text:
User talk:Zulitz

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 04:18, 21 Oct 2004 (UT

Political consulting
I've made the term a link, but you should be able to do the same thing, simply by enclosing it in double brackets, e.g.: cookie cutter campaign. You might want to see How to edit a page for more on wiki markup -- specifically, it's customary to bold the first mention of the article's title, by enclosing it in triple apostrophes, e.g. Cookie cutter campaign. RadicalSubversiv E 22:54, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

David Cohen
I reverted all your edits to Political families of Philadelphia as they were clearly not NPOV, nor were they well done. Perhaps you should create page for the other members of the Cohen clan? --evrik 13:05, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Welcome
Please let me add my welcome. I hope that you enjoy your time here. I ask that you follow Wikipedia style when making edits. Please review some of the articles identified above. they will help you contribute more productively to Wikipedia. Also, please review WP:OWN. Thanks. Ground Zero | t 13:22, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Specificlly, when creating links, please do not put extra spaces between the brackets, i.e., link, not link  . The latter style can create formatting problems, especially when followed by punctuation, such as a comma or a period. Thanks. Ground Zero | t 12:01, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Mark Cohen
I notice that a number of your recent edits to the articles are not sourced. I must insist on some sources for this shrine to Rep. Cohen. Montco 01:59, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Krewstown, Philadelphia, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. If you plan to expand the article, you can request that administrators wait a while for you to add contextual material. To do this, affix the template   to the article and state your intention on the article's talk page. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. The Helpful One (Talk) 19:43, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Mark Cohen page
Hello, I have recently worked on the Mark B. Cohen wikipedia article, and I see that you have done much of the work on it. It was an incredibly exhaustive and thorough article, but I think that it veered too far into the advertisement zone. As such, I tagged it as WP:Advert. If you go to the talk page of that article you can see my rationale for most of the changes I made.

On another note, I am very interested in expanding the PA government's presence of wikipedia, so I've been working to create pages for all of the legislators. I couldn't believe that only 3 or 4 of the legislative leaders had article! Hopefully soon enough all legislators and top judges will have thorough articles similar to the one on Mark Cohen. --RedShiftPA (talk) 19:32, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of David Cohen
An article that you have been involved in editing, David Cohen, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you.

 * Articles_for_deletion/Florence_Cohen

 * Articles_for_deletion/David Cohen

 * Articles_for_deletion/Denis P. Cohen

 * Articles_for_deletion/Mark_J._Cohen

From the history of these pages it looks like you also significantly edited these articles, so I thought that I'd give you a heads-up so you can voice your opinion on the notability questions. I mean no disrespect to these folks, and the articles are interesting and well-written biographies. Especially for the articles on David and Florence Cohen. Regards...RedShiftPA (talk) 01:43, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Zulitz! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot notifying you on behalf of the the unreferenced biographies team that 2 of the articles that you created  are currently tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 21:52, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Idella Moore -
 * 2) C. Ellen Connally -

Nomination of Idella Moore for deletion
A discussion has begun about whether the article Idella Moore, which you created or to which you contributed, should be deleted. While contributions are welcome, an article may be deleted if it is inconsistent with Wikipedia policies and guidelines for inclusion, explained in the deletion policy.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Idella Moore until a consensus is reached, and you are welcome to contribute to the discussion.

You may edit the article during the discussion, including to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Ajbpearce (talk) 22:53, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of C. Ellen Connally

The article C. Ellen Connally has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Losing candidate, unsourced BLP, WP:BLP1E.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Abductive (reasoning) 12:42, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of Political families of Philadelphia for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Political families of Philadelphia is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Political families of Philadelphia until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. – Muboshgu (talk) 17:11, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

License tagging for File:Electoral college.jpg
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Orphaned non-free image File:Electoral college.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Electoral college.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Mohamed Aden Ighe (talk) 11:00, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification
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Disambiguation link notification for April 27
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Disambiguation link notification for June 28
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Disambiguation link notification for November 4
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Disambiguation link notification for November 19
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Disambiguation link notification for December 5
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Disambiguation link notification for December 21
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Nomination of Sleeper candidate for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Sleeper candidate is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Sleeper candidate until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Orange Mike |  Talk  05:36, 7 March 2013 (UTC)

follow up question
Hi Zulitz... Just so you know, I have asked a follow up question regarding that SR Valley program. See the talk page of the Mark Cohen article. Best, Blueboar (talk) 17:09, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for November 30
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 * Castor Gardens, Philadelphia (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver)
 * added links pointing to Robert Brady and Mark Cohen

 * Oxford Circle, Philadelphia (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver)
 * added links pointing to James Clay and Kevin Boyle

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Notice of Conflict of interest noticeboard discussion
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Disambiguation link notification for December 27
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Proposed deletion of Change for America

The article Change for America has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Defunct political organization/blog fails WP:GNG, own website is dead

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on |the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Vrac (talk) 19:10, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Interview with Jewish Exponent
Hello,

My name is Eric Schucht and I'm a reporter for the Jewish Exponent in Philadelphia. I'm writing an article on the history behind the Wikipedia page on the History of the Jews in Philadelphia. I saw that you made some major edits to the page a while back and I was wondering if you'd be willing to talk to me about why you decided to add to the page, what exactly you added and what lead you to edit Wikipedia pages in general. Please feel free to email me if you're interested.

Thank you,

Eric Schucht eschucht@jewishexponent.com

Proposed deletion of Cookie-cutter campaign

The article Cookie-cutter campaign has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "What appears to be a WP:NEOLOGISM, and largely comprised of WP:OR. While searches turn up times when campaigns were described as being 'cookie-cutter' or similar, there are not actually any sources going into any significant coverage of this as a concept."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Rorshacma (talk) 17:50, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

Nomination of Youth Advisory Council for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Youth Advisory Council is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Youth Advisory Council until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Tooncool64 (talk) 04:45, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zulitz


text: User talk:68.4.215.132

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.4.215.132


text:
User talk:Kjoules

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 04:18, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kjoules


text:
User talk:Tez

Talk to me baby!

Immigration
Thanks very much.... still lots of work to do though! - Borofkin 00:41, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hello
You still here dude? It seems I have joined Wikipedia (Dec 07) way after you "left". Tezero (talk) 01:14, 30 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh. Cool. I'm still here too. Tezero (talk) 13:07, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Melbourne meetup
Hey all, just a reminder that there's a meetup tomorrow at 11am in North Melbourne. There are more details at the meetup page. Hope to see you tomorrow! SteveBot (talk) 05:06, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

Meetup invitation: Melbourne 26
Hi there! You are cordially invited to a meetup next Sunday (6 January). Details and an attendee list are at Meetup/Melbourne 26. Hope to see you there! John Vandenberg 06:59, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

(this automated message was delivered using replace.py to all users in Victoria)

title: User talk:Tez


text:
User talk:0101Lamkp

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 04:19, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:0101Lamkp


text:
User talk:James297

 * You made some apparently valid edits back in 2004, but then took a long break and all your edits since your return in 2006 appear to be vandalism. -- Curps 09:01, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 04:19, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

SLIC
Why did you make that nonsensical page move? -- Curps 23:30, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

File:F howard.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:F howard.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. -- Тимофей ЛееСуда . 02:06, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:James297


text:
User talk:Hiron

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 04:20, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

title: User talk:Hiron


text:
User talk:Neodem

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 04:20, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Neodem


text:
Cadillac V8 engine

The term Cadillac V8 may refer to any of a number of V8 engines produced by the Cadillac division of General Motors since it pioneered the first such mass-produced engine in 1914.

Most commonly, such a reference is to one of the manufacturer's most successful, best known, or longest-lived 90° V8 engine series. These include the pioneering overhead valve 331 cuin cu in introduced in 1949, made in three displacements up to 390 cuin; a 390 cuin introduced in 1963 that grew to 429 cuin; and a 472 cuin introduced in 1968 and enlarged to 500 cuin. Also notable was the Northstar, which debuted in 1992 as a 4.6 litre, and was also produced in 4.4 L and 4.2 L versions.

When the Northstar engine series ended production in 2010, it became the last General Motors division to retain its own proprietary V8 design. This changed when Cadillac created the twin-turbo "Blackwing" engine in 2019.

L-head
The Type 51 was the first Cadillac V8. Introduced in 1914, it was the standard engine for 1915 Cadillac models. It was a 90° design with an L-head (sidevalve) configuration and was water-cooled. Bore and stroke was 3.125x5.125 in, for a total of 314 cuin of displacement. Output was 70 hp.

This engine was designed under the leadership of Cadillac's chief engineer (1914–1917), Scottish-born D (D'Orsay) McCall White (1880 -), later a vice president of Cadillac. Hired by Henry Leland for his V-engine expertise from his employment as chief engineer at Napier, and previously Daimler at Coventry, he was later to move to Nash with LaFayette. White was appointed to a committee of three to supervise the development of the V12 Liberty aircraft motor, that later contributed to cross town rival Lincoln Motor Company introducing the Lincoln L series much later in 1917.

The engine was refined for 1923 with a crossplane crankshaft that introduced the (now standard) 90° offset for each pair of cylinders which improved balance and smoothness. Power was up to 83.5 hp.

The L-head was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines of the 20th century list.

L-head applications:
 * Cadillac Type 51
 * Cadillac Type 53
 * Cadillac Type 55
 * Cadillac Type 57
 * Cadillac Type 59
 * Cadillac Type 61
 * Cadillac V-63
 * Cadillac Series 341
 * Oldsmobile Light Eight

Cadillac created a new V8, the 341, for 1928. It was a 341 cuin engine and produced 90 hp. The same year saw the introduction of the synchromesh transmission. This engine was used in the Series 341 and 341B cars of 1928 and 1929.

From 1930 through 1935, Cadillac produced a version with an increased displacement of 353 cuin. This used a 3.38x4.94 in bore and stroke. This engine was used in the Cadillac Series 353 and Series 355.

Monobloc
A 322 cuin "monobloc engine" was used in the 1936 Series 60. It was designed to be the company's next-generation powerplant at reduced cost from the 353 and Cadillac V12. The monobloc's cylinders and crankcase were cast as a single unit, and it used hydraulic valve lifters for durability. This design allowed the creation of the mid-priced Series 60 line.

Bore and stroke was 3.375x4.5 in. This engine was closely related to a monobloc design earlier introduced in the 1936–1948 346 cuin engine, which was modified with a 3.5 in bore. This was used in the Series 60/60S/61/62/63/65/67 and 70/72/75. It was also used in a dual setup in tanks (e.g. M5 Stuart and the M24 Chaffee), in World War II mated to a Hydramatic transmission.

LaSalle

In 1937, the new monobloc flathead gained 24 cuin in Cadillac V-8 models to 346 cuin, while the LaSalle straight-8 of 1934–1936 that originated from Oldsmobile actually was replaced with the 1936 smaller 322 cuin version at 125 hp. In 1941, the LaSalle nameplate was phased out along with the 322 cuin, and Cadillacs, all 346 cuin powered, were available with the new Hydramatic automatic transmission which debuted in Oldsmobile the previous year. These engines were produced through 1948.

331 series
For 1949, Cadillac and Oldsmobile each produced their V8 designs (the Oldsmobile engine was the 303). Both of the engines were overhead valve designs, pioneered by Buick. The Cadillac 331 engine featured a "dry" (coolant exited through an assembly attached directly to the cylinder heads), open runner (requiring the use of a tappet valve cover) intake manifold, rear-mounted distributor, and shaft-mounted rockers. Crankshaft end play is carried by the rear bearing on the two GM engines. It has the lighter "skirtless" block where the oil pan flange does not descend appreciably below the crankshaft centerline and they both have a partial integral cast iron clutch housing that compares to the early Chrysler Hemi V8 design. 1955 331 engines went to a lighter "flat back" that bolted to a clutch and flywheel housing at the front of the transmission.

Bore and stroke are 3+13/16 x for an overall displacement of 5425 cc. This engine features an oiling system which uses a central cast-in passage between the lifter galleries feeding oil to the cam and crank by grooves machined into the cam bores. A single drilled passage per bearing saddle feeds both cam and crank journals. Shared with the Oldsmobile Rocket V8 is how the lifters are supplied oil through small "bleeds" instead of placing the lifters directly into the right and left side oil supply galleries. Many early racers would replace the Cadillac hydraulic lifter and rocker assemblies with the solid lifters and adjustable rockers from the Studebaker V8 for operation at higher engine speeds.

365
Displacement was increased to 365 cuin for 1956 by increasing the bore to 4 in while maintaining the 3+5/8 in stroke. For the three years that the 365 was made, the base versions had a single four-barrel carburetor. The 1956 version produced 285 horsepower. The 1957 version raised that base engine output to 300 horsepower, while the 1958 base version cranked out 310. Eldorados featured multi-carb engines in all 3 years. The Eldorado engines were also optional on all other Cadillacs. The 1958 Eldorado 3-2bbl version produced 335 hp.

390
A longer, 3+7/8 in stroke pushed displacement to 6384 cc for 1959, yielding 325 hp, while the Eldorado Tri-power reached 345 hp.

390 series
For the 1963 model year, Cadillac redesigned its V8 engine, modernizing the tooling used in the production line while optimizing the engine's design. Although it shared the same layout and architecture with the 1949-vintage engine, the revised engine had shorter connecting rods and was 1 in lower, 4 in narrower, and 1.25 in shorter. The accessories (water pump, power steering pump, distributor) mounted on a die-cast aluminum housing at the front of the engine for improved accessibility. An alternator replaced the former generator. The crankshaft was cored out to make it both lighter and stronger. The revised engine was 52 lb lighter than its predecessor, for a total dry weight of 595 lb.

The revised engine shared the same 4x3.875 in bore and stroke of its predecessor, for an unchanged displacement of 390 cuin. Power was unchanged at 325 hp, as was torque at 430 lbft.

429
For 1964, the engine had a 4.13x4 in bore and stroke, raising displacement to 429 cuin. Power rose to 340 hp and torque to 480 lbft. It also included its first emission control system, which was a positive crankcase ventilation unit. The 429 was used through the 1967 model year.

472 series
Cadillac introduced an all-new engine for 1968. Although the modernized 390 series engine was compact and light for its displacement and output, 429 cuin represented the limit of the original architecture's expansion, and it had been surpassed by Chrysler's 440 and Lincoln's 462 and 460. Cadillac went bigger, with provision for even more expansion.

At introduction, the new engine had a 4.3x4.06 in bore and stroke for a displacement of 472 cuin. "Extensively redesigned" to ease maintenance, it used 10% fewer parts and 25% fewer gasketed joints as before. It delivered 375 hp at 4400 rpm and a massive 525 lbft torque at just 3000 rpm. The new engine was about 80 lb heavier than its predecessor. It was used through 1974. It was designed with potential for a 500 cuin displacement.

500
For 1970, Cadillac fitted a crankshaft with a 4.304 in stroke, increasing total displacement on the engine to 500.02 cuin. At its introduction it was rated at 400 hp, SAE gross, and 550 lbft of torque. For 1971, compression was reduced from 10.0:1 to 8.5:1, the lowered compression ratio dropped the 500's gross output from 400 bhp to 365 bhp, or 235 hp in the new SAE net ratings. By 1976, its final year, it had fallen to 190 hp. However, a new Bendix electronic fuel injection system was offered as an option, and it increased power output to 215 hp. The 500 was exclusive to the Eldorado until 1975 where the powerplant was standard in all Cadillacs except for the Seville, which was powered by a fuel-injected Oldsmobile 350.

425 series
Starting in the mid to late 1970s, Cadillac expanded its product range, offering more mid-sized vehicles. For example, while the Cadillac Seville initially used a variant of the 350 cuin Oldsmobile V8, Cadillac also began work on its own proprietary engines.

In 1977, Cadillac introduced a new 425 cuin V8, based on the architecture of the 472, but with a smaller, 4.082 in bore and the same 4.06 in stroke. The new engine was also 100 lb lighter.

The 425 was offered in L33 form, with a four-barrel carburetor, producing 180 hp at 4000 rpm and 320 lbft of torque at 2000 rpm, and L35 with electronic multi-port fuel injection for 195 hp and 320 lbft of torque, but peaked at 2400 rpm.

The 425 was used through 1979 on all Cadillacs except the Seville and 1979 Eldorados.

368
In 1980, the 425 was replaced with the L61, which was the same basic 472 family engine de-bored to 3.8 in but retaining the 472 and 425 engines' 4.06 in stroke for a total displacement of 368 cuin. The reduction in displacement was largely an effort to meet CAFE requirements for fuel economy. Throttle-body fuel injection was now standard on Eldorado and Seville when equipped with the 368. Rear-wheel-drive cars and the Commercial Chassis for hearse and ambulance builders used the Rochester Quadrajet 4-barrel carburetor.

Cadillac referred to this new TBI (throttle-body fuel injection) system as Digital Fuel Injection (DFI); this particular induction system was later adopted by other GM divisions, except on Oldsmobile V8s, and was used well into the mid-1990s on GM trucks.

Power output dropped to 145 hp at 3600 rpm and torque to 270 lbft at 2000 rpm in DEFI forms as used on the front-wheel-drive Seville and Eldorado but 150 hp on the four-barrel Quadrajet-equipped RWD models. This engine was standard on all Cadillacs except the redesigned Seville, in which it was optional.

V8-6-4
For 1981, Cadillac introduced a new engine that would become notorious for its unreliable electronics, the V8-6-4 (L62). The L61 had not provided a significant improvement in the company's CAFE numbers, so Cadillac and Eaton Corporation devised a cylinder deactivation system called Modulated Displacement that would shut off two or four cylinders in low-load conditions such as highway cruising, then reactivate them when more power was needed. When deactivated, solenoids mounted to those cylinders' rocker arm studs would disengage the fulcrums, allowing the rockers to "float" and leave the valves closed despite the continued action of the pushrods. These engines are easily identified by their rocker covers, which each have elevated sections over two cylinders with electrical connectors on top. With the valves closed, the cylinders acted as air springs, which both eliminated the feel of "missing" and kept the cylinders warm for instant combustion upon reactivation. Simultaneously, the engine control module would reduce the amount of fuel metered through the TBI unit. On the dashboard, an "MPG Sentinel" digital display could show the number of cylinders in operation, average or current fuel consumption (in miles per gallon), or estimated range based on the amount of fuel remaining in the tank and the average mileage since the last reset.

Another rare and advanced feature introduced with DFI was Cadillac's truly "on-board" diagnostics. For mechanics who had to deal with the 368s, the cars contained diagnostics that did not require the use of special external computer scan tools. The new Electronic Climate Control display, along with the MPG Sentinel, provided on-board readout of any stored trouble codes, instantaneous readings from all the various engine sensors, forced cycling of the underhood solenoids and motors, and on the V8-6-4 engines, manual cylinder-pair control. The L62 produced 140 hp at 3800 rpm and 265 lbft at 1400 rpm. Cadillac hailed the L62 as a technological masterpiece, and made it standard equipment across the whole Cadillac line.

While cylinder deactivation would make a comeback some 20 years later with modern computing power (and using oil pressure to deactivate the valves by collapsing the lifters), Cadillac's 1981 V8-6-4 proved to have insurmountable engineering problems. The main issue was that the Engine Control Module simply lacked the robustness, programming and processing speed to efficiently manage the cylinder-deactivation under all load conditions. In the era before electronically operated EGR valves, the engineers also made an error in using a "back-pressure-type" EGR valve. While this early effort to match the vacuum-controlled EGR volume more accurately to the engine's load made sense in a 'normal' engine, it had the effect of causing pinging (detonation) problems in the V8-6-4 engine, because four cylinders operating under higher load needed more EGR, while they were actually producing less exhaust flow and therefore less back-pressure to operate the valve.

In an effort to increase reliability, Cadillac issued thirteen updated PROM chips for the ECMs, but many of these engines simply had their Modulated Displacement function disabled by dealers, leaving them with permanent eight-cylinder operation. This was accomplished by merely disconnecting a single wire from the transmission's "3rd-gear switch", or running it through a switch inside the car for manual override. The 368 was dropped from most Cadillac passenger cars after the 1981 model year, although the V8-6-4 remained the standard engine for Fleetwood Limousines and the carbureted 368 remained in the Commercial Chassis through 1984.

The 368 has the distinction of being the last traditional "big-block" cast-iron pushrod V8 engine available in a production car. It lasted through 1984 in the limousines. Rival big blocks, ranging in displacement from 396 to 460 cubic inches, disappeared between 1976 and 1978. RWD models were coupled with the heavy-duty THM400 transmission, the last factory-produced GM passenger car fitted with this transmission.

GM reintroduced an updated fuel management system in 2005, marketed as Active Fuel Management or Displacement on Demand.

Cadillac High Technology engine
The OHV Cadillac High Technology engine was produced from 1982 to 1995 in displacements of 4.087 L, 4.467 L, and 4.893 L.

Northstar
Cadillac's DOHC, four-valve-per-cylinder Northstar debuted in 1992, which at the time was its most technologically advanced engine.

Although Oldsmobile, Pontiac, and Buick have borrowed the Northstar architecture for their V8 (and even V6) engines, it was not until the 2004 Pontiac Bonneville that a non-Cadillac used the Northstar name.

The Northstar has been produced in 4565 cc, 4371 cc, and 3995 cc versions.

4.6 L
The 4565 cc 275 hp version was available starting in 1993 on the Seville SLS and Eldorado ESC. The Allanté, the Seville STS, and the Eldorado ETC had the 300 hp version of the Northstar. In 1994, the DeVille Concours received the 270 hp version of this engine. By 1996, the Northstar engine became standard equipment in the front-wheel-drive Cadillac line. The 275 hp engine was in the Seville SLS 1993–2004, Eldorado ESC 1993–2002, Standard Deville 1996–2005, Devile d'elegance 1997–1999, and Deville DHS 2000–2005. The 300 hp version was used in the Seville STS 1993–2004, Eldorado ETC 1996–2002, Deville Concours 1997–1999, and Deville DTS 2000–2005. Its final appearance was in the final generation of the DTS series, produced from 2006 to 2011.

The 275 hp version of the Northstar was also standard equipment in the top GXP trim level of the Pontiac Bonneville, produced only in 2004 and 2005. It was also the top engine option available in the Buick Lucerne CXS and a 292 hp NHP (Northstar High Output) version in the Buick Lucerne Super, produced from 2006 through 2011. The Lucerne shared its platform and the Detroit/Hamtramck assembly plant with the final generation of the Cadillac DTS.

4.4 L
The 4371 cc versions were all supercharged, exclusive to Cadillac's V-series. The STS-V engine, produces 469 hp and 439 lbft under the SAE certified rating system.

The 2006 - 2008 XLR-V uses the same supercharged Northstar V8 as the STS-V, though output is down somewhat due to design changes made to accommodate the model's more limited underhood space. For the XLR-V, the SAE certified output is 443 hp and 414 lbft. The supercharger and four intercoolers are built into the intake manifold.

The bores were reduced in size to increase block strength, increasing the safety margin under boost.

4.0 L
The 3995 cc is the Oldsmobile Aurora variant, never installed in a Cadillac. The Aurora's cylinder heads had lower flow characteristics to match the engine's reduced size. This engine produces 250 hp.

RWD Fleetwood, Deville, and Brougham
The engine in the 1976–1979 Seville was "marketed" as a Cadillac engine and was exclusive to the Cadillac product line, but was in reality produced by the Oldsmobile division. Buyers were able to choose between 350 gasoline and 350 diesel versions. From 1982 to 1985, all rear-wheel-drive Cadillacs (except for the limousines) could be ordered with the 350 cuin Oldsmobile LF9 Diesel V8. In fact, for most of its life, the 1980–1985 version of Cadillac's Seville came standard with Oldsmobile's V8 diesel, with the gasoline engine being a no-cost option.

From 1986 to 1990, the rear-wheel-drive Cadillac Brougham used a carbureted 307 cuin Oldsmobile V8 (replacing the Cadillac HT-4100). In 1990, a 175 hp, fuel-injected small-block 350 cuin Chevrolet L05 V8 was available for Brougham models equipped with the towing package. In 1991, the Oldsmobile 307 was replaced with a 305 cuin throttle body fuel-injected small-block Chevrolet L03 V8, which was also found in Chevrolet's Caprice, C/K light trucks, and G-series vans. In 1993, the 180 hp 350 cuin L05 V8 became standard in the newly-renamed Cadillac Fleetwood. In 1994, the L05 was replaced with an iron-headed small-block Chevrolet Corvette LT1 V8 with 260 hp, which the Fleetwood used until discontinued at the end of the 1996 model year.

Escalade
With the introduction of the Escalade to the Cadillac lineup, the small-block Chevrolet L31 V8 (Vortec 5700) was used, as it was part of the C/K truck line on which the Escalade was based. In 2001, the newly-redesigned 2002 Escalade used the performance version of the 6.0 L Generation III series engine (RPO code LQ9), although the regular length 2002–2005 Escalade 2WD used the 5.3-liter LM7 version of the Generation III series engine. From 2007 to 2014, all Cadillac Escalades were equipped with the Generation IV 6.2L engine, which was also used in the GMC Yukon Denali, while hybrid models used a 6.0-liter version of the Generation IV series engine. Since 2015, gasoline-powered Escalades have used the Generation V 6.2L engine, with the Escalade-V using a supercharged version known as the LT4.

CTS-V
The 2004 and 2005 Cadillac CTS-V used the previous-generation Corvette C5 Z06's 400 hp 5.7 L LS6 Gen III V8. The 2006 and 2007 CTS-V used the 400 hp 6.0 L LS2 Gen IV V8, similar to that used in the standard Corvette C6. The 2009–2015 CTS-V carried a supercharged 6.2 L LSA variant of the Gen IV V8, producing an SAE-certified 556 hp, while the 2016–2019 model carried a supercharged 6.2 L LT4 with 640 hp.

CT5-V Blackwing
The 2022–present CT5-V Blackwing carries a supercharged 6.2 L LT4 variant of the Gen V series engine, producing 668 hp, the most powerful Cadillac sedan in history.

Cadillac 4.2L twin-turbo V8 LTA engine
The 4.2-liter V8 engine (GM RPO code LTA) is an eight-cylinder, dual overhead cam (DOHC) twin turbo engine produced by General Motors specifically for use in Cadillac luxury vehicles. The engine is the result of a new clean-sheet engine design as well as Cadillac's first twin-turbo V8 engine. It first launched with the 2019 Cadillac CT6.

From the 1950s through the 1970s, each GM division had its own V8 engine family. Some were shared among other divisions, but each respective design was engineered and developed by its own division:
 * Buick V8 engine
 * GMC V8 engine
 * Chevrolet small-block engine (first- and second-generation)
 * Chevrolet big-block engine
 * Oldsmobile V8 engine
 * Pontiac V8 engine
 * Holden V8 engine

GM later standardized on the later generations of the Chevrolet design:
 * General Motors LS-based small-block engine
 * List of GM engines

title: Cadillac V8 engine


text:
Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx

Spuyten Duyvil is a neighborhood of the Bronx, New York City. It is bounded on the north by Riverdale, on the east by Kingsbridge, on the south by the Harlem River, and on the west by the Hudson River, although some consider it to be the southernmost part of Riverdale.

Etymology
The area is named after Spuyten Duyvil Creek. "Spuyten Duyvil" may be literally translated as "Spouting Devil" or Spuitende Duivel in Dutch, a reference to the strong and wild tidal currents found at that location. It may also be translated as "Spewing Devil" or "Spinning Devil", or more loosely as "Devil's Whirlpool" or "Devil's Spate." Spui is a Dutch word involving outlets for water. Historian Reginald Pelham Bolton, however, argues that the phrase means "spouting meadow", referring to a fresh-water spring at Inwood Hill.

An additional translation, "to spite the Devil" or "in spite of the devil", was popularized by a story in Washington Irving's A Knickerbocker's History of New York published in 1809. Set in the 1660s, the story tells of trumpeter Antony Van Corlear summoned by "Peter de Groodt" to warn settlers of an attempted British invasion, with Corlear attempting to swim across the "Harlean river" from Fort Amsterdam to the Bronx mainland "in spite of the devil (spyt den duyvel)", Irving writes. The treacherous current pulled him under and he lost his life. This resulted in the name "Spuyten Duyvil" for "the adjoining promontory, which projects into the Hudson."

An extensive appendix to Studies in Etymology and Etiology (2009) by David L. Gold, which includes commentary by Rob Rentenaar, professor of onomastics at the University of Amsterdam, goes into great detail about all the various translations for "Spuyten Duyvil" which have been mooted over the years. Rentenaar concludes that "Duyvil" means "devil", either literally or in a transferred sense, but he could not determine what the intended meaning of "Spuyten" was because of the many variants that have been used throughout history.

The creek was referred to as Shorakapok by Lenape Native Americans in the area, translated as "the sitting down place" or the place between the ridges".

History
In the late 17th century, Frederick Philipse, the lord of Philipse Manor in Westchester County, received permission to construct a bridge across Spuyten Duyvil Creek and charge tolls. "King's Bridge", which was located roughly south of and parallel to where West 230th Street lies today, opened in 1693.

Development of the neighborhood began in the latter half of the 19th century once the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad came through. The tracks originally crossed Spuyten Duyvil Creek and into Manhattan on the west side, but Cornelius Vanderbilt wanted to consolidate his railroad operations into one terminal, so he had tracks laid along the north side of the Harlem River so that trains coming south from Albany could join with the Harlem and New Haven lines and come into Manhattan down Fourth Avenue into his new Grand Central Depot. This is the route still used by Metro-North today.

Through the 1920s development of the Spuyten Duyvil neighborhood continued. Large high-rise apartment buildings, which later became condominiums and cooperatives, began to be built in the 1950s and continued through the 1980s, bringing in affluent families attracted by its scenic qualities, as well as by the area's closeness to desirable neighborhoods such as Fieldston and Riverdale.

On July 18, 2013, a freight train derailed near the Spuyten Duyvil station due to an excessively wide gauge at one point. No one was killed or injured. Less than six months later, on December 1, a commuter train derailment near the Spuyten Duyvil station resulted in 4 deaths and over 70 injuries, 11 of them critical. The cause of the second derailment was determined to be excessive speed.

Demographics
Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Kingsbridge and Spuyten Duyvil was 30,161, a change of 289 (1%) from the 29,872 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 540.92 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 55.8 PD/acre.

The racial makeup of the neighborhoods were 49.3% (14,872) White, 8.9% (2,691) African American, 0.1% (40) Native American, 5.7% (1,731) Asian, 0% (15) Pacific Islander, 0.3% (98) from other races, and 1.7% (510) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 33.8% (10,204) of the population.

A restaurant guide once described the neighborhood as "upper middle class".

Police and crime
Spuyten Duyvil is patrolled by the 50th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 3450 Kingsbridge Avenue. The 50th Precinct ranked 13th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010.

The 50th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 69.9% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported three murders, 22 rapes, 185 robberies, 213 felony assaults, 126 burglaries, 695 grand larcenies, and 288 grand larcenies auto in 2022.

Library
The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates the Spuyten Duyvil branch at 650 West 235th Street. The one-story branch opened in 1971 and was designed by Giorgio Cavaglieri.

Transportation
Spuyten Duyvil is the location of the Spuyten Duyvil train station, which is served by the Hudson Line of the Metro-North Railroad, providing service into Grand Central Terminal and north into Westchester County. Spuyten Duyvil Bridge, a railroad swing bridge that carries Amtrak's Empire Corridor line between New York City and Albany, spans Spuyten Duyvil Creek. The north end of the Henry Hudson Bridge connects the neighborhood to the island of Manhattan via the Henry Hudson Parkway.

Hudson Rail Link connects the Metro-North station to the surrounding area, with Routes J, K, L, and M serving Spuyten Duyvil.

Points of interest

 * Edgehill Church of Spuyten Duyvil (United Church of Christ) was built in 1888-89 as a chapel of the Riverdale Presbyterian Church located nearby, and was designed by Francis H. Kimball in an eclectic mix of styles: Romanesque Revival, Tudor Revival and Shingle style. The church was designated a New York City landmark in 1980.
 * Henry Hudson Park features a 16 ft bronze statue of Henry Hudson sculpted by Karl Bitter and Karl Gruppe on top of a 100 ft Doric column by architect Walter Cook of the firm of Babb, Cook & Willard.
 * Villa Charlotte Bronte is an apartment house built in 1926 and designed by Robert Gardner, which overlooks the Hudson and Harlem Rivers.

Notable people

 * Alexander Calder (1898–1976), sculptor who is best known for his innovative mobiles.
 * William Sergeant Kendall (1869–1938), artist.
 * Georgina Klitgaard (1893–1976), artist known for panoramic landscape paintings
 * Joan Tetzel (1921–1977), actress.

title: Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx


text:
RollerCoaster Tycoon 3

RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 is a 2004 construction and management simulation video game. It is the third installment in the RollerCoaster Tycoon series, and was developed by Frontier Developments and published by Atari Interactive. RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 places players in charge of managing amusement parks; rides can be built or demolished, terrain and scenery can be adjusted, and prices can be controlled to keep visitors or "peeps" happy.

RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 features two methods of gameplay. In career mode, players must complete predetermined objectives in predesigned scenarios. In the newly added sandbox mode, players have unlimited time and money to create their own custom parks and rides. Features introduced in the series include the ability to import and export custom attractions, design custom scenarios and peeps, as well as design an in-game roller coaster and a fully three-dimensional world players can view from all angles.

In 2014, a sequel, RollerCoaster Tycoon 4 Mobile was released on mobile devices, to largely negative reception.

Gameplay
Like the previous games in the series, RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 is a strategy and simulation game in which players manage all aspects of an amusement park by building or removing the rides, scenery and amenities, placing shops and facilities, adjusting the park's finances, hiring staff, and keeping the park visitors, known as "peeps", happy. RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 features two main game modes. The career mode features scenarios where players must accomplish goals, such as impressing a visiting celebrity or attaining a certain park rating. Each scenario has three levels of objectives, which are ranked as Apprentice, Entrepreneur, and Tycoon; the higher the level, the more challenging the goal is to complete. A third of the scenarios are playable from the start, with the rest unlocked when the player completes the objectives at each level. The second mode of play is the sandbox mode. In sandbox mode, players are given a large, empty plot of land and unlimited funds with which to build their own custom parks. However, the land given in this mode is limited as it cannot be expanded.

RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 introduces gameplay features in the series such as the CoasterCam, which allows players to "ride" roller coasters and other rides, and the MixMaster, which allows the player to coordinate firework shows and time them to in-game music. Unlike the two previous versions of the game, RollerCoaster Tycoon and RollerCoaster Tycoon 2, the guests, called "peeps", arrive in groups and show variation in gender and age, including children, teenagers and adults. A day/night cycle changes the demographics of the park's peeps; rides at night appeal to teenagers, while the daytime attracts families with children. Peeps can be harmed and injured by crashing vehicles, but will never die as they did in the previous titles, and if placed in water they will swim out. When cars derail from the tracks, they explode after a short period, whereas in the older games, they exploded on contact. Furthermore, a feature was added in which, after a cheat code was entered, people could utilize the Peep Cam from which they could see the park through a peeps' eyes. Parks now have opening and closing times, and the time of day is displayed. Scenery is divided into themes to customize parks, with western-, spooky-, science fiction-, prehistoric-, tropic (Paradise Island)- atlantis- and adventure-themed pieces. Another feature is the ability to import coasters from previous games in the series into RollerCoaster Tycoon 3. The game uses full 3D graphics instead of the isometric viewpoint of the previous games; this means that players can rotate and zoom the view of the park to any degree. However, there is an option to fix the camera's rotation to a preset angle, as in the previous games. 3D land shaping is also available for creating mountains and hills inside the park, as well as the ability to change portions of the land into water.

Development
Although the core features of Roller Coaster Tycoon 3 are based on the previous games, Chris Sawyer, the developer of the first two games, acted only as a consultant, as the game was instead developed by Frontier Developments, since Sawyer was developing Chris Sawyer's Locomotion at the time.

Expansion packs
Two expansion packs for RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 were released – Soaked! and Wild!. A bundle, RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 Gold, was also released, including the original game and the Soaked! expansion pack; this was followed by RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 Platinum (Deluxe for the EU version of the game), including both expansion packs and the original game. RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 Platinum is available for Windows and Mac OS X. The game was also published by Aspyr Inc. on the Mac App Store in 2012.

Soaked!, the first expansion, allows the player to build water parks, which include swimming pools, water slides and underwater aquariums, while adding more rides and scenery to the original game such as the ability to create waterfalls. Using the MixMaster feature, the expansion pack also allows players to make their own water-jet displays and co-ordinate them to music. Soaked! received an average rating of 79 on Metacritic.

Wild!, the second expansion, allows the player to build zoos and safari rides, similar to Zoo Tycoon in an amusement park setting, in which animals can be placed, and adds more ride types and scenery to the original game. Additionally, it addressed several criticisms of the first game, such as the inability to build underground, which is available without the expansion pack in the form of an update patch. Wild! received an average rating of 71 on Metacritic.

Frontier released an iOS port of RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 on August 12, 2015.

Subsequent lawsuits and Complete Edition
The original series' creator Chris Sawyer sued Atari in 2005 for allegedly breaching the terms of a licensing agreement by not allowing auditors access to accounts from 1999 to 2001, during which he claimed he was owed US$4.8 million. Atari counter-claimed in 2007 by claiming that Sawyer broke an agreement by signing a license-agreement with developer Frontier Developments, allowing them to create a demo for console platforms based on assets and mechanics from RollerCoaster Tycoon 3. It was claimed by Atari that this induced Frontier to breach its contractual obligations to Atari by allowing Frontier to market and/or elicit funding for Thrillville through this demo. According to Atari, without this demo, Frontier would not have been able to create Thrillville independently from Atari. The lawsuit ended with an out of court settlement.

Frontier later sued Atari in January 2017 for underpaid royalties for RollerCoaster Tycoon. When Atari filed for bankruptcy in 2013, Frontier modified its contract for how future royalties would be paid. Atari has paid Frontier $1.17 million to date for RollerCoaster Tycoon 3, but Frontier observed from Steam Spy that sales of RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 were much larger than Atari claimed, and under the new contract, Frontier would be owed an additional $2.2 million. Frontier sought to have rights to audit Atari's records and claim the additional royalties it is owed. Frontier's Chief Operating Officer David Walsh confirmed the report in statements to Eurogamer and GameSpot, stating that they had previously attempted to resolve the issue without legal action since April 2016. Later in May 2018, the game was pulled from both Steam and GOG due to "expiring rights".

While no resolution of the case has been publicly stated, Frontier announced the release of a self-published version of RollerCoaster Tycoon 3, named RollerCoaster Tycoon 3: Complete Edition. Like Platinum / Deluxe, this release includes both Soaked! and Wild! expansions. Additions included in the Complete Edition were to update the game to run on more modern computers, an adjustment in aspect ratios, and the removal of all references to the game's previous publisher - Atari. Alongside this updated computer version, a console port for the Nintendo Switch was also created. The Complete Edition was released on September 24, 2020, to Steam, Epic Games Store, and Nintendo eShop. In March 2024, Limited Run Games announced a physical version of the Switch release of RollerCoaster Tycoon 3: Complete Edition. On the Mac App Store, the version published by Aspyr Inc. was updated to the Complete Edition.

On 15 March 2024, Frontier sold the publishing rights to the game back to Atari, Inc. for seven million dollars. In a trading update published by the London Stock Exchange on 2 April, it was reported that Frontier made $1.5 million a year from their sales of RollerCoaster Tycoon 3: Complete Edition on all platforms. This was confirmed by their parent Atari SA on 2 April. Anticipating the 25th anniversary of the RollerCoaster Tycoon series, Atari SA CEO Wade Rosen said "I am really pleased that we can unite this important and successful title in the series with the rest of the franchise".

Release
RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 received mostly positive reviews. The game has an average rating of 81/100 at Metacritic and 84% at GameRankings. Publications such as GameSpot and Computer Gaming World were overall positive about the game citing its many new features. However, fans of the original and the second game in the series tended to be more critical. Several other criticisms stemmed from bugs and technical issues, such as the game crashing, the camera freezing, staff getting stuck on railings, low framerates and graphical glitches mainly caused when adjusting the landscape.

The editors of Computer Gaming World nominated RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 as their 2004 "Strategy Game of the Year (General)", although it lost to The Sims 2. They wrote that it "overcame the series' sophomore slump with a great state-of-the-art design." During the 8th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 for "Simulation Game of the Year", which was ultimately awarded to The Sims 2.

Sales
On the week of November 7, 2004, RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 was the second best-selling PC game on Amazon.com. Within the next week, the game became the best-selling PC game on Amazon.com. According to The NPD Group, RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 was the ninth-best-selling computer game of 2004. It claimed fifth place on NPD's annual chart for the following year. The game also received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom.

In June 2015, Frontier CEO David Braben reported that the game had sold "more than 10 million copies".

title: RollerCoaster Tycoon 3


text:
User talk:Hullie

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 04:23, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image tag
Hi, thanks for uploading Image:Tandjungpriok.jpg. However, the image is not tagged. You mentioned that it was taken by yourself. Perharps you would tag it as,  or. Have a look at this article for more info. Thank you. *drew 10:15, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hullie


text:
User:BlairRMartin

Blair R Martin was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1937, and graduated from the University of Glasgow as a mechanical engineer in 1958. He subsequently worked on flight instruments (1958-1960) and CNC -- control systems for machine tools (1962-1970). This led him into the computer industry, first in computer printer development (1970-1980), then in software development and teaching (1981-1990). Later, he launched a consulting business which operated from 1991 until 1998. He now describes his occupation as "retired," but continues working and teaching on a volunteer basis.

Mr. Martin and his wife currently live on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, in Canada. Both were born and brought up in the UK, but later moved to the USA. (They met at Penn State University while studying for post-graduate degrees.) In 1990 they emigrated from the USA into Canada, but since their two children live in the USA, they divide their lives and their interests between both countries.

--BlairRMartin 15:13, 2008 Jul 20 (UTC)

title: User:BlairRMartin


text:
User talk:Archaios

About Amuteya
Hi Archaios,

Thanks for the message - most appreciated! You beat me to it - I was just about to send you a message to apologise for appearing to be presumptuous in removing the CSD tag on what appeared to be a gibberish article. Different people, different skills: I was able to recognise what this mess was about, but I really did struggle to pass High School maths.

Thanks again! --Shirt58 (talk) 11:20, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

New deal for page patrollers
Hi ,

In order to better control the quality  of new pages, keep out the spam, and welcome the genuine newbies, the current system we introduced in 2011 is being updated and improved. The documentation and tutorials have also been revised and given a facelift. Most importantly a new user group New Page Reviewer has been created.

Under the new rule, you may find that you are temporarily unable to mark new pages as reviewed. However, this is nothing to worry about - most current experienced patrollers are being accorded the the new right without the need to apply, and if you have significant previous experience of patrolling new pages, we strongly encourage you to apply for the new right as soon as possible - we need all the help we can get, and we are now providing a dynamic, supportive environment for your work.

Find out more about this exiting new user right now at New Page Reviewers and be sure to read the new tutorial before applying. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 04:28, 13 November 2016 (UTC)

Fair Use in Australia discussion
As an Australian Wikipedian, your opinion is sought on a proposal to advocate for the introduction of Fair Use into Australian copyright law. The discussion is taking place at the Australian Wikipedians' notice board, please read the proposal and comment there. MediaWiki message delivery MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 11:08, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

This message has been automatically sent to all users in Category:Australian Wikipedians. If you do not wish to receive further messages like this, please either remove your user page from this category, or add yourself to Category:Opted-out of message delivery

title: User talk:Archaios


text:
User talk:0101LIY

Hi 0101LIY. Nice job on the Lu Yuegang article, and welcome to Wikipedia. A few links you might find helpful:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~ ~ ~ ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.

Some other links you might want to take a look at:

 * Manual of Style for China-related articles
 * Naming conventions (Chinese)
 * History standards for China-related articles
 * China-related topics notice board

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

-spencer195 04:27, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi Spencer195, thanks for your information!! They are very useful! 0101LIY

Lu Yuegang
This is the change I reverted -- you had merely added "== External link ==" to the page, which I attributed to a test edit. By the time I had clicked the rollback link (available to sysops), you had already added the external link URL -- both changes were rolled back when in fact I intended only to rollback the original one. Please feel free to add it back. --Diberri | Talk 06:08, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * No problem -- I probably would have thought the same thing you did. Best, Diberri | Talk 16:53, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:0101LIY


text:
Mahler measure

In mathematics, the Mahler measure $$M(p)$$ of a polynomial $$p(z) $$ with complex coefficients is defined as

$$M(p) = |a|\prod_{|\alpha_i| \ge 1} |\alpha_i| = |a| \prod_{i=1}^n \max\{1,|\alpha_i|\},$$ where $$p(z) $$ factorizes over the complex numbers $$\mathbb{C}$$ as $$p(z) = a(z-\alpha_1)(z-\alpha_2)\cdots(z-\alpha_n).$$

The Mahler measure can be viewed as a kind of height function. Using Jensen's formula, it can be proved that this measure is also equal to the geometric mean of $$|p(z)| $$ for $$z$$ on the unit circle (i.e., $$|z| = 1$$): $$M(p) = \exp\left(\int_{0}^{1} \ln(|p(e^{2\pi i\theta})|)\, d\theta \right).$$

By extension, the Mahler measure of an algebraic number $$\alpha$$ is defined as the Mahler measure of the minimal polynomial of $$\alpha$$ over $$\mathbb{Q}$$. In particular, if $$\alpha$$ is a Pisot number or a Salem number, then its Mahler measure is simply $$\alpha$$.

The Mahler measure is named after the German-born Australian mathematician Kurt Mahler.

Properties

 * The Mahler measure is multiplicative: $$\forall p, q, \,\, M(p \cdot q) = M(p) \cdot M(q).$$
 * $M(p) = \lim_{\tau \to 0} \|p\|_{\tau}$ where $\, \|p\|_\tau =\left(\int_0^{1} |p(e^{2\pi i\theta})|^\tau d\theta \right)^{1/\tau} $  is the $L_\tau$ norm of $$p$$.
 * Kronecker's Theorem: If $$p$$ is an irreducible monic integer polynomial with $$M(p) = 1$$, then either $$p(z) = z,$$ or $$p$$ is a cyclotomic polynomial.
 * (Lehmer's conjecture) There is a constant $$\mu>1$$ such that if $$p$$ is an irreducible integer polynomial, then either $$M(p)=1$$ or $$M(p)>\mu$$.
 * The Mahler measure of a monic integer polynomial is a Perron number.

Higher-dimensional Mahler measure
The Mahler measure $$M(p)$$ of a multi-variable polynomial $$p(x_1,\ldots,x_n) \in \mathbb{C}[x_1,\ldots,x_n]$$ is defined similarly by the formula

$$M(p) = \exp\left(\int_0^{1} \int_0^{1} \cdots \int_0^{1} \log \Bigl( \bigl |p(e^{2\pi i\theta_1}, e^{2\pi i\theta_2}, \ldots, e^{2\pi i\theta_n}) \bigr| \Bigr) \, d\theta_1\, d\theta_2\cdots d\theta_n \right).$$ It inherits the above three properties of the Mahler measure for a one-variable polynomial.

The multi-variable Mahler measure has been shown, in some cases, to be related to special values of zeta-functions and $L$-functions. For example, in 1981, Smyth proved the formulas $$ m(1+x+y)=\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{4\pi}L(\chi_{-3},2)$$ where $$L(\chi_{-3},s)$$ is a Dirichlet L-function, and $$ m(1+x+y+z)=\frac{7}{2\pi^2}\zeta(3),$$ where $$\zeta$$ is the Riemann zeta function. Here $$ m(P)=\log M(P)$$ is called the logarithmic Mahler measure.

Some results by Lawton and Boyd
From the definition, the Mahler measure is viewed as the integrated values of polynomials over the torus (also see Lehmer's conjecture). If $$p$$ vanishes on the torus $$(S^1)^n$$, then the convergence of the integral defining $$M(p)$$ is not obvious, but it is known that $$M(p)$$ does converge and is equal to a limit of one-variable Mahler measures, which had been conjectured by Boyd.

This is formulated as follows: Let $$\mathbb{Z}$$ denote the integers and define $$\mathbb{Z}^N_+=\{r=(r_1,\dots,r_N)\in\mathbb{Z}^N:r_j\ge0\ \text{for}\ 1\le j\le N\}$$. If $$Q(z_1,\dots,z_N)$$ is a polynomial in $$N$$ variables and $$r=(r_1,\dots,r_N)\in\mathbb{Z}^N_+$$ define the polynomial $$Q_r(z)$$ of one variable by

$$Q_r(z):=Q(z^{r_1},\dots,z^{r_N})$$

and define $$q(r)$$ by $$q(r) := \min \left\{H(s):s=(s_1,\dots,s_N)\in\mathbb{Z}^N, s\ne(0,\dots,0)~\text{and}~\sum^N_{j=1} s_j r_j = 0 \right\}$$

where $$H(s)=\max\{|s_j|:1\le j\le N\}$$.

$$

Boyd's proposal
Boyd provided more general statements than the above theorem. He pointed out that the classical Kronecker's theorem, which characterizes monic polynomials with integer coefficients all of whose roots are inside the unit disk, can be regarded as characterizing those polynomials of one variable whose measure is exactly 1, and that this result extends to polynomials in several variables.

Define an extended cyclotomic polynomial to be a polynomial of the form $$\Psi(z)=z_1^{b_1} \dots z_n^{b_n}\Phi_m(z_1^{v_1}\dots z_n^{v_n}),$$ where $$\Phi_m(z)$$ is the m-th cyclotomic polynomial, the $$v_i$$ are integers, and the $$b_i = \max(0, -v_i\deg\Phi_m)$$ are chosen minimally so that $$\Psi(z)$$ is a polynomial in the $$z_i$$. Let $$K_n$$ be the set of polynomials that are products of monomials $$\pm z_1^{c_1}\dots z_n^{c_n}$$ and extended cyclotomic polynomials.

$$

This led Boyd to consider the set of values $$L_n:=\bigl\{m(P(z_1,\dots,z_n)):P\in\mathbb{Z}[z_1,\dots,z_n]\bigr\},$$ and the union ${L}_\infty = \bigcup^\infty_{n=1}L_n$. He made the far-reaching conjecture that the set of $${L}_\infty$$ is a closed subset of $$\mathbb R$$. An immediate consequence of this conjecture would be the truth of Lehmer's conjecture, albeit without an explicit lower bound. As Smyth's result suggests that $$L_1\subsetneqq L_2$$, Boyd further conjectures that $$L_1\subsetneqq L_2\subsetneqq L_3\subsetneqq\ \cdots .$$

Mahler measure and entropy
An action $$\alpha_M$$ of $$\mathbb{Z}^n$$ by automorphisms of a compact metrizable abelian group may be associated via duality to any countable module $$N$$ over the ring $$R=\mathbb{Z}[z_1^{\pm1},\dots,z_n^{\pm1}]$$. The topological entropy (which is equal to the measure-theoretic entropy) of this action, $$h(\alpha_N)$$, is given by a Mahler measure (or is infinite). In the case of a cyclic module $$M=R/\langle F\rangle$$ for a non-zero polynomial $$ F(z_1,\dots,z_n)\in\mathbb{Z}[z_1,\ldots,z_n]$$ the formula proved by Lind, Schmidt, and Ward gives $$h(\alpha_N)=\log M(F)$$, the logarithmic Mahler measure of $$F$$. In the general case, the entropy of the action is expressed as a sum of logarithmic Mahler measures over the generators of the principal associated prime ideals of the module. As pointed out earlier by Lind in the case $$n=1$$ of a single compact group automorphism, this means that the set of possible values of the entropy of such actions is either all of $$[0,\infty]$$ or a countable set depending on the solution to Lehmer's problem. Lind also showed that the infinite-dimensional torus $$\mathbb{T}^{\infty}$$ either has ergodic automorphisms of finite positive entropy or only has automorphisms of infinite entropy depending on the solution to Lehmer's problem.

title: Mahler measure


text:
Talk:List of largest cities of U.S. states and territories by population

List Ambiguity
How is "biggest" determined? Are we measuring by population, area, level of development? There needs to be something to note how these cities are the "biggest". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.249.238.94 (talk) 13:15, 8 June 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty sure this is population. Cameron Nedland 16:30, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

 * If whomever developed this intensely ambiguous category didn't have an idea whether it's area or population, is it worth setting a standard? Somehow Jacksonville, Florida got to be the "biggest" city in Florida, whatever that means.  It would also be I think the biggest city in the U.S.A. if size were the criterion.Flawiki 01:25, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The cities chosen appear to indicate that it's by population within city limits. Jon 18:16, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Expansion
Often, the largest city in a state is not its capital (for example Los Angeles, CA); sometimes the largest city is not as well-known as other cities in the state (Virginia Beach, VA, for example). The list becomes more interesting when the second and third largest cities are added; this includes the capital in many cases, and usually the state's best-known cities as well. The relationships between them can then be seen. I'm expanding the list accordingly, putting the capital in italics. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gellersen (talk • contribs) 04:29, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Descrepency
If it is by population, Eugene Oregon is bigger than Salem isn't it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.9.3.115 (talk) 05:15, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Belay my last. Eugene has the second largest "metropolitan area" but is in fact the third largest city proper. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.9.3.115 (talk) 05:23, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Maryland
Silver Spring and Columbia are both CDP/ Unincorporated Communities. Do they count? 71.176.166.170 (talk) 18:56, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

POPULATION?!
Don't you think it would make sense if the population of the cities were actually shown. And for you to be able to sort by population as well as alphabet? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jumacdon (talk • contribs) 21:12, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Updating?
It might be good to update this list to reflect more recent Census estimates. Would there be any objections to my doing so using the 2007 data? I was also thinking of adding the population numbers and citing all this. Qqqqqq (talk) 05:07, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

More Cities!
Numerous advancements need to be added on this page. We should add the population of the cities under them, and add a 4th city because it could be needed. Along with other things. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.62.215.236 (talk) 01:22, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Why five cities? Many of the states' five largest cities are not nationally known, so... Mathpianist93 (talk) 23:41, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

Virginia
For Virginia alone, would it make sense to include both cities and counties since Virginia treats these two political subdivisions identically, much like several states do for both cities and towns? Qqqqqq (talk) 00:25, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

 * If there are no objections, I'd like to implement this change. Qqqqqq (talk) 01:46, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Alaska
List of cities and census-designated places in Alaska has Juneau third in 2010, which year this table also claims to use. Nicely, both Fairbanks and Juneau articles claim second place. If the figures are correct, Fairbanks was bigger in 2010, while Juneau in 2000 and again in 2011. 82.141.73.182 (talk) 09:11, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

Percentage
This article would be even better if the table included a (sortable) column showing the percentage of each state's population that is represented by the largest named municipality. (In case you're interested, the current data in the table shows that New York City represents 42% of the population of New York State (the highest percentage that would be on the list, with Anchorage, Alaska coming in second). The lowest percentage on the list would be Charleston, West Virginia (3% of West Virginia's population), followed by Columbia, South Carolina and Newark New Jersey.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Spikebrennan (talk • contribs) 20:50, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

Unexplained italics
Why are there unexplained italics in some cities' names? — Preceding unsigned comment added by KilimAnnejaro (talk • contribs) 15:16, 17 May 2018 (UTC)

New England Towns
New Hampshire's article includes only places incorporated as "cities," excluding places that are towns, including Derry,  which is more populous than the current 4th and 5th place entries.

Vermont's row includes Hartford, VT,  a town that includes 5 villages,  while including Bennington,  a more populous town. Why is this? 2600:1016:B00D:F404:0:22:F545:7E01 (talk) 22:12, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

 * @2600:1016:B00D:F404:0:22:F545:7E01 the article excludes both Bennington, and Brattleboro, which are both more populous than  Hartford,  VT Mangowallaby (talk) 22:22, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

Running off the page
Most of the columns should be removed so we get a more legible object on the page. Skinny tables are easier to read (I'd hate to imagine someone trying to view this on mobile). And wikipedia is not a database. Being the 4th largest city in Maine is not all that notable. Wizmut (talk) 12:55, 23 December 2023 (UTC)


text:
Maniraptora

Maniraptora is a clade of coelurosaurian dinosaurs which includes the birds and the non-avian dinosaurs that were more closely related to them than to Ornithomimus velox. It contains the major subgroups Avialae, Dromaeosauridae, Troodontidae, Oviraptorosauria, and Therizinosauria. Ornitholestes and the Alvarezsauroidea are also often included. Together with the next closest sister group, the Ornithomimosauria, Maniraptora comprises the more inclusive clade Maniraptoriformes. Maniraptorans first appear in the fossil record during the Jurassic Period (see Eshanosaurus), and survive today as living birds.

Description
Maniraptorans are characterized by long arms and three-fingered hands (though reduced or fused in some lineages), as well as a "half-moon shaped" (semi-lunate) bone in the wrist (carpus). In 2004, Tom Holtz and Halszka Osmólska pointed out six other maniraptoran characters relating to specific details of the skeleton. Unlike most other saurischian dinosaurs, which have pubic bones that point forward, several groups of maniraptorans have an ornithischian-like backwards-pointing hip bone. A backward-pointing hip characterizes the therizinosaurs, dromaeosaurids, avialans, and some primitive troodontids. The fact that the backward-pointing hip is present in so many diverse maniraptoran groups has led most scientists to conclude that the "primitive" forward-pointing hip seen in advanced troodontids and oviraptorosaurs is an evolutionary reversal, and that these groups evolved from ancestors with backward-pointing hips.

Technical diagnosis
Holtz and Osmólska (2004) diagnosed the clade Maniraptora based on the following characters: reduced or absent olecranon process of the ulna, greater trochanter and cranial trochanter of the femur fused into a trochanteric crest. An elongated, backwards-pointing pubic bone is present in therizinosauroids, dromaeosaurids, avialans, and the basal troodontid Sinovenator, which suggests that the propubic condition in advanced troodontids and oviraptorosaurs is a reversal. Turner et al. (2007) named seven synapomorphies that diagnose Maniraptora.

Feathers and flight
Modern pennaceous feathers and remiges are known in the advanced maniraptoran group Aviremigia. More primitive maniraptorans, such as therizinosaurs (specifically Beipiaosaurus), preserve a combination of simple downy filaments and unique elongated quills. Simple feathers are known from more primitive coelurosaurs such as Sinosauropteryx prima, and possibly from even more distantly related species such as the ornithischian Tianyulong confuciusi and the flying pterosaurs. Thus it appears as if some form of feathers or down-like integument would have been present in all maniraptorans, at least when they were young.

Maniraptora is the only dinosaur group known to include flying members, though how far back in this lineage flight extends is controversial. Powered and/or gliding flight is believed to have been present in some types of non-avialan paravians, including dromaeosaurids, such as Rahonavis and Microraptor. Zhenyuanlong suni, a dromaeosaurid, was too heavy to fly but still had wings with feathers required for flying, which suggests its ancestors had the ability for aerial locomotion. Other groups, like the Oviraptorosauria who had a tail with a tail fan of feathers with caudal anatomy resembling a pygostyle, are not known to have been capable of flight, but some scientists, such as Gregory S. Paul, have suggested that they could be descended from ancestors which flew. Paul has gone as far as to propose that Therizinosauria, Alvarezsauroidea, and the non-maniraptoran group Ornithomimosauria also descended from flying ancestors.

Classification
The Maniraptora was originally named by Jacques Gauthier in 1986, for a branch-based clade defined as all dinosaurs closer to modern birds than to the ornithomimids. Gauthier noted that this group could be easily characterized by their long forelimbs and hands, which he interpreted as adaptations for grasping (hence the name Maniraptora, which means "hand snatchers" in relation to their 'seizing hands'). In 1994, Thomas R. Holtz attempted to define the group based on the characteristics of the hand and wrist alone (an apomorphy-based definition), and included the long, thin fingers, bowed, wing-like forearm bones, and half-moon shaped wrist bone as key characters. Most subsequent studies have not followed this definition, however, preferring the earlier branch-based definition.

The branch-based definition usually includes the major groups Dromaeosauridae, Troodontidae, Oviraptorosauria, Therizinosauria, and Avialae. Other taxa often found to be maniraptorans include the alvarezsaurs and Ornitholestes. Several taxa have been assigned to the Maniraptora more definitively, though their exact placement within the group remains uncertain. These forms include the scansoriopterygids, Pedopenna, and Yixianosaurus.

In 1993, Perle and colleagues coined the name Metornithes to include alvarezsaurids and modern birds, which the researchers believed were members of the Avialae. This group was defined as a clade by Luis Chiappe in 1995 as the last common ancestor of Mononykus and modern birds, and all its descendants.

Pennaraptora (Latin penna "bird feather" + raptor "thief", from rapere "snatch"; a feathered bird-like predator) is a clade within Maniraptora, defined as the most recent common ancestor of Oviraptor philoceratops, Deinonychus antirrhopus, and Passer domesticus (the house sparrow), and all descendants thereof, by Foth et al., 2014.

The clade "Aviremigia" was conditionally proposed along with several other apomorphy-based clades relating to birds by Jacques Gauthier and Kevin de Queiroz in a 2001 paper. Their proposed definition for the group was "the clade stemming from the first panavian with ... remiges and rectrices, that is, enlarged, stiff-shafted, closed-vaned (= barbules bearing hooked distal pennulae), pennaceous feathers arising from the distal forelimbs and tail". Ancestral morphology relating to pennaceous feathers suggests that basal species of Pennaraptora were capable of scansorial locomotion and gliding, and further evolution of said adaptation within the clade would eventually give rise to the origin of flight in avian species.

The following cladogram follows the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau (2020).

Alternative interpretations
In 2002, Czerkas and Yuan reported that some maniraptoran traits, such as a long, backwards-pointed pubis and short ischia were present in Scansoriopteryx, a scansoriopterygid. The authors considered it to be more primitive than true theropods, and hypothesized that maniraptorans may have branched off from theropods at a very early point, or may even have descended from pre-theropod dinosaurs. Zhang et al., in describing the closely related or conspecific specimen Epidendrosaurus (now considered a synonym of Scansoriopteryx), did not report any of the primitive traits mentioned by Czerkas and Yuan, but did find that the shoulder blade of Epidendrosaurus appeared primitive. Despite this, they placed Epidendrosaurus firmly within Maniraptora due to a number of synapomorphies.

Diet
Scientists traditionally assumed that maniraptorans were ancestrally hypercarnivorous, that is, that most non-avialan species primarily ate and hunted only other vertebrates. However, a number of discoveries made during the first decade of the 21st century, as well as re-evaluation of older evidence, began to suggest that maniraptorans were a primarily omnivorous group, including a number of sub-groups that ate mainly plants, insects, or other food sources besides meat. Additionally, phylogenetic studies of maniraptoran relationships began to more consistently show that herbivorous or omnivorous groups were spread throughout the Maniraptora, rather than representing a single side-branch as previously thought. This led scientists such as Lindsay Zanno to conclude that the ancestral maniraptoran must have been omnivorous, giving rise to several purely herbivorous groups (such as the therizinosaurs, primitive oviraptorosaurs, and some avialans) and that, among non-avians, only one group reverted to pure carnivores (the dromaeosaurids). Most other groups fell somewhere in between the two extremes, with alvarezsaurids and some avialans being insectivorous, and with advanced oviraptorosaurs and troodontids being omnivorous.

Reproduction
A 2023 study analyzing fossil eggshells assigned to Troodon with clumped isotope thermometry found that Troodon, and likely other non-avian maniraptorans, had a slowed calcification of eggs akin to that of most reptiles. This contrasts with the rapid calcification of eggs found in modern birds, indicating that most maniraptorans aside from birds retained this basal trait. This would also indicate that most non-avian maniraptorans possessed two functional ovaries, contrasting with the one functional ovary in birds, and were thus limited in the numbers of eggs each individual could produce.

title: Maniraptora


text:
User talk:0101CHOWyw

Hi 0101CHOWyw. Nice job on the Fan Changjiang article, and welcome to Wikipedia. A few links you might find helpful:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~ ~ ~ ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.

Some other links you might want to take a look at:

 * Manual of Style for China-related articles
 * Naming conventions (Chinese)
 * History standards for China-related articles
 * China-related topics notice board

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

-spencer195 04:33, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for uploading Image:Untitled.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use {{gfdl}} if you release it under the GFDL, or {{fairuse}} if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, Ashibaka tlk 20:39, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image:20041017100337 f2.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 09:23, May 21, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:0101CHOWyw


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Áed Rúad, Díthorba, and Cimbáeth

Áed Rúad, son of Badarn, Díthorba, son of Deman, and Cimbáeth, son of Fintan, three grandsons of Airgetmar, were, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, High Kings of Ireland who ruled in rotation, seven years at a time. They each ruled for three seven-year stints. Áed died at the end of his third stint, by drowning in a waterfall which was named Eas Ruaid, "the red's waterfall" (Assaroe Falls, Ballyshannon, County Donegal), after him; previously the waterfall had been called Ess Duinn, the "Rapid of Donn", and his death is described as a miracle of sea and mighty wind. Díthorba and Cimbáeth then took their turn, after which Áed's daughter, Macha Mong Ruad, demanded to rule in her father's place. Díthorba and Cimbáeth refused, and battle ensued. Díthorba was killed. Macha forced Díthorba's sons to build her a palace at Emain Macha. She married Cimbáeth and the pair ruled for a further seven years, at the end of which Cimbáeth died of plague, and Macha became the only queen in the List of High Kings of Ireland.

The sources differ as to how the rotation worked. The reigns of Aéd and Díthorba are missing in the Lebor Gabála Érenn – after the previous High King, Lugaid Laigdech, is killed by Áed, a dinsenchas story about the founding of Emain Macha is interpolated, followed by the reign of Cimbáeth, who is said to have succeeded Díthorba and ruled for twenty-eight years. The dinsenchas story tells how each of the three cousins ruled for seven years in turn, and each ruled three seven-year stints; the Annals of the Four Masters agrees, but Geoffrey Keating gives them each a single reign of twenty-one years each, except for Cimbáeth, who rules for twenty. The Lebor Gabála synchronises Cimbáeth's reign to that of Alexander the Great (336–323 BC). The chronology of Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates their combined reigns to 530–469 BC, the Annals of the Four Masters to 731–661 BC.

title: Áed Rúad, Díthorba, and Cimbáeth