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Stein Eriksen

Stein Eriksen (11 December 1927 – 27 December 2015) was an alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist from Norway. Following his racing career, he was a ski school director and ambassador at various resorts in the United States.

Background
Eriksen was born 11 December 1927, in Oslo. His parents were Marius Eriksen (1886–1950) and Birgit Heien (1900–1996). Marius Eriksen competed in the 1912 Olympic Games as a gymnast. His brother, Marius Eriksen, Jr. (1922–2009), was an alpine skier and during World War II became a fighter ace in the Royal Norwegian Air Force. Stein Eriksen was the top slalom racer in Norway in 1949 and took bronze in the slalom at the 1950 World Championships in Aspen, Colorado.

Sports career
Eriksen won the gold medal in the giant slalom at the 1952 Winter Olympics, which was held in Oslo, Norway. He also won a silver medal in the slalom. Eriksen was the first male alpine ski racer from outside the Alps to win an Olympic gold medal. He also won three gold medals at the 1954 World Championships in Åre, Sweden.

Other accomplishments included being credited with devising "aerials", a freestyle skiing event, and helping revolutionize the world of alpine skiing in the United States, where he served as a ski instructor at many different ski schools. At Sugarbush Resort in Vermont, each Sunday afternoon, combining his gymnastics background and his skiing, Stein would demonstrate a flip on skis. For his Olympic medals, Eriksen earned the Holmenkollen Medal in 1952.

It is said that Eriksen was skiing's "first superstar", since he was handsome, stylish and charismatic. Despite his fame, he maintained a very down-to-Earth personality. For example, he is quoted as saying, "Be tough, be confident. But you will never be a whole and happy person if you aren't humble".

Life in the United States
Shortly after his success in the 1952 Olympics, Eriksen moved to the United States where he lived until his death. While ski racing for Norway, he was a ski instructor at Sun Valley in Idaho. Following his racing career, he was the ski school director at various resorts, such as Boyne Mountain and Pine Knob, both in Michigan, Sugarbush in Vermont, Heavenly Valley in California, Snowmass and Aspen in Colorado, and Park City in Utah. At the time of his death he was the director of skiing at the Deer Valley Resort in Utah, and also served as host of the Stein Eriksen Lodge, a ski lodge in Deer Valley (not owned by Eriksen, but named in his honor). Eriksen was married to Gerrysue Eriksen then to Françoise and had five children: Julianna Eriksen, Ava, Stein Jr., Anja and Bjørn. He called both Utah and Montana home.

In 1997, Eriksen was honored by the King of Norway. He was knighted with the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit for his contribution to Norway, the highest honor that the Norwegian government can give to people living outside Norway.

Eriksen celebrated his 80th birthday December 2007 in Deer Valley. He died on 27 December 2015, sixteen days after his 88th birthday, in his Park City, Utah home.

Major championship results
From 1948 through 1980, the Winter Olympics were also the World Championships for alpine skiing.

title: Stein Eriksen


text:
Broad Hinton

Broad Hinton is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, about 5 mi southwest of Swindon. The parish includes the hamlets of Uffcott and The Weir.

History
There are several barrows in the parish, notably on Hackpen Hill. East of The Weir is a Romano-British burial site and possibly the remains of a house of that period.

Bincknoll Castle is an earthwork on a promontory on a chalk escarpment in the northernmost part of the parish. It is the remains of a fortified enclosure, possibly Romano-British in origin, that was re-used in the Middle Ages.

The Domesday Book of 1086 records that a man called Ranulph held the manor of Broad Hinton. It then passed to the Wase family and became known as Hinton Wase. In 1365 Nicholas Wase sold the manor to William Wroughton (died 1392), whose family then held Broad Hinton until 1628 when Sir Giles Wroughton sold it to Sir John Glanville, MP and later Speaker of the House of Commons. He was a cousin of John Evelyn's wife, and the diarist visited him at Broad Hinton in 1654, noting that he was living in the manor's gatehouse because he had burnt down his home to prevent the Roundheads setting up a garrison there during the Civil War. In 1709 a later John Glanville sold the manor to Thomas Bennet, from whom it descended via the female line through the Legh, Keck and Calley families. In 1839 James Calley sold Broad Hinton to the Duke of Wellington. In 1867 his son the 2nd Duke of Wellington sold Broad Hinton to N. Story-Maskelyne, who in 1869 sold it on to the former MP Sir Henry Meux, 2nd Baronet. Sir Henry died in 1900 and his widow Lady Meux had the manor broken up and auctioned in several lots in 1906.

Parish church
The Church of England parish church of Saint Peter ad Vincula ("St Peter in Chains") is one of only 15 churches in England with this dedication, which is in honour of the Basilica of San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome.

The earliest parts of the church building date from late in the 12th century. They include an Early English Gothic priest's doorway, which was later moved from the chancel to the organ chamber. In the 13th century the chancel was rebuilt, the nave was altered and the church was dedicated to Saint Mary. The Perpendicular Gothic tower was built in the 15th or early in the 16th century. A rood stair was inserted early in the 16th century. The nave was re-roofed in 1634 and the east end of the chancel was altered or rebuilt in the 18th century.

In the 19th century the church was called St. Peter's. In 1843 a pulpit, desk and stalls were designed for the church by the architect William Hinton Campbell; it is not known if these were ever made and, if so, whether they survive. The building was restored in 1879 to plans by the Gothic Revival architect C.E. Ponting of Marlborough. He had a new, wider chancel arch built and re-used the old one to link the chancel with the organ chamber. In 1958 the church was designated as Grade I listed.

Monuments
The church contains several imposing monuments, notably to members of the Wroughton and Glanville families.

There are indents of two lost brasses in the chancel, both knights in armour. The earlier was probably to William Wroughton (died 1392) and the later was certainly to his grandson, John Wroughton (died 1429).

The monument to John's great-great-grandson, Sir William Wroughton (died 1559), is early Elizabethan, canopied, and shows influence of the previous Perpendicular Gothic style. Despite an inscription in praise of Queen Elizabeth, it includes subtle references to his Roman Catholic sympathies. The monument to his son, Sir Thomas Wroughton (died 1597) and his wife, is a large standing monument, with figures of Sir Thomas and Lady Wroughton kneeling in prayer and facing east. An old legend tells how Sir Thomas is shown with no hands because they withered away after he threw his wife's Bible in the fire. He had returned home from hunting to find her reading it rather than making his supper and was not best pleased.

Colonel Francis Glanville, a younger son of Speaker Glanville, was a Royalist soldier in the English Civil War. He was killed in 1645 when a Parliamentarian force besieged the Royalist-held town of Bridgwater in Somerset. His monument at Broad Hinton is a standing alabaster statue, wearing armour and holding the metal staff of a standard. His real armour is displayed above the monument.

Governance
Broad Hinton and the adjacent parish of Winterbourne Bassett elect a joint parish council called Broad Hinton and Winterbourne Bassett.

The village is in West Selkley electoral ward. This ward starts in the north at Broad Hinton, stretches around but not into Marlborough, and ends at Savernake in the south. The ward population taken at the 2011 census was 4,327.

Amenities
Broad Hinton has two public houses, The Barbury Inn, a free house, and The Crown Inn, controlled by Arkell's Brewery of Swindon. The village has a village shop and post office and a village hall. Broad Hinton has sports clubs including a cricket club and a badminton club. It has societies including a Women's Institute and an amateur dramatics society.

Broad Hinton Church of England Primary School serves the parish and nearby villages. Beginning in 1743, Thomas Benet, a local landowner, paid for a schoolmaster, and in 1751 he provided a house for the school and teacher to use. A classroom was added in 1845 but in 1847 the older, thatched, part of the school burned down; a new school was immediately built in stone. This became a National School in 1882 and a Voluntary controlled school in the 20th century.

Another Broad Hinton
This parish near Swindon should not be confused with Broad Hinton, a liberty in the civil parish of Hurst, Berkshire. That part of Hurst was a detached part of Wiltshire until the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844 transferred the liberty to Berkshire.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Broad Hinton


text:
Pergamon World Atlas

The Pergamon World Atlas is an English-language world atlas published in 1968 by Pergamon Press. The atlas is based on maps prepared by the Polish Army Topographical Service and published in 1962 as the Atlas Świata (World Atlas).

The atlas contains 380 pages of maps, figures and tables along with an index of 150,000 entries. Each geographic map is accompanied by a selection of thematic maps and city maps. The Pergamon added extra maps of the United Kingdom and Canada.

title: Pergamon World Atlas


text:
User talk:Siggyllama

Hi Siggyllama, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

If you need help or are curious about something, feel free to ask on my talk page or the village pump. You can sign your name and a date stamp on comments using four tildes ( ~ ). If you have any further questions, feel free to ask, and I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian!

– Andre ( talk ) 18:49, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Siggyllama


text: Category:Historians by nationality

title: Category:Historians by nationality


text:
Eunos (automobile)

was a marque of Japanese automaker Mazda, marketed as its upscale, fun to drive line. The brand existed in Japan from 1989 to 1996, when sales operations were integrated into ɛ̃fini, and Australia from 1992 to 1996, when it was integrated into the main Mazda model range as a premium sub-brand.

History
In the late 1980s, Mazda diversified in the Japan market with the launch of three new marques. The company created Autozam, Eunos, and ɛ̃fini, in addition to the Mazda and Ford brands already marketed by it there.

The Eunos marque, was marketed as a fun to drive, upscale brand compared to entry level Autozam, traditional Mazda products, and exclusive luxury brand ɛ̃fini. The name was derived for the ancient Greek "eu" meaning "good" and "nos", an abbreviation of "numbers" in English, meant to signify a number, or assortment, of good things. The Marque was launched in Japan with the Eunos 500 in January, 1992 and many of the vehicles created were exported to other markets.

From 1991 until 1996, when the Eunos dealership was integrated into Mazda locations, Citroën products were sold to Japanese buyers, as well as Mazda's ɛ̃fini locations.

This experiment was ended in the mid-1990s. Some of the vehicles sold under the Eunos brand were intended to be sold in North America under the Amati brand, but due to economic conditions, largely attributed to the collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble in 1991, Amati was not launched.

The Eunos name was brought back in 2020 for a limited edition of the Mazda MX-5 in France as the MX-5 Eunos Edition, a nod to how the original MX-5 was sold as the Eunos Roadster in Japan.

Vehicles
Eunos sold the following vehicles, all on common Mazda platforms:
 * 1989 Eunos 100 (BG Mazda Familia)
 * 1994 Mazda Lantis (CB)
 * 1989 Eunos 300 (MA Mazda Persona)
 * 1992–1993 Eunos 500 (CA Mazda Xedos 6)
 * 1993–1996 Eunos 800 (TA Mazda Xedos 9/Mazda Millenia)
 * 1990 Eunos Cargo (SS platform)
 * 1990–1995 Eunos Cosmo (JC Mazda Cosmo)
 * 1991–1993 Eunos Presso/30X (EC Mazda MX-3)
 * 1989–1997 Eunos Roadster (NA Mazda MX-5)

title: Eunos (automobile)


text: Category:Electronic design

title: Category:Electronic design


text:
Ɛ̃fini

 (アンフィニ) was a luxury vehicle division of Japanese automaker Mazda that operated between 1991 and 1997 in Japan only. Its inception as a brand emerged in the late 1980s when Mazda diversified its sales channels in the Japanese market with the launch of three new marques. The company created Autozam, Eunos, and, in addition to the Mazda and Ford brands already marketed there. This selective marketing experiment ended in the mid-1990s due to economic conditions, largely attributed to the collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble in 1991. As a brand, encompassed most, if not all dealers formerly under the "Mazda Auto Store" dealership network established in 1959 when the Mazda R360 was introduced. Pronounced like the French word infini, the name is written with a tilde over the lowercase Greek ε (as in ɛ̃), and can therefore be assumed to be IPA, the pronunciation symbols taught in Japan, and sometimes used in product naming.

The three sedans offered started with the letters "MS", which represented the Greek phrase "Megáles Sképseis" (μεγάλες σκέψεις) which translated into English means "great thoughts" according to the Japanese Wikipedia translated article.

The marque was a luxury-oriented brand, as opposed to the more mainstream, fun to drive Eunos brand, traditional Mazda, and entry level Autozam. The vehicles sold did not comply with Japanese government exterior and engine displacement regulations which classed all vehicles sold as as exclusive luxury products. The length of the MS-6 was the same as the MS-8 at 4695 mm. Both shared the V6 2.0 L, while the MS-6 offered the convenience of a hatchback bodystyle, and the MS-8 offered space efficiency of bench seats for both front and rear passengers and the open-air feeling of a hardtop sedan bodystyle.

The name and logo are not to be confused with several limited-edition second generation (FC) RX-7s, the "Infini" edition (marked with an infinity sign "∞"), from the late 1980s.

From 1991 until 1997, when the dealership was integrated into Mazda locations, Citroën products were sold to Japanese buyers, as well as Mazda's Eunos locations. Currently, there are a few Japanese Mazda dealerships that still maintain the sales channels, but sell Mazda-branded products.

Models

 * MS-6 hatchback — 1991–1994 (based on Mazda Cronos sedan; Mazda 626 hatchback for export)
 * MS-8 sedan — 1992–1997 (only unique model to the brand)
 * MS-9 sedan — 1991–1993 (rebadged Mazda Sentia)
 * RX-7 coupe — 1991–1997 (rebadged Mazda RX-7)
 * MPV minivan — 1991–1997 (rebadged Mazda MPV)
 * Citroën XM
 * Citroën Xantia

title: Ɛ̃fini


text:
Yunus Qanuni

Younus Qanooni (, born on 10 May 1957 in Panjshir Valley) is an Afghan politician who was Vice President of Afghanistan. An ethnic Tajik, Qanooni is the leader of the Afghanistan e Naween (New Afghanistan) political party and former Speaker of the House of the People (the lower house of parliament or Wolesi Jirga).

Biography
Following the Soviet Intervention of Afghanistan in 1979, Qanooni joined with the mujahideen force led by Ahmad Shah Massoud based in his native Panjshir Valley. He was involved in the creation of the Afghan Northern Alliance and served as Interior Minister in Burhanuddin Rabbani's government. After the assassination of Massoud in 2001, a trio consisting of Qanooni, Defence Minister Mohammed Fahim and Foreign Minister Dr Abdullah took de facto control of the Northern Alliance and its financial resources.

Political career
The United States backed the Northern Alliance with air support in Afghanistan in 2001. In 2001, Qanuni served as chief negotiator for the Afghan Northern Alliance delegation to the Bonn conference on Afghanistan in Bonn, Germany.

Immediately after the fall of the Taliban government, Qanuni was interior minister in an interim administration. He was eventually made the education minister in the Afghan Transitional Administration (established in June 2002), and served as a security advisor to interim President Hamid Karzai. Along with Fahim and Abdullah, Qanuni was seen as one of the dominant figures of the Transitional Administration

Elections for a permanent government were scheduled for 2004. When Qanuni's ally Mohammed Fahim was passed over as vice-presidential running mate of Karzai, Qanuni entered the race for the presidency himself. On October 5, 2004, Qanuni's campaign supporter, Abdul Aziz, was assassinated while in Shindand, Afghanistan.

In the election, held October 9, 2004, he placed second to Karzai. On December 23, 2004, the newly inaugurated Karzai announced his administration, and both Qanuni and Fahim were dropped from their Ministerial posts.

Qanuni was elected in the 2005 Afghan Parliamentary elections, placing second in the Kabul province. Since the presidential election he has generally been seen as the spokesman of the formerly powerful Tajik ethnic group, which dominated the Northern Alliance and the Transitional Afghan Administration, but was largely sidelined after the 2004 presidential election. As well as his own party, Qanuni has formed an alliance of several parties called the Jabahai Tafahim Millie.

On December 21, Qanuni was chosen to lead the 249-seat lower house of parliament with 122 votes against 117 for his closest challenger, Abdul Rasul Sayyaf.

External sources

 * Biography: Mohammad Yunis Qanuni
 * Profile: Yunus Qanuni; BBC; 9/10/2004

title: Yunus Qanuni


text:
William Marshall (bandleader)

Gerard William Marshall (October 12, 1917 – June 7, 1994) was an American singer, bandleader and a motion picture actor, director and producer.

Biography
Born in Chicago, Illinois on October 12, 1917, Marshall became a vocalist for Fred Waring and his band, The Pennsylvanians, before forming his own band in 1937. In 1940, he moved to Hollywood to act in films.

Some of the movies Marshall appeared in include Calendar Girl, That Brennan Girl, Belle of the Yukon, Knute Rockne, All American and State Fair (1945).

He was married three times. All his marriages were to actresses.
 * 1) Michèle Morgan (1942–1948) — son Michael Marshall, actor
 * 2) Micheline Presle (1949–1955) — daughter Tonie Marshall, film director
 * 3) Ginger Rogers (1961–1969)

Marshall died in Boulogne-Billancourt (France) on June 7, 1994, at the age of 76.

title: William Marshall (bandleader)


text:
Autozam

was a brand of Japanese automaker Mazda, specializing in small cars and Kei cars, many of which were rebadged Suzuki models. Autozam also briefly acted as importer of Lancia vehicles to Japan.

The Autozam dealership channel is still in operation in some Japanese locations, but sell all current Mazda products.

Overview
In the late 1980s, Mazda began expansion of dealerships in Japan. The idea was to create "a familiar car shop in your city" (あなたの街の身近なカーショップ; Anata no machi no midjikana kāshoppu) and network of dealerships, centred around small and medium-sized maintenance shops and used car dealers. In part of this brand strategy, Mazda launched of three new marques. The company created Autozam, Eunos, and ɛ̃fini, in addition to the Mazda and Ford brands already marketed there.

Autozam's lineup - at the time of establishment - was centered on small cars (i.e. Kei cars and compacts). Autozam's first flagship model was the Autozam Clef, a sedan of Mazda Cronos lineage.

In addition, Mazda acquired the official import rights of Lancia for the purpose of supplementing the luxury car lineup. Lancia and Autobianchi brand passenger cars manufactured by the Italian Fiat Auto, such as the Lancia Thema, Lancia Delta and Autobianchi Y10, were also on sale.

The nationwide sales network was controlled by "Autozam Co., Ltd." and a regional wholesale company (Autozam Co., Ltd.).

Autozam's first sales hit was the second-generation Carol, which became popular with young female buyers, partly due to targeted advertising. The Revue and Clef models ended up redesigned to follow the character of the much successful Carol. However, the sales of Revue and Clef ended up being disastrously sluggish, as they were completely unpopular except for a few young female users.

Some of the light sports cars, such as Autozam AZ-1 and the small specialty car Autozam AZ-3 were also critically and publicly applauded, but did not translate to good sales. For short time, Autozam imported Lancia cars to Japan as a high-margin luxury car line. Lancia sales too were disappointing, as Japanese import buyers did not like buying their cars from showrooms sharing space with the cheerful and cute Autozam Carol.

As a result, there was no Autozam product that was profitable except for the second generation Carol. Even the future Carol models were not as popular as the 2nd generation because it became a half-finished retro-feature concept with a slightly regressed fancy flavor when it was fully remodelled in the 3rd generation.

Among the Mazda 5 channel dealers, where the core model Cronos ended in a big failure, only the éfini RX-7 was really popular. The sales of the best-selling Ford Festiva plummeted after the full model change, as with Autozam Carol. Autozam had become seriously unprofitable, even more so than the Eunos store, which only product was the Eunos Roadster. This caused the management of the Mazda headquarters was severely distressed.

Transition to "Mazda Autozam store"
Of the marquees created by Mazda - the so-called 5-channel system - Autozam name was one of the few that survived. But in 1998, certain standards were set for the dealership size and sales of Autozam stores nationwide.

The dealerships were changed to "Mazda Autozam store" and started selling the products under the parent company Mazda name. At first, these dealerships mainly sold the Familia, Bongo and the Premacy. In addition, the Mazda-Autozam dealerships started OEM sales of Suzuki automobiles.

During the channel reorganization period, the Autozam store, which could not be transferred to the Mazda Autozam store, handled only light cars and Demio with the sign as it was, but as new models, AZ-Offroad and Laputa are sold together with the Mazda Autozam store.

After these two cars, new models were no longer introduced to the "Autozam store", and in order to handle the new models after that, it was necessary to move to the Mazda Autozam store.

Stores that did not meet the standards returned their dealership rights without being given the right to sell new models. As a result, by the early 2000s, about 900 Autozam stores had changed to 350 Mazda Autozam stores.

In addition, Lancia's regular import rights were returned by 1998. In 2001, Autozam Co., Ltd. and a regional wholesale company merged to form "Mazda Autozam Co., Ltd.", and one company nationwide controlled the sales network.

After that, we started handling Axela in 2003 and MPV, Tribute, and Bongo Friendee in March 2004. Other Mazda channels (Mazda store, Mazda éfini store) are now handling Carol Spiano, AZ-Wagon, and Scrum, which were exclusive to Autozam, and the differentiation from other sales channels has disappeared.

From April 2016, we will start handling Atenza, Roadster, Familia Van, and Titan, which are the top models of Mazda vehicles that have not been sold so far. As a result, although the name of the Mazda Autozam store remains, it has become a de facto unification of domestic sales channels. As a result, "Mazda Autozam Co., Ltd." has suspended its operations, and Mazda itself and the Mazda éfini and Mazda stores in each region will supervise and manage the nationwide sales network.

Autozam models
The following vehicles were part of the Autozam brand. Those that were rebadged versions are noted in parentheses.
 * 1990–1998 Autozam Carol keicar (rebodied Suzuki Alto)
 * 1990–1994 Autozam Revue subcompact car (Mazda 121)
 * 1990–1997 Autozam Scrum mini MPV (Suzuki Carry)
 * 1991–1998 Autozam AZ-3 coupé (Mazda MX-3)
 * 1992–1993 Autozam Clef sedan (Mazda Cronos)
 * 1992–1994 Autozam AZ-1 mid-engine sports car (Suzuki Cara)
 * 1994–1997 Autozam AZ-Wagon station wagon (Suzuki Wagon R, later sold as a Mazda)

The Mazda AZ-Wagon continued to use the "AZ" name until 2003, while the Mazda AZ-Offroad mini SUV (a rebadged Suzuki Jimny) was introduced in 1998, continuing to carry on Autozam's naming conventions.

Lancia imports
Autozam locations also briefly sold Lancia products to Japanese buyers. The vehicles sold are listed below. Of the Lancia products sold, only the top level Thema didn't comply with Japanese Government exterior and engine displacement regulations to encourage sales, giving Japanese buyers who visited Autozam locations an alternative to the Autozam Clef, which also exceeded width dimensions.

Lancia models

 * Lancia Thema
 * Lancia Dedra
 * Lancia Delta
 * Lancia Prisma
 * Lancia Y10

title: Autozam


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peking House

Peking House was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

One sentence, non notable, mentioned only in context of the Symbionese Liberation Army, where it is already present. "Peking House" and "Berkeley" get ~250 hits on Google, many of which are wikimirrors. --Jill St. Crux 18:53, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. "A commune where Maoist ideas were promulgated"? Like every other commune in Berkeley at the time?   — Gwalla | Talk 22:24, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It wasn't in Berkeley, by the way, it was next door in Oakland. --jpgordon {gab} 05:12, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, since it's already discussed in the SLA article. If it weren't, there would be need to put it there.  Geogre 18:37, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Jana Wendt

Jana Bohumila Wendt (born 9 May 1956) is an Australian Gold Logie award-winning television journalist, reporter and writer.

Early life
Wendt was born in Melbourne to Czech parents who emigrated to Australia in 1949, as political refugees on account of her father’s work as a journalist for a Czech dissident newspaper.

Wendt attended Presentation College, Windsor before graduating at the University of Melbourne with a Bachelor of Arts (French, Honours) in 1979.

Career
Starting as a researcher for the ABC, Wendt's television career began as a journalist for ATV-10 evening news, before sharing presenting duties with David Johnston.

In 1982, Wendt then went on to be one of the first reporters on the Australian Nine Network's version of 60 Minutes, as well as filing stories for the American CBS 60 Minutes.

"more like a Hollywood film star than anyone else in Australian TV"

Wendt took over in 1987 as host of A Current Affair, also on Nine, until November 1992, and was host of Australian Dateline on SBS and Witness on Seven.

She also did a number of specials for the ABC. She returned to Channel Nine in 2003 to host Sunday.

Departure from Nine Network
Rumours of Wendt's departure from Nine began in June 2006, when the network announced it would merge its Sunday and Business Sunday programs. Leaks to the print media, reportedly from high levels within Nine and described by journalists as "ham-fisted", revealed that the network wanted to replace Wendt with Ellen Fanning. Then CEO Eddie McGuire in particular was accused of trying to "white-ant" Wendt. On 1 September 2006 it was announced that Wendt would leave the Nine Network. News reports suggested she would receive a payout of more than A$2 million in lieu of the remaining two and a half years of her contract.

The absence of Wendt on the Sunday program's relaunch on 3 September 2006 was met with an unprecedented number of complaints that flooded the Nine Network's switchboard.

Wendt was then sacked from her regular "Lunch" column for The Bulletin magazine, due to the association the magazine has with the Nine Network; both had the same parent company, PBL.

On 12 September 2006, just ten days after she left the Nine Network, Wendt agreed to appear on stage at the Seven Network's 50 Years of Television presentation, where she co-presented the News and Current Affairs section with Sydney news presenter Ian Ross, another former Nine Network employee.

Delivering the second Andrew Olle Media Lecture in 1997, Wendt said of the profession:

"I was rewarded handsomely, extravagantly - I was paid what my employers believed I was worth - and that reward has now bought me the most valuable commodity of all - freedom. I am able to say many things that my colleagues, still tied to one or other mighty media empire cannot say. They are the ones who continue to work within an increasingly restrictive atmosphere. An atmosphere imposed by what has transformed ominously, from journalism that is true to itself, into journalism dictated over-ridingly by the market. There is nothing more soul-destroying than having to work at cross-purposes with what you really believe. There is nothing more destructive of a journalist's talent than subordinating it to goals that have nothing to do with journalism. And yet more and more, journalists are asked to distort their values to the perceived dictates of the market."

Wendt presented the Logies Hall of Fame award to the program 60 Minutes at the 2018 Logies.

Personal life
Wendt married producer Brendan Ward in 1984 and they have one son, Daniel.

In 2004, a painting of Wendt by artist Evert Ploeg won the Packing Room Prize at the Archibald Prize.

Awards
Wendt won the 1992 Gold Logie Award for her role as host of A Current Affair. She was not at the presentation to accept her award, citing commitments to A Current Affair, based in Sydney, while the awards were being presented in Melbourne.

Wendt won a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2018 Kennedy Awards.

Books published

 * A Matter of Principle - New Meetings with the Good, the Great and the Formidable, Melbourne University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-522-85414-5.
 * Nice Work, Melbourne University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-522-85620-0

title: Jana Wendt


text:
Winterbourne Bassett

Winterbourne Bassett is a small village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, about 6 mi southwest of Swindon and 7 mi northwest of Marlborough.

The village lies just west of the A4361 road between Swindon and Devizes, about 3 mi north of Avebury. The minor road through the village continues west to Clyffe Pypard.

History
The remains of a Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age stone circle lie largely hidden on a low ridge, about 1 km northwest of the village. The ancient trackway known as The Ridgeway crosses the east of the parish.

In 1086, Domesday Book recorded 37 households at Wintreburne, and land held by Amesbury Abbey. The name Winterbourne refers to seasonal streams in the area, which meet to form the upper waters of the River Kennet. The Bassett suffix is from lords of the manor in the 12th and 13th centuries, and distinguishes the parish and village from Winterbourne Monkton, close by to the south.

Winterbourne manor was granted in 1194 to Alan Basset (d.1232/3), whose name appears in Magna Carta as an advisor to the king. The manor was inherited in turn by his sons Gilbert (d.1241), Fulk (later bishop of London, d.1259) and Philip (Justiciar of England, d.1271). Philip's daughter Aline married Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (d.1265) and thus the manor was inherited by her son Hugh Despenser the Elder (advisor to Edward I, executed 1326). The manor reverted to the Crown; the Wiltshire Victoria County History traces its later ownership. The present manor house, just north of the church, was built in brick in the late 18th century.

There were further settlements at Rabson (southeast of Winterbourne Bassett) and Richardson (southwest). Rabson probably dwindled to a single farmstead by the 16th century; the house known as Rabson Manor, 400m south of the church and now surrounded by farm buildings, dates from the early 17th century.

Richardson (Ricardestone in 1242) was further south. The site of the deserted village – a scheduled monument – survives as building platforms, enclosures and tracks, one leading to a ford across the river. A country house here was demolished in the 19th century.

Local government
Winterbourne Bassett and the larger adjacent parish of Broad Hinton elect a joint parish council called Broad Hinton and Winterbourne Bassett. It falls within the area of the Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which is responsible for all significant local government functions.

Parish church
There was a church by 1121, linked to Lewes Priory. Fulk Basset was rector from c.1214 to c.1239. The church was dedicated to St Catherine in the 16th century but was known as St Peter's in 1848; since 1904 the dedication has been to St Katherine and St Peter. The present parish church is a rebuilding from the 14th century; its only earlier features are the font – 12th century or early 13th – and a limestone grave slab of the late 13th century.

The nave and chancel are in random sarsen while the 15th-century four-stage west tower is in limestone ashlar. Many of the furnishings, including the oak pulpit and reader's desk, are 17th-century. Renovation in 1857-8 saw replacement of the roofs, but the rest of the structure and most of the windows were retained; the northwest window of the chancel has fragments of 14th or 15th-century glass. There are three bells, one cast in 1583 and the others in the 19th century. The church was designated as Grade I listed in 1958.

Pevsner writes that the church has "excellent Decorated work". He notes that the Despensers were lords of the manor at the time, and that the north transept with its "unusually dainty detail" may have been their chapel.

The benefice was united with Berwick Bassett in 1929, although the parishes remained separate; the incumbent was to live at the Winterbourne Bassett parsonage. The union was dissolved in 1951 and the benefice was held in plurality with Broad Hinton. In 1975 a team ministry was created for the area, and today the parish is part of the Upper Kennet Benefice, alongside seven others around Avebury.

Amenities
There was a small school in the village from 1875 to 1966; primary school children now go to Broad Hinton. A Methodist chapel was built in 1904 and sold in 1960.

The village has a public house and restaurant called The Winterbourne, owned by a community benefit society.

title: Winterbourne Bassett


text:
Helena Roerich

Helena Ivanovna Roerich (Елена Ивановна Рерих; Shaposhnikova (Шапошникова); 12 February 1879 – 5 October 1955) was a Russian theosophist, writer, and public figure. In the early 20th century, she created, in cooperation with the Teachers of the East, a philosophic teaching of Living Ethics ("Agni Yoga"). She was an organizer and participant of cultural activity in the U.S., conducted under the guidance of her husband, Nicholas Roerich. Along with her husband, she took part in expeditions of hard-to-reach and little-investigated regions of Central Asia. She was an Honorary President-Founder of the Institute of Himalayan Studies "Urusvati" in India and co-author of the idea of the International Treaty for Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historical Monuments (Roerich Pact). She translated two volumes of the Secret Doctrine of H. P. Blavatsky, and selected Mahatma's Letters (Cup of the East), from English to Russian.

Early life
Roerich was born in the family of Ivan Ivanovich Shaposhnikov, a well-known Saint-Petersburg architect.

Her mother Ekaterina Vassilievna Shaposhnikova belonged to an ancient Golenischev-Kutuzov family, which originated from Novgorod at the end of the 13th century. Significant members of this family included field marshal Mikhail Illarionovich Golenischev-Kutuzov, a well-known poet of the end of 19th century; Arsenii Arkadievich Golenischev-Kutuzov, composer; and Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky.

Roerich grew up and was educated in the rich cultural traditions of her family. From childhood she was inquisitive, and independent. She showed talents in a number of areas, playing piano, and by the age of seven reading and writing in three languages. / From a very young age, she started reading artistic, historical, spiritual and philosophic books.

In 1895, Roerich graduated from Mariinsky Gymnasium in Saint Petersburg with a "gold medal", a special award for excellence in study. Though the education she received there was of a great quality, Roerich often studied additionally on her own. She learned painting, knew Russian and European literature well, studied the history of religion and philosophy, and took great interest in the works of the Indian philosophers Ramakrishna, Vivekananda, and Rabindranath Tagore, whose great-niece, Devika Rani Choudhuri, would later marry her son, Svetoslav.

After finishing her education at gymnasium, she entered the Saint Petersburg private school of music, headed by the pianist I.A. Borovka. He was a noted figure in Petersburg's musical culture of the time, and personally mentored Roerich.

After graduating, which was aimed mainly towards revealing the most gifted candidates who should receive higher music education, Roerich intended to continue her education in the Saint Petersburg conservatoire, but her relatives banned this, worried that she would be interested by the revolutionary ideas found in the student environment. Thus, Roerich continued her education at home, where she perfected her grasp of foreign languages, and read many things.

Marriage and family

Roerich and her mother often spent the summer at Bologoye in the Novgorod region, with her aunt E.V. Putyatina, at the estate of her husband, Prince P.A. Putyatin. In 1899, at Bologoye, she met the painter and archeologist Nicholas Konstantinovich Roerich. They fell in love, and in spite of her relatives' opposition, in 1901, she and Nicholas were married in Saint Petersburg.

In 2001, at the place in Bologoye where they first met, a memorial named "Monument of love" was established. It contains a quotation from N. Roerich's essay "The University": "I met Lada, my partner in life and inspirer, at Bologoye, at Prince P.A. Putyatin's estate. Joy!". This was a strong alliance of two loving people united by deep mutual feelings and common views. N. Roerich wrote about their marriage in his declining years: "We passed amicably any obstacles. And the obstacles turned into possibilities. I devoted my books: 'To Helena, my wife, friend, partner and inspirer'". Many of Roerich's paintings were a result of their common creativity. He called her "She who leads" in his books, and asserted that on many his canvases, two signatures should be written: his own, and hers. "We created together, and not without reason it was said that the works must have two names, women's and men's.

The couple had two children. In August 1902, their eldest son George was born. Later, he became a world-renowned scientist and orientalist. Their younger son, Svetoslav, was born in October 1904. He became a painter.

Roerich supported all of her husband's initiatives, and went deeply into all his fields of study. In 1903 and 1904, they traveled together through forty old Russian cities to find sources of national history and culture. During these travels, Roerich took expert photographs of churches, architecture monuments, paintings, and ornaments. She also mastered the art of restoration and, together with Nicholas Konstantinovich, recovered some the masterpieces of great artists such as Rubens, Breughel, Van Dijck, and Belgian artist Bernard van Orley, that had been hidden by later paint layers. She also displayed her artistic intuition by collecting works of art and antiquities. Roerich built a beautiful family collection, composed of more than 300 works, which they later had transferred to the Hermitage Museum. Roerich also knew archeology. Together with her husband, she often left for excavations in the regions of Novgorod and Tver, taking part in the work.

Her husband and sons thought highly of her, revering her as the spiritual leader and keeper of the family's foundations. In 1916, because of a serious lung disease, following the doctor's insistence, she and the Roerich family moved to Finland (Serdobol), to the seashore of Lake Ladoga. In 1918, Finland declared its independence and closed the Russian border. In 1919, the family moved to England where they made their home in London.

Here, in 1920, Roerich, in collaboration with a group of anonymous Eastern thinkers and philosophers, which in accordance with Indian's spiritual tradition were named "The Great Teachers" (Mahatmas), began to work for the Living Ethics group, teaching Agni Yoga.

Travels
In 1920, N. Roerich was invite to tour the United States with an exhibition of his paintings. Thus, the family moved to New York City. Here, the cultural activity was organized under N. Roerich's leadership in partnership with his wife. The culmination of this was the foundation in America of the Nicholas Roerich Museum, the Master Institute of United Arts, the International Painters Association "Cor Ardens" (Flaming Hearts), and the International Art Centre "Corona Mundi" ("Crown of the World").

In December 1923, the family moved to India. This country had always been of great interest to the Roerichs. Adoration of India and its spiritual culture was not unusual among some Russian intellectuals of the time, feeling that their moral searches coincided with Indian spiritual tradition.

From 1924 to 1928, H. Roerich took part in a Central Asian expedition organized by N. K. Roerich, that traveled through hard-to-reach and little-investigated regions of India, China, Russia-Altai, Mongolia and Tibet. During the expedition, they researched topics such as history, archeology, ethnography, history of philosophy, arts and religions, and geography. Previously unknown mountain peaks and passes were mapped, rare manuscripts were found, and rich linguistic materials were collected. Special attention was paid to revealing the historical unity of cultures of various peoples. The expedition was carried out in very difficult conditions. Roerich shared all hardships of the travel with the others: hard passages, robber attacks, and obstacles created by English officials that nearly resulted in death of the expedition. In April 1925. when N. Roerich's expedition stayed in Gulmarg, Helena Roerich began to translate an extensive selection from Blavatsky's Mahatma's Letters from English to Russian, which she published in London in 1923. She also wrote a book named Chalice of the East, which was published that year under the pen name "Iskander Khanum".

Roerich's manuscript "Foundations of Buddhism" was published in 1926, at Urga (now Ulan-Bator), where her expedition was staying at the time. In this book, the fundamental philosophical notions of Buddha's teaching were interpreted. The book also spoke about the moral basis of this teaching and helped spark interest in Buddhism in the West.

In 1927, one of the Living Ethics books (Community) was published in the same place in Mongolia. After finishing of Central Asian expedition, the Roerichs remained in India, in Kullu valley Himachal Pradesh. There, in 1928, they founded an Institute of Himalayan Studies "Urusvati" (this means "Light of Morning Star" in Sanskrit). It was planned as an institute for complex study of Asian regions which exerted influence on the development of world culture. Among the tasks of Urusvati was the complex study of the psychic and physiological features of a human. Roerich became an Honorary President-Founder of the institute and actively took part in organizing its work. Being a subtle art connoisseur and deep philosopher, she knew well the scientific problems of the institute, and often directed the researches as an experienced scientist. The main task of Roerich's activity was in studying the ancient philosophic thought of the East.

Helena Roerich had dreamed that a city of knowledge would rise in Kullu valley, which would become an international scientific centre. Later Urusvati became a large international institute that united well-known scientists from many countries. J. Bose, R. Tagore, A. Einstein, R. Millikan, L. de Broglie, R. Magoffin, S. Gedin, S.I. Metalnikov, N.I. Vavilov et al. had collaborated with it.

In Kullu, Roerich continued her work on Living Ethics, the main work of her life. In 1929, her work "Cryptograms of the East" ("On Eastern Crossroads") was published in Paris in Russian under the pen name Josephine Saint Hilaire. This work contains apocryphal legends and parables from the lives of great devotees and teachers of mankind: Buddha, Christ, Apollonius of Tyana, Akbar the Great, Russian saintSergius of Radonezh. Roerich devoted a special essay "The Banner of St. Sergius of Radonezh" to an image of the Savior and Defender of Russian land. In this essay she joined knowledge of history and theology with deep and reverent love of the hermit. The essay was included in the book "Banner of St. Sergius of Radonezh", published under the pen name N. Yarovskaya in 1934.

Later life
In the first half of the 1930s, Roerich translated two volumes of H.P. Blavatsky's fundamental work The Secret Doctrine from English to Russian.

A special place in Roerich's creativity belongs to her epistolary heritage. She corresponded with more than 140 persons over several continents. Among Roerich's correspondents were friends, followers, cultural workers and political figures. In her letters, Roerich answered numerous questions, explained the most complex philosophical and scientific problems, and the foundations of the Living Ethics. She wrote about the great Laws of the Cosmos, the meaning of human life, the importance of culture for human evolution, and the Great Teachers.

In 1940, a two-volume edition of Letters of Helena Roerich was published in Riga. A complete set of Roerich's letters is published by the International Centre of the Roerichs, where her epistolary heritage is kept. It was transferred to ICR (Intelligent Character Recognition software) by S.N. Roerich in 1990.

During N.K. Roerich's Manchurian expedition, she had corresponded with international organizations and coordinated activity to support the Roerich Pact, an international agreement for protection of artistic and scientific institutions and historical monuments. As a result of this work, the Roerich Pact was signed on 15 April 1935 by heads of 22 countries.

In January 1948, after her husband's death, Roerich, together with her elder son, moved to Delhi and then to Khandala, Bombay, where they waited for a steam ship from Russia with their entrance visas. But Russia denied their visas. They made their home in Kalimpong in West Bengal, though she continued to hope to return to Russia. Unfortunately, her numerous applications were ignored.

Death
Roerich died on 5 October 1955. In the place of her cremation the lamas raised a white stupa on which the following epitaph was carved: "Helena Roerich, the wife of Nicholas Roerich, thinker and writer, old friend of India".

Minor planet

On 15 October 1969 a minor planet of Solar System was discovered by astronomers of Crimean Astrophysical Observatory Nikolai Stepanovich and Lyudmila Ivanovna Chernykh. This planet was named in honor of Roerichs family. It was numbered 4426.

Other
On 6 July 1978 group of alpinists renamed a pass between the peaks "Roerich" and Belukha "Urusvati" in honor of Helena Roerich.

On 9 October 1999, during jubilee celebrations devoted to 125th anniversary of N. K. Roerich's birthday and the 120th anniversary of her birthday, a monument was established near the entrance of the International Centre of the Roerichs. This monument is a sculpture of Nicholas Konstantonovich and Helena Roerich.

In 1999, the International Centre of the Roerichs instituted a jubilee medal "Helena Roerich" dedicated to the 120th anniversary of H. I. Roerich.

In April 2003, the college of arts named after Roerich began to work in the building of the "Urusvati" Institute (India).

In 2005, the Helena Roerich Museum was opened in a retired two-storeyed mansion known as "Crookety House" in Kalimpong. Here Roerich worked during the last years of her life. Opening of the museum was timed to the 50th anniversary of her death.

A public library named after Roerich was founded in the Altaic village of Ust-Koksa. In 2007, the library held nearly 75 thousand publications. More than 1600 persons have used its service. From 2003, the library has been a member of the Russian Library Association and collective member of international library association IFLA.

A charitable foundation named after her was created in 2001 in Moscow to finance programs dedicated to popularising Roerich's heritage and the development of cultural activities. The foundation furthers activity in the field of education, science, culture, art, and enlightenment. One of the directions of the foundation's activity is the revelation of young talents in various fields of art and helping them to protect and develop their creative abilities. An international award named after Roerich was instituted by the foundation bearing her name, to encourage scientific research connected to her scientific and philosophic heritage.

N. Roerich's paintings dedicated to Roerich

 * Holder of the world (She who carries a stone) (see image)
 * She who leads (see image)
 * From beyond (see image)
 * Agni Yoga (see image)

Works

 * Leaves of Morya's Garden II
 * New Era Community
 * Agni Yoga
 * Infinity I
 * Infinity II
 * Hierarchy
 * Heart
 * Fiery World I
 * Fiery World II
 * Fiery World III
 * Aum
 * Brotherhood
 * Supermundane I
 * Supermundane II
 * Supermundane III
 * Supermundane IV
 * Letters of Helena Roerich, Vol. I-IX
 * On Eastern Crossroads
 * Foundations of Buddhism
 * Three key
 * Theory and Practice of Agny-yoga
 * Light from the East
 * The banner of St. Sergius of Radonezh

title: Helena Roerich


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Talk:Transparency (projection)

I've removed some paragraphs on tangent topics and topics that already have seperate articles. - RedWordSmith 18:56, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

What is it made of
The article states that transparency film is usually made from celluloid. Having searched the web, it seems that they can be made of polyester and cellulose acetate, usually polyester. Celluloid seems to be less common.
 * I agree, but since cellulose acetate is a polyester, I've changed celluloid to cellulose acetate. Furious.baz 23:36, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transparency (projection)


text: Category:Television presenters by nationality


text: Category:Radio personalities by nationality


text:
MAS-49 rifle

The MAS-49 is a French semi-automatic rifle that replaced various bolt-action rifles as the French service rifle that was produced from 1949. It was designed and manufactured by the government-owned MAS arms factory. The French Army formal designation of the MAS-49 is Fusil semi-automatique 7 mm 5 M. 49 ("semi-automatic rifle of 7.5 mm model 1949").

The initial MAS-49 semi-automatic rifle was produced in limited quantities (20,600 units), whereas the shorter and lighter variant, the MAS-49/56, was mass-produced (275,240 units) and issued to all branches of the French military. Overall, the MAS-49 and 49/56 rifles gained the reputation of being accurate, reliable and easy to maintain in adverse environments. All the MAS-49 and 49/56 rifles feature a rail on the left side of their receivers to accommodate a designated rifle scope.

The MAS-49 and MAS-49/56 were replaced as French service rifles by the FAMAS assault rifle in 1979.

History

The MAS-49 arrived after a series of small, distinct design improvements. Today, this might be termed spiral development, where small elements are changed with successive models, rather than large significant changes. The MAS-49 semi-automatic rifle evolved from the prototype MAS-38/39 and from the MAS-40, and lastly from the post-war MAS-44 and its minor variants 44A, 44B and 44C. Although 50,000 MAS-44 rifles were ordered in January 1945, only 6,200 were delivered to the French Navy. The MAS-49 was formally adopted by the French Army in July 1949. Its final form the MAS 49-56 was the French service rifle until adoption of the FAMAS.

As a service rifle, the MAS-49 replaced the diverse collection of aging bolt-action rifles (MAS-36, Lee–Enfield No4, M1903A3 Springfield, U.S. M1917, Berthier, and K98k) which had been absorbed into French service after the end of World War II. It saw significant service with French troops in the latter stages of the First Indochina War, as well as during the Algerian War and the Suez Crisis. The MAS-49 series had a reputation for reliability in conditions of poor maintenance, sometimes being cleaned with nothing more than rags and motor oil. The 49 and 49/56 series could also endure harsh service environments, seeing combat in Algeria, Djibouti, Indochina, French Guiana, and the Battle of Kolwezi.

An improved version called the MAS-49/56 was introduced in 1957 and incorporated lessons learned from service in Algeria, Indochina, and the Suez Crisis. The rifle was shortened and lightened to improve mobility for mechanized and airborne troops, and a knife bayonet was added. The MAS-49 built-in rifle grenade launcher was replaced by a combination compensator/rifle grenade launcher that fired NATO-standard 22mm rifle grenades. The rifle also incorporates an integral grenade launching sight that is attached to the front sight block and a gas cutoff that prevents gas from entering the gas tube from the gas port when firing grenade launching blank ammunition.

Attempts were made to replace the MAS-49, in the form of the MAS-54 and the FA-MAS Type 62, both 7.62×51mm NATO battle rifles, but neither were successful. The MAS-49/56 ended production in 1978 and was replaced with the 5.56×45mm NATO caliber FAMAS bullpup assault rifle. The MAS-49/56 was withdrawn from service in 1990. Whereas only 20,600 MAS-49 were manufactured, the MAS-49/56 was mass-produced, attaining a total of 275,240 rifles issued between 1957 and 1978.

Surplus imports to the US

Many MAS-49/56 rifles imported as surplus into the United States were rechambered locally by Century Arms International to fire the 7.62mm NATO round. However several user reports have noted that these particular conversions were often unsatisfactory (resulting in numerous action stoppages and misfires) due to imperfect workmanship. Furthermore, the shortening of the barrel to allow rechambering brings the gas vent closer to the chamber hence creating a higher stress on the bolt carrier. In addition to these Century Arms conversions, approximately 250 MAS-49/56 rifles were converted in France to 7.62×51mm NATO for use by the French National Police. These rifles are not known to have the reliability issues that plague the later Century Arms conversions. Some have been able to improve reliability by modifying the gas shutoff pin with a tapped set screw for gas adjustment.

Commercial 7.5×54mm "French" ammunition made in countries other than France for current distribution has been known to produce burst fire (2 or 3 rounds at a time) because of more sensitive primers. The original heavy steel firing pins on the MAS-49 and 49/56 can be replaced by commercial titanium firing pins which are much lighter and generally cure the problem of burst fire on these weapons. It is also possible to prevent these slamfires by shortening the firing pin by approximately 0.5 mm, or by modifying the bolt to accommodate a firing pin return spring.

Some users have been able to convert 20 round FN FAL magazines to work in the 7.62mm NATO guns and 25 round FM 24/29 light machine gun or 35 round Reibel machine gun magazines for the original 7.5x54 caliber.

Design
The direct impingement gas system was first applied in 1901 to a 6 mm semi-automatic experimental rifle (the ENT B-5) designed by Rossignol for the French military. Although several experimental prototypes using a tilting bolt and direct impingement had been tested by MAS since 1924, the immediate precursor to the MAS 7.5mm semi-automatic rifle series is the MAS-38/39. It was successfully tested in March 1939, just before World War II, and followed in May 1940 by the nearly identical MAS 1940. Similar direct impingement designs include the Swedish semi-automatic Ag m/42 adopted in 1942, and the US M16 select-fire rifle adopted in 1963. In the AG42B and MAS systems, gas is vented from a port on top of the barrel through a small diameter tube to a hollow located on the front face of the bolt carrier. The contained forces of the gases move the carrier to the rear against the operating spring pressure with enough momentum to open the bolt, and within a short distance the end of the tube is exposed vent to the atmosphere. The M16 system vents gas from the barrel through a tube and into the body of the bolt carrier where it expands. Rings on the bolt body form a seal and the expanding gases move the bolt carrier to the rear, which starts the bolt opening cycle. The spent gases then vent through now exposed holes in the side of the bolt carrier.

The MAS system has the advantage of not depositing gas fouling on the bolt itself, a separate part located underneath the bolt carrier. All the French MAS 7.5mm semi-automatic rifles mentioned herein feature a rear-locking tilting bolt, as on the M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun, the Browning Automatic Rifle (1918), the MAS-1924 to MAS-1928 experimental semi-auto rifles, and the Russian Simonov SVT-38 (1938) and SVT-40 (1940) rifles. The MAS direct impingement design reduced the number of bolt moving parts to only six: the bolt carrier, then the rear locking tilting bolt which carries the extractor, the ejector and the firing pin, and lastly the recoil spring. It takes only a few seconds to disassemble the entire bolt mechanism for cleaning.

The same 10-round detachable magazine fits the MAS-44, MAS-49 and MAS-49/56 rifles. The earlier MAS-40 (1940) rifle had a 5-round magazine within the receiver, as on the bolt action MAS-36 rifle. The rifle can still be fed by stripper clips, and have a stripper clip guide built into the bolt face. Lastly, the MAS-49 and MAS-49/56 are equipped with a rail on the left side of the receiver. It allows for the immediate installation of a "Modele 1953" APX L 806 (SOM) 3.85 power telescopic sight by sliding it into place and then locking it in with a small pressure lever. The MAS-49 and MAS-49/56 are capable of consistently hitting individual man-size targets up to 400 m with the adjustable peep sight and up to 800 m with the APX L 806 telescopic sight. The bore is counter sunk at the muzzle to protect the rifling and preserve accuracy. The barrel is freely floating.

Syrian contract rifles
Syria contracted with MAS for 6,000 MAS-49 rifles. These rifles, along with 12,000 MAS-36 rifles and a production facility for 7.5×54mm ammunition were delivered in the early 1950s. The MAS-49 was used until the mid-late 1960s when they were replaced with AK-47 assault rifles. Syrian contract rifles differed from the French service model by having a spike bayonet identical to that of the MAS-36, as well as different stocks and metal parts to incorporate this change.

These rifles are dated 1953 and features serial numbers in the F33.000 to F39.000 range.

Users

 * 🇩🇿 Algeria
 * 🇧🇯 Benin: MAS-49/56
 * 🇧🇫 Burkina Faso: MAS-49/56
 * 🇨🇲 Cameroon: MAS-49/56
 * 🇨🇫 Central African Republic: 60 MAS-49/56 in service in 1963 with Gendarmerie
 * 🇰🇲 Comoros: MAS-49/56
 * 🇨🇩 Congo: MAS-49/56
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * Ivory Coast: MAS-49/56
 * 🇬🇦 Gabon: MAS-49/56
 * 🇱🇧 Lebanon: MAS-49 and MAS-49/56
 * 🇲🇬 Madagascar
 * 🇲🇱 Mali: MAS-49/56
 * 🇲🇷 Mauritania: MAS-49/56
 * 🇲🇨 Monaco: Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince: MAS-49
 * 🇲🇦 Morocco: MAS-49/56
 * 🇳🇪 Niger: MAS-49/56
 * 🇷🇼 Rwanda: MAS-49/56
 * 🇸🇳 Senegal: MAS-49/56
 * 🇸🇨 Seychelles: MAS-49/56
 * Syria
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisia: MAS-49 and MAS-49/56
 * 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe

Non-state users

 * 🇪🇷 Eritrean Liberation Front: obtained some MAS-49/56 via French Djibouti
 * 🇬🇷 EOKA: stolen MAS-49 were used during the Cyprus Emergency

title: MAS-49 rifle


text:
East Chadic languages

The three dozen East Chadic languages of the Chadic family are spoken in Chad and Cameroon.

Speakers of various East Chadic languages are locally known as Hadjarai peoples. The largest East Chadic language is Nancere.

Languages
The branches of East Chadic go either by names or by letters and numbers in an outline format.

The East Chadic B classification follows that of Lovestrand (2012).

 * East Chadic
 * East Chadic A
 * (A.1.1) Sibine: Mire, Ndam, Somrai, Tumak, Motun, Mawer
 * (A.1.2) Miltu: Boor, Gadang, Miltu, Sarua
 * (A.2.1) Nancere: Nancere, Kimré, Lele
 * (A.2.2) Gabri: Gabri, Kabalai, Tobanga
 * (A.3) Kwang: Kwang, Kera
 * East Chadic B
 * (B.1.1) Dangla: Bidiyo (Bidiya), Dangaléat (Dangla), Birgit, Jonkor Bourmataguil, Mabire, Migaama, Mogum (Jegu), Toram
 * (B.1.2) Mubi: Mubi, Kajakse, Masmaje, Zirenkel (Zerenkel)
 * (B.1.3) ? Kujargé
 * (B.2) Mokilko (Mukulu, Gergiko)
 * (B.3) Sokoro: Saba, Sokoro, Tamki, Mawa, Ubi
 * (B.4) Barein (Baraïn) (including the Jalking or Jelkung dialect)
 * (B.2) Mokilko (Mukulu, Gergiko)
 * (B.3) Sokoro: Saba, Sokoro, Tamki, Mawa, Ubi
 * (B.4) Barein (Baraïn) (including the Jalking or Jelkung dialect)

Peust (2018), however, has a somewhat different phylogenetic classification for East Chadic. The most striking change is the repositioning of Mokilko (B.2) from East Chadic B to East Chadic A, where it now constitutes the first branch to separate, followed by Lele-Nancere (A.2.1). Within East Chadic B, he treats the Mubi group (B.1.2) as the first primary branching, with all the rest forming a subgroup divided between Dangla (B.1.1) in the north and Barain plus Sokoro (B.3 and B.4) in the south.

East Chadic A is distributed primarily in Tandjilé and neighbouring regions. East Chadic B is distributed primarily in Guéra and neighbouring regions.

Numerals
Comparison of numerals in individual languages:

title: East Chadic languages


text:
Ɛ̃fini MS-8

The  MS-8 is a luxury car that was produced and sold by ɛ̃fini from March 1992 through 1997. The car is a replacement to the Mazda Persona and Eunos 300. Just like the Persona is based on the 1987-1991 Mazda Capella, the MS-8 is based on the 1991-1997 Mazda Cronos (Capella sedan). The MS-8 had the same dimensions as the Cronos, and the ɛ̃fini MS-6, sharing the 2.5 L V6 engine. The width, length, and engine displacement dimensions have particular significance in Japan, due to dimension regulations, where Japanese consumers pay an additional annual tax for larger vehicles, and obligate them to pay more annual road tax.

The MS-8 is a hardtop-style sedan in the vein of the Toyota Cresta, Nissan Laurel, Honda Vigor, and Mitsubishi Emeraude. Unlike the Cresta or the previous Persona, however, the MS-8's body has a B-pillar that is much thicker below the beltline than it is above. Doing so allows the bodyshell more rigidity while still maintaining an airy cabin. Such a B-pillar means that the front seatbelts must be installed below the beltline. The front passenger seat belt tensioner unit, where the seat belt would recoil for storage when not in use, was located inside the rear passenger doors, and the seat belt latch was located on the front headrest support arm, allowing the belt to be properly positioned when the headrest was adjusted for height for the front passenger.

The MS-8's interior design has several unique features. The car is only fitted with a 4-speed automatic gearbox, and the gear shifter is mounted on the dashboard next to the air-conditioning controls. Doing so eliminates the floor console between the front seats, and allows for a split front bench seat. The display for climate control and factory-equipped audio is located atop the dashboard, in a thin slit right before the windshield defroster. The sunroof is very large for its day, extending all the way above the rear seat footwell.

Following the 1991 ɛ̃fini RX-7, the MS-8 was also available with the Bose Acoustic Wave Guide audio system, a compact subwoofer design. The stereo and CD player were concealed behind a retractable cover in the center of the dashboard below the air conditioning controls, however, simple functions like the volume, music source (radio or CD player) and music selection controls were installed remotely on the steering wheel.

Four-wheel steering was offered as an extra-cost option. Like the system on the Mazda Sentia, it is designed to minimize turn radius at town speeds, and improve stability at highway speed.

Production for the MS-8 ceased when Mazda's multi-brand strategy failed in Japan, and the company suffered financial difficulties.

title: Ɛ̃fini MS-8


text:
Talk:Somewhere Far Beyond

Untitled
Okay, arguably could be an informative article, what with the tracklisting and all, but it's a bit too gushing for me. --Neschek 19:02, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Isn't The Quest for Tanelorn a reference to a place in the Michael Moorcock books?

title: Talk:Somewhere Far Beyond


text:
User:Urs~enwiki

Urs is blogging at http://circle.ch/blog.

title: User:Urs~enwiki


text:
Talk:Tape-out

Myth
A plausibly looking myth ... preserved here for interest

 * this was not a myth -- see below MFago 00:40, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

''The process of creating the optical mask for a semiconductor device was originally done by laying pieces of tape representing the various parts of the chip on large tables. These layouts, or masks, would then be photographically reduced and used to selectively expose various layers of a chip to light in the manufacturing process. Long after the time of handmade masks, the creation of the datafiles for a chip's manufacture is still referred to as a "tapeout".''

Indeed, the first masks were cut out manually. Even after the emergence industrial tooling for mask manufacture they were "edited" by cutting and pasting. I still have a chromium mask with some holes in it covered by a non-transparent tape. Mikkalai 19:04, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I did a couple of printed circuit board layouts with tape in 1989. —Tamfang (talk) 13:40, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

taping out a chip
I agree with this history; one would first do a sketch and a schematic design, and then proceed to do a "tape out" with colored transparent adhesive tape onto clear plastic sheets. In this sense, the tapeout was the layout phase, while now it refers to the end generation of the tape (or more recently, transmitted datafile), after layout had been complete.

Steve P. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.141.253.203 (talk) 07:45, 20 March 2007 (UTC).

taping out: disputed/unreferenced

 * I'm not sure about IC's, but circuit boards used to be "taped out" by laying down adhesive tape onto clear plastic sheets. I've done it (sad but true).

So if this was also true for chips, isn't the article false?!

MFago 23:47, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

MFago 23:53, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * So I added a disputed tag. I suppose this is really related to the "unreferenced" tag. I'll try to find a reference either way.

MFago 23:55, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Stephen: was the taped layout photographed and then reduced for manufacture? That's what the procedure was for boards anyhow. If so, that's not all that different from today's usage.

MFago 00:33, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * So I found a reference. I've left the other verbage in there as well as they are both correct -- but the adhesive tape certainly came first -- assuming that the comments above and the reference that I found are correct. I know that it is correct for circuit boards.

 * Mikkalai (the editor who added reference #1): Our two references are not contradictory. MFago 00:42, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

tapeout's toll on engineers
Tapeouts are some of the most stressful deadlines possible since so many people are involved and a single mask set costs over a million dollars. Because of this, divorce rates are much higher during tapeouts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Quanticles (talk • contribs) 14:03, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

computer tape?
This page no longer says what was disputed - maybe this: I always thought "tape out" was the act of plotting the CIF file or whatever from the data tapes (as was done decades ago) to generate mask artwork for photographic reduction. While the adhesive tape explanation makes possibly more sense, I've designed a lot of PCBs in my time and never ever heard the corresponding process (as described here and in the references) referred to as "tape-out". Maybe I'm too young, but unlikely because I remember using "tape and donuts"! In fact the process (including design which was integral with artwork creation) was known as "layout" (as it is now for the CAD design stage), presumably because of "laying out" the tape (but it could just as easily be from working out the "layout" of the design as in printing etc). Maybe bigger jobs (which would have included ICs) separated this into layout and tapeout. Maybe it's a country thing (I'm in NZ), but AFAIK "layout" is an internationally used term and "tapeout" only really applies to IC design? The reference(s) seem to be written by someone with similar experience to me, so might be just an opinion too. I guess it doesn't really matter, but I did come here to learn the origin of the term, and I'm leaving with more questions than answers. I could have just read a novel (but being an engineer I'm unlikely to ever do that!). --Adx (talk) 15:15, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

RIT
At IBM a tape-out is called a RIT (release interface tape), RIT-A for the non-metallic structure and RIT-B for the metal layers. Even though it is internal use it can be found on the web quite a bit, in papers, patents and lectures---and IBM represents a significant share of the industry. Not sure if that makes it relevant enough to be mentioned. --EnOreg (talk) 15:28, 6 February 2014 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:52, 14 June 2019 (UTC)
 * RCA 1969.pdf

Conflicting etymologies
The page seems to have two conflicting etymologies: a) tape-out comes from magnetic tapes, and b) tape-out comes from black tape used for PCB layout. The sources support the first etymology and there are no sources for the second. I'm changing the page to reflect this. I did a bunch of searching and for a PCB layout, "tape-up" seems to be the common term, not "tape-out", so they appear unrelated. KenShirriff (talk) 20:25, 15 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, you didnt exercise due diligence, colleague. - Altenmann >talk 05:11, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * There is no need for personal attacks. I looked at the added references. The description of Rubylith in "Essential Guide to Semiconductors" is completely wrong. You don't cut strips of Rubylith tape and tape them to large transparent sheets hanging on the wall. Rubylith consists of a red layer on a clear backing. You cut and remove pieces of the top layer that you don't want. Moreover, you don't do this hanging on the wall, which would be very inconvenient. Instead, it is done on a light table (https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/287/1614). You don't end up with a criss-crossing pattern of taped-on stripes (I have examined a Rubylith mask). I recommend removing this reference.
 * For the second reference, "Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation", I was unable to find anything on page 30 to support the claim. Can you provide more details? The Robert Widlar link is irrelevant since it shows a mask but doesn't comment on the use of tape-out.
 * After a lot of searching, I have been unable to find a use of tape-out for integrated circuits prior to the early 1980s. At that point, reference manuals for design software refer to tape-out utilities to produce a tape with the layout. The Genesil system literally had a "TAPEOUT" command. References: https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_zymosZymosl1985_31287023/page/n677/mode/2up?q=%22tape-out%22 https://archive.org/details/amethodologyforp1094534925/amethodologyforp1094534925.pdf
 * It is clear that the term tape-out arose in the 1980s when IC design moved to automated systems and the layout was written to a magnetic tape. Rubylith didn't use tape, so it is irrelevant. Although printed circuit boards were produced with black tape (and I've done that myself), this was called "tape up" not "tape out" and is also irrelevant.
 * (I am also unconvinced that paper tape was ever used for tapeout, even though one source claims that.)
 * KenShirriff (talk) 16:07, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I tend to agree with you, see next section. I will remove the dubious descriptions, but it would be good to find sources that describe this as kind of "urban legend".- Altenmann >talk 17:39, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
 * re: There is no need for personal attacks - this was not an attack on a person, this was a statement of fact as I saw it: there are a number of easily findable sources that give this description, but you wrote "there are no sources for the second". Hence my conclusion. BTW, "no due diligence" is a frequent accusation if AfDs, so please take it easy on criticim. For example, quite often other editors comment on my poor English, and unless this is done in a rude way, I do not react as a "snowflake". - Altenmann >talk 17:46, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

Rubylith
There are other descriptions about the use of rubylith, rather credible: in these stories the rubylith was not "taped", but instead on the large rybylith sheet the non-conductor areas were mad transparent by scraping off the light-blockinmg red layer of rubylith reaving the tranparent bottom layer. So the etymology of "tape out" must be scrutinized further. - Altenmann >talk 05:49, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tape-out


text:
S2 Records

Sony S2 Records, formerly named as S2 Records and Sony Soho Square (typeset as Sony Soho2), was a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment (SME), which operated as a record label in the 1990s and early 2000s.

Sony Soho Square was named after its location at London's Soho Square, with Lincoln Elias (who went on to become the Managing Director of Virgin Records in 2006 and now works with PMR Records) being the founder of the label. It was later headed by Muff Winwood, brother of musician Steve Winwood, who had worked at CBS Records/Sony Music Entertainment since the later 1970s.

Sony S2 featured bands and singers such as Jamiroquai, Des'ree, Reef, Jimmy Ray and others.

In 2004 after SME and BMG (the original major label Bertelsmann Music Group) merged, Sony S2 was dissolved into Sony BMG Music Entertainment UK. At this point many of the bands on Sony S2 were dropped, with Jamiroquai's records going on to be released on the Sony BMG label, with marketing taken on by Columbia Records.

title: S2 Records


text:
User talk:Zhanxw

Hey, hope you weren't affronted by my and other's votes to delete the article you wrote on yourself -- good to see you have reproduced it here, and welcome to the Wikipedia community. --Neschek 19:06, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zhanxw


text:
Motif Number 1

Motif Number 1, located on Bradley Wharf in the harbor town of Rockport, Massachusetts, is a replica of a former fishing shack well known to students of art and art history as "the most often-painted building in America." The original structure was built in 1884 and destroyed in the Blizzard of 1978, but an exact replica was constructed that same year.

Built in 1884 as Rockport was becoming home to a colony of artists and settlement of fishermen, the shack became a favorite subject of painters due to the composition and lighting of its location as well as being a symbol of New England maritime life. Painter Lester Hornby (1882–1956) is believed to be the first to call the shack "Motif Number 1," a reference to its being the favorite subject of the town's painters, and the name achieved general acceptance. It appeared in the work of Aldro Hibbard and of impressionist Harry Aiken Vincent who arrived in Rockport in 1917.

In the 1930s, painter John Buckley used the shack as his studio. He sold it to the town in 1945, dedicated "In 1945, the town of Rockport purchased the Motif as a monument to Rockporters who had served in the Armed Services." The town, recognizing its iconic value, has taken pains to preserve both its structure and appearance, finding a red paint which appears weather-beaten even when new, and keeping the area clear of overhead wires, traffic signs and advertising.

title: Motif Number 1


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Julian Togelius

Julian Togelius was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Not notable/vanity/advert. — Bill 19:08, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Delete. --Neschek 19:13, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, the poster might like to peruse Auto-biography, and possibly move the information to his user page. --Ianb 20:23, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Autobio. "Plans to" do great things, but not notable until he does.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:27, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Autobiography. 'Nuff said. Nadavspi 02:13, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Alright. I'm new here... (obviously) Moved my info to user:julian, will that do it? User:Julian
 * Absolutely. Does this mean that you consent to deletion of this from the main encyclopedia space?  I ask because, if you do, it will go to speedy delete.  If you agree, just go to edit the page, insert  at the beginning of it and perhaps a word or two saying that you're the author.  That will take care of it. Geogre 17:05, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * He did, so I did :). Niteowlneils 21:26, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Atlas Mira

The World Atlas (Атлас мира) is the Soviet and later Russian created and produced atlas of the world.

Predecessors
Initially Russian cartography simply reproduced maps from other countries. An example of such the Atlas Marksa, produced in 1905, was merely a translation of the German Neuer Handatlas by Lucas Debes. During the interwar period, the Soviet project Bolshoi Sovietskii Atlas Mira, was produced. This was intended to be the most comprehensive atlas of modern times, remained, however, incomplete due to The Second World War; only two out of three planned volumes were published in 1937 and 1939. With the end of the war, along with the relative stability within the Soviet Union during the 1950s, The Atlas Mira (1st Russian edition, 1954) was able to be produced and included with some 200,000 named locations. This would be a significant milestone and would be followed by an English edition a decade later (The World Atlas, 2nd ed., 1967).

First Edition
The first edition was published in 1954, in two volumes. The first volume contains 283 pages of maps; the second volume is a geographical index containing 205,000 entries of geographical features.

On the first page of the atlas is a vignette with a world map inside a five-pointed star, prominently depicting the Soviet Union. Thereafter is the title page, on the reverse side the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR to publish the atlas, a page with the names of the editorial board, a page with the other editors, a preface of two pages and the table of contents in two pages.

Within the section containing maps, the first two pages contain a key to map symbols — also given as a separate sheet. Thereafter are the 283 pages with maps and finally a page with more names of collaborators, technical information and at the end the number of copies printed (25,000). Many maps are on a double page, with a total width of 63 cm. The reverse side of the left-hand page which comes first in leafing through atlas — the 'title side' — usually has a scheme with the current map and the adjacent sheets. A map is printed on the reverse side of almost all right-hand pages. Some maps are even wider than 63 cm and therefore have a foldout; see the table of contents.

The index, a separate volume, has a title page, a preface of two pages, a page on how to use the index, and a page with the abbreviations used. Thereafter is the actual index of 545 pages. In the end are 14 pages with translations of non-Russian geographical terms and words that occur in place names.

After the key to map symbols the map section has 5 pages of world maps, 3 pages with historical maps, 76 pages with maps of the Soviet Union in 53 pages with maps of Western Europe — meaning in this case the part of Europe that is outside the Soviet Union. The non-Soviet part of Asia — here also named 'foreign Asia' — covers 53 pages, Africa 18, The Americas 57 and Australia-Oceania 12. In the end are 6 pages with maps of the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Polar regions. See also the list of map names in transliteration and translation.

Most sections start with a physical map — with contour lines and hypsometric coloring — a political map and a map of the communications in the region in question. The rest of each section consists of physical maps at a larger scale; see the list of maps, inset maps and scale. On the reverse sides of many right-hand pages are enlargements of regions on the 'main map'. Contrary to the main maps, on these maps the relief is often indicated with shading, which gives a more spatial effect. In the section on the Soviet Union each Union Republic has a map of its administrative subdivision in political coloring. A political map is sometimes also given for other regions. On some maps the forests are indicated; details can be found in the list of types of maps.

The size of the atlas is considerable and so is the number of maps. Many regions are therefore depicted in detail, often at a scale of 1:5,000,000, 1:2,500,000 or 1:1,250,000. This has been done in particular for the Soviet Union itself and the 'friendly' states in the world — Eastern Europe, China — but also for Western Europe and the United States. These detailed maps are missing for Yugoslavia and the Netherlands. The environs of metropoles are sometimes given in (inset) maps at a scale of 1:250,000. Curiously, for the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China, these city maps are absent.

In the preface (see also the English translation), account is given of the composition of the atlas. There is also an overview and account of the map projections used in the atlas.

Second Edition
The second edition was published in Moscow in 1967 by the Chief Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR (GUGK; Главное управление геодезии и картографии (ГУГК) при Совете министров СССР).

It was published simultaneously in Russian and English in 25,000 copies and was priced at 42 Rbls. Special cartographic paper and special cartographic offset ink were used. The Atlas was dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution. The Atlas has a full 250 pages of colour maps, majority of them physical, the index being a separate book, comprising some 200,000 entries. The size of the Atlas is 55 x. The maps in the Atlas are arranged in groups starting with general world maps, maps of the Soviet Union and maps of the continents. The world maps are in the 1:50,000,000 scale. The Soviet Union is treated basically as a separate continent with its own physical, political, transportation and time zone maps. It is mentioned in the preface that the number of the maps of the Soviet Union is decreased compared to the previous edition, because of the interim publishing of a separate atlas specifically dedicated to the Soviet Union. For each continent, there is a general physical map as an introduction (1:10,000,000 to 1:25,000,000), followed by political and communications maps. This is followed by a number of general regional maps (1:1,500,000 to 1:750,000) and supplemented for important areas by large scale maps (1:250,000 to 1:750,000). 18 different colours are used from deep blue for the ocean deeps to dark brown and white for the highest mountains and glaciers. Relief shading is used for delineating relief along with contour lines. All scales are metric. Tint for elevation is predominately used in larger scale maps: 1:1,500,000 and higher. The shadows and colours combined give an almost stereo impression, the relief popping up out of the pages. Many major cities in the world are shown on separate maps or insets, typically in 1:250,000 scale as well as important areas like the Panama Canal or Palestine, along with detailed maps of small islands in the world oceans.

Third edition
The third edition was made in 1999 by the Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. As a revised and updated world atlas since it first published in 1954, this atlas which combined maps and index into one volume.

This atlas in third edition bringing each featured landscape to life with detailed terrain models and color schemes and offering maps of unsurpassed quality, this atlas features the main atlas, and an easy-to-reference index of all 240,000 place names. All maps feature a full double-page spread, with continents broken down into 286 pages of carefully selected maps.

title: Atlas Mira


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