text:
Ahmedabad Airport

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport is an international airport serving the twin cities of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar in Gujarat, India. It is named after Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Deputy Prime Minister of India. The airport is the busiest and largest airport in the state of Gujarat, and is the seventh busiest airport in India.

In fiscal year 2023-24, it handled over 11 million passengers, making it the seventh-busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic in India. The airport serves as a focus city for Air India and IndiGo. In 2015, the government started the procedure for the privatisation of the airport. The new Dholera International Airport is being developed due to expansion constraints at the current airport.

History
The airport was set up in 1937, while international operations began on 26 January 1991. It was categorised as an International airport on 23 May 2000. In March 2004, Air India commenced service to London's Heathrow Airport on a Boeing 747. The flight catered to the large Gujarati community in the United Kingdom. The carrier ended it in October 2008. The following June, Air India began a route to Frankfurt using 747s. The link lasted until November 2010.

The new Terminal 2 was inaugurated for handling international passengers in 2010. A 18 ft statue of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was also inaugurated at the airport. In August 2016, Air India reinstated direct service to London-Heathrow aboard a Boeing 787. Of the four weekly flights, three continued on to Newark. In March 2017 a 700 kWp rooftop solar plant was commissioned at the airport. Air India stopped operating the London–Newark service in November 2018.

Structure
The airport currently consists of four terminals: domestic, international, an additional terminal for secondary traffic and a cargo terminal as well. The airport has 45 parking bays and both the international and domestic terminals have four aero-bridges each. The new terminal has been modelled based on Singapore Changi Airport.

The new terminal has a half-kilometre-long moving walkway, which connects the two terminals. Airports Authority of India (AAI) will construct a new technical block which will enhance the flight handling capacity and provide better control of flights.

Runway
The airport has a single runway that is 3505 m long.

Air traffic control tower
As part of the airport modernisation process, the AAI announced that it would construct a new air traffic control (ATC) building that would include a new airport tower 65 m in height.

Terminal 1
Terminal 1 is used for domestic flights and has 32 check-in counters and has an area of 45000 m2.

In December 2018, a new Plaza Premium lounge was opened at Terminal 1 (near Gate 4 on first floor), which caters for Priority Pass and other select bank cards as well as some business class passengers based on airline flown.

Terminal 2
Terminal 2 was inaugurated on 5 July 2010 and opened for international flights on 15 September 2010. The terminal won the award for the best Steel Structure at the 2009 edition of the National Structural Steel Design and Construction Awards. The terminal has four aerobridges and 32 check-in counters. With the total floor area of approximately 41,000 sq. meters, this terminal will be able to accommodate around 1,600 passengers at any given time. In November 2018, a new Plaza Premium lounge was opened at the international departures area of Terminal 2, which caters for business class and first class passengers as well as passengers holding Priority Pass and other bank cards. The new 51975 sqm apron area can cater for the parking of nine A-321 and four ATR-72 type of aircraft.

Cargo Terminal
The airport handled 51,637 tonnes of cargo, inclusive of gold and silver in 2013–14. Sixty per cent of the cargo comes from domestic sources. In 2009, 3685 sqm of land was leased for a period of seven years out by the AAI to Gujarat Agro Industries Corporation to set up a center for perishable cargo. However, due to a government policy that prevented third-party operations at airports run by the AAI, the CPC was not in use until July 2014, when the minister of state for civil aviation announced that the government had issued a No Objection Certificate for commencement of operations. In 2014, it was announced that the airport would be getting a dedicated cargo terminal which is expected to come up at Terminal 3.

Future
Due to growing demands and rise in passenger traffic, the airport will get a third passenger terminal just beside Terminal 1, by shifting the present cargo terminal to beside Terminal 2, which will increase the airport's capacity. After that, the airport could not be further expanded due to limited space for the future. To solve this problem, a new airport at Dholera, which is being developed into a new smart city, located 107 km south-west from the present airport, is under construction, which will be the biggest airport in Gujarat with two parallel runways. Being developed in three phases, the first phase of the airport will be completed by December 2025.

Awards
The airport was awarded as the Most Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region by the Airports Council International in 2017. In 2019, it received three awards for the Best Airport for Customer Service, Best Airport for Environment and Ambience and Best Airport for Infrastructure and Facilitation from the Airport Service Quality (ASQ) Survey for 2019 conducted by Airports Council International.

Accidents and incidents

 * Indian Airlines Flight 113 operating from Mumbai to Ahmedabad crashed on its final approach to the airport on 19 October 1988, killing 130 people including all 6 crew members. The flight was cleared for a visual approach into a foggy airport, when it struck trees and a high-tension pylon at a distance of 5 km from Runway 23, before crashing into a field and bursting into flames.
 * Jet Airways Flight 2510, coming in from Indore collapsed on the runway while landing at the airport on 22 July 2010. There were 57 passengers and four crew members on board the ATR flight. Some passengers received minor injuries as the nose wheel reportedly collapsed due to a tyre burst.
 * In January 2018, a stray cow on the runway had caused chaos at airport leading to two planes aborting their landings. The cow crept past security at a cargo gate at the airport resulting in a cargo plane being diverted to Mumbai and delaying five domestic flights and several departures. It took over 90 minutes for the security personnel to clear the runway from the cow.

title: Ahmedabad Airport


text:
Air Kiribati

Air Kiribati (pronounced ) is the flag carrier of the Republic of Kiribati and operates scheduled passenger services to 20 atolls spread over an area of 3.5 e6sqkm.

It is headquartered at Bonriki International Airport on the island of Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands. Regional charter flights, medical evacuation, and search and rescue services are also undertaken by the airline.

History
Air Kiribati was first established as Air Tungaru in 1977. The airline served all 16 domestic airports in Kiribati as well as Honolulu and Papeete with a Boeing 727. In 1996 Air Tungaru ceased operations and Air Kiribati was established to mainly service domestic points in Kiribati with a slew of smaller regional airliners. In 2002 the airlines first ATR 72–500 enters service, but is retired in 2004. In 2016, Air Kiribati commenced also domestic operations in the Line Islands, servicing from Kiritimati both Washington and Fanning islands. In 2017 Air Kiribati's first De Havilland Canada Dash 8-106 is delivered and in 2019 the first of two Embraer E190-E2s delivered to Air Kiribati.

Board
Air Kiribati is governed by a board which directly reports to Tekeeua Tarati, the Minister for Information, Communication, Transport and Tourism Development (MICTTD).

Air Kiribati is 100% owned by the Government of Kiribati.

CEO
On 31 July Kobebe Taitai was appointed as acting CEO. In February 2020 Captain Philip Statham became CEO after Tarataake Teannaki moved to become Secretary for Information, Communications, Transport and Tourism Development. Air Kiribati is looking for a new CEO, after position vacant, since August 2021. The position is now only open to Kiribati nationals.

Regulatory oversight
The Civil Aviation Authority of Kiribati known as a Civil Aviation Division is one of the Governmental divisions under the Ministry of Information, Communications, Transport and Tourism Development (MICTTD) and is responsible for all Aviation activities in the country.The primary aviation legislation used are:

 * 1) Aircraft Security Act 1990
 * 2) Civil Aviation Act 2004

The actual regulations used are primarily from New Zealand, the NZCARs.

Destinations
As of 2022, Air Kiribati serves these destinations:

🇰🇮

 * Abaiang - Abaiang Airport
 * Abemama - Abemama Airport
 * Aranuka - Aranuka Airport
 * Arorae - Arorae Airport
 * Beru Island - Beru Airport
 * Butaritari - Butaritari Airport
 * Kuria - Kuria Airport
 * Maiana - Maiana Airport
 * Makin- Makin Airport
 * Marakei - Marakei Airport
 * Nikunau - Nikunau Airport
 * Nonouti - Nonouti Airport
 * Tabiteuea North - Tabiteuea North Airport
 * Tabiteuea South - Tabiteuea South Airport
 * Tamana - Tamana Airport
 * Tarawa - Bonriki International Airport - Hub
 * Kiritimati - Cassidy International Airport
 * Tabuaeran - Tabuaeran Airport
 * Teraina - Teraina Airfield

Fleet
As of January 2024, the Air Kiribati fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Embraer E190-E2
In December 2019, the first Embraer E190-E2, in Air Kiribati livery, was delivered to the airline. The E190-E2 has been certified and registered to the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) since the beginning of 2020.

The Embraer E190-E2 has a maximum range of 5,278 km. It retains cockpit commonality with its predecessor - E190. E190 pilots will only require a 2.5 days transition training with no flight simulator time needed to be able to fly the E190-E2.

Air Kiribati acting CEO Danial Rochford previously pointed out that "the type's increased range deemed it a "perfect choice" for the carrier." Acting CEO Danial Rochford says that the E190-E2 will offer “opportunities to fly from Australia and New Zealand direct to Kiribati”.

The E190-E2 is able to operate every required route in the Air Kiribati network when it receives ETOPS 120 minutes certification and also allow the airline to operate longer-haul domestic and international routes including connections that had so far been beyond the reach of its current fleet of turboprops.

The Kiribati Transport Minister stated: "non-stop operations between the capital Tarawa and Kiritmati (Christmas) island [sic] currently requires an international stop in Fiji. With a range of 2,850 nautical miles, the E190-E2 can operate throughout the country with non-stop routes."

However, the first of 2 Embraer E190-E2's wasn't taken up and never entered passenger service, eventually ended up with the operator, Pionair Australia.

Domestic Twin Otter
In December 2007, the Kiribati Government approved a request by Air Kiribati to purchase two Canadian-made Twin Otter aircraft. Each plane is reported to cost US$3.3 million, but Air Kiribati's previous CEO Baraniko Baaro reports the purchase is a wise move which will save money currently used for the frequent repairs the aging air fleet requires. In addition, the new planes boast higher fuel efficiency, have room for more passengers and cargo and require less runway length than the current fleet, which may be of benefit on the airstrips of Kiribati's outer islands.

Regional Dash 8
Air Kiribati has received its first new Dash 8 100 series aircraft, which touched down at Bonriki International Airport from Canada on 31 October 2017.

Tarataake Teannaki (a previous CEO) said "The Dash 8 is expected to fly to Tabiteuea North, pick up passengers from the Southern Gilbert Islands who will be flown to Tabiteuea North via Air Kiribati’s smaller aircraft stationed on the island to pick passengers from the Southern Gilberts and vice versa.

ATR 72

On 29 May 2002, Air Kiribati received an ATR 72-202, leased from ATRiam Capital. Air Kiribati operated the aircraft until March 2004, when it was returned to ATRiam Capital.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Air Kiribati


text:
Natchez Trace Trail

The Natchez Trace Trail is a designated National Scenic Trail in the United States, whose route generally follows sections of the 444 mi Natchez Trace Parkway through the states of Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi. The Natchez Trace Trail is not a long, continuous footpath, as is the case with other national scenic trails (such as the Appalachian Trail); rather, only a limited number of trail segments along the route, currently over 60 mi of trail, have been developed for hiking and horseback riding. Moreover, the Natchez Trace Trail, unlike many others that rely heavily on volunteers for trail construction and maintenance, is managed and maintained by the National Park Service. Sections of the trail follow along the Natchez Trace Parkway road shoulder, and cross county and state roads. It was originally intended to be longer and follow most of the Natchez Trace Parkway, but only a portion was built.

The Natchez Trace Parkway and National Scenic Trail commemorate the historic Natchez Trace, an ancient path that began as a wildlife and Native American trail, and has a rich history of use by colonizers, "Kaintuck" boatmen, post riders, and military men.

Sections
This trail comprises five sections. The table below is ordered from South, Milepost 0 (Natchez) to North, Milepost 444 (near Nashville), but can be sorted differently.

title: Natchez Trace Trail


text:
Ed2k

ed2k may refer to:
 * eDonkey network—file sharing network
 * eDonkey2000—file sharing program
 * ed2k URI scheme—links used by eDonkey2000

Ed2k

title: Ed2k


text:
Category:Stigmatics

Stigmata are bodily marks, sores, or sensations of pain in locations corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus. Stigmatics bear these wounds.

Please use this category only where the stigmata can be attributed in secondary sources.

title: Category:Stigmatics


text:
Talk:Tom Paris

Backstory
The 'backstory' section needs cleanup. The references to incidents in the shows need to be better explained, and the distinction between fan conjecture and the official story needs to be better emphasized. --Saforrest 20:43, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

Ranks
He was, at one point, demoted down to Ensign. I have edited the article to reflect this. Kevin W. 00:39, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Nick Locarno
It's not true that in the TNG episode that Locarno never repented. In the episode all 4 surviving cadets were going to be expelled until Locarno pleaded with the tribunal that he convinced them to go along with the stunt and then cover it up, and he convinced them to only expel hin. That sounds to me like someone repenting for what they did and similar to what Paris did. TJ Spyke 19:28, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

That's a very simplistic reading of the episode. Locarno had elevated loyalty above duty and truth; he "fell on his sword" to demonstrate the loyalty he'd expected from Crusher when he'd asked Crusher to back up his lies about the other cadet's death. "Showing up" Wes Crusher after Crusher decided his "first duty" lay with the truth is hardly repenting; it is clearly indicated that Locarno would have persisted in his lies if Crusher had not told the truth. The entire thrust of the episode concerned Picard's efforts to get Wesley to see that Locarno's twisted definition of honor had no association with the other higher virtues of truth, duty, or justice.

 * Don't talk nonsense. First off, Locarno did repent because he finally told the whole truth (i.e. that he was solely responsible for the accident and coverup). By your reasoning, Wesley didn't repent, because he would have persisted with his lies had Picard not blackmailed him into confessing. Secondly, even if you don't regard Locarno's behaviour as true contrition, it certainly doesn't make his character "irredeemable", as suggested in the article - one could easily imagine him becoming Tom Paris. 91.106.235.119 (talk) 00:42, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

In my view, Locarno showed no contrition. He accepted full responsibility, but did not make any statements that indicated he felt the team should have told the truth. I agree with the other commenter that he was demonstrating his value for protecting them team, not a value for revealing the truth. In my view, Wesley was conflicted. He wanted to be loyal to the team, in particular he did not want to throw Josh under the bus...and he was agonizing about the lying. I don't believe Picard was blackmailing Wesley, J-L was behaving like a father figure, in essence: either you do the right thing, or I will make you, to save you from yourself. Picard wanted the truth out, and he wanted Wesley to learn the important life lesson that men with character tell the truth even when they don't benefit from doing so. Wesley wasn't blackmailed, he heard Picard's message and made the right choice.

I always thought that the role of Tom Paris was originally supposed to be called Nick Locarno but there was a technical reason for not doing so. Reverend Edward Brain, D.D. (talk) 05:33, 11 August 2018 (UTC)

-

Transwarp?
I think something should be added about Paris reaching warp 10 and subsequent "evolution" as it seems to me to be notable both in Paris's character background and the Star Trek universe at large. In the episode, it's said he's the first to break this barrier, is this officially confirmed? -Emperial 23:03, 24 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I concur that the Warp 10 Barrier note should be added. This would ultimately affect the shuttlecraft and Transwarp pages as well.  Transwarp page already notes this event. I mean, if Zefram Cochrane is noted for breaking warp 1, Tom Perris should be credited with Warp 10. -Evin (Currently unregistered)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.227.78.1 (talk) 19:14, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

The 'Trivia' section
Seems to me the trivia section could be easily renamed to something like 'Backstory' or 'Creating The Character'.

Lots42 23:28, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Nurse
I don't know what's going on but Tom Paris was most definitively a nurse. Lots42 (talk) 03:35, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Paris was never an official nurse, and was deemed the term "medic" as I can recall. The tag doesn't really apply as it is misleading to official nurses in fiction, not ones that have performed the duties periodically that may perhaps be nurse duties. Ejfetters (talk) 06:32, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Still confused here. He couldn't be more of a nurse if he wore a sandwhich board stating 'I am a nurse, ask me how'. Heck, at one point he was considered as a replacement for the holodoc. Lots42 (talk) 11:24, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Considered for a replacement for a doctor doesn't mean a nurse. I just don't think he was a nurse.  He was a medic.  Theres a difference.  I'd be hard pressed if you said Kes was a nurse, she too was a medic I believe.  They both were far more than nurses on the ship, they performed duties over the title.  Ejfetters (talk) 07:53, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't quite understand what you're saying; all I get is that you disagree with me. No harm done. Lots42 (talk) 15:02, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Orders
In which episode did Janeway order Tom to train as a field medic? Lots42 (talk) 03:22, 3 February 2008 (UTC) *In the second episode of the first season, "Parralax."
 * Probably sometime After Kes leaves the ship in "The Gift". 69.227.78.1 (talk) 19:30, 10 October 2008 (UTC)Evin (currently unregistered)

My Edit
I made a big edit because someone has become confused. Tom Paris and Nick Locarno are two different characters. Lots42 (talk) 19:12, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

In Universe?
Star Trek materials online have long been thought of as...obessed, insane ramblings of fans that wish to BE in the show wish to be a part of the events of the show. In universe style notices on alot of articles will not do anything to displace that...I honestly don't know this character, or any other Voyager character that well, my favorite, and most watched show is The Next Generation. However, I'm asking any help that can be given to remove the in universe tag be given, so that this article, its contributors, and the people that will access it, do so in the best interest of knowledge possible.--74.131.59.151 (talk) 22:11, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Pardon? First you insult fans, say you know little about Voyager then encourage everyone to improve this article? I doubt your motives. Lots42 (talk) 02:23, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

Photo
Can we get a better photo. He is a strong character, full of life. He looks bored in the photo. Alan Davidson (talk)

Spoiler ala Google
I don't know if this is something that can be fixed by rearranging the Wikipedia entry, but the google search results for "voyager cast tom paris" blew a HUGE spoiler (his marriage to B'Elanna Torres) for my friend, with no warning (angry face).

If a change to the wiki entry *can* correct this, then once the GoogleBot re-indexes the page it will save a lot of frustration for the people trying to introduce their friends to Voyager in timeline order. If not, well then "Google + bad luck = sucks for them". 173.12.43.145 (talk) 09:26, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I am not one hundred percent sure what you are getting at, but Wikipedia never concerns itself with spoilers. Never has, never will. Lots42 (talk) 09:48, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

 * As stated by Lots42, Wikipedia does not care about spoilers, see SPOILER. Nothing should be re-arranged in the article beause of spoilers. The solution for your friend is obvious: if he wants to avoid spoilers about Tom Paris, he must not perform Google searches on Tom Paris. --Law Lord (talk) 11:51, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tom Paris


text:
Talk:Nitrosamine

Untitled
Translated from German. Someone ought to check the chemistry.

 * Article: de:Nitrosamine
 * Corresponding English-language article: Nitrosamine
 * Worth doing because: English article is nonexistent
 * Originally Requested by: [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 01:32, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Status: Mpolo 20:43, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

Natural production technique

 * Nitrosamine content tends to be lower if the food has been processed less, fewer preservatives used, and natural production techniques used.

This sentence seems to be really superfluous. Not all preservatives generate nitrosamine (does anyone know a non-nitrite/nitrate preservative which causes the production of nitrosamines?). And what are "natural production techiques"? Eating everything raw? It seems this is more or less adhering to the natural-is-healthy sentiment. We should delete that sentence or clarify its intended meaning. Icek 19:09, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I rewrote that now. Icek 19:19, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

American Snuff (dip) and Nitrosamines
This article lists the TSNA's in American snuff to be around 127 ppm, while snus hovers around the 2ppm mark. This is simply not true; most American snuff products are consistent in the 5-10ppm range, with many dropping even lower and approaching snus. This should be revised and be consistent with recent studies.

Note also that American scotch dry snuff was listed with artificially high levels of TSNA's that were subsequently lowered to 10ppm or lower in later tests.

184.52.109.31 (talk) 02:36, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

Possible citation
Under the section "Occurrences" of this article, citation is needed for these lines in the 3'rd paragraph:
 * The U.S. government established limits on the amount of nitrites used in meat products in order to decrease cancer risk in the population. There are also rules about adding ascorbic acid or related compounds to meat, in order to inhibit nitrosamine formation.

Would (the paragraph right under the table of) this article be considered a valid citation? --Wahj-asSaif (talk) 19:44, 1 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * The opening sentence states: Nitrosamines are cancer causing in non-human animals. The source (2), does not support this. Senecawoman5 (talk) 07:19, 25 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nitrosamine


text:
Talk:Nalbinding

Removed phrase that stated that nalbinding predates knitting and crochet by 2000 years. Previous paragraph states that earliest examples of nalbinding date from 2000 years ago. If it predates knitting and crochet by 2000 years, that implies that knitting and crochet were invented this year. 149.173.6.51 egb

title: Talk:Nalbinding


text:
Anglo-Leasing scandal

The Anglo Leasing scandal was a government procurement-facilitated corruption scandal in Kenya.

Origins
The scandal is alleged to have started when the Kenyan Government wanted to replace its passport printing system, in 1997, but came to light after revelation by a government officer, in 2002.

It was among the many corrupt deals that were inherited from KANU Government, which had ruled Kenya for 24 years. Even though the new NARC Government came to power with a promise to fight corruption, which some effort was put but completely watered-down by the magnitude of the Anglo-Leasing Scandal. Some corrupt civil servants and cabinet ministers happily inherited graft projects and nurtured them. Former Internal Security Minister Christopher Ndarathi Murungaru and former vice-president Moody Awori were said to have been the biggest beneficiaries of this particular scandal.

A sophisticated passport equipment system was sourced from France and forensic science laboratories for the police were sourced from Britain. The transaction was originally quoted at 6 million euros by a French firm, but was awarded to a British firm, Anglo Leasing Finance, at 30 million euros, who would have sub-contracted the same French firm to do the work. The tender was not publicly advertised, and its details were leaked to the media by a junior civil servant. The Anglo-Leasing sales agent was Sudha Ruparell, a 48-year-old woman who is the daughter of Chamanlal Kamani and sister of Rashmikant Chamanlal Kamani and Deepak Kamani. The Kamani family has been involved in various security supplies scandals in the past. In January 2006, the Anglo-Leasing Scandal was given fresh impetus through the publication of John Githongo's report. The new revelations indicate that Anglo Leasing Finance was just one of a plethora of phantom entities, including some UK companies, used to perpetrate fraud on the Kenyan taxpayer through non-delivery of goods and services and massive overpricing. Infotalent Systems was a firm owned by the Kamanis and implicated in John Githongo's report, with a 5.2 million euro back pay for receiving a security contract worth 59.7 million euros.

Impact
The then-British envoy to Kenya, Sir Edward Clay, publicly raised the issue of Anglo-Leasing at a dinner in Nairobi. He subsequently came under pressure from Kenyan politicians to make public his evidence, and was reported to have provided the President, Mwai Kibaki, with a dossier containing details of corruption in the government. However, no one was punished and the case slipped from the public eye.

Kenya's minister in charge of the project, Chris Murungaru, was later banned by the UK government from travelling to Britain, on the grounds that it would not be in the public good. It was widely reported that the ban was due to corruption by Mr Murungaru involving, among others, the Anglo-Leasing scam.

On 22 January 2006, John Githongo named Vice-president Moody Awori as one of four top politicians (with Kiraitu Murungi, former justice minister and later energy minister; finance minister David Mwiraria and former transport minister Chris Murungaru) as being involved. He also mentioned that Jimmy Wanjigi had sworn to kill him. Public sympathy for Githongo reached its peak when he released audio recordings of an incriminating conversation with Mwiraria on the internet. He also claimed that President Kibaki was complicit in the affair. Githongo claimed that the money raised would have funded the then government's forthcoming 2005 Constitutional Referendum and 2007 Election campaign. These allegations were denied by Awori and Murungaru and an investigation was promised.

In February, in an interview with the BBC, Githongo told of his meeting with Kiraitu, during which the then Justice minister tried to blackmail him over a loan his (Githongo's) father is said to owe businessman Anura Pereira. "The minister of Justice was telling me that if I eased off my inquiries, then my father's loan matter would be made to go away," Githongo said. He had an audiotape, which was played on the BBC.

Githongo's exile
In an interview with Fergal Keane for the BBC's Newsnight programme on 8 February 2006, Githongo revealed what he claims is taped evidence proving that Kiraitu Murungi attempted to impede his inquiries. Murungi suggested that a KSh.30 million/= loan to his father by a lawyer A.H. Malik had been bought by Anura Pereira, and might be forgiven in exchange for 'going slow' on the Anglo Leasing investigation. He reveals that at the end of his investigations, he came to the conclusion that the Anglo Leasing scandal went all the way to the top, and as a consequence his life was in danger. Anglo Leasing, and many other similar deals, were, in part, back-door financing to pay for NARC's election bid in 2007.

Dismissals and resignations

 * On 23 November 2005, President Mwai Kibaki dissolved his cabinet following a humiliating defeat on a referendum on the proposed constitution of Kenya. In the resulting re-shuffle, Murungaru was not re-appointed.
 * On 1 February David Mwiraria became the first of those implicated in the report to resign, doing so live on television. He maintained his innocence and claimed that he was resigning to clear his name.
 * A day later, Awori refused to resign, saying he saw no reason to. A day later a group of 80 MPs called for the sacking of Awori, threatening street protests if their requests were not met.
 * On 13 February, President Kibaki announced that Kiraitu Murungi had resigned to allow full investigation into the allegations. Murungi's resignation was announced in a television address by President Kibaki, though he too denies any wrongdoing.

Travel bans have been imposed on key players, and Kenyan authorities would have started freezing the assets of individuals suspected of being involved in corruption in a bid to recover looted state funds

Response from Kenyans
The response of Kenyans has been critical of the Government, both from those who initially voted for it and those who did not. The president has been accused of adding to the problems he promised to solve and making Kenya an embarrassment in the eyes of the world. Most responses have also praised the role played by Githongo in bringing the scandal to light though a minority opinion has criticised him for holding a 'neo-colonial' attitude, and not remaining in Kenya. The general feeling in the country about this, and other, mega-corruption scandals is that the selfishness of the ruling elite holds Kenya back from developing into a middle income country.

On 17 February 2006, anti-corruption protestors marched through Nairobi despite their demonstration being officially banned. The participants carried banners calling for a conclusion to the Anglo-Leasing scandal and chanted for the resignation of Vice-president Awori.

British enquiry
United Kingdom's Serious Fraud Office began its probe in July 2007, and was investigating offshore accounts in the British tax havens of Jersey and Guernsey, which were used to transfer more than $30m to a company called Apex Finance between April 2002 and February 2004. The SFO said it decided to halt its probe after the Kenyan government failed to produce evidence that would enable the prosecution of suspects.

Finance
Anglo Leasing Finance is an entity associated with Deepak Kamani. The Controller & Auditor General of Kenya has published a report on single sourced security contracts where widespread fraud through non-delivery and overpricing are suspected. The entities used to carry out this fraud are linked:

title: Anglo-Leasing scandal


text:
Timbuk 3

Timbuk 3, stylized TIMBUK3, was an American rock band that released six albums between 1986 and 1995. They are best known for their Top 20 single "The Future's So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades".

Career
Timbuk 3 was formed in 1984 in Madison, Wisconsin, by the husband-and-wife team of Pat MacDonald (acoustic, electric, bass and MIDI guitars, harmonica, vocals, drum programming) and Barbara Kooyman (electric guitar, acoustic guitar, mandolin, violin, rhythm programming, vocals). In 1991 Wally Ingram (drums) and Courtney Audain (bass) joined the duo.

Timbuk 3 briefly appeared in the 1988 movie D.O.A. (starring Dennis Quaid and Meg Ryan, directed by Rocky Morton and Annabel Jankel) as a house band. They performed the songs "Too Much Sex, Not Enough Affection" and "Life Is Hard".

Other albums

 * Some of the Best of Timbuk 3: Field Guide (1992) (greatest hits compilation)
 * Espace Ornano (1993) (live album)
 * Austin City Limits Live From Timbuk3 (2019) (live album)

title: Timbuk 3


text:
Talk:Deck (ship)

Formulae
The formulas here are lacking context (are they used to design carriers and supertankers? what about galleons? 1/2 :-) ), and where do they come from (in other words, give a reference)? Also let's be careful not to distort the text so that it only applies to present-day vessels, as for instance the emphasis on "main deck", which is a mostly a modern concept. We can put more specialized material into additional articles, for instance main deck, so that this one focuses just on what all types of decks have in common. Stan 20:52, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The formulae are relevant to any vessel, dinghy through supertanker, although of necessity a smaller boat will use heavier scantlings. They do not predict strength, but instead show the relationship between the deck and the rest of the hull. References cited (probably wrong format, will look that up.)
 * Agree on being careful about use of terms, although "main deck", "spar deck", and "upper deck" are all traditional and often used interchangeably.
 * This article could use a refactoring. I am currently writing a similar article for SailWiki. Would it be appropriate to merge/refactor the two? - Amgine 16:50, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Did Phineas Pett use those formulas? :-) I personally have all my time taken up just by WP; my goal with these kinds of articles is for a random person to come in at the top with the usual mishmash of facts and misconceptions that people accumulate (for instance by seeing cryptic references in Dudley Pope books), and come out at the bottom with everything cleared up. A modest goal, although dealing with all the misconceptions can be a surprising amount of work! One way to refactor this into a first part that is "what is it you're seeing when you're standing on a deck or looking at an on old picture of one", and a second part that is "how are they designed and built". This is part of the so-called newspaper style, where the top of the article has the critical bits everyone needs to know, and the most in-depth stuff is at the end. Stan 17:21, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * <grin> No, but if a scholar would compare his decks to topsides it would likely fit the formula. These are descriptive, not prescriptive, although many naval engineers calculate the waterline scantlings only and use formula for topsides & deck.
 * Thanks for the suggestions on the refactor. I will begin working on it. - Amgine 17:45, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Fibreglass
Quick question about the fibreglass...

Fibreglass decks are quite slick with their mirror-smooth surfaces, so a non-skid texture is often moulded into their surface, or non-stick pads glued down in working areas.

Surely if you've put a non-stick pad on a smooth surface, that's just giving the same problem of slipperiness? I was going to edit it, but realised this might be a Clever Technical Term I'd forgotten (been a while since I had to deal with either fibreglass or boats). Shimgray 02:03, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Mmm... Stupidicide... should have been non-skid. Thanks!

Division
I'm considering dividing this article up into individual ones and fleshing them out. Any comments? Anyone game? grendelsmother 20:15, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the "Common names for decks" section could be split off into something like List of decks (ship) or something similar. Wayne Miller 19:55, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Why is it that any article on nautical terms is replete with terms from sailing ships, but has a complete absence of terms for fishing boats. Differing designs of trawlers for instance have differing deck layouts, and they presumably have differing names. however you decide to restructure these pages, ensure that fishing boat terms can easily be accommodated in the new structure (ideally, someone knowledgable can add the deck names). Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.67.149.60 (talk) 17:22, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

 * This is an encyclopedia that anyone can edit. If you have a bunch of fishing boat terminology, feel free to add it.  The reason this list is the way it is is that there is a rich history of books written about contemporary naval battles that invariably have a fat appendix explaining the terminology for the layman.  Also the military love to write things down.  But fishermen...not so much so.  Hence it might be tough to find documentary evidence for fishing vessel nomenclature - which may explain why we're so light on that stuff.  SteveBaker (talk) 14:26, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

1911
1911 Britannica info about the quarterdeck, include as needed:

''QUARTERDECK, the after part of the upper deck of a ship. In former times the upper deck of a line-of-battle ship or frigate ended at the mainmast, and was connected with the forecastle by two narrow passages, or gangways running along the sides. The quarterdeck is the residence and symbol of authority in a warship. The starboard, or right side looking forward, is reserved to the senior officer. A sailor who had a complaint to make was said to come to the mainmast, because he placed himself at the forward end of the quarterdeck near the mast. According to the ancient custom of the sea, the quarterdeck is to be saluted by all who come upon it, and the salute is returned by all officers present.''

zafiroblue05 | Talk 18:01, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Merger with 01 level
The 01_level page was orphaned for good reasons and I don't see why the 01 level is such a special deck that it warrants it's own article. If no one protests, I'll merge this. Averell (talk) 12:43, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

I agree with the merge. If none of the other deck types have their own article (and they shouldn't yet), this one shouldn't either. Colonel Marksman (talk) 07:59, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Deck holding oars
What would one call the deck housing the oars and oarsmen? Is there even a name for such a deck? I've googled and googled, but I can't find any title, much less a reference. Colonel Marksman (talk) 11:20, 27 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I find it difficult to visualize such a vessel. Are you thinking of rowed galleys and similar craft? Everybody got to be somewhere! (talk) 16:32, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

Forecastle/foredeck
Shouldn't this article include a short definition for a forecastle or foredeck, or both (since they're essentially the same thing), and a link to the forecastle article? While technically a forecastle isn't a deck per se, it does function as one, and a foredeck is already a proper deck. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.113.17.50 (talk) 13:12, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

Shelter deck
Too technical, too arcane, or simply too recondite? Surely though the crucial concept of the "shelter deck" so important to ship measurements and key to ship design for many years should be defined here. Everybody got to be somewhere! (talk) 16:30, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

TAFI
In connection with the article being WP:Today's articles for improvement, I have two questions:

1) The first sentence of the article now reads:

 * A deck is a permanent covering over a compartment or a hull of a ship.

The second sentence of the article reads:

 * On a boat or ship, the primary or upper deck is the horizontal structure which forms the 'roof' for the hull, which both strengthens the hull and serves as the primary working surface.

The third sentences starts:

 * Vessels...

There is no hint of why "boat" is not included in the first sentence. I think there should be a bit more consistency here. Any thoughts?

2) In the section Deck (ship), in the definition for Bridge deck, there is a term, "pooping wave", that contains a link, but when I click on the link, it doesn't go anywhere. In edit mode, I see that it is to lead to a glossary, but it doesn't.

3) In the section Deck (ship), is the definition for Promenade deck. In the definition, the phrase "Promenade Deck" is capitalized. Do you think it needs to be capitalized? Wouldn't lower case be all right? – promenade deck. – Corinne (talk) 02:40, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

 * As the article Promenade deck does not capitalise the term, and this article doesn't for the other decks, I agree it should be lower case, and have now done so. Regarding pooping wave, I would suggest we explain the term somewhere, unless someone else can find a relevant article. A search of the history shows there used to be a glossary section with a Glossary section- https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deck_(ship)&diff=prev&oldid=282612868, though I am not at the moment sure how best to insert the description. --CSJJ104 (talk) 13:39, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deck (ship)


text: User talk:12.177.10.95

title: User talk:12.177.10.95


text:
Democratic Youth Federation of India

Democratic Youth Federation of India (DYFI) is a youth organisation in India. It was founded in its inaugural conference held from 1–3 November 1980 at Shaheed Kartar Singh Saraba village in Ludhiana, Punjab. DYFI was formed as an independent youth organization with ties to leftist ideologies. Over time, it has become the youth wing of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPIM).

DYFI identifies itself to be an independent organisation. Former West Bengal chief minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee who was a former secretary of Bengal fraction, and a founder Central Committee member of DYFI, Manik Sarkar – the former chief minister of Tripura – was a vice president of the organisation, and M. Vijayakumar who was the speaker of Kerala legislative assembly was once former all-India president of DYFI. In 2021, M.B. Rajesh, a former all-India president of DYFI was elected as the Speaker of Kerala legislative assembly.

As of 2012, DYFI had a membership of 2.2 million which rose from 1.4 million in 2011. The annual membership fee of DYFI is a meager Rs. 2 and is open to all youth between the age 15 and 40 irrespective of their political ideology.

Affiliations
DYFI is a member of World Federation of Democratic Youth.

The DYFI affiliate in Jammu and Kashmir is called Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Youth Federation. In Tripura there is a separate body, affiliated to DYFI, called Tribal Youth Federation.

History
The organisation was formed on 3 November 1980 from its inaugural conference held at Saheed Kartar Singh Saraba Village, Ludhiana, Punjab from 31 October to 3 November.

On 25 November 1994, five members of DYFI were killed after being shot by state police force during a protest against the commercialisation of higher education at Kuthuparamba in Kannur district, Kerala, while one was paralysed.

Publications
At the national level, DYFI publishes the magazine Naujawan Drishti (Youth Vision). On the state level there are various publications, such as Jubashakti (Youth Power) in West Bengal, Yuvadhara (Youth Stream) in Kerala, Izhaingar Muzhakkam in Tamil Nadu, and Yuvasangharsh (Youth Struggle) in Maharashtra.

title: Democratic Youth Federation of India


text:
Template:Bcdb2

at The Big Cartoon DataBase

title: Template:Bcdb2


text:
User talk:Rparle/archive 2004 october

Welcome Messages
Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like it here and stick around. You can drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. You can use the Show preview button before you save, to make sure your edits do what you intended.

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If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 03:57, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi. Thanks for your note.  I haven't looked over the physics articles here, but I seriously doubt that it's as "covered" as you said.  Chances are there are articles for all the most important topics.  I'm betting that most could still be improved, either by adding more information or by improving the explanations.  Some Wikipedia articles on technical subjects tend to be incomprehensible to people outside those fields.  Don't assume that any article is ever "done" - they can always be improved.
 * That said, there's no particular reason why you have to write on physics. I'm not sure I've contributed to a single physics article myself, and I was a physics student for most of the last four years.  There are plenty of subjects here that don't require any academic specialty - there's even a project to create articles on hats and headgear.  Wikipedians are encouraged to write on whatever they want, not necessarilly on what they're most knowledgeable about.  After all, this is volunteer work, so you should enjoy what you do. Isomorphic 04:33, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Stacks of books in every room in your house? Sounds rather familiar.

Regarding talk etiquette, there's no strict standard for where to answer, but you picked up on the first pro/con - someone is guaranteed to see an answer on their own talk page, but not necessarilly on yours. Some people use their watchlist to watch pages where they've left a message, in case the answer is posted to that page. You chose correctly in this case - I do a lot of greeting, so I don't usually watch the talk pages of those I greet. I would probably not have seen your reply if you'd posted it here.

The advantage to using only one person's talk page is that it makes discussion easier to follow, especially for an interested third party. So, some people will reply to both their talk page and yours. Others reply only to your talk page but copy the comment they're replying to and post it above to provide context.

If you want to read more about the standards for talk pages, it's written up at Talk page

OK, I'm through with my lecture :-) Have fun, Isomorphic 06:03, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Eric Braeden
I saw your edits to Eric Braeden, and I found them to be rather trivial. You cited (style) but I really didn't see much of a style error to be marked as a faux-pas. TheCustomOfLife 18:37, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I responded with gratitude on my talk page. TheCustomOfLife 16:55, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Another response. TheCustomOfLife 00:00, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Hi!
How are you? It's been a month since we've conversed last. Feel free to drop me a note whenever! :-) Mike H 00:07, Jul 23, 2004 (UTC)

Andre Norton
I'm watching the Andre Norton page and saw your questions. I have answered the ones I could. I couldn't find the name of her school paper, for instance. Her web site mentions that her health forced her to move but gives few details. All the authors I put in have interviews that mentioned her. (ie Charles de Lint I grew up on Andre Norton, Clifford Simak, Philip Jose Farmer, Roger Zelazny, and the like).

I recommend the original Witch World books with Simon Tregarth first. The Witch World and Web of the Witch World. From there Three against the Witch World and Warlock of the Witch World. She has written an awful lot of books, many of which I haven't read :) I also answered on the Talk:Andre Norton page.  The Steve

Gaijin
Sorry, I'm relatively new so what do you mean by "the extent that it has been listed on Wikipedia:cleanup." Anyway, I apologise. I did leave link to "Ethinic Issues in Japan" though. Initial edit was to make it clear that Gaijin being projetive is POV which is not universailly accepted. I tried to make neutural attribution for both view. Obviously, some may not agree. Afterward, I did add issues relatent to the word "gaijin". Feel free to correct my Engrish. I'm not good at that departoment. FWBOarticle 03:21, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I've restored number of wiki links. To be honest, I don't know what is the rules regarding links. Some links I've seen in other article looks quite irrelevant. Anyway, thanks. If you know any Japanese related issues with neutrality dispute, let me know. Probably I can contribute in some way. FWBOarticle 22:03, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

User:Brettz9/videoscript comments
Wow, thanks for catching my misunderstanding of public domain. So, does that mean then that one cannot mirror Wikipedia without permission of all the users or simply that the correct term should be open content (or something like that) instead of "public domain" Thanks. [[User:Brettz9|Brettz9 (talk)]] 18:19, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Great...Thanks much for your clarification on my talk page. Best wishes, [[User:Brettz9|Brettz9 (talk)]]

Sarah Chalke
Hi! I hope you don't mind, but I rewrote her "Personal life" section with a quote I think is relevant. Hopefully this is more encyclopedic—what do you think? T-bomb 18:27, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Cool. Sarah Chalke is awesome. What else can we add? T-bomb 05:56, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Comment from user page
User: FLIP DUDE FROM NJZ: I felt like it. Sorry for the problems... (left by 68.32.157.188)

re: Bradley Amendment
Good evening, Rory. On 26 Aug, you voted to delete the article about the Bradley Amendment because it was a POV rant. Even though the discussion period has run out, no one's acted on that thread yet. I've completely rewritten the article. I'd appreciate it if you'd take a read through and see if it's now worthy of a keep. Rossami 01:16, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Abbey Theatre
Thanks for all your help. I've tried to address all the issues you raised. I'm adding a section to bring the story up to the present and you might get to have a look at some stage? Hope you caught the train, and thanks again. Filiocht 13:15, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the kind words. Believe it or not I want to add some more stuff. I'd also love to get a photo of the building, but they won't release anything from their website. Wonder if this search result from one of my favourite sites on the web would help with the Zoo article. Filiocht 07:38, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hi again. I've done what I can and would appreciate a quick look if you have time. I'm holding off replacing the stub until the outcome of the listing on WP:COTW; only 3 votes so far, so it will be pruned on Friday, I'd guess. Filiocht 08:51, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

You're right. I've overwritten the stub. Thanks again for the extremely useful edits and suggestions. Filiocht 11:58, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hi. This is now on WP:FAC. Filiocht 09:02, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Theatre Royal, Dublin
Thanks for the improvements. I have tried to address the questions you left on the talk page. Let me know what you think. Filiocht 09:38, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks again. Any suggestions for an Irish COTW for next week? Filiocht 12:28, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Purge button
Thanks for your help with this from the village pump. After purging and then pressing the refresh button on my IE browser the correct picture came up. I then went to look at your script. Unfortunately as a newbie I do not know how it is meant to be implemented (added to each page I create, loaded at startup?). Can you point me in the direction of some reading on this? --CloudSurfer 03:17, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Many thanks for your help. Unfortunately IE or perhaps Zone Alarm is blocking the java running so it's not working.  I will have to use the manual method I guess. --CloudSurfer 11:07, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks again. I have moved the comment end to the bottom of the code so it's still there. I will try to find out how to alter my settings so that it works and then "de-comment" it.  All the best. --CloudSurfer 11:19, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * mmmmmmmmm. Well, it worked but only on that page and from what I can see, only the first time I load it. If I close the window and open it anew then the purge cache tab is there. I am no Java programmer but I am guessing that is the difference between an instruction that runs each load and one that runs when the event "load" is detected. Please do not put yourself out on this one but if you want to debug on IE I am happy to help.--CloudSurfer 11:43, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, now all seems to be OK. It didn't seem to be working before but maybe I wasn't waiting long enough for it to appear. It is not on this edit page (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Rparle&action=edit&section=12) but it is on all the other en.wikipedia.org/wiki pages. Sorry for the hassle but I think you have got it sorted now for IE 6.0 --CloudSurfer 11:56, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rparle/archive 2004 october


text:
Tribal Youth Federation

Tribal Youth Federation (in Bengali Upajati Juba Federation) is an organization affiliated to Democratic Youth Federation of India in Tripura. TYF organizes youth from the tribal populations of the state. TYF has a separate central committee and publishes Bini Kharad (Our Voice). The supreme body of TYF is the Central Conference.

TYF works in close coordination with Ganamukti Parishad and is often considered as the youth wing of GMP.

TYF was founded in 1967 to counter the influence of Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti.

Activities

 * 14 September 2014: TYF rejected IPFT's Demand separate state in a press conference.
 * 13 August 2019: TYF organised a convention with 10 point demand in agartala Town Hall.
 * 17 September 2019: Tribal Youth Federation demanding jobs for youth unemployment and address a massive rally in Tripura.
 * 17 January 2020: Tribal Youth Federation (TYF) demand immediate release of former minister Badal Chowdhury.

title: Tribal Youth Federation


text:
German submarine Wilhelm Bauer

German submarine Wilhelm Bauer (originally designated U-2540) is a Type XXI U-boat of Nazi Germany's navy (Kriegsmarine), completed shortly before the end of World War II. It was scuttled at the end of the war, having never gone on patrol. In 1957, it was raised from the seabed off Flensburg Firth, refurbished, and recommissioned for use by the West-German Bundesmarine in 1960. Finally retired fully in 1983, it is the only floating example of a Type XXI U-boat. It has been modified to appear in wartime configuration and exhibited at the German Maritime Museum in Bremerhaven, Germany.

Design
Like all Type XXI U-boats, U-2540 had a displacement of 1621 t when at the surface and 2100 t while submerged. She had a total length of 76.70 m, a beam of 8 m, and a draught of 6.32 m. The submarine was powered by two MAN SE supercharged six-cylinder M6V40/46KBB diesel engines each providing 4000 PS, two Siemens-Schuckert GU365/30 double-acting electric motors each providing 5000 PS, and two Siemens-Schuckert silent running GV232/28 electric motors each providing 226 PS.

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 15.6 kn and a submerged speed of 17.2 kn. When running on silent motors the boat could operate at a speed of 6.1 kn. When submerged, the boat could operate at 5 kn for 340 nmi; when surfaced, she could travel 15500 nmi at 10 kn. U-2540 was fitted with six 53.3 cm torpedo tubes in the bow and four 2 cm C/30 anti-aircraft guns. She could carry twenty-three torpedoes or seventeen torpedoes and twelve mines. The complement was five officers and fifty-two men.

Construction and wartime service
Construction of U-2540 began on 28 October 1944 by Blohm & Voss in Hamburg-Finkenwerder. She was launched on 13 January 1945 and commissioned on 24 February 1945 as part of the 31st U-boat Flotilla for training purposes. In April 1945 the boat went to the front after training at Rønne on Bornholm. Due to the ongoing fuel shortages at the end of the war, the boat was relocated to Swinemünde before being scuttled near the Flensburg lightship on 4 May 1945.

Salvage, refit and new service
In June 1957, after more than 12 years on the floor of the Baltic Sea, U-2540 was raised and overhauled at Howaldtswerke, Kiel. The submarine was commissioned as a research vessel in the Bundesmarine, serving from 1 September 1960 until 28 August 1968 as a test boat (class 241). On relaunch she was renamed Wilhelm Bauer, after the designer of the first German U-boat, Brandtaucher, built in Kiel by August Howaldt in 1850. From May 1970 she again entered service, this time with a civilian crew and served as a testbed for the technical innovations of the Type 206 U-boat. After an underwater collision with the GERMAN DESTROYER Z-3 on 6 May 1980 Wilhelm Bauer was discharged from use at Eckernförde on 18 November 1980 and finally released from service in 1983.

Conversion to museum ship
U-2540 was put on sale by the Ministry of Defence and acquired by the board of trustees of the German Maritime Museum Association and the German Maritime Museum in Bremerhaven. The boat was restored to its original World War II configuration after its transfer in August 1983 to the Seebeck yard, opening on 27 April 1984 as a museum ship in Bremerhaven, now sponsored by the Wilhelm Bauer Technology Museum association. It has imitation twin 20mm cannon and the bridge is not glazed as it was during service with the Bundesmarine.

In popular culture
Whilhem Bauer was featured in an episode of the documentary series Nazi Megastructures in 2016, with an episode titled "Hitler's Killer Subs", which included the history of the design and construction of the Type XXI submarine.

Other surviving U-boats

 * SM U-1
 * GS U-505
 * GS U-534
 * GS U-995

title: German submarine Wilhelm Bauer


text:
Coma (novel)

Coma is Robin Cook's first commercially successful novel, published by Signet Book in 1977. Coma was preceded in 1973 by Cook's lesser-known novel Year of the Intern.

Plot
Susan Wheeler is a third-year medical student at Boston Memorial Hospital. She and four other students take rounds in surgery rooms and ICUs, recording post-treatment notations on the patients' health. Dr. Mark Bellows, a surgery resident in the hospital, is the instructor and this group's supervisor.

The book is a journey into the inner workings of a hospital. As these students complete their three-month surgical rotation, the dilemmas and problems faced by a woman in a male-dominated profession are also highlighted. Susan notices that two patients, Nancy Greenly and Sean Berman, mysteriously went into comas immediately after their surgeries. These were attributed to anesthesia complications. Nancy Greenly became comatose due to her brain receiving insufficient oxygen during surgery. Similarly, Sean Berman, a healthy young man in his 30s, underwent a knee operation. Despite the operation's success, Sean failed to regain consciousness. Medically, the odds for such occurrences are one in 100,000; however, such odds seemed resolutely higher at the Boston Memorial Hospital.

Baffled by these two patients, Susan investigates their cases and other recent coma victims. She discovers that the oxygen line to Operating Room 8 has been tampered with to induce carbon monoxide poisoning in patients during surgery, ultimately causing brain death. At the same time, Susan develops a brief, but intimate, relationship with Bellows and discusses her findings with him. After unraveling further details, and evading pursuit by a man hired to kill her, Susan is led to the Jefferson Institute.

The institute is hailed as an intensive care facility designed to reduce high medical costs. Patients declared brain dead or "vegetables" are referred to the institute. Here, Susan finds that patients are suspended from the ceiling by wires in rooms walled by glass, and moved from room to room with little human involvement. The "samples" are kept alive and healthy until a call for an organ comes in. The organ of choice is removed surgically (without family consent) and then sold on the black market.

Howard Stark, chief of the Department of Surgery at Boston Memorial, is revealed as the main antagonist. Stark confronts Susan over her findings, then drugs her, intending to put her in an irreversible coma under the pretext of an appendectomy. However, Bellows disables the "oxygen" line during the operation, thereby preventing a full dose of carbon monoxide poisoning. Stark is arrested, but Susan's fate is left in doubt.

Background
After Cook's first book failed to sell well, he studied the common ingredients of bestsellers and felt that for an unknown writer, mystery thrillers had the best chance of success. He was particularly influenced by Jaws, Seven Days in May and the novels of Eric Ambler. His original publisher rejected the idea but Little Brown agreed to give Cook a $10,000 advance.

Critical response
Comas literary awards and acclaims include a long tenure on the New York Times Best Seller list, reaching its high position of #6 in the fiction category. The novel was included in the Fiction category of "The New York Times Outstanding Book of the Year" listing (the forerunner to The New York Times ' current "100 Notable Books of [Year]" listing) from which the "Best Book of the Year" is selected. The New York Times Book Review also called Coma 1977's "number one thriller of the year."

Adaptations
The story was made into the highly successful 1978 film Coma, directed by Michael Crichton.

The story was adapted again into a two-part television miniseries that aired in September 2012 on the A&E television network.

Editions

 * ISBN 0-451-21142-1 (2003)
 * ISBN 0-451-20739-4 (2002)
 * ISBN 0-606-01135-8 (1977)
 * ISBN 0-330-25410-3 (paperback) (1978)

title: Coma (novel)


text: User talk:67.167.81.167

title: User talk:67.167.81.167


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Proposed new format v02

PageName

 * Delete because [reason goes here with a strong bias towards a reference to a specific policy violation]
 * Reason 2

{| width="99%" border=1
 * valign=top |

Delete

 * 1) nominator signs here
 * 2) second
 * 3) third
 * valign=top |

Keep

 * 1) first keep vote
 * valign=top |

Other (specify)

 * 1) first other vote
 * colspan="3"|
 * colspan="3"|

Comments

 * Add comments here
 * }


text: User talk:216.228.47.254

title: User talk:216.228.47.254


text: User talk:152.163.100.132

title: User talk:152.163.100.132


text:
MLS Best XI

The MLS Best XI is an annual acknowledgment of the best eleven players in Major League Soccer. The selection is determined by a collection of media, players, and MLS club technical staffs.

Appearances by player

The following players have appeared in the MLS Best XI two or more times.

Updated as of the conclusion of the 2023 MLS season.

Appearances by team
Updated as of the conclusion of the 2023 MLS season.

Appearances by nationality
Updated as of the conclusion of the 2023 MLS season.

title: MLS Best XI


text:
Cheat River

The Cheat River is a 78.3 mi tributary of the Monongahela River in eastern West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania in the United States. Via the Ohio River, the Cheat and Monongahela are part of the Mississippi River watershed. Owing to the ruggedness of the surrounding Allegheny Mountains, the Cheat remains largely remote with few settlements or developments along its banks. Its headwaters are in the Cheat-Potomac Ranger District of the Monongahela National Forest.

Geography
The Cheat is formed at Parsons, West Virginia, by the confluence of Shavers Fork and Black Fork. Black Fork is fed by the Blackwater River and by the Dry, Glady, and Laurel Forks — these are traditionally referred to as the five Forks of Cheat. (The "High Falls of Cheat" [15 feet/4.6 m high] is a few miles upstream of Bemis on Shavers Fork.) From Parsons the Cheat River flows generally northward through Tucker and Preston counties, past the towns of Rowlesburg and Albright. It then flows through an impressive gorge — Cheat Canyon — northeastwardly from Albright, collecting Big Sandy Creek before entering Monongalia County, where a hydro-electric dam just south of the Pennsylvania border causes it to widen as the Cheat Lake reservoir. It then flows for a short distance through southwestern Fayette County, Pennsylvania, before joining the Monongahela River at Point Marion, Pennsylvania. Upstream of its dam, the Cheat is one of the largest undammed watersheds in the eastern United States.

Cheat Mountain, a high and rugged ridge, runs about 50 mi southward from its northernmost tip, just a few miles west of the confluence at Parsons.

Name
The Delaware (Lenape) Indian name for Cheat was reportedly Ach-sin-ha-nac, meaning "stony river". "Cheat River" is variously reported to have been named for (1) a French explorer (or an Indian) named Cheat or Chaet, (2) an abundance of cheat grass along its banks (possibly a misidentification of frost-killed wheat), or (3) deceptively deep sections containing whirlpools that presumably "cheated" men of their lives by drowning them. None of these theories have strong documentary support, but the latter is the most often cited.

Historical names
According to the Geographic Names Information System, the Cheat River has formerly been known as:
 * Ach-sin-ha-nac
 * Achsinhanac
 * Cheal River
 * Chealt River
 * Eleat River
 * Wilmoths River

18th century
In 1756, the Eckarly family became the first white settlers to move into the Cheat River Valley when they lodged at Dunkard's Bottom in what is now Preston County, West Virginia. They, and a few in the surrounding region, were soon forced to abandon their homesteads by hostile Indians and no further attempts at settlement were made until after the conclusion of the French and Indian War (1754-1763). In October 1767, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon completed their famous survey of the Maryland–Pennsylvania border shortly after extending it to a crossing of the Cheat River just above its confluence with the Monongahela. (The party was forced to stop a few miles west at Dunkard Creek near present-day Mount Morris, Pennsylvania. Their Iroquois guides had refused to go any further, having reached the border of their lands with the Lenape, with whom they were engaged in hostilities. ) According to George W. Atkinson (1876), "From 1765 to 1774 there were comparatively few attacks made upon the white colonists by the Indians. The Treaty of Paris [1763] resulted in general peace along the frontiers, had been pretty generally adhered to by all the savage tribes. The peace, however, which had for nine years blessed and fostered the frontier settlements, was suddenly broken by the murder of several friendly Indians, in 1774, on the Monongahela and Cheat rivers. This unfortunate aggression on the part of these white men gave rise to a general raid by the Indians upon all the settlements of the frontier."

The Cheat River Valley was part of a much larger area disputed in the 1770s by the Colonies of Pennsylvania and Virginia. (This was before the parties agreed to extend the Mason–Dixon line westward from Maryland.) Virginia attempted to administer this vast region as the District of West Augusta between 1774 and 1776, after which it subdivided the District into three counties, the Cheat River becoming part of Monongalia County. Meanwhile, Pennsylvania tried to oversee it as part of the overlapping Westmoreland County. After additional surveys, and the resolution of the Virginia-Pennsylvania border dispute in the 1780s, it became established that all but the lowermost 3 miles of the Cheat were within the state of Virginia. The Cheat River country remained part of Monongalia County until 1791 when that county was divided into a smaller Monongalia County and Randolph County.

19th century
The Virginia General Assembly authorized the first two ferries on the Cheat in 1806. On January 2, a ferry in Monongalia County was approved on Charles Stuart property to James Stafford property. On January 18, the Assembly authorized the second ferry in Monongalia County from the forge location of Samuel Jackson to Charles Magill property. Another act in 1806 authorized to conduct a lottery to fund the construction of a toll bridge across Cheat River near Dunkard's Bottom. Concerned included Michael Kern, John Steally, Augustus Werninger, Ralph Barkshire, and William N. Jarrett. The Assembly also authorized in 1806 the construction of mill dams across the Monongahela River, Cheat River, Tygart Valley River, or the West Fork of the Monongahela River.

Along with the rest of western Virginia, the Cheat River Valley became part of the new state of West Virginia in 1863.

20th century
A state militia facility, Camp Dawson, was established on the banks of the Cheat in Preston County in 1909 and continues in operation today.

1985 flood In November 1985, heavy rains caused a massive flood on the Cheat, essentially wiping out the small town of Albright. The river flow was estimated at 190,000 cubic feet per second, much larger than normal flows ranging from 1,000 to 5,000 cubic feet per second. The massive flood also caused the Cheat River to leave its banks and flood the small town of Rowlesburg. The town lost many businesses, and many families left their homes or the land that they owned. The flood also wiped out the school in Rowlesburg, which caused the consolidation of a high school for the county. The devastation was caused not so much by the steady-state flow of water, but rather by the repeated damming of the river by debris under the various road and railroad bridges that crossed the Cheat. Thus as the flood proceeded down the river, the water would rise behind the obstructed bridge, break through the inadvertent dam, and pick up more debris that would block the river at the next bridge site, repeating the process.

Pollution
In the vicinity of Albright, the Cheat has been plagued by pollution, notably acid mine drainage. Although the rocks downstream of Albright have been stained a rust brown, and the river has a very low fish population below Albright, water quality has been making slow improvements since the 1990s. Friends of the Cheat, the local river advocacy organization, has been instrumental in promoting remediation, cleanup, river stewardship, and education.

Whitewater recreation and the Cheat River Festival (Cheat Fest)
The Cheat Canyon section of the Cheat River (from Albright to Jenkinsburg, West Virginia), which features Class IV rapids (and Class V rapids at upper levels), has become a favorite destination for whitewater kayaking and rafting. On the first weekend in May of every year, paddlers gather from many states to attend the Cheat River Festival, also known as Cheat Fest.

Cheat Fest, as of 2024, has been held on the first weekend of May for 30 years, and features local and regional artists, vendors, and musicians/bands over Friday and Saturday. Past artists who have performed at the festival grounds includes The Larry Keel Experience, Vince Herman, Fletcher’s Grove, Donna the Buffalo, and many other regional and national musicians. A local music festival, Groovin’ With the Grove, is also held annually at the Cheat River Festival grounds.

During the Cheat River Festival, a whitewater race called the Cheat River Massacre-ence takes place in the 10 mi Cheat River Canyon on the Friday of that weekend. Unlike the overwhelming majority of whitewater races, which employ a staggered start, this race uses a mass start (in which all participants start at the same time). For the first few miles, paddlers must avoid one another, in addition to the whitewater hazards that the river presents. The race, which often attracts over 150 people, is frequently cited as the largest whitewater race in the world.

The Cheat Narrows section of the Cheat River (upstream of Albright) is also utilized by whitewater paddlers, and features Class II and III rapids.

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Humic substance

Humic substances (HS) are coloured recalcitrant organic compounds naturally formed during long-term decomposition and transformation of biomass residues. The colour of humic substances varies from yellow to brown to black. The term comes from humus, which in turn comes from the Latin word humus, meaning "soil, earth". Humic substances represent the major part of organic matter in soil, peat, coal, and sediments, and are important components of dissolved natural organic matter (NOM) in lakes (especially dystrophic lakes), rivers, and sea water.

"Humic substances" is an umbrella term covering humic acid, fulvic acid, humin, and hymatomelanic acid, which differ in solubility. By definition, humic acid is soluble in water at neutral and alkaline pH, but insoluble at acidic pH < 2. Fulvic acid is soluble in water at any pH. Humin is not soluble in water at any pH. Hymatomelanic acid is part of humic acid that is soluble in ethanol.

This definition of humic substances is largely operational. It is rooted in the history of soil science and, more precisely, in the tradition of alkaline extraction, which dates back to 1786, when Franz Karl Achard treated peat with a solution of potassium hydroxide and, after subsequent addition of an acid, obtained an amorphous dark precipitate (i.e., humic acid). Aquatic humic substances were isolated for the first time in 1806, from spring water by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.

In terms of chemistry, fulvic acid, humic acid, and humin share more similarities than differences and represent a continuum of humic molecules. All of them are constructed from similar aromatic, polyaromatic, aliphatic, and carbohydrate units and contain the same functional groups (mainly carboxylic, phenolic, and ester groups), albeit in varying proportions.

Water solubility of humic substances is primarily governed by interplay of two factors: the amount of ionizable functional groups (mainly carboxylic acid groups) and the molecular weight. In general, fulvic acid has a higher amount of carboxylic groups and lower average molecular weight than humic acid. However, molecular weight distributions of humic and fulvic acids significantly overlap.

Age and origin of the source material determine the chemical structure of humic substances. In general, humic substances derived from soil and peat (which takes hundreds to thousands of years to form) have higher molecular weight, higher amounts of functional groups, more carbohydrate units, and fewer polyaromatic units than humic substances derived from leonardite (which takes millions of years to form).

Humic matter in isolation is the result of a chemical extraction from the soil organic matter or the dissolved organic matter and represent the humic molecules distributed in the soil or water. A new understanding views humic substances not as high-molecular-weight macropolymers but as heterogeneous and relatively small molecular components of the soil organic matter auto-assembled in supramolecular associations and composed of a variety of compounds of biological origin and synthesized by abiotic and biotic reactions in soil. It is the large molecular complexity of the soil humeome that confers to humic matter its bioactivity in soil and its role as plant growth promoter.

The academic definition of humic substances is under debate as "humification" becomes unsupported as a special case, leading to some radical definitions expanding HS to encompass all difficult-to-characterize soil organic matter, at the cost of clarity. There is also a call to forgo the traditional alkali extract method and directly analyze the soil, but its complexity prevents widespread adoption in agriculture. In practice, this means some sources may apply a traditional acid-base analysis to compost, then state the results in term of "humic substances".

Concepts of humic substances
The formation of humic substances in nature is one of the least understood aspects of humus chemistry and one of the most intriguing. There are three main theories to explain it: the lignin theory of Waksman (1932), the polyphenol theory, and the sugar-amine condensation theory of Maillard (1911). Those theories are insufficient to account for observations in soil research. Humic substances are formed by the microbial degradation of dead plant matter, such as lignin, cellulose and charcoal. Humic substances in the lab are very resistant to further biodegradation. The structure, elemental composition and content of functional groups of a given sample depend on the water or soil source and the specific conditions of extraction. Nevertheless, the average properties of lab produced humic substances from different sources are remarkably similar.

Fractionation
Humic substances in soils and sediments can be divided into three main fractions: humic acids, fulvic acids, and humin.

Humic and fulvic acids are extracted from soil and other solid phase sources into a strongly basic aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) advocates the use of standard laboratory methods for preparation of humic and fulvic acids. Humic substances are extracted from soil and other solid sources using NaOH, the humic acids are then precipitated at pH 1, and the soluble fraction is treated on a resin column to separate fulvic acid components from other acid soluble compounds. Humic acid plus fulvic acid are extracted from natural waters using a resin column after microfiltration and acidification to pH 2. The humic materials are eluted from the column with NaOH and humic acid is precipitated at pH 1. After adjusting the pH to 2 the fulvic acid is separated from other acid soluble compounds using a resin column as with solid phase sources. An analytical method for quantifying humic acid and fulvic acid in commercial ores and products, has been developed based on the IHSS humic acid and fulvic acid preparation methods,
 * Humic acids are precipitated from this solution by adjusting the pH to 1 with hydrochloric acid.
 * The alcohol-soluble portion of humic fraction is, in general, named ulmic acid.
 * So-called "gray humic acids" (GHA) are soluble in low-ionic-strength alkaline media.
 * "Brown humic acids" (BHA) are soluble in alkaline conditions independent of ionic strength
 * Fulvic acids is left in solution at pH 1. They remain soluble independent of pH and ionic strength.
 * Humin is insoluble in dilute alkali.

Extracted humic acid not a single acid; rather, it is a complex mixture of many different acids containing carboxyl and phenolate groups so that the mixture behaves functionally as a dibasic acid or, occasionally, as a tribasic acid. Commercial humic acid used to amend soil is manufactured using these same well established procedures. Humic acids can form complexes with ions that are commonly found in the environment creating humic colloids.

As a nutrition supplement, fulvic acid can be found in a liquid form as a component of mineral colloids. Fulvic acids are poly-electrolytes and are unique colloids that diffuse easily through membranes, whereas all other colloids do not.

A sequential chemical fractionation called Humeomics can be used to isolate more homogeneous humic fractions and determine their molecular structures by advanced spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. Substances identified in humic extracts and directly in soil include mono-, di-, and tri-hydroxycarboxylic acids, fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids, linear alcohols, phenolic acids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, and amino acids.

Criticism
Decomposition products of dead plant materials form intimate associations with minerals, making it difficult to isolate and characterize soil organic constituents. 18th century soil chemists successfully used alkaline extraction to isolate a portion of the organic constituents in soil. This led to the theory that a 'humification' process created distinct 'humic substances' like 'humic acid', 'fulvic acid', and 'humin'. However, modern chemical analysis methods applied to unprocessed mineral soil have not directly observed large humic molecules. This suggests that the extraction and fractionation techniques used to isolate humic substances alter the original chemical composition of the organic matter. Since the definition of humic substances like humic and fulvic acids relies on their separation through these methods, it raises the question of whether the distinction between these compounds accurately reflects the natural state of organic matter in soil. Despite these concerns, the 'humification' theory persists in the field and in even textbooks, and attempts to redefine 'humic substances' in soil have resulted in a proliferation of conflicting definitions. This lack of consensus makes it difficult to communicate scientific understanding of soil processes and properties accurately."

In nature
Since the dawn of modern chemistry, humic substances are among the most studied among the natural materials. Despite long study, their molecular structure remains elusive. The traditional view is that humic substances are heteropolycondensates, in varying associations with clay. A more recent view is that relatively small molecules also play a role. Humic substances account for 50 – 90% of cation exchange capacity. Similar to clay, char and colloidal humus hold cation nutrients.

In traditional, base-soluble extracts

A typical humic substance is a mixture of many molecules, some of which are based on a motif of aromatic nuclei with phenolic and carboxylic substituents, linked together; the illustration shows a typical structure. The functional groups that contribute most to surface charge and reactivity of humic substances are phenolic and carboxylic groups. Humic acids behave as mixtures of dibasic acids, with a pK1 value around 4 for protonation of carboxyl groups and around 8 for protonation of phenolate groups. There is considerable overall similarity among individual humic acids. For this reason, measured pK values for a given sample are average values relating to the constituent species. The other important characteristic is charge density. The molecules may form a supramolecular structure held together by non-covalent forces, such as van der Waals force, π-π, and CH-π bonds.

The presence of carboxylate and phenolate groups gives the humic acids the ability to form complexes with ions such as Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+. Many humic acids have two or more of these groups arranged so as to enable the formation of chelate complexes. The formation of (chelate) complexes is an important aspect of the biological role of humic acids in regulating bioavailability of metal ions.

Determination of humic acids in water samples
The presence of humic acid in water intended for potable or industrial use can have a significant impact on the treatability of that water and the success of chemical disinfection processes. For instance, humic and fulvic acids can react with the chemicals used in the chlorination process to form disinfection byproducts such as dihaloacetonitriles, which are toxic to humans. Accurate methods of establishing humic acid concentrations are therefore essential in maintaining water supplies, especially from upland peaty catchments in temperate climates.

As a lot of different bio-organic molecules in very diverse physical associations are mixed together in natural environments, it is cumbersome to measure their exact concentrations in the humic superstructure. For this reason, concentrations of humic acid are traditionally estimated out of concentrations of organic matter, typically from concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) or dissolved organic carbon (DOC).

Extraction procedures are bound to alter some of the chemical linkages present in the soil humic substances (mainly ester bonds in biopolyesters such as cutins and suberins). The humic extracts are composed of large numbers of different bio-organic molecules that have not yet been totally separated and identified. However, single classes of residual biomolecules have been identified by selective extractions and chemical fractionation, and are represented by alkanoic and hydroxy alkanoic acids, resins, waxes, lignin residues, sugars, and peptides.

Ecological effects
Organic matter soil amendments have been known by farmers to be beneficial to plant growth for longer than recorded history. However, the chemistry and function of the organic matter have been a subject of controversy since humans began postulating about it in the 18th century. Until the time of Liebig, it was supposed that humus was used directly by plants, but, after Liebig showed that plant growth depends upon inorganic compounds, many soil scientists held the view that organic matter was useful for fertility only as it was broken down with the release of its constituent nutrient elements into inorganic forms. At the present time, soil scientists hold a more holistic view and at least recognize that humus influences soil fertility through its effect on the water-holding capacity of the soil. Also, since plants have been shown to absorb and translocate the complex organic molecules of systemic insecticides, they can no longer discredit the idea that plants may be able to absorb the soluble forms of humus; this may in fact be an essential process for the uptake of otherwise insoluble iron oxides.

A study on the effects of humic acid on plant growth was conducted at Ohio State University which said in part "humic acids increased plant growth" and that there were "relatively large responses at low application rates".

A 1998 study by scientists at the North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences showed that addition of humate to soil significantly increased root mass in creeping bentgrass turf.

A 2018 study by scientists at the University of Alberta showed that humic acids can reduce prion infectivity in laboratory experiments, but that this effect may be uncertain in the environment due to minerals in the soil that buffer the effect.

Anthropogenic production
Humans can affect the production of humic substances via a variety of ways: by making use of natural processes by composting lignin or adding biochar (see soil rehabilitation), or by industrial synthesis of artificial humic substances from organic feedstocks directly. These artificial substances may be similarly divided into artificial humic acid (A-HA) and artificial fulvic acid (A-FA).

Lignosulfonates, a by-product from the sulfite pulping of wood, are valorized in the industrial fabrication of concrete where they serve as water reducer, or concrete superplasticizer, to decrease the water-cement ratio (w/c) of fresh concrete while preserving its workability. The w/c ratio of concrete is one of the main parameter controlling the mechanical strength of hardened concrete and its durability. The same wood pulping process can also be applied to obtain humus-like substances by hydrolysis and oxidation. A kind of artificial "lignohumate" can be directly produced from wood in this way.

Agricultural litter can be turned into an artificial humic substance by a hydrothermal reaction. The resulting mixture can increase the content of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and total organic carbon (TOC) in soil.

Lignite (brown coal) may also be oxidized to produce humic substances, reversing the natural process of coal formation under anoxic and reducing conditions. This form of "mineral-derived fulvic acid" is widely used in China. This process also occurs in nature, producing leonardite.

Economic geology
In economic geology, the term humate refers to geological materials, such as weathered coal beds (leonardite), mudrock, or pore material in sandstones, that are rich in humic acids. Humate has been mined from the Fruitland Formation of New Mexico for use as a soil amendment since the 1970s, with nearly 60,000 metric tons produced by 2016. Humate deposits may also play an important role in the genesis of uranium ore bodies.

Technological applications
The heavy-metal binding abilities of humic acids have been exploited to develop remediation technologies for removing lead from waste water. To this end, Yurishcheva et al. coated magnetic nanoparticles with humic acids. After capturing lead ions, the nanoparticles can then be captured using a magnet.

Ancient masonry
Archeology finds that ancient Egypt used mudbricks reinforced with straw and humic acids.

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Adam Pascal

Adam Pascal (born October 25, 1970) is an American actor, singer, and musician, known for his performance as Roger Davis in the original 1996 cast of Jonathan Larson's musical Rent on Broadway, the 2005 movie version of the musical, and the Broadway tour of Rent in 2009. He is also known for originating the role of Radames in Elton John and Tim Rice's Aida, for playing the Emcee in the 1998 revival of Cabaret, for playing Freddie Trumper in Chess at the New Amsterdam Theatre and Royal Albert Hall, and for playing Huey Calhoun in the Broadway company of Memphis. More recently, he played William Shakespeare in the Tony Award-winning musical Something Rotten!

Early life
Pascal was born in The Bronx, New York, and grew up in Woodbury, Nassau County, New York, with his mother, Wendy (née Frishman), and stepfather, Mel Seamon. He was raised Jewish. He graduated from Syosset High School. He then graduated from New York Institute of Technology. Before his interest in music, he was a personal trainer. Although he began as a rock musician playing in a number of bands (such as Mute) formed with his schoolmates, Pascal became drawn to musical theater.

Stage work
A friend of his from high school (Idina Menzel's boyfriend at the time) mentioned Rent to him. On a whim, he auditioned and was cast as the HIV-positive rock guitarist Roger Davis. His powerful tenor voice and his performance in Rent earned him a Tony nomination, a Theater World award, and an Obie Award. He left the show on November 2, 1997, but went on to reprise Roger when Rent opened in London.

The role helped Pascal gain fame on Broadway, and he was cast in the Elton John and Tim Rice musical Aida as the Egyptian general Radames with the original and final casts (former Rent castmate Idina Menzel would co-star as Amneris in 2001), and Kander and Ebb's Cabaret, appearing in the show as the Emcee (closing cast). He also participated in several charity performances, including Chess in 2003 (playing the American, Freddie Trumper), Hair in 2004 (singing "I Got Life"), and the 24 Hour Plays in 2005. He returned to Aida in 2004 to close the run of the show as Radames.

Along with original Broadway Rent cast member Anthony Rapp (Mark Cohen), Pascal returned to Broadway to star as Roger in Rent from July 30 to October 7, 2007. In January 2009, he and Rapp reprised their originating (and film) roles as Roger and Mark in Rent: The Broadway Tour, which played in many cities in North America, as well as stops in Japan and South Korea. At the tour's Detroit, Michigan stop in February, Pascal suffered two herniated discs in his neck and was on medical leave for a week. His role was filled in by Cary Shields, who had played "Roger" in the Broadway, Canadian, "Benny" National Tour productions. Pascal made a full recovery and finished up the tour in early 2010. This tour closed on February 7, 2010.

Pascal reprised the role of Frederick Trumper, aka "Freddie, The American" in the London concert version of Chess at the Royal Albert Hall on May 12–13, 2008. His Rent and Aida co-star Idina Menzel played Florence. This performance was recorded; it has been televised, first on American and British television on June 17, 2009, and repeatedly in America on PBS stations as part of that network's "Great Performances" series; and has been released on DVD.

Pascal joined the Broadway cast of Memphis on October 25, 2011, as Huey Calhoun. He replaced original cast member Chad Kimball in the role. He remained in the Memphis cast until the show's closure on August 5, 2012.

Beginning April 8, 2013, Pascal starred as Billy Flynn in the long-running Broadway revival of Chicago. His last performance as Billy was June 16, 2013.

On November 7, 2016, Pascal joined the Broadway company of Something Rotten! as William Shakespeare in the show's closing cast. He also played the same role for the entirety of the show's first national tour alongside Rob McClure, Josh Grisetti, and Leah Hofmann, who were also in the closing cast of the show.

In late 2021, Pascal began performances as Edward Lewis in the U.S national tour of Pretty Woman: The Musical, a role which he had played on Broadway from January 15 to 20, 2019.

Pascal was cast as Ryuk in the English premiere of Death Note: the Musical for its concert run at the London Palladium in August 2023.

Music
Pascal believed he was looked upon solely as a Broadway singer, and thus returned to his rock and roll roots with a solo recording contract on Sh-K-Boom Records, which was founded by his Aida costar, Sherie Rene Scott and her husband Kurt Deutsch. He has released two solo rock albums, Model Prisoner (2000) and Civilian (2004), as well as a collaborative rock album Blinding Light (2008) with pianist Larry Edoff. He also contributed a cover of Billy Joel's "New York State of Mind" to the CD Broadway Cares: Home for the Holidays (2001); the end credits song, "Winter Light", from the movie Noel (2004); and the song "Perfect Place" on the album Listen which showcases songs written by adolescents who stutter (2009). In School of Rock, he played Theo, lead singer of the band No Vacancy, and sang on two songs on the soundtrack.

On July 4, 2006, Pascal took part in the Macy's Fourth of July Celebration. He sang during the traditional fireworks display. He also performed in both the fifth- and tenth-anniversary celebrations of Rent on Broadway, in 2000 and 2005, respectively.

Pascal formed the band "Me and Larry (Edoff)" in 2006. The two musicians began composing and performing original material and reworked Broadway songs in small venues throughout the US. Pascal won the 2007–2008 Golden Icon Award for Best Small Venue Concert. The band's first CD, Blinding Light, was released in May 2008 on Pascal's own label. The CD is available at concerts and through Amazon and the band's website (where a direct digital download is available).

Pascal is developing a theatrical stage version of the classic 1988 concept album, Operation: Mindcrime by the progressive metal band, Queensrÿche. The band is one of Pascal's musical influences, and has fully endorsed his efforts.

Film work
Pascal made his film debut in SLC Punk! (1999) and also appeared in School of Rock (2003) and Temptation (2004). The audio for Temptation, a musical, was recorded live on set during filming.

In late 2005, he, along with five others of the principal cast, reprised their roles in the film version of Rent, directed by Chris Columbus. Pop idol Justin Timberlake was considered for the role of Roger, but Columbus decided to stick with the original cast members. The film released on November 23, 2005.

In the independent movie Falling Star (formerly titled Goyband), Pascal stars as a former boy-band icon who is booked to play a show at a Kosher hotel but ends up shocking the guests with his sexy show. Fans were invited to participate in the movie as extras for the concert scenes. His co-stars are Amy Davidson, Cris Judd, Tovah Feldshuh, Dean Edwards, Tibor Feldman, and Natasha Lyonne. Goyband originally premiered at the Jerusalem Films Festival in December 2008. Its North American premiere was July 2009, on Long Island. The movie was bought by distributor MarVista Entertainment, which retitled it Falling Star.

Pascal also filmed another independent movie, American Primitive, about a gay couple who try to hide their relationship from family and neighbors in 1973, a few years following the Stonewall Riots.

Pascal reprised his role from SLC Punk! in the 2015 sequel, Punk's Dead.

In 2015, Pascal starred in Alleluia! The Devil's Carnival as The Agent, one of God's top generals in Heaven.

Television
Pascal had a guest role as Dennis Hofferman, a murder victim, on an episode of Cold Case, with Tracie Thoms, his co-star from the film version of Rent, and Laura Bell Bundy, another Broadway star who originated the role of Elle Woods in Legally Blonde. The episode, called "Willkommen", originally aired on April 2, 2006, and revolved around an amateur production of Cabaret.

Pascal provided the narration and sang a song, "I'm Not an Egg Anymore", in the double-length episode "Tale of the Mighty Knights" for the show The Backyardigans.

Personal life
On December 19, 1998, Pascal married Cybele Chivian. Cybele is the daughter of Eric S. Chivian, M.D., Director of the Center for Health and the Global Environment at Harvard Medical School, and the granddaughter of writer Joseph Jay Deiss. The couple has two sons. Adam and Cybele separated in 2021.

Discography

 * Mute – c. 1994
 * Model Prisoner – 2000
 * Civilian – 2004
 * Blinding Light (with Larry Edoff) – 2008
 * The New Standards (with Larry Edoff) – 2015

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