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Geographical distribution of German speakers

This article details the geographical distribution of speakers of the German language, regardless of the legislative status within the countries where it is spoken. In addition to the Germanosphere (Deutscher Sprachraum) in Europe, German-speaking minorities are present in many other countries and on all six inhabited continents.

Mostly depending on the inclusion or exclusion of certain varieties with a disputed status as separate languages or which were later acknowledged as separate languages (e.g., Low German/Plautdietsch ), it is estimated that approximately 90–95 million people speak German as a first language, 10–25 million as a second language,  and 75–100 million as a foreign language. This would imply approximately 175–220 million German speakers worldwide.

German-speaking Europe
The German language is spoken in a number of countries and territories in Europe, where it is used both as an official language and as a minority language in various countries. To cover this language area, they are often referred to as the German-speaking countries, the German-speaking area (Deutscher Sprachraum), or equivalently German-speaking Europe (non-European German-speaking communities are not commonly included in the concept).

German is the main language of approximately 95 to 100 million people in Europe, or 13.3% of all Europeans. This makes it the second most spoken native language in Europe, behind only Russian (with 144 million speakers), and ahead of French (with 66.5 million) and English (with 64.2 million).

The European countries with German-speaking majorities are Germany (95%, 78.3 million), Austria (89%, 8.9 million), and Switzerland (65%, 4.6 million), also known as the "D-A-CH" countries, an acronym for Deutschland (Germany), Austria, and Confoederatio Helvetica (the Swiss Confederation).

Since 2004, there has been an annual informal meeting of the heads of state of German-speaking countries including the Presidents of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland and the Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein. Since 2014, the King of Belgium and the Grand Duke of Luxembourg have taken part.

D-A-CH or DACH is an acronym used to represent the dominant states of the German language Sprachraum. It is based on the international vehicle registration codes for:

 * Germany (D for Deutschland)
 * Austria (A for Austria, in German "Österreich")
 * Switzerland (CH for Confoederatio Helvetica, in German "(die) Schweiz")

"Dach" is also the German word for "roof", and is used in linguistics in the term Dachsprache, which standard German arguably is in relation to some outlying dialects of German, especially in Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, and Austria.

The term is sometimes extended to D-A-CH-Li, DACHL, or DACH+ to include Liechtenstein. Another version is DACHS (with Dachs meaning "Badger" in German) with the inclusion of the German-speaking region of South Tyrol in Italy.

DACH is also the name of an Interreg IIIA project, which focuses on crossborder cooperation in planning.

Rest of Europe
In the early modern period, German varieties were a lingua franca of Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe (Hanseatic League).

German is a recognised minority language in Czechia, Hungary, Italy (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol), Poland, Romania, Russia, and Slovakia.

Today German, together with French, is a common second foreign language in the western world, with English well established as a first foreign language. German ranks second (after English) among the best known foreign languages in the EU (on a par with French) as well as in Russia. In terms of student numbers across all levels of education, German ranks third in the EU (after English and French) as well as in the United States (after Spanish and French). In 2015, approximately 15.4 million people were in the process of learning German across all levels of education worldwide. This number has remained relatively stable since 2005 (± 1 million) and roughly 75–100 million people able to communicate in German as a foreign language can be inferred, assuming an average course duration of three years and other estimated parameters. According to a 2012 survey, ca. 47 million people within the EU (i.e., up to two thirds of the 75–100 million worldwide) claimed to have sufficient German skills to have a conversation. Within the EU, and not counting countries where it is a (co-)official language, German as a foreign language is most widely taught in Central and Northern Europe, namely Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Sweden.

German as a foreign language is promoted by the Goethe Institute, which works to promote German language and culture worldwide. In association with the Goethe Institute, the German foreign broadcasting service, Deutsche Welle, offers a range of online German courses and worldwide television as well as radio broadcasts produced with non-native German speakers in mind.

Namibia

Namibia was a colony of the German Empire from 1884 to 1915. Mostly originating from Germans who settled there during this time, 25,000 to 30,000 people still speak German as a native tongue today. German, along with English and Afrikaans used to be a co-official language of Namibia from 1984 until its independence from South Africa in 1990. At this point, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols for Apartheid and colonialism, and decided for English to be the sole official language, claiming that it was a "neutral" language as virtually no English native speakers existed in Namibia at that time. German, Afrikaans and several indigenous languages became "national languages" by law, identifying them as cultural heritages of the nation and ensuring the state to acknowledge and support their presence in the country. Today, German is used in myriad spheres, especially business and tourism, as well as churches (most notably the German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK)), schools (e.g., the Deutsche Höhere Privatschule Windhoek), literature (German-Namibian authors include Giselher W. Hoffmann), radio (the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation produces radio programs in German), and music (e.g., artist EES). The Allgemeine Zeitung is also one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa.

South Africa
Mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries, an estimated 12,000 people speak German or a German variety as a first language in South Africa. Germans settled quite extensively in South Africa, with many Calvinists immigrating from Northern Europe. Later on, more Germans settled in the KwaZulu-Natal region and elsewhere. Here, one of the largest communities are the speakers of "Nataler Deutsch", a variety of Low German, who are concentrated in and around Wartburg and to a lesser extent around Winterton. German is slowly disappearing elsewhere, but a number of communities still have a large number of speakers and some even have German language schools, such as the Hermannsburg German School. Furthermore, German was often a language taught as a foreign language in White South African schools during the Apartheid years (1948–1994). Today, the South African constitution identifies German as a "commonly used" language and the Pan South African Language Board is obligated to promote and ensure respect for it.

Latin America

Nowadays, at least one million German speakers live in Latin America. There are German-speaking minorities in almost every Latin American country, including Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

Initially, in the eighteenth century, only isolated or small groups of German emigrants left for Latin America; however, at the start of the nineteenth, this pattern was reversed as a tidal wave of German emigration totaling some 200,000 people began. These included groups such as land-hungry peasants, political refugees known as Forty-Eighters, and religious minorities such as Russian Mennonites fleeing religious persecution at home. During the 1880s, during the wave of mass emigration, this figure was reached annually.

The Handbuch des Deutschtums im Ausland (The Germans Abroad Handbook) from 1906 puts a figure of 11 million people in North and South America with a knowledge of the German language, of which 9 million were in the US. Although the US was the focal point for emigration in the 19th century, emigration to Latin America was also significant for differing economic and political reasons.

The majority of German emigrants to Latin America went especially to Brazil, but also to Argentina, Mexico, Uruguay, Chile, Paraguay, Guatemala, and Costa Rica. The three countries with the biggest ethnic German populations in Latin America to this day are Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico.

Starting in 1818, when King D. João VI brought the first German and Swiss immigrants to Brazil, German immigration continued a constant flow with an average of 25 to 30 thousand immigrants per decade entering the country since 1818. It peaked in the years following World War I, to around 90 thousand, and again in the 1940s to around 50,000. In the 1880s and 1890s, German emigration to Latin America grew and in some years was the destination of up to 30% of German emigrants.

During the Nazi period which lasted from 1933 to 1945, some 100,000 Jews from Central Europe, the vast majority of which were German-speaking, moved to South America, with 90% of these moving to the Cono Sur or Southern Cone. This ended when the ban on emigration came into effect in 1941, which was roughly also the beginning of the holocaust. From the start of the 20th century until 1946, 80% of Jews lived in Europe; but by the end of World War II this was reduced to 25%. However, after the war over 50% of Jews lived in the Americas. This change was aided by Jewish emigration groups such as the Hilfsverein deutschsprechender Juden (later to become Asociación Filantrópica Israelita) which was based in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

The majority of German minorities in Latin America – as well as elsewhere around the world – experienced a decline in the use of the German language, with the exception of Brazil, where the dialect Riograndenser Hunsrückisch is being taught in schools and in some media, totaling over 200 thousand speakers spread over the Brazilian southern states. The main cause of this decrease is the integration of communities, often originally sheltered, into the dominant society, and as well as the invariable pull of societal assimilation which confronts all immigrant groups.

German migration to colonial Mexico is less accounted for due to the geopolitical isolation following independence from Spain, as well as the deterrents of Mexico's ensuing civil wars. Despite these obstacles and lack of documentation, however, over 200,000 Prussian/German nationals have been registered entering the country between 1860 and 1960.

The first wave of Germans immigrated from northern Prussia under the reign of Princess Carlota during the 2nd French Mexican empire. Of special interest is the settlement Villa Carlota: that was the name under which two German farming settlements, in the villages of Santa Elena and Pustunich in Yucatán, were founded during the Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867). Villa Carlota attracted a total of 443 German-speaking immigrant families, most of them were farmers and artisans who emigrated with their families: the majority came from Prussia and many among them were Protestants.

The second wave was during Porfirio Díaz's open settlement policy in the Yucatán Peninsula that favored and attracted many Europeans. Most German-speaking or self identifying German-Mexicans today are descended from these two events as well as around 20,000 ethnic Germans from Russia and around 100,000 Mennonites from Canada.

Specific reasons for language change from German to the national language usually derive from the desire of many Germans to belong to their new communities after the end of World War II. This is a common feature among the German minorities in Latin America and those in Central and Eastern Europe: the majority of countries where German minorities lived had fought against the Germans during the war. With this change in situation, the members of the German minorities, previously communities of status and prestige, were turned into undesirable minorities (though there were widespread elements of sympathy for Germany in many South American countries as well).

For many German minorities, World War II thus represented the breaking point in the development of their language. In some South American countries the war period and immediately afterwards was a time of massive assimilation to the local culture (for example during the Getúlio Vargas period in Brazil).

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Paraguay show some clear demographic differences that affect the minority situation of the German language: Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina are massive countries and offer large amounts of land for immigrants to settle. The population density of the Southern Cone countries is relatively low (Brazil has 17 inhabitants/km2, Chile has 15/km2, Argentina and Paraguay both have 10/km2, data from 1993), but there are major differences in the areas settled by Germans: Buenos Aires Province, which was settled by Germans, has a far higher population density than that of the Chaco in northern Paraguay (with 1 inhabitant/km2).

While Argentina and Chile have a far greater proportion of city dwellers (86% and 84% respectively); in contrast, Brazil and Paraguay are 82% and 47% urbanized, respectively. Most of the German immigrants that arrived in Brazil and Mexico went on to live in small inland communities. The original 58 German communities of the early 19th century Brazil, grew today to over 250 towns where Germans are a majority, and German-speaking is encouraged.

Argentina
There are about 500,000 German speakers and around 320,000 Volga-Germans alone, of which 200,000 hold German citizenship. This makes Argentina one of the countries with the largest number of German speakers and is second only in Latin America to Brazil. In the 1930s there were about 700,000 people of German descent. Regional concentrations can be found in the provinces of Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires (with around 500,000 to 600,000) as well as Misiones and in the general area of the Chaco and the Pampas.

However, most German-descended Argentinians do not speak German with native fluency (that role has been taken by Spanish). The 300,000 German speakers are estimated to be immigrants and not actually born in Argentina, and because of this they still speak their home language while their descendants who were born in Argentina speak primarily Spanish.

Brazil

According to Deutsche Welle, there are some twelve million people of German ancestry in Brazil. Nevertheless, the number of people speaking any sort of German (Standard German, Hunsrückisch or East Pomeranian) is on the decrease, with 3 million speaking German as a first language today.

The main variety of German in Brazil is Riograndenser Hunsrückisch which is found in the southern states. This version of German there has changed over 180 years of contact with Portuguese as well as the languages of other immigrant communities. Such contact has led to a new dialect of German concentrated in the German colonies in the southern province of Rio Grande do Sul. Although Riograndenser Hunsrückisch has long been the most widely spoken German dialect in southern Brazil, like all other minority languages in the region, it is experiencing very strong decline – especially in the last three or four decades.

The vast majority of German-descended Brazilians speak Portuguese as their mother tongue today. German is known only as a second or third language, if at all, to the point of initiatives to preserve the language being started recently in areas with strong German-descended presence, with government-sponsored Gemeindeschulen. This is especially true for younger German-Brazilians. Another place where the German language continues alive is in some of the more of 4,000 Brazilian Lutheran churches, in which some of the services continue to be in German.

The German language is co-official in the municipality of Pomerode, besides being cultural patrimony of the State of Espírito Santo. In Rio Grande do Sul, the Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German is an integral part of the State's historical and cultural heritage.

Chile
Chile (with a population of 19 million) has an estimated 40,000 German-speakers. About 30,000 ethnic Germans arrived in Chile. During the first flux of German immigration (between 1846 and 1875) German colonies were primarily set up in the "Frontera" region. The second wave of immigration occurred between 1882 and 1914 and consisted mainly of industrial and agricultural workers, mainly from eastern Germany; the third wave (after 1918) settled mainly in the cities. As in Argentina and Brazil, these populations are today overwhelmingly Spanish speaking, and German as a home language is in heavy decline (The German language is far from disappearing in Chile because there are more than 100 German-language schools throughout the country) German is taught from preschool to middle school; where if German-Chileans can still speak German, most of them speak German only as a second or third language.

Colombia
Colombia has a population of about 51 million people. Of them, only 5,000 people of German descent speak the language. Many of these people settled in Antioquia and el Eje Cafetero. Most of the immigration occurred during World War I until the end of the Cold War. Many of these ethnic Germans now speak primarily Spanish at home.

Germans came to South America in World War I and II, settling first in Colombia because of its wealth in natural resources as well as weather conditions conducive to agriculture. German immigrants built the Bavaria, Pilsen, and Club Soda Klausen factories in Cali, Barranquilla, Pereira, Medellin, and other cities. Nowadays, Germans born in Colombia celebrate Oktoberfest in Cali, along with other traditions. There are currently German schools in various major cities around the country.

Costa Rica
Costa Rica has a population of 4.9 million, and a German-speaking population of 8,000 people. Many of these people are immigrants or native German speakers from Germany or Switzerland and descendants of 18th, 19th and 20th-century mass immigration. But also in the northern area of the country, there are 2,200 German Mennonites in communities in Sarapiquí and San Carlos that spoke Plautdietsch and other Low German dialects.

This German-Costa Rican community is one of the most important and biggest collectivities of German speakers in Central America and the Caribbean, and has a lot of cultural and social institutions, churches, farms, business companies and schools.

Mexico
Mexico (with a population of over 120 million) has an estimated 200,000 speakers of standard German either as a first or second language, not counting foreign learned German speakers or the Low-German dialects. Documented immigration of Germans to Mexico began in 1856, though historical research suggest as many as 1.2 million German speaking immigrants arrived in Mexico during the colonial period likely as agricultural laborers.

Due to pro-nationalistic propagation by the federal government which encouraged mixed-race identification, many Mexicans do not know their ancestral origins and demographic numbers of German Mexicans are sourced on recent and limited data. Regardless, Mexico stands as the 3rd country with the largest German community in Latin America, behind Brazil and Argentina. Included in the ethnic German immigration to Mexico is the immigration from Austria, Switzerland, and the French region of Alsace which was part of France since the end of WWI, as well as that from Bavaria and High German regions of Germany. .

As of 2012, about 20,000 Germans nationals resided in Mexico. The number has risen to almost 40,000 in 2020. Despite groggy heritage claims to the language, German is slightly ahead of French as the second most studied foreign language in Mexico, behind only English. Mexico is home to over 3,000 German language schools, second only to Brazil. The Colegio Humboldt campuses in Mexico are the biggest German language K-12 schools in the Americas, with each of the 3 branches graduating over 2,000 students per year.

Canada
In Canada, there are 622,650 speakers of German according to the most recent census in 2006, with people of German ancestry (German Canadians) found throughout the country. German-speaking communities are particularly found in British Columbia (118,035) and Ontario (230,330). There is a large and vibrant community in the city of Kitchener, Ontario, which was at one point named Berlin. German immigrants were instrumental in the country's three largest urban areas: Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver. Post-Second World War immigrants managed to preserve a fluency in the German language in their respective neighborhoods and sections. In the first half of the 20th century, over a million German-Canadians made the language Canada's third most spoken after French and English.

United States
In the United States, the states of North Dakota and South Dakota are the only states where German is the most common language spoken at home after English. German geographical names can be found throughout the Midwest region of the country, such as New Ulm and many other towns in Minnesota; Bismarck (North Dakota's state capital), Munich, Karlsruhe, and Strasburg (named after a town near Odesa in Ukraine) in North Dakota; New Braunfels, Fredericksburg, Weimar, and Muenster in Texas; Corn (formerly Korn), Kiefer and Berlin in Oklahoma; and Kiel, Schleswig, Berlin, and Germantown in Wisconsin.

Between 1843 and 1910, more than 5 million Germans emigrated overseas, mostly to the United States. German remained an important language in churches, schools, newspapers, and even the administration of the United States Brewers' Association through the early 20th century, but was severely repressed during World War I. Over the course of the 20th century, many of the descendants of 18th century and 19th century immigrants ceased speaking German at home, but small populations of speakers are still found in Pennsylvania (approximately 115,000 speakers; Amish, Hutterites, Dunkards and some Mennonites historically spoke Hutterite German and a West Central German variety of German known as Pennsylvania German or Pennsylvania Dutch), Kansas (Mennonites and Volga Germans), North Dakota (Hutterite Germans, Mennonites, Russian Germans, Volga Germans, and Baltic Germans), South Dakota, Montana, Texas (Texas German), Wisconsin, Indiana, Oregon, Oklahoma, and Ohio (72,570). A significant group of German Pietists in Iowa formed the Amana Colonies and continue to practice speaking their heritage language. Early twentieth century immigration was often to St. Louis, Chicago, New York City, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, and Cincinnati.

The dialects of German which are or were primarily spoken in colonies or communities founded by German-speaking people resemble the dialects of the regions the founders came from. For example, Hutterite German resembles dialects of Carinthia. Texas German is a dialect spoken in the areas of Texas settled by the Adelsverein, such as New Braunfels and Fredericksburg. In the Amana Colonies in the state of Iowa, Amana German is spoken. Plautdietsch is a large minority language spoken in Northern Mexico by the Mennonite communities, and is spoken by more than 200,000 people in Mexico. Pennsylvania German is a West Central German dialect spoken by most of the Amish population of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana, and resembles Palatinate German dialects.

Hutterite German is an Upper German dialect of the Austro-Bavarian variety of the German language, which is spoken by Hutterite communities in Canada and the United States. Hutterite is spoken in the U.S. states of Washington, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota; and in the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Its speakers belong to some Schmiedleit, Lehrerleit, and Dariusleit Hutterite groups, but there are also speakers among the older generations of Prairieleit (the descendants of those Hutterites who chose not to settle in colonies). Hutterite children who grow up in the colonies learn to speak Hutterite German before learning English, the standard language of the surrounding areas, in school. Many of these children, though, continue with German Grammar School, in addition to public school, throughout a student's elementary education.

Australia
Australia has an estimated population of around 75,600 German speakers. Australians of German ancestry constitute the fourth largest ethnic group in Australia, numbering around 1,026,138. German immigrants played a significant role in settling the states of Queensland and South Australia. Barossa German, a dialect of German, was once common in and around the German-settled Barossa Valley in South Australia. However, the German language was actively suppressed by Australian governments during World War I and World War II, resulting in a sharp decline in the use of German in Australia. German Australians are today overwhelmingly English speaking, with the German language as a home language in heavy decline.

Rest of the world
Minorities exist in the countries of Latin America and the former Soviet Union, as well as Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czechia, Denmark, France, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Namibia, Poland, Romania, South Africa, and the United States. These German minorities, through their ethno-cultural vitality, exhibit an exceptional level of heterogeneity: variations concerning their demographics, their status within the majority community, the support they receive from institutions helping them to support their identity as a minority.

Among them are small groups, such as those in Namibia, and many very large groups, such as the almost 1 million non-evacuated Germans in Russia and Kazakhstan or the near 500,000 Germans in Brazil (see: Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German), groups that have been greatly "folklorised" and almost completely linguistically assimilated, such as most people of German descent in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, the United States, and others, such as the true linguistic minorities (like the still German-speaking minorities in Argentina, Brazil, and the United States, in Western Siberia or Hungary and Romania); other groups, which are classified as religio-cultural groups rather than ethnic minorities, such as the Eastern-Low German-speaking Mennonites in Belize, Mexico, Paraguay or in the Altay region of Siberia, and the groups who maintain their status thanks to strong identification with their ethnicity and their religious sentiment, such as the groups in Southern Jutland, Denmark or Upper Silesia, Poland.

Native speakers
Below is a list of countries and one notable region with German-language-speaking populations.


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1990 in Ireland

Events from the year 1990 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President
 * Patrick Hillery (until 2 December 1990)
 * Mary Robinson (from 3 December 1990)
 * Taoiseach: Charles Haughey (FF)
 * Tánaiste:
 * Brian Lenihan (FF) (until 31 October 1990)
 * John Wilson (FF) (from 13 November 1990)
 * Minister for Finance: Albert Reynolds (FF)
 * Chief Justice: Thomas Finlay
 * Dáil: 26th
 * Seanad: 19th

Events

 * 1 January
 * The Northern Ireland Fair Employment Act became law.
 * The town of Ennis celebrated its 750th birthday.
 * Ireland began a six-month European Presidency.
 * 3 April – There was all-party support for the Criminal Justice Bill to abolish capital punishment for all offences and to replace it with lengthy prison sentences (although in practice the penalty for murder has always been commuted in Ireland since 1954).
 * 26 April – The Labour Party selected Mary Robinson as its candidate for the November presidential election.
 * 4 May – The second People In Need Telethon took place.
 * 11 June – The Irish football team began their first appearance at a World Cup Final tournament with a 1–1 draw against England in Cagliari in Italy. Kevin Sheedy scored for Ireland, with Gary Lineker scoring for England.
 * 17 June – Ireland's World Cup continued with a goalless draw against Egypt.
 * 20 June – The Irish Pound coin was introduced into circulation to replace the note of the same denomination.
 * 21 June – The Irish football team completed their World Cup group stage unbeaten and reached the last 16 group with a 1–1 draw against the Netherlands.
 * 25 June – Ireland reached the World Cup quarter-finals by beating Romania on penalties after a goalless draw in the last 16 tie, in Genoa. As of 2022, this was Ireland's best World Cup result
 * 30 June – Ireland were eliminated from the World Cup Final by a goal from Toto Schillaci in the quarter final match against the hosts, Italy, in Rome.
 * 1 July – Half a million people gathered in Dublin to pay tribute to the Irish football team and to former South African President, Nelson Mandela. The football team had reached the World Cup quarter final in Italia '90 before being beaten by Italy, while Mandela accepted the Freedom of the City of Dublin, granted to him two years earlier, at an open-air ceremony outside the Mansion House.
 * 2 July – Nelson Mandela addressed a joint session of both houses of the Oireachtas.
 * 11 July – The Criminal Justice Act abolished capital punishment for all offences and replaced it with lengthy prison sentences.
 * 24 July – The Irish Republican Army (IRA) killed three policemen and a nun in a bomb attack near Armagh.
 * 24 August – Brian Keenan was released after 1,574 days in captivity in Beirut.
 * September – Janet Catterall became the first woman in Ireland to be ordained as a priest in the Church of Ireland.
 * 28 September – The centenary of People's Park in Dún Laoghaire, was celebrated.
 * 24 October – The IRA killed six soldiers and a civilian in proxy bomb attacks in Derry and Newry.
 * 25 October – Presidential candidate Brian Lenihan denied that he tried to contact President Hillery to stop the dissolution of the Dáil in 1982. This was in spite of a taped interview where he confirmed that he did.
 * 31 October – Tánaiste and Minister for Defence Brian Lenihan was dismissed from the government over the 1982 Hillery telephone call controversy.
 * 9 November – Mary Robinson was elected the seventh President of Ireland.
 * 3 December – Mary Robinson was inaugurated as the first female President of Ireland. Patrick Hillery retired after 14 years as Head of State.
 * Undated
 * The pro-cathedral in Ennis was rededicated as a cathedral.

Arts and literature

 * 24 April – Brian Friel's Dancing at Lughnasa opened at the Abbey Theatre.
 * May – Marita Conlon-McKenna's children's historical novel Under the Hawthorn Tree, the first in her Children of the Famine trilogy, was published by the O'Brien Press.
 * August – Declan Hughes' first play, I Can't Get Started, opened (first in Dublin 10 November).
 * 2 October – British television sitcom Only Fools and Horses was broadcast for the first time in Ireland with the series screening on Network 2.
 * 13 November – Tugs, a British short lived children's television series began on Network 2.
 * Anton Chekhov's Three Sisters opened at the Gate Theatre with Sinéad, Sorcha and Niamh Cusack in the title roles and their father Cyril as Dr. Chebutykin.
 * Jim Sheridan's film The Field was shown.
 * Shaun Davey's The Relief of Derry Symphony was composed.
 * Maeve Binchy's novel Circle of Friends was published.
 * Roddy Doyle's novel The Snapper, second of The Barrytown Trilogy, was published.
 * John McGahern's novel Amongst Women was published.
 * Colm Tóibín's first novel The South was published.
 * CBI Book of the Year Awards for writers and illustrators of children's literature originated as Bisto Book of the Decade Awards.

Group stage

 * Ireland 1–1 England
 * Ireland 0–0 Egypt
 * Ireland 1–1 Netherlands
 * Ireland qualified for the knockout stage

Knockout stage

 * Ireland 0–0 (AET 5–4 PEN) Romania
 * Ireland qualified for the quarterfinal stage

Quarterfinal stage

 * Ireland 0–1 Italy
 * Ireland were knocked out at the quarterfinal stage

Domestic football

 * St Patrick's Athletic won the League of Ireland.
 * Bray Wanderers won the FAI Cup beating non-league St Francis in the first ever Lansdowne Road final.

Gaelic games

 * Cork's football team won a second consecutive All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. The hurling team won the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship to complete a double for the county.

Golf

 * Carroll's Irish Open was won by José María Olazábal (Spain).
 * Ireland (David Feherty, Ronan Rafferty, Philip Walton) won the Dunhill Cup.

Births

 * 7 January – David Burke (Galway hurler)
 * 2 February – Craig Breen, rally driver (d. 2023)
 * 7 February – Seán William McLoughlin, YouTube Celebrity internet personality.
 * 5 March – Ashling Thompson, camogie player
 * 17 March – Hozier, singer-songwriter
 * 29 May – Maeve O'Donovan, finalist in the 2006/2007 RTÉ programme "You're A Star."
 * 2 June – Graeme Mulcahy, hurler (Kilmallock, Limerick).
 * 12 June – Stephen McLaughlin, footballer
 * 15 September – Paul Townend, jockey
 * 22 September - Sorcha Richardson, singer-songwriter
 * 16 October – Sam Bennett, cyclist
 * 23 October – Niall Donoghue, hurler (d. 2013)

Deaths

 * 21 January – Patrick Mulligan, Bishop of Clogher 1970–1979 (born 1912).
 * 17 February – Brendan Corish, Labour Party TD and former leader, Cabinet Minister and Tánaiste (born 1918).
 * 28 February – John O'Sullivan, Fine Gael TD and Senator (born 1901).
 * 6 April – Peter Doherty, soccer player (born 1913).
 * 8 May – Tomás Ó Fiaich, Cardinal Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland 1978–1990 (born 1923).
 * 12 May – John 'Tull' Dunne, Gaelic footballer, coach and administrator (born 1911).
 * 11 June – Seosamh Mac Grianna, writer (born 1900).
 * 12 June – Terence O'Neill, Fourth Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (born 1914).
 * July – Peter Desmond, soccer player (born 1926).
 * 3 August – Thomas Dunne, Fine Gael TD and MEP (born 1926).
 * 19 October – Jerry Cronin, Fianna Fáil TD Cabinet Minister and MEP (born 1925).
 * 26 October – Breandán Ó hEithir, journalist and broadcaster working in Irish and English languages (born 1930).
 * 18 November – Fred Daly, golfer (born 1911).
 * December – Harry Bradshaw, golfer (born 1913).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1990 in Ireland


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1980 United States heat wave

The 1980 United States heat wave was a period of intense heat and drought that wreaked havoc on much of the Midwestern United States and Southern Plains throughout the summer of 1980. It was among the most destructive and deadliest natural disasters in U.S. history, claiming at least 1,700 lives. Because of the massive drought, agricultural damage reached US$20 billion (equivalent to $0 billion in dollars). It is among the billion-dollar weather disasters listed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Causes
The heat wave began in June when a strong high pressure ridge began to build in the central and southern United States allowing temperatures to soar to 90 °F almost every day from June to September. The high pressure system also acted as a cap on the atmosphere inhibiting the development of thunderstorm activity, leading to exceptionally severe drought conditions. The heat wave paused briefly when the decaying Hurricane Allen disrupted the prevailing weather pattern.

Effects
The drought and heat wave conditions led many Midwestern cities to experience record heat. In Kansas City, Missouri, the high temperature was below 90 F only twice and soared above the century mark (100 °F) for 17 days straight; in Memphis, Tennessee, the temperature reached an all-time high of 108 °F on July 13, 1980, part of a 15-day stretch of temperatures above 100 °F that lasted from July 6 to 20. In Indianapolis, Indiana on July 15, the temperature reached 100 °F for the first time since 1954.

In Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas, high temperatures exceeded 100 °F a total of 69 times, including a record 42 consecutive days from June 23 to August 3, of which 28 days were above 105, and five days above 110. The area saw 29 days in which the previous record high temperature was either broken or tied, including its all-time high when the temperature hit 113 °F on three consecutive days (June 26 and 27 at DFW Airport and June 28 at Dallas Love Field).

Some 43% of American homes were without air conditioning in 1980.

Hurricane Allen briefly paused the heat wave in early August. The 2011 North American heat wave would ultimately surpass the 1980 heat wave in terms of number of days with highs exceeding 100 (with 71 days) and the highest-ever low temperature for a single day (86 degrees); however, that heat wave only had 40 consecutive days of temperatures exceeding 100 (two short of the record) and the 113 degrees of 1980 remains a DFW all-time high. The high temperatures of the 1980 heat wave were worse than 2011, as was its early start in June and its ultimate human toll.

On the northern rim of the high pressure ridge, several severe long-lived windstorms called derechos formed. The most notable was the "More Trees Down Derecho" that occurred on July 5. It raced from eastern Nebraska to Virginia in 15 hours, killing six and injuring about 70. The Western Wisconsin Derecho of July 15 killed three, and caused extensive property damage.

title: 1980 United States heat wave


text:
Warp (video games)

A warp, also known as a portal or teleporter, is an element in video game design that allows a player character instant travel between two locations or levels. A specific area that allows such travel is referred to as a warp zone. A warp zone might be a secret passage, accessible only to players capable of finding it, but they are also commonly used as a primary mean of travel in certain games. Warps might be deliberately installed within puzzles, be used to avoid danger in sections of a game that have been previously accomplished, be something a player can abuse for cheating, or be used as a punishment to a player straying from the "correct" path.

In some games, a player can only use warps to travel to locations they have visited before. Because of this, a player has to make the journey by normal route at least once, but are not required to travel the same paths again if they need to revisit earlier areas in the game. Finding warp zones might become a natural goal of a gaming session, being used as a checkpoint.

History
Though it is unclear which video game first made use of teleportation areas or devices, the element has been traced back to MUDs, where it allowed connected rooms to not be "topologically correct" if necessary. A predecessor appears in the board game Cluedo (1949), where secret passages connect the rooms in the corner of the floorplan to each other. While developing his game Crystal Castles (1983), Franz Lanzinger watched people play Tempest and having to take long periods of time to get to the level of play they wanted to be at. This inspired Lanzinger to include warps in Crystal Castles, to let advanced players get to the more difficult stages early and to keep game time low for more income on a coin-op arcade game.

The element was later popularized by Super Mario Bros., in which secret areas referred to within the game as warp zones allowed players to skip forward through the game.

Advantages and criticism

Author Luke Cuddy states that warps are used to keep the players entertained by "allowing them to jump to the next gameplay goal, straight into the action." However, he has also criticized them for robbing the player of the sensation of "being in" a virtual world, stating that "[b]y emphasizing destination over the places in between, warping encourages a 'quick visit, move-on-to-the-next-place' mentality that frames space as disposable." Warps discourage exploration and may weaken the player's knowledge of spatial relationships.

Ernest Adams critiques possible unexpected behavior by warp zones: "Teleporters can further complicate matters by not always working the same way, teleporting the player to one place the first time they are used, but to somewhere else the second time, and so on. They can also be one-way or two-way, teleporting players somewhere with no way to get back, or allowing them to teleport again."

On the other hand, a 2009 paper by Alison Gazzard from the University of Hertfordshire provides some advantages of warps. Gazzard points that warps can be used to create puzzles and Easter eggs, saying that warps allow the player to "move through spaces in a way not possible in the real world, and discover ‘magical’ ways of traveling through the gamespace." Gazzard points out that warps make "travel from different parts of the game quicker" as well as act as a reward to allow to the player to access certain areas.

Despite the linear simplicity of Super Mario Bros., the game has been described as having a "surprising amount of depth and spatial complexity" in part due to secret warp zones found through the game. Portal is a critically acclaimed game that uses warps as its core gameplay mechanic.

title: Warp (video games)


text:
1989 in Ireland

Events from the year 1989 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Patrick Hillery
 * Taoiseach: Charles Haughey (FF)
 * Tánaiste: Brian Lenihan (FF)
 * Minister for Finance: Albert Reynolds (FF)
 * Chief Justice: Thomas Finlay
 * Dáil:
 * 25th (until 25 May 1989)
 * 26th (from 29 June 1989)
 * Seanad:
 * 18th (until 5 July 1989)
 * 19th (from 1 November 1989)

Events

 * 2 January – The town of Dundalk celebrated its 1,200-year heritage.
 * 12 February – Belfast solicitor Pat Finucane was shot dead by loyalists.
 * 20 March – Chief Superintendent Harry Breen and Superintendent Bob Buchanan of the Royal Ulster Constabulary were killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army. An inquiry concluded in 2013 that a member or members of the Garda Síochána probably colluded in the ambush.
 * 21 March – Three Irish soldiers on United Nations duty were killed in a landmine explosion in southern Lebanon.
 * 21 April – The People In Need Telethon was broadcast for the first time.
 * 11 May – At a meeting in Malahide Castle between Taoiseach Charles Haughey and visiting Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega, Haughey promised Ortega support at the European Council of Ministers for aid and investment for his country despite an earlier telephone call from U.S. secretary of state James Baker urging Haughey to take a tough position against Ortega over democratic standards in Nicaragua.
 * 22 June – An order was signed creating the University of Limerick, the first university founded since the foundation of the state; later in the day Dublin City University was created.
 * 29 June – Charles Haughey resigned as Taoiseach, remaining on in a caretaker capacity.
 * 19 August – Ten thousand people marched from Dublin city centre to the British Embassy calling for British withdrawal from Northern Ireland.
 * 24 September – At least 70 people were injured in a train crash in Claremorris.
 * 19 October – Three of the Guildford Four were released from prison in London. Paul Hill was immediately re-arrested.
 * 26 November – The first edition of The Sunday Business Post newspaper was published in Dublin.
 * 21 December – Aer Rianta's five millionth passenger was presented with a holiday to Florida.
 * Unknown date – The Irish Pride bakery was founded with the merger of Western Pride, Lydon House, Country Crust, and other bakeries.

Arts and literature

 * 4 April – The Windmill Lane Consortium said that if it got the franchise it would be on the air within 9 to 12 months with its television station, TV3.
 * 1 September – Contemporary music radio station Atlantic 252 (part owned by RTÉ) went on air for the first time from the long wave Clarkstown radio transmitter in County Meath (with studios in Trim).
 * 4 September – Independent pop music station Century Radio went on the air for the first time.
 * 14 September – British children's stop-motion animated series Postman Pat premiered in Ireland on Network 2.
 * 18 September – The television soap opera Fair City began on RTÉ One.
 * 10 November – The film My Left Foot was released, directed by Jim Sheridan. Daniel Day-Lewis and Brenda Fricker won Academy Awards for their performances.
 * MidWest Radio began broadcasting as a licensed station in County Mayo.
 * John Banville's novel The Book of Evidence was published.

Association football

 * 11 October – Ireland beat Northern Ireland 3–0 in a World Cup Qualifier in Dublin.
 * 15 November – Ireland won 2–0 in Malta to secure qualification for the World Cup for the first time.

Gaelic football

 * The All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final ended on a scoreline of Cork 0–17 Mayo 1–11

Golf

 * The Carroll's Irish Open golf tournament was won by Ian Woosnam (Wales).

Hurling

 * The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final ended on a scoreline of Tipperary 4-24 Antrim 3–9.

Births

 * 8 January – Ian Bermingham, soccer player.
 * 3 March – Barry O'Rorke, Gaelic footballer and hurler.
 * 17 March – Patrick Curtin, Gaelic footballer (died 2015).
 * 9 June – Chloë Agnew, singer.
 * 12 June – Nickie Quaid, hurler (Effin, Limerick).
 * 11 July – Rachael Blackmore, jump jockey.
 * 4 August – Michael Murphy, Gaelic footballer.
 * 14 October – Barry Hennessy, hurler (Kilmallock, Limerick).
 * 28 December – Jessie Buckley, actress and singer.
 * 31 December – Brian Gregan, sprinter and athlete.

Deaths

 * 24 January – Michael Scott, architect (born 1905).
 * 27 January – Dónall Mac Amhlaigh, writer (born 1926).
 * January – Jackie Wright, comedian (born 1905).
 * 11 March – Simon Curley, cricketer (born 1917).
 * 7 April – Frank Cluskey, former leader of the Labour Party (born 1930).
 * 3 May – John Mackey, Limerick hurler (born 1913).
 * 15 June – Ray McAnally, actor (born 1926).
 * July – Eddie Gannon, soccer player (born 1921).
 * 3 August – Dominic Behan, songwriter, novelist and playwright (born 1928).
 * 10 August – H. Montgomery Hyde, barrister, author and Ulster Unionist MP (born 1907).
 * 12 September – Seamus Twomey, twice chief of staff of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (born 1919).
 * 4 November – Vivian Mercier, literary critic (born 1919).
 * 14 December – Gerry Healy, British Trotskyist leader (born 1913).
 * 22 December – Samuel Beckett, Nobel Prize in Literature 1969, playwright, novelist and poet (born 1906).
 * Full date unknown – Hugh T. Baker, cricketer (born 1906).

title: 1989 in Ireland


text: Category:Iranian historians

title: Category:Iranian historians


text:
Essex County Division

The Essex County Division was a short-lived formation of the British Army formed in the Second World War on 18 February 1941 by the redesignation of the West Sussex County Division. It was disbanded on 7 October. It had one commanding officer, Major-General J. H. T. Priestman. It was an infantry only formation consisting of three Independent Infantry Brigades (Home). Combat support, artillery, engineers etc., would be provided by other local formations. It was under the command of XI Corps from formation to 22 July and then under GHQ Home Forces.

Order of Battle

 * 207th Independent Home Infantry Brigade
 * 7th Battalion, The King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry (left 26 August 1941)
 * 9th Battalion, The Duke of Wellington's West Riding Regiment (left 27 August 1941)
 * 10th Battalion, The York and Lancaster Regiment (left 25 August 1941)
 * 13th Battalion, The Sherwood Foresters (left 22 July 1941)

The brigade headquarters remained, without battalions, with the division until its disbanding, then it was redesignated the 207th Independent Infantry Brigade.

 * 208th Independent Home Infantry Brigade
 * 7th Battalion, The York and Lancaster Regiment (left 13 October 1941)
 * 10th Battalion, The Lancashire Fusiliers (left 10 October 1941)
 * 13th Battalion, The King's Regiment (left 13 October 1941)
 * 22nd Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers (left 22 July 1941)

The brigade headquarters was disbanded shortly after the division.

 * 223rd Independent Home Infantry Brigade
 * 6th Battalion, The Northamptonshire Regiment
 * 8th Battalion, The Suffolk Regiment
 * 10th Battalion, The Essex Regiment

The brigade left the division on 22 July 1941, joining XI Corps.

title: Essex County Division


text:
1988 in Ireland

Events from the year 1988 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Patrick Hillery
 * Taoiseach: Charles Haughey (FF)
 * Tánaiste: Brian Lenihan (FF)
 * Minister for Finance:
 * Ray MacSharry (FF) (until 24 November 1988)
 * Albert Reynolds (FF) (from 24 November 1988)
 * Chief Justice: Thomas Finlay
 * Dáil: 25th
 * Seanad: 18th

Events

 * 1 January – Dublin City celebrated its millennium.
 * 11 January – The Social Democratic and Labour Party leader, John Hume, and Gerry Adams of Sinn Féin held a surprise meeting in Belfast.
 * 27 January – The Irish internet country code top-level domain .ie was registered.
 * 29 February – The first edition of the Irish Daily Star newspaper went on sale.
 * 6 March – Operation Flavius: a Special Air Service (SAS) team of the British Army shot dead an unarmed Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) Active Service Unit (Danny McCann, Seán Savage, and Mairéad Farrell) in Gibraltar.
 * 16 March – Milltown Cemetery attack: Three men were killed and 70 were wounded in a gun and grenade attack by the Loyalist paramilitary, Michael Stone, on mourners at Milltown Cemetery in Belfast during the funerals of the three IRA members who were killed in Gibraltar.
 * 19 March
 * Corporals killings in Belfast: Two British Army corporals were abducted, beaten, and shot dead by Irish republicans after driving into the funeral cortège of IRA members killed in the Milltown Cemetery attack.
 * Five thousand people gathered for an anti-apartheid rally at the General Post Office in Dublin.
 * 22 March – Tributes were paid to Aran Islands-born poet Máirtín Ó Direáin at his funeral in Dublin.
 * 16 April – The National Lottery launched its national live draw.
 * 15 June – The IRA killed six British soldiers in a bomb attack in Lisburn.
 * 19 June – The Royal Canal in Dublin officially reopened for leisure purpose between Leixlip and Maynooth.
 * 10 July – Dublin celebrated its official 1,000th birthday.
 * 18 July – The South African anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela was awarded the freedom of the City of Dublin.
 * 11 August – The Department of Health launched an information booklet as the number of AIDS cases increased dramatically.
 * 28 August – Leopardstown Racecourse celebrated its 100th anniversary.
 * 12 September – Archbishop Thomas Morris resigned as Archbishop of Cashel and was replaced by Dermot Clifford.
 * 8 October – A tax amnesty produced the surrender of over £500 million in taxpayer payments.
 * 17 October – The Independent Radio and Television Commission was established to regulate non-RTÉ radio and television services.
 * 26 October – The legal case of Norris v. Ireland was decided by the European Court of Human Rights, ruling that the existence of laws in Ireland criminalising consensual gay sex was illegal.
 * 16 November – Minister for Finance Ray MacSharry was appointed Ireland's new European Community Commissioner.
 * 31 December – Pirate Radio closed down.
 * Undated
 * The National Archives of Ireland was formed under terms of the National Archives Act 1986 to take over the functions of the State Paper Office and the Public Record Office of Ireland.
 * Gambling company Paddy Power was established by the merger of the 40 shops of three Irish bookmakers: Stewart Kenny, David Power, and John Corcoran.
 * The Gay and Lesbian Equality Network was established in Dublin.
 * The free gay magazine Gay Community News was published for the first time.

Arts and literature

 * 30 April – Ireland hosted the Eurovision Song Contest.
 * 13 June – A statue of Molly Malone by Jeanne Rynhart was unveiled in Grafton Street, Dublin, to mark the city's millennium. The installations Anna Livia in O'Connell Street by Éamonn O'Doherty (agreed 7 March) and People's Island by Rachel Joynt were produced for the same commemoration.
 * September – The television channel RTÉ 2 was relaunched as Network 2.
 * 3 October – Australian television soap opera Home and Away was launched on Network 2 several months after airing in its country of origin.
 * 11 October – Comedy series Nighthawks was first broadcast on Network 2.
 * Toasted Heretic released their debut album Songs for Swinging Celibates.

Association football

 * Ireland played in the European Championship finals for the first time.
 * 12 June – Ireland celebrated a win over England 1–0 at the 1988 European Football Championship.

Cycling

 * 13 March – Sean Kelly won the Paris–Nice cycle race for the seventh year in a row.
 * 15 May – Sean Kelly won the Vuelta a España cycle race.

Gaelic football

 * Meath beat Cork 0–13 to 0–9 in Croke Park to win a second consecutive All-Ireland Senior Football Championship title.

Golf

 * The Carroll's Irish Open tournament was won by Ian Woosnam (Wales).
 * 16 October – Ireland (Eamonn Darcy, Ronan Rafferty, Des Smyth) won the Dunhill Cup at St. Andrew's golf course in Scotland.

Hurling

 * Galway beat Tipperary 1–15 to 0–14 in Croke Park to win a second consecutive All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship title.

Births

 * 7 January – Robert Sheehan, actor.
 * 15 January – Padraig Amond, soccer player.
 * 23 January – Alan Power, soccer player.
 * 29 January – Owen Garvan, soccer player.
 * 13 February – Dave Rudden, young adult and fantasy writer.
 * 21 February – Darren Forsyth, soccer player.
 * 22 February – Robert Bayly, soccer player.
 * 21 March – Kevin Guthrie, actor.
 * 2 May – Stephen Henderson, soccer player.
 * 21 May – Adam Rooney, soccer player.
 * 14 July – Conor McGregor, mixed martial artist.
 * 25 July – Anthony Stokes, soccer player.
 * 26 July – Grainne Leahy, cricketer.
 * 14 September – Shane Tracy, soccer player.
 * 22 September – Keith Quinn, soccer player.
 * 11 October – Joe Canning, hurler (Portumna, Galway, Connacht).
 * 28 October – Devon Murray, actor

January to June

 * 1 January – Sister Philippa Brazill, nurse in Australia (born 1896).
 * 1 January – Dan Spring, Gaelic footballer, trade unionist and Labour Party TD (born 1910).
 * 15 January – Seán MacBride, former Clann na Poblachta TD, Cabinet Minister, Nobel Peace Prize winner (born 1904).
 * 2 February – Frederick Blaney, cricketer (born 1918).
 * 1 March – Tommy Breen, international soccer player (born 1912).
 * 19 March – Máirtín Ó Direáin, poet (born 1910).
 * 2 April – E. Chambré Hardman, photographer (born 1898).
 * 10 May – Ciarán Bourke, musician, an original member of The Dubliners (born 1936).
 * 5 June – Robert Dudley Edwards, historian (born 1909).
 * 11 June – Nick O'Donnell, Kilkenny and Wexford hurler (born 1925).

July to December

 * 17 July – Frank Carter, Fianna Fáil TD, Seanad member (born 1910).
 * 17 September – Mick Cashman, Cork hurler (born 1931).
 * 10 October – Sonny Hool, cricketer (born 1924).
 * 27 October – Frank Devlin, badminton player (born 1900).
 * November – Terry Leahy, Kilkenny hurler (born 1918).
 * 7 December – Peter Langan, restaurateur (born 1941).
 * 8 December – John Joe McGirl, chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army (born 1921).
 * 21 December – Eithne Dunne, actress (born 1919).
 * 22 December – Jack Bowden, cricketer and hockey player (born 1916).

Full date unknown

 * Tommy Potts, fiddle player (born 1912).
 * Ed Reavy, fiddle player and songwriter (born 1897).

title: 1988 in Ireland


text:
Amelia Warner

Amelia Warner (born Amelia Catherine Bennett; 4 June 1982), also known by her stage name Slow Moving Millie, is an English musician, composer, and former actress.

Early life
Warner was born Amelia Catherine Bennett in Birkenhead, Merseyside, the only child of actors Annette Ekblom and Alun Lewis. Her paternal uncle is actor Hywel Bennett.

Career
Warner started her acting career as a member of the Royal Court's youth theatre group. She also starred in a 2000 BBC adaptation of Lorna Doone and has had supporting roles in films such as Æon Flux and Stoned.

In 2015, she self-released a classical instrumental EP, titled Arms. In 2016, Amelia began scoring films starting with Mum's List followed by Mary Shelley. In 2017, she released her second EP titled Visitors under her name, Amelia Warner.

In 2018, Amelia Warner won the International Film Music Critics Association Award for Breakthrough Composer of the Year for her debut mainstream score on the film, Mary Shelley.

On 28 September 2020, Fearne Cotton announced that she was releasing "Happy Place", the album which features music from an array of artists that focus around mental health and well-being. The first single which was released on the same day as the announcement is the song "Lockdown Kittens Dancing" which features music by Amelia Warner which is taken from her song "For Love" off her "Haven" EP released in June 2020. In the same year she was invited to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Slow Moving Millie
Warner began her music career in July 2009, when she wrote and performed the song "Beasts" under the name Slow Moving Millie for a Virgin Media television commercial. The track was then released on 17 August 2009. Her second single, "Rewind City" was also used for another advertisement, for Orange UK, and was directed by Ringan Ledwidge. In October 2011, Warner signed a record deal with Island Records. Her cover version of the Smiths' 1984 B-Side "Please, Please, Please, Let Me Get What I Want" was released on 11 November 2011 and was selected as the soundtrack to the John Lewis 2011 Christmas advertisement. Since releasing her album, Renditions, she also composed music for adverts and short films. Her first major score was for the British short, Mam. Soon after, Warner released her Fyfe Dangerfield-produced EP, Arms, under Universal Music. Her second EP, Visitors. In 2016, she scored her first feature-length film, Mum's List, followed by her score to the film Mary Shelley.

Personal life
Warner married Colin Farrell in a non-legal ceremony in 2001; they ended the relationship four months later. She married Jamie Dornan in 2013 at Orchardleigh Estate. They have three daughters.

title: Amelia Warner


text:
1987 in Ireland

Events from the year 1987 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Patrick Hillery
 * Taoiseach:
 * Garret FitzGerald (FG) (until 10 March 1987)
 * Charles Haughey (FF) (from 10 March 1987)
 * Tánaiste:
 * Dick Spring (Lab) (until 20 January 1987)
 * Peter Barry (FG) (from 20 January 1987 until 10 March 1987)
 * Brian Lenihan (FF) (from 10 March 1987)
 * Minister for Finance:
 * John Bruton (FG) (until 10 March 1987)
 * Ray MacSharry (FF) (from 10 March 1987)
 * Chief Justice: Thomas Finlay
 * Dáil:
 * 24th (until 20 January 1987)
 * 25th (from 10 March 1987)
 * Seanad:
 * 17th (until 3 April 1987)
 * 18th (from 25 April 1987)

January

 * 1 January – The halfpenny coin was withdrawn from circulation.
 * 20 January – Labour Party ministers resigned from the government because of disagreement over budget proposals.

February

 * 19 February – A general election returned a Fianna Fáil minority government after the Fine Gael–Labour Party coalition collapsed. Charles Haughey became taoiseach by one Dáil vote. The new Progressive Democrats party won 14 seats.

March

 * 11 March – Former taoiseach Garret FitzGerald resigned as leader of the Fine Gael party and was succeeded by Alan Dukes.
 * 22 March – The Irish National Lottery was launched.

May

 * 8 May – Loughgall ambush: The British Special Air Service killed eight Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) members and a civilian in Loughgall, County Tyrone.
 * 9 May – Johnny Logan won the Eurovision Song Contest for Ireland with his own composition Hold Me Now, making him the only person to win the competition twice as a performer.
 * 26 May – A referendum was held on the Single European Act. Nearly 70% voted in favour of the tenth amendment to the Constitution.

July

 * 26 July – Stephen Roche won the Tour de France, the first Irish cyclist to do so.

November

 * 8 November – Remembrance Day bombing: Eleven people were killed and 63 were injured by an IRA bomb during a Remembrance Day service in Enniskillen.
 * 10 November – The funeral took place of broadcaster Eamonn Andrews.
 * 29 November – Beaumont Hospital opened in Dublin.

December

 * 5 December – Downpatrick and Ardglass Railway began public operation, the first Irish gauge heritage railway in Ireland.
 * Undated – Cooley Distillery began producing Irish whiskey.

Arts and literature

 * U2 released The Joshua Tree album to international acclaim.
 * Maeve Binchy's novel Firefly Summer was published.
 * Roddy Doyle published his first novel, The Commitments, the first volume of The Barrytown Trilogy, about a group of unemployed young people on the north side of Dublin who start a soul band.
 * Kíla, the folk/world music group, was formed in the Irish language secondary school, Coláiste Eoin in County Dublin.

Association football

 * 11 November – Ireland qualified for their first major international tournament when Scotland pulled off a shock 1–0 win in Sofia against Bulgaria. Gary Mackay scored the only goal with just three minutes left to put Ireland into the Euro 88 tournament in West Germany.

Cycling

 * 6 September – Cyclist Stephen Roche completed a remarkable treble by winning the Giro d'Italia, the Tour de France, and the World Championship.

Gaelic football

 * Meath defeated Cork by 1–14 to 0–11 to win the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship.

Golf

 * The Carroll's Irish Open golf tournament was won by Bernhard Langer (West Germany).

Hurling

 * Galway defeated Kilkenny by 1–12 to 0–9 to win the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship.

Births

 * 2 January – Cathal Naughton, Cork hurler.
 * 9 January – Nicola Coughlan, actress
 * 22 January – Shane Long, association footballer.
 * 24 January – Ruth Bradley, television actress.
 * 30 January – Becky Lynch, professional wrestler.
 * 4 February – Darren O'Dea, association footballer.
 * 5 February – Denis McLaughlin, association footballer.
 * 14 February – James Chambers, association footballer.
 * 16 March – Diarmuid O'Carroll, association footballer.
 * 2 April – Shane Lowry, golfer
 * 13 April – Conor Sammon, association footballer.
 * 23 April – Kelly Gough, actress.
 * 12 May – Darren Randolph, association footballer.
 * 20 May – Pa Cronin, Cork hurler.
 * 21 May – Chris McCann, association footballer.
 * 7 July – Diarmuid Connolly, Dublin Gaelic football and hurling player.
 * 9 July – Jonny Hayes, association footballer.
 * 28 September – Gary Deegan, association footballer.
 * 2 June – Graeme Mulcahy, hurler (Kilmallock, Limerick).
 * 2 October – Séamus Hickey, hurler (Murroe-Boher, Limerick).
 * 11 October – Richie McCarthy, hurler (Blackrock, Limerick).
 * 16 October – Eric McGill, association footballer.
 * 9 November – Tom Condon, hurler (Limerick).
 * 14 November – Brian Gleeson, actor
 * 16 November – T. J. Reid, Kilkenny hurler.
 * 13 December – Billy Clarke, association footballer.

Deaths

 * 2 January – Roger McHugh, professor, author and playwright (born 1908).
 * 4 January – Eudie Coughlan, Cork hurler (born 1900).
 * 14 January – Ewart Milne, poet (born 1903).
 * January – Billy King, cricketer (born 1902).
 * 8 April – Kevin McNamara, Archbishop of Dublin (born 1926).
 * 19 April – Con Cremin, diplomat (born 1908).
 * 22 April – Bill Hayes, association footballer (born 1915).
 * 23 April – Oliver J. Flanagan, Fine Gael teachta dála (TD) and cabinet minister (born 1920).
 * 27 April – Maurice Gibson, Northern Irish judge (born 1913).
 * 8 May – Jim Lynagh, Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) member killed in an ambush by the British Special Air Service during an IRA attack on Loughgall Royal Ulster Constabulary station (born 1956).
 * 22 June – John Hewitt, poet (born 1907).
 * 30 June – Tommy O'Connor, association footballer.
 * 20 July – Denis J. O'Sullivan, Fine Gael TD (born 1918).
 * 18 October – Michael Lipper, Labour Party TD (born 1932).
 * 25 October – Ivan Beshoff, last survivor of the Russian Potemkin mutiny (born 1882/4 in the Russian Empire).
 * 29 October – Monk Gibbon, poet and author (born 1896).
 * 5 November – Eamonn Andrews, broadcaster (born 1922).
 * 25 November – James McDyer, Roman Catholic priest and community leader (born 1910).
 * 8 December – Peadar Livingstone, priest and historian (born 1930).
 * 9 December – Seán Brosnahan, Treasurer Irish National Teachers Organisation, member of the Seanad (Senate) from 1961 to 1977 (born 1911).

Full date unknown

 * Jimmy Warnock, boxer (born 1912).

title: 1987 in Ireland


text:
TCDD

TCDD may refer to any of the following:

 * Turkish State Railways (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları) - The national railway carrier of Turkey.
 * TCDD Taşımacılık - A Turkish transport company responsible for railway operations.
 * 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin — a type of dioxin.
 * Texas Council for Developmental Disabilities

title: TCDD


text:
1986 in Ireland

Events from the year 1986 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Patrick Hillery
 * Taoiseach: Garret FitzGerald (FG)
 * Tánaiste: Dick Spring (Lab)
 * Minister for Finance:
 * Alan Dukes (FG) (until 14 February 1986)
 * John Bruton (FG) (from 14 February 1986)
 * Chief Justice: Thomas Finlay
 * Dáil: 24th
 * Seanad: 17th

Events

 * 2 January – The national offices of the Progressive Democrats were officially opened.
 * 4 January – Phil Lynott, the lead singer of Thin Lizzy, died aged 35.
 * 11 February – Ireland's new football team manager, Jack Charlton, arrived in Dublin.
 * 18 March – Irish citizenship was conferred on Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, Tip O'Neill, for inspiring constitutional nationalists to launch an initiative for a new Ireland.
 * 31 March – President Hillery and Mrs. Hillery started a four-day official visit to Austria. This was the first Irish state visit there.
 * 4 May – Radiation from the devastated Chernobyl nuclear reactor in Ukraine reached Ireland.
 * 6 May – The Divorce Action Group launched its campaign for the forthcoming divorce referendum.
 * 21 May – Eighteen Old Master paintings from the Beit collection were stolen from Russborough House by Martin Cahill.
 * 30 May – Ireland West Airport Knock, County Mayo was officially opened.
 * June (date unknown) – Mick Flavin became a new star of country music.
 * 2 June – Fire destroyed Loreto Convent at St. Stephen's Green in Dublin; six nuns died in the blaze.
 * 6 June – John Stalker was removed from the 'shoot to kill' inquiry.
 * 12 June – Two giant pandas, Ming Ming and Ping Ping, arrived at Dublin Zoo.
 * 21 June – An anti-divorce rally took place in Dublin.
 * 27 June – Counting began in a Divorce Referendum. Tallymen predicted a strong 'no' vote.
 * 1 August – Monsignor James Horan, Parish Priest of Knock, County Mayo and builder of Knock Airport, died suddenly aged 75 in Lourdes.
 * 7 August – The deputy leader of the Democratic Unionist Party, Peter Robinson MP, was arrested and charged with illegal assembly, after a loyalist mob took over a village in County Monaghan.
 * 25–6 August – The remnants of Hurricane Charley struck Ireland. Dublin suffered its worst flooding since records began in 1880, and a new record for the greatest rainfall in one day was set when 200 millimetres of rain was measured at Kilcoole in County Wicklow. The Dodder and Dargle rivers in Dublin overflowed leading to flooding of 416 houses and 35 commercial premises.
 * November – Giant's Causeway and the Causeway Coast became the first Irish designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
 * 23 October – Thirteen-year-old Philip Cairns disappeared on his way back to school after lunch.
 * 30 October – The 20 pence coin entered circulation.
 * December (date unknown) – The Government banned South African food imports, about half the total of South African imports into Ireland, in protest against apartheid.
 * 25 December – Dublin Airport was open for the first time on a Christmas Day.
 * 31 December – American visa applications at the United States Embassy in Dublin rose by 25%. Thirty thousand people emigrated during 1986.

Arts and literature

 * 17 May – The Self Aid unemployment benefit concert was held in Dublin, featuring dozens of performers.
 * Sigerson Clifford published the second edition of his poetry collection Ballads of a Bogman, including the first publication of "The Boys of Barr na Sráide".
 * Bob Geldof published his autobiography, Is That It?
 * Patrick McCabe published his novel, Music on Clinton Street.
 * John Montague became the first occupant of the Ireland Chair of Poetry.
 * The film Eat the Peach was released.

Association football

 * Ireland did not qualify for the 1986 FIFA World Cup.

Golf

 * The Irish Open was won by Seve Ballesteros (Spain).

Births

 * 10 February – Steven Foley-Sheridan, soccer player.
 * 17 February – Joey O'Brien, soccer player.
 * 24 February – Claire Hennessy, author.
 * 1 March – Shane O'Neill, Cork hurler.
 * 4 April – Stephen Quinn, soccer player.
 * 18 April – Conrad Logan, soccer player.
 * 30 April – Derek Doyle, soccer player.
 * 16 May – Andy Keogh, soccer player.
 * 19 May – Paul Byrne, soccer player.
 * 23 May – Shane McFaul, soccer player.
 * 3 June – Donal Skehan, singer and television presenter.
 * 8 June – Michael Shields, Cork Gaelic footballer, Australian rules footballer.
 * 2 July – Katie Taylor, boxer
 * 11 July – Gerard Nash, soccer player.
 * 31 July – Gary Dicker, soccer player, Deirdre Codd, Wexford Camogie player.
 * 22 August – Stephen Ireland, soccer player.
 * 31 August – Colm Begley, Australian rules footballer.
 * 10 September – Eoin Morgan, cricketer.
 * 17 October - Simon Harris, Taoiseach
 * 19 October – Shaun Williams, soccer player.
 * 20 November – Evan McMillan, soccer player.

Deaths

 * 4 January – Phil Lynott, singer and songwriter (born 1949).
 * 10 February – James Dillon, former leader of Fine Gael, TD and Minister (born 1902).
 * 12 February – James Joseph Magennis, British Royal Navy submariner awarded Victoria Cross for taking part in Operation Struggle in 1945 (born 1919).
 * 1 March – Cahir Davitt, lawyer and judge (born 1894).
 * 4 March – Edward McLysaght, genealogist and writer (born 1887).
 * 16 March – Pat Carroll, Offaly hurler (born 1956).
 * 28 March – Eddie McAteer, Nationalist Party (Northern Ireland) MP (born 1914).
 * 13 May – Peadar O'Donnell, Irish Republican socialist, Marxist activist and writer (born 1893).
 * 22 May – James Christopher Branigan, aka "Lugs Branigan", police officer and boxer (born 1910).
 * 20 July – Dermot Honan. licensed vintner, member of the Seanad from 1965 to 1973.
 * 1 August – James Horan, Roman Catholic monsignor, conceived and created Ireland West Airport Knock (born 1911).
 * 1 October – Seán Moore, Fianna Fáil TD (born 1913).

Full date unknown

 * Eddie Duffy, traditional Irish musician (born 1894).
 * Cecil King, painter (born 1921).

title: 1986 in Ireland


text:
Hampshire County Division

The Hampshire County Division was a short-lived formation of the British Army, located in South East England on the coast of the English Channel. It was raised in the Second World War and was formed on 28 February 1941 by the redesignation of Hampshire Area. On 25 November the division ceased to function and the headquarters was disbanded on 31 December. It was commanded by Major-General G. J. P. St. Clair and was an infantry only formation consisting of one Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) and three sub areas from the Hampshire area. Combat support, artillery, engineers etc., would be provided by other local formations. and served under V Corps.

Order of Battle
The brigade served with the division from its formation until 30 November 1941.

 * 214th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home)
 * 6th Battalion, The Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (left 26 November 1941)
 * 19th Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers
 * 20th Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers
 * 21st Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers (left 15 July 1941)
 * 11th Battalion, The West Yorkshire Regiment (joined 15 July, left 26 November 1941)
 * 11th Battalion, The Hampshire Regiment (joined 13 November 1941)
 * 12th Battalion, The Hampshire Regiment (joined 25 November 1941)

The brigade would join the 47th (London) Infantry Division.

title: Hampshire County Division


text:
1985 in Ireland

Events from the year 1985 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Patrick Hillery
 * Taoiseach: Garret FitzGerald (FG)
 * Tánaiste: Dick Spring (Lab)
 * Minister for Finance: Alan Dukes (FG)
 * Chief Justice:
 * Tom O'Higgins (until 1 October 1985)
 * Thomas Finlay (from 10 October 1985)
 * Dáil: 24th
 * Seanad: 17th

Events

 * 1 January – Cork celebrated 800 years as a chartered city.
 * 26 February – Former minister Desmond O'Malley was expelled from the Fianna Fáil Party.
 * 28 February – 1985 Newry mortar attack: the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) killed nine Royal Ulster Constabulary officers in a mortar attack at their station in Newry.
 * 4 March – Irish singer Bob Geldof was honoured for his overseas aid efforts at a civic reception in the Mansion House in Dublin.
 * 12 March – The Health (Family Planning) (Amendment) Act allowed the sale of condoms and spermicides to adults without prescriptions.
 * 28 March – Gaisce – The President's Award was created by a trust deed under the patronage of the President of Ireland.
 * 30 March – The Irish rugby team won the Triple Crown and Five Nations Championship at Lansdowne Road stadium in Dublin. They beat England 13–10.
 * 28 April – Dennis Taylor won the Embassy World Snooker Championship in Sheffield.
 * 16 May – The Minister for Education, Gemma Hussey, announced a new £20 million project to create a transition year in post-primary schools.
 * 23 June – Three hundred and twenty nine people were killed when Air India Flight 182 exploded in midair 190 kilometres off the southwest coast of Ireland while flying the Montreal–London–Delhi–Bombay route. A bomb was thought to have been planted by the Khalistan movement.
 * 25 June – Irish police foiled an IRA-sponsored bombing campaign in England which targeted London and English seaside resorts.
 * 13 July – The international Live Aid charity rock concert took place in Wembley Stadium, London. It was organised by Irishman Bob Geldof and Scotsman Midge Ure, and Ireland was the highest per-capita donor country.
 * 22 July – Two women claimed to have seen a statue of the Virgin Mary moving in Ballinspittle, County Cork. The grotto became a pilgrimage site and thousands visited there on 31 July.
 * 25 July – Ireland was struck by a violent thunderstorm, one of the worst in the country's history.
 * 2 September – Spike Island Jail in County Cork was left in ruins following a riot by prisoners.
 * 10 September – The first heart transplant in Ireland was performed.
 * 20 September – President Hillery presented Bob Geldof with a cheque for £7 million as the Irish contribution to the Live Aid appeal.
 * 29 September – The pleasure trawler Taurima, owned by leader of the Fianna Fáil party, Charles Haughey, was wrecked near Mizen Head lighthouse.
 * 11 October – Shop steward Karen Gearon, representing striking workers at Dunnes Stores, addressed the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid on a Day of Solidarity with South African Political Prisoners.
 * 25 October – The first commercial flight departed from the new Knock Airport.
 * 15 November – Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Margaret Thatcher, signed the Anglo-Irish Agreement at Hillsborough Castle.
 * 27 November – Mary Harney was expelled from the Fianna Fáil parliamentary party due to her support of the Anglo-Irish Agreement.
 * 21 December – Desmond O'Malley founded the Progressive Democrats party.

Arts and literature

 * 18 February – Frank McGuinness's play Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme opened on the Peacock Stage of the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, winning the Rooney Prize for Irish Literature.
 * 1 June – Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band played their debut Irish concert at Slane Castle in front of 100,000 people, and performed for four hours.
 * 29 June – The first Croke Park concert took place, featuring U2, Squeeze, R.E.M., The Alarm and In Tua Nua.
 * Maeve Binchy's novel Echoes was published.
 * Shaun Davey's orchestral suite for voice and uilleann pipes Granuaile was recorded.
 * Tom Murphy's Conversations on a Homecoming (16 April) and Bailegangaire (5 December) were produced by the Druid Theatre Company in Galway.
 * Alternative rock group Toasted Heretic was founded by Julian Gough in Galway.

Association football

 * Derry City joined the League of Ireland, having been out of senior football since 1972. Monaghan United was also elected to the League this year.

Boxing

 * 8 June – Barry McGuigan won the WBA world featherweight boxing championship.

Golf

 * The Irish Open was won by Seve Ballesteros (Spain).

Rugby Union

 * 30 March – The Irish rugby team won the Triple Crown and Five Nations Championship at Lansdowne Road stadium. They beat England 13–10.

Births

 * 11 January – Mark Yeates, soccer player.
 * 13 January – Pat Flynn, soccer player.
 * 20 January – Neil Gallagher, soccer player.
 * 31 January – James "Cha" Fitzpatrick, Kilkenny hurler.
 * 6 February – John Tennyson, Kilkenny hurler.
 * 7 February – Michael Lyng, Cavan Gaelic footballer.
 * 20 February – Alan O'Brien, soccer player.
 * 28 February – Michael Fennelly, Kilkenny hurler.
 * 2 April – Barry Corr, soccer player.
 * 10 April – Willo Flood, soccer player.
 * 23 April – Gary Mulligan, soccer player.
 * 29 April – Pamela Myers, artist.
 * 4 May – Laura Whitmore, presenter.
 * 13 May – David Bell, soccer player.
 * 8 June – Barry Murphy, soccer player.
 * 15 June – Nadine Coyle, singer
 * 6 July – Killian Scott, actor
 * 10 July – Conan Byrne, soccer player.
 * 17 July – Eoin Larkin, Kilkenny hurler.
 * 22 July – Ryan Dolan, singer
 * 28 July – Darren Murphy, Irish footballer
 * 9 September – Tadhg Purcell, soccer player.
 * 17 September – Brendan Clarke, soccer player.
 * 20 September – George McMahon, actor.
 * 2 October – Mark Quigley, soccer player.
 * 6 October – Karl Bermingham, soccer player.
 * 5 November – Ian Maher, soccer player.
 * 4 December – Stephen Dawson, soccer player.
 * 4 December – Richie Power, Kilkenny hurler.
 * 9 December – Mark Leech, soccer player.
 * 24 December – Donnacha Cody, Kilkenny hurler.
 * 29 December – Patrick Kavanagh, soccer player.

Full date unknown

 * Deirdre Delaney, camogie player.
 * Caoilinn Hughes, novelist.

Deaths

 * 18 January – Wilfrid Brambell, actor (born 1912).
 * 21 February – Dermot Ryan, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin (born 1924).
 * 3 March – Noel Purcell, actor (born 1900).
 * 14 March – Kathleen Lemass, wife of Seán Lemass (born 1898).
 * May – Tommy Murphy, Laois Gaelic footballer (born 1921).
 * 16 June – Alexis FitzGerald Snr, solicitor, Fine Gael Seanad member (born 1916).
 * 17 June – Bernard Bergin, cricketer (born 1913).
 * 29 September – Timothy McAuliffe, Labour Party politician (born 1909).
 * 11 October – Todd Andrews, Irish revolutionary and public servant (born 1901).
 * 4 November – Liam Grainger, Gaelic footballer (Dohenys, Clonakilty, Carbery, Cork senior team, Munster) (born 1913).
 * 4 December – Frederick Boland, diplomat, first Irish ambassador to Britain and to the United Nations (born 1904).
 * 8 December – Jimmy Rudd, soccer player (born 1919).
 * 11 December – Kathleen Ryan, actress (born 1922).
 * 17 December – Leo Maguire, singer, songwriter and radio broadcaster (born 1903).

Full date unknown

 * Sigerson Clifford, poet and playwright (born 1913).
 * Fergus Crawford, soccer player (born 1933).
 * Alex Stevenson, soccer player (born 1912).

title: 1985 in Ireland


text: Category:Kerr County, Texas

title: Category:Kerr County, Texas


text:
Lincolnshire County Division

The Lincolnshire County Division was a short-lived formation of the British Army, formed in the Second World War. The headquarters were formed on 24 February 1941, becoming operational on 27 March. It ceased to function on 25 November and was disbanded on 3 December. Its commanding officer was Major-General Arthur Kenneth Hay, and it was an infantry only formation consisting of three Independent Infantry Brigades (Home). Combat support, artillery, engineers etc., would be provided by other local formations. It was commanded by I Corps.

Order of Battle
All brigades were part of the division from 27 March to late November 1941.

 * 204th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home)
 * 6th Battalion, The King's Shropshire Light Infantry
 * 7th Battalion, The South Lancashire Regiment (left 31 May 1941)
 * 8th Battalion, The South Lancashire Regiment
 * 12th Battalion, The Sherwood Foresters (left 31 August 1941)

Redesignated the 204th Independent Infantry Brigade with its remaining battalions, on leaving the division.

 * 205th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home)
 * 7th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment (left 5 November 1941)
 * 7th Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment
 * 7th Battalion, The Leicestershire Regiment
 * 8th Battalion, The North Staffordshire Regiment

The remaining battalions left the brigade on, or shortly after the brigade left the division, the brigade headquarters was converted into the 36th Army Tank Brigade shortly after that.

 * 212th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home)
 * 6th Battalion, The South Wales Borderers
 * 9th Battalion, The Royal Sussex Regiment
 * 10th Battalion, The Gloucestershire Regiment
 * 18th Battalion, The Welch Regiment (left 28 May 1941)

Redesignated the 212th Independent Infantry Brigade with its remaining battalions and joined the 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division.

title: Lincolnshire County Division


text:
1984 in Ireland

Events from the year 1984 in Ireland.

Incumbents

 * President: Patrick Hillery
 * Taoiseach: Garret FitzGerald (Fine Gael)
 * Tánaiste: Dick Spring (Labour Party)
 * Minister for Finance: Alan Dukes (Fine Gael)
 * Chief Justice: Tom O'Higgins
 * Dáil: 24th
 * Seanad: 17th

Events

 * 1 January –
 * The Department of Posts and Telegraphs split into An Post and Telecom Éireann.
 * Galway City began celebrations marking its mayoral status granted by King Richard III in 1484.
 * 10 January – Seán MacEntee, founder member of the Fianna Fáil party and former Tánaiste, died aged 94. He was the last surviving member of the First Dáil.
 * 31 January – Ann Lovett, aged 15, died after giving birth to a boy in a grotto in Granard, County Longford. Reporting on the incident on The Gay Byrne Show uncovered many stories from listeners of rape, abortion and sexual abuse.
 * 14 March – Sinn Féin MP Gerry Adams was shot and wounded in Belfast.
 * 29 March – The Licensed Vintners Association voted to abolish the Holy Hour in pubs and hotels in Dublin and Cork which close for one hour between 2.30 pm and 3.30 pm. The Hour was introduced during the 1920s by Minister for Justice Kevin O’Higgins.
 * 2 May – The New Ireland Forum, convened to address the war in Northern Ireland, published its report presenting three possibilities for discussion: a unitary Irish state, a federal/confederal state, and joint sovereignty.
 * Visit by Ronald Reagan
 * 1 June – United States President Ronald Reagan arrived at Shannon Airport to begin a state visit.
 * 2 June – Reagan was at Galway, Ballyporeen (his ancestral home), and the Phoenix Park in Dublin.
 * 3 June – Ten thousand people protested outside Reagan's state banquet in Dublin Castle.
 * 4 June – Reagan addressed a joint session of the houses of the Oireachtas.
 * 18 June – European Parliament elections were held in Ireland and Northern Ireland.
 * 13 July – The Ford Motor Company assembly plant in Cork closed. The closure of the Dunlop tyre factory in the same city had been announced previously and the Verolme Cork Dockyard was closed as a shipbuilder at the end of the year.
 * 14 July – The Columban missionary Niall O'Brien, who was imprisoned in the Philippines, was released.
 * 17 July – Some workers in Dunnes Stores in Henry Street, Dublin refused to handle South African produce as a protest against apartheid.
 * 19 July – The strongest earthquake ever recorded in Ireland, the 5.4 magnitude Llŷn Peninsula earthquake near Caernarvon in Wales, rocked the Irish eastern seaboard and was felt by many in Dublin. Numerous aftershocks occurred over the following month.
 * 23 July – The Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) rail service between Howth and Bray was inaugurated.
 * 28 September – The Dublin telephone system collapsed due to network overload as a result of a phone-in competition on the illegal radio station, Radio Nova.
 * 1 October – Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom presented a Royal Charter to the University of Ulster.
 * 5 October – Women workers in Dunnes Stores in Dublin, who were on strike for the previous 11 weeks in support of a dispute over the handling of South African fruit, began a sit-in at the store.
 * 12 October – Brighton hotel bombing – The Irish Republican Army killed five people in a bomb attack at the Grand Hotel in Brighton, England during the British Tory Party annual conference, narrowly missing Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.
 * 22 October – The first stage of the new Rice Bridge over the River Suir in Waterford was opened to road traffic.
 * 5 November – The RTÉ Radio current affairs programme, Morning Ireland, was broadcast for the first time.
 * 14 November – Irish Shipping Limited was placed in liquidation.
 * 8 November – RTÉ Television's first newsreader, Charles Mitchel, delivered his final news bulletin.
 * 2 December – European Economic Community heads of government visited President Hillery and Mrs. Hillery at the President's residence, Áras an Uachtaráin.
 * 7 December – The most sophisticated naval vessel ever built in the country, the £25 million LÉ Eithne, was commissioned at the Haulbowline naval base.

Arts and literature

 * May – The Irish Film Theatre in Dublin closed at the end of the month due to insufficient box-office revenue.
 * 24 June – The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) Solstice Rock Festival took place at Saint Anne's Park in Raheny, Dublin.
 * 8 July – The Slane Concert was headlined by Bob Dylan with support from In Tua Nua, UB40, and Santana, and with guests Van Morrison and Bono.
 * October – Ronan Sheehan was awarded the Rooney Prize for Irish Literature.
 * 18 October – Van Morrison was in concert at the Simmonscourt Extension of the Royal Dublin Society.
 * 31 October – The annual Oíche Shamhna fancy dress Céili Mór was held in Kilronan on the island of Inis Mór.
 * December – Pat Murphy's film Anne Devlin was released, starring Brid Brennan, with Bosco Hogan as Robert Emmet.
 * The literary Kate O'Brien Weekend in Limerick was celebrated for the first time.

Association football

 * Cork City founded and elected to the League of Ireland Premier Division. Former Chelsea and Cork Celtic hero Bobby Tambling was the first manager appointed.

Golf

 * The Irish Open won by Bernhard Langer (West Germany).

Horse racing

 * Irish Grand National steeplechase won by Bentom Boy ridden by Mrs Ann Ferris, the first woman winner.

Births

 * 2 January – Denis Behan, soccer player.
 * 6 January – Stephen Elliott, soccer player.
 * 10 January – Alan McCormack, soccer player.
 * 10 February – John Fitzgerald, soccer player.
 * 21 February – Damien Molony, television actor.
 * 22 February – Tommy Bowe, international rugby player.
 * 4 March – Kevin O'Brien, cricketer.
 * 8 March – Nora Jane Noone, actress.
 * 16 March – Aisling Bea, born Aisling O'Sullivan, actress, comedian and writer.
 * 17 March – David Collins, Galway hurler.
 * 4 April – Willie O'Dwyer, Kilkenny hurler.
 * 7 April – Bryan Cullen, Dublin Gaelic footballer.
 * 11 April – Michael Cussen, Cork hurler.
 * 17 April – Rosanna Davison, model, Miss World 2003.
 * 18 April – Killian O'Sullivan, actor.
 * 13 May – Mark O'Brien, soccer player.
 * 4 June – Kevin Hartnett, Cork hurler.
 * 11 June – Andy Lee, boxer.
 * 25 June – Killian Donnelly, stage actor
 * 2 July – Ger O'Brien, soccer player.
 * 5 July – Paul Keegan, soccer player.
 * 21 August – Conor Kenna, soccer player.
 * 6 September – Brian Murray, Limerick hurler.
 * 12 October – Anthony Nash, Cork hurler.
 * 19 November – Stephen Bradley, soccer player.
 * 30 November – Andrew O'Shaughnessy, Limerick hurler.
 * 18 December – Katie Walsh, jump jockey.
 * 31 December – Anthony Flood, soccer player.
 * Full date unknown – Pamela Fitzgerald, camogie player.

Deaths

 * 10 January – Seán MacEntee, TD (1918-1922 and 1927–1969), Minister for Finance (1923–1939 and 1951–1954) and Tánaiste (1959–1965), (born 1889).
 * 24 January – Bernard Cowen, TD (1969–1973 and 1977–1984), Senator (1973–1977) and Minister of State (1982), (born 1932).
 * 30 January – Luke Kelly, singer, folk musician and member of the band The Dubliners (born 1940).
 * 11 February – Theodore William Moody, historian (born 1907).
 * 3 March – Rinty Monaghan, world flyweight boxing championship (born 1920).
 * 19 March – Charlie Ware, hurler (Erin's Own, Waterford senior team, Munster), (born 1900).
 * 24 March – Fintan Kennedy, General President of IT&GWU, member of the Seanad from 1969 to 1981.
 * 6 April – Jimmy Kennedy, songwriter (born 1902).
 * 26 April – Kathleen Behan, mother of Brendan Behan (born 1889).
 * June – Alec Mackie, soccer player (born 1903).
 * 21 July – Paddy Grace, hurler (Éire Óg, Carrickshock, Dicksboro, Kilkenny senior team, Leinster), (born 1917).
 * 8 August – Denis Johnston, dramatist (born 1901).
 * 13 August – Jack Lawrence, cricketer (born 1904).
 * 7 September – Liam O'Flaherty, novelist and short story writer (born 1896).
 * 15 September – Charles Lynch, pianist (born 1906).
 * 4 November – Fintan Coogan Snr, TD (1954–1977), (born 1910).
 * 29 December – Robert Farren (Roibeárd Ó Faracháin), poet (born 1909).
 * 30 December – William Bedell Stanford, classical scholar and senator (born 1911).

title: 1984 in Ireland


text: File:SouthofSidewaysalbumcover.jpg

title: File:SouthofSidewaysalbumcover.jpg