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Mental status examination

The mental status examination (MSE) is an important part of the clinical assessment process in neurological and psychiatric practice. It is a structured way of observing and describing a patient's psychological functioning at a given point in time, under the domains of appearance, attitude, behavior, mood and affect, speech, thought process, thought content, perception, cognition, insight, and judgment. There are some minor variations in the subdivision of the MSE and the sequence and names of MSE domains.

The purpose of the MSE is to obtain a comprehensive cross-sectional description of the patient's mental state, which, when combined with the biographical and historical information of the psychiatric history, allows the clinician to make an accurate diagnosis and formulation, which are required for coherent treatment planning.

The data are collected through a combination of direct and indirect means: unstructured observation while obtaining the biographical and social information, focused questions about current symptoms, and formalised psychological tests.

The MSE is not to be confused with the mini–mental state examination (MMSE), which is a brief neuropsychological screening test for dementia.

Theoretical foundations
The MSE derives from an approach to psychiatry known as descriptive psychopathology or descriptive phenomenology, which developed from the work of the philosopher and psychiatrist Karl Jaspers. From Jaspers' perspective it was assumed that the only way to comprehend a patient's experience is through his or her own description (through an approach of empathic and non-theoretical enquiry), as distinct from an interpretive or psychoanalytic approach which assumes the analyst might understand experiences or processes of which the patient is unaware, such as defense mechanisms or unconscious drives.

In practice, the MSE is a blend of empathic descriptive phenomenology and empirical clinical observation. It has been argued that the term phenomenology has become corrupted in clinical psychiatry: current usage, as a set of supposedly objective descriptions of a psychiatric patient (a synonym for signs and symptoms), is incompatible with the original meaning which was concerned with comprehending a patient's subjective experience.

Application
The mental status examination is a core skill of qualified (mental) health personnel. It is a key part of the initial psychiatric assessment in an outpatient or psychiatric hospital setting. It is a systematic collection of data based on observation of the patient's behavior while the patient is in the clinician's view during the interview. The purpose is to obtain evidence of symptoms and signs of mental disorders, including danger to self and others, that are present at the time of the interview. Further, information on the patient's insight, judgment, and capacity for abstract reasoning is used to inform decisions about treatment strategy and the choice of an appropriate treatment setting. It is carried out in the manner of an informal enquiry, using a combination of open and closed questions, supplemented by structured tests to assess cognition. The MSE can also be considered part of the comprehensive physical examination performed by physicians and nurses although it may be performed in a cursory and abbreviated way in non-mental-health settings. Information is usually recorded as free-form text using the standard headings, but brief MSE checklists are available for use in emergency situations, for example, by paramedics or emergency department staff. The information obtained in the MSE is used, together with the biographical and social information of the psychiatric history, to generate a diagnosis, a psychiatric formulation and a treatment plan.

Domains
The mnemonic ASEPTIC can be used to remember the domains of the MSE:
 * A - Appearance/Behavior
 * S - Speech
 * E - Emotion (Mood and Affect)
 * P - Perception
 * T - Thought Content and Process
 * I - Insight and Judgement
 * C - Cognition

Appearance
Clinicians assess the physical aspects such as the appearance of a patient, including apparent age, height, weight, and manner of dress and grooming. Colorful or bizarre clothing might suggest mania, while unkempt, dirty clothes might suggest schizophrenia or depression. If the patient appears much older than his or her chronological age this can suggest chronic poor self-care or ill-health. Clothing and accessories of a particular subculture, body modifications, or clothing not typical of the patient's gender, might give clues to personality. Observations of physical appearance might include the physical features of alcoholism or drug abuse, such as signs of malnutrition, nicotine stains, dental erosion, a rash around the mouth from inhalant abuse, or needle track marks from intravenous drug abuse. Observations can also include any odor which might suggest poor personal hygiene due to extreme self-neglect, or alcohol intoxication. Weight loss could also signify a depressive disorder, physical illness, anorexia nervosa or chronic anxiety.

Attitude
Attitude, also known as rapport or cooperation, refers to the patient's approach to the interview process and the quality of information obtained during the assessment. Observations of attitude include whether the patient is cooperative, hostile, open or secretive.

Behavior
Abnormalities of behavior, also called abnormalities of activity, include observations of specific abnormal movements, as well as more general observations of the patient's level of activity and arousal, and observations of the patient's eye contact and gait. Abnormal movements, for example choreiform, athetoid or choreoathetoid movements may indicate a neurological disorder. A tremor or dystonia may indicate a neurological condition or the side effects of antipsychotic medication. The patient may have tics (involuntary but quasi-purposeful movements or vocalizations) which may be a symptom of Tourette's syndrome. There are a range of abnormalities of movement which are typical of catatonia, such as echopraxia, catalepsy, waxy flexibility and paratonia (or gegenhalten ). Stereotypies (repetitive purposeless movements such as rocking or head banging) or mannerisms (repetitive quasi-purposeful abnormal movements such as a gesture or abnormal gait) may be a feature of chronic schizophrenia or autism.

More global behavioural abnormalities may be noted, such as an increase in arousal and movement (described as psychomotor agitation or hyperactivity) which might reflect mania or delirium. An inability to sit still might represent akathisia, a side effect of antipsychotic medication. Similarly, a global decrease in arousal and movement (described as psychomotor retardation, akinesia or stupor) might indicate depression or a medical condition such as Parkinson's disease, dementia or delirium. The examiner would also comment on eye movements (repeatedly glancing to one side can suggest that the patient is experiencing hallucinations), and the quality of eye contact (which can provide clues to the patient's emotional state). Lack of eye contact may suggest depression or autism.

Mood and affect
The distinction between mood and affect in the MSE is subject to some disagreement. For example, Trzepacz and Baker (1993) describe affect as "the external and dynamic manifestations of a person's internal emotional state" and mood as "a person's predominant internal state at any one time", whereas Sims (1995) refers to affect as "differentiated specific feelings" and mood as "a more prolonged state or disposition". This article will use the Trzepacz and Baker (1993) definitions, with mood regarded as a current subjective state as described by the patient, and affect as the examiner's inferences of the quality of the patient's emotional state based on objective observation.

Mood is described using the patient's own words, and can also be described in summary terms such as neutral, euthymic, dysphoric, euphoric, angry, anxious or apathetic. Alexithymic individuals may be unable to describe their subjective mood state. An individual who is unable to experience any pleasure may have anhedonia.

Affect is described by labelling the apparent emotion conveyed by the person's nonverbal behavior (anxious, sad etc.), and also by using the parameters of appropriateness, intensity, range, reactivity and mobility. Affect may be described as appropriate or inappropriate to the current situation, and as congruent or incongruent with their thought content. For example, someone who shows a bland affect when describing a very distressing experience would be described as showing incongruent affect, which might suggest schizophrenia. The intensity of the affect may be described as normal, blunted affect, exaggerated, flat, heightened or overly dramatic. A flat or blunted affect is associated with schizophrenia, depression or post-traumatic stress disorder; heightened affect might suggest mania, and an overly dramatic or exaggerated affect might suggest certain personality disorders. Mobility refers to the extent to which affect changes during the interview: the affect may be described as fixed, mobile, immobile, constricted/restricted or labile. The person may show a full range of affect, in other words a wide range of emotional expression during the assessment, or may be described as having restricted affect. The affect may also be described as reactive, in other words changing flexibly and appropriately with the flow of conversation, or as unreactive. A bland lack of concern for one's disability may be described as showing la belle indifférence, a feature of conversion disorder, which is historically termed "hysteria" in older texts.

Speech
Speech is assessed by observing the patient's spontaneous speech, and also by using structured tests of specific language functions. This heading is concerned with the production of speech rather than the content of speech, which is addressed under thought process and thought content (see below). When observing the patient's spontaneous speech, the interviewer will note and comment on paralinguistic features such as the loudness, rhythm, prosody, intonation, pitch, phonation, articulation, quantity, rate, spontaneity and latency of speech. Many acoustic features have been shown to be significantly altered in mental health disorders. A structured assessment of speech includes an assessment of expressive language by asking the patient to name objects, repeat short sentences, or produce as many words as possible from a certain category in a set time. Simple language tests also form part of the mini-mental state examination. In practice, the structured assessment of receptive and expressive language is often reported under Cognition (see below).

Language assessment will allow the recognition of medical conditions presenting with aphonia or dysarthria, neurological conditions such as stroke or dementia presenting with aphasia, and specific language disorders such as stuttering, cluttering or mutism. People with autism spectrum disorders may have abnormalities in paralinguistic and pragmatic aspects of their speech. Echolalia (repetition of another person's words) and palilalia (repetition of the subject's own words) can be heard with patients with autism, schizophrenia or Alzheimer's disease. A person with schizophrenia might use neologisms, which are made-up words which have a specific meaning to the person using them. Speech assessment also contributes to assessment of mood, for example people with mania or anxiety may have rapid, loud and pressured speech; on the other hand depressed patients will typically have a prolonged speech latency and speak in a slow, quiet and hesitant manner.

Thought process
Thought process in the MSE refers to the quantity, tempo (rate of flow) and form (or logical coherence) of thought. Thought process cannot be directly observed but can only be described by the patient, or inferred from a patient's speech. Form of the thought is captured in this category. One should describe the thought form as thought directed A→B (normal), versus formal thought disorders. A pattern of interruption or disorganization of thought processes is broadly referred to as formal thought disorder, and might be described more specifically as thought blocking, fusion, loosening of associations, tangential thinking, derailment of thought, knight's move thinking. Thought may be described as 'circumstantial' when a patient includes a great deal of irrelevant detail and makes frequent diversions, but remains focused on the broad topic. Circumstantial thinking might be observed in anxiety disorders or certain kinds of personality disorders. Regarding the tempo of thought, some people may experience 'flight of ideas' (a manic symptom), when their thoughts are so rapid that their speech seems incoherent, although in flight of ideas a careful observer can discern a chain of poetic, syllabic, rhyming associations in the patient's speech (i.e., "I love to eat peaches, beach beaches, sand castles fall in the waves, braves are going to the finals, fee fi fo fum. Golden egg."). Alternatively an individual may be described as having retarded or inhibited thinking, in which thoughts seem to progress slowly with few associations. Poverty of thought is a global reduction in the quantity of thought and one of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. It can also be a feature of severe depression or dementia. A patient with dementia might also experience thought perseveration. Thought perseveration refers to a pattern where a person keeps returning to the same limited set of ideas.

Thought content
A description of thought content would be the largest section of the MSE report. It would describe a patient's suicidal thoughts, depressed cognition, delusions, overvalued ideas, obsessions, phobias and preoccupations. One should separate the thought content into pathological thought, versus non-pathological thought. Importantly one should specify suicidal thoughts as either intrusive, unwanted, and not able to translate in the capacity to act on these thoughts (mens rea), versus suicidal thoughts that may lead to the act of suicide (actus reus).

Abnormalities of thought content are established by exploring individuals' thoughts in an open-ended conversational manner with regard to their intensity, salience, the emotions associated with the thoughts, the extent to which the thoughts are experienced as one's own and under one's control, and the degree of belief or conviction associated with the thoughts.

Delusions
A delusion has three essential qualities: it can be defined as "a false, unshakeable idea or belief (1) which is out of keeping with the patient's educational, cultural and social background (2) ... held with extraordinary conviction and subjective certainty (3)", and is a core feature of psychotic disorders. For instance an alliance to a particular political party, or sports team would not be considered a delusion in some societies.

The patient's delusions may be described within the SEGUE PM mnemonic as: somatic, erotomanic delusions, grandiose delusions, unspecified delusions, envious delusions (c.f. delusional jealousy), persecutory or paranoid delusions, or multifactorial delusions. There are several other forms of delusions, these include descriptions such as: delusions of reference, or delusional misidentification, or delusional memories (e.g., "I was a goat last year") among others.

Delusional symptoms can be reported as on a continuum from: full symptoms (with no insight), partial symptoms (where they may start questioning these delusions), nil symptoms (where symptoms are resolved), or after complete treatment there are still delusional symptoms or ideas that could develop into delusions you can characterize this as residual symptoms.

Delusions can suggest several diseases such as schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, brief psychotic disorder, mania, depression with psychotic features, or delusional disorders. One can differentiate delusional disorders from schizophrenia for example by the age of onset for delusional disorders being older with a more complete and unaffected personality, where the delusion may only partially impact their life and be fairly encapsulated off from the rest of their formed personalityfor example, believing that a spider lives in their hair, but this belief not affecting their work, relationships, or education. Whereas schizophrenia typically arises earlier in life with a disintegration of personality and a failure to cope with work, relationships, or education.

Other features differentiate diseases with delusions as well. Delusions may be described as mood-congruent (the delusional content in keeping with the mood), typical of manic or depressive psychosis, or mood-incongruent (delusional content not in keeping with the mood) which are more typical of schizophrenia. Delusions of control, or passivity experiences (in which the individual has the experience of the mind or body being under the influence or control of some kind of external force or agency), are typical of schizophrenia. Examples of this include experiences of thought withdrawal, thought insertion, thought broadcasting, and somatic passivity. Schneiderian first rank symptoms are a set of delusions and hallucinations which have been said to be highly suggestive of a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Delusions of guilt, delusions of poverty, and nihilistic delusions (belief that one has no mind or is already dead) are typical of depressive psychosis.

Overvalued Ideas
An overvalued idea is an emotionally charged belief that may be held with sufficient conviction to make believer emotionally charged or aggressive but that fails to possess all three characteristics of delusion—most importantly, incongruity with cultural norms. Therefore, any strong, fixed, false, but culturally normative belief can be considered an "overvalued idea". Hypochondriasis is an overvalued idea that one has an illness, dysmorphophobia that a part of one's body is abnormal, and anorexia nervosa that one is overweight or fat.

Obsessions
An obsession is an "undesired, unpleasant, intrusive thought that cannot be suppressed through the patient's volition", but unlike passivity experiences described above, they are not experienced as imposed from outside the patient's mind. Obsessions are typically intrusive thoughts of violence, injury, dirt or sex, or obsessive ruminations on intellectual themes. A person can also describe obsessional doubt, with intrusive worries about whether they have made the wrong decision, or forgotten to do something, for example turn off the gas or lock the house. In obsessive-compulsive disorder, the individual experiences obsessions with or without compulsions (a sense of having to carry out certain ritualized and senseless actions against their wishes).

Phobias
A phobia is "a dread of an object or situation that does not in reality pose any threat", and is distinct from a delusion in that the patient is aware that the fear is irrational. A phobia is usually highly specific to certain situations and will usually be reported by the patient rather than being observed by the clinician in the assessment interview.

Preoccupations
Preoccupations are thoughts which are not fixed, false or intrusive, but have an undue prominence in the person's mind. Clinically significant preoccupations would include thoughts of suicide, homicidal thoughts, suspicious or fearful beliefs associated with certain personality disorders, depressive beliefs (for example that one is unloved or a failure), or the cognitive distortions of anxiety and depression.

Suicidal thoughts
The MSE contributes to clinical risk assessment by including a thorough exploration of any suicidal or hostile thought content. Assessment of suicide risk includes detailed questioning about the nature of the person's suicidal thoughts, belief about death, reasons for living, and whether the person has made any specific plans to end his or her life. The most important questions to ask are: Do you have suicidal feeling now; have you ever attempted suicide (highly correlated with future suicide attempts); do you have plans to commit suicide in the future; and, do you have any deadlines where you may commit suicide (e.g., numerology calculation, doomsday belief, Mother's Day, anniversary, Christmas).

Perceptions
A perception in this context is any sensory experience, and the three broad types of perceptual disturbance are hallucinations, pseudohallucinations and illusions. A hallucination is defined as a sensory perception in the absence of any external stimulus, and is experienced in external or objective space (i.e. experienced by the subject as real). An illusion is defined as a false sensory perception in the presence of an external stimulus, in other words a distortion of a sensory experience, and may be recognized as such by the subject. A pseudohallucination is experienced in internal or subjective space (for example as "voices in my head") and is regarded as akin to fantasy. Other sensory abnormalities include a distortion of the patient's sense of time, for example déjà vu, or a distortion of the sense of self (depersonalization) or sense of reality (derealization).

Hallucinations can occur in any of the five senses, although auditory and visual hallucinations are encountered more frequently than tactile (touch), olfactory (smell) or gustatory (taste) hallucinations. Auditory hallucinations are typical of psychoses: third-person hallucinations (i.e. voices talking about the patient) and hearing one's thoughts spoken aloud (gedankenlautwerden or écho de la pensée) are among the Schneiderian first rank symptoms indicative of schizophrenia, whereas second-person hallucinations (voices talking to the patient) threatening or insulting or telling them to commit suicide, may be a feature of psychotic depression or schizophrenia. Visual hallucinations are generally suggestive of organic conditions such as epilepsy, drug intoxication or drug withdrawal. Many of the visual effects of hallucinogenic drugs are more correctly described as visual illusions or visual pseudohallucinations, as they are distortions of sensory experiences, and are not experienced as existing in objective reality. Auditory pseudohallucinations are suggestive of dissociative disorders. Déjà vu, derealization and depersonalization are associated with temporal lobe epilepsy and dissociative disorders.

Cognition
This section of the MSE covers the patient's level of alertness, orientation, attention, memory, visuospatial functioning, language functions and executive functions. Unlike other sections of the MSE, use is made of structured tests in addition to unstructured observation. Alertness is a global observation of level of consciousness, i.e. awareness of and responsiveness to the environment, and this might be described as alert, clouded, drowsy, or stuporous. Orientation is assessed by asking the patient where he or she is (for example what building, town and state) and what time it is (time, day, date).

Attention and concentration are assessed by several tests, commonly serial sevens test subtracting 7 from 100 and subtracting 7 from the difference 5 times. Alternatively: spelling a five-letter word backwards, saying the months or days of the week in reverse order, serial threes (subtract three from twenty five times), and by testing digit span. Memory is assessed in terms of immediate registration (repeating a set of words), short-term memory (recalling the set of words after an interval, or recalling a short paragraph), and long-term memory (recollection of well known historical or geographical facts). Visuospatial functioning can be assessed by the ability to copy a diagram, draw a clock face, or draw a map of the consulting room. Language is assessed through the ability to name objects, repeat phrases, and by observing the individual's spontaneous speech and response to instructions. Executive functioning can be screened for by asking the "similarities" questions ("what do x and y have in common?") and by means of a verbal fluency task (e.g. "list as many words as you can starting with the letter F, in one minute"). The mini-mental state examination is a simple structured cognitive assessment which is in widespread use as a component of the MSE.

Mild impairment of attention and concentration may occur in any mental illness where people are anxious and distractible (including psychotic states), but more extensive cognitive abnormalities are likely to indicate a gross disturbance of brain functioning such as delirium, dementia or intoxication. Specific language abnormalities may be associated with pathology in Wernicke's area or Broca's area of the brain. In Korsakoff's syndrome there is dramatic memory impairment with relative preservation of other cognitive functions. Visuospatial or constructional abnormalities here may be associated with parietal lobe pathology, and abnormalities in executive functioning tests may indicate frontal lobe pathology. This kind of brief cognitive testing is regarded as a screening process only, and any abnormalities are more carefully assessed using formal neuropsychological testing.

The MSE may include a brief neuropsychiatric examination in some situations. Frontal lobe pathology is suggested if the person cannot repetitively execute a motor sequence (e.g. "paper-scissors-rock"). The posterior columns are assessed by the person's ability to feel the vibrations of a tuning fork on the wrists and ankles. The parietal lobe can be assessed by the person's ability to identify objects by touch alone and with eyes closed. A cerebellar disorder may be present if the person cannot stand with arms extended, feet touching and eyes closed without swaying (Romberg's sign); if there is a tremor when the person reaches for an object; or if he or she is unable to touch a fixed point, close the eyes and touch the same point again. Pathology in the basal ganglia may be indicated by rigidity and resistance to movement of the limbs, and by the presence of characteristic involuntary movements. A lesion in the posterior fossa can be detected by asking the patient to roll his or her eyes upwards (Parinaud's syndrome). Focal neurological signs such as these might reflect the effects of some prescribed psychiatric medications, chronic drug or alcohol use, head injuries, tumors or other brain disorders.

Insight
The person's understanding of his or her mental illness is evaluated by exploring his or her explanatory account of the problem, and understanding of the treatment options. In this context, insight can be said to have three components: recognition that one has a mental illness, compliance with treatment, and the ability to re-label unusual mental events (such as delusions and hallucinations) as pathological. As insight is on a continuum, the clinician should not describe it as simply present or absent, but should report the patient's explanatory account descriptively.

Impaired insight is characteristic of psychosis and dementia, and is an important consideration in treatment planning and in assessing the capacity to consent to treatment. Anosognosia is the clinical term for the condition in which the patient is unaware of their neurological deficit or psychiatric condition.

Judgment
Judgment refers to the patient's capacity to make sound, reasoned and responsible decisions. One should frame judgement to the functions or domains that are normal versus impaired (e.g., poor judgement is isolated to petty theft, able to function in relationships, work, academics).

Traditionally, the MSE included the use of standard hypothetical questions such as "what would you do if you found a stamped, addressed envelope lying in the street?"; however contemporary practice is to inquire about how the patient has responded or would respond to real-life challenges and contingencies. Assessment would take into account the individual's executive system capacity in terms of impulsiveness, social cognition, self-awareness and planning ability.

Impaired judgment is not specific to any diagnosis but may be a prominent feature of disorders affecting the frontal lobe of the brain. If a person's judgment is impaired due to mental illness, there might be implications for the person's safety or the safety of others.

Cultural considerations
There are potential problems when the MSE is applied in a cross-cultural context, when the clinician and patient are from different cultural backgrounds. For example, the patient's culture might have different norms for appearance, behavior and display of emotions. Culturally normative spiritual and religious beliefs need to be distinguished from delusions and hallucinations these may seem similar to one who does not understand that they have different roots. Cognitive assessment must also take the patient's language and educational background into account. Clinician's racial bias is another potential confounder. Consultation with cultural leaders in community or clinicians when working with Aboriginal people can help guide if any cultural phenomena has been considered when completing an MSE with Aboriginal patients and things to consider from a cross-cultural context.

Children
There are particular challenges in carrying out an MSE with young children and others with limited language such as people with intellectual impairment. The examiner would explore and clarify the individual's use of words to describe mood, thought content or perceptions, as words may be used idiosyncratically with a different meaning from that assumed by the examiner. In this group, tools such as play materials, puppets, art materials or diagrams (for instance with multiple choices of facial expressions depicting emotions) may be used to facilitate recall and explanation of experiences.

title: Mental status examination


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Łabędź coat of arms

Łabędź (Polish for "Swan") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by many noble families known as szlachta in Polish in medieval Poland and later under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, branches of the original medieval Duninowie Grand Duke family (Łabędzie) family as well as families connected with the Clan by adoption.

Blazon
Gules a swan passant Argent beaked and legged Or.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:
 * Duninowie Grand Duke family
 * Piotr Włostowic (1080–1153)
 * Marcin Dunin Grand Duke archbishop
 * Hrabia, Grand Duke (Count, Grand Duke) Rodryg Dunin (1870–1928)
 * Hrabia Antoni Dunin (1907–1939)
 * Teodor Bujnicki
 * Mszczuj of Skrzynno
 * Lucjan Żeligowski
 * August Zaleski
 * Krzysztof Zawisza
 * Stanislav Szemet
 * Michail Szemet (Шемет)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Łabędź coat of arms


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Swinka

Swinka
Non-notable family article stub. RickK 19:18, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. In addition to its value for Polish history, as part of a heraldic database. — Bill 11:43, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Swinka


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Life in Mono (album)

Life in Mono is the third studio album by English pop singer Emma Bunton. The album was originally set for a November 2006 release in the UK, however it was later pushed back to 4 December 2006. Much like her previous album, Free Me, the album experiments with elements of 1960s pop music. For this particular album the musical arrangement was more directed towards 1960s French pop music, with some elements of British 1960s pop and Motown.

Background
The album was inspired by 1960s sounds, like motown, bossa nova and pop. Bunton had been working on her third release since winter 2004. The album's title track is a cover version of the hit "Life in Mono" by 1990s trip hop band Mono, best known through its usage in the 1998 film Great Expectations. The track "Take Me to Another Town" contains a sample from Herb Alpert's 1965 "Green Peppers". Songs recorded during this period that did not appear on the final album include "Crazy", "Rhapsody", "Secrets", "Crazy Beautiful", "Ladylike" and "In Another Life".

Due to Bunton's pregnancy all forms of promotion were cancelled after a few months.

Singles

 * The first single taken from the album was a cover of Petula Clark's 1964 hit single "Downtown". It was released on 13 November 2006. It was the 2006 BBC Children in Need official charity single and reached No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart.
 * The second single, "All I Need to Know" was released on 12 February 2007. It charted at No. 60 on the UK Singles Chart.

Critical reception
The Guardian's Alex Macpherson found that Life in Mono "continues in the same vein" as previous album Free Me, "with breezy Motown rhythms and tastefully swooping strings offsetting Bunton's candyfloss-light vocals exquisitely. Though she has largely eschewed the playful pastiche that made Free Me such a triumph in favour of a more languid subtlety, it's still a sound no one else in British pop is pursuing. And it's difficult to think of anyone who could pull it off more delightfully than Bunton does [...] There's an undercurrent of vague wistfulness that never quite leaves her voice, lending it emotional clout beyond its technical limitations." Jaime Gill from Yahoo! Music UK called the album "a rather lovely record and quite possibly the last Spice-related release which anyone in the world barring immediate family members even vaguely cares about - she chose wisely. Like its charming predecessor Free Me, Life in Mono comes wrapped-up in a vogueish '60s French pop gleam, all sugary harmonies, luscious strings and crafty Bacharach style arrangements.

MSN remarked that "while unlikely to be a chart topper, nevertheless Life In Mono is a charming record and reason enough for Emma to delay that pension-boosting Spice Girls reunion any time soon." Digital Spy's Miriam Zendle opined that "there are a whole number of problems with this album, though Emma Bunton's voice is not one of them. It's utterly bland and very repetitive in terms of content. It seems to be geared very much towards the Christmas market and as such is incredibly cheesy and soft-focus. It's hard to find any tracks that really stand out, as they pretty much all sound exactly the same. Bunton's gentle, lovely vocals are the only thing that keeps the album from sinking into forgettability, but at the end of the day, it's just not enough." AllMusic editor Sharon Mawer called it "a safe album, light and fluffy with almost no substance". Talia Kraines from BBC Music felt that "there's little on this album that could see Emma bothering [another top 5 hit]. That's not to say little ol' Baby Spice hasn't tried [...] but while she may be continuing the Sixties vibe of Free Me, there's nothing that even flirts with the beehive razzamatazz of "Maybe"."

Chart performance
The album was Bunton's first not to reach the UK top 10. Life in Mono debuted on the UK Albums Chart at number 65 on 10 December 2006 and fell to number 75 in its second week before dropping out of the chart the following week.

title: Life in Mono (album)


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End-to-end encryption

End-to-end encryption (E2EE) is a private communication system in which only communicating users can participate. As such, no one else, including the communication system provider, telecom providers, Internet providers or malicious actors, can access the cryptographic keys needed to converse.

End-to-end encryption is intended to prevent data being read or secretly modified, other than by the true sender and recipient(s). The messages are encrypted by the sender but the third party does not have a means to decrypt them, and stores them encrypted. The recipients retrieve the encrypted data and decrypt it themselves.

Because no third parties can decipher the data being communicated or stored, for example, companies that provide end-to-end encryption are unable to hand over texts of their customers' messages to the authorities.

In 2022, the UK's Information Commissioner's Office, the government body responsible for enforcing online data standards, stated that opposition to E2EE was misinformed and the debate too unbalanced, with too little focus on benefits, since E2EE helped keep children safe online and law enforcement access to stored data on servers was "not the only way" to find abusers.

E2EE and privacy
In many messaging systems, including email and many chat networks, messages pass through intermediaries and are stored by a third party, from which they are retrieved by the recipient. Even if the messages are encrypted, they are only encrypted 'in transit', and are thus accessible by the service provider, regardless of whether server-side disk encryption is used. Server-side disk encryption simply prevents unauthorized users from viewing this information. It does not prevent the company itself from viewing the information, as they have the key and can simply decrypt this data.

This allows the third party to provide search and other features, or to scan for illegal and unacceptable content, but also means they can be read and misused by anyone who has access to the stored messages on the third-party system, whether this is by design or via a backdoor. This can be seen as a concern in many cases where privacy is very important, such as businesses whose reputation depends on their ability to protect third party data, negotiations and communications that are important enough to have a risk of targeted 'hacking' or surveillance, and where sensitive subjects such as health, and information about minors are involved.

E2EE alone does not guarantee privacy or security. For example, data may be held unencrypted on the user's own device, or be accessible via their own app, if their login is compromised.

Etymology of the term
The term "end-to-end encryption" originally only meant that the communication is never decrypted during its transport from the sender to the receiver. For example, around 2003, E2EE has been proposed as an additional layer of encryption for GSM or TETRA, in addition to the existing radio encryption protecting the communication between the mobile device and the network infrastructure. This has been standardized by SFPG for TETRA. Note that in TETRA E2EE, the keys are generated by a Key Management Centre (KMC) or a Key Management Facility (KMF), not by the communicating users. Later, around 2014, the meaning of "end-to-end encryption" started to evolve when WhatsApp encrypted a portion of its network, requiring that not only the communication stays encrypted during transport, This new meaning is now the widely accepted one.

Modern usage
As of 2016, typical server-based communications systems do not include end-to-end encryption. These systems can only guarantee the protection of communications between clients and servers, meaning that users have to trust the third parties who are running the servers with the sensitive content. End-to-end encryption is regarded as safer because it reduces the number of parties who might be able to interfere or break the encryption. In the case of instant messaging, users may use a third-party client or plugin to implement an end-to-end encryption scheme over an otherwise non-E2EE protocol.

Some non-E2EE systems, such as Lavabit and Hushmail, have described themselves as offering "end-to-end" encryption when they did not. Other systems, such as Telegram and Google Allo, have been criticized for not enabling end-to-end encryption by default. Telegram did not enable end-to-end encryption by default on VoIP calls while users were using desktop software version, but that problem was fixed quickly. However, as of 2020, Telegram still features no end-to-end encryption by default, no end-to-end encryption for group chats, and no end-to-end encryption for its desktop clients.

Some encrypted backup and file sharing services provide client-side encryption. The encryption they offer is here not referred to as end-to-end encryption, because the services are not meant for sharing messages between users. However, the term "end-to-end encryption" is sometimes incorrectly used to describe client-side encryption.

Man-in-the-middle attacks
End-to-end encryption ensures that data is transferred securely between endpoints. But, rather than try to break the encryption, an eavesdropper may impersonate a message recipient (during key exchange or by substituting their public key for the recipient's), so that messages are encrypted with a key known to the attacker. After decrypting the message, the snoop can then encrypt it with a key that they share with the actual recipient, or their public key in case of asymmetric systems, and send the message on again to avoid detection. This is known as a man-in-the-middle attack (MITM).

Authentication
Most end-to-end encryption protocols include some form of endpoint authentication specifically to prevent MITM attacks. For example, one could rely on certification authorities or a web of trust. An alternative technique is to generate cryptographic hashes (fingerprints) based on the communicating users’ public keys or shared secret keys. The parties compare their fingerprints using an outside (out-of-band) communication channel that guarantees integrity and authenticity of communication (but not necessarily secrecy), before starting their conversation. If the fingerprints match, there is, in theory, no man in the middle.

When displayed for human inspection, fingerprints usually use some form of Binary-to-text encoding. These strings are then formatted into groups of characters for readability. Some clients instead display a natural language representation of the fingerprint. As the approach consists of a one-to-one mapping between fingerprint blocks and words, there is no loss in entropy. The protocol may choose to display words in the user's native (system) language. This can, however, make cross-language comparisons prone to errors.

In order to improve localization, some protocols have chosen to display fingerprints as base 10 strings instead of more error prone hexadecimal or natural language strings. An example of the base 10 fingerprint (called safety number in Signal and security code in WhatsApp) would be:

37345 35585  86758  07668  05805  48714  98975  19432  47272  72741  60915  64451

Other applications such as Telegram, instead, encode fingerprints using emojis.

Modern messaging applications can also display fingerprints as QR codes that users can scan off each other's devices.

Endpoint security
The end-to-end encryption paradigm does not directly address risks at the communications endpoints themselves. Each user's computer can still be hacked to steal their cryptographic key (to create a MITM attack) or simply read the recipients’ decrypted messages both in real time and from log files. Even the most perfectly encrypted communication pipe is only as secure as the mailbox on the other end. Major attempts to increase endpoint security have been to isolate key generation, storage and cryptographic operations to a smart card such as Google's Project Vault. However, since plaintext input and output are still visible to the host system, malware can monitor conversations in real time. A more robust approach is to isolate all sensitive data to a fully air gapped computer. PGP has been recommended by experts for this purpose. However, as Bruce Schneier points out, Stuxnet developed by US and Israel successfully jumped air gap and reached Natanz nuclear plant's network in Iran. To deal with key exfiltration with malware, one approach is to split the Trusted Computing Base behind two unidirectionally connected computers that prevent either insertion of malware, or exfiltration of sensitive data with inserted malware.

Backdoors
A backdoor is usually a secret method of bypassing normal authentication or encryption in a computer system, a product, an embedded device, etc. Companies may also willingly or unwillingly introduce backdoors to their software that help subvert key negotiation or bypass encryption altogether. In 2013, information leaked by Edward Snowden showed that Skype had a backdoor which allowed Microsoft to hand over their users' messages to the NSA despite the fact that those messages were officially end-to-end encrypted.

Following terrorist attacks in San Bernardino in 2015 and Pensacola in 2019, the FBI requested backdoors to Apple's iPhone software. The company, however, refused to create a backdoor for the government, citing concern that such a tool could pose risk for its consumers’ privacy.

Compliance and regulatory requirements for content inspection
While E2EE can offer privacy benefits that make it desirable in consumer-grade services, many businesses have to balance these benefits with their regulatory requirements. For example, many organizations are subject to mandates that require them to be able to decrypt any communication between their employees or between their employees and third parties. This might be needed for archival purposes, for inspection by Data Loss Prevention (DLP) systems, for litigation-related eDiscovery or for detection of malware and other threats in the data streams. For this reason, some enterprise-focused communications and information protection systems might implement encryption in a way that ensures all transmissions are encrypted with the encryption being terminated at their internal systems (on-premises or cloud-based) so they can have access to the information for inspection and processing.

title: End-to-end encryption


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Labedz

Labedz
Non-notable family article stub. RickK 19:19, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. In addition to its value for Polish history, as part of a heraldic database. — Bill 11:22, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - part of a bigger project (not yet developed, but we're working on it. Also, some of the families were quite important. Ask any Lithuanian about Lucjan Żeligowski (Zeligauskas in Lithuanian version).. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 16:17, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Labedz


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lodzia

Lodzia
Non-notable family stub. RickK 19:20, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. In addition to its value for Polish history, as part of a heraldic database. — Bill 11:22, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lodzia


text:
Franklin Township, Warren County, Ohio

Franklin Township is one of the eleven townships of Warren County, Ohio, United States. It is located in the northwest corner of the county. The population was 31,676 as of the 2020 census.

Geography

Located in the northwestern corner of the county, it borders the following townships and city:
 * German Township, Montgomery County - north
 * Clearcreek Township - east
 * Turtlecreek Township - south
 * Middletown - southwest
 * Madison Township, Butler County - west
 * Miami Township, Montgomery County - northwest

A large part of the township is in the cities of Franklin and Carlisle, but parts are in the city of Springboro.

Other communities in the township are Hunter, Blue Ball, and Chautauqua.

Name and history
Named from the village of Franklin, it is one of twenty-one Franklin Townships statewide.

One of the original four townships of Warren County, Franklin Township was created on May 10, 1803.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

In November 2004, the people of Franklin Township and the city of Franklin voted on a committee to study merging the two communities. The Board of Elections improperly failed to submit the question to the voters in the township, but the vote in the city was against the merger.

Public services
Most of the township is in the Franklin City and Carlisle City School Districts, but parts are in the Springboro City and Middletown City School Districts. Telephone service is provided through the Franklin, Middletown, Miamisburg, Centerville, and Germantown exchanges, while mail is provided through the Franklin, Carlisle, and Middletown post offices.

Interstate 75 runs through the township, as do State Routes 122, 123 and 73. The Miami and Erie Canal formerly ran through the township.

title: Franklin Township, Warren County, Ohio


text:
File:PSX Ridge Racer.png

Summary
Screenshot of Ridge Racer for PlayStation

title: File:PSX Ridge Racer.png


text:
Kot morski coat of arms

Kot morski (Polish for "Sea Cat") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta (noble) families under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The morski brigade muntzbattalion morsjiki regiment of women part of the szlachka and these people are a white fascist terrorist group part of the far right nationalist group of terror. They all carry heraldry marks and the cross sabres there ranking structure is on wrist of men and ankle of some women also on buttocks. Soldiers on arms, seargent at arms on stomach colonel on back colonel in chief and full stomach or back piece generals look up polish families and these names in arnley doncaster. Ibottsons, Elliots, Edwards, Bryant, Lowe, Thompsons, Dickinsons, Price, Hutchinson, Yardley, Midgley, Humphries, Grahamsons, klien, Derbyshire, Richardson. Then the Hull gang is the Stevensons and Wilkinsons all about to commit an OSD style attack using alliance police staff, stormtroopers all in black. Hardtarget Terror campaign on ethnicity, here in Sheffield.

title: Kot morski coat of arms


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Odrowaz

Odrowaz
Non-notable family stub. RickK 19:20, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. In addition to its value for Polish history, as part of a heraldic database. — Bill 11:22, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Odrowaz


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ogonczyk

Ogonczyk
Non-notable family stub. RickK 19:21, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. In addition to its value for Polish history, as part of a heraldic database. — Bill 11:22, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Cleaver (geology)

Merge with Arete. They are essentially the same thing, save for the fact that a cleaver may split one glacier into two and an arete may not. But we could deal with both concepts in one article, and clean it up somewhat at the same time.Rolinator 11:26, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

from VfD:

Dicdef, if ever there was one. -R. fiend 19:21, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * could be expanded, or if not, move to wiktionary (if it's not already in there)
 * Vote by User:Darksun I think.

 * Delete: A cleaver is a thing that cleaves. There are few words less in need of definition, and dictdefs are deletes. Geogre 00:41, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Speed-delete. Gazpacho 04:00, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, for the sense, re glacier-bearing mountains in at least western N. Amer, of a rock formation flanked by two glaciers. (Even if the term is geographically restricted, it would be either a redir to the dominant term, or the target of the redirects from all the other regional terms.) These are important features in mountaineers' planning of ascent and traverse routes, and IMO an article could discuss what they have in common, probably different categories of them, and examples that affect notable routes. --Jerzy(t) 10:43, 2004 Oct 18 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you could write a stub on the page? Then it would be an obvious keep. Pcb21| Pete 11:54, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * As you suggest, it is now a much longer & more encyclopedic stub re glaciers (mentioning meat cleavers only as a passing analogy). Thanks for the needed pressure. --Jerzy(t) 18:25, 2004 Oct 18 (UTC)
 * Keep given the recent expansion of the article. The Disappointment Cleaver route on Mt. Rainer is one of the most popular routes so a good description of Cleaver seems warranted. Whether Disappointment Cleaver itselfs warrants its own article might be debatable. RedWolf 03:29, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep (in some form). I always wondered where the term came from, and what it was that made them attractive for routes. (My one Rainier attempt was via Corridor on Emmons, so haven't experienced a cleaver personally.) This absolutely needs a photo too. Also, what do they call them in the Alps or Himalayas? Just "arete"? Stan 04:19, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

 * All cleavers are aretes, but not all aretes are cleavers. I've only seen cleavers between existing glaciers. If there is any merging to be done, cleaver should be merged into arete, which should be the target. hike395 05:36, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Your reasoning is logical, I think a merge would be a good idea. Radagast83 23:42, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cleaver (geology)


text:
Lone Justice

Lone Justice is an American country rock band formed in 1982 by guitarist Ryan Hedgecock and singer Maria McKee in Los Angeles. The band released two albums, Lone Justice in 1985 and Shelter the following year, before disbanding in 1987.

Early era
Lone Justice began as part of the L.A. cowpunk scene of the 1980s, inspired by Hedgecock and McKee's shared affection for rockabilly and country music. The group started out as a strict cover band, but after the additions of bassist David Harrington and drummer Don Willens, they began to compose their own material. Marvin Etzioni was initially brought in as producer, arranger and songwriter for the band, but ended up replacing Harrington as bassist in 1983. By 1984, Don Heffington had replaced Willens as drummer. Their early sound was a fusion of country music and punk rock with rockabilly elements, but by the time of their first album, the band had begun to incorporate elements of roots rock and singer-songwriter styles. Benmont Tench of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers was a frequent guest musician at their live shows. The band earned early support from Dolly Parton, who attended one of their club shows and later recalled McKee as "The greatest girl singer any band could ever have."

Lone Justice developed their initial following within the Los Angeles music scene. Local rock journalist Stann Findelle reported in Performance magazine that the band "stole the show" at the Whisky a Go Go from headliner Arthur Lee, who was attempting a comeback that night, but left after two songs. Linda Ronstadt was introduced to the band by wardrobe stylist Genny Schorr. Linda Ronstadt made a call to David Geffen and they were signed to Geffen Records amid a flurry of publicity. Their self-titled debut appeared in 1985, followed by a tour in support of U2. For touring, the band augmented their line-up with guitarist Tony Gilkyson, who left the band in 1986. Produced by Jimmy Iovine, the album received some significant critical reviews, including that of Jimmy Guterman, then a critic at Rolling Stone, who placed it in his list of the best albums ever made. The Village Voice's Pazz & Jop Critics Poll for 1985 ranked it No. 24. Nonetheless, the album failed to connect with country or rock audiences, and the whole enterprise suffered from excessive pre-release promotion that "raised expectations... [the album] couldn't possibly satisfy". Two singles fizzled – "Sweet, Sweet Baby (I'm Falling)" and "Ways To Be Wicked", the latter written by Tom Petty and Mike Campbell – and the album did not meet commercial expectations.

Later era
In the record's wake, Etzioni and Heffington went their separate ways, and McKee and Hedgecock assembled an all-new band. After enlisting guitarist Shane Fontayne, bassist Gregg Sutton, drummer Rudy Richman, and keyboardist Bruce Brody (formerly of the Patti Smith Group), Lone Justice recorded their second LP, Shelter. Steve Van Zandt was the producer, along with Jimmy Iovine and the band. This record saw them almost completely abandoning much of their earlier cowpunk, rockabilly, and roots rock influences in favor of what could be considered more typical 1980s pop/rock production, with heavy emphasis on drum machines and synthesizers. Commercially, the album charted lower than its predecessor, reaching only No. 65 on the album charts. However, the title single did better than the band's previous two singles, reaching No. 26 on the Rock Singles chart, and No. 47 on Billboard Hot 100 chart.

Disbandment
Less than a year after Shelter's release, McKee broke up the band for good in 1987 and went on to a solo career. Heffington became a session drummer, while Etzioni recorded under the name "the Mandolin Man". Rudy Richman played drums with UK rock band The Quireboys between 1992 and 1993, appearing on the album Bitter Sweet & Twisted. Fontayne played guitar in Bruce Springsteen's band for the tour backing up the Lucky Town/Human Touch albums. After a decade removed from the music industry, Hedgecock returned in 1996 as half of the duo Parlor James.

A Lone Justice retrospective, This World Is Not My Home, was released in January 1999, featuring early demo recordings. A budget compilation was issued in 2003 as part of Universal Music's 20th Century Masters series. Their 1985 performance of "Sweet, Sweet Baby (I'm Falling)" was released by BBC Video on The Old Grey Whistle Test Vol. 3 compilation DVD, 2004. Between 2014 and 2019, Omnivore Recordings issued three retrospective releases consisting of demo and live recordings made in 1983: This Is Lone Justice: The Vaught Tapes, 1983 (2014), The Western Tapes, 1983 (2018), and Live at the Palomino, 1983 (2019).

In March 2021, Heffington died of leukemia at age 70. Sutton died on October 22, 2023, at the age of 74.

Viva Lone Justice
In May 2024 it was announced that a new 7” "Teenage Kicks" / "Nothing Can Stop My Loving You" will be available digitally from 28th May and physical release 12th July. It's the first single from the album Viva Lone Justice

EPs

 * I Found Love — 1987 Limited Edition UK double 45RPM EP in gatefold cover on Geffen GEF18F – Includes the songs: "I Found Love" (studio), "If You Don't Like Rain" (studio), "Sweet Jane" (Live BBC Transcription Services recording) and "Don't Toss Us Away" (Live BBC Transcription Services recording).
 * The Western Tapes, 1983 (2018)

title: Lone Justice


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Polkozic

Polkozic
Non-notable family stub. RickK 19:22, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. In addition to its value for Polish history, as part of a heraldic database. — Bill 11:22, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
High Contrast

Lincoln Barrett (born 18 September 1979), better known by the stage name High Contrast, is a Welsh electronic music producer, DJ and record producer. He produces drum and bass music, and his 2009 album Confidential reached BPI gold certification (100,000 units sold in the UK).

Early work
Barrett was born in Penarth, near Cardiff, and grew up more interested in films and film soundtracks than rock or pop music; he cites Wendy Carlos's A Clockwork Orange soundtrack album and the Vangelis soundtrack for Blade Runner as defining musical influences. Whilst studying film making in Newport, he heard J Majik's Arabian Nights which turned the then 17-year-old Barrett on to drum and bass music. Barrett used to work in Cardiff's only electronic record shop, Catapult. A short time after he began to make music, he was given a DJ residency at Cardiff's drum and bass night, named Silent Running. During his residency at Silent Running, Barrett played alongside artists such as Grooverider and London Elektricity.

2000s
In June 2002, Barrett's debut album, True Colours, was released on Hospital Records, with "Return of Forever" and "Global Love" finding their way into the UK Singles Chart. His second album was High Society.

On 6 April 2003, High Contrast was featured on the BBC Radio 1 Essential Mix show. His mix included liquid funk mostly from the Hospital Records label. On 9 January 2005, this Essential Mix was replayed on Radio 1 when another drum and bass artist, Andy C, was unable to deliver his mix. In October 2005, Barrett launched his own record label, The Contrast. The first single, "Days Go By" / "What We Do" was released in early November 2005.

In 2007, he delivered his second effort, selected as "Essential Mix of the Year" by Pete Tong. His third album Tough Guys Don't Dance was released in October 2007. The second single from the album, "If We Ever", was supported on Radio 1 by Annie Mac, Zane Lowe and Jo Whiley helping it to reach number 1 in the DnB chart, number 1 in the dance chart and number 4 in the Indie chart.

In 2008, High Contrast remixed the #1 single "No Way to Say" for Japanese pop singer Ayumi Hamasaki's remix album, Ayu-mi-x 6: Silver. He also made successful remixes of "Hometown Glory" by Adele and "Pjanoo" by Eric Prydz, which were later included on the album, Confidential. He played them during his take over for the Rob Da Bank show on BBC Radio 1 in January 2009.

2010s
He played at the 2011 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. Barrett currently is a resident DJ at the following clubs: Aperture at Clwb Ifor Bach (The Welsh Club) in Cardiff; and at Roxy in Prague. He was also on regular rotation at Fabric in London.

High Contrast played a key role in selecting and producing the music for the Athletes Parade at the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. Half a dozen tracks by High Contrast were played and are present in the event's official soundtrack, Isles of Wonder.

In July 2014, High Contrast's new single with Clare Maguire "Who's Loving You" was announced. A double release, 'Part 2' was Special Delivery on Annie Mac's BBC Radio 1 show, followed by 'Part 1' as "Hottest Record in the World" for Zane Lowe.

In 2015, he remixed the R&B track "Muhammad Ali" by the group Faithless. The same year, the mix was included in the group's '2.0' remix album release, and also incorporated into the second half of their live performances of the song.

He signed with 3Beat in April 2016 and released his first single on the label, "Remind Me".

In 2017, a new song, titled "Shotgun Mouthwash", was featured on the T2 Trainspotting soundtrack.

High Contrast's remix of "The One" by Jorja Smith was Nominated for a Grammy at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards

2020s
On 13 November 2020, he released the album titled Notes From The Underground.

On 24 June 2022, he followed up with the album titled True Colours for the first time on his own label Highly Contrasting.

On 23 February 2024, he released a single with two songs Anti/Thesis Vol. 1.

Personal life
His father, Paul "Legs" Barrett, used to manage Shakin' Stevens. His mother, Lorraine Barrett, was the Welsh Assembly member for Cardiff South and Penarth until May 2011.

Albums

 * True Colours (2002)
 * High Society (2004)
 * Tough Guys Don't Dance (2007)
 * Confidential (2009) (UK #68), BPI: Gold
 * The Agony and The Ecstasy (2012) (UK #45)
 * The Road Goes On Forever (EP) (2012)
 * Questions (EP) (2017)
 * Night Gallery (2017)
 * Notes from the Underground (2020)

Compilation albums

 * FabricLive.25 (2005)
 * Watch the Ride - High Contrast (2008)
 * Hospitality Presents This is Drum + Bass (2009)
 * Isles of Wonder (2012)

Remixes

 * "Pictures in My Head" by M.J. Cole
 * "Edge of Seventeen" by Stevie Nicks
 * "Kaleidoscope" by Tiesto
 * "Wall" by Enter Shikari
 * "Baggy Bottom Boys" by Jokers of the Scene
 * "Ready for the Weekend" by Calvin Harris
 * "In for the Kill (Skream's Let's Get Ravey Mix)" by La Roux
 * "Most Precious Love" by Blaze featuring Barbara Tucker
 * "Hometown Glory" by Adele
 * "Pjanoo" by Eric Prydz
 * "Reload It" by Kano
 * "Time to Pretend" by MGMT
 * "Something Good '08" by Utah Saints
 * "Papua New Guinea" by Future Sound of London
 * "I Found U" by Axwell
 * "It's Too Late" by The Streets
 * "Talk" by Coldplay
 * "Gold Digger" by Kanye West
 * "Flashing Lights" by Kanye West
 * "We Run This" by Missy Elliott
 * "My Dreams" by London Elektricity featuring Robert Owens
 * "Remember the Future" by London Elektricity
 * "Headlock" by Imogen Heap
 * "Barcelona" by D.Kay & Epsilon
 * "Hey U" by Basement Jaxx
 * "Thugged Out Bitch" by Dillinja
 * "Girls & Boys (Aquasky song)" by Aquasky and El Horner
 * "Renegade Snares" by Omni Trio
 * "Back for More" by Influx Datum
 * "Karma (Comes Back Around)" by Adam F & Guru
 * "No More" by Roni Size featuring Beverley Knight and Dynamite MC
 * "No Soul" by ILS
 * "Spaced Invader" by Hatiras
 * "This Feeling" by Blue Sonix
 * "Born Free" by M.I.A.
 * "Blue Orchid" by The White Stripes
 * "Show Me Love" by Robin S.
 * "Run" by Joel Compass
 * "California Love" by 2Pac featuring Dr. Dre
 * "Let Go for Tonight" by Foxes
 * "Love On a 45" by MJ Cole
 * "The One" by Jorja Smith
 * "So Many People" by Two Door Cinema Club
 * "Ultraviolet" by Freya Ridings
 * "Leave a Light On" by Tom Walker
 * "Sometimes the Going Gets a Little Tough" by Finn
 * "Savage" by MIST
 * "The Difference" by Flume
 * "Freedom" by Sub Focus & Wilkinson featuring Empara Mi (Remix vs. Sub Focus & Wilkinson)
 * "Mine Right Now" by Sigrid
 * "Better Off Without You" by Becky Hill featuring Shift K3Y
 * "24/7" by NOISY
 * "Lord It's a Feeling" by London Grammar
 * "Paradise" by James Vincent McMorrow
 * "Foreign Things" by Amber Mark

title: High Contrast


text:
Sonian Forest

The Sonian Forest or Sonian Wood (Zoniënwoud, Forêt de Soignes, ) is a 4421 ha forest at the south-eastern edge of Brussels, Belgium. It is connected to the Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos, an urban public park which enters the city up to 4 km from the city centre.

The forest lies in the Flemish municipalities of Sint-Genesius-Rode, Hoeilaart, Overijse, and Tervuren, in the Brussels-Capital Region municipalities of Uccle, Watermael-Boitsfort, Auderghem, and Woluwe-Saint-Pierre, and in the Walloon towns of La Hulpe and Waterloo. Thus, it stretches out over the three Belgian Regions. It is maintained by Flanders (56%), Brussels (38%), and Wallonia (6%). There are some contiguous tracts of privately held forest and the Kapucijnenbos, the "Capuchin Wood", which belongs to the Royal Trust.

As of 2017, parts of the Sonian Forest have been inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the only Belgian component to the multinational inscription 'Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe', because of their undisturbed nature and testimony to the ecological processes governing forests in Europe since the Last Glacial Period.

History

The forest is part of the scattered remains of the ancient Silva Carbonaria or Charcoal Forest. Originally, it was part of the Forest of Ardennes, the Romans' Arduenna Silva. The first mention of the Sonian Forest (Soniaca Silva) dates from the early Middle Ages. Then the forest south of Brussels was crossed by the river Senne/Zenne and extended as far as Hainaut, covering most of the high ground between the Senne and the Dyle/Dijl. The 9th-century vita of Saint Foillan mentions "the forest, next to the abbey of Saint Gertrude, called the Sonesian". In the Middle Ages, the forest extended over the southern part of Brabant up to the walls of Brussels and is mentioned, under the name of Ardennes, in Byron's Childe Harold. In the 16th century, it was still seven leagues in circumference, and even at the time of the French Revolution, it was very extensive.

At the start of the 19th century, the area of the wood was still about 25000 acre, but due to deforestation, it diminished to its current 10920 acre. A major blow towards this 19th-century contraction was struck when Napoleon ordered 22,000 oaks to be cut down to build the Boulogne flotilla intended for the invasion of England. King William I of the Netherlands continued to harvest the woods, and from 29000 acre in 1820, the forest was reduced to 11200 acre in 1830. Rights to a considerable portion of the forest in the neighbourhood of Waterloo was assigned in 1815 to the Duke of Wellington, who was also Prince of Waterloo in the Dutch nobility, and received the equivalent of about $140,000 today from his Belgian properties. This portion of the forest was only converted into farms in the time of the second duke. The Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos (456 acres) on the outskirts of Brussels was formed out of the forest in 1861. In 1911, the forest still stretched to Tervuren, Groenendaal, and Argenteuil close to Mont-Saint-Jean and Waterloo.

Formerly, the forest held Saint Foillan Abbey not far from Nivelles. The forest served for a long period as an exclusive hunting ground for the nobility, but today is open to the general public.

Ecology

The Sonian Forest consists mainly of European beeches and oaks. Several trees are more than 200 years old, dating from the Austrian period.

The forest contains a somewhat reduced fauna and flora. Due to human influence (encroachment from all sides of the outer edges as well as the long-established thoroughfare roads and highways cutting deep through the forest) and impoverishment of the ecosystem, various plants and animals have become extinct. The forest was home to 46 different mammal species. Of these, seven have disappeared altogether: the brown bear (around 1000), the wolf (around 1810), the hazel dormouse (around 1842), the red deer, the badger and the hare. Stag beetles have also disappeared from the forest. The boar was thought to have been extinct since 1957, but in 2007, new specimens were discovered roaming the wood. According to the Flemish Agency for Nature and Forest (ANB), this is unlikely to be a natural spread, but probably two to four animals that most likely were either released or escaped from captivity.

The many species of bat in the forest led to it being classified as a Natura 2000 protected site. This includes five endangered species: the mouse-eared bat, Geoffroy's bat, the barbastelle bat, the pond bat and Bechstein's bat. Other animal species found in the forest, including the black woodpecker and the great crested newt, are considered endangered and are protected by the European Habitats Directive.

In 2016, the Sonian Forest joined the "European Rewilding Network", an initiative of the Rewilding Europe organisation. The project aims to enable the growth in numbers of natural fauna such as roe deer and wild boar. Various types of wildlife crossings have been or are due to be constructed to reconnect the areas of the forest that are currently divided by large roads. A 60 m wildlife crossing ('Ecoduct') has been built across the Brussels Ring (R0); construction started in 2016 and it was opened in June 2018.

Real estate projects
The edge of the Soignes forest is the subject of ongoing legal proceedings initiated by the Friends of the Soignes forest against real estate projects threatening this natural heritage.

Attractions

 * A museum has been set up in the building of the old farm of the Groenendael Priory. The Bosmuseum Jan van Ruusbroec or Musée de la Forêt ('Forest Museum') presents displays about the flora, fauna, history of the forest, and forest management.
 * The remains of the Château de Trois-Fontaines. In this location, at the time unsafe, Duke John III of Brabant had a fortified refuge built in 1323, surrounded by a moat and flanked by a keep and a chapel. At the beginning of the 15th century, after the addition of a new building, the small fort became the residence of the gruyer, the officer responsible for watching over the dukes' hunting grounds. Poachers were locked up there and a small garrison also had its quarters there. In 1584, a fire destroyed the keep, which was rebuilt. The current building dates from this period. The keep and other buildings were destroyed at the beginning of the 19th century.
 * The memorial to the forest rangers. This monument, consisting of a dolmen surrounded by a circle of eleven standing stones, was erected in 1920 in memory of eleven forest rangers killed during the First World War.
 * The Tervuren Arboretum, which can be considered a living monument since it is made up of numerous species of trees imported in the 19th century from various countries to be acclimatised in Belgium.
 * The memorial to the victims of the 2016 Brussels bombings at Maelbeek metro station and Brussels Airport called Memorial 22/03, located on the Drève de l'Infante/Infantedreef. 32 birches (one for each victim) were planted in their memory. The memorial's designer is the landscaper Bas Smets. Smets describes the memorial as "a place of silence and meditation." The birches are connected by a circular structure and separated from the rest of the forest by a small round canal.

Monasteries and contemplative traditions

Amongst the contemplative monks and nuns who lived and prayed in the forest, the most notable was John of Ruysbroeck who established a Monastery near Groenendaal at Vauvert. At this time, the forest also held a house of Cistercian nuns at Pennebeek (founded 1201 on land given by Duke Henry I of Brabant to Sister Gisle); a convent of Benedictine nuns at Forest (founded in 1107 by Gilbert de Gand) and a cloister of Dominican sisters at Val Duchesne (founded 1262 the Duchess Aleyde).

Art

 * The Sonian Forest was historically a favourite hunting ground of the Habsburg imperial family, and as such features prominently in some famous Renaissance works of art such as the Hunts of Maximilian tapestries in the Louvre.
 * Auguste Rodin made frequent trips to the forest while living in Brussels in the 1870s; he made several paintings of the forest during this time.

Literature
The forest features is several works of literature including:
 * Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
 * Victor Hugo's Les Misérables
 * Sir Walter Scott's The Field of Waterloo

Battle of Waterloo

The Forest of Soignes lay behind the Anglo-allied army of the Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo. From Roman times, it had generally been seen as a tactical blunder to position troops for battle in front of woodland because it hampers their ability to retreat. Napoleon in Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France en 1815, avec le plan de la bataille de Mont-Saint-Jean repeatedly criticised the Duke of Wellington's choice of battle field because of the forest to his rear.

On page 124, Bonaparte wrote, "He had in his rear the denies of the forest of Soignes, so that, if beaten, retreat was impossible", and on page 158 — "The enemy must have seen with affright how many difficulties the field of battle he had chosen was about to throw in the way of his retreat", and again on page 207 — "The position of Mont-Saint-Jean was ill-chosen. The first requisite of a field of battle, is, to have no defiles in its rear. The injudicious choice of his field of battle, rendered all retreat impossible." However, Napoleon's view was contradicted by Jomini, who pointed out that Wellington had good roads behind his centre and each wing which would have made a retreat through the forest safer than across an open field: Napoleon's cavalry would have been hampered by the forest in their attempts to turn any retreat into a rout. Some have argued that there was no bottom to the forest and it would not have hampered an extraction given Wellington's superlative expertise in handling an army disengaging from the enemy, while others have suggested that Wellington if pressed intended to retreat eastwards towards Blücher's Prussian army so the interior of the wood was of little military significance.

title: Sonian Forest


text:
Kopacz coat of arms

Kopacz is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Kingdom of Poland and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:

title: Kopacz coat of arms


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rawicz (Szlachta)

Rawicz (Szlachta)
Non-notable family stub. RickK 19:23, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Polish armorial clan (herb), which I would think gives it inherent notability. Keep, provided the author expands and hopefully the author will, within a reasonable future, add more text to the article (the Polish article is longer). //u p p l a n d 18:11, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Somebody just moved the page to Rawicz Coat of Arms and broke the link from that page to this one. //u p p l a n d 08:46, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. In addition to its value for Polish history, as part of a heraldic database. — Bill 11:22, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Syrokomla

Syrokomla
Non-notable family stub. RickK 19:24, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. In addition to its value for Polish history, as part of a heraldic database. — Bill 11:22, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Edward L. Ferman

Edward Lewis Ferman (born March 6, 1937) is an American science fiction and fantasy editor and magazine publisher, known best as the editor of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (F&SF).

Ferman is the son of Joseph W. Ferman, the publisher and sometime editor who established F&SF in 1949. He took over as editor in 1964 when Avram Davidson could no longer practically continue, as a resident of Latin American locales with unreliable postal delivery. (Joseph Ferman was listed as editor during 1964–65, however, followed by Edward from January 1966 through June 1991.) Edward Ferman would take on the role of publisher, as well, by 1970, as his father gradually retired. He continued as editor until 1991, when he hired his replacement, Kristine Kathryn Rusch, and continued as publisher of F&SF until he sold it to Gordon Van Gelder in 2000. During Ferman's tenure, many other speculative fiction magazines struggled or went out of business. His magazine, along with Analog, continued to maintain a regular schedule and to receive critical appreciation for its contents.

During 1969 and 1970, Ferman was also the editor of F&SF's sister publication Venture Science Fiction Magazine. Together, the Fermans had also edited and published the short-lived nostalgia and humor magazine P.S. and a similarly brief run of a magazine about mysticism and other proto-New Age matters, Inner Space.

Ferman won the Hugo Award for Best Professional Editor three years in a row, from 1981 through 1983. F&SF had previously won four Hugos as the best professional magazine under his editorship. At least in the last decade of his tenure, he worked from a table in the family's Connecticut house. He edited or co-edited several volumes of stories from F&SF and co-edited Final Stage with Barry N. Malzberg. It is probable that he also ghost-edited No Limits for or with Joseph Ferman, an anthology drawn from the pages of the first run of Venture.

Ferman was recognized by a special World Fantasy Award for professional work in 1979 and by the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement in 1998. He was inducted by the Science Fiction Hall of Fame in 2009.

 * Oi, Robot: competitions and cartoons from The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction (Mercury Press, 1995), edited by Ferman

title: Edward L. Ferman


text:
Dire

Dire may refer to:

Places

 * Diré, a town in Tombouctou Region, Mali
 * Diré Cercle, an administrative subdivision of Tombouctou Region, Mali
 * Dire (Aanaa), a woreda in Oromia Region, Ethiopia

People

 * Dire Tladi (born 1975), South African law professor
 * Dire Tune (born 1985), Ethiopian runner

Other uses

 * Dire (band), an American heavy metal band
 * Dire, a team in the MOBA video game Dota 2
 * Dire, a fictional character in the anime JoJo's Bizarre Adventure

title: Dire


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Szreniawa

Szreniawa
Non-notable family stub. RickK 19:24, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. In addition to its value for Polish history, as part of a heraldic database. — Bill 11:43, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Raymond Chang (chemist)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 13 January 2020 and 1 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sanaa alrehawi.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:50, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
from VfD:

It's possible this guy's notable (I didn't care to try to figure out how many of the "Raymond Changs" on google were him), but if so you'd never know it from this article. Pointless, delete. -R. fiend 19:25, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Lots of non-notable people write textbooks. Gamaliel 19:34, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 20:32, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, Wikipedia is not paper, he's written several major textbooks. — siro  χ  o  04:13, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Forgot to say, I've expanded it a little bit. Note that Chemisty is a very common textbook.  — siro  χ  o
 * If he's the one wrote Chemistry, then he's very notable. 132.205.95.64 02:19, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 04:39, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - SimonP 17:08, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

csd g3
Declined. Restored hopefully clean version. Protected for a while to prevent further multi sourced vandal attack.Dlohcierekim (talk) 17:12, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

Strongly object
...to any attempt to delete. While I did not know this individual, professionally, to have been a multi-edition textbook author in the college market for many years, apart from his other services rendered (in research, teaching, and public service) make him a notable individual in the field of chemistry, worthy of a short article. As noted in the discussion above, the content of the article could indeed be improved. But his authorship of the text is sufficient, alone, to keep him here, in an article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:246:C700:9B0:48A6:82D4:5919:3B87 (talk) 18:54, 9 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Raymond Chang (chemist)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Topor

Topor
Non-notable family stub. RickK 19:25, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. In addition to its value for Polish history, as part of a heraldic database. — Bill 11:22, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Topor