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EverQuest II

EverQuest II is a 3D fantasy massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) originally developed and published by Sony Online Entertainment for Microsoft Windows PCs and released in November 2004. It is the sequel to the original EverQuest, released five years earlier, and features updated graphics and more streamlined gameplay compared to the previous entry, as well as an abundance of voice acting with contributions from actors such as Christopher Lee and Heather Graham. In February 2015, Sony Online Entertainment's parent corporation Sony Computer Entertainment sold it to investment company Inception Acquisitions, where it continues to develop and publish the game under its new name, Daybreak Game Company.

The game is set in an alternate future 500 years after the events of the first EverQuest, and is meant to run alongside its predecessor without interfering with the original story. It features characters and locations from the original that have been altered by centuries of war and cataclysmic destruction. While the title did receive favorable reviews upon release, it was notably less influential to the genre than the previous installment, and it faced heavy competition from other MMORPGs, such as World of Warcraft, which was released two weeks after EverQuest II. While originally subscription-based since its launch, a free-to-play version with its own dedicated server was released in July 2010 called EverQuest II Extended. In November 2011, the subscription service was cancelled in favor of making all remaining servers free-to-play with microtransactions as the revenue stream.

Gameplay
Within EverQuest II, each player creates a character to interact in the 3D, fictional world of Norrath. The character can adventure (complete quests, explore the world, kill monsters and gain treasures and experience) and socialize with other players. The game also has a 'tradeskill' system that allows players to create items for in-game use. Players can make items such as spells, potions, armor and many other items. The player chooses their character's race and type, which affects their abilities. Characters collect experience to advance in level. EverQuest II enables social interaction with other players through grouping and the creation of guilds. Like players, guilds can gain experience and levels, partially from players completing special tasks called Heritage quests, but primarily from guild-oriented quests and tasks called "writs", and gaining guild experience by killing epic monsters. Higher guild levels open up special rewards unavailable to non-guilded characters, and cause certain other rewards to cost less. These rewards include housing options, mounts, house items, apparel, and special titles. Although EverQuest II focuses on player versus environment (PvE), dedicated player versus player (PvP) servers were added in February 2006. EverQuest II has a heavy focus on quests; more than 6,000 exist. The EverQuest II feature set has expanded since its release in 2004.

Players must choose a 'race' when creating a character. The choice of races include human, barbarian, dwarf, erudite, ogre, iksar, troll, gnome, half elf, high elf, halfling, Vah Shir, wood elf and dark elf (which were available in the original EverQuest) along with new options such as the Kerra (a cat-person similar to the Vah Shir of the original EverQuest), the Ratonga (a rat-like people), the Sarnak (a dragon-like people) and the Fae and Arasai (fairy-like people). The Froglok race was originally locked until a special server-wide quest was completed to make them playable. Some races are restricted to certain starting cities, based on their alignment, but can turn traitor and move to the opposing city. There are four "archetypes" in EverQuest II - Fighter, Scout, Priest and Mage. When EverQuest 2 was launched, a player chose the character's archetype during the initial character creation and then chose a 'class' at level 10 and a 'sub-class' at level 20. This system was changed in 2006 so that a character's final class is chosen at creation.

Acquisition of equipment is a major focus of character progression. EverQuest II has no experience loss or lost levels from dying. Upon death, characters respawn with their gear intact at specific revival locations, with a minor experience debt to be repaid. Gear is fully functional until its condition runs out after 10 consecutive deaths, and is repaired to 100% for a fee. Players can form groups of up to 6 players, or raids of up to 24 players (i.e., four groups). Monster encounters are classified into corresponding categories of difficulty, and tend to drop corresponding tiers of treasure. Player interaction is encouraged by integrated voice chat, a built-in mail system, global chat channels, and a global marketplace. A looking-for-group tool is provided for adventurers, and looking-for-work for crafters. EverQuest II has strong support for guilds. Each guild has an experience bar and earns guild levels (up to 150). The guild gains experience when its members perform tasks that earn city status. Higher guild levels unlock new items, mounts, houses, guild halls, and other privileges for its members. Guilds get a hosted website and forum, as well as a guild bank with officer controls. Guild recruitment tools are integrated into the game. Players can also maintain houses. A secure commission system allows players to sell their crafting skills to other players, or use the common market system to sell finished items.

Plot
EverQuest II is set five hundred years after the events of The Planes of Power storyline of the original EverQuest game in an alternate universe.

According to The book of Zebuxoruk during the events The Planes of Power many gods were killed. In an effort to undo this, Druzzil Ro cast a spell to reverse time to stop their deaths and prevent the freeing of Zebuxoruk. What happened instead was a new universe was created. In one universe Druzzil Ro succeeded and the events of plane of time never happened. In the Everquest II universe, the spell failed. This meant the death of many of the gods along with the freeing of Zebuxoruk remained. Zebuxoruk himself, although free in this universe was not fully separated from his counterpart in the other universe and was left in a confused and dazed state as he was aware of both universes and in both at the same time.

The gods withdrew from the world due to the deaths of too many gods at the end of the plane of time left all of them weak. The gods would need time to recover at the cost of much their planes. Some, such as the Plane of Sky, became fragmented and separated into different areas such as Barren Sky. The gods also needed to stop the organized mortal incursions into their planes. To do this, the gods created Avatars and then retreated to their planes removing their direct influence on Norrath after setting in motion several events.

On Norrath itself, Dark Elves and the Orcs destroyed much of Faydwer, while the Ogres, Goblins, Orcs, and Giants ravaged Antonica. Transport and communication to the moon Luclin was cut off. The storyline says that 100 years ago, the continent of Antonica was ripped apart into smaller islands, which are now called the Shattered Lands. The oceans became impassible, preventing contact between the continents of Norrath. Fifteen years ago, the moon Luclin exploded, and parts of the shattered moon remain in the sky.

EverQuest II is set in what is called the "Age of Destiny" on the world of Norrath, 500 years later than the setting of the original EverQuest. The game world has been drastically affected by several cataclysms since the original EverQuest. The planes temporarily closed and their respective gods nowhere to be seen, and the moon Luclin has been destroyed. Remnants from the original EverQuest's Norrath can be found throughout the Shattered Lands. Players can ride trained griffons on predetermined routes over the Shattered Lands, or acquire a horse, flying carpet, warg, rhino or a floating disk so that they can travel more swiftly throughout much of the game world.

History
SOE markets EverQuest II not as a direct sequel, but as a "parallel universe" to the original EverQuest. It is set in an alternate future of the original game's setting, having diverged at the conclusion of the Planes of Power expansion (the lore is explained in an in-game book). This allows both development teams to pursue whatever direction they want to take without impacting the other, and allows players of the original EverQuest to continue receiving updates without forcing players down a specific path. In that sense, they are two completely separate games bound together by name only. Players of the original EverQuest will find many familiar places and characters, as well as "heritage items" that are similar in name and function to items known from EverQuest and can be gained via heritage quests.

In Europe, the game was published by Ubisoft, followed by Koch Media. As of 2010 it lacks any European publisher and is distributed in Europe only as a digital download.

In February 2005, EverQuest II ran a promotion with Pizza Hut to allow players to order pizza from within the game. Players could type "/pizza" into the chat bar, which would open the online ordering section of the Pizza Hut website. This promotion has since ended, but generated significant press for the game.

In June 2005, SOE introduced Station Exchange to EverQuest II. Station Exchange is an official auction system - only on designated servers - allowing real money to be transferred for in-game money, items or characters.

In March 2006, SOE ended its Chinese/Korean operations for EverQuest II, which were supported in the region by Gamania. The beta period for the game in China/Korea ended on 29 March, and on 30 March, all Chinese/Korean accounts were moved to the US servers of the game.

EQuinox, and official magazine of EverQuest II published by SOE, was released on August 9, 2007.

In December 2008, SOE introduced Station Cash, a real-money trading (RMT) feature.

In January 2009, SOE together with Valve made EverQuest II available on Steam.

In July 2010, SOE released a separate version of EverQuest II called EverQuest II Extended, a free to play version of the game funded by micro-transactions or optional subscription play. The free to play version was run on a separate server from the subscription servers.

By November 2011, EverQuest II was going free to play following a similar path as EverQuest II Extended. As of the following month, with the release of GU62 and Age of Discovery, EverQuest II was updated from being a subscription based game to a free to play title with optional subscription.

Later, in February 2015, SOE's parent corporation, Sony Computer Entertainment, sold the studio to investment company Columbus Nova and it was rebranded as Daybreak Game Company, which continues to develop and publish EverQuest.

At the end of October 2012, Krono was added as an experiment. Krono works like the Plex currency in EVE Online: it allows players to buy an in-game item for real money that adds 30 days of Gold subscription to the account. Krono can also be traded between players, sold via the Broker or gifted to another player's account. Krono is also a much safer way of purchasing game time than purchasing SC cards from players in the game, which may or may not sell a valid code for the players.

Audio
A small number of NPCs use actual voices. The actors used for these parts included Hollywood stars such as Heather Graham (as Queen Antonia Bayle), Christopher Lee (as Overlord Lucan D'Lere) and Minnie Driver (as 'Dancer'). Wil Wheaton, Dwight Schultz, Richard Horvitz, Alan Dale and Danica McKellar are also part of the cast. According to SOE, in October 2004, EverQuest II featured 130 hours of spoken dialog recorded by 266 voice actors. More dialog has been added since release as part of regular game updates. In September 2005, EverQuest II: Desert of Flames added player voice emotes. It also features voice actors Peter Renaday, Colleen O'Shaughnessey, and Nick Jameson.

The music for the game, over ninety minutes' worth, was composed by Emmy-award-winning composer Laura Karpman and recorded by the FILMharmonic Orchestra Prague under her direction. Karpman said that every place has a theme, its own separate, unique feeling - from a quasi-African savanna to a Babylonian city. Their goal was to bring a cinematic feel in the music. Purchasers of the EverQuest II Collector's Edition received a soundtrack CD as part of the package. The expansions, Echoes of Faydwer and Rise of Kunark, included many themes from the corresponding zones in the original EverQuest, arranged by Inon Zur. With the Rise of Kunark expansion came a major update to the combat music. A new system was added with 14 contextual combat themes. The strength of the enemy or enemies and tide of the battle determine the tone of the combat music. The previous combat music consisted of just a few linear pieces.

Expansions
With EverQuest II, Sony Online Entertainment introduced the concept of Adventure Packs (an innovation created by Sean Kauppinen, who was the head of international Product PR at the time). Adventure Packs are meant to be smaller "mini-expansions" to the game, adding a plot line with several zones, new creatures and items to the game via digital download. These smaller Adventure Packs come with a smaller fee ranging from US$4.99 to US$7.99, but recently the development team has decided to release free zones and content instead of making adventure packs. Some recent releases include a new starting city, Neriak, with a new starting race, Arasai; and new high level dungeons, The Throne of New Tunaria and the Estate of Unrest.

Similar to other games, expansions can be bought in stores or downloaded through a digital service. The retail versions often come packaged with a bonus feature such as a creature that the player can put in their in-game house. Expansions generally introduce many new zones with new plot lines, features, creatures, items, cities and often come with a boost in the level cap or a new player race. Currently, all players have been given the expansions preceding Destiny of Velious as part of the base game. Access to levels above 92 and their respective zones require the purchase of the Tears of Veeshan expansion, which includes the previous Chains of Eternity expansion. Free to Play accounts have access to the same areas as subscription accounts, but have certain restrictions in place. Many of the free to play restrictions have been removed, including bag slot restrictions, coin restrictions, quest journal limits, race and class restrictions, and gear restrictions, but other restrictions such as the inability to buy or sell items on the broker as a free player, having spell tier restrictions, and being unable to move the alternate advancement slider remain.

 * EverQuest II: East was created for the East Asian market (mainland China, Taiwan, South Korea) but it was terminated as a separate edition on 29 March 2006. EverQuest II: East players were moved to standard servers. The special character models created for the game had already been included in the standard edition as a client-side option since 2005.
 * EverQuest II Extended - in early 2010, Sony Online Entertainment consulted the EverQuest II player population to determine the extent of support for adding a free-to-play model to EverQuest II. The resulting product, EverQuest II Extended, was unveiled in the summer at FanFaire 2010. A significant game update coincided with the beta release of EverQuest II Extended, which revamped the game's user interface and newbie experience and revised many of the previous rules related to character creation. In December 2011, free-to-play access was added to the existing EverQuest II Extended servers and the former EverQuest II Extended Freeport server was added among them.

Scholarly research
EverQuest II has been used by academics to study a variety of phenomena; for example, that virtual economic behavior in EverQuest II follows real-world patterns in terms of production, consumption and money supply; and observations that less than one percent (0.43%) of all the players are Platinum Farmers and more than three quarters (77.66%) of all Platinum Farmers are Chinese.

Reception
EverQuest II had mostly positive reception from critics, earning an 83 out of 100 average score from aggregate review website Metacritic. Many reviewers compared the title to the original EverQuest, which was viewed as one of the best and most influential examples of the genre. Greg Kasavin of GameSpot said that EverQuest II isn't the massive step for the genre that its predecessor was, but it can still be a fun and addictive online role-playing experience that provides to offer for new and experienced players. Mario Lopez of GameSpy commented that it was "much more inviting, convenient, and forgiving" relative to the first game, but that it was less groundbreaking. The reviewer would find that the breadth of voice acting, however, was its biggest advancement. Lopez would ultimately declare that EverQuest II was "extremely fun to play, frequently rewarding, and designed with just the right amount of user convenience in mind".

The game's presentation and photorealistic graphics were often praised, with Computer and Video Games declaring that "there are off-line games equally or even more spectacular in immediate scenery or character models, but what game can offer such outrageous landscapes on such a grandiose scale?" Computer Games Magazine similarly felt that the game's setting was a "brilliantly" reworked world with that technology. According to GameSpot, however, the high system requirements of the title meant that performance issues were common, and that a player would need a "monster system" in order to experience the game in its highest quality. Kasavin additionally commented that the developers of this engine were presumably thinking ahead towards to the future when they built EverQuest II's technology, but that game's visuals were not so impressive to justify the extreme system requirements. Steve Butts of IGN likewise found that attempting to play the game on higher graphic settings resulted in "terrible performance", but that a consistent frame rate with high graphic quality was possible with an appropriate gaming computer. While the editor was "not as huge a fan" of the title's visual style, he commended its high level of detail.

EverQuest II was nominated for "Best Massively Multiplayer Online Game" in GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2004 awards, and was runner-up for "Best Persistent World Game" in IGN's Best of 2004 awards, losing both to World of Warcraft. Computer Games Magazine named it the seventh-best computer game of 2004, with its editors declaring it an improvement "upon not only its own predecessor, but just about every predecessor out there". GameSpy granted EQII the title of "Most Improved Game" during its 2006 annual PC awards due to the addition of PvP servers and the release of the Echoes of Faydwer expansion that same year. After adopting a free-to-play model in 2011, the title was named "Best Bang for the Buck" in Massively's annual awards that same year.

Sales and subscriptions
EverQuest II reached 100,000 active accounts within 24 hours of release, which grew to over 300,000 two months later in January 2005. As of 2012, the game had an estimated subscriber peak of 325,000 achieved sometime in 2005. As of September 2020, EverQuest II had 21,000 subscribers and 29,000 monthly active players.

East Asian version
EverQuest II: East (Simplified Chinese: "无尽的任务2: 东方版"; Traditional Chinese: "無盡的任務2: 東方版"; Korean: "에버퀘스트2: 이스트") was an alternate edition of EverQuest II, developed for the China, Taiwan and South Korea markets. Sony Online Entertainment developed and shipped EverQuest II: East to East Asia on April 2005. There were some proprietary missions for EverQuest II: East. Sony Online Entertainment developed a separate character model for EverQuest II: East called "SOGA Model", which it also imported to origin version on LiveUpdate 16 on November 9, 2005.

EverQuest II: East used settings very similar to those from the original version. Gamania and SOE added some entities and quests only for Eastern Version, unlike Sony's server. In EverQuest II: East, players could name their character in their local language. In EverQuest II: East, most dialogue continued to use English, except the novice tutorial. Gamania localized the novice tutorials as a special feature of EverQuest II: East.

Because of the bad reputation of localization, EverQuest II: East failed in Asia. Gamania declared its termination on March 29, 2006. All Chinese accounts were transferred to the Mistmoore server, all Taiwanese accounts to the Najena server and all Korean accounts to Unrest.

title: EverQuest II


text:
Lord Hay

Lord Hay may refer to:

 * Earl of Erroll, a title in the Peerage of Scotland
 * Marquess of Tweeddale, a title of the Peerage of Scotland
 * James Hay, Lord Hay, British Army officer
 * Willie Hay, Baron Hay of Ballyore (born 1950), Northern Irish politician

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lord Hay


text:
Talk:Lomé

Untitled
I'm very happy to learn about my conutry but I want to say that it is not true that Lomé is the only town where you can have internet. There are so many in Dapaong, Kara, Sokode, Atakpame, Kpalime, tsevie, Aneho.And other little town are also open. I don't know who wrote the article about Lomé. Thank you

Does any one have any information on the marriage laws in Lome and if the USA recongnize it as a marriage??

LOOKING FOR MARRIAGE LAWS IN LOME.
If you know anything about the marriage laws in Lome and if the USA recongnize it as a marriage please edit this section! Thank you —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.202.194.73 (talk) 16:58, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

Neighbourhoods
The neighbourhoods, such as Tokoin, listed in this article are all unreferenced and tagged for notability (see WP:MAPOUTCOMES, WP:NPLACE and WP:GNG). Can anyone help? I really struggled to find any sources or establish whether they are notable or should redirect here. Boleyn (talk) 10:29, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

Timeline of Lomé
What is missing from the recently created city timeline article? Please add relevant content. Contributions welcome. Thank you. -- M2545 (talk) 13:49, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Possible copyright problem
This article has been revised as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage) Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. Moneytrees🏝Talk🌴Help out at CCI! 01:56, 10 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lomé


text:
Jerry Cronin

Jeremiah Cronin (14 September 1925 – 19 October 1990) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1965 general election as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cork North-East constituency. He was appointed to the Irish Government on one occasion, serving as Minister for Defence from 1970 to 1973 under Taoiseach Jack Lynch. Cronin retired from domestic politics at the 1981 general election, having been elected to the European Parliament for Munster, for a five-year term in 1979.

He was born in Currabeha, Fermoy, County Cork, the son of Alice Mulcahy and Sean Cronin. His uncle, Arthur Mulcahy, was a member of the Irish Republican Army, and was shot by British forces during the Irish War of Independence on 22 March 1921. Jerry Cronin died on 19 October 1990, having suffered with Parkinson's disease. He was married to Shelia Sheehan; they lived in Mallow, County Cork, and had six children.

title: Jerry Cronin


text:
Shortstop (album)

Shortstop is the second album by the American singer-songwriter Sara Hickman, released in 1990.

Critical reception
Trouser Press called the album a "sleek commercial effort," writing that Hickman "rises to the challenge with exquisite vocal control and clever, inventive songs on such diverse topics as Salvador Dali, American hostages, sisterly love and the foibles of male sexuality."

Release
"I Couldn't Help Myself" was an adult contemporary hit. Shortstop was Hickman's sole album for Elektra; she was dropped after its release, in part, because she did not include her Arachnophobia soundtrack song, "Blue Eyes Are Sensitive to the Light."

Track listing

 * Track 12 is not listed on the back cover.

Personnel

 * Sara Hickman – acoustic guitar, guitar, vocals, background vocals, classical guitar
 * Gerald Albright – saxophone
 * Paulinho Da Costa – percussion
 * Chris Douridas – background vocals
 * Dan Dugmore – pedal steel
 * Denny Fongheiser – drums
 * James Harrah – electric guitar
 * Randy "The Emperor" Jackson – bass guitar
 * Dennis Karmazyn – cello
 * David Kershenbaum – background vocals
 * Brian Kilgore – percussion
 * Larry Klein – bass guitar, fretless bass
 * Abraham Laboriel – bass guitar
 * Nick Lane – trombone
 * Ricky Lawson – drums
 * David Lindley – mandolin
 * Steve Madaio – trumpet
 * Alton McHerrin – background vocals
 * Brad McLemore – classical guitar
 * John Melliwell – clarinet
 * Phil Parlapiano – organ
 * Tim Pierce – electric guitar
 * Ian Ritchie – tenor saxophone
 * Phil Shenale – organ, string section, keyboards, tin whistle
 * Elaine Summers – background vocals
 * Esther Terry – background vocals
 * David Woodord – flute, tenor saxophone
 * Boys choir (aka "the popcorn kids") on "Salvador"
 * Ben McCrary
 * Charles McCrary
 * Quincy McCrary
 * Chad Duno
 * Kenny Ford
 * The Rose Banks Choir on "Take It Like a Man"
 * Alfie Silas
 * Rose Stone
 * Pattie Howard
 * Howard McCrary
 * Perry Morgan

Production

 * Producers: Sara Hickman, David Kershenbaum
 * Engineers: Marc DeSisto, Paul McKenna
 * Assistant engineer: Al Phillips
 * Arranger: Sara Hickman
 * Horn arrangements: Sara Hickman, Ian Ritchie
 * Choir arrangement: Charity McCrary, Alfie Silas, Rose Stone
 * Art direction: Sara Hickman, Tiffany Shope
 * Design: Sara Hickman, Tiffany Shope
 * Set painting: Kelly Stribling

title: Shortstop (album)


text:
Talk:Smoot

Proposed merger
The proposed merger of this page with list of strange units of measurement does not make sense. The two pages are not duplicates; i.e. they are not two separate articles on the same topic. The existence of a page that lists strange units of measurement is no reason why there should not be separate articles on those strange units. To regard the smoot as something of interests merely because it is a strange unit of measurement misses the point. It is of interest because it is a part of MIT lore, not because it is a strange unit of measurement. No one looking for MIT lore who is unfamiliar with this unit is going to think of looking at list of strange units of measurement. Michael Hardy 20:01, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Point taken, and mine withdrawn. I saw the LSUM page including smoot on it, and elsewhere, I saw the Smoot page, and figured the two had been made independently, but there is in fact a link on LSUM to Smoot. So I am a shmuck, and removing the merge tag now. Jonpin 23:06, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

Lambda Chi Alpha
Lambda Chi Alpha no longer has pledge classes. The are offically called 'Associate Member' (AM) classes. I changed the comment 'The marks are repainted each year by the incoming pledge class of Lambda Chi Alpha.' to reflect this. BeastRHIT — Preceding undated comment added 13:12, August 18, 2005

Police use
Has anyone verified that the police actually use Smoot measurements to indicate locations of accidents? That seems unlikely to me. Josebove 12:00, Nov 08, 2005 (EST)

December 2005 edits
1. FIJI is no longer a Fraternity at MIT, and while they used to paint over the smoot marks, obviously don't anymore. I changed the tense to reflect this.

2. Added reference to the Harvard Bridge itself being normalized to smoots, with the sidewalk scored at 5'7" intervals instead of the conventional 6'

3. The police using smoots to indicate accidents is actually attributed directly to the Cambridge Police, who requested the markings remain after the renovations in the 1980s. (Radiomanlaughs 16:32, 19 December 2005 (UTC))

later career in standards and measurement

 * This was only the beginning of Smoot's career in standards and measurement; he later became Chairman of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and President of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Wait, am I reading Wikipedia or Uncyclopedia? this is hardly factual.
 * It's strange but true. I added references.  --Fagles 15:44, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Come on Fagles, one of those references is from the MIT website. This must be a hack.

 * This from the ANSI website verifies Smoot's tenure as president of ISO: http://publicaa.ansi.org/sites/apdl/Documents/News%20and%20Publications/Speeches/Congressional%20Reception%20-%2002-26-03-final%20remarks.pdf --Jere7my 00:35, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Unsourced: Smoots may only be used in horizontal measurement, as they must be taken lying down.

 * I guess, it was no happenstance that the person who gave name to a unit later became chairman of an organization for standardization. Perhaps he showed special interest in standardization matters already in very young years and that was the reason the prank had to do with measures. --:Slomox:: >< 00:06, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Head over heels?
According to several of the references cited, including the NPR interview with Smoot himself, the original measurements were not made by rolling Smoot "head over heels" as the article states. Rather, he laboriously got up and lay down again at each Smoot interval, eventually tiring so much that his fraternity brothers started carrying him from position to position. PavelCurtis 18:06, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

1958-1962?
Could he have been born in 1958 and been in the class of 1962? I know these MIT kids are smart but. ..

Presumably, '58 was his freshman year, not his year of birth. I don't think the article implies otherwise. Also, please sign your comments using ~ . — gogobera (talk) 20:42, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

~
Why don't I use ~ ?

Because the resulting date format is non-compliant with ISO 8601.

When standard date formats are available, I find it highly improper to impose any ugly, illogical, non-compliant format on editors. Personally, I wouldn't bother to complain about the differences between 2007 September 26 and 2007-09-26. The latter is arguably superior, but the former has a point or two in its favor. (In particular, "September" often reminds me of the septentriones, one of the more pleasant parts of the neighborhood). I think both formats incomparably better than the internally inconsistent 26 September 2007.

I have withdrawn my earlier comments under this heading. One reason is that they fail to convey the playfulness and earnestness which I bring to the subject and may be misinterpreted as intemperate. I don't wish to disrespect anyone. I will try to bring my relatively weak communication skills to the subject. Please see my first effort, a new comment in Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style_(dates_and_numbers).

Walter Nissen 2007-09-27 01:10

 * Actually, 8601 covers a number of date formats, with the one used here included. - Denimadept (talk) 16:53, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

Avoiding needless complication, in http://www.iso.org/iso/date_and_time_format we read: "ISO 8601 advises numeric representation of dates and times on an internationally agreed basis. It represents elements from the largest to the smallest element: year-month-day: 				YYYY-MM-DD ... The new format has already been adopted by many organizations worldwide. And many more should do so – to make their own lives simpler. And everybody else's. Why don't you?" Walter Nissen (talk) 2010-07-23 22:03
 * Calendar date is the most common date representation. It is:
 * I've got a copy of 8601 right here, and it's not news to me. From what I've seen, you can select what you wish to use in the Preferences.  I selected YYYY-MM-DD long ago. - Denimadept (talk) 22:13, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

Both sides
The claim in the article that "Everyone walking across the bridge today sees painted markings" was not true in the past (c. 1970). Then, only the eastern sidewalk was painted. Has that changed?

Walter Nissen 2007-09-25 03:05

 * Not to my knowledge. I have edited the text to reflect your recollection and mine.  Thanks for the heads up on this.  Marking the western sidewalk would introduce ambiguity and create confusion; according to Google Earth it is about 30 smoots (about 8%) longer than the published figure, because it extends inland on the Boston side, over Storrow Drive. I have never seen such a longer figure mentioned.  Hertz1888 03:57, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Last I looked, in 2009, the marks were on both sidewalks. It doesn't matter that the bridge may be different lengths on each sidewalk, as the marks stop in the same place on both sides, and the bridge length in smoots does not match, by quite a way, the actual length of the bridge.  I'm not putting any of this in the article because it's Original Research. - Denimadept (talk) 08:48, 27 June 2016 (UTC)

Tension or compression?
When Mr. Smoot's height is listed as the length of a smoot, it makes me figure he was measured under compression. However, since he measured at least part of the bridge (where he was being carried) under tension, was he measured for length as well as height? - Denimadept (talk) 22:47, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Police Jurisdiction for the Harvard Bridge
I suspect that it was actually the MDC (The old Metropolitan District Commission) that requested that the Smoots be repainted when the bridge was rebuilt. I'm pretty sure that it was the MDC police which had jurisdiction over the bridge at the time it was rebuilt, and not the Cambridge city police. If there is someone could confirm this? Oldtool (talk) 23:40, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Does anyone know if this is pronounced the same as "smut" (thus rhyming with "foot" in my English accent) or with an elongated vowel (rhyming with "fruit"). Sorry, I don't currently know IPA. AndyKali (talk) 07:14, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * It's pronounced exactly as it's spelled, with an ooooooo sound. - Denimadept (talk) 16:27, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * To clarify - as it is in an American city/college, I would assume it is pronounced with some sort of American accent, and given the way Boston folks emphasize their vowels, I would say it is pronounced with an "ooh". 68.202.85.105 (talk) 05:10, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I just found that if I hoover my mouse pointer over the characters in the IPA spelling, it explains just what it means. - Denimadept (talk) 05:50, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

Prank link
The link to fraternity prank redirects to hazing. Clearly this doesn't fall into that category. The general prank page redirects to practical joke, which seems more fitting (and even has a photo of a prank at MIT). In lieu of a fraternity prank page that distinguishes from regular pranks, I'd like to link this to prank by one of these: I'll do the first unless there are objections. Also, wasn't sure whether to put this on the empty fraternity prank talk page too. Thanks. goodeye (talk) 01:01, 18 March 2010 (UTC)
 * changing fraternity prank to redirect to prank instead of hazing (and let it bounce to practical joke)
 * directly linking to prank here (and let it bounce to practical joke)
 * disambiguation page for fraternity prank (may be overkill)

 * No need for a "bounce" when the link can go directly, like this: fraternity prank (a version of the first option). Not a good idea to link to a disambig. page. Hertz1888 (talk) 01:14, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

 * That'll work - this was a direct link to hazing (not a redirect as I misstated above), so I'll change it to a direct link to practical joke. Separately, I'll make fraternity prank a disambiguation page to highlight good/bad connotations, since it exists already - but I understand about not linking to a disambig page - it'll still only show up from a search. goodeye (talk) 03:45, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

Bridge length
At Oliver_R._Smoot and its talk page, I've challenged the phrase "364.4 smoots plus or minus one ear" based on strong sources which support "364.4 + 1 ear". Walter Nissen 2010-07-08 08:37 08:37, 8 July 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Walter Nissen (talk • contribs)
 * Given that the source you included says "±1 ear" itself, I don't see this as a challenge, but as confirmation. Thanks for the additional source, sir! - Denimadept (talk) 16:03, 8 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Whoops, correction: that source was added by Hertz1888. Mr. Nissen, we've got a bunch of sources which say ± for this context.  If you like, you're welcome to check them out, as they're included on the smoot page. - Denimadept (talk) 16:06, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

I've responded over at Talk:Oliver_R._Smoot. Walter Nissen 2010-07-10 01:05 01:05, 10 July 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Walter Nissen (talk • contribs)

Structure of the article
Is there some policy reason why there has to be a section titled "Unit description"? Could the definition, his height, 5'7", be put in the lede and the history start where it belongs, under "History"? Walter Nissen (talk) 2010-07-23 15:47

Minor edit
A para should perhaps begin instead as: Markings typically appear every 10 smoots, but additional marks _sometimes_ appear at other numbers in between. _As a special exception_, the 70-smoot mark ... Walter Nissen (talk) 2010-07-23 15:47

Police Jurisdiction
I think all or virtually all the references to the Boston Police and Cambridge Police in connection with the bridge are mistaken. But that could be checked, probably at a local library. I think in 1958, the MDC police had jurisdiction and now Troop H of the Massachusetts State Police. http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Law+Enforcement+%26+Criminal+Justice&L2=Law+Enforcement&L3=State+Police+Troops&L4=Troop+H&sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=msp_divisions_field_services_troops_troop_h_msp_field_troop_h&csid=Eeops Also checkable. Walter Nissen (talk) 2010-07-23 15:47

 * The MDC/State Police would not have the resources to station an officer on the bridge at all times. Because half of the bridge is in Cambridge, Cambridge police also have jurisdiction over it. Anyway, in Massachusetts, police may arrest someone outside of their jurisdiction, esp. if the person committed a crime in their jurisdiction and then left it, or if the other city's police asked for their help. So in practice, the Harvard Bridge is policed by the Cambridge and Boston police. Bostoner (talk) 20:13, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

enshrined in stone
But the plaque that "enshrines", i.e., records for posterity, the plus/minus is not stone, but metal. Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 21:47, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

Sources that can be used to expand article
The three sources at the end of this section https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Bridge&oldid=629898196#2014_Lighting_Upgrade can both be used to expand this article. — Lentower (talk) 20:46, 16 October 2014 (UTC)

References in Literature
"100 Smoots" is referenced by Paul Beatty in his 2015 book "The Sellout: A Novel" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sellout_(book)SeminariAndy (talk) 20:02, 28 October 2016 (UTC)
 * The WP article you refer to does not mention this. - Denimadept (talk) 10:27, 29 October 2016 (UTC)

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Pluralization
How come smoot is pluralized to smoots instead of smeet? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:249:4380:9280:787C:BF33:D29E:D48A (talk) 14:47, 27 February 2020 (UTC)
 * That's a great question! EEng 15:23, 27 February 2020 (UTC)

The Phillips
When I was an MIT student, the downstream/"East" sidewalk of the bridge was measured in "Phillips". I was told they had been added by another fraternity (SAE?), using their shortest pledge, Phillips. They stopped being renewed decades ago, and the last vestiges of paint in pores were removed with the bridge's restoration. If any of this can be cited. it be a great add to the article. — Lentower (talk) 13:23, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Smoot


text: Talk:Shortstop (album)

title: Talk:Shortstop (album)


text:
Talk:Anti-Federalism

President Jefferson and the Anti-Federalist Platform
what do you think about Thomas Jefferson strengthened the Anti-federalist platform during his time as President?

 * I think that the Anti-Federalist movement was a decade dead and gone when Jefferson was President. — DLJessup 13:29, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

 * A lot of classical historians would agree with you. But Jefferson was Anti-Federalist to the bone... right up until the moment he became president. He fought the Federalists on a populist but social-libertarian platform. How more Anti-Federalist can you get? I think most historians agree that he either heavily compromised or lost sight of his goals when he became president. Fearwig 05:11, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

I belive that because Thomas Jefferson was an Anti-federalist he purposely strengthened their platform while he was president.

I have some stuff that i though about rewording about Jefferson's involvement in the Anti-federalist cause. I was wondering about your opinions...It is arguable that Thomas Jefferson espoused Anti-Federalist views throughout his life. Contradictory to this view however, is the fact that, because his involvement in the actual Constitutional ratification discussion was limited, since he was stationed as Ambassador to France while the debate over federalism was going on in America in the Federalist papers and Anti-Federalist Papers. Thanks...--Shipsitter (talk) 00:59, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Even though Jefferson was part of the Federalist administration, he is clearly an Anti-federalist. He was discrete in his political views (in part of his respect for Washington) but fomented opposition to a number of Federalist issues (i.e. increasing size of the military). Check Merrill Peterson's New Nation, The Terror of '98. Jefferson, as VP to Adams, was obsessed with fears of a monarchy. (Peterson 593) I think Anti-federalism is a post-era term. Jefferson's ideology was most clearly identified as Republican. In 1798, he made references to Tory (Federalist) and Whig (Anti-federalist/Republican). "It is well understood that two political sects have arisen with the U.S.; the one believing the executive is the branch of our government which most needs support; the other that like the analogous branch in the English government, it is already too strong for the republican part of the Constitution, and therefore in equivocal cases, they incline to the legislative powers; the former of these are called Federalist, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats and sometimes Tories, after the corresponding sect in the English government; the latter are still republicans, whigs, Jacobins, anarchists, disorganizers, etc." (Peterson) Scrbrd (talk) 00:32, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

Disambiguation
I motion that this be turned into a disambiguation page, or that it simply provide a disambiguation link to Hamilton's "Anti-Federalist" / "Anti-Administration" party. That has its own article already, and rightfully so. This article should also be renamed to correspond to the Federalist counterpart ("Federalist Party (United States)"). There is a big logical difference between anti-federalism and the Anti-Federalist party, and that needs to be enunciated. Fearwig 05:11, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Okay, I'll lay this all out. What we need isn't a disambiguation page, but a split, so that:

 * Anti-Federalist Party (United States) (currently and incorrectly a redirect to this article),
 * Anti-Administration Party (United States) (some information seems to be contained here on that topic despite the existence of an article on the topic), and
 * anti-federalism (political concept, including some platforms of the policy but not defined by the party itself or its history)

--are made distinct (see federalism and Federalist Party (United States) for comparison). The concept of anti-federalism is distinct from the Anti-Federalist Party (just as republicanism is distinct from the Republican Party), and as such this article is misnamed. The Washington-era "Anti-Federalist Party" doesn't belong here at all, since, as the article states, it was correctly called the Anti-Administration Party (United States). This means that some work will need to be done to Anti-Federalist Party (United States) using this information, and that anti-federalism will have to be created from scratch, but it's definitely necessary to correct this mistake.Fearwig 01:41, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

There was no Anti-federalist party (at least that wasn't the title that the adherents of the states' rights movements in the late 18th century called themselves). They referred to their party as Republican. Scrbrd (talk) 00:35, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

Changes Dec. 30 2007
I've considered all discussion on this article and used my own understanding of early U.S. political history to make today's changes. If anyone objects to this feel free to change them back. I felt that the heading "Anti-Federalism in the Early 19th Century" was completely misleading, as it seemed to refer to the political conflicts of Washington's (and to some extent J. Adams's) administrations. I changed some language concerning the agendas of the two proto-parties that seems to me to come from the 1911 EB; this probably needs sourcing, which I'll try to provide soon. In any event it's no more poorly supported than what was there already. Again, I'm sorry if these unilateral changes are offensive to anyone, but I think the article either needed removal or some basic surgery (maybe it still does).User:jperrlylsu 72.219.10.130 (talk) 01:27, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Real Federalists
According to one of my college professors and the readings for his class, the Anti-Federalists were actually true Federalists because they advocated a system where the states delegated certain powers to the Federal Government and reserved all other powers to themselves and that the Federalists were really nationalists that wanted an all-powerful central government. The Federalists simply usurped the title Federalist for themselves and labeled the "true Federalists" Anti-Federalists. Shouldn't this arguement be menntioned somewhere? Emperor001 (talk) 13:55, 16 October 2010 (UTC)
 * No; that's revisionism at its silliest, completely reversing the actual historical meanings of these terms. At the time under discussion, these were the terms used universally by both the Federalists and their opponents. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  19:09, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * No, it is not revision at its siliest. I am reading an introduction to the Federalist Papers right now and even it admits that the term Federalism referred to a "leaguing together, as under treaties" and that the Articles of Confederation was a true federal form of government while the Constitution was more of a centralizing document (though my professor admits that the Constitution is a cross between a centralized and federal state).  The introduction goes on to say, "Yet the advocates of a stronger national government at the joint (federal) level commandeered the term, leaving the defenders of the old system to become antifederalists."  It then mentions how Elbridge Gerry of Massachusts who disliked being called an Anti-Federalist stated that the correct terms should be Ratifiers and Anti-Ratifiers, or has he preferred "Rats and Anti-Rats."  Emperor001 (talk) 03:33, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * All I meant by my comment was that the anti-ratification faction lost the propaganda war over who were the "real" Federalists back in the 1790s, and that to revisit this semantic scuffle over two centuries later is more than pointless. See also etymological fallacy. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  21:49, 4 January 2011 (UTC)
 * But still isn't it worth mentioning that the Anti-Federalists were at one point deemed to be the true federalist since the term federalism described the government they supported? Emperor001 (talk) 03:44, 5 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Only if you've got solid sources, and only as a minor footnote in the history of their movement - a half-sentence or full sentence, at best. The modern-day "Tea Party" may deem themselves the heirs of Sam Adams; that doesn't mean that any actual historians would agree with their theory. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  16:07, 5 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Just added a reference to this in the into of the article (couldn't figure out where a good place to put it under history would be. My sources are:  the introduction to the "Federalist Papers" by Garry Wills, my U.S. Constitution and Legal History Professor, and the articles he gave us by scholars named Dry, Wood, Ellis, McDonald, and Kenyon.  I don't have time to look for the specific references in those three sources, but I've already given the quotation from the Garry Wills piece.  Emperor001 (talk) 04:12, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

European Union
There is quite a bit of opposition (at least here in England) to the possibility of the EU becoming a full federation. Don't know if this would be considered "Anti-Federalism" in the sense described on this page as the opposition is mainly against the merging of culture & sovereignity rather than the system itself. Anonymous, 19:12 BST 18 October 2010 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.237.185.36 (talk) 18:13, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Nope; it's completely irrelevant to the subject of this article, and belongs instead in an article like Euroskepticism. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  19:09, 18 October 2010 (UTC)

Scope of the article
I removed the first paragraph of the article lead which suggested that this article was about the concept of anti-federalism in general. However the entire rest of the article only discusses the specific group of Anti-Federalists that arose in opposition to the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. This group played a very significant role in the history of the era (with implications that carry forward to this day) and merit their own article.

As far as I know, this is the only anti-federalism that played a significant part in U.S. History. If there is some GENERAL political theory of anti-federalism, then it belongs in its own article, not this one. Tom (North Shoreman) (talk) 23:54, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

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Edit to history section
Added two sentences at the end of paragraph 4 to clarify that these authors did not write their works as a group, instead publishing as individuals. Included citation for Cornell, Saul. (1999). The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788-1828. University North Carolina Press. pp 22-24. CGJohnston21 (talk) 01:13, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Political Science Research Methods POLS 2399
— Assignment last updated by Neuscholar (talk) 04:54, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

Editing the Nomenclature Section
The first two paragraphs of the history section are focused on the origins of the term anti-federalist, yet there is already a separate section for nomenclature. I propose combining these two paragraphs and the already existing text under the nomenclature section. Neuscholar (talk) 15:57, 28 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Below I have included an idea of what I think the nomenclature section could look like when the information that is currently under that section is combined with the first two paragraphs of the history section. The citations included are the ones already used in the article.

 * During the American Revolution and its immediate aftermath, the term federal was applied to any person who supported the colonial union and the government formed under the Articles of Confederation. After the war, the group that felt the national government under the Articles was too weak appropriated the name Federalist for themselves. Historian Jackson Turner Main wrote, "to them, the man of 'federal principles' approved of 'federal measures,' which meant those that increased the weight and authority or extended the influence of the Confederation Congress."
 * The name "Anti-Federalists" is a misnomer. As the Federalists moved to amend the Articles, eventually leading to the Constitutional Convention, they applied the term anti-federalist to their opposition. The term implied, correctly or not, both opposition to Congress and unpatriotic motives. The Anti-Federalists rejected the term, arguing that they were the true Federalists. In both their correspondence and their local groups, they tried to capture the term. For example, an unknown anti-federalist signed his public correspondence as "A Federal Farmer" and the New York committee opposing the Constitution was called the "Federal Republican Committee." However the Federalists carried the day and the name Anti-Federalist forever stuck. According to historian Carol Berkin:
 * "Perhaps the nationalists' most brilliant tactic in the battle of ideas ahead of them, however, was their decision to call themselves 'Federalists' and their cause, 'Federalism.' The men behind the Constitution were not, of course, federalists at all. They were advocates of a strong national government whose authority diminished the independence of the states. [...] By co-opting the name 'Federalists,' the pro-Constitution forces deprived their opponents of the ability to signal clearly and immediately what they stood for."
 * Neuscholar (talk) 03:09, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

Removing the citation's needed template
Since there are now sources for all of the bullet points under the main beliefs section, I propose removing the article template on this section that states “this section needs additional citations for verification.” Neuscholar (talk) 21:39, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anti-Federalism


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joel allan

Joel allan was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 8 votes to delete. Postdlf 05:59, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Joel allan
I can't find any mention of this supposed major contributor to country punk music or to the "Shaggy Leg Peach Farmers". Sounds like a very clever shaggy dog story. I especially like the part about stealing Led Zeppelin's airplane. :) --LeeHunter 20:07, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I liked the part about Ringo Starr best.
 * Delete: Now, if this were about Eugene Chadborne, I'd believe every word. Geogre 00:23, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. HAHA. Ahem, anyway. Nadavspi 00:39, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, BJAODN. Andre ( talk )A| 13:58, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, well written, maybe this guy should publish a book....Lachatdelarue [[User talk:Lachatdelarue|(talk)]] 21:04, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete DCEdwards1966 21:10, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete NeoJustin 16:19 Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Bergermoen

Bergermoen is an industrial area on the border between the municipals Ringerike in Buskerud and Jevnaker in Oppland. The Norwegian kitchen manufacturer Norema has its main office here.

title: Bergermoen


text:
Whitwick

Whitwick is a village and civil parish in the North West Leicestershire district of Leicestershire, England, close to the town of Coalville in the northwest of the county. It lies in an ancient parish which formerly included the equally historic villages of Thringstone and Swannington.

It was an important manor in the Middle Ages, which once included Bardon and Markfield, parts of Hugglescote, Donington le Heath, Ratby, Bocheston, Newtown Unthank and Whittington. As early as 1293, Whitwick had a weekly market and a four-day fair. The population of Whitwick, according to the 2001 census was 10,815 persons. 8,092 of these fell into the 16–74 working age range, although only 4,689 were employed. The population of the village at the 2011 census had fallen to 8,612.

History
One of the earliest mentions of the place, as Witewic, is in the Domesday Book, the name of the settlement possibly meaning either guardhouse "The White Farm" or "Hwita's Farm" The last two appear to rely on later meanings for both particles Wite and Wik and may have been a reference to the outcrop of white sandstone found here. It was listed amongst the lands given to Hugh de Grandmesnil by King William I. There was said to be land for half a plough and woodland which was a furlong by half a furlong. Its value was two shillings.

Castle
Whitwick had a motte and bailey castle, although no remains are left. It was probably built originally during the spate of rapid castle building by William the Conqueror following the spate of rebellions leading up to the harrowing of the north. There appears to be evidence of a timber castle and later stone castle. The timber castle was more likely in place in the 11th century and to have been later held by 'Henricus de Bello Monte, Consanguineus Regis' (Henry Beaumont, blood-relative of the king). In 1320 he was granted a licence to crenellate the structure. The building work resulting from this licence may have provoked an attack by Sir John Talbot. Beaumont's claim to the land was from his wife's inheritance and, it seems, Talbot felt he had a claim to Whitwick. Twenty years later the capital message was worth nothing. This stone castle was later held by the Earls of Leicester, though it was recorded as being ruinous by 1427. The foundations are said to have been visible at the end of the 18th century and a wall was still to be seen on the north side in 1893.

It is important to note that the word 'gatehouse' is likely a corruption of 'guardhouse'. A gatehouse is usually an entrance to a walled city or a castle entrance. In the case of Whitwic Castle, the castle is in the centre of the town and thus there is no 'gatehouse'.

The mound retains the title of Castle Hill and is surmounted by a 19th-century folly, with a castellated roofline. This was built in 1846 by a local landowner, Joseph Almond Cropper, as almshouses for the poor.

Lead up to the harrying of the north
Between the defeat of Harold in 1066 and the creation of the doomsday book in 1086, William the Conqueror faced a number of rebellions which culminated in a "scorched earth" policy attack on the north of England destroying homes, food stores and farms. This attack resulted in the deaths of thousands by starvation and the elements. One such rebellion happened at Nottingham. Witewic Castle would appear to have been created in response to the threat from the north. There have been no signs of a pre-Norman occupation and it is known that the rapid creation of motte and bailey castles by William was in response to the rebellions. It is, therefore, possible that the town grew around the castle and not the other way around. The middle-English proves difficult however when considering the 1000ad meaning of Wite as Guard (c1000 Sax. Leechd. III. 154 Þæt bið god swefen, wite þu þæt georne on þinre heortan.) and Wic from roughly the same period meaning 'dwelling' (c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 8512 Iosæp..bærenn ure laferrd crist..Fra land to land. fra tun to tun. Fra wic to wic i tune.) It would appear that the castle was a "guard-house" and the town that sprouted up around it took its name.

Market and fair
From 1838 until the early 20th century, there was a thriving weekly market held in Whitwick Market Place. As well as the regular local stallholders a number of Leicester tradesmen attended and it is remembered that old ladies used to bring their butter and other farm produce and line up alongside the gutter. In the years following the First World War, competition from the larger and newer market at Coalville eventually resulted in its discontinuance.

The annual fair, or wakes, was once a hugely popular event and coincided with the patronal festival of the parish church. At the height of its popularity in the early 20th century, it is remembered that the larger amusements stood in the opening in front of the White Horse public house and there were wild beast shows including seals swimming around in tanks. The local photographer would take snapshots (on glass) and deliver them while the customers waited. There was also once a 'Cabbage Street Wakes', of rather obscure origin, when cabbages were used to decorate the lampposts in Cademan Street.

Curious place names in Whitwick
A popular affirmation is that the village of Whitwick contains three 'cities'. The City of Three Waters and the City of Dan are official postal addresses, situated respectively at the foot of Dumps Hill and Leicester Road. Over the years, there have been many contenders for the location of the 'third city', the most popular being The City of Hockley – an area located midway between the cities of Three Waters and Dan, close to the parish church, and alongside the watercourse passing through the village. However, older residents have always maintained that this area was known simply as The Hockley, the prefix 'city', they suggest, being a retrospective appendage. Even the place-name 'Hockley' would appear to be a mystery. (The nearby South Derbyshire village of Woodville has an old lane signposted as, simply, 'The City').

Equally obscure is the origin of the name 'Dumps Hill', a steep incline forming part of a staggered cross-roads at the northern end of the village. Many theories have been expounded to account for its origin, one being that the houses built on the righthand side after the old railway bridge were constructed on the site of the old 'Dumblies' pig farm. Sheila Smith, in her 1984 history of Whitwick suggests that the name may be linked to framework knitting as in 1845 one Joseph Sheffield, giving evidence before the Commission into the plight of the framework knitters, makes reference to a type of stocking called 'dumps'. There are several surviving examples of framework knitters' cottages in the village, which can be recognised by elongated first storey windows, designed to allow greater inlet of light. A good example of such a cottage can be found at the foot of the Dumps.

Framework knitting
During the 18th century, framework knitting became an important cottage industry in the village, taking over from agriculture. As early as 1723/24, William Clark, son of William, was apprenticed to Joseph Howe. This apprenticeship was to run from Michaelmas 1723/24 for seven years. By the beginning of the 19th century, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire had become the centre of the British hosiery trade, taking over from London. In 1832, it is recorded that there were some 33,000 knitting frames in use in the Midlands, of which the majority – 11,200, were in Leicestershire.

In 1844, there were 423 knitting frames in Whitwick and by this time, the cottage industry had been in decline for some years. This appears to have been as a result of a change in fashions and also to the new type of hose being produced, which required fewer skills in the manufacture. From the middle of the 19th century, framework knitting began to be transferred from homes to the factories in larger towns. By 1851, it is recorded that the number of frames in Whitwick had dwindled to 240.

Large hosiery factories appeared on Church Lane and at the top of The Dumps, shortly before the First World War.

Mineral water factories
In addition to the usual village trades, Whitwick also once had three mineral water factories.

The largest of these was the firm of Bernard Beckworth on Cademan Street, which was established in 1875 and ran until the 1970s; it is listed in Kelly's Directories of Leicestershire from 1904 through to 1941 as 'Beckworth and Co. Ltd, Charnwood Mineral Water Works'.

By 1904, the firm of Stinson Brothers, based on Loughborough Road, had appeared. By 1912, this firm is listed as simply Horace Stinson and it had disappeared from the Whitwick Directories by 1928.

The firm of Richard Massey appears from 1916, listed at 36, Castle Street, Whitwick. Massey's has disappeared by 1941.

A Stinson Bros codd bottle appeared among lots listed for auction in Barnsley (BBR Auctions) on Saturday 8 January 2006. It was described as a 9 inch tall emerald green glass codd bottle, embossed, 'STINSON BROS/WHITWICK.' The guide price was £80 – £100, the relatively high estimate presumably reflecting the rarity of the glass, but the bottle was in fact sold for £515. The bottle was turned up by a plough in a field opposite A.W.Waldrum's Coal Merchant's premises on Grace Dieu Road, Whitwick and is the only known example.

There is also known to have existed a 'Botanical Brewery', though it is believed that this may have been a part of the Stinson or Massey enterprises, both of which later moved to Hermitage Road. Both firms are listed on Hermitage Road (under Coalville) in a trade directory of 1941. There are also known to have been examples of 19th-century bottles bearing the name of McCarthy and Beckworth, Coalville.

Railway

Whitwick railway station was on the Charnwood Forest Railway which was constructed by the Charnwood Forest Company between 1881 and 1883. This branch line ran from Coalville East (joined to the Ashby & Nuneaton Joint Railway (ANJR)) to the town of Loughborough, at the Derby Road Station. Passenger services ceased to operate on 13 April 1931, with freight services ceasing to operate on 12 December 1963. Whitwick railway station still has some surviving structures, the platform and the old station building, now the home of the Whitwick Historical Group, while the railway trackbed towards Coalville has been turned into a footpath.

St. John the Baptist Parish Church
The parish church of St. John the Baptist is an ancient structure, nestling in a natural amphitheatre, close to the confluence of two streams. A spring, emanating from under the chancel, is also discharged into the watercourse, through a piped outlet protruding from a stone wall at the east end of the churchyard. This spring is said to have been used during the 19th century as means of powering the bellows of the church organ. It is possible that this site was regarded as sacred in pre-Christian times, thereby influencing the choice of location for the church. It was also conjectured by the local historian, George Green of Loughborough, that a fragment of pre-Norman cross shaft would appear to be incorporated into the chancel wall, supporting the idea that a church may well have existed on this site in Anglo-Saxon times. However, there is no mention of a priest or church connected with Whitwick in the Domesday Survey, and in the absence of conclusive structural evidence beyond the thirteenth century, it is perhaps more likely that the church was built as a later adjunct to the nearby castle. The church we see today is mainly of 14th-century construction, with only the south doorway seeming to go back to the 13th century. The massive decorated western tower contains a peal of eight bells, four of which were cast in 1628, and in the north aisle can be found the mutilated alabaster effigy of a knight, which tradition has to be that of Sir John Talbot, who died in 1365. Talbot is said to have been a giant, and this accounts for the exceptional length of the monument.

The church was a victim of aggressive restoration during the 19th century, when the chancel was rebuilt by James Piers St Aubyn, 1848–1849. A vaulted substructure or crypt is situated beneath the chancel, but is not thought to have ever been used as a charnel house. The building of this understructure would have been necessary to maintain a level between the chancel and the nave due to the steepness of sloping ground at the east end.

In the south exterior wall of the nave, close by the porch, there is a canopied recess, which according to tradition once contained a doorway leading to vaults beneath the south aisle. It is likely that this recess would once have contained a founder's tomb. From 1319 until its dissolution in 1536, Whitwick Church was an endowment of the Benedictine priory of Upholland, near Wigan, Lancashire. Following royal sequestration, the patronage of the living passed to the King and Whitwick Church remains one of forty-two churches nationally which are in the patronage of Her Majesty the Queen (in right of her Duchy of Lancaster).

Today, the church forms part of a united benefice with Thringstone and Swannington. The registers date from 1601.

The churchyard was closed for burials many years ago. In more recent years, many of the 18th- and 19th-century slate headstones were uprooted and moved in a line around the periphery of the southern portion of the graveyard; a 20th-century concrete war memorial now occupies the centre. Other stones were taken up and used for paving around the church.

Whitwick Cemetery, off Church Lane, was consecrated on 24 June 1874 and consists of about four acres. It was divided into three sections: Church of England, Catholic and Nonconformist and placed under the control of a joint burial committee. It contains four Commonwealth war graves of service personnel, one from World War I and three from World War II.

Daughter churches and national school
In the 19th and 20th centuries, new churches were built within the vast, ancient ecclesiastical parish of Whitwick as a result of population growth, all of which later came to serve independent parishes in their own right. Possibly more by coincidence than design, these daughter churches are dedicated respectively to the patron saints of Great Britain: St George's, Swannington was built in 1825; St Andrew's, Thringstone was built in 1862 and St David's, Broom Leys was founded in 1933. Christ Church, Coalville, was also formed partially out of Whitwick Parish in 1836, though the church here stands on land which was originally in the ancient parish of Ibstock, within the chapelry of Hugglescote.

The churches at Swannington, Coalville and Thringstone all owe their existence to the zealous missionary drive of the Reverend Francis Merewether MA (1784–1864), Vicar of Whitwick for more than fifty years, and also Rector of Coleorton. Merewether, a low church theologian who preached and wrote prolifically against Roman Catholicism, was also successful in getting national schools established in these outlying parts of the parish as well as in Whitwick itself. He left behind him a small empire of Anglican expansion, wrought in part by a desire to counteract the 'papist' revival that he perceived to be sweeping the district, at the instigation of Ambrose de Lisle of Grace Dieu Manor. Whitwick National School, a stone building in the Early English style still stands in the market place, now a Grade Two listed building. An extension to the school was provided in 1903, with access on silver street. The school was replaced later in the 20th century by a new Church of England school located at the foot of Parsonwood Hill. The old school is now used as a day nursery. St David's, Broom Leys was for more than thirty years served by a small wooden church which had originally served as a chapel at the Mowsley Sanitorium near Market Harborough, Leicestershire and was brought over to its present site in sections and duly re-erected. This small structure still stands near the present day 'futuristic' church, work on which was commenced in 1964. The foundation stone (a piece of Welsh slate from St David's in West Wales and presented by the dean of that cathedral) was laid on 26 September 1964 in the presence of about five hundred people. Above the front entrance of the church is the figure of St David, cast in 'ciment fondu' and coated with a bronze resin. The bricks are a 'Blaby Grey' and the stonework was provided by the local Whitwick Quarry.

Methodist and Baptist
Until the early 19th century, the parish church remained the only place of worship in the village. Then, in the 1820s, the Baptists erected a small chapel on Pares Hill and a society of Wesleyan Methodists opened a chapel on North Street (extended 1879). From its foundation in 1823 until 1855, Whitwick Baptist Church remained a branch of the Hugglescote Church. In 1855, both the Whitwick and Coalville Baptist churches separated from Hugglescote and both churches were held under the pastorate of the Revd John Cholerton. A new Baptist church was built at Whitwick in 1861 at a cost of £318.10.0 by William Beckworth, a local builder, alongside the original chapel. By 1890, the minister was the Revd J. J. Berry. It is recorded that for his payment, he accepted the seat rents and weekly collections.

A Primitive Methodist chapel appeared at the foot of Leicester Road (the present day Vicarage Street) in 1864 and a Wesleyan Methodist chapel was built on North Street in 1822 and which was extended in 1879. Wesleyan Reform Methodists also opened a chapel on North Street toward the end of the 19th century, and also in New Swannington in 1906. The Reform Chapel on North Street was used as a warehouse by 'Gracedieu Windows' until its demolition early in the twenty-first century, when the site was used for building development. The Wesleyan and Primitive Methodists united nationally in 1932 and the two societies in Whitwick finally merged in 1965, after which time the Vicarage Street chapel was used by the amalgamated congregations, the North Street chapel eventually being sold to the Church of England for use as a parish hall in about 1966. In 1972, a new Methodist church was built at the foot of Hall Lane and the Vicarage Street chapel (an example of 19th-century non-conformist architecture in the village) was demolished circa 1980, having fallen into a state of disrepair. The site is now occupied by a car park. Due to extensive housing development during the 1960s, a Methodist church was also built at the other end of Hall Lane in 1966, close to the Broom Leys cross-roads. It is noticeable that in more recent years, structural alterations have been carried out to this building to replace the original flat roof with a pitched one.

Roman Catholic
Due to the residency at Grace Dieu Manor of a zealous and wealthy convert to Roman Catholicism, Ambrose de Lisle, Whitwick became an important centre of the Roman Catholic revival.

It was due to De Lisle that a Cistercian monastery, Mount St. Bernard Abbey, was established within the parish in 1835, and a church (designed by Pugin) was built on Parsonwood Hill in 1837. In 1875, a small convent of Rosminian nuns was established in the presbytery, which had been built adjacent to the original church in August 1848, and which transferred to Loughborough in the twentieth century. The presbytery, still referred to as 'The Old Convent' is now a private residence and was designated a Grade II listed building in 1983.

In establishing his mission, De Lisle recruited a charismatic priest, Aloysius Gentili, from Rome, who arrived at Gracedieu in June 1840 and by May of the following year, De Lisle claimed that some five hundred and twenty persons had become converted to the catholic faith as a result of Gentilli's outreach.

The present Roman Catholic Church was built in 1904 from the designs of Thomas Ignatius McCarthy. This was built on the opposite side of Parsonwood Hill, at which time Pugin's church was demolished, though the cemetery of the old church remains. A school was also built to the rear of the new church to replace the original school at Turylog (Thurlough), which had been opened in 1843. A tower was added to the new church in about 1910, from funds bequeathed by Samuel Wilson Hallam, landlord of the Queen's Head, Thringstone. The tower contains a chime of fifteen bells operated by a baton keyboard, located in the first storey chamber of the tower and which was installed by Taylors of Loughborough in 1960.

Local public houses
In Whitwick there has been, at one time or another, thirty-nine licensed establishments, either an Inn, Public House, Hostelry or Social Club. Most have now closed and even been demolished. Below is an itemised list of the establishments:

Local government
In the 2007 North West Leicestershire District Council elections, the British National Party won both Hugglescote and Whitwick – the first seats to be won by the BNP in Leicestershire and Whitwick gained its first Conservative councillor. Councillors for Whitwick are currently Derek Howe (Labour); Tony Gillard (Conservative) and Ray Woodward(Labour).

Since May 2013 Whitwick has been represented at County Council level by Leon Spence (Labour).

Following a campaign by local people, the District Council carried out a community governance review and made an Order on 12 May 2010 to set up the new Parish Council. Whitwick Parish Council held its Inaugural Meeting on 18 May 2011.

Mount St Bernard and Gracedieu
Mount St. Bernard Abbey, a Cistercian monastery was established in 1835 in the parish of Whitwick on the Charnwood Forest. The current monastery was designed by the famous architect Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, best known for his work on the Houses of Parliament.

In 1840, a hoard of two thousand Roman coins was discovered during ploughing operations at the monastery.

Gracedieu Vineyard is south facing and was established in 1995 in Charnwood Forest. Its 'Green Man' wine is based on the Madeleine Angevine grape.

Notable residents

 * Thomas Elsdon Ashford – Recipient of the Victoria Cross.

Freedom of the Parish
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Parish of Whitwick.

Individuals

 * Sandy Flamson: 14 February 2023.

title: Whitwick


text:
Katzelsdorf

Katzelsdorf is a municipality in the district of Wiener Neustadt-Land in Lower Austria, Austria. It is situated at the foot of the Rosalia Mountains, on the river Leitha, 5 km southeast of Wiener Neustadt.

title: Katzelsdorf


text:
German mark (1871)

The German mark (Goldmark ; sign: ℳ) was the currency of the German Empire, which spanned from 1871 to 1918. The mark was paired with the minor unit of the pfennig (₰); 100 pfennigs were equivalent to 1 mark. The mark was on the gold standard from 1871 to 1914, but like most nations during World War I, the German Empire removed the gold backing in August 1914, and gold coins ceased to circulate.

After the fall of the Empire due to the November Revolution of 1918, the mark was succeeded by the Weimar Republic's mark, derisively referred to as the Papiermark (lit. 'Paper mark') due to hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic from 1918 to 1923.

History
The introduction of the German mark in 1873 was the culmination of decades-long efforts to unify the various currencies used by the German Confederation. The Zollverein unified in 1838 the Prussian and South German currencies at a fixed rate of 1 Prussian thaler = $1/100$ South German gulden = 16.704 g fine silver. A larger currency convention in 1857 replaced the Prussian thaler with the Vereinsthaler of $1/2$ g fine silver, equivalent to 1 North German thaler, $1 3/4$ Austro-Hungarian florins, or $16 2/3$ South German gulden.

Unification to this system proceeded further due to German Unification in 1871 as well as monetary conventions from 1865 to 1870 expressing a desire to move to the gold standard. For this system a new unit mark was proposed equal to a drittelthaler or $1 1/2$ Vereinsthaler, also equal to $1 3/4$ the Austrian gulden, but decimally divided into 100 pfennig instead of the existing 120 pfennig. Combined with a gold-silver ratio of 15.5, the new mark of $1/3$ g fine silver was therefore equivalent to $1/2$ g fine gold. With 5 billion gold francs (equivalent to 4.05 billion gold marks) secured from France at the end of the Franco-Prussian War, the new currency was launched in 1873 in the form of gold 10-mark and 20-mark coins as well as limited legal-tender silver marks and copper pfennigs. The German Empire's conversion to the gold standard led to the same being adopted in the rest of Europe and North America, as well as the change in standard in the Latin Monetary Union from bimetallism to solely gold.

Despite the Vereinsthaler being a silver standard currency, it remained unlimited legal tender for 3 gold marks until it was demonetized in 1908. The South German gulden of $5 5/9$ Vereinsthaler was converted to $100/279$ or 1.71 gold marks. The gold-based Bremen thaler was converted directly to the mark at a rate of 1 Thaler gold = $4/7$ or 3.32 marks. The Hamburg mark courant or currency was converted at 1 mark = 1.2 Imperial marks, and the Hamburg mark banco of the Bank of Hamburg was converted at 1 mark banco = 1.5 Imperial marks.

From 1 January 1876 onwards, the mark and vereinsthaler became the only legal tenders. Before 1914, the mark was on a gold standard with 2790 marks equal to 1 kilogram of pure gold (1 mark = mg). The term Goldmark was created later to retrospectively distinguish it from the Papiermark (paper mark) which suffered a serious loss of value through hyperinflation following World War I during hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic. For comparison, from 1900 to 1933, the United States adhered to a gold standard as well with the gold dollar containing 23.22 gr fine gold; it was therefore worth 4.198 gold marks. The monetary hegemon of the time when the gold mark was in use, however, was the pound sterling, with the sovereign (£1) being valued at 20.43 gold marks.

World War I reparations owed by Germany were stated in gold reserves in 1921, 1929 and 1931; this was the victorious Allies' response to their fear that vanquished Germany might try to pay off the obligation in paper currency. The actual amount of reparations that Germany was obliged to pay out was not the 132 billion marks cited in the London Schedule of 1921 but rather the 50 billion marks stipulated in the A and B Bonds. The actual total payout from 1920 to 1931 (when payments were suspended indefinitely) was 20 billion German gold marks, worth about US$5 billion or GB£1 billion. Most of that money came from loans from New York bankers.

Following the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, payments of reparations were officially abandoned. West Germany after World War II did not resume payment of reparations as such, but did resume the payment of debt that Germany had acquired in the inter-war period to finance its reparation payments, paying off the principal on those debts by 1980. The interest on those debts was paid off on 3 October 2010, the 20th anniversary of German reunification.

Coins
Coins of denominations between 1 pfennig and 1 mark were issued in standard designs for the whole empire, whilst those above 1 mark were issued by the individual states, using a standard design for the reverses (the Reichsadler, the eagle insignia of the German Empire) with a design specific to the state on the obverse, generally a portrait of the monarch of the kingdom or duchy (and not that of the emperor); while the free cities of Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck each used the city's coat of arms. Occasionally commemorative coins were minted, in which cases the obverse and (much more rarely) the reverse designs might depart from the usual pictorial standards. Many of the smaller states issued coins in very small numbers. Also, in general all states' coinage became very limited after the First World War began. Well-preserved examples of such low-mintage coins can be rare and valuable. The Principality of Lippe was the only state not to issue any gold coins in this period.

Base metal coins

 * 1 pfennig (copper: 1873–1916, aluminium: 1916–1918)
 * 2 pfennig (copper: 1873–1916)
 * 5 pfennig (cupro-nickel: 1873–1915, iron: 1915–1922)
 * 10 pfennig (cupro-nickel: 1873–1916, iron and zinc: 1915–1922)
 * 20 pfennig (cupro-nickel, 1887–1892)
 * 25 pfennig (nickel, 1909–1912)

Silver coins
Subsidiary silver coins were minted in .900 fineness to a standard of 5 grams silver per mark. Production of 2 and 5 mark coins ceased in 1915 while 1-mark coins continued to be issued until 1916. A few 3 mark coins were minted until 1918, and $1 5/7$ mark coins continued to be issued in silver until 1919.

 * 20 pfennig, 1.1111 g (1 g silver), only until 1878
 * $3 9/28$ mark or 50 pfennig, 2.7778 g (2.5 g silver)
 * 1 mark, 5.5555 g (5 g silver)
 * 2 mark, 11.1111 g (10 g silver)
 * 3 mark, 16.6667 g (15 g silver), from 1908 onwards
 * 5 mark, 27.7778 g (25 g silver)

These silver coins are token or subsidiary currency for the gold mark and are therefore legal tender only up to 20 marks. However, all silver 3-mark Vereinsthalers issued before 1871 enjoyed unlimited legal tender status even after the switch-over to the gold standard. This ended with the demonetization of the Vereinsthaler in 1908 and the introduction of the new subsidiary 3-mark coins.

The 5-mark coin, however, was significantly closer in value to older thalers (and other such crown-sized coins).

Gold coins
Gold coins were minted in .900 fineness to a standard of 2,790 mark = 1 kilogram of gold (a mark was therefore about 0.3584 g of gold; a troy ounce of gold was worth 86.78 ℳ). Gold coin production ceased in 1915. 5-mark gold coins were minted only in 1877 and 1878.

 * 5 mark, 1.9912 g (1.7921 g gold)
 * 10 mark, 3.9825 g (3.5842 g gold)
 * 20 mark, 7.965 g (7.1685 g gold)

Gold marks are a popular choice for Latin Currency Union coin collectors. The 20 mark is the most seen and offers a variety of different types that were mass-produced and therefore can be purchased at a low premium above each coin's melt value. However, some designs are extremely elusive given that they were struck in very low mintages. The rarest type features Adolph Friedrich V with just 1,160 pieces issued by the Berlin Mint.

Banknotes
Banknotes were issued by the Imperial Treasury (known as "Reichskassenschein") and the Reichsbank, as well as by the banks of some of the states. Imperial Treasury notes were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20 and 50 Mark, whilst Reichsbank notes were produced in denominations of 20, 50, 100 and 1000 Mark. The notes issued after 1914 are referred to as Papiermark.

Currency signs
In Unicode, the Mark sign is. The Pfennig is.

title: German mark (1871)


text:
Fauskevåg

Fauskevåg is a village in Harstad Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located on the island of Hinnøya, along the Vågsfjorden, about 20 km south of the town of Harstad. The population (2001) of Fauskevåg is 341. The village has an elementary school called Fauskevåg skole with grades 1 through 4.

Fauskevåg is located near the islands of Grasholman, a popular beach and recreation area, so tourism is important in Fauskevåg during the months of June and July. The village is located about 5 km north of European route E10 and the Tjeldsund Bridge. The village is located nearby the villages of Sørvika, Sandtorg, and Kilbotn.

title: Fauskevåg


text:
Dave Brock

David Anthony Brock (born 20 August 1941) is an English musician. He plays electric guitar, keyboards, bass and oscillators. He is a founder of, the sole constant member of and the musical focus of the space rock group Hawkwind. Brock was honoured with a lifetime achievement award at the annual Progressive Music Awards in 2013.

Early years
Brock was born in Isleworth, Middlesex. His childhood was spent in Feltham, Middlesex; he attended the Longford Secondary Modern School (now called Rivers Academy). His father's brother introduced him to music, giving him a banjo at the age of twelve, and a school art teacher encouraged him in his learning. Brock's influences at this time included Fats Domino and Humphrey Lyttelton.

After leaving school in 1959, he undertook several jobs including work as a capstan setter, before moving to an animation company, Larkin Studios. He pursued his interests in music at night, although with no initial intentions of it becoming a career, attending clubs such as Eel Pie Island, playing New Orleans trad jazz and blues, and busking with friends such as Eric Clapton, Keith Relf, Jeff Watson and Mick Slattery (born Michael Daniel Slattery, 15 February 1946, Richmond-upon-Thames died 17 March 2023).

He formed a trio with pianist Mike King and harmonica player Luke Francis (born 1943, Newcastle-upon-Tyne) called the Dharma Blues Band; this group recorded versions of Sonny Boy Williamson II's "Dealing with the Devil" and Pete Johnson's "Roll 'Em Pete" for Blues Anytime Vol. 2 (Immediate, IMCP015) in 1966, and backed travelling American blues singers such as Memphis Slim and Champion Jack Dupree. The band would continue without Brock, recording an album in 1967.

Quitting his daytime job, he travelled around Europe earning money by busking, sometimes with harmonica player Pete Judd. With guitarist John Illingworth (born John Michael Illingsworth, 11 October 1942, Sheffield), Brock and Judd formed The Famous Cure, touring in the Netherlands, and again after Slattery had replaced Judd in 1967, also having a hit single with "Sweet Mary"/"Mean Mistreater". With the psychedelic scene burgeoning in London and the band using LSD, their music changed with them starting to use electric instruments and effects units.

In 1968 he resorted to busking for a living and, on the back of the success of Don Partridge's hits "Rosie" and "Blue Eyes", performed in January 1969 at the Buskers' Concert at the Royal Albert Hall, contributing "Bring It On Home" to The Buskers album (Columbia, SX6356). In April and May, Brock joined the Buskers tour of the UK, which travelled around the country to each venue in a red London Transport double-decker bus.

Hawkwind
In 1969, Slattery and Brock continued jamming together and with whoever else was around. The genesis of Hawkwind was in their meeting with bass player John A Harrison (born 28 May 1942, died 26 May 2012), who was also taking an interest in experimental music after stints in more conventional bands such as the Joe Loss Band. A music paper advert brought in teenage drummer Terry Ollis, while friends Nik Turner and Dik Mik were invited to join the band on saxophone and electronics respectively after the pair had originally offered their services as roadcrew.

From the outset, Brock's intentions for the band was to marry simple three-chord rock music with experimental electronic music. He cites his influences for the band at the time as the Moody Blues, Steve Miller Band and the krautrock scene of Kraftwerk, Neu! and particularly Can.

Doctor Technical was an "alter ego" created by Brock for his production credit on "Silver Machine". He has regularly used the alias since at various times, notably for the album Church of Hawkwind. He has also used the aliases Dr Hasbeen and Sylvia Macmanus (his second wife's name).

Brock has remained Hawkwind's musical focus and primary songwriter throughout their existence. He has little interest in lyrics and much of the time has benefited from collaborating with lyricists such as Robert Calvert and Michael Moorcock. Although being the only ever-present member of the band, there have been times, particularly in the early days when the line-up was fluid, when he would miss gigs such as the 1971 Glastonbury Festival. On stage, his preference is to remain at the back and let others take centre stage and be the focus of attention, to the point where he will often employ dancers, mime artists and fire-eaters to fill that space. At other times (particularly in their early days), the entire band was totally obscured by their light show.

The band are based in Devon, where they rehearse and record in a converted barn named Earth Studios.

Equipment
Brock has used a variety of guitars over the years. In the 1980s and 1990s, Brock primarily used Westone guitars: from 1985 a Westone Spectrum LX (custom-painted by Alan Arthurs, with a portion of the Space Ritual album cover), and a Westone Paduak–1 from 1982 until 2008 (custom-painted by Guy Thomas, with the Warrior on the Edge of Time album cover). Brock now uses a 2007 Gibson Antique Artist or a 1997 Gibson Nighthawk Standard. Noticeably, Brock has also used the same amplifier for many years: a 1978 Roland JC120 with two Hiwatt 4x12 cabs painted by Barney Bubbles. For effects, Brock uses a Line 6 Pod V2, which produces the distinctive sounds associated with him.

Solo records

 * 1982 – "Zones" / "Processed", one-sided 7-inch (Hawkfan Records)
 * 1983 – "Social Alliance" / "Raping Robots in the Street", 7-inch (Flicknife Records)
 * 1984 – Earthed to the Ground (Flicknife Records)
 * 1987 – The Agents of Chaos (Flicknife Records)
 * 1995 – Strange Trips & Pipe Dreams (Emergency Broadcast System Records)
 * 2000 – Spacebrock (Hawk Records)
 * 2001 – Memos and Demos (Voiceprint Records)
 * 2007 – The Brock/Calvert Project – Robert Calvert and Dave Brock (Voiceprint Records)
 * 2012 – Looking for Love in the Lost Land of Dreams (Esoteric Antenna)
 * 2015 – Brockworld (Hawkward / Brockmusic)

Guest appearances

 * 1974 – Robert Calvert – Captain Lockheed and the Starfighters – lead guitar on "Widowmaker"
 * 1975 – Michael Moorcock & Deep Fix – New Worlds Fair
 * 2002 – Star One – Space Metal – vocals on "Hawkwind Medley"

title: Dave Brock


text: File:Place de lEtoile Paris night DSC09126.JPG