text:
Talk:Pokémon Yellow

Color
How come no one mentioned this game uses the Super Gameboy color pallets when played on a Gameboy Color? IIRC this was also the last Gameboy game that wasn't full colorTechni 18:20, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Screenshots
Tyan23, thanks for the screenshot! I think a screen will add a lot to the article. However, I wonder if this one with the player following Professor Oak could be replaced by an in-game shot involving Pikachu following the player? That is, after all, one of Yellow's distinguishing features. And perhaps another screen with Pikachu's pop-up window could be added to the "Your pal Pikachu" section? What do you think? --Sparky the Seventh Chaos 17:17, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC) I think we should rename it that,yes I have game boy color(it's purple and I got it at the goodwill,Pokemon yellow I got a EB Games.
 * I agree, that shot is virtually identical to Red/Blue's "follow the leader" scene, so one showing Pikachu would also be good. So I'll make one if I remember. And I'll see if I can make one or two mood shots, preferably of the beginning (Pikachu's so disrespectful to you it looks almost asleep!) to later on in the game (when it looks like it wants to hug you to death!) Master Thief Garrett 10:10, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

I know that Pikachu and Raichu look so cute together,I saw them in a episode on cartoon network on my old mitsubishi or hitachi TV ,a lot of my friends collect poke'mon and even pocket monster cards, (I used to have japanese and french variant cards), one of my friends has poke'mon yellow. I've heard pokemon crystal is good to.

Trading
I removed the bit about the Pikachu being untradable. I'm not positive about Red and Blue, but I am almost positive that Pikachu can be traded into Gold/Silver/Crystal. It's always holding a Light Ball, I belive. --Sparky the Seventh Chaos 22:08, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)

 * I will have to check on that. I can't see why they'd allow you to trade it away though as that would be getting rid of it and would basically turn the game back into Red/Blue! I'm fairly certain you couldn't put it on Bill's PC, so I doubt you could get rid of it in a trade either. But you may be right. Either way, I'll change the article based on my findings. Master Thief Garrett 10:10, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * You can put it in Bill's PC. Not sure about trading though. Forever young 04:33, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

You can trade him to pokemon red,blue,yellow and the jhoto series. By philip1992 Technically he is tradable in my case ,<I own some of the games I got them from eb games.

Repetitivity
Do you not think this article is a bit repetitive! It talks about Yellows pikachu 3 times and Raichu twice!--XenoNeon 21:13, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Version-specific Pokémon
just thought I'd throw this out there... but under the section "Version-specific Pokémon" Weedle, Kakuna, and Beedrill do NOT belong in the list. Reason being is that they are available in the game... It's just VERY VERY VERY rare. Don't believe me? get a copy out and check the pokedex area thingy. NetStormer 05:16, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * No, that's not true. Weedle does not appear in Yellow. Oh, yes, I got a copy of it, and it says "Area unknown" in the Pokedex. For more information, read the own Wikipedia Weedle article! So Weedle, Kakuna and Beedril are NOT in Yellow -- so I have added them to that list. Wanna Know My Name? Later 05:54, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Your are kidding me thats not true.

 * Hmmm, the version specific pokemon have been removed from the article. I think this section is interesting, informative, and useful for those viewing the article.  Should it be added back in??   (and I don't think Weedle, Kakuna, & Beedrill can be found in Pokemon Yellow, but they can be imported into the game from Red & Blue)

 * There are a total of 151 Pokémon programmed into Pokémon Yellow. However, there are only 137 total Pokémon that can be found and captured by the player in Yellow alone. For 13 of the missing Pokémon, players must trade with Pokémon Red, Blue, Gold, Silver or Crystal.

 * These 13 Pokémon are:

 * The 14th missing Pokémon is Mew, which is normally unobtainable unless the player receives one from Nintendo. It is possible to obtain all 151 Pokémon, including Mew, by exploiting the Mew glitch. It is also possible to get a Missingno. without trading from Pokémon Red and Blue using variations of the glitch; however, due to the fixing of some glitches from Red and Blue versions, a Missingno cannot otherwise be captured in Yellow.    RevJohn 06:32, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
 * You can add everything back but the actual names of the Pokémon, because that's gamercruft. People have sites like Serebii for game guides.—Ｌｏｖｅはドコ？ (talk • contribs) 16:58, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I seem to be able to get Raichu and Meowth on my yellow version. Also for some wierd reason I get the chance to catch Mew instead of Mewtwo. I'm not comeplaining but wtf? Also, you can catch an additional wild Pikachu and train it until it evolves. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.220.100.14 (talk) 12:45, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

Suggested Move
Shouldn't this page be at Pokémon Yellow: Special Pikachu Edition since that is the name of the game? TJ Spyke 00:16, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Pokemon Yellow: Special Pikachu Edition redirects here. Bibliomaniac15 00:50, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't it be the other way though? With Pokémon Yellow re-directing to Pokémon Yellow: Special Pikachu Edition? TJ Spyke 01:48, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Surfing Pikachu?
How do you get a surfing Pikachu, aside from a GameShark or Pokemon Coliseum? Ash Ketchum 13:05, 4 October 2006 (UTC)Ash Ketchum

This isn't the place to ask a question like this. Go to the reference desk. bibliomaniac15 00:26, 5 October 2006 (UTC) You can watch the tv show or buy gameshark or pokemon coliseum,.

 * What's more important is, why isn't this mentioned in the article? This was one of the coolest features of yellow and it's been cut out?! C. Pineda (クリス) 03:22, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Update
This is the only Pokemon game that has yet to have at least one update. Pokemon Red was updated to Fire Red and Blue was replaced with Leaf Green, an update of Pokemon Green. Gold and Silver were updated to Crystal.

I believe that Yellow should be updated. The graphics need to be updated to at least GBA standards and the storyline needs to better follow the series. This is the best game they ever made and should be updated from monochrome. 67.188.172.165 21:41, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

 * We appreciate your concerns, but this is not the place to voice them. Please go to a Pokémon forum to voice your opinion, as this is an encyclopedia.  bibliomaniac 1  5  01:55, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

video games don't need to be perfect.
 * Nintendo announced that Pokemon Yellow is a one of a kind. So they are never going to remake Pokemon Yellow. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sagdgdas (talk • contribs) 21:51, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

GA on hold
I think this article is fairly close to meeting the Good Article standards, but there are one or two things I'd like to see addressed before passing it. First, I think it could use a few more citations -- several sections, including "Trading & Compatibility", "Yellow's Pikachu", and "Version-specific Pokemon" have no citations at all. Pretty much every section or subsection should have at least one, showing where the information in that section came from. Second, I think the text could use a copyediting pass; as one example of a clumsy sentence, consider "Unlike previous Pokémon titles, Yellow version gave the player a Pikachu instead of the usual choice between three Pokémon; this change makes the game harder at the beginning stage than the previous two games, since Pikachu’s electric attacks are ineffective against the first Gym-leader, Brock." That should be rewritten, probably into at least two distinct sentences. I would also request more expansion of the "Reception" section, if that's possible, although that wouldn't stand in the way of promotion to GA. Shimeru 21:25, 2 March 2007 (UTC) Poke'mon is a good article.
 * In-line citations are only needed for FA status. The thing about copyediting, I agree with that. I will fix that sentence myself. Expansion of Reception is not neccesary in my opinion. And as you said it won't stand in the way of this article's promotion. Once that copyedit problem is fixed it should be ready for promotion. Funpika 22:39, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Some form of inline citation is needed for GA, you need to back up your claims, with an inline citation M3tal H3ad 02:03, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, inline citation is "not mandatory" (although it is "highly desirable") for GA, according to WP:WIAGA. So that much is true.  However, the "References" section includes nothing outside of the existing inline citations, leaving the question of where the information in those uncited sections is drawn from -- and I think it would be most consistent to add further inline cites.  (It would certainly be most helpful for a future Featured Article candidacy:  FA does require inline citation.) Shimeru 04:50, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok guys, sorry about not responding yet, but my DSL went AWOL (thank you Verizon!) I've got SOLs to study for, but I'll implement your suggestions soon! Dåvid Fuchs ( talk / frog blast the vent core! ) 22:38, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Don't feel you need to rush. As long as the article's being worked on, I'm happy to extend the hold. Shimeru 03:28, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Since it's been on hold for rather a long time and work is still underway, I'm removing it from the candidate list for now. I think it's been greatly improved, but a fair amount of the prose is still awkward or confusing. I'm going to try to straighten some of it out myself, probably tomorrow, but I can't in good conscience pass an article I've heavily copyedited. Since it would need another reviewer in any case, I think the better solution is just to relist it. This also allows more time for finding additional references and tweaking sections. Shimeru 05:51, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Minigame
This article should mention the minigame that can be unlock once a player gets ahold of the Surfing Pikachu as well as mentioning Surfing pikachu WhiteStrike 18:02, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Misstatement?
There is one paragraph in the Battle section that I find questionable:

''One of the few changes to the battle mode is that, on the Game Boy Color, a Pokémon's health meter turns red and makes a beeping sound when the Pokémon is at less than 50% of full health. This feature was improved upon in later games.''

There are three things wrong with this:

1. Red and Blue already had the feature to change the color of the HP bar at different levels, though this only happens on a Super Game Boy.

2. Red and Blue already beeped when low on health, and this happens on any type of Game Boy.

3. It takes less than 50% health to make the HP bar turn red, and the game beep repeatedly.

Should this part be revised or removed? TanookiMario257 21:40, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

25% health 172.162.150.53 04:47, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

From Wikipedia:Requested moves

 * Pokémon Yellow → Pokémon Yellow: Special Pikachu Edition — Full name of the game, and the one used by Nintendo —TJ Spyke 07:33, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
 * But over 50 articles link to Pokémon Yellow and only one to Pokémon Yellow: Special Pikachu Edition. Anthony Appleyard 09:08, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Most of them probably through the transcluded Template:Pokémon games. Numbers of incoming links are a weak argument. --Stemonitis 09:10, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, the bigger problem is that the most common usage is evidently "Pokémon Yellow", without the "Special Pikachu Edition" suffix (approx. 89% of Internet hits). Overturning that kind of trend cannot be considered uncontroversial. --Stemonitis 11:43, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Removed the section on MISSIGNO. A section on how to catch MISSINGNO. belongs in a game walkthrough, not on Wikipedia, and especially not in the Yellow Version article, which I don't think even has the MISSIGNO. glitch. 66.41.145.88 01:20, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't use search engine counts. Is the longer is the official, then use that. Otherwise, the title counts as OR. Ashnard  Talk  Contribs  07:40, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

Names
Throughout this article (and likely through the Red and Blue and FireRed and LeafGreen articles), I've noticed that the playable character and his rival are called "Ash" and "Gary" respectively. Correct me if I'm wrong, but aren't Ash and Gary the secondary default names while Red and Blue are the primary default names? If so, shouldn't the article list these two characters as Red and Blue as opposed to Ash and Gary? MelicansMatkin (talk) 22:08, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Requested move (2007)
This section has been temporarily moved here to avoid having two move proposals on the same talk page.

Moved
I decided to Be Bold and move it per naming conventions at WP:CVG/GL, namely "Always use the original official title of the game, and prefer English titles over foreign ones." There was really no need for a poll, it was a clear cut policy issue in this case.  bibliomaniac 1  5  00:06, 25 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The rest of that sentence you quoted says "Subtitles and pre-titles are allowed if deemed appropriate but are not necessary. Usage of taglines in titles is not allowed.". As far as clear-cut policy goes, the policy states that such a move is "not necessary" (special pikachu edition is a subtitle, if that wasn't clear). And WP:BB says be bold, "not reckless". TheBilly (talk) 00:13, 25 December 2007 (UTC)
 * And it was approriate. I really don't get why you are against video game articles being at their correct name? The official name of the game includes the SPE part.  TJ   Spyke   00:43, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I think the move was a mistake. Once the discussion has started on WP:RM it should continue until either consensus is reached or seems unlikely, and then action should be based on that result. There seems no likelihood of consensus to move. Andrewa (talk) 06:02, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Nobody is against video articles being at their correct name. But there are several opinions about as to what qualifies as correct, and whether the official name matters very much. Andrewa (talk) 04:29, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Comment Five days have elapsed since the move to Pokémon Yellow: Special Pikachu Edition was proposed. The result of this proposal was not to move. I am certain that the page move that occured during discussion was in good faith but since there was no consensus for this move, I am moving this back to Pokémon Yellow. --Lox (t,c) 20:24, 29 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry for not waiting for consensus before moving. I had originally moved it because I saw that the internet reviews all referred to the game's full name. Whatever the case, I jumped the gun. I have fixed all the redirects that I've changed.  bibliomaniac 1  5  01:05, 30 December 2007 (UTC)
 * No need to apologise! As I said, I am certain that the move was in good faith and I would encourage you to be bold in future. Happy editing! --Lox (t,c) 11:02, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree. Very well said. Andrewa (talk) 18:54, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

The name is silly
Sorry, but the box does not say "Pokémon Yellow: Special Pikachu Edition", it says "Pokémon Yellow Version: Special Pikachu Edition", or possibly "Pokémon: Special Pikachu Edition - Yellow Version". If we want to get down to it, the title of the game (and most Pokémon games) is just "Pokémon". "Yellow Version" is the subtitle, implying that it is a modified version of the same game. Crazy, right? Point is, this is an opinion of the correct title, but not the most common one, and the consensus was not to move, so it shouldn't have been moved. Being bold is good sometimes, reading discussions and paying attention to consensus are important, too. ~ JohnnyMrNinja  07:39, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Merge discussion
Please discuss here. - A Link to the Past (talk) 18:02, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Requested move (2011)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move per request.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 11:51, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

Pokémon Yellow: Special Pikachu Edition → Pokémon Yellow – The previous move discussion resulted in a decision to have the article at Pokémon Yellow. At some point during the last three years or so, there was a move to the current title that was likely in good faith. However, the other games in the series are not listed under "Pokémon Red and Blue: Gotta catch 'em all!" despite the reasoning used for this article's title. (Other games, like Super Mario Bros. 2, also lack the subtitle in the article name, as most English-speakers do not refer to the game by its subtitle.) If the page is moved to Pokémon Yellow, I will also request move-protection in order to prevent this situation from re-occurring. The Grand Master of All Things Bad (talk | YOOM TAH! ) 23:40, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Support. The common name is Pokémon Yellow. - The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 00:17, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Support. I don't see why not. Blake (Talk·Edits) 01:29, 27 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Support for consistency with the other articles.  Artichoker [ talk ] 17:51, 27 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. Jenks24 (talk) 09:45, 28 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

List of glitches
A list of glitches is not important to understanding the gameplay of Pokemon Yellow. It falls under cruft as it does not further the understanding of the game to someone unfamiliar with it. Even so, the mention doesn't really belong in this article, as Missingno. is not unique to this game. It would be more appropriate in Pokemon Red and Blue, where it actually originated, under either Development or Reception and Legacy as a passing mention. --ThomasO1989 (talk) 18:51, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * True, but it's one of those things that, while it doesn't play a big part in the game, still has a reputation, like the Weighted Companion Cube in Portal. It shows up in all the original gen I games, so we should have it in both articles. Supernerd11 :D Firemind ^_^ Pokedex 19:51, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm not against some passing mention of Missingno. in Reception and legacy of Pokemon Red and Blue. But a list of glitches is inappropriate for either article, as it is nothing more than a Trivia section. --ThomasO1989 (talk) 21:05, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree about not having a whole list of glitches, but Missingno. should be in both, due to the fame of it and that it showed up in both. Just a passing mention's fine, but at least include it. Supernerd11 :D Firemind ^_^ Pokedex 21:32, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Sounds like we all agree then - I too think that's it's okay to have a passing mentioning the Legacy section, but not a dedicated section or subsection dedicated to listing off various glitches. Sergecross73   msg me   03:43, 15 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Pokémon Yellow. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090410010746/http://www.igizmo.co.uk:80/articles/news/1333-gaming-uk-games-chart-wii-fit-lunges-back-best-seller to http://www.igizmo.co.uk/articles/news/1333-gaming-uk-games-chart-wii-fit-lunges-back-best-seller

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:52, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Pokémon Yellow. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.gamespot.com/gameboy/rpg/pokemonyellow/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary%3Bread-review
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101217021002/http://www.nydailynews.com:80/archives/money/1999/11/22/1999-11-22_furby__pokemon_rule_yule_big.html to http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/money/1999/11/22/1999-11-22_furby__pokemon_rule_yule_big.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:41, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

Pikachu's 2DS
Was just reading through and noticed the mention of a Japan-exclusive Pikachu 2DS. This, in fact, is not true, as there have been English releases of them. Should this be left as is or not? If so, a source will have to be located. Empoleonmaster23 (talk) 22:49, 8 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Pokémon Yellow. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130401031711/http://gamewise.co/games/30434/Pok-mon-Yellow-Special-Pikachu-Edition/Releases to http://gamewise.co/games/30434/Pok-mon-Yellow-Special-Pikachu-Edition/Releases

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:13, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

"Yellow version" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Yellow version. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Steel1943 (talk) 00:34, 2 December 2019 (UTC)

"Pokemon High Voltage" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Pokemon High Voltage. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Steel1943 (talk) 01:19, 2 December 2019 (UTC)

"Gameboy color yellow pokemon" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Gameboy color yellow pokemon. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. TheAwesome Hwyh  15:07, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

"Pokémon Pink" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Pokémon Pink. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. User:Captain Galaxy(talk) 16:05, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pokémon Yellow


text:
F1000 (publisher)

F1000 (formerly "Faculty of 1000") is an open research publisher for scientists, scholars, and clinical researchers. F1000 offers a different research evaluation service from standard academic journals by offering peer-review after, rather than before, publishing a research article. Initially, F1000 was named after the 1,000 faculty members that performed peer-reviews, but over time F1000 expanded to more than 8,000 members. When F1000 was acquired by Taylor & Francis Group in January 2020, it kept the publishing services. F1000Prime (AKA Faculty Opinions) and F1000 Workspace (AKA Sciwheel) were acquired by different brands.

History
Faculty of 1000 was founded in 2000 by publishing entrepreneur Vitek Tracz in London. Initially, it was named after the 1,000 experts it had reviewing academic works, but over time F1000 expanded to more than 8,000 members. In 2002, it introduced F1000Prime (later known as Faculty Opinions), which recommended scientific articles selected by its experts. At first, F1000 was focused on biology, but later expanded to additional scientific fields over time, including a focus on medicine beginning in 2006. The company was part of the Science Navigation Group until its acquisition by Taylor & Francis in January 2020. As part of the deal, founder Vitek Tracz remained the owner of Prime and Workspace, leaving the new F1000 (and F1000Research) owned by Taylor & Francis. Faculty Opinions (F1000Prime) was later acquired by a tech company called H1 in February 2022. F1000 now only provides publishing and related services. '''

Services
F1000 is an open research publisher for academic works. Its model focuses on publishing findings quickly using a post-publication peer-review system. Authors submit an article and all of its underlying data. F1000 does a prepublication check and publishes the article, usually within a couple weeks. After the article is published, an expert is assigned to conduct a peer-review of the work. The peer-review is done publicly, online, and on an ongoing basis. The expert conducting the peer review discloses their name and any vested interests, abandoning the double-blind, anonymous peer-review system that is typical in academic publishing. Additionally, other organizations like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (platform Gates Open Research ) and the European Commission (platform Open Research Europe ) contract out the development and support of their own open-access publishing systems to F1000.

It publishes articles and "collections" of other research content such as presentations. Users can filter articles to see only those that have passed peer review. In January 2020, the publisher Taylor & Francis bought F1000Research.

Previous services
F1000 used to operate Faculty Opinions, formerly known as F1000Prime, until F1000 was acquired by Taylor & Francis in 2020. The founder of F1000 remained the owner of Prime, which he subsequently sold to tech company H1 in February 2022. Faculty Opinions draws attention to scientific works that are well-rated by F1000's experts. The Faculty Opinions ranking system further provides an alternative article highlighting system from the use of article impact metrics like total citation count. Faculty Opinions experts nominate primary research papers they felt were important or interesting, write a description of the work's significance, then link to where the work was originally published.

Sciwheel, formerly F1000Workspace, was a citation manager platform previously operated by F1000. SciWheel also offered article recommendations based on a user's existing reference library. After the acquisition, it was owned by F1000 founder Vitek Tracz, before being acquired by SAGE Publishing in 2022.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: F1000 (publisher)


text:
Kuruman

Kuruman is a small town in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. It is known for its scenery and the Eye of Kuruman, a geological feature that brings water from deep underground. The abundance of water produces an unexpected swathe of green amidst the barren plains and is known as the "Oasis of the Kalahari". It was at first a mission station of the London Missionary Society founded by Robert Moffat in 1821. It was also the place where David Livingstone arrived for his first position as a missionary in 1841. The Kuruman River, which is dry except for flash floods after heavy rain, is named after the town.

Origins
Kuruman is regarded as the "Oasis of the Kalahari". It is set out on the Ghaap Plateau and receives its water source from a spring called "The Eye" which rises in a cave in the semidesert thornveld area in the Kalahari region. Kuruman is the main town in the area and the spring gives about 20 to 30 million litres of water daily to approximately 10 000 inhabitants. It is also known as "Die Oog" or "Gasegonyane" in the Kalahari region.

The name Kuruman is derived from the Chief who lived in the area, named Kudumane. Robert Moffat, a missionary from the London Missionary Society, also lived there from 1820 to 1870. Moffat helped build the Moffat Church which was completed in 1838 and is still used for regular church services. While living in Kuruman, Moffat translated the bible into the Tswana language: this was the second bible in an indigenous southern African language.

Location and climate
Kuruman is situated on the main route between Gauteng and Namibia/Cape Town via Upington. The route is growing in popularity because of its beautiful nature and various tourist attractions. Kuruman lies virtually on the edge of the Kalahari at the foot of a range of low hills. It has relatively mild weather patterns compared to other Northern Cape towns, such as Upington and Springbok, and is surrounded by more vegetation than Upington and Springbok, which are mostly semi-arid to desert environments.

Economy
Mining and agriculture (cattle and game) support Kuruman's thriving economy. Minerals mined in Kuruman include manganese, iron ore, tiger's eye and crocidolite. The richest deposits of crocidolite in the world are found in the Kuruman district.

Demographics
According to the 2001 census, Kuruman had a population of 9,824, of which 4,267 (43.4%) were Coloured, 3,549 (36.1%) were White and 1,969 (20.0%) were Black. The most spoken language at home was Afrikaans with a percentage of 80.68%, followed by Tswana language with 14.8%. Males make up 50.58% of the population and females, 49.42%.

Notable residents and media
Kuruman was home to local author and Sanusi or Zulu traditional healer, Credo Mutwa.

Philip Hazel, the British computer programmer, emigrated to Kuruman with his family after WWII; his father worked in the offices of an asbestos-mining company.

The Kalahari Meerkat Project, made famous by the television series Meerkat Manor, is located nearby. Kuruman is one of the more noted Peace Corps outposts in the northern regions of the country. From 2007 to 2009, it was home to former Peace Corps volunteer and published author and playwright Stefanie DeLeo.

In 2010, Hilda Coetzee, now known as Hilda Williamson, was the underchairman of the A.T.K.V. in the Northern Cape area (The Afrikaans Language and Culture Association (Afrikaans: Afrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurvereniging)), of Kuruman, South Africa. The A.T.K.V. is a society that aims to promote the Afrikaans language and culture. This society was founded in Cape Town and its membership was open to include all people sharing the same values of the Christian faith.

The Eye of Kuruman
This is a natural fountain delivering approximately 20 to 30 e6l of crystal clear water daily which supplies domestic water, feeds the Kuruman River and spills more water into two irrigation canals which are 7 km in length. The Eye was claimed to have been discovered in 1801 and this led to the establishment of the mission station in the early 19th century. The Eye then came to be described as "The fountain of Christianity". It is the biggest natural fountain in the Southern Hemisphere. In the early years, Tswana people called this fountain Gasegonyane which means "small water calabash with bubbling water".

Other attractions

 * Billy Duvenhage Nature Reserve
 * Raptor Route
 * Moffat Mission
 * Truce Tree which dates back to the 1914 Rebellion
 * Tswalu Kalahari Reserve – the country’s largest privately owned game reserve
 * Bird Sanctuary – wetland area with grass, reeds and trees. There are about 115 species of birds.
 * Northern Cape's only Instrumentation Engineering company, Mdux Instrumentation and Control System
 * Wonderwerk Cave
 * Kuruman Hiking Trail
 * Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park – where one can experience mine excursions
 * Boesmansgat sinkhole situated at Mount Carmel Farm. This cave is acclaimed the sixth deepest submerged cave in the world – also known as a sinkhole
 * The Kalahari Meerkat Project, associated with the television series Meerkat Manor, is located nearby, in the Kuruman River Reserve.
 * Kuruman was home to well-known local author and Sanusi/Zulu traditional healer, Credo Mutwa.

title: Kuruman


text:
Afrodisiac (Brandy album)

Afrodisiac is the fourth studio album by American singer Brandy. It was released on June 25, 2004, by Atlantic Records. The album was recorded primarily in Los Angeles between spring 2003 and early 2004, following several major changes in Brandy's personal and professional life. After giving birth to her daughter and the demise of her relationship with Big Bert, Brandy's team was given an overhaul, including changes in production, management, and A&R. The album marked a departure from her previous work, with Brandy collaborating with producer Timbaland and songwriter Candice Nelson on the majority of the album's composition.

With many of their new relationships being the result of broken ones, Brandy and Timbaland were inspired to experiment with a number of sounds and influences to create a unique, individualized sound that was distinct from other R&B music. The result was an organic, mellow contemporary R&B album that experimented with the New York-based illbient style, which infuses eccentric hip-hop breakbeats, ambient soundscapes, and the unorthodox sampling of indie rock and various film scores. Brandy also continued to experiment with her singing, opting to use more technical applications of counterpoint and multi-track recording toward her vocal arrangements. An autobiographical album, the songs feature intimate lyrics which discuss the singer's personal struggles with codependency, monogamy, misplaced loyalty, and professional anxiety.

Upon release, Afrodisiac was critically acclaimed for its mature lyrics, Brandy's vocalizing, and its overall experimental sound. The album debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200, selling 131,700 copies in its first week; it was eventually certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Afrodisiac was nominated for several awards, including the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album. The album spawned three singles, including "Talk About Our Love" featuring Kanye West, which reached the top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100; along with "Who Is She 2 U" and "Afrodisiac". Since its release, the album has been retrospectively called a predecessor to alternative R&B, having been cited as an influence by artists such as Rihanna and Solange.

Background
In February 2002, Brandy released her third studio album Full Moon, which was preceded by the lead single "What About Us?", a worldwide top-ten hit. However, the album's title track failed to chart or sell noticeably outside the United States and the United Kingdom, where it managed to enter the top twenty. During the production of Full Moon, she became involved romantically with producer Robert "Big Bert" Smith. The couple began a relationship during the summer of 2001, but their relationship did not become known until February 2002, the same month Brandy revealed that she was expecting her first child. However, a year after the birth of their daughter Sy'rai Iman Smith on June 16, 2002, Brandy and Smith officially announced their separation. It was not until 2004 that Smith revealed that the pair had never been legally wed, but that they had only portrayed the notion of nuptials to preserve the singer's public image. By the following year, Brandy had begun a relationship with NBA guard Quentin Richardson. The couple soon became engaged in July 2004 but she eventually ended their 15-month engagement in October 2005.

Recording and production
Following the birth of her daughter Sy'rai in June 2002, Brandy soon entered recording studios to begin work on her then-untitled fourth album with producer Mike City and companion Robert "Big Bert" Smith. As she envisioned the longplayer to sound "much rawer" and more "street" than its 2002 predecessor Full Moon, Smith quickly emerged as the album's executive producer and A&R, replacing longtime contributor and mentor Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins, who Brandy felt was not going in the same direction creatively after all. About parting ways with Jerkins whose Darkchild team took production credits on her last two albums, she commented that "Darkchild created a sound with me and gave it to everybody. I didn't like that [...] I needed to change my sound and I wanted to explore my versatility, my creativity and my art." The couple eventually finished a number of demo recordings and at least four full songs until late November 2002, including "Ryde or Die" and Sy'rai-inspired "Sunshine." Although Smith expected the album to be released by spring 2003 at one time or another, him and Brandy ended their relationship in mid-2003, resulting in the album's delay and several personnel changes.

Brandy eventually decided to scrap most of the project, and instead enlisted Timbaland, with whom the couple had previously worked on Kiley Dean's shelved album Simple Girl, as the album's main contributors. Impressed by Timbaland's input, Brandy rediscovered the musical affection, she had missed on Full Moon and its technical priority. "I made the change because I needed to evolve. I needed to explore my talent and versatility and see if I had another side to me, another sound," she said about collaborating. "I wanted to do my own thing, and I've always wanted to work with Timbaland [...] and see how my voice would sound over his tracks. It was an edgier Brandy, a sassier sound, but still with a lot of heart and a lot of passion." With the help of Timbaland protégés such as Candice Nelson, Steve "Static" Garrett, and co-producer Walter Millsap III the pair worked on what was tentatively titled B-Rocka—a nickname actually given to her by Jerkins—and originally planned for a Christmas 2003 release. Their first collaboration, 1990s tribute "Turn It Up," was leaked onto the internet in autumn 2003, and soon released as a promotional buzz track.

Having concluded additional recording sessions with Warryn Campbell, Theron Feemster and Organized Noise, in November 2003, Atlantic Records announced that Brandy was putting the finishing touches on her still-untitled album, at that time scheduled for a release on March 2, 2004, and she would shoot a music video for the "hyper, bass-heavy" banger "Black Pepper" during the second week of December. However, plans for the single fell through as the Timbaland-produced track was scrapped in favor of a new record: "Talk About Our Love," produced by rapper Kanye West. Both the single and album cut "Where You Wanna Be" were eleventh-hour additions to the album, commissioned by West's manager Geroid Roberson, one of the executive producers on Afrodisiac, who encouraged Brandy to attempt further studio sessions with West. On her decision to work with West, she commented: "Kanye put the finishing touches on the record. The two tracks we did were just what I needed to tie the whole thing together."

Music and lyrics
"It's about passion. It's romantic, and that's where I am in my life right now," Brandy noted during promotional touring in 2004, a time when she was engaged to New York Knicks guard Quentin Richardson. "I'm not trying to be edgy, sassy, romantic, vulnerable or whatever emotions come across, I really am all that", she said. While not a concept record, Afrodisiac features several consistent motifs throughout. It contains several lyrical references to 1990s hip hop and R&B culture figures, including Brandy herself, Timbaland and longtime partner Missy Elliott, her peers Aaliyah and Monica, American music video program Video Soul and its host Donnie Simpson, hip-hop group Kid n' Play and their 1990 film House Party, sketch comedy television series In Living Color, and Tony! Toni! Toné!'s studio album House of Music (1996). Throughout the album, English rock band Coldplay is used in both lyrical and musical concepts. In a 2013 interview, songwriter Candice Nelson discussed that coincidentally, she, Timbaland, and Brandy had all been privately listening to Coldplay's studio album Parachutes (2000).

The general theme of anxiety runs through majority of the songs, with a lyrical focus on being critical of close personal and long-term professional relationships. She references her relationship with Robert Smith ("Who I Am", "I Tried", "Focus"), then-fiancé Quentin Richardson ("Where You Wanna Be", "Say You Will"), friends ("Sadiddy"), family ("Necessary"), career ("Should I Go"), and herself ("Come As You Are", "Finally"). The line "'Cause I don't wanna sound familiar, want a guaranteed single, not an album filler" from "Turn It Up" levels indirect criticism at creative differences with former main producer Jerkins and Atlantic Records staff. On ending track "Should I Go," which interpolates Coldplay's "Clocks", she openly talks about contemplating stepping away from the music business, admitting that she's trying to figure out where she fits in today.

Although Brandy received a sole writing credit on album cut "Finally" only, she noted Afrodisiac the most honest effort of her career yet based on its deeply autobiographical content, commenting: "Everything I do has something to do with what I've gone through in my life [and] I definitely wanted to incorporate that in my art. It makes it more real when you add what's been going on in your life in your music. I've grown and I've gone through some things in my life, and I celebrate that, I honor that." Songwriter Nelson spoke further, saying, "[throughout this album] my thought was 'what's going on in her mind?' I wanted to observe her more than talk to her. First of all, I was starstruck, so I wanted to just watch her, and write from that. She was kind of shocked by what I would write. [Then] I was amazed, because she would take what I wrote and make this rainbow of sounds. She's so brilliant." Soundwise, her collaborator Timbaland spoke of their work on the album in his memoir The Emperor of Sound (2015). In the book, he says: "I always wanted to work with Brandy. She sings like a hummingbird," adding: "She really trusted me and wanted to do whatever I wanted to do. I make something and then play it for her, and she'd go crazy. Then she'd go arrange her vocals and play it for me, and I'd go crazy. That's how we worked."

Opening track "Who I Am", the album's only contribution by Warryn "Baby Dubb" Campbell, was an eleventh-hour addition to the album's final track listing. Built around a pirouetting keyboard melody, the song discusses Brandy's rocky relationship with Smith as well as her public image in open letter form. Second track "Afrodisiac", the album's title track and second international single, was generally well received by critics, and enjoyed moderate success throughout Asia and Europe. Depicting a woman's aphrodisiac affection with a man, it combines elements of pop and dance music, incorporating elements of fellow Timbaland-production "Are You That Somebody?" as performed by Aaliyah. Brandy has declared the song her favorite cut on the record. Alongside "Afrodisiac", third track "Who Is She 2 U" was one of the first songs the singer worked on with Timbaland and his crew. Based around true events, the song describes a woman who is suspicious about her mate's awkward behavior around a seemingly unfamiliar woman. The dramatic up-tempo incorporates chamber pop string melodies and go-go drum programming. An unofficial but prominent duet version of the track featuring vocals by fellow R&B singer Usher was released on various mixtapes in late 2004.

Lead single "Talk About Our Love", the result of additional recording sessions with rapper Kanye West and violinist Miri Ben-Ari, was not composed until late into the production of the album and describes the pressures of other people meddling into relationships. Iron Maiden-sampling "I Tried" is a downbeat midtempo track and ode to British heavy metal band Iron Maiden. It talks about the singer listening to Coldplay's song "Sparks" as she regrets playing the fool for an unfaithful ex-lover. Considered to be released as a single at times, it drew comparisons to Justin Timberlake's "Cry Me a River" in style and music. "Where You Wanna Be", another West production, features a bridge by rapper T.I. and deals with a woman's lover not getting his priorities in order as she is requesting him to make a decision between his friends, his career choices, and her. Brandy chronicles her ups and downs on mid-tempo track "Focus," the album's seventh track, on which she struggles not to let an old habit back in her life. The "ambient soul" song, which Brandy ranked among her favorite tracks on the album, consists of stuttering synths and instrumentation from heavy bass and an electric guitar. Eight track "Sadiddy" is built around a hand-clap-laden synth beat and one of the few up-tempo tracks on the album. It talks about Brandy not being seddity and the consequences of going against her.

Ninth track "Turn It Up" is one of several songs that reference Aaliyah. A 1990s tribute cut that combines elements of old school hip hop with Timbaland's beatboxing instrumentals, the song was the first full-length release preceding the album as a promotional buzz track in fall 2003. Although the song was not released commercially, it appeared on several charts, reaching number two on the Deutsche Urban Charts in Germany. The tenth song, "Necessary", written by Cee Lo Green, discusses Brandy's desire for her hard work to matter to loved ones, and features a syncopated, skipping beat. Eleventh track, the soulful and minimalistic "Say You Will" saw a woman ready to settle down, and urging her mate to join her in a domestic life. "How I Feel", a serene, smoky ballad, features Brandy warning her mate that his busy life was slowly pushing her away. The song was blend of the adult-oriented urban pop of her former albums, and the more ambient, bluesy work she was dabbling with. "Should I Go", based upon Coldplay's song "Clocks", is built on percussive beats, syncopated handclaps and a piano riff. Lyrically, Brandy as the protagonist openly talks about contemplating stepping away from the music business, admitting that she's trying to figure out where she fits in today.

Release and promotion
Afrodisiac was released in the United States on June 29, 2004 by Atlantic Records; its limited edition with three bonus tracks was released exclusively in France on October 18 by East West Records. Promotion for Afrodisiac first began with a massive media event in Montego Bay, Jamaica, where the album was previewed to a hand-picked list of journalists at a press launch held in the Royal Pavilion of the Half Moon Hotel. Promotional touring for the album started on May 23, 2004 with a series major national television appearances, highlighted by performances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 13, NBC's Today show as part of their outdoor Toyota Concert Series on July 16, and ABC's The View on July 19. Brandy also performed on both CBS's The Late Late Show and the syndicated On-Air with Ryan Seacrest on July 14. Outside the United States, she made appearances on Top of the Pops and Anke Late Night, where she performed a rendition of Whitney Houston's "One Moment in Time" in the form of a coffee commercial.

Additionally, Brandy was seen in a host of special programming airing on music television networks BET, MTV, VH1, and Fuse. The album's arrival in stores was celebrated with an appearance as a presenter at the 2004 BET Awards, preceded by a special live performance on 106 & Park. On July 1, she headed to New York City for appearances on MTV's TRL and Fuse's Daily Download. In addition, tracks from Afrodisiac were streamed over one million times via MTV.com's The Leak in the week preceding the album's release. Online, Brandy was introduced as the LAUNCHcast Artist of the Month for July 2004. The promotion included exclusive interviews and performances as well as contests to win live video chats with her. The "Talk About Our Love" online campaign kicked off with an AOL First Listen premiere, and Brandy was AOL's "Artist of the Month" for June 2004. Her Sessions@AOL performance debuted on the service in July.

Singles
Excluding the buzz track "Turn It Up" released in November 2003, Afrodisiac produced three official singles. "Talk About Our Love" was released as the album's lead single on March 28, 2004. While the song was critically appreciated, it achieved mediocre commercial success worldwide—peaking only at number 36 on the US Billboard Hot 100—but managed to reach the top ten on the UK Singles Chart and the US Hot Singles Sales.

In North America, "Who Is She 2 U" was released as the album's second and final single. Suffering from low airplay, the song never made it out of the lower half of the Billboard Hot 100 and emerged as one of Brandy's lowest-charting singles, peaking at number 85. In March 2005, the song also received a limited release in Europe to promote the release of her first greatest hits album The Best of Brandy (2005), but failed to chart or sell noticeably, reaching only number 50 on the UK Singles Chart.

Outside the United States, the title track served as the album's second single. Released to greater success than "Talk About Our Love" in almost all the countries it was released in, the song reached number eleven in the United Kingdom and made it to top thirty in France and Ireland. Plans for a fourth single, including contender "I Tried", failed to materialize.

Critical reception
Afrodisiac became her best-received album at the time of its release, averaging 73 out of 100 among averaged reviews on Metacritic. Andy Kellman of AllMusic gave the album four out of five stars and praised it as "Brandy's fourth consecutive durable showing, [...] stocked with a number of spectacular—and emotionally resonant—singles that wind up making for her most accomplished set yet." David Browne of Entertainment Weekly gave the album an A− rating, calling it "Brandy's meatiest album to date," and ranked it sixth on his personal year-end top ten list. He found special approval for Timbaland, "who produced most of the disc, turns up the bass, the volume, and the tension whenever he can, bolstering her less-than-commanding, down-pillow-soft voice." Rolling Stone writer James Hunter, like both Kellman and Browne, compared the album to "Janet Jackson at her best: She's a pop star, but she's making the most of her big studio budgets and is following her muse." He described the set as "mainstream soul with eccentric details and shadings" and gave the album four stars out of five.

Vibe writer Laura Checkoway gave Afrodisiac three and a half out of five stars and noted it as "a far cry from the pleasing pubescent fluff of her formative years", and although she felt that "Brandy's sultry alto drowns on some songs", she acknowledged that "while Brandy's musical liaison with Timbaland is what some people might call a match made in heaven, it's her crazy, sexy, cool revival that's the true bliss of this fourth coming." Steve Jones from USA Today gave the album a three out of four stars rating, and commented: "Timbaland provides her with plenty of funk-infused beats to groove to [and] while a few of the tracks are a bit pedestrian, Brandy is still seductive more often that not." Ben Sisario, who wrote for Blender and gave the album three out of five stars, summed the album as "an episode of her growing-pains TV show Moesha: This week, our honey-voiced heroine sheds her girlishness, sexing up to become 'a woman, a passionate woman'," referring to its lyrical makeover. He called non-Timbaland productions like "Talk About Our Love" and "Say You Will" the highlights of the album. In 2012, amid the release of Norwood's sixth studio album Two Eleven, Noah Berlatsky of The Atlantic called Afrodisiac "the best album of Brandy's career and one of the greatest R&B albums of the last 25 years."

Year-end rankings
Afrodisiac was named the fourth best album of 2004 by Slant Magazine. The publication's editor Sal Cinquemani called it "a devastating yet confident break-up album [and] extraordinarily personal, often heart-wrenching R&B record." David Browne from Entertainment Weekly ranked the album sixth on his "Best of 2004 Music" top ten list and remarked that "Brandy remains the queen of the R&B murmur but the producers, especially the ever-inventive Timbaland, compensate with dramatic, rumbly, off-kilter beats and tones that add gravitas to this rueful ex-teen star. Everything — the rhythms, the mopey songs, Brandy's delivery — simmers, but ferociously." The album finished eighth on Nekesa Mumbi Moody's "10 best albums" list for Associated Press. She wrote that Afrodisiac "was surely [Brandy's] best. From the tell-all, autobiographical themes to the hypnotic beats, this album captures your attention from the first note and refuses to be ignored." Rolling Stone listed Afrodisiac within their "Top 50 Records of 2004" list, and dubbed it "not only her best but also the year's outstanding R&B disc."

Commercial performance
Afrodisiac debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200—behind Lloyd Banks' The Hunger for More and Usher's Confessions—and at number four on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, selling 131,700 copies in its first week. Though sales soon declined and the album fell short off the upper half of the Billboard 200 in its eighth week, it was eventually certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 500,000 copies, including actual sales of 417,000 copies.

Internationally, Afrodisiac failed to reach the top thirty on all of the charts it appeared on except for Japan and Switzerland, where it managed to debut at numbers ten and 26, respectively. In the United Kingdom, the album was awarded a silver certification by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on September 24, 2004, for selling 60,000 copies.

Impact and legacy
Despite its critical success, the album was largely seen as a commercial disappointment compared to Brandy's previous studio albums, due to the less-than-expected performance of its singles and the album itself. Both Brandy and Timbaland later expressed frustration with the album, citing label interference with the creative process, politics, and mismanagement for the album's performance. After failing to properly secure a joint-headlining tour with Usher, Brandy asked for and received an unconditional release from Atlantic Records in October 2004, citing her wish "to move on" as the main reason for her decision. Completing her contract with the label, a greatest hits album titled The Best of Brandy was released in March 2005. Released without any new material, it reached the top thirty in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, where the collection was appreciated by contemporary critics who noted the creativity of Brandy's back catalog. Andy Kellman of AllMusic expressed: "This set, unlike so many other anthologies from her contemporaries, hardly confirms dwindling creativity or popularity." Thereupon, she reportedly began shopping a new record deal under the auspices of Knockout Entertainment, her brother Ray J's vanity label.

Although not initially receiving public and commercial praise until years after its release, the album is widely revered by critics, musicians, audiences. Serving as an inspiration for other artists, Afrodisiac has been credited as one of a precursors to the PBR&B subgenre. In a 2014 music and fashion conversation with NPR, singer and model Solange discussed the album, saying "Brandy is really the foundation of a lot of this very innovative, progressive, experimental R&B. Brandy really influenced a lot of that. Frank Ocean will say it. Miguel will say it." Barbadian singer Rihanna revealed in an interview with Entertainment Weekly that her third studio album Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) was primarily influenced by Afrodisiac, stating: "Brandy's album really helped to inspire, because that album I listen to all day, all night when I was in the studio [...] I really admired that every song was a great song." Rock musician John Frusciante, guitarist of the rock group Red Hot Chili Peppers, mentioned that Brandy and the album were the "main inspiration" behind the guitar work on the Red Hot Chili Peppers' Grammy Award-winning album Stadium Arcadium (2006). In 2008, singer Beyoncé chose the album cut "Focus" for her personal music playlist on iTunes, citing her love for the lyrics, as well as Brandy's voice and vocal arrangements. Hip hop producer Hit-Boy has often lauded the album as an influence on his work via his social media outlets. Singer Nivea interpolated the song "I Tried" on her song "Love Hurts" (2010).

Track listing
Notes
 * undefined signifies a co-producer
 * undefined signifies a vocal producer

Sample credits
 * "Who Is She 2 U" contains a sample of Jacqueline Hilliard's "Instant Love" (1968)
 * "Talk About Our Love" contains a sample of Mandrill's "Gilly Hines" (1977) from the album We Are One
 * "I Tried" contains a sample of Iron Maiden's "The Clansman" (1998), and Coldplay's "Sparks" (2000)
 * "Where You Wanna Be" contains a sample of Janis Ian's "Jesse" (1974)
 * "Finally" contains a sample of Hans Zimmer's "Rock House Jail" from The Rock soundtrack (1996)
 * "Should I Go" contains a sample of Coldplay's "Clocks" (2002)
 * "Nodding Off" contains a sample of Sunny Deol & Amrita Singh's "Ek Din Jab Hum Jawaan Hongay" (1983)

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Afrodisiac.

 * Liz Barrett – art direction
 * Miri Ben-Ari – violin
 * Parris Bowens – keyboard
 * Bruce Buechner – engineer
 * Jo Ann Campbell – backing vocals
 * Demacio Castellon – engineering assistant
 * Ricky Chao – engineering assistant
 * Sean Davis – engineer
 * Jimmy Douglass – engineer, mixing
 * Blake English – engineer
 * Roger Ericson – photography
 * Bruce Fowler – conduction
 * Brian Gardner – mastering
 * Steve "Static" Garrett – backing vocals
 * Chris Gehringer – mastering
 * Nick Glennie-Smith – conduction
 * Larry Gold – conduction
 * Don Harper – conduction
 * Mike Hartnett – guitar
 * Jermeal Hicks – engineering assistant
 * Kenny Hicks – vocal producer
 * Keenan "Kee Note" Holloway – bass guitar
 * Jun Ishizeki – engineer
 * Glenn S. Jeffrey – guitar
 * Cha Cha Jones – engineer
 * Kyambo Joshua – executive producer
 * Craig Kallman – executive producer
 * Dave Lopez – mixing
 * Manny Marroquin – mixing
 * George "Spanky" McCurdy – percussion
 * Peter Mokran – mixing
 * Tim Mosley – backing vocals, mixing
 * Brandy Norwood – executive producer, lead vocals, vocal producer
 * Julian Peploe – design
 * DeMonica Plummer – conduction
 * Ervin Pope – keyboard
 * Kenisha Pratt – backing vocals
 * Kenneth Pratt – backing vocals
 * Halsey Quemere – engineering assistant
 * Dave Robbins – keyboard
 * Gee Roberson – executive producer
 * Shorty B. – bass guitar
 * Eugene Toale – engineer
 * Thaddeus T. Tribbett – bass guitar
 * Eric Walls – guitar

title: Afrodisiac (Brandy album)


text:
Vergangenheitsbewältigung

Vergangenheitsbewältigung (, "struggle of overcoming the past" or "work of coping with the past") is a German compound noun describing processes that since the later 20th century have become key in the study of post-1945 German literature, society, and culture.

The German Duden lexicon defines Vergangenheitsbewältigung as "public debate within a country on a problematic period of its recent history—in Germany on National Socialism, in particular" —where "problematic" refers to traumatic events that raise sensitive questions of collective culpability. In Germany, the word originally referred to anger and remorse about the war crimes of the Wehrmacht, the Holocaust, and related events of the early and mid-20th century, including World War II. In the sense of a quest for a new German identity, the word can refer to the psychological process of denazification.

After the reunification of 1990 (the accession of the former German Democratic Republic into the current Federal Republic of Germany) and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Vergangenheitsbewältigung also referred to coming to terms with East German Communism.

Historical development
Vergangenheitsbewältigung describes the attempt to analyze, digest and learn to live with the past, in particular the Holocaust. The focus on learning is much in the spirit of philosopher George Santayana's oft-quoted observation that "those who forget the past are condemned to repeat it". It is a technical term also used in English that was coined after 1945 in West Germany, relating specifically to the atrocities committed in Nazi Germany, and to both historical and contemporary concerns about the extensive degree to which Nazism compromised and co-opted many German cultural, religious, and political institutions. The term therefore deals at once with the concrete responsibility of the German state (West Germany assumed the legal obligations of the Reich) and of individual Germans for what took place "under Hitler", and with questions about the roots of legitimacy in a society whose development of the Enlightenment collapsed in the face of Nazi ideology.

After denazification
Historically, Vergangenheitsbewältigung often is seen as the logical "next step" after a denazification drive under both the Allied Occupation and by the Christian Democratic Union government of Konrad Adenauer, and began in the late 1950s and early 1960s, roughly the period in which the work of the Wiederaufbau (reconstruction) became less absorbing and urgent. Having replaced the institutions and power structures of Nazism, the aim of liberal Germans was to deal with the guilt of recent history. Vergangenheitsbewältigung is marked by learning from the past in ways such as honestly admitting that such a past did indeed exist, attempting to remedy as far as possible the wrongs committed, and attempting to move on from that past.

Religion and education
The German churches, of which only a minority played a significant role in the resistance to Nazism, have led the way in this process. They have notably developed a unique German postwar theology of repentance. At the regular mass church rallies, the Lutheran Kirchentag and the Catholic Katholikentag, for example, have developed this theme as a leitmotiv of Christian youth.

Vergangenheitsbewältigung has been expressed by the society through its schools, where in most German states the centrally-written curriculum provides each child with repeated lessons on different aspects of Nazism in German history, politics and religion classes from the fifth grade onwards, related to their maturity. Associated school trips may have destinations of concentration camps. Jewish Holocaust survivors are often invited to schools as guest speakers, though the passage of time limits these opportunities as their generation has aged.

Philosophy
In philosophy, Theodor Adorno's writings include the lecture "Was bedeutet: Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit?" ("What is meant by 'working through the past'?"), a subject related to his thinking of "after Auschwitz" in his later work. He delivered the lecture on 9 November 1959 at a conference on education held in Wiesbaden. Writing in the context of a new wave of antisemitic attacks against synagogues and Jewish community institutions occurring in West Germany at that time, Adorno rejected the contemporary catch phrase "working through the past" as misleading. He argued that it masked a denial, rather than signifying the kind of critical self-reflection that Freudian theory called for in order to "come to terms" with the past.

Adorno's lecture is often seen as consisting in part of a variably implicit and explicit critique of the work of Martin Heidegger, whose formal ties to the Nazi Party are well known. Heidegger had attempted to provide a historical conception of Germania as a philosophical notion of German origin and destiny (later he would speak of "the West"). Alexander García Düttmann's ''Das Gedächtnis des Denkens. Versuch über Heidegger und Adorno (The Memory of Thought: An Essay on Heidegger and Adorno'', translated by Nicholas Walker) attempts to treat the philosophical value of these seemingly opposed and certainly incompatible terms "Auschwitz" and "Germania" in the philosophy of both men.

Culture
In the cultural sphere, the term Vergangenheitsbewältigung is associated with a movement in German literature whose notable authors include Günter Grass and Siegfried Lenz. Lenz's novel Deutschstunde and Grass's Danziger Trilogie both deal with childhoods under Nazism.

The erection of public monuments to Holocaust victims has been a tangible commemoration of Germany's Vergangenheitsbewältigung. Concentration camps, such as Dachau, Buchenwald, Bergen-Belsen and Flossenbürg, are open to visitors as memorials and museums. Most towns have plaques on walls marking the spots where particular atrocities took place.

When the seat of government was moved from Bonn to Berlin in 1999, an extensive "Holocaust memorial", designed by architect Peter Eisenman, was planned as part of the extensive development of new official buildings in the district of Berlin-Mitte; it was opened on 10 May 2005. The informal name of this memorial, the Holocaust-Mahnmal, is significant. It does not translate easily: "Holocaust Cenotaph" would be one sense, but the noun Mahnmal, which is distinct from the term Denkmal (typically used to translate "memorial") carries the sense of "admonition", "urging", "appeal", or "warning", rather than "remembrance" as such. The work is formally known as Das Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas (English translation, "The Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe"). Some controversy attaches to it precisely because of this formal name and its exclusive emphasis on Jewish victims. As Eisenman acknowledged at the opening ceremony, "It is clear that we won't have solved all the problems – architecture is not a panacea for evil – nor will we have satisfied all those present today, but this cannot have been our intention."

Actions of other European countries
In Austria, ongoing arguments about the nature and significance of the Anschluss, and unresolved disputes about legal expressions of obligation and liability, have led to very different concerns, and to a far less institutionalized response by the government. Since the late 20th century, observers and analysts have expressed concerns about the ascent of "Haiderism".

Poland has maintained a museum, archive, and research institute at Oświęcim (Auschwitz) ever since a 2 July 1947 act of the Polish Parliament. In the same year, Czechoslovakia established what was known as the "National Suffering Memorial" and later as the Terezín memorial in Terezín, Czech Republic. This site during the Holocaust was known as the concentration camp of Theresienstadt. In the context of varying degrees of Communist orthodoxy in both countries during the period of Soviet domination of Eastern Europe through much of the late 20th century, historical research into the Holocaust was politicized to varying degrees. Marxist doctrines of class struggle were often overlaid onto generally received histories, which tended to exclude both acts of collaboration and antisemitism in these nations.

The advance of the Einsatzgruppen, Aktion Reinhardt, and many other significant events in the Holocaust occurred in German-occupied Europe, outside the present-day borders of the Federal Republic. The history of the memorials and archives which have been erected at these sites in eastern Europe is associated with the Communist regimes that ruled these areas for more than four decades after World War II. The Nazis promoted an idea of an expansive German nation extending into territories where ethnic Germans had previously settled. They invaded and controlled much of Central and Eastern Europe, unleashing violence against various Slavic groups, as well as Jews, Communists, prisoners of war, etc. After the war, the eastern European nations expelled German settlers as well as long settled ethnic Germans (the Volksdeutsche) as a reaction to Nazi Germany's attempt to claim the eastern lands on behalf of ethnic Germans.

Analogous processes elsewhere
In some of its aspects, Vergangenheitsbewältigung can be compared to the attempts of other democratic countries to raise consciousness and come to terms with earlier periods of governmental and insurgency abuses, such as the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which investigated human rights abuses by both the National Party Government in South Africa under apartheid and by senior members of the African National Congress including Winnie Mandela and by the ANC's paramilitary wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe.

Comparisons have been made with the Soviet process of glasnost and perestroika, though this was less focused on the past than achieving a level of open criticism necessary for progressive reform to take place.

It was widely assumed during this time that the Communist Party of the Soviet Union would maintain its monopoly on power. American journalist David Remnick has argued that once Memorial was founded by former Soviet dissidents in 1987 and began independently researching and publicizing accurate historical information about Soviet war crimes and the location of mass graves containing the victims of the Red Terror, Stalinism, and the Gulag; the clock began ticking on the continued survival of the Communist system.

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the continuing efforts in nations of eastern Europe and the independent states of the former Soviet Union to research and publicize the Communist and Stalinist past, as well as its countless human rights abuses, is sometimes referred to as a post-communist equivalent to Vergangenheitsbewältigung.

The well-documented history of Japanese war crimes, both before and during World War II is something the then-future Emperor Naruhito expressed his concerns about in February 2015, regarding how accurately such events are remembered in 21st century Japan.

title: Vergangenheitsbewältigung


text:
Talk:List of cities in Ukraine by subdivision

Thanks to whoever added all the Ukrainian names. I think I've found some typos and misspellings. Here's my tentative list of mistakes, with "." where the name is currently correct. Please go through and correct anything I've got wrong.

I've used the Ukrainian National system for Romanization of Ukrainian. In many cases, the mistake is just a missing apostrophe, for soft sign (e.g. Ternopil'). I'm not sure that it's always appropriate, as in the case of towns that have different names that are well-established in English-language usage.

When it looks good, I'll update the main page, and correct or redirect any links that are necessary. —Michael Z. 17:33, 2004 Oct 3 (UTC)

 * It's been here a week, so I'll now transfer these changes to the article. —Michael Z. 04:14, 2004 Oct 11 (UTC)

 * Sorry Michael. I forgot my promise to proofread those, so I did it on the article. More coming soon after I study your Romanization more thoroughly. Забудькуватий стаю... AlexPU

 * No problem, Alex. The end result just keeps improving.  But as long as you're reading this, would you have a look at the proposed infobox format?  Cheers.  —Michael Z. 20:09, 2004 Oct 11 (UTC)

 * Kharkivs'ka oblast'
 * . Ізюм
 * Khersons'ka oblast'
 * Khmel'nyts'ka oblast'
 * Khmel'nyts'kyi
 * Kamyanets'-Podils'kyi
 * Dnipropetrovs'ka oblast'
 * Dniprodzerzhyns'k
 * Kryvyi Rih
 * Marhanets'
 * Nikopol'
 * Donets'ka oblast'
 * Druzhkivka
 * Yenakiieve (Єнакієве)
 * Kostiantynivka
 * Kramators'k
 * Krasnoarmiis'k
 * Makiivka
 * Mariupol'
 * Slov"ians'k (Слов'янськ)
 * Ivano-Frankivs'ka oblast'
 * . (Івано-Франківськ)
 * Kolomyia
 * Kirovohrads'ka oblast'
 * Oleksandrivka
 * Autonomous Republic of Crimea
 * Feodosiia
 * . (Євпаторія)
 * Sevastopol'
 * Simferopol'
 * Kyivs'ka oblast'
 * Chornobyl'
 * Luhans'ka oblast'
 * Brianka
 * Kadiivka
 * Krasnyi Luch
 * Sieverodonets'k (Сєверодонецьк)
 * L'vivs'ka oblast'
 * Stryi
 * Mykolayivs'ka oblast'
 * Mykolaiv
 * Odes'ka oblast'
 * Illichevs'k (Іллічeвськ)
 * Bilhorod-Dnistrovs'kyi
 * Izmail (Ізмаїл)
 * Poltavs'ka oblast'
 * Rivnens'ka oblast'
 * Zaporiz'ka oblast'
 * Berdians'k
 * Melitopol'
 * Zaporizhzhia
 * Zhytomyrs'ka oblast'
 * Korosten'
 * Novohrad-Volyns'kyi
 * Sums'ka oblast'
 * Ternopil's'ka oblast'
 * Ternopil'
 * Cherkas'ka oblast'
 * Uman'
 * Chernihivs'ka oblast'
 * Chernivets'ka oblast'
 * Volyns'ka oblast'
 * Kovel'
 * Novovolyns'k
 * Volodymyr-Volynskyi
 * Zakarpats'ka oblast'
 * Vinnyts'ka oblast'
 * Vinnytsia
 * Mykolaiv
 * Odes'ka oblast'
 * Illichevs'k (Іллічeвськ)
 * Bilhorod-Dnistrovs'kyi
 * Izmail (Ізмаїл)
 * Poltavs'ka oblast'
 * Rivnens'ka oblast'
 * Zaporiz'ka oblast'
 * Berdians'k
 * Melitopol'
 * Zaporizhzhia
 * Zhytomyrs'ka oblast'
 * Korosten'
 * Novohrad-Volyns'kyi
 * Sums'ka oblast'
 * Ternopil's'ka oblast'
 * Ternopil'
 * Cherkas'ka oblast'
 * Uman'
 * Chernihivs'ka oblast'
 * Chernivets'ka oblast'
 * Volyns'ka oblast'
 * Kovel'
 * Novovolyns'k
 * Volodymyr-Volynskyi
 * Zakarpats'ka oblast'
 * Vinnyts'ka oblast'
 * Vinnytsia
 * Cherkas'ka oblast'
 * Uman'
 * Chernihivs'ka oblast'
 * Chernivets'ka oblast'
 * Volyns'ka oblast'
 * Kovel'
 * Novovolyns'k
 * Volodymyr-Volynskyi
 * Zakarpats'ka oblast'
 * Vinnyts'ka oblast'
 * Vinnytsia
 * Kovel'
 * Novovolyns'k
 * Volodymyr-Volynskyi
 * Zakarpats'ka oblast'
 * Vinnyts'ka oblast'
 * Vinnytsia
 * Vinnyts'ka oblast'
 * Vinnytsia
 * Vinnyts'ka oblast'
 * Vinnytsia

If someone knows a city in Ukraine named Tyachiv, Tyachev or something similar, please tell me how it's spelled, 'cause it's listed as a twin town of Kazincbarcika, Hungary on Kazincbarcika's site and I wanted to add the info to the List of twin towns and sister cities article. Alensha 23:50, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I copied the Ukrainian spelling Чоп from the Ukrainian page. Could somebody be so kind and change it to the code that is used on this page? Thank you! I also would appreciate if somebody would add some information and wiki layout to the article Chop, Ukraine. 84.191.147.157 19:52, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Kiev-Sviatoshyn district
Somebody please explain what did you mean by the following passage

 * ...and Kiev-Sviatoshyn district (rayon)

and we'll decide how to rephrase it to remove ambiguity. Best wishes, AlexPU 20:22, 14 November 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Marcie

Hello and Welcome
I'm back. This page has gotten fairly long, as I have been doing wikipedia for a long time, but on and off (not that many edits). I finally remembered what the password was to this account (as opposed to Athena18 which I only used a couple of times in the past) so I'm using this. As to changes in who I am and how I write, I think that they will become visible over time.

The articles look similar but if standards have changed or there is a preferred way to do something please let me know.

Question: What is the best way of editing a user's page. I'm not sure if I should archive some of it and then write it as I would now, or if I should just keep it all and just keep adding?Marcie (talk) 20:33, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

Articles I have worked on (including one's from before 2009) Medicare (Canada)

Abortion in Canada

Abortion

Therapeutic Abortion Committee

Abortion in the United States

Roe v. Wade

Politics of Canada

Canadian federal election, 1993

Indefinite imprisonment

Canada elections

Canadian electoral system Marcie (talk) 00:33, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

Pre 2009
I am now using the alias athena18

The last time I was active on Wikipedia was in 2005 from what the history is telling me. I believe however I edited a few pages on the Politics of Canada in early 2006.

I no longer have the password to login in this name. The email address does not exist any longer either, as I have changed servers.

However I am aware that I could have solved. The main reason I am using a new user name is to differentiate between my very early writing and the writing that I am doing now (2007 and forward). As time moves on we all grow and change. Additionally it will take a little while before I'm back up to speed on all of the Wiki style. I don't want to give the impression I don't care about it. I am doing it as I remember it, but it has been a long time.

If this is an issue, and for further discussion please go to Athena18. This is the alias that I will be using from now on (Aug 2007) unless this is considered a big issue or is breaking the rules (I have seen a couple of others doing the same so I am moving on the assumption that it isn't (as long as this is openly made clear.Athena18 18:55, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Small autobiography and introduction
I have many loves and interests. Most of what i've been currently worked on has come from my interest in women's studies and health care, however i also have many other interests including politics internationally and Canadian politics, feminism, Disability Activism and Poverty Activism.I also love going to see theatre especially the less established spots that show material that would not make it in the "safe" theatres because it is too risky. I also like some Musicals. I got to see Rent a while ago and i loved it. I'm currently slowly getting involved in a GLBT theatre group in her city.

My interest in politics will mean I'm going to be following the news quite a bit in Canada because we currently have a minority government. As i already follow the news closely its going to be a busy time. I have a (Honours) B.A. in Political Science with a minor in Women's studies. I concentrated on Canadian political science, Comparative political science (especially on social programs and social movements) and Women in politics generally. Near the end of my degree i tried to do as much work on topics of disability as would fit into the courses i was taking.

I'm a member of the NDP although so far i mostly work elections and do social activism between elections. I'm also a Pagan Jew, Pagan religiously mostly but you always still stay Jewish. Or at least i do ethnically. Nobody in the Pagan community minds or cares...they all come from different backgrounds too (there are a few folks that have been raised as Pagans but not very many yet, so most of us come from somewhere else)

I'm currently not working in my field and i find it frustrating to have learned stuff and not get to use it and not having the ability to share what i learned. So i started working on pages here figuring i could put my education to some public good use of course i'm likely overstating what my contributions are worth:-).

I also have a style of constitently using lower a case "i" except at the beginning of sentences. I picked the idea up from several places over the years including e.e. cummings. Some crime book i was reading was trying to say it had to do with low self esteem...well not in my case anyway. But its a mannerism so i thought i'd comment (my spellchecker hates it, i keep in the spellchecker for when i'm writing stuff where it matters).

This is not a full list...it's the stuff i've done most of my work on...if you are wondering why so much on abortion...i think i stumbled on the topic here when i was learning about editing and a NPOV....it was used as an example. I am a feminist and the pages needed a lot of work (especially the Abortion in Canada page which has come along nicely with the work of a lot of people since then. Of course often my work has meant work for other folks, especially in the beginning when trying to learn the edit style and NPOV approach, realizing i could run all the text i'd written through a word processor for typo's and spelling (i did run individual words but never thought of it as a way to type edit) and being taught that footnotes on exactly where this or that came from are not importantas long as you are not copying the article just say taking a statistic (for example). Academic habits are hard to loosen.

As an idea of how Women's Studies can be different when people were proofing there was usually one area where it got interesting for them (especially when it was someone i was dating and not for long) was when they came across the use of the word "I" in my papers. Traditionally of course you don't use it, and people point it out as an error where you've slipped....except that you do in most Women's Studies courses (to indicate that everyone comes from some place and has a position...one of the ways that women's studies criticizes some of the current work out there). And then there were the inbetween courses. Over time i got a good idea how it worked...but it took proofers sometimes a while to get used to it.

For Those with Learning Disabilities or Who Are Just Curious
I would also like to add in that i have a few Learning Disabilities. Most don't make a hell of a lot of difference here, but i do have some difficulties "seeing" the text as well as i could with a printer, and mine broke and i currently don't have the money to replace it. Even then, when i was in almost all of the time someone would proof my stuff. So please try and be patient with me or come up with suggestions that help (the person who suggested i should just run my stuff through a spell checker for typos and spelling is someone i'm very grateful to...its cut down on complaints quite a bit). If you are out there and you have a Learning Disability don't let other people tell you what you can and can't do. Tests can give you apptitute ideas and show where disabilities are but you can still work around them. I was once told i wasn't likely to get past grade 11 academic math, and i made it to first year Calculus (and through it). I could get the theories but i was bad with the algebra (so the test did show some stuff and in actual alegbra courses i was terrible).I tried to get my preuniversity algebra course (up here it likely was between a high school and a first year course if you are in the US). I sucked at it, and it effected my ability to do Calculus as well. But i had grade 12 physics and had i decided to go ahead in science i wasn't all that far behind (my university already offered courses for those missing those course), and i knew that when i applied. I still hadn't decided for sure between biology and and social science but i knew social science was more likely. In my case though to get the extra credits would have been much cheaper to just pick them up in night school for high schol students. However i was good at Calculus theory a fair bit of the time and understood as much as my friend who was getting an A-. So you never know.

If you are in university fight for your rights. They are important. Find out what they are...they can vary from school to school and province and state. You are worth it!

Even if you aren't in university its important to make sure you get a fair accomodation that put you on a level playing field whenever possible. For example if i wrote the test that civil servants do here i would make sure that i had accomodations on it that were appropriate (and the civil service has a bunch of folks who work doing just that---figuring out what is appropriate). Alas i'm not much interested in the civil service but its a good example.

Don't be too senstive not to take suggestions though. The best one i got was from a second year prof on a free program the university had on helping students write good papers. It helped me enourmously in the 4 months i spent going once a week in learning how to write a paper. On the other hand the biology prof who told me i should go back to high school if i couldn't handle university when discussing accomodations was ignored. I found out what type of tests it was (not hard to guess its likely multiple choice when the class is larger than 200, and at the time did not need accomodation for that [i would later for my ADD] (about 20 people had to appeal it over his head). Ms. go back to high school got a B+ on the course (and was already on the way to one which made it doubly annoying).

Articles I've worked on
I've worked on the following articles (i've also worked on some other stuff...this is the stuff i choose to list at the moment...)

Medicare (Canada)

Abortion in Canada

Abortion

Therapeutic Abortion Committee

Abortion in the United States

Roe v. Wade

Politics of Canada

title: User:Marcie


text: Talk:The Jerky Boys 3

title: Talk:The Jerky Boys 3


text: File:Jerky Boys 3.jpg

title: File:Jerky Boys 3.jpg


text:
Fuel cell (disambiguation)

Fuel cell may refer to:
 * Fuel cell, an electrochemical device
 * Racing fuel cell, a gasoline tank with baffles that prevent sloshing typically found in a race vehicle, but also on some street vehicles.
 * Stanley Meyer's water fuel cell, a fraudulent device for allegedly powering a car from water
 * An aircraft fuel tank (see Fuel tank)

title: Fuel cell (disambiguation)


text: Category:Jerky Boys albums

title: Category:Jerky Boys albums


text: Category:Prank call albums

title: Category:Prank call albums


text:
The Jerky Boys 3

Jerky Boys 3 is the third comedy album by prank call artists, the Jerky Boys. The album was released on August 20, 1996, and was the first Jerky Boys album released on the Mercury Records label.

Track listing

 * 1) "Santa's Delivery – Frank Rizzo" (1:09)
 * 2) "Lawn Equipment Debate – Sol Rosenberg" (2:18)
 * 3) "Balloon Rides – Frank Rizzo" (2:07)
 * 4) "The Dresser – Kissel" (1:11)
 * 5) "Silly Food – Frank Rizzo" (1:12)
 * 6) "Sol's Chainsaw Shock – Sol Rosenberg" (1:13)
 * 7) "Stop That – Tarbash" (2:35)
 * 8) "Chainsaw Shock, Pt. 2 – Sol Rosenberg" (2:22)
 * 9) "Tandem Bicycles – Jack Tor s" (1:39)
 * 10) "Safety Gates – Frank Rizzo" (3:30)
 * 11) "Bamm! – Curly G." (1:29)
 * 12) "Facelift Without Surgery – Jack Tor s" (1:35)
 * 13) "Lawnmower Sale – Big Ole' Bad Ass Bob the Cattle Rustler" (2:46)
 * 14) "Tarbash's New Shoes – Tarbash" (1:39)
 * 15) "Signin' – Rosine" (2:38)
 * 16) "No! – Mike Derucki" (:25)
 * 17) "Sol's Civil War Memorabilia – Sol Rosenberg" (3:46)
 * 18) "Civil War Memorabilia, Pt. 2 – Sol Rosenberg" (2:07)
 * 19) "Bad Tomatoes – Nikos" (1:23)
 * 20) "Florida, The Tropical State – Jack Tor s" (3:32)
 * 21) "TV Repair – Kissel/Pico" (2:35)
 * 22) "1-800-How's My Driving? – Frank Rizzo" (2:38)
 * 23) "Bad Ass Massage – Big Ole' Bad Ass Bob the Cattle Rustler" (2:36)
 * 24) "Paradise – Jack Tor s" (1:27)
 * 25) "Body Building – Frank Rizzo" (3:31)
 * 26) "Kissel Crooner – Kissel" (1:46)
 * 27) "Angry Camper's Dad – Frank Rizzo" (1:49)
 * 28) "Bird Feed – Sol Rosenberg" (3:33)
 * 29) "New Awnings – Mike Derucki" (3:57)

title: The Jerky Boys 3