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Rathmines

Rathmines is an affluent inner suburb on the Southside of Dublin in Ireland. It begins at the southern side of the Grand Canal and stretches along the Rathmines Road as far as Rathgar to the south, Ranelagh to the east, and Harold's Cross to the west. It is situated in the city's D06 postal district.

Rathmines is a commercial and social hub and was well known across Ireland as "Flatland"—an area where subdivided large Georgian and Victorian houses provided rented accommodation to newly arrived junior civil servants and third-level students from outside the city from the 1930s. However, in more recent times, Rathmines has diversified its housing stock and many historic houses formerly divided into often tiny flats and bedsits have in a process of gentrifying been re-amalgamated into single-family homes. Rathmines gained a reputation as a "Dublin Belgravia" in the 19th Century.

Name
Rathmines is an Anglicisation of the Irish Ráth Maonais, meaning "ringfort of Maonas"/"fort of Maonas". The name Maonas is perhaps derived from Maoghnes or the Norman name de Meones, after the de Meones family who settled in Dublin about 1280; Elrington Ball states that the earlier version of the name was Meonesrath, which supports the theory that it was named after the family. Like many of the surrounding areas, it arose from a fortified structure which would have been the centre of civic and commercial activity from the Norman invasion of Ireland in the 12th century. Rathgar, Baggotrath and Rathfarnham are other areas of Dublin whose placenames derive from a similar root.

Origins
Rathmines has a history stretching back to the 14th century. At this time, Rathmines and the surrounding hinterland were part of the ecclesiastical lands called Cuallu or Cuallan, later the vast Parish of Cullenswood, which gave its name to a nearby area. Cuallu is mentioned in local surveys from 1326 as part of the manor of St. Sepulchre (the estate, or rather liberty, of the Archbishop of Dublin, whose seat as a Canon of St. Patrick's Cathedral takes its name from this). There is some evidence of an established settlement around a rath as far back as 1350. Rathmines is part of the Barony of Uppercross, one of the many baronies surrounding the old city of Dublin, bound as it was by walls, some of which are still visible. In more recent times, Rathmines was a popular suburb of Dublin, attracting the wealthy and powerful seeking refuge from the poor living conditions of the city from the middle of the 19th century. A substantial mansion, generally called Rathmines Old Castle, was built in the seventeenth century, probably at present-day Palmerston Park, and rebuilt in the eighteenth; no trace of it survives today.

Rathmines is arguably best known historically for a bloody battle that took place there in 1649, during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, leading to the death of perhaps up to 5,000 people. The Battle of Rathmines took place on 2 August 1649 and led to the routing of Royalist forces in Ireland shortly after this time. Some have compared the Battle of Rathmines – or sometimes Baggotrath – as equal in political importance to England's Battle of Naseby. The battle brought a swift end to the ongoing Royalist Siege of Dublin.

In the early 1790s, the Grand Canal was constructed on the northern edge of Rathmines, connecting Rathmines with Portobello via the La Touch Bridge (which through popular usage became better known as Portobello Bridge).

For several hundred years Rathmines was the location of a "spa" – in fact, a spring – the water of which was said to have health-giving properties. It attracted people with all manner of ailments to the area. In the 19th century, it was called the "Grattan Spa", as it was located on property once belonging to Henry Grattan, close to Portobello Bridge. The "spa" gradually fell into a state of neglect as the century progressed, until disputes arose between those who wished to preserve it and those (mainly developers) who wished to get rid of it altogether. In 1872 a Dr. O'Leary, who held a high estimate of the water quality, reported that the "spa" was in "a most disgraceful state of repair", upon which the developer and alderman Frederick Stokes sent samples to the medical inspector, Dr. Cameron, for analysis. Dr. Cameron, a great lover of authority, reported: "It was, in all probability, merely the drainings of some ancient disused sewer, not a chalybeate spring." Access to the site was blocked up and the once popular "spa" faded from public memory.

Dublin Rathmines was a parliamentary county constituency at Westminster from 1918 to 1922. It returned Unionist candidate Maurice Dockrell as its MP in 1918, elected on a majority. Dockrell was the only Unionist elected in a geographical constituency outside Ulster.

Easter Rising, War of Independence & Civil War
On 25 April 1916, during the Easter Rising, Captain John Bowen-Colthurst, an officer of the 3rd battalion Royal Irish Rifles, went on a raiding party in Rathmines holding Francis Sheehy-Skeffington as hostage. At Rathmines Road, he shot dead 19-year-old James Joseph Coade of 28 Mountpleasant Avenue. Coade had been attending a Sodality meeting at the nearby Catholic Church of Our Lady of Refuge. Sheehy-Skeffington was later shot dead in Portobello Barracks.

Rathmines Church was used as a weapons store during the War of Independence. On 26 January 1920, a fire started at the electrical switchboard in the vestry. There were reports of several members of 'A' Company of the IRA Dublin Brigade entering the church during the fire to retrieve the weapons. The fire caused £30-35,000 worth of damage and completely destroyed the dome.

During the Irish Civil War on 20 December 1922 Séamus Dwyer, a pro-treaty Sinn Féin politician, was shot dead in his shop at 5 Rathmines Terrace. On 23 March 1923 Thomas O'Leary, a member of the anti-Treaty IRA, was found dead and riddled with bullets outside of Tranquilla Convent (now Tranquilla Park). In 1933 a Celtic cross was erected in his memory at the location.

On 28 January 1928, IRA assassin Timothy Coughlin was himself shot dead on the Dartry Road.

Rathmines Township
The Rathmines Township was created by an Act of Parliament in 1847. The area was later renamed Rathmines and Rathgar and expanded to take in the areas of Rathgar, Ranelagh, Sallymount and Milltown. The township was initially responsible only for sanitation, but its powers were extended over time to cover most functions of local government. It became an urban district under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, but was still usually called a "township". Initially, the council was made up of local businessmen and other eminent figures; the franchise was extended in 1899 and the membership changed accordingly.

Rathmines Town Hall is still one of Rathmines's most prominent buildings with its clock tower (because the clock is famously inaccurate and has four large apparently unsynchronised clock faces (i.e., they sometimes show different times), it is known locally as the "Four Faced Liar".)

The township was incorporated into the City of Dublin in 1930, and its functions were taken over by Dublin Corporation, now known as Dublin City Council. Kimmage–Rathmines is a local electoral area of Dublin City Council, electing six councillors; the boundaries of the electoral areas in Rathmines have varied over the years.

Places of interest
Cathal Brugha Barracks (known in the past as Portobello Barracks) is a large army barracks which is home to many units of the Irish Army including, the 2 Brigade and the 7th Infantry Battalion.

Rathmines Library was opened on 24 October 1913 following a grant of £8,500 from Andrew Carnegie, to a design by architect, Frederick Hicks.

Churches
The green copper oxide dome of Mary Immaculate, Refuge of Sinners Church is a prominent landmark. The original dome was destroyed in a fire in 1920 and replaced by the current one when reopened in 1922. The dome was to be used in St Petersburg but the political and social upheaval in that city caused it to be diverted to Dublin.

The Holy Trinity Church (Church of Ireland) was designed by John Semple (1801–1882) in the Gothic Revival style and consecrated on 1 June 1828. Constructed of Black Calp, a local limestone that turns black in the rain, the Church was one of two in Dublin to be known as the 'Black Church,' (the other also being designed by Semple and in St. Mary's Place).

Rathmines is also the location of Grosvenor Road Baptist Church.

Education
There are primary and secondary schools, St Mary's College (C.S.Sp.) and St Louis Primary and St Louis Secondary School, Rathmines. On Upper Rathmines Road there is a Church of Ireland sponsored primary school called Kildare Place National School, situated on the grounds of the former Church of Ireland College of Education. Rathmines College of Further Education is located in the Town Hall.

Retail
On 14 September 2014, the old Swan cinema was upgraded, refurbished, and enhanced, at a cost of nearly €8 million. From the original seating capacity of 258, it was expanded to 1,519, over a total of eight movie screens. This has multiple screens, it shows up-to-date movies and features 3D movies. In October 2017, the Stella Cinema, a vintage cinema popular in the 1980s was refurbished and reopened, offering classic films and blockbusters.

Transport
From the 1850s, horse-drawn omnibuses provided transport from Rathmines to the city centre. Portobello Bridge, which had a steep incline, was often a problem for the horses, which led to the fatal accident of 1861.

On 6 October 1871 work was commenced on the Dublin tram system on Rathmines Road, just before Portobello Bridge, and a horse-drawn tram service was in place the following year. The following year also the long-awaited (since the 1861 accident) improvements to Portobello Bridge were carried out, the Tramway Company paying one-third of the total cost of £300.

Rathmines was once served by Rathmines and Ranelagh railway station on the Harcourt Street railway line. The station opened on 16 July 1896 and finally closed on 1 January 1959.

Today Rathmines is served by the Luas light rail system: Ranelagh on the Green Line is the most convenient for access to the main street, while the Charlemont, Beechwood (which is near the former railway station) and Cowper stops are also within walking distance of the area.

Dublin Bus routes S2, 14, 15, 15A, 15B, 65, 65B, 83, 140 and 142 serve Rathmines. The area is also served by the Dublin Bus Nitelink routes 15N and 49N on Friday and Saturday nights and on public holidays.

Notable people

 * Cathal Brugha, Irish nationalist, lived on Rathmines Road
 * Mamie Cadden, midwife, backstreet abortionist and convicted murderer, operated a maternity nursing home, St Maelruin's, at 183 Lower Rathmines Road
 * Martin Cahill (1949-1994) aka The General, career criminal, lived in Cowper Downs prior to his murder in 1994
 * Michael Cleary (priest) was living on Leinster Road, Rathmines when the controversy about his child was first reported
 * Nora Connolly O'Brien, second daughter of James Connolly, was an activist and writer; she was also a member of the Irish Senate, and lived on Belgrave Square
 * Matt Cooper (Irish journalist), resident
 * Frederick William Cumberland (1820–1881), architect, railway manager and politician, grew up in Rathmines; his father Thomas was employed at Dublin Castle
 * Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope, British admiral of the Second World War
 * Vincent Dowling, Director of the Arts, was born in Rathmines
 * Séamus Dwyer, Sinn Féin TD in the 2nd Dáil, Pro-Treaty candidate in 1922 General Election, shot dead in his shop at 5 Rathmines Terrace on 20 December 1922
 * Paddy Finucane, Second World War fighter pilot, was born in Rathmines
 * Madeleine ffrench-Mullen (30 December 1880 – 26 May 1944) was an Irish revolutionary and labour activist who took part in the Easter Rising in Dublin in 1916
 * Grace Gifford, an artist and cartoonist who was active in the Republican movement, was born in Rathmines; she married Joseph Plunkett in 1916 only a few hours before he was executed
 * Stephen Gwynn Protestant Nationalist MP, writer, poet and journalist lived at Palmerstown Road
 * Lafcadio Hearn, ghost-story writer who settled in Japan, was brought up in Rathmines
 * Sean Hogan married Christina Butler at Our lady Refuge of Sinners Church in Rathmines, 24 February 1925
 * Rosamund Jacob, suffragist, republican and writer lived at Belgrave Square and Charleville Road
 * James Joyce was born at 41 Brighton Square and spent some of his childhood at 23 Castlewood Avenue
 * Thomas Goodwin Keohler (1873-1942), poet, journalist and friend of James Joyce lived at 12 Charleville Road
 * Aine Lawlor, RTÉ journalist
 * The Earl of Longford had a large house in the Grosvenor park area of the Leinster road between Rathmines and Harold's Cross, that was demolished and replaced with a modern housing estate in recent decades
 * Kathleen Lynn, 1874–1955, Sinn Féin politician, activist and medical doctor lived and practised on Belgrave Road, Rathmines
 * Éamonn MacThomáis, 1927–2002, born in Rathmines, was an author, broadcaster, historian, Republican, advocate of the Irish language and lecturer, noted for numerous RTÉ documentaries on his native Dublin
 * Constance Markievicz, Irish revolutionary. In 1903 after a visit to the Ukraine, she and her husband Casimir Markievicz returned to live in a house provided by Constance's mother in Rathmines to bring up her daughter Maeve and stepson Stanislaus
 * John Mitchel was living with his family at 8 Ontario Terrace when he was arrested in 1848
 * Conor Cruise O'Brien was born in 1917 in Rathmines, the only child of Francis Cruise O'Brien, a journalist who worked for the Freeman's Journal, and Kathleen Sheehy
 * Brian O'Driscoll, Irish rugby player, lives in Rathmines
 * Walter Osborne, a famous Irish impressionist painter, was born at 5 Castlewood Avenue
 * Seumas O'Sullivan, writer, was born on Charleston Avenue and the family pharmacy operated from 30 Rathmines Road
 * Edward Pakenham, 6th Earl of Longford Irish Nationalist, Senator and writer
 * Arthur Alcock Rambaut, astronomer, was educated at Rathmines School
 * George William Russell, Irish nationalist and mystic,  was educated at Rathmines School
 * Johnny Sexton, Irish rugby player, lives in Rathmines
 * Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, suffragist, pacifist and writer, lived in 11 Grosvenor Place Rathmines
 * Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, suffragette and Irish nationalist, lived in 11 Grosvenor Place Rathmines
 * Owen Sheehy-Skeffington, university lecturer and senator, spent early childhood in 11 Grosvenor Place Rathmines
 * Dora Sigerson Shorter, poet, spent some of her childhood at Richmond Hill
 * Annie M. P. Smithson, novelist, nurse and Nationalist, lived at 12 Richmond Hill until her death
 * John Millington Synge, dramatist, lived here from February to April in 1908
 * George William Torrance, composer of church music
 * Elizabeth Mary Troy (1914–2011), obstetrician
 * Maev-Ann Wren, journalist, economist, and author, grew up in Rathmines
 * Robert Wynne, 1760–1838, built Rathmines Castle c. 1820
 * Ella Young, poet and Celtic mythologist lived in Grosvenor Square

title: Rathmines


text: Category:Polish people by region

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Polish people by region


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Talk:Lorne sausage

Is it possible to add something derogatory? I live in Scotland and have tried this stuff time and again thinking there must be something good about it. I have never found it worth eating. I have come to think that, along with the deep fried Mars bar, it epitomises the worst of Scottish cuisine.

<> (For everyone else outside of Scotland, A pizza crunch is half a cooked pizza that has been deep fried in batter....) - Also, just for a joke I tried looking up deep fried Mars bar, only to find there is an article on it, Is there anything that isn't here on Wikipedia??

Maybe someone could start a "Most Un-healthy Foods" page —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.237.8.141 (talk) 09:17, 5 November 2010 (UTC)

78.148.109.237 (talk) 20:57, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Mmmm, until I moved to Scotland I had never had sliced/lorne sausage, now I cannot get enough of it, a really delicious piece of food

-

Is it spiced, or is it just ground meat and breadcrumbs?

It sounds similar to the "breakfast sausage" common in the southern US, which is normally made from ground pork spiced with black pepper, sage, and sometimes red pepper.

--

No, it's nothing like American Breakfast sausage. Although I was born and raised in Scotland, I now live in Arizona, so I know both products intimately. And I'd die for some real sausage! :)

Incidently, the link at the bottom of the main page goes to a site that claims to describe the history of square sausage. That history, I can state with sure personal knowledge, is total nonsense! Square sausage may well have been named after someone called Lorne, but it has been made by the Denny butchers I worked in as a school-kid since 1870, if not earlier. (The old shop accounts were still in the store when I worked there, and the earliest book was dated 1870, and therein, the sales of square sausage is carefully detailed).

when i was studying in Edinburgh, the caterers at restaurants were calling these sausages "Scottish sausage" i think this name should also be added to the article.

 * Not a term I've heard, in Edinburgh or elsewhere. Can you cite it? Were they in tourist locations? Mutt Lunker (talk) 22:08, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
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Naming
Would it be possible to be a little clearer about the geographical designations? For example, somewhere like Ullapool is in Highland, and in the North, and on the west coast. What's it called there? 86.132.142.207 (talk) 00:24, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

North East England?
This isn't served at all in the North East of England in my experience - if it does exist here, it must be very rare. I speak as a Geordie in his 30s who had to ask his Scottish flatmate what on earth he was talking about when he mentioned this stuff. 217.155.20.163 (talk) 02:00, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

Funny news article
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-18675046

Does it really taste that awful, or do the Japanese simply don't know what real cuisine tastes like? [ Note: that remark was tongue-in-cheek. From what I gather the Japanese cuisine is generally considered to be rather good. ] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.139.81.0 (talk) 15:53, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

 * De gustibus non disputandum est applies here. What a Japanese person, accustomed to a diet of rice and fish, may consider good, and what bad, will doubtless vary considerably in their the opinion from those of us who have grown up on meat expanded with rusk and other deepfried fare. In its defence, poor Scottish urban cuisine is based on ideas of nutrition from the 1930s: the food has to be rich in fat, salt and sugar, preferably fried, and the target diner has to be hungry.

 * As an aside, I also reckon that there's so much good local advice in the guidebook quoted at the above source that it must have been translated into Japanese from an authentically Scottish author. Especially since no native Japanese is likely to possess the stomach enzymes necessary to process alcohol in sufficient quantities to get "merrily drunk" on whisky.
 * Nuttyskin (talk) 17:40, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lorne sausage


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Patrick Smith (politician)

Patrick Smith (17 July 1901 – 18 March 1982) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician, who served as a Teachta Dála from 1923 until 1977; a tenure of 53 years, the longest in the state. He held a number of ministerial positions within the governments of Éamon de Valera and Seán Lemass.

Early life
Smith was born in the town of Bailieborough, County Cavan, the eighth and youngest child of Terence Smith, a farmer, and Ellen Smith (née MacManus). He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood, he took a small role in the Easter Rising of 1916. By 1920, he was involved with the Irish Republican Army and was one of its youngest commandants, at the age of 19. He was captured by British forces in 1921, along with Seán Moylan, who would go on to become a government colleague. He was interned, put on trial for treason but he was spared after a truce was called between the British Army and the IRA during the Irish War of Independence. After the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, Smith sided with de Valera and the Anti-Treaty side of the Irish Civil War. Smith had felt that the Irish negotiators did not test the British delegation enough, this sentiment would last with him well into his political career, Smith being said to have shouted across the floor at Dáil Éireann, "They gave us stepping-stones, but they [state forces in 1922] would not walk on them" (a quote from Irish revolutionary leader Michael Collins).

Irish politics
He entered the Dáil in September 1923, as a Republican candidate. In 1926, Éamon de Valera, the Leader of Anti-Treaty Sinn Fein, approached Smith and persuaded him to join his newly founded political party, Fianna Fáil. Fianna Fail abandoned the abstentionist policy of Anti Treaty Sinn Fein and its elected members took their seats in Dáil Éireann. De Valera and Smith had a strong personal and professional relationship; Smith had a strong loyalty for Fianna Fail and by extension, de Valera, whom he often defended from allegations of totalitarian style policies. Smith refuted these allegations, citing that he felt de Valera had always given a voice to members of the party. He worked as Parliamentary Secretary at the Department of the Taoiseach (Government Chief Whip). Smith identified this time during World War II as his most fulfilling period in Irish politics.

He was appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Finance in 1943. He served under Seán T. O'Kelly and Frank Aiken during his tenure in the department. He was briefly Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Agriculture in January 1947, before his appointment as Minister for Agriculture later that month. He held this position until the collapse of the Fianna Fáil government which had been in power for nearly 16 years. The party was in opposition until the 1951 Irish general election. Smith was then appointed as Minister for Local Government. Smith focused on many social issues, especially the tuberculosis issue in Ireland. He advocated for the reduction of overcrowding in the slums of Dublin. He also oversaw the doubling of the car license fee to ensure the government had enough cashflow for the upkeep of urban and rural roads. The improvement of roads also facilitated unemployment programs by offering recruitment opportunities to work on the roads. The fund for road improvement soon amounted to £3 million, and work began on surfacing the 34,000 miles of road which remained below standard. The Fianna Fail government collapsed in 1954 and was replaced by the Second Inter-Party Government, led by John A. Costello; Smith returned to the position of Minister for Local Government when Fianna Fail were re-elected at the 1957 Irish general election.

Smith was appointed again as Minister for Agriculture in 1957 when Fianna Fail returned to government. His main objectives while in this office were to eliminate cattle tuberculosis, which proved to be a serious issue for Irish farmers at the time. He also encouraged greater productivity from the primary economic sector, specifically farming and also aimed to improve grassland quality across the island. Outside of agriculture, Smith continued to serve as Minister for Local Government. He also was part of a group of ministers who supervised the First Programme for Economic Expansion, an economic development plan by T. K. Whitaker, Secretary at the Department of Finance, that has been heavily praised as the programme that helped kickstart Ireland's economic growth which would take full form in the mid-1990s. He also had a spell as Minister for Social Welfare.

Smith continued to serve under Seán Lemass, but became disillusioned with the Taoiseach about relations with trade unions. Smith felt Lemass was too easily influenced by trade unions and in protest he resigned from all his ministerial positions in 1964. Smith was not appointed to cabinet by Jack Lynch upon his succession as Taoiseach in 1966 and Smith would spend the remainder of his parliamentary career on the Fianna Fáil backbenches. During the Arms Crisis, Smith, like many of the founding members of Fianna Fail, sided with Lynch against Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney. Smith retired from politics in 1977 at the age of 75. In the 1979 leadership election for Fianna Fail, Smith again sided with the more traditional members of the party in supporting the leadership campaign of George Colley, who was also endorsed by Lynch. Haughey won the election and would lead Fianna Fail until 1992.

Smith died on 18 March 1982, aged 80, at his home in Castleblayney, County Monaghan. He was survived by his wife, Mary Ward and his 6 children. He body was returned to his ancestral parish of Knockbride, a townland outside of Bailieborough, County Cavan. He was buried in West Knockbride Chapel, with his graveside oration given by Charles Haughey, who had been appointed Taoiseach a number of days earlier.

title: Patrick Smith (politician)


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Talk:Pinot gris

Note
Two points: This statement is false; Pinot Gris was not known in Alsace in the Middle Ages. It is not mentioned in exhaustive litterature from mid-16th century, in Alsace. NilsGLindgren (talk) 20:16, 4 May 2010 (UTC)
 * 1: "In the Middle Ages, the grape was popularized in the region by Hungarian traders who were introduced to the grape from Burgundy."
 * 2: The association between Lazarus von Schwendi and Pinot Gris. This association is dismissed in the French wikipedia ("tradition aussie fausse que tenace") and, I believe, for good reason. While it is historically documented that Schwendi indeed conquered Tokaj from the Vojvod of Siebenbürgen in 1565, his booty included large volumes of wine but cuttings of vine are not mentioned. The grape is, according to a communication from the Library of the Strasbourg University first mentioned in Alsace c. 1750, when it was, indeed, imported by Hungarian merchants. I would like some further confirmation from some other source for that, though.

I removed the name "Auvernat Gris" because I couldn't tell if it was the same as "Auvergnat Gris" and couldn't tell whether it referred to Pinot gris ot Pinot Meunier or both (I suspect). Rmhermen 13:56, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

Synonyms Table
Is anyone good at making tables? I think that would probably be the best way to present all the various synonyms and different countries. AgneCheese/Wine 22:07, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Information
I've found it pretty hard to look for a lot of info on this grape. Anyone have the same problem? Char leen mer ced  Talk  14:30, 23 March 2007 (UTC)Charleenmerced
 * Yeah. That or stuff that I 'know', but can't easily verify... --Limegreen 23:15, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Well Limegreen, if you give me any facts or info that you would liked verified, I can try and do it. I have a hme almost oall of the libary books on wine plus, ther eis alwas the internet. Char leen mer ced   Talk  08:05, 24 March 2007 (UTC)CHarleenmerced
 * Well I've heard numerous winemakers discussing how the varietal characters develop late in the berries, often after the sugars are already getting very high. This then leaves a dilemma, make a sweeter wine, or a 'high octane' (15-16%) wine. However, having said that this is the case, it may be more to do with local growing conditions than a universal truth. --Limegreen 09:58, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, couldn't find any of that in my books. Check the internet. Char leen mer ced   Talk  15:14, 25 March 2007 (UTC)Charleenmerced
 * I've been trying. I haven't won yet ;) --Limegreen 23:16, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

I struggle with the first sentence of this article. In the AOC rules for Burgundy, Pinot Gris can only be used in Red wine. So how is it a White Wine Grape? (Victor Middlesex (talk) 00:44, 20 May 2011 (UTC))
 * Sorry but you're wrong. In the french decree about Burgundy AOC, you can read in § V.1° that pinot gris can be used secondaryly either (a) for white wines and (b) for red wines.
 * The § V.2° makes clear that pinot gris' planting may not exceed (a) 10% for white wines and (b) 15% for red wines and that it must be planted among the other grapes.
 * I'd also like to make clear that both pinot noir and pinot gris are dark grapes with light juice. The color of the wine comes from the skin of the berries and is a matter of winemaking.
 * Hope this helps. Papatt (talk) 03:05, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

Mistitled/Broken Reference Link
Reference link #19 (a,b, & c) is mistitled and broken. The title should be "Professional Friends of Wine" (NOT "The Winepros" - an Australian-based commercial wine -selling site goes by this name, so applying this title to PfW invites legal conflict).

To fix the link so that it points to the proper page, remove the suffix "l" (*.htm, NOT *.html).

I was unable to figure out how to edit the reference links or I would have performed this task myself.

Jim LaMar 15:32, 25 May 2007 (UTC)Jim LaMar

 * It was actually a misplaced "|" not the letter "l", but I've gone ahead and fixed it as per your request.--Limegreen 22:18, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Thoughts on assessment
This article seems to a borderline B, more on the B side than not. Extra thoughts are sought on this. The most glaring concern is the skimpiness on the wine region sections outside of Alsace. There is certainly more that can be discussed about Pinot gris (only two lines on Italian Pinot grigio?) than just Alsatian. The absence of a food pairing section is also a little concerning, especially since Pinot gris is always brought up as a major food pairing wine. AgneCheese/Wine 23:59, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

The article certainly seems unbalanced with respect to Pinot Grigio. This is a hugely popular Italian wine in Europe - you'll probably find it in every wine bar in London! - whereas outside its region of production the Pinot Gris is known only to the more informed wine drinker. This is of course a matter of volume rather than quality - though high quality Pinot Grigios do exist. I do not feel well enough informed to expand the section on Italy/Pinot Grigio, but someone should do so, and bring that up to the level of erudition and information shown for Alsace. 86.9.90.50 (talk) 03:37, 7 February 2009 (UTC) dww [not registered]

Pinot Gris popularity
I propose to remove this final sentence from the lead paragraph as outdated. It predicts, in 2005, that as of the end of 2007, Pinot Gris would be the second most popular white wine. That prediction is now irrelevant, and I cannot find a suitable source to verify the current popularity of Pinot Gris. Due to the grape's rising popularity, ACNielsen research data predicts that Pinot gris/Pinot grigio will overtake White Zinfandel as the fourth best selling varietal in the United States by the end of 2007. If nobody has a source, I propose to delete the sentence as now outdated.Veritasjohn (talk) 21:03, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree that it was a strange statement to have, especially in the introduction. It could perhaps have belonged in a subsection on US market in some section or other. I kept the reference but moved it to the history section and used it for a statement on PG increasing in popularity (beginning) a few years ago. Tomas e (talk) 20:25, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Muscat de Colmar?
I have removed the following sentence from the Alsace section, since I believe it to be somewhat misleading:

"In Alsace, the grape has been blended [crossed was probably meant] with Muscat Ottonel to create the Muscat de Colmar variety which became available to growers in 2006. "

It is stated in the Muscat article of Clarke's book (and I'm reading from a translated edition) that it was experimental plantations, so my understanding is that it is not really available if you want to produce wine labelled Alsace (and certainly not Pinot gris), since it is not mentioned as an allowed variety in the AOC rules as of their latest 2006 edition. Furthermore, I don't find the variety "Muscat de Colmar" in the Vitis International Variety Catalogue, so either the experiment was abandoned or another name was chosen. It could belong under a "related varieties" heading, but under Alsace I think it was misleading. Tomas e (talk) 20:50, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

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Szurkebarat
After some discussion, Szurkebarat was redirected to Pinot gris, along with its talk page. Certes (talk) 22:52, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

pinecone
""The word "Pinot", which means "pinecone" in French""

I'm quite sure this is not true, never heard this, can't find it in the dictionary. "pomme de pin" means pine-cone in French. I'm French. 86.68.122.40 (talk) 20:35, 7 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree, I'm French too. I changed somewhat the sentence but the link to google books learns and proves nothing at all. Papatt (talk) 03:11, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

 * If anyone's interested, the word does indeed come from French - however, not standard French, but rather the old dialect of Bourgogne. Its persistence may be due to its early adoption into English in that form. See http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/pineau for a discussion. Mahousu (talk) 17:45, 6 September 2018 (UTC)

what does this mean? strongly pow
"Many pioneers are included in the discovery of this rare blend such as the Taub Family or the owners of Santa Margarita, today the number 1 imported pinot gris is Cavit." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.138.73.1 (talk) 15:09, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 03:03, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 16 February 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved – while there weren't formal !votes cast, the elaborate discussion at Talk:Pinot noir established a precedent for keeping this at lowercase as well. Plantdrew's argument that wine variety titles do not fall under MOS:LIFE also noted. No such user (talk) 11:04, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

Pinot gris → Pinot Gris – Per MOS:LIFE, grape cultivars should have the first letter of each word in their name capitalized every time. I understand that there are no firm style rules for grape cultivars outside of Wikipedia, but this page should conform to the Wikipedia Manual of Style for cultivars. QuintinK (talk) 15:34, 16 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment There was a similar recent request at Talk:Pinot noir, which was not moved. 162 etc. (talk) 16:41, 16 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I noticed that request, but not before it had closed. Their discussion was entirely about capitalization norms outside Wikipedia and failed to consider the Wikipedia style guide, which is quite clear on the issue. QuintinK (talk) 17:19, 16 February 2023 (UTC)
 * There are firm rules for capitalizing formally named cultivars outside of Wikipedia, and MOS:LIFE is based on those. However, I'm not certain that there is a formal cultivar name here. In general, formal cultivar names are much more likely to have been established for plants grown as ornamentals than for plants grown for food (or wine). Plantdrew (talk) 17:02, 17 February 2023 (UTC)
 * That's a good point I hadn't considered. I researched a bit on whether grape varieties/varietals are cultivars or not. Based on what I'm reading, named, propagated grapes are definitely cultivars. "Variety" is just grape-specific jargon for cultivar.
 * "A named, cultivated grape variety is formally referred to as a “cultivar.” However, the more common designation of “variety” is used in this book because of its greater use in non-technical publications."
 * "A cultivated variety, or “cultivar,” is a formal term for variety. Variety is the more common term, and will be used in this publication."
 * Right, grape "varieties" are cultivars. A cultivar must exist before it can be formally named, but not every cultivar that exists has been formally named under the ICNCP and its standards of capitalization. There are other ways to name cultivars. A plant breeder is likely to have some (relatively informal) codename system to keep records on the plants they are growing. There could be a formal trade designation (which might have its own standards of capitalization). I haven't found any evidence that Pinot (G/g)ris is a name that has been established under the ICNCP (and I wouldn't really expect it to be; ampelographers have established their own classification, which predates the ICNCP). Plantdrew (talk) 02:53, 24 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The Wikipedia article List of grape varieties says: "The term grape variety refers to cultivars rather than actual botanical varieties according to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, because they are propagated by cuttings and may have unstable reproductive properties. However, the term variety has become so entrenched in viticulture that any change to using the term cultivar instead is unlikely." However, I don't have access to their source to confirm. QuintinK (talk) 20:12, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Comment What source do we have saying this is a cultivar name (i.e. appearing in single quotes as 'Pinot Gris' as part of the scientific name)? I suspect this is incorrect supposition and that this is a broader variety with several cultivars.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  23:20, 23 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The situation with Pinot Gris is probably along the lines of Red Delicious, except that we have pretty good records tracing the lineage of clones back to a single plant in 1872 for Red Delicious, and no such records that go back to ~1300 for Pinot Gris. "Pinot Gris G" is some sort of unit in classification of currently cultivated vines in France that includes five clones (52, 53, 457, 1329 and 1344) under whatever exactly that classification is . The numbered clones would certainly be eligible for ICNCP cultivar names. Plantdrew (talk) 03:15, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Internal capitalization
I'm not super impressed that the pinot noir article does not proper case 'pinot noir', either in title or text, but our link here does, despite our own page title itself not being capitalized. I read a bit and I know this is complicated. But my vote would be that Wikipedia eschews letter case inflation except where there's an entirely concrete reason, such as a proper geographical place name, or a scientifically established cultivar name (with a known, direct connection). — MaxEnt 22:15, 1 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Immediately above is a long discussion of just that issue. It would suggest that lower case should be used. Be bold and make it so. SchreiberBike | ⌨ 23:18, 1 June 2023 (UTC)

Featured picture scheduled for POTD
Hello! This is to let editors know that File:Pinot Grigio-20201027-RM-114053.jpg, a featured picture used in this article, has been selected as the English Wikipedia's picture of the day (POTD) for January 7, 2024. A preview of the POTD is displayed below and can be edited at Template:POTD/2024-01-07. For the greater benefit of readers, any potential improvements or maintenance that could benefit the quality of this article should be done before its scheduled appearance on the Main Page. If you have any concerns, please place a message at Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day. Thank you! — Amakuru (talk) 21:54, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pinot gris


text: Category:Aviators by nationality

title: Category:Aviators by nationality


text:
Talk:Mu chord

Voicing
I'm certain this is one of Becker and Fagan's private jokes. In music-theoretical terms a major triad with an added second is different from a major triad with an added ninth, but in reality they're just different inversions of the same chord. It would be more accurate to talk about a Mu major voicing. Here are the inversions:

 * 1, 2, 3, 5
 * 2, 3, 5, 1(8)
 * 3, 5, 1(8), 9
 * 5, 1(8), 9, 3(10)

The numbers in brackets here are just an aid to imagining the shape of the chord:

There are three possible inversions when the 2nd is in the bass (shouldn't the last editor have made his/her remarks in this discussion section before telling the first person they were wrong?) The problem is, as soon as I play any of these chords (at least on solo piano) I'm 'tricked' into thinking of the bass note as a root (the supertonic of the original scale). The chord then becomes a [dominant 9th sus 4] or alternatively a [dominant 11th].

 * 2, 5, 1(8), 3(10)
 * 2, 1(8), 3(10), 5(12)
 * 2, 3(10), 5(12), 1(16)

(Incidentally, the British stand-up and musician Bill Bailey calls the [dominant 11th] and [major triad add second] "smug chords" in part of his act, I guess because of the smooth jazzy cadence you can make with them)

Adambisset 17:44, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Contradiction
On 25th March 2009 this article stated:

"The mu major chord differs from a sus2 chord as a sus2 chord does not contain a 3rd. Often, the mu major chord is voiced with the root (1) in the bass, and 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 1st in the upper register."

These two statements contradict each other, don't they? Which is right? Or is 'mu' just a joke?

IMO the ways in which chords are described in classical or jazz harmonic theory leave much to be desired and it is easy to pick holes in the systems. In particular, I think that the simplest way of describing a chord is probably the best. But in the case of inversions of 'mu' rooted on the 2nd, it is probably better to regard them as complex dominant chords (as Adam notes above) rather than an inversion of the tonic with added 2nd?

—Preceding unsigned comment added by WestNab (talk • contribs) 15:47, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * How do which two statements contradict each other? Hyacinth (talk) 05:34, 9 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The original statement is correct. The Mu chord has 2 and 3. The sus 2 chord has no 3. The voicing given is for the Mu chord (NOT the sus 2) and so is correct.
 * The minor version with 2 and b3 is found in the standard jazz "B" voicing for a m7, e.g. b7 2 b3 5. The m7 has an add 9 (the 2) in this chord, but the chords are generically just referred to as m7, not "m7add9" 143.159.21.53 (talk) 11:01, 12 February 2023 (UTC)

Incorrect depictions of mu major chord
I don't know how to edit the notations (I guess they're picture files of some sort) but I hope someone else can fix this. The first depicted chord has the tonic, 2nd, and 3rd grouped together as a tone cluster; this is incorrect voicing according to Steely Dan. Furthermore, the author of this article seems to assume that only major triads can be altered to "mu" chords, but Steely Dan makes it clear that mu minor chords are useful too.

Properly, a mu chord is any triad, major or minor, which has an added 2nd and is voiced so that the tonic and 2nd are not played adjacently. I don't have the precise citation for this any more, but it comes from a discussion by Steely Dan in the foreword to an edition of their sheet music published in the late 70s.

Best,

John —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.49.239.181 (talk) 02:37, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Click on images to see information about them. See Images and Citing sources. Hyacinth (talk) 05:31, 9 November 2009 (UTC)
 * A great reply to a very valid concern in regard of this page. Congratulations! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.85.216.120 (talk) 03:19, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

Additional citations
Why, how, and where does this article need additional citations for verification? Hyacinth (talk) 14:11, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Tag removed. Hyacinth (talk) 04:01, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

Merge
Why should this article be merged into Added tone chord? Hyacinth (talk) 04:18, 15 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose merge - There is no good reason to merge. Jus  da  fax   08:15, 25 December 2012 (UTC)

Mu voicing
The article seems inconsistent with its description of the Mu chord. It is correct when it says that a Mu chord has no 3, but it also neglects to spell out a typical Mu voicing (1 5 7 9). Mu essentially functions as any major triad with the 4 of that chord in the bass (e.g. A/D or Bb/Eb). The entire effect of it is based on the 3 not being there. With Steely Dan, the guitar would often play a simple major chord (a fifth up from the note the bassist played). And maybe there could be more detail on usage. Steely Dan would use Mu chords for constant motion and also to break up typical blues structure (common Steely Dan style would be to start something as a simple 12-bar blues and then use a variation). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.174.139.166 (talk) 15:18, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

Considerations in Naming of 'Mu' Chords
In discussing the naming and construction of chord names, spellings and uses--such as the mu chord--it is helpful to remember the following:

√ Contemporary harmony lacks the consistent terminology inherent in traditional harmony; thanks to the writings of Rameau and others, terms such as 'major', 'minor', 'dominant' have a common understanding and consistent use. As there is no single, universally recognized theorist or treatise for contemporary harmony, the terminology is somewhat fluid.

√ Musicians who insist on a single 'correct' term for a contemporary harmonic technique are typically parroting the way they were taught. Theory instructors often present their own approach and terminology as universal and correct, instead of as a preference or recommendation. The result is countless unnecessary and unproductive arguments between musicians trained with differing terminology (i.e. 'octatonic' vs. 'diminished' scale).

√ With regards to Messers Fagen and Becker, their naming of a chord with an added-2 a mu chord appears to involve a bit of whimsy; it is not common terminology.

√ While the use of add-9 instead of is fairly common, it can be problematic for a keyboardist or guitarist sight reading a part, as the player must quickly determine if the implied seventh is present, or not; add-2 not only solves this problem, it also reflects the common voicing of the second next to the third.

√ A "sus-2" chord can be understood as: a chord to be resolved quickly, "Csus-2" > "C"; an incomplete chord: 1, 2 (instead of 3), 5; a "quintal sonority" (i.e. based in a sequence of perfect-fifths--C,G,D), inverted and doubled in numerous ways and repurposed as a variation of a functional chord.

√ Chords with an add-2 and chords with a sus-2 (absent a third) are not quite the same thing--but they are close enough in sound to be used interchangeably or in close proximity in pop music. Guitarists often choose one or the other based on ease of fingering in open position, or desired effect. Tmhynes (talk) 23:13, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

Still no explanation for "mu"
I read through the article, and there is still no explanation for exactly why the Greek letter "mu" was chosen for this. "mu" is associated with 1/1,000,000 and the prefix "micro". There is also the anecdote about the Zen master replying "Mu" when asked if a dog has Buddha nature. Do any of these apply? If not, I suggest that the article should be amended to say that "mu" is a nonsense word applied to the chord in a bit of whimsy. Something. Because the "explanation" explanation is no explanation at all. ThreeRocks (talk) 07:51, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

Merge completed
Diff:  -Jord gette   [talk]  17:44, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mu chord


text:
Talk:Tokaj (Slovakia)

Well they are not officially considered one region yet. The Slovak wine region still comprises almost 1000 hectares, but in the agreement between the two governments this will have to be reduced to only 560 hectares. Regulations will also have to be applied equally in both Hungary and Slovakia. I suspect it will be a few years before there really is a single wine region. Scott Moore 13:58, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

As far as I remember it was around 600 hectars in the end... Juro 02:25, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Juro, you are right, the 2004 agreement contained 565 hectares. Although the current Slovak government disputes the validity of this agreement and enforces the eligibility of the whole area which is now called Tokajské Oblast. Fifuszfc (talk) 22:23, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

By the way, I personally think that the regulations in Hungary to some extent inhibit the production of quality Tokaj wines. The regulations seem to aim to enforce a uniform character to Tokaj wines, which in theory is good for marketing purposes. In practise, they encourage a style of wine which is less suitable for modern tastes and (according to many producers) is not the authentic Tokaj character. I don't know anything about the regulations in Slovakia, but it seems that the Hungarian authorities are stubbornly insisting in applying the current Hungarian regulations to Slovakia. Rather, it would be better to take this opportunity to rethink the regulation of Tokaj wine - and involve producers (both Hungarian and Slovak) in the decision-making process. Scott Moore 09:40, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Scott, you are not right, the Hungarian regulation (or at least the will of high quality producers) is to put the emphasise on differences between the vineyard locations (dűlő). Ask Mr. István Szepsy! Fifuszfc (talk) 22:23, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

I had to correct the statement concerning the alcohol-content of szamorodni/é wines. Due to noble rot (and the materials produced by it) the yeast can ferment more difficultly than in the case of a normal wine. Fifuszfc (talk) 22:23, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

Merge
I suggest the merge of different Tokaj wine-related pages, due to the similarity of the content and the same subject. The current status quo is not a sustainable one, there is only one Tokaj, the same denomination cannot be used for two different products. Language or state borders do not count in viti-viniculture. Fifuszfc (talk) 22:23, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
 * A cross-cultural error that shows part of the problem: it's not called "Tokajské Oblast," it is called Tokajská oblasť (like, e.g., Tokaji aszú is no "Tokajeszű").
 * Sorry for that, I don't speak Slovak, only try to, should have been more precise... :) Fifuszfc (talk) 09:55, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * As long as there are separate bodies politic, it is legitimate to treat territories within each of them as self-contained units. The retention of "Tokaj (Slovakia)" as a separate page is no obstacle to including (and thus partly duplicating) information about it on another page. A legitimate argument that "Ireland is one island" prevents no one from approaching it as such on one page, along with maintaining separate pages for Éire, Ulster, and for Northern Ireland regardless of any overlap, and similarity of

content and subject matter on those pages. Proposals for their mergers were rejected.

 * Likewise, Glacier National Park (Canada) and Glacier National Park (U.S.) are similar in subject and content, contiguous, and, of course, the same geographic formation historically, but they, too have separate pages. The English Wikipedia is full of similar instances: no merger is the preferred, very sustainable option with regards to territories divided by administrative boundaries. ilmari (talk) 05:11, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't agree with you. Altough the border between the two states divide the wine region into two, there is only one PDO Tokaj. So there is no use to have two or more Wikipedia entries on this subject. Fifuszfc (talk) 09:55, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tokaj (Slovakia)


text: Category:Inventors by nationality

title: Category:Inventors by nationality


text: Talk:Edward Barron Chandler

title: Talk:Edward Barron Chandler


text:
Dnd (1975 video game)

dnd is a role-playing video game. The name dnd is derived from the abbreviation "D&D" from the original tabletop role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons, which was released in 1974.

dnd was written in the TUTOR programming language for the PLATO system by Gary Whisenhunt and Ray Wood at Southern Illinois University in 1974 and 1975. Dirk Pellett of Iowa State University and Flint Pellett of the University of Illinois made substantial enhancements to the game from 1976 to 1985.

dnd is notable for being the first interactive game to feature what would later be referred to as bosses.

Gameplay
In dnd, players create a character and venture into the multi-level Whisenwood Dungeon (a portmanteau of the authors' last names) in search of two ultimate treasures: the grail and the orb. The game presents players with an overhead view of the dungeon, but also implements many basic concepts of Dungeons & Dragons. The Whisenwood dungeon consists of multiple maze-like levels. As players complete each level, they are allowed to advance to the next, but the players may return to previous levels and leave the dungeon altogether making dnd one of the first video games to use non-linear progression. As players complete levels, they acquire new spells, weapons and items that aid them in their quest to find the ultimate treasures.

Teleporters move characters between dungeon levels. High-level monsters, including a Golden Dragon that guards the Orb, are found at the end of each dungeon. Leaving the dungeon allows one to recuperate and regain spells and return later.

title: Dnd (1975 video game)


text:
Thaumatrope

A thaumatrope is an optical toy that was popular in the 19th century. A disk with a picture on each side is attached to two pieces of string. When the strings are twirled quickly between the fingers the two pictures appear to blend into one. The toy has traditionally been thought to demonstrate the principle of persistence of vision, a disputed explanation for the cause of illusory motion in stroboscopic animation and film.

Examples of common thaumatrope pictures include a bare tree on one side of the disk, and its leaves on the other, or a bird on one side and a cage on the other. Many classic thaumatropes also included riddles or short poems, with one line on each side.

Thaumatropes can provide an illusion of motion with the two sides of the disc each depicting a different phase of the motion, but no examples are known to have been produced until long after the introduction of the first widespread animation device: the phenakistiscope

Thaumatropes are often seen as important antecedents of motion pictures and in particular of animation.

The name translates roughly as "wonder turner", from θαῦμα "wonder" and τρόπος "turn".

Invention
A 2012 paper argues that a prehistoric bone disk found in the Laugerie-Basse rockshelter is a thaumatrope, designed to be spun using leather thongs threaded through the central perforation.

The invention of the thaumatrope is usually credited to British physician John Ayrton Paris. He described the device in his 1827 educational book for children Philosophy in Sport Made Science in Earnest, with an illustration by George Cruikshank. British mathematician Charles Babbage recalled in 1864 that the thaumatrope was invented by the geologist William Henry Fitton. Babbage had told Fitton how the astronomer John Herschel had challenged him to show both sides of a shilling at once. Babbage held the coin in front of a mirror, but Herschel showed how both sides were visible when the coin was spun on the table. A few days later Fitton brought Babbage a new illustration of the principle, consisting of a round disc of card suspended between two pieces of sewing silk. This disc had a parrot on one side and a cage at the other side. Babbage and Fitton made several different designs and amused some friends with them for a short while. They forgot about it until some months later they heard about the "wonderful invention of Dr. Paris".

French artist Antoine Claudet stated in 1867 that he had heard that Paris had once been present when Herschel demonstrated his rotating coin trick to his children and subsequently got the idea for the thaumatrope.

Claudet also noted in 1867 that the thaumatrope could create a three-dimensional illusion. A spinning rectangular thaumatrope with the alternating letters of the name "Victoria" on each side, showed the full word with the letters at two different distances from the observer's eye. If the two strings of the thaumatrope are attached to the same side of the card the thickness of the card accounts for a small difference in the distances when each side is visible.

Commercial production
The first commercial thaumatrope was registered at Stationers' Hall on 2 April 1825 and published by W. Phillips in London as The Thaumatrope; being Rounds of Amusement or How to Please and Surprise By Turns, sold in boxes of 12 or 18 discs. It included a sheet with mottoes or riddles for each disc, often with a political meaning. Paris was widely regarded as the author, but wasn't mentioned on the product or its packaging and he later claimed in a letter to Michael Faraday "I was first induced to publish it, at the earnest desire of my late friend Wm Phillips. (...) I may add that I never put my name to it".

The steep price of a set (seven shilling for 12 discs or half a guinea for 18) was criticized, half a guinea would have been about a week's pay for an average worker. It was also defended: its inventor should be able to earn something from his invention while it was new, before it was widely copied as seen before with the kaleidoscope. Paris later claimed he gained £150,- from its sales in the United Kingdom.

As expected, pirate copies soon became common and were much cheaper. For instance the 'Thaumatropical Amusement' was available in boxes of six discs for one shilling.

Although the toy became very popular, original copies are now very rare; only one extant set produced by W. Phillips is currently known (in the Richard Balzer collection) and one single disc is at the Cinématheque Française.

Other early publishers across the continent included Alphonse Giroux & Compagnie in France and Trentsensky in Austria. In 1833 these companies would be the very first publishers of the next big "philosophical toy" craze: the Phénakisticope.

Animation
In the first 1827 edition of "Philosophy in Sport" John Ayrton Paris described a version with a circular frame around the disc through which the strings were threaded. A little tug on the strings would cause a minor change in the axis of rotation and thus a slight shift in the position of the images while revolving. An adapted version of the standard horse and jockey thaumatrope could thus first show the jockey on the horse before being thrown over its head. In a new 1833 edition of the book this example was replaced with a version without a ring but with an elastic string added to change the axis by pulling it. This version showed a drinking man lowering and raising a bottle to and from his mouth, with an illustration of the different sides of the disc and the different states of the resulting image. Several other examples were described in the book. The balls of a juggler could appear as in motion and the two painted balls could be seen as three or four when the axis of rotation was shifted. A tailor in a pulpit next to a pond with a goose fluttering in the water would have the tailor falling into the water and the goose taking his place in the pulpit. No commercially produced versions with these techniques are known.

On 26 November 1869 the Rev. Richard Pilkington received "Useful Registered Design Number 5074" for his Pedemascope. This was a variation of the thaumatrope. It had a card with pictures "painted in two different positions on both sides". This card was placed in the two-part mahogany holder with a handle and a brass pin that would semi-rotate the card when it was twirled (a bit of iron preventing full rotation). Transparent or cut-out variations were suggested for use with the magic lantern.

In 1892 mechanical engineer Thomas E. Bickle received British Patent No. 20,281 for a clockwork thaumatrope with "pictures or designs exhibiting some action or motion in two phases, which are thus alternately presented to the eye in rapid succession with small intervals of rest".

Thaumatropes in popular culture
The 1827 book Philosophy in Sport made Science in Earnest, being an attempt to illustrate the first principles of natural philosophy by the aid of popular toys and sports featured the thaumatrope and warned against inferior copies. The chapter head was illustrated with a drawing by George Cruikshank, depicting a man demonstrating the thaumatrope to a girl and a boy. It was first published anonymously, but posthumous editions were credited to John Ayrton Paris.

In the 1999 Tim Burton film Sleepy Hollow, a bird and cage thaumatrope is demonstrated by Johnny Depp's character.

In the 2006 Christopher Nolan film The Prestige, Michael Caine's character repeatedly uses a thaumatrope as a way of explaining persistence of vision.

In the 2011 Martin Scorsese film Hugo, the final scene begins in the middle of a conversation about cinema precursors, including the thaumatrope.

In the 2013 video game BioShock Infinite the bird and the cage thaumatrope is used several times.

In the 2022 film The Wonder, a thaumatrope is featured frequently throughout the film.

In the 2023 film Gaslight, a thaumatrope is used.

title: Thaumatrope


text:
Prenylation

Prenylation (also known as isoprenylation or lipidation) is the addition of hydrophobic molecules to a protein or a biomolecule. It is usually assumed that prenyl groups (3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl) facilitate attachment to cell membranes, similar to lipid anchors like the GPI anchor, though direct evidence of this has not been observed. Prenyl groups (also called isoprenyl groups, having one hydrogen atom more than isoprene) have been shown to be important for protein–protein binding through specialized prenyl-binding domains.

Protein prenylation
Protein prenylation involves the transfer of either a farnesyl or a geranylgeranyl moiety to C-terminal cysteine(s) of the target protein. There are three enzymes that carry out prenylation in the cell, farnesyl transferase, Caax protease and geranylgeranyl transferase I.

Farnesylation is a type of prenylation, a post-translational modification of proteins by which an isoprenyl group is added to a cysteine residue. It is an important process to mediate protein–protein interactions and protein–membrane interactions.

Prenylation sites
There are at least 3 types of sites that are recognized by prenylation enzymes. The CaaX motif is found at the COOH-terminus of proteins, such as lamins or Ras. The motif consists of a cysteine (C), two aliphatic amino acids ("aa") and some other terminal amino acid ("X"). If the X position is serine, alanine, or methionine, the protein is farnesylated. For instance, in rhodopsin kinase the sequence is CVLS. If X is leucine, the protein is geranylgeranylated. The second motif for prenylation is CXC, which, in the Ras-related protein Rab3A, leads to geranylgeranylation on both cysteine residues and methyl esterification. The third motif, CC, is also found in Rab proteins, where it appears to direct only geranylgeranylation but not carboxyl methylation. Carboxyl methylation only occurs on prenylated proteins.

Farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase I
Farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase I are very similar proteins. They consist of two subunits, the α-subunit, which is common to both enzymes, and the β-subunit, whose sequence identity is just 25%. These enzymes recognise the CaaX box at the C-terminus of the target protein. C is the cysteine that is prenylated, a is any aliphatic amino acid, and the identity of X determines which enzyme acts on the protein. Farnesyltransferase recognizes CaaX boxes where X = M, S, Q, A, or C, whereas geranylgeranyltransferase I recognizes CaaX boxes with X = L or E.

Rab geranylgeranyl transferase
Rab geranylgeranyltransferase, or geranylgeranyltransferase II, transfers (usually) two geranylgeranyl groups to the cysteine(s) at the C-terminus of Rab proteins. The C-terminus of Rab proteins varies in length and sequence and is referred to as hypervariable. Thus Rab proteins do not have a consensus sequence, such as the CAAX box, which the Rab geranylgeranyl transferase can recognize. The Rab proteins usually terminate in a CC or CXC motif. Instead, Rab proteins are bound by the Rab escort protein (REP) over a more conserved region of the Rab protein and then presented to the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase. Once Rab proteins are prenylated, the lipid anchor(s) ensure that Rabs are no longer soluble. REP, therefore, plays an important role in binding and solubilising the geranylgeranyl groups and delivers the Rab protein to the relevant cell membrane.

Substrates
Both isoprenoid chains, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGpp) and farnesyl pyrophosphate are products of the HMG-CoA reductase pathway. The product of HMG CoA reductase is mevalonate. By combining precursors with 5 carbons, the pathway subsequently produces geranyl pyrophosphate (10 carbons), farnesyl pyrophosphate (15 carbons) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (20 carbons). Two farnesyl pyrophosphate groups can also be combined to form squalene, the precursor for cholesterol. This means that statins, which inhibit HMG CoA reductase, inhibit the production of both cholesterol and isoprenoids.

Note that, in the HMG-CoA reductase/mevalonate pathway, the precursors already contain a pyrophosphate group, and isoprenoids are produced with a pyrophosphate group. There is no known enzyme activity that can carry out the prenylation reaction with the isoprenoid alcohol. However, enzymatic activity for isoprenoid kinases capable converting isoprenoid alcohols to isoprenoid pyrophosphates have been shown. In accordance with this, farnesol and geranylgeraniol have been shown to be able to rescue effects caused by statins or nitrogenous bisphosphonates, further supporting that alcohols can be involved in prenylation, likely via phosphorylation to the corresponding isoprenoid pyrophosphate.

Proteins that undergo prenylation include Ras, which plays a central role in the development of cancer. This suggests that inhibitors of prenylation enzymes (e.g., farnesyltransferase) may influence tumor growth. In the case of the K- and N-Ras forms of Ras, when cells are treated with FTIs, these forms of Ras can undergo alternate prenylation in the form of geranylgeranylation. Recent work has shown that farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) also inhibit Rab geranylgeranyltransferase and that the success of such inhibitors in clinical trials may be as much due to effects on Rab prenylation as on Ras prenylation. Inhibitors of prenyltransferase enzymes display different specificity for the prenyltransferases, dependent upon the specific compound being utilized.

In addition to GTPases, the protein kinase GRK1 also known as rhodopsin kinase (RK) has been shown to undergo farnesylation and carboxyl methylation directed by the carboxyl terminal CVLS CaaX box sequence of the protein. The functional consequence of these post-translational modifications have been shown to play a role in regulating the light-dependent phosphorylation of rhodopsin, a mechanism involved in light adaptation.

Inhibitors
FTIs can also be used to inhibit farnesylation in parasites such as Trypanosoma brucei and malaria. Parasites seem to be more vulnerable to inhibition of farnesyltransferase than humans are. In some cases, this may be because they lack geranylgeranyltransferase I. Thus, it may be possible for the development of antiparasitic drugs to 'piggyback' on the development of FTIs for cancer research.

In addition, FTIs have shown some promise in treating a mouse model of progeria, and in May 2007 a phase II clinical trial using the FTI lonafarnib was started for children with progeria.

In signal transduction via G protein, palmitoylation of the α subunit, prenylation of the γ subunit, and myristoylation is involved in tethering the G protein to the inner surface of the plasma membrane so that the G protein can interact with its receptor.

Prenylation of small molecules
Small molecules can also undergo prenylation, such as in the case of prenylflavonoids and other meroterpenoids. Prenylation of a vitamin B2 derivative (flavin mononucleotide) was recently described.

Longevity and cardiac effects
A 2012 study found that statin treatment increases lifespan and improves cardiac health in Drosophila by decreasing specific protein prenylation. The study concluded, "These data are the most direct evidence to date that decreased protein prenylation can increase cardiac health and lifespan in any metazoan species, and may explain the pleiotropic (non-cholesterol related) health effects of statins."

A 2012 clinical trial explored the approach of inhibiting protein prenylation with some degree of success in the treatment of Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome, a multisystem disorder which causes failure to thrive and accelerated atherosclerosis leading to early death.

title: Prenylation


text: User:Solitude/Broken POTD

title: User:Solitude/Broken POTD


text:
Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory

The Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory (MRAO) is located near Cambridge, UK and is home to a number of the largest and most advanced aperture synthesis radio telescopes in the world, including the One-Mile Telescope, 5-km Ryle Telescope, and the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager. It was founded by the University of Cambridge and is part of the Cambridge University, Cavendish Laboratories, Astrophysics Department.

History
Radio interferometry started in the mid-1940s on the outskirts of Cambridge, but with funding from the Science Research Council and a corporate donation of £100,000 from Mullard Limited, a leading commercial manufacturer of thermionic valves.

Construction of the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory commenced at Lords Bridge Air Ammunition Park, a few kilometres to the west of Cambridge.

The observatory was founded under Martin Ryle of the Radio-Astronomy Group of the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge and was opened by Sir Edward Victor Appleton on 25 July 1957. This group is now known as the Cavendish Astrophysics Group.

Location
The observatory is located a few miles south-west of Cambridge at Harlton on a former ordnance storage site, next to the disused Oxford-Cambridge Varsity railway line.

A portion of the track bed of the railway, running nearly east-west for several miles, was used to form the main part of the "5km" radio-telescope and the Cambridge Low Frequency Synthesis Telescope. Due to this, the reconstruction of the railway line between Oxford and Cambridge will follow a new alignment at this point.

Gallery
The following photographs (except for the last 2 items) were taken in June 2014:

title: Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory


text: Category:Television shows

title: Category:Television shows


text:
On the Black Hill

On the Black Hill is a novel by Bruce Chatwin published in 1982 and winner of the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for that year. In 1987 it was made into a film, directed by Andrew Grieve.

Plot summary
The novel's setting is the border of Herefordshire, in England, and Radnorshire, in Wales. In the early pages we are told the border runs through the very farmhouse: The border of Radnor and Hereford was said to run right through the middle of the staircase. The central characters are Welshmen, with the surname Jones.

The story is told through the technique of flashback, and portrays the lives of twin brothers, Lewis and Benjamin Jones, on their isolated upland farm called The Vision. The twins develop a bond that is shown throughout the novel as very special. Lewis is portrayed as the stronger or dominant twin, whereas Benjamin is the more intuitive one, both in appearance and in the tasks which he does around the house. He seems to be constantly drawn to his mother's side while she is alive.

Lewis is the one who wants to break free but Benjamin is forced into the army at the time of the Great War. His efforts are frustrated by his family ties and the indefinable, unbreakable tie to the land. Chatwin also tells the reader of the brutality involved in farming at the time in this area. Amos, the father of the two twins, shows how his day-to-day job has brutalised his once caring and loving attitude, and we see this later in the novel when he hits his wife Mary on the temple with the book she is reading – Wuthering Heights. A jealous man, Amos attacks his wife with the very material that shows her intelligence; he feels threatened by this, feeling that the man is supposed to be the head of the family in all things, and he feels anger because of his limited education.

On the Black Hill is a novel which portrays themes such as unrequited love, sexual repression and confusion, social, religious and cultural repression, hate and the historic social values of that era, as is shown when Amos finds out that his daughter Rebecca has become pregnant by an Irishman. His religious fanaticism, social pressure, economic forces and an inability to express love results in him throwing her out of the household, and she is not mentioned in the novel again until the latter part. The novel can also be seen as Chatwin's autobiografictional utopia, in which each of the twins represents one of the author's bisexual subject positions.

Characters

 * Sam 'the Wagon' Jones – the main character's paternal grandfather. He lived with the family, enjoys playing the violin.
 * Hannah Jones – Sam's wife. Hostile to her daughter in law. She had five children (a daughter who died of consumption, another daughter who married a Catholic, the eldest son died in a Rhondda coalpit and her favourite son, Eddie, stole her savings and ran away to Canada. She was left living with Amos).
 * Amos Jones – Main characters' father. Marries the local preacher's daughter after her father died and rents the farm The Vision, where the majority of the story takes place. Died from being kicked by a horse.
 * Mary Jones (née Latimer). Daughter of a preacher. She is well educated and well travelled. She has spent time in India. After her father died she needed to get married to support herself, and so she married Amos, a local farm boy. They have three children, twin sons and then a daughter.
 * Lewis Jones – Twin with Benjamin, son of Mary and Amos.
 * Benjamin Jones – Twin with Lewis, son of Mary and Amos.
 * Rebecca Jones – daughter of Mary and Amos Jones. Amos doted on her daughter until she ran off with an Irish Catholic and moved to America.
 * Jim 'the Rock' Watkins – A boy around the same age as the twins, lives next door on a farm called The Rock.
 * Tom 'the Coffin' Watkins – Local coffin-maker. Jim’s father and married to Aggie Watkins. Has an ongoing feud with Amos. Left the family after a fight with his son, leaving Aggie and Jim to run the farm alone.
 * Aggie Watkins – Married to Tom, has a son Jim and daughter Ethel. After Tom disappears, she took in illegitimate children to raise for money.
 * Ethel Watkins – She has a son called Alfie, who is 'simple' and dies in childhood in a local bog.
 * Rosie Fifield – Lewis has a crush on her as they were childhood playmates. She instead decides to pursue Reggie Bickerton, who has recently returned from the war, he is from a local aristocrat family and wealthy. She begins working for him, he seduces her and proposes but refuses to tell his family or marry her, leaving her when she becomes pregnant. She has a son called Billy. She is offered £400 to go away and goes to live in a remote farm with her child.
 * Reggie Bickerton - local aristocrat, injured in WWI, seduced Rosie who was working as his nurse and helper. He ran away to his plantation abroad after getting her pregnant.
 * Gladys Musker – Widow, has a daughter called Lilly-Annie. Her mother is Mrs Yapp. She later has an illegitimate daughter Meg (Margaret Beatrice Musker). Lewis has a crush on Gladys.
 * Mr Haines – He seduced Gladys Musker, and is thought to be the father of Meg. He wouldn’t marry her but after the baby is born he wants to be involved, he stalks her and eventually shoots her with a shotgun and then kills himself.
 * Margaret ‘Meg’ Beatrice Musker – Daughter of Gladys. Father unknown, might be Mr Haines or Jim the Rock. She goes to live with Aggie Watkins and Jim when her mother dies.
 * Joy and Nigel Lambert, married artists renting a cottage in the area. Nigel is making some etchings of Benjamin for a series of poems about a year as a shepherd. Joy takes an interest in Lewis Jones and seduces him, before she moves away.
 * Mr Arkwright – the local solicitor, he kills his wife with cyanide. He is subsequently hanged for the crime.

Location
[[Image:Grwynefechan.JPG|thumb|300px|left [[Image:Black Mountain Top.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The summit of the [[Black Mountain, Wales|Black Mountain]] crossed by the Offa's Dyke Path]] The location is lightly fictionalised; The Vision is a real farm north of Llanthony. Many real place names are used, the great majority indicating a site on the border of Herefordshire and Breconshire south of Hay on Wye. The Herefordshire Black Hill and Cefn Hill are outliers of the Black Mountains; Brecknockshire was west of the easternmost ridge of the Black Mountains to the west. Hay-on-Wye (with its castle and pre-war railway station) would be the principal town in the area but its name is notable by its absence; instead, it seems the name of the Radnorshire hamlet of Rhulen has been used. The name of the Shropshire location of Lurkenhope has been used for the principal village. Talgarth, although not mentioned in the film, is another small nearby town, which would have been of greater importance to the area at the time.
 * The southern part of the Grwyne Fechan valley in the Black Mountains]]

On the Ordnance Survey map, 'Abergavenny and the Black Mountains, Wales sheet 161' (1:50,000 series) and even better depicted on the more detailed 1:25,000 series at the Black Hill itself is shown, towards Craswall. The name refers to a well known ridge descending very steeply from the very long Hatterall Ridge (which forms the England / Wales border) and carries Offas Dyke footpath on it, down into the fields of Herefordshire, and on the English side. The Black Hill is known locally as 'The Cat's Back' as viewed from Herefordshire it looks like a crouching cat about to pounce. On the same map at, just a little to the south, is the real farm called The Vision, situated in the Llanthony valley, also known as the Vale of Ewyas, on the Welsh side of the border, just below Capel-y-ffin.

Alternatively, the location that inspired the novel could be the Black Hill between Knighton and Clun and a few miles from Lurkenhope. Chatwin stayed nearby in Cwm Hall, Purslow with friends during the 1970s and was confidently cited as such in a BBC programme by his biographer.

Chatwin amalgamated reality with his research amongst the local indigenous populace in the time he researched the book, interweaving fact and fiction, gossip, locations, stories and social history.

Prizes
The book was awarded the 1982 James Tait Black Memorial Prize and Whitbread First Novel of the Year Award (which raises a question over the status of the earlier book The Viceroy of Ouidah).

Adaptation
On The Black Hill was adapted for the stage in 1986 and into a film in 1987.

title: On the Black Hill


text:
Tunnock's

Thomas Tunnock Limited, commonly known as Tunnock's, is a Scottish confectionery company based in Uddingston, Scotland. It is headed by Boyd Tunnock, grandson of Thomas. In 2013, a joint report by Family Business United and Close Brothers Asset Management named it the 20th oldest family firm in Scotland.

For two seasons, 2019 and 2020, Tunnock's sponsored the Scottish Challenge Cup in Scottish football.

History
Tunnock's was formed by Thomas Tunnock (b. 1865) as Tunnock's in 1890, when he purchased a baker's shop in Lorne Place, Uddingston. The company expanded in the 1950s, and it was at this time that the core products were introduced to the lines, when sugar and fat rationing meant that products with longer shelf-lives than cakes had to be produced.

Since 2005, Tunnock's has sponsored the Tour of Mull, an annual car rally held on the Isle of Mull.

In September 2010, Tunnock's workers in Uddingston, Lanarkshire, conducted two 24-hour strikes during contract negotiations. At main issue were salaries, with management having originally offered an increase of 1%, followed by a second offer of 2%. The dispute was resolved in October 2010 with agreement on a 2.5% increase backdated to the start of July 2010, followed by a 2.5% increase in July 2011.

In November 2015, Tunnock's made a donation of £250,000 to an appeal for an independent lifeboat station at St Abbs.

Scottish identity
Tunnocks has been described as an iconic Scottish brand and its packaging features the Scottish lion rampant. Having been a Scottish, family owned company since it was formed, this remains a feature of its identity.

In an April 2012 interview with The Herald, Managing Director Boyd Tunnock described himself as "Nationalist British" on the question of Scottish independence.

In the 2014 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony in Glasgow, dancers dressed as Tunnock's teacakes danced around the main performers near the start of the Scottish-themed show. Sales of Tunnock's tea cakes were 62% higher at Waitrose the day after the ceremony.

In 2016 this association with Scottish identity raised concerns about the company playing down its origins, when an advertising campaign on London Underground chose to omit the Lion Rampant and label their teacakes as "Tunnock’s Great British Teacake". Boyd Tunnock explained "Down south, people wouldn’t know it as Scottish."

In July 2017 Tunnock's announced it would be branding their wafer creams sold in Japan, as "Made in Great Britain". The company, however, did not have high hopes of success in the Japanese market. "The Japanese don’t like caramel wafers. It’s a cultural thing - they say they are too chewy."

Teacakes

The Tunnock's Teacake is a sweet food often served with a cup of tea or coffee. It was developed by Sir Boyd Tunnock in 1956. The product consists of a small round shortbread biscuit covered with a dome of Italian meringue, a whipped egg white concoction similar to marshmallow, although somewhat lighter in texture. This is then encased in a thin layer of milk or dark chocolate and wrapped in a red and silver foil paper for the more popular milk chocolate variety, with blue, black, and gold wrapping for the dark.

Retired RAF bomber pilot Tony Cunnane told of how Tunnock's Teacakes became a favourite ration snack of the V bomber nuclear deterrent flight crews based at RAF Gaydon, especially after discovering that they expanded at high altitude. This ended after one was left unwrapped and exploded on the instrument panel.

Caramel wafers

The Tunnock's Caramel Wafer, officially the Tunnock's Milk Chocolate Coated Caramel Wafer Biscuit, is a bar consisting of five layers of wafer, separated by four layers of caramel. The bar is coated in chocolate, made from cocoa and milk solids. The wafers are wrapped in red and gold coloured foil. Dark chocolate wafers, wrapped blue and gold, are also available.

The University of St Andrews has a Tunnock's Caramel Wafer Appreciation Society, founded in 1982.

In 2022, Tunnock's were the pitch sponsor at Uddingston Rugby Club, turning their padded posts into wrapped Caramel Wafer bars.

Other products

The other products in Tunnock's lines are largely based on the core products. The Caramel Log is similar to the Caramel Wafer, but with the addition of roasted coconut to the outside of the bar. Wafer Creams and Florida Orange have chocolate and orange flavoured cream in place of the caramel.

A Snowball is similar to the Tea Cake, with the addition of grated coconut to the exterior of a soft chocolate shell but with no biscuit base.

Despite pressure to do so, Tunnock's does not make any own brand biscuits for supermarkets.

In 2013, Tunnocks's entered into an agreement with Tesco to sell a range of branded items produced by Glasgow-based promotional materials firm Orb. Fergus Loudon, sales manager for Tunnock's stated: "As well as teacake tea towels, aprons and china mugs, there will be the ideal gift for the many caramel wafer fans – a ‘yard of caramel wafers’." As of 2015, the products continue to be sold both through Tesco and directly from Orb.

title: Tunnock's


text:
Asian Cup Winners' Cup

The Asian Cup Winners' Cup was an Asian football club competition contested annually by the winners of domestic cup competitions. The cup was, chronologically, the second seasonal inter-Asian club competition organised by Asian Football Confederation (AFC). The tournament was started in 1990–91 and ran for 12 seasons, with the final edition held in 2001–02, after which it was discontinued and merged into the Asian Club Championship to form the AFC Champions League.

The winners of the Cup Winners' Cup used to contest the Asian Super Cup against the winners of the Asian Club Championship.

The most successful clubs in the competition were Al Hilal from Saudi Arabia and Yokohama F. Marinos from Japan with two titles each.

History
The competition was founded at the beginning of 1990 by the Asian Football Confederation, following the example of UEFA in Europe, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. For the first edition, seventeen teams took part registered and it was the Iranian club of Persepolis who were the first winners, after defeating the Bahraini Al-Muharraq in the final. Al-Hilal won the last championship in 2001–02, defeating Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors. In 2002, Asian Club Championship, Asian Cup Winners' Cup and Asian Super Cup tournaments combined to form the AFC Champions League and after that, the domestic cup winners entered the AFC Champions League.

Performances by club
1 including Nissan FC. 2 Yokohama Flügels was merged with Yokohama Marinos to Yokohama F. Marinos in 1999.

Performances by manager
The following table lists the winning managers of the Asian Cup Winners' Cup.

title: Asian Cup Winners' Cup


text:
Carlina curetum

 Carlina curetum  is a species of the genus Carlina. It is also called carline thistle.

title: Carlina curetum