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Saint Peter Port Harbour

Saint Peter Port Harbour is located in Saint Peter Port, Guernsey. It was a natural anchorage used by the Romans which has been changed into an artificial harbour that is now the island's main port for passengers. Loose cargo, liquids and gas are shipped to and from St Sampson's harbour.

Castle Cornet has formed the harbour main defence for centuries. The castle was formerly a tidal island, but since 1859 a breakwater has connected it to the enlarged harbour.

History
The earliest evidence of shipping was the discover of a wreck in 1982 in the entrance of the harbour, which has been named "Asterix". It is thought to be a 3rd-century Roman cargo vessel and was probably at anchor or grounded when the fire broke out.

The first breakwater, from before the 13th century was a mole, made of loose stones, where the Albert Pier now stands. In 1605, a Royal Charter authorised a pettie Custume tax on imports to Guernsey to pay for harbour development.

The English Civil War saw the harbour in the firing line in 1643 between the Royalist held Castle Cornet and the Parliamentarian held town. Cannonballs fired from the castle caused some damage to the town. In 1831 gas lamps replaced oil lamps on quays, in 1857 electric lights were demonstrated. The harbour piers were extended by 1864 to allow ships to berth at any state of the tide. Problems were experienced with many piers, quicksand, subsidence and bulges were often solved with piles and by reducing the weight through making problem piers hollow. Dredging in 1899 and removal of some rock from the harbour bed, improved services.

Since 1881 the harbour has housed the Saint Peter Port Lifeboat Station, originally in a building on the Castle Pier.

The First World War saw the establishment of a French seaplane base, on the pier close to Castle Cornet. The pilots flew on constant watch for German submarines.

On 28 June 1940, German commanders sent a squadron of bombers over the islands and bombed the harbours of Guernsey and Jersey. In St Peter Port some lorries lined up to unload tomatoes for export to England were mistaken by the reconnaissance for troop carriers. Forty-four islanders were killed in the raids. The BBC then broadcast the message that the islands had been declared "open towns", after Prime Minister Winston Churchill refused to announce the demilitarisation through diplomatic channels, and later in the day reported the German bombing of the island.

The Second World War saw the town also bombed by Allied bombers which killed harbour workers and caused damage to the harbour, such as on 14 June 1944, having been identified by Cryptanalysis of the Enigma intercepts, which was confirmed with a solo photographic reconnaissance Spitfire from No. 541 Squadron RAF, German submarine U-275 was attacked by no less than 8 Hawker Typhoon strike attack aircraft of No. 263 Squadron RAF while tied up in harbour. No damage was caused to the submarine; escorting vessels were not so lucky, where the rockets hit a Dutch coaster M.V. Karel in the harbour. Many windows in town were shattered including most of those in the Town Church.

The Nazi German forces improved the defences of the harbour including building a number of steel and concrete bunkers and casemates, most of which are located on the Castle pier. One bunker was removed from the New Jetty after the war due to fears that weight may collapse the jetty. Considerable work has recently been undertaken strengthening the New Jetty. A workshop erected by the Germans on the Albert Pier was demolished in the 1970s.

During the mid 1980s the harbour was dredged to provide easier access for shipping, with the excavated aggregate pumped through pipes to reclaim the land currently used for the North Beach parking, between the harbour and the Queen Elizabeth II Marina.

Freight and Passengers
A passenger terminal and customs facilities are located on St Julian's Pier.

Facilities at the harbour include two ro-ro ramps for cars and lorries that travel on car/passenger ferries such as the 102m long trimaran Condor Liberation or freight/car/passenger traditional ferries such as the Commodore Clipper.

Two large cranes and a number of smaller ones facilitate the loading/unloading of containers.

Albert Pier
The southern arm of the original harbour going east from near the Town Church was originally a mole, referred to in 1275 by Edward I of England when it was mentioned as needing reconstruction, given permission to raise a local tax to cover the cost, little was done until a dry stone pier, was constructed by 1580. The pier was well built, standing 35 ft high and 360 ft long, paved with a parapet and still being in good condition in 1815. Until 1806 a roundhouse tower at the end of the pier had been used as a holding cell for prisoners who needed to be shipped by sea to Castle Cornet, a lighthouse was built on the remains of the roundhouse in 1831 before being demolished in 1860. Improved in 1861-63 with north return arm now at right angles. It was renamed in honour of Prince Albert who had died in 1861. A statue of Prince Albert, a copy of an original by Joseph Durham, was erected in 1863.

North or Crown Pier
The northern arm of the original harbour heads east from the Quay, with a retaining pier for the Careening Hard going north. Originally built from 1703 as a breakwater, gradually improved and by 1750 was completed as a dry construction with an arm heading south east.

The harbour quay was completed by the late 1770s, prior to that everything was landed on the beach, cattle still being made to swim ashore.

In 1838 the entrance to the old harbour was widened to make it 40 ft at the top and 68 ft at the bottom. In 1893 the pier was rebuilt to 220 ft length.

St Julians Pier
St Julian's Pier is the pier running east from St Julian's Avenue roundabout. The foundation stone for the pier being laid in 1853. The first weighbridge was built on the pier in 1861, later rebuilt in stone in 1892 and upgraded to 20-ton in 1923. Moving east along the pier you reach the Cambridge Berth (1909), the new Inter-Island Quay, the Ro-Ro ramps (1975), the New Jetty (1927) and finally the White Rock Pier with its Lo-Lo facilities.

Castle Pier
The Castle Pier was constructed in the 1850s to protect the southern side of the expanded harbour. Connecting the south esplanade with Castle Cornet to the east. There is a retaining wall for the Albert Marina, the Fish Quay built from the model yacht pond, a connecting bridge to Castle Cornet, and at the end the Castle Breakwater, authorised in 1854, completed in 1861, with its lighthouse completed 1868. The abattoir was completed and the Victoria Boat Pond, later called the Model Yacht Pond, was opened in 1887 for Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee. In the First World War a French seaplane base was established on the pier, next to the pond.

From 1931 to 1951 oil was imported at the Albert dock, the Germans building tunnels in 1942 to house fuel containers at La Vallette, the tunnels now form a museum.

Fish Quay
A purpose built quay built in 1987 with a reinforced concrete deck supported on piles with pontoons, built out from the Castle Pier to provide facilities for the small number of local fishing boats.

Local yachts
Two marinas are dedicated to local yachts and motor boats. The smaller original 1975 Albert Marina, located between the Castle and Albert piers and the newer Queen Elizabeth II Marina located north of the St Julian's Pier which was opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in 1989. Both marinas have retaining sills.

Visiting yachts
Visiting tourist yachts and motor vessels can tie up to pontoons inside the inner harbour, which has a fixed barrier to maintain water in the harbour at low tide, or may moor against outer harbour deep water pontoons. St Peter Port marina is the largest marina in the British Isles, it hosts over 10,500 visiting yachts every year.

Cruise ships
The island has become a regular destination for cruise ships with over 100 ships arriving between April and October and is the largest tender port for cruise liners in Europe.

The restricted size of the harbour will not allow cruise ships to enter resulting in the ships needing to anchor in the roads. The disembarkation of passengers, mainly using their own ships tenders was, until 2014 using a ro-ro ramp on the White Rock pier until an alternative pontoon and ramp were installed attached to the Albert Pier. Initially the ramp caused complaints as it was considered too steep to passengers to climb when tides were very low, in 2015 this was rectified with a longer ramp which reduced the gradient.

Businesses are developing for transporting and entertaining the 100,000+ annual visitors, with some queues being experienced on days when two large ships arrive on the same day.

Memorials
A number of commemoration plaques and memorials are located at the harbour:

At start of St Julians Pier
 * Plaque in memory of the local people lost when RMS Titanic sank

On St Julians Pier:
 * Plaque to commemorate evacuation of children in 1940
 * Plaque in memory of those killed in the harbour bombing in 1940
 * Plaque in memory of the holocaust and Jewish residents deported in 1942
 * Plaque to commemorate deportation of islanders in 1942-3
 * Plaque in memory of foreign workers who died in 1940-5
 * Guernsey Resistance plaque
 * Liberation monument to commemorate the liberation in 1945 (winner of Civic Trust Award in 1997

At end of St Julians Pier
 * Plaque in memory of loss of SS Stella (1890) and sacrifice of Mary Ann Rogers.

On slipway in inner harbour:
 * Stone commemorating landing of Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort in August 1846
 * Stone commemorating landing of Task Force 135 troops on 9 May 1945

On Albert Pier:
 * Statue of Prince Albert

title: Saint Peter Port Harbour


text:
User talk:Preuninger

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Whosyourjudas (talk) 17:48, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Commando Solo
Good Catch Fightin' Phillie 19:51, 9 May 2011 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fightin' Phillie (talk • contribs)

Page Curation newsletter
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July 2014
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 * Force intelligence efforts stress intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities .  AIA was eventually redesignated the Air Force ISR Agency (AFISRA) on 8 June 2007.  The

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Military reserve for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Military reserve is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Military reserve until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Crashed greek (talk) 04:51, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Preuninger


text: User talk:66.207.224.8

title: User talk:66.207.224.8


text:
Talk:Kurt Vonnegut

Recently added "Technology" section
I've just patched up the references in the recently-added "Technology" section. The section is entirely referenced to primary sources, which doesn't seem appropriate for a Featured Article – perhaps an editor with a good overview of the secondary literature on Vonnegut could review whether including such a section is appropriate or not and if so how it should be sourced? Best, Wham2001 (talk) 11:06, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I've added some secondary literature on the theme, and would be happy to add additional sources as needed. If editors think it works better as a section under "themes," that would make sense, but given his prominence as a technological critic, some acknowledgement of that theme or his views on technology seems appropriate. Ukerist (talk) 17:33, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

lawsuit?
This article mentions Vonnegut threatening to sue Brown & Williamson in a 2006 Rolling Stone interview. However, he had already made the same statement in A Man Without a Country, published in 2005. And of course the threat was tongue-in-cheek, as he was supposedly going to sue them over their cigarettes' failure to kill him as promised. 2601:642:C201:210:7794:40BA:B6CE:7EEB (talk) 20:10, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I think it is pretty obvious the remakr was sarcastic. As to the timing, I don't believe I have a copy of that particular book, if you can provide details, ISBN number and page number specifically, I think it could be changed to reflect that he said it earlier. Just Step Sideways from this world ..... today 20:21, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kurt Vonnegut


text:
File:The B-52's - Wild Planet.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album "Wild Planet" by The B-52's

title: File:The B-52's - Wild Planet.jpg


text:
Clover (Clamp manga)

Clover (stylized in all caps) is a manga series created by Clamp, a creative team made up by Satsuki Igarashi, Nanase Ohkawa, Tsubaki Nekoi, and Mokona. The manga takes place in a dystopian future, where the government is out to control the "Clovers", a race of children with special powers.

Clover was serialized in Kodansha's Amie from 1997 until the magazine's demise in 1999. Kodansha Comics released the entire series in English as one hardcover volume in 2020.

Plot
Clover is primarily about a young girl called Sue (スウ), whose name was stated to be derived from the Chinese word for four (sì) since she is a "4-leaf Clover". In the futuristic world that she inhabits, the military conducted a search for gifted children nicknamed "Clovers", who seemingly have the magical ability to manipulate technology. Demonstrations of their powers include teleportation and summoning weapons from thin air.

Classified according to how powerful they are, the children were then tattooed with a symbol of the Clover Project, with the number of leaves on the Clover indicating their power. To date, Sue is the only "4-leaf Clover" discovered. Along with other "Clovers", Sue was imprisoned to prevent her contact with other humans, as the government feared that she might develop feelings and be used as a weapon to jeopardize the country's national security.

Being isolated from the rest of mankind, Sue craves for company, and as for her only wish, she asks to visit "Fairy Park." Her escort is Kazuhiko, an ex-military soldier who has been forced to undertake the task. It is later revealed that Kazuhiko and Sue are connected through Kazuhiko's deceased lover, Oruha (織葉).

Development
The manga was conceived as a four-part story. The first two volumes comprise part I and trace the main story in the present. The following two volumes are parts II and III, and are flashbacks which explain the history behind certain incidents. According to series head writer Nanase Ohkawa, two further books are needed to complete the story.

Release
Clover was serialized in Kodansha's Amie from 1997 until the magazine's demise in 1999, and remains unfinished. Kodansha collected the chapters into four volumes. The first was published on June 6, 1997; the final was released on August 9, 1999. Kodansha re-released the series in two volumes on July 17, 2008.

Clover was licensed for an English-language release in North America by Tokyopop. It published the series from May 15, 2001 to March 20, 2002, but let the series go out of print on May 2, 2005. Dark Horse Manga picked up the license, combining the series into one volume (ISBN 1-59582-196-1) in its original right-to-left format and releasing it on May 13, 2009. The series is also licensed in French by Pika Édition, and in German by Carlsen Comics.

After Dark Horse Comics' license expired, Kodansha Comics licensed it and began releasing the series, combining into one hardcover volume in 2020.

Media
A Clover animated music video based on the prologue chapters of the manga was produced by Bandai Visual and Madhouse Studios and shown in Japanese theaters before the Cardcaptor Sakura film in 1999. It is directed by Kitarō Kōsaka, with Nobuteru Yūki designing the characters and Ichiko Hashimoto composing the music. The short film was released to DVD as part of the Clamp in Wonderland collection on October 26, 2007.

Dark Horse Comics, who previously held the license for the distribution of the English North American edition of the manga, were in negotiations with Universal Studios for the rights to develop a film based upon the manga. However, as of 2022, nothing from this has materialized.

Reception
Rika Takahashi, from EX: The Online World of Manga, noted the work's stark contrast with other, more positive CLAMP works such as Cardcaptor Sakura and Wish. She stated that it was a fast-pace drama similar to works such X and Tokyo Babylon. She commented on CLAMP's choice of presenting the story in short sequences and in a style "where the frames break out of the typical 'grid'" and to produce an experience of watching a movie on paper. She also commented that the typesetting of the sound effects helped create the overall cold mood unlike other CLAMP works. Furthermore, she praised the work for retaining a high detail of the art without being too dense.

Kisei from Tokidoki Journal praised Clover for having a sense of beauty due to its empty space and simplicity, which help give the manga and characters a mood of "chilling isolation," a stark contrast from CLAMP's previous works which Kisei said feature highly detailed pages that make reading difficult and "cheerful bubbly" female protagonists. Kisei further praised the work for, instead of defining the characters, using art to express their personalities and traits. Further praising it as a work that would draw both female and male audiences with its romance and military aspects, Kisei stated that the only flaw with the work was its high price.

Casey Brienza of Anime News Network remarks that the series is "arguably the best artwork of CLAMP's career" and has "gorgeous production values" but that "pretentious poetry conceals a thin plot and even thinner characterization."

A Publishers Weekly review felt that reading the series is like, "looking into a dystopic future through one tiny, perfectly square frame." The same reviewer said that the character designs were "magnificent" and that, "the tiny details on the clockwork birds and imaginative effects are stunning." The reviewer felt that though it was obviously an experimental work for CLAMP, that the series would be widely liked.

title: Clover (Clamp manga)


text:
Talk:Antonga Black Hawk

Untitled
I have received an email from the contributor of this text (via Jimbo Wales). He confirms that he is the owner of the site this text was taken from and that he "[has] no problem with Wikimedia using this or any other information obtained from my website". -- sannse (talk) 17:55, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I rewrote the first paragraph for terseness and clarity, but I also toned down some wording which had some NPOV issues. More of this needs to be done in the last two paragraphs and references need to be cited.  I would have done more, but I don't know what the policy is for changing quoted text (the last paragraph is almost all a quote).--Hraefen 06:44, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

 * First off he was Timpanogos Shoshone. All the Ute references are incorrect! There are numerous sources for this and it’s time we got it right. We could add much more to his story, and the Timpanogos Shonshone whom the Mormons attempted to wipe from the face of the earth with Special order #2. Thank you 2600:6C8A:A200:16:F147:FF51:FD39:A27A (talk) 19:05, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

Name
Is it not known what his real Indian name was? And where does the name "Antonga" come from? What language is it from, what does it mean, and why was he called that? Billy7 (talk) 06:07, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Yes! First he was Timpanogos Shoshone, not Ute. 2600:6C8A:A200:16:F147:FF51:FD39:A27A (talk) 19:01, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antonga Black Hawk


text:
User talk:Dee Dee Warren

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 17:55, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Signing
Hi Dee Dee Warren,

I just randomly happened to see that you don't usually sign your edits in talk pages with your user link. It can be done super-fast using four tildes ( ~ ). It's usually considered polite to do so. You can even edit your signature in preferences to add anything to it, such as "proprietress of www.preteristlist.com."

Cheers! — Asbestos | Talk 19:24, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * You're welcome! I don't think I'll be following the discussion on Preterism for too much longer, but do keep up your work in keeping things NPOV. The article's made me interested, though I had never heard of the subject until now.   — Asbestos | Talk 00:06, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

When you add to my Talk page (or any discussion page), you need to sign it. Hu 19:28, 2004 Nov 24 (UTC)

Mail

 * Hi Dee Dee. I've mailed you so you have my address - if you don't get that then it's sannse(at)tiscali.co.uk   The e-mail link you can see while on my user pages works too, if that's easier (if you have a mail address in your preferences) Regards -- sannse (talk) 14:36, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Preterist page
Hi Dee Dee, sorry for the slow response. I saw the edit to Preterism. At this point, it's simplest just to keep an eye on the page and revert as necessary. The edits are coming at a slow enough rate not to be a problem - we'll just remove any vandalism to the link as needed. -- sannse (talk) 20:38, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Cyberstalking
There is the matter of this, where one of their staff fraudulently used my email address given to him by Whoa. Also take a look at my user page. I am not going to tolerate this fraudulent organisation linking to the main space of wikipedia, and I have a mountain of proof as most everything happened at wikipedia. Yes, cyberstalking is horrible. Please don't make mine worse, SqueakBox July 6, 2005 15:05 (UTC)

I woulde also point out that said staff member, having been blocked for a week for sockpuppetry, was blocked indefinitely on June 21 by an admin for death threats. So, yes, I am willing to stand by my claim that this is a fraudulent organisation, SqueakBox July 6, 2005 15:32 (UTC)

User page
Dee Dee, You should make a user, page tell us more about yourself. You seem like an interesting person. I appreciate that there are other Preterists about who will condemn Full or Hyper Preterism. Keep up the good work.

Arcan 04:39, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks Arcan
I may just do that someday. I took a brief look at the tutorial, but I can see there are some specifics to master. I already get confused between switching from html, to css, to BB code. :)

Dee Dee Warren 07:28, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dee Dee Warren


text:
Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton

The Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton was a Regional Municipality and Census Division in Ontario, Canada, that existed between January 1, 1969, and January 1, 2001, and was primarily centred on the City of Ottawa. It was created in 1969 by restructuring Carleton County and annexing Cumberland Township from the United Counties of Prescott and Russell into the newly created Region of Ottawa–Carleton.

It was the second Regional Municipality to be created in Ontario after the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto. It served as an upper-tier level of municipal government, aggregating municipal services on a region-wide basis like the Counties and Regional Municipalities of Southern Ontario, and was the only upper-tier municipal government ever created in Eastern Ontario. The Regional Municipality was dissolved upon the creation of the amalgamated City of Ottawa on January 1, 2001.

Constituent Municipalities
The Regional Municipality originally consisted of the Cities of Ottawa and Eastview, the Villages of Rockcliffe Park, Richmond and Stittsville, and the Townships of Torbolton, Fitzroy, Huntley, March, Goulbourn, Nepean, Osgoode, Marlborough, North Gower, Gloucester and Cumberland. At the same time as the creation of the Region, the City of Eastview was renamed the City of Vanier.

Chronology

 * In 1974
 * The police villages of City View, Kenmore, Manotick, Metcalfe, North Gower, Osgoode Station, and St. Joseph d'Orleans were dissolved.
 * Goulbourn Township annexed the villages of Richmond and Stittsville.
 * The townships of Marlborough and North Gower merged to become Rideau Township.
 * At the same time the Townships of Torbolton, Fitzroy and Huntley merged to become West Carleton Township.
 * In 1978
 * The township of March and parts of Goulbourn and Nepean townships became the city of Kanata.
 * At the same time the township of Nepean became the city of Nepean.
 * In 1981 the township of Gloucester became the city of Gloucester.
 * In 1999 the township of Cumberland became the city of Cumberland.

Purpose of Regional Government
The Region, known as an "upper-tier" level of municipal government, was created to manage municipal services that crossed municipal boundaries and were more efficiently provided to residents on a regional, as opposed to local, basis. Over time, more and more services were transferred from the "lower-tier" municipalities to the Region and, by the end of the 1990s, 85% of municipal services were delivered by the Region. This included mass transit, policing, arterial roads, sewage, water, social services, garbage collection and Regional planning. Periodical reorganization (e.g. rural townships acquiring city status, as in 1974 and 1978) did not impede the process.

However the constituent municipalities of the RMOC were unified in a single City of Ottawa in 2001 by the Fewer Municipal Politicians Act of Ontario (1999), by the government of Premier Mike Harris, re-elected promising a "Common Sense Revolution." Several other Ontario conurbations were also unified under the Act, listed at. Ottawa thus became in sheer area one of the largest municipalities in Canada, roughly 65 kilometres by 32, much of this farmland, although 90 per cent of the population live in urban concentrations.

On formation in 1969, the RMOC was a Council of members selected by the municipal councils, who elected among themselves a Regional Chairman. In 1991, the Regional chairman was for the first time directly elected by the people of the Region, which municipal mayors earlier resisted, fearing the chairman would effectively become a "super mayor". In 1994, Regional councillors were directly elected to represent Regional wards, rather than being appointed from the lower-tier municipal councils. Many of the new Regional wards crossed municipal boundaries, which in the eyes of many local residents undermined local or historical differences. Generally in Ontario regional government reforms of the 1990s were sometimes mistrusted as preparation for eventual creation of unified "mega-cities", but this was not before 1999 a topic of local political anxiety in Ottawa-Carleton.

Regional Chairs
See Regional Chair of Ottawa-Carleton.


text:
Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao

Alfonso Daniel Manuel Rodríguez Castelao (30 January 1886 – 7 January 1950), commonly known as Castelao, was a Galician politician, writer, painter and doctor. He is one of the fathers of Galician nationalism, promoting Galician identity and culture, and was one of the main names behind the cultural movement Xeración Nós. He was also one of the founders and president of the Galicianist Party and had a great influence on the renovating group of Galician art known as Os renovadores. Castelao is considered to be the most important figure in Galician culture of the 20th century.

Early life and youth (1886–1929)
Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao was born on 30 January 1886 in the town of Rianxo, Galicia. He was the firstborn of Manuel Rodríguez Dios, a mariner who made sails for ships, and Joaquina Castelao Genme. On the day of his birth he was baptised at the parish church of Santa Comba with his maternal aunt and uncle, Pilara and Francisco Castelao, as godparents. He spent his childhood and adolescence in Santa Rosa de Toay, Argentina. In 1900, the Rodríguez Castelao family returned to Rianxo. In 1908 he obtained his degree in Medicine from the University of Santiago de Compostela. During his university years Rodríguez Castelao joined the tuna, with which he visited Portugal in a number of occasions. He passed his doctorate in Madrid in 1909, where he began to gain some popularity as a caricaturist and cartoon artist. In fact, Rodríguez Castelao often admitted he only studied medicine to please the wishes of his father. He rarely practiced medicine professionally despite having the credentials for it. He eventually settled down in Rianxo, where he joined the political movement Acción Gallega ("Galician Action"). As a caricaturist, Rodríguez Castelao focussed on the everyday in a humorous way, although after experiencing the Spanish Civil War, he turned to using his art to denounce the cruelties of Fascism in a collection of paintings. His paintings would also depict casual moments of Galician life and culture.

In 1916, he moved to Pontevedra, where he joined the Irmandades da Fala ("Brotherhoods of the Language"). Rodríguez Castelao developed an emotional attachment with Pontevedra and frequently claimed he wanted to be considered a native of that city; he even expressed a will to be buried there and not back in his original Rianxo or elsewhere. Also in 1916, he participated in the Asembleia Nazonalista de Lugo ("Nationalist Assembly of Lugo"), signing a declaration for the history of Galician nationalism.

In 1920, he starts publishing the magazine Nós, together with Vicente Risco and Otero Pedrayo. That same year he travelled through France, the Netherlands and Germany. In 1922, he wrote the novel Un ollo de vidro and in 1924 he joined the Seminário de Estudos Galegos ("Seminar of Galician Studies") and founded the Pontevedra Polyphonic Choir; as he was an amateur musician). Two years, in 1926, he published Cousas. He travelled to Brittany in 1928 to study calvaries and publish As cruces de pedra na Bretaña. That is also the year when his only son dies at the age of 14.

Political career (1930–1950)

From 1930 Rodríguez Castelao's political activism intensifies even further. His life and work always revolved around politics and his Galician nationalist ideas. In his book Sempre en Galiza he states that all his works, talent and efforts would always be used for the profit of the Galician cause.

In 1930, he founded the Galician Republican Federation at Lestrove Palace and participated in the meetings of the Galician Nationalist Republican Party and in the assembly for the Federal State of Galicia. The next year he published the book Nós and became the official representative of the Galicianist Party to the Cortes Generales. In 1934, he published Retrincos, Os dous de sempre and the a re-edition of Cousas.

He became a member of the Royal Galician Academy in 1933, and shortly after that, in 1935, he was forced into exile by the Spanish government to the Spanish city of Badajoz, in Extremadura, where he worked as a civil servant. It was then where he began to write what would become his key work, Sempre en Galiza. In 1936 he gained a seat at the Spanish parliament, this time representing the Popular Front coalition, which included the Galicianist Party.

The Spanish civil war began whilst Castelao was in Madrid presenting the results of the referendum for the Galician Statute of Autonomy, which had been approved by 98 per cent of voters, and in which Castelao had played a role, together with his personal friend Alexandre Bóveda. During the war he organised the Galician militias in collaboration with the Spanish Communist Party and declared his support to the government of the Spanish Republic. As the Nationalist troops advanced Castelao fled to Valencia - where he still had time to publish Galicia Martir and Atila en Galicia - and later moved to Barcelona.

In 1938, he was sent by the Spanish government to the Soviet Union, the United States and Cuba, in order to obtain support for the Republic. From New York City he cruised to Buenos Aires, where in 1941 he performed for the first time the play Os vellos non deben de namorarse, Castelao's contribution to Galician theatre.

In 1944, while in Buenos Aires, he finished and published a work of Galician political theory: Sempre en Galiza (lit. "Always in Galicia"), which was in fact a compilation of three books (three parts) and a number of other texts. Sempre en Galiza has been considered one of the most advanced political texts of its time. Also in that year he became the first president of the Consello de Galiza, the Government of Galicia in exile. In 1945, together with Catalan and Basque intellectuals in exile, he founded the magazine Galeuzca as an evocation of the political alliance of 1933 between Galicia, Catalonia and the Basque Country. In 1946 he was appointed as Minister of the Spanish Republican government in exile, living in Paris. In 1947, back in Buenos Aires and after being diagnosed with lung cancer, he published As cruces de pedra na Galiza.

Castelao died on 7 January 1950 at the hospital of the Centro Gallego in Buenos Aires. The Argentine Senate and the City of Buenos Aires erected monuments to honour him. Since then, most of his work has been translated and published into other languages. In 1984, Castelao's remains were brought back to Galicia and he was buried at the Panteón de Galegos Ilustres ("Pantheon of Illustrious Galicians"), Bonaval, in the capital city of Santiago de Compostela.

Political views
Castelao was a Galician nationalist (heir of the early Galicianism), federalist, pacifist, progressive, and internationalist. He accepted the autonomy granted to Galicia by the Second Spanish Republic as a tool to construct a possible Galician State, in federation with other Iberian nations. He was also a convinced pro-European. He wrote in Sempre en Galiza that one of his dreams was to "one day see the emergence of a 'United States of Europe' ".

At the end of his life, and as expressed in the final parts of Sempre en Galiza, Castelao became somewhat disappointed with the Spanish Republican politicians in exile, and began to discuss the advantages of a completely independent Galician State.

Idea of Spain
Castelao always used the term of Hespaña instead of España, taken directly from the old name Hispania. By using Hespaña he was in fact referring to the Iberian Peninsula as a whole, and not just to the country known as Spain. In fact, he would use the term España in a depreciative way, an example of the "past" and what "should be avoided". It was his ideal that a federation of "Iberian Nations" should emerge to create this new Hespaña. For Rodríguez Castelao these nations were: Castile, Catalonia, the Basque Country, Portugal and Galicia. He also implied that apart from creating the political conditions for it, cultural conditions (education) should also be provided.

"(...) Hespaña, a name we had to sweeten by adding a letter in order to make it respectable to our eyes, since all we can say about its government is that it is hateful because it is even more hypocritical than simply tyrannical. If we remove of the word España all that it has of Castilian legacy (we just have to add a "h" to derive it from Hispania), we can embrace with it all the Peninsula, making it a synonymous of Iberia ."

- Castelao, Sempre en Galiza, 1944

Castelao did not support the classical idea of Iberian Federalism, as this advocated for the union of the two Iberian States, Spain and Portugal as such, and not of what he considered to be the real five nations of Iberia. He pointed out that before these nations could federate the Spanish State should "break up" first, so all nations could pact entering the new federation on equal political terms, as free-states. He resented that Spain had a disproportionate influence from Castile, which was taking over the other nations and regions.

Then again, Castelao seemed to have gained a sympathy for the idea of full independence for Galicia in the last years of his life, as succinctly mentioned in Sempre in Galiza and in a number of late texts and letters.

"We are "secessionist" when we defend the intrinsic values of our nation, and we are "unionist" when we consider that there is a need to co-ordinate our relative values with the relative values of the rest of Hespaña and the World."

- Castelao, op. cit.

"The fundamental problem of Spain can only be resolved in two ways: federation or secession."

- personal letter to José Aguirre, 1943

"From an ideological point of view I am willing to consider secession and all of its consequences, because I am a nationalist (...) (I would support an) open and frontal fight for our national independence, in case no other possibility of federation or confederation with Spain was possible"

- personal letter to José Aguirre, June 1944

Language
Although bilingual in Galician and Spanish, Castelao always wrote and published in Galician, with very rare exceptions. He was a keen defender of Galician culture and considered the language to be the key element of cohesion among the Galician people. In Sempre en Galiza he stated "If we are Galician still that is by deed and grace of speaking our own language". Castelao often criticised the imposition of Spanish language in Galicia, and demanded for Galician to become an official language and thus the preferred language in the administration and education.

Castelao could, in a way, be considered a pre-reintegrationist as he claimed that Galician and Portuguese had not just a common origin, but also a "common future". In his travels to Portugal, and sporadically to Brazil while residing in Argentina, Castelao was impressed with how easily he could use his native Galician in order to communicate freely with Portuguese speakers.

"Galician is a widespread and useful language which - with small variations - is spoken in Brazil, Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies."

- Castelao, Sempre en Galiza, 1944

Nevertheless, Castelao never used Portuguese orthography in his writings, despite affirming that "I hope that one day Galician and Portuguese will, gradually and naturally, merge". Indeed, Castelao's political writings were addressed to a Galician audience mostly, hence he used a type of language and spelling that could be easily understood by all. He did make use of old Galician words, often common in Portuguese, as a way to progressively introduce them into colloquial speech; for example his preference for the term Galiza instead of Galicia for the name of the country.

Works

 * Cego da romería (1913)
 * Diario (1921)
 * Un ollo de vidro. Memorias d'un esquelete (1922)
 * Cousas (1926, 1929)
 * Cincoenta homes por dez reás (1930)
 * As cruces de pedra na Bretaña (1930)
 * Nós (1931)
 * Os dous de sempre (1934)
 * Retrincos (1934)
 * Galicia Mártir (1937)
 * Atila en Galicia (1937)
 * Milicianos (1938)
 * Sempre en Galiza (1944)
 * Os vellos non-deben de namorarse (play represented in 1941, published posthumously in 1953)
 * As cruces de pedra na Galiza (published posthumously in 1950)

title: Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao


text:
Category:Hiking trails in North America

Articles on hiking trails in North America.

title: Category:Hiking trails in North America


text: Category:Hiking trails in Europe

title: Category:Hiking trails in Europe


text:
Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel

Jumeirah Emirates Hotel Tower, also known as Emirates Tower Two, is a 56-floor hotel in the city of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The hotel includes 40 luxury suites and is operated by Jumeirah Group. Connected with the Emirates Office Tower by a retail boulevard, the two towers form the Emirates Towers complex. At a structural height of 309 m, Emirates Towers Hotel is the smaller of the two sister towers. It ranks as the 48th-tallest building in the world. It is the world's third-tallest all-hotel building. Construction, by BESIX subsidiary Six Construct, was completed on 15 April 2000.

It is the place of death of the Indian actress Sridevi.

title: Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel


text:
User:Davidweman

Name's David Weman. I'm from Sweden, born in 1980.

I'm the founder of the group blog A Fistful of Euros.

My own blog's called Europundit.

title: User:Davidweman


text:
LAC

LAC may refer to:

Places

 * La Crescenta, California, unincorporated area in Los Angeles County
 * Latin America and the Caribbean
 * Latin American and Caribbean Group, United Nations geoscheme region
 * Line of Actual Control, a demarcation line between Indian-controlled and Chinese-controlled territories (1959–present)
 * Los Angeles County in California
 * Los Angeles, California

Education

 * Liberal arts college, undergraduate educational institution
 * Longburn Adventist College, a Seventh-day Adventist school near Palmerston North, in Longburn, New Zealand

Government and military

 * California State Prison, Los Angeles County
 * Leading Aircraftman, a rank in some air forces

Organizations

 * LAC Group, library services vendor in America
 * LAC Minerals, a Canadian mining company
 * Ladies' Alpine Club (1907–1975), a club for women climbers, based in London, merged in 1975 with the Alpine Club
 * Lake Avenue Church, Pasadena Ca.
 * Lancashire Aero Club, flying club in the United Kingdom
 * Legal Aid Commission, organisation providing legal aid related to Community legal centres, Australia
 * Library and Archives Canada, national memory institution preserving documentary heritage about Canadian life
 * Liga Antituberculosa Colombiana, an organization focused on curing and preventing tuberculosis

Science and technology

 * L2TP Access Concentrator, endpoint of a Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol tunnel
 * Laboratoire Aimé-Cotton, French research laboratory
 * Linear acetylenic carbon, a polymeric carbon chain
 * Location Area Code, a unique 16-digit fixed length location area identity code broadcast by a "base transceiver station" in GSM public land mobile network, that identifies a phone number's location area
 * Lorenz asymmetry coefficient, a statistic used in the analysis of wealth or income inequality
 * lac operon, a DNA operon relating to the metabolism of lactose found in some bacteria

Sports

 * London Aquatics Centre
 * Los Angeles Chargers, a National Football League team based in Carson, California
 * Los Angeles Clippers, a National Basketball Association team based in Los Angeles

Transport

 * LAC, the ICAO operator designator for Lockheed Corporation (Lockheed Aircraft Corporation), United States
 * Lignes Aériennes Congolaises (defunct airline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)
 * Linea Aerea Cuencana, a regional airline operating out of Cuenca, Ecuador
 * Líneas Aéreas Canarias
 * Lockheed Aircraft Company, American aerospace company
 * Granada LAC, a BRT system in the city of Granada, Spain
 * Lancing railway station, station code

title: LAC


text:
Margaret of Austria, Queen of Bohemia

Margaret of Austria (Margarethe von Österreich; c. 1204 – 29 October 1266), a member of the House of Babenberg, was German queen from 1225 until 1235, by her first marriage with King Henry (VII), and Queen of Bohemia from 1253 to 1260, by her second marriage with King Ottokar II.

Biography
Margaret was the eldest daughter of Duke Leopold VI of Austria (d. 1230) and his wife Theodora Angelina, a member of the Byzantine Imperial Angelus dynasty. Since 1198 Duke Leopold, according to the Georgenberg Pact, ruled over both the duchies of Austria and Styria. His court in Vienna became known as a centre of medieval Minnesang and he also played an important rule in the Empire's policies, acting as an arbitrator in the struggle between the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX.

First marriage
In the Imperial City of Nuremberg, on 29 November 1225, the 21-year-old Margaret was married to the 14-year-old Henry, eldest son of Emperor Frederick II and elected King of the Romans since 1222. Frederick's counsellor Archbishop Engelbert of Cologne had initially planned for a bride from the English royal Angevin dynasty, however, the attempt failed, as did Henry's former engagement with the Přemyslid princess Agnes, daughter of King Ottokar I of Bohemia.

Margaret's coronation as Queen of the Romans took place on 23 March 1227 in Aachen Cathedral. King Henry and Queen Margaret had two short-lived sons, Henry (died ca. 1242/1245) and Frederick (died ca. 1251/1252). In 1228, Henry took over the rule in the German kingdom and tried to limit the powers of the princes, thereby disturbing the Imperial policies of his father who made him pay homage under the threat of excommunication.

In 1235, Henry allied with the princely opposition and openly rebelled against the emperor, however, was defeated by his father's forces and dethroned. Frederick had him confined in several castles in Apulia, where he died on 12 February 1242 after a fall from his horse, probably in an attempted suicide. In the meanwhile, his wife Margaret (who possibly never saw her husband again) retired to the Dominican monastery in Trier and in 1244 moved to Würzburg, where she lived in seclusion in St Marcus Abbey.

Claim to Austria and Styria
In 1246 Margaret's brother Duke Frederick II of Austria, last scion of the Babenberg dynasty, died childless in the Battle of the Leitha River, leaving a succession crisis. The two principal claimants over the succession in the duchies of Austria and Styria were two women: Margaret (who, as the eldest sister of the late Duke, claimed proximity of blood) and her niece Gertrude, who claimed primogeniture, as the only daughter of Henry of Mödling, the eldest brother of the late Duke Frederick II, who had predeceased their father Duke Leopold VI.

As King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia wanted to take control over the duchies south of his realm, he arranged for the wedding of his eldest son and heir, Margrave Vladislaus III of Moravia, with Gertrude. The couple was even proclaimed Duke and Duchess of Austria, but Vladislaus died in the following year (1247). The next ruler of Austria was Gertrude's second husband, Margrave Herman VI of Baden, who died in 1250, leaving Austria and Styria princeless again.

Second marriage
The Austrian aristocracy offered the government of the duchies to King Wenceslaus' second son and new heir apparent Ottokar II. However, one condition was imposed by the nobles: Ottokar could only take control of Austria and Styria if he married one of the Babenberg heiresses. Ottokar refused to marry his brother's widow, such marriage being prohibited by the Book of Leviticus, and decided to marry Margaret, 26 years his senior. The ceremony took place on 11 February 1252 in the Castle Chapel (German: Burgkapelle) of Hainburg an der Donau.

Ottokar acquired the imperial privileges sealed with a Golden Bull on the basis of the Privilegium Minus, acknowledged by Emperor Frederick II, which legitimized his claim over Austria and Styria, since Margaret was the heiress of the last duke by proximity of blood. Thereby she transferred the government of the duchies to Austria and Styria to her husband. Pope Innocent IV, who had previously changed sides several times between Gertrude and Margaret, confirmed the lawful government of Ottokar over both duchies on 6 May 1252. Bohemian administrators ruled the duchies in his name.

One year later, on 23 September 1253, King Wenceslaus I died, and Ottokar and Margaret became King and Queen of Bohemia. Once he had obtained the Babenberg duchies, it was evident to Ottokar that Margaret, already 50 years old, would not bear children. The king tried to gain from the Pope the recognition of the illegitimate son whom he had with Agnes of Kuenring, one of Margaret's ladies-in-waiting, as his lawful successor. After the Pope refused this, in 1261 Ottokar obtained the annulment of his marriage with Margaret.

Later life
While Ottokar married Kunigunda of Halych, a grand-daughter of King Béla IV of Hungary, the repudiated Queen Margaret left Bohemia and returned to her Austrian homeland. She took her residence in Krumau am Kamp, spending the winters in Krems. After the annulment she was called Romanorum quondam Regina ("former Queen of the Romans"); however, she maintained the title ducissa Austrie et Stirie (Duchess of Austria and Styria). In 1266 she changed her title to quondam filia Livpoldi illustris ducis Austrie et Stirie et Romanorum Regina as a reference to her father. Prior to her death in Krumau, she chose Lilienfeld Abbey as her burial place, next to her father. The date of her death is controversial. Some sources state 1266, while others state 2/12 October 1267 as the real date. King Ottokar II kept Austria, Styria; he also acquired the Duchy of Carinthia with the March of Carniola in 1269, claiming to be the heir designated by Margaret in their divorce settlement. He even stood as a candidate for the Imperial Crown several times, until he was deposed by King Rudolf I of Germany in 1276 and killed in the Battle on the Marchfeld two years later.

title: Margaret of Austria, Queen of Bohemia


text: User talk:68.198.96.55

title: User talk:68.198.96.55


text:
Talk:Length contraction

Wheel Illustration of length contraction
The wheel picture should be a rather different (probably an egg-like) shape. The centre of curvature of the (stationary) base should be at the height of the original centre (= half way to the top), and the wheel should be getting narrower with increaing height at this half way point.

(Special relativity actually shows this to be an oversimplification, as the wheel would be bent out-of plane). PhysicistQuery (talk) 17:48, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

 * In the rest frame of its center, the wheel is a circle. Since a Lorentz transformation changes a circle into an ellipse, the moving wheel appears like an ellipse. When the wheel spins, its circumference is contracted, but not its spokes (because they move perpendicularly to their length). Hence the wheel shall be bent out of plane. I supposed that the elasticity of the spokes is much greater than the elasticity of the circumference to avoid such a bending. TD (talk) 05:41, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

Magnetic Forces section
''Magnetic forces are caused by relativistic contraction when electrons are moving relative to atomic nuclei. The magnetic force on a moving charge next to a current-carrying wire is a result of relativistic motion between electrons and protons.''

This is utter rubbish! It implies that an electron outside and stationary to the wire would be repelled because in that case the electrons would be contracted.

Hilariously enough, this concept is due to the relative velocity inside the wire of electrons to the nuclei, because their relative motion is what generates the changing E fields in the wire and along its direction, thus inducing the curl B. (Displacement current).

The Feynman citation and the other (assuming its based on the same thing) ought to be flushed ASAP! Byron Forbes (talk) 05:44, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

''In 1820, André-Marie Ampère showed that parallel wires having currents in the same direction attract one another. In the electrons' frame of reference, the moving wire contracts slightly, causing the protons of the opposite wire to be locally denser. As the electrons in the opposite wire are moving as well, they do not contract (as much). This results in an apparent local imbalance between electrons and protons; the moving electrons in one wire are attracted to the extra protons in the other. The reverse can also be considered. To the static proton's frame of reference, the electrons are moving and contracted, resulting in the same imbalance. The electron drift velocity is relatively very slow, on the order of a meter an hour but the force between an electron and proton is so enormous that even at this very slow speed the relativistic contraction causes significant effects.''

LOL. Really? How about, above and below the wires we have B fields attracting each other. Do we really need to stink up everything with Relativity? — Preceding [[User:Hosh1313|Byron Forbes (talk) 07:15, 23 May 2023 (UTC)]] comment added by [[User:Hosh1313|Byron Forbes (talk) 07:15, 23 May 2023 (UTC)]] (talk • contribs) 05:50, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

 * It's as if Maxwell never happened, right?
 * It's so unfortunate this explanation is so common even on youtube. This needs to change.
 * Here's my suggestion on how to change the paragraph:
 * "It's commonly taught that length contraction is responsible for the appearance of magnetic fields in wires. In this view, magnetic forces are caused by relativistic contraction when electrons are moving relative to atomic nuclei. The magnetic force on a moving charge next to a current-carrying wire would be a result of relativistic motion between electrons and protons. This explanation originated form Edward Purcell's 1965 book Electricity and Magnetism, and it's been recycled by Feynman and Landau.
 * The problem with this explanation is that length contraction happens in any frame that is not at rest with the observer, which would be the case in the scenario where a stationary charge is placed near a wire with a current. From the point of view of the test charge electrons in the wire are subject to length contraction due to their motion, so the average distance between electrons is larger than the distance between the positive nuclei. This ultimately results in a net positive electric field (due to the higher charge density of nuclei) which would act to repel or attract the test charge, depending on its sign.
 * In experiments this is not observed: the effect of the magnetic field generated by the current applies only on charges moving with respect to the wire. The reason for this is that frame-dependent electrostatic forces are exactly balanced by frame-dependent magnetostatic forces .: thus, the implication that magnetic fields are fundamentally electric fields seen from the "wrong" reference frame is erroneous, as in reality both fields have an independent existence as different aspects of a unified electromagnetic field ." Leureka (talk) 09:01, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Can't do that. Properly sourced content folllowed by an entirely wp:unsourced analysis is standard wp:original research. By design, Wikipedia sticks to properly sourced content, as indeed is the case in the current section Length contraction. - DVdm (talk) 09:19, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Isn't that simply a matter of sourcing the theory of length contraction and the experiment with wires? It's not hard to do. I'll see if I have the time, other users could do it as well. Leureka (talk) 10:16, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Please indent your talk page messages as outlined in wp:THREAD and wp:INDENT — See Help:Using talk pages. Thanks.
 * What I mean, is that the part of what you wrote, starting with "The problem with this explanation is...", is unsourced, original research and thus unfit for Wikipedia. - DVdm (talk) 11:58, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
 * So if an incorrect explanation is sourced, it's fine to be left there?
 * Anyway, I added the sources. Leureka (talk) 15:14, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
 * To the question: Almost, someone saying that a sourced explanation is incorrect, is not sufficient to remove it.
 * To the added sources: First, not being published peer reviewed work or established text book content, they can't qualify as reliable sources. Second, they don't directly state the thesis, and combining them with the other sources to bring a new thesis, is an example of wp:SYNTH, another instance of original research. Tricky Wikipedia . - DVdm (talk) 23:02, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
 * The sources ARE published and peer reviewed. An older version of kampen'S article can be found here. The second source is from a blog of West Texas A&M University, by a tenured professor, whose credentials you can check here. More established than that, I don't know. From what I read wikipedia doesn't require articles from journals, only articles that can be verified and come from authorities in the subject.
 * The thesis is: a magnetic field is NOT simply the result of length contraction. Kampen's article does state the thesis, in the form of equations: first he states clearly what the situation is in both cases where the test particle is stationary and is moving, then he derives the forces on the test charge. He finds the paradox in the rest frame of electrons. Then he derives that the only reason there are no forces acting on charged stationary particles is because magnetic and electric forces acting on it are equal and opposite. You couldn't have magnetic forces in this situation if those were only the result of lorentz transformations on electrostatic fields. Hence, the two fields exist independently of each other. I didn't combine sources to get here. The second source is simply a rephrasing for clarity.
 * For the part "The problem with this explanation is that length contraction happens in any frame that is not at rest with the observer, which would be the case in the scenario where a stationary charge is placed near a wire with a current." I don't even bother adding a source, since what length contraction does is explained in the same page.
 * If you still find this unsatisfactory, I'd urge you and everyone else reading to actively participate in the correction of the article, since as it stands it gives a completely erroneous idea of electromagnetism. Leureka (talk) 00:40, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
 * The citeseerx source above produces "502 Bad Gateway", and a blog is not a reliable source. Check wp:RS - DVdm (talk) 09:43, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I can download the PDF just fine. It's just a problem on your end.
 * Just look it up on google at this point.
 * "A blog is not a reliable source" and yet in this same page there is a link like this and this, which are both blog-like entries in an academic site (.edu).
 * In any case, this argument is pointless, since that blog is far from the only source available saying the same thing. Here's another, also .edu site. It's simply impossible to transform a pure electrostatic field into a pure magnetostatic field, because E^2 - B^2 is a Lorentz invariant.Leureka (talk) 09:22, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Length contraction


text: Category:Jasper County, Texas

title: Category:Jasper County, Texas


text:
Pennsboro

Pennsboro can refer to:

 * Pennsboro, Missouri
 * East Pennsboro Township, Pennsylvania
 * West Pennsboro Township, Pennsylvania
 * Pennsboro, West Virginia

title: Pennsboro


text:
Pennsbury

Pennsbury may refer to:

 * Pennsbury Manor, the home of Pennsylvania founder William Penn
 * Pennsbury High School, a school near Pennsbury Manor that is a namesake of it
 * Pennsbury School District, the school district near Pennsbury Manor that is a namesake of it
 * Pennsbury Village, Pennsylvania
 * Pennsbury Township, Pennsylvania

title: Pennsbury


text:
Honky

Honky (also spelled honkie or even honkey) is a derogatory term used to refer to white people, predominantly heard in the United States.

The first recorded use of "honky" in this context may date back to 1946, although the use of "honky-tonk" occurred in films well before that time.

Etymology
The exact origins of the word are generally unknown and postulations about the subject vary.

Hungarian
Honky may be a variant of hunky, which was a derivative of Bohunk, a slur for various Slavic and Hungarian immigrants who moved to America from the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the early 1900s.

Wolof
Honky may also derive from the term "xonq nopp" which, in the West African language Wolof, literally means "red-eared person". The term may have originated with Wolof-speaking people brought to the U.S. It has been used by Black Americans as a pejorative for white people.

Other
Honky may have come from coal miners in Oak Hill, West Virginia. The miners were segregated; Blacks in one section, English-speaking whites in another. Foreigners who could not speak English, mostly whites, were separated from both groups into an area known as "Hunk Hill". These male laborers were known as "Hunkies".

The term may have begun in the meat packing plants of Chicago. According to Robert Hendrickson, author of the Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins, Black workers in Chicago meatpacking plants picked up the term from white workers and began applying it indiscriminately to all whites.

Notable uses
Honky was adopted as a pejorative in 1967 by Black Power militants within Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) seeking a rebuttal for the term nigger. The Department of Defense stated in 1967 that National Chairman of the SNCC, H. Rap Brown, told a Black audience in Cambridge that "You should burn that school down and then go take over the honkie's school" on June 24, 1967. Brown went on to say: "[I]f America don't come 'round, we got to burn it down. You better get some guns, brother. The only thing the honky respects is a gun. You give me a gun and tell me to shoot my enemy, I might shoot Lady Bird."

Honky has occasionally been used even for white allies of African Americans, as seen in the 1968 trial of Black Panther Party member Huey Newton, when fellow Panther Eldridge Cleaver created pins for Newton's white supporters stating "Honkies for Huey".

"Father of the Blues" W. C. Handy wrote of "Negroes and hunkies" in his autobiography.

Use in music
In the 2012 rap song "Thrift Shop" by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ft. Wanz, "Damn, that's a cold ass honkey!" is used in reference to Macklemore and his secondhand clothes. Eminem, who is also a white American rapper, uses the line "He looked at me and said, 'You gonna die, honkey!'" in 1999's "Brain Damage." "Play That Funky Music," a 1976 disco/funk hit by Wild Cherry about a rock band adapting to the rise of disco, substitutes "honky" for "white boy" in the final chorus of the uncensored version. The British band Hot Chocolate used "honky" and "spook" in their controversial 1973 hit single "Brother Louie" about an interracial relationship as the terms chosen by the respective fathers to slur their child's newfound lover.

Other uses of "honky" in music include "Honky Tonk Women" a 1969 song by the Rolling Stones, Honky (an album by Melvins), Honky Reduction (an album by Agoraphobic Nosebleed), MC Honky (DJ stage persona), Honky Château (an album by Elton John, the first track on which is "Honky Cat"), Talkin' Honky Blues (an album by Buck 65), and Honky (an album by Keith Emerson). Honky's Ladder is a 1996 EP by The Afghan Whigs.

The Chicago style of polka music is also known as honky polka. The etymological connection remains unclear, but the word "honky-tonk" occurs often in country music, referring since the late 19th century to working-class nightclubs where country music is played.

In 2022 Hank Williams Jr. released a blues album Rich White Honky Blues.

Use in television and film
In film, there were some movies using "honky" without any derogatory connotation. Honky Tonk is a 1929 American musical film starring Sophie Tucker. And Honky Tonk is also a 1941 black-and-white Western film starring Clark Gable and Lana Turner. The phrase honky-tonk refers both to a particular type of rowdy country music played live at bars and to the type of bar in which such music is played.

Honky is a 1971 movie based on an interracial relationship, starring Brenda Sykes as Sheila Smith and John Neilson as Wayne "Honky" Devine. Honky Tonk is also a 1974 Western film starring Richard Crenna and Margot Kidder. Additionally, Honkytonk Man is a 1982 drama film set in the Great Depression. Clint Eastwood, who produced and directed the film, stars in the film with his son, Kyle Eastwood.

In a sketch on Saturday Night Live (SNL), Chevy Chase and Richard Pryor used both nigger (Chase) and honky (Pryor) in reference to one another during a "racist word association interview". During this period, Steve Martin (as musical guest and stand-up regular on SNL) performed a rendition of "King Tut" which contained the word honky in its lyrics.

On the TV series Barney Miller, Season 5, Episode 8, "Loan Shark", Arthur Dietrich gives an etymology of the word "honky", claiming it was "coined by Blacks in the 1950s in reference to the nasal tone of Caucasians".

On the TV series The Jeffersons, George Jefferson regularly referred to a white person as a honky (or whitey) as did Redd Foxx on Sanford and Son. This word would later be popularized in episodes of Mork & Mindy by Robin Williams and Jonathan Winters.

These and other shows, as exemplified by the controversial All in the Family, attempted to expose racism and prejudice as an issue in society using the subversive weapon of humor. However, the effect that this theme had on television created both negative and positive criticism and the use of anti-racist messages actually escalates the use of racial slurs. The presence of higher education may countermand this effect.

title: Honky


text:
Soul Food (film)

Soul Food is a 1997 American comedy-drama film written and directed by George Tillman Jr. in his major studio debut. Featuring an ensemble cast, the film stars Vanessa Williams, Vivica A. Fox, Nia Long, Michael Beach, Mekhi Phifer, Jeffrey D. Sams, Irma P. Hall, Gina Ravera and Brandon Hammond. The story centers on the trials of an extended Black-American family, held together by longstanding family traditions which begin to fade as serious problems take center stage.

Tillman based the family in the film on his own and Soul Food was widely acclaimed for presenting a more positive image of African-Americans than is typically seen in Hollywood films. In 2000, Showtime premiered a one-hour television series based upon the film. In 2015, it was announced that 20th Century Fox is planning a sequel for film called More Soul Food, written by Tillman.

Plot
Soul Food, told through the eyes of 11-year-old Ahmad, follows the trials of the Joseph family, a close-knit Chicago family that gets together to have Sunday dinner every week, with plenty of soul food to go around. Mother (Big Mama) Joe has three daughters, who each have had varying success in life: oldest daughter Teri has become a successful lawyer, but has a strained relationship with younger sister Maxine, Ahmad's mother, who stole and eventually married Teri's former boyfriend, Kenny. Teri is currently married to Miles, a lawyer who quits his job to pursue his dream of being an R&B musician, which Teri doesn't support. Youngest daughter Robin —nicknamed "Bird"—has just opened a barbershop/beauty parlor, and married Lem, an ex-convict.

Life becomes complicated when Mother Joe, the diabetic but wise and caring matriarch of the family and the glue that holds it together, suffers a debilitating stroke during an operation to amputate her leg and slips into a coma, dying shortly after sharing a last word of advice with Ahmad when she awakens five weeks later. Without her guidance, the family begins to fall apart in the interim. Teri takes in her troubled cousin Faith, who bonds with Miles over a love of the arts. The two have an affair and are caught having sex by Teri, which later leads to a near-violent confrontation at Kenny and Maxine's anniversary party when she furiously comes after the two with a knife. Meanwhile, Lem cannot find a job due to his criminal record, so Bird makes an uneasy deal with her former boyfriend Simuel St. James to get Lem a job. This creates tension between Lem and Bird when he finds out, and in one of their arguments, Teri overhears and mistakenly believes Lem was physically threatening her sister. Teri hires her cousin Blimp to teach Lem a lesson, but when the two men fight, which ends with Lem pulling a gun, the police become involved and Lem is arrested on assault and illegal gun possession charges.

Realizing her mistake, Teri calls in a few favors to have Lem released and later apologizes to him.The fighting between Teri and Maxine soon causes the Sunday dinners to stop and the Joseph family tradition to be broken after forty years due to the ongoing tensions. Everything comes to a head when, after Teri decides to sell the Joseph family home rather than get stuck with most of her mother's hospital bills, Maxine and Bird file an injunction to stop the sale, setting the stage for a major legal battle within the family. Throughout all this, Ahmad becomes worried about the state of his extended family and, following Big Mama's passing, conspires to find a way to bring them all back together.

Ahmad tells his relatives about a stash of money that Big Mama had hidden away some time ago but everyone dismisses him, believing it to be a myth. However, Ahmad manages to get everyone together for another Sunday dinner by promising them the whereabouts of the money. The dinner is uneasy as everyone starts confronting their issues, and eventually they come to realize there is no money. Maxine chastises her son for lying, but Ahmad says tearfully that it was the only way to get everyone back together again, citing it as Big Mama's dying wish. As Maxine comforts her son, the kitchen accidentally catches on fire, and they all work together to try and to put it out. Just as they finish putting the fire out, Uncle Pete, Big Mama's brother, comes down with his television and drops it to reveal the money that Big Mama had hidden away.

Things start to go well for the family. Miles still comes by for Sunday dinner even though he and Teri are divorcing; Lem and Bird are expecting their first child; Teri and Maxine have made peace and the former opts to not sell the family house. Faith is finally becoming part of the family again and Uncle Pete, who never came out of his room, starts to join the family.

Main cast

 * Irma P. Hall as Josephine "Big Mama" Joseph
 * Vanessa Williams as Teri
 * Vivica A. Fox as Maxine
 * Nia Long as Bird
 * Michael Beach as Miles
 * Mekhi Phifer as Lem
 * Gina Ravera as Faith
 * Brandon Hammond as Ahmad
 * Jeffrey D. Sams as Kenny

Halle Berry and Whitney Houston were both considered for the role of Teri. Regina King, Kenya Moore and Jada Pinkett Smith were all considered for the role of Bird. Vivica A. Fox auditioned for the role of Teri, but landed the role of Maxine instead. The character Miles (Michael Beach) plays keyboards in an R&B group called "Milestone"; the vocalists of the group are portrayed by two sibling teams of professional R&B performers: brothers K-Ci and Jo-Jo Hailey (of Jodeci and K-Ci & JoJo); and Babyface and his brothers Kevon Edmonds and Melvin Edmonds (both of After 7).

Production
Soul Food was shot primarily on location in the Chicago area. A later Tillman-produced film, Barbershop, would also take place in and be shot on location in Chicago.

Soundtrack
A soundtrack containing R&B and hip-hop was released on August 19, 1997 by LaFace Records. It peaked at #3 on the Billboard 200 and was eventually certified 2x Multi-Platinum for over 2 million copies sold.

Reception
Soul Food received generally positive reviews from critics. It holds an 82% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 44 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Much like its titular cuisine, Soul Food blends a series of savory ingredients to offer warm, generous helpings of nourishment and comfort". On Metacritic, the film has a score of 68 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars. Godfrey Cheshire of Variety magazine wrote: "Soul Food serves up family melodrama-cum-comedy that's tasty and satisfying, if not particularly profound or original."

The film earned $43,700,855 during its original theatrical run. The film opened at #3 in its opening weekend at $11,197,897 behind The Peacemaker's opening weekend and In & Out's second.

Awards and nominations
Williams and Fox were nominated for an Image Award for "Outstanding Lead Actress in a Motion Picture"; Williams won, while Hammond won for "Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress" and Hall won for "Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture." Phifer and Hall both appeared in HBO's 1999 adaptation of A Lesson Before Dying, the 1993 novel by Ernest J. Gaines. Hammond, Beach and Sams all appeared in the 1995 film Waiting to Exhale, where Beach played the father of Hammond. Soul Food spawned a follow-up cable television show on the Showtime network. Soul Food: The Series aired from 2000-2004 on Showtime and currently airs in reruns on TV One.
 * Acapulco Black Film Festival (1998)
 * Best Film - Winner
 * Best Actor (Michael Beach) - Nomination
 * Best Actress (Vivica A. Fox) - Winner
 * Best Actress (Vanessa L. Williams) - Nomination
 * Best Soundtrack (Various Artists) - Nomination
 * Best Director (George Tillman Jr.) - Nomination
 * Grammy Awards (1998)
 * Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for a Television Series ("A Song for Mama", music & lyrics by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds) - Nomination
 * MTV Movie Awards (1998)
 * Best Female Performance (Vivica A. Fox) - Nomination
 * Best Song ("A Song for Mama", music & lyrics by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds) - Nomination
 * NAACP Image Awards (1998)
 * Outstanding Motion Picture - Winner
 * Outstanding Lead Actress in a Motion Picture (Vivica A. Fox) - Nomination
 * Outstanding Lead Actress in a Motion Picture (Vanessa L. Williams) - Winner
 * Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture (Irma P. Hall) - Winner
 * Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress (Brandon Hammond) - Winner
 * Satellite Awards (1998)
 * Best Song ("A Song for Mama", music & lyrics by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds) - Nomination

title: Soul Food (film)


text:
Pennsville

Pennsville may refer to:

 * Pennsville Township, New Jersey
 * Pennsville (CDP), New Jersey
 * Pennsville, Ohio, an unincorporated community

title: Pennsville


text:
Pennville

Pennville can refer to a place:

 * In the United States
 * Pennville, Indiana, in Jay County
 * Pennville, Wayne County, Indiana
 * Pennville, Georgia
 * Pennville, Missouri
 * Pennville, Pennsylvania

 * Elsewhere
 * Pennville, Dominica

title: Pennville


text:
Bilharz (crater)

Bilharz is a lunar impact crater that lies in the eastern part of the Mare Fecunditatis. It is the largest member of a close triple-crater formation with Atwood to the east and Naonobu to the northeast. To the southeast is the crater Langrenus.

The interior of this crater has been resurfaced by basaltic lava, leaving the floor flat, shallow, and nearly featureless with just a few very small sub-craters. There is no central peak at the midpoint. The outer rim remains circular and only slightly worn.

Prior to being named by the International Astronomical Union in 1976, this crater was identified as Langrenus F.

title: Bilharz (crater)


text:
Tomato paste

Tomato paste is a thick paste made from tomatoes, which are cooked for several hours to reduce water content, straining out seeds and skins, and cooking the liquid again to reduce the base to a thick, rich concentrate. It is used to impart an intense tomato flavour to a variety of dishes, such as pasta, soups and braised meat. It is used as an ingredient in many world cuisines.

By contrast, tomato purée is a liquid with a thinner consistency than tomato paste, while tomato sauce is even thinner in consistency.

History and traditions
Tomato paste is a traditional food ingredient used in many cuisines. One traditional practice was applied by spreading out a much-reduced tomato sauce on wooden boards that were set outdoors under the hot sun to dry the paste until it was thick enough, when it was scraped up and held together in a dense mass. Commercial production uses tomatoes with thick pericarp walls and lower overall moisture.

Regional differences
In the UK, tomato paste is also referred to as concentrate. In the US, tomato paste is simply concentrated tomato solids (no seeds or skin), sometimes with added sweetener (high fructose corn syrup), and with a standard of identity (in the Code of Federal Regulations, see 21 CFR 155.191). Tomato purée has a lower tomato soluble solids requirement, the cutoff being 24%. For comparison, typical fresh round tomatoes have a soluble solid content of 3.5–5.5% (refractometric Brix), while cherry tomatoes have double the amount.

Uses
Tomato paste is added to dishes to impart an intense flavour, particularly the natural umami flavour found in tomatoes. Examples of dishes in which tomato paste may be commonly used include pasta sauces, soups, and braised meat. The paste is typically added early in the cooking process and sautéed to achieve caramelization.

Based on the manufacturing conditions, the paste can be the basis for making ketchup or reconstituted tomato juice:
 * Hot break: heated to about 100 C, pectin is preserved, paste is thicker and can be used for ketchup
 * Warm break: heated to about 79 C, colour is not preserved, but flavour is preserved
 * Cold break: heated to about 66 C, colour and flavour are preserved, so it can be reconstituted into juice

title: Tomato paste


text:
European Higher Education Area

The European Higher Education Area (EHEA) was launched in March 2010, during the Budapest-Vienna Ministerial Conference, on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Bologna Process.

As the main objective of the Bologna Process since its inception in 1999, the EHEA was meant to ensure more comparable, compatible and coherent higher education systems in Europe. Between 1999 and 2010, all the efforts of the Bologna Process members were targeted to creating the European Higher Education Area, which became reality with the Budapest-Vienna Declaration of March 2010. In order to join the EHEA, a country must sign and ratify the European Cultural Convention treaty.

Denmark was the first country outside the UK and the US to introduce the 3+2+3 system.

General objectives
The key objectives are promoting the mobility of students and staff, the employability of graduates and the European dimension in higher education. Coping with the diversity of their national systems, the EHEA members agree to adopt:

 * A common system of easily readable and comparable diplomas;
 * A framework based mainly on three main cycles: bachelor, master, doctorate;
 * A common quality assurance system.

Student mobility and mutual recognition of diplomas
Student mobility implies a coherent system of studies and diplomas:

 * The ECTS credit system facilitates the recognition of study periods between EHEA institutions. An academic year normally corresponds to the validation of 60 credits; one credit needs approximately 25 to 30 hours of student work (courses, projects, personal work, etc.).
 * The European Qualifications Framework defines 3 main cycles (first cycle, second cycle and third cycle). Each cycle is defined by the number of credits required and the description of the learning outcomes and skills expected for each graduate:
 * The first cycle (180 to 240 ECTS credits), generally leading to the bachelor's degree.
 * The second cycle (60 to 120 ECTS credits), generally leading to the master's degree.
 * The 3rd cycle, leading to the Doctorate degree.
 * In 2018, a short cycle was introduced (90 to 120 ECTS).

Quality assurance
The European area does not aim to standardize national higher education systems, but to make them more readable and to build mutual trust between higher education institutions. The mutual recognition of diplomas is based, not on the comparison of the content of the programs, but on the definition and validation of the targeted learning outcomes. From its origin, the need for a common quality assurance system arose in the EHEA. The European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ENQA) was responsible for defining the standards and guidelines, which are broken down into 3 chapters:

 * Internal quality assurance in institutions: each institution must have a policy and an internal organization of self-assessment and continuous improvement, implemented with all its stakeholders (students, staff, former graduates and representatives of society and employers).
 * External quality assurance: institutions must submit their organization and results to external and independent evaluations (including accreditation agencies).
 * Quality assurance of accreditation agencies: the agencies must act in full autonomy (in particular from public or private powers) to evaluate the institutions and their training, and to bring the results to the attention of the public.

Erasmus and Erasmus Mundus programs
The Erasmus and Erasmus Mundus Programs are initiatives of the European Union to promote the mobility of students and teachers. They therefore primarily concern the 27 countries of the Union, with which other countries such as Norway, Iceland and Turkey have joined forces. Strictly speaking, these are not programs of the European Area, but they largely contribute to its development.

"European Universities" initiative
In 2017, the European Union launched the "European Universities" initiative, aimed at "strengthening, throughout the EU, strategic partnerships between higher education institutions and encouraging the emergence, by 2024, of some twenty European universities"; in fact more than 40 have been already created. These universities are networks of high-level universities, which will allow students to obtain a diploma by combining studies in several EU countries and which will contribute to the international competitiveness of European higher education.

Members
Participating member states of the European Higher Education Area are:

 * 🇦🇱 albania
 * 🇦🇩 andorra
 * 🇦🇲 armenia
 * 🇦🇹 austria
 * 🇦🇿 azerbaijan
 * 🇧🇾 belarus
 * 🇧🇪 belgium
 * 🇧🇦 bosnia and herzegovina
 * 🇧🇬 bulgaria
 * 🇭🇷 croatia
 * 🇨🇾 cyprus
 * 🇨🇿 czech republic
 * 🇩🇰 denmark
 * 🇪🇪 estonia
 * 🇫🇮 finland
 * 🇫🇷 france
 * undefined
 * 🇩🇪 germany
 * 🇬🇷 greece
 * 🇭🇺 hungary
 * 🇮🇸 iceland
 * 🇮🇪 ireland
 * 🇮🇹 italy
 * 🇰🇿 kazakhstan
 * 🇱🇻 latvia
 * 🇱🇮 liechtenstein
 * 🇱🇹 lithuania
 * 🇱🇺 luxembourg
 * 🇲🇹 malta
 * 🇲🇩 moldova
 * 🇲🇪 montenegro
 * 🇳🇱 netherlands
 * undefined
 * 🇳🇴 norway
 * 🇵🇱 poland
 * 🇵🇹 portugal
 * 🇷🇴 romania
 * 🇷🇺 russia
 * 🇷🇸 serbia
 * 🇸🇲 san marino
 * 🇸🇰 slovakia
 * 🇸🇮 slovenia
 * 🇪🇸 spain
 * 🇸🇪 sweden
 * 🇨🇭 switzerland
 * 🇹🇷 turkey
 * 🇺🇦 ukraine
 * 🇬🇧 united kingdom
 * 🇻🇦 vatican city

Countries eligible to join:
 * 🇲🇨 monaco

Public international law standards

 * Lisbon Recognition Convention (Lisbon, 4 July 1997)
 * Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights (Paris, 20 March 1952)
 * Article 10 of the European Social Charter (revised, Strasbourg, 3 May 1996)

Documents

 * Main documents

Colleges and universities in Europe

 * League of European Research Universities

Note
The two first sections are widely extracted from the French Wikipedia page Espace Européen de l'Enseignement Supérieur, with its list of authors

title: European Higher Education Area


text:
Pennfield

Pennfield may refer to:

 * Pennfield Parish, New Brunswick, a civil parish west of Saint John, Canada
 * the parish of Pennfield, a local service district covering most of the civil parish
 * Pennfield, New Brunswick, an unincorporated community in the civil parish
 * Pennfield Charter Township, Michigan, United States

title: Pennfield


text:
Ctesibius (crater)

Ctesibius is a small lunar impact crater that is located near the equator, on the far side of the Moon. It is named after the ancient Greek-Egyptian inventor Ctesibius. It lies between the larger crater Abul Wáfa to the west and the slightly smaller Heron to the east.

The outer wall of Ctesibius is wide and sharp-edged, with little erosion. A low ridge is attached to the southern rim, and curves to the south-southeast. At the center of the relatively flat interior is a low ridge. Faint traces of ray material lies across the western floor and rim from Necho to the southeast.

title: Ctesibius (crater)


text:
Pennington

Pennington may refer to:

Places

 * Australia
 * Pennington, South Australia a suburb in Adelaide, Australia

 * South Africa
 * Pennington, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

 * United Kingdom
 * Pennington, Cumbria, village
 * St Michael's Church, Pennington
 * Pennington, Greater Manchester, a suburb of Greater Manchester
 * Pennington Flash Country Park, a lake formed by mining subsidence frequented by birdwatchers
 * Pennington railway station
 * Pennington, Hampshire, a village in Hampshire, in the Parish of Lymington and Pennington, on the south coast of England
 * Keyhaven, Pennington, Oxey and Normandy Marshes
 * Lymington and Pennington, administrative area

 * United States
 * New Pennington, Indiana, in Salt Creek Township, Decatur County
 * Pennington, Alabama
 * Pennington, Georgia
 * Pennington, Minnesota, aka Cass River, a community in Beltrami County
 * Pennington, New Jersey
 * Home to The Pennington School
 * Pennington, Texas
 * Pennington, Wisconsin
 * The Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
 * Pennington Cottage, a historic home in Maryland
 * Pennington County, Minnesota
 * Pennington County, South Dakota
 * Pennington County Courthouse, in Rapid City
 * Pennington Field, a stadium in Texas
 * Pennington Formation, a geologic formation - Pennington Gap, Virginia
 * Pennington Gap, Virginia, a town
 * Pennington House (Clarksville, Arkansas)
 * Pennington Lake, a lake in Minnesota
 * Pennington/Prospect, Trenton, New Jersey, a neighborhood of Trenton
 * Pennington Railroad Station, in Pennington, New Jersey
 * Pennington Traditional School, a school in Manassas, Virginia
 * Sarah Pennington House, a private house in Petoskey, Michigan
 * S.A. Pennington House, in Jefferson Davis Parish, Louisiana

People

 * see Pennington (surname)

Other

 * Patrick Pennington, fictional character in novel Pennington's Seventeenth Summer
 * Pennington clamp
 * Penningtons, a Canadian fashion store
 * Pennington v Waine, an English trusts law case (2002)

title: Pennington


text:
Kid Thomas Valentine

Kid Thomas (1896–1987), born Thomas Valentine, was an American jazz trumpeter and bandleader.

Kid Thomas was born in Reserve, Louisiana and came to New Orleans in his youth. In the early 1920s, he gained a reputation as a hot trumpet man. Starting in 1926 he led his own band, for decades based in the New Orleans suburb of Algiers, Louisiana. The band was long popular with local dancers.

Kid Thomas had perhaps the city's longest lasting old-style traditional jazz dance band. Unlike many other musicians, Thomas was unaffected by the influence of Louis Armstrong and later developments of jazz, continuing to play in his distinctive hot, bluesy, sometimes percussive style. His style was that which is characterized often as, "New Orleans Jazz", in order to differentiate it from the influences that arose from other parts of the country through the years. He was always open to playing the popular tunes of the day (even into the rock & roll era) as he thought any good dance bandleader should do, but he played everything in a style of a New Orleans dance hall of the early 1920s.

Kid Thomas started attracting a wider following with his first recordings in the 1950s. His band played regularly at Preservation Hall from the 1960s through the 1980s. Kid Thomas also toured extensively for the Hall, including a Russian tour, and was often a guest at European clubs and festivals, working with various local bands as well as his own. During the 1960s Kid Thomas recorded extensively for the Jazz Crusade label both with his own band and with Big Bill Bissonnette's Easy Riders Jazz Band. He made more than 20 tours with the Easy Riders in the U.S. Northeast.

In the mid 1980s, as Kid Thomas's strength started to wane, Preservation Hall management brought in Wendell Brunious, at first as second trumpet. Brunious took over most of the trumpet playing in Kid Thomas's final year or so, although Kid Thomas continued to lead the band and keep rhythm with a slap stick.

He died in 1987 and was buried at All Saints Catholic Church in Algiers, New Orleans.

Discography

 * Kid Thomas and His Algiers Stompers (Riverside, 1960)
 * Kid Thomas-George Lewis Ragtime Stompers (G.H.B. Records, 1962)
 * Kid Thomas Valentine's Creole Jazz Band (American Music, 1993)

title: Kid Thomas Valentine


text:
Lisbon Recognition Convention

The Lisbon Recognition Convention, officially the Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in the European Region, is an international convention of the Council of Europe elaborated together with the UNESCO. This is the main legal agreement on credential evaluation in Europe.

As of 2012, the convention has been ratified by all 47 member states of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg except for Greece and Monaco. It has also been ratified by the Council of Europe non-member states Australia, Belarus, Canada, the Holy See, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and New Zealand. The United States has signed but not ratified the convention.

Aims
The Convention stipulates that degrees and periods of study must be recognised unless substantial differences can be proved by the institution that is charged with recognition. Students and graduates are guaranteed fair procedures under the convention. It is named after Lisbon, Portugal, where it was signed in 1997, and entered into force on 1 February 1999 (or later in some countries, subject to ratification date).

Convention bodies
The convention established two bodies which oversee, promote and facilitate the implementation of the convention:
 * 1) the Committee of the convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in the European Region, and
 * 2) the European Network of Information Centres on Academic Mobility and Recognition (the ENIC Network).

The committee is responsible for promoting the application of the convention and overseeing its implementation. To this end, it can adopt, by a majority of the Signatory Parties, recommendations, declarations, protocols and models of good practice to guide the competent authorities of the Parties. Before making its decisions, the Committee seeks the opinion of the ENIC Network. As for the ENIC Network, it upholds and assists the practical implementation of the convention by the competent national authorities.

Bologna Process
The Lisbon Recognition Convention is an important instrument for the Bologna Process which aims at creating the "European higher education area" by making academic degree standards and quality assurance standards more comparable and compatible throughout Europe.

Historical background
The possibility for students to study abroad has been recognised as an essential element of European integration since the foundation of the Council of Europe in 1949. Within the Council of Europe, several international treaties were elaborated in this field: starting with the right to education under Article 2 of the first Protocol of 1952 to the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Convention on the Equivalence of Diplomas leading to Admission to Universities was opened for signature in 1953, the European Convention on the Equivalence of Periods of University Study in 1956, the European Convention on the Academic Recognition of University Qualifications in 1959, the European Agreement on continued Payment of Scholarships to students studying abroad in 1969, and the European Convention on the General Equivalence of Periods of University Study in 1990.

In addition, under Article 2 of the Council of Europe's European Cultural Convention of 1954, each Contracting Party shall, insofar as may be possible: encourage the study by its own nationals of the languages, history and civilisation of the other Contracting Parties and grant facilities to those Parties to promote such studies in its territory; and endeavour to promote the study of its language or languages, history and civilisation in the territory of the other Contracting Parties and grant facilities to the nationals of those Parties to pursue such studies in its territory.

title: Lisbon Recognition Convention


text:
Heron (crater)

Heron is a small lunar impact crater that lies on the far side of the Moon, less than 20 kilometers from the equator. It lies between the slightly larger crater Ctesibius just to the west and Soddy a little farther to the east. Almost directly to the north is the prominent crater King.

This formation is an undistinguished, circular crater. The interior floor is relatively flat and featureless. There is a tiny craterlet along the eastern rim that has a slightly higher albedo than the remainder of the crater.

This crater is also called Hero in some references. It was named after 1st century BC Egyptian inventor Heron (or Hero) of Alexandria.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Heron.

title: Heron (crater)


text:
Talk:Lord Lucan

Most people would expect, on typing 'Lord Lucan' to read about the 7th Earl of Lucan. This page should redirect there, with a link to the 'Earl of Lucan' page. I'm sure the same should be true of other aristocrats. jguk 18:24, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * No. George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan was just as famous in his day. It is not unlikely that people would create links to the 3rd Earl using Lord Lucan. Mintguy (T)
 * Object to this redirecting to the seventh earl.--Darrelljon (talk) 09:23, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I just checked all the incoming links - 14 were for the disappeared murderer, 7 for other Lord Lucans. I too find the redirect to the 7th Earl a problem, and would support a redirect to Earl of Lucan. DuncanHill (talk) 19:07, 4 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lord Lucan


text:
Category:Leeward Islands (Caribbean)

 * The Leeward Islands — the northern islands group of the Lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean.

title: Category:Leeward Islands (Caribbean)


text:
Perkinsville

Perkinsville can refer to:
 * Perkinsville, Alaska, USA
 * Perkinsville, Arizona, USA
 * the Perkinsville Bridge is nearby
 * Perkinsville, County Durham, England
 * Perkinsville, Indiana, USA
 * Perkinsville, New York, USA
 * Perkinsville, Mississippi, USA
 * Perkinsville, Vermont, USA

title: Perkinsville