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Digne-les-Bains

Digne-les-Bains (Occitan: Dinha dei Banhs), or simply and historically Digne (Dinha in the classical norm or Digno in the Mistralian norm), is the prefecture of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of Southeastern France. As of 2018, the commune had a population of 16,333. Its inhabitants are called Dignois (masculine) and Dignoises (feminine).

Site and location
Located on the edge of the Digne Prealps and on both sides of the river Bléone, which flows southwest through the middle of the commune and crosses the town; it forms part of the commune's northeastern and southwestern borders.

Digne-les-Bains is the capital of the Department of Alpes de Haute-Provence. Placed in the geographical centre of the Department, the commune is home to 17,400 inhabitants, making it one of the smaller prefectures of France by its population. The town centre is at 608 m altitude.

Digne is a sprawling commune in the plain formed around the Bléone Valley, given that the terrain that surrounds it is very rugged. The old town is built on a hill between the Bléone and the torrent of the hot springs, but the town has gradually extended in the three directions of the valleys, especially downstream. Its geographical location is quite remarkable, given that it lies at the edge of the Prealps, on a thrust fault that bears its name. A part of the town is completely enclosed in the Bléone Valley, while the town extends widely, on a gentler relief, downstream. With the annexation of neighbouring towns, especially downstream, the town extends over 8 km in length.

Neighbouring communes
The communes surrounding Digne-les-Bains are La Robine-sur-Galabre, Le Brusquet, Marcoux, Archail, Tartonne, Clumanc, Chaudon-Norante, Châteauredon, Le Chaffaut-Saint-Jurson, Aiglun, Champtercier and Thoard.

Climate
Digne-les-Bains features a mid-latitude humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa), with strong hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) and hot-summer mediterranean climate (Csa) influences. Summers are hot and relatively dry, and winters are mildly cold and relatively wet, with air frosts being regular in the winter months.

Geology and terrain
The commune, which is at the heart of the geology, has its specificities related to the ancient town built upstream of the cluse which the Bléone has worn into the Nappe de Digne to emerge into the tertiary basin of Valensole.

The districts of the town cover the alluvium of the streams which converge upstream of the Cluse. The most eastern suburbs joined a line of limestone hills with flint of the Carixian age, forming russet cliffs oriented to the south-west. The hot springs were captured, since ancient times, to the point where these carixian limestones are cut by the hack of the southernmost valley, descending from Entrages. Their healing powers are linked to their ascent along the gypsiferous Triassic levels of the sole thrust of the Nappe de Digne.

The most visible mountain of the commune is Le Cousson at 1516 m; the Bigué rises to 1653 m.

Many reliefs lie around Digne and are objectives for hikers.

 * The Rocher de Neuf Heures [Rock of Nine o'clock]
 * Three chapels (the Chapel of our Lady of Lourdes, the Chapel of Saint-Vincent, and the Chapel La Croix)
 * The right bank of the Bléone (Park of the Haute-Provence Geological Reserve, along the Caguerenard path, paths to access the top of the slope (over 200 m above the town) and the crest of Andran - Martignon - La Bigue.
 * Trails to access the Basses Bâties de Cousson, and then Le Cousson
 * The Chapel of Saint Pancrace
 * Barre des Dourbes

IUGS geological heritage site
In respect of its 'world famous and outstanding accumulation of fossils from a lower Jurassic marine environment', the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) included the 'Ammonite Slab of Digne-les-Bains' in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organisation defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.'

Hydrography
In the Eaux-Chaudes Valley, there is one cold and eight hot springs used for hydrotherapy. Some are radioactive, and contain sulfides, chlorobromides, and arsenic.

The town is also crossed by the Bléone and the Mardaric rivers.

Railway network
The town is served by Chemins de fer de Provence via the Nice–Digne line, a narrow gauge line which operates daily. It is the Train des Pignes, which allows the railway to serve little inhabited places with many stations.

Public transport
Bus - Since 1992, Digne has the TUD (Urban Transport Digne), which manages the public transport. Initially with six buses, this service increased its vehicle fleet in 1998 with the acquisition of two buses powered by natural gas.

Currently, six bus routes are available to the people of Digne.

Natural and technological risks
None of the 200 communes of the Department is in the zero seismic risk zone. Digne townships are located in zone 1b (low seismicity) of the 1991 deterministic classification, based on the historic earthquakes, and in zone 4 (medium risk) according to the EC8 probabilistic classification 2011. The town of Digne is also exposed to three other natural risks:

 * Forest fire
 * Flooding (in the Bléone Valley) and in those of its tributaries;
 * Land movement: all the western part of the municipality is covered by a medium to strong hazard.

The town of Digne is also exposed to a risk of technological origin, that of transport of dangerous goods, by rail, road and pipeline. With regard to the railway, the is disused and has no traffic; the line from  is used by passenger transport. and the RD 900 (former ) can be used for the road transport of dangerous goods. Finally, the pipeline to supply natural gas is an additional risk factor to Digne.

The foreseeable natural (PPR) of the town was approved in 2008 for the risks of flooding, movement of land and earthquakes and the  has existed since 2009.

The commune has been the subject of several orders of natural disaster: in 1984 for an earthquake, and many times for floods, landslides and mudslides, and landslides due to drought. Also included is a flood disaster prior to the orders: The waters of the Mardaric and Eaux-Chaudes which flooded the town in 1928, and the Bléone in 1973 which partially destroyed the bridge. This destruction was caused by the breakdown of a jam created in the bed of the, causing a wave of flooding. Similarly, several massive landslides have happened in the history of the commune, for example on 24 December 1916, which caused the collapse of part of Courbons, and 2002–2003 at Villard-des-Dourbes. Earthquakes have a long history in Digne. Retaining those macro-seismic events felt higher than level V on the MSK scale (sleepers awake, falling objects), we obtain the following list (the specified intensities are those felt in the town, the intensity may be stronger at epicentre):

 * The earthquake of 31 August 1684, an intensity felt Digne of V.5 and whose epicentre was located at Digne
 * The earthquake of 2 December 1872, an intensity felt V and whose epicentre was located at Digne
 * The earthquake of 20 September 1876, an intensity felt V.5 and whose epicentre was located at Digne
 * The earthquake of 23 February 1887, an intensity felt VII and whose epicentre was located in Bussana Vecchia (Liguria)
 * The earthquake of 27 September 1911, an intensity felt V and whose epicentre was located at Barrême
 * The earthquake of 16 February 1915, an intensity felt V and a half and whose epicentre was located at Digne
 * The earthquake of 19 June 1984, of an intensity felt V and whose epicentre was located in Aiglum

Attached communes
Courbons (Corbo, cited in the 13th century but the church is cited as 1180) was attached to Digne in 1862. The Priory of Sainte-Eugénie, ancestor of the parish church, was part of the chapter of Digne. Jews installed here were massacred in 1335. Its fortifications were destroyed by Lesdiguières during the Wars of Religion (1590). It had 80 feus in 1315, 90 in 1471 and 507 inhabitants in 1765.

(De Dorbas, cited in 1035) was attached to Digne in 1974, as an associated commune. The village is located on a barrier and a Motte-and-bailey castle was built in the 11th century. It had 48 feus in 1315, 12 in 1471 and 249 inhabitants in 1765, 296 inhabitants in 1851, 62 in 1982.

Gaubert (Galbertum, cited in 1180) was attached to Digne in 1862. The parish church was part of the chapter of Digne, who collected the tithe. The square, defended by the Catholic League and Sautaire, was taken by Lavalette in 1591. It had 63 feus in 1315, 41 in 1471 and 456 inhabitants in 1765.

Les Sieyes, or just Sieyes, for short (Lascieias, cited in the 13th century) was attached to Digne in 1862. There were 10 feus in 1315, 13 in 1471 and 307 inhabitants in 1765. The two priories, Sainte-Madeleine and Saint-Véran, were part of the chapter of Digne which received the tithes.

During the Revolution, these four municipalities each had a, all created after the end of 1792.

Toponymy
The toponym Dinia is known from the 1st century AD (Ptolemy, Pliny the elder). Various hypotheses have been advanced. According to Papon, the name is formed by the hydronym Din (Gaulish water), with the suffix -ia. According to other scholars, the name is derived from a Roman proper noun, Din(n)ius.

The current name of Digne-les-Bains was formalised on 25 June 1988, following the decree of 21 June 1988 published on 24 June of the same year in the Official Journal. Previously, the commune was simply called Digne, still a frequent appellation in the current language.

The Vivaro-Alpine Occitan, is written as Dinha in the. The Provençal, is written as Digno in the Mistralian norm.

Prehistory and antiquity
Digne-les-Bains dates back to the Neolithic era. The presence of three rivers, the Bléone, the Mardaric, and the Eaux-Chaudes, made the place ideal for human settlement. Before the Roman conquest, it was the capital of the Bodiontici (or Brodiontii), whose name is found on the Tropaeum Alpium at La Turbie. The town then became a Roman town named Dinia in the 1st century, and became a frequent commercial stop during the Roman era. Following the Romans, it was known as Digna by 780, and was appreciated for its thermal waters.

There are a few rural settlements near to the town, such as the Hôtelleries de Gaubert, southeast of the town, where the excavated building was occupied from the beginning of the 1st century to the end of the 4th century. In this area, at the foot of Le Cousson, the soil has been cultivated continuously, from antiquity right up to the recent reforestation.

Middle Ages
Two separate districts were formed: The town and the city. The town, an ancient site, was surrounded with the castrum of the episcopal chateau built on the Rock. The two neighbourhoods functioned as two independent entities from each other and from their inception. The town remained under the supervision of the provost of the chapter while the city or castrum was of the bishop. The arrival of the Angevins at the head of the County of Provence in 1246 accelerated the recovery process of the comital rights usurped during the previous period by lay or ecclesiastical lords.

The return of the comtal power in the city led to a change in the relationship between local authorities and community: In 1260, the city of Digne was given the right to appoint cominaux responsible for ensuring the management of the city. The consolidation of the two sites was done administratively in 1385 by institutional trustees, replacing the cominaux, responsible for representing both the city and the village. The institution evolved with administrative rationalisation at the beginning of the 15th century.

From 1475, preaching by Franciscans caused several murderous anti-Jewish riots.

Early Modern era
Like the rest of France, Digne was taken in the Wars of Religion. In 1562, the Huguenots broke into the cathedral, shredded the tables and smashed statues, removed relics and ornaments and burnt them with the choir on the forecourt. The town was attacked by Protestants in 1574. In 1575, it was the Church of Saint-Jérôme which was sacked. In the following years, the city remained under pressure. In 1579, the captain of Archal occupied the surrounding countryside.

In 1589, with the advent of Henry IV, the ultra-Catholics in the Catholic League controlled the town, until 1591. The same year, the town fell before the Royal armies of Lesdiguières. The cathedral, guarded by the defenders, was attacked, bombarded with catapults and then stormed. It is also during this period that the inhabitants seized the château of the bishops, on Le Rochas, destroying it to prevent it from falling into the hands of one party or another.

French Revolution and the First Empire
The news of the storming of the Bastille was welcomed, this event announced the end of royal arbitrariness and, perhaps, more profound changes in the organization of the France. Immediately after the arrival of the new, a great phenomenon of collective fear seized France, the fear of an aristocratic conspiracy wishing to recover their privileges. Rumors of troops in arms, devastating everything in their path, propagated at high speed, causing shots of weapons, the organization of militias and anti-aristocratic violence. This great fear, arrived in Seyne on 31 July and belonging to the current "fear of the Mâconnais", reached Digne and its region on 31 July 1789 the day before spreading to Riez, where it arrived during the day, and Moustiers and Castellane.

The city was established as the capital of the Basses-Alpes from March 1790, to the creation of the departments. The of Digne was founded in September 1790 (the second Department by seniority); it was affiliated with the Jacobins in June 1791, and became a relay of the club in the Department, accepting the affiliations of many clubs in the Basses-Alpes. It also received the request of affiliation of Carpentras. First called Bourgeois Alcove, it then took the name of Patriotic Club, then on 9 October 1792, Société des amis de la Constitution, de la Liberté, de l’Égalité [Society of friends of the Constitution, of freedom, of equality]. It established a committee of correspondence responsible for relations with other societies affiliated on 14 November 1792. On 10 and 11 January 1793, performed a descent from Marseilles, supported by the Marseille club-goers with weapons. He took revenge because he was unable to obtain the post of attorney general trustee, two departmental administrators were removed and a fine of 13,000 livres paid to the Marseille club.

In 1792–1793, the section of Digne was controlled by the. In connection with the section of Marseille, it disseminated the ideas of the Girondists, until their proscription on 31 May 1793 and the crushing of the federalist insurrection in July, which resulted in a sentence to death in Digne.

On 5 frimaire year III, the Représentant en mission purified the society.

Digne welcomed the prefecture under the Consulate. The prefect Lameth (1802–1805), created a shaded promenade between Pré de Foire and the banks of the Bléone and planted plane trees on the boulevard Gassendi.

In early March 1815 Napoleon Bonaparte passed through Digne-les-Bains on his way from imprisonment on the island of Elba, gathering support as he moved north. This was early in his Hundred Days which ended with his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.

Contemporary era
In 1851, the announcement of the coup d'état of 2 December caused uplift in rural areas, and peasants installed a provisional government in Digne.

As many municipalities of the Department Digne acquired schools well before the Jules Ferry laws. However, no instruction was given to girls in 1861, only the Falloux Laws (1851) required the opening of a girls school in the communes with more than 800 inhabitants (and that Courbons and Gaubert, small neighbouring rural communes, have a girls school). It was only in the 1860s that the town of Digne chose to open a school for girls (plus the Gaubert and Courbons schools for girls). It was with the Ferry laws that all girls of Digne and the attached villages were regularly educated.

In 1862, Digne absorbed the neighbouring areas of Courbons, Gaubert and Les Sieyes. These connected communes also had their schools, each a school for boys, with Courbons and Gaubert furthermore possessing a school for girls. The commune of Dourbes had two schools for boys (at Dourbes and at Villard), and none for girls.

210 people of Digne died for France during World War I. The hospital took care of the soldiers injured in the fighting, including nearly seventy who died of their injuries, and are buried in the military cemetery of the village square. This square also includes the bodies of two soldiers who died during the Second World War.

WWII
The first resistance fighters were a group organized around Simone Pellissier who distributed the journal Combat, from 1941. On 1 May 1942, she laid a wreath at the war memorial, during a demonstration; she was arrested the next day with six other protesters.

Digne was occupied by Italy, then by the German army, following the invasion of the free zone, after the landing of the Allies in North Africa on 8 November 1942. Thirty-four Jews were arrested in Digne before being deported.

With the dissolution of the, Commandant Chaumont of the began to structure the local Organisation de résistance de l'armée (ORA).

Liberation
On 16 August 1944, the city was bombed by P-47 Thunderbolts, which took off from field close to Bastia in Corsica. Their goal was the great bridge of Digne, crossing the Bléone, but only a single bomb reached the bridge, impeding the passage of vehicles for only a few hours. Several buildings were damaged. The bombing killed twenty-four civilians and two Germans (25 in total according to Jean Garcin). The city was liberated on 19 August 1944 by Taskforce Butler, a motorized detachment of armoured elements, infantry and artillery from the 36th U.S. "Texas" infantry division and the 45th U.S. infantry division, assisted by the forces of the Resistance.

The release of Digne was part of a movement of circumvention of the Rhône Valley, across the Alps, by the Route Napoléon, entrusted to Taskforce Butler and which aimed to cut the retreat of the German army stationed in Provence. In Aspres-sur-Buëch, the column moved westward, in the direction of the Rhône and Crest (Battle of Montelimar). The fighting was in the day, with six killed and eleven wounded on the Allied side and at least 21 killed on the German side. German soldiers who fell during the fighting for the liberation of Digne were buried in the German military square of the cemetery of the village, with the other soldiers killed during the occupation, during various battles against the forces of Resistance. In March 1958, their bodies were exhumed and transferred to the German military cemetery of Dagneux in Ain.

Immediately after the Liberation, the cleanup began. Executions after trials (with a judge, but without lawyers) took place.

The German prisoner of war camp had up to 2,700 prisoners. One of them participated in the rescue expedition after the double air disaster of the in 1948.

The end of the war
From the beginning of 1945, new convoys of troops moved through the town, in the direction of the pockets of German resistance around the Ubaye.

From 1945 to the early 21st century
In 1974, the neighboring village of Dourbes was attached to Digne. The municipality changed its name to Digne-les-Bains in 1988. Nowadays, the town of Digne-les-Bains continues to expand, mainly along the banks of the Bléone. It forms, with Entrages, Marcoux, La Robine-sur-Galabre, and Mezel, the (CC3V). The areas of Le Pigeonnier and Barbejas have been classified as Sensitive urban zones.

On 24 March 2015 Germanwings Flight 9525, carrying 150 people (including six crewmembers), had a rapid descent from cruising altitude approximately 45 minutes after takeoff. It crashed a few miles from the city, en route to Düsseldorf from Barcelona.

Cantons
Digne-les-Bains is divided into two cantons:

Intercommunality
Digne is part of the following communities:

 * From 2002 to 2013, of the, (of which it was the seat)
 * From 2013 to 2017, of the (of which it was the seat)
 * Since 1 January 2017, of the Communauté d'agglomération Provence-Alpes (of which it is the seat)

Environmental policy
Digne-les-Bains is ranked three flowers in the Contest of Flowery Towns and Villages. The city was rewarded with the three flowers in 2007's Contest of Flowery Towns and Villages.

International relations
Digne is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Bad Mergentheim, Germany
 * 🇮🇹 Borgomanero, Italy
 * Douma, Lebanon
 * 🇯🇵 Kamaishi, Iwate Prefecture, Japan (20 April 1994)

Demography
In 2006, the commune launched a housing construction project aiming to increase the population beyond 20,000 inhabitants (the lower threshold for obtaining certain public aid).

Area and population
The town of Digne-les-Bains has an area of 117.07 km2 and a population of 17,268 inhabitants, ranked as follows:

Education
Seat of the prefecture, and the of Provence, the city of Digne also has the main educational establishments of the Department:

 * Fourteen schools, 11 primary schools, a private primary school (under contract and whose teachers are employees of National Education), and two nursery schools
 * The Maria-Borrely and Pierre-Gassendi
 * Three lycées, including the Lycée professionnel Beau-de-Rochas, the and the multipurpose  school, which offers also two BTS certificates and further training of local initiative
 * A University Institute of Technology, which provides lessons in agronomy, DUT engineering of the environment, DUT administrative and commercial management, DUT quality industrial logistics and organization, business tourism, geomatics professional license
 * A (ESPE)

Sports
Digne was elected as the among towns with less than 20,000 inhabitants in 2006, by the daily newspaper L'Équipe.

The town has several sports facilities, with free access or reserved for the many sporting clubs and schools. These include gyms, a stadium, an equestrian centre, a golf course, and a public swimming pool. It is one of the rare French towns to provide free access to tennis courts.

At the request of the Junior Town Council, a skatepark has been renovated which is open access.

Health
The town's hospitals have 480 beds.

Garrison city
The following units have held garrison in Digne:

 * (one battalion in the middle of the 19th century);

Currently, several gendarmerie units are based in Digne. In addition to the capital of community brigade, there is a motorised brigade, a (PSIG) and a squadron of Mobile Gendarmerie.

Religion
For Catholic worship, the city is the seat of the departmental bishopric, and therefore the Diocese of Digne, Riez and Sisteron. The bishop is Monsignor. He was appointed in 2014 and is the youngest Bishop of France (born in 1965). The Catholic faithful have two places of worship for Mass: and Saint-Jérôme. The members of the Muslim faith also have their place of worship, as well as Protestants and Evangelicals.

Cardinal Jean-Pierre Ricard retired here in 2019 from Bordeaux. He later admitted to "behav[ing] in a reprehensible way with a young girl aged 14" while at Marseilles some 35 years previously, as confirmed on 7 November 2022 by Archbishop Éric de Moulins-Beaufort, the president of the Bishops' Conference of France.

Employment
In 2017, the active population amounted to 6,422 persons, including 939 unemployed. These workers are mostly employed (86%) and are employed in the town (83%).

Agriculture
At the end of 2015, the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, fishing) had 27 active institutions within the meaning of INSEE (including non-professional operators) and 144 salaried jobs.

The number of professional farms, according to the Agreste survey of the Ministry of Agriculture, is 37 in 2010. It was 44 in 2000, and 106 in 1988. Currently, these operators are essentially turned to breeding sheep and cattle. From 1988 to 2000, the useful agricultural land (SAU) strongly increased, from 1002 ha to 2902 ha. The SAU has increased slightly during the last decade, to 2989 ha.

The agricultural activity of the surrounding communes allows the existence of Alp'Agri, an agricultural dealer with 30 employees.

The vine was cultivated for wine into the 1950s, which led to local consumption in Digne. This cultivation has declined, to occupy no more than a few hectares in 2005.

The olive groves of the municipality can claim the [Olive Oil of Provence AOC] appellation.

Industry
At the end of 2015, the secondary sector (industry and construction) had 213 institutions, using 348 employees, with no establishment exceeding 50 employees.

Shops
Two are held each week, the markets are held on Wednesday and Saturday.

Service sector
At the end of 2015, the tertiary sector (commerce, services) had 1,096 establishments (with 2,777 salaried jobs), in addition to 420 institutions in the administrative sector (together with the health and social sector and education), employing 5,465 people.

Digne-les-Bains is the seat of the Chambre de commerce et d'industrie des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. It manages the Sisteron-Thèze aerodrome and the J. Gage centre.

Chemins de Fer de Provence employs about 50 people in Digne.

SAMSE, a dealer in building materials, employs 73 people. Still in the area of trade, supermarkets are also important employers. Carrefour employs 250 people and Intermarché has 55 employees.

Orange employs approximately 300 employees. Among computer service companies, Xsalto, offering web hosting, development, and installation, employs 22 staff.

The banking sector provides also some employers. The Groupe Caisse d'Épargne has 50 employees, and the Bank of France has 30 employees. Finally, the Renault dealership is another large private employer, with 28 employees.

Economic overview
According to the departmental observatory of tourism, the tourist function is secondary for the municipality, with less than one tourist greeted per capita. However, it offers substantial accommodation capacity, mainly merchant. Several accommodation facilities for tourism exist in the commune:

 * There were 9 hotels in January 2020, of which 4 with two stars, 3 with three stars, and 2 unclassified. The total hotel capacity was 240 rooms.
 * There are a two-star and a three-star campsite in the commune, with a total capacity of 251 pitches.
 * Furnished or unfurnished apartments provide a capacity of hundreds of places.
 * Bed and breakfast.
 * Collective accommodation is also present with, among other things, lodges.

Finally, second homes provide a valuable complement to the capacity. 678 in number, these represent 6.5% of homes.

Thermal baths
The spa treats respiratory diseases and rheumatism. They use a hot spring at 50 °C and 110,000 overnight stays are made through this activity. The station is given financial autonomy to hire 76 employees in the high season (September–October). The establishment has a Zen Space and Fitness offering massages of the face and the body, and swimming in thermal water at 33 °C.

Places and monuments
The Dalle à ammonites, a classified site, is a rocky layer dating back 200 million years, where one can find more than 1,500 fossils of ammonites containing some which reach a diameter of 70 cm.

Religious architecture
The commune maintains a southern aspect and has remarkable heritage items including two cathedrals, an archaeological crypt under the Cathedral of Notre-Dame-du-Bourg [Our Lady of the City], the chapels (Saint Pancrace, Our Lady of Lourdes, etc.)

The, an historical monument, is a Romanesque cathedral whose foundations date back to the 9th century. Victim of numerous attacks and looting, it was renovated at the beginning of the 13th century. Parts from the 11th and 12th centuries still exist. Its white marble altar is of the Merovingian era.

An archaeological crypt in the basement of the cathedral aids in the discovery of the history of Digne-les-Bains. In the crypt is the exact location of the origins of the city, attested by the presence of ancient walls from the 1st century AD. This corresponds to an urban space and implementation of three buildings of Christianity from the 5th century to the 11th century.

The Saint-Jérôme Cathedral, also an historical monument, is a Gothic cathedral from the 15th and 16th centuries. The facade is from the 19th century.

The Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes Church was built in 1870 on the Mountain of the Cross, north of Digne, though at the bottom of the slope. The brick walls are its main feature, with its large size.

The chapel of Saint-Vincent belonged to an abbey or priory. It is still in good condition. The Chapel of the Cross, located nearby, is gradually becoming a ruin.

There are numerous churches in the connected communes.

In Courbons, the parish church is Notre-Dame-des-Anges (13th-14th century). It was dedicated to St. Clair in the 17th century. Its single nave consists of three arched barrel bays, and emerges into a square choir. There is also a chapel of Saint-Pierre, south of the village, an establishment which may be very old.

The Church of Dourbes is under the name of Saint-Genest, and the oldest parts are from the 12th and 13th centuries. In Villard, the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Chapel probably dates from the 17th century.

In Gaubert, the parish church of Saint-Étienne was built in Romanesque style at the end of the 16th and 17th century. Grand-Saint-Martin farm incorporates some remains of a medieval priory. The chapel of St. Sebastian is situated on the ridge east of the village.

In Sieyès, the Church of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine remains along with the Church of Saint-Véran, between the stadium and the cemetery. A more recent chapel was built next to the town hall and school.

There are also two chapels on the mountain which overlooks the ravine of Eaux-Chaudes to the north, Saint-Pons which is in ruins, and the Chapel of Saint-Pancrace. The latter dates from the 17th century and is being restored. It has the distinction of having its bells suspended in a flat metal campanile. The pilgrimage of 12 May, when the priest blessed the sources, remained into the 1950s, and has recently resumed.

Civil and military architecture

 * The remains of fortifications can be recognised if one pays attention to the plan of the old town around the central district, built on the heights. Some of the walls and some towers which surrounded the city from the 14th century can still be seen. These remains of ramparts are currently based in the landscape of the dwellings.
 * Hotel Thoron de la Robine from the 17th century
 * from 1829, which is an historical monument
 * The sculptures. From 1983 to 1991, an annual international event of sculpture revealed international talent. Award-winning works, in Carrara marble, adorn roundabouts, squares and public gardens.

Culture

 * The and its butterfly garden.
 * The is a modern museum enabling the public to move from art to science, and from the old to the contemporary, across a route in time. Its archaeology section was founded in 1889.
 * CAIRN is an informal art of nature Research Center.
 * The Museum of the Second World War contains documents and period objects evoking the strategic role of Digne in alpine defense and the damage suffered.
 * Intercommunal library of the Trois Vallées
 * The Museum of Alexandra David-Néel, located in
 * The Botanic Garde of Les Cordeliers

Cultural references

 * Digne is a setting for much of the first section of Victor Hugo's 1862 novel Les Misérables, where it is the home of Bishop Myriel. In early English editions, the town's name was rendered D. The town is left unnamed in most stage and film adaptations.
 * The asteroid 10088 Digne was named after the town by its discoverer, Belgian astronomer Eric Walter Elst.

Traditional celebrations
Digne celebrates lavender, a symbol of the region, in the first weekend of August, at the Corso of lavender. A funfair is installed for the occasion, and a fireworks display is organized. A parade of floats is held, including a procession consisting of a dozen floats in lavender and crepon, led by 500 musicians and dancers from various nations. The Corso draws 10–15,000 people to the town each day.

Arts festivals
In May, every year since 2002, the city has organized a festival of urban culture and music. Initiated by the Ligue de l’Enseignement des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence [League of education of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence] and the L'ADSEA. The festival is now organized by the École du sous Sol [School of the Underground] association.

The objective of this festival is to make urban culture (graffiti, slam, street basketball, hip-hop dance, skateboarding) known to a wider public along with contemporary music (rap, rock, pop, electro) through various artistic and cultural events under the program. A sports tournament closes the event. The Hip Hop dance battle and the basketball tournament are open to girls (two girls and two boys by team for the 4 vs 4 battle and at least one girl by team for the 3 vs 3 basketball tournament). An open stage is offered to amateur and semi-professional teams.

Every spring, each year, the René-Char cultural centre receives cinema personalities and projects art and test films at the Festival les Rencontres cinématographiques de Digne. Its president is Jean-Pierre Castagna.

Sports competitions
Each year since 2004, the [Raid of the Black Lands] mountain biking event brings together more than a thousand participants.

From 2013, the VTT Rando 04 club organizes the Enduro of the Black Lands, Enduro event.

Created in 1999 by The Athletic Club of Digne, the Half-marathon of the Ammonites connects the village of Barles with the prefecture at the beginning of September, each year until 2002. Its rolling course, measured at 21.1 km according to the protocols of the French Athletics Federation, goes through the most spectacular sites of the, some of which are world-renowned. Examples of these include the clues of Barles and Péouré, the Vélodrome d’Esclangon [Velodrome of Escanglon], Voile de Facibelle [Veil of Facibelle], the Demoiselles coiffées, the Ichthyosaur, and the Dalle à ammonites.

It has been awarded two borders by the guide Le Bipède [The Biped]. It welcomed more than 1,550 runners in 4 editions. This sporting event had its a 5th edition in 2013 on the 100th anniversary of the Barles road and in favour of the, in memory of Cyril Gues, the first winner of this competition, who died in 2012.

Initiated in 2005 by the Athletic Club of Digne (one edition), the Trail of Cousson was resumed in 2008 by the Athletics Association. The race walking event offers numerous courses in the heart of the Haute-Provence geological Reserve through (the famous "muck"), pre-Alpine forests, villages and ascents of the bar of the Dourbes and. Free racing and animations for children as well as heritage walks are also organized parallel to sports competitions. The event also fits into an exemplary sustainable development policy which gives it national recognition.

Heraldry
These arms are not attested before the 17th century and the above composition is only one variant among many others existing. The "L" can be gold and can be replaced by silver lions. There are also versions without the golden "L" or lion: "azure to a fleur de lis of gold, accompanied at head by a cross of silver with a letter "D" of the same at the point". The latest version is "azure to a cross of gold at head and a "D" of the same at head". The cross is an evocation of the episcopal see, and the "L", perhaps, is a souvenir of a concession of Louis II of Anjou, from the beginning of the 15th century.

Gabriel Gillybœuf proposed in the early 1980s to replace the capitalised "D" with a fountain expressed in heraldic terms by "a bezant fess, wavy silver and azure" (while maintaining the cross, fleur-de-lis, and capitalised "L" respectively).

The city was jointly owned by the Counts of Provence and the Bishops of Digne. Hence the arms: The cross symbolises the bishopric, the fleur-de-lis as Charles of Anjou, Count of Provence. The D|letter "D" is the letter of the city. The L|letters "L" have been added under Louis XIV, King of France, Count of Provence and Forcalquier.

Public servants and religion

 * Saint Domnin (died AD 379) and Saint Vincent of Digne, first and second Bishops of Digne.
 * Douceline of Digne, (1214–1274) founded the Beguines of Marseilles and devoted her life to the poor and the sick & her brother Hugh of Digne (died 1275) an ascetical writer.
 * Louis Richeome (1544–1625), a French Jesuit theologian and controversialist.
 * Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655), philosopher, Catholic priest, astronomer and mathematician.
 * (1743–1819), general of the armies of the Republic and the Empire, died in Digne.
 * Bienvenu de Miollis, (1753–1843), Bishop of Digne 1805 to 1838, inspiration for the kind bishop in Les Misérables
 * Louis Alexis Desmichels (1779–1845), cavalry general
 * Hippolyte Fortoul (1811–1856), journalist, historian, Minister of Marine (1851).
 * , (1857–1924) Member of Parliament under the Third Republic, died at Digne
 * Jean-Louis Bianco (born 1943) politician, former Mayor of Digne and Govt. Minister
 * (1958–1996), was a White Father who was murdered in Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
 * Later-disgraced Cardinal Jean-Pierre Ricard retired here in 2019.

The Arts

 * , (1830–1903), watercolour painter
 * , (1848–1913), painter and watercolourist.
 * , (1860–1936), brother of the preceding, painter and watercolourist.
 * Alexandra David-Néel (1868–1969), a Belgian–French writer, spiritualist, Buddhist, anarchist and opera singer, lived in Digne from 1928.
 * Raphaël-Désiré Freida (1877–1942) painter, illustrator, engraver
 * Louis Botinelly (1883–1962), a French sculptor.
 * (1884–1973), French poet.
 * Jean Daviot (born 1962) a French contemporary artist
 * Tristan Louis, (born 1971) American author, entrepreneur and internet activist.
 * (born 1973) musician.
 * Cyril Féraud (born 1985), journalist and television presenter

Science

 * (1755–1808) doctor of medicine, professor at the school of Medicine of Montpellier and author.
 * (1783–1852), a French physician, naturalist and lexicographer.
 * Alphonse Beau de Rochas (1815–1893), an engineer and thermodynamician, patented the four-stroke engine in 1862
 * Sébastien Point (born 1982), physicist, engineer & researcher; studies the Biological effects of high-energy visible light

Sport

 * Jean Milesi (born 1935) a French former racing cyclist, rode in seven Tour de France
 * Jean Rolland, (FR Wiki), (1935–1967) racing driver.
 * Alain Boghossian, (born 1970) footballer with 296 club caps and 26 for France.
 * (born 1973) professional triathlete
 * Mickaël Maschio (born 1973) motocross motorcyclist
 * Antoine Méo (born 1984), multiple Motocross Enduro world champion
 * (born 1984), player of Rugby Union
 * kennyS, (born 1995) real name Kenny Schrub, professional Counter-Strike: Global Offensive player

title: Digne-les-Bains


text:
Comprehensive

Comprehensive may refer to:
 * Comprehensive layout, the page layout of a proposed design as initially presented by the designer to a client.
 * Comprehensive school, a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude.
 * Comprehensive examination, an exam taken in some countries by graduates.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Comprehensive


text:
Lorraine, Quebec

Lorraine is an affluent off-island suburb of Montreal, in southwestern Quebec, Canada on the north shore of the Rivière des Mille-Îles in the Thérèse-De Blainville Regional County Municipality. There are no industries and only a very limited commercial district (comprising one medical centre, one shopping mall, a golf course, a gym, a supermarket and arena); almost all houses are of the detached type. Furthermore, a large portion of the town territory is set aside as wild forest (Forêt du Grand Côteau); some bike/ski trails run through it. The town is divided into two areas, Uptown and Downtown (or Lorraine en haut and Lorraine en bas, colloquially, because the northern area is on higher ground). These two areas are also delimited by Quebec freeway A-640, and are only joined together by the main street (Boulevard de Gaulle) overpass.

Lorraine has earned a reputation for high-end homes with pristine lawns. Due to the heat and humidity of summers in the region, many of these properties have in ground swimming pools in backyards. The town prides itself with completely underground utility networks apart from a small older section of the town (Avenue Fraser, Mey and Bruyeres in particular). The absence of telephone and electric poles contributes to the aesthetic appeal of the municipality.

The town was founded February 4, 1960 and is named for the French region of the same name.

The town is the territory of the Roman Catholic parishal community of Charles-de-Foucault (old parish), part of the (new) Saint-Luc parish of the Terrebonne pastoral region of the Saint-Jérôme diocese. The town is now part of the Thérèse-De Blainville federal electoral district (Marc-Aurèle-Fortin federal electoral district) and Blainville provincial electoral district. It makes district 22 of the Seigneurie-des-Milles-Îles French school board and is part of district 8 of the Sir-Wilfrid-Laurier English school board. Lorraine is also a member of the Montreal Metropolitan Community.

The town has three elementary schools: École Le Carrefour and École Le Tournesol, which are very close to each other but separated by Parc Lorraine, as well as École du Ruisselet.

History
This town was founded in 1960 on the Garth estate, land which would have served as the headquarters of the British army during the Patriote rebellion in 1837. Maison Garth, built-in 1833, is listed as a historic monument, although still in use. This model residential community was founded as part of a federal program of the defunct Ministry of Urban Affairs, which encouraged the creation of “new towns”.

Education
The Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Îles (CSSMI) operates Francophone public schools.

Francophone primary schools: Zoned secondary schools include: École secondaire de Harfang in Sainte-Anne-des-Plaines; and École secondaire Hubert-Maisonneuve in Rosemère (for lower secondary) and École secondaire Rive-Nord in Bois-des-Filion.
 * École Le Carrefour
 * École Le Tournesol
 * École du Ruisselet

Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board operates Anglophone public schools:
 * McCaig Elementary School in Rosemère.
 * Rosemère High School in Rosemère.

Activities for children
Municipal swimming pool, tennis court, soccer fields and basketball as well as the many parks of Lorraine will be able to fill the small and bigger. The Recreation and Cultural Services Department offers a variety of activities and events dedicated to children.

Activities for adults
Volunteering, library program, lectures on various topics, exhibitions, competitions, mobile library and many other activities are available in the city.

Climate
The climate of this city is a humid continental climate. Winters are cold with a lot of snowfall and summers are hot and humid. There are 4 seasons spring, summer, autumn and winter.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lorraine had a population of $9,502$ living in $3,393$ of its $3,437$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $9,352$. With a land area of 5.9 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Awards
In 2007 the town of Lorraine was recognized by the Canadian Society of Landscape Architects under the Awards of Excellence Program for 'La Promenade Riveraine Du Domaine Garth' project.

Facts
According to the Canada 2006 Census:
 * Population: 9352
 * Population growth (2011–2016) - 1,3 %
 * Area: 6.04 km².

According to the Regions and Municipal Affairs Ministry of Quebec (as of 2017):
 * Population: 9589
 * Area: 6.02 km².

title: Lorraine, Quebec


text: User talk:24.250.217.87

title: User talk:24.250.217.87


text:
Madagascar subhumid forests

The Madagascar subhumid forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion that covers most of the Central Highlands of the island of Madagascar. They are included in the WWF's Global 200 list of outstanding ecoregions. Most of the original habitats have been lost due to human pressure.

Geography
The Madagascar subhumid forests ecoregion covers Madagascar's highlands, which extend north and south along the length of the island, above approximately 800 m elevation on the east and above 600 m meters elevation on the west.

The Central Highlands is the largest highland region on the island, extending from approximately 16º to 23º south. The Central Highlands include Ankaratra and the Andringitra Massif, which is home to Pic Boby (2,658 m), the Central Highlands' highest peak.

The Northern Highlands includes the Tsaratanana Massif in the north, home to Maromokotro (2,876 m) Madagascar's highest peak, and the massifs of Marojejy to the northeast and Manongarivo to the northwest. It is separated from the Central Highlands by the Mandritsara Window, an east–west-running gap in the mountains with elevations below 800 meters.

The Southern Highlands include the Anosyenne Mountains and adjacent uplands in the southern part of the island. It is separated from the Central Highlands by the Menaharaka Window, another gap below 800 meters elevation, at approximately 23°S latitude. The highest peak in the Southern Highlands is Pic d'Andohahela at 1,959 meters.

The ecoregion includes some smaller outlying peaks, notably Montagne d'Ambre near the northern tip of Madagascar, the Makay Massif in west-central Madasgascar, and the Isalo and Analavelona massifs in the southwest of the island.

The subhumid forests extend to the northwest coast in the Sambirano region, including the island of Nosy Be. Most of that area is now covered by secondary grasslands and agriculture, with forest reduced to fragmented patches. The Sambirano region, also known as the Sambirano Domain, is a particular centre of endemism.

The ecoregion has an area of approximately 199,600 km2. The highlands catch the wet northeast trade winds, and the eastern slopes generally receive more rainfall. The ecoregion includes the headwaters of most of Madagascar's rivers, and wetlands like Lake Alaotra. Areas to the south, west, and north lie in the drier rain shadow of the highlands. The subhumid forests are bounded at lower elevations by the humid Madagascar lowland forests along the coastal strip to the east, by the Madagascar dry deciduous forests to the north and west, and by the sub-arid Madagascar succulent forests and Madagascar spiny thickets to the southwest and south. In four areas above 1,800 – elevation, the subhumid forests transition to the montane Madagascar ericoid thickets.

Montagne d'Ambre near the northern tip of the island, contains a significant pocket of subhumid forest, surrounded at lower elevations by dry deciduous forest, as do Ankaratra, upland near Tsaratanana, Andringitra Massif, Ambohitantely Reserve, and the Ambohijanahary area. The subhumid forests ecoregion also includes the disjunct Analavelona and Isalo massifs to the southwest, surrounded by succulent forests at lower elevations.

Flora
The ecoregion is home to several distinct plant communities, which differ with elevation, rainfall, and soils. These include moist montane forest, sclerophyllous montane forest, tapia forest, rupicolous shrubland, and grassland.

The original flora of ecoregion has been much altered by human use; extensive areas have been cleared for agriculture, grazing, and rice cultivation, and some exotic species such as Acacia and Eucalyptus have been introduced. Moist evergreen forests are less susceptible to fire than the sclerophyll forests and ericoid thickets. Frequent human-set fires have transformed some of the ecoregion's former forests into savannas and grasslands. Grassland now coves much of the highlands, but the extent to which the grasslands are the result of human intervention is still subject to debate. Moist montane forest occurs between 600–800 and 1300 meters elevation, and occasionally as high as 1800 m in sheltered locales. The mature tree canopy is generally closed, and 20 to 25 meters high. Trees are typically evergreen, and species of Tambourissa, Pterophylla, Symphonia, Dombeya, Dilobeia, Dalbergia, Canarium, Diospyros, Eugenia, Protorhus, Grewia, Brachylaena, Astropanax, Polyscias, and Vernonia are most common. The conifer Podocarpus madagascariensis is also present. Trees of the genus Ephippiandra are largely confined to moist montane forest and some higher-elevation plant communities. There is a plentiful understory of shrubs and herbaceous plants. Epiphytes grow in large numbers on the canopy trees, including mosses, lichens, ferns, orchids (particularly species of Bulbophyllum), and species of Medinilla, Kalanchoe, Rhipsalis, and Peperomia.

Sclerophyllous montane forest is low sclerophyllous (hard-leaved) forests and open-canopied woodlands from 1300 to 2000 meters elevation, dominated by small-leaved trees. The canopy is generally no higher than 10 to 13 meters, and can resemble a thicket. Common canopy trees include Dicoryphe viticoides, Tina isoneura, Razafimandimbisonia minor, and Baronia taratana. Gymnosperms, including species of Podocarpus, and bamboo can form pure stands. The trees and the ground are covered in mosses and lichens. Tapia forest is found on the drier western slopes, which are in the rain shadow of the central uplands, between 600 and 1,600 meters elevation. Tapia (Uapaca bojeri) is a characteristic canopy tree, together with Leptolaena pauciflora, L. bojerana, and Sarcolaena oblongifolia. The trees have gnarled branches and small leaves, forming a mostly closed canopy 10 to 12 meters high which provides light shade on the forest floor. Other trees include Asteropeia densiflora, Agarista salicifolia, Pterophylla spp., Dodonaea madagascariensis, Faurea forficuliflora, Brachylaena microphylla, Dicoma incana, Baronia taratana, Abrahamia buxifolia, Neocussonia bojeri, Alberta spp., and Enterospermum spp. The understory is typically shrubs, including species of Erica, Vaccinium, Asteraceae (Senecio, Vernonia, Psiadia, Conyza, and Helichrysum), Rubiaceae, and Leguminosae. Tapia is fire-resistant, and where fires have been frequently set they form open woodlands or savannas with a grassy understory.

Rupicolous shrubland grows on rock outcrops and sandstone and granite inselbergs. Vegetation grows in crevices and on thin mats of coarse soil, and is often sparse and rarely more than two meters high. Common plants include the sedge Coleochloa setifera, the shrub Myrothamnus moschata, and species of Euphorbia. The shrublands are home to many endemic species including succulents in the genera Aloe, Kalanchoe, and Pachypodium. Revivescent plants, which periodically dry out and then revive when rains return, include the moss-like Selaginella echinata and the ferns Pellaea, Actiniopteris, and Notholaena. Sambirano forests. The Sambirano region, also known as the Sambirano Domain, is a coastal region of northwestern Madagascar, lying west of the Tsaratanana and Manongarivo massifs. The region has higher rainfall than the rest of the west coast, and is home to distinctive forests. The Sambirano forests are predominantly evergreen, with some deciduous species characteristic of the dry forests to the north and south, which form a mature canopy 25 to 30 meters high. The Sambirano forests are home to several endemic species of plants and animals. Lowland primary forest has been reduced to small patches.

Secondary grasslands cover broad areas of the highlands. They are typically species–poor. 'Tanety' grasslands are low, sparse grasslands between 1,200 and 1,500 meters elevation, where Aristida rufescens is the characteristic species. 'Tampoketsa' grasslands cover the plateaus north and northeast of Antananarivo, between 1,600 and 1,900 meters elevation. The Madagascar endemic grass Loudetia simplex subsp. stipoides is predominant, interspersed with small patches of remnant forest. Low grasslands have also replaced most of the former tapia forests on the western slopes, between 800 and 1,600 meters elevation.

Above 2000 meters the sclerophyll forests transition to the high-elevation ericoid thickets, which are considered a distinct subalpine ecoregion.

Fauna

Endemic species include a number of birds, reptiles and mammals including the Alaotra gentle lemur (Hapalemur alaotrensis) and a number of shrews, tenrecs, and rodents. The subhumid forests were formerly home to the island's distinct megafauna, including giant lemurs, some of them larger than modern gorillas, the elephant birds (Aepyornithidae), and giant tortoises.

The Sambirano mouse lemur (Microcebus sambiranensis), Sambirano woolly lemur (Avahi unicolor), and Sambirano fork-marked lemur (Phaner parienti) are endemic to the Sambirano region.

The ecoregion is home to several endemic and limited-range species of birds. The rufous-headed ground roller (Atelornis crossleyi), grey-crowned tetraka (Xanthomixis cinereiceps) and forest rock thrush (Monticola sharpei) are largely endemic to the ecoregion. The yellow-bellied sunbird-asity (Neodrepanis hypoxantha), Madagascar yellowbrow (Crossleyia xanthophrys), and cryptic warbler (Cryptosylvicola randrianasoloi) are native to the subhumid forests and to the higher-elevation ericoid thickets. The Madagascar serpent eagle (Eutriorchis astur), short-legged ground roller (Brachypteracias leptosomus), Madagascar red owl (Tyto soumagnei), and Pollen's vanga (Xenopirostris polleni) live in both the subhumid forests and the lowland moist forests. The brown emu-tail (Bradypterus brunneus) lives in the lowland and subhumid forests and the ericoid thickets.

Lake Alaotra and its wetlands were once home to two endemic water birds, the Madagascar pochard (Aythya innotata) and Alaotra grebe (Tachybaptus rufolavatus). Both have disappeared from the lake. The Alaotra grebe is thought extinct, and the Madagascar pochard was thought extinct until a small population was sighted at Lake Matsaborimena.

Two dry forest species, Coquerel's coua (Coua coquereli) and Schlegel's asity (Philepitta schlegeli) also inhabit the humid forests of Sambirano.

Threats and conservation
The central highlands are the most densely populated region of Madagascar, and includes the country's capital and largest city, Antananarivo. The highlands' population is growing.

Madagascar's high plateau forests have been altered by humans in most places. There has been extensive slash-and-burn activity by native peoples in the central highlands, eliminating most forest. Other impacts include land clearing for agriculture, overexploitation, introduced species, and pollution.

7.68% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include:

 * Marojejy National Park
 * Isalo National Park
 * Ranomafana National Park
 * Andohahela National Park
 * Andringitra National Park
 * Lokobe National Park
 * Montagne d'Ambre National Park
 * Befotaka Midongy National Park
 * Tsaratanana Strict Nature Reserve
 * Ambatovaky Special Reserve
 * Ambohijanahary Special Reserve
 * Ambohitantely Special Reserve
 * Analamerana Special Reserve
 * Anjanaharibe sud Special Reserve
 * Ankarana Special Reserve
 * Ivohibe Special Reserve
 * Kalambatrika Special Reserve
 * Manongarivo Special Reserve
 * Tampoketsa Analamaitso Special Reserve

title: Madagascar subhumid forests


text:
Liam Rosenior

Liam James Rosenior (born 9 July 1984) is an English football manager and former player who was most recently the head coach of EFL Championship club Hull City.

As a player, he played either as a full-back or winger. He played for Bristol City, Fulham, Torquay United, Reading, Ipswich Town, Hull City and Brighton & Hove Albion. He is a former England U20 and England U21 international with a combined total of 11 caps and 1 goal.

Since retiring he has held various coaching roles with Brighton and Derby, before being appointed head coach of Hull City on 3 November 2022. He left the club following his sacking on 7 May 2024.

Club career
Born in London, Rosenior started his career with Bristol City as a midfielder. He scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory for Bristol City against Carlisle United in the 2003 Football League Trophy final at the Millennium Stadium. In the first round of Bristol City's cup run they defeated Queens Park Rangers on penalties, and Rosenior scored the winning penalty in the shootout. In November 2003 he signed for Fulham. He made his Premiership debut for the club on 13 December in a 1–1 home draw with Manchester United, earning the Sky Sports Man of the Match award. He scored once for Fulham, in a League Cup tie against Lincoln City on 21 September 2005.

He signed a four-year extension to his Fulham contract in July 2006, but left Fulham for Reading on 31 August 2007 for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract, with Seol Ki-Hyeon going the other way. His debut for Reading came in a 2–1 defeat to Sunderland on 15 September 2007, and he scored his first goal for Reading in a 7–4 defeat to Portsmouth on 29 September 2007, although it was initially awarded to Stephen Hunt.

On 2 September 2009, Rosenior joined Ipswich Town on loan for the remainder of 2009–10 season. He scored his first goal for Ipswich against Barnsley on 3 October 2009.

Hull City
On 29 October 2010, Rosenior joined Hull City on a short-term agreement until 1 January 2011. He made his debut the following day in the away match at Barnsley. He signed a $2 1/2$-year deal with Hull on 21 December 2010. Saying "I'm delighted, It's something that we kind of half agreed when I first came here, but it relied on the takeover being completed for me to stay."

2013–14 season
On 18 August 2013, Rosenior was an unused substitute as Hull lost 2–0 against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge on the opening weekend of the season. On 22 March 2014, Rosenior scored his only goal for Hull City when heading the rebound in from a Nikica Jelavić penalty that was saved by West Bromwich Albion goalkeeper Ben Foster. On 17 May 2014, he started in the 2014 FA Cup final against Arsenal.

On 28 May 2015, Hull City released Rosenior and five other players who were out of contract at the end of the 2014–15 season.

Brighton & Hove Albion
On 23 June 2015, Rosenior signed for Brighton & Hove Albion on a three-year deal following his release from Hull City. He retired from playing on 30 July 2018.

International career
Rosenior was born in England, and is of Sierra Leonean descent through his father, Leroy Rosenior, who was an international footballer for Sierra Leone. Rosenior was called up to the England U21 squad in March 2005, and made his debut in a 2–2 draw with Germany U21 on 25 March 2005, closely followed by a second cap in a 2–0 win over Azerbaijan U21 on 29 March 2005 His performances earned him a call up to the England U20 squad for the Toulon Tournament in June 2005, where he played three times and scored one goal.

However, it would be over a year and a half before he would add to his England U21 caps, with the next one coming against Netherlands U21 on 14 November 2006. Rosenior made it into the squad for the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, but only made one appearance, as a substitute in the semi-final against Holland U21. He took part in the shootout in this game, scoring his penalty as England lost 13–12. Due to his age, this would prove to be his seventh and last appearance for the England U21 team.

Brighton & Hove Albion
Following his retirement from playing, Rosenior remained at Brighton, taking up the position of assistant coach with Brighton's under-23 team, which he combined with appearing as a pundit on Sky Sports.

Derby County
On 10 July 2019, Rosenior was appointed as specialist first team coach to Phillip Cocu at Derby County. He was appointed assistant manager of the club on 15 January 2021 following the appointment of Wayne Rooney as manager.

Following Rooney's resignation on 24 June 2022, Rosenior took over as interim manager. He was relieved of his duties as manager on 21 September 2022 while still employed by the club as Derby sought a permanent manager. Following the appointment of Paul Warne, Rosenior left the club.

Hull City
On 3 November 2022, Rosenior was appointed head coach at Hull City on a two-and-a-half-year deal, returning to the club where he made 161 appearances between 2010 and 2015.

On 17 December 2023, Hull City announced that Rosenior had signed a new three-year contract, keeping him at the club until 2026.

In April 2024, Rosenior suffered racist abuse after being nominated for the EFL Championship Manager of the Season award.

On 7 May 2024, after a seventh-place finish for Hull City caused the team to narrowly miss out on the play-offs, Rosenior was sacked. Hull City owner, Acun Ilicali said that Rosenior had been sacked over a difference on football philosophy between the two with Ilicali wanting attacking football and Rosenior unable to offer that as a manager.

Personal life
He is the son of fellow manager and former player Leroy Rosenior.

Honours
Bristol City
 * Football League Trophy: 2002–03

Hull City
 * FA Cup runner-up: 2013–14

title: Liam Rosenior


text:
Paper Moon (film)

Paper Moon is a 1973 American road comedy-drama film directed by Peter Bogdanovich and released by Paramount Pictures. Screenwriter Alvin Sargent adapted the script from the 1971 novel Addie Pray by Joe David Brown. The film, shot in black-and-white, is set in Kansas and Missouri during the Great Depression. It stars the real-life father and daughter pairing of Ryan and Tatum O'Neal as protagonists Moze and Addie.

Tatum O'Neal received widespread praise from critics for her performance as Addie, earning her the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, making her the youngest competitive winner in the history of the Academy Awards.

Plot
In Gorham, Kansas, circa 1936, itinerant con man Moses Pray meets nine-year-old Addie Loggins at her mother's graveside service, where the neighbors suspect he is Addie's father. He denies this, but agrees to deliver the orphaned Addie to her aunt's home in St. Joseph, Missouri.

At a local grain mill, Moses convinces the brother of the man who accidentally killed Addie's mother to give him $200 for the newly orphaned Addie. Addie overhears this conversation and, after Moses spends nearly half the money fixing his old Model A convertible and buying her a train ticket, she demands the money as rightfully hers, whereupon Moses agrees to let Addie travel with him until he has raised back the full $200 to give to her. Thereafter, Moses visits recently widowed women, pretending to have previously sold expensive, personalized Bibles to their deceased husbands, and the widows pay him for the Bibles inscribed with their names. Addie joins the scam, pretending she is his daughter, and exhibits a talent for confidence tricks, such as selling Bibles and the quick change scam. As time passes, Moses and Addie become a formidable team.

One night, Addie and "Moze" (as Addie addresses him) stop at a local carnival, where Moze becomes enthralled with an "exotic dancer" named Miss Trixie Delight and leaves Addie at a photo booth to have her photograph taken alone (of herself sitting on a crescent moon, to suggest the film's title). Much to Addie's chagrin, Moze invites "Miss Trixie"—and her downtrodden African American teenage maid, Imogene—to join Addie and him. Addie soon becomes friends with Imogene and becomes jealous of Trixie. Imogene reveals that Trixie works, at least occasionally, as a prostitute, and it is suggested she has a venereal disease causing her a frequent need to urinate. When Addie subsequently discovers that Moze has spent their money on a brand-new Model 48 convertible to impress Miss Trixie, she and Imogene devise a plan. They convince a clerk at the hotel where the group is staying to visit Trixie. Addie then sends Moze up to Trixie's room, where he discovers the clerk and Trixie having sex. Moze promptly leaves Miss Trixie and Imogene behind, while Addie leaves Imogene enough money to pay for her own passage home.

While staying at another hotel in a rural area, Moze uncovers a bootlegger's store full of whiskey, steals some of it, and sells it back to the bootlegger. Unfortunately, the bootlegger's twin brother is the local sheriff, and he quickly arrests Addie and Moze. Addie hides their money in her hat, steals back the key to their car, and the pair escape. To elude pursuit, they trade their new car for a decrepit Model T farm truck after Moze beats a hillbilly, Leroy, in a "rasslin' match."

Moze and Addie make it across the state line to Missouri, where Moze sets up another swindle, only to be caught again by the sheriff and his deputies; outside their jurisdiction and unable to make an arrest, they beat Moze and rob him of his and Addie's savings. Humiliated and defeated, Moze drops Addie at the house of her aunt in St. Joseph, but a disappointed Addie rejoins him on the road. When he refuses her company, she reminds him that he still owes her $200 and points out that his truck has just rolled away without him. They catch the truck and leave together.

Director
The film project was originally associated with John Huston and was to star Paul Newman and his daughter, who was a child actor at the time named Nell Potts. However, when Huston left the project, the Newmans became dissociated from the film as well. Peter Bogdanovich had just completed What's Up, Doc? and was looking for another project when his ex-wife and frequent collaborator Polly Platt recommended filming Joe David Brown's script for the novel Addie Pray. Bogdanovich, a fan of period films, and having two young daughters of his own, found himself drawn to the story, and selected it as his next film.

Casting
At the suggestion of Polly Platt, Bogdanovich approached eight-year-old Tatum O'Neal to audition for the role, although she had no acting experience. Bogdanovich had worked with Tatum's father Ryan O'Neal on What's Up, Doc?, and decided to cast them as the leads.

Screenplay
Various changes were made in adapting the book to film. Addie's age was reduced from twelve to nine to accommodate young Tatum, several events from the book were combined for pacing issues, and the last third of the novel, when Moses and Addie graduate to the big leagues as con artists after going into partnership with a fake millionaire, was dropped. The location was also changed from the rural south of the novel–primarily Alabama—to midwestern Kansas and Missouri.

Filming locations
The film was shot in the small towns of Hays, Kansas; McCracken, Kansas; Wilson, Kansas; Dorrance, Kansas, and St. Joseph, Missouri. Various shooting locations include the Midland Hotel at Wilson, Kansas; the railway depot at Gorham, Kansas; storefronts and buildings on Main Street in White Cloud, Kansas; Hays, Kansas; sites on both sides of the Missouri River; Rulo Bridge; and St. Joseph, Missouri.

Props
The car Moses is driving when he agrees to take Addie home is a 1930 Ford Model A convertible; the car Moses buys to impress Miss Trixie is a 1936 Ford V8 De Luxe convertible. The whiskey being sold by the bootlegger shown toward the end of the film is Three Feathers blended whiskey, a label introduced by Oldtyme Distilling Corp. in 1882 and still produced up to the 1980s. The bottle of soda pop Addie drinks is from Nehi Soda, by a company founded as Chero-Cola in 1910, in 1925 renamed Nehi Corporation, which became Royal Crown Company and later Dr Pepper/Seven Up, then Dr Pepper Snapple Group.

Title
Peter Bogdanovich also decided to change the name of the film from Addie Pray. While selecting music for the film, he heard the song "It's Only a Paper Moon" by Billy Rose, Yip Harburg, and Harold Arlen. Seeking advice from his close friend and mentor Orson Welles, Bogdanovich listed Paper Moon as a possible alternative. Welles responded: "That title is so good, you shouldn't even make the picture, you should just release the title!" Bogdanovich added the scene in which Addie has her picture taken in a paper moon solely so the studio would allow him to use the title.

Cinematography and editing
Director of photography László Kovács used a red filter on the camera on Orson Welles's advice. Bogdanovich also used deep focus cinematography and extended takes in the film.

Release
The film was released on April 9, 1973, in Hollywood and May 9 in the United States.

Home media
The film released on VHS in 1980, re-released 1984, and re-released again in 1995. The LaserDisc released on 1982 and Director Series on May 7, 1995. The DVD released on August 12, 2003.

Box office
The film earned an estimated $13 million in North American theater rentals in 1973 (equivalent to $ million in ).

Critical response
Vincent Canby of The New York Times praised "two first-class performances" from Ryan and Tatum O'Neal but found the film "oddly depressing" and unable to "make up its mind whether it wants to be an instant antique or a comment on one". Roger Ebert gave the film his top four-star rating and commented that "a genre movie about a con man and a little girl is teamed up with the real poverty and desperation of Kansas and Missouri, circa 1936. You wouldn't think the two approaches would fit together, somehow, but, they do, and the movie comes off as more honest and affecting than if Bogdanovich had simply paid tribute to older styles". Gene Siskel gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote that Tatum O'Neal "is more than cute. Her role is something special in the well-established tradition of children on film."

Arthur D. Murphy in Variety called Tatum O'Neal "outstanding" and added, "Alvin Sargent's screenplay is a major contributor to the overall excellent results". Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote that Tatum O'Neal was "just plain marvelous and Paper Moon is a tough, funny, beautifully calculated diversion". Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote that the film "may prove a keen disappointment if you go with high expectations. At its best the film is only mildly amusing, and I'm not sure I could come up with a few undeniable highlights if pressed on the point". Tom Milne in The Monthly Film Bulletin called the film "very easy to take, especially as Alvin Sargent's dialogue has a nice edge of wit. The trouble is that the film covers all the ground it is going to cover in the scene in the restaurant near the beginning when we, with Ryan O'Neal, first realise that the sweetly awful child is going to be more than a match for him as far as wits are concerned".

On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 90% based on 48 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Expertly balancing tones, Paper Moon is a deft blend of film nostalgia and finely tuned performances – especially from Tatum O'Neal, who won an Oscar for her debut." Metacritic assigned a weighted average score of 77 out of 100 based on eight critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Awards and nominations
At the Academy Awards, Tatum O'Neal won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, making her the youngest competitive Academy Award winner (at age 10).

Other media
In September 1974, a television series called Paper Moon, based on the film, premiered on the ABC television network, with Jodie Foster cast as Addie and Christopher Connelly (who had appeared as O'Neal's brother in the earlier ABC series, Peyton Place) playing Moses. It was not a ratings success, and its thirteenth and last new episode aired in December 1974.

A stage musical adapted from the film and Addie Pray was produced at the Paper Mill Playhouse in 1993. The show featured a book by Martin Casella, music by Larry Grossman, and lyrics by Ellen Fitzhugh and Carol Hall, and was directed by Matt Casella. The cast included Gregory Harrison, Christine Ebersole, Brooks Ashmanskas, and Christopher Sieber.

In The Simpsons episode "The Great Money Caper", Homer and Bart conduct a series of cons, initially to pay to repair the family car. Their attempt to con Ned Flanders by claiming delivery of a personalised Bible ordered by his late wife Maude and requesting reimbursement unravels when Ned realises the con's similarity to that in the film Paper Moon, at which point Homer and Bart bolt.

Legacy
The head writer of the television series Obi-Wan Kenobi, Joby Harold, looked at the films Paper Moon and Midnight Run as influences for Obi-Wan Kenobi and Leia Organa's relationship after the latter's rescue.

title: Paper Moon (film)


text:
User talk:Charles Matthews/Archive 4

List of publications in mathematics
Hi,

I noticed that you added A Mathematical Theory of Communication to the list of important publications in math. This paper is indeed important but already appears as an important publication in computer science. I think that it is more appropriate to consider information theory as a subfield of cs and not of math. On the other hand, one looking for important publications in math might not be looking in cs too.

I'm not sure what will be better - removing the publication or copying the cs paragraph. What do you think?

Thanks for your help, APH 10:28, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Well, it is arguable that computer science didn't really exist at that point. Information theory is anyway probably more accurately classified as a field of statistics, being an aspect of the 'statistical theory of communication'. So, in the end, perhaps neither mathematics nor computer science will have it. Probably it is best to put everything in one place for the moment, and cross-reference to the other (can be done with anchored wikilinks, if you follow me).

Charles Matthews 12:47, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I'm not that familiar with wikilinks. I know how to put a reference to the article but I think that it is better to put the information itself and not a link. I know that it will lead to redundancy (what is funny in the context of information theory ;-)). Is it possible to open a "frame" that will show the actual data from another article? APH 14:50, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Not as such. What I meant is a link like this: list of important publications in computer science, which allows one to jump straight to the heading in the middle of the page.

Looking at it: the classification problem is not going to go away, here. If information theory is where it is, by analogy with algorithmic information theory, then this isn't quite right.

Charles Matthews 15:06, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Biographies
I'd prefer it if you didn't delete the done sections, it is best to keep them for archiving purposes.--[[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 10:02, 26 Jun 2004 (UTC)

What it says at List of encyclopedia topics is

 * If Wikipedia articles exist on some of the topics, create redirects to them and remove them from the list.

The entire list is of course available in the page history; I prefer to cut out anything done, since otherwise scrolling down the page takes no less time, even when there is little left to do.

If you feel strongly about this, I suggest you start a discussion on the talk page of List of encyclopedia topics, to clarify what others think should be policy.

Charles Matthews 10:10, 26 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Infinite Loops
Well done for spotting that it could be redirected. I just deleted the bugger... -- Graham ☺ | Talk 13:56, 26 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Children of Albion
Hi

I've been working on a longer article on this anthology since I noticed you'd wikified it in British Poetry Revival. I'll stick it in my namespace soon and invite your comments before editing your article, if that's OK.

Bmills 10:32, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Interesting. I mentioned in what I wrote there that Horovitz got some stick for it; but I'm sure you'll have a more informed view. Actually I bought a copy of it when it came out; but didn't get much out of it then, except some appreciation of Lee Harwood. (Well, I was about 15 ... ) Charles Matthews 10:34, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

It's here: User:Bmills/Children of Albion, if you care to have a look. Bmills 11:09, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Fine - I've linked the Alvarez book, which I'd already done. I might well do the Donald Allen book, as it's on my shelves somewhere (double-stacked, like much else). I've suggested a few bits of punctuation. Golliard/Goliard?

Charles Matthews 11:14, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Goliard, of course. Thanks for the improvements. Just back from a weekend in Cork with Tom Raworth, only to find an e-mail telling me Carl Rakosi was dead, so I feel like doing things. Bmills 11:20, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

By the way, I've created a poetry anthology category, as I seem fated to type more of this in. Cork - it's even longer ago, but I remember visiting cousins there, Sean Lucy's children. Charles Matthews 11:26, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Yes, I've noticed your anthologies: useful to have. Cork has a more or less yearly 'alternative poetry' festival and this year Tom, Trevor Joyse Maggie O'Sullivan, Alan Halsey, Geraldine Monk, Maurice Scully, Stephen Rodefer and others were there. A good weekend, but the city is one big roadwork in preperation for being European Capital of Culture next year. Bmills 11:30, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Have you done, or are you planning to do, The Anthology of Twentieth-Century British and Irish Poetry ? Bmills 08:16, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Yes, it's already at Anthology of Twentieth-Century British and Irish Poetry. You can track what I've done at User:Charles Matthews/New pages, by the way. I may add some more Faber anthologies (e.g. the Auden Modern American Verse) and maybe a few more American books. I don't know what is really 'encyclopedic' - for example Penguin have many, of which the Lucie-Smith 'Poetry since 1945' might be worth it. Charles Matthews 08:27, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I think it would, as would their Poetry of the 30s and Poetry of the 40s anthologies. These did a lot to keep Barker, Gascoyne, Sykes Davis and others visible to my generation. Bmills 08:52, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

How about a List of poetry anthologies? Bmills 10:09, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

It wouldn't be much work; at present I add the category 'Poetry anthology'. In a sense, I wanted to avoid having to discuss whether there is a worthwhile distinction from the list of poetry collections! One way would be to have just that one page, but segregate it into sections - after all Four Quartets is rather different from the Faber Book of Modern Verse. Charles Matthews 10:28, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I just went ahead and did it. I tend to think that the list of poetry collections should be reserved for original works like Four Quartets, Lyrical Ballads or the Pisan Cantos. Anthologies are a different beast. If anyone disagrees, they can argue their case. Bmills 10:59, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

How does one create a category? I'm thinking of creating Irish literature. Bmills 12:32, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Just edit in, say at the top or bottom of a page. It will come up as a category tag, but in red rather than blue. Then click on that, to edit the category page. If you add, say,, to that page, Irish literature will be added as a subcategory of Literature; it is possible to make it a subcategory of several things (e.g. also Irish culture). Once it exists as a subcategory, Irish literature will then be a 'blue link' category in good standing. Charles Matthews 12:40, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Thanks. Bmills 12:45, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Categories: Linear Algebra vs. Matrix Theory vs. Numerical Analysis
Hi. I am currently working on matrix stuff LU decomposition, Triangular matrix etc. My current angle is numerical analysis. I am now a bit confused as to which Category those pages belong to and how to write the introduction for a page.

For example the Triangular matrix page. Should the introduction be
 * 1) In linear algebra, triangular matrices are
 * 2) In matrix theory, triangular matrices are
 * 3) In numerical analysis, triangular matrices are

In the same vein what category should the page be in
 * 1) Categories:Linear Algebra
 * 2) Categories:Linear Algebra:Matrix Theory
 * 3) Categories:Numerical analysis

Should the Category be mentioned in the introduction ? Perhaps you can shed some light. MathMartin 13:58, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

For the categories, all three, certainly - no need to penny-pinch. For the intro: linear algebra is uncontestable, and includes implicitly matrix theory and numerical linear algebra, I suppose. Charles Matthews 14:17, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Thanks and a request.
Charles, thanks for adding to the Fundamental Theoerem of Projective Geometry page - only nine minutes after it was created! Could you briefly look at projective frame as I'm not as hot on this stuff as I once was, nor as good at wiking as I hope I will be. Rich Farmbrough.

Hello, Rich. On projective frame, the phrasing of where the points are isn't so clear. The Rn+1, if we are working over R, will have a basis like ei, for 1 ≤ i ≤ n+1; and then you want to have the final ei defined as the sum of all these. However I suppose the point of the definition is to take the (n+2)-tuple of images of these in the projective space. One can say that in a few ways; one would be that we take [ei] = equivalence class of all non-zero scalar multiples of ei, and the frame is the tuple of those. Charles Matthews 15:54, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Yes that looks better now. I was using two sources which took different approaches, so I was worried that I was confused. Rich Farmbrough 16:48, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Doubts on topology
Hi,

I am a regular contributor to wikipedia and I am aware that you are a prominent contributor in mathematics. I just want to clarify some points with you and react as a reader on a specific subject, hope you don't mind. Right now, while searching for information on mathematics, geometry and topology, I found it quite difficult to understand the concept of topology. As I had understood it earlier, it had something to do with the properties of surfaces (something like the 'development concept' which can be used for model making wherein a surface can be folded to form different forms). However when I read many topology related topics in wikipedia, I could only see some abstract terminologies and was not able to understand much. Is there any way of explaining this concept in a more physical and spatial manner an then introduce the mathematical qualities? Or is my understanding of the topic wrong? BTW, the pages on Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries were very clear and spatially explained and were the best in terms of my internet search on the subject. Thanks KRS 10:18, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Topology was one of the biggest growth areas in 20th century mathematics; so it is not surprising that it is now hard to survey. We now have some good pictorial material, e.g. Klein bottle. Abstractly, this is just a unit square with its sides glued up in a certain way; do that in other ways and you might get a torus or a projective plane (and those three spaces are the possibilities). Right then, the torus is in a simple way 'spatial', but the other two are not; they live outside 3-space in the abstract, and we can only see them immersed. They are also not orientable. Topology has to handle these questions indirectly, through machinery built up starting from the fundamental group, and developed ... into blue-sky research. If you could intuit why the fundamental group of the Klein bottle is a cyclic group of order two, that would be a good first step. Charles Matthews 10:29, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * You almost certainly meant to say the fundamental group of the real projective plane ... sam Mon Aug 16 16:36:40 CDT 2004

 * Thanks, From the Klein bottle link I could manage to conclude that what I had thought was right, will follow the links and delve deeper. Still, I feel that some amount of dumbing down is required in the main intro to the subject:-)(even your explanation is a bit too much for me as a general reader:-)) KRS 10:43, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Well, we have to write this as an encyclopedia; the wikibooks project does textbooks. There's a constant effort to improve access and get the top-down view right. In the end we need good authors. The topology page is old in WP terms, and overdue for a rewrite, I'd agree. Charles Matthews 10:49, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Sort → Sorting request
I'd like to move Sort algorithm to Sorting algorithm as the latter is the more common term and Naming conventions (verbs) says to use the gerund form of verbs. Unfortunately, the latter already exists as a redirect page, so I need an administrator to carry out the move. Can you help? Gdr 14:25, 2004 Jul 5 (UTC)

 * Done quick-and-dirty (I'm no expert) - I have 'sorted' the double redirects. Charles Matthews 15:21, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you (I would have been happy to fix the double redirects). Gdr 15:29, 2004 Jul 5 (UTC)

Reeh-Schlieder Theorem et. al.
Thanks for cleaning up after me! I hope I can improve my writing in the future, to minimize the need of this. Pjacobi 12:57, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

No problem - it's much better, and what WP is particularly good at, if people with insights just write them when they feel inspired to. Charles Matthews 13:42, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Dedekind cut
(William M. Connolley 14:03, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)) Hi Charles. If you can face the pain, take a look at Fw's recent edit (and the comment tag) to Dedekind cut. I doubt he is right, but haven't waded through it yet. I used to know this stuff you know...

It's a bit of a slow day for me, ISP-to-WP wise, and probably brain-wise too. Yes, a somewhat odd claim which if true should be phrased in some other way, if at all. Just now I'm worrying about who Windus of Chatto & Windus was, when he was at home. Charles Matthews 14:58, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

HSD
Thanks for spotting the original spelling error and for recovering the content. A mystery indeed. Bmills 13:46, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I believe the page history is just gone. If you mind about the author's credit, why don't you paste it all back in again?

Charles Matthews 14:25, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Done. I'm going to look at expanding this, as per your comments on the talk page.Bmills 14:51, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I came across some web page alluding to his 'debunking' of the Lucy poems of Wordsworth - as the kind of thing he did in the 1960s. Not that I believe everything I read on the Web, I hasten to add. Charles Matthews

editable page ratings
I have also been giving this idea alot of thought. I think there should be a hierarchy of quality not unlike the current featured articles but multi tiered. Something like a series of 5 steps, 1 being vfd candidates / extreme POV articles in need of a rewrite/cleanup etc.., and 5 being "worthy of 1.0" articles which are indefinitely protected, w edits only made after consensus in the talk. These could be the sorts of articles capable of things like the disks and maybe even paper copy encyclopedias Jimbo keeps talking about. Each page could have its rank (maybe a number of stars or whatnot?) placed conspicuously upon it, along w a small link to where the voting on raising or reducing its status could take place. The exact mechanism of all this isn't my forte, but I am quite certain it is generally a rather good idea to have some notice of level of quality placed upon the articles. Comments if you will, Sam [Spade] 17:23, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Actually anyone, right now, could invent a 'Five-star article' category, and so on. No one will do this, I suppose, if it's just going to irritate people. And if the 'system' that emerged was just used for petty point-scoring, then it would get a bad reputation. But it does look as if it could all just happen, given social action behind it. Charles Matthews 17:59, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

k1
Thanks! Refdoc 12:17, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I have raised it at Requests for comment/--K1 Refdoc 15:02, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Al-Khwarizmi text
I'm trying to clean up the confusing of edit histories i & others did, by merging those that redirect to Al-Khwarizmi.

Your contribs offers no hint of what the
 * ...page redirected here... of your talk edit was, and where the text came from.

Perhaps not even worth the time i've already given it, and i think i've double-checked all the redirs to Al-K, finding only 3 with meaningful text in their histories, and that it is not in the history of any of them. Do you remember what page this was about?

Thanks in any case! --Jerzy(t) 02:21, 2004 Jul 22 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm puzzled by this too. I guess I may have been trying to salvage text from a redirect made by someone else; but I can't now see what happened. Charles Matthews 16:39, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for trying. At one point i looked at the amount of detail about the rulers, and wondered if it was an extract of an article about the period rather than him. But i think i've seen you around here long enuf that you're not someone who'd use "redirect" as a synonym for "copied into a new place".

But as i say, no biggie. Thanks! --Jerzy(t) 04:13, 2004 Jul 23 (UTC)

Well, I wouldn't have done such a thing recently. I see I did edit algorithm in June 2003, when I knew less, and this might just be a matter arising from that. Charles Matthews 02:36, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Many-worlds interpretation
I think I may need some mediation on this article. What should I do? CSTAR 23:34, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Alexandrov - disambig. needed?
Hi Charles,

I have created an Aleksandrov (mathematician) to disambiguate between P.S. and A.D. Aleksandrov. I wonder whether a disambiguation is needed for Alexandrov as well - right now Alexandrov sends unconditionally to the town Alexandrov.

What do you think? BACbKA 19:34, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I have added a short note. Charles Matthews 14:16, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Revert war
Charles, I have found myself in the middle of a bad revert war at quantum mechanics (Talk:quantum mechanics, history). what should i do? can you help? I think maybe the page should be locked until a consensus can be reached. I also feel that unless the consensus happens to be agreement with the anonymous editor, he will never stop making this particular change, and may have to be banned. - Lethe | Talk 09:26, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)

OK - I think just stay cool about this: it is a limited change, not vandalism, by someone who doesn't understand WP norms (or doesn't want to). Try not to get too involved in reverting! Charles Matthews 14:16, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Finished mathematics ?
Hi Charles, have you ever heard of this term before? Does it have wide usage? Paul August 22:08, Aug 11, 2004 (UTC)

As far as I know, this is someone's personal sociological term. Charles Matthews 09:14, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Never heard of it either. VfD? Gadykozma 18:19, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

FYI: I've VfD'ed it. Votes for deletion/Finished mathematics. Gadykozma 14:15, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Zassenhaus lemma
I initiated this article and meant at some point to include a diagram explaining the lepidopteral etymology. I'm relatively new to Wikipedia though, and don't know how to convert the .pstex diagram I have to .png. I don't know why, but the WikInformation I've gleaned on the subject hasn't been to helpful. Do you have any knowledge on this matter you could share with me? Please reply to my talk page. Thanks, mat_x 16:39, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Fourier series
Charles, if you are going to continue edit Fourier series, note that I intend to rip out most of the "convergence" section and make it into a separate article. I started working on that article offline. Gadykozma 18:20, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

OK - I wasn't going to spend much time there, in fact. Please note that the gap between what an engineer might need, and Carleson's work, is quite big!

Charles Matthews 18:24, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Yes, this is precisely my point... I added most of the stuff in this section and now I realize that it's out of place and makes the article uneven and unfocused on its audience. Hence the rewrite. Gadykozma 23:28, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Balloon problem
I'm inclined to list Balloon problem on VfD, but I see that you put in some effort to clean it up, so I thought I'd check with you first. Even cleaned up, do you think the article has any value? It's an orphan except for the link that its author inserted in Big Brother television program, a link that should probably also be deleted (once the format of the show is explained, the link to the balloon analogy adds nothing). JamesMLane 11:57, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Balloon debate is something well known, I think. So, if you object to balloon problem, why not merge it into the former?

Charles Matthews 11:59, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Could do with your help
Could you have a look at the anon additions of some guy's link to an alternative treatment(?) of the mean value theorem there? (external link at the bottom). It smells badly of crank but I don't think I'll be able to make a 100% accurate judgement on it right now... and you've definately got the smarts for it... ;) Dysprosia 09:00, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Not encyclopedic, anyway. Charles Matthews 09:16, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Kidoke, I'll remove it. Thanks Dysprosia 09:23, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

John_Gabriel%27s_Nth_root_algorithm
thanks, now it looks even better --Deelkar 08:36, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

You're welcome. Charles Matthews 08:39, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Talk:Hausdorff paradox
You probably know better how to solve the problem with link in Talk:Hausdorff paradox, or mybe you can suggest whom should I ask for help. Tosha

Perhaps just give this link

http://134.76.163.65/agora_docs/28887TABLE_OF_CONTENTS.html

and ask people to click themselves by the Hausdorff paper. Charles Matthews 19:33, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Thanks, I did this way but it probably should be a better solution...? Tosha

William Watson
Thanks for pointing out my error with the William Watson image. I checked the original which said his date of birth is 1715, so most likely it should be at William Watson (scientist). I've noted this on the image description page and removed the image from the article. Angela. 13:03, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)

Notability
The article isn't notable - it's just that I deleted the notable template following consensus on templates for deletion. For good measure, I deleted the article too. Snowspinner 15:36, Sep 24, 2004 (UTC)

Computer games Category
You added Evil Genius (game) to the "Computer Games" category. This had only 1 item, which was said game. I have moved the game to the "PC games" category, which is much more populous. --TIB (talk) 22:34, Sep 26, 2004 (UTC)

Sparse matrix
I did some work on sparse matrix recently and plan to expand the page futher in the next few days. I have redirected and merged some of your pages (such as Sparsity, sparse graph) to sparse matrix as I think those topics are closely related and should be discussed on the same page, at least for now. I do not know if sparse matrix is a good name for the page but in lack of better term I will leave the name as is. Feel free to rename the page or change the structure of the page. And thanks for the spellchecking you did on my recent edits.MathMartin 13:49, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Well, I suspect that sparsity is a broad enough concept to require a free-standing page of its own, one day. I can't myself add much content on that right now; so let's leave it for the moment.

Charles Matthews 14:45, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Please advise on polynomial basis
I just finished writing up a gentle introduction to polynomial bases and although I had previously checked to see if "canonical basis" existed, I didn't check to see if standard basis existed. I believe both standard basis and polynomial basis are talking about the same thing (at least from the first sentence), and in crypto the terms are equivalent. The second paragraph is greek to me, so if you can confirm that they are the same thing, then you or I can merge the articles.

Also, I plan on writing similar intros to the currently redlinked primitive polynomial, normal basis, and change of bases, so don't worry about them too much. Cheers. CryptoDerk 00:42, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

There is something about normal basis, in the sense that I'd understand it, at regular representation. What you've written is the finite field case (for extensions of the prime field). It all seems to be compatible. Charles Matthews 07:04, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Please RV move of Analytic tableaux
The french plural "tableaux" is very much fixed as the preferred term for these things amongst researchers (eg. the two conference/workshop series); also I checked relative incidence on google for logic relevant hits which strongly favours tableaux.

Please move Analytic tableau back to Analytic tableaux Charles Stewart 08:28, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Well, is there a real problem here? Analytic tableaux redirects. I've seen a large number of Google hits for 'analytic tableau' too, so it's clearly a current term. We usually use the singular as the WP title, unless there is a very good semantic reason otherwise (as in the case of orthogonal polynomials). Unless you tell me that it fails in some way to make sense without the -x, the move seems to be normal practice to me.

Charles Matthews 08:54, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

OK, having looked again at the article, I think it could be clarified. Perhaps method of analytic tableaux would in fact be a better title all round.

Charles Matthews 09:07, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * "Analytic tableau" does occur in the literature, but it is an oddity; the plural really is preferable (4680 vs. 277 Google hits, FWIW, with the latter mostly adjectival occurrences of tableau, eg. in analytic tableau calculi) . "method of analytic tableaux" is OK, but if we go down this route, perhaps "tableau methods" or "tableau calculi" is better; hopefully it introduces no risk of ambiguity.  Charles Stewart 11:55, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Right - I've moved it; if you want to improve on that, go ahead. Charles Matthews 12:14, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, it needs cleanup now. I've no time now, hopefully soon.  Charles Stewart 12:28, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Charles Matthews/Archive 4