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German wine

German wine is primarily produced in the west of Germany, along the river Rhine and its tributaries, with the oldest plantations going back to the Roman era. Approximately 60 percent of German wine is produced in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, where 6 of the 13 regions (Anbaugebiete) for quality wine are situated. Germany has about 103,000 hectares (252,000 acres or 1,030 square kilometers) of vineyard, which is around one tenth of the vineyard surface in Spain, France or Italy. The total wine production is usually around 10 million hectoliters annually, corresponding to 1.3 billion bottles, which places Germany as the eighth-largest wine-producing country in the world. White wine accounts for almost two thirds of the total production.

As a wine country, Germany has a mixed reputation internationally, with some consumers on the export markets associating Germany with the world's most elegant and aromatically pure white wines while other see the country mainly as the source of cheap, mass-market semi-sweet wines such as Liebfraumilch. Among enthusiasts, Germany's reputation is primarily based on wines made from the Riesling grape variety, which at its best is used for aromatic, fruity and elegant white wines that range from very crisp and dry to well-balanced, sweet and of enormous aromatic concentration. While primarily a white wine country, red wine production surged in the 1990s and early 2000s, primarily fuelled by domestic demand, and the proportion of the German vineyards devoted to the cultivation of dark-skinned grape varieties has now stabilized at slightly more than a third of the total surface. For the red wines, Spätburgunder, the domestic name for Pinot noir, is in the lead.

Wine styles
Germany produces wines in many styles: dry, semi-sweet and sweet white wines, rosé wines, red wines and sparkling wines, called Sekt. (The only wine style not commonly produced is fortified wine.) Due to the northerly location of the German vineyards, the country has produced wines quite unlike any others in Europe, many of outstanding quality. Between the 1950s and the 1980s German wine was known abroad for cheap, sweet or semi-sweet, low-quality mass-produced wines such as Liebfraumilch.

The wines have historically been predominantly white, and the finest made from Riesling. Many wines have been sweet and low in alcohol, light and unoaked. Historically many of the wines (other than late harvest wines) were probably dry (trocken), as techniques to stop fermentation did not exist. Recently much more German white wine is being made in the dry style again. Much of the wine sold in Germany is dry, especially in restaurants. However most exports are still of sweet wines, particularly to the traditional export markets such as the United States, the Netherlands and Great Britain, which are the leading export markets both in terms of volume and value.

Red wine has always been hard to produce in the German climate, and in the past was usually light-colored, closer to rosé or the red wines of Alsace. However recently there has been greatly increased demand and darker, richer red wines (often barrique-aged) are produced from grapes such as Dornfelder and Spätburgunder, the German name for Pinot noir.

Perhaps the most distinctive characteristic of German wines is the high level of acidity in them, caused both by the lesser ripeness in a northerly climate and by the selection of grapes such as Riesling, which retain acidity even at high ripeness levels.

Early history
Viticulture in present-day Germany dates back to Ancient Roman times, to sometime from 70 to 270 CE/AD (Agri Decumates). In those days, the western parts of today's Germany made up the outpost of the Roman empire against the Germanic tribes on the other side of Rhine. What is generally considered Germany's oldest city, Trier, was founded as a Roman garrison and is situated directly on the river Moselle (Mosel) in the eponymous wine region. The oldest archeological finds that may indicate early German viticulture are curved pruning knives found in the vicinity of Roman garrisons, dating from the 1st century AD. However, it is not absolutely certain that these knives were used for viticultural purposes. Emperor Probus, whose reign can be dated two centuries later than these knives, is generally considered the founder of German viticulture, but for solid documentation of winemaking on German soil, we must go to around 370 AD, when Ausonius of Bordeaux wrote Mosella, where he in enthusiastic terms described the steep vineyards on the river Moselle.

The wild vine, the forerunner of the cultivated Vitis vinifera is known to have grown on upper Rhine back to historic time, and it is possible (but not documented) that Roman-era German viticulture was started using local varieties. Many viticultural practices were however taken from other parts of the Roman empire, as evidenced by Roman-style trellising systems surviving into the 18th century in some parts of Germany, such as the Kammertbau in the Palatinate.

Almost nothing is known of the style or quality of "German" wines that were produced in the Roman era, with the exception of the fact that the poet Venantius Fortunatus mentions red German wine around AD 570.

From Medieval times to today
Before the era of Charlemagne, Germanic viticulture was practiced primarily, although not exclusively, on the western side of Rhine. Charlemagne is supposed to have brought viticulture to Rheingau. The eastward spread of viticulture coincided with the spread of Christianity, which was supported by Charlemagne. Thus, in Medieval Germany, churches and monasteries played the most important role in viticulture, and especially in the production of quality wine. Two Rheingau examples illustrate this: archbishop Ruthard of Mainz (reigning 1089–1109) founded a Benedictine abbey on slopes above Geisenheim, the ground of which later became Schloss Johannisberg. His successor Adalbert of Mainz donated land above Hattenheim in 1135 to Cistercians, sent out from Clairvaux in Champagne, who founded Kloster Eberbach.

Many grape varieties commonly associated with German wines have been documented back to the 14th or 15th century. Riesling has been documented from 1435 (close to Rheingau), and Pinot noir from 1318 on Lake Constance under the name Klebroth, from 1335 in Affenthal in Baden and from 1470 in Rheingau, where the monks kept a Clebroit-Wyngart in Hattenheim. The most grown variety in medieval Germany was however Elbling, with Silvaner also being common, and Muscat, Räuschling and Traminer also being recorded.

For several centuries of the Medieval era, the vineyards of Germany (including Alsace) expanded, and is believed to have reached their greatest extent sometime around 1500, when perhaps as much as four times the present vineyard surface was planted. Basically, the wine regions were located in the same places as today, but more lands around the rivers, and land further upstream Rhine's tributaries, was cultivated. The subsequent decline can be attributed to locally produced beer becoming the everyday beverage in northern Germany in the 16th century, leading to a partial loss of market for wine, to the Thirty Years' War ravaging Germany in the 17th century, to the dissolution of the monasteries, where much of the winemaking know-how was concentrated, in those areas that accepted the Protestant reformation, and to the climatic changes of the Little Ice Age that made viticulture difficult or impossible in marginal areas.

An important event took place in 1775 at Schloss Johannisberg in Rheingau, when the courier delivering the harvest permission was delayed for two weeks, with the result that most of the grapes in Johannisberg's Riesling-only vineyard had been affected by noble rot before the harvest began. Unexpectedly, these "rotten grapes" gave a very good sweet wine, which was termed Spätlese, meaning late harvest. From this time, late harvest wines from grapes affected by noble rot have been produced intentionally. The subsequent differentiation of wines based on harvested ripeness, starting with Auslese in 1787, laid the ground for the Prädikat system. These laws, introduced in 1971, define the designations still used today.

At one point the Church controlled most of the major vineyards in Germany. Quality instead of quantity become important and spread quickly down the river Rhine. In the 1800s, Napoleon took control of all the vineyards from the Church, including the best, and divided and secularized them. In 1801, all German states west of the Rhine river were incorporated into the French state. This included the wine regions Ahr, Mosel, Nahe, Rheinhessen, and Pfalz, i.e., the vast majority of German wine production. Since then the Napoleonic inheritance laws in Germany broke up the parcels of vineyards further, leading to the establishment of many cooperatives. However, many notable and world-famous wineries in Germany have managed to acquire or hold enough land to produce wine not only for domestic consumption, but also export. After the battle of Waterloo and Napoleon’s final defeat, the Rhineland (which encompasses the viticultural regions Mosel, Mittelrhein, Nahe and Ahr) fell to Prussia, while the Palatinate (Pfalz) fell to Bavaria. Hesse Darmstadt received what is today known as Rheinhessen. Many of the best vineyards were transferred to the new states, where they were wrapped up as state domains.

Custom-free access to the vast Prussian markets in the east and the growing industrial clusters on the Ruhr and protection from non-Prussian competitors, including from southern German regions such Baden, Württemberg, Palatinate and Rheinhessen, fostered Mosel, Rhine, Nahe and Ahr winemakers, due to high tariff barriers for all other producers.

Geography and climate
The German wine regions are some of the most northerly in the world. The main wine-producing climate lies below the 50th parallel, which runs through the regions Rheingau and Mosel. Above this line the climate becomes less conducive to wine production, but there are still some vineyards above this line and the effects of climate change on wine production are growing.

Because of the northerly climate, there has been a search for suitable grape varieties (particularly frost resistant and early harvesting ones), and many crosses have been developed, such as Müller-Thurgau in the Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute. Since several years ago there has been an increase in plantings of Riesling as local and international demand has been demanding high quality wines.

The wines are all produced around rivers, mainly the Rhine and its tributaries, often sheltered by mountains. The rivers have significant microclimate effects to moderate the temperature. The soil is slate in the steep valleys, to absorb the sun's heat and retain it overnight. On the rolling hills the soil is lime and clay dominated. The great sites are often extremely steep so they catch the most sunlight, but they are difficult to harvest mechanically. The slopes are also positioned facing the south or south-west to angle towards the sun.

The vineyards are extremely small compared to New World vineyards and wine making is dominated by craft rather than industry wines. This makes the lists of wines produced long and complex, and many wines hard to obtain as production is so limited.

Regions

The wine regions in Germany usually referred to are the 13 defined regions for quality wine. The German wine industry has organised itself around these regions and their division into districts. However, there are also a number of regions for the insignificant table wine (Tafelwein) and country wine (Landwein) categories. Those regions, with a few exceptions overlap, with the quality wine regions. To make a clear distinction between the quality levels, the regions and subregions for different quality levels have different names on purpose, even when they are allowed to be produced in the same geographical area.

German wine regions
There are 13 defined regions ("Anbaugebiete") in Germany:

 * 1) Ahr – a small region along the river Ahr, a tributary of Rhine, that despite its northernly location primarily produces red wine from Spätburgunder.
 * 2) Baden – Germany's southernmost, warmest and sunniest winegrowing region, in Germany's southwestern corner, across river Rhine from Alsace, and the only German wine region situated in European Union wine growing zone B rather than A, which results in higher minimum required maturity of grapes and less chaptalisation allowed. Most of the land is cultivated with Pinot family. That include Pinot Noir (Spätburgunder), Pinot Gris (Grauburgunder) and Pinot Blanc (Weissburgunder).
 * 3) The Kaiserstuhl region in the winegrowing region of Baden is Germany's warmest location. One of two wine regions in the state of Baden-Württemberg.
 * 4) Franconia or Franken – around portions of Main river, and the only wine region situated in Bavaria. Noted for growing many varieties on chalky soil and for producing powerful dry Silvaner wines. In Germany, only Franconia and certain small parts of the Baden region are allowed to use the distinctive flattened Bocksbeutel bottle shape.
 * 5) Hessische Bergstraße (Hessian Mountain Road) – a small region in the state Hesse dominated by Riesling.
 * 6) Mittelrhein – along the middle portions of river Rhine, primarily between the regions Rheingau and Mosel, and dominated by Riesling.
 * 7) Mosel – along the river Moselle (Mosel) and its tributaries, the rivers Saar and Ruwer, and was previously known as Mosel-Saar-Ruwer. The Mosel region is dominated by Riesling grapes and slate soils, and the best wines are grown in dramatic-looking steep vineyards directly overlooking the rivers. This region produces wine that is light in body due to lower alcohol levels, crisp, of high acidity and with pronounced mineral character. The only region to stick to Riesling wine with noticeable residual sweetness as the "standard" style, although dry wines are also produced.
 * 8) Nahe – around the river Nahe where volcanic origins give very varied soils. Mixed grape varieties but the best-known producers primarily grow Riesling, and some of them have achieved world reputation in recent years.
 * 9) Palatinate or Pfalz – the second largest producing region in Germany, with production of very varied styles of wine (especially in the southern half), where red wine has been on the increase. The northern half of the region is home to many well-known Riesling producers with a long history, which specialize in powerful Riesling wines in a dry style. Until 1995, it was known in German as Rheinpfalz.
 * 10) Rheingau – a small region at a bend in the Rhine that provide excellent conditions for winegrowing. The oldest documented references to Riesling come from the Rheingau region and it is the region where many German winemaking practices have originated, such as the use of Prädikat designations. Dominated by Riesling with some Spätburgunder. The Rheingau Riesling style is in-between Mosel and the Palatinate and other southern regions, and at its finest combines the best aspects of both.
 * 11) Rheinhessen or Rhenish Hesse – the largest production area in Germany. Once known as Liebfraumilch land, but a quality revolution has taken place since the 1990s. Mixed wine styles and both red and white wines. The best Riesling wines are similar to Palatinate Riesling – dry and powerful. Despite its name, it lies in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, not in Hesse.
 * 12) Saale-Unstrut – one of two regions in former East Germany along the rivers Saale and Unstrut, and Germany's northernmost winegrowing region.
 * 13) Saxony or Sachsen – one of two regions in former East Germany, in the southeastern corner of the country, along the river Elbe in the state of Saxony.
 * 14) Württemberg – a traditional red wine region, where grape varieties Trollinger (the region's signature variety), Schwarzriesling and Lemberger outnumber the varieties that dominate elsewhere. One of two wine regions in the state of Baden-Württemberg.

These 13 regions (Anbaugebiete) are broken down into 39 districts (Bereiche) which are further broken down into collective vineyard sites (Großlagen) of which there are 167. The individual vineyard sites (Einzellagen) number 2,658.

Sorted by size
Data from 2016.

Tafelwein and Landwein regions
There are seven regions for Tafelwein (Weinbaugebiete für Tafelwein), three of which are divided into two or three subregions (Untergebiete) each, and 21 regions for Landwein (Landweingebiete). These regions have the following relationship to each other, and to the quality wine regions:

Grape varieties
Overall nearly 135 grape varieties may be cultivated in Germany – 100 are released for white wine production and 35 for red wine production. According to the international image, Germany is still considered a region for white wine production. Since the 1980s, demand for German red wine has constantly increased, and this has resulted in a doubling of the vineyards used for red wine. Nowadays, over 35% of the vineyards are cultivated with red grapes. Some of the red grapes are also used to produce rosé.

Out of all the grape varieties listed below, only 20 have a significant market share.

Grape variety trends over time
During the last century several changes have taken place with respect to the most planted varieties. Until the early 20th century, Elbling was Germany's most planted variety, after which it was eclipsed by Silvaner during the middle of the 20th century. After a few decades in the top spot, in the late 1960s Silvaner was overtaken by the high-yielding Müller-Thurgau, which in turn started to lose ground in the 1980s. From the mid-1990s, Riesling became the most planted variety, a position it probably had never enjoyed before on a national level. Red grapes in Germany have experienced several ups and downs. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, there was a downward trend, which was reversed around 1980. From mid-1990s and during the next decade, there was an almost explosive growth of plantation of red varieties. Plantings was shared between traditional Spätburgunder and a number of new crossings, led by Dornfelder, while other traditional German red varieties such as Portugieser only held their ground. From around 2005, the proportion of red varieties has stabilized around 37%, about three times the 1980 level.

Common white wine grapes
White grape varieties account for 66% of the area planted in Germany. Principal varieties are listed below; there are larger numbers of less important varieties too.
 * Riesling is the benchmark grape in Germany and covers the most area in German vineyards. It is an aromatic variety with a high level of acidity that can be used for dry, semi-sweet, sweet and sparkling wines. The drawback to Riesling is that it takes 130 days to ripen and, in marginal years, the Riesling crop tends to be poor.
 * Müller-Thurgau is an alternative grape to Riesling that growers have been using, and is one of the so-called new crossings. Unlike the long ripening time of Riesling, this grape variety only requires 100 days to ripen, can be planted on more sites, and is higher yielding. However, this grape has a more neutral flavour than Riesling, and as the main ingredient of Liebfraumilch its reputation has taken a beating together with that wine variety. Germany's most planted variety from the 1970s to the mid-1990s, it has been losing ground for a number of years. Dry Müller-Thurgau is usually labeled Rivaner.
 * Grauer Burgunder or Ruländer (Pinot gris)
 * Weisser Burgunder (Pinot blanc)
 * Silvaner is another subtle, fairly neutral, but quite old grape variety that was Germany's most planted until the 1960s and after that has continued to lose ground. It has however remained popular in Franconia and Rheinhessen, where it is grown on chalky soils to produce powerful dry wines with a slightly earthy and rustic but also food-friendly character.
 * Chardonnay
 * Kerner
 * Sauvignon blanc
 * Bacchus
 * Scheurebe

Common red wine grapes
Red wine varieties account for 34% of the plantations in Germany but has increased in recent years.
 * Spätburgunder (Pinot noir) – a much-appreciated grape variety that demands good sites to produce good wines and therefore competes with Riesling. It is considered to give the most elegant red wines of Germany.
 * Dornfelder – a "new crossing" that has become much appreciated in Germany since it is easy to grow and gives dark-coloured, full-bodied, fruity and tannic wines of a style that used to be hard to produce in Germany.
 * Portugieser
 * Trollinger
 * Lemberger (Blaufränkisch)
 * Schwarzriesling (Pinot Meunier)
 * Regent
 * Merlot
 * St. Laurent

Permitted varieties
According to the German wine law, the state governments are responsible for drawing up lists of grape varieties allowed in wine production. The varieties listed below are officially permitted for commercial cultivation. The lists include varieties permitted only for selected experimental cultivation.

Viticultural practices
Many of the best vineyards in Germany are steep vineyards overlooking rivers, where mechanisation is impossible and a lot of manual labour is needed to produce the wine.

Since it can be difficult to get ripe grapes in such a northernly location as Germany, the sugar maturity of grapes (must weight) as measured by the Oechsle scale have played a great role in Germany.

German vintners on average crop their vineyards quite high, with yields averaging around 64–99 hl/ha, a high figure in international comparison. Some crossings used for low-quality white wine yield up to 150–200 hl/ha, while quality-conscious producers who strive to produce well-balanced wines of concentrated flavours rarely exceed 50 hl/ha.

Many wines in Germany are produced using organic farming or biodynamic methods. With an average annual growth rate of 25 percent and a cultivated area of more than 7,000 hectares, Germany ranks in place six worldwide. The market share of organic wine is between four and five percent.

Winemaking practices
Chaptalization is allowed only up to the QbA level, not for Prädikatswein and all wines must be fermented dry if chaptalised. To balance the wine, unfermented grape juice, called Süssreserve, may be added after fermentation.

Classification

German wine classification is sometimes the source of confusion. However, to those familiar with the terms used, a German wine label reveals much information about the wine's origin, the minimum ripeness of the grapes used for the wine, as well as the dryness/sweetness of the wine.

In general, the ripeness classifications of German wines reflect minimum sugar content in the grape (also known as "potential alcohol" = the amount of alcohol resulting from fermenting all sugar in the juice) at the point of harvest of the grape. They have nothing to do with the sweetness of the wine after fermentation, which is one of the most common mis-perceptions about German wines.

 * Deutscher Tafelwein (German table wine) is mostly consumed in the country and not exported. Generally used for blended wines that can not be Qualitätswein.
 * Deutscher Landwein (German country wine) comes from a larger designation and again doesn't play an important role in the export market.
 * Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete (QbA) wines from a defined appellation with the exception of Liebfraumilch, which can be blended from several regions and still be classified as Qualitätswein.
 * Prädikatswein, recently (August 1, 2007) renamed from Qualitätswein mit Prädikat (QmP) wines made from grapes of higher ripeness. As ripeness increases, the fruit characteristics and price increase. Categories within Prädikatswein are Kabinett, Spätlese, Auslese, Beerenauslese, Trockenbeerenauslese and Eiswein. Wines of these categories can not be chaptalized. All these categories within Prädikatswein are solely linked to minimum requirements of potential alcohol. While these may correlate with harvest time, there are no legally defined harvest time restrictions anymore.
 * Kabinett wines are made from grapes that have achieved minimum defined potential alcohol levels. Those minimum requirements differ by region and grape variety. Essentially, Kabinett is the first level of reserve grape selection.
 * Spätlese wines ("late harvest") are made from grapes that have achieved minimum defined potential alcohol levels. Those minimum requirements differ by region and grape variety. Essentially, Spatlese is the second level of reserve grape selection.
 * Auslese wines ("select harvest") are made from grapes that have achieved minimum defined potential alcohol levels. Those minimum requirements differ by region and grape variety. Essentially, Auslese is the third level of reserve grape selection.
 * Beerenauslese wines ("berry selection") are made from grapes that have achieved minimum defined potential alcohol levels. The concentration of the grape juice may have been facilitated by a fungus Botrytis, which perforates the skin of the grape forcing water to drip out and all remaining elements to concentrate. Due to the high potential alcohol level required for this category of ripeness, these wines are generally made into sweet wines and can make good dessert wines.
 * Trockenbeerenauslese wines ("dry berries selection") are made from grapes of an even higher potential alcohol level, generally reachable only with the help of Botrytis. The grapes used for Trockenbeerenauslese have reached an even more raisin-like state than those used for Beerenauslese. Due to the high concentration of sugar in the raisin-like grape, these wines can only be made in a sweet style and make extremely sweet, concentrated and usually quite expensive wines.
 * Eiswein (ice wine) wine is made grapes that freeze naturally on the vine and have to reach the same potential alcohol level as Beerenauslese. The grapes are harvested and pressed in the frozen state. The ice stays in the press during pressing and hence a concentrated juice flows off the press leading to higher potential alcohol levels, which in turn generally result in sweet wines due to the high potential alcohol. The taste differs from the other high-level wines since Botrytis infection is usually lower, ideally completely absent.

On wine labels, German wine may be classified according to the residual sugar of the wine. Trocken refers to dry wine. These wines have less than 9 grams/liter of residual sugar. Halbtrocken wines are off-dry and have 9–18 grams/liter of residual sugar. Due to the high acidity ("crispness") of many German wines, the taste profile of many halbtrocken wines fall within the "internationally dry" spectrum rather than being appreciably sweet. Feinherb wines are slightly more sweet than halbtrocken wines. Lieblich wines are noticeably sweet; except for the high category Prädikatsweine of type Beerenauslese and above, lieblich wines from Germany are usually of the low Tafelwein category. The number of German wines produced in a lieblich style has dropped markedly since the style went out of fashion in the 1980s.

In recent years, the Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter (VDP), which is a private marketing club founded in 1910, has lobbied for the recognition of a vineyard classification, but its effort have not yet changed national law.

There are also several terms to identify the grower and producers of the wine:

 * Weingut refers to a winegrowing and wine-producing estate, rather craft than industry.
 * Weinkellerei refers to a maturing and bottling facility, a bottler or shipper.
 * Winzergenossenschaft refers to a winemaking cooperative.
 * Gutsabfüllung refers to a grower/producer wine that is estate bottled.
 * Abfüller refers to a bottler or shipper.

Industry structure
The German wine scene consists of many small craft oriented vineyard owners. The 1999 viticultural survey counted 68 598 vineyard owners, down from 76 683 in Western Germany in 1989/90, for an average size of 1.5 ha. Most of the 40 625 operators of less than 0.5 ha should likely be classified as hobby winemakers. The 2016 viticultural survey counted 15 931 vineyard owners. Two digit decreases of operating owners change the structure. Many smaller vineyard owners do not pursue viticulture as a full-time occupation, but rather as a supplement to other agriculture or to hospitality. It is not uncommon for a visitor to a German wine region to find that a small family-owned Gasthaus has its own wine. Smaller grape-growers who do not wish to, or are unable to, commercialise their own wine have several options available: sell the grapes (either on the market each harvest year, or on long-term contract with larger wineries looking to supplement their own production), deliver the grapes to a winemaking cooperative (called Winzergenossenschaft in Germany), or sell the wine in bulk to winemaking firms that use them in "bulk brands" or as a base wine for Sekt. Those who own vineyards in truly good locations also have the option of renting them out to larger producers to operate.

A total of 5,864 vineyard owners owned more than 5 ha each in 2016, accounting for 81% of Germany's total vineyard surface, and it is in this category that the full-time vintners and commercial operations are primarily found. However, truly large wineries, in terms of their own vineyard holdings, are rare in Germany. Hardly any German wineries reach the size of New World winemaking companies, and only a few are of the same size as a typical Bordeaux Grand Cru Classé château. Of the ten wineries considered as Germany's best by Gault Millau Weinguide in 2007, nine had 10,2 — 19 ha of vineyards, and one (Weingut Robert Weil, owned by Suntory) had 70 ha. This means that most of the high-ranking German wineries each only produces around 100,000 bottles of wine per year. That production is often distributed over, say, 10–25 different wines from different vineyards, of different Prädikat, sweetness and so on. The largest vineyard owner is the Hessian State Wineries (Hessische Staatsweingüter), owned by the state of Hesse, with 200 ha vineyards, the produce of which is vinified in three separate wineries. The largest privately held winery is Dr. Bürklin-Wolf in the Palatinate with 85,5 ha.

Largest German wineries
By April 2014, the ten largest German wine producers were:

 * Weingut Lergenmüller Hainfeld (Palatinate), 110 ha; and Schloss Reinhartshausen, 80 ha
 * Juliusspital, Würzburg (Franken), 170 ha
 * Weingut Heinz Pfaffmann, Walsheim (Palatinate), 150 ha
 * Hessische Staatsweingüter Eltville (Rheingau), 140 ha
 * Markgraf von Baden Salem (Baden), 140 ha
 * Bischöfliche Weingüter Trier (Mosel), 95 ha
 * Staatlicher Hofkeller Würzburg (Franconia), 120 ha
 * Weingut Anselmann Edesheim (Palatinate), 115 ha
 * Bürgerspital zum Heiligen Geist Würzburg (Franconia), 110 ha
 * Weingut Friedrich Kiefer Eichstetten am Kaiserstuhl (Baden), 110 ha

General sources

 * Barr, Andrew (1988). Wine Snobbery: An Insiders Guide to the Booze Business. ISBN 0-571-15060-8. Chapter 8 on history of sweetness in German wines.
 * Brook, Stephen (2006). The Wines of Germany. ISBN 978-1840007916.
 * Hallgarten, S.F. (1981). German Wines. ISBN 0-9507410-0-0.
 * Langenbach, Alfred (1962). German Wines and Vines. Vista Books..
 * Reinhardt, Stephan (2012). The Finest Wines of Germany: A Regional Guide to the Best Producers and Their Wines. ISBN 978-0520273221.

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Mjøsa

Mjøsa is Norway's largest lake, as well as one of the deepest lakes in Norway and in Europe. It is the fourth-deepest lake in Norway. It is located in the southern part of Norway, about 100 km north of the city of Oslo. Its main tributary is the river Gudbrandsdalslågen flowing in from the north; the only distributary is the river Vorma in the south. Inflows would theoretically need 5.6 years to fill the lake. With an average depth of about 150 m, most of the lake's volume is under sea level. The average outflow of the lake (measured from 1931–1982) is 316 m3/s which is about 9959000000 m3/yr. Mjøsa contains about 56.2 km3 of water compared to the 14.8 km3 in the lake Røssvatnet, the second largest lake by volume in Norway.

With a surface elevation of about 121 m, the depth of Mjøsa means that the deepest part of the basin is located approximately 332 m below sea level. This is lower than the deepest point of the sea inlet of Kattegat and the lower than the vast majority of Skagerrak off Norway's south coast. Mjøsa retains a larger average depth than both the North Sea and Baltic Sea respectively.

Thomas Robert Malthus traveled through Norway in 1799 and his diaries from the trip includes a description of Mjøsa. Malthus wrote that Mjøsa appears as both lake and river because the shores are defined by mountains and where the valley becomes wider the water fills the space. Below Minde (Minnesund) the lake only appears like a river and is called Vorma on the map, according to Malthus.

Location
From its southernmost point at Minnesund in Eidsvoll to its northernmost point in Lillehammer it is 117 km long. At its widest, near the town of Hamar, it is 9 km wide. It is 369 km2 in area and its volume is estimated at 56 km3; normally its surface is about 121-123 m above sea level, and its greatest depth is 453 m. Its total coastline is estimated at 341 km, of which 30% is built up. Dams built on the distributary of Vorma in 1858, 1911, 1947, and 1965 raised the level by approximately 3.6 m in total. During the 19th and 20th centuries, there have been 20 floods recorded that added at least 7 m to the level of the lake which caused flooding. Several of these floods inundated the city of Hamar.

The towns of Hamar, Gjøvik, and Lillehammer were founded along the shores of the lake. Before the construction of railways past the lake, it was an important transport route. Today, aside from minor leisure boating and the steamship Skibladner, there is no water traffic on the lake. Most of its shores are dominated by rolling agricultural areas, among them some of the most fertile grainlands in Norway. The main train line, the Dovre Line between Oslo and Trondheim, goes along its eastern shore, making stops at Hamar Station and Lillehammer Station. From the south, the European route E6 highway runs along the eastern shore of the lake until the Mjøsa Bridge connects Moelv on the east with Biri on the west.

Mjøskastellet
The largest and only island in the lake is Helgøya. Except for Helgøya, Mjøsa only contains small islets. The most interesting of these is Steinsholmen, which holds the ruins of Mjøskastellet, a medieval citadel dating from the 13th century. Established by King Haakon IV of Norway, it was first mentioned historically in a letter dated 1234. Peter Andreas Blix documented the site and made drawings in 1897. Hedmark Museum has a future archaeological plan for the site.

Fish
Lake Mjøsa has 20 species of fish. Among the most common are pike, European perch, common roach, greyling, and the hundertrout, a brown trout which can reach a weight more than 20 kg. Another common species is the European smelt, which is the most important bait fish for the predators. Historically, the most economically significant species is the lågsild (European cisco).

Source of drinking water
Several municipal and urban areas use the lake as their source of drinking water.
 * Hamar / Ottestad – Hias IKS has responsibility for the waterworks and waste water treatment plants in Hamar Municipality, Stange Municipality, and Løten Municipality.
 * Lillehammer –  Operates waterworks at Korgen. Contracts have been signed for a new flood-proof waterworks to be built in Hovemoen.
 * Gjøvik – WWTP run from Rambekk Renseanlegg
 * Østre Toten – Kapp / Skreia
 * Brumunddal – Biri / Moelv

Name
The lake is named "Mjøsa" (Mjǫrs / Proto-Norse *Merso) and this name must be very old. The meaning is possibly "the bright/shiny one". This is based on the theory that the first element *mer- is related to the English word mere which means "clear" or "bright" and -so is a suffix.

Events
From 1932 to 1934, ice racing was held on the lake's northern reaches near Lillehammer. Warmer winters had forced race organisers to move racing from Gjersjøen near Oslo. The Norwegian Grand Prix was held there in 1934. The race was won by Swedish driver Per-Viktor Widengren in an Alfa Romeo 8C but poor attendance saw the Grand Prix move back to the Oslo region in 1935.

In 1975, the 14th World Scout Jamboree was held on its shores. More than 17,000 Scouts from 91 countries took part.

In 1995, a Canadian historic aircraft organization named Halifax 57 Rescue recovered a mostly intact Handley Page Halifax bomber from it, which was previously discovered in 1991 to be resting at a depth of 750 feet (228.6 m). The aircraft, NA337, was shot down at 0131 hours on 24 April 1945 while returning from a supply mission and crashed shortly after. It was later restored extensively to its original state (albeit non – flying) and is now one of only three remaining examples of the type anywhere in the world.

Culture projects
The inter-county public art collaboration project, Det Var Jo Ingen Horizont Der is a model for inter-organizational cooperation and collaboration between local municipalities and counties. It is a public "land-art" project that was supported by the Oppland County Municipality and Hedmark County Municipality as well as local municipalities of Eidsvoll, Gjøvik, Hamar, Lillehammer, Ringsaker, Stange, and Østre Toten. These communities all share shoreline with Mjøsa. Det Var Jo Ingen Horizont Der, is an environmental art collaboration including the works of 12 artists' sculptural and multimedia environmental artworks installed at 20 geographic places on and around the shores of Mjøsa. The project is documented in a book and it was part of an exhibition at the Mjøsmuseet (museum) in 2019.

title: Mjøsa


text:
Atalaia

Atalaia may refer to:

Brazil

 * Atalaia, Alagoas, a municipality in the State of Alagoas
 * Atalaia Nova, a beach in the municipality of Barra dos Coqueiros, State of Sergipe
 * Atalaia Velha, a beach in the municipality of Aracaju, State of Sergipe

Portugal

 * Atalaia (Gavião), a parish in the municipality of Gavião
 * Atalaia (Lourinhã), a parish in the municipality of Lourinhã
 * Atalaia (Montijo), a former parish in the municipality of Montijo
 * Atalaia (Pinhel), a parish in the municipality of Pinhel
 * Atalaia (Vila Nova da Barquinha), a parish in the municipality of Vila Nova da Barquinha

Other

 * Atalaia, Cape Verde, a village on the island of Fogo
 * Pico da Atalaia, a small peak on Selvagem Grande in the Savage Islands
 * Castle of Atalaia
 * Church of Atalaia

title: Atalaia


text:
Belver

Belver may refer to places in Portugal and Spain:
 * Belver (Carrazeda de Ansiães), a civil parish in the municipality of Carrazeda de Ansiães
 * Belver (Gavião), a civil parish in the municipality of Gavião.

title: Belver


text:
Belver (Gavião)

Belver is a Portuguese civil parish in the municipality of Gavião, district of Portalegre. The population in 2011 was 684, in an area of 69.84 km2. It is situated along the northern bank of the Tagus River.

History
On 13 June 1194, the region of Belver was donated by King Sancho I of Portugal to the Knights Hospitaller, with the condition that the knights were required to build a castle in the site.

Between 1383 and 1385, Belver aligned itself with the forces of Leonor Telles de Menezes against the Master of Avis.

In the 16th century, the parochial church was constructed. On 18 May 1518, King Manuel I of Portugal conceded a foral (charter) to Belver.

In the 17th century, the village was surveyed by Pedro Nunes Tinoco, and determined to be under the authority of the Priory of Crato.

In 1836, the municipality of Belver was extinguished and the region was integrated into the municipality of Mação. This remained in effect until the end of the century, when in 1898 it was integrated into the municipality of Gavião.

In 1905 a bridge was completed over the Ribeira de Belver.

Geography
Belver is the northernmost civil parish of the municipality, and the only on the northern margin of the Tagus River (the remaining parishes of Gavião are on lands south of the Tagus). It is bordered by Gavião and Atalaia parishes (in the south), while surrounded by the parishes of Envendos, Mação and Ortiga (in the neighbouring municipality of Mação) to the northeast, north and northwest, respectively. It is located 5 km from the urban centre of Gavião along the left margin of the Tagus.

The parish is situated in river valley, 500 m from the right margin of the Tagus River, along the confluence of the Ribeira de Belver. Its highest elevation is occupied by the 150 m hilltop surmounted by the Castle of Belver, while the urban area is 125 m above sea level. Surrounding these hilltops are several olive orchards.

It is accessible by rail-link (the Beira Baixa railway), with its stop in the city centre. Alternatively, the main access is along the A23/IP6/E806 motorway (Auto-Estrada da Beira-Interior), passing through the northern part of the parish, then 5.5 km south to the Tagus basin.

Archaeological

 * Dolmen of Penedo Gordo (Anta de Penedo Gordo)

Civic

 * Belver Dam (Barragem do Belver)
 * Domingos da Vinha Museum (Museu de Domingos da Vinha)
 * Old Fountain (Degracia) (Fonte Velha em Degracia)

Military

 * Castle of Belver (Castelo de Belver)

Religious

 * Chapel of São Brás (Capela de São Brás)
 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Visitação (Igreja Paroquial de Belver/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Visitação)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora do Pilar (Ermida de Nossa Senhora do Pilar)

title: Belver (Gavião)


text:
Comenda (Gavião)

Comenda is a civil parish in the municipality of Gavião, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 890, in an area of 90.02 km2.

title: Comenda (Gavião)


text:
Gavião e Atalaia

Gavião e Atalaia is a civil parish in the municipality of Gavião, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Gavião and Atalaia. The population in 2011 was 1,747, in an area of 77.88 km2.

title: Gavião e Atalaia


text:
Holmefjord

Holmefjord is a village in the municipality of Bjørnafjorden in Vestland county, Norway. It is located near the shore along the Samnangerfjorden about 7.5 km northwest of the village of Eikelandsosen.

Holmefjord is a small typical western Norwegian village. In 1960, there were 2 general stores, a dairy, and a local bakery. Due to a contemporary transportation system and lifestyle (as of 2006), most of that is gone and there is only one general store left. There are a few small industrial factories that use wood as raw materials, producing wooden beams as well as other things. The traditional handicraft of making barrels out of pine is now almost extinct. These barrels were used for storage of herring as well as exported to Canada and Iceland.

The village has a tradition (for about the last 100 years or so) of having a play every May 17. Most villagers have participated in the play over the years. On May 17, the villagers work together and make a lot of a popular local porridge, called raudravle, which is sold for the benefit of the community house, Bygdaheimen.

title: Holmefjord


text:
Margem

Margem is a civil parish in the municipality of Gavião, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 811, in an area of 56.85 km2.

title: Margem


text:
Talk:Sultanate of Serdang

Is Deli here a misspelling of Delhi? [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 14:38, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * No. I've made it a (red) link to Deli, which is where I've directed a few other things. You can see it on the List of Indonesian monarchies. Rigadoun (talk) 21:28, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sultanate of Serdang


text:
Rachel Lomax

Janis Rachel Lomax (born 15 July 1945) is a British economist, banker, and former government official who served as Deputy Governor of the Bank of England, sitting on the Monetary Policy Committee from 1 July 2003 to 30 June 2008.

Early life
Lomax was born in Swansea, Wales. She was educated at the independent Rossall Preparatory School and Cheltenham Ladies' College, and graduated from Girton College, Cambridge with an MA in 1966, before obtaining an MSc in economics from the London School of Economics in 1968.

Career
After graduating from LSE in 1968, she joined HM Treasury, where she worked on a range of macroeconomic, monetary, and financial issues. She was in succession Principal Private Secretary to the Chancellor of the Exchequer Nigel Lawson in 1985–86, then a deputy secretary at the Treasury, and then Deputy Chief Economic Adviser in 1990–94. In 1994–95, she was head of the Economic and Domestic Secretariat at the Cabinet Office.

From 1995 to 1996, she was a vice-president of the World Bank and chief of staff to the President of the World Bank. From 1996 to 2003 she was in turns permanent secretary at four government departments. She was permanent secretary at the Welsh Office from 1996 to 1999, where she oversaw the setting up of the National Assembly for Wales. Afterwards, from 1999 to 2002, Lomax was permanent secretary of the Department of Social Security and then from 2001 its successor, the Department for Work and Pensions. Then in 2002–2003 Lomax served as Permanent Secretary at the Department for Transport, having moved there with her Secretary of State Alistair Darling when prime minister Tony Blair reshuffled his cabinet following the resignation—in highly charged and controversial circumstances—of the Secretary of State for Transport Stephen Byers.

From 2003 to 2008 she was a deputy governor at the Bank of England, serving on its Monetary Policy Committee, where she was "one of the more moderate, centrist figures". She left "just before the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008" reportedly to "pursue other interests".

In December 2008, she became an independent non-executive director of HSBC Holdings, where she is also a member of the audit and risk committees. In December 2010 she joined BAA (now Heathrow Airport Holdings) as a non-executive director, and she is also a non-executive director of Serco, and a trustee of Imperial College London, and has served as President of the Institute of Fiscal Studies.

Personal life
Lomax is on the Board of the Royal National Theatre and of De Montfort University in Leicester. In June 2007 she received an honorary degree from the University of Glasgow.

She married Michael Acworth Lomax in 1967; they divorced in 1990. The couple has two sons and now have 4 granddaughters.

title: Rachel Lomax


text:
Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging

The Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging (ATSUI) is the set of services for rendering Unicode-encoded text introduced in Mac OS 8.5 and carried forward into Mac OS X.

It replaced the WorldScript engine for legacy encodings.

Obsolescence
ATSUI was replaced by a faster and modern Unicode imaging engine called Core Text in Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard).

It was officially deprecated with Xcode 4.6, which was released in December 2012: "Source code using ATS APIs will generate warnings while being compiled. For 10.8, there will be no loss of functionality but there could be areas where performance will suffer. Programmers are instructed to replace all their ATS code (including ATSUI) with CoreText as ATS functionality will be completely removed in future releases of OS X."

ATSUI was removed in September 2022 for source code targeting only macOS 13 Ventura, and is completely removed in macOS 14 Sonoma.

title: Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging


text:
User:F16~enwiki

I'm a wikipedian at the Hebrew Wikipedia.

User:F16\Sandbox

title: User:F16~enwiki


text:
George Lyon (Scottish politician)

George Lyon (born 16 July 1956) is a Scottish Liberal Democrat politician, and a former Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Scotland.

Lyon is a former farmer from the Isle of Bute, and previous National Farmers Union of Scotland president. From 1999 to 2007 he was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Argyll and Bute, and served as both Chief Whip and Deputy Finance Minister. A member of the Alliance of Liberal Democrats in Europe (ALDE) group whilst in the European Parliament, Lyon was lead spokesperson for ALDE on the Agriculture Committee. Lyon was also vice-chair of the EP's Budget Committee.

title: George Lyon (Scottish politician)


text:
User talk:SpeedyGonsales

 Leave your new message  here If you want to communicate with me, I kindly ask please leave your messages on this talk page, otherwise I will not know you answered me and you will receive no answer.

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 14:46, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thank you on useful pointers, Sam! But you won't see much of my work here, as I am dominantly oriented to work on Croatian Wikipedia, which you can se here: My work.

On English Wikipedia up to now I only added links to croatian Wikipedia, but in future I may write something related to my field of interest, if there will be need to add something to Science fiction or Computer security topics. SpeedyGonsales 16:28, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Help with translation
Hi there, I see you are en-3 and hr-N, so I wondered if you could check my translation on this page: Reproduction of Croatian currency. This page is going to be linked from a Template on commons.wikimedia.org, so I'd like it to be in perfect English... hope you could help. PS, I'm especcialy uncertain whether I got the "nema središnje značenje" correctly translated to "hasn't got central place". I really don't know how to put it correctly... --Dijxtra 09:48, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Science pearls
Hi,

I address you as the ambassador of your wikipedia. Please notice the above project.

This project, more than other projects, will benefit from inter-wiki cooperation. Can you post a message regarding this project at your wikipedia village pump?

Thanks for your help, APH from the English wiki

Medieval Croatia
Is the ethnical border of Serbs and Croats in the early Medieval ages something like Una-Cetina region or something else? HolyRomanEmperor 15:51, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Your opinions sound very rational. I guess that we can only draw facts on borders of the states, not based on ethnicity (during Tomislav's realm there was an abundence of Serbs in Croatia, possibly brought through his most eastern territories; King Dragutin mentions Croats as one of the peoples living with Serbs in Usora, Soli and Srijem; etc.) 12:08, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

I don't understand one thing, though. Zahumlje (nor Paganija, for that matter) weren't part of King Tomislav's realm... HolyRomanEmperor 12:13, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

And Krešimir held Pagania under his proctetorate only. Zachlumia was a part of the Slav Kingdom of Doclea. HolyRomanEmperor 12:16, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I get it. HolyRomanEmperor 15:13, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

I am glad that the Greater Serbian article of Catholic Serbs got deleted. May I invite you to make with me a new one? (my research on that field is almost finished; while I am lacking info on Orthodox Croats) HolyRomanEmperor 12:52, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Oh, I can wait a hundred years. Just yes or no? HolyRomanEmperor

Oh, I can wait a hundred years. Just yes or no? HolyRomanEmperor 17:13, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Ruđer Josip Bošković, Conte Orsatti di Pozza (Medo Pucić), Kralj Stefan Dragutin Nemanjić, Veliki Župan Stefan Nemanja, Pero Budmani, Milan Rešetar, Raffo di Pozza (Rafo Pucić), Frano Gundulić (Gondola), Ivo Andrić, Niko Pucić, ???? Zlatarić, Antun Fabris.... Jel' mogu ovi? HolyRomanEmperor 17:16, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Ah, da :) Dominiko Zlatarić, Nikola Bošković, Luko Zore, V/Baltazar Bogišić, Petar i Paskva (Pasco) Pucić (Pozza), Dživo (Ivan) Gundulić (Gondola), Dane Rastić, Michael i Marinus de Resti, Simona Mathie de Resti, Symeon Sclani de Resti, Vita Volcii de Resti, Matija Ban, Marko Car, ... HolyRomanEmperor 17:30, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Luko Zore was a Croatian, catholic by birth, who was one of the leading opposition fighting against the foreign forces of Austro-hungarian Empire and Italy in Dubrovnik. In that time there were two major intelectual streams in Dubrovnik as well as in the whole Croatia: First one was for the union of all the slavic people believing that all the slavic people were of one nation ( Ilirski preporod), which was prevailing in Dubrovnik, and the second one was for croatian state of croatian people which was much weaker since they were not able to resist the forces of bribed political power of that time only by themselves. Luko Zore therefore entered and was an active part of all the slavic associations available in that time in Dubrovnik, trying to fight the foreign political power and to develop the idea of national identity of the language and slavic origins. Mediteranac 16:39, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Yes, ofcourse, the article's subject are the Dalmatian Serbs (some from Dubrovnik or elsewhere) and the harsh Venetian forceful conversions to Catholicism (te list was those who would be mentioned in the article) HolyRomanEmperor 15:35, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Ljudevit Posavski
...vidim da si ti zapoceo ovaj clanak, pa mislim da bi trebalo da izjasnis svoje misljenje o njemu (znatno sam ga prosirio) --HolyRomanEmperor 19:21, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Prijevod
Hej, neki momak se na commonsima trudi prevest neke dvije recenice na razne jezike. Zamolio me, i ja sam mu obavio prijevod na hrvatski, no molio bih tebe da provjeris da li sam to dobro obavio (vjerujem da vi imate razradjenu teminologiju, pa provjeri da li sam ju dobro slijedio...). Prijevodi se nalaze ovdje: --Dijxtra 10:33, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Jimbo u RH
Hej, pred nekih mjesec dana načuo sam informaciju da će Jimbo doći u Hrvatsku, no od tad više ni traga ni glasa nekoj sličnoj informaciji. Znaš li ti išta o tome? --Dijxtra 21:26, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, slijep sam :-\ Uglavnom, hvala! --Dijxtra 09:56, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

COTW Project
You voted for Lipovans, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article. -Scottwiki 04:57, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

thanks!
Posted by (^'-')^ Covington 07:50, 24 April 2006 (UTC), on behalf of the the AID Maintenance Team

Thanks for Choosing Belgrade
Posted by (^'-')^ Covington 07:23, 1 May 2006 (UTC) on behalf of the the AID Maintenance Team

Skalić
Hvala ti SpeedyGonsales što si popravio članak o Skaliću jer je dio o nacionalnosti naprosto jedna teška nebuloza kojoj tamo sigurno nije mjesto. Ali izgleda da ekipa (Primetime posebno) jednostavno nije sposobna shvatiti neke stvari, a izgeda da im niti zdrava logika nije jača strana.

Drže se ko pijan plota svojih enciklopedija, za koje se jednostavno mora priznati da su poprilično loše, i nikakvi argumenti se uopće niti ne razmatraju. Dovoljno je to što se u "svetim" knjigama nalaze drukčiji podaci. Nažalost Primetime je ponovno vratio ono što si ti maknuo na razgovor, tek toliko da znaš. Pa ako ti se uopće da petljati s ovim likovima... Ako ti se da baviti takvim budalama kao što su naša dvojica junaka, molim te javi još ponekom sa Hr. wikipedije da također ode na istu stranicu, i na stranicu o enciklopediji gdje stalno brišu podatak da je Skalić Hrvat, pa neka to ljudi isprave- neka djeluju na te ljude. Ujedinjeni smo jači!

srdačan pozdrav,

Goran

Please help on William Shakespeare
Posted by PruneauT 01:01, 20 June 2006 (UTC) on behalf of the AID maintenance team.

A copyvio at the hr-WP
Hi there! I see that you are an admin at the Croatian WP and also the "ambassador"... It seems that the article hr:Ferdo Livadić (created in November 2004) is a copyright violation from this article, which existed already in February 2004 (see the Internet Archive). Could you please deal with this appropriately? I have not figured out how to report a copyvio at the hr-WP. Thanks! Lupo 11:38, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * You said you'd look into this. And...? I don't see any action, so you must have come to the conclusion that it wasn't a copyvio. Would you please explain why? Lupo 09:53, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for following up on this one. Glad to see that this has been resolved. And I'm even more glad that it turns out to be a properly licensed copy. The author of the off-Wikipedia site was and is aware of course that a "Wikipedia-only" release is not good enough and thus did license his texts as GFDL, I presume. Lupo 19:34, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Please look at Croatian Association of Prisoners in Serbian Concentration Camps
Another editor has started two articles, Croatian Association of Prisoners in Serbian Concentration Camps and Union of Croatian Homeland War Volunteers Association, which may be deleted for not being notable. If you can expand either article, I would be grateful. You may also want to look at Croatian Worldwide Association -- Eastmain 06:08, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Good morning
You know me from Croatian wiki, but here I have different name. This is just FYI. In case that you need any help with translations or something else. I am very good at Croatian history as well as ...--Billy the lid 08:18, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Spencer Boone
Would you look at the article Spencer Boone, about a supposed 19th-century Croatian politician? For reasons I have stated on its talk page, I suspect it to be a hoax, and I would be glad to have your view. Regards, JohnCD (talk) 16:28, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I answered on talk page, and per your talk page, I answer you here :-) that if you need any additional explanation, check #wikipedia-hr on freenode (as there are almost always one or two hr wiki admins, but please observe the timezone :-) Thanks for warning! SpeedyGonsales (talk) 18:43, 24 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Thank you, just what I wanted to know. I tagged it for deletion - already gone. Regards, JohnCD (talk) 20:23, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Draža
Pošto si me blokirao na hr vikipediji moram ovako da ti se obratim. Dražu nisam ja rehabilitovao, već srpski sud, isti onaj koji ga je i osudio 1946. godine. Komunistička presuda protiv Mihailovića je jedina u celom svetu koliko znam, a i ta jedina je povučena, tako da Draža nigde nije osuđen za ratne zločine osim u glavama nekih ljudi. Draža je ZVANIČNO(a to se valjda jedino i gleda na vikipediji ako se ne varam, zvanični podaci) borac protiv fašizma, i saradnik saveznika, a to što je po tebi(i mnogima na hr vikipediji) neprihvatljivo da on stoji među saveznicima je nešto potpuno nebitno i nerelevantno. Kao što sam verujem napomenuo u prošlom razgovoru, u USA četništvo nije zabranjeno, za razliku od fašizma npr, a zakoni USA vladaju na wikipediji, zar ne? Dražu je odlikovala Amerika, to je činjenica. Amerika nije povukla odlikovanje, to je činjenica. U Americi kao i u celom svetu osim u BiH i Hrvatskoj, Draža je među saveznicima. To što je po tebi nemoralno da neko šalje Trumanova jaja ubicama čoveka koga su ti isti odlikovali, je opet POTPUNO NEBITNO, kao i svi tvoji "logični" zaključci(koji spadaju pod originalno istraživanje, koje je zabranjeno, a koga ima na pretek na hr viki) u vezi ove teme. Stvar je jako jednostavna, čovek nigde nikada(pa ni pred "narodnim sudom") nije osuđen za ratni zločin, i stoga NIKAKO NE MOŽE BITI RATNI ZLOČINAC (zvanično). I da, baš mi je drago što si me blokirao, jedino mi je žao što mi nisi dao večni blok, da pokažeš koliko si stvarno nemoćan da se suočiš sa činjenicama... Vule91 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.216.195.223 (talk) 15:49, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

Right back @ ya!
Happy 2009 to you too!

By the way, thanks for fixing my page. When I wrote that I was not very skilled at speaking Croatian :)

OG Squeaks grafitti 04:47, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

Do not be so quick to revert
It's correct to write such notice, but I would use Google before. If you will answer me, do it on my talk page. I hope you'll find my advice leading you to work better, not as allowing vandals more freedom. Regards. SpeedyGonsales (talk) 16:01, 21 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I actually did a Google News search for him and found no relevant matches. I still don't see any media mention of his death. I don't speak Croatian, though. If you do find a link, I think you should add it to the article because I still think it is lacking. --Zvika (talk) 18:05, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Popis
Popis sam stavio na en. wikipediju jer samo nju pratim. Oni koji rade na hr. wikipediji mogu ga slobodno kopirati s en. wikipedije. Iako manje, popis je koristan i ovdje jer npr. imena ostaju jednako napisana bez obzira na jezik. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vedranf (talk • contribs) 16:41, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

Peruča vs Peruća
Hi Speedy. Why you think its Peruća?
 * Peruča, akumulacijsko jezero na gornjem toku Cetine, kraj Sinja; 13 km2, dubina do 64 m. HE.

--Kebeta (talk) 19:26, 12 October 2009 (UTC)
 * O.K. --Kebeta (talk) 12:42, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

File:Spomen ploca Nikola Tesla 0108.JPG
Hi, SpeedyGonsales

I'm wondering if File:Spomen ploca Nikola Tesla 0108.JPG should have the tag for it's copyright since Croatia grants freedom of panorama to public plaques, instead of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

Best, Albacore (talk) 20:26, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

Wikimania discussion
Hi, we just met over lunch at Wikimania. This is just a note to make contact. Your talk was entertaining as I predicted... :-) Dovi (talk) 11:47, 4 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Just wanted to mention that I was the person (in the jacket) to whom you talked to during the break. Ironically, I came expecting to meet Dovi, but missed him.Mzk1 (talk) 14:32, 26 August 2011 (UTC)
 * It's my username, at hotmail.comMzk1 (talk) 20:54, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:ZP logo.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:ZP logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Thank you. DASHBot (talk) 06:38, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

Croatian independence referendum
Hi! I'm working on expanding and referencing the Croatian independence referendum, 1991 article, and I'm struggling to find any relevant images. I saw a poster image on Croatian wiki article, but since it's not available on the Commons, I'm wondering whether it would be alright to upload it to en wiki and use it as a fair-use image. What do you think?--Tomobe03 (talk) 20:55, 27 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Actually it really appears that the poster is not copyrightable under the Croatian law. Article 8 Section 2.1 of the Copyright Act says that official works published in order to inform the public are not subject to copyright protection. I'm unsure what type of licensing should be applied in the commons though.--Tomobe03 (talk) 12:21, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

Your HighBeam account is ready!
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Images
Thanks for providing photos of Giovanni Cernogoraz and Sandra Perković. Images are sometimes not easy to come by, so these contributions are certainly appreciated! GregorB (talk) 23:07, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

You've got mail!
Rschen7754 09:13, 7 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Settled. Speedy  Gonsales  12:43, 8 January 2013 (UTC)

Bot Trial Complete
Please turn your bot off and please make sure you follow your bot's contributions so that it does not exceed the allowed trial.— cyberpower ChatOffline 23:29, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

Help with a Croatian translation?
Hello SpeedyGonsales, how are you? You were recommended to me by Keegan as a good person to talk to about Croatian wikipedia. We are planning on rolling out the new VisualEditor to hr.wiki in a few weeks. I have a message to the hr.wikipedians, do you have time to do a short translation for me? Regards, PEarley (WMF) (talk) 02:34, 11 September 2013 (UTC)

Need help from Croatian users
Jimbo Wales is asking for aditional input from Croatian users regarding the situation on Croatian Wikipedia. Please feel free to voice your opinion. Regards!  Timbouctou ( talk ) 21:47, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

Violation of freedom of speech on hr.wikipedia
We have met in 2005, and I very much respect your efforts in contributing to and helping administer Croatian Wikipedia. However I am very very disappointed by the kinds of editorial policies you have decided to adopt. You, Suradnik:Zeljko, and others are blocking users on hr.wikipedia for telling you things you don't like, in ways you don't like. If you are truly committed to the principles of Wikipedia in general, I would like to ask you to address the substance, not the tone of the criticism, or the graphics someone chooses to describe one's positions.

I have currently been blocked on hr.wiki for changing graphics on my user page. The graphics in question are not that much different from those used by Suradnik:Starčevićanac to express his opposition to totalitarian regimes. I changed them after you have deleted the Userbox that contained the same graphics as "vandalism." I think the decision to block me is utterly unacceptable, but I don't expect we'll agree on this. I would just like to ask you to let me know for how long I have been blocked, because I would like to continue to contribute to the discussion, both in constructive conversation & by work on hr.wiki articles.

Many thanks. – MirancheT C 00:12, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Correction, I see now that only my user page has been blocked. Will continue talk on hr.wiki – MirancheT C 01:05, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Another correction, I see that I've been blocked for 3 months. Strangely, all pages still say "Uredi"/"Edit".  Well, that's that.  I guess I'm the least of your problems these days, I do hope you know what you're doing.  But I won't hold my breath.  – MirancheT C 05:50, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

wikEd translation
Hi SpeedyGonsales,

I have updated your wikEd translation to the current version (0.9.119c). It would be great if you could find the time to translate the new additions into English. Please let me know here if you have any questions or suggestions.

Thanks in advance, Cacycle (talk) 14:03, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

Books and Bytes: The Wikipedia Library Newsletter
Books and Bytes Volume 1, Issue 1, October 2013 by , Greetings Wikipedia Library members! Welcome to the inaugural edition of Books and Bytes, TWL’s monthly newsletter. We're sending you the first edition of this opt-in newsletter, because you signed up, or applied for a free research account: HighBeam, Credo, Questia, JSTOR, or Cochrane. To receive future updates of Books and Bytes, please add your name to the subscriber's list. There's lots of news this month for the Wikipedia Library, including new accounts, upcoming events, and new ways to get involved... New positions: Sign up to be a Wikipedia Visiting Scholar, or a Volunteer Wikipedia Librarian Wikipedia Loves Libraries: Off to a roaring start this fall in the United States: 29 events are planned or have been hosted. New subscription donations: Cochrane round 2; HighBeam round 8; Questia round 4... Can we partner with NY Times and Lexis-Nexis?? New ideas: OCLC innovations in the works; VisualEditor Reference Dialog Workshop; a photo contest idea emerges News from the library world: Wikipedian joins the National Archives full time; the Getty Museum releases 4,500 images; CERN goes CC-BY Announcing WikiProject Open: WikiProject Open kicked off in October, with several brainstorming and co-working sessions New ways to get involved: Visiting scholar requirements; subject guides; room for library expansion and exploration Read the full newsletter ''Thanks for reading! All future newsletters will be opt-in only. Have an item for the next issue? Leave a note for the editor on the Suggestions page. --The Interior 19:55, 27 October 2013 (UTC)''

The Wikipedia Library Survey
As a subscriber to one of The Wikipedia Library's programs, we'd like to hear your thoughts about future donations and project activities in this brief survey. Thanks and cheers, Ocaasit | c 14:48, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

Your bot on English Wikipedia
A proposal to de-authorize a group of idle interwiki bots on the English Wikipedia is currently in process. A bot account of yours has been included in the list. If you are no longer using this bot, no action is neccessary by you. Should you wish to revive your bot in the near future, please remove your bot from the list here: en:Wikipedia:Bot_owners'_noticeboard. Thank you for your contributions. For the en: Bot Approvals Group, Magioladitis (talk) 17:05, 21 July 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Welcome
Thank You for Your welcome of mine. Unfortunately I cannot speak&understand Croatian. Yours, Agricola Planitius (sitting in a building next to the prison of Salzburg [Mr. Sanader, You know...]).

title: User talk:SpeedyGonsales


text:
Iacanga

Iacanga is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 11,858 (2020 est.) in an area of 547 km2. Its altitude is 422 meters. Iacanga was the place of the first "Aguas Claras Festival", also announced as the "Brazilian Woodstock." Also known in the region, through the traditional Cowboy Festival, commemorating the anniversary of the city on 15 April.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Iacanga


text:
HOMFLY polynomial

In the mathematical field of knot theory, the HOMFLY polynomial or HOMFLYPT polynomial, sometimes called the generalized Jones polynomial, is a 2-variable knot polynomial, i.e. a knot invariant in the form of a polynomial of variables m and l.

A central question in the mathematical theory of knots is whether two knot diagrams represent the same knot. One tool used to answer such questions is a knot polynomial, which is computed from a diagram of the knot and can be shown to be an invariant of the knot, i.e. diagrams representing the same knot have the same polynomial. The converse may not be true. The HOMFLY polynomial is one such invariant and it generalizes two polynomials previously discovered, the Alexander polynomial and the Jones polynomial, both of which can be obtained by appropriate substitutions from HOMFLY. The HOMFLY polynomial is also a quantum invariant.

The name HOMFLY combines the initials of its co-discoverers: Jim Hoste, Adrian Ocneanu, Kenneth Millett, Peter J. Freyd, W. B. R. Lickorish, and David N. Yetter. The addition of PT recognizes independent work carried out by Józef H. Przytycki and Paweł Traczyk.

Definition
The polynomial is defined using skein relations:

 * $$P( \mathrm{unknot} ) = 1,\,$$

 * $$\ell P(L_+) + \ell^{-1}P(L_-) + mP(L_0)=0,\,$$

where $$L_+, L_-, L_0$$ are links formed by crossing and smoothing changes on a local region of a link diagram, as indicated in the figure.

The HOMFLY polynomial of a link L that is a split union of two links $$L_1$$ and $$L_2$$ is given by

 * $$P(L) = \frac{-(\ell+\ell^{-1})}{m} P(L_1)P(L_2).$$

See the page on skein relation for an example of a computation using such relations.

Other HOMFLY skein relations
This polynomial can be obtained also using other skein relations:
 * $$\alpha P(L_+) - \alpha^{-1}P(L_-) = zP(L_0),\,$$
 * $$xP(L_+) + yP(L_-) + zP(L_0)=0,\,$$

Main properties

 * $$P(L_1 \# L_2)=P(L_1)P(L_2),\,$$, where # denotes the knot sum; thus the HOMFLY polynomial of a composite knot is the product of the HOMFLY polynomials of its components.

 * $$P_K(\ell,m)=P_{\text{Mirror Image}(K)}(\ell^{-1},m),\,$$, so the HOMFLY polynomial can often be used to distinguish between two knots of different chirality. However there exist chiral pairs of knots that have the same HOMFLY polynomial, e.g. knots 942 and 1071 together with their respective mirror images.

The Jones polynomial, V(t), and the Alexander polynomial, $$\Delta(t)\,$$ can be computed in terms of the HOMFLY polynomial (the version in $$\alpha$$ and $$z$$ variables) as follows:
 * $$V(t)=P(\alpha=t^{-1},z=t^{1/2}-t^{-1/2}),\,$$

 * $$\Delta(t)=P(\alpha=1,z=t^{1/2}-t^{-1/2}),\,$$

title: HOMFLY polynomial


text:
Talk:Boreas

Untitled
Borea is a Norwegian investment company based in Bergen and Oslo, Norway. Man partner Even Matre Ellingsen

title: Talk:Boreas


text:
User talk:Radek Podgorny

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 14:48, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Witaj na wikipedii! [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 07:33, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)

Name change
Hi. Your edits as User:Rpodgorny have now been reattributed to you. Regards  — Kate Turner | Talk 01:57, 2004 Oct 14 (UTC)

title: User talk:Radek Podgorny


text:
Codrus

Codrus (or ; Greek: Κόδρος, Kódros) was the last of the semi-mythical Kings of Athens (r. ca 1089–1068 BC). He was an ancient exemplar of patriotism and self-sacrifice. He was succeeded by his son Medon, who it is claimed ruled not as king but as the first Archon of Athens. He was said to have traced his descent to the sea-God Poseidon through his father Melanthus.

The earliest version of the story of Codrus comes from the 4th oration Against Leocrates by Lycurgus of Athens. During the time of the Dorian Invasion of Peloponnesus (c. 1068 BC), the Dorians under Aletes, son of Hippotes had consulted the Delphic Oracle, who prophesied that their invasion would succeed as long as the king was not harmed. The news of this prophecy, that only the death of an Athenian king would ensure the safety of Athens, quickly found its way to the ears of the king. Knowing Athens would fall to the foreign war tribe otherwise, after conquering most of Greece up to this point; for the love of his people, King Codrus sacrificed himself to save them.

Disguised as a peasant, he made it to the vicinity of the Dorian encampment across the river, where he provoked a group of Dorian soldiers. He was put to death in the quarrel, and the Dorians, realizing Codrus had been slain, decided to retreat in fear of their prophesied defeat. In the aftermath of these events, it was claimed that no one thought himself worthy to succeed Codrus and so the title of king was abolished, and that of archon substituted for it.

Aristotle (or possibly one of his students), in the Constitution of the Athenians, states that it was indeed the house of Codrus that abolished the title of king in favor of Archon, eventually followed by 11 more.

title: Codrus


text:
Bedizzole

Bedizzole (Brescian: Büdisöle) is a municipality in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, northern Italy.

Geography
The municipality of Bedizzole extends for 26.4 km², at an average altitude of 171 m s.l.m. and is about 17 kilometers east from the chief town of the province it belongs to (Brescia) and 8 kilometers from Lake Garda.

Territory
The municipality of Bedizzole is situated to the east of Brescia, between the upper part of the Po Valley and the western hills of the moraine hills. The territory of the municipality is crossed by the river Chiese. An important monument is the castle, built between the ninth and tenth centuries, in a place that allowed to dominate the surrounding plains. Even today the Castle is inhabited, the main access to it is from Piazza 25 Aprile.

title: Bedizzole


text:
Berlingo

Berlingo (Brescian: Berlènch or Berlingh) is a comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy.

title: Berlingo


text:
Berzo Demo

Berzo Demo (Camunian: Bèrs Dém) is an Italian comune in Val Camonica, province of Brescia, in Lombardy, northern Italy.

Geography
The town of Berzo Demo is nestled on the southern slopes of the Pian della Regina. It is formed by three villages: the more downstream is Demo, the central one is Berzo and on top is Monte. It is bounded by other communes of Cedegolo, Cevo, Malonno, Paisco Loveno, Sellero, Sonico.

History

Monday 6 April 1299, the consuls of the vicinia of Berzo and Demo go to Cemmo where is Cazoino Capriolo, Chamberlain of the Bishop of Brescia Berardo Maggi. Here swear according to the usual formula loyalty to the bishop, and pay the tithe due. On 15 May 1365 the Bishop of Brescia Enrico Sessa invests iure feuds for a tenth of the rights in the territories of Breno, Vione, Vezza, Sonico, Malonno, Berzo Demo, Astrio, Ossimo and Losine Giovanni and Gerardo sons of Pasino Federici of Mu.

The peace of Breno of 31 December 1397, the representatives of the community of Demo, Albertino di Martino di Demo and the notary Giovannino Boldrini of Saviore, stands on the Ghibelline bank of Oglio.

On 17 September 1423 the Bishop of Brescia Francesco Marerio invests iure feuds for a 10th of the rights in the territories of Monno, Cevo, Andrist, Grumello, Saviore, Cemmo, Ono, Sonico, Astri, Malegno, Cortenedolo, Vione, Incudine and Berzo Demo at Bertolino della Torre of Cemmo.

In 1760 Berzo Demo and Monte had 790 inhabitants.

Between 1927 and 1948 (Royal Decree 28 September 1927) Berzo Demo was joint to Cedegolo.

Main sights
The churches of Berzo Demo are:
 * Berzo
 * Parish Church of St. Eusebius, fifteenth century in origin, extended in the seventeenth. The ancon of the high altar was made by Pietro Ramus.
 * Demo
 * Parish of San Lorenzo; the portal bears the date 1757
 * Church of St. Augustine, near the bell tower, now deconsecrated. Within a tombstone dated 1640.
 * Church of San Zeno, on a small hill at the foot of the commune, is of the sixteenth century. It has a triangular tower-bell.
 * Church dedicated to Saint Valentine (or "of the Dead"): Until a few years ago it was covered with votive offerings (ex voto), especially anatomical ones (legs, feet, hands).
 * The bell tower of 1865 stands on the ruins of a medieval tower-house

Culture
The scütüm are in camunian dialect nicknames, sometimes personal, elsewhere showing the characteristic features of a community. The one which characterize the people of
 * Berzo is Bersàgoi
 * Demo is Gòs
 * Monte is Gàcc

On 28 June, the eve of feast of Saints Peter and Paul, the villagers put an egg white in a bottle which they leave in the open air until the next morning; albumin coagulated in filaments then evokes the masts and sails of a boat, it is the boat of Saint Peter.

title: Berzo Demo