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Genshiken

Genshiken (げんしけん) is a Japanese manga series by Shimoku Kio about a college club for otaku (extremely obsessed fans of various media) and their lifestyle. The title is a shortening of the club's official name, Gendai Shikaku Bunka Kenkyūkai (現代視覚文化研究会), or "The Society for the Study of Modern Visual Culture". The series has also been adapted into an anime directed by Tsutomu Mizushima. The manga originally ran in Kodansha's magazine Monthly Afternoon from April 2002 to May 2006, and has been reprinted in nine bound volumes.

A two-part short bonus story was included across both volumes of the Kujibiki Unbalance manga, published in 2006.

In December 2009, a new chapter was released in Monthly Afternoon to celebrate the release of the Genshiken 2 DVD box-set. In October 2010, the series resumed serialization as Genshiken: Second Season (げんしけん二代目).

Themes
The series focuses on the otaku lifestyle and contains numerous references to other manga, anime, video games, and other aspects of otaku culture. Common plot points include such otaku-centric activities as the buying and creation of dōjinshi, fan-made manga usually of erotic content; convincing a character to try cosplay (dressing up as characters from manga, anime, or video games); the creation of plamo (plastic models that must be assembled); visiting Akihabara, Tokyo's electronics shopping district; or attending the biannual Comic Festival ("Comifes"), a reference to Comic Market ("Comiket"), Japan's single largest anime- and manga-focused fan convention.

Since the anime is co-produced by Sega Sammy Holdings, the Guilty Gear video game series is heavily referenced, with actual gameplay sequences being shown multiple times, Ohno cosplaying as Kuradoberi Jam, and other minor references. The Sega puzzle game Puyo Puyo also serves as an important plot point as Kasukabe tries to gain Kousaka's attention. Numerous other non-Sega/Sammy properties are also referenced throughout the anime, but their names are changed slightly, such as The King of Fighters '95 being alluded to as COF 95 and Capcom vs SNK 2 as "S-Cup". Discussion of eroge, erotic video games usually of the visual novel genre, also occurs often.

Similar to the treatment of video games in the series, popular anime, and manga are often alluded to by pseudonyms, such as "Gungal" (Gundam), "Reass Mood" (Code Geass), "Haregan" (Fullmetal Alchemist), "Scram Dunk" (Slam Dunk), "Neko Yasha" (InuYasha), and many others. Genshiken usually avoids referring to these series so in-depth that it would require the use of names and lines from their real-world counterparts, with several notable exceptions: in the model-building chapter of the manga (but not the anime), actual Gundam mecha and characters are referred to throughout, while the dialogue quoted by Sue (except for one "Neko Yasha!" outburst) is pulled directly from Evangelion, Lupin III, Azumanga Daioh, and other series.

These cultural references have remained intact for the English adaption of the manga, which includes a section for translation notes. However, due to the number of allusions made and the inability of a translator to always know what is being referred to, many explanations of otaku references are still absent. The anime, however, has been criticized for having "excessive script variances" with its English dub translations, such as injecting English-specific references like "talk to the hand" and for inconsistently including liner notes.

Ramen Angel Pretty Menma Another fictitious series created for the series is Ramen Angel Pretty Menma, a generic adult visual novel. Mentioned in passing as Sasahara's first such game in the manga, it is given much greater emphasis in the second TV series. The plot revolves around Kaoru Torigara, the only son of a ramen shop owner, who is going to renovate his inherited ramen shop. He discovers that his shop has a guardian angel named Pretty Menma. Pretty Menma tells Kaoru that his dead father's intention is making him succeed in the "Food King Wars", a battle of restaurants around the world that is held every 4 years. Kaoru and Menma must help each other to go through the struggles of the "Food King Wars". In the anime, there is also Ramen Angel Pretty Menma 2, which continues from the first version. Additionally, the third version of the opening sequence (that uses the same song, but adds scenes and edits existing ones) shows Ogiue cosplaying Pretty Menma, Ohno cosplaying Cutie Tonko (another heroine in this series who represents tonkotsu, a form of ramen broth), and Kasukabe cosplaying Menma's mother. This series is also spun off into its own Internet radio show, manga (serialized in Monthly Comic Alive) and a drama CD.

Plot
Genshiken follows the lives of a group of college students drawn together by their shared hobbies, and the trials and adventures associated with being otaku. The story begins with the introduction of Kanji Sasahara, a shy, confidence-lacking freshman who on club day at university, decides to join a club he would actually enjoy, Genshiken. Over his four years at Shiiou University, Sasahara comes to accept himself for who he is and loses the inhibitions and guilt he once felt and associated with otaku culture, becoming an enthusiastic club member, and for a time, a capable club president. As the story of Genshiken progresses, focus is also placed on Saki Kasukabe, a determined non-otaku who initially struggles to drag her boyfriend Kousaka out of the club, and Chika Ogiue, a self-professed otaku-hater who feels a deep-seated shame and self-loathing toward her own interests and hobbies.

During the course of the series, the reader bears witness as the group grows in its cohesiveness over time, and bonds form between the characters as they begin to see themselves as more than fellow club members, but friends as well. In this context, club activities such as group outings, the biannual pilgrimage to Comifes, and even simply hanging out in the club room, allow the characters' complex relationships to grow into friendship, infatuation, and at times, even love. While a few of them never quite see eye-to-eye about their interests or the lives they lead, they are held together by the bonds of friendship that they share.

Second Generation
After Sasahara, Kousaka and Kasukabe graduate, the series shifts focus to three new club members: The self-conscious Yajima, the energetic-yet-annoying Yoshitake, and Hato, a fudanshi who cross-dresses to fit in better and go unrecognized by his normal classmates. Emphasis is also put on the character of Madarame, a former president of the club who actually graduated a year before Sasahara, but remained in the club due to working and having an apartment nearby, hanging out in the club room in his time off as he struggles to grow up and move on from university.

Anime
The manga was brought to television by the production company Genco through animation studio Palm in 2004 as a 12-episode anime and in 2006 and 2007 as 3-episode OVA, adapting the first five volumes of the manga. The TV series was licensed for North American release by Media Blasters.

The anime adaptation is very faithful to the original work, with few revisions being made, with the exception that many references to specific anime, manga, and video games are changed or removed. The previously fictional Kujibiki Unbalance manga series was also turned into an anime series to match the medium, with three complete episodes being created for sampling in the anime version of Genshiken. The three Kujibiki Unbalance episodes are provided as bonus OVAs with the purchase of the Genshiken DVDs.

It was originally announced by Media Factory at Comiket 69 that the second TV series of Genshiken would premiere in October 2006. However, Media Factory clarified their statement in May 2006, saying that the series airing in the fall would be a full-fledged Kujibiki Unbalance series, rather than a Genshiken sequel. Nevertheless, the DVD releases of the new Kujibiki Unbalance series each included an OVA episode of Genshiken, for a total of three new episodes. The first new episode was released with Kujibiki Unbalance DVD Box 1 on December 22, 2006, with the two subsequent installments following on February 23 and April 25, 2007, respectively.

On April 23, 2007, it was announced on the Genshiken homepage that a second anime television series would be produced, including the character Ogiue, who had been introduced in the OVA episodes. The first episode of the second series aired on October 11, 2007 on Japanese TV. A radio webcast ran simultaneously with the terrestrial broadcast. The final episode of the series aired on December 27, 2007; however, it did not conclude the story.

The TV version of Genshiken 2 aired with minor censorship. Oddly though, the censorship was that of a highly erotic kiss that involved no nudity. Additional nudity like breast nipples and strong cleavage was also censored. The DVD version shows everything uncensored.

In the March issue of Monthly Afternoon it was announced that a new anime had been authorized for Genshiken: Second Season. The new anime sequel is directed by Tsutomu Mizushima at Production I.G, with Michiko Yokote handling the series composition. The series premiered on July 7, 2013 and includes the opening song "Genshi, Joshi wa, Taiyo Datta" by Sumire Uesaka and the band Kabuki Rocks. At Anime Expo 2013, NIS America announced their acquisition of Genshiken: Second Season, licensed under the title Genshiken: Second Generation, for release in North America.

A Genshiken: Second Generation OAD (Original Animation DVD) was bundled with the limited edition of the 15th volume of the Genshiken manga, released in Dec 20, 2013. The story is set between the events of the Genshiken 2 and Genshiken: Second Generation series.

Drama CD
There has been three drama CD bundled together with different media in the series. The first one was released as a "first press" item for the 9th volume of the manga, while the two others were included in the two first volumes of the "Genshiken 2" DVDs.

List of releases:

 * 1. Genshiken Dai 9 kan: Tokusōban Drama CD
 * 2. Dai 8.5 wa 'Otaku Shigan... Mitai na?'
 * 3. Bangai hen 'Road to Ikebukuro (kari)'

Light novel
In 2008, Kodansha released the light novel "Shoron Genshiken: Hairu Ranto no Yabou", with Del Rey releasing the book in June 2010. The book introduces the character of Ranto Hairu, the rich grandson of one of Japan's most influential businessmen, as he takes over the student club organization with the intention of getting rid of any elements he views as unsavory. Meanwhile, a supernatural force is slowly abducting members of Genshiken without a trace.

Chronologically the book falls just after certain events in the second volume, although few of the book's events follow the story elements already established in the series. Changes such as Kuchiki remaining with the Genshiken after his initial attempts to join, the established president of the student club organization drops out due to pregnancy, as well as Ohno and Tanaka's relationship being more established than it was during this point in time. The light novel also introduces several characters that are only present in the novel itself and do not appear in the anime or manga. Also of note is that there are several elements present in the book (such as the supernatural) that are not present in the anime or manga.

Reception
Genshiken has been praised for its execution of the slice-of-life genre, in that it is able to be funny while still maintaining a strong sense of everyday life. Anime News Network reviewer Bamboo Dong's review of the first manga volume called Genshiken "one of the best manga series out this year", praising Shimoku Kio's attention to detail and David Ury's translation work. Genshiken was also selected as one of the Manga Division Jury Recommended Works in the 2005 Japan Media Arts Festival.

David Smith at IGN said "If you haven't seen Genshiken, you're missing out on the definitive anime portrait of contemporary anime fandom." He also recommended fans of the series to check out Otaku no Video as well.

References and notes

 * : The series Puyo Pop is known as Puyo Puyo in Japan. Also, the specific game played is different for each medium: in the manga, it's Puyo Puyo 2, and in the anime, it's Puyo Puyo Fever.

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Hatteras, North Carolina

Hatteras is an unincorporated village and census-designated place (CDP) in Dare County, North Carolina, United States, on the Outer Banks island of Hatteras, at its extreme southwestern tip. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 504. Immediately to the west of the village of Hatteras is Hatteras Inlet which separates Hatteras Island from the neighboring Ocracoke Island. North Carolina Highway 12 passes through the community linking it to Frisco to the east and Ocracoke to the west (via a ferry across Hatteras Inlet).

The residents of Hatteras are governed by the Dare County Board of Commissioners. Hatteras is part of District 4, along with Avon, Buxton, Frisco, Rodanthe, Waves and Salvo.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 577 people, 207 households, and 130 families residing in the CDP.

Attractions and recreation
Hatteras is best known as a fishing and kiteboarding destination.

Watersports are plentiful on both the ocean-side and the sound-side of the village. Proximity to the convergence of the Labrador Current and the Gulf Stream result in the largest surf available on the East Coast. On the protected Pamlico Sound side of the island, watersports such as windsurfing, kayaking, kiteboarding, and swimming are all readily available and accessible.

Fishing is a major source of recreation as well as revenue in Hatteras. Hatteras has two off shore fishing fleets. They operate out of Hatteras Harbor Marina, and Teach's Lair Marina

Pamlico Sound, which separates Hatteras and Ocracoke Islands, is one of the largest estuarine systems in the world and offers a variety of fishing opportunities.

The Village is also home to the Graveyard of The Atlantic Museum. A large museum dedicated to not only the Maritime History of the region but the thousands of ship wrecks off the coast of the island in the Graveyard of the Atlantic

Climate
Hatteras has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). Hatteras experiences hot summers, somewhat moderated by the Atlantic Ocean, and some of the mildest winters in the entire state, with no month having an average low temperature below 40 °F. Because of its location many miles off the coast of Mainland USA in the direct path of the gulf stream, Hatteras experiences year round low temperatures similar to the northern gulf of Florida or southern coastal Georgia, despite being much farther north.

History
Hatteras was named after the Hatteras Indians.

Hatteras Village was cut off from the rest of the island on September 18, 2003, when Hurricane Isabel washed a 3000 ft and 30 ft channel called Isabel Inlet at the north end of Hatteras village. The tear was subsequently repaired and restored by sand dredged by the Army Corps of Engineers.

The Ellsworth and Lovie Ballance House and Hatteras Weather Bureau Station are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Transportation
Hatteras is served by Billy Mitchell Airport.

The Village is also home to the Hatteras-Ocracoke Ferry terminal which is the only way for people to access Ocracoke Island from Hatteras Village other than air travel.

Education
Residents are zoned to Dare County Schools. Zoned schools are Cape Hatteras Elementary School and Cape Hatteras Secondary School. The schools are located on NC 12 in Buxton.

Dare County Library has a branch in Hatteras.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hatteras, North Carolina


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Indian Institute of Management Calcutta

Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (IIM Calcutta or IIM-C) is a public business school located in Joka, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It was the first Indian Institute of Management to be established, and has been recognized as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India in 2017. Programmes offered by IIM Calcutta include a two-year full-time MBA, a one-year full-time Post Graduate Diploma (PGPEX-VLM), a one-year full-time MBA for experienced executives (MBAEx), Doctor of Business Administration programme, a two-year full-time Post Graduate Diploma in Business Analytics, and a one-year full-time programme in Healthcare Management. IIM Calcutta is one of only three triple accredited business schools in India, and the first to get the recognition. It is also the only business school in India which is a part of the CEMS Global Alliance in Management Education.

History
After India became independent in 1947, the Planning Commission was entrusted to oversee and direct the development of the nation. India proliferated in the 1950s, and in the late 1950s, the Commission started facing difficulties in finding suitable managers for the large number of public sector enterprises that were being established in India as a part of its industrial policy. To solve this problem, the Planning Commission in 1959 invited Professor George Robbins of the University of California to help in setting up an all India level institute of management studies. Based on his recommendations, the Indian government decided to set up two elite management institutes, named Indian Institutes of Management.

Indian Institute of Management Calcutta was the first of these IIMs, and was established in November 1961 in collaboration with the MIT Sloan School of Management, the government of West Bengal, the Ford Foundation and the Indian industry. Its first director was K. T. Chandy, the former Chairman of Hindustan Unilever Limited. During the initial years of IIM Calcutta, several renowned academics and visionaries formed part of its core team, including Paul Samuelson, Jagdish Sheth, J K Sengupta, Peter S King, and Thomas Hill.

In its initial years, IIM Calcutta operated from Emerald Bower, Barrackpur Trunk Road, Kolkata. The foundation stone of the current IIM-C campus in Joka, Kolkata, was laid by Morarji Desai, who was then the Deputy Prime Minister of India on 15 Dec 1968. The institute moved to the new campus in 1975.

Campus
The main campus of IIM Calcutta, covering 135 acre of area, is located in Joka, on the outskirts of Kolkata, India. The institute moved to its present campus in 1975. In December 2019, the institute sent a request to the state government seeking land to build another campus in New Town, Kolkata

Corporate placement and campus drive
IIM Calcutta provides vide network of corporate placement opportunities for its students and recently collaborated internationally for exploring students dynamics for international experience. The collaboration happened in December 2021 includes with TreeAndHumanKnot RisingIndia ThinkTank

Teaching Blocks
IIM Calcutta's main Academic Block is situated next to the main administrative building and has four large lecture halls and several additional classrooms. Another academic building named New Teaching Block was opened in 2000 to supplement the main block. A new Academic Block has also been constructed and was declared open by the then Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh in August 2011.

Auditorium
The Auditorium at IIM Calcutta, popularly called the Audi, hosts most of the important functions in the campus like the convocation, conferences, student events and talks. The facility seats 750 people and was built at a cost of over inr 90000000. It is fully air-conditioned and is equipped with ultra-modern equipment including professional audio and visual systems.

Library
The IIM-C library is named Bidhan Chandra Roy Library or BC Roy Memorial Library, after Bidhan Chandra Roy, the second Chief Minister of the state of West Bengal and the first chairman of the institute. The library is primarily envisioned to meet the requirements of the IIM-C's academic programmes. It was started with a grant from the Ford Foundation. It houses over 160,000 volumes and also subscribes to hundreds of management journals and provides access to a large collection of electronic databases. The library processes and functions are fully computerized and in addition to print material, it provides access to more than 40,000 online full-text journals.

Management Center for Human Values
The Management Center for Human Values (MCHV) is located in separate buildings in a part of the campus.

Hostels & Accommodation
IIM-C has 4 main hostels for students pursuing its PGDM, PGDCM and Fellow programmes – Ramanujan Hostel (colloquially called Old Hostel), Tagore Hostel & Annexe (collectively called the White Hostel), New Hostel and Lake View Hostel. Students with families are provided with separate family accommodation. However, PGP students are provided single boarding accommodation only. Preference is given to FPM & MBAEx (formerly PGPEX) students for hostel allotment. There are separate hostels for MBAEx (formerly PGPEX) and PGPEX-VLM programmes. Single accommodation for MBAEx (formerly PGPEX) students is arranged in Management Development Center (MDC). Students pursuing other courses are usually provided accommodation in the Tata Hall, the guest house in the campus.

Financial Research and Trading Lab
Established in November 2008, the Financial Research and Trading Lab at IIM Calcutta gives an opportunity to students and faculty members to test financial models with "live" information from the major markets of the world like India's National Stock Exchange, Multi Commodity Exchange, National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange, Bombay Stock Exchange and Bloomberg. The lab is the only one of its kind in India, and has advanced industry-standard equipment and facilities including 51 trading terminals, trading simulators and Bloomberg Terminals. The lab is aimed to help in academic programmes, research on financial markets, product design and testing, executive education and in organising international and national conferences on finance. The laboratory gives students hands-on experience in financial market data analysis and modelling and also helps in advanced applied research in financial markets.

New Campus
The New Campus is composed of two large "houses" each accommodating 175 students in private rooms with attached balconies. An Executive Centre with 200 suites and rooms, having training and syndicate rooms and well fitted executive dining and recreation areas is well under construction.

This new residential campus is connected to the existing campus via a steel bridge.

In the main campus, a new Academic wing was opened in early 2011 that accommodates amphitheater lecture halls, computer laboratories, incubation areas, faculty offices, class rooms and syndicate rooms on five levels.

The new campus plan and the new buildings are designed by the architect Christopher Charles Benninger of Pune, India.

Rankings
Worldwide, the Financial Times has ranked IIM Calcutta 21 in its Masters in Management Ranking 2020 and 42 in its Global MBA Ranking 2020. The QS Global 250 MBA Rankings 2020 ranked it 79 in the world and 12 in Asia.

In India, IIM Calcutta was ranked third with a score of 78.64 among management schools by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2022. IIM Calcutta ranked third again in the year 2023 by National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF). It was ranked first in India by Business Todays "India's Top Five B-Schools Yearly Ranking In 2022" and third by Outlook Indias "Top 25 Public MBA Colleges in India" of 2022.

Accreditation
IIM Calcutta was the first management school in India to complete triple accreditation by being recognized by three globally reputed b-school accreditation organizations: Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB), European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS) and Association of MBAs (AMBA). It is also the only Indian business school that is a member of the Global Alliance in Management Education (CEMS).

Student Exchange Programmes
IIM Calcutta has an extensive network of partner B-schools worldwide through which it conducts student exchange programmes. For the Post Graduate Programme, the student exchange programme (STEP) is usually held in the fifth term, between August–September and December. Every year during this period, more than a hundred students from IIM Calcutta leave for foreign institutes, and an equivalent number from various B-schools arrive in IIM Calcutta to spend the term there. Other academic programmes of IIM-C also offer exchange programmes.

Joka Times
Joka Times is the student-run online campus magazine-journal of IIM Calcutta. It serves as a one-stop site for the latest events, news and updates on IIM Calcutta, and showcases the student-life at IIM-C. Joka Times also hosts a forum, through which students applying for courses at IIM Calcutta are guided by existing students at the institute.

Intaglio
Intaglio is the annual international Business school summit hosted by Indian Institute of Management Calcutta. The flagship event of IIM-C, it was started in 1992 as the National Business School Meet (NBSM), and is widely acknowledged to be the biggest B-school meet in India. Intaglio, usually held over a 3-day weekend in January, serves as a platform facilitating the interaction of eminent personalities from the industry, academia, media and government, holding conferences, workshops and seminars by experts in different fields on a wide range of topics. Intaglio also includes a large number of competitive and non-competitive events for B-school students, which attract participation from world-renowned institutions from around the world, like Asian Institute of Technology, Australian Graduate School of Management, CEIBS, ESCP Europe, Harvard Business School, other IIMs, London Business School, MIT Sloan, National University of Singapore, University of Toronto and the Wharton School. As a mark of its superior quality of events and processes, Intaglio in 2007 became the first event of its kind in India to achieve the ISO 9001:2000 certification from the International Organization for Standardization. In 2010, Intaglio got the distinction of being the first carbon-neutral B-school event in India.

The major regular events at Intaglio include:
 * Olympus – the greatest leadership hunt: The flagship event of Intaglio in its recent editions, Olympus is a business leadership competition in which a single representative each from a few top B-schools compete against one another.
 * Wizards Of Biz – the boardroom battle: A business simulation game.
 * The Great Innovation Challenge: A competition that tests the business innovation and creative skills of participants.
 * Consulting Knights: Co-sponsored by a Management consulting firm, this event exposes participants to real-life business situations, testing their consulting skills.

Carpe Diem
Carpe Diem is the annual cultural fest organised by the students of IIM Calcutta. It's usually held over a 3-day weekend in February and attracts participation from colleges and schools across India. It is the largest B-School Cultural Fest in Eastern India. In 2013, it had over 12,000 participants from 100+ colleges.

The major regular events at Carpe Diem are:
 * Armageddon: Amateur Rock music competition.
 * Symphony: Musical concert.
 * Razzmatazz: Fashion show.
 * Euphoria: Dance competition.

Lattice
Lattice is the annual business symposium organized by the MBAEx (formerly PGPEX) students of IIM Calcutta. It is a platform that facilitates interaction of students of IIM Calcutta with leaders of Indian society and industry. Lattice is usually held in October. It attracts guests from different spheres of Indian industry, society, IIM Calcutta alumnus, and students from different business schools. The event was started in year 2010.

7 Lakes Fest
7 Lakes Fest is the inaugural college fest to be held in December 2020 combining the legacy of 28 years of Intaglio (Business Summit), Carpe Diem (Cultural Fest), and 7 Lakes Run (Sports). Spread over three days, 7 Lakes Fest is the most prominent college fest of the Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta. It provides a platform for participants from Indian institutes to come together and showcase their talent in business skills, music, dance, quizzing, sports, creativity, theatre, and literary events.

Alumni
IIM Calcutta has a 15,000+ strong alumni network who have taken up careers in Management, Academy, Public service, Social Service around the world and made significant impact in the chosen areas. Every year the institute hosts Golden and Silver jubilee reunion. Since 2011 the institute has been awarding a Distinguished Alumni Award to alumni who have made immense contributions in the fields of Management, Academy, Public service, Social Service. Notable alumni include Krishnamurthy Subramanian, Ajit Balakrishnan, Sunil Duggal, Ramachandra Guha, Indra Nooyi, Shyam Srinivasan, Amish Tripathi, Gopal Vittal and Swami Mukundananda

Faculty and staff

 * See also Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta

Past and present faculty at IIM Calcutta include many prominent scholars such as management educationist Ravi J. Matthai, economists Paul Samuelson, Ashok Mitra, Yoginder K Alagh and Deepak Nayyar, statisticians Warren Bennis, Jagdish Sheth and Rahul Mukerjee, anthropologist Surajit Chandra Sinha, and historians Barun De and Rajat Kanta Ray.

title: Indian Institute of Management Calcutta


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English auxiliary verbs

English auxiliary verbs are a small set of English verbs, which include the English modal auxiliary verbs and a few others. Although the auxiliary verbs of English are widely believed to lack inherent semantic meaning and instead to modify the meaning of the verbs they accompany, they are nowadays classed by linguists as auxiliary on the basis not of semantic but of grammatical properties: among these, that they invert with their subjects in interrogative main clauses ( Has John arrived?) and are negated either by the simple addition of not (He has not arrived) or (with a very few exceptions) by negative inflection (He hasn't arrived).

History of the concept
When describing English, the adjective auxiliary was "formerly applied to any formative or subordinate elements of language, e.g. prefixes, prepositions." As applied to verbs, its conception was originally rather vague and varied significantly.

Some historical examples
The first English grammar, Bref Grammar for English by William Bullokar, published in 1586, does not use the term "auxiliary" but says:

"All other verbs are called verbs-neuters-un-perfect because they require the infinitive mood of another verb to express their signification of meaning perfectly: and be these, may, can, might or mought, could, would, should, must, ought, and sometimes, will, that being a mere sign of the future tense. [orthography standardized and modernized]"

In volume 5 (1762) of Tristram Shandy, the narrator's father explains that "The verbs auxiliary we are concerned in here, . . ., are, am; was; have; had; do; did; make; made; suffer; shall; should; will; would; can; could; owe; ought; used; or is wont."

Charles Wiseman's Complete English Grammar of 1764 notes that most verbs

"cannot be conjugated through all their Moods and Tenses, without one of the following principal Verbs have and be. The first serves to conjugate the rest, by supplying the compound tenses of all Verbs both Regular and Irregular, whether Active, Passive, Neuter, or Impersonal, as may be seen in its own variation, &c."

Along with have and be, it goes on to include do, may, can, shall, will as auxiliary verbs.

W. C. Fowler's The English Language of 1857 says:

", or Helping Verbs, perform the same office in the conjugation of principal verbs which inflection does in the classical languages, though even in those languages the substantive verb is sometimes used as a helping verb. . . . I. The verbs that are always auxiliary to others are, May, can, shall, must; II. Those that are sometimes auxiliary and sometimes principal verbs are, Will, have, do, be, and let."

The verbs that all the sources cited above agree are auxiliary verbs are the modal auxiliary verbs may, can, and shall; most also include be, do, and have.

Auxiliary verbs as heads
Modern grammars do not differ substantially over membership in the list of auxiliary verbs, though they have refined the concept and, following an idea first put forward by John Ross in 1969, have tended to take the auxiliary verb not as subordinate to a "main verb" (a concept that pedagogical grammars perpetuate), but instead as the head of a verb phrase. Examples include The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language and Bas Aarts' Oxford Modern English Grammar. This is shown in the tree diagram below for the clause I can swim.

The clause has a subject noun phrase I and a head verb phrase (VP), headed by the auxiliary verb can. The VP also has a complement clause, which has a head VP, with the head verb swim.

Recent definitions
A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (1985) says of "verbs in auxiliary function" that "In contrast to full [i.e. lexical] verbs, [these verbs] are capable of functioning as auxiliary or 'helping' verbs (cf 2.27f)", which seems to refer back to a table showing the "main verb" (sink in various inflected forms) following one to four auxiliary verbs (be and have, again in various inflected forms; and may and must). It is not obvious how this definition would exclude lexical verbs such as try (in tried sinking, tried to have sunk, tried being sunk, etc) – although they would certainly fail the book's own list of criteria for auxiliary verbs, as listed later.

In his book English Auxiliaries: History and Structure (1993), Anthony R. Warner writes that the English auxiliary verbs "are rather sharply defined as a group by distinctive formal properties."

The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (2002) describes auxiliary verbs as "a small list of verbs with very specific syntactic properties", differing from "all the rest of the verbs in the dictionary, which we will call the lexical verbs . . . in inflectional morphology as well as syntax" And later: "A general definition of auxiliary verb is that it denotes a closed class of verbs that are characteristically used as markers of tense, aspect, mood, and voice." It too adds a list of criteria.

Auxiliary verbs distinguished grammatically
The list of auxiliary verbs in Modern English, along with their inflected forms, is shown in the following table.

Contractions are only shown if their orthography is distinctive. There are also numerous unstressed versions that are typically, although not necessarily, written in the standard way. For these, see a later section. Where there is a blank, the auxiliary verb lacks this form. (In some cases, a corresponding lexical verb may have the form. For example, although lexical verb need has a plain past tense form, auxiliary verb need does not.)

A major difference between the results, shown above, of defining auxiliary verbs syntactically and doing so based on a notion of "helping" is that the syntactic definition includes:
 * be even when used simply as a copular verb (I am hungry; It was a cat)
 * idioms using would (would rather, would sooner, would as soon) that take a finite clause complement (I'd rather you went)
 * have with no other verb (as in %Have you any change?): uses where it cannot be said to "help" any other verb.

Archaic forms of be, do, and have
A study of 17th-century American English found the form be used for the 1st and 3rd person plural present; was for the 3rd person plural preterite;  art and are for the 2nd person singular present; wast and wert for the 2nd person singular preterite;  and dost and hast (2nd person) and doth and hath (3rd person) for the singular present.

The NICE criteria
One set of criteria for distinguishing between auxiliary and lexical verbs is F. R. Palmer's "NICE": "Basically the criteria are that the auxiliary verbs occur with negation, inversion, 'code', and emphatic affirmation while the [lexical] verbs do not."

NICE: Negation
Clausal negation most commonly employs an auxiliary verb, for example, We can't believe it'll rain today or I don't need an umbrella. As late as Middle English, lexical verbs could also participate in clausal negation, so a clause like Lee eats not apples would have been grammatical, but this is no longer possible in Modern English, where lexical verbs require "dosupport".

(At first glance, the grammaticality of I hope/guess/suppose/think not may suggest that some lexical verbs too have no need for dosupport; but ungrammatical *I hope/guess/suppose/think not you are right shows that this is quite mistaken. Not in these examples does not negate a clause but is instead the negative equivalent of so, a pro-form for a negative proposition. )

Palmer writes that the "Negation" criterion is "whether [the verb] occurs with the negative particle not, or more strictly, whether it has a negative form", the latter referring to negatively inflected won't, hasn't, haven't, etc. (As seen in the paradigm table above, in today's Standard English not every auxiliary verb has such a form.)

NICE: Inversion
Although English is a subject–verb–object language, an interrogative main clause is the most important among several constructions that put a verb before the subject. This is called subject–auxiliary inversion because only auxiliary verbs participate in such constructions: Can/should/must Lee eat apples?; Never have I enjoyed a quince. Again, in Middle English, lexical verbs were no different; but in Modern English *Eats Lee apples? and *Never enjoy I a quince are ungrammatical, and dosupport is again required: Does Lee eat apples?; Never do I enjoy quinces.

NICE: Code
F. R. Palmer attributes this term to J. R. Firth, writing:

There are sentences in English in which a full verb is later 'picked up' by an auxiliary. The position is very similar to that of a noun being 'picked up' by a pronoun. [. . .] If the initial sentence, which contains the main verb, is not heard, all the remainder is unintelligible; it is, in fact, truly in code. The following example is from Firth:
 * Do you think he will?
 * I don't know. He might.
 * I suppose he ought to, but perhaps he feels he can't.
 * Well, his brothers have. They perhaps think he needn't.
 * Perhaps eventually he may. I think he should, and I very much hope he will.

(What "picks up" is called an anaphor; what is picked up is called an antecedent.) Attempting to remove the complement(s) of a lexical verb normally has an ungrammatical result (Did you put it in the fridge? / *Yes, I put) or an inappropriate one (Did you eat the chicken? / #Yes, I ate). However, if a number of conditions are met, the result may be acceptable.

NICE: Emphatic affirmation
F. R. Palmer writes that "a characteristic of the auxiliaries is their use in emphatic affirmation with nuclear stress upon the auxiliary", as in You must see him. He concedes that "any verbal form may have nuclear stress"; thus We saw them; however, auxiliaries stressed in this way are used for "the denial of the negative", whereas lexical verbs again use dosupport.
 * You say you heard them? / No, we them.
 * You can't have seen them. / We see them.

NICE is widely cited (with "emphatic affirmation" usually simplified as "emphasis"): as examples, by A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (1985), The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (2002),  and the Oxford Modern English Grammar (2011).

The NICER criteria
A revised set of criteria, NICER, owes much to NICE but does more than merely add a fifth criterion to it.

In this section, a number of verbs – not limited to those in the paradigm table above – are checked against four of the five criteria of NICER. As would, might , could and should are sometimes understood as discrete verbs (and not merely as the preterite forms of will , may , can and shall ), they are tested too.

NICER: Negation
Auxiliary verbs can be negated with not; lexical verbs require do-support: a less stringent version of "negation" as the first criterion of NICE.

We add not immediately after the verb, and obtain: She will / would / may / might / can / could / shall / should / must / need / dare not live there. Each of these has clausal negation, as we see by adding a positive tag and thereby creating a straightforward question: She can not live there, can she?; She need not live there, need she?; and so forth. (Compare She can live there, can she? and She needs to live there, does she?. In both of these a positive tag is added to a positive clause, for a result that is not a straightforward question. Context and tone of voice may suggest that the speaker is impressed or incredulous.)

Similarly for She ought / used not to live there; She is not a resident; She does not live there; and She has not lived there; and indeed for She wants to not go, awkward though this may sound.

This criterion does not require the same verb for the tag as in the anchor (the part of the sentence that precedes the tag). So the informal better works as well: She better not be late, had she? Irrespective of any tag, lexical do does not work (*You did not your homework), and neither does go (*He goes not to school). Putting not immediately after some other lexical verbs brings a grammatical result (He seems / intends not to live there), but one that does not work as expected with a positive tag – He seems / intends not to live there, does he? do not straightforwardly ask – showing that what not has negated is not the clause as a whole.

NICER: Auxiliary-initial constructions
The same as "inversion" as the second criterion of NICE.

 Will / would / may / might / can / could / shall / should / must / need / dare I wear a mankini? – all of these can invert with the subject.

Likewise for  Ought / used / have you to wear a suit?;  Am I forced to wear a suit?; and  Do I wear a suit?

This again accounts for all of the verbs in the paradigm table above, other than to. The construction requires a tensed form of the verb; to lacks one, and therefore this criterion does not apply to it.

Attempts to invert lexical verbs such as do (*Did you your homework?) or go (*Goes he to school?) bring ungrammatical results. Surprisingly, How goes it? is grammatical; but even a minor adjustment to it (*How went it?; *How goes your job?) brings an ungrammatical result, showing that it is merely a fixed formula.

NICER: "Contraction" of not
Most English auxiliary verbs have a negative inflected form with -n't,  commonly regarded as a contracted form of not. Available are won't, wouldn't, mightn't, can't, couldn't, shan't, shouldn't, mustn't, oughtn't, needn't, aren't, isn't, wasn't, weren't, don't, doesn't, didn't, haven't, hasn't, hadn't, and %usedn't.

No lexical verb has such a form (*She gon't to bars much these days; *She didn't her homework last week).

A small number of defective auxiliary verbs lack this inflection: %mayn't and *daredn't are now dated, and there is no universally accepted negative inflection of am: %amn't is dialectal, the acceptability of ain't depends on the variety of Standard English, and aren't is only used when it and I are inverted (Aren't I invited?, compare *I aren't tired).

For do, must, used, and (depending on the variety of Standard English) can, the negative inflected form is spelt as expected but its pronunciation is anomalous (change of vowel in don't and perhaps can't; elision of within the root of mustn't and usedn't); for shan't and won't, both the pronunciation and the spelling are anomalous.

NICER: Post-auxiliary ellipsis
The same as "code" as the third criterion of NICE.

The possibility of ellipsis with will, may , might , can't , should , needn't and have (and indeed to ) is illustrated in Firth's example of "code".

As for the other auxiliary verbs:
 * I'll attend if I must / dare /% ought .
 * If you're attending then I shall / am .
 * I'd be grateful if you would / could / did .
 * I'll go if you do .
 * I haven't swum much recently but I used/ought/want/hope to .

This is not possible with used (although it was in the past), or with most lexical verbs: *I haven't swum much recently but I used / want / hope .

It does however work with a number of lexical verbs: I'd be grateful if you tried / started / stopped .

NICER: Rebuttal
When two people are arguing, one may use a stressed too or so immediately after the auxiliary verb to deny a statement made by the other. For example, having been told that he didn't do his homework, a child may reply I did too. (Or anyway, this is true for US English. For British English, indeed. ) This kind of rebuttal is impossible with lexical verbs.

Additional criteria
Each of the two most compendious of postwar reference grammars of English offers a more detailed list of criteria for auxiliary verbs.

A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language has eight criteria. The first five of these approximate to the four of NICE, with the addition of cliticization as in It' s raining or I' ve finished. Slightly simplified, the sixth is that auxiliary verbs, unlike lexical verbs, "typically, but not necessarily" precede adverbs such as always, never, certainly and probably: He would always visit her (compare lexical verb visit in *He visited always her). The seventh is that "Quantifiers like all, both, and each which modify the subject of the clause may occur after the [verb] as an alternative, in many instances, to the predeterminer position"; thus either Both their children will attend or Their children will both attend (compare lexical verb attend in *Their children attended both). The last is "Independence of subject", a claim that, compared with most lexical verbs, auxiliary verbs can be semantically independent of their subjects. This in turn is claimed to be manifested in three ways. (The book provides four additional criteria for modal auxiliary verbs. )

The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language adopts NICE and criteria approximating to the sixth and seventh of Comprehensive Grammar, although it dispenses with the eighth. (It provides five additional criteria for modal auxiliary verbs. )

Boundary fuzziness
Linguists who cite or propound clear grammatical criteria for auxiliary verbs then proceed to include among auxiliary verbs certain verbs that do not meet all these criteria. Having said that the English auxiliary verbs "are rather sharply defined . . . by distinctive formal properties", Anthony R. Warner points out that a class:

"normally has some internal differentiation whereby a 'nuclear' or 'prototypical' set of members shows more of the properties of the class than other less fully characterized members. A class may also not show sharply definable boundaries."

He claims that what are the prototypical auxiliary verbs are the modal auxiliary verbs (other than ought, need, and dare) and that:

"the presence of [be, do and have] in the category [auxiliary verb] is justified from a semantic point of view not so much by their possession of prototypical properties as by the fact that they are even more remote [than are the modal auxiliary verbs] from the [lexical verb] prototype, which denotes an action or event. . .."

Infinitival to
Various linguists, notably Geoff Pullum, have suggested that the to of I want to go (not the preposition to as in I went to Rome) is a special case of an auxiliary verb with no tensed forms. Rodney Huddleston argues against this position in The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, but Robert Levine counters these arguments. In a book on the historical emergence and spread of infinitival to, Bettelou Los calls Pullum's arguments that it is an auxiliary verb "compelling".

In terms of the NICER properties, examples like it's fine not to go show that to allows negation. Inversion, contraction of not, and rebuttal would only apply to tensed forms, and to is argued to have none. Although rebuttal is not possible, it does allow ellipsis: I don't want to.

(Had) better, (woul)d rather, and others
With their normal senses (as in You had better/best arrive early), had/`d better and had/`d best are not about the past. Indeed they do not seem to be usable for the past (*Yesterday I had better return home before the rain started); and they do not occur with other forms of have (*have/has better/best). ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language observes:

If we take [the had in had better] as a distinct lexeme, we will say that it has been reanalysed as a present tense form (like must and ought). . . . [In view of its syntactic behaviour], it undoubtedly should be included among the non-central members of the modal auxiliary class.

Expressions ranging from had better to would rather have been argued to comprise "a family of morphosyntactic configurations with a moderate degree of formal and semantic homogeneity". They would be:

 * Superlative modals: had best, `d best
 * Comparative modals: had better, `d better, better, would rather, `d rather, had rather, should rather, would sooner, `d sooner, had sooner, should sooner
 * Equative modals: would (just) as soon as, may (just) as well, might (just) as well

Among these, had better, `d better, better occur the most commonly. They express either advice or a strong hope: a deontic and an optative sense respectively.

Among these three forms, `d better is the commonest in British English and plain better the commonest in American English. However, the syntactic category of plain better when used in this or a similar way is not always clear: while it may have been reanalysed as an independent modal auxiliary verb – one with no preterite form and also no ability to invert (*Better I leave now?) – it can be an adverb instead of a verb.

For more about would rather/sooner and would as soon, see Would rather, would sooner, and would as soon.

Contributions by auxiliaries to meaning and syntax
An auxiliary verb is traditionally understood as a verb that "helps" another verb by adding (only) grammatical information to it. So understood, English auxiliaries include:
 * Do when used to form questions (Do you want tea?), to negate (I don't want coffee), or to emphasize (I do want tea) (see do-support)
 * Have when used to express perfect aspect (He had given his all)
 * Be when used to express progressive aspect (They were singing) or passive voice (It was destroyed)
 * The modal auxiliary verbs, used with a variety of meanings, principally relating to modality (He can do it now)

However, this understanding of auxiliaries has trouble with be (He wasn't asleep; Was he asleep?), have (%He hadn't any money), and would (Would you rather we left now?), each of which behaves syntactically like an auxiliary verb even when not accompanying another verb (or not merely doing so). Other approaches to defining auxiliary verbs are described below.

Passive voice
Be, followed by the past participle of a lexical verb, realizes the passive voice: He was promoted. Its negative and interrogative versions (He wasn't promoted;  Was he promoted?), lacking the need for dosupport, show that this is auxiliary be. (This simple test can be repeated for the other applications of be briefly described below.)

(However, the lexical verb get can also form a passive clause: He got promoted. This is a long-established construction. )

Followed by the present participle of a verb (whether lexical or auxiliary), be realizes the progressive aspect: He was promoting the film.

Either may be confused with the use of a participial adjective (that is, an adjective derived from and homonymous with a participle): He was excited; It was exciting.

Other uses
What The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language terms quasi-modal be normally imparts a deontic meaning: that of He is never to come here again approximates to that of "He must never come here again". In conditional contexts, was to (if both informal and with a singular subject) or were to imparts remoteness: ''If I were to jump out of the plane,. . . (compare with the open conditional If I jumped out of the plane, . . .''). In common with modal auxiliary verbs, quasi-modal be has no secondary form.

What the same work terms motional be only occurs as been, when it follows the verb have in a perfect construction and is not followed by any verb: I've twice been to Minsk. Most of the NICE/NICER criteria are inapplicable, but sentences such as I don't need to go to the Grand People's Study House as I've already been  show that it satisfies the "code" and "ellipsis" criteria of NICE and NICER respectively and thus is auxiliary rather than lexical be.

What the Cambridge Grammar terms copular be links a subject, typically a noun phrase, and a predicative complement, typically a noun phrase, adjective phrase, or preposition phrase. Ascriptive copular be ascribes a property to the subject (The car was a wreck); specifying copular be identifies the subject (The woman in the green shoes is my aunt Louise) and can be reversed with a grammatical result (My aunt Louise is the woman in the green shoes). Be in an itcleft (It was my aunt Louise who wore the green shoes) is specifying.

Auxiliary be also takes as complements a variety of words (able, about, bound, going and supposed among them) that in turn take as complements toinfinitival subordinate clauses for results that are highly idiomatic ( was about/supposed to depart, etc).

In Early Modern English, perfect tenses could be formed with either have (as today) or be. The latter pattern persisted into the 19th century: a character in Pride and Prejudice says, But before I am run away with by my feelings on this subject, perhaps it will be advisable for me to state my reasons for marrying.

Do-support
The auxiliary verb do is primarily used for dosupport. This in turn is used for negation, interrogative main clauses, and more.

If a positive main clause is headed by an auxiliary verb, either the addition of not or (for most auxiliary verbs) a n't inflection can negate. So They could reach home before dark becomes They couldn't reach home before dark. (This is the "negation" of NICE and NICER.) However, a lexical verb has to be supported by the verb do; so They reached home before dark becomes They didn't reach home before dark.

If a declarative main clause is headed by an auxiliary verb, simple inversion of subject and verb will create a closed interrogative clause. So They could reach home before dark becomes Could they reach home before dark?. (This is the "inversion" of NICE and NICER.) However, a lexical verb requires do; so They reached home before dark becomes  Did they reach home before dark? For an open interrogative clause, do has the same role: How far did you get?

Although interrogative main clauses are by far the most obvious contexts for inversion using dosupport, there are others: While exclamative clauses usually lack subject–auxiliary inversion (What a foolish girl I was), it is a possibility (What a foolish girl was I ); the inverted alternative to How wonderful it tasted! would be How wonderful did it taste! A negative constituent that is not the subject can move to the front and trigger such inversion: None of the bottles did they leave unopened. A phrase with only can do the same: Only once did I win a medal. Ditto for phrases starting with so and such: So hard/Such a beating did Douglas give Tyson that Tyson lost. And in somewhat old-fashioned or formal writing, a miscellany of other constituents can be moved to the front with the same effect: Well do I remember, not so much the whipping, as the being shut up in a dark closet behind the study; for years and years did they believe that France was on the brink of ruin.

Negative imperative sentences require auxiliary do, even when there is another auxiliary verb. The declarative sentence They were goofing off is grammatical with the single auxiliary be; but the imperative sentence  Don't be goofing off when the principal walks in adds don't. (Optionally, you may be added in front of or immediately after don't. A longer subject would normally come after:  Don't any of you be goofing off. . . .)

Emphatic polarity
Other than via a negative inflection (don't, doesn't), the verb do does not typically contribute any change in meaning, except when used to add emphasis to an accompanying verb. This is described as an emphatic construction, as an emphatic version of the declarative clause,  as having emphatic polarity,  or is called the emphatic mood: An example would be (i) I  run five kilometres every morning (with intonational stress placed on do), compared to plain (ii) I run five kilometres every morning. It also differs from (iii) I five kilometres every morning (with the stress on run): A context for (i), with its "emphasis on positive polarity", would be an allegation that the speaker didn't do so every morning; for (iii), with its "emphasis on lexical content", an allegation that the speaker merely walked. Do can be used for emphasis on negative polarity as well: He never remember my birthday.

For emphatic positive polarity in imperatives, do is again added; thus standard Be quiet becomes emphatically positive  Do be quiet.

Perfect tenses
Followed by the past participle of a verb (whether lexical or auxiliary), the auxiliary verb have realizes a perfect tense:  Has she visited Qom?;  Has she been to Qom?. In addition to its tensed forms (have/ve, has/s, had/d, haven't, hasn't, hadn't), it has a plain form (She could have arrived) and a present participle (I regret having lost it), but no past participle.

("Perfect" is a syntactic term; in the context of English, "perfective" is a matter of semantic interpretation. Unlike, say, Slavic languages, which do have direct grammatical expression of perfectivity, in English, a sentence using a perfect tense may or may not have a perfective interpretation. )

The present perfect tense is illustrated by I' ve left it somewhere; the past perfect (also called the preterite perfect) tense by I' d left it somewhere. A full description of their uses is necessarily complex: the discussion in The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language is long and intricate.

The perfect is often considered as referring to an indefinite past: I've been to Oslo might raise the question of when, but is acceptable as is; by contrast, #I've been to Oslo in 2016, specifying the time, would be strange. A more careful analysis brings the continuative perfect, the experiential (or existential) perfect, the resultative perfect, and the perfect of recent past. The first, with an unspecified starting point and continuing uninterruptedly to the present, is illustrated by I' ve lived in Oslo since 2016; the experiential by Yes, I' ve watched a bullfight, and I never want to watch one again; the perfect of result by I' ve just watched a bullfight, and now I feel rather sick; and that of recent past by George Santos has just given a press conference (usable at the time of writing, but likely to become odder as time passes).

Very simply, the present perfect refers to the past in a way that has some relevance to the present. The perfect is also used in contexts that require both past reference and an untensed verb form (He seems to have left;  Having left, he lit a cigarette).

Corpus-based research has shown that American English saw a marked decrease from around 1800 until the mid-20th century in the use of the present perfect, and that British English followed this in the late 20th century.

Other uses
When used to describe an event, have is exclusively a lexical verb (* Had you your teeth done?; Did you have your teeth done?; * Had you a nap?; Did you have a nap?). When used to describe a state, however, for many speakers (although for few Americans or younger people) there is also an auxiliary option: (he'd stop at a pub, settle up with a cheque because he hadn't any money on him;  Hasn't he any friends of his own?; I'm afraid I haven't anything pithy to answer; This hasn't anything directly to do with religion ). An alternative to auxiliary verb have in this sense is have got, although this is commoner among British speakers, and less formal (Has he got old news for you; It hasn’t got anything to do with the little green men and the blue orb; What right had he got to get on this train without a ticket?; Hasn't he got a toolbox? ).

With their meaning of obligation, have to, has to and had to – rarely if ever rendered as `ve to, `s to and `d to – can use auxiliary have for inversion (if he wants to compel A. to do something to what Court has he to go?; How much further has he to go?; Now why has he to wait three weeks? ), although lexical have is commoner.

Use
Use (rhyming with loose) satisfies only one of The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language`s five criteria for modal as distinct from other auxiliary verbs. "It is also semantically quite distinct from the modal auxiliaries: the meaning it expresses is aspectual, not modal."

Like ought, use is followed by a to-infinitival clause. Thus I used to go to college means that formerly the speaker habitually went to college, and normally implies that they no longer do so. Use is highly defective, existing only in preterite form. For some speakers of English as a first language (though very few Americans), it can follow auxiliary-verb syntax: some speakers of British English can form questions like Used he to come here? and negatives like He used not (rarely usedn't) to come here. Far commoner, however, is treatment of used as the preterite of a lexical verb.

Whether auxiliary or lexical, used expresses past states or past habitual actions, usually with the implication that they no longer continue. After noting how constructions employing used (We used to play tennis every week), would (We would play tennis every week), and the preterite alone (We played tennis every week) often seem to be interchangeable, Robert I. Binnick teases them apart, concluding that used is an "anti-present-perfect": whereas the present perfect "includes the present in what is essentially a period of the past", the used construction "precisely excludes [it]"; and further that

"The whole point of the used to construction is not to report a habit in the past but rather to contrast a past era with the present. . . . It's . . . essentially a present tense. . . . Like the present perfect, it is about a state of affairs, not a series of occurrences."

Use is far more commonly encountered as a lexical than as an auxiliary verb, particularly for younger or American speakers. This forms questions and negatives with did. The plain form use (sometimes spelt $⟨*⟩$) of the lexical verb is seen in Did you use to play tennis?). Its preterite perfect had used is rare but attested. A simple declarative (I often used to play tennis) could be either auxiliary or lexical.

Use of the preterite used should not be confused with that of the participial adjective (i.e. the adjective etymologically derived from the participle), meaning "familiar with", as in I am used to this, We must get used to the cold. (As is common for adjectives and impossible for verbs, used here can be modified by very.) When the participial adjective is followed by to and a verb, the latter is a gerund-participle: I am used to going to college in the mornings.

Data from a corpus of American and British spoken and written English of the 1980s and 1990s show that used not to, usedn't to (both auxiliary), and didn't use to (lexical) were then rare in both American and British English, other than used not to in British novels. Never used to is a commonly used alternative. Modal auxiliary use is not used in interrogatives in conversation (Used you to . . . ?); and even the lexical version with do-support (Did you use to . . . ?) is rare.

To
In the context for an argument that infinitival to is a subordinator, Rodney Huddleston points out that, just as for the subordinator that (I said (that) he could), there are contexts where to is optional, with no change in meaning. His example is All I did was ( to ) ask a question; and from it he infers that to is meaningless.

Within an argument for categorizing to not as a subordinator but as an auxiliary verb, Robert D. Levine disagrees with the main thrust of Huddleston's argument, but not with the claim that to is meaningless – something that is also true of "dummy do" and copular be, both of them auxiliary verbs. Its function is purely syntactic.

Modal auxiliary verbs
The modal auxiliary verbs contribute meaning chiefly via modality, although some of them (particularly will and sometimes shall) express future time reference. Their uses are detailed at English modal verbs, and tables summarizing their principal meaning contributions can be found in the articles Modal verb and Auxiliary verb.

For more details on the uses of auxiliaries to express aspect, mood and time reference, see English clause syntax.

Modal auxiliary verbs in sequence
As modal verbs only have tensed forms in Standard English, they would not be expected to appear in subordinate clauses, or in sequence ( might be able to help them, but * might could help them). Yet what appear to be sequences of modal auxiliary verbs do occur: see "Double modals".

They can hardly be regarded as part of Standard English, and they are therefore ignored in the description below.

Other auxiliary verbs in sequence
There are constraints on the order within sequences of auxiliary verbs. As the modal auxiliary verbs and use only have tensed forms (or anyway only have these in Standard English), they can only go at the front. If we put aside the highly anomalous to, the order is then modal > perfect have > progressive be > passive be, and a lexical verb.

Patterns with two auxiliary verbs are exemplified by  was being eaten,  has been eaten,  might be eaten, and  might have eaten. Patterns with three include that exemplified by  might have been eaten. Noting that "Structures containing two secondary forms of be (progressive and passive) [. . .] are avoided by some speakers, but they do occasionally occur", Huddleston and Pullum present  will have been being taken as an example of a sequence with four.

Unstressed and contracted forms
Contractions are a common feature of English, used frequently in ordinary speech. In written English, contractions are used in informal and sometimes in formal writing. They usually involve the elision of a vowel – an apostrophe being inserted in its place in written English – possibly accompanied by other changes. Many of these contractions involve auxiliary verbs.

Certain contractions tend to be restricted to less formal speech and very informal writing, such as John'd or Mary'd for "John/Mary would". (Compare the personal pronoun forms I'd and you'd, much more likely to be encountered in relatively informal writing.) This applies in particular to constructions involving consecutive contractions, such as wouldn't've for "would not have".

Contractions in English are generally not mandatory, as they are in some other languages, although in speech uncontracted forms may seem overly formal. They are often used for emphasis: I ready! The uncontracted form of an auxiliary or copula must be used in elliptical sentences where its complement is omitted: ''Who's ready? / I am ! (not *I 'm !'').

Some contractions lead to homophony, which sometimes causes errors in writing, such as confusing 've with of, as in "woul" for would have.

Unstressed and contracted forms of individual verbs
The lists below derive from F. R. Palmer's The English Verb and The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.

For the contracted forms of the modal auxiliary verbs, see English modal auxiliary verbs.

Unstressed and contracted forms of be

 * am →,  (`m)
 * is →  or  (`s)
 * are →,  (`re)
 * was →
 * were →  (`re)
 * be →
 * been →

In a non-rhotic dialect, clitic-final is only realized as  (or similar) when followed by a vowel (They 're tired, no ; They 're angry, with ).

For the contraction options for is, consider Bill 's arriving versus Janet 's coming.

Unstressed and contracted forms of do

 * does →,  or  (`s)
 * do →,  (d` or `d)

For the alternative nonsyllabic options for does, consider When 's Bill leave? versus What 's Bill do?.

The form `d might appear in for example What'd he do?, spoken informally.

Uniquely among the forms for any of the auxiliary verbs, d` is a proclitic. It attaches to the front of the single word you (D`you follow me?).

Unstressed and contracted forms of have

 * have →, ,  (`ve),  (would a , must a , etc)
 * has →, ,  or  (`s)
 * had →, ,  (`d)

For the alternative nonsyllabic options for has, consider Bill 's arrived versus Janet 's come.

Unstressed form of to

 * to →

Double contractions
Being clitics, the contractions can replace their full equivalents in most (although not all) contexts: thus we see ve not only in They' ve left but also in My friends 've left (or even in My friends I hadn't seen in three years 've left); not only in You should 've been there but also in You shouldn't 've been there, in which a contraction has clitized onto an auxiliary verb with negative inflection.

Double contractions are possible. Will have broken is grammatical, and thus His arm/helmet/glasses/rib/collarbone/nose [etc] 'll've broken are all grammatical too.

Negative inflected forms
Contractions such as d (from would) are clitics. By contrast, the n't of wouldn't is in reality a "contraction" only etymologically: wouldn't, isn't, haven't and so forth have long been inflected forms, and an auxiliary verb with negative inflection can behave differently from the combination of not and the same verb without the inflection:

This article will continue to use "contraction" to include early instances of what at the time may not have become inflected forms.

During the early 17th century, not lost its requirement for stress, and subsequently came to be written as n't, particularly in comedies and in the mouths of rustic characters or others speaking nonstandard dialects. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the use of n't in writing spread beyond drama and fiction to personal letters, journalism, and descriptive texts. An't, ben't, can't, don't, han't, shan't and won't were well established by the end of the 17th century; isn't, aren't, wasn't, weren't, didn't, doesn't, don't, hadn't, hasn't, haven't, can't, couldn't, daren't, mayn't (now obsolete or dialectal), mightn't, mustn't, needn't, shan't, shouldn't, won't and wouldn't by the end of the 18th; and oughtn't in the early 19th.

There were various other negative contractions that have not survived: as examples, Barron Brainerd cites A. C. Partridge as showing that from 1599 to 1632 Ben Jonson used i'not ("is not"), sha'not ("shall not"), wi'not ("will not"), wu'not and wou'not ("would not"), ha'not ("has/have not"), and do'not ("do not").

Negative inflection of am
Standard English has no first-person singular form corresponding to the isn't of it isn't and isn't it? that is completely unproblematic. However, the following informal or dialectal options have been used:

Amn't
Otto Jespersen calls amn't "unpronounceable" and Eric Partridge calls it "ugly", but it is the standard inflected form in some varieties, mainly Hiberno-English (Irish English) and Scottish English. In Hiberno-English the question form (amn't I?) is used more frequently than the declarative I amn't. (The standard I'm not is available as an alternative to I amn't in both Scottish English and Hiberno-English.) An example appears in a poem by Oliver St. John Gogarty: If anyone thinks that I amn't divine, / He gets no free drinks when I'm making the wine. These lines are quoted in James Joyce's Ulysses, which also contains other examples: '' Amn't I with you? Amn't I your girl?'' (spoken by Cissy Caffrey).

Amnae
Amnae exists in Scots, and has been borrowed into Scottish English by many speakers. It is used in declarative sentences rather than questions.

Ain't
Ain't is an inflected alternative to am not – and also to is not, was not, are not, were not, has not, and have not; and in some dialects also do not, does not, did not, cannot (or can not), could not, will not, would not and should not. The usage of ain't is a perennial subject of controversy in English. Geoffrey Nunberg has argued that ain't is used by Standard English speakers "to suggest that a fact is just obvious on the face of things".

Aren't
Aren't is a very common means of filling the "amn't gap" in questions:  Aren't I lucky to have you around? It was common by the early 20th century: Otto Jespersen writing in a book published in 1917 that:

"Nowadays [] is frequently heard, especially in tag-questions: I'm a bad boy [], but when authors want to write it, they are naturally induced to write aren't. . . . I find the spelling aren't I or arn't I pretty frequently in George Eliot . . . but only to represent vulgar or dialectal speech. In the younger generation of writers, however, it is also found as belonging to educated speakers. . .."

The style guides have disagreed on aren't: Eric Partridge considered the aren't in aren't I an "illogical and illiterate" spelling of "the phonetically natural and the philologically logical" a'n't; H. W. Fowler (as revised by Ernest Gowers) wrote that aren't I? was "colloquially respectable and almost universal". In 1979, however, it was described as "almost universal" among speakers of Standard English. As an alternative to am not, aren't developed from one pronunciation of an't (which itself developed in part from amn't). In non-rhotic dialects, aren't and an't are homophones, and the spelling $⟨?⟩$ began to replace $⟨%⟩$ in the early 20th century, although examples of $⟨#⟩$ (or $⟨used⟩$) for am I not appear in the first half of the 19th century, as in arn't  I listening; and isn't it only the breeze that's blowing the sheets and halliards about? from 1827.

An't
An't (sometimes a'n't) arose from "am not" (via "amn't") and "are not" almost simultaneously. "An't" first appears in print in the work of English Restoration playwrights. In 1695 "an't" was used for "am not", and as early as 1696 "an't" was used to mean "are not". "An't" for "is not" may have developed independently from its use for "am not" and "are not". "Isn't" was sometimes written as "in't" or "en't", which could have changed into "an't". "An't" for "is not" may also have filled a gap in the paradigm for the verb be. From 1749, an't with a long "a" sound began to be written as ain't. By this time, an't was already being used for "am not", "are not", and "is not". An't and ain't coexisted as written forms well into the 19th century.

Bain't
Bain't, apparently from "be not", is found in a number of works employing eye dialect, including J. Sheridan Le Fanu's Uncle Silas. It is also found in a ballad written in Newfoundland dialect.

Other negative inflections of have
Han't or ha'n't, an early contraction for has not and have not, developed from the elision of the s of has not and the v of have not. Han't also appeared in the work of English Restoration playwrights. Much like an't, han't was sometimes pronounced with a long a, yielding hain't. With H-dropping, the h of han't or hain't gradually disappeared in most dialects, and became ain't. Ain't as a contraction for has not/have not appeared in print as early as 1819. As with an't, hain't and ain't were found together late into the nineteenth century.

Hain't, in addition to being an antecedent of ain’t, is a contraction of has not and have not in some dialects of English, such as Appalachian English. It is reminiscent of hae (have) in Lowland Scots. In dialects that retain the distinction between hain't and ain't, hain't is used for contractions of to have not and ain't for contractions of to be not. In other dialects, hain't is used either in place of, or interchangeably with ain't. Hain't is seen for example in Chapter 33 of Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: I hain't come back—I hain't been .

Other negative inflections of do
Don't is the Standard English negative inflected form of do. However, in nonstandard English it may also be used for third person singular: ''Emma? She don't live here anymore.''

title: English auxiliary verbs


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sonnesyn Elementary School (2nd nomination)

Sonnesyn Elementary School
Non-notable school. Mandel 05:06, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. jni 06:57, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. And unless you actually enjoy plowing thru more and more of this stuff, make New Pages patrol more enjoyable for yourself by going HERE to vote in favor of "Early Delete". — Bill 09:44, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Non-notable. Geogre 14:45, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fails to meet the high bar for pre-university schools. --Improv 14:56, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability not established in article and stub. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:23, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable MarkS 19:52, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - this is an article about a school. Mark Richards 03:24, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * D Really? I thought it was an article about bridges in the former Soviet Union ... Chris 07:12, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  RickK 06:57, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable school. Fire Star 21:10, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, encyclopedic. Non-notability is irrelevant. arj 11:59, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --ssd 17:40, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Onahan Elementary School

Onahan Elementary School
Ditto. Non-notable. Mandel 05:07, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. jni 06:58, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Non-notable.  Voters: don't get fatigued of figure that they're already going to lose.  You have to vote. Geogre 14:47, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 14:56, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence of notability presented, and stub. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:26, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable MarkS 19:53, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - this is an article about a school. Mark Richards 03:24, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  RickK 06:57, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * D Having a name and address does not make a school notable. Chris 07:12, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable school. Fire Star 21:10, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, encyclopedic. Actually has a lot more information than I'd expect. Non-notability is irrelevant. arj 12:02, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --ssd 17:39, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Hitoshi Ashinano

Hitoshi Ashinano (芦奈野ひとし) is a Japanese manga artist. He is most noted for Yokohama Kaidashi Kikō, for which he won the 2007 Seiun Award for Best Science Fiction Manga. Another notable work is PositioN. Prior to his debut, Ashinano worked as an assistant to manga artist Kōsuke Fujishima.

Works

 * Kotonoba Drive (コトノバドライブ) (2014–2017)
 * Isaki of the Cub (カブのイサキ) (2007–2013, Afternoon)
 * Kumabachi no koto (February 2007, Afternoon)
 * Touge (July 2006, Afternoon) (included in the 10th volume of the new edition of Yokohama Kaidashi Kikō)
 * PositioN (1999–2001, Afternoon Season Zōkan and Bessatsu Morning)
 * Turbo Type S (2006, tribute manga for E no Moto)
 * Yokohama Kaidashi Kikō (1994–2006, Afternoon)

title: Hitoshi Ashinano


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Benschop

Benschop
VfD template was added to page, but the user never listed it on VfD. Rhobite 05:09, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Autobiography with no evidence that the subject is encyclopedic. Andrewa 06:46, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Author of this has already agreed to move the contents into his user page. jni 08:28, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. utcursch 09:01, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, contents have already been moved. --Phil | Talk 09:21, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Amesbury Elementary School

Amesbury Elementary School
Longer entry, but equally unnotable. I don't think elementary schools have a place in Wikipedia unless proven to be really notable. Mandel 05:09, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. jni 06:58, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not notable. Tons of detail about a thing that, frankly, few a single town over would care about at all. Geogre 14:48, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 14:56, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence of notability presented. Am rethinking my vote on Amesbury Middle School. And, yes, I agree that elementary schools should be out unless really notable. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:28, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Plenty of facts, but notability not established. MarkS 19:55, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - this is an article about a school. Mark Richards 03:24, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  RickK 06:56, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * D Having a name and address does not make a school notable. Chris 07:12, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable school. Fire Star 21:09, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, encyclopedic. Non-notability is irrelevant. arj 12:03, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --ssd 17:39, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Charles C. Cashman Elementary School

Charles C. Cashman Elementary School
Again, no notability. Mandel 05:10, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. jni 06:59, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Again, I doubt people a single town away have heard of or care about this school. Geogre 14:50, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. How many more non-notable bits of cruft do we need to plow through?! --Improv 14:57, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:29, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Nothing to establish notability MarkS 19:57, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - this is an article about a school. Mark Richards 03:24, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  RickK 06:56, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * D Having a name and address does not make a school notable. Chris 07:12, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable school. Fire Star 21:08, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. period.
 * Keep, encyclopedic. Non-notability is irrelevant. arj 12:07, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --ssd 17:39, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Akeshet

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Speedy deletion of Universtiy of British Columbia
Hello Akeshet, this is a message from an automated bot to inform you that the page you created on October 11 2004, Universtiy of British Columbia, has been marked for speedy deletion by User:Pasadena91 (note: page has no mainspace links, and 4 edits). This has been done because the page is a recently created redirect from an implausible typo or misnomer (see CSD). If you think the tag was placed in error, please add " " to the page text, and edit the to explain why the page should not be deleted. If you have a question about this bot, please ask it at User talk:SDPatrolBot II. If you have a question for the user who tagged the article, see User talk:Pasadena91. Thanks, - SDPatrolBot II (talk) on behalf of 15:52, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

"Universtiy of British Columbia" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Universtiy of British Columbia. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 May 10 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Regards, SONIC  678  22:59, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Akeshet


text:
SM Supermalls

SM Supermalls, or simply SM, is a chain of shopping malls owned by the Philippines-based SM Prime. As of May 2024, it has a total of 96 malls (88 in the Philippines and 8 in China). It was formerly known as Sy Mall.

History
SM Supermalls was pioneered by Henry Sy, a Chinese-Filipino businessman whose roots traces back to Fujian. Sy opened his first shoe store in Quiapo in 1948 and later the first store under the Shoemart (SM) name in 1958 along Carriedo. In 1972, Shoemart turned into a full-line department store.

In 1985, the company ventured into the supermarket and home appliance store business. It opened the first "Supermall" in the same year named SM North EDSA in Quezon City.

SM expanded abroad with the opening of its first branch in China in 2001. The mall is SM City Xiamen in Fujian.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the company's revenue was down nearly 50% in 2020, though it claims to have maintained a healthy occupancy rate throughout the pandemic.

Locations
Currently, there are 88 shopping malls in the Philippines managed by SM Supermalls, including the latest addition, SM City Caloocan, which opened on May 17, 2024. It also has eight malls in China, including the most recent mall, SM City Yangzhou, which opened on September 29, 2023. SM North EDSA in Quezon City, SM Mall of Asia in Pasay, SM Megamall in Mandaluyong, and SM Seaside City in Cebu City are among the largest in the Philippines.

SM Cinema
SM Cinema is the movie theater chain of SM Supermalls.

SM Cinema is also responsible for some milestones in the Philippine film industry.

SM Cinema offers premium cinema experience called "Director's Club", which features Ferco Verona leather-recliner-seating (on new and renovated branches) and butler service, and offers eight IMAX theaters including the first IMAX theater in the Philippines at the SM Mall of Asia. This IMAX theater, opened in 2006, initially had a capacity of 635 seats (reduced to 490+ seats after renovation and Ferco Paragon 918 seating upgrade in 2019) and a screen height of 21.955 m, making it the largest cinema screen in the country.

There are no cinemas at some SM Center branches such as Pasig, Las Piñas, Dagupan, and San Pedro.

The first drive-in theater in the Philippines was opened under the SM Cinema brand in July 2020 at SM City Pampanga.

There is a policy in place since 2002, which dictates the non-airing of films rated R-18 in SM Cinemas.

SM Store
The SM Store is the department store chain of SM Supermalls. The first outlet was established in 1972 along Carriedo in Quiapo, Manila, when Shoemart store was converted into a full-fledged department store. It was renamed as the SM Department Store in 1975 prior to being rebranded as "SM Store". The SM Store would become one of SM Supermall's common anchor tenant.

SM Skating
SM Skating is SM's indoor ice rink chain. The first rink opened at SM Megamall in 1992 which later closed in 2009, but has since reopened in 2014 at another space. It also has branches at SM Mall of Asia and SM Seaside City, and there used to be one at SM Southmall as well.

Recreation
SM Bowling Center is SM's bowling alley chain. The first branch opened in 1989 at SM North EDSA, which reopened in 2009 at another space at the same Annex 2 building. Other branches are at SM Megamall, SM North EDSA, SM City Clark, SM City Cebu, SM Seaside City, and SM Lanang. Former branches at SM Southmall, SM City Fairview, SM CDO Downtown, and SM Mall of Asia have been transitioned to SM Game Park, and there was also a branch at SM Center Valenzuela.

SM Game Park is a recreational and entertainment facility offering sports amenities (such as bowling, billiards, basketball, table tennis, and archery, varying by branch), a game room, arcades, karaoke, and a sports bar. The first branch opened at SM Southmall on December 10, 2021. The flagship branch is located at SM Mall of Asia. Other branches are located at SM City Fairview, SM CDO Downtown, and SM City Santa Rosa.

Supermarkets
Every SM Supermall features supermarket chains such as SM Supermarket, SM Hypermarket, and Savemore Market, collectively known as SM Markets, as anchor tenant. Most SM Supermalls house one of these brands, while some malls (including SM City Fairview and SM North EDSA) have both SM Supermarket and SM Hypermarket coexisting. Standalone Savemore malls, Hypermarket outlets, and Savemore Express Markets are also considered as outlets of SM Supermalls.

SM Cyberzone
SM Cyberzone is SM's chain of IT retail stores, featuring gadget and technology retailers, concept stores of electronic brands, and telecommunications providers in dedicated areas inside SM Supermalls. It is also recognized as a hub for significant gaming and technology-related events. It originated as a lifestyle store in SM North EDSA's Carpark Building in 1998 before being rebranded to its current name.

Catholic churches
In the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, SM Supermall branches such as SM Aura, SM Megamall, SM North EDSA, and SM City Grand Central each feature a Catholic chapel within the mall building. In contrast, mall complexes such as SM Mall of Asia and SM Seaside City each have a separate church building. Masses are also held at other branches in their atrium, cinema, entrance, or SM Cyberzone branch, especially on Sundays and during Simbang Gabi.

Branding
The current logo for SM Supermalls was adopted in 2022. The logo consists of the letters "SM" in a custom typeface referred to as Henry Sans after founder Henry Sy and uses a shade of blue dubbed as "SM Electric Blue".

title: SM Supermalls


text:
Metalium

Metalium is a power metal band from Hamburg, Germany, who released eight albums from 1999 to 2011 before disbanding. The band was reactivated in 2023 by founding members Henning Basse and Matthias Lange. Their style of music is that of the traditional power metal sound which was pioneered by bands such as Helloween and Blind Guardian.

History
The band was formed by bassist Lars Ratz (ex-Viva, Zed Yago, Velvet Viper), vocalist Henning Basse (ex- Burgeon Street, Brainstorm) and newcomer guitarist Matthias Lange. The German musicians got acquainted with drummer Mike Terrana and Savatage guitarist Chris Caffery through Ratz's own management company during a European tour of the two Americans. The five musicians worked together on a single concept album project with a science fiction/fantasy storyline and speed metal style, to be released before the new millennium. The story is about Michael, a metal fan, who drinks a magic potion and becomes the invincible warrior Metalian. The debut Metalium album Millennium Metal – Chapter One was released in 1999 and was a success in Germany, peaking at No. 75 in the German chart and receiving positive reviews. The success of the first album ensured the continuation of the band's career, as well as new adventures for the Metalian, the main character of Metalium's ongoing saga. Jack Frost and Mark Cross replaced Caffery and Terrana respectively for the second album State of Triumph – Chapter Two, released in 2000. Both Frost and Cross had left the band by the end of 2001, leaving Lange as the only guitarist for studio recordings and introducing Michael Ehré on drums in time for Metalium's third album of 2002. Still in 2001, the band released a DVD/Video titled Metalian Attack which included a 7-track live-CD and a full Metalium concept comic book by artist Markus Mayer. In the following years the band went on tour in Europe, Russia and South America, granting its presence at many important festivals. Metalium released another six albums until 2009 and a second live DVD called Metalian Attack pt. 2 in 2006.

On 13 September 2010, the band announced on its website that it would dissolve in 2011.

On 18 April 2021, Lars Ratz died in a plane crash in Vilafranca de Bonany, Spain. He was 53 years old.

On August 31 2021, the surviving members of the band released a single in memory of founder Lars Ratz which also featured Grave Digger bassist Jens Becker and Deep Purple's Don Airey on keyboards. After speculation the band would be fully reactivated, Henning Basse announced that he, Matthias Lange, and new guitarist Bruno Nunes would return as Metalium in 2023. Shortly after that, the band announced that bassist Fabio Carito and drummer Marcus Dotta completed the line-up.

Current line-up

 * Henning Basse - vocals
 * Matthias Lange - guitar
 * Bruno Nunes - guitar
 * Fabio Carito - bass
 * Marcus Dotta - drums

Former members

 * Chris Caffery - guitars
 * Mike Terrana - drums
 * Jack Frost - guitars
 * Mark Cross – drums
 * Lars Ratz - bass, keyboards (died 2021)
 * Michael Ehré - drums, keyboards
 * Tolo Grimalt - guitar
 * John Osborn – drums (live 2000 tour)
 * Saeko Kitamae – vocals (live 2004 tour, guest As One - Chapter Four)
 * Christian Stöver – guitars (live 2009–2010)

Discography

 * Millennium Metal – Chapter One (1999)
 * State of Triumph – Chapter Two (2000)
 * Hero Nation – Chapter Three (2002)
 * As One – Chapter Four (2004)
 * Demons of Insanity – Chapter Five (2005)
 * Nothing to Undo – Chapter Six (2007)
 * Incubus – Chapter Seven (2008)
 * Grounded – Chapter Eight (2009)

Videography

 * Metalian Attack (2001)
 * Metalian Attack pt. 2 (2006)

title: Metalium