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Tynecastle Park

Tynecastle Park, also known as Tynecastle Stadium, is a football stadium in the Gorgie area of Edinburgh, which is the home ground of Scottish Professional Football League club Heart of Midlothian (Hearts). A UEFA category four stadium, it has also hosted Scotland international matches, and been used as a neutral venue for Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup semi-finals.

Tynecastle has a seating capacity of, which makes it the sixth-largest football stadium in Scotland. Hearts have played at the present site of Tynecastle since 1886.

Heart of Midlothian
After Hearts was formed in 1874, the club played at sites in the Meadows, Powburn and Powderhall. Hearts first moved to the Gorgie area, in the west of Edinburgh, in 1881. This pitch, known as "Tynecastle Park" or "Old Tynecastle", stood on the site of the present-day Wardlaw Street and Wardlaw Terrace. As this site was then regarded as being 'out of town', Hearts would sometimes stage two matches for the price of one, or set an admission price much lower than Edinburgh derby rivals Hibs. In 1886, with the city continuing to expand, tenements replaced the old ground and Hearts moved across Gorgie Road to the present site (also known as "Tynecastle Park", or "New Tynecastle"), which was leased from Edinburgh Corporation. Hearts played a friendly against Bolton Wanderers to inaugurate their new home on 10 April 1886. Tynecastle staged its first Scottish Football League match on 23 August 1890, when Hearts lost 5–0 to Celtic.

Hearts won the Scottish Cup in 1891, which provided the club with sufficient finances for a new clubhouse. Tynecastle hosted its first international fixture in 1892, a 6–1 victory for Scotland against Wales. Only 1,200 fans attended the match because a snowstorm had led many fans to assume that it would be postponed. 1892 also saw a roof constructed on the original "South" stand. In 1895 Tynecastle hosted a "World Championship" match between the winner of the English Football League First Division, Sunderland, and the Scottish league champions, Hearts. The trophy was won by Sunderland, who beat Hearts by a 5–3 score. Tynecastle hosted another "World Championship" game in 1902, when Hearts beat Tottenham Hotspur 3–1.

Redevelopment
Tynecastle underwent substantial changes in the early twentieth century. A small stand and pavilion were built in 1903. The banks of terracing were greatly increased in 1906, giving a total capacity of 61,784. In 1911, a covered enclosure was erected on the western "distillery" side. The two old stands and pavilion were replaced in 1914 by a pitch-length grandstand (the present Main Stand), designed by the renowned stadium architect Archibald Leitch. To partly fund the cost of the new stand, Hearts sold Percy Dawson to Blackburn Rovers for a British record transfer fee of £2,500. A number of items were omitted from the first estimate of the stand, which meant that its cost doubled to £12,000.

Hearts purchased the ground in 1926. Over the next four years, the terraces were expanded using ash from the nearby Haymarket railway yards. In 1927, Hearts gave the BBC permission to begin radio commentaries from the ground. New turnstiles were built on Wheatfield Street and subways created to allow access to the terraces. Tynecastle's record attendance was achieved in 1932, when 53,396 attended a Scottish Cup tie against Rangers. Tynecastle was now tightly squeezed on three sides, however, by narrow streets, Tynecastle High School and bonded warehouses of the North British Distillery. Hearts considered moving to Murrayfield Stadium, which had opened in 1925. There was also a proposal to move to a new ground in Sighthill. The start of the Second World War halted these schemes, however.

The terraces were concreted in 1951 and Tynecastle became Scotland's first all-concrete stadium in 1954. Following the modernisation of the stadium, the club architects said that the capacity stood at 54,359, but for safety reasons only 49,000 tickets were printed and sold for big matches. Floodlights were installed at Tynecastle in 1957. A roof was constructed along part of the "distillery" side and in the north-west corner of the ground in 1959. This work was paid for by the sale of Dave Mackay for £32,000 to Tottenham Hotspur.

No further changes were made to Tynecastle until stricter ground safety regulations came into effect in the 1970s. Hearts also lacked the finances to redevelop Tynecastle, as the club were relegated from the Premier Division three times in five seasons in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Hearts began to perform better under the ownership of Wallace Mercer, who took control in 1981. The capacity was cut to 29,000 with the installation of benches on the "distillery" covered terrace and in the Main Stand paddock in 1982 and 1985 respectively. Also around this time, lounges and facilities were installed in the Main Stand.

Safety upgrades
The Taylor Report required all major sports grounds to become all-seated by August 1994. Hearts initially entered discussions with Hibernian and the local authorities, but none of the sites suggested were suitable for all parties. In March 1991, Hearts submitted their own proposal for a 30,000 all-seat stadium at Millerhill, in the south-east of Edinburgh. The development would have also incorporated offices, a hotel, supermarket, restaurants and a business park. The site was in the Edinburgh green belt, however, and the proposal was rejected later in 1991. Hermiston was then suggested as a possible site for a new Hearts stadium, but this fell through in December 1992 as it was also within the green belt area.

The collapse of the Hermiston proposal forced Hearts to redevelop Tynecastle instead. In 1994, the entire western and northern sides of the ground were demolished, allowing for the construction of the Wheatfield Stand that year and the Roseburn Stand the following year. Temporary 'bucket' seating was installed on the (southern) Gorgie Road end terracing. That terracing was itself razed in 1997 and replaced by the Gorgie Stand. During this period of redevelopment, the ground was officially renamed as Tynecastle Stadium.

Sale and Hearts ownership
In 2004, then club CEO Chris Robinson announced plans to sell Tynecastle, which he claimed was "not fit for purpose". Hearts would have rented Murrayfield from the SRU instead. The prime motivation for this move was to eradicate the club's debt of nearly £20 million. The plan was almost universally unpopular with supporters, and a campaign, entitled "Save Our Hearts", was set up to try to block the move. In spite of this, Robinson and those supporting his actions controlled a slender majority of the issued shares and it appeared that a sale would be completed, particularly after a deal was preliminarily agreed to sell the site for just over £20 million to Cala Homes, a property development company.

The sale was cancelled, however, when Vladimir Romanov purchased the club in January 2005, invoking a clause in the initial agreement that allowed for its annulment upon the payment of a fixed sum of £75,000. Later in 2005, the pitch dimensions were altered to meet UEFA standards, necessitating the removal of the lowest rows of seating in the Gorgie and Roseburn Stands. As a result, the overall capacity was reduced from 18,000 to 17,420. On 20 August 2007 the club announced they were "at an advanced stage" in plans for demolishing the aged Main Stand and replacing it with a 10,000 seat stand, including a hotel and leisure facilities. A planning application was lodged with Edinburgh City Council in February 2008. This development would have increased capacity to 23,000, but the proposal did not proceed due to the state of the club's finances.

Redevelopment plans
The plans for redevelopment of the main stand were rekindled in December 2015, when Hearts owner Ann Budge said work on the new stand would commence as soon as possible. Hearts submitted plans in March 2016 to Edinburgh Council, proposing a new 7000-seat stand. The plans also include a nursery, alongside space for a club shop, ticket office and admin office. Construction began during the latter part of the 2016–17 season. In April, Hearts announced their intention to restore the original name of Tynecastle Park when the new stand is opened. The project was initially expected to be completed by September 2017, but construction delays meant that four home fixtures had to be moved to Murrayfield. Tynecastle re-opened on 19 November, for a league game against Partick Thistle.

Structure and facilities
Tynecastle is an all-seated stadium, split into four sections known as the Gorgie Stand, Main Stand, Wheatfield Stand and Roseburn Stand. The Main Stand was rebuilt in 2017, replacing an older facility designed by noted football stadium architect Archibald Leitch. The three other stands were constructed between 1994 and 1997, with all having a distinctive goalpost roof structure made out of steel tubes. Unusually, the framework sits at the front of each stand, which means that the support towers sit within 10 yards of the corner flag, forming an arch over the stand. The stadium floodlights sit on top of the support towers, angled down towards the pitch, like the lighting rigs used at concerts. The Wheatfield Stand, which seats just under 6,000 people, slopes at just under 34 degrees, the maximum angle permitted. The Roseburn Stand (School End) was completed in August 1995 and cost £1.4 million to build. The Roseburn Stand seated 3,676 when it was opened, but 280 seats were removed from both it and the Gorgie Stand when the pitch was lengthened in 2005 to meet UEFA requirements. The Gorgie Stand, which was completed in September 1997, contains the Gorgie Suite.

Other football matches
Tynecastle has been a home venue for the Scotland national football team on nine occasions. It regularly played host to the British Home Championship match with Wales, which was considered to have the least box-office potential and was often played outside Glasgow. After the Second World War, however, the Scottish Football Association favoured playing all home matches at Hampden Park, unless exceptional circumstances prevented Scotland playing there. More recently, Tynecastle has become the home of the Scotland women's national football team.

Tynecastle has been used as a neutral venue for domestic cup semi-finals on numerous occasions, most frequently when these games involve teams from the east or north-east of Scotland (such as Aberdeen, Dundee United or Hibernian). At one stage during the 1920s, Tynecastle hosted a Scottish Cup semi-final in four consecutive years. In total 19 Scottish Cup semi-finals (not including replays) and 11 League Cup semi-finals have been staged at the ground.

However, since the advent of regular live television coverage caused semi-finals to be played at different times, it has been SFA policy to stage both Scottish Cup semi-finals at Hampden, where possible. League Cup semi-finals are still staged at smaller venues depending upon the participants. The last Scottish Cup semi-final hosted at Tynecastle was Aberdeen's defeat of Hibernian in 1992–93. The most recent League Cup semi-final was in 2015–16, when Hibernian won 2–1 against St Johnstone.

Tynecastle was a venue when Scotland hosted the 1989 FIFA U-16 World Championship. Initial group-stage matches were sparsely attended, however, on 20 June 1989, 28,555 spectators watched Scotland defeat a Portugal side containing Rui Costa and Luís Figo 1–0 in the semi-final. Scotland went on to lose the final to Saudi Arabia.

Rugby league
The Gorgie ground has also hosted rugby league matches on four occasions. The first, in 1911, was an Ashes match between Great Britain and Australia, during the 1911–12 Kangaroo tour, and ended in an 11–11 draw. The next came eight decades later with the newly created Super League again attempting to promote the sport in Scotland, moved two league fixtures to Tynecastle. The 1998 meeting between London Broncos and Bradford Bulls drawing over 7,000 fans, and the 1999 fixture between Gateshead Thunder and Wigan Warriors before a smaller crowd. The final and most recent came during the Rugby League World Cup between Scotland and Samoa, which the Samoans won 20–12.

Music
On 2 August 2019, Tynecastle Park hosted the opening event of the 2019 Edinburgh International Festival. The Los Angeles Philharmonic led by Gustavo Dudamel played a selection of Hollywood film scores, including Jurassic Park, Star Wars, E.T. and Jaws. Over 15,000 free tickets were issued and the concert was live-streamed on Facebook, and broadcast on Classic FM.

Theatre
The stage play Sweet F.A., which dramatized the real-life women's association football club formed during World War I by North British Rubber Co. workers in its Fountainbridge factory, was performed at the 2021 Edinburgh Festival Fringe festival on a stage built on the stadium's main stand, with the pitch as its backdrop.

title: Tynecastle Park


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Matthew Garber

Matthew Adam Garber (25 March 1956 – 13 June 1977) was a British child actor most notable as Michael Banks in the 1964 film Mary Poppins. His other screen credits include The Three Lives of Thomasina (1963) and The Gnome-Mobile (1967), appearing alongside actress Karen Dotrice in all three films they made for Walt Disney Pictures.

Early life
Born in Stepney, London, to parents who had both performed on stage, Garber attended St Paul's Primary School in Winchmore Hill and Highgate School in Highgate, North London, from September 1968 until July 1972. He had a younger brother, Fergus Garber, who was born in 1964, the year Matthew played Michael Banks. His father's name was recorded by the school he had attended as Louis Leonard Garber. Matthew Garber was considered a spirited and bright boy in a 1967 Disney press release that noted his enjoyment of pulling practical jokes on his friends, playing sports, and reading adventure, mythology and poetry books.

Career
A friend of the Garber family, Karen Dotrice's father, Shakespearean actor Roy Dotrice, called Garber to the attention of Disney Casting, where his use of "artful dodges, like squinting, screwing up his nose, and brushing his hair back with one hand" led to his screen debut at age seven in Disney's The Three Lives of Thomasina (1963).

That same year, both Garber and Thomasina co-star Dotrice were hired to play Jane and Michael, the children of Mr. George Banks (David Tomlinson) and Mrs. Winifred Banks (Glynis Johns), who get more than they bargained for when they hire a nanny named Mary Poppins (Julie Andrews). Disney's live-action animated film adaptation of the Mary Poppins book series by P. L. Travers won five Academy Awards and made its stars world-famous.

Garber and Dotrice teamed up one last time in 1967 in The Gnome-Mobile, as the grandchildren of a rich lumber mogul (Walter Brennan) who stumble across a gnome forest and are asked to help keep the gnomes from dying off.

Dotrice recalled, "He was how he looked—an imp, and I loved being his shadow. I can't imagine making movies would have been half as much fun without him. He loved being naughty, finding and jumping off of small buildings on the back lot. While I was Victorian proper and wouldn't let myself get dirty or muddy, Matthew had a great sense of fun and danger. He was a daredevil and could have been a race car driver. And he did live a full life over his 21 years."

Illness and death
In 1976, Garber contracted hepatitis while in India. By the time his father brought him back to London, the disease had spread to his pancreas. He died on 13 June 1977 at the age of 21 in the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead, London, of haemorrhagic necrotising pancreatitis. His body was cremated at St. Marylebone Crematorium (East Finchley, London) three days later.

Legacy
Garber was posthumously named a Disney Legend in 2004, with his brother Fergus accepting the award on his behalf. On the Mary Poppins 40th anniversary DVD, Karen Dotrice said she regretted not having kept in touch with Garber before his death.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Matthew Garber


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Challah

Challah (, חַלָּה ḥallā or Hallah ; plural: challot, challoth or challos, also berches in Central Europe) is a special bread of Ashkenazi Jewish origin, usually braided and typically eaten on ceremonial occasions such as Shabbat and major Jewish holidays (other than Passover). Ritually acceptable challah is made of dough from which a small portion has been set aside as an offering. Challah may also refer to the dough offering. The word is biblical in origin, meaning "loaf". Similar braided breads such as kalach and vánočka are found across Central and Eastern Europe.

Name and origins
The term challah in Biblical Hebrew meant a kind of loaf or cake. The targum is גריצא (pl. גריצן, var. ) which also means loaf. The word derives from the root chet-lamed-lamed (hallal), which means "pierced." According to, challah was a sort of bread with a central hole, designed to hang over a post.

In Rabbinic terminology, challah often refers to the portion of dough which must be separated before baking, and set aside as a tithe for the Kohen, since the biblical verse which commands this practice refers to the separated dough as a "challah". The practice of separating this dough sometimes became known as separating challah (הפרשת חלה) or taking challah. The food made from the balance of the dough is also called challah. The obligation applies to any loaf of bread, not only to the Shabbat bread, but it is traditional to intentionally bake bread for the Sabbath in such a manner as to obligate oneself, in order to dignify the Shabbat. By synecdoche, the term challah came to refer to the whole of the loaf from which challah is taken.

Variant names
Challah may also be referred to as cholla bread. In Poland it is commonly known as chałka (diminutive of chała, pronounced ), in Ukraine as 'kolach' or 'khala' and  in Belarus and  Russia.

Yiddish communities in different regions of Europe called the bread, or , , , ,  or , or. Some of these names are still in use today, such as kitke in South Africa.

The term koylatch is cognate with the names of similar braided breads which are consumed on special occasions by other cultures outside the Jewish tradition in a number of European cuisines. These are the Russian kalach, the Serbian kolač, the Ukrainian kolach the Hungarian kalács (in Hungary the jewish variant is differentiated as Bárhesz), and the Romanian colac. These names originated from Proto-Slavic kolo meaning "circle", or "wheel", and refer to the circular form of the loaf.

In the Middle East, regional Shabbat breads were simply referred to by the local word for bread, such as in Farsi or  in Arabic.

Ingredients and preparation
Most traditional Ashkenazi challah recipes use numerous eggs, fine white flour, water, sugar, yeast, oil (such as vegetable or canola), and salt, but "water challah" made without eggs and having a texture like French baguette also exists, which is typically suitable for those following vegan diets. Modern recipes may replace white flour with whole wheat, oat, or spelt flour or sugar with honey or molasses.

According to Sephardic Jewish observance of halachah, a bread with too much sugar changes the status of the bread to cake. This would change the blessing used over the bread from Hamotzi (bread) to Mezonot (cake, dessert breads, etc.) which would invalidate it for use during the Kiddush for Shabbat. While braided breads are sometimes found in Sephardic cuisine, they are typically not challah but are variants of regional breads like çörek, eaten by Jews and non-Jews alike.

Egg challah sometimes also contains raisins and/or saffron. After the first rising, the dough is rolled into rope-shaped pieces which are braided, though local (hands in Lithuania, fish or hands in Tunisia) and seasonal (round, sometimes with a bird's head in the centre) varieties also exist. Poppy or sesame (Ashkenazi) and anise or sesame (Sephardi) seeds may be added to the dough or sprinkled on top. Both egg and water challah are usually brushed with an egg wash before baking to add a golden sheen.

Challah is almost always pareve (containing neither dairy nor meat—important in the laws of Kashrut), unlike brioche and other enriched European breads, which contain butter or milk as it is typically eaten with a meat meal.

Israeli breads for shabbat are very diverse, reflecting the traditions of Persian, Iraqi, Moroccan, Russian, Polish, Yemeni, and other Jewish communities who live in the State of Israel. They may contain eggs or olive oil in the dough as well as water, sugar, yeast, salt, honey and raisins. It may be topped with sesame or other seeds according to various minhagim.

Rituals and religious significance
According to Jewish tradition, the three Sabbath meals (Friday night, Saturday lunch, and Saturday late afternoon) and two holiday meals (one at night and lunch the following day) each begin with two complete loaves of bread. This "double loaf" (in Hebrew: לחם משנה) commemorates the manna that fell from the heavens when the Israelites wandered in the desert after the Exodus. The manna did not fall on Sabbath or holidays; instead, a double portion would fall the day before the holiday or sabbath to last for both days. While two loaves are set out and the blessing is recited over both, most communities only require one of them to be cut and eaten.

In some Ashkenazi customs, each loaf is woven with six strands of dough. Together, the loaves have twelve strands, alluding to the twelve loaves of the showbread offering in the Temple. Other numbers of strands commonly used are three, five and seven. Occasionally, twelve are used, referred to as a "Twelve Tribes" challah. Some individuals - mostly Hasidic rabbis - have twelve separate loaves on the table.

Challot - in these cases extremely large ones - are also sometimes eaten at other occasions, such as a wedding or a Brit milah, but without ritual.

Traditional Sabbath meal procedure

It is customary to begin the evening and day Sabbath and holiday meals with the following sequence of rituals:

 * The challah is covered, customarily with a dedicated challah cover cloth. (Normally, in the order of saying blessings, bread would precede wine. Covering the challah allows the Kiddush blessing to come first.)
 * Kiddush is recited over a cup of wine.
 * Each attendee ritually washes their hands in preparation for eating bread. (In some communities the hands are washed before the Kiddush. It is customary not to talk between this washing and consumption of the bread. )
 * The challah cover is removed.
 * The two loaves are held up together.
 * The head of the household recites the blessing over bread: "Baruch atah Adonai, eloheinu melech ha'olam, hamotzi lechem min ha'aretz" (Translation: "Blessed are you Hashem our God, King of the Universe, who brings forth bread from the earth").
 * The bread (one or two, depending on minhag) is sliced (or torn) and salted, and the pieces are distributed to each person at the meal to eat.

The specific practice varies. Some dip the bread into salt before the blessing on bread. Others say the blessing, cut or tear the challah into pieces, and only then dip the pieces in salt, or sprinkle them with salt, before they are eaten. Some communities may make a nick in the bread with a cutting knife.

Normally, the custom is not to talk between washing hands and eating bread. However, according to some, if salt was not placed on the table, it is permitted to ask for someone to bring salt, before the blessing on bread is recited.

Salting
Salting challah is considered a critical component of the meal. Customs vary whether the challah is dipped in salt, salt is sprinkled on it, or salt is merely present on the table. This requirement applies to any bread, though it is observed most strictly at Sabbath and holiday meals.

The Torah requires that Temple sacrifices to God be offered with salt. Following the destruction of the Second Temple, Rabbinic literature suggested that a table set for a meal symbolically replaces the Temple altar; therefore, the blessing over food should only be recited with salt present on the table. Should one eat a meal without performing a commandment, the covenant of salt protects him.

To the rabbis, a meal without salt was considered no meal. Furthermore, in the Torah, salt symbolizes the eternal covenant between God and Israel. As a preservative, salt never spoils or decays, signifying the immortality of this bond.

Rosh Hashanah
On Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year, the challah may be rolled into a circular shape (sometimes referred to as a "turban challah"), symbolizing the cycle of the year, and is sometimes baked with raisins in the dough. Some have the custom of continuing to eat circular challah from Rosh Hashana through the holiday of Sukkot. In the Maghreb (Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria) many Jews will simply bake their challah in the shape of "turban challah" year-round.

Sometimes the top is brushed with honey to symbolize the "sweet new year." According to some traditions, challah eaten on Rosh Hashana is not dipped in or sprinkled with salt but instead is dipped in or sprinkled with honey. As above, some continue to use honey instead of salt through the Sukkot holiday.

Shlissel challah
For the Shabbat Mevarchim preceding Rosh Chodesh Iyar (i.e., the first Shabbat after the end of Passover), some Ashkenazi Jews have the custom of baking shlissel challah ("key challah") as a segula (propitious sign) for parnassa (livelihood). Some make an impression of a key on top of the challah before baking, some place a key-shaped piece of dough on top of the challah before baking, and some bake an actual key inside the challah.

The earliest written source for this custom is the Ohev Yisrael of Avraham Yehoshua Heshel (1748-1825), published in 1863. He refers to schlissel challah as a preexisting custom and offers several kabbalistic interpretations.

The custom has been criticized for allegedly having its source in Christian or pagan practices.

Challah rolls
Challah rolls, known as a bilkele or bulkele or bilkel or bulkel (plural: bilkelekh; בילקעלע) or bajgiel (Polish) is a bread roll made with eggs, similar to a challah bun. It is often used as the bread for Shabbat or holiday meals.

Similar breads
Similar braided, egg-enriched breads are made in other traditions. The Romanian colac is a similar braided bread traditionally presented for holidays and celebrations such as Christmas caroling colindat .The Polish chałka is similar, though sweeter than challah. The Czech vánočka and Slovak vianočka is very similar and traditionally eaten at Christmas. In Bulgarian and Romanian cuisine there is a similar bread called cozonac (Bulgarian: козунак), while tsoureki bread (also known as choreg or çörek) is popular in Armenian, Greek and Turkish cuisines. A sweet bread called milibrod (Macedonian: милиброд), similarly braided as the challah, is part of the dinner table during Orthodox Easter in Macedonia. Zopf is a similar bread from Germany, Austria and Switzerland, with a sweeter variant known as Hefezopf or Hefekranz. In Finnish cuisine, pulla (also known as cardamom bread in English) is a small braided pastry seasoned with cardamom that is very popular in Finnish cafés. Brioche is an egg-enriched bread, but it is not braided.

Unlike challah, which by convention is pareve, many of these breads also contain butter and milk.

Food historian Hélène Jawhara Piñer, an expert on Sephardic cuisine, has suggested that a recipe for a leavened and braided bread called peot which appeared in a thirteenth-century Arabic cookbook from Spain, may have been a European precursor to challah – except that peot was flavored with saffron and fried.

title: Challah


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Black (surname)

Black is a surname which can be of either English, Scottish, Irish or French origin. In the cases of non-English origin, the surname is likely to be an Anglicisation. Notable persons with that surname include:

A

 * Aaron Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Adam Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Ahmad Black (born 1988), American football player
 * Aleister Black (born 1985), WWE ring name of Dutch professional wrestler Tom Büdgen
 * Aline Elizabeth Black, African-American schoolteacher
 * Alan Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Alan W. Black, Scottish computer scientist
 * Alexander Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Alf Black, English footballer
 * Alonzo Black (born 1945), American sheriff
 * Alyse Black, American singer and songwriter
 * Alyssa Black, American politician
 * Amanda Black (born 1993), South African singer and songwriter
 * Amanda Black (epidemiologist), Northern Irish epidemiologist
 * Amanda Black (soil chemist), New Zealand soil chemist
 * Amy Black (mezzo-soprano) (1973–2009), British mezzo-soprano singer
 * Andrew Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Andy Black (born 1965), Irish poker player
 * Angela Black, American television news anchor and reporter
 * Ann Black, British Labour Party official
 * Ann Spence Black (1861–1947), British artist
 * Annesley Black (born 1979), Canadian composer
 * Annie Black (born 1981), American politician
 * Anthony Black (born 2004), American professional basketball player
 * Anthony S. Black (born 1951), American jockey
 * Arthur Black (disambiguation), multiple people

B

 * Barry Black (born 1948), United States Navy admiral and Seventh-Day Adventist minister
 * Baxter Black (1945–2022), American poet
 * Ben Black, rugby league player
 * Benjamin Black, pen-name of the Irish novelist John Banville
 * Bethany Black (born 1978), English stand up comedian, actress and writer
 * Bill Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Bo Black (1946–2020), American model
 * Bob Black (born 1951), American anarchist and author
 * Bobby Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Bruce D. Black (born 1947), American judge
 * Bud Black (born 1957), American baseball player
 * Bud Black (right-handed pitcher) (1932–2005), American baseball player
 * Byron Black (born 1969), Zimbabwean tennis player

C

 * Cara Black (born 1979), Zimbabwean tennis player
 * Cara Black (author) (born 1951), American mystery writer
 * Carla DeSantis Black (born 1958), American writer and advocate
 * Carol Black, multiple people
 * Catherine Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Cilla Black (1943–2015), English singer and actor
 * Charles Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Charly Black (born 1980), Jamaican reggae artist
 * Christina Black (born 1987), Canadian Curler
 * Chris Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Claude Black (minister) (1916–2009), American Baptist minister and politician
 * Claude Black (musician) (1933–2013), American jazz pianist
 * Claudia Black (born 1972), Australian actor
 * Clint Black (born 1962), American country music singer-songwriter
 * Cofer Black (born 1950), American government official
 * Colin Black Australian composer/sound artist
 * Conrad Black (born 1944), member of the House of Lords (Baron Black of Crossharbour)
 * Crosby M. Black (1866–1916), American politician
 * Cyril Black (1902–1991), British Conservative politician (MP)
 * Cyril Edwin Black (1915–1989), American professor of modern Russian history

D

 * Dan Black (born 1975), English singer-songwriter and vocalist
 * Dan Black (baseball) (born 1987), American professional baseball player
 * Dan A. Black (born 1955), American economist and professor
 * David Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Davidson Black (1884–1934), Canadian paleoanthropologist
 * Dawn Black (born 1943), Canadian politician
 * Dean Black, American politician
 * Deborah Black (born 1958), Canadian philosopher
 * Derek Black (born 1989), American former white supremacist and memoirist
 * Diane Black (born 1951), American politician
 * Diboué Black, Cameroonian singer, composer and musical producer
 * Dick Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Dj Black, Ghanaian disc jockey and media personality
 * Don Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Donald Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Dorothy Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Douglas Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Duncan Black (1908–1991), Scottish economist
 * Dustin Lance Black (born 1974), American screenwriter

E

 * Edward Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Edwin Black, American journalist
 * Edwin Black (rhetorician) (1929–2007), American scholar of rhetorical criticism
 * Ellie Black (born 1995), Canadian Olympian artistic gymnast
 * Eric Black, Scottish Footballer
 * Eugene Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Eli Black, CEO who also committed suicide

F

 * Fischer Black (1938–1995), American economist
 * Frances Black (born 1960), Irish singer and politician
 * Francis Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Frank Black (disambiguation), multiple people

G

 * Gary Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Gaye Black, English punk-rock musician
 * George Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Gladys Black (1909–1998), American ornithologist

H

 * Halfdan the Black, 9th century Norse king
 * Harry Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Henry Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Holly Black (born 1971), American writer and editor
 * Hugh Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Hugo Black (1886–1971), American Supreme Court justice
 * Hugo Black Jr. (1922–2013), American lawyer
 * Hugo Black III (1953–2007), American lawyer

I

 * Ian Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Ira Black (born 1971), American heavy metal musician

J

 * Jack Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * James Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Jason Black (musician), American musician
 * Jason Lyle Black, American pianist, composer, and artist
 * Jeanne Black (1937–2014), American country singer
 * Jeff Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Jeremy Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * John Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Jordan Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Joseph Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Judith Black, American professional storyteller
 * Jully Black (born 1977), Canadian singer, songwriter and actress
 * June Black (1910 - 2009), New Zealand ceramic artist and painter
 * J. R. Black (1826–1880), Scottish publisher and journalist

K

 * Karla Black (born 1972), Scottish sculptor
 * Karen Black (1939–2013), American actor
 * Kevin Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Kodak Black (born 1997), American rapper

L

 * Lanie Black (1946–2010), American politician
 * Larry Black (disambiguation)
 * Laura Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Lawrence Black (1881–1959), English cricketer
 * Leaky Black (born 1999), American basketball player
 * Leron Black (born 1996), American professional basketball player
 * Lewis Black (born 1948), American comedian, author and playwright
 * Lori Black (born 1954), American musician
 * Lou Black (1901–1965), American Jazz era banjo player
 * Louis Black, American journalist and businessman
 * Lucas Black (born 1982), American actor
 * Luke Black (born 1992), Serbian singer and songwriter

M

 * Margot Black (born 1987), American activist and lobbyist
 * Mari Black, American multistyle violinist, fiddler, and composer

 * Marlon Black (born 1975), Trinidadian cricketer
 * Mary Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Mason Black (born 1999), American baseball player
 * Matt Black, multiple people
 * Matthew Black (1908–1994), Scottish minister and biblical scholar
 * Max Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Maxine Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Maurice Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Mhairi Black (born 1994), Scottish National Party politician
 * Michael Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Michelle Black, American author

N

 * Neil Black (1932–2016), English oboist
 * Nick Black (born 1951), British physician and health services researcher
 * Nissim Black (born 1986), American-Israeli rapper
 * Noel Black (1937–2014), American film director
 * Norm Black (1927–2011), Australian rules footballer
 * Norman Black (born 1957), American basketball player and coach
 * Norman William Black (1931–1997), American federal judge

P

 * Paul Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Pauline Black (born 1953), English singer, actress and author
 * Pearly Black (born 1967), Australian singer
 * Percy Black (1877–1917), Australian soldier in World War I
 * Peter Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Pippa Black (born 1982), Australian actor
 * P. J. Black (born 1981), South African-American professional wrestler
 * Porcelain Black (born 1985), American singer-songwriter and rapper

Q

 * Quincy Black (born 1984), American professional football player

 * Qumain Black (born 1992), American professional football player

R

 * Rachel Black, American politician
 * Ralph Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Randy Black (born 1963), Canadian-born rock and heavy metal drummer
 * Ray Black Jr. (born 1991), American race car driver
 * Rebecca Black (born 1997), American singer
 * Richard Black (1921–2014), American artist and illustrator
 * Robert Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Roger Black (born 1966), British runner
 * Roy Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Rufus Black (born 1969), Australian academic

S

 * Samuel Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Sandra Black, Canadian physician and neurologist
 * Sarah Hearst Black (1846–?), American social reformer
 * Scott Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Seona Black (born 1954), Scottish international lawn bowler
 * Shane Black (born 1961), American screenwriter and film director
 * Sheila Black, American poet
 * Shirley Temple Black (1928–2014), American actress and diplomat
 * Simon Black (born 1979), Australian rules football player and assistant coach
 * Simon Black (English footballer) (born 1975), English professional footballer
 * Skyh Black (born 1988), American actor, dancer and model
 * Sophie Cabot Black (born 1958), American poet
 * Spencer Black (born 1950), American politician
 * Stanley Black (1913–2002), English bandleader and composer
 * Stanley Black (businessman) (born 1932), American real estate investor and philanthropist
 * Sterling Foster Black (1924–1996), American lawyer
 * Steven Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Sue Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Susan Black (disambiguation), multiple people

T

 * Tarik Black (born 1991), American basketball player
 * Tarik Black (American football) (born 1998), American football player
 * Taylor Black, American actress, producer and model
 * Thomas Black (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Tony Black (writer), Scottish crime writer
 * Tori Black (born 1988), American pornographic actor
 * Tornado Alicia Black (born 1998), American tennis player
 * Tyler Black (disambiguation), multiple people

V

 * Vic Black (born 1988), American professional baseball player

W

 * Wayne Black (born 1973), Zimbabwean tennis player
 * William Black (disambiguation), multiple people

Y

 * Yahya Black (born 2002), American football player

Fictional characters

 * Bernard Black, fictional character in British sitcom Black Books
 * Black family, fictional characters in Age of Empires III
 * Billy Black, fictional character in the Twilight series
 * Bonnie Black, fictional character in the Reborn series
 * Captain Black, fictional character in Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons
 * Chantay Black, fictional character in Degrassi: The Next Generation
 * Dr. Black, murder victim in British editions of the board game Cluedo
 * Harry Black, fictional character in the Reborn series
 * Heather Haversham (also known as Heather Black), fictional character in the British soap opera Brookside
 * Jacob Black, fictional character in the Twilight series
 * Sirius Black, fictional character in the Harry Potter novels
 * Regulus Arcturus Black, fictional character in the Harry Potter novels
 * Bellatrix Lestrange (née Black), fictional character in the Harry Potter novels
 * Narcissa Malfoy (née Black), fictional character in the Harry Potter novels
 * Noah Black (Centurius), a fictional supervillain appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics
 * Nicholas Black, fictional character from the Channel 4 soap opera, Brookside
 * Andromeda Tonks (née Black), fictional character in the Harry Potter novels
 * Tolkien Black, fictional character in South Park
 * Zamasu (also known as Goku Black), fictional character in the Dragon Ball Super fanime
 * Trooper Black, a minor character in the video game TimeSplitters 2

title: Black (surname)


text:
Chapin

Chapin may refer to:

United States

 * Chapin, Idaho, an unincorporated community
 * Chapin, Illinois, a village
 * Chapin, Iowa, an unincorporated community
 * Chapin Township, Michigan
 * Chapin, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Chapin, New York
 * Chapin, South Carolina, a town
 * Edinburg, Texas or Chapin
 * Chapin, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

Elsewhere

 * Chapni or Chapin, Armenia
 * Chapin Peak, Wilkes Land, Antarctica

People

 * Chapin (surname)
 * Chapin (given name)
 * Chapin, regional demonym for people from Guatemala

Schools

 * Chapin School, a school in New York
 * Chapin School (New Jersey)
 * Chapin High School, a public high school in South Carolina
 * Captain John L. Chapin High School, a public high school in Texas

Other uses

 * Chapin Block, Southbridge, Massachusetts, on the US National Register of Historic Places
 * Chapin National Bank Building, Springfield, Massachusetts, on the US National Register of Historic Places
 * Chapin Memorial Church, Oneonta, New York, on the US National Register of Historic Places
 * Mount Chapin, a summit in Colorado

title: Chapin


text:
Mouseland

The Story of Mouseland was a story first told by Clarence Gillis, and later and most famously by Tommy Douglas, leader of the Saskatchewan Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) that became the New Democratic Party of Canada, both social democratic parties. It was a political fable expressing the CCF's view that the Canadian political system was flawed in offering voters a false dichotomy: the choice of two parties, neither of which represented their interests.

Synopsis
The mice voted in black cats, which represented the Progressive Conservative Party, and then they found out how hard life was. Then they voted in the white cats, which symbolized the Liberal Party and things were different, but still not good for mice, because the government was still run by cats; subsequently they alternated the two, then they tried a coalition, and ultimately spotted cats were voted in which sought to sound like mice. A mouse got an idea that mice should run their government, not the cats, was accused of being a Bolshevik, and was imprisoned. The concluding point was that one can lock up a mouse or a person, but one cannot lock up an idea.

Variations
A variation of this story is told in Douglas Adams' novel So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish, involving a democracy where people vote for lizards as their leaders. No one is happy with this situation, except for the lizards, but the people continue voting for the lizards "because if they didn't vote for a lizard ... the wrong lizard might get in".

In 2006, Brad Wall, Leader of the Saskatchewan Party, the opposition party in Saskatchewan, parodied Mouseland, a place in which the mice govern as destructive creatures, as an attack on the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party. In 2010, Wall carried his parody further by giving "A Mouseland Update" to the Saskatchewan Party's Annual Convention.

title: Mouseland


text:
Talk:Black (surname)

Untitled
add/convert Gaelic, Italian, Latin, Russian, Greek, etc. lysdexia 11:40, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC) cody black —Preceding unsigned comment added by Codyblack12 (talk • contribs) 19:54, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

some disambiguation-links
like Don Black (disambiguation), Bud Black (disambiguation) --Schwab7000 (talk) 11:53, 22 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black (surname)


text:
Purge (Bif Naked album)

Purge is the fourth album by Canadian singer-songwriter Bif Naked, released in 2001. In 2002, the song "Dawn" was featured in the film American Psycho 2. The songs "Regular Guy" and "Tango Shoes" were featured in Project Gotham Racing 2. Meanwhile, "Leader" also appeared in SSX Tricky, where Bif Naked provided the voice for the character Zoe Payne.

In 2021 "I Love Myself Today" was used as a lip sync number in a second season episode of Canada's Drag Race, in which Bif Naked appeared as a guest judge.

Track listing

 * 1) "Choking on the Truth" (Fury, Karroll, Naked) – 3:38
 * 2) "Tango Shoes" (Fury, Karroll, Naked) – 3:47
 * 3) "Dawn" (Karroll, Naked) – 3:34
 * 4) "I Love Myself Today" (Bazilian, Child, Naked) – 3:30
 * 5) "Stolen Sidewalk" (Karroll, Naked) – 4:33
 * 6) "October Song" (Fury, Karroll, Naked) – 3:27
 * 7) "Leader" (Fury, Naked) – 3:33
 * 8) "You Are the Master" (Karroll, Naked) – 4:00
 * 9) "Regular Guy" (Karroll, Naked) – 3:17
 * 10) "Hold On" (Karroll, Naked) – 3:26
 * 11) "Story of My Life" (Fury, Naked) – 3:40
 * 12) "Religion" (Karroll, Naked) – 12:54†
 * 13) "Untitled" (None) – 00:04‡

†Hidden Track "I Love Myself Today [Misera Remix]" (Bazilian, Child, Naked, Misera) – 6:28 ‡Some pressings contain a thirteenth track that is nothing but 4 seconds of silence.

Personnel

 * Bif Naked – vocals, background vocals
 * Pete Amato – keyboards
 * Randy Cantor – Hammond organ
 * Desmond Child – background vocals
 * Jules Gondar – background vocals
 * Peter Karroll – bass guitar, guitar
 * Kenny Olson – guitar
 * Thommy Price – drums, background vocals
 * Kasim Sulton – bass, background vocals

Production

 * Producers: Desmond Child, Peter Karroll
 * Engineers: Rob Eaton, Jules Gondar, Craig Lozowick, Nathan Malki, Germán Ortiz
 * Mixing: Peter Karroll
 * Mastering: Andy VanDette

title: Purge (Bif Naked album)


text:
Talk:Purge (Bif Naked album)

Spotify Track Listings
I grew up with this album, and before today had never noticed the 13th track "Religion" but upon repurchasing the cd and playing, it appeared and there it was on the back. Before today I had never heard this song and it's not a track on Spotify. Was there a release of the cd that excluded this track? Or am I simply going mad? 173.240.9.14 (talk) 00:03, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Purge (Bif Naked album)


text:
Talk:Challah

Merger proposal
I propose to merge pain petri into Challah, at Challah. I don't believe that pain petri is independently notable. Two of the sources are blogs, which are not reliable sources, one is a recipe book which can hardly be considered to create notability for every foodstuff contained in it, and the same goes for the recipe on WaPo - while normally an excellent source, this is a recipe for pain petri, not an article about pain petri. I can find nothing else to establish the notability of pain petri. I considered proposing for deletion, but there is some decent content and a merge seems like a better WP:ATD, and this seems like the most realistic target. Hugsyrup 16:49, 3 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I believe I have established that Pain Petri is independently notable, as I have cited numerous sources included The Washington Post, “Quiches, Kugels and Couscous” by Joan Nathan, as well as a number of other websites. Pain Petri is not the same bread as challah, they are different shapes and are made in a completely different manner. Challah is also eaten by Moroccan Jews, it is made much in the same way as Ashkenazi challah, where it is made with a dough very different than pain petri (less eggs, oil, etc), and it is left to rise and Kneaded for a much longer period of time the Pain Petri, which is unique and notable for the short duration of the rise and preparation time (60 minutes from start to finish). They are completely different breads, I have already included 5 different sources, which is much more than enough to demonstrate notability, and I can add many more in English, French, Hebrew and Darija. I appreciate your input and your time. However, if you think these two totally different breads should be merged, then why do we not merge sourdough bread and white bread together? Why is it only the Jewish breads that must be minimalized and removed?Yallayallaletsgo (talk) 18:37, 4 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I am certainly open to not doing the merger, but in that case I think proposing the article for deletion is the best approach, and I was looking for an alternative to that. Regarding other breads, I have not read either of the sourdough or white bread articles but I would suggest you read WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS. I sincerely hope your last line is not implying an antisemitic motive here, but it certainly comes across that way so you’ll have to excuse me if I take considerable offence to that, and choose not to engage with you further. I await input from other editors, and if a merger does not seem the way forward then I will go back to my previous intention of nominating the article for deletion. Hugsyrup 19:34, 4 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Against. I was merely posing a question, and I am sorry that you took offense to that. Likewise, i take offense to this baseless merge or delete request. Nominate it for deletion if you wish. I have added even more references for this bread, I believe approximately 10 different references are there now, including but not limited to:

Three books which discuss Pain Petri at length, one of which (The Encyclopedia of Jewish Food) is a highly notable encyclopedic book that is frequently used on Wikipedia to demonstrate notability for an article: •The Encyclopedia of Jewish Food- by Rabbi Gil Marks •The Jewish Holiday Cookbook- by Joan Nathan •Quiches, Kugels, and Couscous: My Search for Jewish Cooking in France- by Joan Nathan

A number of notable websites also discuss this bread including, but not limited to:

•The Washington Post •The Mercury News •The Jewish Ledger

I have also cited a number of other websites which discuss this bread, as well as the website "Benzaken Descendants" which is mainted by members of the Moroccan Jewish community of Rabat, who now reside in France.

The independent notability of pain petri has been well established. The long list of notable, high-quality citations referencing this bread show this. Therefore, the article should not be (and very likely will not be) deleted. It should also not be merged, as it would add undue length to this article, as the Pain Petri article is 8,008 bytes/characters, almost 50% the size of the entire challah article. As I am a professional chef/baker in my spare time, I am intending on Baking Pain Petri and adding photos of it to the article, which will add more length. The article to too long to merge into challah, and it is an entirely different bread. The challah article needs an entry for Sephardic Challah, which is a separate bread from Pain Petri. This should not be merged or deleted, and I think this is an irrational, frivolous waste of everyone's time here when there are much more important things that can be done than delete a heavily referenced article.Yallayallaletsgo (talk) 15:07, 5 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Opposed to merger, since Challah is a well-known name for a Shabbat bread in itself, without the need to add some other less-familiar name. If there is similar bread called by a different name, perhaps the article on such bread should clarify the origin of its name and where (which country) it is principally found, as in the case of Pain petri, which name did not seem to gain popularity outside of Morocco, besides having a different make-up in its basic ingreients (spices, etc.). Pain petri seems to be local varity of Shabbat bread, warranting its own separate article.Davidbena (talk) 12:53, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * OPPOSE because they are two entirely different things. One is in Sefardi Judaism culture the other is part of Ashkenazi Judaism culture. IZAK (talk) 14:45, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Word meaning and origins
Sigh. I had to majorly edit this section because of a number of egregious errors made be previous editors. 1) Artscroll is not a source, it's a publishing project by Masorah Publications. Even if you want to use one of its volumes, say which one! Don't just say "Artscroll says." 2) Rashi's translation of Challah is not a "word origin," it's a translation. And you don't need Artscroll (any of its books) to tell you what the French word means. 3) There was no mention of the Biblical Hebrew meaning of the word, which is likely where the modern meaning comes from!! 4) Mistakes in the explanation of the mitzvah of challah. Braiding is not part of that process. 5) Shaarei Aharon? What, did this editor just learn something in yeshiva and decide to edit a Wiki article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ari1891adler (talk • contribs) 15:16, 27 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Welcome to Wikipedia :) Ar2332 (talk) 06:02, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

Series of minor edits and meaning of DUBIOUS tag
I made a series of minor edits to the Challah page in order to reflect its tone as more of a "Shabbat Bread" page. Potentially, we might want to look in to creating a "Shabbat Bread" page in order to categorize the different Shabbat breads used across different cultures such as pain petri or challah.

The meaning for the DUBIOUS tag is that the Apter Rav's belief that shlissel challah is some ancient Kabbalist tradition from Israel is utterly ludicrous. Modern Kabbalah is based in the Zohar, which is a book rationally believed to have been written by a spanish-portuguese author originating in the middle ages, with information completely different and often contradictory to Jewish tradition. As such the Zohar and modern Kabbalah are not to be considered as concrete historic evidence, but rather as spiritual or religious beliefs that are most likely no older than a couple hundred years. As such the cited source is heavily biased and based in falsehood, which is highly misleading and even inaccurate.

I made the DUBIOUS tag there because I am unsure of how to proceed. The information is relevant to Ashkenazi Jewish belief and culture, which is obviously relevant on a page mostly about an Ashkenazi religious bread. I do not want to outright remove the information as it is relevant, however I want it to be noted that shlissel challah is not an ancient bread of Israel (because obviously other Jewish cultures would have it, which they absolutely did not, and if they do practice this tradition, it is mostly due to the merging of Jewish cultures in the State of Israel). The inclusion of the disclaimer at the end of the section that it probably came from Christian tradition is welcome in this, maybe this should be used in a different way to show that the Apter Rav's belief is baseless. --Cakiva (talk) 15:23, 2 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Your comment has numerous problems.
 * 1: The date of authorship of the zohar is irrelevant. Kabbalah is a field of Jewish thought mainly based on the Zohar, but a the Alter rav's explanation here is not intended to be 'sourced from' the Zohar, it is simply a proposed explanation for a widespread custom which can be true even separate from Kabbalistic thought. Even if it was sourced from the Zohar, the possibility of the explanation remains equally valid. Again, it is merely a suggestion. The Alter Rav's statement that it is an ancient custom is his personal testimony on the matter separate from any proposed explanations for the custom.
 * 2. The fact that other Jew cultures (i.e. Sephardic) do not have this custom is mostly irrelevant. The custom could have easily been forgotten/discontinued by the Sefardim and other cultures. After all, it is only a custom, not a law.
 * In light of the above, I see no reason for the dubious tag. The end of the section already includes an opposing view, and the fact that other cultures don't have this custom does not, to me, warrant that tag. I will remove the tag if there is no objection. *  Jo e J Sh mo 💌 19:44, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Tried to clear this up with an edit just now. Heshel doesn't seem to have ever actually said that it's an ancient custom. If he has said it somewhere I missed then I'm inclined to agree that putting it in scare-quotes is enough. Although the argument you're making here pushes me the other way—such a statement would clearly be false and the job of Wikipedia is to accurately indicate that. GordonGlottal (talk) 20:57, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I'll have to take a look at the source later, but the idea that a rabbi's personal testimony on the facts of a religious matter is 'clearly false' seems blatantly off the mark. I'm not sure where we would expect to get better testimony regarding how long a custom had been around in a religious group, besides the religious group themselves, especially their experts on religious matters. To assume the statement would be clearly false with only vague indications to the contrary would be, frankly, ludicrous. Again, this may be irrelevant here if he never said what the article claims he did, but that would be my general assertion.  Jo e J Sh mo 💌 22:07, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

Feyesh
Feyesh What is Feyesh? it is a special bread of Ashkenazi Jewish origin the initial name is Challah, Its braided, the top is wide and the bottom is narrow, it is typically eaten on ceremonial occasions such as weddings, Shabbat and major Jewish holidays (other than Passover). it is made of dough from which a small portion has been set aside as an offering. The word Feyesh was created in the 19th century, initially from the Hungarian word "Fej" which translates in English as "head". Mr. Jeno (Yakov) Bineth was the owner and founder of Montreal Kosher Bakery which is located in Montreal Canada, Mr. Bineth was in the bakery business since 1951 when he still lived in Melbourne, Australia. later on he moved to Canada in the City of Montreal and founded Montreal Kosher Bakery which is now owned by his children since his passing. The reason the name Feyesh was given is due to the fact that there was a large variety of different types of Challah, Mr. Bineth wanted an easy way of describing this particular Challah therefore he gave it the name Feyesh which as explained is defined as Head which resembles this Challah roll specifically. A link to Montreal Kosher Bakery http://montrealkosher.ca/ Dovbineth (talk) 05:19, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

عامر محمد مصعب بكور
١٢٣٤٥٦٧٨٨ 94.252.154.248 (talk) 19:44, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Challah


text:
User talk:0101CHENGsk

Hi 0101CHENGsk and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~ ~ ~ ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

-spencer195 04:16, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:0101CHENGsk


text:
User talk:0101TSEfh

Hi 0101TSEfh and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~ ~ ~ ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

-spencer195 04:17, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:0101TSEfh


text:
Bountiful, British Columbia

Bountiful is a settlement in the Creston Valley of southeastern British Columbia, Canada, near Cranbrook and Creston. The closest community is Lister, British Columbia.

Bountiful is made up of members of two polygamist Mormon fundamentalist groups. The settlement is named after Bountiful in the Book of Mormon.

History
The first member of the group that bought property near Lister was Harold Michael Blackmore, who moved there with his family in 1946. Other members of the church who believed in the principle of plural marriage soon followed. After Winston Blackmore became the bishop in the 1980s, the group took the name of Bountiful.

Bountiful's estimated population was 600 in 1998 and has since grown to about 1,000. Most of the residents are descended from only half a dozen men.

Bountiful's Mormon fundamentalists have divided into two groups: about half are members of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS Church), and the rest are members of the Church of Jesus Christ (Original Doctrine) Inc., an FLDS offshoot based on the teachings of Blackmore, who split with the FLDS Church after concluding the president of the church, Warren Jeffs, had exceeded his authority and become too dictatorial. The FLDS bishop is James Oler.

Allegations of abuse
On April 19, 2005, Bountiful's leaders held an extensive press conference in an effort to dispel many of the allegations of abuse that had surrounded their community.

Bountiful has come under intense scrutiny for its involvement in the polygamous FLDS Church. Warren Jeffs, who was one of the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, is thought to have visited a dozen or so times in 2005. On January 28, 2006, the Vancouver Sun released information that Utah's attorney general was collaborating with British Columbia's attorney general in attempting to deal with polygamy and the alleged abuse in these communities. Jeffs was captured by the authorities outside Las Vegas in August 2006 during a routine traffic stop. On September 25, 2007, he was found guilty of being an accomplice to rape. Prosecutors said Jeffs forced a 12-year-old girl into marriage and sex with her 19-year-old first cousin. Jeffs faced 5 years to life in prison on each of two felony charges. Utah Attorney General Mark Shurtleff said, "Everyone should now know that no one is above the law; religion is not an excuse for abuse, and every victim has a right to be heard."

On May 16, 2006, Blackmore's family invited the media to visit in response to a recent visit by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, indicating that they felt persecuted. Three of Blackmore's putative wives could face deportation, as they are U.S. citizens and would not be considered legally married to a Canadian.

On June 6, 2007, the province of British Columbia announced the appointment of high-profile Vancouver criminal lawyer Richard Peck as a special prosecutor to review the results of a police investigation into possible polygamous activity or other offences by members of the community. On August 1, 2007, Peck concluded that there was not enough evidence to charge the group with sexual abuse or exploitation charges, as it had been extraordinarily difficult to find victims willing to testify, and the defendants were likely to claim "religious freedom" as a defence.

Peck suggested that British Columbia ask the courts whether current polygamy laws, specifically section 293 of the Criminal Code, are constitutional. Peck said that it was time to find out whether Canada's polygamy laws would stand. He said, "If the law is upheld, members of the Bountiful community will have fair notice that their practice of polygamy must cease." The Supreme Court of British Columbia upheld Canada's polygamy laws in a 2011 reference case.

In July 2017, two men from the FLDS community, Blackmore and Oler, were convicted of one count each of polygamy. Blackmore and Oler are the third and fourth people in Canada history to be convicted of polygamy. Blackmore was found to have married 24 women and fathered 149 children. In June 2018, both men were given house arrest as a result of their convictions. Blackmore received 6 months' house arrest followed by 18 months' probation, while Oler received 3 months' house arrest and 12 months' probation.

In August, 2017, Brandon James Blackmore and Emily Ruth Gail Blackmore were convicted of removing an underage girl from Canada for marriage in the United States. They were sentenced to 12 months and seven months in jail, respectively, followed by probation of 18 months, for transporting a 13-year-old girl to the U.S. in 2004 for marriage to Warren Jeffs. Oler was a third defendant in this case and was acquitted, which was successfully challenged by the Crown. In an August 2019 new trial, Oler was convicted of the same child removal charge and sentenced to 12 months in jail and 18 months' probation. During the trial, records revealed that Jeffs had directed Oler on June 23, 2004, to bring a 15-year-old to the U.S. for marriage. As of August 2011, Jeffs had been sentenced to life in prison for sexually assaulting two underage followers taken as brides.

title: Bountiful, British Columbia


text:
Wolfowitz

Wolfowitz is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Jacob Wolfowitz, (1910–1981) American statistician and information theorist
 * Clare Selgin Wolfowitz (born 1945), American anthropologist
 * Paul Wolfowitz, (born 1943) American political figure, son of Jacob

title: Wolfowitz


text: Category:Boston Bees players

title: Category:Boston Bees players


text:
John Collins (footballer, born 1968)

John Angus Paul Collins (born 31 January 1968) is a Scottish professional football manager and former player who played as a midfielder.

He played for Hibernian, Celtic, AS Monaco, Everton and Fulham in a 19-year career. Collins also represented Scotland 58 times, scoring in the opening match of the 1998 FIFA World Cup against Brazil.

He started his coaching career as manager of Hibernian, winning the 2007 Scottish League Cup Final, but resigned later that year. He then had a brief spell as manager of Charleroi in 2009. Collins was appointed director of football at Livingston in February 2012, but resigned a year later. He then assisted Ronny Deila at Celtic for two years. Collins has also worked in media coverage of football.

Hibernian
As a youngster, Collins played both rugby union and football before turning his attention entirely to football. At youth level, he played for Hutchison Vale between 1980 and 1984, captaining the side for four years, before signing as a professional with Hibernian. Collins played with the Hibees for six seasons, making his debut in 1985 aged 17, appearing 195 times and scoring 21 goals. During his spell at Easter Road, he was named the PFA Scotland Young Player of the Year for 1988.

Celtic
Collins signed for Celtic in 1990, becoming their first million pound player. He generally played on the left side of midfield, scoring 55 goals in 273 appearances. In April 1994, he became the first professional footballer using Adidas Predator boots to score a goal in a top-level match: he scored the opening goal of a 1–1 draw at Ibrox against Rangers, direct from a free-kick on the edge of the penalty box. He repeated that feat from almost the same position in the next Old Firm meeting at the same venue in August of the same year. During his time at Celtic he won only one trophy; the Scottish Cup in 1995.

Monaco
Collins moved to AS Monaco in the summer of 1996 on a free transfer under the Bosman ruling; Under the direction of Fergus McCann, Celtic attempted to obtain compensation for the loss of Collins, arguing that the Bosman ruling did not apply to this case because AS Monaco were based in the principality of Monaco and outside of European Union jurisdiction. The compensation claim was not successful.

Collins won the French championship in 1997 with Monaco, who then reached the semi-final of the 1997–98 UEFA Champions League, defeating Manchester United in the quarter-final before losing to Juventus.

Later career
Collins moved to Everton in the summer of 1998 for £2 million. He captained Everton before submitting a transfer request in 2000. He then joined Fulham, where he linked up with Jean Tigana, who had been his manager at Monaco. Collins helped Fulham gain promotion to the Premier League in 2001. He retired in 2003, having not played regularly during the 2002–03 season. Coventry City offered to sign Collins on loan, but this offer was refused by Fulham because it did not cover his wages fully.

In February 2014, Collins registered as a player with Gala Fairydean Rovers, a club who he had been ambassador for.

International
Collins won 58 caps and scored 12 goals for Scotland. He played for his country at Euro 1996 and the 1998 World Cup. He scored a goal in the opening match of that World Cup, with a penalty kick against Brazil. He retired from international football after the aggregate defeat in the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying play-offs by England in November 1999.

Coaching career
After retiring from club football in 2003, Collins spent time in Monaco with his family, while also obtaining coaching qualifications including the UEFA Pro Licence.

On 31 October 2006, Collins was appointed as manager of Hibernian. Collins led Hibernian to their first national trophy in over 15 years, when they defeated Kilmarnock 5–1 in the 2007 Scottish League Cup Final. Despite the League Cup victory, Collins had a major dispute with his players just weeks later. A delegation of players met chairman Rod Petrie, where they complained about his training methods and match tactics. The players soon backed down and captain Rob Jones offered a public apology to Collins on their behalf.

On 20 December 2007, Collins resigned from Hibernian with immediate effect, citing a disagreement with the Hibs board about the budget to bring in new players. His decision was taken just one day after the club opened new training facilities. Collins had also said in October 2007 that he had "no intention" of breaking his contract with Hibs, after turning down a possibility of becoming Queens Park Rangers manager.

Lawrie Sanchez was sacked by Fulham the next day, which led to reports that Collins might move there. Collins distanced himself from this speculation, and Roy Hodgson was appointed by Fulham a week later. Collins was interviewed by West Ham United in September 2008.

On 15 December 2008, Collins was appointed as the manager of Belgian club Charleroi. Collins was reunited with former Hibs striker Abdessalam Benjelloun, but Benjelloun was almost immediately returned to Hibs before being loaned to another Belgian club, Roeselare. Collins announced his departure from Charleroi after the club secured their First Division status near the end of the season.

Collins was appointed director of football by Livingston in February 2012. He agreed to play for his old amateur club Gala Rovers in a friendly against a Livingston XI on 25 July 2012. He left the club on 28 February 2013, after Collins disagreed with a decision to remove Gareth Evans from first team coaching.

In June 2014, Collins was appointed to the position of assistant manager at Celtic. He left the club at the end of the 2015–16 season, at the same time as Ronny Deila.

Media work
Collins has appeared on the Sky Sports coverage of the UEFA Champions League and Sportscene's coverage of Scotland games. He worked for CBC Sports during their coverage of the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

International

 * Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Collins goal.

Player
Hibernian
 * Tennents' Sixes: 1990

Celtic
 * Scottish Cup: 1994–95
 * Tennents' Sixes: 1992

Monaco
 * French Division 1: 1996–97

Fulham
 * Football League Championship: 2000–01
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2002

Individual
 * Scotland national football team roll of honour: 1998

Manager
Hibernian
 * Scottish League Cup: 2006–07

title: John Collins (footballer, born 1968)


text:
User talk:Dirus

Occasionally I go long periods of time without checking Wikipedia, so if you'd like a response in a reasonable amount of time, or if you'd like to contact me for personal reasons please consider the Wikipedia email channel.

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:12, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dirus


text:
Targa timing

Targa timing (not to be confused with target timing) is a system of timing used in car rallying. It was invented by John Brown, the Clerk of the Course for the Targa Rusticana, a road rally (named after the Italian Targa Florio) organised in Wales in the 1960s by Oxford University Motor Drivers Club. Targa timing became the standard timing method used on rallies for almost 20 years following its invention in 1963. However, it was eventually banned as it became widely abused—the standard method by which organisers could set very high average speeds in a manner that left no permanent record.

History
In all rallies, competitors run against the clock, rather than directly against each other. The winner is the crew losing the fewest penalties for failing to maintain the set average speeds (either under or over). However, determining this result in a fair and logistically feasible manner can be quite a challenge, especially as events may cover a wide area and be broken up into many different sections. Targa timing was one of the practical timing systems developed to allow rapid and accurate results calculation to take place.

By the early 1960s, competitors would carry a sealed watch with them, and show it to the marshal at time controls along the route, who would record the time. The system worked, but was open to tampering and a variety of tricks employed by competitors to cheat. To combat this, the system changed so that each marshal would have his own clock, each of which had been synchronised at the start of the event. In a standard timed event, run to so-called BBC or "telecom" time, each clock would simply show the time of day to the nearest second. A characteristic of this type of timing is that the average speeds calculated for each section are easy to compute, and if this involved breaking the law with respect of speed limits, etc., it could cause problems for organisers, since it could be seen as an incitement. A competitor's time card would list the actual times and stand as a permanent record of the speeds at which they had driven to attain them. In addition, computing results was a slow and laborious process.

Targa timing solved these problems. On a targa-timed event, each clock is not synchronised to all of the others. Instead, each successive clock is retarded behind by the exact amount that the competitor is due to take to reach that clock en route. Thus, if they are exactly on time, the clock will show exactly the same time at every time control they visit, making it very easy to see whether they are ahead or behind, and if so by how much. In addition, since on most events cars are started at one-minute intervals, and the cars are numbered and started in sequence, the time shown on the clock will be their competition number if they are on time. To clarify this, imagine a notional car "0" which starts the event at time 00:00 at every point on the route, if they are on time, the clocks will always show 0:00:00. Likewise car 1 will see 0:01:00, car 2 sees 0:02:00 and so on. If Car 1 sees a time of 0:05:XX, they know instantly that they have lost at least four minutes. Incidentally, this is the origin of rally competition numbering skipping numbers 60–99, then continuing with 100, (1:00:00 on the clock) which corresponds to a due time of +1 hour. This is still occasionally seen, though it can be a problem for public relations, leading naturally but incorrectly to perceptions of there being "hundreds of cars" in a rally.

Issues
The original objective of targa timing was to speed delivery of rally results, and the rally paperwork set out the amount by which each control's clock was offset. This always remained the case on the Targa Rusticana, but other organisers soon realised that targa timing could be used to conceal the calculated average speed for a section, since the competitors have no way of knowing by how much each clock has been retarded. This in turn led to a further use of targa timing which in practice was its true advantage to organisers—it allowed them to, untraceably, set very high average speeds for competitive driving. This in turn led to the concept of a "target" or "bogey" time for a section, known only to the organisers—the upshot was that crews basically needed to drive as fast as possible to stay on time. The participants' time cards only showed the recorded targa time, and not the actual time taken, so it was not possible to use it as a permanent record of the speeds driven; no record was left that could incriminate anyone after the event.

For road rallies, targa timing was banned in 1988, along with a number of other rule changes designed to slow such events down—from then on only ordinary "time of day" timing was permitted. Many of the 'old school' competitors lament this change, though organisers have found new ways to keep events fun and challenging for entrants.

title: Targa timing


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Talk:Video server

There are multiple types of video servers. For example, Panasonic makes a video server for television stations where you upload the video to it via FTP and it then outputs analog video for broadcast. JDA 04:25, 2004 Oct 19 (UTC).

There's a new video server out now
The newest video server is compatible with dynamic IP, so all users can use it. and it doesn't require any configurations or softwares. The video could be viewed from remote computers, PDAs, and mobile phones. There are a lot more functions with this new video server. Webguard 2007 Nov. 13

title: Talk:Video server


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User talk:Jda

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Deletion of Melanie Mitchell article
I deleted it under the conditions of WP:CSD A7, an article about a person which does not assert the importance or significance of its subject. At the time that I deleted the article, it stated she is a professor at Portland State University. Other than that, there was no claim to any sort of notability. There is still some debate regarding the notability of professors as to whether simply being a professor in and of itself is notable enough. Generally speaking, from what I've seen of the debate, there doesn't appear to be a lot of support for the being a professor as being notable enough by itself. You can view some of the debate at Wikipedia talk:Criteria for inclusion of biographies/Academics. I would suggest to you that if you recreate the article that you include information regarding her being a leading researcher in her field and cite references to support that claim. Simply stating it of course is insufficient. Contrast with Douglas Hofstadter. All the best, --Durin 20:22, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jda


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User talk:Correcti0n

Hi. I noticed your edits on the 2ch site. Will you please email me when you get a chance? Check my user page.

title: User talk:Correcti0n


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User:Node ue/Langs

Dialect issues nonwithstanding (some of these should probably be split, others perhaps merged), here are all languages the Ethnologue says have over 1m speakers but no Wikipedia:

LAHNDA MAITHILI AWADHI IGBO SARAIKI CEBUANO CHITTAGONGIAN MADURESE HARYANVI MARWARI MAGAHI CHHATTISGARHI DECCAN LOMBARD ILOCANO FULFULDE NAPOLITANO-CALABRESE AKAN HILGAYNON SHONA MINANGKABAU LUBA-KASAI KANAUJI SANTALI NYANJA SYLHETTI SUKUMA MOORE LURI KITUBA UMBUNDU SEPEDI BALINESE LUYIA EMILIANO-ROMAGNOLO BUGINESE KANURI PARSI TACHELHIT TAMAZIGHT LUO BALUCHI GILAKI MAZANDERANI KONGO WOLOF KABYLE ACEHNESE BANJAR MBUNDU PIEMONTESE SHAN PULAAR FUUTA JALON LOMWE BAMBARA LAMBADI BETAWI JAMAICAN CREOLE JULA HASSANIYYA BICOLANO MAKHUWA EWE KALENJIN KAMBA WARAY WARAY MANINKA KHANDESI TIV BRAHUI VENETIAN ZARMA BEMBA BAOULE SASAK DOGRI-KANGRI ARAKANESE GARHWALI KONKANI KUMAUNI BOUYEI TOBA BATAK KAREN GOANESE KURUX UPPER SAXON TARIFIT TUMBUKA BAGRI PAMPANGAN SIDAMO HINDKO SADRI LIGURIAN TULU CHUVASH HAZARAGI NYANKORE BHILI MAKASAR YAO GUSII WAGDI LUBA-SHABA NDEBELE (n. and s.) IBIBIO LAMPUNG QASHQAI ROMANI SCANIAN KHAMS DONG MUNDARI FON-GBE CHAOUIA MEITHEI CHIGA SOGA MERU GOGO FLEMISH NIMADI MAKONDE MENDE HMONG GAMO-GOFA-DAWRO WOLAYTTA TESO DAIRI BATAK HAYA THEMNE TAY MANDINKA PANGASINAN MAKHUWA-MEETTO SONINKE MUNUKUTUBA BEDAWI ZANDE TONGA (african) SENA SERER-SINE MALVI NYAKYUSA-NGONDE HO CRIOULO DAN CHOKWE ANAANG CHECHEN DIMLI EBIRA EDO MAGINDANAON REJANG SONGE
 * INDIAN SIGN LANGUAGE

title: User:Node ue/Langs


text:
UQ (disambiguation)

UQ is the University of Queensland, a public research university in Queensland, Australia.

UQ may also refer to:

 * Urumqi Airlines (IATA code UQ)
 * Ubiquinone, or coenzyme Q
 * Uncertainty quantification
 * Universal Queue, a concept in contact center design
 * Université du Québec, the public university system in Quebec, Canada
 * Universities Quarterly, now renamed Higher Education Quarterly, a journal published by the Society for Research into Higher Education

title: UQ (disambiguation)


text:
User:Jda

= J. Auer =

Formerly a System administrator at a Wisconsin WISP.

Studied Computer Science at Concordia University Wisconsin and I.T. Security at Western Governors University.

On the web: home site

title: User:Jda


text:
Didicas Volcano

Didicas Volcano is an active volcanic island in the province of Cagayan in northern Philippines. The island, which was a submarine volcano and re-emerged from the sea in 1952, is 22 km NE of Camiguin Island, one of the Babuyan Islands in Luzon Strait. Before 1952, the volcano first breached the ocean surface in 1857.

Physical features
Didicas is topped with a lava dome with an elevation of 228 m and a base diameter of 1200 m at sea level. It is at the southern end of the Luzon Volcanic Arc, and like all the volcanoes in the Philippines, is part of the Pacific ring of fire.

Eruption history
There have been six historical eruptions recorded from the volcano since the 18th century.

 * 1773: The first recorded submarine eruption from the volcano, on what was known as Didicas reefs of the Farallones.
 * 1856 September or October: The first activity started as a column of "smoke" in between the two rocks well known to the locals, but no earthquakes were felt.
 * 1857: The volcano erupted violently, attended by earthquakes, then broke the surface of the sea. From then to 1860, the volcano was constantly active and in four years had reached a height of 700 ft. The island was later washed out by the waves and disappeared beneath the sea.
 * 1900: An eruption left three rock masses up to 82 ft high.
 * 1952: The volcano broke the ocean's surface again during an eruption that started around March 16.
 * 1953: The activities subsided. The resulting island is 1.5 mi wide with an elevation of 800 ft.
 * 1969: First known fatalities from the volcano: three fishermen were killed while fishing near the volcano. The activity, which started on March 21, came from a new crater on the northern side of the island. Air reconnaissance over the volcano reported bubbling mud on the 20 m wide bottom of the crater. Activity on the volcano waned in June.
 * 1978 January 6 to 9: The last eruption of Didicas to date. The mild eruption blanketed the island with volcanic ash.

title: Didicas Volcano


text:
Tetragonia

Tetragonia is a genus of 51 species of flowering plants in the family Aizoaceae, native to temperate and subtropical regions mostly of the Southern Hemisphere, in New Zealand, Australia, southern and eastern Africa, and western South America, and eastern Asia.

Description
Plants of the genus Tetragonia are herbs or small shrubs. Leaves are alternate and succulent, with flowers typically yellow and small in size. Flowers can be axillary, solitary or fasciculate, greenish or yellowish in colour and mostly bisexual. Fruit are initially succulent but become dry and woody with age. The genus name comes from "tetragonus", meaning "four-angled" and referring to the shape of the plants' fruits.

Distribution
About forty species of Tetragonia are found in southern Africa, from Angola to South Africa. They also occur in Australia, eastern Africa (Kenya and Ethiopia), western south America (Peru and Chile), and Asia (Japan, Korea, Taiwan, southern China, Myanmar, and Vietnam).

Classification
The genus was first formally described by the botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753 in the work Species Plantarum. Synonyms for the genus include Tetragonocarpos Mill., Demidovia Pall., and Tetragonella Miq.

Human use and cultivation
The best known species of Tetragonia is the leafy vegetable food crop, Tetragonia tetragonoides ("New Zealand spinach"). New Zealand spinach is widely cultivated as a summer leafy vegetable.

Some of the other species are also eaten locally, such as Tetragonia decumbens ("Dune spinach") which is a local delicacy in its native southern Africa.

Species
51 species are accepted.
 * Tetragonia acanthocarpa Adamson
 * Tetragonia angustifolia Barnéoud
 * Tetragonia arbuscula Fenzl
 * Tetragonia caesia Adamson
 * Tetragonia calycina Fenzl
 * Tetragonia chenopodioides Eckl. & Zeyh.
 * Tetragonia copiapina Phil.
 * Tetragonia coronata Rye & Trudgen
 * Tetragonia cristata C.A.Gardner ex A.M.Prescott
 * Tetragonia crystallina L'Hér.
 * Tetragonia decumbens Mill.
 * Tetragonia diptera F.Muell.
 * Tetragonia distorta Fenzl
 * Tetragonia echinata Aiton
 * Tetragonia erecta Adamson
 * Tetragonia eremaea Ostenf.
 * Tetragonia espinosae Muñoz
 * Tetragonia fruticosa L.
 * Tetragonia galenioides Fenzl
 * Tetragonia glauca Fenzl
 * Tetragonia halimoides Fenzl
 * Tetragonia haworthii Fenzl
 * Tetragonia herbacea L.
 * Tetragonia hirsuta L.f.
 * Tetragonia implexicoma (Miq.) Hook.f.
 * Tetragonia lasiantha Adamson
 * Tetragonia macrocarpa Phil.
 * Tetragonia macroptera Pax
 * Tetragonia maritima Barnéoud
 * Tetragonia microcarpa Phil.
 * Tetragonia microptera Fenzl
 * Tetragonia moorei M.Gray
 * Tetragonia namaquensis Schltr.
 * Tetragonia nigrescens Eckl. & Zeyh.
 * Tetragonia ovata Phil.
 * Tetragonia pedunculata Phil.
 * Tetragonia pillansii Adamson
 * Tetragonia portulacoides Fenzl
 * Tetragonia rangeana Engl.
 * Tetragonia reduplicata Welw. ex Oliv.
 * Tetragonia robusta Fenzl
 * Tetragonia rosea Schltr.
 * Tetragonia saligna Fenzl
 * Tetragonia sarcophylla Fenzl
 * Tetragonia schenckii Schinz
 * Tetragonia sphaerocarpa Adamson
 * Tetragonia spicata L.f.
 * Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze
 * Tetragonia verrucosa Fenzl
 * Tetragonia vestita I.M.Johnst.
 * Tetragonia virgata Schltr.

title: Tetragonia


text:
User talk:0101YEUNGyl

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 04:32, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:0101YEUNGyl


text:
User talk:Gooberguy

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 04:33, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gooberguy