text:
Sharp

Sharp or SHARP may refer to:

Acronyms

 * SHARP (helmet ratings) (Safety Helmet Assessment and Rating Programme), a British motorcycle helmet safety rating scheme
 * Self Help Addiction Recovery Program, a charitable organisation founded in 1991 by Barbara Bach and Pattie Boyd
 * Sexual Harassment/Assault Response & Prevention, a US Army program dealing with sexual harassment
 * Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice, an anti-racist Trojan skinhead organization formed to combat White power skinheads
 * Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing
 * Stationary High Altitude Relay Platform, a 1980s beamed-power aircraft
 * Super High Altitude Research Project, a 1990s project to develop a high-velocity gun
 * SIGINT High Altitude Replenishment Program (SHARP)

Companies

 * I. P. Sharp Associates, a former Canadian computer services company
 * Sharp Airlines, an Australian regional airline
 * Sharp Corporation, a Japanese electronics manufacturer
 * Sharp Entertainment, an American TV program producer
 * Sharp HealthCare, a hospital system in San Diego, California
 * Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego
 * Sharp Chula Vista Medical Center, Chula Vista, California
 * Sharp Solar, a manufacturer of photovoltaic cells and films

Music

 * Sharp (music), a musical notation sign (♯)
 * Sharp (English band), English band featuring ex-Jam members
 * Sharp (South Korean band), pop music group
 * The Sharp, Australian pop/rock band
 * Sharp (Angela Winbush album)
 * Sharp (Etnica album), 2004

People and fictional characters

 * Sharp (surname), a list of people and fictional characters
 * Sharp Delany (c. 1739–1799), American Revolutionary War colonel and member of the legislature of Pennsylvania
 * Sharp Räsänen (born 1999), Finnish footballer
 * Sharp, e.g. card sharp, a swindler at games of chance and skill

Antarctica

 * Sharp Glacier, Graham Land
 * Sharp Peak, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, a hill
 * Sharp Valley, on James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula
 * Mount Sharp (Antarctica), Sentinel Range, West Antarctica

United States

 * Sharp, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Sharp County, Arkansas
 * Sharp Burial Ground, Kingston, New York
 * Sharp Mountain, Pennsylvania, a ridgeline

Outer space

 * Sharp (crater), a crater on the Moon
 * Mount Sharp, a small mountain on Mars
 * 5426 Sharp, an asteroid

Other places

 * Sharp Glacier (Greenland)
 * Sharp Island, Hong Kong
 * Sharp Island (Ontario), Georgian Bay, Canada
 * Sharp Peak, a hill in Hong Kong

Publications

 * Sharp (magazine), a Canadian magazine
 * Sharp Daily, a free newspaper published in Taiwan and Hong Kong

Titles

 * Eric Sharp, Baron Sharp of Grimsdyke (1916–1994)
 * Evelyn Sharp, Baroness Sharp (1903–1985), British civil servant
 * Margaret Sharp, Baroness Sharp of Guildford (born 1938)
 * Sharp baronets, three titles, one in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia and two in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom

Other uses

 * Sharp (automobile)
 * Sharp (flour), a flour made from hard wheat
 * Sharp sand
 * Sharp (science), also called a hypodermic needle
 * Sharp series, a series of spectral lines
 * Sharp (set theory)
 * Sharp (TV series)
 * Sharp Gymnasium, a multi-purpose arena in Houston, Texas, United States, home to the Houston Baptist University Huskies basketball and volleyball teams
 * Sharp Scale, a measure of paper opacity
 * Sharp, a type of sewing needle
 * Sharp, a mathematics term often applied to upper and lower bounds; see Mathematical jargon

title: Sharp


text:
Talk:Acoustic (John Lennon album)

as

Untitled
"Nine of its sixteen recordings were previously released in 1998 on the John Lennon Anthology box set - a decision that was criticised by critics and fans - while the remaining inclusions had been bootlegged for years." - I assume it was not their release on Anthology that was criticised but their rerelease on Acoustic. I'll rephrase. -- Beardo 23:35, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

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Another "Acoustic" Album?
I noticed that on spotify there is also another album called "ACOUSTIC.". [https://open.spotify.com/album/6o2dk7GGZPpQgoIRagAjYc ACOUSTIC. on Spotify] Do we have to mention this? --2A02:908:4B45:1EA0:906A:B6FB:F6BA:1A58 (talk) 11:11, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Acoustic (John Lennon album)


text:
Christina Wodtke

Christina R. Wodtke (born October 22, 1966) is an American businessperson and specialist in the area of design thinking, information architecture and Management Science (specializing in objectives and key results (OKR) and team productivity.) She is currently a lecturer in HCI at Stanford University.

Career
Wodtke has held a series of executive roles in the tech industry, most notably leading teams who built the events platform and created an algorithm for Linkedin's newsfeed, leading a redesign of Myspace and its profile pages and leading the design and launch of the Zynga.com gaming platform.

Wodtke is a co-founder and past president of the Information Architecture Institute. As a User Experience professional, she has worked for such companies as Yahoo, Hot Studio, The New York Times, and Zynga to improve and develop their Web sites.

Wodtke founded Webby-nominated magazine of design thinking [Boxes and Arrows] and has been published continuously (as well as sometime contributor). Boxes and Arrows was the first online magazine aimed exclusively at working practitioner designers, and has inspired a host of other online 'zines, from UXmatters to Johnny Holland.

She is frequently sought out as an expert for interviews and talks on social web design, gamification, user experience, start-up management, and innovation.

title: Christina Wodtke


text:
Sasha Cohen

Alexandra Pauline "Sasha" Cohen (born October 26, 1984) is a retired American figure skater. She is the 2006 Olympic silver medalist, a three-time World Championship medalist, the 2003 Grand Prix Final Champion, and the 2006 U.S. Champion. She is known for her artistry, flexibility and body lines, and musical interpretation. , Cohen is the most recent American woman to medal individually in figure skating at the Olympics.

Early life
Cohen was born in Westwood, California, a neighborhood in Los Angeles. Her nickname "Sasha" is a Russian diminutive of "Alexandra". Her mother, Galina Cohen (née Feldman), is a Jewish immigrant from Odesa, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union and a former ballet dancer. Her father, Roger Cohen, is a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley Boalt Hall School of Law and formerly a law partner at Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison. Cohen has a younger sister, Natalia (nicknamed "Natasha"). She understands and can speak Russian, but refuses to speak it in public.

Cohen graduated from Futures High School in Mission Viejo, California in 2002. Cohen graduated from Columbia University in 2016 with a degree in political science. As a university student, she has used the name Alex rather than Sasha.

In 2005, Cohen published her autobiography, Fire on Ice. The autobiography was republished in 2006 with a new chapter on the 2006 season.

Early career
A gymnast from an early age, Cohen switched to figure skating when she was seven years old, but it wasn't until she was eleven that she began to take the sport seriously. One of her early skating coaches was Victor Yelchin, father of late actor Anton Yelchin.

Cohen rose to prominence in the skating community during the 2000 U.S. Championships. Just up from juniors, Cohen was first in the short program and finished second overall after the free skate, provisionally qualifying for the senior World team. A loophole in the ISU's age rules at the time would have allowed her to compete at the senior World Championships if she medaled at the World Junior Championships but she finished 6th at the junior event.

Senior development
Cohen did not compete at the 2001 U.S. Nationals due to a stress fracture in her back. She resumed full training in June 2001. Cohen won the silver medal at the 2002 U.S. Championships, earning her a trip to the Olympics. Cohen competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, finishing 4th. She also finished 4th at the 2002 World Championships, held in Nagano. Cohen was coached by John Nicks in California.

In the summer of 2002, Cohen moved to the East Coast to train with Tatiana Tarasova at the International Skating Center of Connecticut in Simsbury, Connecticut. She won her first ISU Grand Prix event at the 2002 Skate Canada and then won the 2002 Trophée Lalique. She won the silver medal at the 2002 Cup of Russia. These three placements earned her a spot to the 2002–03 Grand Prix Final, where she became the champion. At the 2003 U.S. championships she won the bronze medal, and at the 2003 World Championships, held in Washington, D.C., Cohen placed 4th, repeating her placement in the previous season.

Her best season was 2003–04, when she took gold at the 2003 Skate America, at the 2003 Skate Canada (setting a world record in the short program) and at the 2003 Trophée Lalique and won silver at the 2003–04 Grand Prix Final. In late December 2003, she changed coaches and began training with Robin Wagner in Hackensack, New Jersey. She placed second at both the 2004 U.S. Championships and the 2004 World Championships, getting a medal at Worlds for the first time in her career.

In the 2004–05 season, Cohen withdrew from her Grand Prix events due to a recurring back injury. In late December 2004, Cohen decided to return to California and train again with her first coach John Nicks. She placed 2nd at the 2005 U.S. Championships in Portland and the 2005 World Championships in Moscow, Russia.

2006 Olympic season
Cohen started her Olympic season by placing first at the Campbell's International Figure Skating Challenge. Soon after she withdrew from Skate America due to a hip injury. She took second place at Trophée Eric Bompard, where she fell on a triple salchow during her free skate. In 2006, Cohen overcame the flu to capture her first U.S. championship. With this victory Cohen automatically secured her place on the U.S. Olympic team for the 2006 Winter Olympics, a spot made official on January 14 of that year by the United States Figure Skating Association.

At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Cohen was in first after the short program, leading Russia's Irina Slutskaya by a mere .03 points. In the final free skate, Cohen fell on her first jump, a triple lutz, and had her hands down on her second jump, the triple flip. She completed the rest of her elements, including five triples. Cohen finished with an Olympic silver medal, 7.98 points behind gold medalist Shizuka Arakawa of Japan.

A month later at the 2006 World Championships in Calgary, Canada, Cohen was in first place after the short program. Completing only one jump combination and falling on the triple salchow, she placed fourth in the free skate and won the bronze medal, finishing almost ten points behind her teammate, gold medalist Kimmie Meissner.

Champions on Ice and hiatus
In April 2006, Cohen started the Champions on Ice tour, participated in the second annual "Skating with the Stars, Under the Stars" gala in Central Park and performed in the Marshalls U.S. Figure Skating International Showcase. On April 15, 2006, Cohen announced that she intended to compete in the 2010 season and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. She said via her official website, "I will decide after the COI Tour how much skating and what events I will do next season."

In December 2006, Cohen announced that she needed "a little downtime from competing" and that she would not defend her U.S. Figure Skating Championship title in 2007. She said that her "major goals" were the 2009 World Championships and the 2010 Olympics; "I know I want to be in Vancouver for the 2010 Olympics."

Cohen did not compete in 2007, 2008, or 2009, although she did not give up her Olympic eligibility. She performed in exhibitions, including the Rockefeller Christmas Tree lighting and USFSA-approved events. She was a headliner in the 2007–08 and 2008–09 Stars on Ice tour.

Return to competition
Cohen announced on May 6, 2009, that she planned to make a comeback for the 2010 Winter Olympics. She said she would train with Rafael Arutyunyan. Cohen received invitations to compete in the 2009 Trophée Eric Bompard and in the 2009 Skate America in the 2009–10 Grand Prix series but withdrew from both due to tendinitis in her right calf. In November 2009, she changed coaches to John Nicks, who worked closer to where she lived.

On January 21, 2010, Cohen competed for the first time in four years at the 2010 U.S. Championships in Spokane, Washington. She debuted her program to España cañí, and skated a strong performance landing a triple lutz-double toe, a triple flip, a double Axel, along with her signature spiral sequence and spins earning 69.63 points putting her in second place, just 0.43 from first-place finisher Mirai Nagasu. In her free skate, set to Moonlight Sonata, she fell on a triple flip and had two-footed landings on a number of other jumps. She finished fourth in the championships, behind Rachael Flatt, Mirai Nagasu and Ashley Wagner, and was not selected for the Olympic team, rather appointed as second alternate to the 2010 U.S. Olympic team and the 2010 World Championship team. She retired from figure skating in 2010.

Halls of Fame
In 2015, Cohen was inducted into the Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. The next January 22, U.S. Figure Skating made her part of the U.S. Figure Skating Hall of Fame Class of 2016.

Skating trademarks
Cohen is the first skater to receive +3s for spirals under the International Skating Union Judging System (IJS) for "Grade of Execution (GOE)", and was also the first female skater to break the +130 barrier on a free skate under the IJS. At the beginning of her senior career she was labeled as one in the generation of "Baby Ballerinas" (alongside Naomi Nari Nam) due to her body lines and the ability to point her toes during difficult skating maneuvers such as triple jumps, spiral sequences and footwork. She is known for her 180º arabesque penchée spiral and Charlotte spiral, as well as the variety of positions in her spins. She popularized the I-spin position, which is sometimes informally referred to as the "Sasha spin", due to her exceptional execution of the move.

Ice shows
Cohen has participated in the ice show Stars On Ice for several years, as well as starring in the 2010 Art On Ice alongside Stéphane Lambiel. She joined 2010 Olympic ladies champion Yuna Kim in the All That Skate ice show, scheduled for July 23–25, 2010 in Goyang, South Korea, alongside other skaters including Michelle Kwan, Stéphane Lambiel and Brian Joubert.

Television and film
Cohen has appeared, as herself and as an actress playing a role, in commercials, television episodes, documentaries and feature films.

Television
Cohen has done commercials for Citizen Watch, Simply Saline, and Got Milk?. She appeared in Episode 7 of the second season of Project Runway wherein designers were challenged to design a skating dress for her. The winning dress (by Zulema Griffin) did not fit and the dress had to be resized. Cohen made a brief appearance guest starring as herself on the May 5, 2006 episode of the NBC drama, Las Vegas. In April 2008, she appeared as a contortionist on the premiere episode of Secret Talents of the Stars and advanced to the semifinals, although the show was cancelled before she could perform again. She made a guest appearance as an ice skater in CSI: NY season 3 episode 12 "Silent Night". Cohen also participated in the 2013 edition of "Tornado Week" on The Weather Channel, helping break the myth that small tornadoes are not as destructive by demonstrating a tight spin.

Film
Cohen played Fiona Hughes, Moondance Alexander's archenemy, in the Don Johnson movie Moondance Alexander. At the 2006 Academy Awards, Cohen served as a guest correspondent for Inside Edition. This experience led to an encounter with Ben Stiller and a discussion about having a part in a future comedy about figure skating, which Cohen said she would enjoy. In 2007, she appeared as herself in Blades of Glory. Later that year, she also had a role in Bratz: The Movie. In 2017, Cohen appeared as herself in the SyFy TV movie, Sharknado 5.

Cohen was featured in The Weight of Gold (2020), an HBO Sports Documentary which "explor(es) the mental health challenges that Olympic athletes often face."

Personal life
On July 5, 2015, it was announced that Cohen was engaged to hedge fund manager Tom May. On August 20, 2016, the couple married in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. In February 2018, she and May were living apart and going through divorce proceedings. Cohen now works as an associate at Morgan Stanley. In October 2019, Cohen announced her engagement to Geoffrey Lieberthal, an equity partner who is also the son of political scientist Kenneth Lieberthal. They have two children: a son born in January 2020 and a daughter born in August 2021. Cohen and Lieberthal married in September 2022 in Aspen Mountain, Colorado.

Competitive highlights
GP = Grand Prix; JGP = Junior Grand Prix

Detailed results

 * 2001: Goodwill Games – 4th; Finlandia Trophy – 1st
 * 2000: U.S. Championships – 2nd; World Junior Championships – 6th; Nations Cup – 5th; Cup of Russia – 4th
 * 1999: U.S. Championships, Junior – 2nd

title: Sasha Cohen


text:
Wakanohana Masaru

Masaru Hanada (花田 虎上) is a Japanese former professional sumo wrestler. As an active wrestler he was known as Wakanohana Masaru (若乃花 勝), and his rise through the ranks alongside his younger brother Takanohana Kōji saw a boom in sumo's popularity in the early 1990s. He is the elder son of the former ōzeki Takanohana Kenshi, who was also his stablemaster, and the nephew of Wakanohana Kanji I, a famous yokozuna of the 1950s. Wakanohana was a long serving ōzeki who won five tournament championships, and eventually joined his brother at yokozuna rank in 1998, creating the first ever sibling grand champions. After a brief and injury plagued yokozuna career he retired in 2000, becoming a television personality and restaurant owner. The death of his father in 2005 saw a very public falling out with his brother.

Early career
He entered sumo in March 1988, at the same time as his younger brother Takanohana, and joined his father's training stable, then known as Fujishima stable. The two brothers moved out of the family quarters and joined all the other new recruits in the communal area, and were instructed to refer to their father as oyakata (coach) only. Future rivals Akebono and Kaiō made their professional debuts in the same month. In the early part of his career he wrestled under the name Wakahanada (若花田), being given his uncle's fighting name a few tournaments prior to his promotion to ōzeki. Wakanohana means young flower in Japanese.

He entered the top division for the first time in September 1990, alongside Akebono and Takatōriki. He first reached a san'yaku rank in November 1991 when he was promoted to komusubi. In January 1992 he defeated Asahifuji in what was to be the yokozuna's last ever bout, to earn the second of his two kinboshi or gold stars. Lacking his brother's weight and strength, he took longer to rise up the ranks, still being a maegashira wrestler as late as January 1993, the tournament that Takanohana earned promotion to ōzeki. However in the following tournament Wakanohana won his first top division championship or yūshō with a 14–1 record. After a 10–5 in May 1993 and runner-up honours in July, he joined his brother at ōzeki, the first time that two brothers had held the rank simultaneously. His second tournament title came in November 1995, when he defeated Takanohana (by then a yokozuna) in a playoff. This was to be the only time he fought his brother in a competitive match. Wakanohana was injured in the next tournament however, and the same thing happened after his third championship in January 1997. On that occasion he missed two tournaments and only just preserved his ōzeki status with a bare majority of wins upon his return in July 1997. He was a tournament runner-up on five occasions at ōzeki, four of those coming in 1996. Due to the dominance of Futagoyama stable (which Fujishima stable was absorbed into in 1993), he was excused from having to fight several top wrestlers including Takanonami, Takatōriki and Akinoshima.

Yokozuna
Wakanohana finally earned promotion to yokozuna in 1998 after winning two consecutive championships in March and May of that year. He had spent 29 tournaments at ōzeki before reaching the yokozuna rank, the third longest wait ever. He and Takanohana became the first pair of brothers to become yokozuna. However his time at sumo's highest rank was brief and injury plagued, and he was unable to add to his tally of championship wins. The best result he had as a yokozuna was in January 1999 when he came into the final day of the tournament as leader on 13–1. However he was defeated by Chiyotaikai and, in the subsequent playoff between them for the championship, he lost a rematch after the first bout was deemed by the judges to be too close to call, despite many observers feeling Wakanohana had clearly won the match. He was unable to complete the next three tournaments due to a leg sprain, and then his refusal to withdraw from his comeback tournament in September 1999 despite suffering a torn thigh muscle on the tenth day ensured that he became only the second yokozuna ever to finish a 15-day tournament with more losses than wins (the other yokozuna to suffer this fate was Ōnokuni, exactly ten years previously). He resolved to continue wrestling after consulting with his father, and was also supported by the head of the Japan Sumo Association, the former Yutakayama Katsuo, who said he saw no reason for retirement as his poor record was directly caused by injury.

After sitting out the next two tournaments Wakanohana returned in March 2000, even though he was not fully recovered from his injury, with most observers expecting him to wait until May. After losing three of his first five bouts he announced his retirement from sumo. He had been at sumo's top rank for only 11 tournaments, withdrawing from or missing six of them, and at 29 years of age, he was the sixth youngest yokozuna to retire. It was noted by a member of the Yokozuna Deliberation Council that had he not been promoted he would have been remembered as a fine ōzeki like his father, rather than as a disappointing yokozuna.

Fighting style
Wakanohana was noted for his wide range of techniques, winning the prestigious Technique prize on six occasions. His favourite grip on his opponent's mawashi was hidari-yotsu, a right hand outside, left hand inside position. His most common winning kimarite was yorikiri, or force out, followed by oshidashi or push out. Together these two techniques accounted for almost fifty percent of his career victories. He had knowledge of a wide range of throwing moves, such as uwatenage (overarm throw), shitatenage (underarm throw), sukuinage (scoop throw) and kubinage (neck throw), as well as extremely rare techniques such as amiuchi (the fisherman's throw), kawazugake (hooking backward counter throw) and susoharai (rear footsweep).

After sumo
After a brief spell as a member (or elder) of the Japan Sumo Association, he eventually left sumo completely and has worked as an entertainer in Japan, as well as trying to enter the professional world of American football. On March 23, 2002, Hanada signed with the Arizona Rattlers. Wakanohana owned and operated a chain of chanko nabe (literally "meal pot", the staple food of sumo wrestlers) restaurants in Japan called "Chanko Dining Waka". On May 6, 2010, it was announced in the news that the "Chanko Dining Waka" chain was filing for bankruptcy, citing debts of over 147 million yen.

Wakanohana published his autobiography, Dokuhaku: Strong Spirit (独白―ストロング・スピリット) in 2000. He wrote of his constant fear during his career that he could be badly injured in a bout, and revealed that he never slept well during tournaments.

It was announced in October 2007, he was divorcing his wife Mieko, whom he married in June 1994 and with whom he had four children. He has since remarried and has another child with his new wife.

In 2011, Hanada started spelling his name 花田 虎上 professionally.

He stepped onto the dohyō at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan for the first time since his retirement in 2000 when he attended the 2018 Hakuhō Cup, an amateur sumo event for children.

In 2019 he appeared on Abema as a sumo commentator. This was his first work in sumo broadcasting in 15 years, having last appeared on NHK in 2004.

Relationship with Takanohana
At the time of the death of their father on May 30, 2005, a bitter rift between Wakanohana and Takanohana was widely reported in the Japanese media. Upon his father's death, Takanohana was very critical of both his brother and his mother: his attacks on his brother (Wakanohana) relating to the struggle between them to control their father's funeral rites; the attacks on his mother condemning her for her extramarital affair (which led to her divorce from Futagoyama, and had only been rumored up to that point). There had been some speculation that all of this was related to who would control their father's estate. However, Wakanohana forfeited claim to the estate not long after his father's funeral.

title: Wakanohana Masaru


text:
Huld

In Scandinavian mythology, Huld is only referenced by völva or seiðkona, that is a woman who practiced the seiðr. She is mentioned in the Ynglinga saga, Sturlunga saga and a late medieval Icelandic tale. In the latter source, she is Odin's mistress and the mother of the demi-goddesses Þorgerðr and Irpa. As her name suggests, Huld may be in origin the same being as the Hulder and the German Holda.

Attestations
In the Ynglinga saga it is related that she was first hired to kill the Swedish king Vanlade, by his wife Drífa. She "hag-rode" him to death.

Snorri also quoted some lines from Ynglingatal composed in the 9th century:

Later she was hired by Vanlade's grandchildren to kill his son Visbur.

It is said in Sturlunga saga that Sturla Þórðarson entertained King Magnús lagabœtir with a story about Huld in 1263, which he told "better and more cleverly than any of those present had heard before" (betr ok fróðligar en nokkurr þeira hafði fyrr heyrt, er þar váru). According to Sturlunga saga, the story was about a great troll-woman and was well received by the king's followers and by the queen; it took a good part of the day to tell.

title: Huld


text:
List of withdrawn drugs

Drugs or medicines may be withdrawn from commercial markets because of risks to patients, but also because of commercial reasons (e.g. lack of demand and relatively high production costs). Where risks or harms is the reason for withdrawal, this will usually have been prompted by unexpected adverse effects that were not detected during Phase III clinical trials, i.e. they were only made apparent from postmarketing surveillance data collected from the wider community over longer periods of time.

This list is not limited to drugs that were ever approved by the FDA. Some of them (lumiracoxib, rimonabant, tolrestat, ximelagatran and ximelidine, for example) were approved to be marketed in Europe but had not yet been approved for marketing in the US, when side effects became clear and their developers pulled them from the market. Some drugs in this list (e.g. LSD) were never approved for marketing in the US or Europe.

Withdrawn clinical trial drugs

 * RG7795, in 2021 discontinued development

title: List of withdrawn drugs


text:
User talk:Latnahc

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --John Kerry + John Edwards 2004 22:37, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
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User:Latnahc
I've added the "" template to your user page (User:Latnahc), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy).

Please note that the purpose of a user page is not as personal homepage or used as a general webhosting service, but as way for active editors of Wikipedia to introduce themselves to other editors. If you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues here or on my user talk page. You may remove the deletion notice, and the page will not be deleted for the moment, but note that it may still be sent to Miscellany for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Calton | Talk 16:06, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Latnahc


text:
User talk:Taksim25

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --John Kerry + John Edwards 2004 22:38, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
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Calendars of 2005
--Munchkinguy 18:21, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Taksim25! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

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 * 1) Rosa Martinez -

title: User talk:Taksim25


text:
Wakanohana

Wakanohana may refer to:

 * Wakanohana Kanji I (1928–2010), sumo wrestler, the 45th Yokozuna
 * Wakanohana Kanji II (1953–2022), sumo wrestler, the 56th Yokozuna
 * Wakanohana Masaru (born 1971), sumo wrestler, the 66th Yokozuna

title: Wakanohana


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lou Rosenfield

Lou Rosenfeld
former title of discussion: Lou Rosenfield

Vanity. RickK 22:40, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable.  16,600 Google hits, authored Amazon.com's best computer book of 1998 "Information Architecture for the World Wide Web," and is generally considered a trailblazer in that field. SWAdair | Talk  03:49, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Please note that I believe that Rosenfield is himself the creator of this article. At least the now-deleted "Rattle his cage with mailto:lou@louisrosenfeld.com" makes me think that.  RickK`
 * LOL! I missed that.  Gauging from his own website, he does seem to be a strong self-promoter.   Ooh, that's interesting... when I search for him, but exclude the word "bloug" (the name of his blog), a lot of the hits are not this guy.  Difficult to tell how many of those hits are for him.  Now I'm torn -- probable vanity vs. someone who seems to be notable in his field.  Changing vote to abstain.  SWAdair | Talk  03:33, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. If book is notable, maybe have an article on it, but author is not, and I haven't heard of this book. --Improv 16:55, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The name was spelled wrong in the article title so that might have caused confusion.  Anyways, he seems notable enough. (2 google tests there).  His notability extends beyond his one book, so he deserves an article proper for sure.  The article should be expanded of course.  — siro  χ  o  04:55, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ambi 00:00, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * WHEW! Lou Rosenfeld here.  Just stumbled on this page, and naturally I found it quite interesting.  To address some questions:  no, I *didn't* submit a page for myself.  I realize some people must do that, but no, I didn't (and was pleasantly surprised to find myself here).  And yes, you had my last name misspelled.  Finally, it's somewhat disconcerting that no one from the field of information architecture was consulted to see if I was for real.  I guess that'd be a fair amount of work, so perhaps you can't be blamed, but I worry when "I haven't heard of him so he must not belong" is how decisions get made.  Then again, you all did decide to include me, despite the comments here.  So I'm really confused.  Hm.  Anyway, thanks.  Jan 30, 2006.


text:
Trevor Butler

Trevor Butler is a TV personality, best known for being a contestant and winner of Big Brother Australia Series 4 (airing in 2004). As well as being the first, and currently the only, contestant to win the million prize money, as opposed to previous seasons, when the prize money was previously $250,000, and is also the highest prize money awarded in Australia game show history, and making Butler, one of the highest paid TV personalities.

Butler also boosted interest in the final eviction night by proposing to his then-girlfriend Breea Forrest live on the eviction stage.

There was some controversy regarding how much of his winnings could be claimed as tax. At one point the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) considered it to be payment for spending the time in the house, and therefore wanted to take nearly half of the winnings away. The ATO eventually gave in and did not take the money.

Butler returned as a contestant for Big Brother 14 alongside other previous contestants.

Biography
Butler was born in c. 1973 on the Pacific Island nation of Fiji, and lived most of his life in Broken Hill, New South Wales before appearing in Big Brother.

Butler was one of seven celebrities to feature in a television program named Celebrity Overhaul. The program aired in February and March 2005. All five episodes won the highest audience numbers for the Sunday 6:30 p.m. timeslot. Butler lost 15 kg.

Butler appeared in episode 6 of Summer Heights High as a special guest on "Polynesian Cultural Appreciation Day".

Butler currently works for the Gold Coast Radio Station 102.9 Hot Tomato.

Butler and his wife Breea, live in Tweed Heads in far north New South Wales. On 11 October 2007, Breea gave birth to their first child, a boy named Maika Jeremy Butler. On 31 December 2010, Breea gave birth to their second son Creedance Heath Butler.

Known as Big Trev he works on the drive home show alongside Moyra Major on Hot Tomato.

In 2022, Trevor returned for Big Brother 14 as one of eight returning housemates. Butler was one of three former winners to enter the house, alongside Big Brother 3 winner Regina Bird and Big Brother 10 winner Tim Dorner. He was the sixth housemate to be evicted, finishing in 16th place.

title: Trevor Butler


text:
User talk:Isnabeel

Welcome. It is good to see people with knowledge and access to information about Pakistan working on Wikipedia. —iFaqeer | Talk to me! 22:43, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * [ moved your answer on my Talk page here —iFaqeer | Talk to me! 02:03, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC): ]
 * Newbie at wiki, but I do agree with your idea of introducing more south East Asia to the wiki reader and to the world.
 * Thanks for wikifying it
 * isnabeel

 * BTW, you can sign stuff you type (like you did on my page) by typing ~ [or -- ~, if you want a double dash before it] for the kind of signature you see on my stuff. You can use the "Your signature with timestamp" button above the editing box to do this. You can even set a different thing, like a nickname or your name written with a different set of upper case and lower case characters, at [Special:Preferences.

 * And please put all the information you have and can create--don't worry about layout or wikification; others like me can follow up. And as a professional technical writer, I know it is very difficult to edit your own writing.

 * Also, we need to break up the Dow University thing so the University and the Colleges are covered fully (including DMC) —iFaqeer | Talk to me! 02:03, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

Muslim educational institutions
Just started Muslim educational institutions. Please take a look and see if you can help. —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 00:25, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Dow Union
Curious about why you removed the detailed history of the Dow student union? Was it inaccurate/fake? —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 18:31, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Isnabeel


text:
Clive Finkelstein

Clive Finkelstein (born ca. 1939 died 9/12/2021) is an Australian computer scientist, known as the "Father" of information engineering methodology.

Life and work
In 1961 Finkelstein received his Bachelor of Science from the University of New South Wales in Sydney. After graduation Finkelstein started working in the field of database processing for IBM in Australia and in the USA. Back in Australia in 1976 he founded the IT consultancy firm Infocom Australia.

In 1972 Finkelstein was elected Fellow of the Australian Computer Society. Finkelstein was a distinguished member of the International Advisory Board of the Data Administration Management Association (DAMA International), with John Zachman. In 2008 he was awarded a position in the Pearcey Hall of Fame of the ACS in Australia.

From 1976 to 1980 Finkelstein developed the concept of information technology engineering, based on original work carried out by him to bridge from strategic business planning to information systems. He wrote the first publication on information technology engineering: a series of six in-depth articles by the same name published by US Computerworld in May - June 1981. He also co-authored with James Martin the influential Savant Institute Report titled: "Information Engineering", published in Nov 1981. He also wrote a monthly column, "The Enterprise" for DM Review magazine.

Finkelstein died from Parkinsons Disease in September 2021 (per phone call with Jill Finkelstein)

Selected publications

 * Martin, James, and Clive Finkelstein. Information Engineering Savant, Nov 1981.
 * Finkelstein, Clive. An introduction to Information Engineering: from Strategic Planning to Information Systems. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., 1989.
 * Finkelstein, Clive. Information Engineering: Strategic Systems Development. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., 1992.
 * Finkelstein, Clive, and Peter Aiken. Building Corporate portals with XML. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2000.
 * Clive Finkelstein. Enterprise Architecture for Integration: Rapid Delivery Methods and Technologies, First Edition, Artech House, 2006. Hardcover.
 * Clive Finkelstein. Enterprise Architecture for Integration: Rapid Delivery Methods and Technologies, Second Edition, IES, 2011. ebook.
 * Clive Finkelstein. Enterprise Architecture for Integration: Rapid Delivery Methods and Technologies, Third Edition, 2015 ebook - download in PDF from www.ies.aust.com.

title: Clive Finkelstein


text:
Talk:Theophilus (crater)

Untitled
are we sure that this is named after Theophilus of Alexandria and not after Theophilus of Antioch? Rmhermen 22:46, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think so. The crater was named by Riccioli, a Jesuit. Theophilus of Alexandria was a notable figure in the christian religion, whereas Theophilus of Antioch was a pagan. Also the year of death is correct for Theophilus of Alexandria. — RJH 22:39, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

central peak names
The article states that the central peaks are designated by greek letters, but the IAU does not seem to recognize these names: Theophilus Can someone verify the reference to Rukl?Jstuby (talk) 18:06, 7 October 2014 (UTC)

Clarification Please
This: The floor of the crater is relatively flat, and it has a large, triple-peaked central crater that climbs to a height of about 2 kilometres above the floor. is confusing on three counts, namely: --catslash (talk) 18:16, 5 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Does it means central mountain ?
 * The number of peaks differs from the four mentioned in the preceding paragraph and from the four apparent in the picture.
 * The height seems to have grown 600 m since the previous paragraph - does this mean the crater floor is 600 m below the reference lunar surface?

 * It is also confusing that the paragraph says "It is 4200 m deep" - but on the other hand the Infobox lists the Depth as 3.2 km. Has that been mixed up by an editor with its age (3.2B)? Zopcsakferi (talk) 21:38, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Theophilus (crater)


text:
Bill Inmon

William H. Inmon (born 1945) is an American computer scientist, recognized by many as the father of the data warehouse. Inmon wrote the first book, held the first conference (with Arnie Barnett), wrote the first column in a magazine and was the first to offer classes in data warehousing. Inmon created the accepted definition of what a data warehouse is - a subject oriented, nonvolatile, integrated, time variant collection of data in support of management's decisions. Compared with the approach of the other pioneering architect of data warehousing, Ralph Kimball, Inmon's approach is often characterized as a top-down approach.

Biography
William H. Inmon was born July 20, 1945, in San Diego, California. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics from Yale University in 1967, and his Master of Science degree in computer science from New Mexico State University.

He worked for American Management Systems and Coopers & Lybrand before 1991, when he founded the company Prism Solutions, which he took public. In 1995 he founded Pine Cone Systems, which was renamed Ambeo later on. In 1999, he created a corporate information factory web site for his consulting business.

Inmon coined terms such as the government information factory, as well as data warehousing 2.0. Inmon promotes building, usage, and maintenance of data warehouses and related topics. His books include "Building the Data Warehouse" (1992, with later editions) and "DW 2.0: The Architecture for the Next Generation of Data Warehousing" (2008).

In July 2007, Inmon was named by Computerworld as one of the ten people that most influenced the first 40 years of the computer industry.

Inmon's association with data warehousing stems from the fact that he wrote the first book on data warehousing he held the first conference on data warehousing (with Arnie Barnett), he wrote the first column in a magazine on data warehousing, he has written over 1,000 articles on data warehousing in journals and newsletters, he created the first fold out wall chart for data warehousing and he conducted the first classes on data warehousing.

In 2012, Inmon developed and made public technology known as "textual disambiguation". Textual disambiguation applies context to raw text and reformats the raw text and context into a standard data base format. Once raw text is passed through textual disambiguation, it can easily and efficiently be accessed and analyzed by standard business intelligence technology. Textual disambiguation is accomplished through the execution of TextualETL.

Inmon owns and operates Forest Rim Technology, a company that applies and implements data warehousing solutions executed through textual disambiguation and TextualETL.

Awards

 * (2002) DAMA International Professional Achievement Award for, "major contributions as the 'father of data warehousing' and a recognized thought leader in decision support" from DAMA International, The Global Data Management Community.
 * (2018) Received a Lifetime Achievement Award from Data Modelling Zone.
 * (December 2020) Received a Lifetime Achievement Award from Project Management Institute (PMI).

Publications
Bill Inmon has published more than 60 books in nine languages and 2,000 articles on data warehousing and data management.

 * Inmon, William H.; Imhoff Claudia; Battas, Greg (1996) Building the Operational Data Store, Wiley, ISBN 0-471-12822-8
 * Inmon, William H.; Imhoff Claudia; Battas, Greg (1996) Building the Operational Data Store, Wiley, ISBN 0-471-12822-8
 * Inmon, William H.; Imhoff Claudia; Battas, Greg (1996) Building the Operational Data Store, Wiley, ISBN 0-471-12822-8
 * Inmon, William H.; Imhoff Claudia; Battas, Greg (1996) Building the Operational Data Store, Wiley, ISBN 0-471-12822-8
 * Inmon, William H.; Imhoff Claudia; Battas, Greg (1996) Building the Operational Data Store, Wiley, ISBN 0-471-12822-8
 * Inmon, William H.; Imhoff Claudia; Battas, Greg (1996) Building the Operational Data Store, Wiley, ISBN 0-471-12822-8
 * Inmon, William H.; Imhoff Claudia; Battas, Greg (1996) Building the Operational Data Store, Wiley, ISBN 0-471-12822-8

title: Bill Inmon


text:
Black Banner Organization

The Black Banner Organisation (Arabic: تنظيم الراية السودة, Tandhīm Al Rāyah Al Sawdāh) was an Iraqi guerrilla organization that battled multinational troops in Iraq. The organization's ideology was believed to be radical Sunni Islamism.

Organization
Black Banners has been identified as the armed battalion of the Secret Islamic Army. The group's leader has been identified as Omar (variant: Umar) Hadid al-Falluji, an Iraqi who is believed to have international militant Islamist links. Some U.S. and Iraqi officials believe Hadid was close to Jordanian terrorist leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, whose al-Qaida-linked movement allegedly used Fallujah as a headquarters. A large share of its membership is believed to be composed of non-Iraqi fighters, especially from Syria.

This group was an active member of the Iraqi insurgency, sharing joint control of Falluja with other militant groups, where it imposed strict Sharia law, and was responsible for a number of kidnappings. This included the abduction of three Indians, two Kenyans, and an Egyptian working for a Kuwaiti company operating in Iraq in 2004. The aim was to compel the company to stop its activities in Iraq. The hostages were later released.

Attacks against
Coalition military officials believe that a campaign of airstrikes against insurgent safehouses and positions in Fallujah seriously disrupted the network of the Black Banner Organization. Omar Hadid is said to have narrowly avoided capture by U.S. forces twice.

title: Black Banner Organization


text:
Talk:Louis Chevrolet

Front drive racing car
In 1906 Chevrolet joined The Autocar Company, which was a significant innovator in automobiles and trucks and remains the oldest operating vehicle brand in the US. https://books.google.com/books?id=QeBAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=%22louis+chevrolet%22+%22autocar+company%22&source=bl&ots=JmgHhTGS32&sig=QBF2oUdkk3C-qYnSSWa-HB1E6qk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCYQ6AEwBGoVChMIoub0yMjtxwIVg1CSCh2BOwJD#v=onepage&q=%22louis%20chevrolet%22%20%22autocar%20company%22&f=false Is this the "Philadelphia" company referred to? The article should mention Autocar.

Untitled
Louis Chevrolet's car did not become known as his at first Roberto

Did Louis Chevrolet work as a mechanic in his later years?
I believe that Paul Harvey's Rest Of The Story is the source for the following: Louis Chevrolet designed a new engine and the company he created was sold to General Motors. But because of bad business dealings, Louis lost everything he had and during the Great Depression, he worked as an ordinary mechanic - on Chevrolets, the car based on his design. Jessemckay 01:51, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * That is true. After he lost everything he had, he went back to Chevrolet to ask for a job, and they gave him a job as a mechanic. I did a report on Louis Chevrolet. He also died of a Cerebral Hemorrage.

Fire destroyed many Louis Chevrolet records
Many of Chevrolet's documents and correspondence were stored at a sister's house in New Jersey, which was destroyed by fire in 1934. What few documents and letters remained were in the hands of relatives living in Europe. See http://www.surface.ch/LOUIS-CHEVROLET/36communes-e.htm. —QuicksilverT @ 02:03, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

John Walter Christie?
Is the mentioned "Philadelphia company developing a then-revolutionary front-wheel-drive racing car" the "Christie Direct Action Motor Car Co.? This is the only FWD racer of that period I know, but they were built either in NYC or New Jersey. --Chief tin cloud (talk) 19:26, 16 May 2011 (UTC)

Picture: Circa 1900 Buick or 1914 Frontenac?
The picture labeled as a circa 1900 Buick appears in other entries (Frontenac Motor Corporation) as a 1914 Frontenac. --Sergisr (talk) 15:14, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

Inconsistencies about Canada
This article has substantial disagreements with the article McLaughlin automobile, for example whether the cars built in Canada were Chevrolets or Buicks. J S Ayer (talk) 17:02, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160308035752/http://www.automotivehalloffame.org/inductee/louis-chevrolet/23/ to http://www.automotivehalloffame.org/inductee/louis-chevrolet/23/

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Date format
Regarding your revert here, the MoS is clear on date policy as it relates to strong ties (see MOS:DATETIES). Louis Chevrolet was a Swiss national and didn't even become a US citizen (which still wouldn't be the only deciding factor, but would become something to consider), so the article would have strong ties to Switzerland, which is already established policy (see Tim Berners-Lee, Linus Torvalds, John Oliver, Jim Jefferies, etc.). The fact that he founded companies in the US is another matter, and those companies would, of course, have strong ties to the US and, therefore, use MDY dates accordingly. I'm surprised this is even up for debate. Getsnoopy (talk) 21:14, 24 August 2021 (UTC)

 * It's up for debate because the established date format in the article was mdy. The only non-mdy date was in the retrieved date of the second reference (yyyy-mm-dd), which is the format that the visual editor always uses. So, there was a single inconsistency, and none at all in the article body itself.
 * As far as strong national ties to Switzerland is concerned, according to the article, he was born there, moved to France as a boy, moved to Canada at about the age of 21, and moved the next year to the US. None of his notability derives from Europe, but rather from the US and somewhat in Canada. As far as the examples you gave, Bernera-Lee, Torvalds, and Oliver all had significant activity in Europe before coming to the US (although Torvalds possibly not so much). I don't know which Jim Jeffries you were referring to. So they are not really comparable examples. Indyguy (talk) 23:34, 24 August 2021 (UTC)

 * That's the thing; I'm not arguing about what the established date format was; I'm saying that through strong ties, it should be DMY. Strong ties has to do with the topic of the article itself (the person), not the person's notability or where they achieved it. Hence, I gave examples of Torvalds and Oliver, both of whom would not warrant a Wiki article given their notability at that point in their career when they were in Europe. Even Berners-Lee, though he invented the WWW while in Europe, did not do much else there; he soon thereafter moved to Massachusetts in the US to establish the W3C and such. Regardless, the point is that strong ties has nothing to do with where a person achieved fame, but where they are from or what nationality they are. I updated the link to the proper Jim Jefferies. Another example of this Christian Bale, and I could keep going with the examples. Getsnoopy (talk) 17:51, 25 August 2021 (UTC)

 * I think you're overlooking the fact that Chevrolet lived 100 years ago, a time when the distances between continents were more formidable. The examples you cite are alive now, a time when one can easily get from Europe to America several times a week if necessary and the internet has diminished the importance of national borders. Again, Chevrolet spent almost all his adult life in the US and his significant activities were there. I just don't think that his supposed strong national tie to Switzerland or France is substantial enough to overturn the existing use of mdy dates. Indyguy (talk) 22:01, 25 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Louis Chevrolet


text:
Matthew and Son (album)

Matthew and Son is the debut studio album by British singer-songwriter Cat Stevens, released in March 1967.

Overview
Stevens began writing songs during his early teenage years. His earliest influences included the sound of early British bands, such as the Beatles and the Rolling Stones, influenced by popular American rhythm and blues. At the same time, folk influences from artists such as Bob Dylan and Simon & Garfunkel left a strong mark on him, along with some of the musicals being performed so close to his childhood home in Soho that he could often hear them drifting through his room. Stevens's older brother, David Gordon, attracted the attention of music producer Mike Hurst, formerly of the Springfields, in the hope of finding a producer interested in his younger brother's music. After a demo was recorded, a deal was struck between the two. The album was not released until 1967; however, recording began on 10 July 1966, with a few advance singles appearing around that time.

Advance singles
Although the album was not released until 1967, the first advance single, "I Love My Dog", was released in 1966. It was initially recorded only by Stevens' guitars, piano and vocals. Hurst, however, encouraged Stevens to add a staccato and tympani–and–viola arrangement. Session bassist John Paul Jones played on the first singles two years before becoming a member of Led Zeppelin. The lyrics for the B-side of the first single, "Portobello Road", were written by Kim Fowley, who encouraged Stevens to compose a melody for the song. The single initially reached No. 28 on the UK charts, followed by "Matthew and Son", the next single and title track, which went to No. 2 on the UK charts, making Stevens into a popular and clean-cut teenage crooner.

Release and reception
Matthew and Son was released in 1967, eventually reaching No. 7 in the UK. The album track "Here Comes My Baby" was initially recorded and released by the Tremeloes, and was a hit, reaching No. 4 in the UK. "I've Found a Love" was covered by British singer David Garrick but failed to chart, while Stevens's own "I'm Gonna Get Me a Gun" reached No. 6.

"Here Comes My Baby" was used in the Wes Anderson film Rushmore.

Music critic Robert Christgau of The Village Voice later called Matthew and Son "a rarity: a forgotten record that shouldn't be", and said that both its title track and "I Love My Dog" were "two rock songs we should have heard more of in 1967". AllMusic's Bruce Eder gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and said that "it's very distant from the sound that Stevens was ultimately known for, and in many ways, it's more dated than what he did for Island/A&M, but it's much more self-consciously accessible, arranged in different styles".

Track listing
All songs by Cat Stevens, except where noted.

Personnel

 * Cat Stevens - vocals, guitar, keyboards
 * John Paul Jones - bass guitar on "Matthew and Son"
 * Nicky Hopkins - keyboards on "Matthew and Son"
 * Alan Tew and Mike Hurst - arrangements
 * Technical
 * Mike Hurst - producer, engineer, liner notes
 * Vic Smith - engineer

title: Matthew and Son (album)


text:
User talk:Crazysim

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

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 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
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P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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title: User talk:Crazysim


text: User talk:130.58.242.174

title: User talk:130.58.242.174


text:
Ernest Gowers

Sir Ernest Arthur Gowers (2 June 1880 – 16 April 1966) was a British civil servant and author who is best remembered for his book Plain Words, first published in 1948, and his revision of Fowler's classic Modern English Usage. Before making his name as an author, he had a long career in the Civil Service, which he entered in 1903. His final full-time appointment was as Senior Regional Commissioner for Civil Defence, London Region (1940–45). After the Second World War, he was appointed chairman of numerous government inquiries, including the 1949 Royal Commission into Capital Punishment. He was also chairman of the Harlow New Town Development Corporation.

Education and early life
Gowers was born in London, the younger son of the neurologist Sir William Gowers and his wife, Mary, (daughter of Frederick Baines, one of the proprietors of the Leeds Mercury). The family lived in Queen Anne Street, W1. Ernest followed his elder brother, William Frederick Gowers (1875–1954), to Rugby School, where he excelled academically and in sport. At Rugby, Ernest was also noted as an outstanding organist, an accomplishment that became a lifelong hobby. Both boys won scholarships to read Classics at Cambridge--(William to Trinity College, Cambridge and Ernest to Clare College, Cambridge). Their sisters, Edith and Evelyn, mainly schooled at home, both lost their sight after developing Retinitis pigmentosa in early adult life.

In 1905 Gowers married Constance Greer, daughter of Thomas Macgregor Greer (member of the Senate of Northern Ireland, and a Deputy-Lieutenant for Co. Antrim). They had two daughters and one son. Gowers's elder brother, William, went to Africa, joined the colonial civil service and rose to become Governor of Uganda (1925–32) and Senior Crown Agent for the Colonies (1932–38).

Civil service career
In 1902 Gowers graduated from Cambridge with a First in the Classical Tripos and attended Wren's, a civil service crammer in London, to study for the highly competitive Civil Service Examination. He also sat for the Inner Temple Bar exam, which he passed in 1906. In December 1903 he passed the Civil Service Examination, and embarked on the career that led to the claim that he "may be regarded as one of the greatest public servants of his day."

Gowers entered the home civil service as an upper division clerk in the Department of Inland Revenue. He moved to the India Office in September 1904, and from March 1907 to October 1911, he was private secretary to successive Parliamentary Under-Secretaries for India, most notably Edwin Montagu. In October 1911 he was promoted to HM Treasury as private secretary to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, David Lloyd George, at a time when Lloyd George was introducing his controversial National Insurance Bill. In November 1912 Lloyd George appointed him to the National Health Insurance Commission, as one of a team of promising young civil servants (including John Anderson, Warren Fisher, Arthur Salter, and Claud Schuster) nicknamed the "Loan Collection" as they had been hand-picked from across the civil service. Gowers wrote later, "This gigantic task of bringing the National Health and Unemployment Insurance Acts into operation taught the Service what it could do, and the control of the whole of the social and economic life of the nation during the war drove home the lesson." The members of the loan collection were deployed to other departments during the First World War. While nominally continuing to hold his post, Gowers was attached to the Foreign Office working under Charles Masterman MP at Wellington House, Britain's top-secret wartime propaganda unit.

Grappling with the coal industry
In 1917 Gowers was appointed secretary of the Conciliation and Arbitration Board for government employees. In 1919 he began a 25-year involvement with the coal industry, joining the Board of Trade as director of production in the mines department. The following year he was promoted to head the department as permanent under-secretary for mines, a position he retained throughout the Miners' Strike. In 1927 he became chairman of the Board of Inland Revenue.

In 1930 Gowers was appointed chair of the newly established Coal Mines Reorganisation Commission, set up under the Coal Mines Act of 1930, in an attempt to improve the efficiency of British coal mines, but deficiencies in the Act soon became evident. The Times commented, "Sir Ernest Gowers and his colleagues struggled manfully with their difficulties, but Parliament had inadvertently tied their hands behind their backs." A new and more powerful body, the Coal Commission, was set up in 1938, with Gowers as chairman. In July 1942 all unmined coal in Britain ceased to be the property of the colliery owners and was vested in the Coal Commission.

Senior Regional Commissioner for Civil Defence, London Region
Throughout the 1930s Gowers and his colleagues had also been involved in preparing for possible war, and invasion. From 1935 onwards he combined his frustrating work with the coal industry with civil defence planning, attached to the Department for the Co-ordination of Defence. John Anderson was given control of civil defence planning in 1938 and set up a network of civil defence regions. Euan Wallace MP was appointed head of London Region, but ill-health forced him to retire in 1940. Gowers, his deputy, became Senior Regional Commissioner for Civil Defence in London, running civil defence through the Blitz from a concrete bunker underneath the Natural History Museum, with Harold Scott and Edward "Teddy" Evans as his deputies.

The prime minister, Winston Churchill, told Gowers, "If communication with the Government becomes very difficult or impossible, it may be necessary for you to act on behalf of the Government… without consultation with ministers." Churchill promised that in such an event Gowers would have the Government's backing. In a biographical sketch of Gowers, his great-granddaughter Rebecca Gowers comments that this potentially gave him direct responsibility for governing seven million people, though at the time he wrote of himself as "but a transient and embarrassed phantom flitting across the stage of history." The Times wrote of Gowers, "In this post he showed his full powers as an administrator, and indeed as a leader. Energetic, forceful, always cheerful, with an unfailing eye for the essential, he gave the impression of being master of every unexpected development and, as a result, infused confidence into all who came in contact with him." His wife became a member of the Women's Voluntary Service and ran the Gordon Services Club, a hostel for soldiers on leave in London.

Post-war reconstruction
After the war Gowers was appointed chairman of the Harlow New Town Development Corporation, one of several new towns being built to provide housing for people displaced by wartime bombing, but he fell foul of the bureaucracy in the Ministry for Town and Country Planning and his three-year contract was not renewed. He was told that he was too old. This did not prevent his being invited to chair a series of committees of inquiry on Women in the Foreign Service (1945); Closing Hours of Shops (1946); Houses of Outstanding Historic or Architectural Interest (1948); and Foot-and-mouth Disease (1952).

In 1949 Gowers was appointed chairman of the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment (1949–53), set up by the Attlee government in an attempt to defuse the long-term political debate over capital punishment, but the terms of reference did not include provision for recommending its abolition. He was profoundly affected by the evidence presented to the commission and said later that what he learned as chairman of the commission converted him from vague support of capital punishment to strong opposition. As a result, he wrote ''A Life for a Life? The Problem of Capital Punishment'' (1956), of which H L A Hart wrote, "Certainly the publication of this report in England introduced altogether new standards of clarity and relevance into discussions of a subject which had too often been obscured by ignorance and prejudice." The political debate dragged on and it was not until 1965 that capital punishment was effectively abolished in England.

Plain Words and Modern English Usage
Gowers first went into print on the subject of bureaucratic English usage, in 1929. in an article entitled "Mainly About the King's English", and he continued this crusade throughout his career. After the Second World War, Sir Edward Bridges, head of the home civil service, invited him to write a pamphlet on English usage for use in civil service training courses.

The resulting Plain Words, a work 94 pages long, became an instant success, not only within the civil service but internationally. It was published in April 1948 and by Christmas of that year, it was in its eighth impression, with more than 150,000 copies sold. It was followed by the ABC of Plain Words (1951), and the two books were combined in 1954 and published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office as The Complete Plain Words. This was revised in 1973 by Sir Bruce Fraser, and then in 1986 by Sidney Greenbaum and Janet Whitcut. In March 2014, a new revision, by Gowers's great-granddaughter Rebecca Gowers, was published by Penguin Books.

In 1956, at the age of 76, Gowers accepted a commission from the Oxford University Press to undertake the first revision of HWFowler's Modern English Usage, which had been in print since 1926 with only very minor changes. It took Gowers nine years to complete the task. In 1996, Gowers' edition was succeeded by a more radical revision, edited by Robert Burchfield.

Gowers bought a house in Sussex in the 1930s and lived there permanently after the war, writing books and managing a small farm. He became chairman of the board of the hospital where his father had worked, the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases (now the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery), Queen Square, London, and was on the board of Le Court Cheshire Home near Petersfield.

Gowers died in April 1966, at King Edward VII Hospital, Midhurst, Sussex, age 85, nine months after his revision of Fowler's Modern English Usage was published.

Honours and awards
Gowers was appointed CB in 1917, Chevalier of the Order of the Crown of Belgium in 1918, KBE in 1926, KCB in 1928, GBE in 1945, and GCB in 1953. He was Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod of the Order of the British Empire, 1952–60. He was a Freeman of Royal Borough of the Kingston-on-Thames.

Gowers received an honorary doctorate from Manchester University, was an honorary fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, and an honorary Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and was elected president of the English Association (1956–57).

Personal life
Ernest Gowers and Constance (Kit) had three children and six grandchildren, for whom they always offered an open house in the school holidays. When Kit died in 1952, one of their daughters, the oboist Peggy Shiffner, gave up her career and moved in to look after him, also working as a volunteer at Le Court. The composer Patrick Gowers was his grandson, and the mathematician Sir Timothy Gowers is his great-grandson.

title: Ernest Gowers


text:
Talk:Hannibal High School

Untitled
from VfD:

Non-notable high school. God help us. RickK 22:54, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no evidence of notability provided. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 23:30, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * So it's old. Whee.  Delete unless REAL notability is provided.  I sense a really ugly trend otherwise. - Lucky 6.9 23:32, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redir to Hannibal, Missouri. D AVODD  [[User_talk:Davodd|« TALK »]] 23:52, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable school.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:50, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Meets Everyking's apparent criteria, though. Not mine.  Definitely not notable.  Let's nip these old, big, non-notable school substub articles - and the trend in them appearing on Wikipedia - in the bud, as good ol' Barney Fife used to say on The Andy Griffith Show, eh?  (grin)  --avnative 03:22, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence of notability.  SWAdair | Talk  03:38, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This article serves no purpose, as nothing in it is notable. Average Earthman 08:56, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does not meet my high standards for school notability. --Improv 16:55, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * RE: High school notability - No clear consensus has been established on the "high standards" threshold - which means it tends to fluctuate from week to week, depending upon who bothers to vote. - D AVODD  [[User_talk:Davodd|« TALK »]] 22:01, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * This article couldn't possibly meet any standards of notability. It is a little surprising some hardcore retentionists haven't voted yet (ie, "It's a real school so...") Delete. Cool Hand Luke  02:19, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Now look what you've done! You've summoned — siro  χ  o ... ;) I wonder if I classify as a hardcore deletist.. I vote delete more often than I vote keep, but it's not *that* unbalanced, I don't think.. --Improv 19:33, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, I can't justify keeping some non-notable high schools while deleting others. — siro  χ  o  04:44, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, I'm beginning to think that the best rationale for deleting stubby articles about non-notable things is that people use their existence as a justification for including yet more. I've been brooding about the question of just how an article like this hurts Wikipedia, and the conclusion I'm coming to is that they are a bad influence on contributors. We have an article about Fruitdale, South Dakota, population 62; ergo I should have an absolute right to include a factual article about Norwood Cooperative Nursery School because it has 72 students; or the Coastline Show Chorus (92 women, count 'em, 92). (Note: last sentence was ironic). [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 14:05, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable school. Other non-notable schools should be deleted also. jni 07:57, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Non-notable school. It has walls, teachers, administration, and students, just like a hundred thousand other high schools.  Geogre 17:06, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Intrigue 18:12, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Hannibal, Missouri. Gamaliel 21:07, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep SimonP 17:53, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

Consensus was clearly to delete. So why is it still here? — Gwalla | Talk 19:42, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks Gwalla, I had the same question. I'll delete it. RickK 22:54, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * I question whether there is consensus to delete any high school. Deleting an article after it has been kept is also not proper procedure. - SimonP 01:32, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * So you're saying that if somebody keeps the article out of process it's impossible to follow process to delete it? Please review the votes above.  Consensus was to delete.  UNdeletion was done out of process and will be reverted.  RickK 06:11, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hannibal High School


text:
Talk:Brodmann area 17

Shouldn't this article be merged with primary visual cortex? They are essentially the same, and not much else can be written about Brodmann's 17 that couldn't also apply to primary visual. Sayeth 22:54, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brodmann area 17


text: User talk:12.174.230.2

title: User talk:12.174.230.2


text:
56th Division

56th Division may refer to:

Infantry divisions:
 * 56th Infantry Division (France), a unit of the French Army in both World Wars
 * 56th Infantry Division (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army
 * 56th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), a unit of the German Army in World War II
 * 56th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), a unit of the Imperial Japanese Army
 * 56th (London) Infantry Division, a unit of the British Army
 * 56th Infantry Division Casale, a unit of the Kingdom of Italy in World War II
 * 56th Infantry Division (Russian Empire)
 * 56th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)
 * 56th Guards Rifle Division (Soviet Union)
 * 56th Division (Spain), a Spanish Republican unit

title: 56th Division


text:
User talk:Colonel Cow

Talk away!

Thank you RE Toilet image
Thanks for pointing this out. I have my theories and will whip the suspect round the chops with a wet kipper until they confess and admit their sins to the Wikipedia community. It must have been while I was logged on at work as no one knows my password. Dainamo 09:17, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Lake Muskoka
Thanks for improving the article. I knew I would have some mistakes the first through and I see that you stepped in quickly with corrections. Cafe Nervosa | talk  00:59, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Thank you...
Thank you for alerting me to the fact that I had forgotten to add source information for Image:Ontariogov.jpg and Image:BUILDING.jpg. These were some of the first images I uploaded onto Wikipedia, and so, quite unfortunatly, I did not yet know about copyright tags. I have added source information for the images. --Mb1000 00:35, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

OMGSH hai!
You make life worth living <3

tvo kids
hi, colonel cow. i've noticed your work editing the tvokids page. i have to say, i find your edits reflect the show as it was several years ago, and not as it is now. i am a current staff member of the tvokids team, and therefore i humbly submit my version of the wiki page as more current, and therefore more relevant. my edit reflects tvokids as it is TODAY, including information about our current productions and staff- yours focuses manly on hosts who no longer work for the station, and shows that have since been redesigned/rebranded. i'm not sure why you keep undoing my edits. anythign you'd like me to know? thanks, wasagabeans

from jayanthv 86
hey mr.cow,why the hell do you delete al my articles? are you a paki?cos i have a sneaking suspicion.where was the need to delete the article on amjad farooqi.and about the lyrics,there are many songs in wikipedia which have lyrics written along. ex:gasolina by yankee daddy. please leave me alone and dont mess with me

ignorance
sorry about that.i didnt know about the copyright of the article. i have stopped writing lyrics.but after that i made further changes to the amjad farooqi page,so i will delte it.and there will no further violations by me.thanks for the warning though.

Wikimedia Canada
Hi there! I'd like to invite you to explore Wikimedia Canada, and create a list of people interested in forming a local chapter for our nation. A local chapter will help promote and improve the organization, within our great nation. We'd also like to encourage everyone to suggest projects for our national chapter to participate in. Hope to see you there!--DarkEvil 02:12, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Man of Nature (1979)
Please revisit this discussion regarding additional articles for deletion. -- Krash (Talk) 17:34, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm fairly sure you won't object to this recent addition to the AfD: Man of Nature IV (1988) -- Krash (Talk) 05:10, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Factory Acts
I noticed you revised the Factory Act of 1802 Most of the article was plagarised and already covered in the Factory Acts, so I mereged the remaining parts of the article. Earlopogous 03:08, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Your Seinfield Image
I have removed the Kramer image from your user page. Fair use point #9 states, "Fair use images should be used only in the article namespace. Used outside article space, they are often enough not covered under the fair use doctrine. They should never be used on templates (including stub templates and navigation boxes) or on user pages." --Hetar 05:27, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Alright, thanks for your message. --Colonel Cow 13:34, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

NowCommons: File:PortCarlingIndianRiver.jpg
File:PortCarlingIndianRiver.jpg is now available on Wikimedia Commons as Commons:File:PortCarlingIndianRiver.jpg. This is a repository of free media that can be used on all Wikimedia wikis. The image will be deleted from Wikipedia, but this doesn't mean it can't be used anymore. You can embed an image uploaded to Commons like you would an image uploaded to Wikipedia, in this case:. Note that this is an automated message to inform you about the move. This bot did not copy the image itself. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 06:49, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Karol: The Pope, The Man

The article Karol: The Pope, The Man has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * A search for reliable, secondary sources reveals an insufficient amount of significant coverage. This article fails Wikipedia's notability guidelines for films.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Neelix (talk) 18:19, 12 August 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:OpenAL logo.png
Thanks for uploading File:OpenAL logo.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:47, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Colonel Cow


text:
Først & sist

Først & sist ("First and Last") is a Norwegian talk show and was, at the time, the most-viewed talk show in the Nordic countries.

It was hosted by Fredrik Skavlan and aired on NRK in Norway. The show first aired in 1998 and was broadcast on Fridays until its finale in 2007, totalling 17 seasons. For the last two years of the show, it was also aired in Sweden.

The show won a Gullruten award in 2002. Following the end of Først og Sist, Fredrik Skavlan moved from Norway to Sweden, and became very popular. In 2009, NRK and SVT worked together to make a new version of the show. Now in two countries, and under the name Skavlan, which had been a common shorthand name for Først & sist.

Notable guests included Hans Blix, Pelé, Paulo Coelho, Liv Ullmann, Ronan Keating, Donald Trump, Robbie Williams, Leona Naess, Joe Cocker, Solomon Burke, Nicole Kidman, Desmond Tutu, Meat Loaf, Anastacia, the Pet Shop Boys, Marianne Faithfull, Jan Guillou, Isabella Rossellini, Kevin Warwick, Carola Häggkvist, Isabel Allende and Wyclef Jean, Barry Farber, Melanie C, Mika, Al Gore, Cary Fowler, Will Smith, Jada Smith.

title: Først & sist


text:
USS E-1

USS E-1 (SS-24) was an E-class submarine of the United States Navy. Originally named Skipjack, the boat was launched on 27 May 1911 by the Fore River Shipyard, Quincy, Massachusetts; sponsored by Mrs. D. R. Battles; renamed E-1 on 17 November 1911; and commissioned on 14 February 1912, Lieutenant Chester W. Nimitz in command. She was the first American submarine to be powered by diesel engines.

Service history
Six days after commissioning, E-1 sailed from Boston for Norfolk via Newport and New York. Off the Virginia Capes, she underwent tests through April. Her engines were overhauled at New London, and she began operations off southern New England. On 28 September, she arrived at New York Navy Yard for alterations, repairs, and installation of a Sperry gyrocompass, for which she became a pioneer underwater test ship. She also experimented with submerged radio transmission.

E-1 conducted tests of these and other important developments under the direction of Commander, Submarine Flotilla, Atlantic Fleet, Lieutenant (and future Fleet Admiral) Chester W. Nimitz. Throughout his career, Nimitz played a progressive and leading role in the incorporation into the Navy of the vast scientific and technological developments of this century, many of them pioneered by the Navy. Nimitz's appreciation of the capabilities of submarines contributed to them becoming a decisive factor under his command in the War in the Pacific during World War II.

On 14 October E-1 proudly passed in review with the fleet in the North River before Secretary of the Navy George von L. Meyer.

E-1 continued important experimental development and training with the Atlantic Fleet for the next five years. In 1916 she became the first American submarine to cross the Atlantic. This was in response to the crossing of the Atlantic by the German submarines GS Deutschland and SMU U-53 earlier that year.

On 4 December 1917, when she left Newport for the Azores and different duty. From 12 January 1918, she patrolled between Ponta Delgada and Horta, protecting the islands from German attack and use as a haven by U-boats. She returned to New London on 17 September. After overhaul, E-1 trained new submariners and tested experimental listening gear.

Placed in commission in reserve on 20 March 1920, E-1 arrived at Norfolk on 22 April. There she was placed in commission in ordinary on 18 July 1921, and on 17 September sailed for Philadelphia, where she was decommissioned on 20 October and sold on 19 April 1922.

title: USS E-1


text:
Marmaray

Marmaray is a 76.6 km commuter rail line located in Istanbul, Turkey. The line runs from Halkalı, on the European side, to Gebze, on the Asian side, along the north shore of the Sea of Marmara. Mostly using the right-of-way of two existing commuter rail lines, the Marmaray line linked the two lines via a tunnel under the Bosporus strait, becoming the first standard gauge rail connection between Europe and Asia (all prior connections ran through Russia and used the incompatible Russian broad gauge). The two existing sections of the line were rebuilt and expanded from two-tracks to three-tracks, to allow for higher capacity with intercity and freight rail. The name Marmaray is a portmanteau of the words Marmara and Ray, which is Turkish for rail.

History
Construction started in 2004 and was originally intended to be completed by April 2009. After multiple delays caused – among other things – by the discovery of historical and archaeological sites along the route as new stations were built, the first phase of the project was finally opened by president Erdoğan on October 29, 2013. The second phase of the project was scheduled to open in 2015 but work once again stopped in 2014. It was restarted in February 2017 and the line finally opened in its entirety on March 12, 2019. The trains came with completely new rolling stock, with carriages that can be walked through from end to end.

The line can carry 75,000 passengers per hour in each direction (PPHPD). Travel time from Halkali to Gebze normally takes 104 minutes.

The Marmaray is integrated with other parts of the Istanbul public transport network, including the Metro and the Metrobus network, via a number of interchanges. It is also integrated with the YHT high-speed train network to Ankara, Eskişehir and Konya, as well as with the international trains to Sofia in Bulgaria which depart from Halkalı.

Project
The project involved building a 13.6 km tunnel under the Bosphorus and upgrading 63 km of existing suburban railway lines to create a 76.6 km high-capacity passenger line between Halkalı and Gebze, along with the provision of 440 electric multiple unit carriages.

First phase
The contract for the project was awarded to a Japanese-Turkish consortium led by Taisei Corporation in July 2004. The consortium included Gama Endustri Tesisleri Imalat ve Montaj and Nurol Construction.

The Bosphorus (Istanbul Strait) is crossed by a 1.4 km earthquake-proofed immersed tube, assembled from 11 sections – eight are 135 m long, two are 98.5 m, and one element is 110 m. Each section weighs up to 18,000 tons. The tube was placed 60 m below sea level, beneath 55 m of water and 4.6 m of earth. It is accessed via tunnels bored from Kazlıçeşme on the European side and Ayrılıkçeşmesi on the Asian side of Istanbul and represents the world's deepest undersea immersed tube tunnel. Fire-resistant concrete developed in Norway was essential for the safety of the project.

Construction started in May 2004 and the Marmaray tunnel was completed on September 23, 2008, with a formal ceremony to mark its completion on October 13.

Second phase
The second phase of the project involved the renewal of the old suburban railway that ran between Halkalı and Kazlıçeşme on the European side of Istanbul and between Ayrılıkçeşmesi and Gebze on the Asian side. The work was meant to be completed at the same time as the first phase (the tunnel and underground sections), but was delayed until March, 2019.

A third line was added to enable the electric multiple unit (EMU) cars and other railway carriages to move separately. Thirty-six above-ground stations along the line were rebuilt or completely refurbished. Signalling was also modernised to allow trains to travel as close as two minutes apart (although in reality far fewer trains than that actually run).

The suburban-rail upgrade part of the project, known originally as CR1, was first awarded to the AMD Rail Consortium, comprising Marubeni of Japan, Dogus Insaat of Turkey and Alstom of France. However, they were unable to complete the work and it was re-tendered as contract CR3 in early 2011. The replacement contract worth €932.8 million was awarded to a joint venture between OHL and Invensys Rail.

Freight
In February 2010, Railway Gazette International reported that the tunnel's administrators were hiring consultants to analyse options for carrying freight traffic. The Prime Minister and other officials have suggested that the Marmaray will help to create a modern "Iron Silk Road" by allowing freight trains to travel between Europe and China. Freight trains that are not carrying dangerous goods will be able to use the tunnel when commuter services are not operating (between 1:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m.). At other times only passenger trains will be in the tunnels.

Financing
The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the European Investment Bank (EBI) provided much of the financing for the project. By April 2006, the JICA had lent 111 billion yen and the EIB 1.05 billion euro for the work. The original cost was estimated at $4.5 billion although it finally cost almost twice that.

Rolling stock

The Marmaray uses TCDD E32000 rolling stock manufactured by Hyundai Rotem in ten- and five-car EMU configurations. The original €580 million contract called for 440 vehicles to be produced locally by Eurotem, Hyundai Rotem's joint venture with Turkish rolling stock manufacturer TÜVASAŞ. Hyundai Rotem was chosen ahead of Alstom, CAF, and a consortium of Bombardier, Siemens, and Nurol.

There are two depot and maintenance yards on the line (one at each end) where the sets are stocked.

Archaeological discoveries during work on the Marmaray
The project was delayed by four years, largely due to the discovery of Byzantine-era and other 8,000-year-old archaeological finds on the proposed site of the European tunnel terminal at Yenikapı in 2005. Excavations then produced evidence of the city's largest harbour, the 4th-century Harbour of Eleutherios (later known as the Harbour of Theodosius). Archaeologists also uncovered traces of the city wall of Constantine the Great, and the remains of several ships, including what appears to be the only ancient or early medieval galley ever discovered, preventing the project from proceeding as planned. In addition, archaeologists uncovered the oldest evidence of settlement in Istanbul, with artefacts, including amphorae, pottery fragments, shells, pieces of bone and horse skulls, and nine human skulls found in a bag, dating back to 6,000 BCE. Glass artefacts and fragments dating from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods were also found during excavations at Sirkeci.

Opening
On August 4, 2013, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, test-drove the Marmaray from Ayrılıkçeşmesi station (originally İbrahimağa station) on the Asian side under the Bosphorus and back again.

On October 29, 2013, the first stage of the Marmaray project, the underground tunnel between Europe and Asia, was inaugurated on the 90th anniversary of the Turkish Republic'. The maiden journey took place after a grand opening ceremony attended by President Abdullah Gül and Prime Minister Erdoğan, as well as by the Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, the Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta, the Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, and a number of foreign civil servants.

On November 7, 2019, the first Chinese freight train to Europe ran through the tunnel. This demonstrated that the China to Turkey transportation time could be reduced from a month to 12 days as part of the Iron Silk Road concept.

Earthquake protection
That the tunnel construction is only about 18 km away from the active North Anatolian Fault has worried some engineers and seismologists. "Since AD 342, it has seen large earthquakes that each claimed more than 10,000 lives." Some scientists have estimated a 77% probability that, at some time in the next 30 years, Istanbul will suffer an earthquake measuring 7.0 or more on the Richter magnitude scale. The waterlogged, silty soil on which the tunnel is constructed has been known to liquefy during an earthquake so engineers injected industrial grout to 24 m below the seabed to keep it stable. The walls of the tunnel are made of waterproof concrete coated with a steel shell, each section independently watertight. The tunnel is made to flex and bend in the way that tall buildings are constructed to react if an earthquake hits. Floodgates at the joints of the tunnel are able to close and isolate water in the event of the walls failing.

Steen Lykke, project manager for Avrasyaconsult, the international consortium that oversaw the construction, summed the problems up by saying, "I can't think of any challenge this project lacks".

Marmaray in numbers
Some figures of the project are as follows:
 * Overall length: 76.6 km
 * Tunnel section: 13.6 km
 * Immersed tube: 1387 m
 * Deepest point: 60.46 m
 * Minimum curve radius: 300 m
 * Maximum gradient: 1.8%
 * Surface stations: 37
 * Underground stations: 3
 * Interchanges: 8
 * Inter-city stations: 8
 * Minimum platform length: 225 m
 * Average station spacing: 1.9 km
 * Maximum speed: 100 km/h
 * Commercial speed: 45 km/h
 * Headway: 2–10 minutes
 * Passengers per hour and direction: 75,000
 * Number of passenger cars: 440

title: Marmaray


text: User talk:65.28.227.178

title: User talk:65.28.227.178


text:
New Masters

New Masters is the second studio album by singer-songwriter Cat Stevens, released in December 1967 by Deram Records (a new subsidiary of Decca Records) as a follow-up to the highly successful debut album, Matthew and Son.

Overview
The label was disappointed by Cat Stevens' second album's poor sales, given that the previous album made the UK Top Ten and produced several hit singles. New Masters generated little interest, failing to chart in either the UK or the United States. The single "Kitty"/"Blackness of the Night" languished at number 47, becoming Stevens' first single to miss the top 40. This was a sudden and steep commercial decline from the considerable success that Stevens enjoyed with his earlier recordings.

"The First Cut Is the Deepest" has been covered successfully by several artists. Prior to the release of New Masters, Stevens had sold the song for £30 to P. P. Arnold (formerly of the Ike and Tina Turner Revue) which gave the former Ikette her first UK hit. In the decades to come it would also be a hit for Rod Stewart, Sheryl Crow, James Morrison and Keith Hampshire. Hampshire's version reached no. 1 on the Canadian charts in 1973. Other versions have been rendered by singer Barbara Jones, Colm Wilkinson of Les Misérables and Jesus Christ Superstar fame, Duffy and the Jools Holland Rhythm & Blues Orchestra.

Personnel

 * Cat Stevens – vocals, guitars, keyboards
 * Chris Hunt – drums
 * Herbie Flowers – bass
 * Arthur Greenslade, Lew Warburton, Ivor Raymonde – music direction

title: New Masters


text:
Kappa number

The Kappa number is an indication of the residual lignin content or bleachability of wood pulp by a standardized analysis method.

Measuring method
The Kappa number is determined by ISO 302:2004. ISO 302 is applicable to all kinds of chemical and semi-chemical pulps and gives a Kappa number in the range of 1–100. The Kappa number is a measurement of standard potassium permanganate solution that the pulp will consume. The measurement is inflated by the presence of hexenuronic acids in the pulp. These compounds are formed during the chemical pulping process, from the hemicelluloses.

The Kappa number can be monitored by online Kappa analysers in a pulp mill, but these have to be calibrated with the ISO 302:2004 method.

Application
The Kappa number estimates the amount of chemicals required during bleaching of wood pulp to obtain a pulp with a given degree of whiteness. Since the amount of bleach needed is related to the lignin content of the pulp, the Kappa number can be used to monitor the effectiveness of the lignin-extraction phase of the pulping process. It is approximately proportional to the residual lignin content of the pulp.

K ≈ c*l

K: Kappa number; c: constant ≈ 6,57 (dependent on process and wood); l: lignin content in percent

The Kappa number for bleachable pulps are in the range of 25–30, sack paper pulps in the range 45-55 and pulps for corrugated fiberboard are in the range 60-110.

title: Kappa number