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Game of Death

The Game of Death is an incomplete Hong Kong martial arts film, of which portions were filmed between September and October 1972, directed, written, produced by and starring Bruce Lee. The project was paused to film and produce Enter the Dragon. For The Game of Death, over 120 minutes of footage was shot, which was later misplaced in the Golden Harvest archives. The remaining footage has since been released with Lee's original Cantonese and English dialogue, with John Little dubbing Lee's Hai Tien character as part of the documentary titled Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey. Much of the footage that was shot is from what was to be the climax of the film.

During filming, Lee received an offer to star in Enter the Dragon, the first kung fu film to be produced by a Hollywood studio (Warner Bros.), and with a budget unprecedented for the genre ($850,000). Lee died of cerebral edema before the film's release. At the time of his death, he had made plans to resume the filming of The Game of Death. After Lee's death, Enter the Dragon director Robert Clouse was enlisted to finish the film using two stand-ins; it was released in 1978 as Game of Death, five years after Lee's death, by Golden Harvest.

The story of Lee's original 1972 film involves Lee's character, in order to save his younger sister and brother, joining a group of martial artists who are hired to retrieve a stolen Chinese national treasure from the top floor of a five-story pagoda in South Korea, with each floor guarded by martial artists who must be defeated while ascending the tower. The 1978 film's plot was altered to a revenge story, where the mafia attempts to kill Lee's character, who fakes his death and seeks vengeance against those who tried to kill him. The final part of the film uses some of Lee's original film footage, but with the pagoda setting changed to a restaurant building, where he fights martial artists hired by the mafia in an attempt to rescue his fiancée Ann Morris (played by Colleen Camp). This revised version received a mixed critical reception but was commercially successful, grossing an estimated US$50,000,000 worldwide.

It was an influential film that had a significant cultural impact. The original version's concept of ascending a tower while defeating enemies on each level was highly influential, inspiring numerous action films and video games. The film is also known for Lee's iconic yellow-and-black jumpsuit as well as his fight scene with NBA player and student Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, both of which have been referenced in numerous media.

Plot
The original plot involves Lee playing the role of Hai Tien (海天), a retired champion martial artist who is confronted by Korean underworld gangs. They tell him the story of a pagoda where guns are prohibited. The pagoda is under heavy guard by highly-skilled martial artists; they are protecting a stolen Chinese national treasure (which is not identified at all in any surviving material) held on its top level.

The gang boss wants Hai to be a part of a group of martial artists he assembled, to help retrieve said item by fighting the guardians. This is the boss's second team he's sending; the first team he sent was nearly wiped out. They force the reluctant Hai to participate by abducting his two younger siblings. Along with four other martial artists (two played by James Tien and Chieh Yuan), Hai battles his way up a five-level pagoda. The team encounters a different, and stronger, challenge on each floor.

As originally scripted by Lee, Hai and company enter the temple grounds, where at the pagoda's base, they fight 10 Karate black belts. Inside the pagoda, Hai's team encounters a different opponent on each floor, each one more formidable than the last. The other fighters assisting Hai are handily defeated by the pagoda guardians, as they're not as skilled as Hai; the guardian in turn must be defeated by Hai.

At the pagoda raid, Hai's group was to fight 25 floor guardians:
 * Bolo Yeung (sensei), Lam Ching-ying, Yuen Wah, Unicorn Chan, Bee Chan, Wu Ngan, and 14 others as The Twenty Black-Belt Karate Fighters - Ground Floor Guardians (has never been filmed)
 * Hwang In-shik as Korean Hapkido Master #1 - 1st Floor Guardian, (only Ground Floor footage)
 * Taky Kimura as Praying Mantis-style Shih-fu - 2nd Floor Guardian" (also has never been filmed)
 * Dan Inosanto as Eskrima Filipina - 3rd Floor Guardian
 * Ji Han-jae as Korean Hapkido Master #2 - 4th Floor Guardian
 * Kareem Abdul-Jabbar as Mantis - 5th Floor Guardian

Hai would defeat all 25 formidable masters after his follow raiders were taken down by each master of the floor, the last one being James Tien's character. He's beaten by the final guardian (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar), a giant fighter who fights with a free and fluid fighting style similar to Hai's Jeet Kune Do. Because of the guardian's great size and strength, in addition to his potent martial artistry, he can only be defeated when Hai recognizes and exploits his greatest weakness: an unusually high sensitivity to light.

Immediately after defeating the giant guardian, Hai turns around and descends the staircase...heading out of the pagoda. Despite all the talk of something awaiting up top of the (now unguarded) flight of stairs, there is no mention of anyone going up to retrieve it. No surviving material explains how this affects Hai or his captive siblings.

Production
Although the pagoda was supposed to have five floors, complete scenes were only shot for three of the floors: the "Temple of the Tiger", where Lee faced Inosanto; the "Temple of the Dragon", where he fought Ji Han-jae; and the final floor, known as the "Temple of the Unknown", where he fought Abdul-Jabbar. Hapkido master Hwang In-shik was slated to play the guardian of the first floor, a master of a kick-oriented style, while Bruce's long-time student and good friend Taky Kimura was asked to play the guardian of the second floor, a stylist of praying mantis kung fu.

The goal of the film's plot was to showcase Lee's beliefs regarding the principles of martial arts. As each martial artist is defeated (including Lee's allies), the flaws in their fighting style are revealed. Some, like Dan Inosanto's character, rely too much on fixed patterns of offensive and defensive techniques, while others lack economy of motion. Lee defeats his opponents by having a fighting style that involves fluid movement, unpredictability, and an eclectic blend of techniques. His dialogue often includes comments on their weaknesses.

Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey
Several years later, Bruce Lee historian John Little released Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey, a documentary revealing the original footage and storyline of The Game of Death. The documentary also includes a fairly in-depth biography of Lee and leads into the filming of The Game of Death. Originally meant to be a documentary in its own right, it can now be found on the second disc of the 2004 Special Edition DVD release of Enter the Dragon, along with the documentary Bruce Lee: The Curse of the Dragon.

Bruce Lee in G.O.D: Shibōteki Yūgi
In 2000, the Japanese film Bruce Lee in G.O.D 死亡的遊戯 was released on DVD. This film shows Lee's original vision of the film through the existing footage that was shot for the film before he died, interviews, and historical re-enactments of what went on behind the scenes. A "special edition" DVD was released in 2003.

Filmed cast

 * Bruce Lee as "Hai Tien" (also called "the Yellow-Faced Tiger")
 * Kareem Abdul-Jabbar as "Mantis, the 5th Floor Guardian"
 * James Tien as "Tien Da, the Second Fighter"
 * Chieh Yuan as "Chieh, the Third Fighter" (doubled by Hwang In-shik)
 * Dan Inosanto as "Eskrima Filipina, the 3rd Floor Guardian"
 * Ji Han-jae as "Hapkido Master, the 4th Floor Guardian"
 * Hwang In-shik as "1st Floor Guardian" (only Ground Floor footage)
 * Lee Kwan as "Mr. Kuan the Locksmith" (voice is heard at film's end)

Unfilmed cast

 * Taky Kimura as "2nd Floor Guardian"
 * Robert Wall as "Mr. Wall, the American Fighter and Hai Tien's ally"
 * George Lazenby as "Hai Tien's master"
 * Nora Miao as "Hai Tien's sister"
 * Uncast Child Actor as "Hai Tien's brother"
 * Carter Wong as "Mr. Wong"
 * Shih Kien as "Crime Lord"
 * Tony Liu as "Huang"
 * Wan Kam-leung as "Lee Guo-hao, the Fifth Fighter"
 * Betty Ting Pei as "Hai Tien's wife"
 * Bolo Yeung as "Black Belt Karate Leader - Ground Floor"
 * Lam Ching-ying, Yuen Wah, Unicorn Chan, Bee Chan, Wu Ngan, and 14 others as "Black Belt Karate Fighters - Ground Floor"
 * Han Ying-chieh as "Thug 1"
 * Yuen Biao as "Thug 2"
 * Alan Chui Chung-San as "Thug 3"
 * Corey Yuen as "Thug 4"
 * Jackie Chan as "Fan who asks for Hai Tien's autograph"

Intended cast

 * Wong Shun-leung was originally approached to play the role of the Wing Chun-oriented 2nd Floor Guardian, but he declined, and was replaced by Taky Kimura.
 * Robert Baker, student of Lee's, was considered for the role eventually given to Robert Wall.
 * Sammo Hung had been cast as the Third Fighter, but by the time Lee was ready to film with him, Hung had moved on to another project; Chieh Yuan took the part in his stead.

Game of Death (1978 film)
Game of Death is a 1978 Hong Kong action film co-written (under the pseudonym Jan Spears alongside Raymond Chow) and directed by Robert Clouse, with action directed by Sammo Hung. The film stars Bruce Lee, with Kim Tai-jong and Yuen Biao as his stunt doubles, along with Gig Young, Dean Jagger, Colleen Camp, Robert Wall, Hugh O'Brian, Dan Inosanto, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Mel Novak, Sammo Hung, Ji Han-jae and Casanova Wong.

Plot
The 1978 version uses portions of the original footage married to an entirely new plot involving a new character, Billy Lo (盧比利), struggling against a racketeering "syndicate" after gaining international success as a martial arts movie star. When Billy refuses to be intimidated by syndicate henchman Steiner and his gangs of thugs, syndicate owner Dr. Land orders his assassination to serve as an example to others.

Disguised as a stuntman, Land's assassin, Stick (Mel Novak), sneaks onto the set of Billy's new film, and shoots Billy during filming. A fragment of the bullet passes through Billy's face, leaving him alive but in need of plastic surgery which alters his facial features. Billy takes the opportunity to fake his death and disguise himself, exacting revenge against those who wronged him one at a time. When the syndicate threatens and kidnaps his fiancée, Ann Morris (Colleen Camp), Billy is forced to come out of hiding to save her.

In the revised but chopped footage, Bruce Lee's fight scenes inside the pagoda are assumed to take place in the upper floors of the Red Pepper restaurant:
 * Dan Inosanto as Pasqual - Middle Floor Guardian
 * Ji Han-jae as Restaurant Fighter - Quarter Floor Guardian
 * Kareem Abdul-Jabbar as Hakim - Top Floor Guardian
 * Hugh O'Brian as Steiner - Lead Guardian

Dr. Land (Dean Jagger) and his thugs have laid an ambush, but in the end, Billy survives the ambush, rescues Ann, and destroys each of the main mobsters one-by-one.

Cast

 * Bruce Lee as "Billy Lo" (archive footage from incomplete first version)
 * Kim Tai-jong as "Billy Lo" (doubling for Bruce Lee)
 * Yuen Biao as "Billy Lo" (doubling for Bruce Lee in acrobatics)
 * Albert Sham as "Billy Lo" (doubling for Bruce Lee)
 * Chris Kent as the English voice of "Billy Lo" (dubbing for Bruce Lee)
 * Bruce Lee's actual battle cries are used in the Cantonese, Mandarin and Japanese versions instead of Chris Kent's battle cry voice.
 * Gig Young as "Jim Marshall"
 * Dean Jagger as "Dr. Land"
 * Colleen Camp as "Ann Morris"
 * Hugh O'Brian as "Steiner"
 * Robert Wall as "Carl Miller"
 * Dan Inosanto as "Pasqual"
 * Ji Han-jae as "Restaurant Fighter"
 * Kareem Abdul-Jabbar as "Hakim"
 * Mel Novak as "Stick"
 * Sammo Hung as "Lo Chen"
 * James Tien as "Charlie Wang" (US version) / "Fong Chun" (HK version)
 * Roy Chiao as "(Uncle) Henry Lo" (US version only)
 * Casanova Wong as "Lau Yea-chun" (HK version only)
 * Chuck Norris as "Fighter in Film" (archive footage)
 * Alan Chui Chung-San (Assistant stunt double, also One of Dr. Land's Guard)
 * Tony Leung
 * Billy McGill
 * Jim James
 * Russell Cawthorne
 * Lam Ching-ying
 * John Ladalski
 * David Hu
 * Don Barry
 * Jess Hardie
 * Eddie Dye
 * Peter Nelson
 * Peter Gee
 * Peter Chan
 * Mars as one of Dr. Land's guards (extra)
 * Lau Kar-wing
 * Fung Hak-On as Thug Wearing The Yellow Suit Fighting in Henry Lo's Opera Place (US version only)
 * Tai San
 * Jason Williams

Production
The revised version of the film uses only 12 minutes and 41 seconds of the footage from the original The Game of Death, and for the vast majority of the film, the role of Billy Lo was shared by Korean taekwondo master Kim Tai-jong and Hong Kong martial arts actor Yuen Biao, and was voiced by Chris Kent. The plot of the film allowed Kim and Yuen to spend much of the film in disguises, usually involving false beards and large, dark sunglasses that obscured the fact that they bore little resemblance to Lee. Many scenes, including fight scenes, also included brief close-up bits of stock footage of the real Bruce Lee from his pre-Enter the Dragon films, often only lasting a second or two. These clips are easily recognisable due to the difference in film quality between the old and new footage. At one point in the movie, real footage of Lee's corpse in his open-topped casket is used to show the character Billy Lo faking his death. There is even a scene, taken place in Billy's dressing room, where a cut-out of Lee's face was taped to a mirror, covering the stand-in's own face.

Several actors associated with previous Lee movies were included in the re-shoot for the final 1978 film. For example, Robert Wall, a villain in both Way of the Dragon and Enter the Dragon, plays a kickboxer named Carl Miller who must battle with Billy Lo. Sammo Hung, who appeared in Enter the Dragon, served as the fight coordinator for the film, and also appears in the scene as ring opponent Lo Chen for Miller. To maintain continuity with the fight footage taken from the original film, Dan Inosanto (renamed Pasqual) and Ji Han-jae (whose character was unnamed and was not shown until near the end of the film) were given small parts as additional enforcers for the syndicate. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar refused to participate in the re-shoot, with another tall African-American stand-in (renamed Hakim) included instead. Although Chuck Norris is credited as starring in the film, his role is limited to clips from Way of the Dragon inserted into the film.

The film quality of the Clouse-directed footage is noticeably higher than that of Lee's earlier Hong Kong films, and John Barry provided an original soundtrack. The film also featured performances by experienced actors as well as up-and-coming stars, including two recipients of the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor (Dean Jagger and Gig Young) and several who have been honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, including Bruce Lee himself, Jagger, Young (in his final film), Chuck Norris, and Hugh O'Brian.

For Chinese-speaking audiences, the film was dubbed into Cantonese and Mandarin, and had significant changes, such as the inclusion of a fight in a greenhouse with Casanova Wong and a different opening and closing credits sequence, featuring a new theme song, plus a couple of minor scenes. Unlike the English version, these versions use Lee's actual battle sounds. Several scenes were removed as well, including the fight in the opera house dressing room.

In the original Hong Kong version, the fight with Ji Han-jae is included (although it occurs in the middle of the film), while the ending does not show Billy Lo being arrested. Instead, both he and Ann share their good-byes to Jim as they appear to depart Hong Kong on a boat. The Singaporean version ends with Billy's arrest, and it does not feature the Ji Han-jae fight. This is the version commonly found in Chinese.

The Mandarin-dubbed version of the film features a different theme song from that of the Cantonese version. The theme song sounds similar to the main theme of Way of the Dragon. This version also includes the scene where Billy and Ann share their good-byes to Jim. The Cantonese-dubbed version shows the commonly found scene where Billy is arrested by the police.

Soundtrack
The American score was composed by John Barry. The vocal theme song "Will This Be The Song I'll Be Singing Tomorrow?" was sung by Colleen Camp.

Theme song

 * "Game of Death" (死亡遊戲)
 * Lyrics: James Wong
 * Composition and Arrangement: Joseph Koo
 * Performance: Roman Tam

Release
Game of Death was released in Hong Kong on 23 March 1978. In the United States, the film was released by Columbia Pictures on 9 June 1979. The film was released in the Philippines by Asia Films on 15 December 1988.

Box office
The film was successful at the box office in Hong Kong (23 March 1978 release), grossing HK$3,436,169. Within three weeks of its release (by 13 April 1978), the film grossed nearly US$8 million in the Far East. In Japan (14 April 1978 release), it became the eighth highest-grossing film of 1978 with distributor rental earnings of ¥1.45 billion, equivalent to estimated box office gross receipts of approximately ¥billion (US$million). In South Korea (May 1978 release), it sold 281,591 tickets in the capital city of Seoul, equivalent to an estimated gross revenue of approximately 0 (US$).

In the United States (1979 release), the film earned millions of US dollars in its first few weeks, and went on to earn about US$5 million in theatrical rentals, equivalent to estimated box office gross receipts of approximately US$million. In France, it was the 14th highest-grossing film of 1978 with 2,256,892 ticket sales, equivalent to an estimated gross revenue of approximately € (US$8,264,929). In Germany, the film sold 750,513 tickets (575,000 tickets in 1978 and 175,513 tickets in 1981), equivalent to an estimated gross revenue of approximately € (US$2,544,854). In Spain, the film sold 1,112,793 tickets, equivalent to an estimated gross revenue of approximately € (US$1,962,106).

Combined, the film grossed a total estimated worldwide box office revenue of approximately US$

Critical reception
This version of the film received a mixed critical reception, holding a 46% Rotten Tomatoes score. Criticism of the revised version included the inclusion of scenes that could be considered in bad taste, such as the incorporation of footage of Lee's actual funeral. Another scene, often pointed out by critics of the film, involved a shot of Kim looking at himself in the mirror, with an obvious cardboard cut-out of Lee's face pasted onto the mirror's surface.

Upon its North American release, Cecilia Blanchfield in The Calgary Herald rated it three stars, praising the climactic fight scenes as "Bruce Lee at his best" while criticizing the "abysmal" writing and "clumsily executed" production up until then, calling the film a "poor tribute to a remarkably talented man."

Bey Logan points out a few logic issues with the 1978 film. In order for the henchmen to remain low key, they should be wearing more casual clothes instead of the multicolored tracksuits seen at various parts of the film. But as a rationale, this explains why Lee wears the yellow tracksuit. Also, during the fight between Lee and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, the scene near the vase in Logan's opinion appears to look choppy, along with the short fight with Hugh O'Brian. In the first half of the English version, during the fight sequences, Lee is seen to be beaten down instead of making short work of the henchmen.

Game of Death could be considered more accessible to Western audiences than Lee's previous films. Compared to other Bruce Lee films like The Big Boss, Fist of Fury and Way of the Dragon, Game of Death has more Western characters and the story structure is more straightforward and less culturally specific to Asia.

Game of Death Redux (2019)
On 19 July 2019, timed with the 46th death anniversary of Bruce Lee, producer Alan Canvan premiered a newly edited version of Lee's Game of Death at the Asian American/Asian Research Institute in New York City, with biographer Matthew Polly joining Canvan in discussing the film and answering audience questions. The Redux edit only uses footage shot during the original production, while combining the score composed by John Barry for the 1978 version. It also restores dialogues that were missing in the 1978 version of Game of Death.

The film was released as a special feature (standard definition) in The Criterion Collection's Blu-ray box set of Bruce Lee films on 14 July 2020.

The Final Game of Death (2023)
On 17 July 2023, Arrow Films released a 4K UHD/Blu-ray box set covering Bruce Lee's films at Golden Harvest. Included in the set is a 223-minute documentary on the production of Game of Death. The documentary includes all two hours of footage shot for the project by Lee before his death, restored from an interpositive. The documentary also includes an assembly of the footage, alongside a newly filmed introduction to cover the plot elements that were never shot.

Other Game of Death films
After the death of Bruce Lee, several studios exploited the situation by making their own versions of Game of Death based on what they had learned of the story from production stills and magazine articles. Some of these films pre-dated Robert Clouse's official Game of Death (1978).
 * The Game of Death! (1974)
 * Goodbye Bruce Lee: His Last Game of Death (1975)
 * Enter the Game of Death (1978)
 * The True Game of Death (1979)
 * Game of Death II (Tower of Death) (1981)
 * Clouse's film had a sequel in 1981, Game of Death II, a kung fu action mystery film directed by Ng See-yuen which used cut footage from Lee's Enter the Dragon to have him make an appearance in the beginning of the film, only to be killed off midway, allowing his on-screen brother to take on the role of protagonist. Aside from the international English dub giving the "Bruce Lee" character the name Billy Lo, this movie appears to have no connection with Clouse's film.

Wong Jing's film City Hunter has a similar premise for a scene. Jackie Chan as Ryu Saeba takes on two tall black men, and the film uses clips of Lee's fight scene against Kareem Abdul-Jabbar to get the better of the two.

Influence
The original film's concept of ascending a tower while defeating enemies on each level was highly influential, inspiring numerous action films and video games.

Film
Italian film scholars Simone Bedetti and Lorenzo De Luca identified Game of Death as an early example of what they call the "arcade movie" genre of action films. These "arcade movies" have three characteristic elements: the achievement of a goal, passing a series of levels, and ascending through a path (whether physical or symbolic). This is presented in Game of Death as Lee going up higher floors while facing increasingly dangerous opponents as he ascends the tower. Later examples of action films which Bedetti and De Luca identify as "arcade movies" include Bruce Lee's own Enter the Dragon, the Bruce Willis movie Die Hard (1988), Steven Spielberg's Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), Paul W. S. Anderson's Mortal Kombat (1995), and the Jean-Claude Van Damme movie Sudden Death (1995).

The Raid, a 2011 Indonesian film, was influenced by Game of Death. It has a similar plot structure, set in a single main location, a grungy high-rise building, with grunts at the bottom and the big boss at the top. This Game of Death formula was also used in the film Dredd (2012) and appeared in an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants.

Several films pay homage to the fight scene between Bruce Lee and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. The scene is parodied in two Jackie Chan films, City Hunter (1993) where Chan fights two tall black men, and Rush Hour 3 (2007) which reverses it by having a shorter African-American man Chris Tucker fight a taller Chinese basketballer Sun Mingming. The Keanu Reeves film John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum (2019) pays homage in a scene featuring NBA basketball player Boban Marjanović. The French film La Tour Montparnasse Infernale (2001) parodies the scene when Ramzy Bedia fights with Bô Gaultier de Kermoal, wearing the same costumes as Lee and Abdul-Jabbar.

William Zabka referenced Game of Death during his audition for the role of Johnny Lawrence in The Karate Kid (1984), when the director John Avildsen asked him "how old are you? You're a little bigger than our karate kid." Zabka responded, "Bruce Lee was smaller than Kareem Abdul Jabbar, but he beat him" in reference to Game of Death, to which Avlidsen responded "Yeah, that's true." That convinced Avlidsen to cast Zabka for the role.

Video games
The plot structure of Game of Death, where a series of martial arts opponents each have a weakness that must be discovered and exploited, established the "end-of-level boss" structure used by beat 'em up games for decades. This structure first crossed over into video games with the 1984 arcade game Kung-Fu Master, which established the beat 'em up genre. Kung Fu Master was initially released as Spartan X in Japan, as a tie-in for the 1984 Jackie Chan film Wheels on Meals (titled Spartan X in Japan), before an international release as Kung-Fu Master (sans Spartan X license). Its boss battle gameplay also became the basis for fighting games such as Street Fighter (1987). Kung-Fu Master also inspired Super Mario Bros. (1985), the Red Ribbon Army saga (1985-1986) in the manga and anime series Dragon Ball, and the French film Kung Fu Master (1988).

Comics
The superhero Shang-Chi was created as a result of the kung-fu craze started by Bruce Lee in 1973, with artist Paul Gulacy using Lee as a visual inspiration for Shang-Chi. The "Game of Rings" storyline from the comic series Shang-Chi and the Ten Rings was inspired by Game of Death.

Yellow-and-black jumpsuit
The yellow-and-black jumpsuit which Lee wore in the film has come to be seen as something of a trademark for the actor, and is paid homage to in numerous other media. In the Clouse-directed remake, the filmmakers rationalised its presence by including a scene where Billy Lo disguises himself as one of Dr. Land's motorcycle-riding thugs, who all wear striped jumpsuits.

In the warehouse scene, Billy Lo wears a pair of yellow Adidas shoes with black stripes and white shelltoes. Towards the end of the film, Billy wears a pair of yellow Onitsuka Tiger shoes, with black stripes. This is because the real Bruce Lee wore the latter when he was filming, and the double wore the former in the 1978 version to resemble his shoes.

In the Lee-directed unfinished version, the jumpsuit should portray personal freedom in the art of combat, without being bounded to a certain fighting style. The cinematic explanation for its presence was the nickname of Hai Tien, Yellow-Faced Tiger, because his fighting outfit and shoes resemble the colours of a Tiger. Over the years, there were many speculations about the colour of the jumpsuit and its meaning. According to Andre Morgan from Golden Harvest, they had a yellow suit with black bars and a black suit with yellow bars. Lee first chose the black suit, but changed it to the yellow because Abdul-Jabbar's footprints were better visible on it.

Film

 * Uma Thurman wears a similar suit in Kill Bill: Volume 1 when she travels to Japan to take on an underworld boss and assassin played by Lucy Liu. In homage to both the film and the remake, Thurman wears a two-piece suit and the Onitsuka Tiger sneakers as part of her motorcycle-riding gear, and keeps the suit on during her battle with Liu and her gang, the Crazy 88.
 * In Shaolin Soccer, a similar suit is worn by the goalie "Empty Hand" (Danny Chan Kwok-kwan), who resembles Lee.
 * In the Jet Li film High Risk, Jacky Cheung plays an action film star who is losing his fighting ability due to his cowardice and drunkenness. When he regains his courage at the end of the film, he wears a copy of the yellow tracksuit. The role is generally felt to be a parody of Jackie Chan, but the references to Bruce Lee are also obvious.
 * The 1985 film The Last Dragon, produced by Motown founder Berry Gordy, centred around a Bruce Lee fan, portrayed by Taimak, in search of reaching martial arts enlightenment who instructed his students wearing the same tracksuit.
 * In Revenge of the Nerds, Brian Tochi's character, Toshiro Takashi, wears the yellow jumpsuit while riding a tricycle during the inter-Greek competitions.
 * In the live-action City Hunter film (directed by Wong Jing), the scene in which Jackie Chan dispatches his own taller opponents references Lee's fight with Abdul-Jabbar.
 * In Police Story 4: First Strike, Jackie Chan wears a similar suit that he gets from a wardrobe of an hotel room, claiming that he is a dry cleaner to the owner, with the same colors and the left and right black line.
 * In Finishing the Game, Breeze Loo, played by Roger Fan, wears a yellow and black striped jumpsuit.
 * In the 2011 British comedy film On the Ropes, writer and director Mark Noyce added a scene in homage to his idol Bruce Lee which featured Mick Western (played by Ben Shockley) wearing a yellow tracksuit.

Music

 * A short promotional video for the virtual band Gorillaz showed the fictional animated guitarist Noodle taking on a pack of thugs while dressed in the tracksuit and imitating Lee's fighting style. Noodle also wore the suit in the Game of Death short clip from Phase One: Celebrity Take Down.
 * The band Sugar Ray, in their video for the single "When It's Over", included a segment in which one of its band members (Rodney Sheppard, Guitarist) fantasizes about having a kung fu battle similar to the fight scene between Lee and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. The band member wears Lee's tracksuit, his opponent wears a beard, clothes and sunglasses similar to Abdul-Jabbar's, and the video duplicates the scene in which a seated Kareem kicks Lee in the chest, knocking him down and leaving a huge footprint on his chest.
 * Topper Headon of The Clash was known to wear a similar jumpsuit at live shows; he is seen wearing in it the 1980 film Rude Boy.
 * Avant-garde guitarist Buckethead released a cover of "Game of Death" in 2006. He also wore a yellow tracksuit while playing live and performed with nunchakus on stage.
 * American band Far East Movement's song "Satisfaction" featured the yellow jumpsuits in the song's music video; said song was the soundtrack to the 2007 mockumentary Finishing the Game.
 * Canadian hard rock duo Indian Handcrafts' song "Bruce Lee" uses the film as lyrical inspiration, while the music video features the two band members performing an over-the-top fight scene, with guitarist Daniel Brandon Allen wearing the signature yellow jumpsuit.
 * In the music video for the Iggy Azalea song "Black Widow" (featuring Rita Ora), based on Kill Bill, Azalea wears a white & black tracksuit and Ora wears a black & red tracksuit. Both suits resemble Uma Thurman's version of the tracksuit.
 * In the video for Black Label Society's 2009 song "Overlord", frontman Zakk Wylde wears the iconic tracksuit, and the video pays humorous homage to the film.

Manga and anime

 * In the Urusei Yatsura episode "The Mendo Family's Masquerade War", Ataru wears a yellow tracksuit with black stripes while trying to court Mendou's sister, who is sporting nunchakus. Both Ataru's yellow tracksuit and the Mendou sister's nunchakus are a homage to Bruce Lee.
 * In the anime/manga Tenjho Tenge, there is a short appearance of a character named "Inosato Dan" who is the leader of the "Jun Fan Gung Fu club" (Jun Fan is Bruce Lee's Chinese name). He resembles Bruce Lee very much, and wears the jumpsuit. However, in the anime the colors of the jumpsuit are switched to a black suit with yellow stripes.
 * Duel No. 25 of the Yu-Gi-Oh! manga features some references to Bruce Lee. Yugi's fighting-game character of choice is a Bruce Lee clone called Bruce Ryu. His opponent, the villain of the chapter, wears the yellow jumpsuit and calls his fight with Jonouchi a "Game of Death". The subsequent "Death-T" arc then follows a similar structure to the movie with Yugi fighting his way up to the top stage where he has a one on one bout with Seto Kaiba.
 * The second episode of the anime series Cowboy Bebop, "Stray Dog Strut", further pays homage with the episode's main antagonist being named Abdul Hakim (after Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's character) and bearing a strikingly similar appearance.
 * The character Mr. Tanaka from Sonic X wears the suit in an episode.
 * The character Sasshi from the anime Magical Shopping Arcade Abenobashi also gets a uniform called the Game of Death suit, later imitating Lee in both appearance and mannerisms.
 * Another reference is found in Great Teacher Onizuka in which the main character, Onizuka Eikichi, wears the same suits when performing feats of strength like breaking a baseball bat with a kick in front of his class.
 * In episode 18 of the anime Gintama, Kagura wears a suit similar to Bruce's suit in this movie.
 * The cover for the third volume of the American DVD release of the anime PaniPoni Dash! features the main character Rebecca Miyamoto wearing a track suit similar to Bruce Lee's. The subtitle for the DVD, "Class of Death", also pays homage to Game of Death.
 * In episode 20 of Hayate the Combat Butler, Hayate asks Maria if she knows "the art of assassination". She denies it, but Hayate does not believe her and Nagi imagines what Maria would look like wearing a yellow jumpsuit and holding nunchucks.
 * In episode 11 of HeartCatch PreCure!, the guest characters for the episode, brothers Masato Sakai and Yoshito Sakai, both wear the yellow tracksuit. Masato Sakai styles himself as a Kung Fu master and his brother is his pupil.
 * In episode 23 of Kuromukuro, the character Shenmei Liu wore a yellow tracksuit and does a flying kick similar to Bruce Lee's when her friends were filming a movie.
 * In episode 8 of Akiba's Trip: The Animation, the character Arisa Ahokainen wore a yellow tracksuit during her training days with her master.
 * In episode 10 of Seton Academy: Join the Pack!, one of the impala species wore a yellow tracksuit.
 * In episode 8 of Tonikaku Kawaii, during the sightseeing in Nara, Tsukasa and Nasa were having a conversation that has a reference of Bruce Lee's Game of Death similar to the theatrical poster.
 * When cosplaying the character Hong Kong from the anime series Hetalia Axis Powers, fans love to portray him wearing the yellow tracksuit.

Cartoons

 * In "Karate Island", a fourth-season episode of SpongeBob SquarePants (which is itself a take-off of Game of Death), Sandy Cheeks wears a yellow tracksuit similar to Bruce's.
 * The character Mandy from The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy wore a yellow jumpsuit in the episode "Modern Primitives / Giant Billy and Mandy All-Out Attack". The episode also had parodies of Akira (Mandy drives a bike similar to Kaneda's in the series), the Godzilla franchise (there are several giant monsters that parody monsters from the franchise including the name of the episode) and Kill Bill (a check-off list plus a red-screened close-up mimicking the Bride).
 * A game sprite resembling an Asian man can be seen wearing Bruce Lee's yellow suit during the first and third seasons of ReBoot.
 * A Gorillabite from the band Gorillaz is titled Game of Death. In the bite, Noodle, the guitarist, dons the yellow tracksuit to take on Russel.
 * Episode 100 of the 2003 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon depicts Master Splinter's former owner, Hamato Yoshi, wearing the yellow tracksuit.
 * In The Boondocks episode "Let's Nab Oprah", Oprah's bodyguard Bushido Brown is seen as a reference to Jim Kelly's character Williams in Enter the Dragon. Brown also tells the main protagonist Huey Freeman "You come straight out of a comic book", a reference to Enter the Dragon. However, he wears a karate gi version of the yellow and black tracksuit in the episode "Stinkmeaner 3: The Hateocracy".
 * In episode 18 of Xiaolin Showdown, the character of Kimiko Tohomiko is seen wearing yellow track pants with a black stripe. The rest of her outfit is yellow with long black gloves.
 * In "Tofu-Town Showdown", an episode of the second season of the TV show Chowder, the character Schnitzel wore a yellow tracksuit and a similar Bruce Lee-style haircut; he then turns into a Super Saiyan in a parody of Dragon Ball.
 * In the Jackie Chan Adventures episode "The Chosen One", a man is dressed in a yellow jumpsuit and uses nunchucks.

Video games

 * Marshall Law and Forest Law from the Tekken series of fighting games resemble Bruce Lee with their move set, whoops and yells and wear a sleeveless version of the tracksuit.
 * In Dead or Alive 4, Jann Lee's third costume is none other than the tracksuit, and his ending movie includes him watching Bruce Lee films to help him practice Jeet Kune Do.
 * In the Playmore fighting game Rage of the Dragons, Mr. Jones (who already bears a striking resemblance to Kareem Abdul Jabbar) wears a suit very similar to the famous yellow jump suit.
 * The suit is present in the MMORPG Anarchy Online as a piece of equipment for powerful martial artist characters.
 * In Castlevania: Dawn of Sorrow, one equippable item is the "kung fu suit", whose icon is a yellow tracksuit with black vertical stripes along the sides.
 * Although the suit does not appear in any Street Fighter games, Fei Long wears it in several issues of the UDON Street Fighter comic book and in Masahiko Nakahira's Cammy manga.
 * In Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories, the main character can wear an identical outfit called the "Dragon Jumpsuit".
 * In Shadow Hearts, Wugui's signature move is called "Game of Death".
 * In Shadow Hearts: From the New World, talking cat and drunken master Mao confronts the master of cat martial arts, the tracksuit-clad "Bruce Meow".
 * In WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008, the tracksuit is available in the "Create a WWE Superstar" mode.
 * In Persona 4, the character Chie Satonaka's Persona is dressed in the same yellow jumpsuit, and fights with a combination of spears and Jeet Kun Do.
 * In Street Fighter IV, the character Rufus wears a yellow and black tracksuit. The suit matches his personality of having a great love for martial arts movies, leading to his style being adopted from imitating martial arts movies and mail order courses.
 * In the online game Dragon Fist 3: Age of the Warrior, one of the characters from martial arts films is Billy Lo (with Lee being animated out) from this film, dressed in the yellow-and-black jumpsuit, fighting with Jeet Kune Do, using a yellow nunchaku (which is not found in the Character Editor) as a weapon, and the one inch punch as a special move.
 * In most servers of the Dragonica online game, the gladiator class can summon a Bruce Lee-styled character named Bro Lee who wears the jumpsuit to perform some Kung Fu moves. The players can also buy the suit from the cash shop to equip on their characters.
 * The yellow-and-black tracksuit can be bought in Mortal Kombat: Armageddon for use in the Kreate-A-Fighter mode.
 * In Rumble Fighter, Billy's jumpsuit is available in yellow, blue and green under the name "Billy Lo". Jeet Kune Do is also available as a fighting style.
 * A similar tracksuit can be found and worn in the Capcom game Dead Rising 2.
 * In Sleeping Dogs, Wei Shen can wear the "Hai Tien Vintage Jumpsuit".
 * In The Last of Us, one of Ellie's unlockable costumes is the yellow jumpsuit that can obtained after beating the game on survivor difficulty.
 * In Animal Crossing: New Leaf, there are several pieces of clothing that resemble this iconic outfit. They are referred to as the "Dragon Suit".
 * In My Talking Tom, your Tom can unlock the "Jumpsuit Fur" when he reaches level 30.
 * In EA Sports UFC and EA Sports UFC 2, the unlockable Bruce Lee character wears yellow-and black-compression shorts modeled after the yellow track suit.
 * In Anarchy Reigns, Bayonetta (from the titular franchise) appears as a downloadable character and features a yellow-and-black costume resembling the tracksuit. Bayonetta's later appearances in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate also features a similar yellow-and-black costume.

TV

 * In Taskmaster seventh series, Phil Wang wore a costume inspired by the yellow and black jumpsuit from Game of Death. However, this jumpsuit was very revealing of his genitals, leading to jokes at his expense throughout the series from the rest of the cast.

Comics

 * Shang-Chi wore two different suits that were inspired by the yellow and black jumpsuit. The first one, which had a one time appearance in Secret Avengers #18 (2011), was a black tracksuit with red bars.  Shang-Chi's second suit, that he wore starting with Avengers vol. 5 #1 (2012), was a modernized version of Lee's tracksuit that was a red jumpsuit with a black pattern on the sides and chest.
 * In Iron Fist: The Living Weapon #8 (2014), Iron Fist gained an updated suit that was modeled off Lee's yellow and black tracksuit. The new suit was a black (green in some artwork) tracksuit with yellow bars, sported yellow Onitsuka Tiger shoes and included a yellow collar, mask and Iron Fist's signature dragon insignia on the chest.

Home media
As one of Bruce Lee's perennially popular handful of films to receive wide exposure to Western audiences, Game of Death has seen many reissues in every home video format. It is particularly widespread on DVD and Blu-ray and was released on the latter in a new 4K restoration in 2016, scanned from the original negative.

title: Game of Death


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Meal powder

Meal powder is the fine dust left over when black powder (gunpowder) is corned and screened to separate it into different grain sizes. It is used extensively in various pyrotechnic procedures, usually to prime other compositions. It can also be used in many fireworks to add power and substantially increasing the height of the firework. The powder has occasionally been used as a synonym for Serpentine powder, which it physically resembles.

'Mill meal' powder is a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulfur in the correct proportions (75% potassium nitrate:15% charcoal:10% sulfur) which has been ball-milled to mix it intimately. It is used in the same way as commercial meal powder or can be pressed and corned to produce true black powder.

Meal powder is made by mixing the ingredients by mass, rather than volume. These ingredients are processed in a ball mill, basically a rotating drum with non-sparking ceramic or lead balls. The more time spent in the mill, the more effective the powder will be. One main reason to ball mill as opposed to other methods is because it presses sulfur and KNO3 into the porous charcoal.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Meal powder


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Category:Stubs by region

This category is for stubs which are sub-categorised by country or region. You can help Wikipedia by expanding them.

title: Category:Stubs by region


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Fist of Fury

Fist of Fury (, also known as The Chinese Connection) is a 1972 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Lo Wei and produced by Raymond Chow. The film stars Bruce Lee in his major role after The Big Boss (1971). Bruce Lee also worked as the film's action choreographer. In the film, Chen Zhen, a student of Huo Yuanjia, fights to defend the honor of the Chinese in the face of foreign aggression and also exact vengeance responsible for Huo's death.

The film was Lee's second kung fu film and also touched on sensitive issues surrounding Japanese colonialism. It also featured fairly realistic fight choreography for its time and also differs from other films in the genre for its historical and social references, especially to Japanese imperialism.

Fist of Fury grossed an estimated US$100 million worldwide (equivalent to over US$million adjusted for inflation) against a budget of $100,000. It was the highest-grossing Hong Kong film until Bruce Lee's following film The Way of the Dragon (1972).

Plot
In 1908 Shanghai, Chen Zhen returns to Jingwu School to marry his fiancée Yuan Li'er, but Chen learns that his master Huo Yuanjia has died, apparently from illness, which devastates Chen. During the funeral, people from a Japanese dojo in Hongkou District arrive to taunt the Jingwu students. Wu En, translator and advisor for the Japanese dojo's grandmaster Hiroshi Suzuki, taunts Chen by slapping him on the cheek several times and dares him to fight one of Suzuki's protégés.

They present a sign to Jingwu School, bearing the words "Sick Man of East Asia", seemingly to insult Huo Yuanjia, describing the Chinese as "weaklings" in comparison to the Japanese. The protégé taunts the Jingwu students to fight him and promises, "I'll eat those words if any Chinese here dare to fight and defeat me". Chen Zhen wants to retaliate, but is prevented by Fan Junxia, the most senior student in the school. Shortly afterwards, Chen Zhen goes to the Hongkou dojo alone to return the sign. He winds up fighting the Japanese students, defeating all of them, including their sensei, single-handedly. Chen smashes the glass on the sign and makes the students who taunted him earlier chew up the paper bearing the derogatory words, so as to make them literally "eat their words".

Later, Chen takes a stroll to a park, but a Sikh guard refuses him entry, due to a posted sign that forbids dogs and Chinese in the park. After the guard allows a foreigner to bring her pet dog into the park, a Japanese man approaches Chen and tells him that if he behaves like a dog, Chen will be allowed to go in. Chen beats up the man and his friends in anger. After the fight, Chen breaks the sign. The guard blows his whistle to alert the police, but the citizens who watched the whole fight help Chen to escape the park. The Japanese students and their master retaliate by attacking Jingwu School on Suzuki's orders. After causing severe damage, the Japanese students leave. Wu, accompanying the Japanese students, warns Jingwu School to hand over Chen.

Chen returns and realises that he has caused big trouble. His fellow students refuse to hand him over to the Japanese so they make plans to help him escape from Shanghai. That night, Chen discovers that Master Huo had actually been poisoned by Tian, the cook. Chen sees Tian and Feng Guishi, the caretaker, talking. Chen kills Tian, followed by Feng while trying to determine why they killed Master Huo. Chen hangs Tian and Feng's bodies from a lamp post. Yuan Li'er finds him hiding near Huo's grave and they share a passionate moment together.

Meanwhile, Suzuki forces Inspector Lo, to arrest Chen, but he eludes them. While Suzuki is entertaining his visiting friend Petrov, Chen kills Wu and hangs his body from the lamp post. The angry Suzuki heads to the Japanese Consulate and reports Chen, then on Tian's brother's advice sends his men to Jingwu School to kill everyone inside. That same night, Chen barges into the dojo to take his revenge, killing the students' master, Yoshida, Petrov and Suzuki. Chen returns to Jingwu School and finds most from Jingwu School and the Hongkou dojo dead, but a few Jingwu students - among them Yuan, Fan Junxia and Xu - are still alive, as they had also been searching for Chen at the grave site, acting on a tip from Yuan.

Inspector Lo arrives at Jingwu to arrest Chen, who agrees to surrender himself to Lo to protect his master's legacy. Lo tells Chen that he can always trust him since he is Chinese. As they exit the school, Chen faces a line of armed Japanese soldiers and Western policemen at the outer gate, all pointing their guns at him. Furious, Chen charges the line and makes a flying kick, whereupon the soldiers shoot him. As the shots are heard, the scene freezes while Chen is airborne.

Cast

 * Bruce Lee as Chen Zhen
 * Nora Miao as Yuan Li'er (Yuan Le-erh), Chen Zhen's fiancée. The character name, though appearing in the closing credits, is never mentioned in the plot.
 * Riki Hashimoto as Hiroshi Suzuki (Japanese: 鈴木博, Suzuki Hiroshi), the master of the Hongkou dojo
 * Jackie Chan as stunt double for Hiroshi Suzuki
 * Robert Baker as Petrov (Russian: Петров), a Russian gang boss and Suzuki's friend, who performed feats of strength.
 * Tien Feng as Fan Junxia (Fan Chun-hsia), the eldest student in Jing Wu School
 * Paul Wei as Wu En, Suzuki's translator
 * Fung Ngai as Yoshida (Japanese: 吉田, Yoshida), the head instructor in the Hongkou dojo
 * Lo Wei as Inspector Lo, the police inspector
 * Huang Tsung-hsing as Tian, the cook in Jing Wu School
 * Han Ying-chieh as Feng Guishi (Feng Kwai-sher), the caretaker in Jing Wu School
 * James Tien as Fan Jiaqi (Fan Chia-chi), the second eldest student in Jing Wu
 * Maria Yi as Yen, a female Jing Wu student
 * Jun Katsumura as Suzuki’s bodyguard
 * Lee Kwan as Xu, the third eldest student in Jing Wu
 * Jackie Chan as a Jing Wu Student (Special Appearance)
 * Corey Yuen as a Suzuki's Student

Production
Jackie Chan appeared in Fist of Fury, both as an extra and as a stunt double for the Japanese villain Hiroshi Suzuki (portrayed by Riki Hashimoto), particularly during the final fight scene where Lee kicks him and he flies through the air.

Lee was not a fan of the director or his direction. According to Jackie Chan, he saw Lo Wei and Bruce Lee get into a verbal altercation that nearly escalated to a physical altercation. Lo Wei then hid behind his wife who was then able to calm Lee down.

Title
Fist of Fury was accidentally released in the U.S. under the title The Chinese Connection. That title was a means of tapping the popularity of another film, The French Connection (starring Gene Hackman), released in the U.S. in 1971. That title was intended to be used for the U.S. release of another Bruce Lee film, The Big Boss, which also involved drug smuggling. However, the U.S. titles for Fist of Fury and The Big Boss were accidentally switched, resulting in Fist of Fury being released in the U.S. under the title The Chinese Connection until 2005, while The Big Boss was released as Fists of Fury.

Recent television screenings and the current official DVD release (by 20th Century Fox, originally available in The Bruce Lee Ultimate Collection box set) in the U.S. have restored the original titles of all the films starring Bruce Lee. Fist of Fury is now officially known as Fist of Fury in the U.S.. The current DVD version also has a subtitle that reads "A.K.A. The Chinese Connection" when the Fist of Fury title appears on screen, as the source material is the Fortune Star digital remasters.

Dubbing
Sync sound was not widely used in Hong Kong cinema for a long time so the voices (even on the original Cantonese track) for the film were dubbed. The voice of the Russian fighter Petrov on the original Mandarin track was dubbed by Bruce Lee, with added reverb.

This film marks one of the few times that a DVD has an alternative new commentary. Media Asia UK distributor Hong Kong Legends has released this film as a "Special Collector's Edition" and a "Platinum Edition". Bey Logan recorded two alternative commentaries for both releases. The usual process with re-releases on DVD is that the commentary is passed on to the next release. Logan decided to re-record his second commentary as he wanted to give it a new light, being an avid fan of this film. The re-dubbed theme song was played by Mike Remedios. Bey Logan had previously done a commentary track for the Media Asia Megastar DVD release, which is almost word for word the same as the commentary he did for Hong Kong Legends years later. Donnie Yen did the Cantonese language commentary on the same Megastar DVD.

In 2021, Fist of Fury was dubbed into Noongar, a native Australian dialect. It was the first film to be dubbed into said language.

Release
The film was released on 22 March 1972 in Hong Kong by Golden Harvest, and first released in the United States on 7 November 1972 in New York before Lee's first major film, The Big Boss, was released there.

The film was originally distributed in the U.S. by National General Pictures beginning in 1973, shortly before the release of Enter the Dragon. Columbia Pictures acquired the U.S. distribution rights to the film, after the demise of National General Pictures, in 1980 and re-released it, along with The Big Boss, as a studio-sanctioned double feature with the tagline "What's better than a Bruce Lee movie? Two Bruce Lee Movies!"

In Japan, the film was released on 20 July 1974. Several scenes in the Japanese version were censored due to Raymond Chow's concerns over how the film's anti-Japanese sentiments would be received by Japanese audiences.

Box office
Upon its Hong Kong release, Fist of Fury grossed HK$4,431,423, beating the previous box office record set by Lee's The Big Boss in the previous year. During its initial run, it grossed more than US$5 million in Southeast Asia and US$15,000,000 across Asia.

In the United States and Canada, the film topped the box office in June 1973, and earned US$3.4 million in distributor rentals by the end of 1973, equivalent to an estimated box office gross revenue of approximately US$,000,000. Upon its July 1973 release in South Korea, the film sold 317,780 tickets in the capital city of Seoul. The film was also a success in the United Kingdom, where it released on 19 July 1973, a day before Lee's death. In France, it became the 12th highest-grossing film of 1974 (below two other Lee films in the top ten, Enter the Dragon and Way of the Dragon), with 3,013,676 ticket sales. In Spain, the film sold 2,034,752 tickets.

In Japan, despite the film's negative portrayal of Japanese villains, the film went on to be a surprise blockbuster in the country. Most Japanese audiences did not identify with the Japanese villains who they perceived as "unreal" and "stupid" but instead identified with Lee's "Chinese warrior" spirit which reminded them of the bushido spirit depicted in older Samurai cinema. Fist of Fury became the year's seventh highest-grossing film in Japan, with ¥600,000,000 in distributor rental earnings.

Against a tight budget of $100,000, the film went on to gross an estimated US$100 million worldwide (equivalent to approximately US$million adjusted for inflation), earning 0 times its budget. It was the highest-grossing Hong Kong film up until Lee's The Way of the Dragon (1972).

Critical response
Upon release in Asia, a review for Variety magazine in November 1972 called it a "Naive Hong Kong-made meller, of little U.S. commercial appeal" despite the "charm of Lee's invincible heroics." The reviewer felt that it was an "exuberant novelty act" unlikely to find Western appeal but that Lee's "aggressive boyish charm" could "prove appealing to U.S. femmes."

Upon release in North America, John Gillett of the Monthly Film Bulletin reviewed a 106 minute dubbed version of the film in May 1973. Gillett commented on Bruce Lee stating that he had "somewhat rudimentary and charmless acting style (all curled lips, sinister glances and clenched fists), but he performs his main function—that of keeping the action going through a series of furious karate fights—with considerable aplomb and proves as adept with his feet as with his fists." While finding the story "extremely naive" and that the "anti-Japanese bias is more rather more pronounced" while the fight sequences "are staged with tremendous vigour (and a judicious use of slow-motion)" concluding that "the production values are only moderate, with a rather uneasy fusion of studio interiors and real street locations, and the English dubbing is unusually inept."

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an aggregated review score of 83% based on 18 critic reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 68 out of 100 based on four critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The film may have been the only one which Chairman Mao watched three times.

Themes
Fist of Fury deals with topics of injustice, grief, revenge and consequences. Chen Zhen goes through a great deal of grief after the death of his master. This grief eats away at Zhen as well as the injustice he and his peers deal with from the Japanese racism towards them. The movie shows Zhen going out to get revenge but the cost is dear, losing the majority of his peers and his freedom.

Home media
In the United Kingdom, the film was watched by 600,000 viewers on Channel 5 in 2009, making it the year's most-watched foreign-language film on Channel 5.

Sequels and remakes
The film spawned three sequels: One starring Jackie Chan titled New Fist of Fury (1976), followed by Fist of Fury II (1977), Fist of Fury III (1979), and the South Korean spin-off Last Fist of Fury (1979). The film also has comedy called Fist of Fury 1991 (1991), and a loose remake titled Fist of Legend (1994) starring Jet Li. A year after, the film spawned the television series Fist of Fury (1995) starring Donnie Yen as Chen Zhen. Donnie Yen reprised his role as Chen Zhen on the show’s 15th anniversary in Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen (2010).

title: Fist of Fury


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The Way of the Dragon

The Way of the Dragon (, originally released in the United States as Return of the Dragon) is a 1972 Hong Kong martial arts action comedy film co-produced and directed by Bruce Lee, who also stars in the lead role. This is Lee's only complete directorial film and the last one released during his lifetime. The film co-stars Nora Miao, Robert Wall, Wei Ping-ou and Chuck Norris (playing his debut screen role).

The Way of the Dragon was released in Hong Kong on 30 December 1972, and in the United States in August 1974. The film went on to gross an estimated US$130 million worldwide (equivalent to over US$700 million adjusted for inflation), against a tight budget of $130,000, earning a thousand times its budget. It was the highest-grossing Hong Kong film up until Lee's next film Enter the Dragon (1973).

The film is primarily set in a restaurant in Rome. The owners are being harassed by a local crime boss, and request help from a relative in Hong Kong. The help arrives in the form of a young martial artist. The conflict between the restaurant staff and the gangsters soon escalates.

Plot
In Rome, Chen Ching-hua and her uncle Wang experience trouble with their restaurant from a crime boss who wants their property. When Chen refuses to give it up, the boss sends gangsters there to scare away the customers. Appealing to an uncle in Hong Kong, Chen receives help in the form of a young martial artist Tang Lung. On his first arrival, Tang is disoriented by his new surroundings and appears to be a country bumpkin. Disappointed, Chen asks what help he can be, but Tang confidently assures her that he is capable enough. At the restaurant, Tang learns that the staff have begun to learn karate, much to the annoyance of Quen, an employee who favors kung fu. Tang advises Quen to be open-minded and make use of anything that works.

Before long, the gangsters appear at the restaurant and threaten the customers away while Tang is using the bathroom. Upset by Tang's poor timing, the staff question his skill and the usefulness of his style. When the gangsters later return, the staff engage the thugs in a fight, only to be beaten. However, Tang single-handedly defeats them, causing the staff to decide to train under him. Uncle Wang warns them that the gangsters will seek revenge, but Tang vows to protect the restaurant. Chen and Tang grow closer and she takes him on a tour of Rome, though Tang is unimpressed by the city. Ho, the crime boss's subordinate, returns with armed men and takes the restaurant staff hostage. Ho gives Tang a ticket to Hong Kong and tells him to go back. However, when his men escort Tang outside, Tang fights back and defeats the thugs with his two nunchakus, followed by the help of the restaurant staff.

Tang warns Ho not to return and the thugs leave the restaurant. The staff celebrate their victory, but the gang boss threatens to have Tang killed unless he leaves by Chinese New Year. Uncle Wang urges Chen to convince Tang to leave. When Tang refuses to abandon the restaurant, an assassin tries to kill him from a nearby rooftop with a sniper rifle. Already fidgety from nearby fireworks, Tang survives the attempt. He then tracks down and defeats the assassin after tricking him into wasting his ammunition. When he returns to the apartment, he finds that Chen is gone. Assuming that Ho has kidnapped her, Tang goes to the boss' headquarters with the restaurant staff, defeating his men. Tang issues a final warning to the boss to leave the restaurant alone. The staff again celebrate, but a telegram for Tang cuts this short when they learn that he has been summoned back to Hong Kong. Tang assures them that he will not leave until the situation is resolved. Ho hires two martial artists to challenge Tang – Japanese and European karate masters who initially refuse to work together.

Ho also recruits a world-class martial artist named Colt and leads some of the restaurant staff to an isolated spot under the pretence of a truce, where the two martial artists ambush them. These initially defeat the staff until Tang intervenes and leaves the staff to finish the last one. Ho lures Tang away to fight Colt at the Colosseum. Left behind, Uncle Wang knifes the two remaining members of the staff as he wants to sell the restaurant to the crime boss and return to Hong Kong as a rich man. In a decisive ten-minute battle, Tang disables Colt and kills him with reluctance after Colt refuses an opportunity for mercy. Tang then places Colt's gi and black belt atop his dead body as a gesture of respect, before discovering Ho and chasing after him out of the Colosseum. As Tang and Ho return to the ambush site, the mob boss arrives and shoots both Ho and Uncle Wang. Led by Chen, the police arrest the boss as he tries to kill Tang. With the matter finally resolved, Tang returns to Hong Kong, where Quen tells Chen that Tang is a loner who will never settle down.

Production
Bruce Lee formed his own production company, Concord Production Inc., with Golden Harvest founder Raymond Chow, and The Way of the Dragon was the company's first film. As well as acting as its producer, Lee also wrote the script, directed the film and played percussion on the soundtrack.

The film was originally intended as only for the Asian market, but was ultimately "responsible for maintaining the momentum of martial arts films in America". What makes it particularly memorable is the treatment of the fight in the Colosseum, with Chuck Norris making his film debut there. Lee filmed it "in long takes, framing it so that you could see their entire bodies. He used dramatic lighting, making both of them look larger-than-life."

Box office
Prior to release, the film's initial tight budget of US$130,000 was already covered by pre-sales in Taiwan alone. Upon release, the film earned HK$5,307,350.50 at the Hong Kong box office, beating previous records set by Lee's own films, The Big Boss and Fist of Fury, and making it the highest-grossing film of 1972 in Hong Kong. The Way of the Dragon went on to gross HK$5.4 million, making it the highest-grossing film ever in Hong Kong up until then.

In the United States and Canada, the film received a wide release in August 1974, topping the North American box office charts. In New York City alone, the film opened with earnings of more than US$1,000,000 in its first five days. At Chicago's Oriental Theater, the film drew long queues before opening, setting an all-time theater record with 4,000 tickets sold within several hours of its opening. The film grossed US$250,000 within two weeks of release at the Oriental Theater.

At two other Chicago theaters in Black neighbourhoods, the film earned US$185,000 in its opening week. At a number of theaters, the film drew loud cheers from Black audiences like a prizefight, particularly during the climactic fight where audiences cheered on Lee as he fought Chuck Norris. Within a month of its release, the film earned nearly US$4,000,000 in the United States. The film earned US$5,200,000 in US distributor rentals during its initial run. With later re-releases, the film went on to gross a total box office revenue of US$85 million in the United States.

In France, it became the eighth highest-grossing film of 1974 (below Enter the Dragon at #5 and above Fist of Fury at #12), with 4,002,004 ticket sales. In Spain, the film sold 2,345,259 tickets. In Germany, it was the 13th highest-grossing film of 1975, with 1.5 million ticket sales. In Japan, the film earned ¥772 million in distribution rentals, becoming the ninth highest-grossing film of 1975. In South Korea, the film sold 182,530 tickets in the capital city of Seoul. The film was also a commercial success in India when it released there in 1979. In one Bombay theater alone, New Excelsior, the film earned an estimated ₹million in its first eight weeks.

Against the film's final budget of $130,000, the film initially grossed US$50,000,000 worldwide, before increasing its gross to US$85 million and then US$100,000,000 by 1974. It eventually grossed an estimated total of US$130 million (equivalent to approximately US$million adjusted for inflation), earning 0 times its budget. It was the highest-grossing Hong Kong film up until Lee's next film, Enter the Dragon (1973).

Reception and legacy
Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92% favourable critics' response, commenting on Lee's work that it shows "a surprising change of pace from his usual hard-hitting action fare because it favors humor as much as it does kung-fu". Upon release, Roger Ebert initially gave a mixed review in the Chicago Sun-Times, saying he found the plot simplistic and its conventions unbelievable but commented that "this sort of stuff is magnificently silly, and Lee, to give him credit, never tried to rise above it." Retrospective reviews have since been positive, with the film's comedy elements compared favourably to Charlie Chaplin and Jackie Chan, while the final fight between Bruce Lee and Chuck Norris is considered one of the greatest fight scenes of all time.

At the 11th Golden Horse Awards, it was judged a runner-up Best Feature Film and was recognised for Best Film Editing. Later on, it ranked #95 in Empire magazine's list "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010. According to Gene Freese, the final fight between Lee and Norris is considered "by many to be the greatest movie fight ever" filmed. It has been listed as one of the greatest fight scenes of all time in a number of publications. In 1978, following Lee's death, an exploitation sequel was released titled Way of the Dragon 2, starring Bruce Le and Bolo Yeung.

During the fight scene between Bruce Lee and Chuck Norris, Lee demonstrated and popularized a technique that would later be called the oblique kick. This technique is frequently used by several modern mixed martial arts (MMA) fighters, most notably the UFC pound-for-pound champion Jon Jones, who cited Lee as an inspiration.

title: The Way of the Dragon


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hans hönhe

Hans hönhe was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Appears to be a sly but very offensive hoax. A single almost-match on Google, "Hans Höhne", leads to a page on medal collecting where the HH in question appears to be a Hitler Youth. — Bill 20:05, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * About as sly and subtle as throwing a brick through a window in broad daylight in front of a large crowd. Vanity, or worse, Delete. - RedWordSmith 21:35, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * ...and the window is that of a car with a really loud and obnoxious car alarm - RedWordSmith 21:42, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as rapidly as possible. -- Jmabel 00:28, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Offensive prank.   — Gwalla | Talk 03:06, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unsinnlich unt nicht komisch! --Improv 14:48, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I've also restored the three pages this anon vandalised at the same time. Andrewa 15:11, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: This is another reason for the Managed Delete scheme. This is offensive, anti-semitic junk, and it has to sit here for 10 days or so. Geogre 13:54, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Anti-Semitic patent nonsense. Delete! - Mike Rosoft 10:08, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
List of holidays by country

Below are lists of public holidays by countries.

Current countries

 * Public holidays in Afghanistan
 * Public holidays in Albania
 * Public holidays in Algeria
 * Public holidays in Andorra
 * Public holidays in Angola
 * Public holidays in Antigua and Barbuda
 * Public holidays in Argentina
 * Public holidays in Armenia
 * Public holidays in Australia
 * Public holidays in Christmas Island
 * Public holidays in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
 * Public holidays in Norfolk Island
 * Public holidays in Austria
 * Public holidays in Azerbaijan
 * Public holidays in the Bahamas
 * Public holidays in Bahrain
 * Public holidays in Bangladesh
 * Public holidays in Barbados
 * Public holidays in Belarus
 * Public holidays in Belgium
 * Public holidays in Belize
 * Public holidays in Benin
 * Public holidays in Bermuda
 * Public holidays in Bhutan
 * Public holidays in Bolivia
 * Public holidays in Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Public holidays in Botswana
 * Public holidays in Brazil
 * Public holidays in Brunei
 * Public holidays in Bulgaria
 * Public holidays in Burkina Faso
 * Public holidays in Burundi
 * Public holidays in Cambodia
 * Public holidays in Cameroon
 * Public holidays in Canada
 * Public holidays in Cape Verde
 * Public holidays in the Central African Republic
 * Public holidays in Chad
 * Public holidays in Chile
 * Public holidays in China
 * Public holidays in Hong Kong
 * Public holidays in Macau
 * Public holidays in Colombia
 * Public holidays in the Comoros
 * Public holidays in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Public holidays in the Republic of the Congo
 * Public holidays in Costa Rica
 * Public holidays in Ivory Coast
 * Public holidays in Croatia
 * Public holidays in Cuba
 * Public holidays in Cyprus
 * Public holidays in the Czech Republic
 * Public holidays in Denmark
 * Public holidays in the Faroe Islands
 * Public holidays in Greenland
 * Public holidays in Djibouti
 * Public holidays in Dominica
 * Public holidays in the Dominican Republic
 * Public holidays in East Timor
 * Public holidays in Ecuador
 * Public holidays in Egypt
 * Public holidays in El Salvador
 * Public holidays in Equatorial Guinea
 * Public holidays in Eritrea
 * Public holidays in Estonia
 * Public holidays in Eswatini
 * Public holidays in Ethiopia
 * Public holidays in Fiji
 * Public holidays in Finland
 * Public holidays in the Åland Islands
 * Public holidays in France
 * Public holidays in Guadeloupe
 * Public holidays in French Guiana
 * Public holidays in Martinique
 * Public holidays in New Caledonia
 * Public holidays in French Polynesia
 * Public holidays in Réunion
 * Public holidays in Saint Barthélemy
 * Public holidays in Saint Martin
 * Public holidays in Wallis and Futuna
 * Public holidays in Gabon
 * Public holidays in the Gambia
 * Public holidays in Georgia
 * Public holidays in Abkhazia
 * Public holidays in South Ossetia
 * Public holidays in Germany
 * Public holidays in Ghana
 * Public holidays in Greece
 * Public holidays in Grenada
 * Public holidays in Guatemala
 * Public holidays in Guernsey
 * Public holidays in Guinea
 * Public holidays in Guinea-Bissau
 * Public holidays in Guyana
 * Public holidays in Haiti
 * Public holidays in Honduras
 * Public holidays in Hungary
 * Public holidays in Iceland
 * Public holidays in India
 * Public holidays in Indonesia
 * Public holidays in Iran
 * Public holidays in Iraq
 * Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
 * Public holidays in the Isle of Man
 * Public holidays in Israel
 * Public holidays in Italy
 * Public holidays in Jamaica
 * Public holidays in Japan
 * Public holidays in Jersey
 * Public holidays in Jordan
 * Public holidays in Kazakhstan
 * Public holidays in Kenya
 * Public holidays in Kiribati
 * Public holidays in North Korea
 * Public holidays in South Korea
 * Public holidays in Kosovo
 * Public holidays in Kuwait
 * Public holidays in Kyrgyzstan
 * Public holidays in Laos
 * Public holidays in Latvia
 * Public holidays in Lebanon
 * Public holidays in Lesotho
 * Public holidays in Liberia
 * Public holidays in Libya
 * Public holidays in Liechtenstein
 * Public holidays in Lithuania
 * Public holidays in Luxembourg
 * Public holidays in Madagascar
 * Public holidays in Malawi
 * Public holidays in Malaysia
 * Public holidays in the Maldives
 * Public holidays in Mali
 * Public holidays in Malta
 * Public holidays in the Marshall Islands
 * Public holidays in Mauritania
 * Public holidays in Mauritius
 * Public holidays in Mexico
 * Public holidays in the Federated States of Micronesia
 * Public holidays in Moldova
 * Public holidays in Transnistria
 * Public holidays in Monaco
 * Public holidays in Mongolia
 * Public holidays in Montenegro
 * Public holidays in Morocco
 * Public holidays in Mozambique
 * Public holidays in Myanmar
 * Public holidays in Namibia
 * Public holidays in Nauru
 * Public holidays in Nepal
 * Public holidays in the Netherlands
 * Public holidays in Aruba
 * Public holidays in Bonaire
 * Public holidays in Curaçao
 * Public holidays in Saba
 * Public holidays in Sint Eustatius
 * Public holidays in Sint Maarten
 * Public holidays in New Zealand
 * Public holidays in the Cook Islands
 * Public holidays in Niue
 * Public holidays in Tokelau
 * Public holidays in Nicaragua
 * Public holidays in Niger
 * Public holidays in Nigeria
 * Public holidays in North Macedonia
 * Public holidays in Norway
 * Public holidays in Oman
 * Public holidays in Pakistan
 * Public holidays in Palau
 * Public holidays in Palestine
 * Public holidays in Panama
 * Public holidays in Papua New Guinea
 * Public holidays in Paraguay
 * Public holidays in Peru
 * Public holidays in the Philippines
 * Public holidays in Poland
 * Public holidays in Portugal
 * Public holidays in Qatar
 * Public holidays in Romania
 * Public holidays in Russia
 * Public holidays in Rwanda
 * Public holidays in Saint Kitts and Nevis
 * Public holidays in Saint Lucia
 * Public holidays in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * Public holidays in Samoa
 * Public holidays in San Marino
 * Public holidays in São Tomé and Príncipe
 * Public holidays in Saudi Arabia
 * Public holidays in Senegal
 * Public holidays in Serbia
 * Public holidays in Seychelles
 * Public holidays in Sierra Leone
 * Public holidays in Singapore
 * Public holidays in Slovakia
 * Public holidays in Slovenia
 * Public holidays in Solomon Islands
 * Public holidays in Somalia
 * Public holidays in Somaliland
 * Public holidays in South Africa
 * Public holidays in South Sudan
 * Public holidays in Spain
 * Public holidays in Sri Lanka
 * Public holidays in Sudan
 * Public holidays in Suriname
 * Public holidays in Sweden
 * Public holidays in Switzerland
 * Public holidays in Syria
 * Public holidays in Taiwan
 * Public holidays in Tajikistan
 * Public holidays in Tanzania
 * Public holidays in Thailand
 * Public holidays in Togo
 * Public holidays in Tonga
 * Public holidays in Trinidad and Tobago
 * Public holidays in Tunisia
 * Public holidays in Turkey
 * Public holidays in Northern Cyprus
 * Public holidays in Turkmenistan
 * Public holidays in Tuvalu
 * Public holidays in Uganda
 * Public holidays in Ukraine
 * Public holidays in the United Arab Emirates
 * Public holidays in the United Kingdom
 * Public holidays in Anguilla
 * Public holidays in the British Virgin Islands
 * Public holidays in the Cayman Islands
 * Public holidays in Gibraltar
 * Public holidays in the Falkland Islands
 * Public holidays in Montserrat
 * Public holidays in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
 * Public holidays in the Turks and Caicos Islands
 * Public holidays in the United States
 * Public holidays in Guam
 * Public holidays in Puerto Rico
 * Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands
 * Public holidays in Uruguay
 * Public holidays in Uzbekistan
 * Public holidays in Vanuatu
 * Public holidays in Vatican City
 * Public holidays in Venezuela
 * Public holidays in Vietnam
 * Public holidays in Yemen
 * Public holidays in Zambia
 * Public holidays in Zimbabwe

Former countries

 * Public holidays in Rhodesia
 * Public holidays in the Soviet Union
 * Public holidays in Yugoslavia

title: List of holidays by country


text: Template:Australia-stub

title: Template:Australia-stub


text:
Sync sound

Sync sound (synchronized sound recording) refers to sound recorded at the time of the filming of movies. It has been widely used in movies since the birth of sound movies.

History
Even in the silent film era, films were shown with sounds, often with musical accompaniment by a pianist or an orchestra keeping time with the screen action. The first synchronization was a turning recording device marked with a white spot. As the white spot rotated, the cameraman hand-cranked the camera to keep it in sync with the recording. The method was then repeated for playback, but with the projectionist hand cranking the film projector. "Single-system" sound recorded sound optically to part of the original camera film, or magnetically to a stripe of magnetic coating along the film edge.

"Double-system" sound used independent cameras and sound recorders. The first sync sound standard used recorders and cameras both powered by AC (alternating current) motors - essentially clock motors.

Later the 50 Hz or 60 Hz sine wave, called a Pilottone, was recorded on a second parallel track of an audio recorder.

In double-system film, speed variations of camera and recorder, as well as the elasticity of the magnetic recording tape, requires some positive means of keying the dialogue to its appropriate film frame. The inclusion on the sound recorder of a second, parallel, sync or "Pilotone" track, has been the most common method in use until today. In video recording, synchronism is electronically generated and generally called dual-system sound

On location, a camera is driven by a DC motor, with some sort of governor control to hold it fairly accurate at 24 fps, a sync pulse generator geared to the movement or motor shaft could be employed to provide the sync pulse output. A cable conducts the sync pulse from camera to sound recorder. The sync pulse is typically a sine wave of 50 or 60 Hz with an RMS amplitude of approximately 1 volt.

This double-system audio recording could then be transferred or "resolved" to sprocketed magnetic film, with sprocket holes that match one to one with the original camera film. These two sprocketed media could be run through a "Moviola" or flat-bed editing table such as the Steenbeck for synchronous sound editing.

With the introduction of the Bulova "Accutron" watch that used a tuning fork as a time reference (watches later used an oscillating electronic crystal), the camera no longer needed to be connected to the sound recorder with a cable. The camera speed was controlled by one oscillator, and a second oscillator in the recorder generated the Pilotone.

This method was developed in the 1960s by pioneering filmmaker Richard Leacock. It was called Direct Cinema. Filmmakers abandoned the studio and went out on location to film, often with hand-held cameras.

In 1972, Bell & Howell brought out a consumer version of a double-system Super-8 sound filmmaking system called "Filmosound". A compact cassette recorder was attached to the camera with a cable that transmitted a single pulse to the recorder every time a new frame of film was exposed in the camera. On playback, the cassette recorder pulse was used to control the projector speed.

At that time, Ricky Leacock, a professor in the MIT architecture department film section, developed a Super-8 film production system with a crystal-controlled camera, a crystal-generated Pilotone cassette recorder, a sprocketed magnetic film recorder, a flatbed editing table, and a projector. The MIT/Leacock System was funded with a $300,000 grant from the founder of Polaroid, Edwin Land.

In 1973, the one-pulse-per-frame technique was used to control recording directly onto sprocketed magnetic film in the Super8 Sound Recorder. The Super8 Sound Recorder could also "resolve" sound that had been recorded onto cassette tape with this new "digital" sync pulse.

Today, digital video cameras and digital sound recorders synchronize electronically, being used for double-system video production.

Pioneering films

 * On the Bowery by Lionel Rogosin (1956)
 * Chronicle of a Summer by Jean Rouch (1958)
 * Les Raquetteurs by Michel Brault and Gilles Groulx (1958)

Sync sound in Asia
In Hong Kong, sync sound was not widely used until the 1990s, as the generally noisy environment and lower production budgets made such a method impractical.

Indian films shot using sync sound include the first Indian talkie Alam Ara released in 1931 and art house films such as Satyajit Ray's Pather Panchali. The then popular Mitchell camera, which could be operated silently made it possible to shoot in sync sound. However, due to the change of shooting environments from studios to locations, as well as the surging popularity of the more portable but noisy Arri 2c camera, shooting with sync sound became less common during the mid 60s. Thus, most Indian films, including Bollywood films, shot after the 1960s do not use sync sound and for that very reason the 2001 films Lagaan and Dil Chahta Hai were noted for its use. The common practice in the Indian film industry, even today, is to dub the dialogues during post-production.

title: Sync sound


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Digital Angel Corporation

Digital Angel Corporation
Advert. See also next item. — Bill 20:10, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Keep, please. Newbie submitter, researching RFID industry. crispy 20:30, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Noticed at least one more (VeriChip Corporation) but abstained there. Abstain for now. (Gee, this'd better be good....) — Bill 20:52, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, and VeriChip Corporation should be deleted as well, and the people referenced in these articles. No further contribution from author, and no contributions other than these, including to RFID. I have a feeling we're being used to pump up Google ratings. — Bill 16:02, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm open to any suggestions for improvement... crispy 20:57, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep but heavily edit. --Daniel C. Boyer 21:11, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Keep if you want, but rewrite completly. Its a copyvio from (see About Digital Angel Corporation). -83.129.120.13 00:21, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete for non-notability. That's my digital angle on it. --Improv 14:48, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: no evidence of notability. Wile E. Heresiarch 21:35, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep but only if possible to include actual facts and/or figures about corporation. Otherwise, delete. Probably should be deleted if not fixed within a couple of months from now --flyhighplato 15:59, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Rubinomics

1) This page has too much political commentary. It should stick to the facts of the policy.

2) Agreed, and disagreed. It is even-handed enough.

Um, yeah.
Looks like the only information you can glean about Rubinomics is that it's the opposite of Reaganomics...

What a load of....
The article said "the economy expanded greatly; unemployment fell" - well, that may be true during the Clinton administration, but that was due to the effects of Raganomics which had preceeded the Clinton administration. What the Clintion Administration did was create the increased unemployment that happened after that administration. The economy is slow to respond. The Clinton Administration cannot take credit for the performance of the economy during its tenure anymore than we can blame George W. for 9/11 just because it happened in the first few weeks of that administrations tenure.

How did such a nasty POV article as this one make it to the front page in the first place! I am beginning to think that those who decide what goes on the front page have POV problems themselves.

Lets be more responsible, people! KeyStroke

I notice that this page is still on the front page and has not been pulled, even though the "disputability" of this article is not contested. Who is watching the store, here? Are the people who put the front page together all asleep at the switch? KeyStroke 18:30, 2004 Oct 8 (UTC)

'' "The tax increase will kill jobs and lead to a recession, and the recession will force people off of work and onto unemployment and will actually increase the deficit." Instead the economy expanded greatly; unemployment fell, as well as the budget deficit, which turned into a surplus. The U.S. stock market climbed and the economy created the environment that incubated the technology boom."''

This could be a causal fallacy. Simply because A occurred, then B, does not mean that one is the cause of the other. Evidence must be given to lend credence that raising taxes resulted in the aforementioned salutatory economics effects. Indeed, what if the economy improved for other reasons, and the tax increases held the economy back from its full potential? Economic entries must draw the line between qualitive and normative. MSTCrow 12:02, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

From the original author
Hey, I just wanted to define the term based on the views of those economists who believe in it. If you guys question it, you are welcome to revise it yourselves. The goal is a better article that is informative and objective, right???

Uggh. talk radio won't teach real economics.
This page should just describe Robert Rubin's approach to fiscal policy.

This article should not try to evaluate the merit of Rubinomics. That would require thousands of hours of work by trained professionals.

Most of the text I deleted was clearly written by people that have no real training in economics. Please, leave the text alone if you're just going to repeat what you hear on Fox news. --Waxmop 01:00, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Sir, I must wonder, despite your qualifictions, why you post behind an anonymous IP address, and hold no apparent Wikipedia account. Transparency is the key to credibility.  Do not disparage your detractors when you yourself seek to be exempt from scientific scrutiny.
 * MSTCrow 23:54, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

My Apologies
I didn't make an account coz I'm a newbie. I'll make one when I become better in this. I studied wiki's NPOV. There is a distinction between NPOV and objectivity, so my work was flawed all along. I better study the feature articles and learn from them, only then will I register. My apologies....

title: Talk:Rubinomics


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/James P. Santelli

James P. Santelli
Not notable. See also preceding. — Bill 20:11, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Keep, please. Newbie submitter, researching RFID industry. crispy 20:32, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, as above, Abstain for now. — Bill 20:52, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, and VeriChip Corporation should be deleted as well, and the item immediately above. No further contribution from author, and no contributions other than these, including to RFID. I have a feeling we're being used to pump up Google ratings. — Bill 16:03, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep but heavily edit; now resembles a resume. --Daniel C. Boyer 21:10, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Same as above . -83.129.120.13 00:28, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. We're not who's who. Not notable enough. --Improv 14:49, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: no evidence of notability. Wile E. Heresiarch 21:35, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not yet notable. Geogre 13:55, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Balvenie distillery

Balvenie distillery is a Speyside single malt Scotch whisky distillery located in Dufftown, Scotland. Is owned by William Grant & Sons.

History
William Grant was born on 19 December 1839 in his father's house in Dufftown. At seven he began herding cattle at a farm on the upper reaches of the River Deveron. He was apprenticed to a shoemaker then worked as a clerk, and then became a bookkeeper at Mortlach distillery 1866. There he was appointed as a clerk and then manager and learned the distilling trade.

After about twenty years, Grant left his job at the Mortlach distillery and bought a field near Balvenie Castle. He then drew up plans for his distillery, and the foundation stone was laid in the autumn of 1886.

Grant remained active in the company until his death in 1923 at the age of 83.

In early 1892 work began to convert an 18th-century mansion (Balvenie New House) into a distillery. The building took fifteen months to complete, and on 1 May 1893, the first distillation took place at the Balvenie Distillery.

David Stewart MBE, Balvenie's Malt Master, is one of the industry's most experienced experts and began working with William Grant & Sons in 1962. He was the first to create the process that would later be known as wood finishing, whereby whiskies are matured in one type of cask, such as ex-Bourbon barrels, then transferred into a second cask type (such as ex Sherry, Port or Rum), resulting in a greater depth and complexity of the final flavour of the whisky. He received his MBE from Queen Elizabeth II on the 5th of July, 2016 for his services to the Scotch Whisky Industry.

In media
In 2007, The Balvenie's previous Global Brand Ambassador David Laird presented an online documentary series about the making of malt whisky, shot in and around the Balvenie Distillery.

Whiskies
Balvenie makes whisky in the traditional batch process of the production of single malt. The use of locally grown barley is preferred, and it is floor-malted where possible. Of the 120+ distilleries in Scotland, Balvenie is one of only seven distilleries with its own malting floor. And the only distillery that still practises all 5 of the Rare Crafts all on site (growing barley, malting barley, onsite Copper Smith, onsite Cooperage, and The Balvenie Malt Master, David C Stewart).

Core Range

 * DoubleWood 12 Year Old
 * Caribbean Cask 14 Year Old
 * DoubleWood 17 Years Old
 * PortWood 21 Year Old

Stories Range
Launched in 2019, The Balvenie Stories Range is made up of whiskies based upon the stories of the craftsmen and people that work at the distillery, with many of them developing their skills at the distillery over several generations.
 * Story 1: The Sweet Toast of American Oak
 * Story 2: The Week of Peat
 * Story 3: A Day of Dark Barley

Connoisseur Range

 * Single Barrel 12 Year Old
 * Single Barrel 15 Year Old
 * Single Barrel 25 Year Old
 * Tun 1401 (Batches 1 - 9)
 * Tun 1858
 * Tun 1509

Rare & Precious Range

 * The Balvenie Thirty
 * The Balvenie Forty
 * The Balvenie Fifty
 * The Balvenie 50 Year Old Single Cask

Travel Retail Exclusive
In May 2013 The Balvenie commenced selling their triple cask range. These whiskies have been matured in three distinct cask types: Oloroso sherry butts, first-fill bourbon barrels, and traditional whisky casks. These can be characterised by subtle spice and honeycomb flavours. In this range are:

Also available for Travel Retail is the;
 * Triple Cask 12 Year Old
 * Triple Cask 16 Year Old
 * Triple Cask 25 Year Old
 * Triple Cask 14 Year Old Peated
 * Madeira 21 Year Old

This range is currently only available to international travellers through the duty-free section of airports.

Limited editions

 * Golden Cask 14 Year Old (Travel Retail exclusive)
 * Cuban Selection 14 Year Old (France)
 * Islay Cask 17 Year Old (released 2001)
 * NewWood 17 Year Old (released 2005)
 * NewOak 17 Year Old (released 2006)
 * SherryOak 17 Year Old (released 2007)
 * RumCask 17 Year Old (released 2008)
 * Madeira Cask 17 Year Old (released 2009)
 * Peated Cask 17 Year Old (released 2010)
 * Signature 12 Year Old (5 batches to date)
 * Craftsman's Reserve No 1 - The Cooper 15 year old (released 2012) limited to 515 bottles
 * PortWood 1989
 * PortWood 1991
 * PortWood 1993
 * 14 Year Old Peat Week

Vintage casks

 * The DCS Compendium Range of Balvenie was released, beginning in 2005. Each of the 5 Chapters contains 5 Vintage, single cask whiskies, ranging in age from the 1960s to the 21st century, as well as in cask type.

Awards
Some Balvenie offerings have received awards at spirits ratings competitions. At the San Francisco World Spirits Competitions from 2006 to 2012, its 15-year single barrel received: gold, silver, gold, silver, and double gold medals. Its Portwood Cask Finish 21 year won double gold in 2012—the last year it was rated in that competition. At the 2006 International Spirits Challenge, Balvenie's collective offerings yielded the biggest gold medal haul for any brand in any one year since the competition began.

Other notable awards:

 * 2013 World Whiskies Awards: The Balvenie 30 Year Old - Best Speyside Single Malt
 * 2009 International Spirits Challenge: The Balvenie PortWood 21 Year Old - Gold
 * 2009 International Wine & Spirit Competition: The Balvenie PortWood 21 Year Old - Best in Class
 * 2008 International Spirits Challenge: The Balvenie Signature Aged 12 Years - Gold
 * 2008 International Wine & Spirit Competition: The Balvenie PortWood 21 Year Old - Gold, The Balvenie Vintage 1974 - Gold, The Balvenie Vintage 1974 - Best in Class
 * 2008 Scotch Whisky Masters: The Balvenie PortWood 21 Year Old - Gold
 * 2008 San Francisco World Spirits Competition: The Balvenie Single Barrel 15 Year Old - Gold,  The Balvenie SherryOak 17 Year Old - Gold
 * 2008 World Whiskies Awards: The Balvenie SherryOak 17 Year Old - Speyside category winner

title: Balvenie distillery