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Lambourn

Lambourn is a village and civil parish in Berkshire, England. It lies just north of the M4 Motorway between Swindon and Newbury, and borders Wiltshire to the west and Oxfordshire to the north. After Newmarket it is the largest centre of racehorse training in England, and is home to a rehabilitation centre for injured jockeys, an equine hospital, and several leading jockeys and trainers. To the north of the village are the prehistoric Seven Barrows and the nearby long barrow. In 2004 the Crow Down Hoard was found close to the village.

History
The most common explanation for the name of Lambourn refers to the lambs that were once dipped in the local river. Many spellings have been used over the centuries, such as Lamburnan (880), Lamburna (1086), Lamborne (1644) and Lambourne. It was also called Chipping Lambourn because of its popular market. The spelling was fixed as 'Lambourn' in the early 20th century, but even today, towards Soley, three successive signposts at nearby junctions alternate the spelling of Lambourn and Lambourne. The village of Bockhampton was also known as Lower Lambourn.

In 2004 a metal detecting rally found a hoard of three gold bracelets and two armlets at Crow Down near Lambourn. They have been dated to 1200 BCE and are the only prehistoric gold objects to have been found in Berkshire. The hoard was declared a treasure under English Law in 2005 and is on display at the West Berkshire Museum in Newbury. In Roman times, the area was extensively farmed, as shown by an archaeological research project based on Maddle Farm. Ermin Street, the major Roman road between Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester) and Glevum (Gloucester), also known as the "Upper or Baydon Road", passes through Lambourn Woodlands as part of the B4000.

Seven Barrows
Lambourn is famous for its Seven Barrows, just above Upper Lambourn. There are more than thirty Bronze Age burial mounds forming a large prehistoric cemetery. On a line west of the Seven Barrows is the Long Barrow, which dates from c. 4000 BCE, making it 2,000 years older than the other barrows. It has been half-destroyed by deep ploughing, and only the mound in the woods and a few sarsen stones remain.

Lambourn Church (minster) and almshouses
...the Downs themselves shelter Lambourn's massive Norman nave.

The large, mainly Norman, Church of England parish church is in the village centre facing the historic market place, with a surrounding wall built of sarsen stones, and is dedicated to St Michael and All Angels. The road pattern shows an original circular enclosure, suggesting pagan Celtic origins. Alfred the Great, born in Wantage, was also closely connected with this ancient landmark. It has been a minster since Saxon times and officially known as Lambourn Minster since as early as 1032, and Alfred mentioned it in his will. It was probably Cnut who granted Lambourn Minster to the Dean of St Paul's.

Successors to that office held it until 1836. Inside are monuments to the great and the good of the many manors in the parish, including an excellent brass to John Estbury (1508), who founded the almshouses outside, and fine effigies of Sir Thomas Essex and his wife (1558). The almshouses were established by an Act of Parliament in the reign of King Henry VII and confirmed by his son King Henry VIII after the Dissolution of the Monasteries made the original uncertain, as it included a now forbidden chantry. There is an arch with mediaeval carvings of hunting scenes. The church was much restored in the late 19th century, and has a chancel roof designed by G. E. Street. The church also boasts a fine three-manual Henry Willis organ. The clock faces were replaced, and the tower stonework repaired, in 2011. The church is a Grade I listed building.

The Anarchy
The Empress Matilda bequeathed Lambourn and Chippenham to Hugh de Plucket out of the Royal demesne in 1142 for his aid in The Anarchy of the civil wars against the usurper Stephen of Blois. However, another Breton adventurer, Josce de Dinan and his knights, retreated to Lambourn after he lost Ludlow Castle to Gilbert de Lacey. Maltida's son King Henry II gave him Chipping Lambourn in compensation in 1156. Josce died in 1162 AD and in either case, the Plunket family were in possession of the Manor by the beginning of the 14th century.

Queen Elizabeth I
The Ditchley portrait of Queen Elizabeth I was painted for Sir Henry Lee of Ditchley to commemorate her visit in 1592. The Queen stands on a map of England with her feet on Oxfordshire and Lambourn is shown (but not named) on the map below her feet, in the downs of Berceria at the head of the River Lambourn which joins the River Kennet at Newbury.

Civil War
During the Civil War, Prince Rupert and his Cavaliers rested at Lambourn on the night of 18 and 19 September 1643, between fighting a skirmish with the Parliamentarian Army at Aldbourne Chase on the 18th and the First Battle of Newbury on the 20th. Queen Henrietta Maria stayed at Kingswood House on 18 April 1644 en route to Exeter, having said her final farewell to her husband King Charles I a few days before at Oxford. Kingswood was an Elizabethan manor house that was demolished a long time ago and replaced by the current Kingswood House Stables.

On 9 November 1644 King Charles and the Royalist Army relieved Donnington Castle in the face of the Army of the Eastern Association led by the Earl of Manchester and Oliver Cromwell. Thereafter he withdrew to Lambourn and stayed in "The King's Chamber" at Kingswood House, while the Royalist infantry were quartered in Lambourn and the cavalry at Wantage. The Parliamentarian Scoutmaster Sir Samuel Luke reported "Monday. 11 November 1644. The last night the King's headquarters were at Wantage and Lamborne ... all the foot that which lay at Lamborne marcht away this morning towards Auborne".

The Luddites and Captain Swing
There were Captain Swing anti-machinery riots in Lambourn in 1832–33. It was said that 'there would be no good times at Lambourn until there was a good fire', and several farm buildings were burned by Luddite agricultural labourers whose wages had been slashed by the introduction of machinery. The Marxist historian, Eric Hobsbawn, wrote 'A threshing machine was broken at Lambourn; and from there the movement spread south to Eastbury and East Garston, where money was collected and several machines were destroyed'. The labourers demanded 40 shillings for their loss of earnings and an increase in wages from 8 shillings to 12 shillings a week. They threatened to burn down farm buildings if they were not paid. Ten machines were destroyed in the Lambourn Valley from Fawley to Boxford, and the movement spread northwards to the Vale of the White Horse and the Thames Valley.

World War II plane crash
On 8 September 1944 a stricken B-24 Liberator flown by 2nd Lt Lawrence Berkoff DFC of the 856th Bombardment Squadron, 492d Bombardment Group (the Carpetbaggers), Eighth Air Force, USAAF was returning from an aborted mission. Berkoff maintained control of the plane so that his crew could parachute to safety over Baydon, but saw that if he bailed out, the plane would crash into Lambourn. He therefore remained at the controls to divert the aircraft and was killed when it crash-landed in a field on Folly Road at 10:45 pm, missing the village by a few hundred yards. Berkoff was awarded a posthumous Distinguished Flying Cross; a plaque in his honour was unveiled on 26 June 2003 by his great nephew, Todd Berkoff, at Lambourn Memorial Hall.

1953 lorry crash
On Tuesday 13 April 1953 an articulated lorry carrying 3,600 impgal of aviation fuel suffered brake failure as it came down Hungerford Hill (now the B4000). Despite the best efforts of the driver, it hit several buildings before overturning on Oxford Street. The lorry exploded, destroying the tobacconist's, confectioner's, watchmaker's, jeweller's and antique dealer's shops, but only the driver was killed. The burning fuel set fire to three houses, two thatched cottages and several flats, and 37 people were made homeless. It also flowed down the street and into the River Lambourn and set fire to property up to 50 yards way until the Newbury, Hungerford, Wantage, Swindon and Faringdon fire brigades helped the local brigade quench the fire.

1971 lurcher show
The first dog show for lurchers was held at Lambourn in 1971, which included dog racing and coursing.

1991 motorway crash
At 14:15 hours on Wednesday 13 March 1991 there was a major crash on the M4 Motorway in the southernmost part of Lambourn between the Membury Service Station and Junction 14 on the eastbound carriageway. A van driver fell asleep at the wheel and stopped alongside the central crash barrier on the right hand (overtaking) lane. This obstruction was seen by the car behind him, which managed to change lanes and avoid contact. However, the cars behind were travelling at high speed (an average of 70 mph) in patchy fog and many were only one or two car lengths behind the vehicle in front. As a result, they had no time to avoid the van, crashed and spun out of control into the other lanes. Others took evasive action by driving onto the hard shoulder and up the sides of the cutting.

These were followed by articulated lorries, one of which jack-knifed sideways across all three lanes of the motorway. One driver, Alan Bateman, managed to free himself from his car and ran back down the central reservation to warn others, but was ignored and was even hooted at by some drivers as they continued towards the crash. The crash included 51 vehicles and lasted 19 seconds, car fuel was ignited along with the combustible material being carried in one of the vans and the eastbound motorway was closed for four days as the melted wreckage was cut away and the tarmac replaced.

Ten people were killed and twenty-five were injured, and there were three minor crashes caused by distracted drivers on the other side of the motorway. In Parliament Sir Michael McNair-Wilson MP asked why the Thames Valley and Wiltshire police forces had not turned on the motorway warning lights to warn drivers of the fog, but the Secretary of State for Transport, Christopher Chope, stated that these were only used for hazards not readily apparent to drivers and not adverse weather conditions. The crash led to warning lights being used to warn drivers of fog on British motorways.

Governance
The civil parish of Lambourn has a population of 4,103. Besides Lambourn itself, it comprises the villages of Upper Lambourn, Eastbury, Woodlands St Mary and Lambourn Woodlands, together with the hamlets of Mile End, Sheepdrove and Bockhampton and a considerable area of rural downland. The civil parish is split into four wards for electoral purposes: Upper Lambourn, Eastbury and Woodlands St Mary/Lambourn Woodlands elect two councillors; and nine are elected from Lambourn itself. The parish shares boundaries with the Berkshire parishes of East Garston and Hungerford, with the Wiltshire parishes of Chilton Foliat, Ramsbury and Baydon, and with the Oxfordshire parishes of Ashbury, Compton Beauchamp, Woolstone, Uffington, Kingston Lisle, Sparsholt, Childrey and Letcombe Bassett. The parish is part of the unitary authority of West Berkshire, and lies within Newbury parliamentary constituency.

Geography
Lambourn covers most of the upper valley of the River Lambourn, a bourne in the chalk upland area of the Berkshire Downs. It is 13 mi northwest of Newbury, 11 mi southeast of Swindon, 7 mi southwest of Wantage, 7 mi north of Hungerford and 71 mi west of London (via B4000 and M4). Since the 1974 boundary changes, Lambourn has been the westernmost parish in Berkshire, bordering northeastern Wiltshire and southwestern Oxfordshire. Membury Services, on the site of RAF Membury, Membury transmitting station and the northeastern quarter of Membury Iron Age hillfort are in the southwest corner of the parish.

Lambourn Downs
"They heard of the Great Barrows, and the green mounds, and the stone-rings upon the hills and in the hollows among the hills. Sheep were bleating in flocks. Green walls and white walls rose. There were fortresses on the heights. Kings of little kingdoms fought together, and the young Sun shone like fire on the red metal of their new and greedy swords. There was victory and defeat; and towers fell, fortresses were burned, and flames went up into the sky. Gold was piled on the biers of dead kings and queens; and mounds covered them, and the stone doors were shut; and the grass grew over all. Sheep walked for a while biting the grass, but soon the hills were empty again."

The Lambourn Downs (an area of the Berkshire Downs) are part of the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and cover an area of 231 sqmi, from the Ridgeway in the north to the River Kennet in the south. Originally they were entirely in Berkshire, but northern third of the downs were transferred to Oxfordshire when the county border was reorganised in 1974. Due to the poor, chalky soil, the downs could not be used for growing crops until the advent of modern fertilisers. Consequently, the high ground was only used for breeding sheep – hence the name of Lambourn – and horses.

The Oxford don and author J. R. R. Tolkien lived nearby and travelled to the downs with his family and friends. He was impressed by the downs with their sarsen stones, barrows and hill forts and painted pictures of Lambourn in 1912. Within Lambourn parish are the following downs and chalk hills: Bockhampton Down, Cleeve Hill, Coppington Down, Coppington Hill, Crow Down, Eastbury Down, Ewe Hill, Farncombe Down, Fognam Down, Haycroft Hill, Hungerford Hill, Kingsdown, Lodge Down, Mandown, Near Down, Parkfarm Down, Pit Down, Post Down, Row Down, Stancombe Down, Thorn Hill, Warren Down and Wellbottom Down.

Road
Lambourn lies on the crossroads of the B4000 from Newbury to Highworth and the B4001 from Chilton Foliat to Childrey. The B4000 used to follow the River Lambourn up the Newbury Road until the construction of the M4 motorway in the early 1970s. When the motorway was built, the B4000 was diverted along Ermin Street as the old road could not be widened for HGVs in the narrow streets of Great Shefford, Eastbury and Lambourn. The B4001 was also diverted onto Ermin Street because of the M4, and the B4000 and B4001 merge until they arrive in Lambourn at the bottom of Hungerford Hill. The M4 passes through the southern part of the parish, between Junction 14, (7 mi southeast of the village, and Junction 15, (8 mi to the west.

Rail
In 1898 the Lambourn Valley Railway was built connecting Lambourn to Newbury. Its ownership merged with the Great Western Railway in 1905. The line continued in operation until it was closed in 1960. The nearest station is now at Hungerford on the Reading to Taunton line.

Economy
Lambourn and the surrounding downland is best known today as a major horse racing centre, mainly National Hunt. Many villagers' work is related to horse racing, but there are an increasing number of commuters who use the M4, including many airline pilots based at Heathrow. The United Kingdom's last makers of dress and day cravats were based in Lambourn until they closed in 2006. Lambourn Racehorse Transport was founded in the village in 1930 and transports many of the local horses, especially since the closure of the Lambourn Valley Railway in 1964. It is owned by Merrick Francis, the son of Dick Francis, and is the largest horse transport business in Europe. Sheepdrove Organic Farm is based near Lambourn.

Horse racing
"Lambourn is a unique town as almost everyone is involved in horse racing – from top trainers such as Mick Channon, Charlie Mann and Henrietta Knight through to the saddlers and stable lads and lasses."

The racing connection began in the 18th century, when the Earl of Craven held racing meetings on Weathercock Hill near Ashdown House. There were regular race meetings on the Lambourn Downs and private race meetings can be held on Mandown between Upper Lambourn and Seven Barrows. In the 1840s some owners moved their racehorses to Lambourn as the ground at Newmarket was too firm and caused many horses to break down. The first trainers were Edwin Parr, Joseph Saxon, John Prince, Luke Snowden (one of the few trainers to be buried at St Michaels graveyard) and John Drinkald, who went insane when his horse was disqualified after winning a race in which he stood to win £28,000.

The first stables were at the Red Lion Inn on the crossroads opposite the church (the inn has since been converted into flats), and at Lambourn Stables, now called Kingswood House Stables. The well drained, spongy grass, open downs and long flats made Lambourn ideal for training racehorses and it became a fashionable training centre. Lord Rothschild had his stables at Russley Park, just west of Lambourn in Wiltshire, and, like those of Lord Craven, his horses practised on the gallops at Lambourn. Lambourn Place, a large house near the village centre, was used as racing stables from 1888. It was demolished in 1938 and was later replaced by a modern housing estate.

It was not until the Lambourn Valley Railway was built in 1898 that Lambourn grew into its present size. Until then horses could only attend local meets, or had to walk the 10–15 miles to the railway at Newbury. Horses could now be transported to Newbury and from there to meetings all over the country, and many new stables were opened in the area. Over 1,500 horses are now stabled in and around Lambourn – second only to Newmarket. There are many major stables and varied turf and all-weather gallops in and around the village. It has two fully licensed equine swimming pools and the Ridgeway Veterinary Group Valley Equine Hospital. As a result, it has been dubbed the "Valley of the Racehorse", and this is displayed on the road signs leading into the village.

In 2006 the Jockey Club Estates Ltd bought 500 acre of land in the valley, its first investment outside Newmarket, including Mandown and many other gallops and training grounds The Oaksey House rehabilitation centre for injured jockeys was built in Lambourn in 2008, named after Lord Oaksey, the President of the Injured Jockeys Fund. In 2013, Mehmet Kurt, the owner of the Kingwood Stud in Lambourn, received permission to build a 1.5 km long horse training monorail, the first in the country.

Some Lambourn Derby winners
 * Steve Donoghue on Pommern in 1914, trained by Charles Peck at Sefton Lodge
 * Harry Wragg on Felstead in 1928, trained by "Ossie" Bell at Delamere Stables
 * Pat Eddery on Grundy in 1975, trained by Peter Walwyn at Seven Barrows House
 * Martin Dwyer on Sir Percy in 2006, trained by Marcus Tregoning at Kingwood House Stables

Some Lambourn Grand National winners
 * Pat Buckley on Ayala in 1963, trained by Keith Piggott at South Bank
 * Willie Robinson on Team Spirit in 1964, trained by Fulke Walwyn at Saxon House
 * Tommy Smith on Jay Trump in 1965, trained by Fred Winter at Uplands Stables
 * Tim Norman on Anglo in 1966, trained by Fred Winter at Uplands Stables
 * Ben de Haan on Corbiere in 1983, trained by Jenny Pitman at Weathercock House
 * Marcus Armytage on Mr Frisk, in 1990, trained by Kim Bailey at Old Manor Stables
 * Carl Llewellyn on Party Politics in 1992, trained by Nick Gaselee at Saxon Cottage Stables
 * John White on Esha Ness, in the void 1993 Grand National, trained by Jenny Pitman at Weathercock House
 * Jason Titley on Royal Athlete in 1995, trained by Jenny Pitman at Weathercock House
 * Leighton Aspell on Many Clouds in 2015, trained by Oliver Sherwood at Rhonehurst

Notable stables
 * Kingwood House Stables
 * Seven Barrows House

Poetry
Lambourn is mentioned in the poetry of Hilaire Belloc and G. K. Chesterton. Georgian poet John Freeman wrote Lambourn Town and 20th century poet Sir John Betjeman wrote Upper Lambourne.

Fiction

 * Colin Dexter, The Daughters of Cain (1994), one of the suspects is Ashley Davies, a racehorse owner who has his horses at Seven Barrows in Upper Lambourn.
 * Jasper Fforde, Lost in a Good Book (2002); The second of the Thursday Next novels mentions that aliens landing in Lambourn is an urban myth.
 * Dick Francis, Reflex (1981); Jump jockey/photographer Philip Nore lives in Lambourn and much of the book's action takes place there. Break In (1985) and Bolt (1986); Steeplechase jockey Christmas "Kit" Fielding is based at Lambourn. To the Hilt (1996); the painter Alexander Kinloch marries Emily at St Michaels Church.
 * Dick Francis and Felix Francis, Silks (2008); the lawyer and amateur jockey Geoffrey Mason investigates a murder in Lambourn.
 * Ben Osborne, The Hyperion Legacy (2008) and The Rule of Lazari (2009); the jockey Danny Rawlings is based at Millhouse Stables in Lambourn.
 * Patrick Robinson, To The Death (2008); the terrorist General Ravi Rashood drives to Lambourn for target practice in preparation for assassinating the President of the United States.

Television

 * Inspector Morse (1996), In The Daughters of Cain Lewis is sent to interview the suspect Ashley Davies at Seven Barrows, which was filmed on Mandown.
 * Race Country by Clare Balding, which documents the everyday life of 'The Valley of the Racehorse' and the day-to-day running of some of the country's top stables.

Notable residents

 * Frederick Bates, batsman for Hampshire County Cricket Club in the 1920s
 * Noel Chance, racehorse trainer
 * Charles Chenery, 19th century footballer and cricketer
 * Dick Francis, jockey and best-selling author
 * John Francome, jockey, horseracing presenter and best-selling author
 * Chris Gent, former CEO and chairman of Vodafone
 * Nicky Henderson, jockey and racehorse trainer
 * Charlie Mann, ex jockey and racehorse trainer.
 * Dick Hern, jockey and trainer of the Derby winners Troy (1979), Henbit (1980) and Nashwan (1989)
 * Barry Hills, ex-jockey and racehorse trainer
 * George Clement Martin, composer and organist of St Paul's Cathedral
 * Tony McCoy, jockey and winner of the 2010 Grand National on Don't Push It
 * Patrick Macnee, actor, who lived in College House with his father Major Daniel "Shrimp" Macnee, a jockey and racehorse trainer, and his mother Dorothea Macnee
 * Lester Piggott, jockey and racehorse trainer who rode the first of his record nine Derby winners Never Say Die (1954) while living with his father Keith Piggott in Lambourn
 * Cozy Powell, rock drummer who died in a car crash when driving to Bristol from his home in Lambourn.
 * Jenny Pitman, author and trainer of the Grand National winners Corbiere (1983) and Royal Athlete (1995)
 * Thomas Richard Quinn, jockey
 * Joshua Sylvester, poet who influenced John Milton
 * Fulke Walwyn racehorse trainer and winning jockey of the 1936 Grand National on Reynoldstown
 * Peter Walwyn, cousin of Fulke Walwyn and trainer of the 1975 Derby winner Grundy
 * Frederick Thomas Winter, winner of the Grand National on Sundew (1957) and Kilmore (1962) as a jockey and with Jay Trump (1965) and Anglo (1966) as a trainer

Local institutions

 * Parish Church of St. Michael and All Angels (Church of England)
 * Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church
 * Lambourn Methodist Chapel
 * Eastbury's Almshouses (1501)
 * Hardrett's Almshouses (1625)
 * Lambourn Valley Housing Trust is a registered charity, which raises money to provide homes for both retired and working stable staff.

Sport and leisure

 * Football club Lambourn Sports F.C. play at Lambourn Sports Club
 * Lambourn Sports Club : a members' sports and social club with a large function hall
 * Lambourn Centre with a gym, sports hall and sauna
 * Sports field with skatepark
 * Bowls club with bowling green
 * Library
 * Pubs, both which serve food
 * Lambourn Allotment Society
 * Lambourn Chimers (local hand bell ringing group)
 * Lambourn Theatre Group
 * Lambourn Vintage Machinery Society
 * Lambourn WI
 * Lambourn Air Rifle Club
 * Lambourn Carnival with events including a horse show, and a procession of floats through the village
 * Shefford Young Farmers Club
 * Lambourn has a local nature reserve on its borders called Watts Bank.

Sources & Further Reading

 * Vic Cox, Vic: Lambeth to Lambourn (2001) – the memoirs of Lambeth boy whose family came from Lambourn and returned there once the London bombing began, Vic served overseas during WWII and returned to Lambourn at the end of the war and remained there until his death in 2003.
 * Jennifer Davies, Tales of the Old Horsemen (2006)
 * John Footman, History of the Parish Church of Saint Michael and All Angels, Chipping Lambourn (2009)
 * Dick Francis. A Jockey's Life: The Biography of Lester Piggott (1986)
 * Bryony Fuller, Fulke Walwyn: A Pictorial Tribute (1990)
 * Alan Lee, Lambourn – A Village of Racing (1982)
 * Vic Mitchell, Kevin Smith and Kevin Robertson, Branch Lines to Lambourn (2001)
 * Robin Oakley, Valley of the Racehorse: A Year in the Life of Lambourn (2000)
 * Lambourn
 * Lester Piggott, Lester: The Autobiography of Lester Piggott (1995)
 * Jenny Pitman, Jenny Pitman, The Autobiography (1999)
 * Martin Randall Connop Price,  Lambourn Valley Railway (1964);  With plates (Locomotion papers. no. 32.)'' (1966)
 * Bridget Rennison, A Short Guide to the Parish Church of Saint Michael and All Angels Lambourn (1971)
 * Kevin Robertson and Roger Simmonds, Illustrated History of the Lambourn Branch (1984)
 * T. K. Robertson, A. S. Robertson and D. A. Gray, Water Supply Papers of the Institute of Geological Sciences: Research Report No. 5: Borehole Logging Investigations in the Chalk of the Lambourn and Winterbourne Valleys' of Berkshire (1971)
 * Rogers, Joseph (2016). A Spectrum of Settlements pp. 21 – 26
 * Julie Shuttleworth, Social and economic change in Lambourn Hundred, 1522–1663 (1998)
 * R. Smith, The Seven Barrows at Lambourn (1921)
 * Stephen Sugden, A Dick Francis Companion: Characters, Horses, Plots, Settings and Themes (2008)
 * Peter Walwyn, Handy All the Way: A Trainer's Life (2000)
 * Stephen Sugden, A Dick Francis Companion: Characters, Horses, Plots, Settings and Themes (2008)
 * Peter Walwyn, Handy All the Way: A Trainer's Life (2000)

title: Lambourn


text: User talk:158.169.9.14

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title: User talk:158.169.9.14


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Kawartha Highlands Provincial Park

Kawartha Highlands Provincial Park (officially Kawartha Highlands Signature Site) is a 375 km2 area of preserved wilderness and recreational areas in south-central Ontario, Canada. It is located to the north and east of the main belt of the Kawartha Lakes, primarily in the township of North Kawartha. It is the largest single area of preserved land in the southern part of the province (excluding Algonquin Park, parts of which are in northern and southern Ontario).

Geography
The park was expanded from its original size of 18.6 km2 to its current size in June 2003. It was previously a mostly wilderness tract enclosing Bottle Lake and Sucker Lake, and accessible primarily by canoe, many by portage routes only. It now encloses many more small lakes as well as all of Anstruther Lake, and has many cottages and access roads.

Municipally, the park is completely within Peterborough County: about two-thirds of its area is in the township of North Kawartha, and the remaining western portion is in the township of Trent Lakes. The park office is located offsite in Bancroft, Ontario, and co-located with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.

Recreation
The park officially became operational in May 2011 and ministry permits for camping and parking are now required. Campsites are designated and provided with picnic tables, fire rings and thunder boxes. Official Ontario Parks maps indicate the park boundaries and exclude small tracts of land which contain pre-existing cottages. Additionally, some cottages on Serpentine and Copper Lakes remain without owning land and continue to use motor boats.

title: Kawartha Highlands Provincial Park


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Spanish Communist Workers' Party (1973)

The Spanish Communist Workers' Party (Partido Comunista Obrero Español, PCOE) is an anti-revisionist Marxist-Leninist communist party in Spain. It was founded in 1973, when Enrique Líster (a Republican general in the Spanish Civil War) revolted against the Eurocommunist line of Communist Party of Spain (PCE) general secretary Santiago Carrillo. The party published Análisis.

History
A catalyst for the split was the condemnation by the PCE of the Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia in 1968. PCOE was legalized in 1977, during the Spanish transition to democracy. Its sister organisation in Catalonia was the Partit Comunista Obrer de Catalunya. PCOE had a youth organization called the Communist Youth Federation of Spain (Federación de Jóvenes Comunistas de España).

In the 1983 regional elections in the Valencian Community, PCOE obtained 6,416 votes (0.34%). It had an electoral pact with Partido Comunista de España Unificado ahead of the regional elections in Madrid of the same year. When PCEU and other groups unified themselves as the Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain, PCOE chose not to participate in the merger.

Reintegration in the PCE and split
In 1985, the majority faction, led by Enrique Lister, decided to dissolve the party and rejoin the PCE, in a congress where the 10,000 members of the PCOE were represented. The majority of the members followed Lister and rejoined the PCE; however, a minority faction decided that they weren't going to join the PCE and kept the party alive, although severely weakened. Today, the party publishes Teoría Socialista and Análisis.

The continued PCOE contested the 2015 Spanish elections, fielding candidates in two constituencies (Córdoba and Sevilla), and gaining 1,906 votes in total, and also competed in the 2016 Spanish general election, again only fielding candidates in Córdoba and Sevilla. In 2018, the party contested the Andalusian regional election, competing in the constituencies of Córdoba (975 votes, 0,26%) and Sevilla (2,230 votes, 0,25%).

At the April 2019 Spanish election, the PCOE improved its election results compared to 2016. The party contested eight constituencies and gained 9.094 votes.

In 2021, the PCOE is forming the Coalition for Communist Unity with the PCPE in the Madrid regional election.

title: Spanish Communist Workers' Party (1973)


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User talk:IDC

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Artificial Studios
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Stretch Arm Strong

Stretch Arm Strong (Also known as Stretch Armstrong) is a hardcore punk band from Columbia, South Carolina, and the flagship band for We Put Out Records. They were primarily active from 1992 to 2005. They are often mistaken as a Christian band for having been on Solid State Records, but as lead singer Chris McLane has stated in interviews, “we're not a Christian band, we never were a Christian band and we never professed to be a Christian band.” Vocalist Chris McLane appears on Zao's The Lesser Lights of Heaven DVD. In 2020, the band was announced to perform at Furnace Fest 2020.

History
Stretch Arm Strong formed in 1992, formed by vocalist James Miller, bassist Matt McCarty, guitarists David Sease and Scott Dempsey, and drummer John Barry. Miller departed quickly thereafter, with McCarty taking over vocals as well as bass. The four would record some material, with Chris McLane taking over bass duties. McCarty would leave the band, with McLane taking over vocals and Donnie Raines joining the band on bass. The band would release their debut album, Compassion Fills the Void, with Shawn Williams of Prevail on bass. After their first release on Uprising Records, Compassion Fills the Void, the band would sign with Solid State Records, consisting of the lineup of McLane, Sease, Dempsey, Barry, and Jeremy Jeffers on bass.

In 1999, the band recorded their sophomore album, Rituals of Life, which saw their debut on Solid State Records. With the album out, the band released a music video for their song "Second Chances". In 2001, the band began writing and recording their third album, which would be titled A Revolution Transmission. In 2003, the band released Engage, which would be their third and final album with Solid State and their fourth studio album, which was well received. Stretch Arm Strong signed to We Put Out Records, a label on East West (an imprint of the Warner Music Group), having fulfilled their deal with Solid State. Their most recent album, Free at Last, was recorded in April and May 2005 with James Paul Wisner and released late that same year. A video for the song "The Sound of Names Dropping" was released that year. In 2005, the band shared the stage with the famed funk musician George Clinton.

They have mostly been inactive since 2005, reuniting in 2009 for a few benefit shows with Evergreen Terrace and Bane and for a one-off show at Within These Walls in 2011. The band is set to reunite for Furnace Fest in 2021.

In early 2022, Stretch Arm Strong announced that they had partnered with Iodine Recordings to re-issue "Rituals of Life" and other titles from their catalog. The band also alluded to writing new music.

Members
Current members
 * Chris McLane – vocals (1995–2011, 2020–present), bass (1994–1995)
 * David Sease – guitar (1992–2011, 2020–present)
 * John Barry – drums (1992–2011, 2020–present)
 * Scott Dempsey – guitar (1992–2004, 2011, 2020–present)
 * Jeremy Jeffers – bass (1997–2006, 2011, 2020–present), guitar (2004–2006)

Former members
 * Matt McCarty – bass (1992–1994), vocals (1992–1995)
 * James Miller – vocals (1992)
 * Donnie Raines – bass (1995–1996)
 * Shawn Williams – bass (1996–1997)
 * Juan Carlos "JC" Lopez – guitar (2004–2006)
 * Glen Calder – guitar (2006–2010)
 * Chris Andrews – bass (2006–2010)

Touring members
 * Jonathan Rej – bass (2000)
 * Sean McGuckin – bass (2006)

Timeline

Discography
Studio albums
 * Compassion Fills the Void (1998, Uprising Records)
 * Rituals of Life (1999, Solid State Records)
 * A Revolution Transmission (2001, Solid State Records)
 * Engage (2003, Solid State Records)
 * Free at Last (2005, We Put Out Records)

Studio EPs
 * Not Without Resistance (1995, Insurgent Sounds Records)
 * It Burns Clean EP (2000, Reflections Records)
 * The Revealing (2024, Iodine Recordings)

Splits
 * Bedlam Hour / Stretch Arm Strong Split (1993, Insurgent Sounds Records/Koogle Records)
 * Forget the Differences (1996, Insurgent Sounds Records)
 * I Stand Alone (2000, I Stand Alone Records; split with xDISCIPLEx A.D.)

title: Stretch Arm Strong


text:
User talk:Quadell/Archive 3

Illegal image?
I was looking at Illegal prime and noticed your image Image:DeCSS.PNG. As much I enjoy civil disobedience, does this image violate the DMCA, and if so, could Wikipedia get in trouble because of it? Derrick Coetzee 19:35, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Response to the Hamburg cell question

 * That'll do. :) WhisperToMe 02:19, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Why?
Why are you reverting me on the 9-11 commission page? Even Prince Badar stated the attacks were terrorist.--198 01:00, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Sex template
Thanks for supporting the cause. You might want to show your support by adding a "Keep" message in Templates_for_deletion. Thanks! --Cantus 01:14, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

D'oh!
Will behave myself now. Wasn't payin' attention. Thanks. jengod 01:59, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

Abu Ghraib
Hi, just wondering - why did you remove the following paragraph from the Abu Ghraib page?

 * On October 20, 2004, Staff Sgt. Ivan Frederick plead guilty to conspiracy, dereliction of duty, maltreatment of detainees, assault and committing an indecent act in exchange for other charges being dropped.

-- Schnee 14:56, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thank you
For you initial encouragement and your excellent work here at Wikipedia. I am pleased to see that you aware of the energy crisis leading to 9/11. Could I take the opportunity to direct you to my home pages - Unto the Cooking Pot. In particular you might find the quotations pages useful. - Shiftchange 00:48, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Pic tagging
Just tag it fair use. 172 17:54, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Edit War
Will you please lock the Khmer Rouge article again? Stargoat 17:17, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image
Image:SixthBuilding.jpg has since been removed from the public domain, hence, no articles link here any longer. It can be removed from the Wikipedia archives. Grunners 21:16, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Apollo Images
Hi added the NASA Public Domain template to the images--enceladus 09:30, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Bombing of Dresden in World War II
User:Get-back-world-respect does not play nice.

We are trying to resolve it on the talk page but I have had to invoke Goodwin's Law :-(

He has imidiatly jumped back in and modified the page just as he was doing before the protection was put on. Please protect the page again with the same version as you unprotected until we have had a poll and can use a democratic vote to try to resolve the situation. Philip Baird Shearer 10:37, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Oil price graph
Thanks for doing the price graph for the Hubbert Peak article: is there any chance you could please re-do it to either make its y-axis based at zero, or give it a logarithmic price axis? Either of these will make sense than the current "false base" of $25. -- The Anome 16:36, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)

Protected Page Assistance request
Howdy, Quadell. Per the requests of other Admins, I am seeking assistance from an uninvolved Admin. (See and  and   for details.) I am requesting the removal of the Page Protect currently on the Winter Soldier Investigation article. That article is currently locked in a POV state at the request of a user (TDC) that refuses to enter into any discussions despite numerous requests. The previous Admins say I should get an uninvolved Admin to verify that TDC has not participated in productive discussions, and remove the protection. I see your name on a recent edits list, so I am contacting you. Any help you can provide would be greatly appreciated. -Rob

Removal of content from The Watchtower
You recently removed information I added to the article The Watchtower. I assert that the information I added is factually correct. If you have reason to believe that the information I added was not correct, please elaborate. Thank you. Samrolken 07:57, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Alhaji Shehu Shagari
Hi there! Thank you for your inquiry. To be honest, I cannot remember where I got that image from. I know that I downloaded it from the web somewhere, and it did not appear to contain any copyright mark, so I assumed it was PD. (At that time, I wasn't so careful about images. I now realize that it's important to be very careful to document their source). I will do a web search over the next 24 hours or so and see if I can find the original source for it. If it does turn out to be copyright (and I don't believe it is, but we'd better make sure), I'll let you know so you can delete it. Otherwise, let's claim "fair use." Talk to you soon. David Cannon 21:44, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

image tag
I fixed the copyright tag of my pict (I uploaded it long before any policy on image tagging ever existed, and I created such a policy with Alex756 on fr: before any policy existed on en:...). If you come accross any picture uploaded by me, they are all gfdl without exception. Feel free to update them. SweetLittleFluffyThing 01:47, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Aspidistra
Hello, excuse-me for my bad english :( - I reply about Aspidistra image, - :) - Twice25 00:21, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

and De Ferrari Square ...
I'm so sorry again 4 my very troubled English ... :-( .... :)) - Picture in object here is by a very old postcard about my town, so I expect that's in PD. Otherwise I put it in unverified status. Don't you think it's correct so? Ciao! - Twice25 19:37, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot, Quadell ! I hope see you in Wikipedia in Italian language :-)) - Twice25 00:27, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * P.S.: Your worry about the future, it's mine too. :-( - ("sursum corda", in italian language: "coraggio! speranza! [hope] ...) - :-) - Twice25 00:31, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Quote about Mr B. it's very funny. Really, in Italy are so much thinkin' (and sayin' too) so ... :)) - Twice25 07:46, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

DeCSS pic
I there,

Actually I didn't upload the newer DeCSS picture. I just happened to notice that the latest one was not the one you captured, so I removed the remarks to that effect. --Doradus 02:17, Nov 6, 2004 (UTC)

2003 invasion of Iraq:Lancet Study
Hi, if you check the article prior to your latest change you'll see that it did contain the wikilink to the correct edition of the Lancet, and also provided the confidence interval (which as has been pointed out is very broad even at 95% confidence). I leave it to you to decide whether to restore the confidence interval.

Thanks
Wow. Thanks for the barnstar, man. I just thought the wiki could use a bit more color. Adam Faanes 17:18, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Images
All images taken by me are tagged accordingly. All others were not, and may be deleted if they are felt to be in breach of copyright. Adam 22:37, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Nick berg
You sent me a message that you agree with me but you still reverted my edits back to 168.209.97.34 without any explanation on talk page? Can you explain why? OneGuy 14:07, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC) how to upload an images in java? plz provide source code.

image:Atlantic Puffin.jpg
This is from a 1905 encyclopedia, and as I understand it, is therefore out of copyright. All images I have uploaded are either out of copyright, public domain, my own or the copyright owner has granted a dispensation. jimfbleak 16:36, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Thank you
I genuinely appreciate the comment you left on my talk page. I'm not the kind of person to go flying off the handle in real life and it's all too easy to forget that written words linger a lot longer than spoken ones. Thanks for the support. - Lucky 6.9 18:53, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Tibet Images
Hi Quadell, are you sure the Images you are uploding to commons from http://www.onwardtibet.org/index.html are CC by-sa, the page says CC by-nc-sa. guety 21:22, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Munich Massacre
You are absolutely correct. Thank you for keeping me in line. Wikistress has taken its toll. I need a Wikispa. --Viriditas 22:19, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

As I said, I trust you to be fair. I would never revert your edits on Munich Massacre. Jayjg 22:34, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Oh, and thank you for intervening to help calm this situation down. Are you available to help with other articles in the same situation? Jayjg 22:39, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

How about Sabra and Shatila massacre; it's currently involved in a similar edit war, with all the same players. Jayjg 23:53, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

i agree with the above comment. your edits were apropriate and hopefully will difuse the dispute. Xtra 00:18, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I just now submitted a good faith NPOV version that should address every reasonable concern. No offense, but the "compromise" version you suggested really wasn't much of a compromise. It simply echoed the existing pro-Israeli POV with a warning at the top of the page that one of the POV terms was in dispute. There was much more in the article that needed NPOVing; like all the unnecessary criticism of the German police that was presented as objective fact. I think you will see that the current version is truly much more of a balanced neutral compromise that accommodates all POVs in a reasonable way without biasing the whole article with the slant of one perspective. --Alberuni 04:08, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

In response to your question on the Munich massacre talk page, about whether Mahmoud Abbas is convicted pirate, the answer is no. Abu Abbas was a convicted pirate, not Mahmoud Abbas aka Abu Mazen, who is now PLO chairman following arafat's death. Abbas was convicted of the hijacking of the Achille Lauro cruise ship (during which Jewish American civilian Leon Klinghoffer was murdered) by an Italian court and sentenced to life imprisonment in absentia. He was living in Iraq during the Anglo-American invasion, and was captured by US occupation soldiers. Italy requested his extradition, but he died in custody--of natural causes it seems. Kingal86 16:57, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Sabra and Shatila Massacre
Glad to see you coming in on Sabra and Shatila Massacre. I've was trying for a while, but I go burned out on doing much more than trying to get people to at least clarify there positions on the talk page. If I can be helpful on anything concrete, including research, please let me know. -- Jmabel | Talk 09:09, Nov 12, 2004 (UTC)

How about replacing Lebanese "militiaman" with Lebanese "terrorist" in the Sabra and Shatila massacre article. The Lebanese Christians were non-government militants carrying out politicial violence targeting civilians. They murdered hundreds of Palestinian civilians and are usually called "militiamen" or even "soldiers". In contrast the Munich Massacre hostage-takers kidnapped and murdered eleven civilians, much less (although still an indefensible war crime), and are usually called "terrorists". Would pro-Israeali Wikipedians revert that or not?-Kingal86 20:58, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know what pro-Israeli Wikipedians would revert. You might ask one. Incidentally, this debate belongs here.   – Quadell (talk) (help)   21:05, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

I'm currently grieving for my country and worrying about the future.
Is this about the re-ellection of bush... and his list of countries to invade???
 * This is indeed about the re-election of Bush. I don't know if he will invade any new countries or not, but I hope he does not.   – Quadell (talk) (help)   17:22, Nov 13, 2004 (UTC)

Emerald ash beetle
Thanks for contributing to Wikimedia Commons - as it is a multilingual project could you please, in the future, upload any animal or plant images under their latin binomial name (thus Agrilus planipennis for this particular image). Afterall, this is the reason we have these latin names. --[[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 11:12, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Mesopotamia
hi Quadell. first of all, thank you for not phrasing your comment in Sumerian, as my cuneiform skills are a bit rusty :) your German is well understood, though, and I agree that it would have been better procedure to add short edit summaries (I guess I flooded your watchlist, there?:) — I didn't, because the pages looked all very desolate, most of them with no discussion pages, and some not even categorized. I just tried to make a lot of small edits in a short time, sorry. I have come up with Template:Ancient Mesopotamia (which is itself still very unfinished), and my aim is to maybe start a WikiProject Mesopotamia to get a better organization of the pertaining articles. Would you be interested in collaborating? regards, dab 18:04, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC) PS, I did give short summaries for the 'heavier' edits, i.e. merging Sumerian and Akkadian to Chaldean mythology. dab

Thank you
Thanks so much for the barnstar! I've been walking around with a grin since I saw it. About your invite to the image tag-a-thon...at this point in time, working with images causes me Wikistress. When I get a little more comfortable with copyright issues, I may check it out. Joyous 22:15, Nov 13, 2004 (UTC)

Commons
Galleries at Commons for plants and animals should have the latin name as their article name. Names in other languages should be redirects. Ausir 22:45, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

commons:Commons:Deletion requests
Hi. The following images are uploaded by you under a cc-by-sa-2.0 license, but the source http://www.onwardtibet.org/index.html said cc-by-NC-sa-2.0, i.e. noncommercial only. Since the commons does not accept non-commercial images, we may have to delete these images unless they can be issued under another license. The images were listed on commons:Commons:Deletion requests, and i just changed the license status. Sorry -- Chris 73 Talk 14:53, Nov 14, 2004 (UTC) Image:Young monks of Drepung.jpg - Image:Buddha painted on a rock wall in Tibet.jpg - Image:Om Mani Padme Hum.jpg - Image:Lhasa Valley in Tibet.jpg - Image:Potala Palace.jpg - Image:White Palace of the Potala.jpg - Image:Snow Lions protect the entrance to the Potala Pallace.jpg - Image:Jokhang Temple in Tibet.jpg
 * No problem. Hope we'll get the images as CC-by-sa. I put a note on the deletion page -- Chris 73 Talk 15:23, Nov 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I added a notice to the deletion page on the commons -- Chris 73 Talk 23:48, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah! Great that we can keep the images! Thanks for the good work getting the license. -- Chris 73 Talk 13:54, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Archived the deletion request and updated the license -- Chris 73 Talk 14:03, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)

RE: Image:Autismawareness.jpg
I've just verified the image using the following:  I hope this clears things up. JB82(talk)  00:58, 15 November 2004 (UTC)

Dromaius novaehollandiae
Hi, I have loaded an image with english description (Image:Dromaius_novaehollandiae_Distribution.jpg). Bye. Renato 19:24, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Tulipa batalinii
Hi,

The image is now tagged as GFDL. BTW, all my images were uploaded with a tickbox checked that said I wanted them distrubuted under GFDL, so if you come across any other images of mine feel free to add this tag.

Ramin

Thanks
For trying, anyway. It's a thankless job, and I really appreciate what you're doing. Who knows, maybe you'll be successful. I'm still hoping. :-) Jayjg 23:18, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Trident picture
Hi, Stephano released the picture for our use on the Wiki (I e-mailed him before I posted it). It might also be public domain, but that I can't say for sure. Maury 23:45, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Thank you
Thanks so very much for your support on my RFA. The nomination has gone through; I'm looking forward to many contented hours tidying things up. Joyous 00:45, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

Underwater
Great pic idea for the article underwater! - Marshman 05:19, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

parrot
African Grey Parrot was easy -this pic is better than the one in the article which looks washed out. The green parrot is Yellow-shouldered Parrot from South America, although from the angle of the photo you can't see the small yellow patch. The white parrot looks to me like one of the Australian cockatoos, and may not be on the right page anyway. I have no sources for Oz birds, perhaps Tannin can help? jimfbleak 07:41, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Cherry tree photo
I've replied on the same page to your comments at User talk:Davejenk1ns. gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 16:03, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Image:Cigarette burning
I reverted this image back to the original http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/archive/4/41/20041116164114%21Cigarette_burning.jpg but wasn't able to change the coments that state that the images was from "Photo by "lokozen". From www.sxc.hu Page says "There are no usage restrictions for this photo." nor delete the porn that was uploaded by user 192.197.71.189 in the place of image. Can you help with this

Thanks Julio Oliveira

 * It seems to be fixed now.   – Quadell (talk) (help)   17:05, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

3RR
I saw your comments on the poll page, and I was wondering if you could paste them on Flockmeals talk page. Flockmeal reverted Yasser Arafat four times yesterday due to serious vandalism, so if you could put that page on your watch list, that would help. Thanks. --Viriditas 20:34, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Mystery birds
I've sorted out the immature Scarlet Ibis, Japanese Waxwing (3) and the Java Sparrow, an estrildid finch. I should be able to identify the pheasant (1), with a bit of research, and maybe the pigeon (2) jimfbleak 06:57, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I have a good source for estrildids, so I'll write up Java Sparrow if you like (may be two-three days before I get the time). The first picture looks like a Golden Pheasant, but the yellow underparts suggest that, if so, it is a captive-bred variety. I have the definitive pheasant book, so I should be able to nail this once i can get to it. The pigeon, judging by the the other images, apart from the ibis, may be southeast asian, in which case I might be able to sort it out. jimfbleak 08:12, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The Golden Pheasant might be a young male, certainly no alternative as to species. The pigeon is a Pied Imperial Pigeon. The other bird has me baffled; It looks as if it is another pheasant, but no pheasant shows the combination of red in the tail, grey rear head and brown underparts. Blood Pheasant is the nearest, but males have a red eye patch and greyer underparts, whereas females don't appear to have red in the tail. Perhaps a young male??? jimfbleak

 * I'll do the pigeon too, should have done it already since I've seen them, but must have missed this one. Jim

 * Thanks for the compliment, but it's not that impressive. The finch, Golden Peasant and Ibis are umistakable, I'm familiar with the two other waxwing species in the UK and NAm, and although (despite what I said above) I haven't seen the pigeon, I have seen Green Imperial Pigeon. jimfbleak 17:23, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

template:disambig
Not editing that kinda nullifies the point of a wiki don't you think? Anyway I thought it was protected to prevent vandalism. Dunc|☺ 19:07, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Sabra and Shatila and Munich massacre articles
I hope you don't mind, but I've tried to recruit some assistance for you: User_talk:Mustafaa. Jayjg 21:54, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hi.
Just wanted to say hi, good to meet you. FT2 02:53, Nov 18, 2004 (UTC)

Cultural and historical background of Jesus
Would you be so kind as to explain to me why this article has been unprotected? There is currently an RfM, as reported on the Talk: page, between myself and two other contributors primarily regarding this specific article. It would be very disappointing to me if the RfM were be threatened by a reignition of the edit/revert wars which have been swirling around this potentially controversial subject. I'm not opposed to unprotecting it - quite the opposite - but I'm not sure now is necessarily the best moment. But I'm sure you have a reason I'm unaware of. Thanks! - Amgine 05:29, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your answer! I expected this would be the answer, and I sincerely hope the primary feudants do not return to the previous combat. - Amgine 16:39, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Would you be so kind as to review the current circumstances at this article, and possibly reconsider its status? - Amgine 22:26, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quadell/Archive 3


text:
Berkshire Downs

The Berkshire Downs are a range of chalk downland hills in southern England, part of the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The Berkshire Downs are wholly within the traditional county of Berkshire, although split between the current ceremonial counties of Berkshire and Oxfordshire. The western parts of the downs are also known as the Lambourn Downs.

Geography
The Berkshire Downs run east–west, with their scarp slope facing north into the Vale of White Horse and their dip slope bounded by the course of the River Kennet. Geologically they are continuous with the Marlborough Downs to the west and the Chilterns to the east. In the east they are divided from the Chilterns by Goring Gap on the River Thames. In the west their boundary is generally taken to be the border between Berkshire and Wiltshire, although the downs in Wiltshire between the Berkshire border and the valley of the River Og are sometimes considered to be part of the Berkshire Downs.

History
English downland has attracted human habitation since prehistoric times. The ancient track known as the Ridgeway runs along the Berkshire Downs. Prehistoric sites in the Downs include Wayland's Smithy (Neolithic), numerous tumuli (Neolithic or Bronze Age), Uffington White Horse (Bronze Age), Liddington Castle and Uffington Castle (Bronze Age and Iron Age), and Segsbury Camp and Grim's Ditch (Iron Age).

It is generally thought that in Anglo-Saxon times the downs were known as Æscesdūn or Ashdown, and that it was here that the Battle of Ashdown was fought in 871.

In 1915, after a brief stint as a hospital orderly at the British hospital for French soldiers in Haute-Marne, John Masefield moved to his country retreat at Lollingdon Farm. The setting at the foot of the Downs - Masefield's "Lollingdon Downs" would inspire a number of poems and sonnets.

Economy
Downland pasture is firm and well drained, suited to grazing sheep and grazing and training horses. Horse racing is a major business in the area, with much of the downs covered with training areas, and stables centred on the village of Lambourn.

Railway links
The Berkshire Downs can be accessed from various cities via the Great Western Main Line and its current single operator runs localised stopping trains as well as the high-speed trains along the Vale of White Horse calling at major stops Swindon and Didcot Parkway. From Reading to Newbury trains run along the Reading to Taunton Line in the River Kennet Valley to reach Devon on the quickest route from London. From there are the scenic Thames Valley stations of Pangbourne, Goring & Streatley and Cholsey (linked to the Cholsey and Wallingford Railway).

title: Berkshire Downs


text:
Yonaka

Yonaka (stylised as YONAKA) are an English rock band based in Brighton. The group consists of Theresa Jarvis on vocals, George Edwards on guitar, Alex Crosby on bass and keyboards. Yonaka released their debut album, Don't Wait 'Til Tomorrow, on 31 May 2019.

First EPs and Don't Wait 'Til Tomorrow (2014–19)
Yonaka performed on the BBC Introducing stage at Radio 1's Big Weekend 2016 and released their debut EP, Heavy, the following year. 2018 saw the group issue two further EPs, Teach Me to Fight and Creature. The title track from Creature reached the top spot of the Kerrang! Rock Chart in December 2018.

In autumn 2018, the band went on a European tour with Bring Me the Horizon and Fever 333 and in October 2018, they played a four-track session at the BBC Maida Vale studios, during which they presented a live mashup of the songs "Jumpsuit" and "Paparazzi".

"Teach Me to Fight" was used as the official theme song for the WWE pay-per-view event Fastlane in March 2019 and in Fate: The Winx Saga.

In May 2019, Yonaka signed with American label Fueled by Ramen, ahead of the release of their debut album, Don't Wait 'Til Tomorrow, on 31 May. The album reached 38 on the UK Albums Chart and 10 on the UK Vinyl Albums Chart. The band were also nominated for Best British Newcomer at the 2019 Kerrang! Awards.

In December 2019, they featured on Bring Me the Horizon's song "Tapes", which appeared on their EP Music to Listen To....

Seize the Power (2020–present)
In a session made in July 2020 for Amazon Music UK's Twitch channel, which was later deleted a month after the broadcast, Yonaka performed for the first time an unreleased song called "Ordinary".

On 27 January 2021, the band released "Seize the Power", the first official single from their mixtape of the same name. On the track, Yonaka commented: "It's been so long since we released new music and the time has finally come; this is a new chapter for us. We want you to get lost in a feeling of strength and empowerment when listening to this song". The mixtape was released on 15 July 2021 and featured appearances from Fever 333 and Barns Courtney. Yonaka are scheduled to appear on Palaye Royale's 2023 Fever Dream European + UK tour to support Seize the Power.

Singles

 * Note that the single "Ignorance" was reworked, becoming "Awake", as included on the album Don't Wait 'Til Tomorrow.

title: Yonaka


text:
Leizhou Peninsula

The Leizhou Peninsula, alternately romanized as the Luichow Peninsula, is a peninsula in the southernmost part of Guangdong province in South China. As of 2015, the population of the peninsula was 5,694,245. The largest city by population and area on the peninsula is Zhanjiang.

History
Trade was once welcoming at cities of Leizhou Peninsula. During the 19th century, the area was a hotbed of piracy, many pirates, such as Zheng Yi and Wu Shi Er, were based in the area.

Geography
The Leizhou Peninsula is the third largest peninsula in China with an area of c. 8500 sqkm located on the southwestern end of Zhanjiang, Guangdong with the Gulf of Tonkin to the west and the 30 km wide Qiongzhou Strait to the south, separating the peninsula from Hainan Island.

Geologically, basalt terraces account for 43% of the peninsula's area. The rest is divided up between marine terraces (27%) and alluvial plains (17%). Leizhou Peninsula is dotted with a few dormant volcanoes, beaches, and low-lying diluvial plains.

Leizhou has two separate volcanic fields: a Pleistocene–Holocene field at the northern end of the peninsula west of Zhanjiang (, Leibei Huoshanqun) and the northern end of the Qionglei or Leiqiong volcanic field, which extends across the strait into northern Hainan (, Leinan Huoshanqun). The volcanoes derive from the east-to-west tectonic extension and thinning of the lithosphere connected with the creation of the South China Sea's basin. Two Pleistocene-era basaltic stratovolcanoes are Yingfengling and Tianyang, 15 km apart in the center of the peninsula. There is also a third volcanic field responsible for some of the islands offshore (, Huoshanyan Daoyu).

Wildlife
Hepu National Sanctuary of Dugongs was created west of the peninsula to protect endangered wildlife especially marine mammals. Vicinity to the peninsula, such as the Leizhou Bay has declared to be parts of the Chinese white dolphin sanctuary holding the second largest population in the nation. Dugongs still occur in small number. Some Bryde's whales,      minke whales, and whale sharks still occur in the adjacent waters including Hainan Island and Gulf of Tonkin waters such as off Tieshangang District, Islands of Weizhou and Xieyang.

Critically endangered whales such as North Pacific right whales and western gray whales, humpback whales, and blue whales were once known to occur around the peninsula in the winter and spring to calve. Waters such as Wailuo Harbor were ideal habitats for these giants. These whales were heavily hunted and were wiped out by Japanese whalers in this regions. (Japanese whalers established whaling stations at various sites along the Chinese and Korean coasts including on the island of Hainan and at Daya Bay).

Climate
The peninsula lies in tropical South China. The region is under the influence of continental northeastern monsoons and maritime southeastern and southwestern monsoons. Typhoons occasionally occur, both from the Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea. Annual precipitation is 1400 to 1700 mm.

Towns

 * Kouang Tchéou Wan, former French colony on the north-eastern coast of the peninsula
 * Zhanjiang, a port city on the north-eastern coast

title: Leizhou Peninsula


text:
Leizhou

Leizhou is a county-level city in Guangdong Province, China. It is under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Zhanjiang.

The city was formerly known as Haikang County (postal: Hoihong); it was upgraded into a city in 1994.

Geography
Leizhou is located at the extreme southwestern end of Guangdong and lies on the Leizhou Peninsula.

Transportation

 * China National Highway 207

Notable People

 * Mạc Cửu (1655–1731): Founder of the Principality of Hà Tiên.

title: Leizhou


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Tenko (TV series)

Tenko is a television drama series co-produced by the BBC and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), which was broadcast between 1981 and 1985.

The series dealt with the experiences of British, Australian and Dutch women who were captured after the Fall of Singapore in February 1942, after the Japanese invasion, and held in a fictional Japanese internment camp on a Japanese-occupied island in the Dutch East Indies in modern day Indonesia between Singapore and Australia (the actual location of the island is not revealed in the series but it is assumed that the fictitious locations are set in south east Sumatra). Having been separated from their husbands, herded into makeshift holding camps and largely forgotten by the British War Office, the women had to learn to cope with appalling living conditions, malnutrition, disease, sexual violence and death.

Background
Tenko was created by Lavinia Warner after she had conducted research into the internment of nursing corps officer Margot Turner (1910–1993) for an edition of television programme This Is Your Life and was convinced of the dramatic potential of the stories of women prisoners of the Japanese. Aside from the first two episodes, set in Singapore, which were written by Paul Wheeler, the series was written by Jill Hyem and Anne Valery. War hero and prisoner of war Margaret Thomson was consulted about the series but she did not like to talk about her experiences and never watched the programmes.

Owing to high production costs, only the first two episodes of the first series were filmed on location in Singapore, together with the post series reunion extended episode. For the majority of series 1 and 2, set in the camp, the programme was filmed in a specially constructed set in Dorset. Hankley Common was also used.

The series takes its name from the Japanese word "tenko" (点呼/てんこ) which means "roll-call". POWs and internees in Japanese-run camps had regular roll-calls, where they had to line up and number off or were counted in Japanese.

A total of thirty episodes were produced over three series between 1981 and 1984, followed by a one-off special (which was twice the length of the other episodes), Tenko Reunion, in 1985. Only Ann Bell, Stephanie Cole and Claire Oberman appeared in all thirty episodes plus the reunion.

Series One (1981)
Ten fifty-minute episodes broadcast 22 October to 24 December 1981.

The first series depicts the events leading up to the fall of Singapore to the invading Japanese forces in 1942, and the abortive evacuation of civilians from the city. As the war in Europe suddenly erupts into a world war, a group of British and Dutch women find themselves forced to cope with captivity in a Japanese internment camp. They also must find a way to live together as a community, breaking down the barriers of class and race between them, if they are to survive.

Marion Jefferson is enlisted as the leader of the women due to her husband being a colonel. Sylvia Ashburton learns to see past race when she begins to bond with Christina Campbell. Dorothy Bennet suffers the loss of her infant daughter, Violet, due to malnutrition. A pregnant Sally Markham suffers the tragedy of stillbirth. Sally then grows close to nurse Nellie Keane, and rumours begin to circulate about their intimacy.

In the last episode of the series, the women celebrate Christmas before being marched through the jungle to another camp.

Series Two (1982)
Ten fifty-minute episodes broadcast 21 October to 23 December 1982.

The second series continues with the women marching through the jungle and being split up before they arrive at a new camp, an old mission school, on New Year's Day 1943. Tensions arise as the internees are forced to adhere to the new regime implemented by the strict and fierce official interpreter, Miss Hasan.

After a joyous reunion with old friend, Lillian, Marion is forced to take a backseat as the women's official leader in favour of the overbearing wolf in sheep's clothing, Verna Johnson. Sally sinks into depression following the death of her husband and vows to take her own life. Dorothy continues to trade favours with the guards, teaching English to Shinya in exchange for cigarettes and later discovers that she is pregnant. Sister Ulrica vows to not speak in order to repent for her feelings of hate towards the Japanese. Blanche returns later in the series, as does Yamauchi, as he is promoted to Major and becomes the new commander. Rose escapes to meet Bernard but they are caught when one of the women informs Yamauchi.

As conditions in the camp worsen, the women take a stand against Verna and Miss Hasan but they are prevented from exposing them when an allied plane bombs the camp.

Series Three (1984)
Ten fifty-minute episodes broadcast 7 October to 16 December 1984.

The third series starts just before the end of the war in early August 1945 and the internees are in their third camp and are living under appalling and harsh conditions with Marion Jefferson once again being leader of the group and the remaining prisoners of the camps are told by Yamauchi that the war has ended. They are later liberated by Allied troops and travel to Singapore. Billeted at Raffles, the women are free. However, peacetime only brings further dilemmas for the women as they struggle to forge new futures in an uncertain new world.

Marion struggles as she assumes the role of the "colonel's wife" which causes friction between Clifford and herself. Joss strikes up a relationship with Stephen. Maggie and Dorothy become embroiled in a love triangle with the handsome rogue, Jake.

Tenko Reunion (1985)
A double-length special was broadcast on 26 December 1985.

Set in 1950, Marion organises for the women to reunite in Singapore five years after their liberation from the camp. After an evening at Raffles Hotel, the women plan to continue their celebrations the following day at the residence of 'Metro Goldwyn' van Meyer but they are interrupted by the infiltration from mercenaries in search of weapons and ammunition, leading to a shocking revelation about one of the women.

DVD release and books
All three series plus the Reunion Special were released in one DVD box-set in 2011 through Acorn Media UK.

Three paperback books were published in the 1980s. One covering the first series, titled Tenko, while a second called Last Tenko, covered the second and final series. The third book, written by Anne Valery, covered the Reunion.

A book about the making of Tenko called Remembering Tenko by Andy Priestner was published in October 2012.

title: Tenko (TV series)


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Windsor and Eton

Windsor and Eton are twin towns, in the English county of Berkshire, separated by the River Thames and joined by Windsor Bridge. The towns are sometimes treated as one (for example in the naming of the local railway stations), and sometimes as separate entities.

For more information see the separate articles:

 * Windsor
 * Eton

title: Windsor and Eton


text: User talk:68.50.220.86

title: User talk:68.50.220.86


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Pablo Amaringo

Pablo Cesar Amaringo Shuña (January 21, 1938 – November 16, 2009) was a Peruvian artist, renowned for his intricate, colourful depictions of his visions from drinking the entheogenic plant brew ayahuasca. He was first brought to the West's attention by Dennis McKenna and Luis Eduardo Luna, who met Pablo in Pucallpa while traveling during work on an ethnobotanical project. Pablo worked as a vegetalista, a shaman in the mestizo tradition of healing, for many years; up to his death, he painted, helped run the Usko-Ayar school of painting, and supervised ayahuasca retreats.

Before dying, he was working on the paintings of angels, as well as paintings documenting the flora and fauna of Peru.

Film
Pablo's work can be seen in the documentary film Ayahuasca Nature's Greatest Gift.

Book
When Luna and McKenna met Amaringo in 1985, he was living in poverty, barely surviving by teaching English to young people from his home and selling the odd painting to passing tourists. Luna suggested he paint some of his visions, a project which became the basis of a coauthored book, Ayahuasca Visions: The Religious Iconography of a Peruvian Shaman (North Atlantic Books 1999).

Amaringo occasionally gave interviews in the years following the book's publication, and later penned the preface for Plant Spirit Shamanism: Traditional Techniques for Healing the Soul (Destiny Books 2006). His artwork was featured in Graham Hancock's book "Supernatural". Amaringo also appeared in The Shaman & Ayahuasca: Journeys to Sacred Realms (2010), Michael Wiese's documentary film about ayahuasca.

Death
After a protracted illness, Amaringo died on November 16, 2009.

title: Pablo Amaringo


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Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked)

The Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked), abbreviated CVR(T), is a family of armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs) developed in the 1960s and is in service with the British Army and others throughout the world. They are small, highly mobile, air-transportable armoured vehicles, originally designed to replace the Alvis Saladin armoured car.

Designed by Alvis in the 1960s, the CVR(T) family includes Scorpion and Scimitar light reconnaissance tanks, Spartan armoured personnel carriers (APC)s, Sultan command and control vehicle, Samaritan armoured ambulance, Striker anti–tank guided missile vehicle and Samson armoured recovery vehicle. All members of the CVR(T) family were designed to share common automotive components and suspension; aluminium armour was selected to keep the weight down. By 1996, more than 3,500 had been built for British Army use and export.

Scorpion, Scimitar, and Striker have now been withdrawn from British Army service.

Design and development
In the early 1960s, the United Kingdom's overseas commitments were proving costly to garrison and were a drain on the defence budget. A new strategy was proposed, that troops and equipment would be airlifted to trouble-spots from their bases in Europe. To support the air-landed troops, a requirement was identified for an AFV that could provide fire support with an anti-armour capability and be light enough to be airportable by the projected Armstrong Whitworth AW.681. At the same time, consideration was being given to the replacement of the Saladin armoured car.

In 1960, work began on what was called the Armoured Vehicle Reconnaissance. The vehicle would mount a 76 or 105 mm main gun in a limited-traverse turret, which also housed the three-man crew; namely: driver, gunner and commander. The anti–armour capability would be met by a Swingfire missile system (then under development) mounted at the rear. The design would come in both tracked and wheeled versions and share the same engine and transmission as the FV432 armoured personnel carrier. The final weight of the prototype was over 13 tons, which exceeded the weight limit if it was to be transported by air.

To reduce weight, aluminium alloy armour – using AA7017 made to Alcan E74S specification (Al + Zn 3.9; Mn 2.6) – was originally selected instead of steel; research revealed that it provided greater protection from artillery shell-splinters because of its areal density. However, this alloy suffered from stress corrosion cracking over time, especially around the gun mantlets of the Scimitar, and an improved specification armour (AA1707 made to MVEE-1318B with strict quality control) was fitted from 1978.

To fit inside the transport aircraft of the time, the vehicle's height had to be less than 2.5 m, its width had to be less than 2.102 m. To meet the ground pressure requirement of five psi, the tracks had to be 0.45 m wide. The width also dictated the engine used – it had to fit next to a driver in full winter clothing. Thus the engine compartment could only be 0.60 m wide. No tank engines in production or development at the time were suitable, so the Jaguar 4.2-litre petrol engine was used. This was modified to use military-grade fuel, with a compression ratio lowered from 9:1 to 7.75:1 and a single Solex Marcus carburettor, resulting in a power output reduction from 265 bhp to 195 bhp.

The driver position, being located at the front of the vehicle alongside the engine, dictated that the turret would have to be at the rear. The fire support version, armed with a 76 mm gun, was named Scorpion as the rear-mounted turret suggested a sting in the tail. Following the example of Alvis predecessor vehicles Saladin, Stalwart (load carrier) and Saracen (personnel carrier), all CVRTs started with the letter 'S'. The other vehicles were named to reflect their function; Striker anti–tank guided weapons, Spartan armoured personnel carrier; Samaritan ambulance; Sultan command and control and Samson recovery vehicles. In addition, the British General Staff had requested another vehicle armed with a 30 mm cannon, which became Scimitar.

In 1967, Alvis was awarded the contract to produce 30 CVR(T) prototypes. Vehicles P1–P17 being the Scorpion prototypes, P18–P30 were prototypes of the other six CVR(T) versions. Having to work under strict cost limitations imposed by the Ministry of Defence, the first prototype was completed on time and within budget on 23 January 1969, after extensive hot and cold weather trials in Norway, Australia, Canada and Abu Dhabi. In May 1970, the CVR(T) was accepted into British Army service; a contract was agreed for 275 Scorpions and 288 Scimitars. The first production Scorpion being completed in 1971, initial delivery to the British Army was in January 1972.

By 1986, the United Kingdom had taken delivery of 1,863 CVR(T)s. Total production for the British Army was 313 Scorpions, 89 Strikers, 691 Spartans, 50 Samaritans, 291 Sultans, 95 Samsons and 334 Scimitars.

Life Extension Programme
In 1988, Alvis plc was awarded a £32 million contract to carry out a Life Extension Programme (LEP). The initial contract was for 200 CVR(T)s and supply kits for a further 1,107 vehicles. The LEP was carried out on the Scimitar and Sabre reconnaissance vehicles, Spartan APCs, Sultan command post vehicles, Samson recovery vehicles, Samaritan ambulances and the Striker anti-tank vehicle. The major part of this upgrade was the replacement of the Jaguar 4.2-litre petrol engine by a more fuel efficient Cummins BTA 5.9 diesel engine.

A second contract for 70 vehicles was divided between Alvis and the Army Base Repair Organisation (ABRO). ABRO was then contracted to upgrade about 600 of the remaining CVR(T)s to the LEP standard.

Alvis also offered a comprehensive upgrade for the export version of the CVR(T), which included a diesel engine, upgraded suspension, new track and vision enhancements. Brunei is the only country known to have returned vehicles for an overhaul.

Battle Group Thermal Imaging programme
In 2001, Thales Optronics won the contract for the Battle Group Thermal Imaging (BGTI) programme. The contract will replace the image intensification sights installed on British Army Scimitar and Royal Engineers Spartan vehicles. They were replaced by a new gunner's sight with a day thermal image and laser rangefinder sight. The vehicle commander will have a monitor and a map display and the driver a navigation capability.

Scorpion

The FV101 Scorpion was originally developed to meet a British Army requirement for the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked). Scorpion was accepted by the British Army in May 1970, with a contract for 275, which later rose to 313 vehicles. Main armament consisted of a low velocity 76mm main gun with a coaxial 7.62 mm GPMG and multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers. The first production vehicles were completed in 1972. The first British regiment to be equipped with the Scorpion was the Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons) in 1973.

In November 1981, the RAF Regiment took delivery of the first of 184 Scorpions and other variants of CVR(T). These were to be used for airfield defence and served at RAF bases in the United Kingdom, Germany and Cyprus. The 76mm gun was ideal for the role, especially the canister round, which could be used on base against attacking personnel whilst minimising the risk to aircraft and infrastructure due to its short range. The RAF Regiment tranche of vehicles is understood to have originally been part of an order for Iran, but which were not delivered following the revolution that overthrew the Shah. The vehicles differed by having no wading equipment, and the vehicle commander's cupola on the RAF Regiment Spartan was a different design from that of British Army variants.

British Scorpions were withdrawn from service in 1995, principally because of the toxicity hazard in the crew compartment caused when the main armament was fired. In addition, RAF Bomb Disposal (EOD) teams used Scimitar and Spartan. Their protection and mobility allowed the teams to move around airfields that had unexploded ordnance (UXO) and CBRN contamination. The 30mm main armament on the Scimitar could be used to detonate the UXO or to crack the case of a bomb to allow the contents to drain or to deflagrate.

Striker
The FV102 Striker was the anti-tank guided missile version of the CVR(T), which was armed with the Swingfire missile system. Striker had five missiles ready to fire in a mounting at the rear of the vehicle, with another five stowed inside. Secondary armament consisted of a commander's 7.62 mm GPMG and multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers. Striker looked very similar to Spartan in appearance, becoming more easily identifiable only when the missile tubes were raised. In mid 2006, the British Army had 48 Strikers in service, although they were in the process of being phased out as the Swingfire missile was replaced by the Javelin in mid–2005.

Spartan
The FV103 Spartan is a small armoured personnel carrier (APC); it can carry seven men in all, the crew of three and four others in the rear compartment. In the British Army, it is used to carry small specialised groups, such as engineer reconnaissance teams, air defence sections and mortar fire controllers. In mid-2006, the British Army had 478 Spartans in service, which from 2009 were being replaced by the Panther Command and Liaison Vehicle in some roles.

Samaritan
The FV104 Samaritan is the ambulance version of the CVR(T), 50 were produced for the British Army. In appearance it is similar to the Sultan Command and Control vehicle. It has a crew of two and capacity for four stretchers; being an ambulance it is not armed except for multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers.

Sultan
The FV105 Sultan is the British Army command and control vehicle based on the CVR(T) platform, 205 were in service in 2006. It has a higher roof than the APC variants, providing a more comfortable "office space" inside. A large vertical map board and desk are located along one side, with a bench seat for three people facing it. Forward of this are positions for the radio operator, with provision for four radios, and the vehicle commander. Armament consists of a pintle-mounted GPMG and multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers. The back of the vehicle is designed to be extended by an attached tent to form a briefing area.

Samson
The FV106 Samson is an armoured recovery vehicle. The hull of the Spartan was adapted to contain a winch, which was operated to the rear of the vehicle. A hinged spade anchor was designed in two-halves to preserve access to the rear door.

Scimitar
The FV107 Scimitar is very similar to the Scorpion but carries the 30mm RARDEN cannon as its main weapon. Secondary armament consists of a coaxial GPMG and multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers. Stowage is provided for 201 rounds of 30 mm and 3,000 rounds of 7.62 mm ammunition. In 2006, the British Army had 328 in service; which were retired from active service in 2023, being replaced by Ajax.

Sabre
The Sabre was a hybrid vehicle, with the turret from a Fox Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle on a FV101 Scorpion hull and armed with the same 30mm RARDEN cannon as the Scimitar. One hundred and thirty-six of these hybrid vehicles were brought into service in 1995, after some modifications were made to the turret. These modifications included redesigning the smoke grenade dischargers, replacing the standard machine gun with an L94A1 chain gun and domed hatches to improve headroom for the commander and gunner. They were assigned to the reconnaissance platoons of armoured and mechanised infantry battalions before being withdrawn from service in 2004.

Sturgeon and Salamander
Sturgeon (based on the Spartan) and Salamander (based on the Scorpion) are visually modified vehicles used to represent opposing forces in training exercises at the British Army Training Unit Suffield in Canada.

Stormer
The Alvis Stormer was originally designed in the 1970s as a private venture APC, using the CVR(T) range as a starting point. It is a larger (0.48 m longer with a 6th set of road wheels) and heavier (12,700 kg) vehicle with steel and aluminium armour. Production began in 1982. Malaysia ordered 25 of the APC variant.

In 1986, the British Army selected Stormer to carry the Starstreak missile anti–aircraft system and a flatbed version fitted with the Shielder minelaying system.

BAE Land Systems, the descendant of Alvis military vehicles, market Stormer with various weapon systems for many purposes. Indonesia has received about 50 Stormer variants, including the APC, command post vehicle, ambulance, recovery, bridge-layers and logistics vehicle. Malaysia has 35, Oman has four and the United Kingdom has over 170.

United Kingdom
In British Army service, the CVR(T) was mainly used by the Formation reconnaissance regiments, which have been the Household Cavalry, 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards, 9th/12th Royal Lancers, Light Dragoons, Queen's Royal Lancers, the Royal Yeomanry and the Queen's Own Yeomanry. Scimitars were also used by one of the four squadrons in an armoured regiment and the reconnaissance platoons of armoured infantry battalions.

In August 1974, Scorpions from A Squadron 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers, were transported by C-130 Hercules to Cyprus, to protect the British Sovereign Base Areas during the Turkish invasion.

During the Falklands War in 1982, two troops from B Squadron, Blues and Royals were attached to the task force. They were equipped with four Scorpions and four Scimitars supported by a Samson and were the only armoured vehicles used in action by the British Army during the conflict. The two troops deployed provided fire support for the 2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment during the Battle of Wireless Ridge and for 2nd Battalion Scots Guards during the Battle of Mount Tumbledown.

By the time of the Gulf War, the CVR(T) was well established in the British Army and all versions were deployed. The divisional reconnaissance regiment attached to the 1st Armoured Division was the 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers, (with 36 Scimitars, 16 Strikers, 12 Spartans, 9 Sultans and 4 Samaritans), and 'A' Squadron 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards (16 Scorpions, 4 Spartans, 2 Sultans, 1 Samaritan, 1 Samson). This unit also had 1 Sqn RAF Regiment (Operating Scorpion, Spartan, Sultan & Samsons ) attached to them. The armoured regiments and armoured infantry battalions reconnaissance troops also had eight Scorpions or Scimitars each.

The CVR(T) family were deployed with the British Army's formation reconnaissance regiments– part of the NATO Implementation Force (IFOR), a multinational force in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The next deployment for the British Army's CVR(T)s was the 2003 invasion of Iraq (Operation Telic). The initial force contained the 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards and D Squadron, the Household Cavalry, both equipped with CVR(T).

After Iraq, CVR(T) equipped formation reconnaissance regiments have taken part in Operation Herrick in Afghanistan, notably during Operation Panther's Claw with the Light Dragoons.

Europe
Four other European countries used CVR(T): Belgium, Ireland, Latvia and Spain.

The Belgian Army ordered 701 EA CVR(T) in the Scorpion, Scimitar, Sultan, Spartan and Samaritan versions, which were delivered in 1975. They were used by the COMRECCE that comprised the 1st, 2nd and 4th Mounted Rifles Regiments (also the 3rd Lancers, which was equipped with the Leopard 1 tank), the CVR-T group (Armoured Recce school) and all of the scout platoons from the 12EA armoured Infantry and 8EA Tank Regiments. The Belgian Army used its CVR(T) vehicles on UN deployments in the Balkans and Somalia. Belgium had disposed of all its CVR(T)s by 2004.

The Spanish Marines obtained 17 Scorpions in 1985. All had been disposed of by 2004.

The Irish Army obtained a small number of Scorpions for use by the Irish Army Cavalry Corps. As the United Kingdom, Belgium and Spain have all disposed of their Scorpions, Ireland was the sole user of the type during the last decade in Europe until they were retired in 2014.

The Latvian army has obtained 123 ex-British Army Scimitar, Sultan, Spartan, Samson and Samaritan vehicles. According to the contract, all the vehicles will be modernised and overhauled. First deliveries to the Latvian Land Forces will commence in September 2015. Some of these vehicles will be used as mobile platforms for 4th generation Spike anti-tank guided missile systems.

South and Central America
In South and Central America, CVR(T) operators included Chile, Honduras and Venezuela.

The Chilean Army has 28 Scorpions, which are used in a reconnaissance role alongside Leopard 1 and Leopard 2 tanks.

The Venezuelan Army operates a fleet of 50 Scorpion 90s and two Sultans.

South East Asia and the Pacific
In South East Asia and the Pacific, CVR(T) operators included Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and New Zealand.

Brunei is understood to have a fleet of 19 CVR(T)s, which comprises 16 Scorpions, two Sultan command post variants and one Samson armoured recovery vehicle.

The Indonesian Army uses the Scorpion 90 armed with the Belgian 90mm Cockerill cannon and the Stormer. The Stormer variants include the APC, command post vehicle, ambulance, recovery, bridge-layers and logistics vehicle.

The Malaysian Royal Armoured Corps of the Malaysian Army is known to use both Scorpion and the newer Stormer.

The Royal Thai Army was forced to expand its forces after the fall of South Vietnam and the increased tension in the area. As part of this expansion, they obtained 144 Scorpions between 1973 and 1976.

The Philippine Army operated up to 40 Scorpions in its Light Armor Division. This formation used a mixture of wheeled and tracked vehicles, but the Scorpion was the only fire support or anti-armour vehicle in their inventory. They also operated 6 Samaritans and 3 Samsons.

The New Zealand Army operated a small number of Scorpions, up to squadron strength. These have now been replaced by the LAV III.

Middle East
In the Middle East, CVR(T) operators included Iran, Jordan, Oman and the United Arab Emirates.

The Iranian army deployed its Scorpions with the reconnaissance regiment of the 28th Infantry Division in the 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War. Little is known of how they performed or what losses they incurred. In December 1997, it was reported that Iran had manufactured a light tank named Tosan. Tosan was equipped with a 90 mm gun and appears to be based on the Scorpion.

The Royal Jordanian Land Force has obtained 80 Scorpions and 100 Spartans. Some of the Scorpions are reported to have been captured by Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war and handed on to Jordan. The Spartans were obtained when Belgium disposed of their CVR(T) fleet.

The Royal Army of Oman replaced the Saladin armoured car with between 30 and 50 Scorpions. They were delivered between 1982 and 1983, along with three Samson armoured recovery vehicles. In 1985, a second order for up to 30 vehicles was delivered. The second order included Scorpion, Sultan, Spartan and Samson vehicles. Oman operates the newer Stormer.

The United Arab Emirates Army has obtained 76 Scorpions for use by its armoured brigades. It is not known if these played any part in the Gulf War.

Africa
In Africa, CVR(T) operators included Botswana, Nigeria, Tanzania and Togo.

The Nigerian Army reorganised from an infantry to an all arms formation after 1979. Part of their AFV inventory includes an unknown number of Scorpions.

Scorpion turret on other vehicles

The Australian Army did not use the CVR(T), but did use the Scorpion turret – mounted on the FMC M113 armoured personnel carrier – as the Medium Reconnaissance Vehicle, or M113A1 MRV. (These complemented the previous M113 Fire Support Vehicle (FSV), which featured a Saladin turret.) Introduced in the early 1970s, the last MRV was retired during the early 2000s, replaced by the ASLAV.

Philippine Army infantry units also later received M113A1s that had been augmented with Scorpion turrets. In Philippines service, these are known as the M113A1 Fire Support Vehicle (FSV).

The Canadian Army added the Scorpion turret to the AVGP Cougar wheeled reconnaissance vehicle. A total of 195 Cougars was originally procured, but the fleet was reduced to 100 vehicles in 1999, and has since been retired.

Enhancements and future developments
As a result of combat experience in Afghanistan, the British Army upgraded several Scimitar light tanks to Mark 2 standard. The improvements included a new aluminium hull based on that of the Spartan troop carrier, which provides greater internal volume and protection, and a new fuel system, environmental control system and suspension. New hulls have also been built for the Spartan, Sultan, Samson and Samaritan variants.

The British firm OVIK has designed a vehicle named "Meerkat" based on the CVR(T), anticipating that large numbers of these will become available for refurbishment in future years when they are replaced in British service, and perhaps several other armed forces. The hull has been redesigned, and the driver has been moved back into a central position – sitting side by side with his primary crewman. The vehicle is steered using a conventional steering wheel system – which can be swapped from left to right – to allow either crewman to drive or command the vehicle. The engine has been replaced by a Cummins 6.7-litre diesel engine whilst the transmission has been uprated to DB TN15E+ and STORMER final drives. The turret has been replaced by a modular weapon "cassette" that will mount remote weapon stations, armed with, for example, a .50" M2 HB machine gun.

Another British consortium claims to have designed and developed a concept that uses a common tracked chassis with interchangeable pods for different vehicle roles. The Mark 1 mPODt (multi-role POD (tracked)) uses the Stallion, a flat bed development similar to that used on Shielder, to demonstrate the concept on a 10–13 tonne weight vehicle. However, the chassis could be from a number of in-service vehicles.

title: Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked)


text:
Hung

Hung may refer to:

People

 * Hung (surname), various Chinese surnames
 * Hùng king, a king of Vietnam

People with the given name Hung include:
 * Hung Huynh (born 1978), Vietnamese-American chef, winner of the third season of the television show Top Chef
 * Hung Pham (born 1963), Vietnamese-Canadian politician
 * Hung Cheng (born 1937), professor of applied mathematics

Entertainment

 * Hung, a 1970 novel by Dean Koontz (published under the name Leonard Chris)

Film and television

 * Hung, a short film by Guinevere Turner
 * Hung (TV series), aired on HBO

Songs

 * "Hung", by Napalm Death
 * "Hung", by Wire from the album Mind Hive

Other

 * Hung language, a Viet-Muong language spoken in Laos
 * Hang (instrument), a musical instrument whose name is pronounced "hung"
 * Old Hungarian alphabet (ISO 15924 script code: Hung)
 * A term for possessing a large human penis size

title: Hung