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Gorget

A gorget, from the French  meaning throat, was a band of linen wrapped around a woman's neck and head in the medieval period or the lower part of a simple chaperon hood. The term later described a steel or leather collar to protect the throat, a set of pieces of plate armour, or a single piece of plate armour hanging from the neck and covering the throat and chest. Later, particularly from the 18th century, the gorget became primarily ornamental, serving as a symbolic accessory on military uniforms, a use which has survived in some armies (see below).

The term may also be used for other things such as items of jewellery worn around the throat region in several societies, for example wide thin gold collars found in prehistoric Ireland dating to the Bronze Age.

As part of armour
In the High Middle Ages, when mail was the primary form of metal body armour used in Western Europe, the mail coif protected the neck and lower face. In this period, the term gorget seemingly referred to textile (padded) protection for the neck, often worn over mail. As more plate armour appeared to supplement mail during the 14th century, the bascinet helmet incorporated a mail curtain called the aventail which protected the lower face, neck and shoulders. A separate mail collar called a "pisan" or "standard" was sometimes worn under the aventail as additional protection. Towards the end of the 14th century, threats including the increased penetrating power of the lance when paired with a lance rest on the breastplate made more rigid forms of neck protection desirable. One solution was a standing collar plate separate from the helmet that could be worn over the aventail, with enough space between the collar and helmet that a man-at-arms could turn his head inside it. In the early 15th century, such collar plates were integrated into the helmet itself to form the great bascinet. Other forms of helmet such as the sallet which did not protect the lower face and throat with plate were paired with a separate bevor, and the armet was often fitted with a wrapper that included gorget lames protecting the throat. The mail standard was still worn under such bevors and wrappers, since the plates did not cover the back or sides of the neck.

At the beginning of the 16th century, the gorget reached its full development as a component of plate armour. Unlike previous gorget plates and bevors which sat over the cuirass and also required a separate mail collar to fully protect the neck, the developed gorget was worn under the cuirass and was intended to cover a larger area of the neck, nape, shoulders and upper chest, from which the edges of the backplate and breastplate had receded. The gorget served as an anchor point for the pauldrons, which either had holes in them to engage pins projecting from the gorget, or straps which could be buckled to the gorget. The neck was protected by a high collar of articulated lames, and the entire gorget was divided into front and back pieces which were hinged at the side so that the gorget could be put on and taken off. Some helmets had additional neck lames which overlapped the gorget, while others formed a tight seal with the rim of the gorget to eliminate any gaps.

By the 17th century there appeared a form of gorget with a low, unarticulated collar and larger front and back plates which covered more of the upper chest and back. In addition to being worn under the breast & backplates, as evidenced by at least two contemporary engravings, they were also commonly worn over civilian clothing or a buff coat. Some gorgets of this period were "parade" pieces that were beautifully etched, gilded, engraved, chased, embossed or enameled at great expense. Gradually the gorget grew smaller and more symbolic, becoming a single crescent shape worn on a chain which suspended the gorget ever lower on the chest, so that the gorget no longer protected the throat in normal wear.

The Japanese (samurai) form of the gorget, called a nodowa, was either fastened by itself around the neck or came as an integral part of the face defence or men yoroi. It consisted of several lames made of lacquered leather or iron, each of which either consisted of one piece or of scales laced together in horizontal rows. The lames were articulated vertically, overlapping bottom to top, by another set of silk laces.

As part of military uniforms
During the 18th and early 19th centuries, crescent-shaped gorgets of silver or silver gilt were worn by officers, mainly infantry, in most European armies, as a badge of rank and an indication that they were on duty. These last vestiges of armour were much smaller (usually about 7 to 10 cm (3 to 4 inches) in width) than their Medieval predecessors and were suspended by cords, chains or ribbons. In the British service they carried the Royal coat of arms until 1796 and thereafter the Royal Cypher. During the reign of Napoleon I, the French ones carried often a design with the imperial eagle, the regimental number, a hunting horn or a flaming grenade, but non-regulation designs were not uncommon. Gorgets ceased to be worn by British army officers in 1830 and by their French counterparts 20 years later. They were still worn to a limited extent in the Imperial German Army until 1914, as a special distinction by officers of the Prussian Gardes du Corps and the 2nd Cuirassiers "Queen". Officers of the Spanish infantry continued to wear gorgets with the cypher of King Alfonso XIII in full dress, until the overthrow of the Monarchy in 1931. Mexican Federal army officers also wore the gorget with the badge of their branch as part of their parade uniform until 1947.

The gorget was revived as a uniform accessory in Nazi Germany, seeing widespread use within the German military and Nazi party organisations, mainly units with a police function and their flag bearers. During World War II, it continued to be used by Feldgendarmerie (military field police), who wore metal gorgets as emblems of authority. German police gorgets of this period typically were flat metal crescents with ornamental designs that were suspended by a chain worn around the neck. These designs and lettering were painted with illuminating paint.

The Prussian-influenced Chilean army uses the German style metal gorget in parades and in the uniform of their Military Police.

In Sweden
As early as 1688, regulations were provided for the wearing of gorgets by Swedish army officers. For those of captain's rank the gorget was gilt with the king's monogram under a crown in blue enamel, while more junior officers wore silver-plated gorgets with the initials in gold.

The gorget was discontinued as a rank insignia for Swedish officers in the Swedish Armed Forces in 1792, when epaulettes were introduced. The gorget was revived in 1799, when the Officer of the day was given the privilege of wearing a gorget which featured the Swedish lesser coat of arms. It has since been a part of the officer's uniform (when he or she functions as "Officer of the day") a custom which continues.

In Norway and Finland
The same use of the gorget also continues in Norway and Finland, worn by officers or corporals responsible for guard changes and "Inspecting Officers" (officer of the day). The officer of the day of a company (Finnish: päivystäjä) is usually a non-commissioned officer (or even a private), who guards the entrance and is responsible for security within company quarters.

Gorget patches
The scarlet patches still worn on each side of the collar of the tunics of British Army general officers and senior officers are called "gorget patches" in reference to this article of armour. There were two types - the first, red with a crimson centre stripe, were for Colonels and Brigadiers, and red with a gold centre stripe for General Officers. Today, they signify an officer of the General Staff, to which all British officers are appointed on reaching the rank of Colonel. With limited exceptions such as senior officers of the Army Medical and Dental Corps, the historic colour differentials are no longer worn in the British service.

However, the historic colours are still used in the gorget patches of the Canadian Army. Air officers in the Indian and Sri Lankan air forces also wear gorget patches with one to five stars depending on their seniority.

RAF officer cadets wear white gorget patches on their service dress and mess dress uniforms. Very similar collar patches are worn by British army officer cadets at Sandhurst on the standup collars of their dark-blue "Number One" dress uniforms. These features of modern uniforms are a residual survival from the earlier practice of suspending the actual gorgets from ribbons attached to buttons on both collars of the uniform. Such buttons were often mounted on a patch of coloured cloth or gold embroidery.

Cultural and decorative uses
Gorgets made of shell, as well as stone and copper, have been found at archaeological sites of various ages associated with mound building cultures of Eastern North America, going back thousands of years.

Gorget stones are polished pieces of stones that were worn by Native Americans on the neck or chest as a decoration, ornament, or talisman.

The British Empire awarded gorgets to chiefs of American Indian tribes, both as tokens of goodwill, and as a badge of their high status. Those being awarded a gorget were known as gorget captains Gorgets were also awarded to African chiefs.

In colonial Australia, gorgets were given to Aboriginal people by government officials and pastoralists as insignia of high rank or reward for services to the settler community. Frequently inscribed with the word "King" along with the name of the tribal group to which the recipient belonged (despite the absence of this kind of rank among indigenous Australians), the "breastplates", as they came to be known, were highly regarded by those who received them.

Modern versions
Recent advances in protective armour have led to the functional gorget being reintroduced into the US Army and Marine Improved Outer Tactical Vest and Modular Tactical Vest systems respectively.

Other uses
The state flag of South Carolina features a crescent in the upper left quadrant which now resembles a crescent moon, but which some oral traditions have suggested may have once represented a gorget. The state flag derives from a flag designed by Colonel William Moultrie in 1775 with a blue ground and crescent based on the uniforms of the Second South Carolina Regiment, who wore a crescent with the tips pointing up on their hats. Through the 19th century, the crescent on the state flag also appeared with the tips pointing up, and it was not until the 20th century that it was turned on its side to resemble a crescent moon. The mystery of its original meaning is still unresolved, and the crescent as it appears on the modern state flag is normally interpreted as a moon.

The term also refers to a patch of coloured feathers found on the throat or upper breast of some species of birds.

title: Gorget


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Nursery

Nursery may refer to:

Childcare

 * Nursery (room), a room within the house designed for the care of a young child or children.
 * Nursery school, a daycare facility for preschool-age children
 * Prison nursery, for imprisoned mothers with their young children

Places

 * Nursery, Texas, unincorporated community in Victoria County, Texas, United States
 * Nursery, Karachi, a suburb of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
 * Nursery Site, RI-273, historic site in Westerly, Rhode Island, United States
 * Nursery, British Columbia, a populated community in British Columbia

Music

 * Nursery Suite (1931), by Edward Elgar
 * The Nursery (song cycle) (1870), by Modest Mussorgsky

Art

 * The Nursery (1660s), painting by Gerard Dou, lost with the sinking of the Vrouw Maria in 1771
 * The Nursery (Christmas Stockings) (1936), painting by Stanley Spencer (76.5x91.8cm)

Plants and gardens

 * Garden centre, independent, or lawn and garden departments of hardware and home improvement stores, often called "nurseries"  in the U.S.
 * Plant nursery, a place where young plants or trees are raised

Science

 * Stellar nursery, cosmic dust cloud in which stars form
 * Nursery habitat, where juveniles of a marine species occur

Other uses

 * Farm team, where sportspeople can gain experience before playing for a major team
 * Nursery handicap, in British and Irish Horse racing, a flat handicap race limited to two-year-olds

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nursery


text: User talk:81.156.26.103

title: User talk:81.156.26.103


text:
List of colleges and universities in Puerto Rico

This list of universities and colleges in Puerto Rico includes colleges and universities in Puerto Rico that grant bachelor's degrees and/or post-graduate master's and doctorate degrees. The list does not include community colleges (alternatively called junior colleges) that grant two-year associate's degrees.

List of colleges
Defunct Active
 * American University of Puerto Rico
 * Ana G. Méndez University System
 * Metropolitan University
 * Eastern University
 * Turabo University
 * Antillean Adventist University
 * Atlantic University College
 * Bayamon Central University
 * Biblical and Pentecostal College of Puerto Rico
 * Caribbean University
 * Caribbean University at Bayamon
 * Caribbean University at Carolina
 * Caribbean University at Ponce
 * Caribbean University at Vega Baja
 * Carlos Albizu University, San Juan Campus
 * Center for Advanced Studies on Puerto Rico and the Caribbean
 * Central University of the Caribbean
 * Columbia Central University
 * Columbia Central University at Caguas
 * Columbia Central University at Yauco
 * Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico
 * Evangelical Seminary of Puerto Rico
 * Interamerican University of Puerto Rico
 * Interamerican University of Puerto Rico at Aguadilla
 * Interamerican University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo
 * Interamerican University of Puerto Rico at Barranquitas
 * Interamerican University of Puerto Rico at Bayamón
 * Interamerican University of Puerto Rico at Fajardo
 * Interamerican University of Puerto Rico at Guayama
 * Interamerican University of Puerto Rico at Ponce
 * Interamerican University of Puerto Rico at San Germán
 * Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, Metropolitan Campus
 * Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, School of Aviation
 * Interamerican University of Puerto Rico School of Law
 * Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry
 * Mizpa Pentecostal University
 * National University College
 * Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico
 * Ponce Health Sciences University
 * Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico
 * Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez
 * Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico School of Architecture
 * Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico School of Law
 * San Juan Bautista School of Medicine
 * Escuela de Artes Plásticas y Diseño de Puerto Rico
 * University of Puerto Rico System
 * University of Puerto Rico at Aguadilla
 * University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo
 * University of Puerto Rico at Bayamón
 * University of Puerto Rico at Carolina
 * University of Puerto Rico at Cayey
 * University of Puerto Rico at Humacao
 * University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez
 * University of Puerto Rico at Ponce
 * University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras
 * University of Puerto Rico at Utuado
 * University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus
 * University of the Sacred Heart


text: Category:Olympic volleyball players by country


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/History of Canadian imperialism

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was moved to talk page

History of Canadian imperialism
We don't need instructions on how an article should be, we need an article. jengod 01:52, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. No definition of imperialism I have ever encountered fits Canadian activities abroad.  --AlainV 02:34, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Can we move this to Talk:History of Canadian imperialism? Because that's what it seems to be. -- Jmabel | Talk 02:55, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Canadian imperialism? It is joking, right? --wshun 09:12, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Long live the Canadian Empire! That is more than I can say for this patronizing, POV article. Delete. Fire Star 13:00, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Free Baffin Island! Umm, there isn't an article there.  It's a set of instructions, so, although what it says about a future article isn't so silly, it's an obvious delete. Geogre 17:23, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Agree with Jmabel. Just move it to talk. The points are valid, and perhaps worth keeping in talk. But this isn't an article yet.Wolfman 18:39, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You joke, but Canadian imperialism was an important political topic around the turn of the 19th century. In its present form this article is not very useful, but there is an article to be written in there somewhere. Adam Bishop 18:41, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Almost all countries have gone through some period of expansionism and imperialism, andI think that an article on Candadian Imperialism is a good way to demonstate this point.  I also think that it might make more sense if it were just titled "Canadian Imperialism."
 * Comment by User:Quintucket

 * Keep what? There isn't a discussion of Canadian imperialism in there.  There is "An article on this topic should do this, then this, and this."  There's nothing there to keep.  I'd vote to keep an article that followed those instructions, but there isn't one yet. This is a talk page for an article that doesn't exist. Geogre 03:05, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. This is =such= a joke. We've had the chance twice now to adopt a Carribean nation, the Turks and Caicos Islands, as an eleventh province, and we've said no. Wha? The land of ice and snow says no to white beaches and hot days in December? That sounds totally not imperialistic to me. But then, who knows? Perhaps our government is targeting much larger fish, and secretly planning to subvert the government of Bermuda or Grenada to its evil plans. Mwahahahaaa - where's my swimsuit? Denni ☯ 03:12, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)

 * Keep. I agree that this isn't how the article should be.  We need a proper article there.  If only we had some instructions on how to write such an article!  Someone who knows Canadian history should fix it using the outline it offers, and then the problem will be solved.  Really, not all bad articles require deletion.  Most just need improvement. Factitious 06:31, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * It is good talk page material. Title isn't good, as Quintucket pointed out. Move. --jpgordon {gab} 16:37, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, "Canadian imperialism" is a neologism with no currency in the study of Canadian history. - SimonP 17:33, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * 1) Move to Talk:History of Canadian imperialism. Then 2) Make "History of Canadian imperialism" a requested article. Then if someone actually wants to write an article, they'll have encouragement and a talk page with helpful suggestions. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 23:48, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Del via following steps: 1) Move to Talk:History of Canadian imperialism, so attribution is preserved in its history 2) Delete (the resulting redir at) History of Canadian imperialism, so article namespace doesn't redir into talk namespace 3) Enter "History of Canadian imperialism" at WP:RA, annotating it with a lk to Talk:History of Canadian imperialism, hoping it will provide inspiration of some sort.  4) Add or lk this record, of course, to the talk page. 5) Work on possibly renaming the article during or after, but not before, its writing. --Jerzy(t) 05:25, 2004 Oct 21 (UTC)
 * Delete ; wot Jerzy says..
 * D +sj +

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:ApS Camper

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Whosyourjudas (talk) 01:52, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
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Image:Foto fi.jpg marked for deletion
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Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport
Just wanted to let you know that I updated your user page to avoid a redirect. Sorry if you preferred it in the previous version. Cheers. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 11:51, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

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If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 00:17, 20 April 2009 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Calliopejen1 (talk) 00:17, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Cia. Hering

The article Cia. Hering has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Promotional article with little support from reference.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. I am One of Many (talk) 05:14, 28 December 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:ApS Camper


text: Category:Olympic volleyball players for Canada


text:
Grothendieck universe

In mathematics, a Grothendieck universe is a set U with the following properties:

 * 1) If x is an element of U and if y is an element of x, then y is also an element of U. (U is a transitive set.)
 * 2) If x and y are both elements of U, then $$\{x,y\}$$ is an element of U.
 * 3) If x is an element of U, then P(x), the power set of x, is also an element of U.
 * 4) If $$\{x_\alpha\}_{\alpha\in I}$$ is a family of elements of U, and if $I$ is an element of U, then the union $$\bigcup_{\alpha\in I} x_\alpha$$ is an element of U.

A Grothendieck universe is meant to provide a set in which all of mathematics can be performed. (In fact, uncountable Grothendieck universes provide models of set theory with the natural ∈-relation, natural powerset operation etc.). Elements of a Grothendieck universe are sometimes called small sets. The idea of universes is due to Alexander Grothendieck, who used them as a way of avoiding proper classes in algebraic geometry.

The existence of a nontrivial Grothendieck universe goes beyond the usual axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory; in particular it would imply the existence of strongly inaccessible cardinals. Tarski–Grothendieck set theory is an axiomatic treatment of set theory, used in some automatic proof systems, in which every set belongs to a Grothendieck universe. The concept of a Grothendieck universe can also be defined in a topos.

Properties
As an example, we will prove an easy proposition.

 * Proposition. If $$x \in U$$ and $$y \subseteq x$$, then $$y \in U$$.
 * Proof. $$y \in P(x)$$ because $$y \subseteq x$$. $$P(x) \in U$$ because $$x \in U$$, so $$y \in U$$.

It is similarly easy to prove that any Grothendieck universe U contains:
 * All singletons of each of its elements,
 * All products of all families of elements of U indexed by an element of U,
 * All disjoint unions of all families of elements of U indexed by an element of U,
 * All intersections of all families of elements of U indexed by an element of U,
 * All functions between any two elements of U, and
 * All subsets of U whose cardinal is an element of U.

In particular, it follows from the last axiom that if U is non-empty, it must contain all of its finite subsets and a subset of each finite cardinality. One can also prove immediately from the definitions that the intersection of any class of universes is a universe.

Grothendieck universes and inaccessible cardinals
There are two simple examples of Grothendieck universes: Other examples are more difficult to construct. Loosely speaking, this is because Grothendieck universes are equivalent to strongly inaccessible cardinals. More formally, the following two axioms are equivalent:
 * The empty set, and
 * The set of all hereditarily finite sets $$V_\omega$$.

 * (U) For each set x, there exists a Grothendieck universe U such that x ∈ U.
 * (C) For each cardinal κ, there is a strongly inaccessible cardinal λ that is strictly larger than κ.

To prove this fact, we introduce the function c(U). Define:
 * $$\mathbf{c}(U) = \sup_{x \in U} |x|$$

where by |x| we mean the cardinality of x. Then for any universe U, c(U) is either zero or strongly inaccessible. Assuming it is non-zero, it is a strong limit cardinal because the power set of any element of U is an element of U and every element of U is a subset of U. To see that it is regular, suppose that cλ is a collection of cardinals indexed by $I$, where the cardinality of $I$ and of each cλ is less than c(U). Then, by the definition of c(U), $I$ and each cλ can be replaced by an element of U. The union of elements of U indexed by an element of U is an element of U, so the sum of the cλ has the cardinality of an element of U, hence is less than c(U). By invoking the axiom of foundation, that no set is contained in itself, it can be shown that c(U) equals |U|; when the axiom of foundation is not assumed, there are counterexamples (we may take for example U to be the set of all finite sets of finite sets etc. of the sets xα where the index α is any real number, and xα = {xα} for each α. Then U has the cardinality of the continuum, but all of its members have finite cardinality and so $$\mathbf{c}(U) = \aleph_0 $$ ; see Bourbaki's article for more details).

Let $κ$ be a strongly inaccessible cardinal. Say that a set S is strictly of type $κ$ if for any sequence $s_{n} ∈ ... ∈ s_{0} ∈ S, |s_{n}| < κ$. (S itself corresponds to the empty sequence.) Then the set $u(κ)$ of all sets strictly of type $κ$ is a Grothendieck universe of cardinality $κ$. The proof of this fact is long, so for details, we again refer to Bourbaki's article, listed in the references.

To show that the large cardinal axiom (C) implies the universe axiom (U), choose a set x. Let x0 = x, and for each n, let $$x_{n+1} = \bigcup x_n$$ be the union of the elements of xn. Let y = $$\bigcup_n x_n$$. By (C), there is a strongly inaccessible cardinal $κ$ such that $|y| < κ$. Let $u(κ)$ be the universe of the previous paragraph. x is strictly of type κ, so $x ∈ u(κ)$. To show that the universe axiom (U) implies the large cardinal axiom (C), choose a cardinal $κ$. $κ$ is a set, so it is an element of a Grothendieck universe U. The cardinality of U is strongly inaccessible and strictly larger than that of $κ$.

In fact, any Grothendieck universe is of the form $u(κ)$ for some $κ$. This gives another form of the equivalence between Grothendieck universes and strongly inaccessible cardinals:

 * For any Grothendieck universe U, |U| is either zero, $$\aleph_0$$, or a strongly inaccessible cardinal. And if $κ$ is zero, $$\aleph_0$$, or a strongly inaccessible cardinal, then there is a Grothendieck universe $u(\kappa)$. Furthermore, $u(|U|) = U$, and $|u(κ)| = κ$.

Since the existence of strongly inaccessible cardinals cannot be proved from the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC), the existence of universes other than the empty set and $$V_\omega$$ cannot be proved from ZFC either. However, strongly inaccessible cardinals are on the lower end of the list of large cardinals; thus, most set theories that use large cardinals (such as "ZFC plus there is a measurable cardinal", "ZFC plus there are infinitely many Woodin cardinals") will prove that Grothendieck universes exist.

title: Grothendieck universe