text:
Sinclair Research

Sinclair Research Ltd was a British consumer electronics company founded by Clive Sinclair in Cambridge. It was originally incorporated in 1973 as Westminster Mail Order Ltd, renamed Sinclair Instrument Ltd, then Science of Cambridge Ltd, then Sinclair Computers Ltd, and finally Sinclair Research Ltd. It remained dormant until 1976, when it was activated with the intention of continuing Sinclair's commercial work from his earlier company Sinclair Radionics, and adopted the name Sinclair Research in 1981.

In 1980, Clive Sinclair entered the home computer market with the ZX80 at £99.95, at that time the cheapest personal computer for sale in the United Kingdom. A year later, the ZX81 became available on the high street, introducing home computing to a generation, with more that 1.5 million sold. In 1982 the ZX Spectrum was released, becoming the UK's best selling computer, and competing aggressively against Commodore and Amstrad.

At the height of its success, and largely inspired by the Japanese Fifth Generation Computer program, the company established the "MetaLab" research centre at Milton Hall near Cambridge, in order to pursue artificial intelligence, wafer-scale integration, formal verification and other advanced projects. A combination of the failures of the Sinclair QL computer and the TV80 pocket television led to financial difficulties in 1985, and a year later Sinclair sold the rights to its computer products and brand name to Amstrad. Sinclair Research Ltd continued to exist as a one-man company, marketing Clive Sinclair's inventions until his death in September 2021.

Founding and early years
On 25 July 1961, Clive Sinclair founded his first company, Sinclair Radionics Ltd. in Cambridge. The company developed hi-fi products, radios, calculators and scientific instruments. When it became clear that Radionics was failing, Sinclair took steps to ensure that he would be able to continue to pursue his commercial goals. In February 1975, he changed the name of Ablesdeal Ltd (a shelf company he had bought in September 1973 for just such an eventuality) to Westminster Mail Order Ltd. The name was changed to Sinclair Instrument Ltd in August 1975.

Finding it inconvenient to share control after the National Enterprise Board became involved in Radionics in 1976, Sinclair encouraged Chris Curry to leave Radionics, which he had worked for since 1966, and get Sinclair Instrument operational. The company's first product was a watch-like Wrist Calculator.

Development of the ZX80
In July 1977, Sinclair Instrument Ltd was renamed Science of Cambridge Ltd. Around the same time, Ian Williamson showed Chris Curry a prototype microcomputer based on a National Semiconductor SC/MP microprocessor and parts from a Sinclair calculator. Curry was impressed and encouraged Sinclair to adopt it as a product. In June 1978, Science of Cambridge launched its MK14 microcomputer in kit form.

In May 1979, Jim Westwood, Sinclair's chief engineer, designed a new microcomputer based on the Zilog Z80 microprocessor. Sinclair Instrument Ltd introduced the computer as the ZX80 in February 1980, as both a kit and ready-built.

In November 1979, Science of Cambridge Ltd was renamed Sinclair Computers Ltd.

Commercial success and home computers

In March 1981, Sinclair Computers was renamed Sinclair Research Ltd and the Sinclair ZX81 was launched. In February 1982, Timex Corporation obtained a license to manufacture and market Sinclair's computers in the USA under the name Timex Sinclair. In April the ZX Spectrum was launched. In July Timex launched the TS 1000 (a version of the ZX81) in the United States. In March 1982 Sinclair Research Ltd made an £8.55m profit on turnover of £27.17m, including a £383,000 government grant to develop a flat screen.

In 1982 Clive Sinclair converted the Barker & Wadsworth mineral water bottling factory at 25 Willis Road, Cambridge, into the company's new headquarters. (Following Sinclair's financial troubles, the premises were sold to Cambridgeshire County Council in December 1985.)

In January 1983 the ZX Spectrum personal computer was presented at the Las Vegas Consumer Electronics Show. In September the Sinclair TV80 pocket television was launched, but was a commercial failure.

In 1983 the company bought Milton Hall in the village of Milton, Cambridgeshire, for £2m, establishing its MetaLab research and development facility there.

In late 1983 Timex decided to pull out of the Timex Sinclair venture which, due to strong competition, had failed to break into the United States market. However, Timex computers continued to be produced for several years in other countries. Timex Portugal launched improved versions, the TS 2048 and 2068; that company also developed and launched the FDD3000, a floppy disk system, although it was not well received by the market.

Mid-1980s developments
The Sinclair QL was announced on 12 January 1984, shortly before the Apple Macintosh went on sale. The QL was nowhere near as successful as Sinclair's earlier computers. It suffered from several design flaws, and Your Sinclair noted that it was "difficult to find a good word for Sinclair Research in the computer press".

Fully working QLs were not available until late summer and complaints against Sinclair regarding delays were upheld by the Advertising Standards Authority in May of that year. (In 1982 it had upheld complaints about delays in shipping Spectrums.) Especially severe were allegations that Sinclair was cashing cheques months before machines were shipped. In the autumn Sinclair was still publicly predicting it would be a "million seller", and that 250,000 would be sold by the end of the year. QL production was suspended in February 1985, and the price was halved by the end of the year.

The ZX Spectrum+, a repackaged ZX Spectrum with a QL-like keyboard, was launched in October 1984 and appeared in WHSmith's shops the day after release. Retailers stocked the machine in large numbers in expectation of good Christmas sales. However, the machine did not sell as well as expected and, because retailers still had unsold stock, Sinclair's income from orders dipped alarmingly in January. The Spectrum+ had the same technical specifications as the original Spectrum. An enhanced model, the ZX Spectrum 128, was launched in Spain in September 1985, with development funded by the Spanish distributor Investronica. The UK launch of this was delayed until January 1986, because retailers had large unsold stocks of the previous model.

At the January 1985 Las Vegas Consumer Electronics Show, Sinclair re-entered the United States market, announcing the "FM Wristwatch Radio", an LCD wristwatch with a radio attached. However, the watch had several problems and never went into full production.

Sinclair had long had an interest in electric vehicles, and during the early 1980s he worked on the design of a single-seater "personal vehicle", eventually starting a company called Sinclair Vehicles Ltd in March 1983. He launched the Sinclair C5 electric vehicle on 10 January 1985, but it was a commercial disaster, selling only 17,000 units and losing Sinclair £7,000,000. Sinclair Vehicles went into liquidation later the same year. The failure of the C5, combined with those of the QL and the TV80, caused investors to lose confidence in Sinclair's judgement.

Amstrad acquisition of assets
Sinclair Research had reportedly intended a public offering of shares on 12 March 1985, but this offering was postponed, ostensibly due to turmoil in the microcomputer industry, with Acorn Computers undergoing refinancing, and other companies such as Sinclair's competitor Oric and distributor Prism entering receivership. Although the collapse of the latter was not expected to have a significant effect on Sinclair's ability to reach customers, the observation was made that "Sir Clive would not be trying to go public unless he thought he could use the cash", indicating that the postponement of an offering whose timing would have been planned for optimal effect would be a setback for the company.

On 28 May 1985, Sinclair Research had announced it wanted to raise an extra £10m to £15m to restructure the organisation. Given the loss of confidence in the company, the money proved hard to find. In June 1985, business magnate Robert Maxwell announced a takeover of Sinclair Research, through Hollis Brothers, a subsidiary of his Pergamon Press. However, the deal was aborted in August 1985.

The future of Sinclair Research remained uncertain until 7 April 1986, when the company sold its entire computer product range, and the "Sinclair" brand name, to Amstrad for £5 million. The deal did not include the company itself, only its name and products.

Spin-offs
Sinclair Research was reduced to an R&D business and a holding company, with shareholdings in several new "spin-off" companies formed to exploit technologies developed by the main company. These included Anamartic Ltd (wafer-scale integration), Shaye Communications Ltd (CT2 mobile telephony) and Cambridge Computer Ltd (Z88 portable computer and satellite television receivers).

Return to invention

Since 1986, the company has continued to exist, but in a completely different form. In 1993, 1994, and 1995 Sinclair made continuing losses on decreasing turnover. Investors became worried that Clive Sinclair himself was using his own personal wealth to fund his inventions. By 1990 the company's entire staff had been reduced to just Sinclair himself, a salesman/administrator, and an R&D employee. By 1997 only Sinclair himself was working at his company.

In 1992, the "Zike" electric bicycle was released, Sinclair's second attempt at changing people's means of transport. It had a maximum speed of 10 mph, and was only available by mail order. Much like the C5, the "Zike" was a commercial failure, and sold only 2,000 units. In 1999 Sinclair released the world's smallest radio, in the form of the "Z1 Micro AM Radio".

In 2003, the Sinclair "ZA20 Wheelchair Drive Unit" was introduced, designed and manufactured in conjunction with Hong Kong's Daka Designs, a partnership which also led to the SeaDoo Sea Scooter underwater propulsion unit.

July 2006 saw the release of the A-bike, a folding bicycle invented by Sinclair, which was on sale for £200. It had been originally announced two years previously. In November 2010, Sinclair Research announced the X-1 two-wheel electric vehicle, which failed to reach production.

Products
The Wrist Calculator was released by Sinclair Instrument in 1977.
 * Wrist Calculator

A digital multimeter with an LED display, measuring voltage (DC and AC), current and resistance, released in 1975.
 * Multimeter DM2

The MK14 (Microcomputer Kit 14) was a computer kit sold by Science of Cambridge, introduced in 1977 for £39.95.
 * MK14

The ZX80 home computer was launched in February 1980 at £79.95 in kit form and £99.95 ready-built. In November of the same year Science of Cambridge was renamed Sinclair Computers Ltd.
 * ZX80

The ZX81 (known as the TS 1000 in the United States) was priced at £49.95 in kit form and £69.95 ready-built, by mail order.
 * ZX81

The ZX Spectrum was launched on 23 April 1982, priced at £125 for the 16 KB RAM version and £175 for the 48 KB version.
 * ZX Spectrum

The TV80 was a pocket television. Launched in September 1983, it used a flattened CRT unlike Sinclair's previous portable televisions. The TV80 was a commercial failure selling only 15,000 units and not covering its development costs of £4m.
 * TV80

The Sinclair QL was announced in January 1984, priced at £399. Marketed as a more sophisticated 32-bit microcomputer for professional users, it used a Motorola 68008 processor. Production was delayed by several months, due to unfinished development of hardware and software at the time of the QL's launch. Hardware reliability problems and software bugs resulted in the QL acquiring a poor reputation from which it never recovered.
 * Sinclair QL

The ZX Spectrum+ was a repackaged ZX Spectrum 48K, launched in October 1984.
 * ZX Spectrum+

The ZX Spectrum 128, with RAM expanded to 128 kB, a sound chip and other enhancements, was launched in Spain in September 1985 and the UK in January 1986, priced at £179.95.
 * ZX Spectrum 128

Sinclair created various peripherals for its computers, including memory expansion modules, the ZX Printer, and the ZX Interface 1 and ZX Interface 2 add-ons for the ZX Spectrum. A number of QL peripherals were developed by other companies but marketed under the Sinclair brand. External storage for the Spectrum was usually on cassette tapes, as was common in that era. Rather than an optional floppy disk drive, Sinclair instead opted to offer its own mass storage system, the ZX Microdrive, a tape-loop cartridge system that proved unreliable. This was also the primary storage device for the QL.
 * Computer peripherals

In June 1997 Sinclair Research released the X1 radio for £9.50. This miniature mono FM radio, powered by a CR2032 battery, had a fixed volume and was inserted in the ear. The X1 radio had three buttons, an on/off switch, a Scan button, and a Reset button to restart the scanning process. It came with a short length of aerial and a detachable ear hook.
 * X1 Button FM Radio

Cancelled projects
The following computer products were under development at Sinclair Research during the 1980s but never reached production:

Standing for "Low Cost Colour Computer", the LC3 was developed during 1983 by Martin Brennan and was intended to be a cheap Z80-based games console implemented in two chips, using ROM and (non-volatile) RAM cartridges for storage. A multi-tasking operating system for the LC3, with a full windowing GUI, was designed by Steve Berry. It was cancelled in November 1983 in favour of the QL. Intended to be a 68008-based home computer, equipped with built-in ZX Microdrive, joystick, RS-232 and ZX Net ports. Sinclair's SuperBASIC programming language was originally intended for this model but was later adopted for the QL. SuperSpectrum was cancelled in 1982 after the specification of the ZX83 (QL) had converged with it. This project is not to be confused with Loki, which was described as the "SuperSpectrum" in an article in the June 1986 issue of Sinclair User magazine. This was to be a portable computer with an integral flat-screen CRT display. Initially to be ZX Spectrum-compatible with a faster Z80 CPU, a built-in ZX Microdrive and a new 512×192-pixel monochrome video mode. Due to the limited size of flat CRT that could be manufactured, a series of folding lenses and mirrors were necessary to magnify the screen image to a usable size. The project was cancelled after the Amstrad take-over, but the Pandora concept eventually transformed into the Cambridge Computer Z88. This project was intended to create a greatly enhanced ZX Spectrum, possibly rivalling the Commodore Amiga. Loki was to have a 7 MHz Z80H CPU, 128 KiB of RAM, and two custom chips providing much enhanced graphics and audio capabilities. After the Amstrad buy-out in 1986, two engineers who had worked on the project, John Mathieson and Martin Brennan, founded Flare Technology to continue their work. According to Rupert Goodwins, this was a project to produce an add-on floppy disk drive for the ZX Spectrum. This codename was assigned to a QL follow-on project running from 1984 to 1986. Among the features associated with Tyche were increased RAM capacity, internal floppy disk drives, the Psion Xchange application suite on ROM, and possibly the GEM GUI. This name has been associated with a design concept for a "Super QL" based on wafer-scale integration technology. This was rumoured to be a hypothetical portable version of the QL similar to Pandora.
 * LC3
 * SuperSpectrum
 * Pandora
 * Loki
 * Bob/Florin
 * Tyche
 * Janus
 * Proteus

In November 2010 Sinclair told The Guardian newspaper that he was working on a new prototype electric vehicle, called the X-1, to be launched within a year. "Technology has moved on quite a bit, there are new batteries available and I just rethought the thing. The C5 was OK, but I think we can do a better job now." The two-wheel X-1 was to have been available in July 2011 at the price of £595, but failed to reach production.
 * Sinclair X-1

title: Sinclair Research


text: Template:Recreation.Gov

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Recreation.Gov


text:
Marais des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge

Marais des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) is located in Linn County, Kansas along the Marais des Cygnes River. The 7,500 acre (30 km2) Refuge was established in 1992 to protect one of the northwesternmost examples of bottomland hardwood forest in the United States as well as the largest contiguous tract of bottomland hardwood forest in Kansas.

Marais des Cygnes means "marsh of swans" in French.

High quality stands of bottomland hardwood forest, upland oak-hickory forest, tallgrass prairie, seasonal and permanent wetlands, and riverine areas are found throughout the refuge. These unique areas harbor many species that are considered nationally or regionally threatened such as cerulean warbler, broadhead skink, flat floater mussel (Anodonta suborbiculata), and Mead's milkweed.

More than 30 species of warblers migrate through or nest on the refuge. The refuge also is known to harbor 30 species of mussels. Other interesting species are raccoons, badgers, minks, coyotes, skunks, beavers, muskrats, river otters, two species of fox, bobcats, paddlefish, crawfish frogs, scissor-tailed flycatchers, loggerhead shrike, and red-shouldered hawks. The refuge provides a rare opportunity to view high quality examples of a number of uncommon plant and animal communities all within a short distance of each other. Some of these communities are rare throughout North America, including bottomland hardwood forest, which has been reduced by 80% nationally, and tallgrass prairie, which has been reduced by 99% nationally.

Recreational opportunities

 * Boating
 * Fishing
 * Hiking
 * Hunting

Directions
Marais des Cygnes NWR is located 39 miles (63 km) south of the Kansas City metropolitan area along U.S. Highway 69. At the intersection of U.S. Highway 69 and Kansas Highway 52, travel east 1$1⁄4$ mile (2 km). The refuge office is located on the south side of Kansas Highway 52.


text:
The Proverbs of Alfred

The Proverbs of Alfred is a collection of early Middle English sayings ascribed to King Alfred the Great (called "England's darling"), said to have been uttered at an assembly in Seaford, East Sussex. The collection of proverbs was probably put together in Sussex in the mid-12th century. The manuscript evidence suggests the text originated at either a Cluniac or a Benedictine monastery: either Lewes Priory, 10 mi to the north of Seaford, or Battle Abbey, 25 mi to the north-east.

Transmission
The Proverbs of Alfred survive in four manuscripts of the 13th century:

 * Cotton Galba A. xix (MS C)
 * Maidstone Museum A.13 (MS M)
 * Cambridge, Trinity College, B.14.39 (MS T)
 * Oxford, Jesus College, 29 (MS J)

The text appears to have been produced in the late 12th century. There is no reason to suppose that any of the proverbs go back to King Alfred. King Alfred, who translated several works into the vernacular, is not known to have translated or composed proverbs. However, his legendary status in later tradition gave him a reputation for having done so, as the Middle English poem The Owl and the Nightingale likewise suggests. Some of the proverbs in the Proverbs of Alfred appear elsewhere under another name (Hendyng, which may itself be less of a proper name than an adjective).

Form and contents
The proverbs are in alliterative verse, but the verse does not adhere to the rules of classical Old English poetry. Caesurae are present in every line, but the lines are broken in two (cf. Pearl). The collection shows signs of transition in verse form from the earlier Anglo-Saxon alliterative form to the new Norman rhyme form, for rhyme occasionally occurs in the poetry. Late in the poem, the verse even picks up Norman metre and something like a couplet form. At the same time, the proverbs resemble the gnomic compositions of earlier Anglo-Saxon instruction. The proverbs are expressed as highly compressed metaphors that are halfway to the poetry found in the Anglo-Saxon riddle and Gnomic Verses. Collections of sayings and precepts were common in Latin as well, but the distinctive compression of the Alfredian proverbs is clearly a sign of their Anglo-Saxon origin.

Given that it is most likely that the author and his antecedents gathered up proverbs over time, the heterogeneous contents of the book are predictable. The proverbs contain popular wisdom, religious instruction, and advice on the wickedness of women. The latter is most likely a scribal interpolation.

Sample
An example of the Proverbs is lines 423–448, here in the translation of Christopher Cannon.

title: The Proverbs of Alfred


text:
SRL

SRL or S.R.L. may refer to:

 * a designation equivalent to limited liability company, that may be appended to the end of company names:
 * Società a responsabilità limitata (Italian)
 * Sociedad de responsabilidad limitada (Spanish)
 * Societate cu răspundere limitată (Romanian)
 * Société à responsabilité limitée (French)
 * Semantic role labeling, an activity of natural language processing
 * Sarcalumenin, human protein that regulates calcium transport
 * Shift register lookup table, a component in digital circuitry
 * Student Rugby League, UK
 * Semiconductor ring laser, a type of laser
 * Statistical relational learning, a subdiscipline of artificial intelligence
 * Suburban Rail Loop, a proposed rail line in Melbourne, Australia
 * Survival Research Laboratories, a machine performance art group from San Francisco, California
 * Self-regulated learning, a psychological concept related to metacognition
 * Spaced repetition learning, a flashcard-based technique for learning and memorization
 * agus araile (see Irish orthography)
 * Stimulated Raman Loss, a sub-type of Stimulated Raman spectroscopy
 * Palo Verde Airport IATA code

title: SRL


text:
Homebuilt aircraft

Homebuilt aircraft, also known as amateur-built aircraft or kit planes, are constructed by persons for whom this is not a professional activity. These aircraft may be constructed from "scratch", from plans, or from assembly kits.

Overview
In the United States, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, homebuilt aircraft may be licensed Experimental under FAA or similar local regulations. With some limitations, the builder(s) of the aircraft must have done it for their own education and recreation rather than for profit. In the U.S., the primary builder can also apply for a repairman's certificate for that airframe. The repairman's certificate allows the holder to perform and sign off on most of the maintenance, repairs, and inspections themselves.

Alberto Santos-Dumont was the first to offer for free construction plans, publishing drawings of his Demoiselle in the June 1910 edition of Popular Mechanics. The first aircraft to be offered for sale as plans, rather than a completed airframe, was the Baby Ace in the late 1920s.

Homebuilt aircraft gained in popularity in the U.S. in 1924 with the start of the National Air Races, held in Dayton, Ohio. These races required aircraft with useful loads of 150 lb and engines of 80 cubic inches or less and as a consequence of the class limitations most were amateur-built. The years after Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight brought a peak of interest between 1929 and 1933. During this period many aircraft designers, builders and pilots were self-taught and the high accident rate brought public condemnation and increasing regulation to amateur building. The resulting federal standards on design, engineering, stress analysis, use of aircraft-quality hardware and testing of aircraft brought an end to amateur building except in some specialized areas, such as racing. In 1946 Goodyear restarted the National Air Races, including a class for aircraft powered by 200 cubic inch and smaller engines. The midget racer class spread nationally in the U.S. and this led to calls for acceptable standards to allow recreational use of amateur-built aircraft. By the mid-1950s both the U.S. and Canada once again allowed amateur-built aircraft to specified standards and limitations.

Homebuilt aircraft are generally small, one to four-seat sportsplanes which employ simple methods of construction. Fabric-covered wood or metal frames and plywood are common in the aircraft structure, but increasingly, fiberglass and other composites as well as full aluminum construction techniques are being used, techniques first pioneered by Hugo Junkers as far back as the late World War I era. Engines are most often the same as, or similar to, the engines used in certified aircraft (such as Lycoming, Continental, Rotax, and Jabiru). A minority of homebuilts use converted automobile engines, with Volkswagen air-cooled flat-4s, Subaru-based liquid-cooled engines, Mazda Wankel and Chevrolet Corvair six-cylinder engines being most common. The use of automotive engines helps to reduce costs, but many builders prefer dedicated aircraft engines, which are perceived to have better performance and reliability. Other engines that have been used include chainsaw and motorcycle engines.

A combination of cost and litigation, especially in the mid-1980s era, discouraged general aviation manufacturers from introducing new designs and led to homebuilts outselling factory built aircraft by five to one.

History
The history of amateur-built aircraft can be traced to the beginning of aviation. Even if the Wright brothers, Clément Ader, and their successors had commercial objectives in mind, the first aircraft were constructed by passionate enthusiasts whose goal was to fly.

Early years
Aviation took a leap forward with the industrialization that accompanied World War I. In the post-war period, manufacturers needed to find new markets and introduced models designed for tourism. However, these machines were affordable only by the very rich.

Many U.S. aircraft designed and registered in the 1920s onward were considered "experimental" by the (then) CAA, the same registration under which modern homebuilts are issued Special Airworthiness Certificates. Many of these were prototypes, but designs such as Bernard Pietenpol's first 1923 design were some of the first homebuilt aircraft. In 1928, Henri Mignet published plans for his HM-8 Pou-du-Ciel, as did Pietenpol for his Air Camper. Pietenpol later constructed a factory, and in 1933 began creating and selling partially constructed aircraft kits.

In 1936, an association of amateur aviation enthusiasts was created in France. Many types of amateur aircraft began to make an appearance, and in 1938 legislation was amended to provide for a Certificat de navigabilité restreint d'aéronef (CNRA, "restricted operating certificate for aircraft"). 1946 saw the birth of the Ultralight Aircraft Association which in 1952 became the Popular Flying Association in the United Kingdom, followed in 1953 by the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) in the United States and the Sport Aircraft Association in Australia.

The term "homebuilding" became popular in the mid-1950s when EAA founder Paul Poberezny wrote a series of articles for the magazine Mechanix Illustrated where he explained how a person could buy a set of plans and build their own aircraft at home. In 1955, Poberezny co-founded, with Robert D. Blacker, EAA's first youth outreach program, Project Schoolflight, which brought "homebuilding" into high school industrial arts classes throughout the US. Poberezny's Mechanix Illustrated articles gained worldwide acclaim and the concept of aircraft homebuilding took off.

Technology and innovation
Until the late 1950s, builders had mainly kept to wood-and-cloth and steel tube-and-cloth design. Without the regulatory restrictions faced by production aircraft manufacturers, homebuilders introduced innovative designs and construction techniques. Burt Rutan introduced the canard design to the homebuilding world and pioneered the use of composite construction. Metal construction in kitplanes was taken to a new level by Richard VanGrunsven in his RV series. As the sophistication of the kits improved, components such as autopilots and more advanced navigation instruments became common.

Litigation during the 1970s and 1980s caused stagnation in the small aircraft market, forcing the surviving companies to retain older, proven designs. In recent years, the less restrictive regulations for homebuilts allowed a number of manufacturers to develop new and innovative designs; many can outperform certified production aircraft in their class.

An example of high-end homebuilt design is Lancair, which has developed a number of high-performance kits. The most powerful is the Lancair Propjet, a four-place kit with cabin pressurization and a turboprop engine, cruising at 24000 ft and 370 knots (425 mph, 685 km/h). Although aircraft such as this are considered "home-built" for legal reasons, they are typically built in the factory with the assistance of the buyer. This allows the company which sells the kit to avoid the long and expensive process of certification, because they remain owner-built according to the regulations. One of the terms applied to this concept is commonly referred to as "The 51% Rule", which requires that builders perform the majority of the fabrication and assembly to be issued a Certificate of Airworthiness as an Amateur Built aircraft.

A small number of jet kitplanes have been built since the 1970s, including the tiny Bede Aircraft BD-5J.

Future trends
Van's Aircraft and Aircraft Kit Industry Association (AKIA) President Dick VanGrunsven was asked about the future of the kit aircraft industry in a wide-ranging interview in KitPlanes magazine in December 2012:

"I don't expect to see dramatic changes in the industry within the next five years. Ten years; who knows – it’s too dependent on fuel prices, FAA policy, etc. Overall, I think our industry will continue to mature, particularly as AKIA is successful in growing and having a positive influence on the professionalism of its industry members and on the builders/pilots of its products. With concern over fuel prices, we might see a trend toward lower-powered aircraft intended more for pure sport flying rather than the trend toward cross-country aircraft, which has been the norm over the past 30 years. I would expect that toward the end of that period, there might be some design ventures into electric-powered aircraft, but only if battery technology improves significantly. We might see more motorglider-type homebuilts, tied both to high fuel prices and emerging electric-propulsion technology.

What we do at Van's could mirror some of the above thinking. Unfortunately, I don't see the growth potential that there was in the 1980s and 1990s. There seems to be a shrinking pilot base from which to draw people to build kits. Plus, with demographic changes, there is possibly a diminishing interest in, or ability to undertake, aircraft building as a pastime. Hopefully, EAA and AOPA initiatives to interest more people in learning to fly will help create a larger market for our airplanes.

Emerging markets such as China and India could also boost demand for our products, but entire infrastructures will need to be formed before small players like us could benefit."

Building materials
Homebuilt aircraft can be constructed out of any material that is light and strong enough for flight. Several common construction methods are detailed below.

Wood and fabric
This is the oldest construction, seen in the first aircraft and hence the best known. For that reason, amateur-built aircraft associations will have more specialists for this type of craft than other kinds.

The most commonly used woods are Sitka spruce and Douglas fir, which offer excellent strength-to-weight ratios. Wooden structural members are joined with adhesive, usually epoxy. Unlike the wood construction techniques used in other applications, virtually all wooden joints in aircraft are simple butt joints, with plywood gussets. Joints are designed to be stronger than the members. After the structure has been completed, the aircraft is covered in aircraft fabric (usually aircraft-grade polyester). The advantage of this type of construction is that it does not require complex tools and equipment, instead employing commonplace items such as saw, planer, file, sandpaper, and clamps.

Examples of amateur-built wood and fabric designs include:

 * The classic Pietenpol Air Camper, a homebuilt that has been built since the 1920s
 * The Bowers Fly Baby, a low-wing monoplane which has been popular since the 1960s
 * The Ison miniMAX

Wood/composite mixture
A recent trend is toward wood-composite aircraft. The basic load carrying material is still wood, but it is combined with foam (for instance, to increase buckling resistance of load carrying plywood skins) and other synthetic materials like fiberglass and carbon fiber (to locally increase the modulus of load carrying structures such as spar caps).

Examples of wood-composite designs include:

 * Ibis experimental aircraft project, designed by Roger Junqua
 * KR series of homebuilts designed by Ken Rand
 * PIK-26 designed by Kai Mellen

Metal
Planes built from metal use similar techniques to more conventional factory-built aircraft. They can be more challenging to build, requiring metal-cutting, metal-shaping, and riveting if building from plans. "Quick-build" kits are available which have the cutting, shaping, and hole-drilling mostly done, requiring only finishing and assembly. Such kits are also available for the other types of aircraft construction, especially composite.

There are three main types of metal construction: sheet aluminum, tube aluminum, and welded steel tube. The tube structures are covered in aircraft fabric, much like wooden aircraft.

Examples of metal-based amateur aircraft include:

 * The Murphy Moose, Rebel, Super Rebel and Maverick, produced by Murphy Aircraft
 * The Vans RV-4, RV-8, RV-10 and other models produced by Van's Aircraft, are the most popular metal homebuilt aircraft
 * Chris Heintz's Zenith CH601 Zodiac and Zenith STOL CH701 family of two-seat kit planes
 * The ARV Super2 has conventional wings, fuselage, and empennage, but the cockpit is a monococque of "Supral" superplastic alloy

Composite
Composite material structures are made of cloth with a high tensile strength (usually fiberglass or carbon fiber, or occasionally Kevlar) combined with a structural plastic (usually epoxy, although vinylester is used in some aircraft). The fabric is saturated with the structural plastic in a liquid form; when the plastic cures and hardens, the part will hold its shape while possessing the strength characteristics of the fabric.

The two primary types of composite planes are moulded composite, where major structures like wing skins and fuselage halves are prepared and cured in moulds, and mouldless, where shapes are carved out of foam and then covered with fiberglass or carbon fiber.

The advantages of this type of construction include smooth surfaces (without the drag of rivets), the ability to construct compound curves, and the ability to place fiberglass or carbon fiber in optimal positions, orientations, and quantities. Drawbacks include the need to work with chemical products as well as low strength in directions perpendicular to fiber. Composites provide superb strength to their weight. Material stiffness dependent upon direction (as opposed to equal in all directions, as with metals) allows for advanced "elastic tailoring" of composite parts.

Examples of amateur craft made of composite materials include:

 * Canard designs such as the VariEze and Long EZ designed by Burt Rutan
 * The pusher propeller Cirrus VK-30 designed by Jeff Viken and the Klapmeier brothers
 * The Europa XS family of British two-place monoplanes designed by Ivan Shaw
 * The Glasair I, II and III series of high-performance homebuilts designed by Tom Hamilton

Safety
The safety record of homebuilts is not as good as certified general aviation aircraft. In the United States, in 2003, amateur-built aircraft experienced a rate of 21.6 accidents per 100,000 flight hours; the overall general aviation accident rate for that year was 6.75 per 100,000 flight hours.

The accident rate for homebuilt aircraft in the U.S. has long been a concern to the Federal Aviation Administration. At Sun 'n Fun 2010, FAA administrator Randy Babbitt said that homebuilts "account for 10 percent of the GA fleet, but 27 percent of accidents. It's not the builders [getting into accidents], but the second owners. We need better transition training." In the US, flight instruction, including primary flight training, can be received in the owner's homebuilt aircraft from any instructor willing to provide such training.

A study released in 2012 by the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board concluded that homebuilt aircraft in the U.S. have an accident rate 3–4 times higher than the rest of the general aviation fleet. Almost 10% of accidents involving homebuilt aircraft occurred on the craft's first flight. A further 9% of accidents occurred on their first flight after being sold, due to the new owner's unfamiliarity with the craft. The study also identified that powerplant failures and loss of control in-flight accidents were much higher than the same rates for certified aircraft.

Most nations' aviation regulations require amateur-built aircraft to be physically marked as such (for example in the U.K. "Occupant Warning – This aircraft ... is amateur built." must be displayed ), and extra flight testing is usually required before passengers (who are not pilots themselves) can be carried.

Culture
The largest airshow in the world is the Experimental Aircraft Association's annual EAA AirVenture Oshkosh airshow in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, which takes place in late July and early August. Other annual events are the Sun N' Fun Fly-In, which occurs in the early spring in Lakeland, Florida, and the Northwest EAA Fly-In in Arlington, Washington. These events are called fly-ins as many people fly their homebuilts and other aircraft into the airport hosting the show, often camping there for the duration. Both events last a week. Takeoffs and landings at these shows typically number in the thousands.

title: Homebuilt aircraft


text:
The Statler Brothers

The Statler Brothers (sometimes simply referred to as The Statlers) were an American country music, gospel, and vocal group from Staunton, Virginia. The quartet was formed in 1955 performing locally, and from 1964 to 1972, they sang as opening act and backup singers for Johnny Cash.

Originally performing Southern gospel music at local churches, the group billed themselves as The Four Star Quartet, and later The Kingsmen. In 1963, when the song "Louie, Louie" by the garage rock band also called The Kingsmen became famous, the group elected to bill themselves as the Statler Brothers. Despite the name, only two members of the group (Don and Harold Reid) were actual brothers and no member had the surname of Statler. The group actually named themselves after a brand of facial tissue they had noticed in a hotel room (they later quipped that they could just as easily have named themselves "the Kleenex Brothers"). Don Reid sang lead; Harold Reid, Don's older brother, sang bass; Phil Balsley sang baritone; and Lew DeWitt sang tenor and was the guitarist before being replaced due to ill health by Jimmy Fortune in 1982.

The band's style was closely linked to their gospel roots. "We took gospel harmonies," said Harold Reid, "and put them over in country music." Most of their albums contain at least one gospel song, and they produced several containing only gospel. They also recorded a tribute song to The Blackwood Brothers, who influenced their music. The song "We Got Paid by Cash" was written by the Statler Brothers as a tribute to Johnny Cash, who discovered and mentored them.

Career
Early in the group's history, before the group named themselves The Statler Brothers, Joe McDorman was their lead singer.

The Statlers began their career at a performance at Lyndhurst Methodist Church near their hometown of Staunton, Virginia, under the name The Four Star Quartet. In 1964, they started an eight-year run as Johnny Cash's opening act and backing vocalists. This period of their career was memorialized in their song "We Got Paid by Cash." They were featured regularly on The Johnny Cash Show, his ABC hit show that ran from 1969 to 1971. Due to their expanding career, the Statlers left Cash's entourage around the mid-1970s to concentrate on their own career, a departure that took place on good terms.

Two of the Statlers' best-known songs are "Flowers on the Wall," their first major hit that was composed and written by Lew DeWitt, and the socially conscious "Bed of Rose's". In the 1980s, the Statlers were a mainstay on The Nashville Network (TNN), where their videos were shown regularly. Also on TNN, between 1991 and 1998, they hosted The Statler Brothers Show, a weekly variety show, which was the network's top-rated program for its entire 7-year run.

Throughout the Statlers' career, much of their appeal was related to their incorporation of comedy and parody into their musical act, due in large part to the humorous and comedic talent of group member Harold Reid; they were frequently nominated for awards for their comedy as well as their singing. They recorded two comedy albums under the pseudonym Lester "Roadhog" Moran and the Cadillac Cowboys, and one-half of one side of the album Country Music Then and Now was devoted to satirizing small-town radio stations' Saturday-morning shows.

The Statlers earned the number-one spot on the Billboard chart four times, for "Do You Know You Are My Sunshine?" in 1978, "Elizabeth" in 1984, and in 1985, "My Only Love" and "Too Much on My Heart." Since forming, the Statlers have released over 40 albums.

In 1980, the Statler Brothers purchased and renovated their former elementary school, Beverly Manor, in Staunton, occupying the complex for several years. The complex consisted of offices for the group, a small museum and auditorium, and an adjacent building that served as office space for unrelated businesses. A garage was built to store the two tour buses that the group had used for many years. The group has since sold the complex, which Grace Christian Church in Staunton converted back into an academic campus.

In 1970, the group began performing at an annual Independence Day festival in Gypsy Hill Park in Staunton. The event, known as "Happy Birthday USA," lasted for 25 years, and included many country-music figures, including Mel Tillis, Charley Pride, and many others. The event drew as many as 100,000 fans each year. The group also honored their hometown with the song "Staunton, Virginia" on their 1973 album Do You Love Me Tonight.

DeWitt retired from the Statler Brothers in 1982 due to ill health. After a 3-year hiatus, he returned to the music industry as a solo artist until shortly before his death on August 15, 1990, from complications of Crohn's disease, at age 52.

Harold Reid (born on August 21, 1939 ) died on April 24, 2020, after a long battle with kidney failure, at age 80.

Awards
Academy of Country Music
 * 1972 Top Vocal Group
 * 1977 Top Vocal Group
 * 2016 Cliffie Stone Pioneer Award

Country Music Association
 * 1972 Vocal Group of the Year
 * 1973 Vocal Group of the Year
 * 1974 Vocal Group of the Year
 * 1975 Vocal Group of the Year
 * 1976 Vocal Group of the Year
 * 1977 Vocal Group of the Year
 * 1979 Vocal Group of the Year
 * 1980 Vocal Group of the Year
 * 1984 Vocal Group of the Year

Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
 * Inducted in 2008

Gospel Hall of Fame
 * Inducted in 2007

Grammy Awards
 * 1965 Best New Country & Western Artist
 * 1965 Best Contemporary (R&R) Performance – Group (Vocal or Instrumental) – "Flowers on the Wall"
 * 1972 Best Country Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group – "The Class of '57"

American Music Awards
 * Favorite Country Band, Duo or Group 1979
 * Favorite Country Band, Duo or Group 1980
 * Favorite Country Band, Duo or Group 1981

Retirement
The group disbanded and retired after completing a farewell tour on October 26, 2002. Balsley and Don Reid continue to reside in Staunton, as did Harold Reid until his death in April 2020; Fortune, though, relocated to Nashville, where he continues his music career as a solo artist, having released three albums under his own name. The Statlers remain one of the most awarded acts in the history of country music.

Don Reid has pursued a second career as an author, having written six books of his own. With his sons Donald II ("Debo") and Langdon, he co-wrote ''You Know It's Christmas When. . . His brother Harold and he co-wrote a history of the Statler Brothers titled Random Memories'', published in February 2008. In 2020, Reid wrote a complete anthology of the Statlers' songs, titled The Music of the Statler Brothers.

Grandstaff/Wilson Fairchild
Wil and Langdon Reid, the sons of Harold and Don, respectively, formed a duo in the 1990s, originally performing under the name Grandstaff. In 2007, Grandstaff recorded "The Statler Brothers Song" as a tribute to the Statlers.

In an interview on Nashville's WSM (AM) on March 25, 2010, Wil Reid said that they decided to change their name to Wilson Fairchild after many people got the name "Grandstaff" wrong during introductions. The name comes from "Wilson," Wil's middle name, and "Fairchild," Langdon's middle name.

Sisters Kim and Karmen Reid (daughters of Harold) also enjoyed a brief stint as a country duo in the early 1980s, which included a guest appearance on an episode of Hee Haw.

Influence
The Statler Brothers have been credited as the first country music act to transfer the genre's nostalgia from a rural to a suburban setting. They have also been called "America's Poets" by Kurt Vonnegut. The bluegrass duo Dailey & Vincent often performs with two other members of their band as a quartet in the style of the Statlers, often performing many of the Statlers' hits in their shows. Jimmy Fortune also sometimes tours with Dailey & Vincent.

Members and years active

 * Joe McDorman – lead (1955–1960)
 * Lew DeWitt – tenor (1955–1982) (died 1990)
 * Phil Balsley – baritone (1955–2002)
 * Harold Reid – bass (1955–2002) (died 2020)
 * Don Reid – lead (1960–2002)
 * Jimmy Fortune – tenor (1982–2002)

title: The Statler Brothers


text:
Homebuilt machines

Homebuilt machines are machines built outside of specialised workshops or factories. This can include different things such as kit cars or homebuilt computers, but normally it pertains to homebuilt aircraft, also known as amateur-built aircraft or kit planes. Homebuilt aircraft or kit cars are constructed by amateurs. Homebuilt computers have been built at home for a long time, starting with the Victorian era pioneer Charles Babbage in the 1820s. A century later, Konrad Zuse built his own machine when electromechanical relay technology was widely available. The hobby took off with the early development of microprocessors and, since then, many enthusiasts have constructed their own computers. A homebuilt vehicle is a wider concept than a kit car. A homebuilt vehicle is a motor vehicle (car, truck or motorcycle) built by an individual instead of a manufacturer. These machines may be constructed "from scratch", from plans, or from assembly kits. Outside of the United States (for example in Russia) people wishing to build such complex machinery often have no professional networks to rely on for spare parts, plans, or advice in the matter and therefore have to rely on their ingenuity and intuition in order to build a machine that works.

Examples of home-built machinery

 * Amateur radio homebrew – Homebrew is an amateur radio slang term for home-built, noncommercial radio equipment.
 * Amateur telescope making – The field of amateur telescope making is considered an offshoot of the amateur astronomy community. Amateur telescope makers (sometimes called ATMs), as their name implies, are not paid professionals. They build their telescopes for the enjoyment of the hobby, or so they can make a personal contribution to the field of astronomy.
 * ElLoboDuneBuggy.jpg buggy - popular method of building a dune buggy involves construction of a vehicle frame from steel tubing formed and welded together. The advantage of this method is that the fabricator can change fundamental parts of the vehicle (usually the suspension and addition of a built-in roll cage). Buggies of this type are called sandrails because of the rail frame. Sandrails, as with the VW Bug, often have the engine located behind the driver. Sizes can vary from a small engined one seat size to 4 seat, 8+ cylinder vehicles. Sandrails can have panels or custom shaped body coverings over the rails and tubing that comprise the vehicle, though many are left bare.
 * Amateur rocketry sometimes known as amateur experimental rocketry or experimental rocketry is a hobby in which participants experiment with fuels and make their own rocket motors, launching a wide variety of types and sizes of rockets. Amateur rocketeers have been responsible for significant research into hybrid rocket motors, and have built and flown a variety of solid, liquid, and hybrid propellant motors. On May 17, 2004 Civilian Space eXploration Team (CSXT) successfully launched the first amateur high-power rocket into space, achieving an altitude of 72 miles (115 km). Prior to that the Reaction Research Society on November 23, 1996 launched a solid-fueled rocket, designed by longtime member George Garboden, to an altitude of 50 miles (80 km) from the Black Rock Desert in Nevada.
 * Stitch and glue is a simple boat building method which uses plywood, epoxy glue, and "stitches" and eliminates the need for stems and chines. Plywood panels are cut to detailed profiles and stitched together to form an accurate hull shape, without the need for forms or special tools. This technique is also called "tack and tape", and "stitch and tape".

title: Homebuilt machines


text:
Don Spencer

Donald Richard Spencer (born 22 March 1937) is an Australian singer-songwriter, musician, and former children's television presenter. He had a long tenure as a host on Play School on both the Australian version (1968–99) and the United Kingdom version (1972–88), one of only two presenters to work on both versions.

In March 1963, his first single, "Fireball" – the theme tune to a UK TV science fiction series Fireball XL5 – reached No.32 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2002, Spencer established the Australian Children's Music Foundation. On Australia Day (26 January) 2007, he was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) with the citation "for service to children's music and television as a songwriter and performer, and through the establishment of the Australian Children's Music Foundation". Spencer married Julie Horsfall, they have two children: Dean, a musician; and Danielle, an actress and singer, who was married to actor Russell Crowe between 2003 and 2018. In 2022, he celebrated his 60th year in the performing industry.

Early life
Spencer was born in Tamworth to John Henry and Lillian May Spencer. He attended Tamworth High School. He played hockey as a teenager and competed in the Australian championships. At 17, he left Australia and travelled to Africa, where, in his 20s, he trained with the Kenyan hockey team, trying out for the Olympics. A chance meeting with locally-born, British singer-songwriter, Roger Whittaker, in Nairobi inspired Spencer to buy a guitar and start his musical career.

Recording and performance career
In the early 1960s, Don Spencer moved to London and became a solo singer-guitarist, supporting various acts such as The Rolling Stones, the Four Seasons, The Hollies and Marianne Faithfull. His first single, "Fireball", was released on the His Master's Voice label; it was the closing theme song for the television science fiction series Fireball XL5, written by Barry Gray. In March 1963, it reached No. 32 on the UK Singles Chart. Other singles included "Busy Doing Nothing", "Worried Mind", "Marriage Is for Old Folks", and a cover of The Beatles' 1965 song "In My Life". In 1964, he covered Brent Edwards' version of Johnny Madara and David White's track "Pride Is Such a Little Word".

Television and radio
Spencer started his successful broadcasting career in the United Kingdom. At the BBC he presented his own teenage pop show Gangway! for seven years. He co-hosted a radio program called Pop-In. He later appeared in TV comedies such as Face It with Ronnie Barker.

Spencer returned to Australia and appeared on TV's Bandstand, briefly featured in series Sons and Daughters and Return to Eden and in the 1974 film ''Barry McKenzie Holds His Own. '' In 1977, Spencer wrote his next single, "What's a Pommie?" The track was covered by fellow Australians Rolf Harris and Col Elliott.

Play School: Children's entertainer
Spencer is best known for his long tenure. as a children's entertainer, as both a presenter and recording artist, he joined the Australia TV series Play School in 1968 and the United Kingdom version of the same title in 1978. He continued on both versions for 17 years, the only male presenter to appear on both versions. One of his well-known phrases was "old magazines", which he used to effect when describing items used to make something. During this period, he recorded and released albums, primarily through ABC Records over a 27 year period that helped to educate children, mostly about the many species of Australian animals, and they in turn have received awards for gold and platinum sales. He continued on the Australian version until 1999.

Music career
At the APRA Music Awards of 1995, Spencer's track "Have a Beaut Day" was nominated for Most Performed Children's Work; it was co-written by Spencer with Allan Caswell.

In 2002, Spencer established the Australian Children's Music Foundation (ACMF) as its inaugural CEO. In 2007, he was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) on Australia Day (26 January) for "service to children's music and television as a songwriter and performer, and through the establishment of the Australian Children's Music Foundation". In 2008, Spencer was awarded for Excellence in Community Support presented by Support Act Limited.

In December 2010, the ACMF sponsored a supergroup, Peacebeliever, which recorded a cover version of Plastic Ono Band's 1969 single "Give Peace a Chance" for their charity. Alongside Spencer, fellow vocalists include Katie Noonan, Blue King Brown, Tim Freedman, Newton Faulkner, and Omara Portuondo. In July 2013, Spencer announced the ACMF's 11th annual National Kids Songwriting Competition, which is open to school-aged children from four to eighteen years old. Spencer said, "We want kids to unleash their creativity and engage with learning in a fun way ... Music can give kids really positive self expression and is a great tool for improving literacy levels".

As of 2023, Spencer continues to record and perform with his latest release a musical adaption, based on Rudyard Kipling poem "If".

Personal life
Don Spencer married Julie Horsfall, a caterer from Yorkshire. They have two children: Dean and Danielle Spencer (born 16 May 1969). Dean is a musician, while Danielle is an actress and singer, who was married to actor Russell Crowe from 2003 to 2018.

Spencer resides in Darlinghurst, New South Wales.

TV and filmography

 * Bandstand – television series
 * Barry McKenzie Holds His Own (1974)
 * King's Men – television series (1976)
 * Sons and Daughters – television series (1982)
 * Return to Eden – television series (1986)
 * A Country Practice – television series (1991)
 * Play School – Australian television series (1968–99)
 * Play School – UK television series (1972–88)

Tamworth Songwriters Awards
The Tamworth Songwriters Association (TSA) is an annual songwriting contest for original country songs, awarded in January at the Tamworth Country Music Festival. They commenced in 1986. Don Spencer won one award in that time. (wins only)
 * 1995
 * "Pete the Lorikeet" by Don Spencer
 * Children's Song of the Year
 * Won
 * Won

title: Don Spencer


text:
Talk:Cynthia Nixon

Is her dress relevant?
I'm wondering if the mention of her wedding dress is relevant or in fact whether it might be offensive. I refer to: "...wearing a custom-made, pale green dress by Carolina Herrera". This seems very gossipy and not like an encyclopaedia at all. She's not the first person not to wear a white dress at a wedding, so what's the point of the information? To tell us that she, and not her partner was "the bride"? I take issue with it. If others agree, please remove. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.44.140.1 (talk) 13:06, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

Lesbian?
RE: Nixon's "lesbian" status. Though I'd be thrilled if it were true, until she confirms or denies, I believe the current section on that topic is most suitable. 64.134.251.82 04:31, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

shes lesbian but has a daughter. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nicksinif (talk • contribs) 04:26, 2005 June 11 (UTC)

 * The fact that she has a daughter (who goes to a New York public school) is on the record. The fact that she was in a long-term relationship with a man is also public record.  Her current domestic arrangements are, by contrast, speculation and rumours which may or may not be true.  Unless there's been further information, the article reflects media reporting of the situation.  Wikipedia requires information in its articles to be verifiable - see Verifiability.  --Robert Merkel 05:45, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Earlier this week, I, along with millions of others watching David Letterman, heard Kristin Davis discuss Cynthia Nixon's current lesbian involvement in great detail. - Nunh-huh 06:55, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, then. Sorry, I wasn't aware of that.  That certainly counts as pretty strong confirmation. --Robert Merkel 07:27, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it's not the Zapruder film, but it's probably close enough for government work. No need to apologize for having decent television viewing habits ! - Nunh-huh 00:22, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * What are you talking about? Davis said that she didn't know. lysdexia 18:45, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Nixon is bi. Nietzsche 2 (talk) 16:34, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Definitely bi. She says she's been with men her whole life, then fell in love with a woman. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.72.27.204 (talk) 20:56, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Should she be in the lesbian actor category or the bisexual actor category.75.164.208.19 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 22:15, 12 July 2009 (UTC).

 * You guys who think she's bi is stupid. She's gay and she even admits it publicly. Just because someone was in a long-term relationship with a man doesn't mean your bi, some people just become lesbian in their mid-life. Here's the video that proves this:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKpBeIa3sV0&feature=related--. P.S. Also I think putting a category that says "Lesbian actors" or "LGBT people" is pointless and homophobic. It's homophobic because you're pretty much witch hunting and it's pointless because being gay is really not an important fact that has to make up everything for who that person is 75.84.19.190 (talk) 02:35, 16 April 2010 (UTC)
 * But isn't gayness a genetic, incontrovertible imperative ?  Or is that just for males ?Eregli bob (talk) 23:14, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Hmm, according to Cynthia Nixon herself, it isn't. http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/lifestyle/celebrity/nixon-says-gayness-her-choice-sparks-outrage-20120125-1qghs.html    Alrighty then.
 * — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eregli bob (talk • contribs) 00:23, 2012 January 25 (UTC)

 * I think that the bisexual category should be removed, and she should be classified under a lesbian category. She has said herself, "I've been straight and I've been gay, and gay is better" and further claims to be gay by choice, saying "I understand that for many people it's not, but for me it's a choice, and you don't get to define my gayness for me".  Well, I think that settles it.  That's her self-identification, so I think that the bisexual category is inappropriate.  http://www.contactmusic.com/news/cynthia-nixon-claims-to-be-gay-by-choice_1286564  Vis-a-visconti (talk) 20:12, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Breast cancer
Where can it be verified that she is a breast cancer survivor? I have not been able to independently confirm this; the only thing I have found is a direct interview where she discusses her mother's cancer. I can't find any mention of Cynthia having it herself - can someone help me out here, or post a working link? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Atlantic737 (talk • contribs) 12:16, 2007 January 6 (UTC)

 * Her breast cancer is now sourced in the article. Basic facts about her parents should be included: if her mother has or had cancer, that should be in this article, as it is relevant to Nixon's life. Nixon's father's death should also be mentioned. Nietzsche 2 (talk) 14:38, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

Category: Roman Catholic entertainers
I thought she was Jewish. Is she Catholic on one side of her family or is this an error? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.136.92.119 (talk) 00:12, 2007 February 18 (UTC)

peoples! her religion and sexual preferance are none of ur goddam beezwax! moms actual first movie was an industrial movie about how cells work, which she starred in because grandma was friends wtih the dude who made it. everything else is pretty much true. mom didn't "leave dad for another woman", she was single for a while before the relationship started. btw, shes a fantastic actress, and her acting life is really much more interesting than her personal life. seriously, guys. does it really matter if shes catholic or not? Samanthamozes (talk) 23:25, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Biographies should (where known) state basic information, including religion and orientation; such things are a relevant part of a person's life. Nietzsche 2 (talk) 16:34, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Roddy Doyle?
Why is she listed with the name "Cynthia 'Roddy Doyle' Nixon" in the infobox? I assume this is vandalism and am changing it now. Geira (talk) 07:57, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

2nd Emmy
The article mentions that she is a two-time Emmy winner in the introduction, but doesn't mention it anywhere else. I believe she won it as a guest on Law and Order SVU, but the information should definitely be added. Islandchild82 (talk) 04:10, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

President Nixon
Would someone please clarify in the main article if she is or is not in any way related to the late President Nixon, or if she just happens to share the same last name. LP-mn (talk) 08:30, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

I agree. Why aren't the names of her parents in the personal section Skysong263 (talk) 22:43, 20 March 2018 (UTC)

This article says she isn't related https://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/cynthia-nixon-runs-for-ny-governor-is-she-related-to-richard-nixon/ Skysong263 (talk) 22:47, 20 March 2018 (UTC)

Bisexual or Heterosexual??
Cynthia has said previously in interviews that she is queer as a "political stance" and sees her girlfriend as a "man with boobs". I don't even think she is bisexual because she doesn't seem to be attracted to women and her partner looks like a man. Every woman I've ever met who said they "chose to be" gay were in butch/femme relationships where heterosexual dynamics were very important. They often had issues with men, lack of trust, past sexual abuse, and were sexist towards men in general. Later on many of these women began dating men again.

IMO she probably should be removed from the LGBT category altogether. Cynthia is the perfect example of a straight woman falling in love with a lifestyle and a cause. These types of women are attracted to the whole struggle of homosexuality much more than they are attracted to other women. They often get involved in activism and feminism and love having the impression they're pissing off men and rebelling against patriarchy. I remember reading an interview she gave about a year ago where she was asked why she wanted to get married to her girlfriend and she replied "because it's rebellious" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Analog 9 (talk • contribs) 06:25, 2012 March 17 (UTC)

 * It seems pretty straightforward to me. If someone has had consensual sex with people of both sexes then they are functionally bisexual. The term is a descriptive one, much like ambidextrous. Dutchman Schultz (talk) 05:04, 16 June 2012 (UTC)
 * While that may seem straight forward to you, real life is seldom black and white. Wikipedia has decided to use self-identification as that measure, not your "functional" approach (which would make every virgin asexual.) - Sum mer PhD  (talk) 14:54, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
 * In a public service for the "Give a damn" campaign, she stated that she was gay. -- Gourami Watcher  (?)  14:01, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

Law & Order: Criminal Intent Appearance
Throughout Wikipedia, there are several misnomers regarding Nixon's characters name. The character is often referred to as 'Amanda Reese', when in actuality the name is 'Amanda Rollins'. I corrected a few spots, but there is a factually incorrect quote from TVline that is referenced and needs fixing. Quad4hill (talk) 10:06, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Law and Order CI and Law and Order SVU are 2 different shows and each have many different writers. The two look similar. I can see why you would be confused. I am also confused. I'm basing this on watching way too much of each of these shows, IMDB (also user edited) and other general information. I don't see it in the main article, no one seems to be arguing about it, and it's my WP:OR. But this is a talk page so I wanted to add my 2 cents.
 * JKshaw (talk) 09:38, 23 August 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Cynthia Nixon. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062824/http://www.semesteratsea.org/why-sas/prominent-alumni/ to http://www.semesteratsea.org/why-sas/prominent-alumni/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140313111323/http://celebrity.yahoo.com/news/celebrity-weddings-brides-wore-colored-dresses-2012-212200273.html to http://celebrity.yahoo.com/news/celebrity-weddings-brides-wore-colored-dresses-2012-212200273.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070928131136/http://www.abcgonline.com/archive/2005/01_cel/index.htm to http://www.abcgonline.com/archive/2005/01_cel/index.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095037/http://entertainment.suntimes.com/entertainment-news/mad-max-leads-pack-nominations-chicago-critics/ to http://entertainment.suntimes.com/entertainment-news/mad-max-leads-pack-nominations-chicago-critics/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:04, 16 August 2017 (UTC)

She related to dick?
remember dick?Ernio48 (talk) 16:58, 17 April 2018 (UTC) no. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:E9:43CE:2F00:4C29:6115:BD48:8EEB (talk) 13:32, 29 June 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. Community Tech bot (talk) 23:41, 25 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Cynthia Nixon and Christine Marinoni 2014 (cropped).jpg

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:22, 12 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Cynthia nixon.jpg

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:06, 18 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Cynthia Nixon Weds Christine Marinoni.jpg

NYpost
New York Post is clearly listed in WP:RSP as an unreliable source and should never be used in such a BLP as this. Elizium23 (talk) 13:41, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cynthia Nixon


text:
Talk:Cornish Rex

[Untitled]
This article states that the Devon Rex has (short) guard hairs, while the Devon Rex article states that Devons have no guard hairs. Presumably, one of the articles is incorrect.

The edit 23:13, 15 Sep 2004 194.177.166.194 introduced copyright material from [www.petnet.com.au/cat/C107.html petnet] without attribution. As this is a significant copyright violation I have used the miracle of paraphrase to make the para copyright compliant under Australian law.Fifelfoo 04:32, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I removed the line about Stimpy (from the cartoon "The Ren and Stimpy Show") because he doesn't resemble a Cornish Rex in any way (He's big, round, and has small ears). Whoever added it must have confused the two characters, because Ren, a chihuahua, is skinny and has big ears.--bicostp 03:16, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Why do Cornish Rex have webbed toes?
Anyone know? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.229.73.48 (talk) 14:11, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Lifespan?
I think it's worth noting its average lifespan, health, all that. The poor things look sort of sickly. 74.248.63.109 (talk) 18:00, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

 * @74.248.63.109 There is an issue with HCM in the breed, which I think is important to note, as all kittens should be screened for it. Otherwise they are regarded as a very healthy breed, which contrasts with their strong/unique looks. So I agree with you, just being more specific. The breed is generally very healthy beyond HCM (in contrast to Devons and Sphynxes) Kiwi hell (talk) 21:00, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
 * If you have a WP:MEDRS then please add the claim to the article under a new health section. Traumnovelle (talk) 03:38, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Cornish Rex. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080201084648/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/standards/cornish.html to http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/standards/cornish.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:10, 13 August 2017 (UTC)

are they cute?
I want wiki to 72.136.90.119 (talk) 01:58, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cornish Rex


text:
Nocardiosis

Nocardiosis is an infectious disease affecting either the lungs (pulmonary nocardiosis) or the whole body (systemic nocardiosis). It is due to infection by a bacterium of the genus Nocardia, most commonly Nocardia asteroides or Nocardia brasiliensis.

It is most common in adult immunocompromised males. In patients with brain involvement, mortality exceeds 80%; in other forms, mortality is about 50%, even with appropriate therapy.

It is one of several conditions that have been called "the great imitator". Cutaneous nocardiosis commonly occurs in immunocompetent hosts and is caused in 80% of cases by Nocardia brasiliensis.

Signs and symptoms
Pulmonary infection Neurological infection Cardiac conditions Lymphocutaneous disease Ocular disease Disseminated nocardiosis
 * Subacute to chronic progressive pneumonia
 * Night sweats, fever, cough with chest pain
 * Symptoms are more severe in immunocompromised individuals
 * Radiologic studies show multiple necrotic pulmonary infiltrates.
 * Headache, lethargy, confusion, seizures, sudden onset of neurological deficits
 * CT scan shows one or more cerebral abscesses
 * Is often difficult to diagnose
 * Serious risk of death
 * In recorded cases, it has caused damage to heart valves whether natural or prosthetic
 * Nocardial cellulitis is akin to erysipelas but is less aggressive.
 * Lymphocutaneous nocardiosis mimics the fungal infection sporotrichosis with multiple nodules alongside a lymphatic vessel
 * Persistent subcutaneous and deep bone infections have been recorded.
 * May be misidentified and treated as a S. aureus skin infection
 * Cultures must incubate more than 48 hours to guarantee accuracy
 * Very rarely, these bacteria cause keratitis
 * Generally there is a history of ocular trauma.
 * Disseminated infection can occur in very immunocompromised patients
 * It generally involves both lung and brain abscesses
 * Fever, moderate or very high can be seen
 * Multiple cavitating necrotic pulmonary infiltrates develop
 * Cerebral abscesses arise later
 * Cutaneous lesions are very rarely seen
 * Serious risk of death

Causes
Normally found in soil, these organisms cause occasional sporadic disease in humans and animals throughout the world. Another well publicized find is that of Nocardia as part of the oral microflora. Nocardia spp. have been reported in the normal gingivae and periodontal pockets along with other species such as Actinomyces, Arthromyces and Streptomyces spp.

The usual mode of transmission is inhalation of organisms suspended in dust. Another very common method is by traumatic introduction, especially in the jaw. This leads to the entrance of Nocardia into the blood stream and the propagation of its pathogenic effects. Transmission by direct inoculation through puncture wounds or abrasions is less common. Generally, nocardial infection requires some degree of immune suppression.

A weakened immune system is a general indicator of a person who is more susceptible to nocardiosis, such as someone who already has a disease that weakens their immune system. Additionally, those with low T-cell counts or other complications involving T-cells can expect to have a higher chance of becoming infected. Besides those with weak immune systems, a local traumatic inoculation can cause nocardiosis, specifically the cutaneous, lymphocutaneous, and subcutaneous forms of the disease. There is no racial pattern in the risk of becoming infected with Nocardiosis.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of nocardiosis can be made by a doctor using various techniques. These techniques include, but are not limited to: a chest x-ray to analyze the lungs, a bronchoscopy, a brain/lung/skin biopsy, or a sputum culture. However, diagnosis may be difficult. Nocardiae are gram positive, weakly acid-fast, branching rod-shaped bacteria and can be visualized by a modified Ziehl–Neelsen stain such as the Fite-Faraco method. In the clinical laboratory, routine cultures may be held for insufficient time to grow nocardiae, and referral to a reference laboratory may be needed for species identification. Pulmonary infiltration and pleural effusion are usually detected via x-ray.

Treatment
Nocardiosis requires at least 6 months of treatment, preferably with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or high doses of sulfonamides. In patients who do not respond to sulfonamide treatment, other drugs, such as ampicillin, erythromycin, or minocycline, may be added.

Treatment also includes surgical drainage of abscesses and excision of necrotic tissue. The acute phase requires complete bed rest; as the patient improves, activity can increase.

A new combination drug therapy (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone, and amikacin) has also shown promise.

Prognosis
The prognosis of nocardiosis is highly variable. The state of the host's health, site, duration, and severity of the infection all play parts in determining the prognosis. Currently, skin and soft tissue infections have a 100% cure rate, and pleuropulmonary infections have a 90% cure rate with appropriate therapy. The cure rate falls to 63% with those infected with disseminated nocardiosis, with only half of patients surviving infections that cause brain abscess. Additionally, 44% of people who are infected in the central nervous system (CNS) die, increasing to 85% if that person has an already weakened immune system. There are no preventative treatments for nocardiosis. The only recommendation is to protect open wounds to limit entrance of the bacterium.

Epidemiology
Although there are no international data available on worldwide infection rates per year, there are roughly 500–1000 documented cases of nocardiosis per year in the US. Most of these cases occur in men, as there is a 3:1 ratio of male of female cases annually; however, this difference may be due to exposure frequency rather than susceptibility differences. From an age perspective, it is not highly more prevalent in one age group than another. Cutaneous nocardiosis is slightly more common in middle aged men, but as a whole, all age groups are susceptible. There is no racial pattern in the risk of becoming infected with nocardiosis.

title: Nocardiosis


text:
User:Wal-Mart

Interests

Requested_articles/Mathematics

title: User:Wal-Mart


text:
Talk:Larisa Trimbobler

Caution (Spelling)
Her surname is misspelled. The incorrect form probably comes from Hebrew press that mangled rare Yiddish family name by writing it with two letters 'bet' in succession instead of 'beys'+'komets-alef'+'tsvey vovn' ; TV announcers trying to read already incorrect Hebrew spelling and careless journalists mimicking this double mistake. Not everybody was careless - you can check with Google.

The correct form should be Trembovler.

It comes from the Yiddish word 'trembovler' meaning the inhabitant of Trembowla (Polish spelling) or Трембовля (former Cyrillic spelling, now this town is called Теребовля in Ukrainian). I suggest this page should be either renamed or deleted.

 * I inserted your spelling version as well. Articles are not "deleted" because of variances in spelling non-English words (which is common). Often, a few versions of a name can be given, see Ivan Chernyakhovsky (Ivan Danilovich Chernyakhovsky, (Cherniakhovsky)). By the way, could you explain to the audience what "tsvey vovn" are...:-) Also why dont you sign your NAME, like so ~ Zai mir gezunt (Which means "Be well" in Yiddish for those of you who may not know :-)!IZAK 04:50, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Larisa Trimbobler


text:
User talk:$~enwiki

I drew the map of Altoona in xpaint from a map on the Internet and a Rand-McNally atlas. It's in the public domain. -- Djinn112 04:40, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, and by the way, I see you're new to Wikipedia. You look pretty competent in the ins-and-outs of it, but in case there's anything in it that could help you, here's my default message for a new user:

Hello! Welcome to Wikipedia, $. Thank you for your fine work around the wiki. Judging from the work you've done, it seems that your forte is European culture and history; you can find plenty of articles in need of help in these fields or others at Pages needing attention.

You might find these links helpful in starting new articles or helping with existing ones: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, and About 'Show preview'. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you'd like to introduce yourself to the community, you can sign yourself up at the new users log. If you have any particular questions, you can see the help pages, or, for individual help, feel free to add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page.

Thank you for your contributions; I hope you continue to help us.

-- Djinn112 02:12, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Huh
Did you have edited today? PKONGTSA2000 23:00, 25 August 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by PKongtsa2000 (talk • contribs)

... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.181.150.142 (talk) 01:23, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called $. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name $~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:54, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:05, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:$~enwiki


text:
Talk:Du Pont family

William du Pont (1855-1928) vs William Kemble du Pont (1874-1907)
Dear fellow editors, I am leaving the present message out of courtesy to other editors interested in this article on the du Pont family. Yesterday, I started drafting an article on the William du Pont shown (in red) in the family tree section of the present article, where he is shown as the son of Lammot du Pont I (whose own article mentions a son named "William Kemble du Pont (1874–1907)"), and the father of William du Pont, Jr. and Marion duPont Scott.

However, there appears to be some confusion in some of the online sources:

 * in "www.geni.com", William Kemble du Pont (1874-1907) is listed as the:
 * Son of Lammot du Pont I and Mary du Pont

Husband of Ethel Fleet Hallock and Annie Zinn du Pont Father of Paulina Dean; Wilhelmina Haedrick Ross; Marion duPont Scott and William du Pont, Jr. Brother of Isabella d'Andelot du Pont; Louisa d'Andelot Copeland; Pierre S. du Pont; Sophie Madeleine du Pont; Henry Belin du Pont and 5 others

 * in "www.pennock.ws", the same William Kemble du Pont (1874-1907) is listed as the:
 * husband of Ethel Fleet HALLOCK and the father of:
 * Samuel Hallock DU PONT (10 NOV 1901-3 OCT 1974);

Paulina DU PONT (18 AUG 1903-30 MAR 1964); and Wilhelmina Haedrick DU PONT (17 JUL 1906-25 JUN 2000).

 * in "findingaids.hagley.org", the first paragraph mentions William du Pont (1855-1928) as the youngest son of General Henry du Pont (1812-1889) and Louisa Gerhard du Pont (1816-1900) and, in the second paragraph, he is defined as the husband of Annie Rogers Zinn, with whom he fathered William du Pont, Jr. and Marion duPont Scott:

 * William du Pont, the youngest son of General Henry du Pont (1812-1889) and Louisa Gerhard du Pont (1816-1900), was born on August 21, 1855, near Wilmington, Delaware. His father was the third president of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. From 1869 to 1872, William attended the Lake Mohegan boarding school in New York State, and in 1872, he was admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. However, he left MIT at the beginning of the 1873 spring semester due to medical problems with his eye.

In 1878, William du Pont married his cousin May Lammot du Pont (1854-1927), the daughter of Victor du Pont (1828-1888) and Alice Hounsfield du Pont (1833-1904.) The couple divorced in 1892 in South Dakota. William du Pont spent six month in that state in order to have residency for the divorce. In June 1892, William du Pont married Annie Rogers Zinn, the daughter of the locomotive maker Theodore Rogers (d. November 18, 1871) and Mary Andrews Rogers (d. March 11, 1918). Annie was the divorced wife of George Zinn of New Castle, Delaware. William and Annie, alienated by the du Pont family and Wilmington society, left the United States and settled in Europe for ten years. At first, they spent a few months in Paris and then moved to England where they lived in several rented mansions: Arborfield Hall, Reading (1892-1894); Yewhurst, East Grinstead, Sussex (1895); Loseley Park, Guildford, Surrey (1895-1897); and Binfield Park, Bracknell (1897-1901). Their daughter Marion was born on May 3, 1894, in Wilmington during their visit home, and their son William Jr. was born on February 11, 1896 in England. They also supported Annie's son from her first marriage, George Zinn (d. July 7, 1929) and his family.

I will continue to draft an article on William du Pont on the basis of this third and most comprehensive of all online sources. However, if other editor(s) have access to a comprehensive and unimpeachable hardcopy of the du Pont family tree, then I would be very grateful for some assistance, please. Thank you very much in advance.

My conclusions, as this early stage, are that, if "findingaids.hagley.org" is correct about William du Pont (1855-1928), then:
 * 1) the family tree in the present article is incorrect about William du Pont;
 * 2) "www.geni.com" is incorrect about William Kemble du Pont (1874-1907);
 * 3) "www.pennock.ws" might be correct about William Kemble du Pont (1874-1907)

With kind regards; Patrick. ツ Pdebee.(talk)(guestbook) 19:10, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

Formatting
I tried to add T. Coleman du Pont to the family tree, but I am unfamiliar with the formatting. Can someone fix this issue?

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Du Pont family. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141031235716/http://www.conservationfund.org/projects/woodlawn-property-a-new-national-park-in-delaware/ to http://www.conservationfund.org/projects/woodlawn-property-a-new-national-park-in-delaware/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.occompartners.com/foundersteam.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:13, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

non notable entries
I have removed a number of non-notable entries (in this series of edits ) that do not seem to be required for the stated purpose of the list: an alphabetical listing of selected notable members of the family. It is followed by a listing of their families in order of descent. The listing is intended only to illustrate the relationships among the notable members of the family and is not a complete genealogy. The only family groupings and lines of descent shown are those necessary to illustrate relationships for notable members of the family. Meters (talk) 03:04, 1 June 2018 (UTC)

This is admittedly kind of silly, but should watsky be added to a list of notable family members, as he is a descendant of this family on his mother's side and has written about his ties to the family? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.201.243.111 (talk) 13:52, 10 June 2021 (UTC)

Uh, are we ignoring their connections with the Nazis?
Or did I just miss it? Did I miss the part where it is explained that the DuPont family were members of the American Nazi Party? That they helped finance Nazism? That they helped the Nazis in their genocidal efforts? That they were seditious individuals? 73.44.128.12 (talk) 19:14, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Du Pont family


text: User talk:12.202.90.152

title: User talk:12.202.90.152