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Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, as articulated in the second half of the 20th century by Erik Erikson in collaboration with Joan Erikson, is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages that a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood.

According to Erikson's theory the results from each stage, whether positive or negative, influence the results of succeeding stages. Erikson published a book called Childhood and Society in 1950 that made his research well known on the eight stages of psychosocial development. Erikson was originally influenced by Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages of development. He began by working with Freud's theories specifically, but as he began to dive deeper into biopsychosocial development and how other environmental factors affect human development, he soon progressed past Freud's theories and developed his own ideas. Erikson developed different substantial ways to create a theory about lifespan he theorized about the nature of personality development as it unfolds from birth through old age or death. He argued that the social experience was valuable throughout our life to each stage that can be recognizable by a conflict specifically as we encounter between the psychological needs and the surroundings of the social environment.

Erikson's stage theory characterizes an individual advancing through the eight life stages as a function of negotiating their biological and sociocultural forces. The two conflicting forces each have a psychosocial crisis which characterizes the eight stages. If an individual does indeed successfully reconcile these forces (favoring the first mentioned attribute in the crisis), they emerge from the stage with the corresponding virtue. For example, if an infant enters into the toddler stage (autonomy vs. shame and doubt) with more trust than mistrust, they carry the virtue of hope into the remaining life stages. The stage challenges that are not successfully overcome may be expected to return as problems in the future. However, mastery of a stage is not required to advance to the next stage. In one study, subjects showed significant development as a result of organized activities.

Hope: trust vs. mistrust (oral-sensory, infancy, under 1 year)

 * Existential Question: Can I Trust the World?

The first stage of Erik Erikson's theory centers around the infant's basic needs being met by the parents or caregiver and how this interaction leads to trust or mistrust. Trust as defined by Erikson is "an essential trustfulness of others as well as a fundamental sense of one's own trustworthiness." The infant depends on the parents, especially the mother, for sustenance and comfort. Infants will often use methods such as pointing to indicate their interests or desires to their parents or caregivers. The child's relative understanding of the world and society comes from the parents and their interaction with the child. Children first learn to trust their parents or a caregiver. If the parents expose their child to warmth, security, and dependable affection, the infant's view of the world will be one of trust. As the child learns to trust the world around them, they also acquire the virtue of hope. Should parents fail to provide a secure environment and to meet the child's basic needs; a sense of mistrust will result. Development of mistrust can later lead to feelings of frustration, suspicion, withdrawal, and a lack of confidence.

According to Erik Erikson, the major developmental task in infancy is to learn whether or not other people, especially primary caregivers, regularly satisfy basic needs. If caregivers are consistent sources of food, comfort, and affection, an infant learns trust — that others are dependable and reliable. If they are neglectful, or perhaps even abusive, the infant instead learns mistrust — that the world is an undependable, unpredictable, and possibly a dangerous place. Having some experience with mistrust allows the infant to gain an understanding of what constitutes dangerous situations later in life. However, infants and toddlers should not be subjected to prolonged situations of mistrust. This causes children to be ill adjusted later in life and see life with a cautious and careful outlook, which can be detrimental later in their life. In this stage, the child's most important needs are to feel safe, comforted, and well cared for.

This stage is where a child learns an attachment style to their caregiver. The attachment style the child develops can affect their relationships through the rest of their life. For example, if the infant is hungry, will it be fed? If their diaper got soiled, would anybody change it? If they're sad, will they be comforted? The infant's mind would tell if the world is a trustworthy place with trustworthy people. Infants need protection and support from the familiar adult; otherwise, they will most likely not survive. This concept was studied more by Bowlby and Ainsworth in their attachment theory which is consistent with Erikson's research.

Will: autonomy vs. shame/doubt (muscular-anal, toddlerhood, 1–2 years)
As the child gains control over eliminative functions and motor abilities, they begin to explore their surroundings. Parents still provide a strong base of security from which the child can venture out to assert their will. The parents' patience and encouragement help to foster autonomy in the child. During early childhood, the child will start to have learning tasks and skills that instill personal responsibility, which allows the children to make choices that could help them develop a sense of autonomy and confidence. Children at this age like to explore the world around them and they are constantly learning about their environment. Caution must be taken at this age while children may explore things that are dangerous to their health and safety.
 * Existential Question: Is It Okay to Be Me?

At this age, children develop their first interests. For example, a child who enjoys music may like to play with the radio. Children who enjoy the outdoors may be interested in animals and plants. Highly restrictive parents are more likely to instill in the child a sense of doubt, and reluctance to try new and challenging opportunities. As the child gains increased muscular coordination and mobility, toddlers become capable of satisfying some of their own needs. They begin to feed themselves, wash and dress themselves, and use the bathroom.

If caregivers encourage self-sufficient behavior, toddlers will develop a sense of autonomy—a sense of being able to handle many problems on their own. On the contrary, there is the possibility that the caregiver can demand too much too soon. This will likely lead the child to develop shame and doubt in their ability to handle problems. This shame and doubt could also come as a result of a caregiver ridiculing a child's early performance attempts. There is definitely a delicate balance to be had with autonomy. If the child receives too much autonomy, they have the potential to grow up with little concern for rules or regulations. It is worth noting that this could also increase the likelihood of injury. Conversely, if the parents exert too much control over them, the child can grow up to be more rebellious and impulsive. The abilities of the child are limited.

Purpose: initiative vs. guilt (locomotor-genital, early childhood, 3–6 years)
Initiative adds to autonomy the quality of planning, undertaking, and attacking a task for the sake of just being active and on the move. The child is learning to master the world around them, learning basic skills and principles of physics. Things fall down, not up, round things roll. They learn how to zip and tie, count and speak with ease. At this stage, the child wants to begin and complete their own actions for a purpose. Guilt is a confusing new emotion. They may feel guilty over things that logically should not cause guilt. They may feel guilt when this initiative does not produce desired results.
 * Existential Question: Is it Okay for Me to Do, Move, and Act?

The development of courage and independence are what set preschoolers, ages three to six years of age, apart from other age groups. Young children in this category face the psychological crisis of initiative versus guilt. This includes learning how to face complexities of planning and developing a sense of judgment. During this stage, the child learns to take initiative and prepares for leadership roles, and to achieve goals. Activities sought out by a child in this stage may include risk-taking behaviors, such as crossing a street alone or riding a bike without a helmet; both these examples involve self-limits. The child may also develop negative behaviors as they learn to take initiative. These negative behaviors, such as throwing objects, hitting, or yelling, can be a result of the child feeling frustrated after not being able to achieve a goal as planned.

Preschoolers are increasingly able to accomplish tasks on their own and can explore new areas. With this growing independence comes many choices about activities to be pursued. Sometimes children take on projects they can readily accomplish, but at other times they undertake projects that are beyond their capabilities or that interfere with other people's plans and activities. If parents and preschool teachers encourage and support children's efforts, while also helping them make realistic and appropriate choices, children develop initiative—independence in planning and undertaking activities. But if instead, adults discourage the pursuit of independent activities or dismiss them as silly and bothersome, children develop guilt about their needs and desires.

Competence: industry vs. inferiority (latency, late childhood, 7–10 years)
The aim of this stage is to bring a productive situation to completion which gradually supersedes the whims and wishes of play. The fundamentals of technology are developed. The failure to master trust, autonomy, and industrious skills may cause the child to doubt their future, leading to shame, guilt, and the experience of defeat and inferiority.
 * Existential Question: Can I Make it in the World of People and Things?

The child must deal with demands to learn new skills or risk a sense of inferiority, failure, and incompetence. In doing so, children are able to start contributing to society and making a difference in the world. They become more aware of themselves and how competent, or not, they are.

"Children at this age are becoming more aware of themselves as individuals." They work hard at "being responsible, being good and doing it right." They are now more reasonable to share and cooperate. Allen and Marotz (2003) also list some perceptual cognitive developmental traits specific for this age group. Children grasp the concepts of space and time in more logical, practical ways. They gain a better understanding of cause and effect, and of calendar time. At this stage, children are eager to learn and accomplish more complex skills: reading, writing, telling time. They also get to form moral values, recognize cultural and individual differences and are able to manage most of their personal needs and grooming with minimal assistance. At this stage, children might express their independence by talking back and being disobedient and rebellious.

Erikson viewed the elementary school years as critical for the development of self-confidence. Ideally, elementary school provides many opportunities to achieve the recognition of teachers, parents and peers by producing things—drawing pictures, solving addition problems, writing sentences, and so on. If children are encouraged to make and do things and are then praised for their accomplishments, they begin to demonstrate industry by being diligent, persevering at tasks until completed, and putting work before pleasure. If children are instead ridiculed or punished for their efforts or if they find they are incapable of meeting their teachers' and parents' expectations, they develop feelings of inferiority about their capabilities.

Children also begin to make relationships with others around them. Being social is especially important for this stage. It helps school aged children become either more or less confident about themselves and their abilities. Also, during this age, children also begin to migrate into their own social groups. Depending on the child's "group", the child will have more or less self confidence.

At this age, children start recognizing their special talents and continue to discover interests as their education improves. They may begin to choose to do more activities to pursue that interest, such as joining a sport if they know they have athletic ability, or joining the band if they are good at music. If not allowed to discover their own talents in their own time, they will develop a sense of lack of motivation, low self-esteem, and lethargy. They may become "couch potatoes" if they are not allowed to develop interests.

Fidelity: identity vs. role confusion (adolescence, 11-19 years)

 * Existential Question: Who Am I and What Can I Be?

The adolescent is newly concerned with how they appear to others. Superego identity is the accrued confidence that the outer sameness and continuity prepared in the future are matched by the sameness and continuity of one's meaning for oneself, as evidenced in the promise of a career. The ability to settle on a school or occupational identity is pleasant. In later stages of adolescence, the child develops a sense of sexual identity. Adolescents become curious about the roles they will play in the adult world as they transition from childhood to adulthood. Initially, they are apt to experience some role confusion—mixed ideas and feelings about the specific ways in which they will fit into society—and may experiment with a variety of behaviors and activities (e.g. tinkering with cars, baby-sitting for neighbors, affiliating with certain political or religious groups). Eventually, Erikson proposed, most adolescents achieve a sense of identity regarding who they are and where their lives are headed.

The teenager must achieve identity in occupation, gender roles, politics, and, in some cultures, religion. This is not always easy, however. The teenager must seek to find their place in this world and to find out how they can contribute to the world.

Erikson is credited with coining the term "identity crisis". He describes identity crisis as a critical part of development in which an adolescent or youth develops a sense of self. Identity crisis involves the integration of the physical self, personality, potential roles and occupations. It is influenced by culture and historical trends. This stage is necessary for the successful development of future stages. Each stage that came before and that follows has its own 'crisis', but even more so now, for this marks the transition from childhood to adulthood. This passage is necessary because "Throughout infancy and childhood, a person forms many identifications. But the need for identity in youth is not met by these." This turning point in human development seems to be the reconciliation between 'the person one has come to be' and 'the person society expects one to become'. This emerging sense of self will be established by 'forging' past experiences with anticipations of the future. In relation to the eight life stages as a whole, the fifth stage corresponds to the crossroads:

"What is unique about the stage of Identity, is that it is a special sort of synthesis of earlier stages and a special sort of anticipation of later ones. Youth has a certain unique quality in a person's life; it is a bridge between childhood and adulthood. Youth is a time of radical change—the great body changes accompanying puberty, the ability of the mind to search one's own intentions and the intentions of others, the suddenly sharpened awareness of the roles society has offered for later life."

Adolescents "are confronted by the need to re-establish boundaries for themselves and to do this in the face of an often potentially hostile world". This is often challenging since commitments are being asked for before particular identity roles have formed. At this point, one is in a state of 'identity confusion', but society normally makes allowances for youth to "find themselves", and this state is called 'the moratorium':

"The problem of adolescence is one of role confusion—a reluctance to commit which may haunt a person into his mature years. Given the right conditions—and Erikson believes these are essentially having enough space and time, a psychosocial moratorium, when a person can freely experiment and explore—what may emerge is a firm sense of identity, an emotional and deep awareness of who they are."

As in other stages, bio-psycho-social forces are at work. No matter how one has been raised, one's personal ideologies are now chosen for oneself. Often, this leads to conflict with adults over religious and political orientations. Another area where teenagers are deciding for themselves is their career choice, and often parents want to have a decisive say in that role. If society is too insistent, the teenager will acquiesce to external wishes, effectively forcing him or her to ‘foreclose' on experimentation and, therefore, true self-discovery. Once someone settles on a worldview and vocation, will they be able to integrate this aspect of self-definition into a diverse society? According to Erikson, when an adolescent has balanced both perspectives of "What have I got?" and "What am I going to do with it?" they have established their identity:

Dependent on this stage is the ego quality of fidelity—the ability to sustain loyalties freely pledged in spite of the inevitable contradictions and confusions of value systems. (Italics in original)

Leaving past childhood and facing the unknown of adulthood is a component of adolescence. Another characteristic of this stage is moratorium which tends to end as adulthood begins. Given that the next stage (Intimacy) is often characterized by marriage, many are tempted to cap off the fifth stage at 20 years of age. However, these age ranges are actually quite fluid, especially for the achievement of identity, since it may take many years to become grounded, to identify the object of one's fidelity, to feel that one has "come of age". In the biographies Young Man Luther and Gandhi's Truth, Erikson determined that their crises ended at ages 25 and 30, respectively:

"Erikson does note that the time of Identity crisis for persons of genius is frequently prolonged. He further notes that in our industrial society, identity formation tends to be long, because it takes us so long to gain the skills needed for adulthood's tasks in our technological world. So… there is not exact time span in which to find oneself. It does not happen automatically at eighteen or at twenty-one. A very approximate rule of thumb for our society would put the end somewhere in one's twenties."

Love: intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood, 20–45 years)
The Intimacy versus Isolation conflict occurs following adolescence. At the start of this stage, identity versus role confusion is coming to an end, although it still lingers at the foundation of the stage. The stage doesn't always involve a romantic relationship but includes the strong bonds with others being formed. Young adults are still eager to blend their identities with those of their friends because they want to fit in. Erikson believes that people are sometimes isolated due to intimacy. People are afraid of rejections such as being turned down or their partners breaking up with them. Human beings are familiar with pain, and to some people, rejection is so painful that their egos cannot bear it. Erikson also argues that distantiation occurs with intimacy. Distantiation is the desire to isolate or destroy things that may be dangerous to one's own ideals or life. This can occur if a person has their intimate relationship invaded by outsiders.
 * Existential Question: Can I Love?

Once people have established their identities, they are ready to make long-term commitments to others. They become capable of forming intimate, reciprocal relationships (e.g. through close friendships or marriage) and willingly make the sacrifices and compromises that such relationships require. Those in more advanced stages of identity development are often associated with greater success pertaining to intimacy formation. If people cannot form these intimate relationships—perhaps because of their own needs—then a sense of isolation may result, thereby arousing feelings of darkness and angst.

Erickson’s documentation of his theory spends time considering intimacy between 2 people. The main conflict is whether an individual is willing to give themselves up to someone else. As suggested in the previous paragraphs, it seems that it could be very valuable for someone at this stage to let go of some of their fears in order to gain a solid relationship with another person. Erickson discusses the differences of his theory as compared to Freud’s theory of psychosexual development. Freud tended to focus more on sexual gratification without deep personal relationships being involved. Erikson’s proposal suggests that there is more to intimacy than sexual gratification. There is value in the deep bonds that can be shared between two people socially. It is worth noting that Erikson, in his writing, does still discuss and see the value of sexual relations within a socially intimate relationship.

Care: generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood, 45–64 years)
Generativity is the concern of guiding the next generation. Socially-valued work and disciplines are expressions of generativity.
 * Existential Question: Can I Make My Life Count?

The adult stage of generativity has broad application to family, relationships, work, and society. "Generativity, then is primarily the concern in establishing and guiding the next generation... the concept is meant to include... productivity and creativity."

During middle age, the primary developmental task is one of contributing to society and helping to guide future generations. When a person makes a contribution during this period, perhaps by raising a family or working toward the betterment of society, a sense of generativity—a sense of productivity and accomplishment—results. In contrast, a person who is self-centered and unable or unwilling to help society move forward develops a feeling of stagnation—a dissatisfaction with the relative lack of productivity. People in this stage consider what they are leaving behind for their posterity and community, as they are coming closer to the end of their life. The virtue that is related with this stage is care. In contrary, the maladaptive virtue is rejectivity.

As shared in the quote above, productivity and creativity are announced as being related to generativity. Despite this relation, Erikson hopes that those two words don’t take away from the main message. That message being that generativity is focusing on helping other people. Our society can sometimes hyperfixate on the idea that children need parents. Erikson shares and reinforces another view. Adults need children. The effort that is given to the children can help the adult become more mature. On top of that, as an adult is generative to youth, it can influence the children to return the favor when they grow up.

 * Central tasks of middle adulthood
 * Express love through more than sexual contacts.
 * Maintain healthy life patterns.
 * Develop a sense of unity with mate.
 * Help growing and grown children to be responsible adults.
 * Relinquish central role in lives of grown children.
 * Accept children's mates and friends.
 * Create a comfortable home.
 * Be proud of accomplishments of self and mate/spouse.
 * Reverse roles with aging parents.
 * Achieve mature, civic and social responsibility.
 * Adjust to physical changes of middle age.
 * Use leisure time creatively.

Wisdom: ego integrity vs. despair (late adulthood, 65 years and above)
As people grow older and become senior citizens, they tend to slow down their productivity and explore life as a retired person. Factors such as leisure activities and family involvement play a significant role in the life of a retiree and their adjustment to living without having to perform specific duties each day pertaining to their career. Even during this stage of adulthood, however, they are still developing. The association between aging and retirement can bring about a reappearance of bipolar tensions of earlier stages in Erikson's model, meaning that aspects of previous life stages can reactivate because of the onset of aging and retirement. Development at this stage also includes periods of reevaluation regarding life satisfaction, sustainment of active involvement, and developing a sense of health maintenance. Developmental conflicts may arise in this stage, but psychological growth in earlier stages can help significantly in resolving these conflicts.
 * Existential Question: Is it Okay to Have Been Me?

It is during this time that they contemplate their accomplishments and evaluate the person that they have become. They are able to develop integrity if they see themselves as leading a successful life. Those that have developed integrity perceive that their lives have meaning. They tend to feel generally satisfied and accept themselves and others. As they near the end of their lives, they are more likely to be at peace about death. If they see their life as unproductive or feel that they did not accomplish their life goals, they become dissatisfied with life and develop despair. This can often lead to feelings of depression and hopelessness. They may also feel that life is unfair and be fearful of dying.

During this time there may be a renewal in interest in many things. This is believed to occur because the individuals in this time of life strive to be autonomous. As their bodies and minds start to deteriorate, they want to find a sense of balance. They will cling to their autonomy so that they will not need to be reliant on others for everything. Erikson explains that it is also important for adults in this stage to maintain relationships with others of different ages in order to develop integrity.

The final developmental task is retrospection: people look back on their lives and accomplishments. Practices such as narrative therapy can help individuals reinterpret their minds pertaining to their past and allow them to focus on the brighter aspects of their lives. They develop feelings of contentment and integrity if they believe that they have led a happy and productive life. If they look back on a life of disappointments and unachieved goals, they may instead develop a sense of despair.

This stage can occur out of the sequence when an individual feels they are near the end of their life (such as when receiving a terminal disease diagnosis).

When looking back on life, a person should hope to find both meaning and order. There are ways to alter or buoy one’s perspective during this stage. Altering or buoying one’s view could bring them closer to ego integrity. With that being said, it is better that a person has already carried out a life with meaning and order prior to beginning this stage.

Erikson ties this stage of development back into the first stage, trust vs mistrust. As shared by Erikson, the Webster dictionary once claimed that trust is “the assured reliance on another’s integrity”. One’s integrity could influence someone else’s trust. If a person at the end of their life fears death, then it could influence children to possibly fear life. If an adult is able to overcome any fears of death, then it can reinforce children to not be afraid of the life ahead of them.

Ninth stage
Joan Erikson, who married and collaborated with Erik Erikson, added a ninth stage in The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version. Living in the ninth stage, she wrote, "old age in one's eighties and nineties brings with it new demands, reevaluations, and daily difficulties". Addressing these new challenges requires "designating a new ninth stage". Erikson was ninety-three years old when she wrote about the ninth stage.
 * Psychosocial Crises: All first eight stages in reverse quotient order

Joan Erikson showed that all the eight stages "are relevant and recurring in the ninth stage". In the ninth stage, the psychosocial crises of the eight stages are faced again, but with the quotient order reversed. For example, in the first stage (infancy), the psychosocial crisis was "Trust vs. Mistrust" with Trust being the "syntonic quotient" and Mistrust being the "dystonic". Joan Erikson applies the earlier psychosocial crises to the ninth stage as follows:

"Basic Mistrust vs. Trust: Hope"

In the ninth stage, "elders are forced to mistrust their own capabilities" because one's "body inevitably weakens". Yet, Joan Erikson asserts that "while there is light, there is hope" for a "bright light and revelation".

"Shame and Doubt vs. Autonomy: Will"

Ninth stage elders face the "shame of lost control" and doubt "their autonomy over their own bodies". So it is that "shame and doubt challenge cherished autonomy".

"Inferiority vs. Industry: Competence"

Industry as a "driving force" that elders once had is gone in the ninth stage. Being incompetent "because of aging is belittling" and makes elders "like unhappy small children of great age".

"Identity confusion vs. Identity: Fidelity"

Elders experience confusion about their "existential identity" in the ninth stage and "a real uncertainty about status and role".

"Isolation vs. Intimacy: Love"

In the ninth stage, the "years of intimacy and love" are often replaced by "isolation and deprivation". Relationships become "overshadowed by new incapacities and dependencies".

"Stagnation vs. Generativity: Care"

The generativity in the seventh stage of "work and family relationships", if it goes satisfactorily, is "a wonderful time to be alive". In one's eighties and nineties, there is less energy for generativity or caretaking. Thus, "a sense of stagnation may well take over".

"Despair and Disgust vs. Integrity: Wisdom"

Integrity imposes "a serious demand on the senses of elders". Wisdom requires capacities that ninth stage elders "do not usually have". The eighth stage includes retrospection that can evoke a "degree of disgust and despair". In the ninth stage, introspection is replaced by the attention demanded to one's "loss of capacities and disintegration".

Living in the ninth stage, Joan Erikson expressed confidence that the psychosocial crisis of the ninth stage can be met as in the first stage with the "basic trust" with which "we are blessed".

Development of post-Freudian theory
Erikson was a student of Anna Freud, the daughter of Sigmund Freud, whose psychoanalytic theory and psychosexual stages contributed to the basic outline of the eight stages, at least those concerned with childhood. Namely, the first four of Erikson's life stages correspond to Freud's oral, anal, phallic, and latency phases, respectively. Also, the fifth stage of adolescence is said to parallel the genital stage in psychosexual development:

"Although the first three phases are linked to those of the Freudian theory, it can be seen that they are conceived along very different lines. Emphasis is not so much on sexual modes and their consequences, but on the ego qualities which emerge from each of the stages. There is an attempt also to link the sequence of individual development to the broader context of society."

Erikson saw a dynamic at work throughout life, one that did not stop at adolescence. He also viewed the life stages as a cycle: the end of one generation was the beginning of the next. Seen in its social context, the life stages were linear for an individual but circular for societal development:

In Freud's view, development is largely complete by adolescence. In contrast, one of Freud's students, Erik Erikson (1902–1994) believed that development continues throughout life. Erikson took the foundation laid by Freud and extended it through adulthood and into late life.

Criticism
One major criticism of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is that it primarily describes the development of European or American males. Erikson's theory may be questioned as to whether his stages must be regarded as sequential, and only occurring within the age ranges he suggests. There is debate as to whether people only search for identity during the adolescent years or if one stage needs to happen before other stages can be completed. However, Erikson states that each of these processes occur throughout the lifetime in one form or another, and he emphasizes these "phases" only because it is at these times that the conflicts become most prominent.

Most empirical research into Erikson has related to his views on adolescence and attempts to establish identity. His theoretical approach was studied and supported, particularly regarding adolescence, by James E. Marcia. Marcia's work has distinguished different forms of identity, and there is some empirical evidence that those people who form the most coherent self-concept in adolescence are those who are most able to make intimate attachments in early adulthood. This supports the part of Eriksonian theory, that suggests that those best equipped to resolve the crisis of early adulthood are those who have most successfully resolved the crisis of adolescence.

Erikson attributed the development of the stages to the presence of specific tensions which may be present at any moment of a person's life. This causes another criticism of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development: that Erikson does not go into detail about what causes these stages of development or how they are resolved. There is little information stated about the experiences that result in how a person develops at each stage. Just as there are vague details about the causes of each theory that does not outline the necessary steps to resolve conflict in order to enter the next stage.


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hey, can somebody fix the template? it looks broken on mobile, not sure whether it's because of temporary message "The template Wikisource is being considered for merging." or by another reason. Artem.G (talk) 19:25, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 9 August 2023
Change the template to format presented in Template:Wikisource/testcases. It includes "lang" and "type" parameters for adding functions of Template:Wikisourcelang and Template:Wikisourcehas and Template:Wikisource-multi Sarangem (talk) 07:44, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I've altered your comment, in a technical WP:TPO, to add <pre> tags above and below, because your in-line tempate was causing a transclusion of the entire template, doc page included, here on the talk page, and I don't think that was your intention. If you don't agree with this edit, please modify it to describe the change you would like to see in the template, without transcluding the entire page here. Thanks, Mathglot (talk) 09:00, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, please look at the header of this page, where the result of a previous merge decision is recorded. I think that result may already account for the changes you are proposing, in which case, this can be closed. Can you please have a look at it, and indicate whether your request here is different from the one already decided above, and if so, how? Thanks, Mathglot (talk) 09:03, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes. According to this merge discussion, the Template:Wikisourcelang and Template:Wikisourcehas and Template :Wikisource-multi will be merged here. And additional parameters for this cause. But no parameters are added after merge discussion. Sarangem (talk) 14:49, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Have you tried your proposed changes? The sandbox is open to you, and a testcases page would be needed, as well. Of the templates being deleted, only Wikisource author currently has one (here). If I were going to do the merge, I'd write testcase pages for each of the other templates that doesn't currently have one (including this one) using a series of Test case examples to document current behavior, note any discrepancies, merge the testcases files to Template:Wikisource/testcases, and then try your sandbox out against the merged testcases file. For initial tinkering, you can use Special:ExpandTemplates. Others might have a different approach. Mathglot (talk) 18:16, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Ok, I have created testcases page and works fine in my sandbox. Sarangem (talk) 09:10, 10 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi! I don't know enough lua to understand how to fix this template, but now that Wikisourcelang has been merged into it, it's not possible to produce links to Wikisources other than English. Seems like this should have been taken care of before the templates were merged? Instead every instance of Wikisourcelang is now broken, and whatever changes need to be made to this template should be rolled out immediately. Folly Mox (talk) 20:23, 11 August 2023 (UTC) Updated 21:03, 11 August 2023 (UTC): I'm still dumb. Folly Mox (talk)
 * @Novem Linguae: could you comment on the above? — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 20:57, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Embarrassingly, this is actually all my fault and the template is fine. Folly Mox (talk) 20:59, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
 * The first template I tested was misusing parameters, and had functioned prior to the merge. Then it stopped working, and every alternative I tried kept producing links to the English Wikisource, which I did not attempt to follow. Turns out they redirect appropriately, and I was on my way here to strike the above shocked commentary when it was replied to. Folly Mox (talk) 21:01, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Hey there. Thanks for the ping. I think I just closed the TFD on this one (evaluated consensus). I did not handle coding the merge, so I probably can't help much with the technical details. Sorry about that. – Novem Linguae (talk) 04:19, 12 August 2023 (UTC)
 * You can use lang parameter to redirect to other wikisources. It takes English as default language.
 * produces
 * produces
 * Other parameters from Template:Wikisource-multi and Template:Wikisourcehas can also be found here. Sarangem (talk) 09:12, 12 August 2023 (UTC)
 * In a technical TPO, I have edited your comment of 09:12, 12 August in order to halt an infinite template recursion loop which blew up the table of contents and the page. That also accounts for the garbled appearance of your comment, which I take responsibility for, and I apologize, but I didn't want to guess how you would like to format it, so I'll leave that part up to you.
 * Please use the sandbox for your new code, not the testcases page (which I've reinitialized). Please do not transclude the testcases page here. Normally, you would just transclude your live-vs.-sandbox tests on the testcases page (via Template:Test case, if you wish), and then mention them here, as needed. Thanks, Mathglot (talk) 08:18, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please make your requested changes to the template's sandbox first; see WP:TESTCASES. Really more of a procedural decline than anything, if the merge is ready to go please feel free to re-open this request. Primefac (talk) 06:50, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
 * produces
 * Other parameters from Template:Wikisource-multi and Template:Wikisourcehas can also be found here. Sarangem (talk) 09:12, 12 August 2023 (UTC)
 * In a technical TPO, I have edited your comment of 09:12, 12 August in order to halt an infinite template recursion loop which blew up the table of contents and the page. That also accounts for the garbled appearance of your comment, which I take responsibility for, and I apologize, but I didn't want to guess how you would like to format it, so I'll leave that part up to you.
 * Please use the sandbox for your new code, not the testcases page (which I've reinitialized). Please do not transclude the testcases page here. Normally, you would just transclude your live-vs.-sandbox tests on the testcases page (via Template:Test case, if you wish), and then mention them here, as needed. Thanks, Mathglot (talk) 08:18, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please make your requested changes to the template's sandbox first; see WP:TESTCASES. Really more of a procedural decline than anything, if the merge is ready to go please feel free to re-open this request. Primefac (talk) 06:50, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Please use the sandbox for your new code, not the testcases page (which I've reinitialized). Please do not transclude the testcases page here. Normally, you would just transclude your live-vs.-sandbox tests on the testcases page (via Template:Test case, if you wish), and then mention them here, as needed. Thanks, Mathglot (talk) 08:18, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please make your requested changes to the template's sandbox first; see WP:TESTCASES. Really more of a procedural decline than anything, if the merge is ready to go please feel free to re-open this request. Primefac (talk) 06:50, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 19 October 2023
Change the template to format presented in Template:Wikisource/sandbox. It includes "lang" and "type" parameters for adding functions of Template:Wikisourcelang and Template:Wikisourcehas and Template:Wikisource-multi. See the testcase. previous discussion. Sarangem (talk) 06:27, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Please make sure to update the documentation. * Pppery * it has begun... 00:03, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
 * , I am apologizing to everyone about this mistake. I found a bug in my edit request. There should be en added which I forgot. I have updated the code in sandbox. You can check it. I kindly request to revert the edit until the bug is fixed.
 * Sarangem (talk) 07:21, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay. * Pppery * it has begun... 14:30, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Wikisource


text:
Talk:Bob Kiley

Untitled
Is it fair to say that the "fair use" claim is weak for the image on this page? Pcb21| Pete 21:35, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I think it can be considered fair use. The photograph depicts the subject of the article, it is small, the source is credited, there is no loss of income. Seems OK to me, but you can list it on WP:PUI if you want. Neutrality (talk) 21:38, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

Wife/children
The article states that since he came to London, Bob Kiley's wife and children have been killed in a car accident, he has remarried and has a new family. I don't remember reading anything of this in the press, so I'm wondering if it is either made up, or possibly old history and in the wrong section. Either way, it needs some kind of source, so I've flagged if 'citation needed'. -- Chris j wood 15:18, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bob Kiley


text: User talk:64.12.116.24

title: User talk:64.12.116.24


text:
Konstantopoulos

Konstantopoulos (Κωνσταντόπουλος) is a Greek surname, with the feminine form being Konstantopoulou (Κωνσταντοπούλου). The surname is sometimes transliterated with a leading "C". Notable people with the surname include:

 * Aikaterini Konstantopoulou, the original name of the Greek actress Katina Paxinou (1900–1973)
 * Dimitrios Konstantopoulos (born 1978), Greek footballer
 * Elina Konstantopoulou (born 1970), Greek singer
 * Konstantinos Konstantopoulos (1832–1910), former Prime Minister of Greece
 * Nikos Konstantopoulos (born 1942), Greek politician
 * Zoi Konstantopoulou (born 1976), Greek politician and Speaker of Parliament

title: Konstantopoulos


text:
Elodie Lauten

Elodie Lauten (October 20, 1950 – June 3, 2014) was a French-born American composer described as postminimalist or a microtonalist.

Biography
Born in Paris, France as Genevieve Schecroun, and educated in Paris at the Lycée Claude Monet, the Conservatoire (piano) and the Institut d’Etudes Politiques. Her father was Errol Parker (né Raphaël Schecroun), an Algerian-born jazz musician; her mother was a classical pianist.

Lauten was classically trained as a pianist since age 7. She contributed to the early punk-rock scene in Paris in 1975 and 1976. After relocating to New York City, she received a Master's in composition from New York University where she studied Western composition with Dinu Ghezzo, and Indian classical music with Ahkmal Parwez. She became an American citizen in 1984. She received awards from the NEA, ASCAP, MTC, and the American Music Center, as well as chamber and orchestral commissions.

A writer of operas, theater pieces, orchestral, chamber and instrumental music, she was recognized in North America and Europe as a pioneer of postminimalism and a force on the new music scene with over 20 releases on a number of labels including Lovely Music, Point/Polygram, 4-Tay, O.O. Discs, and New Tone (Italy).

Musical style
Lauten's music was always a combination of two contradictory streams, one a cloudy, beatless stasis derived from minimalism, the other a neoclassical attachment to tonal melody and ostinato. These two were present from the beginning of her recording career, the first in her Concerto for Piano and Orchestral Memory (1984), the second in her Sonata Ordinaire (1986) for piano.

Her 1987 opera The Death of Don Juan—feminist tract and Zen meditation combined—was one of the major postminimalist works of the 1980s; it was revived in April 2005 at Franklin Pierce College (in New Hampshire), directed by Robert Lawson. Her neoclassical tendency blossomed into a full neo-baroque idiom in her Deus ex Machina Cycle for voices and Baroque ensemble (1999). Variations On The Orange Cycle (1991, recorded by Lois Svard for Lovely Music in 1998) is one of the cloudier works, an improvisation in a Terry Riley-ish vein that was recorded and transcribed (as few of her piano works have been) for performance by others. Svard's recording of the work was included in Frank J. Oteri's "The Century List: 100 Reasons to Play This Century's Music", a list of 100 recommended recordings for classic radio programmers distributed at the 1998 Music Personnel in Public Radio conference and subsequently published in Chamber Music magazine in 1999.

Lauten's opera Waking in New York, written on poems by her late friend Allen Ginsberg, was presented by the New York City Opera VOX and Friends 2004, after being released on 4Tay in 2003. Smoothly suave but with a gentle rock beat, the work pioneered a mixture of genres by combining vocal soloists from three styles: classical, Broadway, and gospel. OrfReo, an opera for Baroque ensemble, was premiered at Merkin Hall by the Queen's Chamber Band, who also included Lauten's The Architect in their CD New Music Alive (Capstone, 2004). OrfReo was released on CD in December 2004 (Studio 21). In 2004, she was composer-in-residence at Hope College (in Michigan). Her Symphony 2001 was premiered in February 2003 by the SEM Orchestra in New York.

Lauten was the 2014 recipient of the Foundation for Contemporary Arts' Robert Rauschenberg Award.

Personal life
Genevieve adopted the name "Elodie" after moving to the United States and took the surname Lauten from her first husband. That marriage ended in divorce, as did her second, to Carl Karas. She had no children.

Death
Lauten died in Beth Israel Hospital, Manhattan, aged 63, from cancer.

Chamber music

 * Links, solo flute, 2004
 * The Wish of the Quickening Moon, string quartet, 2003
 * Sex and Pre-Anti-Post Modernism, contrabass/voice, setting of text by Michael Andre, 2002
 * T.E.V.B. (The Elusive Virgin Bachelor), trio (piano, violin, cello), 2002
 * Space-Time Sextet, string sextet (3 violins, viola, cello, contrabass), 2001
 * Mantra, vocal sextet, 2001
 * American Dreamscape, solo piano, 2000
 * Lunaticity, Baroque ensemble, 1999
 * Prophecy, solo viola, 1999
 * Irrational Synergies, baritone, flute, clarinet, saxophone, cello; setting of poems by Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, E. E. Cummings, commissioned by The Lark Ascending, 1998
 * Discombobulations, electronic, electric guitar, flute, and soprano, lyrics by Steven Hall, 1997
 * Variations on the Orange Cycle, solo piano, 1991
 * Concerto for Piano and Orchestral Memory, piano, tape, synthesizer, cello, trombone, violin, viola, 1984

Dance

 * The Soundless Sound, electronic, 2004
 * She-Wolf, electronic (Fairlight computer), 1987
 * Oedipus Rex, electronic/computer (Fairlight), 1984

Operas and cycles

 * The Death of Don Juan, revision of 1985 opera, 2005
 * Orfreo, soprano, mezzo, countertenor, baritone, and Baroque orchestra: harpsichord, string quartet, oboe, flute, contrabass; libretto by Michael Andre, commissioned by Harpsichord Unlimited, 2004
 * Waking in New York, baritone, soprano, mezzo, full orchestra, libretto by Allen Ginsberg, 2004
 * Waking in New York, soprano, mezzo, baritone, string quartet, flute, contrabass, percussion, synthesizer, libretto by Allen Ginsberg, 1999
 * The Deus Ex Machina Cycle, two sopranos, baritone, harpsichord, string quartet, flute; libretto by, among others: Lauten, Rilke, Verlaine, Pascal, and Steven Hall, 1995
 * Existence, yenor, soprano, mezzo-soprano and narrator, piano, synthesizer, percussion; music and libretto by Lauten, 1990
 * The Death of Don Juan, computer generated tape, 4 sopranos, harpsichord, Trine (custom lyre), cello, synthesizer, Grand Trine (custom harp); music and libretto by Lauten, 1985

Orchestral

 * Harmonic Protection Circle, 2003
 * Symphony 2001, 2000

Soundtracks

 * Crossroads Variations, solo piano, 2004
 * Harmonic Protection Circle 2004, synthesizer, electric guitar, percussion, contrabass, 2004
 * Harmonic Protection Circle 2003, Trine, electric guitar, 2003
 * The Mystery of the Elements, piano, electronic, 2002
 * S.O.S.W.T.C., electronic, 2001
 * Double X, electronic, voice, flute, 1999
 * Inscapes from Exile, electronic, 1995
 * Tronik Involutions, electronic, 1993
 * Remembrance of Things Past, electronic, cello, music for sound installation based on the writing of Marcel Proust, 1988
 * Untitled , 5 pieces for live Fairlight computer, electric violin, cello, Trine, piano; commissioned by the Lincoln Center Serious Fun Series, 1988
 * Blue Rhythms, piano and electronic, 1987
 * Krash Music, electronic, singers, 1986
 * Sonate Ordinaire, solo piano, 1986
 * Sonate Modale, piano and tape, 1985
 * Action Music, piano and sound environment, 1985
 * Music for the Trine, a custom-designed amplified lyre, electronic, Trine, voice, cello, 1985
 * Magnetic Fields, electronic, Trine, 1985
 * The Soundless Sound, electronic, 1984
 * The Enigma of a Lovely/Loveless Existence, concrete, Casiotone, voice, 1983
 * Piano Works, piano, concrete, synthesizer, 1983

Discography
.  Orchestre Modern (1981). Rockin' Horse: 2013

 * Tronik Involutions: From the Gaia Cycle Matrix a Work in Umi (1995/1996). Studio 21/OO Discs: 7108. Composed and performed by Elodie Lauten.
 * The Deus Ex Machina Cycle: New music for voices and Baroque ensemble (1999). 4Tay Inc.: CD 4013.
 * Inscapes from Exile (2000). Robi Droli/Newtone: 7004.

title: Elodie Lauten


text:
The Twin Dilemma

The Twin Dilemma is the seventh and final serial of the 21st season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in four twice-weekly parts from 22 March to 30 March 1984.

In the serial, the alien Gastropod Mestor (Edwin Richfield) plots to explode the sun of the planet Jaconda to scatter his eggs throughout the universe to conquer it.

It was the first to star Colin Baker as the Sixth Doctor uniquely being the final story of the season.

Plot
As a result of his recent regeneration, the Sixth Doctor suffers from mood swings and violent delusions, culminating in his attempt to strangle his companion, Peri Brown. Realising the threat he could pose to the universe in this state, the Doctor decides to exile himself (and Peri, over her protests), to a remote asteroid named Titan 3. Meanwhile, the mysterious Professor Edgeworth abducts two teenaged math geniuses, Romulus and Remus Sylvest, at the behest of Mestor, the leader of the slug-like Gastropods who have usurped Edgeworth as ruler of the planet Jaconda. Mestor orders Edgeworth to hide on Titan 3, and destroys a pursuing squad of fighters.

The only survivor of the fighter squadron is Lt. Hugo Lang, who crash-lands near the TARDIS. The Doctor saves Hugo at Peri's behest, and he and Peri investigate the asteroid, leading to them being captured by Edgeworth. The Doctor recognises that "Edgeworth" is actually Azmael, a fellow Time Lord and his former tutor. Azmael tries to strand the Doctor and Peri on Titan 3, but unbeknownst to Azmael, his assistant Noma arms a bomb intended to kill them both, and they narrowly escape with their lives.

The Doctor, Peri, and Hugo follow Azmael to the now-desolate Jaconda, where Azmael makes it clear he never intended for them to be harmed, and reveals that Mestor is forcing him to have Romulus and Remus create calculations which will terraform two nearby planets that the Gastropods can settle on. The Doctor, however, realizes that Mestor has lied to Azmael about the nature of his plan, and the calculations will actually cause Jaconda's sun to go supernova, allowing Gastropod eggs to infest the galaxy.

After the Doctor tries and fails to kill him, Mestor announces that he will take over the Doctor's body. The Doctor tries to goad Mestor into doing this, but he instead takes over Azmael. The more experienced Azmael manages to briefly retake control of his body and initiates a regeneration, but since he has used up his entire regeneration cycle, this has the effect of killing both himself and Mestor, though Azmael and the Doctor make amends before the former dies. Hugo decides to stay on Jaconda and become its new ruler, while the Doctor agrees to return Romulus and Remus to their parents. Peri still has doubts about the Doctor's new personality, but he reminds her that "I am the Doctor, whether you like it or not!"

Production
The Doctor is unusually violent at the start of this episode, even attempting to strangle Peri. The intention was to create a Doctor that was initially unlikeable, but would gradually reveal a kind-hearted soul (glimpsed in Revelation of the Daleks). This was also intended to be a contrast to the instantly likeable Tom Baker and Peter Davison Doctors. However, in later interviews, director Peter Moffatt said that the original idea was merely to have the Doctor in a much more energetic state than he was during the Fifth Doctor's début story Castrovalva. Colin Baker said during a 2003 documentary celebrating the series' 40th anniversary that "the idea was that over the many, many years I would be playing the part, the outer layers would gradually peel away, revealing the kind-hearted soul."

At least one aspect of Steven's original script featured the Jaconda and Gastropods being dropped totally early in the fourth episode without resolution to the plot, with the final battle taking place in another dimension against a being called Azlan who was controlling Mestor all along.

The cat badge worn by the Sixth Doctor on his lapel for this story was handmade and painted by Suzie Trevor and purchased for the programme from a specialist badge shop in central London. For each subsequent story, the Doctor was to wear a different cat badge to symbolise that he was a "travelling cat of different walks."

Besides being adjusted for the new Doctor, the opening credits underwent additional modifications with this episode. A prism-colour effect is added and the series logo takes on a somewhat bluish hue (which also results in it appearing slightly curved in comparison to the version introduced during Tom Baker's era). The theme music remains the same version as that introduced in 1980. Prior to this, the opening sequences of the Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Doctor eras had incorporated a still photograph of the lead actor. For the Sixth Doctor opening this was changed to using two photographs – one of the Doctor with a smile which changes to a second image showing the Doctor grinning. This limited animation would continue with the opening sequence for the Seventh Doctor.

Cast notes
Colin Baker also provides, uncredited, the voice of a Jacondan at Freighter Control in part three. Dennis Chinnery had previously appeared as Albert C. Richardson in the William Hartnell story The Chase and as Gharman in the Tom Baker story Genesis of the Daleks. Edwin Richfield had previously appeared as Captain Hart alongside Jon Pertwee's Doctor in The Sea Devils. Kevin McNally later played Henry in the audio play Spider's Shadow, and Professor Eustacius Jericho in the Jodie Whittaker episodes "Village of the Angels", "Survivors of the Flux" and "The Vanquishers". Seymour Green had previously played Hargreaves in The Seeds of Doom. Helen Blatch had earlier been a voice artist in The Deadly Assassin.

Broadcast and reception
Where the previous serial, The Caves of Androzani, is frequently cast among the very best of all Doctor Who stories, the fandom often holds this serial the polar opposite, commonly regarding it as one of the very worst serials in the history of the series. The review of the story in Doctor Who: The Television Companion describes The Twin Dilemma as "painful to watch", describing the Doctor's erratic behaviour as "forced and artificial, and succeed[s] only in alienating the viewer." The review also argues the script "leaves much to be desired" and that the direction is uninteresting, giving the whole story "a rather tacky, B-movie feel to it".

In SFX #150 new series producer Russell T Davies cites this story as "the beginning of the end" of Doctor Who. Tat Wood and Lawrence Miles, reviewing the story in the book About Time, noted that the divide in quality between The Caves of Androzani and The Twin Dilemma "felt wrong at the time, and still feels wrong now". They also asked "How could anyone have thought that this story, of juvenile space monsters, meaningless plans and never-ending cop-outs, was ever workable?". In his review for Radio Times, Patrick Mulkern gave the serial a negative reception, stating: "If The Twin Dilemma is individually a disaster, it also establishes the opening titles, the Doctor’s clothes, his behaviour and sniping banter with Peri – all part of an unpleasant shift in tone that would permeate and eventually poleaxe the era. How did Nathan-Turner and Saward think that this approach might be in any way acceptable?"

A 1998 poll by Doctor Who Magazine ranked the serial the second worst of all time (the Children in Need special Dimensions in Time was ranked lowest), while a 2003 poll by fansite Outpost Gallifrey ranked it worst of all, below even Dimensions in Time. In 2009, another Doctor Who Magazine poll of the 200 stories produced up to that point saw the serial finish in last place again, along with finishing last in every single age group that voted (although Dimensions in Time technically scored lower, it was no longer included in the main poll due to its lack of canonicity within the series and was instead placed in a spin-off section). A similar poll in 2014 placed the story in last place once again.

In print
A novelisation of this serial, written by Saward, was published in hardback by Target Books in October 1985, and in paperback in March 1986. The cover illustration originally featured Colin Baker; however, when Baker's agent enquired about a royalty, the decision was taken to not feature him on the cover and a replacement was commissioned. This adaptation is notable for Saward's convoluted attempt at explaining in detail how the regeneration process works.

In January 2012, an audiobook of the novelisation was released, read by Colin Baker.

Home media
The Twin Dilemma was released on VHS in May 1992. The tape was available exclusively through branches of Woolworths as part of a special promotion. A general release followed in February 1993. It was released on DVD on 7 September 2009 in the United Kingdom and on 5 January 2010 in the United States. This serial was released as part of the Doctor Who DVD Files in Issue 127 on 13 November 2013.

Reviews

 * The Twin Dilemma in Time Space Visualiser

title: The Twin Dilemma


text:
Lake Clark (Alaska)

Lake Clark (Denaʼina: Qizhjeh Vena) is a lake in southwest Alaska. It drains through Six Mile Lake and the Newhalen River into Iliamna Lake. The lake is about 64 km long and about 8 km wide.

Lake Clark was named for John W. Clark, chief of the Nushagak trading post and the first American non-Native to see the lake, when an expedition financed by a weekly magazine reached it in February 1891. The Dena'ina Athabascan name is Qizjeh Vena which means "place where people gather lake". The lake is within Lake Clark National Park and Preserve.

title: Lake Clark (Alaska)


text: User talk:65.48.151.223

title: User talk:65.48.151.223


text:
3DO

3DO may refer to:
 * The 3DO Company, a video game company that developed:
 * 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, a video game console, 1993–1997
 * List of 3DO games, a list of games released for the 3DO
 * 3DO Blaster, an ISA add-on card for PCs which included the full chipset for the 3DO video game console
 * 3DO Rating System, a rating system created by The 3DO Company and used on games released for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer in the US and Canada

title: 3DO


text:
University of Tennessee Southern

The University of Tennessee Southern (UT Southern, formerly Martin Methodist College) is a public college in Pulaski, Tennessee. Founded in 1870, for over 150 years it was a private institution until joining the University of Tennessee system in 2021. For many years it was a junior college but is now a baccalaureate institution providing more than thirty academic majors. The college also has an MBA program.

History
UT Southern was originally founded as Martin Methodist College in 1870. The college was named for Thomas Martin (1799–1870), former mayor of Pulaski, who left in his will an endowment of $30,000 to establish a college for the education of the white girls and women of Giles County. It is sometimes suggested that Martin did so in fulfilment of a promise to his daughter Victoria, who died at the age of twenty. In 1938, the college became coeducational. Originally founded as a whites-only institution, in 1966 it became racially integrated. The college was originally named Martin Female College; in 1908, its name was changed to Martin College; in April 1986, its name was changed to its final name as a private institution of Martin Methodist College.

The college joined the University of Tennessee system in 2021. When it joined the system, it was renamed UT Southern and became the first new primary campus in the University of Tennessee System in over 50 years. The former president of the college, Mark La Branche, remained as chancellor of the campus. The name University of Tennessee-Southern was chosen because the campus serves the 13 counties of southern Middle Tennessee.

Athletics
The Tennessee–Southern (UT Southern) athletic teams are called the FireHawks (previously they were known as the RedHawks before the UT system merger). The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Mid-South Conference (MSC) since the 2020–21 academic year. The FireHawks (back then the Martin Methodist RedHawks) previously competed in the Southern States Athletic Conference (SSAC; formerly known as Georgia–Alabama–Carolina Conference (GACC) until after the 2003–04 school year) from 2013–14 to 2019–20 (to which the school will return in 2023–24); and in the defunct TranSouth Athletic Conference (TranSouth or TSAC) from 1996–97 to 2012–13 (when the conference dissolved); and in the Tennessee Collegiate Athletic Conference (TCAC) from 1986–87 to 1995–96.

UT Southern competes in 19 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, swimming and tennis; while women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis and volleyball. Competitive cheerleading is offered as a co-ed sport. Competitive trap and skeet shooting was added as the department's 15th varsity sport in the fall of 2013.

Accomplishments
Some of the sport teams' accomplishments include:

 * Women's Soccer – Three-time NAIA National Champions (2005, 2007, 2021). Nine consecutive TranSouth Athletic Conference championships (2004–2012), nine consecutive NAIA National Tournament berths (2004–2012), 24 NAIA All-Americans and the 2005 and 2007 NAIA Player of the Year awards.

title: University of Tennessee Southern


text:
Hare quota

In the study of apportionment, the Hare quota (sometimes called the simple, ideal, or Hamilton quota) is the number of voters represented by each legislator under an idealized system of proportional representation, where every legislator represents an equal number of voters. The Hare quota is the total number of votes divided by the number of seats to be filled. The Hare quota was used in the original proposal for a single transferable vote system, and is still occasionally used, although it has since been largely supplanted by the Droop quota.

The quota continues to be used in setting electoral thresholds, as well as for calculating apportionments by the largest remainder method (LR-Hare) or other quota-based methods of proportional representation. In such use cases, the Hare quota gives unbiased apportionments that favor neither large nor small parties.

Formula
The Hare quota may be given as:

 * $$\frac{\mbox{total} \; \mbox{votes}}{\mbox{total} \; \mbox{seats}}$$

where
 * Total votes = the total valid poll; that is, the number of valid (unspoilt) votes cast in an election.
 * Total seats = the total number of seats to be filled in the election.

Use in STV
In an STV election a candidate who reaches the quota is elected while any votes a candidate receives above the quota in many cases have the opportunity to be transferred to another candidate in accordance to the voter's next usable marked preference. Thus the quota is used both to determine who is elected and to determine the number of surplus votes when a person is elected with quota. When the Droop quota is used, often about a quota of votes are not used to elect anyone (a much lower proportion that under the first-past-the-post voting system) so the quota is a cue to the number of votes that are used to actually elect someone.

The Hare quota was devised by Thomas Hare, the first to identify of STV. In 1868, Henry Richmond Droop (1831–1884) invented the Droop quota as an alternative to the Hare quota. The he Hare quota today is rarely used with STV due to fact that Droop is considered more fair to both large parties and small parties.

The number of votes in the quota is determined by the district magnitude of the district in conjunction with the number of valid votes cast.

Example
To see how the Hare quota works in an STV election, imagine an election in which there are two seats to be filled and three candidates: Andrea, Brad, and Carter. One hundred voters voted, each casting one vote and marking a back-up preference, to be used only in case the first preference candidate is un-electable or elected with surplus. There are 100 ballots showing preferences as follows:

Because there are 100 voters and 2 seats, the Hare quota is:

 * $$ \frac{100}{2} = 50 $$

To begin the count the first preferences cast for each candidate are tallied and are as follows:

 * Andrea: 60
 * Brad: 26
 * Carter: 14

Andrea has reached the quota and is declared elected. She has 10 votes more than the quota so these votes are transferred to Carter, as specified on the ballots. The tallies of the remaining candidates therefore now become:

 * Brad: 26
 * Carter: 24

At this stage, there are only two candidates remaining and one seat open. The most popular candidate is declared elected and the other is declared defeated.

Although Brad has not reached the quota, he is declared elected since he has more votes than Carter.

The winners are therefore Andrea and Brad.

Use in party-list PR
Hong Kong and Brazil use the Hare quota in largest-remainder systems.

In Brazil's largest remainder system the Hare quota is used to set the minimum number of seats allocated to each party or coalition. Remaining seats are allocated according to the D'Hondt method. This procedure is used for the Federal Chamber of Deputies, State Assemblies, Municipal and Federal District Chambers.

In Hong Kong
For geographical constituencies, the SAR government adopted weakly-proportional representation using the largest remainder method with Hare quota in 1997. Typically, largest remainders paired with the Hare quota produces unbiased results that are difficult to manipulate. However, the combination of extremely small districts, no electoral thresholds, and low led to a system that parties could manipulate using careful vote management.

By running candidates on separate tickets, Hong Kong parties aimed to ensure they received no seats in the first step of apportionment, but still received enough votes to take several of the remainder seats when running against a divided opposition. The Democratic Party, for example, filled three separate tickets in the 8-seat New Territories West constituency in the 2008 Legislative Council elections. In the 2012 election, no candidate list won more than one seat in any of the six PR constituencies (a total of 40 seats). In Hong Kong, the Hare quota has effectively created a multi-member single-vote system in the territory.

Mathematical properties
In situations where parties' total share of the vote varies randomly, the Hare quota is the unique unbiased quota for an electoral system based on vote-transfers or quotas. When the number of seats in each constituency is large and vote management becomes impractical (as it requires an unrealistic degree of coordination of voters), the quota becomes fully unbiased.

However, if the quota is used in small constituencies with no electoral threshold, it is possible to manipulate the system by running several candidates on separate lists, allowing each to win a remainder seat with less than a full quota. This can transform the method into a de facto single nontransferable vote system, a situation that has been seen in Hong Kong. By contrast, Droop's quota cannot be manipulated in the same way, as it is never possible for a party to gain seats by splitting. <!--

In Hong Kong
In the 1998 Hong Kong legislative election, pro-democracy camp organization The Frontier fails to co-ordinate two former legislators (1995–1997) Lee Cheuk-yan and Leung Yiu-chung into a two-candidate list running for New Territories West (NT West) 5-seat constituency, and Leung left The Frontier, running as Nonpartisan candidate with the support of Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre in NT West and Lee running as Frontier candidate in NT West. Lee and Leung won the last two seats by around 10% votes (Lee 12.45% and Leung 10.30%), in case they ran in a single list with same election result(12.45% + 10.30% = 22.75%), they would win the first seat by full quota (20% as a 5-seat constituency) and the remainder(2.75%) is smaller than the candidate list standing for indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories, which led by vice-chairman of the Heung Yee Kuk - Lam Wai-keung (6.91%).

In 2000 Hong Kong legislative election, the second legislative election using the Hare quota largest remainder method, fragmentation and infighting within the parties and camps were shown because political parties began to split their lists in order to waste fewer votes as acquiring seats with remainder votes can be more efficient than purchasing them with full quotas under the Hare quota. For instance, the Democratic Party ran multiple lists by filling two lists in New Territories East and three lists in New Territories West, in which incumbent Lee Wing-tat's list was lost to his party colleague Albert Chan's list in the latter constituency. In 2004, the ADPL joined the Democrats by splitting lists in Kowloon West.

In 2012, the pro-Beijing DAB deployed multiple lists for the first time. As a result, of the 34 seats captured by lists from the two major camps, only three were won by full quota. Due to strong network of pro-Beijing camp with its affiliated grassroots and community organisations, pro-Beijing camp was able to split the votes evenly to get more candidates to be elected with fewer votes, pro-Beijing camp won the last seats in 4 out of 5 constituencies and total 17 of 35 geographical Constituency seats with 42.66% shares of votes, compared with pan-democrats 56.24% shares of votes winning 18 seats.

The Hare quota used in Hong Kong's largest remainder system also encourages the multiplication of political parties and nonpartisan candidates. The vote share of the largest party Democratic Party dropped significantly, from 43 per cent in 1998 to 29 per cent in 2000, to 21 per cent in 2004, rising slightly to 20 per cent in 2008 and falling again to 14 per cent in 2012. As it is only possible to win a single remainder seat, politicians and potential allies can be motivated to diverge rather than to coalesce. -->

title: Hare quota


text:
Dick Atkin, Baron Atkin

James Richard Atkin, Baron Atkin, (28 November 1867 – 25 June 1944), commonly known as Dick Atkin, was an Australian-born British judge, who served as a lord of appeal in ordinary from 1928 until his death in 1944. He is especially remembered as the judge giving the leading judgement in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson in 1932, in which he established the modern law of negligence in the UK, and indirectly in most of the common law world.

Early life and practice
Atkin was the son of Robert Travers Atkin (1841–1872) and his wife, Mary Elizabeth née Ruck (1842–1920). Robert was from Kilgarriff, County Cork, Mary's father from Newington, Kent, and her mother from Merioneth, Wales. The couple married in 1864 and soon emigrated to Australia intending to take up sheep farming. However, little more than a year into their enterprise Robert was badly injured in a fall from a horse and the couple moved to Brisbane where Robert became a journalist and politician. He always thought of himself as a Queenslander, and was President of the London Welsh Trust from 1938 to 1944.

James was born at Ellandale cottage, Tank Street, off North Quay, Brisbane, the eldest of three sons but in 1871, his mother brought him and his siblings back to her own mother's house, "Pantlludw" on the River Dovey in Wales. His father died in Brisbane in the following year. James was much influenced by his grandmother and acquired from her an egalitarian instinct and a distaste for sanctimonious posturing. His mother's sister, Amy, was the first wife of Francis Darwin, third son of Charles Darwin and his wife Emma: there is a thank-you letter extant to Charles Darwin from the eleven-year-old Dick.

Atkin attended Friars School, Bangor, and Christ College, Brecon, and won a demyship to Magdalen College, Oxford, where he read classics and literae humaniores, enjoying playing tennis in his leisure time. Atkin was called to the bar by Gray's Inn in 1891 and scoured the London law courts assessing the quality of the advocates so as to decide where to apply for pupillage. He was ultimately impressed by Thomas Scrutton and became his pupil, joining fellow pupils Frank MacKinnon, a future Lord Justice of Appeal, and Robert Wright, another future Law Lord. He took chambers at 3 Pump Court but, as did most beginning barristers at the time, struggled to find work. He shared living accommodation with Arthur Hughes who later married Mary Vivian Hughes whose book A London Family 1870–1900 mentions Atkin. He eventually established a practice in commercial law, in particular in work on behalf of the London Stock Exchange, and became known as a subtle advocate with no need to rely on theatrical effects. His practice grew from about 1900 and made a favourable impression when appearing before the future Prime Minister of the United Kingdom H. H. Asquith who was sitting as an arbitrator. Asquith was so impressed that he secured a pupillage for his own son Raymond at Atkin's chambers. By 1906, The Times considered him probably the busiest junior at the Bar. In that year Atkin took silk. Once John Hamilton was made a judge in 1909 and Scrutton in 1910, Atkin dominated the commercial Bar.

Judge
He became a judge of the King's Bench division of the High Court in 1913, receiving a knighthood. Work at the King's Bench involved him in criminal cases which had been outside his experience as a barrister but he established a high reputation as a criminal judge. Reputedly, Atkin enjoyed his six years at the King's Bench more than any others of his legal career. The following nine at the Court of Appeal he enjoyed the least.

Atkin became a Lord Justice of Appeal in 1919. In the 1920 case of Meering v Graham-White Aviation Co Ltd Atkin showed his disapproval of unjustified restriction on civil liberties by holding (obiter) that a person could sue for false imprisonment even under circumstances where he had been unaware of his imprisonment at the time. Again in 1920, in Everett v Griffiths, Atkin held that Everett was owed a duty of care by a Board of Guardians who had detained him as insane on inadequate grounds. However, Lord Justices Scrutton and Bankes held otherwise and their majority prevailed over Atkin's dissenting judgment.

From 1928 until his death he was a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary under the title Baron Atkin, of Aberdovey, in the County of Merioneth.

An Anglican, Atkin was strongly motivated by his Christian faith and relied on testing the law against the demands of common sense and the interests of the ordinary working man. He came to a settled view early on in hearing a case and, as a Law Lord, his colleagues often found him indefatigable in his opinions and difficult to persuade as to the merits of alternative views.

Donoghue v Stevenson
In 1932, as a member of the House of Lords, he delivered the leading judgment in the landmark case of Donoghue v. Stevenson concerning the alleged adverse effects from an alleged snail in a bottle of ginger beer served in a café in Paisley. The case established the modern law of negligence in the UK and, indirectly, in most of the rest of the common law world, with the major exception of the United States.

Liversidge v. Anderson
He is also remembered for his dissenting judgment in Liversidge v Anderson, in which he unsuccessfully asserted the courts' right to question the wide discretionary powers of the Home Secretary to detain subjects suspected of having 'hostile associations'.

Commercial law
He also gave the leading judgment in Bell v. Lever Brothers Ltd.,, still the leading authority on common mistake under English law.

Gray's Inn
The Inn had been at a low ebb when Atkin joined. It was impoverished, its dinners and functions poorly attended and its benchers lacking professional prestige. It was largely through Atkin's efforts, and those of F.E. Smith, that the Inn's prestige was restored. Atkin was himself three times Treasurer, Master of the Library and Master of Moots.

Personal life
Lucy Elizabeth (Lizzie) Hemmant (1867–1939) was the daughter of William Hemmant, a friend of Atkin's father from Brisbane. She had been born within 12 days and within 100 yards of Atkin. William also subsequently moved to London and was important in helping Atkin to establish his stock exchange contacts. Atkin married Lizzie Hemmant in 1893 after five years' engagement.

The couple had six daughters and two sons, the elder son being killed in World War I. Atkin's daughter Rosaline became a barrister of Gray's Inn. The fourth daughter, Nancy, to her father's delight, became an actress. Nancy made her debut in Liverpool and was discovered and brought to London by Charles Hawtrey and A. A. Milne. Atkin's grandson, by his daughter Lucy Atkin, was the politician and business leader Sir Toby Low, 1st Baron Aldington.

Atkin enjoyed the music hall and in particular the humour of George Robey and Marie Lloyd. He and his wife were fond of entertaining at their succession of town homes in Kensington with musical evenings. In 1912 Atkin realised his ambition of buying a house Craig-y-Don in Aberdovey and from that time, he spent every summer there with his family. At Aberdovey, Atkin enjoyed tennis, golf and bridge. He was an enthusiast for the literary works of Edgar Wallace. Atkin was President of the London Welsh Trust, which runs the London Welsh Centre, Gray's Inn Road, from 1938 until 1944. Atkin was popular with the community in Aberdovey and was paraded into the village on a hand-drawn cab on his appointment to the High Court. When possible, he sat as a Justice of the Peace in Towyn and Machynlleth, and eventually chaired Merionethshire Quarter Sessions.

He died of bronchitis in Aberdyfi where he was buried.

Honours

 * Honorary fellowship of Magdalen College, Oxford (1924);
 * Fellow of the British Academy (1938);
 * Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1939);
 * Honorary degrees:
 * University of Oxford (1931);
 * University of Cambridge (1936);
 * University of Reading (1938); and
 * University of London (1939).

A plaque was erected in 2012 at the Harry Gibbs Commonwealth Law Courts Building – built upon the land where Ellandale cottage once stood – commemorating the birthplace of Lord Atkin, placed on the 145th anniversary of his birth and the 80th anniversary of his judgement Donoghue v Stevenson. It was arranged by the TC Beirne School of Law, University of Queensland and the Federal Court of Australia.

Cases

 * High Court
 * Barron v Potter [1915] 3 KB 593, small company deadlock

 * Court of Appeal
 * Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571
 * Meering v Graham-White Aviation Co Ltd (1920) 122 LT 44
 * Everett v Griffiths [1920] 3 KB 163
 * Rose & Frank Co v JR Crompton & Bros Ltd [1923] 2 KB 261, intention to create legal relations in commerce
 * R v Secretary of State for Home Affairs ex parte O'Brien [1923] 2 KB 361, internment of Irish
 * Russian Commercial and Industrial Bank v Comptoir d'Estcompte de Mulhouse [1923] 2 KB 630, compensation for nationalisation by Russia of banks
 * Rowland v Divall [1923] 2 KB 500, failure of consideration
 * National Provincial Bank v Charnley [1924] 1 KB 431, meaning of a security interest
 * Glassbrook Bros v Glamorgan County Council [1925] AC 270, dissenting in the Court of Appeal, liability of employer to pay for police protection
 * Tournier v National Provincial and Union Bank of England [1924] 1 KB 461

 * House of Lords and Privy Council
 * France v James Coombes & Co [1929] AC 496, definition of employee and inequality of bargaining power under section 8 of the Trade Boards Act 1909
 * Bell v Lever Brothers Ltd [1932] AC 161, common mistake
 * Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562, negligence
 * Maritime National Fish Ltd v Ocean Trawlers Ltd [1935] UKPC 1, frustration
 * Woolmington v DPP [1935] UKHL 1, presumption of innocence
 * Way v Latilla [1937] 3 All ER 759
 * Wilsons and Clyde Coal Ltd v English [1937] UKHL 2
 * Labour Conventions Reference [1937] AC 326, Canadian federalism
 * Reference re Alberta Statutes [1938] UKPC 46, striking down Alberta laws on social credit
 * Vita Food Products Inc v Unus Shipping Co Ltd [1939] UKPC 7
 * Nokes v Doncaster Amalgamated Collieries Ltd [1940] AC 1014, no transfer of employment contract without the employee's consent
 * Southern Foundries (1926) Ltd v Shirlaw [1940] AC 701, implied terms
 * United Australia Ltd v Barclays Bank Ltd [1941] AC 1, administrative law
 * Fibrosa Spolka Akcyjna v Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour Ltd [1942] UKHL 4, frustration and failure of consideration
 * Liversidge v Anderson [1942] AC 206

title: Dick Atkin, Baron Atkin


text:
User talk:InsanityTeam

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title: User talk:InsanityTeam


text:
User:Masterhomer/Chemistry

=Introduction= I am currently enrolled in General Chemistry at Florida Atlantic University, and I am attempting to use Wikipedia to take notes and perhaps maybe others can improve my notes. I made this page because I want to help my fellow students pass what I believe is a incrediblely difficult class. This project has nothing to do with Wikipedia but will be mergred in some way or another. All content is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, and you are free to modify as you wish. In fact, it's quite beneficial to create rather then to absorb information if you are to learn anything.

What's this?
What is Wikipedia? Information on Wiki technology

Chemistry Notes
Chemistry Chapter 3 Rubric

Balancing Formulas Limiting Reactant Solutions Electrolytes Precipitates Oxidation is gay

Cheat Sheets
''Note: "Cheat Sheet" is a urban term for a simplifcation. I do not condone cheating.'' Chemistry Exam 3

Wikipedia Resources
Chemistry Portal General Chemistry Wikibook

title: User:Masterhomer/Chemistry


text:
Blind Illusion

Blind Illusion is an American progressive thrash metal band from Richmond, California. Formed in 1978 by lead guitarist and main songwriter Mark Biedermann, the band has had several lineup changes, with Biedermann being the only constant member. Blind Illusion is also notable for featuring Les Claypool and Larry LaLonde, both later of Primus, who performed bass and guitar respectively on their 1988 debut album The Sane Asylum.

After a 20-year hiatus, Biedermann reformed Blind Illusion in 2009, and they have since released two more albums: Demon Master (2010) and Wrath of the Gods (2022). They also released an EP in February 2019, titled 2018, which also includes remakes of some of their older songs.

History
Blind Illusion was formed in 1978 by De Anza High School students Mark Biedermann, on guitar and vocals, Les Claypool, on bass, and Bret Hern, on drums. By that time, Biedermann had been writing his own music from a young age, and original songs were a priority for the new band from the beginning. The band's earliest sound was musically rooted in progressive rock, with Biedermann citing as his main inspirations Rush, King Crimson, Jethro Tull, Scorpions, Mahavishnu Orchestra, Frank Marino, Black Sabbath, and Blue Öyster Cult. They soon added vocalist David White. Claypool left the band in 1979 and was replaced by bassist Chris Olsen. This line-up would play outdoor parties and self promoted multi-band concerts around the area since all of the members were too young to play in clubs. They also recorded several demo songs during this period. Brian Kehoe joined as a second guitarist and Les Claypool returned as well to record another demo tape of the songs "On Death's Bed" and "Kamikaze" in 1980.

By 1983, Blind Illusion were making inroads into the same venues that featured many bands in the developing Bay Area thrash scene. By this time, Biedermann and White were joined by Craig Maracich on bass, Evan McCaskey on guitar, Vic Griffith on drums and Ben Heveroh on keyboards. This version recorded another demo tape and was fairly stable for a time, but the band was beset by line-up changes going forward.

The 1985 version of the band (Biedermann, White, Gene Gilson on bass, Mike Miner on drums) recorded the "Trilogy of Terror" demo which was produced by Biedermann's old classmate, Metallica guitarist Kirk Hammett. Soon after, David White would leave to join Heathen and Biedermann took over on vocals.

In 1986, after an additional demo produced by Hammett, which included his guitar tech John Marshall on 2nd guitar, Hammett brought the band to the attention of Mark Palmer at Music for Nations in England who signed Blind Illusion to a recording contract. By 1987, Gilson had left the band and Les Claypool re-joined for a third time while on a break from his band Primus. Before the recording of the album began, John Marshall left to join Metal Church and was replaced by ex-Possessed guitarist Larry LaLonde.

Recording of the album commenced at Hyde Street Studios with Kirk Hammett producing. At the same time in the adjacent Alpha and Omega Studios, Blue Öyster Cult were recording their Imaginos album. BOC manager/producer/lyricist Sandy Pearlman heard Biedermann's playing and asked if he would like to guest on the album. Biedermann ultimately appears on several songs on the album alongside notable guitarists such as Joe Satriani and The Doors Robbie Krieger. In lieu of payment for his contributions to the album, Biedermann bartered for studio time to mix the Blind Illusion album, since they had spent all of their advance money by that point. The resulting debut album The Sane Asylum was released in the spring of 1988 on Combat Records in the US and Music For Nations affiliate label Under One Flag in Europe. While Hammett did in fact produce the album, he is not credited as such because of Metallica management requiring payment to use his name, which Biedermann declined. The band embarked on a US tour to promote the release with Hallows Eve and At War. Halfway through the tour, Claypool returned to Primus and was replaced by Adam Gates for the remainder of the tour. After the band returned home in 1989, LaLonde also left the band to join Claypool in Primus.

Blind Illusion then signed a recording contract with CBS Records and Biedermann brought in Vern Mc Elroy on bass, Wes Anderson on drums, and Mark Strausburgh on guitar. The band began recording their second album titled The Medicine Show but the project was shelved, and Blind Illusion disbanded shortly after when their contract with CBS was declared null and void after Sony bought out CBS and dropped several acts from the label.

Mark Biedermann briefly played bass for Heathen on their Victims of Deception album in 1991.

Biedermann left the music business behind and taught Shaolin Kung-Fu at the Buddhist Monastery City of Ten Thousand Buddhas in Talmage Ca. It was at this time in 1999 that he discovered the name The Ghost Kings in a Buddhist sutra "The Past lives of Earth Store Boddhissattva" which he used as the name for his Southern Rock project. Biedermann wrote upwards of 35 classic Southern rock / Country songs including King Hobo Dirt Road Okie and Ghost Kings with his musical partner, rhythm guitarist/vocalist "Scary" Eric Lagosh.

After a roughly 20-year hiatus, Biedermann reformed Blind Illusion in 2009 with a new-lineup of Danny Harcourt on guitar and Robert Nystrom on drums, releasing their second studio album Demon Master on July 7, 2010. The album marked a very different style and sound from The Sane Asylum, going in a more traditional progressive/stoner rock direction. In September 2010, the group promoted the album at the Sobrante Stroll, a street fair held every year in El Sobrante since 1991. Before reuniting Blind Illusion, Biedermann had performed earlier shows at the Sobrante Stroll as well as at the older and much larger Solano Stroll fair in Berkeley. The material Biedermann covered included a mix of Blind Illusion originals and blues rock collaborations with other local musicians.

In December 2013, Biedermann met D.R.I. bassist Harald Oimoen in Berkeley, and Oimoen convinced Biedermann to return to the Sane Asylum sound that Blind Illusion were most associated with, and join with him and drummer Erik "Cire" Cruze from early East Bay Thrashers "Terminal Shock". These sessions were the catalyst for Biedermann to forge ahead in the classic Blind Illusion style. Biedermann eventually teamed up with former Heathen guitarist Doug Piercy and bassist Tom Gears to record the four track EP "2018". The band has played several European shows since.

In August 2020, Blind Illusion announced that they were in the studio recording their third album, tentatively titled Wrath Of The Gods which included former Death Angel drummer Andy Galeon. The album was released on October 7, 2022.

Studio albums

 * The Sane Asylum (1988)
 * The Sane Asylum (2007) ('Metal Mind')
 * The Sane Asylum (2015) ('World in Sound') (official remastered CD and limited issue gold vinyl – 12" and 7" set)
 * The Sane Asylum (2021) (re-release)
 * The Sane Asylum (2022) ('Hammerheart Records') (+bonus live CD).
 * Demon Master (2010)
 * 2018 (2018) (4 tracks – Race with the Wizard, Ice Sage, Metamorphosis of a Monster, Vengeance Is Mine)
 * Ultimate Anthology 1 (2021) ('Cult Metal Classics' - The entire 1979 Likewise Sessions and Demo).
 * Ultimate Anthology 2 (2022) ('Cult Metal Classics' - Complete Demos from 1980 - 1986 - 17 Songs).
 * Wrath of the Gods (2022) ('Hammerheart Records')

Demos and known studio recordings

 * 1979 Studio Demo (The Watcher / Who am I / Kamakazi / Death is Grey – 4 songs) ≈
 * 1979 Likewise Sessions (Rockers Unite / Nightmare on Secret Town Rd / Death Noise / Freedom Passed Me By / Life Goes On / World's That's an Illusion and the above aforementioned – 10 songs) %
 * 1980 Demo (On Death's Bed / Kamikaze)
 * 1983 Demo (Walk the Iron / Blind Sun)
 * 1983 Demo (Race the Wizard / Darkness / Death Noise / Concerto for a Dildo, Opus Oedipus, A lesson in Incest, A Bowel Movement in C Minor)≈
 * 1984 Demo (Trilogy of Terror: Banshee / Glass Guillotine / Destroyer)
 * 1985 Demo (Blood Shower / Smash the Crystal)
 * 1986 Demo (Slow Death / Vengeance Is Mine / Bloodshower / Kamikaze)
 * 1988 Studio (Medicine Show)
 * 1988 Studio (Espionage in Hell)
 * 1989 Demo (Psychedelic Symphony) $
 * 1990 Studio (Electric Soul ~6 songs)
 * 1992 Studio (4 songs)^^
 * 1993 Studio (5 songs)^^ &&
 * 2014 Demo Tracks (Iron Ox / Death Noise / Smash the Crystal / Naomi / Ice Sage)
 * 2015–2017 Demo Tracks (numerous including reworked versions of Espionage in Hell and others, demo track recorded at Expressions).

Notes: ≈ Hard to find / limited circulation

% Produced by Mark Biedermann; includes 2 songs that are not listed on the Box.

$ 'Healing' is not included on the demo tape; this is a compilation of Medicine Show and Espionage in Hell. ^^ The "L" Band. First Studio includes Never Alive. Second includes Psychedelic Survivors
 * Demo and pre-production songs have been released on YouTube by the 2014 incarnation of the band.
 * Death Noise from the 1979 Demo Sessions was released on YouTube in February 2015
 * Medicine Show from the unreleased album released on YouTube in February 2015

&& Alternate versions exists with Jackie singing lead.

Current lineup

 * Mark Biedermann – lead/rhythm guitars, lead vocals (1978–present)
 * Martin LaCour – guitar (2024–present)
 * Avery Thurman – bass (2024–present)
 * Phil Cosentini – drums (2024–present)

Other former members (incomplete)
Vocals
 * Keith Stewart (1978)
 * David White (1979–1985)
 * Dave (1992)

Guitars (incomplete)
 * Bryan Kehoe (1981–1983)
 * Evan McCaskey (1983)
 * Hans Larson (1983)
 * Pat Woods (1985–1986)
 * Mark Searle (1985)
 * John Marshall (1987)
 * Larry LaLonde (1987–1989)
 * Mark Strausberg (1989–1990)
 * Eric Lagosh (1989)
 * Steve Marcus (1992–1995)
 * Eric Meyer (2007)
 * Aaron Knudson (2015)
 * Doug Piercy (2017–2024)

Bass (incomplete)
 * Alvin Petty (1976–1977)
 * Les Claypool (1978–1979) (1980–1981) (1986–1989)
 * Chris Olsen (1979, 1980)
 * Geno Gilson (1983–1986)
 * Larry LaLonde (1987–1989)
 * Adam Gates (1988)
 * Vern McElroy (1989–1990)
 * Evan Barnes (1992–1995)
 * Danny (2008–2014)
 * Harald Oimoen (2013–2017)
 * Tom Gears (2017–2024)

Drums (incomplete)
 * Bret Hern (1979–1983) R.I.P.
 * Bill Ticson (1983)
 * Mike Miner (1983–1988)
 * Wes Anderson (1988–1989)
 * Albert Simmons (1992–1995)
 * Steve Johnson (2008–2010)
 * Robert Nystrom (2010–2014)
 * Bret Hern (2014)
 * Erik "Cire" Cruze (2014–2019)
 * Brian Schwartz – drums (September 2019–2020)
 * Liz Say – drums (selected live shows)
 * Andy Galeon (2020–2024)

Keyboards
 * Ben Heveroh (1982–1983)

title: Blind Illusion