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Rape Me

"Rape Me" is a song by the American rock band Nirvana, written by vocalist and guitarist Kurt Cobain. It is the fourth song on the band's third and final studio album, In Utero, released in September 1993.

Often interpreted as a commentary on fame, "Rape Me" was written shortly before the release of the band's breakthrough album Nevermind, and was intended to be a lyrically literal anti-rape song. However, the song's bridge was written several months later, and does contain lyrics that reference the struggles Cobain and his wife, Courtney Love, faced with the media following Nirvana's mainstream success. The song's title and lyrics led to MTV blocking Nirvana from performing it at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards, before it had been released, and also contributed to In Utero initially not being sold by American big-box stores Walmart and K-Mart.

"Rape Me" was released as the album's second single in December 1993, packaged as a double A-side with "All Apologies". It reached number 32 on the UK Singles Chart, and was the band's final single before Cobain's suicide in April 1994.

Early history
"Rape Me" was written by Cobain on an acoustic guitar in Los Angeles in May 1991, around the time the band's second album, Nevermind, was being mixed. It was first performed live on June 18, 1991, at The Catalyst in Santa Cruz. The earliest live versions of the song featured a guitar solo instead of a bridge.

The song's lyrics led to controversy even before it had been officially released. The band had wanted to play it during their appearance at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards, but according to Nirvana manager Danny Goldberg in his 2019 Cobain biography Serving the Servant, MTV president Judy McGrath was worried that the song "would make it seem like MTV was normalizing rape." Goldberg recalled reminding McGrath on the phone of Cobain's "commitment to feminism" and assured her that "Rape Me" was an anti-rape song, like "Polly" on Nevermind, but said McGrath "wasn't having it" and wanted the band to play their latest single, "Lithium," instead. The band eventually agreed, but Cobain still played a few seconds of "Rape Me" at the start of the performance, which resulted in the live broadcast almost going to commercial. In Serving the Servant, Goldberg refuted common reports that the network threatened to fire Amy Finnerty, an MTV employee and friend of the band, or boycott other artists signed to Geffen Records, if Nirvana played "Rape Me", saying that "the MTV people were under a lot of pressure to get good ratings, but they weren't bullies, just noodges."

"Rape Me" was first recorded in the studio in October 1992, during a two-day demo session with Jack Endino at Word of Mouth in Seattle, Washington. Two takes of the song were recorded, one of which was instrumental, the other of which featured lead vocals by Cobain and backing vocals by drummer Dave Grohl. Cobain was holding his then-infant daughter Frances Bean Cobain on his lap when he recorded his vocals on the second take, and she can be heard crying on the recording. This version of the song was released on the Nirvana rarities box set, With the Lights Out, in November 2004, and on the compilation album Sliver: The Best of the Box in November 2005.

In Utero
The final studio version of "Rape Me" was recorded in February 1993 by Steve Albini at Pachyderm Studio in Cannon Falls, Minnesota, for the band's third and final studio album, In Utero. The instruments for the song were recorded on February 15. The following day, Cobain completed his vocals for the album during a reported six-hour session.

According to Albini, Cobain's screaming during the song's ending was intentionally recorded so that it "just overwhelms the band and becomes this really uncomfortable presence." However, the album's more abrasive vocals in general were softened in the mastered version.

Post-In Utero
On September 25, 1993, the band performed the song, along with "Heart-Shaped Box," on Saturday Night Live at NBC Studios in New York City. It was the band's first show with second guitarist Pat Smear. The song was again performed on television on February 4, 1994 for the show Nulle Part Ailleurs in Paris, France.

The final live performance of "Rape Me" was at Nirvana's last concert, at Terminal 1 of Munich-Riem Airport in Munich, Germany on March 1, 1994.

Music
The song's instrumental opening bars, which feature Cobain using pick scratching while playing the verse chord progression, has led to frequent comparisons to the guitar riff of the band's 1991 breakthrough single, "Smells Like Teen Spirit." Will Bryant of Pitchfork wrote that "the four-chord riff that drags the song through the motions is an almost direct inversion of the famous 'Smells Like Teen Spirit' riff," while Cobain biographer Charles R. Cross described the song as having "the same catchy soft/loud dynamic as "Teen Spirit," which "created a perfect Cobain aesthetic – beautiful, haunting and disturbing." "Rape Me" was written after "Smells Like Teen Spirit," but before Nevermind had been released.

Lyrics
"Rape Me" is an anti-rape song, written from the point of view of the victim. As Cobain explained to Spin's Darcey Steinke in 1993, "It's like she's saying, 'Rape me, go ahead, rape me, beat me. You'll never kill me. I'll survive this and I'm gonna fucking rape you one of these days and you won't even know it. Gillian G. Garr described the song's lyrics as "part submissive invitation, part defiant taunt, a mix that confused and disturbed many listeners", and led to Cobain frequently having to explain the song's meaning.

In a 1993 Rolling Stone interview, Cobain addressed the song's controversy, saying that he had "gone back and forth between regretting it and trying to defend myself," and that he "was trying to write a song that supported women and dealt with the issue of rape." As he explained to interviewer David Fricke:

"'It’s not a pretty image. But a woman who is being raped, who is infuriated with the situation . . . it’s like 'Go ahead, rape me, just go for it, because you’re gonna get it.' I’m a firm believer in karma, and that motherfucker is going to get what he deserves, eventually. That man will be caught, he’ll go to jail, and he’ll be raped. 'So rape me, do it, get it over with. Because you’re gonna get it worse.''"

When asked by MUCH's Erica Ehm in an August 1993 interview how the band was helping to raise awareness about sexism, Cobain replied, "By writing songs as blunt as 'Rape Me.'" He stated that the lyrics were meant to be so direct that no one could misinterpret the song's meaning.

American musician Tori Amos commented on the song in a 1994 interview with the NME, saying that she "thought it was very clear what it was about....It's a defiant song. But the scariest thing to a rape victim are the words 'rape me'. When I first heard it I broke out in a cold sweat, but when you get over that you realize he's turning it back on people." In 1996, Jim Dillon, reverend of the hoaxical Church of Kurt Cobain, stated that "in essence, the real message [of "Rape Me"] is one of a Christian theme – treat me the way you want me to treat you".

The song has also been interpreted as an attack on the press for its perceived mistreatment of Courtney Love. While most of the song was written before Nevermind was released, the bridge, which was written later, contains lyrics that address his occasionally contentious relationship with the press. As Cobain explained to Nirvana biographer Michael Azerrad, "It was actually about rape ... but now I could definitely use it as an example of my life for the past six months or year, easily." In line with this interpretation, Azerrad suggested that the chorus lyric "I'm not the only one" was Cobain's way of saying that Love and their infant daughter, Frances Bean Cobain, were being hurt along with him by the press and public attention. According to Azerrad, the bridge lyric "My favorite inside source" was a reference to the manager of an unnamed Seattle band Cobain and Love suspected of being anonymously interviewed for a controversial Vanity Fair profile of the couple published in September 1992.

Release
"Rape Me" was released as a double A-side single with "All Apologies" on December 6, 1993 on CD, cassette, and 7" and 12" vinyl record formats. The single was not released commercially in the United States.

The song was relabeled "Waif Me" on the censored Walmart and Kmart version of In Utero, released in March 1994. The chain stores had originally refused to carry the album because of the song's title, as well as the fetus collage on the back cover, which was also edited. Cobain had originally wanted to retitle the song "Sexually Assault Me," but decided on the meaningless title "Waif Me," knowing that another four-letter word was required in order to make a quick graphic change. The song's uncensored title was listed in the booklet, and the recording remained the same. Cobain defended the band's decision to release a censored version of the album by explaining, "One of the main reasons I signed to a major label was so people would be able to buy our records at Kmart. In some towns, that's the only place kids can buy records."

In November 1993, "Rape Me" was voted the third "Most Wanted to be Heard" song by listeners of the Hawaii Free Radio.

Critical reception
In his Rolling Stone review of In Utero, Fricke wrote that "'Rape Me' opens as a disquieting whisper, Cobain intoning the title verse in a battered croon, which sets you up beautifully to get blind-sided by the explosive hook line." Phil Alexander of Kerrang! noted that "Kurt kickstarts Rape Me with a familiar and doubtlessly intended …Teen Spirit shuffle...[and] ripple[s] with Kurt's poignant observations, allowing fleeting glimpses at his anger and frustration without ever resorting to the trite and obvious." David Browne of Entertainment Weekly wrote that "the gripping 'Rape Me' opens with the chords of "Teen Spirit"...and builds into a furious rant with lyrics as dumb as anything on a death-metal anthem ("My favorite inside source/I’ll kiss your open sores"). All of this is more articulate than any Soundgarden lyric, but too often, Cobain just comes off sounding petulant."

Criticism
"Rape Me" has occasionally received criticism for its intentionally blunt handling of sensitive subject matter. John Mulvey of the NME wrote that "while you can't doubt Cobain's personal political correctness, there's a distinct moral dubiousness about welding the words 'RAPE ME!' to In Utero's best sing-along chorus." Pitchfork's Will Bryant wrote that the song, despite its victim-empowering intent, "comes off as a shallow and transparent attempt to court controversy."

In 2019, Jenna Bush Hager revealed that her father, George W. Bush, prior to becoming U.S. President, broke one of her Nirvana CDs due to the lyrics of "a really bad song" implied to be "Rape Me."

Legacy
In 1999, "Rape Me" was voted number 90 in Kerrang!'s 100 Greatest Rock Tracks Ever!. In 2015, Rolling Stone placed it at number 31 on their ranking of 102 Nirvana songs, with Julianne Escobedo Shepherd calling it "the closest to an actual Bikini Kill song that [Cobain] would ever write, using the lyrics as a woman-empowering taunt to show would-be rapists that their victims' spirits would not be tamped." In 2019, The Guardian ranked it at number 17 on their list of 'Nirvana's 20 greatest songs'.

"Rape Me" was re-released on both of Nirvana's greatest hits albums, Nirvana (2002) and Icon (2010).

Music video
According to a 1993 Chicago Sun-Times article by Jim DeRogatis, Cobain was told that MTV were "squeamish" about a potential "Rape Me" music video, which played a role in the band's decision to release "Heart-Shaped Box" as In Utero's lead single instead. As DeRogatis wrote, "Rape Me" was "the catchiest [song] on the album; it isn't hard to imagine it becoming a hit - and a Madonna-size scandal."

Ultimately no music video was made for the song, although two treatments were published posthumously in Cobain's Journals in 2002. They included scenes set in a prison, footage of flowers and seahorses as well as a man being prepared for a gynecological exam. A 23-page "Rape Me" music video script, listing Jeffery Plansker as director, sold on eBay in January 2003 for $620.

In 1999, the Saturday Night Live version of "Rape Me" began being aired as a music video on MTV2 to promote the album Saturday Night Live: The Musical Performances, Volume 2, on which it appeared as the opening track. Video of the performance was released on the DVD of the same name.

Track listings
"Rape Me" was released as a double A-side with "All Apologies".

CD single and 12-inch vinyl
 * 1) A. "All Apologies" – 3:50
 * 2) A. "Rape Me" – 2:49
 * 3) B. "Moist Vagina" - 3:34 (Previously Unreleased)

Cassette and 7-inch vinyl
 * 1) A. "All Apologies" – 3:50
 * 2) A. "Rape Me" – 2:49

Personnel

 * Kurt Cobain – vocals, guitar
 * Krist Novoselic – bass guitar
 * Dave Grohl – drums

Other releases

 * An acoustic demo of the song, recorded on a boombox in 1991 and featuring Cobain on vocals and acoustic guitar, appeared on the Nirvana box set, With the Lights Out, released in November 2004. The same version was re-released on the compilation album Sliver: The Best of the Box in November 2005.

 * A live version, recorded at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle on October 31, 1991, appeared on the live video Live at the Paramount, released in September 2011. Cobain introduced the song as being about "hairy, sweaty, macho redneck men. Who rape."

 * A brief audio clip of the song's outro, from its performance at the Seattle Center Coliseum in Seattle on September 11, 1992, featured in a collage of live footage in the live video, Live! Tonight! Sold Out!!, released in November 1994.

 * A 2013 Albini remix of the studio version was released on the 20th anniversary "Deluxe" and "Super Deluxe" versions of In Utero in September 2013.

 * A live version, from the band's MTV-recorded performance at Pier 48 in Seattle on December 13, 1993, appeared on the Live and Loud DVD, released in September 2013. "Rape Me" was among the songs on an edited version of the concert that first aired on MTV on December 31, 1993. The Live and Loud DVD also featured rehearsal footage of the song from the band's soundcheck.

 * The version recorded for Nulle Part Ailleurs in Paris on February 4, 1994 appeared as bonus material on the Live and Loud DVD.

 * The 30th anniversary "Super Deluxe" reissue of In Utero, released in October 2023, featured two additional live versions of the song, from the band's concerts the Great Western Forum in Inglewood, California on December 30, 1993, and at the Seattle Center Arena in Seattle on January 7, 1994.

In popular culture
"Rape Me" was parodied by American animated sitcom The Simpsons in the January 2008 episode, "That '90s Show," which featured the song "Shave Me" being performed by Sadgasm, a grunge band fronted by lead character Homer Simpson, in the early 1990s. It also featured "Shave Me" later being parodied by guest star "Weird Al" Yankovic as "Brain Freeze".

In the South Park episode "Hummels & Heroin", Cartman, Kenny, Kyle, and Butters perform a Barbershop Quartet cover of "Rape Me" for a retirement home.

In October 2021, the American drama Succession used "Rape Me" in the episode "The Disruption" when Kendall ordered his assistants to play the song on the speakers to counter Shiv addressing the sexual assault allegations towards Waystar Royco. Love praised the show's use of the song in an Instagram post, saying that she had "never been so proud of approving one of Kurt's songs" and that it was "as if they truly understood" the song's meaning.

title: Rape Me


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Upper Hutt Posse

Upper Hutt Posse (UHP) are a New Zealand hip hop group formed in Upper Hutt, Wellington, in 1985. Upper Hutt Posse are one of the earliest New Zealand hip hop groups, known for their fusion of rap and reggae in both English and Māori. Prominent members include DLT, Dean "Te Kupu" Hapeta and Teremoana Rapley.

After signing to Jayrem Records, Upper Hutt Posse released their first single, 'E Tū', in 1988, which paid homage to Te Rauparaha and the Ngāti Toa heritage of the Hutt Valley. Their debut album Against The Flow was released the next year, which brought them international recognition. The group then became closely associated with Moana and The Moahunters, of whom their key member Teremoana was also part of. The group's single 'Ragga Girl' appeared on the soundtrack the film Once Were Warriors in 1994. A new lineup of live musicians produced the 1995 album Movement in Demand, mixing their signature Hiphop style with their reggae roots. Subsequent albums increasingly featured the Māori language, such as Mā Te Wā in 2000 and Te Reo Māori Remixes in 2002, for which they won a Tui Award. In 2007 another 'live' lineup was formed including Maaka McGregor (drums) who had performed live with the group at various gigs since 1995. In November 2018, Upper Hutt Posse were inducted into the New Zealand Music Hall of Fame - Te Whare Taonga Puoro o Aotearoa.

History
UHP formed as a four-piece reggae band in 1985. Since their inception, Dean Hapeta (also known as D Word or Te Kupu) and the Posse have been fighting racial injustice through their music. In 1988 they released the first rap record and music-video in New Zealand, E Tū, through Jayrem Records. The song combined African American revolutionary rhetoric with an explicitly Māori frame of reference. It pays homage to Māori warrior chiefs resistant of British colonialism, Hōne Heke, Te Kooti, and Te Rauparaha.

Releasing their debut album, Against The Flow in 1989 through Southside Records, the group performed nationally and the following year in Sydney and then Detroit. Against The Flow consists of sequenced/programmed rap and reggae songs and a political slow jam titled Stormy Weather, the unique lineup of two rappers, a reggae toaster, a female singer, a male singer, and a DJ allowed main songwriter D Word to compose without having to use 'featured' vocalists outside the group. In 1990, the group toured marae (Māori community centres), and supported Public Enemy when they visited New Zealand, and performed with the ragga artist Macca B and the Zimbabwean group the Bhundu Boys in Australia. October 1992 saw the completion of a music-documentary, Solidarity, showing UHPosse's visit to the U.S., co-directed by Dean Hapeta and Rongotai Lomas, the music-documentary was aired on TV ONE's Marae. With the departure of Darryl Thompson around this time, and then Teremoana Rapley 1993, who became a member of Moana and the Moahunters, and a presenter on television series Mai Time, being joined later by MC Beware who had left the group in late 1989. D Word formed Kia Kaha Productions Ltd and continues up to the present day as the leader of UHP through various lineup changes. Upon the release of the movie Once Were Warriors, the group's single Ragga Girl appeared on the soundtrack, with MC Wiya and D Word making cameo appearances. In 1993 UHP performed at the inaugural Polynesian Music Festival held in Rarotonga.

A new lineup in 1994 of live musicians produced the 1995 album Movement in Demand, mixing their signature Hiphop style with their reggae roots, and adding the distinctive raggamuffin rap of Wiya. In 2000 album Mā Te Wā saw the re-introduction of founding member Blue Dread, and also Katarina Kawana who had 'jammed' with the group in their formative years in the mid 1980s. Mā Te Wā is a digital reggae album completely in the Māori language. In 2002 UHP released Te Reo Māori Remixes, a 10-track album of earlier favourites remixed and featuring only Māori-language lyrics. This album received a Tui Award at the 2003 NZ Music Awards for 'Best Mana Māori Album'. In 2005, the group released a double album titled Legacy which includes two tracks performed by Te Kupu's daughter Ātaahua, notably a Māori-language version of The Greatest Love of All. Disc One, Ngāti is predominantly in English language, while Disc Two, Huia, is all in Māori.

In 2007 another 'live' lineup was formed including Maaka McGregor (drums) who had performed live with the group at various gigs since 1995, Dez Mallon (guitar) and Nathan Warren (bass), Te Kupu and MC Wiya made up the five core members at that time which also included additional musicians. In July 2008 the first recording session for a new 'live band' studio album commenced at Trident Studio and in September 2008 Ka Whawhai Tonu Mātou from this first recording session was released digitally (alongside a music-video) as a special song denoting 20 years since the release of debut recording E Tū. While production continued for the live band album through 2009, production began also on a bilingual (Māori and English language) electronica album titled Tohe released in July 2010. Then in October 2011 the live band album Declaration of Resistance was released, featuring images on its front cover from Te Kupu's six-part rap documentary Ngātahi – Know The Links. Supported by the most extensive touring by the band to date, with Te Kupu fronting the band on electric guitar and MC Wiya on bass (a significant revamp), performing with a fluid lineup of live musicians.

In November 2018 Upper Hutt Posse were inducted into the New Zealand Music Hall of Fame | Te Whare Taonga Puoro o Aotearoa. Te Kupu selected eighteen past and present band members, and additional musicians whose contributions to the group warranted their being recognised: Dean Hapeta, Matthew Hapeta, Aaron Thompson, Darryl Thomson, Bennet Pomana, Teremoana Rapley, Steve Rameka, George Hubbard, Earl Robertson, Kiki Marama, Taki Matete, Katarina Kawana, Ātaahua Hapeta-Taereau, Maaka McGregor, Emma Paki, Des Mallon, Jeff Henderson, Kevin Rangihuna.

In January 2019 the first recording session for the next UHP album is held with Earl Robertson drumming to music sequenced by Te Kupu, followed by further sessions with drummers Ruben Das Gonzales, and then Riki Gooch, as well as recording sessions held at Matakahi Studio with various live musicians pulled in by Te Kupu, who himself plays bass, guitars, piano, synthesizer, alto saxophone and percussion, creating what he says is probably "the most musically-realised UHP album yet." 2021 will see Say Do Don't Do People the first single released prior to the album.

Aotearoa Music Awards
The Aotearoa Music Awards (previously known as New Zealand Music Awards (NZMA)) are an annual awards night celebrating excellence in New Zealand music and have been presented annually since 1965.

! Ref.
 * 1989 || Upper Hutt Posse || Most Promising Group|| Nominated ||rowspan="3"|
 * 2003 || Upper Hutt Posse (Te Reo Maori Remixes) || Mana Māori || Won
 * 2012 || Declaration of Resistance || Mana Māori || Nominated
 * 2018 || Upper Hutt Posse || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||
 * 2012 || Declaration of Resistance || Mana Māori || Nominated
 * 2018 || Upper Hutt Posse || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||
 * 2018 || Upper Hutt Posse || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||
 * 2018 || Upper Hutt Posse || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Upper Hutt Posse


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User:Scumbag

Random Thought To Ponder (Updated Whenever I Feel Like It)
After not being on Wikipedia for a while, I'm pleased that That Guy is gone.

Introduction
Hello. I'm The Scumbag.

Scumbag? Isn't that an insult?
My real name is Chris, but my friends have called me Scumbag for the better part of 3 years. Now, I'm sure you're asking why I made my name Scumbag, or pissed off about how its offensive.

I'll try to explain it the best I can, without being too long and boring. Way back when, I would play a game with friends of mine. Eventually, I realized that I sucked at playing it, and knew fairly early on when I would lose. So, I'd concede. I didn't mean anything by it; I just hate to lose.

Of course, it pissed off a couple friends of mine. So they decided to call me Scumbag until I stopped conceding in games. At that point, yes, it was an offensive punishmenmt.

Time passes. I start getting a little bit better at the games, and I stop conceding so much. By that time, however, people had gotten used to calling me Scumbag. Hell, I had begun to introduce myself, within the context of my friends, as Scumbag. So, I decided that Scumbag was a fine nickname for me, and it's been that way ever since.

It's weird, I sometimes have to do a double-take when I see someone get offended by the nickname. For me, the term has done a metamorphosis from an disrespectful insult to a title of honor and dignity. If you'll forgive the bit of boasting, I'd like to quote a small conversation I overheard once:

(Setting: I had just did something nice for someone I didnt know, and some friends saw me do it) Friend: "Good work, Scumbag!" New Guy: "Wait... he did something good, and you call him a scumbag? That's the most -" Friend: "Dude, that guy changed the {expletive}ing definintion of the word Scumbag."

Articles I Tend To Edit
I tend to edit computer game related articles, mainly because that's what I know most about. When it comes to reading Wikipedia (which I believe people need to do more of, perhaps a 2:1 ratio), I read just about anything I feel like. I guess you could say I browse Wikipedia the same way people use Urban Dictionary - they get the idea of something, punch it in, and read about it.

Sandboxen
These are sandboxes. INAE was done here so I could get the right HTML for something else, but I've kept it here cuz it's easy to edit this copy here. The rest? I just use 'em for whatever.

User:Scumbag/INAE

User:Scumbag/alchemy

User:Scumbag/eyestuff

User:Scumbag/newalchemy

Other Stuff
User:Scumbag/ravboxes

title: User:Scumbag


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Radio Vlaanderen Internationaal

Radio Vlaanderen Internationaal (Dutch for "Flanders International Radio"), was the international broadcasting service of Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroep (VRT), the public broadcaster of the Flemish community in Belgium.

RVi broadcast on cable FM and DAB in Flanders, mediumwave and satellite radio in Europe, and worldwide on shortwave. It was also available in North America FTA on AMC 4 satellite through the Home2US platform alongside BVN Netherlands.

Shortwave and other services ended on 31 December 2011. Domestic Flemish stations Radio 1 and Radio 2 will instead be broadcast worldwide via satellite, and all radio channels will also be available worldwide via the Internet.

RVI was previously known as Belgium Radio International and broadcast in various languages, including English.

title: Radio Vlaanderen Internationaal


text: User talk:69.194.131.96

title: User talk:69.194.131.96


text: User talk:69.194.151.146

title: User talk:69.194.151.146


text:
General Electric LM2500

The General Electric LM2500 is an industrial and marine gas turbine produced by GE Aviation. The LM2500 is a derivative of the General Electric CF6 aircraft engine.

As of 2004, the U.S. Navy and at least 29 other navies had used a total of more than one thousand LM2500/LM2500+ gas turbines to power warships. Other uses include hydrofoils, hovercraft and fast ferries.

In 2012, GE developed an FPSO version to serve the oil and gas industry's demand for a lighter, more compact version to generate electricity and drive compressors to send natural gas through pipelines.

Design and development

The LM2500 was first used on the US Navy GTS Admiral W. M. Callaghan in 1969, after the original FT-4 gas turbines experienced many technical problems. Later, they were used in US Navy warships in the Spruance-class destroyer of destroyers and the related Kidd-class destroyer, which were constructed from 1970. In this configuration it was rated to 21500 SHP. This configuration was subsequently used into the 1980s in the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates, and Ticonderoga-class cruisers. It was also used by one of People's Republic of China's Type 052 Luhu Class Missile Destroyer (Harbin 112) acquired before the embargo.

The LM2500 was uprated to 26500 SHP for the Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, which were initiated in the 1980s and started to see service in the early 1990s, and the T-AOE-6 class of fast combat tanker.

In 2001 the LM2500 (20 MW) was installed in a sound-proof capsule in the South African Navy Valour-class frigate (Meko A-200 SAN) frigates as part of a CODAG propulsion system with two MTU 16V 1163 TB93 Propulsion Diesels.

The current generation was uprated in the late 1990s to over 30000 SHP.

LM2500 installations place the engine inside a metal container for sound and heat isolation from the rest of the machinery spaces. This container is very near the size of a standard 40 ft intermodal shipping container – but not the same, the engine size very slightly exceeds those dimensions. The air intake ducting may be designed and shaped appropriately for easy removal of the LM2500 from their ships.

The LM2500+ is an evolution of the LM2500, delivering up to 40200 shp or 28.6 MW of electric energy when combined with an electrical generator. Two of such turbo-generators have been installed in the superstructure near the funnel of Queen Mary 2, the world's largest transatlantic ocean liner, for additional electric energy for the liner to reach higher sea speeds.. Celebrity Cruises uses two LM2500+ engines in their Millennium-class cruise ships in a COGAS cycle (actually COGES, as the turbines generate electricity rather than driving the shafts directly).

The LM2500 is license-built in India by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited; in Italy by Avio Aero; and in Japan by IHI Corporation. (Subsequent to the February 2024 reporting of an IHI company whistleblower; On April 24, 2024, IHI announced that investigation was underway by Japan's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of its subsidiary, IHI Power Systems Co., which had falsified its engine data since 2003, impacting over 4,000 engines globally. )

The LM2500/LM2500+ can often be found as turbine part of CODAG, CODOG, CODLAG propulsion systems or in pairs as powerplants for COGAG systems.

Applications
Aircraft carrier:
 * ITALIAN AIRCRAFT CARRIER Cavour (Italian Navy)
 * ITALIAN AIRCRAFT CARRIER Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian Navy)
 * HTMS Chakri Naruebet (Royal Thai Navy)
 * SPANISH AIRCRAFT CARRIER Príncipe de Asturias (Spanish Navy)
 * INS Vikrant (2013) (Indian Navy)

Amphibious assault ship: Cruiser: Destroyer: Frigate: Fast Combat Support Ship: Maritime Prepositioning Force: Littoral combat ship: Corvette: Maritime Security Cutter, Large: ''Fast Attack Patrol boat
 * America-class amphibious assault ship (United States Navy)
 * Canberra-class landing helicopter dock (Royal Australian Navy)
 * SPANISH SHIP Juan Carlos I (Spanish Navy)
 * USS Makin Island (LHD-8) (United States Navy)
 * Ticonderoga-class cruiser (United States Navy)
 * Arleigh Burke-class destroyer (United States Navy)
 * Hobart-class destroyer (Royal Australian Navy)
 * Atago-class destroyer (Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force)
 * Durand de la Penne-class destroyer (Italian Navy)
 * Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyer (Republic of Korea Navy)
 * Kidd-class destroyer (Republic of China Navy)
 * Sejong the Great-class destroyer (Republic of Korea Navy)
 * Kongō-class destroyer (Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force)
 * Spruance-class destroyer (United States Navy)
 * Type 052 destroyer (People's Liberation Army Navy)
 * Project 18 (Indian Navy)
 * Adelaide-class frigate (Royal Australian Navy)
 * Álvaro de Bazán-class frigate (Spanish Navy)
 * Anzac-class frigate (Royal Australian Navy, Royal New Zealand Navy)
 * Baden-Württemberg-class frigate (German Navy)
 * Barbaros-class frigate (Turkish Navy)
 * Bhumibol Adulyadej-class frigate (Royal Thai Navy)
 * Brandenburg-class frigate (German Navy)
 * Bremen-class frigate (German Navy)
 * Cheng Kung-class frigate (Republic of China Navy)
 * Constellation-class frigate (United States Navy)
 * FREMM multipurpose frigate (French Navy, Italian Navy, Royal Moroccan Navy)
 * Fridtjof Nansen-class frigate (Royal Norwegian Navy)
 * Halifax-class frigate (Royal Canadian Navy)
 * Horizon-class frigate (French Navy, Italian Navy)
 * Hydra-class frigate (Hellenic Navy)
 * Jinnah-class frigate (Pakistan Navy)
 * Naresuan-class frigate (Royal Thai Navy)
 * Nilgiri-class frigate (Indian Navy)
 * Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate (United States Navy)
 * Sachsen-class frigate (German Navy)
 * Santa María-class frigate (Spanish Navy)
 * Shivalik-class frigate (Indian Navy)
 * Valour-class frigate (South African Navy)
 * Vasco da Gama-class frigate (Portuguese Navy)
 * Ulsan-class frigate (Republic of Korea Navy)
 * Istanbul-class frigate (Turkish Navy)
 * Supply-class fast combat support ship (United States Navy)
 * Watson-class vehicle cargo ship (United States Navy)
 * Independence-class littoral combat ship (United States Navy)
 * Pohjanmaa-class corvette (Finnish Navy)
 * Niels Juel-class corvette (Royal Danish Navy)
 * Sa'ar 5-class corvette (Israeli Navy)
 * BRP Conrado Yap (PS-39) (Philippine Navy)
 * Inhauma-class corvette (Brazilian Navy)
 * Ada-class corvette (Turkish Navy)
 * Next Generation Missile Vessels (Indian Navy)
 * Legend-class cutter (United States Coast Guard)
 * Pegasus-class hydrofoil (United States Navy)
 * Mandau-class fast attack craft (Indonesian Navy)

Passenger Ship:
 * Queen Mary 2 ocean liner (Cunard Line)
 * Vista-class cruise ship (Holland America Line)
 * Coral-class cruise ship (Princess Cruises)
 * Gem-class cruise ship (Princess Cruises)
 * Millennium-class cruise ship (Celebrity Cruises)
 * Radiance-class cruise ship (Royal Caribbean International)

Variants
The LM2500 is available in 3 different versions:
 * The LM2500 delivers 33,600 shp with a thermal efficiency of 37 percent at ISO conditions. When coupled with an electric generator, it delivers 24 MW of electricity at 60 Hz with a thermal efficiency of 36 percent at ISO conditions.
 * The improved, 3rd generation, LM2500+ version of the turbine delivers 40,500 shp with a thermal efficiency of 39 percent at ISO conditions. When coupled with an electric generator, it delivers 29 MW of electricity at 60 Hz with a thermal efficiency of 38 percent at ISO conditions.
 * The latest, 4th generation, LM2500+G4 version was introduced in November 2005 and delivers 47,370 shp (35,320 kW) with a thermal efficiency of 39.3 percent at ISO conditions.

Derivatives

 * The GE TM2500 is derived from the LM2500, and mounted on a trailer that makes it possible to move it to wherever 30 MW of temporary electricity generation is required. It can be installed and commissioned in 11 days.

Specification
The basic LM2500 has a single shaft gas generator derived from the CF6, comprising a 16 stage compressor driven by a two stage air-cooled HP turbine. The combustion chamber is annular. Shaft power is generated by a 6-stage power turbine mounted in the gas generator exhaust stream Additional power is obtained from the LM2500+ by the addition of a zero stage to the compressor, making 17 stages in all. Specifications for three models of LM2500 series gas turbine engines:

title: General Electric LM2500


text:
Chittering

Chittering may refer to:

 * Chittering, Cambridgeshire, England
 * Chittering, Western Australia

title: Chittering


text:
Talk:Prayer, meditation and contemplation in Christianity

NPOV, Uncited statements, Tone
There are a lot of statements in this article that are either subjective and stated as fact, or are questionable and not backed by any source. I have removed the claim that their are "many documented cases" of people speaking in tongues and being understood by speakers of other languages, because I can find no reputable source documenting this phenomenon. I also removed the reference to speaking-in-tongues.net, because it's not an encyclopedic source. I think it might make sense to merge the whole glossolalia section with the main Glossolalia article. I also have added a "disputed" tag to the article. mistercow 05:30, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

NPOV
Please check this article for adherence to out NPOV policy, and for factual accuracy. As written (Oct. 12, 2004) it seems a bit biased, and not representative of all Christian groups. It seems to be written from the bias of a Christian believer. It certainly needs a historical context. RK 00:11, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

I cut the following section from the article. It's a sermon. I put it here in case someone wants to use some of it for a more encyclopedic rewrite. dab (ᛏ) 08:34, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Paradoxes
There are a number of philosophical paradoxes involving prayer to an omnipotent God, namely:

If a person deserves God to give him the thing he prays for, why doesn't God give it to him, even without prayer? And if a person is not deserving of it, then even if that person does pray and request it, should it be given just because of his prayer? Why should it be necessary to pray with speech? Doesn't God know the thoughts of all people? If God is omniscient (all-knowing) then doesn't God know what we are going to ask Him for even before we pray? How can a human being hope to change God's mind? Why should human prayers affect God's decisions? Do human beings actually have the ability to praise an omniscient and omnipotent God? Praising God is difficult to do without describing God, yet how can a finite human being know anything about God's ultimate nature? This question was the subject of heated debate among many religious philosophers; one such debate took place in the 14th century between Gregory Palamas and Barlaam of Calabria.

There are many Christian approaches to these paradoxes. No one approach is authoritative for all of Christianity, or even for all of one particular Christian denomination. However, the following responses give some example of how some Christian laypeople respond to such paradoxes:

One Christian reponse is to say that God doesn't simply give a person what he needs in such a manner as to obviate prayer because God is concerned that Man has turned away from God; God knows what Man needs, and the primary thing Man needs is to turn to the Creator. This idea has its roots in the belief that humanity fell from grace through the sin of pride. God gives Man a chance to return to God, and prayer is an act by which Man shows his good will to God. A similar answer is available to why God knows what we are going to pray before we pray: indeed God does know, but God insists that we orient ourselves rightly. And we don't know what we are going to do until we do it, so we can make ourselves pray, as we act in time, such that we act conclusively in a way that shows our love for God.

Why should it be necessary to pray with speech? It isn't: Christian prayer subsumes affective and contemplative prayer that is effectively speechless. How can a human hope to change God's mind? God is outside of time and already knows the outcome, but we act within time, and must act with true charity, which we show through prayer. Do we have the ability to praise our Creator? Indeed, much as we might praise our own parents. Praise of God is praise of God's infinite glory and goodness; it is certainly true that we can never praise God enough. For this reason one can always go further in the unitive way. Indeed, the theologians affirm that to stop going forward toward God is to commence slipping backward. All of the foregoing could be richly footnoted with points from Scripture, the Summa, Denziger, and the Church Fathers.

The paradoxes need not be a problem if people understand the concept of covenant between God and humankind. A covenant is a binding agreement between two sides; both sides agreeing to certain stipulations and actions. Humankind praying to God is an aspect of the covenant which humans must fulfill. God could grant people what was on their mind but this would be in opposition to the covenant. God answers prayers based on his covenant with us. This covenant goes back in history to the time of the Hebrew Patriarchs.

information?
do we have information about catholic liturgy? I was looking for information about (to link from here. dab (ᛏ) 08:31, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Sub Tuum Praesidium
 * Gloria Patri
 * Gloria in Excelsis Deo
 * the Litany of Loreto

Feminine?
"the soul is feminine in Christian theology"

-- really? I don't think it is, but I might be wrong - I know that some Gnostics saw the soul as feminine, but I'm not sure if that is mainstream Christian theology.

I'll look it up later and if no-one objects I'll make the edit tomorrow.

jim.whitson@gmail.com (sun 18:14)

 * The Greek word for soul is feminine, as are most abstract substantives such as "love," "justice," "excellence," etc. My understanding is that this avoids a lot of problematic homo-eroticism around a gendered Christ and "His" church. - Rorybowman 18:42, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I see. But is it correct to say that "the soul is feminine in Christian *theology*"? 82.152.225.137 07:46, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Neutrality
I don't believe this article is true; part of it, like the speaking in tounges part seems to be making a point against it. 86.132.190.15 17:18, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Scientific study
I have removed the recommended merging with efficacy of prayer section 13 of this article, Scientific study, because I feel that this paragraph's inclusion is extremely important to anyone doing research on Christian magic rituals. As the rest of the article more or less assumes that Christian magic rituals work, I think that it is of the utmost importance that the Scientific study caveat be included to maintain the neutrality of the article, as well as to provide a more thorough factual understanding of the foundational claims of the Christian prayer phenomenon. ChrisRay6000 (talk) 16:49, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Matthew 6:5-6
Anyone fancy a go at trying to rationalise the usual act of Christian public prayer in services and other venues in view of this Bible verse which shows Jesus advising against it? I probably wouldn't be that good an editor for this section as I am intensely biased on this subject. I would like to see an honest examination of this verse and its attendant implications. Heliotic (talk) 22:48, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I think Affirmative prayer should be merged into this article. Addhoc (talk) 20:30, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree HrafnTalkStalk 02:10, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree Renata (talk) 08:26, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

"Where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them." –Matt. 18:20 - This is generally seen as a call to corporate prayer. Two or three is used here as a general statement to mean anything more than one. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nowimfound (talk • contribs) 16:07, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

 * No merge. No, it is not a good idea at all. It is a separate, not exactly mainstream Christian article, best left alone. History2007 (talk) 20:16, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

Article needs prayers....
This article is in sad shape and needs prayers.... It has but a telegram on public prayer, and a larger section on speaking in tongues. Prayer books are just listed under liturgy. Methods of prayer are not even discussed. There is no mention of contemplative prayer,... etc. etc. The article needs prayers. I will try to get to it in 2012, in the meantime have to tag it. History2007 (talk) 20:16, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

Three level structure
Per Talk:Contemplative_prayer the three level structure of prayer, meditation and contemplation has not been clearly reflected in these series of articles and needs to be. So I will sooner or later just fix them so there is a top level short article that refers to the three elements to have a uniform structure based on teh generally accepted 3 level characterization. History2007 (talk) 13:19, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

missing a lot of info
while the POV issues are significantly improved, those biased sections haven't been replaced with better content which makes this article very barebones. i would (and might start working on) add sections on different traditions of prayer (orthodox, catholic, protestant, etc) and examples of popular prayers for each of those sections Sawyer-mcdonell (talk) 18:30, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Howdy! I would like to propose moving Prayer in the New Testament to this article as a new section. The topic of the article is important, but the content is to narrow to have a separate article. I think that this article should also be focused on prayer, as meditation and contemplation are types of prayer. I am going to begin to reorganize this article and rework the lead to create a more focused article. Vojo2024 (talk) 03:46, 21 February 2022 (UTC)

Deletion Proposal
After thoroughly comparing this article to others, I propose that this article be deleted rather than merged. The content is covered within the article Christian prayer, a lot of the content taken word-for-word from this article. The information is also thoroughly covered in Christian contemplation and Christian meditation. I purpose of this article as a stand-alone piece seems quite ambiguous in purpose. If there are anyways in which this article could be reworked to have a clearer purpose, that route could be taken instead. However, I think that deletion is warranted in this case. Vojo2024 (talk) 21:02, 7 March 2022 (UTC)

 * user:Phil Bridger, I saw that you contested the deletion of this article. I agree with your suggestion that the history portion of this article should be salvaged. I would like to suggest merging the history portion of this page with Christian meditation and Christian contemplation respectively. Do you have any other suggestions? Vojo2024 (talk) 02:02, 14 March 2022 (UTC)

Updated merge proposal
Howdy! In my last two posts, I discussed both a merge and deletion for this article. I have come to a stand-still with this article. I think that the content should be merged into Christian meditation and Christian contemplation respectively. I think that it would be beneficial for all three articles if someone were to take on this task. Vojo2024 (talk) 19:03, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

Merger
It appears that there have been repeated aborted attempts to merge this article with Christian prayer. The proposal above received clear support. As in stands this article is practically invisible – only a dozen mainspace articles link here – and apart from the Developent section it merely summarises the prayer, meditation, contemplation topics.

I will copy the Development of the three stages of prayer section over to Christian prayer. This means that very little content will be lost, and the content that is preserved will now actually be read! --Hazhk (talk) 21:36, 23 February 2023 (UTC)


text:
Yury Tynyanov

Yury Nikolaevich Tynyanov (Ю́рий Никола́евич Тыня́нов; October 18, 1894 – December 20, 1943) was a Soviet writer, literary critic, translator, scholar and screenwriter. He was an authority on Pushkin and an important member of the Russian Formalist school.

Born in a Jewish community in the Russian Empire in modern-day Latvia, he moved to Saint Petersburg where he completed his education. During the 1920s in the Soviet Union, he published numerous novels, works, and movie scripts, as well as working as a translator. However, his health declined during the 1930s and he died in 1943 from multiple sclerosis.

Early life and education
Yury Nikolaevich Tynyanov was born on 18 October 1894 in Rezhitsa, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire - modern day Latvia. Tynyanov was born in a Jewish community, but would go on to have little connections with his Jewish heritage. His father, Nikolai Arkadyevich Tynyanov, was a doctor while his mother, Sofya Borisovna Tynyanova (née Epshtein), was a co-owner of a tannery.

At age nine in 1904, Tynyanov attended the Pskov Provincial Gymnasium after he passed the entrance exams. With his brother, Tynyanov lived primarily in Pskov when he was attending the school, returning to Rezhitsa during the holidays via train to see his mother and sister, Lydia. He graduated in 1912 with a silver medal. Tynyanov then entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Saint Petersburg University.

In 1916, he married Leah Abelevna Zilber, the elder sister of his friend and well-known Russian author Veniamin Kaverin. During his time in university, Tynyanov frequented the Pushkin seminar held by a venerable literary academic, Semyon Vengerov.

Russian Civil War
When the February Revolution began in 1917, Tynyanov was in Petrograd with his wife and daughter, Inna Yuryevna Tynyanov. Leah and Inna went back to Pskov, while Tynyanov remained in Petrograd to continue his studies. In summer 1918, he went to Yaroslavl to visit his parents who been living in the city since 1915. The Yaroslavl Uprising and subsequent bombing by the Bolsheviks, destroyed parts of Yaroslavl, including Tynayanov's library where he collected books since his time in Pskov and his diploma work on Küchelbecker. To see his wife and daughter, he crossed into lands occupied by Germans.

During the Civil War, he worked in several jobs. Along with his university studies, he began teaching literature at a school. He also lectured at the House of Arts and the House of Writers. He also served as a French translator and head of the Information Department of the Petrograd Bureau of the Commintern. In 1919, he graduated from university and found employment at the Department of Russian Literature.

Career
At age 27 in 1921, Tynyanov became a professor at the Petrograd Institute of Art History. During this time, he also began teaching 18th to 20th century Russian poetry while also being part of the Society for the Study of Poetic Language. In 1921, he published his first book titled "Dostoevsky and Gogol" where he drew connections between the works of Dostoevsky and Gogol. In 1925, Tynyanov released his first novel called "Kukhlya". He would then in 1927 publish another piece of historical fiction titled “The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar”. "Archaists and Innovators" was released in 1929.

Aside from writing novels, Tynyanov wrote the scripts of The Overcoat (1926), Asya (1928) and The Club of the Big Deed (1927) in collaboration with Y.G. Oksman. As a translator, he translated the poems of Heinrich Heine from German to Russian.

Later life and death
During the 1930s, Tynyanov began to slowly experience multiple sclerosis. In 1932, he began to write "Pushkin". However, multiple sclerosis began to take it toll and he then required a cane to walk. By 1940, Tynyanov lost his ability to walk. He however continued writing on Pushkin and finished the 3rd part in 1943. Tynyanov died on 20 December 1943 in Moscow, aged 49.

Legacy
On 28 May 1981, a museum dedicated to Tynyanov opened in his hometown in Rezekne Secondary School No.6. The museum was supported by Tynyanov's friend Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin, his sister Lydia and his daughter Inna. The museum continues to operate in Latvia.

Major works
In 1928, together with the linguist Roman Jakobson, he published a famous work titled Theses on Language, a predecessor to structuralism (but see Ferdinand de Saussure), which could be summarised in the following manner (from ref. ):

 * Literary science had to have a firm theoretical basis and an accurate terminology.
 * The structural laws of a specific field of literature had to be established before it was related to other fields.
 * The evolution of literature must be studied as a system. All evidence, whether literary or non-literary must be analysed functionally.
 * The distinction between synchrony and diachrony was useful for the study of literature as for language, uncovering systems at each separate stage of development. But the history of systems is also a system; each synchronic system has its own past and future as part of its structure. Therefore the distinction should not be preserved beyond its usefulness.
 * A synchronic system is not a mere agglomerate of contemporaneous phenomena catalogued. 'Systems' mean hierarchical organisation.
 * The distinction between langue and parole, taken from linguistics, deserves to be developed for literature in order to reveal the principles underlying the relationship between the individual utterance and a prevailing complex of norms.
 * The analysis of the structural laws of literature should lead to the setting up of a limited number of structural types and evolutionary laws governing those types.
 * The discovery of the 'immanent laws' of a genre allows one to describe an evolutionary step, but not to explain why this step has been taken by literature and not another. Here the literary must be related to the relevant non-literary facts to find further laws, a 'system of systems'. But still the immanent laws of the individual work had to be enunciated first.

Tynyanov also wrote historical novels in which he applied his theories. His other works included popular biographies of Alexander Pushkin and Wilhelm Küchelbecker and notable translations of Heinrich Heine and other authors.

In English
Works by Yury Tynyanov
 * Formalist theory, translated by L.M. O'Toole and Ann Shukman (1977)
 * Death of the Vazir-Mukhtar, translated by Susan Causey (edited by Vera Tsareva-Brauner), Look Multimedia (2018)
 * The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar, translated by Anna Kurkina Rush and Christopher Rush, Columbia University Press, 2021 (The Russian Library)
 * Lieutenant Kijé / Young Vitushishnikov: Two Novellas (Eridanos Library, No. 20), translated by Mirra Ginsburg (1990)
 * Lieutenant Kizhe, translated by Nicolas Pasternak Slater, Look Multimedia (2021)
 * "Permanent Evolution: Selected Essays on Literature, Theory and Film" translated and edited by Ainsley Morse & Philip Redko (2019, Academic Studies Press)

Works edited by Yury Tynyanov
 * Russian Prose, edited by Boris Mikhailovich Eikhenbaum and Yury Tynyanov, translated by Ray Parrot (1985)

In Russian
Novels:
 * Кюхля, 1925
 * Смерть Вазир-Мухтара, 1928
 * Пушкин, 1936

Novellas and stories:
 * Подпоручик Киже, 1927
 * Восковая персона, 1930
 * Малолетный Витушишников, 1933
 * Гражданин Очер

On Pushkin and his era:
 * Архаисты и Пушкин, 1926
 * Пушкин, 1929
 * Пушкин и Тютчев, 1926
 * О "Путешествии в Арзрум", 1936
 * Безыменная любовь, 1939
 * Пушкин и Кюхельбекер, 1934
 * Французские отношения Кюхельбекера, 1939
 * Путешествие Кюхельбекера по Западной Европе в 1820 – 1821 гг.
 * Декабрист и Бальзак.

 * Сюжет "Горя от ума", 1943

title: Yury Tynyanov


text:
User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive Oktober 2004 3

Info
Thought you should know, that at least one person, IZAK, tried to "campaign" against your RFA. You'll be happy to know that only 1 or 2 of those people voted. It's an unfair tactic, but I wanted you to be aware, at least. I hope, no matter the outcome, that you'll know you do have support from a lot of people. -- Netoholic @ 08:06, 2004 Oct 10 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I saw that, AndyL did the same thing. What amused / gratified me was the ones who ended up voting for me, after such reminders to vote ;). I considered campaigning similarly, dropping a note to some of the many users with a favorable impression of me, but I decided that might be seen as spaming, and besides, with the number of "oppose" votes, winning wasn't realistic anyways, at least not without alot more work than I have/had time or interest for. Thanks for the heads up tho, and have a look at these: User talk:Danny, User talk:Ed Poor. Talk about mudslinging! And they were fairminded enough to vote for me after all that.. This whole experience has made me alot happier about the work I do here, and the people I do it with :) Sam Spade 12:44, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This is the message I left on a the talk pages of about four or five editors':
 * You may want to vote on whether Sam becomes a sysop at Requests for adminship/Sam Spade

The message does not state an opinion on your candidacy, nor did it suggest how anyone should vote. Your suggestion that I did the "same thing" as IZAK or that I "campaigned" is utter nonsense.AndyL 03:21, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Undecided
I see that you have made A LOT of edits in Wikipedia. I was told you had very POV oriented edits in some cases. I tried, but have not been able to figure out if you are or not. Do know know what seems to be the reason of the dispute(s)?--AAAAA 17:48, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Politics. IMO I am NPOV'ing, but those on the far left think I am POVing. I get called "libertarian" alot. The main thing that seems to annoy them is that I think Nazi's were socialist, as well as U.S.S.R., etc.. I have tried to tone that down a bit tho because I honestly don't know much about socialism, and the more I learn, the more confused I get ;) Sam Spade 18:46, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Sam, your star is deserved, but the word "tyranny"...
Sam, we agreed to politely disagree, and you are my favorite critic. Please reconsider the word "tyranny" in association with iridology. This, if anything, is against the tyranny of consensual nonsense. Now want to talk socialism ? Knowing me, knowing you a haa aa ;) (That was Abba) - irismeister 19:18, 2004 Oct 10 (UTC)

Folks, you've made rfcs a sort of rite of passage for Wiki editors...
Hey, folks, leave Sam alone! He was one of my most active and fierce critics for edits on Iridology. But hey, are you after witches or something? Leave the man/lady/Wiki editor at large just as he/she is - free and alone! Or I'll report your acts as a fascist deviation! The right to free speech includes leaving people free to think as they deem fit. If they express themselves, it's there inalienable right. Raising files with profiles and then spamming editors with "urgent" nonsense and stuff raises specters of political police! When I was younger I myself had a huge file in Securitate for opposing communism. I wish not see this experience again! For anybody! If you don't like what Sam thinks, say so, write to him, demonstrate in front of him with facts and your stuff that his opinions are not yours, etc. But don't carry him to Salem for more witch*hunting. Duh! Disgusting! - irismeister 23:01, 2004 Oct 10 (UTC)

Adminship
Sorry you didn't make it this time, but you must now hold the record for total number of votes. 82 in total wow! In the end you got 50% (althogh there were some sockpuppets which i didn't bother to exclude) To be honest I'm surprised, i thought you'd get much lower, in fact i thought people would be having a go at me for voting for you. So congratulations, and better luck next time. Oh and I'm glad the rather nasty smear campaign had no effect in the end Theresa Knott (The torn steak) 23:40, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Jolly good show! Next time, you'll definately get admin I think ;-) Kim Bruning 23:41, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry you were put through that display. I guess you see why some people might decline to be nominated. Wetman 23:43, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You showed a good attitude throughout, and weathered some despicable tactics. Keep up the good work, take some of the constructive comments to heart, and you'll be in good shape next time. -- Netoholic @ 03:18, 2004 Oct 11 (UTC)
 * Sam Spade's adminship nomination is one of the few pan-Wikipedia arguments I can remember -- seems like everyone still active turned out for a jolly good show... Only other argument that widespread I can remember was whether football should be a disambig page and what to call soccer... Tuf-Kat 03:22, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hey sorry the adminship app got so ugly and didn't work out. But I am impressed by how much support you did get. Maybe Wikipedia is not all ideologues after all. Very Verily  03:45, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I agree completely, it was quite a positive experience, even w the mudslinging. In fact, the anti-me spam probably did alot of good for me in that many users w only a casual understanding of why I tend to be "controversial" had the opportunity to see just what kind of users I am conflicting with, and what about. To be perfectly honest, I am in no way embarrassed about the evidence against me. I have done very little here that I regret, and what little I have done which I thought to be wrong I have done my best to make apologies for.

Of course I am interested in constructive criticism at any time, and I encourage those who supported, and those who opposed my nomination to discuss any concerns or differences of opinion with me at length. I assure you I take community concerns seriously, and am willing to devote the time necessary to smooth rough edges and build new understandings. I am able to change my mind, to learn, to grow as a person ;)

Indeed, it is my love for learning that brings me here to this project, not some petty desire to annoy those who are different from me (i.e. trolling, afaik the term). Indeed, I am of the opinion that if some of those who like me least spent the time to get to know me, their opinion would likely change dramatically for the better. IRL I seem to be a pretty likeable guy, social and friendly, I am known for my humor and agreeable opinions. In fact the reason I say I am a populist is that average people I meet generally agree heartily w my political positions. Ironically enough, when I take the http://politicalcompass.org/ test, it says I'm a slightly left centrist, very near to the current Pope! So any ideas that I am an extremist strike me as a dubious analysis of myself, not some tip of an iceberg. In any case, I encourage any questions, concerns, thoughts, discussions, etc... from all corners, I will always find the time for polite, logical discourse. Thank you all, and may God be with you, Sam Spade 11:29, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Strait Country

Strait Country is the debut studio album by American country music artist George Strait, released on September 4, 1981, by MCA Records. The album's traditional country music approach—a mix of Texas honky tonk and the Bakersfield sound—presented a sharp contrast to the dominating trends within country music at that time. The album includes the singles "Unwound", "Down and Out", and "If You're Thinking You Want a Stranger (There's One Coming Home)". The album peaked at number 26 on the US Billboard Top Country Albums chart. Strait Country has been certified platinum by the RIAA. The album was one of the first to be recorded and mixed digitally.

Recording
In January 1981, MCA Records offered Strait a single deal, agreeing to release one song as a single and provide the necessary promotion. If the single was successful in sales and radio play, then an album deal would be offered. On February 2, 1981, Groundhog Day, Strait entered The Waxworks recording studio in Berry Hill, Tennessee with producer Blake Mevis to record "Unwound", a song written by an unknown songwriter named Dean Dillon and his writing partner Frank Dycus. Producer Mevis first heard the song through his music publisher, Tom Collins, who also sent it to Strait's new manager, Erv Woolsey, offering to finance a demo session if Strait would record the song. Woolsey listened to Dillon's rough demo of "Unwound" and knew immediately that the song could be a big hit and launch Strait's career. Woolsey and Strait agreed to record the song. Three additional songs were recorded during that February recording session: "Blame It on Mexico", "Perfect Lie", and "Nobody in His Right Mind Would've Left Her".

The "Unwound" single was released by MCA on April 23, 1981 and entered the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart the week of May 16. It soon made it into the top ten. Strait would later remember the experience of hearing his first record on the radio while working on his ranch in San Marcos. "I was shocked. I couldn't believe it. I mean, hearing your first record on the radio, when it was something that you had been trying to get to for so long, and then finally having it happen, it was wild. Here I was driving around the ranch there, and I'd hear it go up the chart, and I'm saying to myself, "What's wrong with this picture? I've got a hit record. I need to go out on the road and go play some concerts.""

Several days after "Unwound" made it onto the charts, MCA offered Strait a recording contract and gave the go-ahead to proceed with the album. In early June, Strait returned to Nashville with the Ace in the Hole Band to perform every night throughout the week of June 7 at the Reflections Ballroom at the Radison Hotel. That same week, Strait spent his days in Music City Music Hall recording studios in Nashville with Mevis and a group of session musicians recording the remaining songs for his first album. This early decision to use session musicians on his recordings rather than his touring band set a pattern that he would continue to follow throughout his career. One of the songs from the February session, "Blame It on Mexico", was rerecorded during the June sessions and included on the album.

Release and promotion
Strait Country was released on September 4, 1981 by MCA Records. To promote the album, Strait and the Ace in the Hole Band performed a series of shows and performed the new material. While eager to help publicize the album, Strait had a few ground rules that would remain in place throughout his career. First, he insisted that his private life remain private, and that his wife and family not be involved in press interviews and publicity events. Strait also insisted on remaining in Texas and not moving to the country music capital. In an early interview with Nashville's Music City News, Strait confessed, "If I find out later on that I have to move, well, I'll certainly move. But I would hate to leave Texas." And finally, he insisted on remaining true to his identity, and refused to take off the hat, despite considerable pressure to do so. As unfashionable as it might have appeared in Nashville at the time, it was a part of his identity—of just being himself.

Artwork and packaging
Strait Country was released in vinyl format. The front cover photo was taken by Tom Wilkes showing Strait wearing a cream-colored straw cowboy hat, a Western shirt open at the neck, revealing a simple gold chain. Standing against a weathered fencepost, he's shown looking up with a "plaintive look in his eye". At a time when most country performers were wearing rhinestone outfits, leisure suits, and very few sporting cowboy hats, Strait comes across as "real country, plain and simple". The back cover photo of the vinyl album shows the singer inside Gruene Hall, a Texas dance hall where he played during his early years. The photo was not included on the CD version. The back cover also contains track listing with songwriter credits, as well as music and production credits.

Critical reception
Strait Country received positive reviews upon its release in 1981. On the AllMusic website, it received four out of five stars. In his review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted how "startling" this debut album was during a time when country music was dominated by country-pop crossover songs, outlaw country anthems, the urban cowboy trend, and the Alabama-style country-rock movement. In contrast, Strait ignored the trends and focused on traditional country music, "drawing deep on honky tonk tradition, undeniably rooted in Texas but willing to wander outside of the Lone Star State's borders". Strait displays his clear love for the music of Merle Haggard on "Blame It on Mexico", produced with a "light production sheen" that makes it accessible and timely, and yet the singer's "delivery and attitude" make it "sound as pure country as the harder stuff". Erlewine observed: "And that's the genius of Strait Country—it showed how it was possible to be planted firmly in traditional country yet flexible enough to play softer stuff without losing that hardcore stance ... by blending the hardcore honky tonk, Western swing and Bakersfield country with a few melodic ballads that weren't designed for the barroom, he set the template for years and years of modern country."

Erlewine concluded that in addition to being influential, Strait Country is "flat-out great, the beginning of a remarkable streak of continually satisfying albums from George Strait".

Music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a B+ rating, admiring Strait's "quiet honky tonk" sound and "pleasant baritone".

Personnel

 * George Strait – lead vocals
 * Mitch Humphries – keyboards
 * Fred Newell – lead guitars
 * Jimmy Capps – rhythm guitar
 * Dave Kirby – rhythm guitar
 * Jerry Shook – rhythm guitar
 * Bobby Thompson – rhythm guitar
 * Sonny Garrish – steel guitar
 * Mike Leech – bass guitar
 * Clyde Brooks – drums
 * Bob Gelotte – drums
 * Jerry Kroon – drums
 * Rob Hajacos – fiddle
 * Buddy Spicher – fiddle
 * Sudie Callaway – background vocals
 * Rita Figlio – background vocals
 * Arlene Harden – background vocals
 * Sherri Huffman – background vocals
 * Diane Tidwell – background vocals
 * Curtis Young – background vocals
 * Blake Mevis – producer
 * Bill Harris – engineer, mixing
 * Mike Poston – engineer, mixing
 * Dan Dea – assistant engineer
 * David DeBusk – assistant engineer
 * Milan Bogdan – digital editing (CD)
 * Glenn Meadows – digital mastering (CD)
 * Simon Levy – art direction
 * Tom Wilkes – photography
 * Katie Gillon – coordination
 * Sherri Halford – coordination

title: Strait Country


text:
User talk:EB Watcher

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia! (Unless you're a Sock puppet, but that's understandable given the topic.) It's a nice photo you put on the Exclusive Brethren page, but it's missing a copyright notice. Given all the legal troubles the world has, Wikipedia has a strong policy regarding contributors placing copyright notices on photos. If you don't add a copyright notice, the photo may be deleted.

Adding a copyright notice is incredibly easy. Just go to your photo, Image:LondonCentralHall.jpg and click edit this page. Then add one of the copyright tags from Image copyright tags.

Thanks for contributing!

--Les Nuls 00:18, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:LondonCentralHall.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:LondonCentralHall.jpg. You've indicated that the image is being used under a claim of fair use, but you have not provided an adequate explanation for why it meets Wikipedia's requirements for such images. In particular, for each page the image is used on, the image must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Can you please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for each article the image is used in.
 * That every article it is used on is linked to from its description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --FairuseBot (talk) 08:31, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:EB Watcher


text:
User talk:Jeffgu

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 00:21, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jeffgu


text:
Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23

The Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 (ГШ-23) is a twin-barreled 23 mm autocannon developed in the Soviet Union, primarily for military aircraft use. It entered service in 1965, replacing the earlier Nudelman-Rikhter NR-23 and Rikhter R-23.

The GSh-23 works on the Gast Gun principle developed by German engineer Karl Gast of the Vorwerk company in 1916. It is a twin-barreled weapon in which the firing action of one barrel operates the mechanism of the other. It provides a much faster rate of fire for lower mechanical wear than a single-barrel weapon.

Although it cannot match the sustained rate of fire of an electric Rotary cannon like the M61 Vulcan, it requires no external power source to operate, but is instead powered by the recoiling of the floating barrels, somewhat like the action of the German MG-42. The Gast principle has been little used in the West, but was used on a variety of weapons in the former Soviet Union.

The cannon comes in a basic GSh-23 variant, and the more popular GSh-23L (ГШ-23Л), differing mostly in adding a muzzle brake, lowering recoil force. This cannon was standard fit on late-model MiG-21 fighters (M, SM, MF, SMT, PFM, bis), all variants of the MiG-23, the SOKO J-22 Orao, the JF-17 Thunder, the HAL Tejas, the Aero L-39ZA Albatros and IAR 93, and the tail turrets of the Tupolev Tu-22M bomber and some late-model Tu-95MS and Tu-142M3. In the latter application, it had the unusual ability to fire infrared flares and chaff rounds, allowing it to function as both a weapon and a dispenser of anti-missile countermeasures. It is also mounted on late small series Mi-24VP helicopters (in the NPPU-23 movable mounting) and Polish W-3WA Sokół helicopter in fixed mounting. The cannon was also used on cargo aircraft; specifically, Russian/Soviet Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft were designed to accommodate twin GSh-23's in a tail turret. An Il-76M with just such a configuration could be seen at the 2002 Ivanovo airshow.

Some second generation MiG-21 models could carry the GSh-23L in an under-fuselage gondola designated the GP-9, carrying the cannon and 200 rounds of ammunition; this was replaced by a more streamlined semi-conformal installation in later variants. There are also several gun pods available for mounting on external hardpoints: UPK-23 for air-to-air use, with one or two fixed GSh-23 guns and 200–400 rounds of ammunition, and SPPU-22 pods with traversable barrels for strafing, from 0° to −30° and carried 280 rounds of ammunition in each (they were most often carried by the Su-17/-20/-22 as well as the Su-25/-39 in pairs).

Variants

 * Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23L, is a modernized air-cooled version with a muzzle brake added to reduce recoil. Used on NPPU-23 helicopter turret.
 * Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23V, is a water-cooled version of GSh-23L. Used on NPPU-23 helicopter turret.

Users

 * 🇧🇷 brazil - Used on Mi-35M
 * 🇧🇬 bulgaria
 * 🇨🇳 china
 * 🇭🇷 croatia
 * 🇪🇬 egypt – Used on L-59T Super-Albatross
 * 🇮🇳 india Manufactured at Ordnance Factories Board
 * 🇮🇶 iraq on Iraqi aircraft type Su-25
 * 🇵🇰 pakistan - JF-17 Thunder (all variants)
 * 🇵🇱 poland
 * 🇷🇴 romania – manufactured locally by SC Uzina Mecanică Cugir as GȘ-23.
 * 🇷🇺 russia
 * 🇷🇸 serbia
 * undefined
 * 🇹🇳 tunisia – Used on L-59T Super-Albatross
 * 🇺🇦 ukraine on SU-25M1
 * 🇻🇪 venezuela - Used on Mi-35M
 * undefined

title: Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23


text: User talk:82.42.146.25

title: User talk:82.42.146.25


text:
Talk:Foča

Untitled
Moved to Foca following the BiH Supreme Court decision, see. GeneralPatton 07:10, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Citations given - and deleted
I added citation for the camps and rapes. Someone deleted them. I am reinstating them. The ICTY is a reliable source.--Barend 19:11, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Are you serious? ICTY is reliable source? ROFL. The court which for ex prosectutor Carla Del Ponte and many others said it's so false and full of presure and hypocrisy? The court which had liberated Naser Oric who had killed 3 500 Serbs and let free Ramush Haradinai no matter all the witnesses were killed before they have come to the court? Now they start case again. LOL. After all the court which said all the evidency of Serb organ trafikking by Hashim Tachi to be hidden? Thank you mr.Dick Marty to prove it! Be serious and clean this thread! Delete those lies about revange during WW2 to Muslim women for what Croatian Ustashas did. Com on, com on. Please! 109.93.0.71 (talk) 01:51, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

“Rep.Srpska” history section cleansing
I was just checking the revision history of this page and detected a massive deletion of the “History” section made by someone called “Rep.Srpska”. The guy made a basic “ethnic cleansing” of the past of this city during World War II (omitting battles between the chetniks and partisans and the monument to the latter) and the Bosnian War (omitting all the dark pages of the sons-of-a-Mladich) and adding a lot of Serb Orthodox church images to the gallery.

Very typical for an extremist.

I’ll correct this, re-adding the lost information and putting something more. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.13.104.95 (talk) 19:10, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

I redid and reverted large portions of vandalism by 91.191.14.179. Seems to be an ongoing thing.Lisaveta (talk) 07:18, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Comment
Number of 8000 muslims killed by chetniks is exaggerated.8000 is wrong reference.You should also mention Serbs murdered by Bosniak ustasha. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 147.91.1.45 (talk) 13:22, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

This article is massively POV and needs to be redone by a more neutral party.(Saint78 (talk) 12:20, 5 December 2008 (UTC))

Image copyright problem with File:Kragujevac city Coat of Arms.jpg
The image File:Kragujevac city Coat of Arms.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --16:55, 5 January 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅ I've removed this image. It wasn't really making any significant contribution to the article anyway.     17:25, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Religions of Foca?
How can you talk about religions of Foča and reference the number of members of a certain nationality (such as Serbs, Croats, ...). Nationality is not a religion. You could write, Orthodox, Catholic Christian, but not "Croat" or "Serb". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.64.27.9 (talk) 07:35, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Foča


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Deworks

Deworks
Non-notable software company--446 hits, but at least half seem to be other uses of the word. Alexa has no data for www.deworks.net, probably because the entire content is an 'under construction' homepage. Niteowlneils 00:26, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Wikipedia is not the Yellow Pages of the Internet.  What they're offering is offered by many, and there's nothing to distinguish them. Geogre 05:10, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep: I don't agree with your arguments Geogre.

- It doesnt matter that what we offer is offered by many. As far as i know we are one of the few who are trying to offer free wireless LTSP to schools. Our distro has been distributed to usalug where several schools are testing it presently.

- Seeing as you obviously haven't deworks LTSP you have no idea of how we can be distinguished from others, eg. skolelinux.

- Our internet site is not a top priority for us presently. We are busy helping schools both in norway and abroad in France, Ireland and USA. Our website isnt linked to on the wikipedia entry so i dont see this as a problem.

- If you still want to delete, hoped you liked my arguments :-)

brendan Deworks

 * Delete. Article is a promotional list of services.  No evidence is offered there or here for an encyclopedic level of notability; indeed, based on what has been said, I suspect the company hasn't been around long enough to achieve such notability.  Of course, I'll reconsider my vote if such evidence is presented, and if the article is rewritten to remove POV and discuss the company's effect on the industry.   —Triskaideka 21:00, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * All advertising deserves to be speedily deleted. Susvolans 12:44, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. WikiSpam.   — Gwalla | Talk 23:40, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertisement. jni 12:10, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Advertising. P. Riis 22:32, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Deworks


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dinner At Eight

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - kept

Dinner At Eight
Does a single episode of Frasier really warrant it's own article? I'm sure there are many other resources with synopses for all episodes available. Delete Barneyboo 00:28, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * If the episode is particularly notable or famous or somehow stands apart from other Frasier episodes, then it could warrant an article. There are precedents.  (Spam (Monty Python), for example). If there is no evidence that this episode specifically stands out, however, I say delete it.  Fishal 01:13, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Just an episode. Nothing stand-out about it that I can tell.  For that matter, I'm not sure Frasier ever had such a notable episode. Geogre 01:33, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and I look forward to having every episode of the show. - SimonP
 * Delete and... AAAHHHHHH!!! --Fastfission 05:39, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Gamaliel 06:21, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, or condense into a few sentences and merge with List of Frasier episodes. We really just don't need this. -R. fiend 07:20, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree; delete. It's not even a full and correct summary, IIRC. Katherine Shaw 09:25, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * If people insist on having this sort of thing (and at least Frasier had a relatively large audience), but if they're going to be that short, they should be at least merged by season. Average Earthman 09:09, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ambi 09:27, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Unsure. Since the song "Dinner at Eight" is probably more famous than this episode, if it's kept it should be moved, and under this title we should either have a disambig or an article about the song. If the latter then we'd need a Dinner at Eight (disambiguation) page too. Wikipedia is not paper sure, but... No vote yet. Andrewa 11:22, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Unsure. The problem with removing it is if you do then we really need to remove all other pages that are episodes of TV series. Wikipedia needs a policy on this, do we have them or not. We need one rule to apply to them all. Ben W Bell 13:28, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * There's a thorough ongoing discussion about this very topic at Wikipedia talk:Deletion policy. I encourage people to get involved. (and if someone does could they maybe throw a new heading in there to divide it up? The section has gotten too big for me to edit without deleting someone's contributions) -R. fiend 16:11, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Episodes are not intrinsically encyclopedic. Fancruft. --Improv 14:53, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: fancruft. Another one for the fan sites. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:53, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * keep, tens of millions of people have seen this episode.  — siro  χ  o  19:37, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: tens of millions of people have also seen Levitra ads. -R. fiend 14:46, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: My comparison is to the street corner of 86th and Lexington in NYC. Probably a hundred million people have been there, bought something at one of the stores, and dodged traffic or gone to the subway.  It's just a corner, though.  Similarly, we know that Rod McKuen has outsold William Shakespeare as a poet.  A billboard saying, "The end is near" that's put up on a major highway will get seen by tens of thousands.  Notability has to, in my opinion, inhere with the thing itself and adhere to the thing in its context (Frasier episodes, TV shows that year, etc.). Geogre 16:03, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not and should not be an episode guide.  There is nothing to suggest that this particular episode is of encyclopedic notability.  An article on Frasier is warranted and sufficient.  To echo my opinion at  Wikipedia_talk:Deletion_policy, this article—not its current content, but the concept—is exactly like an article called National Geographic Vol. XXVI, issue 17 or Uncanny X-Men number 73.   —Triskaideka 20:16, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, but if someone makes an attempt to demonstrate the notability of this episode (in the article), I'll change my vote. [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 21:37, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge a clipped form of this into the List of Frasier episodes (which could get separated into lists by season to describe what story arc there is). Sitcom episodes are decidedly poor candidates for extended analysis. There is little to be gained beyond a few sentence summary on the List page. I'm not saying that it's not possible for there to be a good extended article about a Frasier episode, but this isn't it and doesn't do anything to indicate its noteworthiness. older ≠ wiser 21:48, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Cabalamat 22:04, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete jni 13:47, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopaedia - from where I stand I would contend that single episodes of Frasier carry more worth than some trashy novels which are given articles simply on the merit they are books. There is no justifiable reason to delete a correct article, on a subject familiar to millions - simply due to academic elitism. --[[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 22:02, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: By that same logic you could justify the inclusion of a recipe for tuna salad or a HOWTO on refueling a car, as long as they were correct. Academic elitism is not the issue; if it were, we'd be trying to delete Frasier too.  The problem with my examples, and with Dinner At Eight, is that they are outside the scope of an encyclopedia.   —Triskaideka 15:53, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. agree with OldakQuills comments. RustyCale 11:42, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC).
 * Delete, if only because it's too trivial to justify a stand-alone article.--NathanHawking 19:08, 2004 Oct 15 (UTC)
 * It is "stand-alone" due to its reasonable length - a length not appropriate for a compiled season article.

 * Delete, since nobody's been able to demonstrate that this is a particularly noteworthy episode. Fishal 22:43, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * "Noteworthiness" is not a definitive value. The mere fact that millions of people from many countries have watched the episode and that it is an integral part (along with most other episodes) of Frasier is "noteworthy" in itself. I would contend that this episode has been experience by more people than many artists on Wikipedia, than many books.
 * Noteworthiness is indeed critical to whether something belongs on Wikipedia. We don't, for example, have encyclopedia articles on each block of sidewalk in New York City, despite millions of people from many countries having walked on them (tourism). --Improv 15:31, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * An episode and a paving block are simply not comparable - you use sidewalks to get somewhere, they are necessary to movement - they are passive. To watch an episode requires dedication and awareness. Similarly, an episode carries artistic and other worth - which is not necessarily the case for a paving stone. Thirdly, I would see nothing wrong with each block of sidewalk in New York City having an article - if enough could be written about each, we are afterall not paper. --[[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 22:58, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Although I'm still unsure whether a blanket rule for this stuff would pan out, it still needs to be dealt with in some manner. Ian Pugh 18:15, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Three points. (1) There are plenty of these articles about a single episode about, why single out this one. (2) With a season of 20+ episodes, a single page for all of them would just be too long. What would happen if we tried deleting all the Star Trek ones?? (3) There are plenty of articles about characters in a single sketch in a half hour show about (eg see Piranha brothers). If they're noteworthy enough for an article, so is that.
 * Keep. It may not be a topic everyone is interested in, but it's information nonetheless. MK 01:18, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comments: To be included in wikipedia something has to meet a slightly higher standard than being "information". True, "wikipedia is not paper", but a less widely cited truth is that "wikipedia is not infinite". An article on every episode of every TV show ever aired would eventually fill up wikipedia, as would one on every slab on concrete in the world. I do think we need to be more consistent, but I do not think that writing thousands of episode articles is the way to do it. Likewise I disagree that a single page for a season would be too long. -R. fiend 16:54, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Interesting. Plus, WP is not paper. You don't have to read it. The Recycling Troll 19:59, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Intrigue 20:33, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The senseless censorship of Wikipedia is clearly out of hand.  Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia.  There is a clear demonstrated precedent and interest in this subject matter.  Radman1 14:21, 18 Oct 2004 (PST)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:61.9.0.129

title: User talk:61.9.0.129


text:
User:Steve Alvesteffer

My website is StevesNotebook.com

Steve Alvesteffer

Current Hobbies

 * Computer programming
 * Mixing cocktails
 * Chinese language

Colleges I've Attended

 * Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
 * National Taiwan Normal University

Places I've Lived

 * Ashburn, Virginia
 * Alexandria, Virginia
 * Springfield, Virginia
 * Blacksburg, Virginia
 * Taipei
 * Durham, North Carolina
 * Newport News, Virginia
 * Marlton, New Jersey
 * Englewood, Colorado
 * Gaithersburg, Maryland
 * Pottstown, Pennsylvania
 * Miami, Florida
 * Ypsilanti, Michigan

title: User:Steve Alvesteffer


text:
James Fitz-Allen Mitchell

Sir James Fitz-Allen Mitchell (15 May 1931 – 23 November 2021) was a Vincentian politician who served as the second Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from 1984 to 2000 and as the second Premier of Saint Vincent from 1972 to 1974. He founded the New Democratic Party (NDP) in 1975, and served as its president until 2000.

Early life
Mitchell was born in Bequia on 15 May 1931. He was the oldest of four children born to Captain Reginald and Lois Mitchell. Reginald was lost at sea during a January 1940 voyage in the Bermuda Triangle. Lois remarried Alfred Baynes of Saint Lucia, leaving the children with their paternal grandmother Sarah. Some time after Mitchell left Bequia to enter St. Vincent Grammar School, his grandmother died; his younger siblings then joined their mother in Saint Lucia.

After studying for three years at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture in Trinidad and Tobago, Mitchell entered the University of British Columbia in 1954. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in agriculture in 1955, majoring in Plant Science, and continued for one year of graduate studies. After graduation, Mitchell worked as an agricultural research officer for the government in Saint Vincent and Saint Lucia, then joined the Ministry of Overseas Development in London as a scientific information officer. While in London, he married Patricia Mae Parker in 1965; they had three daughters.

Political career
Mitchell initially entered politics in 1966 by winning a legislative seat as a candidate of the Saint Vincent Labour Party. He was the Minister of Agriculture from 1967 to 1972. In that year, Mitchell resigned from Labour and won re-election as an Independent. He then became Premier with the support of the People's Political Party (PPP), serving from 1972 until 1974. After PPP leader Ebenezer Joshua withdrew his party's support, Mitchell formed the Mitchell/Sylvester Faction together with former PPP ministers Othniel Sylvester, Alphonso Dennie, and others. Although Mitchell was the only successful Faction candidate in 1974, they reorganized and founded the New Democratic Party (NDP) in 1975.

Mitchell and the NDP became the main parliamentary opposition. He was appointed leader of the opposition from November 1982 to December 1983. He served until the NDP's victory in the 1984 elections. Mitchell became Prime Minister, Minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs in July 1984 and was re-elected for a fourth successive term when his Party scored an 8–7 victory in the 1998 parliamentary elections.

Mitchell retired as Prime Minister and NDP President in 2000 but stayed on as Senior Minister until 2001. Mitchell was also foreign minister from 1984 until 1992 and a Privy Councillor beginning in 1985. He served as the Chairman of the OECS Authority in 1988, 1995, and 1996; at the 1995 meeting, Mitchell advocated for the inclusion of Barbados.

Mitchell led the Commonwealth observer team at the election in Lesotho in 2002. He also was a member of the InterAction Council.

Political positions
Mitchell endorsed the Grenadines becoming a separate nation from St. Vincent: in a 1984 election campaign speech, he opined that the incumbent government was continuing the colonial policy of favouring St. Vincent. He also supported greater political integration of Caribbean countries. In 1987, at the eighth conference of heads of government in the Caribbean Community, he stated, "As I see it, we must have one flag, one anthem and freedom of movement of people, services and capital."

Role as agronomist
During his time as prime minister, Mitchell co-founded the Caribbean Agricultural Regional Development Institute (CARDI).

In his opening address at the 1st Caribbean Agricultural Technology Conference (CATC) held in St Vincent and the Grenadines in 2000, Mitchell emphasized that "agriculture must thrive" and overcome regional challenges. Using the regional banana industry as an example, he pointed out that disruptions would affect not only farmers, but also related sectors such as transportation. To aid the industry, Mitchell outlined his government's policies to promote crop diversification as well as land redistribution to increase production.

Mitchell wrote on a variety of issues in agriculture and Caribbean society, included the topics of fungicide usage and land reform. His autobiography Beyond the Islands was published by Macmillan Caribbean in 2006.

Illness, death and tributes
On 31 October 2021, Mitchell was admitted to Milton Cato Memorial Hospital in Saint Vincent due to multiple illnesses, including gallstone, kidney failure and an enlarged prostate. He was later diagnosed with dengue fever. He was then flown to Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Bridgetown in Barbados for advanced medical treatment on 3 November 2021, and was additionally diagnosed with pneumonia.

On 18 November 2021, he was transferred to Port Elizabeth Hospital in Bequia. He died there five days later, on 23 November, at the age of 90. Mitchell was the last living parliamentarian to have served at independence in 1979. The government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines announced three days of national mourning through 25 November, with flags flown at half-mast. A state funeral will be held at a later date.

The OECS flag was flown at half-mast, while CARICOM and other regional leaders paid tributes to Mitchell. Sir Kennedy Simmonds, former Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis, recollected their collaborations for Caribbean integration.

title: James Fitz-Allen Mitchell


text:
Central Food Technological Research Institute

The Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI) is an Indian food research institute and laboratory headquartered in Mysore, India. It is a constituent laboratory of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.

India is the world's second largest food grain, fruit and vegetable producer, and the institute is engaged in research in the production and handling of grains, pulses, oilseed, along with spices, fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, and poultry.

Establishment
CFTRI was established on 21 October 1950, soon after the Dominion of India was constituted into a republic, under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, a research and development organisation co-founded by Sir A. R. Mudaliyar.

Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wadiyar donated Cheluvambavilas Palace and its vast campus to house the institute, where it is headquartered. It also has its resource centres at Hyderabad, Lucknow, and Mumbai, rendering technical assistance to numerous entrepreneurs.

Institute
The institute has nearly two hundred scientists, technologists, and engineers, and over a hundred technicians, skilled workers, and support staff. There are sixteen research and development departments, including laboratories focussing on food engineering, food biotechnology, microbiology, grain sciences, sensory science, biochemistry, molecular nutrition, and food safety.

The institute has developed over 300 products, processes, and equipment designs, and most of these technologies have been released to over 4000 licensees for commercial application. . The institute develops technologies to increase efficiency and reduce post-harvest losses, add convenience, increase export, find new sources of food products, integrate human resources in food industries, reduce costs, and modernise. It holds several patents and has published findings in reputed journals.

Major Departments in CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore

 * 1) Food Protectants and Infestation Control (FPIC)
 * 2) Food Safety & Analytical Quality Control Laboratory (FSAQCL)
 * 3) Biochemistry
 * 4) Microbiology & Fermentation Technology (MFT)
 * 5) Plant Cell Biotechnology (PCBT)
 * 6) Molecular Nutrition (MN)
 * 7) Flour Milling, Baking and Confectionery Technology (FMBCT)
 * 8) Fruit & Vegetable Technology (FVT)
 * 9) Grain Science Technology (GST)
 * 10) Traditional Foods & Applied Nutrition (TFAN)
 * 11) Plantation Products, Spices & Flavour Technology
 * 12) Meat & Marine Science (MMS)
 * 13) Food Engineering (FE)
 * 14) Food Packaging Technology (FPT)


text: Category:Geography of Germany

title: Category:Geography of Germany