Wuchang Zhongshan State State University

Wuhan University Center for Animal Experiment
should a section be added about the WU's connection to the COVID-19_lab_leak_theory page? https://theintercept.com/2021/09/06/new-details-emerge-about-coronavirus-research-at-chinese-lab/ --2600:8804:6600:9:69DA:EEC9:C186:3467 (talk) 19:52, 8 September 2021 (UTC)
 * The relevant question is based on WP:DUE and WP:RSUW: Examining all news articles, scholarly sources, etc. about Wuhan University (in all language sources), what proportion mention the lab leak theory? At first glance, it does not appear to be a very high proportion. — Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 22:23, 9 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wuhan University


text:
The Press and Journal

The Press and Journal is a daily regional newspaper serving northern and Highland Scotland including the cities of Aberdeen and Inverness. Established in 1747, it is Scotland's oldest daily newspaper, and one of the longest-running newspapers in the world.

History
The newspaper was first published as a weekly title, Aberdeen's Journal, on 29 December 1747. In 1748 it changed its name to the Aberdeen Journal. It was published on a weekly basis for 128 years until August 1876, when it became a daily newspaper.

The newspaper was owned by the Chalmers family throughout the nineteenth century, and edited by members of the family until 1849, when William Forsyth became editor. Its political position was Conservative.

In November 1922, the paper was renamed The Aberdeen Press and Journal when its parent firm joined forces with the Free Press.

Historical copies of the Aberdeen Journal, dating back to 1798, are available to search and view in digitised form at The British Newspaper Archive.

Ethel Simpson, pioneering female journalist, was the first women junior reporter at The Press and Journal, and was also one of the first female chief reporters.

Editors
1788–1810: James Chalmers

1810–1849: David Chalmers

1849–1878: William Forsyth

1879–1884: Archibald Gillies

1887–1889: Charles MacCaskie

1890–1894: Archibald Gillies

1894–1897: David Pressley

1897–1903: David Gillespie

Present-day situation
The newspaper is printed six days a week and there are six geographic editions every day (seven prior to June 2011). Although for many years a broadsheet, since 2012, The Press and Journal has been in compact size.

The newspaper is occasionally criticised for its regional perspective on global events, but the paper defends this stance, occasionally running "proud to be local" advertisements. Just one week after the September 11 attacks in 2001 the paper's World news section totalled just a single half-page.

The head office of the paper was located in Mastrick, Aberdeen, and is now in the city centre. As of March 2012 employed 470 staff locally and at branch offices throughout the North of Scotland. The current editor of the newspaper is Richard Neville, who replaced former editor Damian Bates in 2017.

The paper, along with the Evening Express and Scot-Ads, is published by Aberdeen Journals, who also published the Aberdeen Citizen. It has a circulation of 22,927 copies, making it the most-read and best-selling former broadsheet newspaper in Scotland. Its circulation is greater than that of The Herald and The Scotsman combined. Aberdeen Journals is now owned by the Dundee-based D. C. Thomson media group, after being sold by the Daily Mail and General Trust in 2006.

The Press and Journal, the Evening Express, Aberdeen Citizen and Scot-Ads were all printed on Aberdeen Journals' own printing presses in Aberdeen until May 2013. Since then, all titles are printed in Dundee. Until March 2006 the News of the World was also printed on the Aberdeen press.

Coverage of Trump International Golf Links Development
The Press and Journal was a staunch supporter of the building of a highly controversial golf resort by Donald Trump at the Menie Estate in Balmedie, Aberdeenshire. The development was against the wishes of many local residents, and on an area designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

In 2007, the Aberdeen Evening Express ran pictures of seven councillors who voted against the application under the headline "You Traitors". In 2009, the newspaper announced it would not report anything said by the protest group "Tripping Up Trump", saying it was not "bona fide". In contrast, opponents complained, the DC Thomson papers in Aberdeen, the Evening Express and the Press and Journal gave a large amount of positive press to Donald Trump and the real estate development.

In 2013, Press and Journal editor Damian Bates married Sarah Malone, then executive vice president and press spokeswoman for the Trump International project.

title: The Press and Journal


text:
Talk:Anarchistic-Pogo Party Germany

Isn't the third goal "cancellation" rather than "chancelation"? Same question about 5th and 7th points.

title: Talk:Anarchistic-Pogo Party Germany


text:
User:Torfkopp~enwiki

Welcome !

I support:
 * objektivity and independence
 * people who do not like Wikipedia conventions when they are useless or wrong

Best wishes Torfkopp

de:Benutzer:Torfkopp

title: User:Torfkopp~enwiki


text:
Press and Journal (Pennsylvania)

The Press and Journal was a weekly newspaper which served Dauphin County, Pennsylvania in the United States. It was owned by Joe and Louise Sukle.

It had a circulation of approximately 8,000 copies in the Highspire, Hummelstown, Londonderry Township, Lower Swatara Township, Middletown, and Royalton.

History
The newspaper was founded in 1854.

In July 2020, the newspaper ceased its operations.

title: Press and Journal (Pennsylvania)


text:
I Am the Greatest: The Adventures of Muhammad Ali

I Am the Greatest: The Adventures of Muhammad Ali is an animated series featuring boxer Muhammad Ali, who performed his own voice. The series was broadcast Saturday mornings on NBC and produced by Fred Calvert's independent production company, Farmhouse Films, in the fall of 1977, but was cancelled after 13 episodes due to its low ratings.

In the show, Muhammad Ali and his public relations manager, Frank Bannister, both provided their own voices, as Ali went on adventures with his (fictional) niece Nicky and nephew Damon, voiced by Casey Carmichael and Patrice Carmichael.

Crew

 * Directed by Fred Calvert
 * Written by John Bates, Carole Beers, Booker Bradshaw, Ellen and David Christianson, Joseph R. Henderson, Bryan Joseph, Gene Moss

Cast

 * Muhammad Ali as Muhammad Ali
 * Frank Bannister as Frank Bannister
 * Casey Carmichael as Nicky
 * Patrice Carmichael as Damon

Reception
The series received generally negative reviews. In The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows, David Perlmutter writes: "… perhaps the most clumsily animated, written, and acted series in television animation history, with little of value presented."


text:
HPA

HPA may refer to:

Organizations

 * Harry Potter Alliance, a charity
 * Halifax Port Authority, Canada
 * Hamburg Port Authority, Germany
 * Hawaii Preparatory Academy, a school in Hawaii, US
 * Health Protection Agency, UK
 * Heerespersonalamt, the German Army Personnel Agency 1920-1944
 * Hollywood Post Alliance, an American trade organization
 * Houston Peace Academy of the Islamic Education Institute of Texas, US
 * Hurlingham Polo Association, UK polo governing body
 * HPA Toucan human-powered aircraft built by Hertfordshire Pedal Aeronauts

People

 * Hans Peter Anvin (born 1972), Swedish computer programmer
 * Howlin' Pelle Almqvist (Born 1978), Swedish lead singer of garage rock band The Hives

Science

 * Hectopascal (hPa), a unit of pressure
 * Human platelet antigen
 * Human Protein Atlas
 * Hydrogen pinch analysis
 * Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in physiology

Technology

 * High-performance addressing, in LCD displays
 * Host protected area of computer data storage
 * Human-powered aircraft
 * High-pressure air, in paintball guns
 * Horizontal Pod Autoscaling, the Kubernetes autoscaler.

Transport

 * Honor Oak Park railway station (National Rail station code), in London, England
 * Lifuka Island Airport, in Tonga

Other uses

 * Highland Prince Academy de Mexico, a group of schools in Tijuana
 * Hydraulic Project Approval, an approval for hydraulic projects granted by the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW)

title: HPA


text:
The Goddess (1958 film)

The Goddess is a 1958 American drama film directed by John Cromwell and starring Kim Stanley and Lloyd Bridges. From a screenplay by Paddy Chayefsky, the film is an in-depth character study of the life of a troubled and lonely girl who becomes a movie star adored by millions, but is miserable in her private life. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.

Plot
Emily Ann Faulkner is born into poverty in The South, has no father, no friends, and is unloved by her indifferent mother Laureen, who does not want to be tied down by a child. As a teenager, Emily is socially ostracized by the local townspeople, except for the boys who are attracted to her good looks and sexual availability. Emily lets them have sex with her in order to have some brief respite from her loneliness; the rest of the time, she retreats into Hollywood fantasies. During WWII, she meets and marries world-weary G.I. John Tower, who also suffers from his dysfunctional upbringing as the son of a well-known movie actor. Unable to cope with a rocky marriage and unwanted pregnancy, Emily soon escapes to Hollywood, leaving her baby daughter in John's care.

In Hollywood, Emily soon marries Dutch Seymour, a former champion boxer turned Hollywood socialite. She initially enjoys the attention and social status she gets as Dutch's wife, but rejects his idea that they move to St. Louis so he could join his family's business. Anxious to further her career, Emily poses for risque magazine photos and has casting couch affairs, ending her marriage to Dutch. Emily is soon transformed into the glamorous superstar sex goddess, Rita Shawn. Despite her celebrity and wealth, she is still insecure and fears being alone, seeking comfort in drinking and promiscuity.

Rita finally has a nervous breakdown requiring hospitalization, which causes her elderly mother Laureen to finally come to Hollywood for a visit. Rita is thrilled to see her mother and clings to her, trying to impress her. However, Laureen has turned from her past immorality to religious fervor, is unimpressed by Rita's money and success, and mainly seeks to convert her daughter. Rita has very few friends, and the visiting couple she introduces to her mother as her "dearest and oldest friends" privately tell Laureen that they barely know Rita and only met her a short time ago, adding that Rita should see a psychiatrist.

Rita wants her mother to stay with her permanently, but Laureen insists on returning home to her simple life of attending church, caring for her sick brother, and helping her sister-in-law run the family store. As her mother is leaving, Rita becomes enraged and screams from the doorway that she hates her and wishes her dead. When her mother later dies, Rita has a drunken public breakdown at her grave. The self-destructive Rita now lives under the constant supervision of a stern secretary/ nurse Harding, who has become Rita's mother figure. John Tower tries to reconcile with Rita/ Emily for the sake of their young daughter, whom John has learned to love, thus breaking the cycle of family dysfunction. But Rita is too psychologically damaged.

Cast

 * Kim Stanley as Emily Ann Faulkner/Rita Shawn
 * Lloyd Bridges as Dutch Seymour
 * Steven Hill as John Tower
 * Betty Lou Holland as Mrs. Laureen Faulkner
 * Burt Brinckerhoff as The Boy
 * Bert Freed as Lester Brackman
 * Gerald Hiken as George
 * Elizabeth Wilson as Harding
 * Joan Copeland as Alice Marie
 * Joyce Van Patten as Hillary
 * Joanne Linville as Joanna
 * Donald Mckee as R.M. Lucas
 * John Lawrence as Soldier
 * Curt Conway as The Writer
 * Fred Herrick as The Elder
 * Patty Duke as Emily Ann Faulkner, age 8
 * Linda Soma as Bridesmaid
 * Kris Flanagan as Himself
 * Gerald Petrarca as The Minister
 * Roy Shuman as Soldier
 * Gail Haworth as Emily's Daughter
 * Werner Klemperer as Supposed Old and Dear Friend

Production
The story is said to be based loosely on Marilyn Monroe. According to an article published by Turner Classic Movies, "Some critics have conjectured that The Goddess was based on the career of Ava Gardner, but most think its primary model was Marilyn Monroe, who studied at the Actors Studio at the same time Stanley did."

The Goddess was filmed, in part, in Ellicott City, Maryland, which serves as childhood home of Emily Ann and provides the backdrop for the opening and closing scenes. The interior scenes were filmed at the Gold Medal Studios, the Bronx, New York; in addition to Maryland, location filming was also done in Hollywood, at the Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills and at the Fox Village Theater, Westwood, California. Frank Thompson designed the costumes for the film.

Reception
In his June 25, 1958 review, Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calls The Goddess "a shattering, but truly potent, film, in which a lot of characters are groping for the fulfillment they cannot seem to find". Crowther adds that scriptwriter Chayefsky "has studied his subject thoughtfully, for the meshing of human contacts and emotional relations is clear and sound. Furthermore, he has conveyed them in finely written scenes and dialogue."

The Philadelphia Inquirer was highly complimentary: “Whether ‘The Goddess’ wins prizes or not is less important than the fact it represents something extraordinary even in a day when sensitivity and integrity are to be expected in our better screen actresses….’The Goddess’ is by no means a behind-the-scenes Hollywood drama. It is very much more. Divided into three acts, or sections, called ‘Portrait of a Girl,’ ‘Portrait of a Young Woman,’ and ‘Portrait of a Goddess,” Chayevsky’s unflinching study has the inevitability of a Greek tragedy presented in the modern idiom….Just as ‘Marty’ towered over any of Chayevsky’s other television dramas subsequently turned into films, so ‘The Goddess’ surpasses ‘Marty’ in awareness and depth. Scene after scene, line after line grip the mind and heart, to move or to horrify. Nowhere has the author, his cast or director John Cromwell struck a false or artificial note.”

In the book The Immortal Marilyn (2006), scholars De John Vito and Frank Tropea praise Chayefsky's writing as "masterful", and write that Stanley "pulled out all the stops, perfectly hitting every single note of Chayefsky's complex, lyrical arias". Conversely, in an article for TCM, authors Mikita Brottman and David Sterritt criticize the work as having "a stilted pace, underwritten minor characters, and a mood that's much too solemn".

Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 57 percent rating based on seven contemporary and modern reviews.

Adaptation
In 2013, director John Mossman adapted the screenplay for a stage production at Chicago's The Artistic Home, receiving a Jeff Award for New Adaptation and marking the first screen-to-stage adaptation of a Chayefsky screenplay.

title: The Goddess (1958 film)


text:
Talk:Irwin Conference Center

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See also Talk:Mabel McDowell School. Lupo 13:03, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

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Talk:First Baptist Church (Columbus, Indiana)

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For the May 2005 deletion debate on this article, see Votes for deletion/First Baptist Church, Columbus, Indiana.

See also Talk:Mabel McDowell School. Lupo 13:04, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Since it doesn't look like it will be deleted, I have started clean up work. It looks like it will take several days if I do it alone. Dreamingkat 05:11, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

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Talk:First Christian Church (Columbus, Indiana)

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Denzil Kobbekaduwa

Lieutenant General Denzil Lakshman Kobbekaduwa, RWP, RSP, VSV, USP (ඩෙන්සිල් ලක්ෂ්මණ් කොබ්බෑකඩුව; 27 July 1940 – 8 August 1992) was a senior Sri Lankan Army officer who served in the 1971 Insurrection and the Sri Lankan Civil War.

Having trained with the British Army, Kobbekaduwa started his military career as an armoured corps officer. He was suspended following an alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt in 1966 and was reinstated in 1970, attached to internal security prior to and during the 1971 Insurrection. Following a brief stint as an officer instructor, he served as a staff officer attached to several commands before commanding the 1st Reconnaissance Regiment, Sri Lanka Armoured Corps. In the mid-1980s he served as district military coordinating officer before joining the general staff of the Joint Operations Command. At Joint Operations Command, he led the planning of the Vadamarachchi Operation, during which he commanded one of the three brigades. He served as the general officer commanding of the 1st Division and the 2nd Division; Overall Operations Commander, Eastern Sector, before taking up command as Overall Operations Commander, Northern Sector. During this time he held several major military operations such as Operation Gajasinghe and Operation Balavegaya. He was killed on the eve of launching Operation Final Count Down to recapture the Jaffna Peninsula, when he was mortally wounded and much of his senior staff in his command killed when the Land Rover they were travelling in hit a land mine in the island of Kayts.

Early life and education
He was born in Kandy to a Radala family. His father was Loku Bandara Kobbekaduwa and mother was Lona Ratwatte. He was their second child and eldest of three sons. Spending his early days at the Deldeniya Walauwa in the village of Deldeniya in Menikdiwela, Kadugannawa and at Amunugama Walauwa in the Amunugama village close to Kandy. His uncle was the politician Hector Kobbekaduwa.

He received his primary education at Hillwood College and in 1948 entered Trinity College Kandy. He represented the college at rugby, hockey, and cricket. He captained the College 1XV in 1959 and won the Trinity Lion for rugby and was a school prefect. Although he was offered admission to the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya he opted for a military career.

Early career
Kobbekaduwa joined the Ceylon Army in May 1960 as an officer cadet. After undergoing basic training at the Army Training Center in Diyatalawa; he proceeded to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst for officer training, along with G. H. De Silva and two other Ceylonese cadets in the 29th Intake. Returning to Ceylon in 1962, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 1st Reconnaissance Regiment, Ceylon Armoured Corps. A few months later he returned to the United Kingdom to follow the regimental signal officers course. Promoted to lieutenant, he was attached to the Royal Armoured Corps training unit at Bovington Camp for a six months armoured fighting vehicle training course in 1964. Returning in 1965, he rejoined the 1st Reconnaissance Regiment.

Suspension
In 1967, Kobbekaduwa was sent on compulsory leave following an alleged coup d'état attempt in which the commander of the Ceylon Army, Major General Richard Udugama, who was a Kandian and a kinsman of Kobbekaduwa was implicated. He spent his suspension focused farming and on rugby. Having played rugby in school, he played for the Army Sports Club in the Clifford Cup tournament and then represented Ceylon. Joining the Kandy Sports Club, he led the team to become runners-up to the Clifford Cup in 1969. He also coached his school and national rugby teams. Later he refereed and administered the game on a national level. He was also a board member of the Duncan White Sports Foundation.

Marriage and family
During this time while playing for the Kandy Sports Club Kobbekaduwa met Lalini Ratwatte, younger daughter of Kenneth and Merle Ratwatte. They married in December 1970. They had two daughters and a son.

Insurrection
Following the 1970 general elections in which another kinsman Sirima Bandaranaike was elected prime minister, Kobbekaduwa was cleared of all charges and reinstated to active service as a captain. Thereafter, he was attached to the newly formed Army's Field Security Detachment under the command of the recently promoted Lieutenant Colonel Anuruddha Ratwatte. The Field Security Detachment was tasked with identifying internal threats to and safe guarding the prime minister, following the Bandaranaike's experience in the 1962 attempted coup d'état. Based on investigations by the military police unit under his command, Kobbekaduwa warned the government that a youth insurrection was imminent. The warnings materialized when the JVP insurrection started on 5 April 1971, taking the government and the military unprepared in its scale and magnitude. Soon after the start of the insurrection, Kobbekaduwa was placed in charge of the security of the Prime Minister Sirima Bandaranaike.

Staff officer
He was promoted to the rank of major in June 1972 and was sent in 1975 to the British Army Staff College at Camberley to follow the command and staff course. Returning in 1976, he was posted to the Army Training Centre in Diyatalawa as an officer instructor and thereafter appointed as a staff officer at Army Headquarters. Following the government change in 1977, he was once again sent on compulsory leave but returned soon after to be posted to Jaffna as part of the Task Force Anti Illicit Immigration (TaFAII) which was ongoing since the early 1960s to counter illegal immigration from India. During his posting he was able to gain a good understanding of the Jaffna Peninsula during the onset of the Tamil militancy that led to the Sri Lankan Civil War. From March 1979, he served as principle staff officer to Brigadier Tissa Weeratunga, who was dispatched to Jaffna as Commander Security Forces - Jaffna, with extensive powers under the provisions of Prevention of Terrorism (Special Provisions) Act No: 48 of 1979. until December 1979. In 1980 he was a staff officer attached to Commander Security Forces - Jaffna. In April 1981, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and the following year he was transferred to Army Headquarters as the general staff officer (Grade 1) of G branch.

Field command
In June 1983, he took command of his parent regiment as commanding officer of the 1st Reconnaissance Regiment, Sri Lanka Armoured Corps. Based at Rock House Army Camp, he deployed his troops and armored vehicles in Colombo during the Black July riots in July 1983. In 1985, he was appointed military coordinating officer of the Vavuniya District and was promoted to the rank of colonel in September. In 1987 he was appointed military coordinating officer of the Trincomalee District, before transferring to the Joint Operations Command under the command of Lieutenant General Cyril Ranatunga.

Operation Liberation
"Operation Liberation", also known as the "Vadamarachchi Operation", was launched after months of planning on 26 May 1987. Brigadier Kobbekaduwa commanded the operation on the ground as the Brigade Commander of the 3 brigade group formed comprising two infantry brigades with supporting armored, artillery and air units of the Sri Lanka Air Force numbering 8000 personal. It was the largest formation deployed by the Sri Lankan Army at that point and the first conventional battle to take place in the civil war. The objective was to take the territory of Vadamarachchi in the Jaffna peninsula from LTTE (Tamil Tiger) control. LTTE forces destroyed the bridge at Thondaimanaru to slow army progress towards Valvettithurai, the town of LTTE leader Prabhakaran's birth. On 28 May, army troops captured Udupiddy, Valvettithurai and Nelliady. By the end of the first week of June, the army had gained control over the entire zone and captured a large cache of arms left by the LTTE.

President J.R. Jayewardene and Minister of National Security Lalith Athulathmudali had political responsibility for the operation and terminated it following Operation Poomalai, the Indian air force's show of strength, in which it dropped supplies over Jaffna for the besieged Tamil Tigers on 4 June 1987, leading to the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord.

Principal staff officer
In December 1987, he was appointed Principal staff officer of the Joint Operations Command and was nominated to attended the Royal College of Defence Studies. He turned down the nomination that year and accompanied President J. R. Jayewardene to Islamabad for the fourth SAARC summit in 1988. On his return he was sent to the Royal College of Defence Studies in 1989, only to be recalled during the middle of the course. However, he was quickly sent back once the British government questioned the recall mid-course.

Higher command
On 1 January 1990, he was promoted to major general and was appointed as general officer commanding, 1st Division based at the Panagoda Cantonment.

With the resumption of hostilities in the Eelam War II or the second phase of the civil war with following the failure of peace talks in June 1990, Kobbekaduwa was transferred to the Eastern Province as Overall Operations Commander, Eastern Sector. In July he was appointed as general officer commanding, 2nd Division and Overall Operations Commander, Northern Sector directing military operations in the northern province with his headquarters based in Anuradhapura.

He launched operation "Operation Gajasinghe", withdrawing troops from Kilinochchi and strengthening the Army garrison at Elephant Pass, the critical land strip that linked the Jaffna peninsula with the mainland. New camps were set up around the main base, expanding its size. On 10 July 1991, Elephant Pass came under siege by an LTTE attack which it code-named "Operation Charles Anthony", its first suicide bomber. 800 troops of the 6th battalion, Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment held out.

Operation Balavegaya
At this point, Major General Kobbekaduwa proposed an amphibious assault launched code named Operation Balavegaya. Launching an amphibious assault for the first time in Sri Lankan military history, plans for Operation Balavegaya were drawn up at Joint Operations headquarters in Colombo. 8,000 troops were deployed for the rescue mission to relieve the besieged camp and regain territory captured by the LTTE. This was an amphibious operation using landing craft and helicopters to transport the soldiers.

During the operation the intensity of LTTE resistance led some battalion commanders to consider aborting the operation temporarily, however, General Kobbekaduwa and Brigadier Vijaya Wimalaratne decided it should proceed to join the troops at the front lines. On 14 July 1991 the task-force established a beachhead at (Vettilaikkerni). After several days of fighting the relief force was able to reach and linkup with the besieged garrison and by 19 August the LTTE militants withdrew. During the month-long battle which was the longest yet in the war, 573 LTTE carders and 202 military personnel had been killed. In the end of August, General Kobbekaduwa launched "Operation Lightning" in the Weli-oya sector to divert pressure on Elephant Pass. Several LTTE camps were destroyed while other operations disrupted LTTE supply lines in the area where the Mannar coast was linked to the Wanni jungle base.

Operation Final Count Down
In July 1992, General Kobbekaduwa returned to Colombo for his father's funeral. This was when he was preparing for a new offensive to capture the Jaffna peninsula which was under LTTE control, it was code named "Operation Final Count Down". On 2 August 1992 he was back in Colombo and met with President Ranasinghe Premadasa. He returned to his HQ in Palaly the next day. Since the launching pad for the offensive was the island of Kayts on 7 August, General Kobbekaduwa moved to Karainagar naval base by helicopter with his staff. He spent much of the night planning the upcoming offensive with Brigadier Vijaya Wimalaratne, Jaffna Brigade Commander and Commodore Mohan Jayamaha. Due to concerns of the navy about the staging area, it was decided to visit the Araly point the next day.

Araly Point
On 8 August 1992 at 8.00 am the group made up of Maj. General Kobbekaduwa, Brigadier Wimalaratne and Commodore Jayamaha along with several other officers headed out on a naval patrol boat towards Jaffna and returned to Kayts pier. On returning the party was met by three Land Rovers, the General, the Brigadier and the Commodore got into the Land Rover UHA 8752 with the rest of the army personnel taking vehicle no UHA 8785 and the naval personnel taking 5959. From there they set out to Araly Point. Half way the general order that they all use one vehicle as to not to attract fire from LTTE units in the Jaffna peninsula which was only one-half kilometer away. They reached Araly Point and had a discussion and headed back when the Land Rover was consumed by an explosion. Major Rupasinghe and Major Induruwa who were 400 yards away from the incident ran to the location to find only General Kobbekaduwa and Commodore Jayamaha alive. Killed in the explosion was Brigadier Wimalaratne, Lt. Colonels G.H. Ariyaratne, A. Palipahana, H.R. Stephen, all three battalion commanders, Lieutenant Commander Asanga Lankathilaka, Lieutenant Commander C.B Wijepura, Major Nalin S. De Alwis; the General's Aide-de-camp and Corporal Jagath Wickramaratna. The two wounded officers were rushed to the helicopter waiting to transport the group to base, which took them to the military hospital in Plalay where Commodore Jayamaha was found dead on arrival. General Kobbekaduwa who was awake was then transferred to the Colombo General Hospital for surgery via helicopter. Where a specialist team of surgeons were unable to save his life. It has been claimed by Jane's Information Group that the assassination was by the LTTE.

Funeral
On the day of his military funeral, a crowd numbering about 100,000 persons descended on the Colombo general cemetery, chanting anti-government slogans and throwing stones at government ministers. At least fifteen people were injured, including two ministers, deputy Foreign Minister John Amaratunga and deputy Information Minister A.J. Ranasinghe. According to witnesses, the crowd was angry because the general was not given a state funeral. Police in riot gear responded by firing shots and tear-gas into the air to disperse the crowd.

Commissions of inquiry
Lalini Kobbekaduwa, the General Kobbekaduwa's widow, called for an international commission into the incident. This was not granted, but the Sri Lankan Government set up their own commission to investigate. President Premadasa appointed a one man commission comprising Justice Ameer Ismail. Additional Solicitor General Upawansa Yapa was later appointed to assist. Following her election to office, President Chandrika Kumaratunga, appointed a Presidential Commission of Inquiry, made up of Tissa Dias Bandaranayake (Chair), Justice D. P. S. Gunasekera and Gamini Ameratunga, High Court Judge. Tissa Dias Bandaranayake was a close relative of the president. A witness, Rohini Hathurusinghe gave evidence that Major General Vijaya Wimalaratne and Major General Ananda Weerasekara conspired to kill Kobbekaduwa with a bomb planted in his jeep, which caused a major national scandal. A report from the Criminal Investigation Department found Hathurusinghe's evidence could not be corroborated, yet Bandaranayake allowed her testimony. Justice Gunasekera and Ameratunga resigned from the commission. Televised, the commissioned became a media sensation and a statue of Wimalaratne was destroyed by a mob. Hathurusinghe changed her story and accused the Chairmen of the commission of getting her to falsely accuse the army officers. Although the validity of Hathurusinghe's evidence was questioned, the Presidential Commission speculated that then President Ranasinghe Premadasa, as well as members of the Sri Lankan Army such as Major W A N M Weerasinghe, were "directly responsible" for his death. The Asia Times commented that "a second and last Presidential Commission came up with highly speculative conclusions."

Awards and decorations
During his career he received the Republic of Sri Lanka Armed Services Medal, Sri Lanka Army 25th Anniversary Medal, President's Inauguration Medal, Sri Lanka Armed Services Long Service Medal, Vadamarachchi Operation Medal, Purna Bhumi Padakkama and Rana Wickrama Padakkama. He was posthumously promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and awarded the Vishista Seva Vibhushanaya, Rana Sura Padakkama (twice), Uttama Seva Padakkama and Desha Putra Sammanaya. His widow received the Uththama Pooja Pranama Padakkama medal in 2010.

Legacy
Several statues of General Kobbekaduwa were erected following his death, along with several roads named after him.

title: Denzil Kobbekaduwa