text:
Pump action

Pump action is a type of manual firearm action that is operated by moving a sliding handguard on the gun's forestock. When shooting, the sliding forend is pulled rearward to eject any expended cartridge and typically to cock the hammer or striker, and then pushed forward to load a new cartridge into the chamber. Most pump-action firearms use an integral tubular magazine, although some do use detachable box magazines. Pump-action firearms are typically associated with shotguns, although it has also been used in rifles, grenade launchers, and other types of firearms. A firearm using this operating mechanism is colloquially referred to as a pumpgun.

Because the forend is manipulated usually with the support hand, a pump-action firearm is much faster than a bolt-action and somewhat faster than a lever-action, as it does not require the trigger hand to be removed from the trigger while reloading. Also because the action is cycled in a linear fashion, it creates less torque that can tilt and throw the gun off aim when repeat-firing rapidly.

History
The first slide action patent was issued to Alexander Bain of Britain in 1854. The first pump action firearm with a magazine was technically the gun patented in America on the 22nd of May in 1866 by Josiah V. Meigs although the pump action was actuated via the trigger guard rather than a sliding handguard underneath the barrel. The first magazine-using pump-action firearm to operate using a sliding handguard underneath the barrel was the firearm patented by William Krutzsch of Britain on the 27th of August in 1866, a few months after Meigs.

Many older pump-action shotguns can be fired faster than modern ones, as they often did not have a trigger disconnector, and were capable of firing a new round as fast as the pump action was cycled, with the trigger held down continuously. This technique is called a slamfire, and was often used in conjunction with the M1897 and M1912 shotguns in World War I trench warfare.

Modern pump-action designs are a little slower than a semi-automatic shotgun, but the pump-action offers greater flexibility in selection of shotshells, allowing the shooter to mix different types of loads and for using low-power or specialty loads. Semi-automatic shotguns must use some of the energy of each round fired to cycle their actions, meaning that they must be loaded with shells powerful enough to reliably cycle. The pump-action avoids this limitation. In addition, like all manual action guns, pump-action guns are inherently more reliable than semi-automatic guns under adverse conditions, such as exposure to dirt, sand, or climatic extremes. Thus, until recently, military combat shotguns were almost exclusively pump-action designs.

Disadvantages
Like most lever-action rifles and shotguns, the majority of pump-action shotguns and rifles use a fixed tubular magazine. This makes for slow reloading, as the cartridges have to be inserted individually into the magazine of the firearm. However, some pump-action shotguns and rifles, including the Russian Zlatoust RB-12, Italian Valtro PM5, American Remington 7600 series, and the Mossberg 590M, use detachable box magazines.

Layout
A pump-action firearm is typically fed from a tubular magazine underneath the barrel, which also serves as a guide to the movable forend. The rounds are fed in one by one through a port in the receiver, where they are pushed forward. A latch at the rear of the magazine holds the rounds in place in the magazine until they are needed. If it is desired to load the gun fully, a round may be loaded through the ejection port directly into the chamber, or cycled from the magazine, which is then topped off with another round. Pump shotguns with detachable box magazines or even drums exist, and may or may not allow the magazine to be inserted without stripping the top round.

Operating cycle
Nearly all pump-actions use a back-and-forward motion of the forend to cycle the action. Only a few pump-actions use the "reverse" or forward-and-back motion of the forend to cycle the action, a few examples are the Russian RMB-93 and South African NeoStead 2000. The forend is connected to the bolt by one or two bars; two bars are considered more reliable because it provides symmetric forces on the bolt and pump and reduces the chances of binding. The motion of the bolt back and forth in a tubular magazine model will also operate the elevator, which lifts the shells from the level of the magazine to the level of the barrel.

After firing a round, the bolt is unlocked and the forend is free to move. The shooter pulls back on the forend to begin the operating cycle. The bolt unlocks and begins to move to the rear, which extracts and ejects the empty shell from the chamber, cocks the hammer, and begins to load the new shell. In a tubular magazine design, as the bolt moves rearwards, a single shell is released from the magazine, and is pushed backwards to come to rest on the elevator.

As the forend reaches the rear and begins to move forward, the elevator lifts up the shell, lining it up with the barrel. As the bolt moves forward, the round slides into the chamber, and the final portion of the forend's travel locks the bolt into position. A pull of the trigger will fire the next round, where the cycle begins again.

Most pump-action firearms do not have any positive indication that they are out of ammunition, so it is possible to complete a cycle and have an empty chamber. The risk of running out of ammunition unexpectedly can be minimized in a tubular magazine firearm by topping off the magazine by loading new rounds to replace the rounds that have just been fired. This is especially important when hunting, as many locations have legal limits on the magazine capacity: for example, three rounds for shotguns and five rounds for rifles.

The BSA Machine Carbine used a unique pump-action that also required twisting the handguard.

Another variant was the Burgess Folding Shotgun from the late 19th century where instead of manipulating the forend to cycle the action, it had a sleeve around the grip area of the stock which the shooter would slide back and forward to cycle the gun. This was done because the forend based pump action was under patent at the time.

Shotguns
Pump-action shotguns, also called pump shotguns, slide-action repeating shotguns or slide-action shotguns are the most commonly seen pump-action firearms. These shotguns typically use a tubular magazine underneath the gun barrel to hold the shells, though there are some variants that use a box magazine like most rifles. It's not uncommon to see extra ammunition stored in externally mounted "shell holder" racks (usually as "sidesaddle" on one side of the receiver, or on the buttstock) for quick on-field reloading. The shells are chambered and extracted by pulling/pushing the sliding fore-end enveloping the tubular magazine toward the user.

In modern shotguns, the fore-end can be replaceable and often include picatinny rails or M-LOK for mounting accessories such as a tactical light, and the traditional straight grip might be replaced with a pistol grip for a more stable control.

Trigger disconnectors
Modern pump shotgun designs, such as the Remington 870 and Mossberg 500, have a safety feature called a trigger disconnector, which disconnects the trigger from the sear as the bolt moves back, so that the trigger must be released and pulled again to fire the shotgun after it closes. Many early pump shotguns, such as the Winchester 1897, did not have trigger disconnectors, and would, if the trigger were held back, fire immediately upon closing. Due to the higher rate of fire that this allows, some shooters prefer models without this feature, such as the Ithaca 37, Stevens Model 520/620, and Winchester Model 12.

Rifles
When used in rifles, this action is also commonly called a slide action. In the late 19th and early 20th century it was referred to as a trombone action, because it functioned similarly to the musical instrument of the same name. Colt manufactured the Colt Lightning Carbine from 1884 to 1904 chambered in .44-40 caliber. The slide action Winchester Model 1890 chambered in .22 caliber was one of the most successful repeating rimfire rifle made by Winchester. Approximately 849,000 Model 1890 rifles were produced between 1890 and 1932. Later pump-action rifles were also manufactured by Winchester, Marlin, Browning and Remington.

A "reverse pump-action" design can sometimes be found, where the extraction is done by pushing the fore-end forwards, and re-chambered by pulling backwards. One such 21st-century variant is the Krieghoff Semprio "in-line repeating rifle". The Semprio is a reverse pump-action system that ejects cartridges when the fore-end is pushed forward and loads the chamber when pulled backward. The Semprio's 7-lug bolt head design displays a locking surface of 65 mm2 compared to the 56 mm2 of the Mauser M98 bolt-action rifle.

Airguns
The term pump-action can also be applied to various airsoft guns and air guns, which use a similar mechanism to both load a pellet and compress a spring piston for power, or pneumatic guns where a pump is used to compress the air used for power. See the airgun article for information on how spring piston and pneumatic airguns work.

Grenade launchers
The 43mm GM-94 is a pump-action grenade launcher developed by the KBP design bureau for use by Russian special forces. It carries three rounds in an above-the-barrel tubular magazine.

Another pump-action grenade launcher is the China Lake grenade launcher, which saw usage by the U.S. Navy SEALS in the Vietnam War in limited numbers.

Other long gun actions

 * Single-shot
 * Break-action
 * Rolling block
 * Falling block
 * Repeating
 * Revolving
 * Bolt-action
 * Lever-action
 * Self-loading (semi-/fully automatic, select fire)
 * Recoil operation
 * Blowback
 * Blow-forward
 * Gas operation

title: Pump action


text: Template:PD-USGov-DOC-NOAA

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:PD-USGov-DOC-NOAA


text:
Merger Treaty

The Merger Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Brussels, was a European treaty which unified the executive institutions of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the European Economic Community (EEC). The treaty was signed in Brussels on 8 April 1965 and came into force on 1 July 1967. It set out that the Commission of the European Communities should replace the High Authority of the ECSC, the Commission of the EEC and the Commission of Euratom, and that the Council of the European Communities should replace the Special Council of Ministers of the ECSC, the Council of the EEC and the Council of Euratom. Although each Community remained legally independent, they shared common institutions (prior to this treaty, they already shared a Parliamentary Assembly and Court of Justice) and were together known as the European Communities. This treaty is regarded by some as the real beginning of the modern European Union.

This treaty was abrogated by the Amsterdam Treaty signed in 1997:

"Without prejudice to the paragraphs following hereinafter, which have as their purpose to retain the essential elements of their provisions, the Convention of 25 March 1957 on certain institutions common to the European Communities and the Treaty of 8 April 1965 establishing a Single Council and a Single Commission of the European Communities, but with the exception of the Protocol referred to in paragraph 5, shall be repealed."

title: Merger Treaty


text:
Prajñā (Buddhism)

' or '  is a Buddhist term often translated as "wisdom", "insight", "intelligence", or "understanding". It is described in Buddhist texts as the understanding of the true nature of phenomena. In the context of Buddhist meditation, it is the ability to understand the three characteristics of all things: ("impermanence"),  ("dissatisfaction" or "suffering"), and  ("non-self" or "egolessness"). Mahāyāna texts describe it as the understanding of ("emptiness"). It is part of the Threefold Training in Buddhism, and is one of the ten of Theravāda Buddhism and one of the six Mahāyāna.

Etymology
is often translated as "wisdom", but according to Buddhist bioethics scholar Damien Keown, it is closer in meaning to "insight", "non-discriminating knowledge", or "intuitive apprehension". The component parts of the word are:

 * Pra (प्र) : an intensifier which can be translated as "higher", "greater", "supreme" or "premium", or "being born or springing up", referring to a spontaneous type of knowing
 * jñā (ज्ञा) : can be translated as "consciousness", "knowledge", or "understanding"

Pali scholars T. W. Rhys Davids and William Stede define  as "intelligence, comprising all the higher faculties of cognition" and "intellect as conversant with general truths".

British Buddhist monk and Pāli scholar Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu translates, as "understanding", specifically the "state of understanding". Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu notes that Pāli makes a distinction between the "state of understanding" and the "act of understanding"  in a way different from how English does.

Role in Buddhist traditions
is the fourth virtue of ten found in late canonic (Khuddaka Nikāya) and Theravādan commentary, and the sixth of the six Mahāyāna. It is the third level of the Threefold Training in Buddhism consisting of, , and.

Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhist commentator Acariya Dhammapala describes as the comprehension of the characteristics of things or phenomena with skillful means. Dhammapala states that has the attribute of penetrating the true nature of phenomena.

Abhidharma commentaries relate that there are three types of :

 * 1) learned
 * knowledge or wisdom that is acquired from books or listening to others.
 * 1) reflective
 * knowledge or wisdom that is acquired from thought or logic and reasoning.
 * 1)  from spiritual development
 * knowledge or wisdom that is acquired from direct spiritual experience. Fifth-century Theravada commentator Buddhaghosa states that this category of knowledge is produced from higher meditative absorptions.

Thai Buddhist monk and meditation-master Ajahn Lee classifies the first two types of as  on the theory-level and the last as  on the practice-level. Ajahn Lee states that this results in two levels of : mundane which is the comprehension of worldly and  subjects, and transcendent  which is an awareness of the supramundane that is realized by enlightened beings.

Abhidharma commentaries describe seven ways to gain :

 * 1) asking a wise person
 * 2) keeping things clean
 * 3) balancing the five faculties (faith, energy, mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom)
 * 4) avoiding foolish people
 * 5) associating with wise people
 * 6) reflecting on and analyzing the
 * 7) having the mind inclined towards developing wisdom

Buddhaghosa states in his commentary and meditation treatise, the Visuddhimagga, that there are many different types and aspects of but does not define them all. Buddhaghosa specifies in relation to Buddhist meditation as being specifically  ("insight wisdom"), meaning insight knowledge endowed with virtue.

Buddhaghosa defines as “knowing in a particular mode separate from the modes of perceiving  and cognizing ”. Buddhaghosa makes the analogy of how a child, villager, and money-changer sees money to explain his definition. The child can perceive coins through the senses but does not know the value, the villager knows the value of the coins and is conscious  of the coins' characteristics as a medium of exchange, and the money-changer has an understanding  of the coins that is even deeper than the surface understanding the villager has because the money-changer can identify which coins are real or fake, which village created them, etc.

in the context of Buddhist meditation is described as the ability to understand the three characteristics of all things, namely impermanence, suffering, and non-self. Buddhaghoṣa states that the function of is "to abolish the darkness of delusion" in order to understand the "individual essence of states".

Mahāyāna Buddhism
Buddhist-studies scholar Paul Williams states that Mahayana Buddhist tradition considers the analysis of found in the Abhidharma texts to be incomplete. According to Williams, the Abhidharma description of stops at the discernment of  as the final reality, but Mahayana and some non-Mahayana schools go on to teach that all s are empty. Buddhist scholar John Makransky describes s in this sense to mean "phenomena". Williams goes on to say that the meaning of according to Mahayana Prajñāpāramitā sutras is ultimately the state of understanding emptiness.

Religious studies scholar Dale S. Wright points to the Heart Sutra which states that those who want "to practice the profound perfection of wisdom should view things in this way [as empty]". Wright states this view is not wisdom, but having the view will make you wise.

According to Williams, Indo-Tibetan Buddhist tradition also has another understanding of, that is a meditative absorption or state of consciousness that results from analysis and leads to the ultimate truth.

title: Prajñā (Buddhism)


text:
Talk:New Houlka, Mississippi

Untitled
I'm curious to know if there are any houses, buildings or buisness up for sale in the Houlka/New Houlka area. Might be interested in Homes available as far as Davis Lake or Houston as well.I've been to the area and know a couple families in town. I loved it there when i visited and am interested in making it my new home.Anyone with any information please feel free to email me, i can be reached at....

eyan_chenier@hotmail.com.

I thank you for your time, and you hospitality while i was there.

Ian Reed Paluh

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on New Houlka, Mississippi. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120316123051/http://www.aehe.net/ingles/biografias/jefferson-hamilton.html to http://www.aehe.net/ingles/biografias/jefferson-hamilton.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:58, 17 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Houlka, Mississippi


text:
The Stranger (album)

The Stranger is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Billy Joel, released on September 29, 1977, by Columbia Records. It was the first of Joel's albums to be produced by Phil Ramone, with whom he would work for five subsequent albums.

Joel's previous album, Turnstiles (1976), had sold modestly and peaked low on the US charts, prompting Columbia to consider dropping him if his next release sold poorly. Joel wanted the new album to feature his touring band, formed during the production of Turnstiles. The band consisted of drummer Liberty DeVitto, bassist Doug Stegmeyer, and multi-instrumentalist Richie Cannata, who played the saxophone and organ. Seeking out a new producer, he first turned to veteran Beatles producer George Martin before coming across and settling on Ramone, whose name he had seen on albums by other artists such as Paul Simon. Recording took place over three weeks, featuring DeVitto, Stegmeyer and Cannata. Other studio musicians filled in as guitarists on various songs.

Spending six weeks at  on the US Billboard 200 chart, The Stranger is considered Joel's critical and commercial breakthrough. Four singles were released in the US, all of which became Top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart: "Just the Way You Are", "Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)", "She's Always a Woman" (both ), and "Only the Good Die Young". Other songs, such as "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant" and "Vienna", have become staples of his career and are frequently performed in his live shows. The album won two awards at the 1978 Grammy Awards: Record of the Year and Song of the Year for "Just the Way You Are". It remains his best-selling non-compilation album to date, and surpassed Simon & Garfunkel's Bridge over Troubled Water (1970) to become Columbia's best-selling album release, with more than 10 million units sold worldwide. Rolling Stone magazine ranked the album number 70 in its 2003 list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time", repositioned to number 169 in a 2020 revision. In 2008, The Stranger was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Background
Before The Stranger, Billy Joel was on the verge of being dropped by his record label Columbia Records. After the unexpected success of Joel's second album, Piano Man (1973), his subsequent albums were commercially disappointing. Turnstiles, Joel's 1976 release, had peaked at only number 122 on the Billboard 200 chart.

By 1976, Joel had formed a reliable touring band, consisting of Doug Stegmeyer on bass, Liberty DeVitto on drums and Richie Cannata on saxophone, flute, clarinet and organ. Joel grew to appreciate this group of musicians, finding that they had a high-energy, rough-around-the-edges feel that he hoped to capture in his studio recordings. Joel had mostly worked with session players for his first three studio albums, which contained only scattered contributions from his own backup musicians, and strongly disliked the polished sound of these albums. During the production of Turnstiles, his fourth album, Joel initially worked with veteran producer Jim Guercio, who had him work with members of Elton John's band; dissatisfied with the results, Joel instead opted to self-produce the album and record with his own touring band. Joel was likewise set on recording his fifth studio album with this band. Having written some new material for the record, Joel sought a producer who could cultivate his desired style. Joel, a longtime fan of the Beatles, initially looked to famed Beatles producer George Martin. But after meeting with Joel, Martin expressed interest in producing the album, but did not want to use Joel's band, wishing instead to bring in session players. Joel, however, was adamant in his desire to record with his own band and declined Martin's offer. Ultimately, Joel turned to Phil Ramone, a veteran New York City sound engineer and record producer who had recently worked with Paul Simon, another singer-songwriter, on Simon's album Still Crazy After All These Years (1975). According to Joel, he and Ramone met with each other at Fontana di Trevi, an Italian restaurant near Carnegie Hall, where Joel had been playing at the time. The restaurant would go on to inspire the setting of "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant", a song on The Stranger. According to Joel, Ramone expressed an appreciation for Joel's band and their energy, and understood the reasoning behind Joel's attitude towards recording, which ultimately led Joel to choose Ramone as the producer for his next album.

Production and recording
The recording sessions for The Stranger, described by Joel as "a blast" to be a part of, took place across the short span of three weeks in between July and August 1977. The album contains nine songs, four of which were released as singles in North America. The songs were all recorded with Joel alongside his band which he had formed while touring, in addition to various other musicians who were brought into the studio for specific songs. Despite the formation of Joel's band, the songs on The Stranger didn't feature any consistent guitarists, with different players instead featuring in each song, and according to Joel, the reason for the initial lack of a constant guitarist was because it was hard to find the right one. The photograph on the back cover of the album, featuring Joel, Ramone (donning a Yankees shirt at the time of the picture) and each of the band members, was taken at the Supreme Macaroni Company, one of several restaurants where the group would go to "have these crazy lunches and dinners".

The opening song, "Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)", centers around Anthony, a grocery-store employee from Long Island who "dreams of making it big", receiving pressure from his family to move out and go his own way. Joel stated in a Q&A session that he initially wrote the song's lyrics to the tune of the song "Laughter in the Rain" by Neil Sedaka, doing so without even realizing the similarity until it was brashly pointed out the next day by drummer Liberty DeVitto. Not wanting to waste all of the words he had come up with, Joel rewrote the song, coming up with a new melody that fit with the lyrics. The album's title track, according to Joel, was written by him without any core themes in mind and could be open up to interpretation, though he stated that it could be seen as a song about a man with schizophrenia. While composing the song, Joel whistled the track's signature theme for Ramone, claiming that he (Joel) needed to find an instrument to play it. Ramone told Joel that the whistling he did was perfect, and thus it was kept in the final recording. According to Joel in an interview with Today, the percussive rhythm used in the song came about while he was toying around with an Ace Tone Rhythm Ace drum machine, which contained a drum beat that he heard while scrolling through the machine's library of rhythm tracks. After hearing the beat, he thought that the rhythm would be nice to fool around with, and wrote the song shortly afterwards. "Just the Way You Are" was inspired by Joel's love for his wife at the time, Elizabeth Weber. He stated on a SiriusXM broadcast in 2016 that the melody came to him in a dream while he was working on The Stranger. He forgot about the melody shortly afterwards, but it came back to him while he was in a business meeting. Joel originally considered keeping the song off the album, as he dismissed it as a "gloppy ballad" that was out-of-place compared to the rest of the album. Ramone disagreed, and brought Linda Ronstadt and Phoebe Snow into the studio to prove that it was worth including. Upon hearing the song, the two artists both praised it, thus convincing him to feature the song. The 7$1/2$ minute epic "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant", which follows a pair of young lovers from Long Island named Brenda and Eddie who go through a failed marriage, is three different, shorter songs: "The Italian Restaurant Song", "Things Are OK in Oyster Bay" and "The Ballad of Brenda and Eddie". Joel stitched the three songs together, inspired by the similar approach taken with side two of the Beatles' Abbey Road and by Freddie Mercury and Queen with "Bohemian Rhapsody", while Ramone helped intertwine them with backing orchestration.

The song "Vienna", which opens up the album's B-side, was inspired by a trip Joel took to Vienna, Austria to visit his father a few years after starting his music career. While there, he found that Austrians had a vastly different outlook on life than the one he was familiar with in America. As he recalls, Joel had this realization after taking notice of an old woman sweeping out on the city streets, telling his father that he pitied the woman for having to do such a menial and unimportant task; Joel's father responded by explaining that the woman was giving herself a sense of worth by doing a service that helped everyone rather than "sitting at home wasting away". Joel tried to make the song feel Viennese in nature and compared it to the work of Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill, specifically The Threepenny Opera. "Only the Good Die Young", which is sung from the point-of-view of a boy trying to appeal to an abstinent Catholic woman, was inspired by a girl named Virginia Davis who Joel had a crush on in high school. According to Joel, he saw Davis looking at him while he was playing in his high school band, The Echoes, which was the event that had him "completely hooked" to the prospect of being a musician. "Only the Good Die Young" was written by Joel while opening for the Beach Boys in Knoxville, Tennessee, at which point it sounded slower-pace and more akin to a reggae tune, with Joel even singing the song's lyrics in a Jamaican accent. The mood of the song was shifted at the insistence of drummer Liberty DeVitto, who reportedly said to Joel "Why are you singing like that? The closest you've been to Jamaica was the Long Island Rail Road!" Ramone suggested that the song be played as a straight-four piece while DeVitto played a shuffle beat, a proposition which Joel found he enjoyed the sound of despite the concept initially seeming "odd and clunky". The song featured guitar playing by Hugh McCracken, a famous session player who Ramone brought in. "She's Always a Woman", like "Just the Way You Are", was written about Elizabeth Weber, described by Joel as "a commentary on women in business being persecuted and insulted". Joel tried to stylize the song as one which would be sung by Gordon Lightfoot. "Get It Right the First Time" is inspired by the challenge of first meeting and confronting a person, highlighting the importance of not flubbing such an encounter and "gett[ing] it right the first time". The album's final song, "Everybody Has a Dream", a gospel-influenced piece, was also inspired by Joel's wife. The song closes the album out with a reprise of the whistled theme from "The Stranger".

Commercial performance
The Stranger spent 17 weeks in varying positions within Billboard 200 chart's top 10 albums, first entering the bottom position on January 21, 1978 (around four months after its initial release). A month later, on February 18, the album reached its peak position at number 2 on the chart and remained there for six more weeks. The second single from the album, "Just The Way You Are", peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, having received a boost in popularity following Joel's performance of the song on an episode of Saturday Night Live. The other three singles were all top 40 hits, with "Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)" and "She's Always a Woman" both peaking at number 17. While "Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)" was the first single released for the album, radio stations put little attention towards it, instead expressing interest in "Just the Way You Are"; thus, the latter song was released just six weeks following the debut of "Movin' Out", after which it achieved far larger success. The single for "Movin' Out" was later rereleased, after which it achieved higher success and ultimately became a hit. According to Joel, "Only the Good Die Young" sold poorly when it was first put out as a single; however, following the song's release, Christian groups and archdiocese areas began calling for the song to be banned on several radio stations across the nation. The controversy helped raise the song's popularity, particularly among rebellious youth according to Joel, and the single thus fared much better as a result, ultimately peaking at number 24 in the US singles chart. The Stranger remains one of Joel's best-selling original studio albums to date, achieving a "Diamond" certification for surpassing sales of 10 million units. At the time, it had surpassed Simon & Garfunkel's Bridge over Troubled Water to become Columbia Records’ best-selling album release. In Canada the album spent 72 weeks in the Top 100 Album charts between November 1977 and April 1979.

Reception
The Stranger was well-received by critics, particularly in retrospect, with many considering it to display some of Joel's best-written material. In a contemporary review of the album, Ira Mayer of Rolling Stone deemed it an improvement over Joel's previous studio efforts, praising its musical variety and Ramone's production. In a less enthusiastic review, Village Voice critic Robert Christgau graded the album "B−" and held it slightly above Joel's previous works; speaking specifically of Joel himself, he wrote that the artist had "more or less grown up" with what he considered less egotistical songwriting, and that he is "now as likeable as your once-rebellious and still-tolerant uncle who has the quirk of believing that OPEC was designed to ruin his air-conditioning business".

Retrospectively, Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine described The Stranger as "a concept album of sorts, an ode to the singer's native New York underscored by his paranoid obsession (and resistance) to change". He called the album "a rejection of the American Dream", highlighting the pessimism expressed in some of its songs' lyrics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic praised The Stranger as a highlight of Joel's discography, noting that its lyrical shortcomings are outweighed by Joel's musical flair, and ultimately concluding that Joel "rarely wrote a set of songs better than those on The Stranger, nor did he often deliver an album as consistently listenable". Rolling Stone ranked The Stranger at number 67 on its 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. It also placed on the 2012 and 2020 editions of the list at numbers 70 and 169, respectively. In 2000, The Stranger was voted number 246 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.

As his breakthrough album, The Stranger kicked off a long string of successful albums for Joel, continuing up through 1993's River of Dreams. George Martin, who had initially declined to produce The Stranger using Joel's band, reportedly wrote Joel a letter following the album's massive success, in which he congratulated Joel and reflected that he was wrong about the band. Phil Ramone would continue to serve as Joel's producer for a number of years, working with him on each of his albums up through 1986's The Bridge. "Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)" went on to lend its name to a 2002 jukebox musical, featuring several of Joel's songs alongside narrative choreography by Twyla Tharp. The play ran successfully on Broadway for three years, holding its final performance on December 15, 2005 after a total of 1,303 performances. In 2017, to celebrate the album's 40th anniversary, a picture-disc vinyl rerelease of The Stranger with newly remastered audio was released by Brookville Records on October 20.

Many of the songs from the album went on to become staples in Joel's repertoire. Though never released as a single, "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant" is a staple of his live set, named by Rolling Stone's Rob Sheffield as Joel's equivalent to Bruce Springsteen's "Jungleland". Joel stated in an interview that "I don't think I could do a show without performing that song." "Vienna" has also become a popular part of his live set; when Joel lets the audience choose between it and "Just the Way You Are", "Vienna" is most often the winning contender. The song was featured in an episode of the TV series Taxi, and was prominently showcased later on in the 2004 teenage comedy film 13 Going on 30. Joel has cited "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant" and "Vienna" as his favorite and 5th-favorite songs that he has written, respectively.

Original release
All songs written by Billy Joel.

 * On the LP and cassette release, track 5 includes a reprise of "The Stranger"; the 8-track does not.

8-track tape running order

 * 1) "The Stranger" – "Just the Way You Are"
 * 2) "Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)" – "Vienna" – "She's Always a Woman"
 * 3) "Only the Good Die Young" – "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant (Part 1)"
 * 4) "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant (Conclusion)" - "Get It Right the First Time" – "Everybody Has a Dream"

30th Anniversary Edition
In July 2008, a special "30th Anniversary Edition" of The Stranger was released. It contains two special editions: a two-CD Legacy Edition, and a Deluxe Limited Edition (which includes two CDs and a bonus DVD). The limited deluxe edition of The Stranger includes a CD of the original album in its entirety (remastered by producer Phil Ramone), and a second CD of a previously unreleased concert featuring Billy and his band, Live at Carnegie Hall 1977, recorded at the historic Manhattan venue on June 3, 1977, one month before the sessions for The Stranger album. The Deluxe Limited Edition included a DVD showcasing two live promotional videos from The Stranger; and Joel's performance on the BBC's Old Grey Whistle Test, a seldom-seen 60-minute set from 1978 that has aired only once on the UK's BBC2. Also included in this box set is a facsimile poster from the 1977 Carnegie Hall concert, and a facsimile notebook that contains copies of rough draft lyrics for many of the songs that appeared on The Stranger.

Live at Carnegie Hall, June 3, 1977 CD
 * 1) "Miami 2017 (Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway)" – 5:11
 * 2) "Prelude/Angry Young Man" – 6:05
 * 3) "New York State of Mind" – 8:20
 * 4) "Just the Way You Are" – 4:56
 * 5) "She's Got a Way" – 3:32
 * 6) "The Entertainer" – 6:09
 * 7) "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant" – 7:35
 * 8) "Band Introductions" – 2:02
 * 9) "Captain Jack" – 6:51
 * 10) "I've Loved These Days" – 4:29
 * 11) "Say Goodbye to Hollywood" – 6:45
 * 12) "Souvenir" – 2:09

Bonus DVD
 * Live Promotional Videos, 1977
 * 1) "The Stranger"
 * 2) "Just the Way You Are"
 * The Old Grey Whistle Test on BBC1 (First broadcast March 14, 1978)
 * 1) "Intro"
 * 2) "Miami 2017 (Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway)"
 * 3) "Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)"
 * 4) "New York State of Mind"
 * 5) "The Entertainer"
 * 6) "She's Always a Woman"
 * 7) "Root Beer Rag"
 * 8) "Just the Way You Are"
 * 9) "Only the Good Die Young"
 * 10) "Souvenir"
 * 11) "Ain't No Crime"
 * 30-minute "Making of The Stranger" documentary

Best Buy exclusive bonus CD (Live at Nassau Coliseum 12/77) (packaged with both the 2-CD Legacy and 2CD/1DVD 30th Anniversary Edition)
 * 1) "Just the Way You Are"
 * 2) "Vienna"
 * 3) "The Ballad of Billy the Kid"
 * 4) "Get It Right the First Time"
 * 5) "Summer, Highland Falls"

Target exclusive bonus DVD (packaged with the 2-CD Legacy Edition)
 * 1) "Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)" (Live from Long Island, New York)
 * 2) "The Stranger" (Live from Long Island, New York)
 * 3) "Only the Good Die Young" (Live from Leningrad, Russia)
 * 4) "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant" (Live from Yankee Stadium, The Bronx, New York City)
 * 5) "Piano Man" (Live from The River of Dreams Tour)

Online store bonus tracks
 * 1) "Prelude/Angry Young Man" (Live version) (Version 2) (iTunes Album Only Exclusive Track) – 5:03
 * 2) "She's Got a Way" (Live Version) (Version 2) (AmazonMP3 Exclusive Track) – 3:42

Personnel

 * Billy Joel – vocals, acoustic piano, Fender Rhodes piano, keyboards, synthesizers
 * Richie Cannata – organ, tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, clarinet, flute, tuba
 * Dominic Cortese – accordion (4, 5)
 * Richard Tee – organ (9)
 * Hiram Bullock – electric guitar
 * Steve Khan – 6 and 12-string electric guitars, acoustic rhythm guitar, high-string guitar
 * Hugh McCracken – acoustic guitar (3, 4, 7–9)
 * Steve Burgh – acoustic guitar (3, 7), electric guitar (4)
 * Doug Stegmeyer – bass
 * Liberty DeVitto – drums
 * Ralph MacDonald – percussion (2, 3, 8, 9)
 * Phil Woods – alto saxophone (3)
 * Patrick Williams – orchestration
 * Patti Austin, Lani Groves, Gwen Guthrie, and Phoebe Snow – backing vocals (9)

Production

 * Phil Ramone – producer, engineer
 * Jim Boyer – engineer
 * Ted Jensen – mastering at Sterling Sound (New York, NY)
 * Kathy Kurs – production assistance
 * Jim Houghton – photography

Live at Carnegie Hall June 3, 1977
 * Billy Joel – vocals, acoustic piano and synthesizers
 * Richie Cannata – saxophones and keyboards
 * Howie Emerson – electric and acoustic guitars
 * Doug Stegmeyer – Fender bass
 * Liberty DeVitto – drums
 * Recorded by David Hewitt using Record Plant NY Remote Truck.

Weekly charts
Original issue 2008 reissue

Accolades
Grammy Awards

title: The Stranger (album)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/1337sauce

1337sauce was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Non-encyclopedic Internet chat slang. -- Zwilson 03:17, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete under speedy conditions 4 and 5. The article contains no understandable information that is not inherent in the term 1337. [[User:Livajo|力伟|т]] 03:24, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * omg 2 m4k 1337sauce, u ad 4 h0td0gz 2 teh 4lf3d0...yeah, this should be speedy-deleted. Lord Bob 03:59, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, or perhaps they'd prefer PWNage. (Yeah, bet that joke hasn't been made here before.) Take nubsauce and nubsalsa along with it. Ian Pugh 04:22, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Australian Wikipedians' notice board/Archive 1

Catching up with some other countries
Over the last few days, I've been noticing a wide variety of holes in our coverage of Australian topics. There's really so much that needs doing, and it seems like the Irish have a good thing going. I talked to User:Chuq, and he thought it was a decent idea, so I've gone ahead and created an Australian version. Ambi 04:12, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Nice work
Good idea! Do you think it's worth having sub sections on the to-do list? For example, Australian politics, Australian geography, Australian music, etc. -- Chuq 06:24, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * If you think it's necessary, sure. Our coverage of current politics is pretty good, though our coverage of past politics is dreadful. I'm not sure about geography, as that's not really my thing. As for music - all the bands on Triple J Hottest 100 have articles, but I'm sure there's others that need work. Getting a list of all of these that do need work would really be helpful. It seems like it's our articles on history and society that are most in need of help, though. Ambi 06:32, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Number of articles in the to-do list
Where should we draw the line on the number of articles in the to do list? I reckon there should be a complete list at Requested Australian articles or somesuch with the most urgent listed here, as we could really go on for god-knows how long finding articles that need to be made or expanded. T.P.K. 06:35, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. I think we should have a collection of subpages of those that need doing, and then highlight a certain number to be put on the main to-do list. Btw, comments can on the main page - at least, that's there where the comments go on the Irish equivalent. Ambi 06:40, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Created Australian wikipedians' notice board/Complete to-do for the whole list. Feel free to subdivide and rearrange at will. T.P.K. 07:47, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Lake Burley Griffin
I notice that the Todo has a pictures required section. I'm going to be getting my Aunt and Uncle to take some pictures of Lake Burley Griffin from various angles and positions. They are happy to release the pictures to the public domain! - Ta bu shi da yu 07:16, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Wonderful. There's a huge number of articles needing pictures, by the way - they were just the two that immediately came to mind. Ambi 07:19, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Charles Kingsford Smith
This is a very good idea and I will be happy to participate. Note that it's Charles Kingsford Smith with no hyphen. Adam 07:38, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks - fixed. Ambi 08:03, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Featured Articles
One thing I'd like to see is more featured articles from Australia. At the moment, I think we only have the one - Eureka Stockade. What would you all think about highlighting one particular article at a time to try and get towards featured status? I think our closest two at the moment would be Triple J and Franklin Dam, and with a bit of work, I think we could get them both featured. Ambi 09:50, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I think the Irish Wikipedians have their own version of COTW. We could well start our own. T.P.K. 10:20, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Mark Latham and Gough Whitlam are both featured. But I agree, it would be good to improve the quality of articles outside of politics. Lacrimosus 10:21, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I think our own COTW would be nice, but is it enough time? Ambi 11:55, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Absolutely. I really want to get Cyclone Tracy up to scratch. Anyone want to help me out with this one? I gotta say, this board is bloody brilliant for inspiring yourself to contribute to Wikipedia! - Ta bu shi da yu 12:22, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Alright, I guess I have a new project then. I'll try and give you a hand, and start on it tomorrow. Would there be any objections to making it our first COTW? Ambi 13:38, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Why not. How should we pick them from now on though? Out of a hat? T.P.K. 13:48, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Same way as the main wikipedia does. It'll be interesting to see how many Aussies discover us! - Ta bu shi da yu 13:55, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

WikiProjects
I'm sure most of us have noticed the WikiProject Melbourne by now :) So what about you Sydneysiders, and Brisbanians, Adelaidians, and Perth... whatever people from Perth are, Perthers? :P If this noticeboard (which acts in some ways like a WikiProject methinks) is primrarily for Australia-wide work, it'd be great if the other capital cities founded projects for their own, more local, articles. Feel free to steal our work too if you wants. T.P.K. 10:20, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I've tried to create a project, but I think I stuffed up. Some help someone? See WikiProject Sydney. - Ta bu shi da yu 12:13, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Which templates were you trying to add? Ambi 13:38, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The Rocks
I've rewritten large parts of this article from scratch, and it now goes into a fair bit more detail about its history. Any feedback before I take it off the "improvement" list? Ambi 13:38, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Taking this to the talk page... - Ta bu shi da yu 04:39, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Roll Call
I've taken the liberty of creating a Roll call of Australian Wikipedians. Please feel free to leave your details here. - Ta bu shi da yu 14:02, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmm... isn't that the same as Wikipedians/Australia? -- Chuq 14:10, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Gah! I didn't see that. I'm setting up a redirection speedy delete. - Ta bu shi da yu 14:19, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I reckon we need to be ultra careful that we are welcoming to non-Australian contributors. They often have valuable contributions and an outsiders perspective of things. Just a comment. - Ta bu shi da yu

 * Of course, but I doubt most non-Australians will find their way here, or take notice. But I agree the outsider's perspective can be handy when patriotism get's the best of us! T.P.K. 14:23, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Breaker Morant
User:Dunks58 here. Glad to be part of the crew. I've recently done an article about Breaker Morant that I'd appreciate other Aus-Wikis having a look at. Still needs work on the trial section but will hopefully get that done soon. Have also done a small related article about Daisy Bates which is linked to it. All feedback gratefully accepted. Have VAST amounts of public-domain material on Australian music I can contribute from my own website, Milesago (http://www.milesago.com). Also working on improving the pathetically tiny entry on Australian jazz. Cheers!

 * Looks good! Only... it ends with "The 1998 biography o". What happened? - Ta bu shi da yu 04:28, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Movies in Australia
I want to create a List of movies filmed in Australia to dovetail with List of movies set in Australia, but I don't know that many! Other than The Matrixes and the latest Star Wars films. Also, the Australian Film Commission has a great list of recent Australian films, but they'll need to be sorted depending on whether they were set here or only filmed here, and on notability grounds too. T.P.K. 02:47, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I would think pretty much any movie set here is filmed here, so perhaps the 'set in Australia' could be a section of the 'filmed in Australia' one? -- Chuq 02:48, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Good point. T.P.K. 03:03, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject Australia
What do people think of making a new Wikiproject for the whole of Australia? This way we can coordinate strategy better, and use this messageboard as the discussion forum. Anyway, just throwing this one out there for people's comments. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:00, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I was just going to suggest we do something to coordinate the WikiProjects, so that we don't re-do eachother's work. I don't think a full-fledged WikiProject is neccessary though, as all the content-creation stuff for Australia is being handled nicely here already. It would be nice to have a place for creating standards and formats to share between the WPM and WPS and any future projects though. I was going to suggest creating some subpages of this noticeboard for coordinating the WikiProjects. But prehaps a Wikiproject Australia would be better as it would fit into the 'greater scheme of things', as it were, all templated up and added to the list of WikiProjects. Either way. T.P.K. 03:09, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Cool. I'm going to sort out WikiProject Sydney first (it's in a constant state of startup flux at the moment) and do some more research work on several articles. Then maybe Melbourne and Sydney can start working on a new coordinating project for Australia. - Ta bu shi da yu 04:45, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * That's why I created this! I'd had in mind creating some sort of Australian WikiProject, but there didn't really seem to be an appropriate space on WikiProject, and no other country had one. Then I mentioned it on IRC, and someone pointed out what the Irish had done instead, and here we are! Personally, I think TPK's idea of having subpages to co-ordinate the city WikiProjects might be the best way to go. It might be nice if we could get them off the ground for some other cities, too. Ambi 05:08, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I think a WP:Australia would be a good idea. I didn't realise how much was missing until Ambi created this notice board, and the list of articles to create grew to over 50 in a couple of days.. it's a bit overwhelming.  I would start a WikiProject Hobart, but it's a bit pointless when there are no other users to co-ordinate with ... I'm happy helping out with the Melbourne one for now!
 * Could WikiProject Cities be used for city co-ordination? -- Chuq 05:18, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * You don't necessarily have to be living in the state you know (though it would probably help...) And who know? Maybe there are Hobart people lurking... If I wasn't so busy with the Sydney WikiProject I'd be happy to help heaps! I could help a bit though. - Ta bu shi da yu 07:04, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * If you want to create a Hobart one, I'll do my best to help you. There's always things you can do and articles you can edit from outside of the state, even if research and obtaining photos is a little harder. I'm trying to help out with Sydney at the moment, and I'm highly tempted to start a Canberra one, so I'd be happy to help with a Hobart one too. Ambi 07:21, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't a WikiProject just duplicate this, though? Ambi 06:44, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Not really. This is a very informal sort of place to discuss and work out what needs to be focussed on for Australian articles. A think perhaps a WikiProject would help give a bit more focus on things. It's a massive undertaking, though! - Ta bu shi da yu 07:01, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not so sure - as I said, I created this as a form of national WikiProject - just not under that name, and following the Irish format, because they're the only place this organised at the moment. It just seems to me that it'll create two places to do the same thing. Ambi 07:21, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

(7 indents is enough) Really, I think the difference between this page and any subpages it might grow, and a WikiProject is semantic. The only difference is that the WP has a standard frontpage with the talk pages "behind" it, while this here is a talk page without a frontpage. It's not that important. Sure, the existing WPs are fine, and they are more conducive to structure and order, but for what we want need to do here, all we need is to discuss what the formats will be that will then go into the structured WikiProjects. I say we just create /WikiProjects, and any subpages under that which may be needed, for discussing anything which might be applicable to more than one CityProject. If and when we create a solid structure for how to treat all the aspects of a city in the Pedia, we can write it up as a WikiProject to allow others to use it. T.P.K. 08:59, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, sounds good to me. I'm not really that fussed one way or the other. Besides which: I'm too busy with the Sydney Wikiproject!!! - Ta bu shi da yu 13:37, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I've created the /WikiProjects page for all your cross-project discussion needs. T.P.K. 14:33, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Mark Latham article
Can someone finish off the references section for me? I honestly can't be arsed any more. I've done half of it already (and removed and update invalid links to boot). See Cite sources for info on how to cite sources correctly (if you don't know the format, or it isn't given then just make it up and we'll fix it later). Cheers all. - Ta bu shi da yu 14:41, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Collaboration of the week?
Do we have any ideas for the next collaboration of the week? Cyclone Tracy went from nothing to damn fine in the space of its week, largely due to User:Ta bu shi da yu's excellent work. —Stormie 01:52, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * *blush* Thanks Stormie, but I can't take all the credit here! Ambi did heaps of work on the article also! - Ta bu shi da yu 03:07, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, I've created a page Australian Collaboration of the Week for voting on this very issue! - Ta bu shi da yu 03:21, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Copyright
Hi all, Recently I've been in discussion about with Lupo over Australian copyright. Just to let you all know, Australia doesn't have any fair use legislation. We have fair dealing, however this is not at all like fair use. For instance for any material we gather from the Australian government, we still need permission to use the material. Also, should we add any information from a source, we need to be sure that we don't use more than 10% of that material. Further info can be found at Fair dealing (this needs to be expanded or placed in it's own article by the way) and at http://www.copyright.org.au - Ta bu shi da yu 06:57, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * How does this affect images, which is going to be our big problem here? Ambi 07:02, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Any images where the government holds copyright require permission to use the images on this site. I don't think that this will be such a big issue, but we need to assertain the source of the material and which government department we gathered the information from. - Ta bu shi da yu 07:16, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * But remember that we'd need permission to redistribute them as well. If we can't get something like AUSPIC's non-commercial use, we're going to have to find other sources, methinks. Ambi 07:19, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hmm, so if there's no fair use as we know it, what happens to things like coats-of-arms and corporate logos? Or does this only concern government material? T.P.K. 07:36, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure. I can find out though. Maybe we could make copyright a subpage of this board and discuss it there? - Ta bu shi da yu 12:24, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * This could be a serious problem. I hope you'll be able to find us an answer. Ambi 13:38, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Should we place info about the AUSPIC's noncommercial license in all the pictures that use it (eg. ) - Aaron Hill 11:55, Sep 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe we could make a template, for instance Template:AUSPIC. - Ta bu shi da yu 12:24, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * That would certainly help, as there's going to be 200+ articles to put it in. Ambi 13:38, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Guys, read Image copyright tags. AUSPIC's license is contrary to policies for the wider Wikipedia. --Robert Merkel 07:11, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * It isn't necessarily, but they're being discouraged for new articles, with attempts being made to replace noncommercial (and worse, Wikipedia-specific permission) with free images. Ambi 07:18, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The Cyclone Tracy article has an image I secured permission specifically for Wikipedia. This, however, is not that big a deal IMHO because any site that mirrors Wikipedia should be able to gain permission by emailing copyright@naa.gov.au - Ta bu shi da yu 07:37, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm sure they could gain permission, but this is just one article in a million, any mirroring site wont have the resources to get copyright permission on all the images in wikipedia. The bellman 01:31, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Incidently, I've made a template for Template:AustFairdealing. Someone want to review this? - Ta bu shi da yu 12:27, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * It's good, but considering it's most likely to be used for images, it really needs clarifying as to what indeed that means for us. Ambi 13:38, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Franklin Dam Images
Are any of you any good with copyright permission request stuff? I noticed that the Wilderness Society has some fantastic pictures associated with the campaign to stop the Franklin Dam, and the article is really in need of some. It'd be good if someone could contact them, but I'm really not sure of what to say/how to put it.

Also, any feedback/assistance with this article itself would be much appreciated, as I'm going to nominate this to be featured soon, and it'd be nice to catch any issues before that point. Ambi 06:30, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I've contacted the Wilderness Society. Hopefully they'll be able to help here. If not, I don't know what I'll do about this. Ambi 03:13, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * If not there is always the ACF, the WWF, Greenpeace, the greens... The bellman 10:52, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

To-do list size
Would it be a good idea to condense the list of articles in the to-do template, so it can be included at the top of Talk:Australia and other such articles? The full list would still be available of course. -- Chuq 02:48, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a good idea to me. I'd rather do it, however, by trying to clean up as many as possible before moving them. There's a few that really aren't that far off. Ambi 03:30, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Big Day Out pictures
I have a few from the Big Day Out here on my website. I'm not sure which one is most illustrative though. Let me know which ones you want to use... --Robert Merkel 07:48, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd probably go Nos 2, 6, 8 if it weren't blurry. Unless it's artistic. But enclopedia articles aren't meant to be artistic. Or are they? T.P.K. 07:54, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Wasn't intentional. The Big Day Out is not exactly an ideal environment for taking long-exposure photographs.  Did you see the ones on the second page? --Robert Merkel 08:18, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, but they're more "funny-looking people standing in a crowd", although definately representative of the BDO, the crowd/stage ones have better context, methinks. Don't take my word for anything though! T.P.K. 08:24, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Wonderful. How about using the Gerling and Datsuns ones? I think they're probably the best. The Magic Dirt one would be good in Magic Dirt, as well. Ambi 08:37, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Australian rock
Just a notice to anyone who cares: Australian rock could use some work for clean-up and whatnot, and it is also over 32k and should be slimmed or split into more than one article. Also, music of Australia is coming along nicely, with input from Aussies and foreigners -- please read through and contribute if it suits your fancy. Tuf-Kat 09:23, Sep 26, 2004 (UTC)

New Collaboration of the Week.
I've started Australian Collaboration of the Week, mostly based on the exist WP:COTW. Can I encourage everyone to use this? Thanks all! - Ta bu shi da yu 04:45, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Do you want to just go with Victor Chang for the next week, to give the WP:ACOTW page time to get rolling? I'd be totally cool with that. —Stormie 05:45, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * p.s. if you do want to do that, I just created an initial Victor Chang article. :-) —Stormie 06:18, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * Let's start by getting people involved. I'd like to make this a real community project! If need be we can extend the final date for voting. - Ta bu shi da yu 06:51, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * OK! —Stormie 07:01, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

Fred Hollows
I've given Fred Hollows a bit more substance. It would be nice if someone can supply an image. Cheers. Moriori 09:55, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Have added your request to my newly created Australian wikipedians' notice board/Request for images. - Ta bu shi da yu 13:21, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Good idea. I'll add it to my watchlist. For the record, I think your absolute best bet here is to ask the Fred Hollows Foundation if they've got any public domain pictures of him. I'm sure they wouldn't mind. Ambi 13:24, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Fuzzy Wuzzy
Okay, this is seriously bugging me. Just what are we talking about here? --ZZ 14:18, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The term used by diggers for their PNG allies; not sure if its taken so nicely by all PNGs these days (like Aborigine can be offensive to some "Indigenous Australians", rare but not unheard of, and increasing)
 * The song (about a bear - see WP:ACOTW)
 * Fuzzy Wuzzy caterpillars
 * Badly knitted woolen jumpers (or was that just me)
 * Warm fuzzies - anonymous written notes of affirmation in classrooms
 * Erm, the term used by diggers for their PNG allies. The other stuff isn't encyclopedic, and even if it were, would most likely be on a linked disambiguation page. Ambi 14:27, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * When i nominated it for ACOTW i was certainly talking about our PNG allies, i just added the song cause i did a google search on the term and found it, and thought it was funny, but seriously i dont think you would be able to write an encyclopedia article on the song, and even if you could would you want to? and anyway, it wouldnt be particualy AUSTRALIAN. Our PNG allies on the other hand would be very interesting, however perhaps a more objective title like Australian allies in PNG during WWII would be better. Coming to think about it, maybe it would be best if the fuzzy-wuzzys just became part of the australian involvement in WWII article that was being discussed as a section of the Australian history article. The bellman 14:36, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Jacksonville Executive at Craig Airport

Jacksonville Executive at Craig Airport, formerly known as Craig Municipal Airport, is a public airport located eight miles (13 km) east of the central business district of Jacksonville, in Duval County, Florida, United States. It is owned by the Jacksonville Aviation Authority.

This mid-sized general aviation airport handles personal aircraft and small commuter planes. The entrance is located along St. Johns Bluff Road north of Atlantic Boulevard, although it also borders Atlantic Blvd to the south. The airport has a control tower and handles 400-500 aircraft operations daily. It previously served as a joint civil-military airport hosting an Army Aviation Support Facility and helicopter units of the Florida Army National Guard prior to their relocation to nearby Cecil Field following the latter facility's inactivation as a naval air station in 1999.

The United States Navy's Blue Angels performed their first airshow at Jacksonville Executive at Craig Airport on June 15, 1946.

Facilities and aircraft
Jacksonville Executive at Craig Airport covers an area of 1,432 acre which contains two asphalt paved runways: 5/23 measuring 4,004 x 120 ft and 14/32 measuring 4,008 x 120 ft.

Runway 5/23 was repaved during the summer of 2011. In addition to filling cracks and adding a 120- x 150-foot blast pad, the entire runway was surfed with a 0.5-inch leveling course and a 1.5 inch Superpave surface course. In January 2012, the paving project was awarded the inaugural Ray Brown Airport Pavement Award by the National Asphalt Pavement Association, recognizing it as the highest quality airport asphalt pavement project completed during 2011.

For the 12-month period ending February 7, 2018, the airport had 158,769 aircraft operations, an average of 435 per day: 85% general aviation, 9% military and 5% air taxi. There were at the time 203 aircraft based at this airport: 127 single-engine, 45 multi-engine, 8 helicopter, 18 military and 5 jet.

The airport has 2 FBOs on the field, JAX Executive Jet Center and Sky Harbor Aviation.

The JAA board unanimously voted to approve a ground lease agreement with Amazon Services LLC in July 2023 to build a 181,000-square-foot warehouse on 79 acres.

Jacksonville Executive Craig Airport's current CEO, Mark VanLoh, said Amazon is its highest paying tenant at Craig Airport, which is in East Arlington at northeast Atlantic Boulevard and St. Johns Bluff Road.

In October 2020, the JAA conducted a public solicitation through a request for interest to identify parties to lease and develop the available nonaeronautical property.

Seefried Development Properties Inc, on behalf of Amazon Services LLC, is developing the more than $40 million warehouse and distribution facility.

Residents and landowners in the area objected to potential traffic congestion and construction of a roadway that required traffic intersection improvements.

Those issues are resolved or still in review.

Many residents in the area feel the addition of the Amazon warehouse is going to drastically change the overall atmosphere of the community. Many believe the decision to lease and develop to one of the largest corporations in the world does not align with the original values of the airport and some say they are choosing profit over people.

Development of an Amazon.com last-mile distribution center at Jacksonville Executive at Craig Airport is “moving along quite rapidly,” Jacksonville Aviation Authority CEO Mark VanLoh told the JAA board March 25.

title: Jacksonville Executive at Craig Airport


text:
Rémy Card

Rémy Card is a French software developer who is credited as one of the primary developers of the Extended file system (ext) and Second Extended file system (ext2) for Linux.

title: Rémy Card


text: Category:British inventors

title: Category:British inventors


text:
Postherpetic neuralgia

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is neuropathic pain that occurs due to damage to a peripheral nerve caused by the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus (herpes zoster, also known as shingles). PHN is defined as pain in a dermatomal distribution that lasts for at least 90 days after an outbreak of herpes zoster. Several types of pain may occur with PHN including continuous burning pain, episodes of severe shooting or electric-like pain, and a heightened sensitivity to gentle touch which would not otherwise cause pain or to painful stimuli. Abnormal sensations and itching may also occur.

Postherpetic neuralgia is the most common long-term complication of herpes zoster, and occurs in approximately 20% of patients with shingles. Risk factors for PHN include older age, severe prodrome or rash, severe acute zoster pain, ophthalmic involvement, immunosuppression, and chronic conditions such as diabetes mellitus and lupus. The pain from postherpetic neuralgia can be very severe and debilitating. There is no treatment which modifies the course of the disease and management primarily aims to control symptoms. Affected individuals often experience a decrease in their quality of life.

Shingles vaccination is the only way for adults to be protected against both shingles and postherpetic neuralgia, with the vaccine Shingrix providing 90% protection from postherpetic neuralgia. The chickenpox vaccine is approved for infants to prevent chickenpox, which also protects against PHN from a herpes zoster infection.

Overview
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is neuropathic pain that occurs due to damage to a peripheral nerve caused by the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus (herpes zoster, also known as shingles). Typically, the nerve pain (neuralgia) is confined to an area of skin innervated by a single sensory nerve, which is known as a dermatome. PHN is defined as dermatomal nerve pain that persists for more than 90 days after an outbreak of herpes zoster affecting the same dermatome. Several types of pain may occur with PHN including continuous burning pain, episodes of severe shooting or electric-like pain, and a heightened sensitivity to gentle touch which would not otherwise cause pain (mechanical allodynia) or to painful stimuli (hyperalgesia). Abnormal sensations and itching may also occur.

The nerve pain of PHN is thought to result from damage in a peripheral nerve that was affected by the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus. PHN typically begins when the herpes zoster vesicles have crusted over and begun to heal, but can begin in the absence of herpes zoster—a condition called zoster sine herpete.

There is no treatment that modifies the disease course of PHN; therefore, controlling the affected person's symptoms is the main goal of treatment. Medications applied to the skin such as capsaicin or topical anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine) are used for mild pain and can be used in combination with oral medications for moderate to severe pain. Oral anticonvulsant medications such as gabapentin and pregabalin are also approved for treatment of PHN. Tricyclic antidepressants reduce PHN pain, but their use is limited by side effects. Opioid medications are not generally recommended for treatment except in specific circumstances. Such cases should involve a pain specialist in patient care due to mixed evidence of efficacy and concerns about potential for abuse and addiction.

Shingles vaccination is the only way for adults to be protected against both shingles and postherpetic neuralgia, with the vaccine Shingrix providing 90% protection from postherpetic neuralgia. The chickenpox vaccine is approved for infants to prevent chickenpox, which also protects against PHN from a herpes zoster infection.

PHN is the most common long-term complication of herpes zoster. The incidence and prevalence of PHN are uncertain due to varying definitions. Approximately 20% of people affected by herpes zoster report pain in the affected area three months after the initial episode of herpes zoster, and 15% of people similarly report this pain two years after the herpes zoster rash. Since herpes zoster occurs due to reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, which is more likely to occur with a weakened immune system, both herpes zoster and PHN occur more often in the elderly. Risk factors for PHN include older age, severe prodrome or rash, severe acute zoster pain, ophthalmic involvement, immunosuppression, and chronic conditions such as diabetes mellitus and lupus. PHN is often very painful and can be quite debilitating. Affected individuals often experience a decrease in their quality of life.

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms:
 * With resolution of the herpes zoster eruption, pain that continues for three months or more is defined as postherpetic neuralgia.
 * Pain is variable, from discomfort to very severe, and may be described as burning, stabbing, or gnawing.

Signs:
 * Area of previous herpes zoster may show evidence of cutaneous scarring.
 * Sensation may be altered over the areas involved, in the form of either hypersensitivity or decreased sensation.
 * In rare cases, the patient might also experience muscle weakness, tremor, or paralysis if the nerves involved also control muscle movement.

Pathophysiology
Postherpetic neuralgia is thought to be due to nerve damage caused by herpes zoster. The damage causes nerves in the affected dermatomic area of the skin to send abnormal electrical signals to the brain. These signals may convey excruciating pain, and may persist or recur for months, years, or for life.

A key factor in the neural plasticity underlying neuropathic pain is altered gene expression in sensory dorsal root ganglia neurons. Injury to sensory nerves induces neurochemical, physiological, and anatomical modifications to afferent and central neurons, such as afferent terminal sprouting and inhibitory interneuron loss. Following nerve damage, NaCl channel accumulation causes hyperexcitability, and downregulation of the TTX-resistant Nav1.8 (sensory neuron specific, SNS1) channel and upregulation of TTX-sensitive Nav1.3 (brain type III) and TRPV1 channels. These changes contribute to increased NMDA glutamate receptor-dependent excitability of spinal dorsal horn neurons and are restricted to the ipsilateral (injured) side. A combination of these factors could contribute to the neuropathic pain state of postherpetic neuralgia.

Diagnosis
Lab Studies:
 * No laboratory work is usually necessary.
 * Results of cerebrospinal fluid evaluation are abnormal in 61%.
 * Pleocytosis is observed in 46%, elevated protein in 26%, and VZV DNA in 22%.
 * These findings are not predictive of the clinical course of postherpetic neuralgia.
 * Viral culture or immunofluorescence staining may be used to differentiate herpes simplex from herpes zoster in cases that are difficult to distinguish clinically.
 * Antibodies to herpes zoster can be measured. A 4-fold increase has been used to support the diagnosis of subclinical herpes zoster (zoster sine herpete). However, a rising titer secondary to viral exposure rather than reactivation cannot be ruled out.

Imaging studies:
 * Magnetic resonance imaging lesions attributable to herpes zoster were seen in the brain stem and cervical cord in 56% (9/16) of patients.
 * At three months after onset of herpes zoster, 56% (5/9) of patients with an abnormal magnetic resonance image had developed postherpetic neuralgia.
 * Of the seven patients who had no herpes-zoster-related lesions on the magnetic resonance image, none had residual pain.

Primary prevention
Shingles vaccination is the only way for adults to be protected against both shingles and postherpetic neuralgia, with two vaccines approved for use in people over age 50. The zoster vaccine Shingrix provides around 90% protection from postherpetic neuralgia, and has been used in many countries since 2017. The earlier vaccine Zostavax provides lesser protection against shingles, and PHN.

The varicella vaccine is approved for infants to prevent chickenpox, which also protects against PHN from a herpes zoster infection. Vaccination decreases the overall incidence of virus reactivation, and also decreases the severity of disease development and incidence of PHN if reactivation does occur.

Secondary prevention
A 2013 Cochrane meta-analysis of 6 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating oral antiviral medications given within 72 hours after the onset of herpes zoster rash in immunocompetent people for preventing postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) found no significant difference between placebo and aciclovir. Additionally, there was no significant difference in preventing the incidence of PHN found in the one RCT included in the meta-analysis that compared placebo to oral famciclovir treatment within 72 hours of HZ rash onset. Studies using valaciclovir treatment were not included in the meta-analysis. PHN was defined as pain at the site of the dermatomic rash at 120 days after the onset of rash, and incidence was evaluated at 1, 4, and 6 months after rash onset. Patients who are prescribed oral antiviral agents after the onset of rash should be informed that their chances of developing PHN are no different than those not taking oral antiviral agents.

Treatment
The pain from postherpetic neuralgia can be very severe and requires immediate treatment. There is no treatment which modifies the course of the disease and management primarily aims to control symptoms.

Topical medications
Medications applied to the skin can be used alone if the pain from PHN is mild or in combination with oral medications if the pain is moderate to severe. Topical medications for PHN include low-dose (0.075%) and high-dose (8%) capsaicin and anesthetics such as lidocaine patches. Lidocaine patches (5% concentration) are approved in the United States and Europe to treat PHN though evidence supporting their use is limited. A meta-analysis of multiple small placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials found that for every two people treated with topical lidocaine, one person experienced at least a 50% reduction in their PHN-associated pain (number needed to treat (NNT)=2).

Low-dose capsaicin may be useful for reducing PHN-associated pain but is limited by side effects (redness and a burning or stinging sensation with application) and the need to apply it four times daily. Approximately three people must be treated with low-dose capsaicin cream for one person to experience significant pain relief (number needed to treat =3.3). A single topical application of a high-dose capsaicin patch over the affected area after numbing the area with a topical anesthetic has also been found to relieve PHN-associated pain. For every eleven people treated with a high-dose capsaicin patch for up to 12 weeks, one person experienced a significant improvement in their pain. (number needed to treat=11). Due to the need for topical anesthesia before application of the high-dose capsaicin patch, referral to a pain specialist is generally recommended if this approach is being considered.

Oral medications
Multiple oral medications have demonstrated efficacy in relieving postherpetic neuralgia pain. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), such as nortriptyline or desipramine, are effective in reducing postherpetic neuralgia pain but are limited by their numerous side effects. For every three people treated with a tricyclic antidepressant, one person is expected to have a clinically significant reduction in their pain (NNT=3). Additionally, of every sixteen people treated with a TCA, one person is expected to stop the medication due to a bothersome side effect, such as dry mouth, constipation, or urinary retention (number needed to harm=16). The anticonvulsant medications pregabalin and gabapentin also effectively relieve postherpetic neuralgia pain. Treatment with pregabalin leads to a reduction in pain intensity of 50% or more in one person out of every 4–5 people treated (NNT=4–5). Similarly, treatment with gabapentin also leads to a 50% reduction in pain intensity in one person out of every 7-8 people treated (NNT=7.5).

Opioids such as tramadol, methadone, oxycodone, and morphine have not been well-studied for postherpetic neuralgia treatment. Acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are thought to be ineffective and have not undergone rigorous study for PHN.

New medications
Pharmacological treatment of PHN is unsatisfactory for many patients and there is a clinical need for new treatments. Between 2016 and 2023, 18 clinical trials have been carried out evaluating 15 molecules with pharmacological actions on nine different molecular targets: antagonism of the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) (olodanrigan), inhibition of the α2δ subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC)(crisugabalin, mirogabalin and pregabalin), activated sodium channel (VGSC) blockade (funapide and lidocaine), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibition (TRK-700), adapter-associated kinase 1 inhibition ( AAK1) (LX9211), lanthionine synthase C-like protein (LANCL) activation (LAT8881), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism (esketamine), mu opioid receptor agonism (tramadol, oxycodone e hydromorphone) and nerve growth factor (NGF) inhibition (fulranumab). Of them, some of them report promising results while others did not work. Hopefully, these experimental treatments will result in better clinical management of PHN.

Prognosis
The natural history of postherpetic neuralgia involves slow resolution of the pain syndrome. A subgroup of affected individuals may develop severe, long-lasting pain that does not respond to medical therapy.

Epidemiology
In the United States each year approximately 1,000,000 individuals develop herpes zoster, with nearly 1 in 3 people in the United States developing it in their lifetime. Of those individuals, approximately 10–18% develop postherpetic neuralgia.

The incidence of herpes zoster, and also developing postherpetic neuralgia, both increase with age. The frequency and severity of postherpetic neuralgia increase with advancing age, occurring in 20% of people age 60–65 years old who have had herpes zoster, and in more than 30% of people over 80 years old.

title: Postherpetic neuralgia


text:
Category:The Ring (franchise)

Articles relating to The Ring media franchise, created by Koji Suzuki.

title: Category:The Ring (franchise)


text:
52nd Street (album)

52nd Street is the sixth studio album by American singer-songwriter Billy Joel, released on October 11, 1978, by Columbia Records. Presenting itself as the follow-up to his breakthrough studio album, The Stranger, Joel tried to give the new album a fresh sound, hiring various jazz musicians to differentiate it from his previous studio albums.

The album's title is a reference to 52nd Street, a popular street location in Midtown Manhattan for jazz musicians, beginning during the Great Depression and continuing through to the 1950s. Joel's label was headquartered within the CBS Building on West 52nd Street at the time of the album's release. The studio where recording took place was also on 52nd Street, one block away from where Joel's label was headquartered.

52nd Street was an instant commercial success, becoming Joel's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200, a spot it held for eight consecutive weeks. Three songs reached the Top 40 in the United States, contributing to the album's success: "My Life" (number 3), "Big Shot" (number 14), and "Honesty" (number 24). It was similarly well received by critics, earning two Grammy awards for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance and Album of the Year at the 22nd Annual Grammy Awards. The latter Grammy was presented to its producer, Phil Ramone. Upon Ramone's death, 52nd Street's Album of the Year Grammy was passed on to Joel.

The album was among the first commercially released on the compact disc format, reaching store shelves on October 1, 1982, in Japan (it was one of 50 CDs released that day, including The Stranger, but bore the first catalogue number in the sequence, 35DP-1, and so is frequently cited as the first to be released). In keeping with this history, it was also the first release when Sony returned to manufacturing vinyl records in 2018.

Reception
Reviewing 52nd Street for The Village Voice in 1979, Robert Christgau noted Joel's talent for writing catchy songs and likened him to Elton John, albeit with more "smarm." The Globe and Mail determined that "the music really is starting to sound repetitive and formulaic—as though the songwriter's musical vocabulary is too limited to match his sense of the big city's varied dramas."

Retrospectively, AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised Joel for expanding stylistically on 1977s The Stranger, describing 52nd Street as "more sophisticated and somewhat jazzy." In 2000, it was voted number 621 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums. In 2003, 52nd Street was ranked number 352 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time", and at 354 on a 2012 revised list.

Track listing
All songs written and composed by Billy Joel.

Song notes
The song "Rosalinda's Eyes" was inspired by Joel's mother, Rosalind Nyman Joel.

Personnel

 * Billy Joel – vocals, acoustic piano, Yamaha CP-70 electric grand piano, Fender Rhodes, synthesizers
 * Richie Cannata – organ, saxophones, clarinet
 * Steve Khan – electric guitar, acoustic guitar, backing vocals
 * David Spinozza – acoustic guitar (2)
 * David Brown – electric guitar (3)
 * Russell Javors – acoustic guitar (3)
 * Hugh McCracken – nylon guitar (6, 8)
 * Eric Gale – electric guitar (7)
 * Doug Stegmeyer – bass, backing vocals
 * Liberty DeVitto – drums
 * Mike Mainieri – vibraphone and marimba (4, 6)
 * Ralph MacDonald – percussion (6, 7)
 * David Freidman – orchestral chimes and percussion (8)
 * Freddie Hubbard – flugelhorn and trumpet (4)
 * George Marge – sopranino recorder (6)
 * Robert Freedman – horn and string orchestrations (2, 8)
 * Dave Grusin – horn orchestrations (7)
 * David Nadien – concertmaster (2, 7, 8)
 * Peter Cetera – backing vocals (3)
 * Donnie Dacus – backing vocals (3)
 * Frank Floyd – backing vocals (7)
 * Babi Floyd – backing vocals (7)
 * Milt Grayson – backing vocals (7)
 * Zack Sanders – backing vocals (7)
 * Ray Simpson – backing vocals (7)

Production

 * Phil Ramone – producer, mixing
 * Kathy Kurs – associate producer
 * Carol Peters – associate producer
 * Jim Boyer – engineer, mixing
 * David Martone – assistant engineer
 * Ted Jensen – mastering at Sterling Sound (New York City, NY)
 * John Berg – cover design
 * Jim Houghton – photography

Grammy Awards

 * style="width:35px; text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|1980 || rowspan="2"| 52nd Street || Album of the Year || Won
 * Best Pop Vocal Performance – Male || Won
 * "Honesty" || |Song of the Year || Nominated
 * Best Pop Vocal Performance – Male || Won
 * "Honesty" || |Song of the Year || Nominated
 * "Honesty" || |Song of the Year || Nominated

American Music Awards

 * style="width:35px; text-align:center;" rowspan="1"|1980 || Billy Joel (performer) || Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist || Nominated
 * style="width:35px; text-align:center;" rowspan="1"|1980 || Billy Joel (performer) || Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist || Nominated

title: 52nd Street (album)


text:
Abangan

The Abangan are Javanese people who are Muslims and practice a much more syncretic version of Islam than the more orthodox santri. The term, apparently derived from the Javanese language word for red, abang, was first developed by Clifford Geertz, but the meaning has since shifted. Abangan are more inclined to follow a local system of beliefs called adat and Kebatinan than pure Sharia (Islamic law). Their belief system integrates Hinduism, Buddhism and animism. However, some scholars hold that what has classically been viewed as Indonesian variance from Islam is often a part of that faith in other countries. For example, Martin van Bruinessen notes similarity between adat and historical practice among Muslims in Egypt as described by Edward Lane.

Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
Many Abangans were supporters of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), and their interests were thus supported by the PKI. They subsequently made up most of the people who were slaughtered in the anti-Communist Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66. Abangans were targeted for attacks by Ansor, the youth wing of Nahdlatul Ulama and the Santri with help from the Indonesian Army. To avoid being classified as atheist and communists, Abangan Muslims were forced by the Indonesian government to convert to Hinduism and Christianity in the aftermath of the slaughter.

title: Abangan


text:
Kamiya Kaoru

Kamiya Kaoru (神谷 薫), known as Kaoru Kamiya in the Media Blasters English-language dub and Kori Kamiya in the English Sony Samurai X dub, is a fictional character in the Rurouni Kenshin manga created by Nobuhiro Watsuki. In the story Kaoru is the instructor of a kendo school in Tokyo, Kamiya Kasshin-ryū (神谷活心流). The students leave when many people are killed by someone claiming to be the Hitokiri Battōsai (人斬り抜刀斎) from the Kamiya Kasshin-ryū", damaging the school's reputation. Kaoru is saved from the murderous impostor by the real Battōsai, Himura Kenshin, now a wanderer who has sworn to stop killing. During the series, Kaoru grows fond of Kenshin due to his good actions to society and becomes his ally.

Kaoru also appears in the film version of the series and other media of the franchise, including electronic games and a series of original video animations (OVAs). Although Watsuki wanted to design Kaoru "more cutely" and to be "more fashionable", he toned down those qualities and made her poor and "down-to-earth". There was concern that Watsuki would kill her off, with her critical reception having been mostly positive.

Rurouni Kenshin
Kaoru is the instructor of the Kamiya Kasshin martial-arts school. She inherited her fighting style and a small dojo from her father, who was drafted by a police swordsmen unit and died defending a comrade during the Seinan War. At the beginning of the story, Kaoru has no students and runs the dojo alone; she seems likely to lose it when Kenshin helps her. Despite occasional mood swings and a reputation for bad cooking, she is independent, compassionate, courageous and a good fighter. In her first appearance, Kaoru searches for the assassin Hitokiri Battosai, who claims to be from Kamiya Kasshin-ryu. Kaoru is saved by the real Battosai, Himura Kenshin, and invites him to her dojo. One of her greatest fears is that Kenshin might return to wandering, leaving her alone again, and she is jealous if another girl (such as Takani Megumi) is interested in him. In the series' first story arc, Kaoru gains a student (Myojin Yahiko) and loses one (Tsukayama Yutaro).

When the Meiji government requests Kenshin's aid to kill the former Hitokiri Shishio Makoto, he bids Kaoru an emotional farewell and leaves for Kyoto. Kaoru falls into a depression before she follows him to Kyoto after a pep talk from Megumi. With the Oniwabanshu's Makimachi Misao, she defeats one of Shishio's Juppongatana: Honjō Kamatari.

In Tokyo, after Kaoru learns about Yukishiro Enishi's plans to kill everyone connected to Kenshin she teaches Yahiko the ougi of the Kamiya Kasshin. Enishi says that his goal is not to kill Kenshin, but to make him suffer by killing the person most important to him: Kaoru. He kidnaps her, leaving a replica of her dead body. Convinced that he again failed to save the one who was most important to him, Kenshin flees to the Fallen Village and falls into a catatonic depression. When he learns that Kaoru is alive, he and the group rescue her from Enishi. They marry and have a son, Himura Kenji. Five years later, after taking in Hasegawa Ashitaro, Inoue Aran, and Kubota Asahi into the Kamiya dojo, Kaoru receives information from them that her father is presumably alive and living in Hokkaido, prompting her and her family to travel there in the hopes of reuniting with him.

Other media
In Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection, although Kenshin and Kaoru are married he begins wandering again because he needs to help others; he returns every couple of years. Kaoru lets him go, promising to welcome him home with a smile and their child. Kenshin develops a mysterious disease, and Kaoru convinces him to transmit it to her. He leaves to help people in the First Sino-Japanese War, as he had promised the Meiji government. When he returns to Japan, Kenshin collapses in Kaoru's arms and dies. In the pilot issue of Rurouni: Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story, first published in 1992, Kaoru is the sister of Megumi and Yahiko. Many of the character's details changed in her transition to mainstream manga. Kaoru appears in all Rurouni Kenshin video games (including Jump Super Stars and Jump Ultimate Stars), primarily as a supporting character. In the manga reboot Rurouni Kenshin: Restoration, Kaoru works for Takeda Kanryū to regain her dojo. After Kenshin defeats Takeda, she continues living in the dojo with Kenshin and his friends. Kaoru was played by Emi Takei in 2012's Rurouni Kenshin and its three sequels.

Concept
Watsuki said that he used "no specific model" and "no specific motif" in designing Kaoru, saying that if he had to name one model it would be Chiba Sanako, who was Sakamoto Ryōma's fiancée. He wanted to include the "commanding" qualities of Sasaki Mifuyu (佐々木 三冬) from Shōtarō Ikenami's Kenkaku Shōbai (剣客商売). According to Watsuki, Kaoru is a "plain, regular girl" despite her commanding qualities. By the first Japanese compilation, he thought that the character worked and many female Rurouni Kenshin readers identified with Kaoru. At the time, Watsuki had not decided if Kaoru would be Kenshin's love interest. Although he wanted to design Kaoru "more cutely" and to be "more fashionable", he toned down those qualities and made her poor and "down-to-earth". The artist described her ponytail as "de rigueur" for a girl practicing kendo. According to Watsuki, he enjoys drawing Kaoru but filling in her hair is "sometimes a pain." At the end of Rurouni Kenshin, Kaoru received a new hairstyle. Watsuki felt that Kaoru would look odd without her ponytail, but her original hairstyle did not look maternal and he changed it for the ending. When female readers asked Watsuki if Kaoru was a strong fighter, he called the character "quite independent for her age" who could "hold her own" against the local dojo masters and compete at the national level (although she is weaker than Kenshin and Sagara Sanosuke).

Watsuki said that in volume seven the series took on a more adult tone, influenced by the shōjo manga he was reading at the time. During the series he considered killing Kaoru off, deciding against it in favor of a happy ending for a manga aimed at young readers and influenced by the previous story arc's upbeat ending. However, he thought the storyline then lost its main theme (revenge); readers praised and criticized the twist. Watsuki apologized to his young audience for the dark chapters suggesting that Kaoru was dead. Miki Fujitani (who voices the character) said in an interview that in the OVA series Kaoru is brave and very different from her original version whose characterization has been felt closer to the calm Yukishiro Tomoe. Watsuki described Tomo Sakurai's CD-drama voice as "not too airhead-y," "not too high" and "not too low."

Reception
Kaoru has been popular with Rurouni Kenshin readers, placing fourth or fifth in every popularity poll. Kaoru merchandise includes plushes, keychains and sweatbands. Manga, anime and video-game publications have responded positively to Kaoru; in T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews, Carlos Ross called her a "spirited girl". Kaoru and Kenshin's relationship ranked eighth in About.com's "Top 8 Anime Love Stories", with Katherine Luther calling it a "classic romance." Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network was disappointed by Kaoru's lack of development in the series Rurouni Kenshin Restoration. SciFi.com liked her character due to how Kaoru does not see Kenshin as the past murderer Battosai but instead as a kind wanderer who wants protect others. The writer also enjoyed the good actions Kaoru does like protecting Yahiko in early episodes. Megan Lavey from Mania Entertainment found Kaoru more appealing in the manga version over the anime adaptation due to that, while in both versions it is obvious that she has romantic feelings for Kenshin, in the manga she has a better understanding of Kenshin's darker persona most notably when former assassin prepares to leave Tokyo. For the final arc in the manga, Mania Entertainment felt that twist that happens shortly after Kenshin's battle with Enishi helps to show why Kaoru loves Kenshin carefully.

Kaoru's Reflection OVA series version was criticized; Efrain Diaz, Jr. of IGN wrote that although some of Kenshin and Kaoru's private moments are touching, others are depressing. According to Anime News Network's Mike Crandol, Kaoru is the least visually successful character redesign in the Reflection OVA. Citing the manga version's "distinctive girlish charm", Crandol said that the staff members tried too hard to make her look like Yukishiro Tomoe. Don Houston from DVD Talk noted the controversy between the fandom as they refrained from treating Reflection as canon due to how tragic the life of Kaoru and Kenshin's family became. About.com's Serdar Yegulalp felt the romance between Kaoru and Kenshin was entertaining to watch but at the same time criticized they often acted out of character, commenting on how Kaoru lets her husband leave the house in contrast to how in the original series, Kenshin left Tokyo while still not married with her. Ridwan Khan from Animefringe praised the romance between Kaoru and Kenshin, feeling it was well developed in the OVAs and served as a fitting finale to the series. On a more negative review, Carl Kimlinger stated that Kaoru was one of the most damaged characters in the OVAs as a result of being a more stereotipycal female character waiting for her husband to come back home rather than Watsuki's original version where Kaoru would not allow Kenshin to leave or instead go with him when he leaves Tokyo to work. According to Ashley D. Lake from UC Riverside, Kaoru represents the Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu values defied in the Meiji era that Kenshin chooses to protect due to the values it offers to people, something rare in anime series due to prominent violence during the time Rurouni Kenshin premiered in Japan.

ABC CBN's Karen Flores praised Emi Takei's portrayal of the character in the first live-action film, stating the actress played her character just like the one from the manga and anime. However, she was criticized for lacking her tomboyish traits when interacting with the young Myojin Yahiko. The lack of the love triangle between Kaoru, Kenshin and Takani Megumi was criticized by Ko Ransom from Anime News Network, as the writer noted the first film covered too many subplots. David West from Neo lamented Kaoru had few appearances in the final film, citing her role in the previous ones appealing.

title: Kamiya Kaoru


text:
File:Billy Joel - Glass Houses.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Billy Joel album Glass Houses.

title: File:Billy Joel - Glass Houses.jpg