text:
FC Sion

Football Club Sion, commonly known as simply FC Sion or Sion, is a Swiss football club from the city of Sion. The club was founded in 1909 and play their home matches at the Stade Tourbillon. They have won the Swiss Super League and the Swiss Cup in 13 of their 14 appearances in the final, the most recent being in 2015. The first team of the club was also known as their incorporated name Olympique des Alpes SA. The club set to play in the Super League from 2024 to 2025, the top tier of Swiss football after promotion from Challenge League in 2023–24.

History

FC Sion were founded in 1909 by Robert Gilliard, who became club captain, and played their first match the same year, a 3–2 win against FC Aigle. The club grew thanks to contributions from locals, and played their first competitive league fixture in 1914, again a 3–2 victory, against FC Monthey. In 1919, Sion formally organised its managerial structure, with Gilliard becoming vice-president and Charles Aymon taking the presidency.

From 1932, Sion played in the fourth tier of Swiss football, where they spent much of the next 20 years, briefly interrupted by promotion to the third tier in 1944, quickly followed by relegation in 1946. In 1952, Sion returned to the third tier. Five years later, Sion gained promotion again to the National League B, followed five years later by promotion to the National League A (now the Swiss Super League) in 1962. 1965 saw the first of Sion's Swiss Cup wins following a 2–1 victory over Servette.

The 16,263 capacity Stade Tourbillon was officially opened in August 1968, but the club was relegated in 1969. Sion returned to the National League A at the first attempt and secured a second victory in the Swiss Cup, winning 3–2 against Neuchâtel Xamax in 1974. Sion would go on to consistently perform well in the Swiss Cup, with victories in 1980 (against Young Boys), 1982 (against Basel), 1986 (against Servette) and 1991 (against Young Boys). This period of success also saw the renovation and expansion of the Tourbillon in 1989, and was crowned with Sion's first Swiss League Championship in 1992.

More success in the Swiss Cup followed, winning the tournament in three consecutive years from 1995 with victories over Grasshopper, Servette and Luzern. Their win against Luzern in 1997 secured Sion their only domestic double, having also won the Swiss League.

However, the club quickly fell into financial trouble, and having narrowly avoided bankruptcy due to its purchase by Gilbert Kadji, the club suffered relegation in 1999. Despite returning to the top division the following season, financial problems plagued the team, culminating in relegation in 2001, the departure of Kadji and a denial of a professional license in 2003. The club was saved by architect and former footballer Christian Constantin, and they were re-instated into the second division in October 2003.

Constantin spent the following seasons rebuilding the club, with the club going through 20 managers in the following eight years, including taking the role himself twice, in a bid to financially stabilize. In 2006, He was rewarded with promotion back to the Super League, as well as a victory in the Swiss Cup, becoming the first second-tier team to achieve this, with a 5–3 penalty shoot-out victory over Young Boys after a 1–1 draw.

Transfer ban saga
In 2008, controversy came to Sion when they signed Essam El Hadary, leading to a two-year "registration period" ban for Sion from June 2009, and an international playing ban for El Hadary for four months, due to El-Hadary still being under contract at his former club Al Ahly. Sion appealed this action, but the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland confirmed the FIFA, DRC and Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) decisions in 2009 and 2010 respectively. However, the lengthy legal battle (including the temporary reprieve) meant the ban was only practically instituted beginning in the winter transfer window of the 2010–11 season.

Although gaining a place in the qualifying round of the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League by winning the previous season's Swiss Cup, Sion were excluded from the Europa League by UEFA after fielding ineligible players in their play-off victory against Celtic. On 2 September, the Swiss Football League (SFL) rejected the registration of one more player, Brian Amofa.

On 30 September 2011, the SFL decided to provisionally qualify the six new signings, namely Stefan Glarner, Billy Ketkeophomphone, Mario Mutsch, Pascal Feindouno, José Gonçalves and Gabri, to comply with the ongoing legal process. Sion also sued the SFL and UEFA respectively in the Tribunal Cantonal de Valais and the Tribunal in Vaud, however both actions were dismissed. The club's earlier appeal was dismissed by UEFA Appeals Body on 13 September. Sion also sued the SFL and UEFA in the CAS, but withdrew the former claim. The hearing of the latter claim was set on 24 November.

On 25 October, the Discipline Commission (fr: Commission de discipline) of SFL suspended all six players for five matches. It was reported that each player filed their legal claim in civil court instead of using the Swiss FA and CAS "sports court" system, which the ban was requested by FIFA. On 27 October, as a "provisional and super-provisional measures", UEFA invited Sion to a match schedule consultation once UEFA lost the legal battle.

On 31 October 2011, Sion sent a complaint to the European Commission. FIFA also won the legal battle in civil court in November. Previously, the civil court of Martigny and Saint-Maurice (both of the city of Valais) ordered FIFA to confirm the signing of those six players on 3 August, a consequence of lawsuit brought out by the players. On 16 November, FIFA and the SFL appeal was upheld in the Valais canton court.

On 15 December, the CAS upheld the complaints by UEFA, affirming its right to discipline Sion according to previous agreements. The CAS also lifted the provisional measures ordered by the Tribunal Cantonal of Vaud (Cour civile) on 5 October 2011. After the ruling, FIFA threatened to suspend Swiss national and club teams from international competition if Sion were not appropriately penalized for its ostensible rules violations. In late December 2011, the Swiss Football Association complied with FIFA's demands and penalized Sion 36 standings points (based on how many matches ineligible players were involved), moving the club to last place in the league standings and putting the club at risk of relegation if the ruling stood.

Sion finished the 2011–12 season in ninth place, which qualified them to the relegation matches against Aarau, whom they defeated 2–1 on aggregate to stay in the Swiss Super League. Without suffering their 36-point deduction Sion would have finished in the third place, which would have qualified them into the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League. Prior to the start of the 2012–13 season, they made a major coup by signing Gennaro Gattuso and Kyle Lafferty, both via free transfers. However, the club had a disappointing season which saw them change coaches three times before settling on Gattuso to finish the season, ending in third place.

Sion finished the 2014–15 season in second place as runner-up, which qualified to the UEFA Europa League Group Stage for the first time in history from next season. In 2015–16, Sion reached to Round of 32 Europa League until Eliminated by S.C. Braga with aggregate 3–4.

Suffering relegation and return to top tier
In 2022–23, Sion relegation to Challenge League after defeat from Stade Lausanne Ouchy 2-6 and ended top tier in 17 years. Following season, Sion secure promotion to Super League after defeat FC Schaffhausen 3–0 on 20 May 2024 as Champions of Challenge League for the first time in history in 2023–24 and return to top tier after a year absence.

Honours
Sion held the distinction of having never lost a domestic cup final, with 13 wins in 13 appearances in the Swiss Cup, until a defeat by Basel in the 2017 edition.

 * Swiss Super League
 * Champions (2): 1991–92, 1996–97
 * Swiss Challenge League
 * Champions (1): 2023–24
 * Swiss Cup
 * Winners (13): 1964–65, 1973–74, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1985–86, 1990–91, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2014–15

Stadium
Sion play their home matches at the multi-purpose Stade Tourbillon, which has a capacity of 14,500. It was originally constructed in 1968, and was renovated in 1989 and 2012. The club also has a training centre near its office in Martigny and a youth development center in nearby Riddes.

Former players

 * 🇯🇵 Itoshi Sae
 * 🇧🇪 Izzet Akgül
 * 🇨🇲 Alex Song
 * Roberts Uldriķis
 * 🇮🇹 Gennaro Gattuso
 * 🇧🇷 Matheus Cunha
 * 🇫🇷 Wylan Cyprien
 * 🇮🇹 Mario Balotelli

Historical list of coaches

 * 🇮🇹 Vittorio Barberis (1947–49)
 * Carlo Pinter (1949–51)
 * Joseph Wuilloud (1951–52)
 * Henri Humbert & Mathey (1952–53)
 * Paul Allégroz (1953–54)
 * Henri Humbert (1954–55)
 * Jacques Guhl (1955–59)
 * 🇨🇭 Frank Séchehaye (1959–61)
 * 🇩🇪 Karl-Heinz Spikofski (July 1961 – March 63)
 * Lev Mantula (March 1963 – July 67)
 * Stojan Osojnak (July 1967 – Nov 68)
 * 🇨🇭 Peter Rösch (Nov 1968 – July 70)
 * Maurice Meylan (July 1970 – Sept 71)
 * Miroslav Blažević (Sept 1971 – July 76)
 * 🇭🇺 István Szabó (1976–79)
 * 🇨🇭 Daniel Jeandupeux (1 July 1979 – 30 June 1980)
 * 🇦🇷 Oscar Fulloné (1980–81)
 * 🇨🇭 Jean-Claude Donzé (July 1981 – Jan 88)
 * 🇭🇺 Péter Pázmándy (Jan 1988 – July 89)
 * Yves Débonnaire (1989–90)
 * 🇦🇷 Enzo Trossero (1990–92)
 * 🇨🇭 Jean-Paul Brigger (1 July 1992 – 31 Dec 1992)
 * 🇨🇭 Claude Andrey (Jan 1993 – July 93)
 * 🇨🇭 Umberto Barberis (1 July 1993 – Oct 94)
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Claude Richard (1 Oct 1994 – 30 June 1995)
 * 🇨🇭 Michel Decastel (1 July 1995 – 30 June 1996)
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Claude Richard (1 Aug 1996 – 30 Aug 1996)
 * 🇮🇹 Alberto Bigon (10 Aug 1996 – 19 Oct 1997)
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Claude Richard (Sept 1, 1997 – 30 March 1998)
 * 🇩🇪 Jochen Dries (March 1998 – Nov 98)
 * 🇨🇭 Charly In-Albon (Nov 1998 – March 99)
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Rouyer (March 1999 – July 99)
 * 🇨🇭 [[:de:Roberto Morinini|Roberto Morinini

]] (1 July 1999 – 30 Nov 1999)
 * 🇩🇿 Henri Stambouli (5 Jan 2000 – 14 July 2001)
 * 🇫🇷 Laurent Roussey (1 July 2001 – 30 June 2002)
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Claude Richard (1 July 2002 – 30 March 2003)
 * 🇨🇭 Charly Rössli (1 Jan 2003 – 30 June 2003)
 * 🇫🇷 Didier Tholot (1 July 2003 – 3 Nov)
 * 🇫🇷 Didier Tholot & 🇫🇷 Guy David (Nov 2003 – 4 Jan)
 * 🇫🇷 Didier Tholot, 🇫🇷 Guy David & Ami Rebord (Jan 2004 – 30 June 2004)
 * 🇧🇦 Admir Smajić (20 April 2004 – 30 June 2004)
 * 🇨🇭 Christian Zermatten (1 July 2004 – 10 Aug 2004)
 * 🇫🇷 Gilbert Gress (9 Aug 2004 – 27 March 2005)
 * 🇮🇹 Gianni Dellacasa (27 March 2005 – 16 Oct 2005)
 * 🇨🇭 Christophe Moulin (19 Oct 2005 – 1 May 2006)
 * 🇦🇷 Néstor Clausen (1 July 2006 – 1 Oct 2006)
 * 🇨🇭 Christophe Moulin (interim) (Oct 2006)
 * 🇨🇭 Marco Schällibaum (6 Oct 2006 – 21 Nov 2006)
 * 🇨🇭 Pierre-Albert Chapuisat (21 Nov 2006 – 19 Feb 2007)
 * 🇮🇹 Alberto Bigon (19 Feb 2007 – 13 Dec 2007)
 * 🇨🇭 Charly Rössli (18 Dec 2007 – 25 March 2008)
 * 🇮🇹 Alberto Bigon (March 2008 – 8 May)
 * 🇩🇪 Uli Stielike (1 July 2008 – 3 Nov 2008)
 * 🇨🇭 Christian Constantin (interim) (Nov 2008 – 8 Dec)
 * 🇨🇭 Christian Zermatten & 🇨🇭 Umberto Barberis (24 Dec 2008 – 10 April 2009)
 * 🇨🇭 Christian Constantin (interim) (April 2009)
 * 🇫🇷 Didier Tholot (14 April 2009 – 21 May 2010)
 * 🇨🇭 Bernard Challandes (1 July 2010 – 22 Feb 2011)
 * 🇫🇷 Laurent Roussey (22 Feb 2011 – 23 April 2012)
 * 🇫🇷 Rolland Courbis (interim) (2 April 2012 – 5 June 2012)
 * 🇧🇦 Vladimir Petković (15 May 2012 – 2 June 2012)
 * 🇨🇭 Sébastien Fournier (1 June 2012 – Sept 3, 2012)
 * 🇨🇭 Michel Decastel (Sept 4, 2012 – 30 Oct 2012)
 * 🇨🇭 Pierre-André Schürmann (30 Oct 2012 – 10 Dec 2012)
 * 🇪🇸 Víctor Muñoz (1 Jan 2013 – 25 Feb 2013)
 * 🇮🇹 Gennaro Gattuso (25 Feb 2013 – 25 March 2013)
 * 🇮🇹 Luigi Riccio (interim) (1 March 2013 – 24 March 2013)
 * 🇨🇭 Arno Rossini (26 March 2013 – 13 May 2013)
 * 🇨🇭 Michel Decastel (15 May 2013 – 21 Oct 2013)
 * 🇨🇭 Laurent Roussey (22 Oct 2013 – 11 Feb 2014)
 * 🇨🇭 Raimondo Ponte (11 Feb 2014 – 5 Jun 2014)
 * 🇮🇹 Claudio Gentile (5 Jun 2014 – 12 Jun 2014)
 * 🇨🇭 Frédéric Chassot (12 Jun 2014 – 28 Sep 2014)
 * 🇩🇪 Jochen Dries (28 Sep 2014 – 8 Dec 2014)
 * 🇫🇷 Didier Tholot (17 Dec 2014 – 12 Aug 2016)
 * 🇩🇪 Peter Zeidler (22 Aug 2016 – 25 Apr 2017)
 * 🇨🇭 Sébastien Fournier (25 Apr 2017 – 15 Jun 2017)
 * 🇮🇹 Paolo Tramezzani (15 Jun 2017 – 22 Oct 2017)
 * 🇪🇸 Gabri García (25 Oct 2017 – 6 Feb 2018)
 * 🇨🇭 Maurizio Jacobacci (6 Feb 2018 – 17 Sep 2018)
 * 🇨🇭 Murat Yakin (17 Sep 2018 – 7 May 2019)
 * 🇨🇭 Christian Zermatten (interim) (8 May 2019 – 30 June 2019)
 * 🇨🇭 Stéphane Henchoz (1 July 2019 – 3 Nov 2019)
 * 🇨🇭 Christian Zermatten (interim) (4 Nov 2019 – 31 Dec 2019)
 * 🇵🇹 Ricardo Dionisio (1 Jan 2020 – 3 June 2020)
 * 🇮🇹 Paolo Tramezzani (3 June 2020 – 7 Aug 2020)
 * 🇮🇹 Fabio Grosso (25 Aug 2020 – 5 Mar 2021)
 * 🇫🇷 Ugo Raczynski (interim) (5 Mar 2021 – 16 Mar 2021)
 * 🇨🇭 Marco Walker (16 Mar 2021 – 8 Oct 2021)
 * 🇮🇹 Paolo Tramezzani (9 Oct 2021 – 20 Nov 2022)
 * 🇨🇭 Fabio Celestini (21 Nov 2022 – 3 Mar 2023)
 * 🇫🇷 David Bettoni (7 Mar 2023 – 15 May 2023)
 * 🇮🇹 Paolo Tramezzani (16 May 2023 – 15 June 2023)
 * 🇫🇷 Didier Tholot (15 June 2023 – Present)

European record

 * Notes
 *  Note 1: Celtic lodged protests over the eligibility of a number of the Sion players who participated in the two legs of the play-off round, which Sion won 3–1 aggregate (first leg: 0–0; second leg: 3–1). The UEFA Control and Disciplinary Body accepted the protests and decided to award both matches to Celtic by forfeit (3–0). As a consequence, Celtic qualified for the UEFA Europa League group stage.

title: FC Sion


text: User talk:12.146.238.162

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:12.146.238.162


text:
User talk:ClementSeveillac

WikiProject Cryptography
Hi, just noticed your interest in participating in the crypto WikiProject and thought I'd say hi, and that it's great to have you help out! I thought I'd ask you what you thought needs the most work in Wikipedia's cryptography coverage? — Matt 16:46, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Matt, I'm not sure this is the best way to reply but here is my answer :-) I'd like to help out where it's needed and where I know enough, like in smart cards, physical security (related to computers or crypto modules like smart cards, see FIPS 140-2), PKI stuff, or even drawing schemas (I'm a DIA-addict). Oh, and I'm here to get ideas on how to improve the crypto and security parts in the French wikipedia, which is waaaay behind the english one right now :) --ClementSeveillac 18:14, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Cool, I'm a big Dia fan too! Glad to hear your interested in working on fr crypto; another place for ideas might the German Wikipedia, which also has quite an active cryptography section (see de:Wikipedia:WikiProjekt_Kryptologie). — Matt 10:31, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Damn, another reason to be sad my german teacher sucked way more than my spanish teachers, so I had to let go of a third language ;-/ But thanks for the pointer anyway! --ClementSeveillac 20:10, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

(sorry I didn't reply to your note, I wasn't ignoring you, I just had about 20 pages open trying to do too much at once! :) Joe D (t) 03:19, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC))
 * No problem ;) --ClementSeveillac 13:50, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hi! Tomorrow, PKI is WikiReader Cryptography's Article of the Day; since you've got it down as an interest on the WikiProject, I thought I'd drop you a note. — Matt 16:58, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks, seems good indeed (even before my update ;) --ClementSeveillac 20:38, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Category:Free ciphers - You can do it simply by removing the category tag from the (usually bottom) of the article. The category was not meant to be definitive, rather inclusive, with caveats in both the category header and in the article. One way of organizing that would be to use the optional "alphebetize" argument within each category tag, and in the category header write a key describing which section qualifies as which particular kind of patent. -==SV 19:16, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your answer! Yep, a kind of sorting in the category would help, but I'm afraid it's a bit complex, so I'm fine with the present situation :-) --ClementSeveillac 19:41, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You left a note a while ago on my talk page, which I gave a quick answer to, and then later did another... Since I don't know if my page is on your watch list, I don't know if you caught my appology. While my SHA-1 was the only Govenment Validated Open Source implimentation for over five years, you are indeed right that OPENssl did get validated about two months ago. I missed it (: And after five years I'll admit that my frequency of checking the list had dropped. :) Note that it is also only one of a handfull that do the hashes on arbitrary bit strings instead of just bytes. Nahaj 17:25:03, 2005-09-11 (UTC)

Image:SignedAndEncryptedMessage.png
Thank you for uploading this image. Unfortunately, I don't think you are authorized to release it into the public domain - for instance, you don't seem to own the images used in the Mozilla skin currently being used, or the overall layout of Mozilla Mail, both of which are copyrighted. Please upload it under Template:Screenshot, indicating fair use instead. Twinxor 18:18, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much for the heads up! I've corrected my mistake, and I will try to remember it. -- ClementSeveillac 18:42, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks...
...for your cleanup on the FR page. Paul Klenk
 * No problem, plus that's nothing to do with a watchlist and a tab-based browser ;-) -- ClementSeveillac 15:17, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

RSS "spam" links
Hello Clement... I've been asking for input and help on the Wikipedia RSS Feed from my userpage Blinklmc. I see you removed the link and mentioned it didn't work great for you from the XML page. Can you let me know what you didn't like so I can improve it... Also, the code is available for anyone to look at, work with and use to host. Let me know if you are anyone you are interested in would like to jump in and help out. -- Blinklmc 1:01, 09 October 2005
 * Hi Blinklmc! First of all, don't bother too much with the technical problems on your RSS pages, the main problem IMHO is that they simply have no added value :-) (and it *really* looks like self-promotion to me, please read Spam to understand what I mean by it) Secondly, if you really want to know what's wrong with this feed, simply read it or open it in, say, firefox: [i] is not proper italics for me, and "*" is not proper list markup for me either. Hope you can find other ways to contribute to Wikipedia though! -- ClementSeveillac 20:20, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Mobile companies
Please do not add additional pages to WP:AFD discussions in progress. instead nominate such pages separately, and add a link to indicate that the discussions are related. otherwise the proper links from the pages up for deeltion to the AfD discussions are not made. Thank you. DES (talk) 08:02, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Understood, thanks! By the way, shouldn't we tell those spammers the external links of wikipedia have nofollow on, so it won't give them any pagerank anyway? ;-) ClementSeveillac 17:16, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Piano.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Piano.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:. If you have not already done so, please also include the source of the image. In many cases this will be the website where you found it.

Please specify the copyright information and source on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. — Indon ( reply ) — 12:45, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, it was a vandal who removed the license tag. I'll fix the tag. Apologies for this above message. Cheers. — Indon ( reply ) — 12:47, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * No pb, thanks! ClementSeveillac 18:03, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Vortex engine
I have added a "" template to the article Vortex engine, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. JdH 16:02, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Amadeus IT group PNG logo.png
 Thanks for uploading File:Amadeus IT group PNG logo.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 12:20, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:ClementSeveillac


text:
Kamon

Kamon may refer to:
 * Kamon (name)
 * Mon (emblem), also known as kamon (家紋), a Japanese heraldic symbol
 * Kamon, a Biblical place
 * Kamon, Israel, a village

title: Kamon


text:
Category:Olfaction

Articles related to the sense of smell, the special sense through which smells (or odors) are perceived. The sense of smell has many functions, including detecting hazards, and pheromones, and plays a role in taste.

title: Category:Olfaction


text: User talk:62.252.32.11

title: User talk:62.252.32.11


text:
O Senhor Embaixador

O Senhor Embaixador (His Excellency, the Ambassador) is a novel by Erico Verissimo, about the history of the fictional Republic of Sacramento. The story focuses mainly on the staff of the Sacramentese embassy in Washington, showing the lives of those people and talking about the larger plot of the Sacramento "Republic".

Sacramento
The Sacramento depicted in the novel seems to be an amalgam of various Latin American countries of the time, exhibiting the common problems of dictatorship, corruption, instability, inequality and pressures from the superpowers, especially the United States, that are depicted in the novel as directly influencing through military incursions and economic pressure the political, economic and social state of Sacramento, mainly in order to benefit American multinational corporations in the country (references are made to War is a Racket). Sacramento also exhibits a resemblance to Cuba, especially by the end of the book, when a revolution led by a messianic figure (who is actually a puppet controlled by a radical communist), overthrows a US supported dictator.

title: O Senhor Embaixador


text:
Talk:Non-commissioned officer

Merge discussion for Sub-Officer
An article that you have been involved in editing, Sub-Officer, has been proposed for a merge with another article. If you are interested in the merge discussion, please participate by going, and adding your comments on the discussion page. Thank you. Korporaal1 (talk) 09:18, 18 February 2011 (UTC) Please note that this Merge Discussion is not present on the Sub-Officer Talk Page because that page is protected with the Cascading Option. So we can only discuss it here for now.

Canadian Warrant Officers
By what definition are Canadian WOs and MWOs (PO1s and CPO2s in the Navy) classified as 'Warrant Officers'? Since they don't actually receive a 'Warrant', how does their status actually differ from a NCO? As far as I'm aware, only CWOs and Navy CPO1s satisfy a strict definition of a 'Warrant Officer' i.e. they receive a 'Warrant' on appointment. --LONDON 10:27, 08 December 05
 * They do in fact receive a formal Warrant from the Minister of National Defence. Geoff NoNick 15:08, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Last time I read the regs, only CWO/CPO1 received the "warrant scrip", the NCM version of the commissioning scroll. While all commissioned officers get the scroll, only the top NCM rank gets the scrip; might be a holdover from when Army WO1s were sort of in a twilight zone between the Other Ranks and the officers. Despite this, the WOs/PO1s and MWOs/CPO2s are indeed "warrant officers". NCOs are defined by QR&Os as basically just corporals and sergeants. There are certain privileges that WOs and above get, for example with regard to discipline, appointments, etc; other than that, I'm not sure there is the same distinction between Warrant Officers and NCOs as there is between say NCMs and Officers, or between Privates and NCOs.

 * It almost seems that since:
 * 1. they aren't NCOs, according to QR&Os;
 * 2. they aren't Officers (ditto);
 * 3. the original ranks after unification had the words "warrant officer" in them;
 * 4. they hang out at the Warrant Officers and Sergeants Mess;
 * they must therefore be Warrant Officers. And no, I'm being neither facetious nor sarcastic.
 * That being said, the "strict definition of a warrant officer" from a dictionary or what have you has no relevance in the CF: The CF can and will come up with its own definition of what constitutes a "real" warrant officer. Sort of in the same way they slap "HMCS" on the side of a building and call it a ship, stick 30 or less men in kilts and call it a highland regiment, or take a unit full of Iltises and call it an armoured regiment. --SigPig 06:10, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Noncommissioned officer vs noncommissioned member
The entry for Canada, as it stands at this moment (19:21, 12 October 2005 (UTC)), is incorrect. There are no such thin in the CF as "Jr NCMs" or "Sr NCMs" - those have no official status. NCMs are what Canadians call "enlisted" (US) or "other ranks" (UK). They are divided into 3 groups:
 * Warrant Officers, which include Warrant Officers (yes, I know it's redundant), Master Warrant Officers, Chief Warrant Officers; and their naval equivs (PO1, CPO2, and CPO1).
 * Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs), further subdivided into Sr NCOs (Sgt/PO2) and Jr NCOs (MCpl/MS and Cpl/LS)
 * Privates, which are Private Recruit, Private Basic, Private Trained, Ordinary Seaman, and Able Seaman.

This division is the one that is most germaine to this article.

Ptes, Cpls, MCpls, and all Seaman are collectively termed "Junior Ranks". Sgt to CWO with PO2 to CPO1 are termed "Warrant Officers and Sergeants" or "Chiefs and Petty Oficers" (navy). Check out the names of the messes on any CF establishment, you'll see what their called.

This division generally deals with messing, billets and quarters, and some duties and responsibilities.

Unless someone can come up with a good reason othewise, I'm going to revert it, without the comment on messes, since it really isn't applicable, tho' it might be in an article on messes. SigPig 19:21, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * In 10 years in the CF I have never heard anyone refer to a corporal as an NCO, junior or otherwise. They have always been called NCMs, which is the collective for Jr Ranks and NCOs.  My background is naval, but I have had enough exposure to the army to know that the nomenclature described in the article now isn't accurate there either. It's possible that there is an official document that describes Corporals and MCpls as "Jr NCOs" - if you can produce it, we can keep the entry as is but with a caveat that that use is very uncommon in daily speech. If not, we should kill the Canada entry altogether since the use doesn't seem to deviate signifcantly from that described in the main entry. Geoff NoNick 20:48, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * "Non-Commissioned Member (NCM): Any person, other than an officer, who is enrolled in, or who pursuant to law is attached or seconded otherwise than as an officer to, the Canadian Forces.
 * "Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO): A Canadian Forces member holding the rank of Sergeant (Sgt) or Corporal (Cpl)." QR&O 1.02 []

 * It may be uncommon usage in the Navy - I wouldn't know - but it seemed common enough with us landlubbers, especially when dealing with GSK on recruit courses. I've taught this to recruits and as part of GSK refresher trg. AND you need to know the distinction when the SSM says he wants a meet with all the Sr NCOs and WOs at 2200, or when the CO wants to see the PERs on the NCOs done by a certain date.
 * With regards to ditching it - the main article states: "The NCO corps includes all the grades of sergeant and, in some militaries, corporal and warrant officer. The naval equivalent includes all grades of petty officer." There is enough difference to warrant (pardon the pun) an entry for the CF.
 * 1. In some militaries, [it includes] Corporal.... Since Canada is one, it deserves a mention.
 * 2. ...and Warrant Officer. Not in Canada: a WO is a WO is a WO.
 * 3. It includes all grades of petty officer. This is not true in Canada. Only the PO2 is an NCO; the PO1 is a warrant officer.
 * I think there is reason enough to leave the Canada bit, and I honestly do not think there needs to be a caveat, unless you want to state that the terms are rare in the Navy.
 * SigPig 03:16, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll be damned - I stand corrected. The customary (and I would say exclusive) use in the navy is that all Jr Ranks are not NCOs and that all Petty Officers are (PO1s and up hold a warrant, but they are still "non-commissioned").  I'll add the caveat to the article. Geoff NoNick 14:14, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the problem is the whole unification thing; I now believe that "NCO" was a hard army term foisted on the Navy (along with green uniforms and collar dogs), and was probably discarded with same. SigPig 02:09, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The Royal Navy certainly doesn't use the term NCO, so presumably the RCN didn't. Leading seamen and below are Junior Ratings; petty officers and above are Senior Ratings. -- Necrothesp 12:47, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

"marine" vs. "Marine"
Historically in the U.S., all incidences of the word "Marine" are capitalized, even when not preceding a proper name. I was under the impression that this was observed in reference to other nations with Marine units, as well, but I have no information on that at this time. I have reverted the word to its capitalized form in this article, based on the Associated Press style, U.S. Government and Department of Defense reporting style and for uniformity across Wikipedia pages. Note that there does not seem to be a universal concensus on this issue and that very few style manuals address it specifically. In this case, I found the sources for capitalization to outweigh those against.

--Fox1 12 Oct 2004

In any event, while it could be declared a trifling detail, I'm not sure what to say... there's evidence available for both practices, with no definitive source immediately available. I wish we could get some more input, as I'm not sure what the two of us can really do at this point. Fox1 18:42, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC) my cousin is in the Marine's and i asked him and he responded that in the Marines he was tought to do that when ever he wrote the word he had to capitalize it in india they do and if we dont its kinda like not respecting the marines right? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.50.232.220 (talk) 17:11, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * It's not the practice in Britain, as far as I know (except when used as a rank before a name, obviously - it's the equivalent to private in the Royal Marines). And this article is about the armed forces of all nations, not just the US. It looks very odd to me to have that capitalised and not the others. For that reason, I vote we revert to lower case. -- Necrothesp 15:43, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The word is also capped fairly uniformly in reference to Republic of Korea Marines and UK Royal Marines (usage of the word without the leading "Royal" and proper noun status seem very hard to find, but are capped when found). --Fox1 12 Oct 2004
 * Re: Royal Marines: Well, yes, but only if you refer to "the Marines". If you just referred to "a marine" it would be in lower case, just as "a soldier" would be (but "the Army" would often be capitalised). The organisation itself is, but a member of that organisation isn't. However, you're right that the commonest term is "Royal Marine", which would be capitalised since it's an abbreviated term for the whole organisation. The BBC doesn't capitalise the term, even when it probably should. See the first paragraph of this article. -- Necrothesp 16:25, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I understand that, and the New York Times uses lowercase as well. Royal Marine publications themselves, and other Marine-related organizations such as the Royal Marine Museum use the capitalized version. Historically this practice was used to differentiate naval infantry from the general term "marine" in reference to all things nautical. I would suspect that the difference is largely due to journalistic ignorance of military history and custom, rather than a concious decision, in much the same way that news sources often incorrectly use the word "soldier" to refer to Marines or armed servicemembers in general. --Fox1 12 Oct 2004
 * Well, as I said, as someone who's certainly not ignorant of British military history or custom, I wouldn't capitalise it when used in this way. The trouble is that when written like this it makes the 'Marine' sound superior to the other service personnel. Marines may believe this, but I don't think others would necessarily agree. -- Necrothesp 18:00, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, as I said, the root of the practice was utilitarian, not really honorific. Persons on both sides have interpreted it to be a sort of superlative since then, though, that's true.
 * Yup. Agreed. I don't disagree with your reasoning and I'm not disputing your claims for an historical basis. I just don't like the look of the thing. -- Necrothesp 22:55, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Would you support just avoiding the issue entirely? Listing the servicemember types doesn't seem to serve an essential function within the article, could it simply read "is a member of an armed force who..." or words to that effect? I realize that leaves the issue up in the air, but maybe it's better to tackle it on a more high-traffic page, if it comes up again at all. --Fox1 23:24, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * That looks fine to me. -- Necrothesp 13:12, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Historically, the U.S. Marine Corps has always capitalized "Marine." Beginning in 2004 The U.S. Air Force followed suit with "Airman," and the word is capitalized in all Air Force paperwork and publications.211.59.190.45 03:34, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Whenever you are refering to a member of the Marine Corps you use capitalize the word marine. It is a proper noun.  You would capitilize someones name, right?Bunns USMC 17:06, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia uses universal and agreed-upon norms of typography. Capitalization of airman, sailor, soldier, and marine—in the United States armed forces—is mandated by those services' correspondence or style manuals and is unique to them.  There may be other isolated styles that favor this non-standard form of capitalization, but it is not consistent with Wikipedia or more other English-speaking style guides. It has nothing to do with respect or disrespect toward servicemembers, of which I am one.  Over-capitalization is epidemic in the U. S. military and business worlds.  We don't need that here.  Holy (talk) 18:29, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

Command
I removed this sentence:

 * The exercise of authority by an NCO is technically called control or charge, though colloquial use of the term command is widespread.

This could be an American thing (and if so should be specified as such). In the British Army, NCOs frequently have the official title of e.g. Section Commander or Second-in-Command. -- Necrothesp 01:37, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Unclear definition?
I didn't know what a non-commissioned officer was, but reading this article didn't make me much wiser. I had to read about non-commissioned officers under the commissioned officer link to figure out what it was. I think it would be a good idea to copy some of the info from that page to this one, so that others can get a better grasp of the topic on this page.

 * Go for it. Geoff NoNick 14:39, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The recursive definition doesn't help much either! : A non-commissioned officer ... is a non-commissioned member of an armed force who has been given authority by a commissioned officer. Robef

Reference the unclear definition, it seems a joke to define an NCO by using the term NCO, so I have changed it to "enlisted member," as all NCOs are in the British forces by definition (well, they're actually ORs, but I've used enlisted for the sake of understanding). If this is wrong for any other country, I'll go and change it right back! 62.56.114.225 23:18, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

How many soldiers commanded by a centurion?
The article says "a Roman centurion was responsible for between 60 and 1,200 men" -- but the article Centurion (Roman army) indicates that it was "between 60 and 160 men". Which is correct?

In fiction confusion
Under the In Fiction headline it states NCOs "In US military movies, they are often depicted as black". Perhaps there is something that I am misunderstanding but if this is to mean something other than 'black' in regards to race, I feel this needs to be removed. I served as an NCO myself in the US Navy and having seen many US military movies, I see this statement as little more than offensive assuming it is only referring to race. Boognish 04:26, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

I agree that the race reference should be deleted, as should the whole "in fiction" section, which adds nothing to the article. Science fiction NCOs are not a good example. 138.162.5.7 12:49, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Proper word
I am not sure if it just an American thing, but every reference I know to the noncommissioned officer specifies it as one word, and I'm confused as to why the article is titled Non-commissioned officer with a hyphen. I can't seem to think of any words that use the prefix non followed by a hyphen. I believe it is grammatically incorrect to have a hyphen in the word. I think the title and references inside of the article should omit the hyphen. This is an encyclopedia after all -- shouldn't it follow the rules of grammar? Steven Williamson (HiB2Bornot2B) - talk 21:18, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * It does. Did you check any non-American references? Chambers uses the hyphen, as does the Queen's Regulations and Orders of the Canadian Forces. The same holds true for my copies of the Concise Oxford and Gage Canadian, but you'll have to take my word for it since they're print copies.
 * As a matter of fact, if you plug "non-" into Chambers (a UK dictionary), you'll note that all of the examples are hyphenated.
 * The issue of the varieties of English and their use in Wikipedia is extremely contentious, and has led to some of the most extended (and lamest) edit wars. Please check out WP:ENGVAR; bottom line, "non-commissioned" is a valid, acceptable, and perfectly proper spelling. -- Sig Pig  |SEND - OVER 22:19, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

global tag on "function" section
I put the "worldwide perspective" tag on the "function" section because it appears to be describing NCOs in the armed forces of one specific country (I'm guessing the United States) with its discussion of particular training programs and "federal law" and whatnot. I don't know enough about the subject to fix it, but someone who does should take a look, and make the description more generalized. Mycroft7 (talk) 13:20, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

NCM vs NCO
The Canadian Forces use the term NCM (non-commissioned member) not NCO. Please update the article to reflect that some countries use NCM now.--Sonjaaa (talk) 21:40, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

Not objective, US oriented
The introductory section and Function are very weak. They are very US oriented and not objective, (I deleted a final sentence which related to US Federal Law) and make little effort to explain the topic from an internatinal perspective. Subsequent sections such as on Canada maybe interesting but are rather fruitless until the core definitions are resolved: with false premises all further logic or discussion is meaningless.

I have insufficient knowledge of the military to provide authorative input but I recall that while serving as a civilian instructor with Australian Military officers thatI was told NCO's are from Sergeant upwards. Corporals and Lance Corporals are described as 'appointments'. IF I am correct, this emphasioses the need to write the core information about NCO's from a more generic perspective.

I hope someone can adress this.

Paul T from Sydney. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.175.185 (talk) 18:54, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Commissioned/Noncom Divide
How relevant is the divided hierarchy of commissioned and non-commissioned officers in the US as we're seeing a lot of senior enlisted (E-7 and up) with college degrees? Jigen III (talk) 00:47, 13 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The % of degrees among officers is high in the US military as a whole, and in some services such as USAF, 100%, as a pre-condition for commissioning. Commissioning of mustangs, i.e., "from the ranks" is nearly extinct. % of degrees, even two-year degrees, is still very low on the enlisted side, and nearly all occur after entry into the service. 30 years ago that would have been foundation for commissioning, but commissioned slots are strictly allocated now, and most EMs do so for service perks. As a factor in rationalizing "hierarchy", the divide among degree holders on both sides of the commission barrier is still vast.--Reedmalloy (talk) 05:52, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

Minor point: "backbone" of their service
It's mentioned twice, both in Function and National usage. Im not sure how to edit this, but it's looks a bit weird. 86.80.116.169 (talk) 22:53, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Warrant Officers are NCOs?
The article states that warrant officers (outside of the US) are NCOs - this isn't correct for commonwealth forces. Although WOs may be promoted from the NCO ranks and act effectively as the top of the NCO tree, they are a seperate group. Maybe words to the effect that they are essentially a continuation of the SNCO ranks?Jellyfish dave (talk) 14:40, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Considering that warrant officers technically don't have a commission, I doubt it's actually wrong. Most likely, whether WOs are considered NCOs depends on the military. I know that in Singapore at least, NCO has always referred to both warrant officers and specialists as a collective. The Warrant Officer and Specialist (WOSpec) Corps was even formerly the NCO Corps. Even now, after the restructure, WOs are still colloquially called NCOs. 220.255.120.191 (talk) 02:15, 1 July 2017 (UTC)

As the article clearly says, in the UK, WOs are not NCOs, but are often generically classed together with SNCOs (e.g. they mess together). While this certainly used to be the case with other Commonwealth countries as well, I can't say whether it is still true or not. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:25, 3 July 2017 (UTC)

Inclusion of famous NCO names
I think the recent addition of famous non-coms is problematic. This is an article about the rank in general, and if we start listing names country by country, we will get scads of people. If there is reader interest in such names, categorization should be used. – S. Rich (talk) 22:30, 17 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, should be removed. Completely pointless. -- Necrothesp (talk) 21:24, 18 May 2014 (UTC)
 * The listing has been removed. For 3 of the names, their WP articles did not mention military service at all. To add to my rationale, many countries have mandatory military service so typically males will service and reach lower level NCO status in a year or two. That achievement is important to them, but not important enough to warrant a listing of their names here. – S. Rich (talk) 22:24, 18 May 2014 (UTC)

Minor correction needed
The side box with ranks has a minor typo at "trooperor" which should read "trooper or" - however I cannot see how to edit the box. Thank you if you can fix this. Jeisenberg (talk) 16:07, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

German Wikipedia
Unteroffizier Stephphie (talk) 13:16, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Non-commissioned officer


text:
Chernorizets Hrabar

Chernorizets Hrabar (, Črĭnorizĭcĭ Hrabrŭ, Черноризец Храбър) was a Bulgarian monk, scholar and writer who worked at the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire at the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century. He is credited as the author of On the Letters.

Name and historicity
His appellation is correctly translated as "Hrabar, the Black Robe Wearer" (i.e., Hrabar The Monk), chernorizets being the lowest rank in the monastic hierarchy (translatable as "black robe-wearer", see wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/čьrnъ and riza), "Hrabar" ("Hrabr") supposed to be his given name. However, sometimes he is referred to as "Chernorizets the Brave", "the Brave One" or "Brave" which is the translation of Hrabar assumed to be a nickname.

The authorship of his work and his identity have been a matter of scholarly debate. His name has been theorized as a pseudonym used by some of the other famous men of letters such as Constantine, John the Exarch, Clement of Ohrid or even by Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria himself.

On the Letters
Chernorizets Hrabar is the credited author of only one literary work, "On the Letters" (О писмєньхъ, O pismenĭhŭ, За буквите), a popular medieval treatise written in Old Church Slavonic. The work was written in the late ninth or early tenth century. It was partly based on Greek scholia and grammar treatises and expounded on the origin of the Glagolitic alphabet and Slavic Bible translation.

He also provided information critical to Slavonic paleography with his mention that the pre-Christian Slavs employed "strokes and incisions" (чръты и рѣзы, črŭty i rězy, translated as "tallies and sketches" below) writing that was, apparently, insufficient properly to reflect the spoken language. It is thought that this may have been a form of runic script but no authentic examples are known to have survived. The dominant view among scholars is that Hrabar was defending Slavonic in response to Greek criticism, while others have argued that his text was a defense of Glagolithic against Cyrillic.

Manuscript copies
The manuscript of On the Letters has been preserved in 79 copies in seven families of texts, including five contaminated manuscripts, plus four abridgements independent of the seven families. All of these families probably ultimately share a common protograph. Not one of the textual families contains an optimal text, and none of them can be established to be the source of any other. None of the text families can be shown to have dialectal features, albeit some of the individual manuscripts in the families do have them. The protograph was written in Glagolitic, and it underwent significant change or corruption in the course of its successive transcription into seven families of Cyrillic texts. Today only Cyrillic manuscripts survive. The hyparchetypes of all seven families give the number of the letters in the alphabet as 38, but the original Glagolitic alphabet had only 36, as attested in the acrostic of Constantine of Preslav; however, one of the abridgements instead gives the number as 37 and another gives it as 42.

The oldest surviving manuscript copy dates back to 1348 and was made by the monk Laurentius for Tsar Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria. The work has also been printed in Vilnius (1575–1580), Moscow (1637), Saint Petersburg (1776), Supraśl (1781). It is the earliest printed work of an early Bulgarian author, included as part of the 1578 version of Ivan Fеdorov's East Slav primer.

Excerpt

 * Being still pagans, the Slavs did not have their own letters, but read and communicated by means of tallies and sketches. After their baptism they were forced to use Roman and Greek letters in the transcription of their Slavic words but these were not suitable ... At last, God, in his love for mankind, sent them St. Constantine the Philosopher, called Cyril, a learned and upright man, who composed for them thirty-eight letters, some (24 of them) similar to the Greek, but some (14 of them) different, suitable to express Slavic sounds.

Legacy
Hrabar Nunatak on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Chernorizets Hrabar.

title: Chernorizets Hrabar


text:
HMS Bermuda

Seven commissioned ships of the British Royal Navy have been named Bermuda and given the prefix HMS (Her Majesty's Ship or His Majesty's Ship, depending on the sex of the monarch), after the British Overseas Territory and former Imperial fortress of Bermuda. Two other vessels operated by the Royal Navy that were not commissioned warships were also named Bermuda.

 * HMS Bermuda (1795) was a 14-gun brig-sloop purchased in 1795 that disappeared in September 1796 in the Gulf of Florida.
 * HMS Bermuda (1805) was an 18-gun sloop-of-war launched in 1805 and wrecked 22 April 1808 with no loss of life.
 * HMS Bermuda (1808) was a 10-gun brig-sloop built by John Pelham of Frindsbury and launched 1808; she was wrecked 16 November 1816, with the loss of one life.
 * HMS Bermuda (1813) was a pilot boat acquired in 1813 and broken up 1817.
 * HMS Bermuda (1819) was a schooner purchased 1819 and foundered in March 1821 near Bermuda with the loss of her entire crew.
 * HMS Bermuda (1848) was a 3-gun schooner launched 1848 and wrecked 20 January 1855, with no loss of life.
 * HMS Bermuda (C52) was a cruiser launched 1941 and broken up 1965.

Other ships of the Royal Navy named Bermuda

 * Auxiliary Small Craft Bermuda, was a trawler built in 1905 and registered in Grimsby as GY.56. Hired for naval use as a minesweeper and armed with one 6-pounder gun. Admiralty pennant number 712. In service from 16 November 1914, to 14 December 1920.
 * AFD Bermuda was an Admiralty Floating Dock, towed to the Bermuda Dockyard in 1869 by HMS Warrior (1860), HMS Black Prince (1861) and HMS Terrible.

title: HMS Bermuda


text: User talk:82.182.129.37

title: User talk:82.182.129.37


text:
Renato M. E. Sabbatini

Renato Marcos Endrizzi Sabbatini (born 20 February 1947, Campinas) is a retired professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering and at the State University of Campinas Institute of Biology. He received a B.Sc. in Biomedical Sciences from Medical School of the University of São Paulo and a doctorate in behavioral neuroscience in 1977, followed by postdoctoral work at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry's Primate Behavior Department. He founded the Center for Biomedical Informatics, and helped create the Brazilian Society for Health Informatics.

Sabbatini received the 1992 Prêmio José Reis de Divulgação Científica award for popular science writing, and was named one of Info Exame Magazine's "50 Champions of Innovation" for 2007. He is currently president of the Edumed Institute for Education in Medicine and Health, a "not-for-profit educational, research and development institution."

Professor Sabbatini is a Fellow Elect (Inaugural Class) of the International Academy of Health Sciences Informatics, established by the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA), and a Fellow Elect of the American College of Medical Informatics, established by the American Medical Informatics Association.

Selected publications

 * Sabbatini, R.M.E.: A multilayered neural network for processing 2D tomographic images in neurosurgery. Proceed. Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, IEEE, 1992
 * Ortiz J., Ghefter C.G., Silva C.E., Sabbatini R.M.E.: One-year mortality prognosis in heart failure: a neural network approach based on echocardiographic data. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Dec;26(7):1586–93.
 * Sabbatini, R.M.E.; Cardoso, S.H.: The Virtual Hospital, Electronic Publications and the Visible Human: New Paradigms for Health Education. Proceed. Regional Conference on Health Information Systems, p. 128–137, São Paulo, BIREME, 1996. (In Portuguese)
 * Sabbatini, R.M.E.: Using neural networks for processing biologic signals. MD Comput. 1996 Mar–Apr;13(2):165–172.
 * Da Costa, C.G.A. & Sabbatini, R.M.E.: A Survey of Software Engineering Practices in the Development of Electronic Patient Record Systems. Proceed. AMIA Annu. Meet.
 * Cardoso, S.H.; Sabbatini, R.M.E.: "Brain & Mind" Magazine: An On-Line Multimedia Resource for Dissemination and Evaluation of Knowledge in Neuroscience. Proceed. AMIA Annu. Meet. (In PDF)
 * Carvalho, P.M.; Sabbatini, R.M.E. Integrating the Teaching of Informatics to Medical Students in a Problem-Based Learning Undergraduate Course. Proceed. AMIA Annu. Meet.
 * Botelho, M.L.; Araújo, L.; Sabbatini, R.M.E.: A Neural-Network Based System on the World Wide Web for Prognosis and Indication of Surgery in Head and Brain Trauma. Proceed. AMIA Annu. Meet., 1997 (In PDF)
 * Quaresma, R.P.; Sabbatini, R.M.E.; Cardoso, S.H.; Ortale, J.R.: Adding Java and CGI Functionality to an On-Line Atlas of Anatomy for Medical Education. Proceed. AMIA Annu. Meet., 1997 (In PDF)
 * Palombo, C.R. Maccari-Filho, M.; Sabbatini, R.M.E. and Halstead, C.L.: The Virtual Dental Center: Resource for Research and Education on the WWW. Proceed. AMIA Annu. Meet., 1997 (In PDF)
 * Sabbatini, R.M.E.; Cardoso, S.H.: Interdisciplinarity and the Neurosciences. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 27(4) Dec 2002, pp. 303–311.
 * Sabbatini, R.M.E.; Cardoso, S.H.: Internet-2 Based Tele/Videoconferencing for Distance Medical Education: The EduMed. Net Project. AMIA Annual Meeting
 * Cardoso, S.H.; Sabbatini, R.M.E.: On-line Resources for a WWW-based Continued Education Curriculum on Behavioral Neurobiology. AMIA Annual Meeting (in PDF).
 * Sabbatini, R.M.E.: The Brazilian Virtual Hospital. A Case in e-Health. In: Knight, P. et al.: e-Democracy in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Pearson Educational, 2003. (In Portuguese).
 * Sabbatini, R.M.E. & Cardoso, S.H.: A Distance Interactive Course on the History of Neuroscience. Abstr. Annu. Meet. Soc. Neurosci. (SFN 2003), New Orleans, LA, USA, Nov. 2003.
 * Lopes da Silva, J.V.; Santa Bárbara, A.; Cardoso, S.H.; Sabbatini, R.M.E. and Coimbra, N.C.: Construction of 3D Anatomical Models in Polymer Using Selective Laser Sintering – A New Method for Teaching Human Anatomy, Proc. VIII International Conference on Nursing Informatics. Rio de Janeiro, June 2003.
 * Sabbatini, R.M.E. Internet Health Applications in Brazil. In: Sosa-Iudicissa, M. et al. (Eds). Internet, Telematics and Health. IOP Press, 1997. Excerpt at Google Books
 * Sabbatini, R.M.E. – Applications of connectionist systems in Biomedicine. In: Lun, K.C.; Degoulet, P. & Piemme, T. (Eds.) – Proceed. 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics (MEDINFO 92). p. 418–425, 1992.
 * Sabbatini RM. A head-mounted stereotaxic platform with movable electrodes for intracerebral exploration. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1982 Apr;15(1):65–71.

title: Renato M. E. Sabbatini


text:
Liquid News

Liquid News was a daily round up of entertainment news for BBC Three (and before that BBC Choice) running from 30 May 2000 to 1 April 2004. The show was also broadcast weekly on BBC One and internationally on BBC Prime and BBC America.

The programme originally evolved from Zero 30, the previous entertainment programme on BBC News 24. Once this was dropped from the 24-hour news channel, controller of the then BBC Choice, Stuart Murphy, took the format and brought it to the channel where it soon became the flagship programme.

Format
Each show started with a rundown of the headlines that featured in that edition of Liquid News after the main titles and the host introducing themselves. The show featured celebrity news from around the world (though mainly the UK), including live reports from staff in New York, Los Angeles and Cannes during the Cannes Film Festival.

Every edition had guests in the studio with the host to provide their opinions on the news featured, offer their views and to reflect with the host on those stories and to plug their own shows or records that they were promoting at the time.

The show would divide itself into sections of discussion which usually fell into the categories of Music, Film, Television and sometimes Sport which featured a main story of a pre-recorded or insert live from the regular roster of Liquid News reporters.

A number of special editions of Liquid News were made to celebrate major events in the celebrity world, which left the usual confines of the studio. One such edition took place at a rooftop pool in which Christopher Price was behind a small tiki bar with the guests sitting on bar stools.

Cancellation
In April 2004 the show was cancelled. Murphy, controller of BBC Three and who originally commissioned Liquid News for BBC Choice, stated that the show would end as a way to "refresh the channel's output to best serve the audience". The news element of the channel was unaffected by the ending of the programme with 60 Seconds and The 7 O'Clock News already in existence with the latter revamped as a half hour programme with a larger budget to replace Liquid News. The 7 O'Clock News was later axed in December 2005, while 60 Seconds departed screens alongside the original incarnation of BBC Three as a linear channel in February 2016. Since BBC Three's return to linear television in 2022, its news output has solely consisted of The Catch Up.

Presenters
Liquid News was originally a vehicle for presenter Christopher Price. Following his death on 21 April 2002, the show continued with a variety of presenters, beginning with Dale Winton and also including Colin Paterson, Claudia Winkleman, Julia Morris, Iain Lee, Jasmine Lowson, Paddy O'Connell, Lorraine Kelly, Phill Jupitus, Julian Clary, Jonathan Ross, Jo Whiley, Joe Mace and Amanda Byram.

The programme was relaunched on 6 October 2002, with Claudia Winkleman and Colin Paterson becoming the main presenters alongside new branding and the introduction of a Sunday night edition, whilst Julia Morris and Heat editor Mark Frith presented a revamped Friday evening edition. In July 2003, Paddy O'Connell replaced Colin Patterson, who remained on the programme as a reporter.

Reporters
The lineup of reporting staff included Colin Paterson, Stephanie West, Vanessa Langford, Tamzin Sylvester and Ruth Liptrot.

Theme music
Both versions of the theme tune have been composed by Moby, the first of which being an original composition that had not been included on the Play album titled "Bedhead". The second was a DJ Tiesto remix of "We Are All Made of Stars", which featured on the single release.

title: Liquid News


text:
HMS Bluebell

Two ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Bluebell, after the bluebell flower.

 * HMS Bluebell (1915) was an Acacia-class sloop sloop in service from 1915 to 1930.
 * HMS Bluebell (K80) was a Flower-class corvette launched in 1940 and sunk by a torpedo in 1945.

title: HMS Bluebell


text:
Talk:Dick & Dom in da Bungalow

Dick and Dom call their show "Tat" and "Awful"
After "Dick and Dom in da Bungalow" had finished, Dick and Dom criticized the show. The duo told London radio station LBC that Ask the Family had been "a good experience but we'd like to be honest - it was absolutely shoddy, it was the biggest load of tat that we've ever, ever done. It was just an awful programme." (Link to BBC Article []). This has been added to the main article :-). I wonder if a fanboi will remove it? ;-)
 * Yes you'd find that would be their other show "Ask The Family". It has very little to do with this show. J.J.Sagnella 13:18, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

bogeys
"Dick and Dom also frequent quiet public places such as museums and restaurants and shout 'Bogeys' at ever-increasing volumes."

Quite amusing, but surely unrelated to the show? Removed until someone can justify. --Air 15:55, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * It's true, a very popular part of the show. for instance. Or, if you can bring yourself to, google for "dick and dom" bogies... -- Avaragado 19:57, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * absolutely right, should have checked. Re-added with clearer wording, thanks. --Air 10:08, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

image copyright
A good image, where did the image come from (DifferentGravy) for copyright purposes? --Air 20:13, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

DVD Info
Having just bought the DVD today, and noticing it not listed on this page, I just added some brief information about it at the bottom of the article. --CherryMay 14:23, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Updates
I've just given this page a considerable update with a fair bit of new content about what happens in the show. However, I don't know much about what happens on the Sunday bungalow that is different to what happens on Saturday. If anyone has information of this kind, then I would appreciate it if you could add it to this page under the relevant sections.

Cheers! EddieBernard 17:28, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

More updates
I've added a 'series overview' section to the site. I've noticed that since series 5 begun a lot of info regarding previous series appears to have been lost. So hopefully the overview section can allow people to have a rough idea of significant features of each series. Brollachan 20:44, 11 December 2005 (GMT)

Series overview is a cool idea. Nice work.

I'm just wondering where/why "Brum Brum Ding Ding Sing Sing" has vanished from the article, what happened to the list of examples of Creamy Muck Muck parodies, and why no description of Public Transport? EddieBernard 11:55, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The Brum Brum should have a mention on the list, and i think the list of parodies is still there. It was decided there was no need for a description of public transport so it got deleted. J.J.Sagnella
 * Where was this decided? EddieBernard 11:49, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

I've no idea about the 'Brum Brum...' article, though I'll add it in myself under the 'List of Other Games' section as if I recall it was a game. As for public transport the reference that it existed can be found in the 'List of other features' section. In reality it is just one short-term feature in a collection of series and does not justify a full entry. As for the Creamy Muck Muck the list of parodies was removed when the section was redone to include mentions of what happenned in past series, as this information had been lost.

Edit: 'Brum Brum...' does appear in the list of games, the full name is "Melvyn O'Doom's Brum Brum Ding Ding Sing Sing". Brollachan 19:27, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Fansites
Now I apprecitate the edit removing all websites, yet if someone reading the article wants to go off and watch clips of the show. Fan site: Dick And Dom In Da Bungalow Would be very useful as in the other links there are no clips. If anyone agress/disagrees with bringing this ONE site back, please post here.J.J.Sagnella 20:17, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Already readded, there was no need for its removal on any level. -Dynamo_ace Talk

 * Thanks, if you actually watch the show, you'll know that website is amazingly useful. Such a shame this show is ending in 2 weeks time. J.J.Sagnella 20:24, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

To do list...
I think there are three things that need to be done on this article if anyone is intrested in expanding the article.

1.Add more images from the programe, eppecially on the features, props and charathers.

2.Spoken word version of article

3.Description of well known games on the show, improvements on charathers desgins and possible more  detials on the props used (maybe in seperate articles)

That's all i can think of at the moment -Dynamo_ace Talk ---

1. Added a few pics, got a few more bits and pieces captured still on my compter. Brollachan 20:07, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Oh no! Dick ad Dom have finished!
I wept for so long when they ended,never before will anything so crazy and so funny be on our television sets...

Also, as it has now finished, change all present tense verbs to imperfect or perfect (past). Go Go Dick and dom! J.J.Sagnella 21:08, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Does anyone know why they stopped doing them? If so it's be great to see on the article, because I have no idea what they're doing next or why 84.66.114.139 16:18, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

The rumour is that Dick and dom are ending by their own choice as they are 40 this year. J.J.Sagnella 16:22, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

A quick check on their Wiki entries says they're 30 and 28, rather than 40. Before the start of the series it had been reported that they had said it was going to be their last series. Contrary to some reports it was NOT axed by the BBC, as Dick and Dom had decided it was going to be their last series. Brollachan 20:02, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

The BBC's website for Dick & Dom has now been removed from bbc.co.uk, there link in article has been removed. Brollachan 12:48, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Copyediting
This article desperately needs copyediting. —Spe88 19:06, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Writing Style?
This article is strangely written. There are whole sections in a different tense, and it seems almost conversational in parts. Please don't write 'which I think speaks for itself'. It looks stupid. I don't have the time nor the skill to correct this, but someone urgently needs to do so. D aniel (☎) 19:22, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * If you can tell me which bits you are talkinga bout are particularly bad, I can happily edit them better for you. J.J.Sagnella 19:24, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

How on earth did they get away with it?!
I mean "Creamy Muck Muck", "Sweaty Flaps", and so on. Was this programme commissioned by Roger Mellie or something?

I know that back in the 1950s, Captain Pugwash allegedly had "Master Bates", etc., but that was just an urban myth. Dick and Dom seem to have done it for real!

Did no BBC executive see this and think "hang on a minute..."? Or do they simply not get up that early?

Apart from anything else, there's something rather disturbing about two 30-something guys talking to small children about "muck muck" and the like - if a bloke in the street did that he'd be put on the Sex Offenders Register! 217.155.20.163 22:41, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm guessing you're the sort of person who gets the wrong implication for everything? the sort of person who might laught at the following sentence?

Coastal Towns In Britain have invested millions of pounds into Groynes.

Muck descibes something messy and most of these phrases are things which sound memorable and fit well in their themem tune. J.J.Sagnella 23:24, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Lol, i loved the Mellie reference. Rubberchix 18:02, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Seperation?
Shouldn't Dick and Dom have thier own page, and the bungalow have its own page, is a seperation possible? FoxFanatic

--88.107.160.188 (talk) 12:48, 9 March 2008 (UTC) I totally agree. There are two different pages needed. One for the duo and one for the show. There is so much outside of the show that Richard and Dominic have attcheived!

Records
dose any one know if they beaten any records during their attemts if do can we add to the page. Fanoflionking 18:46, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dick & Dom in da Bungalow


text: Category:Pain

title: Category:Pain


text:
Matigge

Matigge is a village of 1095 inhabitants in the Italian province of Perugia in east central Umbria, located at 294 m (965 ft) above sea-level on the lower flank of Mt. Puranno, 42°54N 12°44E. It is a frazione of Trevi, which lies 3 km (2 mi) to the south.

History and main sights
The origin of the town's name is unknown, but may derive from Latin (villa) Matidiae: Matidia Minor. Matidia Minor was a noble Roman woman, a distant cousin and sister-in-law of Emperor Hadrian. This town is also named after Matidia's mother Salonia Matidia and her late maternal grandfather Praetor Gaius Salonius Matidius Patruinus. Matidia was known to have had a villa in Umbria and Matidia was a wealthy and socially conscious woman, responsible for one of the grander building schemes in Ostia. Hadrian restored a large chunk of the Umbrian Via Flaminia in AD 123‑124; it is thus an appealing, if unproven, theory, that Hadrian would have had the need for restoring the road personally brought home to him as he travelled it back and forth to his daughter's hypothetical villa.

Matigge does in fact boast of Roman remains: traces of small Roman roads, and significant Roman spolia used in the construction of the attractive Romanesque church of S. Donato. A second small Romanesque church in town is S. Niccolò.

title: Matigge


text:
Formosan black bear

The Formosan black bear (, Ursus thibetanus formosanus), also known as the Taiwanese black bear or white-throated bear, is a subspecies of the Asiatic black bear. It was first described by Robert Swinhoe in 1864. Formosan black bears are endemic to Taiwan. They are also the largest land animals and the only native bears (Ursidae) in Taiwan. They are seen to represent the Taiwanese nation.

Because of severe exploitation and habitat degradation in recent decades, populations of wild Formosan black bears have been declining. This species was listed as "endangered" under Taiwan's Wildlife Conservation Act in 1989. Their geographic distribution is restricted to remote, rugged areas at elevations of 1000 - 3500 m. The estimated number of individuals is 200 to 600.

Physical characteristics
The Formosan black bear is sturdily built and has a round head, short neck, small eyes, and long snout. Its head measures 26-35 cm in length and 40-60 cm in circumference. Its ears are 8-12 cm long. Its snout resembles a dog's, hence its nickname is "dog bear". Its tail is inconspicuous and short—usually less than 10 cm long. Its body is well covered with rough, glossy, black hair, which can grow over 10 cm long around the neck. The tip of its chin is white. On the chest, there is a distinctive yellowish or white mark that is shaped like a "V" character or a crescent moon. This earns it another nickname—"moon bear". It weighs from 60 to 200 kg.

Diet

They feed primarily on leaves, buds, fruits, roots, although they also eat insects, small animals, and carrion. Diets of bears monitored in Yushan National Park include succulent vegetation in spring, soft fruits rich in carbohydrate in summer, and fat-loaded hard mast (e.g., acorn and walnut) in fall/winter.

Distribution
It is believed that it was once widespread across Taiwan (Formosa). It is now mostly confined to the mountain ranges. It can be found along the Central and Snow mountain ranges. The largest population of bears seem to be Lala mountain in Chatienshan Reserve, the (Snow) Mountain area in Sheipa National Park, and Taroko National Park south to Tawushan Reserve through Yushan National Park.

Habitat and behavior
The Formosan bear lives in the mountainous forests in the eastern two-thirds of Taiwan at elevations of 1,000 to 3,000 m. In the winter, rather than hibernating like Asiatic black bears in temperate areas, they move to lower elevations to find food. They are active for 54–57% of daylight hours, and more active during summer (60%) and fall/winter (60%) than spring (47%). They are primarily active during the day in the spring and summer; and increasingly active at night in the fall/winter when acorns are abundant. They are solitary and usually move around extensively except during the mating season or when caring for cubs. Formosan bears are also the only bears on the planet that make temporary nests.

Although they look clumsy and slow, Formosan black bears can easily outrun humans, reaching speeds of 30-40 km per hour. They are skilled at swimming and climbing, as well. Because of their endangered species status and their habit of avoiding humans, Formosan black bears are rarely seen in the wild. In most encounters the bear retreats and runs away from humans. Even though bears can be aggressive, they rarely attack humans without provocation.

Reproduction
As solitary animals, Formosan black bears do not stay in fixed shelters, except for females during their breeding period. The bear's courtship period is very brief. A male trails after a female for a few days. After mating, they return to their solitary lives. Females reach sexual maturity at age 3–4 and males reach sexual maturity at age 4–5, usually one year later than females. Mating is usually from June to August and pregnancy lasts for 6–7 months. Thus, wild females usually give birth between December and the following February.

Each birth produces 1–3 cubs. Cubs will be nursed by mother for about six months. When they are strong enough to leave the den, bear cubs will remain with the mother for approximately two years, until the mother enters the next cycle of estrus and drives the cubs off. This forms the 2-year reproductive cycle of Formosan black bears.

Hunter and hunted
Formosan black bears and Formosan clouded leopards  — two of the largest terrestrial mammals on the island of Taiwan — used to roam over the ranges and mountains of Taiwan. However, while the leopard is now extinct, the bear, though endangered, has survived. According to research by the Institute of Wildlife Conservation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, this may be due to the myths and traditional taboos of Taiwanese aborigines.

Bunun people call black bears Aguman or Duman, which means the devil. If a Bunun hunter's trap accidentally traps a bear, he has to build a cottage in the mountains and burn the body of the bear there. He also has to stay in the cottage alone away from the village until the millet harvest is finished. Rukai and Paiwan people are allowed to hunt bears, but the hunters have to pay the price of carrying the ancient curse in return. Rukai people believe hunting bears can result in disease. Also, not everyone is allowed to eat bear meat, and children are strictly forbidden to do so. In Taroko (Truku) legend, Formosan black bears are respectful "kings of the forest", whose white marks on their chests represent the moon. The Taroko people believe that killing black bears results in family disaster. In general, among these hunting tribes, hunters of boars are respected as heroes, while hunters of bears are considered losers.

Endangered species
From 1998 to 2000, 15 Formosan black bears were captured and radio collared in Yushan National Park. Reported bear sightings are very infrequent and no one knows exactly how many bears still exist. The species has been legally protected since 1989 but illegal hunting continues and such poaching continues to threaten Formosan black bear populations. For example, eight of fifteen bears captured in the above survey had missing toes or paws, caused by illegal traps.

Since 1989, Formosan black bears have been listed as endangered animals and protected by Taiwan's Cultural Heritage Preservation Law. Internationally, the entire species of Asiatic black bear is listed on Appendix I of CITES. CITES bans all international trade of any products from this species. The species is also listed on the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) as vulnerable.

An indigenous Bunun hunter once said, "If there were no bears in the mountains, the forest would look empty and I would feel lonely." Mei-Hsiu Hwang of Institute of Wildlife Conservation, a campaigner for black-bear preservation, also said: "We do not wish to lose this soul of Taiwan's mountains. We do not wish our offspring to see them only in the zoo or in history books."

There is still hope for the Formosan black bear. In 2009, Lin Yuan-Yuan (a member of Yushan National Park's black bear conservation group) recorded footage showing a mother bear attempting to help her two cubs cross a rapid near Batongguan Trail in the eastern section of Tafen.

Popular culture
In 2001, they were voted the most representative wildlife of Taiwan in a half-year-long countrywide voting campaign.

Taiwanese pilots have worn morale patches which feature a Formosan black bear punching Winnie-the-Pooh (representing Xi Jinping) in the face.

title: Formosan black bear


text: Category:Nociception

title: Category:Nociception


text:
Home of the Brave

"Home of the Brave" is the ending phrase from the United States national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner". It may refer to:

Film

 * Home of the Brave (1949 film), a film directed by Mark Robson
 * Home of the Brave (1985 film), a documentary directed by Helena Solberg
 * Home of the Brave (1986 film), a concert film featuring and directed by Laurie Anderson
 * "Home of the Brave", a season eight episode of TV series Walker, Texas Ranger
 * Home of the Brave (2004 film), a documentary directed by Paola di Florio
 * Home of the Brave (2006 film), a film starring Samuel L. Jackson, 50 Cent, and Billy Michael

Music

 * "Home of the Brave" (song), a 1965 song by Jody Miller
 * Home of the Brave (album), a corresponding 1965 album of the same name
 * Home of the Brave, a 1994 album by folk rock band Black 47
 * Home of the Brave (soundtrack), a soundtrack album for the 1986 film of same name
 * "Home of the Brave", a song by Lou Reed from the album Legendary Hearts
 * "Home of the Brave", a song by The Nails from the 1984 album Mood Swing
 * "Home of the Brave", a song by Spiritualized from the album Ladies and Gentlemen We Are Floating in Space
 * "Home of the Brave", a song by Gigolo Aunts from the album Tales from the Vinegar Side
 * "Home of the Brave", a song by Toto from the album The Seventh One
 * "Home of the Brave", a song by White Ring from the 2018 album Gate of Grief
 * "This Is the Home of the Brave", the national anthem of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

Other uses

 * Home of the Brave (play), a play by Arthur Laurents
 * Home of the Brave (radio program), an American radio program broadcast on CBS

title: Home of the Brave


text:
Talk:Flatlander

Untitled
The usage of "flatlander" is way wider than the UP. Folks in Wisconsin use it to refer to people in Illinois, and in northern New England it's a term meaning "non-native". Anyone else have versions used

IMHO, either this entry needs to be broadened, or the article absorbed back into Yooper -- Kaszeta 15:45, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I've reworded this entry and rearranged by region (my very first Wikipedia edit!). In particular, the first graf claiming that the only true usage is that by people from the Rockies to refer to everyone else, and that other people have adopted it to "make up for their own inadequacies," was pretty silly. --169.253.4.21 15:40, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

In my experience (southern Alberta), it's most often used to describe people from Saskatchewan - not just everything east. --Lonelywurm 07:55, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Merge needed
The Flatlander article dates to October 9, 2004, while the Flatlanders article is even older, created September 6, 2004. Both articles cover the same topic, so they should really be merged, preferably to the singular form. Since both have extensive histories, a move would need to be done by an administrator. In the meantime, I redirected the singular article to the plural one, because the latter was larger, but the other alternative would serve as well. --Blainster 21:36, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * agree go for it--Buridan 15:47, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Expand, merge or redirect
This page is a mere dictionary definition (something which Wikipedia is not). It explains the various meanings and regional usages a slang term. I can't find any encyclopedic content on this page. Nothing here rises past what I would expect to read in a truly great unabridged dictionary. The definitions and usage discussions belong over in Wiktionary where folks with the right skills, interests and lexical tools can more easily sort out the meanings and origins.

Options to fix the page here include:
 * 1) Expand the page with encyclopedic content - that is, content that goes well beyond the merely lexical.
 * 2) Redirect the page to a more general page on the appropriate sub-genre of slang.
 * 3) Replace the current contents with a soft-redirect to Wiktionary (usually done using the wi template).
 * 4) Turn it into a disambiguation page for the various related usages of the term.

Pending a better answer, I'm implementing option 4 for now. Rossami (talk) 22:09, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flatlander


text:
Talk:Texas v. Johnson

I have divided
I have divided the section on "the case" into three subsections as seemed to me useful in presenting the major issues brought up. If this organization can be improved upon or the subsection headings reworded in a superior manner, I am all for it and encourage such action.

Additionally, information on the concurring opinion and the two dissents ought to be included in the article. I may get to that but encourage others to add that information, along with making any other changes, modifications, and deletions as may be deemed improvements to the article.

Jacob1207 15:46, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Texas Penal Code 42.09 refers to cruelty to animals, not flag desecration
Section 42.09 does not refer to flag desecration, 42.11 does. Source: http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/docs/PE/htm/PE.42.htm

Did 42.09 change in the 20 years since then?

C.A.T.S. CEO (talk) 17:50, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

 * This reply comes ten years late, but I have added a footnote clarifying that, as of the most recent revision in 2007, Texas Penal Code § 42.09 now refers to cruelty to livestock animals, where 42.11 refers to "destruction of flag". I'm honestly not sure how they can still have a "destruction of flag" statute in its 2007 Penal Code, given the Supreme Court ruling and all, but hey, I'm not a lawyer. Askarion   ✉  14:02, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

missing word? Struck down
Congress did, however, pass the 1989 Flag Protection Act, which was also struck down by the same majority of justices as Johnson (in an opinion also written by Justice Brennan), in United States v. Eichman, 496 U.S. 310 (1990).

Are we missing a word in the above line or is that leagalize? Ht1848 18:46, 2004 Nov 8 (UTC)

 * I am not commenting on the grammar or word structure, but I would like to say thanks so much to whoever wrote this article. This is a very clear and easily understandable document.

Notes Section
Is there anything in here that should be added to the Subsequent Developments section or can I get a second on deleting it? Jewisharific 23:35, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Random thoughts and questions
Anyone know what ever happened to Gregory Johnson, after the trial? Maybe not relevant to this article, but I can't find this information anywhere. He's probably around 50 years old now; I wonder if he's still invovled with communist groups. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.137.221.0 (talk) 03:25, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Probably teaching someplace along with the rest of the failed Marxists.John celona (talk) 17:45, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Reverting "vandalism"
Hello,

I am not sure how to go about it, but this revision: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Johnson&oldid=174242522, is destructive, and I'm not sure how to go about reversing that so others can view the information as well. I am reading an older version, but I figured someone should be aware of the issue. Thank you.--198.37.20.140 08:57, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Just because he disagreed with the law doesn't make him a communist.Henry hedden (talk) 01:04, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

POV
The entire "The Supreme Court's decision" seriously invokes the writer's point of view, arguing against the dissenting opinions. It needs to be overhauled. 68.63.170.169 (talk) 10:01, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

POV over the topp
i assume The source of the POV dispute is the following edit:

03:59, 28 November 2007 Mufka

regardless, the article is now back to it's previous status.

--66.215.224.216 (talk) 13:05, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

The criticism section needs to be edited. The discussion there of C.J. Rehnquist and Justice Steven's decisions uses biased language.

Jontko (talk) 17:10, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Could you please be more specific? Postdlf (talk) 17:12, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

In the "Criticism of the Ruling and Dissenting Opinions" section of the article the author uses biased language. Here's an example: "He repeated the Lincoln Memorial canard and bubbled on about the "physical integrity" of the flag." Perhaps the author of this article is summarizing Professor Amar, but that is not entirely clear. Jontko (talk) 17:19, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * It looks like that's all part of a quote by Amar, which is hard to read as such because it currently uses double quotation marks for quotes within the Amar quote instead of single marks. I'd question the need to quote the essay at such length.  Postdlf (talk) 17:54, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Companies
The article names protests outside "offices of several companies", but not wich companies were, or the reason why this companies were selected, and not others. It also names some "policies of the Reagan Administration". I think all this is important information. Comu_nacho (spanish speaker) (talk) 17:11, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

Possible copyright problem
This article has been revised as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. 💵Money💵emoji💵💸 21:33, 22 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Texas v. Johnson


text: User talk:63.230.254.180

title: User talk:63.230.254.180


text:
Michael Sendivogius

Michael Sendivogius (Michał Sędziwój; 2 February 1566 – 1636) was a Polish alchemist, philosopher, and medical doctor. A pioneer of chemistry, he developed ways of purification and creation of various acids, metals and other chemical compounds. He discovered that air is not a single substance and contains a life-giving substance—later called oxygen—170 years before Scheele's discovery of the element. He correctly identified this "food of life" with the gas (also oxygen) given off by heating nitre (saltpetre). This substance, the "central nitre", had a central position in Sendivogius' schema of the universe.

Biography
Little is known of his early life: he was born in a noble family that was part of the Clan of Ostoja. His father sent him to study in university of Kraków but Sendivogius visited also most of the European countries and universities; he studied at Vienna, Altdorf, Leipzig and Cambridge. His acquaintances included John Dee and Edward Kelley. It was thanks to him that King Stephen Báthory agreed to finance their experiments. In the 1590s he was active in Prague, at the famously open-minded court of Emperor Rudolf II.

In Poland he appeared at the court of King Sigismund III Vasa around 1600, and quickly achieved great fame, as the Polish king was himself an alchemy enthusiast and even conducted experiments with Sendivogius. In Kraków's Wawel castle, the chamber where his experiments were performed is still intact. The more conservative Polish nobles soon came to dislike him for encouraging the king to expend vast sums of money on chemical experimentation. The more practical aspects of his work in Poland involved the design of mines and metal foundries. His widespread international contacts led to his employment as a diplomat from about 1600.

In his later years, Sendivogius spent more time in Bohemia and Moravia (now in the Czech Republic), where he had been granted lands by the Habsburg emperor. Near the end of his life, he settled in Prague, in the court of Rudolf II, where he gained even more fame as a designer of metal mines and foundries. However the Thirty Years' War of 1618-48 had effectively ended the golden age of alchemy: the rich patrons now spent their money on financing war rather than chemical speculation, and he died in relative obscurity.

Works
Daniel Stolcius in his Viridarium Chymicum (1624) praises Sendivogius as the author of twelve books. The most famous of these was his "New Chemical Light", published in 1604. Besides a relatively clear exposition of his theory on the existence of a "food of life" in air, his books contain various scientific, pseudo-scientific and philosophical theories, and were repeatedly translated and widely read among such worthies as Isaac Newton into the 18th century.

Sendivogius in fiction
The first appearance of this character in fiction was in the 1845 book Sędziwoj by Józef Bohdan Dziekoński, a writer during the times of romanticism in Poland. In early 2000s he appeared in several books by the Polish writer Andrzej Pilipiuk (Kuzynki 2003, Księżniczka 2004, Dziedziczki 2005). Sendivogius is also a character in the novel of Gustav Meyrink (part of Goldmachergeschichten, August Scherl Verlag, Berlin 1925), a German author from Prague, Bohemia, who often wrote about alchemy and alchemists.

The Polish 19th-century realist painter Jan Matejko depicted Sendivogius demonstrating a transmutation of a base metal into gold before King Sigismund III Vasa.

He was also shown (thinly disguised) as the Alchemist Sendivogius in a Polish TV series Alchemik Sendivius in the 1980s.

Writings

 * De Lapide Philosophorum Tractatus duodecim e naturae fonte et manuali experientia deprompti. 1604.
 * Also known as Novum Lumen Chymicum (New Chemical Light), the first Latin editions were published simultaneously in Prague and Frankfurt.
 * Dialogus Mercuriii, Alchemistae et Naturae. Cologne, 1607.
 * Tractatus de sulphure altero naturae principio. Cologne, 1616.

title: Michael Sendivogius


text: User talk:204.60.172.100

title: User talk:204.60.172.100


text:
Daryl Sabara

Daryl Christopher Sabara (born June 14, 1992) is an American actor. He is known for portraying Juni Cortez in the Spy Kids film series, and for a variety of television and film appearances, first as a child actor and continuing into adult roles, including voice roles.

Early life
He graduated from West Torrance High School in 2010. His fraternal twin brother, Evan Sabara, is a voice actor. The siblings are of mostly Russian-Jewish descent.

Sabara began performing with the regional ballet company, South Bay Ballet.

Career
Sabara began acting during the mid-1990s, appearing on episodes of Murphy Brown, Life's Work, Friends and Will and Grace before being cast as Juni Cortez in the Spy Kids series of family films, which became popular among pre-teen audiences.

Sabara provided the voice of Hunter in Father of the Pride. He has appeared in episodes of the television series Weeds, House, Dr. Vegas, and was one of the judges on America's Most Talented Kid. Sabara also voiced the main character, Hero Boy, in the 2004 animated version of The Polar Express. He then played a young Jewish boy trying to have a nice Bar Mitzvah in Keeping Up with the Steins (formerly known as Lucky 13), which received a limited release on May 12, 2006. He also guest starred in the Criminal Minds episode, "P911" where he played a sexually molested child. He also provided the voice for the titular character in Generator Rex.

He next appeared in the films Her Best Movie and the interactive DVD Choose Your Own Adventure, played Ben on The Last Chance Detectives radio dramas by Adventures in Odyssey and Focus on the Family, and also appeared as school bully Wesley Rhoades in Rob Zombie's Halloween. He then played Irwin in the theater play The Catskills Sonata, about a young Jewish busboy in the late 1950s.

In 2003, Sabara made a guest appearance as the character Owen on an episode of Friends, during which Matthew Perry's character Chandler accidentally reveals to Owen that he is adopted. He also gained a recurring role in the Disney Channel sitcom Wizards of Waverly Place as T.J. Taylor, a wizard who ignores the rules and uses magic the way he wants, often getting him into trouble. He was also in The Boondocks as the voice of Butch Magnus Milosevic in the episode "Shinin'". He appeared in two episodes of The Batman: first as Harris, a middle schooler; then as Scorn, the sidekick of the villain Wrath. Both roles were opposite his brother, who played "Robin".

He costarred in the 2009 film April Showers, a film written and directed by a survivor of the 1999 Columbine High School massacre. He played Kyle, a misanthropic teenager in World's Greatest Dad, with Robin Williams, and Peter Cratchit in the 2009 film adaptation of A Christmas Carol. He appeared in the comedy series Easy To Assemble, where he played a character named George. In 2010, he appeared in the film Machete, and the MTV film ''Worst. Prom. Ever.'' which premiered May 10. In 2012, he co-starred in John Carter as Edgar Rice Burroughs.

He portrayed the recurring role of Tim Scottson in seven episodes (spanning from 2005 to 2012) of Weeds.

In 2014 he starred alongside Chloë Grace Moretz in the off-Broadway play The Library directed by Steven Soderbergh.

Personal life
Sabara started dating singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor in July 2016. They became engaged on December 21, 2017, and married on December 22, 2018, Trainor's 25th birthday. On October 7, 2020, Trainor and Sabara announced they were expecting their first child, a boy. On February 8, 2021, Trainor gave birth to their first son, Riley. In January 2023, Trainor and Sabara announced they were expecting their second child. On April 25, 2023, Trainor and Sabara announced on The Kelly Clarkson Show that their second child is a boy. On July 1, 2023, they welcomed their second son, Barry.

title: Daryl Sabara


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User:OoberMick

I'm currently trying to re-write /Spectrum (functional analysis) which should be fun. I'm also working on /Kilmarnock Academy which is my old school.

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