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Ten-digit dialing

Ten-digit dialing is a telephone dialing procedure in the countries and territories that are members of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP). It is the practice of including the area code of a telephone number when dialing to initiate a telephone call. When necessary, the ten-digit number may be prefixed with the trunk code 1, which is referred to as 1+10-digit dialing or national format.

History
The implementation and expansion of the North American Numbering Plan between 1947 and 1992 preserved a long-standing practice in the United States and Canada that callers should only need to dial the local seven-digit telephone number when placing a call within the caller's exchange area or within the home numbering plan area (NPA). In seven-digit dialing, callers dial the three-digit central office code and the four-digit station number of the destination telephone if it resides in the same numbering plan area. Dialing of an area code before the telephone number, referred to as ten-digit dialing, was only necessary for foreign NPA (FNPA) calls.

Some communities with significant parts on both sides of an area code boundary implemented central office code protection, where possible, to ensure the same seven-digit local number was not assigned in two different area codes in the same city to assure seven-digit dialing in the entire community.

Code exhaustion relief
When the demand for telecommunication services in a numbering plan area threatens to exceed the capacity of telephone numbers of a single area code, the local public service agency and the Federal Communications Commission initiate relief measures to mitigate the exhaustion, and assure continued service with minimal customer impact in the affected areas.

Area code split
In an area code split, the established practice of relief from 1947 to 1992, the affected numbering plan area is divided into suitable parts, most often two, and assigned a new area code to one of the areas, while maintaining the existing area code in the other. The area that retained the code was most commonly the denser-populated or geographically or historically more significant part. This freed the telephone numbers already issued in the new area for use in the existing, now smaller, numbering plan area. This practice preserved seven-digit dialing in all affected areas.

Area code overlay
By 1992, a new method of relief became available from the proliferation of electronic switching systems that were based on stored program control (SPC), which reduced the need for electromechanical extensions of the switching fabric. This made it possible to assign multiple area codes to a single numbering plan area. An area code overlay required additional technology in all affected switching systems to recognize the local area codes and select the appropriate routing for local calls, even within the wire center. This eliminated the possibility of maintaining seven-digit dialing, and required the dialing of ten digits for all calls.

Consumer groups and some state regulators, such as the Illinois Commerce Commission and Citizens Utility Board for northwest Chicago, and the NYS Public Service Commission in NYC, opposed the requirement with attempts at litigation.

The added effort in remembering and dialing longer numbers damaged the popularity of overlay plans, which were introduced as a means to reduce the inconveniences associated with the traditional method of splitting an area. However, overlay plans have become the primary relief method and ten-digit dialing has become increasingly common in the U.S. and Canada.

1+10 dialing
Long-distance calls within a numbering plan area may also require dialing of an extra digit. Eleven digits for toll calls became standard in all of North America by the end of 1994 to allow introduction of "interchangeable NPA codes"—area codes that did not have a 0 or 1 as the middle digit and could therefore be confused with the central office code—after January 1, 1995.

Dialing 1 before the area code is most often required only for long-distance calls. Some telephone systems in early overlay areas do not accept a "1" before the area code for local calls; all Canadian landlines follow this pattern. However, in metropolitan New York City and Chicago, as well as the entire state of California, the initial "1" is required even for local calls for landline phones located within an overlay complex or with a single NPA that also serves customers with a 988 NXX (see below). All cellphones in North America ignore this and only require the user to dial ten digits.

Ten-digit dialing in non-overlay areas
A few area codes not part of any overlay complex nonetheless require ten-digit dialing if part of the local calling area is within an overlay complex. For example, the Fort Knox Army base in Kentucky is served by area code 502, but its local calling area includes cities that are served by the 270/364 overlay complex. As a result, Fort Knox imposed ten-digit dialing for all off-base numbers when the 270/364 overlay was established in 2014.

A July 2020 order by the Federal Communications Commission required ten-digit dialing of telephone numbers with area codes in the United States that were not overlaid, but had an assignment of the central office prefix 988, conflicting with its designation for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline by federal law.

NANPA Planning Letter 544 cites 83 area codes affected in 37 states. Three additional area codes were already transitioning to ten-digit dialing as the result of overlay implementations. Central office code 988 was in the process of discontinuation for area code 904. While included in the list of 83 area codes, area code 701 in North Dakota will not be converted to ten-digit dialing because the 32 telephone numbers in the 988 central office were reassigned to another prefix. Several of these codes have subsequently been converted to overlay complexes and the implementation of such complexes could be expedited as the transition to ten-digit dialing was not necessary.

As part of Canada's implementation of a national 9-8-8 hotline, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) announced in August 2022 that all remaining Canadian non-overlay areas with seven-digit dialing, most of which use "988" as a central office code under their respective area codes, were required to convert to ten-digit dialing by May 31, 2023. A partial exception existed for the three northern territories served by area code 867, which was not projected to exhaust until at least 2043; only the Yellowknife area (which contains the 988 exchange) was required to convert, with seven-digit dialing remaining optional elsewhere in the region due in part to unique geographical and cultural considerations.

title: Ten-digit dialing


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Bradford Abbas

Bradford Abbas is a village and civil parish in north-west Dorset, England, on the border with Somerset. The village is 3 mi south-east of Yeovil and 5 mi south-west of Sherborne. The parish includes the small settlement of Saxon Maybank to the north, and had a population of 975 at the 2011 Census.

The name of the village signifies the "Abbot's broad ford" on the River Ivel, the abbot in question being that of Sherborne; the land was given to Sherborne Abbey by King Alfred the Great.

In the dry summer of 2010 cropmarks in sun-parched fields of barley, visible from the air, revealed the existence of a previously unsuspected 1st-century temporary Roman camp, one of only four detected in southwest Britain. In the 19th century five Roman kilns were found in a field to the east of the village. Also found at the site were pottery, roof slates, bracelets and querns.

Parish Church of St Mary
The oldest part of the church is the chancel, dating from the 12th century, though the main construction of the church is 15th century and was started by William Bradford, Abbot of Sherborne.

The tower has many niches on its west face, two containing finely carved original figures. The stone rood screen dates from the 15th century, and some of the steps leading to the rood loft are still extant.

Vicars
This is a list of the vicars of St Mary's Church, Bradford Abbas. Since 1984, the title has been Rector of the United Benefice.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bradford Abbas


title: File:Porter08.jpg


text:
Eriobotrya

Eriobotrya is a genus of flowering plants, mostly large evergreen shrubs and small trees, in the family Rosaceae, native to woodland in the Himalayas and East Asia. The loquat, E. japonica, is grown for its edible fruit.

Eriobotrya species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Hypercompe hambletoni.

Plants of the World Online treats Eriobotrya as a synonym of Rhaphiolepis.

title: Eriobotrya


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Bradford Peverell

Bradford Peverell is a village and civil parish in the English county of Dorset, 2 mi north-west of the county town Dorchester. It is sited by the south bank of the River Frome, among low chalk hills on the dip slope of the Dorset Downs. The A37 road between Dorchester and Yeovil passes to the north of the village on the other side of the river's water meadows. In the 2011 census the population of the parish (which includes the hamlet of Muckleford to the north-west) was 370.

Bradford Peverell is the birthplace of the historian John Hutchins, who was born here in 1698. His work on the history of the county, History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset, was published in 1774.

In the 1st century a Roman aqueduct ran through where the village is now sited; it followed a line from Notton, a few miles upstream, to Dorchester, which then was the Roman town of Durnovaria. The remaining sections of the aqueduct are a scheduled monument.

In 1850 the parish church was rebuilt in a 13th/14th-century style, though various fittings and monuments were retained from the earlier building. The new design was by Decimus Burton. The church is Grade II* listed.

The Frome Valley Trail long-distance footpath runs through the village.

title: Bradford Peverell


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J. Carlton Loser

Joseph Carlton Loser (October 1, 1892 – July 31, 1984) was an American politician and a United States representative from Tennessee.

Biography
Loser (pronounced "low-ser") was born in Davidson County, Tennessee, son of Henry James and Willie May McConnico Loser. He attended public schools and the former YMCA Law School (now Nashville School of Law). He was secretary to the mayor of Nashville from 1917 to 1920 and was admitted to the bar in 1922. In 1923 he completed the requirements for the LL. B. degree at Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee.

Career
In 1923 Loser became assistant city attorney for Nashville, and in 1929 he became an assistant district attorney. He became district attorney for the former 10th Circuit, a position he held from 1934 until 1956. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1944, 1956, and 1960. He was a member of the United States Coast Guard Reserve in 1944; a presidential elector in 1956; and secretary of the Democratic Executive Committee of Tennessee from 1954 to 1958.

In 1956, 5th District Congressman Percy Priest died a month before the election. A special primary was held to replace Priest on the ballot, and Loser won the nomination. This was tantamount to victory a month later, as no Republican had been elected to Congress from Nashville since Reconstruction. He was re-elected in 1958 and 1960, and served from January 3, 1957, to January 3, 1963.

In August 1962 Loser had seemingly been renominated for a fourth term. However, an investigation into the primary election revealed serious irregularities. Loser's major opponent in this contest was Richard Fulton. However, it was largely the instigation of a minor candidate, iron worker and labor union activist Raymond Love, that caused a re-examination of the primary by the Nashville Tennessean. The Tennessean ran stories on its front page indicating a pattern of serious voter fraud, and a lawsuit was filed. The number of votes in question would not have in any event been adequate to have caused the election of Love, but could possibly have been enough to have thrown the election to Fulton. Love, stating that his only desire was one for a clean, honest election in any case, withdrew from the primary, which was rerun by court order. In the second primary, conducted under close scrutiny, Fulton defeated Loser decisively and went on to be elected that fall and to seven subsequent terms.

Loser withdrew from public life after his defeat.

Personal life and death
Loser's father-in-law, William Gupton, served as the mayor of Nashville from 1917 to 1921.

Loser died on July 31, 1984 (age 91 years, 304 days) in Nashville. He is interred at Woodlawn Memorial Park, Nashville, Tennessee.

title: J. Carlton Loser


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Talk:Indian Army during World War II

Untitled
A couple of sources:
 * http://www.wolftree.freeserve.co.uk/Burma/Burma4.html
 * http://www.fepow-community.org.uk/Research/London_Gazette/Burma_January_to_June_1943/html/appendix_a.htm

I'm not sure if the 3rd should be included in this list as "The title 3rd Indian division was only given in order to deceive the Japanese."  Philip Baird Shearer 20:29, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The source you are quoting is neither authoritative nor correct. While the structure of the formation was not that of an ordinary division, for organizational purposes it was an Indian Army division which consisted of a set of brigades and divisional troops. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.163.100.201 (talk) 05:27, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

The title
It is British Indian army,not Indian army,hope there will be reply.Please change this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.233.33.118 (talk) 16:13, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

 * No such army as the "British" Indian Army ever existed and no reliable source names it as such. That name is invented by Wikipedia as a compromise. The current Indian and Pakistani Armies are successors of the pre-1947 Indian Army. The Indian Army was officered by British and Indians and the soldiers were Indian. Dabbler (talk) 02:41, 3 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Dabbler is correct--note the titles of these RS: Guy and Boyden, eds. Soldiers of the Raj: The Indian Army 1600–1947 (1997); Barkawi, Tarak. "Culture and Combat in the Colonies: The Indian Army in the Second World War," Journal of Contemporary History 41 (2006): pp 325–55; Ian Sumner, The Indian Army 1914-1947. (2001); Roy, "Military Loyalty in the Colonial Context: A Case Study of the Indian Army during World War II Journal of Military History'' 2009, Rjensen (talk) 12:09, 6 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Agree with Dabbler and Rjensen. British Indian is sometimes used currently to distinguish the army from the present Indian army but has no real place in encyclopaedic entries. By the same token you correctly say "the soldiers were Indian". Not British Indian. Even though the soldiers came from all parts of the sub continent which are not part of today's India. Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 14:54, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

Not from all part of sub-continent,from India with present Pakistan and Bangladesh,Not from Sri Lanka and Myanmar.Ovsek (talk) 07:07, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

"British Indian is sometimes used currently to distinguish the army from the present Indian army" -- that's precisely why the term should be used. And if there is some sort of law against it, at least point out the confusion. Sooku (talk) 20:36, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

For freedom
Who removed the freedom movement section?I request to add this quickly,other wise this article will remain incomplete. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.233.33.118 (talk) 16:13, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

Names
Is it correct to list these, and other non-British British Army divisions, as [Country-an] NNth [Type] Division? Seems to me I usually see them as NNth [Country-an] Division. Maybe only the few non-infantry units need something different? —wwoods 02:45, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * When reference is made to the units before the independence of India, it should be 1st Indian Division. If made after independence, it should be Indian 1st Division. Because this page is a list of WWII Indian divisions, it should use the former descriptive syntax. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.163.100.201 (talk) 05:27, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * So it seems to me that

 * the first thing to do is to request this page be moved to List of Indian Army (British) divisions in WWII?
 * the second thing to do is to rename the articles as 1st Indian Division (British).--mrg3105 (comms) ♠ ♥ ♦ ♣ 11:48, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

 * These are the names they were known by at the time, very un PC now Jim Sweeney (talk) 14:21, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Indian Army infobox
The use of the post-Independence flag in the info box seems inappropriate. Is there anyway to edit it to use the British Indian Army flag? Dabbler (talk) 17:35, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

25-pounder gun image
"This gun fired 24,000 rounds per day". That's 36 shells a second; I'm sure the much-touted metal storm weapon wasn't invented then. I presume that figure relates to a divisional artillery group, or army artillery or something. Context needed. HLGallon (talk) 07:00, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Good catch I had just copied the text from the picture without doing the math - I did trace the original to the United States. Office of War Information. Could this be war time propaganda !!! --Jim Sweeney (talk) 07:53, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

TITLE: India in the war. Indian soldiers in action before the capture of Keren. This gun hurled approximately 24,000 shells a day. Note the shadow of camouflage on the field gun CALL NUMBER: LC-USE6- D-008633 [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USE6-D-008633 (b&w film neg.) MEDIUM: 1 negative : safety ; 5 x 7 inches or smaller. CREATED/PUBLISHED: [between 1940 and 1946] RELATED NAMES: United States. Office of War Information.

Training Divisions / Brigades
I realise this article is very much "Work in Progress", and you may be ready to address this aspect of matters when time allows, but this question appears to be rather ignored by most sources. As the article states, the 14th and 39th Divisions were reorganised as training divisions for the Burma front, but you also mention the 116th and 150th brigade. The wording suggests that the divisions I mentioned were used to give advanced training to recruits reporting from the regimental depots, while the 116th and 150th brigades were used to convert complete units to a jungle role. I may be wrong of course, but it does seem otherwise to be a rather confused training establishment. My sources incidentally are Slim, "Defeat into Victory", pp.193-194, and Alan Jeffreys & Duncan Anderson, "The British Army in the Far East 1941-45", pp.19-20 (one of my derided Osprey "coffee table" sources, but better than most). HLGallon (talk) 08:38, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

 * 116th Bde was part of 39th Div the other two I can find no parent Div listed. see here

--Jim Sweeney (talk) 13:37, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

 * 7th Bn The King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) was part of 150th Indian Infantry Brigade from March 43 till the end of the war. --Jim Sweeney (talk) 16:33, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

Organization section needs reformatting
Right now there are chronology subsections as well ones based on type of forces. One suggestion is that a yearly table/list be created and have divisions based on forces. --Vinay84 (talk) 12:23, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Infobox
G'day, Surely if this article is about the Indian Army in WW2, the infobox shouldn't include engagements outside that timeframe? Peacemaker67 (talk) 10:15, 25 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The British Indian Army infobox addresses the Army throughout its history. This article only addresses one small sub-section of the history. The infobox is common to all articles involving the Indian Army during the time frame of its existence. Dabbler (talk) 11:38, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

Indian National Army
Since Indian National army had it's origin in British Indian army aka army of British Raj(because prisoners joined Indian National Army),so I think in the see also section it should be added.Thank you.Ovsek (talk) 05:00, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

It is also not mentioned that British-Indian army fought against INA also,in Kohima-Imphal war.Ovsek (talk) 18:17, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

Image
Are Sikhs not Indian?Are they separate from Indians?If soldiers are to be called by their religion then other soldiers should be called Hindu soldiers,is it right? Should this picture's soldier be called Hindu soldiers arriving?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newly-arrived_Indian_troops.jpg Soldiers must not be referred according to their religion,it should be done by their nationality,so they are Indians.Ovsek (talk) 18:46, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Who says "Soldiers must not be referred according to their religion"? Please indicate the Wikipedia policy which states this. Soldiers can be referred to by their regiment, arm of service, origin e.g. Highlanders or Londoners within the British army, or any number of other distinctions. The particular image clearly shows soldiers with the external trappings of Sikhs (turbans, beards). There can be no objections to describing them as such. I will restore the original caption. If you choose to revert again, without justification under Wikipedia rules, you will be reported for WP:3RR. HLGallon (talk) 19:22, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

Oh!Oh,OMG!Turbans are part of their religion.They are from Sikh Regiment,was not Sikh Regiment from Indian army?So they why will be not called Indian army?In Iraq-Iran war picture if you see any soldier with long beard will you say them Muslim soldiers instead of mentioning their nationality?If you point out soldiers from Uganda will you say them Black soldiers with out mentioning their nationality?An American can be also black,he has nothing to do with Uganda.

Sikhism is a religion,any one be member of it.And by the way WW2 was not a war of religion,like Crusade so you can differentiate them by their religion.It is very broad idea.

You said soldiers should mentioned by their regiment,or army,that's what I was saying for.Call them soldiers from Indian Sikh Regiment or Indian Sikh soldiers.Your post also does not reply completely.Ovsek (talk) 19:40, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Although Ovsek is rather over the top in putting his argument, I tend to agree with him. If you had a picture of a British soldier wearing a crucifix round his neck, should he be identified as a "christian soldier"? I don't think so. There's no rule forbidding a religious description but what is the relevance in this context? The caption should identify which side the soldier in the picture is on. Identifying religion would surely only have a relevance in a religious war.  Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 22:28, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I cannot agree with calling them "soldiers from the Sikh Regiment", because Sikhs served in separate companies in any of six or more Punjabi regiments, the Frontier Force Regiment (which may have had some all-Sikh battalions), the Frontier Force Rifles and perhaps others I have forgotten about. Furthermore, Sikhs' identities are bound to their religion, so the argument that "religion would only have relevance in a religious war" does not hold water in this instance. HLGallon (talk) 23:46, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

 * According to Operation Crusader order of battle, XIII Corps had the 4th Indian Infantry Division under Messervy which included the 7th Indian Infantry Brigade one of whose component battalions was the 4th battalion 11th Sikh Regiment. Dabbler (talk) 01:54, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

Caption changed to match the description of the image. We cannot call them a "section" because that is a military term, and we don't know if they are an actual Section (military unit). – S. Rich (talk) 01:39, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Caption also changed to reflect correct name of their parent unit. British Indian Army is only used on Wikipedia to disambiguate from the later post-independence Indian Army. Dabbler (talk) 01:48, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
 * – S. Rich (talk) 01:53, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

Thanks a lot.Ovsek (talk) 03:56, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

Still Sikhs are identified as separate.When Sikhs are mentioned then they are said "Sikh Soldiers from Indian army" and when Hindus are mentioned then they are referred as only "Indian troops"?Ovsek (talk) 04:44, 5 June 2013 (UTC)

Causality
Commonwealth War Graves commission reports 87,032 Indian soldiers killed. Then why here different figure?

--World_War_II_casualtiesOvsek (talk) 13:55, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

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Added link to Women in World War II Wikipedia page. HISTORYLEARNER2018 (talk) 04:23, 6 May 2018 (UTC)

What a stupid heading for the article!
It was not Indian or Pakistani or Benglasdeshi army. It was Brtiish-Indian army and not even the army of the various kingdoms in the subcontinent. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2405:204:D187:1A54:BC40:F419:4140:FAC9 (talk) 15:03, 14 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Anon should read the reliable sources such as Approach To Battle: Training The Indian Army During The Second World War (War and Military Culture in South Asia, 1757-1947) (published 2017) Rjensen (talk) 20:00, 14 August 2018 (UTC)

The colonial bias is shameful !!
I find the article and the responses to talk section comments insensitive and ignorant in the extreme. It starts right up front with the term "volunteer army". Come on, guys. Britain had India by the throat, its nationalist leaders were in jail, and its very white and very British army commanders ordered a colonized, subjugated force to lay down their lives for a tiny island off Europe. Why on Earth would they "volunteer' to do that? Next is the semantics hairsplitting argument that it was the Indian army, not the British Indian army. Again, India was not an independent country; how could there be an Indian army?? It wasn't an army at all. It was the British colonial forces. Calling them the Indian army is like calling the British forces who lost to George Washington patriots.

I don't know if Wikipedia has an appeals process. But whoever is editing this page has clear (whether conscious or not) colonial biases. India was a subjugated state. Stop pretending that it "volunteered" to help the British. Sooku (talk) 20:52, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Do you have any reliable sources to say that it wasn't a volunteer army? Do you have any reliable sources to say that it wasn't called the Indian Army? What we need are reliable sources, not rants. DuncanHill (talk) 20:59, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

World war 2 article for students
In WWII German and Russian and other country fights it was very tough fight 103.140.30.160 (talk) 15:28, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indian Army during World War II


text:
User talk:Porternut

Great additions to H. K. Porter, Inc
Just read through the timeline that you've posted to the Porter article. Way cool. That's the kind of detail that I was hoping to add myself, but you beat me to it. B-) From your login, I'm guessing that Porter is a particular specialty of yours? slambo 20:29, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

File:Porter08.jpg needs authorship information
Dear uploader:

The media file you uploaded as File:Porter08.jpg appears to be missing information as to its authorship (and or source), or if you did provide such information, it is confusing for others trying to make use of the image.

It would be appreciated if you would consider updating the file description page, to make the authorship of the media clearer.

Although some images may not need author information in obvious cases, (such where an applicable source is provided), authorship information aids users of the image, and helps ensure that appropriate credit is given (a requirement of some licenses).

 * If you created this media yourself, please consider explicitly including your user name, for which: will produce an appropriate expansion, or use the own template.

 * If this is an old image, for which the authorship is unknown or impossible to determine, please indicate this on the file description page.

If you have any questions please see Help:File page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 12:43, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Porternut


text:
Unio Trium Nationum

Unio Trium Nationum (Latin for "Union of the Three Nations") was a pact of mutual aid codified in 1438 by three Estates of Transylvania: the (largely Hungarian) nobility, the Saxon (German) patrician class (represented by the Transylvanian Saxon University), and the free military Székelys. The union was directed against the whole of the peasantry, regardless of ethnicity, in response to the Transylvanian peasant revolt.

In this typical feudal estate parliament, the peasants (whether Hungarian, Saxon, Székely, or Romanian in origin) were not represented, and they did not benefit from its acts, as the commoners were not considered to be members of these feudal "nations".

Medieval administrative structure in Transylvania

In medieval times, Transylvania was organised into two separate types of territorial units: the Noble Counties (Comitates) were ruled by feudal landlords. Here, the majority of population were Hungarian and Romanian serfs. In other regions called Seats, the free Székely and Saxon nations lived without feudal landlords and had the royal privilege to have local authority and self-government.

Events leading to the Union
With the rise of the Ottoman Empire, one of the first major Ottoman military campaigns against Transylvanian parts of the Kingdom of Hungary was organised in 1421. The invading forces entered the region from Wallachia. The Saxons and Székelys living in the border area tried to defend themselves, but were heavily outnumbered by the intruders. King Sigismund was not able to react promptly because he had recently inherited the Bohemian throne and was involved there in the Hussite Wars. Also, Transylvanian Diets had not been organized for decades and there was no forum to coordinate defence preparations of the three nations. Left alone, the Saxon Burzenland and the Székely Seat of Háromszék, both in the border region, were ravaged. Sigismund reacted to the attack only years later, leading a series of military campaigns against the Ottomans in Wallachia. The Ottomans, allied with the Wallachian Voivode, returned in 1432 and Southern Transylvania suffered serious damages again.

In the same period, nobles and church authorities in Central Transylvania were concerned about protesting and revolting serfs. Hungarian and Romanian (Vlach) peasants were dissatisfied with high taxes and restrictions to their free movement. Scattered peasant protests turned into a serious revolt in 1437, when peasants and Hungarian nobles defeated the troops of the landholders. The Budai Nagy Antal Revolt was triggered by an attempt by the Bishop of Transylvania to collect taxes. Although the revolt was led by Hungarian noble Antal Nagy de Buda, it consisted of a coalition of various elements of Transylvanian society. This included Hungarian and Romanian serfs as well as the burghers of Kolozsvár (Klausenburg, Cluj), and resulted in the lower taxes codified by the Treaty of Kolozsmonostor. Pál Vajdaházi, one of the leaders of the revolt, was referred to in this document as vexilifer Universitatis regnicolarum Hungarorum et Valachorum huius principatus Hungariae (Standard-bearer of the Union of Hungarian and Romanian inhabitants of this province of Hungary). Consequently, it is possible that the rebels considered themselves inhabitants of the Estate of Hungarians and Romanians (Universitas Hungarorum et Valachorum).

Brotherly Union (Union of Kápolna)
Despite the pressing issues at hand, the Transylvanian Diet was still not called together by the Voivode, resulting in the various nobles initiating a meeting of the three nations. After a gap of almost half a century, the estates now had the opportunity to discuss Transylvanian issues together. On this occasion, the nobles set up an alliance with Székelys and Saxons who were still afraid of possible Ottoman incursions. The alliance of mutual aid, signed in Kápolna (present-day (Căpâlna), was called the Fraterna Unio (Brotherly Union), and was designed to protect the parties both from revolts and Ottoman attacks. While the existence of the Union helped the indigenous inhabitants to re-negotiate and partly modify the terms of the previous agreement, the alliance did not organize any serious military operations until the end of 1437. At that time, the alliance defeated the opposition after the death of King Sigismund in December.

Founding of the Union of Three Nations
After the successful campaign, the alliance of Hungarian nobles, Székelys, and Saxon elite was codified in the Unio Trium Nationum ("Union of Three Nations") on February 2, 1438. Like the Brotherly Union, the new Union provided mutual aid against peasant revolts and Ottoman attacks. The Union ensured that the (Hungarian and Romanian) serfs continued to be excluded from the political life of Transylvania, although they were the majority of the population in the Noble Counties (Comitates). The Romanians adhered to Eastern Orthodoxy, which in predominantly Catholic Hungary was considered heretical.

The alliance of the three privileged estates was effective for centuries and provided the framework of internal and international relations of Transylvania. After the 18th century, when the danger of Ottoman or Tatar attacks was over, the Union became an alliance of the three estates to protect their vested rights from those who were not represented in the Transylvanian Diet. In the 19th century, the term "three nations" became charged with ethnic considerations, because Romanians were consequently excluded from Transylvanian government.

In 1711, the Bulgarians of Alvinc and Déva (led by church leader Balázs Marinovics) and the Armenians also claimed the privileges of a fourth and fifth natio, but their demands were not met with the elevation of their communities to that privileged status.

title: Unio Trium Nationum


text: Category:Oklahoma maps

title: Category:Oklahoma maps


text:
Hagen-Rummenohl

Rummenohl, now officially Hagen-Rummenohl, is a locality within the independent city of Hagen in the eastern part of the Ruhr region, in Germany. It lies in the valley of the river Volme, about 13 km upstream (south) of the city centre of Hagen.

History
The former independent settlement of Dahl, consisting of Dahl, Priorei and Rummenohl, was incorporated in 1970 into the town of Breckerfeld in the district (Kreis) of Ennepe-Ruhr. In 1975, the Parliament of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia decided to transfer it to the metropolitan district of Hagen.

Industrial history
Rummenohl has for centuries been a centre of ironworking, using the power of the river Volme to process iron ore from the Siegerland. The opening on 16 March 1874 of the single-track Volmetalbahn, which made a connection for goods traffic to Brügge (Lüdenscheid) and beyond that to Meinerzhagen, improved its integration into the developing Ruhr. Goods traffic to Lüdenscheid via Brügge was discontinued in early 1996.

In the early 1870s, Alfred Nobel founded a factory in Rummenohl to manufacture dynamite. On 5 June 1910 it was struck by lightning and exploded.

Beginning in 1908, gunpowder was manufactured in the valley of the Sterbecke, which flows into the Volme in Rummenohl. In peacetime, 100 people worked there; during World War I, the number rose to over 2,000. In wartime, the factory primarily produced landmines, cartridges and charges for grenades; after the war, it once more produced explosives for road construction and mining. A spur railway connected the distant factory on the heights near Selkinghausen to the Volmetal-Bahn railway line, negotiating the difference in height by means of several switchbacks. Beginning in 1926, the factory was gradually closed down. After World War II, the buildings served as accommodations for bombing victims and refugees. The building was torn down in the 1960s in the course of construction of the A45 Autobahn.

In 1918, a new church was built. The grain mill and former smithy at Krummewiese, on the northern edge of Rummenohl, which had been in operation since 1824, was shut down in 1952.

authors: Я сошла с ума

title: Hagen-Rummenohl


text:
Bradpole

Bradpole is a village and former civil parish in south west Dorset, England, in the Brit valley, 1 mi outside Bridport. In the 2011 census the population of the parish was 2,339.

In 1651 Charles II passed through Bradpole in his efforts to evade capture after he failed to sail to France from Charmouth following his defeat at the Battle of Worcester. An inscribed stone in the south of the parish, where Lee Lane meets the A35 trunk road between Bridport and Dorchester, marks the place where he took a turning off the main road to escape from his pursuers.

Bradpole is the birthplace of industrialist and Liberal Party politician William Edward Forster (1818–1886), who was instrumental in bringing through the 1870 Elementary Education Act. He is commemorated by the village Memorial Hall.

The parish church was built in 1845, following two previous buildings on the same site. Its communion cup dates from the 16th century. A chapel of ease, St Andrew's, was built in 1858-60 and is now redundant.

The civil parish and parish council were abolished with effect from 1 April 2024, with the parish area taken into Bridport.

title: Bradpole


text:
River Towy

The River Towy (Afon Tywi, ; also known as the River Tywi) is one of the longest rivers flowing entirely within Wales. Its total length is 120 km. It is noted for its sea trout and salmon fishing.

Route
The Towy rises within 15 km of the source of the River Teifi on the lower slopes of Crug Gynan in the Cambrian Mountains. Flowing through the steep hills of the Tywi Forest, it forms the boundary between Ceredigion and Powys. The river flows generally south-westwards through Carmarthenshire, passing through the towns of Llandovery and Llandeilo.

Its total length is 120 km. with numerous tributaries that include the Cothi, Gwili, Brân, and Doethie.

In Carmarthen, it is joined by a substantial tributary, the River Gwili, at Abergwili. The estuary meets Carmarthen Bay east of the Pendine Sands along with the River Taf and both branches of the River Gwendraeth. The estuary was guarded by Llansteffan Castle, a 12th-century Norman castle.

Damming of the Towy
About 10 km from its source, the swift flow of the Towy is interrupted by the Llyn Brianne reservoir, created in 1972 by damming a section of the river to store winter rain for release into the river during dry periods. The reservoir supports the new abstraction at Nantgaredig which supplies a large swathe of south-east Wales with drinking water. The flow in the River Towy would have been unable to sustain such an abstraction were it not for the release of water from the upland reservoir.

Fish
The Towy is a national draw for big sea trout (local name sewin), the seagoing form of the brown trout, Salmo trutta. These fish enter the river each spring and early summer to breed in the tributaries. The river is thought to produce more double-figure (10 lbs plus, or about 5 kg or more) sea trout than any other in Britain. Anglers and estuary netsmen have taken these fish to over 20 lb in weight. In summer and autumn there is also a substantial run of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). In May the Towy has a run of the rare and protected twaite shad and allis shad. The Towy also contains brown trout, eels, pike, and a variety of small fish species, and is home to brook lampreys, river lampreys and sea lampreys.

The Towy has the distinction of having accidentally produced by far the biggest fish ever taken on rod and line in fresh water in Britain. This was a sturgeon (Acipwienser sturio) weighing 388 lb (176 kg) and 9 ft in length which was caught in the river near Nantgaredig by Alec Allen on 28 July 1932. The last sturgeon in UK waters was seen in the river in 1993.

Mammals
The Towy has a thriving population of otters, as well as many commoner mammal species. Grey seals are common in the lower reaches and sometimes penetrate several miles up river in pursuit of sea trout and salmon.

Birds
The Towy and surrounding valley (Dyffryn Tywi) are home to a very large variety of water and wetland birds. Among the more distinctive species found along the river are sand martins, common sandpipers, little ringed plovers, dippers, kingfishers and grey wagtails. Red kites and buzzards are numerous. Goosanders and cormorants prey on sea trout and salmon.

Plants
The prevalence of oxbow lakes in the Towy valley provides some spectacular shows through the year. In summer at Bishop's Pond in Abergwili (an oxbow lake formed when the river flooded in 1802) there is a spectacular show of yellow water lilies on the pond when the water level drops and reed sweet-grass fringes the edges – a species also found nearby in the Teifi valley further west in Pembrokeshire, in Gower, in Powys (especially along the Montgomery Canal), on Anglesey and in several sites along the North Wales coast.

Glanrhyd Bridge disaster
On 19 October 1987, three days after the Great Storm of 1987, four people were killed when a train plunged off Glanrhyd Bridge near Llangadog into the flooded river.

Notes and references

 * Notes
 * References

title: River Towy


text: Category:Oregon maps

title: Category:Oregon maps


text:
Talk:Sledgehammer (disambiguation)

Untitled
I would like to request that the AMD sense have a link to--or at least specific mention of--the entry for  the    processor that was codenamed Sledgehammer. Neither the AMD nor AMD64 pages mention the term Sledgehammer. "Hammer" is referenced in the AMD article. Am I missing another article?

Ventura 20:35, 2004 Oct 15 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sledgehammer (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Mediauser~enwiki

Hi, please don't add junk like Primate:Climp to Wikipedia. (Although I will admit it was very funny...) Adam Bishop 20:36, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I was just trying to get a screen shot. We can delete it now.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mediauser. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mediauser~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:26, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:11, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mediauser~enwiki


text:
Nathdwara

Nathdwara is a city in the Rajsamand district of the state of Rajasthan, India. It is located in the Aravalli hills, on the banks of the Banas River and is 48 kilometres north-east of Udaipur. Shrinathji, is a swarup of lord Krishna which resembles his 7-year-old "infant" incarnation of Krishna. The deity was originally worshiped at Jatpura, Mathura and was shifted in the year 1672 from Govardhan hill, near Mathura along holy river Yamuna after being retained at Agra for almost six months. Literally, Nathdwara means 'Gateway to Shrinathji (God)'.

Nathdwara is a significant Vaishnavite shrine pertaining to the Pushti Marg or the Vallabh Sampradaya or the Shuddha Advaita founded by Vallabha Acharya, revered mainly by people of Gujarat and Rajasthan, among others. Vitthal Nathji, son of Vallabhacharya institutionalised the worship of Shrinathji at Nathdwara. Today also the Royal king family of Nathdwara belongs to the lineage of vallabhacharya mahaprabhuji. They are called Tilkayat or tikaet of Nathdwara.

Daily Eight Darshan opens for devotees as per schedule by temple. Mangala, Shringar, Gwala, Rajbhog, Uthapan, Aarti, And Shayan.

Mobile phones, shocks, and shoes are not allowed. There is locker near the gate you can put your mobile and shoes there. This is free service provided by temple.

All variety of Prasad is very tasteful.

Statue of Belief
Statue of Belief or Vishwas Swaroopam is the tallest statue of the Hindu God Shiva (369 ft.) in the world, that is constructed at Nathdwara in Rajasthan, India. The statue opened on 29 October 2022.

Shrinathji Temple
The shrine at Nathdwara was built in the 17th century at the spot as exactly ordained by Shrinathji himself. The idol of the Lord Krishna was being transferred from Vrindaban to protect it from the Mughal ruler Aurangzeb. When the idol reached the spot at village Sihad or Sinhad, the wheels of bullock cart in which the idol was being transported sank axle-deep in mud and could not be moved any further. The accompanying priests realised that the particular place was the Lord's chosen spot and accordingly, a temple was built there under the rule and protection of the then Maharana Raj Singh of Mewar. Shrinathji Temple is also known as 'Haveli of Shrinathji' (mansion).

Other Temples
•Shri Navneetpriyaji Mandir- Shri navneet priyaji is a prominent swarup of pushtimarg. Navneet priyaji is considered as moving form of Shrinathji and is the personal Thakurji of Gusaiji. People believe that the person who visits Nathdwara for darshan of Shrinathji must visit shri Navneet priyaji temple. The current head of the temple is The Tilkayat Maharaj of Shrinathji Temple.

•Shri vitthalnathji mandir- It is 2nd peeth or gaadi of pushtimarg of vallabh sect. It is mainly known for self manifested deity shri vitthalnathji. It is a beautiful temple with rajasthani art work. Current head of temple is HH Dwitiya peethadhish Gosvami shri 108 shri Kalyanraiji Maharaj of Indore.

• Vanmaaliji temple- This temple also belongs to vallabh sect pushtimarg and is an ancient temple of Lord vanmaali(Krishna).

• Madanmohanji temple- This temple is a Krishna temple which under vallabh sect only.

• Yamunaji temple- situated at Pritam poli, Nathdwara, it is a temple dedicated to the Goddess river Yamunaji. It also comes under vallabh sect of pushtimarg.

 * Shiv Murty: The statue of belief is a tallest Lord Shiva's statue in Nathdwara.

Geography and Transport
Nathdwara is located at 24.93°N, 73.82°W. It has an average elevation of 584 metres (1919 ft). Located just 48 km north-east of Udaipur in Rajasthan, this town is easily reached by air, road or nearest rail-head.

Demographics
, Nathdwara had a population of 37,007. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Nathdwara has an average literacy rate of 73.0%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 65%. In Nathdwara, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Artists of Nathdwara
Nathdwara Artists are a group of artists working around the precincts of the famous Nathdwara temple in Rajasthan. They are noted for Rajasthani-style paintings, called Pichwai Paintings, belonging to the Mewar School. The paintings revolve around the image of Shrinathji, the enigmatic black-faced figure of Krishna, who is shown holding up Mount Govardhan. Several authoritative books have been published on this subject.

Apart from Pichwai Paintings, the artists also produce small-scale paintings on paper. Themes from Krishna legend predominate. Mentioned under notable citizens are some of the famous artists who have won accolades/awards in the past.

Stay
All stay option available here. The temple provide stay facility at very reasonable rate. Lots of Dharmashala here to stay. Book your stay option in advance is recommendable.

title: Nathdwara


text:
Radio Flyer (film)

Radio Flyer is a 1992 American drama-fantasy film directed by Richard Donner and written by David Mickey Evans. It stars Lorraine Bracco, John Heard, Elijah Wood, Joseph Mazzello, Adam Baldwin, and Ben Johnson and is narrated by Tom Hanks. Evans was to make his directorial debut on the film but was replaced by Donner. Michael Douglas and Evans were executive producers. Filming locations included Novato, California, and Columbia Airport in Columbia, California.

Plot
Mike observes his two sons fighting, with one insisting that a promise doesn't mean anything. To help them understand that a promise does mean something, he tells them the story of his youth. In 1969, 11-year-old Mike, 8-year-old Bobby, their mother, Mary, and their German Shepherd, Shane, relocate from New Jersey to Novato, California after their father/husband leaves them. There, Mary weds a new man who the children call "The King". Unbeknownst to Mary, The King is an alcoholic who often gets drunk and beats Bobby. The King also repeatedly plays Hank Williams’s "Jambalaya (On the Bayou)" on his record player.

Seeing that Mary has found happiness at last with The King, Bobby swears Mike to secrecy about the abuse. Instead, the two boys seek adventures to occupy the time that would otherwise be spent with The King; they recount the "seven great abilities and fascinations" of childhood while exploring their new surroundings and dealing with the neighborhood bullies. An unsupervised incident in the kitchen in which the boys attempt to create an anti-monster potion to get rid of The King leads to Bobby being hospitalized by The King, but Shane gets revenge on The King by violently biting him on the arm. After spending time in jail, The King is released following the death of his mother and returns to their house with flowers and chocolates promising never to drink or abuse Bobby again; he violates his promise while the boys are at school and nearly kills Shane. As a result, the brothers devise a plan for Bobby to escape The King once and for all. Mary also starts to catch on to The King's true nature and finally requests a divorce.

Inspired by the urban legend of a boy named Fisher who attempted to fly away on his bicycle over a cliff nicknamed “The Wishing Spot”, the two convert their eponymous Radio Flyer toy wagon into an airplane in the hopes of sending Bobby and Shane away from harm. They draw up a schematic diagram with wings and an engine and scavenge numerous parts, secretly using The King's tools to build the aircraft in their shed. The boys also raise money through various means, such as retrieving lost balls on a golf course and selling them back to the golfers. After leaving a farewell letter for their mother, the brothers take the device to the cliff at night, but The King discovers their plan and attempts to stop them, prompting Shane to furiously attack him. Bobby then speeds down the hill alone (knocking out The King with the wing of his plane) and triumphantly soars into the air as Mike and Shane look on. Mary arrives with police officer Jim Daugherty and The King is arrested. Though Mike never sees Bobby again, he continues to receive postcards from him from places all over the world.

Back in the present, Mike reiterates to his sons the importance of keeping a promise, and imparts a lesson about history being in the mind of the teller. He concludes his story by saying, "That’s how I remember it."

Cast

 * Lorraine Bracco as Mary Marshall
 * John Heard as Officer Jim Daugherty
 * Elijah Wood as Mike Marshall
 * Tom Hanks as Older Mike / Narrator (uncredited)
 * Joseph Mazzello as Bobby Marshall
 * Adam Baldwin as Jack "The King" MacKenzie (Jack's face is barely seen throughout the film)
 * Ben Johnson as Bill "Geronimo Bill"
 * Garette Ratliff as Chad
 * Thomas Ian Nicholas as Ferdie

Production
David Mickey Evans's script for Radio Flyer was a hot property around Hollywood, and Warner Bros. and Columbia Pictures started a bidding war around it in November 1989. Warner had eyes on it as a vehicle for veteran director Richard Donner, while Columbia was buying it on behalf of Michael Douglas's production outfit Stonebridge Entertainment, which had a major production deal with the latter studio. Just before Thanksgiving, Columbia paid Evans a huge sum for a first-time Hollywood screenwriter: $1.25 million. The deal also gave Evans the opportunity to direct even though he had no prior experience helming a film. Douglas, however, believed Evans had the vision to pull it off. This was the first film Columbia put into production under the ownership of Sony, as well as one of the first films to be greenlit by the studio's new management, led by Peter Guber and Jon Peters.

Filming started on June 18, 1990. Under Evans's direction, the film starred Rosanna Arquette as the mother, Tomas Arana as Jack, and Luke Edwards and James Badge Dale as the children. The budget was set at $17–18 million after Evans agreed to cut some expensive effects sequences. However, Stonebridge executives found the dailies disappointing, and after 10 days of filming, Douglas shut down production, at a loss of $5 million. Douglas then recruited Richard Donner as the film's new director. With Evans's blessing, Donner accepted with a $5 million paycheck, while his wife, producer Lauren Shuler Donner, came on board. Evans remained on the film as an executive producer. With the major players recast, Radio Flyer resumed production that October. Donner had Evans rewrite the script extensively to find a way to balance escapist fantasy and child abuse without alienating the audience.

The film's original ending featured a present-day coda where a now-adult Mike, played by Tom Hanks, takes his children to the National Air and Space Museum, where the Radio Flyer/Plane hybrid is displayed next to the Wright Brothers' flying machine. Test audiences were confused by this ending and re-shoots led to the modern-day prologue and epilogue seen in the final film.

A video game adaption of the film was being developed for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System by Ocean Software.

The film was dedicated to the memory of script supervisor Nancy Benta Hansen and uncredited production assistant Simone Fuentes, "whose professionalism and humor we miss."

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 35% based on reviews from 40 critics. The site's consensus is: "Overlaying its whimsical concept onto a gritty story of domestic abuse, Radio Flyer is a family film that is too harrowing for children and too saccharine for their parents."

Roger Ebert and Leonard Maltin both criticized the film for presenting fantasy as a way of escaping child abuse. Said Ebert, "I was so appalled, watching this kid hurtling down the hill in his pathetic contraption, that I didn't know which ending would be worse. If he fell to his death, that would be unthinkable, but if he soared up to the moon, it would be unforgivable—because you can't escape from child abuse in little red wagons, and even the people who made this picture should have been ashamed to suggest otherwise."

Because the film in fact ends with Bobby successfully evading his stepfather forever, viewers (including Ebert himself ) have taken to speculating on the "true" ending,  assuming that the one presented was a case of an unreliable narrator.

title: Radio Flyer (film)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/-40 (number)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - Keep

-40 (number)
Not an interesting number. Lev 20:39, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Are you serious? I mean, I don't find 8 all that interesting but it's still here. Keep. Mike H 21:10, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)

Keep.-PlasmaDragon 21:27, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Not an interesting number? Well that's a new one. The big question is, what number do you deem interesting enough to keep? Keep. Wyllium 22:41, 2004 Oct 15 (UTC)
 * K R The particular use mentioned on the page is the basis of one of the two popular methods for converting Fahrenheit to Centigrade. As for vice versa, who on Earth would want to do that? :o) - having read the talk page, the content is already listed on 40 as per the Numbers Wikiproject policy.  Simply redirect to 40.  Chris 22:48, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's every bit as riveting as 37.  Fishal
 * Keep, what's wrong with the number where the Centigrade and Farenheit scales coincide? It's notable because of that, surely. Just as 32 is notable for being the freezing point in F. 132.205.15.4 00:13, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Has at least one notable property, and is a distinct number of its own, so keep, no redirect. [[User:Livajo|力伟|т]] 00:15, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * See here before continuing. Chris 01:27, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, no redirect. It does have a specific property that it does not share with 40, and I think that merits it's own article.  The guidelines in the Numbers Wikiproject are loose, and I think this article merits and exception. Satori 02:27, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep but there should be more. The problem is how to make it encyclopedic. --AlainV 02:31, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. All numbers are created equal (to 47). ~leif 07:14, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Information duplicate with 40. (I agree, properties of number -40 should be placed there.) Redirect. - Mike Rosoft 19:28, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Valid article. Could be expanded.   — Gwalla | Talk 21:56, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Do not redirect. One sentence duplication is okay to me. jni 13:19, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep.' Hahaha. This VfD has made me laugh.  Andre  ( talk )A| 14:41, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all number articles. Not encyclopedic. anthony (see warning) 17:14, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep all number articles. Encyclopedic. Mark Richards 17:58, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * All of them? You know they are part of an infinite set, right? ;-) func(talk) 04:08, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, the number articles we have on Wikipedia are a finite subset of that infinite set, but I still don't think they're encyclopedic. anthony (see warning) 12:45, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Nyctopterus

My to-do list for the Wikipedia is to cover the major ocean liners from between the wars, and to provide more images for the ships already covered.

To date I have added:

SS Bremen (1929) SS Europa (1930) SS Conte di Savoia

Top of the list still to do:

SS Ile de France SS Paris SS Empress of Britain (1931) SS Rex SS America (1940) SS Nieuw Amsterdam (1938)

Also, I have a large collection of deck plans, which include most of the ships above, and I am in the process of tracing them in Adobe Illustrator (don't hold your breath, it's very slow work). I hope to get at least partial deck plans up for all these ships, and complete plans of the Normandie and possibly Empress of Britain

External Link(s)
My deviantART gallery

title: User:Nyctopterus


text:
Talk:Bill O'Reilly sexual harassment lawsuit

BLP concerns
I have concerns about the Drudge report piece and the business about debt being appropriate for a BLP. It seems very much like the "speculative, I heard it somewhere gossip" that the policy refers to. If there are no objections, I'd advocate removing it expeditiously. Croctotheface 20:47, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Done. --However whatever 22:59, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

I'm concerned about the part in the allegation section which follows the citation that quotes Bill O'Reily "and that any woman who crossed him or Fox would be destroyed." seems like that should be cited also. And if it isn't it shows bias. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.231.89.225 (talk) 05:41, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

 * That's all from the lawsuit she filed. Croctotheface (talk) 05:48, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

 * It was uncited and did not use exact words from the lawsuit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.231.89.225 (talk) 06:44, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

 * First off, please don't put spaces before your comments; it makes them appear in this quasi-unreadable box. Instead, indent them with colons as I've been doing.  I don't see a problem with the fact that the words aren't quoted exactly; paraphrasing is certainly allowed and it did not purport to be a direct quote.  I don't see any evidence that the quote is misleading or the like.  As far as uncited, it is attributed within the text, as the sentence begins with "the complaint detailed."  It's not hard for anyone looking to track down the source to do so.  Naturally, if you feel that another wording (direct quote, etc.) is better, then you should edit the article.  Croctotheface (talk) 07:19, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

Hi, googled Andrea Mackris after seeing story referenced and this article came up. Whats here really sucks the sources dont appear credible, all im seeing is the complaint. Add some more stuff or delete it, but my real motive is just to say you suck and i done that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.43.16.108 (talk) 10:32, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

Article move
90% of this article is written about an event (i.e., a particular lawsuit, its causes, its ramifications, and its players). It is thus improperly named and framed as a BLP. One short paragraph in the lead tries to frame it as a BLP, but on observation of the article, it clearly isn't. Every single third party reliable source is on the event; the one that looks like it is actually on her in fact explains itself "Executive summary: Allegedly harassed by Bill O'Reilly." This is an insane textbook example of WP:BLP1E, but should not be deleted, it should be renamed, because it's about an event!
 * Peace and Passion ☮ ''("I'm listening....") 19:37, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
 * WOW! I just read the AfD for this article and there was clearly a consensus that this failed BLP1E and should be either moved or merged.....  Never happened?
 * Peace and Passion ☮ ''("I'm listening....") 19:41, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
 * PS As 6/7 people on the AfD specifically supported a rename, I'm doing it now. If there's a question about moving back, please open a discussion here (as sentiment was previously a clearly established in AfD).
 * There, I've slightly re-framed the page (keeping all the exact same information intact, but moving 2 paragraphs, splitting one, and moving wikilinks so they appear at first instance in the page), and have moved it.

User:Croctotheface — I'm fine with your changes, but now we've got some triple redirects. I'm not experienced with dealing with such monsters; is there some way to get a bot to fix them or something, so we don't have to go and fix 'em one by one?
 * Peace and Passion ☮ ''("I'm listening....") 01:20, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I think that bots automatically check for and fix such things. You could ask at Village Pump or WP:Redirect or someplace they might know for sure.  Croctotheface (talk) 05:01, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

I have to disagree with the framing of the last sections you just made. The issue seems to be that the lead has been turned around in kind of a weird post hoc framing; ordering the lead in the opposite order of objective "temporality" seems to imply that we're trying to put some less than "objective" spin on the course of events. And the naming of the one section as her "biography" is a bit misleading; it is just meant to provide a brief synopsis of her background in order to facilitate an understanding of her in the context of the event / article, whereas it is not meant to be a "biography" as such, her name alone (indicating she was a "player," for lack of a better term, in the event) provides simple framing that the section is on her. What'd you think?
 * Peace and Passion ☮ ''("I'm listening....") 05:41, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

PS Part of the issue is that this article is about two suits. While its title now only encompasses one (as well as the lead), the writing of the article predominantly covers the other. This is why I had "extortion and sexual harassment lawsuit" in the initial framing—perhaps I should've said " . . . lawsuits", and it would've been clearer. Do you see what I mean? The framing of this article is becoming skewed to the "after the fact" sexual harassment suit which was just 50% of the issue (i.e., the one clearly precipitated the other), and the article needs to be balanced between the two. PPS I also believe that neither of their names should appear as the first term in the article. The date as the first thing seems to be much more encyclopedic for an event.

 * The extortion lawsuit is not particularly relevant to the issue here; it arguably does not belong in the lead of the article at all. That suit had no merit and was probably designed specifically to "get ahead of the story" and frame the public reaction to Mackris's lawsuit, which apparently had merit based on the available evidence and the fact that O'Reilly never denied the charges and settled for millions of dollars.  What's relevant here is Mackris's suit, and it's standard to lead with what's important and relevant rather than what happened first chronologically.  Croctotheface (talk) 06:59, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Sounds good. If all that about the suit having "no merit," etc. is true, it should be reliably "sourcable" and belongs in the article.  The whole story is relevant here.  If the one side was unfounded and just a tactical move, that should be included; we shouldn't just cover one side of the story because the other side "had no merit."  Regardless, it was a part of the whole event.
 * Peace and Passion ☮ ''("I'm listening....") 01:53, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

 * We should certainly cover it, and it is very prominently mentioned in the article. As far as the relative merit of the lawsuits, we might be able to find someone who said that in a reliable source, but it's easier to just look at the relative weight the extortion lawsuit received in sources.  The harassment suit was covered extensively, and the extortion suit is barely an afterthought.  Croctotheface (talk) 02:14, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

Why does this entry exist?
Is it really necessary to have an entry on someone that consists of nothing more than their involvement with someone else? There is absolutely no information about this woman other than her lawsuit against Bill O'Reilly. What is this purpose of her having her own entry here? 72.85.173.37 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 02:29, 17 February 2010 (UTC).
 * This article is on the event you refer to, which is highly notable. For more information on inclusion criteria for articles, see our guideine on notability, WP:N.  Also, just to be clear, the title of this article is Bill O'Reilly sexual harassment lawsuit; it's not an article about an individual.  If you believe that the article is currently talking too much about the person and not enough about the lawsuit, you're free to edit the article to reflect that if your changes improve the article.  Croctotheface (talk) 05:18, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

My version is clearly better
We can't have phrases like "Andrea Mackris' lawsuit who had suit him for sexual harassment" in Wikipedia. It's barely coherent. We can't mention O'Reilly's suit before Mackris's for at least two reasons. First, this article is about Mackris's suit (hence the article title); second, O'Reilly's suit did not receive significant attention from sources compared to hers. The section on the allegations should describe them and quote occasionally when it helps the description. It should not be a dumping ground for the most salacious bits. People who want more detail can read the complaint themselves. Croctotheface (talk) 17:52, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

Merge
Since the result of the AfD was merge, I'll go ahead and post what I think should be posted in the article:

Andrea Mackris, a former producer for The O'Reilly Factor, sued Bill O'Reilly for sexual harassment on October 13, 2004, seeking $60 million in damages in response to a lawsuit O'Reilly filed previously that day charging Mackris of extortion, alleging that she had threatened a lawsuit unless he paid her more than $60 million. In her allegations against Bill O'Reilly, Mackris claimed two types of legally cognizable sexual harassment claims that are not based upon physical contact: quid pro quo and hostile work environment. She produced quotations from alleged phone conversations between herself and O’Reilly in which he suggested various sexual fantasies he had for her. On October 15, 2004, Fox sought judicial permission to fire Mackris, but Mackris was never fired. On October 19, 2004, Mackris filed an amended complaint seeking further damages for illegal retaliatory actions by O'Reilly, Fox News, and the News Corporation-owned newspaper, The New York Post. On October 28, 2004, O'Reilly and Mackris reached an out-of-court settlement and dropped all charges against each other. According to several published reports, as part of the settlement, O'Reilly paid Mackris millions of dollars, but the terms of the agreement are confidential.

I'll go ahead and leave this up and if there are no objections, I'll move this and ask for an admin to complete the AfD. Soxwon (talk) 17:58, 5 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It's been almost a week with no replies, I'll go ahead and merge. Soxwon (talk) 17:54, 11 January 2011 (UTC)


text: Category:Rhode Island maps

title: Category:Rhode Island maps


text: Category:Gdansk

title: Category:Gdansk


text:
Oriel

Oriel may refer to:

Canada

 * Oriel, a community in the municipality of Norwich, Ontario, Canada

Ireland

 * Oriel Park, Dundalk, the home ground of Dundalk FC
 * Oriel House, Ballincollig, County Cork
 * Kingdom of Oriel (Airgíalla in Irish), a medieval kingdom in north-central Ireland
 * Uriel (The Norman controlled part of Airgíalla, now represented by County Louth)

United Kingdom

 * Oriel Street, Oxford
 * Oriel Square, Oxford

Education

 * Oriel College, Oxford, part of the University of Oxford, England
 * Oriel school (disambiguation)

Art galleries

 * Oriel Gallery, Dublin, Ireland
 * Oriel Mostyn, Llandudno, Wales, now known as Mostyn
 * Oriel y Parc, St Davids, Pembrokeshire, Wales, operated by Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales
 * Oriel Ynys Môn, Llangefni, Anglesey, Wales

People

 * Oriel Domínguez (born 1953), Cuban water polo player
 * Oriel Gray (1920–2003), Australian dramatist and playwright
 * Oriel Malet (1923–2014), pen name of British author Lady Auriel Rosemary Malet Vaughan
 * Oriel Monongoaha, South African activist
 * Oriel Lea Plaza (died 1943), Bolivian aviation captain who died in the Chaco War
 * Oriel Ross (1907–1994), English actress and model

Other uses

 * Oriel (scripting language), for Microsoft Windows
 * Oriel Wind Farm, Irish wind power business
 * Oriel window, a type of bay window which projects from a wall
 * The Oriel, a former restaurant in Gilford, County Down, Northern Ireland
 * Baron Oriel, a title in the Peerage of Ireland
 * Oriel, an alternative name for the archangel Uriel

title: Oriel


text:
Talk:One Life to Live

Semi-protected edit request on 5 May 2021
Please remove One Life to Live semi-protected article so users can edit it. WTillman07011986 (talk) 13:22, 5 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Full-protection-shackle-no-text.svg Not done: requests for decreases to the page protection level should be directed to the protecting admin or to Requests for page protection if the protecting admin is not active or has declined the request. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 13:26, 5 May 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 May 2021
Add 2020s American drama television series on the One Life To Live article. 2600:1700:A2F0:15A0:F50B:6C6A:32F8:5946 (talk) 07:32, 9 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Not a 2020s American drama television series as per article Run n Fly (talk) 15:55, 9 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:One Life to Live


text:
Siegerland

The Siegerland is a region of Germany covering the old district of Siegen (now part of the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in North Rhine-Westphalia) and the upper part of the district of Altenkirchen, belonging to the Rhineland-Palatinate adjoining it to the west.

Geologically, the Siegerland belongs to the Rhenish Massif (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Rhenish Slate Mountains). The point of highest elevation is the Riemen, at 678 metres above sea level. The river Sieg, a right tributary of the river Rhine, has its source in the town of Netphen in the Rothaar Mountains.

The region around the city of Siegen is centered in the middle of Germany. It includes the municipalities of Hilchenbach, Netphen, Kreuztal, Freudenberg and Siegen, and the communities of Wilnsdorf, Burbach and Neunkirchen, all in North Rhine-Westphalia, and in the Rhineland-Palatinate the municipalities of Kirchen, Herdorf and Betzdorf, with the community of Daaden. The population is approximately 300,000.

The region also has a dialect Siegerländisch which is spoken by many of its inhabitants.

title: Siegerland


text:
User talk:199.4.216.68

March 2012
Welcome to Wikipedia. Please be aware of Wikipedia's policy that biographical information about living persons must not include unsupported or inaccurate statements. Whenever you add possibly controversial statements about a living person to an article or any other Wikipedia page, as you did to Damian Thompson, you must include proper sources. If you don't know how to cite a source, you may want to read Referencing for beginners for guidelines. Thank you. Binksternet (talk) 08:19, 9 March 2012 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Please do not add unreferenced or poorly referenced information, especially if controversial, to articles or any other page on Wikipedia about living persons, as you did to Damian Thompson. Thank you. Materialscientist (talk) 10:10, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Damian Thompson with this edit, did not appear to be constructive, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. Wiki13 (talk) 07:16, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

Please stop adding unreferenced or poorly referenced biographical content, especially if controversial to articles or any other Wikipedia page, as you did at Damian Thompson. Content of this nature could be regarded as defamatory and is in violation of Wikipedia policy. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Voceditenore (talk) 06:20, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you violate Wikipedia's biographies of living persons policy by inserting unsourced or poorly sourced defamatory or otherwise controversial content into an article or any other Wikipedia page, as you did at Damian Thompson, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. Voceditenore (talk) 09:16, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

April 2012
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Damian Thompson, did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. The reverted edit can be found [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=487296907 here]. Wiki13 (talk) 06:30, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

August 2015
Please do not introduce incorrect information into articles, as you did to Katyn massacre. Your edits appear to be vandalism and have been reverted. If you believe the information you added was correct, please cite references or sources or discuss the changes on the article's talk page before making them again. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. Binksternet (talk) 17:12, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

November 2023
Hello, I'm Prodraxis. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, John B. Wolf (pastor), but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at referencing for beginners. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. #prodraxis connect 18:09, 3 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:199.4.216.68


text:
Category:German botanists

Please be careful if considering moving botanists out of Category:Botanists - see the note there for details.

title: Category:German botanists


text:
United States Fleet

The United States Fleet was an organization in the United States Navy from 1922 until after World War II. The acronym CINCUS, pronounced "sink us", was used for the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet. This was replaced by COMINCH in December, 1941, under the, when it was redefined and given operational command over the Atlantic, Pacific, and Asiatic Fleets, as well as all naval coastal forces. The authorized the offices of the CNO and COMINCH to be held by a single officer; Admiral Ernest J. King was first to do so, and in 1944 was promoted to the five-star rank of fleet admiral.

Establishment
The directive of 6 December 1922 combined the U.S. Pacific Fleet and the U.S. Atlantic Fleet to form the United States Fleet. The main body of its ships, the Battle Fleet, was stationed in the Pacific Ocean and the Scouting Fleet was stationed in the Atlantic Ocean. In addition, the "Control Force", protecting the Atlantic sea lanes, and the "Fleet Base Force" were included. Remaining independent of the United States Fleet were the Asiatic Fleet, the Naval Forces in Europe, the Special Service Squadron (Caribbean), and all U.S. Navy submarines.

During 1930, the Battle Fleet and Scouting Fleet were renamed the Battle Force and the Scouting Force. The Submarine Force was also placed under control of the CINCUS. The Control Force was abolished in 1931. The Special Service Squadron and the Asiatic Fleet were retained, both still apparently independent of the U.S. Fleet. The United States Fleet was reorganized on 1 April 1931 into Battle Force, Scouting Force, Submarine Force, and Base Force.

Reorganization in 1941
With the start of World War II in Europe, the U.S. Navy began to plan for the possibility of war in the Atlantic as well as the Pacific. On 1 February 1941, General Order 143 was issued, abolishing the "United States Fleet" organization. In its place, the U.S. Atlantic Fleet and the U.S. Pacific Fleet were re-established, each under its own commander in chief. The Asiatic Fleet remained an independent organization as before.

The additional title of Commander in Chief, United States Fleet was given to one of the three fleet commanders (Atlantic, Pacific, or Asiatic) in the event of two or more fleets operating together. Except for this provision, the individual commanders in chief were responsible directly to the President of the United States and the Secretary of the Navy.

Rear Admiral Husband E. Kimmel was appointed the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet (CINCUS) and the Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC) on 1 February 1941, carrying the temporary rank of admiral starting on that date. Kimmel was relieved as the CINCUS / CINCPAC on 17 December 1941, shortly after the devastating Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

On the following day, by of 18 December 1941, the position of Commander in Chief, United States Fleet (COMINCH) was redefined, and given operational command over the Atlantic, Pacific, and Asiatic Fleets, as well as all naval coastal forces. The acronym change from CINCUS to COMINCH was suggested by Admiral Ernest J. King, who feared that the pronunciation of the post would be demoralizing in the wake of the Pearl Harbor attack. On 20 December, Admiral Ernest J. King was assigned as the COMINCH. One important difference from the previous post of CINCUS was that Admiral King insisted that his headquarters would always be in Washington, D.C., rather than with the Fleet.

Dividing command of the Navy between the COMINCH, Admiral King, and the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), Admiral Harold R. Stark, did not prove to be very effective. President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed this problem with his of 12 March 1942, which designated that the offices of the CNO and COMINCH would be held by a single officer, and Admiral King was selected to be CNO in addition to being COMINCH. King relieved Stark as CNO on 29 March 1942, and wore both of these "hats" for the remainder of the war.

Abolition
After the war, the position of Commander in Chief, United States Fleet was no longer needed. Thus, on September 29, 1945, President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9635, which revoked both EO 8984 & EO 9096 and transferred all the responsibilities of the COMINCH to the CNO. Since that time, the CNO has nearly always been the highest-ranking U.S. Navy officer. Following passage of the National Security Act of 1947, the CNO is by law the highest-ranking naval officer on active duty, except when the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (a position created by the 1949 amendments of the National Security Act) and/or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (a position created by the Goldwater-Nichols Act in 1986) is also a U.S. Navy officer.

Leadership
Commanders of the United States Fleet:
 * Hilary P. Jones 1922–1923
 * Robert E. Coontz 1923–1925
 * Samuel S. Robison 1925–1926
 * Charles F. Hughes 1926–1927
 * Henry A. Wiley 1927–1929
 * William V. Pratt 1929–1930
 * Jehu V. Chase 17 September 1930 – 15 September 1931
 * Frank H. Schofield September 1931 – September 1932
 * Richard H. Leigh September 1932 – 10 June 1933
 * David F. Sellers 10 June 1933 – 18 June 1934
 * Joseph M. Reeves 26 February 1934 – June 1936
 * Arthur J. Hepburn 24 June 1936 – 1938
 * Claude C. Bloch 1938–6 January 1940
 * James O. Richardson 6 January 1940 – January 5, 1941
 * Husband Kimmel 5 January 1941 – December 1941
 * Ernest King (also Chief of Naval Operations from 12 March 1942) 30 December 1941 – 10 October 1945

title: United States Fleet


text: Category:South Dakota maps

title: Category:South Dakota maps


text:
Joseph W. Byrns Jr.

Joseph Wellington Byrns Jr. (August 15, 1903 – March 8, 1973) was an American attorney and one-term U.S. Representative from Tennessee.

Biography
Byrns was born in Davidson County, Tennessee, the son of former House Speaker Joseph W. Byrns and Julia Woodard. He completed his schooling at the Emerson Institute in Washington, D.C. in 1923 while his father was serving in Congress. In 1928, he graduated from the Vanderbilt University Law School and was admitted to the bar the same year. Byrns was first married to Cornelia Park in 1929, but the marriage ended in divorce. It is said that Cornelia liked being Mrs. Joseph W. Byrns Jr., and for the rest of her life refused to acknowledge the divorce. Byrns later enjoyed a happy marriage to Mrs. Lillie (Warmack) Adams of Goodlettsville, Tennessee.

Career
From 1930 to 1938, Byrns was a member of the reserve component of the former Army Air Corps, where he became a captain.

In 1938, Byrns won the Democratic nomination for his father's old House seat and was elected to that office in November of that year. He served that one term, from January 3, 1939 to January 3, 1941, and won the Democratic nomination for a second one in 1940. His vote for an amendment that would have postponed the operation of the Selective Service Act by 60 days helped to inspire opposition from an independent candidate named Percy Priest, who was a member of the editorial staff of the Nashville Tennessean. Priest defeated Byrns by a 50%-43% margin (24,565 votes to 20,933 votes, with 3,459 votes going to the Republican nominee). After his defeat, he resumed the practice of law.

Byrns served on active duty in the United States Army during World War II, from June 23, 1942 until August 17, 1945, almost all of this time in the European Theater of Operations.

Although Byrns achieved some stature during his life, he was always overshadowed by the successes and popularity of his father. Afterwards, he retired to Florida.

Death
Byrns died in Daytona Beach, Florida on March 8, 1973, aged 69, and is interred at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Nashville along with his parents and second wife.

title: Joseph W. Byrns Jr.