text:
36th Chess Olympiad

The 36th Chess Olympiad (La 36a Olimpíada de ajedrez; La 36a Olimpíada d'escacs), organized by the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE) and comprising an open and a women's tournament, as well as several events designed to promote the game of chess, took place between October 14 and October 31, 2004, in Calvià on the Spanish island of Mallorca. There were 129 teams in the open event and 87 in the women's event. In total, 1204 players were registered (some of whom did not play, though).

Both tournament sections were officiated by international arbiter Ignatius Leong (Singapore). Teams were paired across the 14 rounds of competition according to the Swiss system. The open division was played over four boards per round, whilst the women's was played over three. In the event of a draw, the tie-break was decided by 1. The Buchholz system; 2. Match points; 3. The Sonneborn-Berger system; and 4. The Median Buchholz system.

The time control for each game permitted each player 90 minutes for all their moves, with an additional 30 seconds increment for each player after each move, beginning with the first.

Open event
The open division was contested by 129 teams representing 125 nations. Spain, as hosts, fielded three teams, whilst the International Braille Chess Association (IBCA) and the International Physically Disabled Chess Association (IPCA) each provided one squad.

Led by first board Vasyl Ivanchuk, the seventh highest-rated player at the tournament, who recorded 9½ points over 13 rounds, and second reserve Sergey Karjakin who, aged just 14 years, won 6 of his 7 games (surrendering a draw only to American Gregory Kaidanov), Ukraine scored all four possible points in each of their first three matches before "only" defeating Russia 2½-1½ in the fourth round, eventually accumulating a nearly insurmountable three-point lead after the penultimate round. The Ukrainian team nevertheless scored three points against France and claimed their first title, three points ahead of Russia, who had entered the tournament as the top seed, having brought four of the tournament's nine highest-rated players, and as defending six-time champions.

Armenia, one of just four teams to draw a match with Ukraine, paced by second board Levon Aronian, who did not lose in 12 games, and third board Rafael Vaganian, who scored 8½ points in 11 games, lost 1½-2½ to Russia in the eighth round. Ultimately, on the strength of a 3½-½ final round defeat of Georgia, they tied Russia's 36½ points. Armenia were placed after Russia, though, on the Buchholz tie-breaker system employed by the Olympiad, and finished, as in the previous Olympiad, with the bronze medals. Hosts Spain, led by Alexei Shirov, just managed to squeeze into the top ten.

Notable absentees from the tournament were the no. 1 player in the world, Garry Kasparov, as well as classical World Champion Vladimir Kramnik and his challenger Peter Leko, who were just finishing their championship match (Kramnik retained his title with a 7–7 tie). FIDE Champion Rustam Kasimdzhanov was present, however, and led Uzbekistan to 14th place by going undefeated in his 8 games (+4-0=4).

 * {| class="wikitable"

! # !! Country !! Players !! Average rating !! Points !! Buchholz
 * + Open event
 * style="background:gold;"|1 || 🇺🇦 || Ivanchuk, Ponomariov, Volokitin, Moiseenko, Eljanov, Karjakin || 2680 || 39½ ||
 * style="background:silver;"|2 || || Morozevich, Svidler, Grischuk, Dreev, Khalifman, Zvjaginsev || 2718 || 36½ || 460.0
 * style="background:#cc9966;"|3 || 🇦🇲 || Akopian, Aronian, Vaganian, Lputian, Sargissian, Minasian || 2660 || 36½ || 459.0
 * 4 || || Onischuk, Shabalov, Goldin, Kaidanov, Novikov, Gulko || 2623 || 35 ||
 * 5 || 🇮🇱 || Gelfand, Sutovsky, Smirin, Avrukh, Huzman, Roiz || 2670 || 34½ ||
 * 6 || || Viswanathan Anand, Krishnan Sasikiran, Pendyala Harikrishna, Surya Shekhar Ganguly, Abhijit Kunte, Chanda Sandipan || 2655 || 34 ||
 * 7 || 🇨🇺 || Domínguez, Bruzón, Delgado, Nogueiras, Arencibia, Quezada || 2596 || 33½ ||
 * 8 || || Van Wely, Sokolov, Tiviakov, Timman, Van den Doel, Nijboer || 2641 || 33 ||
 * 9 || 🇧🇬 || Georgiev, Delchev, Cheparinov, Spasov, Chatalbashev, Radulski || 2584 || 32½ || 453.0
 * 10 || || Shirov, Vallejo Pons, Illescas Córdoba, Cifuentes Parada, Romero Holmes, Arizmendi Martínez || 2643 || 32½ || 439.5
 * }
 * {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
 * 7 || 🇨🇺 || Domínguez, Bruzón, Delgado, Nogueiras, Arencibia, Quezada || 2596 || 33½ ||
 * 8 || || Van Wely, Sokolov, Tiviakov, Timman, Van den Doel, Nijboer || 2641 || 33 ||
 * 9 || 🇧🇬 || Georgiev, Delchev, Cheparinov, Spasov, Chatalbashev, Radulski || 2584 || 32½ || 453.0
 * 10 || || Shirov, Vallejo Pons, Illescas Córdoba, Cifuentes Parada, Romero Holmes, Arizmendi Martínez || 2643 || 32½ || 439.5
 * }
 * {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
 * 10 || || Shirov, Vallejo Pons, Illescas Córdoba, Cifuentes Parada, Romero Holmes, Arizmendi Martínez || 2643 || 32½ || 439.5
 * }
 * {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
 * {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"

! # !! Country !! Average rating !! Points !! Buchholz !! MP
 * 11 || || 2569 || 32½ || 427.5 ||
 * 12 || || 2624 || 32 || 445.5 ||
 * 13 || || 2559 || 32 || 442.5 ||
 * 14 || 🇺🇿 || 2550 || 32 || 440.5 ||
 * 15 || undefined || 2568 || 32 || 435.0 ||
 * 16 || || 2617 || 32 || 430.0 ||
 * 17 || || 2575 || 32 || 427.5 ||
 * 18 || 🇧🇾 belarus || 2609 || 32 || 424.0 ||
 * 19 || $\phi$ || 2502 || 32 || 422.5 ||
 * 20 || || 2590 || 32 || 417.5 ||
 * 21 || || 2621 || 31½ || 462.0 ||
 * 22 || 🇦🇿 || 2615 || 31½ || 450.5 ||
 * 23 || || 2621 || 31½ || 449.0 ||
 * 24 || || 2612 || 31½ || 438.5 ||
 * 25 || 🇧🇦 || 2532 || 31½ || 428.0 ||
 * 26 || 🇰🇿 || 2483 || 31½ || 425.0 ||
 * 27 || 🇱🇹 || 2542 || 31½ || 420.0 ||
 * 28 || || 2563 || 31½ || 419.5 ||
 * 29 || 🇨🇿 || 2589 || 31 || 445.0 ||
 * 30 || || 2653 || 31 || 427.0 ||
 * 31 || 🇭🇺 || 2614 || 31 || 425.5 ||
 * 32 || 🇪🇪 || 2544 || 31 || 423.5 || 17
 * 33 || || 2539 || 31 || 423.5 || 15
 * 34 || 🇦🇷 || 2544 || 31 || 419.5 ||
 * 35 || || 2488 || 31 || 418.5 ||
 * 36 || 🇲🇩 || 2589 || 30½ || 432.5 ||
 * 37 || 🇸🇰 || 2545 || 30½ || 431.0 ||
 * 38 || || 2494 || 30½ || 426.0 ||
 * 39 || 🇳🇴 || 2549 || 30½ || 419.5 ||
 * 40 || || 2486 || 30½ || 407.5 ||
 * 41 || || 2485 || 30½ || 396.5 ||
 * 42 || 🇲🇰 || 2521 || 30 || 419.0 ||
 * 43 || 🇮🇪 || 2454 || 30 || 403.0 ||
 * 44 || "B" || 2494 || 29½ || 424.0 ||
 * 45 || || 2569 || 29½ || 422.0 ||
 * 46 || || 2562 || 29½ || 415.5 ||
 * 47 || 🇮🇸 || 2496 || 29½ || 413.5 ||
 * 48 || || 2397 || 29½ || 408.0 ||
 * 49 || 🇫🇮 || 2456 || 29½ || 406.5 ||
 * 50 || 🇹🇷 || 2365 || 29½ || 404.0 ||
 * 51 || || 2515 || 29 || 416.5 ||
 * 52 || || 2497 || 29 || 411.5 ||
 * 53 || || 2460 || 29 || 405.0 ||
 * 54 || || 2473 || 29 || 403.0 ||
 * 55 || || 2387 || 29 || 395.0 || 16
 * 56 || 🇨🇴 || 2427 || 29 || 395.0 || 13
 * 57 || IPCA || 2348 || 29 || 394.5 ||
 * 58 || || 2444 || 28½ || 406.5 ||
 * 59 || || 2481 || 28½ || 406.0 ||
 * 60 || || 2476 || 28½ || 400.5 || 14
 * 61 || 🇹🇯 || 2303 || 28½ || 400.5 || 12
 * 62 || 🇦🇹 || 2444 || 28½ || 396.5 ||
 * 63 || 🇩🇴 || 2354 || 28½ || 387.0 || 14
 * 64 || 🇪🇨 || 2431 || 28½ || 387.0 || 13
 * 65 || 🇧🇴 || 2332 || 28½ || 383.5 ||
 * 66 || 🇵🇪 || 2410 || 28½ || 355.0 ||
 * 67 || || 2437 || 28 || 403.5 ||
 * 68 || 🇦🇩 || 2400 || 28 || 393.0 ||
 * 69 || 🇵🇰 || 2298 || 28 || 381.5 ||
 * 70 || 🇲🇾 || 2241 || 28 || 370.0 ||
 * 71 || || 2381 || 27½ || 402.0 ||
 * 72 || || 2424 || 27½ || 401.0 ||
 * 73 || 🇰🇬 || 2341 || 27½ || 397.0 ||
 * 74 || 🇦🇱 || 2410 || 27½ || 385.5 ||
 * 75 || 🇫🇴 || 2281 || 27½ || 377.0 ||
 * 76 || 🇲🇦 || 2342 || 27½ || 356.0 ||
 * 77 || 🇻🇪 Venezuela || 2354 || 27 || 398.0 ||
 * 78 || undefined || 2305 || 27 || 390.0 ||
 * 79 || || 2399 || 27 || 386.0 ||
 * 80 || 🇹🇳 || 2363 || 27 || 384.5 ||
 * 81 || "C" || 2334 || 27 || 383.5 ||
 * 82 || 🇱🇺 || 2325 || 27 || 381.5 ||
 * 83 || 🇮🇶 Iraq || 2276 || 27 || 369.5 ||
 * 84 || || 2370 || 26½ || 397.5 ||
 * 85 || || 2316 || 26½ || 383.0 ||
 * 86 || || 2281 || 26½ || 375.5 ||
 * 87 || || 2252 || 26½ || 372.0 ||
 * 88 || || 2136 || 26½ || 351.0 ||
 * 89 || 🏴 || 2289 || 26 || 382.5 ||
 * 90 || || 2337 || 26 || 379.0 ||
 * 91 || || 2188 || 26 || 368.5 ||
 * 92 || 🇹🇭 || 2264 || 26 || 367.5 ||
 * 93 || || 2226 || 26 || 365.0 ||
 * 94 || || 2212 || 26 || 358.0 ||
 * 95 || || 2174 || 25½ || 358.5 ||
 * 96 || 🇰🇪 || 1986 || 25½ || 340.5 ||
 * 97 || IBCA || 2358 || 25 || 370.5 ||
 * 98 || 🇧🇧 || 2279 || 25 || 368.5 ||
 * 99 || 🇱🇾 Libya || 2260 || 25 || 358.5 ||
 * 100 || || 2245 || 24½ || 376.5 ||
 * 101 || 🇭🇰 || 2141 || 24½ || 363.0 ||
 * 102 || Palestine || 2070 || 24½ || 362.5 ||
 * 103 || 🇯🇲 || 2184 || 24½ || 355.5 ||
 * 104 || 🇺🇬 || 2187 || 24½ || 350.0 ||
 * 105 || || 2137 || 24½ || 347.0 ||
 * 106 || || 2179 || 24½ || 301.0 ||
 * 107 || 🇵🇦 || 1906 || 24 || 352.5 ||
 * 108 || 🇳🇦 || 2186 || 24 || 336.0 ||
 * 109 || 🇨🇾 cyprus || 2202 || 23½ || 360.5 ||
 * 110 || 🇱🇮 || 2119 || 23½ || 348.5 ||
 * 111 || 🇲🇷 mauritania || 2207 || 23½ || 341.0 ||
 * 112 || 🇸🇲 san marino || 2122 || 23½ || 301.0 ||
 * 113 || 🇲🇹 || 2157 || 23½ || 300.5 ||
 * 114 || 🇲🇴 || 2127 || 23½ || 299.0 ||
 * 115 || 🇦🇫 Afghanistan || 1866 || 23½ || 248.0 ||
 * 116 || || 2137 || 23 || 357.5 ||
 * 117 || 🇸🇷 || 2201 || 23 || 344.5 ||
 * 118 || 🇻🇬 || 1904 || 23 || 314.5 ||
 * 119 || || 2098 || 22 || 293.5 ||
 * 120 || || 2152 || 22 || 276.5 ||
 * 121 || 🇯🇪 || 2170 || 21½ || 313.5 ||
 * 122 || || 2003 || 21½ || 282.5 ||
 * 123 || 🇬🇬 || 1812 || 21 || ||
 * 124 || 🇦🇼 || 1832 || 20½ || ||
 * 125 || || 1824 || 18½ 1 ||  ||
 * 126 || 🇷🇼 || 1750 || 17 || ||
 * 127 || 🇵🇬 || 1866 || 15½ 1 || ||
 * 128 || 🇻🇮 || 1600 || 13½ || ||
 * 129 || 🇸🇨 || 1766 || 11½ || ||
 * }
 * 71 || || 2381 || 27½ || 402.0 ||
 * 72 || || 2424 || 27½ || 401.0 ||
 * 73 || 🇰🇬 || 2341 || 27½ || 397.0 ||
 * 74 || 🇦🇱 || 2410 || 27½ || 385.5 ||
 * 75 || 🇫🇴 || 2281 || 27½ || 377.0 ||
 * 76 || 🇲🇦 || 2342 || 27½ || 356.0 ||
 * 77 || 🇻🇪 Venezuela || 2354 || 27 || 398.0 ||
 * 78 || undefined || 2305 || 27 || 390.0 ||
 * 79 || || 2399 || 27 || 386.0 ||
 * 80 || 🇹🇳 || 2363 || 27 || 384.5 ||
 * 81 || "C" || 2334 || 27 || 383.5 ||
 * 82 || 🇱🇺 || 2325 || 27 || 381.5 ||
 * 83 || 🇮🇶 Iraq || 2276 || 27 || 369.5 ||
 * 84 || || 2370 || 26½ || 397.5 ||
 * 85 || || 2316 || 26½ || 383.0 ||
 * 86 || || 2281 || 26½ || 375.5 ||
 * 87 || || 2252 || 26½ || 372.0 ||
 * 88 || || 2136 || 26½ || 351.0 ||
 * 89 || 🏴 || 2289 || 26 || 382.5 ||
 * 90 || || 2337 || 26 || 379.0 ||
 * 91 || || 2188 || 26 || 368.5 ||
 * 92 || 🇹🇭 || 2264 || 26 || 367.5 ||
 * 93 || || 2226 || 26 || 365.0 ||
 * 94 || || 2212 || 26 || 358.0 ||
 * 95 || || 2174 || 25½ || 358.5 ||
 * 96 || 🇰🇪 || 1986 || 25½ || 340.5 ||
 * 97 || IBCA || 2358 || 25 || 370.5 ||
 * 98 || 🇧🇧 || 2279 || 25 || 368.5 ||
 * 99 || 🇱🇾 Libya || 2260 || 25 || 358.5 ||
 * 100 || || 2245 || 24½ || 376.5 ||
 * 101 || 🇭🇰 || 2141 || 24½ || 363.0 ||
 * 102 || Palestine || 2070 || 24½ || 362.5 ||
 * 103 || 🇯🇲 || 2184 || 24½ || 355.5 ||
 * 104 || 🇺🇬 || 2187 || 24½ || 350.0 ||
 * 105 || || 2137 || 24½ || 347.0 ||
 * 106 || || 2179 || 24½ || 301.0 ||
 * 107 || 🇵🇦 || 1906 || 24 || 352.5 ||
 * 108 || 🇳🇦 || 2186 || 24 || 336.0 ||
 * 109 || 🇨🇾 cyprus || 2202 || 23½ || 360.5 ||
 * 110 || 🇱🇮 || 2119 || 23½ || 348.5 ||
 * 111 || 🇲🇷 mauritania || 2207 || 23½ || 341.0 ||
 * 112 || 🇸🇲 san marino || 2122 || 23½ || 301.0 ||
 * 113 || 🇲🇹 || 2157 || 23½ || 300.5 ||
 * 114 || 🇲🇴 || 2127 || 23½ || 299.0 ||
 * 115 || 🇦🇫 Afghanistan || 1866 || 23½ || 248.0 ||
 * 116 || || 2137 || 23 || 357.5 ||
 * 117 || 🇸🇷 || 2201 || 23 || 344.5 ||
 * 118 || 🇻🇬 || 1904 || 23 || 314.5 ||
 * 119 || || 2098 || 22 || 293.5 ||
 * 120 || || 2152 || 22 || 276.5 ||
 * 121 || 🇯🇪 || 2170 || 21½ || 313.5 ||
 * 122 || || 2003 || 21½ || 282.5 ||
 * 123 || 🇬🇬 || 1812 || 21 || ||
 * 124 || 🇦🇼 || 1832 || 20½ || ||
 * 125 || || 1824 || 18½ 1 ||  ||
 * 126 || 🇷🇼 || 1750 || 17 || ||
 * 127 || 🇵🇬 || 1866 || 15½ 1 || ||
 * 128 || 🇻🇮 || 1600 || 13½ || ||
 * 129 || 🇸🇨 || 1766 || 11½ || ||
 * }
 * 101 || 🇭🇰 || 2141 || 24½ || 363.0 ||
 * 102 || Palestine || 2070 || 24½ || 362.5 ||
 * 103 || 🇯🇲 || 2184 || 24½ || 355.5 ||
 * 104 || 🇺🇬 || 2187 || 24½ || 350.0 ||
 * 105 || || 2137 || 24½ || 347.0 ||
 * 106 || || 2179 || 24½ || 301.0 ||
 * 107 || 🇵🇦 || 1906 || 24 || 352.5 ||
 * 108 || 🇳🇦 || 2186 || 24 || 336.0 ||
 * 109 || 🇨🇾 cyprus || 2202 || 23½ || 360.5 ||
 * 110 || 🇱🇮 || 2119 || 23½ || 348.5 ||
 * 111 || 🇲🇷 mauritania || 2207 || 23½ || 341.0 ||
 * 112 || 🇸🇲 san marino || 2122 || 23½ || 301.0 ||
 * 113 || 🇲🇹 || 2157 || 23½ || 300.5 ||
 * 114 || 🇲🇴 || 2127 || 23½ || 299.0 ||
 * 115 || 🇦🇫 Afghanistan || 1866 || 23½ || 248.0 ||
 * 116 || || 2137 || 23 || 357.5 ||
 * 117 || 🇸🇷 || 2201 || 23 || 344.5 ||
 * 118 || 🇻🇬 || 1904 || 23 || 314.5 ||
 * 119 || || 2098 || 22 || 293.5 ||
 * 120 || || 2152 || 22 || 276.5 ||
 * 121 || 🇯🇪 || 2170 || 21½ || 313.5 ||
 * 122 || || 2003 || 21½ || 282.5 ||
 * 123 || 🇬🇬 || 1812 || 21 || ||
 * 124 || 🇦🇼 || 1832 || 20½ || ||
 * 125 || || 1824 || 18½ 1 ||  ||
 * 126 || 🇷🇼 || 1750 || 17 || ||
 * 127 || 🇵🇬 || 1866 || 15½ 1 || ||
 * 128 || 🇻🇮 || 1600 || 13½ || ||
 * 129 || 🇸🇨 || 1766 || 11½ || ||
 * }
 * 116 || || 2137 || 23 || 357.5 ||
 * 117 || 🇸🇷 || 2201 || 23 || 344.5 ||
 * 118 || 🇻🇬 || 1904 || 23 || 314.5 ||
 * 119 || || 2098 || 22 || 293.5 ||
 * 120 || || 2152 || 22 || 276.5 ||
 * 121 || 🇯🇪 || 2170 || 21½ || 313.5 ||
 * 122 || || 2003 || 21½ || 282.5 ||
 * 123 || 🇬🇬 || 1812 || 21 || ||
 * 124 || 🇦🇼 || 1832 || 20½ || ||
 * 125 || || 1824 || 18½ 1 ||  ||
 * 126 || 🇷🇼 || 1750 || 17 || ||
 * 127 || 🇵🇬 || 1866 || 15½ 1 || ||
 * 128 || 🇻🇮 || 1600 || 13½ || ||
 * 129 || 🇸🇨 || 1766 || 11½ || ||
 * }
 * 123 || 🇬🇬 || 1812 || 21 || ||
 * 124 || 🇦🇼 || 1832 || 20½ || ||
 * 125 || || 1824 || 18½ 1 ||  ||
 * 126 || 🇷🇼 || 1750 || 17 || ||
 * 127 || 🇵🇬 || 1866 || 15½ 1 || ||
 * 128 || 🇻🇮 || 1600 || 13½ || ||
 * 129 || 🇸🇨 || 1766 || 11½ || ||
 * }
 * 127 || 🇵🇬 || 1866 || 15½ 1 || ||
 * 128 || 🇻🇮 || 1600 || 13½ || ||
 * 129 || 🇸🇨 || 1766 || 11½ || ||
 * }
 * 129 || 🇸🇨 || 1766 || 11½ || ||
 * }

1 Bermuda actually scored 22 and Papua New Guinea 23 points, but because some of their players refused to submit to doping tests, the points scored by those players were deducted from the final scores: 3½ points from Bermuda and 7½ from Papua New Guinea.

Group prizes
In addition to the overall medals, prizes were given out to the best teams in five different seeding groups—in other words, the teams who exceeded their seeding the most. Overall medal winners were not eligible for group prizes.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Group !! Seeding range !! Team !! Seed !! Overall finish
 * + Group Prizes
 * A || 1–25 || || 10 || 4
 * B || 26–51 || || 29 || 13
 * C || 52–77 || 🇮🇪 || 54 || 43
 * D || 78–103 || 🇹🇯 || 83 || 61
 * E || 104–129 || || 112 || 87
 * }
 * D || 78–103 || 🇹🇯 || 83 || 61
 * E || 104–129 || || 112 || 87
 * }
 * E || 104–129 || || 112 || 87
 * }

Individual medals

 * Performance rating: Baadur Jobava 2842
 * Board 1: Evgenij Ermenkov 10½ / 12 = 87.5%
 * Board 2: 🇲🇦 Mohamed Tissir 7½ / 9 = 83.3%
 * Board 3: 🇦🇲 Rafael Vaganian 9½ / 12 = 79.2%
 * Board 4: Baadur Jobava 8½ / 10 = 85.0%
 * 1st reserve: 🇱🇹 Vaidas Sakalauskas 6 / 7 = 85.7%
 * 2nd reserve: 🇺🇦 Sergey Karjakin and Ibrahim Chahrani 6½ / 7 = 92.9%

Women's event
The women's division was contested by 87 teams representing 84 nations. Spain, as hosts, fielded two teams, whilst the International Braille Chess Association (IBCA) and the International Physically Disabled Chess Association (IPCA) each provided one squad.

China, led by first board Xie Jun (ex-World Champion) and second board Xu Yuhua (future champion), entered the competition as top seed and defending triple champions and quickly took the lead, conceding just two draws in their first five matches. They then defeated the silver and bronze medallists from the previous Olympiad, Russia and Poland (each 2–1), in the sixth and eighth rounds, respectively. Eventually they carried a six-point lead into a tenth round match with second placed United States.

Susan Polgar (another ex-World Champion), who entered the tournament as the second highest-rated player and achieved the best performance rating of all, drew Xie Jun, while Irina Krush won her second board game against Xu Yuhua. A draw by Anna Zatonskih against Zhao Xue gave the Americans a 2–1 win over the Chinese team. In rounds eleven and twelve, China drew Hungary and lost to Georgia, whilst the US team defeated Slovakia and then scored a 2½-½ victory over Hungary, drawing within three points of China with two rounds remaining. China, though, defeated sixth-seed India and 12th-seed Slovakia in the final two rounds, scoring four points to preserve what was ultimately a three-point win and to clinch the Vera Menchik Trophy for a fourth consecutive time.

Second-seed Russia were led by Nadezhda Kosintseva, who won top honours on the first reserve board for scoring 10 points in 12 rounds. The Russians were only in eighth place after ten rounds but had advanced to fourth place entering the penultimate round, where they faced Georgia, who they trailed by half a point. Although first board Maya Chiburdanidze (ex-World Champion) and second board Nana Dzagnidze, who both scored 8½ points for their team over the event, drew their matches, third board Lela Javakhishvili lost to Kosintseva, giving the Russian team a half-point lead over Georgia; although Georgia defeated Ukraine 2½-½ in the final round, Russia managed to secure two points against France, equalling Georgia's total and winning the bronze medals on tie-breaks.

Newly crowned World Champion Antoaneta Stefanova disappointed as captain of the Bulgarian team, scoring only 5½ points in 11 games. Bulgaria eventually finished in 14th place.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! # !! Country !! Players !! Average rating !! Points !! Buchholz
 * style="background:gold;"|1 ||  || Xie Jun, Xu Yuhua, Zhao Xue, Huang Qian || 2514 || 31 ||
 * style="background:silver;"|2 || || Polgar, Krush, Zatonskih, Shahade || 2490 || 28 ||
 * style="background:#cc9966;"|3 || || Kosteniuk, T. Kosintseva, Kovalevskaya, N. Kosintseva || 2491 || 27½ || 346.0
 * 4 || || Chiburdanidze, Dzagnidze, Javakhishvili, Lomineishvili || 2470 || 27½ || 339.0
 * 5 || || Skripchenko, Marie Sebag, Silvia Collas, Sophie Milliet || 2417 || 25½ ||
 * 6 || 🇭🇺 || Mádl, Vajda, Gara, Lakos || 2376 || 25 || 348.5
 * 7 || 🇸🇰 || Repkova, Pokorná, Hagarova, Borošová || 2377 || 25 || 337.0
 * 8 || || Hunt, Houska, Richards, Buckley || 2293 || 25 || 334.5
 * 9 || || Humpy Koneru, Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi, Dronavalli Harika, Nisha Mohota || 2435 || 24½ || 352.0
 * 10 || || Radziewicz, Soćko, Dworakowska, Zielinska || 2428 || 24½ || 340.0
 * }
 * {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
 * 7 || 🇸🇰 || Repkova, Pokorná, Hagarova, Borošová || 2377 || 25 || 337.0
 * 8 || || Hunt, Houska, Richards, Buckley || 2293 || 25 || 334.5
 * 9 || || Humpy Koneru, Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi, Dronavalli Harika, Nisha Mohota || 2435 || 24½ || 352.0
 * 10 || || Radziewicz, Soćko, Dworakowska, Zielinska || 2428 || 24½ || 340.0
 * }
 * {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
 * 10 || || Radziewicz, Soćko, Dworakowska, Zielinska || 2428 || 24½ || 340.0
 * }
 * {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
 * {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"

! # !! Country !! Average rating !! Points !! Buchholz !! MP
 * 11 || 🇦🇲 || 2374 || 24½ || 330.5 ||
 * 12 || || 2372 || 24½ || 317.5 ||
 * 13 || 🇱🇹 || 2311 || 24 || 329.5 ||
 * 14 || 🇧🇬 || 2410 || 24 || 329.0 ||
 * 15 || || 2301 || 24 || 327.0 ||
 * 16 || undefined || 2406 || 24 || 324.5 ||
 * 17 || || 2365 || 24 || 323.5 ||
 * 18 || 🇺🇦 || 2456 || 23½ || 342.0 ||
 * 19 || || 2288 || 23½ || 325.5 ||
 * 20 || || 2408 || 23½ || 318.5 ||
 * 21 || || 2308 || 23½ || 317.0 ||
 * 22 || 🇦🇿 || 2317 || 23 || 325.0 ||
 * 23 || || 2294 || 23 || 323.0 ||
 * 24 || 🇨🇺 || 2303 || 23 || 321.0 ||
 * 25 || 🇮🇱 || 2247 || 23 || 320.5 ||
 * 26 || 🇲🇩 || 2296 || 23 || 313.5 ||
 * 27 || 🇧🇾 belarus || 2278 || 23 || 308.0 ||
 * 28 || 🇨🇿 || 2308 || 22½ || 313.5 ||
 * 29 || || 2343 || 22½ || 311.5 ||
 * 30 || 🇦🇷 || 2274 || 22½ || 302.0 ||
 * 31 || || 2250 || 22½ || 298.0 ||
 * 32 || 🇺🇿 || 2235 || 22½ || 293.0 ||
 * 33 || 🇰🇿 || 2317 || 22 || 315.5 ||
 * 34 || || 2208 || 22 || 313.5 ||
 * 35 || || 2263 || 22 || 313.0 ||
 * 36 || 🇪🇪 || 2229 || 22 || 290.0 ||
 * 37 || 🇨🇴 || 2115 || 21½ || 303.0 ||
 * 38 || 🇳🇴 || 2149 || 21½ || 302.5 ||
 * 39 || || 2243 || 21½ || 299.5 ||
 * 40 || 🇲🇾 || 2084 || 21½ || 299.0 ||
 * 41 || || 2123 || 21½ || 277.0 ||
 * 42 || 🇫🇮 || 2144 || 21 || 299.0 ||
 * 43 || || 2242 || 21 || 297.0 ||
 * 44 || "B" || 2187 || 21 || 296.5 ||
 * 45 || 🇧🇦 || 2146 || 21 || 293.0 ||
 * 46 || || 2213 || 21 || 292.0 ||
 * 47 || || 2243 || 20½ || 306.0 ||
 * 48 || 𝜙 || 1940 || 20½ || 295.0 ||
 * 49 || || 2124 || 20½ || 292.0 ||
 * 50 || 🇻🇪 Venezuela || 2147 || 20½ || 288.5 ||
 * 51 || 🇮🇸 || 2148 || 20½ || 288.0 ||
 * 52 || 🏴 || 1975 || 20½ || 285.0 ||
 * 53 || 🇹🇷 || 2082 || 20½ || 283.5 ||
 * 54 || || 2072 || 20½ || 282.5 ||
 * 55 || 🇦🇹 || 2122 || 20 || 292.0 ||
 * 56 || 🇲🇰 || 2002 || 20 || 288.5 ||
 * 57 || || 2134 || 20 || 281.5 ||
 * 58 || 🇰🇬 || 1760 || 20 || 279.0 ||
 * 59 || || 1775 || 20 || 277.5 ||
 * 60 || || 1748 || 20 || 276.0 ||
 * 61 || 🇵🇪 || 2138 || 20 || 274.5 ||
 * 62 || 🇦🇱 || 1749 || 20 || 265.0 ||
 * 63 || 🇪🇨 || 2224 || 19½ || 295.0 ||
 * 64 || || 2133 || 19½ || 289.0 ||
 * 65 || || 1942 || 19½ || 282.0 ||
 * 66 || IPCA || 2080 || 19½ || 270.0 ||
 * 67 || 🇮🇶 Iraq || 1704 || 19½ || 229.5 ||
 * 68 || || 1875 || 19 || 291.0 ||
 * 69 || || 2120 || 19 || 276.5 ||
 * 70 || 🇹🇯 || 1600 || 19 || 261.5 ||
 * 71 || 🇧🇴 || 1763 || 19 || 259.0 ||
 * 72 || || 1764 || 19 || 226.5 ||
 * 73 || || 1884 || 19 || 220.5 ||
 * 74 || 🇱🇺 || 1981 || 18½ || 292.5 ||
 * 75 || IBCA || 1875 || 18½ || 257.0 ||
 * 76 || || 1878 || 18½ || 231.5 ||
 * 77 || 🇩🇴 || 2023 || 18 || 275.5 ||
 * 78 || || 1899 || 18 || 242.0 ||
 * 79 || || 1600 || 18 || 233.0 ||
 * 80 || 🇮🇪 || 1891 || 17½ || ||
 * 81 || || 1600 || 16½ ||  ||
 * 82 || 🇱🇾 Libya || 1695 || 13½ || ||
 * 83 || || 1716 || 12½ ||  ||
 * 84 || || 1600 || 12 || 209.0 ||
 * 85 || || 1600 || 12 || 206.5 ||
 * 86 || 🇰🇪 || 1600 || 11 || ||
 * 87 || 🇻🇮 || 1600 || 8 || ||
 * }
 * 50 || 🇻🇪 Venezuela || 2147 || 20½ || 288.5 ||
 * 51 || 🇮🇸 || 2148 || 20½ || 288.0 ||
 * 52 || 🏴 || 1975 || 20½ || 285.0 ||
 * 53 || 🇹🇷 || 2082 || 20½ || 283.5 ||
 * 54 || || 2072 || 20½ || 282.5 ||
 * 55 || 🇦🇹 || 2122 || 20 || 292.0 ||
 * 56 || 🇲🇰 || 2002 || 20 || 288.5 ||
 * 57 || || 2134 || 20 || 281.5 ||
 * 58 || 🇰🇬 || 1760 || 20 || 279.0 ||
 * 59 || || 1775 || 20 || 277.5 ||
 * 60 || || 1748 || 20 || 276.0 ||
 * 61 || 🇵🇪 || 2138 || 20 || 274.5 ||
 * 62 || 🇦🇱 || 1749 || 20 || 265.0 ||
 * 63 || 🇪🇨 || 2224 || 19½ || 295.0 ||
 * 64 || || 2133 || 19½ || 289.0 ||
 * 65 || || 1942 || 19½ || 282.0 ||
 * 66 || IPCA || 2080 || 19½ || 270.0 ||
 * 67 || 🇮🇶 Iraq || 1704 || 19½ || 229.5 ||
 * 68 || || 1875 || 19 || 291.0 ||
 * 69 || || 2120 || 19 || 276.5 ||
 * 70 || 🇹🇯 || 1600 || 19 || 261.5 ||
 * 71 || 🇧🇴 || 1763 || 19 || 259.0 ||
 * 72 || || 1764 || 19 || 226.5 ||
 * 73 || || 1884 || 19 || 220.5 ||
 * 74 || 🇱🇺 || 1981 || 18½ || 292.5 ||
 * 75 || IBCA || 1875 || 18½ || 257.0 ||
 * 76 || || 1878 || 18½ || 231.5 ||
 * 77 || 🇩🇴 || 2023 || 18 || 275.5 ||
 * 78 || || 1899 || 18 || 242.0 ||
 * 79 || || 1600 || 18 || 233.0 ||
 * 80 || 🇮🇪 || 1891 || 17½ || ||
 * 81 || || 1600 || 16½ ||  ||
 * 82 || 🇱🇾 Libya || 1695 || 13½ || ||
 * 83 || || 1716 || 12½ ||  ||
 * 84 || || 1600 || 12 || 209.0 ||
 * 85 || || 1600 || 12 || 206.5 ||
 * 86 || 🇰🇪 || 1600 || 11 || ||
 * 87 || 🇻🇮 || 1600 || 8 || ||
 * }
 * 69 || || 2120 || 19 || 276.5 ||
 * 70 || 🇹🇯 || 1600 || 19 || 261.5 ||
 * 71 || 🇧🇴 || 1763 || 19 || 259.0 ||
 * 72 || || 1764 || 19 || 226.5 ||
 * 73 || || 1884 || 19 || 220.5 ||
 * 74 || 🇱🇺 || 1981 || 18½ || 292.5 ||
 * 75 || IBCA || 1875 || 18½ || 257.0 ||
 * 76 || || 1878 || 18½ || 231.5 ||
 * 77 || 🇩🇴 || 2023 || 18 || 275.5 ||
 * 78 || || 1899 || 18 || 242.0 ||
 * 79 || || 1600 || 18 || 233.0 ||
 * 80 || 🇮🇪 || 1891 || 17½ || ||
 * 81 || || 1600 || 16½ ||  ||
 * 82 || 🇱🇾 Libya || 1695 || 13½ || ||
 * 83 || || 1716 || 12½ ||  ||
 * 84 || || 1600 || 12 || 209.0 ||
 * 85 || || 1600 || 12 || 206.5 ||
 * 86 || 🇰🇪 || 1600 || 11 || ||
 * 87 || 🇻🇮 || 1600 || 8 || ||
 * }
 * 79 || || 1600 || 18 || 233.0 ||
 * 80 || 🇮🇪 || 1891 || 17½ || ||
 * 81 || || 1600 || 16½ ||  ||
 * 82 || 🇱🇾 Libya || 1695 || 13½ || ||
 * 83 || || 1716 || 12½ ||  ||
 * 84 || || 1600 || 12 || 209.0 ||
 * 85 || || 1600 || 12 || 206.5 ||
 * 86 || 🇰🇪 || 1600 || 11 || ||
 * 87 || 🇻🇮 || 1600 || 8 || ||
 * }
 * 84 || || 1600 || 12 || 209.0 ||
 * 85 || || 1600 || 12 || 206.5 ||
 * 86 || 🇰🇪 || 1600 || 11 || ||
 * 87 || 🇻🇮 || 1600 || 8 || ||
 * }
 * 87 || 🇻🇮 || 1600 || 8 || ||
 * }
 * }

Group prizes
In addition to the overall medals, prizes were given out to the best teams in five different seeding groups—in other words, the teams who exceeded their seeding the most. Overall medal winners were not eligible for group prizes.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Group !! Seeding range !! Team !! Seed !! Overall finish
 * + Group Prizes
 * A || 1–17 || || 4 || 4
 * B || 18–34 || || 27 || 8
 * C || 35–51 || 🇺🇿 || 37 || 32
 * D || 52–69 || 🇨🇴 || 55 || 37
 * E || 70–87 || 🇰🇬 || 75 || 58
 * }
 * D || 52–69 || 🇨🇴 || 55 || 37
 * E || 70–87 || 🇰🇬 || 75 || 58
 * }
 * E || 70–87 || 🇰🇬 || 75 || 58
 * }

Individual medals

 * Performance rating: 🇺🇸 Susan Polgar 2622
 * Board 1: 🇱🇹 Viktorija Čmilytė 8½ / 11 = 77.3%
 * Board 2: 🇭🇺 Szidonia Vajda and Corina Peptan 9 / 12 = 75.0%
 * Board 3: 🇨🇳 Zhao Xue and Irine Kharisma Sukandar 10 / 12 = 83.3%
 * Reserve: 🇷🇺 Nadezhda Kosintseva 10 / 12 = 83.3%

Overall title
The Nona Gaprindashvili Trophy is awarded to the nation that has the best average rank in the open and women's divisions. Where two or more teams are tied, they are ordered by best single finish in either division and then by total number of points scored.

The trophy, named after the former women's World Champion (1961–78), was created by FIDE in 1997.

Azmaiparashvili incident
Prior to the closing ceremony of the Olympiad, FIDE vice president Zurab Azmaiparashvili attempted to ascend the stage in order to inform the presenter of the Nona Gaprindashvili Trophy that the latter ought more clearly to explain Gaprindashvili's contributions to the game of chess (Gaprindashvili had been World Champion for 17 years). Security officers, in conjunction with local police, did not permit Azmaiparashvili access to tournament organizers, and a struggle ensued after which Azmaiparashvili, having sustained several injuries, was arrested by the local law enforcement. He secured his release on bail for € 500 after having been held for 40 hours, and the charges against him were later dropped.

Azmaiparashvili and FIDE averred that Azmaiparashvili was detained and physically accosted despite he had properly and clearly [displayed] his VIP credentials, whilst representatives of the Spanish chess federation ("Federación Española de Ajedrez") and tournament organizers blamed Azmaiparashvili for the incident, saying that he without any previous provocation, assaulted [an] agent with a head butt to [the] mouth.

Drug testing
Having been formally recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1999, in preparation for prospective inclusion in future iterations of the Olympic Games, FIDE implemented (in 2001) doping restrictions consistent with those adopted by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Two players, Shaun Press of Papua New Guinea and Bobby Miller of Bermuda, refused, for various reasons, to submit urine samples for analysis. Both players appeared before the FIDE Doping Hearing panel, which decided to cancel the players' performances (Press had scored 7½ points in 14 games, while Miller had scored 3½ points in 9 games), reducing the final score of Papua New Guinea to 15½ (from 23) and that of Bermuda to 18½ (from 22).

Associated events
Concomitant to the tournaments were several chess-related events planned by the organizing committee of the Olympiad, some under the auspices of FIDE; the events were known collectively as the First Chess Festival Calvià 2004. Within the festival were held simultaneous exhibitions, game demonstrations and lectures by top Spanish players, and several secondary tournaments, including one for amateur players, a rapid chess event for players aged under 16, and one for senior players.

Chess classes were introduced into the primary and secondary schools, as well as senior centers, in and around Calvià in an effort to promote chess generally, and chess films were screened on the beaches of Calvià every weeknight during the Olympiad. Chess-oriented art was displayed at an International Chess Fair, with prizes for top works awarded by a jury.

title: 36th Chess Olympiad


text:
Otakou

Otakou (Ōtākou ) is a settlement within the boundaries of the city of Dunedin, New Zealand. It is located 25 kilometres from the city centre at the eastern end of Otago Peninsula, close to the entrance of Otago Harbour. Though a small fishing village, Otakou is important in the history of Otago for several reasons. The settlement is the modern centre and traditional home of the Ōtākou rūnanga (assembly) of Ngāi Tahu. In 1946 Otakou Fisheries was founded in the township; this was later to become a major part of the Otago fishing industry.

History
The name Ōtākou is thought to come from Māori words meaning either "single village" or "place of red earth". Prior to the arrival of European settlers, the place was a prominent Māori settlement, and it is still the site of Otago's most important marae (meeting ground). By the early 19th century, the three Māori iwi of Ngāi Tahu, Kāti Māmoe and Waitaha had blended into a single tribal entity. The Treaty of Waitangi was signed nearby in 1840 on the H.M.S Herald by two important chiefs, who were descended from all three tribes.

Prior to the standardisation of Māori spelling in the 1840s, the name was written as "Otago", reflecting its pronunciation in a local southern Māori dialect. This prestandardised form was adopted by European settlers as the name for the surrounding area, the Otago region, and it is commonly mistaken as a European corruption of Ōtākou. The name originally referred to the channel off Wellers Rock but was transferred to the lower harbour as a whole, the port, the nearby Māori settlements and the Weller brothers' whaling establishment, one of the region's oldest European settlements, which had been founded in 1831. The old Māori names for the Māori settlements were Te Ruatitiko, Tahakopa, Omate and Ohinetu.

In December 1817 the Sophia, a Hobart sealing ship captained by James Kelly, anchored in the waters of the harbour near Otakou. A small group of men, including Captain Kelly, took a rowing boat around Heyward Point to visit Whareakeake, then the site of a Māori kāinga (village), where one of the men, William Tucker, had a house and a business selling hei-tiki. For reasons that remain speculative, the encounter turned violent and three of Kelly's men, including Tucker, were killed. The survivors rowed back to the Sophia but, according to Kelly's account of the event, found her boarded by Māori from Otakou and retook her in a bloody fight. Historians caution that Kelly's account, made to justify the actions he took, exaggerates the danger he and his men were in. Kelly destroyed multiple canoes and set fire to "the beautiful city of Otago", which was almost certainly Otakou, although the kāinga at Whareakeake was also burned and abandoned around this time, which some historians believe to have been Kelly's doing. This incident is treated as an episode in the ongoing state of lawless conflict known as the Sealers' War.

Present use
Otakou remains an important centre of Ngāi Tahu life, as the location of Ōtākou Marae. It is a marae of Ngāi Tahu and the branch of Te Rūnanga o Ōtākou, and includes the Tamatea wharenui (meeting house).

Otakou is located close to Taiaroa Head, the site of an albatross colony and other wildlife such as seals and penguins. Local Māori still call Taiaroa Head by its original name, Pukekura, which was also the name of the pā (fortification) established there around 1750 and still occupied by Māori in the 1840s, before the land was taken by the Government under the Public Works Act for building the lighthouse and the fortifications used during the Russian Scare of the 1880s.

Demographics
Statistics New Zealand describes Ōtākou-Harington Point as a rural settlement which covers 5.65 km2, and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the much larger Otago Peninsula statistical area.

Ōtākou-Harington Point had a population of 192 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 30 people (18.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 21 people (12.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 102 households, comprising 99 males and 90 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.1 males per female. The median age was 57.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 18 people (9.4%) aged under 15 years, 18 (9.4%) aged 15 to 29, 93 (48.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 60 (31.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 81.2% European/Pākehā, 32.8% Māori, 3.1% Pasifika, 3.1% Asian, and 1.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 59.4% had no religion, 31.2% were Christian and 4.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 30 (17.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 30 (17.2%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $19,200, compared with $31,800 nationally. 12 people (6.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 48 (27.6%) people were employed full-time, 36 (20.7%) were part-time, and 9 (5.2%) were unemployed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Otakou


text:
Talk:Kardashev scale/Archive 3

Criticism?
barely touches on a few criticism of this seemingly dated idea. A few obvious question marks include:
 * The scale seems to ignore the steady gains in energy efficiency in every (present-day) modern economy. Technological progress decreases the energy input per unit of GDP over time. One way to measure the techological stature of a culture is by its energy efficiency, not just its crude energy dissipation. The future of technology appears to be about getting more and more from less and less. One measure of this phenomenon is the way GDP growth outstrips growth in production of basic energy-intensive commodities such as Portland cement.
 * The scale ignores the steadily dropping cost of information (Moore's Law), along with the deflating energy requirements of computing, and the ripple effects of energy deflation as the decreasing cost of information causes it to be substituted for energy as a factor of production wherever possible. For example, instead of flying around in business jets, executives can get the same work done by videoconferencing, at a cost in energy which steadily decreases over time. Telecommunication technology improves by leaps and bounds while using progressively less energy per unit of information transmitted, while the real cost of flying jets seems bound to increase due to Peak Oil.
 * The energy industry is a mature industry, and thus its pace of innovation is slow. The "action" today is in information technology. Don't expect portable cold fusion power generators to appear any time soon, and by the time they might appear, molecular computers may have made computing so energy-cheap that we will barely need them. Moore's Law might make information almost "too cheap to meter," but no present trend suggests the same will be possible for energy, despite the early optimistic claims of nuclear-power promoters.
 * The scale ignores the demographic transition which appears to be holding, for now at least, in every technologically-advanced population. Those human populations which have managed to harness present-day advanced technology are no longer exponentiating. Japan and Western Europe even seem poised to undergo long-term declines in population. The United States is the only developed nation which is still increasing in population, mostly due to immigration from still-rapidly-breeding third-world populations. Only primitive civilizations still obey the population dynamics of microbes and insects, automatically expanding to match the food supply. This trend was probably not clear to Kardashev in the 1960's while the Baby Boom was still going.
 * Moore's Law might help bring the demographic transition to impoverished third-world nations sooner than it occurred in developed nations (i.e., before third-world nations attain first-world per capita energy expenditure, if that would even be possible), by reducing the energy cost of creating an educated populace in which women have a say in reproductive choice.
 * A civilization which managed to divert the entire energy budget of a planet would turn that planet into an ecological wasteland, the global equivalent of the industrial areas of New Jersey and the strip mines of West Virginia. All other life forms would be exterminated because the civilization would be consuming all of its planet's net primary productivity.
 * The scale neglects the need for an energy sink. The early stages of growth in energy consumption were made possible by the fact that most of the world was uninhabited, so it was easy for early civilizations to dispose of wastes, and migrate to fresh lands after despoiling their habitats. Humans diverted a negligible fraction of the world's energy, so there were no problems with using the world as a heat sink. As civilization bites off larger portions of NPP, there are fewer places to throw the garbage.
 * Instead of reshaping worlds to fit their naturally evolved weaknesses, maybe intelligent creatures will re-engineer themselves to be tougher and less in need of highly artificial environments. For example, humans might genetically engineer themselves to be as tough as trees. Then they would not need buildings and vast amounts of energy to maintain artificial semi-tropical habitats for themselves during cold winters.

Perhaps an advanced civilization will find solutions to all the ecological problems of diverting an entire planetary energy budget for its own use. But it might be simpler for that civilization to limit its numbers, and shrink the size and heat/waste dissipation of its artifacts. Kardashev wrote at a time when technology was only just beginning to provide civilization with some effective tools to limit its population growth. Before then, rising prosperity had always meant rising birth rates, lower death rates, and  population increase. Today there are indications that advanced populations are getting tired of mindless growth. Third-world populations, which have all the growth, seem unlikely to build Dyson spheres or interstellar space cruisers powered by warp drives any time soon. --Teratornis 03:59, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
 * This article is documenting this "outdated idea". While your ideas sound like a better way to measure a civilization, they are your ideas and therfore original research.  Because of this, they couldn't be included in this article.  However, if you can find published criticisms of the Kardashev scale, then they could be included. Val42 02:06, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The scale is based off the ultilization of energy, and as such is perhaps poorly named as a "scale of technological development", but is still perfectly applicable. Although some of the predictions made along side the scale are out of date, the general scale is still rather useful. You just need to look past the pure "technology" interpretation. As above, if you wish to add these to the article, find some good references and ideally suggestions for alternatives to supercede 82.36.72.45 00:59, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

The idea that "increased energy usage != progress" is a reaction that many readers will have, and the article will probably appear biased to them if the issue isn't addressed, either through a "criticism" section, or by explicitly attributing this connection to Kardashev or someone else other than Wikipedia editors. Can any experts weigh in? -- Beland (talk) 23:17, 31 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I can agree with that... whether technology makes a civilization advanced is a matter of perspective, so if anyone wants to find a 'politically correct' way in dealing with it, I support.--Sparkygravity (talk) 13:25, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Firstly, regarding the argument that:-
 * "The scale ignores the steadily dropping cost of information (Moore's Law), along with the deflating energy requirements of computing, and the ripple effects of energy deflation as the decreasing cost of information causes it to be substituted for energy as a factor of production wherever possible. For example, instead of flying around in business jets, executives can get the same work done by videoconferencing, at a cost in energy which steadily decreases over time. Telecommunication technology improves by leaps and bounds while using progressively less energy per unit of information transmitted, while the real cost of flying jets seems bound to increase due to Peak Oil."

 * refer to the article summarised at http://technology.newscientist.com/channel/tech/mg19726372.700-can-we-stop-the-internet-destroying-our-planet.html . Computing activites are already equalling the power consumption of air travel. If one assumes consumption will continue to double every five years (a very crude & hopefully ridiculous assumption), then computing will use around 50% of all power within 25 years!

 * Secondly, for a civilisation spread across the solar system (implied by a scale rating between K1 & K2), speed-of-light delays will make teleconferencing impossible. At the very closest approach, there will be a 1,000 second delay when talking between Earth & Mars. If a K1+ civilisation can be assumed to extend out to the Oort cloud (???) then the round-trip time would be measured in days.

 * Thirdly, as space technology allows reduced trip times, it will come at the expense of increased power consumption. One could assume that the ultimate travel experience would be provided by a one-gee-all-the-way spaceship (with turnover at the half-way point). Can anyone calculate the power consumption of such a ship assuming that it has the same passenger-carrying capacity as one of the big ocean liners, and is travelling out to the Oort cloud. My intuition tells me the figure will be Terawatts or Petawatts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by HexAmp (talk • contribs) 08:53, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * But Kardashev's scale isn't based from an earth perspective... It doesn't matter what our consumption or production levels are. Only when we try to find our place on the Kardashev scale does our total production potential and consistency have any basis. Kardashev doesn't care about whether we can manage our power levels, or become more efficient in our power usage, we only use the scale as a measurement of power levels. That's why Moore's law and power consumption is not a focus of the article.

 * The power need by a civilization to make round trips to the Oort cloud, can not be done here under WP:NOR. I don't have a information on scientists doing calculations of power needed to travel to the Oort cloud, the topic of humans going to the Oort cloud are currently in the realm of science fiction, but without any of it's import, to the Kardashev scale.--Sparkygravity (talk) 09:34, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Intelligent civilizations are almost certain to run into constraints on energy consumption long before they get the opportunity to exploit energy potentials on a Type I scale. Early Type 0 civilizations tend to use brute-force solutions that quickly get exhausted and turn counterproductive. Profligate use of energy results in either the depletion of resources (peak oil) or into the ruin of an environment (where does one put all the depleted uranium, or how does one put all the nuclear waste, and how does a planetary civilization with Type I consumption of energy avoid setting off a harsh greenhouse effect that turns an planet from one amenable to life to one not so amenable? That is, how much global warming turns a planet with temperatures characteristic of San Francisco to the summer daytime temperatures of Death Valley -- which would ruin agriculture -- even if such does not set off a runaway greenhouse effect that turns an Earth-like planet into a Venus-like planet?)

As said above, information technology seems to be surpassing energy use as a means of getting things done other than feeding people, moving people and things about, and heating or cooling buildings. Although it is unlikely that major increases in food output per person are likely, population is likely to stabilize. Nothing says that humanity can't do better at the cruder uses of energy -- transportation and heating and cooling. (I can imagine a near-Type I civilization modifying the planetary climate to some optimum that vastly reduces the need for heating and cooling. That might be much like San Francisco or Mexico City on a large scale, as opposed to places like Kiev, Beijing, and St. Louis that have harsh summers and winters that must be met with heating and cooling. Virtual reality could substitute well for peak experiences and destroy the reality of scarcity even of Great Master paintings.

Heavy use of energy per top life form (humanity in 2008) may be analogous at a certain level of sophistication of civilization to civilizations that relied entirely upon gold, silver, and copper for metals. It could be that until a civilization begins colonizing other solar systems that it can never approach a Type I civilization.

A society that fails to meet the need to constrain its resource use will become the malign invaders of Independence Day and eventually inflict or receive consummate tragedy.Paul from Michigan (talk) 15:22, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

Interview with Dr. Kaku
There has been discussion about if the Borg is, or is not, a Type III civilization by the editors here at wikipedia. While it is nice we discuss this, the man with true knowledge in this field (Dr. Kaku) has stated in various interviews and in his book "Hyperspace: A Scientific Odyssey Through Parallel Universes, Time Warps, and the 10th Dimension" that the Borg are in-fact a 'true type-III civilization"

Per a transcript of his first interview with Art Bell on Coast to Coast AM back in 1997, Dr. Kaku states:

"...but my point is that for a civilization like a Type-II, um a civilization that can harness the power of a star, like in Star Trek by the way; The Federation of Planets with Captain Kirk and company is a typical Type II civilization. Uh, the Borg by the way, the enemy of the Federation is a Type III. Uh, that's why Captain Picard fears the Borg so much because they are a genuine Type III galactic civilization." - Dr. Kaku on Coast to Coast AM, 8/22/1997 (excerpt from time code 44:10-44:33)

Concidering the Dr. has stated this in one of his books and in an interview (as well as other interviews but I don't have the time at the moment to find this also find all the references. I also found that he said this multiple times after the above quote in that interview but for brevity I haven't included them.), I think we are arguing opinions of editors while the reputable and notable Doctor has already stated this as 'fact'.

 * Edit::

I also wanted to point out for those who wish to argue the point, in Star Trek:Voyager, the voyager was thrown into the Delta Quadrant. It was stated many times that it would take over 75 years for the crew to get back to the Alpha Quadrant at maximum warp of the ship (Warp 9.997).

The Borg's first formal contact with Starfleet occurred in 2365 by interference from Q in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode, "Q Who?". Q transported the Enterprise-D to System FGC-J25, in the deep reaches of the Delta Quadrant just long enough to expose them to the Borg.

The Borg set a course for Earth from the Delta Quadrant. They were able to cover the same distance in under a year.

-- Brian ( view my history )/( How am I doing? ) 14:55, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

The borg don't control the whole milky way galaxy, or even the whole delta quadrant they are not type III The snare 06:14, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

 * No offense snare, but when one of the most intelligent men alive today, Dr. Kaku, says they are when talking about his field of study, your or my opinion doesn't mean anything. The guy built a circular particle accelerator when he was in highschool, teaches at the graduate level, and has more scientific respect and knowledge than most wikipedians combined. If he says they are a type III, they are a type three.

Per a transcript of his first interview with Art Bell on Coast to Coast AM back in 1997, Dr. Kaku states:

"...but my point is that for a civilization like a Type-II, um a civilization that can harness the power of a star, like in Star Trek by the way; The Federation of Planets with Captain Kirk and company is a typical Type II civilization. Uh, the Borg by the way, the enemy of the Federation is a Type III. Uh, that's why Captain Picard fears the Borg so much because they are a genuine Type III galactic civilization." - Dr. Kaku on Coast to Coast AM, 8/22/1997 (excerpt from time code 44:10-44:33)

You want to argue this point with Dr. Michio Kaku? He graduated (summa cum laude) from Harvard University, He went on to the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley and received a Ph.D, Currently holds the Henry Semat Chair and Professorship in theoretical physics at City College of New York, where he has taught for more than 25 years, has been a visiting professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, as well as at New York University. Sorry, I'll take the word of the Dr. over any wikipedians. -- Brian ( view my history )/( How am I doing? ) 08:01, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Calling him the "one of the most intelligent men alive" is a bit over the top, don't you think? Especially when he's going on about how much power the Borg Collective is able to generate, a fictional civilization using fictional technology. A Harvard degree doesn't allow one to read the minds of TV scriptwriters. Does anyone know of any references to episodes, books, or anything else within the Star Trek milieu to indicate what the power generating capacity of the Borg is? That's the only source that can really establish the Kardashevicity of the Borg with certainty, IMO the best we can do with Kaku's comment is a "The Borg are described by some to be K-III" comment. Bryan Derksen 16:59, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Yes, your committing what's called the appeal to authority fallacy, he says it, he has a Harvard Degree so it must be true! Mr Kaku could explain the logic behind it if he were here, he would tell me why instead of just saying he has a big degree, but you're not him. A type 3 civilization can harness all the energy in an entire galaxy, that means every star, every planet, every nebulae and everything else. The borg don't control every star, planet, nebulae and everything else in the Milky Way galaxy or even one-fourth of it. I know this just as well as Michio Kaku does. No one said he was infallible! The snare 06:33, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

 * An appeal to authority is not necessarily a fallacy. It is an appeal to an unreliable authority which is fallacious.  If one were to say that there are such things as "wandering black holes", because Michio Kaku said so, it would be a more believable statement than if an arbitrary Wikipedian were cited as saying it.  This appeal to authority is convincing, because Dr. Kaku is an expert in the field that the proposition is concerned with.  However, because Dr. Kaku is an expert of science does not mean that he is an expert of science fiction .  It would be more useful and perhaps more convincing if Gene Roddenberry or one of his successors were to supply an opinion on this matter. 24.17.164.47 12:27, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

 * As an avid trek fan, I felt the need to throw my two cents in to this debate. Firstly, it is fallacious to cite Kaku's opinion as fact, since it is only his opinion.  His opinion is certainly informed, but it is still just his consideration.  To say Michio Kaku views and has argued that the Borg are type III is acceptable.  To state the Borg are type III simply based on one man's educated view is quite another, and in my opinion is overreaching.  If you know your trek, you know the Borg have little influence in the Gamma quadrant, and don't appear at all in DS9 apart from flashbacks to Wolf 359.  DS9 is farther into Alpha quadrant territory, so presumably any Borg incursions have been repelled before getting that far.  In addition, There was a point in Voyager when the Voyager entered "Borg space", or rather the region where the Borg have established the beginnings of a type III civilization.  Before entering that region, the Voyager encountered numerous civilizations which appeared to have no contact with the Borg.  In addition, many of the Delta quadrant species featured in the beginning of voyager seemed far less developed than the federation, so it is improbable these cultures outwitted or outgunned the Borg.  In any event, the Borg do not meet basic qualifications of the type III scale, in spite of Kaku's statement.72.92.17.135 (talk) 23:55, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Update
I really like the layout of the article and the flow of the text in the current revision. It is logical, clear and just plain interesting and verfiably accurate. Well done, Sparky! There's always room for improving things, but it is much harder for me to see where this could be done now. Cheers. Alastair Haines (talk) 00:59, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Classifying fictional civilizations
At the moment, very few of the civilizations listed in the Kardashev scale section give any indication that their classification is not in violation of No original research or No original synthesis. Many of these universes are not particularly "hard" science fiction, making it doubtful that the author even considered power consumption important. Would anyone disagree to paring this list to include only those civilizations which have been discussed in context of the Kardashev scale? Arguably, references like the Stapledon which explicitly mentions power consumption (and sustaining it in an entropy-increases universe) are allowable as obvious deduction. I am not, however, convinced of the utility of such references even leaving aside the bloat-control issues. - Eldereft ~(s)talk~ 22:13, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I was going back and forth about just junking the whole section as speculative/original research/fancruft. These fictional civilizations do shed some light on the issue, helping us imagine what extraterrestrial civilizations might look like, and the universes mentioned are notable enough to have their own articles.  But to stay on solid footing, I agree, they should be limited to cases where a writer has explicitly considered the question of where the civilization falls on the scale, or there is a raw number or other very obvious marker.  And each instance should have a reference to the writer's analysis, or episode or page or something.  I'm happy to leave a "citation needed" tag until someone does some research, but policy says it's OK to move unreferenced text to the talk page and whatnot. -- Beland (talk) 06:55, 7 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I can agree that many of the fiction examples don't cite or mention their connection with the scale. However if you were to take the borg and starship federation from star trek for example... These are two fiction examples which don't relate directly to the scale nor does the tv show really make reference to Kardashev's scale. However these were two examples of science fiction that Dr. Kaku picked to illustrate an example or different scale types. Which why I think the fiction section has any real value of reference. It's not to point out specific examples of when the Kardashev Scale is mentioned but rather the way the Kardashev scale is applied to classify fictional examples. I see it as a way to connect with the readers of this article. That being said if we wanted to chop the list down to 4 examples per type or even 3, and then do our best to see that those examples do mention the Kardashev scale directly or have direct power examples, I think that would be great.
 * One thing that I've been thinking about is the creation of a list... it seems that people want to add their two cents, but that their input is restricted and then reverted by our efforts to minimalize the violations of WP:Style and Embedded lists. So with the creation of a list people would have a place to add Warhammer 40000 and the different races of Star Wars if they so choose. Then the debate on fictional civilizations and the references to kardashev could be moved to that page. It would create an beneficial outlet for the seemingly never ending sci-fiction fan additions.--Sparkygravity (talk) 01:16, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * List of fictional civilizations by Kardashev value with a main link from an abbreviated version here? Suboptimal, but I would not oppose such a creation. What if instead we maintain the sense of connection provided through use of concrete (referenced for preference, or at the very least more solid than 'they can do xxx, is that not cool?') examples by weaving them into the text? A more complete list could still be listed prominently under See also. - Eldereft ~(s)talk~ 22:38, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Right I would want at least some explanation why a fictional civilization was a type I, II, or III. Currently that would be under power, but I have long maintained that the Kardashev scale while established through power has been changing to define many attributes by which a civilization would be technologically capable of achieving a higher level of technology (for examples see physicists Kaku, or Dyson). So if a fictional civilization was able to achieve a level synonymous with type II capabilities, as long as they were able to reference that from the novel or game, whatever, I'd be fine with that. I just want an reasonable explanation, let the sci-fi buffs argue it out on the lists talk page.--Sparkygravity (talk) 01:36, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I've been looking at the page and it definitely seems that something needs to happen cuz the example section is looking more like a list every week. I haven't created the "list page" because your absolutely right... it's suboptimal. However, I'm currently despairing the organization of examples and a bit desperate for a solution either a rewrite without the style of a list or the creation of forementioned page.... What do you guys think?--Sparkygravity (talk) 18:39, 16 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I just excised the list bit. Maybe I am being too harsh here, but the descriptive examples under #Energy development seem to have the requirements and implications covered at least as well as the (often dubious) fictional examples. I would support fleshing out those descriptions with sufficiently useful examples. No hard feelings if anyone would like to revert this change for more thorough discussion. - Eldereft (cont.) 00:24, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Well, I'm the type of guy that doesn't like to take things away from articles... However, the classified section was definitely starting to violate WP:Style by being to much like a WP:Embedded list. I don't think the removal is a solution but I approve until I can think about what to do with the material, how to introduce it, reproduce it in a productive manner. Right now it stands at half example, half fan commentary... I'm still scratching my head with this problem.--Sparkygravity (talk) 13:02, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

List of fictional civilizations by Kardashev value
I stripped this section from articlespace. Here it is for reference or possibly a seed for a stand-alone list. - Eldereft (cont.) 00:24, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Classifying fictional civilizations

These categorizations are not firm, and are neither complete nor absolute. Most science fiction space opera writers do not specifically write their works with Kardashev classification in mind. Isaac Asimov's short story The Last Question covers many of the same themes as Kardashev's papers, in its descriptions of the future use of energy and entropy by human civilization; however it does not mention the scale, as it was written in 1956.

 * Type I
 * The Pierson's Puppeteers from Larry Niven's Known Space books. Their society consumes so much power from Total conversion that surface temperatures are maintained, by waste heat, even after the planet is moved 1/10th of a light year away from its star. Power production must therefore be equivalent to the previous insolation. See Fleet of Worlds.
 * The Krell, the (extinct) inhabitants of Forbidden Planet. They left behind a facility of enormous power (described as 9,600 thermonuclear generators occupying 33,000 cubic kilometers), though the purpose was initially unknown.  However, a monster created by Dr. Morbius's id was able to tap into this power.  According to the power meters shown in the generating plant during the attack, energy use was about 1015 times that used by Dr. Morbius and his daughter under normal conditions.  Assuming normal use would be 1–10 KW, this puts them at Type I or slightly above.

 * Type II
 * The United Federation of Planets of Star Trek.
 * The People of the Worldsphere of Doctor Who first seen in The Also People.
 * The territory of Eelong in the Pendragon Series by D. J. MacHale utilizes all power from a belt of suns known as the Skaa.
 * The Galactic Empire of The Foundation Series by Isaac Asimov is a galaxy-spanning civilization which possesses the technology necessary to harness energy on a planetary level.  Combined with the large number of planets, this produces a Type II civilization.

 * Type III
 * The Asgard from the Sci-Fi series Stargate. Thor's race employs technology allowing them to cause time dialation. Their ships are capable of crossing the voids between galaxies in mere days to weeks.
 * The Galactic Republic of Star Wars by George Lucas is a galaxy-spanning society. It has constructed planet-destroying space platforms which expend energy consistent with a Type III civilization, albeit not continuously.
 * Dr. Michio Kaku has argued the Borg Collective of Star Trek represent a Type III civilization.
 * The Star Maker by Olaf Stapledon.  The stellar energy output of the whole galaxy is utilized by the Galactic Community of Worlds.
 * Manifold: Time, by Stephen Baxter — in the distant future, descendants of humanity maintain vast Dyson nets around the supermassive black hole remnants of galaxies until they evaporate via Hawking radiation, accessing the energy equivalent of multiple galaxies.
 * The Forerunners, of the Halo (series) and its universe, had the power to wipe out life on a galactic scale and had done so before to eradicate the parasitic species known as the Flood, wiping themselves out in the process. They also were able to create such megastructures as the dyson sphere and 'shunt' them into slipspace.
 * The Therians from AT-43, a science fiction themed strategy game by Rackham. The Therians have constructed dyson shells around a very large number of stars including every star in the Milky Way galaxy and an unknown number of stars from nearby galaxies.

 * Type IV and above
 * The Q Continuum and its individual members in the Star Trek mythos
 * The Time Lords of Doctor Who — in the story The Gallifrey Chronicles the Time Lord Marnal claims "The Time Lords were the Type 4 civilization. We had no equals. We controlled the fundamental forces of the entire universe. Nothing could communicate with us on our level. Most races pray to lesser beings than the Time Lords".
 * The Dancers at the End of Time by Michael Moorcock - a past civilization is described which consumed all the energy in all the stars in the universe (saving Earth's own sun) in order to fuel an existence where the inheritors of the Earth lived as nigh-omnipotent gods.
 * The Ancients from the Stargate mythos invented a machine to harness all the power of this universe and other universes, by using Zero-point energy. Unfortunately it never worked properly, creating a large amount of uncontrollable exotic particles. The Ancients did finally achieve powers over the universe by Ascending to another plane of existence. This is an example of Transhumanism in fiction.
 * In Isaac Asimov's science fiction novel "The Last Question", humanity is able to harness the power of the entire Universe.
 * In Stephen Baxter's Xeelee Sequence, the Photino Birds harness the power of all of stars in the universe and the Xeelee, another universe spanning civilization, flee to other universes.
 * In the video game series Half-Life, the Combine is an alien empire that spans an undefined number of parallel universes, due to the unique ability to control inter-dimensional travel (by means of Dark Fusion reactor). The Combine expands its empire by invading worlds and enslaving the dominant species to be exploited as it sees fit.

Equivalences
The table expressed the amount of energy produced by human civilization in terawatts per hour, since at the same time it expressed it in mtoes per year, quads per year, etc etc... any other way they are not equivalent.

For example:

In the year 2010 the world will produce 16terawatts per hour ...

16 terawatts per hour = 140,160 terawatts per YEAR, which is equal to 12,100 millions of tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoes) per YEAR....

12,100 mtoes = 12,100,000,000 toes

kardrak (talk) 22:26, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Moved from my talk. - Eldereft (cont.) 22:37, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

man youre wrong...

use an energy converter like this: http://www.sciencelab.com/data/conversion_calculators/energy-conversion.shtml

now tell me if those numbers of quads, mtoes etc per year are eqivalentwith the numbers expressed in terawatts in that table...

a year has 8760 hours.... divide mtoes per year/8760 then convert that result in terawatts and you will see the coincidence...

or multiply terawatts per 8760 and then that result convert it in mtoes....

kardrak (t) 23:10, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Note how when converting one unit of energy to another unit of energy, that converter uses watt-hours, not watts. This is because watt-hour is a unit of energy; this is contrasted with watt, which is a unit of power. This is why light bulbs are rated in watts but you pay for kilowatt-hours based on for what length of time the bulb draws its 100 watts of power.
 * Consider 21 exajoules/year (energy per time). This converts to 5,833,333,333,333,333 watthours/year (((energy per time)*time)/time). Multiply by 1/8766 years/hour (time/time) to get 0.665 * 1012 watts (energy per time), as given. - Eldereft (cont.) 22:37, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Watt = work / time, thats it... and is a unity of power not of energy.

kardrak (t) 22:51, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Look...

The table is about Energy production not about power production, but the electrical amount of energy is not expressed by the unity of power alone...

If you wish to know the amount of electrical energy produced you need a unity of time always..

Terawatts are expressed in instantaneous power production but not in amount of energy... to be expressed in amounts of energy you need the unity of time...

thats the way it is in electricity.

kardrak (talk) 23:08, 3 Aug 2008 (UTC)

The units are wrong for Terawatts/year - they should be terawatts. Terawatts are joules/second (unitwise). Terawatts/hour might describe how fast energy use is increasing (as in the world's energy production is increasing by one terawatt/year) but it's the wrong units for energy consumption for a year.

To convert from exajoules/year to terawatts, just divide the number of exajoules by the number of seconds in a year. This is correct both numerically and unit-wise. LouScheffer (talk) 23:35, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

In that case the correct would be terawatthour/year and you should multiply by 8760. kardrak (talk) 01:28, 4 Aug 2008 (UTC)

I think there is some confusion here between terawatt-hours (a unit of energy) and terawatt/hour, a term is formally a rate of change of power, a unit that makes little sense here.

So there are two possibilities for what might be in the table. Both make physical sense, it's just a matter of preference:
 * The average consumption in terawatts = number of joules / (seconds in a year) / 10^12. This is the number that is currently in the table.
 * Total yearly consumption in terawatt-hours. The number above multiplied by 8760, the number of hours in a year.
 * The current heading, terawatt/hour makes no sense.

LouScheffer (talk) 03:59, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

I'm agree with your 2nd proposal terawatt-hour x 8760, this way we'll have the amount of electrical energy produced a year by human civilization in equivalence with the other units of energy in the way they are expressed in that table.

kardrak (talk) 04:33, 4 Aug 2008 (UTC)

Ok, forget it, bring back only terawatts, now I see your point and Eldereft is right. The point is, to have the power output of energy on an average of intensity and not the amount of equivalent electrical energy; which we could have also but its not the true point of the table. In fact both assumptions are right, its only the point to have only terawatts for the conversion to a kardashev index.

kardrak (talk) 05:23, 4 Aug 2008 (UTC)

Article protected
Since the article doesn't have very high activity, I have protected the article for 18 hours instead of issuing blocks. Please use this time to discuss the dispute. If either party return to edit warring when the protection is automatically lifted, I will instate a 24 hour block on you both. Seraphim♥ Whipp  23:19, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Isnt this mistaken?
"Anti-matter production is still beyond our civilization's ability to utilize as a power source..." (on how could a civ reach Type 2 section)

Can anti-mater be a power source? Using laws of conservation of energy, we would atleast get the same energy used to produce it by colliding it with matter, isnt that right?

--189.102.144.200 (talk) 20:14, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kardashev scale/Archive 3


text:
Lateran Palace

The Lateran Palace (Palatium Lateranense; Palazzo del Laterano), formally the Apostolic Palace of the Lateran (Palatium Apostolicum Lateranense), is an ancient palace of the Roman Empire and later the main papal residence in southeast Rome.

Located on St. John's Square in Lateran on the Caelian Hill, the palace is adjacent to the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, the cathedral church of Rome. The wealthy Lateran (Laterani) family held the palace estate during the Roman Empire, and the estate eventually came into the hands of the Emperor Constantine. From the fourth century, the palace was the principal residence of the popes, and continued so for about a thousand years until the Apostolic Residence ultimately moved to the nearby Vatican. The palace is now used by the Vatican Historical Museum, which illustrates the history of the Papal States. The palace also houses the offices of the Vicariate of Rome, as well as the residential apartments of the Cardinal Vicar, the pope's delegate for the daily administration of the diocese. Until 1970, the palace was also home to the important collections of the Lateran Museum, now dispersed among other parts of the Vatican Museums.

Following the Lateran Treaty of 1929, the palace and adjoining basilica are extraterritorial properties of the Holy See.

Pre-papal use
The site on which the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano sits was occupied during the early Roman Empire by the domus of the Plautii Laterani family. The Laterani served as administrators for several emperors; their ancestor Lucius Sextius Lateranus is said to have been the first plebeian to attain the rank of consul, in 366 BC. One of the Laterani, Consul-designate Plautius Lateranus, became famous for being accused by Nero of conspiracy against the emperor. The accusation resulted in the confiscation and redistribution of his properties.

Constantinian era
The Domus Laterani came into the possession of the emperor when Constantine I married his second wife Fausta, sister of Maxentius. Around 312, Constantine had razed the imperial horse-guards barracks adjoining the palace, which was known as Domus Faustae or "House of Fausta" by this time; the equites singulares Augusti had supported Maxentius against Constantine. He commissioned the construction of the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano on the site.

The Domus Laterani was eventually given to the Bishop of Rome by Constantine I. It is believed that this happened during the pontificate of Pope Miltiades, in time to host a synod of bishops in 313 that was convened to challenge the Donatists.

Medieval Palace
As Byzantium grew less able to help prevent Lombard incursions, the papacy became more independent of the Empire. Prior to the early eighth century, the residence of the bishops of Rome was not called a palace, but rather the "Lateran patriarchate" (patriarchium). The incentive to refurbish the Lateran patriarchate as a true palace was to create an imperial residence from which the pope could exercise not only spiritual but also temporal authority.

The pope's palace at the Lateran in Rome was extensively added to in the late eighth century by Pope Hadrian I (772–95) and Pope Leo III (795–816). Pope Hadrian I restructured the portico by the entrance staircase (Zaccaria's portico) and erected another tower next to it, which functioned as residential space. This portico was used to distribute alms and was also the location of the statue of the Capitoline Wolf and the Lex de imperio Vespasiani tables.

Pope Leo III built two triclinia (the first known simply as the Triclinium or triclinium maius while the second one became known as Aula Concilii) around 800 to serve as the heart of papal ceremonial. Architecturally they were reminiscent of Byzantine imperial buildings in Constantinople. Both triclinia were ornate with mosaics and fountains, and were the location of papal ceremonies, banquets and meetings. The decorations had an explicitly political theme, and they were meant to be a symbol of papal power and authority.

The Leonian Triclinium or triclinium maius was one of the most famous halls of the ancient palace and was the state banqueting hall, lined with mosaics. It was a two story structure, 50m long from end to end. The upper floor was constituted of a large 26 meter long main chamber with a main apse at the end and one apse on each side, and a rectangular entrance antechamber, maybe with a portico. Frescoes covered the two apses projecting the main chamber and the two apses in the antechamber, while the main apse was covered in a mosaic and hosted the papal throne. Nothing remains of this, but in 1743 copies of the mosaics were made from drawings and placed in a specially built structure opposite the palace. The existing structure is not ancient, but a representation of the original mosaics is preserved in a three-part mosaic: In the centre Christ gives their mission to the Apostles; on the left he gives the keys to St. Peter and the Labarum to Constantine; while on the right St. Peter gives the stole to Leo III and the standard to Charlemagne, an image meant to represent the Frankish king's duty to protect the Church.

The second triclinium built by Leo III, also known as the Aula Concilii ("Hall of the Council" or Sala del Concilio in Italian), was situated next to the basilica and in perpendicularly to it. It was a magnificent oblong hall (53 m long by 13 wide) with eleven apses, the major apse on one end and five on each side. The side apses had a diameter of 6.7 meters and were 2.34 meters apart, while the end ones were 4.47 meters away from the front and end walls. A large Porphyry fountain was placed in front of the main apse, spouting jets of water from pressurized pipes of the restored Aqua Claudia, a technical marvel meant to impress visitors. Each of the 10 lateral apses held accubita for banquets, on the model of the reception hall of the 19 accubita in the Great Palace of Constantinople. The main apse was decorated with a mosaic showing Christ and Mary with Saints Peter and Paul and three other figures, while each of the ten lateral apses was decorated with frescoes depicting an apostle preaching to the gentiles. On the left of the main apse was a staircase that led to the basilica. The hall was adorned with columns, pilasters, a floor in opus sectile. A drawing by Pompeo Ugonio (BAV, Cod. Barb. lat. 2160, fol.157v) survives as evidence of its structure and ornamentation.

Leo III and his successor Paschal I (817–24) decorated the Sancta Sanctorum (“Holy of Holies”, the private papal chapel) with new jeweled reliquaries and a reliquary chest modeled on the Ark of the Covenant, which stored some of Rome’s most precious relics. Around the 820s the Liber Pontificalis starts calling the complex a palace, palatium.

The private apartments of the popes in this palace were situated between the triclinium and the city walls. It later was called Aula Concilii ("Hall of the Council") due to its role as a place of meetings.

In the tenth century Sergius III restored the palace after a disastrous fire, and later it was greatly embellished by Innocent III. This was the period of its greatest magnificence, when Dante speaks of it as beyond all human achievements. At this time the centre of the piazza was occupied by the palace and tower of the Annibaldi family.

Between this palace and the Lateran basilica was the equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, which at the time was erroneously believed to represent the Christian Emperor Constantine (which association probably accounted for its preservation). A copy of the equestrian statue is now placed in the centre of the Capitoline Square while the original has been safely preserved for display in the Capitoline Museums.

Boniface VIII added the Loggia delle Benedizioni to the northern side of the Aula Concilii.

In its place, the Lateran obelisk was erected. Originally commissioned by the 18th dynasty Pharaoh Tuthmosis III, it was completed by his grandson, Tuthmosis IV. At 32.18 m (45.70 m including the base) it is the tallest obelisk in Rome and the largest standing ancient Egyptian obelisk in the world, weighing over 230 tons. Following the annexation of Egypt to the Empire, it was taken from the temple of Amun in Karnak and brought to Alexandria with another obelisk by Constantius II. From there it was brought on its own to Rome in 357 to decorate the spina of the Circus Maximus. The dedication on the base, however, gives the glory to Constantine I, not to his son who brought it to Rome.

Avignon Papacy
The fall of the palace from this position of glory was the result of the departure of the popes from Rome during the Avignon Papacy.

Two destructive fires, in 1307 and 1361, did irreparable harm, and although vast sums were sent from Avignon for the rebuilding, the palace never again attained its former splendour. The palace had Gothic architectural elements at this point. When the popes returned to Rome they resided first at Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere, then at Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, and lastly fixed their residence at the Vatican. St. Peter's Basilica, also built by Constantine, had until then served primarily as a pilgrimage church. Sixtus V, more concerned with rationalized urban planning than the preservation of antiquities, then destroyed what still remained of the ancient palace of the Lateran in 1586 preserving only the Sancta Sanctorum, and erected the present much smaller edifice in its place, designed by his favorite architect Domenico Fontana.

16th-century building
The architect he employed, immediately upon his election, was Domenico Fontana, who was engaged in alterations to the basilica at the same time. Fontana's strong, restrained style was influenced by Giacomo Vignola and modeled upon Palazzo Farnese for its regular and harmonious if somewhat bland major façade. Fontana's sound engineering basis and power of coordinating a complicated architectural program on a tightly constrained site, which Sixtus urged forward at top speed, have been considered remarkable.

A notice on 29 August 1589 announced that the work had been completed: "A great palace in Piazza Lateranese has been brought to completion by Sixtus V." Fontana reapplied motifs of the Lateran Palace in the part of the Vatican Palace containing the present papal apartments, which he undertook later, and in his additions to the Quirinal Palace. The east front was finished under Clement XII, who surmounted it with his coat-of-arms in 1735.

From the old Lateran constructions three monuments survive, two of which are located in one building built by Domenico Fontana in 1589 opposite the Lateran Basilica. These monuments are the Scala Santa and the Chapel of the Sancta Sanctorum.

Modern use
The Lateran remained in a suburban environment, surrounded by gardens and vineyards, until the growth of modern Rome in the later nineteenth century. Its site was considered unhealthy in Rome's malarial summers, however. In the late seventeenth century, Innocent XII located, in a part of it, a hospice for orphans who were set to work in a little silk manufactory. In the nineteenth century, Gregory XVI and Pius IX founded at the Lateran a museum of religious art and pagan culture for overflow from the Vatican galleries.

In 1925 Pius XI established an ethnographic museum devoted to artifacts sent back by missionaries. On 11 February 1929, the Lateran Treaty was signed here, at last regulating the relations between the Holy See and the Italian State. It established that both the basilica and the Lateran Palace were extraterritorial properties of the Holy See, enjoying privileges similar to foreign embassies on Italian soil.

During the Second World War, the Lateran and its related buildings provided a safe haven from the Nazis and Italian Fascists for numbers of Jews and other refugees. Among those who found shelter there were Alcide De Gasperi, Pietro Nenni, Ivanoe Bonomi and others. The Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul and the sixty orphan refugees they cared for were ordered to leave their convent on the Via Carlo Emanuele. The Sisters of Maria Bambina, who staffed the kitchen at the Pontifical Major Roman Seminary at the Lateran offered a wing of their convent. The grounds also housed Italian soldiers.

Fathers Vincenzo Fagiolo and Pietro Palazzini, vice-rector of the seminary, were recognized by Yad Vashem for their efforts to assist Jews.

Seat of the Vicariate of Rome
Pope John XXIII returned to the palace some pastoral functions by fixing here the seat of the vicariate and offices of the Diocese of Rome. He removed the collections of the Lateran Museum to the Vatican. Since 1987 the Lateran Palace has housed the Museo Storico Vaticano, which opened in 1991 and illustrates the history of the Papal States.

On 27 July 1993, a bomb explosion devastated the facade of the Rome Vicariate at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran. The attack is widely assumed to have been the work of the Italian Mafia, a warning against Pope John Paul II's frequent anti-Mafia statements. Repairs were completed in January 1996.

The palace houses the offices of the Vicariate of Rome and the living quarters of the cardinal vicar.

Tourists can visit the papal apartments, usually in the morning.

In popular culture
In Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood (2010), the basilica of the palace is presented as a dilapidated structure which holds a scroll of Romulus.

title: Lateran Palace


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File:Ani DiFranco - Revelling Reckoning.jpg

Cover for the album Revelling: Reckoning by Ani DiFranco


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Melinda McGraw

Melinda McGraw (born October 25, 1968) is an American actress. She has starred in movies such as The Dark Knight (2008), Wrongfully Accused (1998), and Skateland (2010), and is also known for her television performances on Mad Men, Men of a Certain Age, X-Files, The West Wing, and NCIS.

Early life
McGraw was born in Nicosia, Cyprus, to American parents.

The youngest of three daughters, she grew up in Cambridge and Dover in the Boston area. Her father served as a diplomat for the Agency of International Development before becoming an executive with a major hotel in Boston. She attended the Buckingham Browne & Nichols School in Cambridge and got her start in acting with the Boston Children's Theater.

After attending Bennington College, McGraw was accepted to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London (one of only seven women admitted in her year). Theatrical performances in the West End and elsewhere in Britain followed, among them Don Carlos, The Foreigner and Twelfth Night. She returned to the U.S. in 1990.

Career
McGraw's first major on-screen role was as Detective Cydavia "Cyd" Madison on The Commish (1992–1994). While on the set, she met actor Nicholas Lea and the pair dated for a few years. McGraw later earned recognition for her role as Melissa Scully, Dana Scully's ill-fated sister, in four episodes of The X-Files ("One Breath", "The Blessing Way", "Paper Clip", and "Christmas Carol"). Coincidentally, Alex Krycek, the recurring antagonist responsible for Melissa's death, was played by Nicholas Lea.

McGraw has starred in The Pursuit of Happiness (1995), Soul Man (1997–1998), Living in Captivity (1998), Wednesday 9:30 (8:30 Central) (2002), and Center of the Universe (2004). Notable guest appearances include Quantum Leap, Night Court, Seinfeld, Cybill, The Larry Sanders Show, Mad About You, The District, The Practice, and Inconceivable. She has been featured in four episodes of Desperate Housewives as Annabel Foster and was cast in Neighbors, an ABC pilot for 2005-06 that was not picked up.

In 2006, McGraw played Jane Braun, campaign advisor to presidential candidate Arnold Vinick, in several episodes of The West Wing and appeared in an episode of Bones. She played U.S. Attorney Valerie Por in Close to Home and Hartley Green in Saving Grace in 2007, as well as Annette Barron in two episodes of Journeyman.

McGraw appeared in 2008's The Dark Knight (the sequel to Batman Begins) as Lieutenant Gordon's wife, Barbara. She guest-starred in the Law & Order: SVU episode "Crush" as Samantha Copeland. She had a recurring role as seductive adulteress Bobbie Barrett in the second season of AMC's Mad Men. McGraw co-starred with Kelsey Grammer on the ABC sitcom Hank before its cancellation on November 11, 2009. She enjoyed a recurring role as Erin, Scott Bakula's love interest, on the TNT original series Men of a Certain Age in 2010–11. In 2011 and 2012, she made guest appearances in the 9th season of NCIS in the episodes "Devil's Triangle", "Devil's Trifecta" and "Devil's Triad" as Diane Sterling, an ex-wife of both Leroy Jethro Gibbs and Tobias Fornell. In season 12 of the series, her character's arc was closed when she was murdered in the episode "Check". McGraw appeared again as Diane in 2019, but as a ghost in the episode “Daughters” (season 16). In 2013 she appeared in ABC series Scandal.

Personal life
McGraw is married to composer/recording artist Steve Pierson, and they have a daughter Lucy. They all belong to Pierson's band Jambo, which performs roots music for children.

title: Melinda McGraw