text:
Coppin State University

Coppin State University (Coppin) is a public historically black university in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is part of the University System of Maryland and a member of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund.

History
Coppin State University was founded in 1900 at what was then called Colored High School (later named Douglass High School) on Pennsylvania Avenue by the Baltimore City School Board. It first had a one-year training course for the preparation of African-American elementary school teachers. By 1902, the training program was expanded to a two-year Normal Department within the high school. Seven years later it was separated from the high school and given its own principal.

In 1926, this facility for teacher training was named Fanny Jackson Coppin Normal School in honor of an African-American woman who was a pioneer in teacher education, Fanny Jackson Coppin.

By 1938 the curriculum of the normal school was lengthened to four years, authority was given for the granting of the Bachelor of Science degree, and the name of the Normal School was changed to Coppin Teachers College. In 1950, Coppin became part of the higher education system of Maryland under the State Department of Education, and renamed Coppin State Teachers College. Two years later, Coppin moved to its present 38 acre site on West North Avenue.

In acknowledgment of the goals and objectives of the college, the Board of Trustees ruled in 1963 that the institution's degree-granting authority would no longer be restricted to teacher education. Following this ruling, Coppin was officially renamed Coppin State College, and in 1967 the first Bachelor of Arts degree was conferred. In 1988, the College became part of the newly organized University of Maryland System (now the University System of Maryland.) The school was officially renamed Coppin State University on April 13, 2004.

Coppin's first president (1930–1956) was Dr. Miles Connor. He was succeeded by Dr. Parlett Moore in 1956, who served until Dr. Calvin W. Burnett took over as Coppin's third president in 1970. Burnett served the institution for 33 years, until Coppin's fourth president, Dr. Stanley F. Battle, was appointed on March 3, 2003. After Dr. Battle departed for North Carolina A&T State University in 2007, Coppin's fifth president, Dr. Reginald Avery, was hired. He announced his resignation effective January 22, 2013. Dr. Mortimer H. Neufville became the university's sixth president on January 23, after Avery stepped down. Dr. Maria Thompson became the university's seventh and first woman president on July 1, 2015. Following her retirement in June 2019, Dr. Mickey L. Burnim was appointed interim president until May 2020. Dr. Anthony L. Jenkins was appointed Coppin State University's eighth president on May 26, 2020.

In 2022, after Andrew Jackson School in Philadelphia changed its name to Fanny Jackson Coppin School, Coppin State University offered free tuition to Coppin School graduates.

Academics
Coppin State University is classified among "Master's Colleges & Universities: Small Programs" and institutionally accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. Specific programs are accredited by the Commission on Nursing Education (CCNE), the Council on Rehabilitation Education (CORE), the Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP), the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE), and the Commission on Accreditation of Health Informatics and Information Management Education (CAHIIM). Additionally, the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP) accredits the College of Business.

CSU offers undergraduate and graduate degree and certificate programs through the following colleges:
 * College of Arts & Sciences, and Education
 * College of Behavioral & Social Sciences
 * College of Business
 * College of Health Professions

Coppin has offered a selective honors program since 1981 for high-performing undergraduate students. The honors program students live on the same floor in the Daley building and are recipients of one or more scholarships.

Student activities
There are over 30 student organizations on campus.

Athletics
The Coppin State Eagles compete in the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference and in the NCAA Division I. The school has men's teams in baseball, basketball, cross country, tennis, indoor and outdoor track and field, and women's teams in basketball, bowling, cross country, softball, tennis, indoor and outdoor track and field, and volleyball.

In 1997, the Coppin State men's basketball team defeated the University of South Carolina in the opening round of the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship becoming just the third #15 seed to defeat a #2 seed. In the 2007–08 season, Coppin State became the first team in NCAA College Basketball history to reach the NCAA Tournament with 20 losses.

Under the direction of Coach Leon Stewart, Coppin State began breaking school records in bowling, which is one of its newer teams. In 2012, the Eagles signed two premier women bowlers, Kache Woods and Kristen Sharpe. The 2013 recruiting class included Woods and Sharpe, along with Erica Washington, Loren Johnson, and Heather Josker. With this influx of talent, the 2013 Eagles broke the school record for most wins. The Eagles upped that performance in 2014 once again as they set a Coppin State record for wins in a season.

Greek life
Coppin State actively has all nine National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) organizations present on campus.

title: Coppin State University


text:
Wilsford

Wilsford may refer to:

England

 * Wilsford, Lincolnshire, village and civil parish
 * Wilsford, Wiltshire, village and civil parish in the Vale of Pewsey
 * Wilsford, village in Wilsford cum Lake parish, Wiltshire, near Amesbury

United States

 * Wilsford (Lula, Georgia), listed on the NRHP in Georgia

People with the surname

 * James Wilsford (c.1516–1550), English soldier and politician

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wilsford


text:
Talk:Dupont Circle

Fruit loop?
When I was in school in DC, (early, '90's) it was always called the "Fruit loop".--24.189.35.249 (talk) 01:16, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Absolutely it's called the Fruit Loop, just as 17th street is sometimes referred to as "Boys Town"

I've never heard Dupont Circle referred to as the "fruit loop." Is this common usage? – Joe Jarvis 13:58, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * I had the same reaction: never heard that one. Bbpen 02:28, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Me neither. Can we find any independent confirmation on this?  If not, the reference should be deleted.  Postdlf 22:47, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Google seems to indicate that the phrase enjoyed wider usage at one time. Maybe we should change the reference to "once known as the Fruit Loop" or something. Bbpen 23:09, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I noted that "fruit loop" is no longer common usage. – Joe Jarvis 15:33, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * It definitely is common usage. Students at Georgetown refer to Dupont Circle as fruit loop all the time, especially because of the friday night tranny-fest each week. thames 18:12, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps it could be amended to something a bit more in-between? thames 18:17, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I've tried to moderate it. Comments/changes welcome. – Joe Jarvis 18:06, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * I grew up in Nova in the 80s. "Fruit Loop" was pretty common. I haven't heard it since I moved back (in 2001.) --Browncat 02:37, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I live in DC and I hear it referred to as the Fruit Loop all the time. --Smooth Henry 09:45, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've lived in DC for 15 years and I have never heard it referred to as the "Fruit Loop". MrDarwin 19:06, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Should "Fruit Loop" go straight to DuPont Circle or perhaps have a disambiguation page? Many cities have an area know as the fruit loop. For instance, in San Diego it refers to the part of Balboa Park where gay men sun themselves.

I've lived within walking distance of DuPont circle (Georgetown) since 1990 and have never heard it referred to as Fruit Loop until reading this. Maybe this is a Georgetown University/GW-specific usage? Sometimes town/gown cultures have their own nicknames for places. IvyGold 02:34, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Notable stores
Do we want to open the can of worms of listing notable stores? I love Kramer as much as the next person, but why does it merit a special mention over many of the other notable stores? – Joe Jarvis 13:58, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

Kramer is a three-decade-old community hub, one of DC's few 24-hour places, and the very incarnation of the urban independent bookstore. Also, who can forget its footnote status in U.S. history, thanks to Kenneth Starr's attempt to subpoena Monica Lewinsky's book purchases? (Gee, maybe I'll start a Kramerbooks page.) :) Bbpen 02:28, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I didn't know about the Lewinsky connection, but I can definitely vouch for its community hub-status. If there is one store that everyone knows in Dupont, it's Kramerbooks. Postdlf 22:46, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Both Kramerbooks and Lambda Rising probably deserve mentions as well as their own pages. thames 18:13, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Wow, that was fast! Naively unaware of this thread, I deleted the mentions of KramerBooks and Lambda Rising because--however virtuous--they seemed to me to be commercial, for-profit enterprises that would not normally be mentioned in an encyclopedia. "Manhattan is an island with lots of great stores and restaurants. Macy's and Zabars are the best." Whatever. I'm bowing out, chastened and reverted. BitQuirky 22:08, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Assassination of Orlando Letelier
Perhaps it should be noted that Orlando Letelier was assassinated in Dupont Circle? Certianly is historically significant.

 * Be bold and include it!  —thames 13:51, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with Thames' encouragement. Go for it! —Joe Jarvis 17:01, May 20, 2005 (UTC)

He was assasinated in Sheridan Circle--Niro5 18:06, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Yup, definitely Sheridan Circle. I jog past the memorial there all the time. IvyGold 02:36, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Wikilink to Washington Club
I noticed that 64.12.117.5 removed the wikilink for Washington Club in this version. 64.12.117.5, did you have something in mind? Just curious. —Joe Jarvis 17:22, May 20, 2005 (UTC)

Church of Scientology?
I see there's a bit of a revert war going on over the mention of the Church of Scientology. I'm ambivalent about it--I guess I'm inclined to include it, especially if it's their national headquarters, as I'm in favor of more information over less information, but if included (and it only merits the briefest of mentions) it should link to a Wikipedia article on Scientology, and not to the Scientology website. Note also that the building itself has only been occupied by the Church of Scientology for about 10 years or so--it's a former restaurant (and probably a private home before that), and not a "church" as most people are familiar with the word. MrDarwin 19:10, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

I thought their national HQ was in NYC? I walked past it once in the mid 90's and saw creepy 40-somethings parading around in fake naval uniforms. Never seen the naval uniforms on the Dupont scienos. Willpwillp 11:11, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

The article says the Scientology church at Dupont Circle was "the first such church established by the religion's founder, L. Ron Hubbard." Not only is there no source for that description, but the Church of Scientology article says the first Scientology church was formed in New Jersey. Redeagle688 03:51, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Dunno about the Church of Scientology article, but I've added a cite to the Dupont Circle church's Website, which makes the claim itself.PRRfan (talk) 03:28, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

High Heel Race
Does this really deserve its own section in this article? --AgnosticPreachersKid (talk) 20:01, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Sure; it draws thousands of people to an annual event that is probably Dupont's largest. PRRfan (talk) 21:03, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Dupont's largest? I think Pride would have to be the largest by far. That's why I think if there is a section on the H.H. Race, then Pride should have a section as well.--AgnosticPreachersKid (talk) 21:48, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Sure, why not? Might make sense to have a section -- "Events" -- with HHR and Pride as subsections. PRRfan (talk) 22:06, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The reason for the section is simple, if not entirely rational. Somebody created Dupont Circle High Heel Race, it was nominated for AfD, and the consensus was to merge it into this article.

 * If you want to copy and edit part of Capital Pride (Washington) into this article, please do so. I live just off of 17th Street, and I think the Pride events on 17th draw bigger crowds than the High Heel Race. And that doesn't count the march through the Circle. — Malik Shabazz (talk · contribs) 22:08, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

 * entirely rational? *attitude alert* i'll add the pride section to the article.--AgnosticPreachersKid (talk) 02:12, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Someone needs to include the Dupont-Kalorama Museum Walk Weekend as an annual event (http://www.dkmuseums.com/walk.html), every June. There's also the "Pride of Pets" event sponsored by www.petsdc.org. http://www.dupontcircle.biz/ sponsors the Taste of Dupont event and the Spring Fling and other stuff. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.83.216.108 (talk) 22:42, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Article overhaul
Hi everyone. I've decided to take on editing this page to get it up to GA standards. Part of that effort will include removing any information that is not backed up with sources. I have already started the cleanup process, but anyone's help in editing the prose and finding reliable sources is certainly appreciated. If you have any ideas on what should be added, please share them here. Best, epicAdam (talk) 06:19, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for starting the GA process. I'm going to look over the history, architecture, and landmark sections to see where improvements can be made. I purchased this book (listed in the "Further reading" section) and it contains many historical facts and a ton of pictures (before 1923) that are free to use.

 * I created articles for the Clarence Moore House and the Thomas T. Gaff House. Someone else recently created the Perry Belmont House article. I'll work on other buildings (many of these are NRHPs), as well as memorials and local events that don't have an entry (all of these meet notability requirements). Feel free to create them as well because it will take me a long time to write all of these articles by myself. Most of these places should be mentioned somewhere in the article. Here is a list of Dupont Circle-related subjects that need an article: Boardman House aka Iraqi Embassy (pic), Friends Meeting House (NRHP) (pix - 1, 2, 3, 4), Codman-Davis House aka Thailand ambassdor's residence (NRHP), Walsh-McLean House aka Indonesian Embassy (NRHP) (pix - 1, 2), Fraser Mansion aka Founding Church of Scientology building (NRHP) (pix - 1, 2), L. Ron Hubbard House (pix - 1, 2), Christian Heurich Mansion aka Brewmaster's Castle (NRHP) (pix - 1, 2), Patterson House aka Washington Club (NRHP) (pix - 1, 2 3), Wadsworth House aka Sulgrave Club (NRHP) (pix - 1, 2), Strivers' Section Historic District (NRHP) (pix - 1, 2, 3), Foundry United Methodist Church (NRHP) (pix - 1, 2), Whittemore House aka Women's National Democratic Club (NRHP) (pix - 1, 2), Blaine Mansion, Apartment Building at 2225 N Street (NRHP) (pix - 1), Samuel M. Bryan House aka Church of the Savior (pix - 1), The National Italian American Foundation (pix - 1), Peruvian Chancery (pix - 1, 2) and many other embassies (search Commons for pix), Jewish Community Center (pix - 1), Church of the Holy City (pix - 1, 2), Old Highlands Apartment building aka Churchill Hotel (pix - 1), Old Fairfax Hotel aka the Westin Embassy Row (pix - 1), John Witherspoon statue (pix - 1, 2), Taras Shevchenko statue (pix - 1, 2), Mahatma Gandhi statue (pix - 1, 2), Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Memorial (NRHP) (pix - 1), George B. McClellan Memorial (pix - 1), Dupont Circle Farmers Market (pix - 1), Beadazzled (pix - 1), Circa at Dupont (pix - 1), Church of the Pilgrims (pix - 1, 2, 3), Anchorage Building (pix - 1), The Chastleton (pix - 1) and other apartment buildings by Harry Wardman, St Margaret's Episcopal Church (pix - 1), St. Thomas Episcopal Church (pix - 1), Journeymen Theater (pix - 1), Restaurant Nora, La Tomate (pix - 1), Ross Elementary School, Gallery 10 Ltd (pix - 1) and several other galleries in Dupont Circle, old Dupont Plaza Hotel aka Jurys Hotel (pix - 1), 17th Street (pix - search on Commons because there are many notable place on the entire length of the street), Annie's Paramount Steak House (pix - 1), Cobalt (pix - 1), Mr. P's (pix - 1), Apex aka Badlands (historical name is the Codman Carriage House and Stable, a NRHP) (pix - 1), Walsh Stable (NRHP) (pix - 1), Thomas Nelson Page House (NRHP) (pix - 1), and the Lothrop Mansion (NRHP) (pix - 1, 2). Note: some of the locations may fall outside of the technical boundaries of Dupont Circle, but they're considered to be in the Dupont Circle neighborhood.

 * The fountain at the circle could also warrant its own entry and a separate article for the Dupont Circle Historic District might be a good idea. The Anderson House is a NHL and needs a separate article. The Elliott Coues House, Administration Building, Carnegie Institution of Washington, General Federation of Women's Clubs Headquarters, Charlotte Forten Grimke House, Andrew Mellon Building, Robert Simpson Woodward House and the Charles Evans Hughes House are all NHLs and need to be mentioned in the article. Dumbarton Bridge, Cairo Apartment Building, Embassy Gulf Service Station, Cosmos Club, House of the Temple, and the Duncan Phillips House articles have been written and should be mentioned as well (if they're not already).

 * This website gives some historical background of the Dupont Circle Historic District. This one mentions buildings in the Dupont area of the Massachusetts Avenue Historic District and this site mentions buildings on 16th Street.  APK  PRAISE JEEBUS  03:50, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm also willing to help, especially finding sources. — Malik Shabazz (talk · contribs) 04:05, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Great. I guess a separate article for the historic district would be unnecessary. Other cities have separate articles for NRHP districts (ex from back home: Depot Historic District, East Raleigh-South Park Historic District, & Moore Square Historic District) but since this article is specifically about the Dupont neighborhood it covers the info already. In regards to the fountain, I think it meet notability requirements. It was designed by a well-known sculptor and architect in 1921 (Daniel Chester French & Henry Bacon) and the following sources could be used: NYT, NPS, WPost, Book, Book, Book, Book, Book - detailed description, and a detailed history is given in the Dupont Circle book. Side note: This is a great photo by a local that could be useful for the article. You can search through his 11,000+ pictures that are all licensed under Creative Commons. I've used many of his pictures for WP articles. Here are additional creative commons photos of the fountain (mine is the first one).  APK  PRAISE JEEBUS  14:35, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I forgot to mention above about this convenient tool for creating NRHP articles. It provides the infobox, refs, etc. The article mentions the Alice Pike Barney Studio (Embassy of Latvia). The embassy's website says it's a historic landmark, but I've searched the NPS database and it's not listed. Should the house be mentioned in the article because it's west of Sheridan Circle? I didn't include buildings that far from Dupont in the list of places that need articles and am wondering what everyone else thinks we should consider "in Dupont".  APK  PRAISE JEEBUS  15:12, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Article move
It would have been nice to open the article move up for discussion. I, for one, would oppose it. There is no reason why Dupont Circle shouldn't be at the primary usage of the name, in my opinion, and simply makes things more confusing for readers. I propose moving the article back to the primary usage. Best, epicAdam(talk) 19:18, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

 * There's no need to specify the location of the neighborhood in Washington; any other uses are secondary. — Malik Shabazz (talk · contribs) 03:32, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Historical images
Under the history section, does anyone think an old photo should be included? I uploaded this picture, although there are several other historical photos available online. If it's added, one of the other three photos should be moved to avoid clutter. But I'm not sure where it would fit.  APK  I got your crazy  18:08, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I prefer not including both the map and the aerial image. I may be making new neighborhood maps that show detail, but also show the location within the city.  Here is one for Dupont Circle. With a new map, I would move one of the images to the infobox or put the map in the infobox. --Aude (talk) 19:21, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Kudos on the map. Great work. So you think adding your image to the infobox and removing the aerial & current maps is cool? If so, I'll replace the old map with the Blaine photo.  APK  I got your crazy  19:27, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The Blaine Mansion image is definitely a good addition. I don't have a preference, regarding what goes in the infobox. --Aude (talk) 19:41, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Ok, I was bold and replaced them. Although the image caption I added might need some work.  APK  I got your crazy  20:27, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

Boundaries
Several historical buildings located in Sheridan-Kalorama are mentioned in this article. The boundary between Dupont and SK is Florida Avenue (example: Cosmos Club = Dupont; Embassy of Estonia = SK). I didn't know this until researching property on dc.gov and reading about the Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District. Anywho, I'll go ahead and remove Christian Hauge House, Joseph Beale House, Charles Evans Hughes House, Friends Meeting House, Codman-Davis House, Barney Studio House, Textile Museum, Woodrow Wilson House, and Sheridan Circle from the article. I doubt anyone cares, but in case someone wanted to know why I took them out...well, now you know. (:>p)  APK   thinks he's ready for his closeup  17:07, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I created a list of Dupont-related topics, in case you guys and gals want to create/expand/improve some articles.  APK  thinks he's ready for his closeup  02:27, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Category confusion
APK be confused. I've always wondered when an article's title is also a category (i.e. Category:Dupont Circle), does that mean only the parent category belongs on the main article? I moved all the categories from this article, but now I'm not so sure it was the correct thing to do. Can someone offer an opinion, por favor? APK whisper in my ear  09:04, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

A map created for this article
See File:DC Neighborhoods - Dupont Circle.svg. I'll leave it to y'all to figure out where it best belongs in the article. harej 05:33, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
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'Dupont Circle' as synecdoche
An anon asserted that Dupont Circle "may be used as a synecdoche" for its embassies and think tanks. I tagged it "citation needed," and the anon responded with a citation that did not back up the assertion. So I have removed the text pending relevant citations. PRRfan (talk) 04:20, 1 January 2022 (UTC)
 * It's moreso one of those things that need to be disproved rather than proved. The Brookings blog post that was cited inferred what was asserted at least twice.72.174.131.123 (talk) 13:39, 1 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but that's not how Wikipedia works. You want to add some text, you need to cite reliable sources that back it up. (Also, once an edit has been reverted and a discussion begun, it's customary to refrain from editing the relevant passage until editors have come to a consensus.) PRRfan (talk) 02:55, 3 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree with @PRRfan - you need a reliable source that explicitly states the fact being added. Blackandyellow412 (talk) 14:17, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dupont Circle


text:
Pat Garrity

Patrick Joseph Garrity (born August 23, 1976) is an American former professional basketball player who played from 1998 to 2008 in the National Basketball Association (NBA). A power forward who was known as a three-point marksman, Garrity played for the Phoenix Suns and the Orlando Magic. Garrity served as an assistant general manager of the Detroit Pistons from 2016 to 2020.

High school years
At Lewis-Palmer High School in Monument, Colorado, Garrity was a starter on the basketball team for four seasons and won all-state honors three times. He led the basketball team to the 1994 Class 4A State of Colorado Championship and was valedictorian of his graduating class. Garrity averaged 23.2 points per game in his senior year. His jersey, number 53, is retired at Lewis-Palmer High School.

College career
At the University of Notre Dame, Garrity played four years with the Fighting Irish averaging double-digits in scoring in all four seasons, including a 23.2 point-per-game average in his senior season of 1997–98. He was the Big East Men's Basketball Player of the Year in 1997. In 1998, he was a Consensus Second Team All-America selection. He was a two-time Academic All-America selection as well as Academic All-American of the Year for Division I men's basketball in 1998.

Professional career
Garrity was drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks with the 19th pick of the 1998 NBA draft. The Bucks traded his rights and the rights to Dirk Nowitzki, to the Dallas Mavericks for the rights to Robert Traylor. Garrity's rights, along with Martin Müürsepp, Bubba Wells, and a first-round draft pick, were traded to the Phoenix Suns in exchange for Steve Nash.

A power forward, Garrity was known for his three-point marksmanship during his NBA career.

In Phoenix, Garrity averaging 5.6 points per game in 39 appearances (in an NBA lockout-shortened 50-game regular season). On August 5, 1999, he was traded--along with Danny Manning and two future draft picks--to the Orlando Magic for Penny Hardaway. Garrity spent the rest of his playing career with the Magic.

Garrity played in all 82 games with Orlando in 1999–2000, averaging 8.2 points per game and shooting 40.1 percent from three-point territory. In the 2000-2001 season, he averaged 8.3 points per game in 76 games. In February 2001, Garrity had arthroscopic surgery on his left knee. In 2001–02, Garrity's scoring average hit a career-high of 11.1 points per game as he started 43 of the 80 games he played. On March 19, 2002, in a 101–91 win over the Milwaukee Bucks, Garrity made a career-high seven three-pointers on his way to a 21-point total. During the season, he ranked seventh in the NBA in both three-point field goal percentage and three-point field goals made. Garrity's average dipped to 10.7 points per game in 2002–03. That season, on November 2, 2002, Garrity scored 13 points and grabbed a career-high 15 rebounds in a 100–90 win over the Bucks. Garrity participated in the 2001 and 2003 Three-Point Contests during NBA All-Star Weekend.

Beginning in 2003, Garrity's career was affected by right knee problems. Garrity's 2003–04 campaign ended after only two games due to an injured right knee. He underwent three different knee procedures in 2003 before undergoing microfracture surgery in 2004. Garrity came back to play in 71 games for the Magic during the 2004-2005 season, averaging 4.6 points per game. In April 2005, he tore the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in his right knee and was ruled out for the rest of the season.

Garrity served as secretary/treasurer of the National Basketball Players Association.

On January 26, 2006, Garrity scored 24 points in a 119–115 overtime win against the Philadelphia 76ers. On September 11, 2008, he announced his retirement from professional basketball.

Post-playing career
Garrity worked for Bridgewater Associates before returning to the NBA as director of strategic planning for the Detroit Pistons. On June 15, 2016, Garrity was promoted and became the assistant general manager of the Detroit Pistons. Garrity left the position in July 2020.

title: Pat Garrity


text:
Cha Bum-kun

Cha Bum-kun ( or ; born 22 May 1953) is a South Korean former football manager and player. A forward, he was nicknamed Tscha Bum or "Cha Boom" in Germany because of his name and thunderous ball striking ability. He showed explosive pace and powerful shots with his thick thighs. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest Asian footballers of all time.

In 1972, Cha had been capped for the South Korea national team as the youngest player of the time at the age of 18. He is the youngest player to ever reach 100 international caps in the world at 24 years and 35 days, and the all-time leading goalscorer of the South Korean national team with 58 goals. After dominating Asian competitions including the 1978 Asian Games, he left for West Germany and played for Eintracht Frankfurt and Bayer Leverkusen. He scored a total of 121 goals in two Bundesliga clubs, and won the UEFA Cup with each team.

After his retirement, he opened a football academy to develop youth players in South Korea, and managed the national team for the 1998 FIFA World Cup.

Early life
Cha was born in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi. He originally joined Yeongdo Middle School to learn football, but the school's football club was dissolved as soon as he joined there. He started his football career by transferring to Kyungshin Middle School after playing field hockey for Yeongdo for one and a half years. In his high school days, he tried to leave school due to older students' violence, but continued to play football with the manager Chang Woon-soo's help. He became a notable player of Kyungshin High School, and was selected for the South Korean under-20 team in 1970.

Career in South Korea
Cha entered Korea University in 1972, and won the Korean National Championship in 1974, the predecessor of the Korean FA Cup. After his graduation, he started his senior career with Korea Trust Bank FC in 1976. He led his team to the title and was named the best player in the spring season of the Korean Semi-professional League. In October 1976, he joined Air Force FC to serve his mandatory military service. Cha originally had a plan to enlist in the Navy FC, but the ROK Air Force persuaded him that it would move his discharge up by six months.

Darmstadt 98
While playing for the national team in the 1978 Korea Cup, Cha attracted the attention of an Eintracht Frankfurt coach Dieter Schulte, who had received an invitation to serve as an scout/observer at that tournament. In November 1978, Schulte sent a letter to the KFA (Korea Football Association), suggesting Cha's tryout in West Germany, who would be discharged from the ROK Air Force in January 1979. Cha had taken time off to leave for Frankfurt after the 1978 Asian Games in December and succeeded to contract with another Bundesliga club Darmstadt 98 by signing a six-month deal. However, he spent just less than a month in Darmstadt. The ROK Air Force didn't follow the contract with Cha, and ordered his return. After his debut match against VfL Bochum on 30 December, Cha returned to South Korea due to his complicated issue about military service on 5 January. He eventually spent the remainder of the duration of his military service until 31 May, and so could not play for Darmstadt.

Eintracht Frankfurt
After being discharged from the military service completely, Cha still wanted to play in Bundesliga, and joined Eintracht Frankfurt at age 26 in July 1979. He scored in three consecutive games from third to fifth matchday of the Bundesliga, making an immediate impact early in his new club. After the first half of his first season in Germany, he was classified as world class in the Rankings of German football (1970s) of kicker, a notable German football magazine. He was also acclaimed by showing great performances helping Eintracht to win its first-ever UEFA Cup title. He was evaluated as the "unstoppable player" by Sir Alex Ferguson, (Aberdeen's manager at the time) and "one of the best attackers in the world" by Lothar Matthäus. (an opponent player at the UEFA Cup Final and the Bundesliga) In addition to a UEFA Cup title, he was named along with Karl-Heinz Rummenigge and Kevin Keegan in the Bundesliga Team of the Season by kicker. On 23 August 1980, Cha's spine had been cracked by Jürgen Gelsdorf, who had tackled behind him, but came back to the stadium after a month. Afterwards, he scored six goals in six matches of the 1980–81 DFB-Pokal, leading Eintracht to the title. He became Eintracht's top goalscorer for three consecutive seasons.

Bayer Leverkusen
However, Cha transferred to Bayer Leverkusen due to a financial difficulty of Frankfurt in 1983. In the 1985–86 Bundesliga, he scored his most goals in a single Bundesliga season with 17 goals, and Leverkusen qualified for the UEFA Cup for the first time as the sixth-placed team. The magazine kicker once again selected him for the Team of the Season. In the 1988 UEFA Cup Final, he scored a dramatic equaliser against Espanyol to tie the game 3–3. Leverkusen eventually went on to win the game on penalties, holding its first European title.

Cha retired in 1989 after playing 308 Bundesliga games as a fair player. During his Bundesliga career, he scored 98 goals without a penalty, and received only one yellow card. On 31 October 1987, he scored his 93rd Bundesliga goal, becoming the top foreign goalscorer by surpassing Willi Lippens. His scoring record wasn't broken for eleven years until Stéphane Chapuisat scored more goals than him. As of 2024, Cha is ranked ninth along with Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang in the Bundesliga's foreign goalscorer standings.

International career
Cha generally played the Bundesliga games as a striker, but he had originally been a winger in South Korea. He became a South Korean under-20 international in 1970, and took part in the AFC Youth Championship in 1971 and 1972. In the 1972 AFC Asian Cup, he made his senior international debut against Iraq, and scored his first international goal against Khmer Republic. He was named in the Korean FA Best XI for seven consecutive years, and was selected as the Korean FA Player of the Year in 1973.

Cha usually played for the national team in the Korea Cup, Pestabola Merdeka and King's Cup, which were annually contested between Asian nations and the invited clubs at the time. He won a total of ten trophies and also left memorable games in three competitions. In the 1975 Pestabola Merdeka, he scored his first international hat-trick against Japan. In the 1976 Korea Cup, he scored a hat-trick against Malaysia during five minutes from 83rd to 88th minute, leading South Korea to a dramatic 4–4 draw.

In the 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification, he played all of South Korea's twelve matches, and recorded five goals and two assists, although his knee got a boil during the competition. However, South Korea failed to qualify for the World Cup by finishing the qualification as runners-up despite his struggle.

In the 1978 Asian Games, he scored two goals and provided two assists, contributing to team's gold medal. However, he showed lethargic plays to prepare tryouts for Bundesliga clubs, and received criticisms. After the 1978 Asian Games, he left for the Bundesliga and didn't play for South Korea. His last international tournament was the 1986 FIFA World Cup, South Korea's first World Cup since 1954. He showed exemplary performance in intensive checks by opponents, but failed to prevent South Korea's elimination in the group stage.

Managerial career
Cha moved into management with K League side Hyundai Horang-i, coaching them from 1991–94. His next appointment in January 1997 was Korean national team coach and he led the nation to the 1998 FIFA World Cup; however, a disastrous 5–0 defeat at the hands of the Netherlands in Korea's second group game got Cha fired. He later blamed the KFA for the bad performance, citing lack of bonuses and alleging pro soccer games in Korea were fixed. The association promptly slapped a five-year ban on him and he soon left the country with his wife.

After an 18-month spell coaching Shenzhen Ping'an in China, Cha took up a commentator position with MBC in Korea. He returned to coaching in late 2003 when offered the Suwon Samsung Bluewings position. Cha achieved immediate success with Suwon by lifting the 2004 K League championship, an achievement he ranked as even better than the UEFA Cup he won as a player in 1988. He later resigned in June 2010 as Suwon manager.

Personal life
Cha is a devout Christian and said the faith is one of his three biggest values along with family and football.

Cha's second child, Cha Du-ri, also played for the South Korean national team and Bundesliga clubs, among them Eintracht, following in his father's footsteps.

In November 2019, Cha received the Cross of Merit from the German government.

International
The KFA is showing the list of Cha's 136 international appearances in its official website. The RSSSF is also claiming 136 appearances about Cha's international career, but its details have some discrepancies. FIFA registered him with 130 appearances in the FIFA Century Club by excluding six matches in the Summer Olympics qualification.

 * Scores list South Korea's goal tally first.

Player
Korea University
 * Korean National Championship: 1974

Korea Trust Bank
 * Korean Semi-professional League (Spring): 1976

ROK Air Force
 * Korean National Championship runner-up: 1976

Eintracht Frankfurt
 * UEFA Cup: 1979–80
 * DFB-Pokal: 1980–81

Bayer Leverkusen
 * UEFA Cup: 1987–88

South Korea U20
 * AFC Youth Championship runner-up: 1971, 1972

South Korea
 * Asian Games: 1978
 * AFC Asian Cup runner-up: 1972

Individual
 * IFFHS World's Player of the 20th Century 60th place: 2000
 * IFFHS Legends: 2016
 * IFFHS Asia's Player of the 20th Century: 1999
 * IFFHS Asian Men's Team of the 20th Century: 2021
 * IFFHS Asian Men's Team of All Time: 2021
 * MasterCard Asian/Oceanian Team of the 20th Century: 1998
 * ESPN Best Asian Footballer of All Time: 2015
 * Korean FA Best XI: 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978
 * Korean FA Most Valuable Player: 1973
 * Korean FA Hall of Fame: 2005
 * Korean Semi-professional League (Spring) Best Player: 1976
 * Korean Sports Hall of Fame: 2017
 * kicker Team of the Season: 1979–80, 1985–86
 * Eintracht Frankfurt All-time XI: 2013

Records
 * Youngest player in the world to reach 100 caps: 24 years, 35 days
 * Most caps for South Korea: 136 caps
 * South Korea all-time top goalscorer: 58 goals

Manager
Hyundai Horang-i
 * Korean League Cup runner-up: 1993

Suwon Samsung Bluewings
 * Pan-Pacific Championship: 2009
 * A3 Champions Cup: 2005
 * K League 1: 2004, 2008
 * Korean FA Cup: 2009
 * Korean League Cup: 2005, 2008
 * Korean Super Cup: 2005

Individual
 * AFC Coach of the Month: February 1997, May 1997, September 1997
 * AFC Coach of the Year: 1997
 * K League 1 Manager of the Year: 2004, 2008
 * Korean FA Cup Best Manager: 2009

title: Cha Bum-kun


text:
Maxton, Kent

Maxton is an area in the west of Dover, in the county of Kent, England. Maxton also served as the terminus of the tramway system serving the town until its closure in 1938.

Maxton is now a suburb of Dover.

title: Maxton, Kent


text:
2004 Libertarian National Convention

The 2004 Libertarian National Convention was held from May 28 to May 31, 2004, at the Marriott Marquis Hotel in Atlanta, Georgia. The delegates at the convention, on behalf of the U.S. Libertarian Party, nominated Michael Badnarik for president and Richard Campagna for vice president in the 2004 presidential election. The convention was televised nationally on C-SPAN.

Libertarians hold a National Convention every two years to vote on party bylaws, platform and resolutions and elect national party officers and a judicial committee. Every four years it nominates presidential and vice presidential candidates.

Speakers
Those which attended include:
 * Michael Badnarik, activist
 * Gary Nolan, radio host
 * Aaron Russo, businessman and filmmaker
 * Ron Paul, former Libertarian presidential candidate and current Republican Congressman
 * Neal Boortz, national syndicated radio talk show host
 * James Bovard, author of Terrorism and Tyranny
 * Sheriff Richard Mack
 * David Nolan, co-founder of the Libertarian Party
 * Michael Colley, retired United States Navy vice admiral
 * Dean Cameron, actor
 * Jim Gray, judge of the Superior Court of Orange County, California, author
 * Dr. Mary Ruwart, author
 * Ed Thompson, nominee for Governor of Wisconsin in 2012
 * Jimmie Vaughan, musician

First ballot
After the first round, a motion was passed to suspend the rules and allow only the top three candidates from the first round to proceed to the second ballot.

Second ballot
After the second round, Gary Nolan, not receiving the necessary votes to advance, endorsed Michael Badnarik.

Third ballot
After the second round of voting, Gary Nolan addressed the convention, endorsing Michael Badnarik for the 2004 nomination of the Libertarian Party.

Voting for vice presidential nomination
A separate vote was held for the vice presidential nomination. Per convention rules, nominee Michael Badnarik addressed the crowd, however he declined to declare his preferred running mate.

First ballot
Richard Campagna of Iowa was nominated as vice presidential candidate on the first ballot.

title: 2004 Libertarian National Convention


text:
Talk:Solar updraft tower

Is there an error here?
"The chimney had a height of 195 metres (640 ft) and a diameter of 10 metres (33 ft) with a collection area (greenhouse) of 46 hectares (110 acres) and a diameter of 244 metres (801 ft)".

The area of a circle 244 m in diameter is 46k square meters or 4.6 hectares, not 46 h. 199.167.119.198 (talk) 15:00, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Solar updraft tower


text:
Marden, Kent

Marden ( or ) is a village and civil parish in the Kent borough of Maidstone approximately 8 miles south of Maidstone. The civil parish is located on the flood plain of the River Beult, and also includes Chainhurst and the hamlet of Wanshurst Green.

The village is associated with apple growing and from 1933 to 1991 hosted a nationally recognised fruit show.

Name
The dense woodland and marshes of the Weald of Kent were littered with acorns and beech mast in autumn making ideal seasonal foraging ground for pigs. The grants by Saxon kings for rights to these pannage areas were known as dens which later came to refer to the herders' camps and ultimately the settlements that grew up there. Maer referred to barren areas of marsh alongside the forest. In time the dens developed into permanent settlements such a Maer den, or clearing beside the marsh.

By 1066 the settlement was recorded as Maere Denn; in 1170, Maeredaen; 1235, Mereden; 1283, Merdenne, and from about 1635 by its present name.

Parish pump
Marden Parish Council covered over a well opposite the village's Maidstone Road junction in 1899 and erected a pump. In 1907, it had to be locked, and then removed, because of contamination of the water by ammonia, nitrates, chlorides and organic matter. The parish pump is depicted on the village sign.

Forges
George Rootes, a relative of the Rootes Group founders, operated Rootes' Forge at West End, and the West End Tavern next door.

A Mr Bourne ran Bourne's Forge in the High Street. After it was demolished, Sutton's shop was built on the site and later new housing, the present Sutton Forge.

French airliner crash
On 10 February 1930, a Farman F.63 Goliath crashed at Pagehurst emergency landing ground whilst attempting an emergency landing following structural failure of the starboard tailplane. Two of the six people on board were killed.

Marden Fruit Show
In 1933, Marden Fruit Show Society was established by 35 top-fruit growers and their first show was held in October that year at Walton Hall on Pattenden Lane. The prize fruit was sent to London for display at Selfridges. Apart from World War II, and bad frost years, the Society has organised their shows annually ever since.

In 1953 Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother attended the show.

Marden Fruit Show is now The National Fruit Show and has moved from Pattenden Lane to the Kent Showground at nearby Detling. Entries of apples, pears and cherries come from across Great Britain and mainland Europe.

Doodlebugs
On 3 July 1944, a German V-1 flying bomb shot down by anti-aircraft fire landed on an army camp in Pattenden Lane, killing 11 and injuring eight. A total of 11 of the flying bombs fell on Marden including another on Pattenden Lane that exploded in a pond.

Pluto
A World War II Pluto fuel pipeline was constructed through Marden parish. In 2016, a section of the pipe from Gatehouse Farm, incorporating a concrete joint to facilitate a change in alignment, was relocated and put on permanent display at Marden Library.

Rail collision
On 4 January 1969, a passenger train from Charing Cross to Ramsgate overran a signal at danger in fog and crashed into the back of a parcels train. Four people were killed and 11 injured.

Transport
Marden is 8 miles (13 km) from Maidstone and 14 miles (22 km) from Tonbridge. It is on the B2079 linking the A229 Maidstone with the A21 at Flimwell. Marden railway station is on the South Eastern Main Line.

Economy
There is local employment at the substantial industrial estate built north of the railway line on Pattenden Lane from 1950 which supplements traditional agricultural jobs, but many residents commute to work in London.

In 1993, there was a substantial tyre dump fire at the Pattenden Lane industrial area that caused pollution of the River Teise.

Amenities
St Michael and All Angels Church, depicted on the village sign, was built at the end of the 12th century.

In 2007, Ann Widdecombe opened the Marden Heritage Centre's archive at Marden Library.

The village school, Marden Primary Academy, joined the Leigh Academies Trust in 2020.

Marden Village Club was founded in 1907 and offers refreshments, singers and bingo to its members. Across Howland Road from the Village Club is the entrance to Marden Bowls Club's green and clubhouse.

Memorial Hall
Marden Memorial Hall on Goudhurst Road is operated by a registered charity. The three function rooms host community and private events, and since 1974 have staged Marden Theatre Group productions.

The Hall was converted from a former Church School in 1934 and named for the memory of Mr Edward Day.

Between 1950 and 1977 the Memorial Hall accommodated Marden library.

Sport
Marden Cricket Club and Marden Russets Hockey Club are based at Day's Sport Field.

Marden Minors football team play at Church Park.

Marden Meadows
The 8.8 acre Marden Meadows Site of Special Scientific Interest is to the east of the village. Kent Trust for Nature Conservation mows the three fields once a year for hay and livestock graze the aftermath. The unimproved, natural grassland contains Ophioglossum, green winged orchid, Saxifraga granulata, Leucanthemum vulgare, Rhinanthus minor, and within a pond Hottonia palustris and bladder-sedge.

People

 * Nicholas Amhurst (1697–1742), poet
 * William Hartnell (1908–75), actor
 * Sidney Highwood (1896–1975 ), RAF officer
 * William Morley Punshon (1824–81), preacher
 * Franz Von Werra, (1914–41), German fighter pilot
 * Nicholas Fenn (1936–2016), British diplomat

title: Marden, Kent


text:
Damage tolerance

In engineering, damage tolerance is a property of a structure relating to its ability to sustain defects safely until repair can be effected. The approach to engineering design to account for damage tolerance is based on the assumption that flaws can exist in any structure and such flaws propagate with usage. This approach is commonly used in aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, and civil engineering to manage the extension of cracks in structure through the application of the principles of fracture mechanics. A structure is considered to be damage tolerant if a maintenance program has been implemented that will result in the detection and repair of accidental damage, corrosion and fatigue cracking before such damage reduces the residual strength of the structure below an acceptable limit.

History
Structures upon which human life depends have long been recognized as needing an element of fail-safety. When describing his flying machine, Leonardo da Vinci noted that "In constructing wings one should make one chord to bear the strain and a looser one in the same position so that if one breaks under the strain, the other is in the position to serve the same function."

Prior to the 1970s, the prevailing engineering philosophy of aircraft structures was to ensure that airworthiness was maintained with a single part broken, a redundancy requirement known as fail-safety. However, advances in fracture mechanics, along with infamous catastrophic fatigue failures such as those in the de Havilland Comet prompted a change in requirements for aircraft. It was discovered that a phenomenon known as multiple-site damage could cause many small cracks in the structure, which grow slowly by themselves, to join one another over time, creating a much larger crack, and significantly reducing the expected time until failure

Safe-life structure
Not all structure must demonstrate detectable crack propagation to ensure safety of operation. Some structures operate under the safe-life design principle, where an extremely low level of risk is accepted through a combination of testing and analysis that the part will never form a detectable crack due to fatigue during the service life of the part. This is achieved through a significant reduction of stresses below the typical fatigue capability of the part. Safe-life structures are employed when the cost or infeasibility of inspections outweighs the weight penalty and development costs associated with safe-life structures. An example of a safe-life component is the helicopter rotor blade. Due to the extremely large numbers of cycles endured by the rotating component, an undetectable crack may grow to a critical length in a single flight and before the aircraft lands, result in a catastrophic failure that regular maintenance could not have prevented.

Damage tolerance analysis
In ensuring the continued safe operation of the damage tolerant structure, inspection schedules are devised. This schedule is based on many criteria, including:

 * assumed initial damaged condition of the structure
 * stresses in the structure (both fatigue and operational maximum stresses) that cause crack growth from the damaged condition
 * geometry of the material which intensifies or reduces the stresses on the crack tip
 * ability of the material to withstand cracking due to stresses in the expected environment
 * largest crack size that the structure can endure before catastrophic failure
 * likelihood that a particular inspection method will reveal a crack
 * acceptable level of risk that a certain structure will be completely failed
 * expected duration after manufacture until a detectable crack will form
 * assumption of failure in adjacent components which may have the effect of changing stresses in the structure of interest

These factors affect how long the structure may operate normally in the damaged condition before one or more inspection intervals has the opportunity to discover the damaged state and effect a repair. The interval between inspections must be selected with a certain minimum safety, and also must balance the expense of the inspections, the weight penalty of lowering fatigue stresses, and the opportunity costs associated with a structure being out of service for maintenance.

Non-destructive inspections
Manufacturers and operators of aircraft, trains, and civil engineering structures like bridges have a financial interest in ensuring that the inspection schedule is as cost-efficient as possible. In the example of aircraft, because these structures are often revenue producing, there is an opportunity cost associated with the maintenance of the aircraft (lost ticket revenue), in addition to the cost of maintenance itself. Thus, this maintenance is desired to be performed infrequently, even when such increased intervals cause increased complexity and cost to the overhaul. Crack growth, as shown by fracture mechanics, is exponential in nature; meaning that the crack growth rate is a function of an exponent of the current crack size (see Paris' law). This means that only the largest cracks influence the overall strength of a structure; small internal damages do not necessarily decrease the strength. A desire for infrequent inspection intervals, combined with the exponential growth of cracks in structure has led to the development of non-destructive testing methods which allow inspectors to look for very tiny cracks which are often invisible to the naked eye. Examples of this technology include eddy current, ultrasonic, dye penetrant, and X-ray inspections. By catching structural cracks when they are very small, and growing slowly, these non-destructive inspections can reduce the amount of maintenance checks, and allow damage to be caught when it is small, and still inexpensive to repair. As an example, such repair can be achieved by drilling a small hole at the crack tip, thus effectively turning the crack into a keyhole-notch.

title: Damage tolerance


text:
Gitano

Gitano may refer to:

 * Gitanos, Romani people in Spain
 * Gitano (film), a 2000 Spanish film
 * Gitano (album), a 2007 album by Rolando Villazón
 * Gitano, a 2012 album by Canut Reyes
 * Gitano Group Inc., a fashion apparel company, USA

title: Gitano


text:
Christopher Hodder-Williams

John Christopher Glazebrook Hodder-Williams (25 August 1926—15 May 1995) was an English musician, songwriter and author, primarily of science fiction. He also wrote novels about aviation and espionage. He was the son of Ralph Hodder-Williams, who was one of the owners of the British publishing firm Hodder and Stoughton. Many of his books are early examples of what would later be called techno-thrillers. He also wrote teleplays, and worked as a composer and lyricist.

Biography
Hodder-Williams was born 25 August, 1926, in London. He served in the Royal Corps of Signals from 1944 to 1948, where he served in the Middle East. Afterwards, after briefly working at Hodder and Stoughton, he became a jazz pianist and songwriter on Broadway in the early 1950s. He eventually returned to England, continuing to write songs & perform, before he published his first novel (The Cummings Report) in 1958 under the pseudonym James Brogan. His next 14 novels were published under his own name, and varied in genre. Hodder-Williams described some of his work as "fiction science". He was also a pilot, a theme that appears in several of his early literary works.

Hodder-Williams died on 15 May, 1995, in London.

Novels

 * The Cummings Report (1957), originally published under the pseudonym James Brogan
 * Chain Reaction (1959)
 * Final Approach (1960)
 * Turbulence (1961)
 * The Higher They Fly (1963)
 * The Main Experiment (1964)
 * The Egg-Shaped Thing (1966)
 * Fistful of Digits (1968)
 * 98.4 (1969), also published as Ninety-Eight Point Four
 * Panic O'Clock (1973)
 * Coward's Paradise (1974)
 * The Prayer Machine (1976)
 * The Silent Voice (1977)
 * The Thinktank That Leaked (1979)
 * Chromosome Game (1984)

Teleplays
For Armchair Theatre:
 * The Ship That Couldn't Stop (1961)
 * The Higher They Fly (1963)
 * A Voice in the Sky (1965)

For the British television series Suspense:
 * The White Hot Coal (1962)

title: Christopher Hodder-Williams


text: User talk:83.103.235.115

title: User talk:83.103.235.115


text:
Patriarch of Venice

The Patriarch of Venice (Patriarcha Venetiarum; Patriarca di Venezia) is the ordinary bishop of the Archdiocese of Venice. The bishop is one of only four patriarchs in the Latin Church of the Catholic Church. The other three are the Patriarch of Lisbon, the Patriarch of the East Indies and the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. Presently, the only advantage of this purely formal title is the bishop's place of honor in papal processions. In the case of Venice, an additional privilege allows the patriarch, even if he is not a cardinal, the use of the colour red in non-liturgical vestments. In that case, the red biretta is topped by a tuft, as is the custom with other bishops who are not cardinals.

The diocese of Venice was created in 774 as suffragan of the Patriarchate of Grado. It was only in 1451 that, in consideration of the political influence of the city, its bishops were accorded the title of patriarch by the pope.

By a relatively recent tradition, the Patriarch of Venice is created a cardinal at the consistory following his appointment, though nothing requires the pope to do so. The current patriarch Francesco Moraglia remains an archbishop.

In the last centuries of the Republic of Venice (to 1797), exceptionally among Catholic bishops, the patriarch was elected by the Venetian Senate, who always chose a member of one of the hereditary patrician families of the city, and usually a layman who was only ordained to take up the patriarchate. The papacy obliged them to pass an examination in theology, though many evaded this. Usually the new patriarch was a Venetian diplomat or administrator, as with Lorenzo Priuli in 1591 or Francesco Vendramin in 1608, though some were career clerics, who had usually been previously in positions in Rome, such as Federico Cornaro in 1631. The patriarchs normally remained in Venice, and in this period none were elected pope. Since the end of the republic, patriarchs have rarely been of Venetian origin, and three of them became pope in the 20th century alone: Pius X (1903), John XXIII (1958) and John Paul I (1978).

Early history

The Venetian islands at first belonged to the diocese of Altino or of Padua, under jurisdiction of the archbishop of Aquileia, believed to be the successor of St. Mark. During the Lombard invasion (568–572) many bishops of the invaded mainland escaped under protection of the Byzantine fleet in the eastern lagoons. The archbishop himself took refuge in Grado, where he was claimed as patriarch, during the schism of the Three Chapters. At the end of the invasion, many of the ancient dioceses of the mainland were restored by the Lombards, while the exiles supported the new sees in the lagoons. Two patriarchs emerged: the Patriarchate of Old Aquileia on the mainland and Patriarchate of Grado.

In 774 or 775, Pope Adrian I and John IV, Patriarch of Grado, authorized the establishment of an episcopal see on the island of Olivolo. The first bishop, Obelerius, was nominated, invested and enthroned by the doge and consecrated by the patriarch. The Bishop of Olivolo was subordinate to Grado and had jurisdiction over the islands of Olivolo, Rialto, Luprio, Gemini, Scopulo or Dorsoduro, Spinalonga, Biria and other minor islands of the central group. The diocese's cathedral was San Pietro di Castello. In 828 the body of Saint Mark the Evangelist was smuggled from Alexandria, Egypt, to Venice. When the ship reached Olivolo island in Venice, the saint made signs (or so it was claimed) showing he did not want to be placed in the custody of the bishop. Instead, he was taken to the doge's chapel, and planning began to create a magnificent new temple, St Mark's Basilica, suitable for such important relics. The legend that St. Mark himself had preached the Gospel at Venice grew up in later times.

In 1074, the Bishop of Olivolo began to be styled the Bishop of Castello. Enrico Contarini was the first to hold this title. In 1084 the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos in his Golden Bull recognized the full independence of Venice, along with freedom from tributes, trade restrictions and customs duties.

The Republic of Venice began its Golden Age under the Doge Enrico Dandolo (1192–1205). Under him the French Crusading army of the Fourth Crusade was used to bring Trieste and Zara under Venetian sway, and then to obtain a large part of the Latin Empire of Constantinople along the east coast of the Adriatic, most of the Peloponnesus and settlements in the Sea of Marmora, the Black Sea and the Aegean.

The relationship between the bishop, the patriarch and the doge was complex. The bishops of Olivolo, and then Castello, were technically suffragans of the Patriarch of Grado. In practice they maintained independence. From the middle of the 11th century the patriarchs took up residence for most of the time at San Silvestro, Venice, while the bishop was based at San Pietro on the east of the city. An important role was played by the primicerio, based in Saint Mark's, who represented the doge and the city government. The primicerio invested the bishops, abbots and patriarchs.

Patriarchate's history

In 1451, upon the death of Domenico Michel, Patriarch of Grado, Pope Nicholas V suppressed the Patriarchate of Grado and the Diocese of Castello, incorporating them both in the new Patriarchate of Venice by the Papal Bull "Regis aeterni." Thus Venice succeeded to the whole metropolitan jurisdiction of Grado's ecclesiastical province, including the sees of Dalmatia.

In 1466 the territory of the Patriarchate was expanded by merging the suppressed Diocese of Equilio.

The election of the patriarch belonged to the Senate of Venice, and this practice sometimes led to differences between the republic and the Holy See. Likewise, parishioners elected their parish priests, by the right of patronage. Girolamo Quirini, OP (1519–54), had many disputes with the clergy, the Government, and the Holy See. To avoid these disputes, the Senate decreed that in future only senators should be eligible. Those elected after this were frequently laymen. Giovanni Trevisan, OSB (1560), introduced the Tridentine reforms, founding the seminary, holding synods and collecting the regulations made by his predecessors (Constitutiones et privilegia patriarchatus et cleri Venetiarum). In 1581 the visita Apostolica was sent to Venice; a libellus exhortatorius was published, in which the visita highly praised the clergy of Venice.

In 1751, Pope Benedict XIV abolished the Patriarchate of Aquileia by creating two new archbishops in Udine and Gorizia. With this act the Patriarchate of Venice became sole heir to the throne of St. Mark in northeastern Italy.

After 1797 and the fall of the Republic of Venice under the rule of Napoleon, the bishopric rule of the doge on the Basilica and St. Mark's relics was lacking. Then in 1807, by favor of the Viceroy of Italy, the Neapolitan Nicola Gambroni was promoted to the Patriarchate and of his own authority transferred the patriarchal seat to the Basilica of St. Mark, uniting the two chapters. He also reduced the number of parish churches from seventy to thirty. The work of enlarging the choir of the basilica brought to light the relics of St. Mark in 1808. In 1811 Napoleon intruded into the See of Venice Stefano Bonsignore, Bishop of Faenza, but in 1814 that prelate returned to his own see.

In 1819 the Diocese of Torcello and Diocese of Caorle were merged in the Patriarchate of Venice, while the dioceses of the Venetian territory were placed under its metropolitan jurisdiction. Cardinal Giuseppe Sarto, afterwards Pius X, succeeded in 1893; he was refused recognition by the Italian Government, which claimed the right of nomination formerly employed by the Habsburg Emperor of Austria and in earlier times by the Venetian Senate, but after eleven months this pretension was abandoned.

During the twentieth century three patriarchs of Venice achieved election as pope: Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, elected Pope Pius X in 1903; Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, elected Pope John XXIII in 1958; and Albino Luciani, elected Pope John Paul I in 1978.

List of Patriarchs of Venice

 * Saint Lawrence Giustiniani (1451–1456)
 * Maffio Contarini (1456–1460)
 * Andrea Bondimerio, OSA (1460–1464)
 * Gregorio Correr (1464)
 * Giovanni Barozzi (1465–1466)
 * Cardinal Maffeo Gherardi, OSB (1466–1492)
 * Tomaso Dona (1492–1504)
 * Antonio Surian (1504–1508)
 * Alvise Contarini (1508)
 * Antonio Contarini (1508–1524)
 * Girolamo Quirino (1524–1554)
 * Pietro Francesco Contarini (1554–1555)
 * Vincenzo Diedo (1556–1559)
 * Giovanni Trevisan (1560–1590)
 * Cardinal Lorenzo Priuli (cardinal) (1591–1600)
 * Matteo Zane (1600–1605)
 * Cardinal Francesco Vendramin (1605/1608–1619)
 * Giovanni Tiepolo (1619–1631)
 * Cardinal Federico Baldissera Bartolomeo Cornaro (1631–1644)
 * Giovan Francesco Morosini (1644–1678)
 * Alvise Sagredo (1678–1688)
 * Cardinal Giovanni Alberto Badoer (1688–1706)
 * Piero Barbarigo (1706–1725)
 * Marco Gradenigo (1725–1734)
 * Francesco Antonio Correr, OFMCap (1734–1741)
 * Aloysius Foscari (1741–1758)
 * Giovanni Bragadin (1758–1775)
 * Federico Maria Giovanelli (1776–1800)
 * Cardinal Ludovico Flangini Giovanelli (1801–1804)
 * Nicolò Saverio Gamboni (1807–1808)
 * Francesco Milesi (1815–1819)
 * Ján Ladislaus Pyrker, OCist (1820–1827)
 * Cardinal Giacomo Monico (1827–1851)
 * PierAurelio Mutti, OSB (1852–1857)
 * Angelo Ramazzotti (1858–1861)
 * Cardinal Giuseppe Luigi Trevisanato (1862–1877)
 * Cardinal Domenico Agostini (1877–1891)
 * Saint Cardinal Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto (1893–1903), elected Pope Pius X
 * Cardinal Aristide Cavallari (1904–1914)
 * Cardinal Pietro La Fontaine (1915–1935)
 * Cardinal Adeodato Giovanni Piazza, OCD (1936–1948), appointed Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops
 * Carlo Agostini (1948–1952), was to have become Cardinal in 1953
 * Saint Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (1953–1958), elected Pope John XXIII
 * Cardinal Giovanni Urbani (1958–1969)
 * Blessed Cardinal Albino Luciani (1969–1978), elected Pope John Paul I
 * Cardinal Marco Cé (1979–2002)
 * Cardinal Angelo Scola (2002–2011), appointed Archbishop of Milan
 * Francesco Moraglia (2012–)

title: Patriarch of Venice


text:
Talk:Guanahani

Watling Island discussion
I think San Salvador/Watling better be called Watling. Calling it San Salvador might lead to confusion with Columbus' San Salvador. Mixcoatl 14:06, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I think Wikipedia style is to use official names. And anyway, this is explained in the text so the probability of confusion is lessened. And remember that this is an ongoing debate so we should not give preference to one opinion (even the majority's) by selectively using an old name. Gadykozma 14:30, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Not sure why there are "most likely," "lesser," and "unlikely" candidates. This seems to follow Pickering's opinions to[o] closely, and he's an advocate for one. It's not an encyclopedia's job to judge which candidates are "most likely" is it? If so how do you determine that officially? Can't exactly go by scholarly consensus on this one. MateoP 23:50, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not Watling Island - San Salvador is the official name the Bahamian government gives it. In addition, many of these so-called "clues" fit the island of San Salvador better than any of the other candidates. Columbus says the island has "muchas aguas y una laguna en medio muy grande". Looking at a map of San Salvador, one can see that (1) about 30-35% of the island's area is covered with water, including lakes, lagoons, blue holes, etc. and (2) there is a complex system of lakes and lagoons that appears to be "one very large lagoon in the middle [of the island]". Also, it is possible to make a NNE transit of San Salvador (the main road on the eastern half of the island does this today), and looking North from the island one can see a reef that surrounds most (but not all) of that part of the island. Between the reef and the island is the rather expansive Graham's Harbour, with some "islands" of Holocene carbonate sediment that are built on top of the shallow carbonate shelf.

 * There is one other story that I heard while I was on the island. Columbus, in his diary, spoke of seeing "seven islands" to the southwest from his island. Most researchers to San Salvador never see these seven islands and thus discredit the island as a possible landing site. I was there on an especially clear day, and the lead researcher pointed out the seven islands while we were on a topographic high. To the uninformed observer (Columbus) these appear to be seven, distinct islands, but they are in fact five hills on nearby Rum Cay and two hills on Conception Island. They are just on the horizon and only visible on clearer days.

 * Columbus most certainly would have landed on the West side of the island, which makes sense if he approached it from the South. At one place along the West Side of the island is the generally accepted landing site (marked by a monument from the government of Spain). Excavations at this site revealed early Spanish coins along with a number of other artifacts that are from the same time period as Columbus.

 * It's obvious that I'm letting my opinion shine through, but having been to the island, I read this article and recalled my time there. I'll be there again in about two and a half months and I'll find out as much as I can while I'm there. A map of the island can be found at http://www.newhaven.edu/sansalvador/gis/topo.htm, so please look it up if you're interested. I also have tons of great pictures but until I figure out how to put such a great photo album on Wikipedia it'll be everyone's loss. 70.113.113.73 02:04, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, the full official name is "San Salvador or Watlings Island" so Watlings is legally acceptable, and in this particular case preferable to avoid confusion (IMO) -- although perhaps that should be stated in the article.

 * You may be able to transit Watlings to the NNE by road, but Columbus was using a boat. And you cannot go "NNE the length of the island" by boat at Watlings. (Nor a lot of other candidates either, for that matter.) Equally importantly, Columbus did this in order to see "the other part, which was the eastern part" of Guanahani. At Watlings, the boat trip gets you to the northern part of the island, not the eastern part.

 * Columbus does not specifically mention seeing seven islands upon leaving Guanahani; rather, he speaks of "seeing so many islands I did not know how to decide which one to go to first." From Watlings, there is no decision to be made: even if the hilltops of Rum Cay appeared to be separate islands (which is doubtful in the first place) they all lie in the same direction.

 * The artifacts found on the west side of Watlings are interesting for a number of reasons: first, they were found in a non-Taino context, i.e., not associated with Taino artifacts. That suggests that the island had already been depopulated of the Taino at the time those artifacts were left there. (The Bahamas were completely depopulated of the Taino during the period 1506-1512). And second, if that really was where Columbus's anchorage was, he would not have had time to go by boat from there to Graham's Harbor (on the north end of the island) and back in the less than 12 hours required by the log. Keithpickering (talk) 15:11, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

"muchas aguas y una laguna en medio muy grande"
Shouldn't an English translation be included with this quote? Sk8a H8a 09:30, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed. Although the modern English word "lagoon" is derived from the Spanish laguna, that happened long after Columbus's day. The Diccionario de la Lengua Española defines laguna as "a natural body of water, generally fresh, and commonly of smaller dimensions than a lake." In other words, a pond. Therefore the best translation would be: "many waters and a very large pond in the middle." Columbus knew and used the word lago (lake) and chose not to use it here.

 * There are not many candidate islands that can be much favored or disfavored by this reading.--Keithpickering (talk) 14:51, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Candidates section
The old one, dividing them up into "Most likely," "Less Likely," etc. was too POV and worse, I don't think was very reflective of consensus opinion. I broke the islands up instead into "Prominent" and "Other suggested", which I think is a more reasonable listing. I also moved Watling up to the top, since it is historically the most prominent suggested Guanahani, and in fact is the only one enough people have ever felt confident in to have it named after Columbus's island. 69.227.126.47 15:02, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * "If erratic steering and the fact that no one knows whether the compass card was fixed to the needle accurately is taken into account all attempts at reconstructing the track from the "Diario" turn out to be meaningless." I think it was Newfoundland. Trekphiler🇨🇦 02:52, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I've just corrected references to "Egg Island" to "Royal Island". I live 20 miles from both these islands, and they've been confused in academic and navigational texts for centuries, although it's not clear when or why this mistake originated.  As can be easily confirmed using Google Earth, Royal Island is an east-west island which is five miles long, has a large, natural harbor, and is surrounded by reefs (as per Columbus' description of Guanahani).  In contrast, Egg Island is a small, round island adjacent to Royal Island which has no harbor of any kind, is not surrounded by reefs on any side, and which is separated from Royal Island by a narrow channel.  Mollander's original site, cited in the External Links section, appears to be gone, but this corrected attribution of Mollander pointing to Royal Island is confirmed by Robert Carr's discussion of Royal Island on page 7 of the July 1991 publication "An Archaeological Survey of Spanish Wells and Northern Eleuthera, Bahamas (Bahamas A.H.C. Technical Report #1"). Thewumpus (talk) 15:41, 18 December 2010 (UTC)
 * It would be nice to add a tick-box table which shows which of the candidates fit the proposed clues and which don't, or where it is unclear whether they could fit. That way, the reader could gauge at a glance how well each candidate conforms to the picture, without the article needing to single out any particular candidate explicitly. Instead, this would emerge from the table naturally. Or would that already be too much synthesis? --Florian Blaschke (talk) 19:07, 18 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I've noticed that Keith Pickering's website includes exactly what I was thinking of. Very neat. It also confirms my initial impression from reading the "Clues" section: Plana Cays is the best fit, Samana Cay a strong contender, but Watlings just doesn't work. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 20:18, 18 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I've undone your change, Thewumpus. I just saw that you just mechanically replaced "Egg" with "Royal" throughout the article, whether it makes sense or not. What you'd done is essentially OR, namely adding your own candidate, and misleading the readers. The researchers clearly meant Egg Island. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 20:33, 18 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I've noticed two problems in the article. First, I've tagged the claim that Cat has a reef that doesn't completely surround the island, because the claim clearly conflicts with the claim preceding it in the same sentence that Cat is an exception to the rule that all candidates have a reef.

 * Second, in, an IP user has added the unreferenced claim that the Juan de la Cosa map and recent facsimiles do not really show a string of islands. I've tagged that one as well. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 20:42, 18 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for catching this. Cat definitely has a reef, but only on the east side (and a bit on the south. And I've removed the uncited reference, see below for further comment. Yes, that was me making the edit, sorry but my login inadvertantly lapsed. Keithpickering (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 07:05, 21 November 2011 (UTC).
 * Thank you for taking care of the problems! --Florian Blaschke (talk) 18:19, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

Transatlantic Track section
Current version is poorly written, confusing, and inaccurate, so I'm going to re-write it.--Keithpickering (talk) 15:35, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Island or Islands
I removed the uncited claim that the actual Juan de la Cosa map does not show multiple islands, contra unnamed reproductions. The map on display at the Museo Naval in Madrid is rumored to be a reproduction, as the original is too valuable and fragile for public display. However, I believe the color photographs in Nebenzahl (Atlas of Columbus and the Great Discoveries) is of the genuine article. The details seem too perfect (and perfectly aged) otherwise. As a noted scholar working with a noted publisher, Nebenzahl if anyone would have been allowed access to the original. The Nebenzahl photograph definitely shows Guanahani as multiple. 74.33.31.220 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 07:01, 21 November 2011 (UTC).

Minor correction, the Biography section gives the islands length :- "Guanahani was fifteen leagues (60 miles)". A league is 3 miles thus only 45 miles, I have corrected the text.
 * That seems like more of a mistake than a correction. Spanish leagues aren't English ones, and Columbus's wouldn't've been standard modern Spanish leagues either. — Llywelyn II   08:04, 7 May 2023 (UTC)

Accent
This seems like a minor point, but I am surprised that the article does not even mention the accent usually seen over the final i of Guanahaní in Spanish. Do the original sources not have it? --Florian Blaschke (talk) 19:16, 21 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Hm, it seems that wherever I saw the spelling Guanahaní whoever spelled it like that simply had it wrong. At least Guanahani insists that there is no accent and that the word is oxytonic. If I correctly understand the phonology and orthography of 15th century Spanish, or  is the attempt to render something like wana'áni [wanaˈʔani] in Taíno or whatever language the natives spoke. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 20:48, 22 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Per Early Modern Spanish, it's entirely possible that at the end of the 15th century, which is the beginning of the Early Modern Spanish period, the letter $\langleh\rangle$ was still pronounced as [h] (as it was definitely pronounced as [f], [ɸ] or [h] in Old Spanish, i. e., until the early 15th century, where usually $\langlef\rangle$ was used for the phoneme), and that Guanahani was hence used to render [wanaˈhani]. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 23:30, 7 November 2014 (UTC)

Small Upper Waters Land
not English translation actual is. Can someone please parse this into what it's actually trying to say? Is it "Small Land in the Upper Waters"? or something else? — Llywelyn II   07:44, 7 May 2023 (UTC)

Wrong Murdock
This page previously IDed and linked the wrong Murdock. The religious scholar wasn't writing articles for the US Navy. The US Navy officer was. — Llywelyn II   07:45, 7 May 2023 (UTC)

WP:SCOPE
What is the actual of this article?

If it's about Guanahani or Guanahaní, the Lucayan island encountered by Columbus... it should be about the Lucayan people and their society before Columbus's arrival. It should at least have that as the initial focus of the lead and the historical treatment of the place. See the first bit of #History on San Salvador Island for what it could/should look like.

If this article is solely going to be focused on the location of Columbus's San Salvador... that's what the article's name should be: San Salvador, San Salvador Island, San Salvador (Columbus), Identity or Location of San Salvador Island, etc. Alternatively, just park almost all the current content at a new article on the First voyage of Christopher Columbus, which certainly should be separated from the general one about all four of his voyages.

In any case, the current article has almost nothing to do with the namespace it's parked at. — Llywelyn II   08:09, 7 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guanahani


text:
Impact

Impact may refer to:
 * Impact (mechanics), a large force or mechanical shock over a short period of time
 * Impact, Texas, a town in Taylor County, Texas, US

Science and technology

 * Impact crater, a meteor crater caused by an impact event
 * Impact event, the collision of a meteoroid, asteroid or comet with Earth
 * Impact factor, a measure of the citations to a science or social science journal
 * Impact wrench, a socket wrench power tool capable of high torque

Books and magazines

 * Impact (novel), a 2010 novel by Douglas Preston
 * Impact Press, a former Orlando, Florida-based magazine
 * Impact Magazines, a former UK magazine publisher
 * Impact (conservative magazine), a British political magazine
 * Impact (British magazine), a British action film magazine
 * Impact, a French action film magazine spun off from Mad Movies
 * Impact (UNESCO magazine), a former UNESCO quarterly titled IMPACT of science on society
 * Impact (student magazine), a student magazine for the University of Nottingham, England
 * Bathimpact, the student newspaper for the University of Bath Students' Union, England
 * Vice Impact, a channel of Vice Media

Comics

 * Impact Comics, a DC Comics imprint
 * Impact (EC Comics), a 1955 EC Comics comic book
 * Impact (Image Comics), an Image Comics comic book character

Film and television

 * Impact (TV programme), a BBC World News weekday programme
 * Impact (1949 film), a 1949 film noir starring Brian Donlevy and Ella Raines
 * Impact (1963 film), a 1963 crime thriller starring Conrad Phillips
 * Impact (mini-series), a 2008 television mini-series starring Natasha Henstridge and David James Elliott
 * Impact! (TV series), the flagship television broadcast of the American professional wrestling promotion Impact Wrestling
 * Impact (2002 British TV series), a two-part British television miniseries

Record labels

 * Impact Records, an American record label
 * Impact Records (California), a California record label in the 1960s
 * Impact (record label), a New Zealand record label

Albums

 * Impact, an album by thrash metal band Dew-Scented
 * Impact (1972 Charles Tolliver album), a live album by Charles Tolliver released on Enja Records
 * Impact (1975 Charles Tolliver album), a studio album by Charles Tolliver released on Strata-East Records
 * Impact (Eye Empire album)

Businesses and organisations

 * Impact Confections, a candy company founded in 1981
 * Impact! Miniatures, a company producing 28mm wargaming figures
 * IMPACT International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats
 * IMPACT, Irish Municipal, Public and Civil Trade Union
 * IMPACT, Ironworker Management Progressive Action Cooperative Trust
 * IMPACT (British organisation), a charity focusing on public and preventative interventions to stop preventable disability
 * IMPACT (Canadian organization), a charity focusing on natural resources in conflict areas
 * IMPACT (computer graphics), a computer graphics architecture for Silicon Graphics computer workstations
 * Impact Wrestling, a professional wrestling organization founded in 2002

Sport

 * CF Montréal, formerly known as the Montreal Impact, a team in Major League Soccer, the top tier of North American professional association football
 * Montreal Impact (1992–2011), the predecessor to the above team that played in several second-level North American leagues during its history

Other uses

 * Impact (gamer) (born 1995), South Korean League of Legends player
 * Impact (typeface), a sans-serif typeface
 * Impact evaluation, a way of evaluating changes from an intervention or development programme
 * Impact (custom car), a custom-built 1934 Ford roadster

title: Impact


text:
Residual strength

Residual strength is the load or force (usually mechanical) that a damaged object or material can still carry without failing. Material toughness, fracture size and geometry as well as its orientation all contribute to residual strength.

title: Residual strength


text:
Alpay Özalan

Fehmi Alpay Özalan (born 29 May 1973) is a Turkish former professional footballer, football manager and politician. He last worked as the manager of Samsunspor. He played 90 international games for Turkey between 1995 and 2005, making him Turkey's seventh-most capped player of all time. This included performances at two European Championships and the 2002 World Cup, in which he was selected for the Team of the Tournament. Since 2018, he is a member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey for the Justice and Development Party (AKP).

Early career
His senior career started at Soma Linyitspor at TFF Third League. His performances caught the eye of the biggest teams in Turkey.

In 1993, Özalan signed for Beşiktaş, one of the major Turkish clubs. Özalan set an undesirable record in the Süper Lig, earning three red cards in the space of six months. He played 148 matches for Beşiktaş, netting nine times. After six years at the club, a new deal could not be negotiated. His contract was initially bought by Siirt Jetpaspor, and he was then loaned to Fenerbahçe. In his sole season at Fenerbahçe, he played 26 matches, and found the net three times.

Aston Villa
After superlative performances for his country at Euro 2000, Özalan signed for English club Aston Villa. He enjoyed a good first season with Villa and became a fan favourite. His abilities caught the interest of Arsenal and Newcastle United. His partnership with Olof Mellberg as central-defensive partners was cut short as Özalan injured his ankle which sidelined him for the remainder of the season. He recovered just in time for the 2002 World Cup, in which he formed the core of an obstinate Turkish defensive unit. They finished third and he was named in the team of the tournament.

The biggest clubs in Europe took note of his performances in the Far East, including the likes of Barcelona and Internazionale. Aston Villa manager Graham Taylor refused to sell him, which was the beginning of Özalan's downfall at Villa Park. Media reports and comments made by Taylor led to Özalan becoming a very unpopular figure at the club, missing much of the 2002–03 season. Their goalkeeper, Peter Schmeichel, defended Özalan in his article in the English newspaper, The Times.

"What happened after the World Cup, when he was frozen out by Graham Taylor, was sad. There are a lot of politics at Villa, and the way Alpay was portrayed as a money-grabber was nothing like the guy that I know. Taylor is just not keen on players with a bigger profile than himself."

Özalan returned to the Aston Villa team for the beginning of the 2003–04 season. In his first home game against Charlton Athletic, he was booed when walking on to the pitch by his own fans. However Özalan went on to score the first goal of that game. In consequence to his earlier booing, Özalan's goal celebration served to mock the Aston Villa fans by placing his finger on his mouth. He was again dropped due to their angry reaction. The Turkish defender was then made public enemy number one in England in late 2003 after a run-in with David Beckham during the Euro 2004 qualifier in Istanbul. He first confronted the England skipper after his first-half penalty miss, glowering over him and rubbing heads with him in full view of the referee. He followed that up by prodding a finger into Beckham's face as the players came off the pitch at half-time, sparking a tunnel brawl. Due to the angry reactions in England, his contract was terminated by Aston Villa on 23 October. Club chairman Doug Ellis declared:

"In light of recent events, it would have been difficult for Özalan to represent Aston Villa again and the player himself was aware that life in England had become increasingly difficult for him and his family. Therefore, both parties agreed that the best course of action was for the immediate termination of his contract which was due to expire in June 2004."

Incheon United
Werder Bremen, Hamburger SV, Borussia Mönchengladbach, Hertha Berlin and Bologna wanted to sign Özalan. However, the European transfer window was closed and he did not want to wait to play football again. He opted for a move to South Korean K-League side Incheon United's first foray into professional football in 2004. He became a South Korean citizen while he was playing there.

Urawa Red Diamonds
Özalan spent less than six months with the team before moving to the J1 League with Urawa Red Diamonds. In his first season with the club, he was honoured with the best defender of the year award. The following season with the club proved to be a catastrophe. Alpay received three red cards in seven matches. The Japanese club annulled his contract due to these disciplinary problems.

1. FC Köln
In 2005, Özalan signed a one-year-contract with the Bundesliga team 1. FC Köln. This transfer ensured his place back into the national team. They were relegated, and Manchester City, Portsmouth, Celtic, Galatasaray and Beşiktaş were interested in signing him. Özalan stayed with the club, stating that his decision was influenced by his family's happiness in Germany.

International career
Özalan made 87 appearances for the Turkey national team, netting four times. Three of those goals were a hat-trick against Macedonia during the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier. He was one of the best players for his country in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, where the team reached an unprecedented third place in the tournament. Özalan also featured for Turkey in Euro 1996, Euro 2000 and the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup. A very memorable moment in Özalan's career in complete contrast to his general fame was during Euro 1996 in the game between Croatia and Turkey. In a counterattack, he allowed Croatian Goran Vlaović to dribble the ball half the field without fouling him to stop the attack. In consequence, Vlaović scored the sole goal of the game and Turkey lost. Özalan was awarded with a fair-play award due to his action. On 24 June 2000, he was sent off during the first half of the Euro 2000 quarter-final against Portugal, which his country lost 2–0. His final match was against Switzerland in the 2006 FIFA World Cup second leg play-off tie in Istanbul, conceding a second-minute penalty by handball, converted by Alexander Frei which resulted in Turkey's elimination despite a 4–2 victory. Özalan was involved in a brawl at the end of the game and was awarded a six-match ban by FIFA.

Politician
In the Parliamentary elections of 24 June 2018, he was elected a member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey representing Izmir for the AKP. According to his own statement he was more excited the first day in parliament than when playing football before 85,000 people. In 2021, he was involved in a brawl in the Turkish parliament where he was seen fighting against Özgür Özel, a politician of the Republican People's Party (CHP).

During the Claw lock military operation against the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), he demanded the cancellation of a concert of Aynur Dogan in Istanbul, because he deemed her a supporter of the PKK.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Turkey's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Özalan goal.

Honours
Beşiktaş
 * Süper Lig: 1994–95
 * Turkish Cup: 1994, 1998
 * Turkish Super Cup: 1998

Aston Villa
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2001

Urawa Red Diamonds
 * Emperor's Cup: 2005

Turkey
 * FIFA World Cup third place: 2002
 * FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 2003

Individual
 * FIFA World Cup All Star Team: 2002
 * J1 League Defender of the Year: 2004

title: Alpay Özalan