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Gran Chaco

The Gran Chaco or Dry Chaco is a sparsely populated, hot and semiarid lowland tropical dry broadleaf forest natural region of the Río de la Plata basin, divided among eastern Bolivia, western Paraguay, northern Argentina, and a portion of the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, where it is connected with the Pantanal region. This land is sometimes called the Chaco Plain.

Toponymy
The name Chaco comes from a word in Quechua, an indigenous language from the Andes and highlands of South America. The Quechua word chaqu meaning "hunting land" comes probably from the rich variety of animal life present throughout the entire region.

Geography
The Gran Chaco is about 647,500 km2 (250,000 sq mi) in size, though estimates differ. It is located west of the Paraguay River and east of the Andes, and is mostly an alluvial sedimentary plain shared among Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina. It stretches from about 17 to 33°S latitude and between 65 and 60°W longitude, though estimates differ.

Historically, the Chaco has been divided in three main parts: the Chaco Austral or Southern Chaco, south of the Bermejo River and inside Argentinian territory, blending into the Pampa region in its southernmost end; the Chaco Central or Central Chaco between the Bermejo and the Pilcomayo River to the north, also now in Argentinian territory; and the Chaco Boreal or Northern Chaco, north of the Pilcomayo up to the Brazilian Pantanal, inside Paraguayan territory and sharing some area with Bolivia.

Locals sometimes divide it today by the political borders, giving rise to the terms Argentinian Chaco, Paraguayan Chaco, and Bolivian Chaco. (Inside Paraguay, people sometimes use the expression Central Chaco for the area roughly in the middle of the Chaco Boreal, where Mennonite colonies are established.)

The Chaco Boreal may be divided in two: closer to the mountains in the west, the Alto Chaco (Upper Chaco), sometimes known as Chaco Seco (or Dry Chaco), is very dry and sparsely vegetated. To the east, less arid conditions combined with favorable soil characteristics permit a seasonally dry higher-growth thorn tree forest, and further east still higher rainfall combined with improperly drained lowland soils result in a somewhat swampy plain called the Bajo Chaco (Lower Chaco), sometimes known as Chaco Húmedo (Humid Chaco). It has a more open savanna vegetation consisting of palm trees, quebracho trees, and tropical high-grass areas, with a wealth of insects. The landscape is mostly flat and slopes at a 0.004-degree gradient to the east. This area is also one of the distinct physiographic provinces of the Parana-Paraguay Plain division.

The areas more hospitable to development are along the Paraguay, Bermejo, and Pilcomayo Rivers. It is a great source of timber and tannin, which is derived from the native quebracho tree. Special tannin factories have been constructed there. The wood of the palo santo from the Central Chaco is the source of oil of guaiac (a fragrance for soap). Paraguay also cultivates mate in the lower part of the Chaco.

Large tracts of the central and northern Chaco have high soil fertility, sandy alluvial soils with elevated levels of phosphorus, and a topography that is favorable for agricultural development. Other aspects are challenging for farming: a semiarid to semihumid climate (600–1300 mm annual rainfall) with a six-month dry season and sufficient fresh groundwater restricted to roughly one-third of the region, two-thirds being without groundwater or with groundwater of high salinity. Soils are generally erosion-prone once the forest has been cleared. In the central and northern Paraguay Chaco, occasional dust storms have caused major topsoil loss.

History
The Chaco was occupied by nomadic peoples, notably the various groups making up the Guaycuru, who resisted Spanish control of the Chaco, often with success, from the 16th until the early 20th centuries.

Prior to national independence of the nations that compose the Chaco, the entire area was a separate colonial region named by the Spaniards as Chiquitos.

The Gran Chaco had been a disputed territory since 1810. Officially, it was supposed to be part of Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay, although a bigger land portion west of the Paraguay River had belonged to Paraguay since its independence. Argentina claimed territories north of the Bermejo River until Paraguay's defeat in the War of the Triple Alliance in 1870 established its current border with Argentina.

Over the next few decades, Bolivia began to push the natives out and settle in the Gran Chaco, while Paraguay ignored it. Bolivia sought the Paraguay River for shipping oil out into the sea (it had become a land-locked country after the loss of its Pacific coast in the War of the Pacific), and Paraguay claimed ownership of the land. This became the backdrop to the Gran Chaco War (1932–1935) between Paraguay and Bolivia over supposed oil in the Chaco Boreal (the aforementioned region north of the Pilcomayo River and to the west of the Paraguay River). Eventually, Argentine Foreign Minister Carlos Saavedra Lamas mediated a ceasefire and subsequent treaty signed in 1938, which gave Paraguay three-quarters of the Chaco Boreal and gave Bolivia a corridor to the Paraguay River with the ability to use the Puerto Casado and the right to construct their own port. No oil was found in the region until 2012 when Paraguayan President Federico Franco announced the discovery of oil in the area of the Pirity river.

Mennonites immigrated into the Paraguayan part of the region from Canada in the 1920s; more came from the USSR in the 1930s and immediately following World War II. These immigrants created some of the largest and most prosperous municipalities in the deep Gran Chaco.

The region is home to over 9 million people, divided about evenly among Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil, and including around 100,000 in Paraguay. The area remains relatively underdeveloped, In the 1960s, the Paraguayan authorities constructed the Trans-Chaco Highway and the Argentine National Highway Directorate, National Routes 16 and 81, in an effort to encourage access and development. All three highways extend about 700 km from east to west and are now completely paved, as is a network of nine Brazilian highways in Mato Grosso do Sul state.

Flora
The Gran Chaco has some of the highest temperatures on the continent.

It has high biodiversity, containing around 3,400 plant species, 500 birds, 150 mammals, and 220 reptiles and amphibians.

The floral characteristics of the Gran Chaco are varied given the large geographical span of the region. The dominant vegetative structure is xerophytic deciduous forests with multiple layers, including a canopy (trees), subcanopy, shrub layer, and herbaceous layer. Ecosystems include riverine forests, wetlands, savannas, and cactus stands, as well.

At higher elevations of the eastern zone of the Humid Chaco, mature forests transition from the wet forests of southern Brazil. These woodlands are dominated by canopy trees such as Handroanthus impetiginosus and characterized by frequent lianas and epiphytes. This declines to seasonally flooded forests, at lower elevations, that are dominated by Schinopsis spp., a common plains tree genus often harvested for its tannin content and dense wood. The understory comprises bromeliad and cactus species, as well as hardy shrubs such as Schinus fasciculata. These lower areas lack lianas, but have abundant epiphytic species such as Tillandsia. The river systems that flow through the area, such as the Rio Paraguay and Rio Parana, allow for seasonally flooded semievergreen gallery forests that hold riparian species such as Tessaria integrifolia and Salix humboldtiana. Other seasonally flooded ecosystems of this area include palm-dominated (Copernicia alba) savannas with a bunch grass-dominated herbaceous layer.

To the west, in the Semiarid/Arid Chaco, medium-sized forests consists of white quebracho (Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco) and red quebracho (Schinopsis lorentzii) with a slightly shorter subcanopy made up of several species from the family Fabaceae, as well as several arboreal cacti species that distinguish this area of the Chaco. There is a scrub-like shrub and herbaceous understory. On sandy soils, the thick woodlands turn into savannas where the aforementioned species prevail, as well as species such as Jacaranda mimosifolia. The giant Stetsonia coryne, found throughout the western Semiarid/Arid region becomes very conspicuous in these sandy savannas. Various upland systems of plant associations occur throughout the Gran Chaco. The Highlands of the Argentinian Chaco are made up of, on the dry, sunny side (up to 1800m), Schinopsis haenkeana woodlands. The cooler side of the uplands hosts Zanthoxylum coco (locally referred to as Fagara coco) and Schinus molleoides (locally referred to as Lithrea molleoides) as the predominant species. Other notable species include Bougainvillea stipitata, and several species from the Fabaceae. The Paraguayan uplands have other woodland slope ecosystems, notably, those dominated by Anadenanthera colubrina on moist slopes. Both of these upland systems, as well as numerous other Gran Chaco areas, are rich with endemism.

Fauna
Faunal diversity in the Gran Chaco is also high. The Gran Chaco has around 3,400 plant, 500 bird, 150 mammal, and 220 reptile and amphibian species. Animals typically associated with tropical and subtropical forests are often found throughout the eastern Humid Chaco, including jaguars, howler monkeys, peccaries, deer, and tapirs. Edentate species, including anteaters and armadillos, are readily seen here, as well. Being home to at least 10 species, the Argentinian Chaco is the location of the peak diversity for the armadillo, including species such as the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), whose range extends north to the southern US, and the southern three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutes matacus). The pink fairy armadillo (Chlamyphrous truncatus), is found nowhere else in the world. The giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), while not found in the eastern Humid Chaco, can be seen in the drier Arid Chaco of the west. Some other notable endemics of the region include the San Luis tuco-tuco (Ctenomys pontifex). This small rodent is only found in the Argentinian Chaco. All of 60 species of Ctenomys are endemic to South America. The Chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri), locally known as tauga, is the largest of the three peccary species found in the area. This species was thought to be extinct by scientists until 1975, when it was recorded by Ralph Wetzel.

Due to the climate of the Gran Chaco, herpetofauna are restricted to moist refugia in various places throughout the chaco. Rotting logs, debris piles, old housing settlement, wells, and seasonal farm ponds are examples of such refugia. The black-legged seriema (Chunga burmeisteri), blue-crowned parakeet (Aratinga acuticadauta), Picui ground dove (Columbina picui), guira cuckoo (Guira guira), little thornbird (Phacellodomus sibilatrix), and many-colored Chaco finch (Saltaitricula multicolor) are notable of the 409 bird species that are resident or breed in the Gran Chaco; 252 of these Chaco species are endemic to South America.

Conservation issues
The Chaco is one of South America's last agricultural frontiers. Very sparsely populated and lacking sufficient all-weather roads and basic infrastructure (the Argentinian part is more developed than the Paraguayan or Bolivian part), it has long been too remote for crop planting. The central Chaco's Mennonite colonies are a notable exception. Between 2000 and 2019, it was estimated that the Dry Chaco forest cover decreased by 20.2%, including territory in Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay, with the latter showing the most dramatic land cover change.

Two factors may substantially change the Chaco in the near future: low land valuations and the region's suitability to grow fuel crops. Suitability for the cultivation of Jatropha has been proven. Sweet sorghum as an ethanol plant may prove viable, too, since sorghum is a traditional local crop for domestic and feedstock use. The feasibility of switchgrass is currently being studied by Argentina's Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, as is the Karanda’y palm tree in the Paraguayan Chaco.

While advancements in agriculture can bring some improvements in infrastructure and employment for the region, loss of habitat and virgin forest is substantial and will likely increase poverty. Paraguay, after having lost more than 90% of its Atlantic rainforest between 1975 and 2005, is now losing its xerophytic forest (dry forests) in the Chaco at an annual rate of 220,000 ha (2008). In mid-2009, a projected law, initiated by the Liberal Party, that would have outlawed deforestation in the Paraguayan Chaco altogether, "Deforestacion Zero en el Chaco" did not get a majority in the parliament.

Deforestation in the Argentinian part of the Chaco amounted to an average of 100,000 ha per year between 2001 and 2007. According to Fundación Avina, a local NGO, on average, 1130 ha are cleared per day. The soy plantations not only eliminate the forest, but also other types of agriculture. Indigenous communities are losing their land to agribusinesses. Since 2007, a law is supposed to regulate and control the cutting of timber in the Gran Chaco, but illegal logging continues.

Among the aggressive investors in the Paraguayan Gran Chaco are U.S.-based agribusinesses Cargill Inc., Bunge Ltd., and Archer Daniels Midland Co.

Protected areas
A 2017 assessment found that 176,715 km2, or 22%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas.

In September 1995, the Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area was established in an area of the Chaco in Bolivia. It is administered and was established solely by the indigenous peoples, including the Izoceño Guaraní, the Ayoreode, and the Chiquitano.

Other protected areas include Defensores del Chaco National Park and Tinfunqué National Park in Paraguay, and Copo National Park and El Impenetrable National Park in Argentina.

Administrative divisions in the Gran Chaco
The following Argentine provinces, Bolivian and Paraguayan departments, and Brazilian states lie in the Gran Chaco area, either entirely or in part.

Indigenous peoples

 * Abipón, Argentina, historic group
 * Angaite (Angate), northwestern Paraguay
 * Ayoreo (Morotoco, Moro, Zamuco), Bolivia and Paraguay
 * Chamacoco (Zamuko), Paraguay
 * Chané, Argentina and Bolivia
 * Chiquitano (Chiquito, Tarapecosi), eastern Bolivia
 * Chorote (Choroti), Iyojwa'ja Chorote, Manjuy), Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay
 * Guana (Kaskihá), Paraguay
 * Guaraní, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay
 * Bolivian Guarani
 * Eastern Guarani (Chiriguano), Bolivia
 * Guarayo (East Bolivian Guarani)
 * Chiripá (Tsiripá, Ava), Bolivia
 * Pai Tavytera (Pai, Montese, Ava), Bolivia
 * Tapieté (Guaraní Ñandéva, Yanaigua), eastern Bolivia
 * Yuqui (Bia), Bolivia
 * Guaycuru peoples, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay
 * Mbayá (Caduveo), historic
 * Kadiweu, Brazil
 * Mocoví (Mocobí), Argentina
 * Payaguá
 * Pilagá (Pilage Toba)
 * Toba (Qom, Frentones), Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay
 * Kaiwá, Argentina and Brazil
 * Lengua people (Enxet), Paraguay
 * North Lengua (Eenthlit, Enlhet, Maskoy), Paraguay
 * South Lengua, Paraguay
 * Lulé (Pelé, Tonocoté), Argentina
 * Maká (Towolhi), Paraguay
 * Nivaclé (Ashlushlay, Chulupí, Chulupe, Guentusé), Argentina, and Paraguay
 * Sanapaná (Quiativis), Paraguay
 * Vilela, Argentina
 * Wichí (Mataco), Argentina and Bolivia

Many of these peoples speak or used to speak Mataco–Guaicuru languages.

title: Gran Chaco


text:
Talk:Steppe

[Comment from Nina]
In a history course it is mentioned that the "Steppe Gradient" is the general sloping trend from east to west of the Steppes. As this is used to explain the migration of many nomadic peoples I was wondering if it was worth noting. Nina

Merging Steppe-Tundra
I just looked at the article called steppe-tundra, it is misleading and should NOT be merged with Steppe. Steppe is is used for thing and Tundra for another.

--Son_of_the_Tundra 12:22, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

It makes no sense to merge with steppe-tundra; steppe-tundra is quite distinct from steppe and tundra. This would be more clear if both articles weren't stubs. Captain Segfault 14:34, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Agreed. Steppe-tundra seems to be some sort of ancient biome. A steppe is a vast plain covered in low grasses. The Steppe or Steppes refer to the great Eurasian plains, especially in central Russia.

Hahaha, that's hilarious. Steppe and tundra are the two climates I picked at complete random for my Social Studies project. Hehehehehehehehehe.Hi There

air pollution, erhem, rather, Wikipollution
'''DON'T USE THIS WEBSITE, TURN BACK NOW PLEASE DO IT. THIS WEBSITE IS ALL WRONG!''' was what was slapped right on the front of the page. Couldn't bear to just delete it, it was so funny. Move it to BJAODN, please. I'm NOT the one who wrote it!

Note on pronounciation
Merriam Webster gives the pronounciation as 'step. This is what I've always heard used. Albrecht 23:23, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

repeats
The page says "The term is also used to denote the climate encountered in regions too dry to support a forest, but not dry enough to be a desert... The soil is considered too moist to be a desert, but too dry to support normal forest life." Whoever wrote this stub needed to proof read for repeats.

Also, the sentance "They are usually found in areas of the world less prone to moisture." is pretty redundant as the fact that it is dry is stated again and and again throughout the article.

2 types of steppe
It should be included that there are 2 types of steppe: the tropical (wet) steppe and temperate steppes (e.g. Russian steppes). Also, a map on this is needed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.244.192.17 (talk) 14:13, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Paintings
I took these out of the article, because I don't think they add a whole lot. I think the photos give better representations of what steppes really look like, and I added the one of Patagonia. Cadwaladr (talk) 05:16, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Incorrect Temperature Conversion
In the 2nd paragraph, it says "and in winter, –40 °C (–40 °F)."

I'm sure this can't be right seeing as -40c is well below freezing and -40f is not. Someone might want to fix this. :)
 * -40f is indeed well below freezing (freezing is +32f), and is indeed equal to -40c, so it's probably correct. W. P. Uzer (talk) 08:08, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

Suggested expansion
The article provides basics of definition and location, but I think could do with more on the ecology of what maintains steppe (grazing? natural fires?), and associated animal and plant life. The corresponding article on prairie seems more informative. --Cedderstk 11:27, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used in this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The file on Wikimedia Commons has been nominated for speedy deletion. View the deletion reason at the. Community Tech bot (talk) 03:51, 28 May 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The file on Wikimedia Commons has been nominated for deletion. View and participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. Community Tech bot (talk) 20:06, 28 May 2018 (UTC)

Unclear opening sentence
The opening sentence now reads:

 * In physical geography, a steppe (Russian: степь, IPA: [stʲepʲ]) is an ecoregion, in the montane grasslands and shrublands and temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biomes, characterized by grassland plains without trees apart from those near rivers and lakes.

Where is the ecoregion? It seems to be in any one of several biomes. How many types of biomes are there? Are there just two biomes—biomes whose components are montane grasslands and shrublands and temperate grasslands, and biomes whose components are savannas and shrublands? Or are there four—montane grassland biomes, shrubland biomes, temperate grassland biomes, and savanna biomes? Are all the biomes characterized by grassland plains?

The problem is that it isn't clear what in governs, because use of the plurals in grasslands, shrublands, grasslands, savannas, and shrublands makes them appear to be the objects of in, but once you read biomes, those plural nouns appear to be noun modifiers of biomes, in which case in ultimately governs biomes.

The best revision would be on in which grassland and shrubland appeared only once, and in which no noun phrase modifies biome. Wordwright (talk) 23:47, 1 December 2018 (UTC)

Ukraine steppe image
The image in the article titled "Steppe in Ukraine" actually shows a wheat field. 'Steppe' refers primarily to dry grassland, not cultivated soils or plains. StonerLemonBlues (talk) 18:08, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Steppe


text:
E. A. Markham

Edward Archibald Markham FRSL (1 October 1939 – 23 March 2008), popularly known as Archie Markham, was a Montserratian poet, playwright, novelist and academic. He moved to the United Kingdom in 1956, where he remained for most of his life, writing as well as teaching at various academic institutions. He was known for writing subtle, witty and intelligent poetry, which refused to conform to the conventions, and stereotypes, of British and Caribbean poetry alike.

Life
E. A. Markham was born into a large, middle-class family in Harris, Montserrat, in 1939. He attended the only grammar school on the island, before emigrating to the UK at the age of 17. In the UK, Markham read English and Philosophy at the University of Wales, Lampeter, from 1962 to 1965. He subsequently went on to research 17th-century comedy at the University of East Anglia, before taking up his first academic position as a lecturer at Kilburn Polytechnic (now the College of North West London).

On leaving Kilburn Polytechnic, Markham founded the Caribbean Theatre Workshop, which aimed to explore "non-naturalistic ways of writing and playing", and which he led on a successful tour of Montserrat, Saint Vincent and other parts of the Eastern Caribbean in 1970–71. Shortly after his return from the tour, Markham left for France, where he worked, building houses with a French co-operative movement (the Cooperative Ouvrière du Batiment) in the Alpes-Maritimes, from 1972 to 1974.

On returning to the UK, he joined a touring group called the Bluefoot Travellers, and was awarded a series of writing fellowships at Hull College (1978–79), in Brent, London (on a C. Day-Lewis Fellowship from 1979 to 1980), Ipswich (1986), and at the University of Ulster (1988–91). He also worked as an active member of numerous literary groups and committees, including the Poetry Book Society, the Poetry Society (General Council, 1976–77) and the Minority Arts Advisory Service (MAAS), whose magazine, Artrage, he edited from 1985 to 1987.

In a long itinerant period, he took a Voluntary Service Overseas position for two years (1983–85) in Papua New Guinea, working as media co-ordinator for the provincial authorities in Enga province. He would later recall this experience in his memoir, A Papua New Guinea Sojourn (1993). In 1997, he took up the position of Professor of Creative Writing at Sheffield Hallam University, where he co-founded the MA in creative writing and directed the biennial Hallam Literature Festival.

On the occasion of his 60th birthday, Sheffield Hallam published A Festschrift for E. A. Markham (1999), and in 2005, when Markham retired, the university made him an emeritus professor. He was awarded the Certificate of Honour by the government of Montserrat, in 1997; and was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2003.

In 2005, Markham moved to Paris, France. He died there, of a heart attack on Easter day, 23 March 2008, aged 68.

Poetry and other works
Although Markham is mainly known for his poetry, he worked in many artistic genres across the years, producing plays, short stories, a novel and an autobiography as well as multiple collections of poetry. He found his first "artistic outlet" in drama, writing and producing a play called The Masterpiece while still at university in the early 1960s.

A defining characteristic of Markham's work is his tireless exploration of multiple voices and perspectives. In a short introduction to his work entitled "Many Voices, Many Lives" (1989), he wrote: "The dramatic revelation that poets [...] in the Caribbean had two voices – nation language and Standard English – released many energies; but we had to be sure that this wasn't to be interpreted that we had only two voices, only two modes of expression [...] I was interested in testing the whole range of voices [...] that were possibly real for me"

As part of his exploration of multiple personae, Markham often published his works under pseudonyms. In the 1970s, Markham wrote a series of poems (including Lambchops, Lampchops in Disguise and Philpot in the City) in the fictional personae of Paul St. Vincent – a young, black man from Antigua, living in South London – and these poems were published in St. Vincent's name. Unlike much of Markham's poetry, the Paul St. Vincent poems are mainly written in nation language. Later, in the 1980s, Markham wrote through the fictional persona of Sally Goodman: a white, Welsh feminist. Some of the "Sally Goodman" poems were later anthologised in Markham's collection Living in Disguise. He argued that in inventing these multiple personae, "the test was to force their creator to accommodate types of consciousness which, at the very least, served to enlarge one area of Westindianness".

Markham's writing in genres other than poetry – the short story, the novel, autobiography and travel-writing – was well received by critics. In addition to his creative writing, Markham also edited two important anthologies of Caribbean writing: Hinterland: Caribbean Poetry from the West Indies and Britain (1979) and The Penguin Book of Caribbean Short Stories (1996).

Poetry

 * Crossfire (1972)
 * Mad and Other Poems (1973)
 * Love Poems and Maze (1978)
 * The Lamp (1978)
 * Masterclass (1979)
 * Games and Penalties (1980)
 * Love, Politics and Food (1982)
 * Family Matters (1984)
 * Human Rites: Selected Poems 1970–1982 (1984)
 * Lambchops in Papua New Guinea (1986)
 * Living In Disguise (1986)
 * Towards the End of a Century (1989)
 * Maurice V.'s Dido (1991)
 * Letter from Ulster and the Hugo Poems (1993)
 * Misapprehensions (1995)
 * Fragments of Memory (2000)
 * A Rough Climate (2002), T. S. Eliot Prize shortlist
 * John Lewis & Co (2003)
 * The Selected Poems of Paul St. Vincent and Sally Goodman
 * Looking Out, Looking In (2008)

As Paul St. Vincent
 * Lambchops (1976)
 * Lambchops in Disguise (1976)
 * Philpot in the City (1976)

Novels and short stories

 * Pierrot (1979)
 * Something Unusual (1986),
 * Ten Stories (1994)
 * Marking Time (1999)
 * Taking the Drawing Room Through Customs: Selected Stories 1970–2000 (2002)

Autobiography and travel writing

 * A Papua New Guinea Sojourn: More Pleasures of Exile (1998)
 * Against the Grain (2007)

Edited collections

 * Hinterland: Caribbean Poetry from the West Indies and Britain (1989), editor. Newcastle-Upon-Tyne: Bloodaxe Books
 * Hugo versus Montserrat (1989), for hurricane relief, edited with Howard Fergus
 * The Penguin Book of Caribbean Short Stories (1996), editor

title: E. A. Markham


text:
Donal Logue

Donal Francis Logue (born February 27, 1966 ) is a Canadian actor. He starred in the film The Tao of Steve and has had roles in the TV series Sons of Anarchy, Vikings, Grounded for Life, Copper, Terriers, and, as Detective Harvey Bullock on Fox's Gotham. He additionally played the recurring role of Lt. (later Captain) Declan Murphy in NBC's Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.

Early life
Donal Francis Logue was born in Ottawa, Ontario, to Irish parents from County Kerry. His parents were Carmelite missionaries, and the family moved from Ireland to Canada to Boston and elsewhere before settling in Calexico, California, in the state's Imperial Valley. There and in nearby El Centro, California, Logue grew up with three sisters—Karina, Deirdre and Eileen —and their mother taught at Calexico High School and Vincent Memorial Catholic High School. Logue attended Central Union High School in El Centro, where he became interested in theater. With friend John Everly during what Logue called the "summer during our sophomore year", he created the theater group Imperial Valley Players to perform in the school's auditorium, mounting the theater of the absurd play Picnic on the Battlefield by Fernando Arrabal.

For part of his junior year of high school, Logue attended the Jesuit school St. Ignatius' College in Enfield Town, London, England. In 1983, while a high-school senior, Donal was elected president of the 37th session of the American Legion Boys Nation, representing California and becoming the first non-citizen elected Boys Nation president. He went on to study history at Harvard University, graduating in 1988. In the late 1980s, he worked as a road manager for such bands as Bullet LaVolta.

Career
After a few appearances in made-for-TV films, Logue appeared in the 1992 film Sneakers, playing Dr. Gunter Janek. Of his career start, Logue recalled, "After being accepted to Harvard as an intellectual history major and being convinced to audition for plays by my college roommates, I auditioned for 15 and didn't get called back for a single one. I had been a road manager for punk bands and a stage manager for a traveling theater company, but nothing had materialized. Out of the blue, though, I got a call to audition for the movie Sneakers out in L.A. and I had very little experience. When I was there, auditioning for the role in front of Ben Kingsley and Robert Redford and getting nods of approval, it provided validation to my efforts. That was my first big movie, and I knew that my life would not be dictated by normality."

In 1993, he portrayed Capt. Ellis Spear in Gettysburg, and a movie agent, Judd Bromell, on the Northern Exposure episode "Baby Blues", then later appeared as an FBI agent in The X-Files episode "Squeeze." Logue's character Jimmy The Cab Driver was a staple of MTV promos in the early 1990s. He also appeared in Blade and The Patriot, in 2000. He appeared in two of Edward Burns films: Purple Violets and The Groomsmen.

Logue's portrayal as the lead in The Tao of Steve won him a Special Grand Jury Prize for best actor at the 2000 Sundance Film Festival, and was noticed by ER producer John Wells, who cast Logue in several episodes as Chuck Martin, a nurse Dr. Susan Lewis marries one weekend in Las Vegas on a whim, and later has a child with. Concurrent with the run on ER, Logue starred in the critically acclaimed comedy Grounded for Life. In December 2005, Logue had a pilot development deal for a new situation comedy on ABC television, originally titled I Want to Rob Mick Jagger. The pilot was picked up and debuted in the winter of 2006 under the name The Knights of Prosperity. The show disappeared from the ABC lineup in early March 2007.

Logue also appeared in a supporting role in Just Like Heaven (2005). Logue had appeared as Phil Stubbs in the original pilot for the NBC show Ed, but dropped out to star in the sitcom Grounded for Life. The first two and a half seasons of Grounded for Life were telecast on the Fox network; thereafter, the show moved to The WB for the remainder of its run. In 2002 and 2003, Logue appeared on the VH1 I Love... instalments 80s, 70s, and '80s Strikes Back. In 2010, Logue appeared on House, M.D. as millionaire patient Curtis Harry.

Logue also appeared in NBC's The Dennis, in 2005, about a former child prodigy whose parents kick him out of the house and into the real world. It was not picked up, however. Logue co-starred with Nicolas Cage in the film Ghost Rider, the David Fincher film Zodiac, and alongside Mark Wahlberg in the 20th Century Fox film Max Payne. In 2007 he had an uncredited role in "Monk" Season 6 episode "Mr. Monk Is Up All Night" as a grifter Monk meets in a bar. In 2008, Logue appeared in the Jack Kerouac documentary One Fast Move or I'm Gone: Kerouac's Big Sur. Logue starred as Captain Kevin Tidwell in the NBC crime drama Life from 2008 to 2009. On May 4, 2009, NBC announced Life would not be returning for a third season.

Logue starred in FX series Terriers, which ran 13 episodes from September to December 2010. After the show's cancellation, a frustrated Logue briefly left acting for truck-driving, according to his friend and fellow actor W. Earl Brown. Logue starred as the main character in Theory of a Deadman's music video for the song "Lowlife", off their 2011 release The Truth Is....

In late 2012, Logue joined the casts of Sons of Anarchy as renegade ex-U.S. Marshal Lee Toric who is out for revenge for the murder of his sister and Vikings as King Horik. In 2013, he joined the cast of BBC America's show Copper as a returning Union General turned Tammany Hall insider, General Brendan Donovan, and he returned to Sons of Anarchy and Vikings to reprise his roles from the previous seasons. Logue had roles in two 2013: CBGB with Alan Rickman and 9 Full Moons with Amy Seimetz and Bret Roberts.

Between March and May 2014, he appeared in six episodes of the NBC police procedural, crime, legal drama, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as Lieutenant Declan Murphy, a former undercover officer appointed as acting commander of the Special Victims Unit. From 2014 to the show's conclusion in 2019, he portrayed Harvey Bullock in the police procedural series Gotham, based on the DC Comics Batman franchise.

In 2015, Logue appeared in Adam Massey's thriller film The Intruders.

In 2021, Logue appeared in the FX series What We Do in the Shadows, portraying a fictionalized version of himself. He is at first mistaken for his Blade character of Quinn but explains that he had chosen to become a vampire after completing the movie Blade, as the vampire lifestyle appealed to him. This universe's rendition of Logue has become a respected member of the Supreme Worldwide Vampiric Council, is actively in touch with the cast members of Grounded for Life, and is an avid painter.

Personal life

Logue travels back and forth to Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland, where his mother lives, and holds both Irish and Canadian citizenship.

Logue has homes in Los Angeles and in Shady Cove, Oregon, where he cofounded Frison Logue Hardwood. Logue regularly plays for the Los Angeles–based amateur soccer team Hollywood United.

Logue has a Class-A Commercial Drivers License and is licensed to drive tractor-trailers with double or triple trailers, tankers and hazardous materials. He has a hardwood company with one partner called Frison-Logue Hardwood, and a trucking company called Aisling Trucking with two partners based out of Central Point, Oregon, which the three founded in 2012.

Logue was formerly married or in a long-term committed relationship with Kasey Walker, also known as Kasey Smith. They have a son named Finn, and a transgender daughter, Jade. On June 27, 2017, Logue posted a tweet saying Jade had gone missing; he later deleted it and launched a wider public appeal for help after contacting police and the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. By July 8, over a week later, Jade had been found in North Carolina and was returned home safely.

title: Donal Logue


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Tourism in Croatia

Tourism in Croatia (turizam u Hrvatskoj) is a major industry of country's economy, accounting for almost 20% of Croatia's gross domestic product (GDP) as of 2021.

The history of tourism in Croatia dates back to its time as part of Austria-Hungary when wealthy aristocrats would converge to the sea, but had expanded greatly in the 1960s and '70s under the economic policies of the former Yugoslavia. Today, Croatia is one of the most visited tourist destinations in the Mediterranean, with a total of 14 million tourists visiting in 2021.

Tourism in Croatia is concentrated in the areas along the Adriatic coast and is strongly seasonal, peaking in July and August. Eight areas in the country have been designated national parks, with an additional eleven as nature parks. Currently, there are ten sites in Croatia on the UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites.

History
Since the late 1990s, Croatia has had one of the highest tourism growth rates in the world and this trend is expected to continue. Between 2012 (the year before Croatia joined the EU) and 2019, the number of annual tourist arrivals increased by 8 million. 16 million foreign tourists - 4 times the country’s population - visited Croatia in 2018. Economists argue that Croatia's joining the EU made them a more desirable tourist location due to reinvestment in their economy, more open trade barriers, and lessened customs control.

Its main attractions are a 1,104-mile-long Mediterranean coastline plus 1,185 islands, and a rich cultural and historical heritage. Only 15% of the coast, the main tourist attraction in Croatia, is urbanized, and plans are in progress to further develop Croatia's tourism sector. The Croatian Tourism Development Strategy aims at making Croatia a globally recognized tourist destination for all seasons, and is working towards that goal by building more luxury accommodations, including hotels and tourist services, or renovating older ones. Croatia also has one of the UNWTO's Sustainable Tourism Observatories, part of the organization's International Network of Sustainable Tourism Observatories (INSTO). The observatory is considered a commitment to monitoring and building sustainable tourism.

Tourist regions
Tourism is largely concentrated on the coastal areas, which are shared among seven counties. Another characteristic is its high level of seasonality.

The Croatian National Tourist Board has divided Croatia into six distinct tourist regions.

Istria
The west coast of the peninsula of Istria has several historical towns dating from Roman times, such as the city of Umag, which hosts the yearly Croatia Open ATP tennis tournament on clay courts.

The city of Poreč is known for the UNESCO-protected Euphrasian Basilica, which includes 6th-century mosaics depicting Byzantine art. The city plan still shows the ancient Roman Castrum structure with main streets Decumanus and Cardo Maximus still preserved in their original forms. Marafor is a Roman square with two temples attached. One of them, erected in the 1st century, is dedicated to the Roman god Neptune. Originally a Gothic Franciscan church built in the 13th century, the 'Dieta Istriana' hall was remodeled in the Baroque style in the 18th century.

The region's largest city Pula has one of the best preserved amphitheatres in the world, which is still used for festivals and events. It is surrounded by hotel complexes, resorts, camps, and sports facilities. Nearby is Brijuni national park, formerly the summer residence of late Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito. Roman villas and temples still lie buried among farm fields and along the shoreline of surrounding fishing and farming villages. The coastal waters offer beaches, fishing, wreck dives to ancient Roman galleys and World War I warships, cliff diving, and sailing. Pula is the end point of the EuroVelo 9 cycle route that runs from Gdańsk on the Baltic Sea through Poland, Czechia, Austria, Slovenia and Croatia.

The town of Rovinj contains well-indented coastal areas with a number of small bays hidden within dense vegetation, open to naturists. Although the beaches are not specified as naturist, naturists frequent them.

The interior is green and wooded, with small stone towns on hills, such as Motovun. The river Mirna flows below the hill. On the other side of the river lies Motovun forest, an area of about 10 square kilometres in the valley of the river Mirna, of which 280 hectares (2.8 km2) are specially protected. This area differs not only from the nearby forests, but also from those of the entire surrounding karst region because of its wildlife, moist soil, and truffles (Tuber magnatum) that grow there. Since 1999, Motovun has hosted the international Motovun Film Festival for independent films from the U.S. and Europe. Grožnjan, another hill town, hosts a three-week jazz festival every July.

"Olive tourism" is also on the increase in this region. Olive oil is among the most important agricultural activities in Istria and this region has therefore received a large part of the nation's effort in rejuvenating the olive oil manufacturing that began around the turn of the new millenium: renovating and renewing of olive groves (18,683 ha of olive groves in Croatia in 2018, most of it near the coast yielding 5,000 tonnes olive oil / year ), introduction of modern technologies in the production and processing of olives, storage of olive oil. Its olive oil has an exceedingly good reputation; in 2024 the olive oil guide Flos Olei has classed 69 Istrian producers among the 500 best producers worldwide. It is also a major part of the cultural history in the region, as witnessed by a 1,600 years old olive tree on the island of Veli Brijun (Brijuni National Park). As one of the forms of special interest tourism and a form of gastronomy-related tourism, oleotourism is very common in rural areas where it generates additional income for olive growers who market their produce directly to consumers; it also has a multifaceted education value; and it extends the seasonality of tourism - and of associated seasonal labour - into the Autumn season. The olive oil museum in the center of Pula includes a shop and allows for various activities (discovering, tasting, purchasing).

Kvarner and Highlands
One of the most varying regions, the entire Kvarner Gulf provides striking scenery, with tall mountains overlooking large islands in the sea. Opatija is the oldest tourist resort in Croatia, its tradition of tourism ranging from the 19th century.

The former Venetian island towns of Rab and Lošinj are popular tourist destinations. The island of Rab is rich in cultural heritage and cultural-historical monuments. Rab is also known as a pioneer of naturism after the visit of Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson. The island offers nature, beaches, heritage, and events such as the Rab arbalest tournament and the Rab Medieval festival – Rapska fjera. With around 2600 hours of sunshine a year, the island of Lošinj is a tourist destination for Slovenians, Italians, and Germans in the summer months. Average air humidity is 70%, and the average summer temperature is 24 °C and 7 °C during the winter.

The interior regions Gorski Kotar, Velebit and Lika have mountain peaks, forests and fields, many animal species including bears, and the national parks of Risnjak and Plitvice Lakes. The Plitvice Lakes National Park lies in the Plitvice plateau which is surrounded by three mountains part of the Dinaric Alps: Plješivica (Gornja Plješevica peak 1,640 m), Mala Kapela (Seliški Vrh peak at 1,280 m), and Medveđak (884 m). The national Park is underlain by karstic rock, mainly dolomite and limestone with associated lakes and caves, this has given rise to the most distinctive feature of its lakes. The lakes are separated by natural dams of travertine, which is deposited by the action of moss, algae, and bacteria. The encrusted plants and bacteria accumulate on top of each other, forming travertine barriers which grow at the rate of about 1 cm per year. The sixteen lakes are separated into an upper and lower cluster formed by runoff from the mountains, descending from an altitude of 636 to 503 m over a distance of some eight km, aligned in a south–north direction.

The lakes collectively cover an area of about two square kilometers, with the water exiting from the lowest lake to form the Korana River. The lakes are divided into the 12 Upper Lakes (Gornja jezera) and the four Lower Lakes (Donja jezera): Under the travertine waterfalls Cratoneuron moss sometimes grows, the moss gets encrusted with travertine and fresh moss grows further out, first a crag is formed but later a cave roof forms under the crag. If the water continues flowing the cave becomes progressively bigger. Limestone caves are present as well. The area is also home to an extremely wide variety of animal and bird species. Rare fauna such as the European brown bear, wolf, eagle, owl, lynx, wild cat, and capercaillie can be found there, along with many more common species. At least 126 species of birds have been recorded there, of which 70 have been recorded as breeding.

Zadar
This region caters to yachting and leisure travel. The Kornati National Park has hundreds of mostly uninhabited islands. Kornat, the biggest of the islands with a total area of 32525315 m², comprises two-thirds of the park's land area. Although the island is 25.2 km long, it is no wider than 2.5 km. The park is managed from the town of Murter, on the island of Murter, and is connected to the mainland by a drawbridge.

Zadar, the largest city in the region, gained its urban structure in Roman times; during the time of Julius Caesar and Augustus, the town was fortified and the city walls with towers and gates were built. On the western side of the town were the forum, the basilica and the temple, while outside the town were the amphitheatre and cemeteries. The aqueduct which supplied the town with water is partially preserved. Inside the ancient town, a medieval town had developed with a series of churches and monasteries being built.

The interior has mixed plains and mountains, with the Paklenica canyon as the main attraction. Paklenica National Park is the most visited climbing site in Croatia, and the largest in Southeast Europe. The close proximity of seawater allows tourists to combine climbing, hiking and water sports. There are over 360 equipped and improved routes of various difficulty levels and lengths within Paklenica's climbing sites. The main climbing season begins in spring and ends in late autumn. The park area contains 150–200 km of trails and paths intended either for tourists or mountaineers. The trails in the park are marked with boards and mountaineering signs.

The island of Pag has one of the biggest party zones in Europe in the town of Novalja and Zrće. These beaches have all-hours discothèques and beach bars operating during summer months.

Šibenik
This is another yachting region, dotted with islands, and centered on Šibenik and the Cathedral of St James, a UNESCO World Heritage site. Several fortresses, remnants of the Renaissance era (which includes St. Nicholas Fortress) surround the city.

The interior has the Krka National Park with waterfalls and religious monasteries. Skradinski Buk has attractions and facilities available among various footpaths, sightseeing tours and presentations, boat trips, restaurants and a museum. Roški Slap, located near Miljevci, is the second most popular attraction of the Krka National Park in terms of numbers of visitors, and its cascades can be visited throughout the year. Roški Slap may be reached by excursion boat operated by the Krka National Park, although the falls can also be reached with a public road. Inside the park is the island of Visovac which was founded during the reign of Louis I of Hungary, home to the Roman Catholic Visovac Monastery founded by the Franciscans in 1445 near Miljevci village. The island can be visited by a boat tour from Skradinski Buk. The park also includes the Serbian Orthodox Krka monastery founded in 1345.

The area around the city of Knin has medieval fortresses and archeological remains. The recently discovered Roman town Burnum is 18 km far from Knin in direction of Kistanje, which has the ruins of the biggest amphitheatre in Dalmatia built in 77 AD, which held 8,000 people, during the rule of Vespasian. The nearby villages Biskupija and Kapitul are archaeological sites from the 10th century where remains of medieval Croatian culture are found including churches, graves, decorations, and epigraphs.

Split
The coastal city of Split is also the second largest city in Croatia, and is known for its unique Roman heritage which includes UNESCO-protected Diocletian's Palace. The city was built around the well-preserved palace, which is one of the most complete architectural and cultural features on the Croatian Adriatic coast. The Split Cathedral stems from the palace.

The Makarska Riviera is a stretch of coastline that offers beaches, clubs, cafes, kayaking, sailing, and hiking along the Biokovo range. Makarska, Brela, Omiš, and Baška Voda are the most popular.

The large islands of this region, include the town of Hvar, known for its fishing and tourism industries. Hvar has a mild Mediterranean climate and Mediterranean vegetation. The island promotes itself as "the sunniest spot in Europe", with over 2715 hours of sunlight in an average year. Cultural and artistic events within the Hvar Summer Festival take place throughout the summer, from late June to late September. These events include classical music concerts performed by national and international artists, and performances by amateur groups from Hvar. The Gallery of Modern Art in Hvar is located in the Arsenal building, in the lobby of the historic Theatre of Hvar. The permanent display contains paintings, sculptures, and prints from the collection, and temporary exhibitions are organised within the museum project Summer of Fine Arts in Hvar.

The Cathedral of St. Stephen and the Bishop's Palace have a Renaissance-baroque style, and a façade with three-cornered gable and a Renaissance Bell Tower in Romanesque style from the 16th century, created by Venetian artists.

Other notable islands in the region include Brač, Čiovo, Šolta, and Vis.

The old city of Trogir is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and contains a mixture of influence from the Hellenistic period, Romans, and Venetians with its Greek architecture, Romanesque churches, Renaissance and Baroque buildings. Trogir is the best-preserved Romanesque-Gothic complex in Central Europe. Trogir's medieval core, surrounded by walls, comprises a preserved castle and tower and a series of dwellings and palaces from the Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque periods. Trogir's grandest building is the Cathedral of St. Lawrence, whose main west portal is a masterpiece by Radovan, and the most significant work of the Romanesque-Gothic style in Croatia. Another notable attraction is the Kamerlengo Castle.

Dubrovnik
One of the best-known Croatian tourist sites is the fortified city of Dubrovnik with its Renaissance culture. The highlight is the Sponza Palace which dates from the 16th century and is currently used to house the National Archives. The Rector's Palace is a Gothic-Renaissance structure that now houses a museum. Its façade is depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 50 kuna banknote, issued in 1993 and 2002.

The St. Saviour Church is another remnant of the Renaissance period, next to the Franciscan Monastery. The Franciscan monastery's library possesses 30,000 volumes, 22 incunabula, 1,500 valuable handwritten documents. Exhibits include a 15th-century silver-gilt cross and silver thurible, an 18th-century crucifix from Jerusalem, a martyrology (1541) by Bernardin Gučetić and illuminated Psalters. Dubrovnik's most famous church is St Blaise's Church, built in the 18th century in honor of Dubrovnik's patron saint. Dubrovnik's baroque Cathedral houses relics of Saint Blaise. The city's Dominican Monastery resembles a fortress on the outside but the interior contains an art museum and a Gothic-Romanesque church. A treasure of the Dominican monastery is its library with over 220 incunabula, numerous illustrated manuscripts, a rich archive with manuscripts and documents and an extensive art collection. The main feature of Dubrovnik is its walls that run 2 km around the city. The walls run from four to six metres thick on the landward side but are thinner on the seaward side. The system of turrets and towers were intended to protect the city.

An excursion along the coast south of Dubrovnik to the area of Ljuta offers daytime cruise excursions with scenic views including water streams, historic water mills and the mountain range east of the coastal plateau.

Just off the coast of Dubrovnik is the forested island of Lokrum. The small island has a castle, a thousand-year-old Benedictine monastery, and a botanical garden initially started by Maximilian I of Mexico in the 19th century. Peacocks and peahens still roam the isle, descended from the original peafowls brought over by Maximilian.

The nearby islands include the historical island of Korčula. The Catholic inhabitants of Korčula keep alive old folk church ceremonies and a weapon dance, the Moreška, which dates back to the Middle Ages. Originally danced only on special occasions, in modern times there are performances twice a week for tourists. The main town's historic sites include the central Romanesque-Gothic Cathedral of St Mark (built from 1301 to 1806), the 15th-century Franciscan monastery with Venetian Gothic cloister, the civic council chambers, the palace of the former Venetian governors, grand 15th and 16th-century palaces of the local merchant nobles, and the city fortifications.

Further along the Adriatic are the forests of Mljet island. Over 72% of the island of 98.01 km2 is forest. Its geological structure consists of limestone and dolomite forming ridges, crests and slopes. A few depressions on the island of Mljet are below sea level and are known as blatine ("mud-lakes") or slatine ("salt-lakes"). During the rain seasons, all blatine are filled with water and turn to brackish during dry seasons.

Central and Northern Croatia
The northern part, with the hilly area of Zagorje and Međimurje, is dotted with castles and spas, and the old city of Varaždin. In Međimurje, there are spas and facilities for recreation in Vučkovec and around Sveti Martin na Muri, both in the northern part of the county and near the Mura. There are also more than 200 clubs for various sporting and recreational activities such as mountaineering, fishing, bowling, CB radio, parachuting and flying small aircraft, including unpowered gliders and powered hang gliders. Hunting also attracts numerous hunters in low game and birds.

In Čakovec Castle, are the Međimurje County Museum and an art gallery. In the chapel of Sveta Jelena in Šenkovec, and in the Church of St Jerome in Štrigova, there are Baroque frescoes of Ivan Ranger dating between 1776 and 1786. Prelog is home to the beautiful Church of St James, built in 1761.

Varaždin, with its monuments and artistic heritage, represents the best preserved and richest urban complex in continental Croatia. The Varaždin Old Town (fortress) is a medieval defensive building. Construction began in the 14th century, and in the following century the rounded towers, typical of Gothic architecture in Croatia, were added. Varaždin's Cathedral, a former Jesuit church, was built in 1647, has a baroque entrance, 18th-century altar, and paintings. Among festivals, the annual Špancir Fest begins at the end of August (lasts for 10 days). At this time the city welcomes artists, street performers, musicians and vendors for what is called 'the street walking festival'. Varaždin is also the host of the "Radar festival", which hosts concerts at the end of summer. It has already hosted musical stars such as Bob Dylan, Carlos Santana, the Animals, Manic Street Preachers, Solomon Burke among others.

The Marian shrine of Marija Bistrica is the country's largest pilgrimage spot. Hundreds of thousands of pilgrims visit the site every year where the 14th-century church has stood. The church is known for the statue known as Black Madonna with Child, dating to the Ottoman invasion in the 16th century when the statue was hidden in the church and then lost for decades until its discovery. Behind the church is the process of "the Way of the Cross", in which pilgrims begin the trek that leads to Calvary Hill. Pope John Paul II visited the site in 1998 in his second tour of Croatia.

Central Croatia has some natural highlights, such as the Lonjsko Polje Nature Park. The southwest area is known for its forests and wilderness. Baroque churches are found throughout the area, along with other cultural architecture.

Slavonia
Tourism in this region is just developing, mostly with spas. The area of Baranja has the Kopački Rit National Park, a large swamp with a variety of fauna and birds. It is one of the largest and most attractive preserved intact wetlands in Europe, hosting about 260 various bird species such as wild geese and ducks, great white egret, white stork, black stork, white-tailed eagle, crows, Eurasian coot, gulls, terns, common kingfisher, and European green woodpecker. Guided tourist visits by panoramic ships, boats, team of horses or on foot are available, with some packages offering the possibility of photographing or video-recording animals and birds.

The cultural center is the historical city of Osijek, with its baroque style buildings, such as the Church of St. Peter and Paul, a neo-Gothic structure with the second highest tower in Croatia after the Zagreb Cathedral.

The Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul in Đakovo is the town of Đakovo's primary landmark and sacral object throughout the region of Slavonia.

There are three major yearly events celebrating folklore in Slavonia and Baranja: Đakovački vezovi, Vinkovačke jeseni and Brodsko kolo. They present traditional folk costumes, folklore dancing and singing groups, customs, with a parade of horses and wedding wagons. During the Đakovački vezovi, the Đakovo Cathedral hosts choirs, opera artists, and art exhibitions are organized in the exhibition salon, and during the sports program, pure-bred white Lipizzan horses can be seen on the racecourse. Ilok and the war-torn city of Vukovar are also points of interest in the area.

Zagreb
Like Prague or Budapest, Zagreb has a Central European feel to it, with a large and well-preserved old town on the hill and a 19th-century city center. The Croatian capital is also the country's largest cultural center, with many museums and galleries.

The historical part of the city to the north of Ban Jelačić Square is composed of the Gornji Grad and Kaptol, a medieval urban complex of churches, palaces, museums, galleries and government buildings that are popular with tourists on sightseeing tours, the most recognizable building and symbol of Zagreb being the Zagreb Cathedral. The historic district can be reached on foot, starting from Jelačić Square, the center of Zagreb, or by a funicular on nearby Tomićeva Street.

Around thirty collections in museums and galleries comprise more than 3.6 million various exhibits, excluding church and private collections. The Archaeological Museum consists of nearly 400,000 varied artifacts and monuments, have been gathered over the years from many different sources. The most famous are the Egyptian collection, the Zagreb mummy and bandages with the oldest Etruscan inscription in the world (Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis), as well as the numismatic collection. The Croatian Natural History Museum holds one of the world's most important collection of Neanderthal remains found at one site. These are the remains, stone weapons and tools of prehistoric "Krapina man". The holdings of the Croatian Natural History Museum comprise more than 250,000 specimens distributed among various different collections.

There are about 20 permanent or seasonal theaters and stages. The Croatian National Theater in Zagreb was built in 1895 and opened by Franz Joseph I of Austria. The most renowned concert hall is the Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall, named after the composer of the first Croatian opera and built in 1973. Animafest, the World Festival of Animated Films, takes place every even-numbered year, and the Music Bienniale, the international festival of avant-garde music, every odd-numbered year. It also hosts the annual ZagrebDox documentary film festival. The Festival of the Zagreb Philharmonic and the flowers exhibition Floraart (end of May or beginning of June), the Old-timer Rally annual events. In the summer, theater performances and concerts, mostly in the Upper Town, are organized either indoors or outdoors. The stage on Opatovina hosts the Zagreb Histrionic Summer theater events. Zagreb is also the host of Zagrebfest, the oldest Croatian pop-music festival, as well as of several traditional international sports events and tournaments. The Day of the City of Zagreb on 16 November is celebrated every year with special festivities, especially on the Jarun Lake near the southwestern part of the city.

North Croatia

 * Trakošćan Castle is a castle built in the 13th century atop a hill in Trakošćan. Also known for exhibiting historic furniture, weapons, and paintings.

Central Croatia

 * Plitvice Lakes National Park is a forest reserve known for its terraced lakes connected by waterfalls.

South Croatia

 * Paklenica is a national park in Starigrad featuring the karst river canyon, known for climbing and water sports.
 * Walls of Dubrovnik are defensive historic walls lining the city of Dubrovnik, famous for its views.
 * St. Blaise's Church is a Baroque church in Dubrovnik dedicated to the patron saint of Dubrovnik.

North Croatia

 * St Mark's Church is a 13th-century styled church in Zagreb known for its medieval architecture.
 * Museum of Broken Relationships is an exhibit located in a baroque palace in Zagreb showcasing objects of former couples and sharing their stories.
 * Mimara Museum is an art museum in Zagreb once known for holding many masterpieces but now suspected of being largely fakes.
 * Croatian Museum of Naïve Art is an art museum in Zagreb showcasing pieces in the naïve art style.

Central Croatia

 * Pula Arena is a Roman amphitheatre in the city of Pula known for being one of the most well preserved Roman amphitheatres.
 * Euphrasian Basilica is a cathedral in Poreč combining classical and Byzantine features in a complex structure that retains is atrium, baptistery, and episcopal palace.

South Croatia

 * Krka National Park is a national park along the Krka River known for its travertine waterfalls.
 * Ivan Meštrović Gallery is an art museum in Split showcasing the work of Ivan Meštrović.
 * Diocletian's Palace is a ruin from Roman emperor Diocletian located in the city of Split. The remains of the palace and its grounds make up the old town of Split today, housing shops, restaurants, and streets.
 * Cathedral of Saint Domnius is a Catholic cathedral in Split built from a Roman mausoleum and with a bell tower. It is the current seat of the Archdiocese of Split-Makarska.
 * Lovrijenac is a 16th-century fortress and theater along the Walls of Dubrovnik.
 * Rector's Palace is a palace built in the Gothic style in Dubrovnik. It also has Renaissance and Baroque elements.
 * War Photo Limited is a gallery in Dubrovnik dedicated to pictures depicting war and conflict taken by renowned photojournalists.
 * Dubrovnik Cathedral is a Catholic cathedral. It is the seat of the Diocese of Dubrovnik.
 * Dominican Monastery is a religious complex, Gothic style church, and museum founded in 1225 in Dubrovnik.
 * Trsteno Arboretum is a 15th-century arboretum in Trsteno featuring several exotic plants.
 * Zlatni Rat is a spit of land near the city of Bol known as a top European beach destination.
 * Blue Grotto is a water logged sea cave known as a show cave for its glowing blue light that appears at certain day times.
 * Telašćica is a nature park on the Dugi Otok island known for wildlife.
 * Church of St Donatus is a church in Zadar constructed in the 9th century known for its Byzantine architecture.
 * Šibenik Cathedral is a Catholic cathedral in Šibenik known for its Renaissance architecture.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has included the following Croatian sites on its World Heritage List:

Overtourism in Dubrovnik
Overtourism is a substantial issue in Dubrovnik Old Town.

The city is reported to be the most touristed in Europe – more so than Venice and Barcelona - receiving 36 overnight tourists per resident per year. In 2019, the city welcomed almost 1.5 million overnight tourists against a population of just 41,000 people. Excessive visitors damage infrastructure and heritage sites, cause traffic jams and pollution, price out residents, and change neighborhood dynamics.

There are several reasons for its popularity. The success of HBO series Game of Thrones, for which Dubrovnik was a major filming location, has attracted around 60,000 people to the city per year according to the Zagreb Institute of Economics. The city is also a popular stop on European cruise itineraries – in 2017, the city received 742,000 cruise tourists from 538 ships – and the rise during the 2010s of European low-cost flights and affordable Airbnb listings.

In response to overcrowding concerns, in 2016, UNESCO threatened to remove Dubrovnik Old Town’s World Heritage status unless it started to curb tourism numbers.

In 2018 in an attempt to solve the overtourism problem, the city introduced staggered arrivals for cruise ships -- allowing only two to be in dock at one time - and limiting cruise arrivals into the historic core of the city to 4,000 per day, half the number recommended by UNESCO. Other measures to limit overcrowding introduced in 2018 included cutting 80% of souvenir stands and reducing outdoor seating at restaurants by 20%.

Arrivals by country
Most visitors arriving to Croatia on short-term basis were from the following countries of nationality:

Acknowledgements

 * Lonely Planet
 * Top destination of the year: 2005
 * Top 10 countries in the world: 2024

 * National Geographic Magazine
 * Destination of the year: 2006

 * Wanderlust Reader Travel Awards
 * Most desirable country - Europe: 2023.

 * Travel Leaders
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 * teflSearch
 * Most popular tourist destination: 2015, 2016

title: Tourism in Croatia


text:
Rebecca Brown

Rebecca Brown may refer to:

 * Rebecca Brown (swimmer) (born 1977), former Australian breaststroke swimmer
 * Rebecca Brown (character), fictional character from the Australian drama Sea Patrol
 * Rebecca Ore (Rebecca Brown, born 1948), American science fiction writer
 * Rebecca Brown (author) (born 1956), American contemporary fiction writer
 * Rebecca Jane Brown (born 1992), British Trichotillomania spokesperson and vlogger
 * Rebecca Latham Brown (fl. 1980s–2010s), American law professor
 * Rebecca Brown Burton (1940–2023), American romance writer

title: Rebecca Brown


text:
HMS Indefatigable (1909)

HMS Indefatigable was the lead ship of her class of three battlecruisers built for the Royal Navy during the first decade of the 20th Century. When the First World War began, Indefatigable was serving with the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron (BCS) in the Mediterranean, where she unsuccessfully pursued the battlecruiser SMS Goeben and the light cruiser SMS Breslau of the German Imperial Navy as they fled toward the Ottoman Empire. The ship bombarded Ottoman fortifications defending the Dardanelles on 3 November 1914, then, following a refit in Malta, returned to the United Kingdom in February where she rejoined the 2nd BCS.

Indefatigable was sunk on 31 May 1916 during the Battle of Jutland, the largest naval battle of the war. Part of Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty's Battlecruiser Fleet, she was hit several times in the first minutes of the "Run to the South", the opening phase of the battlecruiser action. Shells from the German battlecruiser SMS Von der Tann caused an explosion ripping a hole in her hull, and a second explosion hurled large pieces of the ship 200 feet (60 m) in the air. Only three of the crew of 1,019 survived.

Design and description
No battlecruisers were ordered after the three Invincible-class battlecruiser ships in 1905 until Indefatigable became the lone battlecruiser of the 1908–1909 Naval Programme. A new Liberal Government had taken power in January 1906 and demanded reductions in naval spending, and the Admiralty submitted a reduced programme, requesting dreadnoughts but no battlecruisers. The Cabinet rejected this proposal in favour of two outmoded armoured cruisers but finally acceded to a request for one battlecruiser instead, after the Admiralty pointed out the need to match the recently published German naval construction plan and to maintain the heavy gun and armour industries. Indefatigable's outline design was prepared in March 1908, and the final design, slightly larger than Invincible with a revised protection arrangement and additional length amidships to allow her two middle turrets to fire on either broadside, was approved in November 1908. A larger design with more armour and better underwater protection was rejected as too expensive. Indefatigable had an overall length of 590 ft, a beam of 80 ft, and a draught of 29 ft at deep load. The ship normally displaced 18500 LT and 22130 LT at deep load. She had a crew of 737 officers and ratings.

The ship was powered by two sets of Parsons direct-drive steam turbines, each driving two propeller shafts, using steam provided by 31 coal-burning Babcock & Wilcox boilers. The turbines were rated at 43000 shp and were intended to give the ship a maximum speed of 25 kn. During her sea trials on 10 April 1911, Indefatigable reached a top speed of 26.89 kn from 55140 shp after her propellers were replaced. She carried enough coal and fuel oil to give her a range of 6330 nmi at a cruising speed of 10 kn.

The Indefatigable class had a main armament of eight breech-loading BL 12 in Mark X guns mounted in four hydraulically powered twin-gun turrets. Two turrets were mounted fore and aft on the centreline, identified as 'A' and 'X' respectively. The other two were wing turrets mounted amidships and staggered diagonally: 'P' was forward and to port of the centre funnel, while 'Q' was situated starboard and aft. 'P' and 'Q' turrets had some limited ability to fire to the opposite side. Their secondary armament consisted of sixteen BL 4 in Mark VII guns positioned in the superstructure. They mounted two 17.72 in submerged torpedo tubes, one on each side aft of 'X' barbette, and twelve torpedoes were carried.

The Indefatigables were protected by a waterline 4 - 6 in armoured belt that extended between and covered the end barbettes. Their armoured deck ranged in thickness between 1.5 and 2.5 in with the thickest portions protecting the steering gear in the stern. The turret faces were 7 in thick, and the turrets were supported by barbettes of the same thickness.

Indefatigable was unique among British battlecruisers in having an armoured spotting and signal tower behind the conning tower, protected by 4 in of armour. However, the spotting tower was of limited use, as its view was obscured by the conning tower in front of it and the legs of the foremast and superstructure behind it. During a pre-war refit, a 9 ft rangefinder was added to the rear of the 'A' turret roof, and this turret was equipped to control the entire main armament as an emergency backup for the normal fire-control positions.

Wartime modifications
Indefatigable received a single QF 3-inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft gun on a high-angle Mark II mount in March 1915. It was provided with 500 rounds. All of her 4-inch guns were enclosed in casemates and given gun shields during a refit in November 1915 to better protect the gun crews from weather and enemy action, although two aft guns were removed at the same time.

She received a fire-control director between mid-1915 and May 1916 that centralised fire control under the director officer who now fired the guns. The turret crewmen merely had to follow pointers transmitted from the director to align their guns on the target. This greatly increased accuracy since the ship's roll no longer dispersed the shells as each turret fired on its own; also, the fire-control director could more easily spot the fall of the shells.

Early career
Indefatigable was laid down at the Devonport Dockyard, Plymouth on 23 February 1909. She was launched on 28 October 1909 and was completed on 24 February 1911. Upon commissioning, Indefatigable served in the 1st Cruiser Squadron, which in January 1913 was renamed the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron (BCS). C. F. Sowerby was appointed captain on 24 February 1913. In December of the same year, she transferred to the Mediterranean, where she joined the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron.

Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau
Indefatigable, accompanied by the battlecruiser HMS Indomitable (1907) and under the command of Admiral Sir Berkeley Milne, encountered the German battlecruiser Goeben and the light cruiser Breslau on the morning of 4 August 1914, which were headed east after a cursory bombardment of the French Algerian port of Philippeville. Britain and Germany were not yet at war, so Milne turned to shadow the Germans as they headed back to Messina to re-coal. All three battlecruisers had problems with their boilers, but Goeben and Breslau were able to break contact and reached Messina by the morning of the 5th. By this time, Germany had invaded Belgium and war had been declared, but an Admiralty order to respect Italian neutrality and stay more than 6 nmi from the Italian coast precluded entering the Strait of Messina, from which they could have observed the port directly. Therefore, Milne stationed HMS Inflexible (1907) and Indefatigable at the northern exit of the strait, expecting the Germans to break out to the west where they could attack French troop transports. He stationed the light cruiser HMS Gloucester (1909) at the southern exit, and sent Indomitable to coal at Bizerte, where she was ready for action in the Western Mediterranean.

The Germans sortied from Messina on 6 August and headed east, toward Constantinople, trailed by Gloucester. Milne, still expecting Rear-Admiral Wilhelm Souchon to turn west, kept the battlecruisers at Malta until shortly after midnight on 8 August when he set sail at a leisurely 12 kn for Cape Matapan, where Goeben had been spotted eight hours earlier. At 14:30, he received an incorrect message from the Admiralty stating that Britain was at war with Austria-Hungary. War would not actually be declared until 12 August, and the order was countermanded four hours later, but Milne gave up the hunt for Goeben, following his standing orders to guard the Adriatic against an Austrian break-out attempt. On 9 August, Milne was given clear orders to "chase Goeben which had passed Cape Matapan on the 7th steering north-east." Milne still did not believe that Souchon was heading for the Dardanelles, and so he resolved to guard the exit from the Aegean, unaware that the Goeben did not intend to come out.

On 3 November 1914, Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, ordered the first British attack on the Dardanelles following the commencement of hostilities between Ottoman Turkey and Russia. The attack was carried out by Indomitable and Indefatigable, as well as the French pre-dreadnought battleships FRENCH BATTLESHIP Suffren and FRENCH BATTLESHIP Vérité. The intention of the attack was to test the fortifications and measure the Turkish response. The results were deceptively encouraging. In a twenty-minute bombardment, a single shell struck the magazine of the fort at Sedd el Bahr at the tip of the Gallipoli peninsula, displacing (but not destroying) 10 guns and killing 86 Turkish soldiers. The most significant consequence was that the attention of the Turks was drawn to strengthening their defences, and they set about expanding the mine field. This attack actually took place before Britain's formal declaration of war against the Ottoman Empire on 6 November. Indefatigable remained in the Mediterranean until she was relieved by Inflexible on 24 January 1915 and proceeded to Malta for a refit; she then sailed to England on 14 February and joined the 2nd BCS upon her arrival. The ship conducted uneventful patrols of the North Sea for the next year and a half. She was the temporary flagship of the 2nd BCS during April–May 1916, while her half-sister HMAS Australia (1911) was under repair after colliding with Indefatigable's other half-sister HMS New Zealand (1911).

Battle of Jutland
On 31 May 1916, the 2nd BCS consisted of New Zealand (flagship of Rear-Admiral William Pakenham) and Indefatigable. The squadron was assigned to Admiral Beatty's Battlecruiser Fleet which had put to sea to intercept a sortie by the High Seas Fleet into the North Sea. The British were able to decode the German radio messages and left their bases before the Germans put to sea. Admiral Franz von Hipper's battlecruisers spotted the Battlecruiser Fleet to their west at 15:20, but Beatty's ships did not spot the Germans to their east until 15:30. Two minutes later, he ordered a course change to east south-east to position himself astride the German's line of retreat and called his ships' crews to action stations. He also ordered the 2nd BCS, which had been leading, to fall in astern of the 1st BCS. Hipper ordered his ships to turn to starboard, away from the British, to assume a south-easterly course, and to reduce speed to 18 kn to allow three light cruisers of the 2nd Scouting Group to catch up. With this turn Hipper was falling back on the High Seas Fleet, then about 60 nmi behind him. Around this time Beatty altered course to the east as it was quickly apparent that he was still too far north to cut off Hipper.

This began what was to be called the "Run to the South" as Beatty changed course to steer east south-east at 15:45, paralleling Hipper's course, now that the range closed to under 18000 yd. The Germans opened fire first at 15:48, followed by the British. The British ships were still in the process of making their turn as only the two leading ships, HMS Lion (1910) and HMS Princess Royal (1911), had steadied on their course when the Germans opened fire. The British formation was echeloned to the right with Indefatigable in the rear and furthest to the west, and New Zealand ahead of her and slightly further east. The German fire was accurate from the beginning, but the British overestimated the range as the German ships blended into the haze. Indefatigable aimed at SMS Von der Tann and New Zealand targeted SMS Moltke while remaining unengaged herself. By 15:54, the range was down to 12900 yd and Beatty ordered a course change two points to starboard to open up the range at 15:57.

Around 16:00, Indefatigable was hit around the rear turret by two or three shells from Von der Tann. She fell out of formation to starboard and started sinking towards the stern and listing to port. Her magazines exploded at 16:03 after more hits, one on the forecastle and another on the forward turret. Smoke and flames gushed from the forward part of the ship and large pieces were thrown 200 ft into the air. It has been thought that the most likely cause of her loss was a deflagration or low-order explosion in 'X' magazine that blew out her bottom and severed the steering control shafts, followed by the explosion of her forward magazines from the second volley. More recent archaeological evidence shows that the ship was actually blown in half within the opening minutes of the engagement with Von der Tann which fired only fifty-two 28 cm shells at Indefatigable before the fore part of the ship also exploded. Of her crew of 1,019, only three survived. While still in the water, two survivors, Able Seaman Frederick Arthur Gordon Elliott and Leading Signalman Charles Farmer, found Indefatigable's captain, C.F. Sowerby, who was badly wounded. Elliott and Farmer were later rescued by the German torpedo boat SMS S16 (1912), but by then Sowerby had died of his injuries. A third survivor, Signalman John Bowyer, was picked up by another unknown German ship. He was incorrectly reported as a crew member from HMS Nestor (1915) in The Times on 24 June 1916.

Indefatigable today
Indefatigable, along with the other Jutland wrecks, was belatedly declared a protected place under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986, to discourage further damage to the resting place of 1,016 men. Mount Indefatigable in the Canadian Rockies was named after the battlecruiser in 1917. The wreck was identified in 2001, when it was found to have been heavily salvaged sometime in the past. The most recent survey of the wreck by nautical archaeologist Innes McCartney revealed that the initial hits on the ship by Von der Tann caused 'X' turret magazine to detonate, blowing off a 40 m portion of the ship from forward of the turret to the stern. The supersonic shock-wave such an explosion generated was probably the reason for the very heavy loss of life on board. The fore part of the ship simply drifted on under its own momentum, still under fire, until it foundered. The two halves of the wreck are separated on the seabed by a linear distance of over 500 m. The stern portion had not previously been discovered.

title: HMS Indefatigable (1909)


text:
Category talk:Immunology

Untitled
Wouldn't it be better to bring this category together with Category:Immune system? Nina 19:11, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

No. Immune System is part of a broader category of Immunology. Is Category:Nervous system to absorb Category:Neurology?--ZayZayEM 13:44, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * [mailto:brewhaha@freenet.edmonton.ab.ca]: I favour absorption into *ology.216.234.170.79 15:46, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I found this talk page in the category, and I don't think it should be there. A colon leading a category will link to it without putting the page you are on into that category, so I changed User:ZayZayEM's comments appropriately. Brewhaha@edmc.net 06:32, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

The Category Issue
I am beginning to lean towards one category for both, with Immune system as the parent. The problem is that it is difficult to decide (for me at least) which pages belong in Category:Immunology and which ones belong in Category:Immune system. Perhaps a bit of input from others would be useful in deciding which articles should go in which category. From the cat headings:

"Immunology is the study of the immune system and its reaction to pathogens...The medical field that deals with these diseases is called clinical immunology"

--and--

"The immune system refers to all of the cells, tissues, organs and processes that protect an organism from invasion by pathogens. Viruses, bacteria, parasites, and some toxins are some of pathogens that the immune system is involved in eliminating from the body."

So it would seem to me that all of the immune system diseases, techniques and immunologists should be in Immunology. While all of descriptive pages for cell types, cytokines, pathways, and receptors should go in Immune system? Any thoughts? Also posted at category:Immune system.--DO11.10 00:21, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * They're both Immunology. One is Chemistry and Anatomy within the discipline of study or within the medical discipline. I think they can be considered both subcategories of Immunology and supercategories of it. IOW, much Chemistry and Anatomy would fit under Immunology, and a lot more topics (including Immunology) would fit under Chemistry and Anatomy. I'm running into synonyms in Neurology, too. Brewhaha@edmc.net 06:32, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with DO11. Anything in Immune System is immunology; but the reverseis not true. Immunology should remain as parent category. Category:Immune system should only contain "cells, tissues, organs and processes that protect an organism from invasion". --ZayZayEM 07:35, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Immunology


text: User talk:171.64.232.138

title: User talk:171.64.232.138


text:
Kamtapur People's Party

Kamtapur People's Party (KPP) is a political party working in the northern parts of the Indian state of West Bengal. KPP was founded in January 1996 by Atul Roy. KPP works amongst the Rajbanshi population. KPP demands the set up of a separate Kamtapur state and recognition of the dialect of the Rajbanshi/Rajbongshi/Kamatapuri as a separate language.

The student wing of KPP is the All Kamtapur Students Union. The women's wing is called Kamtapur Women's Rights Forum.

History
Ahead of the 2001 West Bengal assembly elections, KPP joined the All India Trinamool Congress-led Bangla Bachao Front.

In spring 2003, KPP suffered an internal division. Atul Roy, considered as a moderate, was dethroned and replaced by a more hardline leadership. Nikhil Roy became the new president of KPP and the general secretary was Subhas Burman. Atul Roy remained a member of the central committee.

Ahead of the 2004 Lok Sabha elections, KPP formed a front together with Jharkhand Mukti Morcha.

In 2006, Atul Roy broke away from Kamtapur People's Party to form a new party called the Kamtapur Progressive Party. However, Atul Roy and Nikhil Roy decided to end their dispute in October 2010 and Atul merged his party with Kamtapur People's Party. There is only one Kamtapur People's Party today. Atul Roy is the president of the party and Nikhil Roy is the general secretary.

title: Kamtapur People's Party


text:
Tomares

Tomares is a municipality in Andalusia, southern Spain. It is a Seville suburb of over 25,000 inhabitants situated two kilometers west of Triana District of Seville, separated from the city by River Guadalquivir. It is surrounded by other municipalities of the Comarca of Aljarafe, whose boundaries are reduced to a single street, forming a conurbation.

Roman hoard
In 2016 construction workers uncovered a 600 kg hoard of ancient Roman coins in Zaudin Park. The bronze coins were stored in 19 amphoras while newly minted, and are stamped with inscriptions of emperors Maximian and Constantine. Some were originally coated in silver.

title: Tomares


text:
User talk:Jpgordon/Archive1

Russian Black Terrier
Sure! Thanks! That was mighty fast-- Elf | Talk 21:17, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Back in the Old Days (i.e., pre-Google), I used to wonder if I could make a living just looking stuff up for other people. It's still something of a sport for me: what's the minimal Google search string to achieve the desired result? This one was real simple, though: "russian black terrier" FCI, and then to nail it "russian black terrier" FCI 327 --Jpgordon 21:25, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Research of any kind is a skill. I can do it usually but it's not my favorite part. And I hadn't even finished tweaking the article & dealing with more issues about the image & stuff & you had already found a link for me. Now *that's* service. Elf | Talk 21:39, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Happy to help! I'm pretty new here -- just been around a few weeks -- but I'm already addicted to this magnificent informational useful utter timewaster.--Jpgordon 23:47, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Scary how quickly that happens, hey? Look at all these people it's happened to. ;-) Elf | Talk 16:21, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

beta Systemic Bias section
Hi, if you wish to help contribute to a beta version of a Wikipedia page section designed to counter-act Wikipedia's systematic bias, please sign the bottom of this section on the Village pump - Village_pump. If not, no worries.--Xed 03:28, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Tribute to Mozart
I'm not entirely sure if its a copyvio - the quotes themselves aren't copyrighted, but the compilation might be. Maybe stick a note on the talk page, and ask at VP about quote compilations? adding a {copyvio} might be little quick. Whosyourjudas (talk) 03:43, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I know its unencyclopedic (hence the move to wikiquote), but it can't be moved if its a copyvio, unless its integrated well into the wikiquote page. but it might be that it should just be moved, and hope that it loses its compilation-ness in teh move.  the quotes ain;t copyrighted; its the same as using the webiste as a source.  Whosyourjudas (talk) 03:54, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * p.s. i think the standard on WP is to answer on that person's talk page; that way they get the "new messages' notification.
 * some watch the pages they edit so they will see that you have answered through their watchlist. On more important topics it would be wise to at least post a pointer on the other user's talkpage so they will get the notification --Deelkar 07:16, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Germanic America
please check the history before using --Deelkar 16:17, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Teleiophilia
Sigh. I'm sorry I caught it. Would have liked a nice, simple justification for deletion. I found it by Googling for the exact phrase "attraction to adult," which, astonishingly, gives less than 100 hits. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 23:50, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Niyuddha-kride
Hi, Josh, welcome. Normally, ads need to go on Votes for deletion, but this was so blatantly arrogant, I speedy deleted it. Thanks. RickK 20:09, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

Freedom of religion, versus Freedom of worship
The article on freedom of religion is quite good, but its focus is historical rather than topical. I thought that a separate article on [freedom of worship]] might focus on specific issues in a cross-cultural way. As you've seen, my article even in its present nearly stubbly condition focuses on fields where the implementation of this freedom is complicated. The concern is with areas where the general principle is conceded but the institutional specifics are contested. In the US or France or wherever. --Christofurio 23:21, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

Finding copyvios
It's not an annoying habit at all! Keep it up. Thanks. Elf | Talk 19:32, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Dang!
I'll take it off Template:Did you know. And darn, I was really enjoying it. :) jengod 18:34, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

VfD
Are you still a semi-keep on Votes for deletion/European National Socialism?

SkaDaddyZ
Hey Josh. Why do you want to delete a stub of the SkaDaddyZ, when you enjoy some group called the "Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo"? I think that most rational people will tell you that just because you were in the band doesn't mean you can, in effect, say that your band and its articles are more important than those of a band that is, in fact, of more significance to more people. Ask anyone who is better: the SkaDaddyZ, or the Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo. You guessed it -- those wacky Knights will lose most of the time. Survey says!

I'm sorry if this is offensive to you, but I think you'll be forced to agree with me when I tell you that you're being just a tad unfair here. Take it easy, chief -- life is much more than this, and the Wikipedia is much more than your average encyclopedia, user-editable or no. Think about it.

 * Nothing's offensive. You're somewhat missing the point. Look at the history of the SkaDaddyZ page. When I first encountered it, it was a pure copyright violation, and I marked it as so. Someone then replaced it with a version of the same copyrighted article, run through the "jive filter", resulting in useless nonsense. That's what I marked for deletion. Since then it was stubbed. --jpgordon {gab} 20:42, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * True, true. Thank you for clarifying.

notenglish
Please, when you add to a page, also make a note on Pages needing translation into English. It's rather tedious following up on this otherwise. But thanks for finding a bunch of these. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:08, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)

This vandalizer
Within the past few minutes, I've been studying RC and found lots of vandalism by 202.184.252.5. Can you please block this user?? 66.245.28.124 22:18, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not an admin -- can't do! --jpgordon {gab} 00:12, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jpgordon/Archive1


text:
David Williams (soldier)

David Williams (October 21, 1754 – August 2, 1831) was a militiaman from the state of New York during the American Revolution. In 1780, he was one of three men to capture British Major John André, who was convicted and executed as a spy for conspiring with treasonous Continental general and commandant of West Point Benedict Arnold.

Williams should not be confused with, and is not related to, David Williams (1759–1836) of Massachusetts, a participant in the Boston Tea Party.

Biography
Born in Tarrytown, New York, Williams had been a farmer before joining the Continental Army in 1775. Serving under Gen. Richard Montgomery, he took part in several campaigns. He was forced to leave active service in 1779 after his feet were badly frozen, leaving him partially disabled for life. Despite this condition, Williams continued to lend his support to the volunteer forces in his native area: overnight on September 22–23, 1780, he joined militiamen John Paulding and Isaac Van Wart as part of an armed patrol.

The three men seized British officer Major John André at a site in Tarrytown, now called Patriot's Park. Williams searched André and discovered, hidden inside his boots, the documents of his secret communication with Continental officer Benedict Arnold. The militiamen, all yeomen farmers, refused Andre's bribe and took the officer to Continental Army headquarters. Arnold's plans to surrender West Point to the British were revealed and foiled, and Williams was among the witnesses when André was hanged as a spy.

With George Washington's personal recommendation, the United States Congress awarded Williams, Paulding and Van Wart the first military decoration of the United States, the silver medal known as the Fidelity Medallion. Each of the three also received federal pensions of $200 a year. New York State awarded them valuable farms.

The three militiamen were highly celebrated in their lifetimes: commemorations large and small abound in Westchester (see below), and can be found in many disparate parts of the early United States. Among other honors, each of the men had his name given to a county in the new state of Ohio (1803): Williams County is in the extreme northwest corner of the state.

Still, Williams and the others did see their reputations impugned by some. André at his trial had insisted the men were mere brigands; sympathy for him remained in some more aristocratic American quarters (and grew to legend in England, where he was buried in Westminster Abbey). Giving voice to this sympathy, Representative Benjamin Tallmadge of Connecticut persuaded Congress not to grant the men a requested pension increase in 1817, publicly assailing their credibility and motivations. Tallmadge, in 1780 a major, was the officer to whom André was taken after his capture, and he said he believed André's account over that of the three captors. He said Williams and the other two were "of that class of people who passed between both armies, as often in one camp as in the other." He said that "when Major André's boots were taken off by them, it was to search for plunder, and not to detect treason." He asserted that "if Andre could have given to these men the amount they demanded for his release, he never would have been hung for a spy, nor in captivity.." Despite the slight, the men's popular acclaim continued to grow throughout the 19th century to almost-mythic status. Some modern scholars interpreted the episode as a major event in early American cultural development, representing the apotheosis of the common man in the new society, even if that means both ignoring contemporary accounts of their character and actions and subsequent inflation of both during the nineteenth century.

Williams is buried in the Old Stone Fort Cemetery in Schoharie, New York, southwest of Albany. The inscription on his obelisk reads: "He with his compatriots John Paulding and Isaac VanWart on the 22nd of September 1780, arrested Major John Andre and found on his person treasonable papers in the handwriting of Gen. Benedict Arnold, who sought by treachery to surrender the military post of West Point into the hands of the enemy. In resisting the great bribes of their prisoner for his liberty, they showed their incorruptible patriotism; the American army was saved, and our beloved Country became free."

Legacy
Williams is honored on the monument erected at the site of Major Andre's capture in Tarrytown, New York, on the east bank of the Hudson. The community has streets named for all three men. Three streets in nearby Elmsford, NY, are also named for them - although Williams Street was virtually eliminated in the 1960s by construction of I-287; it remains only as a short service road between the highway and Route 9A. Ohio's Williams County is also named after David Williams (see also Van Wert and Paulding Counties, also in Ohio.)

title: David Williams (soldier)