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Woodstock (film)

Woodstock is a 1970 American documentary film of the watershed counterculture Woodstock Festival which took place in August 1969 near Bethel, New York.

The film was directed by Michael Wadleigh in his directional debut. Seven editors are credited, including Thelma Schoonmaker, Martin Scorsese, and Wadleigh. Woodstock was a great commercial and critical success. It received the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. Schoonmaker was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing, a rare distinction for a documentary. Dan Wallin and L. A. Johnson were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound. The film was screened at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival, but was not entered into the main competition.

The 1970 theatrical release of the film ran 185 minutes. A director's cut spanning 224 minutes was released in 1994. Both cuts take liberties with the timeline of the festival. However, the opening and closing acts are the same in the film as they appeared on stage; Richie Havens opens the show and Jimi Hendrix closes it.

In 1996, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

An expanded 40th Anniversary Edition of Woodstock, released on June 9, 2009, in Blu-ray and DVD formats, features additional performances not before seen in the film, and it includes lengthened versions of existing performances, such as Creedence Clearwater Revival.

Artists by appearance
* studio recording from an album by the artist ** director's cut only, not in the original theatrical release

Artists omitted

 * Sweetwater
 * Incredible String Band
 * Bert Sommer (Joan Baez is seen talking about him during her backstage interview)
 * Tim Hardin (some of his dialogue is included)
 * Ravi Shankar

 * Melanie
 * Quill
 * Keef Hartley
 * Mountain
 * Grateful Dead (a sound bite of Jerry Garcia is included)

 * Creedence Clearwater Revival
 * The Band
 * Blood, Sweat & Tears
 * Johnny and Edgar Winter
 * Paul Butterfield

Release
The film opened at 7 theaters in the United States and Canada on March 26, 1970 (Boston, Coral Gables, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, Toronto and Washington D.C.) and set opening day house records in each one with grosses totalling $41,633. It opened at a further theater in New York City on April 1.

Reception and legacy
Woodstock received universal acclaim from newspaper and magazine critics in 1970. It was also an enormous box-office smash. The edition of May 20, 1970 of Variety reported it was doing well in its third week in Chicago and San Francisco. In each of those metropolitan areas the movie played at only one cinema during that week, but many thousands showed up. Eventually, after it branched out to more cinemas including more than one per metropolitan area, it grossed $50 million in the United States. The budget for its production was just $600,000, making it not only the fifth highest-grossing film of 1970 but one of the most profitable movies of that year as well.

Decades after its initial release, the film earned a rare 100% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 25 reviews, with a weighted average of 8.58/10. The critical consensus reads: "By documenting arguably the most renowned music festival in history, Woodstock: 3 Days of Peace & Music achieves the rare feat of capturing the unique spirit of its time."

In his original 1970 review, Roger Ebert rated the movie 4 stars (out of 4) and described it as "maybe the best documentary ever made in America", adding "The remarkable thing about Wadleigh's film is that it succeeds so completely in making us feel how it must have been to be there". In 2005 Ebert added Woodstock to his "Great Movies" list and wrote a retrospective review that stated, "Woodstock is a beautiful, moving, ultimately great film...Now that the period is described as a far-ago time like "the 1920s" or "the 1930s," how touching it is in this film to see the full flower of its moment, of its youth and hope."

In 1996, Woodstock was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

In the science fiction thriller The Omega Man (1971), Colonel Robert Neville (played by Charlton Heston) is seen traveling to a movie theatre in Los Angeles to screen the film for himself alone. Woodstock had been a recent film debuting prior to release of The Omega Man, and had been held over (continuously run) in some theaters for months. Neville darkly remarks the film is so popular it was "held over for the third straight year". As he repeats some of the dialogue verbatim, it is clear that Neville has repeated the ritual many times during the two years that he has believed himself to be the last man alive on Earth.

In a 2009 review, Noel Murray of The A.V. Club graded the DVD release A−, stating "Wadleigh crafted a film with a thoughtful flow; it tells the full story of the event, from the paranoia (and eventual acceptance) of the locals to the helpful attitudes (and eventual paranoia) of the throng. Woodstock runs for more than 20 minutes before Wadleigh even gets to any of the performances, and throughout the film, he cuts away to interviews and montages that map out the scope of the mini-community formed at Woodstock, in all its glories and sadness." Entertainment Weekly called this film the benchmark of concert movies and one of the most entertaining documentaries ever made.

25th Anniversary Director's Cut (1994)
Upon the festival's 25th anniversary, in 1994, a 224 minutes director's cut of the film — subtitled 3 Days of Peace & Music — was released theatrically in cinemas and later on DVD. It added over 40 minutes and included additional performances by Canned Heat, Jefferson Airplane and Janis Joplin. Jimi Hendrix's set at the end of the film was also extended with two additional numbers.

After the closing credits — featuring Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young's "Find the Cost of Freedom" — a list of prominent people from the "Woodstock Generation" who had died is shown, including John F. Kennedy, Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Martin Luther King Jr., Mama Cass Elliot, Jim Morrison, John Lennon, Max Yasgur, Roy Orbison, Abbie Hoffman, Paul Butterfield, Keith Moon, Bob Hite, Richard Manuel, Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix. It ends with the epitaph to the right:

40th Anniversary edition (2009)
On June 9, 2009, a 40th-anniversary edition was released in two-disc sets on Blu-ray and DVD, available as both a "Special Edition" and an "Ultimate Collector's Edition". The latter included copious memorabilia. The director's cut was newly remastered in high definition with a 2K scan of the original elements, and provided a new 5.1 audio mix. Among the special features are 18 never-before-seen performances from artists such as Joan Baez, Country Joe McDonald, Santana, The Who, Jefferson Airplane, Canned Heat and Joe Cocker; five of the artists included—Paul Butterfield, Creedence Clearwater Revival, The Grateful Dead, Johnny Winter and Mountain—played at Woodstock but had never appeared in any film version.

The bonus songs, a 143-minute collection of 18 performances presented in standard definition, are entitled "Untold Stories":
 * Joan Baez: "{I Live} One Day at a Time" (4:17)
 * Country Joe McDonald: "Flying High" (2:21)
 * Santana: "Evil Ways" (3:56)
 * Canned Heat: "I'm Her Man" (5.33)
 * Canned Heat: "On the Road Again" (10.49)
 * Mountain: "Beside the Sea" (3:38)
 * Mountain: "Southbound Train" (6:17)
 * The Grateful Dead: "Turn on Your Love Light" (37:44)
 * Creedence Clearwater Revival: "Born on the Bayou" (5:12)
 * Creedence Clearwater Revival: "I've Put a Spell on You" (4:10)
 * Creedence Clearwater Revival: "Keep on Chooglin" (9:25)
 * The Who: "We're Not Going to Take It" (9:07)
 * The Who: "My Generation" (7:36)
 * Jefferson Airplane: "3/5 of a Mile in 10 Seconds" (5:40)
 * Joe Cocker: "Something's Coming On" (4:14)
 * Johnny Winter: "Mean Town Blues" (10:52)
 * Paul Butterfield: "Morning Sunrise" (8:26)
 * Sha Na Na: "Teen Angel" (3:21)

The bonus featurettes, also in standard definition, last 77 minutes. Titled "Woodstock: From Festival to Feature," they cover the festival, the challenges of making the film, its reception and legacy, and other topics:
 * The Camera
 * 365,000 Feet of Film
 * Shooting Stage
 * The Lineup
 * Holding the Negative Hostage
 * Announcements
 * Suits vs. Longhairs
 * Documenting History
 * Woodstock: The Journey
 * Pre-Production
 * Production
 * Synchronization
 * The Crowd
 * No Rain! No Rain!
 * 3 Days in a Truck
 * The Woodstock Effect
 * Living Up to Idealism
 * World's Longest Optical
 * Critical Acclaim
 * The Hog Farm Commune (Courtesy of The Museum at Bethel Woods)
 * Hugh Hefner and Michael Wadleigh (The Woodstock Connection)

Woodstock: 3 Days of Peace & Music – The Director's Cut, 40th Anniversary Revisited (2014)
This edition contains the same Blu-ray version of the film released in 2009 along with the second Blu-ray disc of bonus features, but the latter are now presented in high definition. The set also adds a third Blu-ray disc with sixteen more previously unreleased performances and eight more featurettes.

The 16 performances, which total 73 minutes, are titled "Untold Stories Revisited":
 * 1) Melanie: "Mr. Tambourine Man/Tuning My Guitar" (6:18)
 * 2) Joan Baez: "Oh Happy Day" (3:59)
 * 3) Joan Baez: "I Shall Be Released" (3:38)
 * 4) Santana: "Persuasion" (2:55)
 * 5) Canned Heat: "Woodstock Boogie" (8:38)
 * 6) The Grateful Dead: "Mama Tried" (2:53)
 * 7) The Who: "Sparks" (5:25)
 * 8) The Who: "Pinball Wizard" (2:51)
 * 9) Jefferson Airplane: "Volunteers" (2:53)
 * 10) Jefferson Airplane: "Come Back Baby" (5:56)
 * 11) Country Joe and the Fish: "Not So Sweet Martha Lorraine" (4:23)
 * 12) Crosby, Stills & Nash: "Helplessly Hoping" (2:27)
 * 13) Crosby, Stills & Nash: "Marrakesh Express" (2:55)
 * 14) The Paul Butterfield Blues Band: "Everything's Gonna Be Alright" (8:53)
 * 15) Sha Na Na: "Book of Love" (2:07)
 * 16) Jimi Hendrix: "Spanish Castle Magic" (7:09)

The eight featurettes are titled "Woodstock: From Festival to Feature Revisited." They run a total of 32 minutes and cover the festival behind the scenes, its history and legacy, and the restoration of the film:
 * 1) Restoration
 * 2) Technical Difficulties
 * 3) Woodstock: A Turning Point
 * 4) Food, Lodging & First Aid
 * 5) Reflections of an Era
 * 6) Woodstock: A Farm in Bethel
 * 7) A Cinematic Revolution
 * 8) The Woodstock Generation

title: Woodstock (film)


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Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology

Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering and Technology (ACGCET-Karaikudi) is an autonomous (with effect from 2009) college of engineering in Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. Established in 1952, it is under the control of the government of the State. The college is a member institute under the TEQIP – Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme in India (7 colleges were selected from Tamil Nadu).

History
RM. Alagappa Chettiar founded Alagappa Chettiar Educational Trust with the aim of developing the backward area of Karaikudi into a centre for higher education.

On 21 July 1952 ACCET started with three faculties – Civil, Mechanical and Electrical and Electronics Engineering under the University of Madras. The foundation for the main building of the college was laid by Rajendra Prasad, the President of India, on 19 February 1953.

 * 1966 – The institution was handed over to the government of Tamil Nadu.
 * 1969 – A new faculty, Electronics and Communication Engineering was started.
 * 1983 – M.E. in Microwave and Optical Engineering started
 * 1988 – Master of Computer Application (M.C.A.) started.
 * 2001 – B.E. Degree course in Computer Science and Engineering introduced.

The institution has been awarded the status of the best engineering college of 2006–07 in Tamil Nadu. Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi honoured the Principal in a function at Anna University, Chennai, on 1 September 2008 for this cause. The college is now affiliated to Anna University, Chennai from 2012. Amenities like Canteen, PostOffice are available.

NRSC building
The Non Resident Students Centre Building was declared open on 27 March 1981 for the benefit of day scholars. It houses a couple of spacious dining halls with furniture. A room for the students association and a few guest rooms are also available in the NRSC Building.

Hostel Facility
The college also offers separate hostel facilities for both boys and girls. Hostel blocks are situated around the college campus. In order to avoid ragging problem separate hostels for all years are available with watchman available for the whole day

Sports and games
The college offers facilities for outdoor and indoor games such as cricket, hockey, football, volleyball, basketball, badminton, tennis and table tennis and chess. There is a 400 m track for athletics and the necessary equipment for jumps, throws, power lifting and body building. The membership of the tennis club is open to staff and students of the college. An indoor stadium and gymnasium are also available. To promote sports among the students every year intra-college sports meet is being conducted.

Cooperative store
Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology and Alagappa Polytechnic Students Co-operative Society Limited was registered on 19 January 1956. Every student on admission to the college automatically becomes the member of co-operative store. The store primarily caters to the requirements of the students. A co-operative store with students and staff as members is functioning in the campus. A co-operative thrift society is also functioning in the campus for the benefit of the faculty and staff members of the college.

Medical Facilities
A dispensary is functioning in the hostel campus with an attached in-patient ward to accommodate students and staff in case of illness. The unit is under the charge of a part-time medical officer assisted by a pharmacist. The dispensary functions during forenoon session on all weekdays except Sunday.

Auditorium
The college auditorium (Dewan Bahadur Murugappa Hall) is the college auditorium seating a capacity of 600. It also has a spacious stage for conducting cultural programmes and entertainment.

Post office
Alagappa Engineering College Post Office is located in the college campus. You can avail postal services just in a few steps of walking.

Bank
You can avail SBI ATM facility in CECRI. Indian Bank ATM and canara bank ATM facility is also situated near the college campus. ICICI bank along with ATM facility is reachable in a few metres in College Road.

Principals

 * 1952–1953 V. S
 * 1953–1962 D. S.
 * 1962–1964 P. S. Manisundaram
 * 1964–1965 A. V.
 * 1965–1971 W.
 * 1971–1976 S. Srinivasan
 * 1976–1977 R. Sridhara Rao
 * 1977–1984 N. M. Janardhan
 * 1984–1985 S. Narayanaswamy
 * 1985–1986 M. M. Rahman
 * 1986–1987 T. R. Natesan
 * 1987–1988 S. R. Srinivasan
 * 1988–1991 A. N. Thomas
 * 1991–1993 K. N. Shanmugasundaram
 * 1993–1996 P. Balakrishnan
 * 1996–1998 E. Ramasamy
 * 1999–2000 T. R. Thyagarajan
 * 2000–2005 V. M. Periasamy
 * 2005–2006 R. Lakshmipathy
 * 2006–2009 R. Sundararajan
 * 2009–2011 V. Sekaran
 * 2011–2012 A. Mala
 * 2012 – June 2012 Neelakandan
 * 2012–2013 A.Mala
 * 2013– Feb 2013 Jawahar Pandian
 * 2013– 2016 A.Mala
 * 2016 - Jan 2017 Rajkumar
 * Feb 2017 – May 2019 Dr.A.Elango
 * June 2019 – Jun 2020 Dr. R. Shanmugalakshmi
 * June 2020 - Malayalamurthi
 * June 2021- Dr.K.Manonmani
 * December 2021- Dr.P.K.Palani

Student associations
To encourage the students in extra curricular activities various associations are functioning in the campus, including fine arts association, Tamil mandram and more.

Lateral entry counseling
The institution is the center for lateral entry admissions every year under Anna University to colleges across Tamil Nadu. Using admissions software developed by its own students, the institute organizes the counseling process (invitation of applications, scrutiny of forms, preparation of merit list, dispatch of call letters and allotment of seats) for direct entry into second year B.E/BTech courses all over the state. The team for admissions functions under the leadership of the Principal, who is the secretary for admissions.

ACCET alumni
The Old Students Association maintains contact between the ex-students of the college and the college itself. It was called as Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology Old Boys Association (ACCETOBA) but now it is re-christened as ACCETOSA (Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology Old Students Association). To promote the technical skills of the students a project contest called Thirann is conducted in even semesters by the Alumni.

Placements
Many corporate companies visit regularly for campus interview. First time in the history of ACCET 2004–08 batch Civil Engineering students achieved 100% campus placement. The college shows keen interest in students getting exposed to industries. It has signed MoUs with "Flsmidth" and "Caritor" and has vision to extend its relationship with other industries. ECE department of our college has signed MoU with companies like "VI Microsystem", "Enixs", "Ifutura".

Notable Alumni
George Joseph- an Indian space scientist, best known for his contributions to the development of remote sensing technology in India, especially in the field of Earth observation sensors. He is a former chairman of the Lunar Mission Study Task Force of the Indian Space Research Organization and an elected fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India, Indian Academy of Sciences and Indian National Academy of Engineering. The Government of India awarded him the Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian award, in 1999.

Narayanan Sankar - was an Indian industrialist and chairman of the Sanmar group, a diversified Indian conglomerate. During a career spanning over five decades, he led the group's diversification into multiple businesses ranging from chemicals to shipping. Sankar had also been the president of the Indian industry organization ASSOCHAM and chairman of the Madras Chamber of Commerce and Industry.Sankar obtained his bachelor's in science from AC College of Technology in Madras (now Chennai) and later went on to get his master's degree in chemical engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago.

Vaidyanatha Ganapati Sthapati- was a Sthapati (temple architect and builder) and head of the College of Architecture and Sculpture in the Vastu Shastra tradition ascribed to the sage Mamuni Mayan.Sthapati attended Dr. Alagappa Chettiar College, Karaikudi, and graduated with a degree in mathematics. After his graduation, he became a Sthapati at Palani Murugan Temple, Palani, Tamil Nadu, India.

Chezhiyan- is an Indian filmmaker and director of photography who works primarily in the Tamil film industry. He received critical acclaim for his work in Kalloori (2007), Paradesi (2013) and To Let (2017).He completed his diploma in civil engineering from Alagappa Chettiar College in Karaikudi. Chezhiyan was also interested in photography right from his early days and was into drawing and painting.

J. K. Rithesh- was an Indian actor and member of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[2] He was a Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) Member of Parliament (MP) in the 15th Lok Sabha from Ramanathpuram constituency. In the Indian general elections of 2009, Rithesh received 294,945 votes to defeat his closest rival, Satiyamoorthy of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) party by a margin of 69,215 votes. On 10 April 2014, he joined AIADMK as a primary member. He died on 13 April 2019, due to heart attack.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Advanced Host Controller Interface

The Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI) is a technical standard defined by Intel that specifies the register-level interface of Serial ATA (SATA) host controllers in a non-implementation-specific manner in its motherboard chipsets.

The specification describes a system memory structure for computer hardware vendors to exchange data between host system memory and attached storage devices. AHCI gives software developers and hardware designers a standard method for detecting, configuring, and programming SATA/AHCI adapters. AHCI is separate from the SATA 3 Gbit/s standard, although it exposes SATA's advanced capabilities (such as hot swapping and native command queuing) such that host systems can utilize them. For modern solid state drives, the interface has been superseded by NVMe.

The current version of the specification is 1.3.1.

Operating modes
Many SATA controllers offer selectable modes of operation: legacy Parallel ATA emulation (more commonly called IDE Mode), standard AHCI mode (also known as Native Mode), or vendor-specific RAID (which generally enables AHCI in order to take advantage of its capabilities). Intel recommends choosing RAID mode on their motherboards (which also enables AHCI) rather than AHCI/SATA mode for maximum flexibility. Legacy mode is a software backward-compatibility mechanism intended to allow the SATA controller to run in legacy operating systems which are not SATA-aware or where a driver does not exist to make the operating system SATA-aware.

When a SATA controller is configured to operate in IDE Mode, the number of storage devices per controller is usually limited to four (two IDE channels, master device and slave device with up to two devices per channel), compared to the maximum of 32 devices/ports when configured in AHCI mode. But the chipset SATA interfaces may emulate more than one "IDE controller" when configured in IDE Mode.

Operating system support
AHCI is supported out of the box on Windows Vista and later, Linux-based operating systems (since version 2.6.19 of the kernel), OpenBSD (since version 4.1), NetBSD (since version 4.0), FreeBSD (since version 8.0), macOS, GNU Mach, ArcaOS, eComStation (since version 2.1), and Solaris 10 (since version 8/07). DragonFlyBSD based its AHCI implementation on OpenBSD's and added extended features such as port multiplier support. Older versions of operating systems require hardware-specific drivers in order to support AHCI. Windows XP and older do not provide AHCI support out of the box.

System drive boot issues
Some operating systems, notably Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1 and Windows 10, do not configure themselves to load the AHCI driver upon boot if the SATA controller was not in AHCI mode at the time the operating system was installed. Although this is an easily rectifiable condition, it remains an ongoing issue with the AHCI standard.

The most prevalent symptom for an operating system (or systems) that are installed in IDE mode (in some BIOS firmware implementations otherwise called 'Combined IDE mode'), is that the system drive typically fails to boot, with an ensuing error message, if the SATA controller (in BIOS) is inadvertently switched to AHCI mode after OS installation. In Microsoft Windows the symptom is a boot loop which begins with a Blue Screen error, if not rectified.

Technically speaking, this is an implementation bug with AHCI that can be avoided, but it has not been fixed yet. As an interim resolution, Intel recommends changing the drive controller to AHCI or RAID before installing an operating system. (It may also be necessary to load chipset-specific AHCI or RAID drivers at installation time, for example from a USB flash drive).

On Windows Vista and Windows 7, this can be fixed by configuring the  device driver to start at boot time (rather than on-demand). Setting non-AHCI mode (i.e. IDE or Combined mode) in the BIOS will allow the user to boot into Windows, and thereby the required registry change can be performed. Consequently, the user then has the option of continuing to use the system in Combined mode or switching to AHCI mode. Inter alia with Windows 10 and 8, this can be fixed by forcing the correct drivers to reload during Safe Mode.

In Windows 8, Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012, the controller driver has changed from  to , and the procedures to upgrade to the AHCI controller is similar to that of Windows 7. On Windows 8, 8.1 and Windows Server 2012, changing from IDE mode to AHCI mode without first updating the registry will make the boot drive inaccessible (i.e. resulting in a recurring boot loop, which begins with a Blue Screen error).

In Windows 10, after changing the controller to AHCI mode, if the OS is allowed to reboot a couple of times after the start of the boot loop, which starts with an INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE BSOD, Windows presents recovery options. Out of the Advanced options, if Startup Repair option is selected, Windows attempts to fix the issue and the PC begins to function normally.

A similar problem can occur on Linux systems if the AHCI driver is compiled as a kernel module rather than built into the kernel image, as it may not be included in the initrd (initial RAM disk) created when the controller is configured to run in Legacy Mode. The solution is either to build a new initrd containing the AHCI module, or to build the AHCI driver into the kernel image.

Power management
Power management is handled by the Aggressive Link Power Management (ALPM) protocol.

title: Advanced Host Controller Interface


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Edwin Savage

Edwin Sidney Savage (28 February 1862 — 26 October 1947) was a British priest in the Church of England and an author.

Born in Port Elizabeth South Africa, Savage was educated at New College, Eastbourne, University College London and Magdalen College, Oxford.

Savage married Jane McEwan, who died on 23 November 1886 following the birth of their only child, Ronald McEwan Hill Savage. He married secondly, in 1889, Sibil Farrar, daughter of Frederic Farrar, Dean of Canterbury (1895-1903); they had a son (Lieutenant Cuthbert Savage, killed in action during World War I) and four daughters (Enid, Audrey, Rosella and Elflida).

Savage was the Rector of Hexham from 1898 to 1919, during which time he oversaw the abbey's rebuilding.

After serving with 21 ships during the First World War as Chief Commissioner of YMCA in the Mediterranean, Savage was decorated with the Serbian Red Cross Order for services in relief of its civilian population. He also received the Order of St Sava as well as the honorary military rank of major from King Peter I of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. He was also honoured with the Serbian Orthodox Church's Golden Cross, whose insignia of a large pectoral cross in repousse gold he later often wore. He also served on the International Commission to report on the Bulgarian Atrocities.

On the evening of 26 October 1947, Savage was found dead in a smoke-filled room after raising the alarm for a fire in his sitting room at 18 London Road in Bexhill, a town he had been associated with for the previous 20 years. The coroner returned a verdict of accidental death but his cause of death remains in doubt as there was no evidence of burning.

Other achievements:

 * Constructor of the Abbey Institute in Gilesgate Hexham, now home to the Hexham Community Centre
 * Restorator and conservator of the Church of St Bartholomew the Great, Smithfield, during his term as rector (1929–1944)
 * Honorary chaplain to the Worshipful Companies of Butchers and Makers of Playing Cards
 * Honorary canon of Newcastle Cathedral

Writings

 * A Record of All Works Connected with Hexham Abbey since January 1899 and now in progress, J. Catherall, Hexham, (1907)
 * Rahere Yesterday and Today & His Priory Church of St. Bartholomew: Its Chequered Story and An Appeal, London: Waterlow & Sons Limited, (circa 1930)

title: Edwin Savage


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Whiskey-class submarine

Whiskey-class submarines (known in the Soviet Union as Projects 613, 640, 644, and 665) are a class of diesel-electric attack submarines that the Soviet Union built in the early Cold War period.

Design

The initial design was developed in the early 1940s as a sea-going follow-on to the S-class submarine. As a result of war experience and the capture of German technology at the end of the war, the Soviet Union issued a new design requirement in 1946. The revised design was developed by the Lazurit Design Bureau based in Gorkiy. Like most conventional submarines designed between 1946 and 1960, the design was heavily influenced by the World War II German Type XXI U-boat.

Patrol variants
Between 1949 and 1958 a total of 236 of an envisaged 340 submarines of this type were commissioned into the Soviet Navy. The vessels were initially designed as coastal patrol submarines. These patrol variants are known in the west as Whiskey I, II, III, IV, and V and were called Project 613 in the Soviet Union.

 * Whiskey I − twin 25 mm guns in conning tower
 * Whiskey II − twin 57 mm guns and twin 25 mm guns
 * Whiskey III − guns removed
 * Whiskey IV − 25 mm guns
 * Whiskey V − no guns - streamlined conning tower and snorkel

Missile variants
In the 1950s and 1960s, some Whiskey submarines were converted to guided missile submarines, with the capability to fire one to four SS-N-3 Shaddock cruise missiles. In 1956, the first prototype was ready. It was a regular Whiskey class modified with a launch tube aft of the sail containing a single SS-N-3c. This vessel was known in the West as Whiskey Single Cylinder. Between 1958 and 1960, six additional Whiskey-class submarines were converted to carry guided missiles. These boats had two missile tubes behind the sail, and were known in the west as the Whiskey Twin Cylinder, and Project 644 boats by the Soviets.

Between 1960 and 1963, six boats received an extended sail that could contain four Shaddock missiles. These were called Whiskey Long Bin in the West and Project 665 in the Soviet Union. All guided missile variants of the Whiskey class carried the P-5/ NATO SS-N-3c Shaddock land-attack missile, and had to surface in order to fire their missiles. The boats of the single and twin cylinder class also had to raise their missile tubes, which were normally positioned horizontally.

The "Long Bin" boats did not handle well, with the launch tubes causing stability problems, and water flow around the missile fittings was very noisy. All were soon retired from service. Four were converted to Project 640 radar picket boats (called Whiskey Canvas Bag in the West). Two were converted for "fishery research" and "oceanographic research" purposes. In the Soviet Navy, the patrol variants of this class were replaced by the Romeo-class submarine. The guided missile variants were replaced by the Juliett-class submarine.

Production programme

The Soviet Union built a total of 236 or 215 Whiskeys (sources vary; it appears the initial 21 Chinese-built boats are often included with the Soviet boats). Vice Admiral Burov, head of the Soviet Defense Ministry's Shipbuilding Institute from 1969 to 1983, confirms 215 units built.

Patrol submarines of the Whiskey class were exported to:

 * (four vessels, all retired) which were based at Porto Palermo
 * (two vessels, retired)
 * BULGARIAN SUBMARINE Slava
 * BULGARIAN SUBMARINE Pobeda
 * (five vessels, and another 21 built locally from parts provided by the Soviet Union, known as Type 03, all now retired)
 * (seven vessels, retired)
 * (twelve vessels, and two as a source of spare parts, retired)
 * (four vessels, inactive and likely retired)
 * 🇵🇱 Polish Navy (four vessels, 1962–1986, retired)
 * ORP Orzeł (1962) (292)
 * ORP Bielik (1965) (295)
 * ORP Sokół (1964) (293)
 * ORP Kondor (1965) (294) – 10 June 1965 raising of the banner, 30 October 1985 lowering of the banner.

Cuba and Syria ordered used Whiskey-class submarines for use as battery charging hulks. The boats were ex-Soviet Navy S-167, S-171, and S-183. The acquired an ex Soviet boat for Foxtrot class submarine  training. The guided missile and radar picket boats were never exported.

By 1982, only 60 boats remained in the Soviet Navy (45 active, 15 in operational reserve); all were retired by the end of the Cold War.

Incidents involving Whiskey-class submarines

 * On 27 January 1961, SOVIET SUBMARINE S-80 was lost due to accidental flooding while the boat was submerged. The valve that should have prevented water from entering the snorkel did not work properly.
 * On 24 November 1972, the Kobben-class submarine KNM Sklinna of the Royal Norwegian Navy had "contact" with what they presumed was a Whiskey-class submarine, after 14 days of "hunt" in Sognefjord. Military documents released in 2009 confirm this episode.
 * On 21 October 1981, SOVIET SUBMARINE S-178 was run down by the merchant vessel Refrizherator-13 in Golden Horn Bay, Vladivostok.
 * On 27 October 1981, SOVIET SUBMARINE S-363 ran aground in Swedish territorial waters near the Karlskrona naval base.
 * On 19 June 1984, a Whiskey-class submarine was caught in a fishing-net and surfaced within the Norwegian economic exclusive zone.
 * On 14 December 1989 a decommissioned Whiskey class soviet submarine under tow for scrapping in Nakskov was sunk 2 miles west of Bornholm. Attempts to raise it in 1991 failed and it sunk nearby in deeper water.
 * On 5 February 2007, the decommissioned SOVIET SUBMARINE S-194 took on water and sank off the coast of Denmark while being towed to become part of a naval museum.
 * In 2009 a previously unknown and unidentified sunken Whiskey-class submarine was discovered within Sweden's EEZ close to the island of Gotland. It was a decommissioned submarine which sank while under tow to be scrapped in Denmark. News of the discovery was not made public until March 2011.

Surviving examples
S-189 is preserved as a museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia. KRI Pasopati (ex-S-290) is preserved in Surabaya, Indonesia.Sub 105 is preserved at Pashaliman base in south Albania

title: Whiskey-class submarine


text:
Total external reflection

Total external reflection is a phenomenon traditionally involving X-rays, but in principle any type of electromagnetic or other wave, closely related to total internal reflection.

Total internal reflection describes the fact that radiation (e.g. visible light) can, at certain angles, be totally reflected from an interface between two media of different indices of refraction (see Snell's law). Total internal reflection occurs when the first medium has a larger refractive index than the second medium, for example, light that starts in water and bounces off the water-to-air interface.

Total external reflection is the situation where the light starts in air and vacuum (refractive index 1), and bounces off a material with index of refraction less than 1. For example, in X-rays, the refractive index is frequently slightly less than 1, and therefore total external reflection can happen at a glancing angle. It is called external because the light bounces off the exterior of the material. This makes it possible to focus X-rays.

title: Total external reflection


text:
Bill Heffernan

William Daniel Heffernan (born 3 March 1943), is an Australian former politician who was a Liberal Party member of the Senate representing the state of New South Wales from September 1996 to May 2016.

Early life and background
Heffernan was born in Junee, New South Wales, and attended St. Joseph's College, Hunters Hill. He has qualifications in wool classing and welding from Wagga Wagga Technical College and has been a farmer in the Junee area for 30 years. Heffernan lives with his wife, Margaret.

Heffernan was a member of the Junee Shire Council 1981–96 and was President of the Council 1989–90 and 1991–93. He was active in the Liberal Party for many years and was the party's NSW State President 1993–1996.

He unsuccessfully ran for the Liberal Party in the 1993 federal election for the seat of Riverina.

Political career
In September 1996, the NSW Parliament appointed Heffernan to replace Liberal Senator Michael Baume, whose resignation created a casual vacancy. Heffernan had been a long-time friend and supporter of then Prime Minister John Howard in the NSW Liberal Party, and in October 1998, after he was elected in his own right to a six-year term in the Senate, he was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Cabinet, a position giving him easy access to the Prime Minister.

He was involved in bringing the first and second readings of the bill which became the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.

He was reelected twice, in 2004 and 2010, and was the Chair of the Senate Select Committee on Agricultural and Related Industries, Rural & Regional Affairs Policy Committee, Member of Senate Standing Committee on Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport and Member of the Joint House Committee.

In 2007 Heffernan was appointed Chairman of the Prime Minister's Taskforce to examine the potential and opportunities for further land and water development in Northern Australia.

On 17 March 2008, Senator Heffernan announced the establishment of a Senate Inquiry looking at the implications for Australian farmers of world chemical and fertiliser supply and pricing arrangements, monopolistic and cartel behaviour and related matters. In the same month Heffernan announced the establishment of a Senate Inquiry into Meat Marketing. The Senate Standing Committee on Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport looked at the need for effective supervision of national standards and controls and the national harmonisation of regulations applying to the branding and marketing of meat.

On 12 November 2008, Senator Heffernan announced that a Senate Inquiry would be launched to examine gene patents, saying: "Patents should be for inventions, not for naturally occurring genes." The Senate Standing Committee on Community Affairs was to inquire into the granting of patent monopolies in Australia over human and microbial genes and non-coding sequences, proteins and their derivatives. Heffernan said "the granting of gene patents has the potential to have a detrimental impact on healthcare costs, medical research, provision of training and accreditation for healthcare professionals as well as the health and wellbeing of all Australians." "Patents should be for inventions not for naturally occurring genes, these patents will disrupt future breast and prostate cancer testing and research", Heffernan said. Following the launch of the Senate Inquiry into Gene Patents by Heffernan, Mervyn Jacobsen, the founder and 40 per cent shareholder of the Melbourne company Genetic Technologies, which holds the patents for BRCA1 and BRCA2, backed down from threatened legal action.

On 19 February 2016, Heffernan announced he would not be a candidate at the 2016 federal election, and would retire at the end of his current term. His term ended at the double dissolution of 9 May 2016.

Justice Kirby and subsequent parliamentary censure
On 12 March 2002, speaking in the Senate under parliamentary privilege, Heffernan made accusations against a serving judge. Only at the end of this speech did Heffernan make it clear that the judge he was referring to was Justice Michael Kirby of the High Court of Australia. Senators John Faulkner and Robert Ray (Labor) and Aden Ridgeway (Australian Democrats) each alleged that Heffernan had deliberately structured his speech this way in order to conceal the fact that he was violating parliamentary standing orders. Standing Order 193 prohibits senators from making "imputations of improper motives or personal reflections" on currently serving judicial officers.

Heffernan's allegations against Kirby included the inappropriate use of a Commonwealth car to solicit sex from an under-age male prostitute, and to support these claims he produced what appeared to be a driver's log book recording the alleged trip. The documents were found to be a forgery. Heffernan came under prolonged political pressure as a result of this episode, and was eventually asked by Prime Minister John Howard to resign his post as Parliamentary Secretary, which he did. On 19 March, he made a statement to the Senate in which he withdrew the claims. Immediately following this statement, Heffernan was censured by the Senate "on the voices". The Prime Minister was also censured for his involvement in the episode by an amendment to the censure motion which passed 31–30, with Coalition government senators voting against it. The censure motion read as follows:
 * That the Senate—
 * (a) notes that:
 * (i) on 13 March 2002 the Deputy President (Senator West) ruled that Senator Heffernan's speech on the address-in-reply debate on 12 March 2002 was in breach of standing order 193, in that it contained offensive words, imputations of improper motives and personal reflections on a judicial officer, and
 * (ii) the ruling recorded that Senator Heffernan's speech was so structured that it was impossible for the chair to detect that the speech was in breach of the standing orders until the very end of the speech; and
 * (b) censures Senator Heffernan for:
 * (i) breaching standing order 193 by his reckless and highly disorderly attack on a judicial officer,
 * (ii) making such serious allegations on the basis of insubstantial evidence,
 * (iii) failing to refer all the alleged evidence in his possession to the proper authorities for investigation prior to making his allegations in the Parliament,
 * (iv) recklessly disregarding resolution 9 of the Senate's Privileges Resolutions (of 25 February 1988) which require senators to balance their responsibilities with the rights of others, and
 * (v) abusing the trust of senators by speaking in such a manner that neither the chair nor senators could detect that he was in the process of breaching standing order 193.
 * (c) censures the Prime Minister (Mr Howard) for not preventing Senator Heffernan's reckless and abusive actions in the Senate and for not acting immediately, after 12 March 2002, to reverse the effect of those actions.

People from Irish backgrounds
At a Senate Estimates Hearing in Canberra, Heffernan called the Irish-born head of Qantas, Alan Joyce, "an old Irish bomb maker", saying "Mr Joyce, if the power was yours, you know from being an old Irish bomb maker, if you had the choice, what would be the ideal pilot training?" During the hearing, he also made comments about having a beer in a three-minute break and there being no whisky in the water. He made similar comments to Liberal party member Julian McGauran, saying "Senator McGauran are you, do you come from a long line of Irish bomb-makers, do you?"

Coalition colleagues
On 7 February 2006, The Sydney Morning Herald reported that Heffernan had been forced to apologise to National Party senator Fiona Nash after a public altercation at Canberra Airport the previous day, during which he had told her to "blow it out her backside". Senator Heffernan said the airport altercation with his fellow Coalition Senator was just "a bit of colour and movement". But National Party MP De-Anne Kelly described the incident as "workplace harassment", saying "workplace harassment is not acceptable anywhere".

On 7 July 2006, the ABC program Stateline in NSW aired claims that Heffernan was involved in the downfall of former NSW opposition leader John Brogden. Alex McTaggart, independent member for Pittwater, his wife Denise, and Peter Jones, a member of McTaggart's campaign team, claimed on the program that Heffernan contacted them and said that he was the Prime Minister's [Howard's] right-hand man, and did his 'dirty work'. The McTaggarts claimed that Heffernan told them he had a dirt file on Brogden, said that Brogden needed to be 'paid back', and tried to lure them into publicising material damaging to Brogden's character. Heffernan denied these claims, and was quoted on the program saying that they were 'bullshit'.

On 20 May 2012 allegations were reported in the media that Heffernan struck a fellow Liberal party member and suspended electoral officer, Ray Carter, so hard that he was toppled onto a chair, before allegedly whispering to him "I didn't know you were a poofter." during a branch meeting on 3 May. The president of the NSW Liberal Party, fellow New South Wales Senator Arthur Sinodinos, dismissed the allegations.

Wood Royal Commission
In 2015, Heffernan used parliamentary privilege to allege that he had a document, allegedly produced to the Wood Royal Commission, that listed the names of 28 people, including prominent lawyers, suspected of visiting a "boy brothel" in Kings Cross. He stated in parliament that a former Prime Minister was among the names.

Other use of controversial language
In a public lecture given on 27 September 2005, political opponent Mark Latham accused Heffernan of engaging in the "politics of personal destruction", and quoted John Hewson (a former Liberal Party leader) as saying that John Howard had used Heffernan to distribute dirt and to run his agenda against individuals "for almost as long as I have known him".

In October 2006, Heffernan called for "someone's arse to get kicked" because of delays to the construction of the final major link in the dual carriageway between Sydney and Melbourne. According to Heffernan, a "colony of whatever they are that live in the edge of the bank of the creek" (platypus) was causing the delay and it was a problem that could be fixed "in ten minutes". He called for consultants to be axed if they were "wasting taxpayers' money".

In an interview with The Bulletin magazine in May 2007, Senator Heffernan repeated previously stated views that priests should be able to marry because "... priests, like the rest of us, wake up with a horn at four in the morning."

In the same Bulletin interview, Heffernan caused widespread outrage by suggesting the unmarried and childless Deputy Leader of the Opposition Julia Gillard was unfit for leadership because she was "deliberately barren". He continued: "I mean, anyone who chooses to remain deliberately barren ... they’ve got no idea what life's about." Heffernan later apologised for the remarks.

The Bulletin published an interview which quoted Heffernan as stating that Australia had to "settle the north" because millions of people in Asia may find it a "very attractive proposition" if climate change leaves them water-poor. Heffernan later denied he had made such claims but The Bulletin stood by the accuracy of its report, citing an audio recording of the Heffernan interview.

On 2 December 2014, during the parliament's last sitting week of the year, Heffernan rang the office of Liberal Democrat senator David Leyonhjelm in order to get Leyonhjelm to drop his threat to block government legislation if the Coalition party-room failed to allow a conscience vote on his (Leyonhjelm's) bill to legalise same-sex marriage. When Leyonhjelm later appeared in the Senate chamber, Heffernan called him a "terrorist", to which Leyonhjelm responded by telling Heffernan to "fuck off", three times.

Practical jokes
During the New South Wales 2007 state election, Heffernan was accused of stealing Greens how-to-vote cards and misrepresenting Greens policies to voters. He was reported as shouting "If you want to decriminalise drugs for your children, vote Green". Police were called but he was not arrested.

According to The Age newspaper, in 2007 Heffernan posed as an ASIO agent in a telephone call to John Grabbe, a farm manager in New South Wales. Under the Crimes Act it is an offence to impersonate a Commonwealth officer.

On 30 August 2010, Heffernan admitted being the caller who rang NSW independent MP Rob Oakeshott, and introduced himself as "the devil". The phone call was answered by Oakeshott's wife, who assumed it was a prank call and hung up, before Heffernan gave his name. Oakeshott accused the Liberal-National Coalition of dirty tactics and described the introduction as "Rambo-style". Heffernan said he had been introducing himself as such for a while.

Heffernan is also reported to have impersonated Senator Barnaby Joyce during a telephone conversation with one of his constituents.

On 26 May 2014, Heffernan smuggled an imitation pipe bomb into Parliament House and presented it at a Senate hearing, arguing it showed the new security arrangements at Parliament were inadequate. Previously, everybody entering Parliament House had to undergo security checks. Under the new system, Members of Parliament, their staff and family, as well as parliamentary staff can enter the building without being scanned, and their belongings unchecked. In response, the Australian Federal Police Commissioner Tony Negus admitted passholders bringing in unauthorised objects "is a risk", but that the AFP regularly consults with parliamentary officials about appropriate security measures.

title: Bill Heffernan


text: User talk:83.104.108.235

title: User talk:83.104.108.235


text:
Talk:Syndactyly

Is this an example of evolutionary throwback? Drutt (talk) 00:50, 22 November 2010 (UTC)

Genetics
The genetics of syndactyly is even more complicated than that. This NYT story links to the Science magazine article from Max Planck Institute. http://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/science/dna-tads.html --Nbauman (talk) 18:54, 10 January 2017 (UTC)

Sonic the Hedgehog
I'm not capable of correcting the edit, but pretty sure that Sonic Hedgehog has nothing to do with this! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C5:A303:1A01:E938:8051:5AA8:7F8D (talk) 16:25, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Syndactyly


text:
Talk:The Wikipedia Community

What kind of article is this? Should this be in the Wikipedia namespace? If not, all links to the Wikipedia namespace should be given as external links. ✏ Sverdrup 12:28, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This article is aimed at being a 'flagship' sort of article for WikiProject_Community once it fully forms. Please see the project's pages for some clarity. Quinobi 13:35, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I've read the WikiProject page, but I don't understand much of it. What is the project's aims relating to writing articles in Wikipedia? What I can see though, is that this article makes unwanted Self-references, and that the wikipedia community probably is too non-notable to merit an article; At least should this article have close ties to the article Wikipedia in the form of being a subtopic to that article. ✏ Sverdrup 14:46, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The WikiProject_Community project is mostly to find and reference existing articles that deal with community development practice in general and to list online communities and their associated articles. The Wikipedia Community is (or should be) descriptive only and toward the bottom of a list of online communities as one example. Quinobi 20:12, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh I see what you mean now Sverdrup. If this article goes anywhere, it should go someplace like

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Community but you're right. the wikipedia community is probably too non-notable. Thanks. Quinobi 02:18, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Wikipedia Community


text: User talk:69.224.180.232

title: User talk:69.224.180.232


text:
User:Dp

de:User:daperi fr:User:daperi

Damir Perisa

= Contributions =

= Entries that i may work on in near future = Lysozyme

= Contact =
 * email: damir dot perisa at gmail dot com
 * website: http://daperi.home.solnet.ch

title: User:Dp


text:
Objlog

Objlog was a frame-based language combining objects and Prolog II from CNRS, Marseille, France.

title: Objlog


text:
Daisetsuzan National Park

Daisetsuzan National Park (大雪山国立公園), or Taisetsuzan is located in the mountainous center of the northern Japanese island of Hokkaidō. At 2267.64 km2, Daisetsuzan is the largest national park in Japan, and is approximately the size of Kanagawa Prefecture. Daisetsuzan, meaning "great snowy mountains", an apt description of these peaks. There are 16 peaks over 2000 m in Daisetsuzan National Park, both with and without trails. The park offers some of the most rugged scenery in Japan. Asahidake (2290 m), located in the north of the park, is the highest peak in Hokkaidō. Daisetsuzan National Park spans two subprefectures of Hokkaidō, Kamikawa and Tokachi. Daisetsuzan National Park was established in 1934.

Mountain groups
Daisetsuzan National Park consists of three volcanic mountain groups. The groups consist of stratovolcanoes piled on top of each other. As one vent becomes active, it builds a peak then stops until a new vent appears. These groups are:

 * 1) Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group — lies in the northern part of the park and includes Hokkaidō's tallest mountain, Mount Asahi.
 * 2) Tokachi Volcanic Group — lies in the southwest of the park north of the Yubari and Hidaka Mountains. It includes Mount Tokachi
 * 3) Shikaribetsu Volcanic Group — lies in the eastern part of the park and includes Mount Ishikari. The Ishikari River (268 km), which emerges from Mount Ishikari, is the third longest in Japan and the longest in Hokkaidō.

These volcanic groups lie around a central highlands dominated by Mount Tomuraushi. The park is also known for its alpine meadows and remote backcountry.

Nature
Daisetsuzan National Park is famous for its wildlife, and the park is home to several rare species. The park is notably home to a population of brown bears. The pika, a small mammal, with short limbs, rounded ears, and no external tail, is also found in the park. The forests of Daisetsuzan National Park are dominated by the Picea jezoensis, the Jezo spruce, and the Abies sachalinensis, the Sakhalin fir. Of the 450 species of alpine plants found in Hokkaidō, half are found in Daisetsuzan National Park.

Onsen
Daisetsuzan National Park also includes the onsen hot spring resorts of Asahidake Onsen, Fukiage Onsen, Sōunkyō Onsen and Tenninkyo Onsen.

title: Daisetsuzan National Park


text:
Louth, New South Wales

Louth is a village on the eastern side of the Darling River in New South Wales, Australia. The village is in Bourke Shire, 99 kilometres south west of Bourke and 132 kilometres north west of Cobar. The town is made famous by the Louth Races which are held in August each year, attracting crowds of nearly five thousand. At the 2016 census, Louth and the surrounding region had a population of 43.

The town was established in 1859 when Thomas Andrew Mathews, an Irish immigrant from County Louth, built a pub to serve the passing trade along the then busy Darling River. At one stage the town grew to have three hotels, a cordial factory, three bakeries, two butchers, a post office, three churches, a Chinese garden, a general store and a police station. The post office still remains and has been beautifully restored.

When T.A. Mathew's first wife, Mary Mathews, died in 1886, he had a unique headstone built that is now an Australian National Monument. At dusk each night, the cross reflects the setting sun across the town acting as a beacon of light that on the anniversary of her death lights up the doorstep of where her family home once stood.

In 1888 the first mechanised shearing of sheep, in the world, took place at Sir Samuel McCaughey's Dunlop Station, a property located within the Louth district.

title: Louth, New South Wales


text:
Halfdan Ragnarsson

Halfdan Ragnarsson (Hálfdan; or Healfdene; Albann; died 877) was a Viking leader and a commander of the Great Heathen Army which invaded the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England, starting in 865.

One of six sons of Ragnar Lodbrok named in Norse sagas, Halfdan's brothers or half-brothers included Björn Ironside, Ivar the Boneless, Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, Ubba and Hvitserk. Because Halfdan is not mentioned in any source that mentions Hvitserk, some scholars have suggested that they are the same individual – a possibility reinforced by the fact that Halfdan was a relatively common name among Vikings and Hvitserk "white shirt" may have been an epithet or nickname that distinguished Halfdan from other men by the same name.

Halfdan was the first Viking King of Northumbria and a pretender to the throne of Kingdom of Dublin. It is also possible he was for a time co-ruler of Denmark with his brother Sigurd Snake-in-the-eye, because Frankish sources mention certain Sigfred and Halfdan as rulers in 873. He died at the Battle of Strangford Lough in 877 trying to press his Irish claim.

Biography
Halfdan was one of the leaders of the Great Heathen Army which invaded the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of East Anglia in 865. According to the Norse sagas this invasion was organised by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok (Halfdan being one of them), to wreak revenge against Ælla of Northumbria. Ælla had supposedly had Ragnar executed in 865 by throwing him in a snake pit, but the historicity of this explanation is unknown. The invaders are usually identified as Danes, although the tenth-century churchman Asser stated that the invaders came "de Danubia", which translates as "from the Danube"; the fact that the Danube is located in what was known in Latin as Dacia suggests that Asser actually intended Dania, a Latin term for Denmark.

In the autumn of 865 the Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia, where they remained over the winter and secured horses. The following year the army moved northwards and invaded Northumbria, which was at that time in the middle of a civil war between Ælla and Osberht, opposing claimants for the Northumbrian throne. Late in 866 the army conquered the rich Northumbrian settlement of York. The following year Ælla and Osberht made an alliance to retake the town. The attack was defeated, and both of them fell in the battle. With no obvious leader, Northumbrian resistance was crushed and the Danes installed a puppet-king, Ecgberht, to rule in their name and collect taxes for them.

Later in the year the Army moved south and invaded the Kingdom of Mercia, capturing the town of Nottingham, where they spent the winter. The Mercian king, Burghred, responded by allying with the West Saxon King Æthelred, and with a combined force they laid siege to the town. The Anglo-Saxons were unable to recapture the city, but a truce was agreed whereby the Danes would withdraw to York. where they remained for over a year, gathering strength for further assaults.

The Danes returned to East Anglia in 869, this time intent on conquest. They seized Thetford with the intention of remaining there over the winter, but they were met by an East Anglian army. The East Anglian army was defeated and its commander, King Edmund, was slain. Medieval tradition identifies Edmund as a martyr who refused the Danes' demand to renounce Christ, and was killed for his steadfast Christianity. Ivar and Ubba are identified as the commanders of the Danes, and the killers of Edmund, and it is unknown what part, if any, Halfdan took.

Following the conquest of East Anglia Ivar apparently left the Great Heathen Army – his name disappears from English records after 870. However, he is generally considered to be identical to Ímar, a Norse King of Dublin who died in 873. With Ivar in Ireland, Halfdan became the main commander of the Army, and in 870 he led it in an invasion of Wessex. Sometime after Ivar left the Army a great number of Viking warriors arrived from Scandinavia, as part of the Great Summer Army, led by Bagsecg, bolstering the ranks of Halfdan's army. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Danes battled the West Saxons nine times, including at the Battle of Ashdown on 8 January 871. However, the West Saxons could not be defeated, and Halfdan accepted a truce from Alfred, newly crowned king of Wessex.

The Army retreated to the captured town of London and stayed there over the winter of 871/872. Coins minted in London during this period bear the name Halfdan, identifying him as its leader. In autumn of 872 the Army returned to Northumbria to quell a revolt against its puppet-regent Ecgberht. However, this explanation for the army's move north has been challenged, and it has been suggested the relocation was a result of a war with Mercia. The Army overwintered at Torksey, and was then reported as being in the Repton district a year later. It conquered Mercia in 874, the Mercian King Burghred being deposed and replaced by a Danish-puppet regent, Ceolwulf.

Following this victory the Army split in two – one half under Guthrum heading south to continue fighting against Wessex, the other half under Halfdan heading north to fight against the Picts and Britons of Strathclyde. According to the Annals of Ulster, Eystein Olafsson, King of Dublin was "deceitfully" killed in 875 by "Albann", a figure generally agreed to be Halfdan. His brother Ivar had ruled the city prior to his death in 873 and it appears Halfdan's campaigning was an attempt to regain his brother's lost kingdom. Halfdan did not remain in Ireland: in 876 he and his forces returned to Northumbria, and settled an area largely coextensive with the old Kingdom of Deira, with the northern part of Northumbria remaining under Anglian rule. Sources sometimes title Halfdan King of Jórvík, beginning in 876.

Halfdan's rule of Dublin was not secure, and he was deposed while away in York. He returned to Ireland in 877 to try to recapture the city, but he was met with an army of "Fair Heathens" – a contentious term usually considered to mean the Viking population who had been in Ireland the longest, as opposed to the newly arrived "Dark Heathens", of whom Halfdan was one. The forces met at the Battle of Strangford Lough, where Halfdan was slain. Those of Halfdan's men who survived the battle returned to Northumbria via Scotland, fighting a battle along the way in which Constantine I, King of the Picts was killed. The Vikings of Northumbria remained kingless until 883, when Guthred was made king there.

Historicity
Halfdan and his supposed brothers are, individually, considered historical figures, although there is no contemporary mention of them being related, and opinion regarding his supposed father is divided. According to Hilda Ellis Davidson, writing in 1979, "certain scholars in recent years have come to accept at least part of Ragnar's story as based on historical fact". Katherine Holman, on the other hand, concludes that "although his sons are historical figures, there is no evidence that Ragnar himself ever lived, and he seems to be an amalgam of several different historical figures and pure literary invention."

In Popular Culture

 * In the 2020 video game, Assassin's Creed: Valhalla, Halfdan appears along with his brothers, Ivar and Ubba. In the game, he is seen warring against the Picts in Northumbria and reaches out to the game's protagonist, Eivor, who helps him rat out a traitor, and later sees him crowned king of Northumbria.  He is portrayed by Norwegian actor, Jeppe Beck Laursen, who also portrays Thor in the game.

title: Halfdan Ragnarsson


text:
ObjVlisp

ObjVlisp is a 1984 object-oriented extension of Vlisp –Vincennes LISP, a LISP dialect developed since 1971 at the University of Paris VIII – Vincennes. It is noteworthy as one of the earliest implementations of the concept of metaclasses, and in particular explicit (as opposed to implicit) metaclasses. In the ObjVlisp model, "each entity is an instance of a single class. Classes are instances of other classes, called metaclasses. This model allows for extension of the static part of OOL, i.e. the structural aspects of objects considered as implementation of abstract data types"

ObjVlisp provided a far more flexible metaclass model than that provided by earlier object-oriented languages, especially Smalltalk. In Smalltalk-80, whenever a new class is created, a corresponding metaclass is created automatically; it does not have a name independent of that of the metaclass for which it was created–metaclasses are implicit rather than explicit. By contrast, in ObjVlisp, it is possible to define named metaclasses, and when defining a class one must specify which named metaclass it will instantiate.

The explicit metaclass support in ObjVlisp influenced the provision of the same capability in the Common Lisp Object System.

The ObjVlisp object model was later implemented in Prolog to produce ObjVProlog. Both Python and Converge implement a meta-class system that is equivalent of that of ObjVLisp.

title: ObjVlisp


text:
Puffinus

Puffinus is a genus of seabirds in the order Procellariiformes that contains about 20 small to medium-sized shearwaters. Two other shearwater genera are named: Calonectris, which comprises three or four large shearwaters, and Ardenna with another seven species (formerly often included within Puffinus).

The taxonomy of this group is the cause of much debate, and the number of recognised species varies with the source.

The species in this group are long-winged birds, dark brown or black above, and white to dark brown below. They are pelagic outside the breeding season. They are most common in temperate and cold waters.

These tubenose birds fly with stiff wings, and use a shearing flight technique to move across wave fronts with the minimum of active flight. Some small species, such as the Manx shearwater, are cruciform in flight, with their long wings held directly out from their bodies.

Many are long-distance migrants, perhaps most spectacularly the sooty and short-tailed shearwaters, which perform migrations of 14,000 km or more each year.

Puffinus shearwaters come to islands and coastal cliffs only to breed. They are nocturnal at the colonial breeding sites, preferring moonless nights to minimise predation. They nest in burrows and often give eerie contact calls on their night-time visits. They lay a single white egg.

They feed on fish, squid and similar oceanic food. Some will follow fishing boats to take scraps, notably the sooty shearwater; these species also commonly follow whales to feed on fish disturbed by them.

Taxonomy
The genus Puffinus was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus) as the type species.

Traditionally, Puffinus has been grouped with the Procellaria and Calonectris shearwaters. However, more recent results  have determined that the genus is apparently paraphyletic and while in part very close to Calonectris, forms a clade with the genera Pseudobulweria and Lugensa, which were formerly presumed to be gadfly petrels, and can be divided in what has been called the "Puffinus" and the "Neonectris" group after notable species; the latter has been separated as a distinct genus named Ardenna. The former is taxonomically confusing, with species having been split and remerged in the last years.

Puffinus is a Neo-Latin loanword based on the English "puffin". The original Latin term for shearwaters was usually the catchall name for sea-birds, mergus. "Puffin" and its variants, such as poffin, pophyn and puffing, referred to the cured carcass of the fat nestling of the shearwater, a former delicacy. The original usage dates from at least 1337, but from as early as 1678 the term gradually came to be used for another, unrelated, seabird, the Atlantic puffin, an auk. The current English name was first recorded in 1835 and refers to the former nesting of this species on the Isle of Man.

Extant species
The genus Puffinus contains the following 21 species:

Phylogeny
Phylogeny of the genus based on a study by Joan Ferrer Obiol and collaborators published in 2022. Only 14 of the 21 recognised species were included.

Fossil record
Several fossil species which became extinct long ago are also known. The proportion of larger ("Neonectris") species apparently was larger before the Pliocene, i.e. before marine mammals diversified:
 * "Puffinus" group
 * Menorcan shearwater, Puffinus sp. (prehistoric) – possibly extirpated population of extant species; tentatively placed in this group
 * Dune shearwater or Hole's shearwater, Puffinus holeae (prehistoric)
 * Lava shearwater or Olson's shearwater, Puffinus olsoni (prehistoric) – tentatively placed in this group
 * Bermuda shearwater, Puffinus parvus (extinct) – tentatively placed in this group; possibly synonymous with P. lherminieri
 * Scarlett's shearwater, Puffinus spelaeus (prehistoric)
 * Puffinus tedfordi (Pleistocene of western North America)
 * Puffinus nestori (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene of Ibiza)
 * "Neonectris" group
 * Puffinus sp. 1 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, US)
 * Puffinus sp. 2 (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, US)
 * Unassigned:
 * ?Puffinus raemdonckii (Early Oligocene of Belgium) – formerly in Larus
 * Puffinus micraulax (Early Miocene of C Florida, US) – probably "Puffinus" group
 * Puffinus sp. (Early Miocene of Calvert County, US)
 * Puffinus sp. (Early Pliocene of South Africa)
 * Puffinus felthami (Pleistocene of W North America)
 * Puffinus kanakoffi (Pleistocene of W North America)
 * "Puffinus" aquitanicus
 * Puffinus antiquus
 * Puffinus barnesi
 * Puffinus calhouni
 * Puffinus diatomicus
 * Puffinus inceptor
 * Puffinus mitchelli
 * Puffinus priscus

"Puffinus" arvernensis (Early Miocene of France) is now considered a primitive albatross of the fossil genus Plotornis. Some other species like P. conradi and P. pacificoides have been reclassified as those of Ardenna.

title: Puffinus


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Helena Modjeska

Helena Modrzejewska (born Jadwiga Benda; 12 October 1840 – 8 April 1909), known professionally as Helena Modjeska, was a Polish actress who specialized in Shakespearean and tragic roles.

She was successful first on the Polish stage. After emigrating to the United States (and despite her poor command of English), she also succeeded on stage in America and London. She is regarded as the greatest actress in the history of theatre in Poland. She was also a member of the Pacific Coast Women's Press Association and was mother of a prominent Polish-American engineer Ralph Modjeski.

Early life
Helena Modjeska was born in Kraków, Poland, on 12 October 1840. Her birth name was recorded as Jadwiga Benda, but she was later baptized Helena Opid, under her godfather's surname.

Modjeska's parentage is unclear. Her mother was Józefa (Misel) Benda, the widow of a prosperous Kraków merchant, Szymon Benda. In her autobiography, Modjeska claimed that her father was a musician named Michael Opid. The Benda family did employ a music teacher named Michal Opid, who later stood as Helena's godfather, however Opid did not father Józefa Benda's two youngest children.

There is evidence to suggest that Helena and her older brother Adolf were the results of an affair between Józefa and Prince Władysław Hieronim Sanguszko, a wealthy and influential Polish nobleman. Helena also had a younger sister, Josephine, and several half-brothers from Józefa's first marriage. Helena and Josephine were primarily raised by their great-aunt Teresa.

Also glossed over in Modjeska's autobiography were the details concerning her first marriage, to her former guardian, Gustave Sinnmayer (Polish: Gustaw Zimajer). Gustave was an actor and the director of a second-rate provincial theater troupe. The date of Modjeska's marriage to Gustave is uncertain. She discovered many years later that they had not been legally married, because he was still married to his first wife when they wed. Together the couple had two children, a son Rudolf (later renamed Ralph Modjeski), and a daughter Marylka, who died in infancy.

Gustaw Zimajer used the stage name "Gustaw Modrzejewski." It was the feminine form of this name that Modjeska adopted when she made her stage debut in 1861 as Helena Modrzejewska. Later, when acting abroad, she simplified her name to "Modjeska", which was easier for English-speaking audiences to pronounce. In her early Polish acting career, Modrzejewska played at Bochnia, Nowy Sącz, Przemyśl, Rzeszów and Brzeżany. In 1862 she appeared for the first time in Lwów, playing in her first Romantic drama, as "Skierka" in Juliusz Słowacki's Balladyna. From 1863 she appeared at Stanisławów and Czerniowce, in plays by Słowacki.

In 1865 Zimajer tried to get her a contract with Viennese theaters, but the plan came to naught due to her poor knowledge of the German language. Later that year Helena left Zimajer, taking their son Rudolf, and returning to Kraków. Once there she accepted a four-year theatrical engagement. In 1868 she began appearing in Warsaw; during her eight years there, she consolidated her status as a theater star. Her half-brothers Józef and Feliks Benda were also well-regarded actors in Poland.

One incident illustrates the restrictions of nineteenth century Polish society. At one of Modrzejewska's Warsaw performances, seventeen secondary-school pupils presented her with a bouquet of flowers tied with a ribbon in the red-and-white Polish national colors. The pupils were accused by the Russian Imperial authorities of conducting a patriotic demonstration. They were expelled from their school and banned from admission to any other school. One of the pupils, Ignacy Neufeld, subsequently shot himself; Modrzejewska attended his funeral.

Chłapowski
On September 12, 1868, Modjeska married a Polish nobleman, Karol Bożenta Chłapowski. Best known in America as "Count Bozenta," he was not a count. His family belonged to the untitled landed gentry (ziemiaństwo). In the United States he adopted the stage name "Count Bozenta" as a ploy to gain publicity. "Bozenta" was easier for an English-speaking audience to pronounce than "Chłapowski."

At the time of their marriage, Chłapowski was employed as the editor of a liberal nationalist newspaper, Kraj (The Country), which was owned by Adam Sapieha and a Mr. Sammelson. Modjeska wrote that their home "became the center of the artistic and literary world [of Kraków]." Poets, authors, politicians, artists, composers and other actors frequented Modjeska's salon.

Immigration
In July 1876, after spending more than a decade as the reigning diva of the Polish national theater, for reasons both personal and political, Modjeska and her husband chose to immigrate to the United States.

"My husband's only desire was to take me away from my surroundings and give me perfect rest from my work ... Our friends used to talk about the new country, the new life, new scenery, and the possibility of settling down somewhere in the land of freedom, away from the daily vexations to which each Pole was exposed in Russian or Prussian Poland. Henryk Sienkiewicz was the first to advocate emigration. Little by little others followed him, and soon five of them expressed the desire to seek adventures in the jungles of the virgin land.

My husband, seeing the eagerness of the young men, conceived the idea of forming a colony in California on the model of the Brook Farm. The project was received with acclamation."

Once in America, Modjeska and her husband purchased a ranch near Anaheim, California. Julian Sypniewski, Łucjan Paprowski, and Henryk Sienkiewicz (winner of the Nobel Prize for literature in 1905), were among the friends who had accompanied them to California. It was during this period that Sienkiewicz wrote his Charcoal Sketches (Szkice węglem). Originally the artists Stanisław Witkiewicz (father of Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz) and Adam Chmielowski (the future St. Albert) were also to have come with Modjeska's group, but they changed their plans. She was a member of the Pacific Coast Women's Press Association.

Modjeska intended to abandon her career and envisioned herself living "a life of toil under the blue skies of California, among the hills, riding on horseback with a gun over my shoulder." The reality proved less cinematic. None of the colonists knew the first thing about ranching or farming, and they could barely speak English. The utopian experiment failed, the colonists went their separate ways, and Modjeska returned to the stage, reprising the Shakespearean roles that she had performed in Poland. Perhaps the best account of daily life on the ranch is Theodore Payne's memoir, Life on the Modjeska Ranch in the Gay Nineties.

American career
On 20 August 1877, Modjeska debuted at the California Theatre in San Francisco in an English version of Ernest Legouvé's Adrienne Lecouvreur. She was seen by theatrical agent Harry J. Sargent who signed her for a tour on the east coast where she made her New York debut. She then spent three years abroad (1879–82), mainly in London, attempting to improve her English, before returning to the stage in America. In 1880, she visited the Lizard Peninsula in Cornwall and on hearing that the parish church of Ruan Minor was in need of an organ she collaborated with Mr J Forbes-Robertson to put on a performance. Romeo and Juliet was performed on a temporary stage in the vicarage garden and watched by many local people. A resident of Penzance and soon-to-be member of parliament for the St Ives constituency, Charles Campbell Ross, played the part of Friar Laurence.

Despite her accent and imperfect command of English, she achieved great success. During her career, she played nine Shakespearean heroines, Marguerite Gautier in Camille, and Schiller's Maria Stuart. In 1883, the year she obtained American citizenship, she produced Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House in Louisville, Kentucky, the first Ibsen play staged in the United States. In the 1880s and 1890s, she had a reputation as the leading female interpreter of Shakespeare on the American stage.

In 1893, Modjeska was invited to speak to a women's conference at the Chicago World's Fair, and described the situation of Polish women in the Russian and Prussian-ruled parts of dismembered Poland. This led to a tsarist ban on her traveling in Russian territory.

Modjeska suffered a stroke and was partially paralyzed in 1897, but recovered and soon returned to the stage, continuing to perform for several additional years.

During her last stay in Poland, from 31 October 1902 to 28 April 1903, she appeared on the stage in Lwów, Poznań, and her native Kraków.

On 2 May 1905, she gave a jubilee performance in New York City. Then she toured for two years and ended her acting career, afterward only appearing sporadically in support of charitable causes.

Modjeska died at Newport Beach, California on 8 April 1909, aged 68, from Bright's disease. Her remains were sent to Kraków to be buried in the family plot at the Rakowicki Cemetery.

Her autobiography Memories and Impressions of Helena Modjeska was published posthumously in 1910. A Polish translation ran the same year in the Kraków newspaper Czas (Time). The last Polish edition of the book appeared in 1957.

Modrzejewska's son, Rudolf Modrzejewski (Ralph Modjeski), was a civil engineer who gained fame as a designer of bridges.

Legacies
Arden, Modjeska's home from 1888 to 1906, is a registered National Historic Landmark.

Named for her are:
 * Modjeska Park in Anaheim, California (33°48'53"N  117°57'8"W)
 * Helene Street in Anaheim, California
 * Modjeska Canyon, California (where Arden is located)
 * Modjeska Falls, California, at the Glen Alpine Springs Resort
 * Modjeska Peak (the north peak of Saddleback Mountain).
 * Bouquet Helena Modjeska by American perfumer John Blocki of Prussian and Polish descent
 * Modjeskas, a caramel-covered marshmallow confection invented in 1889 by a local candy-maker named Anton Busath (and later made by other candy-makers, including Bauer's Candies, Muth's Candies and Schimpff's Confectionery) in her honor when she visited Louisville, Kentucky.
 * A street in Wrocław, formerly named after the German actress Agnes Sorma when the city was part of Germany as Breslau.
 * Modjeska Youth Theater Company in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 * A Pullman car, the Helena Modjeska, was named for her.
 * SS Helena Modjeska, a 7,000 ton US cargo steamer that ran aground on Goodwin Sands in 1946.

A statue of Modjeska is located outside the Pearson Park Amphitheater in Anaheim, California.

Modjeska was the mother of bridge engineer Ralph Modjeski and godmother to artist-author-philosopher Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (son of artist Stanisław Witkiewicz, who almost accompanied Modjeska and her family to California in 1876). She was also the aunt of artist Władysław T. Benda.

She was godmother to American actress Ethel Barrymore.

Roles

Modjeska's chief tragic roles were:
 * William Shakespeare:
 * Ophelia in Hamlet
 * Juliet in Romeo and Juliet
 * Desdemona in Othello
 * Queen Anne in Richard III
 * Nora in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House
 * Luisa Miller in Salvadore Cammarano's Luisa Miller
 * Friedrich Schiller's Maria Stuart and Princess Eboli
 * Marion Delorme in Victor Hugo's Marion Delorme
 * Victor Hugo's Tisbé
 * Juliusz Słowacki's Maria Stuart and Mazeppa

Modrzejewska was also the Polish interpreter of the more prominent plays by Ernest Legouvé, Alexandre Dumas, père and fils, Émile Augier, Alfred de Musset, Octave Feuillet and Victorien Sardou.

Her favorite comedy rôles were Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing, and Donna Diana in the Polish translation of an old Spanish play of that name.

In literature
Susan Sontag's award-winning 1999 novel In America, though fiction, is based on Modjeska's life. The book precipitated a controversy when Sontag was accused of having plagiarized other works about Modjeska.

Modjeska was a character in the novella My Mortal Enemy by Willa Cather.

Scholars Joanna and Catharina Polatynska have posited that Modjeska might have been Arthur Conan Doyle's model for the character Irene Adler, the only woman that Sherlock Holmes came close to loving. In "A Scandal in Bohemia", Doyle mentions Adler having been prima donna of the fictional Imperial Opera of Warsaw in the same years when Modjeska was at the peak of her theatrical career in Warsaw, and the fictional character's personality recalls that of the actual actress.

Death anniversary
In 2009, in honor of the 100th anniversary of her death, the Historical Museum of the City of Kraków presented the exhibition "Helena Modjeska (1840–1909): For the Love of Art" (8 April – 20 September 2009). The Warsaw staging of the same exhibition ran from October 2009 through January 2010. The exhibition included items from the Bowers Museum in Santa Ana, California.

Google Doodle
To commemorate the 181st anniversary of her birth on 12 October 2021, a Google Doodle paid homage to Modjeska.

Archival collections

 * Guide to the Ellen K. Lee Collection on Helena Modjeska and Orange County. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
 * Guide to the Collection of Helena Modjeska Theater Memorabilia. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
 * Guide to the Helena Modjeska Collection. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
 * Madam Modjeska scrapbooks, 1877–1898, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
 * Heroines of the Modern Stage p. 52 by Forrest Izard c. 1915
 * Heroines of the Modern Stage p. 52 by Forrest Izard c. 1915

Other

 * Helena Modrzejewska at culture.pl
 * Modjeska, Helena at American National Biography
 * Diogenes Club. Theaters in Warsaw, Where Irene Adler Sang
 * A play in which Modjeska reflects on her life
 * A documentary film about Helena Modjeska's life and passions
 * Helena Modjeska – Icon of Style. Reconstructions of XIX century costumes

title: Helena Modjeska