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Talk:Socratic dialogue

A Good Reference
I think there are some pretty good information and examples of Socratic dialogues in the Book History of Western Philosophy (Russell). Especially in those Chapters about Socrates and Plato.

--Arash Eb (talk) 00:11, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

Examples of Socratic Dialogues
Is there any guideline on which examples are linked? Socratic dialogues such as Charmides that are listed under Plato's dialogues aren't linked here. 67.176.177.166 20:57, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Previous Discussion
More familiar as "Socratic dialogue" which might be a less pretentious title in the English-language Wikipedia. Wetman 07:30, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree: this looks ridiculous. --Jpbrenna 19:46, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Voting

 * Support Socratic dialogue is almost never referred to as Sokratikoi logoi in English (in fact, I have never seen this usage before).  In Modern Greek, it is referred to in the singular; a Greek Google produces zero hits for the plural.  Googling in English shows a large tilt toward the singular as well.  --Jpbrenna 20:39, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support The place for the Greek is in parentheses after the bolded name (Sokratikoi logoi). If there are shades of meaning in the original that are not well rendered in the familiar English of the title, that's always worth exploring. Many Wikipedia articles have a similar contour. --Wetman 22:02, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Gene Nygaard 09:20, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Move is done! Talrias (t | e | c) 10:53, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Sokratikoi logoi
In antiquity, the genre is always refered to in the plural (Sokratikoi logoi Socratic conversations/speeches). Aristotle's Poetics would be the locus classicus.

In English language classical and philosophical scholarship, Sokratikoi logoi is overtaking Socratic dialogue in technical genre discussions. I think it's to distinguish the ancient genre from looser applications of the term.

Similarly, "valediction" has been entirely replaced by "propemptikon" in the discussion of good-bye poems.

Whether Modern or Ancient Greek usage should be given would be a matter of dispute for Modern Greeks, but I don't think it would be for anyone else.

Modern dialogues
Should modern examples, like the one linked from the article on Bartemius Crouch, be mentioned? Or is that something different altogether? 129.7.254.33 00:16, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Platonic Dialogues
Are Platonic and Socratic dialogues the same? If they are, there ought to be a redirect from Platonic dialogue to here, and if not then there should be some sort of distinction made within this article. 84.13.228.15 01:21, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the article more or less covers the distinction between the two - Platonic dialogues are Socratic dialogues, but Socratic dialogues are not always Platonic dialogues. If you think it should be made clearer in the article, you could change it. Anarchia 04:01, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The article doesn't even mention Platonic dialogues much less cover a distinction between the two. And I would change it if I knew the answer - but I don't, and that's the reason I came to this article in the first place. The page has failed in exactly what you claim it doesn't. 89.243.21.74 16:43, 29 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry - it is easier to see things if you know what you are looking for.
 * "Socratic dialogue (Greek Σωκρατικός λόγος or Σωκρατικός διάλογος) is a genre of prose literary works developed in Greece at the turn of the fourth century BCE, preserved today in the dialogues of Plato and the Socratic works of Xenophon....Plato and Xenophon, Antisthenes, Aeschines of Sphettos, Phaedo, Eucleides of Megara, Theocritus, Tissaphernes and Aristotle all wrote Socratic dialogues"
 * This says that there are Socratic dialogues written by Plato and Xenophon, among others.
 * "Generally, the works of Plato's early years are all considered to be Socratic dialogues, but many of the later ones are often included as well."
 * This says, by implication, that not all of Plato's works are Soctraic dialogues.
 * Hope this helps. I am not a classical scholar, and I have more things on my to do list than I can cope with. BUt, I will add tidying this to the Philosophy project to do list.Anarchia 22:17, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 14:49, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Ambiguity regarding subject of article
The article introduction and overall tenor says that a Socratic dialogue is a particular genre involving Socrates or someone like him leading a philosophic discussion. Socratic dialogue is also a term used by Platonic scholars who see a movement away from Socrates by Plato: in this view, Plato's "early" dialogue are Socratic, but not the later ones. This definition is also included within the article. In the first definition, the Laws is a Socratic dialogue; in the second, it is not. The article should probably be clearer about this double use, instead of treating both as part of the same phenomenon. Thoughts? RJC Talk Contribs 17:31, 6 August 2008 (UTC) I just have a question? why is "socratic" capitalized -- It's not a proper, name so why? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shawnkielty (talk • contribs) 07:08, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

Alexamenus
The entry currently claims that Alexamenus wrote Socratic dialogues. This is probably false. He wrote dialogues, and was an early writer of dialogues. But his dialogues were almost certainly not Socratic dialogues

We only know of Alexamenus from his having been mentioned by Aristotle in a lost work "Concerning Poets" (fr. 72). This treatise is then referred to in two extant sources, sc. Diogenes Laertius (3.48) and Athenaeus (11.112 and Ep. 2,2 69).

The quote from DL says that he wrote dialogues, but not Socratic dialogues. The quote from Athenaeus says that he wrote "the first of the Socratic dialogues"  (τοὺς πρώτους... τῶν Σωκρατικῶν διαλόγων); but editors of Aristotle have always rejected that reading of the text in favor of printing that he wrote dialogues "earlier than (or before) the Socratic dialogues" (τοὺς προτέρους (vel πρότερον)... τῶν Σωκρατικῶν διαλόγων).

One strong reason to emend Athenaeus and reject Alexamenus from the list of authors of Socratic dialogues is the fact that he is never mentioned among the students of Socrates. All of the other authors of Socratic dialogues (in the original, not the extended, sense) are listed among his students, and frequently mentioned in Socratic dialogues written by others.

So the balance of evidence suggests that Alexamenus was not a student of Socrates and did not write Socratic dialogues, and this is the consensus among Aristotle scholars as well as scholars on Socratic dialogues and the students of Socrates (e.g. Giannantoni).

Tad Brennan128.84.127.214 (talk) 18:45, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

Adding Thomas More's Dialogues to the Medieval / Early Modern Section
It seems that the list could use Thomas More's Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation and his Dialogue Concerning Heresies. The latter is considered by C.S. Lewis to be the best dialogue in English. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:18D:8900:E618:7578:BE08:D2CB:60EC (talk) 11:37, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Socratic dialogue


text:
Country Life (magazine)

Country Life (stylised in all caps) is a British weekly perfect-bound glossy magazine that is published by Future plc. It was based in London at 110 Southwark Street until March 2016, when moved to Farnborough, Hampshire. In 2022, the magazine moved back to London at 121 – 141 Westbourne Terrace, Paddington.

History
Country Life was launched in 1897, incorporating Racing Illustrated. At this time it was owned by Edward Hudson, the owner of Lindisfarne Castle and various Lutyens-designed houses including The Deanery in Sonning; in partnership with George Newnes Ltd (in 1905 Hudson bought out Newnes).

At that time golf and racing served as its main content, as well as the property coverage, initially of manorial estates, which is still such a large part of the magazine. Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the late Queen Mother, used to appear frequently on its front cover. Now the magazine covers a range of subjects, from gardens and gardening to country house architecture, art and books, and property to rural issues, luxury products and interiors.

In 1997, the centenary of the magazine was celebrated by a special issue, the publishing of a book by Roy Strong, the broadcast of a BBC2 TV programme on a year in the life of the magazine, and staging a Gold Medal-winning garden at the Chelsea Flower Show. In 1999, the magazine launched a new website.

In 2007, the magazine celebrated its 110th anniversary with a special souvenir issue on 4 January. Since May 2008 the magazine has been issued each Wednesday, having been on sale each Thursday for the past 111 years.

Topics
The first several dozen pages of each issue are devoted to colour advertisements for upmarket residential property

The magazine covers various aspects of rural life. It is primarily concerned with rural communities and their environments as well as the concerns of country dwellers and landowners and has a diverse readership which, although mainly UK based is also international.

The other rural pursuits and interests covered include hunting, shooting, farming, equestrian news and gardening and there are regular news and opinion pieces as well as rural politics. There are reviews of books, food and wine, art and architecture and antiques and crafts. Illustrative material includes the Tottering-by-Gently cartoon by Annie Tempest.

Recent feature articles have included Charles, Prince of Wales guest-editing an issue of Country Life in 2013, a historic revelation which revealed the true face of Shakespeare for the first time in 2015, and in 2016 an exclusive on where the Great Fire of London began in 1666. There was a special commemorative issue in June 2016 on the occasion of the Queen's 90th birthday.

BBC documentary
In March 2016, Country Life was featured in a three-part documentary series produced by Spun Gold which aired on BBC2 called Land of Hope and Glory, British Country Life.

Editors

 * James Edmund Vincent 1897–1900
 * Peter Anderson Graham 1900–1925
 * W E Barber 1925–1933
 * Christopher Hussey 1933–1940 (previously Architectural Editor)
 * F Whitaker 1940–1958
 * John Adams 1958–1973
 * Michael Wright 1973–1984
 * Marcus Binney 1984–1986 (previously Architectural Editor)
 * Jenny Green 1986–1992
 * Clive Aslet 1993–2006 (previously Deputy Editor, now Editor-at-Large)
 * Mark Hedges 2006–present

Deputy editors:
 * Clive Aslet 1989–1993 (previously architectural editor)
 * Michael Hall 1998–2004 (previously architectural editor, current editor of Apollo)
 * Jessica Fellowes 2004–2008
 * Rupert Uloth 2008–2016
 * Kate Green 2016–present

Architectural editors [dates as architectural writer]:
 * provisionally Edward Hudson and James Edmund Vincent 1897–1900 / Peter Graham 1900–1907
 * Henry Avray Tipping 1907–1910, 1916–1930 [1930–1933]
 * Sir Lawrence Weaver 1910–1916
 * Christopher Hussey 1930–1933, 1940–1964 [1921–1930]
 * Arthur Oswald 1933–1940 [1928–1933, 1940–1969]
 * Mark Girouard 1964–1967 [c. 1958–1964]
 * John Cornforth 1967–1977 [c. 1960–1967, 1977]
 * Marcus Binney 1977–1984 [1968–1977]
 * Clive Aslet 1984–1989 [1977–1984]
 * Giles Worsley 1989–1994 [1985–1988]
 * Michael Hall 1994–1998 [1989–1994]
 * Jeremy Musson 1998–2007 [1995–1998]
 * John Goodall 2007–present

Gardens editors:
 * E.T. Cook [early 20th century]
 * Tony Venison
 * Tim Richardson 1995–1999
 * Kathryn Bradley-Hole 2000–2018
 * Tiffany Daneff 2018—

(earlier versions cited Fred Whitsey as a gardens editor, but he was a distinguished contributor only, being in fact the Editor of sister publication Popular Gardening)

Notable contributors

 * Christopher Lloyd (gardening)
 * Bernard Darwin (grandson of Charles) (golf 1907–1961)
 * Alethea Hayter (fashion editor 1933–38)
 * Claude Scudamore Jarvis ("A Countryman's Notes", 1939–53)
 * Gertrude Jekyll (gardening)
 * Lucinda Lambton (architecture)
 * John Martin Robinson (architecture)
 * Gavin Stamp (architecture)
 * Alistair John Rowan (architecture, before 1967)
 * Tim Yeo (politics)
 * Christina Broom (photographer)
 * Alice Hughes (photographer, cover portraits, 1898-1909)
 * Emile Frechon (photographer, French rural life, Algéria, 1902-1915)

Staff architectural photographers:
 * Charles Latham c1897–c1909
 * Frederick Evans (1853–1945) pre1906-?
 * Alfred E. Henson (1885–1972) 1917–57
 * Alex Starkey 1953–87 (last staff photographer )

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Country Life (magazine)


text:
Talk:Executive Outcomes

Founder
The introductory text hosted on the .mil site contradicts this article's claim that Simon Mann founded EO: "When researching EO, it must be understood that Eeben Barlow, its founder...." It also makes it clear that the company was founded in 1989, not 1993 as the Wikipedia article wrongly states.

It's also worth nothing that the Army page's links are woefully outdated and many, if not most, of the links are dead.

The content seems to concentrate more on Mann than EO, which are distinct entities. From my reading on EO, I can't find evidence that Mann was the sole owner of EO.

What exactly constitutes "making a fortune"? This and other content sounds editorialized, as if the author intends to portray Mann as a nefarious war profiteer. While that may be the case, it should be made clear, rather than hiding under innuendo.

The CNN article (Aug 28, 2004) quoted in the article is a dead link. I tried searching CNN's site, but couldn't find this article. The other article that dealt with the EO scandal published on that date was http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/africa/08/28/equatorial.thatcher/index.html

I could not find the direct quote on CNN's site. Maybe the link should be changed or updated?

EO was prominently featured in: History Channel "Soldiers for Hire" documentary I took some of the information from that source.

I corrected, rewrote, and updated much of this article because of these issues.

--SamClayton 07:35, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Sounds like a typical wiki argument. Eben Barlow has a book and an excellent blog specifically to correct much of the misinformation generated about EO. The truth and the facts are much less exciting than the speculation. Often the story the media tells has little to do with the actual events and company in question.

- EO was a South African company created to provide skills and training from ex military to private sector. There is nothing unusual or illegal at the time. There is some good information on this page about the early growth and structure. - EO contacted by Simon Mann and Tony Buckingham to liberate his oil gear in the port of Soyo. After some members were killed EO hit the world's media radar. - They were then hired to train the Angolan forces and provided a more robust role in combat. They made a lot of money very quickly and invested in in many strange ventures. None panned out as well as the original idea of providing ex soldiers to train and fight in bush wars. - The funds from that venture pushed EO into a more visible and commercial position. Simon Mann and Tony Buckingham can be viewed as clients and EO as the contractors for that venture. There were some attempts to legitimize the provision of military services using a front man (Tim Spicer) and South Africans to do the heavy lifting - There were attempts to create other "EO"'s some real, some fake, some overtly criminal. Just having South Africans on the payroll (like Tim Spicer and Aegis in Iraq or Simon Mann and his coup attempt) doesn't mean you are EO - EO worked in Angola, Sierra Leone, East Timor and with Sandline in Sierra Leone and Papua New Guinea - EO as a business was shut down due to pending anti-mercenary legislation which has never really been enforced - Simon Mann, Tim Spicer, Tony Buckingham and the rest of the non South Africans tried to create a legitimate umbrella or shell company for EO but failed magnificently in Sierra Leone and Bougainville. Sandline is dead and its offshoots are dead. - The coup attempt in EG involved some former EO and Sandline folks but Logo Logistics was Simon Mann's corporate entity (created after his and Tim Spicer's split with Sandline) You can read all about EO, Sandline, Logo Logistics etc and the modern versions in my book) Thatcher, Calil and Wales had nothing to do with EO but many of the same people have worked in many iterations of security firms who hired South Africans from the apartheid era (black and white) - Many of the same people who worked for EO currently work in Iraq and Afghanistan for private security firms. - There are plenty of excellent books that could be referenced to provide dates, names and facts - Opinions and conspiracy theories about EO are usually a waste of time since an "encyclopedia" should provide facts, the media can make up the rest :))

- RYP —Preceding unsigned comment added by RYP (talk • contribs) 22:48, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

 * There is no real conflict between the founding date of 1989 and the date when the company was registered in the UK in 1993 as a limited (LTD) concern. There is an intrinsic difference between founding a company and then officially registering it. There are no real complications with that at all and they are not contradictory. 5.56.31.175 (talk) 13:20, 16 July 2015 (UTC)

Minotaur Information Systems
I'm surprised there's no mention of the merger between EO and Minotaur Information Systems in 2000 according to the South African newspaper, the Dispatch. I'm sure it's the same EO PMC, since it mentions government and parastatal training and recruitment. The merged companies formed a new company called Cosmos.--YoungFreud 19:24, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * → This merger forming a company called Cosmos has nothing to do with Executive Outcomes the Private_military_contractor, but a small recruitment agency in the private sector, which latched onto the name Executive Outcomes to capatilise on the meme of the time. This has nothing to do with the EO of this article and the reference ought to be removed. There is no factual evidence to support the conjecture that this is the same company. Satur9 13:58, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Phoenix
→→ Also there are no citations for the statement beginning with "Other reports" under the phoenix heading, I am removing the entire section as it is pure conjecture and has no factual basis, unless someone can provide hard evidence of these "reports". Satur9 14:09, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The Northbridge Services bit is referenced under external links, so should stay.Phase4 22:20, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Which external links in particular? Just pointing us to "external links" is not exactly all that useful... —  Imp i  22:58, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Publications
A very good book for this is Bloodsong, by James Hooper which goes alot into the their operation in Angola. I'll try to find my copy and get more info abou this. Philbentley 04:18, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Operations in East Timor
Does anyone's knows if EO has been operating in East Timor for sure? given to the political sensitivities of its bigger neighboors like Australia, im doubtful if they were ever present there(EO attempt to help PNG in bougainville crisis,ended in failure due to objections by Australia). If so, can anyone indicate what role that EO participated on?

Koevoet, Thatcher and the Zim issue
Phase4, I must admit to being rather surprised that you reverted my edits. Is it really in question that Koevoet was not a SADF unit, that Thatcher had no known links to Executive Outcomes and that EO was long-defunct by the time of the 2005 Zim/Equatorial Guinea incident? Let's go through the changes I made:
 * Clarified that Koevoet was not part of the SADF, that 32 Battalion was not "Barlow's" (plus the Recon Wing was actually pretty small, many of EO's personnel came from the main unit) and that neither units were technically 'special forces'. The only actual special forces units in the SADF were the Reconnaissance Regiments. Care to explain why this is so objectionable that it requires an outright revert?
 * Removed mention of Mark Thatcher. Again, this is hardly contentious since there's absolutely no known links between Thatcher and EO. At best, he was involved in a plot with a single guy who was once part of EO (in a rather nebulous capacity), long after the company became defunct. He doesn't belong in this article, in fact we should probably remove the external link referring to him as well.
 * Removed mention of the Zimbabwe/Eq. Guinea plot. EO ceased operations in 1998, long before the events in Zimbabwe were likely even under consideration. Even if it did morph into Northbridge Services Group (which is rather unlikely), the latter company has never even been implicated in the Zim incident, let alone conclusively linked to it. At most, the only link EO has with the Zim incident is that a single guy who used to be involved with the firm was captured in Zim. Fact is, details about Mann's own life *after* leaving EO belong solely in the article about him and the coup plot, not in the EO article. — Impi 20:30, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The thing is, Impi, the article correctly says that EO was formed out of a number of units, including disbanded Koevoet, former SADF special forces and other elite troops. Why are you making a fuss about this rather obvious fact?

 * You admit that Simon Mann was inextricably linked to EO, and to the Equatorial Guinea attempted coup. Thatcher was not just involved but convicted in relation to the same failed coup attempt. You seem to be trying to airbrush out a number of inconvenient truths, and you might wish to take time to reconsider before making any further deletions from the EO article.Phase4 21:30, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Surely you jest. What the article actually says is: "...SADF special forces from Barlow's elite 32 Battalion Reconnaissance Wing and Koevoet, were disbanded" which clearly implies that both 32 Battalion and Koevoet were SADF special forces. My edit, though imperfect (some EO personnel also came from the Recce regiments and the CCB), was nonetheless far more accurate than the one you reverted in favour of. The correct response from you should've been to improve my edit, not revert back to a far worse one.

 * And frankly, I couldn't give two hoots about Mann and Thatcher's shenanigans in Zim. Your attempts to imply an agenda on my behalf through the selective parsing of my words are pointless and misguided. All I'm really interested in here is whether or not Thatcher had any link to EO (he did not) and whether Mann's post-EO activities have any place in this article. Again, they do not. This article is about Executive Outcomes, a mercenary corporation that existed from 1989 to 1999. It's not about Mann (except in his capacity until 1999 as an EO employee), it's not about Thatcher and it's not about the Zimbabwe/Eq. Guinea plot. We already have articles dedicated to all three, which is where such non-EO information belongs. There is no airbrushing of inconvenient facts in my edits, despite your arbitrary accusation; there's only the cleaning up of unrelated information from an article. Now how about you provide me with some proper and reasonable reasons as to why my edits had to be reverted. — Impi 23:26, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Memory
As I recall they did a job stopping civil war with 300 men and then the UN came in with 5,000 men and were run off?? Anyone with details? Gerald anthropologist —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.247.186.104 (talk) 00:54, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

I remember seeing this on the History channel, I believe it was in Sierra Leone or Liberia, and they wiped out the rebel group who had recently captured one of the major cities, I think this led to them being disbanded, I'll see what I can find Vladiator 04:52, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Right here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War has mention of it Vladiator 04:55, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

FAA
I recently read this article and could not determine what the FAA is, even though it is mentioned twice. You can't just throw acronyms in without telling the reader what they are. Even if we understood every acronym used by mankind in every language, how are we supposed to know which FAA this refers to? Hopefully you aren't talking about the FAA that oversees airline passengers here in the states, amazing that EO trained them too!

Spelling errors, unprofessional descriptive adjectives ('including weapons purchased from lucrative sources' - What the hell is a lucrative source!?). This may be the worst wikipedia article written.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.162.24.8 (talk) 00:42, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

Singirok forced Chan to do what?

 * The Commander of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force, Jerry Singirok - who had not been consulted - ordered the detaining of all the mercenaries on their arrival, and forced the Prime Minister Sir Julius Chan with Papua New Guinea coming close to a military coup.[1]

Apart from the link being dead, there's the mystery over what Singirok forced Chan to do. Round up the Mercenaries? Cancel the contract? Kiss on a first date? MartinSFSA (talk) 17:00, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

Neutrality
The introductory material (before the list of contents) clearly suffers from political bias. Indicators of bias: I would delete the second and third paragraphs entirely, or at least move them into their own section and edit them heavily to remove the bias. Anseljh (talk) 06:06, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
 * more than half of the introduction focuses on controversies and opinions
 * tone and language
 * irrelevant discussion of "IMF and World Bank reforms"

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title: Talk:Executive Outcomes


text:
Dermatomyositis

Dermatomyositis (DM) is a long-term inflammatory disorder which affects the skin and the muscles. Its symptoms are generally a skin rash and worsening muscle weakness over time. These may occur suddenly or develop over months. Other symptoms may include weight loss, fever, lung inflammation, or light sensitivity. Complications may include calcium deposits in muscles or skin.

The cause is unknown. Theories include that it is an autoimmune disease or a result of a viral infection. Dermatomyositis may develop as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with several forms of malignancy. It is a type of inflammatory myopathy. Diagnosis is typically based on some combination of symptoms, blood tests, electromyography, and muscle biopsies.

Eighty percent of adults with adult-onset dermatomyositis have a myositis-specific antibody (MSA).

Sixty percent of children with juvenile dermatomyositis have a myositis-specific antibody (MSA).

Although no cure for the condition is known, treatments generally improve symptoms. Treatments may include medication, physical therapy, exercise, heat therapy, orthotics, and assistive devices, and rest. Medications in the corticosteroids family are typically used with other agents such as methotrexate or azathioprine recommended if steroids are not working well. Intravenous immunoglobulin may also improve outcomes. Most people improve with treatment and in some, the condition resolves completely.

About one per 100,000 people per year are newly affected. The condition usually occurs in those in their 40s and 50s with women being affected more often than men. People of any age, however, may be affected. The condition was first described in the 1800s.

Signs and symptoms
The main symptoms include several kinds of skin rash along with muscle weakness in both upper arms or thighs.

Skin
One form the rashes take is called "heliotrope" (a purplish color) or lilac, but may also be red. It can occur around the eyes along with swelling, but also occurs on the upper chest or back what is called the "shawl" (around the neck) or "V-sign" above the breasts and may also occur on the face, upper arms, thighs, or hands. Another form the rash takes is called Gottron's sign, which is red or violet, sometimes scaly, slightly raised papules that erupt on any of the finger joints (the metacarpophalangeal joints or the interphalangeal joints). Gottron's papules may also be found over other bony prominences including the elbows, knees, or feet. All these rashes are made worse by exposure to sunlight, and are often very itchy, painful, and may bleed.

If a person exhibits only skin findings characteristic of DM, without weakness or abnormal muscle enzymes, then he or she may be experiencing amyopathic dermatomyositis (ADM), formerly known as "dermatomyositis sine myositis".

Muscles
People with DM experience progressively worsening muscle weakness in the proximal muscles (for example, the shoulders and thighs). Tasks that use these muscles: standing from sitting, lifting, and climbing stairs, can become increasingly difficult for people with dermatomyositis.

Other
Around 30% of people have swollen, painful joints, but this is generally mild.

In some people, the condition affects the lungs, and they may have a cough or difficulty breathing. If the disease affects the heart, arrhythmias may occur. If it affects the blood vessels in the stomach or intestines, which is more common in juvenile DM, the people might vomit blood, have black tarry bowel movements, or may develop a hole somewhere in their GI tract.

There are further complications possible with dermatomyositis. These complications include difficulty swallowing due to the muscles in the esophagus being affected which can result in malnutrition and can cause the breathing of food or liquids, into the lungs.

Causes
The cause is unknown, but it may result from an initial viral infection or cancer, either of which could raise an autoimmune response.

Between 7 and 30% of dermatomyositis cases arise from cancer, probably as an autoimmune response. The most commonly associated cancers are ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer. Between 18 and 25 per cent of people with amyopathic DM also have cancer. Malignancy in association with dermatomyositis is more prevalent after age 60.

Some cases are inherited, and HLA subtypes HLA-DR3, HLA-DR52, and HLA-DR6 seem to create a disposition to autoimmune dermatomyositis.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of dermatomyositis is based on five criteria, which are also used to differentially diagnose with respect to polymyositis:

 * 1) Muscle weakness in both thighs or both upper arms
 * 2) Using a blood test, finding higher levels of enzymes found in skeletal muscle, including creatine kinase, aldolase, and glutamate oxaloacetate, pyruvate transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase
 * 3) Using electromyography (testing of electric signalling in muscles), finding all three of: erratic, repetitive, high-frequency signals; short, low-energy signals between skeletal muscles and motor neurons that have multiple phases; and sharp activity when a needle is inserted into the muscle
 * 4) Examining a muscle biopsy under a microscope and finding mononuclear white blood cells between the muscle cells, and finding abnormal muscle cell degeneration and regeneration, dying muscle cells, and muscle cells being consumed by other cells (phagocytosis)
 * 5) Rashes typical of dermatomyositis, which include heliotrope rash, Gottron sign, and Gottron papules

The fifth criterion is what differentiates dermatomyositis from polymyositis; the diagnosis is considered definite for dermatomyositis if three of items 1 through 4 are present in addition to 5, probable with any two in addition to 5, and possible if just one is present in addition to 5.

Dermatomyositis is associated with autoantibodies, especially antinuclear antibodies (ANA). Around 80% of people with DM test positive for ANA and around 30% of people have myositis-specific autoantibodies which include antibodies to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (anti-synthetase antibodies), including antibodies against histidine—tRNA ligase (Anti-Jo1); antibodies to signal recognition particle (SRP); and anti-Mi-2 antibodies.

Magnetic resonance imaging may be useful to guide muscle biopsy and to investigate involvement of internal organs; X-ray may be used to investigate joint involvement and calcifications.

A given case of dermatomyositis may be classified as amyopathic dermatomyositis if only skin is affected and no muscle weakness for longer than 6 months is seen according to one 2016 review, or two years according to another.

Classification
Dermatomyositis is a form of systemic connective tissue disorder, a class of diseases that often involves autoimmune dysfunction.

It has also been classified as an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, along with polymyositis, necrotizing autoimmune myositis, cancer-associated myositis, and sporadic inclusion body myositis.

A form of this disorder that occurs prior to adulthood is known as juvenile dermatomyositis.

Treatment
No cure for dermatomyositis is known, but the symptoms can be treated. Options include medication, physical therapy, exercise, heat therapy (including microwave and ultrasound), orthotics and assistive devices, and rest. The standard treatment for dermatomyositis is a corticosteroid drug, given either in pill form or intravenously. Immunosuppressant drugs, such as azathioprine and methotrexate, may reduce inflammation in people who do not respond well to prednisone. Periodic treatment using intravenous immunoglobulin can also improve recovery. Other immunosuppressive agents used to treat the inflammation associated with dermatomyositis include cyclosporine A, cyclophosphamide, and tacrolimus.

Physical therapy is usually recommended to prevent muscle atrophy and to regain muscle strength and range of motion. Many individuals with dermatomyositis may need a topical ointment, such as topical corticosteroids, for their skin disorder. They should wear high-protection sunscreen and protective clothing. Surgery may be required to remove calcium deposits that cause nerve pain and recurrent infections.

Antimalarial medications, especially hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, are used to treat the rashes, as is done for similar conditions.

Rituximab is used when people do not respond to other treatments.

As of 2016, treatments for amyopathic dermatomyositis in adults did not have a strong evidence base; published treatments included antimalarial medications, steroids, taken or orally or applied to the skin, calcineurin inhibitors applied to the skin, dapsone, intravenous immunoglobulin, methotrexate, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil. None appears to be very effective; among them, intravenous immunoglobulin has had the best outcomes.

Prognosis
Before the advent of modern treatments such as prednisone, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis, chemotherapies, and other drugs, the prognosis was poor.

The cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositis may or may not improve with therapy in parallel with the improvement of the myositis. In some people, the weakness and rash resolve together. In others, the two are not linked, with one or the other being more challenging to control. Often, cutaneous disease persists after adequate control of the muscle disease.

The risk of death from the condition is much higher if the heart or lungs are affected.

Epidemiology
Incidence of DM peaks at ages 40–50, but the disease can affect people of all ages. It tends to affect more women than men. The prevalence of DM ranges from one to 22 per 100,000 people.

History
The diagnostic criteria were proposed in 1975 and became widely adopted. Amyopathic DM, also called DM sine myositis, was named in 2002.

People who were affected with dermatomyositis

 * Opera singer Maria Callas (1923–1977) allegedly had dermatomyositis from 1975 until her death.
 * Actor Laurence Olivier (1907–1989) had dermatomyositis from 1974 until his death.
 * American football running back Ricky Bell (1955–1984), the runner-up for the Heisman Trophy in 1976, and the number-one pick in the NFL draft in 1977, died at the age of 29 from heart failure caused by this disease.
 * Rob Buckman (1948–2011) a doctor, comedian, author, and the president of the Humanist Association of Canada.
 * Samantha, Indian actress diagnosed in 2022
 * Suhani Bhatnagar (2005–2024), Indian actress

Research
As of 2016, research was ongoing into causes for DM, as well as biomarkers; clinical trials were ongoing for use of the following drugs in DM: ajulemic acid (Phase II), adrenocorticotropic hormone gel (Phase IV, open label), IMO-8400, an antagonist of Toll-like receptor 7,8 and 9 (Ph II), abatacept (Phase IV, open label), and sodium thiosulfate (Phase II).

title: Dermatomyositis


text:
Country Life

Country Life may refer to:

 * Rural lifestyle

Literature

 * Country Life (books), publications compiled from the articles and photographic archives of Country Life magazine
 * Country Life (magazine), a British weekly magazine
 * Country Life in America, later renamed Country Life, an American magazine
 * The Country Life, a 1997 novel by Rachel Cusk
 * Country Life, a 1978 poetry collection by Peter Ackroyd

Music

 * Country Life (Roxy Music album), 1974
 * Country Life (Show of Hands album), 2003

Other uses

 * Country Life (film), a 1994 Australian film
 * Country Life, a UK brand of butter and milk owned by Saputo Dairy UK
 * Country life movement, a 20th-century American social movement

title: Country Life


text: User talk:68.0.141.1

title: User talk:68.0.141.1


text: User:Sauðkindin~enwiki

title: User:Sauðkindin~enwiki


text:
Monpa people

The Monpa is a major tribe of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India. The Tawang Monpas have a migration history from Changrelung. The Monpa are believed to be the only nomadic tribe in Northeast India – they are totally dependent on animals like sheep, cow, yak, goats and horses.

Name
Tibetan Buddhists texts present "Monyul" (literally, "low land") as the territory immediately to the south of Tibet below the Himalayan crest line. Its borders were imprecise, but roughly stretched from eastern Bhutan and western Sikkim to the Tawang area. "Monpa" were the people of Mon and they were distinguished from "Lopa" (also spelt "Lhopa"), who were the wild and intractable tribes of the Assam Himalayan region. In practice, Monpa were people amenable to the proselytising efforts of the Buddhist monks, whereas Lopa were those inimical to them.

In course of time, the various people of the historical "Monyul" came to be called by other names, such as Lepcha for the tribes of Sikkim and Drukpa for the people of Bhutan, but the people of Tawang continued to own the name "Monpa".

Distribution
Most Monpas live in the Indian administered region of South Tibet/Arunachal Pradesh, with a population of around 60,000, centred in the districts of Tawang and West Kameng. About 20,000 live in the Tawang district, where they constitute about 97% of the district's population, and almost all of the remainder can be found in West Kameng district, where they form about 77% of the district's population. A small number live in East Kameng district.

Around 9,000 Monpas live in Tibet, in Tsona County, Pêlung in Bayi District, and Mêdog County. These places fall completely outside of the Tibetan plateau and south of the Himalayan crest, and as a result have very low altitude, especially Mêdog County, which has a tropical climate unlike the rest of Tibet.

The Monpa are sub-divided into six sub-groups because of variations in their language. They are namely:
 * Tawang Monpa
 * Dirang Monpa
 * Lish Monpa
 * Bhut Monpa
 * Kalaktang Monpa
 * Panchen Monpa

History
A state of Lhomon or Monyul is believed to have existed from 500 B.C to 600 A.D. centered in the present day Bhutan. In the 11th century, the Northern Monpas in Tawang came under the influence of the Tibetan Buddhism of the Nyingma and Kagyu denominations. At this time the Monpa adopted the Tibetan alphabet for their language mainly for religious purposes. Drukpa missionaries came to the region in the 13th century, and missionaries of the Gelug school came in the 17th century. The Gelug school is the sect to which most Monpas belong today. The Monpa were never regarded as Tibetan, even though they adopted the Tibetan language and script. They were regarded as an "inferior race" to whom the civilising influence of Buddhism had to be brought from Tibet.

Around the 14th century, Monyul came under increasing Tibetan political and cultural influence, which was apparent in the years when Tsangyang Gyatso, an ethnic Monpa, became the 6th Dalai Lama. However, Monyul, also known as the Tawang Tract, remained a remote area and sparsely populated until the middle of the 20th century.

Monyul remained an autonomous entity, with local monks based in Tawang holding great political power within the kingdom, and direct rule over the area from Lhasa was established only in the 17th century. From this time until the early 20th century, Monyul was ruled by authorities in Lhasa. One of the first British-Indian travellers into Monyul, Nain Singh Rawat, who visited the area from 1875 to 1876, noted that the Monpa were a conservative people who shunned contact with the outside world and made efforts to monopolise trade with Tibet. In 1914, as part of the negotiations for the Simla Convention, Britain and Tibet negotiated their mutual border roughly along the crest of the Himalayas, which came to be called the McMahon Line. The line divided the land in which the Monpas inhabited, and became a source of contention in subsequent years because of ambiguities in the specific location of the McMahon Line.

Languages
The languages spoken by the Monpa people are often referred to as the "Monpa languages". This is not a genealogical term, and several quite different languages are subsumed under it. "Monpa languages" include Kho-Bwa, East Bodish, and Tshangla languages. According to Blench (2014), five groups may be distinguished:
 * The Sherdukpen, Lish, and Sartang languages show no obvious relationship to other languages of the region and they comprise a small language isolate cluster. These three languages are related to Bugun, and form a "Kho-Bwa" group together with it.
 * The Tawang language is an East Bodish language, and is a variety of Dakpa.
 * The languages of the Zemithang, Mago and Thingbu villages are additional East Bodish varieties that are not mutually intelligible with Tawang.
 * The Tshangla language within Bodish comprises closely related dialects spoken in the villages of Nyukmadung and Lubrang and the Brokpa language spoken by nomads. Other languages include Dirang (also known as "Central Monpa"), Murshing and Kalaktang (also known as "Southern Monpa").

Culture
The Monpa are known for wood carving, painting, carpet making and weaving. They manufacture paper from the pulp of the local sukso tree. A printing press can be found in the Tawang Monastery, where many religious texts are printed on local paper and wooden blocks, usually meant for literate Monpa Lamas. They are also known for their wooden bowls and bamboo weaving.

All animals except men and tigers are allowed to be hunted. According to tradition, only one individual is allowed to hunt the tiger on an auspicious day, upon the initiation period of the shamans, which can be likened to a trial of passage. After the tiger is killed, the jawbone, along with all its teeth, is used as a magic weapon. It is believed that its power will enable tigers to evoke the power of the guiding spirit of the ancestral tiger, who will accompany and protect the boy along his way.

Religion
The Monpa are generally adherents of the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism, which they adopted in the 17th century as a result of the influence of the Bhutanese-educated Merag Lama. The testimony to this impact was the central role of the Tawang Monastery in the daily lives of the Monpa folk. In Zemithang the Monpa are adherents of the Nyingmapa strand of Mahayana/Tantrayana-tradition.

Festivals
Principal Monpa festivals include the Choskar harvest festival, Losar, and Torgya. During Losar, people generally offer prayers at the Tawang Monastery to pray for the coming of the Tibetan New Year. Pantomime dances are the principal feature of the Ajilamu festival.

Buddhist lamas read religious scriptures in the gompas for a few days during Choskar. Thereafter, the villagers walk around the cultivated fields with sutras on their back. The significance of this festival is to pray for better cultivation and the prosperity of the villagers, and protect the grains from insects and wild animals.

Society
The traditional society of the Monpa was administered by a council of six ministers locally known as Trukdri. The members of this council are known as Kenpo, literally the “Abbot”. The Lamas also hold honored positions, two monks known as Nyetsangs, and two other Dzongpen.

The man is the head of the family and he is the one who makes all decisions. In his absence, his wife takes over all responsibilities. When a child is born, they have no strict preference for a boy or a girl.

Lifestyle and dress
The traditional dress of the Monpa is based on the Tibetan chuba. Both men and women wear headwear made of yak hair, with long tassels. The women tend to wear a warm jacket and a sleeveless chemise that reaches down to the calves, tying the chemise round the waist with a long and narrow piece of cloth. Ornaments are made of silver, corals and turquoise. Sometimes a person wears a cap with a single peacock feather in a felt hats.

Due to the temperate climate of the eastern Himalayas, the Monpa, like most of the other ethnic groups in the region, construct their houses of stone and wood with plank floors, often accompanied with beautifully carved doors and window frames. The roof is made with bamboo matting, keeping their house warm during the winter season. Sitting platforms and hearths in the living rooms are also found in their houses.

The extreme climatic conditions have an influence on the Monpas food habits and sedentary lifestyle. They intake substantial amount of cheese, salt, and meat with alcohol to cope with extreme cold. The butter tea and locally made distilled liquor from maize, millet, barley, buckwheat or rice, etc. known as Chang, Baang-Chang, Sin-Chang. However, the gradual influx of tourists from other parts of India and with the influence of the western culture among educated younger generation there is a radical changes in the youth's diet habits. The commercially processed store-bought foods and fast foods like chips, burgers and samosa, and drinks like cappuccino coffees, and commercial alcohols, are widely prevalent today.

Economy
The Monpa practice shifting and permanent types of cultivation. Cattle, yaks, cows, pigs, sheep and fowl are kept as domestic animals.

To prevent soil erosion from planting crops on hilly slopes, the Monpa have terraced many slopes. Cash crops such as paddy, maize, wheat, barley, millet, buckwheat, peppers, pumpkin and beans are planted.

Notable Monpas

 * Ngawang Tashi Bapu, popularly known as "Lama Tashi", Grammy Award nominee in the Traditional World Music category, 2006.
 * Tsangyang Gyatso, 6th Dalai Lama
 * Dorjee Khandu, former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh
 * Pema Khandu, son of Dorjee Khandu and the current Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh

title: Monpa people


text:
Sylvan Lake

Sylvan Lake may refer to:

Communities

 * Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada
 * Sylvan Lake, Michigan, United States
 * Sylvan Lake, New York, United States

Lakes

 * Sylvan Lake (Alberta), Canada
 * Sylvan Lake (Colorado), United States
 * Sylvan Lake (Florida), United States
 * Sylvan Lake (Indiana), United States
 * Sylvan Lake (Cass County, Minnesota), United States
 * Sylvan Lake (Grant County, Minnesota), United States
 * Sylvan Lake (New Jersey), United States
 * Sylvan Lake (Montana), Sanders County, Montana, United States
 * Sylvan Lake (New York), United States
 * Sylvan Lake (South Dakota), United States
 * Lake Sylvan (New Zealand), near Paradise

title: Sylvan Lake


text:
Talk:Machine learning

Sidebar image should be changed
The current sidebar image is just a 2d illustration of a neural network that has had a projective transformation applied to it to make it look 3d. It is not very informative and the transformation just obscures the clarity of the image. Instead, it should just be the original image, or a different image which is more informative. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eltyvo (talk • contribs) 11:39, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

neuromorphic computing
someone should really include neuromorphic a discusion on memristors and thair connection to neural networks would also be nice

Wrong date
The date when Arthur Samuel wrote the first program is 1952 as wikipedia and many other online websites say, however this article says 1959, which should be corrected.

Dimensionality Reduction
It's not clear to me if this is another approach - it is not referenced in the list of three broad category areas at the top of the section and its relationship to the other areas isn't obvious. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.36.189.210 (talk) 23:19, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you Yahyaelmatrwy (talk) 05:48, 17 September 2023 (UTC)

Training models

 * Should optimization algorithms (in general) be discussed on this Wikipedia page? If so, this is likely the best place to do so.

 * There is currently no mention of fully decentralized machine learning methods, such as CHOCO-SGD. This should definitely be fixed!

Machine learning is also present in modern day mining
Machine learning and deep learning have increasingly attracted interest over the last five years and we often see these terms applied in the context of mineral exploration, mine exploitation and geoscience studies.

I recommend adding mining as another Application to machine learning. In the mining industry, both recent start-up companies and well-established mining and service companies are implementing machine learning in all facets of their work. A structural geologist at the mining company I work at, SRK Consulting, wrote a published paper on this and presented it at the Geological Association of Canada in 2019.

Wiki Education assignment: Technology and Culture
— Assignment last updated by Thecanyon (talk) 05:33, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - FA23 - Sect 202 - Thu
— Assignment last updated by HELLOEXTRACREDIT (talk) 19:50, 3 November 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Linguistics in the Digital Age
— Assignment last updated by Markovya (talk) 18:52, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - SP24 - Sect 201 - Thu
— Assignment last updated by Xc1181 (talk) 20:52, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Machine learning


text:
Sherdukpen people

The Sherdukpen are an ethnic group of Arunachal Pradesh state of India. Their population of 9,663 is centered in West Kameng district in the villages of Rupa, Jigaon, Thongri, Shergaon, to the south of Bomdila. All of these are at elevations between 5000 and 6000 feet above sea level. Of late, some of them have settled in Kameng bari areas, a new settlement area under Bhalukpong circle.

Society
Sherdukpen society is divided into two classes: The Thong and Chao,The thong ( Higher caster) consist of Thongchi,Thongdok and Thongon. the former of which–the higher caste–are divided into eight clans. Marriage between inter-castes are considered taboo within the tribal society and are strongly discouraged. Local legend mentioned that the upper caste are the descendants of a Tibetan king (a grandson of Songtsän Gampo) and Ahom princess, of which they bore two sons. The Chao are the descendants of the king's porters and servants. The Sherdukpens migrate to Doimara (a lowland hamlet close to the Assamese border) and stayed between December and March on an annual basis during the winter months, a tradition with which the tribe maintain the memory of their Assamese ancestry. In Doimara, the Sherdukpens mingled with the nearby Assamese natives and traded for rice.

The Sherdukpen generally practice monogamy and trace their descent patrilineally. Their houses are built on strong stone foundations with their wall and floor made from thick wooden planks.

Language
The Sherdukpen speak their own language, Sherdukpen, which isn't directly related with the neighboring Bugun and Monpa language. It is possibly of Tibeto-Burman derivation.

Dress
The Sherdukpen men wear a sleeveless cloth, which is made out of silk, with the two ends of the cloth which pins onto the shoulders that reach down to the knees. Made from yak's hair with tassels jutting down over the face, the gurdam skull-cap is mainly worn by the men. It is decorated with a white cockade and colourful band around its brim. The warriors are often seen carrying their Tibetan sword, with the support of a waistband. A bogre, a cloth woven from natural fibres, is tied around the shoulders to form a fold at the back.

The women wear a collarless and sleeveless cloth to cover them from the shoulders to the knees. A full-sleeved embroidered jacket and waist cloth, known as mushaiks, is worn over the cloak. The ladies tie their hair tied into a bun at the back, although most grown-up girls do not tie their tresses into a knot. Weaving is considered a feminine art, and most women are able to weave different kinds of clothing in a highly artistic manner.

Religion
The Sherdukpen adopted the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism as with their northern neighbours, the Monpa who were also subjected to the evangelical influence of Mera Lama. However, contrary to the Monpas, Sherdukpens are more inclined to their pre-Buddhist Animistic traditions, which is shown by the relative absence of any Buddhist Lamas within their tribe.

Lamas from the Monpa and refugee Tibetan communities were invited to conduct Buddhist communal rituals whenever necessary. The profound Animist influence is attributed to the prevalence of their traditional Shamans with which they also employ for certain religious activities, known as "Jiji" in the local tongue. Rituals pertaining to indigenous spirits, human sacrifice and blood are prevalent within Sherdukpen mythology and legends, which is characteristically absent in Tibetan Buddhism.

title: Sherdukpen people


text:
Pahang honours list

Pahang is one of the states in Malaysia that awards honours and titles.

2003
all of which carry the title Dato'.
 * 9 recipients of Sri Sultan Ahmad Shah Pahang (SSAP)
 * 16 recipients of Sri Indera Mahkota Pahang (SIMP)
 * 16 recipients of Darjah Sultan Ahmad Shah (DSAP)
 * 77 recipients of Darjah Indera Mahkota Pahang (DIMP)

2012
In 2012, 796 people received honors in Pahang.
 * Eleven people received the Sri Sultan Ahmad Shah Pahang (SSAP) award
 * Those receiving the SSAP included:
 * Dr. Mohd Irwan Serigar Abdullah, Treasury secretary-general
 * Abdul Rahim Mohamad Radzi, Home Ministry secretary-general

 * Eleven people received the Sri Indera Mahkota Pahang (SIMP) award
 * Twenty people received the Sultan Ahmad Shah Pahang (DSAP) award
 * Ninety-eight people received the Indera Mahkota Pahang (DIMP) award
 * 656 people received other awards

2013
In May 2013, the crown prince Abdullah Ahmad Shah, presented awards on behalf of his father at an investiture ceremony at the Abu Bakar Palace in Pekan. In December 2013, the crown prince Abdullah Ahmad Shah, presented additional awards on behalf of his father.

Sultan Ahmad Shah (SSAP) award
The SSAP medal, and the title Dato' Sri was awarded to: and six other people.
 * Hassan Malek, Minister of Domestic Trade, Cooperatives and Consumerism
 * Y.A.A. Tan Sri Dato' Sri Datin Paduka Zaleha Zahari, Federal Court Judge
 * Syed Ismail Syed Azizan. director of the Bukit Aman Police Headquarters Commercial Crime Investigation Department
 * Datuk Seri Adnan Md Ikhsan, Federal Territories Ministry secretary-general
 * Alias Ahmad, Immigration Department director-general
 * Dr Emel Faizal Mohd Mokhtar, managing director and chief executive of Yayasan Felda
 * Dr Goh Tian Chuan, Board of Directors executive chairman of Kumpulan Globaltec Formation

Other awards May 2013

 * Six people received the Darjah Sultan Ahmad Shah Pahang (DSAP) award
 * 120 people received the Darjah Indera Mahkota Pahang (DIMP) award
 * Twelve people received the Setia Ahmad Shah Pahang (SAP) award
 * Eleven people received the Setia Mahkota Pahang (SMP) award
 * Twelve people received one of the Ahli Ahmad Shah Pahang (AAP), Ahli Mahkota Pahang (AMP), Pingat Khidmat Cemerlang (PKC) and Pingat Kelakuan Terpuji (PKT) awards
 * Twenty-four people received the Pingat Jasa Kebaktian (PJK) award

Other awards December 2013

 * Eleven people received the Darjah Sultan Ahmad Shah Pahang (DSAP) award
 * 114 people received the Darjah Indera Mahkota Pahang (DIMP) award
 * Ten people received the Setia Ahmad Shah Pahang (SAP) award
 * Ten people received the Setia Mahkota Pahang (SMP) award
 * Eleven people received the Ahli Ahmad Shah Pahang (AAP) award
 * Eleven people received the Ahli Mahkota Pahang (AMP) award

2014
At an investiture ceremony at Abu Bakar Palace, crown prince Abdullah handed out 199 medals and other awards on behalf of his father, Sultan Ahmad Shah.

Dr. Noor Hisham Abdullah, Director-General of Health, was one of four recipients of the Sri Sultan Ahmad Shah (SSAP) award.

2015

 * Seven people received Darjah Sri Sultan Ahmad Shah Pahang (SSAP) award.
 * Nine people received the Darjah Sultan Ahmad Shah Pahang (DSAP) award
 * 53 people received the Darjah Indera Mahkota Pahang (DIMP) award
 * 11 people received the Setia Ahmad Shah Pahang (SAP) award
 * 13 people received the Setia Mahkota Pahang (SMP) award

2016

 * 4 people received Darjah Sri Sultan Ahmad Shah Pahang (SSAP) award.
 * 83 people received the Darjah Indera Mahkota Pahang (DIMP) award
 * 22 people received the Darjah Setia Ahmad Shah Pahang (SAP) award
 * 33 people received the Setia Mahkota Pahang (SMP) award
 * 18 people received the Darjah Ahli Ahmad Shah Pahang (AAP) award
 * 52 people received the Ahli Mahkota Pahang (AMP) award

title: Pahang honours list


text:
Mitsubishi 6A1 engine

The Mitsubishi 6A1 engine is a series of piston V6 engines from Mitsubishi Motors, found in their small and medium vehicles through the 1990s. They ranged from 1597 to 2498 cc in size, and came with a variety of induction methods and cylinder head designs and configurations.

Now out of production, the 1597 cc 6A10 is still the smallest modern production V6. The small displacement was offered so Japanese buyers could purchase a powerful engine, while reducing their annual road tax obligation.

6A10

 * Displacement — 1597 cc
 * Bore x Stroke — 73x63.6 mm

DOHC

 * Engine type — V type 6-cylinder DOHC 24-valve
 * Compression ratio — 10.0:1
 * Fuel system — ECI multi
 * Peak power — 103 kW at 7000 rpm
 * Peak torque — 147 Nm at 4500 rpm

Applications

 * 1992–1994 Mitsubishi Mirage
 * 1992–1998 Mitsubishi Lancer

6A11

 * Displacement — 1829 cc
 * Bore x Stroke — 75x69 mm

SOHC

 * Engine type — V type 6-cylinder SOHC 24-valve
 * Compression ratio — 9.5:1
 * Fuel system — ECI multi
 * Peak power — 99 kW at 6000 rpm
 * Peak torque — 167 Nm at 4500 rpm

Applications

 * 1992–96 Mitsubishi Galant/Eterna/Emeraude
 * 1995–98 Mitsubishi Mirage

6A12

 * Displacement — 1998 cc
 * Bore x Stroke' — 78.4x69 mm

DOHC

 * Engine type — V type 6-cylinder DOHC 24-valve
 * Compression ratio — 9.5:1, 10.0:1, 10.4:1
 * Fuel system — ECI multi
 * Peak power — 107 - 110 kW at 6000–6750
 * Peak torque — 179 - 181 Nm at 4000–4500

Applications

 * 1992-1996 Mitsubishi Galant/Eterna/Emeraude
 * 1992-1994 Mitsubishi Diamante
 * 1994-2000 Mitsubishi FTO
 * 1999-2010 Proton Perdana
 * 2005-2009 Proton Waja Chancellor

DOHC & sports ECU

 * Engine type — V type 6-cylinder DOHC 24-valve
 * Compression ratio — 10.0:1
 * Fuel system — ECI multi
 * Peak power (1994–1996) — 127 - 132 kW at 7000 rpm
 * Peak torque — 191 Nm at 4000 rpm

Applications

 * 1994–2000 Mitsubishi FTO
 * 1992–1996 Mitsubishi Galant/Eterna/Emeraude

MIVEC

 * Engine type — V type 6-cylinder DOHC 24-valve MIVEC
 * Compression ratio — 10.0:1
 * Fuel system — ECI multi
 * Peak power — 147 kW at 7500 rpm
 * Peak torque — 200 Nm at 6500 rpm

Applications

 * 1994–2000 Mitsubishi FTO
 * 1993–2002 Mitsubishi Galant

DOHC Twin Turbo

 * Engine Type — V Type 6-Cylinder QUADCAM 24-Valve
 * Compression Ratio — 8.5:1
 * Fuel System — ECI Multi
 * Injector Size — 275 cc
 * Peak Power — 158 - 177 kW at 6000 rpm
 * Peak Torque — 309 Nm at 4000 rpm
 * Turbocharger Model — Mitsubishi Heavy Industries TD025M-7G Eterna VR-4/ TD025L-7G Mitsubishi Galant Sports GT 1994

Applications

 * 1994 Mitsubishi Galant Sports GT VR-4 TD025L-7G
 * 1992–96 Mitsubishi Galant VR-4 — E84A
 * 1992–96 Mitsubishi Eterna XX-4/GT — E84A
 * 1994-1996 Mitsubishi Galant Sports GT (E50-E60-E70-E80)

Accelerations:
 * 0-80 km/h (sec):4.3
 * 0-100 km/h (sec):6.4
 * 0-160 km/h (sec):15.6
 * 0-200 km/h (sec):29
 * 0-300 km/h (sec):
 * 0-50 mph (sec):4.4
 * 0-60 mph (sec):6.1
 * 0-100 mph (sec):15.8
 * 0-150 mph (sec):
 * 0-200 mph (sec):

6A13

 * Displacement — 2498 cc
 * Bore x Stroke — 81x80.8 mm

SOHC

 * Engine type — V type 6-cylinder SOHC 24-valve
 * Compression ratio — 9.0, 9.5:1
 * Fuel system — ECI multi
 * Peak power — 120 - 129 kW at 5750 rpm
 * Peak torque — 223 - 230 Nm at 4500 rpm

Applications

 * 1996–2003 Mitsubishi Galant/Legnum
 * 2002–2005 Mitsubishi Diamante

Twin Turbo DOHC

 * Engine Type — V Type 6-Cylinder DOHC 24-Valve
 * Compression Ratio — 8.5:1
 * Fuel System — MPI Mitsubishi ECI Multi
 * Peak Power — 191 - 228 kW at 5500 rpm
 * Peak Torque — 343 - 367 Nm at 4000 rpm
 * Turbocharger Model — Mitsubishi TD03-7T
 * Injector Size — 390 cc

Applications

 * 1996–2003 Mitsubishi Galant/Legnum VR-4 — EC5A/EC5W

Accelerations:
 * 0-80 km/h (sec):3.7
 * 0-100 km/h (sec):5.3
 * 0-160 km/h (sec):13.3
 * 0-200 km/h (sec):23.2

title: Mitsubishi 6A1 engine


text:
Willie Applegarth

William Reuben Applegarth (11 May 1890 – 5 December 1958) was a British track and field athlete and winner of a gold medal in the 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

Biography
Born in Guisborough, then in the North Riding of Yorkshire, William Applegarth was one of the best European sprinters during World War I.

At the Stockholm Olympics, Applegarth was eliminated in the semifinals of the 100 m competition and won a bronze medal in the 200 m. As the anchoring leg in the British 4 × 100 m relay team, he won a gold medal, in spite of finishing second after the US in the semifinal. The United States was later disqualified for a fault in passing the baton; the same mistake was made in the final by the world record holder and main favourite German team.

Applegarth was a British AAA champion in 100 yd in 1913 and 1914 and in 220 yd from 1912 to 1914. Shortly after the Olympics, Applegarth repeated Donald Lippincott's world record in the 100 m of 10.6 and set a new world record of 21.2 in the 200 m in the 1914 AAA meeting. His 200 m record was not broken until 1928.

In November 1914, Applegarth turned professional and in 1922 emigrated to America, where he became the track and association football coach at Mercersburg Academy in Pennsylvania. He also played for Brooklyn in the American Soccer League. In 1925 he retired from sport and began working as a welder at the General Electric Company, where he stayed until 1955. He died aged 68, in the same year that his British 100 yd record of 9.8 s was finally broken.

title: Willie Applegarth


text:
Rifled muzzle loader

A rifled muzzle loader (RML) is a type of large artillery piece invented in the mid-19th century. In contrast to smooth bore cannon which preceded it, the rifling of the gun barrel allowed much greater accuracy and penetration as the spin induced to the shell gave it directional stability. Typical guns weighed 18 tonnes with 10-inch-diameter bores, and were installed in forts and ships.

This new gun and the rifled breech loader (RBL) generated a huge arms race in the late 19th century, with rapid advances in fortifications and ironclad warships.

Royal Navy experience
The largest rifled muzzle-loader carried on a warship was the 17.7-inch, 100-ton Elswick of the 1870s, four of which were installed in each of the Italian battleships Duilio and Enrico Dandolo (launched in 1872). The Royal Navy at the time was restricted to the weapons produced by Woolwich Arsenal, so that the heaviest guns that could be shipped were the 80-ton 16-inch guns of HMS Inflexible.

Introduction of the Armstrong rifled breechloaders (RBL) into the Royal Navy in 1860 was not very successful. The action of Kagosima on 14 August 1863 led to 28 accidents in 365 rounds fired. Following this experience, the Royal Navy reverted to the muzzle-loader until the early 1880s. Other navies, notably France, continued to develop and deploy RBLs, but they were hardly superior in rate of fire or muzzle energy to their British counterparts.

During this period rapid burning black powder was used as the propellant, so the guns had a stubby, 'soda bottle' shape giving easy access to either end for loading. The RBLs of the time were notably weaker in the breech region, and more prone to failure.

A catastrophic accident on board HMS Thunderer in January 1879, in which a 35-ton 12-inch muzzle-loader hung fire and was subsequently double-loaded, motivated the Admiralty to re-consider the RBL.

Improvements in breech mechanisms in the period 1860 to 1880, together with the introduction of large-grain powder, caused the Navy to re-adopt the RBL as the new powder required longer barrels which could not be withdrawn into the turret for loading. A new 12-inch gun was developed for HMS Edinburgh in 1879, but burst during trials. Following modifications the new weapon proved reliable.

title: Rifled muzzle loader


text:
Airdrie, Alberta

Airdrie is a city in Alberta, Canada, within the Calgary Region and the Calgary Metropolitan Area, It is located north of Calgary within the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor at the intersection of Queen Elizabeth II Highway (Highway 2) and Highway 567.

The City of Airdrie is part of the Calgary census metropolitan area and a member municipality of the Calgary Metropolitan Region Board (CMRB). The city is surrounded by Rocky View County.

Airdrie has a population of around 86,000 people, making it the 5th largest city in Alberta, after Calgary, Edmonton, Lethbridge, and Red Deer. the average age in was 35 years old.

History
Airdrie was first established as a railway siding in 1889 during the construction of the Calgary and Edmonton Railway, named for Airdrie, Scotland. Airdrie originated as a stopping point for steam trains next to Nose Creek. Only railway buildings existed until 1901 when the first farmhouse and barn was built, followed by a post office and store in that same year. The village of Airdrie was incorporated in 1909. The Nose Creek Valley Museum offers an overview of Airdrie's past and history.

Geography
The annexation of 12.640 acres of land by Airdrie from Rocky View County in 2012 is designed to accommodate anticipated growth until 2062. Airdrie's southern and Calgary's northern city boundaries are within a few kilometres of each other.

Neighbourhoods
Airdrie is divided into four civic addressing quadrants. As of the 2023, the City of Airdrie recognized the following neighbourhoods, not including rural and annexation land.

 * Airdrie Meadows
 * Bayside/Baysprings/Bayview
 * Big Springs
 * Buffalo Rub
 * Canals
 * Chinook Gate
 * Cobblestone Creek
 * Coopers Crossing
 * Davy Creek
 * Downtown
 * East Lake Industrial
 * Edgewater
 * Edmonton Trail
 * Fairways
 * Gateway Commercial
 * Highland
 * Hillcrest
 * Jensen
 * Key Ranch
 * King's Heights
 * Lanark
 * Luxstone
 * Meadowbrook
 * Midtown
 * Morningside
 * Old Town
 * Prairie Springs
 * Ravenswood
 * Reunion
 * Reynolds
 * Ridgegate
 * Sagewood
 * Sierra Springs Commercial
 * Silver Creek
 * South Pointe Commercial
 * Southwinds
 * Stonegate
 * Summerhill
 * Sun Ridge
 * The Village
 * Thorburn
 * Vantage Rise
 * Waterstone
 * Wildflower
 * Williamstown
 * Willow Brook
 * Windsong
 * Woodside
 * Yankee Valley Crossing
 * Yankee Valley Estates

Demographics
Source:

In the 2023 Municipal Census conducted by the City of Airdrie, the City had a population of 80,649. Between April 2019 and to the end of March 2023, 2,534 new homes were added in Airdrie, an increase of 9.67 per cent for a total of 28,744 dwellings.

The population grew 14% from the last municipal census in 2019. Due to Covid-19 there were no municipal censuses done between 2020 and 2022.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Airdrie had a population of 61,581 living in 21,661 of its 22,398 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2011 population of 43,271. With a land area of 84.57 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

Ethnicity
In 2021, 74.7% of residents were white/European, 20.4% were visible minorities and 4.9% were Indigenous.

Religion
46.8% of Airdrie residents were Christians, down from 62.1% in 2011. 18.4% were Catholic, 11.3% were Protestant, and 11.8% were Christian n.o.s. 5.3% were other Christian denominations or Christian-related traditions, including 1.3% Latter Day Saints believers. 45.9% were non-religious or secular, up from 35.5% in 2011. 7.2% of the population belonged to other religions, up from 2.3% in 2011. The largest non-Christian religions were Islam (3.0%), Sikhism (2.1%) and Hinduism (1.0%).

Arts and culture
Nose Creek Regional Park hosts the annual Airdrie Festival of Lights during the Christmas season, usually lasting for the whole month of December. Other annual festivals include the Canada Day Parade and the Airdrie Pro Rodeo. Airdrie's primary cultural venues include the Nose Creek Valley Museum and the Bert Church Live Theatre. Bert Church Live Theatre hosts the Annual Airdrie Mayor's Night of the Arts.

Attractions

 * Nose Creek Regional Park includes, within its natural prairie habitat area, the bronze sculpture Iethka Grandmother's Teachings created by Don and Shirley Begg of Bronze Studio West in Cochrane, Alberta. It was donated to the city in 2023 by a local family and depicts a Stoney grandmother in 1909 teaching three of her grandchildren about uses of the local wolf willow. Created as part of Airdrie's efforts for Truth and Reconciliation, it was spurred by the archaeological evidence in this park of several teepee and hearth rings.

 * The first monument in Alberta to Philippine National Hero, José Rizal, which was inaugurated in October 2021, is also located in this Park.
 * Battle of Gapyeong Victory, Korean War monument

 * Nose Creek Valley Museum
 * Bert Church Live Theatre
 * Iron Horse Park
 * Airdrie Festival of Lights
 * Airdrie Pro Rodeo
 * Airdrie Family Fall Fair

Sports
Airdrie is the home of several sporting franchises. Major teams include the Knights of Airdrie, a senior men's lacrosse team that plays in the Rocky Mountain Lacrosse League. As well they have a Jr. B level hockey Team, the Airdrie Thunder, that competes in the Heritage Junior B Hockey League, and Team Airdrie, a Jr. C level hockey team that competes in the Calgary Jr. C Hockey League. They are also home to the CFR Chemical Bisons, a AAA Midget hockey team, playing out of the AMHL (Alberta AAA Midget Hockey League).

Airdrie is home to two competitive swimming clubs, Airdrie Phoenix Swim Club (Airdrie based, https://www.gomotionapp.com/team/abapsc/page/home ) and Nose Creek Swim Association (Calgary based, https://www.teamunify.com/team/canncsa/page/home ) with many athletes reaching provincial championships, and national competitions as well. Both clubs operate in Genesis Place.

Airdrie is also the home of the Airdrie Irish a SR MENS Semi Pro Alberta Football League. The Irish were formed in 2015 and play all home games at Airdrie's Genesis Place in summer months.

There is also a number of competitive junior and amateur sports with the largest being soccer, that call Airdrie home. Airdrie District Soccer Association (ADSA) has over 2000 children between the ages of 3 and 18 registered to its ever-growing program (www.airdriesoccer.com). With Airdrie being one of the fastest-growing cities in Canada, it is also home to eight competitive adult soccer teams playing within the Calgary Soccer Associations competition.

Transportation
Airdrie is situated on the Queen Elizabeth II Highway (Highway 2), which links Calgary and Edmonton. Highway 567 provides access to Cochrane to the west and Irricana to the east.

Airdrie is served by the Airdrie Airport, with the closest major airport being the Calgary International Airport.

Airdrie launched the InterCity Express (ICE) in the fall of 2010, connecting Airdrie and Calgary transit hubs by a two-way express bus service. Local bus service is provided by Airdrie Transit.

Education
Rocky View Schools provides public education in Airdrie, and operates 18 schools in the city:
 * A.E. Bowers Elementary School
 * Bert Church High School
 * C.W. Perry School
 * Cooper's Crossing School
 * Ecole Airdrie Middle School
 * Ecole Edwards Elementary School
 * George McDougall High School
 * Heloise Lorimer School
 * Heron's Crossing School
 * Meadowbrook School
 * Muriel Clayton Middle School
 * Northcott Prairie School
 * Nose Creek School
 * R.J. Hawkey Elementary School
 * Ralph McCall School
 * RVS Community Learning Centre
 * W.H. Croxford High School
 * Windsong Heights School

Calgary Catholic School District operates four schools in Airdrie:
 * St. Martin de Porres High School (8-12)
 * Good Shepherd School (K-7)
 * Our Lady Queen of Peace (K-9)
 * St Veronica School (K-7)

Private schools in the city include Airdrie Koinonia Christian School, Footprints for Learning Academy and Atlas Academy.

Airdrie has one fully francophone school, operated by the FrancoSud school board: École Francophone d’Airdrie, which is a K-12 school. It was renamed L’École des Hautes-Plaines in September 2023.

Media
Due to its proximity to Calgary, Airdrie receives radio and television broadcasts from the city (see Media of Calgary). It at present has no local television broadcasters but has a radio station, Air 106.1 FM and an accompanying community internet portal, DiscoverAirdrie.com. The city has a local newspaper the Airdrie City View. A community newsletter, Here's the Scoop, was also published weekly and delivered door to door as part of a larger flyer package throughout the city until July 2020, at which time it was purchased by Airdrie City View. A quarterly magazine, AirdrieLIFE, is also available.

Sister cities

 * Gwacheon, South Korea since 1997
 * Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, Scotland

Notable people

 * Kyle McKearney, 2022 Canadian Country Music Award winner and 2023 Grammy nominee
 * Grant McLean, former mayor

title: Airdrie, Alberta