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Dislocation (syntax)

In syntax, dislocation is a sentence structure in which a constituent, which could otherwise be either an argument or an adjunct of the clause, occurs outside the clause boundaries either to its left or to its right. In this English example They went to the store, Mary and Peter the dislocation occurs to the right.

The dislocated element is often separated by a pause (comma in writing) from the rest of the sentence. Its place within the clause is often occupied by a pronoun (e.g. they).

There are two types of dislocation: right dislocation, in which the constituent is postponed (as in the above example), or a left dislocation, in which it is advanced. Right dislocation often occurs with a clarifying afterthought: They went to the store is a coherent sentence, but Mary and Peter is added afterward to clarify exactly who they are. By contrast, left dislocation is like clefting: it can be used to emphasize or define a topic. For example, the sentence This little girl, the dog bit her has the same meaning as The dog bit this little girl but it emphasizes that the little girl (and not the dog) is the topic of interest. One might expect the next sentence to be The little girl needs to see a doctor, rather than The dog needs to be leashed. This type of dislocation is a feature of topic-prominent languages.

In French
Informal spoken French uses right dislocation very naturally and extensively, to detach semantic information from the grammatical information. Whereas a French news article would likely translate The dog bit the little girl as Le chien a mordu la petite fille (lit. "The dog has bitten the little girl"), in everyday speech one might hear Il l'a mordue, le chien, la petite fille (lit. "It has bitten her, the dog, the little girl"), in which both le chien ("the dog") and la petite fille ("the little girl") have been dislocated to the right and replaced by pronouns within the clause. This phenomenon was first studied in French by linguist Joseph Vendryes.

It has been proposed that informal spoken French can be analyzed as having polypersonal agreement; that is, the various (mostly clitic) pronouns surrounding the verb can be viewed as inflections on the verb that agree in person, number, and sometimes gender with its various arguments.

Author Raymond Queneau, whose favourite example of dislocation in French was L'a-t-il jamais attrapé, le gendarme, son voleur ? ("Has he ever caught him, the policeman, his thief?"), has been inspired to write many articles such as Connaissez-vous le Chinook ? ("Do you know Chinookan?"). According to Queneau, right dislocation in Chinookan is commonplace.

In Cantonese
Colloquial Cantonese often uses right dislocation when afterthoughts occur after completing a sentence. Because it is a pro-drop language, no pronoun is used when a subject is dislocated, leading to an appearance of changed word order. For instance, the normal word order is subject–verb–object (SVO):

Dislocation can result in the appearance of verb–object–subject (VOS) word order because no pronoun is used:

At a deep level though, the sentence is still SVO but only appears to be VOS due to dislocation and pronoun dropping. Often a sentence-final particle (SFP) is required after the main clause, otherwise the sentence would sound strange or unacceptable. Right dislocation in Cantonese can occur with auxiliary verbs, adverbs, and sometimes subordinate clauses in addition to subjects.

Being a Chinese language, Cantonese is also a topic-prominent language and thus features left dislocation. For instance:

Topicalization can make this sentence appear to be object–subject–verb (OSV):

Both left and right dislocation can even be featured in the same sentence:

title: Dislocation (syntax)


text: Category:1133 births

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:1133 births


text: Category:1130s births

title: Category:1130s births


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Tenshō (Momoyama period)

Tenshō (天正) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Genki and before Bunroku. This period spanned the years from July 1573 through December 1592. The reigning emperors were Ōgimachi-tennō (正親町天皇) and Go-Yōzei-tennō (後陽成天皇).

Change of era
The era name Tenshō was suggested by Oda Nobunaga. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Genki 4, the 28th day of the 7th month.
 * 1573 Tenshō gannen (天正元年): The new era name was created to mark a number of regional wars. The era name was inspired by a passage from the Chinese classic Laozi:  :"Those who are at peace with nature bring all under Heaven into its correct pattern" (清静者為天下正).

Events of the Tenshō era
European dates up to October 4, 1582 are given in the Julian calendar. Dates since October 15, 1582 are given in the Gregorian calendar.

In 1589–1590 (in the 23rd year of the reign of King Seonjo of Joseon), a diplomatic mission led by Hwang Yun-gil was sent to Japan. The Joseon ambassador was received by Hideyoshi.
 * 1573 (Tenshō 1, 7th month): Ashikaga Yoshiaki lost his position as shōgun. He shaved his head, becoming a Buddhist priest. Initially, he took the priestly name Sho-san, but he eventually came to be known as Rei-o In.
 * 1574 (Tenshō 2, 1st month): Sectarian rebellion in Echizen Province.
 * 1574 (Tenshō 2, 9th month): Suppression of sectarian rebellion in Nagashima.
 * 1575 (Tenshō 3, 5th month): Takeda Katsuyori led an army into Tōtōmi Province where he lay siege to Nagashino Castle. The Tokugawa defended the castle; and Tokugawa Ieayasu sought assistance from Oda Nobunaga. In response, Nobunaga and his son Nobutada arrived at Nagashino with a large force.  In the ensuing Battle of Nagashino, the Takeda attackers were forced to retreat.
 * 1576 (Tenshō 4): Takeda Katsuyori ordered the rebuilding of the Asama Shrine at the base of Mount Fuji in Suruga Province. Construction of Azuchi Castle beginns.
 * 1579 (Tenshō 7, 5th month): Azuchi Sect Debates at Azuchi Castle.
 * 1579 (Tenshō 7, 6th month): Akechi Mitsuhide makes himself master of Tanba Province.
 * 1579 (Tenshō 7, 10th month): Oda Nobukatsu launches first Tenshō Iga War, ending with his defeat.
 * 1580 (Tenshō 8, 11th month): Kaga sectarian rebellion suppressed.
 * 1581 (Tenshō 9, 9th month): Oda Nobunaga relaunches the second Tenshō Iga War, ending with victory and Iga left under Nobukatsu's control.
 * 1582 (Tenshō 10): Takeda Katsuyori utter defeat by the forces of Oda Nobunaga led to the destruction of Takeda-built structures at the Asama Shrine.
 * 1582 (Tenshō 10, 3rd month): Battle of Tenmokuzan.
 * 1582 (Tenshō 10, 6th month): Incident at Honnō-ji, Battle of Yamazaki, Council of Kiyosu.
 * February 20, 1582 (Tenshō 10, 28th day of the 1st month): A Japanese mission or embassy to Europe (Tenshō Ken'ō Shisetsu) sailed from Nagasaki, and its members would not return until 1590. It headed by Mancio Itō and organized on the initiative of Alessandro Valignano. Although less well-known and less well-documented than Hasekura Tsunenaga's diplomatic mission to the Vatican (known as the "Keichō Embassy") in 1613–1620, this historic diplomatic initiative remains a noteworthy accomplishment. The mission is sometimes referred to as the "Tenshō Embassy" because it was initiated in the  Tenshō era.  This venture was organized by three daimyōs of Western Japan – Ōmura Sumitada, Ōtomo Sōrin and Arima Harunobu.
 * 1583 (Tenshō 11, 4th month): Battle of Shizugatake.
 * 1584 (Tenshō 12, 4th month): Battle of Komaki and Nagakute.
 * August 10, 1584 (Tenshō 12, 15th day of the 7th month): The Japanese mission to the West (Tenshō Ken'ō Shisetsu) arrived in Lisbon.
 * 1585 (Tenshō 13, 7th month): Toyotomi Hideyoshi is given the position of kampaku by Ōgimachi.
 * December 17, 1586 (Tenshō 14, 7th day of the 11th month): Ogimachi gave over the reins of government to his grandson, who would become Emperor Go-Yozei.  There had been no such Imperial since Emperor Go-Hanazono abdicated in Kanshō 5.  The dearth of abdications is attributable to the disturbed state of the country and to the fact that there was neither any dwelling in which an ex-emperor could live nor any excess funds in the treasury to support him.
 * 1586 (Tenshō 14, 12th month): A marriage is arranged between the youngest sister of Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu.
 * 1586 (Tenshō 14, 12th month): The kampaku, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was nominated to be Daijō-daijin.
 * 1586 (Tenshō 14, 12th month): An earthquake strikes the Chubu region, killing 8,000 people.
 * 1587 (Tenshō 15): Gold or silver coins called Tenshō-tsūhō were minted. The gold coins (Tenshō-ōban) weighed 165 grams; and these oval shaped coins were worth 10 ryō.
 * 1588 (Tenshō 16, 7th month): Emperor Go-Yōzei visits Toyotomi Hideyoshi's mansion, sword hunt decree
 * 1590 (Tenshō 18, 7th month): Hideyoshi led an army to the Kantō where he lay siege to Odawara Castle.  When the fortress fell, Hōjō Ujimasa died and his  brother, Hōjō Ujinao submitted to Hideyoshi's power, thus ending a period of serial internal warfare which had continued uninterrupted since the Ōnin era (1467).
 * 1592 (Tenshō 20, 4th month): The Imjin War begins with the Siege of Busanjin.

In popular culture
The fictional plot of the classic Akira Kurosawa film Seven Samurai takes place in the 15th year of Tenshō.

title: Tenshō (Momoyama period)


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title: Category:1189 deaths


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Chillagoe, Queensland

Chillagoe is a rural town and locality in the Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. In the, the locality of Chillagoe had a population of 214 people.

It was once a thriving mining town for a range of minerals, but is now reduced to a small zinc mine and some marble quarries.

Just out of town is the Chillagoe-Mungana Caves National Park containing limestone caves. There are between 600 and 1,000 caves in the Chillagoe-Mungana area. The caves, the spectacular karst landscape and the mining and smelting history are the main tourist attractions to the region.

It has been stated by leading geologist Professor Ian Plimer that the Chillagoe region has the most diverse geology in the world.

History
Chillagoe was named by William Atherton in 1888. The name is taken from the refrain of a sea shanty: "Hikey, Tikey, Psyche, Crikey, Chillagoe, Walabadorie". James Mulligan had explored the area in 1873 and Atherton backed up his reports of rich copper outcrops in the area. Mining pioneer John Moffat sent prospectors to the field in 1888 and quickly monopolised the field. A receiving office opened in 1891 (with W. Atherton as Receiving Office Keeper) but closed in 1893. A post office opened in 1900 with F. Donner as the storekeeper and postmaster. The Chillagoe Railway and Mining Company's line opened from Mareeba in 1901 and a Town Reserve was proclaimed 27 October 1910.

Chillagoe is sometimes remembered for its involvement in the Mungana affair, a mining scandal which brought down the government. In 1919, after fluctuating fortunes and closures, ownership of the smelter was transferred to the Queensland Government. This acquisition by the Labor Government brought allegations of political corruption which persisted for many years. Closures plagued the smelter again in the late 1920s. When the Labor Party lost power in 1929, the new government ordered a Royal Commission into the incident. The political careers of two former Queensland Premiers, 'Red' Ted Theodore and William McCormack, were ruined by the commission's report.

The Chillagoe Public Library opened in 2002.

Although Chillagoe is currently and historically within the local government area of Shire of Mareeba, between 2008 and 2013 the Shire (and hence Chillagoe) was amalgamated into the Tablelands Region.

Demographics
In the, the town of Chillagoe had a population of 227 people.

In the, the locality of Chillagoe had a population of 192 people.

In the, the locality of Chillagoe had a population of 251 people.

In the, the locality of Chillagoe had a population of 214 people.

Education
Chillagoe State School is a government primary (Prep–6) school for boys and girls at Cathedral Street (-17.1553°N, 144.5211°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 21 students with 2 teachers and 6 non-teaching staff (2 full-time equivalent).

There are no nearby secondary schools. Distance education or boarding schools are the options.

Educational history
There were many schools established in the Chillagoe area, often short-lived, reflecting the movement of families from one mine site to another.

Muldiva Provisional School opened on circa 1892 and closed on circa 1893. Tate Tin Mines Provisional School opened on 17 October 1894. On 1 January 1909, it became Tate Tin Mines State School. It closed on 31 January 1924, but reopened on 3 February 1930. It closed permanently on 31 December 1940. Girofla Provisional School opened circa 1898 (sometimes misspelt as Girolfa). On 1 January 1909 it became Girofla State School. In 1910 it was renamed Mungana State School. It closed circa 1943.

Calcifer Provisional School opened in January 1900 and closed in 1905. Chillagoe State School opened on 1 April 1902. Redcap Provisional School opened in 1905 and closed circa 1908. O.K. Provisional School opened in 1906. On 1 January 1909, it became O.K. State School. It closed circa 1910. Almaden Provisional School opened on 6 July 1906. On 1 January 1909, it became Almaden State School. It closed on 12 December 1997.

Fossilbrook Provisional School opened in 1908. On 1 January 1909, it became Fossilbrook State School. It closed in 1926. Zillmanton State School opened in 1909 and closed in 1912. Gilmore Provisional School opened in 1909 and closed in 1913. Cardross State School opened in 1914 and closed circa 1918.

Heritage listings
Chillagoe has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Chillagoe smelters
 * Mungana Archaeological Area

Transport
Chillagoe Airport is north of the town (-17.1373°N, 144.5287°W).

Chillagoe was once the terminus of the Mareeba-to-Chillagoe railway line. That line has closed, leaving the following abandoned stations:

 * Griffiths Siding railway siding (-17.1246°N, 144.4129°W).
 * Mungana railway station (-17.1038°N, 144.3905°W).
 * Chillagoe railway station (-17.1498°N, 144.5265°W).
 * Fluorspar railway station (-17.258°N, 144.6151°W).

Facilities
Facilities available in Chillagoe include:

 * Chillagoe Police Station (-17.1549°N, 144.5214°W)
 * Chillagoe Ambulance Station (-17.15°N, 144.5281°W)
 * Chillagoe SES Facility (-17.1543°N, 144.5207°W).
 * Chillagoe Hospital (-17.1501°N, 144.528°W)
 * Chillagoe Primary Health Centre (-17.1498°N, 144.5289°W)
 * Chillagoe Cemetery is a cemetery (-17.136°N, 144.5316°W)
 * Mungana Reserve (cemetery) (-17.0872°N, 144.3892°W)

Amenities
The Mareeba Shire Council operates a public library in Chillagoe at The Hub, 21-23 Queen Street.

The Catholic Church is at 24–28 Queen Street. It is dedicated to St Nicholas of Tolentino and Blessed Mother Mary of the Cross. It is within the Chillagoe Parish of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns.

Chillagoe Town Hall is a public hall (-17.1549°N, 144.5235°W).

Chillagoe Hotel Motel provides meals and accommodation (-17.1522°N, 144.5223°W).

Attractions
Woothakata is a property on beautiful Chillagoe creek named after the Shire of Woothakata of which Chillagoe was once part. Woothakata is an Aboriginal word which describes the way Aborigines traveled to Ngarrabullgan/Mount Mulligan, an important meeting place.

The heritage-listed Chillagoe smelters, the cemetery and the many old mines attract history buffs to the area.

title: Chillagoe, Queensland


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title: Category:1180s deaths


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title: Category:1387 births


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Division of Batman

The Division of Batman was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It took its name from John Batman, one of the founders of the city of Melbourne. The division was created in 1906, replacing the Division of Northern Melbourne, and was abolished in 2019 and replaced by the Division of Cooper.

The division was located in Melbourne's northern suburbs. It covered an area of approximately 66 km2 from / in the north to in the south, with Merri Creek providing the vast majority of the western boundary and Darebin Creek, parts of Macleod and Plenty Road in Bundoora providing the eastern boundary. The suburbs of, Clifton Hill, , , , , , and ; and parts of Bundoora, , , and Thomastown were in this division.

Held by Labor for all but 10 years of its history, Batman traditionally had been a safe Labor seat. However, the Greens made the seat a contest beginning with the 2010 election, where they reduced Labor from a 26.0% margin to a 7.9% margin. Though Labor increased their margin against the Greens to 10.6% in 2013, the Greens reduced Labor's margin to just 1.0% in 2016. At the 2018 Batman by-election however, Labor increased their margin to 4.4% against the Greens.

In June 2018, the Australian Electoral Commission announced that, at the 2019 Australian federal election, the division would be re-named Cooper, after Aboriginal community leader and activist William Cooper.

History
When it was created it covered the inner suburbs of Carlton and Fitzroy, but successive boundary changes moved it steadily northwards, ending with it including Northcote, Preston, Reservoir and Thornbury.

Located in Labor's traditional heartland of north Melbourne, Batman had been in Labor hands for all but two terms since 1910, and without interruption since 1969. It was held by Brian Howe from 1977 to 1996, a senior minister in the Hawke and Keating governments, and also Deputy Prime Minister 1991–95. Howe was succeeded at the 1996 election by Martin Ferguson, moving to Parliament after six years as President of the ACTU. Ferguson served as a senior Labor frontbencher, and a minister in the Rudd and Gillard governments, before resigning from the ministry in March 2013 after the failed challenge to Gillard's leadership. He was succeeded at the 2013 election by former Senator David Feeney, who had been a parliamentary secretary in the Rudd and Gillard governments.

In 2018, as a result of the 2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis, Feeney resigned and decided not to seek pre-selection to run at the ensuing by-election. The 2018 Batman by-election held on 17 March saw the election of Labor's Ged Kearney.

title: Division of Batman


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title: Category:1422 deaths


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BL Lac

BL Lac may refer to:

 * BL Lacertae, an active galaxy, prototype of the BL Lacertae objects
 * BL Lacertae object, a type of active galaxy, based on the prototype BL Lacertae galaxy

title: BL Lac


text:
Gas electron diffraction

Gas electron diffraction (GED) is one of the applications of electron diffraction techniques. The target of this method is the determination of the structure of gaseous molecules, i.e., the geometrical arrangement of the atoms from which a molecule is built up. GED is one of two experimental methods (besides microwave spectroscopy) to determine the structure of free molecules, undistorted by intermolecular forces, which are omnipresent in the solid and liquid state. The determination of accurate molecular structures by GED studies is fundamental for an understanding of structural chemistry.

Introduction
Diffraction occurs because the wavelength of electrons accelerated by a potential of a few thousand volts is of the same order of magnitude as internuclear distances in molecules. The principle is the same as that of other electron diffraction methods such as LEED and RHEED, but the obtainable diffraction pattern is considerably weaker than those of LEED and RHEED because the density of the target is about one thousand times smaller. Since the orientation of the target molecules relative to the electron beams is random, the internuclear distance information obtained is one-dimensional. Thus only relatively simple molecules can be completely structurally characterized by electron diffraction in the gas phase. It is possible to combine information obtained from other sources, such as rotational spectra, NMR spectroscopy or high-quality quantum-mechanical calculations with electron diffraction data, if the latter are not sufficient to determine the molecule's structure completely.

The total scattering intensity in GED is given as a function of the momentum transfer, which is defined as the difference between the wave vector of the incident electron beam and that of the scattered electron beam and has the reciprocal dimension of length. The total scattering intensity is composed of two parts: the atomic scattering intensity and the molecular scattering intensity. The former decreases monotonically and contains no information about the molecular structure. The latter has sinusoidal modulations as a result of the interference of the scattering spherical waves generated by the scattering from the atoms included in the target molecule. The interferences reflect the distributions of the atoms composing the molecules, so the molecular structure is determined from this part.

Experiment
Figure 1 shows a drawing and a photograph of an electron diffraction apparatus. Scheme 1 shows the schematic procedure of an electron diffraction experiment. A fast electron beam is generated in an electron gun, enters a diffraction chamber typically at a vacuum of 10−7 mbar. The electron beam hits a perpendicular stream of a gaseous sample effusing from a nozzle of a small diameter (typically 0.2 mm). At this point, the electrons are scattered. Most of the sample is immediately condensed and frozen onto the surface of a cold trap held at -196 °C (liquid nitrogen). The scattered electrons are detected on the surface of a suitable detector in a well-defined distance to the point of scattering. The scattering pattern consists of diffuse concentric rings (see Figure 2). The steep decent of intensity can be compensated for by passing the electrons through a fast rotation sector (Figure 3). This is cut in a way, that electrons with small scattering angles are more shadowed than those at wider scattering angles. The detector can be a photographic plate, an electron imaging plate (usual technique today) or other position sensitive devices such as hybrid pixel detectors (future technique).

The intensities generated from reading out the plates or processing intensity data from other detectors are then corrected for the sector effect. They are initially a function of distance between primary beam position and intensity, and then converted into a function of scattering angle. The so-called atomic intensity and the experimental background are subtracted to give the final experimental molecular scattering intensities as a function of s (the change of momentum).

These data are then processed by suitable fitting software like UNEX for refining a suitable model for the compound and to yield precise structural information in terms of bond lengths, angles and torsional angles.

Theory
GED can be described by scattering theory. The outcome if applied to gases with randomly oriented molecules is provided here in short:

Scattering occurs at each individual atom ($$I_\text{a}(s)$$), but also at pairs (also called molecular scattering) ($$I_\text{m}(s)$$), or triples ($$I_\text{t}(s)$$), of atoms.

$$s$$ is the scattering variable or change of electron momentum, and its absolute value is defined as
 * $$|s| = \frac{4\pi}{\lambda} \sin(\theta / 2),$$

with $$\lambda$$ being the electron wavelength defined above, and $$\theta$$ being the scattering angle.

The above-mentioned contributions of scattering add up to the total scattering
 * $$I_\text{tot}(s) = I_\text{a}(s) + I_\text{m}(s) + I_\text{t}(s) + I_\text{b}(s),$$

where $$I_\text{b}(s)$$ is the experimental background intensity, which is needed to describe the experiment completely.

The contribution of individual atom scattering is called atomic scattering and easy to calculate:
 * $$I_\text{a}(s) = \frac{K^2}{R^2} I_0 \sum_{i=1}^N |f_i(s)|^2,$$

with $$K = \frac{8 \pi^2 me^2}{h^2}$$, $$R$$ being the distance between the point of scattering and the detector, $$I_0$$ being the intensity of the primary electron beam, and $$f_i(s)$$ being the scattering amplitude of the i-th atom. In essence, this is a summation over the scattering contributions of all atoms independent of the molecular structure. $$I_\text{a}(s)$$ is the main contribution and easily obtained if the atomic composition of the gas (sum formula) is known.

The most interesting contribution is the molecular scattering, because it contains information about the distance between all pairs of atoms in a molecule (bonded or non-bonded):
 * $$I_\text{m}(s) = \frac{K^2}{R^2} I_0 \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{j=1,i\neq j}^N |f_i(s)|\,|f_j(s)| \frac{\sin[s(r_{ij} - \kappa s^2)]}{sr_{ij}}e^{-\frac{1}{2} l_{ij} s^2} \cos[\eta_i(s) - \eta_i(s)],$$

with $$r_{ij}$$ being the parameter of main interest: the atomic distance between two atoms, $$l_{ij}$$ being the mean square amplitude of vibration between the two atoms, $$\kappa$$ the anharmonicity constant (correcting the vibration description for deviations from a purely harmonic model), and $$\eta$$ is a phase factor, which becomes important if a pair of atoms with very different nuclear charge is involved.

The first part is similar to the atomic scattering, but contains two scattering factors of the involved atoms. Summation is performed over all atom pairs.

$$I_\text{t}(s)$$ is negligible in most cases and not described here in more detail. $$I_\text{b}(s)$$ is mostly determined by fitting and subtracting smooth functions to account for the background contribution.

So it is the molecular scattering intensity that is of interest, and this is obtained by calculation all other contributions and subtracting them from the experimentally measured total scattering function.

Results
Figure 5 shows two typical examples of results. The molecular scattering intensity curves are used to refine a structural model by means of a least squares fitting program. This yield precise structural information. The Fourier transformation of the molecular scattering intensity curves gives the radial distribution curves (RDC). These represent the probability to find a certain distance between two nuclei of a molecule. The curves below the RDC represent the diffrerence between the experiment and the model, i.e. the quality of fit.

The very simple example in Figure 5 shows the results for evaporated white phosphorus, P4. It is a perfectly tetrahedral molecule and has thus only one P-P distance. This makes the molecular scattering intensity curve a very simple one; a sine curve which is damped due to molecular vibration. The radial distribution curve (RDC) shows a maximum at 2.1994 Å with a least-squares error of 0.0003 Å, represented as 2.1994(3) Å. The width of the peak represents the molecular vibration and is the result of Fourier transformation of the damping part. This peak width means that the P-P distance varies by this vibration within a certain range given as a vibrational amplitude u, in this example uT(P‒P) = 0.0560(5) Å.

The slightly more complicated molecule P3As has two different distances P-P and P-As. Because their contributions overlap in the RDC, the peak is broader (also seen in a more rapid damping in the molecular scattering). The determination of these two independent parameters is more difficult and results in less precise parameter values than for P4.

Some selected other examples of important contributions to the structural chemistry of molecules are provided here:

 * Structure of diborane B2H6
 * Structure of the planar trisilylamine
 * Determinations of the structures of gaseous elemental phosphorus P4 and of the binary P3As
 * Determination of the structure of C60 and C70
 * Structure of tetranitromethane
 * Absence of local C3 symmetry in the simplest phosphonium ylide H2C=PMe3 and in amino-phosphanes like P(NMe2)3 and ylides H2C=P(NMe2)3
 * Determination of intramolecular London dispersion interaction effects on gas-phase and solid-state structures of diamondoid dimers

Links

 * http://molwiki.org/wiki/Main_Page—A free encyclopaedia, mainly focused on molecular structure and dynamics.
 * The story of gas-phase electron diffraction (GED) in Norway

title: Gas electron diffraction


text:
User talk:Tartaruga

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Jelon Vieira
It doesn't really matter what your justification is. Copyright is copyright. You have to ask the copyright owner for permission first, then post. Wikipedia has to be quite strict about this, and is. You'll notice that the bottom of Wikipedia's edit page says,  DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!--jpgordon{gab} 05:20, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Or even better -- paraphrase. Writing an encyclopedia entry about a interesting person (like Jelon Viera) is indeed a creative skill; I think many of the thousands of editors who have written articles for Wikipedia would bristle at the suggestion that it is not. --jpgordon{gab} 05:32, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Happy to help with the capoeira article. I am a capoeirista, yes, and an aikidoka and a kung fu fighter and musician and writer and a whole mess of things, but new to wiki. Is editing a talk page the only way to send a 'private' message here? Focomoso 05:24, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Paulo Cesar Leite dos Santos
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Paulo Cesar Leite dos Santos, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Tosqueira (talk) 05:49, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Invitation to the Wikipedia Selangor Meetup 1
The 3rd Wikipedia Malaysia Meetup had now arrived on Selangor! Pack your bags and your laptop, and meet some fellow Malaysia Wikipedians in the meetup!
 * Date: Sunday, 11 December 2016
 * Time: 12:00 - 2:00 pm
 * Venue: Sudo Brew, 7 Jalan SS 22/11, Damansara Jaya, Petaling Jaya, Selangor (3.13169°N, 101.62122°W)
 * Medium of communication:
 * English language - for the general overall meetup
 * Malay language - for a special session to discuss ms.wikipedia.org (subject to enough number of participants)

This meetup was initiated by Chongkian and the invitation was written and sent by NgYShung. For more information, see the meetup page. If there is any enquires, feel free to discuss at the talk page or at the Facebook event page. (Delivered: 07:27, 24 November 2016 (UTC))

Invitation to the Wikipedia Selangor Meetup 2
The 4th Wikipedia Malaysia Meetup will be held for the second time on Selangor, and you are invited!
 * Date: Saturday, 25 February 2017
 * Time: 11:00 am - 1:00 pm (Malaysia Standard Time, UTC+8:00)
 * Venue: Menara Sunway  (check page for venue/room update) , Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor (3.069°N, 101.61017°W)
 * Medium of communication:
 * English language - for the general overall meetup
 * Malay language - for Malay Wikipedia section (subject to request)

→ To collaborate between Wikipedia Malaysia User Group and Sunway Group, a large corporation in Malaysia. → To create Wikipedia (and other Wikimedia projects)'s articles and edit/improve articles on the spot.

This meetup was initiated by Chongkian and the invitation was written and sent by NgYShung. For more information and updates, see the meetup page. If there is any enquires, feel free to discuss at the talk page. If you wish to opt-out of any future Malaysia meetup invitation, please add your name here. (Delivered: 11:46, 22 February 2017 (UTC))

Invitation to the Wikipedia Johor Meetup 2
The 5th Wikipedia Malaysia Meetup will be held for the second time in Johor. Since it is at holiday, check it out if you have time!
 * Date: Saturday, 18 March 2017
 * Time: 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. (Malaysia Standard Time, UTC+8:00)
 * Venue: Al-Haji Grand Restaurant, Jalan Austin Heights 8/2, Taman Mount Austin, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia (1.562°N, 103.77628°W)
 * Medium of communication:
 * English language - for the general overall meetup
 * Malay language - for Malay Wikipedia section (subject to request)

This meetup was initiated by Chongkian and the invitation was written and sent by NgYShung. For more information and updates, see the meetup page. If there is any enquirers, feel free to discuss at the talk page. If you wish to opt-out of any future Malaysia meetup invitation, please add your name here. (Delivered: 03:54, 17 March 2017 (UTC))

Invitation to the Wikipedia Kuala Lumpur Meetup 2
The 5th Wikipedia Malaysia Meetup will be held for the second time on Kuala Lumpur! → To talk about the past Wikimedia Conference 2017 in Germany, Creative Commons, Malay Wikipedia and the upcoming Wikipedia East, Southeast Asia & Pacific Conference 2018 in Indonesia. → Forming a Wikipedia Malaysia User Group, coordinating East Malaysia-related affairs and training newcomer Wikipedia editors. → And a lot more!
 * Date: Saturday, 22 April 2017
 * Time: 6:00 - 8:00pm (Malaysia Standard Time, UTC+8:00)
 * Venue: FEEKA Coffee Roasters, Jalan Mesui, Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur (3.1487°N, 101.7084°W)
 * Medium of communication:
 * English language - for the general overall meetup
 * Malay language - for Malay Wikipedia section (subject to request)

This meetup was initiated by Chongkian and the invitation was written and sent by QianCheng. For more information and updates, see the meetup page. If there is any enquires, feel free to discuss at the talk page. If you wish to opt-out of any future Malaysia meetup invitation, please remove your name here. (Delivered: 06:01, 14 April 2017 (UTC))

title: User talk:Tartaruga


text:
Genki (era)

Genki (元亀) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Eiroku and before Tenshō. This period spanned from April 1570 through July 1573. The reigning emperor was Ōgimachi-tennō (正親町天皇).

Change of era

 * Genki gannen (元亀元年); 1570: The era name was changed because of various wars. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Eiroku 13, on the 23rd day of the 4th month.

Events of the Genki era

 * 1570 (Genki 1, 6th month): The combined forces of the Azai clan, led by Azai Nagamasa, and the Asakura clan, led by Asakura Yoshikage, met the forces of Oda Nobunaga in a shallow riverbed. The confrontation has come to be known as the Battle of Anegawa. Tokugawa Ieyasu led forces which came to the aid of Oda's army; and Oda claimed the victory.
 * 1571 (Genki 2, 9th month): Nobunaga marched into Ōmi Province at the head of his army which surrounded Mt. Hiei. He massacred the priests and everyone else associated with the mountain temples; and then he gave orders that every structure on the mountain should be burned.
 * 1572 (Genki 3, 12th month): Takeda Shingen, the daimyō of Kai Province, led his army into Tōtōmi Province where he engaged the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Mikatagahara.
 * 1573 (Genki 4, 2nd month): Ashikaga Yoshiaki began to fortify Nijō Castle; and he sent messages to Azai Nagamasa, Asakura Yoshikage, and Takeda Shingen, announcing his intention to start a Revolt against Nobunaga. Six months later, the confrontation would end with Yoshiaki driven out of Kyoto and the Ashikaga shogunate de facto dismantled.

title: Genki (era)


text:
SLI

SLI may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Safe Load Indicator, in cranes
 * SLI battery, used in automotives
 * Space Launch Initiative, a US project
 * Specific language impairment, a medical diagnosis
 * Symmetric level-index arithmetic, in mathematics

Computing

 * Scalable Link Interface, for connecting multiple Nvidia video cards
 * Scan-Line Interleave, for connecting multiple 3dfx video cards
 * Service level indicator, a measure of the service level

Organizations

 * SAP Labs India, the Indian subsidiary of SAP AG
 * SLI Systems, a software company in New Zealand
 * Sylvania Lighting International
 * Southwestern Louisiana Institute, of Liberal and Technical Learning, US
 * Somerset Light Infantry, a former regiment in the British Army

Other uses

 * Sensory Logical Introvert, a type in the socionics pseudoscientific theory
 * Swiss Leader Index, a market index
 * Street light interference, a pseudoscientific idea
 * Supplemental Liability Insurance, for car rental

title: SLI


text:
Eiroku

Eiroku (永禄) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Kōji and before Genki. This period spanned the years from February 1558 through April 1570. The reigning emperor was Ōgimachi-tennō (正親町天皇).

Change of era

 * 1558 Eiroku gannen (永禄元年): The era name was changed to mark the enthronement of Emperor Ōgimachi. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Kōji 4, on the 28th day of the 2nd month.

Events of the Eiroku era

 * 1560 (Eiroku 3, 1st month): Ōgimachi was proclaimed emperor. The ceremonies of coronation were made possible because they were paid for by Mōri Motonari and others.
 * June 12, 1560 (Eiroku 3, 19th day of the 5th month): Imagawa Yoshimoto led the armies of the province of Suruga against the Owari; at the Battle of Okehazama (桶狭間の戦い,), his forces fought against Oda Nobunaga, but Imagawa's army was vanquished and he did not survive. Nobunaga subsequently took over the province of Owari, while Tokugawa Ieyasu claimed the province of Mikawa and made himself master of Okazaki Castle (岡崎城,).
 * 1564 (Eiroku 7): Nobunaga attacked Inabayama Castle in an effort to take Mino Province from the Saitō clan, but was defeated and driven out of Mino.
 * 1567 (Eiroku 10, 8th month): Nobunaga defeated the Saito clan, completed the conquest of Mino; and established Gifu Castle as his primary residence and headquarters.
 * 1568 (Eiroku 11, 2nd month): Ashikaga Yoshihide became shōgun.
 * 1568 (Eiroku 11, 9th month): Shōgun Yoshihide died from a contagious disease.

title: Eiroku


text:
User:Vishahu

Other names/aliases I have used include amartini51, Javier, Alex, and aleks.

All of my contributions to Wikipedia are listed under either Vishahu or Alex Martini, or sometimes my IP adress in the event that I forget to log in.

see also User:Vishahu/monobook.js

title: User:Vishahu


text:
Alonzo Horton

Alonzo Eratus Horton (October 24, 1813 – January 7, 1909) was an American real estate developer in the nineteenth century. The Horton Plaza mall in downtown San Diego is named for him.

Early life
Horton was born 1813 in Union, Connecticut, the scion of an old New England family, and grew up in Onondaga County, New York. By his 20s he had developed a keen entrepreneurial spirit, and in 1834, when he was 21, he began transporting grain by boat from the Lake Ontario port of Oswego, New York, to Canada. He also taught school there, and in 1834 ran for constable on the Whig ticket. But having developed a cough, and with his family and friends fearing tuberculosis, he was advised to move to the West. At that time, the Western frontier was Wisconsin, and in 1836 he moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

A story was told that when Alonzo was eight years old and still living in New York he sold a pig for $1. By mistake, the man gave him $2. The next day Horton returned the $1. By coincidence, the two met again years later in Wisconsin, and the purchaser remembered the incident. He told a large group of citizens in Wisconsin. "I would trust Horton with everything I have in the world."

In 1847, after the American success in the Mexican–American War, Horton traveled to St. Louis, Missouri then the gateway to the Western frontier, and by purchasing land warrants from veterans of that war, gained 1,500 acres (6 km2) of land in the rural wilderness of northern Wisconsin. In 1848 he filed the first warrant for what would become the village of Hortonville, Wisconsin, in Outagamie County near Appleton, Wisconsin. Today, Hortonville is a village with a 2010 population of over 2,700.

In 1848 Horton filed his first Warrant in Green Bay, the County seat for Brown County which the area was a part of at that time, for 160 acres of land which is now "Downtown Hortonville". The price per acre at that time was only $.70. But before he could file he had to take an oath that he had seen and inspected the land and that no other settler resided on the land. To do so meant travelling by foot to inspect the land which was almost all dense woods with no trails. Then he had to go back to Green Bay by foot to file and return again. No easy task as the trip was around 40 miles and the area has many streams and rivers that he needed to cross along the way. After this he became a success at trading land, establishing businesses and cattle.

In 1851, with his town a success, Horton decided to join many in seeking his fortune in the gold fields of California. He sold his interests for $7,000, and traveled to El Dorado County, California, the heart of the Mother Lode. However, he became a success yet again not so much through gold, but through trading ice in the mining towns. In 1857, he returned to Wisconsin via Panama. During an Indian attack, he lost a bag of gold dust worth $10,000, but kept the money he had made trading ice.

During the late 1850s and early 1860s, Horton spent some time in the East, even marrying his second wife, a prominent New Jersey woman. Horton's first wife, whom he met in Wisconsin, had died of consumption. Horton is known to have married at least thrice, but relatives claimed he married about five times.

In 1862 Horton returned to California, this time to San Francisco, where he opened a furniture and household goods store at 6th and Market streets. While there he heard about growing settlement and interest in a small town called San Diego, located in far southern California, just north of the Mexico–United States border. It had become heavily acclaimed for its dry, warm, healthy climate, very welcome to many cold-weary Easterners. After a lecture about the ports of California, he later recalled his excitement, "I could not sleep at night for thinking about San Diego, and at 2 in the morning, I got up and looked on a map to see where San Diego was, and then went back to bed satisfied. In the morning, I said to my wife, I am going to sell my goods and go to San Diego and build a city." Upon visiting there, he noticed that while the small town was built around the old Spanish presidio (fortress) well inland near the mouth of the San Diego River, no large settlements had been made along the large San Diego Bay just a few miles south, even though all ships sailing to the town docked in the bay.

The New San Diego
In 1867 Horton sold off his merchandise in San Francisco and journeyed to San Diego. There he bought 960 acres (3.9 km2) of land on San Diego Bay for just 27½ cents an acre ($67.95/km2), which became known as "Horton's Addition." Earlier pioneer William Heath Davis was the original founder of San Diego's "New Town", about 12 years before Horton appeared on the scene. "New Town" did not flourish because of lack of freshwater. "Horton's Addition" adjoined the already existing Davis "New Town" subdivision. New businesses began to flood into the "Horton's Addition" due to the promise of a rail connection from the harbor to the east. Eventually, the new addition began to eclipse Old Town in importance as the heart of the growing city. Local land exploded in price throughout the 1880s, making Horton a success yet again. Horton helped to establish San Diego's Chamber of Commerce in an effort to further expand the developing city. In 1867, Horton was the first person to ask for a public city park to be developed, which later became Balboa Park. When the U.S. Congress withdrew its proposed aid to bring the Texas Pacific Railroad into San Diego, the progress of the city froze. Many of the workers in the city had paid Horton a large down payment on their property of 1/3rd the value, and offered to surrender the sum along with the property if Horton would only release them from the contract. Instead, Horton is said to have canceled the contract of anyone who asked, and returned all the money paid, at a great personal loss. Eventually, the California Southern Railroad (now a part of BNSF Railway) became the first line to connect the city with the rest of America's rail network in 1885. But land values crashed in the late 1880s, devastating much of Horton's fortune. By the time he died in 1909, he had lost much of his former wealth.

Personal life
Horton went down in history as a tireless, enthusiastic supporter of the interests of whatever locality he happened to be living in. Saying after moving to Wisconsin and founding the village of "Hortonville" as one of its first settlers in 1848, "My principle is to be as happy as I can every day, to try and make everyone else as happy as I can, and to try to make no one unhappy." Today, the village of Hortonville, Wisconsin honors its founder with "Alonzo Park", one of three parks in the small town. He also had something of an effect on San Diego's political scene; when he moved there in late 1860s, most locals, many of whom had migrated from the South or the border states, had supported the South during the Civil War and were Copperheads, or Democratic sympathizers of the Confederacy in an officially Union state. Upon being told that San Diego was a "Copperhead hole", Horton remarked, "Then I shall make it a Republican hole," and encouraged strong Republican sentiment in the city's newspapers.

Horton was one of San Diego's first Unitarians. He helped found the first Unitarian church in San Diego.

Horton died at age 96 in Agnew Sanitarium, San Diego. He is buried at Mount Hope Cemetery.

Cultural references
KGB Homegrown IV 1976 album fourth song is Alonzo F. Horton Rag - Hunt'n Peck.

title: Alonzo Horton


text:
Talk:Vint Cerf

Name
The redirect should really be changed so that Vint Cerf bounces to Vinton Cerf, since the latter is his full name.

 * Yes, but everyone in the world, but everyone, calls him "Vint". And Naming conventions (common names) says we're supposed to use "the most common name of a person or thing". So having the article under "Vint Cerf" is exactly the right thing. Noel 02:44, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Confusion over the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award
Ok my first edit ever, and boy was this a big one! I saw there was some confusion over whether Vint Cerf received the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award in 1995 or 1996. After some searching on the net I have come to the conclusion, the award was received in 1995.

In his Professional Curriculum Vitae, which can be found at his personal homepage (http://mci.com/cerfsup/), he mentions the following under the heading “Professional Memberships, Activities and Awards”: Softquad/Rubinsky Award, 1995.

This by itself is enough proof to solely name the year 1995 and not to cause any confusion.

If more confirmation is needed I suggest the following location: http://www.gallupippi.com/content/default.aspx?CI=15757

Which mentions the following: "In 1995, he was awarded the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award."

Off course if absolute certainty is needed it is always possible to contact Vinton G. Cerf at: http://global.mci.com/us/enterprise/insight/cerfs_up/contact/

I will also be changing the following Wikipedia article, which too fails to mention 1995 as the proper year: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Rubinsky_Memorial_Award

I was unsure whether or not to add a reference as described at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cite_sources, then again the personal homepage itself is already mentioned. --Brucevdk 18:17, 16 July 2005

 * I am not sure why any web sites, including Vint's, might state that he received the award in 1995. However, I can state with absolute certainty that he received the award at the Fifth WWW Conference in Paris in 1996. Yuri passed on Jan 21, 1996 and I handed out all of the awards that were subsequently given. See the wikipedia article on teh award itself. My name is Murray Maloney. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.82.9.54 (talk • contribs) 07:37, 22 January 2006

 * That may be, but Bruce has sources that support his claim. However, your experience of actually handing out the award is original research and therefore doesn't count for anything. Go Wiki! Whooooo! Rufmeister (talk) 22:30, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

vint cerf: If Murray Maloney says he handed out the award to me in 1996, that strikes me as definitive. I wonder whether the confusion is mine or whether notification of award could possibly have come in 1995 and formally awarded in 1996? 208.54.4.44 (talk) 23:17, 23 May 2011 (UTC) vint cerf

President's IT Advisory Council (PITAC)
"Vint Cerf is also a member of the Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov IT Advisory Council, assigned with a Presidential Decree on March 8, 2002."

I wanted to tweak the grammar of this a little and discovered that there are apparently at least two entities named "President's IT Advisory Council (PITAC)", a Bulgarian and a U.S..

Cerf is apparently a member of the Bulgarian Council but not of the U.S. For all I know, other countries may also have a "President's IT Advisory Council (PITAC)".

There were two such committees. One was set up by President Bill Clinton and I served on that committee from 1996 to 2000 if memory serves. The other, similarly-named committee was for the Bulgarian President. ````VINT CERF

Vint Cerf on his biography
Vint Cerf was recently elected to the Smart Grip Interoperability Panel Board of Directors. Someone may want to add that to his bio. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Astronomyphile (talk • contribs) 14:03, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

Vint Cerf: actually that's the Smart GRID Interoperability Panel Governing Board.

 * GCN: Speaking of Wiki, is your Wikipedia entry accurate? [Editor’s note: The online collaborative encyclopedia recently came under fire when a contributor admitted he fabricated information.]

 * Cerf: There are a number of minor factual inaccuracies, and it is both incomplete and out of date. Thanks for reminding me to look at it; I need to update and correct the minor mistakes. One thing in particular: I can’t really be the Father of the Internet because so many people have had key roles to play. Bob Kahn actually started the internetting project at DARPA in late 1972 or early 1973 and then invited me to work with him on it just after I joined the Stanford faculty. So at most I am “one of the fathers” of the Internet.

 * Source

So there you have it, we're out of date and have inaccuracies. Anyone want to give it a shot in sorting this out? - Ta bu shi da yu 15:12, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Cerf's objection is important to note, particularly in light of the fact that he's shared a number of major honors with Kahn. But a distinction exists between being called the "father of the Internet" and being its father.  Cerf can't dispute the former, which can be verified easily with an internet search.  In the edits I just completed, I cited his objection in a footnote, complete with a link to the GCN interview.  68.167.253.9 (talk · contribs) 21:03, 27 November 2007 (UTC).

 * I cleaned up the "father" claim. I am surprised that it had remained uncorrected since 2007!
 * There are no higher authorities in computing than ACM and IEEE; their cited awards serve as indisputable proof. Period!
 * The 'Larry Goldberg' link was a puny reference, particularly in light of the plethora of solid acknowledgements available elsewhere. Ditto the Al Gore article; besides, the Al-Gore-as-father-of-the-Internet notion has long ceased to serve as even a punchline! P00r (talk) 14:23, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I must say, the way I always hear it from friends of the family who worked in DARPA at the time Cerf was very much Kahn's subordinate. Does anyone have a creditable source one way or the other on this?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.108.76.181 (talk • contribs) 9 August 2006

Vint Cerf: Bob was the deputy director of the Information Processing Techniques Office when I joined in 1976. He subsequently became the Director of the Office. I was a program manager and eventually became the Principal Scientist in the office. I think Bob would agree that after he started the Internetting research program at ARPA/IPTO, he and I worked very closely together on the design if the Internet and its key protocols. I worked exclusively on this project while at Stanford and expanded my work at ARPA to include the packet radio and packet satellite and packet security progrrams as well as the Internetting program while at ARPA. I carried most of the detailed development management load while at ARPA. Of course, many scientists participated in the effort to flesh out and realize the design and formal deployment on January 1, 1983. 208.54.4.44 (talk) 23:15, 23 May 2011 (UTC)vint cerf

Hearing Impairment
Can't this be changed to hard of hearing or deaf?

I am hard of hearing. Is there a preferred way to refer to this?? 208.54.4.44 (talk) 23:20, 23 May 2011 (UTC)Vint Cerf

Relationship to other Cerf's
Does anyone know anything about Vinton Cerf's relationship, if any, to Bennett Cerf, or more about the surname: Cerf? --TMH (talk) 00:20, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I wondered the same thing. It took a bit of doing but I finally found some personal info on him and while I can't totally rule out any family connection, it would be very remote. He's not the son nor brother of Bennett Cerf. Vint was born in 1943 in New Haven. Bennett was born in New York City in 1898 and although he has two sons born around the 1940's, Vint is not one of them. Given the location of Random House, Bennet was probably living in New York City or its suburbs at that time. I found a couple of nuggets of information elsewhere, but the best bio information I have found so far comes from "Vinton G. Cerf Oral History"

http://www.cwhonors.org/search/oral_history_archive/vinton_g_cerf/oralhistory.
 * On the other hand, one of their sons is named Bennett. Ileanadu (talk) 18:50, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

For whatever it's worth, IMDb says they're cousins. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0148576/bio Ileanadu (talk) 18:58, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Shouldn't there be some personal info about him in the article? What's the criteria for when such information is included - always or only for people in some areas? Shouldn't we at least have more detail in the box at least? Ileanadu (talk) 18:13, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Vint Cerf: As best we can tell, there is a distant relationship. Maybe 4th cousins. In any case, Bennett A. Cerf's son, Christopher, is a good friend. My wife, Sigrid, and I named our youngest son Bennett Christopher Cerf and Christopher is actually Christopher Bennett Cerf. Even if there is no direct relationship, there is a strong social one! I met Bennett Cerf in 1960 as an undergraduate student at Stanford and stayed in touch until he died in 1971. 208.54.4.44 (talk) 23:10, 23 May 2011 (UTC) Vint Cerf

Formatting of bibliography section
Is there a reason why 'Twas the night before start-up and "Networks" are not italic like the rest? Just noted it but thought I might ask first --Phisches (talk) 05:12, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Dr Dr Dr
Please don't use Dr Cerf all the time. It's policy to mention academic titles just once in a biographical section. Ben T/C 09:05, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

St. Cyril
I'm changing "St. St. Cyril" to "St. Cyril". Please let me know if there is reason to think the former is correct. Espertus (talk) 03:26, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

Achievements?
I believe there should be more talk of his achievements and not just his awards. 121.8.101.163 (talk) 00:39, 20 April 2009 (UTC)Shawn H.

See Articles - What Articles?
The Introductory material ends with the following paragraph:
 * Cerf also went to the same high school as Jon Postel and Steve Crocker; he wrote the former's obituary. Both were also instrumental in the creation of the Internet as we know it (see articles).

What articles? Ileanadu (talk) 18:18, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Jewish?
Several IPs have added to this article a statement that Cerf is Jewish (or of Jewish origins); others have removed it. Since it's clearly disputed, I've removed it for the time being, but does anyone actually have a source to prove it one way or the other? (Even if it is cited, it doesn't necessarily belong in the lead; but if it can't be sourced, it definitely shouldn't be.) Robofish (talk) 14:00, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * It's just the same person using different IPs, all of them edit the Bob Kahn article too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.139.231.4 (talk) 14:27, 18 November 2010 (UTC)
 * It could be the same guy who called Alexander Graham Bell "...a jew and a eugenicist...". Bell was actually 'Unitarian Agnostic', but he truly was a eugenyst in a positive sense, long before the nutbars and the Nazis decided that eugenics should include wholesale murder, torture, extermination, genocide and other assaults on humans such as sterilization.  He disassociated himself from the research when he saw the nasty direction it was starting to take.  HarryZilber (talk) 20:05, 18 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't know why he's so devoted to the arbitrary task of making Cerf Jewish, but it is unverifiable and a nuisance. He's reverted several user's edits about five times now. Surely it's become vandalism? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.139.231.4 (talk) 00:57, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

From Vint Cerf: I was born into a Protestant Christian family. I am unaware of any Jewish connections. Bob Kahn is Jewish as is my good friend, Steve Crocker. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.54.4.44 (talk) 23:05, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

Removal of picture
A picture in this article, of a 1960s numberplate saying "Cerfs Up", has recently been removed with the edit summary "This isn't needed". I find no related discussion on this talk page, thus no consensus for the removal sought or achieved. This was arguably the only interesting picture in the article, it was certainly the only picture which caught my attention and it demonstrates that the subject has a sense of humour as well as being a genius who has helped change the world. Thus I propose that it be restored. Unfortunately I can't just revert this as a challenged bold edit because the picture has also been deleted. I request that the original editor User:Swatjester restore the previous state of the article and seek consensus for the change. --Mirokado (talk) 00:47, 11 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I will decline. It was a BLP concern (which does not require consensus to remove), it was unencyclopedic, and the image added nothing of value to the article whatsoever. ⇒   SWAT Jester    Son of the Defender  01:02, 11 January 2011 (UTC)
 * In that case I think you should have provided an clearer edit summary. I had also wondered about BLP when I first saw the picture, but thought that a 40-odd year old plate was probably no significant concern. I clearly don't agree with your other points but that I guess is life. --Mirokado (talk) 01:27, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

vint cerf: the CERFSUP license plate was acquired in 1994 in Virginia and is still in use in 2011. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.54.4.44 (talk) 23:07, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

father of the Internet
who is father of the internet? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.189.188.73 (talk) 17:39, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

What about the role of Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Isn't he the founder the the WWW?203.184.41.226 (talk) 06:23, 6 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, not the Internet.

 * What a joke, Cerf stole Donald Davies packet switching technology which was the basis to ArpaNet, when WILL the US realize they stand on the shoulders of giants? 81.110.28.183 (talk) 11:55, 12 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Actually, Paul Baran invented packet switching several years before Davies. Noone stole packet switching from anyone, as Davies helped over see the implementation of packet switching on the ARPANET.

Birthplace and Citizenship
Dr. Cerf's bio box indicates he was born in London, United Kingdom and that his citizenship is United Kingdom (on a side note, I don't think it would be correct to state citizenship as "United Kingdom"; if anything, his citizenship would be "British"). However, in the Life and career section, it states he was born in New Haven, CT.

What is correct here?Everiverever (talk) 16:35, 6 June 2012 (UTC)

Various reliable sources |on the internet state he was born in New Haven Connecticut. NO source was shown otherwise. I realize citizenship can be changed, but again,no source on that either,so I've reverted back to American (as it's been sourced that way .  I've also placed a note on the latest reverters page.  This seems to be the first place  he or she's come to.   No comment on whether it's an SPA, or just an individual that didn't want to register. The name of the place is....-Babylon-5-> 17:06, 6 June 2012 (UTC)

Father's name.
This edit changed Cerf's father's middle name from Thurston to Thruston. The one source says Thurston. I have reverted. Wwwhatsup (talk) 15:51, 13 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Vint Cerf. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080725010212/http://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9909/02/internet.anniv/ to http://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9909/02/internet.anniv/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 21:35, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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External links modified
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I feel like he is the inspiration for the character "The Architect" in the Matrix franchise.
Have you guys watched the matrix reload? This guys looks so much like the architect. I wonder if the character's personality comes from him. Theanonymity.de (talk) 17:24, 15 September 2021 (UTC)

Awards and Honors formatting?
After the Certificate of Merit award in 1996, the list of awards changes a bit abruptly from putting the year at the end to putting it at the front. It should probably be formatted consistently, but I don't know whether the most logical approach is to put years at the beginning or end of the entries. I don't see anything in the Manual of Style indicating either way.

Baneonplane (talk) 02:52, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

Organizing article
It seems to me that the article grew a lot over the past years and got messy. I am going to restructure it (work in progress) on my user-subpage to offer you a well organized version. If you have advices or ideas please let me know.

(I am paid editor) Chrasjo (talk) 09:10, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vint Cerf


text:
IMSI

IMSI may refer to:

 * International mobile subscriber identity
 * Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection
 * Interface Marketing Supplier Integration Institute, standards organization
 * Idaho Maximum Security Institution, prison
 * International Maple Syrup Institute, see maple syrup
 * IMSI/Design, a software company, see List of CAx companies

title: IMSI


text:
Dube on 2

Dube on 2 is a South African television comedy talk show and sketch comedy show hosted by Desmond Dube, and broadcast by SABC 2 from 2004 to 2007. Regular cast members include Lee Duru, John Lata, and (in the second season) Angela de Villiers, among others. South African celebrities—such as Ishmael, Simphiwe Dana, and Lebo Mathosa—made guest appearances on the show.

title: Dube on 2


text:
Jerry Krause

Jerome Richard Krause (April 6, 1939 – March 21, 2017) was an American sports scout and executive who was the general manager of the Chicago Bulls in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1985 to 2003.

His tenure with the Bulls included their six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998, led by superstar player Michael Jordan. Krause received the NBA Executive of the Year Award in 1988 and 1996. He was posthumously inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2017. His career in sports included positions as a scout or general manager for the Baltimore Bullets, Chicago White Sox, and the Chicago Bulls.

Early career
Krause was born in 1939 to a Jewish family and grew up in Chicago. He played high school baseball as a catcher at Taft High School in Chicago and attended Bradley University.

After college, he went to work as a scout with the Baltimore Bullets. Early on, Krause gained a reputation of being able to spot talent. He is credited by some for discovering future Hall-of-Famer Earl Monroe.

While with the Bullets, Krause urged the team to pick North Dakota forward Phil Jackson in the 1967 NBA draft. The Bullets did not draft him, but Krause continued to keep in touch during Jackson's playing career and into his first years as a coach. Their relationship flourished during the 1970s and 1980s. While Jackson was coaching the Albany Patroons in the Continental Basketball Association, Krause once called him to ask for an analysis of the league's players, which Jackson provided in detail.

After a few years with Baltimore, Krause worked as a scout with the Phoenix Suns, Philadelphia 76ers, Los Angeles Lakers, and Chicago Bulls in the 1970s.

Krause also worked as a baseball scout. He worked in the 1970s for the Cleveland Indians, Oakland Athletics, Seattle Mariners, and Chicago White Sox. While working for the Mariners, Krause continued to scout part-time for the Lakers. As a White Sox scout, he played a role in the signing of Ozzie Guillén and Kenny Williams, who would lead the White Sox to a World Series championship in as manager and general manager, respectively. He scouted for the White Sox until 1984.

Chicago Bulls GM
Krause replaced Rod Thorn as Chicago Bulls General Manager ahead of the 1985–86 NBA season.

Coaching staff
Krause's first hire with the Bulls was longtime personal friend Tex Winter. Krause hired Winter as an assistant bench coach. Krause urged Winter to teach all of the Bulls players, especially Michael Jordan, the Triangle Offense. Winter had learned the triangle offense as a college player at USC under then head coach Sam Barry, and later used it to successfully guide Kansas State to a number one ranking. Krause fired then-head coach Doug Collins and replaced him with assistant coach Phil Jackson because Collins would not let Winter do as Krause had instructed.

Building the 1991–93 roster
At the time Krause became the Bulls' general manager, Michael Jordan and John Paxson — two of the five players who would become key parts of the team that would win three consecutive championships from 1991 to 1993--were already on the team. Krause began building the foundation for future success by turning over the Bulls roster and building up a collection of draft picks. In the 1987 NBA draft, Krause chose power forward Horace Grant. He also traded draft pick Olden Polynice, a center, for Seattle's first-round draft pick, small forward and future Bulls star Scottie Pippen. Grant and Pippen were, along with Jordan, cornerstones of the Bulls' 1991–1993 championship teams.

In 1988, Krause traded power forward Charles Oakley to the New York Knicks for center Bill Cartwright. Oakley was Jordan's best friend on the team, and Jordan despised the trade. He and Oakley learned of the trade while they were on their way to Las Vegas to see a Mike Tyson fight. Cartwright turned out to be everything the Bulls needed, however, providing a presence in the middle for all three Bulls championships from 1991–1993. Perhaps most importantly, Cartwright proved to be the league's best center at defending Patrick Ewing, the New York Knicks' star who was the key player on the Bulls' most important early-1990s conference rival. Jordan later acknowledged that Krause had made the correct move in trading Oakley for Cartwright.

By 1988, the Bulls had assembled their starting five players (guards Jordan and Paxson, forwards Pippen and Grant, and center Cartwright) for the team that would reach five consecutive Eastern Conference finals from 1989–93 and win three consecutive NBA championships from 1991–93. Krause was named NBA Executive of the Year in 1988. In 1989 and 1990, Krause added depth to the roster. The Bulls picked Stacey King and B. J. Armstrong in the 1989 NBA draft and later signed undrafted big man Scott Williams.

Building the 1996–98 roster
The first retirement of Jordan, following the 1993 NBA season, brought massive change to the Chicago Bulls roster. The 1993–94 Bulls were composed entirely of Krause's acquisitions, including several minimum salary players. Just before Jordan announced his retirement, Krause persuaded 1990 draft pick Toni Kukoč to buy himself out of his European contract and join the Bulls. Despite losing Jordan, the Bulls won 55 games during the season, just two less than the season before. In the playoffs, the Bulls lost to the heavily favored New York Knicks to seven games in the second round.

During the 1993–94 NBA season, Stacey King was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves in exchange for 7'2" center Luc Longley. Longley's emergence for the Bulls during the 1994–95 season made Will Perdue expendable. Just before the start of the 1995–96 season, Perdue was traded to the San Antonio Spurs for Dennis Rodman.

After Jordan returned to the NBA, the Bulls won a then-NBA record 72 games in the 1995-1996 season, and Krause was named Executive of the Year for the second time. The next year, they achieved a then second best-ever NBA season with 69 wins and repeated as champions.

1997–98 season
Krause and head coach Phil Jackson had been friends for years, but their relationship was, in Jackson's opinion, shattered early in the 1990s after Chicago Tribune reporter Sam Smith (whom Krause despised) published a book on the 1991 title team, The Jordan Rules. The book detailed the tension that already existed between Krause and the players, and ultimately drove a wedge between Krause and Jackson.

After contentious negotiations between Jackson and the Bulls in that same period, Jackson was signed for the 1997–98 season only. Krause announced the signing in what Chicago media widely considered to be a mean-spirited manner, emphasizing that Jackson would not be rehired even if the Bulls won the 1997–98 title. That triggered an argument between Jackson and Krause in which Jackson essentially told Krause that he seemed to be rooting for the other side and not the Bulls. At that point, Krause told Jackson, "I don't care if it's 82-and-0 this year, you're fucking gone." Krause was widely quoted as saying, "Players and coaches don't win championships; organizations win championships." The statement particularly offended Michael Jordan. However, Krause said that his original phrasing was "Players and coaches alone don't win championships; organizations win championships."

Although most of the narrative suggested that Jackson was forced out as head coach, Jackson had actually declined a long-term offer from owner Jerry Reinsdorf. After the Bulls' final title of the Jordan era in 1998, Reinsdorf offered Jackson the opportunity to come back the following year as head coach, but made it clear that the team would have to go into a rebuild. Jackson declined. Longtime Krause friend and Bulls assistant coach Tex Winter, who was the architect of the triangle offense, stayed with the Bulls for another full season; he left the organization in the summer of 1999, when Jackson was hired to coach the Lakers.

Rebuilding
After the 1998 title, deciding that the Bulls were aging and facing an uncertain future, Krause chose to unload the veterans and rebuild. The draft brought prolific collegiate players such as Elton Brand, Ron Artest, Marcus Fizer, Jamal Crawford, and Jay Williams to the Bulls. After the Bulls finished 15–67 during the 2000–2001 season, Krause decided to trade away his best player (Brand) for high schooler Tyson Chandler, who was hyped as "the next Kevin Garnett". He also drafted another high schooler, Eddy Curry, who was hyped as a slightly smaller version of Shaquille O'Neal, with the fourth overall pick in the draft. Krause believed that Chandler and Curry would develop into elite players and provide the foundation for another dynasty. A mid-season trade the following year brought scorer Jalen Rose to the Bulls in exchange for Brad Miller and Artest, clearing playing time for Chandler and Curry. After drafting Jay Williams during the offseason, the Bulls had a roster with Rose, Crawford, Curry, Chandler, Williams, and Fizer that fulfilled Krause's dream of a talented young athletic team. The Bulls showed some improvement the following year.

Later years and death
In 2003, Krause resigned from his post as general manager. He explained, "The rigors and stress of the job have caused me some minor physical problems in the past few years." The Bulls fell to 23–59 in the next season, and Krause's dream of a talented young athletic team imploded; all of his acquisitions were traded or out of the league within three years.

Krause went back to his roots and worked briefly for the New York Yankees as a scout before joining the New York Mets in 2005. In 2010, he rejoined the Chicago White Sox as a scout, a position he had held in the 1970s and 80s. He was appointed by the Arizona Diamondbacks as a special assistant in its scouting department on April 1, 2011.

On March 21, 2017, Krause died at the age of 77. He had been struggling with health issues such as osteomyelitis. He was inducted into the 2017 Basketball Hall of Fame class posthumously.

On January 12, 2024, in the Chicago Bulls home game against the Golden State Warriors, Krause's widow, Thelma, attended his Ring of Honor induction on his behalf for his contributions to the franchise's success. During the ceremony, some fans loudly booed Krause, bringing Thelma to tears. The fans’ reaction received heavy criticism from Warriors coach and former Bulls player Steve Kerr, Bulls announcer and former player Stacey King, ESPN's Brian Windhorst, NBA on TNT Analyst Charles Barkley, and former NBA player Kendrick Perkins.

title: Jerry Krause


text:
User talk:68.49.181.138

Gravity, Molecular Reaction Rates, Relativistic Fields and the Hulk: a Beginners Guide
''You claim this article is "a handwritten text dump from a Marvel Comics fan guide." That's a lie, no its not! Removing that page is vandalism. -- 68.49.181.138 01:16, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)''

 * First of all, you're a bit confused about who did what. This is where Lucky 6.9 (not myself) said that it "Appears to be a handwritten text dump from a Marvel Comics fan guide."  I don't have much experience with copyright problems, so I don't have any advice to give you on how to go about establishing that it is your own original work.

 * What I did do was submit it to Votes for Deletion, and if you look at its entry there, you'll see that I said I'd enjoy it very much on an appropriate website, but that Wikipedia is not that website. It's very enjoyable speculation, but it's also original research.  As you'll also note, I did hint that perhaps one of the other Wikimedia projects might find this an appropriate submission -- but it just really isn't appropriate for Wikipedia.  -- Antaeus Feldspar 02:10, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Tenctonese

The article Tenctonese has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unreferenced for over a decade. WP:OR fancruft."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Notfrompedro (talk) 13:03, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.49.181.138


text:
Generative topographic map

Generative topographic map (GTM) is a machine learning method that is a probabilistic counterpart of the self-organizing map (SOM), is probably convergent and does not require a shrinking neighborhood or a decreasing step size. It is a generative model: the data is assumed to arise by first probabilistically picking a point in a low-dimensional space, mapping the point to the observed high-dimensional input space (via a smooth function), then adding noise in that space. The parameters of the low-dimensional probability distribution, the smooth map and the noise are all learned from the training data using the expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm. GTM was introduced in 1996 in a paper by Christopher Bishop, Markus Svensen, and Christopher K. I. Williams.

Details of the algorithm
The approach is strongly related to density networks which use importance sampling and a multi-layer perceptron to form a non-linear latent variable model. In the GTM the latent space is a discrete grid of points which is assumed to be non-linearly projected into data space. A Gaussian noise assumption is then made in data space so that the model becomes a constrained mixture of Gaussians. Then the model's likelihood can be maximized by EM.

In theory, an arbitrary nonlinear parametric deformation could be used. The optimal parameters could be found by gradient descent, etc.

The suggested approach to the nonlinear mapping is to use a radial basis function network (RBF) to create a nonlinear mapping between the latent space and the data space. The nodes of the RBF network then form a feature space and the nonlinear mapping can then be taken as a linear transform of this feature space. This approach has the advantage over the suggested density network approach that it can be optimised analytically.

Uses
In data analysis, GTMs are like a nonlinear version of principal components analysis, which allows high-dimensional data to be modelled as resulting from Gaussian noise added to sources in lower-dimensional latent space. For example, to locate stocks in plottable 2D space based on their hi-D time-series shapes. Other applications may want to have fewer sources than data points, for example mixture models.

In generative deformational modelling, the latent and data spaces have the same dimensions, for example, 2D images or 1 audio sound waves. Extra 'empty' dimensions are added to the source (known as the 'template' in this form of modelling), for example locating the 1D sound wave in 2D space. Further nonlinear dimensions are then added, produced by combining the original dimensions. The enlarged latent space is then projected back into the 1D data space. The probability of a given projection is, as before, given by the product of the likelihood of the data under the Gaussian noise model with the prior on the deformation parameter. Unlike conventional spring-based deformation modelling, this has the advantage of being analytically optimizable. The disadvantage is that it is a 'data-mining' approach, i.e. the shape of the deformation prior is unlikely to be meaningful as an explanation of the possible deformations, as it is based on a very high, artificial- and arbitrarily constructed nonlinear latent space. For this reason the prior is learned from data rather than created by a human expert, as is possible for spring-based models.

Comparison with Kohonen's self-organizing maps
While nodes in the self-organizing map (SOM) can wander around at will, GTM nodes are constrained by the allowable transformations and their probabilities. If the deformations are well-behaved the topology of the latent space is preserved. The SOM was created as a biological model of neurons and is a heuristic algorithm. By contrast, the GTM has nothing to do with neuroscience or cognition and is a probabilistically principled model. Thus, it has a number of advantages over SOM, namely:
 * it explicitly formulates a density model over the data.
 * it uses a cost function that quantifies how well the map is trained.
 * it uses a sound optimization procedure (EM algorithm).

GTM was introduced by Bishop, Svensen and Williams in their Technical Report in 1997 (Technical Report NCRG/96/015, Aston University, UK) published later in Neural Computation. It was also described in the PhD thesis of Markus Svensen (Aston, 1998).

title: Generative topographic map


text:
Ray Barretto

Raymundo "Ray" Barretto Pagán (April 29, 1929 – February 17, 2006) was an American percussionist and bandleader of Puerto Rican descent. Throughout his career as a percussionist, he played a wide variety of Latin music styles, as well as Latin jazz. His first hit, "El Watusi", was recorded by his Charanga Moderna in 1962, becoming the most successful pachanga song in the United States. In the late 1960s, Barretto became one of the leading exponents of boogaloo and what would later be known as salsa. Nonetheless, many of Barretto's recordings would remain rooted in more traditional genres such as son cubano. A master of the descarga (improvised jam session), Barretto was a long-time member of the Fania All-Stars. His success continued into the 1970s with songs such as "Cocinando" and "Indestructible". His last album for Fania Records, Soy dichoso, was released in 1990. He then formed the New World Spirit jazz ensemble and continued to tour and record until his death in 2006. He is the father of American vocalist and saxophonist Chris Barretto, best known for his work with Periphery and Monuments.

Early years
Barretto was born on April 29, 1929, in Brooklyn, New York. His parents moved to New York from Puerto Rico in the early 1920s, looking for a better life. His father left their family when Barretto was four, and his mother Delores moved the family to first Spanish Harlem (El Barrio) on NYC's East Side then at the age of 7 to the Bronx .From a young age he was influenced by his mother's love of music and by the jazz of Duke Ellington and Count Basie.

In 1946, when Barretto was 17 years old, he joined the Army. While stationed in Germany, he met Belgian vibraphonist Fats Sadi. However, it was when he heard Dizzy Gillespie's "Manteca" with Gil Fuller and Chano Pozo that he realized his calling. Barretto was not able to escape racial discrimination while stationed in Germany, which led him to a nightclub that was welcoming to black servicemen. He was able to start his music career at this club by playing the back head of a banjo.

Beginnings as a sideman
In 1949, when Barretto returned home from military service, he started to visit clubs and participated in jam sessions, where he perfected his conga playing. He is credited as being the first U.S. born percussionist to incorporate the conga drum into jazz. On one occasion Charlie Parker heard Barretto play and invited him to play in his band. Later, he was asked to play for José Curbelo and Tito Puente, for whom he played for four years. It was in 1958, while playing for Puente, that Barretto received his first recording credit. Barretto developed a unique style of playing the conga and soon he was sought by other jazz band leaders. Latin percussionists started to appear in jazz groups with frequency as a consequence of Barretto's musical influence.

In 1963 Barreto played conga on Kenny Burrell's album Midnight Blue, noted by several critics as one of the greatest jazz albums.

Charanga Moderna and rise to fame
In 1960, Barretto was a house musician for the Prestige, Blue Note, and Riverside labels. He also recorded on Columbia Records with Jazz flautist Herbie Mann. New York had become the center of Latin music in the United States and a musical genre called pachanga was the Latin music craze of the early 1960s. In 1962, Barretto formed his first group, Charanga La Moderna, and recorded his first hit, "El Watusi" for Tico Records. He was quite successful with the song and the genre, to the point of being typecast (something that he disliked).

Boogaloo and early salsa
In 1965, Barretto signed with the Latin division of United Artists, UA Latino, and began recording a series of albums in the boogaloo genre, which merges rhythm and blues with Latin music. On his album El Ray Criollo, Barretto explored the modern Latin sounds of New York, combining features of charanga and conjunto to birth a new style which would later be known as salsa. After recording four albums for the United Artists label, Barretto joined the Fania record label in 1967, and his first recording for the new label was the 1968 album Acid, which is often cited as one of the most enduring boogaloo albums, with songs such as "A Deeper Shade of Soul" and the title track was included in the soundtrack of the video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories on the fictitious Latin music radio station "Radio Espantoso". During this period, Adalberto Santiago was the band's lead vocalist.

Success with Fania

In 1972 Barretto's Que viva la música was released. "Cocinando," a track from the album, opened the soundtrack of the Fania All Stars film Our Latin Thing in which Barretto had a role. After a number of successful albums, and just as his Afro-Cuban band had attained a remarkable following, most of its members left it to form Típica 73, a multinational salsa conglomerate. In 1973, Barretto recorded the album Indestructible, in which he played "La familia", a song written by José Curbelo in 1953 and recorded by the sonero Carlos Argentino with the Cuban band Sonora Matancera; Tito Allen joined as new vocalist. Allen left the band after Indestructible. The series of departures left Barretto depressed and disappointed with salsa; he then redirected his efforts to jazz, while remaining as musical director of the Fania All Stars. In 1975 he released Barretto, also referred to as the Guararé album, with new vocalists Ruben Blades and Tito Gomez.

Barretto played the conga in recording sessions for the Rolling Stones and the Bee Gees. He performanced on Herbie Mann's "Discotheque" album also. In 1975, he was nominated for a Grammy Award for the album Barretto. From 1976 to 1978, Barretto recorded three albums for Atlantic Records, and was nominated for a Grammy for Barretto Live...Tomorrow. In 1979, he recorded La Cuna for CTI Records and produced a salsa record for Fania, titled Rican/Struction, which was named 1980 "Best Album" by Latin N.Y. Magazine, with Barretto crowned as 'Conga Player of the Year'.

New World Spirit

In 1990, Barretto won his only Grammy, in the Tropical Music category, for the album Ritmo en el corazón ("Rhythm in the Heart"), a collaboration featuring the vocals of Celia Cruz and Adalberto Santiago. His 1968 song "A Deeper Shade Of Soul" was sampled for the 1991 Billboard Hot 100 #21 hit "Deeper Shade of Soul" by Dutch band Urban Dance Squad.

Also in the 1990s, a Latin agent, Chino Rodríguez, approached Barretto with a concept he also pitched to Larry Harlow. The idea was "The Latin Legends of Fania", and Barretto, Harlow, Yomo Toro, Pete "el Conde" Rodríguez, Junior González, Ismael Miranda, and Adalberto Santiago came together and formed "The Latin Legends of Fania", booked by Chino Rodríguez of Latin Music Booking.com. However, in 1992 Barretto left the Legends to focus on his new jazz ensemble, New World Spirits, with which he recorded several albums for the Concord Jazz label.

In 1999, Barretto was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame.

In 2006, the National Endowment for the Arts awarded Barretto its Jazz Masters Award.

Barretto lived in Northern New Jersey and was an active musical producer, as well as the leader of a touring band which embarked on tours of the United States, Africa, Europe, Israel and Latin America.

Death
A resident of Norwood, New Jersey, Barretto died of heart failure and complications of multiple health issues on February 17, 2006, at Hackensack University Medical Center in New Jersey. His body was flown to Puerto Rico, where Barretto was given formal honors by the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture; his remains were cremated.

As leader

 * Barretto para bailar (Riverside, 1961)
 * Latino! (Riverside, 1962)
 * Charanga Moderna (Tico, 1962)
 * Moderna de Siempre (Tico, 1963)
 * On Fire Again (Encendido otra vez) (Tico, 1963)
 * The Big Hits Latin Style (Tico, 1963)
 * Guajira y guaguancó (Tico, 1964)
 * Viva Watusi! (United Artists, 1965)
 * Señor 007 (United Artists, 1966)
 * El Ray Criollo (United Artists, 1966)
 * Latino con Soul (United Artists, 1966)
 * Fiesta En El Barrio (United Artists, 1967)
 * Acid (Fania, 1968)
 * Hard Hands (Fania, 1968)
 * Together (Fania, 1969)
 * Head Sounds (Fania, 1969)
 * Barretto Power (Fania, 1970)
 * The Message (Fania, 1971)
 * From the Beginning (Fania, 1971)
 * Que viva la música (Fania, 1972)
 * Indestructible (Fania, 1973)
 * The Other Road (Fania, 1973)
 * Barretto (Fania, 1975)
 * Tomorrow: Barretto Live (Atlantic, 1976)
 * Energy to Burn (Fania, 1977)
 * Eye of the Beholder (Atlantic, 1977)
 * Can You Feel It? (Atlantic, 1978)
 * Gracias (Fania, 1978)
 * La Cuna (CTI Records, 1979)
 * Rican/Struction (Fania, 1979)
 * Giant Force (Fania, 1980)
 * Rhythm of Life (Fania, 1982)
 * Todo se va poder (Fania, 1984)
 * Aquí se puede (Fania, 1987)
 * Irresistible (Fania, 1989)
 * Ritmo en el Corazón (Fania, 1990)
 * Handprints (Concord Picante, 1991)
 * Soy Dichoso (Fania, 1992)
 * Live in New York (Messidor, 1992)
 * Salsa Caliente de Nu York (Universe, 2001)
 * Fuerza Gigante: Live in Puerto Rico April 27, 2001 (Universe, 2004)
 * Standards Rican-ditioned (Zoho Music, 2006)

With New World Spirit
 * Ancestral Messages (Concord Picante, 1992)
 * Taboo (Concord Picante, 1994)
 * My Summertime (Owl, 1995)
 * Contact! (Blue Note, 1998)
 * Portraits in Jazz and Clave (RCA, 2000)
 * Trancedance (Circular Moves, 2001)
 * Homage to Art Blakey and The Jazz Messengers (Sunnyside, 2003)
 * Hot Hands (compilation of Ancestral Messages and Taboo ) (Concord Picante, 2003)
 * Time Was - Time Is (O+ Music, 2005)

As sideman
With Gene Ammons
 * Blue Gene (Prestige, 1958)
 * Boss Tenor (Prestige, 1960)
 * Up Tight! (Prestige, 1961)
 * Boss Soul! (Prestige, 1961)
 * Twisting the Jug with Joe Newman and Jack McDuff (Prestige, 1961)
 * Soul Summit Vol. 2 (Prestige, 1962) – rec. 1961
 * Late Hour Special (Prestige, 1964) – rec. 1961
 * Velvet Soul (Prestige, 1964) – rec. 1961
 * Goodbye (Prestige, 1974)

With Kenny Burrell
 * Bluesy Burrell with Coleman Hawkins (Moodsville, 1962)
 * Midnight Blue (Blue Note, 1963)
 * Crash! with Brother Jack McDuff (Prestige, 1963)
 * Soul Call (Prestige, 1964)
 * God Bless the Child (CTI, 1971)

With Celia Cruz
 * Tremendo Trío! (Fania, 1983)
 * Ritmo en el Corazón (Fania, 1989)

With Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis
 * Bacalao with Shirley Scott (Prestige, 1959)
 * Afro-Jaws (Riverside, 1960)
 * Misty with Shirley Scott (Moodsville, 1963) – rec. 1960
 * Lock, the Fox (RCA Victor, 1966)

With Lou Donaldson
 * Swing and Soul (Blue Note, 1957)
 * Blues Walk (Blue Note, 1958)
 * Light-Foot (Blue Note, 1959)
 * The Time Is Right (Blue Note, 1959)
 * Midnight Sun (Blue Note, 1960)
 * Cole Slaw (Blue Note, 1964)

With Jimmy Forrest
 * Most Much! (Prestige, 1961)
 * Soul Street (New Jazz, 1962)

With Eddie Harris
 * Mean Greens (Atlantic, 1966)
 * The Electrifying Eddie Harris (Atlantic, 1967)

With Yusef Lateef
 * Yusef Lateef's Detroit (Atlantic, 1969)
 * In a Temple Garden (CTI, 1979)

With Johnny Lytle
 * Moon Child (Jazzland, 1962)
 * The Soulful Rebel (Milestone, 1971)

With Herbie Mann
 * Flute, Brass, Vibes and Percussion (Verve, 1959)
 * The Common Ground (Atlantic, 1960)
 * The Family of Mann (Atlantic, 1961)
 * Herbie Mann Returns to the Village Gate (Atlantic, 1963) – rec. 1961
 * Our Mann Flute (Atlantic, 1966)
 * The Herbie Mann String Album (Atlantic, 1967)
 * Glory of Love (A&M/CTI, 1967)
 * Discothèque (Atlantic, 1975)
 * Waterbed (Atlantic, 1975)

With Johnny "Hammond" Smith
 * Talk That Talk (New Jazz, 1960)
 * Open House! (Riverside, 1963)

With Sonny Stitt
 * Stitt Meets Brother Jack with Jack McDuff (Prestige, 1962)
 * The Matadors Meet the Bull (Roulette, 1965)

With Cal Tjader
 * Along Comes Cal (Verve, 1967)
 * Hip Vibrations (Verve, 1967)

With others
 * Bee Gees, Main Course (RSO, 1975)
 * George Benson, The Other Side of Abbey Road (A&M, 1970)
 * Ray Bryant, Dancing the Big Twist (Columbia, 1961)
 * Arnett Cobb, Party Time (Prestige, 1959)
 * Billy Cobham, Spectrum (Atlantic, 1973)
 * Judy Collins, True Stories and Other Dreams (Elektra Records, 1973)
 * Crosby, Stills & Nash, CSN (Atlantic, 1977)
 * Deodato, Prelude (CTI, 1972)
 * Bill Doggett, Doggett Beat for Dancing Feet (King, 1957)
 * Art Farmer, Listen to Art Farmer and the Orchestra (Mercury, 1963) – rec. 1962
 * The Red Garland Trio, Manteca (Prestige, 1958)
 * Dizzy Gillespie, Carnegie Hall Concert (Verve, 1961) – live
 * Al Grey, The Al Grey - Billy Mitchell Sextet with Billy Mitchell (Argo, 1962) – live rec. 1961
 * Slide Hampton, Jazz with a Twist (Atlantic, 1962)
 * Jake Holmes, How Much Time (Columbia, 1972)
 * Willis Jackson, Thunderbird (Prestige, 1962)
 * Clifford Jordan, Soul Fountain (Vortex, 1970)
 * Ben E. King, Spanish Harlem (Atco, 1961)
 * Junior Mance, I Believe to My Soul (Atlantic, 1968)
 * Jack McDuff, Somethin' Slick! (Prestige, 1963)
 * Mark Murphy, Rah! (Riverside, 1961)
 * Wes Montgomery, SO Much Guitar! (Riverside, 1961)
 * Oliver Nelson, Impressions of Phaedra (United Artists, 1962)
 * Dave Pike, Limbo Carnival (New Jazz, 1962)
 * Michel Sardaby, Michel Sardaby in New York (Sound Hills, 2002)
 * Jeremy Steig and Eddie Gómez, Rain Forest (CMP, 1980)
 * Julius Watkins, French Horns for My Lady (Philips, 1962)
 * Weather Report, Mysterious Traveller (Columbia, 1974)
 * Frank Wess, Southern Comfort (Prestige, 1962)
 * Charles Williams, Stickball (Mainstream, 1972)
 * Edgar Winter, Edgar Winter's White Trash (Epic, 1971)

title: Ray Barretto


text:
User:Jondel/Autogenics

How it Evolved

Autogenic training evolved out of the research of Brain physiologist Oskar Vogt in the 1880’s at the Berlin Neuro Biological Institute. Dr Vogt observed that some patients were able to put themselves in a self-hypnotic state which seemed to have positive effects on their recuperation. Along with his colleague, Korbinian Brodmann, Dr Vogt experimented with a range of self-hypnosis techniques which he found could relieve many stress-related symptoms and diseases. His work provided the inspiration for Johannes Schultz, a Berlin psychiatrist and neurologist to investigate the therapeutic potential of auto-hypnosis exercises from which autogenic training emerged.

http://www.internethealthlibrary.com/Therapies/autogenics.htm

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title: User:Jondel/Autogenics