text:
Nyköping

Nyköping is a locality and the seat of Nyköping Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden with 32,759 inhabitants as of 2017. The city is also the capital of Södermanland County.

Including Arnö, the locality on the southern shore of the bay just a couple of kilometres from the city centre, Nyköping would have above 36,000 inhabitants. Commonly, Arnö is referred to as a part of the city proper. It forms a wider conurbation with the neighbouring minor municipality and town of Oxelösund 10 km south of its outskirts. The municipality is much larger, although sparsely populated outside of the urban area.

Nyköping directly translates to 'Newmarket' into English. The prefix ny is translated as 'new' and köping is an old Swedish word for a market place, commonly used as a suffix for cities in the south central region of the country (see Köping). Nyköping is the name that appears on coins in 1230 and in historical records from the 13th century. Aros is the name of the town found in the acheological records from before 1230, indicating a new era and a new name sometime around 1230. The city is located near the open Baltic Sea on the Stadsfjärden inlet, and is regarded as a coastal location. Rivers Nyköpingsån and Kilaån reach the Baltic Sea through the southern end of downtown. The former river splits the town down the middle into an eastern and western part. The river Svärtaån empties into the sea by the locality Sjösa, east of the town. There are multiple other inlets in the municipality, which has an extensive shoreline.

Typical of the region, the landscape is influenced by post-glacial rebound after the latest ice age. For thousands of years, the land of downtown Nyköping was an archipelago where the hills in town today formed many islands, while the flatter parts of the town were the seafloor. With four peaks above 50 m, the highest point within town limits is 59 m at Ekensberg in the northeastern fringes.

Nyköping is also the home of Stockholm Skavsta Airport which is located less than 10 km from the city centre. Nyköping is part of the wider area of the Mälaren Valley, located around 100 km south of inner Stockholm and 60 km east of Norrköping, the nearest larger city. The municipal border between Nyköping and Norrköping marks the point where the historical lands Götaland and Svealand converge on the east coast.

It retains an oceanic/continental climate hybrid, causing warm summers and winters around the freezing point with variable snow cover.

History
The area bears traces of settlers since around 2000 BC. In the early medieval age, around 1000 AD, Nyköping was a capital of one of the many Swedish petty kingdoms. In the 13th century, construction on the Nyköping Fortress begun; the following century it became the strongest fortress in the country. The coat of arms probably depicts the fortress, or one of its towers.

In 1317 the Nyköping Banquet took place, a renowned episode in Sweden's history, when King Birger of Sweden captured his two brothers as revenge for earlier sufferings and had them imprisoned without food until they starved to death (See Nyköpings gästabud).

The earliest known charter dates from 1444, making it one of the now defunct Cities in Sweden. In the 16th century Nyköping became the seat of Duke Charles, who later became Charles IX of Sweden. With the status of a Royal residential seat, Nyköping was at its peak of development. In 1665 large parts of the city including the fortress were damaged in a fire. The same thing happened again in 1719 when Russian troops invaded the city. It was then rebuilt with its current street plan.

Nyköping was industrialized relatively early compared to the rest of Sweden. In the early 19th century, textile industry was established, and the population soon rose as Nyköping's industry grew. In 1879, C.A. Wedholms mejerikärlsfabrik was founded, starting to produce milk churns. Wedholms still has activity in Nyköping and is a milk cooling tank manufacturer.

20th century
Nyköping was the town where Nordiska Kompaniet had its furniture factory. The business created a spin-off named ANA, which licence-built American and English cars, as Plymouth, De Soto, Hillman and Sunbeam. The company was later purchased by Saab Automobile and led to SAAB becoming the largest employer in the town during the 1980s, as well as the relocation of the headquarters to Spelhagen. But when GM bought SAAB from Investor AB, the headquarters was moved back to Trollhättan and about two thousand lost their jobs.

Military history
Nyköping has been a stronghold for the reconnaissance squadrons of the Swedish Air Force. Between 1941 and 1980, the nearby Stockholm Skavsta Airport was hosting the Södermanland Wing (F 11) which had three squadrons with reconnaissance aircraft. It was the only dedicated reconnaissance wing in the Swedish Air Force. The city has also hosted the flying school of the Swedish Army which was located at Brandholmen between 1963 and 1985.

Position
Nyköping lies about 100 km south-west of capital Stockholm along the Baltic Sea. It is roughly 60 km north-east of Norrköping, both cities being accessible by highway-divided motorway. It is also about 80 km south of Eskilstuna; the largest settlement of the county. The northern areas of the city is on exactly the same parallel of 58° 46' N as Canadian 'polar bear capital of the world' Churchill, demonstrating how warm the climate is in comparison in spite of its northerly latitude. The southern edge of the municipality also straddles the same parallel as the northernmost point of mainland Scotland at Thurso – that has a much more narrower range of temperature. The southern edge of the municipality is the southernmost point of Svealand, the middle of Sweden's traditional three crown lands that once formed the country. The city is located at a few miles more southerly latitude than the country's northernmost west coast town of Strömstad. The line of 17°E goes through Nyköping, thus the city is eight minutes ahead in solar time of the GMT +1 line that Sweden follows for its time zone.

Living environment
Nyköping is the exodus of a small river named Nyköpingsån (Nyköping River), which runs through the city centre, dividing the city into a natural eastern and western part. Due to the narrowness of the river, there are a full seven crossings available for automobile traffic, one of them being for the E4. For pedestrians and bikers, an additional seven bridges are available, and in addition to that there's also one bridge for train traffic. All automobile bridges except E4 also carry pedestrian sidewalks, which means transport is seldom made longer than the actual distance. There is also a small pedestrian bridge in an unpopulated nature reserve called Hållet that is very close to the E4 route. The small river Kilaån separates Nyköping and Arnö, with that river being even narrower. Also separating Nyköping and Arnö is the so-called Stadsfjärden (the City bay), which is a bay stretching around the Arnö peninsula down to the neighboring municipality of Oxelösund. Stadsfjärden is primarily used for tourist shipping and canoeing, with an internationally renowned canoeing stadium being situated along the northern shore. The port is much smaller than Oxelösund's and is primarily used for civil traffic, as opposed to cargo shipments and ferry traffic which is dominated by nearby ports of Oxelösund and Nynäshamn. This is due to the port being some 15 kilometres from open sea as opposed to Oxelösund's position on the edge of the peninsula. Even though Nyköping is a relatively flat city there are some hills in the northern parts of the town, barely reaching 50 metres altitude. The city centre is essentially just above sea level and doesn't rise above 20 metres altitude, although it contains hills surrounding it.

Populated areas of Nyköping

 * Brandholmen
 * Brandkärr
 * Bryngelstorp
 * Ekensberg
 * Fågelbo
 * Isaksdal
 * Harg
 * Herrhagen (at Arnö)
 * Högbrunn
 * ''Kuggnäs (at Arnö)
 * Långsätter (at Arnö)
 * Malmbryggshagen
 * Myntan (at Arnö)
 * Oppeby
 * Oxbacken
 * Påljungshage
 * Rosenkälla
 * Stenkulla
 * Väster (the West)
 * Öster (the East)
 * Östra bergen (the Eastern Mountains)

The area of Gumsbacken only carries a large shopping mall centre but is part of the city proper.

Connected areas
The rural localities of Sjösa, Bergshammar, Svalsta and Enstaberga located within 10 km are connected to the city centre by cycle tracks with permanent floodlightning. In addition there is a nature and coastal area called Tjuvholmen east of the city centre that is part of the locality with many holiday homes. Tjuvholmen lacks an asphalted access road and is in general seen as a rural area in spite of its proximity to the city centre. East of Arnö on the southern shore there are similar areas such as Örstig which is connected by asphalt road and cycle tracks to Arnö and Nyköping. Other nearby rural areas on the southern shore include holiday home areas such as Linudden and Örstigsnäs and also the coastal camping place of Strandstugeviken. There is also lighted cycling tracks all the way south roughly 15 km to neighbouring city Oxelösund, making pedestrian and biking transport to nearby areas effective and avoids potentially dangerous contacts with motor vehicles.

Elections
Nyköping is the seat of Nyköping Municipality and this table just records how the urban area (including Arnö) has voted, contrasting with the rural electoral wards.

Buses
Nyköping's intercity and city bus-links are operated by Nobina Sverige. The city bus network consists of seven lines:

Map of city bus lines

Coaches to Stockholm and Gothenburg are operated by Flixbus.

Rail
The city is located on a branch line to the Södra stambanan. Scheduled railway connections on the line is provided by SJ AB. These are mostly operated by Rc-hauled trainsets. SJ does currently not operate any X 2000 services to Nyköping. The planned new high-speed rail Ostlänken going from Stockholm to Linköping will have two stops in the city, one at the new planned train station and one at Skavsta Airport. The railway will later be connected with the planned high-speed rail Götalandsbanan going from Linköping to Gothenburg Which will make it possible to go from Stockholm to Gothenburg in 2 hours. It's planned to be finished between 2033 and 2035.

Air
Stockholm-Skavsta Airport offers intra-European routes on Ryanair and Wizz Air. The airport is located about 10 kilometers outside of the city and is connected with bus from the city center.

Climate
Nyköping has, along with the rest of Mälardalen, a relatively mild humid continental climate (Dfb). In recent decades the climate has more resembled a four-season oceanic climate. Winter averages around the freezing point during daytime with only the cold nights causing winter conditions in many winters. Summer average highs are between 20 C and 23 C depending on month and weather patterns. However, both summers and winters have been significantly warmer and colder, respectively, than the averages. Temperatures over 30 C are occasional but not overly common, with temperatures above 32 C unknown in recent decades. Winters are normally tempered by the Gulf Stream influence from the west and the Baltic Sea to the east, but when cold air breaks through cold temperatures can occur, sometimes for a prolonged time. As typical of southern Sweden there is a slight seasonal lag, meaning that the warmest period is often occurring during the second half of summer.

The seaside effect due to southerlies frequently travelling over water often prevents heat waves from impacting Nyköping, resulting in lower diurnals with very mild nights, while Norrköping to its west often is hot during the day and cools down at night.

The inland areas of the municipality are very much similar to the coastal areas, but the weather station at Skavsta shows lower summer mean temperatures than Oxelösund, indicating that the inner city wider urban area nearer the water has milder nights year round. Both stations are within a meteorological relevant range from the city centre.

After many years without any weather station, the SMHI set up a precipitation reader in Nyköping in 2020. The nearest temperature station is seaside at Femöre in Oxelösund about 10 km south by air. Nyköping is slightly warmer during the day than Oxelösund during summer and shoulder seasons, while being somewhat colder during winter days and nights year round.

Sports
Nyköping has two major sport clubs:

 * Nyköpings Boll- och Idrottsällskap is the local Division 2 football club; they play their home matches at the Rosvalla Nyköping Eventcenter.
 * Nyköpings Hockey is the local ice hockey club; its home rink is PEAB Arena.

Other clubs are football club Harg, the football and handball teams of IFK Nyköping and also includes Onyx in floorball.

The city is yet to have a team in the major football or hockey leagues of Sweden, with stints in the second tiers being the greatest achievements for both main sides.

Sights
Nyköping includes the cinema Biostaden which houses Sweden's largest cinema screen. The cinema was newly built from the ground in 2012. It is located in Högbrunn.

Nyköpings Stadsbibliotek (Nyköping City Library) is located in the city center, which offers various book clubs and activities for children. There is free Internet access and wifi for visitors. It has books of all genres, for all ages, and in many languages.

Twin cities

 * 🇫🇮 Iisalmi, Finland
 * 🇩🇪 Lauf an der Pegnitz, Germany
 * 🇳🇴 Notodden, Norway
 * Nykøbing Falster, Denmark
 * 🇱🇻 Salacgrīva, Latvia
 * 🇦🇺 Kangaroo Point, Australia
 * 🇯🇵 Ōarai, Japan

title: Nyköping


text:
Katrineholm

Katrineholm ( pronunciation: or ) is a locality and the seat of Katrineholm Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden with 24,271 inhabitants in 2018. It is located in the inland of Södermanland and is the third largest urban area in the county after Eskilstuna and county seat Nyköping.

Early history
The name Katrineholm comes from a ducal residence with this name, after Catherina Gyllenhorn who lived there. The settlement started growing when it became a railway junction connecting the railways Stockholm - Gothenburg), and Stockholm - Malmö. In 1917 it had a population of 6,000 and in 1971 became the seat of Katrineholm Municipality.

Today

Katrineholm used to have a strong industrial sector, with several multinational corporations such as Ericsson and Scania contributing to its economy, but in the 1990s some of these companies reduced their workforce in Katrineholm. Today, many residents work elsewhere, particularly in Stockholm, as the train connection between Katrineholm and other major cities is fast and comfortable.

During the 1970s and 1980s the town bandy team was one of the best in the Swedish national league, winning the league 1969, 1970 and 1972. The Federation of International Bandy has an office in Katrineholm.

The 1985 movie On the loose, featuring the Hard Rock band Europe has its history set in Katrineholm.

Lakes

 * Luvsjön

Sports
The following sports clubs are or have been located in Katrineholm:

 * Värmbols FC
 * Katrineholms SK Bandy
 * Katrineholms SK Fotboll
 * Katrineholms AIK

Notable natives and residents

 * Kerstin Ekman (author)
 * Adhesive (Punk rock band)
 * Anders Lindström (band member of The Hellacopters)
 * Anette Olzon (musician)
 * Erik Hassle (musician)
 * Hedvig Lindahl (football goalkeeper)
 * Lars Lagerbäck (football coach)
 * Markus Heikkinen (footballer)
 * P. C. Jersild (author)
 * Robert Gustafsson (actor & comedian)
 * Robert Karlsson (golfer)
 * Susanne Gunnarsson (canoeist)
 * Tomas Gustafson (speed skater)
 * Klas Dahlbeck (ice hockey player)
 * Sebastian Samuelsson (biathlete)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Katrineholm


text:
Gnesta

Gnesta is a bimunicipal locality and the seat of Gnesta Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden with 6,376 inhabitants in 2020.

Gnesta is located in Södermanland, on the border to Stockholm County. As situated near the county boundary Gnesta is served by Stockholm commuter rail which has a terminus here.

Gnesta is the location for the 2009 film adaptation of the Stieg Larsson book The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, representing the fictional Hedestad and Hedeby Island.

title: Gnesta


text:
Trosa

Trosa is a locality and the seat of Trosa Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden with 5,027 inhabitants in 2010 (town) and 11,417 in 2010 (municipality). The town is colloquially nicknamed Världens ände ("The world's end", specifically the rear end, as "Trosa" is coincidentally also Swedish for "panty").

The municipality of Trosa consists of the three towns Trosa, Västerljung and Vagnhärad. Despite its small size, Trosa states its place in Sweden. It is the second fastest growing town in Sweden (2,9%/year 2008) and is ranked as having the 3rd best business climate in Sweden (2011).

History
Trosa was known as a town in the 14th century. In the 15th century it was an important site for trade, and received its city privileges in 1454 by King Charles VIII of Sweden (a.k.a. Karl Knutsson Bonde). Due to post-glacial rebound, the city center was moved in the early 17th century, to its present location by the estuary of the Trosa River. The city gained its valour at the new location from King Karl IX, 19 April 1610.

The city was burnt down and plundered by Russians in 1719 during the Russian Pillage of 1719-1721 and was repeatedly attacked during the Great Northern War, but the local church and poor-house was spared at every occasion. Both these buildings are now on display in the center of Trosa and serves as a memory from those hard times.

The economic base of the city was as earlier merchantmen and fishery. When the baltic fishery during the 1870s diminished in economic terms, the city opted for tourism as a business for the small coastal city.

Present

Today Trosa is one of the top four wealthiest communities in Sweden (32% of the population earns more than 1,5 million SEK a year). Many famous people have summerhouses in or close to Trosa, for example the well-known chef, hunter and actor Per Morberg as well as Tommy Körberg, the Swedish royal family, Mikael Persbrandt, ABBAs Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The founder of Camfil Farr, Gösta Larsson, lived in Trosa all of his life and at the moment the Larsson-Markman family runs the company.

The general number of people living in Trosa goes up by 131% during the summer months of June–August because of the high ratio of summer residences. Trosa brings in a large number of tourists each year and the Board of Tourism in Södermanland estimates that a little less than 250,000 people from all over the world pass through the town each year. About 733,650 days AD, Trosa celebrated 146,000 days as a town at its present location under the motto "Future since 1610".

The metalcore band Adept (band) is from the town.

Education
Within Trosa locality there are four elementary schools (grades 1–6), two junior high schools (grades 7–9). Right now there are no plans to build or house a high school or university/college within the municipality.

title: Trosa


text:
Eskilstuna

Eskilstuna is a city and the seat of Eskilstuna Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden. The city of Eskilstuna had 69,948 inhabitants in 2020, with a total population of 107,806 inhabitants in Eskilstuna municipality 2023. Eskilstuna has a large Sweden Finn population. The town is located on the River Eskilstunaån, which connects Lake Hjälmaren and Lake Mälaren.

History
Eskilstuna's history dates back to medieval times when English monk Saint Eskil made "Tuna" his base and diocese of the South coast of Lake Mälaren. Saint Eskil was stoned to death by the pagan vikings of neighbouring town Strängnäs, 30 km east of Eskilstuna, when he tried to convert them to Christianity. Saint Eskil was buried in his monastery church in Tuna.

The monastery of Saint Eskil was completely destroyed by Swedish king Gustav Vasa during the Protestant Reformation and was replaced with the royal castle of Eskilstuna House.

Later the pagan city of Strängnäs was Christianised and was given the privilege of becoming diocese of South Lake Mälaren, and "Eskil" was combined with "Tuna", although the town of Eskilstuna did not receive municipal privileges due to its proximity to the medieval city of Torshälla. The city's first city privileges were granted in 1659, and its boundaries included Tunafors and the newly founded town of Karl Gustavs Stad ("City of Karl Gustav"), located on the west side of the river. Karl Gustavs Stad was built around the iron forges of master smith Reinhold Rademacher, encouraged by King Karl X Gustav. The first products of the forges were small arms and artillery. It was a free town from 1771, where manufacturers and craftsmen were allowed to establish tax-free workshops and factories. The town was merged with the rest of Eskilstuna in 1879.

The city grew enormously during the Industrial Revolution and became one of the most important industrial cities of Sweden, earning the nickname "Stålstaden" ("The City of Steel"). Aside from firearms, the city also produced superior carpentry and wood carving chisels, cutlery, scissors, keys, machine tools and precision instruments. As a tribute to the steel industry, the figure of a steel worker is included in the city's coat of arms. Eskilstuna is sometimes called The Sheffield of Sweden. Both cities at their peak were home to numerous steel production companies.

Economy
Eskilstuna remains an important industrial city with internationally known companies such as Volvo Wheel loaders, main site for the heavy construction equipment division of Volvo, Assa (locks, keys), and Stainless steel manufacturer Outokumpu, Thin Strip Nyby in Torshälla.

Mälardalen University (Mälardalens högskola), founded in cooperation with the neighboring city of Västerås, has a campus in the city. The city also has a combined zoo and amusement park - Parken Zoo.

The hospital, Mälarsjukhuset is one of the largest in the region, employing around 3000 people.

Starting in 2012 the town has been pivoting towards a green economy, including biogas-powered public transit and cogeneration plants, seven-colored recycling bins (compared to the standard Swedish five), and a recycling center with an attached second-hand mall.

Climate
Eskilstuna has a climate transitioning between continental and maritime with vast seasonal differences for a Southern Swedish climate. Unlike the coastal part of the Sörmlandic region, Eskilstuna has higher diurnal temperature variation and stronger waves of either heat or cold. With regards to daytime maximum and minimum temperatures, the weather station has been operated since 1961 with a total of three breaks of 2-3 years apiece in between 1984 and 2008.

Demography
As of December 31, 2019, Eskilstuna Municipality has a population of 106,859 people, making it the 15th largest municipality in Sweden.

Sport
The handball club Eskilstuna Guif plays in the national top division. They have reached the Swedish Championship final four times (1997, 2001, 2009 and 2011), but lost on each occasion. Eskilstuna is also home to EFK (Eskilstuna Flygklubb), Sweden's largest glider Flying Club which hosted the World Gliding Championships in 2006.

Eskilstuna has had three men's football teams playing in the highest tier Allsvenskan; IFK Eskilstuna have played fourteen seasons in Allsvenskan, AFC Eskilstuna two seasons, and Eskilstuna City one season. The women's football team, Eskilstuna United DFF, play in the Elitettan, the second tier of women's football in Sweden, and spent nine seasons in the highest tier Damallsvenskan between 2014 and 2022. They finished as runners-up in 2015, making them qualify for the 2016–17 UEFA Women's Champions League.

The speedway team in Eskilstuna, Smederna, competes in the highest speedway league in Sweden, Elitserien and race its home matches at Smedstadion outside Eskilstuna. They formerly raced at the Snälltorpet track before it was sold for housing in 2001.

In eSports, Eskilstuna is home to CS:GO player Maikelele.

The stadium Tunavallen was a venue for the 1958 FIFA World Cup, hosting one match between Paraguay and Yugoslavia. It has also been used for several practice games for the Swedish National Youth Teams. Sports clubs using Tunavallen include AFC Eskilstuna, Eskilstuna United DFF, Eskilstuna City FK and IFK Eskilstuna. Eskilstuna Södra FF are based at Skogsängens IP and BK Sport is based at Ekängen.

Transport
Eskilstuna is served by the Mälartåg railway line between Stockholm and Arboga. via Strängnäs European route E20 passes the city. The city has an airport, 13 km east of the centre.

European Cooperation
Eskilstuna is a member city of Eurotowns network.

Music

 * Hel (band)
 * Kent (bands
 * Pain of Salvation (band)
 * Anni-Frid Lyngstad
 * Mika "Gas" Ieppä
 * Towa Carson
 * Joakim Berg
 * Daniel Gildenlöw
 * Kristoffer Gildenlöw

Athletes

 * Anna Nordqvist
 * Kent Carlsson
 * Kjell Johansson
 * Tomas Gustafson
 * Tommy Jansson
 * Linnea Torstenson
 * Kristján Andrésson
 * Lars Sandberg
 * Joel Granfors

Footballers

 * Mika Väyrynen
 * Kennet Andersson
 * Sebastian Larsson
 * Marcus Danielson

Other

 * Anna Nordqvist, professional golfer
 * Anna of Finland
 * Carl Victor Heljestrand
 * Fredrik Lindström
 * Yvonne Ryding, Miss Sweden 1984 and Miss Universe 1984
 * Susanne Aalto, radio astronomer

title: Eskilstuna


text:
Flen

Flen is a locality and the seat of Flen Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden with 6,229 inhabitants in 2010.

Flen evolved as a railway junction and got the title of a city in 1949. Since 1971 it is the seat of the much larger Flen Municipality.

Other things which made Flen famous is "Violen från Flen", a song written by Ulf Peder Olrog in the 1940s. The town also plays an important role in "Du ringde från Flen", 1992 dansband song by Grönwalls. The town is also mentioned in the Kent songs "Flen/Paris" on the 2005 EP The hjärta & smärta EP and "Ensam lång väg hem" on the 2010 album En plats i solen.

Flen is also famous for having the world's northernmost vineyard, in Blacksta.

Riksdag elections
This list charts the urban area of Flen itself rather than the namesake municipality of which Flen is the seat.

title: Flen


text:
Unpledged elector

In United States presidential elections, an unpledged elector is a person nominated to stand as an elector but who has not pledged to support any particular presidential or vice presidential candidate, and is free to vote for any candidate when elected a member of the Electoral College. Presidential elections are indirect, with voters in each state choosing electors on Election Day in November, and these electors choosing the president and vice president of the United States in December. Electors in practice have since the 19th century almost always agreed in advance to vote for a particular candidate — that is, they are said to have been pledged to that candidate. In several elections in the 20th century, however, competitive campaigns were mounted by candidates who made no pledge to any presidential nominee before the election. These anomalies largely arose from fissures within the Democratic Party over the issues of civil rights and segregation. No serious general election campaign has been mounted to elect unpledged electors in any state since 1964.

An unpledged elector is distinct from a faithless elector who pledges their vote for a particular candidate before the election but ultimately votes for someone else or fails to vote at all.

Constitutional background
When the United States Constitution was written, the Founding Fathers intended the Electoral College to be a truly deliberative body whose members would choose a president (and vice president, after 1800) based on their own preferences. They also left the method for selecting the electors for each state to the discretion of that state's legislature. Other than the implied expectation that the electors vote for candidates who are constitutionally qualified to serve as president and vice president, the Constitution otherwise places no restriction on the behavior of the electors, and assumes that each is an independent agent.

The system worked without much controversy for the first two presidential elections in which George Washington was the unanimous choice for president and electors' opinions diverged only on the choice for vice president, which was widely seen to be an unimportant post. Washington was not a member of any political party, and had hoped they would not be formed. Nevertheless, "Federalist" and "Anti-Federalist" factions quickly coalesced in the United States Congress.

Once Washington announced his intention to retire after his second presidential term, U.S. politics very quickly became dominated by strong political party organizations. Even without this particular development, the reality was that electors had only one constitutional duty – electing the president and vice president, while at the same time seeking no other federal office since federal officials are constitutionally barred from serving as electors. In several states, legislatures chose electors. Among the states that selected electors by popular vote, different electoral systems were in place. Some effectively held a statewide vote for all electors – essentially the system most similar to that used in 48 of 50 states today although at this time an electoral mechanism that could effectively compel voters to vote for any particular "slate" of presidential electors had not yet been contemplated. Some states elected two electors in a statewide vote and one in each congressional district (essentially, the system used today in Maine and Nebraska) and a few states experimented with selecting presidential electors in special districts distinct from its congressional districts. More broadly, the franchise (that is, the qualifications that determined who among the adult male population was allowed to vote for state and federal legislators and, where applicable, for presidential electors) varied widely from state to state. However, no matter who was allowed to vote for electors and no matter how they were selected, the only meaningful question any prospective elector had to answer was for whom they would vote for president (and, from 1804 onward, for vice president) and the only real issues of importance to those selecting electors, beyond deciding who they wanted to become president and vice president, was perhaps whether the person or people they selected to represent them in the Electoral College could be trusted to keep their word. Thus, it rapidly became increasingly unrealistic for anyone to be elected to the Electoral College without making a trustworthy "pledge" to vote for particular candidates on behalf of those electing them.

By the 1830s, most states chose their electors by popular vote. While voting for individual electors was still the norm at this point, by this time the electors who appeared on ballots were nominated by the state chapters of national parties with the understanding that they would cast their votes for their party's candidate if elected. Also by this time, political parties had successfully lobbied most states to allow voters to cast one vote for every elector that state had apportioned to it. The main rationale of this system was to greatly simplify the distribution of presidential ballots. Prior to the introduction of the secret ballot, political parties were responsible for printing and distributing their own ballots, thus, allowing voters to cast as many votes as the state had electors meant a party could print a standardized ballot containing the same slate of the party's presidential electors for each state. Also, whether an intended consequence or not, this system resulted in most states having a de facto (but not de jure) winner-take-all method of allocating presidential electors.

Eventually, this arrangement became such a given in presidential elections that when the time came for the states to take over the printing and distribution of ballots (a development necessitated by the introduction of the secret ballot in the 1880s) most states did not bother to list the names of the electors on ballots, instead listing the candidates to whom those electors were pledged. In doing so, they also ensured that the winner-take-all method of selecting presidential electors that had become so firmly entrenched in the U.S. presidential electoral system by that point would become established by law in most states. There were some exceptions, however, such as Alabama, described below.

Background
After the American Civil War and Reconstruction, the Democratic Party gained an almost unbreakable dominance in the Southern United States, and the Republicans, associated with Abraham Lincoln and the Union cause, were correspondingly unelectable there. The nationwide Democratic party became increasingly liberal in the early 20th century, a shift that accelerated with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt. By contrast, the leaders of the Democratic Party in the South, although somewhat supportive of certain parts of the New Deal and other liberal Democratic economic policies, were in many other aspects conservative. In particular, they were vehemently protective of segregation and strongly opposed to civil rights for African Americans.

In several mid-20th-century elections, unpledged Democratic electors appeared on the ballots in several Southern states; in some cases they ran in opposition to electors pledged to the nationwide Democratic candidate, and in others they were the only Democratic electors that appeared on the ballot. The goal was to have electors who could act as kingmakers in a close election, extracting concessions that would favor conservative Southern Democrats in exchange for their votes.

1944
The first modern slates of unpledged electors were fielded in the 1944 election as a protest against certain aspects of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal and support for desegregation.

In Texas, a splinter group of Democrats known as the Texas Regulars fielded a slate of electors not pledged to any candidate; similar slates were on the ballot in South Carolina and Mississippi. While they won or placed second in several counties, none of the groups met much success.

1956
In 1956, unpledged slates were on the ballot in Alabama (20,150 votes, 4.1% of the vote), Louisiana (44,520 votes, 7.2% of the vote and they won four parishes), Mississippi (42,266 votes, 17.3% of the vote and they won seven counties) and South Carolina (88,509 votes, 29.5% of the vote and 21 counties).

1960
The 1960 election was the only election that saw unpledged electors actually elected to the electoral college.

In that year, a slate of eight unpledged electors in Mississippi won a plurality of the vote there (116,248 votes, or 39% of the total).

Louisiana's popular vote went to a slate of electors pledged to Kennedy and Johnson, but a slate of unpledged electors on the ballot there won 169,572 votes (21% of the vote).

In Georgia, the state legislature, although allowing for a separate group of unpledged electors according to state law, requested the people give a straw vote to determine whether Kennedy should have pledged electors on the ballot or whether his electors should be free to choose to act as unpledged electors. The voters overwhelmingly supported the "Pledge Free" Electors, but after it was clear they ultimately wouldn’t affect the Electoral College’s decision all Georgia electors voted for Kennedy, despite concerns they would abandon their pledges and become faithless electors.

In Alabama, the vote was not for the presidential candidates but for individual electors, with each of the 11 electors having their own separate elections. As a result of Alabama's Democratic primaries, five of the eleven nominated Democratic electors were pledged to Democratic nominees John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson and six were unpledged. Although all eleven Democratic electors were elected, the unusual situation has led to ambiguity about the correct method to calculate popular votes for Kennedy and the unpledged electors. The common practice is to give Kennedy the votes for his most-voted pledged elector and to give unpledged electors their popular votes by subtracting the votes for the most-voted unpledged elector by the votes for the most-voted Kennedy-pledged elector; the unusual calculation for the unpledged electors is done so that the total votes align with the estimated total number of people who voted in Alabama's presidential contest (although the exact number is uncertain because voters are allowed to abstain from voting for all 11 electors' elections). However, the electoral split between Kennedy and the Unpledged Electors has been used to argue for an lesser-used method of splitting the vote of the highest-voted Democratic elector proportionally between Kennedy and the Unpledged; some have used said vote split to argue that Kennedy had lost the popular vote to Nixon, both in the Alabama popular vote and resultantly the national popular vote. Even disregarding proportionally splitting the vote of the highest-voted Democratic elector, simply summing Kennedy and Nixon's total votes from their multiple electors and evenly splitting them among the 11 electors' races would give Nixon a national popular vote victory of 34,108,157 to 34,076,629. Such calculation would temporarily be used in the Congressional Quarterly before the change to the current vote-counting method.

When the electoral college cast its vote, all fourteen unpledged electors cast their votes for conservative Democrat Harry F. Byrd for president and Strom Thurmond for vice president after trying to influence other Southern states into unpledging their electors to join them. They were joined by Henry D. Irwin from Oklahoma, a faithless Republican elector who objected to Republican nominee Richard M. Nixon. Irwin cast his vice presidential vote for Barry Goldwater. Irwin had attempted to broker a coalition between the unpledged electors and other Republican electors, but to no avail: Kennedy and Johnson won a clear majority of the electoral vote.

1964
The last slate of unpledged electors to date was filed in Alabama in the 1964 election. The slate was supported by Democratic Alabama Governor George C. Wallace while the national Democratic nominees, Lyndon B. Johnson and Hubert H. Humphrey, did not appear on Alabama ballots. The electors won 30.6 percent of the vote, but the state was ultimately won by Republican nominees Barry Goldwater and William E. Miller.

Aftermath
The Republican ticket's victory in Alabama and four other Southern states (the only states Goldwater carried besides his home state of Arizona) heralded a trend that would put an end to the practice of nominating unpledged electors.

As a strategy, it had been largely ineffective, and southern conservatives, many of whom were still reluctant to vote Republican, began urging Governor Wallace to run for the White House in 1968 under the auspices of a traditional third-party presidential campaign. Once Wallace announced his intention to run for president, the rationale for running slates of formally unpledged electors disappeared. Nevertheless, Wallace sought commitments from his "pledged" electors in the states he was most likely to win that they would not necessarily vote for him but rather as he directed, thus allowing the Alabama Governor to act as a power broker in case of an election with no clear winner in the weeks between the general election and the Electoral College vote. Wallace ultimately carried four Southern states under the American Independent Party banner, in addition to his home state of Alabama in which he ran as the official nominee of the state's Democratic Party. While a shift of a few thousand votes in a handful of key states would have resulted in no candidate winning a clear majority of the electoral vote, Republican Richard Nixon ultimately won a clear majority of the electoral vote. Unable to influence the result, Wallace's 45 electors voted as pledged - he ultimately finished with 46 electoral votes due to the support of a North Carolinian faithless elector.

Following Nixon's triumph in 1968, former Southern Democratic supporters began voting Republican in large numbers. By 1972, Wallace was seeking the national Democratic nomination on a more moderate platform in a presidential campaign that was ultimately cut short after he was seriously wounded by a would-be assassin. Nixon would sweep the South in his landslide victory that year. By the time the Democrats regained the White House following the 1976 election, it was under the candidacy of Jimmy Carter, a Southerner who in contrast to most of his predecessors was firmly opposed to segregation. Carter nevertheless managed to almost sweep the South, with Virginia being the only former Confederate state to not vote for him. Many other Southern Democrats, including Wallace himself, would soon follow Carter's lead.

The 1976 presidential was the last such contest in which the Democratic nominee carried a majority of Southern states. Today, the practice of nominating unpledged electors combined with Wallace's third-party presidential campaign can be seen as a transitional phase between the Democrats' traditional hold on the South and the modern political environment where the region is a Republican stronghold and where state Democratic parties, while still more conservative in some respects compared to other regions, tend to be to the left of the Republicans as in the rest of the country and tend to be more supported in predominantly African-American locales.

title: Unpledged elector


text:
User:Ygourven

Dear Wikipedia users

I am passionate about new technologies. I have been a pioneer in IT and the implementation of CRM information systems since the early 90s, Internet business since 95, online Web collaboration and social media since 2004. I have taught Marketing and technological innovation at Paris School of business since 2007 and I am the programme director of the Advanced Master in Digital Business at Grenoble Management School. I am also a guest lecturer for many schools or for the business I created, own and run. I have been working on Wikipedia since 2004.

From 2008-2014 I was a member of Socialmedia.org from Austin, Tx., the international club for business which deal with social media.

title: User:Ygourven


text:
Amitai Etzioni

Amitai Etzioni (né Werner Falk; 4 January 1929 – 31 May 2023) was a German-born Israeli-American sociologist, best known for his work on socioeconomics and communitarianism. He founded the Communitarian Network, a non-profit, non-partisan organization dedicated to supporting the moral, social, and political foundations of society. He established the network to disseminate the movement's ideas. His writings argue for a carefully crafted balance between individual rights and social responsibilities, and between autonomy and order, in social structure. In 2001, he was named among the top 100 American intellectuals, as measured by academic citations, in Richard Posner's book, Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline.

Etzioni was the Director of the Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies at The George Washington University, where he also served as a professor of International Affairs.

Early life and education
Amitai Etzioni was born Werner Falk in Cologne, Germany in 1929 to a Jewish family. In January 1933, Etzioni was only four years old when the car he was riding in made a sharp turn and, in response, he grabbed a handle that opened the door. Etzioni was pulled back into the car at the last moment by his father, but, as noted in his memoir, My Brother's Keeper, this memory foreshadowed the upcoming doom that would overtake his homeland during the Nazi rule.

Later in 1933, Etzioni and his grandparents were walking through the forest next to Frankfurt when they came upon a forest fire. Suddenly, Hitler Youth ventured into the forest, riding in two trucks. Etzioni's grandparents reacted by grabbing Amitai and rushing down the hill without explaining what happened in this close encounter with the Nazis, which fed into his sense of fear and foreboding.

By the time he turned five, both of his parents had escaped to London, which left Etzioni in the care of his grandparents. Etzioni was smuggled out of Germany soon afterwards, arriving at a train station in Italy with a non-Jewish relative, who soon reunited Etzioni with his parents. Etzioni was stuck with his parents in Athens, Greece for a year, unable to enter Palestine since his family was awarded a bachelor permit instead of a family permit. When the paperwork was finally resolved, Etzioni found himself learning Hebrew in Haifa, Mandatory Palestine in the winter of 1937.

At this time, he began to go by the first name Amitai instead of Werner, since the principal of Etzioni's new school strongly encouraged Etzioni to introduce himself by a Hebrew name. He was given the name Amitai based on the Hebrew word for truth (emet) and the name of Jonah's father in the Tanach (Amittai). Etzioni moved with his family to a small village, Herzliya Gimmel, which served as a base for an emerging community called Kfar Shmaryahu. When Etzioni was eight, he moved to the new village, where his family was assigned to a small, boxlike new house and a small farming lot. In the spring of 1941, Etzioni's father left to join the Jewish Brigade, which was a Jewish unit formed within the British army. Etzioni, at the age of thirteen, was struggling at school, which then caused his mother to send him to a boarding school in Ben Shemen.

In the spring of 1946, at the age of seventeen, Etzioni dropped out of high school to join the Palmach, the elite commando force of the Haganah, the underground army of the Jewish community of Palestine, and was sent to Tel Yosef for military training. When the Palmach learned that the British police had captured a list of the Palmach members, they were issued new, fake ID cards and had to choose new last names. Amitai Falk chose Etzioni, a pen name he had used when he started writing in Ben Shemen at age 15.

During Etzioni's time in the Palmach, it carried out a campaign of blowing up bridges and police stations to drive out the British, who were blocking Jews escaping post-Holocaust Europe from immigrating to Palestine and standing in the way of the establishment of a Jewish state. In contrast to the Irgun, the Palmach largely sought to affect British and global public opinion rather than cause casualties. Etzioni describes his early life and decision to join the Palmach in the video "The Making of a Peacenik". Etzioni's Palmach unit participated in the defense of Jerusalem, which was under siege by the Arab Legion. His unit sneaked through Arab lines to fight to defend Jerusalem and to open a corridor to Tel Aviv, participating in the Battles of Latrun and the establishment of the Burma Road.

Following the war, Etzioni spent a year studying at an institute established by Martin Buber. In 1951, he enrolled in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he completed both BA (1954) and MA (1956) degrees in sociology. In 1957, he went to the United States to study at the University of California, Berkeley, and was a research assistant to Seymour Martin Lipset. He received his PhD in sociology in 1958, completing the degree in the record time of 18 months.

Academic career

 * 1958–1978: Professor, Columbia University
 * 1978: Guest Scholar, Brookings Institution
 * 1979–1980: Senior Advisor to the White House
 * 1980–2010s: University Professor, Professor of International Affairs, and Director of the Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies, The George Washington University
 * 1987–1990: Thomas Henry Carroll Ford Foundation Professor, Harvard Business School
 * 1989: Founder and President of the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics
 * 1993: Founder and Director of the Communitarian Network
 * 1994–1995: President, American Sociological Association

Work
Etzioni authored over 30 books. About half are academic, the most important of which is The Active Society, and half written for the public, especially The Spirit of Community. His early academic work focused on organizational theory, resulting in the often-cited A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations, published in 1961.

The book was well received in academic circles. A book review in Political Science Quarterly by Peter Fricke called it "a principal text for students of organizations." The book established Etzioni's academic credentials and led to many studies, which Etzioni reviewed and included in a revised edition of the same title, published in 1975. He expressed the same basic ideas in a much shorter book, Modern Organizations, which was translated into a large number of languages.

Much of Etzioni's best-known work is about communitarianism. According to Etzioni, communitarianism is centered on the communal definition of good. It thus stresses the role of community in social and political life and institutions. It rose in response to libertarianism and some forms of contemporary liberalism, both of which are centered on liberty and individual rights. Etzioni contrasts his version of what he calls "liberal communitarianism" with that championed by some East Asian public intellectuals, who extolled social obligations and accorded much less weight to liberty and individual rights.

Liberal communitarianism, as developed by Etzioni, formulated criteria for developing public policies that enable societies to deal with conflicts between the common good and individual rights. These include: (1) no major change in governing public policies and norms is justified unless society encounters serious challenges, (2) limitations on rights can be considered only if there are significant gains to the common good, and (3) adverse side effects that result from policy changes must be treated by introducing strong measures of accountability and oversight. Etzioni worked this out in two of his books, The Limits of Privacy (1999) and The New Normal (2015). Etzioni stresses that preferences are, to a significant extent, socially constructed and hence reflect the values of the communities people are members of. Therefore, one should not treat preferences as unadulterated expressions of individual freedom and should allow for public education to improve these preferences when they turn asocial and surely when they turn anti-social in dogmatic liberal societies.

His main communitarian books are The New Golden Rule (1996), The New Normal (2015), Law and Society in a Populist Age (2018), and How Patriotic is the Patriot Act (2005). His communitarian treatment of privacy is spelled out in The Limits of Privacy (1999) and Privacy in a Cyber Age (2015).

Etzioni's contributions to socioeconomics are found in The Moral Dimension (1988) and Happiness is the Wrong Metric (2018). His main argument is that, in neoclassical economics (the governing form of economics), predictions are poor, the theory about human nature is wrong-headed, and the normative implications are negative. He holds that, rather than assuming that people are seeking to maximize their own utility, one should assume that people are conflicted between (1) their commitments to moral values and the common good and (2) their self-interest. He hence characterized people as "moral wrestlers." He showed that people act mainly as members of social groups, rather than as free-standing agents. Typically, the main issue is not that the government interferes unduly in the market, but that concentrations of economic power in the private sector unduly affect the government and social life.

Etzioni considers The Active Society his most important work. The book was published in 1968. It starts by discussing philosophical questions about the extent to which people have free will and the extent to which human fate is predetermined, beyond our understanding and control. It dives into theories related to steering mechanisms that put people in control of inanimate systems, like factory machines, and then demonstrates that democratic processes must be involved in expanding this type of theory to societies and affecting history. Democracy is crucial, because people must participate in creating the signals to which they will respond.

Later, the book describes the four key parts of a social steering system: decision-making strategies, consensus-building, knowledge, and power. The last part of the book examines human needs and seeks to determine whether they can be altered or whether they remain static. If it is the latter (that human needs are constant), Etzioni looks for ways to guarantee that we restructure society to meet these fixed needs, instead of getting roped into a restructuring scheme that satisfies the needs that society is willing and able to meet, without regard for whether those are the needs that truly need to be met. The Active Society received positive feedback from reviewers, with one reviewer writing that:"I consider this to be one of the most important books in its field in the last twenty years. Apart from its substantive contribution to the strategy of societal activation, it offers a whole focus of immensely valuable perspectives for detailed empirical investigation in the future."

Betty Friedan wrote that The Active Society provided a "philosophical grounding" to her work as a leader of the women's movement. His last book, Reclaiming Patriotism, was published by University of Virginia Press in 2019.

Etzioni was active in the peace movement, the campaign against nuclear weapons, and the protests against the war in Vietnam. This led to two popular books, The Hard Way to Peace (1962) and Winning without War (1964), and, in later years, to From Empire to Community, Security First, Hot Spots, and Foreign Policy: Thinking Outside the Box. He spelled out ways to make China a partner in world order in Avoiding War with China (2017). His main argument in these books is that the world needs a global community and worldwide forms of governance; however, because people are strongly invested in nations, the world is not ready to transition to a global community. Hence, transnational arrangements must continue to be based on national representations. He shows that democracy must be largely homegrown and cannot be introduced by foreign powers through the use of force.

Etzioni has published many scores of academic articles, including law reviews, many of which can be found on SSRN, as well as hundreds of popular articles in the press and online. His papers are deposited with the Library of Congress.

The following books review Etzioni's work: Communitarian Foreign Policy: Amitai Etzioni's Vision, by Nikolas K. Gvosdev; The Active Society Revisited, edited by Wilson Carey McWillaims; Amitai Etzioni zur Einführung, written by Walter Reese-Schafer; and Etzioni's Critical Functionalism Communitarian Origins and Principles, by David Sciulli. See also a short documentary by Kevin Hudson, "The Making of a Peacenik."

In 2019, Etzioni celebrated his 90th birthday at Arena Stage, where he launched, curated, and moderated a series of civil dialogues, bringing together public intellectuals with differing points of view on various topics. The videos of these dialogues, as well as many of Etzioni's appearances on television, can be found on YouTube.

Criticism
In Simon Prideaux's "From Organisational Theory to the New Communitarium of Amitai Etzioni", he argues that Etzioni's communitarian methods are archaic, and based upon earlier functionalist definitions of organizations. This is because his methodology fails to address any possible contradictions within the socioeconomic foundations of society. Prideaux states that Etzioni's vision of a communitarian society is "heavily predicated upon what he sees as having gone wrong with present-day social relations"(Prideaux 70). Also, Etzioni's communitarian analysis uses a methodology which existed before the development of an organizational theory. According to Prideaux, Etzioni has taken the methodological influence of structural-functionalism beyond the realms of its organizational branch and fabricated it into a solution to solve the problems of modern society. Etzioni's arguments on the creation of a new communitarian society are restricted to the strengths and weaknesses he witnesses in the American society in which he has lived since the 1950s. This bias "neglects and denies the importance of differences within communities and among communities in different countries."

Elizabeth Frazer, in The Problems of Communitarian Politics: Unity and Conflict, argues that Etzioni's concept of the "nature of community" is vague and elusive, in regards to the idea that the community is involved with every stage of government policies. She also mentions Etzioni's thought that the community has a moral standing equal to that of the individual when she firmly believes it is just the opposite. Warren Breed's The Self-Guiding Society provides a critical overview of The Active Society. David Sciulli's Etzioni's Critical Functionalism: Communitarian Origins and Principles evaluates Etzioni's "functionalism".

Etzioni was criticized in 2016 for publishing an article titled "Should Israel Flatten Beirut to Destroy Hezbollah's Missiles?" Lebanese journalist and human rights researcher Kareen Chehayeb called it "ludicrous" that a prominent American professor "can just calmly say the solution is to flatten this entire city of 1 million people."

Personal life
After graduating with his PhD, Etzioni then remained in the United States to pursue a career as an academic and public intellectual. He became an American citizen in 1963, shortly after he was elected to the board of Americans for Democratic Action. Etzioni met a fellow student named Chava Horowitz while studying sociology in Israel. They married in 1953. Etzioni and Chava relocated to the United States in 1957. They had two sons together: Ethan (born 1958) and Oren (born 1962). In 1964, Chava and Etzioni divorced and she returned to Israel. In his autobiography, Etzioni wrote that the divorce was one of his "gravest personal failures. We should have found a way."

In 1966, Etzioni married Mexican scholar Minerva Morales. They had three sons: Michael, David, and Benjamin. Morales was raised Catholic, but converted to Judaism, Etzioni's religion. On 20 December 1985, Minerva was killed in a car crash. Etzioni wrote of his considerable grief over her death and that of his son Michael, who died of a heart attack in 2006, leaving behind a pregnant wife and a son. In 1992, Etzioni married Patricia Kellogg.

Etzioni provided a personal account of his work and life in a memoir called My Brother's Keeper. He augmented this account with an essay about losing his public voice called "My Kingdom for a Wave." He revealed his early childhood experiences to be the source of his feelings against war and aggression in a short video, called "The Making of a Peacenik."

Etzioni lived at the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C., where he died on 31 May 2023, at the age of 94.

Books

 * A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations. Glencoe, IL: Free Press. 1961. ISBN 978-0-02-909620-8.
 * The Hard Way to Peace: A New Strategy. New York: Collier. 1962.
 * Winning without War. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 1964.
 * Modern Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1964. ISBN 978-0-13-596049-3.
 * The Moon-Doggle: Domestic and International Implications of the Space Race. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 1964.
 * Political Unification: A Comparative Study of Leaders and Forces. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1965.
 * Studies in Social Change. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1966.
 * The Active Society: A Theory of Societal and Political Processes. New York: Free Press. 1968.
 * Demonstration Democracy. New York: Gordon & Breach. 1971. ISBN 978-0-02-909580-5.
 * Genetic Fix: The Next Technological Revolution. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1973. ISBN 978-1-135-36371-0.
 * Social Problems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1976.
 * An Immodest Agenda: Rebuilding America Before the 21st Century. New York: McGraw-Hill Co. 1983.
 * Capital Corruption: The New Attack on American Democracy. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1984. ISBN 978-0-88738-708-1.
 * The Moral Dimension: Toward a New Economics. New York: The Free Press. 1988. ISBN 978-0-02-909901-8.
 * A Responsive Society: Collected Essays on Guiding Deliberate Social Change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. 1991. ISBN 978-1-55542-378-0.
 * The Spirit of Community: Rights, Responsibilities and the Communitarian Agenda. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. 1993. ISBN 978-0-671-88524-3.
 * Public Policy in a New Key. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 1993. ISBN 978-1-56000-075-4.
 * The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society. New York: Basic Books. 1997. ISBN 978-0-465-04999-8.
 * Essays in Socio-Economics. Germany: Springer. 1999. ISBN 978-3-540-64466-8.
 * The Limits of Privacy. New York: Basic Books. 1999. ISBN 978-0-465-04090-2.
 * Martin Buber und die Kommunitarische Idee. Vienna, Austria: Picus Verlag. 1999. ISBN 978-3-85452-372-7.
 * The Third Way to a Good Society. Pamphlet. London: Demos. 2000. ISBN 978-1-84180-030-1.
 * Next: The Road to the Good Society. New York: Basic Books. 2001.
 * Political Unification Revisited: On Building Supranational Communities. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. 2001. ISBN 978-0-7391-0273-2.
 * The Monochrome Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-691-11457-6.
 * My Brother's Keeper: A Memoir and a Message. Rowman & Littlefield: Lanham, MD. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7425-2158-2.
 * From Empire to Community: A New Approach to International Relations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2004. ISBN 978-1-4039-6535-6.
 * The Common Good. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-7456-3267-4.
 * How Patriotic is the Patriot Act?: Freedom Versus Security in the Age of Terrorism. New York: Routledge. 2004. ISBN 978-0-415-95047-3.
 * Security First: For a Muscular, Moral Foreign Policy. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-300-13804-7.
 * New Common Ground: A New America, A New World. Washington, DC: Potomac Publishing, 2009. ISBN 978-1-59797-407-3.
 * Law in a New Key: Essays on Law and Society. New Orleans, LA: Quid Pro Quo Books. 2010. ISBN 978-1-61027-044-1.
 * Hot Spots: American Foreign Policy in a Post-Human-Rights World. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4128-5546-4.
 * The New Normal: Finding a Balance between Individual Rights and the Common Good. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 2015. ISBN 978-1-4128-5526-6.
 * Privacy in a Cyber Age: Policy and Practice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2015. ISBN 978-1-137-51358-8.
 * Foreign Policy: Thinking Outside the Box. New York: Routledge. 2016. ISBN 978-1-138-67830-9.
 * Avoiding War with China: Two Nations, One World. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-8139-4003-8.
 * Happiness is the Wrong Metric: A Liberal Communitarian Response to Populism. Washington, DC. Springer. 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-69623-2.
 * Law and Society in a Populist Age: Balancing Individual Rights and the Common Good. Bristol: Bristol University Press. 2018. ISBN 978-1-5292-0025-6.
 * Reclaiming Patriotism. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. 2019.

Books edited and/or co-authored by Etzioni are not included in this list.

Awards

 * 1960–1961: Fellowship at the Social Science Research Council
 * 1965–1966: Fellowship at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
 * 1968–1969: Guggenheim Fellowship
 * 1978–present: Appointment as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
 * 1987: The Lester F. Ward Distinguished Contributions Award in Applied Sociology
 * 1991: The Ninth Annual Jeffrey Pressman Award (Policy Studies Association)
 * 2001: John P. McGovern Award in Behavioral Sciences
 * 2001: Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 * Recipient of the Seventh James Wilbur Award for Extraordinary Contributions to the Appreciation and Advancement of Human Values by the Conference on Value Inquiry
 * Recipient of the Sociological Practice Association's Outstanding Contribution Award
 * 2016: Officially became a member of the National Academy of Medicine.
 * Honorary degrees from Rider College (1980); Governors State University (1987); the University of Utah (1991); Colorado College (1994); Connecticut College (1994); Walden University (1997); Franklin Pierce College (2004); and the University of Cologne (2009).

title: Amitai Etzioni


text:
J. Richardson Dilworth

Joseph Richardson Dilworth (June 9, 1916 – December 29, 1997) was a leading businessman, best known for being a senior financial adviser for the Rockefeller family. He also served as a director at many other companies and financial institutions including Chrysler Corporation, Macy's, the Squibb Corporation. He was a member of both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.

Early life and career
Dilworth was born on June 9, 1916, in Hewlett hamlet in Long Island, New York. His parents were Edith Logan Dilworth and investment banker Dewees Wood Dilworth. His uncle was politician Richardson Dilworth.

He attended the Buckley School in Manhattan and St. Mark's School in Southborough, Massachusetts. Dilworth graduated from Yale University in 1938, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, and the Yale Law school in 1942.

Dilworth served in the United States Navy during World War II. He was a partner of the investment bank Kuhn, Loeb & Co. from 1952 to 1958.

Rockefeller Financial Advisor
Dilworth is best known for being the leading manager of Room 5600, known now as Rockefeller Family & Associates, the family office of the Rockefeller family, situated on the 54-56th floors of the GE Building, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, in Rockefeller Center.

Beginning in 1956, he headed the family office and was the senior financial adviser to the family and its investments and philanthropic institutions for 23 years, retiring in 1981. During this time he also sat on the board of directors of the family-associated Chase Manhattan Bank and was a personal friend of its chairman, David Rockefeller.

In 1974 he came into public prominence when he appeared before the United States Congress during the confirmation hearings for Nelson Rockefeller's nomination by Gerald Ford for the vice-presidency; during his presentation to Congressmen he outlined the overall wealth of Nelson's family.

In his service for the six-generation dynastic clan, Dilworth served up until 1982 as the chair of the company that previously owned Rockefeller Center, Rockefeller Center Inc. (RCI), which is now the Rockefeller Group. He also sat on the boards of many other corporations, some of which were directly associated with the family.

While Dilworth worked for a famed employer - the Rockefellers - he also had at least one notable employee working for him. In 1963 to 1964, will still associated with Dilworth, William Thaddeus Coleman Jr. served as Assistant Counsel to that 36th U.S. President's Commission most commonly referred to as the Warren Commission.

Death
On Monday, December 29, 1997, J. Richardson Dilworth died at the age of 81 at the Princeton Hospital in Princeton, New Jersey, the community where he lived during retirement.

He was survived by his wife, Elizabeth McKay Cushing, and three children. He was preceded in death by his daughter Melissa Dilworth Gold (1944–1991), who was formerly married to novelist Herbert Gold and lawyer Robert L. Anderson. She was in a relationship with promoter Bill Graham at the time of their accidental deaths in 1991. His grandson, Ari Gold, is an independent filmmaker.

title: J. Richardson Dilworth


text:
Talk:Aeroflot

Archived sources not used in the article
--Jetstreamer $Talk$ 00:37, 6 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Aeroflot. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081121033943/https://www.aeroflot.ru/about.aspx?ob_no=5127&d_no=5982 to http://www.aeroflot.ru/about.aspx?ob_no=5127&d_no=5982
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070928004442/http://aeroflot.ru/news.asp?ob_no=142&d_no=24338 to http://aeroflot.ru/news.asp?ob_no=142&d_no=24338

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:46, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120331143050/http://www.aeroflotcargo.aero/company to http://www.aeroflotcargo.aero/company

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 80 external links on Aeroflot. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071016151822/http://dir.salon.com/story/tech/col/smith/2004/09/03/askthepilot101/index2.html to http://dir.salon.com/story/tech/col/smith/2004/09/03/askthepilot101/index2.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/1998/news_release_980623b.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.aeroflot.ru/ru-en/flight/plane_park
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110713055713/http://www.aeroflot.ru/cms/en/flight/comfort_plus to http://www.aeroflot.ru/cms/en/flight/comfort_plus
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://en.rian.ru/business/20130131/179143953/Aeroflot-Boeing-777-300ER-Grounded-by-Missing-Certificate.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.manutd.com/en/News-And-Features/Club-News/2013/Jul/manchester-united-announce-global-partnership-with-aeroflot.aspx%23
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.manutd.com/en/News-And-Features/Club-News/2013/Jul/manchester-united-announce-global-partnership-with-aeroflot.aspx?pageNo=2
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/01/04/220610/aeroflot-ends-mainline-tu-134-operations-after-40-years.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://atwonline.com/airframes/aeroflot-ends-md-11-freighter-operations
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://atwonline.com/airports-routes/news/aeroflot-fleet-renewal-continues-end-il-86s-lease-a321s-0309
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://atwonline.com/airline-financedata/news/aeroflot-joins-skyteam-0309-0
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://atwonline.com/it-distribution/news/aeroflot-modernizing-a350-xwb-commitment-e-ticketing-0309
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/1997/news.release.970430.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aeroflot-plans-up-to-50-ms-21s-as-part-of-effort-to-support-russias-airliner-346857/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://atwonline.com/aircraft-engines-components/news/aeroflot-receives-certificate-operate-boeing-777-0205
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://en.itar-tass.com/archive/695229
 * Corrected formatting/usage for https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/19/business/worldbusiness/19iht-aeroflot.2867036.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://en.rian.ru/business/20100819/160261861.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/29/business/global/29aeroflot.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aeroflot-takes-delivery-of-first-superjet-100-357628/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/1998/photorelease/photo_release_980505c.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aeroflot-to-acquire-22-a350xwbs-and-10-a330s-212831/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.seattlepi.com/business/article/Aeroflot-to-buy-22-Boeing-planes-22-from-Airbus-1215125.php
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://atwonline.com/finance-amp-data/aeroflot-launch-far-east-subsidiary-3q
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://atwonline.com/aircraftenginescomponents/news/aeroflot-787-order-part-deepening-boeing-russia-ties-0309
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://centreforaviation.com/members/direct-news/aeroflot-introduces-new-low-cost-airline---dobrolet-133010
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://atwonline.com/airframes/aircraft-news-july-9-2015
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%202570.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%202571.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aria-il-96-order-in-the-balance-25618/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/arranged-marriages-russia-focus-212247/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/07/world/a-face-lift-for-down-at-heel-aeroflot.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/07/world/a-face-lift-for-down-at-heel-aeroflot.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/07/world/a-face-lift-for-down-at-heel-aeroflot.html?pagewanted=3&src=pm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.boeingtechnology.com/news/releases/2008/q3/080724d_pr.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://atwonline.com/aircraft-engines-components/news/boeing-orders-keep-coming-paris-0621
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2007/q3/070905a_nr.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-06-09-1015968846_x.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/commercial-aircraft-directory-part-2-55568/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/exim-approves-aeroflot-financing-19458/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-aeroflot-firms-a330-300-order-344792/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.finnairgroup.com/group/group_11_2_1.html?&Id=1179222681.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1964/1964%20-%200881.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1964/1964%20-%202953.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1976/1976%20-%201069.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%200220.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1985/1985%20-%202826.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1985/1985%20-%202827.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%200565.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%200565.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%201465.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1956/1956%20-%201444.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1956/1956%20-%201503.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1956/1956%20-%200854.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%203106.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%203111.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/history-10366/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/ilyushin-10206/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%200079.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/08/us-manchester-united-aeroflot-idUSBRE9670EW20130708
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/1999/photorelease/photo_release_991001a.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://atwonline.com/aircraft-engines-components/news/missing-certificate-causes-aeroflot-postpone-boeing-777-operations-
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1979/1979%20-%202821.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2986535.stm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/12/10/319988/picture-aeroflot-tests-first-a330-on-local-route-ahead-of-asia-entry.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/price-of-aeroflot-airbus-purchase-revealed-as-31bln/487140.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/07/10/344283/putin-pressures-aeroflot-to-take-russian-built-aircraft.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russias-aeroflot-signs-for-22-boeing-787s-214558/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/09/22/332591/russias-aeroflot-don-to-rebrand-as-donavia.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://atwonline.com/airline-finance-data/news/russia-s-rostechnology-finalizes-transfer-five-regional-carriers-aeroflot-
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/supersonic-resurrection-10365/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200920.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200921.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200922.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1992/1992%20-%200923.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1963/1963%20-%200146.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1977/1977%20-%203395.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1979/1979%20-%202663.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/04/travel/travel-advisory-correspondent-s-report-with-400-pieces-aeroflot-passenger-puzzle.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/04/travel/travel-advisory-correspondent-s-report-with-400-pieces-aeroflot-passenger-puzzle.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:06, 27 June 2017 (UTC)

Centre for aviation source
Okay, and, the pair of you are flat-out edit warring, and I want you to come here right now and discuss your changes, otherwise you could both be facing a block so other editors can work on the article without tripping up over your reverts. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  14:39, 1 September 2017 (UTC)

Side of for
In my opinion tries to show that he is right, by explaining that Aeroflot purchase of 6 Boeing 777-300er is just a memorandum of understanding, when I first mentioned the source from Russian cite ato.ru. Okay, I thought maybe he is right. But on same ato.ru, was posted the next post, that the airline already made a full contract and it has mentioned the date of first delivery of the ordered Boeings. again deleted my changes (maybe he doesn't know Russian), explaining that it is just a date when the orders were officially made. Alas, I found and posted the news article in English and guess what... He deleted it once again, by explaining the same reason, where in my talk page he said that the order was made by the group. I am really fed up conflicting with this person, but I am standing on the side of truth, not vandalism and I perfectly know English and Russian. I will show all my sources that I have provided previously and then we will make a final decision. If i was not right, or the information is hidden by other various reasons, then I bring my apologies, maybe I did not understand something. Anyways, I trust your view. Sources:

Check the Boeing website for these orders and there are none shown and when I researched the only 2 sources you have provided are the only reports and no one else has reported these orders not even the airline has made a statement about them if it was a firm order then it would have been reported by the airline and Boeing to confirm this so until Boeing or the airline has announced the orders then it is just a memorandum of understanding. Another example of this is with Iran Airs orders for Boeing. Also I did not write on your talk page that the order was made i said it was approved the the Aeroflot Group so stop making false claims. User talk:CBG17 19:55, 1 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree with CBG17. This is not a firm order yet, so the aircraft should not be included as if they were ordered already.--Jetstreamer $Talk$ 21:04, 1 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure that might be connected to the ato.ru website as a contributor. Mistersun (talk) 17:49, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
 * This is not true that I am a contributor to the ato.ru website. The question is closed. If you are not sure, you may contact the website itself to find more information. 17:53, 9 November 2017 (UTC)

Giving Aeroflot's fleet a new section
I was wondering if we can create a new article named Aeroflot fleet. All of the data under Retired and History and Recent Developments will be exported to this article, while the Current fleet and the lead will remain in both articles. I would like Aeroflot to have a section devoted to its fleet that has the same format as Vietnam Airlines while an article more in-depth to the airliner's fleet like Singapore Airlines fleet. :) - Josephua (talk) 00:52, 12 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I also plan to also create a new article named History of Aeroflot, in which all the information under the History section would be exported under the article, leaving a summary of 5 paragraphs in the history section of the main article to shorten the article up. There will be see also templates under the section titles of the main article that will link to the newly-created articles. - Josephua (talk) 00:52, 12 October 2019 (UTC)

Bizarre wording/sourcing in article intro
I'm not entirely sure how to go about flagging this in the article, so I'm making a note for anyone interested here. In the intro, the sentence "Aeroflot was involved in numerous accidents and incidents during its operations compared to any other airline." is, well, somewhat nonsensical. Namely, there's a first half of a comparison missing. It is also not entirely clear where this information is to be found in the cited source. Vadim Galimov (talk) 14:46, 29 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree that this wording is awkward and I cannot find this mention of accidents in the source used. It is also used in Aeroflot accidents and incidents to say that with Aeroflot, five times more deaths happened compared to any other airline which is not in that source however the number of deaths is actually in a Telegraph article later referenced in the lead which states that Aeroflot was one of the deadliest airlines (and explains why) and now is one of the safest, so both articles should have this reflected as they currently do not. You are welcome to make changes that you believe would improve the pages or suggest them. Mellk (talk) 21:27, 16 April 2021 (UTC)

NPOV?
Hi guys. Forgive me if I'm just being sensitive, but the opening *really* seems to me like NPOV favoring Aeroflot. It almost reads like one of those infomercials, if you know what I mean. The from its inception sounds to me like the opening of a positive/NPOV (not at all trying to say positive always means NPOV) - and if I'm reading it right, it does: ''Aeroflot was the flag carrier and a state-owned enterprise of the Soviet Union (USSR). During this time, Aeroflot grew its fleet to over five thousand domestically-made aircraft and expanded to operate a domestic and international flight network of over three thousand destinations throughout the Soviet Union and the globe, making the airline the largest in the world at the time''. Again, I'm sorry if I'm being sensitive about this. Thanks, KinneticSlammer (talk) 19:58, 28 May 2021 (UTC)

Airspace bans
Why are all destinations removed from this article? They are suspended due to international sanction but not to the wish of Aeroflot, as far as I know. The Banner talk 13:56, 18 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aeroflot


text:
User talk:Djlewis

I made these recent changes to the Tantra page because the page is primarily about Hindu tantra, yet has a title of "Tantra" in general and failed to make that important qualification clear, especially regarding comments about disrectability and danger. So, I added a brief paragraph about Buddhist (mainly Tibetan) Tantra, with links, and also qualified "Tantra" as "Hindu Tantra" in several places of the existing text.

djlewis 20:41, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Smṛtyupasthāna
On 5 March 2013 you edited the Satipatthana page; your edit is fine, but in your edit summary you wrote: practiced in most traditions of Buddhism --> "many" -- not in any of the multiple Tibetan traditions, which are widespread today, so "many" seems more appropriate. This is not correct; smṛtyupasthāna is a foundational teaching in some Tibetan traditions. See, for example, the page on the four applications of mindfulness at Rigpa Wiki, an online encyclopedia of Tibetan Buddhism. Rigpa Wiki's page on the thirty-seven factors of enlightenment also mentions smṛtyupasthāna. To see some of the English-language translations of Tibetan teachings on smṛtyupasthāna, search for the Tibetan transliteration "dran pa nyer bzhag bzhi" on Google Books. Also search for "dran pa nye bar bzhag pa bzhi" on Google Books. Best wishes, Porelbiencomun (talk) 20:46, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

Hi, Porelbiencomun. I saw your response about the practice of the four mindfulnesses in Tibetan Buddhism. Yes, of course, these are part of the entire Tibetan tradition, found particularly in the 37 Factors of Enlightenment -- see http://www.drepunggomang.org/121-thirty-seven-factors-of-enlightenment. And yes, they are called satipaṭṭhāna. But I don't think that is the same as practicing according to the satipaṭṭhāna sutta, translated by the Theravadans as The Path of Mindfulness, as opposed to The Path of Shamatha, which as far as I know underlies all Tibetan traditions. One essential piece missing from the Tibetan practice is the full use of anapanasati, or breath meditation. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapanasati#In_the_Indo-Tibetan_tradition. Without that, I don't think you can call a practice satipaṭṭhāna. Anyway, as you said, my edit is correct, it's just my comment that's in question. djlewis (talk) 02:39, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

PS -- you should sign your talk posts -- use four tildes. djlewis (talk) 02:39, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

Djlewis, thanks for your response. You responded by editing my user page, and I wish you would have responded on my user talk page instead, as is customary (see Help:Introduction to talk pages/User talk pages). I've pasted your response above for easy reference. First, I'm not sure why you told me to sign my talk posts with four tildes, since I did sign my talk post with four tildes: look above and you can clearly see the signature. Or are you referring to somewhere else where I did not sign a talk post? Second, it seems that you and I have different interpretations of the sentence:

You seem to interpret the phrase "satipaṭṭhāna is practiced" as "following the meditation instruction of the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta precisely." If you interpret it that way, then it is probably true that none of the multiple Tibetan traditions "practice satipaṭṭhāna," but then neither does the Sōtō Zen tradition either. For this sentence to make sense, I think we have to interpret the phrase "satipaṭṭhāna (or smṛtyupasthāna) is practiced" more broadly, as a foundational practice of attention to the physical world [lus, kāya], the world of feeling [tshor-ba, vedanā], the world of mind [sems, citta], and the world of meanings [chos, dharma]. In this interpretation, some Tibetan Buddhists (especially the Nyingma tradition that descends from Longchenpa) certainly do practice smṛtyupasthāna. The Wikipedia article that you cite on ānāpānasmṛti supports this broader interpretation where it says:

Thanks again for your response. Best wishes, Porelbiencomun (talk) 18:05, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

Proposal on EMDR
Could I draw your attention to the proposal I've made on Talk:Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. It seems that you have some knowledge of the area and interest in maintaining a good Wiki article and I think opinions need to be expressed about the current tags on the article. Chris55 (talk)

title: User talk:Djlewis