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Darren Pratley

Darren Antony Pratley (born 22 April 1985) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Leyton Orient as club captain.

Fulham
Starting his career at Fulham after signing from local rivals Arsenal, Pratley signed his first professional contract with the club in 2002. Pratley made his debut in a League Cup match at Wigan Athletic on 23 September 2003, coming on as a substitute for Andrejs Stolcers. He made his league debut against Charlton Athletic on 8 November 2003, again as a substitute, this time for Barry Hayles. These turned out to be the only two matches he would play for Fulham. At the end of the 2003–04 season, Pratley signed a two-year contract with the club, which will keep him until 2006. On 8 June 2006, he was sold by Fulham to Swansea City for a fee of £100,000.

Brentford (loans)
Having spent the latter parts of the 2004–05 season on loan at Brentford, on 30 August 2005 Pratley moved back to the Bees until January 2006 on a loan period that was subsequently extended until the end of the 2005–06 season.

Swansea City
On 7 November 2009, Pratley scored a brace against their arch-rivals Cardiff City. Pratley had not scored for 26 matches since the previous season's corresponding fixture at the Liberty Stadium but he proved Swansea's hero on the hour to seal the win. Pratley went on to score a further three times before the end of 2009, against Sheffield Wednesday (twice) and Reading. He started off the 2010–11 season well, however a string of poor performances saw him dropped by manager Brendan Rodgers. Pratley came back into the team performing well and getting vital goals against Reading, Crystal Palace a double against Bristol City and the third goal in the Championship play-off semi-final second leg against Nottingham Forest which he scored from the halfway-line into an empty goal. On 9 June 2011, it was confirmed that Pratley would leave Swansea City having rejected a new contract.

Bolton Wanderers
Pratley signed for Bolton Wanderers on 1 July 2011 on a four-year deal. He made his debut when coming on as a substitute for Nigel Reo-Coker in Bolton's match at Queens Park Rangers on 13 August and scored his first goal for the club in their 2–1 victory over his former club Swansea City in the FA Cup on 28 January 2012. He scored his first Premier League goal in the match against Queens Park Rangers at the Reebok Stadium on 10 March in Bolton's 2–1 win. On 3 August 2013, the first day of the 2013–14 season, Pratley scored the equaliser in a 1–1 draw with Burnley. He then also scored in a 1–1 draw with Reading a week later. On 1 July 2015, Pratley signed a new-three-year contract that will keep him at Bolton Wanderers until the summer of 2018.

A few weeks later Pratley was appointed as the new club captain of Bolton, replacing Matt Mills who had departed earlier that summer for Nottingham Forest. He played the first match of the 2016–17 season, picking up an injury that ruled him out for seven months. When he was due to return in January, a further setback ruled him out for the rest of the season. Pratley managed to return earlier than expected and started in Bolton's 4–2 win over Fleetwood Town on 11 March. He was released by Bolton at the end of the 2017–18 season.

Charlton Athletic
On 17 July 2018, Pratley signed a two-year deal with Charlton Athletic. In the 2018–19 League One season, he played an important part in Charlton's playoff promotion winning campaign, scoring a crucial late goal in the Playoff Semi-final against Doncaster Rovers. At the end of the 2020–21 season, Pratley was not offered a new contract. On 18 May 2021, it was announced that he would leave Charlton Athletic at the end of his contract.

Leyton Orient
On 9 June 2021, Pratley agreed to join League Two side Leyton Orient, signing a one-year deal with the club active from the end of his contract with Charlton. Having previously worked with manager Kenny Jackett at Swansea City, Pratley was appointed captain.

Pratley's contract was extended in 2022 and on 13 May 2024, the club announced he had agreed another one-year deal.

International career
On 16 January 2009, Pratley was called up to the Jamaican squad by coach John Barnes to face Nigeria on 11 February 2009. Pratley qualifies for Jamaica through his grandparents but is yet to represent the Reggae Boyz after pulling out of the squad for the Nigeria friendly through injury after he broke his shoulder in a 4–1 win over Preston North End, although he did return earlier than expected from his injury.

Honours
Swansea City
 * Football League One: 2007–08
 * Football League Championship play-offs: 2011

Bolton Wanderers
 * EFL League One runner-up: 2016–17

Charlton Athletic
 * EFL League One play-offs: 2019

Leyton Orient
 * EFL League Two: 2022–23

title: Darren Pratley


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Stuart Noble

Stuart William Noble (born 14 October 1983 in Edinburgh) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays for Scottish Lowland Football League side Langlee Amateurs.

Career
Noble began his career as a trainee with Fulham, turning professional in January 2002. He spent three and a half years as a professional with Fulham, but failed to make a single first team appearance. He had loan spells with St Johnstone (January–May 2003), Woking (May–April 2004), Torquay United (August–September 2004) and Northampton Town (February 2005) before being released by Fulham at the end of the season.

He had a trial with Partick Thistle and joined East Fife at the end of August 2005. He played 12 times for the club, his last game coming in the 3–0 Scottish Cup defeat at home to Peterhead in December 2005 and he left the club in January 2006. He remained without a club for the remainder of the season as he recovered from a back injury.

In May 2006, the Border Telegraph reported that he was to sign for Scottish non-league side Gala Fairydean of the East of Scotland Football League. In his only season at the club he was top scorer with 20 goals in 23 games.

He signed for Second Division side Airdrie United in the summer of 2007 following a trial and was given a contract extension in June 2008, despite interest from Dundee.

In January 2009, Noble had a loan spell at Alloa Athletic, then on 29 May 2009, he signed for Alloa on a permanent basis. During his time at Alloa, Noble won the Scottish Football League Player of the Month award for February 2010.

On the eve of the 2011–12 season, Noble signed for Berwick Rangers. On 13 February 2013, he left Berwick by mutual consent.

On 2 July 2013, it was announced that Noble had signed for Lowland Football League club Gala Fairydean Rovers, linking up with his brother Steven, who is the club's manager.

Honours
Airdrie United
 * Scottish Challenge Cup: 2008–09

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stuart Noble


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Malaria in the Caribbean

Malaria has had a significant impact on the history of the Caribbean, due to its effects on the colonization of the islands and the corresponding impact on society and economy.

Malaria was not found in the Americas prior to the discovery of the New World by Europeans. There was therefore even less immunity among the native populations than there was among Europeans. Due to their genetics, African slaves had greater immunity to falciparum malaria, and this was one reason why slaves were brought in great numbers from Africa.

Creoles felt that diseases such as malaria were tools preventing their territories being invaded by Europeans.

The Caribbean countries most affected by malaria were the Greater Antilles islands and other humid islands like Martinique and Trinidad and Tobago. Anopheles mosquitoes thrive mostly in areas of humidity and fresh water, so the disease was not found on islands such as the Bahamas and Antigua.

As of 2019, several cases of malaria occur each year in Trinidad and Tobago.

title: Malaria in the Caribbean


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User:BCRCornet

BCRCornet played Cornet with the British Columbia Regiment Band for several years, and with Little Mountain Brass Band (a British-style brass band), both in Vancouver, Canada. He currently plays Cornet and Trumpet with the Band of the Royal Westminster Regiment in New Westminster, Canada.

Interests:
 * Amateur community bands
 * Web site creation and maintenance

title: User:BCRCornet


text: Category:Norwegian heavy metal musical groups


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Wikipedia:UK Wikipedians' notice board/UKCOTW/History

The UK Collaboration of the week process began on October 1, 2004. The winners for each week are listed below, along with a brief summary of how it was improved during its featured week.

 * February 13, 2005: Northamptonshire (3 votes over 7 days)
 * February 6, 2005: St. George's Day (3 votes over 4 days)
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 * January 27, 2005: Charity shop (4 votes over 19 days)
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 * December 26, 2004: Queen's Christmas Message (6 votes over 9 days)
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 * December 19, 2004: West End theatre (6 votes over 14 days)
 * 17 edits made by 3 editors
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 * December 12, 2004: Bedfordshire (6 votes over 27 days)
 * 12 edits made by 4 editors
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 * December 5, 2004: Immigration to the United Kingdom (4 votes over 13 days)
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 * November 29 2004: National Health Service (6 votes over 2 days)
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 * November 21 2004: Victorian era (6 votes over 12 days)
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 * November 14 2004: Culture of the United Kingdom (6 votes over 15 days)
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 * November 8 2004: Monmouth Rebellion (5 votes over 8 days)
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 * October 31 2004: British military history (9 votes over 26 days)
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 * October 24 2004: National parks of England and Wales (8 votes over 12 days)
 * This was made a Featured article on November 12, 2004
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 * October 17 2004: Bill of Rights 1689 (8 votes over 17 days)
 * 8 edits made by 6 editors
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 * October 10 2004: Geography of the United Kingdom (7 votes over 2 days)
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Neale McDermott

Neale Terence McDermott (born 8 March 1985) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder.

McDermott played in the Football League for Swindon Town, Darlington and Carlisle United. He last played for Gateshead in the National League.

Playing career
McDermott started his career at Newcastle United. As a youth team player, McDermott and his teammates James Beaumont and Ross Gardner lodged a complaint against academy Peter Beardsley and academy director Kenny Wharton accusing the pair of bullying. Wharton and Beardsley were cleared after an inquiry from The FA. Gardner and Beaumount left the club shortly after to join Nottingham Forest while McDermott joined Fulham on the January transfer deadline day in 2003. While at Fulham, McDermott had two loan spells at Swindon Town and Darlington.

He signed for Carlisle United on 1 August 2006 after a successful trial after being released by Fulham in May 2006.

After making only 15 appearances in two years at Carlisle, McDermott's contract was terminated by mutual consent. Neale joined Dundee on trial on Monday 23 June and travelled to Malta with the Dundee squad in an attempt to earn a deal at Dens Park. His attempt failed and he left the club.

On 3 November 2008 McDermott began training with Grimsby Town, with a view to signing a permanent deal with the club. In December he joined Wrexham on trial in an attempt to earn a professional contract with the North Wales club. In 2009, McDermott started playing for La Louvière in Belgian third division.

On 21 July 2009 McDermott played for Gateshead on trial against Durham City and signed for the club on 29 July. McDermott made his competitive debut for Gateshead on 29 August coming on as a substitute against Cambridge United. He scored his first goal for Gateshead on 26 December 2009 away at Barrow. McDermott was released by Gateshead at the end of the 2009–10 season.

Post-playing career
After leaving Gateshead, McDermott began working in marketing and football recruitment. He worked in marketing for Red Bull and Adidas where he was responsible for footballer's endorsement deals. In March 2017, McDermott began working at Sunderland as the club's Head of Academy Recruitment. In September 2017, McDermott began working as part of the club's first team recruitment. Following Sunderland's relegation to League One, McDermott was one of several members of staff made redundant in May 2018. After leaving Sunderland, McDermott began working as an agent.

Personal life
Attended Ponteland High School in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. He is the son of former England international Terry McDermott. His brother Greg played for Newcastle United's reserves. After leaving Newcastle, Greg played for Stockport County, Bury and Gateshead.

title: Neale McDermott


text: Category:Categories by state or territory of the United States


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Diamond Dogs

Diamond Dogs is the eighth studio album by the English musician David Bowie, released on 24 May 1974 through RCA Records. Bowie produced the album and recorded it in early 1974 in London and the Netherlands, following the disbanding of his backing band the Spiders from Mars and the departure of producer Ken Scott. Bowie played lead guitar on the record in the absence of Mick Ronson. Diamond Dogs featured the return of Tony Visconti, who had not worked with Bowie for four years; the two would collaborate for the rest of the decade. Musically, it was Bowie's final album in the glam rock genre, though some songs were influenced by funk and soul music, which Bowie embraced on his next album, Young Americans (1975).

Conceived during a period of uncertainty over where his career was headed, Diamond Dogs is the result of multiple projects Bowie envisaged at the time: a scrapped musical based on Ziggy Stardust (1972); an adaptation of George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949); and an urban apocalyptic scenario based on the writings of William S. Burroughs. The title track introduces a new persona named Halloween Jack. Belgian artist Guy Peellaert painted the controversial cover artwork depicting Bowie as a half-man, half-dog hybrid, based on photos taken by photographer Terry O'Neill.

Preceded by the lead single "Rebel Rebel", Diamond Dogs was a commercial success, peaking at number one in the UK and number five in the US. It has received mixed reviews since its release, many criticising its lack of cohesion; Bowie's biographers consider it one of his best works and, in 2013, NME ranked it one of the greatest albums of all time. Bowie supported the album on the Diamond Dogs Tour, which featured elaborate and expensive set-pieces. Retrospectively, Diamond Dogs has been cited as an influence on the punk revolution in the years following its release. It has been reissued several times and was remastered in 2016 for the Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976) box set.

Background
David Bowie released his seventh studio album Pin Ups in the summer of 1973. At the time, he was unsure of where to take his career. Not wanting Ziggy Stardust to define him, he disbanded his backing band the Spiders from Mars and parted ways with producer Ken Scott. According to biographer David Buckley, Scott's departure marked an end to Bowie's "classic 'pop' period" and brought him to more experimental territory and "arguably greater musical daring".

During the Pin Ups sessions, he told reporters that he wanted to create a musical, using various titles such as Tragic Moments and Revenge, or The Best Haircut I Ever Had. His guitarist Mick Ronson recalled: "[Bowie] had all these little projects... [and] wasn't quite sure what he wanted to do." As Ronson began work on his solo album Slaughter on 10th Avenue, Bowie and his wife Angie decided to move out of Beckenham's Haddon Hall, because of harassment by fans. They moved initially into an apartment in Maida Vale, rented to them by actress Diana Rigg, before moving into a larger house on Oakley Street, Chelsea. According to Buckley, David Bowie's manager Tony Defries prevented this move initially, citing the house as "too extravagant". Despite RCA Records estimating Bowie's album and single sales in the UK at over two million copies combined, Defries said that sales did not provide Bowie with enough income to afford the house. In spite of Defries, Bowie bought the house and it was here the Bowies spent time with Rod Stewart and Ronnie Wood of the Faces, Mick Jagger and his then-wife Bianca, and American singer and model Ava Cherry, with whom Bowie allegedly had an affair during this time.

Along with recording Pin Ups, Bowie participated in other musical ventures in 1973. He co-produced and played on Lulu's recording of "The Man Who Sold the World", which was released as a single in January 1974, contributed to Steeleye Span's Now We Are Six, and formed a trio called the Astronettes, comprising Cherry, Jason Guess and Geoff MacCormack. The group recorded sessions at Olympic Studios in London but the project was ultimately shelved in January; a compilation album titled People from Bad Homes (later The Astronettes Sessions) was released in 1995. Bowie reworked songs from these sessions in subsequent years. Buckley writes that the songs he recorded featured a blend of glam rock and soul, which proved to be the direction Bowie took in 1974.

Writing
According to biographer Chris O'Leary, Diamond Dogs is a combination of numerous projects Bowie envisioned at the time. In November 1973, Bowie conducted an interview with writer William S. Burroughs for Rolling Stone. Published in February 1974, the interview gave insight into Bowie's current ambitions. An admirer of Burroughs's working methods and his 1964 novel Nova Express, Bowie revealed he had begun using Burroughs's "cut-up" technique as a way for inspiration. He spoke of a musical based on Ziggy Stardust, saying: "Forty scenes are in it and it would be nice if the characters and actors learned the scenes and we all shuffled them around in a hat the afternoon of the performance and just performed it as the scenes come out." He also casually mentioned adapting George Orwell's 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, a Bowie favourite, for television. He had wanted to create a theatrical production of the novel and began writing material after completing sessions for Pin Ups. Neither of these projects came to fruition.

The Ziggy Stardust musical, considered a "retrograde step" by biographer Nicholas Pegg, fell through, but Bowie salvaged two songs for Diamond Dogs he had written for it—"Rebel Rebel" and "Rock 'n' Roll with Me". At the end of 1973, George Orwell's widow, Sonia Orwell, denied Bowie the rights to use the novel. The rejection annoyed Bowie, who lambasted her for it in Circus magazine a few years later. She refused to allow any adaptation of her late husband's work for the rest of her life. No adaptations were possible until after her death in 1980. Unable to adapt the novel, Bowie decided to create his own apocalyptic scenario inspired by the works of Burroughs. Songs from this scenario included what would become the album's title track and "Future Legend".

Recording
Buckley writes that the album was the first time Bowie used a recording studio as an instrument. With Scott's departure, Bowie produced the album himself. Keith Harwood, who had worked previously with the Rolling Stones on numerous sessions, and on Led Zeppelin's Houses of the Holy, handled engineering duties. Pegg writes that despite Bowie and Harwood's previous collaborations on Mott the Hoople's All the Young Dudes and the original version of "John, I'm Only Dancing" (both 1972), Diamond Dogs was Harwood's first credit on a Bowie album. Bowie described being "in awe" of Harwood because of his work with the Stones. With the departure of the Spiders from Mars, Bowie handled lead guitar duties. He recalled in 1997 that he practised every day knowing "the guitar playing had to be more than okay". This surprised NME critics Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray, producing what they described as a "scratchy, raucous, semi-amateurish sound that gave the album much of its characteristic flavour". Pianist Mike Garson and drummer Aynsley Dunbar returned from the Pin Ups sessions, Tony Newman also played drums while Herbie Flowers, who had played previously on Space Oddity (1969), was recruited to play bass. Alan Parker of Blue Mink played guest guitar on "1984" and "augmented" Bowie's riff on "Rebel Rebel", although he was only credited for "1984". Bowie's longtime friend Geoff MacCormack, now known as Warren Peace, sang backing vocals. Diamond Dogs was a milestone in Bowie's career as it reunited him with Tony Visconti, who provided string arrangements and helped mix the album at his studio in London. Visconti would go on to co-produce much of Bowie's work for the rest of the decade.

Before the Nineteen Eighty-Four project was denied, Bowie worked on "1984" recording it on 19 January 1973 during the sessions for Aladdin Sane. Initial work on Diamond Dogs began in late October 1973 at Trident Studios in London, where Bowie and Scott recorded "1984" in a medley with "Dodo", titled "1984/Dodo"; once they had mixed the track, this session marked the final time the two worked together. According to O'Leary, this session was also the last time Bowie worked with Ronson and Bolder. The medley had already made its public debut on the American television show The 1980 Floor Show recorded in London on 18–20 October 1973. A cover of Bruce Springsteen's "Growin' Up", with Ronnie Wood on lead guitar, was also recorded during this time. Recording for the album at Olympic officially began at the start of 1974. Bowie had started to work on "Rebel Rebel" during a solo session at Trident following Christmas 1973. On New Year's Day, the group recorded "Candidate" and "Take It In Right", an early version of "Can You Hear Me" from Young Americans (1975). Following the final sessions with the Astronettes, recording continued from 14 to 15 January, with the group recording "Rock 'n' Roll with Me", "Candidate", "Big Brother", "Take It In Right" and the title track. The following day, Bowie recorded "We Are the Dead", after which he contacted Visconti for mixing advice. "Rebel Rebel" was finished around this time. Recording was finished at Ludolph Studios in the Netherlands, where the Stones had just finished recording It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974).

Music and lyrics
Diamond Dogs was Bowie's last album in the glam rock genre. Buckley writes: "In the sort of move which would come to define his career, Bowie jumped the glam-rock ship just in time, before it drifted into a blank parody of itself." The album has often been regarded as an "English proto-punk" record, according to the cultural studies academic Jon Stratton, who calls it "post-glam". The pop culture scholar Shelton Waldrep describes it as "wonderfully dark proto-punk", while the music journalist C. M. Crockford says it is "the goofy, abrasive place where punk and art-rock meet, dance a little, and depart". In the opinion of The Guardian's Adam Sweeting, while "the music still has one foot in the glam-rock camp", the album marks the point in Bowie's career where he "began exploring a kind of Weimar soul music with lavish theatrical packaging", featuring Broadway-style ballads such as "Big Brother" and "Sweet Thing". Pegg describes the album as having "manic alternations between power-charged garage rock and sophisticated, synthesiser-heavy apocalyptic ballads". The biographer Christopher Sandford writes that beyond the overall concept, many of the songs delve into R&B. Pitchfork's Barry Walters wrote that although the album is still primarily glam rock, it also contains elements of "Blaxploitation funk and soul, rock opera, European art song, and Broadway."

Side one
The opening track, "Future Legend", is a spoken word track that depicts a world riddled by an urban apocalypse. The writings of Burroughs, especially The Wild Boys (1971) inspire the visions of decay. Author Peter Doggett notes that unlike the opening of Ziggy Stardust, which announces the world will end in five years, the apocalypse of "Future Legend" could happen at any time. Bowie begins the title track by announcing, "This ain't rock'n'roll – this is genocide". The track introduces Bowie's newest persona, Halloween Jack, described as "a real cool cat" who "lives on top of Manhattan Chase" in the urban wasteland depicted in "Future Legend". He rules the "diamond dogs", who O'Leary describes as "packs of feral kids camped on high-rise roofs, tearing around on roller skates, terrorizing the corpse-strewn streets they live above". Although Jack is commonly identified as one of Bowie's "identities" like Ziggy Stardust and Aladdin Sane, Doggett notes that Jack occupies "little more than a cameo role". The riff and saxophone are inspired by the Rolling Stones. The biographer Marc Spitz notes that it is the same "jaded commentator's voice" Bowie had used on Aladdin Sane.

Multiple biographers cite the suite of "Sweet Thing/Candidate/Sweet Thing (Reprise)" as the album's highlight. Pegg describes Bowie's vocal performance, which he believes to be one of his finest, as a croon. "Sweet Thing" paints pictures of decay, with sex being a "drug-like commodity" while "Candidate" contains references to Charles Manson and Muhammad Ali, with Bowie being "consumed by the fakery of his own stage creations". "Rebel Rebel", cited by Pegg as Bowie's most covered track, is based around a distinctive guitar riff reminiscent of the Rolling Stones and was his farewell to the glam rock era. The song features guest guitar by Alan Parker who, according to Pegg, "added the three descending notes at the end of each loop of the riff". It features a character who predates 1970s punk rock and gender-bending lyrics ("You got your mother in a whirl / She's not sure if you're a boy or a girl"). Some commentators praised the song itself but felt it did not contribute to the overall theme of the album. Doggett, however, writes that the song acts as the "musical continuation" of the "Sweet Thing" suite.

Side two
Bowie and MacCormack co-wrote "Rock 'n' Roll with Me"; it was Bowie's first co-writing credit on one of his own albums. MacCormack said his contribution was minimal—he played the chord sequence on piano. A power ballad, the song explores the relationship between the audience and an actor. When asked whether fans considered him a leader, Bowie described "Rock 'n' Roll with Me" as his response, saying: "You're doing it to me, stop it!" Buckley writes the song foreshadowed the soul direction that Bowie would take on Young Americans. The lyrics of "We Are the Dead" reflect the characters of Nineteen Eighty-Four, Winston and Julia's, love for each other. They establish a world fraught with danger that mirrors the rest of the album. Buckley describes the lyrics as "gothic" and the music as "creepy". Although it quotes Nineteen Eighty-Four directly, O'Leary and James Perone argue the song owes more to the writings of Burroughs.

"1984" was the signature number for Bowie's planned adaptation of Nineteen Eighty-Four. It has been interpreted as representing Winston Smith's imprisonment and interrogation by O'Brien. The lyrics also bear some similarities to Bowie's earlier song "All the Madmen" (1970)—"They'll split your pretty cranium and fill it full of air." AllMusic's Donald A. Guarisco wrote: "Bowie's recording of "1984" fully realizes the song's cinematic potential with a dramatic arrangement that utilizes skittering strings and a throbbing wah-wah guitar line that effectively mirrors the song's clipped, militaristic rhythms." Originally recorded during the Aladdin Sane sessions, the rerecording's wah-wah guitar is reminiscent of Isaac Hayes's "Theme from Shaft". Guarisco and Pegg felt the song's funk and soul nature fully predicted the direction Bowie would take on Young Americans.

According to Pegg, the theme of "Big Brother" is "the dangerous charisma of absolute power and the facility with which societies succumb to totalitarianism's final solutions". It was a possible contender to close Bowie's adaptation of Nineteen Eighty-Four. Featuring synthesisers and saxophones, the track builds to a climax that Buckley considers reminiscent of The Man Who Sold the World. The track segues into "Chant of the Ever Circling Skeletal Family", a variation on "Two Minutes Hate" from Nineteen Eighty-Four. It is a chant in 5/4 and 6/4 time, with a distorted guitar loop. On the original LP, the word brother repeats in a "stuck-needle effect", similar to the ending of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967).

Artwork and packaging
The cover artwork depicts Bowie as a striking half-man, half-dog grotesque. He sports his Ziggy Stardust haircut and two "freak-show" dogs surround him shown against a backdrop of New York City. The artwork originated from a photo session with photographer Terry O'Neill. Bowie opted not to use any of his previous cover artwork photographers and instead requested the services of Belgian artist Guy Peellaert, whose recently published Rock Dreams catalogue, featuring numerous airbrushed and exploited photographs, was growing in popularity. Bowie invited Peellaert to the photoshoot where he posed as a dog and with a Great Dane brought to the session. Bowie asked Peellaert if he would like to develop a painting for the artwork, based on a storyboard idea where he appeared as a half-man, half-dog, stylistically similar to Peelleart's artwork for the Rolling Stones' It's Only Rock 'n Roll. Peellaert agreed, basing the backdrop on a book he owned about Coney Island's Pleasure Park. The two dogs behind Bowie were based on the Island's Cavalcade Variety Show performers Alzoria Lewis (known as "the Turtle Girl") and Johanna Dickens (known as "the Bear Girl").

The artwork was controversial as the full image on the gatefold sleeve showed the hybrid's genitalia. RCA had the genitalia airbrushed from the sleeve used for most releases. Some original uncensored copies made their way into circulation at the time of the album's release. According to the record-collector publication Goldmine price guides, these albums have been among the most expensive record collectibles of all time, selling for thousands of US dollars for a single copy. Other changes to the artwork included the substitution of the freak show badge "Alive" with the word "Bowie"; Bowie was credited simply as "Bowie", continuing the convention established with Pin Ups. Rykodisc/EMI restored Peelaert's original uncensored artwork for the album's re-release in 1990. Subsequent reissues have included a rejected inner gatefold image featuring Bowie in a sombrero cordobés holding onto a ravenous dog with a copy of Walter Ross's novel The Immortal at his feet.

Release and promotion
In the UK, RCA released the lead single, "Rebel Rebel", on 15 February 1974, backed by the Hunky Dory track "Queen Bitch". The same day, Bowie recorded a lip synced performance of "Rebel Rebel" at Hilversum's Avro Studio 2 for the Dutch television programme Top Pop. Broadcast two days later, it featured Bowie donning what Pegg calls his short-lived "pirate image"—an eyepatch and a spotted neckerchief. Bowie changed this costume after the performance in favour of the "swept-back parting and double-breasted suits" of the Diamond Dogs Tour. For its US release, Bowie recorded a new mix in April 1974. Dubbed the "Latin dub mix" by Doggett, this mix was released in New York in May 1974, with "Lady Grinning Soul" as the B-side. The single was a commercial success, peaking at number 5 on the UK Singles Chart and number 64 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It further became a glam anthem, the female equivalent of Bowie's earlier hit for Mott the Hoople, "All the Young Dudes". However, as the lead single, the song gave little indication to the rest of its parent album's dark atmosphere and themes.

RCA issued Diamond Dogs on 24 May 1974 with the catalogue number APLI 0576. The album was a commercial success, peaking at number one on the UK Albums Chart and number five on the US Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart. A $400,000 advertising campaign featuring billboards in Times Square and Sunset Boulevard, magazine ads, subway posters declaring "The Year of the Diamond Dogs" and a television commercial, one of the first of its kind for a pop album according to Pegg, boosted its sales in the US. In Canada, it repeated its British chart-topping success, hitting number one on the RPM 100 national albums chart in July 1974, remaining there for two weeks. RCA released the second single, "Diamond Dogs", on 14 June 1974, with a rerecorded version of Bowie's 1971 single "Holy Holy" as the B-side. It was Bowie's least-successful single in two years, peaking at number 21 on the UK Singles Chart and failing to chart in the US. "1984" was released as the third single in the US and Japan, but failed to chart. Reviewing the single in August 1974, Billboard described "1984" as Bowie's "most commercial cut ... in a long time".

Tour
Bowie supported the album on the Diamond Dogs Tour, whose first leg lasted from 14 June to 20 July 1974. Co-designed and constructed by Chris Langhart, it featured elaborate set-pieces and cost $250,000. Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1927) and Robert Wiene's The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) influenced the tour's design, primarily due to Bowie's interest in German expressionism. The tour's second leg, from 2 September to 1 December 1974, has been nicknamed the Soul Tour, because of the influence of the soul music Bowie had begun recording for Young Americans in August. The shows were altered heavily, and no longer featured elaborate set-pieces, partly because Bowie had tired of the design and wanted to explore the new sound he was creating. Bowie dropped songs from the previous leg, while he added new ones—some from Young Americans.

In early September, director Alan Yentob filmed a documentary that depicts Bowie on the tour in Los Angeles, using a mixture of sequences filmed in limousines, hotels and concert footage, most of which was taken from a show there at Universal Amphitheatre on 2 September. Broadcast on BBC1 in the UK on 26 January 1975, Cracked Actor is notable as a primary source of footage of the Diamond Dogs Tour, and for showing Bowie's declining mental state during this period because of his growing cocaine addiction. Although Cracked Actor has never received an official release, Pegg calls it "arguably the finest documentary made about David Bowie". After seeing an advanced screening of the film, director Nicolas Roeg immediately contacted Bowie to discuss a role in The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976).

Bowie played all of the album's songs except "We Are the Dead" on the tour, performances of which have been released on three live albums: David Live (1974), Cracked Actor (2017) and I'm Only Dancing (The Soul Tour 74) (2020). "Rebel Rebel" featured on almost every later Bowie tour, "Diamond Dogs" was performed for the Isolar, Outside and A Reality Tours, and "Big Brother/Chant of the Ever Circling Skeletal Family" was resurrected in 1987 for the Glass Spider Tour, which itself was heavily influenced by the Diamond Dogs tour. The Diamond Dogs Tour has had a lasting legacy. Sandford says the tour turned Bowie from a "novelty act" into a "superstar". Spitz writes it was highly influential on future tours with large and elaborate set pieces, including Parliament-Funkadelic's Mothership Connection tour, Elvis Presley's Vegas period, the 1990s tours of U2 and Madonna, and 'N Sync, the Backstreet Boys, Britney Spears and Kanye West's 2008 Glow in the Dark Tour.

Critical reception
The album received mixed reviews from music critics on release. Disc magazine compared the album to "the greatly underrated" The Man Who Sold the World, believing it to contain some of Bowie's best-written songs and "without doubt the finest [LP] he's made so far", while Rock Magazine found it "a strong and effective album, and certainly the most impressive work Bowie's completed since Ziggy Stardust". Martin Kirkup of Sounds wrote, "where Aladdin Sane seemed like a series of Instamatic snapshots taken from weird angles, Diamond Dogs has the provoking quality of a thought-out painting that draws on all the deeper colors". Billboard saw a "subtler, more aesthetic Bowie" than his previous records on an album "which should reinforce his musical presence in the 70's". Peter Harvey of Record Mirror was disappointed regarding the absence of the Spiders and wished the lyrical themes were more upbeat, but predicted the record would make a good stage production.

Melody Maker's Chris Charlesworth called the album "really good" and offered additional praise, comparing it to Phil Spector's Wall of Sound method of production and noting the similar level of excitement and praise Bowie's albums were beginning to receive as the Beatles did in the 60s. Robert Christgau was more critical in Creem, suggesting that Bowie performs a pale imitation of Bryan Ferry's "theatrical vocalism". He also dismissed the lyrical content as "escapist pessimism concocted from a pleasure dome: eat, snort and bugger little girls, for tomorrow we shall be peoploids – but tonight how about $6.98 for this piece of plastic? Say nay." Ken Emerson of Rolling Stone gave the album an extremely negative review, calling it, "Bowie's worst album in six years". He criticised Bowie's choice of direction, the absence of Ronson, describing Bowie's guitar playing as "cheesy" adding "the music exerts so little appeal that it's hard to care what it's about". Despite the album's mixed reception, John Rockwell of The New York Times found it inoffensive and "surrealisticnihilistic".

Influence and legacy
Diamond Dogs' raw guitar style and visions of urban chaos, scavenging children and nihilistic lovers ("We'll buy some drugs and watch a band / Then jump in a river holding hands") have been credited with anticipating the punk revolution that would take place in the following years. According to Rolling Stone writer Mark Kemp, the album's "resigned nihilism inspired interesting gloom and doom from later goth and industrial acts such as Bauhaus and Nine Inch Nails". O'Leary writes that Bowie's appearance in the promotional video for "Rebel Rebel" provided inspiration on future punks' styles and attitudes. He continues that initial British punks were former fans of Bowie and Roxy Music, and "Rebel Rebel" stands as both Bowie's goodbye and tribute to them. Crockford further acknowledges the album's influence on punk, stating: "Bowie's violent, amateruishly scraping guitar playing here would be echoed in the late-70's post-punk bands and Diamond Dogs' concept of street gangs roaming London was echoed in the gleeful nihilism of the Sex Pistols." Considering Bowie's direction afterwards through the punk and disco eras, Stylus Magazine's Derek Miller says, "Diamond Dogs should be remembered not only as one of glam’s last great full-lengths but more importantly as a gap-record that somehow manages to cohesively storyboard Bowie's crude conceptual surrealism while also expanding his sound."

Retrospective appraisal
Retrospective appraisals have been mixed. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that, because Bowie did not completely retire the character of Ziggy Stardust, Diamond Dogs suffers from him being unsure how to move forward. Although he praised "Rebel Rebel", he further criticised the exclusion of Ronson and ultimately concluded "it is the first record since Space Oddity where Bowie's reach exceeds his grasp". Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune gave the album a mixed review, calling it "an overproduced concept album inspired by Orwell's 1984". Eduardo Rivadavia was also mixed in Ultimate Classic Rock, questioning the presence of Ziggy, whom Bowie supposedly retired the year before. Despite the album's commercial success, Rivadavia concluded: "with decades of hindsight, Diamond Dogs now seems more like the gateway from the Ziggy Stardust era to his Thin White Duke blue-eyed soul period, and beyond".

The record has attracted positive reviews. Pitchfork's Barry Walters described the album as "a bummer, a bad trip, 'No Fun' – a sustained work of decadence and dread that transforms corrosion into celebration". He also believed it foreshadowed Bowie's Thin White Duke persona. For punknews.org, C. M. Crockford wrote that Diamonds Dogs is Bowie's "utterly most distinctive work: melodramatic, raw, challenging, and ambitious even when crammed with catchy songs". Crockford ultimately called it one of Bowie's essential releases and argued that he would "never make an album that was so obviously his own again". In a 2013 readers' poll for Rolling Stone, Diamond Dogs was voted Bowie's fifth-greatest album.

In subsequent decades, Bowie biographers have described Diamond Dogs as one of Bowie's greatest works. Cann writes: "Diamond Dogs is arguably [Bowie's] most significant album, a pivotal work and the most 'solo' album he has ever made." Although Spitz calls it "no fun", he states it was Bowie's "best-sounding, most complex record to date, and it still pulls you into its romantic and doomed world three and a half decades on". Trynka calls it "a beautiful mess", while Buckley says the album proved that Bowie could still produce work of "real quality" without Scott or the Spiders. Doggett writes it anticipated the "sonic audacity" of Low and "Heroes", while it simultaneously "capsized the vessel of classic rock". Perone argues that "Chant of the Ever Circling Skeletal Family" predated Talking Heads' exploration of African rhythms and experimentation in the late 1970s. Pegg writes that with tracks like "We Are the Dead", "Big Brother" and the "Sweet Thing" suite, the album contains "some of the most sublime and remarkable sounds in the annals of rock music". He further states that Bowie's new voice on the record, a "basso profundo", particularly evident on "Sweet Thing" and "Big Brother", was a major influence on gothic rock bands in the 1980s. It ranked number 447 in NME's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

Reissues
Diamond Dogs has been reissued several times. Although the original 1974 vinyl releases featured a gatefold cover, some later LP versions such as RCA's 1980 US reissue presented the album in a standard non-gatefold sleeve. The album was first released on CD in the mid-1980s by RCA, with censored cover art. The German (for the European market) and Japanese (for the US market) masters, sourced from different tapes, are not identical. Dr. Toby Mountain at Northeastern Digital, in Southborough, Massachusetts, remastered Diamond Dogs from the original master tapes for Rykodisc in 1990, released with two bonus tracks and the original, uncensored, artwork. It was again remastered in 1999 by Peter Mew at Abbey Road Studios for EMI and Virgin Records, and once more released with no bonus tracks.

In 2004, a 2-disc version was released by EMI/Virgin. The third in a series of 30th Anniversary 2CD Editions (along with Ziggy Stardust and Aladdin Sane), this release included a remastered version of the album on the first disc. The second disc contains eight tracks, five of which had been released previously with the Sound + Vision box set in 1989 or as bonus tracks on the 1990–92 Rykodisc/EMI reissues. In 2016, the album was remastered for the Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976) box set. It was released on CD and vinyl, and in digital formats, both as part of this compilation and separately.

Track listing
All tracks written by David Bowie, except "Rock 'n' Roll with Me", lyrics by Bowie; music by Bowie and Geoff MacCormack.

Side one

 * 1) "Future Legend" – 0:58
 * 2) "Diamond Dogs" – 5:56
 * 3) "Sweet Thing" – 3:37
 * 4) "Candidate" – 2:39
 * 5) "Sweet Thing (Reprise)" – 2:31
 * 6) "Rebel Rebel" – 4:30

Side two

 * 1) "Rock 'n' Roll with Me" – 3:57
 * 2) "We Are the Dead" – 4:58
 * 3) "1984" – 3:27
 * 4) "Big Brother" – 3:21
 * 5) "Chant of the Ever Circling Skeletal Family" – 1:58

Personnel
Adapted from the Diamond Dogs liner notes and biographer Nicholas Pegg.
 * David Bowie – lead and background vocals, guitars, saxophones, Moog synthesiser, Mellotron
 * Mike Garson – keyboards
 * Herbie Flowers – bass guitar
 * Tony Newman – drums
 * Aynsley Dunbar – drums
 * Alan Parker – guitar ("1984"), additional guitar ("Rebel Rebel")

Production
 * David Bowie – producer; mixing
 * Tony Visconti – strings on "1984"; mixing
 * Keith Harwood – engineer; mixing

title: Diamond Dogs


text:
Rosetown, Saskatchewan

Rosetown is a town in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, at the junction of provincial Highway 7 and Highway 4, approximately 115 km southwest of Saskatoon.

The town's motto, "The Heart of the Wheat Belt" reflects its history of being a farming community. It is the largest town in the Rural Municipality St. Andrew's 287, Saskatchewan.

Rosetown is represented federally by the electoral district of Carlton Trail—Eagle Creek and provincialy by the electoral district of Rosetown-Elrose. Rosetown belongs to census division 12 for enumeration purposes.

Rosetown won the 2004 Provincial Communities in Bloom.

History
On September 14, 1905, James and Anne Rose migrated from Lancashire, England, to an area of Saskatchewan, Canada. They were the first settlers in the area now known as Rosetown. Later, in 1907, a group of people from the area, wanting a post office, made an application for one. As a name had to be given to the post office, the group dedicated it to the town's most senior settlers, the Roses. As the name "Rose" was already taken, the group added "town" to it to create "Rosetown". The post office opened on September 7, 1907.

A Jewish colony was established near Rosetown after 1906.

Rosetown became a village on August 29, 1909, after Wilrod Bifair sold his homestead for $12 an acre to the Canadian Northern Railway. Village status was granted on August 4, 1909, when the population reached 500 people. W.G. King, W.R. Ferguson, and N.B. Douglas formed the village council in the same year. The first village council meeting was held on September 27, 1909. W.G. King established the first business in the village in 1909. Later that year he built three other stores at different locations.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Rosetown had a population of $2,507$ living in $1,112$ of its $1,224$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $2,451$. With a land area of 11.59 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Climate
Rosetown experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk). Precipitation is quite low, with the majority of it falling in the summer months.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Rosetown was 43.9 C on 4 July 1937. The coldest temperature ever recorded was -47.2 C on 23 January 1943.

Education
Walter Aseltine School is the elementary school in Rosetown named after a member of parliament Walter Aseltine. Rosetown Central High School provides secondary school education for Rosetown and surrounding rural areas. Both schools are part of the Sun West School Division. The Sun West School Division Office which provides education to west-central Saskatchewan is in Rosetown.

Students in Kindergarten to Grade 6 attend Walter Aseltine School and Grades 7 to 12 attend the Rosetown Central High School. The average graduating class is 45-60 students depending on the year.

Prairie West Regional College provides post secondary education.

Media

 * Radio
 * 1330 AM - CJYM, classic hits
 * 104.9 FM - CKVX-FM, adult contemporary

 * Newspapers
 * Rosetown Eagle

Sports
The Rosetown Red Wings of the Sask Valley Hockey League play out of SaskCan Centre. They were formerly part of Allan Cup Hockey West.

Transportation
The first transportation was provided by a Red River Cart Trail called Old Bone Trail  as well as the historic Swift Current-Battleford Trail. The town grew in 1910 once the Canadian National Railway track reached Rosetown. Rosetown Airport is near Rosetown. Both Highway 7 and Highway 4 serve vehicular traffic to and from Rosetown.

Notable people

 * Lloyd Arntzen, musician, school teacher
 * Walter Aseltine, PC, BA, QC was a Canadian parliamentarian and senator.
 * Walter Farquharson, Moderator of the United Church of Canada
 * Rob Friend, a former professional and Canadian international soccer player
 * Randy Ireland, a Buffalo Sabres Goaltender
 * Sherry Middaugh née Sherry Hamel, a Canadian curler.
 * Robert (Bob) Ogle, a Roman Catholic priest, broadcaster and Member of the House of Commons of Canada.
 * Jim Reiter, Canadian politician.
 * Eldon Woolliams, an Alberta politician

title: Rosetown, Saskatchewan


text: Category:U.S. Navy ships

title: Category:U.S. Navy ships


text:
Ian Pearce

Ian Anthony Pearce (born 7 May 1974) is an English football coach and former professional footballer who is the head of recruitment at West Bromwich Albion.

As a player he was defender from 1990 until 2012, notably in the Premier League for Blackburn Rovers where he won the title in 1995. He also played top flight football for Chelsea, West Ham United and Fulham. He played in the Football League for Southampton and Lincoln City, as well as for non-league sides Oxted & District, Kingstonian and Lingfield. He was capped three times by the England U21 team in 1995.

Since retiring he has since worked on the coaching staff at Lincoln City and worked as a scout for Brighton & Hove Albion before taking up his current role with West Brom.

Chelsea
Pearce started his career at Oxted & District FC before signing for Chelsea during the 1991–92 season. He made his debut on 11 May 1991 in a 2–2 draw with Aston Villa. He made five substitute appearances in three seasons for the west London club, before moving to Blackburn Rovers in October 1993 for a fee of £300,000.

Blackburn Rovers
Pearce's Blackburn debut was in a League Cup third-round replay against Shrewsbury Town on 9 Nov 1993, in which Pearce scored the winning goal in extra time. He scored his first League goal in April 1994 after coming on as a substitute in a 2–1 win at West Ham United, a result which guaranteed Rovers a place in Europe for the first time in their history. He moved to centre-half the following season, forming a formidable partnership with Colin Hendry, and won a Premier League medal in the 1994–95 season.

West Ham United
Pearce moved to West Ham United for £2.3 million on 9 October 1997. After playing regularly in his first two seasons with the club, and being named as runner-up in the 1999 Hammer of the Year award, he played just 37 minutes in 1999–2000 after injuring knee ligaments in a clash with teammate Stuart Pearce. Pearce was out for 14 months, returning on 28 October 2000 against Newcastle United. He failed to find his true fitness, and only made 17 appearances in the 2000–01 season. He was able to take part in pre-season training for the first time in five years in 2002–03, and despite some further niggling injuries, made 33 appearances in all competitions. He continued his form into the 2003–04, registering 26 starts in the First Division, before moving to Fulham in the January transfer window.

Fulham
Pearce signed for Fulham in January 2004 in a deal which involved an undisclosed transfer fee and Andy Melville moving to West Ham. He started nine games of that season as Fulham's first choice centre back. He made his debut in a match against Tottenham Hotspur at Loftus Road on 31 January 2004.

However, in his 2004–05 season, he was hampered with a back injury sustained in December 2004. He did manage to play a few reserve games at the end of the season, but did not play for the first team. In August 2005, he was close to signing for Norwich City, but pulled out because of family reasons.

Pearce was praised as 'Best player in pre season' by then Fulham manager Chris Coleman. His admirable resolve was demonstrated when in a 1–1 draw against Portsmouth he played through a painful foot injury only to score an equaliser before time and secure a critical point for Fulham.

On 22 February 2008, he joined Southampton on a 30-day loan deal. Injury restricted him to one appearance, in a 1–1 draw against Scunthorpe United.

Pearce had a trial for Brentford and played against Staines Town in a 3–0 win.

Later career
Pearce joined Surrey South Eastern Combination side Oxted & District, the club where his career began, in September 2008 and scored on his debut. Pearce signed for Kingstonian of the Isthmian League Premier Division on 21 August 2009 as an attacking midfielder and forward and made his competitive debut for the club against Aveley. He left the club on 27 September.

On 9 October 2009, in addition to his contract as assistant manager, Pearce signed a playing contract with Lincoln City. On 17 October, Pearce made his playing debut for Lincoln, coming on as a substitute in their 1–0 away defeat to Northampton Town. He was sent off as an unused substitute in a match against Cheltenham Town on 14 November 2009. He returned for Kingstonian on 19 March 2011, in the 2–0 win over Lowestoft Town. He also played for Lingfield in 2011, where he linked up with fellow ex-pro Nicky Forster.

International career
Pearce was part of the England under-20 team that came third in the 1993 FIFA World Youth Championship, playing in all six matches and scoring one goal. He was capped three times for England at under-21 level in the mid-1990s, but never made the senior national side.

Coaching career
On 30 September 2009, Pearce signed for Lincoln City as the club's assistant manager to newly appointed Chris Sutton, a former teammate at Blackburn Rovers. He left when Sutton resigned on 29 September 2010.

In 2014, he joined Brighton & Hove Albion as a scout. On 1 November 2018, he joined West Bromwich Albion as head of recruitment.

Honours
Blackburn Rovers
 * Premier League: 1994–95

Cricket
In 2009 Ian Pearce made his debut for Oxted and Limpsfield Cricket Club (Sunday XI) who compete in the Surrey League. As of 2020, Pearce has a top score of 89, with an average of 16.12, and in the field has affected 4 run outs and taken 18 catches.

title: Ian Pearce


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bruce K Thompson

Bruce K Thompson was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

 * OK, I completely agree with the comments made by all of you in 2 related articles now in votes for deletion. I am pretty sure that the articles I have previously created/edited are relevant. It was only after coming across quite a few, in my opinion, short and irrelvant articles about villages and so on, that I wrote Strathallan School, Harry Riley and Bruce K Thompson. Most likely the school article, and almost certainly the other two, should be deleted. Mat334 18:07, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I wish him well, as it's a hard job, but he is not notable in the wider world that I can see. Geogre 21:22, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 01:29, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Omar Ali Saifuddin

Omar Ali Saifuddin is the name of three Sultans of Brunei:
 * Omar Ali Saifuddin I (reigned 1762-1795)
 * Omar Ali Saifuddin II (reigned 1829-1852)
 * Omar Ali Saifuddien III (reigned 1950-1967)

title: Omar Ali Saifuddin


text:
Talk:Burmese alphabet

Script name
Hello

 * Hi. Tristanb

Does anyone know the name of the script in Burmese? I would like to include the full name on the map on the writing systems page. Please let me know on my Talk page; I'm equipped to display Burmese fonts.

Thanks! kwami 07:48, 2005 August 30 (UTC)

Problems viewing Burmese characters
Hello, I have downloaded about 6 Burmese fonts (including all the recommended ones) in order to see the Burmese characters, yet all the Burmese characters show up as empty boxes on my computer (it is a PC, with Windows XP). Any assistance anyone could provide would be great. Thank you, Badagnani 09:23, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The problem appears to be with how the characters themselves are stored, as they do not appear to be stored in Unicode format. This means that unless your computer happens to be using the specific encoding used by the author, you get to see lots of pretty blocks.  Hopefully somebody will come along and fix it by either using a Unicode-compliant encoding or by manually entering the relevant Unicode character entities. pgdudda 22:51 CDT 8 Aug 2007
 * I'm pretty sure all the Burmese characters on this page use the Unicode-compliant encoding. —Angr 05:01, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I just downloaded the Burmese fonts from the link in the article, and all I get are little boxes. DuncanHill 19:19, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I forced all the characters in this article to display correctly with the new lang-my-Mymr template I created. Now all characters display correctly in every browser, not just Firefox. Taric25 (talk) 18:58, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm running Vista -- Burmese characters won't display in the latest Firefox and Explorer 128.255.202.110 (talk) 02:25, 8 October 2009 (UTC)
 * They show up for me on Firefox in Windows XP, so I'd be astonished if they didn't work in Vista. Are you sure you have a Unicode 5.1-compliant Burmese font installed? +Angr 06:02, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

pictures with alphabet
could anyone make a picture or few with all Burmese letters? Just to show how script looks like to those who doesn't have special fonts... --Monkbel 11:38, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Unicode change
I wonder if the new encoding model ought to be discussed here. -- Evertype·✆ 23:50, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Go for it! I'm sure you know more about it than anyone else here. Angr 06:25, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Glyph inverted due to typewriter error?
http://www.languagehat.com/archives/000323.php
 * He spent much of his time assigned to the Army's Morale Services Division, at 165 Broadway, which dealt in information and propaganda. There he received his hardest job of the war—a rush request to convert typewriters to twenty-one different languages of Asia and the South Pacific. Many of the languages he had never heard of before.... Morale Services found native speakers and scholars to help with the languages. Martin obtained the type and did the soldering and the keyboards. The implications of the work and its difficulty brought him to near collapse, but he completed it with only one mistake: on the Burmese typewriter he put a letter on upside down. Years later, after he had discovered his error, he told the language professor he had worked with that he would fix that letter on the professor's Burmese typewriter. The professor said not to bother; in the intervening years, as a result of typewriters copied from Martin's original, that upside-down letter had been accepted in Burma as proper typewriter style.
 * —Hobart 17:35, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I suspect that's false. Burmese typewriters date to WWI not WWII, so why would anyone copy that one typewriter?  This Unicode document doesn't mention such a story, nor does any other  source I find. It would be a Unicode issue.  Even if no extra location was assigned for that glyph, it would have been discussed.   Randall Bart    Talk   23:12, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The story is currently being repeated in the "Did You Know" section of today's front page. The person in question is Martin Tytell. I've found a few other sources for the claim, though some of them merely say the inverted letter became a typewriter standard, without suggesting that handwriting and computers followed suit. Still, I would like to see better confirmation--I can't find a single source that says which character was set upside down. Several Burmese characters would become identical to others if set upside down, so I trust it wasn't any of those. —Angr 07:16, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

Subject Object Verb
The text says Burmese script was adapted "to suit the phonology of Burmese, and to fit its word order of Subject Object Verb." Phonology I understand; that's what alphabets are all about. I understand how palm leaves affect orthography, too. But Subject Object Verb has me flummoxed. If the alphabet had some markers for part of speech or clause structure I could understand, but the article mentions no such thing. How does word order impact orthography?  Randall Bart    Talk   23:18, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Burmese alphabet table
The order of letters is off in second and third rows of the table. Someone please fix the order.Hybernator (talk) 23:16, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
 * It's actually an image, commons:Image:Burmese alphabet.svg. It will have to be corrected offline and re-uploaded. —Angr 23:49, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ That was easier than I expected it to be. —Angr 23:59, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks.Hybernator (talk) 00:53, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Why does this matter?
Quoted from the article "The Burmese script, adapted from the Mon script, has undergone considerable modifications to suit the phonology of Burmese, and to fit its word order of Subject Object Verb.", my question is why do the SOV word order matters when modifying the Mon script to fit Burmese? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.201.148.200 (talk) 20:07, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Syllable onsets
Hello Angr, I just restored the original pronunciation for ဋတံလင်းချိတ်. I'm less sure about the actual name of ဋ; it could be ဋသံလျင်းချိတ်. But the pronunciation in standard Burmese is not for sure. I'm a native Burmese speaker, and I've pronounced it as "tə lín dʒeɪʔ" and recognized the name as ဋတံလင်းချိတ် all my life. Where did you get that it's ဋသံလျင်းချိတ်? (Some Burmese who grew up in ethnic enclaves tend to mix up 'ta' and 'tha' sounds.) Hybernator (talk) 02:50, 11 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The spelling MY ဋသံလျင်းချိတ် is offered in Adoniram Judson's Grammar of the Burmese language. The correct spelling is actually with a tha: MY ဋသန်လျင်းချိတ်. I confirmed it with a dictionary at home. That makes sense though, because MY သန်လျင်းချိတ် is the iron hook on a sedan (the kinds carried by people). As for the IPA, is technically correct but  is commonly used. --Hintha (talk) 11:05, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

Burmese letters
Why does the table use black letters against a black background? It makes the letters effectively invisible. -- Prince Kassad (talk) 10:21, 18 September 2010 (UTC)
 * It may be that your browser is incorrectly rendering the table. The letter's background is #CCC (a shade of gray), not black. --Hintha (t) 16:13, 18 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, on that page, I get a gray background. But here in the article, it is pitch black. -- Prince Kassad (talk) 16:43, 18 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I see what you mean. I tried it with a handful of browsers. It's definitely a problem with Internet Explorer. I've fixed it so it works on IE too. --Hintha (t) 16:56, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

Open vowel
How is the term "open vowel" being used on this page? It doesn't seem to mean what phoneticians mean by open vowel, i.e. synonymous with "low vowel". —Angr (talk) 12:35, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

funked up diacritic
the final diacritic in the table is =, or at least is replaced with = by AWB. I don't know what it's supposed to be. — kwami (talk) 05:47, 28 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I tried to fix it. Hope it worked! —Angr (talk) 06:39, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

Files at commons
Categorization inside commons:Category:Burmese script needs expert eyes, see commons:Commons:Categories for discussion/2011/02/Category:Burmese script. NVO (talk) 07:36, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

Repeated comment deleted
I've deleted the following obscure comment, which appeared nine times in the table:
 * (called MY ဝိုက်ချ)

Those can't all be called the same thing. If someone can figure out what it was supposed to mean, can you word it appropriately? — kwami (talk) 00:52, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

Braille
I might be beneficial for someone here to review Burmese Braille. (Unless the main source is in Karen, in which case we might just need more sources.) — kwami (talk) 02:57, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

Missing rhymes
I've noticed that there are some possible rhymes that are missing in the rhyme table. So far I've noticed the lack of ကာန် and ကာတ် and certainly similar ones and others. My guess on their pronunciation is [kàɴ] and [káʔ], respectively. Could someone with more knowledge on Burmese phonology complete the chart? — N-true (talk) 22:17, 10 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Your guess is correct. Spellings like ကာန် and ကာတ် occur only in Pali loanwords, though, as do even rarer spellings with final consonants like လ် and ဝ်, not to mention consonant clusters like ဒ္ဓ and so on. It's kind of hard to know where to stop short of listing hundreds of such syllables, so the table sticks to the most common spellings as found in native words. Aɴɢʀ (talk) 09:34, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

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Vowel
Please vowel??? consonant ok nah vowel??? Akuindo (talk) 10:27, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

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Burmese script article
Is the content on Burmese script really distinct enough to need it's own page, and not be included on Burmese alphabet? It seems like it could easily be divided between Burmese alphabet and Myanmar (Unicode block). Thoughts? Glennznl (talk) 14:45, 20 July 2020 (UTC)

Burmese diacritics
Both of my edits to the "diacritics and symbols" section have been undone and for no good reason. That section is riddled with inaccuracies and incomplete information. I put a lot of work into fixing it, but no-one contacted me before deleting my work. How can we fix this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shachekar (talk • contribs) 04:19, 1 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Please add sources when changing or adding information on Wikipedia. Without sources, the accuracy of your work can't be verified. --Glennznl (talk) 16:07, 1 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I would if it were that easy. It's difficult to cite a language itself. This is presumably why the incorrect information I fixed did not have sources either. It's like finding a source for that fact that English speakers call the letter K "kay". It's something everyone knows and is taught, but is rarely written down in formal publications because it's seen as unnecessary. Burmese is not like French which has a central academy publishing authorised language guides. The government prints readers for children in school to learn from and these are the go-to source for questions of orthography and terminology. These however don't have an ISBN, are not produced in any language but Burmese, and can't be found online. I use a number of English language references as well which are written by western academics, but as a general rule they either expect the reader to already know how to read and write Burmese (otherwise how would you use them?) or if they do attempt to teach the script they generally use only English names for the vowel symbols, and don't bother teaching the native names. What you're asking me to find is a source which is written in English, and is basic level enough that it attempts to teach the script, while also being advanced enough to introduce the native Burmese names of the various symbols to English learners. I'm still hunting for such a text. Shachekar (talk) 16:58, 1 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Good that you have finally decided not to add anything here without a source. Not having the book at hand, I trust that every statement is supported by the source where it is mentioned. But for the future, please refrain from replacing unsourced statments with other unsourced statments as you did before. WP:Verifiability is a fundamental pillar of content-building in WP, and first-hand knowledge is by its very nature unverifiable for other editors. In such cases, it is better practice simply to tag or delete unsourced material, and replace/reinsert it only once an apt reliable source is available. Regarding your earlier efforts, had the choice to revert per WP:BRD, or to tag/delete either version ; he took the first choice which is a "lazy" default procedure but ok. Btw, I don't think that sources are that hard to come by; e.g. Okell's A Guide to the Romanization of Burmese at least has a promising title (even though I do not have it at hand either). –Austronesier (talk) 13:52, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

Why are they all circles?
I saw the reference in the language is intentional, but why is the language associated with circles? This question is not listed on the page, and it's why I looked at it in the first place. Orrinpants (talk) 15:26, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

 * @Orrinpants They all are based on circles and our ancestors made them easy to write and communicate. Burmese alphabets are considered as the most beautiful alphabets in the world. HUGO HCWH (talk) 12:52, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Burmese alphabet


text:
Mariusz Czerkawski

Mariusz Krzysztof Czerkawski (pronounced ; born 13 April 1972) is a Polish former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Boston Bruins, Edmonton Oilers, New York Islanders, Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs. In addition to playing in the NHL, Czerkawski played for several different European-based teams. A consistent scorer, Czerkawski was the first player born and trained in Poland to play in the NHL. Internationally, Czerkawski represented Poland at several international tournaments, including the 1992 Winter Olympics and the 1992 and 2002 World Championships.

Playing career
Czerkawski first played hockey when he was 8-years-old, and from a young age was part of the GKS Tychy program. After a strong season with GKS Tychy in 1990–91, where he scored 40 points in 24 games, the Boston Bruins drafted him in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft in the fifth round, 105th overall. Czerkawski joined Djurgårdens IF of the Elitserien for the 1991–92 season. He was the first foreign player to play for Djurgårdens since Canadian Steve Cardwell in 1976–77. Czerkawski did not play often during his first season, and finished with 13 points in 39 games. Loaned to Hammarby of the second-tier Division 1 for 1992–93, Czerkawski greatly improved, and was brought back to Djurgårdens for 1993–94, recording 34 points in 39 games.

After the season ended Czerkawski went to North America, making his National Hockey League (NHL) debut at the end of the 1993–94 NHL season with the Bruins, playing his first game on April 9 against the Tampa Bay Lightning. He scored his first goal on April 13, his third game, against the Ottawa Senators, and finished the season with two goals and one assist in four games. Though previous NHL players had been born in Poland, Czerkawski was the first Polish-trained NHLer. The next season, he played 47 games with the Bruins, collecting 12 goals and 14 assists in a lockout-shortened season.

In 1996, Czerkawski was traded to the Edmonton Oilers. He played season and a half there before another trade sent him to the New York Islanders, where he would have his most productive years, including two 30-goal plus seasons and being named to the 2000 NHL All-Star Game. However, after being traded to the Montreal Canadiens in 2002, he found himself sent to their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Hamilton Bulldogs. His contract was then bought-out by Montreal, after which he signed a one-year contract with the Islanders in 2003, recording another 25-goal season.

The 2004–05 NHL lockout saw the NHL not play in 2004–05, so Czerkawski joined Djurgårdens for the season, where he had 24 points in 46 games. Returning to the NHL, he signed as a free agent with the Toronto Maple Leafs. He played 19 games for the Maple Leafs, scoring 5 points, before being put on waivers and being claimed by the Boston Bruins on 7 March 2006. He played 16 games with the Bruins, scoring four goals and one assist.

Czerkawski joined the Rapperswil-Jona Lakers of the Swiss National League A (NLA) in 2006. He played two seasons for the club, collecting respectively 41 and 53 points. He retired in 2008, though returned to play one final match for Tychy in January 2009.

International play
Czerkawski's first international tournament with the Polish national under-18 team was at the 1989 European U18 Division B Championship, where he recorded 11 points in 5 games and helped Poland earn promotion to the top level for 1990. Joining the team at the 1990 tournament, he had 12 points in 6 games. He also played for Poland at the 1990 World Junior Championship, scoring one goal in seven games. Poland was relegated to Pool B (the second tier) for 1991, where Czerkawski had 12 goals and 3 assists, for 15 points, in 7 games. He also made his debut for the Polish senior team that year, playing in Pool B at the 1991 World Championships and scoring 8 points in 7 games and helping Poland earn promotion to the top tier for the following year.

At the 1992 Winter Olympics Czerkawski played five games, and had one assist. He played a further 6 games at the 1992 World Championships, but did not score any points. It would not be until 1998 that Czerkawski again played internationally, joining Poland at the renamed Group B of the World Championships, where he had 3 points in 3 games. He would return again in 2000 and had 11 points in 7 games. Poland had earned promotion to the 2002 World Championship and Czerkawski scored 4 points in 3 games, though Poland was relegated back to the second tier (then known as Division I). His final tournament would be at the 2006 World Championship Division I, where he had 7 points in 5 games.

Personal life
Czerkawski was married from 1996 to 1998 to Polish-Swedish actress Izabella Scorupco, and they have a daughter. Since 1 September 2007, he has been married to Emilia Raszyńska, with whom he has a son. After retiring from ice hockey, he took up golf.

For his contribution to the development of Polish ice hockey, Czerkawski received the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (5th Class) in 2004.

All Star Games

 * All statistics taken from NHL.com

title: Mariusz Czerkawski


text:
Billy McKinlay

William James Alexander McKinlay (born 22 April 1969) is a Scottish football manager and former professional footballer who was most recently assistant manager of West Ham United.

As a player, he was a midfielder who notably played in the Premier League for Blackburn Rovers, Leicester City, Bradford City and Fulham. He also played in the Scottish Premiership for Dundee United, the Football League for Preston North End and the Scottish Football League for Clydebank. McKinlay appeared 29 times for Scotland and played at Euro 1996 and the 1998 World Cup.

As a coach, he has worked for Fulham, the Northern Ireland national team and Watford. He was appointed Watford head coach in September 2014 but left the post after eight days. After a spell as assistant head coach with Real Sociedad in Spain, he joined Norwegian club Stabæk in November 2015, before being sacked in July 2016. He has since worked at Sunderland and Stoke City is currently the assistant manager of West Ham United.

Club career
A product of Dundee United's scouting and coaching network in the west of Scotland, Glasgow-born McKinlay was signed from Hamilton Thistle in 1986. He played in the 1988 Scottish Cup final side at the age of 19, after only twelve Scottish Football League appearances. He went on to play over two hundred matches for United, but missed out on the club's 1994 Scottish Cup win due to suspension.

Following Dundee United's relegation in 1995, McKinlay requested a transfer. He was sold to English Premier League champions Blackburn Rovers in October 1995 for a fee of £1.75 million. After leaving Blackburn in 2000, McKinlay had brief spells with Bradford City, Preston North End and Clydebank. In 2002, he joined Leicester City, scoring his only goal for them against Coventry City. In 2004, Fulham manager Chris Coleman signed McKinlay, primarily to assist the reserve squad.

International career
McKinlay represented Scotland at under-21 and B international level before making his full debut in 1993. He made 14 appearances for Scotland while with Dundee United, the last two as a First Division player. He is one of only three players from that division to play at full international level for Scotland since 1975. In total he played 29 times for Scotland between 1993 and 1998, scoring four goals. He was selected for the Euro 1996 and 1998 World Cup squads, making one appearance at each tournament.

Fulham
On 21 December 2007, Fulham first-team coach Ray Lewington and reserve team manager McKinlay took over after manager Lawrie Sanchez was sacked. Roy Hodgson was appointed nine days later. McKinlay coached Fulham's reserve side and developed youth talent, and in 2012 became Northern Ireland assistant manager, but returned to Fulham to manage the side's 4–0 defeat at Everton, on 28 April 2012 due to Martin Jol's chest infection and was again in charge on Merseyside, for Fulham's win against Liverpool. On 2 December 2013, McKinlay left Fulham after Martin Jol's departure a day earlier.

Watford
McKinlay was appointed as Watford first-team coach, under head coach Óscar García, on 26 September 2014. McKinlay replaced Garcia a few days later as head coach, after the Spaniard resigned due to suffering from ill health. McKinlay relinquished his role as Northern Ireland's assistant manager after becoming the Watford manager. After just eight days in the job, McKinlay was replaced as Watford head coach by Slaviša Jokanović. McKinlay had taken charge of two matches, a win against Brentford and a draw with Brighton.

Real Sociedad
On 27 November 2014, McKinlay joined Spanish club Real Sociedad as an assistant coach, working alongside David Moyes. He was sacked, along with Moyes, on 9 November 2015.

Stabæk
On 30 November 2015, McKinlay was appointed as manager of Norwegian Tippeligaen side Stabæk Fotball on a two-year contract. McKinlay resigned as manager on 8 July 2016, after being knocked out of the Europa League by Connah's Quay Nomads.

Sunderland
McKinlay joined Sunderland as a scout, initially under Moyes, in 2016. In October 2017 he was promoted to a temporary first team coaching role by manager Simon Grayson when assistant manager Glynn Snodin became ill. Following Grayson's sacking, McKinlay and Robbie Stockdale were appointed the club's joint caretaker managers in November 2017. After one game in charge, a 1–0 loss against Middlesbrough on 5 November 2017,

West Ham United
McKinlay left Sunderland to take a coaching position at West Ham United. He left the east London club at the end of the 2017–18 season, after manager David Moyes' contract was not renewed.

Stoke City
McKinlay joined Stoke City on 21 November 2019, as assistant manager to Michael O'Neill. McKinlay left Stoke by Mutual consent on 12 April 2021.

Return to West Ham United
In July 2021, McKinlay rejoined West Ham United as part of David Moyes' coaching staff. Upon the departure of club manager, David Moyes in May 2024, McKinlay left the club with other coaches and back-room staff.

Career statistics

 * Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each McKinlay goal.

title: Billy McKinlay