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Granular computing

Granular computing is an emerging computing paradigm of information processing that concerns the processing of complex information entities called "information granules", which arise in the process of data abstraction and derivation of knowledge from information or data. Generally speaking, information granules are collections of entities that usually originate at the numeric level and are arranged together due to their similarity, functional or physical adjacency, indistinguishability, coherency, or the like.

At present, granular computing is more a theoretical perspective than a coherent set of methods or principles. As a theoretical perspective, it encourages an approach to data that recognizes and exploits the knowledge present in data at various levels of resolution or scales. In this sense, it encompasses all methods which provide flexibility and adaptability in the resolution at which knowledge or information is extracted and represented.

Types of granulation
As mentioned above, granular computing is not an algorithm or process; there is no particular method that is called "granular computing". It is rather an approach to looking at data that recognizes how different and interesting regularities in the data can appear at different levels of granularity, much as different features become salient in satellite images of greater or lesser resolution. On a low-resolution satellite image, for example, one might notice interesting cloud patterns representing cyclones or other large-scale weather phenomena, while in a higher-resolution image, one misses these large-scale atmospheric phenomena but instead notices smaller-scale phenomena, such as the interesting pattern that is the streets of Manhattan. The same is generally true of all data: At different resolutions or granularities, different features and relationships emerge. The aim of granular computing is to try to take advantage of this fact in designing more effective machine-learning and reasoning systems.

There are several types of granularity that are often encountered in data mining and machine learning, and we review them below:

Value granulation (discretization/quantization)
One type of granulation is the quantization of variables. It is very common that in data mining or machine-learning applications the resolution of variables needs to be decreased in order to extract meaningful regularities. An example of this would be a variable such as "outside temperature" ($temp$), which in a given application might be recorded to several decimal places of precision (depending on the sensing apparatus). However, for purposes of extracting relationships between "outside temperature" and, say, "number of health-club applications" ($club$), it will generally be advantageous to quantize "outside temperature" into a smaller number of intervals.

Motivations
There are several interrelated reasons for granulating variables in this fashion:
 * Based on prior domain knowledge, there is no expectation that minute variations in temperature (e.g., the difference between 80 - 80.7 °F) could have an influence on behaviors driving the number of health-club applications. For this reason, any "regularity" which our learning algorithms might detect at this level of resolution would have to be spurious, as an artifact of overfitting.  By coarsening the temperature variable into intervals the difference between which we do anticipate (based on prior domain knowledge) might influence  number of health-club applications, we eliminate the possibility of detecting these spurious  patterns.  Thus, in this case, reducing resolution is a method of controlling overfitting.
 * By reducing the number of intervals in the temperature variable (i.e., increasing its grain size), we increase the amount of sample data indexed by each interval designation. Thus, by coarsening the variable, we increase sample sizes and achieve better statistical estimation.  In this sense, increasing granularity provides an antidote to the so-called curse of dimensionality, which relates to the exponential decrease in statistical power with increase in number of dimensions or variable cardinality.
 * Independent of prior domain knowledge, it is often the case that meaningful regularities (i.e., which can be detected by a given learning methodology, representational language, etc.) may exist at one level of resolution and not at another.

For example, a simple learner or pattern recognition system may seek to extract regularities satisfying a conditional probability threshold such as $$p(Y=y_j|X=x_i) \ge \alpha .$$ In the special case where $$\alpha = 1,$$ this recognition system is essentially detecting logical implication of the form $$X=x_i \rightarrow Y=y_j $$ or, in words, "if $$X=x_i,$$ then $Y=y_j $". The system's ability to recognize such implications (or, in general, conditional probabilities exceeding threshold) is partially contingent on the resolution with which the system analyzes the variables.

As an example of this last point, consider the feature space shown to the right. The variables may each be regarded at two different resolutions. Variable $$X$$ may be regarded at a high (quaternary) resolution wherein it takes on the four values $$\{x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4\}$$ or at a lower (binary) resolution wherein it takes on the two values $$\{X_1, X_2\}.$$ Similarly, variable $$Y$$ may be regarded at a high (quaternary) resolution or at a lower (binary) resolution, where it takes on the values $$\{y_1, y_2, y_3, y_4\}$$ or $$\{Y_1, Y_2\},$$ respectively. At the high resolution, there are no detectable implications of the form $$X=x_i \rightarrow Y=y_j,$$ since every $$x_i$$ is associated with more than one $$y_j,$$ and thus, for all $$x_i,$$ $$p(Y=y_j|X=x_i) < 1.$$ However, at the low (binary) variable resolution, two bilateral implications become detectable:   $$X=X_1 \leftrightarrow Y=Y_1 $$ and $$X=X_2 \leftrightarrow Y=Y_2 $$, since every $$X_1$$ occurs iff $$Y_1$$ and $$X_2$$ occurs iff $$Y_2.$$ Thus, a pattern recognition system scanning for implications of this kind would find them at the binary variable resolution, but would fail to find them at the   higher quaternary variable resolution.

Issues and methods
It is not feasible to exhaustively test all possible discretization resolutions on all variables in order to see which combination of resolutions yields interesting or significant results. Instead, the feature space must be preprocessed (often by an entropy analysis of some kind) so that some guidance can be given as to how the discretization process should proceed. Moreover, one cannot generally achieve good results by naively analyzing and discretizing each variable independently, since this may obliterate the very interactions that we had hoped to discover.

A sample of papers that address the problem of variable discretization in general, and multiple-variable discretization in particular, is as follows:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,, , ,.

Variable granulation (clustering/aggregation/transformation)
Variable granulation is a term that could describe a variety of techniques, most of which are aimed at reducing dimensionality, redundancy, and storage requirements. We briefly describe some of the ideas here, and present pointers to the literature.

Variable transformation
A number of classical methods, such as principal component analysis, multidimensional scaling, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling, and their relatives, fall under the genus of "variable transformation." Also in this category are more modern areas of study such as dimensionality reduction, projection pursuit, and independent component analysis. The common goal of these methods in general is to find a representation of the data in terms of new variables, which are a linear or nonlinear transformation of the original variables, and in which important statistical relationships emerge. The resulting variable sets are almost always smaller than the original variable set, and hence these methods can be loosely said to impose a granulation on the feature space. These dimensionality reduction methods are all reviewed in the standard texts, such as, , and.

Variable aggregation
A different class of variable granulation methods derive more from data clustering methodologies than from the linear systems theory informing the above methods. It was noted fairly early that one may consider "clustering" related variables in just the same way that one considers clustering related data. In data clustering, one identifies a group of similar entities (using a "measure of similarity" suitable to the domain — ), and then in some sense replaces those entities with a prototype of some kind. The prototype may be the simple average of the data in the identified cluster, or some other representative measure. But the key idea is that in subsequent operations, we may be able to use the single prototype for the data cluster (along with perhaps a statistical model describing how exemplars are derived from the prototype) to stand in for the much larger set of exemplars. These prototypes are generally such as to capture most of the information of interest concerning the entities.

Similarly, it is reasonable to ask whether a large set of variables might be aggregated into a smaller set of prototype variables that capture the most salient relationships between the variables. Although variable clustering methods based on linear correlation have been proposed, more powerful methods of variable clustering are based on the mutual information between variables. Watanabe has shown that for any set of variables one can construct a polytomic (i.e., n-ary) tree representing a series of variable agglomerations in which the ultimate "total" correlation  among the complete variable set is the sum of the "partial" correlations exhibited by each agglomerating subset (see figure). Watanabe suggests that an observer might seek to thus partition a system in such a way as to minimize the interdependence between the parts "... as if they were looking for a natural division or a hidden crack."

One practical approach to building such a tree is to successively choose for agglomeration the two variables (either atomic variables or previously agglomerated variables) which have the highest pairwise mutual information. The product of each agglomeration is a new (constructed) variable that reflects the local joint distribution of the two agglomerating variables, and thus possesses an entropy equal to their joint entropy. (From a procedural standpoint, this agglomeration step involves replacing two columns in the attribute-value table—representing the two agglomerating variables—with a single column that has a unique value for every unique combination of values in the replaced columns . No information is lost by such an operation; however, if one is exploring the data for inter-variable relationships, it would generally not be desirable to merge redundant variables in this way, since in such a context it is likely to be precisely the redundancy or dependency between variables that is of interest;  and once redundant variables are merged, their relationship to one another can no longer be studied.

System granulation (aggregation)
In database systems, aggregations (see e.g. OLAP aggregation and Business intelligence systems) result in transforming original data tables (often called information systems) into the tables with different semantics of rows and columns, wherein the rows correspond to the groups (granules) of original tuples and the columns express aggregated information about original values within each of the groups. Such aggregations are usually based on SQL and its extensions. The resulting granules usually correspond to the groups of original tuples with the same values (or ranges) over some pre-selected original columns.

There are also other approaches wherein the groups are defined basing on, e.g., physical adjacency of rows. For example, Infobright implemented a database engine wherein data was partitioned onto rough rows, each consisting of 64K of physically consecutive (or almost consecutive) rows. Rough rows were automatically labeled with compact information about their values on data columns, often involving multi-column and multi-table relationships. It resulted in a higher layer of granulated information where objects corresponded to rough rows and attributes - to various aspects of rough information. Database operations could be efficiently supported within such a new framework, with an access to the original data pieces still available.

Concept granulation (component analysis)
The origins of the granular computing ideology are to be found in the rough sets and fuzzy sets literatures. One of the key insights of rough set research—although by no means unique to it—is that, in general, the selection of different sets of features or variables will yield different concept granulations. Here, as in elementary rough set theory, by "concept" we mean a set of entities that are indistinguishable or indiscernible to the observer (i.e., a simple concept), or a set of entities that is composed from such simple concepts (i.e., a complex concept). To put it in other words, by projecting a data set (value-attribute system) onto different sets of variables, we recognize alternative sets of equivalence-class "concepts" in the data, and these different sets of concepts will in general be conducive to the extraction of different relationships and regularities.

Equivalence class granulation
We illustrate with an example. Consider the attribute-value system below:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30%" border="1"

! Object !! $$P_1$$ !! $$P_2$$ !! $$P_3$$ !! $$P_4$$ !! $$P_5$$ ! $$O_1$$ ! $$O_2$$ ! $$O_3$$ ! $$O_4$$ ! $$O_5$$ ! $$O_6$$ ! $$O_7$$ ! $$O_8$$ ! $$O_9$$ ! $$O_{10}$$
 * + Sample Information System
 * 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1
 * 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1
 * 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
 * 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1
 * 2 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1
 * 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 2
 * 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
 * 0 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 1
 * 2 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 2
 * 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
 * }

When the full set of attributes $$P = \{P_1,P_2,P_3,P_4,P_5\}$$ is considered, we see that we have the following seven equivalence classes or primitive (simple) concepts:

\begin{cases} \{O_1,O_2\} \\ \{O_3,O_7,O_{10}\} \\ \{O_4\} \\ \{O_5\} \\ \{O_6\} \\ \{O_8\} \\ \{O_9\} \end{cases} $$

Thus, the two objects within the first equivalence class, $$\{O_1,O_2\},$$ cannot be distinguished from one another based on the available attributes, and the three objects within the second equivalence class, $$\{O_3,O_7,O_{10}\},$$ cannot be distinguished from one another based on the available attributes. The remaining five objects are each discernible from all other objects. Now, let us imagine a projection of the attribute value system onto attribute $$P_1$$ alone, which would represent, for example, the view from an observer which is only capable of detecting this single attribute. Then we obtain the following much coarser equivalence class structure.

\begin{cases} \{O_1,O_2\} \\ \{O_3,O_5,O_7,O_9,O_{10}\} \\ \{O_4,O_6,O_8\} \end{cases} $$

This is in a certain regard the same structure as before, but at a lower degree of resolution (larger grain size). Just as in the case of value granulation (discretization/quantization), it is possible that relationships (dependencies) may emerge at one level of granularity that are not present at another. As an example of this, we can consider the effect of concept granulation on the measure known as attribute dependency (a simpler relative of the mutual information).

To establish this notion of dependency (see also rough sets), let $$[x]_Q = \{Q_1, Q_2, Q_3, \dots, Q_N \}$$ represent a particular concept granulation, where each $$Q_i$$ is an equivalence class from the concept structure induced by attribute set $m$. For example, if the attribute set $Q$ consists of attribute $$P_1$$ alone, as above,  then the concept structure $$[x]_Q$$ will be composed of
 * $$\begin{align}

Q_1 &= \{O_1,O_2\}, \\ Q_2 &= \{O_3,O_5,O_7,O_9,O_{10}\}, \\ Q_3 &= \{O_4,O_6,O_8\}. \end{align}$$ The dependency of attribute set $Q$ on another attribute set $Q$, $$\gamma_P(Q),$$ is given by

\gamma_{P}(Q) = \frac{\left | \sum_{i=1}^N {\underline P}Q_i \right |} {\left | \mathbb{U} \right |} \leq 1 $$

That is, for each equivalence class $$Q_i$$ in $$[x]_Q,$$ we add up the size of its "lower approximation" (see rough sets) by the attributes in $P$, i.e., $${\underline P}Q_i.$$ More simply, this approximation is the number of objects which on attribute set $P$ can be positively identified as belonging to target set $$Q_i.$$ Added across all equivalence classes in $$[x]_Q,$$ the numerator above represents the total number of objects which—based on attribute set $P$—can be positively categorized according to the classification induced by  attributes $P$. The dependency ratio therefore expresses the proportion (within the entire universe) of such classifiable objects, in a sense capturing the "synchronization" of the two concept structures $$[x]_Q$$ and $$[x]_P.$$ The dependency $$\gamma_{P}(Q)$$ "can be interpreted as a proportion of such objects in the information system for which it suffices to know the values of attributes in $Q$ to determine the values of attributes in $P$" (Ziarko & Shan 1995).

Having gotten definitions now out of the way, we can make the simple observation that the choice of concept granularity (i.e., choice of attributes) will influence the detected dependencies among attributes. Consider again the attribute value table from above:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30%" border="1"

! Object !! $$P_1$$ !! $$P_2$$ !! $$P_3$$ !! $$P_4$$ !! $$P_5$$ ! $$O_1$$ ! $$O_2$$ ! $$O_3$$ ! $$O_4$$ ! $$O_5$$ ! $$O_6$$ ! $$O_7$$ ! $$O_8$$ ! $$O_9$$ ! $$O_{10}$$
 * + Sample Information System
 * 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1
 * 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1
 * 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
 * 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1
 * 2 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1
 * 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 2
 * 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
 * 0 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 1
 * 2 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 2
 * 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
 * }

Consider the dependency of attribute set $$Q = \{P_4, P_5\}$$ on attribute set $$P = \{P_2, P_3\}.$$  That is, we wish to know what proportion of objects can be correctly classified into classes of $$[x]_Q$$ based on knowledge of $$[x]_P.$$ The equivalence classes of $$[x]_Q$$ and of $$[x]_P$$ are shown below.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! $$[x]_Q$$ ! $$[x]_P$$ \begin{cases} \{O_1,O_2\} \\ \{O_3,O_7,O_{10}\} \\ \{O_4,O_5,O_8\} \\ \{O_6,O_9\}\end{cases} $$ \begin{cases} \{O_1,O_2\} \\ \{O_3,O_7,O_{10}\} \\ \{O_4,O_6\} \\ \{O_5,O_9\} \\ \{O_8\}\end{cases} $$
 * }

The objects that can be definitively categorized according to concept structure $$[x]_Q$$ based on $$[x]_P$$ are those in the set $$\{O_1,O_2,O_3,O_7,O_8,O_{10}\},$$ and since there are six of these, the dependency of $Q$ on $Q$, $$\gamma_{P}(Q) = 6/10.$$ This might be considered an interesting dependency in its own right, but perhaps in a particular data mining application only stronger dependencies are desired.

We might then consider the dependency of the smaller attribute set $$Q = \{P_4\}$$ on the attribute set $$P = \{P_2, P_3\}.$$  The move from $$Q = \{P_4, P_5\}$$ to $$Q = \{P_4\}$$ induces a coarsening of the class structure $$[x]_Q,$$ as will be seen shortly. We wish again to know what proportion of objects can be correctly classified into the (now larger) classes of $$[x]_Q$$ based on knowledge of $$[x]_P.$$ The equivalence classes of the new $$[x]_Q$$ and of $$[x]_P$$ are shown below.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! $$[x]_Q$$ ! $$[x]_P$$ \begin{cases} \{O_1,O_2,O_3,O_7,O_{10}\} \\ \{O_4,O_5,O_6,O_8,O_9\} \end{cases} $$ \begin{cases} \{O_1,O_2\} \\ \{O_3,O_7,O_{10}\} \\ \{O_4,O_6\} \\ \{O_5,O_9\} \\ \{O_8\}\end{cases} $$
 * }

Clearly, $$[x]_Q$$ has a coarser granularity than it did earlier. The objects that can now be definitively categorized according to the concept structure $$[x]_Q$$ based on $$[x]_P$$ constitute the complete universe $$\{O_1,O_2,\ldots,O_{10}\}$$, and thus the dependency of $P$ on $Q$, $$\gamma_{P}(Q) = 1.$$ That is, knowledge of membership according to category set  $$[x]_P$$ is adequate to determine category membership in $$[x]_Q$$ with complete certainty; In this case we might say that $$P \rightarrow Q.$$ Thus, by coarsening the concept structure, we were able to find a stronger (deterministic) dependency. However, we also note that the classes induced in $$[x]_Q$$ from the reduction in resolution necessary to obtain this deterministic dependency are now themselves large and few in number; as a result, the dependency we found, while strong, may be less valuable to us than the weaker dependency found earlier under the higher resolution view of $$[x]_Q.$$

In general it is not possible to test all sets of attributes to see which induced concept structures yield the strongest dependencies, and this search must be therefore be guided with some intelligence. Papers which discuss this issue, and others relating to intelligent use of granulation, are those by Y.Y. Yao and Lotfi Zadeh listed in the below.

Component granulation
Another perspective on concept granulation may be obtained from work on parametric models of categories. In mixture model learning, for example, a set of data is explained as a mixture of distinct Gaussian (or other) distributions. Thus, a large amount of data is "replaced" by a small number of distributions. The choice of the number of these distributions, and their size, can again be viewed as a problem of concept granulation. In general, a better fit to the data is obtained by a larger number of distributions or parameters, but in order to extract meaningful patterns, it is necessary to constrain the number of distributions, thus deliberately coarsening the concept resolution. Finding the "right" concept resolution is a tricky problem for which many methods have been proposed (e.g., AIC, BIC, MDL, etc.), and these are frequently considered under the rubric of "model regularization".

Different interpretations of granular computing
Granular computing can be conceived as a framework of theories, methodologies, techniques, and tools that make use of information granules in the process of problem solving. In this sense, granular computing is used as an umbrella term to cover topics that have been studied in various fields in isolation. By examining all of these existing studies in light of the unified framework of granular computing and extracting their commonalities, it may be possible to develop a general theory for problem solving.

In a more philosophical sense, granular computing can describe a way of thinking that relies on the human ability to perceive the real world under various levels of granularity (i.e., abstraction) in order to abstract and consider only those things that serve a specific interest and to switch among different granularities. By focusing on different levels of granularity, one can obtain different levels of knowledge, as well as a greater understanding of the inherent knowledge structure. Granular computing is thus essential in human problem solving and hence has a very significant impact on the design and implementation of intelligent systems.

title: Granular computing


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Barry Watson (actor)

Barry Watson (born April 23, 1974 ) is an American actor known for his roles of Matt Camden on 7th Heaven, Brian Davis in What About Brian, Todd Deepler in Samantha Who? and Lachlan Murdoch in The Loudest Voice.

Early life
Watson was one of four children of Karen, a paralegal, and Michael Watson, an attorney.

Career
Watson had guest spots in several television series such as Baywatch and Sister, Sister. Eventually he was chosen for a minor role on the Aaron Spelling series Malibu Shores. Though his role was brief, it led him to Aaron Spelling's next project, 7th Heaven.

It was on The WB's 7th Heaven that Watson finally gained much recognition for his portrayal as Matt Camden. Watson said in 2016 that his mindset at the time was one of wanting to get paid despite his unsureness in the project or why the people involved wanted him to participate in the first place. He stopped being a full-time regular after the sixth season, mainly due to his cancer diagnosis, but continued in a recurring and guest star status on the show until its 10th season. In his break from acting on 7th Heaven, he was brought in to write an episode by series creator and producer Brenda Hampton. He did not appear at all during the eleventh and final season.

In 1999, he starred in his first feature film with fellow WB star Katie Holmes in Teaching Mrs. Tingle. Watson hoped that his role in the film would help him avoid being pigeonholed by his role in 7th Heaven. During the production, Watson felt "strange" at times due to his being the only male on set, but had "an amazing experience" working with his co-stars. Watson directed two episodes of 7th Heaven in 2005, and likewise directed one episode of The Secret Life of the American Teenager in 2010.

In 2002, Watson had a starring role as Dave and his alter ego Daisy in Sorority Boys; his performance was met with a mixed reception amid the film being panned. In a negative review, Lindy Keffer of pluggedin.com lamented that Watson's presence in the film would bring it additional attention. On April 16, 2006, Watson starred as the lead character, Brian Davis, in the ABC series What About Brian. The show ended its run on March 26, 2007. Watson also starred as Todd in the ABC series Samantha Who? In 2011, he played Pax in My Future Boyfriend, an ABC Family original movie. In 2012, Watson appeared on Gossip Girl as Serena Van der Woodsen's boyfriend.

In 2014, he enjoyed guest-starring roles on the television shows Masters of Sex and Hart of Dixie. He also starred in the television films Far from Home and The Santa Con.

In 2019, Watson starred in the Showtime drama The Loudest Voice, which tells the story of Roger Ailes and the rise of Fox News. Watson played the son of media mogul and owner of News Corp, Rupert Murdoch.

Personal life
Watson has been married three times. His first marriage was to Laura Payne-Gabriel, whom he met through actress Tori Spelling. He and Tracy Hutson had their first son in May 2005, and their second son in November 2007, Felix Watson. They parted in 2010. In May 2012, Watson and girlfriend Natasha Gregson Wagner, daughter of actress Natalie Wood, had a daughter. They married on December 21, 2014.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barry Watson (actor)


text: Category:Swimsuits

title: Category:Swimsuits


text:
Talk:Combat stress reaction

Great
Great article! Throughly enjoyed reading this one. - Vaughan 07:53, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I agree. This article needs an intro and at least a general description of the topic before delving into other areas of the matter. --Umma Kynes 03:03, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Good article, but was what was defined as shell shock really the same thing as this? aren't there schools of thought that say it is more like PTSD? Shell shock seemed to be long term, and this is about a short term problem? The bit about Lebanon says men were able to return to action in 72 hours- WW1 shell shock affected the men long after they were back in civilian life. I'm no expert, would appreciate a response from someone who is. LouiseCooke —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.195.71.206 (talk) 17:13, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The article describes how CSR was called shell shock in WWI but that by the end of the war it was realised that it was not due to shocks by shells (commotional) but rather was emotional. Despite the British War Office producing a report on Shell Shock after the war (WWI), the term was by then deprecated.  --CloudSurfer (talk) 07:58, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

WWII info
Under the "Germans in WWII" section, it cites an increase of 5% of stress casualties over period 35 to 42. But the war had not begun in 35, so it is innaccurate to cite these numbers, I think.

Agreed. I was about to post something about this error too :P Talk User:Fissionfox 05:36, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't forget the Germans fought in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-9, the figures might be counted from there (5 might be a typo for 6). Plus the conclusion at the end of the other psychiatrist, about the third of cases, could be wrong. The latter part of the war would have seen more movement, panic, and disarray as the German army was pushed back, together with a knowledge of impending defeat, which might well have an effect on the condition? Plus, if you know the war will end soon, wouldn't you try and report sick to avoid getting killed in the last few weeks when it all seems pointless? Tony Spencer 22:59, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Merging Article
An arguement against merging this article with the PTSD article: PTSD is a medical ailment that is firmly within the realm of the medical community to deal with, whereas combat stress reaction can be argued to be in both the realm of the medical community and yet still maintains an element of leadership responsibility. By this, I mean that there are measures that can be taken by military leaders to mitigate or minimize the effects of combat stress, potentially preventing the development of long term problems like PTSD. I've added a reference that identifes some of the lessons the Canadian Forces has identified regrading this issue (someone can clean up the addition of the reference). --Milbuff101 14:23, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Note that the ailments CSR and PTSD are not the same. The diagnostics for PTSD include duration of at least one month (I've heard six months after the event in oral presentations, but I can't link to a source for this), but not for CSR. Staffan S 09:14, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * opposed

The article would be too long and this subject goes furthur into detail about a specific form of PTSD as PTSD can come from many other things such as rape, witnessing a murder etc etc... Drew1369 17:38, 31 October 2006 (UTC) (Edited by Hyter -- fixed spelling)

 * opposed

CSR is generally treated with group therapy, but PTSD is usually a very personal things. Although they are similar, treatments and causes are VERY different. Hyter 17:44, 4 December 2006 (GMT -06:00 Central Time US & Canada)

 * Heavy Oppose Combat Stress Reaction is sufficiently large enough an article to stand on its own. Sharkface217 22:32, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * opposed CSR is a short-term military matter for leaders, medics, army doctors, fellow soldiers. It is part of the experience of major combat. PTSD extends to crime situations-- rape victims, hostages, domestic violence, etc. They're separate problems with separate solutions.

WW1
what about world war one shell shock?

 * One thing I'd like to see in this article is a reference to the extreme forms of CSR such as were experienced in WW1, including an almost total loss of control of the nervous system - men who couldn't stand up, for instance. A lot of footage of attempts to treat these men survives and it seems we don't see such severe CSR these days. I don't know enough about the medical side of it to include this. 60.240.225.21 16:11, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Many years ago (circa 1975) when I worked for an engineering firm in London England, my boss used to recount his childhood experiences in Reading Berkshire. There was a psychiatric hospital in the town that specialized in "warehousing" the worst cases of shell shock from WW1. That kid would occasionally see these poor wretches being escorted on walks and he would run home screaming in terror. He could never articulate the exact expressions he read on their agonized faces but the fear of them went well near to driving him barking mad.

I'm quite surprised to see all of the instructions by the British in WW1, I always thought it was an unrecognised condition. Certainly many soldiers, hundreds, were court martialed and executed for cowardice, desertion or refusal to obey orders for this illness. Many relatives were still trying to obtain pardons for their relative's actions, when in November 2006 the UK government did an about face, and pardoned all, rather than face a Judicial Enquiry.
 * http://www.shotatdawn.org.uk/
 * http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/shot_at_dawn_07.shtml
 * http://www.clarkehome58.freeserve.co.uk/
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/475718.stm

The following is a series of stories about the lead case of Harry Farr in chronological order
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/4552301.stm
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/4847504.stm
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/4796313.stm
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6127832.stm - this one includes the announcemnet that the pardon measure as part of the Armed Forces Act gained Royal Assent
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/6372763.stm - service and picture of Harry Farr's and another soldier's name added to the war memorial

Tony Spencer 22:54, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Context in the Introduction
I have just rewritten the introduction in an attempt to increase the context and accuracy. The previous introduction was:

 * Combat stress reaction, commonly known as shell shock, is a term used to categorize the long-term results of stress in war conditions during World War I and World War II, and sometimes the Vietnam War.

 * The most common symptom is fatigue: slower reaction times, indecision, disconnection from one's surroundings, and inability to prioritize. The ratio of stress casualties to battle casualties varies with the intensity of the fighting, but with intense fighting it can be as high as 1:1. In low-level conflicts it can drop to 1:10 (or less).

 * In WWI, shell shock was considered a psychiatric illness resulting from injury to the nerves during combat. The horrors of WWI trench warfare meant that about 10% of the fighting soldiers were killed (compared to 4.5% during World War II) and the total proportion of troops who became casualties (killed or wounded) was 56%. Whether a shell-shock sufferer was considered "wounded" or "sick" depended on the circumstances. The large proportion of WWI veterans in the European population meant that the symptoms were common to the culture, although it may not have become popularly known in the US.

 * In current understanding, the long-term effects that some war veterans develop from the stress of combat are seen as a subset of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

My current edit is:

 * Combat stress reaction, in the past commonly known as shell shock or battle fatigue, is a military term used to categorize a range of behaviours resulting from the stress of battle which decrease the combatant's fighting efficiency. The most common symptoms are fatigue, slower reaction times, indecision, disconnection from one's surroundings, and inability to prioritize. Combat stress reaction is generally short-term and should not be confused with acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, or other long-term disorders attributable to combat stress although any of these may commence as a combat stress reaction.

 * The ratio of stress casualties to battle casualties varies with the intensity of the fighting, but with intense fighting it can be as high as 1:1. In low-level conflicts it can drop to 1:10 (or less).

 * In WWI, shell shock was considered a psychiatric illness resulting from injury to the nerves during combat. The horrors of WWI trench warfare meant that about 10% of the fighting soldiers were killed (compared to 4.5% during World War II) and the total proportion of troops who became casualties (killed or wounded) was 56%. Whether a shell-shock sufferer was considered "wounded" or "sick" depended on the circumstances. The large proportion of WWI veterans in the European population meant that the symptoms were common to the culture, although it may not have become popularly known in the US.

The mention of the three wars is misleading. Firstly, the term CSR was not used in WWI or WW2. It is a term that has a recent origin. CSR is also not confined to particular wars but can occur in any battle scenario. Secondly, CSR describes a short-term reaction with other disorders being diagnosed if the problems persist.

Does this provide adequate context in the introduction? Can the header be removed? What is the process of having it removed?--CloudSurfer 18:15, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I have looked back and the context header was added at a time when the original introduction had been deleted completely! Now that there is an introduction that gives context, as there has been for some time, I have deleted the header. --CloudSurfer 18:25, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Great Article, Indeed
I don't have neither the knowledge background or the time to properly research and edit this page myself, but if I could, I think it would be very pertinent to address to combat stress issue and how it is dealt with in current Iraq. In this war, American GIs are kept on field far beyond their assignments ends. Many of them are enlisted to homeland security and diverted as reinforcements to regular troops on the battlefield, without the proper training or combat experience regulars have. This lack of refreshment of new soldiers certainly leads to fatigue and a new paragraph would be of interest on Medicine, Psychology and political consequences, in case someone writes it.

Kapella 11:11, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Why
is it called shell shock?

Shouldn't this be mentioned in the article?

I'd nominate it for at least good, otherwise.

--Hawkian (talk) 17:45, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

 * It was originally termed shell shock because it's effects were first observed on troops who had undergone extensive artillery barrages and who had developed a nervous reaction that made them non-functional as fighting soldiers. During some of the many offensives on the Western Front the attacks by both sides were preceded by massive artillery bombardments that sometimes went on for days at a time. Soldiers sheltering in trenches under this bombardment were therefore placed in a situation where for prolonged periods they could be killed or maimed instantly and completely randomly with no self-determination over their own survival. This affected the human body's fight or flight mechanism and in essence made the victims into what used to be termed 'nervous wrecks'.

 * So, the original term shell 'shock was an apt description for the syndrome as it was encountered by doctors at the time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.4.57.101 (talk) 13:55, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

Suicide controversy
The controversy section says that more US servicemen killed themselves after their experiences in Vietnam than died in combat. Is that really true? Rather than remove it, I have tagged it with. If no one comments here or we can't confirm it in a while, it should be removed. Enviroboy TalkCs 05:42, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I did a little research and I found out that the actual numbers are highly contested. I have removed the sentence. Enviroboy TalkCs 20:45, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Shellshock and acute stress disorder are the same
The DSM-IV-TR definition is the same as shellshock, they are the same. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tivaelydoc (talk • contribs) 05:34, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

Germans in WWII
This line doesn't make sense to me:

"It is probable that there was both less of a true problem and less perception of a problem."

Can anyone clarify this for me, and if need be, rephrase it in the article so that it is more understandable? Nytewing07 (talk) 18:11, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

Afghanistan Section Removal
Look, I'm removing the following original research section from the page until I can find the time to edit and collect citations for it. Right now it's just not encyclopedic. Therealhazel (talk) 05:04, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

"Looking into the conflict in Afghanistan there is a lot of concern from the soldiers, and their built up stress.The frequency of mortar fire put some soldiers on edge while others just get used to the idea. There are bunkers at almost all bases in Afghanistan and the soldiers are well trained to drop everything and get to these bunkers in the case of an attack. Many times, however, its not mortar attacks but landmines being set off that trigger the knee jerk, trained, reaction from soldiers. The job of many trained soldiers is to go out and search for and disarm landmines, a mentally and physically taxing assignment for all those involved. Landmines are a constant threat and a cause of many military and civilian deaths. Many soldiers report jumping out of bed and fleeing to a nearby bunker, when in fact it was only an animal setting off a nearby landmine. The mental wear down these situations have on soldiers is a current problem in Afghanistan with troop morale and mental stability. Many of the newly arriving soldiers experience a shell shock in their first couple weeks of these events and must find a way to cope or their condition will worsen."

"Nostalgia"
So what exactly was nostalgia? 213.122.34.43 (talk) 15:42, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Image
The image currently being used in the article to illustrate the "thousand-yard-stare" (a common "sign" of CSR) is, I think, a poor choice, given the alternatives available. The soldier being referenced is not the focus of the image. He is also smiling, which is not usually what someone will do. I think this image, used on the thousand-yard stare article, is a much better way of "illustrating" CSR (if that's actually possible) or at least the 'stare', which is what most think of when hearing about someone who is "shell shocked".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WW2_Marine_after_Eniwetok_assault.jpg

If not that photograph, then this illustration, which was created to depict the 'stare'.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Lea_-_2000_Yard_Stare.jpg

TaintedMustard (talk) 20:29, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

Problems with the article
A summary of a few problems with the article: The above was added as part of the WWI editathon taking place today, based on the comments of Simon Wessely, co-author of 'Shell Shock to PTSD (2005). Carcharoth (talk) 11:58, 16 June 2012 (UTC)
 * (1) Shell shock redirects here when it should probably be a separate article.
 * (2) This article (combat stress reaction) makes the incorrect assumption that shell shock and CSR are the same.
 * (3) Care should be taken not to assume that the various labels used such as shell shock, CSR, PTSD are referring to the same thing. Shell shock was a 1914 term that was abandoned by the military by the end of the war, with a different entity (now called CSR). This article should make clear that the psychological reactions to extreme stress are influenced by the nature of war, culture, society, and the views of the self, and that this has changed over time.
 * (4) The picture used may not suitable for showing shell shock
 * More notes: Shell shock isn't the same as PTSD, which was defined after the Vietnam War in 1980. For instance, flashbacks are missing from World War I descriptions of psychologically damaged service personnel (termed shell shock) - whereas flashbacks are present in PTSD - which emphasises the impact of culture on psychological reactions. Psychological response to trauma, as well as the definition of trauma, have changed over time. Need to clarify whether "shell shock" was a physical or psychological reaction; there were many interpretations at the time, ranging from physical contusion of the brain in respoonse to the shell, the pscyhological trauma, or social - a way of dealing with war service. All three views werre held, often simultaneously. At the end of the War there was a committee of inquiry (the Shell Shock Commission of 1922) which attempted to resolve these conflicts, but didn't though it did rule out the physical. In 1917 shell shock was as a medical term by the Adjutant-General and fell into disrepute as a medical label, but at the same time became gradually established in literature, culture and language. The Land (talk) 13:52, 16 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I have just forked out Shell Shock - leaving things in a slightly messy state, but I'll come back to it. :-) The Land (talk) 14:04, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

 * CSR/shell shock/battle fatigue and PTSD are not the same thing. CSR is an acute illness triggered by combat experience. PTSD is a chronic illness that can be triggered by any psychological trauma, ranging from combat to witnessing a crime. With prompt, effective care, the CSR victim can be returned to normal mental status relatively quickly (days to weeks, typically), whereas the PTSD victim requires far longer and extensive treatment. That's why I sent soldiers to the rear ASAP when they began showing early signs of CSR, explaining to them why and that they'd be back after a little rest and that EVERYONE can get to that point and need the same care. They returned typically within a few days and were quite well. I've met with some, many years later, they're still OK, no signs of PTSD.Wzrd1 (talk) 21:31, 14 August 2012 (UTC)

Sentence
I cannot make much sense of this sentence:

Peacekeeping provides its own stresses because its emphasis on rules of engagement contains the roles for which soldiers are trained.

The sentence was recently copyedited, and the original sentence was: Peacekeeping provides its own stresses with its emphasis on rules of engagement providing a containment of the roles for which soldiers are trained.

I don't know if the problem is my lack of language skills, or the sentence in itself. Can anybody help? Lova Falk    talk   13:31, 17 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I think that the latter is the most accurate, though it would require further explanation. Soldiers are trained to engage an armed enemy. In peacekeeping, they have rules of engagement that frequently prevent them from engaging forces that they are observing commit violent acts, even war crimes. There are many instances where UN peacekeepers actually received enemy fire upon their compound, but were prohibited from returning fire. Those are things that go directly against their training, as well as instincts. That creates an additional stress that has previously been unknown.Wzrd1 (talk) 14:21, 17 October 2013 (UTC)

Nonvalid Source Citation
A number of the sources cited on this article are inaccessible without paying a fee. This renders the article unverifiable by the general public. 32.209.67.97 (talk) 00:11, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Terrible image
''Image from World War I taken in an Australian dressing station near Ypres in 1917. The wounded soldier in the lower left of the photo has a dazed thousand-yard stare, a frequent manifestation of "shell-shock".''

No. No, he does not. He's smiling and looking at something off-camera. See the talk page on thousand-yard stare which also once featured this image. I'm changing the image to another one from that article. 108.34.201.56 (talk) 06:23, 19 August 2017 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Foundations of Clinical Trauma Psychology Fall Quarter2022
— Assignment last updated by Nbaldwin13 02:06, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Combat stress reaction


text:
Norwegian Trekking Association

The Norwegian Trekking Association (Den norske turistforening, DNT) is a Norwegian association which maintains mountain trails and cabins in Norway. The association was founded on 21 January 1868 with the scope "to help and develop tourism in this country". Today the goal is to work for simple, secure and environmentally friendly outdoor activities. DNT has currently more than 300,000 individual members, and 57 local chapters. It also has several "honorary members", prominent people who have shown a keen interest in Norwegian nature and given the country publicity as a tourist destination, among them Kofi Annan and Katie Melua. The secretary-general of the association is Dag Terje Klarp Solvang.

The mountains of Norway have always been utilised by the Norwegian people since the first Norwegians followed the reindeer when the ice cap retracted ten thousand years ago.

DNT's first hut was Krokan by the Rjukan waterfall. The waterfall was later harnessed for hydropower production and the hut was sold. Today it is re-opened, situated by the main road from Tinn to Vinje. Together with local organisations all over Norway, it operates more than 550 cabins in Norwegian mountains and forest areas.

Olav Thon, a Norwegian real-estate investor and hobby trekker, has so far donated NOK55 million to the association. The money has been spent to build new and refurbish existing cabins.

Using the huts
Forty one of the huts are staffed. The rest are self-service, some with provisions and some without. The self-service huts are occasionally locked, and to use them it is necessary to get a key from the DNT for a NOK 100 deposit (if the key is returned, so is the money). Every self-service hut contains a stack of debit/credit card forms for payment. This form must be filled out at the conclusion of a stay and dropped into the payment box. You must register before using a bunk.

Most self-service huts have solar panels, and therefore electricity, but no running water, so they are usually located very close to a river from which buckets may be filled. Before leaving a self-service hut, it is considered good etiquette to carry in firewood, do the dishes, clean the floor and (if necessary) lock the door behind you.

title: Norwegian Trekking Association


text:
Proportional counter

The proportional counter is a type of gaseous ionization detector device used to measure particles of ionizing radiation. The key feature is its ability to measure the energy of incident radiation, by producing a detector output pulse that is proportional to the radiation energy absorbed by the detector due to an ionizing event; hence the detector's name. It is widely used where energy levels of incident radiation must be known, such as in the discrimination between alpha and beta particles, or accurate measurement of X-ray radiation dose.

A proportional counter uses a combination of the mechanisms of a Geiger–Müller tube and an ionization chamber, and operates in an intermediate voltage region between these. The accompanying plot shows the proportional counter operating voltage region for a co-axial cylinder arrangement.

Operation
In a proportional counter the fill gas of the chamber is an inert gas which is ionized by incident radiation, and a quench gas to ensure each pulse discharge terminates; a common mixture is 90% argon, 10% methane, known as P-10. An ionizing particle entering the gas collides with an atom of the inert gas and ionizes it to produce an electron and a positively charged ion, commonly known as an "ion pair". As the ionizing particle travels through the chamber it leaves a trail of ion pairs along its trajectory, the number of which is proportional to the energy of the particle if it is fully stopped within the gas. Typically a 1 MeV stopped particle will create about 30,000 ion pairs.

The chamber geometry and the applied voltage is such that in most of the chamber the electric field strength is low and the chamber acts as an ion chamber. However, the field is strong enough to prevent re-combination of the ion pairs and causes positive ions to drift towards the cathode and electrons towards the anode. This is the "ion drift" region. In the immediate vicinity of the anode wire, the field strength becomes large enough to produce Townsend avalanches. This avalanche region occurs only fractions of a millimeter from the anode wire, which itself is of a very small diameter. The purpose of this is to use the multiplication effect of the avalanche produced by each ion pair. This is the "avalanche" region.

A key design goal is that each original ionizing event due to incident radiation produces only one avalanche. This is to ensure proportionality between the number of original events and the total ion current. For this reason, the applied voltage, the geometry of the chamber and the diameter of the anode wire are critical to ensure proportional operation. If avalanches start to self-multiply due to UV photons as they do in a Geiger–Muller tube, then the counter enters a region of "limited proportionality" until at a higher applied voltage the Geiger discharge mechanism occurs with complete ionization of the gas enveloping the anode wire and consequent loss of particle energy information.

Therefore, it can be said that the proportional counter has the key design feature of two distinct ionization regions:
 * 1) Ion drift region: in the outer volume of the chamber – the creation of number ion pairs proportional to incident radiation energy.
 * 2) Avalanche region: in the immediate vicinity of the anode – charge amplification of ion pair currents, while maintaining localized avalanches.

The process of charge amplification greatly improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the detector and reduces the subsequent electronic amplification required.

In summary, the proportional counter is an ingenious combination of two ionization mechanisms in one chamber which finds wide practical use.

Gas mixtures
Usually the detector is filled with a noble gas; they have the lowest ionization voltages and do not degrade chemically. Typically neon, argon, krypton or xenon are used. Low-energy x-rays are best detected with lighter nuclei (neon), which are less sensitive to higher-energy photons. Krypton or xenon are chosen when for higher-energy x-rays or for higher desired efficiency.

Often the main gas is mixed with a quenching additive. A popular mixture is P10 (10% methane, 90% argon).

Typical working pressure is 1 atmosphere (about 100 kPa).

Signal amplification by multiplication
In the case of a cylindrical proportional counter the multiplication, M, of the signal caused by an avalanche can be modeled as follows:
 * $$\ln M=\frac{V}{\ln(b/a)}\frac{\ln 2}{\Delta V_{\lambda}}\left[\ln\left(\frac{V}{pa\ln(b/a)}\right)-\ln K\right] $$

Where a is the anode wire radius, b is the radius of the counter, p is the pressure of the gas, and V is the operating voltage. K is a property of the gas used and relates the energy needed to cause an avalanche to the pressure of the gas. The final term $$\Delta V_{\lambda} $$ gives the change in voltage caused by an avalanche.

Spectroscopy
The proportionality between the energy of the charged particle traveling through the chamber and the total charge created makes proportional counters useful for charged particle spectroscopy. By measuring the total charge (time integral of the electric current) between the electrodes, we can determine the particle's kinetic energy because the number of ion pairs created by the incident ionizing charged particle is proportional to its energy. The energy resolution of a proportional counter, however, is limited because both the initial ionization event and the subsequent 'multiplication' event are subject to statistical fluctuations characterized by a standard deviation equal to the square root of the average number formed. However, in practice these are not as great as would be predicted due to the effect of the empirical Fano factor which reduces these fluctuations. In the case of argon, this is experimentally about 0.2.

Photon detection
Proportional counters are also useful for detection of high energy photons, such as gamma-rays, provided these can penetrate the entrance window. They are also used for the detection of X-rays to below 1 keV energy levels, using thin-walled tubes operating at or around atmospheric pressure.

Radioactive contamination detection
Proportional counters in the form of large area planar detectors are used extensively to check for radioactive contamination on personnel, flat surfaces, tools, and items of clothing. This is normally in the form of installed instrumentation because of the difficulties of providing portable gas supplies for hand-held devices. They are constructed with a large area detection window made from such as metalized mylar which forms one wall of the detection chamber and is part of the cathode. The anode wire is routed in a convoluted manner within the detector chamber to optimize the detection efficiency. They are normally used to detect alpha and beta particles, and can enable discrimination between them by providing a pulse output proportional to the energy deposited in the chamber by each particle. They have a high efficiency for beta, but lower for alpha. The efficiency reduction for alpha is due to the attenuation effect of the entry window, though distance from the surface being checked also has a significant effect, and ideally a source of alpha radiation should be less than 10mm from the detector due to attenuation in air.

These chambers operate at very slight positive pressure above ambient atmospheric pressure. The gas can be sealed in the chamber, or can be changed continuously, in which case they are known as "gas-flow proportional counters". Gas flow types have the advantage that they will tolerate small holes in the mylar screen which can occur in use, but they do require a continuous gas supply.

Guidance on application use
In the United Kingdom the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has issued a user guidance note on selecting the correct radiation measurement instrument for the application concerned. This covers all radiation instrument technologies and is a useful comparative guide to the use of proportional counters.

Patents

 * , S. Fine, "Proportional counter"
 * , E. W. Molloy, "Air proportional counter"

Proportionalzähler Proporcionális kamra

title: Proportional counter


text:
Talk:List of submarine classes of the Royal Navy

Disambiguating classes
Due to a lack of imagination or something, both the US Navy and the Royal Navy (and sometimes other navies) have more-or-less used up the alphabet for pre-WWII classes of submarines. The Royal Navy has already got pages for E class submarine and M class submarine, while S class submarine is shared by both with the Italian navy. I've done pages for the (2) USN E-class boats, using (USN) as a disambiguator. I suggest that using class submarine (USN) and  class submarine (RN) consistently would be a good thing---better than having the default for some letters meaning one navy while other letters mean the other. —wwoods 07:59, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Following Naming conventions (ships), I disambiguated all letter classes by nationality. For example, British S class submarine and United States S class submarine. Gdr 11:49, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)

Dates listed
The dates listed on this page are ambiguous. I presume they are all the dates within which the submarines were constructed. Perhaps a table would be a better way to express the data present here? (Could also include dates of service/decommisioning) Timb0h 08:49, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, they are date's of construction, which isn't at all clear, so I've added that to the page. I'm not sure a table would help, and adding too much additional data would obfuscate the fact this is a list to gather together the links of all the submarine classes, that sort of thing best belongs on the ship class / ship page. Emoscopes Talk 12:39, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think a simple 3 column table within each subheading would make it look a lot neater, along the lines of List of The Daily Show correspondent titles. If we keep the existing information and categories I don't think it will cause any cluttering.  Timb0h 14:34, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps a frameless table might present the information slightly more neatly, but you would have to be prepared to bring all the other "lists of ship classes" pages into line with this to maintian the style. Also, tables can be confusing for new users (I still make errors myself after thousands of edits) and I tend to avoid them where they aren't really neccesary. As this is primarily a page listing links to other pages containing the pertinant data, I think it does it's job fine as it is. Emoscopes Talk 14:52, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The date of construction is also ambiguous, since ships are rarely constructed within a single calendar year. Should the date refer to the date of launch? The launch date is usually the most verifiable date associated with a ship's construction. Lostdistance (talk) 12:48, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * This policy seems to have broken down, with entries near the bottom of page clearly showing the in-service dates, not the construction dates. Thom2002 (talk) 18:44, 10 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I've now changed these to construction dates, based on the information on the class articles Thom2002 (talk) 19:14, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Pedantry
Drutt (talk) 07:16, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Should sub names not be given as X-Y instead of XY (eg. HMS X-1 vs. HMS X1), for conformity with U-boat naming?
 * Is it appropriate to italicize code letters/numbers as well as given names (eg. HMS X1 vs. HMS X1)? Pennant numbers are not italicized - should the same style not be used for both?
 * See also Talk:Foreign U-boats for a related issue. Drutt (talk) 07:19, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Generally in the UK all boat names (or numerical designations) are italicised as they refer to an individual vessel. Thus X1 is a boat name even if it's only a number. Personally I would italicise the Pennant number only if there is not a corresponding actual name for a submarine; e.g., HMS Unicorn, versus HMS P219.

 * BTW, I know P219 is Seraph but that's the only example I can think of ATM.

 * If there's a Pennant Number only, italicise it, if a name as well then italicise that rather than the Pennant No.

 * The point of italicising vessel names/designations is that it makes it obvious to the reader that the writer is referring to an individual vessel of that name/number, e.g., MV San Demetrio. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.4.57.101 (talk) 23:24, 25 December 2011 (UTC)

Eddie Green Munro
RIP passed away 29th May 2024. 2.31.74.119 (talk) 09:54, 7 June 2024 (UTC)


text:
Dynamene

In Greek mythology, Dynamene (Δυναμένη "the bringer" ) was a Nereid or sea-nymph, one of the 50 daughters of the "Old Man of the Sea" Nereus and the Oceanid Doris. Her name, a participle, means "she who can, the capable one." She, along with her sister Pherusa, was associated with the might and power of great ocean swells. Dynamene had the ability to appear and disappear rapidly. Some variations of her name were Dyomene and Dinamene

Mythology
In Homer's Iliad, Dynamene and her other sisters appear to Thetis when she cries out in sympathy for the grief of Achilles at the slaying of his friend Patroclus.

title: Dynamene


text:
Category:Particle detectors

In physics, particle detectors are used in the experimental study of radioactivity, nuclear physics and particle physics; they are also important as a surveillance tool in nuclear safety. Particle detectors may range from the simplest, such as photographic film and Geiger counters, to the most complex used in particle colliders.

title: Category:Particle detectors


text: Category:Dance notation

title: Category:Dance notation


text:
Talk:Tenseiga

Previously redirected to: Talk:List of Inuyasha characters

title: Talk:Tenseiga


text:
Beeline (brand)

Beeline (Билайн), formerly Bee Line GSM (Би Лайн GSM) is a telecommunications brand by company PJSC VimpelCom, founded in Russia.

PJSC VimpelCom is Russia's third-largest wireless and second-largest telecommunications operator. Its headquarters is located in Moscow. Since 2009, PJSC VimpelCom has been a subsidiary of VimpelCom Ltd., which has become Veon in 2017. It is based in Amsterdam. VimpelCom's main competitors in Russia are Mobile TeleSystems, MegaFon and Tele2.

The commercial service was launched under the Beeline brand, a brand developed by Fabela in late 1993 to differentiate the company as a youthful and fun company, rather than a technical company. The name comes from the English term "beeline", meaning the most direct way between two points.

VimpelCom relaunched Beeline with the current characteristic black-and-yellow striped circle in 2005 with a campaign to associate the brand with the principles of brightness, friendliness, effectiveness, simplicity, and positive emotions; with a new slogan "Живи на яркой стороне" (Live on the bright side). The rebranding campaign was hugely successful and the principles associated with the brand "captured hearts and minds", in the words of the company.

History in Russia
OJSC VimpelCom was founded in 1992 and initially operated AMPS/D-AMPS network in Moscow area. In 1996 it became a Extel GSM the first Russian company listed on the New York Stock Exchange (nyse: VIP).

In November 2005 OJSC VimpelCom stepped further with foreign acquisitions by acquiring 100% of Ukrainian RadioSystems, a marginal Ukrainian GSM operator operating under the Wellcom and Mobi brands. The deal has been surrounded by a controversy involving two major shareholders of VimpelCom: the Russian Alfa Group and Telenor, the incumbent Norwegian telecommunications company.

The company's current (as of July 2008) license portfolio covers a territory where 97% of Russia's population resides, as well as 100% of the territory of Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Georgia, and Armenia. VimpelCom also has a 49.9% stake in Euroset, the largest mobile retailer in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In May 2010 VimpelCom merged with Kyivstar to form VimpelCom Ltd., the largest telecom operator group in the CIS. Alexander Izosimov, CEO of OJSC VimpelCom, was appointed president.

Armenia
On 16 November 2006, PJSC VimpelCom acquired the 90% share in Armentel CJSC held by the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization SA (OTE) for €341.9 million.

Australia
In November 2018 it was observed that Beeline owns a range of 1000 numbers with the +61 country code, from +61497906000 to +61497906999. Unfortunately, numbers in this range have been used for a Technical support scam, posing as a Windows Help Desk in cold calls to Australian and New Zealand numbers.

Georgia
Beeline was bought by a Georgian businessman and is no longer owned by Vimpelcom or Veon. It was later rebranded to Cellfie. The first mobile call with Veon Georgia (brand Beeline) was initiated on March 15, 2007. From this time onward, the company has been actively developing and as of today it provides 1.3 million customers with 2G GSM 900/1800MHz, 3G 2100 MHz, 4G 800/1800 MHz and 5G wireless services under the name "Cellfie".

Kazakhstan
In 2004, PJSC VimpelCom, in its first move outside Russia's territory, acquired Kazakhstani cellular operator KaR-Tel (brand names K-Mobile and Excess).

Kyrgyzstan
Beeline is active in Kyrgyzstan and it is one of the most popular cellular carrier in Kyrgyzstan. The first call on GSM network of Kyrgyzstan was made on August 1, 1998. In 2001 the trade name MobiCard was established that turned into brand Mobi in 2007. In 2009 company started to provide services under international brand Beeline. As for 2022 company provides services in standards of GSM-900/1800 and WCDMA/UMTS 2100/900 (3G) and LTE 800/1800/2100/2600 (4G).

Laos
In 2011 Beeline entered Laos as VimpelCom Lao, replacing former Tigo. 22% shareholding remains with Lao government. 3G HSPA+ services began in January 2012. Numbers on Beeline Laos are 020-7xxx-xxxx. Beeline Laos 4G LTE to be launched soon. Now it is on a trial period.

Ukraine
Beeline Ukraine (known as Ukrainian RadioSystems (URS) before February 2007) was a mobile operator in Ukraine with 2.22 million GSM subscribers (February 2007). The company operated under Beeline brand. In 2010 Beeline merged with Kyivstar. Now all Beeline Ukraine subscribers became Kyivstar subscribers.

The company was founded in 1995, and Motorola acquired 49% of the company in 1996. URS obtained a GSM-900 license in 1997, but Motorola backed off the venture the same year due to an alleged government favoritism to another mobile operator. The Korean Daewoo picked up the ownership, didn't do much to grow the business and sold it to a Ukrainian financial group in 2003. In November 2005, 100% of the company's ownership was acquired by the Russian VimpelCom for $230 million. The deal was surrounded by a controversy involving two major shareholders of VimpelCom: the Russian Alfa Group and Telenor, a Norwegian telecom conglomerate.

Following the acquisition by VimpelCom, all of the company's services have been rebranded as Beeline, similar to a VimpelCom's major mobile assets in Russia. In 2010 Beeline Ukraine (URS) was merged with Kyivstar. Now company operates only under Kyivstar brand.

Uzbekistan
Beeline is active in Uzbekistan and it is one of the most popular cellular carrier in Uzbekistan.

Vietnam
In July 2009 VimpelCom cooperated with a Vietnamese telecommunication company, GTel Telecommunications, to open a new mobile phone network in Vietnam called Beeline Vietnam. However, in 2012, after three years of business losses, Beeline withdrew from the joint venture and the Vietnamese market in general. Gtel Mobile continues to exploit the remaining base in Vietnam with a new brand, Gmobile.

title: Beeline (brand)


text:
Alex Pineda Chacón

Alex Mauricio Pineda Chacón (born 19 December 1969) is a retired Honduran footballer who played as a midfielder.

Professional career
Chacón spent most of his career with Club Olimpia of Honduras, joining the side in 1988, and leading the team to two Honduran championships and a CONCACAF Champions' Cup in 1988. He later played with UA Tamaulipas of Mexico during the 1993–94 season, and then for Sporting Cristal of Peru during the 1994–95 season, appearing in four Copa Libertadores matches.

In 2001, Chacón joined Major League Soccer side Miami Fusion. During the 2001 season, Chacón played a crucial attacking role on a team stacked with offensive talent, including Preki, Diego Serna, Ian Bishop, and Chris Henderson. Chacón registered 19 goals and 9 assists for the team and led the league in goals and points. He was recognized with the MLS Most Valuable Player Award.

The Fusion were contracted after the 2001 season along with the Tampa Bay Mutiny, and he was unable to recapture the form that served him well in his first year. He was selected by the New England Revolution in the 2002 MLS Dispersal Draft, but the emergence of Taylor Twellman and the arrival of a new manager Steve Nicol led to a diminished role on the squad for Chacón. He moved to the Los Angeles Galaxy after the 2002 season and soon later to the Columbus Crew, but neither move reinvigorated his career.

After the 2003 season, Chacón, without a place in MLS, moved to the American A-League, where he found plenty of playing time for the Atlanta Silverbacks. Although he only registered 3 goals and 2 assists in 2004, Chacón's leadership was recognized with a selection to the A-League All-League first team.

International career
Pineda Chacón made his debut for Honduras in a December 1992 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Costa Rica and has earned a total of 45 caps, scoring 5 goals. He has represented his country in 12 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 1993 UNCAF Nations Cup as well as at the 1993, 1996, 1998 and 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cups.

His final international was an April 2000 FIFA World Cup qualification against Nicaragua.

Coaching career
Chacón joined the Silverbacks as an assistant coach in 2007. The squad when on hiatus for the 2008 and 2009 seasons, but Chacón remained in the role. While the club was being restructured, he coached youth soccer club Forsyth Fusion, now known as the United Futbol Academy.

After four years with the club as an assistant, he was named head coach on 7 November 2011.

Alex Pineda Chacón has been released from his duties Coaching the Silverbacks in June 2012 after an unsuccessful season.

Personal life
Chacón has now settled in Georgia with his wife and two daughters.

Country

 * Honduras
 * Copa Centroamericana (1): 1993

Club
C.D. Olimpia Sporting Cristal
 * Liga Profesional de Honduras (4): 1989–90, 1992–93, 1996–97, 1998–99
 * Honduran Cup: (2): 1995, 1998
 * Honduran Supercup: (1): 1997
 * CONCACAF Champions' Cup (1): 1988
 * Torneo Descentralizado (2): 1994, 1995

Individual

 * Liga Nacional de Honduras Top Scorer (1): 1993–94
 * MLS Most Valuable Player (1): 2001
 * MLS Golden Boot (1): 2001
 * MLS Scoring Champion (1): 2001
 * MLS Best XI (1): 2001
 * MLS Fair Play Award (1): 2001

title: Alex Pineda Chacón


text:
Talk:Swiss Alps

Hidden picture of 'Wheres Waldo'?
Hi, I was browsing random articles today and clicked on the picture labeled 'Reichenbach in Grosse Scheidegg' as it looked out of place, upon looking at it more closely I noticed that there is a picture of 'Waldo' from the 'Where's Waldo' books. He is semi-transparent and located in the trees by the bottom right. I also noticed that there is a faint image of a bear in the left rock, but that could be my imagination. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (User talk:) 00:53, 2 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Waldo occasionally takes some vacation in the area :) Zacharie Grossen (talk) 16:51, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Howdy All & thanks for alls services
Thank all veterans 4 there service<3 MOntLEY (talk) 11:59, 14 January 2019 (UTC)

Alps
Gsbwhwnwjwnnejejnwnwnwnn 122.173.90.191 (talk) 14:22, 11 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Swiss Alps


text:
User talk:KayEss

Unicode
Your edit summary: "Unicode doesn't attempt all dead scripts - it isn't big enuogh" is not true: Unicode reserves 1,114,112 (= 220 + 216) code points, and currently assigns characters to more than 96,000 of those code points. Unicode could handle about eleven times as many scripts. Even if iconographic scripts like Lineair A, and *all* form variants of scripts like Arabic are encoded, we won't fill Unicode up. So unless a lost civilization is found with a great number of scripts of the same size as Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Unicode will remain viable. {Ανάριον} 08:15, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Can't find the reference now, but I did read something about Unicode not being large enough for all possible historical characters. Revert if you don't like and I'll try to find that reference again --KayEss 10:32, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I finally found the reference. It's on the Unicode BOM FAQ (http://www.unicode.org/faq/utf_bom.html#9). It says:
 * If you wanted [...] to give each "instance of a character on paper throughout history" its own code, you might need trillions or quadrillions of such codes...
 * This clearly implies that they're leaving something out. One thing they are leaving out is different forms of the same character. I'm not sure if it supports or contradicts what I said originally though. --KayEss 14:13, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Dsadfsdfasljk
I noticed you made a redirect from dsadfsdfasljk to wat. I was wondering if that was a mistake? -- Walt Pohl 21:34, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Corrected some vandalism - somebody moved the wat page to Dsadfsdfasljk so I just moved it back --KayEss 05:46, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I should have figured that out. Did you already list the redirect for deletion, or shall I? -- Walt Pohl 22:45, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I listed it for speedy deletion, and it's been deleted. -- Walt Pohl 19:05, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Orchid photos
It is not easy to identify an orchid from a photo, unless it belongs to a major genus. Furthermore, orchids from all 5 subfamilies of orchids can be found in Thailand. This does not narrow the scope. I would advise to upload your pictures to the bottom of the article List of Orchidaceae genera. This contains the photos of orchids for which I haven't written an article yet. Just mention with each photo, where it was taken; was it growing on the ground ( = terrestrial), or growing on trees (= epiphytic), or growing on rocks (= lithophytic); anything you can remember (size...). Then perhaps I, or somebody else, may be able to identify the species. Anyway, each new photo is welcome. Release them under or under. If the photographic quality of the photos needs to be improved, you can do this with the GIMP 2(or with Photoshop CS) or let me know. JoJan 09:16, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The photos are great. But naming those orchids is a major problem. Most commercial orchids are man-made hybrids, not to be found in nature. But go ahead anyway. Your photos can be the jewel-in-the-crown of a future (or perhaps already existing) article. I'm looking forward to your new additions. JoJan 13:00, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * This orchid picture nr 1 looks much like the Moon Orchid (Phalaenopsis amabilis)(see the Phalaenopsis article). If not, it is then a Phalaenopsis hybrid (one of several thousands), a very popular orchid hybrid. Orchid picture 5 also looks very much like a Phalaenopsis hybrid. As to the Ant Plant, there is no article yet on Dischidia. Have you ever considered writing one ? All help is welcome. Before starting such an article, I advise to read the instructions in the WikiProject Tree of Life. If you need any help, don't hesitate to ask. JoJan 15:40, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

By the way, User:Waerth is a Dutch Wikipedian, living in Bangkok. I met him last week at the Wikimeeting in Rotterdam (with Jimbo Wales). He's a nice guy and a Wikipedia expert. This is just a suggestion to meet him. JoJan 16:23, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thai notice board
It's a pity you haven't discovered it easier, maybe a link on Talk:Thailand would be useful to get it more attention? Or maybe list it in the list of Wikipedians by field of interest or by location? When I created it I sent a note to all those contributors on Thai topics I was aware off, but seems like I somehow forgot you, don't know why. I hope you don't feel left out. andy 22:10, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Modern Geocentrism
Thanks for the wiki-tip. I am making some small changes, but want to think about some possible larger ones. Truth_Seeker 05:16, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hello greetings
From a Dutchman in Bangkok Waerth 23:06, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thai wikipedia meeting
I noticed your question at User talk:Waerth - and actually there was some talking about it earlier between Waerth and me, but we haven't finalized anything at that time. But as I will be visiting Thailand in January and of course also spending some days in BKK, it'd be great if such a meeting could be done then, as I am in Germany normally. I guess we should add a proposal on the Thai notice board so there is enough advance time to plan it, and don't forget to invite the contributors at the Thai wikipedia. I'll be underway for Christmas during the next week and if I get near internet I will just be online short time. andy 14:44, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I just wrote it on the Thai notice board - I'd suggest January 15 for the meeting. As I will not be online anymore after tomorrow you'll have to make out the details with the other participants, and I will then simply join :-) andy 19:43, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Venus in Transit - Wierd Stuff
With regard to your comment re "wierd stuff", I would like to point out that someone emailed me and actually asked me to put that "wierd stuff" into the article and to quote my references. I took all of the information form the book that I referenced and it is certainly not "wierd". Just because you don't like something or don't agree with it doesn't make it "wierd". --TracyRenee 16:44, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Ralph Wigram
Hi, I see you found the new Ralph Wigram page rather quickly! I was going to drop you a line mentioning that I'd done it (it seems we duplicated research - sorry about that - I've been on the receiving end so I know how it feels), but you found it before I could do so! (In case you're wondering, I found your research page when I was cleaning up links to The Gathering Storm after I turned that into a disambig page.)

Anway, I had one or two points about your additions - I'll note them on the Talk:Ralph Wigram page. Noel (talk) 23:37, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Hello!
I love your series of photographs which show a sunflower growing. After seeing your user page, I am wonderfully impressed with the quality of the photographs you choose to submit (or at least display prominently). Ground 23:53, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Names in Thailand
I saw your note at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions, which I also made a comment on. If you are familiar with the naming traditions in Thailand, it would help if you could add some of that information to some of the "name" articles on the Wikipedia, such as Personal name, Surname, Given name, etc. Blank Verse   ∅  09:52, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you. Most of those pages are sooooo Eurocentric (and even then, often of dubious accuracy). I had once put forth the idea of improving those pages at the CSB Collaboration of the Week about the same time that project seemed to lose steam (it was part of WikiProject Countering systemic bias, which also seems rather moribund). In my l-o-n-g list of things that I want to do on the Wikipedia, I've been planning to visit all the different regional WikiProjects and Regional Notice Boards and see if I can recruit a few people to inprove the name articles, and also to create new new articles (e.g. Jewish names, Names in Thailand, etc.). Blank Verse   ∅   10:22, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Now I just need to find someone to explain Indonesian and Malaysian names. ;-) Blank Verse   ∅   10:40, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

Nice guitar
Nice resonator you have pictured there on your user page, I'm sure it shoots lasers.

 * Thank you. I did in fact fit a laser to it, but I didn't think that showed up in the picture. You must have very good eyesight.   — KayEss | talk 08:46, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

Hi!
Thanks for the note. If Dan is up for it tomorrow I am at his moving stuff from trailer into the van. --Dumbo1 00:04, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Talk Page
Hi Kay, I only delete the talk page because it was long and went over things that had been resolved. Some of the messages that I received were not very nice either. Some of the people on Wikipedia are not very tolerant of astrology, I am afraid. I do not know when I will get around the the Venus Legacy because I will have to re-read the book. At the moment I am tied up in a lot of projects. I also worry about work alot. I do not have a permenant job and have to temp, so I am always worried about money. Regards,--TracyRenee 19:22, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Nang Nak
Hi! I noticed your Nang nak to do list. Well I started on it. Please do add. I am very impressed with the movie. By the way, I am studying French on my free time. I live in Japan. Are you into Budhism?, I meditate once in a while. Best regards,--Jondel 07:30, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

No problem
Wiki processing is close to number 10 today. ;-) No problem. Not sure that I was tracking the correspondence correctly anyway, as I was/am trying to get off to work.  P0M 19:20, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

thai naming
I suppose Adam Carr's reasons are already plentily explained in his earlier commentaries. The gist seems to be so-called "respect". 217.140.193.123 09:44, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * That's as maybe, but still no reason for him not to be invited to comment after seeing what the rest of us think.   — KayEss | talk 09:49, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * If you wish to hear his comment, you can ask him. 217.140.193.123 07:45, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Astro Notes
Hi Kay, just wanted to let you know that Wikipedia has a new site called Astrology Notes. --TracyRenee 11:04, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Thai MoS
Construed at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (Thailand-related articles) 217.140.193.123 10:28, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Woodstock
Woodstock Pub is up for deletion. Could you please support keeping it at: Articles for deletion/Woodstock Pub. Waerth 01:16, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Two of the flowers on your page
The yellow one is a mum, chrysanthemum...

the red tropical one is a hydrangea (sp?).

 * Thank you. I was thinking the yellow one might be a chrysanthemum. I'll look up some other pictures of the hydrangea to take a look at too. KayEss | talk 03:42, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

No, that's wrong. The first flower (yellow) is a Marigold. The second flower is a Hibiscus, not hydrangea. Hydrangea is a softball sized round grouping (ball) of tiny blue flowers.

http://www.underdogs.kirit.com/
Could you add domain names for the other underdogs subdomains too? (dfg, ron, mac, files)

Sermon at the Deer Park photo
Hello,

I love the photo of the painting taken at Wat Chedi Liem. I have been looking for a hard copy of that painting (perhaps in a book), but have not found anything. Do you have any suggestions as to where to go? Would it be possible to make a duplicate of your photo (I would pay you for that of course)?

I'm not exactly sure how to proceed. Let me know if you have any suggestions. I would really appreciate your help! I would love a copy of that photo.

Thank you. PK

 * Not sure where else to reply so I've done so here. I will upload a higher resolution version to my web site and you will be able to pick that up there and print it. It should be Ok for A5 and maybe a bit higher - I suspect that it'll still look fine at A4. The image will be on a non-commercial license, but if it's for your own private print that should be OK. I'll leave another note on here when I've done it. It may take me a week or so before I get a chance though. KayEss | talk 14:45, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * You can get a higher resolution version at http://www.kirit.com/Sermon in the Deer Park KayEss | talk 07:15, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Thank you so much for your help. So highly appreciated. PK

Image:Sermon in the Deer Park depicted at Wat Chedi Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg
Please be aware that a photograph (or other derivative work) of a preexisting copyrightable work is subject to all copyrights on the base work. Therefore, please state what date the base image was created on, so that we can determine whether it's in the public domain. Thanks. —Simetrical (talk • contribs) 01:51, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It's a photo of a temple mural in Thailand. There shouldn't be any issues surrounding its use. As for the date it was first painted I don't know. It's quite possible that nobody knows even if it was quite recent. KayEss | talk 06:34, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't suppose there's any way you could contact the temple or anything? —Simetrical (talk • contribs) 07:04, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, it's clearly always possible. Not sure when I'll next be in Chaing Mai to do it though. Having asked around a bit about this sort of thing it seems that the very idea of an artist trying to restrict the copying of a work of this kind is a difficult concept for people to grasp. That in itself doesn't mean that this artist didn't want the distribution restricted of course, but I guess it means it is unlikely. KayEss | talk 08:59, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Cool bangkok stuff
sorry to crowd your talk wth not wiki- realted things. I'm gunna be in thailand for about 5 weeks soon. any cool places to go in bangkok not crowded with tourism? you can throw this on my talk if you wanna. Felixboy 16:23, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Writing Sanskrit in Thai
Would be grateful for your opinion on a section on writing Sanskrit and Pali using Thai script. Discussion at Talk:Thai alphabet--Gak 15:17, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Thailand
Hi there!!! You are welcome to join the new WikiProject Thailand, please sign in. We need as many editors from Thailand as possible!!! ♦Blofeld of SPECTRE♦      $1,000,000? 10:23, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Need help with a Thai language issue
Hi. I saw your messages on the Thai language talk page. Do you read and write Thai? If so, can you translate the image permission for this image on the Thai Wikipedia to its English Wikipedia equivalent ? I would greatly appreciate it. If you don't read or write Thai, just let me know. Thanks. Nightscream (talk) 15:44, 1 January 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:KayEss