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Melvin Franklin

David Melvin English (October 12, 1942 – February 23, 1995) better known by the stage name Melvin Franklin or his nickname "Blue", was an American bass singer. Franklin was best known for his role as a founding member of Motown singing group The Temptations from 1960 to 1995.

Early life
David English was born in Montgomery, Alabama to Rose English, a teenage mother from nearby Mobile. His biological father was the preacher of the English family's church in Mobile; he impregnated her through rape. Following David's birth, Rose English married Willard Franklin and moved to Detroit. Her grandmother however insisted on raising young David and was left behind in her care. David English later moved to Detroit with his mother and stepfather in 1952 at age ten.

Taking on his stepfather's surname for his stage name as a teenager, David English—now Melvin Franklin—was a member of a number of local singing groups in Detroit, including The Voice Masters with Lamont Dozier and David Ruffin, and frequently performed with Richard Street. In 1959, the Voice Masters signed with Anna Records, a label co-founded by Berry Gordy's sister Anna. The group recorded several singles, including "Needed" and "Hope and Pray". Franklin often affectionately referred to Street and Ruffin as his "cousins" (although they were not related). Around this time, Franklin romantically pursued future Supremes singer Mary Wilson.

1958–1960: Early career
In 1958, Otis Williams, a classmate of Franklin's at Detroit's Northwestern High School, had formed his own singing group, Otis Williams and the Siberians. The group were negotiating a contract with record producer Johnnie Mae Matthews to record singles. However, Arthur Walton, the group's bass singer, departed the group to finish high school. To replace him, Williams remembered Franklin from the Voice Masters. He spotted Franklin walking along a nearby neighborhood and rushed him with an offer to join the group as their bass singer. Franklin responded, "Well, I don't know you. You have to ask my momma." Williams explained the situation to Rose Franklin, who agreed to have her son join the group. Vernard Plain, the group's lead singer, also departed the group, in which Franklin brought in Street to replace him.

The Siberians (now renamed Otis Williams and the Distants)—Williams, Franklin, Street, Elbridge "Al" Bryant, and James "Pee Wee" Crawford—recorded at Matthews' Northern Records, releasing singles such as "Come On" (1959) and "Alright" (1960). Around this time, Franklin briefly attended Wayne State University. A dispute over the group's royalties with Matthews led to the termination of their contract with Northern Records. By 1960, the Distants had been reduced to a trio after Street left the group.

1961–1995: The Temptations
After losing the Distants name, the remaining members aligned with Paul Williams and Eddie Kendricks to form the Elgins. In March 1961, the Elgins signed with Motown Records under a new name: The Temptations. As a member of the Temptations, Franklin acquired the nickname "Blue" among his bandmates because of his obsession with the Italian song "Nel blu, dipinto di blu" (also known as "Volare" in English).

Franklin and Otis Williams were the only founding Temptations who never left the group. One of the most famous bass singers in music throughout his career, Franklin's deep vocals became one of the group's signature trademarks. Franklin sang a handful of featured leads with the group as well, including the songs "I Truly, Truly Believe" (The Temptations Wish It Would Rain, 1968), "Silent Night" (Give Love At Christmas, 1980), "The Prophet" (A Song for You, 1975), and his signature live performance number, "Ol' Man River". Franklin was usually called upon to deliver ad-libs, harmony vocals, and, during the psychedelic soul era, notable sections of the main verses. Franklin memorably sang the line "and the band played on" from The Temptations' 1970 hit single "Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)".

In the fall of 1978, Franklin was shot in the hand and leg while trying to stop a carjacking outside of a hair salon in West Hollywood. He had earlier left his vehicle running when he stopped to talk with a female friend. During the struggle, the carjacker recognized Franklin from the Temptations, pushed him out of the car, and sped off. The incident prevented Franklin from participating in the Temptations' upcoming tour of Poland, which at the time was still behind the Iron Curtain. Otis Williams assumed Franklin's bass parts during his recovery. Aside from the Temptations, Franklin also worked as a voice actor. In 1984, he provided the voice for the character of "Wheels" in the animated series Pole Position.

In 1989, Franklin was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Temptations. During the summer of 1994, Franklin was rushed to the hospital and diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis. To save his life, surgeons operated on Franklin's arm, but because he was immunocompromised, Franklin remained at risk for remission. A few months later, in September 1994, the Temptations received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In January 1995, Franklin's last recording with the Temptations was "Life Is But a Dream" for the album For Lovers Only. Following Franklin's death, he was replaced with Ray Davis.

Personal life and death
Franklin was married to his second wife named Kimberly at the time of his death. He had five children, David English Jr., Davette English, Nicqueos English, Felicia Johnson, and LaRissa Douglas. In 1968, Franklin was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, the symptoms of which he combated with cortisone so that he could continue performing. The constant use of cortisone left his immune system open to other infections and health problems; as a result Franklin developed diabetes in the early 1980s and later contracted necrotizing fasciitis. To treat his illnesses, Franklin took oxygen tanks with him while on tour.

In January 1995, while recording the album For Lovers Only, Ali-Ollie Woodson and Williams noticed bleeding from Franklin's ankle on his sock. He was taken home to recover but, on February 17, he fell into a coma and remained unconscious. On February 23, 1995, Franklin died from heart failure at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, at the age of 52. His funeral was widely attended, with Smokey Robinson commemorating Franklin with the song "Really Gonna Miss You" (a moment recreated for The Temptations miniseries). He is interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles.

In February 2013, Franklin was posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award as a member of the Temptations. On August 17, Franklin was inducted into the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame as a member of The Temptations.

In popular culture
In 1998, Franklin was portrayed by actor D. B. Woodside in the biographical miniseries The Temptations. Franklin's death was portrayed differently than what occurred in reality, with Franklin dying outside of the kitchen near his mother's house. Because Franklin's death was still fresh in the minds of Otis Williams and the miniseries' creators, it was decided that they would not depict Franklin's death accurately.

In April 1999, Rose Franklin filed suit against Williams, Shelly Berger, David V. Picker, de Passe Entertainment, Hallmark Entertainment, and NBC for unauthorized usage of her name, image and likeness along with the false depiction of her son's death. The lawsuit was joined with several ongoing litigation cases against the miniseries' creators, in which the judges ruled in favor of the defendants. In September 2001, the ruling was upheld at the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.

title: Melvin Franklin


text:
User talk:Dzamora

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Dzamora


text:
User talk:Mrice1

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Mrice1


text:
User talk:WiKi

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:WiKi


text:
Wikipedia talk:List of articles with C programs

from VfD:

A list of articles seems decidedly non-encyclopaedic to me. I can understand its use, but I just don't feel it belongs here. Sarge Baldy 01:46, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia has many many lists, is there something particular wrong with this one? If not, then keep. Posiduck 01:52, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, there is. Most lists contain items that are grouped together because their topics are similarly related. This list groups articles together by which ones have a type of example in them. This is the equivalent of a "List of Ram-Bot City Stubs" or "List of Articles With the Periodic Table". Its purpose isn't encyclopaedic because it refers to the content of the articles themselves rather than the topic of those articles. Sarge Baldy 02:02, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia has lots of lists, and this one doesn't seem to be a random unseless one. Keep.
 * Vote by Sparky the Seventh Chaos Sarge Baldy 02:04, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to Wikipedia namespace as has been done with other such lists. - SimonP 03:33, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not encyclopedic, but in the Wikipedia namespace, as SimonP suggests, it would be appropriate. Concur with SimonP, Move to Wikipedia namespace. --Improv 03:51, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to List of articles with C programs. • Benc • 03:55, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with proposed move — siro  χ  o  08:11, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, or move it out of the main namespace. I'm not convinced it's necessary anywhere, but I wouldn't object to it elsewhere. Category:Algorithms is useful and has a lot more articles in it (although they don't all have code); I can't imagine a circumstance when this particular list would be useful. ~leif 08:18, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps make it category, but delete as an article. Wikipedia has lots of lists, and this one does seem to be a random useless one. I don't think WIkipedia is, or is intended to be, or is likely to become, a useful source of code snippets or ready-to-use C code. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 00:10, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is what "Categories" is all about. Denni ☯ 01:04, 2004 Oct 15 (UTC)
 * Other. This list was probably written before catagories existed. Use the list to create a new catagory and populate it, then toss the list.Kim Bruning 12:43, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Replace with category and delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:31, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion


text:
Umphrey's McGee

Umphrey's McGee, sometimes stylized as UM, is an American jam band originally from South Bend, Indiana. The band experiments with many musical styles, including rock, metal, funk, jazz, blues, reggae, electronic, bluegrass, country, and folk. They have toured regularly and released several albums. Since year 2002, they were the headlining act and organizers of Summer Camp Music Festival, which was held annually in Three Sisters Park in Chillicothe, Illinois.

Early years (1997–2000)
Formed by students at the University of Notre Dame in December 1997, members were guitarist/vocalist Brendan Bayliss, Johnzo West, Jeff Topp, bassist Ryan Stasik, keyboardist Joel Cummins, and drummer Mike Mirro. Umphrey's McGee combined members of Tashi Station and Stomper Bob, two Notre Dame rock bands. Early concerts consisted of both originals and cover songs, including Guns N' Roses' "Patience" and Vince Guaraldi's Peanuts theme "Linus and Lucy," as well as songs by Phish, moe., and Grateful Dead.

According to Cummins, "The origins [of the name] are of an actual person. Brendan Bayliss, our other lead singer and guitar player has a cousin ... and his name is actually Humphrey Magee but it's not possessive with the apostrophe s ..."

In mid-1998, after 8 months together, the band released their debut album, Greatest Hits Vol. III. Having a released studio disc allowed them to more readily book live performances. Although long out of print, the album contains songs that remain staples of Umphrey's live sets, such as "Divisions", "Phil's Farm", "FF", and "All in Time".

Shortly after the release of the album, the band added a fifth member, percussionist Andy Farag. Farag's father became the band's agent. A second pressing of Greatest Hits Vol. III featured Farag in the album's inner sleeve and credits. By the end of the year, Umphrey's McGee, along with peers Ali Baba's Tahini, were one of the most popular bands in the South Bend/Notre Dame area. They began performing outside the area at colleges and house parties, allowing listeners to tape and trade their music freely. In 1998, the band released their first live album, Songs for Older Women.

Guitarist Jake Cinninger was added to the band in September 2000. Cinninger deepened the Umphrey's sound, and also contributed a large repertoire of original music, much of which comprised the bulk of the catalog from his previous band, Ali Baba's Tahini. The band also adopted several songs written by Karl Engelmann, Ali Baba's Tahini frontman. (He now fronts Asheville, North Carolina-based rock band Mother Vinegar). Shortly after Cinninger's arrival, the band released another live album, One Fat Sucka, which contained live performances recorded in the summer and fall of 2000.

Full line-up with Mike Mirro (2001–2002)
In 2001, the band began practicing intense improvisational exercises. One of their first productive sessions took place in the "Jimmy Stewart Ballroom" of a hotel, prompting the band to call their onstage improvisational excursions "Jimmy Stewarts". This form of improvisation differs in approach from the methods used by many of their jam band peers.

Jake Cinninger and Joel Cummins released solo albums in 2001 and 2002, respectively. At least two songs from each of those albums are part of Umphrey's concert repertoire.

In June 2002 the band released its first proper recording, Local Band Does OK. That summer, they played at the first annual Bonnaroo Music Festival in rural Manchester, Tennessee, among over 30 bands performing in front of nearly 100,000 people. Other artists included Widespread Panic, Trey Anastasio, and Norah Jones.

The band almost broke up in late 2002 when drummer Mike Mirro announced he was leaving the band to attend medical school. After hundreds of audition tapes were reviewed by the percussionist Andy Farag, the band settled on the first one they had received, which was from Kick the Cat drummer Kris Myers.

Anchor Drops (2003–2005)
2003 was a year of change for UM. New drummer Kris Myers had to learn their extensive repertoire of originals and covers. The band continued their grueling tour schedule, logging over 150 shows for the year. The band began experimenting with a new "Lego" style of songwriting, which involved piecing together original sections and lifted pieces of "Jimmy Stewart" improvisations to create new songs, such as "Ocean Billy", "#5", and "Wife Soup". That summer, UM entered the recording studio in Chicago for their first studio album with Myers. Later that year, the UM Live program was started by "Sound Caresser" Kevin Browning. Each night's show would be offered on CD, for sale directly after the show. This soon translated into a partnership with Disc Logic for online distribution, and a few years later all of the band's shows would be moved to UMLive.net. In November, the band released their first DVD, Live from the Lake Coast, and later that month their first official release featuring Kris Myers, Local Band Does OKlahoma (recorded on April 23 in Oklahoma City).

In 2004, the band released Anchor Drops, recorded in several different studios throughout the Chicago area. Shortly before the release of the album, the band scored a distribution deal for both Anchor Drops and Local Band Does OK, and for the first time, Umphrey's McGee music was available in stores all over the country. The album was said to be the "sound of a band reaching maturity". Once again, Umphrey's headed to Bonnaroo, playing a coveted late-night spot. The band performed to over 20,000 people, many of whom had never heard the band before. In July, the band was declared by Rolling Stone to "have become odds-on favorites in the next-Phish sweepstakes."

Starting in 2005, the band began producing Umphrey's McGee Podcasts, an effort to provide fans with highlights of recent shows. Each podcast is around 75 minutes in length and is released about twice a month, and it has 20,000 listeners. "In the Kitchen" won the Jammy Award for Song of the Year. That evening, the band performed with Huey Lewis for the first time (they were also joined by Mavis Staples, Sinéad O'Connor, and Jeff Coffin). That summer, the band participated in the Big Summer Classic tour, which was the first time UM played Red Rocks Amphitheatre.

Safety in Numbers (2006–2008)
On April 4, 2006, Umphrey's released their fourth studio effort, Safety In Numbers. They appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! alongside Huey Lewis in support of the new album on May 18, 2006. The band was featured at many of the major U.S. festivals throughout the summer, playing 129 shows before a three-night stand in Chicago for New Year's Eve. The Bottom Half, a 2-disc album compiled from the Safety in Numbers sessions, was released a year later on April 3, 2007. Near the end of 2006, Umphrey's began a program to provide complimentary tickets to audience tapers in exchange for their distributing the recordings digitally online.

A live double-album titled Live at the Murat was released on October 16, 2007. The album was recorded over 2 nights at the Egyptian Room in the Murat Centre in Indianapolis, Indiana on April 6–7, 2007. It received a 4-star review from Rolling Stone. The album also won a Jammy for best live album.

The band's 2008 Halloween show was the first to feature a mash-up theme. Riffing on the idea of mash-ups popularized by DJs, they arrange new composition from 2-3 songs (a mix of covers and originals). This tradition has continued on Halloween every year since.

Mantis (2009–2010)
The album Mantis was released on January 20, 2009. The release concentrated more on the progressive style that was associated with Anchor Drops. Unlike previous albums, most of the songs went unplayed until the album was released. Later in the year, Jefferson Waful took over duties as lighting director.

In 2010, the band debuted UMBowl, an interactive concert in 4 sets (or quarters), each with a different theme. Ticket purchasers are sent ballots to vote for the selections for two quarters, while the other two quarters are based upon interactive text submissions/votes. October 3 saw the debut of the Stew Art (S2) events. Each S2 event, limited to 50 fans, was an hour-long event that had the band improvising based upon text submissions from the audience. The S2 has since become a regular feature for UMBowl.

Death by Stereo (2011–2014)
The band's seventh studio album Death by Stereo, was released September 13, 2011. The album features a mix of new songs as well as old songs that the band has used in their live rotation for years, such as "Hajimemashite" and "The Floor". With the album's pre-order came a set of packages for super fans, including fishing trips and bar crawls with the band. The Bill Graham For A Day option for a private show became a reality, and has since inspired several follow-up events.

In 2013, the band debuted "Headphones and Snowcones", a program available at their concerts which provides a soundboard feed delivered to a set of headphones via wireless receiver.

Original drummer Mike Mirro died on January 30, 2014, at age 36.

Cummins said about his contributions,

"Musically, I think he was the backbone of us playing mixed meter and polyrhythm. We had a lot of fun writing sections of music together and trying to do things a little different from what was being produced then. ... When I met him, he was an incredibly accomplished drummer, but when we worked together, we talked a lot about musical theory and composition."

Hall of Fame Albums (2011–2020)
Starting in 2011, Umphrey's McGee yearly released an album entitled Hall of Fame each year, which includes the fan-voted best songs from live shows of the previous year.

Recent work
On June 10, 2014, UM released their eighth studio album, Similar Skin, their first album released on their new music label, Nothing Too Fancy Music.

On April 7, 2015, UM released their ninth studio album, The London Session, an album recorded in one day at Abbey Road Studios. The LP includes some rerecorded versions of previously released Umphrey's McGee songs as well as other selections.

On November 11, 2016, UM released their tenth studio album, ZONKEY, an experimental album consisting entirely of mashups from artists such as Beastie Boys, Beck, ZZ Top, Radiohead, AC/DC, Gorillaz, Nirvana, MGMT, and Ted Nugent, among others. Some of the mashups have been performed live by the band for years while some are new compositions for this record.

On December 29–31, 2016, UM returned to Chicago for a three-show New Year's Eve run, their first such run in Chicago for the holiday since performing in the city for New Year's Eve each year from 2000 to 2010. The shows took place at the Riviera Theatre and Aragon Ballroom.

On January 12, 2018, UM released their eleventh studio album, It's Not Us.

On May 18, 2018, UM released their twelfth studio album, It's You. This was unannounced and was a surprise to fans and acted as a companion to their previous album released earlier in the year.

On July 16, 2021, UM released their thirteenth studio album, You Walked Up Shaking In Your Boots But You Stood Tall And Left A Raging Bull. This album was a compilation of introduction tracks that had been regularly played at their live shows.

On July 1, 2022, UM released their fourteenth studio album, Asking For a Friend.

Influences
The band identifies The Police, The Beatles, and Led Zeppelin as primary influences.

Members

 * Current members
 * Brendan Bayliss – guitar, lead vocals (1997–present)
 * Joel Cummins – keyboards, backing vocals (1997–present)
 * Ryan Stasik – bass guitar, no vocals (1997–present)
 * Andy Farag – percussion (1998–present)
 * Jake Cinninger – guitar, vocals (2000–present), drums (2023-present)
 * Kris Myers – drums, backing vocals (2003–present)

 * Former members
 * Mike Mirro – drums, backing vocals (1997–2002, died 2014)

Studio albums

 * Greatest Hits Vol. III (1998)
 * Local Band Does OK (2002)
 * Anchor Drops (2004)
 * Safety In Numbers (2006)
 * The Bottom Half (2007)
 * Mantis (2009)
 * Death by Stereo (2011)
 * Similar Skin (2014)
 * The London Session (2015)
 * Zonkey (2016)
 * It's Not Us (2018)
 * It's You (2018)
 * You Walked Up Shaking In Your Boots But You Stood Tall And Left A Raging Bull (2021)
 * Asking For A Friend (2022)

Live releases

 * Songs for Older Women (1999)
 * One Fat Sucka (2001)
 * Local Band Does OKlahoma (2003)
 * Live at the Murat (2007)
 * Jimmy Stewart 2007 (2008)
 * Hall of Fame Class of 2010 (2011)
 * Hall of Fame Class of 2011 (2012)
 * Hall of Fame Class of 2012 (2013)
 * Hall of Fame Class of 2013 (2014)
 * Hall of Fame Class of 2014 (2015)
 * Hall of Fame Class of 2015 (2016)
 * Hall of Fame Class of 2016 (2017)
 * Hall of Fame Class of 2017 (2018)
 * Hall of Fame Class of 2018 (2019)
 * BeSides (2018)
 * Back at the 'Nac (2019)
 * Hall of Fame Class of 2019 (2020)
 * Hall of Fame Class of 2020 (2021)

DVD releases

 * Live from the Lake Coast (2002)
 * Wrapped Around Chicago – New Year's Eve at The Riviera (2005)
 * Soundstage: Umphrey's McGee – Live (2009)
 * Live at Summer Camp 2011 (2011)
 * Live from The Pageant: NYE Weekend 2011 (2012)
 * Live at Red Rocks (2012)
 * Live at the Tabernacle (2012)
 * STUMP Tour (2013)
 * UM Halloween: Live from the Riverside (2013)
 * Rage.Riv.Repeat. (2014)

title: Umphrey's McGee


text:
Talk:Abd al-Rahman III

NPOV charge
I have reported this article as not having a NPOV. I am very tolerant of articles on history, accepting all verisons, as they reveal a lot of information. This article by itself seems great. However, the information in this article does not seem to show a netural point of view, and therefore must be changed. I will quote from the article.

"His life was so completely identified with the government of the state that he offers less material for biography than his ancestor Abd-ar-rahman I. Yet it supplies some passages which show the real character of an oriental dynasty even at its best."

This foreshadows the article's not-so-netural point of view. It says that this shows the 'real character of an oriental dynasty even at its best'. Now, this may be his or her view. It is ok to entertain such thoughts. However, this skews the author's work, and because of this, he has assumed his own opinons to be facts. Nowhere in the article is there proof of 'the real character' of the Spainsh Caliphate expect for his opinons.

"When the undoubted prosperity of his dominions is quoted as an example of successful Muslim rule, it is well to remember that he administered well not by means of but in spite of Muslims. The high praise given to his administration may even excite some doubts as to its real excellence."

This is presented as a fact, but this is an opinion by the writer of this article. There is no proof that shows that the rule of Abd-ar-rahman III is succesful 'in spite of Muslims', and that one must doubt 'its real existance'.

"Abd-ar-rahman was tolerant, but it is highly probable that he was very indifferent in religion, and it is certain that he was a thorough despot."

Again, this is an opinion of the writer of this article, and not a fact. There is also no proof whatsoever that this is true.

"One of the most authentic sayings attributed to him is his criticism of Otto I of Germany, recorded by Otto's ambassador, Johann, abbot of Gorze, who has left in his Vita an incomplete account of his embassy. He blamed the king of Germany for trusting his nobles, which he said could only increase their pride and leaning to rebellion."

This is proberly not part of the NPOV dispute, but this may be important. If what the article is referring to is an authentic saying, surely it is best to actually quote it from Abd-ar-rahman III's mouth, rather than parphrasing it.

Thus, I lay open my arugment for this article not being netural. There needs to be some editing to resolve these issues. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.72.97.47 (talk • contribs) 01:47, 11 October 2004

NPOV removal
After checking at the huge backlog of NPOV disputes, I believe that just marking something NPOV doesn't mean it will be fixed. Therefore, I have taken the liberty of deleting the counterverisal passages which expressed the opinions of the writer. The main article is still intact. So, the NPOV dispute is off.

However, just because they are the opinions of the writer doesn't mean they are wrong (however, I do.) It does need to be adressed in a differnet enivorment however, like in a debate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.72.97.47 (talk • contribs) 02:04, 11 October 2004

 * This article was written by the 1911 Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britiannica. Its views are very British-centric and have a very strong POV, so don't be afraid to change some stuff here.  Still, there aren't too many original source materials for articles of this nature, which is partially why this hasn't been edited that much.  --Robert Horning 17:16, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Pelagius Legemd and NPOV
Is there any imdependent verification of whether or not Abd-ar-Rahman actually had same-sex desires? I am aware of one volume that gives valuable historical context to this issue, but Pelagius is not mentioned within it. I might go looking for a biography of Abd-ar-Rahman and see what happens...

User: Calibanu 11:52, 29 April 2006

Done. Coope, Fierro, Scales and Wolf are cited for their valuable contemporary historical context and background. Please note that I've only been able to sight Coope's work personally. Can anyone supplement her observations if copies of Fierro, Scales and Wolf are in an adjacent public or university library?

User: Calibanu 12:29, 29 April 2006

ar-Rahman: Ar or Al?
Is there any reason why "ال" is transliterated as "ar". Fierro's book uses the transliteration "'Abd al-Rahman", which is directly from the Arabic. This seems to be standard for the definite article "ال". The use of "ar" might reflect pronunciation, but shouldn't wikipedia use the standard "AL" transliteration? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.42.119.51 (talk • contribs) 01:28, 19 March 2007

Expansion
Hey boys, I've just expanded this article to a decent status, using the Spanish article (which in some points looks however confused) and a book by Schreiber (also shallow in many points) as my sources. Can anyone help and check my English, as I am not mothertongue? Ciao and good work. --'''Attilios''' (talk) 10:05, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

Confusion
The "Life" section refers to "Abdullah, seventh independent Umayyad emir of Al-Andalus", and to "Emir Abdallah". It appears that these are the same person. But then it says "Emir Abdallah died heirless at seventy-two." But we know that emir Abdullah was the grandfather of the subject of this article, and therefore had at least one heir. Also, the article on Abdallah ibn Muhammad says that he lived from 844 - 912, so he died before he was 70.

Can someone clarify this, and remove any inconsistencies? Maproom (talk) 21:08, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

Citation without source
In the section "Legacy" there is an adjusted paragraph with a first person narrator that looks like it should be some sort of citation. However, it is neither marked as such nor is a source given. Please correct this. --79.249.123.228 (talk) 17:53, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:53, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

al-Rahman vs ar-Rahman
I am ambivalent about whether we use the transliteration of the name or its phonetic representation as before, but we need to be consistent - if the page is going to be Abd al-Rahman, then it should use Abd al-Rahman throughout, rather than Abd al-Rahman for the namespace then Abd ar-Rahman in the text (and the same also goes for ar-Rabdi and ad-Dakhil in his full name, and at-Tugib part way down the page). Agricolae (talk) 04:46, 7 December 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:36, 5 July 2019 (UTC)
 * La civilització del califat de Còrdova en temps d'Abd-al-Rahman III.jpg

Image issue on another page
Please see the discussion at Talk:Abd al-Rahman I, where there is an issue over an image attributed both to Abd Al-Rahman I and Abd al-Rahman III. Agricolae (talk) 15:46, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

Pelagius of Cordoba
I restored a large chunk of text concerning the affair of Pelagius of Cordoba. This was removed by a non registered editor without justification. However I am surprised that no other editor thought to take action before now to address this. Can people be more vigilant please. Contaldo80 (talk) 20:31, 11 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abd al-Rahman III


text: Category:Denver metropolitan area

title: Category:Denver metropolitan area


text:
User talk:Rob Welch

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title: User talk:Rob Welch


text:
Wendy Williams

Wendy Williams Hunter (Wendy Joan Williams; born July 18, 1964) is an American former broadcaster, media personality, and writer. From 2008 to 2021, she hosted the nationally syndicated television talk show The Wendy Williams Show.

Prior to television, Williams was a radio DJ and host and quickly became known in New York City as a shock jock. She gained notoriety for her on-air spats with celebrities and was the subject of the 2006 VH1 reality television series The Wendy Williams Experience, which broadcast events surrounding her radio show.

Williams's other endeavors include authoring several books, appearances in various films and television shows, touring her comedy show, and her own product lines, including a fashion line, a jewelry collection and a wig line. Williams was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 2009. On her 50th birthday, the council of Asbury Park, New Jersey, renamed the street on which she grew up Wendy Williams Way.

Early life
Wendy Joan Williams was born on July 18, 1964, in Asbury Park, New Jersey. She is the second of three children born to Shirley (Skinner) and Thomas Dwayne Williams. The couple had a combined three master's degrees; Shirley was a special education teacher while Thomas was a teacher and school principal who in 1969 became the first black school administrator in Red Bank, New Jersey. Following race riots in Asbury Park in 1970, the family moved to the predominantly white, upper middle class suburb of Wayside in Ocean Township, New Jersey. They attended a Baptist church and visited the town of Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts, each summer. As a child, doctors recommended Williams be medicated to control her hyperactivity. She suffered from poor body image due to the diet her parents put her on after gaining weight in elementary school. Williams was a Brownie in the Girl Scouts and volunteered as a candy striper. Her parents believed she would become a nurse.

Williams acted as an announcer at her younger brother's Little League Baseball games. She graduated from Ocean Township High School in 1982 among four black students, ranking 360th in the class of 363. Her academic performance contrasted with that of her older sister, who received a university scholarship at the age of 16. As she was able to use "white" diction instead of African-American Vernacular English, Williams's white classmates considered her one of their own and freely used the word nigger around her. She did not get along with the other black students and said their only commonality was smoking cannabis. According to Williams, she did not listen to hip hop music and instead listened to rock bands like AC/DC because they were popular with her classmates. Due to her suburban upbringing, Williams considers herself "a multicultural woman who happens to be Black".

Williams attended Northeastern University in Boston with the intent of becoming a television anchor. Less than a month after starting, she switched from television communications to radio because she could advance her career faster —a move of which her parents disapproved. Williams graduated in 1986 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in communication and, to appease her parents, a minor in journalism. She was a disc jockey for the college radio station, WRBB, where rapper LL Cool J was her first celebrity interviewee. As an intern for Matt Siegel at contemporary hit radio station WXKS-FM, Williams recapped the soap operas Dallas and Dynasty on air. In 2021, Williams revealed that she was date raped while in college.

1986–1994: Career beginnings, WQHT, and WRKS
Two weeks after graduating from Northeastern, Williams began her career as a disc jockey working for the small, calypso and reggae-oriented WVIS in Frederiksted, U.S. Virgin Islands, but disliked the role because she did not learn as much about radio from her colleagues as she expected. Due to low pay and isolation from her family, Williams began sending resumes and demo tapes of herself to other radio stations. She left WVIS after eight months and obtained a position at Washington, D.C.'s WOL, but found its oldies radio format incompatible with her personality. Williams continued sending tapes to other stations and on November 1, 1987, began as a weekend fill-in on New York City's WQHT. After the urban contemporary station hired her full-time to work overnight shifts, she left WOL.

Williams was fired from WQHT after two years and briefly worked overnight shifts at WPLJ before being hired by WRKS. Initially working as a fill-in, WRKS gave Williams a non-compete clause and permanent morning position in May 1990 after WBLS began poaching its employees. She joined Jeff Foxx and Spider Webb as part of the station's "Wake-Up Club". There, Williams began gossiping about rappers and celebrities during a segment called "Dish the Dirt". Those she talked about, such as Bill Cosby and Russell Simmons, called the station and (unsuccessfully) demanded she be fired. As she grew into a popular radio personality, WRKS moved Williams to host the evening drive time slot in April 1991. By 1993, she was the highest-rated host in her time slot in the New York City market and received a Billboard Radio Award for R&B Major Market Radio Air Personality of the Year.

Williams co-hosted American Urban Radio Networks' syndicated Top 30 USA song countdown program in 1993 and USA Music Magazine in 1994. By mid-1994, WRKS had suffered a ratings decline amid competition from hip hop-oriented WQHT, which was owned by Emmis Broadcasting. In an effort to reverse the trend, WRKS moved Williams back to mornings on September 26, 1994, where she hosted a program titled "Wendy and Company". However, Emmis purchased WRKS less than three months later and transferred Williams to WQHT, where she began hosting the evening drive time slot on December 12, 1994. As WRKS was reformatted into an urban adult contemporary outlet geared toward older audiences, they believed Williams would better reflect WQHT's younger demographic.

1994–2001: WQHT, website, move to WUSL
By this time, Williams attended parties to gain information which she would report on air in addition to reading tabloid newspapers. She continued gossip segments and gave relationship advice to teenage girls during "Ask Wendy". Williams's ratings increased dramatically after she read aloud a magazine article about an anonymous rapper confessing to being gay. She became known for speculating about his identity and spread rumors that there was not one, but multiple gay rappers who were not open about their sexuality. Among her insinuations was that Tupac Shakur was raped in prison, which he denied. Williams employed the term "pinky's up" when alleging someone was gay and regularly used the slur faggot, which she considered to be inoffensive. Her comments contributed to an increase of homophobia in hip hop culture.

Williams created a website, www.gowendy.com, as an offshoot of her radio program. Featuring photos and rumors of celebrities, it received up to 100,000 views per day. In April 1997, WQHT suspended Williams for one week after mentioning her website on air, which displayed a doctored image of Bad Boy Records executive Sean Combs naked from the waist down having sex with another man. The station suspended Williams again in September 1997 for online comments insinuating that her colleague Angie Martinez's boyfriend Q-Tip was gay. Upon her return after deleting the post a month later, Williams called the Bad Boy Records girl group Total "broke hoes" after their comments favoring her suspension. WQHT permanently removed Williams and her fans protested outside of their offices. By this time, Williams had received more than 50 letters from the station regarding her "lack of good judgment". She speculated her removal was due to pressure from music industry executives and stood by her comments, stating: "I stopped caring about artists when I realized it's more lucrative to talk about them than with them."

She was fired from Hot 97 in 1998. Williams was hired by a Philadelphia urban station, WUSL ("Power 99FM"). She was very open about her personal life on air, discussing her miscarriages, breast enhancement surgery, and former drug addiction. She helped the station move from 14th place in the ratings to 2nd.

2001–2008: WBLS
In 2001, Williams returned to the New York airwaves when WBLS hired her full-time for a syndicated 2–6 p.m. time slot. Williams' friend, MC Spice of Boston, offered his voiceover services to the show, often adding short rap verses tailored specifically for Williams' show. The New York Times stated that her "show works best when its elements – confessional paired with snarkiness – are conflated". By 2008, she was syndicated in Redondo Beach, California; Shreveport, Louisiana; Wilmington, Delaware; Toledo, Ohio; Columbia, South Carolina; Emporia, Virginia; Lake Charles, Louisiana; Tyler, Texas; and Alexandria, Louisiana, among other markets. Williams left her radio show in 2009 to focus on her television program and spend more time with her family.

Media outlets have described Williams's 2003 interview with Whitney Houston as her most infamous. After Williams asked Houston about her marriage and breast implants, they began a shouting match and Houston said she would have fought Williams if she were younger. In a later interview with Williams, Houston's confidant Robyn Crawford said they planned to confront her years earlier after she talked about Houston on air. Wu-Tang Clan performer Method Man had a personal and publicized conflict with Williams in 2006 after she revealed details about his wife's cancer diagnosis.

2008–2016: International breakthrough with The Wendy Williams Show, television and film projects
In 2008, Debmar-Mercury offered Williams a six-week television trial of her own talk show. A syndicated daytime talk show hosted by Williams titled Wendy's World was poised to debut in fall 1997, but never aired. On July 14, 2008, Williams debuted her daytime talk show, The Wendy Williams Show, in four cities during the summer of 2008. During the tryout, The New York Times remarked that the show created a "breakthrough in daytime" by introducing the genre of the "backtalk show". After a successful run, Fox signed a deal with Debmar-Mercury to broadcast the show nationally on their stations beginning in July 2009. In addition, BET picked up cable rights to broadcast the show at night. In 2010, BET started airing the show internationally in 54 countries through BET International. The show attracted 2.4 million daily viewers on average, with Williams trading off daily with Ellen DeGeneres as the number one female host on daytime television.

Williams hosted a game show for GSN called Love Triangle (2011) for which she and her husband Kevin Hunter served as executive producers. Williams played a judge on the Lifetime network show Drop Dead Diva (2011) and served as a guest judge on The Face (2013). Williams was paired with Tony Dovolani as a contestant on the twelfth season of Dancing with the Stars; she was eliminated second. Williams later alleged the show's producers portrayed her as an angry black woman, a racial stereotype. Williams appeared in the film adaptation of Steve Harvey's book, Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man, titled Think Like a Man (2012), and its sequel, Think Like a Man Too (2014). In 2012, it was announced Williams would enter into a "production alliance" with producers Suzanne de Passe and Madison Jones to create movies and television shows aimed at multicultural audiences. These projects will appear under the heading "Wendy Williams presents" and their first project will be VH1 adaptation of a Star Jones novel.

In February 2013, it was announced that Williams and her husband and manager, Kevin, were launching a reality television production company, Wendy Williams Productions. that will produce unscripted content, including reality television and game shows. Williams was an executive producer on the show Celebrities Undercover (2014). Williams also executive produced a biographical film for Lifetime, Aaliyah: The Princess of R&B, which premiered on November 15, 2014. The film attracted controversy due to its casting and depiction of Aaliyah's relationship with R. Kelly. and received predominantly negative reviews from critics. In September 2015, the documentary series Death By Gossip with Wendy Williams premiered on the Investigation Discovery channel, both hosted and produced by Williams. In 2013, Williams was cast to play the role of Matron "Mama" Morton on the Broadway musical Chicago. She began her tenure on July 2 and finished her seven-week run on August 11, 2013. Her preparations for the musical were documented in the TV Guide docuseries Wendy Williams: How You Doin', Broadway?!, which was produced by her own production company, Wendy Williams Productions.

Williams was accused of victim blaming singer Kesha in 2016 after questioning why she did not film the alleged sexual abuse by record producer Dr. Luke against her. Williams later apologized for the remarks and stated "unfortunately a lot of people lie about rape so I was just being skeptical".

2017–2021: Personal and professional issues, end of talk show

Williams's health issues caused her to take multiple hiatuses from hosting her show, including three weeks in 2018 and six weeks in 2019.

During this time, Williams received criticism for several remarks she made on her show. In January 2018, Williams was criticized by activist Tarana Burke after saying an alleged 14-year-old sexual assault victim of R. Kelly gave him consent and that she was tired of the #MeToo movement. Williams stood by her comments, saying "I feel like I know things about R. Kelly that he's told me himself that I promised I would keep in confidence." While talking about actor Joaquin Phoenix in January 2020, Williams used her finger to pull up a part of her lip to resemble a cleft palate, which Phoenix denies having. Although Williams said she found it attractive, critics claimed that it appeared as if she was mocking him. After a Change.org petition in favour of firing her garnered over 70,000 signatures, Williams apologized on Twitter and her show donated to cleft palate charities. The following month, Williams was criticized for making homophobic comments. While talking about the fictional holiday "Galentine's Day", she criticized gay men for wearing skirts and high heels and falsely assumed they aspire to be women. Williams later apologized for her remarks. While talking about the death of Amie Harwick shortly thereafter, Williams made a joke referring to Harwick's ex-fiancé Drew Carey and his job on The Price Is Right, saying that show's catchphrase, "Come on down!", in response to news that Harwick fell to her death.

Williams hosted her show remotely from March to May 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, after which she took a hiatus due to fatigue caused by Graves' disease. She returned to a studio broadcast in September of that year. The next month, Williams competed in season four of The Masked Singer as "Lips" where she was mostly sitting on something due to the weight of the costume and was eliminated after her first appearance.

In July 2021, Williams received criticism for her tone while covering the murder of 19-year-old TikTok star Swavy. After comparing their social media followers, Williams stated "I have no idea who this is" and casually informed her studio audience of his death. Williams did not return to her show after that month due to health issues; guests hosted in her absence. She tested positive for a breakthrough infection of COVID-19 in September 2021.

Production of The Wendy Williams Show concluded in 2022 due to Williams's ongoing health issues.

Authorship
Williams is the author of three non-fiction books. She released an autobiography co-written with New York Daily News journalist Karen Hunter in August 2003 titled Wendy's Got the Heat. It focuses on her life, including childhood troubles, drug addiction, and marriages. Published by Atria, it debuted at number nine on The New York Times Best Seller list for nonfiction. The autobiography was reprinted in paperback in August 2004, a month before the debut of Williams' second book, The Wendy Williams Experience, which contains celebrity gossip and interviews. In May 2013, Williams released an advice book, Ask Wendy. Over the years, Williams wrote columns for Honey and Life & Style magazines.

Williams has also written several fiction books, including a trilogy about the life and career of radio shock jock Ritz Harper. She co-authored the first two novels, Drama Is Her Middle Name (2006) and Is the Bitch Dead, or What? (2007), with Hunter. Zondra Hughes co-wrote the third installment Ritz Harper Goes to Hollywood! (2009). Media outlets considered Ritz Harper similar to Williams. In 2014, Williams released a romance novel, Hold Me in Contempt. She said it was co-authored with an English professor ghostwriter.

Music and comedy
Williams interviewed Blu Cantrell in 2003; the conversation was released as a DVD on the singer's album Bittersweet. Williams and Virgin Records released a compilation album, Wendy Williams Brings the Heat: Volume 1, in June 2005 featuring various rap acts, including M.O.P., Jadakiss, and Young Jeezy. It sold 29,000 copies by November of that year according to Nielsen SoundScan.

In 2014, Lipshtick called Williams to participate in their first all-female-based comedy series at the Venetian in Las Vegas. Williams made her sold-out comedy debut on July 11, 2014. Williams' comedy tour was called "The Sit-down Comedy Tour". Williams returned to Lipshtick on October 31, 2014, and November 1, 2014, after she made a sold-out debut in July. Williams hosted her "How You Laughin'" Comedy Series at NJPAC on November 15, 2014, featuring Luenell, Jonathan Martin, Pat Brown, Hadiyah Robinson, and Meme Simpson. In 2015, Williams announced a 12-city comedy tour called "The Wendy Williams Sit Down Tour: Too Real For Stand-Up."

Philanthropy and activism
In 2005, Williams funded a $1,000 scholarship for a black female high school student who sought to major in communications at college. Subsequent recipients in 2006 and 2007 also received internships at WBLS. She led an effort to donate money and school supplies to Asbury Park Middle School in 2009. Williams is pro-choice for abortion.

Following the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy in 2012, Williams visited her hometown of Asbury Park and paid for the hot meals of 300 people, face painting, and balloon animals for children. She supported Barack Obama in that year's presidential election, and promoted an NAACP voter helpline. Williams posed for PETA's "I'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur" campaign in 2012, stating "we should all try to be comfortable in our own skin and let the animals keep theirs." Williams also headlined during Philly Pride that year.

In 2013, she participated in The Heart Truth fashion show to raise awareness for women's breast cancer. Williams supported the 2015 removal of the Confederate battle flag from the South Carolina State House. In 2018, she promoted Be Here (behere.org) while on a 10-city tour with goal to raise $10 million in 5 years for drug and substance abuse victims. Williams attended Los Angeles Pride in June 2019 with Blac Chyna, and rode on a float in July at the WorldPride parade in New York. In September, Williams became an ambassador and honorary board member of the Lymphatic Education & Research Network.

The Hunter Foundation
Williams and her ex-husband created The Hunter Foundation in 2014, a non-profit organization that funded anti-poverty programs and provided resources to people as they transitioned from drug addiction to recovery. During the Holiday season in 2016, the couple hosted dinners for over 1000 for those in need through the foundation. In 2017 the organization donated $1000 for the opening of an emergency food pantry. In 2018, the organization paid for a student's college tution. The Hunter Foundation was dissolved during Williams' divorce in May 2019. Following the dissolution, Williams partnered with SNAX-Sational Brands and Operation Backpack with the objective to raise funds to provide backpacks filled with various school supplies for children in New York homeless and domestic violence shelters.

Products and endorsements
While working for WRKS, Williams was a spokesperson for a hip-hop clothing brand. In 2006, she became a spokesperson for George Veselles champagne and Alizé liqueurs. Williams debuted a jewelry and shoe line on shopping channel QVC called "Adorn" in 2012. Williams' started a "Save the Twinkie" campaign amidst the parent company's filing for bankruptcy, setting up a Facebook page and promoting the snack on The Wendy Williams Show. The shoe manufacturer's lawyer alleged she never paid the production cost. In 2013, Williams released a wig collection to online retailers. She sold a self-titled clothing line in 2015 on shopping channel HSN and continued the partnership the following year by releasing shoe and winter clothing collections.

Personal life
In 1994, Williams married her first husband, Bertrand "Bert" Girigorie. She said they separated after five months and divorced about eighteen months later. Williams met her second husband, Kevin Hunter, in 1994, and married him on November 30, 1999. Her husband became her agent. She suffered multiple miscarriages before giving birth to their son. In April 2019, Williams filed for divorce due to irreconcilable differences after Hunter fathered a baby with a mistress. Although the divorce was finalized in January 2020, her legal surname remains Hunter.

Health issues and guardianship
Williams has been open about her cocaine addiction in the late 1980s and early 1990s, for which she never received treatment.

In October 2017, Williams fainted on her show from dehydration. Williams was often in the news for the next two years because of her health issues and relationship with Hunter. In February 2018, Williams disclosed that she has Graves' disease which causes hyperthyroidism, conditions she had been diagnosed with nearly two decades prior. Due to the increased pressure behind her eyes, they sometimes have a pronounced bulging appearance. Williams wears wigs in public because her thyroid condition thins her natural hair. She fractured her shoulder in December 2018. In March 2019, Williams said she had been living in a sober house "for some time" and that she has vertigo. Later that year, Williams revealed she had been diagnosed with lymphedema, a condition that causes swelling in her ankles.

Williams's bank, Wells Fargo, froze her accounts in January 2022 and requested a New York Supreme Court hearing to determine whether she was in need of a guardianship due to her health conditions. She disputed the allegations and accused her former manager and a Wells Fargo financial advisor of impropriety. A judge appointed a temporary financial guardian, Sabrina Morrissey, in March, and they were confirmed in May. Williams entered a wellness facility to treat her health issues. She returned to public activity in November and prepared to launch a podcast, though she did not end up releasing it.

According to her representatives, Williams was diagnosed with aphasia and frontotemporal dementia in 2023 and entered a cognitive facility. A documentary chronicling Williams's life since 2022, Where Is Wendy Williams?, aired on Lifetime in February 2024. Morrissey unsuccessfully sued to prevent its release, claiming the documentary exploited Williams.

Achievements
City University of New York professor Tanisha C. Ford credits Williams for creating the format by which other personalities conduct gossip segments of their own. The scholars ThedaMarie Gibbs Grey and Bonnie J. Williams-Farrier contend Williams is among the African American women who, through their television programs, popularized the term "sipping tea". Williams's voice is a popular sound on the social media service TikTok; her quote "That's what she said, and you know what? I— what was that? ...OK ...James" is used in over 100,000 videos. Other phrases such as "Oh she passed away?" and mispronunciation of singer Dua Lipa's name as "Dula Peep" became internet memes. YouTube users uploaded compilation videos of various Williams-isms to the platform, such as her misinterpreting the word "corona" as "cornova".

Williams was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 2009. On her 50th birthday in 2014, Asbury Park renamed the street on which she grew up Wendy Williams Way. She was honored with the 2,677th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on October 17, 2019. A wax figure of Williams is located at Madame Tussauds New York. In Washington, D.C., various artifacts related to Williams's career such as a microphone, outfit, and wig used by her are located at a television exhibit in the National Museum of American History. A documentary, Wendy Williams: What a Mess!, and a TV movie, Wendy Williams: The Movie, are based on her life.

title: Wendy Williams


text:
User talk:Gpd420

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
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P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

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title: User talk:Gpd420


text:
Talk:The Country Wife

Last words
Magnificent article, but I think you already know what my "but" is going to be about. I so far prefer the innocence of Harold Webber's vision of the cuckolding game to Canfield or Sedgewick as to be inexpressible. This is not the place for an argument, but a generic and an ideological analysis both can suggest that there is still an "us and them" involved, that the game is between men and women of self-awareness and wit and wealth and those who have either wealth or wit, but not both. In the play, Harcourt represents the way out -- the retiring Mafiosi, as it were -- but the constant creation of class through sexuality is an attempt at ideological definition in an age of the Restoration. We forget too readily that this was not an ordinary world and not a stable one. After the Restoration, the aristocracy had to reassure itself and the commoners that there was something special involved. From the point of view of propaganda aimed at the aristocrats and against the masses, this play says, "Yes, there are rich cits around, and there are faded aristocrats who hung around England during the Interregnum, but we're the new guys. We're the wit kings.  We're the aristocrats who are naturally superior." Horner is able to be most potent through impotence, and Pinchwife is most impotent with his desires of consummation. It's a war between the right kind of aristocrat and the wrong kind, and all of this transgressive class gender homosocial stuff seems to me to work only if this were a world of established verities. Geogre 02:20, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * What I went for wasn't my own favorites, but illustrations of what's out there, and what has had influence. And, to the extent possible, something comprehensible to someone who doesn't know the play. Complexities and fine shades would make the section, well, long. It's already too long IMO. And would make it hard. Sedgwick is a very useful illustration—influential, and can be summarized in a sentence. Keeping it simple was my big criterion. I suspect people may find it thorny anyway. It's a pity that right at the end is the only logical place for modern criticism, I'd much rather end on something potentially fun—well, for my perverted tastes—like the influence of the actors. Bishonen | Talk 03:00, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it's just right as it is. Another cracker, Bish. Filiocht 15:06, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Your wish was my command, Bish. I added the light literary anecdote as an end piece.  I could not find an elegant way to make explicit the point that Beerbohm was hugely knowledgable about drama; if he was vague about the play, it was really out of fashion in 1899. --Theo  (Talk) 08:43, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Aha, in that case maybe I'll take a shot at merging Beerbohm into the "Critical history" section, it should be easier to make the point there, as part of a discussion about how the play was neither acted, read, nor discussed. What is The Country Wench? I don't know it, and the British Library doesn't seem to either, at least not their online catalogue. Unless it's my search skills as usual. Maybe Swinburne really did have the only copy in existence. Thanks, Theo. Did you have any comments to share about the questions I asked on Peer review/The Country Wife/archive1? Bishonen | Talk 12:55, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I can find no trace of The Country Wench except in this story. There is no reason to believe that Beerbohm made it up (his integrity has not been questioned, to my knowledge) but it is not listed in the British Library catalogue (according to a colleague who has checked at St Pancras) and Swinburne would still be comforted to know that the Bodleian has no copy.  My last resort would be the Stationers' List but I have no imminent plans to visit the City. --Theo  (Talk) 14:13, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Anecdotes?
Hmmm. I do not mean to be ingracious, but the Literary Anecdotes section is problematic, to me. First, there is one anecdote, so the title is improper. Second, it kind of diverts the reader from the subject at the very end of the article. I'm going to scale it back and move the information, but I don't want to offend. The information is interesting, but it kind of sticks out right now. Geogre 13:32, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

No offence … As I explained above, I added that section because I could not find an elegant way to weave it in. Bish, I believe, is on the case. --Theo (Talk) 14:13, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Caption
This caption, while hilarious, is probably not appropriate for this page. Vircum 08:04, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing it out. It's corrected already and I have welcomed the vandal to Wikipedia. — mark ✎ 08:11, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * LOL. If all vandal edits were that funny, I'd never use rollback again. Bishonen | talk 12:14, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * hahaha, that was good for a chuckle this morning. --CGW | talk 14:20, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Ha! I liked it, too. I reverted it with a heavy heart. — mark ✎ 23:43, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Spoiler warning?
Should the article have one? —Ashley Y 23:07, 2005 May 26 (UTC)

 * Doubtful. See WP:SPOILER. --Fl e x (talk/contribs) 16:41, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Lede Image
I am at a loss as to why User:Utgard Loki accuses me a of a bad faith edit. Please assume good faith.

In any case, rather than engaging in an edit war, I'll just ask here: as a purely technical matter, shouldn't the image of the first edition page (or perhaps a photo or drawing of a famous scene or some such) be preferred in the lede rather than an image of the playwright since the article is about the play rather than the man? The picture of the author fits appropriately with the "Background" section (the picture of Charles II is, in my judgment, more decorative than helpful, but I'd be fine leaving it if only it didn't clutter that section once the author's picture is moved down). I explained this in my edit summary, and I think this is far from a controversial edit. --Fl e x (talk/contribs) 16:41, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that a small image, like that of Wycherley, is better at the outset. Before he publishes the play, in the article's discussion, he is a dramatist, in the article.  In other words, I prefer showing the title page when the article gets to the discussion of the event of the play.  Also, that particular painting of Wycherley tells a reader instantly the era and attitude of the play.  Those courtly curls in the wig, that disdainful glance, those bright colors -- the portrait says "Restoration comedy" pretty clearly.  It could be up or down in the article, but, for myself, I prefer it at the outset.  I also think that Featured Articles are assessed by the FAC voters on all elements, including look.  When an article passes FAC, we need to be extra conservative about changes in layout, because they were pretty consciously constructed with particular placement and pretty consciously approved in that form.  Geogre 19:34, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks, George. As one who is not particularly studied in Restoration comedy or fashion through the ages (though I'm also not entirely unfamiliar with either), I don't find that the image of Wycherley communicates the precise era instantly. Moreover, I think a case could be made that the typesetting of the play would also communicate such temporal information to those in the know. To reiterate then, since the article is about the play (that's what the lede is about), not the man, I think the image of the play belongs first. I'll not be heartbroken if it is left the way it currently stands, but of course I would like to see the Wikipedia be organized in the most logical and aesthetically pleasing way possible -- two admittedly subjective goals. --Fl e x (talk/contribs) 23:07, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I see this discussion was never finished and no consensus reached. I tend to agree with Flex that the image of the title page would be more appropriate than the painting of Wycherley. The painting itself more appropriately belongs in the top position in an article on the man himself, whereas a Title page instantly conveys that the article is about the play. Smatprt (talk) 17:08, 10 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I really disagree. If you read the article, you'll see that this Restoration comedy is a bit notorious.  It is the symbol of rakishness, decadence, love of sex, and idle play.  Every stereotype of naughty people in ruffles, as it were, owes much to this era and its eros, and this play is a supreme expression.  Even today, when people study this play in their literature classes, it's as the high point of the sexually playful comedies of the era.  The typeface tells us about the printers, but that picture of Wycherley, all pretty and languid, tells us about the era.  If you compare the typeset of this page with the typeset of, say, A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life, by William Law, you won't see much difference, but Law and Wycherley share nothing else.  The typeset and title page here isn't going to be that different from the Puritan Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica, too, but the portrait of Newton says "severe religion," while that of Wycherley says, "courtier."  Geogre (talk) 19:25, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

 * It doesn't seem to have been mentioned by anybody in the discussion, but as the main author of the page and its layout, I thought a portrait of Wycherley from 1675 was peculiarly relevant to The Country Wife, and a serendipitous fit for the top right position. Just my opinion; I agree that there are also some good reasons to use the title page. The relevance of the year 1675 is left as an exercise for the reader. Bishonen | talk 19:31, 10 May 2008 (UTC).

 * Good points all (and a great article - I love the image of the early cast list, btw). Speaking of images, does anyone know if this image [] is in the public domain? If so, it would convey all the points you have made, and go even further! It's a great early photo in any case, so enjoy it, everyone! Smatprt (talk) 00:10, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I've uploaded the image under fair use. It is here, Image:Country Wife in 1936.jpg. I've inserted into the article lower down, but might you consider it for the lede position? I think it addresses the issues raised here and depicts the play better than the painting of the author (imho). Cheers! Smatprt (talk) 11:07, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Mmm... well, I never use the PeoplePlay material for Wikipedia. It's copyright and allowed to be re-used for educatonal and non-commercial purposes only, This means Wikipedia can use it but not our mirrors and such. Plus, Featured articles are supposed to have free images only, not Fair Use. Thanks, Smatprt, but I didn't dare use any photo of a "modern" performance for this article. I think you'd better remove it. Bishonen | talk 07:01, 13 May 2008 (UTC).

 * Done. Smatprt (talk) 07:23, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Latest revival and possible add to critical history
The Country Wife was recently performed in London[]. Might be worth adding a note to that effect in the stage history section? Also, might want to include Milhous and Hume's chapter on The Country Wife in Producible Interpretation: Eight English Plays, 1675-1707 in the discussion of the critical history. It sums up the "critical muddle," as they call it, and provides a helpful table showing how almost 100 years of critical debate comes down, in most cases, to how critics cast the characters in their minds--though almost all simply assert that Horner and co. are a particular way, as though they couldn't easily be performed in a variety of radically different but possible ways. Is Horner sexy and fun? Aggressive and scary? The recent production at the Haymarket made him out to be a sleaze, but a pro-libertine production wouldn't. Anyway, it's an important part of the critical history and can be dealt with very briefly as an attempt to read the play using theatrical context and the ways in which it could be staged in real life, not just imagined. Norman Holland's reading, for instance, of Harcourt's plot being the "right way" is simply impossible. In performance, Harcourt just doesn't pull that kind of focus. It's also worth remembering that Horner gets off scott free, unlike the many punished/reformed wild gentlemen in other low London comedies. Great page, btw. Eawonder (talk) 08:18, 16 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks. There's not a lot of hope of anybody else replying to questions about Restoration comedy—it's not a major, important subject like Pokemon, or the biography of a porn star, is it! —so I'd better chip in again, as long as I'm here. (I'm phasing myself out, so you'd better plan on becoming a practiced contributor as soon as possible.) Anyway. It seems to me that your last two points, about Norman Holland's reading being impossible.and about Horner failing to be punished, are already pretty much on the page as it is: the first in "First performance" (based on the original cast), and the second in "Modern criticism", at the very end (based on Douglas Canfield). And basically, hopefully the hundred years of critical debate are there too, though not based on Hume/Milhous' table. Or is there some important part of the critical history in H/M that I've missed out? It's a while since I read it. Anyway, how about you putting in something about the recent performance you mention, and about the Producible interpretation chapter? That would be very helpful. Best, Bishonen | talk 12:18, 16 June 2008 (UTC).
 * Thanks for the helpful reply. I have been posting ideas rather than making changes because most of these are your pages, and you have done a good job setting them up a certain way. Didn't want to step on toes. =) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eawonder (talk • contribs) 06:43, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Might need a Featured Article review
Needs a lot of work, is anyone watching this page anymore? Judgesurreal777 (talk) 03:51, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

Stupid people need tags put in, really?
The lede says that the title contains a bawdy pun, and some graffiti artist (tagger) has put, "Needs further explanation" atop that. Really? Hamlet says to Ophelia, "You thought I meant country matters?" Then he says that "nothing" is a fine thing to talk about when between a lady's legs. The "country/c-nt" pun was alive in the ears of audiences for Shakespeare in 1604. In 1674, it would have been a glaring billboard, especially given the way that Wycherley was presenting a thumb in the eye of all Puritans by having female actresses, "encouraging" the great game (discussed in Sexual Underworlds of the Restoration) whereby men measure virility by the number of married women they "steal" from other men, and ladies seek a maximum number of "conquests" while keeping a pure "reputation." Oh, but the lede needs to explain that "country" is a pun on pudenda? It sure is easy to spray paint articles, isn't it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.186.127.134 (talk • contribs) 5 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Just because the pun is obvious to you doesn't mean it's obvious to everyone else, and it seems likely the person who added the tag didn't get the reference. An explanation has since been added. In the future, please keep your comments civil and avoid personal attacks like "stupid". -- Beland (talk) 15:52, 1 February 2021 (UTC)

URFA/2020
This has very solid bones, but largely lacks inline citations. It appears that this was written back when only a general list of references was expected on WP. While I have no doubts about the quality of the content and writing style, inline citations have become an expectation since the FAC. Can somebody with access to the sources please add inlines? Hog Farm Bacon 06:42, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Country Wife


text:
Category:Popular psychology

The term popular psychology refers to concepts and theories about human mental life and behaviour that are purportedly based on psychology and that attain popularity among the general population.

title: Category:Popular psychology


text:
French post offices in Egypt

The French post offices in Egypt were a system of post offices maintained by France in Egypt during the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. They were primarily intended to facilitate commercial and trading interests that needed to communicate between France and points east.

The post offices were located at Alexandria, Cairo, Suez and Port Said.

Initially, in the pre-stamp period, letters were sent with appropriate postal markings to indicate payment and non-payment (letters traveling "bearing" in philatelic terms). In 1857, the regular postage stamps of France were distributed for use at the French Consular Post Offices in Egypt. Although letters could still be sent without postage affixed, in practice most letters were sent franked with stamps paying the required rate. The use of the generally issued stamps of France stopped in 1898 and in 1899, stamps were officially overprinted for the post offices at Alexandria and Port Said (the post offices at Suez and Cairo closed prior to this change). France issued postage stamps for each of the two remaining post offices, generally at the same time and with the same general characteristics, with the one overprinted or inscribed "ALEXANDRIE" and the other "PORT-SAID".

The first issue appeared in 1899; it consisted of the post office name (as described above) overprinted on the current "Type Sage" stamps, a total of 15 values ranging from one centime to five francs. A shortage of the 25c values at Port Said necessitated surcharges on the 10c value, reading "PORT SAID / VINGT / CINQ". A few of these were additional overprinted with "25" in red ink.

The first stamps inscribed for these post offices were the French designs of 1900 modified to include the post offices' names. The 15 values appeared in 1902 and 1903.

In 1921 the stamps were surcharged in Egyptian currency, at the rate of about 2.5 centimes per milieme. Several forms of the surcharge exist. In Alexandria, local surcharges read "4 Mill." etc., while in Port Said they read "4 / Milliemes", with the number in a sans-serif typeface. Soon after Paris-produced surcharges arrived in both offices; they read "4 / MILLIEMES" etc. A new round of surcharges in 1925 added black bars to obscure the French currency values.

In 1927 and 1928 the old designs were reprinted but with millieme values substituted, ranging from 3 m to 250 m.

Annotations
"Mm" as shown on some stamps means milliemes.

title: French post offices in Egypt


text:
Gold reserve

A gold reserve is the gold held by a national central bank, intended mainly as a guarantee to redeem promises to pay depositors, note holders (e.g. paper money), or trading peers, during the eras of the gold standard, and also as a store of value, or to support the value of the national currency.

The World Gold Council estimates that all the gold ever mined, and that is accounted for, totalled 190,040 metric tons in 2019 but other independent estimates vary by as much as 20%. At a price of US1250 $/ozt reached on 16 August 2017, one metric ton of gold has a value of approximately $40.2 million. The total value of all gold ever mined, and that is accounted for, would exceed $7.5 trillion at that valuation and using WGC 2017 estimates.

Wartime relevance
During most of history, a nation's gold reserves were considered its key financial asset and a major prize of war.

A typical view was expressed in a secret memorandum by the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff from October 1939, at the beginning of World War II. The British Military and the British Secret Service laid out "measures to be taken in the event of an invasion of Holland and Belgium by Germany" and presented them to the War Cabinet:

"It will be for the Treasury in collaboration with the Bank of England, and the Foreign Office, to examine the possible means of getting the bullion and negotiable securities into the same place of safety. The transport of many hundreds of tons of bullion presents a difficult problem and the loading would take a long time. The ideal would of course be to have the gold transferred to this country or to the United States of America. [...] The gold reserves of Belgium and Holland amount to about £70 million and £110 million respectively. [Foot]Note: H. M. Treasury has particularly requested that this information, which is highly confidential should in no circumstances be divulged. The total weight of this bullion amounts to about 1800 tons and its evacuation would be a matter of the utmost importance would present a considerable problem if it had to be undertaken in a hurry when transport facilities were disorganized. At present this gold is believed to be stored at Brussels and The Hague respectively, neither of which is very well placed for its rapid evacuation in an emergency."

The Belgian government transferred remainder to southern France. Following the outbreak of war, the gold held in France was sent to Dakar, the capital of Senegal, then part of the French colonial empire. This was against the Belgian Government's wishes, with the Belgians having directed the French to transfer it to the United States. After the Germans occupied Belgium and France in 1940, they demanded the Belgian gold reserve held in Senegal. In 1941, Vichy French officials arranged the transport of 4,944 boxes with 198 tonnes of gold to officials of the German Reichsbank and the German Government used it to purchase commodities and munitions from neutral countries. The Banque de France fully compensated the Belgian National Bank for the loss of its gold after the war.

IMF holdings
Since early 2011, the gold holdings of the IMF have been constant at 2,814.1 tonnes (90.5 million troy ounces).

Officially reported holdings
The IMF regularly maintains statistics of national assets as reported by various countries. This data is used by the World Gold Council to periodically rank and report the gold holdings of countries and official organizations. On 17 July 2015, China announced that it increased its gold reserves by about 57 percent from 1,054 to 1,658 tonnes, while disclosing its official gold reserves for the first time in six years.

In July 2015, the State Bank of Vietnam stated that gold reserves totalled 10 tonnes. However, it was not ranked below due to the current absence of any published data.

In 2019, the State Oil Fund of the Republic of Azerbaijan (SOFAZ) extended the gold allocation limit from 5% to 10%, in accordance with the amendments made to the Investment Policy of the Fund for diversification purposes. However, the Central Bank of Azerbaijan does not hold any gold. The gold listed for each of the countries in the table may not be physically stored in the country listed, as central banks generally have not allowed independent audits of their reserves. Gold leasing by central banks could place into doubt the reported gold holdings in the table below.

 * Notes

title: Gold reserve