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Linda B. Buck

Linda Brown Buck (born January 29, 1947) is an American biologist best known for her work on the olfactory system. She was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Richard Axel, for their work on olfactory receptors. She is currently on the faculty of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle.

Personal life
Linda B. Buck was born in Seattle, Washington on January 29, 1947. Her father was an electrical engineer who spent his time inventing and building different items in his spare time, while her mother was a homemaker who spent a majority of her free time solving word puzzles. Buck was the second of three children, all of them girls. Her father has Irish ancestry as well as ancestors dating back to the American revolution. Her mother is of Swedish ancestry. In 1994 Buck met Roger Brent, also a biologist. The two married in 2006.

Education
Buck received her B.S. in psychology and microbiology in 1975 from the University of Washington, Seattle. She is the first female University of Washington alumnus to win the Nobel Prize. She was awarded her Ph.D. in immunology in 1980 under the direction of Professor Ellen Vitetta at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas.

Career and research
In 1980, Buck began postdoctoral research at Columbia University under Benvenuto Pernis (1980–1982). In 1982, she joined the laboratory of Richard Axel, also at Columbia in the Institute of Cancer Research. After reading Sol Snyder's group research paper at Johns Hopkins University, Buck set out to map the olfactory process at the molecular level, tracing the travel of odors through the cells of the nose to the brain. Buck and Axel worked with rat genes in their research and identified a family of genes that code for more than 1000 odor receptors and published these findings in 1991. Later that year, Buck became an assistant professor in the Neurobiology Department at Harvard Medical School where she established her own lab. After finding how odors are detected by the nose, Buck published her findings in 1993 on how the inputs from different odor receptors are organized in the nose. Essentially, her primary research interest is on how pheromones and odors are detected in the nose and interpreted in the brain. She is a Full Member of the Basic Sciences Division at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and an Affiliate Professor of Physiology and Biophysics at the University of Washington, Seattle.

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2004)
In her landmark paper published in 1991 with Richard Axel, Linda Buck discovered hundreds of genes code for the odorant sensors located in the olfactory neurons of our noses. Each receptor is a protein that changes when an odor attaches to the receptor, causing an electrical signal to be sent to the brain. Differences between odorant sensors mean that certain odors cause a signal to be released from a certain receptor. We are then able to interpret varying signals from our receptors as specific scents. To do this, Buck and Axel cloned olfactory receptors, showing that they belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. By analyzing rat DNA, they estimated that there were approximately 1,000 different genes for olfactory receptors in the mammalian genome. This research opened the door to the genetic and molecular analysis of the mechanisms of olfaction. In their later work, Buck and Axel have shown that each olfactory receptor neuron remarkably only expresses one kind of olfactory receptor protein and that the input from all neurons expressing the same receptor is collected by a single dedicated glomerulus of the olfactory bulb.

Awards and honors
Buck was awarded the Takasago Award for Research in Olfaction (1992), Unilever Science Award (1996), R.H. Wright Award in Olfactory Research (1996), Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award for Distinguished Work in Basic Medical Research (1996), Perl/UNC Neuroscience Prize (2002), and Gairdner Foundation International Award (2003). In 2005, she received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. Buck was inducted into the National Academy of Sciences in 2003 and the Institutes of Medicine in 2006. Buck has been a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2008. She also sits on the Selection Committee for Life Science and Medicine which chooses winners of the Shaw Prize. In 2015, Buck was awarded an honorary doctorate by Harvard University and elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS).

Retractions
Buck retracted 3 papers, published in Nature (pub. 2001, retracted 2008), Science (pub 2006, retracted 2010) and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (pub 2005, retracted 2010) due to falsification/fabrication of results by lead author and collaborator Zhihua Zou.

title: Linda B. Buck


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Hyundai Tucson

The Hyundai Tucson (현대 투싼) is a compact crossover SUV produced by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai. It is named after the city of Tucson, Arizona. It was originally known as the Hyundai JM when it was introduced in Japan in 2004.

The second-generation model was marketed as the Hyundai ix35 in several markets, including Europe, Australia and China, before reverting to Tucson for the third-generation. Since its first-generation, the Tucson has been developed alongside the Kia Sportage, sharing platforms and engines.

The Tucson is the best-selling Hyundai SUV model, with more than 7 million units sold globally since it launched in 2004. Of these, 1.4 million units have been sold in Europe. , the Tucson is positioned between the Kona or Creta and the three-row Santa Fe in Hyundai's crossover SUV lineup.

First generation (JM; 2004)
The first-generation Tucson was launched in 2004, after its name was announced in November 2003. Positioned as a smaller alternative to the Santa Fe, it shared its Hyundai Elantra-based platform with the second-generation Kia Sportage.

North America
In the U.S., the Tucson was offered in base GLS, mid-line SE, and top-tier Limited (formerly LX) trim levels for 2007 models. Earlier 2005 and 2006 models were offered as GL/GLS/Limited. Standard equipment included air conditioning, six airbags, electronic stability control, a CD player, alloy wheels, remote keyless entry, and premium cloth seats. The SE added to the roster with contrasting gray body cladding, a different alloy design, an AM/FM/Cassette/CD as well as fog lights and a front windshield wiper de-icing grid. The Limited added leather seating surfaces, a 6-disc in dash CD changer, body-coloured cladding, automatic climate control, and heated seats. The GLS and Limited were only available with the 2.7 L V6. The GL came only with the 2.0-litre four-cylinder.

The Tucson offers modest cargo space but its easy-to-fold seats can expand this volume so they lie flat. Even the front passenger seat folds flat for extra-long cargo.

Safety
There are dual-stage frontal impact airbags, torso side-impact airbags built into the front seats, and curtain airbags for side-impact protection for front and rear passengers.

2009 Hyundai Tucson by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
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Model year changes
In 2006, the LX became the Limited and got colour-coded cladding, automatic climate control, and a high-performance sound system. The GLS retained the gray cladding but 'HYUNDAI' is no longer branded into the cladding on the front doors. The GLS also got improved cloth seats with the option of a heating element. Both GLS and Limited got redesigned alloy wheels. The base GL remained unchanged.

In 2007, the GL and GLS trims were respectively renamed to GLS and SE to match the standard for all new Hyundai vehicles. The SE comes with a sport utility rack, has 4-wheel drive, and is a 6-cylinder engine.

2009 Tucsons saw restyling and trim changes.

Tucson FCEV
The Tucson Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) is a test fuel cell vehicle for Hyundai's second-generation hydrogen fuel cell. The vehicle includes an 80 kW electric motor by Enova Systems of Torrance, California, UTC Fuel Cells by South Windsor, Connecticut, 152V battery co-developed by Hyundai Motor Co. and LG Chem in Seoul, Korea, 152 L hydrogen storage tanks developed by Dynetek Industries of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The vehicle has range of 300 km and top speed of 150 km/h.

The vehicle was unveiled at the 2005 Los Angeles Auto Show and completed a 4300 mi journey as part of the Hydrogen Road Tour in 2008.

Other markets
In Japan, the Hyundai Tucson was sold as the Hyundai JM until November 2009.

In Brazil, the Hyundai Tucson was produced from October 2009 until the second half of 2018, initially in GL and GLS trim levels - the former available only with a 2.0-litre four-cylinder engine and a choice between a 5-speed manual transmission or a 4-speed automatic transmission, and the latter offering a 2.7-litre V6 engine in addition to the 2.0-litre four-cylinder, both mated exclusively to the 4-speed auto.

A facelifted version of the first-generation exclusive to China was produced by Beijing Hyundai. The second-generation Tucson was renamed to ix35 in China and Brazil, and later became an independent model while the Tucson name returned with the introduction of the third-generation.

Reception
The Hyundai Tucson received accolades from Canadian Car of the Year Best New Crossover award for 2005. It was named as one of the most reliable vehicles from the 2009 Consumer Reports reliability survey.

Safety
The first-generation Tucson in its standard European market configuration received 4 stars for adult occupants, 3 stars for toddlers, and 1 star for pedestrians from Euro NCAP in 2006.

Second generation (LM; 2009)
In most markets outside South Korea and North America, the Hyundai Tucson name (also known as the "Hyundai Tucson ix" in Korea) was changed to Hyundai ix35. Vehicles sold in the North America and several other regions continued to be called Tucson. The ix35 was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. The power output, fuel-efficiency, comfort and safety features were claimed to have been all upgraded. Known by the project name LM, it took 36 months and 280 billion won (approx. US$225 million) to develop.

The ix35's styling was reported to be based on Hyundai ix-onic concept. The ix35 was penned by Hyundai designer Cha Il-Hoei in 2007, under the guidance of former BMW designer Thomas Bürkle at Hyundai's Rüsselsheim design studio in Germany and continues the company's styling language, marketed as "fluidic sculpture". The compact crossover vehicle has sweeping coupe-like lines, a premium vehicle feel and comes with features unavailable on its predecessor.

Facelift
The facelifted Tucson was released in South Korea on 2 May 2013, based on the European market ix35 styling with new grille, projector headlights, tail lights, rounded fog lights and front bumper. This facelift was also released in China in August 2013 under the ix35 nameplate, and was not applied in most markets outside South Korea and China, especially in Europe, where only headlights and tail lights were changed, and in North America and Australia, where it retained the pre-facelift styling with only headlights were changed. While in Indonesia, the Tucson received its own facelift in April 2014 based on the global model styling with new grille (similar to the South Korean and Chinese markets), projector headlights, tail lights and fog lights.

United States
The Tucson sold in the United States came in three trims: GL, GLS and Limited, with all-wheel drive available for GLS and Limited trims. The GL comes with a standard manual transmission, but a 6-speed automatic transmission is available and is standard on GLS and Limited. The North American version uses a different gauge cluster design than the Korean version.

The 2011 Tucson offered in the U.S. a new GL trim which replaces the 2010 GLS model as Tucson's base trim. The GL is powered by a new 2.0-litre 4-cylinder engine mated to either a five-speed manual or an available six-speed automatic transmission in order to obtain better fuel economy than the 2.4-litre engine.

2014 model year Tucson for North America have been upgraded with GDI direct injected Theta II engines that obtain more power and better emissions, LED tail/head lights, more stylish alloy rim designs, and a few minor improvements to the interior/audio system.

Australia
In Australia, the ix35 is available in Active, Elite and Highlander trim levels. The 2.0-litre Theta II petrol engine in front-wheel drive is available on Active and Elite trims, while the 2.4-litre Theta II petrol engine and the 2.0-litre R-series diesel engine are available on Elite and Highlander trims.

Europe
The European market ix35 has a restyled grille, front bumper, rounded fog lights and projector headlights, to differentiate it with global models. This styling was also sold in Malaysia from November 2012 as the Tucson.

In the United Kingdom, the ix35 was initially available in Style and Premium trim levels. It received an update in September 2013 with new headlights and tail lights, and is available in S, SE and Premium trim levels.

China
In China, the first-generation Tucson was sold alongside the ix35, which adopted the European market styling, and was replaced by the third-generation Tucson directly while the ix35 spawned its own successor, the Hyundai ix35 (NU). The ix35 NU was revealed on the 2017 Shanghai Auto Show in China and was available to the Chinese car market in the third quarter of 2017.

Powertrain
The Tucson/ix35 is available with several engines: an all-new 2.0-litre diesel R engine, one of two Theta-II petrol engine variants (2.0-litre or 2.4-litre), 1.7-litre UII diesel and 1.6-litre Gamma GDI petrol. The later two only in Europe. The automatic transmission is Hyundai's all-new six-speed design. The manual transmissions available in Europe is a 6-speed for 1.7-litre and 2.0-litre diesels and 1.6 Gamma and a 5-speed for 2.0 Theta. The 2.0-litre diesel engine, available outside of North America, meets the Euro-5 emissions standards and achieves 6.5 l/100km fuel economy with maximum power output of 184 hp. The 2.0-litre petrol engine has a fuel economy of 8.5 l/100km with 166 hp. In South Korea, the diesel engine is offered in both front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive configurations, while the 2.0-litre petrol engine is available only in front-wheel drive.

The North American versions are powered by either the 2.0-litre producing 165 hp or a 2.4-litre four-cylinder petrol engine producing 176 hp mated to the six-speed automatic transmission. The 2.4-litre engine makes almost the same power as the previous generation V6 engine while managing 20% better fuel economy than the previous generation four-cylinder.

Safety
The second-generation Tucson earned 'Top Safety Pick' award in 2010 from Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) in the U.S.

Third generation (TL; 2015)
In February 2015, Hyundai released the first details about the third-generation Tucson ahead of the crossover's official debut at the Geneva Motor Show on 3 March 2015. This model arrived in showrooms in the second half of 2015, as a 2016 model year. Since this generation, Hyundai has discontinued the use of the ix35 nameplate, reverting to Tucson globally.

The third-generation Tucson measures 65 mm longer and 30 mm wider than its predecessor, while riding on a 30 mm longer wheelbase. Rear storage space is also larger, with seats-up capacity growing from 465 to 513 litres.

Starting from this generation, safety technologies such as lane departure warning, blind spot detection, and auto braking for pedestrians and cars, along with a dual-clutch automatic transmission and torque vectoring known as Hyundai Active Cornering Control are offered.

North America
Revealed in April 2015 for the 2016 model year, the North American market Tucson was offered with a choice of two engines, a 2.0-litre direct-injection four-cylinder delivering 164 hp and 151 lbft of torque with a 6-speed automatic transmission, and a 1.6-litre turbocharged engine with 175 hp and 195 lbft of torque paired with a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission. Both engines are available in front and all-wheel drive versions. Available in July 2015, the 2016 Hyundai Tucson was available in four trim levels: SE, Eco, Sport and Limited.

Australia
The Tucson was revealed in the country in August 2015. At launch, the Tucson was offered two petrol engines and one diesel, along with 6-speed manual, 6-speed auto and 7-speed dual-clutch auto transmissions. The 2.0-litre petrol engines include the 2.0-litre GDi Nu petrol engine, while it was also offered alongside the older 2.0-litre MPi version of the Nu engine. Other engines offered are the 1.6-litre T-GDi turbocharged petrol engine and a turbocharged 2.0-litre R-Series diesel engine. Models with the 2.0-litre GDi engine were sourced from South Korea, while the 2.0 MPi, 1.6 T-GDi and 2.0 R-Series variants were imported from the Czech Republic.

2018 facelift
First shown at the 2018 New York International Auto Show, the Tucson for the 2019 model year received a facelift and changes to the powertrain options. Exterior updates included a new cascade grille, reshaped hood and tailgate design, rectangular fuel door, new rim designs, and an updated LED headlight design for higher trim levels. The interior received an update to include a newly designed dash with lower centrally-placed air vents and a high-mounted head unit display.

In North America, the Driver Attention Warning (DAW) system is standard across all trim levels, and both the Lane Keeping Assist (LKA) departure/correction system and Front Collision Avoidance Assist (FCA) system are now also standard across all trim levels. The manual and dual clutch transmission options were dropped in favor of the 6-speed Shiftronic automatic used in the previous model. The 2.0-litre Nu GDi engine continues in the SE and Value trim levels but for other trims the 1.6-litre I4 turbocharged engine was dropped and replaced by a 2.4-litre I4 GDi naturally aspirated engine which produces 181 hp at 6,000 rpm and 175 lbft with a slight loss in fuel economy.

In spring 2019, Hyundai started selling the N-Line variant, mainly in the European market.

In August 2020, Hyundai Nishat commenced the local assembly of the facelifted model in Pakistan. Initially, it came in only two trim levels, the FWD GLS Sport and the AWD Ultimate. Later on, a third trim level, the FWD GLS, was also launched. All three trim levels come with the 2.0 L Nu MPi I4 engine and 6-speed automatic transmission.

2019 Chinese market facelift
For the Chinese market, the Tucson was given an alternate facelift for the 2019 model year with the single model name known as 280TGDi and 6 separate trim levels. The 1.6-litre G4FJ engine is available paired to a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission.

Powertrain
During the Geneva Motor Show, Hyundai also unveiled two concept variants, a Tucson hybrid electric and a diesel-powered plug-in hybrid. The 48V Hybrid combines a 2.0-litre diesel model with 134 hp (100 kW) and a six-speed manual transmission along with a 14 hp (10 kW) electric motor; combined system performance is 148 hp (110 kW) and 413 N·m (305 lb-ft) of torque. This increases system power by 10% while emitting only 109 g/km. The concept plug-in-hybrid is also based on the all-new Tucson platform and is equipped with a 1.7-litre diesel engine and a seven-speed dual-clutch transmission. The engine generates 113 hp (85 kW) and is accompanied by a 67 hp (50 kW) electric motor and a 10.7 kWh lithium-ion polymer battery, which delivers an all-electric range of more than 50 km. Combined system output is a maximum of 180 hp (135 kW) with 474 N·m (350 lb-ft) of torque, with estimated emissions of less than 48 g/km.

Fourth generation (NX4; 2020)
The fourth-generation Tucson was revealed on 15 September 2020. The all-new model features Hyundai's "jewel-like" grille, with geometric daytime running lights integrated in its design. Hyundai's design team, led by SangYup Lee, its senior vice president and head of Hyundai Global Design Center, has reshaped the Tucson with bulging fenders, angled wheel wells, a level roofline and short overhangs. Prior to its release, the fourth-generation Tucson was previewed as the Vision T Concept showcased at the 2019 Los Angeles Auto Show in November 2019.

Riding on a shortened version of the N3 platform shared with the larger Santa Fe, the fourth-generation Tucson is offered with two wheelbase length for different markets to meet different customers needs and expectations in different regions, which are short-wheelbase (2680 mm), and long-wheelbase (2755 mm). Most regions outside Europe, Middle East and Mexico receives the long-wheelbase version. In China, the long-wheelbase-only fourth-generation Tucson is marketed as the Tucson L to differentiate itself with the older model.

In the interior, the new Tucson features an optional hoodless fully digital instrument cluster and a four-spoke steering wheel. It also includes a vertically stacked, dual 10.25 in full-touch screen with capacitive buttons. For the long-wheelbase version, Hyundai claimed the cargo volume will provide a 38.7 cuft of usable space.

Facelift
Hyundai released the facelift version of the fourth-generation Tucson in December 2023 for the 2025 model year.

Europe
Continued to be produced at Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Czech, the European-market Tucson is solely offered with the short 2680 mm wheelbase version. The European range of the fourth-generation Tucson includes five electrified powertrain options, as well as one petrol and one diesel.

The base options are the petrol 1.6-litre T-GDi (turbocharged petrol direct injection) with 147 hp engine and the diesel 1.6-litre CRDi with 113 hp. Both engines are also offered with a mild hybrid 48-volt technology, which include the petrol 1.6-litre T-GDi in 147 hp and 177 hp versions, and the diesel 1.6-litre CRDi with 134 hp. Mild Hybrid (MHEV) models are fitted with the 6-speed Intelligent Manual Transmission (iMT) as standard or a 7-speed dry-type Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT).

At launch, the most powerful Tucson is the hybrid 1.6-litre T-GDi HEV, which combines the turbocharged petrol engine with a 59 hp electric motor and a 1.49 kWh lithium-ion polymer battery for a system output of 226 hp. The hybrid Tucson will be offered with a 6-speed automatic (torque converter) and optional all-wheel-drive drivetrain. A plug-in hybrid variant based on the 1.6-litre T-GDi petrol with a combined output of 261 hp was introduced in 2021.

North America
The fourth-generation Tucson was revealed for the North American market in November 2020 for the 2022 model year. Offered with the long-wheelbase specification, it features a new 2.5-litre 4-cylinder Smartstream petrol engine rated at 187 hp and 178 lbft of torque. The Tucson Hybrid is also sold in the region, bringing a combination of 1.6-litre T-GDi engine with a 44 kW electric motor. It is capable of 226 hp, 258 lbft of torque and 30 percent increase in fuel economy. A plug-in hybrid version has also arrived, powered by a 13.8-kWh battery providing 51 km of zero-emission range.

Despite resistance from the labor union in South Korea, Hyundai started to produce the new Tucson in the United States due to its increasing popularity from February 2021. It is produced alongside the Elantra, Sonata and Santa Fe and Santa Cruz in Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama in Montgomery.

South Korea
The fourth-generation Tucson was released in South Korea in September 2020. The range includes the 2.5-litre GDi petrol engine, 1.6-litre T-GDi petrol, 2.0-litre CRDi diesel, 1.6-litre T-GDi hybrid or 1.6-litre T-GDi plug-in hybrid.

China
The fourth-generation Tucson was unveiled at the 2020 Guangzhou Motor Show, marketed as the Tucson L. Several exterior changes for the Chinese market include false exhaust tips in the rear. Changes in the interior include a larger vertically mounted touch screen infotainment system. A Smartstream turbocharged engine is offered, which is a 1.5-litre T-GDi engine that produces 197 hp, paired with a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission.

Mexico
The fourth-generation Tucson was launched in Mexico on 10 February 2021, with three trim levels: GLS, Limited and Limited Tech. All variants are powered by a 2.5-litre GDi petrol engine.

In August 2022, a Hybrid version based on the Limited trim was added to the range.

Australia
The fourth generation Tucson was launched in Australia on 26 April 2021, with three trim levels: Tucson, Elite and Highlander. An N-line package is available as an option on all trim levels and adds a sportier look and various features. Three powertrain options are available on the Australian Tucson: a 1.6-litre T-GDi turbocharged petrol combined with a 7-speed dual-clutch automatic, a 2.0-litre MPi petrol combined with a 6-speed automatic, and finally a 2.0-litre CRDi turbocharged diesel combined with a 8 speed automatic. All powertrains, except the 2.0-litre MPi petrol, comes equipped with AWD.

In June 2024, the facelifted Tucson debuted in Australia, which saw the diesel engine option discontinued and the option of a Hybrid version.

Singapore
The fourth-generation Tucson was launched in Singapore on 7 July 2021, with three variants. Two powertrain options are available: a 1.6-litre T-GDi turbocharged petrol and a 1.6-litre Hybrid turbocharged petrol (followed at a later date).

New Zealand
The fourth-generation Tucson was launched in New Zealand on 4 August 2021, with five trim levels: Tucson, Active, Elite, Limited and N-Line. Three powertrain options are available: a 1.6-litre T-GDi turbocharged petrol, a 1.6-litre CRDi turbocharged diesel and a 2.0-litre MPi petrol. The former powertrain comes standard with front-wheel-drive, and the latter two powertrains are equipped with AWD system.

In the second half of 2022, the Hybrid and Plug-in Hybrid versions were added to the range for the Entry and Elite trims.

Vietnam
The fourth-generation Tucson was launched in Vietnam on 27 December 2021, with four variants. Three powertrain options are available: 1.6-litre T-GDi turbocharged petrol, a 2.0-litre MPi petrol and a 2.0-litre CRDi turbocharged diesel.

South Africa
The fourth-generation Tucson went on sale in South Africa on 10 March 2022, with three trim levels: Premium, Executive and Elite. Two powertrain options are available: a 2.0-litre MPi petrol and a 2.0-litre CRDi turbocharged diesel.

In May 2023, the N-Line trim was added as the flagship variant, powered by a 2.0-litre MPi petrol.

Philippines
The fourth-generation Tucson was launched in the Philippines on 20 June 2022 and it became available on dealerships on 17 August 2022. For the Philippines, the Tucson is offered in two trim levels: GLS and GLS+. Two powertrain options are available: 2.0-litre MPi petrol (for GLS) and a 2.0-litre CRDi turbocharged diesel (for GLS+).

Malaysia
The fourth-generation Tucson was launched in Malaysia on 10 November 2023, with three trim levels: Lite, Plus and Max. Two powertrain options are available: a 2.0-litre MPi petrol and a 1.6-litre T-GDi turbocharged petrol.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hyundai Tucson


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Arab British Helicopter Company

The Arab British Helicopter Company (ABHCO), (Arabic:الشركة العربية البريطانية للمروحيات) is an Anglo-Italiano-Egyptian joint venture that specialises in helicopter manufacturing.

It was established during 1978 following an agreement with the British aerospace company Westland Helicopters as an affiliate of the Arab Organization for Industrialization (AOI). It was intended for the venture to assemble the Westland Lynx helicopter, along with its Rolls-Royce Gem engines, at ABHCO's facility in Helwan, 18 miles south of Cairo, Egypt. Despite orders being placed for 250 ABHCO-built Lynx helicopters, none were ever completed due to an economic boycott being enacted on Egypt by the other Arab nations during the late 1970s. Following a licensing agreement, the firm also undertook the manufacture of the Westland Gazelle.

History
During the 1970s, Egypt commenced widescale efforts to replace arms imports with domestic production to provide military equipment to the rest of the Middle East as well as to build up Arab military industries. This international initiative was formalised in 1975; Egtpt was joined by various other Arab partner nations in the endeavour, including Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar. On 29 April 1975, these four nations signed a treaty that established the Arab Organization for Industrialization (AOI), a defense manufacturing interest that based much of its infrastructure, including its headquarters and much of its production facilities, within Egypt.

In parallel with these regional diplomatic developments, Egyptian officials were negotiating multiple industrial and defense-related agreements between both France and Britain. As early as September 1974, the British and Egyptian governments initiated talks to establish a new Egyptian helicopter manufacturer. During March 1978, the Arab British Helicopter Company (ABHCO) was formally established in a $595 million deal with Westland Helicopters. It was structured as a joint venture between AOI and Westland, but based in Egypt. Initially, it was intended for ABHCO to engage in the domestic assembly of British Westland Lynx helicopters at ABHCO's Helwan facility. In addition to manufacturing the type, other activities, including the overhaul, testing and sale of Lynx helicopters was also envisioned. A separate agreement was formalised with Rolls-Royce to license manufacture the Lynx's Gem turboshaft engines at the Helwan facility.

During 1975, an initial order for 42 Westland Gazelles was placed by Egypt. It was agreed that ABHCO would undertake the assembly of these rotorcraft via a recently-acquired licensing agreement. Throughout the 1980s, the company undertook the assembly of a significant number of Gazelles; the associated British Arab Engine Company also produced the Turbomeca Astazou turboshaft powerplants for these Egyptian-build Gazelles.

The fortunes of ABHCO were heavily shaped by both Egyptian and international politics alike. Following the signing of the Camp David Accords between Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, Egypt was subject to an economic boycott by many of its former Arab partners, who also moved to liquidate jointly held assets. This threw the existence of AOI, and therefore ABHCO, into a state of uncertainty for a time. All four member states in ABHCO had placed orders for a cumulative batch of 250 locally-built Lynx helicopters, but these would be cancelled without redress.

In response, Egypt declared that AOI, which had become a major industrial employer in the nation, would become a purely Egyptian endeavour. However, this unilateral declaration posed some legislative difficulties. The company remained active as a manufacturing venture for several years, but accumulated a considerably high level of debt and failed to fulfil licensing payments to Westland. During the 1980s and 1990s, Westland pursued ABHCO over incomplete payments, resorting to legal action being taken against the company.

title: Arab British Helicopter Company


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Kia Sportage

The Kia Sportage (기아 스포티지) is a series of automobiles manufactured by the South Korean manufacturer Kia since 1993 through five generations. Initially a compact SUV built on a body-on-frame chassis, the second-generation Sportage transitioned to a car-based platform which placed it into the compact crossover SUV class, and has been developed alongside the Hyundai Tucson. Since the fifth-generation model launched in 2021, Kia developed the Sportage in two sizes with different wheelbase lengths for different markets.

The Sportage has been the best-selling Kia model globally since 2016 after surpassing the Rio. In 2018, the model reached the 5 million production milestone. , the Sportage is positioned between the Seltos or Niro and the three-row Sorento in Kia's SUV global lineup with the latter sharing platform with the Sportage.

In 2022, the Sportage won the 'Family SUV' and 'Full Hybrid' categories in the Scottish Car of the Year Awards. In 2023, the Sportage was chosen as Car of the Year in Morocco.

First generation (NB; 1993)
The first-generation Kia Sportage was developed with a Mazda Bongo engineering base platform. It shares many mechanical components such as the engine, transmissions (early versions), and differentials with the Mazda line of vehicles. This was during Kia's alliance with Ford and Mazda, which involved Ford/Mazda providing technology and Kia providing inexpensive manufacturing facilities for Ford Company.

From 1995 to 1998, the Sportage was built by Karmann in Germany; European buyers received German-built versions in that period, while the rest of the world received South Korean-built versions. It was launched in Asia in July 1993 and European sales started two years later.

The Sportage was sold in either a five-door SUV or a three-door soft-top convertible. Kia initially developed the wagon in standard length form, but in circa 1996, the company released an extended length version. This stretched model—mainly sold in Asian markets under the name "Sportage Grand", but also as the "Grand Wagon"—featured a 305 mm longer body utilizing the same wheelbase, an increase in luggage capacity from 1570 to 2220 L, and the relocation of the spare wheel from the tailgate to underneath the floor.

Kia offered three Mazda-sourced engines in the Sportage, beginning with the 2.0-liter FE DOHC inline-four gasoline unit producing 128 hp and the 2.0-liter RF inline-four diesel rated at 82 hp. Diesel-engined models were mostly restricted to European markets, as was the more basic single overhead camshaft (SOHC) version of the 2.0-liter FE gasoline inline-four. Delivering 117 hp, this gasoline engine was available from 2000 onwards. In North America, the 2.0-liter FE DOHC engine produced 130 hp and had optional four-wheel drive. The 1997 model year Kia Sportage was the world's first production vehicle to be equipped with a knee airbag.

This first-generation model (1993–2002) sold in low numbers, even domestically in South Korea, and models after Hyundai's 1998 partial takeover of Kia (1997–2002) were recalled twice for rear wheels dismounting while driving. The first-generation Sportage was discontinued in South Korea in 2002, and in North America after the 2002 model year. By 2003, most international markets had discontinued the Sportage range, although it remained on sale in some developing countries until its second-generation replacement arrived in 2005.

The Kia Sportage scored the lowest possible result in the Australian ANCAP crash tests – one star out of five. As well as a failure of the seat belts, the vehicle structure collapsed.

Second generation (JE/KM; 2004)
After a two-year hiatus, the Sportage returned in model-year 2005, sharing a Hyundai Elantra-based platform with the first-generation Hyundai Tucson. A 2.0 L straight-4 diesel engine was available in the United Kingdom. Fans of the original pre-Hyundai Sportage and critics complained that it was considerably larger than the original Sportage and had none of its off-road capability, the two keys to its success. However, buyers of the second-generation model were likely to favor the available 173 hp V6, with 178 lb·ft of torque (241 N·m). Overall fit/finish and quality was noticeably improved over the first-generation model.

A facelift model of the second generation was introduced in May 2008. From 2006, it was manufactured at the Žilina Plant in Slovakia. A second facelift was introduced in the UK in early 2009, only a few months after its first facelift.

The Sportage was named as one of the most reliable vehicles from the 2009 Consumer Reports reliability survey. The Kia Sportage ranked second in the "20 least expensive 2009 vehicles to insure" list by Insure.com. According to research, the Sportage is one of the least expensive vehicles to insure.

Safety

The second-generation Sportage earned a top rating of five stars in crash tests by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. However, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) rated it only “acceptable” for frontal and side impact crash protection and “poor” for roof strength.

Third generation (SL; 2010)
The SL series Sportage was released to Asian and European markets in April 2010, the North and Central American markets in August 2010, and the Australian market in October 2010, for the 2011 model year. Two engines were available, a 2.0-liter Hyundai R diesel engine with 184 hp, and a 2.0-liter Theta T-GDi gasoline engine. In China, it was released by Dongfeng Yueda Kia in October 2010 and called the Sportage R, and was to be built and marketed alongside the previous generation rather than as a replacement for it.

The Sportage won the 2011 Car of the Year (originally "Auto roku 2011 na Slovensku") in Slovakia and "Truck of the Year" nomination of International Car of the Year. It was top of the JD Power Survey for 2012, the only car in the survey to score five stars across all categories, from mechanical reliability to ownership costs and the dealer experience. In South Africa, it took the 2013 Standard Bank People's Wheels Award for "SUVs and Crossovers – City & Suburban".

Facelift
The third generation received a facelift for the 2014 model year that included a new grille with a redesigned Kia logo, LED tail lights and redesigned alloy wheels.

Euro NCAP
The Sportage in its standard European market configuration received 5 stars from Euro NCAP in 2010.

IIHS
The third-generation Sportage received a "Top Safety Pick" rating from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety in the United States. Earning the award became tougher in 2010 when IIHS added the rollover crash test, which measures roof strength and is twice as stringent as the federal requirement. To pass this test, a vehicle's roof must be able to withstand the force of three times the vehicle's weight (acceptable rating). The federal standard requires a roof to hold 1.5 times the vehicle's weight.

Fourth generation (QL; 2015)
Kia unveiled its newly redesigned Sportage at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2015, and brought it to market in 2016 (as a 2017 model in North America). The company said the contrasting sharp edges and smooth surfaces were inspired by modern fighter jets.

There are three gasoline engines, as well as one diesel engine in the line-up. The gasoline options are a 1.6-liter, 2.0-liter or 2.4-liter, offering around 97 kW/161 N⋅m, 120 kW/200 N⋅m and 138 kW/241 N⋅m respectively, while the diesel is a 2.0-liter turbo that will produce around 135 kW/400 N⋅m. A 130 kW/265 N⋅m 1.6 T-GDi turbo-gasoline with an optional seven-speed dual-clutch automatic, and a 136 kW/400Nm 2.0 R-Series diesel. Front- (FWD) and all-wheel drive (AWD) configurations are available.

In North America, the new Sportage is offered with three trim levels (LX, EX, and SX). Much like the previous model, it is available with two inline-four engine choices, a naturally aspirated 2.4-liter and a turbocharged 2.0-liter. The 2.4-liter produces 181 hp and 175 lbft, while the turbocharged engine makes 240 hp and 260 lbft, with small differences in performance dependent on whether FWD or AWD is configured. Both engines are mated to a six-speed automatic transmission.

Safety
The Latin American Sportage has ventilated front disc brakes and solid ones in the rear.

Euro NCAP
The Sportage in its standard European market configuration received 5 stars from Euro NCAP in 2015.

Latin NCAP
The Korean-made Sportage in its most basic Latin American market configuration with 2 airbags and no ESC received 0 stars from Latin NCAP in 2021 (similar to Euro NCAP 2014).

2017
The 2017 Sportage received a "Top Safety Pick" rating from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

2022
The 2022 Sportage was tested by the IIHS and its top trim received a Top Safety Pick award:

Awards
The Sportage won the 2016 Red Dot Award for Car Design.

Kia KX5 (Chinese version)
In China, the fourth generation Sportage was sold as the Kia KX5, the third generation model was sold alongside as the Sportage R, while the Kia Sportage name was used on a separate model developed from the second generation Hyundai ix35 chassis and also sold alongside.

The Kia KX5 received a facelift in 2019 conducted by Dongfeng Yueda Kia that would exclusively be sold in China only.

Available from March 2019, the front fascia was completely restyled with headlamps integrated with the grille and the rear end of the KX5 was also slightly redesigned for the Chinese market. Despite the exclusively restyled exterior, the wheels of the Chinese version are the same as the ones on the international Kia Sportage facelift.

Fifth generation (NQ5; 2021)
The fifth-generation Sportage was unveiled on 8 June 2021, with specifications revealed in July 2021. Based on the brand’s latest N3 platform, Kia developed two versions of the Sportage with different body length and wheelbase depending on the market.

The model is equipped with a Terrain Mode that automatically adjusts various settings depending on conditions, including snow, mud, and sand. It also features electric control suspension (ECS) on some models that provides continuous damping control in real-time. Hybrid and plug-in hybrid models will also feature an E-Handling system. lt is also equipped with a more compact shift-by-wire transmission dial for the automatic model.

The vehicle has also been equipped with updated safety systems such as autonomous emergency braking (AEB), navigation-augmented adaptive cruise control, lane centring assist and advanced blind-spot collision-avoidance assistance system.

For the long-wheelbase model, Kia claims the fifth-generation Sportage received an increased 80 mm of legroom and 7 mm of headroom, with overall dimensions at 1050 mm and 1000 mm respectively.

Europe
The short-wheelbase, European-spec fifth-generation Sportage was announced in September 2021. It is shorter in length by 135 mm, and shorter in wheelbase by 75 mm compared to the international model. Other differences include the deletion of a window on the rear quarter panel, and a modified front fascia.

For the European market, Kia offers several range of drivetrains that includes plug-in hybrid, hybrid, mild hybrid, and diesel engine. The PHEV version features a 1.6-liter four-cylinder T-GDi engine and a 66.9 kW permanent magnet traction electric motor with a 13.8 kWh lithium-ion battery. The whole system produces 261 hp. The hybrid model with same T-GDi engine and a 44.2 kW electric motor paired with a 1.49 kWh battery and produces 226 hp.

The mild-hybrid model also uses the 1.6-liter T-GDi engine, which produces either 147 hp or 177 hp. The 1.6-liter four-cylinder diesel engine is available with an option of 113 hp or 134 hp of power output. A 7-speed dual-clutch transmission is available for the 1.6-liter while a 6-speed manual transmission is standard for all variants. All European models are equipped with Stop-and-Go technology.

North America
The long-wheelbase, fifth-generation Sportage for United States and Canada was revealed in October 2021 as a 2023 model year. It is locally produced in West Point, Georgia instead of imported from South Korea. The hybrid version is equipped with the T-GDi engine and a 44.2 kW electric motor combined with a 1.49 kWh battery that also delivers 226 hp. It has an estimated range of 500 mi and can be optioned with front-wheel drive or all-wheel drive with central differential lock.

Australia
The fifth-generation Sportage was launched in Australia on 4 November 2021, with four trim levels: S, SX, SX+ and GT Line. Three powertrains were available: a 1.6-litre T-GDi turbocharged petrol (AWD), a 2.0-litre MPi petrol (FWD) and a 2.0-litre CRDi turbocharged diesel (AWD).

In March 2024, the Hybrid version was added to the range for the SX and GT Line trim levels.

New Zealand
The fifth-generation Sportage was released in New Zealand on 4 November 2021 with sales commenced in January 2022. At launch, four trim levels were available: LX, LX+, Deluxe and X-Line. Three powertrains were available: a 1.6-litre T-GDi turbocharged petrol (AWD), a 2.0-litre MPi petrol (FWD) marketed as the 'Urban' and a 2.0-litre CRDi turbocharged diesel (AWD).

In January 2024, the Hybrid version was added to the range with two variants available.

Vietnam
The fifth-generation Sportage was launched in Vietnam on 10 June 2022, in four trim levels: Luxury, Premium, Signature and Signature X-Line. Three powertrains were available: a 1.6-litre T-GDi turbocharged petrol, a 2.0-litre MPi petrol and a 2.0-litre CRDi turbocharged petrol; the former comes with AWD and the latter two comes with front wheel drive.

Brazil
The fifth-generation Sportage in the short-wheelbase version was launched in Brazil on 1 July 2022, with two trim levels: EX and EX Prestige; it is powered by a 1.6 T-GDi 48V turbocharged petrol mild hybrid.

South Africa
The fifth-generation Sportage in the short-wheelbase version was launched in South Africa on 15 September 2022, with five trim levels: LX, EX, GT Line, GT Line Plus and GT Line S. All variants are powered by a 1.6-litre T-GDi turbocharged petrol engine.

In May 2023, the 1.6-litre CRDi turbocharged petrol was added for the LX, EX and GT Line Plus trim levels.

In November 2023, the Sportage range was updated which saw the Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) safety package became standard on all variants. The 1.6-litre T-GDi petrol option was dropped for the LX and EX trim levels.

Mexico
The fifth-generation Sportage was launched in Mexico on 14 March 2023, in three trim levels: EX, EX Pack and SXL. Two powertrains are available: 2.0-litre MPi petrol and a 2.5-litre GDi petrol.

In February 2024, a Hybrid version based on the SXL trim was added to the range.

Sales
The Sportage was Kia's best selling model worldwide in 2016, overtaking the Rio.

title: Kia Sportage


text:
Anno Museum

Anno Museum (formerly Hedmarks fylkesmuseum) in Hamar, Norway is a regional museum for the municipalities of Stange, Hamar (which now includes Vang), Løten, and Ringsaker in central eastern Norway. It includes the medieval Cathedral Ruins in Hamar mentioned in Sigrid Undset's literary magnum opus Kristin Lavransdatter. The cathedral ruins are secured under a glass shelter designed by Lund & Slaatto Architects and completed in 1998.

The museum also consists of the cathedral gardens, folk museum and active herb garden featuring plants used during the Middle Ages. Additionally the museum houses one of the largest photography collections in Norway, covering the entire region of Hedemarken since photography was first introduced.

Museum attractions
There are several noteworthy aspects to the museum:

 * Its medieval section includes the ruins of a cathedral as well as remnants of a bishop's priory. The cathedral was originally constructed of locally quarried limestone in Romanesque architecture, although later additions were of Gothic architecture. The distinctive arches in the cathedral ruins are  covered by a steel and glass structure designed by Lund & Slaatto and undertaken by the Norwegian government.
 * The cathedral was never deconsecrated, and remains under the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church - weddings can only be performed there with the permission of the church.
 * Its ethnological museum provides a good sense of how people in the region lived from about the 16th century until the early 20th century. It includes buildings and courtyards collected from across the Hedemarken region, many of which have been restored to their original appearance. Among other noteworthy buildings, the collection includes one of the finest 19th century residential homes from the area.
 * It is an active archeological site, and visitors can see the state of the dig at any given time. Most of the medieval town is as yet unexcavated, and visitors can visit the site in a field outside the confines of the museum.
 * It is located in a beautiful recreational area along Lake Mjøsa. The recreational area is open to the public and includes a swimming area, gravel walkways, grass lawns, and a long shoreline.
 * Storhamarlåven was designed by architect Sverre Fehn (1924–2009) in concrete, wood and glass to contrast with the stone of the medieval ruins. It was originally a barn built beside the ruins in the 17th century for the farm Storhamar. The architect sought to both highlight the original medieval structure and the more recent farm building. Its design won the Betongtavlen architectural award in 1976. Ramps provide the means to view the museum from above.

Related reading

 * Welle-Strand, Erling (1974) Museums in Norway (Oslo: Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs) ISBN 8271770039
 * Sæther, Tor (1995) Hamar i middelalderen (Hedmarksmuseet og Domkirkeodden)   ISBN 978-8291326023

title: Anno Museum


text:
Dora Sigerson Shorter

Dora Maria Sigerson Shorter (16 August 1866 – 6 January 1918) was an Irish poet and sculptor, who after her marriage in 1895 wrote under the name Dora Sigerson Shorter.

Life
She was born in Dublin, Ireland, the daughter of George Sigerson, a surgeon and writer, and Hester Varian, also a writer. She was the oldest of four children. The family home at 3 Clare Street was a gathering-place for artists and writers where Dora met important figures of the emerging Irish literary revival. She attended the Dublin School of Art, where W.B. Yeats was a fellow-pupil. She was a major figure of the Irish Literary Revival, publishing many collections of poetry from 1893. Her sister Hester Sigerson Piatt was also a writer. Her friends included Katharine Tynan, Rose Kavanagh and Alice Furlong, writers and poets.

In 1895 she married Clement King Shorter, an English journalist and literary critic. They lived together in London, until her death at age 51 from undisclosed causes. Her friend Katharine Tynan wrote in a biographical sketch that she supposedly ‘died of a broken heart’ after the 1916 executions.

Selected publications

 * The Fairy Changeling and Other Poems London & New York: John Lane 1897.
 * The Father Confessor, Stories of Death and Danger London: Ward Lock & Co 1900.
 * The Story and Song of Black Roderick London: Alexander Moring 1906.
 * The Collected Poems of Dora Sigerson Shorter; with an introduction by George Meredith. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1907.
 * New Poems. Dublin & London: Maunsel, 1912 (3rd ed., 1921).
 * Madge Linsey, and other poems. Dublin & London: Maunsel, 1913.

title: Dora Sigerson Shorter


text:
Talk:Kjerag

Untitled
Hi

I live in Stavanger, Norway and this is quite close to Kjerag. Kjerag is one of my favourite places and the view from the top is amazing on clear summer days. I have tried to post a link to a picture so that you can get some impression of this beautiful spot. This shows my brother and myself on "Kjeragbolten". Get in touch if you need more information or have any questions or comments.

Regards Gard Stavanger, Norway

http://gardkarlsen.com/kjerag/jone_gard_kjeragbolten.jpg

Not Stub
In my opinion, this article is not a stub as it presents Kjerag in a good way, as well as mention some additional information. Stub tag can be removed. --Skippern (talk) 06:05, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kjerag


text:
Perkūnas

Perkūnas (Perkūnas, Pērkons, Old Prussian: Perkūns, Perkunos, Yotvingian: Parkuns, Latgalian: Pārkiuņs) was the common Baltic god of thunder, and the second most important deity in the Baltic pantheon after Dievas. In both Lithuanian and Latvian mythology, he is documented as the god of sky, thunder, lightning, storms, rain, fire, war, law, order, fertility, mountains, and oak trees.

Etymology
The name continues PIE *, cognate to *, a word for "oak", "fir" or "wooded mountain". The Proto-Baltic name *Perkūnas can be reconstructed with certainty. Slavic Perun is a related god, but not an etymologically precise match. Finnish Perkele, a name of Ukko, is considered a loan from Baltic.

Another connection is that of terpikeraunos, an epithet of Zeus meaning "who enjoys lightning".

Perkūnas in written sources
Most information about Perkūnas comes from folklore songs, legends, and fairy tales. Because most of them were collected rather late in the 19th century, they represent only some fragments of the whole mythology. Lithuanian Perkūnas has many alternative onomatopoeic names, like Dundulis, Dindutis, Dūdų senis, Tarškulis, Tarškutis, Blizgulis, etc.

The earliest attestation of Perkūnas seems to be in the Ruthenian translation of the Chronicle of John Malalas (1261) where it speaks about the worship of "Перкоунови рекше громоу", and in the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle (around 1290) which mentions the idol Perkūnė.

In the Constitutiones Synodales (1530) Perkūnas is mentioned in a list of gods before the god of hell Pikuls and is identified with the Roman Jove (Jupiter). In the Sudovian Book Perkūnas (Parkuns) is mentioned in connection with a ritual involving a goat. In Christian compositions, Perkūnas is a malicious spirit, a demon, as in the Chronicle of John Malalas or in the 15th century writings of Polish chronicler Jan Długosz.

Representation in mythology

Perkūnas is the god of lightning and thunder and storms. In a triad of gods Perkūnas symbolizes the creative forces (including vegetative), courage, success, the top of the world, the sky, rain, thunder, heavenly fire (lightning) and celestial elements, while Potrimpo is involved with the seas, ground, crops, and cereals and Velnias/Patulas, with hell, and death. As a heavenly (atmospheric) deity Perkūnas, apparently, is the assistant and executor of Dievas‘s will. However, Perkūnas tends to surpass Dievas, deus otiosus, because he can be actually seen and has defined mythological functions.

In the Latvian dainas, the functions of Pērkons and Dievs can occasionally merge: Pērkons is called Pērkona tēvs ('Father or God of Thunder') or Dieviņš, a diminutive form of Dievs.

Weapons and vehicle
Perkūnas is pictured as middle-aged, armed with an axe and arrows, riding a two-wheeled chariot harnessed with goats, like Thor or Celtic Taranis.

In other accounts, the thunder god is described as driving a fiery chariot through the skies with swift horses, or riding a fiery horse.

Perkūnas' family relations
In songs about a "heavenly wedding" Saulė (the Sun) cheats on Perkūnas with Mėnulis (the Moon); Perkūnas splits Mėnulis in half with a sword. According to another, more popular, version, Mėnulis cheats on the Sun with Aušrinė (the morning star) just after the wedding, and Perkūnas punishes it. However, it does not learn and repeats the adultery and is punished again every month. Other explanations say it is why the Sun shines during the day and the Moon at night. Though divorced, both want to see their daughter Žemyna (the Earth).

In other songs Perkūnas, on the way to the wedding of Aušra (dawn; the daughter of the Sun), strikes a golden oak. The oak is a tree of the thunder god in the Baltic mythology. References to the "oak of Perkūnas" (in Lithuanian, Perkūno ąžuolas; in Latvian, Pērkona ozols) exist in a source dated to the first half of the 19th century.

Other myths say that Perkūnas and one Laumė or Vaiva (rainbow) were supposed to get married on Thursday, but the bride was kidnapped by Velnias (the devil) and Perkūnas has hunted Velnias ever since.

Some myths mention four sons of Perkūnas (Latvian: Perkona dēli; Lithuanian: Perkūno sūnūs), who, apparently, are connected with the four seasons or with the four directions of the world (east, west, south and north). Sometimes there are seven or nine Perkūnai referred to as brothers. It is said in Lithuanian "Perkūnų yra daug" ("there are many thunders").

In some myths Perkūnas expels his wife (and in some cases his children too) and remains in the sky by himself. Some myths offer a very different story: Dievas lifts Perkūnas from the earth into the sky. Perkūnas has stones in the sky (which rumble during storms) - the motive connected to Indo-European mythology. Perkūnas dwells on high hills or mountains: compare Lithuanian toponymy of Perkūnkalnis, "mountain of Perkūnas", or Griausmo kalnas, "mountain of rumble."

In most myths, however, Perkūnas's wife is Žemyna.

Perkūnas and Velnias
An important function of Perkūnas is to fight Velnias (in Latvian, Velns). He is sometimes considered the antithesis of Perkūnas and is the god of the underworld and death. Christianity considers "Velnias" akin to their "devil", though this is not in line with ancient beliefs.

Perkūnas pursues his opponent, Velns, for picaroon or theft of fertility and cattle. Velnias hides in trees, under stones, or turns into various animals: a black cat, dog, pig, goat, lamb, pike, cow (compare to the Latvian representations of jods a creature with the cow hoofs) or a person.

Perkūnas pursues an opponent in the sky on a chariot, made from stone and fire (Lithuanian ugnies ratai). Sometimes the chariot is made from red iron. It is harnessed by a pair (less often four or three) of red and white (or black and white) horses (sometimes goats). Compare the Lithuanian deity of horses and chariots Ratainyčia (Ratainicza mentioned in Lasick's works; from Lithuanian ratai - "wheel"). It is a mythologized image of a chariot of Didieji Grįžulo Ratai ("Grand Wheels of Grįžulas" (Ursa Major). It agrees with Samogitian representations, in which Perkūnas is a horseman on a fiery horse. On his heavenly chariot Perkūnas appears in the shape of a gray-haired old man with a big beard of many colors, in white and black clothes, holding a goat on a cord in one hand and a horn or an axe in the other.

Perkūnas possesses many weapons. They include an axe or sledgehammer, stones, a sword, lightning bolts, a bow and arrows, a club, and an iron or fiery knife. Perkūnas is the creator of the weapons (Akmeninis kalvis, "the stone smith") or he is helped by the heavenly smith Televelis (Kalvelis).

An opponent of Perkūnas hides itself in the hollow of a tree or a stone (attributes of Perkūnas). The culmination of Perkūnas' hunt for his opponent is a thunder-storm; it not only clears the ground of evil spirits, but returns the stolen cattle or weapons.

Perkūnas is also connected to Thursday. Thursday is the day of the Thunderer in many traditions: compare Polabian Peräune-dǻn ("day of Perun"), Lithuanian Perkūno diena. Perkūnas is associated with the Roman god Jupiter in early sources. Thursday is a day of thunder-storms and rains, and also of weddings.

Prussian Perkūns
Simon Grunau (around 1520) describes a Prussian banner with Perkūns on it. The god is represented as an angry middle aged man with a twisted black beard, topped with a flame. It stands between young Patrimpas and old Patulas. Perkūns maintains the same central position in the description of the sacred oak in Romowe sanctuary. In front of the oak, the eternal fire (symbol of Perkūns) was burned. Special priests served at the sanctuary. Old Prussians would try to appeal to the god by prayers. Perkunatete was the mother of Perkūns.

Latvian Pērkons
Pērkons was strongly associated with Dievs, though the two were clearly different. The people sacrificed black calves, goats, and roosters to Pērkons, especially during droughts. The surrounding peoples came to these sacrifices to eat and drink together, after pouring beer onto the ground or into the fire for him. The Latvians also sacrificed cooked food before meals to Pērkons, in order to prevent thunderstorms, during which honeycombs were placed into fires to disperse the clouds.

Pērkons' family included sons that symbolized various aspects of thunderstorms (such as thunder, lightning, lightning strikes) and daughters that symbolized various kinds of rain.

Pērkons appeared on a golden horse, wielding a sword, iron club, golden whip and a knife. Ancient Latvians wore tiny axes on their clothing in his honor.

In modern culture
Perkunas is occasionally mentioned in the novels of Harry Turtledove. He provides an important macguffin in The Case of the Toxic Spell Dump (1993) and is the patron god of one of the armies in Gunpowder Empire (2003).

Günter Grass, in his second novel Dog Years (1963), alludes to Perkūnas ("Perkunos") as a symbol of the dark human energies unleashed by the rise of Nazism in Germany in the 1930s.

The fictional parallel to Nazi Germany in the 1966 alternate history novel The Gate of Time by Philip José Farmer - located physically on the site of present day Germany, but dominated by Lithuanians rather than Germans - is called Perkunisha, named after Perkūnas.

Two other alternate history timelines feature a Perkūnas-worshipping Lithuania surviving into the 20th Century, out of diametrically opposing points of divergence. In Poul Anderson's Delenda Est, the alternate Lithuania arose in a history where Carthage defeated and destroyed Rome and there was no Roman Empire. Conversely, in Harry Turtledove's Gunpowder Empire, the Roman Empire survived into the 20th Century and beyond, and "Lietuva" emerged as a rival empire to its north.

The Lithuanian folk music group Kūlgrinda released a 2003 album titled Perkūno Giesmės, meaning "Hymns of Perkūnas".

Saule, Pērkons, Daugava is a Latvian choir song composed by Mārtiņš Brauns, based on a 1916 poem by Rainis.

In August 2023 a tottem pole carved with the writing "Perkunas 2023" appeared above the white cliffs of Dover in the South of England, UK. To date no one has claimed ownership of the piece and the public are still no wiser as to how it got there.

title: Perkūnas


text:
Gavião, Portugal

Gavião is a Portuguese municipality in the District of Portalegre, in the historical region of Alentejo. The population in 2011 was 4,132, in an area of 294.59 km2.

The municipality is bounded by Mação to the West and North, Nisa to the East, Crato to the Southeast, Ponte de Sor to the Southwest and Abrantes to the West.

Gavião received a foral from King D. Manuel I of Portugal on November the 23rd of 1519, nowadays, that day is celebrated as municipal holiday.

Parishes
The municipality is composed of 4 parishes:

 * Belver
 * Comenda
 * Gavião e Atalaia
 * Margem

Notable people

 * Eusébio Leão (1864–1926) a Portuguese physician and republican politician.
 * José Adriano Pequito Rebelo (1892–1983) a writer, politician and aviator.
 * Francisco Rolão Preto (1893–1977) a Portuguese politician, journalist and fascist leader

title: Gavião, Portugal


text:
Unicode block

A Unicode block is one of several contiguous ranges of numeric character codes (code points) of the Unicode character set that are defined by the Unicode Consortium for administrative and documentation purposes. Typically, proposals such as the addition of new glyphs are discussed and evaluated by considering the relevant block or blocks as a whole.

Each block is generally, but not always, meant to supply glyphs used by one or more specific languages, or in some general application area such as mathematics, surveying, decorative typesetting, social forums, etc.

Design and implementation
Unicode blocks are identified by unique names, which use only ASCII characters and are usually descriptive of the nature of the symbols, in English; such as "Tibetan" or "Supplemental Arrows-A". (When comparing block names, one is supposed to equate uppercase with lowercase letters, and ignore any whitespace, hyphens, and underbars; so the last name is equivalent to "supplemental_arrows__a" and "SUPPLEMENTALARROWSA".

Blocks are pairwise disjoint; that is, they do not overlap. The starting code point and the size (number of code points) of each block are always multiples of 16; therefore, in the hexadecimal notation, the starting (smallest) point is U+xxx0 and the ending (largest) point is U+yyyF, where xxx and yyy are three or more hexadecimal digits. (These constraints are intended to simplify the display of glyphs in Unicode Consortium documents, as tables with 16 rows labeled with the last hexadecimal digit of the code point. ) The size of a block may range from the minimum of 16 to a maximum of 65,536 code points.

Every assigned code point has a glyph property called "Block", whose value is a character string naming the unique block that owns that point. However, a block may also contain unassigned code points, usually reserved for future additions of characters that "logically" should belong to that block. Code points not belonging to any of the named blocks, e.g. in the unassigned planes 4–13, have the value block="No_Block".

Simply belonging to a particular Unicode block does not guarantee the certain particular properties of the characters it is or will be expected to contain. The identity of any character is determined by its properties stated in the Unicode Character Database. For example, the contiguous range of 32 noncharacter code points U+FDD0..U+FDEF share none of the properties common to the other characters in the Arabic Presentation Forms-A block, that they are certainly not Arabic script characters or "right-to-left noncharacters", and are assigned there as a filler to this block given that it has been agreed that no further Arabic compatibility characters will be encoded.

Other classifications
Each Unicode point also has a property called "General Category", that attempts to describe the role of the corresponding symbol in the languages or applications for whose sake it was included in the system. Examples of General Categories are "Lu" (meaning upper-case letter), "Nd" (decimal digit), "Pi" (open-quote punctuation), and "Mn" (non-spacing mark, i.e. a diacritic for the preceding glyph). This division is completely independent of code blocks: the code points with a given General Category generally span many blocks, and do not have to be consecutive, not even within each block.

Each code point also has a script property, specifying which writing system it is intended for, or whether it is intended for multiple writing systems. This, also, is independent of block.

In descriptions of the Unicode system, a block may be subdivided into more specific subgroups, such as the "Chess symbols" in the Miscellaneous Symbols block (not to be confused with the separate Chess Symbols block). Those subgroups are not "blocks" in the technical sense used by the Unicode consortium, and are named only for the convenience of users.

List of blocks
Unicode defines 328 blocks:
 * 164 in plane 0, the Basic Multilingual Plane (in table below: )
 * 151 in plane 1, the Supplementary Multilingual Plane
 * 7 in plane 2, the Supplementary Ideographic Plane
 * 2 in plane 3, the Tertiary Ideographic Plane
 * 2 in plane 14 (E in hexadecimal), the Supplementary Special-purpose Plane
 * One each in the planes 15 (Fhex) and 16 (10hex), called Supplementary Private Use Area-A and -B

Moved blocks
The Unicode Stability Policy requires that a character, once assigned, may not be moved or removed, although it may be deprecated. This applies to Unicode 2.0 and all subsequent versions.

Prior to this, the following former blocks were moved:

title: Unicode block


text: User talk:62.194.163.206

title: User talk:62.194.163.206


text:
Talk:Dai Qing

Untitled
RE: Early life as a Journalist, As I was reading over the paragraphs, I found this sentence -- "At that time her daughter was 7 or 8 years old. She had no books to read. So Dai Qing started to study English, and to translate books for her daughter." -- to be quite weird. Suddenly her daughter is mentioned and it does not relate to anything that has been said previous. Should we put it in another section? Also, from now on we should put new discussion topics at the top so that they can compile on top of each other and it will be easier to notice. It might also be easier if we put the newest discussion "posting" in bold. (User:0101CHANkk) 07:21, October 11, 2004

KONG,

This sentence, "Besides publishing "YangTze!YangTze!", she also authored many books to share her opinions, especially the Three Gorges Dam project such as "The River Dragon Has Come!" (水龍來了!)." doesn't quite make sense.

The book "The River Dragon Has Come!" was published because of the Three Gorges Dam project?

I am not quite sure what you mean by "especially the Three Gorges Dam project such as 'The River Dragon Has Come!'" 0101CHANkk 10:17, October 4, 2004

CHAN, feel free to edit your teammate. That is the whole point of wikipedia. When you don't think something reads right, rephrase it, rewrite it or completely edit it out if you think it best. Always leave your name with link after a message for better communication. (JMSC0101 TA -- Li)

CHAN,

You are right. My meaning is like that. Thank you for correcting my sentence. (0101KONGkh) 03:50, October 5, 2004

Dear LIhm, Would it be weird if there's more introduction for the no. 5 item in the booklist? i think that it will be better for us to have further explanation for all items or we just provide the titles of the books. 0101TSOIyy 11:10, October 6, 2004

Reply to TSOIyy: I juz added those descriptions temporarily. If any of you thinks that itz necessary to put it under other heads or add more description, I feel fine for it. (0101LIhm) 13:16, October 6, 2004

Dear all,

Why the part abt Dai Qing's early life has been deleted? Can the one who deleted the paragraph explain why?

(0101LHhm) 10:36, October 7, 2004

 * It looks like it was accidentally deleted in one of the revisions. I have re-added it.  Feel free to jump in and fix things yourself if you notice something has gone awry.  By the way, you can sign your name by typing    (three tildes), or your name and the date with  ~  (four tildes). -spencer195 16:00, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

RE: Turning Point For Dai: When I was reading, I felt confused with the time of the Turning Point. Would that be clearer if the articles are placed in time order? I hope so, and I have just re-arrange the article Turning Point For Dai. (0101HOhy) 21:00, October 11, 2004

DEAR GROUP,

In the paragraphs for "Life In Prison," it is mentioned that when Dai was released from prison, she did not get any "extra" freedom to write. What does it mean by "extra" freedom? Is she shut out from writing completely or was she not allowed to write anymore than she already does? Please clarify. (0101CHANkk) 03:28, October 15, 2004

Dear all, I can see that there is a long list under the heading of Books. But i believe that some of them are actually articiles. May those who add the articles under the heading of Books please move them to the Article section for the convenience of readers? (0101Lihm) 05:15, October 17, 2004

what is Dai's contribution to literature?
remember she is also a great author... need at least a short paragraph to address this point. keep editing! (JMSC0101-TA Li) Lfcho 15:58, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

DEAR ALL,

In the section, "Opposition to the Three Gorges Dam," the last paragraph feels a bit out of place. In the second paragraph, it already acknowledges that Dai's research helped the Chinese government to understand more, but in the paragraph after that it suddenly starts to talk about Dai's oppositions against the project. Delete -- yes? no? 0101CHANkk 10:06AM, Oct 20

DEAR ALL (again),

I know it is last minute but a lot of grammar corrections plus deletions I had made before have been erased and changed back. TOO many sentences are purposely stretched out to sound "intellectual," but it is coming off as redundant! Erase erase! (0101CHANkk) 13:04, October 20, 2004

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title: Talk:Dai Qing


text:
Wespe

The '''Sd.Kfz. 124 Wespe' (German for "wasp"), also known as Leichte Feldhaubitze 18/2 auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen II (Sf.)'' ("Light field howitzer 18 on Panzer II chassis (self-propelled)"), is a German self-propelled gun developed and used during the Second World War. It was based on a modified Panzer II chassis.

Development
During the Battle of France in 1940 it became apparent that the intermediate tank of the German forces, the Panzer II, was unsuitable as a main battle tank. Though mechanically sound, it was both under-gunned and under-armoured. The chassis, however, proved serviceable for providing mobility to the 10.5 cm field howitzer. Existing chassis were converted to self-propelled artillery vehicles, such as the Marder II conversion providing mobility to the PaK 40/7.5 cm anti-tank gun.

The design for the Wespe was produced by Alkett, based on the Panzer II ''Ausf. F'' chassis. Alkett had earlier worked with Alfred Becker to convert captured French armoured vehicles into self-propelled artillery carriers. Among other modifications the Panzer II's engine was moved forward and the chassis slightly lengthened to accommodate the rear-mounted 10.5 cm leFH 18 howitzer. The superstructure was lightly armored, with 10 mm armor plate (enough to stop small arms fire) left open at the top and rear. The vehicles were produced by FAMO's Ursus plant in Warsaw.

The Wespe was in production from February 1943 until June 1944, when Soviet forces approached the frontier. By that time, 676 had been produced. An additional 159 gun-less Wespe were produced to serve as mobile artillery ammunition carriers.

Combat history
The Wespe first saw combat in 1943 on the Eastern Front. It proved very successful, and Hitler ordered all Panzer II chassis production be dedicated to the Wespe alone, at the expense of other projects, including the Marder II self-propelled anti-tank gun.

The vehicles were allocated to the armored artillery battalions (Panzerartillerie Abteilungen) of Panzer divisions along with heavier Hummel self-propelled artillery. The Wespe brought greater mobility to the artillery formations of the panzer divisions.

The Wespe proved reliable and highly maneuverable, but like contemporary self propelled guns such as the British Sexton and U.S. M7 Priest, had inadequate overhead gun crew protection. The Wespe was a considerably smaller target than either of these allied vehicles, but it also held less ammunition given it was based on a smaller chassis chosen based upon availability given limited production capacity for larger ones.

Surviving vehicles

 * At the Deutsches Panzermuseum in Munster, Germany
 * At the Musée des Blindés in Saumur, France
 * At the Kubinka Tank Museum in Russia
 * At the Memorial Museum of the Battle of Normandy in Bayeux, France, a wrecked Wespe is included in a diorama about the Battle of the Falaise Pocket. The vehicle displayed was actually destroyed in the Falaise Pocket in August 1944
 * Two at the André Becker Collection in Belgium.
 * A replica, originally made for the movie A Bridge Too Far, is displayed at the Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum

title: Wespe


text:
Category:Delta County, Michigan

Articles related to Delta County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

title: Category:Delta County, Michigan