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Punching bag

A punching bag (or British English punchbag) is a sturdy bag designed to be repeatedly punched. A punching bag is usually cylindrical and filled with various materials of suitable hardness.

History
Punching bags have been used in martial arts and swordplay for the entire written history of military training. Similar apparatus in Asian martial arts include the Okinawan makiwara and the Chinese mook jong, which may have padded striking surfaces attached to them.

In martial arts and combat sports—such as karate, taekwondo, and Muay Thai—"heavy" bags, standing bags, and similar apparatuses have been adapted for practicing kicking and other striking maneuvers in addition to developing punching technique.

Construction
Punching bags are often filled with grains, sand, rags, or other material, and are usually hung from the ceiling or affixed to a stand. Other bags have an internal bladder to allow them to be filled with air or water. The design of a punching bag allows it to take repeated and constant physical abuse without breaking. The bag must also absorb the impact of blows without causing harm to the user.

Types
There are different types of punching bags, with different names based on their size, use and mounting method. Almost all punching bags are covered with either leather or synthetic materials such as vinyl which resist abrasion and mildew. Canvas can also be used as a bag material where there is lower use and humidity.

Speed bags (AKA, speedballs) are small, air-filled bags anchored at the top to a rebound platform parallel to the ground. Speed bags help a fighter learn to keep their hands up, improve hand-eye coordination, and learn to shift weight between feet when punching. They are also known as speedballs or speed ball bags. They are generally filled with air and fitted around a tight PU-based or leather material. They come in various sizes, ranging from the large 13 x and 12 x, midsize 11 x, 10 x and 9 x, to the small 8 x, 7 x and 6 x. Generally the larger the bag, the slower it is and the more force is required to keep it going. Large bags are used more for building strength and endurance, while smaller bags allow the training athlete to focus on faster hand speed, timing and coordination. Beginners might view this bag more as a "control bag", not a speed bag, for they will not be able to punch both quickly and repetitively until they gain control over their swinging force and speed.

A boxer normally hits the speed bag from the front with his or her fists, but it is also possible to use fists and elbows to hit the bag from all around it, including the front, back and sides. In this method the user may perform many diverse punching combinations that create improvised rhythmic accents.

Although speed bags are normally hung vertically, recently the additional method of hanging a bag horizontally on a wall has regained popularity. This was very popular during the early twentieth century, specifically the 1920s–1940s era. The same punching skills may be used on the horizontal bag that are used when it hangs vertically. A coordination bag is a new type of speed bag that moves unpredictably rather than rhythmically. Additionally, due to the tedious mounting and anchoring necessary when installing a traditional speed bag platform, a portable speed bag platform that installs in a doorway has been created. Designed so that downward pressure stabilizes this portable speed bag platform, it can be installed and removed through a tension system that allows for use in any doorway.

Swerve balls/floor-to-ceiling balls/double-end bags are almost the same as speed bags, with the only differences being that the bag' size, shape and material may be different, and that the cable system is attached to both the ceiling and a clip on the floor — when the boxer makes any strike on the ball, it reacts by swinging fast towards them, the object being to swerve, punch, dodge and improve co-ordination. The harder and faster these bags are hit, the more they rebound and react in different motions and angles, thus giving broader practice to the fighter. Double-floor to ceiling balls which allow for training body-head combinations also exist.

Maize bags or slip bags are not punched with great force, but are used in boxing training to improve the athlete's head motion and ability to evade an opponent's punch, their name deriving from the fact that traditionally they are filled with maize.

A heavy bag is a larger, cylindrical bag, usually suspended by chains or ropes and used for practicing powerful body punches, and can be used to toughen hands or any other limb used to hit the bag. Heavy bags are for developing power; technique is best learned on the punch mitts or pads. Some variants of heavy bag are a Banana Bag used in Muay Thai, which is longer than a regular heavy bag and is used to train low kicks and knee strikes, and a slim line bag that is thinner than a heavy bag.

Freestanding heavy bags are heavy bags mounted on a weighted pedestal rather than being hung from above. The base is typically filled with sand or water to give more stability to the bag and prevent it from moving around. While they serve the same purpose as hanging heavy bags, they can also be toppled over and used for ground-and-pound practice. Other variations on the standard heavy bag include horizontal suspension from both ends to practice uppercut punches, and non-cylindrical shapes. Freestanding reflex bags (freestanding speed bags) also exist.

Uppercut bags began to appear towards the beginning of the 21st century. With so many different variations of bags and training equipment for boxing taking off, the uppercut bag was and is still a common sight in clubs and gyms.

Designed for uppercut practice, jabbing, curl punching and quick bursts of high and low punching practice, it allows the fighter to punch at different lengths, different speeds and different forces compared to the standard average 4-foot straight PU (polyurethane) punching bags. Some types of uppercut bags: An angle bag a variant of uppercut bag used for training hooks and uppercuts; an uppercut horizontal punching tag, teardrop bag, body snatcher/wrecking ball bag or bowling pin bag are used for training knees and uppercuts.

A wall bag is a type of bag that is attached to a wall and can be used for training hooks and uppercuts.

Body-shaped training aids such as the modern "body opponent bag" are made primarily of synthetic materials, and punching bags are sometimes mounted on a weighted pedestal rather than hanging from above. These bags try to simulate a live opponent while providing an opportunity to practice vital area strikes which are generally unsafe to perform on a sparring partner. These are not considered punching bags in the strict sense, but modern versions of apparatus such as the wooden man apparatus of Chinese Wing Chun, the medieval quintain, and target dummies used in modern bayonet training. Large inflatable balloons with weighted bases are another kind of punching bag, often painted with a picture and sold as a children's toy.

Safety precautions
Heavy bags are typically filled with dense material which have little "give" (e.g., packed sand, grains, etc.); in order to avoid injury, hand protection (boxing gloves, bag gloves, training gloves, hand wraps, etc.) is used during practice.

Powerful strikes to the heavy bag are not recommended for inexperienced, or younger athletes (<18 female, <21 male), as risk of sprain, strain, or bone-plate damage may adversely affect bone structures. It is highly recommended to carefully focus strikes to reduce chance of injury (such as boxer's fracture).

title: Punching bag


text:
Talk:Date palm

Untitled
Hi

Are fresh dates as high in fibre as say prunes or figs. Are there any dietry negatives to eating fresh dates as part of a low fat diet? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.74.6.254 (talk • contribs) 15:00, 10 October 2004 No, I do not believe there is. In fact, it will help "clean" you out as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.75.34.66 (talk • contribs) 20:03, 24 March 2005 It doesnt look like they are as high, it only has a very thin skin which could be counted as fibre, the rest is mostly jelly like digestible carbohydrates, must more dense then dried figs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.100.165.143 (talk • contribs) 12:16, 25 January 2012

Page title
It is obviously pointless to have this page at Date, but I think it would be better placed at Date Palm than Date (fruit). Anyone object to a move? - MPF 18:24, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I think we should leave it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.75.34.66 (talk • contribs) 20:03, 24 March 2005

Saddam Hussein and Dates
Could someone who is knowlegable on the subject of dates make their way to the following website: http://www.thewatcherfiles.com/dates.html

After having read this could they better qualify the statements made about dates in the following article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein --Gantlord 14:45, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

[Note: I have been raising dates in the USA for 30+ years. It looks as though this palm is cultivated since there do not appear to be thorns on the fronds. It is possible that this one bunch was not pollinated. Palms send out their flowers over a period of time. If the pollination was too late for the first bunch (or to early for the last bunch) a whole bunch may not have been pollinated. This is not uncommon and would not be surprising in a war torn year. Unpollinated dates would still be yellow in Dec. They may not ever ripen or at best will turn color in Feb. or Mar. but never be good to eat. Since they are not palatable, they are often left on the palm and cleaned at the following year's dethorning when fruit stalks are removed. Any way, they will still be yellow in Dec. added 4/20/06 by SoftMentor@aol.com] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.200.116.7 (talk • contribs) 09:28, 21 April 2006

Requested move 1

 * The following discussion is closed. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section.

Date Palm → Date palm – Capitalization

Voting

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

 * Support: per naming standards. —Wknight94 (talk) 19:01, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose: per naming standards; caps are permitted, and widely used, for species names. See extensive discussions at WP:TOL talk archives. - MPF 09:51, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section.

Discussion
Why is there no page on dates themselves, you don't search for apple and get apple tree at the top O.o 172.189.174.96 (talk) 16:56, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Dates are not fruit
This is a common misconception, this article on dates needs to be changed. dates are in fact the flower of the date palm. http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=32749 Some Information — Preceding unsigned comment added by Olieviya (talk • contribs) 14:22, 1 July 2006

 * Botanically, the date is a fruit. I see nothing wrong with the article (nor do I consider everything2.com to be a very reliable source of information to quote from) - MPF 16:16, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, i just used that from lack of another on-line location and time constraints to finding one. Any encyclopedia of mediocre or higher repute found in any good library should provide ample evidence on the subject. The date is actually the flower, botanically or otherwise I do believe it is so. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Olieviya (talk • contribs) 19:39, 1 July 2006

 * No, it has flowers (small and inconspicuous) like any other flowering plant, which then mature into the fruit that you eat. Just the same as any other flower matures into fruit. - MPF 22:03, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Hi, just wanted to add that dates are most definitely fruits, or more specifically berries (drupes), having a single seed or pit. Additionally, both the male and female tree have flowers, though only the female flowers will form fruit. I have not altered the main page, but here is a link supporting the fact that they are berries. http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/files/71533.pdf 60.234.229.163 (talk) 01:54, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Dates are fruits, those hard stuff inside them are the seed, it has not so exotic flowers thons of them on a small stalk, which gets grows with the fruits. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.100.165.143 (talk • contribs) 12:16, 25 January 2012

Nurtition Chart from USDA using British spellings???
Why is the nutrition chart sourcing the USDA and referencing recomended calories in an American diet using British spellings? It makes it look like a fake. Jon 20:43, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I understood it was wiki policy that all spellings are standard english. Willow177 20:11, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Standard English relative to the article's subject, yes. Articles about American subjects should be written in American English; articles about British subjects should be written in British English. In this case, a chart referencing American sources should probably be written in American English.--chris.lawson 03:24, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

What makes Dates British- or American for that matter? I've removed the word "Commonly" from the sentence "Pitted Dates are commonly referred to as Stoned Dates" and substituted "Also". Here in the USA I have never heard of Stoned Dates. If someone feels strongly that Stoned takes precidence over Pitted, they are welcome ro revert the change.Saxophobia (talk) 01:28, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I would love to eat some "stoned" dates... Hashish would be fully sick here :) 122.200.166.68 (talk) 11:04, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

Glazing Dates
Would anyone volunteer to add some information about the process of glazing dates? I believe you may find some in one of the FAO books in the external links section. Thanks, Sdudah 05:59, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0681E/t0681e05.htm does that help? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tuxcrafter (talk • contribs) 13:04, 22 January 2014 (UTC)

Gallery
I removed this gallery: ==Dates from Tunisia==

Galleries are more appropriate at commons, then linked at the bottom. cygnis insignis 14:39, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

Moved from correct botanical name to common name
Why has this page been moved from Phoenix dactylifera. Surely it would be best practice for date Palm to redirect to Phoenix dactylifera rather than the other way round. It just looks like another dumming down of Wikipedia as useful encyclopedia....--GazMan7 (talk) 18:12, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

There is some strange nonsense in this article under the heading Dates; I wonder whether it has been planted as some sort of private joke. There is no such thing as a genus called "huxetrinus diastilecus". The date palm is of the genus Phoenix. And it is not in the same "family" as the "common cherry" (what is a common cherry? there are many common cherries). A "family" has a precise taxonomic meaning. 16 Fe —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.96.21.193 (talk) 13:51, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I removed the edit by 69.113.80.162 here, restoring the following:
 * The fruit is a drupe known as a date.
 * A third ip has made a contribution as well; it was left intact, but my restoration has fouled it a bit. cygnis insignis 15:38, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Native range?
There seems to be a contradiction between the introductory paragraph, which states that the native range of the date palm is probably north Africa, and the body of the article which states it originated around the Persian Gulf. Which is it? 209.86.226.36 (talk) 02:46, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Khajur
Khajur is the Urdu / Hindi word for date, it is NOT a variety of date. The term 'khajur' is used for any date irrespective of the variety. Your article incorrectly lists Khajur as a variety found in Pakistan/India. Pakistan has many different varieties like Halawi, Aseel, Begum Jhangi, Karbalai, Mazafati and so on. The word Khajur is synonymous with date as it is used in Urdu for all dates including those from Iran, the middle east and morocco. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.73.4.233 (talk) 10:09, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

I noticed this as well. As a native Urdu speaker, "khajur" just means date. It is not a variety of date and should be removed. --24.87.60.41 (talk) 07:34, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

Colour of Fruit
In the section Dates we are told: "...when unripe, range from bright red to bright yellow in colour, depending on variety." However, in the picture, we have some obviously unripe green fruit, but in another picture we have some (ripe) red fruit. What gives? 122.200.166.68 (talk) 11:11, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

Range and Cultivation details and maps
No information is given on the kinds of climates / environments where date palms can 1. be grown 2. successfully fruit. Although yes, most people would immediately associate them with warm dry regions, there is obviously more to it than that (minimum temperatures, average temperatures, water requirements, soil requirements, sunlight requirements).

The range map that shows date production per hectare appears to have some inaccurate data. For example, it appears to indicate that some parts of northeast China (even southern Manchuria) grow date palms. I find that impossible to believe as those regions regularly experience severe, prolonged winter freezes. Similar doubts about some other areas such as northern interior Spain (although the winter climate is not as severe there).

Could there be a confusion with "Trebizond dates" the fruit of Elaeagnus orientalis / Elaeagnus angustifolia orientalis, a deciduous tree / shrub which is much more cold-hardy? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.241.220.61 (talk • contribs) 21:22, 31 January 2011

Deir El Balah Translation
"Deir" is "Convent" and not "Village", so "Deir El Balah" should not be translated as: "Village of Dates", it should be "Convent of Dates" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cedro2010 (talk • contribs) 06:25, 8 August 2011

Date in Turkey?
Well as an ornamental plant maybe in southern coast. But Ankara with its steppe cold winters... The map is absurd at best. Anatolian climate is just not for date even in its warmest town Cizre, you just cant grow it. I do not understand how Azerbaijani provinces of Iran has that much yield either. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.100.165.143 (talk) 12:11, 25 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I concur it is plainly misleading if not ignorant, Ankara with down to -30 deg C is much less hospitable to date palms than for example London. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.180.22.140 (talk) 16:32, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

Move from Phoenix dactylifera to Date (fruit)
This article should be moved too Date (fruit) instead of its scientific name. This is outlined in the principles enunciated at WP:FLORA. Thanks. — Nearly Headless Nick   {C}  13:43, 29 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The WP:COMMONNAME of the fruit referred to by this article is "date", and I will make the move in 24 hours, if there are no objections. — Nearly Headless Nick   {C}  08:10, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I disagree moving it to Date (fruit) but if it was to be moved Date palm would be the better title since it isn't just about the fruit. Bidgee (talk) 08:31, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Makes sense. Thanks. — Nearly Headless Nick   {C}  09:46, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * If we look closely, most of the article is about the date fruit, not the palm tree, except the lead section. Similar articles exist, such as Apple (where Apple tree redirects to Apple). What do you think? — Nearly Headless Nick   {C}  09:53, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia articles are about the whole plants not only the fruits.--Taranet (talk) 23:19, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

This is one of the most viewed articles about a plant (see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Plants/Popular pages), and perhaps THE most viewed article titled by scientific name where an unambiguous common name is available for a title. WP:FLORA certainly would support a common name title. I'd support a move to Date palm (unfortunately, date is ambiguous).Plantdrew (talk) 15:57, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

Grown from cuttings ?
It is claimed that date palms are grown from cuttings. Palm trees only have one growth locus and can't be grown from cuttings.Eregli bob (talk) 12:12, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

Requested move 2

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was moved. --BDD (talk) 18:07, 2 August 2013 (UTC)

Phoenix dactylifera → Date palm – Page was moved from a more common name to a scientific name with naming conventions being cited as the rationale. This rule normally applies only to plants that don't have a common name, which this tree does: Date palm. Raykyogrou0 ( Talk ) 15:40, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment This article is predominantly about dates (the fruit) and as such should be moved to Date (fruit).  Once moved, a  new article should be created for the taxon Phoenix dactylifera and the current article adjusted. This would follow the the example of grape (fruit) and Vitis vinifera (taxon) as outlined at WP:FLORA.--Melburnian (talk) 01:21, 29 July 2013 (UTC)
 * RE: If it ever gets expanded, separate articles can be made for Date (fruit) and Date palm. For now, there isn't enough content to warrant two separate articles. Also, "date palm" is the common name, therefore it should be renamed as such.  Raykyogrou0  ( Talk ) 09:29, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Support per WP:COMMONNAMES Red Slash 03:58, 31 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

This discussion was not advertised appropriately, e.g. at WT:PLANTS, so few people participated. I strongly object to the move being made without adequate input. Peter coxhead (talk) 13:30, 8 August 2013 (UTC)
 * This requested move was listed by AAlertBot at WikiProject Plants. Editors interested in the latest discussions regarding articles supported by a particular project should always look there, as there is no requirement or expectation that a comment be left on the project's talk page. Ibadibam (talk) 17:49, 8 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The relevant guideline is FLORA, which actually mentions WP:PLANTS. You may not expect to notify the plants Wikiproject when discussing changing the title of a plant article, but I do. Peter coxhead (talk) 20:19, 8 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, an announcement about this economically important plant should warrant more of a cooperative attitude to editing than that. Some readers of WP:plants (and there are apparently a lot of such people) might not want to look at the questions about moving one scientific name to another, such as the Picris echioides → Helminthotheca echioides move that just completed, but might have strongly held opinions about scientific versus common names! Also, 26th July to 2 August is a short interval to expect people to have seen WikiProject Plants. This was definitely not advertised sufficiently. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 21:24, 8 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not going to comment on the merits of the move request, as I didn't participate in it and I have no opinion about it. You're certainly welcome to initiate a new move request so that the discussion can be reopened. All I'm trying to say is that WP:PLANTS was sufficiently notified — posting to project talk pages is not part of the WP:RM/CM procedure, and while I agree that it's courteous to do so, it's not something we can count on happening every time. I can only encourage you to keep up with your project's article alerts so you don't miss a discussion like this again. You can also add WikiProject Plants/Article alerts to your watchlist if that's more convenient. Ibadibam (talk) 21:47, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

History of Dates
The way information is cited, i.e. (Author, Date), in the two first paragraphs of this section is wrong. I'm not qualified to change it myself since I'm no dates expert, but you should check https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources for more details. Baldurmen (talk) 19:38, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The didn't include a full citation even then, but I was able to locate the book and add a full citation. The  also didn't add a full citation, and I've been unable to identify the intended source. I have tagged the citation for improvement, for the time being. Ibadibam (talk) 20:20, 30 July 2013 (UTC)

Date output map
Is the date output map correct? The location indicated for date output in the U.S. (the red dot) is the northeast. This can't be right. Shouldn't it be in the southwest where most dates are grown due to desert land? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.119.151.233 (talk) 00:34, 13 October 2013 (UTC)
 * That's not how it looks when I enlarge the map. It shows a scattering of green spots in the extreme south of California, and no red dot anywhere. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 18:30, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I see the same thing as 98.119.151.233 in File:2005dattes.png included in the 'Production' section. There's a red dot in the vicinity of Buffalo, New York. Are you referring to File:DateYield.png listed in the 'Dates' section instead? Mind  matrix  19:46, 13 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes indeed, I was looking at that other map. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 21:04, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Correct? Of course it is not, there is not a single date palm in Central Anatolia, even in the southern shores fruiting date trees dont last as long to ripe them( cannot reproduce, not could be sold). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.180.22.140 (talk) 16:35, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

According to the image File:DateYield.png (referred to by Sminthopsis84) there are no links to it from any English Wikipedia page. It uses data that was obtained in 2010 so it's outdated (no pun intended). Additionally, the placing and color of the dots on the map are difficult to see even when enlarged to the maximum, and would be impossible to interpret as a thumbnail in the article.

The image used in the article uses data that was produced in 2012, so is similarly old. Its color and resolution might make it easier to see and interpret, but, as mentioned above, the placing of dots is at best misleading - at least for the US and Turkey.

The FAO website (http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC) has statistics for 2017 currently available. I can't get to incorporate that at present, but it should be useful to either replace the existing map or supplement it.Twistlethrop (talk) 20:43, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I submit the map is misleading enough such that no map would be preferable. Looking for dissenting opinions.  --Bridgecross (talk) 14:14, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

Cultivars versus types
There is a list of cultivars, and a list of Saudi "types", with limited overlap. Perhaps these should be merged. Lavateraguy (talk) 15:26, 16 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 15:36, 18 October 2013 (UTC)

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Wood durability contradiction
Someone pointed out if the wood is not durable how is used in the construction of bridges and other structures requiring durability. Tagged the section for followup.-- ☾Loriendrew☽  ☏(ring-ring)  21:19, 2 April 2017 (UTC)

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Add a new area of Symbolism for the Palm tree
It seems dating since pre-Roman empire times through to the Renaissance, Palm Trees have symbolised immortality because the trees were thought to live forever. (This is the reason the ancient biblical authors used the palm on Palm Sunday as a double pun on the Roman tradition of a Triumph, and also on the rebirth and eternal life of Jesus which follows a few chapters later. The meaning of being waved at by palm tree branches then later, in memory of this biblical story, to symbolise "rebirth" rather than "eternal life".) It is true to say during the Renaissance the Palm tree symbolised both Rebirth and Eternal Life. I bring to your attention three sources, and therefore I believe we should add an additional use of the palm tree in symbolism to reflect it's meaning in Eternal Life and Rebirth: 1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Sunday contains this sentence: In ancient Egyptian religion, the palm was carried in funeral processions and represented eternal life. The palm branch later was used as a symbol of Christian martyrs and their spiritual victory or triumph over death. 2) Fernando Lazi 2004 is correctly cited as a source for this in the "Palm Sunday" Wikipedia article but when you read this source you notice the emphasis on rebirth and eternal life. That emphasis does not appear in the Wikipedia "Palm Sunday" or "Date palm" articles. The source text reads: "When Jesus went to Jerusalem for the Passover, he was greeted by a crowd waving palm branches, a gesture proper to the Hebrew tradition. The date palm is a special tree in the eyes of the Orientals. Everything about it is useful. Its duration and height far surpass human measure, so much so that in Mesopotamia it was regarded as a sacred tree, for it evokes the ideas of immortality, rebirth, victory, and asceticism, and is a metaphor for what is elevated and sublime, a metaphor of victory. In Egypt palm branches were a symbol of unending life and were varied in funeral processions. The palm tree combined the symbolism of victory with that of resurrection..." 3) A History of Britain 2 1603-1776, by Simon Schama. A specific example of this symbolism in use, in reference 'Eikon Basilike' a Renaissance frontispiece engraving William Marshal this 2012 Schama book reads "Charles had taken enormous pains to present himself like his grandmother Mary as a martyr for the church... in this case the Church of England. The 'Eikon Basilike' was designed as the church's spiritual the gospel according to St Charles, in pious resurrection of the monarchy. Complicated, but to contemporaries intelligible, Christian symbolism dominated the frontispiece designed by William Marshal, engraved by Wenceslas horror and obviously in tune with the King's interpretation of his posterity. It's themes were... palm trees thought never to die, and thus the ancient emblems of the resurrection continue to grow even under the weight of royal virtue...." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fegor (talk • contribs) 20:36, 29 July 2018 (UTC)

Phoenix dactylifera - the relevance of Phoenix in the name
The saying "From the ashes rises the Phoenix", likely originates from burning palm fronds to produce ashes that were used to build the pyramids? There is now good evidence that the limestone blocks used in their early construction including those at Giza were not carved but cast from re-amalgamated limestone. Ashes from burnt palm fronds have been suggested as a key ingredient in forming geopolymer re-amalgamated limestone. Hence the saying "From the ashes rises the Phoenix"

See the work by Joseph Davidovits of the Geopolymer Institute https://www.geopolymer.org/

Tusk Bilasimo (talk) 13:33, 4 August 2018 (UTC)

Diseases and pests section
What is the point of the second paragraph, about "madjool" (sic) dates? It doesn't mention anything about diseases and pests, does it belong in that section? Nerfer (talk) 19:06, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

Regarding the anecdote about the moving of the medjool palms to Indio, CA. I believe the date garden the cultivars were transferred to was actually Oasis Date Gardens in Thermal, CA. The Oasis Date Garden website talks about receiving medjool offshoots during that time period, but the timelines don't match up. Upon closer reading of the sourced Indian Country Today article, I believe that article is not internally consistent (moved to US in 1927 + tended by elderly couple for 7 years + isolation for "several more years" =/= 1935) making me inclined to prefer the Oasis Date Gardens timeline. I am unaware of the etiquette for making such a change, if valid. Davidgcox (talk) 23:57, 29 June 2020 (UTC)

silly Wikipedia precision.
You wrote: 'about 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) in diameter'. Obviously the dates are ABOUT one inch, and giving a precise imperial equivalent for a metric approximation is just silly. Wikipedia does it all the time. One inch is ABOUT two and a half centimeters. NaumTered (talk) 01:09, 23 September 2020 (UTC)
 * This is the result of using the convert template. If you'd like to change the values displayed, read the rounding section of the template's documentation. Mind  matrix  11:25, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

Date fruit
The date fruit is NOT a drupe (there are not a woody endocarp inside) but it is a berry. So the pit is a seed. I do the corrections but it has been deleted. It's possible to put it on again? --Clematis (talk) 08:17, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

A staple food??

 * "Dates have been a staple food of the Middle East and the Indus Valley for thousands of years."

Is this referring to some earlier, starchier cultivar? Because the dates I know are basically candy, and couldn't possibly fulfill any dietary need.__Gamren (talk) 01:04, 1 March 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:06, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Dates on date palm.jpg

Type of sugar?
Is there any information available regarding the types of sugar in dry dates? Such as glucose, sucrose, fructose, maltose? Eaberry (talk) 17:33, 17 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Added to #Nutrition section. No such user (talk) 15:24, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

Tree or Tree-like?
Cf. Arecaceae (palm tree) which is described as "tree-like." Critically, both palm trees and date palms are monocots which means they do not have secondary growth, meaning that they do not fall under some definitions of "tree." I raise this point because of the general inconsistency between Wikipedia pages regarding how these plants are classified. 65.242.132.98 (talk) 00:16, 13 September 2023 (UTC)

Incorrect representation of information in source. Cultivation section.
This section lists avoidance of calcium carbonate in soil. This is a terrible and very uninformed of agriculture in general. The actual source states that large calcium carbonate stones or concretions should be avoided. In other words, the soil for dates COMMONLY is calcium carbonate to the degree that one must watch out for the things one may find in an arid environment. Lime is fine. Calcium carbonate is fine. Hardpan or stony ground is not. The "reference" is some poorly worded amateur webpage from years ago that has been defunct for ages. And then the Wikipedia editor misunderstands the reference making it obvious the editor has zero expertise in agriculture. The traditional and common soils where date palms are grown are arid calcium carbonate soils. that's how you get the high pH. Just don't try to grow it in rock and hardpan. Can this be fixed? 162.154.248.143 (talk) 18:45, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Date palm


text:
Joseph Taussig

Joseph Knefler Taussig (30 August 1877 – 29 October 1947) was a vice admiral in the United States Navy. He served in the Spanish–American War, Philippine–American War, China Relief Expedition, Cuban Pacification, World War I, Second Nicaraguan Campaign, and World War II.

Biography
The son of German-Jewish parents Rear Admiral Edward D. Taussig and his wife Ellen Kneffler, Joseph Taussig was Jewish and was born in Dresden, Germany, where his father, a lieutenant (navy) was on special service at the European Station (February 1877 – January 1880). One of five sons, he entered the United States Naval Academy (USNA) in 1895. His older brother, Paul Taussig, had been enrolled at the USNA but died the previous July of a sudden onset of acute appendicitis. Joseph Taussig, like his late brother, excelled in athletics at USNA. A football star, he was quarterback for the 1899 Navy team. He also excelled at track and field events and was president of the USNA Athletic Association. He was the second of a four-generational family of United States Naval Academy graduates that served from 1863 to 1970 starting with his father, Rear Admiral Edward D. Taussig (1847–1921), continuing with his son Captain Joseph K. Taussig Jr. (1920–1999), and ending with his grandson, Captain Joseph K. Taussig USMC (1945–).

Spanish–American War
When the Spanish–American War began in April, 1898, Taussig was in his final year as a cadet (as midshipmen at USNA were known from the latter part of the 19th century until 1902). He was assigned to the flagship of Admiral William T. Sampson, the cruiser USS New York (ACR-2), and was on board during the bombardment of Aguadores and Santiago and the pivotal naval Battle of Santiago de Cuba on July 3, 1898, where the Spanish fleet was wiped out and Admiral Pascual Cervera taken prisoner.

Taussig was a prolific and talented journalist and writer during his entire 46-year naval career. In later years, his direct and honest candor earned him the professional disfavor of Assistant Secretary of the Navy (and later President of the United States) Franklin D. Roosevelt and Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels. In the daily 125 page journal (with an additional 35 pages of imprints) that Taussig maintained of his experiences and observations during the Spanish–American War, he wrote about the troops embarkation from Tampa, Florida, the Army landing at Daiquirí and Siboney, the condition of the Cuban and Spanish armies, the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, a visit to Morro Castle in Havana Harbor and the fleet's triumphal and feted return to New York Navy Yard after the end of hostilities in August 1898. Taussig's journal includes his pencil sketches of troops, ships, locations, maps, and prints of naval personnel involved in the war. He also wrote numerous letters to his father and brother Charles Taussig, who became a well-known attorney in New York City. Returning to complete his studies at the USNA, Taussig graduated in the class of 1899.

Philippine–American War
Following graduation, he was assigned to the protected cruiser USS Newark (C-1) which departed New York Naval Yard in March 1899 bound for the Philippines. The ship made ports of call in the Caribbean, Caracas (Venezuela), Montevideo (Uruguay) and ports in Chile and Peru before heading up the California coast to Mare Island Navy Yard near San Francisco for outfitting and repairs prior to deployment with the Asiatic Squadron. Departing from the West Coast, USS Newark (C-1) made stops in Hawaii and Guam in transit to the Western Pacific and arrived in Cavite in November 1899. For the next five months, USS Newark (C-1) was station ship at Vigan on the island of Luzon. During that time, Taussig was part of a landing party that embarked at Pamplona to rescue American citizens being held hostage by Insurrectos opposed to U.S. control of the Philippines. However, once there, the landing party was ordered to return to the ship. In December, USS Newark (C-1) moved to Aparri where it accepted the surrender of the Insurrectos in the provinces of Isabela, Cagayan and Bataan.

China Relief Expedition (Boxer Rebellion)
In April 1900, USS Newark (C-1) was ordered to sail to Japan and then to Taku, China as part of the multinational China Relief Expedition being mobilized to rescue the foreign legations in Peking that were then besieged by the Boxers, a movement that opposed the growing influence of European business interests and Christian missionaries in China. The joint naval force was under the command of Vice Admiral Edward Hobart Seymour, Royal Navy with Captain Bowman H. McCalla, USN of the USS Newark (C-1), second in command. As a naval cadet member of the multinational landing force that came to be known as the Seymour Relief Expedition Taussig served alongside and began a long and fraternal professional association with Royal Navy officers Captain John Jellicoe and Lieutenant David Beatty who later advanced to First Sea Lords of the Royal Navy.

On June 7, 1900, the 2,100 strong Seymour Relief Expedition set out from Tientsin by train with the destination Peking and the objective the release of the besieged foreign legations. However, progress was repeatedly halted due to stretches of track that had been torn up by the Boxers and intermittent attacks. The imperial forces of the Dowager Empress were allied with the Boxers and joined in the attacks. Just seven days into its rescue mission, the expedition was forced to retreat to Tientsin due to the rail-bed both north and south of Yang Tsun being destroyed by the Boxers, cutting off the force's supply replenishment. During the retreat, Taussig was seriously wounded in the leg during a Boxer attack. He recovered in Japan and was advanced four numbers in grade because of his injury. Forty-three years later he was awarded the Purple Heart for his combat wounds.

As he had done during the Spanish–American War, Taussig maintained a daily journal of the time he was in the Philippines and subsequently China while attached to USS Newark (C-1) as a naval cadet. These include detailed descriptions of his shipmates and officers including Captain Bowman H. McCalla of the USS Newark (C-1), Vice Admiral Seymour, the progress and setback of the Seymour Expedition, the political dynamics, social customs and recreation in China, and drawings of engineering details of USS Newark (C-1) and urban scenes in Vigan and Pamplona. Of tactical significance, the journal includes a list of the ports of call for USS Newark (C-1) and an intelligence report on the fortifications of Sydney, Australia and the government of New South Wales. Taussig submitted his journal to Captain John Fremont of the USS Culgoa (AF-3) who attested to it and pronounced it an excellent piece of work. The 120 page journal that Taussig wrote during his time attached to USS Newark (C-1) was the basis for his April 1927 article on the Seymour Relief Expedition, one of forty-four articles that he eventually authored for the U.S. Naval Institute magazine Proceedings.

Cuban pacification and inter-war years
Following recuperation from his leg wound, Taussig was assigned to the USS Nashville (PG-7) in the Philippines and then to the USS Culgoa (AF-3), a supply ship carrying food stores for the Army from Australia to the Philippines. Following that, he was assigned to USS Yorktown (PG-1) commanded by his father, Commander Edward D. Taussig USN. While serving on USS Yorktown (PG-1) at Yokohama Harbor, Taussig rescued a shipmate who had gone to the rescue of another drowning man. Both men were saved and for his heroism, Taussig was awarded the Silver Life Saving Medal by the U.S. Treasury Department in 1902. Of the numerous personal decorations and service medals he was awarded, it was the medal that Taussig prized most throughout his life.

After two years as a naval cadet, and having participated in three separate conflicts initiated by native interests opposing foreign intervention by the age of twenty-three, Taussig was commissioned ensign on 28 January 1901 to begin a series of promotions and distinctions that would underscore his service to the navy. Returning to the United States from the Asiatic Squadron in 1902, he was assigned to USS Texas (1892) and next served as navigator on USS Topeka (PG-35). In 1905 he was on USS Amphitrite (BM-2), the station ship at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The following year he was navigator and executive officer on USS Celtic (AF-2). In 1907, Taussig joined the officer staff of USS Kansas (BB-21), one of the ships of the Great White Fleet that circumnavigated the globe in 1907 as a demonstration of U.S. Naval seapower and global presence. After the fleet rounded Cape Horn and steamed up the western coasts of South and North America, he detached from USS Kansas (BB-21) at Mare Island Navy Yard and was assigned to the staff of his father, Edward D. Taussig, by then a rear admiral and commandant of the Norfolk Navy Yard. In 1910 he was appointed flag secretary and aide to Rear Admiral Charles Vreeland, commander of the 2nd and 4th Divisions of the Atlantic Fleet.

Promoted to lieutenant commander, in 1911 he took command of the destroyer USS Ammen (DD-35), followed by an assignment to the Bureau of Navigation in Washington, D.C., until 1915. This duty gave Taussig the background experience which resulted in his exposing personnel shortcomings in the navy following World War I. In 1915, he first locked horns with then Assistant Navy Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt and Navy Secretary Josephus Daniels when he and several other navy officers, notably Admiral William Sims, were critical of a program that provided for the use of paroled criminals to fill the depleted ranks of enlisted personnel. In 1915, Taussig returned to sea in command of the newly commissioned destroyer USS Wadsworth (DD-60) and Division 6, Destroyer Force, Atlantic Fleet. The following year, Taussig received promotion to the rank of commander.

World War I
In July 1916, after serving in battleships, cruisers, destroyers, and on staffs afloat, Taussig was assigned command of Division 8, Destroyer Force (DesDiv 8), Atlantic Fleet. The US entered World War I in April 1917. At that time, Britain was suffering from unchecked U-boat attacks on merchant shipping in the North Atlantic, so in May 1917 President Woodrow Wilson ordered DesDiv 8 to Queenstown, Ireland, to assist the British Royal Navy - the first group of American destroyers sent abroad during the war.

After a nine-day Atlantic crossing, most of the time in a severe southeast gale, DesDiv 8 reached Queenstown. The British commander at Queenstown, Vice Admiral Sir Lewis Bayly, hosted a dinner in the Americans' honor on the night of their arrival. At the dinner, Bayly asked Commander Taussig "When will you be ready to go to sea?" Taussig replied in the now famous words: "We are ready now, sir; that is, as soon as we finish refueling."

For an attack on a German U-boat on 29 July 1917, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, at that time the Navy's second highest valor award. In December 1917, he returned to the US to take command of the newly commissioned destroyer USS Little (DD-79). By May 1918, Little was in Europe, patrolling off the coast of France. The journal that Commander Taussig kept of his service in World War I was published in 1996 by the Naval War College Press under the title The Queenstown Patrol, 1917. With the war winding down, he was detached to the Bureau of Navigation in August 1918.

Conflict with Assistant Navy Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt
Promoted to captain in September 1918, he was assigned to head the Division of Enlisted Personnel of the Bureau of Navigation. Aware of the inadequacies of manpower from his experience in the fleet during World War I, in 1920, he was embroiled in a publicized dispute with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt and testified before the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Navy Affairs regarding the personnel shortage in the navy, stating that navy department heads had failed "to take adequate steps to provide personnel necessary for the proper conduct of the navy during the war." For his outspoken views, Taussig earned the lifetime enmity of Roosevelt, who was in a political fight with the Republican Party over his nomination as Vice President, and wrote a sharp letter to the navy subcommittee denying Taussig's charges.

Taussig candidly maintained that, "the Navy was far from being ready for War... and the enlisted personnel was entirely inadequate for the proper manning of our already completed ships on a peace time basis, and was dangerously inadequate should we suddenly be thrown into war." Secretary Josephus Daniels was angered by Taussig's dissent and denied publication of Taussig's prize-winning essay on naval personnel in the Naval Institute press.

Inter-war years

In 1919 he attended the senior course at the Naval War College, graduating in 1920 and appointed to the staff of the president of the Naval War College. The following year he was a staff member in the Tactics Department. In 1921 he was assigned to command USS Great Northern (AG-9), later renamed Columbia, briefly flagship of the United States Atlantic Fleet. In 1922 his ship, USS Cleveland (C-19), rendered assistance to the victims of an earthquake and tsunami in Chile. For his actions, he was awarded the Order of the Merit of Chile for his efforts in the earthquake relief during 1922. In 1923, he was Assistant Chief of Staff, to Admiral Hilary P. Jones, Commander-in-Chief, United States Fleet for six months.

From July 1923 to June 1926, he was on the staff of the Naval War College where he was Chairman of the Strategy Department. In 1926, he was given command of the light cruiser USS Trenton (CL-11). From 1927 to 1930, he returned to the Naval War College as Chief of Staff and on 16 May 1930, was given command of the battleship USS Maryland (BB-46). He was promoted to rear admiral on 1 July 1931 and served as chief of staff to Admiral Richard H. Leigh, Commander, Battle Fleet. In 1933 he was appointed Assistant Chief of Naval Operations in the Navy Department. However, with Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) having been inaugurated President of the United States in January of that year, according to Admiral Frederic S. Withington, Taussig never had a chance of promotion beyond rear admiral because of his dispute with FDR in the 1920s. FDR was criticized by newspaper columnists Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen in 1936 when instead of appointing Taussig commander of the United States Fleet, he was assigned to command Battleship Division 3, Battle Force, with his flag on the USS Idaho (BB-42). In 1937, still with the rank of rear admiral, he was appointed commander of Cruisers, Scouting Force, with his flag on the heavy cruiser USS Chicago (CA-29). In May 1938, he was attached as commandant, Norfolk Navy Yard and Fifth Naval District, a billet his father Edward D. Taussig had filled thirty years earlier.

Another clash with FDR
In May 1940, Taussig again locked horns with now-president Franklin D. Roosevelt, when Massachusetts Senator David I. Walsh invited Taussig to testify at Senate hearings on plans to expand the navy. Taussig advocated the building of Iowa-class battleship and Montana-class battleships and offered testimony to the aggressive, imperialistic designs of the Empire of Japan that planned to annex China, the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies. He warned of the superiority of the Japanese Merchant fleet to that of the US, and the need to replenish U.S. bases in the Pacific Ocean and prepare for defense of the Philippines, stating, "I cannot see how we can escape being forced into war based on the present trends of events." He also claimed that the Tanaka Memorial was genuine. Taussig's testimony set off a controversy that lasted in the press for weeks and infuriated FDR who wanted Taussig relieved of his command of Norfolk Navy Yard and the Fifth Naval District. However, Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Harold R. Stark convinced Roosevelt to reconsider and Roosevelt took no action; however, Stark publicly stated that Taussig's views were contrary to the Navy Department's and on 23 April 1940, issued a reprimand that was placed in Taussig's file.

World War II
Rear Admiral Taussig was forced to retire in September 1941 due to his age, despite his petition to continue on active duty with the impending international crisis. He was promoted to vice admiral on 22 October 1941 due to his service in the Boxer Rebellion. He had testified to the Senate committee on naval affairs in April 1940 that war with Japan over the Philippines was inevitable without a change in policy. His testimony included accurate predictions on the coming war in the Pacific. According to a May 9, 1940 article by Drew Pearson, Taussig was forced into retirement due to his public prediction that war with Japan was inevitable. In a June 9, 1940 article authored by Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen, Taussig was referred to as "the star scholar and strategist of the navy."

On 8 December 1941, President Roosevelt ordered the reprimand removed from Taussig's personnel file, after his son, Ensign Joseph K. Taussig Jr. was severely wounded and lost his leg, earning a Navy Cross while serving on the USS Nevada (BB-36) during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Taussig's request to return to active duty was ultimately granted in 1943 and he served in the office of the Secretary of the Navy on the Naval Clemency and Prison Inspection Board, the Naval Discipline Policy Review Board, and the Procurement and Retirement Board, until 1 June 1947, only a few months before his death.

Vice Admiral Taussig died on 29 October 1947 at Bethesda Naval Hospital. He was one of a very few individuals who served in the Spanish-American War, World War I and World War II.

His survivors then included his wife of 38 years, Lulie Johnston Taussig, of Washington, D.C. and Jamestown, RI; two daughters, Mrs. Emily Whitney Sherman, of Newport, RI and Mrs. Margaret Philip Helmer of Irvine, CA and his son Captain Joseph K. Taussig, Jr. of Annapolis, MD. His daughter Margaret had been married to Commander George Philip Jr. until his death in 1945.

Navy Distinguished Service Medal Citation
"The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Captain Joseph Knefler Taussig, Sr., United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility as Commanding Officer of the U.S.S. WADSWORTH, engaged in the important, exacting, and hazardous duty of patrolling the waters infested with enemy submarines and mines, in escorting and protecting vitally important convoys of troops and supplies through these waters, and in offensive and defensive action, vigorously and unremittingly prosecuted against all forms of enemy naval activity; and especially for a successful attack upon an enemy submarine on 29 July 1917."

Namesake

 * The destroyer escort USS Joseph K. Taussig (DE-1030) was named in his honor, while the destroyer USS Taussig (DD-746) was named in honor of his father.
 * Admiral Taussig Blvd. in Norfolk, Virginia, near Naval Station Norfolk, is named in his honor.
 * Taussig Street in Tierrasanta, California in Murphy Canyon Military Housing is named in his honor.

Miscellaneous

 * His granddaughter is married to radio talk show host and lawyer Hugh Hewitt.

Published works

 * Our Navy, A Fighting Team (1943) Whittlesey House – co-authored by Harley F. Cope

Publications

 * "Sees U.S. Involved in Far East War, Admiral Taussig Testifies that Japan Aims at Domination – Navy Disclaims His Views" New York Times April 23, 1940, page 1.
 * Three Splendid Little Wars: The Diaries of Joseph Knefler Taussig, 1898–1901 [edited by Evelyn M. Cherpak] (January 2009) Naval War College Press. ISBN 978-0-16-082792-1
 * The Queenstown Patrol, 1917: The Diary of Commander Joseph Knefler Taussig, U.S. Navy (June 1996) Naval War College Press. ISBN 978-1-884733-07-9
 * Vaughn, Stephen L. Encyclopedia of American Journalism. CRC Press, 2008, p. 384 includes Drew Pearson's reporting on Taussig's "retirement".

title: Joseph Taussig


text:
Thomas de Cantilupe

Thomas de Cantilupe (c. 1218 – 25 August 1282; also spelled Cantelow, Cantelou, Canteloupe, Latinised to de Cantilupo) was Lord Chancellor of England and Bishop of Hereford. He was canonised in 1320 by Pope John XXII. He has been noted as "an inveterate enemy of the Jews", and his demands that they be expelled from England were cited in the evidence presented for his canonization.

Origins
Thomas was the third son of William II de Cantilupe (died 1251) (anciently Cantelow, Cantelou, Canteloupe, etc, Latinised to de Cantilupo), 2nd feudal baron of Eaton Bray in Bedfordshire, who was steward of the household to King Henry III (as his father William I de Cantilupe (died 1239) had been to Henry's father King John). Thomas's mother was Millicent (or Maud) de Gournai (died 1260), a daughter of Hugh de Gournai and widow of Amaury VI of Montfort-Évreux (died 1213), Earl of Gloucester. He was born at Hambleden in Buckinghamshire, a manor belonging to his mother's first husband but awarded to her during her lifetime as her dowry. Thomas's uncle was Walter de Cantilupe (died 1266), Bishop of Worcester.

Career
Cantilupe was educated at Oxford, Paris and Orléans, and was a teacher of canon law at the University of Oxford, where he became Chancellor in 1261.

During the Second Barons' War, Cantilupe favoured Simon de Montfort and the baronial party. He represented the barons before King Louis IX of France at Amiens in 1264.

On 25 February 1264, when he was Archdeacon of Stafford, Cantilupe was made Lord Chancellor of England, but was deprived of the office after de Montfort's death at the Battle of Evesham, and lived abroad for a while. Following his return to England, he was again appointed Chancellor of Oxford University, where he lectured on theology and held several ecclesiastical appointments.

Bishop of Hereford
In 1274 Cantilupe attended the Second Council of Lyons and on 14 June 1275 he was appointed Bishop of Hereford, being consecrated on 8 September 1275.

Cantilupe was now a trusted adviser of King Edward I and when attending royal councils at Windsor Castle or at Westminster he lived at Earley in Berkshire. Even when differing from the king's opinions, he did not forfeit his favour.

Cantilupe asked special permission from Edward I to preach to the Jews of Hereford to convert them. Later, during the coin clipping crisis, where large numbers of Jews were targeted and accused of tampering with the currency, Cantilupe objected to the use of a converted Jew to investigate the charges. He then demanded that any unconverted Jews should be expelled from the Kingdom as “enemies of God and rebels against the faith” (inimici Dei et rebelles fidei), threatened to resign and broke down in tears. The King was reported to have capitulated to his demands.

Cantilupe had a "great conflict" in 1290 with the "Red Earl", Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, 6th Earl of Hertford, concerning hunting rights in Malvern, Worcestershire, and a ditch dug by de Clare. The issue was settled by costly litigation.

After the death in 1279 of Robert Kilwardby, Archbishop of Canterbury, a friend of Cantilupe's, and formerly his confessor, a series of disputes arose between him and John Peckham, the new archbishop. The disagreements culminated in Peckham excommunicating Cantilupe, who proceeded to Rome to pursue the matter with the pope.

Death, burial, and canonization
Cantilupe died at Ferento, near Orvieto, in Italy, on 25 August 1282, on his way to Rome. He is buried in Hereford Cathedral. His cult was swiftly established at Hereford, and his canonization was promoted by his protege, the next Bishop, Richard Swinefield. Miracles were recorded by 1283; however Cantilupe's dispute with Peckham continued to haunt him after his death, as Peckham was outraged that Cantilupe was being put forward as a saint, as Cantilupe was still excommunicated in his view, which would preclude him for consideration.

Supporters of his cult included Edward I, who attended the ceremony to translate Cantilupe's body to its new position in 1287, seen as a step towards confirmation of his sainthood. Edward I is recorded as saying that he was keen "to have as a sympathetic patron in heaven him whom we had in our household on earth".

Evidence for his canonization
Among the evidence gathered and submitted to the Pope was evidence of his hostility to Jews, particularly his insistence to Edward I that those that did not convert should be expelled from England.

One of the many miracles cited in his cause of canonization was the supposed raising from the dead of William Cragh, a Welsh rebel who was hanged in 1290, eight years after Cantilupe's death.

A papal inquiry was convened in London on 20 April 1307 to determine whether or not Cantilupe had died excommunicate, since this would have precluded his being canonized. Forty-four witnesses were called and various letters produced, before the commissioners of the inquiry concluded that Cantilupe had been absolved in Rome before his death. It was difficult for his cause of death to be determined as much of his body had disintegrated.

After a papal investigation lasting almost 13 years, Cantilupe was canonized by Pope John XXII on 17 April 1320. His feast day was fixed on 2 October.

Cult and shrine
His shrine became a popular place of pilgrimage, but only its base survived the Reformation until a new upper section (a feretory) was recreated in 2008 under the guidance of Nicholas Quayle. The new section is in vivid colours with a painted scene of the Virgin and Child holding the Mappa Mundi. A reliquary containing his skull has been held at Downside Abbey in Somerset since 1881.

It is generally believed that the Hereford Mappa Mundi was created to be used as part of his cult. A number of references on the map itself, such as a hunting scene, may refer to him directly. The belief system on the map includes a number of derogatory or anti-Semitic images that identify the Exodus and devil worship with contemporaneous Jewry, which may echo the beliefs of Cantilupe himself. Architectural features of the Cathedral, which are also thought to relate to the cult, echo similar anti-Jewish themes, in particular Synagoga, a blindfolded Jew with a broken staff, dropping twin tablets of God's law.

Records of his cult and financial receipts for it still exist and have formed the basis of several studies. These provide one of the few extensive records of a pre-Reformation cult in England. Objects venerating Cantilupe have been found across a wide area, suggesting that his cult may have been more extensive than has previously been assumed.

Current Catholic veneration
In the current Latin edition of the Roman Martyrology (2004 edition), Cantilupe is listed under 25 August as follows: "At Montefiascone in Tuscia, the passing of Saint Thomas Cantelupe, Bishop of Hereford in England, who, resplendent with learning, severe toward himself, to the poor however showed himself a generous benefactor".

Legacy
Cantilupe is still regarded by many as an exemplary bishop in both spiritual and secular affairs. These depend on the reports made at the time of his canonisation, which were unusually extensive. In these, it is said that his charities were large and his private life blameless. He is presented as constantly visiting his diocese, correcting offenders and discharging other episcopal duties. These also present his efforts on behalf of the diocese, and it is clear from other documentary evidence that he took action on behalf of his diocese, such as compelling neighbouring landholders to restore estates which he contended belonged to the see of Hereford.

The records associated with his canonisation have been the subject of academic investigation, leading to some reassessment, for instance looking at the process by which miracles were sought and attributed, to better comprehend how such reports were generated and understood at the time. Others have sought to use them to understand the medical conditions associated with reports of miraculous recoveries.

His anti-Semitism and misogyny depicted in the depositions have been highlighted by some scholars. These emphasise his direct appeals for the expulsion of the Jews, and his refusal to socialise with women, believing this to be extreme even for his time; this includes reinterpretation of objects associated with his cult, such as the Mappa Mundi.

His veneration in the Catholic church and Church of England continues. Cantilupe has been lauded as the "Father of Modern Charity," and is cited as an inspiration by Mother Teresa and Melinda Gates. Books celebrating his life have been published by the Bishopric in recent years, and personal pilgrimage to his shrine is encouraged.

In culture and society
The Cantilupe Society was a text publication society founded in 1905 to publish the episcopal registers of the See of Hereford, of which Cantilupe's is the earliest to survive, and other records relating to the cathedral and diocese. It fell into abeyance after 1932.

Cantilupe is referred to in Graham Greene's novel Travels With My Aunt (1969), when the narrator's sharp-tongued aunt opines "I would have thought he was very lucky to die in Orvieto rather than in Hereford. A small civilized place even today with a far, far better climate and an excellent restaurant in the Via Garibaldi."

title: Thomas de Cantilupe


text:
Louis Clarke (athlete)

Louis Alfred "Pinky" Clarke (November 23, 1901 – February 24, 1977) was an American chemist and former sprinter and track and field athlete, who won a gold medal in the world record time of 41.0 seconds in the 4 × 100 meter relay race at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.

Clarke was Jewish, and was born in Statesville, North Carolina to Mr. and Mrs. Sol Clarke on November 23, 1901.

College
After winning the AAU Junior 220-yard sprint in 1922, Clarke enrolled at Johns Hopkins University and finished second in the 100 yard and third in the 220-yard sprints at the 1923 annual IC4A (Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America). In February 1924, he posted a world record of 9.8 seconds for the 100 yard indoors and later in the year placed third on both the 100-yard and 220-yard sprints at the IC4A.

He won the NCAA 100 yd championship in 1923 while a student at Johns Hopkins. In perhaps his most significant achievement in the Olympic year, Clarke also took the world indoor 100-yard record, at 9.8 seconds, in February 1924.

Olympic gold medal
Clarke was trained for Olympic competition in May 1924 by the Olympic Coach and former American Olympic medalist Lawson Robertson at Franklin Field in Philadelphia. Robertson would later coach Jessie Owens in the 1936 Olympics. Clarke sailed for Cherbourg, France and then headed for Paris with the American Team that summer on the U.S.S America.

At the Paris Olympics that July, Clarke ran the second leg for the American 4 × 100-meter relay team, winning the gold medal in a new world record time of 41.0 seconds. Clarke had a 5-meter lead when he handed off the baton in the medal winning final, helping the U.S. Team to set the world record, in the same 41 second time they had run the semi-final. The British team finished a close second at 41.2 and included the Jewish sprinter and 100-meter champion Harold Abrahams. On their return to New York, the Olympic participants received medals from the Mayor of New York, and on their return to Baltimore, the Baltimore coaches and Olympians including Clarke marched in a parade in their Olympic uniforms and were presented medals by Baltimore's mayor.

In early 1925, Clarke briefly coached Track and Field at the Baltimore Y.M.H.A.

After completing College, Clarke continued to compete with the Newark Athletic Club, where in 1926, he was a member of the club's 4x100-meter team that captured the AAU National title and broke the world record (twice).

Career after track
In April 1946, he notified the Greenwich Draft Board of his inactive status, having served as an Officer in the armed services with a commission.

He began work with the Texaco Company shortly after college in the mid-1920's and retired in 1966 as a chemist and patent liaison for Texaco where he had been employed for over forty years. In June 1936, he applied for and received a patent on a solvent extraction of hydrocarbon oil for which his company took full rights. In late 1963, Clarke was named Supervisor for Suggestion Activities, while serving as Senior Representative at the Texaco Research Center in Glenham, New York, a mile and a half Southeast of Fishkill.

Clarke died at Vassar Hospital, Poughkeepsie, New York, ten miles North of his home in Fishkill, New York on February 24, 1977, at the age of 75. He had been a member of the American Chemical Society. He was buried at Fishkill Rural Cemetery, and was survived by his widow Olive, a son, David who was a 1964 graduate of Dartmouth College, and two grandchildren.

Honors
In 1994, he was inducted into the Johns Hopkins University Athletics Hall of Fame.

title: Louis Clarke (athlete)


text:
User:Awadh

hello wakipedia,i wanted to know wheather you alread have an agent in yemen market,or if my establishment could be one,

title: User:Awadh


text:
Lambrusco

Lambrusco is the name of both an Italian red wine grape and a wine made principally from said grape. The grapes and the wine originate from four zones in Emilia-Romagna and one in Lombardy―principally around the central provinces of Modena, Parma, Reggio-Emilia, and Mantua. The grape has a long winemaking history, with archaeological evidence indicating that the Etruscans cultivated the vine. In Roman times Lambrusco was highly valued for its productivity and high yields, with Cato the Elder stating that produce of two-thirds of an acre could make enough wine to fill 300 amphoras.

The most highly rated of its wines are the frizzante (slightly sparkling) red wines, designed to be drunk young, from one of the eight Lambrusco denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) regions: Colli di Parma Lambrusco, Lambrusco Grasparossa di Castelvetro, Lambrusco di Sorbara, Lambrusco Salamino di Santa Croce, Reggiano Lambrusco, Colli di Scandiano e Canossa Lambrusco, Modena Lambrusco, and Lambrusco Mantovano. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s sweet Lambrusco was the biggest selling import wine in the United States. During that time the wine was also produced in a white and rosé style made by limiting the skin contact with the must.

Grape
The most commonly found six Lambrusco varieties are Lambrusco Grasparossa, Lambrusco Maestri, Lambrusco Marani, Lambrusco Montericco, Lambrusco Salamino, and Lambrusco Sorbara. All of these various Lambrusco grapes are indigenous to Emilia and neither clones nor sub-clones. Most Lambruscos are made from more than one Lambrusco variety and additionally often blended with a number of specific blending grapes (max. 15%), such as Ancellotta (for color), Marzemino, Malbo Gentile, Cabernet Sauvignon (for body and structure), and others. The grape vines are often trained high above the ground to prevent the development of mildew. Historically the vines were trained to climb up poplar trees. The grape itself is not particularly sweet but many of the commercial Lambrusco versions are sweetened by either partial fermentation or with the addition of rectified concentrated grape must. When not fermented sweet, the Lambrusco grape is capable of producing an excellent dry wine with strawberry notes and a slight bitter finish.

By the end of the 20th century, ampelographers had identified over 60 varieties of Lambrusco scattered throughout Italy, including in Piedmont, Sicily and the Veneto. The most widely planted variety is Lambrusco Salamino.

Italian wine
Today, there are various levels of dryness / sweetness, including secco (bone dry / dry), amabile (off-dry / sweet) and dolce (very sweet). Sweet Lambrusco became hugely popular in the United States in the late 1970s–1980s, reaching a high of over 13 million cases exported to the country in 1985. The wine is noted for high acidity and berry flavours. Many of the wines now exported to the United States include a blend of Lambruscos from the different DOCs and are sold under the indicazione geografica tipica (IGT) designation Emilia.

The wine is rarely made in a "champagne" (metodo classico) style; instead, it is typically made using the Charmat process where a second fermentation is conducted in a pressurized tank.

Wine regions

 * Lambrusco Grasparossa di Castelvetro – the smallest wine-producing region located south of the town of Modena. The region is home to Grasparossa of which the DOC requires 85% of the wine to be composed of lambrusco. The wine of this region is typically dry and full bodied with a deep purplish-red coloring. Grasparossa produces the most tannic Lambrusco.
 * Lambrusco Mantovano – the only major Lambrusco region outside of Emilia Romagna, in the Lombardy region. This style is typically dry, but some semi-dry styles are also made.
 * Lambrusco Reggiano – the largest producing region of Lambrusco and the source of most of the exported DOC designated wines. The 4 Lambrusco grapes that can be used are Maestri, Marani, Montericco, and Salamino. Up to 15% of added Ancellotta grapes are permitted in the DOC as well. The sweet versions of the wine are typically in the light bodied frizzante style while the drier wines are more full bodied and darker in color.
 * Lambrusco Salamino di Santa Croce – located 7 mi west of the village Sorbara, the wines of this region must be composed of at least 90% of the local Salamino. The wines are typically light in color and body with a frizzante style being both made in both semi-sweet and dry styles. The variety gets its name from the resemblance of the grape clusters to a sausage of salami.
 * Lambrusco di Sorbara – located north of Modena near the village of Sorbara, Sorbara is generally regarded as the highest quality variety producing the most fragrant wines. It has some similarities to Lambrusco Salamino but produces a darker and more full-bodied wine. The color can range from a deep ruby to a purplish hue. In this wine region only Sorbara and Salamino are permitted in the DOC designated wine with at least 60% needing to be Sorbara. The Salamino and Sorbara varieties tend to produce the most acidic wines. One of the reasons why Sorbara tends to produce the highest quality Lambrusco is the tendency of the vine to drop its flowers, which reduces fruit yields and concentrates flavors.
 * Casteller – in Trentino, Lambrusco is allowed as a blending grape in the red wine blends of Casteller DOC.

Other regions
In Australia a number of cheaper bottled and box wines are produced by Australian vineyards and sold as "Lambrusco". They are typically medium-sweet, around 10% ABV and styled as an "easy drinking" product.

In Argentina, Lambrusco Maestri accounts for several hundred planted hectares.

title: Lambrusco


text:
Council of Lyon

The Council of Lyon may refer to a number of synods or councils of the Roman Catholic Church, held in Lyon, France or in nearby Anse.

Previous to 1313, a certain Abbé Martin counted twenty-eight synods or councils held at Lyons or at Anse.

Some of these synods include:
 * Synod of Lyon (before 523), at which eleven of the members of the Synod of Epaone (517) were present
 * Synod of Lyon (567), in the presence of Pope John III and during which bishops Salonius of Embrun and Sagittarius of Gap were condemned
 * First Council of Lyon (1245; Pope Innocent IV; regarding the Crusades)
 * Second Council of Lyon (1274; Pope Gregory X; regarding union with the Eastern Orthodox and other matters)

title: Council of Lyon


text:
Olga Neuwirth

Olga Neuwirth (born 4 August 1968 in Graz) is an Austrian contemporary classical composer, visual artist and author. She gained fame mainly through her operas and music theater works, which often deal with topical and decidedly political themes of identity, violence and intolerance.

Life and Work
Neuwirth was born in Graz, the daughter of Griseldis Neuwirth and pianist Harald Neuwirth. She is the niece of Gösta Neuwirth and the sister of sculptor Flora Neuwirth.

As a child at the age of seven, Neuwirth began lessons on the trumpet but was forced to abandon her original plans to study trumpet after an accident that left her with a jaw injury. As a high school student, Neuwirth took part in composition workshops with Hans Werner Henze and Gerd Kühr. At the age of 16, she met writer Elfriede Jelinek, the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the two artists have since enjoyed an artistically "fruitful collaboration". The then-17-year-old composer named her first commissioned composition Die gelbe Kuh tanzt Ragtime. The work was composed for the opening of the steirischer herbst festival in 1985.

Neuwirth first studied composition with Elinor Armer at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, beginning in 1986. She also studied painting and film at San Francisco’s Art College. She continued her studies at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna under Erich Urbanner, while studying at the Institute for Composition and Electroacoustics. Her master's thesis was written on the music in Alain Resnais's film L'Amour à mort, entitled "On the use of film music in L'amour à mort by Alain Resnais." In 1985/86, she studied music and art at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music with Elinor Armer. She studied painting and film at the San Francisco Art College. In 1993/94 she studied with Tristan Murail and worked at IRCAM, producing such works as "...?risonanze!..." for viola d'amore. She received significant inspiration in this period from her encounters with Adriana Hölszky (Nicht beirren lassen! Weitermachen!) and the Italian composer Luigi Nono. Neuwirth had the chance to meet with Luigi Nono, who had similarly radical politics, and has claimed this had a strong influence on her life.

She has numerous chamber music works released on the Kairos label, and has collaborated with Elfriede Jelinek on the opera "Bählamms Fest." Neuwirth's opera of David Lynch's film Lost Highway incorporates both live and pre-recorded audio and visual feeds, alongside other electronics. The world premiere took place in Graz in 2003, performed by the Klangforum Wien with the electronics realized at the Institut für Elektronische Musik (IEM). The American premiere of the opera took place at Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio, and featured further performances at Columbia University's Miller Theatre in New York City, produced by Oberlin Conservatory and the Oberlin Contemporary Music Ensemble. The surround-sound recording released by Kairos was awarded the Diapason d'Or. The UK premiere took place at the Young Vic in London in April 2008, in a co-production with the English National Opera, directed by Diane Paulus and conducted by Baldur Brönnimann.

Neuwirth’s original compositional style is characterized by the use of diverse compositional techniques and hybrid sound materials, with a constant questioning of artistic and socio-political norms. She refers to an “art in-between.” Stefan Drees remarks: “The catastrophic, the plunge into unfamiliar regions with all the attendant consequences, is therefore a fundamental mood of her compositions, winding like a red thread through her works.” Usually assigned to the category of so-called contemporary classical music, her works since the late 1980s have sought to transcend the genre restrictions imposed by the music business. From a multitude of “sources of inspiration...from art, architecture, literature and music, intellectual history, psychology, natural science, and everyday reality [...]." Neuwirth creates an art from that is as multidimensional as it is distinct. For example, in Le Encantadas o le avventure nel mare delle meraviglie (2014), Neuwirth's preoccupation with Herman Melville's novella The Encantadas (1894), as well as inspirations from the sound world of Luigi Nono – here especially from his influential work Prometeo (1984) – coalesce into a “fictional adventure novel through multiple spatial sound effects.” The starting point of this composition is an acoustical survey (Neuwirth: “preservation of acoustic heritage” ) of the Chiesa San Lorenzo in Venice.

Neuwirth has created several full-length music theatre works, including the video opera Lost Highway (2003), based on David Lynch’s film; Bählamms Fest (1993/1997), drawing on the work of Leonora Carrington; The Outcast, referencing Herman Melville; and American Lulu, inspired by Alban Berg. Neuwirth's opera Orlando, based on the novel by Virginia Woolf, is the first full-length opera composed by a woman and commissioned by the Vienna State Opera to be performed in Vienna. The world premiere took place on 8 December 2019. It was later selected as the world premiere of the year in an international critics' poll conducted by the trade journal Opernwelt.

Interested in a broad spectrum of stimuli and possibilities of expression, Neuwirth was already crossing genre boundaries between theatrical drama, opera, radio drama, performance art and video in the 1990s. This was reflected in the titles of her works, for example in The Outcast – a musicstallation-theater. Neuwirth often set herself the goal of breaking up established forms of concert presentation in order to arrive at a “fluid form”. For example, during the breaks in her two “portrait concerts” at the 1998 Salzburg Festival, the sound of wind-up toy instruments on a reinforced metal plate was transmitted into the concert hall’s auditorium by means of several loudspeakers, with visuals projected live onto a screen, creating an immersive listening experience. In addition, “prompt texts” for the audience’s behavior, written by Jelinek, were inserted into the work. Neuwirth’s works contain an explicit expansion of the artistic effect from the concert hall into public spaces, for example in Talking Houses (1996), a sound installation for shops along the main square of Deutschlandsberg, Austria (created jointly with Hans Hoffer), and in the sound installation ...le temps désechanté ... ou dialogue aux enfers (2005) at the Place Igor Stravinsky in Paris. For this latter work, commissioned in 2005 by IRCAM Paris, a motion-capture camera was used to allow electroacoustic sounds to interact with the streams of people moving through the square. As the number of passers-by rose, a musical transformation was set in motion. However, the Paris police ultimately ordered the sound installation to be shut down.

The composer's preoccupation with the intersections between music and visual art culminated in 2007 with her participation in the documenta 12 contemporary art exhibition, for which she produced a sound/film installation. In addition, she has continually expanded the field of her activities by writing texts and film scripts, and producing short films, performances and photo series.

Olga Neuwirth has also composed a number of film scores, including music for the silent films Symphonie diagonale (1924), Maudite soit la Guerre (1914) and City Without Jews (1924), as well as soundtracks to films by Kurt Mayer and Josef Dabernig. The composer also wrote music for the feature films Das Vaterspiel by director Michael Glawogger, which was screened at the Berlinale film festival in 2009, and Ich seh, Ich seh by directors Veronika Franz and Severin Fiala, which premiered in 2014 at the Venice International Film Festival. She additionally collaborated with French installation, video and conceptual artist Dominique Gonzales-Foerster on the multimedia installation ...ce qui arrive.…

Neuwirth has long reflected on the everyday life of professional composers, and especially of female composers, groups that are rather marginalized within contemporary art circles. She has clearly conveyed her thoughts on this issue in a number of texts. She frequently expresses herself on political issues, calling for vigilance in the face of social and political changes (for example, with a speech in front of the Vienna State Opera at a mass protest held on 19 September 2000, entitled “I will not be yodeled out of existence”).

Collaborations
Olga Neuwirth has received commissions from international institutions including Carnegie Hall, the Lucerne Festival, the Salzburg Festival, the Elbphilharmonie Hamburg, the Vienna State Opera and many others. She was composer in residence at the Salzburg Festival in 1999, the Koninklijk Filharmonisch Orkest van Vlaanderen in Antwerp in 2000, the Lucerne Festival in both 2002 and 2016, the Festival d'Automne in 2011, and the Elbphilharmonie Hamburg and the Wiener Konzerthaus in 2019. Her works have been performed by the conductors Pierre Boulez, Peter Eötvös, Daniel Harding, Matthias Pintscher, Valerij Gergjev, Susanna Mälkki, François-Xavier Roth and Alan Gilbert, among others. Leading orchestras and ensembles have included Neuwirth's compositions in their programs, including the Vienna Philharmonic, the Berliner Philharmoniker, the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, the Scottish Symphony Orchestra, the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, the BBC Symphony Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra, the Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, the NDR Symphony Orchestra, the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra, the ORF Radio Symphony Orchestra, Ensemble Intercontemporain, the Ensemble Modern, the ICE Ensemble, the Talea Ensemble, Klangforum Wien, the London Sinfonietta, Ensemble Musikfabrik, the Phace Ensemble and the Arditti Quartet. Numerous soloists, including Hakan Hardenberger, Antoine Tamestit, Thomas Larcher, Jochen Kowalski, Robyn Schulkowsky, Marino Formenti, Claire Chase and Andrew Watts have participated in performances of Neuwirth's works.

Neuwirth also frequently collaborates with artists from other artistic genres, such as architect Peter Zumthor (Bregenz 2017), the New York architects of Asymptote Architecture (ZKM 2017), and the computer music and audio/acoustics research artist Markus Noisternig. The composer also worked with video artist Tal Rosner to create the interactive installation Disenchanted Island at Centre Pompidou in Paris (2016).

Neuwirth is a member of the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts, the Academy of Arts (Berlin) and the Royal Swedish Academy of Music.

She has served as a professor at the University of Music and Performing Arts in Vienna since 2021.

Awards

 * 1997: Erste-Bank-Kompositionspreis
 * 1999: Hindemith Prize, Ernst von Siemens Composers' Prize
 * 2000: Ernst-Krenek-Preis for the opera Bählamms Fest.
 * 2008: Heidelberger Künstlerinnenpreis (Heidelberg Prize for Female Artists).
 * 2009: South Bank Show Award for Lost Highway
 * 2010: Großer Österreichischer Staatspreis
 * 2010: Louis Spohr Musikpreis Braunschweig
 * 2011: Nominated for the Österreichischer Filmpreis (film score to Das Vaterspiel)
 * 2014: Nominated for the Österreichischer Filmpreis (film score to Ich seh Ich seh)
 * 2017: Deutscher Musikautorenpreis (category "Komposition Orchester")
 * 2019: Prize of the Christoph and Stephan Kaske Foundation
 * 2019: Österreichisches Ehrenzeichen für Wissenschaft und Kunst
 * 2020: Robert Schumann Prize for Poetry and Music
 * 2021: Wolf Prize in Arts Laureate in Music 2021
 * 2021: Opus Klassik: composer of the year
 * 2022: Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition for her opera Orlando
 * 2022: Ernst von Siemens Music Prize

Works
Neuwirth's works were published mainly by Ricordi and Boosey & Hawkes:

Stage works

 * Körperliche Veränderungen and Der Wald (1989/1990). Two operas after Elfriede Jelinek
 * Bählamms Fest (1997/98) Music theatre in thirteen pictures. Text: Elfriede Jelinek after Leonora Carrington
 * Lost Highway (2002–2003) An opera adaptation of the 1997 David Lynch film of the same name
 * American Lulu (2006–2011) New interpretation of Alban Berg’s opera Lulu by Olga Neuwirth
 * The Outcast – Homage to Herman Melville (2009–2011), a "musicstallation theatre" with video, libretto by Barry Gifford and Olga Neuwirth with monologues for Old Melville by Anna Mitgutsch
 * Kloing! and A songplay in 9 fits, Hommage à Klaus Nomi (2011), a music-theatre evening produced and compiled by Olga Neuwirth
 * Orlando (2019) – an opera based on the novel by Virginia Woolf, commissioned by Wiener Staatsoper

Concertos (for solo instruments and full orchestra)

 * Sans soleil (1994) for two Ondes Martenot, orchestra and live-electronics
 * Photophorus (1997) for two E-Guitars and orchestra
 * locus...doublure...solus (2001) for piano and orchestra (version for orchestra)
 * Zefiro aleggia...nell´infinito... (2004) for bassoon and orchestra
 * … miramondo multiplo … (2006) for trumpet and orchestra
 * Remnants of songs...an Amphigory (2009) for viola and orchestra
 * Trurliade – Zone Zero (2016) for percussion and orchestra

Orchestra works

 * Clinamen / Nodus (1999)
 * anaptyxis (2000)
 * Masaot/Clocks without Hands (2013)
 * Keyframes for a Hippogriff − Musical Calligrams in memoriam Hester Diamond (2019) for orchestra, countertenor and boys´ choir

Ensemble works

 * Elfi und Andi (1997) for speaker, e-guitar, double bass, bass clarinet, saxophone and two playback-CD’s (voice from tape: Marianne Hoppe). With texts by Elfriede Jelinek
 * The Long Rain A video opera with surround-screens (1999/2000) for 4 soloists, 4 ensemble groups, live-electronic, after a story by Ray Bradbury
 * Construction in space (2000) for 4 soloists, 4 ensemble groups and live-electronic
 * Hommage à Klaus Nomi (2009) Chamber orchestra version
 * Ishmaela's White World (2012)
 * Eleanor (2014/2015) for a female blues singer, drum-kit-player, ensemble and samples
 * Aello – ballet mécanomorphe (2016/2017) for flute, 2 trumpest, strings, synthesizer and typewriter

Chamber music

 * Akroate Hadal (1995) for string quartet
 * Ondate II (1998) for two bass clarinets
 * Hommage à Klaus Nomi (1998) Songs for countertenor and small ensemble
 * voluta / sospeso (1999) for basset horn, clarinet, violin, violoncello, percussion and piano
 * ...ad auras... in memoriam H. (1999)
 * settori (1999) for string quartet
 * Zwei Räthsel von W.A.M. (1999) Text: W. A. Mozart, Leopold Mozart; for coloraturo soprano, alto, viola, cello, 6 Zimbel, tape and live-electronic
 * ... ce qui arrive ... (with a interactive live video by Dominique Gonzales-Foerster) (2003/2004) for 2 groups, samples and live-electronic after Paul Auster
 * In Nacht und Eis (2006) for bassoon, cello with ringmodulator
 * Kloing! (2007) for piano (computer-aided CEUS-piano) and a interactive live video
 * Hommage à Klaus Nomi (version for chamber orchestra) (2009)
 * in the realms of the unreal (2009) for string quartet
 * Quasare / Pulsare II (2017) for violin, cello and piano
 * CoronAtion Cycle (2020) CoronAtion IV/Version I – a 9-hours-long live sound installation for Robyn Schulkowsky and Joey Baron

Solo works

 * Marsyas (2003–2004, revised 2006) for piano
 * Trurl-Tichy-Tinkle (2016) for piano

title: Olga Neuwirth


text:
ACD

ACD may refer to:

Brands and enterprises

 * ACD (telecommunications company), carrier and Internet Service Provider, headquartered in Lansing, Michigan
 * ACD Systems, a computer software manufacturer
 * Advanced Chemistry Development (ACD/Labs), a chemistry software company

Organizations

 * ACD San Marcial, a Spanish football team based in Lardero, La Rioja
 * Adelaide College of Divinity, an Australian theological college
 * African Congress of Democrats, a South African political party
 * Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Christengemeinden in Deutschland (Association of Christian Churches in Germany)
 * Asia Cooperation Dialogue, an international organization
 * Asiatic Cavalry Division, a White Army unit that fought in the Russian Civil War
 * Centre Right Alliance (Romania) (Alianța de Centru Dreapta), a political alliance
 * Australasian College of Dermatologists, a medical specialist college

People

 * Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes

Science and healthcare

 * ACD (gene), protein encoded by the ACD gene
 * α-Cyclodextrin, a glucose polymer
 * Alveolar capillary dysplasia, disorder of the lung
 * Anemia of chronic disease, form of anemia
 * Aragonite compensation depth, a property of oceans
 * Allergic contact dermatitis, form of contact dermatitis

Technology

 * Activity-centered design, design based on how humans interact with technology
 * Anti-collision device, on Indian railways
 * Apple Cinema Display, a line of monitors
 * Automatic call distributor, device that directs incoming phone calls
 * Average call duration, average length of telephone calls

Other uses

 * ACD (album), a 1989 album by Half Man Half Biscuit
 * Adjournment in contemplation of dismissal, court ruling to defer the disposition of a defendant's case
 * Antecedent-contained deletion in grammar
 * Activity cycle diagram, a systems modelling paradigm
 * Autoregressive conditional duration, a class of models used in financial econometrics
 * Kyode language (ISO 639-3 code), a Guang language of Ghana
 * Australian Cattle Dog, a breed of herding dog
 * Alcides Fernández Airport, an airport in Acandí, Colombia

title: ACD


text:
Amabile

Amabile may refer to:
 * John Amabile (disambiguation)
 * Sweetness of wine
 * The Amabile Choirs of London, Canada, a family of choirs
 * A musical direction

title: Amabile